{"id": "pubmed23n0017_0", "title": "Specific transcription in chicken liver chromatin by endogenous RNA polymerase II. Comparison of an estrogen-inducible gene with a constitutively expressed gene.", "content": "We have developed a system for the in vitro transcription of specific genes in rooster liver chromatin by endogenous RNA polymerase II that maintains the specificity of transcription in vivo. Radioactive transcripts synthesized in vitro were identified and quantitated by hybridization to a vast excess of cloned cDNA. The cDNA preparations employed corresponded to vitellogenin mRNA, the synthesis of which is responsive to estrogen stimulation in vivo, and chicken serum albumin mRNA, the synthesis of which is not significantly affected by estrogen stimulation in vivo. Comparing the pattern of transcription of the albumin and vitellogenin genes in chromatin from the liver of the normal rooster with the pattern in chromatin from the liver of the estrogen-stimulated rooster, we found that prior estrogen treatment of the rooster is attended by a slight decrease in the differential rate of transcription of the albumin gene and approximately a 10-fold increase in the differential rate of transcription of the vitellogenin gene. Because this pattern of transcription reflects the estrogen-induced changes in transcription observed in vivo, chromatin preparations from the livers of normal and estrogen-stimulated roosters can be used to investigate regulation of specific gene transcription at the molecular level in vitro.", "contents": "Specific transcription in chicken liver chromatin by endogenous RNA polymerase II. Comparison of an estrogen-inducible gene with a constitutively expressed gene. We have developed a system for the in vitro transcription of specific genes in rooster liver chromatin by endogenous RNA polymerase II that maintains the specificity of transcription in vivo. Radioactive transcripts synthesized in vitro were identified and quantitated by hybridization to a vast excess of cloned cDNA. The cDNA preparations employed corresponded to vitellogenin mRNA, the synthesis of which is responsive to estrogen stimulation in vivo, and chicken serum albumin mRNA, the synthesis of which is not significantly affected by estrogen stimulation in vivo. Comparing the pattern of transcription of the albumin and vitellogenin genes in chromatin from the liver of the normal rooster with the pattern in chromatin from the liver of the estrogen-stimulated rooster, we found that prior estrogen treatment of the rooster is attended by a slight decrease in the differential rate of transcription of the albumin gene and approximately a 10-fold increase in the differential rate of transcription of the vitellogenin gene. Because this pattern of transcription reflects the estrogen-induced changes in transcription observed in vivo, chromatin preparations from the livers of normal and estrogen-stimulated roosters can be used to investigate regulation of specific gene transcription at the molecular level in vitro.", "PMID": 489577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1", "title": "Translation of myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid in an eukaryotic initiation factor 3- and messenger-dependent muscle cell-free system.", "content": "A cell-free protein synthesis system has been prepared from embryonic chick muscle; this system is dependent on initiation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) and mRNA for efficient translation. Highly purified chick muscle eIF-3 has been fractionated into \"core\" and discriminatory components. In the presence of core eIF-3 from chick muscle or rabbit reticulocytes, myosin heavy chain mRNA is translated less efficiently than globin mRNA present in an equimolar concentration. When the discriminatory components are added to core eIF-3 from either source, myosin mRNA is translated with a greater efficiency. Thus, chick muscle eIF-3 contains components which allow it to recognize and stimulate specifically the translation of myosin mRNA in a muscle cell-free protein synthesis system.", "contents": "Translation of myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid in an eukaryotic initiation factor 3- and messenger-dependent muscle cell-free system. A cell-free protein synthesis system has been prepared from embryonic chick muscle; this system is dependent on initiation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) and mRNA for efficient translation. Highly purified chick muscle eIF-3 has been fractionated into \"core\" and discriminatory components. In the presence of core eIF-3 from chick muscle or rabbit reticulocytes, myosin heavy chain mRNA is translated less efficiently than globin mRNA present in an equimolar concentration. When the discriminatory components are added to core eIF-3 from either source, myosin mRNA is translated with a greater efficiency. Thus, chick muscle eIF-3 contains components which allow it to recognize and stimulate specifically the translation of myosin mRNA in a muscle cell-free protein synthesis system.", "PMID": 489579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2", "title": "Ornithine transcarbamylase of rat liver. Kinetic, physical, and chemical properties.", "content": "Ornithine transcarbamylase of rat liver has been purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme of specific activity 870 to 920 focuses as a single protein at pH 7.2. At pH 7.7, the Km for carbamyl phosphate is 0.026 mM, and the Km for ornithine is 0.04 mM. The inhibition constants of a number of amino acids that act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme are reported. The native enzyme of Mr = 112,000 is composed of three subunits of Mr = 39,600 +/- 1,000. Chemical evidence indicates that the subunits are identical in amino acid composition and amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal region of ornithine transcarbamylase is Ser-Gln-Val-Gln-Leu-Lys-Gly-Ser-Asp-Leu-Leu-Thr-Leu-Lys-Asn-(Phe)-X-Thr-X-Glu-Ile-Gln-Tyr-Met-.", "contents": "Ornithine transcarbamylase of rat liver. Kinetic, physical, and chemical properties. Ornithine transcarbamylase of rat liver has been purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme of specific activity 870 to 920 focuses as a single protein at pH 7.2. At pH 7.7, the Km for carbamyl phosphate is 0.026 mM, and the Km for ornithine is 0.04 mM. The inhibition constants of a number of amino acids that act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme are reported. The native enzyme of Mr = 112,000 is composed of three subunits of Mr = 39,600 +/- 1,000. Chemical evidence indicates that the subunits are identical in amino acid composition and amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal region of ornithine transcarbamylase is Ser-Gln-Val-Gln-Leu-Lys-Gly-Ser-Asp-Leu-Leu-Thr-Leu-Lys-Asn-(Phe)-X-Thr-X-Glu-Ile-Gln-Tyr-Met-.", "PMID": 489581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3", "title": "Hydrolysis of mixed monomolecular films of triglyceride/lecithin by pancreatic lipase.", "content": "The main purpose of this study was to describe the influence of lecithin upon lipolysis of mixed monomolecular films of trioctanoylglycerol/didodecanoylphosphatidycholine by pancreatic lipase in order to mimic some physiological situations. The quantity of enzyme adsorbed to the interface was simultaneously determined using 5-thio-2-nitro[14C]benzoyl lipase. Lipolytic activity was enhanced 3- to 4-fold in the presence of colipase, an effect which is attributed to increased enzyme turnover number. When a pure triglyceride film was progressively diluted with lecithin, the minimum specific activity of lipase exhibited a bell-shaped curve: a mixed film containing only 20% trioctanoylglycerol was hydrolyzed at the same rate as a monolayer of pure triglyceride.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of mixed monomolecular films of triglyceride/lecithin by pancreatic lipase. The main purpose of this study was to describe the influence of lecithin upon lipolysis of mixed monomolecular films of trioctanoylglycerol/didodecanoylphosphatidycholine by pancreatic lipase in order to mimic some physiological situations. The quantity of enzyme adsorbed to the interface was simultaneously determined using 5-thio-2-nitro[14C]benzoyl lipase. Lipolytic activity was enhanced 3- to 4-fold in the presence of colipase, an effect which is attributed to increased enzyme turnover number. When a pure triglyceride film was progressively diluted with lecithin, the minimum specific activity of lipase exhibited a bell-shaped curve: a mixed film containing only 20% trioctanoylglycerol was hydrolyzed at the same rate as a monolayer of pure triglyceride.", "PMID": 489586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4", "title": "Mechanism of a reversible, thermally induced conformational change in chromatin core particles.", "content": "The well separated transitions observed on heating synthetic core particles containing poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) have allowed physicochemical studies to define the mechanism of the first, reversible transition. The shape of the particle, assessed by sedimentation velocity measurements, becomes extended at temperatures about 10 degrees C below the optical melting temperature; this change is unaffected by cross-linking the histones into a stable octamer. A portion of the DNA undergoes a transition to a structure more like that of protein-free poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT), as judged by circular dichroism measurements, also at temperatures below those necessary for optical melting. Digestion of 5'-32P-labeled particles with S1 nuclease at a temperature partly through the first optical transition demonstrates that the initial phase in melting core particles is separation of about 20 base pairs of DNA at each end of the particle segment from the histone core. Implications of this mechanism for transcription of histone-bound DNA segments in chromatin are discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of a reversible, thermally induced conformational change in chromatin core particles. The well separated transitions observed on heating synthetic core particles containing poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) have allowed physicochemical studies to define the mechanism of the first, reversible transition. The shape of the particle, assessed by sedimentation velocity measurements, becomes extended at temperatures about 10 degrees C below the optical melting temperature; this change is unaffected by cross-linking the histones into a stable octamer. A portion of the DNA undergoes a transition to a structure more like that of protein-free poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT), as judged by circular dichroism measurements, also at temperatures below those necessary for optical melting. Digestion of 5'-32P-labeled particles with S1 nuclease at a temperature partly through the first optical transition demonstrates that the initial phase in melting core particles is separation of about 20 base pairs of DNA at each end of the particle segment from the histone core. Implications of this mechanism for transcription of histone-bound DNA segments in chromatin are discussed.", "PMID": 489588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5", "title": "A voltage-gated anion channel from the electric organ of Torpedo californica.", "content": "Addition of membrane vesicles prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo californica to the aqueous phase of a planar phospholipid bilayer system results in a large (up to 3 orders of magnitude) stepwise increase in membrane conductance. This increased conductance consists of two components: an ohmic background \"leak\" and a voltage-dependent, ideally anion-selective conductance. The anion conductance is low at voltages greater than +10 mV, rises sharply as the voltage becomes negative, and then saturates as the voltage becomes highly negative. (The trans side of the bilayer, to which vesicles are not added, is defined as ground.) Under high amplification, the anion conductance shows single channel behavior with a voltage-independent, single channel conductance of 13.9 +/- 0.1 pmho in 0.1 M Cl-. Furthermore, the anion channel, but not the background conductance, is inhibited by submillimolar concentrations of SITS and DIDS, two well known anion transport inhibitors. The inhibition is seen only when SITS or DIDS is added to the cis side. No cholinergic agents tested have any effect on the channel.", "contents": "A voltage-gated anion channel from the electric organ of Torpedo californica. Addition of membrane vesicles prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo californica to the aqueous phase of a planar phospholipid bilayer system results in a large (up to 3 orders of magnitude) stepwise increase in membrane conductance. This increased conductance consists of two components: an ohmic background \"leak\" and a voltage-dependent, ideally anion-selective conductance. The anion conductance is low at voltages greater than +10 mV, rises sharply as the voltage becomes negative, and then saturates as the voltage becomes highly negative. (The trans side of the bilayer, to which vesicles are not added, is defined as ground.) Under high amplification, the anion conductance shows single channel behavior with a voltage-independent, single channel conductance of 13.9 +/- 0.1 pmho in 0.1 M Cl-. Furthermore, the anion channel, but not the background conductance, is inhibited by submillimolar concentrations of SITS and DIDS, two well known anion transport inhibitors. The inhibition is seen only when SITS or DIDS is added to the cis side. No cholinergic agents tested have any effect on the channel.", "PMID": 489590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6", "title": "Characterization of mouse tumor cell beta-lipotropin.", "content": "Mouse tumor cell beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and gamma-lipotropin (gamma LPH) were purified from mouse pituitary tumor cell culture medium by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The mouse tumor cell beta LPH was identified by immunoprecipitation with several antisera to beta-endorphin, generation of opioid bioactivity upon brief treatment with trypsin, and its identity with the molecule previously shown to serve as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of beta-endorphin. Mouse tumor cell beta LPH (Mr = 8200 +/- 250) and gamma LPH (Mr = 4600 +/- 200) are significantly smaller than known mammalian beta LPH (Mr = 10,000) and gamma  LPH (Mr = 6300) molecules. The beta-endorphin region of mouse tumor cell beta LPH has the same amino acid composition as ovine, bovine, and camel beta-endorphin, and species-specific differences are thus located in the gamma LPH region of the molecule. Mouse tumor cell beta LPH and gamma LPH lack a methionine residue at what had been considered to be a highly conserved site in their beta-melanotropin-like region. A species-specific radioimmunoassay for mouse tumor cell gamma LPH was developed. Rat pituitary beta LPH and gamma LPH were shown to be similar to the corresponding mouse tumor cell molecules in size and lack of methionine in their beta-melanotropin-like segment.", "contents": "Characterization of mouse tumor cell beta-lipotropin. Mouse tumor cell beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and gamma-lipotropin (gamma LPH) were purified from mouse pituitary tumor cell culture medium by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The mouse tumor cell beta LPH was identified by immunoprecipitation with several antisera to beta-endorphin, generation of opioid bioactivity upon brief treatment with trypsin, and its identity with the molecule previously shown to serve as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of beta-endorphin. Mouse tumor cell beta LPH (Mr = 8200 +/- 250) and gamma LPH (Mr = 4600 +/- 200) are significantly smaller than known mammalian beta LPH (Mr = 10,000) and gamma  LPH (Mr = 6300) molecules. The beta-endorphin region of mouse tumor cell beta LPH has the same amino acid composition as ovine, bovine, and camel beta-endorphin, and species-specific differences are thus located in the gamma LPH region of the molecule. Mouse tumor cell beta LPH and gamma LPH lack a methionine residue at what had been considered to be a highly conserved site in their beta-melanotropin-like region. A species-specific radioimmunoassay for mouse tumor cell gamma LPH was developed. Rat pituitary beta LPH and gamma LPH were shown to be similar to the corresponding mouse tumor cell molecules in size and lack of methionine in their beta-melanotropin-like segment.", "PMID": 489593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7", "title": "Active transport of riboflavin by the isolated choroid plexus in vitro.", "content": "In vitro, the transport of [14C]riboflavin into and from the isolated choroid plexus, the anatomical locus of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, was studied. With concentrations of [14C]riboflavin of 0.7 microM (or greater) in the incubation medium, the choroid plexus accumulated [14C]riboflavin against a large concentration gradient by a process that did not depend on binding or intracellular metabolism of the [14C]riboflavin. The [14C]riboflavin accumulation process in isolated choroid plexus could be described by Michaelis-Menten transport kinetics (kt = 78 microM and Ymax = 1.65 mmol kg-1 (15 min)-1) and was inhibited by other flavins and probenecid but not by ribose, weak bases, or other B vitamins. The accumulation process was markedly depressed by iodoacetate and low temperatures. With a concentration of 0.08 microM [14C]riboflavin in the incubation medium, 28% of the [14C]riboflavin within the choroid plexus was converted to [14C]FAD or [14C]FMN intracellularly. Unlike the active transport of [14C]riboflavin into choroid plexus, accumulated [14C]riboflavin departed choroid plexus by a process independent of intracellular concentration or temperature. The efflux of [14C]riboflavin from choroid plexus could be described by first oder kinetics with a rate constant of -0.08 min-1.", "contents": "Active transport of riboflavin by the isolated choroid plexus in vitro. In vitro, the transport of [14C]riboflavin into and from the isolated choroid plexus, the anatomical locus of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, was studied. With concentrations of [14C]riboflavin of 0.7 microM (or greater) in the incubation medium, the choroid plexus accumulated [14C]riboflavin against a large concentration gradient by a process that did not depend on binding or intracellular metabolism of the [14C]riboflavin. The [14C]riboflavin accumulation process in isolated choroid plexus could be described by Michaelis-Menten transport kinetics (kt = 78 microM and Ymax = 1.65 mmol kg-1 (15 min)-1) and was inhibited by other flavins and probenecid but not by ribose, weak bases, or other B vitamins. The accumulation process was markedly depressed by iodoacetate and low temperatures. With a concentration of 0.08 microM [14C]riboflavin in the incubation medium, 28% of the [14C]riboflavin within the choroid plexus was converted to [14C]FAD or [14C]FMN intracellularly. Unlike the active transport of [14C]riboflavin into choroid plexus, accumulated [14C]riboflavin departed choroid plexus by a process independent of intracellular concentration or temperature. The efflux of [14C]riboflavin from choroid plexus could be described by first oder kinetics with a rate constant of -0.08 min-1.", "PMID": 489597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8", "title": "Effect of inducers and inhibitors of monooxygenase on the hydroxylation of prostaglandins in the guinea pig. Evidence for several monooxygenases catalyzing omega- and omega-1-hydroxylation.", "content": "The incubation of prostaglandins (PG's) with liver microsomes from guinea pigs treated with inducers of monooxygenase (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), benzo[alpha]pyrene (benzpyrene), or a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)) exhibited marked elevation of 19-hydroxylation of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGA2 without affecting significantly 20-hydroxylation. However, with respect to effects on hydroxylation of a variety of xenobiotics, benzpyrene and Aroclor treatments differed markedly; whereas Aroclor treatment elevated the demethylation of ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, and p-chloro-N-methylaniline (PCMA), benzpyrene treatment had no effect on demethylation of ethylmorphine and only a marginal effect on that of PCMA. Both inducers elevated benzpyrene hydroxylation. By contrast, treatment with phenobarbital did not affect the hepatic microsomal PG's hydroxylation, although the hydroxylation of benzpyrene and the demethylation of ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, and PCMA were enhanced. Also, the hydroxylation of PG's by kidney cortex microsomes was not affected by either benzpyrene or Aroclor treatment. Inhibitors of monooxygenase were used to help delineate the type of monooxygenases induced. At low levels of alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), benzpyrene hydroxylation in control- and Aroclor-treated guinea pigs was only little affected; by contrast, the same concentration of ANF markedly inhibited benzpyrene hydroxylation in benzpyrene-treated guinea pigs. On the other hand, metyrapone was most inhibitory in control guinea pigs. Support for the conclusion that benzpyrene induces in the guinea pig a hepatic monooxygenase with different characteristics than that found in control animals was provided by the observation that ANF (10 MICROM) inhibited PGE1 hydroxylation more pronouncedly in liver microsomes from benzpyrene-treated than from Aroclor-treated guinea pigs or controls. In addition, in benzpyrene and Aroclor-treated guinea pigs, ANF inhibited the (omega-1)-hydroxylation more pronouncedly than that of omega-hydroxylation. By contrast, metyrapone appeared to inhibit omega-hydroxylation more effectively than (omega-1)-hydroxylation. These results indicate that in the guinea pig, hydroxylation of PG's at the omega (20-) and omega-1 (19-) positions is catalyzed by different monooxygenases and that the inducers tested affect several hepatic monooxygenases with different specificities toward xenobiotics; however, with respect to PG's only the enzyme(s) involved in the 19-hydroxylation is affected.", "contents": "Effect of inducers and inhibitors of monooxygenase on the hydroxylation of prostaglandins in the guinea pig. Evidence for several monooxygenases catalyzing omega- and omega-1-hydroxylation. The incubation of prostaglandins (PG's) with liver microsomes from guinea pigs treated with inducers of monooxygenase (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), benzo[alpha]pyrene (benzpyrene), or a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)) exhibited marked elevation of 19-hydroxylation of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGA2 without affecting significantly 20-hydroxylation. However, with respect to effects on hydroxylation of a variety of xenobiotics, benzpyrene and Aroclor treatments differed markedly; whereas Aroclor treatment elevated the demethylation of ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, and p-chloro-N-methylaniline (PCMA), benzpyrene treatment had no effect on demethylation of ethylmorphine and only a marginal effect on that of PCMA. Both inducers elevated benzpyrene hydroxylation. By contrast, treatment with phenobarbital did not affect the hepatic microsomal PG's hydroxylation, although the hydroxylation of benzpyrene and the demethylation of ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, and PCMA were enhanced. Also, the hydroxylation of PG's by kidney cortex microsomes was not affected by either benzpyrene or Aroclor treatment. Inhibitors of monooxygenase were used to help delineate the type of monooxygenases induced. At low levels of alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), benzpyrene hydroxylation in control- and Aroclor-treated guinea pigs was only little affected; by contrast, the same concentration of ANF markedly inhibited benzpyrene hydroxylation in benzpyrene-treated guinea pigs. On the other hand, metyrapone was most inhibitory in control guinea pigs. Support for the conclusion that benzpyrene induces in the guinea pig a hepatic monooxygenase with different characteristics than that found in control animals was provided by the observation that ANF (10 MICROM) inhibited PGE1 hydroxylation more pronouncedly in liver microsomes from benzpyrene-treated than from Aroclor-treated guinea pigs or controls. In addition, in benzpyrene and Aroclor-treated guinea pigs, ANF inhibited the (omega-1)-hydroxylation more pronouncedly than that of omega-hydroxylation. By contrast, metyrapone appeared to inhibit omega-hydroxylation more effectively than (omega-1)-hydroxylation. These results indicate that in the guinea pig, hydroxylation of PG's at the omega (20-) and omega-1 (19-) positions is catalyzed by different monooxygenases and that the inducers tested affect several hepatic monooxygenases with different specificities toward xenobiotics; however, with respect to PG's only the enzyme(s) involved in the 19-hydroxylation is affected.", "PMID": 489601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9", "title": "Enkephalin generating activity of rat brain endopeptidases.", "content": "An amphiphilic substrate was used as the basis of a specific assay for peptidases which generate the opioid peptide methionine enkephalin. The substrate [Homoarg-14C]Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Homoarg is prepared by guanidination of the lysine analogue (which is beta-lipotropin 61-69) with O-methyl-[14C]isourea and is quantitatively adsorbed to dextrancoated charcoal. The COOH-terminal tetrapeptide is not adsorbed and, since it carries the radioactive label, is easily assayed in the charcoal-free supernatant fluid. Two enzyme activities have been identified in rat brain which specifically convert the amphiphilic substrate to enkephalin and the resulting tetrapeptide tail. These activities are soluble and particulate, respectively, and differ in regional distribution within the brain, in their inhibition by other peptides and in Km. Based upon these characteristics, it seems likely that the soluble activity is not primarily involved in the biosynthesis of enkephalin. It does seem possible, however, that the particulate activity which we describe may play a role in opioid peptide synthesis from larger precursors.", "contents": "Enkephalin generating activity of rat brain endopeptidases. An amphiphilic substrate was used as the basis of a specific assay for peptidases which generate the opioid peptide methionine enkephalin. The substrate [Homoarg-14C]Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Homoarg is prepared by guanidination of the lysine analogue (which is beta-lipotropin 61-69) with O-methyl-[14C]isourea and is quantitatively adsorbed to dextrancoated charcoal. The COOH-terminal tetrapeptide is not adsorbed and, since it carries the radioactive label, is easily assayed in the charcoal-free supernatant fluid. Two enzyme activities have been identified in rat brain which specifically convert the amphiphilic substrate to enkephalin and the resulting tetrapeptide tail. These activities are soluble and particulate, respectively, and differ in regional distribution within the brain, in their inhibition by other peptides and in Km. Based upon these characteristics, it seems likely that the soluble activity is not primarily involved in the biosynthesis of enkephalin. It does seem possible, however, that the particulate activity which we describe may play a role in opioid peptide synthesis from larger precursors.", "PMID": 489604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10", "title": "Insulin and glucagon stimulation of amino acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Synthesis of a high affinity component of transport.", "content": "Insulin and glucagon stimulate amino acid transport in freshly prepared suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes. The kinetic properties of alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid (AIB) transport were investigated in isolated hepatocytes following stimulation by either hormone in vitro. In nonhormonally treated cells (i.e. basal state), saturable transport occurred mainly through a low affinity (Km approximately equal to 40 mM) component. In insulin or glucagon-treated hepatocytes, saturable transport occurred through both a low affinity component (similar to that observed in the basal state) and a high affinity (Km approximately equal to 1 mM) component. At low AIB concentrations (less than 0.5 mM), insulin and glucagon at maximally stimulating doses increased AIB uptake about 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively. The high affinity component induced by either hormone exhibited the properties of the A (alanine preferring) mediation of amino acid transport. This component required 2 to 3 h for maximal expression, and its emergence was completely prevented by cycloheximide. Half-maximal stimulation was elicited by insulin at about 3 nM and by glucagon at about 1 nM. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimicked the glucagon effect and was not additive to it at maximal stimulation. Maximal effects of insulin and glucagon, or insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, were additive. We conclude that insulin and glucagon can modulate amino acid entry in hepatocytes through the synthesis of a high affinity transport component.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon stimulation of amino acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Synthesis of a high affinity component of transport. Insulin and glucagon stimulate amino acid transport in freshly prepared suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes. The kinetic properties of alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid (AIB) transport were investigated in isolated hepatocytes following stimulation by either hormone in vitro. In nonhormonally treated cells (i.e. basal state), saturable transport occurred mainly through a low affinity (Km approximately equal to 40 mM) component. In insulin or glucagon-treated hepatocytes, saturable transport occurred through both a low affinity component (similar to that observed in the basal state) and a high affinity (Km approximately equal to 1 mM) component. At low AIB concentrations (less than 0.5 mM), insulin and glucagon at maximally stimulating doses increased AIB uptake about 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively. The high affinity component induced by either hormone exhibited the properties of the A (alanine preferring) mediation of amino acid transport. This component required 2 to 3 h for maximal expression, and its emergence was completely prevented by cycloheximide. Half-maximal stimulation was elicited by insulin at about 3 nM and by glucagon at about 1 nM. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimicked the glucagon effect and was not additive to it at maximal stimulation. Maximal effects of insulin and glucagon, or insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, were additive. We conclude that insulin and glucagon can modulate amino acid entry in hepatocytes through the synthesis of a high affinity transport component.", "PMID": 489605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11", "title": "Topological studies of cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta in bovine adrenocortical inner mitochondrial membranes. Effects of controlled tryptic digestion.", "content": "The topology of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria were studied by using controlled digestion with trypsin of purified inner mitochondrial membranes. Inhibition of steroid hydroxylase activity by trypsin was only observed in inner mitochondrial membranes which had been disrupted by various techniques. The steroid hydroxylase activity of intact inner membranes was not inhibited by trypsin. The effect of tryptic digestion was monitored by measuring 11 beta-hydroxylase and cholesterol side chain cleavage activities, as well as cytochrome P-450 reduction. The effect of trypsin on the steroid-induced difference spectra using pregnenolone, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and deoxycorticosterone was also measured. The results were similar regardless of which procedure was utilized and strongly suggest that both cytochrome P-45011 beta and cytochrome P-450scc are located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "Topological studies of cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta in bovine adrenocortical inner mitochondrial membranes. Effects of controlled tryptic digestion. The topology of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria were studied by using controlled digestion with trypsin of purified inner mitochondrial membranes. Inhibition of steroid hydroxylase activity by trypsin was only observed in inner mitochondrial membranes which had been disrupted by various techniques. The steroid hydroxylase activity of intact inner membranes was not inhibited by trypsin. The effect of tryptic digestion was monitored by measuring 11 beta-hydroxylase and cholesterol side chain cleavage activities, as well as cytochrome P-450 reduction. The effect of trypsin on the steroid-induced difference spectra using pregnenolone, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and deoxycorticosterone was also measured. The results were similar regardless of which procedure was utilized and strongly suggest that both cytochrome P-45011 beta and cytochrome P-450scc are located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "PMID": 489606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12", "title": "Incorporation of rat brain adenylate cyclase into artificial phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase was solubilized from rat brain particulate fraction with the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40. Incubation of detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase with liposomes prepared from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine results in virtually quantitative incorporation of the enzyme activity into phospholipid vesicles. Incorporation of adenylate cyclase into liposomes results in an approximately 10- to 20-fold purification relative to the solubilized preparation giving a final specific activity of about 50 nmol of cAMP min-1 mg-1. The detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase migrates as a broad band between 14 and 33% sucrose on density gradient centrifugation, separated from the endogenous phospholipid. Following overnight incubation of the solubilized enzyme with exogenous phospholipid, all enzyme activity is found in a narrow band between 7 and 9% sucrose, co-migrating with the phospholipid. The adenylate cyclase could not be released from the liposomes by extraction with high ionic strength, low ionic strength-EDTA, or sonication. Treatment of liposomal adenylates cyclase with soluble proteases or immobilized trypsin destroys enzyme activity. Thus, it is likely that a functionally important part of the enzyme molecule is exposed on the outer surface of the liposome. Optimal conditions for the incorporation of adenylate cyclase into liposomes, and some effects of manipulating the phospholipid composition on enzyme activity are reported.", "contents": "Incorporation of rat brain adenylate cyclase into artificial phospholipid vesicles. Adenylate cyclase was solubilized from rat brain particulate fraction with the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40. Incubation of detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase with liposomes prepared from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine results in virtually quantitative incorporation of the enzyme activity into phospholipid vesicles. Incorporation of adenylate cyclase into liposomes results in an approximately 10- to 20-fold purification relative to the solubilized preparation giving a final specific activity of about 50 nmol of cAMP min-1 mg-1. The detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase migrates as a broad band between 14 and 33% sucrose on density gradient centrifugation, separated from the endogenous phospholipid. Following overnight incubation of the solubilized enzyme with exogenous phospholipid, all enzyme activity is found in a narrow band between 7 and 9% sucrose, co-migrating with the phospholipid. The adenylate cyclase could not be released from the liposomes by extraction with high ionic strength, low ionic strength-EDTA, or sonication. Treatment of liposomal adenylates cyclase with soluble proteases or immobilized trypsin destroys enzyme activity. Thus, it is likely that a functionally important part of the enzyme molecule is exposed on the outer surface of the liposome. Optimal conditions for the incorporation of adenylate cyclase into liposomes, and some effects of manipulating the phospholipid composition on enzyme activity are reported.", "PMID": 489608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_13", "title": "Rabbit tubular basement membrane. Isolation and analysis of polypeptides.", "content": "Renal tubules from rabbit kidneys were isolated from thin shavings of the kidney surface. Basement membrane was then prepared following sonication of the isolated tubules. To insure preservation of the integrity of the basement membrane polypeptides, the protease inhibitors, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide, and epsilon-amino-caproic acid were used at all stages of the preparations. The optimal conditions of sonication and centrifugation were established and the chemical composition of basement membrane prepared under these conditions was examined in detail. Glycine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine were found in concentrations of 206, 65, and 18 residues per thousand, respectively, in basement membrane from young kidneys. About 38% of the basement membrane was found to be soluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate upon incubation at 90 degrees C, and to possess relatively low amounts of the amino acids characteristic of collagen. Electrophoretic analysis of this fraction revealed that the major subunits ranged in approximate molecular weight from 18,500 to greater than 10(6). When analyzed with disulfide bonds reduced, a molecular weight range from 31,000 to 275,000 was observed for this fraction. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble fraction could be dissolved upon reduction and alkylation and its composition was enriched in the amino acids characteristic of collagen. Polypeptides from this fraction were analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose and in agarose-acrylamide gels. The approximate molecular weight of the smallest component was 164,000. Additional polypeptides were observed whose molecular weights occurred in multimers of this component, up to 1.1 x 10(6), possibly indicating covalent cross-linked multimers of a basic collagen-like polypeptide(s).", "contents": "Rabbit tubular basement membrane. Isolation and analysis of polypeptides. Renal tubules from rabbit kidneys were isolated from thin shavings of the kidney surface. Basement membrane was then prepared following sonication of the isolated tubules. To insure preservation of the integrity of the basement membrane polypeptides, the protease inhibitors, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide, and epsilon-amino-caproic acid were used at all stages of the preparations. The optimal conditions of sonication and centrifugation were established and the chemical composition of basement membrane prepared under these conditions was examined in detail. Glycine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine were found in concentrations of 206, 65, and 18 residues per thousand, respectively, in basement membrane from young kidneys. About 38% of the basement membrane was found to be soluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate upon incubation at 90 degrees C, and to possess relatively low amounts of the amino acids characteristic of collagen. Electrophoretic analysis of this fraction revealed that the major subunits ranged in approximate molecular weight from 18,500 to greater than 10(6). When analyzed with disulfide bonds reduced, a molecular weight range from 31,000 to 275,000 was observed for this fraction. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble fraction could be dissolved upon reduction and alkylation and its composition was enriched in the amino acids characteristic of collagen. Polypeptides from this fraction were analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose and in agarose-acrylamide gels. The approximate molecular weight of the smallest component was 164,000. Additional polypeptides were observed whose molecular weights occurred in multimers of this component, up to 1.1 x 10(6), possibly indicating covalent cross-linked multimers of a basic collagen-like polypeptide(s).", "PMID": 489609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_14", "title": "Colchicine inhibition of microtubule assembly via copolymer formation.", "content": "Colchicine.tubulin complex (CD) inhibits microtubule assembly. We examined this inhibition under conditions where spontaneous nucleation was suppressed and assembly was restricted to an elongation polymerization. We found that CD inhibited assembly by a mechanism which preserved the ability of microtubule ends to add tubulin. This observation is inconsistent with the end-poisoning model which recently was proposed as a general mechanism for assembly inhibition by CD. Our data are consistent with the following model: (a) microtubules formed in the presence of CD are CD-tubulin copolymers; (b) these copolymers can have appreciable numbers of incorporated CDs which are, most likely, randomly distributed in the copolymers; (c) CD-tubulin copolymers have assembly-competent ends with association and dissociation rate constants which decrease as the CD/tubulin ratio in the copolymers, (CD/T)MT, increases; and (d) the critical tubulin concentrations required for microtubule assembly increase in the presence of CD, indicating that copolymer affinity for tubulin decreases as (CD/T)MT increases.", "contents": "Colchicine inhibition of microtubule assembly via copolymer formation. Colchicine.tubulin complex (CD) inhibits microtubule assembly. We examined this inhibition under conditions where spontaneous nucleation was suppressed and assembly was restricted to an elongation polymerization. We found that CD inhibited assembly by a mechanism which preserved the ability of microtubule ends to add tubulin. This observation is inconsistent with the end-poisoning model which recently was proposed as a general mechanism for assembly inhibition by CD. Our data are consistent with the following model: (a) microtubules formed in the presence of CD are CD-tubulin copolymers; (b) these copolymers can have appreciable numbers of incorporated CDs which are, most likely, randomly distributed in the copolymers; (c) CD-tubulin copolymers have assembly-competent ends with association and dissociation rate constants which decrease as the CD/tubulin ratio in the copolymers, (CD/T)MT, increases; and (d) the critical tubulin concentrations required for microtubule assembly increase in the presence of CD, indicating that copolymer affinity for tubulin decreases as (CD/T)MT increases.", "PMID": 489611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_15", "title": "Studies on the regulation of glycoprotein biosynthesis. An investigation of the rate-limiting steps of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis.", "content": "The possible role of HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase (the rate-controlling enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis) in regulating the rate of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis in rat liver was investigated. Rats were either fasted 48 h or fed diets supplemented with the drug cholestyramine. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was 5000-fold greater in liver from cholestyramine-fed rats as compared to fasted rats. The activity of dolichyl phosphate synthetase, the prenyl transferase responsible for the biosynthesis of dolichyl phosphate from farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate, was similar in both nutritional conditions and was markedly less active than HMG-CoA reductase even in the fasted state. Acetate incorporation into cholesterol was 2200-fold greater in liver slices from cholestyramine-fed rats as compared to fasted rats. By contrast, acetate incorporation into dolichyl phosphate was only 6-fold higher. Further studies suggested that the levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate are several hundred-fold greater in liver from cholestyramine-treated rats. From these results, it is concluded that the rate of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis in rat liver is not regulated by the activity of HMG-CoA reductase but is probably regulated at the level of dolichyl phosphate synthetase.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of glycoprotein biosynthesis. An investigation of the rate-limiting steps of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis. The possible role of HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase (the rate-controlling enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis) in regulating the rate of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis in rat liver was investigated. Rats were either fasted 48 h or fed diets supplemented with the drug cholestyramine. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was 5000-fold greater in liver from cholestyramine-fed rats as compared to fasted rats. The activity of dolichyl phosphate synthetase, the prenyl transferase responsible for the biosynthesis of dolichyl phosphate from farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate, was similar in both nutritional conditions and was markedly less active than HMG-CoA reductase even in the fasted state. Acetate incorporation into cholesterol was 2200-fold greater in liver slices from cholestyramine-fed rats as compared to fasted rats. By contrast, acetate incorporation into dolichyl phosphate was only 6-fold higher. Further studies suggested that the levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate are several hundred-fold greater in liver from cholestyramine-treated rats. From these results, it is concluded that the rate of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis in rat liver is not regulated by the activity of HMG-CoA reductase but is probably regulated at the level of dolichyl phosphate synthetase.", "PMID": 489612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_16", "title": "Solubilization, separation, and partial characterization of histamine H1 and H2 receptors from calf thymocyte membranes.", "content": "Histamine membrane receptors are defined as either H1 (blocked by diphenhydramine-like antagonists) or H2 (blocked by cimetidine-like agents). We now report the solubilization, separation, and partial characterization of specific H1 and H2 membrane receptors from calf thymocytes. Membrane fragments were incubated with [3H]histamine either alone or with unlabeled histamine, diphenhydramine, or cimetidine. Maximal specific binding occurred with incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 h at a concentration of 5 x 10(-6) M [3H]histamine. Labeled receptors were solubilized from membranes with 0.3 M KCl and 1% Nonidet 40. Chromatography of the solubilized labeled receptors on ion exchange columns revealed two classes of receptor. One class bound to DEAE-cellulose and eluted as a sharp peak at 0.15 M NaCl/Pi. The other bound to phosphocellulose and eluted as a sharp peak at 0.55 M NaCl/Pi. Initial incubation of the membranes in the presence of the H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine virtually abolished the DEAE-cellulose peak, while incubation with cimetidine, the H2 receptor antagonist, blocked the phosphocellulose peak. We conclude that H1 and H2 histamine receptors are physically separable and can be defined by their ability to bind to either DEAE-cellulose or phosphocellulose.", "contents": "Solubilization, separation, and partial characterization of histamine H1 and H2 receptors from calf thymocyte membranes. Histamine membrane receptors are defined as either H1 (blocked by diphenhydramine-like antagonists) or H2 (blocked by cimetidine-like agents). We now report the solubilization, separation, and partial characterization of specific H1 and H2 membrane receptors from calf thymocytes. Membrane fragments were incubated with [3H]histamine either alone or with unlabeled histamine, diphenhydramine, or cimetidine. Maximal specific binding occurred with incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 h at a concentration of 5 x 10(-6) M [3H]histamine. Labeled receptors were solubilized from membranes with 0.3 M KCl and 1% Nonidet 40. Chromatography of the solubilized labeled receptors on ion exchange columns revealed two classes of receptor. One class bound to DEAE-cellulose and eluted as a sharp peak at 0.15 M NaCl/Pi. The other bound to phosphocellulose and eluted as a sharp peak at 0.55 M NaCl/Pi. Initial incubation of the membranes in the presence of the H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine virtually abolished the DEAE-cellulose peak, while incubation with cimetidine, the H2 receptor antagonist, blocked the phosphocellulose peak. We conclude that H1 and H2 histamine receptors are physically separable and can be defined by their ability to bind to either DEAE-cellulose or phosphocellulose.", "PMID": 489613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_17", "title": "Photoinactivation of the methotrexate transport system of L1210 cells by 8-azidoadenosin 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Methotrexate transport in L1210 cells is mediated by a carrier protein that can bind organic and inorganic phosphate compounds in addition to the various folate substrates. The photoaffinity labeling agent, 8-azidoadenosine 5'-monophosphate (8-azido-AMP), also interactis (Ki = 140 microM) with the receptor site for this transport system, and upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, irreversibly inhibits methotrexate uptake. Protection against this inactivation is afforded by either a substrate (methotrexate) or a competitive inhibitor (inorganic phosphate). The light-induced reaction proceeds rapidly (t1/2 = 2 min at 23 degrees C under the conditions described) and produces half-maximal reduction in the transport rate when the 8-azido-AMP concentration is 65 microM. complete photoinactivation of methotrexate transport could not be obtained from a single exposure to 8-azido-AMP (up to 1.0 mM), but it could be achieved by the repetitive illumination of cells in a fresh medium. The phosphate and folate/adenine transport systems of L1210 cells are not affected by irradiation in the presence of 8-azido-AMP.", "contents": "Photoinactivation of the methotrexate transport system of L1210 cells by 8-azidoadenosin 5'-monophosphate. Methotrexate transport in L1210 cells is mediated by a carrier protein that can bind organic and inorganic phosphate compounds in addition to the various folate substrates. The photoaffinity labeling agent, 8-azidoadenosine 5'-monophosphate (8-azido-AMP), also interactis (Ki = 140 microM) with the receptor site for this transport system, and upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, irreversibly inhibits methotrexate uptake. Protection against this inactivation is afforded by either a substrate (methotrexate) or a competitive inhibitor (inorganic phosphate). The light-induced reaction proceeds rapidly (t1/2 = 2 min at 23 degrees C under the conditions described) and produces half-maximal reduction in the transport rate when the 8-azido-AMP concentration is 65 microM. complete photoinactivation of methotrexate transport could not be obtained from a single exposure to 8-azido-AMP (up to 1.0 mM), but it could be achieved by the repetitive illumination of cells in a fresh medium. The phosphate and folate/adenine transport systems of L1210 cells are not affected by irradiation in the presence of 8-azido-AMP.", "PMID": 489614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_18", "title": "Insulin-induced insulin resistance of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies were used to develop a system for studying insulin resistance in human tissue in vitro. Uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by cultured human skin fibroblasts was found to occur by a combination of saturable and nonsaturable processes. Insulin stimulated uptake by decreasing the Km of the saturable transport system from 0.58 mM to 0.26 mM. The maximal velocity of saturable uptake was 16.6 nmol/10(7) cells/min in both the presence and absence of insulin. Uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid at 0.2 mM was studied in human skin fibroblasts with and without chronic exposure to insulin for 4 days at an initial concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. Unstimulated uptake was increased from 17 to 20 nmol/10(8) cells/min, and the increase in uptake due to maximal stimulation by insulin was unchanged at 16 nmol/10(8) cells/min in the cells exposed chronically to insulin. The apparent Km for insulin was increased from 80 microunits/ml to 2400 microunits/ml in the insulin-exposed cells. Thus, chronic exposure to insulin induces resistance of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by decreasing the apparent affinity for insulin.", "contents": "Insulin-induced insulin resistance of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies were used to develop a system for studying insulin resistance in human tissue in vitro. Uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by cultured human skin fibroblasts was found to occur by a combination of saturable and nonsaturable processes. Insulin stimulated uptake by decreasing the Km of the saturable transport system from 0.58 mM to 0.26 mM. The maximal velocity of saturable uptake was 16.6 nmol/10(7) cells/min in both the presence and absence of insulin. Uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid at 0.2 mM was studied in human skin fibroblasts with and without chronic exposure to insulin for 4 days at an initial concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. Unstimulated uptake was increased from 17 to 20 nmol/10(8) cells/min, and the increase in uptake due to maximal stimulation by insulin was unchanged at 16 nmol/10(8) cells/min in the cells exposed chronically to insulin. The apparent Km for insulin was increased from 80 microunits/ml to 2400 microunits/ml in the insulin-exposed cells. Thus, chronic exposure to insulin induces resistance of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by decreasing the apparent affinity for insulin.", "PMID": 489615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_19", "title": "Cervical spine fusion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Spinal fusion for deformity of the cervical spine was done in thirty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The average follow-up was three years. The deformities present were atlano-axial subluxation, superior migration of the odontoid process into the foramen magnum, and subaxial subluxation of the vertebral bodies. We devised a classification of the pain and the neural involvement in these patients and a new method of measuring superior migration. The surgical procedures for treating instability, intractable pain, or neural involvement, or a combination of the three, were: (1) a Gallie fusion of the first and second cervical vertebrae for atlanto-axial subluxation, (2) a fusion of the occiput and the second cervical vertebra for superior migration of the odontoid process, and (3) a posterior fusion for subaxial subluxation. The occiput was included in the fusion if superior migration of the odontoid process was demonstrated. The results show that four of five patients who had an anterior fusion had no improvement. Twenty-five patients had posterior fusion; in seventeen the condition was improved, in five there was improvement, and in three the condition was worse. Of nineteen patients with neural involvement, the condition was improved in eight, it was unchanged in seven, and it was made worse in two. There were three postoperative deaths and six additional unrelated deaths within two years of surgery. There were five pseudarthroses.", "contents": "Cervical spine fusion in rheumatoid arthritis. Spinal fusion for deformity of the cervical spine was done in thirty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The average follow-up was three years. The deformities present were atlano-axial subluxation, superior migration of the odontoid process into the foramen magnum, and subaxial subluxation of the vertebral bodies. We devised a classification of the pain and the neural involvement in these patients and a new method of measuring superior migration. The surgical procedures for treating instability, intractable pain, or neural involvement, or a combination of the three, were: (1) a Gallie fusion of the first and second cervical vertebrae for atlanto-axial subluxation, (2) a fusion of the occiput and the second cervical vertebra for superior migration of the odontoid process, and (3) a posterior fusion for subaxial subluxation. The occiput was included in the fusion if superior migration of the odontoid process was demonstrated. The results show that four of five patients who had an anterior fusion had no improvement. Twenty-five patients had posterior fusion; in seventeen the condition was improved, in five there was improvement, and in three the condition was worse. Of nineteen patients with neural involvement, the condition was improved in eight, it was unchanged in seven, and it was made worse in two. There were three postoperative deaths and six additional unrelated deaths within two years of surgery. There were five pseudarthroses.", "PMID": 489640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_20", "title": "A single-stage combined surgical approach for vertebral resections.", "content": "Five patients with a destructive vertebral lesion (infectious or tumorous) in the thoracolumbar or lumbar spine were treated with single-stage resection, anterior spine fusion, and posterior Harrington distraction instrumentation. Twelve patients with a fracture-dislocation were also so treated. Correction of vertebral instability and deformity and early mobilization of the patient were the advantages realized. Of the seventeen patients, ten with an incomplete neural deficit improved, three of them to complete recovery. The conditions of five patients with traumatic, complete paraplegia remained unchanged postoperatively. All patients began walking or sitting within fourteen days of the operative procedure. The reported complications were one failure of Harrington instrumentation eight months after the operation and one wound infection one month postoperatively.", "contents": "A single-stage combined surgical approach for vertebral resections. Five patients with a destructive vertebral lesion (infectious or tumorous) in the thoracolumbar or lumbar spine were treated with single-stage resection, anterior spine fusion, and posterior Harrington distraction instrumentation. Twelve patients with a fracture-dislocation were also so treated. Correction of vertebral instability and deformity and early mobilization of the patient were the advantages realized. Of the seventeen patients, ten with an incomplete neural deficit improved, three of them to complete recovery. The conditions of five patients with traumatic, complete paraplegia remained unchanged postoperatively. All patients began walking or sitting within fourteen days of the operative procedure. The reported complications were one failure of Harrington instrumentation eight months after the operation and one wound infection one month postoperatively.", "PMID": 489641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_21", "title": "Transarticular fixation in the treatment of non-union of supracondylar fractures of the femur: a salvage procedure.", "content": "We treated eleven non-unions of a supracondylar fracture of the femur with application of a bone graft and fixation with a K\u00fcntscher intramedullary rod driven across the knee joint. In ten of the eleven patients the fracture united and the patients obtained stability, relief of pain, and, in two patients, an increased range of motion of the knee. Most surgeons use the blade-plate or the compression screw for fixation, but the intramedullary nail may be a better device and may simplifty the surgical procedure.", "contents": "Transarticular fixation in the treatment of non-union of supracondylar fractures of the femur: a salvage procedure. We treated eleven non-unions of a supracondylar fracture of the femur with application of a bone graft and fixation with a K\u00fcntscher intramedullary rod driven across the knee joint. In ten of the eleven patients the fracture united and the patients obtained stability, relief of pain, and, in two patients, an increased range of motion of the knee. Most surgeons use the blade-plate or the compression screw for fixation, but the intramedullary nail may be a better device and may simplifty the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 489642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_22", "title": "Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip.", "content": "Eight patients were seen with idiopathic chondrolysis in nine hips, with from one to eight years' follow-up. The adolescent patients showed characteristic diagnostic patterns--patients in the hip and a limp. The disease occurs most frequently in black girls and in them it tends to be more severe. Threre is progressive loss of articular cartilage, frequently progressing to flexion-adduction contracture and fibrous ankylosis. The pathological process in our patients mainly consisted of chronic synovitis and loss of articular cartilate in the weight-bearing surface of the femoral head. The patients with mild cases were satisfactorily treated with physical therapy, non-weight-bearing, and analgesics. The other hips, however, did best when allowed to undergo fibrous ankylosis with the hip in a functional position.", "contents": "Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip. Eight patients were seen with idiopathic chondrolysis in nine hips, with from one to eight years' follow-up. The adolescent patients showed characteristic diagnostic patterns--patients in the hip and a limp. The disease occurs most frequently in black girls and in them it tends to be more severe. Threre is progressive loss of articular cartilage, frequently progressing to flexion-adduction contracture and fibrous ankylosis. The pathological process in our patients mainly consisted of chronic synovitis and loss of articular cartilate in the weight-bearing surface of the femoral head. The patients with mild cases were satisfactorily treated with physical therapy, non-weight-bearing, and analgesics. The other hips, however, did best when allowed to undergo fibrous ankylosis with the hip in a functional position.", "PMID": 489643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_23", "title": "Revisional total hip replacement for failed ring arthroplasty.", "content": "In a series of 1,219 uncemented Ring total hip replacements performed over an eleven-year period, ten prostheses had to be removed, mainly because of infection, and eighty-two had to be revised, mainly because of loosening. At an average of three years after revision, 81 per cent of the reoperations had yielded satisfactory results.", "contents": "Revisional total hip replacement for failed ring arthroplasty. In a series of 1,219 uncemented Ring total hip replacements performed over an eleven-year period, ten prostheses had to be removed, mainly because of infection, and eighty-two had to be revised, mainly because of loosening. At an average of three years after revision, 81 per cent of the reoperations had yielded satisfactory results.", "PMID": 489644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_24", "title": "Tendon transfers in the paralytic hip.", "content": "We analyzed the results of transfers of the iliopsoas or external oblique muscles performed to augment the abductor power of the hips in 149 patients with flaccid paralysis of the hips. More than 800 supplemental procedures were performed on the lower extremities of these patients. Twenty-three of the thirty-eight hips that had been subluxated or dislocated became stable in the reduced position after the transfer operation. Every hip that had been stable before the transfer remained stable, and thirty-seven patients who had been brace-dependent became brace-free. We concluded that transfers of the iliopsoas or external oblique muscles are useful adjuncts in the treatment of paralytic disorders of the hips.", "contents": "Tendon transfers in the paralytic hip. We analyzed the results of transfers of the iliopsoas or external oblique muscles performed to augment the abductor power of the hips in 149 patients with flaccid paralysis of the hips. More than 800 supplemental procedures were performed on the lower extremities of these patients. Twenty-three of the thirty-eight hips that had been subluxated or dislocated became stable in the reduced position after the transfer operation. Every hip that had been stable before the transfer remained stable, and thirty-seven patients who had been brace-dependent became brace-free. We concluded that transfers of the iliopsoas or external oblique muscles are useful adjuncts in the treatment of paralytic disorders of the hips.", "PMID": 489645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_25", "title": "Cortical circulation of long bones.", "content": "Intravascular injections of India ink in the femora of adult dogs revealed the existence of two distinct vascular systems in the cortex. One courses through the entire thickness of the cortex and is a regular, longitudinal network of uniform capillaries which is in continuity with the periosteal and endosteal networks. Once the haversian systems form a second network appears, radiating from the bone marrow. That system, primarily transverse, anastomoses in the haversian canals with the capillaries of the first system. Therefore, the merging of the two networks occurs primarily in the middle layer of the cortex. The direction of the arterial blood flow in the mature animal is predominantly centrifugal, while the venous drainage is centripetal. In the immature animal, the contribution of the periosteal network is much greater. Because the two cortical systems are profusely anastomosed with each other and with the periosteal and endosteal circulatory networks, the blood can flow in either direction, depending on physiological conditions.", "contents": "Cortical circulation of long bones. Intravascular injections of India ink in the femora of adult dogs revealed the existence of two distinct vascular systems in the cortex. One courses through the entire thickness of the cortex and is a regular, longitudinal network of uniform capillaries which is in continuity with the periosteal and endosteal networks. Once the haversian systems form a second network appears, radiating from the bone marrow. That system, primarily transverse, anastomoses in the haversian canals with the capillaries of the first system. Therefore, the merging of the two networks occurs primarily in the middle layer of the cortex. The direction of the arterial blood flow in the mature animal is predominantly centrifugal, while the venous drainage is centripetal. In the immature animal, the contribution of the periosteal network is much greater. Because the two cortical systems are profusely anastomosed with each other and with the periosteal and endosteal circulatory networks, the blood can flow in either direction, depending on physiological conditions.", "PMID": 489647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_26", "title": "Clinical features of paralytic claw fingers.", "content": "A study of 221 claw fingers of fifty-one leprosy patients with ulnar or combined ulnar and median-nerve paralysis showed that the severity of the deformity was determined mostly by the completeness of paralysis of intrinsci muscles, and to a lesser extent by the duration of paralysis. There was no predilection for severe deformity in any one finger. Recurrent dislocation of the extensor tendon from the knuckle of the metacarpophalangeal joint was observed mostly in fingers that were completely deprived of all intrinsic muscles. No satisfactory explanation could be found for this. Flexing the wrist facilitated opening of the claw finger, but the effect was more evident at the metacarphophalangeal joint than at the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "contents": "Clinical features of paralytic claw fingers. A study of 221 claw fingers of fifty-one leprosy patients with ulnar or combined ulnar and median-nerve paralysis showed that the severity of the deformity was determined mostly by the completeness of paralysis of intrinsci muscles, and to a lesser extent by the duration of paralysis. There was no predilection for severe deformity in any one finger. Recurrent dislocation of the extensor tendon from the knuckle of the metacarpophalangeal joint was observed mostly in fingers that were completely deprived of all intrinsic muscles. No satisfactory explanation could be found for this. Flexing the wrist facilitated opening of the claw finger, but the effect was more evident at the metacarphophalangeal joint than at the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "PMID": 489648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_27", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia. A potentially fatal syndrome in orthopaedic patients.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited muscular disorder and a cause of sudden death in afflicted patients. Stress arising from tramuma, surgery, and other causes can initiate the syndrome. We studied the types of orthopaedic problems commonly seen in patients with this condition as well as the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of the syndrome. Recognition, management, and understanding of the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia can be aided by a study of its similarities to porcine stress syndrome. We performed experimental studies of muscle and prophylaxis in swine. We also demonstrated the extension of the prophylactic use of dantrolene sodium in a management protocol in eighty surgical procedures in humans.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. A potentially fatal syndrome in orthopaedic patients. Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited muscular disorder and a cause of sudden death in afflicted patients. Stress arising from tramuma, surgery, and other causes can initiate the syndrome. We studied the types of orthopaedic problems commonly seen in patients with this condition as well as the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of the syndrome. Recognition, management, and understanding of the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia can be aided by a study of its similarities to porcine stress syndrome. We performed experimental studies of muscle and prophylaxis in swine. We also demonstrated the extension of the prophylactic use of dantrolene sodium in a management protocol in eighty surgical procedures in humans.", "PMID": 489649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_28", "title": "Aspiration of infected sarco-iliac joints.", "content": "Seven of eight patients with suspected sarco-iliac joint infection had the diagnosis confirmed by closed aspiration of the joint. A reproducible method of obtaining specimens for culture was developed. Failures of aspiration may occur in patients in whom anatomical variations cause segmentation of the joint, therefore preventing the septic process from involving the most posterior and caudal part.", "contents": "Aspiration of infected sarco-iliac joints. Seven of eight patients with suspected sarco-iliac joint infection had the diagnosis confirmed by closed aspiration of the joint. A reproducible method of obtaining specimens for culture was developed. Failures of aspiration may occur in patients in whom anatomical variations cause segmentation of the joint, therefore preventing the septic process from involving the most posterior and caudal part.", "PMID": 489650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_29", "title": "Results of surgical intervention in the symptomatic multiply-operated back patient. Analysis of sixty-seven cases followed for three to seven years.", "content": "Sixty-seven of seventy-three patients who had had multiple operations on the back with an initial diagnosis of lumbar-disc disease were reevaluated as to relief of pain two and four years after the most recent operation. More than 80 per cent of the patients had gained enough relief to deem the procedure worth while. A diagnosis of fibrosis, preoperatively or intraoperatively, portended a poor result, while the opposite was true with diagnoses of mechanical compression (disc fragment or stenosis) and instability (pseudarthrosis after fusion or spondylolisthesis). The presence of a pain-free interval lasting one year from the date of the previous operation correlated highly with the presence of a surgically remediable lesion.", "contents": "Results of surgical intervention in the symptomatic multiply-operated back patient. Analysis of sixty-seven cases followed for three to seven years. Sixty-seven of seventy-three patients who had had multiple operations on the back with an initial diagnosis of lumbar-disc disease were reevaluated as to relief of pain two and four years after the most recent operation. More than 80 per cent of the patients had gained enough relief to deem the procedure worth while. A diagnosis of fibrosis, preoperatively or intraoperatively, portended a poor result, while the opposite was true with diagnoses of mechanical compression (disc fragment or stenosis) and instability (pseudarthrosis after fusion or spondylolisthesis). The presence of a pain-free interval lasting one year from the date of the previous operation correlated highly with the presence of a surgically remediable lesion.", "PMID": 489651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_30", "title": "Pulmonary emboli followed total hip arthroplasty: incidence study.", "content": "We compared twenty-five total hip-arthroplasty patients with twenty-five patients who underwent other operations on the lower extremity, with regard to evidence of pulmonary embolism as determined preoperatively and postoperatively from lung perfusion scans, ventilation scans, and pulmonary angiography. Blood gases and serum enzymes also were studied. The over-all incidence of pulmonary embolism was 6 per cent, despite the absence of clinical evidence of that complication. Abnormalities in scans and blood studies were common preoperatively, so that the diagnosis often depended on the detection of additional abnormalities postoperatively.", "contents": "Pulmonary emboli followed total hip arthroplasty: incidence study. We compared twenty-five total hip-arthroplasty patients with twenty-five patients who underwent other operations on the lower extremity, with regard to evidence of pulmonary embolism as determined preoperatively and postoperatively from lung perfusion scans, ventilation scans, and pulmonary angiography. Blood gases and serum enzymes also were studied. The over-all incidence of pulmonary embolism was 6 per cent, despite the absence of clinical evidence of that complication. Abnormalities in scans and blood studies were common preoperatively, so that the diagnosis often depended on the detection of additional abnormalities postoperatively.", "PMID": 489652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_31", "title": "The three syndromes of iliac osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "Iliac osteomyelitis was diagnosed, in many cases after considerable delay, in twenty (2.3 per cent) of 867 children with hematogenous osteomyelitis. In ten patients coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was identified. The symptoms and signs of iliac osteomyelitis depend on the direction of spread of the inflammation. The children presented with one of these syndromes: gluteal, abdominal, or lumbar disc. The diagnosis can be established early be careful physical examination: manual compression of the pelvis produces pain on the affected side, and palpation reveals tenderness over over the site of infection. The inflammatory process can be located even in early cases on a bone scan with radioactive technetium. When diagnosed early, the infection can be cured with intensive intravenous antibiotic therapy alone.", "contents": "The three syndromes of iliac osteomyelitis in children. Iliac osteomyelitis was diagnosed, in many cases after considerable delay, in twenty (2.3 per cent) of 867 children with hematogenous osteomyelitis. In ten patients coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was identified. The symptoms and signs of iliac osteomyelitis depend on the direction of spread of the inflammation. The children presented with one of these syndromes: gluteal, abdominal, or lumbar disc. The diagnosis can be established early be careful physical examination: manual compression of the pelvis produces pain on the affected side, and palpation reveals tenderness over over the site of infection. The inflammatory process can be located even in early cases on a bone scan with radioactive technetium. When diagnosed early, the infection can be cured with intensive intravenous antibiotic therapy alone.", "PMID": 489653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_32", "title": "Turnbuckle orthotic correction of elbow-flexion contractures after acute injuries.", "content": "Fifteen patients with acute flexion contractures of the elbow after injuries or operations were treated with a turnbuckle splint. Satisfactory correction was achieved in twelve patients. An average reduction in deformity of about 37 degrees was recorded after an average treatment period of twenty weeks. The treatment was unsuccessful in three patients with severe intra-articular damage because the splint caused excessive discomfort. The average improvement in the arc of motion of the elbow was approximately 43 degrees.", "contents": "Turnbuckle orthotic correction of elbow-flexion contractures after acute injuries. Fifteen patients with acute flexion contractures of the elbow after injuries or operations were treated with a turnbuckle splint. Satisfactory correction was achieved in twelve patients. An average reduction in deformity of about 37 degrees was recorded after an average treatment period of twenty weeks. The treatment was unsuccessful in three patients with severe intra-articular damage because the splint caused excessive discomfort. The average improvement in the arc of motion of the elbow was approximately 43 degrees.", "PMID": 489654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_33", "title": "Ankle arthrodesis. Long-term follow-up with gait analysis.", "content": "A functional assessment of twelve patients after ankle arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis was carried out by means of an extensive clinical evaluation and gait analysis after an average follow-up of eight years. A weighted point system was developed to grade ankle function clinically. The data on gait analysis were examined to determine the effect of arthrodesis of the ankle on the over-all pattern of walking. Under conditions of normal daily living while wearing shoes, all patients functioned well after arthrodesis. The gait-analysis data obtained with the patients wearing shoes showed excellent gait characteristics, and the ankle motion that had been lost was compensated for by: (1) motion of the small joints of the ipsilateral foot; (2) altered motion of the ankle in the contralateral limb; and (3) appropriate footwear. While the patients were walking barefooted, some adverse effects of fusion of the ankle were evident. Velocity of gait was slowed and the length of stride was shortened in all twelve patients. One patient whose ankle had been fused in an equinus position had a back-knee deformity during stance phase, and another walked only on his toes when he was without shoes. The gait patterns of all patients were markedly improved when they were wearing shoes with appropriate heel heights.", "contents": "Ankle arthrodesis. Long-term follow-up with gait analysis. A functional assessment of twelve patients after ankle arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis was carried out by means of an extensive clinical evaluation and gait analysis after an average follow-up of eight years. A weighted point system was developed to grade ankle function clinically. The data on gait analysis were examined to determine the effect of arthrodesis of the ankle on the over-all pattern of walking. Under conditions of normal daily living while wearing shoes, all patients functioned well after arthrodesis. The gait-analysis data obtained with the patients wearing shoes showed excellent gait characteristics, and the ankle motion that had been lost was compensated for by: (1) motion of the small joints of the ipsilateral foot; (2) altered motion of the ankle in the contralateral limb; and (3) appropriate footwear. While the patients were walking barefooted, some adverse effects of fusion of the ankle were evident. Velocity of gait was slowed and the length of stride was shortened in all twelve patients. One patient whose ankle had been fused in an equinus position had a back-knee deformity during stance phase, and another walked only on his toes when he was without shoes. The gait patterns of all patients were markedly improved when they were wearing shoes with appropriate heel heights.", "PMID": 489661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_34", "title": "Clinical study of total ankle replacement with gait analysis. A preliminary report.", "content": "Twenty-one ankle replacements in nineteen patients after an average follow-up of 14.7 months were analyzed with respect to their history, physical and roentgenographic findings, and gait analysis. The relief of pain and functional improvement after operation were disappointing compared with the results of prosthetic replacement in other joints and were not related to early complications, age, diagnosis, or the prosthesis used. Muscle weakness about the ankle, especially of the plantar flexors, was a prominent finding and appeared to cause abnormal patterns of gait and of ankle motion. The frequency of progressively increasing radiolucent lines was 88 per cent and of late loosening, 10 per cent. These results suggest a need for more emphasis on postoperative rehabilitation and on the uncertainty of this procedure at its present stage of development.", "contents": "Clinical study of total ankle replacement with gait analysis. A preliminary report. Twenty-one ankle replacements in nineteen patients after an average follow-up of 14.7 months were analyzed with respect to their history, physical and roentgenographic findings, and gait analysis. The relief of pain and functional improvement after operation were disappointing compared with the results of prosthetic replacement in other joints and were not related to early complications, age, diagnosis, or the prosthesis used. Muscle weakness about the ankle, especially of the plantar flexors, was a prominent finding and appeared to cause abnormal patterns of gait and of ankle motion. The frequency of progressively increasing radiolucent lines was 88 per cent and of late loosening, 10 per cent. These results suggest a need for more emphasis on postoperative rehabilitation and on the uncertainty of this procedure at its present stage of development.", "PMID": 489662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_35", "title": "Fractures of the tibial plateau. Treatment by closed reduction and spica cast.", "content": "A retrospective study of sixty-one displaced fractures of the tibial plateau treated by closed manipulative reduction and immobilization for six weeks in a molded single hip-spica cast revealed that there was bone union in all cases. Weight-bearing was carefully avoided for twelve to sixteen weeks while motion of the knee was regained. Fifty-three patients were followed for six months to twenty-two years, an average of 3.8 years. Objectively, 85 per cent of the patients' results were rated good or excellent while subjectively 94 per cent of the patients were satisfied with their results.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial plateau. Treatment by closed reduction and spica cast. A retrospective study of sixty-one displaced fractures of the tibial plateau treated by closed manipulative reduction and immobilization for six weeks in a molded single hip-spica cast revealed that there was bone union in all cases. Weight-bearing was carefully avoided for twelve to sixteen weeks while motion of the knee was regained. Fifty-three patients were followed for six months to twenty-two years, an average of 3.8 years. Objectively, 85 per cent of the patients' results were rated good or excellent while subjectively 94 per cent of the patients were satisfied with their results.", "PMID": 489663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_36", "title": "Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis.", "content": "Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis are rare. A series of twenty-eight fractures classified according to the Salter-Harris method showed that nine were Type II and eight, Type IV. Lawn-mower injuries, a previously unreported mode of injury for this fracture, caused five of the eight Type-IV fractures and were associated with the worst prognosis by far. Two Type-V fractures in the proximal tibial epiphysis, previously unreported, are described.", "contents": "Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis. Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis are rare. A series of twenty-eight fractures classified according to the Salter-Harris method showed that nine were Type II and eight, Type IV. Lawn-mower injuries, a previously unreported mode of injury for this fracture, caused five of the eight Type-IV fractures and were associated with the worst prognosis by far. Two Type-V fractures in the proximal tibial epiphysis, previously unreported, are described.", "PMID": 489664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_37", "title": "Immortalization of normal liver functions in cell culture: rat hepatocyte-hepatoma cell hybrids expressing ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity.", "content": "Normal rat hepatocytes have been fused with highly differentiated rat hepatoma cells. Some of the hybrids express a physiologically significant level of activity of the urea cycle enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), a liver-specific function not found in the hepatoma cells. These hybrids have 10% of the adult rat liver OCT specific activity, incorporate 3H-ornithine into protein arginine, and can be selectively grown in arginine-free medium supplemented with ornithine. Somatic cell hybridization of normal differentiated cells with highly differentiated neoplastic cells of the same tissue type may be useful as a general method for obtaining permanent cell lines with new tissue-specific phenotypes.", "contents": "Immortalization of normal liver functions in cell culture: rat hepatocyte-hepatoma cell hybrids expressing ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. Normal rat hepatocytes have been fused with highly differentiated rat hepatoma cells. Some of the hybrids express a physiologically significant level of activity of the urea cycle enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), a liver-specific function not found in the hepatoma cells. These hybrids have 10% of the adult rat liver OCT specific activity, incorporate 3H-ornithine into protein arginine, and can be selectively grown in arginine-free medium supplemented with ornithine. Somatic cell hybridization of normal differentiated cells with highly differentiated neoplastic cells of the same tissue type may be useful as a general method for obtaining permanent cell lines with new tissue-specific phenotypes.", "PMID": 489665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_38", "title": "Peptidase activity in Tetrahymena.", "content": "This report strongly suggests that two compartments in Tetrahymena thermophila contain peptidase activity: the cytoplasm and the outer cell surface. Determinations of amino acid concentrations in the extracellular medium upon incubation of cells with peptides suggest that the surface-bound peptidase activity hydrolyses di- and tri-phenylalanine equally fast on a molar basis. Growth experiments designed to characterize the in vivo peptidase specificities showed that both T. thermophila and T. pyriformis can use L-leucyl-L-leucine, but not L-leucyl-D-leucine as a leucine donor. These results are independent of whether the cells form food vacuoles or not.", "contents": "Peptidase activity in Tetrahymena. This report strongly suggests that two compartments in Tetrahymena thermophila contain peptidase activity: the cytoplasm and the outer cell surface. Determinations of amino acid concentrations in the extracellular medium upon incubation of cells with peptides suggest that the surface-bound peptidase activity hydrolyses di- and tri-phenylalanine equally fast on a molar basis. Growth experiments designed to characterize the in vivo peptidase specificities showed that both T. thermophila and T. pyriformis can use L-leucyl-L-leucine, but not L-leucyl-D-leucine as a leucine donor. These results are independent of whether the cells form food vacuoles or not.", "PMID": 489666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_39", "title": "Correlation between cell cycle duration and RNA content.", "content": "The metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange was used to differentially stain DNA and RNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes during their progression through the cell cycle. Green and red fluorescence of individual cells, representing cellular DNA and RNA, respectively, was measured by flow cytometry. CHO cells were synchronized by selective detachment at mitosis. Their rate of progression through G1 and subsequently through S phase correlated with the content of stainable RNA. The mean duration of the G1 phase was 5.2 hours for cells with high RNA content (highest 25 percentile population) and 8.1 hours for cells with low RNA (lowest 25 percentile). The duration of S phase was 5.9 and 7.5 hours for high- and low-RNA, 25 percentile subpopulations, respectively. Lymphocytes synchronized at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine showed extremely high intercellular variation with respect to content of stainable RNA. After release from the block they traversed S phase at rates linearly proportional to the content of stainable RNA. The duration of S phase was five hours for cells with high RNA-, six to nine hours for cells with moderate RNA- and up to 27 hours for cells with minimal RNA-content. The data suggest that the rate of progression through the cell cycle of individual cells within a population may be correlated with the number of ribosomes per cell.", "contents": "Correlation between cell cycle duration and RNA content. The metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange was used to differentially stain DNA and RNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes during their progression through the cell cycle. Green and red fluorescence of individual cells, representing cellular DNA and RNA, respectively, was measured by flow cytometry. CHO cells were synchronized by selective detachment at mitosis. Their rate of progression through G1 and subsequently through S phase correlated with the content of stainable RNA. The mean duration of the G1 phase was 5.2 hours for cells with high RNA content (highest 25 percentile population) and 8.1 hours for cells with low RNA (lowest 25 percentile). The duration of S phase was 5.9 and 7.5 hours for high- and low-RNA, 25 percentile subpopulations, respectively. Lymphocytes synchronized at the G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine showed extremely high intercellular variation with respect to content of stainable RNA. After release from the block they traversed S phase at rates linearly proportional to the content of stainable RNA. The duration of S phase was five hours for cells with high RNA-, six to nine hours for cells with moderate RNA- and up to 27 hours for cells with minimal RNA-content. The data suggest that the rate of progression through the cell cycle of individual cells within a population may be correlated with the number of ribosomes per cell.", "PMID": 489667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_40", "title": "Inhibition by aphidicolin of cell cycle progression and DNA replication in sea urchin embryos.", "content": "We have recently found that aphidicolin, a tetracyclic diterpene-tetraol produced by several fungi, blocks DNA synthesis of sea urchin embryos by interfering with the activity of DNA polyermase alpha. These cells fail to proliferate in the presence of aphidicolin. In continuation of these studies, we determined the drug-sensitive stage in the first cell cycle of the sea urchin Clypeaster japonicus embryo. In continuous exposure to aphidicolin (2 micrograms/ml) from five minutes after fertilization, mitotic division of the embryo was completely suppressed. Embryos were exposed to the drug at progressively later intervals and their capability for cytokinesis was examined. Evidence was thereby obtained that aphidicolin acts at the S-period to inhibit DNA synthesis resulting in developmental arrest of the embryo.", "contents": "Inhibition by aphidicolin of cell cycle progression and DNA replication in sea urchin embryos. We have recently found that aphidicolin, a tetracyclic diterpene-tetraol produced by several fungi, blocks DNA synthesis of sea urchin embryos by interfering with the activity of DNA polyermase alpha. These cells fail to proliferate in the presence of aphidicolin. In continuation of these studies, we determined the drug-sensitive stage in the first cell cycle of the sea urchin Clypeaster japonicus embryo. In continuous exposure to aphidicolin (2 micrograms/ml) from five minutes after fertilization, mitotic division of the embryo was completely suppressed. Embryos were exposed to the drug at progressively later intervals and their capability for cytokinesis was examined. Evidence was thereby obtained that aphidicolin acts at the S-period to inhibit DNA synthesis resulting in developmental arrest of the embryo.", "PMID": 489668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_41", "title": "Characterization of factor(s) in culture supernatants affecting cell social behavior.", "content": "Treatment of embryonic chick heart fibroblast cultures with 0.2 M urea reversibly increases cellular overlap. The increase in cellular overlapping over that in control cultures may be quantitated by the overlap ratio (R), the ratio of the number of superimposed nuclei observed, to the number expected to occur when cells are assumed to be distributed randomly over the culture substratum (R = observed/expected overlaps). Reversal of the urea-induced increase in R is blocked by 0.2 micrograms/ml cycloheximide. In the presence of cycloheximide, normal (low) overlap ratios are restored to urea-treated cultures by adding non-dialyzable material recovered by washing fibroblast monolayers with serum-free medium. The overlap ratio assay revealed no effect of supernatant material added either to urea-treated cultures in the continued presence of urea, or to untreated cultures. Although unfiltered supernatants were shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain fibronectin (CSP; LETS; MWappar. = 220,000 d) and smaller proteins, the ability to reverse the urea-induced increase in overlap ratio was present in Diaflo and Millipore filtrates of culture supernatants in which fibronectin was greatly depleted or absent. In contrast, purified fibronectin preparations failed to lower urea-induced increases in overlap-ratio. Partially purified, biologically active supernatants, prepared from 14C-leucine or 125I-labeled cultures, contained several macromolecules smaller than fibronectin that were labeled by both radioisotopes. In particular, one band (MWappar. = 58--60,000 d) was present in polyacrylamide gels of active supernatant and also depleted in gels of homogenates from urea-treated cultures. These results indicate that external macromolecules other than fibronectin are synthesized by cultured fibroblasts and can affect cell social behavior or culture morphology.", "contents": "Characterization of factor(s) in culture supernatants affecting cell social behavior. Treatment of embryonic chick heart fibroblast cultures with 0.2 M urea reversibly increases cellular overlap. The increase in cellular overlapping over that in control cultures may be quantitated by the overlap ratio (R), the ratio of the number of superimposed nuclei observed, to the number expected to occur when cells are assumed to be distributed randomly over the culture substratum (R = observed/expected overlaps). Reversal of the urea-induced increase in R is blocked by 0.2 micrograms/ml cycloheximide. In the presence of cycloheximide, normal (low) overlap ratios are restored to urea-treated cultures by adding non-dialyzable material recovered by washing fibroblast monolayers with serum-free medium. The overlap ratio assay revealed no effect of supernatant material added either to urea-treated cultures in the continued presence of urea, or to untreated cultures. Although unfiltered supernatants were shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain fibronectin (CSP; LETS; MWappar. = 220,000 d) and smaller proteins, the ability to reverse the urea-induced increase in overlap ratio was present in Diaflo and Millipore filtrates of culture supernatants in which fibronectin was greatly depleted or absent. In contrast, purified fibronectin preparations failed to lower urea-induced increases in overlap-ratio. Partially purified, biologically active supernatants, prepared from 14C-leucine or 125I-labeled cultures, contained several macromolecules smaller than fibronectin that were labeled by both radioisotopes. In particular, one band (MWappar. = 58--60,000 d) was present in polyacrylamide gels of active supernatant and also depleted in gels of homogenates from urea-treated cultures. These results indicate that external macromolecules other than fibronectin are synthesized by cultured fibroblasts and can affect cell social behavior or culture morphology.", "PMID": 489669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_42", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of Ca2+ stimulation of plasminogen activator synthesis/release by Swiss 3T3 cells.", "content": "Stimulation of postconfluent Swiss 3T3 cells in serum-free medium with 4.3 mM Ca2+ results in marked increases in both released and cell-associated plasminogen activator (PA). Increased release of PA commenced approximately 10 to 12 hours post-stimulation and continued to increase steadily until 48 hours at which time the stimulates cells (4.3 mM Ca2+) released approximately 14 times more PA than control cells (1.8 mM Ca2+). Sr2+, like Ca2+, also stimulates PA synthesis/release either in the presence or in the absence of 1.8 mM Ca2+ whereas an excess of Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+ stimulation. Supranormal [Pi] in the medium stimulates PA synthesis/release in the presence of 1.8 mM mM Ca2+. Further, optimal stimulation by 4.3 mM Ca2+ requires a normal level of Pi (1.0 mM). Elevation of medium [Ca2+] or [Pi] results in an enhanced uptake of Ca2+. The facts that cycloheximide treatment completely abolishes the Ca2+ stimulatory effect and that an increase in cell associated PA precedes release indicate that PA release is coupled to synthesis of new PA. Ca2+ stimulation of PA synthesis/release also requires continuous energy production and RNA as well as protein synthesis. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the relationship between stimulation of PA production and its enhanced release from cells stimulated by elevated [Ca2+] or [Pi] in the media. The possibility that PA release may be an example of the phenomenon of membrane shedding as opposed to secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of Ca2+ stimulation of plasminogen activator synthesis/release by Swiss 3T3 cells. Stimulation of postconfluent Swiss 3T3 cells in serum-free medium with 4.3 mM Ca2+ results in marked increases in both released and cell-associated plasminogen activator (PA). Increased release of PA commenced approximately 10 to 12 hours post-stimulation and continued to increase steadily until 48 hours at which time the stimulates cells (4.3 mM Ca2+) released approximately 14 times more PA than control cells (1.8 mM Ca2+). Sr2+, like Ca2+, also stimulates PA synthesis/release either in the presence or in the absence of 1.8 mM Ca2+ whereas an excess of Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+ stimulation. Supranormal [Pi] in the medium stimulates PA synthesis/release in the presence of 1.8 mM mM Ca2+. Further, optimal stimulation by 4.3 mM Ca2+ requires a normal level of Pi (1.0 mM). Elevation of medium [Ca2+] or [Pi] results in an enhanced uptake of Ca2+. The facts that cycloheximide treatment completely abolishes the Ca2+ stimulatory effect and that an increase in cell associated PA precedes release indicate that PA release is coupled to synthesis of new PA. Ca2+ stimulation of PA synthesis/release also requires continuous energy production and RNA as well as protein synthesis. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the relationship between stimulation of PA production and its enhanced release from cells stimulated by elevated [Ca2+] or [Pi] in the media. The possibility that PA release may be an example of the phenomenon of membrane shedding as opposed to secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 489670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_43", "title": "The role of heme in the regulation of the late program of Friend cell erythroid differentiation.", "content": "The addition of a chemical inducer, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), to cultures of mouse Friend erythroleukemic cells results in the induction of a number of late erythroid events, including the accumulation of globin mRNA, the inducation of hemoglobin synthesis, the appearance of erythrocyte membrane antigens (EMA), and the cessation of cell division. The experiments presented in this study demonstrate that heme is necessary but not sufficient for the loss of proliferative capacity associated with DMSO-induced Friend cell differentiation, whereas the accumulation of globin mRNA and EMA can occur in the absence of heme synthesis or heme itself. These conclusions were reached by selectively inhibiting heme synthesis in DMSO-treated cells in two independent ways: (i) Inducible cells were treated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), a drug which inhibits the induction of heme synthesis in Friend cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of inducible Friend cells with 1.5% DMSO for five days caused the plating efficiency in methyl cellulose to decrease to 1% of that in untreated cultures. However, treatment of the cells with DMSO plus AT almost totally prevented this decrease in plating efficiency. The addition of exogenous hemin, which alone had no significant effect on plating efficiency, largely reversed the effect of AT in DMSO-treated cells, reducing the plating efficiency to below 5%. In contrast to the marked effects of AT on the proliferative capacity of differentiating Friend cells, the levels of globin mRNA and EMA were only partially decreased in cells treated with DMSO plus AT, compared to cells treated with DMSO alone. (ii) The relationship between heme synthesis, terminal cell division, and the induction of globin mRNA was investigated further through the use of non-inducible Friend cell variant clones. One such non-inducible clone, M18, appears to be a phenotypic analog of inducible cells treated with DMSO plus AT. Clone M18 did not accumulate heme or hemoglobin, as detected by benzidine staining, nor lose its proliferative capacity in response to DMSO. However, globin mRNA was induced by DMSO in this clone. Treatment of clone M18 with DMSO plus hemin overcame the block in hemoglobin accumulation suggesting that M18 has a defect in the induction of heme biosynthesis. In addition, exposure of M18 cells to DMSO plus hemin caused a gradual decrease in plating efficiency which was not due to non-specific toxicity. Prior incubation of M18 cells in DMSO for three to five days was necessary before hemin caused a rapid loss of proliferative capacity. Thus, these results, in agreement with the AT studies on inducible Friend cells and previous studies on the induction of EMA in clone M18, indicate that there may be both heme-dependent and heme-independent events in the program of Friend cell differentiation.", "contents": "The role of heme in the regulation of the late program of Friend cell erythroid differentiation. The addition of a chemical inducer, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), to cultures of mouse Friend erythroleukemic cells results in the induction of a number of late erythroid events, including the accumulation of globin mRNA, the inducation of hemoglobin synthesis, the appearance of erythrocyte membrane antigens (EMA), and the cessation of cell division. The experiments presented in this study demonstrate that heme is necessary but not sufficient for the loss of proliferative capacity associated with DMSO-induced Friend cell differentiation, whereas the accumulation of globin mRNA and EMA can occur in the absence of heme synthesis or heme itself. These conclusions were reached by selectively inhibiting heme synthesis in DMSO-treated cells in two independent ways: (i) Inducible cells were treated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), a drug which inhibits the induction of heme synthesis in Friend cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of inducible Friend cells with 1.5% DMSO for five days caused the plating efficiency in methyl cellulose to decrease to 1% of that in untreated cultures. However, treatment of the cells with DMSO plus AT almost totally prevented this decrease in plating efficiency. The addition of exogenous hemin, which alone had no significant effect on plating efficiency, largely reversed the effect of AT in DMSO-treated cells, reducing the plating efficiency to below 5%. In contrast to the marked effects of AT on the proliferative capacity of differentiating Friend cells, the levels of globin mRNA and EMA were only partially decreased in cells treated with DMSO plus AT, compared to cells treated with DMSO alone. (ii) The relationship between heme synthesis, terminal cell division, and the induction of globin mRNA was investigated further through the use of non-inducible Friend cell variant clones. One such non-inducible clone, M18, appears to be a phenotypic analog of inducible cells treated with DMSO plus AT. Clone M18 did not accumulate heme or hemoglobin, as detected by benzidine staining, nor lose its proliferative capacity in response to DMSO. However, globin mRNA was induced by DMSO in this clone. Treatment of clone M18 with DMSO plus hemin overcame the block in hemoglobin accumulation suggesting that M18 has a defect in the induction of heme biosynthesis. In addition, exposure of M18 cells to DMSO plus hemin caused a gradual decrease in plating efficiency which was not due to non-specific toxicity. Prior incubation of M18 cells in DMSO for three to five days was necessary before hemin caused a rapid loss of proliferative capacity. Thus, these results, in agreement with the AT studies on inducible Friend cells and previous studies on the induction of EMA in clone M18, indicate that there may be both heme-dependent and heme-independent events in the program of Friend cell differentiation.", "PMID": 489671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_44", "title": "High affinity Concanavalin A binding to sterol-depleted L cells.", "content": "Binding of Concanavalin A to mouse L cells which were grown in serum free, chemically defined medium and depleted of their membrane sterol by blocking their de novo sterol synthesis was investigated. Kinetic analysis of binding data implied positive cooperativity, with two different affinities for Con A, in both experimental and control cultures. The amount of Con A bound to the cell surface at saturation was approximately 0.5 picomoles per mg cellular protein in controls and approximately 1.0 picomoles per mg cellular protein in 25-hydroxycholesterol treated cultures (which had a reduced sterol concentration of up to 50% in their plasma membranes). This phenomenon was reversed when cholesterol or mevalonate was added to the inhibited cultures to compensate for their inability to synthesize sterol. Our findings indicate that lectin binding to specific glycoprotein receptors is influenced by membrane lipid composition.", "contents": "High affinity Concanavalin A binding to sterol-depleted L cells. Binding of Concanavalin A to mouse L cells which were grown in serum free, chemically defined medium and depleted of their membrane sterol by blocking their de novo sterol synthesis was investigated. Kinetic analysis of binding data implied positive cooperativity, with two different affinities for Con A, in both experimental and control cultures. The amount of Con A bound to the cell surface at saturation was approximately 0.5 picomoles per mg cellular protein in controls and approximately 1.0 picomoles per mg cellular protein in 25-hydroxycholesterol treated cultures (which had a reduced sterol concentration of up to 50% in their plasma membranes). This phenomenon was reversed when cholesterol or mevalonate was added to the inhibited cultures to compensate for their inability to synthesize sterol. Our findings indicate that lectin binding to specific glycoprotein receptors is influenced by membrane lipid composition.", "PMID": 489673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_45", "title": "Mechanochemical proteins, cell motility and cell-cell contacts: the localization of mechanochemical proteins inside cultured cells at the edge of an in vitro \"wound\".", "content": "We have examined the distribution of several mechanochemical proteins inside rat A10 cells in monolayer culture, both in sparse cultures and at the edges of in vitro \"wounds\" in confluent cultures. The proteins examined were actin, myosin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin, filamin, and tubulin. In each experiment, a pair of these proteins (one of which was usually actin) were examined simultaneously by double fluorescence staining methods. Actin was specificially stained by double fluorescence staining methods. Actin was specifically stained by a method based on heavy meromyosin binding, while the other proteins were specifically stained by indirect immunofluorescence procedures. The most important of the various results described was obtained with cells moving out from the edge of an in vitro wound. Within the flat leading lamella of such a cell, there was an extended region in which myosin was severely depleted or absent compared to the proximal regions of the same cells. By contrast, the other proteins were abundantly present throughout the leading lamella, except for tropomyosin, which was somewhat depleted but not as extensively as myosin. In Nomarski optics, there was no detectable morphological differentiation between the region depleted of myosin and the more proximal portion of the same lamella. While the depletion of myosin from the motile regions of cells does not rule out the involvement of some form of an actomyosin sliding filament mechanism, it suggests that other molecular mechanisms for generating motility be seriously considered.", "contents": "Mechanochemical proteins, cell motility and cell-cell contacts: the localization of mechanochemical proteins inside cultured cells at the edge of an in vitro \"wound\". We have examined the distribution of several mechanochemical proteins inside rat A10 cells in monolayer culture, both in sparse cultures and at the edges of in vitro \"wounds\" in confluent cultures. The proteins examined were actin, myosin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin, filamin, and tubulin. In each experiment, a pair of these proteins (one of which was usually actin) were examined simultaneously by double fluorescence staining methods. Actin was specificially stained by double fluorescence staining methods. Actin was specifically stained by a method based on heavy meromyosin binding, while the other proteins were specifically stained by indirect immunofluorescence procedures. The most important of the various results described was obtained with cells moving out from the edge of an in vitro wound. Within the flat leading lamella of such a cell, there was an extended region in which myosin was severely depleted or absent compared to the proximal regions of the same cells. By contrast, the other proteins were abundantly present throughout the leading lamella, except for tropomyosin, which was somewhat depleted but not as extensively as myosin. In Nomarski optics, there was no detectable morphological differentiation between the region depleted of myosin and the more proximal portion of the same lamella. While the depletion of myosin from the motile regions of cells does not rule out the involvement of some form of an actomyosin sliding filament mechanism, it suggests that other molecular mechanisms for generating motility be seriously considered.", "PMID": 489674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_46", "title": "Growth and G1 arrest of sarcoma virus trnasformed cells in serum free media.", "content": "Rous-sarcoma transformed BHK cells can be continuously cultured in a medium containing Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium, iron and biotin. The rate of cell multiplication increased when serine, or serine plus other non-essential amino-acids were added to the medium. With biotin deleted from the medium there is a reduction in DNA synthesis and most cells are blocked in G1.", "contents": "Growth and G1 arrest of sarcoma virus trnasformed cells in serum free media. Rous-sarcoma transformed BHK cells can be continuously cultured in a medium containing Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium, iron and biotin. The rate of cell multiplication increased when serine, or serine plus other non-essential amino-acids were added to the medium. With biotin deleted from the medium there is a reduction in DNA synthesis and most cells are blocked in G1.", "PMID": 489675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_47", "title": "Information about microorganisms contained in patent specifications.", "content": "Although patents are an important source for information on microorganisms, a survey disclosed that catalogs from culture collection depositories are unreliable in relating the availability with the microorganisms disclosed in a patent.", "contents": "Information about microorganisms contained in patent specifications. Although patents are an important source for information on microorganisms, a survey disclosed that catalogs from culture collection depositories are unreliable in relating the availability with the microorganisms disclosed in a patent.", "PMID": 489676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_48", "title": "[Peptic oesophagitis and carcinoma of the lower third of the oesophagus: report of 7 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report seven cases of carcinomas of the lower third of the esophagus developed on lesions of peptic esophagitis. These lesions precede the carcinoma. They can be real precancerous states and even in situ carcinomas whose evolution over several years could be proved indeed. They argue about the therapeutical indications in peptic esophagitis considering not only that such a cancerous transformation is always possible but also the fact that a surgical ablation is always serious.", "contents": "[Peptic oesophagitis and carcinoma of the lower third of the oesophagus: report of 7 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report seven cases of carcinomas of the lower third of the esophagus developed on lesions of peptic esophagitis. These lesions precede the carcinoma. They can be real precancerous states and even in situ carcinomas whose evolution over several years could be proved indeed. They argue about the therapeutical indications in peptic esophagitis considering not only that such a cancerous transformation is always possible but also the fact that a surgical ablation is always serious.", "PMID": 489678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_49", "title": "[Indications and results of dorsal sympathectomy in vascular syndromes of the upper limb (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 50 cases of dorsal sympathectomy followed up on the cardiovascular surgery unit of the Amiens University Hospital over a period of six years. The authors then formulate a number of reflexions concerning the clinical findings, the therapeutic indications, and the way of assessing the results of this operation in vascular syndromes of the upper limb. This is a plea in favour of this operation as, in most cases, no other treatment is comparable.", "contents": "[Indications and results of dorsal sympathectomy in vascular syndromes of the upper limb (author's transl)]. The authors report 50 cases of dorsal sympathectomy followed up on the cardiovascular surgery unit of the Amiens University Hospital over a period of six years. The authors then formulate a number of reflexions concerning the clinical findings, the therapeutic indications, and the way of assessing the results of this operation in vascular syndromes of the upper limb. This is a plea in favour of this operation as, in most cases, no other treatment is comparable.", "PMID": 489680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_50", "title": "[Acute calculous cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 333 acute cholecystitis out of 2,200 operated on for lithiasis of the gall-bladder, 186 bacteriological tests were carried out on the vesicular liquid and wall. They insist on the main anatomo-pathological characteristic: early, partial or total destruction of the mucous together with acute inflammatory lesions of the wall and even sometimes necrosis. This irreversible lesion is due to the acute obstruction of the gall-bladder by blockage of a calculus. Acute cholecystitis are practically always aseptic at the beginning. Sepsis is a secondary complication. These anatomo-pathological and bacteriological elements have two therapeutic corollaries: 1. The patient has to be operated very early at the aseptic stage. 2. Preliminary antibiotherapy becomes useless. Under these conditions there is practically no death before the age of 65. Mortality concern old people, operated late and suffering from other disease.", "contents": "[Acute calculous cholecystitis (author's transl)]. The authors studied 333 acute cholecystitis out of 2,200 operated on for lithiasis of the gall-bladder, 186 bacteriological tests were carried out on the vesicular liquid and wall. They insist on the main anatomo-pathological characteristic: early, partial or total destruction of the mucous together with acute inflammatory lesions of the wall and even sometimes necrosis. This irreversible lesion is due to the acute obstruction of the gall-bladder by blockage of a calculus. Acute cholecystitis are practically always aseptic at the beginning. Sepsis is a secondary complication. These anatomo-pathological and bacteriological elements have two therapeutic corollaries: 1. The patient has to be operated very early at the aseptic stage. 2. Preliminary antibiotherapy becomes useless. Under these conditions there is practically no death before the age of 65. Mortality concern old people, operated late and suffering from other disease.", "PMID": 489681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_51", "title": "[A technic of Oddi sphincterotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present an original technic of Oddi sphincterotomy. A nylon catheter introduced into the bile duct through the cystic duct is pushed through the papilla, screwed to the lower branch of a pair of scissors and withdrawn. The sphincter is thus divided simply and surely without using choledocotomy.", "contents": "[A technic of Oddi sphincterotomy (author's transl)]. The authors present an original technic of Oddi sphincterotomy. A nylon catheter introduced into the bile duct through the cystic duct is pushed through the papilla, screwed to the lower branch of a pair of scissors and withdrawn. The sphincter is thus divided simply and surely without using choledocotomy.", "PMID": 489682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_52", "title": "[Densitometry of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present their experience of 15 months use of a C.T. Scanner of the third generation. Of 1,000 patients in which the tomography sections involved the pancreas, in one third the examination was requested for a suspected pancreatic lesion. The image of the pancreas was obvious in 9 cases out of ten. The diagnosis was correct in 8 cases out of ten. These results are extremely encouraging, and reliable compared with those of echotomography in the present state of the technic. The illustrations show the interest of C.T. Scanning in surgery, for the surgeon then has available anatomical sections of the whole supramesocolic region. The authors emphasize the necessity of pluridisciplinary comparison for better use of this technic.", "contents": "[Densitometry of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The authors present their experience of 15 months use of a C.T. Scanner of the third generation. Of 1,000 patients in which the tomography sections involved the pancreas, in one third the examination was requested for a suspected pancreatic lesion. The image of the pancreas was obvious in 9 cases out of ten. The diagnosis was correct in 8 cases out of ten. These results are extremely encouraging, and reliable compared with those of echotomography in the present state of the technic. The illustrations show the interest of C.T. Scanning in surgery, for the surgeon then has available anatomical sections of the whole supramesocolic region. The authors emphasize the necessity of pluridisciplinary comparison for better use of this technic.", "PMID": 489683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_53", "title": "[Traumatic intestinal infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 25 cases of traumatic intestinal infarction, often old cases, did not show any characteristic clinical picture or course but showed the following points: --abdominal contusion, even mild, may induce intestinal infarction, without any other intra- or retroperitoneal lesion. The frequency of infarction is low, but the notion of trauma is often neglected; --the ileum and ascending colon are most commonly involved, and infarction usually follows a thrombosis of the mesenteric veins. When there is an arterial infarction, this is usually due to mobilisation of an atheromatous plaque; --the clinical course usually includes an interval between the trauma and the infarction, due to a prodromic phase corresponding to the constitution then the extension of the thrombosis. These characteristics suggest a relationship between infarction and venous infarction in general, especially postoperative infarction, where there is local trauma and slowing of the circulation and hypercoagulability and raised platelet count. The treatment is nevertheless the same, associating intestinal resection and exploration with endarterectomy of the vascular pedicles and prolonged postoperative anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "[Traumatic intestinal infarction (author's transl)]. A study of 25 cases of traumatic intestinal infarction, often old cases, did not show any characteristic clinical picture or course but showed the following points: --abdominal contusion, even mild, may induce intestinal infarction, without any other intra- or retroperitoneal lesion. The frequency of infarction is low, but the notion of trauma is often neglected; --the ileum and ascending colon are most commonly involved, and infarction usually follows a thrombosis of the mesenteric veins. When there is an arterial infarction, this is usually due to mobilisation of an atheromatous plaque; --the clinical course usually includes an interval between the trauma and the infarction, due to a prodromic phase corresponding to the constitution then the extension of the thrombosis. These characteristics suggest a relationship between infarction and venous infarction in general, especially postoperative infarction, where there is local trauma and slowing of the circulation and hypercoagulability and raised platelet count. The treatment is nevertheless the same, associating intestinal resection and exploration with endarterectomy of the vascular pedicles and prolonged postoperative anticoagulant treatment.", "PMID": 489684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_54", "title": "[Perineo-transano-abdominal resection of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "The operative procedure described by the author, is a combined perineal and abdominal procedure for resection of the rectum. The first step is a perineal approach: patient placed in lithotomy position. The rectum is dissected free of the sphincter ani muscle. The second step perineal and abdominal: patient being placed in a semilithotomy position draped for work in the abdomen and at the same time, in perineum: the sigmoid brought down preferably if it found free of any pathology. On 18 cases of cancer, of the rectum, even some of large volume: when the inferior limit of the lesion was from 6 to 12 mc, above the anus, this procedure was carried on with good post-operative results.", "contents": "[Perineo-transano-abdominal resection of the rectum (author's transl)]. The operative procedure described by the author, is a combined perineal and abdominal procedure for resection of the rectum. The first step is a perineal approach: patient placed in lithotomy position. The rectum is dissected free of the sphincter ani muscle. The second step perineal and abdominal: patient being placed in a semilithotomy position draped for work in the abdomen and at the same time, in perineum: the sigmoid brought down preferably if it found free of any pathology. On 18 cases of cancer, of the rectum, even some of large volume: when the inferior limit of the lesion was from 6 to 12 mc, above the anus, this procedure was carried on with good post-operative results.", "PMID": 489686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_55", "title": "[Notions of fluids mechanics useful for vascular surgeons (author's transl)].", "content": "With a few restrictions, the laws of fluid mechanics may give qualitative indications concerning the best type of surgical anastomosis. After recalling the basic principles of physics, the loss of physical capacity in various intestinal situations are considered, e.g. stenosis, enlargement, angulation, bifurcation. Even if this hemodynamic factor is not necessarily predominant, compared with other biological factors (state of the resistances beyond the anastomoses, the cardiac output, the state of blood coagulation) it can be shown what is geometrically advisable to overcome the mechanical causes of failure of an anastomosis.", "contents": "[Notions of fluids mechanics useful for vascular surgeons (author's transl)]. With a few restrictions, the laws of fluid mechanics may give qualitative indications concerning the best type of surgical anastomosis. After recalling the basic principles of physics, the loss of physical capacity in various intestinal situations are considered, e.g. stenosis, enlargement, angulation, bifurcation. Even if this hemodynamic factor is not necessarily predominant, compared with other biological factors (state of the resistances beyond the anastomoses, the cardiac output, the state of blood coagulation) it can be shown what is geometrically advisable to overcome the mechanical causes of failure of an anastomosis.", "PMID": 489687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_56", "title": "[Experimental study of a new myocardial electrode for permanent pace making (author's transl)].", "content": "We carried out this trial in order to seek a myocardial electrode easy to insert and reliable even when at some distance. The study seems to respond to the objectives fixed at the time of the plan. The electrode was inserted with the apparatus commonly and on surgical units. The reliability and the distant response are comparable to those of other electrodes previously employed in human surgery. The follow up of this experimental series was too short to judge the long term superiority concerning the stability of electrical measurements and mechanical resistance of the electrode.", "contents": "[Experimental study of a new myocardial electrode for permanent pace making (author's transl)]. We carried out this trial in order to seek a myocardial electrode easy to insert and reliable even when at some distance. The study seems to respond to the objectives fixed at the time of the plan. The electrode was inserted with the apparatus commonly and on surgical units. The reliability and the distant response are comparable to those of other electrodes previously employed in human surgery. The follow up of this experimental series was too short to judge the long term superiority concerning the stability of electrical measurements and mechanical resistance of the electrode.", "PMID": 489688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_57", "title": "[Comparative study of pancreatic resections and drainage procedures in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Experience with 145 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 145 cases treated surgically for chronic pancreatitis. 128 cases were operated on principle for association of pain and weight loss, 17 cases under necessity for complications. Surgical procedures were most often pancreatico-duodenectomies (75 cases), left pancreatectomies (34 cases) or rarely total pancreatectomies (4 cases), more rarely wirsungo-jejunostomies (32 cases). Choice of surgical procedures were based on anatomical and clinical arguments, but mainly on E.R.C.P. Post-operative mortality, was 8.2% after pancreatic resections and 3.7 after pancreatico-jejunostomies. Secondary mortality were respectively 13% and 11.5%. The overall mortality was 21% after resection and 15% after drainage. Late fonctional results (after 5 years) were in favour of resection (good results 51%). After drainage (good results 22%) initial good results deteriored with time.", "contents": "[Comparative study of pancreatic resections and drainage procedures in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Experience with 145 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on 145 cases treated surgically for chronic pancreatitis. 128 cases were operated on principle for association of pain and weight loss, 17 cases under necessity for complications. Surgical procedures were most often pancreatico-duodenectomies (75 cases), left pancreatectomies (34 cases) or rarely total pancreatectomies (4 cases), more rarely wirsungo-jejunostomies (32 cases). Choice of surgical procedures were based on anatomical and clinical arguments, but mainly on E.R.C.P. Post-operative mortality, was 8.2% after pancreatic resections and 3.7 after pancreatico-jejunostomies. Secondary mortality were respectively 13% and 11.5%. The overall mortality was 21% after resection and 15% after drainage. Late fonctional results (after 5 years) were in favour of resection (good results 51%). After drainage (good results 22%) initial good results deteriored with time.", "PMID": 489689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_58", "title": "[Emergency reoperation for breakdown of sutures of an intrathoracic oeso-digestive anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report five cases of emergency reoperation for breakdown of an intrathoracic oeso-digestive anastomosis. 1 death, 1 failure, new fistula formation but with spontaneous cure within 20 days, 3 primary cures. The success of these reoperations seems to us to depend narrowly: - on the rapidity of diagnosis, facilitated at present by early radiological examination; - on the absolute emergency of reoperation as soon as the breakdown is obvious radiologically and clinically, - on the strictness of surgical technic which should be the same as for a cold operation. Early radiological examination of the digestive anastomoses has permitted better understanding of the mechanisms of the breakdown, emphasising: - firstly, the importance of complete hemostasis; - secondly, the suppression of any dead space around the anastomosis.", "contents": "[Emergency reoperation for breakdown of sutures of an intrathoracic oeso-digestive anastomosis (author's transl)]. The authors report five cases of emergency reoperation for breakdown of an intrathoracic oeso-digestive anastomosis. 1 death, 1 failure, new fistula formation but with spontaneous cure within 20 days, 3 primary cures. The success of these reoperations seems to us to depend narrowly: - on the rapidity of diagnosis, facilitated at present by early radiological examination; - on the absolute emergency of reoperation as soon as the breakdown is obvious radiologically and clinically, - on the strictness of surgical technic which should be the same as for a cold operation. Early radiological examination of the digestive anastomoses has permitted better understanding of the mechanisms of the breakdown, emphasising: - firstly, the importance of complete hemostasis; - secondly, the suppression of any dead space around the anastomosis.", "PMID": 489690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_59", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery in arterial disease of the legs at the stage of intermittent claudication. Report of 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients with stage II arteritis (claudication alone) were operated on. In the vast majority of cases (78%), the lesions were aorto-iliac. The operative mortality was nil. The immediate follow up period included 2 thromboses requiring 2 reoperations. The long term follow up, on average 22 months (from 8 months to 3 years) was very satisfactory with a good functional result in 94.5% of cases. We noted 4 deaths, of which 3 were of cardiovascular origin, 4 secondary thromboses of which 2 were due to suddenly stopping anticoagulants. The low morbidity is a further reason for early surgery, as it is known that the risks of operation at a later stage, e.g. stages III and IV, may occur suddenly in the course of an apparently stable arteritis.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery in arterial disease of the legs at the stage of intermittent claudication. Report of 100 cases (author's transl)]. 100 patients with stage II arteritis (claudication alone) were operated on. In the vast majority of cases (78%), the lesions were aorto-iliac. The operative mortality was nil. The immediate follow up period included 2 thromboses requiring 2 reoperations. The long term follow up, on average 22 months (from 8 months to 3 years) was very satisfactory with a good functional result in 94.5% of cases. We noted 4 deaths, of which 3 were of cardiovascular origin, 4 secondary thromboses of which 2 were due to suddenly stopping anticoagulants. The low morbidity is a further reason for early surgery, as it is known that the risks of operation at a later stage, e.g. stages III and IV, may occur suddenly in the course of an apparently stable arteritis.", "PMID": 489691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_60", "title": "[A case of hepatocholangitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Inflammation localised to the hepatic duct in the region of the neck of the gallbladder is rare. Regression of the lesions after cholecystectomy authentified its purely inflammatory nature. Its interest comes from possible confusion with carcinoma of the common bile duct. A case of cholangitis with 8 years follow up illustrates these facts and permits a few comments on the pathology of the junction between the cystic duct and the hepatic duct.", "contents": "[A case of hepatocholangitis (author's transl)]. Inflammation localised to the hepatic duct in the region of the neck of the gallbladder is rare. Regression of the lesions after cholecystectomy authentified its purely inflammatory nature. Its interest comes from possible confusion with carcinoma of the common bile duct. A case of cholangitis with 8 years follow up illustrates these facts and permits a few comments on the pathology of the junction between the cystic duct and the hepatic duct.", "PMID": 489692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_61", "title": "[Traumatic chylothorax with dorsal spinal fracture. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "We related there a traumatic chylothorax due to a thoracic vertebral fracture. It has been recognized at the 13st day, after a lost of 11 liter of lymph and a down of albuminemia by lymphography. The direct ligature has been only partly successful leaving still a tiny lymph leak during a fortnight.", "contents": "[Traumatic chylothorax with dorsal spinal fracture. A case report (author's transl)]. We related there a traumatic chylothorax due to a thoracic vertebral fracture. It has been recognized at the 13st day, after a lost of 11 liter of lymph and a down of albuminemia by lymphography. The direct ligature has been only partly successful leaving still a tiny lymph leak during a fortnight.", "PMID": 489693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_62", "title": "Application of combined liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS): analysis of petroporphyrins and meibomian gland waxes.", "content": "Application of the moving belt LC/MS interface is illustrated by two diverse examples, one from the field of petroporphyrin chemistry, the other, a sample of high molecular weight waxes from the steer meibomian gland (eye). Petroporphyrins are difficult of convert to derivatives suitable for GC analysis and the advantages of analysis by a combined separation/identification method are well demonstrated by the LC/MS runs. High molecular weight waxes can be saponified and derivatized for other analyses such as GC and GC/MS, but information regarding the distribution of alcohol and acid in the combined state is destroyed. This study shows that such information can be obtained by a combined LC/MS analysis without chemical manipulation of the sample.", "contents": "Application of combined liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS): analysis of petroporphyrins and meibomian gland waxes. Application of the moving belt LC/MS interface is illustrated by two diverse examples, one from the field of petroporphyrin chemistry, the other, a sample of high molecular weight waxes from the steer meibomian gland (eye). Petroporphyrins are difficult of convert to derivatives suitable for GC analysis and the advantages of analysis by a combined separation/identification method are well demonstrated by the LC/MS runs. High molecular weight waxes can be saponified and derivatized for other analyses such as GC and GC/MS, but information regarding the distribution of alcohol and acid in the combined state is destroyed. This study shows that such information can be obtained by a combined LC/MS analysis without chemical manipulation of the sample.", "PMID": 489698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_63", "title": "Separation of six DNA bases by ion pair--reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "An ion pair-reversed phase chromatography system is described which separates six of the bases normally found in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic DNA from each other and from uracil, the characteristic base found in RNA. The effect of varying pH and the percentage of methanol in the column buffer is described. The addition of the ion-pairing reagent heptane sulfonate was shown to be necessary to achieve separation of all of these bases.", "contents": "Separation of six DNA bases by ion pair--reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography. An ion pair-reversed phase chromatography system is described which separates six of the bases normally found in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic DNA from each other and from uracil, the characteristic base found in RNA. The effect of varying pH and the percentage of methanol in the column buffer is described. The addition of the ion-pairing reagent heptane sulfonate was shown to be necessary to achieve separation of all of these bases.", "PMID": 489699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_64", "title": "[Effects of vagotomy and pyloroplasty on a model of experimental chronic gastric ulcer in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "343 white Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 113, 115 and 115 animals in each group. A control group received an injection of acetic acid into the wall of the antrum whereas the two other groups underwent first, in one group, a vagotomy and pyloroplasty, in the other, a pyloroplasty alone. In all the control animals there was observed, during the days following the injection, the existence of a severe antral ulcer. This ulcer improved with time upon 40th day, then around the 70th day appeared a second ulcer cycle. In the operated animals, the ulcers were definitively less frequent, and the course was linear without a second ulcer cycle. In the light of physiological and morphological evidence, it was shown that injection of acetic acid caused a submucosal lesion with a constant linear course towards the development of a callus which became hyalinised all the more quickly when it was submitted to endogenous agression by gastric juice. Above this callus, the gastric mucosa attempts to regenerate and, owing to the poor quality substratum, becomes ulcerated again, thus constituting the various cycles of peptic ulcer disease. Pyloroplasty and to a lesser degree, vagotomy-pyloroplasty, reduce stasis of the gastric juice and reduce endogenous agression of the callus and thus slow the unfavourable course.", "contents": "[Effects of vagotomy and pyloroplasty on a model of experimental chronic gastric ulcer in the rat (author's transl)]. 343 white Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 113, 115 and 115 animals in each group. A control group received an injection of acetic acid into the wall of the antrum whereas the two other groups underwent first, in one group, a vagotomy and pyloroplasty, in the other, a pyloroplasty alone. In all the control animals there was observed, during the days following the injection, the existence of a severe antral ulcer. This ulcer improved with time upon 40th day, then around the 70th day appeared a second ulcer cycle. In the operated animals, the ulcers were definitively less frequent, and the course was linear without a second ulcer cycle. In the light of physiological and morphological evidence, it was shown that injection of acetic acid caused a submucosal lesion with a constant linear course towards the development of a callus which became hyalinised all the more quickly when it was submitted to endogenous agression by gastric juice. Above this callus, the gastric mucosa attempts to regenerate and, owing to the poor quality substratum, becomes ulcerated again, thus constituting the various cycles of peptic ulcer disease. Pyloroplasty and to a lesser degree, vagotomy-pyloroplasty, reduce stasis of the gastric juice and reduce endogenous agression of the callus and thus slow the unfavourable course.", "PMID": 489695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_65", "title": "Determination of xylitol in human urine by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and specific method for the quantitative determination of xylitol in human urine has been developed. The method consists of the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the acetate ester derivative of the alditol in deionized urine using dulcitol as an internal standard. As little as 20 ng xylitol can be detected. At concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 micrograms/ml urine, the accuracy is +/- 4.0%.", "contents": "Determination of xylitol in human urine by gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid and specific method for the quantitative determination of xylitol in human urine has been developed. The method consists of the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the acetate ester derivative of the alditol in deionized urine using dulcitol as an internal standard. As little as 20 ng xylitol can be detected. At concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 micrograms/ml urine, the accuracy is +/- 4.0%.", "PMID": 489700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_66", "title": "Inhibition of peripheral aromatization of androstenedione to estrone in postmenopausal women with breast cancer using delta 1-testololactone.", "content": "To determine if delta 1-testololactone can inhibit the peripheral aromatization of androstenedione (delta), nine postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were studied before and after 2 weeks of therapy with 250 mg of the drug, given every 6 h by mouth. The conversion ratio of delta to estrone (E1) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.005) from a mean (+/-SE) of 0.0098 +/- 0.0025 before to 0.0009 +/- 0.0005 after treatment. The drug's effect on the metabolism of delta seemed to be specific since significant changes in the MCR of delta and in the conversion ratio to testosterone were not observed. That this inhibition of peripheral aromatization had an effect on E1 metabolism was shown by the significant decrease (P less than 0.01) of mean serum E1 levels from 22 +/- 3 pg/ml before to 12 +/- 1 pg/ml after treatment. Serum estradiol levels rose slightly from 8 +/- 0.8 to 12 +/- 4 pg/ml. Serum delta and testosterone levels were unchanged by therapy. These data are consistent with the concept that delta 1-testololactone is a potent inhibitor of peripheral aromatization of delta to E1. This mechanism could explain the antitumor properties of this compound.", "contents": "Inhibition of peripheral aromatization of androstenedione to estrone in postmenopausal women with breast cancer using delta 1-testololactone. To determine if delta 1-testololactone can inhibit the peripheral aromatization of androstenedione (delta), nine postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were studied before and after 2 weeks of therapy with 250 mg of the drug, given every 6 h by mouth. The conversion ratio of delta to estrone (E1) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.005) from a mean (+/-SE) of 0.0098 +/- 0.0025 before to 0.0009 +/- 0.0005 after treatment. The drug's effect on the metabolism of delta seemed to be specific since significant changes in the MCR of delta and in the conversion ratio to testosterone were not observed. That this inhibition of peripheral aromatization had an effect on E1 metabolism was shown by the significant decrease (P less than 0.01) of mean serum E1 levels from 22 +/- 3 pg/ml before to 12 +/- 1 pg/ml after treatment. Serum estradiol levels rose slightly from 8 +/- 0.8 to 12 +/- 4 pg/ml. Serum delta and testosterone levels were unchanged by therapy. These data are consistent with the concept that delta 1-testololactone is a potent inhibitor of peripheral aromatization of delta to E1. This mechanism could explain the antitumor properties of this compound.", "PMID": 489709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_67", "title": "Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentrations during acute heat load.", "content": "To determine the changes in thyroid hormone metabolism during short periods of exposure to heat, 30 euthyroid healthy male volunteers (aged 23--40 yr) were placed in a climatic chamber for 2 h (35 C, 50% relative humidity). The subjects were at complete rest during the first hour and performed light work (40 watts) during the second hour. Blood samples for T4, T3 and rT3 were drawn at 0, 60, and 120 min. Rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously. No significant changes in T4, T3, rT3, rectal temperature, or heart rate were observed after the first hour (basal levels, 8.5 +/- 0.3 microgram/dl, 160 +/- 5 ng/dl, 14.5 +/- 2.5 ng/dl, 37.2 +/- 0.1 C, and 78 +/- 8 beats/min, respectively; mean +/- SEM). During the second hour, a significant rise in body temperature was recorded (38.5 +/- 0.1 C), accompanied by a significant decrease in mean serum T3 concentration and a rise in mean serum rT3 concentration, T4 concentration remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that, parallel to the elevation in body temperature, there is a shift in the conversion of T4 to the noncalorigenic rT3 metabolite rather than to T3.", "contents": "Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentrations during acute heat load. To determine the changes in thyroid hormone metabolism during short periods of exposure to heat, 30 euthyroid healthy male volunteers (aged 23--40 yr) were placed in a climatic chamber for 2 h (35 C, 50% relative humidity). The subjects were at complete rest during the first hour and performed light work (40 watts) during the second hour. Blood samples for T4, T3 and rT3 were drawn at 0, 60, and 120 min. Rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously. No significant changes in T4, T3, rT3, rectal temperature, or heart rate were observed after the first hour (basal levels, 8.5 +/- 0.3 microgram/dl, 160 +/- 5 ng/dl, 14.5 +/- 2.5 ng/dl, 37.2 +/- 0.1 C, and 78 +/- 8 beats/min, respectively; mean +/- SEM). During the second hour, a significant rise in body temperature was recorded (38.5 +/- 0.1 C), accompanied by a significant decrease in mean serum T3 concentration and a rise in mean serum rT3 concentration, T4 concentration remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that, parallel to the elevation in body temperature, there is a shift in the conversion of T4 to the noncalorigenic rT3 metabolite rather than to T3.", "PMID": 489710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_68", "title": "The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue from human ovaries in vitro.", "content": "The concentrations of steroids in antral fluid, the number of granulosa cells, the status of the oocyte, and the diameter of each follicle were determined in human ovaries so that follicles at each stage of the menstrual cycle could be classified as large (greater than or equal to 8 mm diameter) or small (less than 8 mm diameter) and healthy or atretic. The granulosa cells and thecal-enriched tissue from each follicle and the stromal tissue from each ovary were cultured for 6 days in vitro. The amounts of progesterone (P), androstenedione (delta 4), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and estradiol (E2) generated by the different tissues were measured on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 of culture. It was found that granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue all have the biosynthetic capacity to produce P, delta 4, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and E2. No individual steroid-secreting compartment of the ovaries studied, whether part of the follicle or of the stroma, had the exclusive capability of producing any of the above-named steroids at any stage of the menstrual cycle or at any stage of antral follicle growth or atresia. Although the steroids produced by the human follicle appear not to be unique to any one cell type, the patterns of steroidogenesis by the granulosa and thecal compartments differ from one another and from the stroma throughout follicular maturation and atresia. During follicular development, granulosa cells produce large amounts of E2 and small amounts of delta 4. During the preovulatory phase, cells from large follicles (greater than or equal to 8 mm diameter) differentiate from an estrogen-secreting state into a P- and, to a lesser extent, an delta 4-secreting one. By contrast, during follicular atresia, granulosa cells continue to synthesize delta 4, but their capacity to synthesize estrogen is substantially reduced. Furthermore, granulosa cells from atretic follicles are incapable of transforming from an androgen-secreting state into a P-secreting one in tissue culture. During follicular growth, thecal tissue secretes about 2--3 times more delta 4 than E2. By contrast, during follicular atresia, thecal tissue retains its capacity to synthesize delta 4 but loses much of its capacity to synthesize E2. The in vitro capacity of thecal tissue to produce steroids exceeds that of the stroma (on a per weight basis) from 2- to 500-fold. Thecal tissue from healthy but not from atretic follicles is capable of differentiating from an androgen- and estrogen-secreting state to a predominantly P-secreting one in tissue culture. It is postulated that although steroid synthesis may not be rigidly compartmentalized during follicular development, appreciable amounts of the steroids secreted by the granulosa and theca may enter different compartments before leaving the ovary...", "contents": "The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue from human ovaries in vitro. The concentrations of steroids in antral fluid, the number of granulosa cells, the status of the oocyte, and the diameter of each follicle were determined in human ovaries so that follicles at each stage of the menstrual cycle could be classified as large (greater than or equal to 8 mm diameter) or small (less than 8 mm diameter) and healthy or atretic. The granulosa cells and thecal-enriched tissue from each follicle and the stromal tissue from each ovary were cultured for 6 days in vitro. The amounts of progesterone (P), androstenedione (delta 4), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and estradiol (E2) generated by the different tissues were measured on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 of culture. It was found that granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue all have the biosynthetic capacity to produce P, delta 4, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and E2. No individual steroid-secreting compartment of the ovaries studied, whether part of the follicle or of the stroma, had the exclusive capability of producing any of the above-named steroids at any stage of the menstrual cycle or at any stage of antral follicle growth or atresia. Although the steroids produced by the human follicle appear not to be unique to any one cell type, the patterns of steroidogenesis by the granulosa and thecal compartments differ from one another and from the stroma throughout follicular maturation and atresia. During follicular development, granulosa cells produce large amounts of E2 and small amounts of delta 4. During the preovulatory phase, cells from large follicles (greater than or equal to 8 mm diameter) differentiate from an estrogen-secreting state into a P- and, to a lesser extent, an delta 4-secreting one. By contrast, during follicular atresia, granulosa cells continue to synthesize delta 4, but their capacity to synthesize estrogen is substantially reduced. Furthermore, granulosa cells from atretic follicles are incapable of transforming from an androgen-secreting state into a P-secreting one in tissue culture. During follicular growth, thecal tissue secretes about 2--3 times more delta 4 than E2. By contrast, during follicular atresia, thecal tissue retains its capacity to synthesize delta 4 but loses much of its capacity to synthesize E2. The in vitro capacity of thecal tissue to produce steroids exceeds that of the stroma (on a per weight basis) from 2- to 500-fold. Thecal tissue from healthy but not from atretic follicles is capable of differentiating from an androgen- and estrogen-secreting state to a predominantly P-secreting one in tissue culture. It is postulated that although steroid synthesis may not be rigidly compartmentalized during follicular development, appreciable amounts of the steroids secreted by the granulosa and theca may enter different compartments before leaving the ovary...", "PMID": 489711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_69", "title": "A comparison of plasma protein changes induced by danazol, pregnancy, and estrogens.", "content": "Analysis of 25 plasma proteins was performed on blood drawn from 7 females before and during treatment with danazol. This steroid was found to induce a pattern of plasma protein changes similar to but not identical with that of other 17 alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids. For comparison, the same 25 plasma proteins were analyzed in blood from pregnant women in their third trimester, when the estrogen influence on plasma protein synthesis is most pronounced. Five major types of response were found. 1) Albumin and orosomucoid were not influenced by danazol or, after correction for volume expansion, by pregnancy. 2) Prealbumin, C1-esterase inhibitor, and haptoglobins increased substantially during danazol treatment but were not significantly influenced by pregnancy. 3) Transferrin, antithrombin III, prothrombin, and plasminogen showed marked increases after administration of danazol and during pregnancy. 4) Transcortin, ceruloplasmin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin doubled in pregnancy but were not influenced by danazol. 5) The concentrations of T4-binding globulin, pregnancy zone protein, and sex hormone-binding globulin more than doubled in pregnancy, and all three decreased to one third or less on administration of danazol. The plasma estradiol content fell correspondingly. The different types of plasma protein response found in these two groups of patients fit the hypothesis that hepatocytes contain steroid receptors capable of reacting with estrogens and/or other steroids such as danazol and, thus, influence the biosynthetic rate of many but not all plasma proteins according to a specific pattern. The synthesis of some of the estrogen-sensitive proteins is depressed after intake of danazol, which suggests that there is a competition for the receptors in the hepatocytes as there is for other estrogen target tissues.", "contents": "A comparison of plasma protein changes induced by danazol, pregnancy, and estrogens. Analysis of 25 plasma proteins was performed on blood drawn from 7 females before and during treatment with danazol. This steroid was found to induce a pattern of plasma protein changes similar to but not identical with that of other 17 alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids. For comparison, the same 25 plasma proteins were analyzed in blood from pregnant women in their third trimester, when the estrogen influence on plasma protein synthesis is most pronounced. Five major types of response were found. 1) Albumin and orosomucoid were not influenced by danazol or, after correction for volume expansion, by pregnancy. 2) Prealbumin, C1-esterase inhibitor, and haptoglobins increased substantially during danazol treatment but were not significantly influenced by pregnancy. 3) Transferrin, antithrombin III, prothrombin, and plasminogen showed marked increases after administration of danazol and during pregnancy. 4) Transcortin, ceruloplasmin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin doubled in pregnancy but were not influenced by danazol. 5) The concentrations of T4-binding globulin, pregnancy zone protein, and sex hormone-binding globulin more than doubled in pregnancy, and all three decreased to one third or less on administration of danazol. The plasma estradiol content fell correspondingly. The different types of plasma protein response found in these two groups of patients fit the hypothesis that hepatocytes contain steroid receptors capable of reacting with estrogens and/or other steroids such as danazol and, thus, influence the biosynthetic rate of many but not all plasma proteins according to a specific pattern. The synthesis of some of the estrogen-sensitive proteins is depressed after intake of danazol, which suggests that there is a competition for the receptors in the hepatocytes as there is for other estrogen target tissues.", "PMID": 489712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_70", "title": "In vitro effect of dopamine and L-dopa on prolactin and growth hormone release from human pituitary adenomas.", "content": "To determine the site of action of dopaminergic drugs on human PRL and GH release from pituitary adenomas, five PRL-and five GH-secreting adenomas were incubated with and without dopamine and L-dopa. Bromocriptine was also tested in order to compare its effect to that of the other drugs. In all of the experiments except one, a decrease of PRL, which was often statistically significant, was observed. When pooling the results of the PRL-secreting adenomas, the mean levels of PRL with dopamine, L-dopa, and bromocriptine were, respectively, 49%, 55%, and 60% of the control levels. In the GH-secreting adenomas, they were 60%, 67%, and 55% of that of the control. For GH, a decrease of the release was observed in four out of five GH-secreting adenomas. When pooling the results from these tumors, the mean levels of GH with dopamine, L-dopa, and bromocriptine were, respectively, 63%, 76%, and 64% of the control levels. In one case, a significant increase of GH was observed with the three dopaminergic drugs. This study produced the following conclusions. 1) Dopamine acts directly on PRL and GH release from human pituitary adenomas; in vitro, L-dopa effects are similar (its action probably occurs after conversion to catecholamines). These observations strongly suggest the presence of dopaminergic membrane receptors on human lactotroph and somatotroph adenomatous pituitary cells. 2) In vitro hormonal results are in good agreement with in vivo dynamic tests using L-dopa and bromocriptine. 3) The paradoxical effect of dopaminergic drugs on GH secretion in acromegalic patients may be attributed to modified dopamine membrane receptors. However, the paradoxical response is not a constant feature in acromegaly, and its mechanism needs further investigations.", "contents": "In vitro effect of dopamine and L-dopa on prolactin and growth hormone release from human pituitary adenomas. To determine the site of action of dopaminergic drugs on human PRL and GH release from pituitary adenomas, five PRL-and five GH-secreting adenomas were incubated with and without dopamine and L-dopa. Bromocriptine was also tested in order to compare its effect to that of the other drugs. In all of the experiments except one, a decrease of PRL, which was often statistically significant, was observed. When pooling the results of the PRL-secreting adenomas, the mean levels of PRL with dopamine, L-dopa, and bromocriptine were, respectively, 49%, 55%, and 60% of the control levels. In the GH-secreting adenomas, they were 60%, 67%, and 55% of that of the control. For GH, a decrease of the release was observed in four out of five GH-secreting adenomas. When pooling the results from these tumors, the mean levels of GH with dopamine, L-dopa, and bromocriptine were, respectively, 63%, 76%, and 64% of the control levels. In one case, a significant increase of GH was observed with the three dopaminergic drugs. This study produced the following conclusions. 1) Dopamine acts directly on PRL and GH release from human pituitary adenomas; in vitro, L-dopa effects are similar (its action probably occurs after conversion to catecholamines). These observations strongly suggest the presence of dopaminergic membrane receptors on human lactotroph and somatotroph adenomatous pituitary cells. 2) In vitro hormonal results are in good agreement with in vivo dynamic tests using L-dopa and bromocriptine. 3) The paradoxical effect of dopaminergic drugs on GH secretion in acromegalic patients may be attributed to modified dopamine membrane receptors. However, the paradoxical response is not a constant feature in acromegaly, and its mechanism needs further investigations.", "PMID": 489713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_71", "title": "Selective hypoaldosteronism with hyperreninemia in a diabetic patient.", "content": "A 62-yr-old diabetic woman exhibited low plasma and urinary aldosterone levels in the face of markedly elevated PRA during the course of nonketoacidotic hyperglycemic precoma with dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia, for which she was hospitalized. Studies performed after her recovery from precoma revealed hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism with normal adrenoglucocorticoid function. While the patient was supine, PRA on a 256-meq sodium intake was at or above the upper limit of the normal range for a 200-meq sodium intake; furthermore, after sodium depletion with furosemide and 4 h of ambulation, PRA markedly increased. No increases in plasma inactive renin were found. Plasma renin substrate concentration was normal. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of aldosterone were low and increased slightly during sodium restriction with insulin treatment, accompanied by hyperkalemia and sodium loss, despite markedly elevated PRA. Repository ACTH administration induced sodium retention and potassium loss with a normal increase in urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Plasma levels of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone were normal, while plasma aldosterone was low. Levels of these mineralocorticoids remained unchanged during angiotensin II infusion on both 256-meq and 100-meq sodium intakes. Rapid ACTH administration produced normal increases in plasma deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone but caused a subnormal increase in plasma aldosterone. These results suggest adrenal insensitivity to angiotensin II, possibly a defect in adrenal angiotensin II receptors, as the cause of hypoldosteronism with hyperreninemia in this patient.", "contents": "Selective hypoaldosteronism with hyperreninemia in a diabetic patient. A 62-yr-old diabetic woman exhibited low plasma and urinary aldosterone levels in the face of markedly elevated PRA during the course of nonketoacidotic hyperglycemic precoma with dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia, for which she was hospitalized. Studies performed after her recovery from precoma revealed hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism with normal adrenoglucocorticoid function. While the patient was supine, PRA on a 256-meq sodium intake was at or above the upper limit of the normal range for a 200-meq sodium intake; furthermore, after sodium depletion with furosemide and 4 h of ambulation, PRA markedly increased. No increases in plasma inactive renin were found. Plasma renin substrate concentration was normal. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of aldosterone were low and increased slightly during sodium restriction with insulin treatment, accompanied by hyperkalemia and sodium loss, despite markedly elevated PRA. Repository ACTH administration induced sodium retention and potassium loss with a normal increase in urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Plasma levels of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone were normal, while plasma aldosterone was low. Levels of these mineralocorticoids remained unchanged during angiotensin II infusion on both 256-meq and 100-meq sodium intakes. Rapid ACTH administration produced normal increases in plasma deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone but caused a subnormal increase in plasma aldosterone. These results suggest adrenal insensitivity to angiotensin II, possibly a defect in adrenal angiotensin II receptors, as the cause of hypoldosteronism with hyperreninemia in this patient.", "PMID": 489714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_72", "title": "Activation of inactive plasma renin by tissue kallikreins.", "content": "It has been reported that inactive (acid-activable) human renin could be converted into the active form by adding urinary kallikrein to acid-pretreated plasma. Without prior acidification, however, only a small portion of the total amount of inactive renin present in plasma was converted (activated) by kallikrein, probably because native plasma contains protease (kallikrein) inhibitors that are destroyed by acid. We have separated inactive and active renin by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography of normal human plasma at pH 7.5 and a linearly increasing sodium gradient. Inactive renin isolated in this way could be activated at pH 7.5 by highly purified pancreas and urinary kallikreins. With the semipurified preparation of inactive renin, prior acidification was not required for obtaining virtually complete activation by kallikrein. The kallikreins were effective at concentrations as low as 1 x 10(-8) mol/liter. It is therefore possible that one or more tissue kallikreins act as physiological activators of inactive renin.", "contents": "Activation of inactive plasma renin by tissue kallikreins. It has been reported that inactive (acid-activable) human renin could be converted into the active form by adding urinary kallikrein to acid-pretreated plasma. Without prior acidification, however, only a small portion of the total amount of inactive renin present in plasma was converted (activated) by kallikrein, probably because native plasma contains protease (kallikrein) inhibitors that are destroyed by acid. We have separated inactive and active renin by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography of normal human plasma at pH 7.5 and a linearly increasing sodium gradient. Inactive renin isolated in this way could be activated at pH 7.5 by highly purified pancreas and urinary kallikreins. With the semipurified preparation of inactive renin, prior acidification was not required for obtaining virtually complete activation by kallikrein. The kallikreins were effective at concentrations as low as 1 x 10(-8) mol/liter. It is therefore possible that one or more tissue kallikreins act as physiological activators of inactive renin.", "PMID": 489716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_73", "title": "Accumulation of hormones in breast cyst fluid.", "content": "The concentration of some immunoreactive peptide hormones in breast cyst fluid and serum from a series of patients with cystic breast disease were compared. The concentrations of the two pituitary gonadotropins, LH and FSH, were consistently higher in serum than in cyst fluid, confirming earlier more limited observations. The mean PRL concentration, on the other hand, was elevated in cyst fluid though the variability was great. The cyst fluid serum ratio of hCG was elevated in the patient group as a whole. However, the results suggested the presence of two subpopulations; group I, in which the cyst fluid and serum hCG levels were essentially indistinguishable and in the range found in normal serum, and group II, in which the cyst fluid hCG concentration was consistently greater than the normal serum range. Analysis of hormone concentrations in multiple cysts aspirated at the same time showed a remarkable degree of agreement in the cyst hormone levels in most of the patients. The greatest variability in the levels was seen with hCG, were a small numer of subjects showed a very large spread in the values.", "contents": "Accumulation of hormones in breast cyst fluid. The concentration of some immunoreactive peptide hormones in breast cyst fluid and serum from a series of patients with cystic breast disease were compared. The concentrations of the two pituitary gonadotropins, LH and FSH, were consistently higher in serum than in cyst fluid, confirming earlier more limited observations. The mean PRL concentration, on the other hand, was elevated in cyst fluid though the variability was great. The cyst fluid serum ratio of hCG was elevated in the patient group as a whole. However, the results suggested the presence of two subpopulations; group I, in which the cyst fluid and serum hCG levels were essentially indistinguishable and in the range found in normal serum, and group II, in which the cyst fluid hCG concentration was consistently greater than the normal serum range. Analysis of hormone concentrations in multiple cysts aspirated at the same time showed a remarkable degree of agreement in the cyst hormone levels in most of the patients. The greatest variability in the levels was seen with hCG, were a small numer of subjects showed a very large spread in the values.", "PMID": 489717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_74", "title": "A patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism with increased serum calcium and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D after exogenous parathyroid hormone administration.", "content": "The cause for the normal calcemic response to exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) was explored in a case of pseudohypoparathyroidism. The diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism in this 29-yr-old woman was well established, since she had hypocalcemia (6.6 mg/dl), hyperphosphatemia (5.0 mg/ dl), high serum immunoreactive PTH, and negligible urinary cAMP response to exogenous PTH. Treatment with Amphojel slightly increased serum calcium (to 7.4 mg/dl) and lowered serum phosphorus (to 4.1 mg/dl) without altering the serum concentration of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. After im administration of parathyroid extract (400 U/day for 4 days), serum calcium increased to 9.2 mg/dl, commensurate with significant elevations in serum 1,25(OH)2D (from 1.2 to 2.6 ng/dl) and fractional (intestinal) calcium absorption (from 0.22 to 0.43). The results suggest that the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D upon PTH challenge was relatively intact and may have accounted for the normal calcemic response.", "contents": "A patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism with increased serum calcium and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D after exogenous parathyroid hormone administration. The cause for the normal calcemic response to exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) was explored in a case of pseudohypoparathyroidism. The diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism in this 29-yr-old woman was well established, since she had hypocalcemia (6.6 mg/dl), hyperphosphatemia (5.0 mg/ dl), high serum immunoreactive PTH, and negligible urinary cAMP response to exogenous PTH. Treatment with Amphojel slightly increased serum calcium (to 7.4 mg/dl) and lowered serum phosphorus (to 4.1 mg/dl) without altering the serum concentration of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. After im administration of parathyroid extract (400 U/day for 4 days), serum calcium increased to 9.2 mg/dl, commensurate with significant elevations in serum 1,25(OH)2D (from 1.2 to 2.6 ng/dl) and fractional (intestinal) calcium absorption (from 0.22 to 0.43). The results suggest that the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D upon PTH challenge was relatively intact and may have accounted for the normal calcemic response.", "PMID": 489718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_75", "title": "Low renin essential hypertension: failure to demonstrate excess 11-deoxycorticosterone production.", "content": "11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was determined by specific RIA in 27 normal subjects and in 25 normal renin and 23 low renin hypertensives. None of the patients exhibited unprovoked hypokalemia. Strict criteria were employed for renin profiling the hypertensive patients, including age matching, exclusion of diabetics, and the use of medications known to interfere with the renin response or with DOC measurements. In all 3 groups, comparable DOC levels were found in plasma and urine. In contrast, DOC was elevated in 7 of 19 patients with primary aldosteronism. These results do not support a DOC excess hypothesis for the syndrome of low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Low renin essential hypertension: failure to demonstrate excess 11-deoxycorticosterone production. 11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was determined by specific RIA in 27 normal subjects and in 25 normal renin and 23 low renin hypertensives. None of the patients exhibited unprovoked hypokalemia. Strict criteria were employed for renin profiling the hypertensive patients, including age matching, exclusion of diabetics, and the use of medications known to interfere with the renin response or with DOC measurements. In all 3 groups, comparable DOC levels were found in plasma and urine. In contrast, DOC was elevated in 7 of 19 patients with primary aldosteronism. These results do not support a DOC excess hypothesis for the syndrome of low renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 489719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_76", "title": "Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol cytoplasmic receptor-like binder in mouse kidney.", "content": "Isolated mouse renal tubule cells have been employed to demonstrate the presence of a specific high affinity cytoplasmic binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in kidney. This receptor-like macromolecule sedimented at 3.2 S in hypertonic sucrose density gradients. Scatchard analysis of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 binding at O C revealed an apparent Kd of 0.2 nM and a concentration of binding sites of 50 fmol/mg cytosol protein. In competition experiments, the binder exhibited a low affinity for other vitamin D3 metabolites; the order of potency was 1,25(OH)2D3 greater than 250HD3 greater than u alpha OHD3 greater than 24R,25(OH)2D3. The sedimentation properties, binding affinity, and specificity of this 1,25(OH)2D3 binding protein are strikingly similar to the receptors in rat intestine, mouse bone, and human intestine. The demonstration of a renal receptor-like binder adds further support to the concept that the kidney is a 1,25(OH)2D3 target organ.", "contents": "Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol cytoplasmic receptor-like binder in mouse kidney. Isolated mouse renal tubule cells have been employed to demonstrate the presence of a specific high affinity cytoplasmic binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in kidney. This receptor-like macromolecule sedimented at 3.2 S in hypertonic sucrose density gradients. Scatchard analysis of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 binding at O C revealed an apparent Kd of 0.2 nM and a concentration of binding sites of 50 fmol/mg cytosol protein. In competition experiments, the binder exhibited a low affinity for other vitamin D3 metabolites; the order of potency was 1,25(OH)2D3 greater than 250HD3 greater than u alpha OHD3 greater than 24R,25(OH)2D3. The sedimentation properties, binding affinity, and specificity of this 1,25(OH)2D3 binding protein are strikingly similar to the receptors in rat intestine, mouse bone, and human intestine. The demonstration of a renal receptor-like binder adds further support to the concept that the kidney is a 1,25(OH)2D3 target organ.", "PMID": 489720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_77", "title": "Demonstration of antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 lipopolysaccharide present in sera from patients with Yersinia infection were studied by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the sera with significant bacterial agglutination titers against Y. enterocolitica type O:3, 86% contained anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class. With the sera of some patients, we demonstrated increasing anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody levels of immunoglobulin G class in spite of decreasing bacterial agglutination titers. The assay was specific for lipopolysaccharide from Y. enterocolitica type O:3, and in inhibition experiments lipopolysaccharide could be detected in amounts of greater than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 lipopolysaccharide present in sera from patients with Yersinia infection were studied by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the sera with significant bacterial agglutination titers against Y. enterocolitica type O:3, 86% contained anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class. With the sera of some patients, we demonstrated increasing anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody levels of immunoglobulin G class in spite of decreasing bacterial agglutination titers. The assay was specific for lipopolysaccharide from Y. enterocolitica type O:3, and in inhibition experiments lipopolysaccharide could be detected in amounts of greater than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 489721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_78", "title": "Physiological characterization of nutritionally variant streptococci.", "content": "Twenty-five isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci submitted to the Streptococcus Laboratory of the Center for Disease Control over a 2-year period were tested for growth requirements and for biochemical reactions. After they were recovered from storage in blood at -170 degrees C, all isolates grew within 48 h in both thioglycollate broth and Todd-Hewitt broth supplemented with 0.001% pyridoxal.HCl. They grew better in the latter, even though they all grew on unsupplemented infusion agar, anaerobe blood agar, and chopped meat-glucose medium. Biochemical patterns of the isolates resemble those of five viridans streptococcal species. Two isolates had patterns which did not resemble those of any viridans species. Biochemical reactions obtained with heart infusion broth base biochemicals and carbohydrate fermentation media compared favorably for an overall agreement rate of 86.5% for key tests. Lactic acid and acetic acid were the major fermentation products detected with gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Physiological characterization of nutritionally variant streptococci. Twenty-five isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci submitted to the Streptococcus Laboratory of the Center for Disease Control over a 2-year period were tested for growth requirements and for biochemical reactions. After they were recovered from storage in blood at -170 degrees C, all isolates grew within 48 h in both thioglycollate broth and Todd-Hewitt broth supplemented with 0.001% pyridoxal.HCl. They grew better in the latter, even though they all grew on unsupplemented infusion agar, anaerobe blood agar, and chopped meat-glucose medium. Biochemical patterns of the isolates resemble those of five viridans streptococcal species. Two isolates had patterns which did not resemble those of any viridans species. Biochemical reactions obtained with heart infusion broth base biochemicals and carbohydrate fermentation media compared favorably for an overall agreement rate of 86.5% for key tests. Lactic acid and acetic acid were the major fermentation products detected with gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 489722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_79", "title": "Assimilation of protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as an aid to laboratory identification of Candida parapsilosis and other medically important yeasts.", "content": "Test for the ability of yeasts isolated from clinical specimens to utilize protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were carried out by using techniques that are commonly employed to test assimilation of carbon sources. A total of 60 isolates of Candida parapsilosis and 5 isolates of Candida humicola readily assimilated these two phenolic acids, whereas other Candida species gave uniformly negative results. Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus terreus, and some isolates of Cryptococcus laurentii also assimilated protocatechuate and p-hydroxybenzoate, whereas Cryptococcus neoformans did not. Results of these tests suggest that assimilation of protocatechuate and p-hydroxybenzoate may be a useful characteristic, when used in conjunction with traditional tests, for identifying C. parapsilosis and C. albidus.", "contents": "Assimilation of protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as an aid to laboratory identification of Candida parapsilosis and other medically important yeasts. Test for the ability of yeasts isolated from clinical specimens to utilize protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were carried out by using techniques that are commonly employed to test assimilation of carbon sources. A total of 60 isolates of Candida parapsilosis and 5 isolates of Candida humicola readily assimilated these two phenolic acids, whereas other Candida species gave uniformly negative results. Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus terreus, and some isolates of Cryptococcus laurentii also assimilated protocatechuate and p-hydroxybenzoate, whereas Cryptococcus neoformans did not. Results of these tests suggest that assimilation of protocatechuate and p-hydroxybenzoate may be a useful characteristic, when used in conjunction with traditional tests, for identifying C. parapsilosis and C. albidus.", "PMID": 489723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_80", "title": "Pneumonia caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae complicating chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "A case of pneumonia caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae is described in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The species of Cunninghamella, a genus in the order Mucorales, are characterized by the formation of conidia on the surface of an inflated conidiophore (vesicle). C. bertholletiae, not C. elegans, is the most appropriate name for this fungus. This zygomycete was resistant by in vitro sensitivity testing to amphotericin B. The source of the infection is not known.", "contents": "Pneumonia caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae complicating chronic lymphatic leukemia. A case of pneumonia caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae is described in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The species of Cunninghamella, a genus in the order Mucorales, are characterized by the formation of conidia on the surface of an inflated conidiophore (vesicle). C. bertholletiae, not C. elegans, is the most appropriate name for this fungus. This zygomycete was resistant by in vitro sensitivity testing to amphotericin B. The source of the infection is not known.", "PMID": 489724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_81", "title": "Neutralization test in influenza: use in individuals without hemagglutination inhibition antibody.", "content": "In influenza immunization trials, patients who were seronegative by the hemagglutination inhibition test could be divided into two groups according to preimmunization levels of neutralizing (Neut) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibodies. The group with low levels of Neut and NI antibodies usually developed adequate levels of hemagglutination inhibition antibody after one dose of vaccine, and the group with undetectable Neut and NI antibodies did not.", "contents": "Neutralization test in influenza: use in individuals without hemagglutination inhibition antibody. In influenza immunization trials, patients who were seronegative by the hemagglutination inhibition test could be divided into two groups according to preimmunization levels of neutralizing (Neut) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibodies. The group with low levels of Neut and NI antibodies usually developed adequate levels of hemagglutination inhibition antibody after one dose of vaccine, and the group with undetectable Neut and NI antibodies did not.", "PMID": 489725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_82", "title": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens as a cause of septicemia in humans.", "content": "Septicemia due to Pseudomonas putrefaciens was found in an elderly man with chronic leg ulcers. This organism is rarely cultured from human material and has been reported to cause skin and ear infections in only a few patients. Its potential for invasiveness is documented in this case for the fourth time.", "contents": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens as a cause of septicemia in humans. Septicemia due to Pseudomonas putrefaciens was found in an elderly man with chronic leg ulcers. This organism is rarely cultured from human material and has been reported to cause skin and ear infections in only a few patients. Its potential for invasiveness is documented in this case for the fourth time.", "PMID": 489726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_83", "title": "CO2 requirement for growth of a Pasteurella strain isolated from rabbits.", "content": "A Pasteurella strain with unusual growth requirements was isolated from a rabbit abscess. Copious growth of this organism was observed only on media supplemented with serum and incubated in the candle jar. Under anaerobic conditions, growth was moderate on enriched media. The organism did not grow on unsupplemented media under these conditions or in an aerobic environment on enriched media.", "contents": "CO2 requirement for growth of a Pasteurella strain isolated from rabbits. A Pasteurella strain with unusual growth requirements was isolated from a rabbit abscess. Copious growth of this organism was observed only on media supplemented with serum and incubated in the candle jar. Under anaerobic conditions, growth was moderate on enriched media. The organism did not grow on unsupplemented media under these conditions or in an aerobic environment on enriched media.", "PMID": 489727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_84", "title": "Cellular fatty acid composition of WIGA, a rickettsia-like agent similar to the Legionnaires disease bacterium.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition of OLDA, a rickettsia-like agent isolated in 1947, was essentially identical to that of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (LDB). WIGA, another rickettsia-like agent isolated in 1959, contained the same fatty acids as OLDA and other LDB but differed significantly from these strains in relative amounts of the major acids present. The major acid of OLDA and other LDB was i-16:0 whereas a-15:0 was the major acid of WIGA.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acid composition of WIGA, a rickettsia-like agent similar to the Legionnaires disease bacterium. The cellular fatty acid composition of OLDA, a rickettsia-like agent isolated in 1947, was essentially identical to that of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (LDB). WIGA, another rickettsia-like agent isolated in 1959, contained the same fatty acids as OLDA and other LDB but differed significantly from these strains in relative amounts of the major acids present. The major acid of OLDA and other LDB was i-16:0 whereas a-15:0 was the major acid of WIGA.", "PMID": 489728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_85", "title": "Adaptation of a microdilution procedure to the Limulus lysate assay for endotoxin.", "content": "Endpoint determinations of endotoxin by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay have been facilitated by use of a microdilution procedure.", "contents": "Adaptation of a microdilution procedure to the Limulus lysate assay for endotoxin. Endpoint determinations of endotoxin by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay have been facilitated by use of a microdilution procedure.", "PMID": 489729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_86", "title": "The diagnostic use of the MMPI in organic brain dysfunction.", "content": "Investigated two problem areas: (a) difficulty in the diagnoses of some types of organic brain dysfunctions; and (b) lack of accuracy in the differentiation of patients with organic disorders from patients with nonorganic disorders. Hospitalized male Ss (N = 152) were selected by diagnoses to form one nonorganic and three organic groups. For each group, data from Ss' MMPI protocols were analyzed via Cattel's Coefficient of Profile Similarity and discriminant analysis. Both MMPI factor scales (Barker, Fowler, & Peterson, 1971) and the usual clinical scales were used and compared in all analyses. Statistically significant differences among groups were found on both scales, with a greater separation of the groups provided by the factor scales. Results suggest that the MMPI, through the use of regression formulas derived from discriminant analysis of multiple groups, may be of diagnostic utility in organic brain dysfunction.", "contents": "The diagnostic use of the MMPI in organic brain dysfunction. Investigated two problem areas: (a) difficulty in the diagnoses of some types of organic brain dysfunctions; and (b) lack of accuracy in the differentiation of patients with organic disorders from patients with nonorganic disorders. Hospitalized male Ss (N = 152) were selected by diagnoses to form one nonorganic and three organic groups. For each group, data from Ss' MMPI protocols were analyzed via Cattel's Coefficient of Profile Similarity and discriminant analysis. Both MMPI factor scales (Barker, Fowler, & Peterson, 1971) and the usual clinical scales were used and compared in all analyses. Statistically significant differences among groups were found on both scales, with a greater separation of the groups provided by the factor scales. Results suggest that the MMPI, through the use of regression formulas derived from discriminant analysis of multiple groups, may be of diagnostic utility in organic brain dysfunction.", "PMID": 489730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_87", "title": "Levels of adjustment, depression and attitudes toward death among good and poor sleepers.", "content": "Administered the MMPI, Self Rating Depression Scale, and a survey of attitudes toward death to 20 males and 16 females designated as good sleepers and 24 males and 25 females designated as poor sleepers. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers scored in a more pathological direction on 11 of the 13 MMPI scales and on the Self Rating Depression Scale. Poor sleepers also reveal a significantly greater preoccupation with death although, paradoxically, they do not admit to fear of their own death. Results confirm previously reported personality differences between good and poor sleepers. No association was found between sex and quality of sleep.", "contents": "Levels of adjustment, depression and attitudes toward death among good and poor sleepers. Administered the MMPI, Self Rating Depression Scale, and a survey of attitudes toward death to 20 males and 16 females designated as good sleepers and 24 males and 25 females designated as poor sleepers. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers scored in a more pathological direction on 11 of the 13 MMPI scales and on the Self Rating Depression Scale. Poor sleepers also reveal a significantly greater preoccupation with death although, paradoxically, they do not admit to fear of their own death. Results confirm previously reported personality differences between good and poor sleepers. No association was found between sex and quality of sleep.", "PMID": 489731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_88", "title": "Prediction of the academic success of children with suspected neurological impairments.", "content": "Explored a multivariate approach to the prediction of 8-year academic achievement. Ss were black, of low socioeconomic status, and had been diagnosed as suspect neurologically impaired at age 7. A serial array of early predictors that included maternal education, sex, birth weight, 8-month and 4-year intelligence, and 3-year speech, hearing, and language were entered into multiple regression analyses to determine their value in predicting 8-year academic achievement in word recognition, arithmetic, spelling, and oral reading. The 4-year intelligence measure was the best overall predictor, although maternal education, sex, and birth weight contributed slightly to the predictions. The resulting equations, however, could not be used to predict accurately 8-year academic achievement.", "contents": "Prediction of the academic success of children with suspected neurological impairments. Explored a multivariate approach to the prediction of 8-year academic achievement. Ss were black, of low socioeconomic status, and had been diagnosed as suspect neurologically impaired at age 7. A serial array of early predictors that included maternal education, sex, birth weight, 8-month and 4-year intelligence, and 3-year speech, hearing, and language were entered into multiple regression analyses to determine their value in predicting 8-year academic achievement in word recognition, arithmetic, spelling, and oral reading. The 4-year intelligence measure was the best overall predictor, although maternal education, sex, and birth weight contributed slightly to the predictions. The resulting equations, however, could not be used to predict accurately 8-year academic achievement.", "PMID": 489733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_89", "title": "Relationship of internal-external control and United States suicide rates, 1973--1976.", "content": "Related annual variations in United States suicide rates between 1973 and 1976 to the concomitant annual variations in internal external (I-E) control scores obtained from a representative sample of the United States population. High scores indicated perceptions of external control. As predicted, I-E scores were correlated significantly with the increasing suicide rate of the total United States population and increased significantly for persons in the (15--24 and 25--34 year) age groups that displayed substantial linear increases in suicide rates, but did not increase significantly for Ss in the remaining age groups (which showed slight decreases in suicide rates). I-E scores were correlated significantly with the suicide rates of the other two (65--74, and 75--84 year) age groups that showed a linear decrease or substantial nonlinear fluctuation in suicide rates. Thus, linear or substantial nonlinear variations in suicide rates always were associated with corresponding variations in perceptions of external control.", "contents": "Relationship of internal-external control and United States suicide rates, 1973--1976. Related annual variations in United States suicide rates between 1973 and 1976 to the concomitant annual variations in internal external (I-E) control scores obtained from a representative sample of the United States population. High scores indicated perceptions of external control. As predicted, I-E scores were correlated significantly with the increasing suicide rate of the total United States population and increased significantly for persons in the (15--24 and 25--34 year) age groups that displayed substantial linear increases in suicide rates, but did not increase significantly for Ss in the remaining age groups (which showed slight decreases in suicide rates). I-E scores were correlated significantly with the suicide rates of the other two (65--74, and 75--84 year) age groups that showed a linear decrease or substantial nonlinear fluctuation in suicide rates. Thus, linear or substantial nonlinear variations in suicide rates always were associated with corresponding variations in perceptions of external control.", "PMID": 489735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_90", "title": "Self-concept and identified problem differences between pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents.", "content": "Examined differences in the number and types of problems as well as in self-reported self-concept between 232 middle and low SES pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. The study also examined differences in these variables across four developmental levels of menarcheal status: Initial, Intermediate, Middle, and Established. These data were analyzed by a multiple ANOVA technique, and significant differences were found between pre- and postmenarcheal girls and between the two social class groups. Postmenarcheal adolescents had more problems, but were also higher on self-concept variables. Low SES females experienced the menarche earlier than middle class SES females, had different problems, and described themselves differently on the self-concept measures. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that menarche onset is a positive event for most young females.", "contents": "Self-concept and identified problem differences between pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. Examined differences in the number and types of problems as well as in self-reported self-concept between 232 middle and low SES pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. The study also examined differences in these variables across four developmental levels of menarcheal status: Initial, Intermediate, Middle, and Established. These data were analyzed by a multiple ANOVA technique, and significant differences were found between pre- and postmenarcheal girls and between the two social class groups. Postmenarcheal adolescents had more problems, but were also higher on self-concept variables. Low SES females experienced the menarche earlier than middle class SES females, had different problems, and described themselves differently on the self-concept measures. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that menarche onset is a positive event for most young females.", "PMID": 489736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_91", "title": "Field dependence and extraversion neuroticism on an inpatient psychiatric service.", "content": "Compared relationship between field dependence (FD) and the scales of Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E) using paraprofessionals (N = 22), professionals (N = 42) and psychiatric inpatients (N = 35) to elucidate the high FD found among the psychiatric inpatients. Recent evidence contradicts Witkins' (1965) early view that as a group, psychiatric inpatients would show psychopathology at the extremes of the FD continuum. The N scale was chosen because it taps a narrow behavior band, the individual's vulnerability to break down under stress. The major hypothesis that FD and N would be functionally related was based on previous empirical findings (Cattell, 1955) and Seligman's (1975) theory of \"learned helplessness.\" Similarly, it was expected that age and sex (i.e., being female) were related functionally to FD. The latter hypotheses were supported. The hypothesis that the profiles of inpatients, professionals and paraprofessionals would throw more light on the high FD found among inpatients was not supported. The relationship between FD and N was discussed in terms of Seligman's (1975) concept of learned helplessness.", "contents": "Field dependence and extraversion neuroticism on an inpatient psychiatric service. Compared relationship between field dependence (FD) and the scales of Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E) using paraprofessionals (N = 22), professionals (N = 42) and psychiatric inpatients (N = 35) to elucidate the high FD found among the psychiatric inpatients. Recent evidence contradicts Witkins' (1965) early view that as a group, psychiatric inpatients would show psychopathology at the extremes of the FD continuum. The N scale was chosen because it taps a narrow behavior band, the individual's vulnerability to break down under stress. The major hypothesis that FD and N would be functionally related was based on previous empirical findings (Cattell, 1955) and Seligman's (1975) theory of \"learned helplessness.\" Similarly, it was expected that age and sex (i.e., being female) were related functionally to FD. The latter hypotheses were supported. The hypothesis that the profiles of inpatients, professionals and paraprofessionals would throw more light on the high FD found among inpatients was not supported. The relationship between FD and N was discussed in terms of Seligman's (1975) concept of learned helplessness.", "PMID": 489737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_92", "title": "Utility of the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI as a function of patient group and sex.", "content": "Assessed the utility of the 166-item FAM with medical and psychiatric patients. FAM items were extracted from MMPI data of 60 female and 45 male patients classified into pain and psychiatric patients based on suspected disorder and referral questions. Although all correlations between FAM and MMPI mean T-scores on all scales were highly significant, 54% of the means were significantly different. The number and the nature of the difference between FAM and MMPI group means and individual profile classifications varied as a function of patient subgroup and sex. Such subgroup delineation of FAM accuracy is discussed as necessary for decisions about appropriate clinical and research utilization.", "contents": "Utility of the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI as a function of patient group and sex. Assessed the utility of the 166-item FAM with medical and psychiatric patients. FAM items were extracted from MMPI data of 60 female and 45 male patients classified into pain and psychiatric patients based on suspected disorder and referral questions. Although all correlations between FAM and MMPI mean T-scores on all scales were highly significant, 54% of the means were significantly different. The number and the nature of the difference between FAM and MMPI group means and individual profile classifications varied as a function of patient subgroup and sex. Such subgroup delineation of FAM accuracy is discussed as necessary for decisions about appropriate clinical and research utilization.", "PMID": 489738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_93", "title": "The Health Opinion Survey reconsidered: dimensionality, reliability, and validity.", "content": "Investigated psychometric properties of the Health Opinion Survey (HOS) in terms of dimensional characteristics and factor invariance. The study also explored relationships of the HOS with family and job strain, dissatisfaction with the work environment, and the occurrence of physical disorders. Data were collected from two independent samples of U. S. Navy enlisted personnel (N = 505 and 722). Results indicated that the total HOS scale possessed acceptable internal consistency, but could be reduced to reflect physical and psychological distress dimensions. Validities against the various criteria ranged from .13 to .42. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research that concerns the stress-situation/symptom-score perspective.", "contents": "The Health Opinion Survey reconsidered: dimensionality, reliability, and validity. Investigated psychometric properties of the Health Opinion Survey (HOS) in terms of dimensional characteristics and factor invariance. The study also explored relationships of the HOS with family and job strain, dissatisfaction with the work environment, and the occurrence of physical disorders. Data were collected from two independent samples of U. S. Navy enlisted personnel (N = 505 and 722). Results indicated that the total HOS scale possessed acceptable internal consistency, but could be reduced to reflect physical and psychological distress dimensions. Validities against the various criteria ranged from .13 to .42. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research that concerns the stress-situation/symptom-score perspective.", "PMID": 489739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_94", "title": "Body self-image and homosexuality.", "content": "Adult males (N = 56) who differed in sexual orientation and preference were administered a self-report inventory that concerned their memory of the adolescent period of life. Six factors were assessed: Body self-concept, body weight problems, sports activities, parental relationships, interpersonal self-concept, and general self-concept. The results showed that homosexual males reported that they were significantly less adjusted during adolescence than heterosexual males.", "contents": "Body self-image and homosexuality. Adult males (N = 56) who differed in sexual orientation and preference were administered a self-report inventory that concerned their memory of the adolescent period of life. Six factors were assessed: Body self-concept, body weight problems, sports activities, parental relationships, interpersonal self-concept, and general self-concept. The results showed that homosexual males reported that they were significantly less adjusted during adolescence than heterosexual males.", "PMID": 489740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_95", "title": "The relationship of sex role and levels of defensiveness to self-reports of fear and anxiety.", "content": "Examined the conclusions of previous research that found that femine Ss perceive themselves as experiencing greater fear and anxiety than Ss with a masculine sex-role orientation. The current study hypothesizes that these results may be confounded by the amount of expressive defensiveness exhibited by Ss (N = 99), independent of their sex-role orientation. The results, however, indicated that feminine Ss perceived themselves as experiencing greater fear than either androgynous or masculine Ss, regardless of their level of defensiveness. Contrary to previous research, there were no significant effects of either sex-role orientation or level of defensiveness on self-reported anxiety.", "contents": "The relationship of sex role and levels of defensiveness to self-reports of fear and anxiety. Examined the conclusions of previous research that found that femine Ss perceive themselves as experiencing greater fear and anxiety than Ss with a masculine sex-role orientation. The current study hypothesizes that these results may be confounded by the amount of expressive defensiveness exhibited by Ss (N = 99), independent of their sex-role orientation. The results, however, indicated that feminine Ss perceived themselves as experiencing greater fear than either androgynous or masculine Ss, regardless of their level of defensiveness. Contrary to previous research, there were no significant effects of either sex-role orientation or level of defensiveness on self-reported anxiety.", "PMID": 489741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_96", "title": "Behavioral correlates of infrequent two-point MMPI code types at a university mental health center.", "content": "Presented interpretive correlates for 95 college students who were seeking mental health services and who generated the following infrequently occurring MMPI code types: Spike 2, 2-0/0-2, 2-4/4-2, 2-6/6-2, 3-4/4-3, 3-9/9-3, 4-7/7-4, 6-7/7-6, 7-9/9-7, and Spike O. Descriptors were derived from intake interview and mental status information collected without knowledge of the MMPI profile. Those items that discriminated between each profile type and the remainder of the student mental health population (Chi Square, alpha = .05, .01) are presented as tentative interpretive descriptors that may be helpful in generating hypotheses for use with college student psychiatric outpatients.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of infrequent two-point MMPI code types at a university mental health center. Presented interpretive correlates for 95 college students who were seeking mental health services and who generated the following infrequently occurring MMPI code types: Spike 2, 2-0/0-2, 2-4/4-2, 2-6/6-2, 3-4/4-3, 3-9/9-3, 4-7/7-4, 6-7/7-6, 7-9/9-7, and Spike O. Descriptors were derived from intake interview and mental status information collected without knowledge of the MMPI profile. Those items that discriminated between each profile type and the remainder of the student mental health population (Chi Square, alpha = .05, .01) are presented as tentative interpretive descriptors that may be helpful in generating hypotheses for use with college student psychiatric outpatients.", "PMID": 489742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_97", "title": "Complex factorial structure of Ellis' Irrational Beliefs.", "content": "Previous research with a newly developed children's scale for measuring Ellis' constructs with regard to irrational beliefs showed that while the scale clearly reflected theoretically predicted developmental trends, the internal consistency reliability of the overall 11-item scale was relatively low (.56). This low internal consistency suggested that the 11 items were in fact heterogeneous and were not measuring a single, univocal, construct. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the responses of 788 fifth-through thirteenth-grade students. Results of the Alpha factor and analysis clearly indicate that the scale is multifaceted, i.e., comprised of four orthogonal, interpretable factors. Estimates of internal consistency reliabilities for the separate factors, when corrected for length, revealed that each of the new factors was more reliable than the full scale score in this sample. Potential revisions of the scale, as well as cautions for its use in clinical applications on its present form are discussed.", "contents": "Complex factorial structure of Ellis' Irrational Beliefs. Previous research with a newly developed children's scale for measuring Ellis' constructs with regard to irrational beliefs showed that while the scale clearly reflected theoretically predicted developmental trends, the internal consistency reliability of the overall 11-item scale was relatively low (.56). This low internal consistency suggested that the 11 items were in fact heterogeneous and were not measuring a single, univocal, construct. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the responses of 788 fifth-through thirteenth-grade students. Results of the Alpha factor and analysis clearly indicate that the scale is multifaceted, i.e., comprised of four orthogonal, interpretable factors. Estimates of internal consistency reliabilities for the separate factors, when corrected for length, revealed that each of the new factors was more reliable than the full scale score in this sample. Potential revisions of the scale, as well as cautions for its use in clinical applications on its present form are discussed.", "PMID": 489743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_98", "title": "Lewinsohn's behavioral measures of social skill: their stability and relationship to mood level and depression among college students.", "content": "Reports on investigations of the stability of eight of Lewinsohn's (1975) measures of social skill and their relationship to indices of depression and mood level in college students who are attending small informal discussion groups. Five of his measures showed no significant degree of stability across group sessions. The remaining measures, mainly indices of activity level, showed a significant though only moderate degree of generalizability. No significant differences in activity level were found between depressed and nondepressed Ss. However, several post-hoc analyses revealed that the variability of the Ss' mood and behavior across group sessions was associated significantly with their D30 scores. Depressed Ss were more variable in their mood and behavior. Implications of these results are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Lewinsohn's behavioral measures of social skill: their stability and relationship to mood level and depression among college students. Reports on investigations of the stability of eight of Lewinsohn's (1975) measures of social skill and their relationship to indices of depression and mood level in college students who are attending small informal discussion groups. Five of his measures showed no significant degree of stability across group sessions. The remaining measures, mainly indices of activity level, showed a significant though only moderate degree of generalizability. No significant differences in activity level were found between depressed and nondepressed Ss. However, several post-hoc analyses revealed that the variability of the Ss' mood and behavior across group sessions was associated significantly with their D30 scores. Depressed Ss were more variable in their mood and behavior. Implications of these results are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 489744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_99", "title": "Normative and validity data for the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist.", "content": "Presented normative data, collected on an unselected sample of 302 7- and 9-year-old children, for the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist. Boys were found to be rated as more deviant than girls, while age, occupation of head of household, and estimated IQ were found to be unrelated to checklist ratings of deviant behavior. The use of a cutting point on the Total Pathology Scale of the checklist derived from the normative data identified a group of clinic children, 89% of whom were found to be in need of professional attention. The potential usefulness of the checklist as an aid in making important clinical decisions is discussed, as is the need for more extensive normative data.", "contents": "Normative and validity data for the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist. Presented normative data, collected on an unselected sample of 302 7- and 9-year-old children, for the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist. Boys were found to be rated as more deviant than girls, while age, occupation of head of household, and estimated IQ were found to be unrelated to checklist ratings of deviant behavior. The use of a cutting point on the Total Pathology Scale of the checklist derived from the normative data identified a group of clinic children, 89% of whom were found to be in need of professional attention. The potential usefulness of the checklist as an aid in making important clinical decisions is discussed, as is the need for more extensive normative data.", "PMID": 489745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_100", "title": "Three patterns of brain damage of the WAIS.", "content": "Compared four groups of matched Ss (40 each) in order to examine different subtest patterns of brain damage on the WAIS, using F-tests and age mean profiles. The groups were: Normals, diffuse cortical degeneration, right and left hemisphere damage. The results indicated three patterns: (1) a normal pattern; (2) a diffuse degenerative and right hemisphere pattern; and (3) a left hemisphere pattern. The diffuse degenerative results were not significantly different from the right hemisphere results. The left hemisphere pattern had no large verbal vs. performance differences. These patterns appear to be produced by the interaction of three brain damage effects: (1) a general effect; (2) a right hemisphere effect; and (3) a left hemisphere effect. Verbal tests are both \"hold\" and left hemisphere tests, while three Performance Tests are \"don't hold\" and right hemisphere tests. The WAIS requires other specific tests of brain damage for an adequate assessment of brain damage.", "contents": "Three patterns of brain damage of the WAIS. Compared four groups of matched Ss (40 each) in order to examine different subtest patterns of brain damage on the WAIS, using F-tests and age mean profiles. The groups were: Normals, diffuse cortical degeneration, right and left hemisphere damage. The results indicated three patterns: (1) a normal pattern; (2) a diffuse degenerative and right hemisphere pattern; and (3) a left hemisphere pattern. The diffuse degenerative results were not significantly different from the right hemisphere results. The left hemisphere pattern had no large verbal vs. performance differences. These patterns appear to be produced by the interaction of three brain damage effects: (1) a general effect; (2) a right hemisphere effect; and (3) a left hemisphere effect. Verbal tests are both \"hold\" and left hemisphere tests, while three Performance Tests are \"don't hold\" and right hemisphere tests. The WAIS requires other specific tests of brain damage for an adequate assessment of brain damage.", "PMID": 489746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_101", "title": "Visual-motor test performance: race and achievement variables.", "content": "Tested rural Michigan black (N = 60) and white (N = 60) children of variant academic achievement on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test for visual-motor skill development. The test, which consists of six gestalt designs for the person to copy, includes four measures of such skill development: Degree of copied design rotation and errors of separation of circle-diamond, distortion of circle-diamond and distortion of dots. In general, analyses that statistically controlled for intellectual level indicated that race was not a significant variable in the relationship of achievement level and visual-motor test performance. That is, such analyses resulted only in a significant achievement effect; low achievers, in comparison with high achievers, performed poorly on the copying test. Only with distortion of circle-diamond errors was a race interactive effect noted; i.e., black low achievers had significantly more errors than black high achievers, white low achievers or white high achievers. Results were discussed in relation to environmental determinants and symptomatology correlates.", "contents": "Visual-motor test performance: race and achievement variables. Tested rural Michigan black (N = 60) and white (N = 60) children of variant academic achievement on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test for visual-motor skill development. The test, which consists of six gestalt designs for the person to copy, includes four measures of such skill development: Degree of copied design rotation and errors of separation of circle-diamond, distortion of circle-diamond and distortion of dots. In general, analyses that statistically controlled for intellectual level indicated that race was not a significant variable in the relationship of achievement level and visual-motor test performance. That is, such analyses resulted only in a significant achievement effect; low achievers, in comparison with high achievers, performed poorly on the copying test. Only with distortion of circle-diamond errors was a race interactive effect noted; i.e., black low achievers had significantly more errors than black high achievers, white low achievers or white high achievers. Results were discussed in relation to environmental determinants and symptomatology correlates.", "PMID": 489747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_102", "title": "The modified WAIS: an alternative to short forms.", "content": "The Modified WAIS is an approach for shortening the total administration time of the WAIS by approximately 25%. The Modified WAIS uses the Information subtest as a criterion for raising the point at which initial questioning begins on 5 of the 11 subscales. The Modified WAIS was shown to correlate quite highly with the Standard WAIS: .999 for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ (N = 200). While the number of cases for which the Modified WAIS is applicable will vary from setting to setting depending on the number of cases that meet the criterion, the Modified WAIS appears to be a viable alternative to short forms.", "contents": "The modified WAIS: an alternative to short forms. The Modified WAIS is an approach for shortening the total administration time of the WAIS by approximately 25%. The Modified WAIS uses the Information subtest as a criterion for raising the point at which initial questioning begins on 5 of the 11 subscales. The Modified WAIS was shown to correlate quite highly with the Standard WAIS: .999 for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ (N = 200). While the number of cases for which the Modified WAIS is applicable will vary from setting to setting depending on the number of cases that meet the criterion, the Modified WAIS appears to be a viable alternative to short forms.", "PMID": 489748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_103", "title": "Rekitting the Wechsler Paired-Associate Task: the Waterford Index.", "content": "The Waterford Index provides a new scoring system for the Wechsler paired-associate task. Item performances across successive trials were coded so as to reflect the psychological phenomena of learning, forgetting and item effects (N = 50). The Index describes two rules for differentiating between cases of cognitive impairment and non-impairment. Rule 1 contrasts the respective contributions of learning and forgetting. Rule 2 takes account of cases characterized by a high proportion of correct responses. Against a criterion index based on performances on other psychological tests of organic dysfunction, the Waterford Index yielded higher predictive efficiencies than associated with other Wechsler indices, intelligence, and age.", "contents": "Rekitting the Wechsler Paired-Associate Task: the Waterford Index. The Waterford Index provides a new scoring system for the Wechsler paired-associate task. Item performances across successive trials were coded so as to reflect the psychological phenomena of learning, forgetting and item effects (N = 50). The Index describes two rules for differentiating between cases of cognitive impairment and non-impairment. Rule 1 contrasts the respective contributions of learning and forgetting. Rule 2 takes account of cases characterized by a high proportion of correct responses. Against a criterion index based on performances on other psychological tests of organic dysfunction, the Waterford Index yielded higher predictive efficiencies than associated with other Wechsler indices, intelligence, and age.", "PMID": 489749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_104", "title": "Therapist-patient agreement and outcome in group therapy.", "content": "Examined the importance of therapist-client agreement for therapy outcome in group therapy. Fifty-five clients comprised 12 groups conducted by 6 therapists. The study considered data in two phases. In the first an attempt was made to reduce clients' ambiguity about relationship aspects of therapy via a preparation for therapy. The success of this preparation was measured by comparing experimental and control groups on the degree of agreement between therapist and patient about the quality of the relationship they conjointly experienced. The preparation did not improve agreement. The second phase hypothesis was that there would be a significant relationship between agreement and therapy outcome. While there were scattered significant correlations between agreement and outcome, they were not correlated consistently with the same outcome scores, nor were they consistently positive or negative correlations. This inconsistent relationship was due partially to artifacts of person perception scores. An ancillary finding was significant change after therapy intervention. Agreement was not a powerful predictor of outcome in this study.", "contents": "Therapist-patient agreement and outcome in group therapy. Examined the importance of therapist-client agreement for therapy outcome in group therapy. Fifty-five clients comprised 12 groups conducted by 6 therapists. The study considered data in two phases. In the first an attempt was made to reduce clients' ambiguity about relationship aspects of therapy via a preparation for therapy. The success of this preparation was measured by comparing experimental and control groups on the degree of agreement between therapist and patient about the quality of the relationship they conjointly experienced. The preparation did not improve agreement. The second phase hypothesis was that there would be a significant relationship between agreement and therapy outcome. While there were scattered significant correlations between agreement and outcome, they were not correlated consistently with the same outcome scores, nor were they consistently positive or negative correlations. This inconsistent relationship was due partially to artifacts of person perception scores. An ancillary finding was significant change after therapy intervention. Agreement was not a powerful predictor of outcome in this study.", "PMID": 489750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_105", "title": "Influence of modelling and feedback provided by the supervisors in a microskills training program for beginning counsellors.", "content": "Investigated the influence of modelling and feedback on the effectiveness of a microskills training program for beginning counsellors. The microskills taught were: attending behavior, minimal encourages to talk, open questions, and reflection of feeling and content. Twenty-four trainee counsellors were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) no modelling, no feedback (NMF); (2) modelling and feedback from the supervisor (MF); and (3) feedback from the supervisor (F). Analysis of variance showed that MF was superior to NMF and F in increasing use of the skill reflection of feeling. These results lead to the conclusion that the microskills taught differ in level of difficulty, and, hence, in the amount of information, through instructions, practice, modelling or feedback, that will bring these skills to ceiling level. Supervisor modelling and feedback appear to improve learning of the comparatively difficult skill, reflection of feeling.", "contents": "Influence of modelling and feedback provided by the supervisors in a microskills training program for beginning counsellors. Investigated the influence of modelling and feedback on the effectiveness of a microskills training program for beginning counsellors. The microskills taught were: attending behavior, minimal encourages to talk, open questions, and reflection of feeling and content. Twenty-four trainee counsellors were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) no modelling, no feedback (NMF); (2) modelling and feedback from the supervisor (MF); and (3) feedback from the supervisor (F). Analysis of variance showed that MF was superior to NMF and F in increasing use of the skill reflection of feeling. These results lead to the conclusion that the microskills taught differ in level of difficulty, and, hence, in the amount of information, through instructions, practice, modelling or feedback, that will bring these skills to ceiling level. Supervisor modelling and feedback appear to improve learning of the comparatively difficult skill, reflection of feeling.", "PMID": 489751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_106", "title": "A comparison of MMPI two-point codes in four alcoholism treatment facilities.", "content": "Compared the frequency of two-point MMPI codes in four different alcoholism treatment facilities. Even though some differences were noted in terms of the different code types, the comparisons were more indicative of the similarity between treatment facilities. The 2-4/4-2 code type occurred most frequently in all of the treatment settings, yet it accounted for only 12--21% of the profiles in any facility. The implication of these findings for describing the \"alcoholic\" personality and for individualized treatment planning was discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of MMPI two-point codes in four alcoholism treatment facilities. Compared the frequency of two-point MMPI codes in four different alcoholism treatment facilities. Even though some differences were noted in terms of the different code types, the comparisons were more indicative of the similarity between treatment facilities. The 2-4/4-2 code type occurred most frequently in all of the treatment settings, yet it accounted for only 12--21% of the profiles in any facility. The implication of these findings for describing the \"alcoholic\" personality and for individualized treatment planning was discussed.", "PMID": 489752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_107", "title": "Beliefs about the causes of alcohol-related problems among alcoholic and nonalcoholic women.", "content": "Both problem drinker and non-problem drinker college students and adult women assigned major responsibility for problem drinking internally to the problem drinker (N = 479). A distressing event and present or past environment received the next highest responsibility ratings in all groups. Actor-observer differences predicted by Jones and Nisbett (1971) did not occur. However, persons were likely to rate several causes as responsible for drinking problems. Female college students were more likely to perceive drinking problems as due to external factors and less likely to believe them due to heredity than were older women.", "contents": "Beliefs about the causes of alcohol-related problems among alcoholic and nonalcoholic women. Both problem drinker and non-problem drinker college students and adult women assigned major responsibility for problem drinking internally to the problem drinker (N = 479). A distressing event and present or past environment received the next highest responsibility ratings in all groups. Actor-observer differences predicted by Jones and Nisbett (1971) did not occur. However, persons were likely to rate several causes as responsible for drinking problems. Female college students were more likely to perceive drinking problems as due to external factors and less likely to believe them due to heredity than were older women.", "PMID": 489753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_108", "title": "Sex offenders: three personality types.", "content": "Analyzed by a Q-type factor analysis MMPI profiles of 92 sex offenders institutionalized for psychiatric evaluation, which yielded three basic MMPI profile types. Altogether 88 of the 92 Ss coult be categorized into one of three types characterized by profile peaks on F,Sc; Pd,MA; or D,PD. Analysis of background information, social history items, nature of present crime, primary diagnosis, and ward observations revealed significant differences among the types. Of particular interest was the finding that the primary diagnosis for 85% of the \"F,Sc\" MMPI type was \"no mental disorder\" in spite of the fact that this group showed significantly more disturbed behavior on the ward (anxiety, depression, suspicion, and manic excitement) and had uniquely degraded their victims. The fact that two-thirds of these persons who had F scores greater than or equal to 80 and 50% denied the crime may have inadvertently affected diagnostic decisions.", "contents": "Sex offenders: three personality types. Analyzed by a Q-type factor analysis MMPI profiles of 92 sex offenders institutionalized for psychiatric evaluation, which yielded three basic MMPI profile types. Altogether 88 of the 92 Ss coult be categorized into one of three types characterized by profile peaks on F,Sc; Pd,MA; or D,PD. Analysis of background information, social history items, nature of present crime, primary diagnosis, and ward observations revealed significant differences among the types. Of particular interest was the finding that the primary diagnosis for 85% of the \"F,Sc\" MMPI type was \"no mental disorder\" in spite of the fact that this group showed significantly more disturbed behavior on the ward (anxiety, depression, suspicion, and manic excitement) and had uniquely degraded their victims. The fact that two-thirds of these persons who had F scores greater than or equal to 80 and 50% denied the crime may have inadvertently affected diagnostic decisions.", "PMID": 489754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_109", "title": "Assessment of assertiveness in drug abusers.", "content": "Administered measures of assertion, social assertion, aggression, and social anxiety to a heroin-addicted population, psychotic outpatients, court-referred drug users and a college student group (N = 114). The addicts and court-referred drug patients were less assertive, less socially assertive, and more socially anxious than non-addict populations. Furthermore, the heroin and psychiatric outpatient groups had a very high correlation between their assertion and aggression scores, which was not found in the college student or court-referred, drug-using group.", "contents": "Assessment of assertiveness in drug abusers. Administered measures of assertion, social assertion, aggression, and social anxiety to a heroin-addicted population, psychotic outpatients, court-referred drug users and a college student group (N = 114). The addicts and court-referred drug patients were less assertive, less socially assertive, and more socially anxious than non-addict populations. Furthermore, the heroin and psychiatric outpatient groups had a very high correlation between their assertion and aggression scores, which was not found in the college student or court-referred, drug-using group.", "PMID": 489755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_110", "title": "Sex of client as a factor in preference for an approach to counseling.", "content": "In a reversed order, 90 Ss, from a general psychology course, in two groups of equal size, viewed two audiovisual tapes of a simulated first counseling session. The same counselor, same client, and same presenting concern of a vocational-educational nature were portrayed as representative of a client-centered and a behavioral approach to counseling. The Ss were asked to identify which film they preferred and why. A chi square analysis showed no difference between males and females. However, there was a statistically significant preference for the behavioral approach by both males and females. The major factor in the preference appeared to be the \"structure\" of the behavioral approach.", "contents": "Sex of client as a factor in preference for an approach to counseling. In a reversed order, 90 Ss, from a general psychology course, in two groups of equal size, viewed two audiovisual tapes of a simulated first counseling session. The same counselor, same client, and same presenting concern of a vocational-educational nature were portrayed as representative of a client-centered and a behavioral approach to counseling. The Ss were asked to identify which film they preferred and why. A chi square analysis showed no difference between males and females. However, there was a statistically significant preference for the behavioral approach by both males and females. The major factor in the preference appeared to be the \"structure\" of the behavioral approach.", "PMID": 489756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_111", "title": "Attraction to therapy and therapist credibility as a function of therapy orientation.", "content": "Exposed male and female Ss (N = 96) to psychoanalytic, behavioral, client-centered, or gestalt therapy, in the form of a brief written description and a 5-minute videotaped simulation. Attraction to therapy and various dimensions of therapist credibility were measured. The psychoanalytic presentation generated the greatest attraction and the greatest perceived total credibility. The gestalt presentation was next highest on these variables, followed by the behavioral and client-centered presentation. No significant effects for sex of S or sex by therapy approach interaction were reported. Explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Attraction to therapy and therapist credibility as a function of therapy orientation. Exposed male and female Ss (N = 96) to psychoanalytic, behavioral, client-centered, or gestalt therapy, in the form of a brief written description and a 5-minute videotaped simulation. Attraction to therapy and various dimensions of therapist credibility were measured. The psychoanalytic presentation generated the greatest attraction and the greatest perceived total credibility. The gestalt presentation was next highest on these variables, followed by the behavioral and client-centered presentation. No significant effects for sex of S or sex by therapy approach interaction were reported. Explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 489757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_112", "title": "Employment of master's-level psychologists.", "content": "Compared results from a survey of employment of Master's-level psychologists in the states of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky to two previous studies recently published. It was found that results in all three studies are comparable; 87.6% of those mental health centers, state hospitals and other mental health organizations surveyed reported that they employ Master's-level psychologists. Duties of subdoctoral psychologists include testing, therapy, and community consultation. The finding that future Master's-level psychologists may find greater employment potential in towns with a population of less than 50,000 justifies future research in the area of Master's-level employment to consider demographic variables.", "contents": "Employment of master's-level psychologists. Compared results from a survey of employment of Master's-level psychologists in the states of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky to two previous studies recently published. It was found that results in all three studies are comparable; 87.6% of those mental health centers, state hospitals and other mental health organizations surveyed reported that they employ Master's-level psychologists. Duties of subdoctoral psychologists include testing, therapy, and community consultation. The finding that future Master's-level psychologists may find greater employment potential in towns with a population of less than 50,000 justifies future research in the area of Master's-level employment to consider demographic variables.", "PMID": 489758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_113", "title": "The influence of dosage form on papaverine bioavailability.", "content": "The bioavailability of sustained-release papaverine HCl dosage forms were compared to equivalent doses of the drug administered as an elixir and conventional compressed tablets to 12 healthy human subjects. Papaverine plasma levels were determined using a gas-chromatographic procedure. The drug was absorbed more rapidly and completely from the two nonsustained-release formulations. There was a large intersubject variability, and the plasma half-life of the drug was esstimated to be 1 hour. The area under the plasma level-time curve for the nine sustained-release products ranged from 18 to 64% relative to the area achieved by the papaverine elixir. It was concluded that the sustained-release dosage forms of papaverine included in each study group could be considered bioequivalent, but they exhibited inadequate bioavailability relative to either the elixir or the compressed tablet dosage form.", "contents": "The influence of dosage form on papaverine bioavailability. The bioavailability of sustained-release papaverine HCl dosage forms were compared to equivalent doses of the drug administered as an elixir and conventional compressed tablets to 12 healthy human subjects. Papaverine plasma levels were determined using a gas-chromatographic procedure. The drug was absorbed more rapidly and completely from the two nonsustained-release formulations. There was a large intersubject variability, and the plasma half-life of the drug was esstimated to be 1 hour. The area under the plasma level-time curve for the nine sustained-release products ranged from 18 to 64% relative to the area achieved by the papaverine elixir. It was concluded that the sustained-release dosage forms of papaverine included in each study group could be considered bioequivalent, but they exhibited inadequate bioavailability relative to either the elixir or the compressed tablet dosage form.", "PMID": 489763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_114", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of sodium cellulose phosphate.", "content": "The safety and effectiveness of sodium cellulose phosphate (SCP) in the treatment of calcium urolithiasis of absorptive hypercalciuria was explored. Eighteen patients with absorptive hypercalciuria with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, normal or suppressed parathyroid function, and active stone disease received 10 to 15 Gm SCP daily (2.5 to 5 Gm with meals) and 2 to 3 Gm magnesium gluconate daily (1 to 1.5 Gm twice daily orally separately from SCP) for eight to 54 months, while maintained on a moderate calcium and oxalate restriction. During treatment, serum calcium, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and urinary cyclic AMP remained within the normal range. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bone density (measured by photon absorptiometry) did not change significantly or remained within normal limits. Serum concentrations of magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron and blood hematocrit were not significantly altered by therapy. However, urinary calcium returned toward normal, and incidence of renal stone formation markedly decreased. The results suggest that SCP is a safe and an effective drug for absorptive hypercalciuria.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of sodium cellulose phosphate. The safety and effectiveness of sodium cellulose phosphate (SCP) in the treatment of calcium urolithiasis of absorptive hypercalciuria was explored. Eighteen patients with absorptive hypercalciuria with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, normal or suppressed parathyroid function, and active stone disease received 10 to 15 Gm SCP daily (2.5 to 5 Gm with meals) and 2 to 3 Gm magnesium gluconate daily (1 to 1.5 Gm twice daily orally separately from SCP) for eight to 54 months, while maintained on a moderate calcium and oxalate restriction. During treatment, serum calcium, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and urinary cyclic AMP remained within the normal range. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bone density (measured by photon absorptiometry) did not change significantly or remained within normal limits. Serum concentrations of magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron and blood hematocrit were not significantly altered by therapy. However, urinary calcium returned toward normal, and incidence of renal stone formation markedly decreased. The results suggest that SCP is a safe and an effective drug for absorptive hypercalciuria.", "PMID": 489764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_115", "title": "Anxious symptomatic volunteers in the Twin Cities: sociodemographic description and MMPI psychodiagnosis.", "content": "This paper underscores the need for true sample selection before statistical inference of any value can be made. Its findings suggest that the sample selection strategy of symptomatic volunteers can produce samples of anxious subjects with remarkable demographic similarity across the country. Anxiety as a constitutional rather than pathognomonic symptom is illustrated by the heterogeneity of its psychometric evaluation in our volunteers. Expecting a drug to safely relieve the anxiety of all anxious symptomatic volunteers is akin to expecting a drug to safely relieve the headaches of all headache sufferers. We feel that careful psychodiagnosis remains the best sample selection strategy.", "contents": "Anxious symptomatic volunteers in the Twin Cities: sociodemographic description and MMPI psychodiagnosis. This paper underscores the need for true sample selection before statistical inference of any value can be made. Its findings suggest that the sample selection strategy of symptomatic volunteers can produce samples of anxious subjects with remarkable demographic similarity across the country. Anxiety as a constitutional rather than pathognomonic symptom is illustrated by the heterogeneity of its psychometric evaluation in our volunteers. Expecting a drug to safely relieve the anxiety of all anxious symptomatic volunteers is akin to expecting a drug to safely relieve the headaches of all headache sufferers. We feel that careful psychodiagnosis remains the best sample selection strategy.", "PMID": 489766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_116", "title": "Bethanidine elimination from plasma.", "content": "Bethanidine was administered intravenously to six hypertensive patients with normal renal function and five hypertensive patients with renal impairment. After administration of 0.7 mumole/kg, blood was sampled at frequent intervals for measurement of plasma bethanidine. The plasma levels were analyzed on a three-compartment exponential open-model system. The second rapid elimination phase (beta) had a half-time of 3.4 hours in normal subjects and was insignificantly prolonged to 16.4 hours in renal impairment. There was an extended terminal elimination phase of 90 and 70 hours for normals and impaired, respectfully. The volume of distribution at pseudoequilibrium was 2.8 and 1.6 liters/kg, respectively, suggesting significant sequestration of the drug in body tissues. The pharmacokinetic constants of bethanidine in normal and impaired renal functions were similar.", "contents": "Bethanidine elimination from plasma. Bethanidine was administered intravenously to six hypertensive patients with normal renal function and five hypertensive patients with renal impairment. After administration of 0.7 mumole/kg, blood was sampled at frequent intervals for measurement of plasma bethanidine. The plasma levels were analyzed on a three-compartment exponential open-model system. The second rapid elimination phase (beta) had a half-time of 3.4 hours in normal subjects and was insignificantly prolonged to 16.4 hours in renal impairment. There was an extended terminal elimination phase of 90 and 70 hours for normals and impaired, respectfully. The volume of distribution at pseudoequilibrium was 2.8 and 1.6 liters/kg, respectively, suggesting significant sequestration of the drug in body tissues. The pharmacokinetic constants of bethanidine in normal and impaired renal functions were similar.", "PMID": 489762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_117", "title": "An analgesic comparison study of indoprofen versus aspirin and placebo in surgical pain.", "content": "Single oral doses of 100 and 200 mg indoprofen were compared with 600 mg aspirin and placebo in a double-blind, completely randomized study of hospitalized patients with postoperative, post-fracture, or musculoskeletal pain. The patients evaluated their pain for 5 hours after administration of the study drug. Each of the three active treatments performed significantly better than placebo. The 200-mg dose level of indoprofen demonstrated the greatest analgesic activity based on pain intensity and pain relief scores and on the patients' global evaluations. The analgesic activity of 100 mg indoprofen fell between that of 200 mg indoprofen and 600 mg aspirin and was not significantly different from either.", "contents": "An analgesic comparison study of indoprofen versus aspirin and placebo in surgical pain. Single oral doses of 100 and 200 mg indoprofen were compared with 600 mg aspirin and placebo in a double-blind, completely randomized study of hospitalized patients with postoperative, post-fracture, or musculoskeletal pain. The patients evaluated their pain for 5 hours after administration of the study drug. Each of the three active treatments performed significantly better than placebo. The 200-mg dose level of indoprofen demonstrated the greatest analgesic activity based on pain intensity and pain relief scores and on the patients' global evaluations. The analgesic activity of 100 mg indoprofen fell between that of 200 mg indoprofen and 600 mg aspirin and was not significantly different from either.", "PMID": 489767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_118", "title": "Blunting of exercise-induced tachycardia and renin release 24 hours after a single dose of sotalol.", "content": "Sotalol significantly reduces resting and exercise-stimulated heart rate and plasma renin activity 2 hours and to a lesser degree also 24 hours after oral administration of a single 200-mg dose in healthy volunteers. Because of this 24-hour beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect, sotalol should be suitable for once-daily dosing in clinical practice.", "contents": "Blunting of exercise-induced tachycardia and renin release 24 hours after a single dose of sotalol. Sotalol significantly reduces resting and exercise-stimulated heart rate and plasma renin activity 2 hours and to a lesser degree also 24 hours after oral administration of a single 200-mg dose in healthy volunteers. Because of this 24-hour beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect, sotalol should be suitable for once-daily dosing in clinical practice.", "PMID": 489769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_119", "title": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent sotalol in normal man.", "content": "After intravenous injection, sotalol follows a two-compartment distribution pattern. The processes of distribution and elimination are of first order; the intravenous biological half-life is 6 to 8 hours. The drug is mainly excreted by glomerular filtration via the kidney, and metabolites are not found. Of the pharmacodynamic parameters measured, the isoproterenol-induced changes in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and free fatty acid return to baseline values immediately during the injection of the beta blocker. Peripheral arterial circulation, lactate, glucose, and pyruvate respond to the beta blocker after a delay. Besides the compartmental distribution of sotalol, other mechanisms of sotalol such as varying responses of the receptors to sotalol or more sluggish intrinsic kinetics of the decrease of parameters measured have to be considered. The effects of various beta blockers may be qualitatively and quantitatively differentiated on the basis of experiments with our test model using steady-state isoproterenol infusion in humans.", "contents": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent sotalol in normal man. After intravenous injection, sotalol follows a two-compartment distribution pattern. The processes of distribution and elimination are of first order; the intravenous biological half-life is 6 to 8 hours. The drug is mainly excreted by glomerular filtration via the kidney, and metabolites are not found. Of the pharmacodynamic parameters measured, the isoproterenol-induced changes in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and free fatty acid return to baseline values immediately during the injection of the beta blocker. Peripheral arterial circulation, lactate, glucose, and pyruvate respond to the beta blocker after a delay. Besides the compartmental distribution of sotalol, other mechanisms of sotalol such as varying responses of the receptors to sotalol or more sluggish intrinsic kinetics of the decrease of parameters measured have to be considered. The effects of various beta blockers may be qualitatively and quantitatively differentiated on the basis of experiments with our test model using steady-state isoproterenol infusion in humans.", "PMID": 489770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_120", "title": "Thrice-daily blood pressure readings on sotalol in the treatment of hypertension: once- versus twice-daily regimen.", "content": "Thirty patients with mild to severe essential hypertension satisfactorily controlled by twice-daily sotalol therapy entered a double-blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of their usual twice-daily sotalol administration with the same dosage given once daily. Each double-blind period extended eight weeks, during which blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded by a nurse three times daily on alternate days during the last week of each period in the patients' usual living conditions. Plasma sotalol concentration was measured before the morning dosage of sotalol. No statistically significant differences in the parameters were found between once- and twice-daily sotalol administration using sotalol in daily dosages from 80 to 320 mg. All patients concluded the trial, and no increase in side effects was noted during the once-daily period.", "contents": "Thrice-daily blood pressure readings on sotalol in the treatment of hypertension: once- versus twice-daily regimen. Thirty patients with mild to severe essential hypertension satisfactorily controlled by twice-daily sotalol therapy entered a double-blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of their usual twice-daily sotalol administration with the same dosage given once daily. Each double-blind period extended eight weeks, during which blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded by a nurse three times daily on alternate days during the last week of each period in the patients' usual living conditions. Plasma sotalol concentration was measured before the morning dosage of sotalol. No statistically significant differences in the parameters were found between once- and twice-daily sotalol administration using sotalol in daily dosages from 80 to 320 mg. All patients concluded the trial, and no increase in side effects was noted during the once-daily period.", "PMID": 489772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_121", "title": "Pharmacologic considerations in determining efficacy of once-daily sotalol administration to hypertensive patients.", "content": "The beta-adrenergic blocker sotalol, administered only once a day, proved an extremely effective and safe agent for the 24-hour control of essential hypertension, even in patients with a severe form of the disease. Significant (P less than 0.01) decreases from the baseline levels were noted in both supine and standing blood pressures as early as the first week after sotalol administration in the 15 patients who participated in the open study. All patients were titrated and controlled by six to eight weeks or sooner. By the conclusion of the 12-week study, mean supine systolic blood pressure in the 15 patients fell 21 per cent (from 176 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg), and mean supine diastolic blood pressure was down 23 per cent (from 115 mm Hg to 89 mm Hg). Standing values were similarly decreased by sotalol administration at a mean daily dose of 341 mg. Two of the patients also received concomitant 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide per day, and four received 40 mg furosemide per day. A comparison with the pretherapy placebo values indicates that all the declines were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Sotalol was very well tolerated, an no adverse reactions were reported during the entire study. There were also no significant changes in laboratory findings except for a drop in serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Pharmacologic considerations in determining efficacy of once-daily sotalol administration to hypertensive patients. The beta-adrenergic blocker sotalol, administered only once a day, proved an extremely effective and safe agent for the 24-hour control of essential hypertension, even in patients with a severe form of the disease. Significant (P less than 0.01) decreases from the baseline levels were noted in both supine and standing blood pressures as early as the first week after sotalol administration in the 15 patients who participated in the open study. All patients were titrated and controlled by six to eight weeks or sooner. By the conclusion of the 12-week study, mean supine systolic blood pressure in the 15 patients fell 21 per cent (from 176 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg), and mean supine diastolic blood pressure was down 23 per cent (from 115 mm Hg to 89 mm Hg). Standing values were similarly decreased by sotalol administration at a mean daily dose of 341 mg. Two of the patients also received concomitant 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide per day, and four received 40 mg furosemide per day. A comparison with the pretherapy placebo values indicates that all the declines were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Sotalol was very well tolerated, an no adverse reactions were reported during the entire study. There were also no significant changes in laboratory findings except for a drop in serum cholesterol.", "PMID": 489771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_122", "title": "Golgi and EM studies of the formation of dendritic and axonal arbors: the interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando in newborn kittens.", "content": "Golgi studies in newborn kittens show that the two most prevalent interneurons in Rexed's lamina II of the dorsal horn of the medulla, the stalked cell and islet cell (Gobel, '75a,b, '78b) form their dendritic arbors in a similar fashion. At birth, both cell types are present in forms ranging from immature, in which numerous short dendrites radiate from the cell body in all directions, to relatively mature in which their dendritic arbors have elongated in specific directions and the adult branching pattern is already evident. During postnatal maturation, many dendrites are lost while only a few go on to lengthen. The unmyelinated axons of both cells are first recognized in forms in which lengthening dendrites have taken on their preferred direction of orientation. The two parts of Rexed's lamina II, i.e., layers IIa and IIb have already reached their adult mediolateral width at birth and the neuropil has nearly achieved its adult compactness. Space in the compact neuropil for elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes becomes available through the disintegration of many existing dendrites and by an overall fourfold increase in the rostrocaudal length of the dorsal horn of the medulla during postnatal maturation. At birth, the lengthening of the plasma membranes of elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes proceeds as vesicles (addition vesicles) found in aggregates throughout dendrites, unmyelinated axons and astrocytic processes fuse with and become incorporated into the existing plasma membranes. In addition, many dendrites in layers IIa and IIb are beading up and disintegrating. Within the beads, neurotubules are lost and addition vesicles fuse with each other to form small cavities. These cavities continue to enlarge, hollowing out the beads. The cavities ultimately open to the intercellular space as their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane of the beads. Finally, the beads disintegrate and their plasma membranes fragment. The thread-like segments between adjacent disintegrating beads shrivel until they ultimately disappear. Disintegration of beaded dendrites results in very little debris and does not provoke a phagocytic glial reaction. The disintegration of a dendritic branch takes place in spite of synaptic input from non-primary axons and is thought to occur from a failure to establish synaptic connections with primary axonal endings.", "contents": "Golgi and EM studies of the formation of dendritic and axonal arbors: the interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando in newborn kittens. Golgi studies in newborn kittens show that the two most prevalent interneurons in Rexed's lamina II of the dorsal horn of the medulla, the stalked cell and islet cell (Gobel, '75a,b, '78b) form their dendritic arbors in a similar fashion. At birth, both cell types are present in forms ranging from immature, in which numerous short dendrites radiate from the cell body in all directions, to relatively mature in which their dendritic arbors have elongated in specific directions and the adult branching pattern is already evident. During postnatal maturation, many dendrites are lost while only a few go on to lengthen. The unmyelinated axons of both cells are first recognized in forms in which lengthening dendrites have taken on their preferred direction of orientation. The two parts of Rexed's lamina II, i.e., layers IIa and IIb have already reached their adult mediolateral width at birth and the neuropil has nearly achieved its adult compactness. Space in the compact neuropil for elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes becomes available through the disintegration of many existing dendrites and by an overall fourfold increase in the rostrocaudal length of the dorsal horn of the medulla during postnatal maturation. At birth, the lengthening of the plasma membranes of elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes proceeds as vesicles (addition vesicles) found in aggregates throughout dendrites, unmyelinated axons and astrocytic processes fuse with and become incorporated into the existing plasma membranes. In addition, many dendrites in layers IIa and IIb are beading up and disintegrating. Within the beads, neurotubules are lost and addition vesicles fuse with each other to form small cavities. These cavities continue to enlarge, hollowing out the beads. The cavities ultimately open to the intercellular space as their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane of the beads. Finally, the beads disintegrate and their plasma membranes fragment. The thread-like segments between adjacent disintegrating beads shrivel until they ultimately disappear. Disintegration of beaded dendrites results in very little debris and does not provoke a phagocytic glial reaction. The disintegration of a dendritic branch takes place in spite of synaptic input from non-primary axons and is thought to occur from a failure to establish synaptic connections with primary axonal endings.", "PMID": 489775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_123", "title": "Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.", "content": "Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a study has been made of projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) and related dopaminergic cell groups (A 10). In order to minimise the possibility of damage to fibres of passage, a technique was evolved for the microiontophoresis of HRP such that minimal current strengths and durations were applied. In addition to a sham injection, control injections were also made to the medial lemnisuc, red nucleus, deep tegmental decussations, mesencephalic reticular formation and brachium conjunctivum. Following HRP injections confined to the areas of the VTA containing the dopamine cell groups, labelled neurons appeared in prefrontal cortex, dorsal bank of rhinal sulcus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, diagonal band of Broca, substantis innominata, magnocellular preoptic area, medial and lateral preoptic areas, anterior, lateral and postero-dorsal hypothalamus, lateral habenular, nucleus parafascicular nucleus of thalamus, superior colliculus, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus raphe nagnus and pontis, dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus and deep cerebellar nuclei. Regions containing catecholamine groups A 1, A 5, A 6, A 7, A 9, A 13 and the serotonin group B 7 corresponded to the topography of labeled cell groups. Injections of HRP to the interfascicular nucleus resulted in labeling predominantly confined to the medial habenular and median raphe nuclei. The results are discussed in relation to the known connections of these regions. Other regions of the brain labelled by VTA injections are assessed in relation to control injections and the limitations of the HRP technique. A review of the organisation of some of these afferents in relation to the known cortical-subcortical-mesencephalic projection systems, suggests that the VTA is in a position to recieve information from a massively convergent system derived ultimately from the entire archi-, paleo-, and neo-cerebral cortices. In addition A 10 dopaminergic neurons are known to project to restricted regions of both pre-frontal and entorhinal cortices, which themselves also recieve massively convergent association cortico-cortical connections. It would appear reasonable to propose that these neurons perform a correspondingly important integrative function.", "contents": "Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a study has been made of projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) and related dopaminergic cell groups (A 10). In order to minimise the possibility of damage to fibres of passage, a technique was evolved for the microiontophoresis of HRP such that minimal current strengths and durations were applied. In addition to a sham injection, control injections were also made to the medial lemnisuc, red nucleus, deep tegmental decussations, mesencephalic reticular formation and brachium conjunctivum. Following HRP injections confined to the areas of the VTA containing the dopamine cell groups, labelled neurons appeared in prefrontal cortex, dorsal bank of rhinal sulcus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, diagonal band of Broca, substantis innominata, magnocellular preoptic area, medial and lateral preoptic areas, anterior, lateral and postero-dorsal hypothalamus, lateral habenular, nucleus parafascicular nucleus of thalamus, superior colliculus, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus raphe nagnus and pontis, dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus and deep cerebellar nuclei. Regions containing catecholamine groups A 1, A 5, A 6, A 7, A 9, A 13 and the serotonin group B 7 corresponded to the topography of labeled cell groups. Injections of HRP to the interfascicular nucleus resulted in labeling predominantly confined to the medial habenular and median raphe nuclei. The results are discussed in relation to the known connections of these regions. Other regions of the brain labelled by VTA injections are assessed in relation to control injections and the limitations of the HRP technique. A review of the organisation of some of these afferents in relation to the known cortical-subcortical-mesencephalic projection systems, suggests that the VTA is in a position to recieve information from a massively convergent system derived ultimately from the entire archi-, paleo-, and neo-cerebral cortices. In addition A 10 dopaminergic neurons are known to project to restricted regions of both pre-frontal and entorhinal cortices, which themselves also recieve massively convergent association cortico-cortical connections. It would appear reasonable to propose that these neurons perform a correspondingly important integrative function.", "PMID": 489776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_124", "title": "Terminal proliferation in the partially deafferented dentate gyrus: time courses for the appearance and removal of degeneration and the replacement of lost terminals.", "content": "The time courses for the appearance and removal of degenerating terminals and the loss and reappearance of intact terminals were investigated in the partially denervated inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Dense degeneration was evident in the neuropil within 26 hours following contralateral hippocampectomy. These profiles increased rapidly in number until the maximal degree was reached at two to three days postlesion, after which the degenerating terminals were quickly removed from the neuropil. A more rapid rate of removal occurred during the 3-to 5-day survival period than from 6 to 50 days postlesion. The intact terminal population dropped 35% within two days of the lesion and remained at this level until six to eight days postlesion when the number began to steadily increase. The time course for this reappearance can be divided into two phases: a period of rapid terminal addition from 6 to 15 days followed by a phase of slower acquisition. This recovery continued until the normal synaptic density was regained by 50 to 65 days postlesion. These results indicate that a substantial proportion of degenerating endings are removed well in advance of the time at which terminal proliferation begins, suggesting that certain changes other than merely the removal of competitive inputs must take place prior to growth of new terminals. Possible explanation suggested by the present results for the delay in the onset of sprouting include: (1) an absence of appropriate postsynaptic targets during the 2-to 5-day postlesion period and (2) inhibition of axonal growth by the glial cells which are phagocytizing the degenerating products. Beyond the sixth postlesion day the rate at which new terminals appear does correlate with the rate at which degeneration is removed. This suggests that once underway the time course for sprouting may be determined by the avaiabliity of postsynaptic sites.", "contents": "Terminal proliferation in the partially deafferented dentate gyrus: time courses for the appearance and removal of degeneration and the replacement of lost terminals. The time courses for the appearance and removal of degenerating terminals and the loss and reappearance of intact terminals were investigated in the partially denervated inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Dense degeneration was evident in the neuropil within 26 hours following contralateral hippocampectomy. These profiles increased rapidly in number until the maximal degree was reached at two to three days postlesion, after which the degenerating terminals were quickly removed from the neuropil. A more rapid rate of removal occurred during the 3-to 5-day survival period than from 6 to 50 days postlesion. The intact terminal population dropped 35% within two days of the lesion and remained at this level until six to eight days postlesion when the number began to steadily increase. The time course for this reappearance can be divided into two phases: a period of rapid terminal addition from 6 to 15 days followed by a phase of slower acquisition. This recovery continued until the normal synaptic density was regained by 50 to 65 days postlesion. These results indicate that a substantial proportion of degenerating endings are removed well in advance of the time at which terminal proliferation begins, suggesting that certain changes other than merely the removal of competitive inputs must take place prior to growth of new terminals. Possible explanation suggested by the present results for the delay in the onset of sprouting include: (1) an absence of appropriate postsynaptic targets during the 2-to 5-day postlesion period and (2) inhibition of axonal growth by the glial cells which are phagocytizing the degenerating products. Beyond the sixth postlesion day the rate at which new terminals appear does correlate with the rate at which degeneration is removed. This suggests that once underway the time course for sprouting may be determined by the avaiabliity of postsynaptic sites.", "PMID": 489777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_125", "title": "Determinants of cell shape and orientation: a comparative Golgi analysis of cell-axon interrelationships in the developing neocortex of normal and reeler mice.", "content": "Patterns of dendritic development in the neocortex of normal and reeler E15-17 mouse embryos are studied in Golgi impregnations. Interactions between dendrites and axon-rich strata appear to be critical determinants of dendritic morphology in both genotypes. Firstly, axon-dendrite proximity appears to stimulate dendritic sprouting, elongation and branching. Secondly, the position of the axon-rich strata with respect to the differentiating cell appears to determine the direction of dendritic growth and thereby the ultimate configuration of the dendritic arbor. With regard to specific cell configurations, a multipolar form is generated when the cell is embedded in an axon-rich zone. A monopolar or bipolar configuration is achieved when the cell lies in the axon-poor cortical plate and addresses and axon-rich stratum with one or both radially extended migratory processes. Such variations in the configuration of neurons with polar dendritic systems may be observed uniquely in the mutant cortex because axon-rich zones are stratified anomalously at multiple levels in the cortical plate. As a consequence, polar dendritic systems develop from either the superior, the inferior or both somatic poles of postmigratory cells. Pyramidal cells may, therefore, develop a normal upright or an abnormal \"upside-down\" disposition. Regardless of the orientation of the polar dendritic system, the axon emerges from the inferior aspect of the cell suggesting that there has been no rotation of the original migratory axis of the cell.", "contents": "Determinants of cell shape and orientation: a comparative Golgi analysis of cell-axon interrelationships in the developing neocortex of normal and reeler mice. Patterns of dendritic development in the neocortex of normal and reeler E15-17 mouse embryos are studied in Golgi impregnations. Interactions between dendrites and axon-rich strata appear to be critical determinants of dendritic morphology in both genotypes. Firstly, axon-dendrite proximity appears to stimulate dendritic sprouting, elongation and branching. Secondly, the position of the axon-rich strata with respect to the differentiating cell appears to determine the direction of dendritic growth and thereby the ultimate configuration of the dendritic arbor. With regard to specific cell configurations, a multipolar form is generated when the cell is embedded in an axon-rich zone. A monopolar or bipolar configuration is achieved when the cell lies in the axon-poor cortical plate and addresses and axon-rich stratum with one or both radially extended migratory processes. Such variations in the configuration of neurons with polar dendritic systems may be observed uniquely in the mutant cortex because axon-rich zones are stratified anomalously at multiple levels in the cortical plate. As a consequence, polar dendritic systems develop from either the superior, the inferior or both somatic poles of postmigratory cells. Pyramidal cells may, therefore, develop a normal upright or an abnormal \"upside-down\" disposition. Regardless of the orientation of the polar dendritic system, the axon emerges from the inferior aspect of the cell suggesting that there has been no rotation of the original migratory axis of the cell.", "PMID": 489778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_126", "title": "The cytoarchitecture of the interfascicular nucleus and ventral tegmental area of Tsai in the rat.", "content": "The cytoarchitecture of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) has been studied in detail in the rat with the acid of both conventional techniques and glyoxylic acid-fluorescence histochemistry. Three main dopamine containing cells groups can be distinguished: nucleus paranigralis, nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, nucleus linearis raphe caudalis. Nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus lies dorsally, and nucleus paranigaralis ventrally in the VTA, while nucleus linearis continues posteriorly and medially from VTA and extends dorsally in the midline up towards the dorsal raphe nucleus. Fluorescent neurons in these three groups correspond to the A10 group. In addition to these previously described findings, the present study shows evidence for further small but cytoarchitecturally distinct dopaminergic group called the interfascicular necleus. This lies anteriorly and ventrally in the ventral tegmentum in the midline, dorsal to the rostral portion of the interpeduncular nucleus and interpeduncular fossa. The significance of these cytoarchitectural findings is discussed in relation to the known connections of the region.", "contents": "The cytoarchitecture of the interfascicular nucleus and ventral tegmental area of Tsai in the rat. The cytoarchitecture of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) has been studied in detail in the rat with the acid of both conventional techniques and glyoxylic acid-fluorescence histochemistry. Three main dopamine containing cells groups can be distinguished: nucleus paranigralis, nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, nucleus linearis raphe caudalis. Nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus lies dorsally, and nucleus paranigaralis ventrally in the VTA, while nucleus linearis continues posteriorly and medially from VTA and extends dorsally in the midline up towards the dorsal raphe nucleus. Fluorescent neurons in these three groups correspond to the A10 group. In addition to these previously described findings, the present study shows evidence for further small but cytoarchitecturally distinct dopaminergic group called the interfascicular necleus. This lies anteriorly and ventrally in the ventral tegmentum in the midline, dorsal to the rostral portion of the interpeduncular nucleus and interpeduncular fossa. The significance of these cytoarchitectural findings is discussed in relation to the known connections of the region.", "PMID": 489779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_127", "title": "A Golgi study of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus in the rat.", "content": "The ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) and interfascicular nucleus of the adult rat brain has been studied with two variants of the Golgi method in three planes of section. Neurons were studied in relation to the cytoarchitectural groupings of the VTA. Dendritic organisation and dendritic fields were mapped out for each cytoarchitectural subgroup and cell types within each subgroup were classified on the basis of cell size and dendritic morphology. In each subnucleus of VTA, neurons had distinct characteristics. In nucleus paranigralis neurons were small to medium in size and their dendritic fields organised in an approximately horizontal plane orientated in an anteromedial direction and slanting dorsally over the interpeduncular nucleus and fossa. Neurons of the parabrachial group were small to medium sized with no preferential orientation. In nucleus linearis raphe caudalis small neurons were strongly orientated in the plane of the nucleus in a dorso-ventral direction slanting forwards. Neurons in the interfascicular group were small to very small and their maximum dendritic extents were seen in the horizontal plane. In frontal section they formed a compact ball of cells in the midline and were separated on either side from the larger neurons in the medial edge of nucleus paranigralis. In general VTA neurons tended to fall into one of two morphological categories. Type 1 were small to medium, and had two to four primary dendrites which divided into varicose secondary dendrites. Type 2 were medium sized, with two to five primary dendrites. Both primary and secondary dendrites and the cell soma of Type 2 neurons were moderately spiny. Secondary dendrites were not varicose. Forms also occurred which were intermediate between Types 1 and 2. In the nucleus paranigralis, Type 1 was more common medially, while Type 2 was more common laterally, particularly in the ventrolateral paranigral region. Only neurons of Type 1 were seen in nucleus linearis raphe and interfascicular nuclei. Local axon circuits were observed to arise from the primary dendrites of Type 1 neurons and to ramify close to neighbouring neurons. Axon swellings from such circuits were observed to make apparent contact with primary dendrites of nearby neurons and clusters of axon swellings were observed near cell somas of neighbouring impregnated neurons of similar type. The results are discussed and particular attention is paid to the similarities and differences between VTA and the substantia nigra pars compacts (SNC). The major difference appears to be that, whereas in SNC dendrites are organised in vertical as well as horizontal planes, in the VTA no long ventrally directed dendrites were observed. Combining these results with known cytoarchitecture and connections of VTA and SNC, it appears that fundamental differences occur between VTA and some neurons of the SNC, both in the nature of their morphology and intrinsic organisation, and in the organisation of their efferent and afferent connections.", "contents": "A Golgi study of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus in the rat. The ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) and interfascicular nucleus of the adult rat brain has been studied with two variants of the Golgi method in three planes of section. Neurons were studied in relation to the cytoarchitectural groupings of the VTA. Dendritic organisation and dendritic fields were mapped out for each cytoarchitectural subgroup and cell types within each subgroup were classified on the basis of cell size and dendritic morphology. In each subnucleus of VTA, neurons had distinct characteristics. In nucleus paranigralis neurons were small to medium in size and their dendritic fields organised in an approximately horizontal plane orientated in an anteromedial direction and slanting dorsally over the interpeduncular nucleus and fossa. Neurons of the parabrachial group were small to medium sized with no preferential orientation. In nucleus linearis raphe caudalis small neurons were strongly orientated in the plane of the nucleus in a dorso-ventral direction slanting forwards. Neurons in the interfascicular group were small to very small and their maximum dendritic extents were seen in the horizontal plane. In frontal section they formed a compact ball of cells in the midline and were separated on either side from the larger neurons in the medial edge of nucleus paranigralis. In general VTA neurons tended to fall into one of two morphological categories. Type 1 were small to medium, and had two to four primary dendrites which divided into varicose secondary dendrites. Type 2 were medium sized, with two to five primary dendrites. Both primary and secondary dendrites and the cell soma of Type 2 neurons were moderately spiny. Secondary dendrites were not varicose. Forms also occurred which were intermediate between Types 1 and 2. In the nucleus paranigralis, Type 1 was more common medially, while Type 2 was more common laterally, particularly in the ventrolateral paranigral region. Only neurons of Type 1 were seen in nucleus linearis raphe and interfascicular nuclei. Local axon circuits were observed to arise from the primary dendrites of Type 1 neurons and to ramify close to neighbouring neurons. Axon swellings from such circuits were observed to make apparent contact with primary dendrites of nearby neurons and clusters of axon swellings were observed near cell somas of neighbouring impregnated neurons of similar type. The results are discussed and particular attention is paid to the similarities and differences between VTA and the substantia nigra pars compacts (SNC). The major difference appears to be that, whereas in SNC dendrites are organised in vertical as well as horizontal planes, in the VTA no long ventrally directed dendrites were observed. Combining these results with known cytoarchitecture and connections of VTA and SNC, it appears that fundamental differences occur between VTA and some neurons of the SNC, both in the nature of their morphology and intrinsic organisation, and in the organisation of their efferent and afferent connections.", "PMID": 489780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_128", "title": "The decussation of the retinothalamic pathway in the cat, with a note on the major meridians of the cat's eye.", "content": "We have studied the naso-temporal division of the retinothalamic pathway of the cat by making large unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate nucleus. In confirmation of previous work, our retinal whole-mounts show a distinct vertical decussation line separating the contralaterally projecting nasal retina from the ipsilaterally projecting temporal retina. The ipsilateral decussation line is quite sharp, while the contralateral decussation is somewhat more diffuse, with numbers of large cells extending a few degrees into the temporal retina. However, in contrast to the results of optic tract section, our material (demonstrating the thalamic component only) does not reveal any significant population of contralaterally projecting small cells across most of the temporal retina. The previous observation of approximately 200 micrometer of naso-temporal overlap in the area centralis is confirmed here, and evidence is presented that this overlap may increase at eccentricities above the horizontal meridian. Taken together with previously published data, this demonstration of the vertical decussation line has allowed us to estimate the relative inclinations of the major meridians of the cat's eye.", "contents": "The decussation of the retinothalamic pathway in the cat, with a note on the major meridians of the cat's eye. We have studied the naso-temporal division of the retinothalamic pathway of the cat by making large unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate nucleus. In confirmation of previous work, our retinal whole-mounts show a distinct vertical decussation line separating the contralaterally projecting nasal retina from the ipsilaterally projecting temporal retina. The ipsilateral decussation line is quite sharp, while the contralateral decussation is somewhat more diffuse, with numbers of large cells extending a few degrees into the temporal retina. However, in contrast to the results of optic tract section, our material (demonstrating the thalamic component only) does not reveal any significant population of contralaterally projecting small cells across most of the temporal retina. The previous observation of approximately 200 micrometer of naso-temporal overlap in the area centralis is confirmed here, and evidence is presented that this overlap may increase at eccentricities above the horizontal meridian. Taken together with previously published data, this demonstration of the vertical decussation line has allowed us to estimate the relative inclinations of the major meridians of the cat's eye.", "PMID": 489781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_129", "title": "The retinothalamic pathways in Siamese cats.", "content": "By injecting one lateral geniculate nucleus with large amounts of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have determined the retinal distributions of contra- and ipsilaterally projecting retinothalamic ganglion cells in the Siamese cat. In accord with the data of others, we observe that large numbers of temporal ganglion cells, which normally send axons ipsilaterally, instead misproject to the contralateral thalamus. However, in contrast to the expectations raised by previous work, we do not find the Siamese defect to be a simple 20 degrees shift of the naso-temporal decussation line. Rather, there is intermingling of the crossed and uncrossed retinothalamic populations in the temporal retina, with a gradual increase in the proportion of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells as one moves temporally. Thus, the Siamese abnormality represents not only a temporal displacement of the retinothalamic decussation line, but also a smearing of the normally rather sharp division between regions of ipsilateral and contralateral projection. Cell size measurements and anterograde transport of H3-proline confirm the HRP findings and suggest differential effects of the Siamese abnormality according to ganglion cell class. In particular, it appears that the large ganglion cells to misproject to a greater degree than the rest of the retinothalamic population.", "contents": "The retinothalamic pathways in Siamese cats. By injecting one lateral geniculate nucleus with large amounts of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have determined the retinal distributions of contra- and ipsilaterally projecting retinothalamic ganglion cells in the Siamese cat. In accord with the data of others, we observe that large numbers of temporal ganglion cells, which normally send axons ipsilaterally, instead misproject to the contralateral thalamus. However, in contrast to the expectations raised by previous work, we do not find the Siamese defect to be a simple 20 degrees shift of the naso-temporal decussation line. Rather, there is intermingling of the crossed and uncrossed retinothalamic populations in the temporal retina, with a gradual increase in the proportion of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells as one moves temporally. Thus, the Siamese abnormality represents not only a temporal displacement of the retinothalamic decussation line, but also a smearing of the normally rather sharp division between regions of ipsilateral and contralateral projection. Cell size measurements and anterograde transport of H3-proline confirm the HRP findings and suggest differential effects of the Siamese abnormality according to ganglion cell class. In particular, it appears that the large ganglion cells to misproject to a greater degree than the rest of the retinothalamic population.", "PMID": 489782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_130", "title": "A cerebello-pulvino-cortical and a retino-pulvino-cortical pathways in the cat as revealed by the use of the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "A cerebello-pulvino-cortical and a retino-pulvino-cortical pathways were revealed in the cat by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. The sites of termination of the cerebellofugal and retinofugal fibers in the pulvinar nucleus (Pul) were visualized by the use of the anterograde transport of HRP. The cerebello-pulvinar fibers were found to arise mainly from the parvicellular region of the lateral cerebellar nucleus and to terminate contralaterally in a narrow area at the extreme dorsolateral edge of the Pul at the level of the stereotaxic frontal plane A-7.0. The area of terminal ramification of retino-pulvinar fibers was seen as a thin sheet lying at the extreme lateral edge of the Pul through most of the rostrocaudal extent of the Pul, bilaterally with contralateral predominance. The cerebellorecipient area in the Pul did not seem to overlap with the retinorecipient Pul area; the former appeared to be contiguous ventrolaterally to the latter. The cerebellorecipient and retinorecipient Pul areas were also observed to be connected reciprocally with the cerebral cortical areas; the former was connected with the most posterior part of the area 20, and the latter with the area 19.", "contents": "A cerebello-pulvino-cortical and a retino-pulvino-cortical pathways in the cat as revealed by the use of the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. A cerebello-pulvino-cortical and a retino-pulvino-cortical pathways were revealed in the cat by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. The sites of termination of the cerebellofugal and retinofugal fibers in the pulvinar nucleus (Pul) were visualized by the use of the anterograde transport of HRP. The cerebello-pulvinar fibers were found to arise mainly from the parvicellular region of the lateral cerebellar nucleus and to terminate contralaterally in a narrow area at the extreme dorsolateral edge of the Pul at the level of the stereotaxic frontal plane A-7.0. The area of terminal ramification of retino-pulvinar fibers was seen as a thin sheet lying at the extreme lateral edge of the Pul through most of the rostrocaudal extent of the Pul, bilaterally with contralateral predominance. The cerebellorecipient area in the Pul did not seem to overlap with the retinorecipient Pul area; the former appeared to be contiguous ventrolaterally to the latter. The cerebellorecipient and retinorecipient Pul areas were also observed to be connected reciprocally with the cerebral cortical areas; the former was connected with the most posterior part of the area 20, and the latter with the area 19.", "PMID": 489783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_131", "title": "Development of synaptic arrays in the inner plexiform layer of neonatal mouse retina.", "content": "Retinas from mice of the C57BL/6 strain were sampled at frequent intervals from birth to postnatal day 33 to determine the numerical density of conventional and ribbon synapses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) as a function of time. Synaptic arrays of the IPL were formed in three phases. During Phase I, from day 3 to day 10, conventional synapses were produced at a mean rate of 0.44 synapses/1,000 micrometer3/hour, but no ribbons were seen. During Phase II, from day 11 to day 15, ribbons formed at a rate of 0.38 ribbons/1,000 micrometer3/hour and conventional synapses were produced at a rate of 1.15 synapses/1,000 micrometer3/hour. Phase III began at day 15, the approximate time of eye opening in these animals, and was characterized by a sharp reduction in the rate of production of both ribbons and conventional synapses. During this phase ribbons achieved a final mean density of 113 ribbons/1,000 micrometer3 and conventionals achieved a final mean density of 250 synapses/1,000 micrometer3. Serial appeared in Phase II but remained at low densities.", "contents": "Development of synaptic arrays in the inner plexiform layer of neonatal mouse retina. Retinas from mice of the C57BL/6 strain were sampled at frequent intervals from birth to postnatal day 33 to determine the numerical density of conventional and ribbon synapses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) as a function of time. Synaptic arrays of the IPL were formed in three phases. During Phase I, from day 3 to day 10, conventional synapses were produced at a mean rate of 0.44 synapses/1,000 micrometer3/hour, but no ribbons were seen. During Phase II, from day 11 to day 15, ribbons formed at a rate of 0.38 ribbons/1,000 micrometer3/hour and conventional synapses were produced at a rate of 1.15 synapses/1,000 micrometer3/hour. Phase III began at day 15, the approximate time of eye opening in these animals, and was characterized by a sharp reduction in the rate of production of both ribbons and conventional synapses. During this phase ribbons achieved a final mean density of 113 ribbons/1,000 micrometer3 and conventionals achieved a final mean density of 250 synapses/1,000 micrometer3. Serial appeared in Phase II but remained at low densities.", "PMID": 489784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_132", "title": "Spinal projections from the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation in the North American Opossum: a study using axonal transport techniques.", "content": "The results from several experimental approaches lead to the following conclusions. The nucleus cuneiformis projects to at least lumbar levels of the spinal cord. Its axons course through the ipsilateral sulcomarginal and ventral funiculi to distribute within lamina VIII and adjacent portions of lamina VII. Neurons within the nucleus reticularis pontis (RP), particularly within more medial parts of the nucleus, project through comparable routes to the same laminae. In addition, however, neurons within the lateral and dorsolateral RP relay through the lateral and dorsolateral funiculi, ipsilaterally, and the dorsolateral funiculus, contralaterally. Axons could be traced from the dorsolateral tracts to laminae IV through VII, lamina X and, in some instances, to laminae I and II. Injections of the dorsolateral pons also label the intermediolateral cell column and an area presumed to be the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Many of the neurons which contribute to the contralateral bundle are located adjacent to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis projects mainly via the sulcomarginal, ventral and lateral funiculi to laminae VIII and adjacent portions of lamina VII. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis innervates the same laminae; but, in addition, projects heavily to laminae I and II, to lateral portions of laminae IV through VII; to laminae IX and X and to the intermediolateral cell column. Axons destined for laminae I and II, as well as IV through VII and X, traverse the dorsolateral funiculi as described for the cat by Basbaum et al. ('78). Neurons within the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis project to cervical levels, mainly through the ventral funiculi. In general our results show that reticulospinal projections are more complex than suggested by degeneration methods and that laminae I, II. lateral parts of laminae IV-VII, laminae IX and X, as well as the intermediolateral cell column and sacral parasympathetic nucleus are targets of axons from specific areas.", "contents": "Spinal projections from the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation in the North American Opossum: a study using axonal transport techniques. The results from several experimental approaches lead to the following conclusions. The nucleus cuneiformis projects to at least lumbar levels of the spinal cord. Its axons course through the ipsilateral sulcomarginal and ventral funiculi to distribute within lamina VIII and adjacent portions of lamina VII. Neurons within the nucleus reticularis pontis (RP), particularly within more medial parts of the nucleus, project through comparable routes to the same laminae. In addition, however, neurons within the lateral and dorsolateral RP relay through the lateral and dorsolateral funiculi, ipsilaterally, and the dorsolateral funiculus, contralaterally. Axons could be traced from the dorsolateral tracts to laminae IV through VII, lamina X and, in some instances, to laminae I and II. Injections of the dorsolateral pons also label the intermediolateral cell column and an area presumed to be the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Many of the neurons which contribute to the contralateral bundle are located adjacent to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis projects mainly via the sulcomarginal, ventral and lateral funiculi to laminae VIII and adjacent portions of lamina VII. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis innervates the same laminae; but, in addition, projects heavily to laminae I and II, to lateral portions of laminae IV through VII; to laminae IX and X and to the intermediolateral cell column. Axons destined for laminae I and II, as well as IV through VII and X, traverse the dorsolateral funiculi as described for the cat by Basbaum et al. ('78). Neurons within the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis project to cervical levels, mainly through the ventral funiculi. In general our results show that reticulospinal projections are more complex than suggested by degeneration methods and that laminae I, II. lateral parts of laminae IV-VII, laminae IX and X, as well as the intermediolateral cell column and sacral parasympathetic nucleus are targets of axons from specific areas.", "PMID": 489785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_133", "title": "Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat. I. Projections from the thalamus.", "content": "By the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the projections from the thalamus to the amygdala were investigated in the rat and cat, with main emphasis on the former species. HRP was injected stereotactically by microiontophoresis in the various amygdaloid nuclei. Several control procedures including the use of different approaches for the introduction of the micropipette were undertaken to eliminate the possibility of misinterpretation due to uptake of the protein by adjacent structures or fibers en passant. The paraventricular and paratenial nuclei of the thalamus were found to project throughout the entire amygdaloid complex. The medial geniculate complex and the basal nucleus of the ventromedial complex (the thalamic taste relay) mainly project to the centromedial part of the amygdala. The basolateral nucleus is the main recipient of a hitherto undescribed bilateral thalamo-amygdaloid pathway originating in the interanteromedial nucleus. The parafasciculare nucleus projects to the central nucleus of the amygdala; in the cat mainly to the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus. The findings are discussed in relation to previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies centered on the amygdaloid complex. Special reference is made to the possible role of the thalamo-amygdaloid connections in the conveyance of sensory information to the amygdala.", "contents": "Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat. I. Projections from the thalamus. By the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the projections from the thalamus to the amygdala were investigated in the rat and cat, with main emphasis on the former species. HRP was injected stereotactically by microiontophoresis in the various amygdaloid nuclei. Several control procedures including the use of different approaches for the introduction of the micropipette were undertaken to eliminate the possibility of misinterpretation due to uptake of the protein by adjacent structures or fibers en passant. The paraventricular and paratenial nuclei of the thalamus were found to project throughout the entire amygdaloid complex. The medial geniculate complex and the basal nucleus of the ventromedial complex (the thalamic taste relay) mainly project to the centromedial part of the amygdala. The basolateral nucleus is the main recipient of a hitherto undescribed bilateral thalamo-amygdaloid pathway originating in the interanteromedial nucleus. The parafasciculare nucleus projects to the central nucleus of the amygdala; in the cat mainly to the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus. The findings are discussed in relation to previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies centered on the amygdaloid complex. Special reference is made to the possible role of the thalamo-amygdaloid connections in the conveyance of sensory information to the amygdala.", "PMID": 489786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_134", "title": "Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. IV. Evidence that a functional neuromuscular interaction is involved in the regulation of naturally occurring cell death and the stabilization of synapses.", "content": "Embryos immobilized with neuromuscular blocking agents for differing periods between 4.5 and 9 days of incubation had an increased number of motoneurons in the brachial and lumbar lateral motor columns. Treatment with alpha-cobratoxin (alpha-CTX) on days 4--9, for instance, was able to prevent virtually all natural cell death during this period; control embryos had an average of 22,500 lumbar motoneurons on day 5.5, and 13,500 on day 10, whereas treated embryos had approximately 21,000 cells on day 10. Curare, alpha-CTX, alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) and botulinum toxin were all about equally effective in preventing cell death. Similar treatment begun after day 12, however, had no effect on cell number. If even a partial immobilization was continued after day 10 (in embryos totally immobilized earlier) most of the excess neurons were maintained, in some cases right up to hatching, at which time the embryos died due to respiratory failure. In contrast, when administration of the immobilizing agents was stopped, allowing the embryos' motility to return to control levels, the excess neurons underwent a delayed cell death and total cell number fell to below control levels by days 16--18. Limb muscles from embryos with excess motoneurons exhibited relatively normal differentiation and had acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stained endplates which were innervated. Following curare treatment the two wing muscles, anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi, were found to have an increased number of AChE-stained endplates, whereas the only leg muscle examined quantitatively--the ischioflexorius (IFL)--did not; the IFL, did, however, have a markedly reduced variance in endplate distance, as well as other apparent differences suggesting an altered pattern of innervation. Our findings imply that the number of motoneurons undergoing natural cell death is closely related to muscle activity. Thus, functional interactions at the developing neuromuscular junction seem to be critical in controlling cell death. If a retrograde trophic factor is involved its action is somehow related to muscle activity.", "contents": "Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. IV. Evidence that a functional neuromuscular interaction is involved in the regulation of naturally occurring cell death and the stabilization of synapses. Embryos immobilized with neuromuscular blocking agents for differing periods between 4.5 and 9 days of incubation had an increased number of motoneurons in the brachial and lumbar lateral motor columns. Treatment with alpha-cobratoxin (alpha-CTX) on days 4--9, for instance, was able to prevent virtually all natural cell death during this period; control embryos had an average of 22,500 lumbar motoneurons on day 5.5, and 13,500 on day 10, whereas treated embryos had approximately 21,000 cells on day 10. Curare, alpha-CTX, alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) and botulinum toxin were all about equally effective in preventing cell death. Similar treatment begun after day 12, however, had no effect on cell number. If even a partial immobilization was continued after day 10 (in embryos totally immobilized earlier) most of the excess neurons were maintained, in some cases right up to hatching, at which time the embryos died due to respiratory failure. In contrast, when administration of the immobilizing agents was stopped, allowing the embryos' motility to return to control levels, the excess neurons underwent a delayed cell death and total cell number fell to below control levels by days 16--18. Limb muscles from embryos with excess motoneurons exhibited relatively normal differentiation and had acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stained endplates which were innervated. Following curare treatment the two wing muscles, anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi, were found to have an increased number of AChE-stained endplates, whereas the only leg muscle examined quantitatively--the ischioflexorius (IFL)--did not; the IFL, did, however, have a markedly reduced variance in endplate distance, as well as other apparent differences suggesting an altered pattern of innervation. Our findings imply that the number of motoneurons undergoing natural cell death is closely related to muscle activity. Thus, functional interactions at the developing neuromuscular junction seem to be critical in controlling cell death. If a retrograde trophic factor is involved its action is somehow related to muscle activity.", "PMID": 489787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_135", "title": "Quantitative electron microscopic evidence for reinnervation in the adult rat interpeduncular nucleus after lesions of the fasciculus retroflexus.", "content": "The method of electron dense degeneration has been used to make a quantitative study of the projection from the habenula through the fasciculus retroflexus (FR) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the rat. The IPN si a midline structure onto which the right and left fasciculi converge. In the rostral part of the IPN the fascicular axons from each side form synapses throughout the mediolateral extent of the ventral two-thirs of the nucleus. In the caudal part of the IPN the fascicular axons from each side terminate to an equal extent in two discrete, parasagittal zones, situated one on side in the mid-mediolateral extent of the IPN. These zones contain clusters of neurons located along the course of a characteristic row of arterioles and venules penetrating the IPN from its ventral surface. In both rostral and caudal parts of the IPN the fascicular axons form single synaptic contaerpeduncular neurons, but caudally, in the two parasagittal zones they also form crest synapses. Crest synapses are only found in this part of the IPN. In crest synapses two presynaptic terminals form markedly asymmetrical contacts with the parallel opposing sides of an attenuated dendritic appendage (the crest).  After unilateral fascicular lesions only one member of a pair of axon terminals contacting a crest degenerates. After bilateral fascicular lesions, however, there are many instances in which both members of a crest pair degenerate. This indicates that the axon terminals from the right and left fasciculi are segregated at the level of the crests, in such a way that one terminal comes from the right fasciculus and one from the left. At longer survivals after unilateral or bilateral fasciculus lesions the degeneration is completely removed, but crest synapses are still present, indicating that the presence of fascicular axons is not necessary for the maintenan ce of crests in the IPN. To investigate the effects of chronic deafferentation, the left fasciculus was destroyed and, after a survival of at least six weeks (sufficient for all degeneration to be removed) the right fasciculus was destroyed one day before killing. Under these conditions there are many crests in which both axon terminals  show degeneration. The proportion of such doubly degenerating crest synapses is similar to that found after acute (1 day) bilateral lesions, indicating that axons from the right fasciculus have reinnervated sites formerly occupied by the left fasciculus. We conclude that during normal development there is some constraint which prevents both sides of a crest being innervated by axons from the fasciculus of the same side of the brain, but that this constraint is not effective after unilateral fascicular lesions in the adult.", "contents": "Quantitative electron microscopic evidence for reinnervation in the adult rat interpeduncular nucleus after lesions of the fasciculus retroflexus. The method of electron dense degeneration has been used to make a quantitative study of the projection from the habenula through the fasciculus retroflexus (FR) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the rat. The IPN si a midline structure onto which the right and left fasciculi converge. In the rostral part of the IPN the fascicular axons from each side form synapses throughout the mediolateral extent of the ventral two-thirs of the nucleus. In the caudal part of the IPN the fascicular axons from each side terminate to an equal extent in two discrete, parasagittal zones, situated one on side in the mid-mediolateral extent of the IPN. These zones contain clusters of neurons located along the course of a characteristic row of arterioles and venules penetrating the IPN from its ventral surface. In both rostral and caudal parts of the IPN the fascicular axons form single synaptic contaerpeduncular neurons, but caudally, in the two parasagittal zones they also form crest synapses. Crest synapses are only found in this part of the IPN. In crest synapses two presynaptic terminals form markedly asymmetrical contacts with the parallel opposing sides of an attenuated dendritic appendage (the crest).  After unilateral fascicular lesions only one member of a pair of axon terminals contacting a crest degenerates. After bilateral fascicular lesions, however, there are many instances in which both members of a crest pair degenerate. This indicates that the axon terminals from the right and left fasciculi are segregated at the level of the crests, in such a way that one terminal comes from the right fasciculus and one from the left. At longer survivals after unilateral or bilateral fasciculus lesions the degeneration is completely removed, but crest synapses are still present, indicating that the presence of fascicular axons is not necessary for the maintenan ce of crests in the IPN. To investigate the effects of chronic deafferentation, the left fasciculus was destroyed and, after a survival of at least six weeks (sufficient for all degeneration to be removed) the right fasciculus was destroyed one day before killing. Under these conditions there are many crests in which both axon terminals  show degeneration. The proportion of such doubly degenerating crest synapses is similar to that found after acute (1 day) bilateral lesions, indicating that axons from the right fasciculus have reinnervated sites formerly occupied by the left fasciculus. We conclude that during normal development there is some constraint which prevents both sides of a crest being innervated by axons from the fasciculus of the same side of the brain, but that this constraint is not effective after unilateral fascicular lesions in the adult.", "PMID": 489788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_136", "title": "Differentiation of photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the embryonic mouse retina: an electron microscopic, serial section analysis.", "content": "The early differentiation of photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the mouse retina has been studied with serial thin sections and reconstructions in embryos on the fifteenth and seventeenth days of gestation (E15 and E17). The following developmental sequences have been inferred. At E15 photoreceptors develop from ventricular cells when a long vitreal process fails to develop following mitosis, and the end of the ventricular process forms a bulbous enlargement (the future inner segment) which contains a pair of centrioles and a cilium and extends into the optic ventricle. This future inner segment is considerably larger at E17, but otherwise the photoreceptors resemble those seen at E15. At E15 horizontal cells develop from ventricular cells when a long vitreal process fails to develop following mitosis, and the end of the ventricular process detaches from the junctional complex at the ventricular surface. By E17 future horizontal cells are located in the middle of the ventricular layer (neuroblastic layer) and have developed from bipolar shaped cells into cells with multiple branching processes, predominantly radially arranged but rarely with a more tangential orientation. These relatively advanced cells at E17 resemble closely the earliest stage of horizontal cell formation described previously in silver studies by Cajal. A scheme is proposed which explains the initial differentiation of several of the major cell types in the retina in terms of two key features: whether or not the call remains attached to the junctional complex and whether or not a vitreal process grows into the ganglion cell layer. By independent variations in these two features, four classes of cells are produced that, by virtue of their differing environments, differentiate into four cell types: ganglion (and amacrine) cells, horizontal cells, photoreceptors, and M\u00fcller cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the embryonic mouse retina: an electron microscopic, serial section analysis. The early differentiation of photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the mouse retina has been studied with serial thin sections and reconstructions in embryos on the fifteenth and seventeenth days of gestation (E15 and E17). The following developmental sequences have been inferred. At E15 photoreceptors develop from ventricular cells when a long vitreal process fails to develop following mitosis, and the end of the ventricular process forms a bulbous enlargement (the future inner segment) which contains a pair of centrioles and a cilium and extends into the optic ventricle. This future inner segment is considerably larger at E17, but otherwise the photoreceptors resemble those seen at E15. At E15 horizontal cells develop from ventricular cells when a long vitreal process fails to develop following mitosis, and the end of the ventricular process detaches from the junctional complex at the ventricular surface. By E17 future horizontal cells are located in the middle of the ventricular layer (neuroblastic layer) and have developed from bipolar shaped cells into cells with multiple branching processes, predominantly radially arranged but rarely with a more tangential orientation. These relatively advanced cells at E17 resemble closely the earliest stage of horizontal cell formation described previously in silver studies by Cajal. A scheme is proposed which explains the initial differentiation of several of the major cell types in the retina in terms of two key features: whether or not the call remains attached to the junctional complex and whether or not a vitreal process grows into the ganglion cell layer. By independent variations in these two features, four classes of cells are produced that, by virtue of their differing environments, differentiate into four cell types: ganglion (and amacrine) cells, horizontal cells, photoreceptors, and M\u00fcller cells.", "PMID": 489789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_137", "title": "The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation.", "content": "There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.", "contents": "The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation. There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.", "PMID": 489790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_138", "title": "Interneuron circuits in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monocularly deprived cats.", "content": "This work investigated the function of interneurons and other types of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in cats raised to adulthood with one eye sutured closed. In order to understand the basis of the commonly found deficit of Y-type relay cells in the deprived layers of the LGN, we looked for reduced or defective activity in other cells which also receive an afferent projection from Y-type ganglion cells in the visually deprived retina. Monocular deprivation did not produce a deficit in the activity of a class of interneurons which receive direct optic inputs from the same ganglion cells in the deprived eye that also drive the Y-type relay cells. Likewise, the Y-type afferent input from the deprived eye to XY-type relay cells was normal. The XY-type cells have mixed or hybrid receptive field properties and both X and Y excitatory inputs; although the Y-inputs to these cells are often much weaker than the X-inputs. The normal properties of Y-type interneurons and XY-type relay cells in the deprived LGN suggest that neither a retinal dysfunction nor an inherent inability of the Y-type optic tract axons to form adequate synapses onto LGN neurons are factors which would readily account for the reduction of Y-type relay cells in monocularly deprived cats. The hypothesis that the deprived Y-type relay cells may have difficulty in forming synaptic connections onto postsynaptic, binocular neurons was supported by observations of responses of cells in the perigeniculate region. Normally, perigeniculate neurons receive a strong binocular input from Y-type relay cells as well as an X-input in at least some cases. In binocular perigeniculate cells of the sutured cats, no inputs from deprived Y-type relay cells could be identified although a longer latency input, typical of that from X-type relay cells, was present.", "contents": "Interneuron circuits in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monocularly deprived cats. This work investigated the function of interneurons and other types of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in cats raised to adulthood with one eye sutured closed. In order to understand the basis of the commonly found deficit of Y-type relay cells in the deprived layers of the LGN, we looked for reduced or defective activity in other cells which also receive an afferent projection from Y-type ganglion cells in the visually deprived retina. Monocular deprivation did not produce a deficit in the activity of a class of interneurons which receive direct optic inputs from the same ganglion cells in the deprived eye that also drive the Y-type relay cells. Likewise, the Y-type afferent input from the deprived eye to XY-type relay cells was normal. The XY-type cells have mixed or hybrid receptive field properties and both X and Y excitatory inputs; although the Y-inputs to these cells are often much weaker than the X-inputs. The normal properties of Y-type interneurons and XY-type relay cells in the deprived LGN suggest that neither a retinal dysfunction nor an inherent inability of the Y-type optic tract axons to form adequate synapses onto LGN neurons are factors which would readily account for the reduction of Y-type relay cells in monocularly deprived cats. The hypothesis that the deprived Y-type relay cells may have difficulty in forming synaptic connections onto postsynaptic, binocular neurons was supported by observations of responses of cells in the perigeniculate region. Normally, perigeniculate neurons receive a strong binocular input from Y-type relay cells as well as an X-input in at least some cases. In binocular perigeniculate cells of the sutured cats, no inputs from deprived Y-type relay cells could be identified although a longer latency input, typical of that from X-type relay cells, was present.", "PMID": 489791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_139", "title": "Postnatal neurogenesis in the kitten retina.", "content": "Postnatal neurogenesis in the kitten retina was studied using 3H-thymidine radioautography. Kittens were injected with 3H-thymidine at 1 day, 10 days, 3 weeks or 4 weeks after birth and allowed to survive until 14 weeks of age. Labeled neuronal nuclei were not found in the ganglion cell layer in any of the retinas, but they were seen in the other nuclear layers of the same retinas. In retinas from kittens injected at one day after birth, the peripheral 80% of the length of the retina (in sections cut parallel to the dorsoventral meridian) contained labeled nuclei; the central 20%, around the optic disc, contained no labeled nuclei. Near the ora serrata most nuclei in both inner and outer nuclear layers were labeled. Away from the ora serrata the proportion of labeled to unlabeled nuclei gradually decreased. Labeled nuclei extended farther centrally in the the inner than the outer nuclear layer. The same pattern of labeling was repeated in retinas from kittens injected at ten days after birth, but fewer nuclei were labeled, and the central, unlabeled region around the optic disc was longer--55% of the length of the retina. Only a few nuclei near the ora serrata were labeled in retinas from kittens injected at three weeks after birth, and no labeled neurons were found in kittens injected at four weeks. From these results we conclude that all of the ganglion cells in the kitten retina are present by one day after birth, as are all of the other neurons in the central retina. In peripheral regions of the inner and outer nuclear layers, proliferation of cells destined to become neurons continues up to three weeks after birth.", "contents": "Postnatal neurogenesis in the kitten retina. Postnatal neurogenesis in the kitten retina was studied using 3H-thymidine radioautography. Kittens were injected with 3H-thymidine at 1 day, 10 days, 3 weeks or 4 weeks after birth and allowed to survive until 14 weeks of age. Labeled neuronal nuclei were not found in the ganglion cell layer in any of the retinas, but they were seen in the other nuclear layers of the same retinas. In retinas from kittens injected at one day after birth, the peripheral 80% of the length of the retina (in sections cut parallel to the dorsoventral meridian) contained labeled nuclei; the central 20%, around the optic disc, contained no labeled nuclei. Near the ora serrata most nuclei in both inner and outer nuclear layers were labeled. Away from the ora serrata the proportion of labeled to unlabeled nuclei gradually decreased. Labeled nuclei extended farther centrally in the the inner than the outer nuclear layer. The same pattern of labeling was repeated in retinas from kittens injected at ten days after birth, but fewer nuclei were labeled, and the central, unlabeled region around the optic disc was longer--55% of the length of the retina. Only a few nuclei near the ora serrata were labeled in retinas from kittens injected at three weeks after birth, and no labeled neurons were found in kittens injected at four weeks. From these results we conclude that all of the ganglion cells in the kitten retina are present by one day after birth, as are all of the other neurons in the central retina. In peripheral regions of the inner and outer nuclear layers, proliferation of cells destined to become neurons continues up to three weeks after birth.", "PMID": 489792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_140", "title": "The longitudinal zonal pattern in the paramedian lobule of the cat's cerebellum: an analysis based on a correlation of recent HRP data with results of studies with other methods.", "content": "In a preceding study of the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the inferior olive of the cat after microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the contralateral paramedian lobule (Brodal and Walberg, '77b), three longitudinal zones were distinguished. The zones were assumed to correspond to Voogd's zones C1, C2 and D, receiving their afferents from parts of the dorsal accessory olive, of the medial accessory olive and of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive, respectively. Labeled cells were not found in the ventral lamella of the principal olive, however, although there is no doubt that also this projects to the paramedian lobule. In the present study, iontophoretic ejections, covering the extreme lateral part of the paramedian lobule, gave rise to labeling of cells in the ventral lamella. It is concluded that the zone D in the paramedian lobule can be subdivided into two, a lateral, D2, and a medial, D1, receiving fibers from the ventral and dorsal lamella, respectively. Neither zone extends throughout the entire length of the paramedian lobule. Both are lacking most rostrally and most caudally. This and other findings prompted a renewed analysis of the entire pattern of zonal representation in the paramedian lobule, based on correlations of our observations with the HRP method with data obtained with other methods. The results of this analysis are briefly described and summarized in a diagram (fig. 3B). It is particularly remarkable that zone B is present in some folia medially. A somatotopical arrangement appears to be present within all zones. A full account and documentation will be presented separately (Brodal and Kawamura, '80).", "contents": "The longitudinal zonal pattern in the paramedian lobule of the cat's cerebellum: an analysis based on a correlation of recent HRP data with results of studies with other methods. In a preceding study of the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the inferior olive of the cat after microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the contralateral paramedian lobule (Brodal and Walberg, '77b), three longitudinal zones were distinguished. The zones were assumed to correspond to Voogd's zones C1, C2 and D, receiving their afferents from parts of the dorsal accessory olive, of the medial accessory olive and of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive, respectively. Labeled cells were not found in the ventral lamella of the principal olive, however, although there is no doubt that also this projects to the paramedian lobule. In the present study, iontophoretic ejections, covering the extreme lateral part of the paramedian lobule, gave rise to labeling of cells in the ventral lamella. It is concluded that the zone D in the paramedian lobule can be subdivided into two, a lateral, D2, and a medial, D1, receiving fibers from the ventral and dorsal lamella, respectively. Neither zone extends throughout the entire length of the paramedian lobule. Both are lacking most rostrally and most caudally. This and other findings prompted a renewed analysis of the entire pattern of zonal representation in the paramedian lobule, based on correlations of our observations with the HRP method with data obtained with other methods. The results of this analysis are briefly described and summarized in a diagram (fig. 3B). It is particularly remarkable that zone B is present in some folia medially. A somatotopical arrangement appears to be present within all zones. A full account and documentation will be presented separately (Brodal and Kawamura, '80).", "PMID": 489793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_141", "title": "Topological analysis of the brain stem of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa.", "content": "The ventricular sulcal pattern and the cellular structure of the brain stem of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa have been studied in transversely cut Nissl and Bodian stained sections. Five longitudinal sulci, the sulcus medianus inferior, the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans, the sulcus intermedius dorsalis and the sulcus medianus superior could be distinguished. In the isthmus region a number of obliquely oriented sulci is present. One of these, designated here as sulcus d, continues as a longitudinal groove into the mesencephalon. In Lepidosiren most neuronal perikarya are contained within a diffuse periventricular gray. However, 24 separate cell masses could be delineated. Six of these are primary efferent nuclei, six are primary afferent center, six nuclei are considered to be components of the reticular formation and the remaining six may be interpreted as \"relay\" nuclei. The distribution of the cell masses and their relations to the ventricular sulci were studied with the aid of the graphical reconstruction procedure termed tolopogical analysis (cf. Nieuwenhuys, '74, and fig. 11). This analysis yielded the following results. In the rhombencephalon the gray matter is arranged in four longitudinal columns or areas which have been termed the area ventralis, area intermedioventralis, area intermediodorsalis and area dorsalis. In many places the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans and the sulcus intermedius dorsalis mark the boundaries between these morphological entities. These longitudinal areas coincide largely, but not entirely, with so-called functional columns of Herrick and Johnston. The most obvious incongruity is that the area intermediodorsalis contains, in addition to the nucleus of the solitary tract, two non-visceral sensory cell masses, namely the magnocellular and parvocellular vestibular nuclei. The four longitudinal zones cannot be distinguished in the mesencephalon nor can the sulcus limitans be recognized here. Functionally, however, the medial part of the tegmentum mesencephali may be considered the rostral extreme of the somatic motor column, whereas the remainder of the midbrain contains a number of somatic sensory centers.", "contents": "Topological analysis of the brain stem of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa. The ventricular sulcal pattern and the cellular structure of the brain stem of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa have been studied in transversely cut Nissl and Bodian stained sections. Five longitudinal sulci, the sulcus medianus inferior, the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans, the sulcus intermedius dorsalis and the sulcus medianus superior could be distinguished. In the isthmus region a number of obliquely oriented sulci is present. One of these, designated here as sulcus d, continues as a longitudinal groove into the mesencephalon. In Lepidosiren most neuronal perikarya are contained within a diffuse periventricular gray. However, 24 separate cell masses could be delineated. Six of these are primary efferent nuclei, six are primary afferent center, six nuclei are considered to be components of the reticular formation and the remaining six may be interpreted as \"relay\" nuclei. The distribution of the cell masses and their relations to the ventricular sulci were studied with the aid of the graphical reconstruction procedure termed tolopogical analysis (cf. Nieuwenhuys, '74, and fig. 11). This analysis yielded the following results. In the rhombencephalon the gray matter is arranged in four longitudinal columns or areas which have been termed the area ventralis, area intermedioventralis, area intermediodorsalis and area dorsalis. In many places the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans and the sulcus intermedius dorsalis mark the boundaries between these morphological entities. These longitudinal areas coincide largely, but not entirely, with so-called functional columns of Herrick and Johnston. The most obvious incongruity is that the area intermediodorsalis contains, in addition to the nucleus of the solitary tract, two non-visceral sensory cell masses, namely the magnocellular and parvocellular vestibular nuclei. The four longitudinal zones cannot be distinguished in the mesencephalon nor can the sulcus limitans be recognized here. Functionally, however, the medial part of the tegmentum mesencephali may be considered the rostral extreme of the somatic motor column, whereas the remainder of the midbrain contains a number of somatic sensory centers.", "PMID": 489794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_142", "title": "Topological analysis of the brain stem of the crossopterygian fish Latimeria chalumnae.", "content": "The ventricular sulcal pattern and the cellular structure of the brain stem of the single surviving crossopterygian species Latimeria chalumnae have been studied in transversely cut Nissl, Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and Bodian stained serial sections. Five longitudinal sulci, the sulcus medianus inferior, the sulcus medianus superior, the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans and the sulcus intermedius dorsalis could be delimited. The latter three of these sulci are confined to the rhombencephalon. The walls of the mesencephalon also display some longitudinal grooves, but none of these could be traced into continuity with any of the rhombencephalic sulci. Although the neuronal perikarya in many places show a diffuse arrangement, 27 cell masses could be delineated; eight of these are primary efferent nuclei, seven are primary afferent centers, seven nuclei are considered as components of the reticular formation, and the remaining five cell masses may be interpreted as \"relay\" nuclei. In order to study the zonal pattern of the brain stem, this structure was subjected to a topological analysis (cf., Nieuwenhuys, '74, and fig. 16). This analysis yielded the following results. The sulcus limitans divides the greater part of the rhombencephalon into a basal plate and an alar plate. In the basal plate the sulcus intermedius ventralis marks the boundary between an area ventralis and an area intermedioventralis. The area ventralis contains two somatic motor centers (i.e., the rostral end of the spinal motor column and the nucleus of IV) and most the entire rhombencephalic medial reticular formation. The latter may be primarily considered as a somatic motor coordinating center. The area intermedioventralis contains the visceral motor nuclei of V, VII, IX and X. However, the basal plate also harbours a number of non-motor centers, for example the sensory princeps nucleus of V and the inferior olive. The alar plate is subdivided by the sulcus intermedius dorsalis into an area intermediodorsalis and an area dorsalis. The area intermediolateralis is largely occupied by the common visceral sensory center of VII, IX and X; however, this area also contains a number of somatic sensory cell masses, as e.g. the nucleus descendens of V and the magnocellular vestibular nucleus. The area dorsalis is entirely occupied by two large lateral line centers. The cell masses in the isthmus region do not exhibit a clear-cut morphological pattern. As regards the mensencephalon, the medial part of the tegmentum, which contains a primary somatic motor center (the nucleus of III) and a somatic motor coordination center (the nucleus of the f.l.m.) may be considered a direct rostral continuation of the area ventralis. The remainder of the midbrain contains a number of somatic sensory centers of primary and higher order.", "contents": "Topological analysis of the brain stem of the crossopterygian fish Latimeria chalumnae. The ventricular sulcal pattern and the cellular structure of the brain stem of the single surviving crossopterygian species Latimeria chalumnae have been studied in transversely cut Nissl, Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and Bodian stained serial sections. Five longitudinal sulci, the sulcus medianus inferior, the sulcus medianus superior, the sulcus intermedius ventralis, the sulcus limitans and the sulcus intermedius dorsalis could be delimited. The latter three of these sulci are confined to the rhombencephalon. The walls of the mesencephalon also display some longitudinal grooves, but none of these could be traced into continuity with any of the rhombencephalic sulci. Although the neuronal perikarya in many places show a diffuse arrangement, 27 cell masses could be delineated; eight of these are primary efferent nuclei, seven are primary afferent centers, seven nuclei are considered as components of the reticular formation, and the remaining five cell masses may be interpreted as \"relay\" nuclei. In order to study the zonal pattern of the brain stem, this structure was subjected to a topological analysis (cf., Nieuwenhuys, '74, and fig. 16). This analysis yielded the following results. The sulcus limitans divides the greater part of the rhombencephalon into a basal plate and an alar plate. In the basal plate the sulcus intermedius ventralis marks the boundary between an area ventralis and an area intermedioventralis. The area ventralis contains two somatic motor centers (i.e., the rostral end of the spinal motor column and the nucleus of IV) and most the entire rhombencephalic medial reticular formation. The latter may be primarily considered as a somatic motor coordinating center. The area intermedioventralis contains the visceral motor nuclei of V, VII, IX and X. However, the basal plate also harbours a number of non-motor centers, for example the sensory princeps nucleus of V and the inferior olive. The alar plate is subdivided by the sulcus intermedius dorsalis into an area intermediodorsalis and an area dorsalis. The area intermediolateralis is largely occupied by the common visceral sensory center of VII, IX and X; however, this area also contains a number of somatic sensory cell masses, as e.g. the nucleus descendens of V and the magnocellular vestibular nucleus. The area dorsalis is entirely occupied by two large lateral line centers. The cell masses in the isthmus region do not exhibit a clear-cut morphological pattern. As regards the mensencephalon, the medial part of the tegmentum, which contains a primary somatic motor center (the nucleus of III) and a somatic motor coordination center (the nucleus of the f.l.m.) may be considered a direct rostral continuation of the area ventralis. The remainder of the midbrain contains a number of somatic sensory centers of primary and higher order.", "PMID": 489795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_143", "title": "Origin, course and terminations of the rubrospinal tract in the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "The red nucleus and its spinal projections in the pigeon (Columba livia) have been studied using both normal and experimental material. The cytoarchitecture of the nucleus is described on the basis of Nissl-stained sections and reveals an organization generally similar to that of mammals. The large neurons (40-50 mum) tend to be located dorsomedially and ventrolaterally at more caudal nuclear levels, while the small- and medium-sized neurons (15-35 mum) predominate at rostral levels. However, neurons of all sizes are present throughout the nucleus. Following lesions of the nucleus, the course of degenerating axons stained with the Fink-Heimer method has been traced throughout the brainstem and spinal cord. The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline, courses past the ventrocaudal aspect of the contralateral nucleus ruber, and then descends rostro-ventral and lateral to the nucleus tegmenti pontinus. In its caudal continuation the tract lies ventral to the brachium conjunctivum and the entering radix of the trigeminal nerve. It then assumes a ventrolateral position in the caudal brainstem before shifting to a dorsolateral position in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Within the spinal grey the rubrospinal tract terminates in laminae V, VI and to a lesser extent VII. The possibility of a topographical organization of the nucleus was investigated with injections of horseradish peroxidase into brachial, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Regardless of the level of injection, labelled neurons of all sizes were present throughout the contralateral nucleus ruber, indicating the absence of an obvious topography.", "contents": "Origin, course and terminations of the rubrospinal tract in the pigeon (Columba livia). The red nucleus and its spinal projections in the pigeon (Columba livia) have been studied using both normal and experimental material. The cytoarchitecture of the nucleus is described on the basis of Nissl-stained sections and reveals an organization generally similar to that of mammals. The large neurons (40-50 mum) tend to be located dorsomedially and ventrolaterally at more caudal nuclear levels, while the small- and medium-sized neurons (15-35 mum) predominate at rostral levels. However, neurons of all sizes are present throughout the nucleus. Following lesions of the nucleus, the course of degenerating axons stained with the Fink-Heimer method has been traced throughout the brainstem and spinal cord. The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline, courses past the ventrocaudal aspect of the contralateral nucleus ruber, and then descends rostro-ventral and lateral to the nucleus tegmenti pontinus. In its caudal continuation the tract lies ventral to the brachium conjunctivum and the entering radix of the trigeminal nerve. It then assumes a ventrolateral position in the caudal brainstem before shifting to a dorsolateral position in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Within the spinal grey the rubrospinal tract terminates in laminae V, VI and to a lesser extent VII. The possibility of a topographical organization of the nucleus was investigated with injections of horseradish peroxidase into brachial, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Regardless of the level of injection, labelled neurons of all sizes were present throughout the contralateral nucleus ruber, indicating the absence of an obvious topography.", "PMID": 489796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_144", "title": "Striate cortex and visual acuity functions in the cat.", "content": "Using a two-choice visual discrimination paradigm, thresholds for size (gratings), parallelness (parallel vs. non-parallel lines), contour alignment (vernier offset), and angularity (polygon figures) were behaviorally determined in cats before and after ablations of portions of the geniculo-cortical system. Animals with a total loss of cortical area 17, and with a loss, in some cases, of up to 90% of areas 18 (with and without infringement into area 19), showed about a 30% reduction in grating acuity, a three-fold increase in parallelness and angularity thresholds, and a total loss of contour alignment ability. Control animals with ablations sparing area 17 showed no significant threshold changes. All animals were able to learn classic form discriminations postoperatively, but those with area 17-18 lesions at a somewhat slower than normal rate. Control procedures indicated that all tested discrimination capabilities did not depend on luminance differences between targets, local flux cues within the targets, or on the animals' use of residual portions of area 17 representing the peripheral visual field. Since the cat has multiple thalamo-cortical visual pathways, the results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that pathways parallel to the geniculo-striate system are capable of processing spatial information of considerable detail. The results also suggest, however, that the geniculo-striate system is uniquely necessary for the processing of the finest attributes of spatial contours.", "contents": "Striate cortex and visual acuity functions in the cat. Using a two-choice visual discrimination paradigm, thresholds for size (gratings), parallelness (parallel vs. non-parallel lines), contour alignment (vernier offset), and angularity (polygon figures) were behaviorally determined in cats before and after ablations of portions of the geniculo-cortical system. Animals with a total loss of cortical area 17, and with a loss, in some cases, of up to 90% of areas 18 (with and without infringement into area 19), showed about a 30% reduction in grating acuity, a three-fold increase in parallelness and angularity thresholds, and a total loss of contour alignment ability. Control animals with ablations sparing area 17 showed no significant threshold changes. All animals were able to learn classic form discriminations postoperatively, but those with area 17-18 lesions at a somewhat slower than normal rate. Control procedures indicated that all tested discrimination capabilities did not depend on luminance differences between targets, local flux cues within the targets, or on the animals' use of residual portions of area 17 representing the peripheral visual field. Since the cat has multiple thalamo-cortical visual pathways, the results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that pathways parallel to the geniculo-striate system are capable of processing spatial information of considerable detail. The results also suggest, however, that the geniculo-striate system is uniquely necessary for the processing of the finest attributes of spatial contours.", "PMID": 489797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_145", "title": "The afferent connections and laminar distribution of cells in the cat striate cortex.", "content": "A laminar distribution of different functional cell types in the striate cortex of the cat is drawn up from the visual responses of single cells recorded in 64 electrode penetrations in 38 cats. In summary, S cells were found to be concentrated in laminae 4 and 6; SH cells in laminae 2, 3 and 4; C cells in laminae 5 and lower 3; B cells in laminae 3 and upper 5 and cells with non-oriented receptive fields in lamina 4. In addition, the nature of afferent innervation to striate neurons was derived from the latency of the orthodromic response to electrical stimulation in the optic chiasm and optic radiations in 19 cats. An analysis of latency values allowed the afferent innervation to a cell to be classed as belonging either to fast or slow conducting streams in the population of dLGN axons and also permitted a decision to be made on whether or not the afferent path passed directly to the cell. Direct afferent innervation from the dLGN was not found to be confined to a single class of striate neuron. Instead, examples of cells with S, SH, C, B and non-oriented receptive fields all had orthodromic latencies that met the requirement for direct innervation. Instances of cells with orthodromic latencies suggestive of indirect innervation were also found for most receptive field classes but these cells were encountered less frequently than those with a direct afferent input. It is argued that a variety of different cell types may act as first order neurons in the striate cortex and that cells occurring at later stages in the sequence of cortical processing may have been incompletely studied because they are more difficult to stimulate either visually or electrically.", "contents": "The afferent connections and laminar distribution of cells in the cat striate cortex. A laminar distribution of different functional cell types in the striate cortex of the cat is drawn up from the visual responses of single cells recorded in 64 electrode penetrations in 38 cats. In summary, S cells were found to be concentrated in laminae 4 and 6; SH cells in laminae 2, 3 and 4; C cells in laminae 5 and lower 3; B cells in laminae 3 and upper 5 and cells with non-oriented receptive fields in lamina 4. In addition, the nature of afferent innervation to striate neurons was derived from the latency of the orthodromic response to electrical stimulation in the optic chiasm and optic radiations in 19 cats. An analysis of latency values allowed the afferent innervation to a cell to be classed as belonging either to fast or slow conducting streams in the population of dLGN axons and also permitted a decision to be made on whether or not the afferent path passed directly to the cell. Direct afferent innervation from the dLGN was not found to be confined to a single class of striate neuron. Instead, examples of cells with S, SH, C, B and non-oriented receptive fields all had orthodromic latencies that met the requirement for direct innervation. Instances of cells with orthodromic latencies suggestive of indirect innervation were also found for most receptive field classes but these cells were encountered less frequently than those with a direct afferent input. It is argued that a variety of different cell types may act as first order neurons in the striate cortex and that cells occurring at later stages in the sequence of cortical processing may have been incompletely studied because they are more difficult to stimulate either visually or electrically.", "PMID": 489798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_146", "title": "An electron microscope study of synaptic contacts in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica.", "content": "The fine structure of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica has been studied in preparations fixed by immersion in aldehydes, either directly or after a survival of a few hours in artificial sea water. The central core of neuropil is surrounded by a rind of neuronal cell bodies floating in a subcapsular space containing a loose meshwork of neuronal and glial processes, separated by wide extracellular spaces. Large primary processes with deeply infolded membranes leave the neuronal perikarya and enter the neuropil where they branch into smaller processes containing either neurofilaments, neurotubules or both. Some have the appearance of initial segments. The neuropil is not a homogeneous structure. Rather, four types of zones can be distinguished: (1) zones of fibers of passage coursing together in the neuropil and making few synaptic contacts: (2) zones of neurosecretory fibers containing large granules and dense-core vesicles, again making few synaptic contacts: (3) zones with a great variety of synaptic contacts between medium size and small profiles; and (4) glomerular zones. The differentiated membranes of the synapses are characterized by a slight increase in density and by being regularly parallel to each other. Presynaptic densities are sometimes quite prominent but specialized dense cytoplasmic opacities have never been seen bordering the postsynaptic membranes, i.e., all synapses are of the symmetrical type. Interlemmal opacities vary considerably in density. In zone 3, the synaptic vesicles are of several sizes, are round, oval or flat, and are either clear or filled with different types of dense material. The population of vesicles within a single profile may consist either of a homogeneous group of similar vesicles or of various mixtures of two or three kinds of vesicles. In profiles with mixtures of clear and large dense-core vesicles, it is often only the clear vesicles which agglomerate towards the differentiated membranes. In such cases the large dense-core vesicles lie as a peripheral halo around the clear vesicles. Here, and especially in other large neuronal profiles not forming contact in the plane of section, they can be seen to associate specifically with mitochondria and glycogen. It is proposed that they do not contain neurotransmitters but are related to mitochondrial activities such as the storage of ATP or the movement of calcium ions. In profiles with mixtures of clear and small dense-core vesicles, both types of vesicles often touch the presynaptic membrane, suggesting the release of two transmitters or of a modulator or neurohormone with a transmitter, by a single terminal. Serial synapses are present in this zone. The glomerular zones contain small profiles forming many synaptic contacts, some of which are arranged in such a way as to suggest the existence of \"reciprocal\" serial synapses.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of synaptic contacts in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. The fine structure of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica has been studied in preparations fixed by immersion in aldehydes, either directly or after a survival of a few hours in artificial sea water. The central core of neuropil is surrounded by a rind of neuronal cell bodies floating in a subcapsular space containing a loose meshwork of neuronal and glial processes, separated by wide extracellular spaces. Large primary processes with deeply infolded membranes leave the neuronal perikarya and enter the neuropil where they branch into smaller processes containing either neurofilaments, neurotubules or both. Some have the appearance of initial segments. The neuropil is not a homogeneous structure. Rather, four types of zones can be distinguished: (1) zones of fibers of passage coursing together in the neuropil and making few synaptic contacts: (2) zones of neurosecretory fibers containing large granules and dense-core vesicles, again making few synaptic contacts: (3) zones with a great variety of synaptic contacts between medium size and small profiles; and (4) glomerular zones. The differentiated membranes of the synapses are characterized by a slight increase in density and by being regularly parallel to each other. Presynaptic densities are sometimes quite prominent but specialized dense cytoplasmic opacities have never been seen bordering the postsynaptic membranes, i.e., all synapses are of the symmetrical type. Interlemmal opacities vary considerably in density. In zone 3, the synaptic vesicles are of several sizes, are round, oval or flat, and are either clear or filled with different types of dense material. The population of vesicles within a single profile may consist either of a homogeneous group of similar vesicles or of various mixtures of two or three kinds of vesicles. In profiles with mixtures of clear and large dense-core vesicles, it is often only the clear vesicles which agglomerate towards the differentiated membranes. In such cases the large dense-core vesicles lie as a peripheral halo around the clear vesicles. Here, and especially in other large neuronal profiles not forming contact in the plane of section, they can be seen to associate specifically with mitochondria and glycogen. It is proposed that they do not contain neurotransmitters but are related to mitochondrial activities such as the storage of ATP or the movement of calcium ions. In profiles with mixtures of clear and small dense-core vesicles, both types of vesicles often touch the presynaptic membrane, suggesting the release of two transmitters or of a modulator or neurohormone with a transmitter, by a single terminal. Serial synapses are present in this zone. The glomerular zones contain small profiles forming many synaptic contacts, some of which are arranged in such a way as to suggest the existence of \"reciprocal\" serial synapses.", "PMID": 489800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_147", "title": "The rabbit and the cat: a comparison of some features of response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex.", "content": "Receptive field characteristics of single cells in primary visual cortex of rabbit were studied. Seventy-two percent of cells were found to be orientation selective, and the remainder had concentric, uniform, movement selective or pure direction selective receptive fields. Single cells were also recorded from primary visual cortex of cat to permit a comparison of visual cortical organization in cats and rabbits. Laminar organization of receptive field types was observed in rabbits which was similar in most respects to that described in the cat. Although the major categories of orientation selective cells (simple, complex, hypercomplex) were similar for both cat and rabbit, many differences emerged: (I) tuning of orientation selectivity was narrower in cats than in rabbits; (II) units which preferred oblique orientations were less frequently represented in rabbits than in cats; (III) orientation preferences appeared to be arranged in clusters in rabbit cortex; in rabbits we found no evidence of the columnar organization of orientation selectivity which characterizes cat visual cortex. A comparison of our data with those previously reported for mouse, rat, hamster and opossum visual cortex suggest that mammals in which a significant proportion of visual cortical cells are not orientation selective have in common certain patterns of cortical organization involving a less precise and less specilized representation of stimulus orientation.", "contents": "The rabbit and the cat: a comparison of some features of response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex. Receptive field characteristics of single cells in primary visual cortex of rabbit were studied. Seventy-two percent of cells were found to be orientation selective, and the remainder had concentric, uniform, movement selective or pure direction selective receptive fields. Single cells were also recorded from primary visual cortex of cat to permit a comparison of visual cortical organization in cats and rabbits. Laminar organization of receptive field types was observed in rabbits which was similar in most respects to that described in the cat. Although the major categories of orientation selective cells (simple, complex, hypercomplex) were similar for both cat and rabbit, many differences emerged: (I) tuning of orientation selectivity was narrower in cats than in rabbits; (II) units which preferred oblique orientations were less frequently represented in rabbits than in cats; (III) orientation preferences appeared to be arranged in clusters in rabbit cortex; in rabbits we found no evidence of the columnar organization of orientation selectivity which characterizes cat visual cortex. A comparison of our data with those previously reported for mouse, rat, hamster and opossum visual cortex suggest that mammals in which a significant proportion of visual cortical cells are not orientation selective have in common certain patterns of cortical organization involving a less precise and less specilized representation of stimulus orientation.", "PMID": 489801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_148", "title": "Spiral ganglion cell counts in an age-graded series of rat cochleas.", "content": "Spiral ganglion cells in the cochleas of Sprague-Dawley rats in various age groups were counted in order to assess the extent and location of cell degeneration with age. Cells in every tenth section of serially sectioned plastic embedded cochleas were counted in the light microscope. The median cell number for the 1- to 2-month-old animals was 15,800 cells. This number was first seen to be significantly reduced (-14%) in the 23-month-old animals. At 27 to 29 months the ganglion cell number was reduced by 20%, while at 33 to 34 months there was a 17% loss. Losses were found throughout the length of the ganglion with the greatest losses at the lower basal and apical ends. In the oldest group, these losses amounted to 28% and 33%, respectively. Type II ganglion cells first showed a significant decrease in number in the 27- to 29-month-old group, when a 32% loss was seen. The same loss was seen in the 33- to 34-month-old group. Unlike the type I cells which are lost throughout the length of the ganglion, type II cells were not significantly reduced in number at the basal end, but decreased by as much as 42% in the middle and apical regions.", "contents": "Spiral ganglion cell counts in an age-graded series of rat cochleas. Spiral ganglion cells in the cochleas of Sprague-Dawley rats in various age groups were counted in order to assess the extent and location of cell degeneration with age. Cells in every tenth section of serially sectioned plastic embedded cochleas were counted in the light microscope. The median cell number for the 1- to 2-month-old animals was 15,800 cells. This number was first seen to be significantly reduced (-14%) in the 23-month-old animals. At 27 to 29 months the ganglion cell number was reduced by 20%, while at 33 to 34 months there was a 17% loss. Losses were found throughout the length of the ganglion with the greatest losses at the lower basal and apical ends. In the oldest group, these losses amounted to 28% and 33%, respectively. Type II ganglion cells first showed a significant decrease in number in the 27- to 29-month-old group, when a 32% loss was seen. The same loss was seen in the 33- to 34-month-old group. Unlike the type I cells which are lost throughout the length of the ganglion, type II cells were not significantly reduced in number at the basal end, but decreased by as much as 42% in the middle and apical regions.", "PMID": 489802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_149", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. IV. Quantitative study of the time of origin of neurons and the internuclear chronological gradients in the thalamus.", "content": "Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 13 and 14 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). With this progressively delayed comprehensive labelling procedure we determined the time of origin of neurons in the nuclei of the epithalamus, thalamus, and ventral thalamus. The zona incerta, subthalamic nucleus, reticular nucleus, posterior nucleus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus are composed of the earliest arising neurons (E13, or before, to E15). The neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus are produced between days E13--16. The neurons of the medial geniculate and lateral geniculate nuclei, the ventrobasal and ventrolateral complexes, and the nucleus lateralis, pars posterior, arise rapidly on days E14--15; the medial geniculate nucleus with a peak on day E14, the others with a peak on day E15. Neurons of a group of nuclei, with ill-defined boundaries medial to the sensory relax nuclei, arise apparently on days E15--16, with a peak on day E15; these may represent the intralaminar nuclei. The next group is generated on days E15--16 but with peak formation time on day E16; this includes the anteroventral, anterodorsal, anteromedial and mediodorsal nuclei. The rhomboid, reuniens and paratenial nuclei, and the paraventricular nucleus, pars anterior, arise next (E16--17). The medial habenular nucleus forms last and over a protracted period (E15--19). With their lengthy generation time the lateral and medial habenular nuclei resemble more the nuclei of the hypothalamus than the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. IV. Quantitative study of the time of origin of neurons and the internuclear chronological gradients in the thalamus. Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 13 and 14 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). With this progressively delayed comprehensive labelling procedure we determined the time of origin of neurons in the nuclei of the epithalamus, thalamus, and ventral thalamus. The zona incerta, subthalamic nucleus, reticular nucleus, posterior nucleus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus are composed of the earliest arising neurons (E13, or before, to E15). The neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus are produced between days E13--16. The neurons of the medial geniculate and lateral geniculate nuclei, the ventrobasal and ventrolateral complexes, and the nucleus lateralis, pars posterior, arise rapidly on days E14--15; the medial geniculate nucleus with a peak on day E14, the others with a peak on day E15. Neurons of a group of nuclei, with ill-defined boundaries medial to the sensory relax nuclei, arise apparently on days E15--16, with a peak on day E15; these may represent the intralaminar nuclei. The next group is generated on days E15--16 but with peak formation time on day E16; this includes the anteroventral, anterodorsal, anteromedial and mediodorsal nuclei. The rhomboid, reuniens and paratenial nuclei, and the paraventricular nucleus, pars anterior, arise next (E16--17). The medial habenular nucleus forms last and over a protracted period (E15--19). With their lengthy generation time the lateral and medial habenular nuclei resemble more the nuclei of the hypothalamus than the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus.", "PMID": 489803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_150", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. V. Thymidine-radiographic observations on internuclear and intranuclear gradients in the thalamus.", "content": "Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 13 and 14 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). Internuclear and intranuclear cytogenetic gradients were examined in radiograms of the thalamus sectioned in the coronal, sagittal and horizontal planes. There was a precise and segregated lateral-to-medial gradient between and within the habenular nuclei. In the ventral thalamus the reticular nucleus had a lateral-to-medial gradient, the subthalamic nucleus a laterodorsal-to-medioventral gradient. There was a caudal-to-rostral gradient between the medial geniculate and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, and between the pars posterior and pars anterior of the lateral nucleus. A clear intranuclear gradient could not be detected in the sensory relay nuclei with the exception of the medial geniculate nucleus. A lateral-to-medial internuclear gradient was seen between the relay nuclei and the intralaminar nuclei, and between the latter and some of the midline nuclei. On the basis of a consideration of the time of origin and time span of production of neurons of various thalamic nuclei, and taking into account some of the recognizable internuclear and intranuclear gradients, the thalamus was divided into five principal cytogenetic components; the epithelamus, the ventral thalamus, the dorsal thalamus, the medial thalamus, and the posterior thalamus. The epithalamic nuclei form over a protracted period resembling the nuclei of the hypothalamus. The nuclei of the ventral thalamus are generated early and over a relatively long period. The dorsal thalamus consists of the relay nuclei and the intralaminar nuclei; they form rapidly and ahead of the medial thalamus. The medial thalamus was subdivided into the earlier-forming anteromedial nuclei and the latest-forming midline nuclei. The posterior thalamus was not examined in detail.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. V. Thymidine-radiographic observations on internuclear and intranuclear gradients in the thalamus. Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 13 and 14 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). Internuclear and intranuclear cytogenetic gradients were examined in radiograms of the thalamus sectioned in the coronal, sagittal and horizontal planes. There was a precise and segregated lateral-to-medial gradient between and within the habenular nuclei. In the ventral thalamus the reticular nucleus had a lateral-to-medial gradient, the subthalamic nucleus a laterodorsal-to-medioventral gradient. There was a caudal-to-rostral gradient between the medial geniculate and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, and between the pars posterior and pars anterior of the lateral nucleus. A clear intranuclear gradient could not be detected in the sensory relay nuclei with the exception of the medial geniculate nucleus. A lateral-to-medial internuclear gradient was seen between the relay nuclei and the intralaminar nuclei, and between the latter and some of the midline nuclei. On the basis of a consideration of the time of origin and time span of production of neurons of various thalamic nuclei, and taking into account some of the recognizable internuclear and intranuclear gradients, the thalamus was divided into five principal cytogenetic components; the epithelamus, the ventral thalamus, the dorsal thalamus, the medial thalamus, and the posterior thalamus. The epithalamic nuclei form over a protracted period resembling the nuclei of the hypothalamus. The nuclei of the ventral thalamus are generated early and over a relatively long period. The dorsal thalamus consists of the relay nuclei and the intralaminar nuclei; they form rapidly and ahead of the medial thalamus. The medial thalamus was subdivided into the earlier-forming anteromedial nuclei and the latest-forming midline nuclei. The posterior thalamus was not examined in detail.", "PMID": 489804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_151", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. VI. Re-evaluation of the embryonic development of the thalamus on the basis of thymidine-radiographic datings.", "content": "The development of the thalamus was examined in normal and X-irradiated embryos from day 13 (E13) to the day before birth (E22). The differentiating, radioresistant neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus, derived from a portion of the superior neuroepithelial lobule (SL1), were settling by day E15 and by this time the habenulopeduncular tract was forming. The neurons of the reticular nucleus, derived from the middle neuroepithelial lobe, began to settle on day E15 but a massive migration was still evident on day E16. Adjacent to the reticular nucleus the internal capsule appeared on day E16; this fiber bundle seemed to be continuous with fibers embedded in the first transitory zone of cells issuing from the dorsal neuroepithelial lobe. Because of the immaturity of the neocortex at this time, it was postulated that thalamocortical fibers of the dorsal thalamus are the earliest components of the internal capsule. By day E17 all the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus were recognizable and it was assumed that the second transitory zone issuing from the receding dorsal neuroepithelial lobe contained the neurons of the later forming intralaminar nuclei. Suggestive evidence was obtained that the late arising neurons of the medial thalamus (the anterior nuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus, and some or all of the midline nuclei) originate in a portion of the superior neuroepithelial lobule designated as SL2. Our present and previous studies showed that the major divisions of the hypothalamus and thalamus are derived embryonically from distinguishable parts of the third ventricle neuroepithelium. This implies the te third ventricle neuroepithelium has a \"mosaic\" organization and suggests that the fate of hypothalamic and thalamic neurons may be determined to some extent while their precursors are still proliferating.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. VI. Re-evaluation of the embryonic development of the thalamus on the basis of thymidine-radiographic datings. The development of the thalamus was examined in normal and X-irradiated embryos from day 13 (E13) to the day before birth (E22). The differentiating, radioresistant neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus, derived from a portion of the superior neuroepithelial lobule (SL1), were settling by day E15 and by this time the habenulopeduncular tract was forming. The neurons of the reticular nucleus, derived from the middle neuroepithelial lobe, began to settle on day E15 but a massive migration was still evident on day E16. Adjacent to the reticular nucleus the internal capsule appeared on day E16; this fiber bundle seemed to be continuous with fibers embedded in the first transitory zone of cells issuing from the dorsal neuroepithelial lobe. Because of the immaturity of the neocortex at this time, it was postulated that thalamocortical fibers of the dorsal thalamus are the earliest components of the internal capsule. By day E17 all the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus were recognizable and it was assumed that the second transitory zone issuing from the receding dorsal neuroepithelial lobe contained the neurons of the later forming intralaminar nuclei. Suggestive evidence was obtained that the late arising neurons of the medial thalamus (the anterior nuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus, and some or all of the midline nuclei) originate in a portion of the superior neuroepithelial lobule designated as SL2. Our present and previous studies showed that the major divisions of the hypothalamus and thalamus are derived embryonically from distinguishable parts of the third ventricle neuroepithelium. This implies the te third ventricle neuroepithelium has a \"mosaic\" organization and suggests that the fate of hypothalamic and thalamic neurons may be determined to some extent while their precursors are still proliferating.", "PMID": 489805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_152", "title": "Treatment of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma.", "content": "The results of treatment of 42 cases of lentigo maligna and 16 of lentigo maligna melanoma at the New York University Medical Center was reviewed. The recurrence rate after surgical excision of 22 lesions of lentigo maligna was 9% (2/22), but after treatment of 20 such lesions with destructive techniques (X rays, curettage-electrodesiccation, cryosurgery), it was 35% (7/20). Of 11 cases of lentigo maligna melanoma that were excised, none recurred locally, but fatal metastases ensued in one case. Five patients who were eventually classified as having lentigo maligna melanomas had been treated by destructive techniques. In four of them there were local recurrences and in two, metastases as well; the fifth patient had metastases without local recurrence. On the basis of this review of these 58 cases, we conclude that surgical excision and careful histologic study of step sections through the entire lesion insure accurate diagnosis and provide the highest cure rates for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma.", "contents": "Treatment of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. The results of treatment of 42 cases of lentigo maligna and 16 of lentigo maligna melanoma at the New York University Medical Center was reviewed. The recurrence rate after surgical excision of 22 lesions of lentigo maligna was 9% (2/22), but after treatment of 20 such lesions with destructive techniques (X rays, curettage-electrodesiccation, cryosurgery), it was 35% (7/20). Of 11 cases of lentigo maligna melanoma that were excised, none recurred locally, but fatal metastases ensued in one case. Five patients who were eventually classified as having lentigo maligna melanomas had been treated by destructive techniques. In four of them there were local recurrences and in two, metastases as well; the fifth patient had metastases without local recurrence. On the basis of this review of these 58 cases, we conclude that surgical excision and careful histologic study of step sections through the entire lesion insure accurate diagnosis and provide the highest cure rates for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma.", "PMID": 489814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_153", "title": "Narrow-band AP latencies in normal and recruiting human ears.", "content": "Derived narrow-band action potential latencies increase monotonically with decreasing central frequency, and can be interpreted as reflecting the traveling wave delay in the cochlea. It was found that, for recruiting human ears with average flat hearing losses around 40 dB, this accumulating latency increase was smaller than for normal ears. A comparison of 15 normal ears and 37 recruiting ears showed, however, that in only half of the recruiting ears this difference was significant. These recruiting ears were therefore divided in two groups based on the waveform of the narrow-band action potential AP, which correlated well with the subdivision according to latency. The findings have been explained on the basis that latency of the narrow-band APs is not determined solely by the mechanical traveling-wave delay, but also by the response time of the (second?) cochlear filter. When this filter broadens, one expects a decrease in its impulse response time. Since this impulse response time. Since this impulse response depends on the sum of the high- and low-frequency slope values of the cochlear filter, one expects only a latency decrease when the steep high-frequency slope also becomes more shallow. A support for the influence of the response times of the cochlear filter is found in the narrow-band AP latencies for restricted cochlear losses (e.g., in a 4-kHz noise dip). It appears that the latency in that area actually is shorter than for the higher central frequencies, a fact which cannot be explained solely on the basis of a traveling wave phenomenon.", "contents": "Narrow-band AP latencies in normal and recruiting human ears. Derived narrow-band action potential latencies increase monotonically with decreasing central frequency, and can be interpreted as reflecting the traveling wave delay in the cochlea. It was found that, for recruiting human ears with average flat hearing losses around 40 dB, this accumulating latency increase was smaller than for normal ears. A comparison of 15 normal ears and 37 recruiting ears showed, however, that in only half of the recruiting ears this difference was significant. These recruiting ears were therefore divided in two groups based on the waveform of the narrow-band action potential AP, which correlated well with the subdivision according to latency. The findings have been explained on the basis that latency of the narrow-band APs is not determined solely by the mechanical traveling-wave delay, but also by the response time of the (second?) cochlear filter. When this filter broadens, one expects a decrease in its impulse response time. Since this impulse response time. Since this impulse response depends on the sum of the high- and low-frequency slope values of the cochlear filter, one expects only a latency decrease when the steep high-frequency slope also becomes more shallow. A support for the influence of the response times of the cochlear filter is found in the narrow-band AP latencies for restricted cochlear losses (e.g., in a 4-kHz noise dip). It appears that the latency in that area actually is shorter than for the higher central frequencies, a fact which cannot be explained solely on the basis of a traveling wave phenomenon.", "PMID": 489815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_154", "title": "Lateralization of tonal signals which have neither onsets nor offsets.", "content": "In order to ascertain the special importance of binaural cues conveyed in the transient portions of dichotic signals, thresholds for interaural differences of time (delta t) and intensity (delta I) were studied using stimuli whose onsets and offsets were masked. Intense noise was used to mask all portions of each experimental trial except for the two intervals of a two-interval, forced-choice detection task. During the intervals,  the noise was turned off with decay-rise times of 10 ms. What remained were tones whose interaural phase or intensity was different for intervals one and two. Performance was compared to control conditions which used unmasked gated sinusoids. For longer durations, detection without onsets and offsets was about as good as that with no masker. For the shorter signals, detection without transients was poorer than with standard lateralization, but this is attributed to forward and backward masking which reduced the effective durations of those stimuli. The ability to detect interaural differences of time with the onsets and offsets masked was extended to conditions in which the decay times of the noise were 100 ms. Performance here was slightly worse, but not by so much as to change the basic result. This is interpreted as showing that performance with the faster decay-rise times was not a product of momentary undershoots in neural following, but depended, rather, upon a true encoding of the interaural information in the stimulus fine-structure.", "contents": "Lateralization of tonal signals which have neither onsets nor offsets. In order to ascertain the special importance of binaural cues conveyed in the transient portions of dichotic signals, thresholds for interaural differences of time (delta t) and intensity (delta I) were studied using stimuli whose onsets and offsets were masked. Intense noise was used to mask all portions of each experimental trial except for the two intervals of a two-interval, forced-choice detection task. During the intervals,  the noise was turned off with decay-rise times of 10 ms. What remained were tones whose interaural phase or intensity was different for intervals one and two. Performance was compared to control conditions which used unmasked gated sinusoids. For longer durations, detection without onsets and offsets was about as good as that with no masker. For the shorter signals, detection without transients was poorer than with standard lateralization, but this is attributed to forward and backward masking which reduced the effective durations of those stimuli. The ability to detect interaural differences of time with the onsets and offsets masked was extended to conditions in which the decay times of the noise were 100 ms. Performance here was slightly worse, but not by so much as to change the basic result. This is interpreted as showing that performance with the faster decay-rise times was not a product of momentary undershoots in neural following, but depended, rather, upon a true encoding of the interaural information in the stimulus fine-structure.", "PMID": 489816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_155", "title": "A stereo-fiberscope with a magnetic interlens bridge for laryngeal observation.", "content": "A stereoscopic method of observation of the larynx and the pharynx during speech utterances has been devised, making use of fiber-optic cables and a magnetic bridge. The cables are inserted via the subject's nostrils. The bridge makes the two objective lenses at the tips of the cables abut within the pharynx near the uvula, and the two images viewed through the separate lenses at the prescribed mutual distance are recorded on each frame of a 16-mm film side by side for computer processing of the three-dimensional data.", "contents": "A stereo-fiberscope with a magnetic interlens bridge for laryngeal observation. A stereoscopic method of observation of the larynx and the pharynx during speech utterances has been devised, making use of fiber-optic cables and a magnetic bridge. The cables are inserted via the subject's nostrils. The bridge makes the two objective lenses at the tips of the cables abut within the pharynx near the uvula, and the two images viewed through the separate lenses at the prescribed mutual distance are recorded on each frame of a 16-mm film side by side for computer processing of the three-dimensional data.", "PMID": 489817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_156", "title": "Automatic speech recognition using psychoacoustic models.", "content": "An approach to automatic speech recognition is described, which, in a straightforward way, follows the concept of (1) preprocessing in terms of auditory parameters and (2) subsequent classification and recognition. The preprocessing system has been realized in analog hardware, while recognition is carried out on a digital computer. In the preprocessing system, the essential psychoacoustic principles of the perception of loudness, pitch, roughness, and subjective duration are implemented with some approximation. The system essentially consists of 24 bandpass filters, nonlinear transformation of each filter output into specific loudness and specific roughness, and final transformation of these parameters into total loudness, total roughness, and three spectral momenta. As a means to further reduce the information flow, continuous selection of dominant parameters is also considered on the basis of psychoacoustic data. The subsequent recognition process is mainly characterized by (1) discrimination between speech and silent periods, (2) detection of syllable peaks and classification of syllable nuclei, and (3) assumption of syllable boundaries and classification of consonant clusters. Though the entire system as yet is far from being complete and perfect, the present results indicate that the concept provides a systematic and promising way towards automatic recognition of continuous speech.", "contents": "Automatic speech recognition using psychoacoustic models. An approach to automatic speech recognition is described, which, in a straightforward way, follows the concept of (1) preprocessing in terms of auditory parameters and (2) subsequent classification and recognition. The preprocessing system has been realized in analog hardware, while recognition is carried out on a digital computer. In the preprocessing system, the essential psychoacoustic principles of the perception of loudness, pitch, roughness, and subjective duration are implemented with some approximation. The system essentially consists of 24 bandpass filters, nonlinear transformation of each filter output into specific loudness and specific roughness, and final transformation of these parameters into total loudness, total roughness, and three spectral momenta. As a means to further reduce the information flow, continuous selection of dominant parameters is also considered on the basis of psychoacoustic data. The subsequent recognition process is mainly characterized by (1) discrimination between speech and silent periods, (2) detection of syllable peaks and classification of syllable nuclei, and (3) assumption of syllable boundaries and classification of consonant clusters. Though the entire system as yet is far from being complete and perfect, the present results indicate that the concept provides a systematic and promising way towards automatic recognition of continuous speech.", "PMID": 489818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_157", "title": "The relationship between collagen and ultrasonic attenuation in myocardial tissue.", "content": "The relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and collagen content is examined in hearts from normal dogs and in hearts from dogs subjected to ischemic injury by coronary occlusion as an approach toward elucidating the physical mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of soft tissue. Increased ultrasonic attenuation is shown to correlate well with increased collagen concentration determined biochemically in regions of ischemic injury studied 2, 4, and 6 weeks following occlusion. Extrapolation of experimentally determined relationship between attenuation and collagen concentration suggests that collagen is responsible for not more than 15% of the attenuation observed in normal myocardium. These results indicate that collagen appears to be the principal determinant of the elevated attenuation detected in regions of myocardial infarction, but is apparently not the primary determinant of the attenuation of normal myocardium.", "contents": "The relationship between collagen and ultrasonic attenuation in myocardial tissue. The relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and collagen content is examined in hearts from normal dogs and in hearts from dogs subjected to ischemic injury by coronary occlusion as an approach toward elucidating the physical mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of soft tissue. Increased ultrasonic attenuation is shown to correlate well with increased collagen concentration determined biochemically in regions of ischemic injury studied 2, 4, and 6 weeks following occlusion. Extrapolation of experimentally determined relationship between attenuation and collagen concentration suggests that collagen is responsible for not more than 15% of the attenuation observed in normal myocardium. These results indicate that collagen appears to be the principal determinant of the elevated attenuation detected in regions of myocardial infarction, but is apparently not the primary determinant of the attenuation of normal myocardium.", "PMID": 489819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_158", "title": "Auditory detection of a single gap in noise.", "content": "The detection threshold of a single gap in white noise was measured as a function of the gap duration. The results can be described with an auditory integration time of about 25 ms. This value is much larger than the 3--4 ms usually found in experiments on auditory temporal integration. The discrepancy shows that a system theoretical description of the detection of arbitrary amplitude changes in noise in terms of a modulation transfer function, fails to explain the detection of a single gap.", "contents": "Auditory detection of a single gap in noise. The detection threshold of a single gap in white noise was measured as a function of the gap duration. The results can be described with an auditory integration time of about 25 ms. This value is much larger than the 3--4 ms usually found in experiments on auditory temporal integration. The discrepancy shows that a system theoretical description of the detection of arbitrary amplitude changes in noise in terms of a modulation transfer function, fails to explain the detection of a single gap.", "PMID": 489820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_159", "title": "Detectability of a pulsed tone in the presence of a masker with time-varying interaural correlation.", "content": "Detectability of a filtered probe tone (250, 500, or 1000 Hz) was measured in the presence of a narrow-band Gaussian masker centered at the signal frequency. The signal was interaurally phase-reversed (Spi), and the masker's interaural correlation varied sinusoidally between +1.00 (NO) and -1.00 (Npi) at a varaible rate (fm = 0--4 Hz). The signal was presented at various points on the masker's modulation cycle. For 0-Hz modulation (fixed interaural correlation) signal threshold decreased monotonically as the masker's interaural correlation was changed from -1.00 to +1.00 (by a total of about 20, 16, and 8 dB, respectively, for 250-, 500-, and 1000-Hz signals). For fm greater than 0 the function relating signal threshold to the masker's interaural correlation at the moment of signal presentation became progressively flatter with increasing fm for all signal frequencies. For fm = 4 Hz the function was flat; there was no measurable effect of masker interaural correlation on signal detectability. Estimates of minimum binaural integration time based on these data ranged from 44--243 ms, supporting previous studies which have noted the binaural system's relative insensitivity to dynamic stimulation. Additionally, the estimated time constants were approximately twice as large at 250 Hz as at 500 Hz, indicating observers could follow binaural fluctuations better at 500 Hz. The time-constant estimates at 1000 Hz were not suggiciently reliable to permit comparisons with the lower-frequency data.", "contents": "Detectability of a pulsed tone in the presence of a masker with time-varying interaural correlation. Detectability of a filtered probe tone (250, 500, or 1000 Hz) was measured in the presence of a narrow-band Gaussian masker centered at the signal frequency. The signal was interaurally phase-reversed (Spi), and the masker's interaural correlation varied sinusoidally between +1.00 (NO) and -1.00 (Npi) at a varaible rate (fm = 0--4 Hz). The signal was presented at various points on the masker's modulation cycle. For 0-Hz modulation (fixed interaural correlation) signal threshold decreased monotonically as the masker's interaural correlation was changed from -1.00 to +1.00 (by a total of about 20, 16, and 8 dB, respectively, for 250-, 500-, and 1000-Hz signals). For fm greater than 0 the function relating signal threshold to the masker's interaural correlation at the moment of signal presentation became progressively flatter with increasing fm for all signal frequencies. For fm = 4 Hz the function was flat; there was no measurable effect of masker interaural correlation on signal detectability. Estimates of minimum binaural integration time based on these data ranged from 44--243 ms, supporting previous studies which have noted the binaural system's relative insensitivity to dynamic stimulation. Additionally, the estimated time constants were approximately twice as large at 250 Hz as at 500 Hz, indicating observers could follow binaural fluctuations better at 500 Hz. The time-constant estimates at 1000 Hz were not suggiciently reliable to permit comparisons with the lower-frequency data.", "PMID": 489821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_160", "title": "Some experiments on the sound of silence in phonetic perception.", "content": "The results of several experiments demonstrate that silence is an important cue for the perception of stop-consonant and affricate manner. In some circumstances, silence is necessary; in others, it is sufficient. But silence is not the only cue to these manners. There are other cues that are more or less equivalent in their perceptual effects, though they are quite different acoustically. Finally, silence is effective as a cue when it separates utterances produced by male and female speakers. These findings are taken to imply that, in these instances, perception is constrained as if by some abstract conception of what vocal tracts do when they make linguistically significant gestures.", "contents": "Some experiments on the sound of silence in phonetic perception. The results of several experiments demonstrate that silence is an important cue for the perception of stop-consonant and affricate manner. In some circumstances, silence is necessary; in others, it is sufficient. But silence is not the only cue to these manners. There are other cues that are more or less equivalent in their perceptual effects, though they are quite different acoustically. Finally, silence is effective as a cue when it separates utterances produced by male and female speakers. These findings are taken to imply that, in these instances, perception is constrained as if by some abstract conception of what vocal tracts do when they make linguistically significant gestures.", "PMID": 489822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_161", "title": "The role of medial consonant transitions in word perception.", "content": "In VCV nonsense forms (such as /epsilondepsilon/, while both the CV transition and the VC transition are perceptible in isolation, the CV transition dominates identification of the stop consonant. Thus, the question arises, what role, if any, do VC transitions play in word perception? Stimuli were two-syllable English words in which the medial consonant was either a stop or a fricative (e.g., \"feeding\" and \"gravy\"). Each word was constructed in three ways: (1) the VC transition was incompatible with the CV in either place, manner of articulation, or both; (2) the VC transition was eliminated and the steady-state portion of first vowel was substituted in its place; and (3) the original word. All versions of a particular word were identical with respect to duration, pitch contour, and amplitude envelope. While an intelligibility test revealed no differences among the three conditions, data from a paired comparison preference task and an unspeeded lexical decision task indicated that incompatible VC transitions hindered word perception, but lack of VC transitions did not. However, there were clear differences among the three conditions in the speeded lexical decision task for word stimuli, but not for nonword stimuli that were constructed in an analogous fashion. We discuss the use of lexical tasks for speech quality assessment and possible processes by which listeners recognize spoken words.", "contents": "The role of medial consonant transitions in word perception. In VCV nonsense forms (such as /epsilondepsilon/, while both the CV transition and the VC transition are perceptible in isolation, the CV transition dominates identification of the stop consonant. Thus, the question arises, what role, if any, do VC transitions play in word perception? Stimuli were two-syllable English words in which the medial consonant was either a stop or a fricative (e.g., \"feeding\" and \"gravy\"). Each word was constructed in three ways: (1) the VC transition was incompatible with the CV in either place, manner of articulation, or both; (2) the VC transition was eliminated and the steady-state portion of first vowel was substituted in its place; and (3) the original word. All versions of a particular word were identical with respect to duration, pitch contour, and amplitude envelope. While an intelligibility test revealed no differences among the three conditions, data from a paired comparison preference task and an unspeeded lexical decision task indicated that incompatible VC transitions hindered word perception, but lack of VC transitions did not. However, there were clear differences among the three conditions in the speeded lexical decision task for word stimuli, but not for nonword stimuli that were constructed in an analogous fashion. We discuss the use of lexical tasks for speech quality assessment and possible processes by which listeners recognize spoken words.", "PMID": 489823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_162", "title": "Detection versus discrimination of brief tones by cats with auditory cortex lesions.", "content": "In recent years, a number of investigators have provided evidence that the auditory cortex has a critical role in both the detection and discrimination of brief sounds. Dogs and humans with lesions of the neocortical auditory centers have been reported to exhibit significantly elevated detection thresholds for signals shorter than 16 ms in duration. In tests of frequency discrimination, the same subjects also exhibited severe deficits whenever tonal signals were less than 20--40 mn in lengths. In the present report, we present evidence brief tones. Operated cats, while exhibiting normal difference limens for 1-kHz tones of 100-ms duration, have significantly elevated limens for discriminating tones of 8- and 2-ms duration. With further testing, the same operated cats can be shown to have normal absolute thresholds for detecting brief tones.", "contents": "Detection versus discrimination of brief tones by cats with auditory cortex lesions. In recent years, a number of investigators have provided evidence that the auditory cortex has a critical role in both the detection and discrimination of brief sounds. Dogs and humans with lesions of the neocortical auditory centers have been reported to exhibit significantly elevated detection thresholds for signals shorter than 16 ms in duration. In tests of frequency discrimination, the same subjects also exhibited severe deficits whenever tonal signals were less than 20--40 mn in lengths. In the present report, we present evidence brief tones. Operated cats, while exhibiting normal difference limens for 1-kHz tones of 100-ms duration, have significantly elevated limens for discriminating tones of 8- and 2-ms duration. With further testing, the same operated cats can be shown to have normal absolute thresholds for detecting brief tones.", "PMID": 489824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_163", "title": "Tone-segregation by phase: on the phase sensitivity of the single ear.", "content": "A monaural complex tone is synthesized from 12 harmonically related pure tones, played in phase. In each of 12 segments, one of the tones (the target) is played out of phase so that the sequence of targets is increasing or decreasing in frequency. If the target is at least 30 degrees out of phase, the targets are perceptually segregated. This tone-segregation by phase raises doubts concerning several current theories of pitch perception. The phenomenon is conjectured to be caused by the ear's nonlinear compressive transfer characteristic or by a temporal analysis of the stimulus.", "contents": "Tone-segregation by phase: on the phase sensitivity of the single ear. A monaural complex tone is synthesized from 12 harmonically related pure tones, played in phase. In each of 12 segments, one of the tones (the target) is played out of phase so that the sequence of targets is increasing or decreasing in frequency. If the target is at least 30 degrees out of phase, the targets are perceptually segregated. This tone-segregation by phase raises doubts concerning several current theories of pitch perception. The phenomenon is conjectured to be caused by the ear's nonlinear compressive transfer characteristic or by a temporal analysis of the stimulus.", "PMID": 489825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_164", "title": "Discrimination of uniform spectrum pulse sequences.", "content": "Random polarity-modulated sequences were produced with a uniform short-term spectrum over defined sampling intervals by a method described by Pierce, Lipes, and Cheetham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1609-1621 (1977)]. These are identified as PLC sequences. By contrast, unconstrained random polarity-modulated pulse trains with a constant interpulse interval may depart from a short-term uniform spectrum. It is shown that listeners can clearly discriminate between PLC sequences and unconstrained random sequences, and can discriminate among different PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences than to their run-length distribution. Such discrimination is relatively resistant to moderate degrees of temporal jitter and is obtained with other forms of information coding. Discrimination of PLC sequences is presumably based upon phase information.", "contents": "Discrimination of uniform spectrum pulse sequences. Random polarity-modulated sequences were produced with a uniform short-term spectrum over defined sampling intervals by a method described by Pierce, Lipes, and Cheetham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1609-1621 (1977)]. These are identified as PLC sequences. By contrast, unconstrained random polarity-modulated pulse trains with a constant interpulse interval may depart from a short-term uniform spectrum. It is shown that listeners can clearly discriminate between PLC sequences and unconstrained random sequences, and can discriminate among different PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences than to their run-length distribution. Such discrimination is relatively resistant to moderate degrees of temporal jitter and is obtained with other forms of information coding. Discrimination of PLC sequences is presumably based upon phase information.", "PMID": 489826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_165", "title": "Children's understanding of monosyllabic nouns in quiet and in noise.", "content": "A four-alternative, forced choice adaptive procedure was used to measure the lowest intensity at which children could identify monosyllabic nouns that had been standardized to be understandable (at comfortable listening levels) to inner city, 3-year-old children. Results showed no age-related performance changes when the words were presented against a 12-talker babble or against filtered noise. In quit, however, performance improved between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Performance of children with learning problems was poorer than performance of children achieving normal school progress, even though clinical measures of auditory sensitivity showed no differences. Results are discussed in terms of \"semantic closure\" skills of children.", "contents": "Children's understanding of monosyllabic nouns in quiet and in noise. A four-alternative, forced choice adaptive procedure was used to measure the lowest intensity at which children could identify monosyllabic nouns that had been standardized to be understandable (at comfortable listening levels) to inner city, 3-year-old children. Results showed no age-related performance changes when the words were presented against a 12-talker babble or against filtered noise. In quit, however, performance improved between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Performance of children with learning problems was poorer than performance of children achieving normal school progress, even though clinical measures of auditory sensitivity showed no differences. Results are discussed in terms of \"semantic closure\" skills of children.", "PMID": 489827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_166", "title": "Cochlear macromechanics: time domain solutions.", "content": "In this paper we report on a new method of solving a previous derived, two-dimensional model, integral equation for basilar membrane (BM) motion. The method uses a recursive algorithm for the solution of an initial-value problem in the time domain, combined with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) convolution in the space domain at each time step. Thus, the method capitalizes on the high speed and accuracy of the FFT yet allows the BM to have nonlinear mechanical properties. Using the new method we compute (linear) solutions for various choices of model parameters and compare the results to the experimental measurements of Rhode. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1218-1231 (1971)]. We also demonstrate the effect of including longitudinal stiffness along the BM and conclude that it is useful in matching the high-frequency slope as measured by Rhode.", "contents": "Cochlear macromechanics: time domain solutions. In this paper we report on a new method of solving a previous derived, two-dimensional model, integral equation for basilar membrane (BM) motion. The method uses a recursive algorithm for the solution of an initial-value problem in the time domain, combined with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) convolution in the space domain at each time step. Thus, the method capitalizes on the high speed and accuracy of the FFT yet allows the BM to have nonlinear mechanical properties. Using the new method we compute (linear) solutions for various choices of model parameters and compare the results to the experimental measurements of Rhode. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1218-1231 (1971)]. We also demonstrate the effect of including longitudinal stiffness along the BM and conclude that it is useful in matching the high-frequency slope as measured by Rhode.", "PMID": 489828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_167", "title": "The development of middle-ear admittance in the hamster.", "content": "A high-frequency admittance meter was developed and used to study the maturation of physiological function in the middle ear of neonatal golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The middle-ear input admittance in the frequency range of 0.8-1.8 kHz was measured in animals ranging in age from 6 to 69 days postpartum. Admittance magnitude was found to increase steadily with age, beginning on day 16, to asymptotic values at each test frequency. There were no obvious differences in admittance growth rates within the range of frequencies tested. However, an analysis of the slopes of the admittance ma;nitude frequency response curves revealed an increase from 4.6 dB/octave for animals 25 days old or younger, to 6.3 dB/octave for all older animals. This difference between younger and older subjects indicates that the development of the middle ear in the golden hamster is more complex than a simple increase in pure compliance.", "contents": "The development of middle-ear admittance in the hamster. A high-frequency admittance meter was developed and used to study the maturation of physiological function in the middle ear of neonatal golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The middle-ear input admittance in the frequency range of 0.8-1.8 kHz was measured in animals ranging in age from 6 to 69 days postpartum. Admittance magnitude was found to increase steadily with age, beginning on day 16, to asymptotic values at each test frequency. There were no obvious differences in admittance growth rates within the range of frequencies tested. However, an analysis of the slopes of the admittance ma;nitude frequency response curves revealed an increase from 4.6 dB/octave for animals 25 days old or younger, to 6.3 dB/octave for all older animals. This difference between younger and older subjects indicates that the development of the middle ear in the golden hamster is more complex than a simple increase in pure compliance.", "PMID": 489829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_168", "title": "Relationship between adaptation and the percept and transformations of stop consonant voicing: effects of the number of repetitions and intensity of adaptors.", "content": "Important issues in selective adaptation research concern the relative contribution of response related (perceptual) and stimulus related (acoustic) effects of the adaptor in the adaptive process. Two response related issues pertain to the effects of the adaptor percept and verbal transformations on adaptation. This investigation systematically examined perceptual and acoustic contributions of the adaptor on the adaptation of the voicing feature. Subjects rated the degree of voicing/voicelessness of end-point VOT adaptors, i.e., 5- and 55-ms VOT, and an acoustically neutral adaptor, i.e., 25-ms VOT, during periods of repetitions. The number of adaptor repetitions during each of ten trials was either 5, 32, or 95, and the intensity of the adapting stimulus was either 50, 70, or 90 dB SPL. The major findings were as follows: (1) No significant correlations were found between ratings of voicing percept of the adaptor and magnitude of boundary shift; (2) Increases in repetitions and relative intensity level of end-point adaptors produced significantly greater phonetic boundary shifts and generally greater affects on ratings of test stimuli; and (3) The end-point adaptors produced significant shifts in rating of boundary and nonboundary stimuli. The findings indicate that neigher the adaptor percept or verbal transformations affected the magnitude of adaptation. These results and those for acoustic parameters strongly suggest an acoustic as opposed to a phonetic basis of adaptation of the voicing feature. Furthermore, the effects of end-point adaptors on boundary and nonboundary stimuli support the generalized change in feature sensitivity assumed by a fatigue model of adaptation.", "contents": "Relationship between adaptation and the percept and transformations of stop consonant voicing: effects of the number of repetitions and intensity of adaptors. Important issues in selective adaptation research concern the relative contribution of response related (perceptual) and stimulus related (acoustic) effects of the adaptor in the adaptive process. Two response related issues pertain to the effects of the adaptor percept and verbal transformations on adaptation. This investigation systematically examined perceptual and acoustic contributions of the adaptor on the adaptation of the voicing feature. Subjects rated the degree of voicing/voicelessness of end-point VOT adaptors, i.e., 5- and 55-ms VOT, and an acoustically neutral adaptor, i.e., 25-ms VOT, during periods of repetitions. The number of adaptor repetitions during each of ten trials was either 5, 32, or 95, and the intensity of the adapting stimulus was either 50, 70, or 90 dB SPL. The major findings were as follows: (1) No significant correlations were found between ratings of voicing percept of the adaptor and magnitude of boundary shift; (2) Increases in repetitions and relative intensity level of end-point adaptors produced significantly greater phonetic boundary shifts and generally greater affects on ratings of test stimuli; and (3) The end-point adaptors produced significant shifts in rating of boundary and nonboundary stimuli. The findings indicate that neigher the adaptor percept or verbal transformations affected the magnitude of adaptation. These results and those for acoustic parameters strongly suggest an acoustic as opposed to a phonetic basis of adaptation of the voicing feature. Furthermore, the effects of end-point adaptors on boundary and nonboundary stimuli support the generalized change in feature sensitivity assumed by a fatigue model of adaptation.", "PMID": 489830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_169", "title": "Ear dominance in perception of dichotic chords: pure tones versus tone glides.", "content": "Pitch judgments for dichotic chords composed of two pure tones often show a bias in favor of the chord-component going to one ear. This \"ear-advantage for pitch\" (EAP) varies between subjects, but is very stable within subject and is thought to reflect differences in spectral \"sensitivity\" of the two auditory pathways. The present study explored this hypothesis by examining pitch judgments of complexes composed of tones dichotically paired with frequency-varying signals. The direction and strength of EAP was first established using pure tones, then rising tone glides were introduced into the channel going to thenondominant ear. Since a glide possesses less energy at a given frequency than a pure tone of equal duration, an increase in EAP was expected. An increase in EAP was consistently observed for only one subject; three subjects showed small, variable effects; and six subjects displayed a decrease in EAP. The results suggested that factors other than relative spectral sensitivity affect observed EAP.", "contents": "Ear dominance in perception of dichotic chords: pure tones versus tone glides. Pitch judgments for dichotic chords composed of two pure tones often show a bias in favor of the chord-component going to one ear. This \"ear-advantage for pitch\" (EAP) varies between subjects, but is very stable within subject and is thought to reflect differences in spectral \"sensitivity\" of the two auditory pathways. The present study explored this hypothesis by examining pitch judgments of complexes composed of tones dichotically paired with frequency-varying signals. The direction and strength of EAP was first established using pure tones, then rising tone glides were introduced into the channel going to thenondominant ear. Since a glide possesses less energy at a given frequency than a pure tone of equal duration, an increase in EAP was expected. An increase in EAP was consistently observed for only one subject; three subjects showed small, variable effects; and six subjects displayed a decrease in EAP. The results suggested that factors other than relative spectral sensitivity affect observed EAP.", "PMID": 489831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_170", "title": "Auditory versus phonetic accounts of observed confusions between consonant phonemes.", "content": "The utility of phonetic features versus acoustic properties for describing perceptual relations among speech sounds was evaluated with a multidimensional scaling analysis of Miller and Nicely's [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 338-352 (1955)] consonant confusions data. The INDSCAL method and program were employed with the original data log transformed to enhance consistency with the linear INDSCAL model. A four-dimensional solution accounted for 69% of the variance and was best characterized in terms of acoustic properties of the speech signal, viz., temporal relationship of periodicity and burst onset, shape of voiced first formanant transition, shape of voiced second formanant transition, and amount of initial spectral dispersion, rather than in terms of phonetic features. The amplitude and spectral location of acoustic energy specifying each perceptual dimension were found to determine a dimension's perceptual effect as the signal was degraded by masking noise and bandpass filtering. Consequently, the perceptual bases of identification confusions between pairs of syllables were characterized in terms of the shared acoustic properties which remained salient in the degraded speech. Implications of these findings for feature-based accounts of perceptual relationships between phonemes are considered.", "contents": "Auditory versus phonetic accounts of observed confusions between consonant phonemes. The utility of phonetic features versus acoustic properties for describing perceptual relations among speech sounds was evaluated with a multidimensional scaling analysis of Miller and Nicely's [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 338-352 (1955)] consonant confusions data. The INDSCAL method and program were employed with the original data log transformed to enhance consistency with the linear INDSCAL model. A four-dimensional solution accounted for 69% of the variance and was best characterized in terms of acoustic properties of the speech signal, viz., temporal relationship of periodicity and burst onset, shape of voiced first formanant transition, shape of voiced second formanant transition, and amount of initial spectral dispersion, rather than in terms of phonetic features. The amplitude and spectral location of acoustic energy specifying each perceptual dimension were found to determine a dimension's perceptual effect as the signal was degraded by masking noise and bandpass filtering. Consequently, the perceptual bases of identification confusions between pairs of syllables were characterized in terms of the shared acoustic properties which remained salient in the degraded speech. Implications of these findings for feature-based accounts of perceptual relationships between phonemes are considered.", "PMID": 489832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_171", "title": "A theoretical study of the effects of various laryngeal configurations on the acoustics of phonation.", "content": "Simulation of glottal volume flow and vocal fold tissue movement was accomplished by numerical solution of a time-dependent boundary value problem, in which nonuniform, orthotropic, linear, incompressible vocal fold tissue media were surrounded by irregularly shaped boundaries, which were either fixed or subject to aerodynamic stresses. Spatial nonuniformity of the tissues was of the layered type, including a mucosal layer, a ligamental layer, and muscular layers. Orthotropy was required to stabilized the vocal folds longitudinally and to accomodate large variations in muscular stress. Incompressibility and vertical motions at the golttis played an important role in producing and sustaining phonation. A nominal configuration for male fundamental speaking pitches was selected, and the regulation of fundamental frequency, intensity, average volume flow, and vocal efficiency was investigated in terms of variations around this nominal configuration. Parameters which were varied consisted of geometrical factors such as length, thickness, and depth, factors for shaping the glottis, as well as tissue elasticities, tissue viscosities, and subglottal pressure. Since nonlinear stress-strain properties were not included, subglottal pressure did not produce a pronounced effect upon fundamental frequency under these somewhat edealized conditions F0 rasing correlated strongly with increased tension in the ligament, and somewhat with increasing tension in the vocalis. F0 lowering correlated with increase in vocal fold length when the tensions were held constant, but not with increase in vocal fold thickness. Vocal intensity and efficiency are shown to have local maxima as the configurational parameters are varied one at a time. It appears that oral acoustic power output and vocal efficiency can be maximized by proper adjustments of longitudinal tension of nonmuscular (mucosal and ligamental) tissue layers in relation to muscular layers. Quantitative verification of the \"body-cover\" theory is therefore suggested, and several further implications with regard to control of the human larynx are considered.", "contents": "A theoretical study of the effects of various laryngeal configurations on the acoustics of phonation. Simulation of glottal volume flow and vocal fold tissue movement was accomplished by numerical solution of a time-dependent boundary value problem, in which nonuniform, orthotropic, linear, incompressible vocal fold tissue media were surrounded by irregularly shaped boundaries, which were either fixed or subject to aerodynamic stresses. Spatial nonuniformity of the tissues was of the layered type, including a mucosal layer, a ligamental layer, and muscular layers. Orthotropy was required to stabilized the vocal folds longitudinally and to accomodate large variations in muscular stress. Incompressibility and vertical motions at the golttis played an important role in producing and sustaining phonation. A nominal configuration for male fundamental speaking pitches was selected, and the regulation of fundamental frequency, intensity, average volume flow, and vocal efficiency was investigated in terms of variations around this nominal configuration. Parameters which were varied consisted of geometrical factors such as length, thickness, and depth, factors for shaping the glottis, as well as tissue elasticities, tissue viscosities, and subglottal pressure. Since nonlinear stress-strain properties were not included, subglottal pressure did not produce a pronounced effect upon fundamental frequency under these somewhat edealized conditions F0 rasing correlated strongly with increased tension in the ligament, and somewhat with increasing tension in the vocalis. F0 lowering correlated with increase in vocal fold length when the tensions were held constant, but not with increase in vocal fold thickness. Vocal intensity and efficiency are shown to have local maxima as the configurational parameters are varied one at a time. It appears that oral acoustic power output and vocal efficiency can be maximized by proper adjustments of longitudinal tension of nonmuscular (mucosal and ligamental) tissue layers in relation to muscular layers. Quantitative verification of the \"body-cover\" theory is therefore suggested, and several further implications with regard to control of the human larynx are considered.", "PMID": 489833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_172", "title": "Individual differences in the perception of dichotic chords.", "content": "A new method was employed to measure the changes in the strength of ear dominance in the perception of dichotic chords as a function of stimulus intensity. The results of the first experiment, where the right and left tones were of equal intensity, revealed striking individual differences in the way the ear dominance of five subjects changed as the intensity of the chords was varied over a 60-dB range--no two subjects exhibiting the same pattern of behavior. Since, within the context of the model of Yund and Efron [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 607-617 (1977)] these individual differences could result from right-left asymmetries in the subject's intensity-response (I-R) transduction mechanisms, a second experiment was performed in which the two tones had different intensities. From the results of the second experiment the shape of the I-R function for each ear could be computed. Using these I-R functions as parameters, the model accurately predicted the idiosyncratic changes of ear dominance observed in the first experiment. The right-left asymmetries in the I-R functions also a-count for previously reported idiosyneratic changes in ear dominance as a function of the frequency difference between the two tones of the dichotic chord.", "contents": "Individual differences in the perception of dichotic chords. A new method was employed to measure the changes in the strength of ear dominance in the perception of dichotic chords as a function of stimulus intensity. The results of the first experiment, where the right and left tones were of equal intensity, revealed striking individual differences in the way the ear dominance of five subjects changed as the intensity of the chords was varied over a 60-dB range--no two subjects exhibiting the same pattern of behavior. Since, within the context of the model of Yund and Efron [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 607-617 (1977)] these individual differences could result from right-left asymmetries in the subject's intensity-response (I-R) transduction mechanisms, a second experiment was performed in which the two tones had different intensities. From the results of the second experiment the shape of the I-R function for each ear could be computed. Using these I-R functions as parameters, the model accurately predicted the idiosyncratic changes of ear dominance observed in the first experiment. The right-left asymmetries in the I-R functions also a-count for previously reported idiosyneratic changes in ear dominance as a function of the frequency difference between the two tones of the dichotic chord.", "PMID": 489834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_173", "title": "Musical pitch of two-tone complexes and predictions by modern pitch theories.", "content": "Most studies of the musical pitch of harmonic tone complexes have utilized signals comparing two or more successive harmonics. The present study provides systematic data on melodic interval recognition by three musically experienced subjects with sounds whose missing fundamentals were represented by two nonsuccessive harmonics nf0,(n + m)f0, delivered to separate ears. Data were obtained in the ranges 1 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 9, 2 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 4, and 200 Hz less than or equal to f0 less than or equal to 1000 Hz. The data are interpreted in the light of three theories, the \"optimum processor theory,\" the \"virtual pitch theory,\" and the \"pattern transformation theory.\" For each theory, a constraint on preformance is proposed based on interference between the \"analytic\" and \"synthetic\" pitch perception modes. The former is obtained with large spacings between harmonics, where listeners are more likely to perceive harmonics as individual tones, each having their own pitch. This degrades the listener's ability to hear the fundamental pitch.", "contents": "Musical pitch of two-tone complexes and predictions by modern pitch theories. Most studies of the musical pitch of harmonic tone complexes have utilized signals comparing two or more successive harmonics. The present study provides systematic data on melodic interval recognition by three musically experienced subjects with sounds whose missing fundamentals were represented by two nonsuccessive harmonics nf0,(n + m)f0, delivered to separate ears. Data were obtained in the ranges 1 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 9, 2 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 4, and 200 Hz less than or equal to f0 less than or equal to 1000 Hz. The data are interpreted in the light of three theories, the \"optimum processor theory,\" the \"virtual pitch theory,\" and the \"pattern transformation theory.\" For each theory, a constraint on preformance is proposed based on interference between the \"analytic\" and \"synthetic\" pitch perception modes. The former is obtained with large spacings between harmonics, where listeners are more likely to perceive harmonics as individual tones, each having their own pitch. This degrades the listener's ability to hear the fundamental pitch.", "PMID": 489835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_174", "title": "Performance of children aged 9 to 17 years on a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence material with controlled word predictability.", "content": "Performance of children aged 9 to 17 years on the SPIN test (Speech Perception in Noise) is described. The 11- and 13-year-olds performed significantly poorer than 15- and 17-year-olds, and this difference occurred primarily for high-predictability sentences presented at a O-dB signal-to-babble ratio. Performance of nine-year-olds was significantly poorer than performance of 11-year-olds. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Performance of children aged 9 to 17 years on a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence material with controlled word predictability. Performance of children aged 9 to 17 years on the SPIN test (Speech Perception in Noise) is described. The 11- and 13-year-olds performed significantly poorer than 15- and 17-year-olds, and this difference occurred primarily for high-predictability sentences presented at a O-dB signal-to-babble ratio. Performance of nine-year-olds was significantly poorer than performance of 11-year-olds. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 489836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_175", "title": "Relation between voice-onset time and vowel duration.", "content": "As part of an investigation of the temporal implementation rules of English, measurements were made of voice-onset time for initial English stops and the duration of the following voiced vowel in monosyllabic words for New York City speakers. It was found that the VOT of a word-initial consonant was longer before a voiceless final cluster than before a single nasal, and longer before tense vowels than lax vowels. The vowels were also longer in environments where VOT was longer, but VOT did not maintain a constant ratio with the vowel duration, even for a single place of articulation. VOT was changed by a smaller proportion than the following voiced vowel in both cases. VOT changes associated with the vowel were consistent across place of articulation of the stop. In the final experiment, when vowel tensity and final consonant effects were combined, it was found that the proportion of vowel duration change that carried over to the preceding VOT is different for the two phonetic changes. These results imply that temporal implementation rules simultaneously influence several acoustic intervals including both VOT and the \"inherent\" interval corresponding to a segment, either by independent control of the relevant articulatory variables or by some unknown common mechanism.", "contents": "Relation between voice-onset time and vowel duration. As part of an investigation of the temporal implementation rules of English, measurements were made of voice-onset time for initial English stops and the duration of the following voiced vowel in monosyllabic words for New York City speakers. It was found that the VOT of a word-initial consonant was longer before a voiceless final cluster than before a single nasal, and longer before tense vowels than lax vowels. The vowels were also longer in environments where VOT was longer, but VOT did not maintain a constant ratio with the vowel duration, even for a single place of articulation. VOT was changed by a smaller proportion than the following voiced vowel in both cases. VOT changes associated with the vowel were consistent across place of articulation of the stop. In the final experiment, when vowel tensity and final consonant effects were combined, it was found that the proportion of vowel duration change that carried over to the preceding VOT is different for the two phonetic changes. These results imply that temporal implementation rules simultaneously influence several acoustic intervals including both VOT and the \"inherent\" interval corresponding to a segment, either by independent control of the relevant articulatory variables or by some unknown common mechanism.", "PMID": 489837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_176", "title": "Considerations in applying clustering techniques to speaker-independent word recognition.", "content": "Recent work at Bell Laboratories has demonstrated the utility of applying sophisticated pattern recognition techniques to obtain a set of speaker-independent word templates for an isolated word recognition system [Levinson et al.,IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-27 (2), 134--141 (1979); Rabiner et al., IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.(in press)]. In these studies, it was shown that a careful experimenter could guide the clustering algorithms to choose a small set of templates that were representative of a large number of replications for each word in the vocabulary. Subsequent word recognition tests verified that the templates chosen were indeed representative of a fairly large population of talkers. Given the success of this approach, the next important step is to investigate fully automatic techniques for clustering multiple versions of a single word into a set of speaker-independent word templates. Two such techniques are described in this paper. The first method uses distance data (between replications of a word) to segment the population into stable clusters. The word template is obtained as either the cluster minimax, or as an averaged version of all the elements in the cluster. The second method is a variation of the one described by Rabiner [IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-26 (3), 34--42 (1978)] in which averaging techniques are directly combined with the nearest neighbor rule to simultaneously define both the word template (i.e., the cluster center) and the elements in the cluster. Experimental data show the first method to be superior to the second method when three or more clusters per word are used in the recognition task.", "contents": "Considerations in applying clustering techniques to speaker-independent word recognition. Recent work at Bell Laboratories has demonstrated the utility of applying sophisticated pattern recognition techniques to obtain a set of speaker-independent word templates for an isolated word recognition system [Levinson et al.,IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-27 (2), 134--141 (1979); Rabiner et al., IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.(in press)]. In these studies, it was shown that a careful experimenter could guide the clustering algorithms to choose a small set of templates that were representative of a large number of replications for each word in the vocabulary. Subsequent word recognition tests verified that the templates chosen were indeed representative of a fairly large population of talkers. Given the success of this approach, the next important step is to investigate fully automatic techniques for clustering multiple versions of a single word into a set of speaker-independent word templates. Two such techniques are described in this paper. The first method uses distance data (between replications of a word) to segment the population into stable clusters. The word template is obtained as either the cluster minimax, or as an averaged version of all the elements in the cluster. The second method is a variation of the one described by Rabiner [IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-26 (3), 34--42 (1978)] in which averaging techniques are directly combined with the nearest neighbor rule to simultaneously define both the word template (i.e., the cluster center) and the elements in the cluster. Experimental data show the first method to be superior to the second method when three or more clusters per word are used in the recognition task.", "PMID": 489838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_177", "title": "Masking of filtered noise bursts by synthetic vowels.", "content": "The present investigation assessed the simultaneous and temporal masking produced by computer-generated synthetic vowels. The durations (100 and 200 ms) of each of four vowel-like maskers were employed. The masker was presented at 70 dB SPL. The probe signals were three filtered noise bursts whose spectral distributions corresponded to regions of high spectral energy in three English stop consonants. Quiet and masked thresholds were determined using the method of adjustment. Data are reported for two experienced listeners who participated in all the listening conditions. The results were generally in accord with the results of masking experiments using nonspeech signals in that both the frequency specificity of masking and temporal masking effects were demonstrated.", "contents": "Masking of filtered noise bursts by synthetic vowels. The present investigation assessed the simultaneous and temporal masking produced by computer-generated synthetic vowels. The durations (100 and 200 ms) of each of four vowel-like maskers were employed. The masker was presented at 70 dB SPL. The probe signals were three filtered noise bursts whose spectral distributions corresponded to regions of high spectral energy in three English stop consonants. Quiet and masked thresholds were determined using the method of adjustment. Data are reported for two experienced listeners who participated in all the listening conditions. The results were generally in accord with the results of masking experiments using nonspeech signals in that both the frequency specificity of masking and temporal masking effects were demonstrated.", "PMID": 489839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_178", "title": "Predicting vocal frequency from selected physiologic measures.", "content": "Simultaneous physiologic measures were obtained on four young adult male subjects as they sustained phonation at seven frequencies within their modal-to-falsetto voice range. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression program to determine the contribution of each measure singly and in combination with other measures to the prediction of the resultant voice frequency. Results showed that by far the best predictor was cricothyroid muscle activity for both the pooled data model, and for each individual subject. The contribution of subglottal air pressure and thyroarytenoid muscle activity increased the variance explained by only 4% while the measure of vertical laryngeal position was a significant factor in only one subject's predictive model. Partial models from the pooled data explained from 67% to 73% of the variance; whereas the obtained measures for individual subjects explained from 90% to 94% of the variance.", "contents": "Predicting vocal frequency from selected physiologic measures. Simultaneous physiologic measures were obtained on four young adult male subjects as they sustained phonation at seven frequencies within their modal-to-falsetto voice range. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression program to determine the contribution of each measure singly and in combination with other measures to the prediction of the resultant voice frequency. Results showed that by far the best predictor was cricothyroid muscle activity for both the pooled data model, and for each individual subject. The contribution of subglottal air pressure and thyroarytenoid muscle activity increased the variance explained by only 4% while the measure of vertical laryngeal position was a significant factor in only one subject's predictive model. Partial models from the pooled data explained from 67% to 73% of the variance; whereas the obtained measures for individual subjects explained from 90% to 94% of the variance.", "PMID": 489840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_179", "title": "Exploring azimuth effects with an anthropometric manikin.", "content": "In these experiments, the effects of sound direction on the eardrum response of an anthropometric manikin (the KEMAR manikin) were investigated. Pure tones and pink noise (analyzed in 1/3-octave bandwidths) over a wide frequency range were used as signals as the manikin rotated 360 degrees with respect to a point source in a anechoic chamber. The simulated eardrum SPL was compared with the averaged human field-to-eardrum data reported by Shaw [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1848--1861 (1974)]. It was concluded that the KEMAR manikin can be used up to frequencies of approximately 8.0 kHz, with (1) 1/3-octave pink noise signals to measure a response equivalent to tht obtained by averaging over a number of humans, and (2) pure-tone signals to measure the response equivalent to that of a single human having average head and ear dimensions.", "contents": "Exploring azimuth effects with an anthropometric manikin. In these experiments, the effects of sound direction on the eardrum response of an anthropometric manikin (the KEMAR manikin) were investigated. Pure tones and pink noise (analyzed in 1/3-octave bandwidths) over a wide frequency range were used as signals as the manikin rotated 360 degrees with respect to a point source in a anechoic chamber. The simulated eardrum SPL was compared with the averaged human field-to-eardrum data reported by Shaw [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1848--1861 (1974)]. It was concluded that the KEMAR manikin can be used up to frequencies of approximately 8.0 kHz, with (1) 1/3-octave pink noise signals to measure a response equivalent to tht obtained by averaging over a number of humans, and (2) pure-tone signals to measure the response equivalent to that of a single human having average head and ear dimensions.", "PMID": 489841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_180", "title": "Evidence for direction-specific channels in the processing of frequency modulation.", "content": "Evidence is provided for the existence of at least three feature-specific channels in the auditory system. Thresholds for the detection of small repetitive or nonrepetitive frequency changes were measured following various adapting stimuli using a 2IFC procedure in two subjects at 1 kHz. Thresholds for single linear upward frequency sweeps (up sweeps) were increased by a factor of 2 to 3 following exposure to repetitive (8 Hz) up sweeps but not following exposure to down sweeps or tone bursts; correspondingly, thresholds for down-sweep stimuli were increased only by down sweeps. Sinusoidal FM test stimulus thresholds were elevated by both up-sweeps and down-sweeps and to a lesser extent by tone bursts. These results suggest the existence in the auditory system of channels specific to upward FM, downward FM, and probably repetition rate.", "contents": "Evidence for direction-specific channels in the processing of frequency modulation. Evidence is provided for the existence of at least three feature-specific channels in the auditory system. Thresholds for the detection of small repetitive or nonrepetitive frequency changes were measured following various adapting stimuli using a 2IFC procedure in two subjects at 1 kHz. Thresholds for single linear upward frequency sweeps (up sweeps) were increased by a factor of 2 to 3 following exposure to repetitive (8 Hz) up sweeps but not following exposure to down sweeps or tone bursts; correspondingly, thresholds for down-sweep stimuli were increased only by down sweeps. Sinusoidal FM test stimulus thresholds were elevated by both up-sweeps and down-sweeps and to a lesser extent by tone bursts. These results suggest the existence in the auditory system of channels specific to upward FM, downward FM, and probably repetition rate.", "PMID": 489842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_181", "title": "Central denervation hypersensitivity in the auditory system of the cat.", "content": "Data are reported for seven cats with a total of 29 electrodes permanently placed in or near the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex, the nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate body. Detection thresholds for pulsate electrical stimuli were measured using an operant behavioral procedure. Electrical stimulation thresholds were measured prior to and following bilateral destruction of the cochleas in all animals. In addition, four of the animals were tested using a site-of-stimulation discrimination prior to and following the cochlear lesion. Finally, hearing loss was evaluated in all cats after the completion of the experiments. Electrical stimulation thresholds showed a mean reduction of 7.9 dB throughout the brain stem auditory system fater cochlear destruction. The ability of the animals to perform the site-of-stimulation discrimination was not permanently impaired by the cochlear lesion. The data indicated the presence of increased sensitivity to electrical stimulation in most regions of the subcortical auditory system, although a lesser effect was found at the thalamic level. It was concluded that stimulation threshold provides an index relevant to the state of auditory neurons proximal to the electrode tip.", "contents": "Central denervation hypersensitivity in the auditory system of the cat. Data are reported for seven cats with a total of 29 electrodes permanently placed in or near the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex, the nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate body. Detection thresholds for pulsate electrical stimuli were measured using an operant behavioral procedure. Electrical stimulation thresholds were measured prior to and following bilateral destruction of the cochleas in all animals. In addition, four of the animals were tested using a site-of-stimulation discrimination prior to and following the cochlear lesion. Finally, hearing loss was evaluated in all cats after the completion of the experiments. Electrical stimulation thresholds showed a mean reduction of 7.9 dB throughout the brain stem auditory system fater cochlear destruction. The ability of the animals to perform the site-of-stimulation discrimination was not permanently impaired by the cochlear lesion. The data indicated the presence of increased sensitivity to electrical stimulation in most regions of the subcortical auditory system, although a lesser effect was found at the thalamic level. It was concluded that stimulation threshold provides an index relevant to the state of auditory neurons proximal to the electrode tip.", "PMID": 489843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_182", "title": "Temporal summation of pulsate brain stimulation in normal and deafened cats.", "content": "Behaviorally measured, electrical-stimulation thresholds were obtained from 11 electrodes permanently positioned in the auditory system and other brain loci. Number of pulses and interpulse intervals were varied to determine how detection thresholds were affected by stimulation parameters. Detection thresholds generally decreased with increased number of pulses and with shorter interpulse intervals. A method is presented to describe the parametric threshold data for each electrode in terms of three constants: a single-pulse threshold which characterizes the sensitivity of the placement; a time constant of temporal summation; and a compression factor which describes the range of threshold variation. For three placements in the vicinity of cochlear nucleus, bilateral cochlear destruction permanently altered parametric thresholds. In particular, single-pulse threshold was lowered by 9.2 dB; time constant of temporal summation was reduced by a factor of 100; and the compression factor was increased. Classic strength-duration time constants were determined using behavioral methods and were shown to be equal in magnitude to the greatly reduced time constants for temporal summation in the deafened animals. This implies that capacity for temporal integration may be substantially reduced or lost in at least the lower level of the auditory system following deafness.", "contents": "Temporal summation of pulsate brain stimulation in normal and deafened cats. Behaviorally measured, electrical-stimulation thresholds were obtained from 11 electrodes permanently positioned in the auditory system and other brain loci. Number of pulses and interpulse intervals were varied to determine how detection thresholds were affected by stimulation parameters. Detection thresholds generally decreased with increased number of pulses and with shorter interpulse intervals. A method is presented to describe the parametric threshold data for each electrode in terms of three constants: a single-pulse threshold which characterizes the sensitivity of the placement; a time constant of temporal summation; and a compression factor which describes the range of threshold variation. For three placements in the vicinity of cochlear nucleus, bilateral cochlear destruction permanently altered parametric thresholds. In particular, single-pulse threshold was lowered by 9.2 dB; time constant of temporal summation was reduced by a factor of 100; and the compression factor was increased. Classic strength-duration time constants were determined using behavioral methods and were shown to be equal in magnitude to the greatly reduced time constants for temporal summation in the deafened animals. This implies that capacity for temporal integration may be substantially reduced or lost in at least the lower level of the auditory system following deafness.", "PMID": 489844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_183", "title": "The effects of aging on the stapedius reflex thresholds.", "content": "The acoustic reflex thresholds for broadband noise and 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz activating signals were measured in a group of young normal hearing adults and a group of elderly normal hearing subjects. The results indicated that the acoustic reflex thresholds for tonal activating signals in the young subjects were similar to those in the elderly subjects. However, the acoustic stapedius reflex thresholds for broadband noise activating signals is significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the young. These differences were explained in light of Bredburg's findings [Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 236, 1--135 (1968)] regarding degeneration of outer hair cells as a function of aging.", "contents": "The effects of aging on the stapedius reflex thresholds. The acoustic reflex thresholds for broadband noise and 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz activating signals were measured in a group of young normal hearing adults and a group of elderly normal hearing subjects. The results indicated that the acoustic reflex thresholds for tonal activating signals in the young subjects were similar to those in the elderly subjects. However, the acoustic stapedius reflex thresholds for broadband noise activating signals is significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the young. These differences were explained in light of Bredburg's findings [Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 236, 1--135 (1968)] regarding degeneration of outer hair cells as a function of aging.", "PMID": 489845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_184", "title": "Parent behavioral training: an analysis of the relationship among multiple outcome measures.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among three types of outcome measures that have been employed to evaluate parent behavioral trainining: observational data collected by independent observers, parent-collected data, and parent-completed questionnaires. Previous research suggests that all three measures yield positive outcome data; however, a correlational analysis has not been performed to determine if the subjects who demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on one measure demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on the other measures. The present study undertook such a correlational analysis. Subjects were 20 young clinic-referred children and their mothers. Treatment consisted of a standardized parent training program to modify child noncompliance. All three outcome measures (observational data, parent-collected data, and questionnaire data) indicated that therapy was effective. A correlational analysis performed on the outcome measures indicated a number of significant relationships for dependent variables within the observational data and within the questionnaire data; however, there were no significant relationships across the three outcome measures. Although different outcome measures may yield similar conclusions about the effectiveness of parent behavioral training, the results suggest that any one subject, relative to other subjects, does not demonstrate uniform degrees of change across the three outcome measures. Explanations for the findings, as well as their implications, are discussed.", "contents": "Parent behavioral training: an analysis of the relationship among multiple outcome measures. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among three types of outcome measures that have been employed to evaluate parent behavioral trainining: observational data collected by independent observers, parent-collected data, and parent-completed questionnaires. Previous research suggests that all three measures yield positive outcome data; however, a correlational analysis has not been performed to determine if the subjects who demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on one measure demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on the other measures. The present study undertook such a correlational analysis. Subjects were 20 young clinic-referred children and their mothers. Treatment consisted of a standardized parent training program to modify child noncompliance. All three outcome measures (observational data, parent-collected data, and questionnaire data) indicated that therapy was effective. A correlational analysis performed on the outcome measures indicated a number of significant relationships for dependent variables within the observational data and within the questionnaire data; however, there were no significant relationships across the three outcome measures. Although different outcome measures may yield similar conclusions about the effectiveness of parent behavioral training, the results suggest that any one subject, relative to other subjects, does not demonstrate uniform degrees of change across the three outcome measures. Explanations for the findings, as well as their implications, are discussed.", "PMID": 489846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_185", "title": "Gender-deviant boys compared with normal and clinical control boys.", "content": "The physical movement and social characteristics of effeminate behavior-problem, referred boys (N = 13) were compared with those of normal boys (N = 25) and boys (N = 12) referred for nongender problems. Parent reports, observer ratings, and videotapes were collected in a series of structured tasks. As expected, mothers described gender-problem sons as much more feminine than the other two groups in interests, activities, and mannerisms. Gender-problem sons were also seen as relatively inactive and introverted. Further, they were nonsignificantly lower than the clinical control boys in perceived behavior problems, but both groups had marginally more problems than the normal boys. Gender-problem and clinical control boys both showed more body constriction than normal boys in ratings of a videotaped interview. They also both showed less ideal ball-throw form than normal boys on a set of variables scored with slow-motion video. However, in a set of behaviors directly rated in the various tasks, the gender-problem boys gave a uniquely general impression of uncoordination. The groups did not differ on seven additional variables.", "contents": "Gender-deviant boys compared with normal and clinical control boys. The physical movement and social characteristics of effeminate behavior-problem, referred boys (N = 13) were compared with those of normal boys (N = 25) and boys (N = 12) referred for nongender problems. Parent reports, observer ratings, and videotapes were collected in a series of structured tasks. As expected, mothers described gender-problem sons as much more feminine than the other two groups in interests, activities, and mannerisms. Gender-problem sons were also seen as relatively inactive and introverted. Further, they were nonsignificantly lower than the clinical control boys in perceived behavior problems, but both groups had marginally more problems than the normal boys. Gender-problem and clinical control boys both showed more body constriction than normal boys in ratings of a videotaped interview. They also both showed less ideal ball-throw form than normal boys on a set of variables scored with slow-motion video. However, in a set of behaviors directly rated in the various tasks, the gender-problem boys gave a uniquely general impression of uncoordination. The groups did not differ on seven additional variables.", "PMID": 489847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_186", "title": "An analysis of the hyperactive syndrome: a comparison of hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal children.", "content": "In an attempt to determine whether the commonly described deficits associated with hyperactivity--inappropriate activity, short attention span, low frustration tolerance, and impulsivity--are unique to this population, hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal control children were studied. The test most often used in research with hyperactives were administered. Hyperactives, when compared to normals, did show deficits in the aforementioned areas. However, when compared to the behavior problem and asthmatic children only the attentional deficits clearly differentiated hyperactives from the other children.", "contents": "An analysis of the hyperactive syndrome: a comparison of hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal children. In an attempt to determine whether the commonly described deficits associated with hyperactivity--inappropriate activity, short attention span, low frustration tolerance, and impulsivity--are unique to this population, hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal control children were studied. The test most often used in research with hyperactives were administered. Hyperactives, when compared to normals, did show deficits in the aforementioned areas. However, when compared to the behavior problem and asthmatic children only the attentional deficits clearly differentiated hyperactives from the other children.", "PMID": 489848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_187", "title": "The utility of tracking child behavior.", "content": "To assess the impact of observation training and tracking of child behavior, each of 20 elementary school teachers participating in a behavior modification practicum was assigned to either an experimental or a control group. For each teacher, a disruptive, distractible child was identified as appropriate for behavioral intervention. All teachers were taught identical intervention strategies, but the two groups differed in the degree to which teachers were initially trained and subsequently required to observe and record discrete child behaviors. Multiple measures were used to assess the influence of monitoring child behaviors. These included observed child behavior, observed teacher behavior, teacher ratings, and correspondence between teacher perception and child behavior. Results showed that tracking the behavior of children had little or no effect on any measure.", "contents": "The utility of tracking child behavior. To assess the impact of observation training and tracking of child behavior, each of 20 elementary school teachers participating in a behavior modification practicum was assigned to either an experimental or a control group. For each teacher, a disruptive, distractible child was identified as appropriate for behavioral intervention. All teachers were taught identical intervention strategies, but the two groups differed in the degree to which teachers were initially trained and subsequently required to observe and record discrete child behaviors. Multiple measures were used to assess the influence of monitoring child behaviors. These included observed child behavior, observed teacher behavior, teacher ratings, and correspondence between teacher perception and child behavior. Results showed that tracking the behavior of children had little or no effect on any measure.", "PMID": 489849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_188", "title": "The relationship of children's attitudes toward alcohol to their value development.", "content": "Developmentally, attitudes toward casual alcohol use and toward the abuse of alcohol should be related to the development of value content and value structure. Two studies were conducted that found this to be generally so with upper elementary schoolchildren. A negative attitude toward the abuse of alcohol was definitely related to general measures of the internalization of those values necessary to be a part of any group as well as the rejection of acts generally considered to be deviant in our culture. Attitudes toward casual use of alcohol were also somewhat related, but not as strongly. However, alcohol attitudes were unrelated to stage of moral development or other measures of thinking processes. Some shifts across age and sex were also noted. Programs oriented toward the prevention of alcohol abuse may need to communicate the value norms of our society and can proceed without impacting attitudes toward casual alcohol use.", "contents": "The relationship of children's attitudes toward alcohol to their value development. Developmentally, attitudes toward casual alcohol use and toward the abuse of alcohol should be related to the development of value content and value structure. Two studies were conducted that found this to be generally so with upper elementary schoolchildren. A negative attitude toward the abuse of alcohol was definitely related to general measures of the internalization of those values necessary to be a part of any group as well as the rejection of acts generally considered to be deviant in our culture. Attitudes toward casual use of alcohol were also somewhat related, but not as strongly. However, alcohol attitudes were unrelated to stage of moral development or other measures of thinking processes. Some shifts across age and sex were also noted. Programs oriented toward the prevention of alcohol abuse may need to communicate the value norms of our society and can proceed without impacting attitudes toward casual alcohol use.", "PMID": 489850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_189", "title": "Relating early child adjustment to infant and parent temperament.", "content": "The central question at issue was the role of both infant and parent temperament in determining child adjustment at age 4. Within the conceptual framework of the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), both infant and parent temperament were assessed. Factor analyses yielded three comparable infant and parent temperament factors: Mood, Energy, and Consistency. Correlations with teacher ratings of child adjustment indicated the most significant relationship to be with the infant girls' Mood factor (comparable to the NYLS high-risk \"difficult\" infant factor). No infant factors were found to relate to boys' adjustment, while maternal Mood was significant across sexes. Indices of the temperamental similarity within families also revealed sex differences relative to adjustment, with similarity across all family members significantly related to adjustment for girls and boy-father dissimilarity significant for boys. Discussion centered around continuity-discontinuity issues relevant to sex differences.", "contents": "Relating early child adjustment to infant and parent temperament. The central question at issue was the role of both infant and parent temperament in determining child adjustment at age 4. Within the conceptual framework of the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), both infant and parent temperament were assessed. Factor analyses yielded three comparable infant and parent temperament factors: Mood, Energy, and Consistency. Correlations with teacher ratings of child adjustment indicated the most significant relationship to be with the infant girls' Mood factor (comparable to the NYLS high-risk \"difficult\" infant factor). No infant factors were found to relate to boys' adjustment, while maternal Mood was significant across sexes. Indices of the temperamental similarity within families also revealed sex differences relative to adjustment, with similarity across all family members significantly related to adjustment for girls and boy-father dissimilarity significant for boys. Discussion centered around continuity-discontinuity issues relevant to sex differences.", "PMID": 489851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_190", "title": "The structuring of interpersonal relations in schizophrenic adolescents: a decentering analysis of Thematic Apperception Test stories.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics employ more developmentally immature levels of decentering in their structuring of interpersonal relations. A 9-point scale of interpersonal decentering, developed originally by Feffer, was applied to Thematic Appercetion Test stories produced by schizophrenic adolescents and a control group of psychiatrically disturbed patients equivalent in age and intellectual functioning. Results provided convincing support for the hypothesis tested and suggest the theoretical utility of viewing interpersonal deficit in schizophrenia from a cognitive-developmental perspective.", "contents": "The structuring of interpersonal relations in schizophrenic adolescents: a decentering analysis of Thematic Apperception Test stories. This study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics employ more developmentally immature levels of decentering in their structuring of interpersonal relations. A 9-point scale of interpersonal decentering, developed originally by Feffer, was applied to Thematic Appercetion Test stories produced by schizophrenic adolescents and a control group of psychiatrically disturbed patients equivalent in age and intellectual functioning. Results provided convincing support for the hypothesis tested and suggest the theoretical utility of viewing interpersonal deficit in schizophrenia from a cognitive-developmental perspective.", "PMID": 489852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_191", "title": "The assessment of impulsivity and mediating behaviors in hyperactive and nonhyperactive boys.", "content": "Twenty boys (6-8 years) rated by their teachers as hyperactive and a matched sample of nonhyperactive boys performed a task that required them to withhold responding for a set time interval in order to be rewarded (DRL 6-second schedule). Half of each group worked on a one-button console while the other half was provided with additional collateral buttons. Results indicated that hyperactive children were relatively unable to perform efficiently on the task, and that this deficit endured regardless of age, IQ, or experimental condition. DRL was thus found to discriminate accurately between teacher-rated and parent-rated hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Furthermore, a wide variety of self-generated mediating behaviors was observed, and it was determined that a child's DRL performance was related to the kind of mediating behaviors he displayed. Results are discussed in terms of the clinical assessment of hyperactivity and the training of impulsive children.", "contents": "The assessment of impulsivity and mediating behaviors in hyperactive and nonhyperactive boys. Twenty boys (6-8 years) rated by their teachers as hyperactive and a matched sample of nonhyperactive boys performed a task that required them to withhold responding for a set time interval in order to be rewarded (DRL 6-second schedule). Half of each group worked on a one-button console while the other half was provided with additional collateral buttons. Results indicated that hyperactive children were relatively unable to perform efficiently on the task, and that this deficit endured regardless of age, IQ, or experimental condition. DRL was thus found to discriminate accurately between teacher-rated and parent-rated hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Furthermore, a wide variety of self-generated mediating behaviors was observed, and it was determined that a child's DRL performance was related to the kind of mediating behaviors he displayed. Results are discussed in terms of the clinical assessment of hyperactivity and the training of impulsive children.", "PMID": 489853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_192", "title": "Short form and factor-analytic studies of the WISC-R with behavior problem children.", "content": "Two analyses of the WISC-R protocols of 100 children referred for behavioral problems in school were conducted to study (a) the utility of a variety of WISC short forms and (b) the factor structure of the WISC-R. Although the correlations between short form and WISC-R IQs were highly significant, mean differences and a high percentage of IQ classification changes indicated that the short forms were not acceptable WISC-R substitutes. Different factor analyses consistently evidenced two factors, Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization, which corresponded perfectly to the Verbal and Performance.", "contents": "Short form and factor-analytic studies of the WISC-R with behavior problem children. Two analyses of the WISC-R protocols of 100 children referred for behavioral problems in school were conducted to study (a) the utility of a variety of WISC short forms and (b) the factor structure of the WISC-R. Although the correlations between short form and WISC-R IQs were highly significant, mean differences and a high percentage of IQ classification changes indicated that the short forms were not acceptable WISC-R substitutes. Different factor analyses consistently evidenced two factors, Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization, which corresponded perfectly to the Verbal and Performance.", "PMID": 489855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_193", "title": "Children at risk for delinquency: a follow-up comparison of aggressive children and children who steal.", "content": "This study compared the follow-up incidence of court-recorded nonstatus offenses for three groups of adolescent children. These children had been seen 2 to 9 years earlier for problems with aggression in the home (N = 21), for stealing problems (N = 25), or for normative comparisons (N = 14). The results showed that 77% of the children with stealing problems had court-recorded offenses. This was significantly higher than the aggressive children, whose rate did not differ from the normative sample. These findings suggested that young aggressive children were not at risk for adolescent court contact. Instead, it was the young child with identified stealing problems who was highly likely to become an official delinquent. It also appeared that parental reports of stealing events constituted a predictive measure of later criminal acts.", "contents": "Children at risk for delinquency: a follow-up comparison of aggressive children and children who steal. This study compared the follow-up incidence of court-recorded nonstatus offenses for three groups of adolescent children. These children had been seen 2 to 9 years earlier for problems with aggression in the home (N = 21), for stealing problems (N = 25), or for normative comparisons (N = 14). The results showed that 77% of the children with stealing problems had court-recorded offenses. This was significantly higher than the aggressive children, whose rate did not differ from the normative sample. These findings suggested that young aggressive children were not at risk for adolescent court contact. Instead, it was the young child with identified stealing problems who was highly likely to become an official delinquent. It also appeared that parental reports of stealing events constituted a predictive measure of later criminal acts.", "PMID": 489856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_194", "title": "Update on the male and female climateric.", "content": "The gonadal steroids--estrogens and androgens--appear to have a mood-elevating, psychotonic effect. The improved sense of well-being and increased vigor probably is engendered by restoration of somatic efficiency and psychic equilibrium. 1. The male climacteric, as observed in a limited number of men, is associated with a low level of serum testosterone. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are not elevated because estrogen concentration continues unaltered well into old age. Androgen replacement therapy often lessens fatigue, depression and headaches, and headaches, and improves libidinous drives. 2. In the aging female, many climatric symptoms other than those due to vasomotor instability were heretofore considered merely coincidental. Recent studies suggest that the metabolism of cerebral hormones is markedly influenced by endogenous and exogenous gonadal steroids. Thus, postmenopausal depression, headaches, and nervousness may be hormone-dependent symptoms. 3. The incidence of endometrial cancer is no greater and is probably less in estrogen-treated women than in women not treated with estrogen, if regular cyclic courses of an oral progestogen are added to the regimen.", "contents": "Update on the male and female climateric. The gonadal steroids--estrogens and androgens--appear to have a mood-elevating, psychotonic effect. The improved sense of well-being and increased vigor probably is engendered by restoration of somatic efficiency and psychic equilibrium. 1. The male climacteric, as observed in a limited number of men, is associated with a low level of serum testosterone. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are not elevated because estrogen concentration continues unaltered well into old age. Androgen replacement therapy often lessens fatigue, depression and headaches, and headaches, and improves libidinous drives. 2. In the aging female, many climatric symptoms other than those due to vasomotor instability were heretofore considered merely coincidental. Recent studies suggest that the metabolism of cerebral hormones is markedly influenced by endogenous and exogenous gonadal steroids. Thus, postmenopausal depression, headaches, and nervousness may be hormone-dependent symptoms. 3. The incidence of endometrial cancer is no greater and is probably less in estrogen-treated women than in women not treated with estrogen, if regular cyclic courses of an oral progestogen are added to the regimen.", "PMID": 489857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_195", "title": "Hypertension in the elderly: review of therapy with a hydroflumethiazide-reserpine combination.", "content": "A retrospective analysis revealed that 125 geriatric patients had been treated for mild to moderate essential hypertension with a combination drug, each tablet of which contained 50 mg of hydroflumethiazide and 0.125 mg of reserpine. The dosage schedule was one tablet once daily for most patients. The duration of treatment ranged from 1 to 93 months (mean, 22.1 months). After one month of therapy, the decreases in mean systolic (-18.3 mm Hg) and mean diastolic (-6.6 mm Hg) blood pressure were statistically significant and these initial reductions were well maintained over a 6-year period, without signs of tachyphylaxis. Side effects were reported by 53 patients, but these usually were mild and typical of those associated with antihypertensive therapy; discontinuation of treatment was required in only 3 patients. Use of the hydroflumethiazide-reserpine combination was associated with several significant advantages, including convenient once-daily dosing, improved compliance, and decreased cost.", "contents": "Hypertension in the elderly: review of therapy with a hydroflumethiazide-reserpine combination. A retrospective analysis revealed that 125 geriatric patients had been treated for mild to moderate essential hypertension with a combination drug, each tablet of which contained 50 mg of hydroflumethiazide and 0.125 mg of reserpine. The dosage schedule was one tablet once daily for most patients. The duration of treatment ranged from 1 to 93 months (mean, 22.1 months). After one month of therapy, the decreases in mean systolic (-18.3 mm Hg) and mean diastolic (-6.6 mm Hg) blood pressure were statistically significant and these initial reductions were well maintained over a 6-year period, without signs of tachyphylaxis. Side effects were reported by 53 patients, but these usually were mild and typical of those associated with antihypertensive therapy; discontinuation of treatment was required in only 3 patients. Use of the hydroflumethiazide-reserpine combination was associated with several significant advantages, including convenient once-daily dosing, improved compliance, and decreased cost.", "PMID": 489858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_196", "title": "Clinical pharmacy involvement in geriatric health clinic at a high-rise apartment center.", "content": "During an initial 9-week period of involvement in the operation of a health clinic for ambulatory geriatric patients in three high-rise apartment complexes, the activities and opportunities for a pharmacist and pharmacy students were documented. For 120 of the 550 geriatric residents of the center, medication histories were completed during the study period. These 120 patients reported a total of 270 medical problems. They were taking 366 prescription drugs (average, 3.9 per patient). During the 9-week study, 43 drug interactions were documented, and about 25 percent of the patients interviewed complained of some untoward drug effect. The opportunities for pharmacist involvement and the educational opportunities for pharmacy students were demonstrated. The period since the initial 9-week study has shown even greater acceptance and utilization of the pharmacy services, with an increased number of visits by patients.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacy involvement in geriatric health clinic at a high-rise apartment center. During an initial 9-week period of involvement in the operation of a health clinic for ambulatory geriatric patients in three high-rise apartment complexes, the activities and opportunities for a pharmacist and pharmacy students were documented. For 120 of the 550 geriatric residents of the center, medication histories were completed during the study period. These 120 patients reported a total of 270 medical problems. They were taking 366 prescription drugs (average, 3.9 per patient). During the 9-week study, 43 drug interactions were documented, and about 25 percent of the patients interviewed complained of some untoward drug effect. The opportunities for pharmacist involvement and the educational opportunities for pharmacy students were demonstrated. The period since the initial 9-week study has shown even greater acceptance and utilization of the pharmacy services, with an increased number of visits by patients.", "PMID": 489859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_197", "title": "Familial achalasia of the esophagus in mother and son: a possible pathogenetic relationship.", "content": "Familial achalasia most often has been recorded in siblings, and only rarely (twice previously) in a parent and offspring. This report concerns a third case of achalasia in a parent and offspring (mother and son). Clinical and radiographic features of the esophageal achalasia are presented. The possibility that genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of this disorder is discussed.", "contents": "Familial achalasia of the esophagus in mother and son: a possible pathogenetic relationship. Familial achalasia most often has been recorded in siblings, and only rarely (twice previously) in a parent and offspring. This report concerns a third case of achalasia in a parent and offspring (mother and son). Clinical and radiographic features of the esophageal achalasia are presented. The possibility that genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of this disorder is discussed.", "PMID": 489860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_198", "title": "Evaluation of the effectiveness of reality orientation classes in a nursing home unit.", "content": "The effectiveness of a geriatric treatment program is determined largely by the extent to which it contributes to enhanced independent functioning. To examine the effectiveness of Reality Orientation (RO) classroom instruction, the verbal orientation and the everyday behavior of 22 residents in a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit were assessed before and after their participation in RO classes. The classes met five days a week for three months. Participants showed a significant increase in verbal orientation (as measured by the Reality Orientation Questionnaire) and a significant improvement in independent functioning (as measured by the Geriatic Resident Goals Scale). The results provide evidence of the effectiveness of RO as a treatment procedure for disoriented geriatric residents.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effectiveness of reality orientation classes in a nursing home unit. The effectiveness of a geriatric treatment program is determined largely by the extent to which it contributes to enhanced independent functioning. To examine the effectiveness of Reality Orientation (RO) classroom instruction, the verbal orientation and the everyday behavior of 22 residents in a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit were assessed before and after their participation in RO classes. The classes met five days a week for three months. Participants showed a significant increase in verbal orientation (as measured by the Reality Orientation Questionnaire) and a significant improvement in independent functioning (as measured by the Geriatic Resident Goals Scale). The results provide evidence of the effectiveness of RO as a treatment procedure for disoriented geriatric residents.", "PMID": 489861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_199", "title": "Vision health education: an idea whose time has come.", "content": "Health education has been a cornerstone of public health activities for over one hundred years, but recently it has received renewed interest as a method of promoting preventive health care and individual responsibility for one's own health status. While vision health education has not received the attention that other areas of health education have, the need for such information is apparent, and its anticipated effect upon the visual welfare of the population should be obvious. This paper accentuates some of the common objectives of doctors of optometry and health education specialists.", "contents": "Vision health education: an idea whose time has come. Health education has been a cornerstone of public health activities for over one hundred years, but recently it has received renewed interest as a method of promoting preventive health care and individual responsibility for one's own health status. While vision health education has not received the attention that other areas of health education have, the need for such information is apparent, and its anticipated effect upon the visual welfare of the population should be obvious. This paper accentuates some of the common objectives of doctors of optometry and health education specialists.", "PMID": 489862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_200", "title": "Nutrition in the vision of children.", "content": "The first section of this paper reviews some of the effects of fetal and postnatal nutritional status on central nervous system development. It is seen that early malnutrition can be an important determinant of visual performance in children. The second section described the key role of vitamin A in the visual process. The consequences of primary and secondary vitamin A deficiencies are considered. The third section discusses some effects of diet on vision, including the role of the B vitamins and vitamin C.", "contents": "Nutrition in the vision of children. The first section of this paper reviews some of the effects of fetal and postnatal nutritional status on central nervous system development. It is seen that early malnutrition can be an important determinant of visual performance in children. The second section described the key role of vitamin A in the visual process. The consequences of primary and secondary vitamin A deficiencies are considered. The third section discusses some effects of diet on vision, including the role of the B vitamins and vitamin C.", "PMID": 489863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_201", "title": "Screening for perceptual skills dysfunction: an up-date.", "content": "The paper argues that the primary-care practitioner has an obligation to screen the visual and auditory perceptual skills of all his/her elementary school-aged patients. Two easy-to-administer tests are described, along with guidelines for interpreting and making decisions on the basis of test outcomes.", "contents": "Screening for perceptual skills dysfunction: an up-date. The paper argues that the primary-care practitioner has an obligation to screen the visual and auditory perceptual skills of all his/her elementary school-aged patients. Two easy-to-administer tests are described, along with guidelines for interpreting and making decisions on the basis of test outcomes.", "PMID": 489864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_202", "title": "The influence of clinical judgment on the rate of referral from a school vision screening program.", "content": "It has been observed that black preschool children low income families have a higher than average rate of referral from a school vision screening program. One potential contributing factor results from the fact that examiners often modified the referral criteria based on their clinical judgment. This study was designed to investigate the influence of the application of clinical judgment on the proportion of referrals as a function of ethnicity and socioeconomic income level. The results suggest that modifying the referral criteria based on clinical judgment does not significantly influence the proportion of referrals based on ethnicity or socioeconomic income level.", "contents": "The influence of clinical judgment on the rate of referral from a school vision screening program. It has been observed that black preschool children low income families have a higher than average rate of referral from a school vision screening program. One potential contributing factor results from the fact that examiners often modified the referral criteria based on their clinical judgment. This study was designed to investigate the influence of the application of clinical judgment on the proportion of referrals as a function of ethnicity and socioeconomic income level. The results suggest that modifying the referral criteria based on clinical judgment does not significantly influence the proportion of referrals based on ethnicity or socioeconomic income level.", "PMID": 489865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_203", "title": "Advanced diagnostic procedures for evaluating the visual status of the child.", "content": "Single cell studies of cats and monkeys, recent behavioral testing methods, and improved sophisticated electrodiagnostic procedures have resulted in a new awareness of and concern for the development of the visual system. This paper will review select relevant research and highlight some of the new diagnostic vision tests presently available for the clinical assessment of infants and young children.", "contents": "Advanced diagnostic procedures for evaluating the visual status of the child. Single cell studies of cats and monkeys, recent behavioral testing methods, and improved sophisticated electrodiagnostic procedures have resulted in a new awareness of and concern for the development of the visual system. This paper will review select relevant research and highlight some of the new diagnostic vision tests presently available for the clinical assessment of infants and young children.", "PMID": 489866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_204", "title": "Refractive amblyopia: a preventable vision condition.", "content": "There are very few visual conditions which can be greatly reduced or prevented. One exception to this statement is amblyopia, particularly refractive amblyopia. The methods and concepts for prevention are discussed and guidelines are proposed for the management of those pediatric patients \"at risk\" to develop refractive amblyopia or secondary strabismus.", "contents": "Refractive amblyopia: a preventable vision condition. There are very few visual conditions which can be greatly reduced or prevented. One exception to this statement is amblyopia, particularly refractive amblyopia. The methods and concepts for prevention are discussed and guidelines are proposed for the management of those pediatric patients \"at risk\" to develop refractive amblyopia or secondary strabismus.", "PMID": 489867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_205", "title": "Prevention and care of strabismus in infants and pre-school children.", "content": "Care of children at risk of developing strabismus is discussed. Recommended care consists of parental counseling combined with early and periodic examinations. Examinations should begin by age 3 weeks and continue at 3-6 month intervals until the child reaches age 5. Treatment of strabismus or amblyopia should begin as soon as these conditions exist. Using recent electrophysiological research as a background, a model care for infants with congenital strabismus is presented. Care reports are presented describing results of orthoptic treatment of non-congenital strabismus.", "contents": "Prevention and care of strabismus in infants and pre-school children. Care of children at risk of developing strabismus is discussed. Recommended care consists of parental counseling combined with early and periodic examinations. Examinations should begin by age 3 weeks and continue at 3-6 month intervals until the child reaches age 5. Treatment of strabismus or amblyopia should begin as soon as these conditions exist. Using recent electrophysiological research as a background, a model care for infants with congenital strabismus is presented. Care reports are presented describing results of orthoptic treatment of non-congenital strabismus.", "PMID": 489868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_206", "title": "Remarks on certain unique conditions of human aggression (the hand, speech, and the use of fire).", "content": "I have tried to single out for study, from the limitless complexity of human physical and mental life, three decisively fundamental elements, which, individually and synergistically, in biological and psychological spheres, have contributed importantly to the distinctiveness of human aggressive behavior and psychology and their transformations. These are: (1) the remarkable development of the human hand; (2) the primordial role of human speech, especially in drive economy; (3) the purposive utilization of fire. The pervasive dynamic importance of human orality and its vicissitudes, in relation to its phylogenetic background, has been stressed throughout. In this connection, the revolutionary role of fire has been brought into drive-economic relationship with the other two critical human instrumentalities. It is suggested that in its myriad roles, ranging from cooking to the prodigious function of sacrifice in human history and psychology, the decisive position of the role of fire in the emergence and development of homo sapiens may conceivably include a significant \"overdetermining\" position among the multiple elements conditioning the appearance of human speech and language.", "contents": "Remarks on certain unique conditions of human aggression (the hand, speech, and the use of fire). I have tried to single out for study, from the limitless complexity of human physical and mental life, three decisively fundamental elements, which, individually and synergistically, in biological and psychological spheres, have contributed importantly to the distinctiveness of human aggressive behavior and psychology and their transformations. These are: (1) the remarkable development of the human hand; (2) the primordial role of human speech, especially in drive economy; (3) the purposive utilization of fire. The pervasive dynamic importance of human orality and its vicissitudes, in relation to its phylogenetic background, has been stressed throughout. In this connection, the revolutionary role of fire has been brought into drive-economic relationship with the other two critical human instrumentalities. It is suggested that in its myriad roles, ranging from cooking to the prodigious function of sacrifice in human history and psychology, the decisive position of the role of fire in the emergence and development of homo sapiens may conceivably include a significant \"overdetermining\" position among the multiple elements conditioning the appearance of human speech and language.", "PMID": 489884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_207", "title": "\"Totem and Taboo\" in a latency boy.", "content": "Against the background of Freud's \"Totem and Taboo\" the case of a seven-year-old boy is discusses, focusing on his identification with a cat. Guided by Freud's dialectic thinking and his discussion of the phenomena of patriarchy and matriarchy, one is led to contemplate the totemism of a matriarchally oriented boy. The attempt to understand this child's pathology is based upon the concept of the specificity of a developmental phase. In the light of anthropological data, clinical phenomena are evaluated ontogenetically, in analogy with the recapitulation hypothesis.", "contents": "\"Totem and Taboo\" in a latency boy. Against the background of Freud's \"Totem and Taboo\" the case of a seven-year-old boy is discusses, focusing on his identification with a cat. Guided by Freud's dialectic thinking and his discussion of the phenomena of patriarchy and matriarchy, one is led to contemplate the totemism of a matriarchally oriented boy. The attempt to understand this child's pathology is based upon the concept of the specificity of a developmental phase. In the light of anthropological data, clinical phenomena are evaluated ontogenetically, in analogy with the recapitulation hypothesis.", "PMID": 489885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_208", "title": "[Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc in ocular hypertension and glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A fluorescein angiography of the optic disc has been performed on 62 eyes in 41 patients suffering from ocular hypertension or glaucoma. The angiogram was abnormal in 32 eyes. 11 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc. 15 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence limited to a part of the cup and the rim. 6 eyes showed a late hyperfluorescence of the fundus of the cup. Total hypofluorescence throughout all phases of fluorescein angiogram corresponds to filling defects. Absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc is associated with visual field loss in all cases. Absolute hypofluorescence involving only an area of the optic disc is associated with a normal visual field in a few cases. It is postulated that the limited filling defects without visual fields defects may be an indication of impending loss of the visual field. Therefore fluorescein angiography could be helpful in clinical assessment of visual prognosis of chronic ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Nevertheless wider experience and followup are necessary to confirm the value of the method.", "contents": "[Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc in ocular hypertension and glaucoma (author's transl)]. A fluorescein angiography of the optic disc has been performed on 62 eyes in 41 patients suffering from ocular hypertension or glaucoma. The angiogram was abnormal in 32 eyes. 11 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc. 15 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence limited to a part of the cup and the rim. 6 eyes showed a late hyperfluorescence of the fundus of the cup. Total hypofluorescence throughout all phases of fluorescein angiogram corresponds to filling defects. Absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc is associated with visual field loss in all cases. Absolute hypofluorescence involving only an area of the optic disc is associated with a normal visual field in a few cases. It is postulated that the limited filling defects without visual fields defects may be an indication of impending loss of the visual field. Therefore fluorescein angiography could be helpful in clinical assessment of visual prognosis of chronic ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Nevertheless wider experience and followup are necessary to confirm the value of the method.", "PMID": 489887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_209", "title": "[Lymphangiomatous hyperplasia with eosinophilia; Kimura's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Kimura's disease is a benign affection of young people in which there are non-specific subcutaneous nodules, mainly found in the region of the head. They can be identified by their particular histological appearance which includes vascular and inflammatory components, and by local and sometimes blood eosinophilia. The etiology is not known but could be allergic in nature.", "contents": "[Lymphangiomatous hyperplasia with eosinophilia; Kimura's disease (author's transl)]. Kimura's disease is a benign affection of young people in which there are non-specific subcutaneous nodules, mainly found in the region of the head. They can be identified by their particular histological appearance which includes vascular and inflammatory components, and by local and sometimes blood eosinophilia. The etiology is not known but could be allergic in nature.", "PMID": 489888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_210", "title": "[Silicone sponges rejection (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 633 retinal tears or detachments treated by cryocoagulation and Lincoff sponges without scleral dissection, our rate of sponge rejection is 8 per cent (51 out of 633). Out of these 51 rejections we have 4 spontaneous expulsions and 45 surgical removals. In 2 cases we could preserve the buckle by medical treatment. The most pre-eminent causes are in decreasing frequency: --the peroperative sponge infection, mostly by staphylococcus epidermidis, --the existence of an anterior positioned sponge, more than a quadrant long, factor of bad mechanical tolerance, --several operations. The rate of anatomical success is of 86% in this group of 51 patients (80% if we only number successes at six months). We have had 8 recurrences after sponge removals (15%). Recurrences are due to sponge infection; they are mainly due to the reopening of the primitive lesions (6 times out of 8). Only 5 recurrences have been cured (62,5%). This result seems, however, better than the one reached by authors using scleral dissection techniques; according to us this is due to the relatively rare severe vitreous reactions when episcleral sponges' infection occurs.", "contents": "[Silicone sponges rejection (author's transl)]. Out of 633 retinal tears or detachments treated by cryocoagulation and Lincoff sponges without scleral dissection, our rate of sponge rejection is 8 per cent (51 out of 633). Out of these 51 rejections we have 4 spontaneous expulsions and 45 surgical removals. In 2 cases we could preserve the buckle by medical treatment. The most pre-eminent causes are in decreasing frequency: --the peroperative sponge infection, mostly by staphylococcus epidermidis, --the existence of an anterior positioned sponge, more than a quadrant long, factor of bad mechanical tolerance, --several operations. The rate of anatomical success is of 86% in this group of 51 patients (80% if we only number successes at six months). We have had 8 recurrences after sponge removals (15%). Recurrences are due to sponge infection; they are mainly due to the reopening of the primitive lesions (6 times out of 8). Only 5 recurrences have been cured (62,5%). This result seems, however, better than the one reached by authors using scleral dissection techniques; according to us this is due to the relatively rare severe vitreous reactions when episcleral sponges' infection occurs.", "PMID": 489889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_211", "title": "[Recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection and HLA antigens; preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "HLA-antigens of 80 patients with recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection were compared to a control population. HLA-B5 antigen was significantly more common in the first group. Several hypothesis are discussed in order to explain a relationship between recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection and HLA-antigens.", "contents": "[Recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection and HLA antigens; preliminary results (author's transl)]. HLA-antigens of 80 patients with recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection were compared to a control population. HLA-B5 antigen was significantly more common in the first group. Several hypothesis are discussed in order to explain a relationship between recurrent ocular herpes simplex infection and HLA-antigens.", "PMID": 489891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_212", "title": "[Is adamantiades-Beh\u00e7et disease contagious? (author's transl)].", "content": "Literature concerning Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et disease is silent with regard to its contagiousness. 21 patients manifesting the complete triad of the cardinal signs were followed up; 17 for long lapses of time, one of them for 39 years. Although living in promsicuity and totally indifferent as to measures for the prevention of transmission, no trace of contagion could be found in their immediate surrounding despite all our efforts to detect it. The partners of 18 married couples were all in excellent health throughout.", "contents": "[Is adamantiades-Beh\u00e7et disease contagious? (author's transl)]. Literature concerning Adamantiad\u00e8s-Beh\u00e7et disease is silent with regard to its contagiousness. 21 patients manifesting the complete triad of the cardinal signs were followed up; 17 for long lapses of time, one of them for 39 years. Although living in promsicuity and totally indifferent as to measures for the prevention of transmission, no trace of contagion could be found in their immediate surrounding despite all our efforts to detect it. The partners of 18 married couples were all in excellent health throughout.", "PMID": 489892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_213", "title": "[Conjunctival biopsies in diffuse amyloid (author's transl)].", "content": "Amyloid well known as a homogeneous eosinophilic material deposited in various body tissues. Conjunctival biopsies in four patients distributed among the different classical type of diffuse amyloidosis demonstrate the diagnostic value of this simple procedure. In all cases, by optic microscopy amyloid deposits were seen in the subepithelial connective tissue of the conjunctiva. Electron microscopy showed the characteristic fibrillar material of amyloid, with its fiber diameter of 9 to 12 nm in all cases. Since it is a totally harmless procedure, it seems obvious that each time systemic amyloidosis is suspected, conjunctival biopsy must be done first.", "contents": "[Conjunctival biopsies in diffuse amyloid (author's transl)]. Amyloid well known as a homogeneous eosinophilic material deposited in various body tissues. Conjunctival biopsies in four patients distributed among the different classical type of diffuse amyloidosis demonstrate the diagnostic value of this simple procedure. In all cases, by optic microscopy amyloid deposits were seen in the subepithelial connective tissue of the conjunctiva. Electron microscopy showed the characteristic fibrillar material of amyloid, with its fiber diameter of 9 to 12 nm in all cases. Since it is a totally harmless procedure, it seems obvious that each time systemic amyloidosis is suspected, conjunctival biopsy must be done first.", "PMID": 489893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_214", "title": "[Sedative measures during surgery on old patients. Result on ocular tension (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt of sedative procedures associated with a locoregional anesthesia was performed on fifty old patients before cataract operation. The blood gases, the blood pressure and the heartrate were measured and the behaviour of the patient just before he awoke was examined to determinate the sedative value. A parallel study revealed a decrease of the intra ocular pressure of 2,5 mm d'Hg due to a slight decrease of the blood pressure and to the effect of the neurolep mixture: the Innovar. This method seems to be very satisfactory in Ophthalmology.", "contents": "[Sedative measures during surgery on old patients. Result on ocular tension (author's transl)]. An attempt of sedative procedures associated with a locoregional anesthesia was performed on fifty old patients before cataract operation. The blood gases, the blood pressure and the heartrate were measured and the behaviour of the patient just before he awoke was examined to determinate the sedative value. A parallel study revealed a decrease of the intra ocular pressure of 2,5 mm d'Hg due to a slight decrease of the blood pressure and to the effect of the neurolep mixture: the Innovar. This method seems to be very satisfactory in Ophthalmology.", "PMID": 489894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_215", "title": "[For or contra Cr\u00e9d\u00e9's method? (author's transl)].", "content": "We no longer see newborn gonococcal endophtalmia. In France, it was the direct consequence of practical obligations. As gonococcic infection is growing up all over the world, is it wise to give up every prophylactic procedure? That is the question.", "contents": "[For or contra Cr\u00e9d\u00e9's method? (author's transl)]. We no longer see newborn gonococcal endophtalmia. In France, it was the direct consequence of practical obligations. As gonococcic infection is growing up all over the world, is it wise to give up every prophylactic procedure? That is the question.", "PMID": 489897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_216", "title": "[Implantation of Binkhorst's iridocapsular lens (author's transl)].", "content": "Advantages of the extracapsular extraction for implantation of Binkhorst's iridocapsular lens. Description of the surgical procedure; its indications and contre indications. Analysis of the results of 131 operations. The follow up of 120 patients exceeded six months. 84% of the patients have a visual acuity higher than 10/20. The major complication is secondary cataract which requires new surgery in 20% of the cases. The major complication is secondary cataract which requires new surgery in 20% of the cases. Other complications are the same as in classical intracapsular extraction when the indications of iridocapsular implants are correct.", "contents": "[Implantation of Binkhorst's iridocapsular lens (author's transl)]. Advantages of the extracapsular extraction for implantation of Binkhorst's iridocapsular lens. Description of the surgical procedure; its indications and contre indications. Analysis of the results of 131 operations. The follow up of 120 patients exceeded six months. 84% of the patients have a visual acuity higher than 10/20. The major complication is secondary cataract which requires new surgery in 20% of the cases. The major complication is secondary cataract which requires new surgery in 20% of the cases. Other complications are the same as in classical intracapsular extraction when the indications of iridocapsular implants are correct.", "PMID": 489899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_217", "title": "[Renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization and its pathological consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization has been known for some time, but it has not attracted the attention that it merits. It possesses similar features to that of renewed sub-retinal vascularization of the posterior pole, and the consequences of this condition are well known. Two clinical cases are reported in which clinical and angiographic investigations demonstrated this type of alteration. Histological examinations showed its continuity with the choriocapillary. It is possible, though still not conclusively demonstrated, that renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization plays an important role in peripheral retinal diseases such as serohemorrhagic detachments of the peripheral retinal degenerations.", "contents": "[Renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization and its pathological consequences (author's transl)]. The existence of renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization has been known for some time, but it has not attracted the attention that it merits. It possesses similar features to that of renewed sub-retinal vascularization of the posterior pole, and the consequences of this condition are well known. Two clinical cases are reported in which clinical and angiographic investigations demonstrated this type of alteration. Histological examinations showed its continuity with the choriocapillary. It is possible, though still not conclusively demonstrated, that renewed peripheral sub-retinal vascularization plays an important role in peripheral retinal diseases such as serohemorrhagic detachments of the peripheral retinal degenerations.", "PMID": 489900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_218", "title": "[True and false cerebellar oculomotor manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "The oculomotor perturbations of cerebellar affections are numerous. Their localizing value is however extremely variable: It is amongst the abnormalities of refixation that one can find the most typical cerebellar feature: such as dysmetria, macrosquare wave jerks, macrosaccadic oscillations only be seen in cerebellar disease. The ocular static of cerebellar patients is often abnormal, and affected by square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus. However, the abnormalities of cinetics are not specific.", "contents": "[True and false cerebellar oculomotor manifestations (author's transl)]. The oculomotor perturbations of cerebellar affections are numerous. Their localizing value is however extremely variable: It is amongst the abnormalities of refixation that one can find the most typical cerebellar feature: such as dysmetria, macrosquare wave jerks, macrosaccadic oscillations only be seen in cerebellar disease. The ocular static of cerebellar patients is often abnormal, and affected by square wave jerks and pendular nystagmus. However, the abnormalities of cinetics are not specific.", "PMID": 489901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_219", "title": "[Venous pressure in the expulsive hemorrhages and loss of the vitreous (author's transl)].", "content": "It is insisted in the importance of the rising venous pressure as a cause of concause of the loss of the vitreous and the expulsive hemorrhages. We remind a simple way of measuring the venous pressure clinically and we recommend the inclined position of the patient as a prophylactic way to avoid the venous hyperpressure. While we do not have the operative tables that allow us to perform that inclination as low as oculists are used to operate sitting and with microscope, we suggest a simple way to obtain the inclination in a common low stretcher, with a triangular pillow. Some details are also advised, so the general anesthesia does not rise the venous pressure. The article specially pointing out the importance of the venous pressure, expressely omits the reminding of the surgical rules assigned to prevent the vitreous complications, because they are already known and exposed by the authors in other publications.", "contents": "[Venous pressure in the expulsive hemorrhages and loss of the vitreous (author's transl)]. It is insisted in the importance of the rising venous pressure as a cause of concause of the loss of the vitreous and the expulsive hemorrhages. We remind a simple way of measuring the venous pressure clinically and we recommend the inclined position of the patient as a prophylactic way to avoid the venous hyperpressure. While we do not have the operative tables that allow us to perform that inclination as low as oculists are used to operate sitting and with microscope, we suggest a simple way to obtain the inclination in a common low stretcher, with a triangular pillow. Some details are also advised, so the general anesthesia does not rise the venous pressure. The article specially pointing out the importance of the venous pressure, expressely omits the reminding of the surgical rules assigned to prevent the vitreous complications, because they are already known and exposed by the authors in other publications.", "PMID": 489902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_220", "title": "[Criteria for choosing a vitreotome (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of instruments available for performing vitrectomy has greatly increased, and the authors have used many of the different types available. Based on a series of personal observations, they define the criteria for the most suitable apparatus and describe several principles for its use.", "contents": "[Criteria for choosing a vitreotome (author's transl)]. The number of instruments available for performing vitrectomy has greatly increased, and the authors have used many of the different types available. Based on a series of personal observations, they define the criteria for the most suitable apparatus and describe several principles for its use.", "PMID": 489904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_221", "title": "[What's new in B-scan ultrasound? (author's transl)].", "content": "B-mode ultrasound has only really become common and easy to perform vs. immersion techniques since 1972 when contact B-scan was introduced in ophthalmology. Ocular exploration became easier and more complete, especially as far as topographic evaluation is concerned. B-scan allows accurate diagnoses in the pathology of the optic nerve head and an easy evaluation of the size of recti muscles, whereas quantitative data are still better obtained with A-mode. The best solution at present seems to be to use both methods until gray-scales improve enough for B-scan to be used alone.", "contents": "[What's new in B-scan ultrasound? (author's transl)]. B-mode ultrasound has only really become common and easy to perform vs. immersion techniques since 1972 when contact B-scan was introduced in ophthalmology. Ocular exploration became easier and more complete, especially as far as topographic evaluation is concerned. B-scan allows accurate diagnoses in the pathology of the optic nerve head and an easy evaluation of the size of recti muscles, whereas quantitative data are still better obtained with A-mode. The best solution at present seems to be to use both methods until gray-scales improve enough for B-scan to be used alone.", "PMID": 489905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_222", "title": "[Retinal cavernous hemangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "The retinal cavernous hemangioma is a unilateral retinal or prepapillary vascular malformation disposed in clusters, sometimes recovered by a fine glial membrane which can in some cases be complicated by retinal or vitreous hemorrhages. In fundus fluorescein angiography, it is characterized by a delayed and incomplete filling with accumulation inside the angioma in the later phases of the angiogram, but without leakage through its wall. The authors report 7 cases, 5 are pure typical forms and 2 cases present an association of retinal cavernous hemangioma and Leber-Coats angiopathy. These mixed forms set the problems of relationship between these 2 diseases.", "contents": "[Retinal cavernous hemangioma (author's transl)]. The retinal cavernous hemangioma is a unilateral retinal or prepapillary vascular malformation disposed in clusters, sometimes recovered by a fine glial membrane which can in some cases be complicated by retinal or vitreous hemorrhages. In fundus fluorescein angiography, it is characterized by a delayed and incomplete filling with accumulation inside the angioma in the later phases of the angiogram, but without leakage through its wall. The authors report 7 cases, 5 are pure typical forms and 2 cases present an association of retinal cavernous hemangioma and Leber-Coats angiopathy. These mixed forms set the problems of relationship between these 2 diseases.", "PMID": 489907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_223", "title": "[Surgical treatment of secondary glaucomas with extensive goniosynechias (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose to consider that the liberation of the ciliary body of Benedikt, combined or not with vitrectomy and/or with surgery of the exposed ciliary body and/or with reconstruction of the angle and/or with the treatment of secondary glaucomas with extensive goniosynechias. 30 eyes were operated according to these principles during a period of two years. They presented an angle closure glaucoma that was neglected, provoking a chronic state via the formation of a ring shaped goniosynechia (11 eyes), an aphakic secondary glaucoma (7 eyes), neo-vascular glaucoma (3 eyes), a malignant glaucoma (3 eyes), absolute glaucoma (4 eyes), or secondary glaucoma of diverse causes (2 eyes). A favourable result in the IOP control was obtained in 69% of the cases with only a minor number of complications (ciliary body hernia (5 eyes), cataract (2 eyes), choroid hematoma (1 eye). In the future, the number of undesirable results and complications should diminish as the knowledge of the principles that guide this new surgical approach of secondary glaucomas becomes better understood.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of secondary glaucomas with extensive goniosynechias (author's transl)]. The authors propose to consider that the liberation of the ciliary body of Benedikt, combined or not with vitrectomy and/or with surgery of the exposed ciliary body and/or with reconstruction of the angle and/or with the treatment of secondary glaucomas with extensive goniosynechias. 30 eyes were operated according to these principles during a period of two years. They presented an angle closure glaucoma that was neglected, provoking a chronic state via the formation of a ring shaped goniosynechia (11 eyes), an aphakic secondary glaucoma (7 eyes), neo-vascular glaucoma (3 eyes), a malignant glaucoma (3 eyes), absolute glaucoma (4 eyes), or secondary glaucoma of diverse causes (2 eyes). A favourable result in the IOP control was obtained in 69% of the cases with only a minor number of complications (ciliary body hernia (5 eyes), cataract (2 eyes), choroid hematoma (1 eye). In the future, the number of undesirable results and complications should diminish as the knowledge of the principles that guide this new surgical approach of secondary glaucomas becomes better understood.", "PMID": 489908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_224", "title": "[Cone dysfunction and cone dystrophy. A dynamic classification (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Goodman and coll. introduced the concept of cone dysfunction syndromes, many papers have been published. Some authors based their diagnosis on functional data while others referred to the classic denominations. As a consequence there is no uniformity with regard to terminology of the cone dystrophies. In an effort to avoir the introduction of new terms the author presents a classification of cone dysfunctions based on the results of electroretinography and color vision examination. This classification is dynamic since it allows the follow-up of a cone dystrophy into its late stages.", "contents": "[Cone dysfunction and cone dystrophy. A dynamic classification (author's transl)]. Since Goodman and coll. introduced the concept of cone dysfunction syndromes, many papers have been published. Some authors based their diagnosis on functional data while others referred to the classic denominations. As a consequence there is no uniformity with regard to terminology of the cone dystrophies. In an effort to avoir the introduction of new terms the author presents a classification of cone dysfunctions based on the results of electroretinography and color vision examination. This classification is dynamic since it allows the follow-up of a cone dystrophy into its late stages.", "PMID": 489909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_225", "title": "Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone in acromegaly.", "content": "The behaviour of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was evaluated in 16 acromegalic patients, of whom 7 were hypertensive. The patients were studied in basal conditions, after suppression with 9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, and after stimulation with furosemide. Baseline and after furosemide PRA were significantly lower in acromegalic hypertensive patients than in the normotensive group. Mean urinary aldosterone excretion was found at the upper limits of the normal range; it was occasionally elevated, but the values were not satistically different in the two groups. There was a suppression after 9 alpha fluorohydrocortisone in both groups, though it did not reached the 50%. These data show that there is a disorder of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acromegalic subjects. This defective regulation is sometimes similar to that present in primary aldosteronism. In fact in two patients a typical phlebographic and scintigraphic picture of primary aldosteronism has been found; surgery, performed in both patients, revealed a large cortical adenoma in one case and a macronodular hyperplasia in the second case. However, the relationship between this adrenal abnormalities and hypertension in acromegaly are not yet completely clarified.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone in acromegaly. The behaviour of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was evaluated in 16 acromegalic patients, of whom 7 were hypertensive. The patients were studied in basal conditions, after suppression with 9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, and after stimulation with furosemide. Baseline and after furosemide PRA were significantly lower in acromegalic hypertensive patients than in the normotensive group. Mean urinary aldosterone excretion was found at the upper limits of the normal range; it was occasionally elevated, but the values were not satistically different in the two groups. There was a suppression after 9 alpha fluorohydrocortisone in both groups, though it did not reached the 50%. These data show that there is a disorder of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acromegalic subjects. This defective regulation is sometimes similar to that present in primary aldosteronism. In fact in two patients a typical phlebographic and scintigraphic picture of primary aldosteronism has been found; surgery, performed in both patients, revealed a large cortical adenoma in one case and a macronodular hyperplasia in the second case. However, the relationship between this adrenal abnormalities and hypertension in acromegaly are not yet completely clarified.", "PMID": 489912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_226", "title": "Pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in hamsters maintained in shortened light cycles.", "content": "Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) was compared among Syrian hamsters maintained in light: dark (LD) cycles of 14:10 or 2:22 or in an interrupted (LD 1/4:53/4 X 4) photoperiodic cycle. In hamsters maintained in a LD 14:10 photoperiod, the zenith of pineal NAT activity occurs at 04:00 h, approximately 8 hours after the onset of the dark phase. When the onset of the dark phase was advanced by 8 hours (in hamsters maintained in LD 2:22 cycles), the pineal NAT activity was advanced by an equivalent length of time. Hamster pineal NAT activity was suppressed throughout a 24-hour period when the animals were maintained in darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals (LD 1/4:53/4 X 4). The results suggest that melatonin synthesis is determined according to when light occurs during the photoperiodic cycle rather than by the total amount of darkness or the dark: light ratio to which animals are exposed in a 24-hour period.", "contents": "Pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in hamsters maintained in shortened light cycles. Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) was compared among Syrian hamsters maintained in light: dark (LD) cycles of 14:10 or 2:22 or in an interrupted (LD 1/4:53/4 X 4) photoperiodic cycle. In hamsters maintained in a LD 14:10 photoperiod, the zenith of pineal NAT activity occurs at 04:00 h, approximately 8 hours after the onset of the dark phase. When the onset of the dark phase was advanced by 8 hours (in hamsters maintained in LD 2:22 cycles), the pineal NAT activity was advanced by an equivalent length of time. Hamster pineal NAT activity was suppressed throughout a 24-hour period when the animals were maintained in darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals (LD 1/4:53/4 X 4). The results suggest that melatonin synthesis is determined according to when light occurs during the photoperiodic cycle rather than by the total amount of darkness or the dark: light ratio to which animals are exposed in a 24-hour period.", "PMID": 489913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_227", "title": "Measurement of free thyroid hormones in serum by column adsorption chromatography and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A new method for the assay of free thyroid hormones in human serum is described. This method is based on a chromatographic adsorption process of thyroid hormones onto a Sephadex LH-20 resin column. Protein fractions are eliminated by washing columns, adsorbed hormones are eluted with methanol and determined by radioimmunoassay. It was demonstrated that under the experimental conditions adopted the presence of the resin R does not significantly change the free hormone level in the serum, and the amount of hormone adsorbed onto the resin HR is exclusively in function of the free hormone concentration [H], according to a linear relationship: HR = phi [H], where phi is the resin adsorption constant K ads multiplied by the number of resin binding sites nR. The phi value, experimentally determined, was 32 ml for T3 and 58 ml for T4, when 150 mg resin were used. The method sensitivity was 0.3 pg/ml for FT3 and 0.6 pg/ml for FT4. The within-assay reproducibility was about 5% (CV) and the between-assay reproducibility was about 6% (CV), both for FT3 and FT4. FT3 and FT4 levels, in 96 normal subjects, were 3.9 +/- 0.7 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) and 11.1 +/- 1.9 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) respectively.", "contents": "Measurement of free thyroid hormones in serum by column adsorption chromatography and radioimmunoassay. A new method for the assay of free thyroid hormones in human serum is described. This method is based on a chromatographic adsorption process of thyroid hormones onto a Sephadex LH-20 resin column. Protein fractions are eliminated by washing columns, adsorbed hormones are eluted with methanol and determined by radioimmunoassay. It was demonstrated that under the experimental conditions adopted the presence of the resin R does not significantly change the free hormone level in the serum, and the amount of hormone adsorbed onto the resin HR is exclusively in function of the free hormone concentration [H], according to a linear relationship: HR = phi [H], where phi is the resin adsorption constant K ads multiplied by the number of resin binding sites nR. The phi value, experimentally determined, was 32 ml for T3 and 58 ml for T4, when 150 mg resin were used. The method sensitivity was 0.3 pg/ml for FT3 and 0.6 pg/ml for FT4. The within-assay reproducibility was about 5% (CV) and the between-assay reproducibility was about 6% (CV), both for FT3 and FT4. FT3 and FT4 levels, in 96 normal subjects, were 3.9 +/- 0.7 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) and 11.1 +/- 1.9 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) respectively.", "PMID": 489914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_228", "title": "Effects of estrogen on the release of gonadotropins and prolactin in male pseudohermaphrodites.", "content": "Three adult patients with male pseudohermaphroditism were given 15 microgram/kg body weight of 17 beta-estradiol im daily (at 08:00 hours) for 12-15 days and circulating levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and estradiol were determined by radioimmunoassay before and during the steriod course. All patients had elevated gonadotropin levels prior to starting on estradiol. During estrogen treatment all patients demonstrated suppression of FSH and LH with a subsequent rise in LH (positive feedback) while estrogen levels remained elevated. A similar positive feedback effect on the secretion of FSH could not be demonstrated. In two patients, who had never received estrogen treatment prior to this study, estradiol induced a significant elevation of serum prolactin levels within 24 h and levels remained higher than basal values for the rest of the estrogen treatment period. In the third patient, who had been previously treated with estrogen, serum prolactin levels did not change significantly during estrogen treatment. This study was afforded evidence for the presence in humans of an estrogen mediated LH release concomitant with an augmented prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on the release of gonadotropins and prolactin in male pseudohermaphrodites. Three adult patients with male pseudohermaphroditism were given 15 microgram/kg body weight of 17 beta-estradiol im daily (at 08:00 hours) for 12-15 days and circulating levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and estradiol were determined by radioimmunoassay before and during the steriod course. All patients had elevated gonadotropin levels prior to starting on estradiol. During estrogen treatment all patients demonstrated suppression of FSH and LH with a subsequent rise in LH (positive feedback) while estrogen levels remained elevated. A similar positive feedback effect on the secretion of FSH could not be demonstrated. In two patients, who had never received estrogen treatment prior to this study, estradiol induced a significant elevation of serum prolactin levels within 24 h and levels remained higher than basal values for the rest of the estrogen treatment period. In the third patient, who had been previously treated with estrogen, serum prolactin levels did not change significantly during estrogen treatment. This study was afforded evidence for the presence in humans of an estrogen mediated LH release concomitant with an augmented prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 489915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_229", "title": "Effect of bromocriptine administration on gastric acid and gastrin secretion in man.", "content": "The effects of acute oral administration of the dopaminergic drug, bromocriptin (5 mg), on basal and submaximal (1 and 3 microgram per kg bw given sc) and maximal (6 mug per kg bw) pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and on basal and meal-induced gastrin release have been evaluated in healthy volunteers. Although basal and maximal pentagastrin-stimulated acid output did not change, the response to submaximal pentagastrin doses was significantly increased. Basal and stimulated serum gastrin concentrations were not modified, nor was fasting serum gastrin during chronic bromocriptine treatment (10 mg per day for 90 days) in acromegalic patients. As dopamine infusion is known to reduce basal and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion, the presently reported effect of bromocriptine is not dependent on dopamine receptor stimulation. It is suggested that it might be due to alpha-adrenergic and/or serotoninergic antagonism, both actions being properties of bromocriptine. Alternatively, since bromocriptine, at variance with iv infused dopamine, crosses the blood-brain barrier, the effect of this drug on gastric function might depend on interference by centrally mediated actions on those directly exerted at the gastric level.", "contents": "Effect of bromocriptine administration on gastric acid and gastrin secretion in man. The effects of acute oral administration of the dopaminergic drug, bromocriptin (5 mg), on basal and submaximal (1 and 3 microgram per kg bw given sc) and maximal (6 mug per kg bw) pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and on basal and meal-induced gastrin release have been evaluated in healthy volunteers. Although basal and maximal pentagastrin-stimulated acid output did not change, the response to submaximal pentagastrin doses was significantly increased. Basal and stimulated serum gastrin concentrations were not modified, nor was fasting serum gastrin during chronic bromocriptine treatment (10 mg per day for 90 days) in acromegalic patients. As dopamine infusion is known to reduce basal and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion, the presently reported effect of bromocriptine is not dependent on dopamine receptor stimulation. It is suggested that it might be due to alpha-adrenergic and/or serotoninergic antagonism, both actions being properties of bromocriptine. Alternatively, since bromocriptine, at variance with iv infused dopamine, crosses the blood-brain barrier, the effect of this drug on gastric function might depend on interference by centrally mediated actions on those directly exerted at the gastric level.", "PMID": 489916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_230", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma and pituitary oxytocin in pregnant rats during various stages of pregnancy and parturition.", "content": "Radioimmunoassayable plasma and pituitary oxytocin (ROT) was measured during pregnancy and parturition. The highest mean plasma ROT level was seen in maternal rats on day 20 of pregnancy followed by a non significant decrease on day 21 reaching the basal level just before delivery. Plasma ROT level declined continuously up to the time of delivery of the first pup and then gradually increased until the completion of parturition. The highest maternal mean pituitary ROT level was found on day 21 pregnancy. Just before delivery of the first pup, the mean pituitary ROT level significantly declined by 22%. Pituitary ROT level declined steadily during the delivery of the first five pups. This pattern of reduction was reversed and ROT levels increased between the delivery of the fifth pup and the completion of labor. The increase of maternal pituitary and plasma ROT levels during delivery of the pups suggest that maternal ROT may play a role in normal parturition. Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary ROT does not seem to play any part in parturition.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma and pituitary oxytocin in pregnant rats during various stages of pregnancy and parturition. Radioimmunoassayable plasma and pituitary oxytocin (ROT) was measured during pregnancy and parturition. The highest mean plasma ROT level was seen in maternal rats on day 20 of pregnancy followed by a non significant decrease on day 21 reaching the basal level just before delivery. Plasma ROT level declined continuously up to the time of delivery of the first pup and then gradually increased until the completion of parturition. The highest maternal mean pituitary ROT level was found on day 21 pregnancy. Just before delivery of the first pup, the mean pituitary ROT level significantly declined by 22%. Pituitary ROT level declined steadily during the delivery of the first five pups. This pattern of reduction was reversed and ROT levels increased between the delivery of the fifth pup and the completion of labor. The increase of maternal pituitary and plasma ROT levels during delivery of the pups suggest that maternal ROT may play a role in normal parturition. Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary ROT does not seem to play any part in parturition.", "PMID": 489918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_231", "title": "Serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations in ovulatory infertility.", "content": "The luteal phase serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations were studied by radioimmunoassay in 31 ovulatory but infertile women and 58 women wearing intrauterine device (IUD). In the infertile patients the prolactin concentrations were significantly higher (mean +/- SE 24.0 +/- 1.0 mug/l vs. 18.7 +/- mug/l) than in IUD users (p less than 0.001), and the progesterone concentrations were lower (22.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 37.4 +/- 2.3 mnol/l) (p less than 0.001). However, infertile patients with a high serum prolactin did not have a mid-luteal phase progesterone level different from those with normal prolactin. There was no correlation between prolactin and progesterone levels.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations in ovulatory infertility. The luteal phase serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations were studied by radioimmunoassay in 31 ovulatory but infertile women and 58 women wearing intrauterine device (IUD). In the infertile patients the prolactin concentrations were significantly higher (mean +/- SE 24.0 +/- 1.0 mug/l vs. 18.7 +/- mug/l) than in IUD users (p less than 0.001), and the progesterone concentrations were lower (22.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 37.4 +/- 2.3 mnol/l) (p less than 0.001). However, infertile patients with a high serum prolactin did not have a mid-luteal phase progesterone level different from those with normal prolactin. There was no correlation between prolactin and progesterone levels.", "PMID": 489919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_232", "title": "Stimulation of prolactin release by intravenous cimetidine: a dose-response study.", "content": "The PRL response to iv cimetidine was tested in 8 healthy males and 8 females at 4 different dose levels (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg bw). Serum PRL levels were significantly increased in comparison with a placebo study by the second cimetidine dose in both sexes. The PRL response was significantly higher in females than in males at all but the lowest dose tested. A significant correlation between the cimetidine dose and the PRL response was observed. There was no significant modifications in serum GH, LH, FSH, IRI and glucose. Present findings demonstrate that the stimulation of PRL release by iv cimetidine is quite specific and dose-dependent.", "contents": "Stimulation of prolactin release by intravenous cimetidine: a dose-response study. The PRL response to iv cimetidine was tested in 8 healthy males and 8 females at 4 different dose levels (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg bw). Serum PRL levels were significantly increased in comparison with a placebo study by the second cimetidine dose in both sexes. The PRL response was significantly higher in females than in males at all but the lowest dose tested. A significant correlation between the cimetidine dose and the PRL response was observed. There was no significant modifications in serum GH, LH, FSH, IRI and glucose. Present findings demonstrate that the stimulation of PRL release by iv cimetidine is quite specific and dose-dependent.", "PMID": 489921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_233", "title": "Treatment of benign breast disease with bromocriptine.", "content": "23 women with benign breast disease (fibrocystic disease or fibroadenosis) were treated for three months consecutively with a prolactin inhibitor drug, bromocriptine, at the dose of 2.5 mg every eight hours. Serum prolactin levels were normal before treatment; during treatment prolactin concentrations were significantly suppressed all the day long. 21 out of 23 patients receiving bromocriptine showed marked relief to pain and mammary tension after a few days of treatment; adenomatous of cystic nodules became smaller and softer, often with disappearance of the smaller ones. Two patients failed to respond to treatment. In all positive cases the improvement persisted for at least six months after the end of treatment. No important side effects were observed during the therapy. Our results do not allow any conclusion on the real mechanism of action of bromocriptine in benign breast disease, nevertheless they indicate the possible usefulness of this drug in treating patients with benign breast disease.", "contents": "Treatment of benign breast disease with bromocriptine. 23 women with benign breast disease (fibrocystic disease or fibroadenosis) were treated for three months consecutively with a prolactin inhibitor drug, bromocriptine, at the dose of 2.5 mg every eight hours. Serum prolactin levels were normal before treatment; during treatment prolactin concentrations were significantly suppressed all the day long. 21 out of 23 patients receiving bromocriptine showed marked relief to pain and mammary tension after a few days of treatment; adenomatous of cystic nodules became smaller and softer, often with disappearance of the smaller ones. Two patients failed to respond to treatment. In all positive cases the improvement persisted for at least six months after the end of treatment. No important side effects were observed during the therapy. Our results do not allow any conclusion on the real mechanism of action of bromocriptine in benign breast disease, nevertheless they indicate the possible usefulness of this drug in treating patients with benign breast disease.", "PMID": 489922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_234", "title": "Relationship between kallikrein and PRA after intravenous furosemide.", "content": "Interrelationships between plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary kallikrein and sodium excretion were studied before and after furosemide iv administration in nine normal volunteers and in one low renin non hypertensive patient. PRA, urinary kallikrein and sodium excretion increased within 15 min of furosemide injection in nine subjects; kallikrein excretion then decreased sharply, whereas plasma renin activity reached peak values within 15-120 min of stimulation. In low renin subject low basal levels of PRA paralled undetectable values of kallikrein excretion, and PRA and kallikrein excretion showed no increase after furosemide, despite the expected natriuretic response. The following conclusions appear feasible: (i) the natriuretic effect of fuorsemide is direct and independent of the effect on PRA and urinary kallikrein; (ii) in man, furosemide induces an increase in urinary kallikrein excretion which is immediate, of short duration and simultaneous in all the patient studied; (iii) no statistical correlation is demonstrated between the temporal behavior of urinary kallikrein and PRA; it is however possible that, at least for certain stimuli, renin release is in some way correlated with the activation of the renal kallikrein-bradykinin system.", "contents": "Relationship between kallikrein and PRA after intravenous furosemide. Interrelationships between plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary kallikrein and sodium excretion were studied before and after furosemide iv administration in nine normal volunteers and in one low renin non hypertensive patient. PRA, urinary kallikrein and sodium excretion increased within 15 min of furosemide injection in nine subjects; kallikrein excretion then decreased sharply, whereas plasma renin activity reached peak values within 15-120 min of stimulation. In low renin subject low basal levels of PRA paralled undetectable values of kallikrein excretion, and PRA and kallikrein excretion showed no increase after furosemide, despite the expected natriuretic response. The following conclusions appear feasible: (i) the natriuretic effect of fuorsemide is direct and independent of the effect on PRA and urinary kallikrein; (ii) in man, furosemide induces an increase in urinary kallikrein excretion which is immediate, of short duration and simultaneous in all the patient studied; (iii) no statistical correlation is demonstrated between the temporal behavior of urinary kallikrein and PRA; it is however possible that, at least for certain stimuli, renin release is in some way correlated with the activation of the renal kallikrein-bradykinin system.", "PMID": 489923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_235", "title": "Circulating calcitonin in lactating women.", "content": "As part of an initial study we have attempted to ascertain whether lactating women exhibit high, clearly measurable levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (CT). Plasma levels of CT were measured in women who had been lactating for either a short time (less than 4 months) or a very long time (17-73 months). In 2 of 18 women lactating for only a short time CT levels were high and easily measured (greater than 200 pg/ml) while, in contrast, CT levels were undetectable (less than 60 pg/ml) in all of 16 nonlactating control subjects. In all six of the women studied who had been lactating for a long time, measurable levels of CT were observed, although provocative testing of women with measurable plasma CT using iv pentagastrin and calcium did not show a consistent pattern of CT secretory response. Thus, out of the total of 24 lactating women studied, one third were found to have measurable plasma levels of CT. The findings agree with studies in experimental animals which have indicated hypercalcitoninemia during lactation, but the factors responsible for the elevated CT levels during lactation remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Circulating calcitonin in lactating women. As part of an initial study we have attempted to ascertain whether lactating women exhibit high, clearly measurable levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (CT). Plasma levels of CT were measured in women who had been lactating for either a short time (less than 4 months) or a very long time (17-73 months). In 2 of 18 women lactating for only a short time CT levels were high and easily measured (greater than 200 pg/ml) while, in contrast, CT levels were undetectable (less than 60 pg/ml) in all of 16 nonlactating control subjects. In all six of the women studied who had been lactating for a long time, measurable levels of CT were observed, although provocative testing of women with measurable plasma CT using iv pentagastrin and calcium did not show a consistent pattern of CT secretory response. Thus, out of the total of 24 lactating women studied, one third were found to have measurable plasma levels of CT. The findings agree with studies in experimental animals which have indicated hypercalcitoninemia during lactation, but the factors responsible for the elevated CT levels during lactation remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 489925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_236", "title": "Ultrastructural modifications of the testes and accessory sex glands of genetically dwarf mice after treatment with human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "content": "We have studied the effects of treatment with human chorionic somatommatropin (hCS) in the dwarf mouse on the weight and ultrastructure of the testes and accessory sex glands. We used animals of the Snell-Bagg (dw/dw) strain, whose hypophyses secrete neither prolactin nor growth hormone. The effects found were compared with those produced by a similar treatment with ovine prolactin. The administration of hCS causes a significant increase in the wet weight of the testes and accessory sex glands. Ultrastructural observations have demonstrated that hCS is able to stimulate sperminogenesis and the secretory function of the accessory sex glands. Prolactin, as shown in previous reports in the literature, has a similar action on the  male reproductive system. However, contrary to the observation after prolactin therapy, no matings were observed after treatment with hCS.", "contents": "Ultrastructural modifications of the testes and accessory sex glands of genetically dwarf mice after treatment with human chorionic somatomammotropin. We have studied the effects of treatment with human chorionic somatommatropin (hCS) in the dwarf mouse on the weight and ultrastructure of the testes and accessory sex glands. We used animals of the Snell-Bagg (dw/dw) strain, whose hypophyses secrete neither prolactin nor growth hormone. The effects found were compared with those produced by a similar treatment with ovine prolactin. The administration of hCS causes a significant increase in the wet weight of the testes and accessory sex glands. Ultrastructural observations have demonstrated that hCS is able to stimulate sperminogenesis and the secretory function of the accessory sex glands. Prolactin, as shown in previous reports in the literature, has a similar action on the  male reproductive system. However, contrary to the observation after prolactin therapy, no matings were observed after treatment with hCS.", "PMID": 489927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_237", "title": "Studies on metabolic alterations after a mixed meal and during a 39-hour fast in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "In order to determine the endocrine and metabolic state of thyrotoxicosis we measured blood glucose and plasma insulin response to ingestion of a mixed meal in 19 euthyroid and 9 hyperthyroid subjects. Moreover concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, acetoacetate (AcAc) beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) were determined in the blood of both healthy and hyperthyroid patients after an overnight and a 39-h fast. In another group of thyrotoxics the overnight fasting respiratory quotient (RQ) was measured. After a mixed meal blood glucose and plasma insulin changes of FFA, AcAc and beta-OHB was significantly higher in thyrotoxics, whereas hGH increase did not appear significantly greater in these subjects. There was no statistical difference between the respiratory quotient mean values found in hyperthyroid and in control subjects. In conclusion, these data indicate that in thyrotoxicosis absolute insulin response to a mixed meal is normal and that food deprivation considerably increase lipid mobilization from adipose tissue and causes an exaggerated starvation ketosis. The RQ mean valoue suggests that in the hyperthyroid state lipid-derived fuel as well as carbohydrate-derived fuel contributes to the increased oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Studies on metabolic alterations after a mixed meal and during a 39-hour fast in thyrotoxicosis. In order to determine the endocrine and metabolic state of thyrotoxicosis we measured blood glucose and plasma insulin response to ingestion of a mixed meal in 19 euthyroid and 9 hyperthyroid subjects. Moreover concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, acetoacetate (AcAc) beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB), insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) were determined in the blood of both healthy and hyperthyroid patients after an overnight and a 39-h fast. In another group of thyrotoxics the overnight fasting respiratory quotient (RQ) was measured. After a mixed meal blood glucose and plasma insulin changes of FFA, AcAc and beta-OHB was significantly higher in thyrotoxics, whereas hGH increase did not appear significantly greater in these subjects. There was no statistical difference between the respiratory quotient mean values found in hyperthyroid and in control subjects. In conclusion, these data indicate that in thyrotoxicosis absolute insulin response to a mixed meal is normal and that food deprivation considerably increase lipid mobilization from adipose tissue and causes an exaggerated starvation ketosis. The RQ mean valoue suggests that in the hyperthyroid state lipid-derived fuel as well as carbohydrate-derived fuel contributes to the increased oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 489928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_238", "title": "3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine concentrations in amniotic fluid at different stages of pregnancy.", "content": "Since it is feasible to detect reverse T3 (rT3) in amniotic fluid, we investigated the possibility as to whether measurements of amniotic rT3 could be useful in diagnosing fetal hypothyroidism during pregnancy. In 55 amniotic fluid samples, obtained at different stages of pregnancy, we have documented increasing concentrations of this hormone. The results obtained are conflicting with previous reports. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear, however methodological differences in rT3 determination should be taken in account. The large scatter of rT3 values in amniotic fluid suggests that the diagnosis of neonatal hypothyroidism based on measurement of rT3 may require caution.", "contents": "3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine concentrations in amniotic fluid at different stages of pregnancy. Since it is feasible to detect reverse T3 (rT3) in amniotic fluid, we investigated the possibility as to whether measurements of amniotic rT3 could be useful in diagnosing fetal hypothyroidism during pregnancy. In 55 amniotic fluid samples, obtained at different stages of pregnancy, we have documented increasing concentrations of this hormone. The results obtained are conflicting with previous reports. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear, however methodological differences in rT3 determination should be taken in account. The large scatter of rT3 values in amniotic fluid suggests that the diagnosis of neonatal hypothyroidism based on measurement of rT3 may require caution.", "PMID": 489929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_239", "title": "Hypoproteinemia in acromegaly.", "content": "Although it is well known that growth hormone may influence protein metabolism, few investigations have been undertaken on serum protein levels in acromegaly; recently hypoglobulinemia has been observed in this endocrine disorder. In 28 acromegalic patients and 56 control subjects sera have been analyzed for total protein determination and for electrophoretic protein separation. The results have shown that in acromegalic there is a slight but statistically highly significant decrease of serum total protein (mean +/- SE 6.66 +/- 0.07 g/100 ml vs 7.10 +/- 0.07 g/100 ml), albumin, alpha 1 and alpha 2-globulins. Since growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis, the pathophysiological significance of hypoproteinemia of acromegaly is at present obscure.", "contents": "Hypoproteinemia in acromegaly. Although it is well known that growth hormone may influence protein metabolism, few investigations have been undertaken on serum protein levels in acromegaly; recently hypoglobulinemia has been observed in this endocrine disorder. In 28 acromegalic patients and 56 control subjects sera have been analyzed for total protein determination and for electrophoretic protein separation. The results have shown that in acromegalic there is a slight but statistically highly significant decrease of serum total protein (mean +/- SE 6.66 +/- 0.07 g/100 ml vs 7.10 +/- 0.07 g/100 ml), albumin, alpha 1 and alpha 2-globulins. Since growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis, the pathophysiological significance of hypoproteinemia of acromegaly is at present obscure.", "PMID": 489930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_240", "title": "Radioimmunoassay measurement of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in human urine.", "content": "Techniques are described in detail for the radioimmunological measurement of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha in human urine. 50 ml urine samples are extracted with an organic solvent system and then purified by silicic acid column chromatography. The overall recovery after extraction and purification, calculated with labeled as well as unlabeled compounds, is in the order of 70%. The column eluates are assayed at 1:12-1:60 dilution in the \"standard diluent\" of the assay: 8 pg PGE2 or PGF2 alpha/ml of whole urine represents the lowest measurable concentration. A urine blank and a solvent blank were evaluated separately, subjecting 50 ml of urine obtained from an indomethacin treated subject (\"PG-free\" urine) or 50 ml of distilled water, respectively, to the extraction-purification procedures. Both were found not to interfere with the antigen-antibody reaction. Urinary PG-like immunoreactivity (LI) was characterized in terms of immunochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) behavior. Both urinary PGE2-LI and PGF2 alpha-LI behaved as authentic PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, upon dilution and on TLC. In 33 healthy female subjects (aged 19-58 yr), urinary excretion rates averaged 178 +/- 80 (mean +/- SD) ng/day for PGE2 and 498 +/- 181 ng/day for PGF2 alpha. In a group of 8 healthy men, both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha excretion rates were higher and more scattered than the female values. When two healthy women were given indomethacin (200 mg/day), urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha dropped to undetectable levels during the 4th day of drug therapy. Intravenous injection of furosemide (50 mg) in a female volunteer was followed by an immediate rise of urinary sodium, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGE2/PGF2 alpha ratio and plasma renin activity. In a 10 year old girl with Bartter's syndrome, urinary PG excretion rate was elevated with a 3 times higher than normal PGE2/PGF2 alpha ratio. Indomethacin therapy resulted in a prompt drop of PG excretion rate and of plasma renin activity. These results show that a combination of adequate purification steps and antisera with optimal characteristics provides a reliable method for measuring PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in urine, and therefore a valuable tool to further our knowledge of the physiology and physiopathology of the renal PG-system.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay measurement of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in human urine. Techniques are described in detail for the radioimmunological measurement of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha in human urine. 50 ml urine samples are extracted with an organic solvent system and then purified by silicic acid column chromatography. The overall recovery after extraction and purification, calculated with labeled as well as unlabeled compounds, is in the order of 70%. The column eluates are assayed at 1:12-1:60 dilution in the \"standard diluent\" of the assay: 8 pg PGE2 or PGF2 alpha/ml of whole urine represents the lowest measurable concentration. A urine blank and a solvent blank were evaluated separately, subjecting 50 ml of urine obtained from an indomethacin treated subject (\"PG-free\" urine) or 50 ml of distilled water, respectively, to the extraction-purification procedures. Both were found not to interfere with the antigen-antibody reaction. Urinary PG-like immunoreactivity (LI) was characterized in terms of immunochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) behavior. Both urinary PGE2-LI and PGF2 alpha-LI behaved as authentic PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, upon dilution and on TLC. In 33 healthy female subjects (aged 19-58 yr), urinary excretion rates averaged 178 +/- 80 (mean +/- SD) ng/day for PGE2 and 498 +/- 181 ng/day for PGF2 alpha. In a group of 8 healthy men, both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha excretion rates were higher and more scattered than the female values. When two healthy women were given indomethacin (200 mg/day), urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha dropped to undetectable levels during the 4th day of drug therapy. Intravenous injection of furosemide (50 mg) in a female volunteer was followed by an immediate rise of urinary sodium, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGE2/PGF2 alpha ratio and plasma renin activity. In a 10 year old girl with Bartter's syndrome, urinary PG excretion rate was elevated with a 3 times higher than normal PGE2/PGF2 alpha ratio. Indomethacin therapy resulted in a prompt drop of PG excretion rate and of plasma renin activity. These results show that a combination of adequate purification steps and antisera with optimal characteristics provides a reliable method for measuring PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in urine, and therefore a valuable tool to further our knowledge of the physiology and physiopathology of the renal PG-system.", "PMID": 489926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_241", "title": "[Growth and maturation of the follicle in the prepubertal ovary in a normal or ectopic position (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown by comparative study of prepubertal ovaries both in the normal and ectopic positions that there is obvious follicular development which is quantitatively greater in ectopic ovaries. If the follicles reach the stage of cavitation they generally progress towards atresia. In any case it is possible however for follicular rupture to occur in the true sense with the onset of luteinisation. A perfectly developed corpus luteum has been observed in the ovary of a newborn infant.", "contents": "[Growth and maturation of the follicle in the prepubertal ovary in a normal or ectopic position (author's transl)]. It has been shown by comparative study of prepubertal ovaries both in the normal and ectopic positions that there is obvious follicular development which is quantitatively greater in ectopic ovaries. If the follicles reach the stage of cavitation they generally progress towards atresia. In any case it is possible however for follicular rupture to occur in the true sense with the onset of luteinisation. A perfectly developed corpus luteum has been observed in the ovary of a newborn infant.", "PMID": 489933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_242", "title": "Strategies for monitoring the effects of Proposition 13 on health services.", "content": "The passage of Proposition 13 in California resulted in a reduction of funds available to support local programs. It is important to assess what is happening in California and to communicate that information to the rest of the nation. Background is presented on the origins of Proposition 13 and its potential effects on publicly funded health services. Specific strategies for monitoring the effects of Proposition 13 on health services are presented, along with types of data to be monitored. Early effects of Proposition 13 include personnel shortages, service reductions, introduction of fees for services, disruption of program continuity, service delays, demoralization of public employees, termination of contracts with community clinics, and drastic reductions in staff and services by special districts.", "contents": "Strategies for monitoring the effects of Proposition 13 on health services. The passage of Proposition 13 in California resulted in a reduction of funds available to support local programs. It is important to assess what is happening in California and to communicate that information to the rest of the nation. Background is presented on the origins of Proposition 13 and its potential effects on publicly funded health services. Specific strategies for monitoring the effects of Proposition 13 on health services are presented, along with types of data to be monitored. Early effects of Proposition 13 include personnel shortages, service reductions, introduction of fees for services, disruption of program continuity, service delays, demoralization of public employees, termination of contracts with community clinics, and drastic reductions in staff and services by special districts.", "PMID": 489938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_243", "title": "[The contribution of ultrasonic echography in the study of uterine involution (author's transl)].", "content": "We have measured 3 diameters in the uterus in 50 women after delivery by ultrasound scanning. A fourth diameter as well as the formula for the volume of the uterus was mathematically calculated. The computer was used to carry out the calculations. The height of the fundus of the uterus could be compared to the ultrasonic measurements. An index for involution was calculated. Typical forms were found for variations in diameters and uterine volumes according to whether the women were primiparous or multiparous. All the same, there was no difference in the mean values between the groups. Only the age of the women seemed to us to be a specially important parameter.", "contents": "[The contribution of ultrasonic echography in the study of uterine involution (author's transl)]. We have measured 3 diameters in the uterus in 50 women after delivery by ultrasound scanning. A fourth diameter as well as the formula for the volume of the uterus was mathematically calculated. The computer was used to carry out the calculations. The height of the fundus of the uterus could be compared to the ultrasonic measurements. An index for involution was calculated. Typical forms were found for variations in diameters and uterine volumes according to whether the women were primiparous or multiparous. All the same, there was no difference in the mean values between the groups. Only the age of the women seemed to us to be a specially important parameter.", "PMID": 489934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_244", "title": "Choice by constraint: the selection and function of specialties among women physicians-in-training.", "content": "This paper asserts that the selection of medical specialty by women physicians-in-training is a \"choice by constraint.\" Comparative data on men and women interns and residents are provided in order to document parameters of constraint in three separate areas: 1) subjective reasons for selection of medical specialty and subspecialty; 2) the type of practice a physician intends to enter; and 3) the differential function served by high vs low interaction specialties. Findings suggest that severe constraints occur on the specific level of subspecialty, rather than on the more general level of specialty. Findings also show that high and low interaction specialties serve two distinctly separate socioeconomic functions for different types of women. Within the present medical system these functions are considerably restrictive.", "contents": "Choice by constraint: the selection and function of specialties among women physicians-in-training. This paper asserts that the selection of medical specialty by women physicians-in-training is a \"choice by constraint.\" Comparative data on men and women interns and residents are provided in order to document parameters of constraint in three separate areas: 1) subjective reasons for selection of medical specialty and subspecialty; 2) the type of practice a physician intends to enter; and 3) the differential function served by high vs low interaction specialties. Findings suggest that severe constraints occur on the specific level of subspecialty, rather than on the more general level of specialty. Findings also show that high and low interaction specialties serve two distinctly separate socioeconomic functions for different types of women. Within the present medical system these functions are considerably restrictive.", "PMID": 489939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_245", "title": "[Some exceptional evolution of the abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have reported 5 exceptional cases of abdominal pregnancy observed at the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the university of Dakar. This pathology remains important and shows various clinical aspects in these counties presenting insufficient medical development. In a review of the literature the authors have studied the frequency and the etiopathogenic aspects of this \"dystocical\" pregnancies.", "contents": "[Some exceptional evolution of the abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)]. The authors have reported 5 exceptional cases of abdominal pregnancy observed at the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the university of Dakar. This pathology remains important and shows various clinical aspects in these counties presenting insufficient medical development. In a review of the literature the authors have studied the frequency and the etiopathogenic aspects of this \"dystocical\" pregnancies.", "PMID": 489935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_246", "title": "[The difficulty of being St-Joseph. The sterile \"father\" confronted with artificial insemination by donor (AID) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of total marital sexual impotence which occurred after the diagnosis of pregnancy following AID are reported by way of illustration. This impotence was accompanied by reoganisation of the economic situation in the marriage with a declaration that there was a very strong attachment for the wife and the child and a desire to have a second child and apparently for the wife to accept the whole situation. The influence of AID on the dynamics of a couple where the husband is sterile has been presented (it is the theme of a preliminary psychological enquiry which has been undertaken following the creation of CECOS IN 1973). A psychological study is a catch if we try to understand the interpretation. It is necessary to carry out a long-term psychoanalytical study of both partners in the marriage.", "contents": "[The difficulty of being St-Joseph. The sterile \"father\" confronted with artificial insemination by donor (AID) (author's transl)]. Two cases of total marital sexual impotence which occurred after the diagnosis of pregnancy following AID are reported by way of illustration. This impotence was accompanied by reoganisation of the economic situation in the marriage with a declaration that there was a very strong attachment for the wife and the child and a desire to have a second child and apparently for the wife to accept the whole situation. The influence of AID on the dynamics of a couple where the husband is sterile has been presented (it is the theme of a preliminary psychological enquiry which has been undertaken following the creation of CECOS IN 1973). A psychological study is a catch if we try to understand the interpretation. It is necessary to carry out a long-term psychoanalytical study of both partners in the marriage.", "PMID": 489936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_247", "title": "New species of Moaciria freitas 1956 (Nematoda: Heterakoidea) from Australian reptiles.", "content": "Moaciria sphenomorphi n. sp. is described from the skink Sphenomorphus gracilipes, Moaciria butleri n. sp. from the elapid snake Pseudechis australis (both from Western Australia), and Moaciria etnae n. sp. from the python Liasis childreni from Queensland. These species differ from one another and from M. alvarengai and M. icosiensis principally in the number and disposition of body and caudal papillae, and from M. freitasi in possessing caudal alae. M. butleri and M. etnae also differ from the other species in possessing a conspicuous three-pointed internal lip tooth, and all three new species possess a small median papilla within the posterior rim of the precloacal sucker.", "contents": "New species of Moaciria freitas 1956 (Nematoda: Heterakoidea) from Australian reptiles. Moaciria sphenomorphi n. sp. is described from the skink Sphenomorphus gracilipes, Moaciria butleri n. sp. from the elapid snake Pseudechis australis (both from Western Australia), and Moaciria etnae n. sp. from the python Liasis childreni from Queensland. These species differ from one another and from M. alvarengai and M. icosiensis principally in the number and disposition of body and caudal papillae, and from M. freitasi in possessing caudal alae. M. butleri and M. etnae also differ from the other species in possessing a conspicuous three-pointed internal lip tooth, and all three new species possess a small median papilla within the posterior rim of the precloacal sucker.", "PMID": 489941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_248", "title": "The anoplocephalid cestode parasites of the spectacled hare-wallaby Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842 (Marsupialia: Macropodidae).", "content": "Progamotaenia gynandrolinearis sp. nov. is described from the small intestine of Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842 from Barrow I., Western Australia. It is distinguished from other species by the small number of testes arranged in a single transverse row. Progamotaenia lagorchestis (Lewis, 1914) is redescribed. The name Progamotaenia thylogale sp. nov. is proposed for a second species described previously under the name P. lagorchestis. Progamotaenia zschokkei (Janicki, 1905), Progamotaenia festiva (Rudolphi, 1819) and Progamotaenia villosa (Lewis, 1914) were also found in L. conspicillatus.", "contents": "The anoplocephalid cestode parasites of the spectacled hare-wallaby Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842 (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). Progamotaenia gynandrolinearis sp. nov. is described from the small intestine of Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842 from Barrow I., Western Australia. It is distinguished from other species by the small number of testes arranged in a single transverse row. Progamotaenia lagorchestis (Lewis, 1914) is redescribed. The name Progamotaenia thylogale sp. nov. is proposed for a second species described previously under the name P. lagorchestis. Progamotaenia zschokkei (Janicki, 1905), Progamotaenia festiva (Rudolphi, 1819) and Progamotaenia villosa (Lewis, 1914) were also found in L. conspicillatus.", "PMID": 489942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_249", "title": "Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan comb. nov. from Malaysian rodent hosts with a special note on intraspecific morphological variation.", "content": "Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani Betterton, 1976 has been reported from four species of rodent hosts: Echinosorex gymnurus (Raffles): Rattus whiteheadi (Thos); R. muelleri (Jentink) and Callosciurus notatus (Boddaert). A comparison of trematodes recovered from these hosts revealed patterns of host-induced morphological variation taking place. Because N. (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani shows little generic difference from Fibricola intermedius (Pearson, 1959) Sudarikov, 1960 it is transferred to the genus Fibricola and is now designated Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan.", "contents": "Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan comb. nov. from Malaysian rodent hosts with a special note on intraspecific morphological variation. Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani Betterton, 1976 has been reported from four species of rodent hosts: Echinosorex gymnurus (Raffles): Rattus whiteheadi (Thos); R. muelleri (Jentink) and Callosciurus notatus (Boddaert). A comparison of trematodes recovered from these hosts revealed patterns of host-induced morphological variation taking place. Because N. (Conodiplostomum) ramachandrani shows little generic difference from Fibricola intermedius (Pearson, 1959) Sudarikov, 1960 it is transferred to the genus Fibricola and is now designated Fibricola ramachandrani (Betterton, 1976) Palmieri, Krishnasamy and Sullivan.", "PMID": 489943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_250", "title": "Influence of the bn gene on mitosis of immature red blood cells in turkeys.", "content": "The binucleated and large mononucleated red blood cells found in the blood of bnbn mutant turkeys result from nondisjunction of chromosomes in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. The major ultrastructural abnormality that is observed in these mutant cells is malpositioning of the centrioles in the cell. This involves failure to assume a normal pole-to-pole position in the center of the cell, and, often, centrioles are seen close together near the cell membrane. In addition to the abnormalities in centrioles, incomplete spindles are formed with large masses of chromatin unattached to microtubules. Cytokinesis is blocked in many instances because large amounts of chromatin remain at the region of the metaphase plate. None of the aforementioned abnormalities were seen in bone marrow cells from genetically normal turkeys. The results of this study suggest that malorientation of the centrioles has adverse effects on chromosome movement in animal cells. The concept that the spatial orientation of the centrioles is fundamental in achieving normal separation of chromosomes during anaphase movement is supported by our work. Finally, the close ultrastructural parallels with the human blood disease congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the bn gene on mitosis of immature red blood cells in turkeys. The binucleated and large mononucleated red blood cells found in the blood of bnbn mutant turkeys result from nondisjunction of chromosomes in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. The major ultrastructural abnormality that is observed in these mutant cells is malpositioning of the centrioles in the cell. This involves failure to assume a normal pole-to-pole position in the center of the cell, and, often, centrioles are seen close together near the cell membrane. In addition to the abnormalities in centrioles, incomplete spindles are formed with large masses of chromatin unattached to microtubules. Cytokinesis is blocked in many instances because large amounts of chromatin remain at the region of the metaphase plate. None of the aforementioned abnormalities were seen in bone marrow cells from genetically normal turkeys. The results of this study suggest that malorientation of the centrioles has adverse effects on chromosome movement in animal cells. The concept that the spatial orientation of the centrioles is fundamental in achieving normal separation of chromosomes during anaphase movement is supported by our work. Finally, the close ultrastructural parallels with the human blood disease congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I are discussed.", "PMID": 489944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_251", "title": "Biology teachers: genetics educational needs and related values stances.", "content": "A questionnaire completed by 542 secondary school biology teachers in four states in widely divergent parts of the United States reveals the genetics educational needs of the respondents. The data suggest that, although the teachers are fairly confident of their ability to teach about classical and molecular genetics, they are much less knowldgeable of the recent developments in genetics that impinge on the science/society interface. The data further imply that if teachers are to deal effectively with these current and controversial topics, they will need instruction not only in human and medical genetics, but also in the methodologies of teaching about controversial issues. Finally, the data collected and the literature reviewed suggest that if the general public is to be served effectively, college and university courses in general genetics should include a major emphasis on recent developments in human genetics.", "contents": "Biology teachers: genetics educational needs and related values stances. A questionnaire completed by 542 secondary school biology teachers in four states in widely divergent parts of the United States reveals the genetics educational needs of the respondents. The data suggest that, although the teachers are fairly confident of their ability to teach about classical and molecular genetics, they are much less knowldgeable of the recent developments in genetics that impinge on the science/society interface. The data further imply that if teachers are to deal effectively with these current and controversial topics, they will need instruction not only in human and medical genetics, but also in the methodologies of teaching about controversial issues. Finally, the data collected and the literature reviewed suggest that if the general public is to be served effectively, college and university courses in general genetics should include a major emphasis on recent developments in human genetics.", "PMID": 489945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_252", "title": "Fine structure of mouse testes following intraperitoneal treatment with 5-thio-D-glucose.", "content": "The male antifertility compound, 5-thio-D-glucose, was administered to six groups of C3H/HeJ mice. Three groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of 40 mg/kg for 21, 28, and 35 days, respectively. The other three groups all received injections for 35 days, but were allowed to recover for 21, 42, and 75 days, respectively. The seminiferous tubules of the experimental and control mice were examined and compared with the electron microscope. Histological changes were noted as early as 21 days, with a complete cessation of sperm production by 35 days. The alterations included a reduction in the layers of the germinal epithelium, the formation of giant multinucleated cells, degeneration of germ cells, and the presence of cellular debris in the lumina of the tubules. Accumulation of lysosomes and a dramatic increase of small and large lipid droplets and vacuolar structures morphologically resembling residual bodies containing membranous elements and cellular debris were found in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. A reinitiation of spermatogenesis was observed in the 21- and 42-days recovery groups. The testicular cells of the 75-day recovery group appeared essentially identical to those of the control animals and had an abundance of sperm.", "contents": "Fine structure of mouse testes following intraperitoneal treatment with 5-thio-D-glucose. The male antifertility compound, 5-thio-D-glucose, was administered to six groups of C3H/HeJ mice. Three groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of 40 mg/kg for 21, 28, and 35 days, respectively. The other three groups all received injections for 35 days, but were allowed to recover for 21, 42, and 75 days, respectively. The seminiferous tubules of the experimental and control mice were examined and compared with the electron microscope. Histological changes were noted as early as 21 days, with a complete cessation of sperm production by 35 days. The alterations included a reduction in the layers of the germinal epithelium, the formation of giant multinucleated cells, degeneration of germ cells, and the presence of cellular debris in the lumina of the tubules. Accumulation of lysosomes and a dramatic increase of small and large lipid droplets and vacuolar structures morphologically resembling residual bodies containing membranous elements and cellular debris were found in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. A reinitiation of spermatogenesis was observed in the 21- and 42-days recovery groups. The testicular cells of the 75-day recovery group appeared essentially identical to those of the control animals and had an abundance of sperm.", "PMID": 489947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_253", "title": "Genetics of superoxide dismutase in the forest tent caterpillar and other organisms.", "content": "The electrophoretic assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Malacosoma disstria revealed a total of 13 bands arranged in 9 patterns. One locus, composed of bands 28, 32, 36 was polymorphic in some locations. Band frequencies varied by location, but not by generation or by time in the laboratory. Significant interactions between sibling groups and SOD types for development time suggest that selective advantage is a function of genetic background. SOD, an important enzyme protecting diverse organisms against the toxic radicals of oxygen, has been extensively analyzed by biochemists. Geneticists have assayed individuals and populations for the smae enzyme, calling it tetrazolium oxidase (TO). The biochemistry and genetics literatures were reviewed and results from the two disciplines were discussed.", "contents": "Genetics of superoxide dismutase in the forest tent caterpillar and other organisms. The electrophoretic assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Malacosoma disstria revealed a total of 13 bands arranged in 9 patterns. One locus, composed of bands 28, 32, 36 was polymorphic in some locations. Band frequencies varied by location, but not by generation or by time in the laboratory. Significant interactions between sibling groups and SOD types for development time suggest that selective advantage is a function of genetic background. SOD, an important enzyme protecting diverse organisms against the toxic radicals of oxygen, has been extensively analyzed by biochemists. Geneticists have assayed individuals and populations for the smae enzyme, calling it tetrazolium oxidase (TO). The biochemistry and genetics literatures were reviewed and results from the two disciplines were discussed.", "PMID": 489948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_254", "title": "Blood type analyses of creole-like cattle: a comparison with Longhorns and mixed controls.", "content": "Creole-like cattle blood types were compared with a mixed control group and Longhorn data using hemolytic and electrophoretic techniques. Among the hemolytic tests, the crucial B system analyses indicated that 1) the Creole-like animals were more similar to Longhorns than were the controls; 2) the three groups were different from each other; 3) the three groups were not mutually exclusive. Eleven new phenogroups were postulated. The remaining blood group systems and the electrophoretic tests raised interesting biohistorical questions but were generally less useful in discriminating among the three groups of cattle.", "contents": "Blood type analyses of creole-like cattle: a comparison with Longhorns and mixed controls. Creole-like cattle blood types were compared with a mixed control group and Longhorn data using hemolytic and electrophoretic techniques. Among the hemolytic tests, the crucial B system analyses indicated that 1) the Creole-like animals were more similar to Longhorns than were the controls; 2) the three groups were different from each other; 3) the three groups were not mutually exclusive. Eleven new phenogroups were postulated. The remaining blood group systems and the electrophoretic tests raised interesting biohistorical questions but were generally less useful in discriminating among the three groups of cattle.", "PMID": 489951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_255", "title": "Gene order in linkage group XVI of the house mouse.", "content": "Data have been presented to show the linkages and most probable order of eight loci in LG XVI. The map of LG XVI is as follows: spa-3-ma-2-ft-1-soc-6-op-3-(Amy-1, Amy-2)-20-Va with the position of de known to be on the ma side of Va. Data from a 3-point cross with ma, Va, and the Robertsonian translocation, Rb5, showed no linkage with the centromere of Chr 12 with either end, ma or Va. We conclude that LG XVI is not carried on Chr 12, and preliminary data indicates it is most likely carried on Chr 3.", "contents": "Gene order in linkage group XVI of the house mouse. Data have been presented to show the linkages and most probable order of eight loci in LG XVI. The map of LG XVI is as follows: spa-3-ma-2-ft-1-soc-6-op-3-(Amy-1, Amy-2)-20-Va with the position of de known to be on the ma side of Va. Data from a 3-point cross with ma, Va, and the Robertsonian translocation, Rb5, showed no linkage with the centromere of Chr 12 with either end, ma or Va. We conclude that LG XVI is not carried on Chr 12, and preliminary data indicates it is most likely carried on Chr 3.", "PMID": 489953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_256", "title": "Evidence for a new lethal gene causing cardiomyopathy in Japanese black calves.", "content": "Sudden death with severe dyspnea in new-born or infant calves confined to a family of Japanese black cattle was studied. Neither environmental nor bacteriological factors seemed to be involved in the etiology of the disease. Histopathological examination revealed focal degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers in the myocardium, to which a diagnosis of idiopathic cardiomyopathy was proposed. The pedigree and mating type analyses suggested that a new autosomal recessive lethal gene was responsible for the syndrome. Rates of incidence of the affected calves in five sire families were tested for an expectation of 12.5 percent incidence by the chi-square method.", "contents": "Evidence for a new lethal gene causing cardiomyopathy in Japanese black calves. Sudden death with severe dyspnea in new-born or infant calves confined to a family of Japanese black cattle was studied. Neither environmental nor bacteriological factors seemed to be involved in the etiology of the disease. Histopathological examination revealed focal degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers in the myocardium, to which a diagnosis of idiopathic cardiomyopathy was proposed. The pedigree and mating type analyses suggested that a new autosomal recessive lethal gene was responsible for the syndrome. Rates of incidence of the affected calves in five sire families were tested for an expectation of 12.5 percent incidence by the chi-square method.", "PMID": 489954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_257", "title": "Distribution of sexes in cattle.", "content": "Data were obtained from records of 1,046 Holstein dams included in the dairy herd at Cornell University during the years 1940 through 1977. Sex by order of parity was determined for the offspring of each dam. The overall sex ratio for 4,245 single parities was 52.74 percent males. Sex ratios for different parities were relatively consistent. Within progenies of the dams, there was no consistent evidence of association between the sexes of successive and various nonsuccessive calves. Frequencies of combinations of sexes in the different sizes of offspring occurred as expected.", "contents": "Distribution of sexes in cattle. Data were obtained from records of 1,046 Holstein dams included in the dairy herd at Cornell University during the years 1940 through 1977. Sex by order of parity was determined for the offspring of each dam. The overall sex ratio for 4,245 single parities was 52.74 percent males. Sex ratios for different parities were relatively consistent. Within progenies of the dams, there was no consistent evidence of association between the sexes of successive and various nonsuccessive calves. Frequencies of combinations of sexes in the different sizes of offspring occurred as expected.", "PMID": 489956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_258", "title": "Gene frequencies in the domestic cats of Reno, Nevada: confirmation of a recent hypothesis.", "content": "On the basis of a sample of 156 animals, allele frequencies for the cat population of Reno, Nevada have been estimated. Comparison of this population with populations of 22 other cities shows that Reno's cats are more similar to those of northeastern North America than to those in the southwest. This is consistent with a recent hypothesis that suggests there were two distinct European sources of North American cats, and that present gene pools in North American cities depend primarily on their history of early settlement.", "contents": "Gene frequencies in the domestic cats of Reno, Nevada: confirmation of a recent hypothesis. On the basis of a sample of 156 animals, allele frequencies for the cat population of Reno, Nevada have been estimated. Comparison of this population with populations of 22 other cities shows that Reno's cats are more similar to those of northeastern North America than to those in the southwest. This is consistent with a recent hypothesis that suggests there were two distinct European sources of North American cats, and that present gene pools in North American cities depend primarily on their history of early settlement.", "PMID": 489955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_259", "title": "Linkage group IV in the Syrian hamster: spontaneous seizure and jute.", "content": "It was shown that sz and J are closely linked and that the recombination frequency between these two genes is 7.41 +/- 2.91. It was also shown that J is not linked with markers in linkage groups I and III, and that sz is not linked with a marker in linkage group II. Therefore, linkage between sz and J is a new linkage group. Since only three linkage groups have so far been established in the Syrian hamster, linkage groups I, II and III, this new linkage constitutes linkage group IV.", "contents": "Linkage group IV in the Syrian hamster: spontaneous seizure and jute. It was shown that sz and J are closely linked and that the recombination frequency between these two genes is 7.41 +/- 2.91. It was also shown that J is not linked with markers in linkage groups I and III, and that sz is not linked with a marker in linkage group II. Therefore, linkage between sz and J is a new linkage group. Since only three linkage groups have so far been established in the Syrian hamster, linkage groups I, II and III, this new linkage constitutes linkage group IV.", "PMID": 489957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_260", "title": "Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State.", "content": "A study of Zika virus infections was carried out in four communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Virus isolation studies between 1971 and 1975 yielded two virus isolations from human cases of mild febrile illness. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to Zika and three other flaviviruses used. The percentages of positive sera were as follows: Zika (31%), Yellow fever (50%), West Nile (46%), and Wesselsbron (59%). Neutralization tests showed that 40% of Nigerians had Zika virus neutralizing antibody. Fifty per cent of zika virus immune persons had neutralizing antibody to Zika alone or to Zika and one other flavivirus. A total of 121 sera had antibody to Zika virus; of these 48 (40%) also showed antibody to two other flaviviruses, and 12 (10%) had antibodies to three or more other viruses. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies to other flaviviruses in Zika virus immune sera was 81% to Dengue type 1, 58% to Yellow fever, 7% to Wesselsbron, 6% to West Nile and 3% to Uganda S.", "contents": "Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. A study of Zika virus infections was carried out in four communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Virus isolation studies between 1971 and 1975 yielded two virus isolations from human cases of mild febrile illness. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to Zika and three other flaviviruses used. The percentages of positive sera were as follows: Zika (31%), Yellow fever (50%), West Nile (46%), and Wesselsbron (59%). Neutralization tests showed that 40% of Nigerians had Zika virus neutralizing antibody. Fifty per cent of zika virus immune persons had neutralizing antibody to Zika alone or to Zika and one other flavivirus. A total of 121 sera had antibody to Zika virus; of these 48 (40%) also showed antibody to two other flaviviruses, and 12 (10%) had antibodies to three or more other viruses. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies to other flaviviruses in Zika virus immune sera was 81% to Dengue type 1, 58% to Yellow fever, 7% to Wesselsbron, 6% to West Nile and 3% to Uganda S.", "PMID": 489960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_261", "title": "Food poisoning in hospitals in Scotland.", "content": "A review of 50 hospital-based outbreaks of food poisoning which were reported in Scotland during 1973--7, is described. At least 1530 persons consuming hospital-prepared food were involved. Thirty-one episodes were associated with Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii), 11 were due to food-borne salmonella infection, three to enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, and five incidents were of undetermined aetiology. This differs noticeably from the experience in England and Wales where salmonellas appear to predominate as the main cause of hospital outbreaks. Twenty-two incidents occurred in hospitals for psychiatric or mentally subnormal patients, and ten others were located in geriatric units. Only 33 hospitals were involved in the 50 outbreaks as nine hospitals experienced two or more episodes. The role of the hospital in the occurrence of food poisoning may be over-emphasized in comparison with other catering establishments, as outbreaks are more readily recognized and laboratory facilities are usually available for investigation, but it is also believed that many episodes may not be reported. The peculiar problems of the hospital-catering service and particularly those of the older long-stay hospitals, are discussed in relation to preventive measures which would minimize the hazards of food poisoning.", "contents": "Food poisoning in hospitals in Scotland. A review of 50 hospital-based outbreaks of food poisoning which were reported in Scotland during 1973--7, is described. At least 1530 persons consuming hospital-prepared food were involved. Thirty-one episodes were associated with Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii), 11 were due to food-borne salmonella infection, three to enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, and five incidents were of undetermined aetiology. This differs noticeably from the experience in England and Wales where salmonellas appear to predominate as the main cause of hospital outbreaks. Twenty-two incidents occurred in hospitals for psychiatric or mentally subnormal patients, and ten others were located in geriatric units. Only 33 hospitals were involved in the 50 outbreaks as nine hospitals experienced two or more episodes. The role of the hospital in the occurrence of food poisoning may be over-emphasized in comparison with other catering establishments, as outbreaks are more readily recognized and laboratory facilities are usually available for investigation, but it is also believed that many episodes may not be reported. The peculiar problems of the hospital-catering service and particularly those of the older long-stay hospitals, are discussed in relation to preventive measures which would minimize the hazards of food poisoning.", "PMID": 489961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_262", "title": "Myxomatosis: the release and spread of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Central District of Victoria.", "content": "The European rabbit flea was first released in Victoria in August 1969 at Werribee. Releases were made on five different land forms. At one site the first flea was recovered 2 weeks after release. Fleas were recovered between 4 and 6 weeks after release at the other sites. Differences in establishment and spread on the different land forms were due to physically restricted movement of some rabbit populations. By June 1971 80% of rabbits were infested but an occasional young uninfested rabbit was still found in August 1978. Infestation numbers were higher than in the Mallee region especially on pregnant does.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: the release and spread of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Central District of Victoria. The European rabbit flea was first released in Victoria in August 1969 at Werribee. Releases were made on five different land forms. At one site the first flea was recovered 2 weeks after release. Fleas were recovered between 4 and 6 weeks after release at the other sites. Differences in establishment and spread on the different land forms were due to physically restricted movement of some rabbit populations. By June 1971 80% of rabbits were infested but an occasional young uninfested rabbit was still found in August 1978. Infestation numbers were higher than in the Mallee region especially on pregnant does.", "PMID": 489962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_263", "title": "Inheritance of spotting in the leopard danio.", "content": "The inheritance of spotting pattern was investigated in the teleosts Brachydanio nigrofasciatus (leopard danio) and B. frankei (spotted danio). The segregation patterns observed in the progenies from nine different matings indicate a single-factor inheritance of the leopard and spotted phenotypes with complete dominance of the leopard type. In view of these observations, it is suggested that the species status of B. frankei be reexamined.", "contents": "Inheritance of spotting in the leopard danio. The inheritance of spotting pattern was investigated in the teleosts Brachydanio nigrofasciatus (leopard danio) and B. frankei (spotted danio). The segregation patterns observed in the progenies from nine different matings indicate a single-factor inheritance of the leopard and spotted phenotypes with complete dominance of the leopard type. In view of these observations, it is suggested that the species status of B. frankei be reexamined.", "PMID": 489959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_264", "title": "Laboratory test of seven rodenticides for the control of Mastomys natalensis.", "content": "Laboratory feeding tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of seven rodenticides against Mastomys natalensis. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), although several were unpalatable. Trials are now needed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it is likely that, given suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful as practical control agents.", "contents": "Laboratory test of seven rodenticides for the control of Mastomys natalensis. Laboratory feeding tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of seven rodenticides against Mastomys natalensis. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), although several were unpalatable. Trials are now needed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it is likely that, given suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful as practical control agents.", "PMID": 489963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_265", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay techniques for the detection of African swine fever antigen and antibody.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been successfully developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Studies show that the assay is reproducible and will detect limiting antigen concentrations equivalent to 50--500 HAD50/ml. Both direct and indirect antibody RIA have been developed and have proved to be approximately 100 times fore sensitive than the complement fixation test at present available and 1000 times more sensitive than the immuno-electro-osmophoresis test for the detection of ASFV antibody.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay techniques for the detection of African swine fever antigen and antibody. A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been successfully developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Studies show that the assay is reproducible and will detect limiting antigen concentrations equivalent to 50--500 HAD50/ml. Both direct and indirect antibody RIA have been developed and have proved to be approximately 100 times fore sensitive than the complement fixation test at present available and 1000 times more sensitive than the immuno-electro-osmophoresis test for the detection of ASFV antibody.", "PMID": 489964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_266", "title": "The antibody response in Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "From 22 patients with Legionnaires' disease, 86 sera were examined for specific serotype 1 IgM and IgG antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. No antibody was detectable until 8 days or more from the onset of symptoms. When produced the amount was widely variable and remained detectable for periods from less than 34 days to more than 1 year. Intially IgM antibody predominated, ten patients produced only IgM in the first 21 days, six produced only IgM in the first 28 days and three did not produce IgG at any time. One patient, and possibly a second, produced only IgG antibody. Since IgM antibody was still present in one patient after a year it is important not to accept the presence of this as evidence of very recent infection. It is advisable that any type of serological test for L. pneumophila infection should detect the production of both IgM and IgG antibodies.", "contents": "The antibody response in Legionnaires' disease. From 22 patients with Legionnaires' disease, 86 sera were examined for specific serotype 1 IgM and IgG antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. No antibody was detectable until 8 days or more from the onset of symptoms. When produced the amount was widely variable and remained detectable for periods from less than 34 days to more than 1 year. Intially IgM antibody predominated, ten patients produced only IgM in the first 21 days, six produced only IgM in the first 28 days and three did not produce IgG at any time. One patient, and possibly a second, produced only IgG antibody. Since IgM antibody was still present in one patient after a year it is important not to accept the presence of this as evidence of very recent infection. It is advisable that any type of serological test for L. pneumophila infection should detect the production of both IgM and IgG antibodies.", "PMID": 489965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_267", "title": "Immunotherapy of a murine ovarian carcinoma with Corynebacterium parvum and specific heteroantiserum. I. Activation of peritoneal cells to mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "content": "Immunotherapy with a combination of Corynebacterium parvum and specific heteroantiserum is significantly more effective than treatment with either single agent in prolonging the survival of mice that have recevied an i.p. injection of syngeneic murine ovarian carcinoma (MOT) cells. Invitro, a combination of C. parvum-activated peritoneal cells and specific heteroantiserum has proven significantly more effective than either single component in destroying 51Cr-labeled MOT cells in the absence of complement. Activation of peritoneal cells to produce lysis of tumor in the presence specific antiserum peaked 3 to 7 days after a single injection of C. parvum and declined to baseline over 3 to 4 weeks. With repeated i.p. injections of C. parvum at appropriate intervals, activation of peritoneal cells could be prolonged and augmented. Among the routes tested, only i.p. administration of C. parvum was effective, although activation of peritoneal cells for cooperation with heteroantiserum was observed over a broad range of i.p. dosage (0.45 to 4.20 mg). These data suggest that the administration of C. parvum by appropriate doses, routes, and schedules can attract and activate a population of peritoneal effectors that mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity more effectively than resident peritoneal cells.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of a murine ovarian carcinoma with Corynebacterium parvum and specific heteroantiserum. I. Activation of peritoneal cells to mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Immunotherapy with a combination of Corynebacterium parvum and specific heteroantiserum is significantly more effective than treatment with either single agent in prolonging the survival of mice that have recevied an i.p. injection of syngeneic murine ovarian carcinoma (MOT) cells. Invitro, a combination of C. parvum-activated peritoneal cells and specific heteroantiserum has proven significantly more effective than either single component in destroying 51Cr-labeled MOT cells in the absence of complement. Activation of peritoneal cells to produce lysis of tumor in the presence specific antiserum peaked 3 to 7 days after a single injection of C. parvum and declined to baseline over 3 to 4 weeks. With repeated i.p. injections of C. parvum at appropriate intervals, activation of peritoneal cells could be prolonged and augmented. Among the routes tested, only i.p. administration of C. parvum was effective, although activation of peritoneal cells for cooperation with heteroantiserum was observed over a broad range of i.p. dosage (0.45 to 4.20 mg). These data suggest that the administration of C. parvum by appropriate doses, routes, and schedules can attract and activate a population of peritoneal effectors that mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity more effectively than resident peritoneal cells.", "PMID": 489967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_268", "title": "Inhibition of growth of ASL-1w murine leukemia cells by anti-thymus leukemia antigen (TL) serum in the absence of complement.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that the cell surface expression of thymus leukemia antigen (TL) on ASL-1w leukemia cells varies with the progression of the cells through the growth cycle. Expression of TL is maximal in S phase, and its quantitative expression varies directly with DNA synthesis. In the present study, the effect of anti-TL serum on the growth of ASL-1w cells was examined. The antiserum, tested in the absence of complement, affected the growth of these cells in biphasic manner. When the antiserum concentration was 0.1% or greater, there was a rapid decline in the rate of DNA synthesis, and after 5 to 7 hr, cell death. When the antiserum concentration was 0.067% or less, the decline in the rate of synthesis of DNA did not become apparent until 5 to 6 hr after treatment. Under these conditions, there was approximately a 20% increase in cell number after 24 hr of culture. The hypothesis that treatment of ASL-1w cells with the lesser concentration of anti-TL serum blocks the cells in G2 phase of the cell cycle is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth of ASL-1w murine leukemia cells by anti-thymus leukemia antigen (TL) serum in the absence of complement. Previous studies have shown that the cell surface expression of thymus leukemia antigen (TL) on ASL-1w leukemia cells varies with the progression of the cells through the growth cycle. Expression of TL is maximal in S phase, and its quantitative expression varies directly with DNA synthesis. In the present study, the effect of anti-TL serum on the growth of ASL-1w cells was examined. The antiserum, tested in the absence of complement, affected the growth of these cells in biphasic manner. When the antiserum concentration was 0.1% or greater, there was a rapid decline in the rate of DNA synthesis, and after 5 to 7 hr, cell death. When the antiserum concentration was 0.067% or less, the decline in the rate of synthesis of DNA did not become apparent until 5 to 6 hr after treatment. Under these conditions, there was approximately a 20% increase in cell number after 24 hr of culture. The hypothesis that treatment of ASL-1w cells with the lesser concentration of anti-TL serum blocks the cells in G2 phase of the cell cycle is discussed.", "PMID": 489968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_269", "title": "Activation to IgG secretion by lipopolysaccharide requires several proliferation cycles.", "content": "We have investigated the relationship between IgG secretion and cell proliferation after polyclonal activation of murine spleen cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It was found that IgG secretion was optimal when cells proliferated extensively. Under those conditions, DNA synthesis commenced 8 to 12 hr after exposure to LPS. Increased proliferative activity was observed up to day 3, when the majority of the lymphoblasts were mitotically active. Two inhibitors of DNA synthesis, thymidine (TdR) and hydroxyurea (HU) caused a reduction in both the IgM and the IgG response, but the latter was more severely reduced. The inhibition was strongest when TdR and HU were added to cultures early after exposure to LPS, indicating that the cells developing to Ig secretion were continuously proliferating. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) caused a general inhibition of IgM and IgG secretion at high concentrations, and a selective inhibition at low concentrations. The selective inhibition of IgG secretion, when measured on day 4, was also observed after a pulse of BrdU on days 1 and 2. The data suggest that development to IgG secretion is a complex process, which requires several proliferation cycles.", "contents": "Activation to IgG secretion by lipopolysaccharide requires several proliferation cycles. We have investigated the relationship between IgG secretion and cell proliferation after polyclonal activation of murine spleen cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It was found that IgG secretion was optimal when cells proliferated extensively. Under those conditions, DNA synthesis commenced 8 to 12 hr after exposure to LPS. Increased proliferative activity was observed up to day 3, when the majority of the lymphoblasts were mitotically active. Two inhibitors of DNA synthesis, thymidine (TdR) and hydroxyurea (HU) caused a reduction in both the IgM and the IgG response, but the latter was more severely reduced. The inhibition was strongest when TdR and HU were added to cultures early after exposure to LPS, indicating that the cells developing to Ig secretion were continuously proliferating. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) caused a general inhibition of IgM and IgG secretion at high concentrations, and a selective inhibition at low concentrations. The selective inhibition of IgG secretion, when measured on day 4, was also observed after a pulse of BrdU on days 1 and 2. The data suggest that development to IgG secretion is a complex process, which requires several proliferation cycles.", "PMID": 489970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_270", "title": "Prebursal stem cells in the intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chick embryo at 7 days of incubation.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide-treated 18-day-old chick embryos were transplanted with cells from 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme; the recipients and donors were identical at the major histocompatibility locus. At the age of 35 days, the cell recipients were studied to determine the reconstitution capacity of the transplanted cells. The transplantation resulted in a complete restoration of IgM and IgG class antibody production against human gammaglobulin and Brucella abortus, and of microscopic morphology of the bursa of Fabricius and of the germinal center formation in the spleen. These findings demonstrate that 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chick embryo harbor prebursal stem cells. These findings confirm our previous observations in the yolk sac-embryo chimeras indicating that lymphoid stem cells originate in the intraembryonic hematopoietic sites.", "contents": "Prebursal stem cells in the intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chick embryo at 7 days of incubation. Cyclophosphamide-treated 18-day-old chick embryos were transplanted with cells from 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme; the recipients and donors were identical at the major histocompatibility locus. At the age of 35 days, the cell recipients were studied to determine the reconstitution capacity of the transplanted cells. The transplantation resulted in a complete restoration of IgM and IgG class antibody production against human gammaglobulin and Brucella abortus, and of microscopic morphology of the bursa of Fabricius and of the germinal center formation in the spleen. These findings demonstrate that 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chick embryo harbor prebursal stem cells. These findings confirm our previous observations in the yolk sac-embryo chimeras indicating that lymphoid stem cells originate in the intraembryonic hematopoietic sites.", "PMID": 489971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_271", "title": "Specific 125I-iodination of cell surface lipids: plasma membrane alterations induced during humoral immune attack.", "content": "A method whereby lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-iodination of plasma membrane lipids can be achieved is described. The reaction results in a uniform and stable labeling of neutral lipids, phospholipids, lysophosphatides, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerides. By the use of this method, the action of antibody plus complement (C) on the specific release of lipid from the plasma membrane of line-10 tumor cells was studied. Within 15 min after the addition of C to antibody-sensitized cells, the enhanced release of specific lipid classes from the cell surface was observed; these lipids included sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine. The release of phosphatidylethanolamine and, in some instances, triglycerides, was reduced after antibody-C attack. Neither the specificity of the antibody used to sensitize the cells nor the ability of the antibody plus C to be cytotoxic to the cells appeared to affect the identity or amounts of lipids released from the cells.", "contents": "Specific 125I-iodination of cell surface lipids: plasma membrane alterations induced during humoral immune attack. A method whereby lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-iodination of plasma membrane lipids can be achieved is described. The reaction results in a uniform and stable labeling of neutral lipids, phospholipids, lysophosphatides, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerides. By the use of this method, the action of antibody plus complement (C) on the specific release of lipid from the plasma membrane of line-10 tumor cells was studied. Within 15 min after the addition of C to antibody-sensitized cells, the enhanced release of specific lipid classes from the cell surface was observed; these lipids included sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine. The release of phosphatidylethanolamine and, in some instances, triglycerides, was reduced after antibody-C attack. Neither the specificity of the antibody used to sensitize the cells nor the ability of the antibody plus C to be cytotoxic to the cells appeared to affect the identity or amounts of lipids released from the cells.", "PMID": 489973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_272", "title": "Deficient production of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter in chemically induced and mutation diabetes mellitus in mice.", "content": "The cellular defects possibly responsible for diminished in vivo granuloma formation in diabetic Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were investigated. Diabetic and control animals develop a similar degree of eosinophilia. Eosinophils obtained from diabetic mice also respond normally to the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP). Lymphoid cells of chemically induced (streptozotocin) and mutation diabetic (db/db) mice, however, have a decreased capacity to produce/secrete ESP in response to soluble egg antigens of S. mansoni. Administration of insulin to diabetic mice is associated with a partial reversal of the decreased ability of their lymphoid cells to generate ESP. These findings show that defective cellular immunity in diabetic animals may be partially explained by the failure of their lymphocytes to produce the soluble mediators involved in recruitment of target cells.", "contents": "Deficient production of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter in chemically induced and mutation diabetes mellitus in mice. The cellular defects possibly responsible for diminished in vivo granuloma formation in diabetic Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were investigated. Diabetic and control animals develop a similar degree of eosinophilia. Eosinophils obtained from diabetic mice also respond normally to the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP). Lymphoid cells of chemically induced (streptozotocin) and mutation diabetic (db/db) mice, however, have a decreased capacity to produce/secrete ESP in response to soluble egg antigens of S. mansoni. Administration of insulin to diabetic mice is associated with a partial reversal of the decreased ability of their lymphoid cells to generate ESP. These findings show that defective cellular immunity in diabetic animals may be partially explained by the failure of their lymphocytes to produce the soluble mediators involved in recruitment of target cells.", "PMID": 489974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_273", "title": "The beige mutation in the mouse. I. A stem cell predetermined impairment in natural killer cell function.", "content": "A point mutation, called beige, on linkage group 14 in C57BL/6 mice leads to a marked impairment in natural killing and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) of tumor cells. The defect in NK cytolysis was predetermined at the level of progenitor cells in the bone marrow as revealed in radiation chimeras. This impairment in NK function could not be accounted for by an altered organ distrubution, target selectivity, or ontogenesis. Interferon did not fully restore the response, which suggests that the defect may not result solely from a lack of endogenous interferon stimulation in beige mice. The frequency of target-binding cells was normal in all lymphoid organs, which suggests that the defect is intrinsic to the NK cell and does not involve an altered population size or an inability to recognize and interact with the target. Rather, the defect may lie within the lytic pathway subsequent to target cell contact. These mice should provide a useful NK-deficient system for studies of T cell or macrophage immunity and in addition they provide a means for testing the in vivo significance of NK cells in resistance to tumors and virus-infected cells.", "contents": "The beige mutation in the mouse. I. A stem cell predetermined impairment in natural killer cell function. A point mutation, called beige, on linkage group 14 in C57BL/6 mice leads to a marked impairment in natural killing and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) of tumor cells. The defect in NK cytolysis was predetermined at the level of progenitor cells in the bone marrow as revealed in radiation chimeras. This impairment in NK function could not be accounted for by an altered organ distrubution, target selectivity, or ontogenesis. Interferon did not fully restore the response, which suggests that the defect may not result solely from a lack of endogenous interferon stimulation in beige mice. The frequency of target-binding cells was normal in all lymphoid organs, which suggests that the defect is intrinsic to the NK cell and does not involve an altered population size or an inability to recognize and interact with the target. Rather, the defect may lie within the lytic pathway subsequent to target cell contact. These mice should provide a useful NK-deficient system for studies of T cell or macrophage immunity and in addition they provide a means for testing the in vivo significance of NK cells in resistance to tumors and virus-infected cells.", "PMID": 489978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_274", "title": "In vitro killing of S. mansoni schistosomula by eosinophils from infected rats: role of cytophilic antibodies.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats against antibody-opsonized or nonopsonized schistosomula in vitro has been studied during the course of infection. Eosinophil-enriched cell preparations were shown to have a high cytotoxic effect on schistosomula in the absence of antibody. The killer cells were identified as eosinophils. As in the ADCC mechanism previously described, mast cell-eosinophil interaction was required for eosinophil cytotoxicity. Rosette formation using S. mansoni antigen-coated erythrocytes was used to demonstrate the presence of anti-S. mansoni IgG2a antibody at the surface of infected eosinophils. Passive sensitization of normal eosinophils with ultracentrifugation pellets of immune rat serum resulted in a significant cytotoxicity of sensitized eosinophils. A close relationship was found between the cytotoxic activity of infected cells and the ability of the corresponding infected serum to arm normal eosinophils. At certain periods after infection, eosinophils from infected rats were less effective than normal eosinophils on antibody-coated schistosomula. EA- (rat) rosetting assay and blockade experiments with homologous immune complexes have revealed in a kinetic study that the blocking of cytotoxic activity of infected eosinophils was related to heat-stable circulating immune complexes. The possible role of immune complexes either in arming or inhibiting effector cells is suggested.", "contents": "In vitro killing of S. mansoni schistosomula by eosinophils from infected rats: role of cytophilic antibodies. The cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats against antibody-opsonized or nonopsonized schistosomula in vitro has been studied during the course of infection. Eosinophil-enriched cell preparations were shown to have a high cytotoxic effect on schistosomula in the absence of antibody. The killer cells were identified as eosinophils. As in the ADCC mechanism previously described, mast cell-eosinophil interaction was required for eosinophil cytotoxicity. Rosette formation using S. mansoni antigen-coated erythrocytes was used to demonstrate the presence of anti-S. mansoni IgG2a antibody at the surface of infected eosinophils. Passive sensitization of normal eosinophils with ultracentrifugation pellets of immune rat serum resulted in a significant cytotoxicity of sensitized eosinophils. A close relationship was found between the cytotoxic activity of infected cells and the ability of the corresponding infected serum to arm normal eosinophils. At certain periods after infection, eosinophils from infected rats were less effective than normal eosinophils on antibody-coated schistosomula. EA- (rat) rosetting assay and blockade experiments with homologous immune complexes have revealed in a kinetic study that the blocking of cytotoxic activity of infected eosinophils was related to heat-stable circulating immune complexes. The possible role of immune complexes either in arming or inhibiting effector cells is suggested.", "PMID": 489980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_275", "title": "Isolation of the fourth component (C4) of rat complement.", "content": "The fourth component of rat complement was purified to homogeneity by sequential chromatography of rat plasma in benzamidine on QAE-A50, SP-C50, hydroxyapatite, and gel filtration on Bio-Gel A 1.5. The final material was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE analysis and had a calculated m.w. of 198,000. A monospecific antibody against rat C4 was obtained from immunized rabbits. The concentration of rat C4 in the plasma of normal 4-month-old Wistar rats was 190 +/- 34 microgram/ml (mean +/- 1 S.D.).", "contents": "Isolation of the fourth component (C4) of rat complement. The fourth component of rat complement was purified to homogeneity by sequential chromatography of rat plasma in benzamidine on QAE-A50, SP-C50, hydroxyapatite, and gel filtration on Bio-Gel A 1.5. The final material was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE analysis and had a calculated m.w. of 198,000. A monospecific antibody against rat C4 was obtained from immunized rabbits. The concentration of rat C4 in the plasma of normal 4-month-old Wistar rats was 190 +/- 34 microgram/ml (mean +/- 1 S.D.).", "PMID": 489981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_276", "title": "Macrophages/monocytes require cell-to-cell contact in order to regulate the growth of a murine lymphoma cell line.", "content": "The mechanism of the macrophage-regulated proliferation of the murine lymphoma cell line FIO 30 has been further investigated. It appears that the macrophage is alone in its ability to support FIO 30 growth; a macrophage-like cell line, however, is unable to provide the stimulus required by the FIO 30 cells for their proliferation. Investigations into the nature of this stimulus indicate that the serum factor pro-MaSF and a macrophage cell surface component act synergistically to support the growth of the FIO 30 cell, but only when the two cell types are in close promixity. MaSF has also been further characterized and is shown to be closely associated with serum albumin.", "contents": "Macrophages/monocytes require cell-to-cell contact in order to regulate the growth of a murine lymphoma cell line. The mechanism of the macrophage-regulated proliferation of the murine lymphoma cell line FIO 30 has been further investigated. It appears that the macrophage is alone in its ability to support FIO 30 growth; a macrophage-like cell line, however, is unable to provide the stimulus required by the FIO 30 cells for their proliferation. Investigations into the nature of this stimulus indicate that the serum factor pro-MaSF and a macrophage cell surface component act synergistically to support the growth of the FIO 30 cell, but only when the two cell types are in close promixity. MaSF has also been further characterized and is shown to be closely associated with serum albumin.", "PMID": 489982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_277", "title": "Preservation of C3, C5, and C5a functional activities by a new radiolabeling method; demonstration of C5 products in complement-activated serum.", "content": "A new method is described for the radiolabeling of C3, C5, and C5a. Using a methylation procedure we have labeled C3, C5, and C5a with 14CH20, achieving high specific activity, without loss of hemolytic activity in the case of C3 and C5, and in the case of C5a, full retention of chemotactic and enzyme releasing activities. The distribution of radiolabel in the alpha and beta chains of C5 was 75 and 25%, respectively. Using intact labeled C5 the fragmentation pattern in zymosan-activated human serum, assessed by gel filtration and electrophoresis, is complex, yielding multiple fragmentation products. The labeling method described in this paper yield materials that have many advantages over the currently used labeling procedures.", "contents": "Preservation of C3, C5, and C5a functional activities by a new radiolabeling method; demonstration of C5 products in complement-activated serum. A new method is described for the radiolabeling of C3, C5, and C5a. Using a methylation procedure we have labeled C3, C5, and C5a with 14CH20, achieving high specific activity, without loss of hemolytic activity in the case of C3 and C5, and in the case of C5a, full retention of chemotactic and enzyme releasing activities. The distribution of radiolabel in the alpha and beta chains of C5 was 75 and 25%, respectively. Using intact labeled C5 the fragmentation pattern in zymosan-activated human serum, assessed by gel filtration and electrophoresis, is complex, yielding multiple fragmentation products. The labeling method described in this paper yield materials that have many advantages over the currently used labeling procedures.", "PMID": 489983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_278", "title": "Characterization of the IgE receptor isolated from human basophils.", "content": "The IgE receptor of human basophils was purified by using simple and repetitive affinity chromatography on human IgE-Sepharose. Basophils were partially purified from peripheral blood of patients with chronic myelogenous or basophilic leukemia. Cells were labeled with 125I by using the lactoperoxidase method and were solubilized with nonionic detergent. Elution of IgE-Sepharose with 0.5 N acetic acid, 1% NP-40 allowed recovery of active IgE receptor. Analysis of human IgE receptor by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 10% gels demonstrated one major radioactive peak with an apparent m.w. of 58,000 to 68,000, somewhat larger than rat IgE receptor. The purified human IgE receptor was active since approximately 10 to 42% of labeled receptor could specifically rebind to insolubilized human IgE. Rebinding was blocked by nanomolar concentrations of soluble human IgE or rat IgE but not by human or rat IgG, heat-inactivated human IgE, or heat-aggregated human IgG; thus it appears that rat IgE receptor. The relative abilities of active rat IgE and active human IgE to inhibit human IgE receptor rebinding could not be precisely determined because of the limitations in assessing the proportion of human IgE that retains receptor-binding activity.", "contents": "Characterization of the IgE receptor isolated from human basophils. The IgE receptor of human basophils was purified by using simple and repetitive affinity chromatography on human IgE-Sepharose. Basophils were partially purified from peripheral blood of patients with chronic myelogenous or basophilic leukemia. Cells were labeled with 125I by using the lactoperoxidase method and were solubilized with nonionic detergent. Elution of IgE-Sepharose with 0.5 N acetic acid, 1% NP-40 allowed recovery of active IgE receptor. Analysis of human IgE receptor by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 10% gels demonstrated one major radioactive peak with an apparent m.w. of 58,000 to 68,000, somewhat larger than rat IgE receptor. The purified human IgE receptor was active since approximately 10 to 42% of labeled receptor could specifically rebind to insolubilized human IgE. Rebinding was blocked by nanomolar concentrations of soluble human IgE or rat IgE but not by human or rat IgG, heat-inactivated human IgE, or heat-aggregated human IgG; thus it appears that rat IgE receptor. The relative abilities of active rat IgE and active human IgE to inhibit human IgE receptor rebinding could not be precisely determined because of the limitations in assessing the proportion of human IgE that retains receptor-binding activity.", "PMID": 489984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_279", "title": "Translocation of dimeric IgA through neoplastic colon cells in vitro.", "content": "We studied the translocation of dimeric IgA across epithelium, using neoplastic human colon cells in culture as a source of epithelial cells, and immunoelectronmicroscopy with peroxidase-labeled antigens and antibodies. The cells had some of the ultrastructural characteristics of normal, mature epithelial cells, i.e., polarity, desmosomal junctions, and secretory component on their basal and lateral plasma membranes. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled dimeric IgA, exposed to the cells at 0 degrees C, bound selectively to secretory component on the cell surfaces. At 37 degrees C, the bound dimeric IgA was taken into the cells by endocytosis and transported apically through the cytoplasm in vesicles. After 30 min, IgA was discharged across the apical surface. Neither colchicine (10(-4) M) nor cytochalasin B (10(-5) M) interfered with binding or endocytosis of dimeric IgA, but colchicine inhibited intracellular transport of the IgA-containing vesicles. These experiments demonstrated that dimeric IgA can be transported through living intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. The transport includes 1) specific binding of IgA dimers to secretory component on plasma membranes, 2) endocytosis of IgA in vesicles, 3) transcytoplasmic transport of the IgA-containing vesicles by a process involving microtubules, and 4) discharge of IgA at the apical surfaces.", "contents": "Translocation of dimeric IgA through neoplastic colon cells in vitro. We studied the translocation of dimeric IgA across epithelium, using neoplastic human colon cells in culture as a source of epithelial cells, and immunoelectronmicroscopy with peroxidase-labeled antigens and antibodies. The cells had some of the ultrastructural characteristics of normal, mature epithelial cells, i.e., polarity, desmosomal junctions, and secretory component on their basal and lateral plasma membranes. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled dimeric IgA, exposed to the cells at 0 degrees C, bound selectively to secretory component on the cell surfaces. At 37 degrees C, the bound dimeric IgA was taken into the cells by endocytosis and transported apically through the cytoplasm in vesicles. After 30 min, IgA was discharged across the apical surface. Neither colchicine (10(-4) M) nor cytochalasin B (10(-5) M) interfered with binding or endocytosis of dimeric IgA, but colchicine inhibited intracellular transport of the IgA-containing vesicles. These experiments demonstrated that dimeric IgA can be transported through living intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. The transport includes 1) specific binding of IgA dimers to secretory component on plasma membranes, 2) endocytosis of IgA in vesicles, 3) transcytoplasmic transport of the IgA-containing vesicles by a process involving microtubules, and 4) discharge of IgA at the apical surfaces.", "PMID": 489985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_280", "title": "Separation of human lymphocytes and monocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity.", "content": "An improved method of separating human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity is described. Cell separation capacity is considerably increased, while the time required for optimal separation is markedly reduced. Simple devices make it possible to layer and fractionate the gradients within 15 min. Overall recovery is 85%. On a small scale, monocytes were isolated greater than 80% pure from 4--20 X 10(7) mononuclear leukocytes. The average yield was 40% of all monocytes recovered after fractionation. In the same sedimentation runs 60% of all recovered lymphocytes were obtained strongly depleted of monocytes (monocyte contamination less than 0.2%). On a large scale 3--6 X 10(8) monocytes with an average purity of 85% were isolated from 3--6 X 10(9) mononuclear leukocytes in 2 subsequent runs. All cells recovered from the gradient were functionally active according to rosette formation, phagocytosis, stimulation by mitogens and in cytotoxicity tests.", "contents": "Separation of human lymphocytes and monocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. An improved method of separating human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity is described. Cell separation capacity is considerably increased, while the time required for optimal separation is markedly reduced. Simple devices make it possible to layer and fractionate the gradients within 15 min. Overall recovery is 85%. On a small scale, monocytes were isolated greater than 80% pure from 4--20 X 10(7) mononuclear leukocytes. The average yield was 40% of all monocytes recovered after fractionation. In the same sedimentation runs 60% of all recovered lymphocytes were obtained strongly depleted of monocytes (monocyte contamination less than 0.2%). On a large scale 3--6 X 10(8) monocytes with an average purity of 85% were isolated from 3--6 X 10(9) mononuclear leukocytes in 2 subsequent runs. All cells recovered from the gradient were functionally active according to rosette formation, phagocytosis, stimulation by mitogens and in cytotoxicity tests.", "PMID": 489987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_281", "title": "A modified quantitative precipitin test which is rapid, sensitive and reproducible.", "content": "A modification of the standard quantitative precipitin test is described. The new procedure, which utilizes polyethylene glycol (PEG) at both the 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C incubation stages, provides a convenient quantitative precipitin test assay which is more reliable and much faster than the standard assay. Moreover, the modified or PEG assay gives a quantitative measure of antibody concentration even when antisera of low titre are tested. The sensitivity of the capillary-tube test is also enhanced when the supernatant solutions contain PEG.", "contents": "A modified quantitative precipitin test which is rapid, sensitive and reproducible. A modification of the standard quantitative precipitin test is described. The new procedure, which utilizes polyethylene glycol (PEG) at both the 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C incubation stages, provides a convenient quantitative precipitin test assay which is more reliable and much faster than the standard assay. Moreover, the modified or PEG assay gives a quantitative measure of antibody concentration even when antisera of low titre are tested. The sensitivity of the capillary-tube test is also enhanced when the supernatant solutions contain PEG.", "PMID": 489988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_282", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay for quantification of specific antibodies to collagen type I, II, III.", "content": "An enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for determination of antibodies to collagen type I, II, III in serum or other body fluids. Polystyrene microplates are coated with either collagen I, II or III, and samples of body fluids being tested are incubated in the plates. Antibodies which attach specifically to the collagen are detected with anti-IgG antibody conjugated with peroxidase. Bound peroxidase is quantitatively estimated by the colour reaction produced with the substrate 5-aminosalicylic acid.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay for quantification of specific antibodies to collagen type I, II, III. An enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for determination of antibodies to collagen type I, II, III in serum or other body fluids. Polystyrene microplates are coated with either collagen I, II or III, and samples of body fluids being tested are incubated in the plates. Antibodies which attach specifically to the collagen are detected with anti-IgG antibody conjugated with peroxidase. Bound peroxidase is quantitatively estimated by the colour reaction produced with the substrate 5-aminosalicylic acid.", "PMID": 489989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_283", "title": "Isoelectric focusing in agarose.", "content": "We describe here the use of a new agarose for isoelectric focusing of body fluids and tissue proteins. Macromolecular proteins even when significantly greater in size than 1 X 10(6) mol.wt. were easily and rapidly focused.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing in agarose. We describe here the use of a new agarose for isoelectric focusing of body fluids and tissue proteins. Macromolecular proteins even when significantly greater in size than 1 X 10(6) mol.wt. were easily and rapidly focused.", "PMID": 489990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_284", "title": "Measurement of immunoglobulin binding to synovial fibroblast monolayers: comparison of staphylococcal protein A binding to cytotoxic assay methods.", "content": "We have studied the binding of rabbit antibody to cultured synovial fibroblasts by 3 methods: complement mediated cell lysis, 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A ([125I]PrA) and antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The relative sensitivities of these 3 methods is 1 : 33 : 3300 respectively. The [125I]PrA binding method is shown to quantitatively detect cell bound IgG with a molar stoichiometry of approximately 1 : 1, protein A (PrA) to IgG if PrA is present in excess.", "contents": "Measurement of immunoglobulin binding to synovial fibroblast monolayers: comparison of staphylococcal protein A binding to cytotoxic assay methods. We have studied the binding of rabbit antibody to cultured synovial fibroblasts by 3 methods: complement mediated cell lysis, 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A ([125I]PrA) and antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The relative sensitivities of these 3 methods is 1 : 33 : 3300 respectively. The [125I]PrA binding method is shown to quantitatively detect cell bound IgG with a molar stoichiometry of approximately 1 : 1, protein A (PrA) to IgG if PrA is present in excess.", "PMID": 489991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_285", "title": "Quantitation of immune complexes by nephelometry.", "content": "Laser nephelometry was used to quantitate immune complexes and IgG aggregates in native sera. Sensitivity limits and calibration curves were in good agreement with the C1q binding assay frequently used for measuring immune complexes. Distinction between sera containing lipids or immune complexes was achieved by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Although not superior to other methods for quantitating immune complexes, the nephelometric assay may prove useful as a screening test and has the potential of an antigen-specific immune complex assay.", "contents": "Quantitation of immune complexes by nephelometry. Laser nephelometry was used to quantitate immune complexes and IgG aggregates in native sera. Sensitivity limits and calibration curves were in good agreement with the C1q binding assay frequently used for measuring immune complexes. Distinction between sera containing lipids or immune complexes was achieved by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Although not superior to other methods for quantitating immune complexes, the nephelometric assay may prove useful as a screening test and has the potential of an antigen-specific immune complex assay.", "PMID": 489992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_286", "title": "A simple solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of IgG secreted in vitro by human lymphocytes.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for measuring IgG, based on the ability of immunoglobulins of this class to inhibit the binding of radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A to IgG linked to a solid phase. The solid phase is represented by ox erythrocytes coated with anti-ox erythrocyte rabbit IgG, a reagent used for detecting cells equipped with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG. By this assay the IgG secreted in vitro by human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with PWM and those present in samples of very diluted human sera were measured. It was found that the assay is a very rapid, simple and reproducible procedure for the detection of IgG immunoglobulin at the nanogram level.", "contents": "A simple solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of IgG secreted in vitro by human lymphocytes. A radioimmunoassay is described for measuring IgG, based on the ability of immunoglobulins of this class to inhibit the binding of radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A to IgG linked to a solid phase. The solid phase is represented by ox erythrocytes coated with anti-ox erythrocyte rabbit IgG, a reagent used for detecting cells equipped with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG. By this assay the IgG secreted in vitro by human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with PWM and those present in samples of very diluted human sera were measured. It was found that the assay is a very rapid, simple and reproducible procedure for the detection of IgG immunoglobulin at the nanogram level.", "PMID": 489993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_287", "title": "Technical improvements in the clotted plasma droplet MIF assay in vitro.", "content": "The migration inhibitory activity of culture supernatants of rat and human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA and Con A-Sepharose was tested on cell migration from clotted plasma droplets. This technique was improved by using homologous as well as heterologous plasma and fibrinogen solutions for suspending the migratory cells, automatic micropipettes for performing the technique and purified cell populations as target. The effects of calcium chloride and of the cell concentration in the plasma droplets on the migration indices obtained in the MIF assay were tested.", "contents": "Technical improvements in the clotted plasma droplet MIF assay in vitro. The migration inhibitory activity of culture supernatants of rat and human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA and Con A-Sepharose was tested on cell migration from clotted plasma droplets. This technique was improved by using homologous as well as heterologous plasma and fibrinogen solutions for suspending the migratory cells, automatic micropipettes for performing the technique and purified cell populations as target. The effects of calcium chloride and of the cell concentration in the plasma droplets on the migration indices obtained in the MIF assay were tested.", "PMID": 489994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_288", "title": "Comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. IV. The six original Ag-B haplotypes.", "content": "The six original haplotypes described in the Ag-B system were compared with their counterparts in the H-1 system. Antisera to the Ag-B haplotypes raised in inbred rats and antisera to H-1 haplotypes raised in congenic lines were tested against various panels of cell from inbred and congenic lines by the dextran and Ficoll haemagglutination methods. The private and strong public specificities detected in both systems were the same, but there were some minor differences in the intermediate and weak reactivities detected. The cross-reactivity of the antisera raised in inbred rats was broader than that of antisera raised in congenic lines. The identity of the antigenic products detected in the two systems by the dextran and Ficoll tests was further confirmed by a variety of absorption analyses and by F1 tests. This study completes the systematic serological comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat described originally in the Ag-B and H-1 systems.", "contents": "Comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. IV. The six original Ag-B haplotypes. The six original haplotypes described in the Ag-B system were compared with their counterparts in the H-1 system. Antisera to the Ag-B haplotypes raised in inbred rats and antisera to H-1 haplotypes raised in congenic lines were tested against various panels of cell from inbred and congenic lines by the dextran and Ficoll haemagglutination methods. The private and strong public specificities detected in both systems were the same, but there were some minor differences in the intermediate and weak reactivities detected. The cross-reactivity of the antisera raised in inbred rats was broader than that of antisera raised in congenic lines. The identity of the antigenic products detected in the two systems by the dextran and Ficoll tests was further confirmed by a variety of absorption analyses and by F1 tests. This study completes the systematic serological comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat described originally in the Ag-B and H-1 systems.", "PMID": 489995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_289", "title": "A search for association between IgD concentrations and immunoglobulin allotypes in 936 sera from a genetic isolate in Newfoundland.", "content": "Immunoglobulin allotype (Gm) data has been analysed agaonst immunoglobulin D (IgD) concentrations in a population study in Newfoundland. There was no significant difference between the distribution of IgD concentrations in people homozygous for the alleles G1m(f) and G3m(b) when compared with people homozygous for the alleles G1m(a) and G3m(g). These findings, involving 573 homozygous individuals as opposed to ninety-eight in an earlier study on a New York population, do not confirm the earlier findings. Thus a genetic influence on IgD concentration by Gm genes or genes closely linked to them is not universally demonstrable by typing for these four markers and by using the Mancini technique for mearusing IgD concentration.", "contents": "A search for association between IgD concentrations and immunoglobulin allotypes in 936 sera from a genetic isolate in Newfoundland. Immunoglobulin allotype (Gm) data has been analysed agaonst immunoglobulin D (IgD) concentrations in a population study in Newfoundland. There was no significant difference between the distribution of IgD concentrations in people homozygous for the alleles G1m(f) and G3m(b) when compared with people homozygous for the alleles G1m(a) and G3m(g). These findings, involving 573 homozygous individuals as opposed to ninety-eight in an earlier study on a New York population, do not confirm the earlier findings. Thus a genetic influence on IgD concentration by Gm genes or genes closely linked to them is not universally demonstrable by typing for these four markers and by using the Mancini technique for mearusing IgD concentration.", "PMID": 489996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_290", "title": "Frequency distribution of histocompatibility-2 antigenic specificities in the Japanese wild mouse genetically remote from the European subspecies.", "content": "Fifty-eight Japanese wild mice, Mus musculus molossinus, collected from twenty-eight localities were surveyed for twelve H-2 antigens using the haemagglutination method. Significantly higher frequencies of H-2.3 and H-2.5 specifities and relatively lower frequencies of the other public specificities were observed. This was confirmed by examining four specificities, H-2.3, 5, 13 and 23, in 370 mice. Quantitative absorption of the alloantisera by erythrocytes and spleen lymphocytes of molossinus mouse revealed definite absorption of H-2.3, 5 and 8 antigens, though their antigenic strength was apparently weaker than the controls, B10 congenic mice. Comparative assay of the strength of H-2.5 antigen in either homozygous and heterozygous conditions distinctly eliminated the possibility of gene-dose effect for the reduced strength of the public antigens in molossinus mouse. To explain this, divergence time between molossinus and domesticus was computed based on the allelic frequency data already reported on ten loci in both subspecies. It is roughly 1.5 x 10(6) years, which could allow for the occurrence of considerable genetic changes in many public antigens, except those conserved through selection.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of histocompatibility-2 antigenic specificities in the Japanese wild mouse genetically remote from the European subspecies. Fifty-eight Japanese wild mice, Mus musculus molossinus, collected from twenty-eight localities were surveyed for twelve H-2 antigens using the haemagglutination method. Significantly higher frequencies of H-2.3 and H-2.5 specifities and relatively lower frequencies of the other public specificities were observed. This was confirmed by examining four specificities, H-2.3, 5, 13 and 23, in 370 mice. Quantitative absorption of the alloantisera by erythrocytes and spleen lymphocytes of molossinus mouse revealed definite absorption of H-2.3, 5 and 8 antigens, though their antigenic strength was apparently weaker than the controls, B10 congenic mice. Comparative assay of the strength of H-2.5 antigen in either homozygous and heterozygous conditions distinctly eliminated the possibility of gene-dose effect for the reduced strength of the public antigens in molossinus mouse. To explain this, divergence time between molossinus and domesticus was computed based on the allelic frequency data already reported on ten loci in both subspecies. It is roughly 1.5 x 10(6) years, which could allow for the occurrence of considerable genetic changes in many public antigens, except those conserved through selection.", "PMID": 489997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_291", "title": "[A clinical study on the development of the acetabulum after various treatment in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, prognosis varies greatly according to the status of the development of the acetabulum. In most of the patients with osteoarthritis of the hip primary causes are found. In this series, 50% had congenital dislocation of the hip and 35% had acetabular dysplasia. In order to identify the conditions of hip joints in which the acetabular development can be expected from conservative treatment and to estimate the limit of age for indication of this treatment, the status of the development of the acetabulum was investigated after various treatment. This is expected to provide valuable data for the establishment of the method of treatment for cases without hope for the development of the acetabulum. According to the results, patients with acetabular angle of more than 30% at the age of 3 years have less possibility of normalization in the future and therefore active means for formation of the acetabulum should be considered in these patients. As such active means included are formation of the acetabulum through the pelvic osteotomy and the derotation-varus osteotomy are available in order to improve concentric position of the femoral head. It was also indicated that more favourable results could be obtained in patients who had undergone the pelvic osteotomy. The most favourable results were obtained in patients in whom both operations were used in combination. It was concluded from the results of the study that the best method is to perform the pelvic osteotomy first and to add the derotation-varus osteotomy as indicated.", "contents": "[A clinical study on the development of the acetabulum after various treatment in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)]. In the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, prognosis varies greatly according to the status of the development of the acetabulum. In most of the patients with osteoarthritis of the hip primary causes are found. In this series, 50% had congenital dislocation of the hip and 35% had acetabular dysplasia. In order to identify the conditions of hip joints in which the acetabular development can be expected from conservative treatment and to estimate the limit of age for indication of this treatment, the status of the development of the acetabulum was investigated after various treatment. This is expected to provide valuable data for the establishment of the method of treatment for cases without hope for the development of the acetabulum. According to the results, patients with acetabular angle of more than 30% at the age of 3 years have less possibility of normalization in the future and therefore active means for formation of the acetabulum should be considered in these patients. As such active means included are formation of the acetabulum through the pelvic osteotomy and the derotation-varus osteotomy are available in order to improve concentric position of the femoral head. It was also indicated that more favourable results could be obtained in patients who had undergone the pelvic osteotomy. The most favourable results were obtained in patients in whom both operations were used in combination. It was concluded from the results of the study that the best method is to perform the pelvic osteotomy first and to add the derotation-varus osteotomy as indicated.", "PMID": 490003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_292", "title": "[Quantitative measurement of the tendon reflexes. A study on Achilles tendon reflex (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative analyses of tendon reflexes were performed for the purpose of clinical application. Tendon tap was marked with a WNS-5D semiconductor load cell inserted in the hammer to measure tapping force. Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) was measured with a LAS-0.1 displacement transducer in kneeling position on the chair. In ATR, six factors, i.e. duration of reaction time, the height of the wave, the time from the hammer tap to the top of the wave, the maximum speed of contraction, the time from the hammer tap to the maximum speed and half relaxation time, were analyzed. Correlation between these six factors were discussed. From the analyses of these factors, half relaxation time may serve as the best indicator of clinical status among the factors obtained by analysis of ATR.", "contents": "[Quantitative measurement of the tendon reflexes. A study on Achilles tendon reflex (author's transl)]. Quantitative analyses of tendon reflexes were performed for the purpose of clinical application. Tendon tap was marked with a WNS-5D semiconductor load cell inserted in the hammer to measure tapping force. Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) was measured with a LAS-0.1 displacement transducer in kneeling position on the chair. In ATR, six factors, i.e. duration of reaction time, the height of the wave, the time from the hammer tap to the top of the wave, the maximum speed of contraction, the time from the hammer tap to the maximum speed and half relaxation time, were analyzed. Correlation between these six factors were discussed. From the analyses of these factors, half relaxation time may serve as the best indicator of clinical status among the factors obtained by analysis of ATR.", "PMID": 490007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_293", "title": "[Clinical study on coxa magna during the treatment in congenital dislocation in the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Enlargement of the femoral head is frequently observed in roentgenographs during the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Clinical study was performed to clarify the definition, etiology and clinical entity of coxa magna. Three hundreds and three hip joints in 247 patients were examined roentgenographically and follow up for an average of 3.1 years. By measuring the longitudinal and cross-sectional lengths of both the femoral heads and necks, we felt that \"coxa magna\" should be defined as the condition with enlargement of all of these parameters. The incidence of coxa magna was 47% after open reduction, but only 5% after closed reduction. In most cases, coxa magna was roentgenographically evident approximately 10 months after open reduction. On the other hand, it was noticeable 18 months after closed reduction. In the hips without coxa magna, the acetabular index improved remarkably for 6 months following open reduction, but in the hips with coxa magna, it hardly improved. Coxa magna frequently developed femoral head deformity, unless persistent acetabular dysplasia had improved. The incidence of coxa magna appeared to be closely related to surgical intervention performed on acetabular dysplasia.", "contents": "[Clinical study on coxa magna during the treatment in congenital dislocation in the hip (author's transl)]. Enlargement of the femoral head is frequently observed in roentgenographs during the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Clinical study was performed to clarify the definition, etiology and clinical entity of coxa magna. Three hundreds and three hip joints in 247 patients were examined roentgenographically and follow up for an average of 3.1 years. By measuring the longitudinal and cross-sectional lengths of both the femoral heads and necks, we felt that \"coxa magna\" should be defined as the condition with enlargement of all of these parameters. The incidence of coxa magna was 47% after open reduction, but only 5% after closed reduction. In most cases, coxa magna was roentgenographically evident approximately 10 months after open reduction. On the other hand, it was noticeable 18 months after closed reduction. In the hips without coxa magna, the acetabular index improved remarkably for 6 months following open reduction, but in the hips with coxa magna, it hardly improved. Coxa magna frequently developed femoral head deformity, unless persistent acetabular dysplasia had improved. The incidence of coxa magna appeared to be closely related to surgical intervention performed on acetabular dysplasia.", "PMID": 490008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_294", "title": "[Clinical evaluation on patients with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia treated in our clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "A few reports are available on the results of conservative therapy of lumbar intervertebral disc hernia. In our Department, conservative therapy of 3 month course is carried out under a determined guideline. The cure rate obtained from this conservative therapy is 83.1% so far as the results reviewed by us concern. In order to determine the indication of nucleous pulposus resection, the remote results have been traced on patients in whom the myelography, which had been performed for the purpose of operation, gave positive findings but operation was not carried out. It was found that in all cases ADL and employment were disturbed. In the group of patients, where resection of nuclear pulposus were carried out by the same surgeon by osteoplastic partial leminectomy, the results were found to be excellent in 72.1% and good in 21.2% of all cases. When excellent and good results are combined, the positive effects have been obtained in as many as 93.3%, indicating an extremely favourable results. In 6.7% of the cases, ADL and employment were restricted, with persistent complaints and clinical symptoms. In none of the cases aggravation through operation was noted. As described above, in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia, better results of operation can be expected if resections of nucleus pulposus are carried out only on patients selected strictly after a careful conservative therapy, with a broad field through osteoplastic partial laminectomy by a skilled surgeon, minimizing the difference in technique.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation on patients with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia treated in our clinic (author's transl)]. A few reports are available on the results of conservative therapy of lumbar intervertebral disc hernia. In our Department, conservative therapy of 3 month course is carried out under a determined guideline. The cure rate obtained from this conservative therapy is 83.1% so far as the results reviewed by us concern. In order to determine the indication of nucleous pulposus resection, the remote results have been traced on patients in whom the myelography, which had been performed for the purpose of operation, gave positive findings but operation was not carried out. It was found that in all cases ADL and employment were disturbed. In the group of patients, where resection of nuclear pulposus were carried out by the same surgeon by osteoplastic partial leminectomy, the results were found to be excellent in 72.1% and good in 21.2% of all cases. When excellent and good results are combined, the positive effects have been obtained in as many as 93.3%, indicating an extremely favourable results. In 6.7% of the cases, ADL and employment were restricted, with persistent complaints and clinical symptoms. In none of the cases aggravation through operation was noted. As described above, in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia, better results of operation can be expected if resections of nucleus pulposus are carried out only on patients selected strictly after a careful conservative therapy, with a broad field through osteoplastic partial laminectomy by a skilled surgeon, minimizing the difference in technique.", "PMID": 490010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_295", "title": "Comparison of roentgenological and histological features of bone changes in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Fifteen cases of bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism were investigated by comparing X-ray findings with metabolic data and histological features. Besides the usual features of subperiosteal resorption, diffuse demineralization and localized destruction, the less common features of osteosclerosis, and the infrequently described response of the growth plate were also demonstrated. The bone changes in roentgenographs were graded on a five point scale, 0-IV. All cases in Grade IV had parathyroid cancers and extremely high serum and urinary calcium values.", "contents": "Comparison of roentgenological and histological features of bone changes in primary hyperparathyroidism. Fifteen cases of bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism were investigated by comparing X-ray findings with metabolic data and histological features. Besides the usual features of subperiosteal resorption, diffuse demineralization and localized destruction, the less common features of osteosclerosis, and the infrequently described response of the growth plate were also demonstrated. The bone changes in roentgenographs were graded on a five point scale, 0-IV. All cases in Grade IV had parathyroid cancers and extremely high serum and urinary calcium values.", "PMID": 490011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_296", "title": "[Innominate osteotomy (Salter) related to the correction of the acetabular abnormality and the prediction of the acetabular angle after operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to know how to correct the maldirection of the acetabulum. The author devised a new system for the measurement of the degree of the forward rotation of the acetabulum. The acetabular improvement after the osteotomy is classified into two types, namely the primary and secondary improvement. The primary improvement is seen immediately after the osteotomy and the secondary improvement follows gradually. The effective factors for each of them were analyzed. The primary improvement is influenced mostly by the lateral inclination of the distal fragment. The secondary improvement was intimately correlated to the forward rotation of the acetabulum at the operation. The development of the acetabulum after operation can therefore be predicted from the post-operative X-ray film. In the case of the residual subluxation of the hip, there is about 10 degrees of acetabular elevation (frontalization), so the acetabulum should be rotated forward by more than 10 degrees in this operation.", "contents": "[Innominate osteotomy (Salter) related to the correction of the acetabular abnormality and the prediction of the acetabular angle after operation (author's transl)]. The purpose of this paper is to know how to correct the maldirection of the acetabulum. The author devised a new system for the measurement of the degree of the forward rotation of the acetabulum. The acetabular improvement after the osteotomy is classified into two types, namely the primary and secondary improvement. The primary improvement is seen immediately after the osteotomy and the secondary improvement follows gradually. The effective factors for each of them were analyzed. The primary improvement is influenced mostly by the lateral inclination of the distal fragment. The secondary improvement was intimately correlated to the forward rotation of the acetabulum at the operation. The development of the acetabulum after operation can therefore be predicted from the post-operative X-ray film. In the case of the residual subluxation of the hip, there is about 10 degrees of acetabular elevation (frontalization), so the acetabulum should be rotated forward by more than 10 degrees in this operation.", "PMID": 490013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_297", "title": "[An experimental study on the regional blood flow in the cervical spinal cord --the influence of respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "The responses of cervical spinal cord blood flow (C-SCBF) to alteration in respiration were examined in gallamine immobilized and respiration controlled cats. Alveolar PCO2 was continuously monitored with an infrared CO2 analyzer. Mean arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured through femoral canula, which also allowed collection of arterial samples for blood gas analysis. C-SCBF was measured using thermoelectrical element which placed on the dorsal surface of the C6 segment. Simultaneously, changes in blood flow of cerebral cortex, L4 segment of spinal cord, heart and skeletal muscles, skin, kidney and spleen were also measured and compared with that of C-SCBF. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was also measured on C5 segment. Changes in the arterial or alveolar PCO2 increased about 20--30 mmHg following respiration arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation, and decreased about 20 mmHg following hyperventilation during 2 minutes, respectively. Respiratory arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation induced an increase in C-SCBF, and a rise in BP and CSFP. Hyperventilation induced a decrease in C-SCBF, a fall in BP and a rise in CSFP. Effect of the respiration on blood flow of cerebral cortex, L4 segment of spinal cord or heart muscle was similar to the effect on C-SCBF in direction, but that of skin, skeletal muscle, kidney or spleen was conversely. C-SCBF increase by respiratory arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation was incompletely suppressed by pretreatment of propranolol 7 mg/kg i.v., C-SCBF decrease by hyperventilation was also incompletely suppressed by pretreatment of phentolamine 5 mg/kg i.v.. Furthermore, these C-SCBF changes were almost completely suppressed by pretreatment of phentolamine 5 mg/kg, propranolol 7 mg/kg and acetazolamide 250 mg/kg i.v. These results suggest that response of C-SCBF to alteration in respiration is chiefly induced by changes in PCO2, that CO2 acts directly on vascular smooth muscle and also on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the cervical spinal cord, and that CO2 has a similar action on the C-SCBF as on the blood flow of cerebral cortex, lumbar spinal cord and heart muscle.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the regional blood flow in the cervical spinal cord --the influence of respiration (author's transl)]. The responses of cervical spinal cord blood flow (C-SCBF) to alteration in respiration were examined in gallamine immobilized and respiration controlled cats. Alveolar PCO2 was continuously monitored with an infrared CO2 analyzer. Mean arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured through femoral canula, which also allowed collection of arterial samples for blood gas analysis. C-SCBF was measured using thermoelectrical element which placed on the dorsal surface of the C6 segment. Simultaneously, changes in blood flow of cerebral cortex, L4 segment of spinal cord, heart and skeletal muscles, skin, kidney and spleen were also measured and compared with that of C-SCBF. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was also measured on C5 segment. Changes in the arterial or alveolar PCO2 increased about 20--30 mmHg following respiration arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation, and decreased about 20 mmHg following hyperventilation during 2 minutes, respectively. Respiratory arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation induced an increase in C-SCBF, and a rise in BP and CSFP. Hyperventilation induced a decrease in C-SCBF, a fall in BP and a rise in CSFP. Effect of the respiration on blood flow of cerebral cortex, L4 segment of spinal cord or heart muscle was similar to the effect on C-SCBF in direction, but that of skin, skeletal muscle, kidney or spleen was conversely. C-SCBF increase by respiratory arrest or 10% CO2 inhalation was incompletely suppressed by pretreatment of propranolol 7 mg/kg i.v., C-SCBF decrease by hyperventilation was also incompletely suppressed by pretreatment of phentolamine 5 mg/kg i.v.. Furthermore, these C-SCBF changes were almost completely suppressed by pretreatment of phentolamine 5 mg/kg, propranolol 7 mg/kg and acetazolamide 250 mg/kg i.v. These results suggest that response of C-SCBF to alteration in respiration is chiefly induced by changes in PCO2, that CO2 acts directly on vascular smooth muscle and also on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the cervical spinal cord, and that CO2 has a similar action on the C-SCBF as on the blood flow of cerebral cortex, lumbar spinal cord and heart muscle.", "PMID": 490014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_298", "title": "[Mechanical behavior of the subchondral bone in the experimentally induced osteoarthritis].", "content": "In order to evaluate the role of the subchondral bone (cancellous bone) in the development and progression of the joint degeneration, osteoarthritis of the knee joint was produced experimentally in the rabbits and viscoelasticity and strength of the subchondral bone from the femoral medial condyle have been investigated along with the pathological, histological study of the joint. The viscoelastic spectrometer and the Instron type testing machine were used. As the first change after operation, osteophyte formation around the joint margin has been observed before the initiation of the degeneration of articular cartilage and there is a possibility that mechanical properties of subchondral bone such as high deformability and low elasticity to the mechanism of osteophyte formation. Subchondral bone softening with marked increase of ultimate strain and phase lag, marked decrease of compressive elastic modulus and ultimate stress precedes or occurs concurrently with the degeneration of the articular cartilage. These facts indicate the relationship between the mechanical properties of the subchondral bone and joint degeneration. Once the joint degeneration starts, degeneration continues progressively while the subchondral bone tends to become brittle. These changes may be considered as a kind of functional adaptation to the damage or denudation of articular cartilage. It is postulated that some architectural changes of the subchondral bone may provide alterations of the mechanical properties. Biomechanical roles of the subchondral bone is suggested as one of the factors in the joint degeneration.", "contents": "[Mechanical behavior of the subchondral bone in the experimentally induced osteoarthritis]. In order to evaluate the role of the subchondral bone (cancellous bone) in the development and progression of the joint degeneration, osteoarthritis of the knee joint was produced experimentally in the rabbits and viscoelasticity and strength of the subchondral bone from the femoral medial condyle have been investigated along with the pathological, histological study of the joint. The viscoelastic spectrometer and the Instron type testing machine were used. As the first change after operation, osteophyte formation around the joint margin has been observed before the initiation of the degeneration of articular cartilage and there is a possibility that mechanical properties of subchondral bone such as high deformability and low elasticity to the mechanism of osteophyte formation. Subchondral bone softening with marked increase of ultimate strain and phase lag, marked decrease of compressive elastic modulus and ultimate stress precedes or occurs concurrently with the degeneration of the articular cartilage. These facts indicate the relationship between the mechanical properties of the subchondral bone and joint degeneration. Once the joint degeneration starts, degeneration continues progressively while the subchondral bone tends to become brittle. These changes may be considered as a kind of functional adaptation to the damage or denudation of articular cartilage. It is postulated that some architectural changes of the subchondral bone may provide alterations of the mechanical properties. Biomechanical roles of the subchondral bone is suggested as one of the factors in the joint degeneration.", "PMID": 490015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_299", "title": "A case of bilateral primary posterior dislocation of the shoulder.", "content": "We present a case of bilateral primary dislocation of the shoulder, which was treated operatively on the left and conservatively on the right side. Primary posterior dislocation of the shoulder is rarely seen and bilateral case is extremely rare. For the diagnosis it is essential to have a knowledge of this dislocation. As to roentgenographic examination, the axillary projection is most helpful but can't be routinely taken because of severe pain and limited abduction of the shoulder. So special roentgenographic techniques are necessary.", "contents": "A case of bilateral primary posterior dislocation of the shoulder. We present a case of bilateral primary dislocation of the shoulder, which was treated operatively on the left and conservatively on the right side. Primary posterior dislocation of the shoulder is rarely seen and bilateral case is extremely rare. For the diagnosis it is essential to have a knowledge of this dislocation. As to roentgenographic examination, the axillary projection is most helpful but can't be routinely taken because of severe pain and limited abduction of the shoulder. So special roentgenographic techniques are necessary.", "PMID": 490016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_300", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma.", "content": "In patients with sarcoma of the extremity, the tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test were performed to correlate the results with the extent and prognosis of disease. Of the tumor-bearing patients, 60.0 per cent gave a positive tuberculin test and 48.9 per cent a positive DNCB test, with a significant difference from the control group with regard to the incidence of positive results in the later test (P less than 0.03). There was no difference between the different stages in the incidence of positive reactions to tuberculin but a marked difference in that to DNCB (78.6%, 40.7% and 0%). Between survivors and those who died, there was no difference in the incidence of a positive tuberculin test but a significant difference was present in that of a positive DNCB test (P less than 0.04), a difference which may be considered to reflect that in stage of disease process at the time of first examination.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma. In patients with sarcoma of the extremity, the tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test were performed to correlate the results with the extent and prognosis of disease. Of the tumor-bearing patients, 60.0 per cent gave a positive tuberculin test and 48.9 per cent a positive DNCB test, with a significant difference from the control group with regard to the incidence of positive results in the later test (P less than 0.03). There was no difference between the different stages in the incidence of positive reactions to tuberculin but a marked difference in that to DNCB (78.6%, 40.7% and 0%). Between survivors and those who died, there was no difference in the incidence of a positive tuberculin test but a significant difference was present in that of a positive DNCB test (P less than 0.04), a difference which may be considered to reflect that in stage of disease process at the time of first examination.", "PMID": 490017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_301", "title": "Pathology of the ossicular chain in various chronic middle ear diseases.", "content": "In a collection of 1,100 operated ears, 426 of which had cholesteatoma and 674 had not, the various defects of the ossicular chain are described and related to the nature of the disease and the site of perforation. The analysis showed marked differences between the various diseases and in the frequency of the individual ossicular defects or combinations of defects. Defects of the head of the malleus and of the body of the incus were found exclusively in chiolesteatomas, most often those affecting the attic. Isolated defects of the malleus handle were most common in cholesteatoma of the parts tensa and in total perforations. Defects of the long process of the incus occurred in 74--88 per cent of cholesteatomatous diseases, defects of the stapedial arch in 47 per cent of ears with sinus cholesteatoma. In granulating otitis without cholesteatoma and in sequelae to otitis there was less ossicular pathology, and 57 per cent of these ears had an intact ossicular chain. Total or posterior perforations were associated with pathology of the ossicles more often than inferior or anterior perforations. All cases with destruction of the body of the incus and the head of the malleus showed squamous epithelium in close relation to the ossicular defect, indicating a marked--presumably enzymatic--influence by the squamous epithelium upon the bone resorption.", "contents": "Pathology of the ossicular chain in various chronic middle ear diseases. In a collection of 1,100 operated ears, 426 of which had cholesteatoma and 674 had not, the various defects of the ossicular chain are described and related to the nature of the disease and the site of perforation. The analysis showed marked differences between the various diseases and in the frequency of the individual ossicular defects or combinations of defects. Defects of the head of the malleus and of the body of the incus were found exclusively in chiolesteatomas, most often those affecting the attic. Isolated defects of the malleus handle were most common in cholesteatoma of the parts tensa and in total perforations. Defects of the long process of the incus occurred in 74--88 per cent of cholesteatomatous diseases, defects of the stapedial arch in 47 per cent of ears with sinus cholesteatoma. In granulating otitis without cholesteatoma and in sequelae to otitis there was less ossicular pathology, and 57 per cent of these ears had an intact ossicular chain. Total or posterior perforations were associated with pathology of the ossicles more often than inferior or anterior perforations. All cases with destruction of the body of the incus and the head of the malleus showed squamous epithelium in close relation to the ossicular defect, indicating a marked--presumably enzymatic--influence by the squamous epithelium upon the bone resorption.", "PMID": 490029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_302", "title": "Clearance by the mucociliary system in 'simple chronic otitis media'.", "content": "This is a study of the rate of middle ear clearance in chronic otitis media and atelectatic ears. The clearance rate was measured with the aid of non-soluble saccharin, introduced into the middle ear through an existing perforation in 'chronic ears', or through a ventilating tube in atelectatic ears. Cholesteatomatous ears were excluded. Altogether 122 ears were examined and about two-thirds of the subjects felt the sweet taste in their mouths thereafter. The average time it took for the saccharin to be transported from the middle ear to the taste buds was 33' 22\" minutes in non-infected (i.e. dry) chronic ears (38 patients or 66 per cent). Wet or infected ears with chronic otitis media (30 patients, or 58 per cent) showed a slower transport rate, averaging 54' 22\" minutes--the difference was significant at the 0.01 level. 8 (63 per cent) of the atelectatic ears transported the saccharin at an average rate of 50' 25\". This study demonstrated that most ears with 'simple' chronic otitis media and atelectatic ears have a patent eustachian tube and that their mucociliary system can transport foreign particles through it. When the ear is infected, transport tends to be slowed down.", "contents": "Clearance by the mucociliary system in 'simple chronic otitis media'. This is a study of the rate of middle ear clearance in chronic otitis media and atelectatic ears. The clearance rate was measured with the aid of non-soluble saccharin, introduced into the middle ear through an existing perforation in 'chronic ears', or through a ventilating tube in atelectatic ears. Cholesteatomatous ears were excluded. Altogether 122 ears were examined and about two-thirds of the subjects felt the sweet taste in their mouths thereafter. The average time it took for the saccharin to be transported from the middle ear to the taste buds was 33' 22\" minutes in non-infected (i.e. dry) chronic ears (38 patients or 66 per cent). Wet or infected ears with chronic otitis media (30 patients, or 58 per cent) showed a slower transport rate, averaging 54' 22\" minutes--the difference was significant at the 0.01 level. 8 (63 per cent) of the atelectatic ears transported the saccharin at an average rate of 50' 25\". This study demonstrated that most ears with 'simple' chronic otitis media and atelectatic ears have a patent eustachian tube and that their mucociliary system can transport foreign particles through it. When the ear is infected, transport tends to be slowed down.", "PMID": 490030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_303", "title": "The ceruminous glands in chronic suppurative otitis media. A histological and histochemical study.", "content": "The ceruminous glands have been studied histologically and histochemically in twenty patients suffering from chronic suppurative otitis media with discharging ears, and in ten patients with dry central perforations, in comparison with normal ears. The present study revealed hyperactivity of the glands initially; later on, atrophy and fibrosis took place. Thus the diminution of wax may be due to: (1) The washing effect of the discharge. (2) Atrophy of the glandular structures. (3) Periglandular fibrosis. As the discharge stops, regeneration of the glands occurs.", "contents": "The ceruminous glands in chronic suppurative otitis media. A histological and histochemical study. The ceruminous glands have been studied histologically and histochemically in twenty patients suffering from chronic suppurative otitis media with discharging ears, and in ten patients with dry central perforations, in comparison with normal ears. The present study revealed hyperactivity of the glands initially; later on, atrophy and fibrosis took place. Thus the diminution of wax may be due to: (1) The washing effect of the discharge. (2) Atrophy of the glandular structures. (3) Periglandular fibrosis. As the discharge stops, regeneration of the glands occurs.", "PMID": 490031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_304", "title": "Chloroquine ototoxicity--a reversible phenomenon?", "content": "The case of a six-year-old girl suffering from severe cochleo-vestibular dysfunction following a series of chloroquine phosphate injections is presented in this paper. Prompt institution of therapy with steroids and vaso-dilators has helped to restore the hearing to a serviceable (socially acceptable) level. A surmise is made about the pathogenesis of chloroquine ototoxicity and how prompt appropriate therapy may be able to reverse the process. A plea is made for early referral of these cases so that prompt attention may be paid to them.", "contents": "Chloroquine ototoxicity--a reversible phenomenon? The case of a six-year-old girl suffering from severe cochleo-vestibular dysfunction following a series of chloroquine phosphate injections is presented in this paper. Prompt institution of therapy with steroids and vaso-dilators has helped to restore the hearing to a serviceable (socially acceptable) level. A surmise is made about the pathogenesis of chloroquine ototoxicity and how prompt appropriate therapy may be able to reverse the process. A plea is made for early referral of these cases so that prompt attention may be paid to them.", "PMID": 490032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_305", "title": "Malignant tumours of the nasal septum.", "content": "(1) Primary malignant tumours of the nasal septum are rare. (2) Forty-three cases of primary malignant septal tumours are presented and analyzed. (3) This present series is compared with the 97 previously reported cases. (4) The commonest primary malignant tumour at this site is squamous cell carcinoma. (5) The aid of a computer has been utilized to assess survival trends. (6) The overall 5-year survival in this group is 58 per cent. (7) Prognosis is not significantly affected by different treatment protocols. (8) Prognosis is significantly worse in patients with late stage tumours and in patients who have radiological abnormalities in their paranasal sinus x-rays.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of the nasal septum. (1) Primary malignant tumours of the nasal septum are rare. (2) Forty-three cases of primary malignant septal tumours are presented and analyzed. (3) This present series is compared with the 97 previously reported cases. (4) The commonest primary malignant tumour at this site is squamous cell carcinoma. (5) The aid of a computer has been utilized to assess survival trends. (6) The overall 5-year survival in this group is 58 per cent. (7) Prognosis is not significantly affected by different treatment protocols. (8) Prognosis is significantly worse in patients with late stage tumours and in patients who have radiological abnormalities in their paranasal sinus x-rays.", "PMID": 490033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_306", "title": "Chemical synthesis of three 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl cholestenols.", "content": "Reported herein are chemical syntheses of 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alph-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, and 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alpha-cholest-6-en 3 beta-ol. These compounds were obtained in pure form after repeated medium-pressure column chromatography of the mixture obtained by treatment of 3 beta-acetoxy-7 alpha,32-epoxy-14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholestane with pyridine hydrochloride in refluxing acetic anhydride followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The compounds were characterized by their chromatographic properties and by the results of infrared, optical rotation, nuclear magnetic resonance, and low and high resolution mass spectral studies.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of three 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl cholestenols. Reported herein are chemical syntheses of 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alpha-cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alph-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, and 14 alpha-hydroxymethyl-5 alpha-cholest-6-en 3 beta-ol. These compounds were obtained in pure form after repeated medium-pressure column chromatography of the mixture obtained by treatment of 3 beta-acetoxy-7 alpha,32-epoxy-14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholestane with pyridine hydrochloride in refluxing acetic anhydride followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The compounds were characterized by their chromatographic properties and by the results of infrared, optical rotation, nuclear magnetic resonance, and low and high resolution mass spectral studies.", "PMID": 490036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_307", "title": "Separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A convenient method for the separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Sphingomyelin species from bovine brain and sheep and pig erythrocytes were resolved into 10-12 separate peaks on a micro -BondaPak C(18) or Nucleosil-5-C(18) reversedphase column with methanol-5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 9:1 (v/v) as the solvent. Detection was at 203-205 nm. The sphingomyelin species were primarily resolved due to specific hydrophobic interaction of their fatty acid and sphingoid chains with the alkyl ligand of the stationary phase. The retention time of the sphingomyelin species increased progressively as the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic chains increased in the homologous series. The presence of one double bond in the molecule reduced the retention time significantly. Introduction of a second double bond in the fatty acid side chain did not reduce the retention time to the same extent as the first double bond. The presence of a trans double bond in the sphingoid moiety increased the retention time of sphingomyelin more than did a cis double bond in the fatty acid side chain. The differential hydrophobic interaction observed between the ligand of the stationary phase and different alkyl chains of the sphingomyelin species illustrates that reversed-phase HPLC technique can be conveniently used to study the extent of relative hydrophobicity of different types of alkyl chains.-Jungalwala, F. B., V. Hayssen, J. M. Pasquini, and R. H. McCluer. Separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A convenient method for the separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Sphingomyelin species from bovine brain and sheep and pig erythrocytes were resolved into 10-12 separate peaks on a micro -BondaPak C(18) or Nucleosil-5-C(18) reversedphase column with methanol-5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 9:1 (v/v) as the solvent. Detection was at 203-205 nm. The sphingomyelin species were primarily resolved due to specific hydrophobic interaction of their fatty acid and sphingoid chains with the alkyl ligand of the stationary phase. The retention time of the sphingomyelin species increased progressively as the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic chains increased in the homologous series. The presence of one double bond in the molecule reduced the retention time significantly. Introduction of a second double bond in the fatty acid side chain did not reduce the retention time to the same extent as the first double bond. The presence of a trans double bond in the sphingoid moiety increased the retention time of sphingomyelin more than did a cis double bond in the fatty acid side chain. The differential hydrophobic interaction observed between the ligand of the stationary phase and different alkyl chains of the sphingomyelin species illustrates that reversed-phase HPLC technique can be conveniently used to study the extent of relative hydrophobicity of different types of alkyl chains.-Jungalwala, F. B., V. Hayssen, J. M. Pasquini, and R. H. McCluer. Separation of molecular species of sphingomyelin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 490037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_308", "title": "Enzyme--substrate interaction in lipid monolayers. III. A study of the variation of the surface concentration with lipolysis.", "content": "Monolayers of a diacylglycerol were submitted to the action of lipase, keeping the area constant. The variation of lipase, keeping the area constant. The variation of the surface concentration gamma of the substrate with time was derived from the recorded reduction of the surface pressure pi (the isotherm of the monolayer being previously established). The rate -d gamma/dt was determined both as a function of the surface concentration gamma of the substrate and as a function of the bulk concentration C of the enzyme in the underlying solution. The rate depends on the quantity of enzyme ze adsorbed on the monolayer and on the enzymatic specific activity alpha of these adsorbed enzyme molecules. Both ze and alpha vary with gamma. The two variations have been quantitatively dissociated. The curves of ze and of alpha as functions of gamma coincide with those previously established in the study of hydrolysis under constant surface pressure.", "contents": "Enzyme--substrate interaction in lipid monolayers. III. A study of the variation of the surface concentration with lipolysis. Monolayers of a diacylglycerol were submitted to the action of lipase, keeping the area constant. The variation of lipase, keeping the area constant. The variation of the surface concentration gamma of the substrate with time was derived from the recorded reduction of the surface pressure pi (the isotherm of the monolayer being previously established). The rate -d gamma/dt was determined both as a function of the surface concentration gamma of the substrate and as a function of the bulk concentration C of the enzyme in the underlying solution. The rate depends on the quantity of enzyme ze adsorbed on the monolayer and on the enzymatic specific activity alpha of these adsorbed enzyme molecules. Both ze and alpha vary with gamma. The two variations have been quantitatively dissociated. The curves of ze and of alpha as functions of gamma coincide with those previously established in the study of hydrolysis under constant surface pressure.", "PMID": 490038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_309", "title": "Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in mitochondria from the Morris 7777 hepatoma.", "content": "Mitochondria from the 7777 hepatoma incorporate substantial amounts of l-[U-(14)C]serine into phospholipid by a Ca(2+)-dependent base-exchange reaction. This reaction is virtually absent in normal liver mitochondria. The finding cannot be attributed to microsomal contamination of the sucrose gradient-purified 7777 hepatoma mitochondria. The reaction is also absent in the rapid-growth controls, fetal rat liver and regenerating rat liver. [(14)C]Serine incorporation into 7777 hepatoma mitochondrial phospholipid by base-exchange requires Ca(2+) and is inhibited by EDTA. Ca(2+) cannot be replaced by Mg(2+), Mn(2+), or Co(2+). The reaction is inhibited by a sulfhydryl reagent and by detergents and is abolished by heating to 70 degrees C for 10 min. Product analysis indicates that phosphatidylserine and its decarboxylation product, phosphatidylethanolamine, are formed by 7777 hepatoma mitochondria, while phosphatidylserine is the sole product with microsomes. The conversion of phosphatidylserine into phosphatidylethanolamine in 7777 hepatoma mitochondria is inhibited by KCN. This study provides further evidence of abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis in the 7777 hepatoma. Our earlier study indicated a greatly increased mitochondrial activity of CTP:phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase in the 7777 hepatoma (Hostetler, Zenner, and Morris. 1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 553-560). The presence in mitochondria of these two enzymes, which are primarily microsomal in normal liver, does not appear to be due to rapid growth alone, since their intracellular distribution was not altered in fetal or regenerating rat liver.-Hostetler, K. Y., B. D. Zenner, and H. P. Morris. Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in mitochondria from the Morris 7777 hepatoma.", "contents": "Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in mitochondria from the Morris 7777 hepatoma. Mitochondria from the 7777 hepatoma incorporate substantial amounts of l-[U-(14)C]serine into phospholipid by a Ca(2+)-dependent base-exchange reaction. This reaction is virtually absent in normal liver mitochondria. The finding cannot be attributed to microsomal contamination of the sucrose gradient-purified 7777 hepatoma mitochondria. The reaction is also absent in the rapid-growth controls, fetal rat liver and regenerating rat liver. [(14)C]Serine incorporation into 7777 hepatoma mitochondrial phospholipid by base-exchange requires Ca(2+) and is inhibited by EDTA. Ca(2+) cannot be replaced by Mg(2+), Mn(2+), or Co(2+). The reaction is inhibited by a sulfhydryl reagent and by detergents and is abolished by heating to 70 degrees C for 10 min. Product analysis indicates that phosphatidylserine and its decarboxylation product, phosphatidylethanolamine, are formed by 7777 hepatoma mitochondria, while phosphatidylserine is the sole product with microsomes. The conversion of phosphatidylserine into phosphatidylethanolamine in 7777 hepatoma mitochondria is inhibited by KCN. This study provides further evidence of abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis in the 7777 hepatoma. Our earlier study indicated a greatly increased mitochondrial activity of CTP:phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase in the 7777 hepatoma (Hostetler, Zenner, and Morris. 1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 553-560). The presence in mitochondria of these two enzymes, which are primarily microsomal in normal liver, does not appear to be due to rapid growth alone, since their intracellular distribution was not altered in fetal or regenerating rat liver.-Hostetler, K. Y., B. D. Zenner, and H. P. Morris. Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in mitochondria from the Morris 7777 hepatoma.", "PMID": 490039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_310", "title": "Effects of high-glucose and high-fat diets on concanavalin A binding to rat liver plasma membranes and on the amount and pattern of their glycoprotein carbohydrates.", "content": "Purified liver plasma membranes were prepared from rats fed a high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet or a high-glucose, fat-free diet. Membranes from rats fed the high-fat diet bound significantly less 125I-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) than did those from rats fed the fat-free diets. The magnitude of the binding difference increased with increasing concentrations of Con A. Neither association nor dissociation rates of the lectin-receptor complex was affected by diet. The extent of degradation of Con A by liver plasma membrane preparations from rats fed either diet was the same. Chemical analysis of delipidated liver plasma membrane showed that membranes prepared from high-fat diet-adapted rats had significantly lower values for all carbohydrate components measured with the exception of galactose. The results indicate that, in liver cells, a change in plasma membrane glycoproteins is part of the complex adaptation to altered diet composition.", "contents": "Effects of high-glucose and high-fat diets on concanavalin A binding to rat liver plasma membranes and on the amount and pattern of their glycoprotein carbohydrates. Purified liver plasma membranes were prepared from rats fed a high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet or a high-glucose, fat-free diet. Membranes from rats fed the high-fat diet bound significantly less 125I-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) than did those from rats fed the fat-free diets. The magnitude of the binding difference increased with increasing concentrations of Con A. Neither association nor dissociation rates of the lectin-receptor complex was affected by diet. The extent of degradation of Con A by liver plasma membrane preparations from rats fed either diet was the same. Chemical analysis of delipidated liver plasma membrane showed that membranes prepared from high-fat diet-adapted rats had significantly lower values for all carbohydrate components measured with the exception of galactose. The results indicate that, in liver cells, a change in plasma membrane glycoproteins is part of the complex adaptation to altered diet composition.", "PMID": 490040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_311", "title": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocopherol in plasma and cellular elements of the blood.", "content": "A rapid sensitive, and reproducible procedure is described for the analysis of alpha-tocopherol in blood cells and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The cardinal feature for the increased sensitivity of this high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is that the fluorometric analysis was carried out at a short excitation wavelength (205 nm) which increased the sensitivity of 20-fold over the usual excitation wavelength of 295 nm. Tocopherol levels can be measured in as little as 50 microliters of plasma and 200 microliters of erythrocytes. The tocopherol contentof plasma, red blood cells, platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes of normal subjects and subjects ingesting additional quantitites of vitamin E are reported. The values for the white cells are approximately 30 times higher than those of the red blood cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes 4.47 +/- 0.62 micrograms/10(9), lymphocytes 3.89 +/- 0.85 micrograms/10(9), and erythrocytes 1.40 +/- 0.14 micrograms/10(10) cells). The tocopherol contents of the plasma and all the cellular elements of the blood were increased by oral feeding with vitamin E.", "contents": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocopherol in plasma and cellular elements of the blood. A rapid sensitive, and reproducible procedure is described for the analysis of alpha-tocopherol in blood cells and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The cardinal feature for the increased sensitivity of this high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is that the fluorometric analysis was carried out at a short excitation wavelength (205 nm) which increased the sensitivity of 20-fold over the usual excitation wavelength of 295 nm. Tocopherol levels can be measured in as little as 50 microliters of plasma and 200 microliters of erythrocytes. The tocopherol contentof plasma, red blood cells, platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes of normal subjects and subjects ingesting additional quantitites of vitamin E are reported. The values for the white cells are approximately 30 times higher than those of the red blood cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes 4.47 +/- 0.62 micrograms/10(9), lymphocytes 3.89 +/- 0.85 micrograms/10(9), and erythrocytes 1.40 +/- 0.14 micrograms/10(10) cells). The tocopherol contents of the plasma and all the cellular elements of the blood were increased by oral feeding with vitamin E.", "PMID": 490041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_312", "title": "Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol (the saturated analogue of beta-sitosterol) were measured and their absorptions compared in the presence and absence of cholestyramine. After test meals containing [(3)H]cholesterol and [(14)C]beta-sitostanol without added cholestyramine, 4-day fecal collections yielded an average of 51% of the fed cholesterol and 83% of the fed beta-sitostanol. In separate lymph transport studies without cholestyramine, 36% of the fed cholesterol was recovered in lymph in 24 hours compared to only 2% of the fed beta-sitostanol. Thus, while total recoveries of the two labeled compounds in feces plus lymph were nearly identical (51% + 36% = 87% for cholesterol and 83% + 2% = 85% for beta-sitostanol) their distribution in the two compartments was markedly different, reflecting the relative nonabsorbability of beta-sitostanol. Adding cholestyramine to the test meal caused fecal excretion of cholesterol to increase to 73%, independent of the dose of cholestyramine used. Cholestyramine had no effect on the fecal excretion of beta-sitostanol (average excretion after cholestyramine, 85%). The relative non-absorbability of beta-sitostanol compared to cholesterol is clearly evident in this study and leads us to suggest its possible use as a lipid-soluble, nonabsorbable reference compound for measurement of the absorption of cholesterol and other lipids. Further data are presented to justify its use for this purpose.-Hassan, A. S., and A. J. Rampone. Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat. The intestinal absorption of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol (the saturated analogue of beta-sitosterol) were measured and their absorptions compared in the presence and absence of cholestyramine. After test meals containing [(3)H]cholesterol and [(14)C]beta-sitostanol without added cholestyramine, 4-day fecal collections yielded an average of 51% of the fed cholesterol and 83% of the fed beta-sitostanol. In separate lymph transport studies without cholestyramine, 36% of the fed cholesterol was recovered in lymph in 24 hours compared to only 2% of the fed beta-sitostanol. Thus, while total recoveries of the two labeled compounds in feces plus lymph were nearly identical (51% + 36% = 87% for cholesterol and 83% + 2% = 85% for beta-sitostanol) their distribution in the two compartments was markedly different, reflecting the relative nonabsorbability of beta-sitostanol. Adding cholestyramine to the test meal caused fecal excretion of cholesterol to increase to 73%, independent of the dose of cholestyramine used. Cholestyramine had no effect on the fecal excretion of beta-sitostanol (average excretion after cholestyramine, 85%). The relative non-absorbability of beta-sitostanol compared to cholesterol is clearly evident in this study and leads us to suggest its possible use as a lipid-soluble, nonabsorbable reference compound for measurement of the absorption of cholesterol and other lipids. Further data are presented to justify its use for this purpose.-Hassan, A. S., and A. J. Rampone. Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat.", "PMID": 490042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_313", "title": "Studies on the utilization and mobilization of lipid in skeletal muscles from streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats.", "content": "Several aspects of lipid metabolism in the soleus and diaphragm muscles of streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats were investigated. The triglyceride content of both muscles was elevated in the diabetic state and the presence of increased intracellular lipid was confirmed by electron microscopy. In vitro glucose and palmitate oxidation studies showed that both types of muscle from the diabetic animals metabolized more fat than did the soleus and diaphragm from control rats. While isoproterenol alone produced a significant lipolytic response in both the soleus and diaphragm from control and diabetic animals, there was no difference in the percent increase in fatty acids released from muscles of diabetic rats compared to controls. However, the absolute difference was greater when the diaphragms were compared. Muscles from experimental and control animals showed a marked reduction in the amount of free fatty acids released in response to insulin. In addition, in the presence of the hormone, both the absolute and percent isoproterenol-stimulated increases in fatty acids were significantly greater for both diaphragm and soleus muscles from diabetic rats. The effects of insulin, isoproterenol, and the combination of these two hormones on the amount of glycerol released into the incubation medium were similar to those found on free fatty acid release. The results of these experiments show that there is an apparent increase in fat utilization in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Furthermore, measurements of triglyceride concentration and the enhanced response to isoproterenol stimulation in the muscles from these animals suggests that they may have an increased capacity for mobilization of intracellular lipids. Finally, in the diabetic state, both the soleus and diaphragm appear to demonstrate an increased response to the antilipolytic effect of insulin as measured by the decreased amount of fatty acid released into the incubation medium, the percent change also being significant for the soleus muscle.-Stearns, S. B., H. M. Tepperman, and J. Tepperman. Studies on the utilization and mobilization of lipid in skeletal muscles from streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats.", "contents": "Studies on the utilization and mobilization of lipid in skeletal muscles from streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats. Several aspects of lipid metabolism in the soleus and diaphragm muscles of streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats were investigated. The triglyceride content of both muscles was elevated in the diabetic state and the presence of increased intracellular lipid was confirmed by electron microscopy. In vitro glucose and palmitate oxidation studies showed that both types of muscle from the diabetic animals metabolized more fat than did the soleus and diaphragm from control rats. While isoproterenol alone produced a significant lipolytic response in both the soleus and diaphragm from control and diabetic animals, there was no difference in the percent increase in fatty acids released from muscles of diabetic rats compared to controls. However, the absolute difference was greater when the diaphragms were compared. Muscles from experimental and control animals showed a marked reduction in the amount of free fatty acids released in response to insulin. In addition, in the presence of the hormone, both the absolute and percent isoproterenol-stimulated increases in fatty acids were significantly greater for both diaphragm and soleus muscles from diabetic rats. The effects of insulin, isoproterenol, and the combination of these two hormones on the amount of glycerol released into the incubation medium were similar to those found on free fatty acid release. The results of these experiments show that there is an apparent increase in fat utilization in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Furthermore, measurements of triglyceride concentration and the enhanced response to isoproterenol stimulation in the muscles from these animals suggests that they may have an increased capacity for mobilization of intracellular lipids. Finally, in the diabetic state, both the soleus and diaphragm appear to demonstrate an increased response to the antilipolytic effect of insulin as measured by the decreased amount of fatty acid released into the incubation medium, the percent change also being significant for the soleus muscle.-Stearns, S. B., H. M. Tepperman, and J. Tepperman. Studies on the utilization and mobilization of lipid in skeletal muscles from streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats.", "PMID": 490043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_314", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a heptaglycosylceramide from bovine erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A heptaglycosylceramide was isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes. The structure was characterized to be Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc-NAc(beta 1-4)al(beta 1-4)GlcCer. A hexaglycosylceramide that has the same sequence except for the terminal alpha-galactosyl unit has also been isolated. We have previously found that gangliosides isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes contain a keratan sulfate type repeating unit --[3Gal(beta 1-4)-GlcNAc beta]--n. This study shows that the keratan sulfate type repeating unit is also present in the neutral glycosphingolipids of bovine erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a heptaglycosylceramide from bovine erythrocyte membranes. A heptaglycosylceramide was isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes. The structure was characterized to be Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc-NAc(beta 1-4)al(beta 1-4)GlcCer. A hexaglycosylceramide that has the same sequence except for the terminal alpha-galactosyl unit has also been isolated. We have previously found that gangliosides isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes contain a keratan sulfate type repeating unit --[3Gal(beta 1-4)-GlcNAc beta]--n. This study shows that the keratan sulfate type repeating unit is also present in the neutral glycosphingolipids of bovine erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 490044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_315", "title": "A convenient synthesis of phosphatidylcholines: acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with fatty acid anhydride and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine.", "content": "A high-yield synthesis of saturated, unsaturated, and short chain phosphatidylcholines from sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is described. The procedure offers advantages over other reported procedures for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in that the large-scale synthesis and purification can be achieved in a minimum time. The procedure utilizes 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as a catalyst and moderate amounts of fatty acid anhydride (2 mol eq. of fatty acid anhydride per mol of OH) in a 1:1 mixture of benzene-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 40 degrees--42 degrees C (oilbath) for 2--5 hr. At the end of the reaction, the phosphatidylcholine can be purified in the usual manner or by using a Waters Prep LC/500 with a radially compressed silica gel column eluted with chloroform-methanol-water 60:30:4. At a flow rate of 200 ml/min, the phospholipid elutes in 10--15 min, depending on the chain length and unsaturation.", "contents": "A convenient synthesis of phosphatidylcholines: acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with fatty acid anhydride and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. A high-yield synthesis of saturated, unsaturated, and short chain phosphatidylcholines from sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is described. The procedure offers advantages over other reported procedures for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in that the large-scale synthesis and purification can be achieved in a minimum time. The procedure utilizes 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as a catalyst and moderate amounts of fatty acid anhydride (2 mol eq. of fatty acid anhydride per mol of OH) in a 1:1 mixture of benzene-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 40 degrees--42 degrees C (oilbath) for 2--5 hr. At the end of the reaction, the phosphatidylcholine can be purified in the usual manner or by using a Waters Prep LC/500 with a radially compressed silica gel column eluted with chloroform-methanol-water 60:30:4. At a flow rate of 200 ml/min, the phospholipid elutes in 10--15 min, depending on the chain length and unsaturation.", "PMID": 490045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_316", "title": "Preparation of radiolabeled GM2 and GA2 gangliosides.", "content": "GM2 and GA2 gangliosides from the brain of a patient who died of Sandhoff's disease were purified by solvent partition, silicic acid and silica gel column chromatography, and silica gel preparative thin-layer chromatography. They were tritiated in the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue using galactose oxidase and sodium [3H]borohydride with the inclusion of catalase and peroxidase into the oxidation reaction. The specific activities were 4.62 X 10(8) dpm/mumol of GM2 ganglioside and 5.54 X 40(7) dpm/mumol of GA2 ganglioside. The addition of catalase and peroxidase to the tritiation procedure is recommended.", "contents": "Preparation of radiolabeled GM2 and GA2 gangliosides. GM2 and GA2 gangliosides from the brain of a patient who died of Sandhoff's disease were purified by solvent partition, silicic acid and silica gel column chromatography, and silica gel preparative thin-layer chromatography. They were tritiated in the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue using galactose oxidase and sodium [3H]borohydride with the inclusion of catalase and peroxidase into the oxidation reaction. The specific activities were 4.62 X 10(8) dpm/mumol of GM2 ganglioside and 5.54 X 40(7) dpm/mumol of GA2 ganglioside. The addition of catalase and peroxidase to the tritiation procedure is recommended.", "PMID": 490046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_317", "title": "Sterol synthesis. High-pressure liquid chromatography of C27 sterol precursors of cholesterol.", "content": "Conditions have been described which permit the rapid (approximately 3.5 hr) column chromatographic separation of the acetate derivatives of a number of C27 sterol precursors of cholesterol differing only in the number and position of double bonds in the sterol nucleus. On columns containing muPorasil with hexane-benzene 9:1 as the eluting solvent, acetate derivatives of the delta5, delta8(14), delta8, delta7, delta8,7, delta 8,14, and delta7,14 sterols were separated.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis. High-pressure liquid chromatography of C27 sterol precursors of cholesterol. Conditions have been described which permit the rapid (approximately 3.5 hr) column chromatographic separation of the acetate derivatives of a number of C27 sterol precursors of cholesterol differing only in the number and position of double bonds in the sterol nucleus. On columns containing muPorasil with hexane-benzene 9:1 as the eluting solvent, acetate derivatives of the delta5, delta8(14), delta8, delta7, delta8,7, delta 8,14, and delta7,14 sterols were separated.", "PMID": 490047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_318", "title": "Isotopic labeling of DNA in rat adipose tissue: evidence for proliferating cells associated with mature adipocytes.", "content": "The intraperitoneal administration of [3H]thymidine to adult rats resulted in the rapid appearance of label in the adipocyte fraction of collagenase digests of adipose tissue. Low-speed centrifugation followed by freezing and slicing showed the label to be uniformly distributed in the adipocyte fraction. The presence of label in DNA was confirmed by hydrolysis with deoxyribonuclease and by inhibition of incorporation with hydroxyurea. Organelle fractionation revealed that the label was predominantly in nuclei, and radioautography showed that only a few adipocyte nuclei were labeled. The label in the adipocyte fraction could not be reduced by increased collagenase digestion or by trypsin treatment. Mixing of labeled adipocytes with unlabeled stroma did not result in decrease of label and addition of labeled stroma to unlabeled adipocytes did not cause significant transfer of radioactivity. Addition of [3H]thymidine to the collagenase digestion medium of unlabeled adipose tissue resulted in more incorporation by adipocytes than by stroma, suggesting the presence of a very rapidly proliferating cell type associated more with adipocytes than with stroma. In vivo turnover studies of labeled DNA indicated that there are two components in both adipocytes and stroma, a rapidly labeled component with a half-life of only several days and another with a half-life of several months. These experiments suggest that there is a rapidly proliferating cell type in adipose tissue, closely associated with mature adipocytes, that may be an adipocyte progenitor or may have some other unknown function.", "contents": "Isotopic labeling of DNA in rat adipose tissue: evidence for proliferating cells associated with mature adipocytes. The intraperitoneal administration of [3H]thymidine to adult rats resulted in the rapid appearance of label in the adipocyte fraction of collagenase digests of adipose tissue. Low-speed centrifugation followed by freezing and slicing showed the label to be uniformly distributed in the adipocyte fraction. The presence of label in DNA was confirmed by hydrolysis with deoxyribonuclease and by inhibition of incorporation with hydroxyurea. Organelle fractionation revealed that the label was predominantly in nuclei, and radioautography showed that only a few adipocyte nuclei were labeled. The label in the adipocyte fraction could not be reduced by increased collagenase digestion or by trypsin treatment. Mixing of labeled adipocytes with unlabeled stroma did not result in decrease of label and addition of labeled stroma to unlabeled adipocytes did not cause significant transfer of radioactivity. Addition of [3H]thymidine to the collagenase digestion medium of unlabeled adipose tissue resulted in more incorporation by adipocytes than by stroma, suggesting the presence of a very rapidly proliferating cell type associated more with adipocytes than with stroma. In vivo turnover studies of labeled DNA indicated that there are two components in both adipocytes and stroma, a rapidly labeled component with a half-life of only several days and another with a half-life of several months. These experiments suggest that there is a rapidly proliferating cell type in adipose tissue, closely associated with mature adipocytes, that may be an adipocyte progenitor or may have some other unknown function.", "PMID": 490048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_319", "title": "Increased cellular proliferation in adipose tissue of adult rats fed a high-fat diet.", "content": "The feeding of a high-fat diet to adult rats was shown to increase the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of the adipocyte and stromal fractions. After only 2 days on a high-fat diet there was a marked increase in the incorporation of label. When a 2-week period was interposed between [3H]thymidine administration and determination of DNA specific activity, the greatest increase in incorporation of label was found after 1 week on the diet, when incorporation increased 6-fold or more in both adipocytes and stroma and subsequently decreased to stabilize at a level two or three times that of chow-fed rats in the adipocyte fraction. Rats labeled when young and later placed on a high-fat diet showed a decrease in DNA specific activity in both adipocytes and stroma, confirming that cellular proliferation had occurred in both fractions. The specific activities of both stromal and adipocyte DNA were very similar at all time points studied. An attempt to increase the difference in specific activities by waiting many weeks after [3H]thymidine injection before isolating DNA was not successful. This may be because the total amount of DNA in the stromal and adipocyte fractions increases in parallel on the diet. The significance of these findings in terms of the normal turnover of adipose tissue DNA and the responsiveness to diet is discussed.", "contents": "Increased cellular proliferation in adipose tissue of adult rats fed a high-fat diet. The feeding of a high-fat diet to adult rats was shown to increase the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of the adipocyte and stromal fractions. After only 2 days on a high-fat diet there was a marked increase in the incorporation of label. When a 2-week period was interposed between [3H]thymidine administration and determination of DNA specific activity, the greatest increase in incorporation of label was found after 1 week on the diet, when incorporation increased 6-fold or more in both adipocytes and stroma and subsequently decreased to stabilize at a level two or three times that of chow-fed rats in the adipocyte fraction. Rats labeled when young and later placed on a high-fat diet showed a decrease in DNA specific activity in both adipocytes and stroma, confirming that cellular proliferation had occurred in both fractions. The specific activities of both stromal and adipocyte DNA were very similar at all time points studied. An attempt to increase the difference in specific activities by waiting many weeks after [3H]thymidine injection before isolating DNA was not successful. This may be because the total amount of DNA in the stromal and adipocyte fractions increases in parallel on the diet. The significance of these findings in terms of the normal turnover of adipose tissue DNA and the responsiveness to diet is discussed.", "PMID": 490049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_320", "title": "Absolute rates of cholesterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues measured with 3H-labeled water and 14C-labeled substrates.", "content": "This study was undertaken to develop techniques for measuring absolute rates of sterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues in vitro and to estimate the magnitude of the errors inherent in the use of various 14C-labeled substrates for such measurements. Initial studies showed that significant errors were introduced when rates of synthesis were estimated using [3H]water since about 20 nmol of water were bound to each mg of tissue cholesterol isolated as the digitonide. This source of error could be eliminated by subtracting apparent incorporation rates obtained at 0 degrees C from those obtained at 37 degrees C or by regenerating and drying the free sterol. In a second set of experiments, the H/C incorporation ratio in cholesterol was determined in the liver by measuring the absolute rates of hydrogen and acetyl CoA flux into sterols. The ratio of 0.69 +/- 0.03 was found to be independent of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the rate of hepatic acetyl CoA generation, or the source of the acetyl CoA. In a third set of studies, rates of incorporation of [3H]water or 14C-labeled acetate, octanoate, and glucose into digitonin-precipitable sterols were simultaneously measured in nine different extrahepatic tissues. Assuming that the H/C ratio measured in the liver also applied to these tissues, the [3H]water incorporation rates were multipled by the reciprocal of the H/C ratio to give the absolute rates of sterol synthesis in each tissue. When these were compared to the incorporation rates determined with the 14C-labeled substrates the magnitude of the errors in the rates of sterol synthesis obtained with these substrates in each tissue could be assessed. Only [14C]octanoate gave synthesis rates approaching 100% of those obtained with [3H]water and this occurred only in the intestine and kidney; in the other extrahepatic tissues this substrate gave rates of 6--66+ of the absolute rates. Rates of [14C]acetate incorporation in sterols varied from 4 to 62% of the [3H]water incorporation rates while those obtained with [14C]glucose were only 2--88% of the true rates. These studies document the large and highly variable errors inherent in estimating rates of sterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues using 14C-labeled substrates under in vitro conditions.", "contents": "Absolute rates of cholesterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues measured with 3H-labeled water and 14C-labeled substrates. This study was undertaken to develop techniques for measuring absolute rates of sterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues in vitro and to estimate the magnitude of the errors inherent in the use of various 14C-labeled substrates for such measurements. Initial studies showed that significant errors were introduced when rates of synthesis were estimated using [3H]water since about 20 nmol of water were bound to each mg of tissue cholesterol isolated as the digitonide. This source of error could be eliminated by subtracting apparent incorporation rates obtained at 0 degrees C from those obtained at 37 degrees C or by regenerating and drying the free sterol. In a second set of experiments, the H/C incorporation ratio in cholesterol was determined in the liver by measuring the absolute rates of hydrogen and acetyl CoA flux into sterols. The ratio of 0.69 +/- 0.03 was found to be independent of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the rate of hepatic acetyl CoA generation, or the source of the acetyl CoA. In a third set of studies, rates of incorporation of [3H]water or 14C-labeled acetate, octanoate, and glucose into digitonin-precipitable sterols were simultaneously measured in nine different extrahepatic tissues. Assuming that the H/C ratio measured in the liver also applied to these tissues, the [3H]water incorporation rates were multipled by the reciprocal of the H/C ratio to give the absolute rates of sterol synthesis in each tissue. When these were compared to the incorporation rates determined with the 14C-labeled substrates the magnitude of the errors in the rates of sterol synthesis obtained with these substrates in each tissue could be assessed. Only [14C]octanoate gave synthesis rates approaching 100% of those obtained with [3H]water and this occurred only in the intestine and kidney; in the other extrahepatic tissues this substrate gave rates of 6--66+ of the absolute rates. Rates of [14C]acetate incorporation in sterols varied from 4 to 62% of the [3H]water incorporation rates while those obtained with [14C]glucose were only 2--88% of the true rates. These studies document the large and highly variable errors inherent in estimating rates of sterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues using 14C-labeled substrates under in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 490050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_321", "title": "Crystal structure of cholesteryl decanoate.", "content": "Cholesteryl decanoate (C37H64O2) is monoclinic, space group P2I, with cell dimensions a = 12.931 (6), b = 9.066 (2), c = 30.22 (1) A, beta = 91.14 (4) degrees, and Z = 4. The atomic coordinates from cholesteryl laurate were used in an initial trial structure which was refined by block diagonal least-squares methods with 1846 observed X-ray reflections (R = 0.129). Molecules A and B have almost fully extended conformations, except at the ester bonds and towards the end of the decanoate B chain. The molecules are arranged in antiparallel array forming monolayers of thickness d001 = 30.22 A, with the molecular long axis making an angle of about 67 degrees with the layer interface. The crystal structure is very similar to that of cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl laurate.", "contents": "Crystal structure of cholesteryl decanoate. Cholesteryl decanoate (C37H64O2) is monoclinic, space group P2I, with cell dimensions a = 12.931 (6), b = 9.066 (2), c = 30.22 (1) A, beta = 91.14 (4) degrees, and Z = 4. The atomic coordinates from cholesteryl laurate were used in an initial trial structure which was refined by block diagonal least-squares methods with 1846 observed X-ray reflections (R = 0.129). Molecules A and B have almost fully extended conformations, except at the ester bonds and towards the end of the decanoate B chain. The molecules are arranged in antiparallel array forming monolayers of thickness d001 = 30.22 A, with the molecular long axis making an angle of about 67 degrees with the layer interface. The crystal structure is very similar to that of cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl laurate.", "PMID": 490051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_322", "title": "Unusual properties of retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity in rat liver.", "content": "These studies report the hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate with liver homogenates and homogenate fractions from retinol-depleted rats. The studies utilized an effective in vitro assay for retinyl palmitate hydrolase (RPH) activity, in which microgram amounts of retinyl palmitate were employed as substrate, followed by the chromatographic separation and fluorescence assay of free and esterified retinol. RPH activity was maximal near pH 8 in Tris-maleate buffers, and required a bile salt for stimulation. Both cholate and taurocholate stimulated the reaction, whereas a number of other detergents tested were ineffective. The enzymatic activity showed an unusual subcellular distribution, with about 40% of total RPH activity recovered in the washed \"nuclear\" fraction (1,500 g pellet) and about 30--35% in the 105,000 g supernatant. This unusual distribution was not observed for marker constituents for plasma membranes, nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, or endoplasmic reticulum. Despite its enrichment in the \"nuclear\" fraction, RPH activity was not enriched in purified preparations of nuclei or plasma membranes. Thus, RPH activity was not localized in any single, characterized subcellular structure. Another striking feature of the hepatic RPH activity was its extreme variability from rat to rat as assayed in vitro. Both the unusual subcellular distribution and the marked variability in activity were not observed for a variety of other hepatic ester hydrolase activities examined. Of ten lipid and nonlipid esters tested as substrates, only the hydrolytic activities against cholesteryl oleate and phytyl oleate correlated with, and partly resembled, RPH activity in these respects. The results suggest that the observed RPH activity is relatively specific for the hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate, and may therefore be significantly involved in hepatic retinyl ester metabolism.", "contents": "Unusual properties of retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity in rat liver. These studies report the hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate with liver homogenates and homogenate fractions from retinol-depleted rats. The studies utilized an effective in vitro assay for retinyl palmitate hydrolase (RPH) activity, in which microgram amounts of retinyl palmitate were employed as substrate, followed by the chromatographic separation and fluorescence assay of free and esterified retinol. RPH activity was maximal near pH 8 in Tris-maleate buffers, and required a bile salt for stimulation. Both cholate and taurocholate stimulated the reaction, whereas a number of other detergents tested were ineffective. The enzymatic activity showed an unusual subcellular distribution, with about 40% of total RPH activity recovered in the washed \"nuclear\" fraction (1,500 g pellet) and about 30--35% in the 105,000 g supernatant. This unusual distribution was not observed for marker constituents for plasma membranes, nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, or endoplasmic reticulum. Despite its enrichment in the \"nuclear\" fraction, RPH activity was not enriched in purified preparations of nuclei or plasma membranes. Thus, RPH activity was not localized in any single, characterized subcellular structure. Another striking feature of the hepatic RPH activity was its extreme variability from rat to rat as assayed in vitro. Both the unusual subcellular distribution and the marked variability in activity were not observed for a variety of other hepatic ester hydrolase activities examined. Of ten lipid and nonlipid esters tested as substrates, only the hydrolytic activities against cholesteryl oleate and phytyl oleate correlated with, and partly resembled, RPH activity in these respects. The results suggest that the observed RPH activity is relatively specific for the hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate, and may therefore be significantly involved in hepatic retinyl ester metabolism.", "PMID": 490052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_323", "title": "Lipid structure and the behavior of cholesteryl esters in monolayer and bulk phases.", "content": "The behavior of cholesteryl esters at the air-buffer interface was studied as a function of molecular area and the presence of noncholesterol-containing lipids (colipids). The data obtained indicate that cholesteryl esters with other than long, saturated acyl groups can be present in surface phases up to packing densities approximately those in natural membranes. Their apparent molecular areas in such phases, which are largely determined by colipid structure, suggest their orientation with the ester function toward the interface. The extent of miscibility in the surface phase is also a strong function of colipid structure. Reversibility of the monolayer to bulk phase transition is determined exclusively by the acyl structure of the cholesteryl ester. Of the esters examined, only those with cis unsaturation collapsed reversibly. Our data predict that cholesteryl esters should be present in small, but finite amounts on the surface of arterial lipid deposits and that a prerequisite for the removal of such deposits is that the bulk lipid phase be in a liquid or liquid crystalline state.", "contents": "Lipid structure and the behavior of cholesteryl esters in monolayer and bulk phases. The behavior of cholesteryl esters at the air-buffer interface was studied as a function of molecular area and the presence of noncholesterol-containing lipids (colipids). The data obtained indicate that cholesteryl esters with other than long, saturated acyl groups can be present in surface phases up to packing densities approximately those in natural membranes. Their apparent molecular areas in such phases, which are largely determined by colipid structure, suggest their orientation with the ester function toward the interface. The extent of miscibility in the surface phase is also a strong function of colipid structure. Reversibility of the monolayer to bulk phase transition is determined exclusively by the acyl structure of the cholesteryl ester. Of the esters examined, only those with cis unsaturation collapsed reversibly. Our data predict that cholesteryl esters should be present in small, but finite amounts on the surface of arterial lipid deposits and that a prerequisite for the removal of such deposits is that the bulk lipid phase be in a liquid or liquid crystalline state.", "PMID": 490053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_324", "title": "Separation of individual sulfated bile acid conjugates as calcium complexes using reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A method for separating individual monosulfated primary bile acid conjugates by reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography on octadecyl-bonded silica gel is described. The solvent system is acetonitrile containing calcium, probably as calcium carbamate. Excellent resolution of the 3- and 7-monosulfated glycine conjugates, as well as 3- and 7-monosulfated taurine conjugates of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids is reported. A convenient class separation of sulfated from nonsulfated primary bile acid conjugates by adsorption thin-layer chromatography on low-polarity silica gel is also described.", "contents": "Separation of individual sulfated bile acid conjugates as calcium complexes using reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography. A method for separating individual monosulfated primary bile acid conjugates by reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography on octadecyl-bonded silica gel is described. The solvent system is acetonitrile containing calcium, probably as calcium carbamate. Excellent resolution of the 3- and 7-monosulfated glycine conjugates, as well as 3- and 7-monosulfated taurine conjugates of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids is reported. A convenient class separation of sulfated from nonsulfated primary bile acid conjugates by adsorption thin-layer chromatography on low-polarity silica gel is also described.", "PMID": 490054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_325", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The effect of glucocorticoids on the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids by liver microsomal preparations of rats has been studied. Hydrocortisone produced a significant decrease in the conversion of [1-14C]linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid and [1-14C]eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid to arachidonic acid. Triamcinolone and dexamethasaone were more active than hydrocortisone in depressing delta 6 and delta 5 fatty acid desaturating activity in liver microsomes. The glucocorticoids evoked a maximal response approximately 24 hr after admission. Palmitic acid conversion to palmitoleic acid showed no statistically significant changes by any of the glucocorticoids. The mechanism of action of glucocorticoids is apparently different from other hyperglycemic hormones that produce similar effects.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids by rat liver microsomes. The effect of glucocorticoids on the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids by liver microsomal preparations of rats has been studied. Hydrocortisone produced a significant decrease in the conversion of [1-14C]linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid and [1-14C]eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid to arachidonic acid. Triamcinolone and dexamethasaone were more active than hydrocortisone in depressing delta 6 and delta 5 fatty acid desaturating activity in liver microsomes. The glucocorticoids evoked a maximal response approximately 24 hr after admission. Palmitic acid conversion to palmitoleic acid showed no statistically significant changes by any of the glucocorticoids. The mechanism of action of glucocorticoids is apparently different from other hyperglycemic hormones that produce similar effects.", "PMID": 490055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_326", "title": "The stereoconfiguration of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate synthesized in vitro in lysosomes of rat liver: comparison with the natural lipid.", "content": "A procedure for stereoanalysis of radiochemically labeled glycerophospholipids is described. It is based on the study of the labeled alpha-glycerophosphate which retains its original configuration when liberated upon alkaline hydrolysis of the lipids. The labeled alpha-glycerophosphate is oxidized enzymatically with sn-3-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and the product, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is degraded with alkali to inorganic phosphate. The nonoxidizable alpha-glycerophophate (sn-1-glycerophosphate), the beta-glycerophosphate, and the inorganic phosphate derived from sn-3-glycerophosphate are quantitated after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The procedure gave the expected results when applied to [3H]glycerol-and 32P-labeled phosphatidylcholine, bis( monoacylglycero)phosphate, and phosphatidylglycerol from natural resources. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, known also as lysobisphosphatidic acid, was synthesized from ]32P]diphosphatidylglycerol and from phosphatidyl[1',3'-3H]glycerol in lysosomal preparations of rat liver according to Poorthuis and Hostetler (1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 309-315). Stereoanalysis proved that the product was in both cases a derivate of sn-1-glycerophospho-sn-1'-glycerol.", "contents": "The stereoconfiguration of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate synthesized in vitro in lysosomes of rat liver: comparison with the natural lipid. A procedure for stereoanalysis of radiochemically labeled glycerophospholipids is described. It is based on the study of the labeled alpha-glycerophosphate which retains its original configuration when liberated upon alkaline hydrolysis of the lipids. The labeled alpha-glycerophosphate is oxidized enzymatically with sn-3-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and the product, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is degraded with alkali to inorganic phosphate. The nonoxidizable alpha-glycerophophate (sn-1-glycerophosphate), the beta-glycerophosphate, and the inorganic phosphate derived from sn-3-glycerophosphate are quantitated after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The procedure gave the expected results when applied to [3H]glycerol-and 32P-labeled phosphatidylcholine, bis( monoacylglycero)phosphate, and phosphatidylglycerol from natural resources. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, known also as lysobisphosphatidic acid, was synthesized from ]32P]diphosphatidylglycerol and from phosphatidyl[1',3'-3H]glycerol in lysosomal preparations of rat liver according to Poorthuis and Hostetler (1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 309-315). Stereoanalysis proved that the product was in both cases a derivate of sn-1-glycerophospho-sn-1'-glycerol.", "PMID": 490056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_327", "title": "Distribution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and alkaline phosphatase activities in isolated ileal epithelial cells of fed, fasted, cholestyramine-fed, and 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-treated rats.", "content": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.34), the major rate-limiting enzyme of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, was studied in ileal epithelial cells isolated in a villus-to-crypt gradient according to Weiser (Weiser, M. M. 1973. J. Biol. Chem, 248:2536-2541). Alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) served as a marker for the mature villus cells. Protease effects on activity determinations were negligible. The intracellular location of HMG-CoA reductase could not be precisely determined. The activity of ileal reductase was predominantly associated with the less differentiated lower villus and crypt cells, while the reverse gradient occurred with alkaline phosphatase. This distribution of enzymes persisted in both fed and fasted rats injected with control saline-phosphate, although fasting decreased total reductase units in the ileum by 86% in 72 hr. Treatment with cholestyramine and with 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (APP) enhanced reductase activity in ileal cells. The percent stimulation in both cases was higher in the upper villus cells than in the crypt cells, leading to abolition of the gradient in enzyme activity. However, APP treatment caused a 98% loss in total alkaline phosphatase units and a 55% loss in total epithelial cell protein in 72 hr. Thus, there was no increase in total reductase units. These data show that APP affects ileal cell metabolism directly. Furthermore, it appears that the regulation of sterol synthesis in the intestinal mucosa, via HMG-CoA reductase, involves a complex interplay of the effects exerted by the level of alimentation, the enterohepatic circulation of bile, and the levels of plasma lipoproteins.", "contents": "Distribution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and alkaline phosphatase activities in isolated ileal epithelial cells of fed, fasted, cholestyramine-fed, and 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-treated rats. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.34), the major rate-limiting enzyme of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, was studied in ileal epithelial cells isolated in a villus-to-crypt gradient according to Weiser (Weiser, M. M. 1973. J. Biol. Chem, 248:2536-2541). Alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) served as a marker for the mature villus cells. Protease effects on activity determinations were negligible. The intracellular location of HMG-CoA reductase could not be precisely determined. The activity of ileal reductase was predominantly associated with the less differentiated lower villus and crypt cells, while the reverse gradient occurred with alkaline phosphatase. This distribution of enzymes persisted in both fed and fasted rats injected with control saline-phosphate, although fasting decreased total reductase units in the ileum by 86% in 72 hr. Treatment with cholestyramine and with 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (APP) enhanced reductase activity in ileal cells. The percent stimulation in both cases was higher in the upper villus cells than in the crypt cells, leading to abolition of the gradient in enzyme activity. However, APP treatment caused a 98% loss in total alkaline phosphatase units and a 55% loss in total epithelial cell protein in 72 hr. Thus, there was no increase in total reductase units. These data show that APP affects ileal cell metabolism directly. Furthermore, it appears that the regulation of sterol synthesis in the intestinal mucosa, via HMG-CoA reductase, involves a complex interplay of the effects exerted by the level of alimentation, the enterohepatic circulation of bile, and the levels of plasma lipoproteins.", "PMID": 490057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_328", "title": "Free ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramide of isolated rat intestinal cells.", "content": "Free ceramide, glucosylceramide, and sphingomyelin were isolated from mature cells of adult rat small intestine. Free ceramide and ceramide cleaved from sphingomyelin by enzymatic hydrolysis were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography on borate-impregnated silica gel plates. Sphingoid bases were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography of aldehydes formed upon periodate oxidation. Fatty acids were quantified as methyl esters. Ceramide structures were confirmed by direct-inlet mass spectrometry. Free ceramide was found to contain two major long-chain bases in nearly equal quantity: sphingosine, mainly linked to palmitic acid, and 4D-hydroxysphinganine associated with C20 to C24 fatty acids, 22% being hydroxylated. Sphinganine occurred as a minor component linked to nonhydroxy fatty acids. Sphingomyelin contained the three long-chain bases and 63% of its ceramide was N-palmitoyl-sphingosine. Mass spectrometry of glucosylceramide confirmed 4D-hydroxyshingamine as the major sphingoid base associated preferentially with longer chain hydroxy fatty acids.", "contents": "Free ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramide of isolated rat intestinal cells. Free ceramide, glucosylceramide, and sphingomyelin were isolated from mature cells of adult rat small intestine. Free ceramide and ceramide cleaved from sphingomyelin by enzymatic hydrolysis were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography on borate-impregnated silica gel plates. Sphingoid bases were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography of aldehydes formed upon periodate oxidation. Fatty acids were quantified as methyl esters. Ceramide structures were confirmed by direct-inlet mass spectrometry. Free ceramide was found to contain two major long-chain bases in nearly equal quantity: sphingosine, mainly linked to palmitic acid, and 4D-hydroxysphinganine associated with C20 to C24 fatty acids, 22% being hydroxylated. Sphinganine occurred as a minor component linked to nonhydroxy fatty acids. Sphingomyelin contained the three long-chain bases and 63% of its ceramide was N-palmitoyl-sphingosine. Mass spectrometry of glucosylceramide confirmed 4D-hydroxyshingamine as the major sphingoid base associated preferentially with longer chain hydroxy fatty acids.", "PMID": 490058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_329", "title": "Measurement of arachidonic acid in the plasma by gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization using dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid as an internal standard.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization method is described for measuring arachidonic acid in plasma using dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid as an internal standard. We found this technique to -e reproducible, and quicker and superior to previously described techniques because of the similar physico-chemical properties of the unsaturated fatty acid internal standard and arachidonic acid. In addition, we observed that the use of the saturated fatty acid, n-tricosanoic acid, was unsatisfactory as an internal standard because of its poor extractability from plasma as compared to arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Measurement of arachidonic acid in the plasma by gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization using dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid as an internal standard. A gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization method is described for measuring arachidonic acid in plasma using dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid as an internal standard. We found this technique to -e reproducible, and quicker and superior to previously described techniques because of the similar physico-chemical properties of the unsaturated fatty acid internal standard and arachidonic acid. In addition, we observed that the use of the saturated fatty acid, n-tricosanoic acid, was unsatisfactory as an internal standard because of its poor extractability from plasma as compared to arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 490059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_330", "title": "Measurement of cholic acid synthesis and secretion by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Liver cells isolated from normal and cholestyramine-treated rats were incubated as cell suspensions for up to 4 hr in a simple, defined medium. The bile acid concentration in cells plus cell medium was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Normal hepatocytes synthesized cholic acid at an initial rate of 0.25 nmol/mg cell protein per hr, which is comparable to rates reported from in vivo methods. This rate was increased more than 4-fold when rats were fed a cholestyramine-containing diet for 7 days prior to liver cell isolation. Although cholic acid was secreted into the cell medium during the incubation, it could not be assayed reliably by the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay method, contrary to the reports of Anwer et al. 1975. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64: 603 and Gardner and Chenouda 1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 985.", "contents": "Measurement of cholic acid synthesis and secretion by isolated rat hepatocytes. Liver cells isolated from normal and cholestyramine-treated rats were incubated as cell suspensions for up to 4 hr in a simple, defined medium. The bile acid concentration in cells plus cell medium was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Normal hepatocytes synthesized cholic acid at an initial rate of 0.25 nmol/mg cell protein per hr, which is comparable to rates reported from in vivo methods. This rate was increased more than 4-fold when rats were fed a cholestyramine-containing diet for 7 days prior to liver cell isolation. Although cholic acid was secreted into the cell medium during the incubation, it could not be assayed reliably by the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay method, contrary to the reports of Anwer et al. 1975. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64: 603 and Gardner and Chenouda 1978. J. Lipid Res. 19: 985.", "PMID": 490060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_331", "title": "A threshold theorem for the general epidemic in discrete time.", "content": "A theorem, analogous to the continuous time Threshold Theorem of Kermack and McKendrick, is proved for a certain discrete time epidemic model. This model, in contrast to its continuous time analogue, leads to some solutions in which the total population of susceptibles may become infected in a finite time.", "contents": "A threshold theorem for the general epidemic in discrete time. A theorem, analogous to the continuous time Threshold Theorem of Kermack and McKendrick, is proved for a certain discrete time epidemic model. This model, in contrast to its continuous time analogue, leads to some solutions in which the total population of susceptibles may become infected in a finite time.", "PMID": 490061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_332", "title": "A stochastic Gompertz model with hereditary effect.", "content": "In this paper we have studied a stochastic version of the Gompertz model for population growth of a single species after incorporating the aspect of heredity. Various statistical characteristics--the mean-value function, covariance-kernel, etc.--are evaluated for a delta-correlated process and their asymptotic values obtained. The effect of the hereditary kernel on the various statistics is discussed and it is found that it is to shift the distribution towards the origin.", "contents": "A stochastic Gompertz model with hereditary effect. In this paper we have studied a stochastic version of the Gompertz model for population growth of a single species after incorporating the aspect of heredity. Various statistical characteristics--the mean-value function, covariance-kernel, etc.--are evaluated for a delta-correlated process and their asymptotic values obtained. The effect of the hereditary kernel on the various statistics is discussed and it is found that it is to shift the distribution towards the origin.", "PMID": 490062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_333", "title": "Effect of chicken hypothalamus on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in male chickens.", "content": "The effects of a chicken hypothalamic extract (HE) on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) in vivo have been investigated by radioimmunoassay in the domestic fowl. Different i.v. doses of HE (0.25--25 HE equivalents/kg body weight) had no effect on GH secretion in conscious or anaesthetized cockerels. In both groups of birds the concentration of plasma prolactin was significantly increased within 10 min of administration of the extract. Extracts of other brain tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata) had no stimulatory effect on prolactin or GH secretion. Release of both prolactin and GH by dispersed pituitary cells and by hemipituitary glands in vitro was enhanced following incubation with HE (5 hypothalami equivalents/ml) or with single whole hypothalami respectively. Other brain tissues (cerebellum, optic lobes and medulla oblongata) had no effect on the concentration of prolactin or GH released by incubated hemipituitary glands.", "contents": "Effect of chicken hypothalamus on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in male chickens. The effects of a chicken hypothalamic extract (HE) on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) in vivo have been investigated by radioimmunoassay in the domestic fowl. Different i.v. doses of HE (0.25--25 HE equivalents/kg body weight) had no effect on GH secretion in conscious or anaesthetized cockerels. In both groups of birds the concentration of plasma prolactin was significantly increased within 10 min of administration of the extract. Extracts of other brain tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata) had no stimulatory effect on prolactin or GH secretion. Release of both prolactin and GH by dispersed pituitary cells and by hemipituitary glands in vitro was enhanced following incubation with HE (5 hypothalami equivalents/ml) or with single whole hypothalami respectively. Other brain tissues (cerebellum, optic lobes and medulla oblongata) had no effect on the concentration of prolactin or GH released by incubated hemipituitary glands.", "PMID": 490076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_334", "title": "Prolonged intravenous infusion of labelled iodocompounds in the rat: [125I]iodide metabolism and effects of moderate dietary iodine deficiency.", "content": "Radio-iodide was administered by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion to rats maintained under iodine-replete conditions and in moderate iodine deficiency. A close approximation to equilibrium labelling was thereby achieved. Labelled iodocompounds extracted from various tissues were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Moderate iodine deficiency resulted in a slight increase in the ratio of mono-iodotyrosine to di-iodotyrosine in the thyroid. No change in the ratio of tri-iodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine (T4) was found in thyroid, plasma or skeletal muscle. Faecal excretion of T3 declined appreciably relative to that of T4. Under iodine-replete conditions the ratio of thyroidal secretion rates of T3 and T4 was estimated to be more than three times higher than the ratio of these iodocompounds within the thyroid. Heterogeneity of thyroglobulin structure and function may explain these observations.", "contents": "Prolonged intravenous infusion of labelled iodocompounds in the rat: [125I]iodide metabolism and effects of moderate dietary iodine deficiency. Radio-iodide was administered by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion to rats maintained under iodine-replete conditions and in moderate iodine deficiency. A close approximation to equilibrium labelling was thereby achieved. Labelled iodocompounds extracted from various tissues were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Moderate iodine deficiency resulted in a slight increase in the ratio of mono-iodotyrosine to di-iodotyrosine in the thyroid. No change in the ratio of tri-iodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine (T4) was found in thyroid, plasma or skeletal muscle. Faecal excretion of T3 declined appreciably relative to that of T4. Under iodine-replete conditions the ratio of thyroidal secretion rates of T3 and T4 was estimated to be more than three times higher than the ratio of these iodocompounds within the thyroid. Heterogeneity of thyroglobulin structure and function may explain these observations.", "PMID": 490078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_335", "title": "Prolonged intravenous infusion of labelled iodocompounds in the rat: [125I]thyroxine and [125I]tri-iodothyronine metabolism and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine.", "content": "Extrathyroidal tissues of the rat were labelled to steady state by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion of 125I-labelled thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3). Labelled iodocompounds extracted from various tissues were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Signifficant amounts of labelled T3 were found in all tissues examined after infusion of [125I]T4, confirming that conversion of T4 to T3 occurs in extrathyroidal tissues of the rat. Faecal excretion of labelled T3 after [125I]T4 infusion provided an assessment of the extent of extrathyroidal conversion: about a third of the T4 was metabolized by this pathway. Extrathyroidal conversion was independently estimated to account for about a third of the total production of T3. The site of extrathyroidal conversion was established by comparing the distribution of labelled T3 after the two types of infusion: kidney and liver were both prominent sites of conversion of T4 to T3.", "contents": "Prolonged intravenous infusion of labelled iodocompounds in the rat: [125I]thyroxine and [125I]tri-iodothyronine metabolism and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine. Extrathyroidal tissues of the rat were labelled to steady state by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion of 125I-labelled thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3). Labelled iodocompounds extracted from various tissues were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Signifficant amounts of labelled T3 were found in all tissues examined after infusion of [125I]T4, confirming that conversion of T4 to T3 occurs in extrathyroidal tissues of the rat. Faecal excretion of labelled T3 after [125I]T4 infusion provided an assessment of the extent of extrathyroidal conversion: about a third of the T4 was metabolized by this pathway. Extrathyroidal conversion was independently estimated to account for about a third of the total production of T3. The site of extrathyroidal conversion was established by comparing the distribution of labelled T3 after the two types of infusion: kidney and liver were both prominent sites of conversion of T4 to T3.", "PMID": 490079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_336", "title": "A sensitive and specific assay for 5-methoxytryptophol in plasma.", "content": "5-Methoxytryptophol (ML) is found in the pineal gland and is known to have biological activity especially as an antigonadotrophic agent, but methods have been lacking for its measurement in the circulation. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay using a trimethylsilyl derivative has been developed for the routine measurement of ML in plasma. The assay is of great specificity and has a sensitivity of 20 pmol/l. Studies on the levels of pineal indoles in the circulation, however, have been hampered by the possibility that extraneous compounds are being cross-measured. Thus the specificity of the routine assay has been further validated by comparing it with an alternative assay system where all the major parameters were changed, i.e. derivatizing reagent, internal standard and mass number. Results that were obtained using both assay systems were closely comparable.", "contents": "A sensitive and specific assay for 5-methoxytryptophol in plasma. 5-Methoxytryptophol (ML) is found in the pineal gland and is known to have biological activity especially as an antigonadotrophic agent, but methods have been lacking for its measurement in the circulation. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay using a trimethylsilyl derivative has been developed for the routine measurement of ML in plasma. The assay is of great specificity and has a sensitivity of 20 pmol/l. Studies on the levels of pineal indoles in the circulation, however, have been hampered by the possibility that extraneous compounds are being cross-measured. Thus the specificity of the routine assay has been further validated by comparing it with an alternative assay system where all the major parameters were changed, i.e. derivatizing reagent, internal standard and mass number. Results that were obtained using both assay systems were closely comparable.", "PMID": 490080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_337", "title": "Synthesis of prolactin by human decidua in vitro.", "content": "To determine whether human decidua and/or chorion synthesizes and secretes prolactin, explants of decidua obtained at Caesarian section and explants of chorion from the membranes separating dizygotic twins were cultured for periods of up to 6 days. The decidual explants released 366 +/- 37 ng prolactin/100 mg tissue (mean +/- S.D.) during each day in culture and incorporated 3H-labelled amino acids into immunoprecipitable prolactin. In the radioimmunoassay for prolactin, serial dilutions of incubation medium displaced 125I-labelled prolactin parallel to the displacement by pituitary prolactin and the prolactin in the medium eluted from Sephadex G-150 in a position indentical to that of pituitary prolactin. Chorionic explants released prolactin into the incubation medium during day 1 of culture only and did not incorporate 3H-labelled amino acids into prolactin. These results demonstrate that prolactin is  synthesized by the decidua and not by the chorion and suggest that the decidua is the source of prolactin in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Synthesis of prolactin by human decidua in vitro. To determine whether human decidua and/or chorion synthesizes and secretes prolactin, explants of decidua obtained at Caesarian section and explants of chorion from the membranes separating dizygotic twins were cultured for periods of up to 6 days. The decidual explants released 366 +/- 37 ng prolactin/100 mg tissue (mean +/- S.D.) during each day in culture and incorporated 3H-labelled amino acids into immunoprecipitable prolactin. In the radioimmunoassay for prolactin, serial dilutions of incubation medium displaced 125I-labelled prolactin parallel to the displacement by pituitary prolactin and the prolactin in the medium eluted from Sephadex G-150 in a position indentical to that of pituitary prolactin. Chorionic explants released prolactin into the incubation medium during day 1 of culture only and did not incorporate 3H-labelled amino acids into prolactin. These results demonstrate that prolactin is  synthesized by the decidua and not by the chorion and suggest that the decidua is the source of prolactin in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 490081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_338", "title": "Changes in the concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol in the circulation at different phases of the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "The pineal indole 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) has been shown to have an antigonadal activity when administered to experimental animals, but data on its normal pattern of secretion have been lacking. Using a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay, the concentration of ML at various phases of the human menstrual cycle has been studied. Daily samples were obtained throughout the month from five women with a normal cycle and two women taking an oral contraceptive. In women with a normal cycle levels of ML were found to be significantly lower in the last third of their cycle; this change was not seen in women taking an oral contraceptive who had low levels throughout the month. The changes in concentration of ML did not correlate with the changes in concentration of gonadotrophins.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol in the circulation at different phases of the human menstrual cycle. The pineal indole 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) has been shown to have an antigonadal activity when administered to experimental animals, but data on its normal pattern of secretion have been lacking. Using a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay, the concentration of ML at various phases of the human menstrual cycle has been studied. Daily samples were obtained throughout the month from five women with a normal cycle and two women taking an oral contraceptive. In women with a normal cycle levels of ML were found to be significantly lower in the last third of their cycle; this change was not seen in women taking an oral contraceptive who had low levels throughout the month. The changes in concentration of ML did not correlate with the changes in concentration of gonadotrophins.", "PMID": 490082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_339", "title": "Influence of the pineal gland, olfactory bulbs and photoperiod on surges of plasma prolactin in the female rat.", "content": "The role of the pineal gland, olfactory bulbs and photoperiod in the regulation of the two daily surges of plasma prolactin in the pseudopregnant rat has been investigated. Pinealectomy had no effect on the surges of prolactin in pseudopregnant rats maintained on either a long (14 h light : 10 h darkness; 14L : 10D) or a short (2L : 22D) photoperiod, but olfactory bulbectomy decreased the nocturnal surge in animals maintained on 14L : 10D. This effect of bulbectomy was eliminated if the rats maintained on 14L : 10D were also pinealectomized. After cervical stimulation, bulbectomized rats maintained on a 2L : 22D photoperiod had nocturnal-type prolactin surges similar to those of intact rats maintained on the same photoperiod. These results indicate that the pineal gland andlength of photoperiod are not involved in the regulation of the surges of plasma prolactin in pseudopregnant rats but that the olfactory bulbs may enhance the nocturnal surge.", "contents": "Influence of the pineal gland, olfactory bulbs and photoperiod on surges of plasma prolactin in the female rat. The role of the pineal gland, olfactory bulbs and photoperiod in the regulation of the two daily surges of plasma prolactin in the pseudopregnant rat has been investigated. Pinealectomy had no effect on the surges of prolactin in pseudopregnant rats maintained on either a long (14 h light : 10 h darkness; 14L : 10D) or a short (2L : 22D) photoperiod, but olfactory bulbectomy decreased the nocturnal surge in animals maintained on 14L : 10D. This effect of bulbectomy was eliminated if the rats maintained on 14L : 10D were also pinealectomized. After cervical stimulation, bulbectomized rats maintained on a 2L : 22D photoperiod had nocturnal-type prolactin surges similar to those of intact rats maintained on the same photoperiod. These results indicate that the pineal gland andlength of photoperiod are not involved in the regulation of the surges of plasma prolactin in pseudopregnant rats but that the olfactory bulbs may enhance the nocturnal surge.", "PMID": 490083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_340", "title": "Epitestosterone in the plasma of the goat during pregnancy and at parturition.", "content": "Epitestosterone, a product of the metabolism of androstenedione by the caprine placenta in vitro, is present in the plasma of the pregnant goat. The maternal concentrations of both epitestosterone and unconjugated oestrogens (mostly oestradiol-17 alpha) in the blood increased before parturition and dropped post partum. Measurement of arteriovenous differences at term indicated that epitestosterone was secreted by the uterus; its production was not dependent on the presence of corpora lutea. It is suggested that the concentration of epitestosterone (+ androstenedione + oestrogens) in maternal plasma may be used as an indicator of placental C-17,20 lyase activity; the slight rise in the concentration of these compounds prepartum suggests a relatively small increase in flow through this enzyme.", "contents": "Epitestosterone in the plasma of the goat during pregnancy and at parturition. Epitestosterone, a product of the metabolism of androstenedione by the caprine placenta in vitro, is present in the plasma of the pregnant goat. The maternal concentrations of both epitestosterone and unconjugated oestrogens (mostly oestradiol-17 alpha) in the blood increased before parturition and dropped post partum. Measurement of arteriovenous differences at term indicated that epitestosterone was secreted by the uterus; its production was not dependent on the presence of corpora lutea. It is suggested that the concentration of epitestosterone (+ androstenedione + oestrogens) in maternal plasma may be used as an indicator of placental C-17,20 lyase activity; the slight rise in the concentration of these compounds prepartum suggests a relatively small increase in flow through this enzyme.", "PMID": 490084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_341", "title": "Influence of androgens on the weights of the male accessory reproductive organs and on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes in the epididymis of the rat.", "content": "The influence of androgens on the male accessory glands of the rat was assessed in terms of changes in weight and of the specific activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase, glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, in the epididymis. In some instances, the activity of the cytoplasmic enzymes, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, was also measured and the influence of androgens on these enzymes was found to be similar to that on the mitochondrial enzymes. After the administration of androgen to castrated rats the specific activity of enzymes reached a new steady state sooner than did epididymal weight. The time taken for the specific activity of the enzymes to reach a new steady state after the removal of androgen was variable, depending on the enzyme and the region of the epididymis. This time was generally longer, however, than the time taken for induction, and in the case of glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, the decline of activity was slower in the cauda than in the caput. In castrated animals, about 100 times as much androgen was required to attain maximum tissue weight as was required to attain maximum enzyme activity. The epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles responded similarly to androgen in terms of the dose-response pattern and the time taken for tissue weight to attain a new steady-state value, although the gain in weight of the epididymis relative to its weight in unstimulated control animals was less than the relative gain of the other accessory glands. Enzymes in the cauda epididymidis required lower amounts of androgen to elicit maximum activity than were required by those in the caput. The rate of change in the accessory glands in attaining new steady-state levels of tissue weight and enzyme activity was independent of the dose of androgen except during the first few days of hormone administration. Androgens were the most effective steroids in stimulating an increase of tissue weight and enzyme activity, although some changes were induced by oestradiol-3-benzoate and progesterone.", "contents": "Influence of androgens on the weights of the male accessory reproductive organs and on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes in the epididymis of the rat. The influence of androgens on the male accessory glands of the rat was assessed in terms of changes in weight and of the specific activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase, glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, in the epididymis. In some instances, the activity of the cytoplasmic enzymes, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, was also measured and the influence of androgens on these enzymes was found to be similar to that on the mitochondrial enzymes. After the administration of androgen to castrated rats the specific activity of enzymes reached a new steady state sooner than did epididymal weight. The time taken for the specific activity of the enzymes to reach a new steady state after the removal of androgen was variable, depending on the enzyme and the region of the epididymis. This time was generally longer, however, than the time taken for induction, and in the case of glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, the decline of activity was slower in the cauda than in the caput. In castrated animals, about 100 times as much androgen was required to attain maximum tissue weight as was required to attain maximum enzyme activity. The epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles responded similarly to androgen in terms of the dose-response pattern and the time taken for tissue weight to attain a new steady-state value, although the gain in weight of the epididymis relative to its weight in unstimulated control animals was less than the relative gain of the other accessory glands. Enzymes in the cauda epididymidis required lower amounts of androgen to elicit maximum activity than were required by those in the caput. The rate of change in the accessory glands in attaining new steady-state levels of tissue weight and enzyme activity was independent of the dose of androgen except during the first few days of hormone administration. Androgens were the most effective steroids in stimulating an increase of tissue weight and enzyme activity, although some changes were induced by oestradiol-3-benzoate and progesterone.", "PMID": 490085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_342", "title": "Failure of melatonin to increase serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats subjected to superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinelaectomy.", "content": "The effects of melatonin on serum prolactin levels were examined in ovariectomized rats primed with oestradiol and progesterone, and subjected to bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinealectomy. Ganglionectomy resulted in a significant depression of the serum prolactin concentrations, as well as in impairment of the prolactin release evoked by administration of steroid. Treatment with melatonin increased serum prolactin in control but not in ganglionectomized rats. Injection of melatonin protentiated the steroid-induced release of prolactin in control rats; this effect of melatonin was not detected in ganglionectomized rats. Pinealectomy did not affect basal prolactin levels, nor impair the release of prolactin evoked by steroid treatment; however, it was effective in blocking the melatonin-induced release of prolactin in vehicle-treated rats, as well as the potentiation of steroid-induced prolactin release by melatonin. Intracranial surgery by itself increased prolactin release. These results suggest that systemically administered melatonin needs an intact pineal gland to augment serum prolactin levels.", "contents": "Failure of melatonin to increase serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats subjected to superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinelaectomy. The effects of melatonin on serum prolactin levels were examined in ovariectomized rats primed with oestradiol and progesterone, and subjected to bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinealectomy. Ganglionectomy resulted in a significant depression of the serum prolactin concentrations, as well as in impairment of the prolactin release evoked by administration of steroid. Treatment with melatonin increased serum prolactin in control but not in ganglionectomized rats. Injection of melatonin protentiated the steroid-induced release of prolactin in control rats; this effect of melatonin was not detected in ganglionectomized rats. Pinealectomy did not affect basal prolactin levels, nor impair the release of prolactin evoked by steroid treatment; however, it was effective in blocking the melatonin-induced release of prolactin in vehicle-treated rats, as well as the potentiation of steroid-induced prolactin release by melatonin. Intracranial surgery by itself increased prolactin release. These results suggest that systemically administered melatonin needs an intact pineal gland to augment serum prolactin levels.", "PMID": 490086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_343", "title": "Multiple sclerosis in southern Europe. I: Prevalence in Sicily in 1975.", "content": "Previous reports on large population groups have suggested that the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sicily and southern Italy is low, of the order of 4-8 per 100 000. In contrast, immigrants from Italy resident in Greater London, many of whom are from southern Italy and Sicily, had a hospitalised MS prevalence similar to that found among people born in the United Kingdom (1960-72). The present study shows that in Enna city (population 29 000) in central Sicily, the prevalence of probable MS was 53 per 100 000, which is of the same order of magnitude as has been reported from the United Kingdom and northern Europe. The high prevalence of MS found in Enna city may be due, at least in part, to the fact that the population studies was small. Because Enna is on high ground, similar studies are being undertaken in two small coastal towns of Sicily.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis in southern Europe. I: Prevalence in Sicily in 1975. Previous reports on large population groups have suggested that the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sicily and southern Italy is low, of the order of 4-8 per 100 000. In contrast, immigrants from Italy resident in Greater London, many of whom are from southern Italy and Sicily, had a hospitalised MS prevalence similar to that found among people born in the United Kingdom (1960-72). The present study shows that in Enna city (population 29 000) in central Sicily, the prevalence of probable MS was 53 per 100 000, which is of the same order of magnitude as has been reported from the United Kingdom and northern Europe. The high prevalence of MS found in Enna city may be due, at least in part, to the fact that the population studies was small. Because Enna is on high ground, similar studies are being undertaken in two small coastal towns of Sicily.", "PMID": 490087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_344", "title": "Multiple sclerosis in southern Europe. II: Prevalence in Malta in 1978.", "content": "After an intensive survey only 14 patients have been found with a diagnosis of probable multiple sclerosis (MS) in the islands of Malta. This is a low prevalence of 4.2 per 100 000. The low prevalence of MS is confirmed by the small number of deaths certified as due to MS--six in 11 years--and by the absence of Maltese MS patients resident in England among the MS patients admitted to hospital in Greater London and the West Midlands (1960-72). The low prevalence of MS found in Malta can be contrasted with the high prevalence found in Enna city in central Sicily. The genetic and environmental reasons for this difference in MS prevalence between the neighbouring islands of Sicily and Malta require further study.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis in southern Europe. II: Prevalence in Malta in 1978. After an intensive survey only 14 patients have been found with a diagnosis of probable multiple sclerosis (MS) in the islands of Malta. This is a low prevalence of 4.2 per 100 000. The low prevalence of MS is confirmed by the small number of deaths certified as due to MS--six in 11 years--and by the absence of Maltese MS patients resident in England among the MS patients admitted to hospital in Greater London and the West Midlands (1960-72). The low prevalence of MS found in Malta can be contrasted with the high prevalence found in Enna city in central Sicily. The genetic and environmental reasons for this difference in MS prevalence between the neighbouring islands of Sicily and Malta require further study.", "PMID": 490088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_345", "title": "Surprising decline of cardiovascular mortality in Switzerland: 1951-1976.", "content": "In Switzerland the age-standardised death rate for 'all diseases of the circulatory system' decreased by 22% in males and by 43% in females between 1951 and 1976, which represented a third and nearly a half respectively of the decrease in all deaths. Mortality was reduced by 13% in males and by 40% in females for non-rheumatic heart disease and hypertension, and by 36% and 47% respectively for cerebrovascular disease. These reductions were on the whole greater than those observed in the 13 other developed countries studied. From 1951 to 1976 consumption of animal fats per caput increased by 20% in Switzerland, in spite of a 46% reduction in milk intake. Throughout the same period, smoking increased among women while it remained steady or possibly declined in men. During the last decade a threefold rise in the sales of antihypertensive drugs was observed. Oral contraceptives seem to have been widely used by Swiss women since the 1960s. There were also increases in the proportion of women in professional occupations, and in urbanisation. The advent of the economic recession was associated with a sudden rise in mortality from non-rheumatic heart disease and hypertension in 1974-76.", "contents": "Surprising decline of cardiovascular mortality in Switzerland: 1951-1976. In Switzerland the age-standardised death rate for 'all diseases of the circulatory system' decreased by 22% in males and by 43% in females between 1951 and 1976, which represented a third and nearly a half respectively of the decrease in all deaths. Mortality was reduced by 13% in males and by 40% in females for non-rheumatic heart disease and hypertension, and by 36% and 47% respectively for cerebrovascular disease. These reductions were on the whole greater than those observed in the 13 other developed countries studied. From 1951 to 1976 consumption of animal fats per caput increased by 20% in Switzerland, in spite of a 46% reduction in milk intake. Throughout the same period, smoking increased among women while it remained steady or possibly declined in men. During the last decade a threefold rise in the sales of antihypertensive drugs was observed. Oral contraceptives seem to have been widely used by Swiss women since the 1960s. There were also increases in the proportion of women in professional occupations, and in urbanisation. The advent of the economic recession was associated with a sudden rise in mortality from non-rheumatic heart disease and hypertension in 1974-76.", "PMID": 490089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_346", "title": "Sickness absence after inguinal herniorrhaphy.", "content": "Eight hundred and ninety-nine men were studied, aged 16-65 inclusive, who underwent an elective inguinal herniorrhaphy during 1970 and 1971 in eight hospitals in Wessex, and under nine consultant surgeons. There was a significant variation in postoperative inpatient stay and total sickness absence between hospitals and between consultants. The physical activity involved in the patient's occupation, his age at operation, previous sickness absence, bilateral herniorrhaphy, attendance at follow-up outpatients' clinic, type of repair, and the influence exerted by three hospitals and two consultants accounted for only 21% of the variation in total sickness absence. The general practitioners who had referred patients to the hospitals for herniorrhaphy, and the consultant surgeons who carried out the operations, were sent a questionnaire to ascertain their attitudes towards follow-up outpatient appointments and the various factors identified in the first part of the study as significantly influencing total sickness absence. A higher proportion of GPs who felt that an outpatient appointment was necessary before return to work was found in relation to the patients who had the longest mean total sickness absences than among the GPs who looked after the patients with shorter total sickness absences.", "contents": "Sickness absence after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Eight hundred and ninety-nine men were studied, aged 16-65 inclusive, who underwent an elective inguinal herniorrhaphy during 1970 and 1971 in eight hospitals in Wessex, and under nine consultant surgeons. There was a significant variation in postoperative inpatient stay and total sickness absence between hospitals and between consultants. The physical activity involved in the patient's occupation, his age at operation, previous sickness absence, bilateral herniorrhaphy, attendance at follow-up outpatients' clinic, type of repair, and the influence exerted by three hospitals and two consultants accounted for only 21% of the variation in total sickness absence. The general practitioners who had referred patients to the hospitals for herniorrhaphy, and the consultant surgeons who carried out the operations, were sent a questionnaire to ascertain their attitudes towards follow-up outpatient appointments and the various factors identified in the first part of the study as significantly influencing total sickness absence. A higher proportion of GPs who felt that an outpatient appointment was necessary before return to work was found in relation to the patients who had the longest mean total sickness absences than among the GPs who looked after the patients with shorter total sickness absences.", "PMID": 490090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_347", "title": "Tuberculosis among immigrants in the United Kingdom: the role of occupational health services.", "content": "Immigrant workers in the United Kingdom account for 7.8% of the working population. Their health problems fall into three groups--imported diseases, occupational accidents, and acquired diseases. In the latter group, tuberculosis is still a major problem. A retrospective study tracing notifiable cases of tuberculosis to points of entry at Heathrow Airport indicates that the majority of immigrants acquire the disease after entry. The occupational health services have a great role to play in detecting the new cases very early and in providing appropriate screening and follow-up. Proper co-ordination between occupational and community health services will give the best results and lead to a rapid decline of the disease.", "contents": "Tuberculosis among immigrants in the United Kingdom: the role of occupational health services. Immigrant workers in the United Kingdom account for 7.8% of the working population. Their health problems fall into three groups--imported diseases, occupational accidents, and acquired diseases. In the latter group, tuberculosis is still a major problem. A retrospective study tracing notifiable cases of tuberculosis to points of entry at Heathrow Airport indicates that the majority of immigrants acquire the disease after entry. The occupational health services have a great role to play in detecting the new cases very early and in providing appropriate screening and follow-up. Proper co-ordination between occupational and community health services will give the best results and lead to a rapid decline of the disease.", "PMID": 490092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_348", "title": "Alcohol and oesophageal cancer: an assessment of the evidence from routinely collected data.", "content": "Although various factors have been implicated in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer, one factor common to many countries is the consumption of alcoholic beverages. In England and Wales mrtality from oesophageal cancer declined rapidly during the early part of this century but both mortality and incidence have increased in recent years. The generation of males born in 1906 had lower mortality than any preceding or succeeding generation. It is suggested that ages 20 to 30 may be critical in the development of oesophageal cancer and that the 1906 cohort was less exposed to alcohol than other generations. The international analysis suggests that ethyl alcohol itself rather than any specific alcoholic beverage is associated with this cancer.", "contents": "Alcohol and oesophageal cancer: an assessment of the evidence from routinely collected data. Although various factors have been implicated in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer, one factor common to many countries is the consumption of alcoholic beverages. In England and Wales mrtality from oesophageal cancer declined rapidly during the early part of this century but both mortality and incidence have increased in recent years. The generation of males born in 1906 had lower mortality than any preceding or succeeding generation. It is suggested that ages 20 to 30 may be critical in the development of oesophageal cancer and that the 1906 cohort was less exposed to alcohol than other generations. The international analysis suggests that ethyl alcohol itself rather than any specific alcoholic beverage is associated with this cancer.", "PMID": 490091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_349", "title": "Self-reported morbidity data as an indicator of regional resource requirement.", "content": "In this paper five variables are taken from the General Household Survey and the statistical technique of multidimensional scaling is used to estimate the relationships between the standard economic regions of England and Wales in terms of their self-reported morbidity. An estimate is then made of the proportion of resources that must be allocated to each region in order to eliminate the differences found. The five variables measuring longstanding illness; limiting longstanding illness; restricted activity; certificated absence; and general practitioner consultation were standardised, and input to a multidimensional scaling programme. This showed that the English regions were very similar to each other, although a morbidity continuum could be identified which corresponded to the North-South variation in socioeconomic conditions found in England. Wales, however, shows considerable difference from the English regions, a difference which cannot be explained purely in terms of the socioeconomic conditions in the region. For this reason a far more detailed investigation is proposed.", "contents": "Self-reported morbidity data as an indicator of regional resource requirement. In this paper five variables are taken from the General Household Survey and the statistical technique of multidimensional scaling is used to estimate the relationships between the standard economic regions of England and Wales in terms of their self-reported morbidity. An estimate is then made of the proportion of resources that must be allocated to each region in order to eliminate the differences found. The five variables measuring longstanding illness; limiting longstanding illness; restricted activity; certificated absence; and general practitioner consultation were standardised, and input to a multidimensional scaling programme. This showed that the English regions were very similar to each other, although a morbidity continuum could be identified which corresponded to the North-South variation in socioeconomic conditions found in England. Wales, however, shows considerable difference from the English regions, a difference which cannot be explained purely in terms of the socioeconomic conditions in the region. For this reason a far more detailed investigation is proposed.", "PMID": 490093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_350", "title": "The impact of training traditional birth attendants on the utilisation of maternal health services.", "content": "The impact of training traditional birth attendants (TBAs) on the utilisation of maternal health services at a rural health training centre in India has been studied. Records of the utilisation of the services for two periods of six months each (one before training and one after) have been analysed. A marked improvement in the registration of antenatal cases at an earlier date in pregnancy has been observed. The average number of visits to antenatal clinics, the immunisation against tetanus, and the presence of trained personnel at the time of delivery all showed considerable improvement after the local TBAs had been trained and motivated. The differences observed in the two series were statistically significant.", "contents": "The impact of training traditional birth attendants on the utilisation of maternal health services. The impact of training traditional birth attendants (TBAs) on the utilisation of maternal health services at a rural health training centre in India has been studied. Records of the utilisation of the services for two periods of six months each (one before training and one after) have been analysed. A marked improvement in the registration of antenatal cases at an earlier date in pregnancy has been observed. The average number of visits to antenatal clinics, the immunisation against tetanus, and the presence of trained personnel at the time of delivery all showed considerable improvement after the local TBAs had been trained and motivated. The differences observed in the two series were statistically significant.", "PMID": 490094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_351", "title": "The role of dispensaries in community health care in the Kainji Lake area of Nigeria.", "content": "Dispensaries have been the most common providers of health services in the Kainji Lake rural area of Nigeria and the only form of health facility in this area. A survey of the working conditions of the dispensary assistants showed that 70% of the respondents are already frustrated because of lack of support, supervision, and prospects for further training. A proposal is made for further training of the dispensary assistants and for improving their conditions of service. The seasonal distribution of the common diseases (malaria, gastroenteritis, chest infections, skin diseases, gonorrhoea, and schistosomiasis) shows that infection follows the pattern of rainfall, and that there are some differences between the pattern of these common diseases and the common ailments reported by the villagers located away from the dispensaries. A suggestion is made for the introduction of primary health workers to meet the health needs of the villagers, 60% of whom have not received dispensary services.", "contents": "The role of dispensaries in community health care in the Kainji Lake area of Nigeria. Dispensaries have been the most common providers of health services in the Kainji Lake rural area of Nigeria and the only form of health facility in this area. A survey of the working conditions of the dispensary assistants showed that 70% of the respondents are already frustrated because of lack of support, supervision, and prospects for further training. A proposal is made for further training of the dispensary assistants and for improving their conditions of service. The seasonal distribution of the common diseases (malaria, gastroenteritis, chest infections, skin diseases, gonorrhoea, and schistosomiasis) shows that infection follows the pattern of rainfall, and that there are some differences between the pattern of these common diseases and the common ailments reported by the villagers located away from the dispensaries. A suggestion is made for the introduction of primary health workers to meet the health needs of the villagers, 60% of whom have not received dispensary services.", "PMID": 490095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_352", "title": "The cost of treatment of dermatological disorders in hospital versus health centre.", "content": "Well-run outpatient services and reasonable charges to patients for drugs have led to reduced hospitalisation of dermatological patients and hence a reduction in the total cost of nursing and treating such patients in comparison with previous years, when there was greater emphasis on hospital treatment. There is at present no waiting list for dermatological beds at the National Hospital.", "contents": "The cost of treatment of dermatological disorders in hospital versus health centre. Well-run outpatient services and reasonable charges to patients for drugs have led to reduced hospitalisation of dermatological patients and hence a reduction in the total cost of nursing and treating such patients in comparison with previous years, when there was greater emphasis on hospital treatment. There is at present no waiting list for dermatological beds at the National Hospital.", "PMID": 490097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_353", "title": "On the estimation of relative risk from vital statistical data.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of a measure of relative risk from vital statistical data. If the frequency of disease in a population is linearly related to the level of exposure to a given factor, then a measure of the relative risk can be estimated from the slope and intercept of the regression line. For example, when the exposure is measured in terms of the proportion of the population exposed to the factor, then the relative risk is equal to (Formula: see text). This offers an indirect but simple and inexpensive method for estimating relative risk. It should be used with caution, particularly where confounding factors may be responsible for the apparent association between disease and factor. Applications of the method to estimate the relative risk of (a) circulatory diseases in women using oral contraceptives and (b) ovarian cancer in women with different average family sizes, both yielded relative risk estimates comparable with those obtained from case-control and prospective studies.", "contents": "On the estimation of relative risk from vital statistical data. A method is described for the determination of a measure of relative risk from vital statistical data. If the frequency of disease in a population is linearly related to the level of exposure to a given factor, then a measure of the relative risk can be estimated from the slope and intercept of the regression line. For example, when the exposure is measured in terms of the proportion of the population exposed to the factor, then the relative risk is equal to (Formula: see text). This offers an indirect but simple and inexpensive method for estimating relative risk. It should be used with caution, particularly where confounding factors may be responsible for the apparent association between disease and factor. Applications of the method to estimate the relative risk of (a) circulatory diseases in women using oral contraceptives and (b) ovarian cancer in women with different average family sizes, both yielded relative risk estimates comparable with those obtained from case-control and prospective studies.", "PMID": 490098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_354", "title": "Deviations from matching as a measure of preference for alternatives in pigeons.", "content": "Preferences for larger or smaller defined response classes were investigated in a concurrent schedule precedure. Twelve pigeons were run on a series of concurrent variable-interval reinforcement schedules, from which baseline matching functions were obtained. An experimental phase followed, in which a second response key was available in one concurrent schedule alternative. For half the birds, the second key was programmed identically with the first; for the other half, the added key was programmed for extinction, with position irrelevant. Comparison of baseline and experimental matching functions revealed no systematic changes in either slope or intercept for birds in the latter group.", "contents": "Deviations from matching as a measure of preference for alternatives in pigeons. Preferences for larger or smaller defined response classes were investigated in a concurrent schedule precedure. Twelve pigeons were run on a series of concurrent variable-interval reinforcement schedules, from which baseline matching functions were obtained. An experimental phase followed, in which a second response key was available in one concurrent schedule alternative. For half the birds, the second key was programmed identically with the first; for the other half, the added key was programmed for extinction, with position irrelevant. Comparison of baseline and experimental matching functions revealed no systematic changes in either slope or intercept for birds in the latter group.", "PMID": 490100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_355", "title": "Acquisition of stimulus control while introducing new stimuli in fading.", "content": "After establishing discrimination between a red positive stimulus and a green negative stimulus, the lowest intensity colors that restricted all responding to the positive stimulus were determined. Then, two new white lines differing in terms of line orientation were each superimposed on one of the colors and were increased in intensity. Thereafter, the intensity of the colors was decreased and eventually eliminated. Probe stimuli consisting of the lines presented against dark backgrounds were presented before each change of stimulus intensity, and probe responding was used to assess the control acquired by various dimension of the new stimuli during the course of fading. The lines acquired control of responding while they were being introduced, and control was strengthened as the colors were attenuated. Such a locus of acquisition was attributed to the starting intensity of the original controlling stimuli and was explained in terms of stimulus blocking. Finally, using probes while introducing the new stimuli enhanced the acquisition of control by the new stimuli.", "contents": "Acquisition of stimulus control while introducing new stimuli in fading. After establishing discrimination between a red positive stimulus and a green negative stimulus, the lowest intensity colors that restricted all responding to the positive stimulus were determined. Then, two new white lines differing in terms of line orientation were each superimposed on one of the colors and were increased in intensity. Thereafter, the intensity of the colors was decreased and eventually eliminated. Probe stimuli consisting of the lines presented against dark backgrounds were presented before each change of stimulus intensity, and probe responding was used to assess the control acquired by various dimension of the new stimuli during the course of fading. The lines acquired control of responding while they were being introduced, and control was strengthened as the colors were attenuated. Such a locus of acquisition was attributed to the starting intensity of the original controlling stimuli and was explained in terms of stimulus blocking. Finally, using probes while introducing the new stimuli enhanced the acquisition of control by the new stimuli.", "PMID": 490101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_356", "title": "Positive behavioral contrast in 3-month-old infants on multiple conjugate reinforcement schedules.", "content": "Positive behavioral contrast was assessed in two experiments with young infants using multiple conjugate reinforcement schedules. Reinforcement was produced by footkicks which activated the objects of an overhead crib mobile in a manner proportional to the vigor and rate of responding. Distinctive color/pattern cues on the sides of the objects served as discriminative stimuli for components of the multiple schedule. In Experiment 1, infants were trained with one cue (S+) only before insertion of S+ into a multiple schedule with an extinction component. A control group received S+ throughout all sessions. In Experiment 2, a multiple schedule was introduced at the outset, and responses in both components were reinforced before the introduction of extinction in the second component. In a final phase, reinforcement was reintroduced into the second component. Positive behavioral contrast occurred in both experiments. Response reduction in the extinction component was seen only in individual relative response curves. In both experiments, negative emotional behaviors accompanied the extinction component, and in Experiment 1, cooing accompanied presentations of S+.", "contents": "Positive behavioral contrast in 3-month-old infants on multiple conjugate reinforcement schedules. Positive behavioral contrast was assessed in two experiments with young infants using multiple conjugate reinforcement schedules. Reinforcement was produced by footkicks which activated the objects of an overhead crib mobile in a manner proportional to the vigor and rate of responding. Distinctive color/pattern cues on the sides of the objects served as discriminative stimuli for components of the multiple schedule. In Experiment 1, infants were trained with one cue (S+) only before insertion of S+ into a multiple schedule with an extinction component. A control group received S+ throughout all sessions. In Experiment 2, a multiple schedule was introduced at the outset, and responses in both components were reinforced before the introduction of extinction in the second component. In a final phase, reinforcement was reintroduced into the second component. Positive behavioral contrast occurred in both experiments. Response reduction in the extinction component was seen only in individual relative response curves. In both experiments, negative emotional behaviors accompanied the extinction component, and in Experiment 1, cooing accompanied presentations of S+.", "PMID": 490102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_357", "title": "Child abuse: an approach for early diagnosis.", "content": "The importance of early diagnosis in child abuse cases has long been recognized and its importance, as well as the potential sequelae of undiagnosed abuse, is addressed here. Because the family physician is in the unique position of treating a family as a unit, he/she has access to a variety of data that should aid in early identification of child abuse cases. By drawing on studies detailing profiles of the abusing parent, the abused child, their interactions, and the injuries associated with child abuse, a model for such early diagnosis is presented.", "contents": "Child abuse: an approach for early diagnosis. The importance of early diagnosis in child abuse cases has long been recognized and its importance, as well as the potential sequelae of undiagnosed abuse, is addressed here. Because the family physician is in the unique position of treating a family as a unit, he/she has access to a variety of data that should aid in early identification of child abuse cases. By drawing on studies detailing profiles of the abusing parent, the abused child, their interactions, and the injuries associated with child abuse, a model for such early diagnosis is presented.", "PMID": 490104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_358", "title": "Maternal attitudes toward circumcision.", "content": "Two hundred questionnaires were completed anonymously by mothers to determine the nature of their attitudes and knowledge of neonatal circumcision. Neonatal circumcision had been performed on 95 percent of the sons. A wide variety of reasons were given for circumcising newborns; few were medically valid. Eighty-seven percent of mothers considered circumcision to be without risk, and 80 percent of mothers stated that the risks of circumcision had not been explained to them. This retrospective study revealed a lack of maternal understanding regarding neonatal circumcision.", "contents": "Maternal attitudes toward circumcision. Two hundred questionnaires were completed anonymously by mothers to determine the nature of their attitudes and knowledge of neonatal circumcision. Neonatal circumcision had been performed on 95 percent of the sons. A wide variety of reasons were given for circumcising newborns; few were medically valid. Eighty-seven percent of mothers considered circumcision to be without risk, and 80 percent of mothers stated that the risks of circumcision had not been explained to them. This retrospective study revealed a lack of maternal understanding regarding neonatal circumcision.", "PMID": 490105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_359", "title": "Guidelines for family interviewing and brief therapy by the family physician.", "content": "Psychosomatic and behavioral problems are commonly seen in the practice of family medicine. If these problems are viewed as difficulties with family interaction, rather than as difficulties of an individual family member, intervention may be more successful. Treatment of families with problems involves interviewing the family unit, identifying and altering dysfunctional behavioral patterns within the family which serve to maintain the problem, and making selected referrals to experienced family therapists.", "contents": "Guidelines for family interviewing and brief therapy by the family physician. Psychosomatic and behavioral problems are commonly seen in the practice of family medicine. If these problems are viewed as difficulties with family interaction, rather than as difficulties of an individual family member, intervention may be more successful. Treatment of families with problems involves interviewing the family unit, identifying and altering dysfunctional behavioral patterns within the family which serve to maintain the problem, and making selected referrals to experienced family therapists.", "PMID": 490106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_360", "title": "Predoctoral education in family medicine: a ten-year perspective.", "content": "The educational goals chosen by teachers of family medicine for predoctoral students a decade ago differ substantially from the present goals. The original goals were to increase the number of family physicians, provide them with the basic knowledge and skills to practice, integrate the concepts of family medicine into the total medical school curriculum, and develop the \"attitudes and ideals\" of the good family physician. A series of basic learning principles were evolved to attain these goals. These included: teach in a practice setting, focus on persons rather than disease processes, use a team approach to teaching, involve students in the planning and evaluation process, and recognize curriculum development as a dynamic process. The present curriculum has an increased emphasis on clinical skills in family practice and on integration of behavioral science; there is a new emphasis on the role of the physician in the community and a better understanding of health care systems. Future directions for family medicine include increasing the emphasis on interpersonal communications, clinical synthesis, and clinical assessment.", "contents": "Predoctoral education in family medicine: a ten-year perspective. The educational goals chosen by teachers of family medicine for predoctoral students a decade ago differ substantially from the present goals. The original goals were to increase the number of family physicians, provide them with the basic knowledge and skills to practice, integrate the concepts of family medicine into the total medical school curriculum, and develop the \"attitudes and ideals\" of the good family physician. A series of basic learning principles were evolved to attain these goals. These included: teach in a practice setting, focus on persons rather than disease processes, use a team approach to teaching, involve students in the planning and evaluation process, and recognize curriculum development as a dynamic process. The present curriculum has an increased emphasis on clinical skills in family practice and on integration of behavioral science; there is a new emphasis on the role of the physician in the community and a better understanding of health care systems. Future directions for family medicine include increasing the emphasis on interpersonal communications, clinical synthesis, and clinical assessment.", "PMID": 490107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_361", "title": "Graduate education in family practice: a ten-year review.", "content": "Assessment of the progress of graduate education in family practice after ten years shows that the original goals established for residency training in this specialty are being effectively met. There are now more than 360 approved family practice residencies in the United States with over 6,000 residents in training. Student interest in these programs has remained at a high level, and attrition has been low. Graduates of these programs have favored partnership and group family practice, and are well distributed in rural, suburban, and metropolitan areas. Heavy emphasis has been placed upon quality control mechanisms for both internal and external review of family practice residency programs. This paper outlines some concerns regarding the present status of family practice residencies, and suggests some directions for future development of these programs.", "contents": "Graduate education in family practice: a ten-year review. Assessment of the progress of graduate education in family practice after ten years shows that the original goals established for residency training in this specialty are being effectively met. There are now more than 360 approved family practice residencies in the United States with over 6,000 residents in training. Student interest in these programs has remained at a high level, and attrition has been low. Graduates of these programs have favored partnership and group family practice, and are well distributed in rural, suburban, and metropolitan areas. Heavy emphasis has been placed upon quality control mechanisms for both internal and external review of family practice residency programs. This paper outlines some concerns regarding the present status of family practice residencies, and suggests some directions for future development of these programs.", "PMID": 490108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_362", "title": "Health beliefs of hypertensive patients in a family medicine residency program.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a survey of the hypertensive patient population in a university family medicine practice to determine health beliefs, patient perceptions of the severity of their condition, stated levels of compliance to drug regimens, frequency of drug side effects, and frequency of physician discussions of drug side effects and diet. Health beliefs were then associated with diastolic hypertension and increase in medication dosage over a four-month period. Results of the survey sharpen the focus of patient education efforts by the family physician on specific attitudes, beliefs, and treatment issues which are most appropriate for the hypertensive patient. The physician may improve his/her management of hypertensive patients by: (1) anticipating prevalent myths and misconceptions which patients have concerning hypertension; (2) alleviating patient anxiety by stressing that control of blood pressure decreases the likelihood of complications; (3) effectively communicating to each patient the current status of his/her condition at each visit; and (4) initiating discussion of side effects through direct questioning for those effects most frequently seen.", "contents": "Health beliefs of hypertensive patients in a family medicine residency program. This paper presents the results of a survey of the hypertensive patient population in a university family medicine practice to determine health beliefs, patient perceptions of the severity of their condition, stated levels of compliance to drug regimens, frequency of drug side effects, and frequency of physician discussions of drug side effects and diet. Health beliefs were then associated with diastolic hypertension and increase in medication dosage over a four-month period. Results of the survey sharpen the focus of patient education efforts by the family physician on specific attitudes, beliefs, and treatment issues which are most appropriate for the hypertensive patient. The physician may improve his/her management of hypertensive patients by: (1) anticipating prevalent myths and misconceptions which patients have concerning hypertension; (2) alleviating patient anxiety by stressing that control of blood pressure decreases the likelihood of complications; (3) effectively communicating to each patient the current status of his/her condition at each visit; and (4) initiating discussion of side effects through direct questioning for those effects most frequently seen.", "PMID": 490109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_363", "title": "The after-hours call in family practice.", "content": "Patient care after hours continues to be an important part of the work of family physicians, in spite of the trend towards increasing Emergency Room utilization. In this paper the literature concerning after-hours care in family practice is reviewed in terms of definition, demography, utilization, morbidity, and patient stereotypes. In the Family Practice Residency Program of the University of North Carolina, 4,760 after-hours calls were recorded over two years by residents and faculty physicians. Seventy-two percent of the calls were handled purely on the telephone with little variation for patient age groups. The overall call rate was 474 calls per 1,000 patients per year. Fever and skin wounds were the most frequent symptoms recorded and respiratory tract infections, minor trauma, and anxiety were the commonest diagnoses. Thirteen percent of the contacts engendered anger or frustration in the physician. A survey of patients calling after hours demonstrated a lack of congruence between physician and patient concerning the main reason for the call in over 30 percent of contacts.", "contents": "The after-hours call in family practice. Patient care after hours continues to be an important part of the work of family physicians, in spite of the trend towards increasing Emergency Room utilization. In this paper the literature concerning after-hours care in family practice is reviewed in terms of definition, demography, utilization, morbidity, and patient stereotypes. In the Family Practice Residency Program of the University of North Carolina, 4,760 after-hours calls were recorded over two years by residents and faculty physicians. Seventy-two percent of the calls were handled purely on the telephone with little variation for patient age groups. The overall call rate was 474 calls per 1,000 patients per year. Fever and skin wounds were the most frequent symptoms recorded and respiratory tract infections, minor trauma, and anxiety were the commonest diagnoses. Thirteen percent of the contacts engendered anger or frustration in the physician. A survey of patients calling after hours demonstrated a lack of congruence between physician and patient concerning the main reason for the call in over 30 percent of contacts.", "PMID": 490111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_364", "title": "Epigenetic formation of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the house mouse, Mus musculus.", "content": "The origin of mouse lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) sub-bands was investigated by using our miniaturized polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic apparatus. Mouse LDH isozymes are generated by combinations of three types of A subunit, the primary type and two epigenetically modified forms. These are designated A1, A2, and A3 in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities towards the anode. The A1 subunit arises from the covalent binding of molecules of glutathione through disulfide bonds to the original subunit, A3. The A2 subunit arises from the covalent binding of molecules of cysteine through disulfide bonds to the A3 subunit. All isozymes can be explained as tetramers composed of the three kinds of A subunit (A1, A2, or A3) in combination with B subunits to yield a total of 35 isozymes. The kinetic properties of these sub-bands were also examined. There was no difference between A24 and A34 in the Km for pyruvate and for lactate. Thermostability at 56 degrees C was greater for A34 than for A24. The activities of tetramers at the electrophoretic position of A3B1 and A4 in extracts containing all five isozymes were increased by treatment of the extracts with high concentrations of reduced glutathione or cysteine with the concomitant disappearance or decrease in activity of tetramers at the position of B4 and A3B1. These results suggest that, in the presence of reduced glutathione or cysteine, LDH isozymes containing the B subunit are first dissociated and then the A subunits are preferentaially recombined.", "contents": "Epigenetic formation of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the house mouse, Mus musculus. The origin of mouse lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) sub-bands was investigated by using our miniaturized polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic apparatus. Mouse LDH isozymes are generated by combinations of three types of A subunit, the primary type and two epigenetically modified forms. These are designated A1, A2, and A3 in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities towards the anode. The A1 subunit arises from the covalent binding of molecules of glutathione through disulfide bonds to the original subunit, A3. The A2 subunit arises from the covalent binding of molecules of cysteine through disulfide bonds to the A3 subunit. All isozymes can be explained as tetramers composed of the three kinds of A subunit (A1, A2, or A3) in combination with B subunits to yield a total of 35 isozymes. The kinetic properties of these sub-bands were also examined. There was no difference between A24 and A34 in the Km for pyruvate and for lactate. Thermostability at 56 degrees C was greater for A34 than for A24. The activities of tetramers at the electrophoretic position of A3B1 and A4 in extracts containing all five isozymes were increased by treatment of the extracts with high concentrations of reduced glutathione or cysteine with the concomitant disappearance or decrease in activity of tetramers at the position of B4 and A3B1. These results suggest that, in the presence of reduced glutathione or cysteine, LDH isozymes containing the B subunit are first dissociated and then the A subunits are preferentaially recombined.", "PMID": 490117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_365", "title": "The distribution of sorbitol dehydrogenase in embryonic and adult chicken tissues.", "content": "Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity (SDH) has been determined in various organs of embryonic and adult chickens. SDH is present in 24-hour embryos, and its activity continues to rise during the next 48 hours. During embryonic development and after hatching, regional differences in SDH activity are demonstrable in the organs of the animal. These differences concern both level of enzyme activity and temporal changes with development. No correlation could be established between enzymatic activity and the fructose concentration of the organs studied.", "contents": "The distribution of sorbitol dehydrogenase in embryonic and adult chicken tissues. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity (SDH) has been determined in various organs of embryonic and adult chickens. SDH is present in 24-hour embryos, and its activity continues to rise during the next 48 hours. During embryonic development and after hatching, regional differences in SDH activity are demonstrable in the organs of the animal. These differences concern both level of enzyme activity and temporal changes with development. No correlation could be established between enzymatic activity and the fructose concentration of the organs studied.", "PMID": 490118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_366", "title": "Light-induced acceleration of retina development in a mouth-brooding teleost.", "content": "Rearing animals in the dark had been shown to be either without effect on the development of the retina or to result in a reduction or a delay of retinal maturation. In the present study, the influence of light on a retina which normally develops under conditions of very dim light has been investigated. When 3-day-old embryos of the mouth-brooding teleost Tilapia leucosticta are placed into a continuously lighted environment, from day 6 on, optic tract diameter and inner plexiform layer thickness increase up to day 10 or 12. In the dark-reared retina, this increase occurs only after day 10. Similarly, synaptic junctions of the inner plexiform layer appear at about day 6 in the light-reared retina and increase continuously on following days, whereas in the retina of embryos reared in darkness, they appear at day 7 and do not increase essentially before day 11. These and other data suggest that continuous light induces a precocious growth of retinal structures. The first differences between light- and dark-reared retinae appear synchronously with the beginning of receptor cell development and prior to the first synaptic junctions. A non-neurally mediated effect of light on the retinal ganglion cells is consequently assumed.", "contents": "Light-induced acceleration of retina development in a mouth-brooding teleost. Rearing animals in the dark had been shown to be either without effect on the development of the retina or to result in a reduction or a delay of retinal maturation. In the present study, the influence of light on a retina which normally develops under conditions of very dim light has been investigated. When 3-day-old embryos of the mouth-brooding teleost Tilapia leucosticta are placed into a continuously lighted environment, from day 6 on, optic tract diameter and inner plexiform layer thickness increase up to day 10 or 12. In the dark-reared retina, this increase occurs only after day 10. Similarly, synaptic junctions of the inner plexiform layer appear at about day 6 in the light-reared retina and increase continuously on following days, whereas in the retina of embryos reared in darkness, they appear at day 7 and do not increase essentially before day 11. These and other data suggest that continuous light induces a precocious growth of retinal structures. The first differences between light- and dark-reared retinae appear synchronously with the beginning of receptor cell development and prior to the first synaptic junctions. A non-neurally mediated effect of light on the retinal ganglion cells is consequently assumed.", "PMID": 490119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_367", "title": "Interactions between irradiated and unirradiated tissues during supernumerary limb formation in the newt.", "content": "The interactions between irradiated and unirradiated blastemas and stumps in the newt forelimb were studied. Irradiated right blastemas at the stage of early digits were grafted to unirradiated left stumps and unirradiated left blastemas were grafted to irradiated right stumps. Grafts were oriented with their anterior-posterior axes opposed to that of the stumps. Supernumerary limbs ranging in completeness from one to four digits were found to arise predominantly on the anterior or posterior sides of the host limb. The graft developed well when the blastema was unirradiated and had reversed handedness with respect to the stump. Irradiated grafts developed poorly. On occasions, limbs with two supernumerary structures were found. The results are discussed in terms of the origin of the cells which comprise the supernumerary limbs and their bearing on a recently presented model concerned with pattern specification and regulation in epimorphic fields.", "contents": "Interactions between irradiated and unirradiated tissues during supernumerary limb formation in the newt. The interactions between irradiated and unirradiated blastemas and stumps in the newt forelimb were studied. Irradiated right blastemas at the stage of early digits were grafted to unirradiated left stumps and unirradiated left blastemas were grafted to irradiated right stumps. Grafts were oriented with their anterior-posterior axes opposed to that of the stumps. Supernumerary limbs ranging in completeness from one to four digits were found to arise predominantly on the anterior or posterior sides of the host limb. The graft developed well when the blastema was unirradiated and had reversed handedness with respect to the stump. Irradiated grafts developed poorly. On occasions, limbs with two supernumerary structures were found. The results are discussed in terms of the origin of the cells which comprise the supernumerary limbs and their bearing on a recently presented model concerned with pattern specification and regulation in epimorphic fields.", "PMID": 490120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_368", "title": "Periodic breathing in the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus: consequences for the gas exchange ratio and control of breathing.", "content": "The ventilatory pattern in the Nile crocodile consists of episodes of breathing, interrupted by periods of breath-holding, the latter occupying 80% of total time during normal breathing at 25 degrees C. End-tidal gas composition varied with the periodic breathing but PO2 was always high (PO2 less than 110 torr) and PCO2 low (PCO2 less than 25 torr). The alveolar gas exchange ratio, RE, was very low during the non-ventilatory periods (RE congruent to 0.5), but increased markedly during ventilation. Breathing of hypoxic and hpercapnic gases caused a pronounced decrease in the duration of breath-holds. Hypercapnia decreased breathing frequency during ventilatory periods, but increased tidal volume. The results are discussed in relation to the practice of prolonged breath-holding associated with diving in crocodiles.", "contents": "Periodic breathing in the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus: consequences for the gas exchange ratio and control of breathing. The ventilatory pattern in the Nile crocodile consists of episodes of breathing, interrupted by periods of breath-holding, the latter occupying 80% of total time during normal breathing at 25 degrees C. End-tidal gas composition varied with the periodic breathing but PO2 was always high (PO2 less than 110 torr) and PCO2 low (PCO2 less than 25 torr). The alveolar gas exchange ratio, RE, was very low during the non-ventilatory periods (RE congruent to 0.5), but increased markedly during ventilation. Breathing of hypoxic and hpercapnic gases caused a pronounced decrease in the duration of breath-holds. Hypercapnia decreased breathing frequency during ventilatory periods, but increased tidal volume. The results are discussed in relation to the practice of prolonged breath-holding associated with diving in crocodiles.", "PMID": 490121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_369", "title": "DNA polymerase activity in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "DNA polymerase activity was measured in mouse embryos at stages before implantation to determine whether it increases in proportion to the amount of DNA synthesis, as it does in populations of differentiated mammalian cells, or remains constant, as it does in early sea urchin embryos. Total enzyme activity was found to be relatively unchanged following fertilization and in the first few cleavage stages. However, between the 12- and 120-cell (blastocyst) stage, the amount of activity increased by several-fold. These results indicate that the relationship between amount of DNA polymerase activity and DNA synthesis in mouse embryos exhibits two phases: in the early cleavage phase it is similar to that in sea urchin embryos, whereas, in the blastocyst phase, it is similar to that in differentiated mammalian cells.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activity in preimplantation mouse embryos. DNA polymerase activity was measured in mouse embryos at stages before implantation to determine whether it increases in proportion to the amount of DNA synthesis, as it does in populations of differentiated mammalian cells, or remains constant, as it does in early sea urchin embryos. Total enzyme activity was found to be relatively unchanged following fertilization and in the first few cleavage stages. However, between the 12- and 120-cell (blastocyst) stage, the amount of activity increased by several-fold. These results indicate that the relationship between amount of DNA polymerase activity and DNA synthesis in mouse embryos exhibits two phases: in the early cleavage phase it is similar to that in sea urchin embryos, whereas, in the blastocyst phase, it is similar to that in differentiated mammalian cells.", "PMID": 490123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_370", "title": "DNA reassociation kinetics in diploid and phylogenetically tetraploid cyprinidae.", "content": "Four diploid and three phylogenetically tetraploid Cyprinidae (Ostariophysi) have been characterized as for nuclear DNA content, modal chromosome number and DNA reassociation kinetics (hydroxyapatite chromatography). Among the diploid species nuclear DNA content (10(-12) g DNA/2C) was 1.62 for Tinca tinca, 1.87 for Scardinius erythrophthalmus, 2.53 for Leuciscus cephalus and 2.75 for Alburnus alburnus, while the phylogenetically tetraploid species Carassius auratus, Barbus barbus and Cyprinus carpio attained 3.40, 3.66 and 3.80 respectively. Modal chromosome number was 2n = 48-50 for diploid individuals and 2n = 100-104 for phylogenetically tetraploid ones. In all the species 5--8% of the genome is represented by highly repetitive and foldback DNA. In DNA reassociation kinetics of phylogenetically tetraploid Cyprinidae a distinct plateau separates an intermediate reassociating sequence fraction (about 22% of the genome; with average repetition frequencies between 1,000 and 1,400) from a slow reassociating one (unique DNA; about 72% of the genome). These two genome fractions are not clearly distinguishable from each other in Cot curves of the diploid Cyprinidae, where a similar plateau is not evident. Since simple ploidy changes are not expected to affect DNA reassociation kinetics we suggest a different evolution in the genome organization of the two ploidy groups. Some possible hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "DNA reassociation kinetics in diploid and phylogenetically tetraploid cyprinidae. Four diploid and three phylogenetically tetraploid Cyprinidae (Ostariophysi) have been characterized as for nuclear DNA content, modal chromosome number and DNA reassociation kinetics (hydroxyapatite chromatography). Among the diploid species nuclear DNA content (10(-12) g DNA/2C) was 1.62 for Tinca tinca, 1.87 for Scardinius erythrophthalmus, 2.53 for Leuciscus cephalus and 2.75 for Alburnus alburnus, while the phylogenetically tetraploid species Carassius auratus, Barbus barbus and Cyprinus carpio attained 3.40, 3.66 and 3.80 respectively. Modal chromosome number was 2n = 48-50 for diploid individuals and 2n = 100-104 for phylogenetically tetraploid ones. In all the species 5--8% of the genome is represented by highly repetitive and foldback DNA. In DNA reassociation kinetics of phylogenetically tetraploid Cyprinidae a distinct plateau separates an intermediate reassociating sequence fraction (about 22% of the genome; with average repetition frequencies between 1,000 and 1,400) from a slow reassociating one (unique DNA; about 72% of the genome). These two genome fractions are not clearly distinguishable from each other in Cot curves of the diploid Cyprinidae, where a similar plateau is not evident. Since simple ploidy changes are not expected to affect DNA reassociation kinetics we suggest a different evolution in the genome organization of the two ploidy groups. Some possible hypotheses are discussed.", "PMID": 490124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_371", "title": "Fatty acid and sterol synthesis by hepatocytes of thermally acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Incorporation of tritium from tritiated water into lipid fractions was measured in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Hepatocytes from cold-acclimated trout exhibited significantly higher rates of tritium incorporation into both fatty acid and sterol fractions at assay temperatures of 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C than did hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout. Tritium incorporation into the fatty acid fraction was nearly temperature independent in hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout (Q10 = 1.39) but markedly temperature dependent (Q10 = 2.63) in hepatocytes from cold-acclimated trout; in contrast, rates of sterol synthesis were more temperature dependent in warm-acclimated trout. At 5 degrees C, fatty acid lipogenesis comprised a significantly greater percentage of the total tritium incorporation in hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout and the percentage of total lipogenesis attributable to fatty acids decreased significantly in warm-acclimated trout as the assay temperature increased; the opposite trends were observed in cold-acclimated trout.", "contents": "Fatty acid and sterol synthesis by hepatocytes of thermally acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Incorporation of tritium from tritiated water into lipid fractions was measured in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Hepatocytes from cold-acclimated trout exhibited significantly higher rates of tritium incorporation into both fatty acid and sterol fractions at assay temperatures of 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C than did hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout. Tritium incorporation into the fatty acid fraction was nearly temperature independent in hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout (Q10 = 1.39) but markedly temperature dependent (Q10 = 2.63) in hepatocytes from cold-acclimated trout; in contrast, rates of sterol synthesis were more temperature dependent in warm-acclimated trout. At 5 degrees C, fatty acid lipogenesis comprised a significantly greater percentage of the total tritium incorporation in hepatocytes from warm-acclimated trout and the percentage of total lipogenesis attributable to fatty acids decreased significantly in warm-acclimated trout as the assay temperature increased; the opposite trends were observed in cold-acclimated trout.", "PMID": 490125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_372", "title": "Neurites grow faster towards the cathode than the anode in a steady field.", "content": "We explanted fragments of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia on to polylysine coated glass and cultured them in a medium containing one unit of nerve growth factor plus enough methylcellulose to give viscosities from 0.01-3,000 poise. We allowed them to grow out in the absence of a field, and then selected explants with halos of neurites which were relatively dense, relatively symmetrical, and practically free of glial cells. These selected explants were then exposed to electrical fields of up to 140 mV/mm for some hours. In media with viscosities of one poise or less, the field some times dragged the central cell mass of an explant towards the anode. However, in cases where the central cell mass did not move, fields of 70-140 mV/mm induced that sector of each neurite halo which faced the cathode to grow out several times faster than the one facing the anode.", "contents": "Neurites grow faster towards the cathode than the anode in a steady field. We explanted fragments of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia on to polylysine coated glass and cultured them in a medium containing one unit of nerve growth factor plus enough methylcellulose to give viscosities from 0.01-3,000 poise. We allowed them to grow out in the absence of a field, and then selected explants with halos of neurites which were relatively dense, relatively symmetrical, and practically free of glial cells. These selected explants were then exposed to electrical fields of up to 140 mV/mm for some hours. In media with viscosities of one poise or less, the field some times dragged the central cell mass of an explant towards the anode. However, in cases where the central cell mass did not move, fields of 70-140 mV/mm induced that sector of each neurite halo which faced the cathode to grow out several times faster than the one facing the anode.", "PMID": 490126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_373", "title": "Inhibition of desmosome formation in chick cell aggregates.", "content": "Desmosomes (macula adherens) have been associated with the function of adhesion. Their possible role in aggregation and sorting of chick and mouse epithelial cells has been investigated. Treatment of aggregates with 2-5 microgram/ml of actinomycin D which inhibited RNA synthesis also inhibited both desmosome formation and aggregation if administered at the beginning of the aggregation process. In contrast, if the drug was administered at six hours, when the cells had recovered from the process of dissociation, then aggregation over the following six hours appeared normal from observation of living samples. Such aggregates incorporated leucine-3H at roughly 85% of the control level. A quantitative comparison was made of desmosome formation in aggregates treated with actinomycin D for hours 6-12 and those cultured in normal medium. Desmosome formation was inhibited by the drug, although aggregation could proceed. Combinations of chick corneal and mouse skin cells sorted out in the presence of actinomycin D to the same extent as controls. Thus desmosome formation, which normally occurs during aggregation of the epithelial cells studied here, is not coupled with the aggregation or cell sorting process in these cells of stratified epithelia. When cells were treated with cycloheximide (100 muM) both desmosome formation and the progressive rounding up of aggregates was inhibited.", "contents": "Inhibition of desmosome formation in chick cell aggregates. Desmosomes (macula adherens) have been associated with the function of adhesion. Their possible role in aggregation and sorting of chick and mouse epithelial cells has been investigated. Treatment of aggregates with 2-5 microgram/ml of actinomycin D which inhibited RNA synthesis also inhibited both desmosome formation and aggregation if administered at the beginning of the aggregation process. In contrast, if the drug was administered at six hours, when the cells had recovered from the process of dissociation, then aggregation over the following six hours appeared normal from observation of living samples. Such aggregates incorporated leucine-3H at roughly 85% of the control level. A quantitative comparison was made of desmosome formation in aggregates treated with actinomycin D for hours 6-12 and those cultured in normal medium. Desmosome formation was inhibited by the drug, although aggregation could proceed. Combinations of chick corneal and mouse skin cells sorted out in the presence of actinomycin D to the same extent as controls. Thus desmosome formation, which normally occurs during aggregation of the epithelial cells studied here, is not coupled with the aggregation or cell sorting process in these cells of stratified epithelia. When cells were treated with cycloheximide (100 muM) both desmosome formation and the progressive rounding up of aggregates was inhibited.", "PMID": 490127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_374", "title": "Acrosin does not appear to be bound to the inner acrosomal membrane of bull spermatozoa.", "content": "Ferritin-conjugated soybean trypsin inhibitor was used for the ultrastructural localization of acrosin in bull spermatozoa following acrosomal disruption. The ferritin label was observed in the anterior segment of the acrosome in disrupted cells only. Emptied acrosomes were labeled, mostly on the external surface of their outer membrane. Labeling was also found on the material bound to detached acrosomal caps. However, at no time could the ferritin label be found on the inner acrosomal membrane. It is concluded that acrosin activity is not present on the inner acrosomal membrane but is lost from the acrosomal matrix as the acrosomal reaction proceeds.", "contents": "Acrosin does not appear to be bound to the inner acrosomal membrane of bull spermatozoa. Ferritin-conjugated soybean trypsin inhibitor was used for the ultrastructural localization of acrosin in bull spermatozoa following acrosomal disruption. The ferritin label was observed in the anterior segment of the acrosome in disrupted cells only. Emptied acrosomes were labeled, mostly on the external surface of their outer membrane. Labeling was also found on the material bound to detached acrosomal caps. However, at no time could the ferritin label be found on the inner acrosomal membrane. It is concluded that acrosin activity is not present on the inner acrosomal membrane but is lost from the acrosomal matrix as the acrosomal reaction proceeds.", "PMID": 490128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_375", "title": "Delayed reproductive regression in male hamsters bearing intrarenal pituitary homografts and kept under natural winter photoperiods.", "content": "The testes and accessory sex organs of adult male hamsters regressed to an infantile state when the animals were maintained under natural photoperiodic and temperature conditions beginning November 13. The atrophy was evident after both five and ten weeks exposure to these conditions. Either one or two prolactin-secreting pituitary grafts placed under the kidney capsule greatly delayed the testicular and accessory organ regression. Animals bearing pituitary grafts also had higher circulating levels of immunoreactive prolactin while plasma luteinizing hormone values were similar in all groups of hamsters.", "contents": "Delayed reproductive regression in male hamsters bearing intrarenal pituitary homografts and kept under natural winter photoperiods. The testes and accessory sex organs of adult male hamsters regressed to an infantile state when the animals were maintained under natural photoperiodic and temperature conditions beginning November 13. The atrophy was evident after both five and ten weeks exposure to these conditions. Either one or two prolactin-secreting pituitary grafts placed under the kidney capsule greatly delayed the testicular and accessory organ regression. Animals bearing pituitary grafts also had higher circulating levels of immunoreactive prolactin while plasma luteinizing hormone values were similar in all groups of hamsters.", "PMID": 490129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_376", "title": "Enzyme changes accompanying thermal acclimation in two species of pleurocerid snails.", "content": "Goniobasis cahawbensis is a stream snail that experiences an annual temperature cycle. G. cochliaris is limited in distribution to springs, and their immediate vicinities, which are characterized by nearly constant annual temperatures. The present study sought to determine whether temperature dependent biochemical differences exist that might account for the differential distribution of these congeneric pleurocerid snails. Eight enzymes were examined following acclimation to 10 degrees, 17 degrees and 24 degrees C. No significant temperature dependent qualitative differences in enzyme phenotypes were demonstrable in either species by starch-gel electrophoresis for malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, superoxide dismutase and acetyl and butyryl esterases. Significant quantitative differences were observed in three of these enzymes. G. cahawbensis cytosol malate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with increasing acclimation temperature, while G. cochliaris malate dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase did not differ significantly between acclimation temperatures for either species; however, the overall activity of both enzymes was significantly higher for G. cochliaris. Appreciable levels of LDH activity were not demonstrable by electrophoresis or enzymatic assay.", "contents": "Enzyme changes accompanying thermal acclimation in two species of pleurocerid snails. Goniobasis cahawbensis is a stream snail that experiences an annual temperature cycle. G. cochliaris is limited in distribution to springs, and their immediate vicinities, which are characterized by nearly constant annual temperatures. The present study sought to determine whether temperature dependent biochemical differences exist that might account for the differential distribution of these congeneric pleurocerid snails. Eight enzymes were examined following acclimation to 10 degrees, 17 degrees and 24 degrees C. No significant temperature dependent qualitative differences in enzyme phenotypes were demonstrable in either species by starch-gel electrophoresis for malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, superoxide dismutase and acetyl and butyryl esterases. Significant quantitative differences were observed in three of these enzymes. G. cahawbensis cytosol malate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with increasing acclimation temperature, while G. cochliaris malate dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase did not differ significantly between acclimation temperatures for either species; however, the overall activity of both enzymes was significantly higher for G. cochliaris. Appreciable levels of LDH activity were not demonstrable by electrophoresis or enzymatic assay.", "PMID": 490130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_377", "title": "Specificity of inhibition by steroids of porcine oocyte maturation in vitro.", "content": "In order to examine the influence of several steroids on the process of oocyte maturation, denuded (adherent cumulus granulosa cells mechanically removed) and intact (cumulus granulosa cells left attached) porcine oocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of estradiol-17 beta, estradiol-17 alpha, testosterone, cortisol, progesterone, or the nonsteroidal estrogen diethyl stilbestrol (all at 10 microgram/ml) in defined medium that contained either BSA or dextran. Estradiol-17 beta was the only steroid to exert a significant inhibitory effect on the maturation of denuded oocytes, and did so only in BSA supplemented medium. The inhibition was reversible in that oocytes, cultured in steroid-free medium after initial culture in estradiol-17 beta medium, resumed meiotic maturation. Oocytes took up 3H-estradiol-17 beta in both media, although less radiolabel entered oocytes in BSA supplemented medium. The majority of label in the oocytes, when cultured with either medium, was not displaced by excess radioinert estradiol-17 beta or progesterone, nor were the oocytes saturated even when cultured in 10(-6) M estradiol-17 beta. Autoradiography of sectioned oocytes after culture in 3H-estradiol-17 beta has shown that there was no selective accumulation of silver grains over the germinal vesicle as was the case with granulosa cell nuclei. This observation suggests that estradiol-17 beta may not act at the level of the oocyte nucleus.", "contents": "Specificity of inhibition by steroids of porcine oocyte maturation in vitro. In order to examine the influence of several steroids on the process of oocyte maturation, denuded (adherent cumulus granulosa cells mechanically removed) and intact (cumulus granulosa cells left attached) porcine oocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of estradiol-17 beta, estradiol-17 alpha, testosterone, cortisol, progesterone, or the nonsteroidal estrogen diethyl stilbestrol (all at 10 microgram/ml) in defined medium that contained either BSA or dextran. Estradiol-17 beta was the only steroid to exert a significant inhibitory effect on the maturation of denuded oocytes, and did so only in BSA supplemented medium. The inhibition was reversible in that oocytes, cultured in steroid-free medium after initial culture in estradiol-17 beta medium, resumed meiotic maturation. Oocytes took up 3H-estradiol-17 beta in both media, although less radiolabel entered oocytes in BSA supplemented medium. The majority of label in the oocytes, when cultured with either medium, was not displaced by excess radioinert estradiol-17 beta or progesterone, nor were the oocytes saturated even when cultured in 10(-6) M estradiol-17 beta. Autoradiography of sectioned oocytes after culture in 3H-estradiol-17 beta has shown that there was no selective accumulation of silver grains over the germinal vesicle as was the case with granulosa cell nuclei. This observation suggests that estradiol-17 beta may not act at the level of the oocyte nucleus.", "PMID": 490131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_378", "title": "Trochlear-oculomotor nerve interactions in Xenopus laevis tadpoles: a temporal study.", "content": "When the trochlear nerve (NIV), which innervates the superior oblique muscle (SOM), is crushed or cut at stages 48-49 in Xenopus tadpoles, fibers from the oculomotor nerve (NIII) sprout and invade the SOM. The maximal percentage of specimens having at least one oculomotor nerve fiber on the SOM on a given day increased from 9.1% following a single crushing of NIV to 84.2% following three successive severings of NIV and the average number of silver-impregnated NIII fibers per specimen increased from 0.23 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the single-crush experiment to 7.35 +/- 1.33 in the triple-cut experiment. This increase directly reflects the delay in the return of NIV. As NIV returns to the SOM, a portion of the inappropriate innervation is lost; while another portion appears to be stable and is in evidence 90 days after a single sectioning of NIV. The more rapidly NIV returns to the SOM, the more complete is the displacement of the NIII fibers. This suggests that the association between NIII and the SOM changes with time so that easy displacement of the inappropriate innervation is likely only when the reinnervation by the appropriate nerve fibers is rapid.", "contents": "Trochlear-oculomotor nerve interactions in Xenopus laevis tadpoles: a temporal study. When the trochlear nerve (NIV), which innervates the superior oblique muscle (SOM), is crushed or cut at stages 48-49 in Xenopus tadpoles, fibers from the oculomotor nerve (NIII) sprout and invade the SOM. The maximal percentage of specimens having at least one oculomotor nerve fiber on the SOM on a given day increased from 9.1% following a single crushing of NIV to 84.2% following three successive severings of NIV and the average number of silver-impregnated NIII fibers per specimen increased from 0.23 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the single-crush experiment to 7.35 +/- 1.33 in the triple-cut experiment. This increase directly reflects the delay in the return of NIV. As NIV returns to the SOM, a portion of the inappropriate innervation is lost; while another portion appears to be stable and is in evidence 90 days after a single sectioning of NIV. The more rapidly NIV returns to the SOM, the more complete is the displacement of the NIII fibers. This suggests that the association between NIII and the SOM changes with time so that easy displacement of the inappropriate innervation is likely only when the reinnervation by the appropriate nerve fibers is rapid.", "PMID": 490132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_379", "title": "Reduction of sodium dependent stump currents disturbs urodele limb regeneration.", "content": "We have asked the question whether the natural electric currents which leave urodele limb stumps are in any way needed for their regeneration. As an initial test, we have greatly reduced such currents in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, by applying 0.5 mM amiloride to the stump skin or by immersion of the animals in sodium depleted media. We have also reduced such currents in the red spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, by such immersion. Limb regeneration in half of the amiloride-treated animals was either entirely blocked or grossly deficient, while the others regenerated normally. Limb regeneration in sodium depleted media was consistently inhibited for some weeks but then recovered. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stump currents are in some way needed for normal regeneration.", "contents": "Reduction of sodium dependent stump currents disturbs urodele limb regeneration. We have asked the question whether the natural electric currents which leave urodele limb stumps are in any way needed for their regeneration. As an initial test, we have greatly reduced such currents in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, by applying 0.5 mM amiloride to the stump skin or by immersion of the animals in sodium depleted media. We have also reduced such currents in the red spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, by such immersion. Limb regeneration in half of the amiloride-treated animals was either entirely blocked or grossly deficient, while the others regenerated normally. Limb regeneration in sodium depleted media was consistently inhibited for some weeks but then recovered. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stump currents are in some way needed for normal regeneration.", "PMID": 490133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_380", "title": "Stages of forelimb regeneration in Ambystoma maculatum.", "content": "A series of normal stages describing the regeneration of larval A. maculatum limbs after amputation through the upper arm or wrist is described. Nine discrete stages were recognized, based on external morphological and associated histological features. These stages are Initial Dedifferentiation (ID), Early Bud (EB), Medium Bud (MB), Late Bud (LB), Early Redifferentiation (ER), Notch (N), 2-Fingerbud (2-FB), 3-Fingerbud (3-FB) and 4-Fingerbud (4-FB). Similarities and differences between this and other staging systems for urodele limb regeneration are discussed. The absence of osteoclasts was a striking feature during dedifferentiation of the wrist, in contrast to their presence in large numbers during dedifferentiation of the upper arm.", "contents": "Stages of forelimb regeneration in Ambystoma maculatum. A series of normal stages describing the regeneration of larval A. maculatum limbs after amputation through the upper arm or wrist is described. Nine discrete stages were recognized, based on external morphological and associated histological features. These stages are Initial Dedifferentiation (ID), Early Bud (EB), Medium Bud (MB), Late Bud (LB), Early Redifferentiation (ER), Notch (N), 2-Fingerbud (2-FB), 3-Fingerbud (3-FB) and 4-Fingerbud (4-FB). Similarities and differences between this and other staging systems for urodele limb regeneration are discussed. The absence of osteoclasts was a striking feature during dedifferentiation of the wrist, in contrast to their presence in large numbers during dedifferentiation of the upper arm.", "PMID": 490134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_381", "title": "Reproductive failure and maternal-fetal relationship in a Peromyscus species cross.", "content": "Mating, fertilization, implantation, prenatal mortality, fetal and placental size, and placental ultrastructure were studied in intraspecific and interspecific crosses involving Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus. Failure to mate was a major factor in interspecific crosses and was much more pronounced in crosses between P. polionotus females and P. maniculatus males than in the reciprocal cross. Failure of implantation following mating, however, was more pronounced in crosses between P. maniculatus females and P. polionotus males. Failure of implanted embryos to survive to term was a factor in crosses between P. polionotus females and P. maniculatus males. Comparison of the placental labyrinth of conceptuses from intraspecific and interspecific crosses revealed no differences at the ultrastructural level. The relationship of these observations to the evolution of isolating mechanisms in mammals and to physiological aspects of the developing maternal-fetal relationship are discussed. A model of placental and fetal size inheritance is presented.", "contents": "Reproductive failure and maternal-fetal relationship in a Peromyscus species cross. Mating, fertilization, implantation, prenatal mortality, fetal and placental size, and placental ultrastructure were studied in intraspecific and interspecific crosses involving Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus. Failure to mate was a major factor in interspecific crosses and was much more pronounced in crosses between P. polionotus females and P. maniculatus males than in the reciprocal cross. Failure of implantation following mating, however, was more pronounced in crosses between P. maniculatus females and P. polionotus males. Failure of implanted embryos to survive to term was a factor in crosses between P. polionotus females and P. maniculatus males. Comparison of the placental labyrinth of conceptuses from intraspecific and interspecific crosses revealed no differences at the ultrastructural level. The relationship of these observations to the evolution of isolating mechanisms in mammals and to physiological aspects of the developing maternal-fetal relationship are discussed. A model of placental and fetal size inheritance is presented.", "PMID": 490135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_382", "title": "Limbless: a new genetic mutant in the chick.", "content": "A mutation in the chicken resulting in total amelia is described. Genetic analysis indicates that the limbless condition is due to an autosomal recessive gene. In the limbless embryos the apical ectodermal ridge is lacking. However both the pectoral and pelvic girdles as well as the respiratory and excretory systems are normal. In the affected embryos usually the upper beak is shorter than the lower beak.", "contents": "Limbless: a new genetic mutant in the chick. A mutation in the chicken resulting in total amelia is described. Genetic analysis indicates that the limbless condition is due to an autosomal recessive gene. In the limbless embryos the apical ectodermal ridge is lacking. However both the pectoral and pelvic girdles as well as the respiratory and excretory systems are normal. In the affected embryos usually the upper beak is shorter than the lower beak.", "PMID": 490136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_383", "title": "Separation of the epithelial and mesenchymal components of the newt limb regenerate with salt.", "content": "After incubation of isolated forelimb regenerates of Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens at all developmental stages for 60 minutes at 37 degrees C in a salt medium containing 111 mM sodium chloride, 5.6 mM potassium chloride and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, the wound epithelium of each regenerate was removed intact from its underlying mesenchymal component. The suggestion is made that the salt medium is an effective epithelial-mesenchymal separating agent due to a combination of its hypertonicity, high ionic strength and the fact that the medium precipitates calcium as calcium phosphate. Attempts to dissect away the epithelium from the mesenchyme after incubation of isolated regenerates in sodium phosphate containing 1% or 3% Difco 1:250 trypsin, 10 mM EDTA or 150 units collagenase/ml medium were unsuccessful. Epidermis of adult newt forelimb skin was removed only after extended incubation of the forelimbs in the salt medium for three hours at 37 degrees C or after freezing isolated forelimbs in buffer and subsequent thawing.", "contents": "Separation of the epithelial and mesenchymal components of the newt limb regenerate with salt. After incubation of isolated forelimb regenerates of Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens at all developmental stages for 60 minutes at 37 degrees C in a salt medium containing 111 mM sodium chloride, 5.6 mM potassium chloride and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, the wound epithelium of each regenerate was removed intact from its underlying mesenchymal component. The suggestion is made that the salt medium is an effective epithelial-mesenchymal separating agent due to a combination of its hypertonicity, high ionic strength and the fact that the medium precipitates calcium as calcium phosphate. Attempts to dissect away the epithelium from the mesenchyme after incubation of isolated regenerates in sodium phosphate containing 1% or 3% Difco 1:250 trypsin, 10 mM EDTA or 150 units collagenase/ml medium were unsuccessful. Epidermis of adult newt forelimb skin was removed only after extended incubation of the forelimbs in the salt medium for three hours at 37 degrees C or after freezing isolated forelimbs in buffer and subsequent thawing.", "PMID": 490137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_384", "title": "Allopurinol-induced melanism in the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum).", "content": "The enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), has been examined in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum with respect to its role in pigmentation. It now seems probable that the melanoid gene (m) either codes directly for XDH or is somehow intimately connected with the normal function of this enzyme. Inhibition of XDH using the drug, allopurinol, results in animals which appear to be phenocopies of melanoid mutants as described for the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The effects of allopurinol in terms of specific pigmentary alterations were examined, and a new method for analyzing heterogeneous extracts of skin pigments (e.g., purines and pteridines) is presented. The significance of the link between XDH and melanism is discussed with emphasis on possible mechanisms of pigment induction and general applicability to biological systems.", "contents": "Allopurinol-induced melanism in the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum). The enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), has been examined in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum with respect to its role in pigmentation. It now seems probable that the melanoid gene (m) either codes directly for XDH or is somehow intimately connected with the normal function of this enzyme. Inhibition of XDH using the drug, allopurinol, results in animals which appear to be phenocopies of melanoid mutants as described for the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The effects of allopurinol in terms of specific pigmentary alterations were examined, and a new method for analyzing heterogeneous extracts of skin pigments (e.g., purines and pteridines) is presented. The significance of the link between XDH and melanism is discussed with emphasis on possible mechanisms of pigment induction and general applicability to biological systems.", "PMID": 490138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_385", "title": "Liquid chromatographic demonstration of catecholamine release in fish heart.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to assay for catecholamines released into the heart of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) upon stimulation of vagal nerve fibers. Stimulation induced the release of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine into the lumen of the perfused, isolated heart. The results suggest that heart activity in teleosts is directly modulated by functional adrenergic, cardioacceleratory nerve fibers.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic demonstration of catecholamine release in fish heart. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to assay for catecholamines released into the heart of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) upon stimulation of vagal nerve fibers. Stimulation induced the release of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine into the lumen of the perfused, isolated heart. The results suggest that heart activity in teleosts is directly modulated by functional adrenergic, cardioacceleratory nerve fibers.", "PMID": 490140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_386", "title": "Ionic and osmotic equilibria of human red blood cells treated with nystatin.", "content": "Human red blood cells have been incubated in the presence of nystatin, which allows Na and K, as well as Cl and pH to equilibrate rapidly when cell volume is set with external impermeant sucrose. The intracellular mean ionic activity coefficients, relative to values in the extracellular solution, for KCl and NaCl are 1.01 +/- 0.02 and 0.99 +/- 0.02 (SD, n = 10), respectively, and are independent of external pH, pH o, and of [sucrose]o. With nystatin the dependence of red cell volume on [sucrose]o deviates from ideal osmotic behavior by as much as a factor of three. A virial equation for the osmotic coefficient, phi, of human hemoglobin, Hb, accounts for the cell volumes, and is the same as that which describes Adair's measurements of phi Hb for Hb isolated from sheep and ox bloods. In the presence of nystatin the slope of the acid-base titration curve of the cells is independent of cell volume, implying that the charge on impermeant cellular solutes is independent of Hb concentration at constant pH. By modifying the Jacobs-stewart equations (1947. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 30: 79--103) with the osmotic coefficients of Hb and of salts, a nonideal thermodynamic model has been devised which predicts equilibrium Donnan ratios and red cell volume from the composition of the extracellular solution and from certain parameters of the cells. In addition to accounting for the dependence of cell volume on osmotic pressure, the model also describes accurately the dependence of Donnan ratios and cell volumes on pHo either in the presence or absence of nystatin.", "contents": "Ionic and osmotic equilibria of human red blood cells treated with nystatin. Human red blood cells have been incubated in the presence of nystatin, which allows Na and K, as well as Cl and pH to equilibrate rapidly when cell volume is set with external impermeant sucrose. The intracellular mean ionic activity coefficients, relative to values in the extracellular solution, for KCl and NaCl are 1.01 +/- 0.02 and 0.99 +/- 0.02 (SD, n = 10), respectively, and are independent of external pH, pH o, and of [sucrose]o. With nystatin the dependence of red cell volume on [sucrose]o deviates from ideal osmotic behavior by as much as a factor of three. A virial equation for the osmotic coefficient, phi, of human hemoglobin, Hb, accounts for the cell volumes, and is the same as that which describes Adair's measurements of phi Hb for Hb isolated from sheep and ox bloods. In the presence of nystatin the slope of the acid-base titration curve of the cells is independent of cell volume, implying that the charge on impermeant cellular solutes is independent of Hb concentration at constant pH. By modifying the Jacobs-stewart equations (1947. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 30: 79--103) with the osmotic coefficients of Hb and of salts, a nonideal thermodynamic model has been devised which predicts equilibrium Donnan ratios and red cell volume from the composition of the extracellular solution and from certain parameters of the cells. In addition to accounting for the dependence of cell volume on osmotic pressure, the model also describes accurately the dependence of Donnan ratios and cell volumes on pHo either in the presence or absence of nystatin.", "PMID": 490141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_387", "title": "Nonparallel isometric tension response of rabbit soleus skinned muscle fibers to magnesium adenosine triphosphate and magnesium inosine triphosphate.", "content": "The isometric tension response of single \"skinned' rabbit soleus muscle fibers to MgATP and McITP in the absence of calcium was studied. [MgATP] or [MgITP] was varied in solutions of ionic strength 0.30 and temperature 20 degrees C. Steady-state tension that developed in MgATP or MgITP solutions was a biphasic bell-shaped function of log [MgATP] or log [MgITP] which increased from zero to maximum tension and then declined again to zero. Analysis of the data showed that, under comparable ionic conditions, percent tension vs. log [MgATP] and percent tension vs. log [MgITP] curves are not parallel. Instead, the percent tension vs. log [MgITP] curve is much broader. Additionally, under comparable ionic conditions maximum tension in MgITP solutions was higher than in MgATP solutions. In addition, in MgATP solutions, pH, [K+], and excess ATP were varied. Raising pH from 7 to 8, [K+] from 46 mM to 200 mM, or decreasing excess ATP from 2 to 0.5 mM all increased maximum tension. None of these factors, however, influenced the shape or position of the percent tension vs. log [MgATP] curve.", "contents": "Nonparallel isometric tension response of rabbit soleus skinned muscle fibers to magnesium adenosine triphosphate and magnesium inosine triphosphate. The isometric tension response of single \"skinned' rabbit soleus muscle fibers to MgATP and McITP in the absence of calcium was studied. [MgATP] or [MgITP] was varied in solutions of ionic strength 0.30 and temperature 20 degrees C. Steady-state tension that developed in MgATP or MgITP solutions was a biphasic bell-shaped function of log [MgATP] or log [MgITP] which increased from zero to maximum tension and then declined again to zero. Analysis of the data showed that, under comparable ionic conditions, percent tension vs. log [MgATP] and percent tension vs. log [MgITP] curves are not parallel. Instead, the percent tension vs. log [MgITP] curve is much broader. Additionally, under comparable ionic conditions maximum tension in MgITP solutions was higher than in MgATP solutions. In addition, in MgATP solutions, pH, [K+], and excess ATP were varied. Raising pH from 7 to 8, [K+] from 46 mM to 200 mM, or decreasing excess ATP from 2 to 0.5 mM all increased maximum tension. None of these factors, however, influenced the shape or position of the percent tension vs. log [MgATP] curve.", "PMID": 490142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_388", "title": "Receptive field mechanisms of cat X and Y retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "We investigated receptive field properties of cat retinal ganglion cells with visual stimuli which were sinusoidal spatial gratings amplitude modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. Neural responses were analyzed into the Fourier components at the input frequencies and the components at sum and difference frequencies. The first-order frequency response of X cells had a marked spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence which could be explained in terms of linear interactions between center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field. The second-order frequency response of X cells was much smaller than the first-order frequency response at all spatial frequencies. The spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence of the first-order frequency response in Y cells in some ways resembled that of X cells. However, the Y first-order response declined to zero at a much lower spatial frequency than in X cells. Furthermore, the second-order frequency response was larger in Y cells; the second-order frequency components became the dominant part of the response for patterns of high spatial frequency. This implies that the receptive field center and surround mechanisms are physiologically quite different in Y cells from those in X cells, and that the Y cells also receive excitatory drive from an additional nonlinear receptive field mechanism.", "contents": "Receptive field mechanisms of cat X and Y retinal ganglion cells. We investigated receptive field properties of cat retinal ganglion cells with visual stimuli which were sinusoidal spatial gratings amplitude modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. Neural responses were analyzed into the Fourier components at the input frequencies and the components at sum and difference frequencies. The first-order frequency response of X cells had a marked spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence which could be explained in terms of linear interactions between center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field. The second-order frequency response of X cells was much smaller than the first-order frequency response at all spatial frequencies. The spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence of the first-order frequency response in Y cells in some ways resembled that of X cells. However, the Y first-order response declined to zero at a much lower spatial frequency than in X cells. Furthermore, the second-order frequency response was larger in Y cells; the second-order frequency components became the dominant part of the response for patterns of high spatial frequency. This implies that the receptive field center and surround mechanisms are physiologically quite different in Y cells from those in X cells, and that the Y cells also receive excitatory drive from an additional nonlinear receptive field mechanism.", "PMID": 490143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_389", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a defective measles virus from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient.", "content": "A cytopathic measles virus was isolated from a brain biopsy of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patient. The agent could be transferred to Vero cells by cocultivation, but the infectivity always remained cell-associated -ie, a defective virus infection. The cell-associated nature of the virus was retained through 25 passages in Vero cells. Intracerebral inoculation of hamsters (2-6 days old) with the cocultured Vero cells gave rise to 100% mortality in 5-7 days. The virus retained its cell-associated nature after passage in hamsters. Electron microscopy of the brain and Vero cocultures showed the presence of virus-like ribonucleoparticles mainly in the nucleus. The presence of viral antigens in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and on the plasma membranes was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Using a combination of immunological and biochemical techniques, it was shown that all the viral proteins were synthesized with the exception of the haemagglutinin. Inclusion of the fusion inhibitor SV4814 (CBZ-D phenylalanine-L-phenylalanine-L-arginine-NO2) in the culture medium led to the elimination of the SSPE infection.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a defective measles virus from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient. A cytopathic measles virus was isolated from a brain biopsy of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patient. The agent could be transferred to Vero cells by cocultivation, but the infectivity always remained cell-associated -ie, a defective virus infection. The cell-associated nature of the virus was retained through 25 passages in Vero cells. Intracerebral inoculation of hamsters (2-6 days old) with the cocultured Vero cells gave rise to 100% mortality in 5-7 days. The virus retained its cell-associated nature after passage in hamsters. Electron microscopy of the brain and Vero cocultures showed the presence of virus-like ribonucleoparticles mainly in the nucleus. The presence of viral antigens in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and on the plasma membranes was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Using a combination of immunological and biochemical techniques, it was shown that all the viral proteins were synthesized with the exception of the haemagglutinin. Inclusion of the fusion inhibitor SV4814 (CBZ-D phenylalanine-L-phenylalanine-L-arginine-NO2) in the culture medium led to the elimination of the SSPE infection.", "PMID": 490144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_390", "title": "Deeper insight into HBsAg--anti-albumin antibody correlations.", "content": "The presence and titers of anti-albumin antibodies (AAA)--ie, precipitins (AA-IP) and agglutinins (AA-Aggl)--and the serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin were determined in 210 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg grouped according to HBsAg titer and subtype. A different immunologic pattern was observed in the HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers, the results suggesting an increased aggressivity for the HBsAg/ay subtype which was evident in subjects with lower HBs antigenemia and characterized by higher concentrations of IgG and IgM and rises in AA-P titers. A positive linear correlation was found between HBsAg and AA-Aggl titers; the carriage of HBsAg/ad was associated with significant higher values of AA-Aggl than of HBsAg/ay. These subtle correlations between HBsAg titer and subtype and AAA suggest that the human serum albumin (HSA) known to exist on the HBsAg particles may be similar in a modified form, to that representing AAA specificity.", "contents": "Deeper insight into HBsAg--anti-albumin antibody correlations. The presence and titers of anti-albumin antibodies (AAA)--ie, precipitins (AA-IP) and agglutinins (AA-Aggl)--and the serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin were determined in 210 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg grouped according to HBsAg titer and subtype. A different immunologic pattern was observed in the HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers, the results suggesting an increased aggressivity for the HBsAg/ay subtype which was evident in subjects with lower HBs antigenemia and characterized by higher concentrations of IgG and IgM and rises in AA-P titers. A positive linear correlation was found between HBsAg and AA-Aggl titers; the carriage of HBsAg/ad was associated with significant higher values of AA-Aggl than of HBsAg/ay. These subtle correlations between HBsAg titer and subtype and AAA suggest that the human serum albumin (HSA) known to exist on the HBsAg particles may be similar in a modified form, to that representing AAA specificity.", "PMID": 490145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_391", "title": "Reaction time crossover in process schizophrenic patients, their relatives, and control subjects.", "content": "Of 70 process schizophrenic patients clinically assessed and tested for reaction time, 40 showed reaction time crossover. Of the 40 with crossover, 53 of their first degree relatives were clinically assessed and tested. Five of the relatives, found to have psychotic symptoms, were analyzed separately. Also, 41 control subjects without personal or family history of psychiatric disturbance were clinically assessed and tested. The nondisturbed relatives had reaction time crossover (regular minus irregular) significantly greater than the (expected) negative values of the normal control subjects, but not significantly greater than a zero value within subjects. When disturbed and nondisturbed relatives were combined, greater differences indicative of crossover occurred. On the other hand, the relatives, as expected, did not show the slow mean reaction time characteristic of diagnosed schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Reaction time crossover in process schizophrenic patients, their relatives, and control subjects. Of 70 process schizophrenic patients clinically assessed and tested for reaction time, 40 showed reaction time crossover. Of the 40 with crossover, 53 of their first degree relatives were clinically assessed and tested. Five of the relatives, found to have psychotic symptoms, were analyzed separately. Also, 41 control subjects without personal or family history of psychiatric disturbance were clinically assessed and tested. The nondisturbed relatives had reaction time crossover (regular minus irregular) significantly greater than the (expected) negative values of the normal control subjects, but not significantly greater than a zero value within subjects. When disturbed and nondisturbed relatives were combined, greater differences indicative of crossover occurred. On the other hand, the relatives, as expected, did not show the slow mean reaction time characteristic of diagnosed schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 490146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_392", "title": "On the meaning of electrodermal nonresponding in schizophrenia.", "content": "The skin conductance responses of schizophrenics, neurotics and normals to orienting stimuli were examined. Only the schizophrenic group showed a high incidence of absence of skin conductance orienting responses. A subdivision of the schizophrenic sample into thosee who did not show any orienting response and those who responded more than three times revealed significant differences in a dichotic listening shadowing task and symptomatology. The schizophrenic nonresponders as compared to the responders made more errors of omission in the dichotic listening task and showed a symptom pattern of low spontaneous activity and withdrawal. The lack of skin conductance responses in some schizophrenics was interpreted as a protective mechanism.", "contents": "On the meaning of electrodermal nonresponding in schizophrenia. The skin conductance responses of schizophrenics, neurotics and normals to orienting stimuli were examined. Only the schizophrenic group showed a high incidence of absence of skin conductance orienting responses. A subdivision of the schizophrenic sample into thosee who did not show any orienting response and those who responded more than three times revealed significant differences in a dichotic listening shadowing task and symptomatology. The schizophrenic nonresponders as compared to the responders made more errors of omission in the dichotic listening task and showed a symptom pattern of low spontaneous activity and withdrawal. The lack of skin conductance responses in some schizophrenics was interpreted as a protective mechanism.", "PMID": 490147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_393", "title": "Panic-fear in asthma. Symptomatology as an index of signal anxiety and personality as an index of ego resources.", "content": "Clinical observations and studies of asthmatic patients have often concluded that therre is a strong relationship between the degree of the patient's anxiety and the medical intractability of his illness. However, psychotherapeutic interventions designed to alleviate patient anxiety have been noticeably inconsistent in achieving meaningful alleviation of the patient's asthma. The present paper addresses this apparent paradox by positing the existence of two types of anxiety: a) asthma-specific anxiety, as indexed by Panic-Fear symptomatology scores of the Asthma Symptom Checklist; and b) characterological and pervasive anxiety, as indexed by Panic-Fear personality scores of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. In this study, long term medical outcome was found to be influenced by the combination of these types of anxiety. Wehn high asthma-specific anxiety coexisted with high characterological anxiety, medical outcome following intensive long term medical treatment was exceptionally poor. In contrast, when high asthma-specific anxiety coexisted with average levels of characterological anxiety, medical outcome was exceptionally good. These results are discussed relative to the theoretical distinctions between signal anxiety and anxiety concomitant with a lack of basic ego resources.", "contents": "Panic-fear in asthma. Symptomatology as an index of signal anxiety and personality as an index of ego resources. Clinical observations and studies of asthmatic patients have often concluded that therre is a strong relationship between the degree of the patient's anxiety and the medical intractability of his illness. However, psychotherapeutic interventions designed to alleviate patient anxiety have been noticeably inconsistent in achieving meaningful alleviation of the patient's asthma. The present paper addresses this apparent paradox by positing the existence of two types of anxiety: a) asthma-specific anxiety, as indexed by Panic-Fear symptomatology scores of the Asthma Symptom Checklist; and b) characterological and pervasive anxiety, as indexed by Panic-Fear personality scores of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. In this study, long term medical outcome was found to be influenced by the combination of these types of anxiety. Wehn high asthma-specific anxiety coexisted with high characterological anxiety, medical outcome following intensive long term medical treatment was exceptionally poor. In contrast, when high asthma-specific anxiety coexisted with average levels of characterological anxiety, medical outcome was exceptionally good. These results are discussed relative to the theoretical distinctions between signal anxiety and anxiety concomitant with a lack of basic ego resources.", "PMID": 490148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_394", "title": "Norepinephrine turnover in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia. Changes after gonadotrophin administration to castrated rats.", "content": "The effects of FSH and LH on norepinephrine (NE) turnover in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia of castrated female rats were examined by measuring the decline of [3H]NE concentration in the organ 30--120 min after a single i.v. injection of the labeled amine. Both FSH and LH treatment significantly decreased [3H]NE turnover in the pineal gland whereas only FSH accelerated it in the ganglia. As compared to controls, the initial uptake of [3H]NE was lower in the pineal gland of FSH- and LH-treated animals, and higher in the superior cervical ganglia of rats injected with FSH. Neither FSH nor LH modified [3H]NE turnover in heart or adrenal gland, nor changed their endogenous catecholamine content. Pineal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity type B (assaying by using beta-phenylethylamine as substrate) was decreased by FSH or LH injection. Only FSH modified MAO activity in the ganglia by increasing significantly type A enzyme (assaying by using serotonin as substrate). These results suggest that FSH and LH affect significantly NE metabolism in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia of spayed rats.", "contents": "Norepinephrine turnover in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia. Changes after gonadotrophin administration to castrated rats. The effects of FSH and LH on norepinephrine (NE) turnover in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia of castrated female rats were examined by measuring the decline of [3H]NE concentration in the organ 30--120 min after a single i.v. injection of the labeled amine. Both FSH and LH treatment significantly decreased [3H]NE turnover in the pineal gland whereas only FSH accelerated it in the ganglia. As compared to controls, the initial uptake of [3H]NE was lower in the pineal gland of FSH- and LH-treated animals, and higher in the superior cervical ganglia of rats injected with FSH. Neither FSH nor LH modified [3H]NE turnover in heart or adrenal gland, nor changed their endogenous catecholamine content. Pineal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity type B (assaying by using beta-phenylethylamine as substrate) was decreased by FSH or LH injection. Only FSH modified MAO activity in the ganglia by increasing significantly type A enzyme (assaying by using serotonin as substrate). These results suggest that FSH and LH affect significantly NE metabolism in pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia of spayed rats.", "PMID": 490150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_395", "title": "The content and uptake of 5-HT by blood platelets in depressive patients.", "content": "The obtained results and data of literature indicate the increase (absolute or relative) of the rate of 5-HT uptake by platelets in depressives. These data suggest that the acceleration of 5-HT reuptake in neurones may be one of the reasons of insufficiency of 5-HT-ergic processes in depression of 5-HT type (Asberg, 1976).", "contents": "The content and uptake of 5-HT by blood platelets in depressive patients. The obtained results and data of literature indicate the increase (absolute or relative) of the rate of 5-HT uptake by platelets in depressives. These data suggest that the acceleration of 5-HT reuptake in neurones may be one of the reasons of insufficiency of 5-HT-ergic processes in depression of 5-HT type (Asberg, 1976).", "PMID": 490151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_396", "title": "Clinical and experimental studies of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesias.", "content": "Phenytoin administration occasionally leads to the induction of hyperkinetic movement disorders. The pathophysiologic basis of this phenomena is unknown, but thought to be a toxic effect of phenytoin. Study of two cases of this disorder and a review of the literature suggest that antecedant pathologic changes in the basal ganglia are prerequisites for the development of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesias. In an animal model of tardive dyskinesia, phenytoin was found to enhance neuroleptic-induced behavioral supersensitivity but have no effect in control animals. We conclude that phenytoin induced hyperkinesias reflect a specific effect of phenytoin on an abnormal neural substrate and suggest the presence of an otherwise silent pathological alteration of the corpus striatum. The diagnostic value of an episode of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental studies of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesias. Phenytoin administration occasionally leads to the induction of hyperkinetic movement disorders. The pathophysiologic basis of this phenomena is unknown, but thought to be a toxic effect of phenytoin. Study of two cases of this disorder and a review of the literature suggest that antecedant pathologic changes in the basal ganglia are prerequisites for the development of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesias. In an animal model of tardive dyskinesia, phenytoin was found to enhance neuroleptic-induced behavioral supersensitivity but have no effect in control animals. We conclude that phenytoin induced hyperkinesias reflect a specific effect of phenytoin on an abnormal neural substrate and suggest the presence of an otherwise silent pathological alteration of the corpus striatum. The diagnostic value of an episode of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia is discussed.", "PMID": 490152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_397", "title": "EEG sleep patterns in Parkinsonian patients treated with bromocryptine and L-dopa: a comparative study.", "content": "The nocturnal sleep patterns of six Parkinsonian patients treated with Bromocryptine (2-Br-L-ergocryptine CB-154), a dopamine-like agonist, were compared with those of the same patients under L-DOPA treatment. No significant differences were found between the two groups. It is suggested that Bromocryptine, acting on dopamine receptors in the sleep regulating systems at the reticular level in the midbrain has the same effect on sleep patterns of Parkinsonian patients as L-DOPA.", "contents": "EEG sleep patterns in Parkinsonian patients treated with bromocryptine and L-dopa: a comparative study. The nocturnal sleep patterns of six Parkinsonian patients treated with Bromocryptine (2-Br-L-ergocryptine CB-154), a dopamine-like agonist, were compared with those of the same patients under L-DOPA treatment. No significant differences were found between the two groups. It is suggested that Bromocryptine, acting on dopamine receptors in the sleep regulating systems at the reticular level in the midbrain has the same effect on sleep patterns of Parkinsonian patients as L-DOPA.", "PMID": 490153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_398", "title": "Ganglioside patterns and cholera toxin--peroxidase labeling of aggregating cells from the chick optic tectum.", "content": "2The ganglioside compositions of the chick optic tectum and aggregating tectal cell cultures were examined. Both showed similar trends in changes in ganglioside patterns during development. GD3 and GD1b were the predominant gangliosides early in development, while GD1a and several other multisialogangliosides increased in relative amounts with increasing age in vivo and in vitro. Four gangliosides were present early in development which have not previously been reported. These gangliosides are not present at later developmental times suggesting a possible role for them during the critical early stages of nervous tissue differentiation. Some differences were noted when comparing in vivo versus in vitro ganglioside patterns; these differences may possibly be due to the lack of normal retinotectal connections in the cultures. Cytochemical studies on the localization of the presumed cholera toxin--peroxidase binding site GM1 showed conjugate binding correlates with increasing levels of GM1 in the cultures. In older cultures, the conjugate was uniformly localized on all cells and processes in the aggregates. The conjugate also bound to synaptic membranes and intensely stained the synaptic cleft. This latter observation suggests an enrichment of GM1 in the synaptic cleft region.", "contents": "Ganglioside patterns and cholera toxin--peroxidase labeling of aggregating cells from the chick optic tectum. 2The ganglioside compositions of the chick optic tectum and aggregating tectal cell cultures were examined. Both showed similar trends in changes in ganglioside patterns during development. GD3 and GD1b were the predominant gangliosides early in development, while GD1a and several other multisialogangliosides increased in relative amounts with increasing age in vivo and in vitro. Four gangliosides were present early in development which have not previously been reported. These gangliosides are not present at later developmental times suggesting a possible role for them during the critical early stages of nervous tissue differentiation. Some differences were noted when comparing in vivo versus in vitro ganglioside patterns; these differences may possibly be due to the lack of normal retinotectal connections in the cultures. Cytochemical studies on the localization of the presumed cholera toxin--peroxidase binding site GM1 showed conjugate binding correlates with increasing levels of GM1 in the cultures. In older cultures, the conjugate was uniformly localized on all cells and processes in the aggregates. The conjugate also bound to synaptic membranes and intensely stained the synaptic cleft. This latter observation suggests an enrichment of GM1 in the synaptic cleft region.", "PMID": 490154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_399", "title": "Neurotrophic control of 16S acetylcholinesterase at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Endplate 16S acetylcholinesterase (16S-AChE) from rat anterior gracilis muscle was assessed, 6 hr to 10 days after denervation, by velocity sedimentation analysis on linear sucrose gradients. The innervating obturator nerve was transected either close (1--2 mm, short stump) or far (35--40 mm, long stump) from the muscle. In both instances, the activity of 16S-AChE gradually decreased and reached approximately the same level (10%--20% of control) by 6 days after denervation. However, enzymatic decay started considerably earlier in short stump (12--24 hr) as compared to long stump (4--5 days preparations, i.e., the time of onset of 16S-AChE loss depended on the length of nerve that remained attached to the muscle. Whether this result extended to other AChE molecular forms (10S, 4S) in muscle endplates could not be determined because, in contrast to 16S-AChE, these forms were also detected in red blood cells (4S) and plasma (10S). Only small amounts of 16S-AChE were found in intact obturator nerves (1/100 of that in gracilis endplate regions). Thus a faster depletion of enzyme from shorter nerve stumps after axotomy could not entirely account for the substantial effect of nerve stump length on 16S-AChE. Since muscle contraction ceases immediately following nerve transection, regardless of nerve stump length, the results can be ascribed to the lack of some neural influence other than nerve-evoked muscle activity. The present findings are consistent with the view that maintenance of 16SAChE at neuromuscular junctions primarily depends on regulatory substances which are conveyed by axonal transport and released from nerve terminals.", "contents": "Neurotrophic control of 16S acetylcholinesterase at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Endplate 16S acetylcholinesterase (16S-AChE) from rat anterior gracilis muscle was assessed, 6 hr to 10 days after denervation, by velocity sedimentation analysis on linear sucrose gradients. The innervating obturator nerve was transected either close (1--2 mm, short stump) or far (35--40 mm, long stump) from the muscle. In both instances, the activity of 16S-AChE gradually decreased and reached approximately the same level (10%--20% of control) by 6 days after denervation. However, enzymatic decay started considerably earlier in short stump (12--24 hr) as compared to long stump (4--5 days preparations, i.e., the time of onset of 16S-AChE loss depended on the length of nerve that remained attached to the muscle. Whether this result extended to other AChE molecular forms (10S, 4S) in muscle endplates could not be determined because, in contrast to 16S-AChE, these forms were also detected in red blood cells (4S) and plasma (10S). Only small amounts of 16S-AChE were found in intact obturator nerves (1/100 of that in gracilis endplate regions). Thus a faster depletion of enzyme from shorter nerve stumps after axotomy could not entirely account for the substantial effect of nerve stump length on 16S-AChE. Since muscle contraction ceases immediately following nerve transection, regardless of nerve stump length, the results can be ascribed to the lack of some neural influence other than nerve-evoked muscle activity. The present findings are consistent with the view that maintenance of 16SAChE at neuromuscular junctions primarily depends on regulatory substances which are conveyed by axonal transport and released from nerve terminals.", "PMID": 490155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_400", "title": "Ultrastructure of Aplysia neurons having different degrees of light sensitivity.", "content": "The relationship between ultrastructure and photosensitivity of pigmented neurons of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica was investigated using electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods. Four identified neurons of similar light microscopic appearance were examined; two are photoresponsive and two are not. Illumination hyperpolarizes both responsive neurons. One of them, R2, requires roughly 100 times greater light intensities than does the other, the ventral photoresponsive neuron (VPN), for similar responses. Two neurons lying adjacent to VPN and similar in appearance to VPN do not have measurable electrophysiological responses to even the highest light intensities. All four neurons contained lipochondria, pigmented organelles associated with the light response. Therefore the presence of these organelles is not the only requirement for light sensitivity in these neurons. Illumination appeared to increase the number of membranous lipochondria in both R2 and the ventral neurons, but only in R2 was this increase significant. Factors such as the concentration of lipochondria near the plasma membrane may affect quantitative aspects of the light response, but in the insensitive cells the lipochondria are apparently uncoupled from other factors required for the light response.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Aplysia neurons having different degrees of light sensitivity. The relationship between ultrastructure and photosensitivity of pigmented neurons of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica was investigated using electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods. Four identified neurons of similar light microscopic appearance were examined; two are photoresponsive and two are not. Illumination hyperpolarizes both responsive neurons. One of them, R2, requires roughly 100 times greater light intensities than does the other, the ventral photoresponsive neuron (VPN), for similar responses. Two neurons lying adjacent to VPN and similar in appearance to VPN do not have measurable electrophysiological responses to even the highest light intensities. All four neurons contained lipochondria, pigmented organelles associated with the light response. Therefore the presence of these organelles is not the only requirement for light sensitivity in these neurons. Illumination appeared to increase the number of membranous lipochondria in both R2 and the ventral neurons, but only in R2 was this increase significant. Factors such as the concentration of lipochondria near the plasma membrane may affect quantitative aspects of the light response, but in the insensitive cells the lipochondria are apparently uncoupled from other factors required for the light response.", "PMID": 490156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_401", "title": "Lobster claw motorneurons respond to contralateral sensory stimuli.", "content": "Unilateral sensory stimuli in an isolated lobster claw--ganglion preparation elicits soma and axon spikes in homologous motorneurons in the ipsilateral as well as the contralateral hemiganglion. This cross excitation of the motorneurons provides a basis for bilateral reflexes in the claw and is likely mediated through interneuron(s).", "contents": "Lobster claw motorneurons respond to contralateral sensory stimuli. Unilateral sensory stimuli in an isolated lobster claw--ganglion preparation elicits soma and axon spikes in homologous motorneurons in the ipsilateral as well as the contralateral hemiganglion. This cross excitation of the motorneurons provides a basis for bilateral reflexes in the claw and is likely mediated through interneuron(s).", "PMID": 490157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_402", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships.", "content": "In six anaesthetised and ventilated dogs the CSF pulse pressure was compared with the volume-pressure response (VPR) during continuous inflation of an extradural balloon. Both pulse pressure and VPR increased linearly with the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) up to a mean VFP of 60 mmHg. At this pressure a breakpoint occurred above which the CSF pulse pressure showed a steeper linear increase, while the VPR remained constant. It is suggested that the breakpoint is related to failure of autoregulation, and that in non-autoregulating patients the CSF pulse pressure is a better parameter of the clinical state than the VPR.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships. In six anaesthetised and ventilated dogs the CSF pulse pressure was compared with the volume-pressure response (VPR) during continuous inflation of an extradural balloon. Both pulse pressure and VPR increased linearly with the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) up to a mean VFP of 60 mmHg. At this pressure a breakpoint occurred above which the CSF pulse pressure showed a steeper linear increase, while the VPR remained constant. It is suggested that the breakpoint is related to failure of autoregulation, and that in non-autoregulating patients the CSF pulse pressure is a better parameter of the clinical state than the VPR.", "PMID": 490174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_403", "title": "Conditioning of the H reflex by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The excitability curve of the H reflex conditioned by stimulation of a mixed nerve was studied in eight Parkinsonism patients, before and after L-dopa therapy. There was no significant variation between the two curves. However, there was a reduction of the normal early inhibition of the H reflex conditioned by exteroceptive stimulation. This indicates the presence of alterations in the organisation of the reflex pathways at a spinal level in this disease.", "contents": "Conditioning of the H reflex by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in Parkinson's disease. The excitability curve of the H reflex conditioned by stimulation of a mixed nerve was studied in eight Parkinsonism patients, before and after L-dopa therapy. There was no significant variation between the two curves. However, there was a reduction of the normal early inhibition of the H reflex conditioned by exteroceptive stimulation. This indicates the presence of alterations in the organisation of the reflex pathways at a spinal level in this disease.", "PMID": 490175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_404", "title": "An investigation of the antitumor activity of Micromelum integerrimum (Rutaceae).", "content": "Extracts of Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham. ex Coleb.) M. Roem. were fractionated based on in vivo activity in mice in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system. Activity in ethanol extracts was concentrated in the chloroform partition fraction, which was further resolved by chromatography on silica gel. The known coumarins, micromelin and scopoletin, were crystallized from the active fractions and demonstrated to have antitumor activities. Micromelin was converted to the corresponding butenolide (deoxymicromelin) which was inactive in the 9KB assay.", "contents": "An investigation of the antitumor activity of Micromelum integerrimum (Rutaceae). Extracts of Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham. ex Coleb.) M. Roem. were fractionated based on in vivo activity in mice in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system. Activity in ethanol extracts was concentrated in the chloroform partition fraction, which was further resolved by chromatography on silica gel. The known coumarins, micromelin and scopoletin, were crystallized from the active fractions and demonstrated to have antitumor activities. Micromelin was converted to the corresponding butenolide (deoxymicromelin) which was inactive in the 9KB assay.", "PMID": 490172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_405", "title": "Abnormal head movements.", "content": "Abnormal head movements have been studied in a variety of diseases using objective recording techniques and the data analysed with respect to the frequency content of the movement. Flopping, nodding, tic, chorea, myoclonic jerks, and most head tremors involve frequencies of approximately 2 and 4 Hz which correspond to the natural fundamental and second harmonic resonances of the head as determined by the mechanical properties of the head/neck system. These findings provide a basis for classification of abnormal head movements as well as an explanation of the characteristics of those arising from hypotonia of the neck muscles. The similarities between tremor frequencies and natural resonances suggest that in the case of the head, tremor arises from disorders of neural mechanisms normally responsible for the fine control of voluntary head movement and for stabilisation of the head during disturbance of posture. Head movements in cases of congenital nystagmus were found to be of two types. Some were of bizarre waveform, in no way assisted vision, and were taken to be of primarily pathological origin and classified as tremors. Others were learned adaptive responses which assisted vision either by interrupting the nystagmus, as in the case of spasmus nutans, or by compensating for the nystagmus with an inverse waveform and were called nodding. A prerequisite for true compensatory nodding is modified vestibulo-ocular reflex.", "contents": "Abnormal head movements. Abnormal head movements have been studied in a variety of diseases using objective recording techniques and the data analysed with respect to the frequency content of the movement. Flopping, nodding, tic, chorea, myoclonic jerks, and most head tremors involve frequencies of approximately 2 and 4 Hz which correspond to the natural fundamental and second harmonic resonances of the head as determined by the mechanical properties of the head/neck system. These findings provide a basis for classification of abnormal head movements as well as an explanation of the characteristics of those arising from hypotonia of the neck muscles. The similarities between tremor frequencies and natural resonances suggest that in the case of the head, tremor arises from disorders of neural mechanisms normally responsible for the fine control of voluntary head movement and for stabilisation of the head during disturbance of posture. Head movements in cases of congenital nystagmus were found to be of two types. Some were of bizarre waveform, in no way assisted vision, and were taken to be of primarily pathological origin and classified as tremors. Others were learned adaptive responses which assisted vision either by interrupting the nystagmus, as in the case of spasmus nutans, or by compensating for the nystagmus with an inverse waveform and were called nodding. A prerequisite for true compensatory nodding is modified vestibulo-ocular reflex.", "PMID": 490176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_406", "title": "Assessment of cognitive asymmetries in brain-damaged and normal subjects: validation of a test battery.", "content": "A test battery designed to assess cognitive functions normally related to the left and right cerebral hemispheres was validated on 30 patients with unilateral (16 right, 14 left) lesions. The tests were preselected to reflect typical functioning of the hemispheres according to general agreement in the literature. A Cognitive Laterality Quotient (CLQ) was calculated from the difference in performance between the \"right\" and \"left\" test batteries and, therefore, reflected the relative functioning attributed to the right and left hemispheres. Using the CLQ measurement and a control group of 30 non-neurological patients matched for age and education, 28 out of 30 brain-damaged patients (93%) were categorised correctly according to side of lesion; the other two were considered to have either abnormal lateralisation (one was left handed) or asymmetrical premorbid cognitive profiles. Using only one (paired) test whose two subparts were designed to vary only slightly in task requirements to measure either right or left functioning, 29 out of 30 patients were correctly categorised. It is suggested that the concept of relative assessment of basic cognitive functions is more fruitful than general assessment of intellectual functions for use in diagnosis and rehabilitation of neurological patients or normal subjects with developmental or acquired behavioural cognitive abnormalities.", "contents": "Assessment of cognitive asymmetries in brain-damaged and normal subjects: validation of a test battery. A test battery designed to assess cognitive functions normally related to the left and right cerebral hemispheres was validated on 30 patients with unilateral (16 right, 14 left) lesions. The tests were preselected to reflect typical functioning of the hemispheres according to general agreement in the literature. A Cognitive Laterality Quotient (CLQ) was calculated from the difference in performance between the \"right\" and \"left\" test batteries and, therefore, reflected the relative functioning attributed to the right and left hemispheres. Using the CLQ measurement and a control group of 30 non-neurological patients matched for age and education, 28 out of 30 brain-damaged patients (93%) were categorised correctly according to side of lesion; the other two were considered to have either abnormal lateralisation (one was left handed) or asymmetrical premorbid cognitive profiles. Using only one (paired) test whose two subparts were designed to vary only slightly in task requirements to measure either right or left functioning, 29 out of 30 patients were correctly categorised. It is suggested that the concept of relative assessment of basic cognitive functions is more fruitful than general assessment of intellectual functions for use in diagnosis and rehabilitation of neurological patients or normal subjects with developmental or acquired behavioural cognitive abnormalities.", "PMID": 490177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_407", "title": "Antitumor agents 37. The isolation and structural elucidation of isohelenol, a new antileukemic sesquiterpene lactone, and isohelenalin from Helenium microcephalum.", "content": "The known compound isohelenalin (1) was isolated from Helenium microcephalum and the previously reported structure confirmed on the basis of physicochemical data and chemical transformation. In addition, a new antileukemic sesquiterpene lactone, isohelenol (2), was isolated and its structure elucidated.", "contents": "Antitumor agents 37. The isolation and structural elucidation of isohelenol, a new antileukemic sesquiterpene lactone, and isohelenalin from Helenium microcephalum. The known compound isohelenalin (1) was isolated from Helenium microcephalum and the previously reported structure confirmed on the basis of physicochemical data and chemical transformation. In addition, a new antileukemic sesquiterpene lactone, isohelenol (2), was isolated and its structure elucidated.", "PMID": 490173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_408", "title": "Interictal acute psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy during withdrawal of anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Acute interictal psychotic attacks during withdrawal of medication are described in two patients with temporal lobe epilepsy submitted to depth EEG study with a view to surgical treatment. The patients were on chronic treatment with clonazepam associated in one with phenobarbitone and in the other with phenobarbitone plus carbamazepine. Our observations suggest that the acute withdrawal of clonazepam, the plasma levels of which were monitored may play a part in producing psychotic attacks characterised by dysphoric manifestations, irritability, aggressiveness, anxiety, and hallucinations. These symptoms could be interpreted as a withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Interictal acute psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy during withdrawal of anticonvulsant therapy. Acute interictal psychotic attacks during withdrawal of medication are described in two patients with temporal lobe epilepsy submitted to depth EEG study with a view to surgical treatment. The patients were on chronic treatment with clonazepam associated in one with phenobarbitone and in the other with phenobarbitone plus carbamazepine. Our observations suggest that the acute withdrawal of clonazepam, the plasma levels of which were monitored may play a part in producing psychotic attacks characterised by dysphoric manifestations, irritability, aggressiveness, anxiety, and hallucinations. These symptoms could be interpreted as a withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 490178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_409", "title": "First coloured South African with multiple sclerosis confirmed by necropsy.", "content": "The clinical details and neuropathological findings of a Coloured South African with multiple sclerosis are presented. The interest of this case lies in the fact that this is the first proven case of multiple sclerosis in a Coloured South African.", "contents": "First coloured South African with multiple sclerosis confirmed by necropsy. The clinical details and neuropathological findings of a Coloured South African with multiple sclerosis are presented. The interest of this case lies in the fact that this is the first proven case of multiple sclerosis in a Coloured South African.", "PMID": 490179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_410", "title": "Lymphocyte function in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Mitogen-induced blastoid transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with myasthenia gravis was studied using a microplate culture technique and evaluated with 3H-thymidine incorporation. It was found that both phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen responses decreased significantly in patients with myasthenia gravis. In myasthenic crisis, indices of stimulation by phytohaemagglutination became very low. The autologous plasma neither inhibited nor facilitated mitogenic responses of lymphocytes. The decreased mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes suggests that part of the T lymphocyte function is subnormal in myasthenia.", "contents": "Lymphocyte function in myasthenia gravis. Mitogen-induced blastoid transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with myasthenia gravis was studied using a microplate culture technique and evaluated with 3H-thymidine incorporation. It was found that both phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen responses decreased significantly in patients with myasthenia gravis. In myasthenic crisis, indices of stimulation by phytohaemagglutination became very low. The autologous plasma neither inhibited nor facilitated mitogenic responses of lymphocytes. The decreased mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes suggests that part of the T lymphocyte function is subnormal in myasthenia.", "PMID": 490180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_411", "title": "Crossed acoustic response combined with visual and somatosensory evoked responses in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The crossed acoustic response, (CAR), a recently introduced test of brainstem function, has been studied in 66 patients with multiple sclerosis and 53 control subjects, and compared with conventional visual and somatosensory evoked responses (VER, SER). A latency abnormality was found in the CAR in 73% of patients, in the VER in 63%, and in the SER in 37%. Abnormalities have been related to the presence or absence of clinically detectable signs. All three responses detected subclinical lesions by showing abnormality in a proportion of multiple sclerosis patients who had no corresponding abnormal clinical signs (CAR 69%, VER 42%, SER 29%). The best diagnostic combination of responses was VER and CAR. Ninety per cent of patients had at least one of these two responses abnormal.", "contents": "Crossed acoustic response combined with visual and somatosensory evoked responses in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The crossed acoustic response, (CAR), a recently introduced test of brainstem function, has been studied in 66 patients with multiple sclerosis and 53 control subjects, and compared with conventional visual and somatosensory evoked responses (VER, SER). A latency abnormality was found in the CAR in 73% of patients, in the VER in 63%, and in the SER in 37%. Abnormalities have been related to the presence or absence of clinically detectable signs. All three responses detected subclinical lesions by showing abnormality in a proportion of multiple sclerosis patients who had no corresponding abnormal clinical signs (CAR 69%, VER 42%, SER 29%). The best diagnostic combination of responses was VER and CAR. Ninety per cent of patients had at least one of these two responses abnormal.", "PMID": 490181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_412", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea from massive osteolysis of the skull.", "content": "Involvement of the skull by a rare disorder-massive osteolysis-led to CSF rhinorrhoea and meningitis. This is believed to be the first time that such a case has been reported.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea from massive osteolysis of the skull. Involvement of the skull by a rare disorder-massive osteolysis-led to CSF rhinorrhoea and meningitis. This is believed to be the first time that such a case has been reported.", "PMID": 490182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_413", "title": "Development of mouse dorsal root ganglia: an autoradiographic and quantitative study.", "content": "Pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine was used to determine the cell birthdays of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in foetal mice. The peak number of cell birthdays occurred at 11.5 days foetal age in cervical DRGs, and at 12.5 days in lumbar DRGs. The satellite cells were becoming heavily labelled by day 13.5 in lumbar and some hours earlier in cervical regions. A very sharp peak of satellite cell labelling was seen at 13 days in the lumbar region. Evidence for the existence of more than one neuronal cell type is presented. The earliest cells to stop dividing were part of a widely spread distribution which included all the large neurons. The birthdays of the population of small neurons began later and continued for at least 48 h after division of the large cells had ceased.", "contents": "Development of mouse dorsal root ganglia: an autoradiographic and quantitative study. Pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine was used to determine the cell birthdays of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in foetal mice. The peak number of cell birthdays occurred at 11.5 days foetal age in cervical DRGs, and at 12.5 days in lumbar DRGs. The satellite cells were becoming heavily labelled by day 13.5 in lumbar and some hours earlier in cervical regions. A very sharp peak of satellite cell labelling was seen at 13 days in the lumbar region. Evidence for the existence of more than one neuronal cell type is presented. The earliest cells to stop dividing were part of a widely spread distribution which included all the large neurons. The birthdays of the population of small neurons began later and continued for at least 48 h after division of the large cells had ceased.", "PMID": 490183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_414", "title": "The postnatal development of large light and small dark neurons in mouse dorsal root ganglia: a statistical analysis of cell numbers and size.", "content": "A method is described for the analysis of cell types in mouse dorsal root ganglia using the distribution of cell cross-sectional areas measured at the level of the nucleolus in 1.5 micron Epon sections. Using a computer program it was possible to demonstrate the existence of two normally distributed sub-populations of neurons in all the 3rd lumbar segment ganglia (17 in number) measured at various ages from birth to 70 days. The two populations appeared to correspond with large light cells and small dark cells. The large light cell bodies increased in size until about 20 days postnatal, subsequently their size decreased whereas the mean size of the small dark cells reached a plateau by about day 10. The relationship of both nuclear volume and surface area to the surface area of the perikaryon differed between light and dark cells. The number of neurons in L3 remained virtually constant at about 6000 throughout the period examined. Since the proportion of neurons in each population was not shown to change with age there was no evidence that cells could change from one type into the other.", "contents": "The postnatal development of large light and small dark neurons in mouse dorsal root ganglia: a statistical analysis of cell numbers and size. A method is described for the analysis of cell types in mouse dorsal root ganglia using the distribution of cell cross-sectional areas measured at the level of the nucleolus in 1.5 micron Epon sections. Using a computer program it was possible to demonstrate the existence of two normally distributed sub-populations of neurons in all the 3rd lumbar segment ganglia (17 in number) measured at various ages from birth to 70 days. The two populations appeared to correspond with large light cells and small dark cells. The large light cell bodies increased in size until about 20 days postnatal, subsequently their size decreased whereas the mean size of the small dark cells reached a plateau by about day 10. The relationship of both nuclear volume and surface area to the surface area of the perikaryon differed between light and dark cells. The number of neurons in L3 remained virtually constant at about 6000 throughout the period examined. Since the proportion of neurons in each population was not shown to change with age there was no evidence that cells could change from one type into the other.", "PMID": 490184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_415", "title": "The inner plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Neural connections of cells ramifying in the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina have been studied by serial section electron microscopy. Flat cone bipolars and invaginating cone bipolars segregate their axon terminals to different sublaminae of the IPL (sublamina a and sublamina b, respectively) where they relate to different subtypes of the same class of ganglion cell (a and b types respectively). Rod bipolar axon terminals end solely in sublamina b and synapse with amacrine cells (AI and AII). AI provides reciprocal synapses to clusters of rod bipolar axon terminals. The AII amacrine provides rod input to a type ganglion cells by means of chemical synapses and to b type ganglion cells through gap junctions with invaginating cone bipolar terminals. Amacrine cells exist which interconnect rod and cone bipolars, but some amacrines appear to be related specifically to neurons branching in particular sublaminae. Both large- and small-bodied ganglion cells have amacrine-dominated input while the medium-bodied ganglion cells with small dendritic trees have cone bipolar-dominated input.", "contents": "The inner plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. Neural connections of cells ramifying in the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina have been studied by serial section electron microscopy. Flat cone bipolars and invaginating cone bipolars segregate their axon terminals to different sublaminae of the IPL (sublamina a and sublamina b, respectively) where they relate to different subtypes of the same class of ganglion cell (a and b types respectively). Rod bipolar axon terminals end solely in sublamina b and synapse with amacrine cells (AI and AII). AI provides reciprocal synapses to clusters of rod bipolar axon terminals. The AII amacrine provides rod input to a type ganglion cells by means of chemical synapses and to b type ganglion cells through gap junctions with invaginating cone bipolar terminals. Amacrine cells exist which interconnect rod and cone bipolars, but some amacrines appear to be related specifically to neurons branching in particular sublaminae. Both large- and small-bodied ganglion cells have amacrine-dominated input while the medium-bodied ganglion cells with small dendritic trees have cone bipolar-dominated input.", "PMID": 490185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_416", "title": "The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. V. Degenerating axon terminals synapsing with Golgi impregnated neurons.", "content": "The sites of termination of afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus to layer IV and lower layer III in area 17 of the rat visual cortex have been determined by use of a combined degeneration--Golgi/EM technique. Degeneration of geniculocortical axon terminals was produced by making lesions in the lateral geniculate body. After the animals had been allowed to survive for two days, the ipsilateral visual cortex was removed and impregnated by the Golgi technique. Suitably impregnated neurons and their processes in layer IV and lower layer III were then gold-toned and deimpregnated for examination in the electron microscope. A search was made for synapses between degenerating axon terminals and the gold-labelled postsynaptic neurons. Geniculocortical synapses were found to involve: (1) the spines of basal dendrites as well as those of proximal shafts and collaterals of apical dendrites of layer III pyramidal neurons; (2) the spines of the apical dendritic shafts and collaterals of layer V pyramidal neurons; (3) the perikaryon and dendritic spines of a sparsely-spined stellate cell; and (4) the perikaryon and dendrites of a smooth, bitufted stellate cell. In view of this variety of postsynaptic elements it is suggested that all parts of the perikarya and dendrites of neurons contained in layer IV and lower layer III which are capable of forming asymmetric synapses can be postsynaptic to the thalamic input. Finally, an analysis of the known neuronal interrelations within the rat visual cortex is presented.", "contents": "The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. V. Degenerating axon terminals synapsing with Golgi impregnated neurons. The sites of termination of afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus to layer IV and lower layer III in area 17 of the rat visual cortex have been determined by use of a combined degeneration--Golgi/EM technique. Degeneration of geniculocortical axon terminals was produced by making lesions in the lateral geniculate body. After the animals had been allowed to survive for two days, the ipsilateral visual cortex was removed and impregnated by the Golgi technique. Suitably impregnated neurons and their processes in layer IV and lower layer III were then gold-toned and deimpregnated for examination in the electron microscope. A search was made for synapses between degenerating axon terminals and the gold-labelled postsynaptic neurons. Geniculocortical synapses were found to involve: (1) the spines of basal dendrites as well as those of proximal shafts and collaterals of apical dendrites of layer III pyramidal neurons; (2) the spines of the apical dendritic shafts and collaterals of layer V pyramidal neurons; (3) the perikaryon and dendritic spines of a sparsely-spined stellate cell; and (4) the perikaryon and dendrites of a smooth, bitufted stellate cell. In view of this variety of postsynaptic elements it is suggested that all parts of the perikarya and dendrites of neurons contained in layer IV and lower layer III which are capable of forming asymmetric synapses can be postsynaptic to the thalamic input. Finally, an analysis of the known neuronal interrelations within the rat visual cortex is presented.", "PMID": 490186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_417", "title": "Regeneration and myelination in autonomic ganglia transplanted to intact brain surfaces.", "content": "Fragments of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) from donor rats between newborn and three months of age were transplanted either into the fourth ventricle, onto the dorsal surface of the medulla or in contact with the area postrema of recipient rats aged 6--14 days (allografts) and 3--4 weeks (autografts). Except for the meninges, the entire brain surface and parenchyma was undisturbed. The regenerative capacity of the transplanted ganglia and its interaction with the brain surfaces was followed for post-operative periods between 1 h and six months. Both ependymal and glial cells reacted to the transplant even though there was no mechanical damage to the brain. Ependymal cells developed luminal fronds that projected into the ventricle and the subpial glia displayed a very subtle gliosis in the form of thin multi-laminated processes. Schwann cells from the transplant tended to cover the free surfaces of the brain. The transplants, often incorporated into the stroma of the choroid plexus, received an extensive vascular supply of both fenestrated and non-fenestrated vessels. In contrast to SCG in tissue culture, the perinatal explants quickly degenerated while all those from older donors, at least 3--4 weeks of age, regenerated briskly in the ambient cerebrospinal fluid. Thriving SCG neurons, which diminished in number over time, sprouted numerous neurites as early as one week; growth cones and synaptic contacts between cell processes were still evident at six months. The trasplanted mature SCG fragment underwent a redevelopment after an initial period of degeneration. It seems likely that the survival of the allografted ganglion cells depends on their acquisition of a target site in their new environment. By four to six months many axons became enclosed by myelin produced by SCG Schwann cells that normally do not form myelin in situ. Other Schwann cells appeared reactive in that they had a great increase in cytoplasmic filaments and formed gap junctions, two characteristics of C.N.S. astrocytes. It is possible that the proximity to the C.N.S. changes the character of certain Schwann cells or, alternatively, resulted in the migration of glial cells out of the brain. If the glial cells have migrated into the transplant, they may support alien neural tissue. This system in which the transplantation site is easily accessible with a minimum of trauma could lend itself to the study of some underlying mechanisms of the growth and regulation of both central and autonomic neurons and their supporting cells.", "contents": "Regeneration and myelination in autonomic ganglia transplanted to intact brain surfaces. Fragments of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) from donor rats between newborn and three months of age were transplanted either into the fourth ventricle, onto the dorsal surface of the medulla or in contact with the area postrema of recipient rats aged 6--14 days (allografts) and 3--4 weeks (autografts). Except for the meninges, the entire brain surface and parenchyma was undisturbed. The regenerative capacity of the transplanted ganglia and its interaction with the brain surfaces was followed for post-operative periods between 1 h and six months. Both ependymal and glial cells reacted to the transplant even though there was no mechanical damage to the brain. Ependymal cells developed luminal fronds that projected into the ventricle and the subpial glia displayed a very subtle gliosis in the form of thin multi-laminated processes. Schwann cells from the transplant tended to cover the free surfaces of the brain. The transplants, often incorporated into the stroma of the choroid plexus, received an extensive vascular supply of both fenestrated and non-fenestrated vessels. In contrast to SCG in tissue culture, the perinatal explants quickly degenerated while all those from older donors, at least 3--4 weeks of age, regenerated briskly in the ambient cerebrospinal fluid. Thriving SCG neurons, which diminished in number over time, sprouted numerous neurites as early as one week; growth cones and synaptic contacts between cell processes were still evident at six months. The trasplanted mature SCG fragment underwent a redevelopment after an initial period of degeneration. It seems likely that the survival of the allografted ganglion cells depends on their acquisition of a target site in their new environment. By four to six months many axons became enclosed by myelin produced by SCG Schwann cells that normally do not form myelin in situ. Other Schwann cells appeared reactive in that they had a great increase in cytoplasmic filaments and formed gap junctions, two characteristics of C.N.S. astrocytes. It is possible that the proximity to the C.N.S. changes the character of certain Schwann cells or, alternatively, resulted in the migration of glial cells out of the brain. If the glial cells have migrated into the transplant, they may support alien neural tissue. This system in which the transplantation site is easily accessible with a minimum of trauma could lend itself to the study of some underlying mechanisms of the growth and regulation of both central and autonomic neurons and their supporting cells.", "PMID": 490187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_418", "title": "Structure of rat aortic baroreceptors and their relationship to connective tissue.", "content": "The ultrastructure of fibres and sensory terminals of the aortic nerve innervating the aorta between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries was investigated in the rat. This is the region from which most baroreceptor responses are recorded electrophysiologically. The fibres of the aortic nerve enter the adventitia and separate into bundles generally containing one myelinated fibre and four or five unmyelinated fibres of various sizes. The bundles pursue a roughly helical course through the adventitia; when they are close to the aortic media, the myelinated fibre loses its myelin sheath. A complex sensory terminal region is formed, as both the unmyelinated and 'premyelinated' axons become irregularly varicose. The concentration of mitochondria becomes very dense and cytoplasmic deposits of glycogen are observed. Both unmyelinated and premyelinated axons branch, and the unmyelinated axons wind irregularly around the premyelinated axon. The latter may have several loops and small holes. The terminal regions of both types of axon contain clusters of clear 40 nm vesicles. Part of the surface of each terminal region is ensheathed by Schwann cells, but the rest of the axolemma is directly exposed to extracellular connective tissue. There are often several layers of basal lamina around the sensory terminals and parts of the axolemma and Schwann cell membranes are attached to it by fine fibrillar material. The basal laminae are also attached to fibroblasts, fibroblast-like perineurial cells and elastic laminae, and the whole cellular and extracellular system appears to be tightly bound together. No differences between baroreceptors of spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats were found.", "contents": "Structure of rat aortic baroreceptors and their relationship to connective tissue. The ultrastructure of fibres and sensory terminals of the aortic nerve innervating the aorta between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries was investigated in the rat. This is the region from which most baroreceptor responses are recorded electrophysiologically. The fibres of the aortic nerve enter the adventitia and separate into bundles generally containing one myelinated fibre and four or five unmyelinated fibres of various sizes. The bundles pursue a roughly helical course through the adventitia; when they are close to the aortic media, the myelinated fibre loses its myelin sheath. A complex sensory terminal region is formed, as both the unmyelinated and 'premyelinated' axons become irregularly varicose. The concentration of mitochondria becomes very dense and cytoplasmic deposits of glycogen are observed. Both unmyelinated and premyelinated axons branch, and the unmyelinated axons wind irregularly around the premyelinated axon. The latter may have several loops and small holes. The terminal regions of both types of axon contain clusters of clear 40 nm vesicles. Part of the surface of each terminal region is ensheathed by Schwann cells, but the rest of the axolemma is directly exposed to extracellular connective tissue. There are often several layers of basal lamina around the sensory terminals and parts of the axolemma and Schwann cell membranes are attached to it by fine fibrillar material. The basal laminae are also attached to fibroblasts, fibroblast-like perineurial cells and elastic laminae, and the whole cellular and extracellular system appears to be tightly bound together. No differences between baroreceptors of spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats were found.", "PMID": 490188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_419", "title": "Ultrastructure of the synapses of sensory neurons that mediate the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.", "content": "We have identified the processes of mechanoreceptor sensory neurons by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in order to study the structure of synapses which exhibit profound, behaviourally-relevant plasticity. These synapses are located at small, varicose expansions along or at the end of the fine, microtubule-containing neurites, and they are crowded with vesicles some of which are associated with the varicosity membrane at regions of membrane specialization morphologically equivalent to active zones described in other species. These active zones occur between pre- and postsynaptic processes at two varieties of apposition: a conventional flat one, and a more elaborate indented one. At indented appositions, the presynaptic varicosity is invaginated by a thin (less than 0.25 micrometer diameter) spine of variable length. The active zones of indented synapses have approximately twice the vesicle frequency of flat synapses, suggesting that indented synapses are more effective. Sensory neuron terminals are relatively uniform in their structure, having similar concentrations of vesicles and numbers of active zones, and the majority of the processes postsynaptic to them are less than 0.5 micrometer in diameter. These regularities, and the presence of two strikingly-different types of synaptic apposition, flat and indented, should facilitate structural comparisons of neurons from naive and behaviourally-modified animals. The possible dynamic interconversion of indented and flat appositions at the synaptic terminals of sensory neurons and its behavioural relevance are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the synapses of sensory neurons that mediate the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. We have identified the processes of mechanoreceptor sensory neurons by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in order to study the structure of synapses which exhibit profound, behaviourally-relevant plasticity. These synapses are located at small, varicose expansions along or at the end of the fine, microtubule-containing neurites, and they are crowded with vesicles some of which are associated with the varicosity membrane at regions of membrane specialization morphologically equivalent to active zones described in other species. These active zones occur between pre- and postsynaptic processes at two varieties of apposition: a conventional flat one, and a more elaborate indented one. At indented appositions, the presynaptic varicosity is invaginated by a thin (less than 0.25 micrometer diameter) spine of variable length. The active zones of indented synapses have approximately twice the vesicle frequency of flat synapses, suggesting that indented synapses are more effective. Sensory neuron terminals are relatively uniform in their structure, having similar concentrations of vesicles and numbers of active zones, and the majority of the processes postsynaptic to them are less than 0.5 micrometer in diameter. These regularities, and the presence of two strikingly-different types of synaptic apposition, flat and indented, should facilitate structural comparisons of neurons from naive and behaviourally-modified animals. The possible dynamic interconversion of indented and flat appositions at the synaptic terminals of sensory neurons and its behavioural relevance are discussed.", "PMID": 490189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_420", "title": "Serotoninergic synapses on ependymal and hypendymal cells of the rat subcommissural organ.", "content": "The nervous input to the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rat has been investigated with Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopical techniques. Previous fluorescence histochemical observations of a dense plexus of serotoninergic nerve fibres in relation to the basal SCO were confirmed. Electron microscopically, unmyelinated fine varicose axons ranging in size from 0.1--0.6 micrometer were observed to penetrate into the SCO hypendyma. Boutons and presynaptic varicosities filled with a diversity of round and elongated clear vesicles, and occasional large dense cored vesicles establish asymmetric (Gray's type I) synaptic contacts with the basal processes and somata of the SCO ependymal and hypendymal cells. A typical varicosity in synaptic contact with an SCO cell contains a population of approximately 85% clear, elongated vesicles 45 X 60 nm in diameter, 15% clear, round vesicles 50 nm in diameter, and 1--2% large dense cored vesicles with a vesicle diameter of about 85 nm and a dense core diameter of 50--55 nm. The mean length of the postsynaptic membrane specialization was found to be 0.5 micrometer. Experiments with specific neurotoxic drugs revealed that the nerve terminals in synaptic contact with the SCO cells are identical to the fibres of the serotoninergic plexus identified fluorescence histochemically. Thus, an intraventricular injection of either 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine induced typical degenerative changes in most of the boutons in synaptic contact with the SCO cells, and also a disappearance of the yellow fluorescent nerve plexus. It is concluded that the SCO of the rat receives a dense plexus of serotonin-containing nerve fibres which form typical synaptic contacts with the specialized ependymal cells of the SCO and that these fibres may constitute the only direct nervous input to the organ. The degeneration of the serotoninergic synapses elicited a long-lasting, pronounced increase in the secretory activity of the SCO. Despite long survival times after the treatment with neurotoxic drugs, we found no evidence of regenerative restitution of the serotoninergic innervation nor normalization of the secretory activity of the SCO. The observed inverse relationship between secretory activity and serotoninergic innervation is in line with previous observations which indicate that the 5-hydroxytryptamine input to the SCO ependymal and hypendymal cells exerts a powerful inhibition on their protein synthetic machinary.", "contents": "Serotoninergic synapses on ependymal and hypendymal cells of the rat subcommissural organ. The nervous input to the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rat has been investigated with Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopical techniques. Previous fluorescence histochemical observations of a dense plexus of serotoninergic nerve fibres in relation to the basal SCO were confirmed. Electron microscopically, unmyelinated fine varicose axons ranging in size from 0.1--0.6 micrometer were observed to penetrate into the SCO hypendyma. Boutons and presynaptic varicosities filled with a diversity of round and elongated clear vesicles, and occasional large dense cored vesicles establish asymmetric (Gray's type I) synaptic contacts with the basal processes and somata of the SCO ependymal and hypendymal cells. A typical varicosity in synaptic contact with an SCO cell contains a population of approximately 85% clear, elongated vesicles 45 X 60 nm in diameter, 15% clear, round vesicles 50 nm in diameter, and 1--2% large dense cored vesicles with a vesicle diameter of about 85 nm and a dense core diameter of 50--55 nm. The mean length of the postsynaptic membrane specialization was found to be 0.5 micrometer. Experiments with specific neurotoxic drugs revealed that the nerve terminals in synaptic contact with the SCO cells are identical to the fibres of the serotoninergic plexus identified fluorescence histochemically. Thus, an intraventricular injection of either 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine induced typical degenerative changes in most of the boutons in synaptic contact with the SCO cells, and also a disappearance of the yellow fluorescent nerve plexus. It is concluded that the SCO of the rat receives a dense plexus of serotonin-containing nerve fibres which form typical synaptic contacts with the specialized ependymal cells of the SCO and that these fibres may constitute the only direct nervous input to the organ. The degeneration of the serotoninergic synapses elicited a long-lasting, pronounced increase in the secretory activity of the SCO. Despite long survival times after the treatment with neurotoxic drugs, we found no evidence of regenerative restitution of the serotoninergic innervation nor normalization of the secretory activity of the SCO. The observed inverse relationship between secretory activity and serotoninergic innervation is in line with previous observations which indicate that the 5-hydroxytryptamine input to the SCO ependymal and hypendymal cells exerts a powerful inhibition on their protein synthetic machinary.", "PMID": 490190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_421", "title": "Neurotoxic destruction of the serotoninergic innervation of the rat subcommissural organ is followed by reinnervation through collateral sprouting of non-monoaminergic neurons.", "content": "Specific neurotoxic destruction of the serotoninergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the rat is followed by an efficient reinnervation by collateral sprouting of non-monoaminergic axons, which normally do not innervate the SCO cells. Morphologically, the reinnervating fibres totally replace the serotoninergic synapses lost by the lesion, but, functionally, they fail to substitute for the potent inhibitory control of secretory activity normally exerted by the serotoninergic innervation. It is possible that the observed reinnervation by foreign synapses explains why the regrowing serotoninergic neurons fail to re-establish their connections with the SCO.", "contents": "Neurotoxic destruction of the serotoninergic innervation of the rat subcommissural organ is followed by reinnervation through collateral sprouting of non-monoaminergic neurons. Specific neurotoxic destruction of the serotoninergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the rat is followed by an efficient reinnervation by collateral sprouting of non-monoaminergic axons, which normally do not innervate the SCO cells. Morphologically, the reinnervating fibres totally replace the serotoninergic synapses lost by the lesion, but, functionally, they fail to substitute for the potent inhibitory control of secretory activity normally exerted by the serotoninergic innervation. It is possible that the observed reinnervation by foreign synapses explains why the regrowing serotoninergic neurons fail to re-establish their connections with the SCO.", "PMID": 490191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_422", "title": "The tight epithelium of the Mongolian gerbil subcommissural organ as revealed by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Examination of neonatal Mongolian gerbil subcommissural organ (SCO) by freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals that the epithelial layer (the ependyma) possesses distinctive and very complex tight junctions which connect the apical portions of adjacent ependymal cells. The tight junction network of the Mongolian gerbil is more extensive neonatally than in the adult, and is in general, more conspicuous than in other animal species. The consistent finding of such very complex tight junctions at the interface between the C.S.F. and the SCO suggests that the SCO ependyma, at least in neonatal Monglian gerbils, might function as a tight epithelium with an ability to maintain steep solute gradients and high potential differences. The sealing-off of the SCO towards the C.S.F. (the C.S.F.--SCO barrier) and the effective blood-brain barrier in the organ (the blood-SCO barrier) might well be of functional significance, perhaps in relation to mechanisms involved in the control and/or detection of the stability of the internal environment of the brain.", "contents": "The tight epithelium of the Mongolian gerbil subcommissural organ as revealed by freeze-fracturing. Examination of neonatal Mongolian gerbil subcommissural organ (SCO) by freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals that the epithelial layer (the ependyma) possesses distinctive and very complex tight junctions which connect the apical portions of adjacent ependymal cells. The tight junction network of the Mongolian gerbil is more extensive neonatally than in the adult, and is in general, more conspicuous than in other animal species. The consistent finding of such very complex tight junctions at the interface between the C.S.F. and the SCO suggests that the SCO ependyma, at least in neonatal Monglian gerbils, might function as a tight epithelium with an ability to maintain steep solute gradients and high potential differences. The sealing-off of the SCO towards the C.S.F. (the C.S.F.--SCO barrier) and the effective blood-brain barrier in the organ (the blood-SCO barrier) might well be of functional significance, perhaps in relation to mechanisms involved in the control and/or detection of the stability of the internal environment of the brain.", "PMID": 490192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_423", "title": "Fine structure of initial outgrowth of processes induced in a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) by nerve growth factor.", "content": "Cells of the PC12 line (which is derived froma rat pheochromocytoma) develop neuron-like processes upon exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF), and thus provide an opportunity to study this phenomenon de novo. We have used the transmission electron microscope to analyse the early stages of process outgrowth (1, 2, 3 and 7 days) to determine what organelles are involved and in what sequence they appear during development. Despite the non-synchronous response to NGF, we can derive three main stages in early process formation. (1) NGF-treated cells develop conical extensions similar to, but larger and more numerous than those of controls. Extensions terminate in bulbous expansions that contain large number of chromaffin-like granules and bear microspikes filled with microfilaments. (2) The extensions of NGF-treated cells then acquire membranous organelles indicative of transmitter packaging and/or recycling of cytoplasmic membranes, for example, tubular reticulum, clear and dense-cored vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and lysosomes. (3) As processes elongate, they develop a shaft that contains an array of microtubules and fine tubular reticulum dispersed in a filamentous matrix, and varicosities that exhibit the same organelles seen in stage 2. The discussion stresses the similarities in the outgrowth of processes in PC12 cells and neurons, and speculates that NGF causes a change in organization and/or quantity or organelles that already exist in non-treated control cells.", "contents": "Fine structure of initial outgrowth of processes induced in a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) by nerve growth factor. Cells of the PC12 line (which is derived froma rat pheochromocytoma) develop neuron-like processes upon exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF), and thus provide an opportunity to study this phenomenon de novo. We have used the transmission electron microscope to analyse the early stages of process outgrowth (1, 2, 3 and 7 days) to determine what organelles are involved and in what sequence they appear during development. Despite the non-synchronous response to NGF, we can derive three main stages in early process formation. (1) NGF-treated cells develop conical extensions similar to, but larger and more numerous than those of controls. Extensions terminate in bulbous expansions that contain large number of chromaffin-like granules and bear microspikes filled with microfilaments. (2) The extensions of NGF-treated cells then acquire membranous organelles indicative of transmitter packaging and/or recycling of cytoplasmic membranes, for example, tubular reticulum, clear and dense-cored vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and lysosomes. (3) As processes elongate, they develop a shaft that contains an array of microtubules and fine tubular reticulum dispersed in a filamentous matrix, and varicosities that exhibit the same organelles seen in stage 2. The discussion stresses the similarities in the outgrowth of processes in PC12 cells and neurons, and speculates that NGF causes a change in organization and/or quantity or organelles that already exist in non-treated control cells.", "PMID": 490193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_424", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of neurofilament antigen in rat cerebellum.", "content": "The distribution of neurofilaments in the rat cerebellar cortex was studied by immunoperoxidase histochemistry using an antiserum raised against neurofilaments isolated from brain (anti-NF). In light microscope preparations, this antiserum selectively stained known neurofilament-containing structures. Staining was most intense in myelinated axons of the white matter and in the terminal branches of basket cell axons. No staining was apparent in either neuronal or glial cell bodies or in glial cell processes. These findings were confirmed in electron microscopic preparations of the same material. Neurofilaments stained by the antiserum were abundant in basket cell axons and also occurred in small bundles in mossy fibre terminals. Adjacent microtubules were not stained by the antiserum. There was no evidence of stained cytoplasmic filaments in glial cell processes. Thus it appears that neurofilaments contain unique antigens which do not occur in either microtubules or in glial cytoplasmic filaments. The antiserum did not induce staining of synaptic junctional structures, a result which contradicts previous suggestions that neurofilaments are structural components of synaptic densities.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of neurofilament antigen in rat cerebellum. The distribution of neurofilaments in the rat cerebellar cortex was studied by immunoperoxidase histochemistry using an antiserum raised against neurofilaments isolated from brain (anti-NF). In light microscope preparations, this antiserum selectively stained known neurofilament-containing structures. Staining was most intense in myelinated axons of the white matter and in the terminal branches of basket cell axons. No staining was apparent in either neuronal or glial cell bodies or in glial cell processes. These findings were confirmed in electron microscopic preparations of the same material. Neurofilaments stained by the antiserum were abundant in basket cell axons and also occurred in small bundles in mossy fibre terminals. Adjacent microtubules were not stained by the antiserum. There was no evidence of stained cytoplasmic filaments in glial cell processes. Thus it appears that neurofilaments contain unique antigens which do not occur in either microtubules or in glial cytoplasmic filaments. The antiserum did not induce staining of synaptic junctional structures, a result which contradicts previous suggestions that neurofilaments are structural components of synaptic densities.", "PMID": 490194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_425", "title": "Cross-correlation analysis of connectivities among cat lumbosacral dorsal horn cells.", "content": "1. Eighty-three cell pairs were recorded in dorsal horns of 19 cats. Cross-correlograms were flat in 65 cell pairs; of the remaining 18 pairs, cross-correlograms had broad peaks or troughs suggestive of nonmonosynaptic causal relations in their discharges; one cell pair had a biphasic deviation from base line. 2. No cross-correlograms indicative of monosynaptic interactions were observed. 3. All cell pairs with nonflat cross-correlograms had overlapping receptive fields. 4. It is concluded that monosynaptically connected cell pairs are rare at the interelectrode distances used in this experiment because such cell pairs must lie close together on the somatotopic map or because our recording methods bias against monosynaptically linked cell pairs.", "contents": "Cross-correlation analysis of connectivities among cat lumbosacral dorsal horn cells. 1. Eighty-three cell pairs were recorded in dorsal horns of 19 cats. Cross-correlograms were flat in 65 cell pairs; of the remaining 18 pairs, cross-correlograms had broad peaks or troughs suggestive of nonmonosynaptic causal relations in their discharges; one cell pair had a biphasic deviation from base line. 2. No cross-correlograms indicative of monosynaptic interactions were observed. 3. All cell pairs with nonflat cross-correlograms had overlapping receptive fields. 4. It is concluded that monosynaptically connected cell pairs are rare at the interelectrode distances used in this experiment because such cell pairs must lie close together on the somatotopic map or because our recording methods bias against monosynaptically linked cell pairs.", "PMID": 490195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_426", "title": "Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion.", "content": "1. The surface electromyogram (EMG) of human leg muscles was recorded during running at different speeds; The EMG was compared with the simultaneously recorded vertical force exerted by the foot and with the angle of the ankle joint. 2. During running, the electrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle increased sharply 35--45 ms after ground contact and reached its maximum at the end of muscle stretch; This activity was superimposed on a slowly increasing level of activation, which began 120--180 ms before ground contact. At the end of the stance phase, gastrocnemius became inactive and, simultaneously, there was a sudden increase in tibialis anterior activity. The assumption that the steep increase in the gastrocnemius EMG reflects the spinal stretch reflex of alpha-motoneurons is supported by the following findings. 3. The peak level of gastrocnemius EMG in the stance phase of fast running was 2--3 times higher than the activity during maximum voluntary contraction. 4. With stimulation of the tibial nerve at different rates, the maximum isometric force was about 30--40% higher than the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. 5. The increase in EMG at 35--45 ms after ground contact was markedly diminished during running, after partial blockage of Ia afferents by ischemia, at a time when the strength of voluntary contraction was shown to be uninfluenced by the ischemia. 6. The gastrocnemius activity during running was simulated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve. The rate of stimulation was varied so as to approximate to the EMG profile during running. This indicated that a spinal stretch reflex could become mechanically effective within the shortest stance phase measured in a fast sprint (ca. 120 ms).", "contents": "Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion. 1. The surface electromyogram (EMG) of human leg muscles was recorded during running at different speeds; The EMG was compared with the simultaneously recorded vertical force exerted by the foot and with the angle of the ankle joint. 2. During running, the electrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle increased sharply 35--45 ms after ground contact and reached its maximum at the end of muscle stretch; This activity was superimposed on a slowly increasing level of activation, which began 120--180 ms before ground contact. At the end of the stance phase, gastrocnemius became inactive and, simultaneously, there was a sudden increase in tibialis anterior activity. The assumption that the steep increase in the gastrocnemius EMG reflects the spinal stretch reflex of alpha-motoneurons is supported by the following findings. 3. The peak level of gastrocnemius EMG in the stance phase of fast running was 2--3 times higher than the activity during maximum voluntary contraction. 4. With stimulation of the tibial nerve at different rates, the maximum isometric force was about 30--40% higher than the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. 5. The increase in EMG at 35--45 ms after ground contact was markedly diminished during running, after partial blockage of Ia afferents by ischemia, at a time when the strength of voluntary contraction was shown to be uninfluenced by the ischemia. 6. The gastrocnemius activity during running was simulated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve. The rate of stimulation was varied so as to approximate to the EMG profile during running. This indicated that a spinal stretch reflex could become mechanically effective within the shortest stance phase measured in a fast sprint (ca. 120 ms).", "PMID": 490196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_427", "title": "Neural correlates of nystagmus in abducens nerve.", "content": "1. The firing rates of action potentials of abducens nerve single fibers were recorded in the cat's orbit during a variety of vestibular and optokinetic stimulations. 2. Comparison was made of the neural firing rates associated with agonist and antagonist responses during slow and fast components of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. It was found that the relationship between the motoneuron firing rates and the eye motion was independent of the reflex with which they were associated--vestibular or optokinetic, or the type of response--agonist or antagonist. No neurons were observed that responded only during the fast or only during the slow nystagmus phase. Motoneuron firing rates were proportional to both velocity and position of the eye in a ratio of 1 (spikes/s)/(deg/s) to 7.2 (spikes/s)/deg. The behavior of the motoneurons was compatible with the hypothesis that thier firing rates are sufficient to overcome both elastic and viscous forces by which the muscles and ligaments hold the eye in the orbit. 3. For low-frequency head rotations, eye displacement and neural responses showed a small phase angle difference. At higher frequencies, however, while the eyes maintained a fixed relationship to the head rotation, the neural responses showed an increasing phase lead. One component of this phase lead compensated for the phase lag introduced by the orbital mechanics. The other was modeled as a constant delay of approximately 70 ms, which may be accounted for by neuromuscular transmission and transduction.", "contents": "Neural correlates of nystagmus in abducens nerve. 1. The firing rates of action potentials of abducens nerve single fibers were recorded in the cat's orbit during a variety of vestibular and optokinetic stimulations. 2. Comparison was made of the neural firing rates associated with agonist and antagonist responses during slow and fast components of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. It was found that the relationship between the motoneuron firing rates and the eye motion was independent of the reflex with which they were associated--vestibular or optokinetic, or the type of response--agonist or antagonist. No neurons were observed that responded only during the fast or only during the slow nystagmus phase. Motoneuron firing rates were proportional to both velocity and position of the eye in a ratio of 1 (spikes/s)/(deg/s) to 7.2 (spikes/s)/deg. The behavior of the motoneurons was compatible with the hypothesis that thier firing rates are sufficient to overcome both elastic and viscous forces by which the muscles and ligaments hold the eye in the orbit. 3. For low-frequency head rotations, eye displacement and neural responses showed a small phase angle difference. At higher frequencies, however, while the eyes maintained a fixed relationship to the head rotation, the neural responses showed an increasing phase lead. One component of this phase lead compensated for the phase lag introduced by the orbital mechanics. The other was modeled as a constant delay of approximately 70 ms, which may be accounted for by neuromuscular transmission and transduction.", "PMID": 490199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_428", "title": "Concept of neuron types in gustation in the rat.", "content": "1. In taste neurophysiology, from Pfaffmann's (49, 50) pioneering work until the present, the possibility of types of neurons corresponding in some sense with the \"primary\" taste qualities of Henning (33) has been entertained: recently types of gustatory neurons in peripheral nerves have been established according to which of the four classical stimuli is the \"best stimulus.\" However, considerable variation occurs in the response profiles within neurons classified as belonging to the same type. The purpose of this research is to determine, using mathematical techniques where appropriate, if the within-type variation is spurious or, instead, indicates the absence of a typology of taste neurons. The data used were counts of the spike discharges of 50 individual taste neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat, evoked by 32 diverse chemical stimuli. 2. Using as input the matrix of Pearson r correlation coefficients calculated for the responses of all pairings of neurons to all stimuli, multidimensional scaling analysis revealed a two-dimensional space in which no clear groupings of neurons occurred. 3. In a hierarchical cluster analysis of the neuron response profile similarities, no evidence of grouping was found, suggesting a more-or-less continuous variation among neurons. 4. When the organization of the 32 stimuli utilized was studied by the same techniques, no clear evidence for stimulus types was found, although the possibility of two stimulus types--\"sweet\" and \"nonsweet\"--was raised. 5. Construction of a joint neuron-stimulus space supported a spatial model of taste neuron-stimulus interaction, while analysis of the number and pattern of high correlations among neurons--even after allowance for attenuation due to measurement error--failed to support the notion of types of taste neurons with identical response profiles. 6. Aspects of the logical role of types of neurons in gustatory coding were discussed, and the results and methods of the present investigation were related to classification schemes for neurons in general. Suggestions for a formal taxonomy of neurons were given. 7. It should be emphasized that the present study and conclusions are of second-order, CNS neurons, whereas the studies advocating the presence of neurons types were of peripheral neurons. Taken together, the implication to be drawn from these studies is that if neural types do exist in peripheral taste nerves, the typology is lost at the first synapse and is thus unavailable to the CNS for coding purposes, at least in the rat.", "contents": "Concept of neuron types in gustation in the rat. 1. In taste neurophysiology, from Pfaffmann's (49, 50) pioneering work until the present, the possibility of types of neurons corresponding in some sense with the \"primary\" taste qualities of Henning (33) has been entertained: recently types of gustatory neurons in peripheral nerves have been established according to which of the four classical stimuli is the \"best stimulus.\" However, considerable variation occurs in the response profiles within neurons classified as belonging to the same type. The purpose of this research is to determine, using mathematical techniques where appropriate, if the within-type variation is spurious or, instead, indicates the absence of a typology of taste neurons. The data used were counts of the spike discharges of 50 individual taste neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat, evoked by 32 diverse chemical stimuli. 2. Using as input the matrix of Pearson r correlation coefficients calculated for the responses of all pairings of neurons to all stimuli, multidimensional scaling analysis revealed a two-dimensional space in which no clear groupings of neurons occurred. 3. In a hierarchical cluster analysis of the neuron response profile similarities, no evidence of grouping was found, suggesting a more-or-less continuous variation among neurons. 4. When the organization of the 32 stimuli utilized was studied by the same techniques, no clear evidence for stimulus types was found, although the possibility of two stimulus types--\"sweet\" and \"nonsweet\"--was raised. 5. Construction of a joint neuron-stimulus space supported a spatial model of taste neuron-stimulus interaction, while analysis of the number and pattern of high correlations among neurons--even after allowance for attenuation due to measurement error--failed to support the notion of types of taste neurons with identical response profiles. 6. Aspects of the logical role of types of neurons in gustatory coding were discussed, and the results and methods of the present investigation were related to classification schemes for neurons in general. Suggestions for a formal taxonomy of neurons were given. 7. It should be emphasized that the present study and conclusions are of second-order, CNS neurons, whereas the studies advocating the presence of neurons types were of peripheral neurons. Taken together, the implication to be drawn from these studies is that if neural types do exist in peripheral taste nerves, the typology is lost at the first synapse and is thus unavailable to the CNS for coding purposes, at least in the rat.", "PMID": 490200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_429", "title": "Guidance of regrowing sensory axons after cutaneous nerve lesions in the cat.", "content": "1. Individual type I sensory neurons in cutaneous nerves typically innervate two to four type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben). The extent to which these neurons replicate the original innervation patterns of the type I receptors after peripheral nerve regeneration and the means by which these neurons are guided back to their old receptor sites during regeneration were studied in cats using neurophysiological techniques. 2. By recording activity of type I neurons in small cutaneous nerves and isolated dorsal rootlets, it was possible to map the distribution of these neurons in the skin. Maps made before nerve lesion were compared to maps made after recovery from nerve crush and transection. 3. Fibers regenerating after nerve crush return to their old receptor sites, probably by following their old Schwann tubes in the distal stump of the nerve, and replicate the original receptor innervation pattern. Essentially all the type I fibers successfully regenerate in this case. 4. In contrast, after nerve transection the regenerating fibers do not restore the original innervation pattern, although they do preferentially return to other old type I receptor sites. About 60% of the type I fibers reinnervate the skin after transection. 5. These observations provide a basis for the difference in functional recovery seen after crush and transection lesions of peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Guidance of regrowing sensory axons after cutaneous nerve lesions in the cat. 1. Individual type I sensory neurons in cutaneous nerves typically innervate two to four type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben). The extent to which these neurons replicate the original innervation patterns of the type I receptors after peripheral nerve regeneration and the means by which these neurons are guided back to their old receptor sites during regeneration were studied in cats using neurophysiological techniques. 2. By recording activity of type I neurons in small cutaneous nerves and isolated dorsal rootlets, it was possible to map the distribution of these neurons in the skin. Maps made before nerve lesion were compared to maps made after recovery from nerve crush and transection. 3. Fibers regenerating after nerve crush return to their old receptor sites, probably by following their old Schwann tubes in the distal stump of the nerve, and replicate the original receptor innervation pattern. Essentially all the type I fibers successfully regenerate in this case. 4. In contrast, after nerve transection the regenerating fibers do not restore the original innervation pattern, although they do preferentially return to other old type I receptor sites. About 60% of the type I fibers reinnervate the skin after transection. 5. These observations provide a basis for the difference in functional recovery seen after crush and transection lesions of peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 490201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_430", "title": "Spatial and temporal features of afferent inhibition of thalamocortical relay cells.", "content": "1. The temporal and spatial features of the afferent inhibition of thalamocortical relay (TCR) cells in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus have been examined using paired conditioning and test air jets. 2. The response of TCR units to air jets may be divided into three parts: a) an early response of 1--6 impulses, which begins after a latency of 8--10 ms and lasts for 10--25 ms; b) a period of 70--80 ms following the early response, during which the spontaneous activity is inhibited; and c) a period of late activity, which follows the inhibitory period. 3. The inhibition of TCR units generated by an air jet lasts about 80 ms. The time course of inhibition is the same in hair units and in units activated by Pacinian corpuscles. Evidence is presented that suggests that inhibition decays at the same rate throughout the inhibitory receptive field. 4. The spatial features of inhibition demonstrated in this study are: a) that the excitatory and inhibitory receptive-field centers coincide; b) that these fields have different shape; and c) that there is a significant area in which the inhibitory receptive field surrounds the excitatory receptive field.", "contents": "Spatial and temporal features of afferent inhibition of thalamocortical relay cells. 1. The temporal and spatial features of the afferent inhibition of thalamocortical relay (TCR) cells in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus have been examined using paired conditioning and test air jets. 2. The response of TCR units to air jets may be divided into three parts: a) an early response of 1--6 impulses, which begins after a latency of 8--10 ms and lasts for 10--25 ms; b) a period of 70--80 ms following the early response, during which the spontaneous activity is inhibited; and c) a period of late activity, which follows the inhibitory period. 3. The inhibition of TCR units generated by an air jet lasts about 80 ms. The time course of inhibition is the same in hair units and in units activated by Pacinian corpuscles. Evidence is presented that suggests that inhibition decays at the same rate throughout the inhibitory receptive field. 4. The spatial features of inhibition demonstrated in this study are: a) that the excitatory and inhibitory receptive-field centers coincide; b) that these fields have different shape; and c) that there is a significant area in which the inhibitory receptive field surrounds the excitatory receptive field.", "PMID": 490202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_431", "title": "Statoacoustic properties of utricular afferents.", "content": "1. We classified the utricular afferents on the basis of their spontaneous acitivity and responses to tilts and vibrations. 2. Type I afferents fire spontaneously in a regular pattern; their responses to tilts consist of a phasic-tonic change in firing rate. They may respond to vibrations by increasing or decreasing their rate and show no adaptation. 3. The spontaneous activity and the responses to tilts of type II are similar to those observed in type I afferents. The differences become apparent when the preparation is subjected to a vibrational stimulus, since type II neurons increase their firing rate regardless of the stimulus frequency and show adaptation. 4. Type III neurons have no spontaneous activity. They respond to tilts by firing during the transition from one position to the other. They respond to a vibrational stimulus with maintained firing and show no adaptation. 5. We studied the dynamic responses of each type of neuron. We used sensitivity curves for the study of type III afferents and proposed a statistical method to define gain curves for the study of the other types. 6. The gain curves generated by type I neurons reach their maximum at frequencies of stimulation close to the spontaneous rate of firing. 7. In the gain curves of type II afferents the maximum corresponds to frequencies higher than their spontaneous activity. 8. Sensitivity curves and gain curves give similar results for type III fibers. The sensitivity curves of these afferents were classified into four subtypes. 9. We studied the responses of the three types of afferents to bursts of sinusoidal vibrations. 10. We concluded that the properties of types I and II fibers are fit to carry information about movements and position of the head, but also transmit acoustical information. Type III fibers are more adapted to provide information about acoustical stimuli, but can also convey information about head movements.", "contents": "Statoacoustic properties of utricular afferents. 1. We classified the utricular afferents on the basis of their spontaneous acitivity and responses to tilts and vibrations. 2. Type I afferents fire spontaneously in a regular pattern; their responses to tilts consist of a phasic-tonic change in firing rate. They may respond to vibrations by increasing or decreasing their rate and show no adaptation. 3. The spontaneous activity and the responses to tilts of type II are similar to those observed in type I afferents. The differences become apparent when the preparation is subjected to a vibrational stimulus, since type II neurons increase their firing rate regardless of the stimulus frequency and show adaptation. 4. Type III neurons have no spontaneous activity. They respond to tilts by firing during the transition from one position to the other. They respond to a vibrational stimulus with maintained firing and show no adaptation. 5. We studied the dynamic responses of each type of neuron. We used sensitivity curves for the study of type III afferents and proposed a statistical method to define gain curves for the study of the other types. 6. The gain curves generated by type I neurons reach their maximum at frequencies of stimulation close to the spontaneous rate of firing. 7. In the gain curves of type II afferents the maximum corresponds to frequencies higher than their spontaneous activity. 8. Sensitivity curves and gain curves give similar results for type III fibers. The sensitivity curves of these afferents were classified into four subtypes. 9. We studied the responses of the three types of afferents to bursts of sinusoidal vibrations. 10. We concluded that the properties of types I and II fibers are fit to carry information about movements and position of the head, but also transmit acoustical information. Type III fibers are more adapted to provide information about acoustical stimuli, but can also convey information about head movements.", "PMID": 490203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_432", "title": "Hepatic-portal glucose and insulin levels: relationship to glucose-induced satiety and hunger.", "content": "The hepatic-portal infusions of both smaller and larger glucose loads, which had no significant effect on food intake in chronic feeding experiments, produced only a brief dose-dependent peak-like elevation in glucose and insulin levels. In contrast, metabolic changes produced by duodenal infusions were greater and considerably longer in duration. The maximal level and duration of glucose and insulin increase further differentiated two feeding phenomena induced by duodenal infusions: 1) the metabolic satiety of smaller glucose loads associated with blunted and delayed glucose and insulin increases within normal physiological range; 2) paradoxical antiregulatory stimulation of food intake induced by larger glucose loads associated with a gradually intensified, exaggerated and prolonged insulin increase. This increase was significantly larger than corresponding preinfusion value even at the end of 3 hour test period. Present results thus demonstrate that various glucose-induced feeding phenomena are associated and apparently dependent for their expression on distinct, prolonged changes in glycemia and insulin levels.", "contents": "Hepatic-portal glucose and insulin levels: relationship to glucose-induced satiety and hunger. The hepatic-portal infusions of both smaller and larger glucose loads, which had no significant effect on food intake in chronic feeding experiments, produced only a brief dose-dependent peak-like elevation in glucose and insulin levels. In contrast, metabolic changes produced by duodenal infusions were greater and considerably longer in duration. The maximal level and duration of glucose and insulin increase further differentiated two feeding phenomena induced by duodenal infusions: 1) the metabolic satiety of smaller glucose loads associated with blunted and delayed glucose and insulin increases within normal physiological range; 2) paradoxical antiregulatory stimulation of food intake induced by larger glucose loads associated with a gradually intensified, exaggerated and prolonged insulin increase. This increase was significantly larger than corresponding preinfusion value even at the end of 3 hour test period. Present results thus demonstrate that various glucose-induced feeding phenomena are associated and apparently dependent for their expression on distinct, prolonged changes in glycemia and insulin levels.", "PMID": 490204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_433", "title": "The absorbability by rats of various triglycerides of stearic and oleic acid and the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium.", "content": "Rats were fed diets in which the triglycerides contained oleate and stearate as the sole fatty acids. These fatty acids were esterified to specific positions on the glycerol molecule. The triglycerides were 1-stearoyl diolein (SOO), 2-stearoyl diolein (OSO), 2-oleoyl distearin (SOS), 1-oleoyl distearin (OSS), and triolein (OOO). The absorbability of the fatty acid component was measured by the fat balance technique. Two diets, one sufficient and the other deficient in calcium and magnesium, were used. The oleic acid of all of the triglycerides was absorbed almost completely. The following values for the absorbability of the stearate component in the presence and in the absence of the divalent cations were obtained: OSO 98 and 99; SOO 55 OAND 96; SOS 37 and 70; OSS 59 and 60. These patterns of absorbability are discussed in relation to the pathway of triglyceride digestion. If the stearic acid is esterified at the 2-position of the triglyceride, the resulting 2-monostearin is well absorbed. If it is esterified at the 1- or 3-position, it is released as free stearic acid, and in the presence of calcium and magnesium it is poorly absorbed.", "contents": "The absorbability by rats of various triglycerides of stearic and oleic acid and the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium. Rats were fed diets in which the triglycerides contained oleate and stearate as the sole fatty acids. These fatty acids were esterified to specific positions on the glycerol molecule. The triglycerides were 1-stearoyl diolein (SOO), 2-stearoyl diolein (OSO), 2-oleoyl distearin (SOS), 1-oleoyl distearin (OSS), and triolein (OOO). The absorbability of the fatty acid component was measured by the fat balance technique. Two diets, one sufficient and the other deficient in calcium and magnesium, were used. The oleic acid of all of the triglycerides was absorbed almost completely. The following values for the absorbability of the stearate component in the presence and in the absence of the divalent cations were obtained: OSO 98 and 99; SOO 55 OAND 96; SOS 37 and 70; OSS 59 and 60. These patterns of absorbability are discussed in relation to the pathway of triglyceride digestion. If the stearic acid is esterified at the 2-position of the triglyceride, the resulting 2-monostearin is well absorbed. If it is esterified at the 1- or 3-position, it is released as free stearic acid, and in the presence of calcium and magnesium it is poorly absorbed.", "PMID": 490206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_434", "title": "Influence of dietary zinc on lead toxicity during gestation and lactation in the female rat.", "content": "Confirmed pregnant female albino rats received a purified diet containing either 12 or 120 ppm zinc with or without lead (0 to 500 ppm) from day 0 gestation through day 16 of lactation. An 11% reduction in dam weight gain during gestation and a 12% reduction in average pup weight in rats fed the low zinc plus lead diet was markedly different compared to controls not receiving lead and lead supplemented rats receiving supplemental zinc. Milk lead concentration was reduced in rats receiving additional dietary zinc and lead which was reflected in a 15% reduction in pup tibia lead concentration, a 20% reduction in inhibition of pup liver delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and a 31% reduction in pup blood porphyrin concentration. Some of the beneficial effects of supplemental zinc on lead toxicity of pups may be explained by a reduction of both liver lead (40%) and blood lead (32%) concentration of dams. However an interaction between lead and zinc at the placental and mammary barriers must also be considered. The results of this study suggest that nutritional status of zinc may be an important factor in modifying lead burden of infants borne by women occupationally and environmentally exposed to lead.", "contents": "Influence of dietary zinc on lead toxicity during gestation and lactation in the female rat. Confirmed pregnant female albino rats received a purified diet containing either 12 or 120 ppm zinc with or without lead (0 to 500 ppm) from day 0 gestation through day 16 of lactation. An 11% reduction in dam weight gain during gestation and a 12% reduction in average pup weight in rats fed the low zinc plus lead diet was markedly different compared to controls not receiving lead and lead supplemented rats receiving supplemental zinc. Milk lead concentration was reduced in rats receiving additional dietary zinc and lead which was reflected in a 15% reduction in pup tibia lead concentration, a 20% reduction in inhibition of pup liver delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and a 31% reduction in pup blood porphyrin concentration. Some of the beneficial effects of supplemental zinc on lead toxicity of pups may be explained by a reduction of both liver lead (40%) and blood lead (32%) concentration of dams. However an interaction between lead and zinc at the placental and mammary barriers must also be considered. The results of this study suggest that nutritional status of zinc may be an important factor in modifying lead burden of infants borne by women occupationally and environmentally exposed to lead.", "PMID": 490208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_435", "title": "Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data.", "content": "Two least squares methods of estimating nutrient requirements from growth data were compared. One method involved fitting a broken line by the method of least squares. The requirement was taken as the abscissa of the breakpoint in the curve. The other method involved fitting an appropriate exponential function to the growth data and estimating the requirement as the abscissa of the point on the fitted curve whose ordinate was 95% of the upper asymptote. For the nine sets of data studied, the broken line provided adequate fits for only six. The nonlinear models provided adequate fits for all the data studied. When both the broken line and the chosen nonlinear model provided adequate fits, the estimated requirements were nearly the same. However, the consistently good fits obtained with the nonlinear models suggest that this approach may generally be more useful.", "contents": "Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. Two least squares methods of estimating nutrient requirements from growth data were compared. One method involved fitting a broken line by the method of least squares. The requirement was taken as the abscissa of the breakpoint in the curve. The other method involved fitting an appropriate exponential function to the growth data and estimating the requirement as the abscissa of the point on the fitted curve whose ordinate was 95% of the upper asymptote. For the nine sets of data studied, the broken line provided adequate fits for only six. The nonlinear models provided adequate fits for all the data studied. When both the broken line and the chosen nonlinear model provided adequate fits, the estimated requirements were nearly the same. However, the consistently good fits obtained with the nonlinear models suggest that this approach may generally be more useful.", "PMID": 490209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_436", "title": "Accumulation and depletion of zinc in chick tissue metallothioneins.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with Hubbard broiler chicks on the metabolism of high levels of dietary zinc. In the first experiment, chicks were fed a basal diet or the basal diet plus 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm zinc, and in the second experiment chicks were fed the basal diet or the basal diet plus 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 or 16,000 ppm zinc, using zinc acetate. Zinc was found to be associated with 4 peaks when the cytosols from tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas and intestinal mucosa) were eluted through columns of G-75 Sephadex. Although the zinc content of all four peaks increased with increased zinc content of the diet, the greatest elevation occurred in metallothionein (MT). This protein was purified from all four tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas and intestinal mucosa) and the amino acid analysis revealed the presence of about 30% cysteine. Zinc accumulated to the greatest extent (microgram in MT/g tissue) in MT of the pancreas. The zinc in MT disappeared very rapidly when chicks which had been fed a diet containing high levels of zinc were fed a low zinc diet, indicating the extreme lability of this metal in this protein. The results suggest the involvement of MT in zinc homeostasis.", "contents": "Accumulation and depletion of zinc in chick tissue metallothioneins. Two experiments were conducted with Hubbard broiler chicks on the metabolism of high levels of dietary zinc. In the first experiment, chicks were fed a basal diet or the basal diet plus 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm zinc, and in the second experiment chicks were fed the basal diet or the basal diet plus 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 or 16,000 ppm zinc, using zinc acetate. Zinc was found to be associated with 4 peaks when the cytosols from tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas and intestinal mucosa) were eluted through columns of G-75 Sephadex. Although the zinc content of all four peaks increased with increased zinc content of the diet, the greatest elevation occurred in metallothionein (MT). This protein was purified from all four tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas and intestinal mucosa) and the amino acid analysis revealed the presence of about 30% cysteine. Zinc accumulated to the greatest extent (microgram in MT/g tissue) in MT of the pancreas. The zinc in MT disappeared very rapidly when chicks which had been fed a diet containing high levels of zinc were fed a low zinc diet, indicating the extreme lability of this metal in this protein. The results suggest the involvement of MT in zinc homeostasis.", "PMID": 490211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_437", "title": "Effects of dietary 3-methylthiopropionate on metabolism, growth and hematopoiesis in the rat.", "content": "Rats were fed a basal diet supplemented with (2.57%) 3-methylthiopropionate (MTP) for 2 weeks. A marked depression in growth and food intake similar to that found in rats fed an equimolar level of methionine was observed. While supplemental glycine or serine alleviated the toxicity due to dietary methionine, similar levels added to the diets of rats fed MTP were without effect. The spleens of rats fed diets containing 2.57% MTP were grossly enlarged and darkened in comparison to spleens from control rats and histological examination of these spleens by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sequestration of large numbers of erythrocytes in the splenic sinusoids and red pulp similar to that seen in rats fed high levels of methionine. Marrow changes included increased numbers of erythroblastic islets and subtantial electron dense hemosiderin deposits in islet reticulum cells. Examination of peripheral blood erythrocytes by scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive variation in the size of the erythrocytes and the presence of large numbers of misshapen red cells in rats fed the diets containing MT. When viewed by TEM many erythrocytes had obvious membrane defects and remnants of cytoplasmic organellae. Many erythrocytes with reticulocyte morphology were present in the peripheral blood. This condition is characteristic of maturation arrest at the reticulocyte stage of development. The similarity of depression in growth and food intake and the identical abnormalities found in the spleens of rats fed high levels of MTP and methionine suggest that the transamination pathway of methionine catabolism may be important with respect to the toxicity of methionine. The ultrastructural changes noted in MTP-fed rats suggest a serious dysfunction of red cell hematopoiesis. The large numbers of defective and/or immature erythrocytes released from the marrow into the peripheral circulation, only to be later sequestered and destroyed in the spleen, is a reflection of a serious derangement.", "contents": "Effects of dietary 3-methylthiopropionate on metabolism, growth and hematopoiesis in the rat. Rats were fed a basal diet supplemented with (2.57%) 3-methylthiopropionate (MTP) for 2 weeks. A marked depression in growth and food intake similar to that found in rats fed an equimolar level of methionine was observed. While supplemental glycine or serine alleviated the toxicity due to dietary methionine, similar levels added to the diets of rats fed MTP were without effect. The spleens of rats fed diets containing 2.57% MTP were grossly enlarged and darkened in comparison to spleens from control rats and histological examination of these spleens by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sequestration of large numbers of erythrocytes in the splenic sinusoids and red pulp similar to that seen in rats fed high levels of methionine. Marrow changes included increased numbers of erythroblastic islets and subtantial electron dense hemosiderin deposits in islet reticulum cells. Examination of peripheral blood erythrocytes by scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive variation in the size of the erythrocytes and the presence of large numbers of misshapen red cells in rats fed the diets containing MT. When viewed by TEM many erythrocytes had obvious membrane defects and remnants of cytoplasmic organellae. Many erythrocytes with reticulocyte morphology were present in the peripheral blood. This condition is characteristic of maturation arrest at the reticulocyte stage of development. The similarity of depression in growth and food intake and the identical abnormalities found in the spleens of rats fed high levels of MTP and methionine suggest that the transamination pathway of methionine catabolism may be important with respect to the toxicity of methionine. The ultrastructural changes noted in MTP-fed rats suggest a serious dysfunction of red cell hematopoiesis. The large numbers of defective and/or immature erythrocytes released from the marrow into the peripheral circulation, only to be later sequestered and destroyed in the spleen, is a reflection of a serious derangement.", "PMID": 490212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_438", "title": "The relationship of plasma arginine and kidney arginase activity to arginine degradation in chickens.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study urea excretion during arginine or ornithine infusion into wing veins of hens previously fed diets that induced different arginase levels in their kidneys. Urea excretion was found to increase as plasma arginine increased. Hens with high levels of arginase activity in their kidneys had a greater increase in urea excretion than hens with low kidney arginase activity. Arginine degradation was also dependent on both the kidney arginase activity and on the plasma level of arginine. Ornithine infusion did not inhibit urea excretion even when high levels of plasma ornithine were reached. Even though ornithine was an in vitro inhibitor of arginase, no evidence was obtained of in vivo inhibition.", "contents": "The relationship of plasma arginine and kidney arginase activity to arginine degradation in chickens. Experiments were carried out to study urea excretion during arginine or ornithine infusion into wing veins of hens previously fed diets that induced different arginase levels in their kidneys. Urea excretion was found to increase as plasma arginine increased. Hens with high levels of arginase activity in their kidneys had a greater increase in urea excretion than hens with low kidney arginase activity. Arginine degradation was also dependent on both the kidney arginase activity and on the plasma level of arginine. Ornithine infusion did not inhibit urea excretion even when high levels of plasma ornithine were reached. Even though ornithine was an in vitro inhibitor of arginase, no evidence was obtained of in vivo inhibition.", "PMID": 490213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_439", "title": "On the physiological basis of vitamin A-stimulated growth.", "content": "The influence of vitamin A depletion on tissue composition was studied in rats that were marginally vitamin A deficient, i.e. at their weight plateau stage. The total number of cells (DNA) was decreased in most organs as a result of vitamin A depletion. In thymus, spleen and the sublingual glands there was also a dramatic reduction in the number of cells per gram of tissue and in thymus and sublingual glands there was an increase in the protein to DNA ratio as a result of absence of dietary.vitamin A. We present the hypothesis that vitamin A stimulates growth by a direct role in cell replication in addition to or instead of stimulating the differentiation of epithelial and bone cells.", "contents": "On the physiological basis of vitamin A-stimulated growth. The influence of vitamin A depletion on tissue composition was studied in rats that were marginally vitamin A deficient, i.e. at their weight plateau stage. The total number of cells (DNA) was decreased in most organs as a result of vitamin A depletion. In thymus, spleen and the sublingual glands there was also a dramatic reduction in the number of cells per gram of tissue and in thymus and sublingual glands there was an increase in the protein to DNA ratio as a result of absence of dietary.vitamin A. We present the hypothesis that vitamin A stimulates growth by a direct role in cell replication in addition to or instead of stimulating the differentiation of epithelial and bone cells.", "PMID": 490215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_440", "title": "Fasting and diet affect the tolerance of young chickens exposed to acute heat stress.", "content": "The interaction of nutritional status on the tolerance of young chicks to acute heat stress (HS) was investigated. The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that fasting for 24, 48 or 72 hours progressively increased survival time (ST) of chicks exposed to HS. When compared to that of non-fasted (NF) chicks ST more than doubled for 48 and 72 hour fasted chicks. During HS plasma glucose increased in fasted chicks but decreased in NF chicks. Conversely, plasma free fatty acids decreased in fasted chicks and increased in NF chicks. Plasma phosphate of all chicks fell markedly as a result of HS. Chicks of experiment 2 were fed a \"carbohydrate-free\" diet (CF). Survival time of NF chicks fed CF was significantly greater than that of NF chicks fed a diet containing glucose. The apparent metabolic responses of NF chicks fed CF corresponded to those of fasted chicks of experiment 1. It was suggested that the metabolic substrate utilized by chicks during HS influences ST. The effect of CF diet on ST was also observed in chicks which were fasted for 48 hours prior to HS. Plasma phosphate of chicks exhibiting fasting metabolic responses was not significantly different at heat induced prostration despite marked differences in ST. The results of experiment 3 demonstrated that ST of fasted (24 hour) chicks previously fed a low phosphorus diet was markedly lower than compared to that of fasted chicks fed adequate dietary phosphorus. The effect of diet was found to be dependent on metabolic status since level of dietary phosphorus fed had no effect on ST of NF chicks. The results of the present study indicated that metabolic and nutritional status affect the tolerance of young chicks acutely exposed to high ambient temperature.", "contents": "Fasting and diet affect the tolerance of young chickens exposed to acute heat stress. The interaction of nutritional status on the tolerance of young chicks to acute heat stress (HS) was investigated. The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that fasting for 24, 48 or 72 hours progressively increased survival time (ST) of chicks exposed to HS. When compared to that of non-fasted (NF) chicks ST more than doubled for 48 and 72 hour fasted chicks. During HS plasma glucose increased in fasted chicks but decreased in NF chicks. Conversely, plasma free fatty acids decreased in fasted chicks and increased in NF chicks. Plasma phosphate of all chicks fell markedly as a result of HS. Chicks of experiment 2 were fed a \"carbohydrate-free\" diet (CF). Survival time of NF chicks fed CF was significantly greater than that of NF chicks fed a diet containing glucose. The apparent metabolic responses of NF chicks fed CF corresponded to those of fasted chicks of experiment 1. It was suggested that the metabolic substrate utilized by chicks during HS influences ST. The effect of CF diet on ST was also observed in chicks which were fasted for 48 hours prior to HS. Plasma phosphate of chicks exhibiting fasting metabolic responses was not significantly different at heat induced prostration despite marked differences in ST. The results of experiment 3 demonstrated that ST of fasted (24 hour) chicks previously fed a low phosphorus diet was markedly lower than compared to that of fasted chicks fed adequate dietary phosphorus. The effect of diet was found to be dependent on metabolic status since level of dietary phosphorus fed had no effect on ST of NF chicks. The results of the present study indicated that metabolic and nutritional status affect the tolerance of young chicks acutely exposed to high ambient temperature.", "PMID": 490216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_441", "title": "Carcass deposition of dietary long-chain odd carbon fatty acids by rats and their effect on plasma glucose and ketone bodies during starvation.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed diets containing various levels (0 to 40% of total dietary acids) of long chain, odd-carbon fatty acids (OCFA, 15:0 + 17:0) for 5 weeks. The OCFA did not significantly alter growth or feed efficiency and the OCFA were deposited in the carcass fat in proportion to their concentration in the diet fat. After the 5-week ingestion period, the rats were starved for 48 hours and the effect of carcass OCFA content on weight loss, fat loss, urinary total nitrogen, plasma glucose concentration and plasma ketone body concentrations was determined as a function of starvation time. The results demonstrate that OCFA catabolism during starvation results in a dose related increase in plasma glucose and dose related decrease in plasma ketone bodies without significantly altering the total weight loss, carcass fat loss, or urinary total nitrogen. Finally, the carcass percentage of OCFA did not change during starvation showing that these acids are as readily lost from the carcass during starvation as even chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Carcass deposition of dietary long-chain odd carbon fatty acids by rats and their effect on plasma glucose and ketone bodies during starvation. Weanling rats were fed diets containing various levels (0 to 40% of total dietary acids) of long chain, odd-carbon fatty acids (OCFA, 15:0 + 17:0) for 5 weeks. The OCFA did not significantly alter growth or feed efficiency and the OCFA were deposited in the carcass fat in proportion to their concentration in the diet fat. After the 5-week ingestion period, the rats were starved for 48 hours and the effect of carcass OCFA content on weight loss, fat loss, urinary total nitrogen, plasma glucose concentration and plasma ketone body concentrations was determined as a function of starvation time. The results demonstrate that OCFA catabolism during starvation results in a dose related increase in plasma glucose and dose related decrease in plasma ketone bodies without significantly altering the total weight loss, carcass fat loss, or urinary total nitrogen. Finally, the carcass percentage of OCFA did not change during starvation showing that these acids are as readily lost from the carcass during starvation as even chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 490217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_442", "title": "The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the in vitro cellular immune response of rats.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the response of splenic lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation was determined in an experimental rat model. Male Lewis rats were divided into three groups. The ad libitum group (AL) was fed unlimited amounts of a vitamin A-supplemented diet. The vitamin A-deficient group (DEF) received a commercial vitamin A-free diet. The pair-fed group (PF) received a vitamin A-containing diet equivalent in amount to that consumed by the DEP group. During the early stages of vitamin A deficiency (determined by cessation of weight gain), the rats were killed and the isolated splenic lymphocytes subjected to mitogenic stimulation. Lymphocytes from DEF rats had one-third the transformation response to the mitogens Concanavalin A, Phytohemagglutinin and E. coli Lipopolysaccharide S of the AL and PF groups. When the DEF rats were supplemented with vitamin A, the transformation response returned to control values within 3 days. In addition to the alterations in the immune response, the DEF rats showed a marked leukopenia, a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes and an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the in vitro cellular immune response of rats. The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the response of splenic lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation was determined in an experimental rat model. Male Lewis rats were divided into three groups. The ad libitum group (AL) was fed unlimited amounts of a vitamin A-supplemented diet. The vitamin A-deficient group (DEF) received a commercial vitamin A-free diet. The pair-fed group (PF) received a vitamin A-containing diet equivalent in amount to that consumed by the DEP group. During the early stages of vitamin A deficiency (determined by cessation of weight gain), the rats were killed and the isolated splenic lymphocytes subjected to mitogenic stimulation. Lymphocytes from DEF rats had one-third the transformation response to the mitogens Concanavalin A, Phytohemagglutinin and E. coli Lipopolysaccharide S of the AL and PF groups. When the DEF rats were supplemented with vitamin A, the transformation response returned to control values within 3 days. In addition to the alterations in the immune response, the DEF rats showed a marked leukopenia, a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes and an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils.", "PMID": 490218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_443", "title": "Risks to the offspring from parental occupational exposures.", "content": "Risks to the offspring of workers with occupational chemical exosures may derive from mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic effects of industrial agents to which the parents are exposed. Evidence for impaired pregnancies and hazards to the offspring of working populations with chemical exposures is, however, very limited. Perhaps the best documented example is increased spontaneous abortion rates in female operating room personnel who have first trimester exposure to waste anesthetic gases. Evidence is reviewed for hazards to the offspring resulting from parental occupational exposure to vinyl chloride, benzene, chloroprene, radiation and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. It is essential in investigating the role of occupational factors that other environmental and behavioral factors with major effects on pregnancy outcome be accounted for. These include smoking, alcohol, and drug exposures. An approach to surveillance for chromosomal abnormalities in offspring of occupationally exposed parents is outlined.", "contents": "Risks to the offspring from parental occupational exposures. Risks to the offspring of workers with occupational chemical exosures may derive from mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic effects of industrial agents to which the parents are exposed. Evidence for impaired pregnancies and hazards to the offspring of working populations with chemical exposures is, however, very limited. Perhaps the best documented example is increased spontaneous abortion rates in female operating room personnel who have first trimester exposure to waste anesthetic gases. Evidence is reviewed for hazards to the offspring resulting from parental occupational exposure to vinyl chloride, benzene, chloroprene, radiation and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. It is essential in investigating the role of occupational factors that other environmental and behavioral factors with major effects on pregnancy outcome be accounted for. These include smoking, alcohol, and drug exposures. An approach to surveillance for chromosomal abnormalities in offspring of occupationally exposed parents is outlined.", "PMID": 490221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_444", "title": "Skin carcinogenicity of synthetic and natural petroleums.", "content": "In a series of three separate experiments mice were exposed to various concentrations of fossil liquids obtained from coal, oil shale or natural petroleum. All materials were capable of inducing squamous cell carcinoma, but potency differed substantially. Skin carcinogenicity was markedly greater for both coal or oil shale liquids than for natural petroleums. None of the syncrudes approached the skin carcinogenicity of a pure reference carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene (BP). It is unlikely that determination of the concentration of an active compound in material applied to the test animal will allow meaningful comparison among the diverse agents of interest to the synthetic fuels industry. To better establish the relationship between actual tissue dose and surface concentration the authors are investigating various in vitro and biochemical measures of hydrocarbon-skin interaction to determine which, if any, could serve as a more definitive measure of surface dose. Results, using BP as a marker carcinogenic hydocarbon, suggest that carcinogenic crudes inhibit both BP metabolism in skin organ culture and the interaction of BP adducts with epidermal DNA, in vivo.", "contents": "Skin carcinogenicity of synthetic and natural petroleums. In a series of three separate experiments mice were exposed to various concentrations of fossil liquids obtained from coal, oil shale or natural petroleum. All materials were capable of inducing squamous cell carcinoma, but potency differed substantially. Skin carcinogenicity was markedly greater for both coal or oil shale liquids than for natural petroleums. None of the syncrudes approached the skin carcinogenicity of a pure reference carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene (BP). It is unlikely that determination of the concentration of an active compound in material applied to the test animal will allow meaningful comparison among the diverse agents of interest to the synthetic fuels industry. To better establish the relationship between actual tissue dose and surface concentration the authors are investigating various in vitro and biochemical measures of hydrocarbon-skin interaction to determine which, if any, could serve as a more definitive measure of surface dose. Results, using BP as a marker carcinogenic hydocarbon, suggest that carcinogenic crudes inhibit both BP metabolism in skin organ culture and the interaction of BP adducts with epidermal DNA, in vivo.", "PMID": 490222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_445", "title": "Mortality among workers employed in the pharmaceutical industry: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "The cause-specific mortality experience of 826 plant employees and 249 sales representatives employed by a large U.S. pharmaceutical firm was examined to determine if there were unusual patterns of fatal disease that might relate to factors in the work environment. Deaths that occurred between 1954 and 1976 among actively employed or retired workers were identified through company records and a proportionate mortality analysis was carried out using the total U.S. as a standard. PMRs were computed for male and for female workers and for several broad occupational categories. A significant difference between observed and expected mortality from suicide was present in both males and females and there was an indication that drug overdoses were over-represented. PMRs for several cancer sites were elevated, but excesses were not always confined to particular occupational categories. Excesses of respiratory cancer were present in male maintenance workers and in female production workers. Increased relative frequencies of melanoma among males and of leukemia among females were confined to the production worker category. Some of the findings may provide leads for further investigations of the pharmaceutical industry.", "contents": "Mortality among workers employed in the pharmaceutical industry: a preliminary investigation. The cause-specific mortality experience of 826 plant employees and 249 sales representatives employed by a large U.S. pharmaceutical firm was examined to determine if there were unusual patterns of fatal disease that might relate to factors in the work environment. Deaths that occurred between 1954 and 1976 among actively employed or retired workers were identified through company records and a proportionate mortality analysis was carried out using the total U.S. as a standard. PMRs were computed for male and for female workers and for several broad occupational categories. A significant difference between observed and expected mortality from suicide was present in both males and females and there was an indication that drug overdoses were over-represented. PMRs for several cancer sites were elevated, but excesses were not always confined to particular occupational categories. Excesses of respiratory cancer were present in male maintenance workers and in female production workers. Increased relative frequencies of melanoma among males and of leukemia among females were confined to the production worker category. Some of the findings may provide leads for further investigations of the pharmaceutical industry.", "PMID": 490223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_446", "title": "Fluoride concentrations in urine of delivery ward personnel following exposure to low concentrations of methoxyflurane.", "content": "Midwives and other delivery ward personnel exposed to methoxyflurane do not have measurable traces of the agent in expired air when examined soon after exposure. This may imply a rapid uptake of the anesthetic. If this is the case, then the products of the metabolism of methoxyflurane, such as fluoride, may appear in the urine of such personnel. The present study investigated urinary fluoride levels in 24 delivery ward personnel and compared the values found after methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide analgesia with those measured in the same individuals after exposure to nitrous oxide alone. A highly significant difference was observed. Thus it would appear that, in spite of an apparently adequate system of environmental ventilation, there is a significant uptake of methoxyflurane by delivery ward personnel when this agent is employed for obstetrical analgesia.", "contents": "Fluoride concentrations in urine of delivery ward personnel following exposure to low concentrations of methoxyflurane. Midwives and other delivery ward personnel exposed to methoxyflurane do not have measurable traces of the agent in expired air when examined soon after exposure. This may imply a rapid uptake of the anesthetic. If this is the case, then the products of the metabolism of methoxyflurane, such as fluoride, may appear in the urine of such personnel. The present study investigated urinary fluoride levels in 24 delivery ward personnel and compared the values found after methoxyflurane/nitrous oxide analgesia with those measured in the same individuals after exposure to nitrous oxide alone. A highly significant difference was observed. Thus it would appear that, in spite of an apparently adequate system of environmental ventilation, there is a significant uptake of methoxyflurane by delivery ward personnel when this agent is employed for obstetrical analgesia.", "PMID": 490224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_447", "title": "Is a healthier person less susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss?", "content": "Several studies in the literature suggest that poor health is related to hearing loss. One hundred subjects claiming occupational hearing loss were chosen randomly for this study. Information was obtained on employment, noise exposure, medical history, family history, and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and medication. Physical examination audiometric tests, and biological tests were carried out. Computer analysis of the data with chi-square test did not show conclusively that noise-induced hearing loss is related to poor health, indicated by abnormal biological or physical findings, or both. There were, however, some indications that the presence of cardiovascular risk factors may influence hearing loss.", "contents": "Is a healthier person less susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss? Several studies in the literature suggest that poor health is related to hearing loss. One hundred subjects claiming occupational hearing loss were chosen randomly for this study. Information was obtained on employment, noise exposure, medical history, family history, and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and medication. Physical examination audiometric tests, and biological tests were carried out. Computer analysis of the data with chi-square test did not show conclusively that noise-induced hearing loss is related to poor health, indicated by abnormal biological or physical findings, or both. There were, however, some indications that the presence of cardiovascular risk factors may influence hearing loss.", "PMID": 490225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_448", "title": "Spatial frequency masking in human vision: binocular interactions.", "content": "Binocular contrast interactions in human vision were studied psychophysically. Thresholds were obtained for sinewave grating stimulation of the right eye in the presence of simultaneous masking gratings presented to the right eye (monocular masking) or left eye (dichoptic masking). In the first experiment, thresholds were measured at 0.25, 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cycle per degree (cpd) as a function of the contrast of masking gratings of identical frequency and phase. Thresholds rose nonmonotonically with masking contrast. At medium and high contrast levels, dichoptic masking was more effective in elevating contrast thresholds than monocular masking, and approached Weber's Law behavior. In the second experiment, spatial frequency tuning functions were obtained for test gratings at five spatial frequencies, by measuring threshold elevation as a function of the spatial frequency of constant-contrast masking gratings. At 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cpd, the tuning functions peaked at the test frequencies. The dichoptic tuning functions had a bandwidth of about 1 octave between half-maximum points, narrower than +/- 1 octave bandwidths of the monocular tuning functions. At 0.125 and 0.25 cpd, the tuning functions were broader and exhibited a shift in peak masking to frequencies above the test frequencies.", "contents": "Spatial frequency masking in human vision: binocular interactions. Binocular contrast interactions in human vision were studied psychophysically. Thresholds were obtained for sinewave grating stimulation of the right eye in the presence of simultaneous masking gratings presented to the right eye (monocular masking) or left eye (dichoptic masking). In the first experiment, thresholds were measured at 0.25, 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cycle per degree (cpd) as a function of the contrast of masking gratings of identical frequency and phase. Thresholds rose nonmonotonically with masking contrast. At medium and high contrast levels, dichoptic masking was more effective in elevating contrast thresholds than monocular masking, and approached Weber's Law behavior. In the second experiment, spatial frequency tuning functions were obtained for test gratings at five spatial frequencies, by measuring threshold elevation as a function of the spatial frequency of constant-contrast masking gratings. At 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cpd, the tuning functions peaked at the test frequencies. The dichoptic tuning functions had a bandwidth of about 1 octave between half-maximum points, narrower than +/- 1 octave bandwidths of the monocular tuning functions. At 0.125 and 0.25 cpd, the tuning functions were broader and exhibited a shift in peak masking to frequencies above the test frequencies.", "PMID": 490227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_449", "title": "Bandpass channels, zero-crossings, and early visual information processing.", "content": "Under appropriate conditions zero-crossings of a bandpass signal are very rich in information. The authors examine here the relevance of this result to the early stages of visual information processing, where zero-crossings in the output of independent spatial-frequency-tuned channels may contain sufficient information for much of the subsequent processing.", "contents": "Bandpass channels, zero-crossings, and early visual information processing. Under appropriate conditions zero-crossings of a bandpass signal are very rich in information. The authors examine here the relevance of this result to the early stages of visual information processing, where zero-crossings in the output of independent spatial-frequency-tuned channels may contain sufficient information for much of the subsequent processing.", "PMID": 490228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_450", "title": "Spatial summation in human vision: simple reaction time measurements.", "content": "The reaction-time technique was applied to examine spatial summation or area-intensity reciprocity at suprathreshold levels in the fovea. A family of reaction time vs luminance curves was measured in two experiments, and the luminance required to produce a criterion reaction time was computed from these curves to estimate the extent of summation. The first experiment showed that the upper level of spatial summation, the Ricco area, defined for constant reaction time increases with decreasing luminance level and that the upper limit of temporal summation is independent of the change in target size. The second indicated that the Ricco area decreases with increasing pulse duration up to 20-30 ms and then remains constant.", "contents": "Spatial summation in human vision: simple reaction time measurements. The reaction-time technique was applied to examine spatial summation or area-intensity reciprocity at suprathreshold levels in the fovea. A family of reaction time vs luminance curves was measured in two experiments, and the luminance required to produce a criterion reaction time was computed from these curves to estimate the extent of summation. The first experiment showed that the upper level of spatial summation, the Ricco area, defined for constant reaction time increases with decreasing luminance level and that the upper limit of temporal summation is independent of the change in target size. The second indicated that the Ricco area decreases with increasing pulse duration up to 20-30 ms and then remains constant.", "PMID": 490229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_451", "title": "Using color substitution pupil response to expose chromatic mechanisms.", "content": "It is well known that pupillary threshold shows a scotopic spectral behavior, even for foveal stimuli. However, when two scotopically balanced fields at different wavelengths are alternated, the pupil shows a constriction response at each transition, exposing innervation from chromatic mechanisms. Using a suitable model for pupillary innervation, this substitution response is systematically studied for different wavelengths and radiant power levels to yield (within the accuracy of the assumptions of the model) spectral threshold curves for the chromatic mechanism as indicated by the pupil. Four mechanisms have thus been identified, having peak sensitivities near 450, 525, 580, and 495 nm. We propose that these represent the blue, green, red and scotopic mechanisms as maintained before the level of the lateral geniculate body.", "contents": "Using color substitution pupil response to expose chromatic mechanisms. It is well known that pupillary threshold shows a scotopic spectral behavior, even for foveal stimuli. However, when two scotopically balanced fields at different wavelengths are alternated, the pupil shows a constriction response at each transition, exposing innervation from chromatic mechanisms. Using a suitable model for pupillary innervation, this substitution response is systematically studied for different wavelengths and radiant power levels to yield (within the accuracy of the assumptions of the model) spectral threshold curves for the chromatic mechanism as indicated by the pupil. Four mechanisms have thus been identified, having peak sensitivities near 450, 525, 580, and 495 nm. We propose that these represent the blue, green, red and scotopic mechanisms as maintained before the level of the lateral geniculate body.", "PMID": 490230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_452", "title": "Chromaticity diagram showing cone excitation by stimuli of equal luminance.", "content": "In a space where Cartesian coordinates represent the excitations of the three cone types involved in color vision, a plane of constant luminance provides a chromaticity diagram in which excitation of each cone type (at constant luminance) is represented by a linear scale (horizontal or vertical), and in which the center-of-gravity rule applies with weights proportional to luminance.", "contents": "Chromaticity diagram showing cone excitation by stimuli of equal luminance. In a space where Cartesian coordinates represent the excitations of the three cone types involved in color vision, a plane of constant luminance provides a chromaticity diagram in which excitation of each cone type (at constant luminance) is represented by a linear scale (horizontal or vertical), and in which the center-of-gravity rule applies with weights proportional to luminance.", "PMID": 490231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_453", "title": "Microscopic hematuria in school children: epidemiology and clinicopathologic evaluation.", "content": "An unselected population of 8,954 children, age 8 to 15 years, was screened for hematuria. Four urine specimens from each were examined; microscopic hematuria was found in one or more specimens in 4.1%, and in two or more specimens in 1.1% of the children. The prevalence was not age or sex dependent. Those with two or more positive samples were re-examined twice during a half-year period: 33 had hematuria of 6 or more RBC/0.9 mm3, or more than 100,000 RBC/hour, on both occasions; renal biopsy performed on 28 of them revealed two cases of IgA-IgG nephropathy, one of focal segmental sclerosis, one of extracapillary glomerulonephritis, and one of possible hereditary nephritis. In 12 patients the biopsy was entirely normal; the rest showed equivocal changes. Co-existing proteinuria and the degree of hematuria correlated well with the severity of the morphologic alterations. Pathologic findings in microscopic hematuria seem to be less frequent than in hematuria in general; in most such patients, renal biopsy is probably not indicated. In some children the low-grade hematuria may merely represent the upper end of physiologic variation.", "contents": "Microscopic hematuria in school children: epidemiology and clinicopathologic evaluation. An unselected population of 8,954 children, age 8 to 15 years, was screened for hematuria. Four urine specimens from each were examined; microscopic hematuria was found in one or more specimens in 4.1%, and in two or more specimens in 1.1% of the children. The prevalence was not age or sex dependent. Those with two or more positive samples were re-examined twice during a half-year period: 33 had hematuria of 6 or more RBC/0.9 mm3, or more than 100,000 RBC/hour, on both occasions; renal biopsy performed on 28 of them revealed two cases of IgA-IgG nephropathy, one of focal segmental sclerosis, one of extracapillary glomerulonephritis, and one of possible hereditary nephritis. In 12 patients the biopsy was entirely normal; the rest showed equivocal changes. Co-existing proteinuria and the degree of hematuria correlated well with the severity of the morphologic alterations. Pathologic findings in microscopic hematuria seem to be less frequent than in hematuria in general; in most such patients, renal biopsy is probably not indicated. In some children the low-grade hematuria may merely represent the upper end of physiologic variation.", "PMID": 490233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_454", "title": "Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants. II.", "content": "The advantages of breast-feeding in reducing morbidity was previously shown in a group of rural infants. Those observations are extended and refined. The protection afforded by breast-feeding is greatest during the early months, increases with the duration of breast-feeding, and appears to be more striking for serious illness. It operates independently of the effect of associated factors such as socioeducational status, family size, day-care exposure, and birth weight.", "contents": "Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants. II. The advantages of breast-feeding in reducing morbidity was previously shown in a group of rural infants. Those observations are extended and refined. The protection afforded by breast-feeding is greatest during the early months, increases with the duration of breast-feeding, and appears to be more striking for serious illness. It operates independently of the effect of associated factors such as socioeducational status, family size, day-care exposure, and birth weight.", "PMID": 490234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_455", "title": "Autosomal dominant microcephaly.", "content": "Four families with autosomal dominant microcephaly are reported. Although the phenotype is nondistinctive, several patients had receding or small foreheads, upslanted palpebral fissures, or prominent ears. The degree of intellectual dysfunction is not as severe as that recorded in autosomal recessive microcephaly. It would appear that autosomal dominant microcephaly is more common than previously recorded, and that head circumference measurements of siblings and parents of affected patients should become a part of the initial investigation.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant microcephaly. Four families with autosomal dominant microcephaly are reported. Although the phenotype is nondistinctive, several patients had receding or small foreheads, upslanted palpebral fissures, or prominent ears. The degree of intellectual dysfunction is not as severe as that recorded in autosomal recessive microcephaly. It would appear that autosomal dominant microcephaly is more common than previously recorded, and that head circumference measurements of siblings and parents of affected patients should become a part of the initial investigation.", "PMID": 490235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_456", "title": "Neuropsychologic consequences of Reye syndrome.", "content": "Behavioral measurement of brain function was conducted in 40 children, one or more years after their recovery of Reye syndrome. Test measures included standard indices of intelligence, school achievement, visual-motor coordination and social maturity, plus the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Batteries. There was a strong correlation between the degree of impaired neuropsychologic function and clinical grade at admission, the duration of impaired consciousness, and the number of exchange transfusions required. Patients with milder disease had normal brain function and fewer school problems. Language and perceptual-motor performance significantly improved with increasing years in recovery, suggesting that some of the disturbances of brain functioning are transient. The statistical analysis indicated that there are lasting, often subtle disturbances of higher cognitive function as a result of Reye syndrome. These deficits, not always apparent on clinical examination, are clearly correlated with the extent of neurologic involvement. This quantitative assessment of neuropsychologic function is a basis for determining the \"quality of survival\" in Reye syndrome, and such measurements should be included in the comparative evaluation of Reye syndrome treatment programs.", "contents": "Neuropsychologic consequences of Reye syndrome. Behavioral measurement of brain function was conducted in 40 children, one or more years after their recovery of Reye syndrome. Test measures included standard indices of intelligence, school achievement, visual-motor coordination and social maturity, plus the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Batteries. There was a strong correlation between the degree of impaired neuropsychologic function and clinical grade at admission, the duration of impaired consciousness, and the number of exchange transfusions required. Patients with milder disease had normal brain function and fewer school problems. Language and perceptual-motor performance significantly improved with increasing years in recovery, suggesting that some of the disturbances of brain functioning are transient. The statistical analysis indicated that there are lasting, often subtle disturbances of higher cognitive function as a result of Reye syndrome. These deficits, not always apparent on clinical examination, are clearly correlated with the extent of neurologic involvement. This quantitative assessment of neuropsychologic function is a basis for determining the \"quality of survival\" in Reye syndrome, and such measurements should be included in the comparative evaluation of Reye syndrome treatment programs.", "PMID": 490236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_457", "title": "The nutritional therapy of histidinemia.", "content": "Control of the plasma histidine level in histidinemia is possible with the use of an amino acid mixture free of histidine and a carefully monitored intake of histidine. This regimen is compatible with good physical growth and normal mental development. If further clinical experience demonstrates that widespread nutritional intervention in this disease is warranted, it should be possible to obtain good biochemical control.", "contents": "The nutritional therapy of histidinemia. Control of the plasma histidine level in histidinemia is possible with the use of an amino acid mixture free of histidine and a carefully monitored intake of histidine. This regimen is compatible with good physical growth and normal mental development. If further clinical experience demonstrates that widespread nutritional intervention in this disease is warranted, it should be possible to obtain good biochemical control.", "PMID": 490237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_458", "title": "The pulse wave arrival time (QKd interval) in normal children.", "content": "The interval between the onset of QRS of the electrocardiogram and the arrival of the pulse wave at the brachial artery, as detected by the appearance of Korotkoff sounds at diastolic pressure (QKd), provides a measure of a pulse wave arrival time, i.e., the sum of the pre-ejection period and a pulse transmission time. This measurement has proven useful in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease, thyroid and catecholamine status, and several other conditions in adults. In order to standardize this measurement in children, measurements were obtained on 63 normal children ranging in age from 7 months to 18 years. Because of the dependence of pulse transmission time on the distance of propagation, the QKd interval (in msec) is related to height (H in cm) by the equation: QKd = 56.6 + 0.797H. By use of this equation one can obtain a \"height corrected QKd.\" Correction for pulse rate is not necessary for resting subjects. These normal ranges permit use of the QKd interval for clinical studies in children. These studies also permit measurement of the mean pulse wave velocity for a group of individuals. PWV (m/sec) increases with age according to the equation: PWV = 2.44 + 0.203 A, (A in years) with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.823. This implies progressive loss of functional elasticity of the major arteries throughout childhood.", "contents": "The pulse wave arrival time (QKd interval) in normal children. The interval between the onset of QRS of the electrocardiogram and the arrival of the pulse wave at the brachial artery, as detected by the appearance of Korotkoff sounds at diastolic pressure (QKd), provides a measure of a pulse wave arrival time, i.e., the sum of the pre-ejection period and a pulse transmission time. This measurement has proven useful in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease, thyroid and catecholamine status, and several other conditions in adults. In order to standardize this measurement in children, measurements were obtained on 63 normal children ranging in age from 7 months to 18 years. Because of the dependence of pulse transmission time on the distance of propagation, the QKd interval (in msec) is related to height (H in cm) by the equation: QKd = 56.6 + 0.797H. By use of this equation one can obtain a \"height corrected QKd.\" Correction for pulse rate is not necessary for resting subjects. These normal ranges permit use of the QKd interval for clinical studies in children. These studies also permit measurement of the mean pulse wave velocity for a group of individuals. PWV (m/sec) increases with age according to the equation: PWV = 2.44 + 0.203 A, (A in years) with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.823. This implies progressive loss of functional elasticity of the major arteries throughout childhood.", "PMID": 490238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_459", "title": "Who pays the bill for neonatal intensive care?", "content": "The Children's Hospital Newborn Emergency Service conducted 174 transports to the Newborn Center during a four-month period in 1976. The transport charge directly related to the distance between the referring hospital and the NBC. Two years after the NBC discharged the last study infant, 150 of 174 accounts have been paid in full. Insurance paid 85%, families paid 4%, and the hospital wrote off 11% of all hospital charges. The Children's Hospital referred 2% of all hospital charges to a bill collection agency. One hundred-forty-four infants (84%) survived and 27 (16%) died. The mean charge per day for survivors was $338; the mean charge per day for nonsurvivors was $607.", "contents": "Who pays the bill for neonatal intensive care? The Children's Hospital Newborn Emergency Service conducted 174 transports to the Newborn Center during a four-month period in 1976. The transport charge directly related to the distance between the referring hospital and the NBC. Two years after the NBC discharged the last study infant, 150 of 174 accounts have been paid in full. Insurance paid 85%, families paid 4%, and the hospital wrote off 11% of all hospital charges. The Children's Hospital referred 2% of all hospital charges to a bill collection agency. One hundred-forty-four infants (84%) survived and 27 (16%) died. The mean charge per day for survivors was $338; the mean charge per day for nonsurvivors was $607.", "PMID": 490247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_460", "title": "A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants.", "content": "A simplified scoring system for clinically determining fetal maturation of newly born infants has been developed and provides accurate assessment of gestational age in either well or sick babies. Certain conditions render individual criteria within the score less reliable but do not significantly lessen the reliability of the total assessment. The optimal age for maturational assessment is between 30 and 42 hours of age.", "contents": "A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants. A simplified scoring system for clinically determining fetal maturation of newly born infants has been developed and provides accurate assessment of gestational age in either well or sick babies. Certain conditions render individual criteria within the score less reliable but do not significantly lessen the reliability of the total assessment. The optimal age for maturational assessment is between 30 and 42 hours of age.", "PMID": 490248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_461", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia and intraventricular hemorrhage by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "The cerebrovascular hemodynamic alterations in asphyxia and intracerebral-intraventricular hemorrhage were determined by monitoring the pulsatile flow changes in the anterior cerebral arteries using Doppler ultrasound. The pulsatility index measurements, which were calculated from the recorded changes in Doppler frequency shifts, were obtained in four groups of newborn infants with the following diagnoses: Group I--normal term (n=21); Group II--asphyxia (n=12); Group III--IC-IVH (n=14); and Group IV--asymptomatic preterm (n=11). There was no significant difference between PI values of Groups I and IV. Compared to normal term infants, those diagnosed as having asphyxia had significantly lower PI measurements and those with IC-IVH had significantly higher PI values than the asymptomatic pretern infants. Serial Doppler studies were also performed in 22 preterm infants with respiratory distress. One-half of these infants subsequently developed IC-IVH. Prior to hemorrhage, their PI measurements were significantly lower than those who did not eventually have the complication. The low PI values in asphyxia and prior to the onset of IC-IVH indicate vasodilation and decreased resistance to blood flow. In IC-IVH, the high PI measurements denote the opposite. In infants with respiratory distress in the presence of significant vasodilation and lowered vascular resistance, CBF may increase to excessive levels, resulting in IC-IVH.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia and intraventricular hemorrhage by Doppler ultrasound. The cerebrovascular hemodynamic alterations in asphyxia and intracerebral-intraventricular hemorrhage were determined by monitoring the pulsatile flow changes in the anterior cerebral arteries using Doppler ultrasound. The pulsatility index measurements, which were calculated from the recorded changes in Doppler frequency shifts, were obtained in four groups of newborn infants with the following diagnoses: Group I--normal term (n=21); Group II--asphyxia (n=12); Group III--IC-IVH (n=14); and Group IV--asymptomatic preterm (n=11). There was no significant difference between PI values of Groups I and IV. Compared to normal term infants, those diagnosed as having asphyxia had significantly lower PI measurements and those with IC-IVH had significantly higher PI values than the asymptomatic pretern infants. Serial Doppler studies were also performed in 22 preterm infants with respiratory distress. One-half of these infants subsequently developed IC-IVH. Prior to hemorrhage, their PI measurements were significantly lower than those who did not eventually have the complication. The low PI values in asphyxia and prior to the onset of IC-IVH indicate vasodilation and decreased resistance to blood flow. In IC-IVH, the high PI measurements denote the opposite. In infants with respiratory distress in the presence of significant vasodilation and lowered vascular resistance, CBF may increase to excessive levels, resulting in IC-IVH.", "PMID": 490249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_462", "title": "Postnatal development of renal sodium handling in premature infants.", "content": "To estimate the contribution of the specific defect in proximal and distal tubular reabsorption of sodium to renal salt wasting, fractional sodium excretion, distal tubular sodium delivery, and distal tubular sodium reabsorption were determined in 11 healthy premature infants. The study was performed on the seventh day and at weekly intervals thereafter up to the sixth week of life. Sodium clearance and fractional sodium excretion decreased significantly with increasing postnatal age (P less than 0.001). There was no significant alteration in either osmolar or free-water clearances. Distal tubular sodium delivery steadily decreased from 4.96 +/- 0.66 (mean +/- SE) in the first week to 3.3 +/- 0.41 ml/minute/dl GFR in the sixth week of life (P less than 0.05). Distal tubular sodium reabsorption was 69.5 +/- 2.36% in the first week, then rose significantly to reach a value of 83.7 +/- 1.85% in the second week (P less than 0.001) and remained practically unchanged thereafter. It is suggested that the rapid improvement of distal tubular sodium reabsorption in premature infants might result from forced stimulation by the excessively activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Postnatal development of renal sodium handling in premature infants. To estimate the contribution of the specific defect in proximal and distal tubular reabsorption of sodium to renal salt wasting, fractional sodium excretion, distal tubular sodium delivery, and distal tubular sodium reabsorption were determined in 11 healthy premature infants. The study was performed on the seventh day and at weekly intervals thereafter up to the sixth week of life. Sodium clearance and fractional sodium excretion decreased significantly with increasing postnatal age (P less than 0.001). There was no significant alteration in either osmolar or free-water clearances. Distal tubular sodium delivery steadily decreased from 4.96 +/- 0.66 (mean +/- SE) in the first week to 3.3 +/- 0.41 ml/minute/dl GFR in the sixth week of life (P less than 0.05). Distal tubular sodium reabsorption was 69.5 +/- 2.36% in the first week, then rose significantly to reach a value of 83.7 +/- 1.85% in the second week (P less than 0.001) and remained practically unchanged thereafter. It is suggested that the rapid improvement of distal tubular sodium reabsorption in premature infants might result from forced stimulation by the excessively activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 490250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_463", "title": "Multicystic encephalomalacia in liveborn twin with a stillborn macerated co-twin.", "content": "Computed tomography showed multiple cystic lesions in the brains of three infants with cerebral palsy. Each patient was the product of a twin pregnancy with a stillborn, macerated co-twin. In two patients angiography was performed and suggested that the cystic lesions were multicystic encephalomalacia due to perinatal arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Multicystic encephalomalacia in liveborn twin with a stillborn macerated co-twin. Computed tomography showed multiple cystic lesions in the brains of three infants with cerebral palsy. Each patient was the product of a twin pregnancy with a stillborn, macerated co-twin. In two patients angiography was performed and suggested that the cystic lesions were multicystic encephalomalacia due to perinatal arterial occlusion.", "PMID": 490251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_464", "title": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia--pathology.", "content": "The term bronchopulmonary dysplasia has much to commend it. It does not declare the etiology of this disease, which seems to be an advantage. Another advantage is that it presents the idea of disturbance of growth as well as scarring. The premature lung responds at birth somewhat differently from the mature lung, not just in respect to surfactant but from the point of view of the blood vessels' size and compliance. But treatment must also be considered. The administration of steroids to the mother in the antenatal period probably favors maturation in the fetus, rather than growth of size and cell multiplication, which will also influence the behavior of the lung postnatally. This is probably a critical feature to look for in clinical assessment and follow-up of these patients.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia--pathology. The term bronchopulmonary dysplasia has much to commend it. It does not declare the etiology of this disease, which seems to be an advantage. Another advantage is that it presents the idea of disturbance of growth as well as scarring. The premature lung responds at birth somewhat differently from the mature lung, not just in respect to surfactant but from the point of view of the blood vessels' size and compliance. But treatment must also be considered. The administration of steroids to the mother in the antenatal period probably favors maturation in the fetus, rather than growth of size and cell multiplication, which will also influence the behavior of the lung postnatally. This is probably a critical feature to look for in clinical assessment and follow-up of these patients.", "PMID": 490260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_465", "title": "Neuroblastoma presenting with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A case of neuroblastoma in a 4-yr-old boy presenting with the nephrotic syndrome is reported. Nether thrombosis nor stenosis of the renal veins and the inferior vena cava was present. Electron microscopy revealed lumps of subepithelial deposits as well as thickening and tortuosity of the glomerular basement membrane compatible with membranous nephropathy. It is postulated that deposition of neuroblastoma-associated immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane-was responsible for the development of the nephrotic syndrome in this patient. Five pediatric cases of nephrotic syndrome associated with extrarenal neoplasia were collected from the world literature and are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma presenting with the nephrotic syndrome. A case of neuroblastoma in a 4-yr-old boy presenting with the nephrotic syndrome is reported. Nether thrombosis nor stenosis of the renal veins and the inferior vena cava was present. Electron microscopy revealed lumps of subepithelial deposits as well as thickening and tortuosity of the glomerular basement membrane compatible with membranous nephropathy. It is postulated that deposition of neuroblastoma-associated immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane-was responsible for the development of the nephrotic syndrome in this patient. Five pediatric cases of nephrotic syndrome associated with extrarenal neoplasia were collected from the world literature and are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 490283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_466", "title": "Neuroblastoma masquerading as congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction.", "content": "A case of perirenal neuroblastoma causing intrarenal obstruction of the pelvis of the kidney presented as a small hydronephrosis at 3 days of age. The tumor grew rapidly over the next 48 hr, diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography, and the mass was removed surgically.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma masquerading as congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A case of perirenal neuroblastoma causing intrarenal obstruction of the pelvis of the kidney presented as a small hydronephrosis at 3 days of age. The tumor grew rapidly over the next 48 hr, diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography, and the mass was removed surgically.", "PMID": 490284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_467", "title": "Histoplasmosis simulating lymphoma in children.", "content": "The experience of two Mineapolis hospitals with histoplasmosis over a 10-yr period was reviewed. Six of eleven pediatric patients with histoplasmosis presented with systemic symptoms, a mediastinal mass, and no pulmonary infiltrates. A clinical diagnosis of lymphoma was made in each case. Immediate radiation therapy for respiratory compromise was considered in one patient before pathologic diagnosis revealed primary histoplasmosis of the mediastinum. Although immediate therapy with steroids or irradiation is often considered in patients who have acute respiratory embarrassment caused by a mass, histologic confirmation of the diagnosis is always indicated before such therapy is instituted. Primary histoplasmosis of the mediastinum may be more common than previously thought.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis simulating lymphoma in children. The experience of two Mineapolis hospitals with histoplasmosis over a 10-yr period was reviewed. Six of eleven pediatric patients with histoplasmosis presented with systemic symptoms, a mediastinal mass, and no pulmonary infiltrates. A clinical diagnosis of lymphoma was made in each case. Immediate radiation therapy for respiratory compromise was considered in one patient before pathologic diagnosis revealed primary histoplasmosis of the mediastinum. Although immediate therapy with steroids or irradiation is often considered in patients who have acute respiratory embarrassment caused by a mass, histologic confirmation of the diagnosis is always indicated before such therapy is instituted. Primary histoplasmosis of the mediastinum may be more common than previously thought.", "PMID": 490285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_468", "title": "The value of emergency open lung biopsy in infants and children.", "content": "The records of 36 infants and children who underwent emergency open lung biopsy at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between 1969 and 1976 were studied in order to assess the safety and value of performing this procedure in patients with failing respiratory function. Prior to their respiratory illness, 14 of these patients were receiving steroids, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy singly or in combination as treatment for various sytemic diseases of which leukemia was the most prominent. In all cases the biopsy was performed under general anesthesia and lasted about 1 hour. The biopsy was diagnostic in all but one of these children, permitting the institution of appropriate therapy. Six preventible postoperative complications required treatment but there were no deaths attributable to operation in this series. Emergency open lung biopsy is strongly recommended even in patients in severe respiratory failure when all routine investigations fail to yield a diagnosis.", "contents": "The value of emergency open lung biopsy in infants and children. The records of 36 infants and children who underwent emergency open lung biopsy at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between 1969 and 1976 were studied in order to assess the safety and value of performing this procedure in patients with failing respiratory function. Prior to their respiratory illness, 14 of these patients were receiving steroids, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy singly or in combination as treatment for various sytemic diseases of which leukemia was the most prominent. In all cases the biopsy was performed under general anesthesia and lasted about 1 hour. The biopsy was diagnostic in all but one of these children, permitting the institution of appropriate therapy. Six preventible postoperative complications required treatment but there were no deaths attributable to operation in this series. Emergency open lung biopsy is strongly recommended even in patients in severe respiratory failure when all routine investigations fail to yield a diagnosis.", "PMID": 490286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_469", "title": "Multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata in childhood.", "content": "A 9-yr-old girl with a history of rhabdomyosarcoma developed multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata. This clinical setting illustrates the tendency of these hamartomata to clinically mimic metastatic tumors. Further, this case represents the first description of multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata in a pediatric age group, and finally, in this clinical setting, supports the concept that these hamartomata represent a distinct entity apart from benign metastasizing uterine leiomyomata.", "contents": "Multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata in childhood. A 9-yr-old girl with a history of rhabdomyosarcoma developed multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata. This clinical setting illustrates the tendency of these hamartomata to clinically mimic metastatic tumors. Further, this case represents the first description of multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomata in a pediatric age group, and finally, in this clinical setting, supports the concept that these hamartomata represent a distinct entity apart from benign metastasizing uterine leiomyomata.", "PMID": 490287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_470", "title": "The twin with esophageal atresia.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of esophageal atresia occurring in patients who are members of a twin set indicated that twinning does occur more frequently in patients with esophageal atresia. These patients tend to be small for date, but have a similar occurrence of associated anomalies as singletons with esophageal atresia. Applying risk-grouping to the entire series and twins indicated no real difference in survival or additional anomalies by organ system, except more cardiovascular anomalies occurred in twins. Long-term follow-up of five survivors revealed severe growth retardation.", "contents": "The twin with esophageal atresia. A retrospective analysis of esophageal atresia occurring in patients who are members of a twin set indicated that twinning does occur more frequently in patients with esophageal atresia. These patients tend to be small for date, but have a similar occurrence of associated anomalies as singletons with esophageal atresia. Applying risk-grouping to the entire series and twins indicated no real difference in survival or additional anomalies by organ system, except more cardiovascular anomalies occurred in twins. Long-term follow-up of five survivors revealed severe growth retardation.", "PMID": 490288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_471", "title": "Plain film detection of right aortic arch in infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "The aortic arch can be clearly demonstrated in neonatal chest radiographs by use of a high kilovoltage-filtered film with air-gap magnification. This allows identification of the presence of right aortic arch in patients with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula; awareness of this anomaly may influence choice of surgical approach.", "contents": "Plain film detection of right aortic arch in infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. The aortic arch can be clearly demonstrated in neonatal chest radiographs by use of a high kilovoltage-filtered film with air-gap magnification. This allows identification of the presence of right aortic arch in patients with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula; awareness of this anomaly may influence choice of surgical approach.", "PMID": 490289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_472", "title": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty on gastric functions and growth in puppies after massive small bowel resection.", "content": "The effects of truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty and proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric acid hypersecretion, hypergastrinemia, and growth after massive bowel resection were studied in beagle puppies. In puppies with 80% enterectomy, neither type of vagotomy alters significantly the postprandial hypersecretion of acid from the Heidenhain pouch or the concentration of serum gastrin. Proximal gastric vagotomy tended to decrease the hypersecretion more than did truncal vagotomy. In beagle puppies undergoing 70% small bowel resection, growth was significantly decreased but survival was not impaired. Neither proximal gastric vagotomy nor truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty reversed completely the impaired growth produced by massive resection. Proximal gastric vagotomy caused a small improvements in growth, while truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty resulted in a slight decrease in growth. It remains possible that proximal gastric vagotomy could be of value in the management of growing infants with hypersecretion of acid due to short bowel syndrome.", "contents": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty on gastric functions and growth in puppies after massive small bowel resection. The effects of truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty and proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric acid hypersecretion, hypergastrinemia, and growth after massive bowel resection were studied in beagle puppies. In puppies with 80% enterectomy, neither type of vagotomy alters significantly the postprandial hypersecretion of acid from the Heidenhain pouch or the concentration of serum gastrin. Proximal gastric vagotomy tended to decrease the hypersecretion more than did truncal vagotomy. In beagle puppies undergoing 70% small bowel resection, growth was significantly decreased but survival was not impaired. Neither proximal gastric vagotomy nor truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty reversed completely the impaired growth produced by massive resection. Proximal gastric vagotomy caused a small improvements in growth, while truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty resulted in a slight decrease in growth. It remains possible that proximal gastric vagotomy could be of value in the management of growing infants with hypersecretion of acid due to short bowel syndrome.", "PMID": 490290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_473", "title": "Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa letalis: a lethal combination in two premature newborn siblings.", "content": "Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa letalis are rare congenital anomalies. The association of the two diseases in siblings has not been reported previously. This paper describes such as association in two newborn infants of caucasian parents with no family history of similar anomalies. Problems in management included severe fluid and electrolyte losses, systemic infection, and prematurity, which led to the death of the two infants. The question is raised whether the two abnormalities are expressions of closely linked genes. The presence of epidermolysis bullosa should alert the pediatrician to the possiblity of a coexisting pyloric atresia.", "contents": "Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa letalis: a lethal combination in two premature newborn siblings. Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa letalis are rare congenital anomalies. The association of the two diseases in siblings has not been reported previously. This paper describes such as association in two newborn infants of caucasian parents with no family history of similar anomalies. Problems in management included severe fluid and electrolyte losses, systemic infection, and prematurity, which led to the death of the two infants. The question is raised whether the two abnormalities are expressions of closely linked genes. The presence of epidermolysis bullosa should alert the pediatrician to the possiblity of a coexisting pyloric atresia.", "PMID": 490291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_474", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of splenic cysts in children by gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Ultrasonography is a useful noninvasive modality for the diagnosis of splenic cysts in children. Characteristic features plus the typical clinical and radiographic presentation should obviate the need for further more invasive and costly techniques which add little to diagnostic accuracy. Additional advantages offered by ultrasound a minimal patient discomfort, no ionizing radiation, and immediate reassurance to parents that the mass is a cyst. We report two cases of epidermoid splenic cysts preoperatively diagnosed by ultrasonography. The typical sonographic characteristics are presented and the sonographic differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of splenic cysts in children by gray scale ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is a useful noninvasive modality for the diagnosis of splenic cysts in children. Characteristic features plus the typical clinical and radiographic presentation should obviate the need for further more invasive and costly techniques which add little to diagnostic accuracy. Additional advantages offered by ultrasound a minimal patient discomfort, no ionizing radiation, and immediate reassurance to parents that the mass is a cyst. We report two cases of epidermoid splenic cysts preoperatively diagnosed by ultrasonography. The typical sonographic characteristics are presented and the sonographic differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 490292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_475", "title": "Colon sarcoma in the newborn.", "content": "Two newborns with similar lesions were treated at two children's hospitals. Each newborn presented with an abdominal emergency that required immediate surgery. In each instance, small bowel obstruction was clinically and radiologically suspected; barium enema examination showed an irreducible colonic intussusception in the first baby and a colonic perforation in the second. Both these findings required immediate operation. The baby with the intussusception had a colon resection and a primary anastomosis, while the newborn with the perforation had a resection and temporary colostomy. Subsequent to the initial surgery, neither baby has received any further treatment for the tumor. The two patients are now well at 13 yr and 6 yr of age.", "contents": "Colon sarcoma in the newborn. Two newborns with similar lesions were treated at two children's hospitals. Each newborn presented with an abdominal emergency that required immediate surgery. In each instance, small bowel obstruction was clinically and radiologically suspected; barium enema examination showed an irreducible colonic intussusception in the first baby and a colonic perforation in the second. Both these findings required immediate operation. The baby with the intussusception had a colon resection and a primary anastomosis, while the newborn with the perforation had a resection and temporary colostomy. Subsequent to the initial surgery, neither baby has received any further treatment for the tumor. The two patients are now well at 13 yr and 6 yr of age.", "PMID": 490293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_476", "title": "Malabsorption and pouch ulcerations following the Martin repair for total colonic aganglionosis.", "content": "A late complication of the Martin repair for total colonic aganglionosis is described. Pouch malfunction resulted in stasis and ulceration, excessive blood and protein loss, and bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. The severity and nature of the lesion was identified by colonoscopy.", "contents": "Malabsorption and pouch ulcerations following the Martin repair for total colonic aganglionosis. A late complication of the Martin repair for total colonic aganglionosis is described. Pouch malfunction resulted in stasis and ulceration, excessive blood and protein loss, and bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. The severity and nature of the lesion was identified by colonoscopy.", "PMID": 490294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_477", "title": "Malignant melanoma in children.", "content": "Six patients with prepubertal malignant melanoma are presented. Three were metastatic. One was congenital in a giant pigmented nevus. A second was found at 6 mo of age to have metastatic lesions. All were treated aggressively and had a favorable outcome. Aggressive treatment, once malignant melanoma is diagnosed, is recommended. Prognosis does not differ markedly from similar lesions in adults.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma in children. Six patients with prepubertal malignant melanoma are presented. Three were metastatic. One was congenital in a giant pigmented nevus. A second was found at 6 mo of age to have metastatic lesions. All were treated aggressively and had a favorable outcome. Aggressive treatment, once malignant melanoma is diagnosed, is recommended. Prognosis does not differ markedly from similar lesions in adults.", "PMID": 490295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_478", "title": "Hemithyroid agenesis associated with a cervical thymic cyst.", "content": "A case is presented of a 7-yr-old boy with left hemithyroid agenesis associated with cervical thymic cyst. No left parathyroid glands were found. The diagnosis was established after surgical excision and histologic examination. Clinical and embryological implications of this condition are briefly discussed. No similar case has been found in the literature.", "contents": "Hemithyroid agenesis associated with a cervical thymic cyst. A case is presented of a 7-yr-old boy with left hemithyroid agenesis associated with cervical thymic cyst. No left parathyroid glands were found. The diagnosis was established after surgical excision and histologic examination. Clinical and embryological implications of this condition are briefly discussed. No similar case has been found in the literature.", "PMID": 490296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_479", "title": "Traumatic intercostal hernia due to a nonpenetrating injury in a child.", "content": "Herniation of the lung is a recognized, though rare, complication of thoracotomy and penetrating chest injury. Closed chest injury is usually associated with rib fractures, laceration of the lung, and rupture of the diaphragm, bronchus, and aorta. It is unusual for the intercostal muscles to be ruptured in a closed chest injury. In this case, herniation of the lung may result.", "contents": "Traumatic intercostal hernia due to a nonpenetrating injury in a child. Herniation of the lung is a recognized, though rare, complication of thoracotomy and penetrating chest injury. Closed chest injury is usually associated with rib fractures, laceration of the lung, and rupture of the diaphragm, bronchus, and aorta. It is unusual for the intercostal muscles to be ruptured in a closed chest injury. In this case, herniation of the lung may result.", "PMID": 490297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_480", "title": "Eventration of the diaphragm due to phrenic nerve injury caused by intercostal drainage.", "content": "Acquired eventration of the diaphragm is caused by injury to the phrenic nerve with resultant paralysis and elevation of the entire diaphragm. In this reported case, damage to the phrenic nerve was caused by an intercostal drain. This has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Eventration of the diaphragm due to phrenic nerve injury caused by intercostal drainage. Acquired eventration of the diaphragm is caused by injury to the phrenic nerve with resultant paralysis and elevation of the entire diaphragm. In this reported case, damage to the phrenic nerve was caused by an intercostal drain. This has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 490298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_481", "title": "Congenital lumbar \"pseudohernia\".", "content": "At the age of 11 mo, a boy, born by breech presentation, was seen with signs suggesting a congenital lumbar hernia. Signs of already healing epiphysiolysis humeri and costal fractures suggested a traumatic origin of the hernia due to neuropraxia of the intercostal nerves. Full recovery ensued without active treatment.", "contents": "Congenital lumbar \"pseudohernia\". At the age of 11 mo, a boy, born by breech presentation, was seen with signs suggesting a congenital lumbar hernia. Signs of already healing epiphysiolysis humeri and costal fractures suggested a traumatic origin of the hernia due to neuropraxia of the intercostal nerves. Full recovery ensued without active treatment.", "PMID": 490299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_482", "title": "Leiomyoma of small bowel: a case report.", "content": "Benign small bowel tumors are rare and usually present in late adult life. Because of its raity, a case of benign leiomyoma of the small bowel presenting with distal small bowel obstruction in childhood is reported, with a discussion of the principles of management.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of small bowel: a case report. Benign small bowel tumors are rare and usually present in late adult life. Because of its raity, a case of benign leiomyoma of the small bowel presenting with distal small bowel obstruction in childhood is reported, with a discussion of the principles of management.", "PMID": 490300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_483", "title": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "Sigmoid volvulus in children is quite rare and may occur in acute fulminating form requiring early diagnosis and surgery. In this case, bowel continuity after resection of the necrotic sigmoid was reestablished in a two-stage operation.", "contents": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon. Sigmoid volvulus in children is quite rare and may occur in acute fulminating form requiring early diagnosis and surgery. In this case, bowel continuity after resection of the necrotic sigmoid was reestablished in a two-stage operation.", "PMID": 490301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_484", "title": "Pseudomonas septicemia; necrotizing bowel lesions (NEC) and skin lesions in a 5-mo-old child.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that occurs in the high risk neonate is not usually associated with pathogenic organism. In older children the presence of NEC is often due to infection with a specific pathogen. A case of a five month old child with pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia presented with typical NEC. in the course of two laparotomies, most of the small bowel was resected. Necrotizing skin lesions were also present, and the likely source of both of these lesions were septic embolic.", "contents": "Pseudomonas septicemia; necrotizing bowel lesions (NEC) and skin lesions in a 5-mo-old child. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that occurs in the high risk neonate is not usually associated with pathogenic organism. In older children the presence of NEC is often due to infection with a specific pathogen. A case of a five month old child with pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia presented with typical NEC. in the course of two laparotomies, most of the small bowel was resected. Necrotizing skin lesions were also present, and the likely source of both of these lesions were septic embolic.", "PMID": 490302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_485", "title": "Sex differences in feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving coercion and sexual advances.", "content": "This study investigated sex differences of feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving varying degrees of coercion and sexual advances. Sixteen vignettes (12 dealing with sex and coercion, 4 dealing with coercion only) were rated on 17 semantic differential scales by 59 undergraduates (44 females, 15 males) and 45 graduate students (18 females, 27 males). The 16 vignettes yielded factors of Sexual Flattery/Overtures, Sexual Aggressiveness, and Violence. Factor analyses of the 17 semantic differential scales yielded factors of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. High agreement was found between males and females in both the graduate and undergraduate samples on the relative intensity of feelings attributed to the woman across the sex/coercion vignettes for the three dimensions of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. Even more importantly, systematic differences between males and females on intensity of attributed feelings across the semantic differential factors were independently replicated using the graduate and undergraduate samples. Analyses of variance revealed that males showed significantly greater attributions on the factors Helplessness and Threat on scenes mainly dealing with sexual flattery/overtures, whereas they showed significantly less attributions on the factor Aversiveness on scenes dealing with sexual aggressiveness and rape. In short, while there was strong agreement between men and women, there were also replicated significant systematic differences with men overestimating the psychological impact of less intense incidents and underestimating the psychological impact on women of more intense incidents.", "contents": "Sex differences in feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving coercion and sexual advances. This study investigated sex differences of feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving varying degrees of coercion and sexual advances. Sixteen vignettes (12 dealing with sex and coercion, 4 dealing with coercion only) were rated on 17 semantic differential scales by 59 undergraduates (44 females, 15 males) and 45 graduate students (18 females, 27 males). The 16 vignettes yielded factors of Sexual Flattery/Overtures, Sexual Aggressiveness, and Violence. Factor analyses of the 17 semantic differential scales yielded factors of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. High agreement was found between males and females in both the graduate and undergraduate samples on the relative intensity of feelings attributed to the woman across the sex/coercion vignettes for the three dimensions of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. Even more importantly, systematic differences between males and females on intensity of attributed feelings across the semantic differential factors were independently replicated using the graduate and undergraduate samples. Analyses of variance revealed that males showed significantly greater attributions on the factors Helplessness and Threat on scenes mainly dealing with sexual flattery/overtures, whereas they showed significantly less attributions on the factor Aversiveness on scenes dealing with sexual aggressiveness and rape. In short, while there was strong agreement between men and women, there were also replicated significant systematic differences with men overestimating the psychological impact of less intense incidents and underestimating the psychological impact on women of more intense incidents.", "PMID": 490304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_486", "title": "The structure of nonverbal decoding skills.", "content": "The structure of skill at decoding nonverbal cues was examined for 150 high school students and 95 college students. An overall principal components analysis yielded four factors differing in the complexity of the message (pure versus mixed) and in the relative importance of the video versus the audio modality. Factor 1 (pure video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues of ordinary (2 second) and very brief exposure length. Factor 2 (mixed video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues with a \"noisy\" background. Factor 3 (mixed audio) was defined by accuracy at decoding discrepant cues and \"noisy\" audio cues. Factor 4 (ure audio) was defined by accuracy at pure tone of voice cues. The overall evidence suggested that despite a nontrivial degree of relationship among all measures of skill at decoding nonverbal cues (Armor's Theta = .62), it would increase our theoretical and empirical precision to conceptualize nonverbal decoding ability as made up of several relatively unrelated subskills.", "contents": "The structure of nonverbal decoding skills. The structure of skill at decoding nonverbal cues was examined for 150 high school students and 95 college students. An overall principal components analysis yielded four factors differing in the complexity of the message (pure versus mixed) and in the relative importance of the video versus the audio modality. Factor 1 (pure video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues of ordinary (2 second) and very brief exposure length. Factor 2 (mixed video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues with a \"noisy\" background. Factor 3 (mixed audio) was defined by accuracy at decoding discrepant cues and \"noisy\" audio cues. Factor 4 (ure audio) was defined by accuracy at pure tone of voice cues. The overall evidence suggested that despite a nontrivial degree of relationship among all measures of skill at decoding nonverbal cues (Armor's Theta = .62), it would increase our theoretical and empirical precision to conceptualize nonverbal decoding ability as made up of several relatively unrelated subskills.", "PMID": 490305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_487", "title": "Effects of personality and loss of anonymity on aggression: a reevaluation of deindividuation.", "content": "Zimbardo's deindividuation hypothesis was reexamined by individuating some subjects. Twelve four-person groups administered shock to a confederate in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of social individuation (subjects' level of anonymity to group members), two levels of nonsocial individuation (subjects' opportunity to give identifying information to the experimenter on a word association test) and two levels of individual differences. It was found that subjects, who individuated themselves by giving information to the experimenter on the word association test showed more, not less, antisocial behavior. Furthermore, this increased antisocial behavior was exhibited only by externally oriented subjects: those with an external locus of control and a low mysticism score. Some of those more antisocial subjects were also more likely to report feeling like they stood out from the group. It was concluded that antisocial behavior in this paradigm may thus be a response to experimenter demand felt most strongly when subjects felt most identifiable.", "contents": "Effects of personality and loss of anonymity on aggression: a reevaluation of deindividuation. Zimbardo's deindividuation hypothesis was reexamined by individuating some subjects. Twelve four-person groups administered shock to a confederate in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of social individuation (subjects' level of anonymity to group members), two levels of nonsocial individuation (subjects' opportunity to give identifying information to the experimenter on a word association test) and two levels of individual differences. It was found that subjects, who individuated themselves by giving information to the experimenter on the word association test showed more, not less, antisocial behavior. Furthermore, this increased antisocial behavior was exhibited only by externally oriented subjects: those with an external locus of control and a low mysticism score. Some of those more antisocial subjects were also more likely to report feeling like they stood out from the group. It was concluded that antisocial behavior in this paradigm may thus be a response to experimenter demand felt most strongly when subjects felt most identifiable.", "PMID": 490306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_488", "title": "Cardiovascular changes during social competition in a mixed-motive game.", "content": "Male and female subjects played a mixed-motive game against a male confederate under either a 20% cooperative or an 80% cooperative strategy while cardiovascular responses were computer monitored. Females had larger heart rate responses than males during play against the competitive strategy, and the opposite was true during play against the cooperative strategy. Subjects who were more competitive during the game or who scored higher on a coronary-prone (Type A) behavior scale or who reported having an action orientation toward life stress tended to have larger heart rate responses during the game than the remaining subjects. The results draw attention to the importance of covert autonomic responses for understanding overt behavioral choices in mixed-motive games and to the potential utility of this behavioral model for studying the role of psychosocial factors in psychosomatic illnesses.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes during social competition in a mixed-motive game. Male and female subjects played a mixed-motive game against a male confederate under either a 20% cooperative or an 80% cooperative strategy while cardiovascular responses were computer monitored. Females had larger heart rate responses than males during play against the competitive strategy, and the opposite was true during play against the cooperative strategy. Subjects who were more competitive during the game or who scored higher on a coronary-prone (Type A) behavior scale or who reported having an action orientation toward life stress tended to have larger heart rate responses during the game than the remaining subjects. The results draw attention to the importance of covert autonomic responses for understanding overt behavioral choices in mixed-motive games and to the potential utility of this behavioral model for studying the role of psychosocial factors in psychosomatic illnesses.", "PMID": 490307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_489", "title": "Vocal interruptions in dyadic communication as a function of speech and social anxiety.", "content": "Interruptions have been defined as a breach of the \"turn-taking\" contract in interpersonal communication. The relation between a speaker's personality and his or her propensity to interrupt was examined in 30-min unstructured conversations for 36 dyads (12 male, 12 female, and 12 mixed sex). The following predictions were made: (a) Interruptive behavior is inversely related to speech anxiety and positively related to confidence as a speaker; (b) interruptive behavior is inversely related to social anxiety (avoidance-distress; fear of negative evaluation). A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, controlling for the systematic effects of sex, the conversational partner's personality and amount of speech, and the speaker's use of back-channel responses. These hypotheses were confirmed for rate of total interruptions and rate of successful interruptions, for percentage of successful interruptions, and for mean duration of interruptions; the results withstood cross-validation analysis.", "contents": "Vocal interruptions in dyadic communication as a function of speech and social anxiety. Interruptions have been defined as a breach of the \"turn-taking\" contract in interpersonal communication. The relation between a speaker's personality and his or her propensity to interrupt was examined in 30-min unstructured conversations for 36 dyads (12 male, 12 female, and 12 mixed sex). The following predictions were made: (a) Interruptive behavior is inversely related to speech anxiety and positively related to confidence as a speaker; (b) interruptive behavior is inversely related to social anxiety (avoidance-distress; fear of negative evaluation). A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, controlling for the systematic effects of sex, the conversational partner's personality and amount of speech, and the speaker's use of back-channel responses. These hypotheses were confirmed for rate of total interruptions and rate of successful interruptions, for percentage of successful interruptions, and for mean duration of interruptions; the results withstood cross-validation analysis.", "PMID": 490308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_490", "title": "Effects of difficulty and diagnosticity on choice among tasks in relation to achievement motivation and perceived ability.", "content": "The experiment is a partial replication of a study conducted by Trope. It investigates the effects of two person characteristics (achievement motive and perceived own ability) and two task characteristics (difficulty and diagnostic value about own ability) on choice among achievement tasks. In accordance with the results of Trope, it was found that high-diagnostic tasks were preferred to low-diagnostic tasks, independent of their difficulty. Trope's finding that high resultant achievers choose high-diagnostic tasks over low-diagnostic tasks to a greater extent than low resultant achievers was not replicated. However, the perceived degree of own ability affected choice behavior: When easy and difficult tasks were both high in diagnosticity, subjects high in perceived ability preferred difficult over easy tasks, whereas subjects low in perceived ability preferred easy over difficult tasks. From this latter finding it is concluded that a self-informational conception of choice behavior has to include the subjective probability of success at tasks as a determinant of choice, in addition to objective difficulty and diagnostic value.", "contents": "Effects of difficulty and diagnosticity on choice among tasks in relation to achievement motivation and perceived ability. The experiment is a partial replication of a study conducted by Trope. It investigates the effects of two person characteristics (achievement motive and perceived own ability) and two task characteristics (difficulty and diagnostic value about own ability) on choice among achievement tasks. In accordance with the results of Trope, it was found that high-diagnostic tasks were preferred to low-diagnostic tasks, independent of their difficulty. Trope's finding that high resultant achievers choose high-diagnostic tasks over low-diagnostic tasks to a greater extent than low resultant achievers was not replicated. However, the perceived degree of own ability affected choice behavior: When easy and difficult tasks were both high in diagnosticity, subjects high in perceived ability preferred difficult over easy tasks, whereas subjects low in perceived ability preferred easy over difficult tasks. From this latter finding it is concluded that a self-informational conception of choice behavior has to include the subjective probability of success at tasks as a determinant of choice, in addition to objective difficulty and diagnostic value.", "PMID": 490309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_491", "title": "Focus of attention, chronic expectancy, and responses to a feared stimulus.", "content": "An attentional model of fear-based behavior is proposed and a study that tested the model is reported. It was predicted that among subjects with moderate fear of snakes, heightened self-attention during an approach attempt would cause increased awareness of existing anxiety, followed by one of two courses of events: Subjects who believed that they could do the behavior in spite of their fear were expected to redirect their attention to the behavior--goal comparison and exhibit no behavioral deficit. Subjects who doubted their ability to do the behavior were expected to divert their attention from the behavior--goal comparison and to withdraw behaviorally from the approach attempt. The results of the study support this reasoning. Discussion centers on relationships between the proposed model and previous theory.", "contents": "Focus of attention, chronic expectancy, and responses to a feared stimulus. An attentional model of fear-based behavior is proposed and a study that tested the model is reported. It was predicted that among subjects with moderate fear of snakes, heightened self-attention during an approach attempt would cause increased awareness of existing anxiety, followed by one of two courses of events: Subjects who believed that they could do the behavior in spite of their fear were expected to redirect their attention to the behavior--goal comparison and exhibit no behavioral deficit. Subjects who doubted their ability to do the behavior were expected to divert their attention from the behavior--goal comparison and to withdraw behaviorally from the approach attempt. The results of the study support this reasoning. Discussion centers on relationships between the proposed model and previous theory.", "PMID": 490310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_492", "title": "Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress.", "content": "This study assessed the effects of natural expressive tendencies on physiological response to stress. Male undergraduates were unobtrusively observed while watching a stressor videotape. On the basis of the subjects' facial responsiveness to the film, a group of 23 natural expressers and 22 natural inhibitors were selected and exposed to a threat of shock situation during which heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, and facial expressions were monitored. In accord with the discharge model of emotion, natural inhibitors were less facially expressive and more physiologically reactive to the shock threat than were natural expressers. The results also demonstrated that overt expressivity is stable over time and situation. On personality measures, natural expressers scored significantly higher on Mehrabian's empathic tendency scale, thus supporting the efficacy of this paper-and-pencil instrument as a measure of non-verbal responsiveness. The two groups did not differ on measures of self-esteem, introversion--extraversion, or locus of control. The results are discussed in terms of the discharge model as a descriptive metaphor and not a causal theory.", "contents": "Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress. This study assessed the effects of natural expressive tendencies on physiological response to stress. Male undergraduates were unobtrusively observed while watching a stressor videotape. On the basis of the subjects' facial responsiveness to the film, a group of 23 natural expressers and 22 natural inhibitors were selected and exposed to a threat of shock situation during which heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, and facial expressions were monitored. In accord with the discharge model of emotion, natural inhibitors were less facially expressive and more physiologically reactive to the shock threat than were natural expressers. The results also demonstrated that overt expressivity is stable over time and situation. On personality measures, natural expressers scored significantly higher on Mehrabian's empathic tendency scale, thus supporting the efficacy of this paper-and-pencil instrument as a measure of non-verbal responsiveness. The two groups did not differ on measures of self-esteem, introversion--extraversion, or locus of control. The results are discussed in terms of the discharge model as a descriptive metaphor and not a causal theory.", "PMID": 490311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_493", "title": "Possible involvement of prostaglandins in the action of ATP on guinea-pig uterus.", "content": "ATP and other adenine derivatives, such as AMP and adenosine, at concentrations above 10(-6) M induced dose-dependent contractions of guinea-pig uterine strips. Treatment of the strips with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin, aspirin and phenylbutazone, at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-4) M irreversibly inhibited the contractions, without affecting those caused by acetylcholine and bradykinin. Arachidonic acid (10(-8)-10(-6) g/ml) and prostaglandins (E1, E2 and F2 alpha, 10(-9)-10(-7) g/ml) restored the inhibited uterine response to ATP, but the inhibition was reinstated on washing out of the arachidonic acid or prostaglandins. Furthermore, the prostaglandin antagonists polyphloretin phosphate (3 x 10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) g/ml) and SC 19220 (10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) selectively suppressed the action of ATP. In addition to the prostaglandin antagonists, 2,2'-pyridylisatogen, reported to be an ATP antagonist, at concentrations of 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M selectively inhibited the response of uterine strips to ATP. These results suggest the involvement of prostaglandins in the actions of ATP and other adenine derivatives on guinea-pig uterine tissue and provide further evidence for ATP-stimulated prostaglandin formation in smooth muscle.", "contents": "Possible involvement of prostaglandins in the action of ATP on guinea-pig uterus. ATP and other adenine derivatives, such as AMP and adenosine, at concentrations above 10(-6) M induced dose-dependent contractions of guinea-pig uterine strips. Treatment of the strips with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin, aspirin and phenylbutazone, at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-4) M irreversibly inhibited the contractions, without affecting those caused by acetylcholine and bradykinin. Arachidonic acid (10(-8)-10(-6) g/ml) and prostaglandins (E1, E2 and F2 alpha, 10(-9)-10(-7) g/ml) restored the inhibited uterine response to ATP, but the inhibition was reinstated on washing out of the arachidonic acid or prostaglandins. Furthermore, the prostaglandin antagonists polyphloretin phosphate (3 x 10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) g/ml) and SC 19220 (10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) selectively suppressed the action of ATP. In addition to the prostaglandin antagonists, 2,2'-pyridylisatogen, reported to be an ATP antagonist, at concentrations of 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M selectively inhibited the response of uterine strips to ATP. These results suggest the involvement of prostaglandins in the actions of ATP and other adenine derivatives on guinea-pig uterine tissue and provide further evidence for ATP-stimulated prostaglandin formation in smooth muscle.", "PMID": 490312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_494", "title": "Stimulation of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation by ethanol in perfused livers from fasted rats.", "content": "Low concentrations of ethanol (0.2 mM) stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in perfused livers from fasted, but not fed, phenobarbital-treated rats. The increase in mixed-function oxidation correlated well with the production of NADH from ethanol metabolism (Ka for both processes = 0.2-0.3 mM). This stimulation by ethanol was blocked by 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, and pyruvate, a substrate for lactate dehydrogenase. Under these conditions, the characteristic reduction of NAD+ by ethanol was also abolished. p-Nitroanisole O-demethylation by isolated hepatic microsomes was unaffected by low concentrations of ethanol (up to 2 mM); however, when NADH was added to the microsomes, or was generated from ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+, a synergistic increase in p-nitroanisole metabolism occurred. Sorbitol and xylitol, two carbohydrates which reduced pyridine nucleotides in perfused livers, also stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in livers from fasted rats. The data indicate that NADH produced from the metabolism of ethanol, sorbitol and xylitol stimulates mixed-function oxidation in livers from fasted animals.", "contents": "Stimulation of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation by ethanol in perfused livers from fasted rats. Low concentrations of ethanol (0.2 mM) stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in perfused livers from fasted, but not fed, phenobarbital-treated rats. The increase in mixed-function oxidation correlated well with the production of NADH from ethanol metabolism (Ka for both processes = 0.2-0.3 mM). This stimulation by ethanol was blocked by 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, and pyruvate, a substrate for lactate dehydrogenase. Under these conditions, the characteristic reduction of NAD+ by ethanol was also abolished. p-Nitroanisole O-demethylation by isolated hepatic microsomes was unaffected by low concentrations of ethanol (up to 2 mM); however, when NADH was added to the microsomes, or was generated from ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+, a synergistic increase in p-nitroanisole metabolism occurred. Sorbitol and xylitol, two carbohydrates which reduced pyridine nucleotides in perfused livers, also stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in livers from fasted rats. The data indicate that NADH produced from the metabolism of ethanol, sorbitol and xylitol stimulates mixed-function oxidation in livers from fasted animals.", "PMID": 490314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_495", "title": "Antiplatelet drugs and the generalized Shwartzman reaction in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Several antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, hydroxychloroquine, dipyridamole, BL-3459, pyridinolcarbamate) were assayed for their ability to prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction initiated by endotoxin in the pregnant rat, and compared to glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone). The drugs were administered in a single large dose a few hours before provocation of the reaction. In opposition to glucocorticoids and beside BL-3459 which interfere with other mechanisms involved in the phenomenon, the tested inhibitors of platelet aggregation were found incapable of preventing or reducing the severity of the Shwartzman reaction.", "contents": "Antiplatelet drugs and the generalized Shwartzman reaction in the pregnant rat. Several antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, hydroxychloroquine, dipyridamole, BL-3459, pyridinolcarbamate) were assayed for their ability to prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction initiated by endotoxin in the pregnant rat, and compared to glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone). The drugs were administered in a single large dose a few hours before provocation of the reaction. In opposition to glucocorticoids and beside BL-3459 which interfere with other mechanisms involved in the phenomenon, the tested inhibitors of platelet aggregation were found incapable of preventing or reducing the severity of the Shwartzman reaction.", "PMID": 490317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_496", "title": "Studies on the N-demethylation and O-de-ethylation of ethylmorphine[6-3H] by male rat hepatic microsomes.", "content": "A sensitive and convenient radioassay for the in vitro determination of ethylmorphine N-demethylase and O-de-ethylase activity has been developed. Ethylmorphine[6-3H] was prepared by reduction of the corresponding morphinone in nearly quantitative yield. After incubation with hepatic microsomes from male rats, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 5 ml of acetone. The sample was saturated with potassium acetate and extracted twice with acetone giving complete extraction of the radiolabeled ethylmorphine and its metabolites. After the combined organic phases were evaporated, the samples were dissolved in methanol and applied to a Silica Gel GF plate with subsequent development in ethyl acetate-methanol-concentrated NH4OH. The amount of radioactivity detected for the morphine and norethylmorphine bands at zero time was approximately 0.05% of the original amount of labeled ethylmorphine added to the incubation media. Similarly, the Km values were 52 and 250 microns for the O- and N-dealkylation respectively, while the Vmax values were 5.0 and 1.8 nmol/mg of protein per min. Finally, with this assay we have observed constant specific activity for both the N- and O-dealkylation of ethylmorphine[6-3H] with as little as 10 micrograms of microsomal protein per ml of incubation media.", "contents": "Studies on the N-demethylation and O-de-ethylation of ethylmorphine[6-3H] by male rat hepatic microsomes. A sensitive and convenient radioassay for the in vitro determination of ethylmorphine N-demethylase and O-de-ethylase activity has been developed. Ethylmorphine[6-3H] was prepared by reduction of the corresponding morphinone in nearly quantitative yield. After incubation with hepatic microsomes from male rats, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 5 ml of acetone. The sample was saturated with potassium acetate and extracted twice with acetone giving complete extraction of the radiolabeled ethylmorphine and its metabolites. After the combined organic phases were evaporated, the samples were dissolved in methanol and applied to a Silica Gel GF plate with subsequent development in ethyl acetate-methanol-concentrated NH4OH. The amount of radioactivity detected for the morphine and norethylmorphine bands at zero time was approximately 0.05% of the original amount of labeled ethylmorphine added to the incubation media. Similarly, the Km values were 52 and 250 microns for the O- and N-dealkylation respectively, while the Vmax values were 5.0 and 1.8 nmol/mg of protein per min. Finally, with this assay we have observed constant specific activity for both the N- and O-dealkylation of ethylmorphine[6-3H] with as little as 10 micrograms of microsomal protein per ml of incubation media.", "PMID": 490320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_497", "title": "Release of endogenous norepinephrine from a rabbit cerebral artery.", "content": "Cerebral arteries are relatively unresponsive to sympathetic nerve stimulation, in spite of extensive adrenergic innervation. To determine whether these nerves are functional, release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE) was measured using a radioenzymatic assay. Fractional release of NE per stimulation pulse was more than 5 times greater from the rabbit basilar artery than from the ear artery. Thus, while the NE content of the two vessels is quite similar, transmitter release is considerably greater in the basilar artery. Since NE accumulation is also much greater in the basilar artery, it seems possible that an active parameter such as NE release or accumulation may be a better index of functional nerve capacity than NE content. Previous studies have shown that alpha adrenergic blocking agents do not block the contractile response to nerve stimulation of the basilar artery, but actually increase it. Thus, the possibility that blockade of presynaptic adrenergic receptors leads to increased transmitter release was tested. Indeed, both phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine significantly increased stimulation-evoked NE release. It appears that postsynaptic events in cerebral arteries are atypical, while release of transmitter, including modulation by presynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors is similar to other blood vessels.", "contents": "Release of endogenous norepinephrine from a rabbit cerebral artery. Cerebral arteries are relatively unresponsive to sympathetic nerve stimulation, in spite of extensive adrenergic innervation. To determine whether these nerves are functional, release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE) was measured using a radioenzymatic assay. Fractional release of NE per stimulation pulse was more than 5 times greater from the rabbit basilar artery than from the ear artery. Thus, while the NE content of the two vessels is quite similar, transmitter release is considerably greater in the basilar artery. Since NE accumulation is also much greater in the basilar artery, it seems possible that an active parameter such as NE release or accumulation may be a better index of functional nerve capacity than NE content. Previous studies have shown that alpha adrenergic blocking agents do not block the contractile response to nerve stimulation of the basilar artery, but actually increase it. Thus, the possibility that blockade of presynaptic adrenergic receptors leads to increased transmitter release was tested. Indeed, both phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine significantly increased stimulation-evoked NE release. It appears that postsynaptic events in cerebral arteries are atypical, while release of transmitter, including modulation by presynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors is similar to other blood vessels.", "PMID": 490321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_498", "title": "Renal effects of enflurane anesthesia in Fischer 344 rats with pre-existing renal insufficiency.", "content": "Chronic renal insufficiency was produced surgically in Fischer 344 rats in order to evaluate the effects of enflurane anesthesia in animals with impaired renal function. Three groups of rats were anesthetized with enflurane: a control group without impairment of renal function (n = 7); a group with minimal impairment of renal function (n = 6); and a group with moderately severe renal impairment (n = 9). Another group of rats with moderately severe renal impairment (n = 8) was anesthetized with halothane. Two hours of anesthesia resulted only in mild transient depression of urea clearance in all groups. Six hours of anesthesia resulted in a 5 to 10 ml/day increase of urinary output in all groups and small increases in urea nitrogen levels in both groups with moderately severe renal impairment. Deterioration of the model was noted late in the experiment; at sacrifice, animals that had been anesthetized with enflurance and four with halothane had terminal renal failure. The morphological lesion in both groups was similar, resembling glomerulonephritis. Thus, there was no difference in the renal response to enflurane or halothane anesthesia among rats with chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Renal effects of enflurane anesthesia in Fischer 344 rats with pre-existing renal insufficiency. Chronic renal insufficiency was produced surgically in Fischer 344 rats in order to evaluate the effects of enflurane anesthesia in animals with impaired renal function. Three groups of rats were anesthetized with enflurane: a control group without impairment of renal function (n = 7); a group with minimal impairment of renal function (n = 6); and a group with moderately severe renal impairment (n = 9). Another group of rats with moderately severe renal impairment (n = 8) was anesthetized with halothane. Two hours of anesthesia resulted only in mild transient depression of urea clearance in all groups. Six hours of anesthesia resulted in a 5 to 10 ml/day increase of urinary output in all groups and small increases in urea nitrogen levels in both groups with moderately severe renal impairment. Deterioration of the model was noted late in the experiment; at sacrifice, animals that had been anesthetized with enflurance and four with halothane had terminal renal failure. The morphological lesion in both groups was similar, resembling glomerulonephritis. Thus, there was no difference in the renal response to enflurane or halothane anesthesia among rats with chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 490324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_499", "title": "Procaine as an acetylcholine agonist in snail neuron.", "content": "Low concentrations of procaine (10(-5) M) are capable of provoking changes in the membrane potential of snail neurons. This effect is produced by direct application to the membrane and is characterized by a short response time and rapid reversibility. The resulting potential change has the same properties as that which follows acetylcholine application, including the same change of membrane resistance, the same relationship with membrane potential, the same ionic dependence and, finally, the same pharmacological sensitivity. The identity between the acetylcholine and procaine responses holds both for cells depolarized and cells hyperpolarized by acetylcholine. This procaine sensitivity involves only about two-thirds of the cells and it is concluded that procaine activates the cholinergic receptor on these cells.", "contents": "Procaine as an acetylcholine agonist in snail neuron. Low concentrations of procaine (10(-5) M) are capable of provoking changes in the membrane potential of snail neurons. This effect is produced by direct application to the membrane and is characterized by a short response time and rapid reversibility. The resulting potential change has the same properties as that which follows acetylcholine application, including the same change of membrane resistance, the same relationship with membrane potential, the same ionic dependence and, finally, the same pharmacological sensitivity. The identity between the acetylcholine and procaine responses holds both for cells depolarized and cells hyperpolarized by acetylcholine. This procaine sensitivity involves only about two-thirds of the cells and it is concluded that procaine activates the cholinergic receptor on these cells.", "PMID": 490329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_500", "title": "Secretion and metabolism of cortisol and aldosterone during controlled hyperthermia.", "content": "1. The rates of secretion and metabolic clearance of cortisol and aldosterone in response to passive heating have been investigated in fifteen young men by the controlled hyperthermia technique combined with continuous I.V. infusion of [14C]cortisol and [3H]aldosterone. 2. During a 1 hr period of elevation of deep body temperature to 38.0 degrees C mean hepatic blood flow measured by indocyanine green clearance decreased by more than 25% compared with normothermic condition. 3. The pattern of response in hyperthermia involved decreasing plasma specific activities indicating increased adrenal secretion of both cortisol and aldosterone. 4. Aldosterone metabolic clearance rate usually decreased in hyperthermia when there was little change in the clearance rate of cortisol, but an increased aldosterone clearance rate was observed when there were significant increases in the clearance rate of cortisol. A contributing factor to elevation of plasma aldosterone concentration in the heat is the reduction in hepatic blood flow which reduces aldosterone metabolic clearance rate. 5. Suppression of the thermally induced rise in plasma cortisol concentration by dexamethasone was associated with a decrease in aldosterone clearance rate which may reflect increased availability of aldosterone-binding plasma protein. 6. Marked rises in plasma cortisol were always accompanied by simultaneous rises in aldosterone, but rises in aldosterone sometimes occurred in the absence of a rise in cortisol. We therefore suggest that ACTH stimulation plays an important, but not exclusive, role in the stimulation of aldosterone secretion during hyperthermia.", "contents": "Secretion and metabolism of cortisol and aldosterone during controlled hyperthermia. 1. The rates of secretion and metabolic clearance of cortisol and aldosterone in response to passive heating have been investigated in fifteen young men by the controlled hyperthermia technique combined with continuous I.V. infusion of [14C]cortisol and [3H]aldosterone. 2. During a 1 hr period of elevation of deep body temperature to 38.0 degrees C mean hepatic blood flow measured by indocyanine green clearance decreased by more than 25% compared with normothermic condition. 3. The pattern of response in hyperthermia involved decreasing plasma specific activities indicating increased adrenal secretion of both cortisol and aldosterone. 4. Aldosterone metabolic clearance rate usually decreased in hyperthermia when there was little change in the clearance rate of cortisol, but an increased aldosterone clearance rate was observed when there were significant increases in the clearance rate of cortisol. A contributing factor to elevation of plasma aldosterone concentration in the heat is the reduction in hepatic blood flow which reduces aldosterone metabolic clearance rate. 5. Suppression of the thermally induced rise in plasma cortisol concentration by dexamethasone was associated with a decrease in aldosterone clearance rate which may reflect increased availability of aldosterone-binding plasma protein. 6. Marked rises in plasma cortisol were always accompanied by simultaneous rises in aldosterone, but rises in aldosterone sometimes occurred in the absence of a rise in cortisol. We therefore suggest that ACTH stimulation plays an important, but not exclusive, role in the stimulation of aldosterone secretion during hyperthermia.", "PMID": 490331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_501", "title": "Numerical solution of coupled transport equations applied to corneal hydration dynamics.", "content": "1. A quantitative basis for the currently accepted theory on the regulation of corneal hydration was derived using the technique of finite element analysis to integrate a set of coupled flow equations. The model was based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics and incorporated the transport and permeability properties of the corneal epithelium and endothelium as well as the gel properties of the central connective tissue layer. 2. Considerable errors were introduced in the prediction of corneal hydration dynamics (unsteady-state behaviour) unless allowance was made for the development of trans-stromal gradients in pressure and solute concentration. 3. Thickness of in vitro rabbit corneal epithelium and stroma were measured with an automatic specular microscope during responses to changes in the osmolarity of the tear-side bathing medium. The time course of these experiments was fitted with the mathematical model to obtain a set of membrane phenomenological coefficients and transport rates. 4. The model with the redetermined membrane parameters was tested by predicting the influence of other variations in boundary conditions with excellent match to several well-documented experimental observations, including an explanation for the slight stromal swelling observed in hibernating mammals. 5. The regulation of corneal stromal hydration can be explained accurately by balance between the dissipative flows across the serial array of corneal layers and the active HCO3 transport by the endothelium, supporting the earlier 'pump-leak' hypothesis. 6. It was found that stromal retardation of fluid flow, as well as gradients in solute concentration, significantly influences the dynamics of corneal stroma hydration. Tissue gel properties may be a more important factor in coupled transport across cell layers than generally appreciated.", "contents": "Numerical solution of coupled transport equations applied to corneal hydration dynamics. 1. A quantitative basis for the currently accepted theory on the regulation of corneal hydration was derived using the technique of finite element analysis to integrate a set of coupled flow equations. The model was based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics and incorporated the transport and permeability properties of the corneal epithelium and endothelium as well as the gel properties of the central connective tissue layer. 2. Considerable errors were introduced in the prediction of corneal hydration dynamics (unsteady-state behaviour) unless allowance was made for the development of trans-stromal gradients in pressure and solute concentration. 3. Thickness of in vitro rabbit corneal epithelium and stroma were measured with an automatic specular microscope during responses to changes in the osmolarity of the tear-side bathing medium. The time course of these experiments was fitted with the mathematical model to obtain a set of membrane phenomenological coefficients and transport rates. 4. The model with the redetermined membrane parameters was tested by predicting the influence of other variations in boundary conditions with excellent match to several well-documented experimental observations, including an explanation for the slight stromal swelling observed in hibernating mammals. 5. The regulation of corneal stromal hydration can be explained accurately by balance between the dissipative flows across the serial array of corneal layers and the active HCO3 transport by the endothelium, supporting the earlier 'pump-leak' hypothesis. 6. It was found that stromal retardation of fluid flow, as well as gradients in solute concentration, significantly influences the dynamics of corneal stroma hydration. Tissue gel properties may be a more important factor in coupled transport across cell layers than generally appreciated.", "PMID": 490333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_502", "title": "Afferent sympathetic unmyelinated fibres with left ventricular endings in cats.", "content": "1. We recorded the electrical impulse activity of thirty-three single afferent fibres with left ventricular endings from the third and fourth left thoracic sympathetic rami communicantes of anaesthetized cats. Their conduction velocity ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 m/sec (group C). 2. The endings of each fibre were localized to the left ventricle by mechanical probing performed at the end of the experiment on the non-beating heart. No fibre had multiple sensory fields. 3. The impulse activity (0.95 +/- 0.2 impulses/sec) was spontaneous but most often a fixed temporal correlation between impulses and ventricular dynamics was not detectable. It was increased during occlusion of the thoracic aorta, I.V. administration of isoprenaline or infusion of saline. It was unaffected by asphyxia, haemorrhage and I.V. administration of acetylcholine. It was decreased during occlusion of inferior vena cava. Therefore these ventricular receptors appeared to be mainly sensitive to mechanical events. 4. The fibres were excited during the occlusion of the left main coronary artery, after a latency of 14.5 +/- 1.3 sec. They were also excited during ventricular fibrillation, exhibiting the highest values of impulse activity (2.51 +/- 0.4 impulses/sec). The increase in impulse activity during ventricular fibrillation was sometimes immediate and extreme, with peak frequencies of about 50 impulses/sec. 5. These spontaneously active ventricular receptors with unmyelinated nerve fibres participate in the transmission of the continuous impulse activity which from the cardiovascular system reaches the spinal cord through the sympathetic nerves and which is likely to contribute to the neural control of circulation. Thus the unmyelinated cardiac sympathetic afferents should not be considered as purely nociceptive in function.", "contents": "Afferent sympathetic unmyelinated fibres with left ventricular endings in cats. 1. We recorded the electrical impulse activity of thirty-three single afferent fibres with left ventricular endings from the third and fourth left thoracic sympathetic rami communicantes of anaesthetized cats. Their conduction velocity ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 m/sec (group C). 2. The endings of each fibre were localized to the left ventricle by mechanical probing performed at the end of the experiment on the non-beating heart. No fibre had multiple sensory fields. 3. The impulse activity (0.95 +/- 0.2 impulses/sec) was spontaneous but most often a fixed temporal correlation between impulses and ventricular dynamics was not detectable. It was increased during occlusion of the thoracic aorta, I.V. administration of isoprenaline or infusion of saline. It was unaffected by asphyxia, haemorrhage and I.V. administration of acetylcholine. It was decreased during occlusion of inferior vena cava. Therefore these ventricular receptors appeared to be mainly sensitive to mechanical events. 4. The fibres were excited during the occlusion of the left main coronary artery, after a latency of 14.5 +/- 1.3 sec. They were also excited during ventricular fibrillation, exhibiting the highest values of impulse activity (2.51 +/- 0.4 impulses/sec). The increase in impulse activity during ventricular fibrillation was sometimes immediate and extreme, with peak frequencies of about 50 impulses/sec. 5. These spontaneously active ventricular receptors with unmyelinated nerve fibres participate in the transmission of the continuous impulse activity which from the cardiovascular system reaches the spinal cord through the sympathetic nerves and which is likely to contribute to the neural control of circulation. Thus the unmyelinated cardiac sympathetic afferents should not be considered as purely nociceptive in function.", "PMID": 490336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_503", "title": "Propagation of electrical spiking activity along the small intestine: intrinsic versus extrinsic neural influences.", "content": "1. The electrical activity of the small intestine of conscious dog, recorded by means of chronically implanted electrodes, was related to the transit time estimated by phenol red infusion and its propagation observed after a single or double transection and following either isolation or removal of a 50 cm jejunal loop. 2. In the fasted dog, the activity was characterized by the propagation of myoelectric complexes at a velocity of 4 cm/min during which the mean transit time averaged 13 min/m. About 2/3 of these complexes were seen to pass beyond a single section and anastomosis of the jejunum with a delay of 15 min. This number was reduced to 1/3 and the delay doubled when a second section was performed 50 cm distally. 3. In dog with an isolated jejunal loop, most of the myo-electric complexes were seen to pass from the proximal intestine to the loop and then to the intestine beyond the sit of anastomosis within 37 min. Some complexes however passed directly through the anastomosis within 30-32 min, affecting or not the loop. Others started on the loop and/or on the intestine beyond the anastomosis. Finally, the total number of complexes recorded on the distal jejunum was greater than on the duodenum, an effect which disappeared after removal of the isolated loop. 4. The propagation of the complexes occurred at a lower velocity after denervation of a jejunal segment in situ but was arrested in the case of an isolated-denervated jejunal loop. 5. It is concluded that continuity of structures in the bowel is essential for the propagation of a myo-electric complex which is stopped and replaced by another complex at the level of an anastomosis, the number os complexes reorganized beyond an anastomosis and their velocity of propagation depending upon both intrinsic and extrinsic neural influences.", "contents": "Propagation of electrical spiking activity along the small intestine: intrinsic versus extrinsic neural influences. 1. The electrical activity of the small intestine of conscious dog, recorded by means of chronically implanted electrodes, was related to the transit time estimated by phenol red infusion and its propagation observed after a single or double transection and following either isolation or removal of a 50 cm jejunal loop. 2. In the fasted dog, the activity was characterized by the propagation of myoelectric complexes at a velocity of 4 cm/min during which the mean transit time averaged 13 min/m. About 2/3 of these complexes were seen to pass beyond a single section and anastomosis of the jejunum with a delay of 15 min. This number was reduced to 1/3 and the delay doubled when a second section was performed 50 cm distally. 3. In dog with an isolated jejunal loop, most of the myo-electric complexes were seen to pass from the proximal intestine to the loop and then to the intestine beyond the sit of anastomosis within 37 min. Some complexes however passed directly through the anastomosis within 30-32 min, affecting or not the loop. Others started on the loop and/or on the intestine beyond the anastomosis. Finally, the total number of complexes recorded on the distal jejunum was greater than on the duodenum, an effect which disappeared after removal of the isolated loop. 4. The propagation of the complexes occurred at a lower velocity after denervation of a jejunal segment in situ but was arrested in the case of an isolated-denervated jejunal loop. 5. It is concluded that continuity of structures in the bowel is essential for the propagation of a myo-electric complex which is stopped and replaced by another complex at the level of an anastomosis, the number os complexes reorganized beyond an anastomosis and their velocity of propagation depending upon both intrinsic and extrinsic neural influences.", "PMID": 490338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_504", "title": "The recovery heat production in non-myelinated garfish olfactory nerve fibres.", "content": "1. The recovery heat production of the non-myelinated fibres of garfish olfactory nerve has been measured. 2. At about 20 degrees C the total recovery heat was 381 +/- 26 microcal g-1 impulse-1 at a stimulation frequency of 2 sec-1. 3. The time constant of decay of the recovery heat production after a brief period of stimulation was 78.7 +/- 3.1 sec at about 20 degrees C. 4. Changing the temperature (by +/- 5 degress C) had little effect on the total recovery heat produced. 5. However, lowering the temperature reduced both the rate of rise, and the maximum rate of recovery heat production whereas the time constant of decay was increased. Raising the temperature produced corresponding changes in the opposite direction. 6. the recovery heat production measured in the present experiments is consistent with the previously measured oxygen consumption in the same preparation.", "contents": "The recovery heat production in non-myelinated garfish olfactory nerve fibres. 1. The recovery heat production of the non-myelinated fibres of garfish olfactory nerve has been measured. 2. At about 20 degrees C the total recovery heat was 381 +/- 26 microcal g-1 impulse-1 at a stimulation frequency of 2 sec-1. 3. The time constant of decay of the recovery heat production after a brief period of stimulation was 78.7 +/- 3.1 sec at about 20 degrees C. 4. Changing the temperature (by +/- 5 degress C) had little effect on the total recovery heat produced. 5. However, lowering the temperature reduced both the rate of rise, and the maximum rate of recovery heat production whereas the time constant of decay was increased. Raising the temperature produced corresponding changes in the opposite direction. 6. the recovery heat production measured in the present experiments is consistent with the previously measured oxygen consumption in the same preparation.", "PMID": 490341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_505", "title": "A comparison between the discharges of human nociceptive nerve fibres and the subject's ratings of his sensations.", "content": "1. Impulses in cutaneous nerve fibres were recorded percutaneously with tungsten micro-electrodes from the superficial radial nerve of adult human subjects. 2. Eight units studied had conduction velocities below 1.5 m/sec, and thus belong to the class of C fibres. On the basis of their responsiveness to mechanical and to thermal stimuli the units were classified as 'polymodal nociceptors'. 3. Units were tested with 12 sec heat pulses starting from a base line temperature of 43.0-43.5 degrees C. Heat stimuli reaching three different maximal levels were applied in randomized order, the subjects being blind with respect to stimulus size. Each of the eight units studied was tested with more tha 20 stimuli and with four of them were 80-125 stimulus repetitions. 4. After each stimulus the subjects had to rate his sensations on a six-point rating scale extending from 'just noticeable' to 'very hot, painful'. 5. Discrimination between the three stimulus levels by the integtated spike discharges and by the ratings of the subject was compared using the P(A) measure of the Signal Detection Theory. It was found that both the neurophysiological and the psychophysical measurements provided about equal discrimination. 6. In addition it has been found that spike discharges and ratings share a common variance beyond their common dependence on the stimulus level. Among the factors contributing to this interdependence a 'temporal position effect' was the most significant. 7. In spite of this interdependence between discharge rates and subjective ratings, the latter gave a better estimation of the stimulus size than of the discharge rates of the individual C fibre under study. 8. It was concluded that the polymodal C-nociceptors might be instrumental for the quantitative aspects of heat pain sensation. The hypothesis was derived from the present results that, under the conditions of cour experiments, the loss of information in the course of central processing might be about equal to the gain by the parallel processing in a population of nociceptors excited by a stimulus.", "contents": "A comparison between the discharges of human nociceptive nerve fibres and the subject's ratings of his sensations. 1. Impulses in cutaneous nerve fibres were recorded percutaneously with tungsten micro-electrodes from the superficial radial nerve of adult human subjects. 2. Eight units studied had conduction velocities below 1.5 m/sec, and thus belong to the class of C fibres. On the basis of their responsiveness to mechanical and to thermal stimuli the units were classified as 'polymodal nociceptors'. 3. Units were tested with 12 sec heat pulses starting from a base line temperature of 43.0-43.5 degrees C. Heat stimuli reaching three different maximal levels were applied in randomized order, the subjects being blind with respect to stimulus size. Each of the eight units studied was tested with more tha 20 stimuli and with four of them were 80-125 stimulus repetitions. 4. After each stimulus the subjects had to rate his sensations on a six-point rating scale extending from 'just noticeable' to 'very hot, painful'. 5. Discrimination between the three stimulus levels by the integtated spike discharges and by the ratings of the subject was compared using the P(A) measure of the Signal Detection Theory. It was found that both the neurophysiological and the psychophysical measurements provided about equal discrimination. 6. In addition it has been found that spike discharges and ratings share a common variance beyond their common dependence on the stimulus level. Among the factors contributing to this interdependence a 'temporal position effect' was the most significant. 7. In spite of this interdependence between discharge rates and subjective ratings, the latter gave a better estimation of the stimulus size than of the discharge rates of the individual C fibre under study. 8. It was concluded that the polymodal C-nociceptors might be instrumental for the quantitative aspects of heat pain sensation. The hypothesis was derived from the present results that, under the conditions of cour experiments, the loss of information in the course of central processing might be about equal to the gain by the parallel processing in a population of nociceptors excited by a stimulus.", "PMID": 490345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_506", "title": "Studies of the development of brain barrier systems to lipid insoluble molecules in fetal sheep.", "content": "1. The development of the blood-brain and blood-c.s.f barriers to lipid insoluble substances of different molecular radii has been studied in fetal sheep, early (60 days) and late (125 days) in gestation, using labelled erythritol (C14), sucrose (3H or 14C), inulin (3H or 14C) and albumin (125I), or albumin and IgG detected by immunoassay. 2. Morphological studies of fetal brain and choroid plexus at the same gestational stages were carried out using thin section electron microscopy and the freeze fracture techniques. 3. Penetration of markers into c.s.f. was substantially greater at 60 days than at 125 days, but at both ages the steady-state level achieved appeared to be related to molecular size. 4. A simple model describing penetration from blood into c.s.f. at 60 days is proposed. It involves the assumption that c.s.f. and brain extracellular fluid are effectively separate compartments; morphological and permeability data which supports this assumption is presented. The data for c.s.f. at 60 days are consistent with the suggestion that the markers penetrate into c.s.f. by diffusion and are not restricted by small pores in the interface between blood and c.s.f. 5. The reduction in penetration which occurred by 125 days for all markers except erythritol appears to be accounted for by an increase in the sink effect and a decrease in the effective surface area for exchange between blood and c.s.f. 6. Intercellular tight junctions of both cerebral endothelial cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells were well formed at 60 days gestation. There was no change in junctional characteristics previously thought to correlate with transepithelial permeability (tight junction depth and strand number) between the two ages studied, although there were marked changes in permeability. 7. Evidence is advanced in support of the hypothesis that in the fetus much of the penetration of lipid insoluble non-polar substances across the blood-c.s.f. barrier and perhaps across the blood-brain barrier occurs via a transcellular route consisting of a system of tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum. Penetration via the choroid plexus appears to be the dominant route for penetration from blood into c.s.f. in the 60 day fetus.", "contents": "Studies of the development of brain barrier systems to lipid insoluble molecules in fetal sheep. 1. The development of the blood-brain and blood-c.s.f barriers to lipid insoluble substances of different molecular radii has been studied in fetal sheep, early (60 days) and late (125 days) in gestation, using labelled erythritol (C14), sucrose (3H or 14C), inulin (3H or 14C) and albumin (125I), or albumin and IgG detected by immunoassay. 2. Morphological studies of fetal brain and choroid plexus at the same gestational stages were carried out using thin section electron microscopy and the freeze fracture techniques. 3. Penetration of markers into c.s.f. was substantially greater at 60 days than at 125 days, but at both ages the steady-state level achieved appeared to be related to molecular size. 4. A simple model describing penetration from blood into c.s.f. at 60 days is proposed. It involves the assumption that c.s.f. and brain extracellular fluid are effectively separate compartments; morphological and permeability data which supports this assumption is presented. The data for c.s.f. at 60 days are consistent with the suggestion that the markers penetrate into c.s.f. by diffusion and are not restricted by small pores in the interface between blood and c.s.f. 5. The reduction in penetration which occurred by 125 days for all markers except erythritol appears to be accounted for by an increase in the sink effect and a decrease in the effective surface area for exchange between blood and c.s.f. 6. Intercellular tight junctions of both cerebral endothelial cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells were well formed at 60 days gestation. There was no change in junctional characteristics previously thought to correlate with transepithelial permeability (tight junction depth and strand number) between the two ages studied, although there were marked changes in permeability. 7. Evidence is advanced in support of the hypothesis that in the fetus much of the penetration of lipid insoluble non-polar substances across the blood-c.s.f. barrier and perhaps across the blood-brain barrier occurs via a transcellular route consisting of a system of tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum. Penetration via the choroid plexus appears to be the dominant route for penetration from blood into c.s.f. in the 60 day fetus.", "PMID": 490348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_507", "title": "Responses in the diagonal band of Broca evoked by stimulation of the fornix in the cat.", "content": "1. Field potentials were recorded within the boundaries of the septal component of the diagonal band of Broca following stimulation of the fornix. The position of the recording electrode was marked by pressure injection of Alcian blue dye. 2. Stimulation of the medial aspect of the ipsilateral fornix produced a simple field caudally consisting of a short duration, short latency negative wave (N1) and a later small prolonged positive wave (P1). It is suggested that N1 is due to antidromic activation of the cells and P1 to their recurrent inhibition. 3. In the rostral part of the septal component of the diagonal band of Broca the field pattern was more complex, containing, in addition to N1 and P1, further negative waves, N2 and N3. N2 was compounded of antidromically and synaptically evoked components and N3 was associated with monosynaptic excitation of the cells. 4. Stimulation of the lateral margin of the fornix was shown to excite antidromically and synaptically the same cells as were excited by stimulation of the medial aspect of the fornix. 5. Stimulation of the medial and lateral aspects of contralateral fornix generated positive waves of similar character to P1. 6. Intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic saline solution caused behavioural signs of arousal and inhibition of spontaneous discharge in a third of the units tested. Spontaneously discharging units (mean frequency +/- S.E. of mean, 13.4 +/- 1.8, n = 55) were inhibited by stimulation of the medial and lateral ipsilateral and contralateral fornix. It is suggested that inhibitory interneurones receive contra- and ipsilateral input. Units with these characteristics were found. 7. The septal component of the diagonal band of Broca was compared with other septal nuclei and found to resemble them in its rostral portion in that it has a reciprocal relationship with ventral and dorsal hippocampus. The caudal portion is unique in the cells project to dorsal and ventral hippocampus but there is no reciprocal projection.", "contents": "Responses in the diagonal band of Broca evoked by stimulation of the fornix in the cat. 1. Field potentials were recorded within the boundaries of the septal component of the diagonal band of Broca following stimulation of the fornix. The position of the recording electrode was marked by pressure injection of Alcian blue dye. 2. Stimulation of the medial aspect of the ipsilateral fornix produced a simple field caudally consisting of a short duration, short latency negative wave (N1) and a later small prolonged positive wave (P1). It is suggested that N1 is due to antidromic activation of the cells and P1 to their recurrent inhibition. 3. In the rostral part of the septal component of the diagonal band of Broca the field pattern was more complex, containing, in addition to N1 and P1, further negative waves, N2 and N3. N2 was compounded of antidromically and synaptically evoked components and N3 was associated with monosynaptic excitation of the cells. 4. Stimulation of the lateral margin of the fornix was shown to excite antidromically and synaptically the same cells as were excited by stimulation of the medial aspect of the fornix. 5. Stimulation of the medial and lateral aspects of contralateral fornix generated positive waves of similar character to P1. 6. Intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic saline solution caused behavioural signs of arousal and inhibition of spontaneous discharge in a third of the units tested. Spontaneously discharging units (mean frequency +/- S.E. of mean, 13.4 +/- 1.8, n = 55) were inhibited by stimulation of the medial and lateral ipsilateral and contralateral fornix. It is suggested that inhibitory interneurones receive contra- and ipsilateral input. Units with these characteristics were found. 7. The septal component of the diagonal band of Broca was compared with other septal nuclei and found to resemble them in its rostral portion in that it has a reciprocal relationship with ventral and dorsal hippocampus. The caudal portion is unique in the cells project to dorsal and ventral hippocampus but there is no reciprocal projection.", "PMID": 490352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_508", "title": "The calcium action potential and a prolonged calcium dependent after-hyperpolarization in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "1. Action potentials elicited in solutions with elevated [Ca2+] (1.8-40 mM) have been studied in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 in tissue culture. 2. The action potential in high [Ca2+] solutions containing eithr Na+ or Tris is followed by a prolonged after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) lasting 0.5-4 sec. The a.h.p. reverses sign between -75 and -85 mV. 3. Externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA, 15 mM) increases the Ca2+ spike overshoot, prolongs the falling phase and enhances the a.h.p. duration. The a.h.p. is inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists such as La3+, Co2+ and Mn2+. 4. After replacement of Ca2+ by Ba+ or Sr2+ (20mM) action potentials can still be elicited in Na+-free solution, but no a.h.p. is observed. 5. Increasing [Ca2+] from 1.8 up to 20 mM results in an increased capability of neuroblastoma cells to fire repetitively and in a consistent reduction of the firing rate from about 4-10 sec-1 to 0.5-1.8 sec-1. 6. It is concluded that Ca2+ entry during the action potential activates a TEA-resistant K+ conductance which gives rise to the prolonged a.h.p. Data from repetitively firing cells are consistent with the view that the a.h.p. plays a role in the regulation of low-frequency firing.", "contents": "The calcium action potential and a prolonged calcium dependent after-hyperpolarization in mouse neuroblastoma cells. 1. Action potentials elicited in solutions with elevated [Ca2+] (1.8-40 mM) have been studied in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 in tissue culture. 2. The action potential in high [Ca2+] solutions containing eithr Na+ or Tris is followed by a prolonged after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) lasting 0.5-4 sec. The a.h.p. reverses sign between -75 and -85 mV. 3. Externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA, 15 mM) increases the Ca2+ spike overshoot, prolongs the falling phase and enhances the a.h.p. duration. The a.h.p. is inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists such as La3+, Co2+ and Mn2+. 4. After replacement of Ca2+ by Ba+ or Sr2+ (20mM) action potentials can still be elicited in Na+-free solution, but no a.h.p. is observed. 5. Increasing [Ca2+] from 1.8 up to 20 mM results in an increased capability of neuroblastoma cells to fire repetitively and in a consistent reduction of the firing rate from about 4-10 sec-1 to 0.5-1.8 sec-1. 6. It is concluded that Ca2+ entry during the action potential activates a TEA-resistant K+ conductance which gives rise to the prolonged a.h.p. Data from repetitively firing cells are consistent with the view that the a.h.p. plays a role in the regulation of low-frequency firing.", "PMID": 490357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_509", "title": "The calcium current and the activation of a slow potassium conductance in voltage-clamped mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "1. The Ca2+ inward current (ICa) and a slow outward current in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 have been studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. ICa shows voltage- and time-dependent inactivation when evoked by step-wise depolarizations in Na+-free solution containing high [Ca2+] (20 nM) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, 25 mM). Ba2+ and Sr2+ can substitute for Ca2+. 3. Holding potentials below -70 mV maximal activate ICa. Half inactivation occurs at -56 mV and ICa is completely inactivated beyond holding levels of -30 mV. Maximum peak currents are of the order of 10(-4) A/cm2 and the reversal potential ranges from +40 to +60 mV. The ICa inactivation time course follows first-order kinetics with a voltage-depedent time constant ranging from 25 to 100 msec. 4. The striking resemblance between ICa and the Ca2+ current in the unfertilized mouse oocyte (Okamoto, Takahashi & Yamashita, 1977) is discussed. 5. A slow outward current with a rise time of several seconds is recorded on voltage steps beyond -20 mV in high [Ca2+] solutions. It is carried primarily by K+ on account of the value of the reversal potential and its dependence on [K]0. This K+ current is TEA-insensitive and is blocked by Ca2+ antagonists. 6. The slow K+ current (IK(Ca)) is suggested to be mediated by Ca2+ influx, but the voltage-dependence of the underlying conductance (GK(Ca)) differs significantly from the ICa voltage-dependence. 7. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that IK(Ca) depends both on ICa and on membrane potential. An alternative hypothesis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The calcium current and the activation of a slow potassium conductance in voltage-clamped mouse neuroblastoma cells. 1. The Ca2+ inward current (ICa) and a slow outward current in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 have been studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. ICa shows voltage- and time-dependent inactivation when evoked by step-wise depolarizations in Na+-free solution containing high [Ca2+] (20 nM) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, 25 mM). Ba2+ and Sr2+ can substitute for Ca2+. 3. Holding potentials below -70 mV maximal activate ICa. Half inactivation occurs at -56 mV and ICa is completely inactivated beyond holding levels of -30 mV. Maximum peak currents are of the order of 10(-4) A/cm2 and the reversal potential ranges from +40 to +60 mV. The ICa inactivation time course follows first-order kinetics with a voltage-depedent time constant ranging from 25 to 100 msec. 4. The striking resemblance between ICa and the Ca2+ current in the unfertilized mouse oocyte (Okamoto, Takahashi & Yamashita, 1977) is discussed. 5. A slow outward current with a rise time of several seconds is recorded on voltage steps beyond -20 mV in high [Ca2+] solutions. It is carried primarily by K+ on account of the value of the reversal potential and its dependence on [K]0. This K+ current is TEA-insensitive and is blocked by Ca2+ antagonists. 6. The slow K+ current (IK(Ca)) is suggested to be mediated by Ca2+ influx, but the voltage-dependence of the underlying conductance (GK(Ca)) differs significantly from the ICa voltage-dependence. 7. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that IK(Ca) depends both on ICa and on membrane potential. An alternative hypothesis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 490359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_510", "title": "Two-carrier influx of neutral amino acids into rabbit ileal mucosa.", "content": "1. The influx of serine, alanine and methionine across the brush border membrane of the rabbit ileal mucosa has been measured during short periods of incubation. 2. A kinetic analysis of the uptake data, assuming one mediated entry mechanism or one mediated entry mechanism plus a diffusion component to be present, does not provide an adequate explanation for the results obtained. Methionine inhibition of serine uptake provided direct evidence that the diffusive entry of serine into the rabbit ileum was small or non-existent. 3. Data taken from amino acid inhibition and substrate-uptake experiments, fitted simultaneously to a double hyperbolic model of amino acid uptake, give good agreement between predicted and experimental results. There is also good quantitative agreement between computer-derived kinetic constants in the present work and similar constants obtained previously using a different method of analysis. 4. Present work supports the general hypothesis that neutral amino acids use two mediated pathways to enter the rabbit ileal mucosa. The possible physiological significance of these results and their probable effect on currently held concepts of how amino acids cross the brush border membrane of the rabbit intestinal mucosa is discussed.", "contents": "Two-carrier influx of neutral amino acids into rabbit ileal mucosa. 1. The influx of serine, alanine and methionine across the brush border membrane of the rabbit ileal mucosa has been measured during short periods of incubation. 2. A kinetic analysis of the uptake data, assuming one mediated entry mechanism or one mediated entry mechanism plus a diffusion component to be present, does not provide an adequate explanation for the results obtained. Methionine inhibition of serine uptake provided direct evidence that the diffusive entry of serine into the rabbit ileum was small or non-existent. 3. Data taken from amino acid inhibition and substrate-uptake experiments, fitted simultaneously to a double hyperbolic model of amino acid uptake, give good agreement between predicted and experimental results. There is also good quantitative agreement between computer-derived kinetic constants in the present work and similar constants obtained previously using a different method of analysis. 4. Present work supports the general hypothesis that neutral amino acids use two mediated pathways to enter the rabbit ileal mucosa. The possible physiological significance of these results and their probable effect on currently held concepts of how amino acids cross the brush border membrane of the rabbit intestinal mucosa is discussed.", "PMID": 490361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_511", "title": "Effects of atropine on secretion and motility in isolated gastric mucosa and attached muscularis externa from ferret and cat.", "content": "1. A combined in vitro preparation of gastric mucosa and adjacent muscle from young ferrets and kittens has been used to study the effects of atropine on acid secretion and motility produced by acetylcholine (ACh) and pentagastrin.2. The minimal dose of atropine required to abolish a maximum secretory response to ACh also prevented the associated motility response. This dose of atropine also blocked the motility response to pentagastrin, but was without influence on the secretory effect of this agent. A 10(3) times larger dose of atropine reduced the secretory effect of pentagastrin by half, probably not by anti-muscarinic effect. The results exclude the possibility that the acid secretory response to pentagastrin necessarily involves a cholinergic receptor.3. The results support the view that the response of the fundic smooth muscle to pentagastrin depends on the excitation of cholinergic nerves.4. No evidence has been found of any cholinergic component in the acid secretory response to pentagastrin. In assessing the significance of this result, however, it must be remembered that the Auerbach plexus has been removed over the major part of the mucosa, and the Meissner plexus deprived of input and probably damaged.5. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the depressant effect of atropine on acid secretion produced by gastrin and its derivatives is due to the elimination of a cholinergic potentiating influence arising in the intramural plexuses. The residual Meissner plexus elements in this in vitro preparation appear inadequate to sustain this effect.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on secretion and motility in isolated gastric mucosa and attached muscularis externa from ferret and cat. 1. A combined in vitro preparation of gastric mucosa and adjacent muscle from young ferrets and kittens has been used to study the effects of atropine on acid secretion and motility produced by acetylcholine (ACh) and pentagastrin.2. The minimal dose of atropine required to abolish a maximum secretory response to ACh also prevented the associated motility response. This dose of atropine also blocked the motility response to pentagastrin, but was without influence on the secretory effect of this agent. A 10(3) times larger dose of atropine reduced the secretory effect of pentagastrin by half, probably not by anti-muscarinic effect. The results exclude the possibility that the acid secretory response to pentagastrin necessarily involves a cholinergic receptor.3. The results support the view that the response of the fundic smooth muscle to pentagastrin depends on the excitation of cholinergic nerves.4. No evidence has been found of any cholinergic component in the acid secretory response to pentagastrin. In assessing the significance of this result, however, it must be remembered that the Auerbach plexus has been removed over the major part of the mucosa, and the Meissner plexus deprived of input and probably damaged.5. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the depressant effect of atropine on acid secretion produced by gastrin and its derivatives is due to the elimination of a cholinergic potentiating influence arising in the intramural plexuses. The residual Meissner plexus elements in this in vitro preparation appear inadequate to sustain this effect.", "PMID": 490363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_512", "title": "Influence of potassium, sodium, perfusion pressure, and isoprenaline on renin release induced by acute calcium deprivation.", "content": "1. These studies were conducted in isolated perfused rat kidneys to determine the influence of perfusion pressure, isoprenaline, K, and Na on renin release stimulated by acute Ca deprivation.2. Removing Ca from the perfusion medium for 10 min stimulated renin release and reintroducing Ca returned it toward control values.3. Lowering concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium from 5 to 0 mM increased the effectiveness of low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) and isoprenaline (2.43 muM) in stimulating renin release.4. At higher perfusion pressure (150 mmHg), renin release was inhibited in perfusion medium containing 2.5 mM-Ca but not in medium containing no Ca. In fact, high perfusion pressure stimulated renin release when the perfusion medium was without Ca.5. Raising concentration of K in the perfusion medium partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation. Adding 5 mM-EGTA to Ca-deprived medium stimulated a greater rate of renin release than that of Ca-deprived medium alone. This greater renin release was also partially inhibited by raising K concentration in the perfusion medium.6. Lowering concentration of Na in the perfusion medium from 145 to 25 mM partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation in the presence of low perfusion pressure or isoprenaline.7. These findings support the hypothesis that a decreased concentration of Ca in the cytoplasm of the juxtaglomerular cell stimulates renin release and increased Ca inhibits renin release. The sequence of events which leads to changes in cytoplasmic Ca might depend on the concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium, the renal perfusion pressure, the membrane potential of the juxtaglomerular cells, and Ca-Na exchange mechanisms.", "contents": "Influence of potassium, sodium, perfusion pressure, and isoprenaline on renin release induced by acute calcium deprivation. 1. These studies were conducted in isolated perfused rat kidneys to determine the influence of perfusion pressure, isoprenaline, K, and Na on renin release stimulated by acute Ca deprivation.2. Removing Ca from the perfusion medium for 10 min stimulated renin release and reintroducing Ca returned it toward control values.3. Lowering concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium from 5 to 0 mM increased the effectiveness of low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) and isoprenaline (2.43 muM) in stimulating renin release.4. At higher perfusion pressure (150 mmHg), renin release was inhibited in perfusion medium containing 2.5 mM-Ca but not in medium containing no Ca. In fact, high perfusion pressure stimulated renin release when the perfusion medium was without Ca.5. Raising concentration of K in the perfusion medium partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation. Adding 5 mM-EGTA to Ca-deprived medium stimulated a greater rate of renin release than that of Ca-deprived medium alone. This greater renin release was also partially inhibited by raising K concentration in the perfusion medium.6. Lowering concentration of Na in the perfusion medium from 145 to 25 mM partially inhibited the renin release induced by Ca deprivation in the presence of low perfusion pressure or isoprenaline.7. These findings support the hypothesis that a decreased concentration of Ca in the cytoplasm of the juxtaglomerular cell stimulates renin release and increased Ca inhibits renin release. The sequence of events which leads to changes in cytoplasmic Ca might depend on the concentration of Ca in the perfusion medium, the renal perfusion pressure, the membrane potential of the juxtaglomerular cells, and Ca-Na exchange mechanisms.", "PMID": 490364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_513", "title": "Influence of potassium, sodium, calcium, perfusion pressure, and isoprenaline on renin release induced by high concentrations of magnesium.", "content": "1. These studies were conducted on isolated, perfused rat kidneys to determine the mechanism through which high concentrations of extracellular Mg (20mM) stimulated renin release. 2. Raising K concentrations in the perfusion fluid from 5 to 50 mM, and raising renal perfusion pressure from 100 to 150 mmHg inhibited the renin release induced by 20 mM-Mg. The response was reversible. 3. Renin release induced by low renal perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) or isoprenaline (2.43 microM) was unaffected by 20 mM-Mg. However, this release was augmented when 5 mM-Ca was added in conjunction with 20 mM-Mg. 4. In medium containing 20 mM-Mg, lowering Na concentration from 145 to 100 mM augmented the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure and isoprenaline. Further lowering Na to 25 mM had no additional effect. 5. It is concluded that 20 mM-Mg activates renin release by a mechanism which involves hyperpolarization of the juxtaglomerular cell membrane and an associated decrease in cytoplasmic Ca. Such a mechanism might be coupled to a Mg-Na exchange pump.", "contents": "Influence of potassium, sodium, calcium, perfusion pressure, and isoprenaline on renin release induced by high concentrations of magnesium. 1. These studies were conducted on isolated, perfused rat kidneys to determine the mechanism through which high concentrations of extracellular Mg (20mM) stimulated renin release. 2. Raising K concentrations in the perfusion fluid from 5 to 50 mM, and raising renal perfusion pressure from 100 to 150 mmHg inhibited the renin release induced by 20 mM-Mg. The response was reversible. 3. Renin release induced by low renal perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) or isoprenaline (2.43 microM) was unaffected by 20 mM-Mg. However, this release was augmented when 5 mM-Ca was added in conjunction with 20 mM-Mg. 4. In medium containing 20 mM-Mg, lowering Na concentration from 145 to 100 mM augmented the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure and isoprenaline. Further lowering Na to 25 mM had no additional effect. 5. It is concluded that 20 mM-Mg activates renin release by a mechanism which involves hyperpolarization of the juxtaglomerular cell membrane and an associated decrease in cytoplasmic Ca. Such a mechanism might be coupled to a Mg-Na exchange pump.", "PMID": 490366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_514", "title": "Diaphragmatic and oesophageal activity in regurgitation in sheep: an electromyographic study.", "content": "1. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) recordings of reactions of the oesophagus, vertebral and costal fibres of the diaphragm and from the reticulum-one of the cranial divisions of the stomach were made during the regurgitation of rumination in sheep. 2. E.m.g.s indicated that a contraction of the caudal thoracic oesophagus developed over a period of about 2 sec before, and ceased at the time of, the more forceful inspiratory effort associated with regurgitation. 3. This contraction was confined to the caudal region of the thoracic oesophagus in which it was characteristically more prolonged and intense in its most caudal part within 15-25 mm of the hiatus oesophageus. It is interpreted to contribute to development or intensification of a caudal thoracic oesophageal sphincter. 4. The more forceful inspiratory effort at the time of regurgitation was due to costal fibres of the diaphragm. Although active normally during inspiration the vertebral fibres of the hiatus oesophageus do not contribute to this more forceful inspiration. This may facilitate regurgitation of digesta. Similarly, inactivity of vertebral but not costal fibres detected during primary oesophageal contractions (of swallowing) may make for easier passage of digesta into the stomach.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic and oesophageal activity in regurgitation in sheep: an electromyographic study. 1. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) recordings of reactions of the oesophagus, vertebral and costal fibres of the diaphragm and from the reticulum-one of the cranial divisions of the stomach were made during the regurgitation of rumination in sheep. 2. E.m.g.s indicated that a contraction of the caudal thoracic oesophagus developed over a period of about 2 sec before, and ceased at the time of, the more forceful inspiratory effort associated with regurgitation. 3. This contraction was confined to the caudal region of the thoracic oesophagus in which it was characteristically more prolonged and intense in its most caudal part within 15-25 mm of the hiatus oesophageus. It is interpreted to contribute to development or intensification of a caudal thoracic oesophageal sphincter. 4. The more forceful inspiratory effort at the time of regurgitation was due to costal fibres of the diaphragm. Although active normally during inspiration the vertebral fibres of the hiatus oesophageus do not contribute to this more forceful inspiration. This may facilitate regurgitation of digesta. Similarly, inactivity of vertebral but not costal fibres detected during primary oesophageal contractions (of swallowing) may make for easier passage of digesta into the stomach.", "PMID": 490367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_515", "title": "Plasma volume shifts during moderate exercise in splenectomized greyhounds.", "content": "1. Plasma volume was measured in splenectomized greyhounds, using T-1824, and sequential changes in plasma volume were measured using two independent methods, based on T-1824 plasma decay characteristics and on changes in haematocrit. 2. There were no significant differences between estimates of plasma volume made by the two methods in resting or exercising dogs. Therefore it was concluded that the characteristics of the decay of dye concentration in plasma were not affected by exercise and that sequential determinations of plasma volume from a single dye injection provide a valid determination of plasma volume during exercise in dogs. 3. During submaximal exercise, the plasma volume increased by 0-11.8% of its initial value. In no case did plasma volume decrease significantly. 4. An increase in plasma volume during excercise was also seen in animals previously made acutely hypervolemic or hypovolemic. 5. It is suggested that the increase in plasma volume constitutes part of a mechanism maintaining oxygen delivery to tissues during exercise.", "contents": "Plasma volume shifts during moderate exercise in splenectomized greyhounds. 1. Plasma volume was measured in splenectomized greyhounds, using T-1824, and sequential changes in plasma volume were measured using two independent methods, based on T-1824 plasma decay characteristics and on changes in haematocrit. 2. There were no significant differences between estimates of plasma volume made by the two methods in resting or exercising dogs. Therefore it was concluded that the characteristics of the decay of dye concentration in plasma were not affected by exercise and that sequential determinations of plasma volume from a single dye injection provide a valid determination of plasma volume during exercise in dogs. 3. During submaximal exercise, the plasma volume increased by 0-11.8% of its initial value. In no case did plasma volume decrease significantly. 4. An increase in plasma volume during excercise was also seen in animals previously made acutely hypervolemic or hypovolemic. 5. It is suggested that the increase in plasma volume constitutes part of a mechanism maintaining oxygen delivery to tissues during exercise.", "PMID": 490369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_516", "title": "Sodium, potassium and water metabolism in the rabbit: the effect of sodium depletion and repletion.", "content": "1. Dietary sodium depletion and subsequent repletion was studied in rabbits. Potassium intake was maintained constant. 2. during sodium depletion and repletion blood pressure, packed cell volume, food consumption and body weight remained at control values. 3. Decreased sodium excretion was observed in both urine and faeces during sodium depletion and the physiological control of these changes is discussed in relation to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. 4. Potassium excretion during sodium depletion initially fell as a result of reduced urine volume and gradually returned to normal. Urine potassium concentration remained constant. 5. Faecal excretion of potassium rose by 63% during sodium depletion and there was a rise from a control value of 17-25% in the proportion of total potassium excretion accounted for by the faecal component. 6. Water consumption and urine volume both decreased in the initial phase of sodium depletion and then returned to control levels. 7. It is important to consider both urinary and faecal excretion of sodium and potassium when calculating balance status for either ion. Faecal excretion, as well as kidney function, shows important physiological adaptations.", "contents": "Sodium, potassium and water metabolism in the rabbit: the effect of sodium depletion and repletion. 1. Dietary sodium depletion and subsequent repletion was studied in rabbits. Potassium intake was maintained constant. 2. during sodium depletion and repletion blood pressure, packed cell volume, food consumption and body weight remained at control values. 3. Decreased sodium excretion was observed in both urine and faeces during sodium depletion and the physiological control of these changes is discussed in relation to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. 4. Potassium excretion during sodium depletion initially fell as a result of reduced urine volume and gradually returned to normal. Urine potassium concentration remained constant. 5. Faecal excretion of potassium rose by 63% during sodium depletion and there was a rise from a control value of 17-25% in the proportion of total potassium excretion accounted for by the faecal component. 6. Water consumption and urine volume both decreased in the initial phase of sodium depletion and then returned to control levels. 7. It is important to consider both urinary and faecal excretion of sodium and potassium when calculating balance status for either ion. Faecal excretion, as well as kidney function, shows important physiological adaptations.", "PMID": 490371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_517", "title": "Plasma active and inactive renin in the rabbit: effect of dietary sodium depletion and repletion.", "content": "1. Active and acid-activatable (inactive) renins were measured in rabbit plasma under control conditions and during sodium depletion with subsequent repletion. 2. Active renin increased by 97% during sodium depletion and returned to control levels on repletion. Both changes were complete within 1 day of changing the diet. 3. During dietary sodium depletion inactive renin levels initially fell to zero and then increased until, after 13 days, inactive renin was again 10% of total renin levels, a proportion comparable to the control values. 4. Sodium repletion caused plasma inactive renin to return to control levels over about 13 days, a quite different time course to active renin. Therefore, in the first phase of repletion the proportion of total renin in the inactive form rose to 19%. 5. These changes are discussed in relation to concurrent changes in sodium, potassium and water metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma active and inactive renin in the rabbit: effect of dietary sodium depletion and repletion. 1. Active and acid-activatable (inactive) renins were measured in rabbit plasma under control conditions and during sodium depletion with subsequent repletion. 2. Active renin increased by 97% during sodium depletion and returned to control levels on repletion. Both changes were complete within 1 day of changing the diet. 3. During dietary sodium depletion inactive renin levels initially fell to zero and then increased until, after 13 days, inactive renin was again 10% of total renin levels, a proportion comparable to the control values. 4. Sodium repletion caused plasma inactive renin to return to control levels over about 13 days, a quite different time course to active renin. Therefore, in the first phase of repletion the proportion of total renin in the inactive form rose to 19%. 5. These changes are discussed in relation to concurrent changes in sodium, potassium and water metabolism.", "PMID": 490374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_518", "title": "Receptive fields of fibres in the central ends of divided dorsal roots.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded from single fibres in the central ends of divided lumbar dorsal root filaments in anaesthetized cats. 2. Six classes of receptive field could be identified in such fibres, which corresponded very closely to the receptive fields of single primary afferent fibres. 3. For fibres with superficial receptive fileds (cutaneous or hair), a percutaneous electrical stimulation was used to drive the afferents at sustained high frequencies (100, 200 or 300 Hz), and the ability of the recorded fibre to follow the stimulation monitored. About one half of fibres with superficial receptive fields could be driven at sustained high frequencies. 4. The shape of the action potential from the fibre was analysed at different distances from the spinal cord. Close to the spinal cord a clear action potential could be recorded, but further out along the filament the action potential was often attenuated or absent. 5. It is suggested that some at least of these fibres are recurrent collaterals of primary afferent fibres, that taper in size after leaving the spinal cord. The function of such fibres is discussed.", "contents": "Receptive fields of fibres in the central ends of divided dorsal roots. 1. Action potentials were recorded from single fibres in the central ends of divided lumbar dorsal root filaments in anaesthetized cats. 2. Six classes of receptive field could be identified in such fibres, which corresponded very closely to the receptive fields of single primary afferent fibres. 3. For fibres with superficial receptive fileds (cutaneous or hair), a percutaneous electrical stimulation was used to drive the afferents at sustained high frequencies (100, 200 or 300 Hz), and the ability of the recorded fibre to follow the stimulation monitored. About one half of fibres with superficial receptive fields could be driven at sustained high frequencies. 4. The shape of the action potential from the fibre was analysed at different distances from the spinal cord. Close to the spinal cord a clear action potential could be recorded, but further out along the filament the action potential was often attenuated or absent. 5. It is suggested that some at least of these fibres are recurrent collaterals of primary afferent fibres, that taper in size after leaving the spinal cord. The function of such fibres is discussed.", "PMID": 490375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_519", "title": "Air humidity and carotid rete function in thermoregulation of the goat.", "content": "1. The effects of air humidity on respiratory rate have been studied in conscious goats exposed to an air temperature of + 33 degrees C. Before the experiments the animals had been chronically implanted with hypothalamic thermodes and intravascular heat exchangers to manipulate hypothalamic and general body core temperatures.2. Raising air humidity from 37 to 96% at constant air temperature resulted in a rise of respiratory rate, an immediate increase in hypothalamic temperature and a delayed smaller increase in general body core temperature.3. The rise of respiratory rate was smaller when general body core temperature was clamped at its control level and was absent when hypothalamic and general body core temperatures were clamped at their control levels during the humid air phase.4. It is concluded that the effect of high air humidity on respiratory rate in goats is predominantly the result of a rise in hypothalamic temperature acting on local thermosensitive structures. The carotid rete heat exchanger is thought to provide the thermal link between the evaporating surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the hypothalamus.5. This function of the carotid rete heat exchanger is restricted to heat stressed animals. In animals subject to central cooling no local effects on hypothalamic temperature could be observed when the temperature of the inspired air was altered from + 33 to - 17 degrees C.", "contents": "Air humidity and carotid rete function in thermoregulation of the goat. 1. The effects of air humidity on respiratory rate have been studied in conscious goats exposed to an air temperature of + 33 degrees C. Before the experiments the animals had been chronically implanted with hypothalamic thermodes and intravascular heat exchangers to manipulate hypothalamic and general body core temperatures.2. Raising air humidity from 37 to 96% at constant air temperature resulted in a rise of respiratory rate, an immediate increase in hypothalamic temperature and a delayed smaller increase in general body core temperature.3. The rise of respiratory rate was smaller when general body core temperature was clamped at its control level and was absent when hypothalamic and general body core temperatures were clamped at their control levels during the humid air phase.4. It is concluded that the effect of high air humidity on respiratory rate in goats is predominantly the result of a rise in hypothalamic temperature acting on local thermosensitive structures. The carotid rete heat exchanger is thought to provide the thermal link between the evaporating surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the hypothalamus.5. This function of the carotid rete heat exchanger is restricted to heat stressed animals. In animals subject to central cooling no local effects on hypothalamic temperature could be observed when the temperature of the inspired air was altered from + 33 to - 17 degrees C.", "PMID": 490377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_520", "title": "Post-natal development of amiloride sensitive sodium transport in pig distal colon.", "content": "1. Both electrophysiological properties and unidirectional Na and Cl fluxes have been determined across distal colons taken from pigs during early post-natal development. 2. The transmural potential difference (Vms) was 5 mV in the new-born and 10 mV in the 4 day old colon. The short circuit current (Scc) showed a three to sixfold increase during the first 10 days of post-natal life. The microvillar membrane potential (Vm) fell from about -45 mV in the new-born to -40 mV in the 4 day old colon. 3. Amiloride had no effect on Vms, Scc or Vm, measured in the new-born animal. It reduced Vms and Scc, caused a hyperpolarization of Vm and increased the microvillar membrane/basolateral membrane resistance ratio (Rm/Rs) in colons taken from older animals. 4. The Scc of distal colons taken from new-born and 1 day old pigs was only half that predicted from unidirectional measurements of Na flux. This discrepancy, which could not be completely accounted for by net CL absorption, disappeared in the older animals. 5. Net transport of Na doubled during the first 24 h of post-natal life. Part of this transport took place through an amiloride sensitive, non-electrogenic, pathway. 6. It is suggested that Na uses mainly a non-electrogenic pathway to cross the mucosa of the new-born pig. This pathway is replaced by an electrogenic amiloride sensitive mechanism in older animals. Aldosterone is thought to initiate these changes in Na tranport.", "contents": "Post-natal development of amiloride sensitive sodium transport in pig distal colon. 1. Both electrophysiological properties and unidirectional Na and Cl fluxes have been determined across distal colons taken from pigs during early post-natal development. 2. The transmural potential difference (Vms) was 5 mV in the new-born and 10 mV in the 4 day old colon. The short circuit current (Scc) showed a three to sixfold increase during the first 10 days of post-natal life. The microvillar membrane potential (Vm) fell from about -45 mV in the new-born to -40 mV in the 4 day old colon. 3. Amiloride had no effect on Vms, Scc or Vm, measured in the new-born animal. It reduced Vms and Scc, caused a hyperpolarization of Vm and increased the microvillar membrane/basolateral membrane resistance ratio (Rm/Rs) in colons taken from older animals. 4. The Scc of distal colons taken from new-born and 1 day old pigs was only half that predicted from unidirectional measurements of Na flux. This discrepancy, which could not be completely accounted for by net CL absorption, disappeared in the older animals. 5. Net transport of Na doubled during the first 24 h of post-natal life. Part of this transport took place through an amiloride sensitive, non-electrogenic, pathway. 6. It is suggested that Na uses mainly a non-electrogenic pathway to cross the mucosa of the new-born pig. This pathway is replaced by an electrogenic amiloride sensitive mechanism in older animals. Aldosterone is thought to initiate these changes in Na tranport.", "PMID": 490380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_521", "title": "Aldosterone induced changes in colonic sodium transport occurring naturally during development in the neonatal pig.", "content": "1. Serum concentrations of aldosterone in later fetal, 3-6 week old and adult pigs are of the order of 300 pg ml.-1. This increases to about 2000 pg ml.-1 in the period immediately after birth. 2. Canrenoate injected into pigs from birth onwards stops the increase in colonic short-circuit current, seen to take place normally during early postnatal development. Amiloride has little or no effect on the short-circuit current of colons taken from canrenoate injected pigs. 3. Canrenoate stops the post-natal increase in colonic Na influx (and therefore net transport) seen to occur under normal conditions. 4. There is in the neonatal pig distal colon a portion of Na transport which appears to be resistant to inhibition by amiloride or canrenoate. 5. There is a second portion of Na transport, increasing in importance as the piglets become older, which is electrogenic and which is electrogenic and which is inhibited by prior injection of canrenoate. It is assumed that this fraction of Na transport is influenced by aldosterone. 6. There is a third part of Na transport, maximal in colons taken from one day old animals, which appears to be non-electrogenic. This is also blocked by prior injection of canrenoate. 7. The physiological relevance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Aldosterone induced changes in colonic sodium transport occurring naturally during development in the neonatal pig. 1. Serum concentrations of aldosterone in later fetal, 3-6 week old and adult pigs are of the order of 300 pg ml.-1. This increases to about 2000 pg ml.-1 in the period immediately after birth. 2. Canrenoate injected into pigs from birth onwards stops the increase in colonic short-circuit current, seen to take place normally during early postnatal development. Amiloride has little or no effect on the short-circuit current of colons taken from canrenoate injected pigs. 3. Canrenoate stops the post-natal increase in colonic Na influx (and therefore net transport) seen to occur under normal conditions. 4. There is in the neonatal pig distal colon a portion of Na transport which appears to be resistant to inhibition by amiloride or canrenoate. 5. There is a second portion of Na transport, increasing in importance as the piglets become older, which is electrogenic and which is electrogenic and which is inhibited by prior injection of canrenoate. It is assumed that this fraction of Na transport is influenced by aldosterone. 6. There is a third part of Na transport, maximal in colons taken from one day old animals, which appears to be non-electrogenic. This is also blocked by prior injection of canrenoate. 7. The physiological relevance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 490382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_522", "title": "The effect of hyperosmolarity and insulin on resting tension and calcium fluxes in rat soleus muscle.", "content": "1. The effect of hyperosmolarity on resting tension and on the fluxes of Na and Ca has been characterized in isolated soleus muscles of the rat. 2. When the osmolarity of the incubation medium was increased by the addition of non-permeant solutes (100-400 m-osmole), the tension showed a rapid dos-dependent rise which could be maintained for up to 60 min. 3. Tension development was unaffected by tubocurarine (2 X 10(-5) M), considerably diminished by the omission of Na or Ca from the incubation medium, and inhibited by tetracaine (10(-4) M). 4. The addition of mannitol or sucrose (200 mM) induced a prompt stimulation of the influx of 22Na and 45Ca. Both in the absence and the presence of extracellular Ca hyperosmolarity stimulated the washout of 45Ca from preloaded muscles. Tetracaine (5 X 10(-4 M) suppressed the effects of hyperosmolarity on both the influx and the efflux of 45Ca, but only gave a modest reduction in the stimulation of 22Na influx. 5. Insulin (5-100 mu./ml.) induced a considerable further rise in the resting tension of muscles exposed to mannitol or sucrose (200 mM). This effect was seen in a glucose-free medium and could be abolished by the addition of insulin antibody. 6. It is concluded that hyperosmolarity leads to a rise in the concentration of free Ca2+ ions in the sarcoplasm, partly due to a mobilization of Ca from intracellular pools, but to a considerable extent supplemented from extracelluar sources. Under these conditions, insulin further augments the Ca2+ ion level in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The effect of hyperosmolarity and insulin on resting tension and calcium fluxes in rat soleus muscle. 1. The effect of hyperosmolarity on resting tension and on the fluxes of Na and Ca has been characterized in isolated soleus muscles of the rat. 2. When the osmolarity of the incubation medium was increased by the addition of non-permeant solutes (100-400 m-osmole), the tension showed a rapid dos-dependent rise which could be maintained for up to 60 min. 3. Tension development was unaffected by tubocurarine (2 X 10(-5) M), considerably diminished by the omission of Na or Ca from the incubation medium, and inhibited by tetracaine (10(-4) M). 4. The addition of mannitol or sucrose (200 mM) induced a prompt stimulation of the influx of 22Na and 45Ca. Both in the absence and the presence of extracellular Ca hyperosmolarity stimulated the washout of 45Ca from preloaded muscles. Tetracaine (5 X 10(-4 M) suppressed the effects of hyperosmolarity on both the influx and the efflux of 45Ca, but only gave a modest reduction in the stimulation of 22Na influx. 5. Insulin (5-100 mu./ml.) induced a considerable further rise in the resting tension of muscles exposed to mannitol or sucrose (200 mM). This effect was seen in a glucose-free medium and could be abolished by the addition of insulin antibody. 6. It is concluded that hyperosmolarity leads to a rise in the concentration of free Ca2+ ions in the sarcoplasm, partly due to a mobilization of Ca from intracellular pools, but to a considerable extent supplemented from extracelluar sources. Under these conditions, insulin further augments the Ca2+ ion level in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 490385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_523", "title": "Subject instruction and long latency reflex responses to muscle stretch.", "content": "1. Surface electromyographic recordings were made in eight normal subjects from the isometrically contracting elbow flexors before and during forcible extension of the elbow through 7 degrees in 50-150 msec. 2. Weh the subjects were instructed prior (2-5 sec) to a forthcoming stretch to 'resist' or to 'let go', they could reliably enhance or suppress e.m.g. activity occurring between 40 and 70 msec from commencement of the stretch. Such e.m.g. activity represents a 'long-latency' (or 'M2') reflex response: it occurs with a latency longer than the spinal segmental monosynaptic reflex, but shorter than a voluntary reaction time. When the subjects were given their instructions (by means of a light) at the moment the stretch commenced, however, none of them could adjust the long-latency reflex appropriately. 3. It is concluded that central, evaluative processes commencing at the time of a perturbation cannot influence long-latency reflex responses to that perturbation.", "contents": "Subject instruction and long latency reflex responses to muscle stretch. 1. Surface electromyographic recordings were made in eight normal subjects from the isometrically contracting elbow flexors before and during forcible extension of the elbow through 7 degrees in 50-150 msec. 2. Weh the subjects were instructed prior (2-5 sec) to a forthcoming stretch to 'resist' or to 'let go', they could reliably enhance or suppress e.m.g. activity occurring between 40 and 70 msec from commencement of the stretch. Such e.m.g. activity represents a 'long-latency' (or 'M2') reflex response: it occurs with a latency longer than the spinal segmental monosynaptic reflex, but shorter than a voluntary reaction time. When the subjects were given their instructions (by means of a light) at the moment the stretch commenced, however, none of them could adjust the long-latency reflex appropriately. 3. It is concluded that central, evaluative processes commencing at the time of a perturbation cannot influence long-latency reflex responses to that perturbation.", "PMID": 490387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_524", "title": "The effect of hypothalamic lesions on immuno-reactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone secretion in the rat.", "content": "We have examined the hypothesis that MSH secretion in the rat is under a tonic inhibitory control by the central nervous system. Electrothermic lesions were made in the medio-basal hypothalamus (m.b.h.) which destroyed the hypothalamo-hypophyseal connexions. Plasma and pituitary alpha-MSH wwere measured using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique. Pituitary alpha-MSH content decreased to 17% of control levels 24 hr after the lesion and returned to normal by 7 days. Plasma alpha-MSH was maximally elevated 15 min after the lesion, and returned to normal by 2 hr. No further change over control levels was found for the remainder of the experiment (98 days). The similarity of the plasma alpha-MSH response after m.b.h. lesions to that found previously after administration of long acting dopamine receptor blocking drugs suggests that these lesions may interrupt impulse flow in dopaminergic tubero hypophyseal neurones which are thought to be important in the inhibitory control of MSH secretion in the rat. From our present results it seems that the rat pituitary, unlike that of lower vertebrates, is able to re-establish basal MSH secretion very quickly after disconnexion from central control.", "contents": "The effect of hypothalamic lesions on immuno-reactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone secretion in the rat. We have examined the hypothesis that MSH secretion in the rat is under a tonic inhibitory control by the central nervous system. Electrothermic lesions were made in the medio-basal hypothalamus (m.b.h.) which destroyed the hypothalamo-hypophyseal connexions. Plasma and pituitary alpha-MSH wwere measured using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique. Pituitary alpha-MSH content decreased to 17% of control levels 24 hr after the lesion and returned to normal by 7 days. Plasma alpha-MSH was maximally elevated 15 min after the lesion, and returned to normal by 2 hr. No further change over control levels was found for the remainder of the experiment (98 days). The similarity of the plasma alpha-MSH response after m.b.h. lesions to that found previously after administration of long acting dopamine receptor blocking drugs suggests that these lesions may interrupt impulse flow in dopaminergic tubero hypophyseal neurones which are thought to be important in the inhibitory control of MSH secretion in the rat. From our present results it seems that the rat pituitary, unlike that of lower vertebrates, is able to re-establish basal MSH secretion very quickly after disconnexion from central control.", "PMID": 490393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_525", "title": "On the purpose of selective innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells.", "content": "Preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the mammalian spinal cord make preferential connexions with different classes of superior cervical ganglion cells (Langley, 1892, 1900; Nj\u00e5 & Purves, 1977a). For example, preganglionic axons from the first thoracic segment (T1) make relatively strong connexions with ganglion cells activating end-organs of the eye; conversely, axons arising from T4 selectively innervate ganglion cells projecting to the ear. In the present work we have asked whether this selectivity reflects the function of the pre- and post-synaptic cells, and aspect of their respective positions, or some other criterion. 1. End-organs with different functions at the same locus (the eye) respond to stimulation of the same ventral roots; end-organs of a single modality (hairs or blood vessels) at different positions, however, tend to be activated by different spinal segments. Thus the segmental innervation of ganglion cells is correlated with the position rather than the function of post-ganglionic targets. 2. The role of target position in ganglion cell innervation was examined directly by recording from neurones sending axons to different destinations. Superior cervical ganglion cells running dorso-medially in a spinal nerve receive, on average, innervation from more caudal segments than cells projecting ventro-laterally. 3. These selective connexions do not depend on intraganglionic cell position: neurones located at different points along the major axes of the superior cervical ganglion receive, on average, the same segmental innervation. In accord with this observation, retrogradely labelled neurones innervating a particular target such as the eye or ear are widely and randomly distributed within a large portion of the ganglion. Thus the importance of post-ganglionic target position in ganglion cell innervation is not simply a reflexion of ganglionic topography. 4. We conclude that one purpose of the selective connexions in the superior cervical ganglion is to bring together preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the spinal cord and ganglion cells whose axons innervate particular regions of the superior cervical territory.", "contents": "On the purpose of selective innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells. Preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the mammalian spinal cord make preferential connexions with different classes of superior cervical ganglion cells (Langley, 1892, 1900; Nj\u00e5 & Purves, 1977a). For example, preganglionic axons from the first thoracic segment (T1) make relatively strong connexions with ganglion cells activating end-organs of the eye; conversely, axons arising from T4 selectively innervate ganglion cells projecting to the ear. In the present work we have asked whether this selectivity reflects the function of the pre- and post-synaptic cells, and aspect of their respective positions, or some other criterion. 1. End-organs with different functions at the same locus (the eye) respond to stimulation of the same ventral roots; end-organs of a single modality (hairs or blood vessels) at different positions, however, tend to be activated by different spinal segments. Thus the segmental innervation of ganglion cells is correlated with the position rather than the function of post-ganglionic targets. 2. The role of target position in ganglion cell innervation was examined directly by recording from neurones sending axons to different destinations. Superior cervical ganglion cells running dorso-medially in a spinal nerve receive, on average, innervation from more caudal segments than cells projecting ventro-laterally. 3. These selective connexions do not depend on intraganglionic cell position: neurones located at different points along the major axes of the superior cervical ganglion receive, on average, the same segmental innervation. In accord with this observation, retrogradely labelled neurones innervating a particular target such as the eye or ear are widely and randomly distributed within a large portion of the ganglion. Thus the importance of post-ganglionic target position in ganglion cell innervation is not simply a reflexion of ganglionic topography. 4. We conclude that one purpose of the selective connexions in the superior cervical ganglion is to bring together preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the spinal cord and ganglion cells whose axons innervate particular regions of the superior cervical territory.", "PMID": 490406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_526", "title": "The function of the sodium pump during differentiation of amphibian embryonic neurones.", "content": "1. A method has been developed for studying the differentiation in tissue culture of ectoderm and mesoderm derivatives, dissected from amphibian embryos which have just completed neurulation. 2. Neurones, striated muscle cells and pigment cells, together with other unidentifiable cell types, differentiated as a monolayer with approximately the same time course as in the whole embryo. The proportion of different cell types in the cultures was measured quantitatively by cell counting. 3. Treatment of embryos during neurulation with the cardiac glycoside strophanthidin reduced the number of neurones which subsequently differentiated in culture. Other cell types were not affected. 4. The relationship between inhibition of neural differentiation and strophanthidin concentration was sigmoid, with maximum inhibition at 10(-5) M-strophanthidin and the mid-point at 5 X 10(-7) M-strophanthidin. 35% of neurones differentiating in culture were not affected by glycoside treatment. 5. The glycoside hexahydroscillaren A had no effect on neural differentiation. 6. Increasing extracellular potassium to 100 nM during strophanthidin treatment completely protected differentiating neurones from the inhibitory effect of strophanthidin. 7. Treatment of embryos with 100 mM-KCl during neurulation had no effect on the subsequent differentiation of neurones. 8. Treatment of cultures with an antibody to mouse salivary gland Nerve Growth Factor reduced the number of neurones by 30%. 9. Exposure to strophanthidin while the embryo moved from the early neural fold stage to the late neural fold stage was as effective in reducing subsequent neural differentiation as treatment throughout neurulation. 10. The proportion of nerve cells in the cultures was not affected if strophanthidin treatment ended before the early neural fold stage or did not begin until the late neural fold stage. 11. Embryos treated with strophanthidin during neurulation and then allowed to grow into tadpoles developed abnormal nervous systems. 10(-6) M-strophanthidin had little effect on the volume of grey matter, but reduced the white matter by 50%. 12. The results are consistent with the view that strophanthidin achieves its effect on neural differentiation by inhibiting the sodium pump. They are discussed in the light of the suggestion that activation of the sodium pump is an essential part of nerual differentiation.", "contents": "The function of the sodium pump during differentiation of amphibian embryonic neurones. 1. A method has been developed for studying the differentiation in tissue culture of ectoderm and mesoderm derivatives, dissected from amphibian embryos which have just completed neurulation. 2. Neurones, striated muscle cells and pigment cells, together with other unidentifiable cell types, differentiated as a monolayer with approximately the same time course as in the whole embryo. The proportion of different cell types in the cultures was measured quantitatively by cell counting. 3. Treatment of embryos during neurulation with the cardiac glycoside strophanthidin reduced the number of neurones which subsequently differentiated in culture. Other cell types were not affected. 4. The relationship between inhibition of neural differentiation and strophanthidin concentration was sigmoid, with maximum inhibition at 10(-5) M-strophanthidin and the mid-point at 5 X 10(-7) M-strophanthidin. 35% of neurones differentiating in culture were not affected by glycoside treatment. 5. The glycoside hexahydroscillaren A had no effect on neural differentiation. 6. Increasing extracellular potassium to 100 nM during strophanthidin treatment completely protected differentiating neurones from the inhibitory effect of strophanthidin. 7. Treatment of embryos with 100 mM-KCl during neurulation had no effect on the subsequent differentiation of neurones. 8. Treatment of cultures with an antibody to mouse salivary gland Nerve Growth Factor reduced the number of neurones by 30%. 9. Exposure to strophanthidin while the embryo moved from the early neural fold stage to the late neural fold stage was as effective in reducing subsequent neural differentiation as treatment throughout neurulation. 10. The proportion of nerve cells in the cultures was not affected if strophanthidin treatment ended before the early neural fold stage or did not begin until the late neural fold stage. 11. Embryos treated with strophanthidin during neurulation and then allowed to grow into tadpoles developed abnormal nervous systems. 10(-6) M-strophanthidin had little effect on the volume of grey matter, but reduced the white matter by 50%. 12. The results are consistent with the view that strophanthidin achieves its effect on neural differentiation by inhibiting the sodium pump. They are discussed in the light of the suggestion that activation of the sodium pump is an essential part of nerual differentiation.", "PMID": 490420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_527", "title": "Rhabdospora thelohani Laguess\u00e9, 1895 (Apicomplexa): new host and geographic records with taxonomic considerations.", "content": "New fish species and geographic records for Rhabdospora thelohani Laguess\u00e9, 1895 (rodlet cells) are presented. Additionally, the ultrastructure of R. thelohani in Alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus Karaman, Borostomias antarcticus (L\u00f6nnberg), Leuciscus cephalus albus Bonaparte and Rutilus rubilio (Bonaparte) is compared with that reported by other authors and with members of Subphylum Apicomplexa. The ultrastructure of R. thelohani was similar in all the fish species examined; however, the organism was not present in all members of any single species and had intertissue density variations. Rhabdospora thelohani is pyriform, averaging in size 7 X 12 micrometer, with a basal nucleus. The surface complex is composed of a layer (0.5 micrometer diameter) formed by microfilaments (9.3 nm) and an outer trilaminar membrane (9.3 nm). The cytoplasm contains structures identical to rhoptries, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and rough endoplasmic reticulum were not observed, althouth free ribosomes were present and arranged in a vesicular pattern. The observations suggest that the organism moves between cell of epithelial layers and is either released into a lumen intact or passively or actively discharges its contents into a lumen. Results from this study indicate that R. thelohani should be considered a member of Apicomplexa unless definitive evidence is presented to the contrary.", "contents": "Rhabdospora thelohani Laguess\u00e9, 1895 (Apicomplexa): new host and geographic records with taxonomic considerations. New fish species and geographic records for Rhabdospora thelohani Laguess\u00e9, 1895 (rodlet cells) are presented. Additionally, the ultrastructure of R. thelohani in Alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus Karaman, Borostomias antarcticus (L\u00f6nnberg), Leuciscus cephalus albus Bonaparte and Rutilus rubilio (Bonaparte) is compared with that reported by other authors and with members of Subphylum Apicomplexa. The ultrastructure of R. thelohani was similar in all the fish species examined; however, the organism was not present in all members of any single species and had intertissue density variations. Rhabdospora thelohani is pyriform, averaging in size 7 X 12 micrometer, with a basal nucleus. The surface complex is composed of a layer (0.5 micrometer diameter) formed by microfilaments (9.3 nm) and an outer trilaminar membrane (9.3 nm). The cytoplasm contains structures identical to rhoptries, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and rough endoplasmic reticulum were not observed, althouth free ribosomes were present and arranged in a vesicular pattern. The observations suggest that the organism moves between cell of epithelial layers and is either released into a lumen intact or passively or actively discharges its contents into a lumen. Results from this study indicate that R. thelohani should be considered a member of Apicomplexa unless definitive evidence is presented to the contrary.", "PMID": 490430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_528", "title": "Temperature-sensitive Chlamydomonas mutants manifesting flagellar regression at a restrictive temperature.", "content": "The regeneration kinetics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants TS-6 and TS-79, whose flagella were mechanically amputated, indicated that the flagellar precursor in cytoplasm was used for regeneration when cycloheximide was present. The TS-6 cells rendered nonflagellate by regression at 35 C did not regenerate in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the precursor was inactivated by the high temperature. Neither mutant was able to use the absorbed flagellar components for regeneration in the presence of cycloheximide.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive Chlamydomonas mutants manifesting flagellar regression at a restrictive temperature. The regeneration kinetics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants TS-6 and TS-79, whose flagella were mechanically amputated, indicated that the flagellar precursor in cytoplasm was used for regeneration when cycloheximide was present. The TS-6 cells rendered nonflagellate by regression at 35 C did not regenerate in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the precursor was inactivated by the high temperature. Neither mutant was able to use the absorbed flagellar components for regeneration in the presence of cycloheximide.", "PMID": 490431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_529", "title": "Selection of nonmotile Tetrahymena with Ficoll underlayers.", "content": "The mechanisms regulating the development of cilia in Tetrahymena are poorly understood but might be revealed through the study of ciliogenesis mutants. Failure to regenerate cilia after dibucaine deciliation results in continued absence of motility. Therefore, to isolate ciliogenesis mutants efficiently, methods for separating motile and nonmotile cells are essential. We examined the efficacy of Ficoll underlayers for these separations. Ciliates of T. thng type IV) were mixed with Ficoll and added as underlayers to separatory funnels containing growth medium. At 27 C most of the cells remained motile and were found in the top layer; at 37 C, there was a time-dependent increase in the number of nonmotile cells and the number of cells in the Ficoll layer. After 150 min at 37 C, most of the cells became nonmotile and were found in the Ficoll layer. Other studies indicated that at 37 C, the cells remained alive and capable of regenerating cilia when deciliated. Thus, it is clear that the Ficoll underlayer effectively separates the majority of nonmotile cells from the majority of motile cells. Evidently, however, at 37 C wild-type T. thermophila exhibit temperature-sensitive phenotypic variability with regard to motility which should be minimized when selecting for mutations affecting motility and ciliogenesis.", "contents": "Selection of nonmotile Tetrahymena with Ficoll underlayers. The mechanisms regulating the development of cilia in Tetrahymena are poorly understood but might be revealed through the study of ciliogenesis mutants. Failure to regenerate cilia after dibucaine deciliation results in continued absence of motility. Therefore, to isolate ciliogenesis mutants efficiently, methods for separating motile and nonmotile cells are essential. We examined the efficacy of Ficoll underlayers for these separations. Ciliates of T. thng type IV) were mixed with Ficoll and added as underlayers to separatory funnels containing growth medium. At 27 C most of the cells remained motile and were found in the top layer; at 37 C, there was a time-dependent increase in the number of nonmotile cells and the number of cells in the Ficoll layer. After 150 min at 37 C, most of the cells became nonmotile and were found in the Ficoll layer. Other studies indicated that at 37 C, the cells remained alive and capable of regenerating cilia when deciliated. Thus, it is clear that the Ficoll underlayer effectively separates the majority of nonmotile cells from the majority of motile cells. Evidently, however, at 37 C wild-type T. thermophila exhibit temperature-sensitive phenotypic variability with regard to motility which should be minimized when selecting for mutations affecting motility and ciliogenesis.", "PMID": 490432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_530", "title": "Studies on a morphologically distinct colchicine-resistance variant of Entamoeba sp.", "content": "Colchicine has a temperature-dependent cytotoxic effect on Entamoeba sp. (Laredo isolate) that is most apparent when the drug is applied during the initiation of cultures at a concentration of 7.5 mM or higher. Continued transfer of cultures in medium containing progressively increasing concentrations of colchicine has resulted in a variant that grows prolifically in the presence of colchicine (7.5 mM) with a generation time comparable to that of the parent stock, Comparison of a number of parameters of the 2 variants revealed that colchicine resistance was accompanied by a change in cell shape, a reduced membrane permeability, which could partially be overcome by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a reduced tolerance to osmotic stress. However, the parent strain and resistant variant were equally susceptible to cycloheximide and puromycin suggesting that the acquired colchicine resistance may not be explained on the basis of an entirely unspecific generalized reduced ability for drug uptake. Colchicine resistance and altered structure were found to be stable over a long period of time. The possible interdependence of these 2 parameters and their relation to cell motility in Entamoeba sp. are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on a morphologically distinct colchicine-resistance variant of Entamoeba sp. Colchicine has a temperature-dependent cytotoxic effect on Entamoeba sp. (Laredo isolate) that is most apparent when the drug is applied during the initiation of cultures at a concentration of 7.5 mM or higher. Continued transfer of cultures in medium containing progressively increasing concentrations of colchicine has resulted in a variant that grows prolifically in the presence of colchicine (7.5 mM) with a generation time comparable to that of the parent stock, Comparison of a number of parameters of the 2 variants revealed that colchicine resistance was accompanied by a change in cell shape, a reduced membrane permeability, which could partially be overcome by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a reduced tolerance to osmotic stress. However, the parent strain and resistant variant were equally susceptible to cycloheximide and puromycin suggesting that the acquired colchicine resistance may not be explained on the basis of an entirely unspecific generalized reduced ability for drug uptake. Colchicine resistance and altered structure were found to be stable over a long period of time. The possible interdependence of these 2 parameters and their relation to cell motility in Entamoeba sp. are discussed.", "PMID": 490433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_531", "title": "An investigation of the route and progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits infected either orally or intratracheally with cell culture-grown Encephalitozoon cuniculi were monitored regularly for serum antibody levels and E. cuniculi in the urine. Their responses were compared with intravenously inoculated and uninoculated control rabbits. All rabbits receiving E. cuniculi developed serum antibodies, generally within 3 weeks, and excreted E. cuniculi by 6 weeks. In the acute stage of infection, the organs most affected were lung, kidney and liver; the brain and gut were unaffected. However, during chronic infection, the brain, kidney, and heart were the only organs found to be involved. Antibody levels were very high at this stage. Thus both the oral and tracheal routes may be normal routes of infection with E. cuniculi in adult rabbits.", "contents": "An investigation of the route and progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits. Rabbits infected either orally or intratracheally with cell culture-grown Encephalitozoon cuniculi were monitored regularly for serum antibody levels and E. cuniculi in the urine. Their responses were compared with intravenously inoculated and uninoculated control rabbits. All rabbits receiving E. cuniculi developed serum antibodies, generally within 3 weeks, and excreted E. cuniculi by 6 weeks. In the acute stage of infection, the organs most affected were lung, kidney and liver; the brain and gut were unaffected. However, during chronic infection, the brain, kidney, and heart were the only organs found to be involved. Antibody levels were very high at this stage. Thus both the oral and tracheal routes may be normal routes of infection with E. cuniculi in adult rabbits.", "PMID": 490434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_532", "title": "Transport of L-proline and its regulation in Leishmania tropica promastigotes.", "content": "Leishmania tropica promastigotes transport L-proline through an active uptake system that has saturation kinetics, temperature dependence, a requirement for metabolic energy and transport against a concentration gradient. In experiments lasting 10 min, less than 10% of the proline transported is incorporated into macromolecules. The remainder is largely unaltered proline with an intracellular concentration nearly 60 times that in the reaction mixture. The uptake system has a relatively broad specificty; it is competitively inhibited by D-proline as well as by alanine, methionine, valine, azetidine-2-carboxylate, thioproline, 3,4-dehydropoline, hydroxyproline and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Pre-established intracellular proline pools exchange with external proline as well as compounds that compete with it for uptake. Evidence is presented that feedback inhibition and transinhibition may regulate proline uptake in this organism.", "contents": "Transport of L-proline and its regulation in Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Leishmania tropica promastigotes transport L-proline through an active uptake system that has saturation kinetics, temperature dependence, a requirement for metabolic energy and transport against a concentration gradient. In experiments lasting 10 min, less than 10% of the proline transported is incorporated into macromolecules. The remainder is largely unaltered proline with an intracellular concentration nearly 60 times that in the reaction mixture. The uptake system has a relatively broad specificty; it is competitively inhibited by D-proline as well as by alanine, methionine, valine, azetidine-2-carboxylate, thioproline, 3,4-dehydropoline, hydroxyproline and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Pre-established intracellular proline pools exchange with external proline as well as compounds that compete with it for uptake. Evidence is presented that feedback inhibition and transinhibition may regulate proline uptake in this organism.", "PMID": 490435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_533", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III from Acanthamoeba castellanii: comparison of the catalytic properties of the trophozoite and cyst enzymes.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III was partially purified from trophozoites and immature cysts of the small soil ameba, Acanthamoeba castellanii. In contrast to the active modulation of the variety of transfer RNA species which are transcribed during encystment, no difference was found in the chromatographic or catalytic properties of the enzyme responsible for their transcription.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III from Acanthamoeba castellanii: comparison of the catalytic properties of the trophozoite and cyst enzymes. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III was partially purified from trophozoites and immature cysts of the small soil ameba, Acanthamoeba castellanii. In contrast to the active modulation of the variety of transfer RNA species which are transcribed during encystment, no difference was found in the chromatographic or catalytic properties of the enzyme responsible for their transcription.", "PMID": 490436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_534", "title": "Use of situational cues by preschool children.", "content": "Pictures often are used in language intervention programs to elicit selected linguistic constructions or to teach concepts to children below the age of 5 years. However,, preschool children frequently are egocentric in their perceptions and in their language, and are unable to view a situation from a perspective other than their own. This study presented children who were in Piaget's preoperational period of development with pictures accompanied by a one-word descriptive phrase and asked the children to explain what was meant by the utterance. It was found that the younger child generally was more egocentric in his interpretations, and his responses reflected less attention to the situational cues present in the picture. The results are discussed in light of common clinical practices of using pictorial stimuli for children with language problems.", "contents": "Use of situational cues by preschool children. Pictures often are used in language intervention programs to elicit selected linguistic constructions or to teach concepts to children below the age of 5 years. However,, preschool children frequently are egocentric in their perceptions and in their language, and are unable to view a situation from a perspective other than their own. This study presented children who were in Piaget's preoperational period of development with pictures accompanied by a one-word descriptive phrase and asked the children to explain what was meant by the utterance. It was found that the younger child generally was more egocentric in his interpretations, and his responses reflected less attention to the situational cues present in the picture. The results are discussed in light of common clinical practices of using pictorial stimuli for children with language problems.", "PMID": 490438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_535", "title": "Organizing factors in the comprehension and recall of connected discourse.", "content": "This experiment is based on the theory that, in reading, one uses cues in order to activate an organizing system as an aid in reading the material. The variables introduced into the experiment include (1) the form of oragnization (meaningful, scrambled, and pseudo) and (2) the choice of material (descriptive, abstract, and technical). Having read a paragraph, subjects read a list of words including some from the paragraph and some not and were asked to check those words that they remembered as belonging to the paragraph. Accuracy is highest when subjects have been most successful in activating an appropriate organizing system.", "contents": "Organizing factors in the comprehension and recall of connected discourse. This experiment is based on the theory that, in reading, one uses cues in order to activate an organizing system as an aid in reading the material. The variables introduced into the experiment include (1) the form of oragnization (meaningful, scrambled, and pseudo) and (2) the choice of material (descriptive, abstract, and technical). Having read a paragraph, subjects read a list of words including some from the paragraph and some not and were asked to check those words that they remembered as belonging to the paragraph. Accuracy is highest when subjects have been most successful in activating an appropriate organizing system.", "PMID": 490439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_536", "title": "The class-inclusion task: question form and distributive comparisons.", "content": "The class-inclusion task is regarded by Piaget as a measure of the child's mastery of the structure of hierarchical classification. Class-inclusion was improved by changing the wording of the question to conform to standard English usage. A theoretical argument is offered that the child's difficulties with this task derive from confusion of collective comparisons, in which properties of classes are compared, and distributive comparisons, in which properties of elements are compared. A grammatical constraint on expression of distributive comparisons--an element of a class cannot be compared to an element of an included subclass--is hypothesized to be overgeneralized to expressions referring to collective comparisons such as the class-inclusion task. This hypothesis accounts for the improvement in class-inclusion performance with changes in wording of the question and for the finding that young children's response to class-inclusion questions and to ungrammatical requests for comparison of an element of a class and an element of an included subclass are similar: the children respond readily but understand wrongly that the comparison involves coordinate classes.", "contents": "The class-inclusion task: question form and distributive comparisons. The class-inclusion task is regarded by Piaget as a measure of the child's mastery of the structure of hierarchical classification. Class-inclusion was improved by changing the wording of the question to conform to standard English usage. A theoretical argument is offered that the child's difficulties with this task derive from confusion of collective comparisons, in which properties of classes are compared, and distributive comparisons, in which properties of elements are compared. A grammatical constraint on expression of distributive comparisons--an element of a class cannot be compared to an element of an included subclass--is hypothesized to be overgeneralized to expressions referring to collective comparisons such as the class-inclusion task. This hypothesis accounts for the improvement in class-inclusion performance with changes in wording of the question and for the finding that young children's response to class-inclusion questions and to ungrammatical requests for comparison of an element of a class and an element of an included subclass are similar: the children respond readily but understand wrongly that the comparison involves coordinate classes.", "PMID": 490440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_537", "title": "Inversion of subject NP and Aux in children's questions.", "content": "Bellugi has proposed a stage of language acquisition in which children invert subject NP and Aux in yes-no but not wh questions. It was proposed that this stage would be found in a sampling of questions from young children. Cross-sectional samples of questions were collected from young children between 2:0 and 3:11. The results did not bear out this expectation. Based on percentages of inversion, none showed this stage. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of frequency in determining stages of acquisition and the use of children's data as psychological evidence for linguistic rules.", "contents": "Inversion of subject NP and Aux in children's questions. Bellugi has proposed a stage of language acquisition in which children invert subject NP and Aux in yes-no but not wh questions. It was proposed that this stage would be found in a sampling of questions from young children. Cross-sectional samples of questions were collected from young children between 2:0 and 3:11. The results did not bear out this expectation. Based on percentages of inversion, none showed this stage. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of frequency in determining stages of acquisition and the use of children's data as psychological evidence for linguistic rules.", "PMID": 490441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_538", "title": "Clues to aural discrimination.", "content": "Five measures of the items of the Multiple-Choice Intelligibility Test were obtained: apparent aural similarity of the four words available to a listener on hearing a stimulus, interconsonantal differences among the prevocalic portions of these words, phonemic discrepancies among these words, distinctive feature differences among these words, and the pooled discrimination score of the four words that were available to the responder on hearing the stimulus. The last score was made the target in a multiple correlation problem, and the relative contribution, combined and separately, of the four remaining measures to the target measure was determined. These four measures accounted for approximately 45% of the variance among the scores of discrimination. The strongest contributors were apparent aural similarity of the available responses and the phonemic discrepancy among the available responses.", "contents": "Clues to aural discrimination. Five measures of the items of the Multiple-Choice Intelligibility Test were obtained: apparent aural similarity of the four words available to a listener on hearing a stimulus, interconsonantal differences among the prevocalic portions of these words, phonemic discrepancies among these words, distinctive feature differences among these words, and the pooled discrimination score of the four words that were available to the responder on hearing the stimulus. The last score was made the target in a multiple correlation problem, and the relative contribution, combined and separately, of the four remaining measures to the target measure was determined. These four measures accounted for approximately 45% of the variance among the scores of discrimination. The strongest contributors were apparent aural similarity of the available responses and the phonemic discrepancy among the available responses.", "PMID": 490442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_539", "title": "Distribution of the feature [+animate] in the lexicon of the child.", "content": "Piaget suggests that animistic thinking is a pervasive feature of children's cognition. To test this notion, 4- to 8-year-old children were shown several inanimate objects and asked to pick those which perform activities characteristic of living organisms. These activities were typified by six verbs: \"ear,\" \"sleep,\" \"breathe,\" \"grow,\" \"die,\" and \"be alive.\" Fifty percent of the younger children responded animistically, by misattributing life processes to inanimate objects, but only 18% of their total responses were animistic. Twenty percent of the older children responded animistically, but only 20% of their responses were animistic. In Experiment II, children were shown drawings singly and asked if the object could perform activities named by one of the six verbs. Results were similar to those of Experiment I but with somewhat less animism. Experiment III required children to spontaneously name things that are alive. There were no animistic responses. It was concluded that animistic thinking is not a genuine phenomenon but linguistic confusion elicited by novel objects and unfamiliar words.", "contents": "Distribution of the feature [+animate] in the lexicon of the child. Piaget suggests that animistic thinking is a pervasive feature of children's cognition. To test this notion, 4- to 8-year-old children were shown several inanimate objects and asked to pick those which perform activities characteristic of living organisms. These activities were typified by six verbs: \"ear,\" \"sleep,\" \"breathe,\" \"grow,\" \"die,\" and \"be alive.\" Fifty percent of the younger children responded animistically, by misattributing life processes to inanimate objects, but only 18% of their total responses were animistic. Twenty percent of the older children responded animistically, but only 20% of their responses were animistic. In Experiment II, children were shown drawings singly and asked if the object could perform activities named by one of the six verbs. Results were similar to those of Experiment I but with somewhat less animism. Experiment III required children to spontaneously name things that are alive. There were no animistic responses. It was concluded that animistic thinking is not a genuine phenomenon but linguistic confusion elicited by novel objects and unfamiliar words.", "PMID": 490443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_540", "title": "A study of timing in a manual and a spoken language: American sign language and English.", "content": "A comparative analysis of the time variables in the production of speech and sign reveals that signers modify their global physical rate primarily by altering the time they spend articulating, whereas speakers do so by chaning the time they spend pausing. When signers increase or decrease their pause time, however little they do so, they alter the number and the length of the pauses equally, whereas speakers primarily alter the number of pauses and leave their pause durations relatively constant. An analysis of the durations of signs reveals that signs are longer at the end of sentences than within sentences and that the first occurrence of a sign is longer than the second when syntactic location is controlled (both these findings have already been reported for spoken language). The inherent duration of a sign can be accounted for almost totally by the movement characteristic; handshape, location, and number of hands in a sign are of little importance. Finally, signers retain their regular \"quiet-breathing\" respiratory pattern across signing rates and inhale at locations independent of syntactic importance. In this they are quite unlike speakers, who breathe at syntactic breaks.", "contents": "A study of timing in a manual and a spoken language: American sign language and English. A comparative analysis of the time variables in the production of speech and sign reveals that signers modify their global physical rate primarily by altering the time they spend articulating, whereas speakers do so by chaning the time they spend pausing. When signers increase or decrease their pause time, however little they do so, they alter the number and the length of the pauses equally, whereas speakers primarily alter the number of pauses and leave their pause durations relatively constant. An analysis of the durations of signs reveals that signs are longer at the end of sentences than within sentences and that the first occurrence of a sign is longer than the second when syntactic location is controlled (both these findings have already been reported for spoken language). The inherent duration of a sign can be accounted for almost totally by the movement characteristic; handshape, location, and number of hands in a sign are of little importance. Finally, signers retain their regular \"quiet-breathing\" respiratory pattern across signing rates and inhale at locations independent of syntactic importance. In this they are quite unlike speakers, who breathe at syntactic breaks.", "PMID": 490444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_541", "title": "Children's comprehension of relative clauses.", "content": "A review of the literature on children's use of relative clause constructions reveals many contradictory findings. The suggestion is that some studies fail to take into account the two factors of embeddedness (role of complex noun phrase within the sentence) and focus (role of head noun in the relative clause). The experiment reported here attempted to reconcile the disparate findings and extend the range of constructions examined. 114 children between the ages of 3 and 7 served as subjects in a test of comprehension using an act-out procedure of 9 different relative clause sentences that exhaust the possible combinations of 3 roles of the complex noun phrase in the sentence and 3 roles that the head noun plays within the relative clause (in each case, subject, direct object, and indirect object). All constructions were understood better with increasing age of the children; sex and sentence set were nonsignificant variables. The results reveal a difficulty in ordering of the 9 types of construction that is in keeping with a prediction based on surface structure processing strategies.", "contents": "Children's comprehension of relative clauses. A review of the literature on children's use of relative clause constructions reveals many contradictory findings. The suggestion is that some studies fail to take into account the two factors of embeddedness (role of complex noun phrase within the sentence) and focus (role of head noun in the relative clause). The experiment reported here attempted to reconcile the disparate findings and extend the range of constructions examined. 114 children between the ages of 3 and 7 served as subjects in a test of comprehension using an act-out procedure of 9 different relative clause sentences that exhaust the possible combinations of 3 roles of the complex noun phrase in the sentence and 3 roles that the head noun plays within the relative clause (in each case, subject, direct object, and indirect object). All constructions were understood better with increasing age of the children; sex and sentence set were nonsignificant variables. The results reveal a difficulty in ordering of the 9 types of construction that is in keeping with a prediction based on surface structure processing strategies.", "PMID": 490445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_542", "title": "[The value of Mackenzie and Harries's technique in detecting pleural thickenings: results of a systematic study in 64 patients exposed to the risk of asbestosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors stress the difficulty of detecting pleural thickenings due to asbestos by radiography, before the late stage when calcification appears. Using Mackenzie and Harries's technique, they radiographed 64 subjects working in the naval shipbuilding yard in Nantes, who had previously been examined by radiophotography. Their results confirmed the superiority of the 45 degrees oblique incidence for demonstrating patches of pleural thickening in those areas where they occur most frequently. The value of this early detection is purely social and occupational at the present time, as it cannot be used to give a prognosis as to the possible appearance of a more serious lesion such as mesotheliomas.", "contents": "[The value of Mackenzie and Harries's technique in detecting pleural thickenings: results of a systematic study in 64 patients exposed to the risk of asbestosis (author's transl)]. The authors stress the difficulty of detecting pleural thickenings due to asbestos by radiography, before the late stage when calcification appears. Using Mackenzie and Harries's technique, they radiographed 64 subjects working in the naval shipbuilding yard in Nantes, who had previously been examined by radiophotography. Their results confirmed the superiority of the 45 degrees oblique incidence for demonstrating patches of pleural thickening in those areas where they occur most frequently. The value of this early detection is purely social and occupational at the present time, as it cannot be used to give a prognosis as to the possible appearance of a more serious lesion such as mesotheliomas.", "PMID": 490461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_543", "title": "[Experimental endovascular electrocoagulation. Use of alternating current and a bipolar electrode (preliminary study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Early experimental studies have shown that it is possible to obtain vascular obliteration and clot formation using monopolar direct current electrocoagulation. There is a major risk of rupture of blood vessels if alternating current is used. Using a co-axial bipolar electrode and high frequency alternating current it was possible to obtain valid, reproducible, and safe vascular obliteration in the distal digestive tract arteries in dogs. The obliteration is due to lesions of the intima and the formation of a clot in situ.", "contents": "[Experimental endovascular electrocoagulation. Use of alternating current and a bipolar electrode (preliminary study) (author's transl)]. Early experimental studies have shown that it is possible to obtain vascular obliteration and clot formation using monopolar direct current electrocoagulation. There is a major risk of rupture of blood vessels if alternating current is used. Using a co-axial bipolar electrode and high frequency alternating current it was possible to obtain valid, reproducible, and safe vascular obliteration in the distal digestive tract arteries in dogs. The obliteration is due to lesions of the intima and the formation of a clot in situ.", "PMID": 490462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_544", "title": "[Osteo-onychodysostosis. One more report about a family case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 9 year-old boy takes medical advice because of underdevelopment and intellectual insufficiency. The diagnosis of osteo-onychodysostosis (nail-patella syndrome) clinically expected is confirmed by X-ray examination. The main radiological signs of this disease are reminded of. You can also find a few remarks about family contex, frequency of the lesions and heredity.", "contents": "[Osteo-onychodysostosis. One more report about a family case (author's transl)]. A 9 year-old boy takes medical advice because of underdevelopment and intellectual insufficiency. The diagnosis of osteo-onychodysostosis (nail-patella syndrome) clinically expected is confirmed by X-ray examination. The main radiological signs of this disease are reminded of. You can also find a few remarks about family contex, frequency of the lesions and heredity.", "PMID": 490463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_545", "title": "[Above acetabulum aneurismal cyst. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of above acetabulum aneurismal cyst is presented and the authors insist on the main features of this benign tumor supplied with radiology, clinic and evolution. Location of such cyst are uncommon: 4 cases upon 137. Medical team has to resolve two problems: on one hand, positive diagnosis of this benign tumor, on the other hand, treatment of this particular location.", "contents": "[Above acetabulum aneurismal cyst. One case (author's transl)]. One case of above acetabulum aneurismal cyst is presented and the authors insist on the main features of this benign tumor supplied with radiology, clinic and evolution. Location of such cyst are uncommon: 4 cases upon 137. Medical team has to resolve two problems: on one hand, positive diagnosis of this benign tumor, on the other hand, treatment of this particular location.", "PMID": 490465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_546", "title": "[Unilateral oblique craniocaudal incidence of the sacro-iliac joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes an oblique open-pelvis incidence, centered on the sacro-iliac of one side, carried out to study the anterior part of this joint. This incidence, which can be made on both sides for comparative purposes, easily complements standard sacro-iliac incidences.", "contents": "[Unilateral oblique craniocaudal incidence of the sacro-iliac joint (author's transl)]. The author describes an oblique open-pelvis incidence, centered on the sacro-iliac of one side, carried out to study the anterior part of this joint. This incidence, which can be made on both sides for comparative purposes, easily complements standard sacro-iliac incidences.", "PMID": 490466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_547", "title": "[Computerized tomography in post-traumatic cerebral lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of 108 cases of cranial injury, dating back for more than three months, and having had computerized tomography examinations, revealed 96 abnormalities in the results. These included overall, 65 times, and localized, 20 times, ventricular dilatations, generalized atrophy 27 times, porencephaly 27 times, enlargement of the sylvian fossa 28 times, chronic subdural hematomas 8 times, intracranial calcification 3 times, meningiomas 3 times, and a cerebral abscess in 1 patient. The computerized tomography results were normal in 12 patients. Very good correlations were found between clinical and computerized tomography results in patients with psychic disturbances and disorders of the higher centers. They were variable in cases of epilepsy and neurological deficiency states. The greatest number of normal results was found in so-called subjective syndromes.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography in post-traumatic cerebral lesions (author's transl)]. A review of 108 cases of cranial injury, dating back for more than three months, and having had computerized tomography examinations, revealed 96 abnormalities in the results. These included overall, 65 times, and localized, 20 times, ventricular dilatations, generalized atrophy 27 times, porencephaly 27 times, enlargement of the sylvian fossa 28 times, chronic subdural hematomas 8 times, intracranial calcification 3 times, meningiomas 3 times, and a cerebral abscess in 1 patient. The computerized tomography results were normal in 12 patients. Very good correlations were found between clinical and computerized tomography results in patients with psychic disturbances and disorders of the higher centers. They were variable in cases of epilepsy and neurological deficiency states. The greatest number of normal results was found in so-called subjective syndromes.", "PMID": 490467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_548", "title": "[An experimental study to evaluate mineralization of vertebral bone by computerized tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerized tomography (\"tomodensitometry\") should, in principle, be able to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient of a compact or spongy bone volume. This coefficient is related to the amount of mineralization, enabling the use of the Scanner X to measure the density of the bone. Thirty vertebrae from the vertebral columns of 14 subjects who died after acute infections were examined by C.T. and by standard methods, and then calcinified. The correlation between ashes weight-Houns-field number was positive but only moderate (r = 0.54), and lower than the result obtained (r = 0.84) with standard methods. Errors occur with presently used apparatuses which are related to: polychromatism, too high an energy of the beam, artefacts, and the effects of \"partial volume\". Futhermore, the mineral concentration by unit of vertebral volume is very low, and large variations must occur for it to be detectable. Finally, considerable errors arise from the intravertebral bone fat. Suggestions are made with the objective of improving the quality of C.T. as a measuring instrument.", "contents": "[An experimental study to evaluate mineralization of vertebral bone by computerized tomography (author's transl)]. Computerized tomography (\"tomodensitometry\") should, in principle, be able to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient of a compact or spongy bone volume. This coefficient is related to the amount of mineralization, enabling the use of the Scanner X to measure the density of the bone. Thirty vertebrae from the vertebral columns of 14 subjects who died after acute infections were examined by C.T. and by standard methods, and then calcinified. The correlation between ashes weight-Houns-field number was positive but only moderate (r = 0.54), and lower than the result obtained (r = 0.84) with standard methods. Errors occur with presently used apparatuses which are related to: polychromatism, too high an energy of the beam, artefacts, and the effects of \"partial volume\". Futhermore, the mineral concentration by unit of vertebral volume is very low, and large variations must occur for it to be detectable. Finally, considerable errors arise from the intravertebral bone fat. Suggestions are made with the objective of improving the quality of C.T. as a measuring instrument.", "PMID": 490468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_549", "title": "[Duplication of the digestive tract in adults. 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of duplication of the digestive tract are reported: oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon. These patients were adults, in whom it is rare (5% of cases) to find such duplications. Two types of image are seen on barium meal examination: opacification of a lumen which may be abnormally blind and which can be easily diagnosed if it is short, but is sometimes more difficult to individualize if the duplication is long (colon); or an extrinsic type of compression which is a part of the wall and much more difficult to diagnose. Knowledge of these different types of radiological images in adults should avoid precipitous investigations and orientate possible surgical interventions.", "contents": "[Duplication of the digestive tract in adults. 5 cases (author's transl)]. Five cases of duplication of the digestive tract are reported: oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon. These patients were adults, in whom it is rare (5% of cases) to find such duplications. Two types of image are seen on barium meal examination: opacification of a lumen which may be abnormally blind and which can be easily diagnosed if it is short, but is sometimes more difficult to individualize if the duplication is long (colon); or an extrinsic type of compression which is a part of the wall and much more difficult to diagnose. Knowledge of these different types of radiological images in adults should avoid precipitous investigations and orientate possible surgical interventions.", "PMID": 490469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_550", "title": "[Apophyseal detachment of the anterior iliac spines: a radiological study of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 3 cases of apophyseal detachment of the anterior iliac spines. This traumatic affection occurs mainly in adolescents during sporting activities, and is a rare disorder. It has to be borne in mind when a more or less typical clinical picture is present, and the diagnosis can be made by radiological examination.", "contents": "[Apophyseal detachment of the anterior iliac spines: a radiological study of three cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe 3 cases of apophyseal detachment of the anterior iliac spines. This traumatic affection occurs mainly in adolescents during sporting activities, and is a rare disorder. It has to be borne in mind when a more or less typical clinical picture is present, and the diagnosis can be made by radiological examination.", "PMID": 490470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_551", "title": "[Hirtz's incidence in the study of the manducatory apparatus. Application to temporomandibular joint affections (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological examinations have always been considered of secondary importance during diagnostic investigations of temporomandibular joint affections because of the frequency with which negative results were obtained. For most authors its only value has been to establish a differential diagnosis from other lesions of the manducatory apparatus in which clinical manifestations are comparable. A systematic study of the manducatory apparatus in patients with temporomandibular joint affections was carried out by taking two films, one with the month open, the other with the month closed, according to Hirtz's incidence. The results showed that abnormalities of varying degrees of severity were present relatively frequently. They usually involved the temporomandibular joint, either morphologically or physiologically. The multiplicity of the abnormalities observed, their character, and their frequency raise the problem of defining their role in the genesis of the disorders described and strongly suggests that the place of radiological investigations in the diagnostic tests for temporomandibular joint affections has to be reconsidered. The examination described would be, because of its simplicity, the basic investigation in the radiological study, with other studies possibly following on later to complement it.", "contents": "[Hirtz's incidence in the study of the manducatory apparatus. Application to temporomandibular joint affections (author's transl)]. Radiological examinations have always been considered of secondary importance during diagnostic investigations of temporomandibular joint affections because of the frequency with which negative results were obtained. For most authors its only value has been to establish a differential diagnosis from other lesions of the manducatory apparatus in which clinical manifestations are comparable. A systematic study of the manducatory apparatus in patients with temporomandibular joint affections was carried out by taking two films, one with the month open, the other with the month closed, according to Hirtz's incidence. The results showed that abnormalities of varying degrees of severity were present relatively frequently. They usually involved the temporomandibular joint, either morphologically or physiologically. The multiplicity of the abnormalities observed, their character, and their frequency raise the problem of defining their role in the genesis of the disorders described and strongly suggests that the place of radiological investigations in the diagnostic tests for temporomandibular joint affections has to be reconsidered. The examination described would be, because of its simplicity, the basic investigation in the radiological study, with other studies possibly following on later to complement it.", "PMID": 490471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_552", "title": "[Computer tomography appearances of intracranial epidermoid and dermoid cysts as demonstrated by three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the computer tomography appearances of intracranial epidermoid and dermoid cysts as demonstrated by three cases, and review the published literature. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts can be distinguished from each other by their topography (dermoid cysts are found more medially while epidermoid cysts occur on the base of the skull and in the pontocerebellar angle), by the presence or not of calcification (found almost exclusively in dermoid cysts), and by their computer tomography appearances. Both tumors have low densities, below that of the cerebrospinal fluid, but dermoid cysts have lower densities than epidermoid cysts, which can be easily explained by referring to the anatomo-pathological appearance.", "contents": "[Computer tomography appearances of intracranial epidermoid and dermoid cysts as demonstrated by three cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe the computer tomography appearances of intracranial epidermoid and dermoid cysts as demonstrated by three cases, and review the published literature. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts can be distinguished from each other by their topography (dermoid cysts are found more medially while epidermoid cysts occur on the base of the skull and in the pontocerebellar angle), by the presence or not of calcification (found almost exclusively in dermoid cysts), and by their computer tomography appearances. Both tumors have low densities, below that of the cerebrospinal fluid, but dermoid cysts have lower densities than epidermoid cysts, which can be easily explained by referring to the anatomo-pathological appearance.", "PMID": 490472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_553", "title": "[Congenital arteriovenous communications. A report on three cases of systemic extravisceral fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "Arteriovenous fistulae are rarely seen in children and are usually the result of malformations. Three cases are reported which were unusual because of their location and the manner in which they evolved. A simplified classification of these lesions is described and 582 cases from the published literature are reviewed.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriovenous communications. A report on three cases of systemic extravisceral fistulae (author's transl)]. Arteriovenous fistulae are rarely seen in children and are usually the result of malformations. Three cases are reported which were unusual because of their location and the manner in which they evolved. A simplified classification of these lesions is described and 582 cases from the published literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 490474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_554", "title": "[A critical review of the variations in size of the kidney caused by increased diuresis in hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the validity of Wolf and Dorph's test (increase in size of the kidney with increased diuresis) performed during intravenous urography in hypertensive patients. The technical procedure is described, and the results reported: 1 032 kidneys were measured, of which 84 had been also examined by arteriography. The results are analyzed and compared to those obtained after the standard method of early consecutive films, with the following conclusions: -- the test is not as valid as is suggested by the authors who described it; -- the information supplied by the standard method is more consistent and precise; -- the results of these two series are not completely superimposable; -- that even if Wolf and Dorph's test can sometimes supply useful information, it must not be relied upon completely.", "contents": "[A critical review of the variations in size of the kidney caused by increased diuresis in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. The authors studied the validity of Wolf and Dorph's test (increase in size of the kidney with increased diuresis) performed during intravenous urography in hypertensive patients. The technical procedure is described, and the results reported: 1 032 kidneys were measured, of which 84 had been also examined by arteriography. The results are analyzed and compared to those obtained after the standard method of early consecutive films, with the following conclusions: -- the test is not as valid as is suggested by the authors who described it; -- the information supplied by the standard method is more consistent and precise; -- the results of these two series are not completely superimposable; -- that even if Wolf and Dorph's test can sometimes supply useful information, it must not be relied upon completely.", "PMID": 490475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_555", "title": "[Radiographic appearances of a renin secreting renal tumor. A rare cause of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven cases of hypertension due to a renin secreting renal tumor have been reported since 1967. Here we are dealing with another case which appeared as hypertension and cerebro vascular accident in a thirty - year old woman an I.V. Py\u00e9logram and a renal angiogram showed a tumor in the upper pole of the left kidney. Renal veins renin dosage showed hypersecretion on the side of the tumor. The tumorectomy was followed by a normalization of blood pressure. The microscopic study confirmed the diagnosis of renin secreting juxta-glomerular cell tumor.", "contents": "[Radiographic appearances of a renin secreting renal tumor. A rare cause of hypertension (author's transl)]. Eleven cases of hypertension due to a renin secreting renal tumor have been reported since 1967. Here we are dealing with another case which appeared as hypertension and cerebro vascular accident in a thirty - year old woman an I.V. Py\u00e9logram and a renal angiogram showed a tumor in the upper pole of the left kidney. Renal veins renin dosage showed hypersecretion on the side of the tumor. The tumorectomy was followed by a normalization of blood pressure. The microscopic study confirmed the diagnosis of renin secreting juxta-glomerular cell tumor.", "PMID": 490476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_556", "title": "[The value of embolization in severe epistaxis. Indications and methods (author's transl)].", "content": "When performed by a team who are experienced in the use of embolization of the external carotid region, this procedure is nowadays a safe and extremely effective method for treating severe, massive, uncontrolled, recurrent epistaxis. Arteriography shows the site of bleeding, the nature of the lesion, and the arteries affected. When carried out by the femoral or common carotid route, this method was effective in 52 cases of severe epistaxis of various origins: essential epistaxis, or from hypertension, trauma, Rendu Osler's disease, vascular malformations, carotidocavernous fistulae, benign or malignant tumors, hematological affections, or hemostatic disorders. To avoid risk it is essential that a perfect technique be used and a certain number of principles respected. The method is effective in cases were surgical hemostasis is insufficient, and its rapidity of action allows removal of packs immediately after embolization. This clearly underlines the value of constantly available vascular radiology units for treatment in this region as well as in other parts of the body.", "contents": "[The value of embolization in severe epistaxis. Indications and methods (author's transl)]. When performed by a team who are experienced in the use of embolization of the external carotid region, this procedure is nowadays a safe and extremely effective method for treating severe, massive, uncontrolled, recurrent epistaxis. Arteriography shows the site of bleeding, the nature of the lesion, and the arteries affected. When carried out by the femoral or common carotid route, this method was effective in 52 cases of severe epistaxis of various origins: essential epistaxis, or from hypertension, trauma, Rendu Osler's disease, vascular malformations, carotidocavernous fistulae, benign or malignant tumors, hematological affections, or hemostatic disorders. To avoid risk it is essential that a perfect technique be used and a certain number of principles respected. The method is effective in cases were surgical hemostasis is insufficient, and its rapidity of action allows removal of packs immediately after embolization. This clearly underlines the value of constantly available vascular radiology units for treatment in this region as well as in other parts of the body.", "PMID": 490477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_557", "title": "[Double contrast radiography of the stomach. Technique and results in early gastric cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for examination of the stomach is described and includes: induction of hypotony with medication, thin layer study of the anterior wall, and double contrast and compression. If there is close collaboration between the radiologist and the surgeon performing the endoscopy, this method can considerably improve diagnosis. Its application enabled 21 \"early\" cancers (as defined by the Japanese Society of Gastro-Enterology and Endoscopy) to be diagnosed out of 8 000 exsminations performed between 1971 and 1977. The smallest lesion measured 0.5 X 0.8 cm. The diagnostic value of this examination technique is about equal to that of fibroscopy, and a comparison of the different methods of radiological examination clearly demonstrates the superiority of double contrast for detecting small lesions: 19 of the 21 early cancers were visible in the double contrast images, while only 10 produced irregulrities in the walls as seen when filling had been completed, and 6 of the 21 lesions appeared during compression. This method is also very useful for the differential diagnosis of ulcers, ulcer scars, and early cancer. The following signs favour a malignant lesion: clear but irregular edges of depressed area with a nodular surface, convergent but interrupted folds with club deformity, and fusioning of the two folds giving a typical appearance. Flat cancerous lesions with diameters less than 1 cm are still extremely difficult to diagnose.", "contents": "[Double contrast radiography of the stomach. Technique and results in early gastric cancer (author's transl)]. A technique for examination of the stomach is described and includes: induction of hypotony with medication, thin layer study of the anterior wall, and double contrast and compression. If there is close collaboration between the radiologist and the surgeon performing the endoscopy, this method can considerably improve diagnosis. Its application enabled 21 \"early\" cancers (as defined by the Japanese Society of Gastro-Enterology and Endoscopy) to be diagnosed out of 8 000 exsminations performed between 1971 and 1977. The smallest lesion measured 0.5 X 0.8 cm. The diagnostic value of this examination technique is about equal to that of fibroscopy, and a comparison of the different methods of radiological examination clearly demonstrates the superiority of double contrast for detecting small lesions: 19 of the 21 early cancers were visible in the double contrast images, while only 10 produced irregulrities in the walls as seen when filling had been completed, and 6 of the 21 lesions appeared during compression. This method is also very useful for the differential diagnosis of ulcers, ulcer scars, and early cancer. The following signs favour a malignant lesion: clear but irregular edges of depressed area with a nodular surface, convergent but interrupted folds with club deformity, and fusioning of the two folds giving a typical appearance. Flat cancerous lesions with diameters less than 1 cm are still extremely difficult to diagnose.", "PMID": 490478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_558", "title": "[Diagnostic value of arteriography in a case of splenomegaly of unknown origin (author's transl)].", "content": "A 32 year-old patient was found to have a tender enlarged spleen with hardly any other signs apart from transient fever and moderate hepatomegaly. Coeliac arteriography was performed to eliminate the possibility of a splenic tumor. The splenic arteriography showed the presence of a great number of lacuna dispersed throughout the parenchyma and measuring 0,5 to 1 cm. Histopathological examination of samples of the spleen, removed by operation, and biopsies of the liver and lymphnodes confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the liver, spleen and lymphnodes.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of arteriography in a case of splenomegaly of unknown origin (author's transl)]. A 32 year-old patient was found to have a tender enlarged spleen with hardly any other signs apart from transient fever and moderate hepatomegaly. Coeliac arteriography was performed to eliminate the possibility of a splenic tumor. The splenic arteriography showed the presence of a great number of lacuna dispersed throughout the parenchyma and measuring 0,5 to 1 cm. Histopathological examination of samples of the spleen, removed by operation, and biopsies of the liver and lymphnodes confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis of the liver, spleen and lymphnodes.", "PMID": 490479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_559", "title": "[Automatic calculation of the base dose in the Paris System (author's transl)].", "content": "The systematic dosimetric control after all endocurietherapy implantations considered to be in conformity with the Paris System is often made manually from tracings of the radioactive threads and a series of tables which gives the strength of the dose as a function of the distance from the thread. The authors describe a calculating programme, developed in a small Hewlett Packard calculator associated with a printing-out apparatus (without graph tracings), which can determine the strength of the base dose and the tracing of the isodoses in the central plane for all radioactive implantations belonging to the field of application of the Paris System. A schematic representation of the organization of the programme includes feeding of information in the form of Cartesian co-ordinates; the geometric determination of the points for calculating the base doses, the calculation of the strength of the base dose, the reference dose, and doses at particular points in the central plane, and finally, tracing the isodoses. Several examples are presented, after which the authors discuss the advantages as well as the limits of this method.", "contents": "[Automatic calculation of the base dose in the Paris System (author's transl)]. The systematic dosimetric control after all endocurietherapy implantations considered to be in conformity with the Paris System is often made manually from tracings of the radioactive threads and a series of tables which gives the strength of the dose as a function of the distance from the thread. The authors describe a calculating programme, developed in a small Hewlett Packard calculator associated with a printing-out apparatus (without graph tracings), which can determine the strength of the base dose and the tracing of the isodoses in the central plane for all radioactive implantations belonging to the field of application of the Paris System. A schematic representation of the organization of the programme includes feeding of information in the form of Cartesian co-ordinates; the geometric determination of the points for calculating the base doses, the calculation of the strength of the base dose, the reference dose, and doses at particular points in the central plane, and finally, tracing the isodoses. Several examples are presented, after which the authors discuss the advantages as well as the limits of this method.", "PMID": 490482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_560", "title": "[Results of the radiotherapy in the non Hodgkin's lymphomas treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In our 98 patients all treated by association chemotherapy + cobaltherapy, 37 cases were stages III and IV and 71 cases were of diffuse pathology classification. Meanwhile the results were not so poor: 66% at 5 years survival (all stages) and 69% for stages I and II. The curves of survival rate generally stabilize at 7 years. The prognostic depend of the pathology class: diffuse LBS and diffuse HBS have an evolution similar to acute leukemia (44.5% and 19% at 7 years survival), on the opposite nodular LBS, diffuse LCS have 100% survival at 7 years. Diffuse cases have visceral relapses (liver, bone marrow, Waldeyer ring) or generalized lymphatic involvement; nodular cases have generally localized and only lymph-nodes relapses. The best results by large fields irradiation suggest a contiguous extension of the disease, but there is also distant lymph nodes relapses. In the nodular cases, relapses can be generally cured by localized radiotherapy. In the diffuse case, we do not know if it is better to give total lymphnode irradiation (or to give more chemotherapy with economic irradiation). 10 gastro-intestinal cases were treated by moving strip technique with excellent tolerance and 67.5% at 5 years survival. These results show that interesting results may be obtained in non Hodgkin lymphomas by association of chemotherapy, with selective and moderately large fields irradiation, even in disseminated cases, even in diffuse cases.", "contents": "[Results of the radiotherapy in the non Hodgkin's lymphomas treatment (author's transl)]. In our 98 patients all treated by association chemotherapy + cobaltherapy, 37 cases were stages III and IV and 71 cases were of diffuse pathology classification. Meanwhile the results were not so poor: 66% at 5 years survival (all stages) and 69% for stages I and II. The curves of survival rate generally stabilize at 7 years. The prognostic depend of the pathology class: diffuse LBS and diffuse HBS have an evolution similar to acute leukemia (44.5% and 19% at 7 years survival), on the opposite nodular LBS, diffuse LCS have 100% survival at 7 years. Diffuse cases have visceral relapses (liver, bone marrow, Waldeyer ring) or generalized lymphatic involvement; nodular cases have generally localized and only lymph-nodes relapses. The best results by large fields irradiation suggest a contiguous extension of the disease, but there is also distant lymph nodes relapses. In the nodular cases, relapses can be generally cured by localized radiotherapy. In the diffuse case, we do not know if it is better to give total lymphnode irradiation (or to give more chemotherapy with economic irradiation). 10 gastro-intestinal cases were treated by moving strip technique with excellent tolerance and 67.5% at 5 years survival. These results show that interesting results may be obtained in non Hodgkin lymphomas by association of chemotherapy, with selective and moderately large fields irradiation, even in disseminated cases, even in diffuse cases.", "PMID": 490483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_561", "title": "[Cervical lymph nodes metastasis from an unknown primary: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A retrospective study of 127 cases observed from 1959 to 1973 (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present clinical records of 127 patients bearing metastatic cervical lymph nodes of unknown origin and referred to the Cl. Regaud Cancer Center between 1959 and 1973. According the prognosis, it is possible to distinguish patients into three groups. In group I, patients (10%) have a lower neck involvement by an adenocarcinoma. The survival is dramatically bad. Group II includes also 10% of patients who have a fairly better prognosis, they are younger people bearing poorly differenciated squamous metastatic lymphonode(s) in the upper neck. Group III. The remaining eighty per cent of patients are heavy drinkers and smokers. Their upper neck is hurt by lymphatic metastases from a well or moderately differenciated squamous cell carcinoma. They have much about the same prognosis than people bearing a known primary carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. After having excluded the first group of patients who is at high risk of having a widely disseminated illness, we can remark that about one half of relapses occurred in the cervical area. A well planned combination of neck dissection and whole cervical lymphatic areas irradiation may further reduce such recurrences and so may enhance the present results: 23% survival 3 years after completion of treatment.", "contents": "[Cervical lymph nodes metastasis from an unknown primary: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A retrospective study of 127 cases observed from 1959 to 1973 (author's transl)]. Authors present clinical records of 127 patients bearing metastatic cervical lymph nodes of unknown origin and referred to the Cl. Regaud Cancer Center between 1959 and 1973. According the prognosis, it is possible to distinguish patients into three groups. In group I, patients (10%) have a lower neck involvement by an adenocarcinoma. The survival is dramatically bad. Group II includes also 10% of patients who have a fairly better prognosis, they are younger people bearing poorly differenciated squamous metastatic lymphonode(s) in the upper neck. Group III. The remaining eighty per cent of patients are heavy drinkers and smokers. Their upper neck is hurt by lymphatic metastases from a well or moderately differenciated squamous cell carcinoma. They have much about the same prognosis than people bearing a known primary carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. After having excluded the first group of patients who is at high risk of having a widely disseminated illness, we can remark that about one half of relapses occurred in the cervical area. A well planned combination of neck dissection and whole cervical lymphatic areas irradiation may further reduce such recurrences and so may enhance the present results: 23% survival 3 years after completion of treatment.", "PMID": 490485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_562", "title": "[Stage I and II cancer of the cervix. Report on the results of treatment in 1,015 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treatment in 1,015 stage I and II patients with cancer of the cervix are presented. The 5 year survival and recurrence rates were calculated in relation to the treatment applied. Two groups of stage Ib and IIa patients were available, one of them having been treated with radiotherapy, and the other one with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy after previous intra cavitary radiumtherapy. The difference in the survival rates between the two stage Ib groups is not statistically signficant. We did not try to make a statistical comparison between the two stage IIa groups because the combined therapy group includes only patients with very early lesions. Most stage IIb patients were treated with radiotherapy. The postoperative mortality was 2.2%. There were no deaths related to treatment in the group of patients treated with radiotherapy alone. Ninety percent of the recurrences appeared within 3 years after completion of treatment.", "contents": "[Stage I and II cancer of the cervix. Report on the results of treatment in 1,015 patients (author's transl)]. The results of treatment in 1,015 stage I and II patients with cancer of the cervix are presented. The 5 year survival and recurrence rates were calculated in relation to the treatment applied. Two groups of stage Ib and IIa patients were available, one of them having been treated with radiotherapy, and the other one with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy after previous intra cavitary radiumtherapy. The difference in the survival rates between the two stage Ib groups is not statistically signficant. We did not try to make a statistical comparison between the two stage IIa groups because the combined therapy group includes only patients with very early lesions. Most stage IIb patients were treated with radiotherapy. The postoperative mortality was 2.2%. There were no deaths related to treatment in the group of patients treated with radiotherapy alone. Ninety percent of the recurrences appeared within 3 years after completion of treatment.", "PMID": 490486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_563", "title": "[Curietherapy in the carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Comparison of the obtained by computer dosimetric informations. Cooperative study by the European Group of curietherapists (author's transl)].", "content": "A cooperative study was taken to comparate the doses, obtained by the different institutes. The European Group had first defined the important points of the irradiated volume. This study has shown the great differencies between the doses of the institutes. First, the reference points for the surrounding structures were examined. The average of the doses at the inferior points of the Fletcher's lymphatic trapezium varies between 500 and 1 500 rads. This at the pelvic wall point is usually more important (10 or 15%). The doses at the delicate organs, the bladder and the rectum were studied in second. The average of the maximal vesical doses varies from 4 000 to 4 900 rads in the preoperative group; the average of the maximal rectal doses between 2 100 and 5 200 rads in the same group. The examination of the mean rectal dose was difficult. Every Institute has his own means of determining it. At last the size of the reference volume was considered. The 6 000 rads isodose was selected for the whole treatment. The height of this volume seems to be essentially dependent of the length of the uterine source. There seems existing some parallelism between the width and the thickness of the reference volume, but there are many differencies from an Institute to another. Now the Group has to determine a dosimetric methodology which may be transmissible.", "contents": "[Curietherapy in the carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Comparison of the obtained by computer dosimetric informations. Cooperative study by the European Group of curietherapists (author's transl)]. A cooperative study was taken to comparate the doses, obtained by the different institutes. The European Group had first defined the important points of the irradiated volume. This study has shown the great differencies between the doses of the institutes. First, the reference points for the surrounding structures were examined. The average of the doses at the inferior points of the Fletcher's lymphatic trapezium varies between 500 and 1 500 rads. This at the pelvic wall point is usually more important (10 or 15%). The doses at the delicate organs, the bladder and the rectum were studied in second. The average of the maximal vesical doses varies from 4 000 to 4 900 rads in the preoperative group; the average of the maximal rectal doses between 2 100 and 5 200 rads in the same group. The examination of the mean rectal dose was difficult. Every Institute has his own means of determining it. At last the size of the reference volume was considered. The 6 000 rads isodose was selected for the whole treatment. The height of this volume seems to be essentially dependent of the length of the uterine source. There seems existing some parallelism between the width and the thickness of the reference volume, but there are many differencies from an Institute to another. Now the Group has to determine a dosimetric methodology which may be transmissible.", "PMID": 490487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_564", "title": "[Diagnostic value of vaginal mouldings in uterine cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Vaginal mouldings were originally introduced as applicators for uterovaginal radium therapy. After 13 years of experience with this method in the Gustave-Roussy Institute we have found that it is also of great value for diagnostic purposes: it enables the site of the uterine cervical and vaginal lesions to be determined in a more precise manner; areas of invasion of the vagina can be detected which would normally not have been found, either because of the difficulty of performing previous investigations, or because of the extremely superficial nature of certain vaginal lesions: the extent of invasion and the subsequent therapeutic approach can then be radically modified; objective records can be kept in the form of photographs which can be compared with any future mouldings. The vaginal moulding can, in fact, be used as a diagnostic tool during supervision of the patients, when there is the least suspicion of an abnormal finding.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of vaginal mouldings in uterine cancer (author's transl)]. Vaginal mouldings were originally introduced as applicators for uterovaginal radium therapy. After 13 years of experience with this method in the Gustave-Roussy Institute we have found that it is also of great value for diagnostic purposes: it enables the site of the uterine cervical and vaginal lesions to be determined in a more precise manner; areas of invasion of the vagina can be detected which would normally not have been found, either because of the difficulty of performing previous investigations, or because of the extremely superficial nature of certain vaginal lesions: the extent of invasion and the subsequent therapeutic approach can then be radically modified; objective records can be kept in the form of photographs which can be compared with any future mouldings. The vaginal moulding can, in fact, be used as a diagnostic tool during supervision of the patients, when there is the least suspicion of an abnormal finding.", "PMID": 490488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_565", "title": "[A projector of iridium 192 wires: motivations and preliminary studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Though the majority of procedures involved in curietherapy with Iridium 192 wires cause very few problems concerning radiation protection, this is not true in all cases: in elderly of debilitated patients, young children, or when using special techniques (curietherapy for prostate of bladder cancers for example). In these cases, the need for frequent treatments exposes the therapists to increased doses. The projector of Iridium 192 wires was conceived in order to reduce this irradiation hazard. A simple manipulation places the radioactive wires in a lead container during treatment, and then replaces them in the right position after therapy. This apparatus appears to offer the possibility of: an almost total protection of the therapists, and thus an opportunity for enlarging the indications for curietherapy; an improved quality of treatment to the patient during the application.", "contents": "[A projector of iridium 192 wires: motivations and preliminary studies (author's transl)]. Though the majority of procedures involved in curietherapy with Iridium 192 wires cause very few problems concerning radiation protection, this is not true in all cases: in elderly of debilitated patients, young children, or when using special techniques (curietherapy for prostate of bladder cancers for example). In these cases, the need for frequent treatments exposes the therapists to increased doses. The projector of Iridium 192 wires was conceived in order to reduce this irradiation hazard. A simple manipulation places the radioactive wires in a lead container during treatment, and then replaces them in the right position after therapy. This apparatus appears to offer the possibility of: an almost total protection of the therapists, and thus an opportunity for enlarging the indications for curietherapy; an improved quality of treatment to the patient during the application.", "PMID": 490489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_566", "title": "Lymphoid cells in the uterine cervix after electrocoagulation.", "content": "Lymphoid cells were observed in the healing cervix during the first week after electrocoagulation. The ultrastructure of these cells was similar to that of activated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphoid cells in the uterine cervix after electrocoagulation. Lymphoid cells were observed in the healing cervix during the first week after electrocoagulation. The ultrastructure of these cells was similar to that of activated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 490491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_567", "title": "Giant condyloma acuminatum of the endocervix and lower uterine segment.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman presented with lower abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and vaginal discharge. A total abdominal hysterectomy was done for persistent, severe uterine pain unresponsive to medical management. Histologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed a large condyloma acuminatum of the endocervix and lower uterine segment. This represents a rare manifestation of a very common venereal disease.", "contents": "Giant condyloma acuminatum of the endocervix and lower uterine segment. A 34-year-old woman presented with lower abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and vaginal discharge. A total abdominal hysterectomy was done for persistent, severe uterine pain unresponsive to medical management. Histologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed a large condyloma acuminatum of the endocervix and lower uterine segment. This represents a rare manifestation of a very common venereal disease.", "PMID": 490492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_568", "title": "Hysteroscopic oviductal blocking with formed-in-place silicone rubber plugs. I. Method and apparatus.", "content": "This method of nonsurgical female tubal sterilization involves the flowing of catalyzed silicone material into the oviduct through a silicone rubber obturator tip positioned at the tubal ostium. The method, described earlier as a fluoroscopic technique, has now been developed as a hysteroscopic procedure. Components include the obturator tip with retrieval loop, guide assembly, nonair-entraining mixer-dispenser, flow-actuation apparatus and plug-forming materials. Steps in the procedure include placement of the obturator tip in the tubal ostium, flow of the silicone, releasing of the tip (bonded to the cured plug) from the guide and removal of the guide.", "contents": "Hysteroscopic oviductal blocking with formed-in-place silicone rubber plugs. I. Method and apparatus. This method of nonsurgical female tubal sterilization involves the flowing of catalyzed silicone material into the oviduct through a silicone rubber obturator tip positioned at the tubal ostium. The method, described earlier as a fluoroscopic technique, has now been developed as a hysteroscopic procedure. Components include the obturator tip with retrieval loop, guide assembly, nonair-entraining mixer-dispenser, flow-actuation apparatus and plug-forming materials. Steps in the procedure include placement of the obturator tip in the tubal ostium, flow of the silicone, releasing of the tip (bonded to the cured plug) from the guide and removal of the guide.", "PMID": 490493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_569", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of cerebrospinal fluids (CSF's) against lymphocytes and phagocytes: comparison of normal and systemic lupus erythematosus CSF's.", "content": "Fifty cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), 24 normal, 26 from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were tested for cytotoxic activity against human lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. Normal and SLE CSF's frequently killed all 3 cell types. Lympho- and granulocytotoxins often reacted at both 4 degrees/24 degrees C, and at 37 degrees C. They were more active when no complement was added (p less than 0.01), whereas monocytotoxicity was complement-dependent (p less than 0.01). Normal CSF's more often contained cold-reacting lymphocytotoxins and SLE CSF's more often had warm-reacting monocytotoxins, but the differences were not significant (p = 0.03). Cytotoxins were easily absorbed to and eluted from lymphocytes and granulocytes, and when CSF's were toxic to both types of cells, the corresponding eluates usually retained this activity. Sometimes, only 1 type of cell was killed by the eluate, whereas cytotoxicity against another was retained by the corresponding supernatant. In SLE remarkable differences were noted between CSF cytotoxins and serum cytotoxins. The former were often more potent at 37 degrees C not requiring non-human complement. Preliminary characterization of CSF cytotoxins suggests they may be IgG, however, participation of non-Ig cytotoxic substances cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of cerebrospinal fluids (CSF's) against lymphocytes and phagocytes: comparison of normal and systemic lupus erythematosus CSF's. Fifty cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), 24 normal, 26 from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were tested for cytotoxic activity against human lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. Normal and SLE CSF's frequently killed all 3 cell types. Lympho- and granulocytotoxins often reacted at both 4 degrees/24 degrees C, and at 37 degrees C. They were more active when no complement was added (p less than 0.01), whereas monocytotoxicity was complement-dependent (p less than 0.01). Normal CSF's more often contained cold-reacting lymphocytotoxins and SLE CSF's more often had warm-reacting monocytotoxins, but the differences were not significant (p = 0.03). Cytotoxins were easily absorbed to and eluted from lymphocytes and granulocytes, and when CSF's were toxic to both types of cells, the corresponding eluates usually retained this activity. Sometimes, only 1 type of cell was killed by the eluate, whereas cytotoxicity against another was retained by the corresponding supernatant. In SLE remarkable differences were noted between CSF cytotoxins and serum cytotoxins. The former were often more potent at 37 degrees C not requiring non-human complement. Preliminary characterization of CSF cytotoxins suggests they may be IgG, however, participation of non-Ig cytotoxic substances cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 490521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_570", "title": "Rheumatoid nodulosis. Sporadic and familial diseases.", "content": "Two patients are described with longstanding, multiple, subcutaneous nodules with the histopathological features of rheumatoid nodules. Neither patient had any clinical evidence of rheumatic disease. One patient had a family history of smiliar nodules transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Leukocyte function studies failed to reveal any defect to account for the nodule formation.", "contents": "Rheumatoid nodulosis. Sporadic and familial diseases. Two patients are described with longstanding, multiple, subcutaneous nodules with the histopathological features of rheumatoid nodules. Neither patient had any clinical evidence of rheumatic disease. One patient had a family history of smiliar nodules transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Leukocyte function studies failed to reveal any defect to account for the nodule formation.", "PMID": 490522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_571", "title": "Rheumatoid markers in the absence of arthritis.", "content": "A 45-year-old man had high titer rheumatoid factor in his serum, marked elevation of his erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a histologically proven rheumatoid nodule in the absence of other manifestations of rheumatoid disease. These findings are most unusual and emphasize that serologic and histologic markers of rheumatoid arthritis may be present without arthritis or other disease manifestations.", "contents": "Rheumatoid markers in the absence of arthritis. A 45-year-old man had high titer rheumatoid factor in his serum, marked elevation of his erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a histologically proven rheumatoid nodule in the absence of other manifestations of rheumatoid disease. These findings are most unusual and emphasize that serologic and histologic markers of rheumatoid arthritis may be present without arthritis or other disease manifestations.", "PMID": 490523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_572", "title": "Alkenylidene bisphenols, a new class of bisphenol bactericide.", "content": "Alkenylidene bisphenols are prepared by condensation of an appropriate phenol with a haloacetaldehyde, followed by base-induced elimination, or by condensation of the corresponding aryl methyl ether, elimination, and deprotection of the phenol with boron tribromide. The resulting compounds may be further elaborated by reactions on the aromatic nucleus. A series of 13 such compounds showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus; the most active was 1,1-dichloro-2-(3-allyl-5-chloro-2-hydroxphenyl)-2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (16), MIC 0.16 microgram/mL. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (6) was similar in its activity and spectrum to hexachlorophene.", "contents": "Alkenylidene bisphenols, a new class of bisphenol bactericide. Alkenylidene bisphenols are prepared by condensation of an appropriate phenol with a haloacetaldehyde, followed by base-induced elimination, or by condensation of the corresponding aryl methyl ether, elimination, and deprotection of the phenol with boron tribromide. The resulting compounds may be further elaborated by reactions on the aromatic nucleus. A series of 13 such compounds showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus; the most active was 1,1-dichloro-2-(3-allyl-5-chloro-2-hydroxphenyl)-2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (16), MIC 0.16 microgram/mL. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (6) was similar in its activity and spectrum to hexachlorophene.", "PMID": 490530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_573", "title": "Radiological manifestations in 200 patients with ankylosing spondylitis: correlation with clinical features and HLA B27.", "content": "The radiological manifestations of 200 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were appraised, and correlated with the patient's sex, anterior uveitis, and HLA B27. Radiological findings in female patients were no different from male patients. Only syndesmophyte formation in the spine was found significantly more frequently in patients with uveitis and HLA B27. Osteoporosis of the spine correlated strongly with a later age of onset, longer duration of the disease, older age at the time of study, Romanus lesions, syndesmophytes, spinal fusion, osteitis pubis, and widespread radiological destructive peripheral joint disease. Syndesmophytes were most frequently present at the dorso-lumbar junction. Spondylodiscitis was present in 8 patients and was most commonly present in the thoracic spine.", "contents": "Radiological manifestations in 200 patients with ankylosing spondylitis: correlation with clinical features and HLA B27. The radiological manifestations of 200 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were appraised, and correlated with the patient's sex, anterior uveitis, and HLA B27. Radiological findings in female patients were no different from male patients. Only syndesmophyte formation in the spine was found significantly more frequently in patients with uveitis and HLA B27. Osteoporosis of the spine correlated strongly with a later age of onset, longer duration of the disease, older age at the time of study, Romanus lesions, syndesmophytes, spinal fusion, osteitis pubis, and widespread radiological destructive peripheral joint disease. Syndesmophytes were most frequently present at the dorso-lumbar junction. Spondylodiscitis was present in 8 patients and was most commonly present in the thoracic spine.", "PMID": 490525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_574", "title": "Antecedent tonsillectomy and appendectomy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The prevalence of tonsillectomy and appendectomy was higher in 196 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), prior to the onset of articular disease, than in their spouses and siblings. The estimated increased risk of developing RA with tonsillectomy was 1.5 and 3.5 times, with appendectomy 1.7 and 6.6 times, and with both surgical procedures 2.3 and 6.7 times, using patient-spouse and patient-sibling matched-pair data, respectively. However, only with patient-sibling data did the lower limits of the 95% confidence interval for the risk ratio exceed 1.0. Several hypotheses are offered to explain the possible association between these surgical procedures and RA.", "contents": "Antecedent tonsillectomy and appendectomy in rheumatoid arthritis. The prevalence of tonsillectomy and appendectomy was higher in 196 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), prior to the onset of articular disease, than in their spouses and siblings. The estimated increased risk of developing RA with tonsillectomy was 1.5 and 3.5 times, with appendectomy 1.7 and 6.6 times, and with both surgical procedures 2.3 and 6.7 times, using patient-spouse and patient-sibling matched-pair data, respectively. However, only with patient-sibling data did the lower limits of the 95% confidence interval for the risk ratio exceed 1.0. Several hypotheses are offered to explain the possible association between these surgical procedures and RA.", "PMID": 490526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_575", "title": "Antimycotic imidazoles. part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent.", "content": "The preparation and antifungal properties of cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine (I) are described. Ketoconazole has, at low oral doses, a high in vivi activity against vaginal candidosis in rats and against cutaneous candidosis in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Antimycotic imidazoles. part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent. The preparation and antifungal properties of cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine (I) are described. Ketoconazole has, at low oral doses, a high in vivi activity against vaginal candidosis in rats and against cutaneous candidosis in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 490531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_576", "title": "Temporal arteritis in Israel. A review of 47 patients.", "content": "We reviewed the charts of 47 patients with biopsy proven temporal arteritis, hospitalized in 9 major hospitals in Israel. The age of onset and clinical manifestations of this disease in Israel are similar to those reported from other parts of the world. The disease is more frequent (greater than x 3) in Ashkenazi than in Sephardic Jews and only 1 patient was Arab. More than half of the patients (20/32) had laboratory evidence of liver damage reversible with treatment. Follow-up of 19 of these patients revealed that the treatment with corticosteroids was continued in most patients for more than 2 years.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis in Israel. A review of 47 patients. We reviewed the charts of 47 patients with biopsy proven temporal arteritis, hospitalized in 9 major hospitals in Israel. The age of onset and clinical manifestations of this disease in Israel are similar to those reported from other parts of the world. The disease is more frequent (greater than x 3) in Ashkenazi than in Sephardic Jews and only 1 patient was Arab. More than half of the patients (20/32) had laboratory evidence of liver damage reversible with treatment. Follow-up of 19 of these patients revealed that the treatment with corticosteroids was continued in most patients for more than 2 years.", "PMID": 490527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_577", "title": "Adamantylthiourea derivatives as antiviral agents.", "content": "A series of nine 3-substituted 1-adamantylthioureas was prepared and tested for antiviral activity against influenza A2/Asian/J305 virus in vivo and in vitro. Protective dose 50 values were calculated for three of the compounds. One of these compounds, 7, has antiviral activity which compares favorably with that of amantadine.", "contents": "Adamantylthiourea derivatives as antiviral agents. A series of nine 3-substituted 1-adamantylthioureas was prepared and tested for antiviral activity against influenza A2/Asian/J305 virus in vivo and in vitro. Protective dose 50 values were calculated for three of the compounds. One of these compounds, 7, has antiviral activity which compares favorably with that of amantadine.", "PMID": 490532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_578", "title": "Glomerulonephritis associated with polymyositis.", "content": "Five patients with primary idiopathic polymyositis developed proteinuria associated with urine sediment abnormalities. Renal biopsies disclosed a focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with deposits of immunoglobulin and complement. After treatment of the polymyositis with corticosteroids, proteinuria and urine sediment changes disappeared within 4 to 8 wk along with an improvement in the muscle disease. Although the pathogenesis remains to be determined, immune complexes may be implicated in the etiology of this renal lesion.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis associated with polymyositis. Five patients with primary idiopathic polymyositis developed proteinuria associated with urine sediment abnormalities. Renal biopsies disclosed a focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with deposits of immunoglobulin and complement. After treatment of the polymyositis with corticosteroids, proteinuria and urine sediment changes disappeared within 4 to 8 wk along with an improvement in the muscle disease. Although the pathogenesis remains to be determined, immune complexes may be implicated in the etiology of this renal lesion.", "PMID": 490528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_579", "title": "Partial synthesis of 6'-hydroxycinchonine and its antiarrhythmic activity in mice.", "content": "The synthesis of 6'-hydroxycinchonine [8R,9S)-cinchonan-6',9-diol] was achieved by demethylating quinidine with boron tribromide in dichloromethane at -75 degrees C. The antiarrhythmic activities of 6'-hydroxycinchonine and quinidine were compared following the infusion of aconitine into the tail veins of mice to induce arrhythmias. Comparative ED50 and LD50 studies for quinidine and 6'-hydroxycinchonine revealed equivalent antiarrhythmic potencies for the two drugs but a smaller acute toxicity for 6'-hydroxycinchonine.", "contents": "Partial synthesis of 6'-hydroxycinchonine and its antiarrhythmic activity in mice. The synthesis of 6'-hydroxycinchonine [8R,9S)-cinchonan-6',9-diol] was achieved by demethylating quinidine with boron tribromide in dichloromethane at -75 degrees C. The antiarrhythmic activities of 6'-hydroxycinchonine and quinidine were compared following the infusion of aconitine into the tail veins of mice to induce arrhythmias. Comparative ED50 and LD50 studies for quinidine and 6'-hydroxycinchonine revealed equivalent antiarrhythmic potencies for the two drugs but a smaller acute toxicity for 6'-hydroxycinchonine.", "PMID": 490533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_580", "title": "Subluxation of the sacroiliac joints in a black female with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A 55-year-old black female with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is described. The patient had a severe flexion attitude secondary to a rotational subluxation at the sacroiliac joints with subsequent bony ankylosis. The sacroiliac abnormality has not been reported in AS patients. Sacroiliac joint laxity during multiple pregnancies might have contributed to the subluxation. The importance of this anatomic site in evaluating the surgical correction of the postural deformities of AS is stressed.", "contents": "Subluxation of the sacroiliac joints in a black female with ankylosing spondylitis. A 55-year-old black female with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is described. The patient had a severe flexion attitude secondary to a rotational subluxation at the sacroiliac joints with subsequent bony ankylosis. The sacroiliac abnormality has not been reported in AS patients. Sacroiliac joint laxity during multiple pregnancies might have contributed to the subluxation. The importance of this anatomic site in evaluating the surgical correction of the postural deformities of AS is stressed.", "PMID": 490524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_581", "title": "Hexofuranosyladenine nucleosides as substrates and inhibitors of calf intestinal adenosine deaminase.", "content": "A series of hexofuranosyladenine nucleosides have been tested as substrates and inhibitors of adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa. The nucleosides differed from each other in configuration at the various carbon atoms of the hexose and had either a methyl group or hydroxymethyl group at the terminal position. It has been confirmed that the best substrates have the beta-D or alpha-L configuration at the anomeric position and an hydroxyl group on the same side of the furanose ring as adenine. However, these properties are not minimal and other nucleosides will act as substrates even if they do not have the preferred configurations or groups available. The effect of having two hydroxyl groups in the same region of the molecule and in the preferred configurations was to greatly reduce Vmax. Most structural changes resulted in changes in Vmax, whereas KM values remained fairly close. Only a change in configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-5' caused a dramatic change in affinity, as reflected in the KM. All nucleosides exhibited competitive inhibitory kinetics. In the latter studies also, a change of configuration at C-5' greatly affected binding.", "contents": "Hexofuranosyladenine nucleosides as substrates and inhibitors of calf intestinal adenosine deaminase. A series of hexofuranosyladenine nucleosides have been tested as substrates and inhibitors of adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa. The nucleosides differed from each other in configuration at the various carbon atoms of the hexose and had either a methyl group or hydroxymethyl group at the terminal position. It has been confirmed that the best substrates have the beta-D or alpha-L configuration at the anomeric position and an hydroxyl group on the same side of the furanose ring as adenine. However, these properties are not minimal and other nucleosides will act as substrates even if they do not have the preferred configurations or groups available. The effect of having two hydroxyl groups in the same region of the molecule and in the preferred configurations was to greatly reduce Vmax. Most structural changes resulted in changes in Vmax, whereas KM values remained fairly close. Only a change in configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-5' caused a dramatic change in affinity, as reflected in the KM. All nucleosides exhibited competitive inhibitory kinetics. In the latter studies also, a change of configuration at C-5' greatly affected binding.", "PMID": 490534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_582", "title": "Adriamycin analogues. 3. Synthesis of N-alkylated anthracyclines with enhanced efficacy and reduced cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Reaction of daunorubicin (1) and adriamycin (2) with aldehydes and ketones in the presence of NaCNBH3 afforded N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylanthracyclines along with their 13-dihydro derivatives. Product ratios depended upon the nature of the carbonyl reagent and the starting drug. The majority of these analogues retained in vivo antitumor activity comparable to 1 and 2. However, unlike the parent compounds, which inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis at comparable concentrations, several of these analogues inhibit RNA synthesis at markedly lower concentrations than required to inhibit DNA synthesis. In addition, in some cases the ability to bind to DNA in vitro was reduced while antitumor activity was retained. N,N-Dibenzyldaunorubicin was especially notable for increased efficacy (T/C 259, qd 1--9) against P388 leukemia in mice, despite reduction of DNA binding in vitro. It showed almost complete loss of mutagenicity vs S. typhimurium (Ames test) and it was tenfold less cardiotoxic by electrocardiographic measurements (Zbinden test) in the rat.", "contents": "Adriamycin analogues. 3. Synthesis of N-alkylated anthracyclines with enhanced efficacy and reduced cardiotoxicity. Reaction of daunorubicin (1) and adriamycin (2) with aldehydes and ketones in the presence of NaCNBH3 afforded N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylanthracyclines along with their 13-dihydro derivatives. Product ratios depended upon the nature of the carbonyl reagent and the starting drug. The majority of these analogues retained in vivo antitumor activity comparable to 1 and 2. However, unlike the parent compounds, which inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis at comparable concentrations, several of these analogues inhibit RNA synthesis at markedly lower concentrations than required to inhibit DNA synthesis. In addition, in some cases the ability to bind to DNA in vitro was reduced while antitumor activity was retained. N,N-Dibenzyldaunorubicin was especially notable for increased efficacy (T/C 259, qd 1--9) against P388 leukemia in mice, despite reduction of DNA binding in vitro. It showed almost complete loss of mutagenicity vs S. typhimurium (Ames test) and it was tenfold less cardiotoxic by electrocardiographic measurements (Zbinden test) in the rat.", "PMID": 490536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_583", "title": "7-(Aminoethyl) ether and thioether of daunomycinone.", "content": "One-step treatment of daunomycinone with excess 2-aminoethanethiol and 2-aminoethanol in trifluoroacetic acid afforded at C-7 the thioether (77% yield) and ether (30% after recycling), respectively. Stereoselectivity for the natural 7S over the 7R configuration was greater for the ether (97:3) than for the thioether (2.5:1). Esterification of daunomycin at C-7 with beta-alanine was accomplished through the mixed anhydride of Z(OMe)-beta-alanine. Preliminary biological tests suggests that the antitumor and DNA interactive properties of the anthracyclines can be retained in such structures.", "contents": "7-(Aminoethyl) ether and thioether of daunomycinone. One-step treatment of daunomycinone with excess 2-aminoethanethiol and 2-aminoethanol in trifluoroacetic acid afforded at C-7 the thioether (77% yield) and ether (30% after recycling), respectively. Stereoselectivity for the natural 7S over the 7R configuration was greater for the ether (97:3) than for the thioether (2.5:1). Esterification of daunomycin at C-7 with beta-alanine was accomplished through the mixed anhydride of Z(OMe)-beta-alanine. Preliminary biological tests suggests that the antitumor and DNA interactive properties of the anthracyclines can be retained in such structures.", "PMID": 490537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_584", "title": "Synthesis of fused [1,2,6]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as potential transition-state analogue inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and guanase.", "content": "Ring closure of ethyl 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylate with sulfamoyl chloride gave 1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. The corresponding 4-amino analogue of this new heterocyclic ring system was similarly prepared from 3-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile. Treatment of 4,5,6-triamino-2H-1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide with N-thionylaniline gave a derivative of another new ring system, 7-amino-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 5,5-dioxide. These compounds and the corresponding 4-amino- and 4-hydroxyimidazol[4,5-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides were examined as potential transition-state analogue inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and guanine aminohydrolase. Two of the compounds possessed Ki values of about 2x 10(-4) M with guanine aminohydrolase, but no inhibition of xanthine oxidase was observed by any at 5 x 10(-4) M.", "contents": "Synthesis of fused [1,2,6]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as potential transition-state analogue inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and guanase. Ring closure of ethyl 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylate with sulfamoyl chloride gave 1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. The corresponding 4-amino analogue of this new heterocyclic ring system was similarly prepared from 3-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile. Treatment of 4,5,6-triamino-2H-1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide with N-thionylaniline gave a derivative of another new ring system, 7-amino-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 5,5-dioxide. These compounds and the corresponding 4-amino- and 4-hydroxyimidazol[4,5-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides were examined as potential transition-state analogue inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and guanine aminohydrolase. Two of the compounds possessed Ki values of about 2x 10(-4) M with guanine aminohydrolase, but no inhibition of xanthine oxidase was observed by any at 5 x 10(-4) M.", "PMID": 490539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_585", "title": "Synthesis of arabinofuranosyl derivatives of 3-deazaguanine.", "content": "Synthesis of four arabinofuranosyl derivatives of the antitumor agent 3-deazaguanine is described. By the use of 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the structures of these nucleosides were established to be alpha and beta pairs of N-7 and N-9 arabinosides of 3-deazaguanine. In contrast to 3-deazaguanine and its ribosyl derivative, the nucleosides described in this paper were found to be inactive against Sarcoma 180 in mice at 100 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis of arabinofuranosyl derivatives of 3-deazaguanine. Synthesis of four arabinofuranosyl derivatives of the antitumor agent 3-deazaguanine is described. By the use of 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the structures of these nucleosides were established to be alpha and beta pairs of N-7 and N-9 arabinosides of 3-deazaguanine. In contrast to 3-deazaguanine and its ribosyl derivative, the nucleosides described in this paper were found to be inactive against Sarcoma 180 in mice at 100 mg/kg.", "PMID": 490540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_586", "title": "Synthesis and antiestrogenic activity of [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-naphthalenyl][4-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]-phenyl]methanone, methanesulfonic acid salt.", "content": "Acylation of the sodio anion of beta-tetralone with phenyl anisoate, followed by a Grignard reaction of the resultant 4 with 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide, gave rise to two novel dihydronaphthalene isomers 5 and 6. Regioselective demethylation of either 5 or 6 by NaSEt produced [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-naphthalenyl](4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (7). Etherification of the phenolic group of 7 by N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine and subsequent methanesulfonate salt formation provided [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-maphthalenyl]]4-]2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methanone, methane sulfonic acid salt (3). Potent antiestrogenic activity of 3 was demonstrated by both oral and subcutaneous administration to rats and mice. In vitro binding studies with rat uterine cytosol estrogen receptors indicate compound 3 has a very high binding affinity which exceeds that of estradiol.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiestrogenic activity of [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-naphthalenyl][4-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]-phenyl]methanone, methanesulfonic acid salt. Acylation of the sodio anion of beta-tetralone with phenyl anisoate, followed by a Grignard reaction of the resultant 4 with 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide, gave rise to two novel dihydronaphthalene isomers 5 and 6. Regioselective demethylation of either 5 or 6 by NaSEt produced [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-naphthalenyl](4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (7). Etherification of the phenolic group of 7 by N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine and subsequent methanesulfonate salt formation provided [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-maphthalenyl]]4-]2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methanone, methane sulfonic acid salt (3). Potent antiestrogenic activity of 3 was demonstrated by both oral and subcutaneous administration to rats and mice. In vitro binding studies with rat uterine cytosol estrogen receptors indicate compound 3 has a very high binding affinity which exceeds that of estradiol.", "PMID": 490541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_587", "title": "Antileukemic activity of derivatives of 1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-phenylpyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate).", "content": "A series of phenyl-substituted derivatives of 1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-phenylpyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate) (1) were synthesized and tested for antileukemic activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in the mouse. All of the compounds tested, 1a--r, showed significant activity in this assay. Selected derivatives of 1 were tested against several bacteria and were found to have little or no antibacterial activity in the systems examined.", "contents": "Antileukemic activity of derivatives of 1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-phenylpyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate). A series of phenyl-substituted derivatives of 1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-phenylpyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate) (1) were synthesized and tested for antileukemic activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in the mouse. All of the compounds tested, 1a--r, showed significant activity in this assay. Selected derivatives of 1 were tested against several bacteria and were found to have little or no antibacterial activity in the systems examined.", "PMID": 490542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_588", "title": "Distance geometry approach to rationalizing binding data.", "content": "A new method is presented for calculating a type of quantitative structure-activity relationship, given experimental data on the binding affinity of a series of ligands to a receptor site on a protein. All ligands are presumed to have known chemical structure but may be conformationally flexible, and all are presumed to bind to the same, single, fairly rigid site of the (pure) receptor protein molecule. Given the experimentally determined free energies of binding of the ligand molecules, possible binding sites are deduced in terms of geometry and the chemical character of the various parts of the site. A test of the method is given for a series of chymotrypsin inhibitors and for a series of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. The proposed dihydrofolate reductase site suggests that a quinazoline inhibitor may rock between two different binding nodes depending on the pK of the ring N(1).", "contents": "Distance geometry approach to rationalizing binding data. A new method is presented for calculating a type of quantitative structure-activity relationship, given experimental data on the binding affinity of a series of ligands to a receptor site on a protein. All ligands are presumed to have known chemical structure but may be conformationally flexible, and all are presumed to bind to the same, single, fairly rigid site of the (pure) receptor protein molecule. Given the experimentally determined free energies of binding of the ligand molecules, possible binding sites are deduced in terms of geometry and the chemical character of the various parts of the site. A test of the method is given for a series of chymotrypsin inhibitors and for a series of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. The proposed dihydrofolate reductase site suggests that a quinazoline inhibitor may rock between two different binding nodes depending on the pK of the ring N(1).", "PMID": 490543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_589", "title": "Synthesis of Benzo-15-crown-5 polyethers, anticoccidial ionophore analogues.", "content": "Synthesis of eight benzo-15-crown-5 derivatives I (R = H, CO2Me, CO2H, Me; R1 = H, CO2H, CO2Me, CHO, CH=CHCO2H, CH2CH2CO2H) designed as rigid cyclic analogues of the anticoccidial ionophores is described. No anticoccidial activity was observed in chickens, but moderate activity in tissue culture was found for I (R = Me, R1 = H; R = R1 = H) and dibenzo-18-crown-6.", "contents": "Synthesis of Benzo-15-crown-5 polyethers, anticoccidial ionophore analogues. Synthesis of eight benzo-15-crown-5 derivatives I (R = H, CO2Me, CO2H, Me; R1 = H, CO2H, CO2Me, CHO, CH=CHCO2H, CH2CH2CO2H) designed as rigid cyclic analogues of the anticoccidial ionophores is described. No anticoccidial activity was observed in chickens, but moderate activity in tissue culture was found for I (R = Me, R1 = H; R = R1 = H) and dibenzo-18-crown-6.", "PMID": 490544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_590", "title": "Antitumor agents. 1. 1,4-Bis[(aminoalkyl)amino]-9,10-anthracenediones.", "content": "The condensation of alkylenediamines with quinizarin or with 2,3-dihydro-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione, followed by oxidation, gave 1,4-bis[aminoalkyl)amino]-9,10-anthracenediones. Some of these compounds and their 2,3-dihydro derivatives were markedly active against both leukemias and solid tumors in mice. Activity was maximal with 5,8-dihydroxylation and 1,4-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino] substitution, in which the terminal nitrogen atoms were either unsubstituted (compound 50) or carried 2-hydroxyethyl groups (compound 40), indicating the importance of hydrophilicity. Against B-16 melanoma, 50 gave greater than 433% increase in median life span (ILS) with 7/10 80-day survivors. Against P-388 leukemia, 40 gave greater than 500% ILS with 4/5.60-day survivors; its efficacy and therapeutic index equaled or surpassed those of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, methotrexate, or 5-fluorouracil. Against L-1210 leukemia, B-16 melanoma, and colon tumor 26, 40 was generally as effective or more effective than adriamycin and is now undergoing preclinical toxicological evaluation.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. 1. 1,4-Bis[(aminoalkyl)amino]-9,10-anthracenediones. The condensation of alkylenediamines with quinizarin or with 2,3-dihydro-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione, followed by oxidation, gave 1,4-bis[aminoalkyl)amino]-9,10-anthracenediones. Some of these compounds and their 2,3-dihydro derivatives were markedly active against both leukemias and solid tumors in mice. Activity was maximal with 5,8-dihydroxylation and 1,4-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino] substitution, in which the terminal nitrogen atoms were either unsubstituted (compound 50) or carried 2-hydroxyethyl groups (compound 40), indicating the importance of hydrophilicity. Against B-16 melanoma, 50 gave greater than 433% increase in median life span (ILS) with 7/10 80-day survivors. Against P-388 leukemia, 40 gave greater than 500% ILS with 4/5.60-day survivors; its efficacy and therapeutic index equaled or surpassed those of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, methotrexate, or 5-fluorouracil. Against L-1210 leukemia, B-16 melanoma, and colon tumor 26, 40 was generally as effective or more effective than adriamycin and is now undergoing preclinical toxicological evaluation.", "PMID": 490545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_591", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of tetramisole analogues as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase of the 6-thiopurine-resistant tumor sarcoma 180/TG.", "content": "Tetramisole and its analogues are potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, including isoenzymes of Sarcoma 180/TG which appear to be involved in the mechanism of resistance of this neoplastic cell line to the 6-thiopurines. To determine the requirement for the thiazole ring system of tetramisole for inhibitor potency, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole, 2,3-dihydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole, and 2,3,5,6-phenylimidazo[2,1-a]imidazole were synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against alkaline phosphatase isolated from Sarcoma 180/TG. The results indicate that 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole caused 50% inhibition at 0.21 mM, while the other synthesized compounds were inactive at a concentration of 1 mM; in contrast, tetramisole required only 0.045 mM for 50% inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. The findings support the concept that the thiazole ring system of the tetramisole structure is required for maximum inhibitory potency of this series against alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of tetramisole analogues as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase of the 6-thiopurine-resistant tumor sarcoma 180/TG. Tetramisole and its analogues are potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, including isoenzymes of Sarcoma 180/TG which appear to be involved in the mechanism of resistance of this neoplastic cell line to the 6-thiopurines. To determine the requirement for the thiazole ring system of tetramisole for inhibitor potency, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole, 2,3-dihydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole, and 2,3,5,6-phenylimidazo[2,1-a]imidazole were synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against alkaline phosphatase isolated from Sarcoma 180/TG. The results indicate that 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole caused 50% inhibition at 0.21 mM, while the other synthesized compounds were inactive at a concentration of 1 mM; in contrast, tetramisole required only 0.045 mM for 50% inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. The findings support the concept that the thiazole ring system of the tetramisole structure is required for maximum inhibitory potency of this series against alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 490546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_592", "title": "Structural analogues of L-glutamic Acid gamma-(4-hydroxyanilide) and gamma-(3,4-dihydroxyanilde) as potential agents against melanoma.", "content": "Nine heretofore unknown mono- and dihydroxyanilide analogues of the cytotoxic mushroom metabolites L-glutamic acid gamma-(4-hydroxyanilide) (1) and L-glutamic acid gamma-(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (3, agaridoxin) were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the growth of B16 mouse melanoma cells in culture. The naturally occurring anilides 1 and 3 had ID50 values of 0.10 and 0.27 mM, respectively. The analogue of 1 in which the gamma-L-glutamyl moiety was replaced by beta-L-aspartyl showed only a threefold decrease in activity, whereas attachment of the phenolic OH group to the meta instead of the para position resulted in a tenfold decrease. Other structural modifications, such as O-methylation or deletion of the carboxyl or amino group in the side chain, led to compounds of still lower activity (ID50 greater than 1.0 mM). The only analogue in the series with more activity than either 1 or 3 against B16 cells was L-glutamic acid gamma-(2,5-dihydroxyanilide) (14), which had an ID50 value of 0.051 mM. These data suggest that the gamma-L-glutamyl side chain in 1 or 3 plays a significant role in the biological action of these compounds, though some flexibility appears to exist insofar as the positioning of OH groups on the aromatic ring is concerned.", "contents": "Structural analogues of L-glutamic Acid gamma-(4-hydroxyanilide) and gamma-(3,4-dihydroxyanilde) as potential agents against melanoma. Nine heretofore unknown mono- and dihydroxyanilide analogues of the cytotoxic mushroom metabolites L-glutamic acid gamma-(4-hydroxyanilide) (1) and L-glutamic acid gamma-(3,4-dihydroxyanilide) (3, agaridoxin) were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the growth of B16 mouse melanoma cells in culture. The naturally occurring anilides 1 and 3 had ID50 values of 0.10 and 0.27 mM, respectively. The analogue of 1 in which the gamma-L-glutamyl moiety was replaced by beta-L-aspartyl showed only a threefold decrease in activity, whereas attachment of the phenolic OH group to the meta instead of the para position resulted in a tenfold decrease. Other structural modifications, such as O-methylation or deletion of the carboxyl or amino group in the side chain, led to compounds of still lower activity (ID50 greater than 1.0 mM). The only analogue in the series with more activity than either 1 or 3 against B16 cells was L-glutamic acid gamma-(2,5-dihydroxyanilide) (14), which had an ID50 value of 0.051 mM. These data suggest that the gamma-L-glutamyl side chain in 1 or 3 plays a significant role in the biological action of these compounds, though some flexibility appears to exist insofar as the positioning of OH groups on the aromatic ring is concerned.", "PMID": 490547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_593", "title": "Angiotensin II analogues. 13. Role of the hydroxyl group of position 4 tyrosine in pressor activity.", "content": "In order to determine the features of the phenolic ring in position 4 of [Asn1,Ile5]angiotensin II that contribute to pressor activity, analogues with selected aromatic substituents were synthesized by the solid-phase method. They showed pressor activities in the rat: [Asn1,Phe(4-NH2)4]AII, 24%; [Asn1,Phe(4-NO2)4AII, 0.1%; [Asn1,Tyr(3,5-Me2)4]AII, 2.2%; [Asn1,D-Tyr(3,5-Me2)4]AII, 1.4%. These results indicate that the activity contributed by the aromatic character of the phenyl ring in the side chain of position 4 is enhanced by a group in the para position that may function as a proton donor in hydrogen-bond formation. Bulky substituents ortho to this hydrogen-bonding group decrease activity by steric interference with hydrogen-bond formation. Bulky groups than cannot act as hydrogen donors in the para position of the aromatic ring drastically decrease the activating effect of the aromatic ring on pressor activity.", "contents": "Angiotensin II analogues. 13. Role of the hydroxyl group of position 4 tyrosine in pressor activity. In order to determine the features of the phenolic ring in position 4 of [Asn1,Ile5]angiotensin II that contribute to pressor activity, analogues with selected aromatic substituents were synthesized by the solid-phase method. They showed pressor activities in the rat: [Asn1,Phe(4-NH2)4]AII, 24%; [Asn1,Phe(4-NO2)4AII, 0.1%; [Asn1,Tyr(3,5-Me2)4]AII, 2.2%; [Asn1,D-Tyr(3,5-Me2)4]AII, 1.4%. These results indicate that the activity contributed by the aromatic character of the phenyl ring in the side chain of position 4 is enhanced by a group in the para position that may function as a proton donor in hydrogen-bond formation. Bulky substituents ortho to this hydrogen-bonding group decrease activity by steric interference with hydrogen-bond formation. Bulky groups than cannot act as hydrogen donors in the para position of the aromatic ring drastically decrease the activating effect of the aromatic ring on pressor activity.", "PMID": 490549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_594", "title": "Fluorinated retinoic acids and their analogues. 1. Synthesis and Biological activity of (4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)nonatetraenoic acid analogues.", "content": "(4-Methoyx-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)nonatetraenoic acids, esters, and amides (analogues of retinoic acid) bearing a fluorine atom(s) or a trifluoromethyl group on the polyene side chain were synthesized. The biological activities of these compounds and of 10-, 12-, and 14-fluororetinoic acid esters were evaluated in vivo in a chemically induced mouse papilloma test; the toxicities were assessed in an in vivo mouse hypervitaminosis A test. Antipapilloma activity greater than the parent nonfluorinated ester was found for 1c (ethyl 12-fluororetinoate) and 23 and 39 (aromatic 4- and 6-fluororetinoid esters, respectively). A similar increase in antipapilloma activity was observed for 71 and 72, the aromatic 4- and 6-fluororetinoic acids, respectively, relative to 2 and for 73 (aromatic 4-fluororetinoid amide) relative to 4.", "contents": "Fluorinated retinoic acids and their analogues. 1. Synthesis and Biological activity of (4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)nonatetraenoic acid analogues. (4-Methoyx-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)nonatetraenoic acids, esters, and amides (analogues of retinoic acid) bearing a fluorine atom(s) or a trifluoromethyl group on the polyene side chain were synthesized. The biological activities of these compounds and of 10-, 12-, and 14-fluororetinoic acid esters were evaluated in vivo in a chemically induced mouse papilloma test; the toxicities were assessed in an in vivo mouse hypervitaminosis A test. Antipapilloma activity greater than the parent nonfluorinated ester was found for 1c (ethyl 12-fluororetinoate) and 23 and 39 (aromatic 4- and 6-fluororetinoid esters, respectively). A similar increase in antipapilloma activity was observed for 71 and 72, the aromatic 4- and 6-fluororetinoic acids, respectively, relative to 2 and for 73 (aromatic 4-fluororetinoid amide) relative to 4.", "PMID": 490550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_595", "title": "(Aryloxy)[p-(aryloxy)phenyl]- and (aryloxy)[p-(arylthio)phenyl]acetic acids and esters as hypolipidemic agents.", "content": "A series of (aryloxy)[p-(aryloxy)phenyl]- and (aryloxy)[p-(arylthio)phenyl]acetic acids and esters of general structure 8 were prepared and tested for lipid-lowering activity in normal rats. At a dose of 0.1% of the diet (ca. 100 mg/kg), approximately half of the compounds reduced serum sterols in the range of 20--30% and lowered serum triglycerides by 40--60%. Over 35 analogues lowered serum sterols by 15--25% when fed at 0.03% of diet, and 15 of these maintained their activity at 0.01% of the diet (10 mg/kg). Synthetic methodology and structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "(Aryloxy)[p-(aryloxy)phenyl]- and (aryloxy)[p-(arylthio)phenyl]acetic acids and esters as hypolipidemic agents. A series of (aryloxy)[p-(aryloxy)phenyl]- and (aryloxy)[p-(arylthio)phenyl]acetic acids and esters of general structure 8 were prepared and tested for lipid-lowering activity in normal rats. At a dose of 0.1% of the diet (ca. 100 mg/kg), approximately half of the compounds reduced serum sterols in the range of 20--30% and lowered serum triglycerides by 40--60%. Over 35 analogues lowered serum sterols by 15--25% when fed at 0.03% of diet, and 15 of these maintained their activity at 0.01% of the diet (10 mg/kg). Synthetic methodology and structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 490551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_596", "title": "Antiinflammatory agents. 1. Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid.", "content": "The synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid are described. This compound was postulated to be an active metabolite of 7-benzoylindoline in order to explain the unexpected antiinflammatory activity of the latter compound. Metabolism studies on 14C-labeled 7-benzoylindoline did not confirm this hypothesis. Nevertheless, 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid, its ethyl ester, and the sodium salt show potent antiinflammatory activity in pharmacological models.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory agents. 1. Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid. The synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid are described. This compound was postulated to be an active metabolite of 7-benzoylindoline in order to explain the unexpected antiinflammatory activity of the latter compound. Metabolism studies on 14C-labeled 7-benzoylindoline did not confirm this hypothesis. Nevertheless, 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid, its ethyl ester, and the sodium salt show potent antiinflammatory activity in pharmacological models.", "PMID": 490552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_597", "title": "Aromatic hydroxylation of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Formation of 4'- and 5'-hydroxy-1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-allyloxy)phenoxy]-2-propanol from oxprenolol.", "content": "The metabolic aromatic hydroxylation of oxprenolol [1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-(allyloxy)phenoxy]-2-propanol] in rats was examined. Synthesis of the isomeric ring methoxyoxprenolols (3b-6b) was accomplished from the isomeric methoxysalicylaldehydes by O-allylation, followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The propanolamine side chain was elaborated by O-alkylation of the Bayer-Villiger product with epichlorohydrin and subsequent oxirane opening with isopropylamine. Gas chromatography-mass spectra of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of these standards was compared with urinary metabolites obtained from the rat, after methylation with diazomethane and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Both 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol (4a and 5a) were present in an approximate 4:1 ratio. No 3'- or 6'-hydroxyoxprenolol (3a and 6a) was detected. The metabolites obtained from a human urine treated in the same manner gave similar results with both 4a and 5a present.", "contents": "Aromatic hydroxylation of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Formation of 4'- and 5'-hydroxy-1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-allyloxy)phenoxy]-2-propanol from oxprenolol. The metabolic aromatic hydroxylation of oxprenolol [1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-(allyloxy)phenoxy]-2-propanol] in rats was examined. Synthesis of the isomeric ring methoxyoxprenolols (3b-6b) was accomplished from the isomeric methoxysalicylaldehydes by O-allylation, followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The propanolamine side chain was elaborated by O-alkylation of the Bayer-Villiger product with epichlorohydrin and subsequent oxirane opening with isopropylamine. Gas chromatography-mass spectra of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of these standards was compared with urinary metabolites obtained from the rat, after methylation with diazomethane and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Both 4'- and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol (4a and 5a) were present in an approximate 4:1 ratio. No 3'- or 6'-hydroxyoxprenolol (3a and 6a) was detected. The metabolites obtained from a human urine treated in the same manner gave similar results with both 4a and 5a present.", "PMID": 490553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_598", "title": "Metabolism of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Evidence for an arene oxide-NIH shift pathway in the aromatic hydroxylation of oxprenolol.", "content": "The metabolic hydroxylation of 4'-deuteriooxprenolol [1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-(allyloxy)-4'-deuteriophenoxy]-2-propanol] prepared from the 4'-bromo compound was examined in the rat (in vivo). GC-MS analysis of the 4'-and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol obtained showed 65% retention of deuterium in each of the metabolites. The results indicate that an arene oxide-NIH shift pathway is operative in these hydroxylation processes. The equal magnitude of deuterium retention is supportive of a 4',5'-arene oxide as a major contributor to their formation.", "contents": "Metabolism of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Evidence for an arene oxide-NIH shift pathway in the aromatic hydroxylation of oxprenolol. The metabolic hydroxylation of 4'-deuteriooxprenolol [1-(isopropylamino)-3-[2'-(allyloxy)-4'-deuteriophenoxy]-2-propanol] prepared from the 4'-bromo compound was examined in the rat (in vivo). GC-MS analysis of the 4'-and 5'-hydroxyoxprenolol obtained showed 65% retention of deuterium in each of the metabolites. The results indicate that an arene oxide-NIH shift pathway is operative in these hydroxylation processes. The equal magnitude of deuterium retention is supportive of a 4',5'-arene oxide as a major contributor to their formation.", "PMID": 490554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_599", "title": "Synthesis of some carbon-3 substituted 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones and their central nervous system effects.", "content": "Starting from 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones 1--3, via 3-chloro derivatives 4--6, 13 new C(3)-substituted 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones were synthesized. Reaction of 4--6 with ethylene glycol yielded 3-(beta-hydroxyethyl) derivatives 7--9. Similar reaction with the isopropylidene derivative of glycerol afforded 10--12, which on hydrolysis of the isopropylidene group hielded glycerol derivatives 13--15. Reaction of trichloroacetyl chloride with oxazepam and temazepam yielded the corresponding trichloroacetyl esters 16 and 17. The beta-hydroxyethyl derivative 7 was conjugated with an acetylated glucopyranose derivative to give isomeric 18 and 19. Partition coefficients (log Poct) and central nervous system activities (in six stranded tests) were determined for 7--15 as well as several standard compounds. Most of the compounds exhibiting beneficial central nervous system activity had Poct values between 1.71 and 2.48. No correlation between lipophilicity and central nervous system activity could be discerned for these compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis of some carbon-3 substituted 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones and their central nervous system effects. Starting from 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones 1--3, via 3-chloro derivatives 4--6, 13 new C(3)-substituted 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones were synthesized. Reaction of 4--6 with ethylene glycol yielded 3-(beta-hydroxyethyl) derivatives 7--9. Similar reaction with the isopropylidene derivative of glycerol afforded 10--12, which on hydrolysis of the isopropylidene group hielded glycerol derivatives 13--15. Reaction of trichloroacetyl chloride with oxazepam and temazepam yielded the corresponding trichloroacetyl esters 16 and 17. The beta-hydroxyethyl derivative 7 was conjugated with an acetylated glucopyranose derivative to give isomeric 18 and 19. Partition coefficients (log Poct) and central nervous system activities (in six stranded tests) were determined for 7--15 as well as several standard compounds. Most of the compounds exhibiting beneficial central nervous system activity had Poct values between 1.71 and 2.48. No correlation between lipophilicity and central nervous system activity could be discerned for these compounds.", "PMID": 490555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_600", "title": "Mechanism of the dealkylation of tertiary amines by hepatic oxygenases. Stable isotope studies with 1-benzyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine.", "content": "The microsomal oxidative dealkylation of 1-benzyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine has been studied and the source of oxygen shown to be molecular oxygen. The rate of debenzylation was decreased by substituting deuterium for hydrogen in the methylene portion of the benzyl group. The isotope effect was measured by comparison of the reaction rates of the d0 and d2 compounds 1a and 1b and also of the d5 and d7 compounds 1c and 1d. Determination of the reaction rates for various mixtures of labeled and unlabeled species allowed the rates for 0 (kH) and 100 mol % (kD) to be accurately obtained. A primary isotope effect of 1.46 was observed when the methylene hydrogens of benzyl were replaced by deuterium. No secondary isotope was observed when the aromatic hydrogens of benzyl were replaced by deuterium. The results of this study are consistent with a mechanism involving direct hydroxylation at the benzyl methylene position in a rate-determining step.", "contents": "Mechanism of the dealkylation of tertiary amines by hepatic oxygenases. Stable isotope studies with 1-benzyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine. The microsomal oxidative dealkylation of 1-benzyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine has been studied and the source of oxygen shown to be molecular oxygen. The rate of debenzylation was decreased by substituting deuterium for hydrogen in the methylene portion of the benzyl group. The isotope effect was measured by comparison of the reaction rates of the d0 and d2 compounds 1a and 1b and also of the d5 and d7 compounds 1c and 1d. Determination of the reaction rates for various mixtures of labeled and unlabeled species allowed the rates for 0 (kH) and 100 mol % (kD) to be accurately obtained. A primary isotope effect of 1.46 was observed when the methylene hydrogens of benzyl were replaced by deuterium. No secondary isotope was observed when the aromatic hydrogens of benzyl were replaced by deuterium. The results of this study are consistent with a mechanism involving direct hydroxylation at the benzyl methylene position in a rate-determining step.", "PMID": 490556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_601", "title": "Nitrosoureidonucleosides.", "content": "3-Deoxyl-1,2-O-isopropylidine-3-(3-methylureido)-alpha-D-ribofuranose (2) was converted to 1,2,5-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-(3-acetyl-3-methylureido)-D-ribofuranose (4) and the corresponding glycosyl chloride (7). These sugars were converted to the 3-deoxy-3-(3-methylureido)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of adenine (6c), 2-chloroadenine (6d), cytosine (6f), and uracil (6g). Nitrosation of these nucleosides gave the corresponding 3-methyl-3-nitrosoureidonucleosides 8c,d,f,g. 5'-Amino-5'-doxyadenosine (10a), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine (10b), and 5'-amino-5'-deoxycytidine (10c) were all converted to the corresponding 5'-(methylureido)-5'-deoxynucleosides 15a--c by reaction with methyl isocyanate. Nitrosation of these compounds gave the methylnitrosoureidonucleosides 16a--c. These nitrosoureas, potential active-site-directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, showed little cytotoxicity or activity against leukemia L1210 in vivo.", "contents": "Nitrosoureidonucleosides. 3-Deoxyl-1,2-O-isopropylidine-3-(3-methylureido)-alpha-D-ribofuranose (2) was converted to 1,2,5-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-(3-acetyl-3-methylureido)-D-ribofuranose (4) and the corresponding glycosyl chloride (7). These sugars were converted to the 3-deoxy-3-(3-methylureido)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of adenine (6c), 2-chloroadenine (6d), cytosine (6f), and uracil (6g). Nitrosation of these nucleosides gave the corresponding 3-methyl-3-nitrosoureidonucleosides 8c,d,f,g. 5'-Amino-5'-doxyadenosine (10a), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine (10b), and 5'-amino-5'-deoxycytidine (10c) were all converted to the corresponding 5'-(methylureido)-5'-deoxynucleosides 15a--c by reaction with methyl isocyanate. Nitrosation of these compounds gave the methylnitrosoureidonucleosides 16a--c. These nitrosoureas, potential active-site-directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, showed little cytotoxicity or activity against leukemia L1210 in vivo.", "PMID": 490557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_602", "title": "Antiparasitic agents. 3. Synthesis and anthelmintic activities of novel 2-pyridinyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazoles.", "content": "The preparation and anthelmintic activities of a series of 2-pyridinyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazoles are described. In the primary oral mouse screen, six derivatives showed 100% taeniacidal activity at 0.2% in diet. The most active member in this series, 1c, is potentially an effective gastrointestinal nematocide in sheep at 50 mg/kg po.", "contents": "Antiparasitic agents. 3. Synthesis and anthelmintic activities of novel 2-pyridinyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazoles. The preparation and anthelmintic activities of a series of 2-pyridinyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazoles are described. In the primary oral mouse screen, six derivatives showed 100% taeniacidal activity at 0.2% in diet. The most active member in this series, 1c, is potentially an effective gastrointestinal nematocide in sheep at 50 mg/kg po.", "PMID": 490558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_603", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinoxaline 4,9-dioxide and related compounds.", "content": "A Free-Wilson analysis of the antibacterial activity found in a variety of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides prepared and tested in these laboratories unexpectedly predicted that potent activity should be found in the case where the heterocyclic ring system was substituted with an acetyl group in the 2 position and a hydroxymethyl group in the 3 position (2). The synthesis and antibacterial activity of this compound, which was actually isolated in the hemiketal form (3), and of several of its derivatives are reported. 1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinoxaline 4,9-dioxide (3) possesses exceptional activity in vivo against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Pasteurella multocida.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinoxaline 4,9-dioxide and related compounds. A Free-Wilson analysis of the antibacterial activity found in a variety of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides prepared and tested in these laboratories unexpectedly predicted that potent activity should be found in the case where the heterocyclic ring system was substituted with an acetyl group in the 2 position and a hydroxymethyl group in the 3 position (2). The synthesis and antibacterial activity of this compound, which was actually isolated in the hemiketal form (3), and of several of its derivatives are reported. 1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinoxaline 4,9-dioxide (3) possesses exceptional activity in vivo against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Pasteurella multocida.", "PMID": 490559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_604", "title": "Synthesis of angiotensin II analogues by incorporating beta-homotyrosine or beta-homoisoleucine residues.", "content": "[1-Sarcosine,4-beta-homotyrosine]-(I), [5-beta-homoisoleucine]-(II), and [1-sarcosine,5-beta-homoisoleucine]angiotensin II (III) were synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure to study the effect of pressor activity and duration of action. The analogues I--III possessed, respectively, 1.98, 2.82, and 29.2% pressor activity of angiotensin II (vagotomized, ganglion-blocked rats by single-injection procedure) and duration of action of 5.5, 6.7, and 4.7 min; the comparative duration of action of an equipressor dose of angiotensin II was 5.2, 6.3, and 5.3 min, respectively. When incubated with leucine aminopeptidase, degradation of II was as fast as that of angiotensin II; this degradation became considerably slower when position 1 was replaced with sarcosine. Incubation of all these analogues with chymotrypsin showed very little or no degradation up to 3 h. The results indicate that an increase in the chain length by one carbon atom in position 4 or 5 of angiotensin II increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin without any increase in in vivo duration of action. Further, all analogues showed low pressor activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of angiotensin II analogues by incorporating beta-homotyrosine or beta-homoisoleucine residues. [1-Sarcosine,4-beta-homotyrosine]-(I), [5-beta-homoisoleucine]-(II), and [1-sarcosine,5-beta-homoisoleucine]angiotensin II (III) were synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure to study the effect of pressor activity and duration of action. The analogues I--III possessed, respectively, 1.98, 2.82, and 29.2% pressor activity of angiotensin II (vagotomized, ganglion-blocked rats by single-injection procedure) and duration of action of 5.5, 6.7, and 4.7 min; the comparative duration of action of an equipressor dose of angiotensin II was 5.2, 6.3, and 5.3 min, respectively. When incubated with leucine aminopeptidase, degradation of II was as fast as that of angiotensin II; this degradation became considerably slower when position 1 was replaced with sarcosine. Incubation of all these analogues with chymotrypsin showed very little or no degradation up to 3 h. The results indicate that an increase in the chain length by one carbon atom in position 4 or 5 of angiotensin II increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin without any increase in in vivo duration of action. Further, all analogues showed low pressor activity.", "PMID": 490561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_605", "title": "Stereochemical aspects of the metabolism of 5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in the rat.", "content": "Racemic 5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin was synthesized to examine its metabolism in rat. This compound differs from the antiepileptic agent 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in that the normal site of hydroxylation in 5,5-diphenylhydantoin is blocked on one of the phenyl groups by a fluorine atom. The 4'-fluoro analogue gives a major metabolite, which was isolated and identified as (R)-(-)-5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin of 37% enantiomeric purity. The absolute configuration and enantiomeric purity of the metabolite was determined by chemical conversion to (S)-(-)-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. A second metabolite of the catechol type, possibly as a mixture of 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(4'-fluorophenyl)hydantoin, and the corresponding O-3'-methyl derivative was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after methylation.", "contents": "Stereochemical aspects of the metabolism of 5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in the rat. Racemic 5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin was synthesized to examine its metabolism in rat. This compound differs from the antiepileptic agent 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in that the normal site of hydroxylation in 5,5-diphenylhydantoin is blocked on one of the phenyl groups by a fluorine atom. The 4'-fluoro analogue gives a major metabolite, which was isolated and identified as (R)-(-)-5-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin of 37% enantiomeric purity. The absolute configuration and enantiomeric purity of the metabolite was determined by chemical conversion to (S)-(-)-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. A second metabolite of the catechol type, possibly as a mixture of 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(4'-fluorophenyl)hydantoin, and the corresponding O-3'-methyl derivative was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after methylation.", "PMID": 490562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_606", "title": "Antiarrhythmic activity of some N-alkylbispidinebenzamides.", "content": "A series of aromatic ring substituted bispidinebenzamides, 2--10, was prepared by condensation of N-methyl- or N-n-butylbispidine with the appropriate acid chlorides. These compounds were initially evaluated in mice for acute toxicity and for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation. All compounds had significant activity, which was optimized in 2, 3, and 5. These last compounds had potencies and LD50/ED50 ratios comparable to those of a standard antiarrhythmic, disopyramide. However, their potencies in increasing the effective refactory period in isolated rabbit atria were considerably less than that of disopyramide.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic activity of some N-alkylbispidinebenzamides. A series of aromatic ring substituted bispidinebenzamides, 2--10, was prepared by condensation of N-methyl- or N-n-butylbispidine with the appropriate acid chlorides. These compounds were initially evaluated in mice for acute toxicity and for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation. All compounds had significant activity, which was optimized in 2, 3, and 5. These last compounds had potencies and LD50/ED50 ratios comparable to those of a standard antiarrhythmic, disopyramide. However, their potencies in increasing the effective refactory period in isolated rabbit atria were considerably less than that of disopyramide.", "PMID": 490563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_607", "title": "Synthesis of angiotensin II antagonists containing sarcosine in position 7.", "content": "Analogues of the type [1-sarcosine,7-sarcosine, 8-X]angiotensin II, where X = isoleucine, leucine, alanine, methionine, O-methylthreonine, or DL-alloisoleucine, were synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by partition chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. In the isolated rat uterus, these analogues had activities of less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, and 0.7%, respectively, of the hyotropic activity of angiotensin II and inhibited the contractile response to angiotensin II with pA2 values of 8.1, 7.2, 6.7, 7.7, 7.4, and 8.4, respectively. In the vagotomized ganglion blocked rat, the analogues had 0.7, 0.21, 0.06, 0.72, 0.13, and 12.5%, respectively, of the pressor activity of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Synthesis of angiotensin II antagonists containing sarcosine in position 7. Analogues of the type [1-sarcosine,7-sarcosine, 8-X]angiotensin II, where X = isoleucine, leucine, alanine, methionine, O-methylthreonine, or DL-alloisoleucine, were synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by partition chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. In the isolated rat uterus, these analogues had activities of less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, less than 0.1, and 0.7%, respectively, of the hyotropic activity of angiotensin II and inhibited the contractile response to angiotensin II with pA2 values of 8.1, 7.2, 6.7, 7.7, 7.4, and 8.4, respectively. In the vagotomized ganglion blocked rat, the analogues had 0.7, 0.21, 0.06, 0.72, 0.13, and 12.5%, respectively, of the pressor activity of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 490564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_608", "title": "The general practitioner and the problems of battered women.", "content": "This paper discusses the responsibility of general practitioners who are consulted by women who have been physically injured by the men with whom they live. The paper draws on a study of 50 women who were interviewed at a refuge for battered women, and considers the help which they received, or did not receive, from their general practitioners. Such women are likely to face many difficulties: it is perhaps the essence of their problem that, because it is potentially the concern of so many people, it can so easily become the concern of nobody--except of the woman herself.", "contents": "The general practitioner and the problems of battered women. This paper discusses the responsibility of general practitioners who are consulted by women who have been physically injured by the men with whom they live. The paper draws on a study of 50 women who were interviewed at a refuge for battered women, and considers the help which they received, or did not receive, from their general practitioners. Such women are likely to face many difficulties: it is perhaps the essence of their problem that, because it is potentially the concern of so many people, it can so easily become the concern of nobody--except of the woman herself.", "PMID": 490569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_609", "title": "Self-ownership, abortion and infanticide.", "content": "Doctors have been placed in an anomalous position by abortion laws which sanction the termination of a fetus while in a woman's womb, yet call it murder when a physician attempts to end the life of a fetus which has somehow survived such a procedure. This predicament, the doctors' dilemma, can be resolved by adopting a strategy which posits the right to ownership of one's own body for human beings. Such an approach will generate a consistent policy prescription, one that sanctions the right of all pregnant women to abortions, yet grants the fetus, after it becomes viable as a potentially independent person, a right to its own body. The doctors' dilemma is surmounted, then, by requiring that abortions of viable fetuses be performed in a manner that will produce a live delivery. Hence, infanticide and termination of viable fetuses are proscribed.", "contents": "Self-ownership, abortion and infanticide. Doctors have been placed in an anomalous position by abortion laws which sanction the termination of a fetus while in a woman's womb, yet call it murder when a physician attempts to end the life of a fetus which has somehow survived such a procedure. This predicament, the doctors' dilemma, can be resolved by adopting a strategy which posits the right to ownership of one's own body for human beings. Such an approach will generate a consistent policy prescription, one that sanctions the right of all pregnant women to abortions, yet grants the fetus, after it becomes viable as a potentially independent person, a right to its own body. The doctors' dilemma is surmounted, then, by requiring that abortions of viable fetuses be performed in a manner that will produce a live delivery. Hence, infanticide and termination of viable fetuses are proscribed.", "PMID": 490573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_610", "title": "Use of chromosomal translocations with in situ DNA hybridisation to confirm localisation of human 5S ribosomal RNA genes.", "content": "Two cases of chromosomal translocations involving the long arm of chromosome 1 were investigated for 5S ribosomal gene localisation using in situ hybridisation. In the first family, there was an interstitial translocation of 1q25-32 to chromosome 5; the 5S genes remained on chromosome 1. In the second family, there was a translocation of 1q42-44 to chromosome 21q12; the 5S gene locus in this case was translocated. This shows that the 5S ribosomal genes are at position 1q42-44, confirming a previous assignment based on adenovirus-induced uncoiling and on a partial trisomy (Steffensen et al., 1977).", "contents": "Use of chromosomal translocations with in situ DNA hybridisation to confirm localisation of human 5S ribosomal RNA genes. Two cases of chromosomal translocations involving the long arm of chromosome 1 were investigated for 5S ribosomal gene localisation using in situ hybridisation. In the first family, there was an interstitial translocation of 1q25-32 to chromosome 5; the 5S genes remained on chromosome 1. In the second family, there was a translocation of 1q42-44 to chromosome 21q12; the 5S gene locus in this case was translocated. This shows that the 5S ribosomal genes are at position 1q42-44, confirming a previous assignment based on adenovirus-induced uncoiling and on a partial trisomy (Steffensen et al., 1977).", "PMID": 490577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_611", "title": "A high incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in patients with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Four new cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in a series of 135 adult patients with Turner's syndrome observed over an average period of 11 years are reported. The diagnosis in 2 of the patients was ulcerative colitis; the other 2 had clinical and histological features consistent with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. The incidence is considerably higher than any reported frequency of new cases of inflammatory bowel disease in the general population. Previously reported cases are described and attention is drawn to the severity of the bowel disorder. An apparent association with a karyotype abnormality which includes a structurally abnormal X chromosome is noted.", "contents": "A high incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in patients with Turner's syndrome. Four new cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in a series of 135 adult patients with Turner's syndrome observed over an average period of 11 years are reported. The diagnosis in 2 of the patients was ulcerative colitis; the other 2 had clinical and histological features consistent with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. The incidence is considerably higher than any reported frequency of new cases of inflammatory bowel disease in the general population. Previously reported cases are described and attention is drawn to the severity of the bowel disorder. An apparent association with a karyotype abnormality which includes a structurally abnormal X chromosome is noted.", "PMID": 490578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_612", "title": "Meiotic and radiation studies in four oligochiasmatic men.", "content": "The meiotic findings in four oligochiasmatic males are described. Radiation studies on the somatic cells of three of them failed to provide evidence for a reduced facility to repair DNA which might also have accounted for the observed failure of chiasma formation at meiosis. The data support the idea that the 'low chiasma count' condition in sterile men is of mixed aetiology.", "contents": "Meiotic and radiation studies in four oligochiasmatic men. The meiotic findings in four oligochiasmatic males are described. Radiation studies on the somatic cells of three of them failed to provide evidence for a reduced facility to repair DNA which might also have accounted for the observed failure of chiasma formation at meiosis. The data support the idea that the 'low chiasma count' condition in sterile men is of mixed aetiology.", "PMID": 490579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_613", "title": "Further dicentric X isochromosomes and deletions, and a new structure i(X)(pter to q2102 to pter).", "content": "A new dicentric X isochromosome i(X)(pter to q2102 to pter) of similar size to a normal X is described in a girl with gonadal dysgenesis. In this non-mosaic case with an X short arm duplication, most of the stigmata associated with Turner's syndrome were absent. This structure was compared with that of six i(Xq) and three del(X). The del(Xq) structures all possessed a regular sized C band, but in the i(Xq) this was double sized in each case. Phenotypic comparisons are made in the Xq deletions, and some presumptive short arm isochromosomes are reinterpreted as Xq deletions. Incomplete centromeric suppression is suggested as the causal mechanism of mosaicism of sex isochromosomes with 45,X cells, and it is argued that an exchange event between homologoues is an unlikely mechanism to explain sex isochromosome origin.", "contents": "Further dicentric X isochromosomes and deletions, and a new structure i(X)(pter to q2102 to pter). A new dicentric X isochromosome i(X)(pter to q2102 to pter) of similar size to a normal X is described in a girl with gonadal dysgenesis. In this non-mosaic case with an X short arm duplication, most of the stigmata associated with Turner's syndrome were absent. This structure was compared with that of six i(Xq) and three del(X). The del(Xq) structures all possessed a regular sized C band, but in the i(Xq) this was double sized in each case. Phenotypic comparisons are made in the Xq deletions, and some presumptive short arm isochromosomes are reinterpreted as Xq deletions. Incomplete centromeric suppression is suggested as the causal mechanism of mosaicism of sex isochromosomes with 45,X cells, and it is argued that an exchange event between homologoues is an unlikely mechanism to explain sex isochromosome origin.", "PMID": 490580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_614", "title": "Parental origin of triploidy and D and G trisomy in spontaneous abortions.", "content": "A cytogenetic study of 15 triploid spontaneous abortuses, 12 trisomic abortuses, and their parents was carried out using the Q-banding technique. Polymorphic regions in abortus chromosomes were compared to corresponding regions of parental chromosomes to determine the origin of the extra chromosomes. Using marker chromosomes it was found that 7 triploids and only one trisomy were informative. Three triploids arose by failure to shed the second polar body during oogenesis. One triploid arose by dispermy. The other three triploids inherited an extra haploid set of chromosomes from the father, either by dispermy or by failure of the second meiotic division during spermatogenesis. The only informative trisomy, a trisomy 22, inherited the extra 22 from the mother. Chromosome polymorphisms are useful in determining the parental origin of extra chromosomes in certain cases.", "contents": "Parental origin of triploidy and D and G trisomy in spontaneous abortions. A cytogenetic study of 15 triploid spontaneous abortuses, 12 trisomic abortuses, and their parents was carried out using the Q-banding technique. Polymorphic regions in abortus chromosomes were compared to corresponding regions of parental chromosomes to determine the origin of the extra chromosomes. Using marker chromosomes it was found that 7 triploids and only one trisomy were informative. Three triploids arose by failure to shed the second polar body during oogenesis. One triploid arose by dispermy. The other three triploids inherited an extra haploid set of chromosomes from the father, either by dispermy or by failure of the second meiotic division during spermatogenesis. The only informative trisomy, a trisomy 22, inherited the extra 22 from the mother. Chromosome polymorphisms are useful in determining the parental origin of extra chromosomes in certain cases.", "PMID": 490581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_615", "title": "G gamma beta + type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin in association with Hb C.", "content": "This report describes a Negro family with the G gamma beta + type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin. Family members with levels of haemoglobin F of 17 to 23% had normal red cell indices, balanced globin chain synthesis, and a pancellular distribution of the fetal haemoglobin, showing that these subjects have a form of HPFH. The production of Hb A and C in addition to the large amount of Hb F in one family member showed that there was an active beta A gene in cis to the HPFH determinant, while structural analysis of the Hb F revealed the presence of only G gamma chains. The criteria for the diagnosis of G gamma beta + HPFH, and the relevance of such conditions to the control of globin gene expression, are discussed.", "contents": "G gamma beta + type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin in association with Hb C. This report describes a Negro family with the G gamma beta + type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin. Family members with levels of haemoglobin F of 17 to 23% had normal red cell indices, balanced globin chain synthesis, and a pancellular distribution of the fetal haemoglobin, showing that these subjects have a form of HPFH. The production of Hb A and C in addition to the large amount of Hb F in one family member showed that there was an active beta A gene in cis to the HPFH determinant, while structural analysis of the Hb F revealed the presence of only G gamma chains. The criteria for the diagnosis of G gamma beta + HPFH, and the relevance of such conditions to the control of globin gene expression, are discussed.", "PMID": 490582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_616", "title": "Globin chain synthesis in sickle beta-thalassaemic bone marrow and reticulocytes.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis was studied in reticulocytes and bone marrow erythroid precursors in four sickle beta-thalassaemic Greek patients. Significant globin chain imbalance was found in reticulocytes (alpha/gamma + beta A + beta S = 2.20 +/- SD 0.16) and bone marrow (alpha/gamma + beta A + beta S = 1.58 +/- SD 0.11) after two hours' incubation. There was evidence of contamination of the gamma, beta A, and, to a lesser extent, of the beta S chain by non-haem proteins. The contamination was more obvious in chromatograms obtained from whole cell bone marrow samples and could partially explain the lower alpha/non-alpha ratio found in bone marrow.", "contents": "Globin chain synthesis in sickle beta-thalassaemic bone marrow and reticulocytes. Globin chain synthesis was studied in reticulocytes and bone marrow erythroid precursors in four sickle beta-thalassaemic Greek patients. Significant globin chain imbalance was found in reticulocytes (alpha/gamma + beta A + beta S = 2.20 +/- SD 0.16) and bone marrow (alpha/gamma + beta A + beta S = 1.58 +/- SD 0.11) after two hours' incubation. There was evidence of contamination of the gamma, beta A, and, to a lesser extent, of the beta S chain by non-haem proteins. The contamination was more obvious in chromatograms obtained from whole cell bone marrow samples and could partially explain the lower alpha/non-alpha ratio found in bone marrow.", "PMID": 490583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_617", "title": "Gaucher's disease in South Africa.", "content": "The adult non-neuropathic form of Gaucher's disease has been identified in 32 patients in 25 Ashkenazi Jewish kindreds in South Africa. The minimum prevalence in this population is 1 in 5000, with a gene frequency of 0.014 and a carrier rate of 1 in 36. On correction for bias resulting from possible under-ascertainment, these minimum figures become 1 in 4000, 0.0166, and 1 in 30, respectively. Confirmation of autosomal recessive inheritance was obtained by segregation analysis by the 'a priori' and 'simple sib' methods. The Ashkenazin of South Africa have their origins in Lithuania and it is evident that the high gene frequency in South Africa is a reflection of the genetic constitution of the immigrant population. The localisation of the Gaucher gene to Lithuania represents a further step in the determination of the early geographic distribution of the genetic disorders of the Jewish race.", "contents": "Gaucher's disease in South Africa. The adult non-neuropathic form of Gaucher's disease has been identified in 32 patients in 25 Ashkenazi Jewish kindreds in South Africa. The minimum prevalence in this population is 1 in 5000, with a gene frequency of 0.014 and a carrier rate of 1 in 36. On correction for bias resulting from possible under-ascertainment, these minimum figures become 1 in 4000, 0.0166, and 1 in 30, respectively. Confirmation of autosomal recessive inheritance was obtained by segregation analysis by the 'a priori' and 'simple sib' methods. The Ashkenazin of South Africa have their origins in Lithuania and it is evident that the high gene frequency in South Africa is a reflection of the genetic constitution of the immigrant population. The localisation of the Gaucher gene to Lithuania represents a further step in the determination of the early geographic distribution of the genetic disorders of the Jewish race.", "PMID": 490584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_618", "title": "Congenital horizontal gaze palsy and kyphoscoliosis in two brothers.", "content": "In a sibship of 11, two brothers with a congenital complete horizontal gaze palsy developed severe kyphoscoliosis. No-one else in the family has a gaze palsy or comparable skeletal abnormalities. Since the parents are first cousins, an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance seems likely.", "contents": "Congenital horizontal gaze palsy and kyphoscoliosis in two brothers. In a sibship of 11, two brothers with a congenital complete horizontal gaze palsy developed severe kyphoscoliosis. No-one else in the family has a gaze palsy or comparable skeletal abnormalities. Since the parents are first cousins, an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance seems likely.", "PMID": 490585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_619", "title": "Re-evaluation of CHANDS.", "content": "A rare ectodermal dysplasia with the acronym CHANDS (Curly Hair, Ankyloblepharon, Nail Dysplasia Syndrome) was described by Baughman (1971) as being a new autosomal dominant condition. Additional pedigree data obtained after the original report indicate that the mode of inheritance is more likely to be autosomal recessive, with an instance of quasi-dominant transmission as a result of multiple consanguineous matings in the family. These data are provided in this report.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of CHANDS. A rare ectodermal dysplasia with the acronym CHANDS (Curly Hair, Ankyloblepharon, Nail Dysplasia Syndrome) was described by Baughman (1971) as being a new autosomal dominant condition. Additional pedigree data obtained after the original report indicate that the mode of inheritance is more likely to be autosomal recessive, with an instance of quasi-dominant transmission as a result of multiple consanguineous matings in the family. These data are provided in this report.", "PMID": 490586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_620", "title": "Trisomy 16q arising from a maternal 15p;16q translocation.", "content": "Trisomy 16q is reported in a malformed infant who died at 12 days of age. The karyotype was 46,XX,der(15)t(15;16) (p11;q11)mat. A balanced translocation was found in the mother. The consequences of various types of aneuploidy of chromosome 16 are discussed.", "contents": "Trisomy 16q arising from a maternal 15p;16q translocation. Trisomy 16q is reported in a malformed infant who died at 12 days of age. The karyotype was 46,XX,der(15)t(15;16) (p11;q11)mat. A balanced translocation was found in the mother. The consequences of various types of aneuploidy of chromosome 16 are discussed.", "PMID": 490587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_621", "title": "Two children with partial trisomy for 7p.", "content": "A second family in which a balanced translocation between 7p and 22q is segregating is described. The clinical features of 2 children with a resulting partial trisomy for 7p are described and compared with the previously described case.", "contents": "Two children with partial trisomy for 7p. A second family in which a balanced translocation between 7p and 22q is segregating is described. The clinical features of 2 children with a resulting partial trisomy for 7p are described and compared with the previously described case.", "PMID": 490588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_622", "title": "A case of Turner's syndrome with familial balanced translocation t(1;2)(q32;q21)mat.", "content": "The first case of Turner's syndrome with the familial translocation not involving the X chromosome is described. The patient had a number of clinical signs of Turner's syndrome and her karyotype was 45,X,t(1;2)(q32;q2)mat. Though it is speculated that the altered structure of a chromosome may influence meiotic disjunction of a non-homologous chromosome, our case suggests that there may be no relationship between the two chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "A case of Turner's syndrome with familial balanced translocation t(1;2)(q32;q21)mat. The first case of Turner's syndrome with the familial translocation not involving the X chromosome is described. The patient had a number of clinical signs of Turner's syndrome and her karyotype was 45,X,t(1;2)(q32;q2)mat. Though it is speculated that the altered structure of a chromosome may influence meiotic disjunction of a non-homologous chromosome, our case suggests that there may be no relationship between the two chromosomal abnormalities.", "PMID": 490589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_623", "title": "De novo interstitial deletion del(1)(p21p32).", "content": "A girl aged 14 years 9 months, overweight, with severe psychomotor retardation, short stature, a sheep-like face, malformed ears, skeletal and dermatoglyphic abnormalities, and partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 is presented. The karyotype was 46,XX,del(1)(qter to p22::p32 to pter).", "contents": "De novo interstitial deletion del(1)(p21p32). A girl aged 14 years 9 months, overweight, with severe psychomotor retardation, short stature, a sheep-like face, malformed ears, skeletal and dermatoglyphic abnormalities, and partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 is presented. The karyotype was 46,XX,del(1)(qter to p22::p32 to pter).", "PMID": 490590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_624", "title": "Legal medicine in medical schools: a survey of the state of the art.", "content": "American medical colleges are showing increased interest in acquainting their students with legal aspects of the practice of medicine. However, little is known about the role of legal medicine in the medical school curriculum. During the summer of 1978 the author sent a questionnaire to all U.S. medical schools. The 86% response rate suggests considerable interest in the subject matter. The results of the survey indicate that while 40% of the schools require their students to complete some course work in legal medicine, the curricula vary considerably among the schools. The topics most frequently covered are informed consent and malpractice.", "contents": "Legal medicine in medical schools: a survey of the state of the art. American medical colleges are showing increased interest in acquainting their students with legal aspects of the practice of medicine. However, little is known about the role of legal medicine in the medical school curriculum. During the summer of 1978 the author sent a questionnaire to all U.S. medical schools. The 86% response rate suggests considerable interest in the subject matter. The results of the survey indicate that while 40% of the schools require their students to complete some course work in legal medicine, the curricula vary considerably among the schools. The topics most frequently covered are informed consent and malpractice.", "PMID": 490591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_625", "title": "Efficacy of cognitive/noncognitive measures in predicting resident-physician performance.", "content": "There has been relatively little research on the relationship between the clinical performance of physicians and the criteria used by medical school admissions and promotions committees. The studies which have been done primarily relate clinical performance to cognitive criteria. They have usually found only negligible relationships. By considering both cognitive and noncognitive variables, several investigators recently have improved the prediction of clinical performance in medical school. The present authors attempt to determine the increase in predictive efficiency attained by adding noncognitive variables to cognitive variables in predicting clinical performance of residents. The results of this investigation indicate that a combination of cognitive and noncognitive predictor variables functions much better than any individual variable or even any specific class of variables in predicting the postgraduate clinical performance of physicians.", "contents": "Efficacy of cognitive/noncognitive measures in predicting resident-physician performance. There has been relatively little research on the relationship between the clinical performance of physicians and the criteria used by medical school admissions and promotions committees. The studies which have been done primarily relate clinical performance to cognitive criteria. They have usually found only negligible relationships. By considering both cognitive and noncognitive variables, several investigators recently have improved the prediction of clinical performance in medical school. The present authors attempt to determine the increase in predictive efficiency attained by adding noncognitive variables to cognitive variables in predicting clinical performance of residents. The results of this investigation indicate that a combination of cognitive and noncognitive predictor variables functions much better than any individual variable or even any specific class of variables in predicting the postgraduate clinical performance of physicians.", "PMID": 490592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_626", "title": "A general medicine clinic: the dilemma and teaching implications.", "content": "An academic general medicine clinic (GMC) was studied to determine current patterns, shortcomings, and potential solutions. Retrospective medical record review of 349 randomly selected GMC patients from 1975 permitted profile generation. Only 11.5% of the patients had first visits in the study year. Almost 75% of the study group used the university hospital as their major source of care. Over two years only 58% continued in active care, while 5% died, 8% needed no further follow-up, and 29% were lost from care. The prevalence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease was disproportionately high. Patients exhibited chronic disease exclusively in 91% of return visits. The authors conclude that the GMC offers insufficient variety of patient presentations for optimal postgraduate medical education and inadequate accessibility for comprehensive medical care. Potential improvements include expanding the patient base, extending availability, and employing nonphysician clinicians.", "contents": "A general medicine clinic: the dilemma and teaching implications. An academic general medicine clinic (GMC) was studied to determine current patterns, shortcomings, and potential solutions. Retrospective medical record review of 349 randomly selected GMC patients from 1975 permitted profile generation. Only 11.5% of the patients had first visits in the study year. Almost 75% of the study group used the university hospital as their major source of care. Over two years only 58% continued in active care, while 5% died, 8% needed no further follow-up, and 29% were lost from care. The prevalence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease was disproportionately high. Patients exhibited chronic disease exclusively in 91% of return visits. The authors conclude that the GMC offers insufficient variety of patient presentations for optimal postgraduate medical education and inadequate accessibility for comprehensive medical care. Potential improvements include expanding the patient base, extending availability, and employing nonphysician clinicians.", "PMID": 490593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_627", "title": "Doctor-patient relationships in fetal/infant death encounters.", "content": "A study of concerns of 100 middle-class mothers and fathers who had lost infants revealed that the death of an infant or fetus (through miscarriage) was viewed as devastating because of inadequate community recognition of the loss. The impact of these deaths and the lack of community support forces the parents to turn to their physicians from whom they attempt to seek counsel and comfort. Many physicians, unfortunately, are unable to meet the parent's needs because they cannot deal with death on the personal level, and/or their training militates against their accepting a shift in responsibility from \"healer\" to \"counselor-consoler.\" Thus, an impasse often is reached in which the expectations of parents exceed the service that the physician is able or willing to render. This detracts from the physician's ability to fulfill adequately his role of provider of total care.", "contents": "Doctor-patient relationships in fetal/infant death encounters. A study of concerns of 100 middle-class mothers and fathers who had lost infants revealed that the death of an infant or fetus (through miscarriage) was viewed as devastating because of inadequate community recognition of the loss. The impact of these deaths and the lack of community support forces the parents to turn to their physicians from whom they attempt to seek counsel and comfort. Many physicians, unfortunately, are unable to meet the parent's needs because they cannot deal with death on the personal level, and/or their training militates against their accepting a shift in responsibility from \"healer\" to \"counselor-consoler.\" Thus, an impasse often is reached in which the expectations of parents exceed the service that the physician is able or willing to render. This detracts from the physician's ability to fulfill adequately his role of provider of total care.", "PMID": 490594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_628", "title": "Chart review skills: a dimension of clinical competence.", "content": "A study of undergraduate medical students' abilities to identify salient information in reviewing patient charts was conducted by members of the Department of Surgery at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Specific goals of the two-year study were to develop and test a method for assessing chart skills and to test the following hypotheses: (a) knowledge base is a component of chart review skill; (b) chart skills are related to basic observational skills; (c) performance on one chart is positively correlated with performance on other charts; (d) chart performance is affected by distraction and time pressure; and (e) chart performance improves with clinical experience. Evaluation instruments and methodology are described. Hypotheses a, b, and e and the time effect hypothesized in d were supported; hypothesis c was not supported. Results of the study provide a foundation for further research exploring the effect of instruction on chart performance and investigating the relationships between chart performance and other measures of clinical competence.", "contents": "Chart review skills: a dimension of clinical competence. A study of undergraduate medical students' abilities to identify salient information in reviewing patient charts was conducted by members of the Department of Surgery at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Specific goals of the two-year study were to develop and test a method for assessing chart skills and to test the following hypotheses: (a) knowledge base is a component of chart review skill; (b) chart skills are related to basic observational skills; (c) performance on one chart is positively correlated with performance on other charts; (d) chart performance is affected by distraction and time pressure; and (e) chart performance improves with clinical experience. Evaluation instruments and methodology are described. Hypotheses a, b, and e and the time effect hypothesized in d were supported; hypothesis c was not supported. Results of the study provide a foundation for further research exploring the effect of instruction on chart performance and investigating the relationships between chart performance and other measures of clinical competence.", "PMID": 490595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_629", "title": "Evaluations of continuing medical education for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.", "content": "A continuing medical education program which linked primary care physicians to a source of needed appropriate clinical knowledge at a relatively low cost has been demonstrated. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was identified as the health problem; the reference patient population was comprised of coal miner health fund beneficiaries living in a 10-county region. Primary care physicians treating beneficiaries in this region were the eligible program participants. Content of the program was based on multiple sources of information about actual practice needs. Several educational techniques were used in combination to convey the knowledge identified as appropriate in the diagnostic stage. A quasi-experimental program evaluation indicated significant changes in physician knowledge, judgment, and self-reported behavior related to diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Evaluations of continuing medical education for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. A continuing medical education program which linked primary care physicians to a source of needed appropriate clinical knowledge at a relatively low cost has been demonstrated. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was identified as the health problem; the reference patient population was comprised of coal miner health fund beneficiaries living in a 10-county region. Primary care physicians treating beneficiaries in this region were the eligible program participants. Content of the program was based on multiple sources of information about actual practice needs. Several educational techniques were used in combination to convey the knowledge identified as appropriate in the diagnostic stage. A quasi-experimental program evaluation indicated significant changes in physician knowledge, judgment, and self-reported behavior related to diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 490596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_630", "title": "The use of a microprocessor in routine cardiac assessment.", "content": "Increasing use is being made of microprocessors in medicine to perform routine clinical measurements. Physiological parameters whose measurement involves data processing on the part of hospital technicians can in many cases be better obtained using such instrumentation. The application of a microprocessor to the measurement of ST-segment elevations in the electrocardiogram is described to illustrate the use of programmable instrumentation in medicine and demonstrate some of the ensuing benefits.", "contents": "The use of a microprocessor in routine cardiac assessment. Increasing use is being made of microprocessors in medicine to perform routine clinical measurements. Physiological parameters whose measurement involves data processing on the part of hospital technicians can in many cases be better obtained using such instrumentation. The application of a microprocessor to the measurement of ST-segment elevations in the electrocardiogram is described to illustrate the use of programmable instrumentation in medicine and demonstrate some of the ensuing benefits.", "PMID": 490606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_631", "title": "Education and certification of biomedical engineers in Canada.", "content": "The education of biomedical engineers in Canada is discussed, with reference to the Canadian health care system and related industry. Information on specific educational programmes, with enrollment data, is presented. The paper concludes with brief comments on the certification of clinical engineers in Canada.", "contents": "Education and certification of biomedical engineers in Canada. The education of biomedical engineers in Canada is discussed, with reference to the Canadian health care system and related industry. Information on specific educational programmes, with enrollment data, is presented. The paper concludes with brief comments on the certification of clinical engineers in Canada.", "PMID": 490607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_632", "title": "Training for biomedical engineering in India.", "content": "There are biomedical engineers in India and a demand for their services, but there is an absence of trained technical staff to apply the subject within the hospitals. The current situation of the medical electronics aspect of biomedical engineering within Industry, the Hospitals and Educational Institutions is described and some of the problems identified. The particular problems of the growth of a complex technical subject within a developing country are also considered.", "contents": "Training for biomedical engineering in India. There are biomedical engineers in India and a demand for their services, but there is an absence of trained technical staff to apply the subject within the hospitals. The current situation of the medical electronics aspect of biomedical engineering within Industry, the Hospitals and Educational Institutions is described and some of the problems identified. The particular problems of the growth of a complex technical subject within a developing country are also considered.", "PMID": 490608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_633", "title": "Electrical safety in dialysis.", "content": "Electrical hazards in dialysis equipment arise from the unintended passage of electric current through the patient. The main primary electrical hazards are described, and typical thresholds quoted. The complete dialysis installation is considered in some detail, bearing in mind the recently published British Standard on the Safety of Electromedical Equipment, BS 5724, Part 1. The microshock risk from leakage and fault currents flowing through the patient via the dialyser and lines is assessed and found to be of very little significance. Equipment that has been constructed to BS 5724 should not, by its design, give rise to primary electrical hazards. The continuing safety of dialysis installations can, however, only be ensured by regular routine testing, and suitable tests are described. It is concluded that, with regularly maintained and tested equipment, dialysis should be considered a relatively safe procedure as far as primary electrical hazards are concerned.", "contents": "Electrical safety in dialysis. Electrical hazards in dialysis equipment arise from the unintended passage of electric current through the patient. The main primary electrical hazards are described, and typical thresholds quoted. The complete dialysis installation is considered in some detail, bearing in mind the recently published British Standard on the Safety of Electromedical Equipment, BS 5724, Part 1. The microshock risk from leakage and fault currents flowing through the patient via the dialyser and lines is assessed and found to be of very little significance. Equipment that has been constructed to BS 5724 should not, by its design, give rise to primary electrical hazards. The continuing safety of dialysis installations can, however, only be ensured by regular routine testing, and suitable tests are described. It is concluded that, with regularly maintained and tested equipment, dialysis should be considered a relatively safe procedure as far as primary electrical hazards are concerned.", "PMID": 490609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_634", "title": "A simple radiation balance for measuring ultrasonic power.", "content": "The design and construction of a beam balance for measuring the power outputs of therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasonic instruments is described. Power outputs down to 4 mW have been measured using a low magnification microscope.", "contents": "A simple radiation balance for measuring ultrasonic power. The design and construction of a beam balance for measuring the power outputs of therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasonic instruments is described. Power outputs down to 4 mW have been measured using a low magnification microscope.", "PMID": 490611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_635", "title": "The derivation of elbow joint forces, and their relation to prosthesis design.", "content": "A literature review showed a lack of accurate data for upper limb joint forces. After discussing methods to determine muscle forces, the physiological cross-sections of muscles were used to estimate their strengths. Elbow joint forces were predicted for isometric actions which gave severe loading conditions. The predicted forces were discussed in relation to prosthesis design, and the use of a radial head replacement was recommended.", "contents": "The derivation of elbow joint forces, and their relation to prosthesis design. A literature review showed a lack of accurate data for upper limb joint forces. After discussing methods to determine muscle forces, the physiological cross-sections of muscles were used to estimate their strengths. Elbow joint forces were predicted for isometric actions which gave severe loading conditions. The predicted forces were discussed in relation to prosthesis design, and the use of a radial head replacement was recommended.", "PMID": 490614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_636", "title": "Microprocessor detection of electrocardiogram R-waves.", "content": "ECG monitoring devices for coronary care units require reliable R-wave dectors as a prerequisite for subsequent analysis. A simple algorithm has been developed for the detection of R-waves in an ECG signal with a microprocessor (Motorola MC6800). Detection criteria used were gradient and duration of a single upslope or downslope. Rejection of muscle noise and other artifiacts was achieved by setting system constants to optimum values which were determined by a short preliminary trial. This constant threshold system has been shown to cope with sudden changes of QRS complex amplitude better than some self adjusting systems. Assessment runs using patient tapes from a coronary care unit show total errors due to false positives and negatives are typically about 1% of the actual number of R-wave occurrences.", "contents": "Microprocessor detection of electrocardiogram R-waves. ECG monitoring devices for coronary care units require reliable R-wave dectors as a prerequisite for subsequent analysis. A simple algorithm has been developed for the detection of R-waves in an ECG signal with a microprocessor (Motorola MC6800). Detection criteria used were gradient and duration of a single upslope or downslope. Rejection of muscle noise and other artifiacts was achieved by setting system constants to optimum values which were determined by a short preliminary trial. This constant threshold system has been shown to cope with sudden changes of QRS complex amplitude better than some self adjusting systems. Assessment runs using patient tapes from a coronary care unit show total errors due to false positives and negatives are typically about 1% of the actual number of R-wave occurrences.", "PMID": 490615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_637", "title": "A flow and volume calibrator for respiratory measuring equipment.", "content": "The design of a simple calibrator for checking the performance of respiratory measuring equipment is described. It is particularly suitable for calibrating the equipment used for obtaining flow/volume curves.", "contents": "A flow and volume calibrator for respiratory measuring equipment. The design of a simple calibrator for checking the performance of respiratory measuring equipment is described. It is particularly suitable for calibrating the equipment used for obtaining flow/volume curves.", "PMID": 490616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_638", "title": "Effect of plastocyanin and phycocyanin on the photosensitivity of chlorophyll-containing bilayer membranes.", "content": "Photovoltaic effects were studied in bilayer membranes constructed from phosphatidyl choline, monogalactosyl diglyceride, chlorophyll alpha and beta-carotene. It was demonstrated that the biliprotein C-phycocyanin enhanced the photosensitivity of these membranes. Plastocyanin, an important photosynthetic electron transfer protein, was also found to be effective in enhancing the membrane photovoltage. The C-phycocyanin and plastocyanin were effective on opposite sides of the membrane. Plastocyanin operates to transfer electrons into the membrane, while C-phycocyanin directs electron transfer from the membrane. Membranes containing monogalactosyl diglyceride were found to be extremely stable and were most susceptible to enhancement of photosensitivity by introduction of the proteins. The plastocyanin and C-phycocyanin when used together appeared to operate synergistically.", "contents": "Effect of plastocyanin and phycocyanin on the photosensitivity of chlorophyll-containing bilayer membranes. Photovoltaic effects were studied in bilayer membranes constructed from phosphatidyl choline, monogalactosyl diglyceride, chlorophyll alpha and beta-carotene. It was demonstrated that the biliprotein C-phycocyanin enhanced the photosensitivity of these membranes. Plastocyanin, an important photosynthetic electron transfer protein, was also found to be effective in enhancing the membrane photovoltage. The C-phycocyanin and plastocyanin were effective on opposite sides of the membrane. Plastocyanin operates to transfer electrons into the membrane, while C-phycocyanin directs electron transfer from the membrane. Membranes containing monogalactosyl diglyceride were found to be extremely stable and were most susceptible to enhancement of photosensitivity by introduction of the proteins. The plastocyanin and C-phycocyanin when used together appeared to operate synergistically.", "PMID": 490619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_639", "title": "Stimulation by HCO3- of Na+ transport in rabbit gallbladder.", "content": "Bicarbonate presence in the bathing media doubles Na+ and fluid transepithelial transport and in parallel significantly increases Na+ and Cl- intracellular concentrations and contents, decreases K+ cell concentration without changing its amount, and causes a large cell swelling. Na+ and Cl- lumen-to-cell influxes are significantly enhanced, Na+ more so than Cl-. The stimulation does not raise any immediate change in luminal membrane potential and cannot be due to a HCO3(-)-ATPase in the brush border. The stimulation goes together with a large increase in a Na+-dependent H+ secretion into the lumen. All of these data suggests that HCO3- both activates Na+--Cl- cotransport and H+--Na+ countertransport at the luminal barrier. Thiocyanate inhibits Na+ and fluid transepithelial transport without affecting H+ secretion and HCO3(-)-dependent Na+ influx. It reduces Na+ and Cl- conentrations and contents, increases the same parameters for K+, causes a cell shrinking, and abolishes the lumen-to-cell Cl- influx. It enters the cell and is accumulated in the cytoplasm with a process which is Na+-dependent and HCO3(-)-activated. Thus SCN- is likely to compete for the Cl- site on the cotransport carrier and to be slowly transferred by the cotransport system itself.", "contents": "Stimulation by HCO3- of Na+ transport in rabbit gallbladder. Bicarbonate presence in the bathing media doubles Na+ and fluid transepithelial transport and in parallel significantly increases Na+ and Cl- intracellular concentrations and contents, decreases K+ cell concentration without changing its amount, and causes a large cell swelling. Na+ and Cl- lumen-to-cell influxes are significantly enhanced, Na+ more so than Cl-. The stimulation does not raise any immediate change in luminal membrane potential and cannot be due to a HCO3(-)-ATPase in the brush border. The stimulation goes together with a large increase in a Na+-dependent H+ secretion into the lumen. All of these data suggests that HCO3- both activates Na+--Cl- cotransport and H+--Na+ countertransport at the luminal barrier. Thiocyanate inhibits Na+ and fluid transepithelial transport without affecting H+ secretion and HCO3(-)-dependent Na+ influx. It reduces Na+ and Cl- conentrations and contents, increases the same parameters for K+, causes a cell shrinking, and abolishes the lumen-to-cell Cl- influx. It enters the cell and is accumulated in the cytoplasm with a process which is Na+-dependent and HCO3(-)-activated. Thus SCN- is likely to compete for the Cl- site on the cotransport carrier and to be slowly transferred by the cotransport system itself.", "PMID": 490620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_640", "title": "Movement of thallous ion across the ascites cell membrane.", "content": "The movement of thallous ion (Tl+) across the ascites cell membrane has been characterized. Analogous to previous findings for 86Rb (used as a tracer for K+), 204Tl+-influx could be resolved into three components: a ouabain-inhibitable \"pump\" flux, a passive flux, and a furosemide- or NO-3-sensitive \"exchange\" flux. Although Tl+ moved approximately nine times faster across the membrane than K+, the pump/leak ratio was equal for the two ions. This suggests that the pump- and leak-pathways share a common rate-limiting step. The exchange mechanism was shown to provide close coupling between the Tl+- and K+-gradients.", "contents": "Movement of thallous ion across the ascites cell membrane. The movement of thallous ion (Tl+) across the ascites cell membrane has been characterized. Analogous to previous findings for 86Rb (used as a tracer for K+), 204Tl+-influx could be resolved into three components: a ouabain-inhibitable \"pump\" flux, a passive flux, and a furosemide- or NO-3-sensitive \"exchange\" flux. Although Tl+ moved approximately nine times faster across the membrane than K+, the pump/leak ratio was equal for the two ions. This suggests that the pump- and leak-pathways share a common rate-limiting step. The exchange mechanism was shown to provide close coupling between the Tl+- and K+-gradients.", "PMID": 490621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_641", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane proteins: a modified Gorter-Grendel experiment.", "content": "The pressure-area isotherm and shear resistance of spectrin-actin monolayers indicate a close-packed structure at about 1.0 m2/mg protein. This surface area is equivalent to a thickness of about two monolayers at the erythrocyte membrane inner face. The maximum elasticity (lowest compressibility) occurs at 0.7 mg2/mg protein, indicating the limit of reversible compression. The mechanical properties of the monolayers approximate those of the intact membrane, suggesting that the structures are similar and that these monolayers may account for many of the in vivo properties.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane proteins: a modified Gorter-Grendel experiment. The pressure-area isotherm and shear resistance of spectrin-actin monolayers indicate a close-packed structure at about 1.0 m2/mg protein. This surface area is equivalent to a thickness of about two monolayers at the erythrocyte membrane inner face. The maximum elasticity (lowest compressibility) occurs at 0.7 mg2/mg protein, indicating the limit of reversible compression. The mechanical properties of the monolayers approximate those of the intact membrane, suggesting that the structures are similar and that these monolayers may account for many of the in vivo properties.", "PMID": 490622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_642", "title": "Chemically induced K+ conduction noise in squid axon.", "content": "Internal perfusion of tetraethylammonium ions (TEA) in squid axons produces a significant high frequency noise component. Although internal TEA suppresses the potassium conductance (GK) noise at relatively low frequencies, it induces high frequency noise which exceeds the intensity of the normal potassium and sodium noise. In addition, the induced noise is dependent on the presence of internal potassium ions (K+) suggesting that this source of noise arises from a modulation of the K+ conductance due to the blocking and unblocking of the K+ channel. The simplest model describing the TEA data is a two-step sequential, pseudo-unimolecular reaction where TEA binds during an open conductance state. A unit channel conductance of 2 pS is estimated from the TEA data as well as noise induced by triethyldecylammonium (TEDA) ions. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the channel is blocked whenever the quaternary ammonium ion binding site, located near or within the K+ channel, is occupied.", "contents": "Chemically induced K+ conduction noise in squid axon. Internal perfusion of tetraethylammonium ions (TEA) in squid axons produces a significant high frequency noise component. Although internal TEA suppresses the potassium conductance (GK) noise at relatively low frequencies, it induces high frequency noise which exceeds the intensity of the normal potassium and sodium noise. In addition, the induced noise is dependent on the presence of internal potassium ions (K+) suggesting that this source of noise arises from a modulation of the K+ conductance due to the blocking and unblocking of the K+ channel. The simplest model describing the TEA data is a two-step sequential, pseudo-unimolecular reaction where TEA binds during an open conductance state. A unit channel conductance of 2 pS is estimated from the TEA data as well as noise induced by triethyldecylammonium (TEDA) ions. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the channel is blocked whenever the quaternary ammonium ion binding site, located near or within the K+ channel, is occupied.", "PMID": 490623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_643", "title": "Hemoglobin-depleted human erythrocyte ghosts: characterization of morphology and transport functions.", "content": "A method of preparing hemoglobin-depleted resealed ghosts with an extremely low hemoglobin content is described. The membrane morphology, the crossed immunoelectrophoresis pattern of the membrane proteins, and the transport function of these ghosts have been examined. Electron microscopic examination of the ghosts on hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic grid surfaces revealed a faint filamentous network (spectrin) associated with the membrane. The ghosts were found to have permeabilities towards small polar molecules (water and mannitol) and ions (chloride, sodium, and potassium) which are quantitatively very close to those of intact red cells. It is concluded that white ghosts prepared by the present method are well suited for simultaneous studies of morphology, membrane biochemistry, and membrane transport functions.", "contents": "Hemoglobin-depleted human erythrocyte ghosts: characterization of morphology and transport functions. A method of preparing hemoglobin-depleted resealed ghosts with an extremely low hemoglobin content is described. The membrane morphology, the crossed immunoelectrophoresis pattern of the membrane proteins, and the transport function of these ghosts have been examined. Electron microscopic examination of the ghosts on hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic grid surfaces revealed a faint filamentous network (spectrin) associated with the membrane. The ghosts were found to have permeabilities towards small polar molecules (water and mannitol) and ions (chloride, sodium, and potassium) which are quantitatively very close to those of intact red cells. It is concluded that white ghosts prepared by the present method are well suited for simultaneous studies of morphology, membrane biochemistry, and membrane transport functions.", "PMID": 490624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_644", "title": "Effect of orthophosphate on the rate of calcium uptake by red and white muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "In the presence of added orthophosphate (Pi) there is a period during which sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) accumulate calcium at a constant rate. This constant rate is increased and is reached sooner when the added Pi concentration is increased. A double reciprocal plot of rate and Pi concentration gives a straight line. The Pi concentration required for half-maximum rate of calcium accumulation is the same for SR preparations from red and white rabbit muscles, although the maximum rates are widely different. During the ageing of SR preparations the Pi concentration required for half-maximum rate increases, but the maximum rate remains the same.", "contents": "Effect of orthophosphate on the rate of calcium uptake by red and white muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the presence of added orthophosphate (Pi) there is a period during which sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) accumulate calcium at a constant rate. This constant rate is increased and is reached sooner when the added Pi concentration is increased. A double reciprocal plot of rate and Pi concentration gives a straight line. The Pi concentration required for half-maximum rate of calcium accumulation is the same for SR preparations from red and white rabbit muscles, although the maximum rates are widely different. During the ageing of SR preparations the Pi concentration required for half-maximum rate increases, but the maximum rate remains the same.", "PMID": 490625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_645", "title": "Metabolic dependence of the offset of antidiuretic hormone-induced osmotic flow of water across the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The elevated osmotic permeability to water induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the isolated urinary bladder of the toad is rapidly reversed by removal or washout of the ADH. This return to normal water permeability is delayed by the suppression of production of metabolic energy by any of three maneuvers: (i) low temperature (2 degrees C); (ii) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (10 mM azide or 0.5 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol); or (iii) inhibition of glycolysis (10 mM iodoacetate or 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose). Moreover exposure to cytochalasin B, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, either before or after initiation of the hormonal effect also delays the return of water permeability to normal following removal of ADH. When considered within constraints imposed by models which predict ADH's action on water permeability to be either via modulation of the fluidity of lipids in the membrane or via the figuration of proteins (\"pores\") in the lipid membrane, these observations on the inhibition of the reversal of ADH stimulation of water flow are more consistent with the protein (pore) theory and place limitations on the mechanisms by which proteins in such pores can return to the resting or impermeable state.", "contents": "Metabolic dependence of the offset of antidiuretic hormone-induced osmotic flow of water across the toad urinary bladder. The elevated osmotic permeability to water induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the isolated urinary bladder of the toad is rapidly reversed by removal or washout of the ADH. This return to normal water permeability is delayed by the suppression of production of metabolic energy by any of three maneuvers: (i) low temperature (2 degrees C); (ii) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (10 mM azide or 0.5 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol); or (iii) inhibition of glycolysis (10 mM iodoacetate or 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose). Moreover exposure to cytochalasin B, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, either before or after initiation of the hormonal effect also delays the return of water permeability to normal following removal of ADH. When considered within constraints imposed by models which predict ADH's action on water permeability to be either via modulation of the fluidity of lipids in the membrane or via the figuration of proteins (\"pores\") in the lipid membrane, these observations on the inhibition of the reversal of ADH stimulation of water flow are more consistent with the protein (pore) theory and place limitations on the mechanisms by which proteins in such pores can return to the resting or impermeable state.", "PMID": 490626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_646", "title": "Inhibition of active strontium transport from erythrocyte ghosts by internal calcium: evidence for a specificity controlling site.", "content": "The inhibition of strontium transport from erythrocyte ghosts by internal calcium was investigated. When active strontium transport was measured in the presence of increasing levels of internal calcium it was found that the inhibition of strontium transport started at an internal calcium level of 0.3 mM and was virtually complete when this concentration reached 1.0 mM. It was also noted that calcium transport was virtually constant between concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 mM. This experiment indicated that calcium did not inhibit strontium transport by competing for the active site of the transport system. This inhibition was partially reversed by increasing the internal magnesium concentration from 1 to 4 mM. A higher level of magnesium at the time of lysis and during incubation enhanced strontium transport. However, the inhibition remained noncompetitive with respect to calcium. Manganese was also found to support calcium and strontium transport. However, it could not reverse the inhibition of strontium transport by internal calcium at any concentration tested. In fact, manganese restored the inhibition of strontium transport by calcium in ghosts that were prepared and incubated in solutions that had high magnesium levels.", "contents": "Inhibition of active strontium transport from erythrocyte ghosts by internal calcium: evidence for a specificity controlling site. The inhibition of strontium transport from erythrocyte ghosts by internal calcium was investigated. When active strontium transport was measured in the presence of increasing levels of internal calcium it was found that the inhibition of strontium transport started at an internal calcium level of 0.3 mM and was virtually complete when this concentration reached 1.0 mM. It was also noted that calcium transport was virtually constant between concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 mM. This experiment indicated that calcium did not inhibit strontium transport by competing for the active site of the transport system. This inhibition was partially reversed by increasing the internal magnesium concentration from 1 to 4 mM. A higher level of magnesium at the time of lysis and during incubation enhanced strontium transport. However, the inhibition remained noncompetitive with respect to calcium. Manganese was also found to support calcium and strontium transport. However, it could not reverse the inhibition of strontium transport by internal calcium at any concentration tested. In fact, manganese restored the inhibition of strontium transport by calcium in ghosts that were prepared and incubated in solutions that had high magnesium levels.", "PMID": 490627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_647", "title": "Triaminopyrimidinium (TAP+) blocks luminal membrane K conductance in Necturus gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "The effect of triaminopyrimidinium (TAP+) on the apical membrane of necturus gallbladder epithelial cells was investigated with intracellular microelectrode techniques. TAP+, added to the mucosal bathing solution only, produced the following effects (all rapid and reversible): (i) cell depolarization, (ii) increase of apical membrane resistance, and (iii) decrease of the apical membrane potential change produced by K for Na substitution on the mucosal side. These results can be explained by a decrease of apical membrane K conductance. The paracellular effects of TAP+ were similar to the ones previously described by Moreno (J.H. Moreno, 1974; Nature (London) 251:150; J.H. Moreno, 1975. J. Gen. Physiol. 66:97). These results indicate that the change of transepithelial potential produced by TAP+ cannot be ascribed solely to its effect on the paracellular pathway.", "contents": "Triaminopyrimidinium (TAP+) blocks luminal membrane K conductance in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The effect of triaminopyrimidinium (TAP+) on the apical membrane of necturus gallbladder epithelial cells was investigated with intracellular microelectrode techniques. TAP+, added to the mucosal bathing solution only, produced the following effects (all rapid and reversible): (i) cell depolarization, (ii) increase of apical membrane resistance, and (iii) decrease of the apical membrane potential change produced by K for Na substitution on the mucosal side. These results can be explained by a decrease of apical membrane K conductance. The paracellular effects of TAP+ were similar to the ones previously described by Moreno (J.H. Moreno, 1974; Nature (London) 251:150; J.H. Moreno, 1975. J. Gen. Physiol. 66:97). These results indicate that the change of transepithelial potential produced by TAP+ cannot be ascribed solely to its effect on the paracellular pathway.", "PMID": 490628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_648", "title": "Species-specific effects on the optical signals of voltage-sensitive dyes.", "content": "The absorption changes of two merocyanine dyes in response to membrane potential changes were measured on several neuronal preparations to see whether the dyes would be useful in recording from these cells. We were able to record large signals without averaging from barnacle and leech neurons. The greatest signal with WW375 was seen at 750 nm. Much smaller increases in transmitted light intensity were seen at all other wavelengths between 500 and 780 nm. In contrast, vertebrate neuronal preparations produced much smaller signals with an entirely different action spectrum. Essentially the same spectrum was seen in cells of the sympathetic ganglion of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, dissociated chick spinal cord neurons, or dissociated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. In each case an action potential was accompanied by increases in transmitted light intensity between 500 and 600 nm and 730 and 780 nm, and decreases in intensity between 600 and 730 nm with the dye WW375, the best dye tested. Similar results were obtained with dye NK2367 on both vertebrate and invertebrate preparations, except that the spectral properties were shifted 30 nm towards the blue. Both dyes caused some photodynamic damage to the cultured neurons after a few minute's exposure to the illuminating light. Several analogues of these dyes were also tried, but did not produce larger signals.", "contents": "Species-specific effects on the optical signals of voltage-sensitive dyes. The absorption changes of two merocyanine dyes in response to membrane potential changes were measured on several neuronal preparations to see whether the dyes would be useful in recording from these cells. We were able to record large signals without averaging from barnacle and leech neurons. The greatest signal with WW375 was seen at 750 nm. Much smaller increases in transmitted light intensity were seen at all other wavelengths between 500 and 780 nm. In contrast, vertebrate neuronal preparations produced much smaller signals with an entirely different action spectrum. Essentially the same spectrum was seen in cells of the sympathetic ganglion of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, dissociated chick spinal cord neurons, or dissociated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. In each case an action potential was accompanied by increases in transmitted light intensity between 500 and 600 nm and 730 and 780 nm, and decreases in intensity between 600 and 730 nm with the dye WW375, the best dye tested. Similar results were obtained with dye NK2367 on both vertebrate and invertebrate preparations, except that the spectral properties were shifted 30 nm towards the blue. Both dyes caused some photodynamic damage to the cultured neurons after a few minute's exposure to the illuminating light. Several analogues of these dyes were also tried, but did not produce larger signals.", "PMID": 490629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_649", "title": "Binding of radioactively labeled saxitoxin to the squid giant axon.", "content": "The binding of saxitoxin, a specific inhibitor of the sodium conductance in excitable membranes, has been measured in giant axons from the squid, Loligo pealei. Binding was studied by labeling saxitoxin with tritium, using a solvent-exchange technique, and measuring the toxin uptake by liquid scintillation counting. Total toxin binding is the sum of a saturable, hyperbolic binding component, with a dissociation constant at 2--4 degrees C of 4.3 +/- 1.7 nM (mean SE), and a linear, nonsaturable component. The density of saturable binding sites is 166 +/- 20.4 micrometers-2. From this density and published values of the maximum sodium conductance, the conductance per toxin site is estimated to be about 7 pS, assuming sequential activation and inactivation processes (F. Bezanilla & C.M. Armstrong, 1977, J. Gen. Physiol. 70:549). This single site conductance value of 7 pS is in close aggreement with estimates of the conductance of one open sodium channel from measurements of gating currents and of noise on squid giant axons and is consistent with the hypothesis that one saxitoxin molecule binds to one sodium channel.", "contents": "Binding of radioactively labeled saxitoxin to the squid giant axon. The binding of saxitoxin, a specific inhibitor of the sodium conductance in excitable membranes, has been measured in giant axons from the squid, Loligo pealei. Binding was studied by labeling saxitoxin with tritium, using a solvent-exchange technique, and measuring the toxin uptake by liquid scintillation counting. Total toxin binding is the sum of a saturable, hyperbolic binding component, with a dissociation constant at 2--4 degrees C of 4.3 +/- 1.7 nM (mean SE), and a linear, nonsaturable component. The density of saturable binding sites is 166 +/- 20.4 micrometers-2. From this density and published values of the maximum sodium conductance, the conductance per toxin site is estimated to be about 7 pS, assuming sequential activation and inactivation processes (F. Bezanilla & C.M. Armstrong, 1977, J. Gen. Physiol. 70:549). This single site conductance value of 7 pS is in close aggreement with estimates of the conductance of one open sodium channel from measurements of gating currents and of noise on squid giant axons and is consistent with the hypothesis that one saxitoxin molecule binds to one sodium channel.", "PMID": 490630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_650", "title": "Dermatoglyphic findings in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "content": "The dermatoglyphics of seven patients with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and their seventeen family members were compared with those of 250 male and 250 female controls. The most striking dermatoglyphic findings of the patients were the increased frequency of arches, decreased frequency of ulnar loops and reduced ridge-counts on the finger-tips, particularly on the thumbs, lower a-b ridge-counts, increased frequency of I, Ir, II loops, e, f, and t'' triradii, decreased frequency of H loops and tb triradii on the palms, increased frequency of If loops, decreased frequency of I loops, f and p triradii on the soles. The relatives of the patients had more radial loops on the finger-tips, I and Hr loops and t' triradii on the palms, II, III, loops, f and z triradii on the soles.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic findings in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. The dermatoglyphics of seven patients with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and their seventeen family members were compared with those of 250 male and 250 female controls. The most striking dermatoglyphic findings of the patients were the increased frequency of arches, decreased frequency of ulnar loops and reduced ridge-counts on the finger-tips, particularly on the thumbs, lower a-b ridge-counts, increased frequency of I, Ir, II loops, e, f, and t'' triradii, decreased frequency of H loops and tb triradii on the palms, increased frequency of If loops, decreased frequency of I loops, f and p triradii on the soles. The relatives of the patients had more radial loops on the finger-tips, I and Hr loops and t' triradii on the palms, II, III, loops, f and z triradii on the soles.", "PMID": 490632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_651", "title": "Membrane potential of mitochondria measured with an electrode sensitive to tetraphenyl phosphonium and relationship between proton electrochemical potential and phosphorylation potential in steady state.", "content": "The membrane potential of mitochondria was estimated from the accumulation of tetraphenyl phosphonium (TPP+), which was determined with the TPP+-selective electrode developed in the present study. The preparation and some operational parameters of the electrode were described. The kinetics for uptake by mitochondria of TPP+ and DDA+ (dibenzyldimethyl ammonium) were analyzed, and it was found that TPP+ permeated the mitochondrial membrane about 15 times faster than DDA+. The final amounts of accumulation of TPP+ and DDA+ by mitochondria were approximately equal. For the state-4 mitochondria, the membrane potential was about 180 mV (interior negative). Simultaneous measurements of TPP+-uptake and oxygen consumption showed that the transition between states 3 and 4 was detectable by use of the TPP+-electrode. After the TPP+-electrode showed that state-4 was reached, the extra-mitochondrial phosphorylation potential was measured. The difference in pH across the membrane was measured from the distribution of permeant anion, acetate, so as to calculate the proton electrochemical potential. The ratio of extra-mitochondrial phosphorylation potential to proton electro-chemical potential, n was close to 3. This value of n was also found to be 3 when ATP was hydrolyzed under the condition that the respiratory chain was arrested. The implication that n = 3 was discussed.", "contents": "Membrane potential of mitochondria measured with an electrode sensitive to tetraphenyl phosphonium and relationship between proton electrochemical potential and phosphorylation potential in steady state. The membrane potential of mitochondria was estimated from the accumulation of tetraphenyl phosphonium (TPP+), which was determined with the TPP+-selective electrode developed in the present study. The preparation and some operational parameters of the electrode were described. The kinetics for uptake by mitochondria of TPP+ and DDA+ (dibenzyldimethyl ammonium) were analyzed, and it was found that TPP+ permeated the mitochondrial membrane about 15 times faster than DDA+. The final amounts of accumulation of TPP+ and DDA+ by mitochondria were approximately equal. For the state-4 mitochondria, the membrane potential was about 180 mV (interior negative). Simultaneous measurements of TPP+-uptake and oxygen consumption showed that the transition between states 3 and 4 was detectable by use of the TPP+-electrode. After the TPP+-electrode showed that state-4 was reached, the extra-mitochondrial phosphorylation potential was measured. The difference in pH across the membrane was measured from the distribution of permeant anion, acetate, so as to calculate the proton electrochemical potential. The ratio of extra-mitochondrial phosphorylation potential to proton electro-chemical potential, n was close to 3. This value of n was also found to be 3 when ATP was hydrolyzed under the condition that the respiratory chain was arrested. The implication that n = 3 was discussed.", "PMID": 490631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_652", "title": "Self-injury in the de Lange syndrome.", "content": "Self-injury, a common problem among retarded children is thought to be a behavioural manifestation of an organic disease and the usual treatment has been through drugs or physical restraint. Psychological treatment techniques were used to control such behaviour in a de Lange syndrome patient. The treatment was effective in producing clinically significant control of self-injurious behaviour.", "contents": "Self-injury in the de Lange syndrome. Self-injury, a common problem among retarded children is thought to be a behavioural manifestation of an organic disease and the usual treatment has been through drugs or physical restraint. Psychological treatment techniques were used to control such behaviour in a de Lange syndrome patient. The treatment was effective in producing clinically significant control of self-injurious behaviour.", "PMID": 490633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_653", "title": "Sole dermatoglyphics of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY).", "content": "We have reported the dermatoglyphic findings on the soles of eighty Japanese Klinefelter's syndrome patients (47,XXY). As compared with normal Japanese males and females, three statistically different traits were observed: (1) Distal loops in the hallucal area are smaller, (2) pattern intensity is higher, and (3) the frequency of triradius p is elevated.", "contents": "Sole dermatoglyphics of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY). We have reported the dermatoglyphic findings on the soles of eighty Japanese Klinefelter's syndrome patients (47,XXY). As compared with normal Japanese males and females, three statistically different traits were observed: (1) Distal loops in the hallucal area are smaller, (2) pattern intensity is higher, and (3) the frequency of triradius p is elevated.", "PMID": 490634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_654", "title": "Prospects for extending the resolution limit of the electron microscope.", "content": "The factors that limit the performance of present-day high-resolution electron microscopes include the source brightness, the temporal coherence of the illumination, and phase contrast 'artefacts' due to spherical aberration and defocus. Further advancement of the instrumental performance might be accomplished in different ways, including the use of high coherence conditions combined with image restoration; the use of higher accelerating voltages; the use of aberration correctors; or the use of conditions for incoherent image formation. Current efforts in each of these directions are reviewed, from which it is evident that the combined use of higher voltages and improved coherence is the direction that is presently leading to the greatest degree of progress.", "contents": "Prospects for extending the resolution limit of the electron microscope. The factors that limit the performance of present-day high-resolution electron microscopes include the source brightness, the temporal coherence of the illumination, and phase contrast 'artefacts' due to spherical aberration and defocus. Further advancement of the instrumental performance might be accomplished in different ways, including the use of high coherence conditions combined with image restoration; the use of higher accelerating voltages; the use of aberration correctors; or the use of conditions for incoherent image formation. Current efforts in each of these directions are reviewed, from which it is evident that the combined use of higher voltages and improved coherence is the direction that is presently leading to the greatest degree of progress.", "PMID": 490637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_655", "title": "Intrinsic organization of snake dorsomedial cortex: an electron microscopic and golgi study.", "content": "The cellular populations present in dorsomedial cortex in the snakes Constrictor constrictor, Natrix sipendon and Thamnophis sirtalis are described at the light microscopic level using Nissl and Golgi preparations as well as at the ultrastructural level. This area plays a central role in cortical organization in snakes by participating in major commissural and association projections. Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that five populations of neurons are present in dorsomedial area and have a preferential laminar distribution. Layer 1 stellate cells have somata positioned in the center of the outermost cortical layer, layer 1. Their dendrites are confined to this layer. Double pyramidal cells have their somata loosely packed in layer 2. Their dendrites bear a moderate population of spines, ascending through layer 1 to the pial surface and descending partially through layer 3. Some double pyramidal cells have somata displaced downwards into the upper third of layer 3. These neurons closely resemble the layer 2 double pyramidal cells. Layer 3 stellate cells have somata positioned in the middle third of layer 3. Their dendrites extend in all directions throughout layer 3 and through layer 2 into layer 1. Finally, horizontal cells have their somata positioned deep in layer 3, near the ventricle, and dendrites aligned concentric with the ventricle. Comparison of the organization of the known afferents to dorsomedial area with the distribution of the five cell types suggests that the laminations of both afferent fibres and dorsomedial neurons places specific neuronal populations in synaptic contact with specific sets of afferents.", "contents": "Intrinsic organization of snake dorsomedial cortex: an electron microscopic and golgi study. The cellular populations present in dorsomedial cortex in the snakes Constrictor constrictor, Natrix sipendon and Thamnophis sirtalis are described at the light microscopic level using Nissl and Golgi preparations as well as at the ultrastructural level. This area plays a central role in cortical organization in snakes by participating in major commissural and association projections. Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that five populations of neurons are present in dorsomedial area and have a preferential laminar distribution. Layer 1 stellate cells have somata positioned in the center of the outermost cortical layer, layer 1. Their dendrites are confined to this layer. Double pyramidal cells have their somata loosely packed in layer 2. Their dendrites bear a moderate population of spines, ascending through layer 1 to the pial surface and descending partially through layer 3. Some double pyramidal cells have somata displaced downwards into the upper third of layer 3. These neurons closely resemble the layer 2 double pyramidal cells. Layer 3 stellate cells have somata positioned in the middle third of layer 3. Their dendrites extend in all directions throughout layer 3 and through layer 2 into layer 1. Finally, horizontal cells have their somata positioned deep in layer 3, near the ventricle, and dendrites aligned concentric with the ventricle. Comparison of the organization of the known afferents to dorsomedial area with the distribution of the five cell types suggests that the laminations of both afferent fibres and dorsomedial neurons places specific neuronal populations in synaptic contact with specific sets of afferents.", "PMID": 490650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_656", "title": "Nucleolar reorganization in liver cells of the aging rat.", "content": "The nucleoli of rat liver cells duplicate in great detail the life-long series of reorganizational changes encountered in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. The ultrastructural components of the large, loosely organized polymorphous nucleoli, which are dominant in the rapidly multiplying stem cells of embryos, are readily accessible for chemical activities. Smaller, more compact amphinucleoli are dominant in more mature cells, which were characterized by Smetana ('70) as \"idling\" cells, showing slowly continuing ribosome formation and RNP synthesis. In older cells bipartite nucleoli become dominant and are reorganized in increasing numbers from the younger amphinucleoli. These, however, are not replaced in equal numbers from the shrinking pool of polymorphs of young cells which have greatly reduced mitotic potential. Paralleling the shifts in dominant nucleolar types, the high level of protein synthesis declines in older cells not only in the quantity of proteins synthesized but also in kinds of enzymes produced. These fail to meet the structural and functional requirements of aging cells leading ultimately to the onset of age-related degenerative changes. Again it is noted that separation of the karyosomal DNA from the plasmosomal RNA-protein complex of the nucleolus may lead to possible breakdown of the DNA-dependent RNA-protein transcription system ultimately bringing protein synthesis to a very low level in the senescent animal.", "contents": "Nucleolar reorganization in liver cells of the aging rat. The nucleoli of rat liver cells duplicate in great detail the life-long series of reorganizational changes encountered in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. The ultrastructural components of the large, loosely organized polymorphous nucleoli, which are dominant in the rapidly multiplying stem cells of embryos, are readily accessible for chemical activities. Smaller, more compact amphinucleoli are dominant in more mature cells, which were characterized by Smetana ('70) as \"idling\" cells, showing slowly continuing ribosome formation and RNP synthesis. In older cells bipartite nucleoli become dominant and are reorganized in increasing numbers from the younger amphinucleoli. These, however, are not replaced in equal numbers from the shrinking pool of polymorphs of young cells which have greatly reduced mitotic potential. Paralleling the shifts in dominant nucleolar types, the high level of protein synthesis declines in older cells not only in the quantity of proteins synthesized but also in kinds of enzymes produced. These fail to meet the structural and functional requirements of aging cells leading ultimately to the onset of age-related degenerative changes. Again it is noted that separation of the karyosomal DNA from the plasmosomal RNA-protein complex of the nucleolus may lead to possible breakdown of the DNA-dependent RNA-protein transcription system ultimately bringing protein synthesis to a very low level in the senescent animal.", "PMID": 490651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_657", "title": "Marital sexuality and the psychological health of professional men.", "content": "A longitudinal study of married professional men explored the relation of adolescent and adult psychological health to marital sexual frequency, frustration, pleasure, and compatibility as well as the effects of sexual relations upon maturing. Psychological health was measured by seven adolescent and ten adult measures, including the MMPI, Rorschach, self- and judge-ratings, and questionnaires. Adolescent mental health did not predict any measure of adult sexual activity. Adult psychological health did not predict frequency of marital coital relations or degree of sexual frustration very consistently. It was associated more clearly with sexual pleasure and very consistently with marital sexual compatibility. Sexual relations did not contribute much to the men's maturing during adulthood; when they did, their principal effects were to further the integration and stabilization of the men's self-concepts.", "contents": "Marital sexuality and the psychological health of professional men. A longitudinal study of married professional men explored the relation of adolescent and adult psychological health to marital sexual frequency, frustration, pleasure, and compatibility as well as the effects of sexual relations upon maturing. Psychological health was measured by seven adolescent and ten adult measures, including the MMPI, Rorschach, self- and judge-ratings, and questionnaires. Adolescent mental health did not predict any measure of adult sexual activity. Adult psychological health did not predict frequency of marital coital relations or degree of sexual frustration very consistently. It was associated more clearly with sexual pleasure and very consistently with marital sexual compatibility. Sexual relations did not contribute much to the men's maturing during adulthood; when they did, their principal effects were to further the integration and stabilization of the men's self-concepts.", "PMID": 490662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_658", "title": "The gestalt experiment in sex therapy.", "content": "The couple with a sex dysfunction is at an impasse. The natural process of sexual self-regulation is interrupted by the self. Growth requires experimenting with new solutions for unsolved problems. The gestalt experiment is a major modality of treatment applicable to sex therapy. To experiment is to invent and discover solutions and to find and make meanings. In posing an experiment, the therapist attempts to create a safe emergency in which risk and support are balanced, permitting the person to stay with the mounting excitement and coming solution. An atmosphere of playfulness and creativity invites experimentation. Thorough familiarity with modes and methods of experimenting permits the therapist's creativity to emerge. Applications of sexual metaphors and sex dysfunction as a nightmare are presented which use methods drawn from gestalt dream work. The use of gestalt experiments are illustrated in a client-therapist dialogue.", "contents": "The gestalt experiment in sex therapy. The couple with a sex dysfunction is at an impasse. The natural process of sexual self-regulation is interrupted by the self. Growth requires experimenting with new solutions for unsolved problems. The gestalt experiment is a major modality of treatment applicable to sex therapy. To experiment is to invent and discover solutions and to find and make meanings. In posing an experiment, the therapist attempts to create a safe emergency in which risk and support are balanced, permitting the person to stay with the mounting excitement and coming solution. An atmosphere of playfulness and creativity invites experimentation. Thorough familiarity with modes and methods of experimenting permits the therapist's creativity to emerge. Applications of sexual metaphors and sex dysfunction as a nightmare are presented which use methods drawn from gestalt dream work. The use of gestalt experiments are illustrated in a client-therapist dialogue.", "PMID": 490663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_659", "title": "What personal photos reveal about marital sex conflicts.", "content": "A brief summation of the underlying rationale of the technique and a description of how photo reconnaisance is utilized are presented first. Then some specific adaptations of the technique to the therapist's understanding and treatment of sexual conflicts in marital pairs are delineated. Although some correlations between certain configurations appearing in pictures and specific sexual conflicts or dysfunctions are hypothesized, it is not possible to posit clear-cut one-to-one linkages. The photographs provide clues and highlight forerunners of current difficulties; they do not establish definitive causation.", "contents": "What personal photos reveal about marital sex conflicts. A brief summation of the underlying rationale of the technique and a description of how photo reconnaisance is utilized are presented first. Then some specific adaptations of the technique to the therapist's understanding and treatment of sexual conflicts in marital pairs are delineated. Although some correlations between certain configurations appearing in pictures and specific sexual conflicts or dysfunctions are hypothesized, it is not possible to posit clear-cut one-to-one linkages. The photographs provide clues and highlight forerunners of current difficulties; they do not establish definitive causation.", "PMID": 490664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_660", "title": "Heterosexual marriage of homosexual males: some associated factors.", "content": "Three matched groups of predominantly homosexual men were compared using Weinberg and Williams' questionnaire. Two of the groups contained men who were currently heterosexually married and men who had been heterosexually married; the third group was unmarried controls. Reasons for marriage were reviewed and found to be a combination of situational factors and, to a greater extent, of the expectations of those men who married of a more negative societal reaction against homosexuality. Implications of these findings for therapy are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Heterosexual marriage of homosexual males: some associated factors. Three matched groups of predominantly homosexual men were compared using Weinberg and Williams' questionnaire. Two of the groups contained men who were currently heterosexually married and men who had been heterosexually married; the third group was unmarried controls. Reasons for marriage were reviewed and found to be a combination of situational factors and, to a greater extent, of the expectations of those men who married of a more negative societal reaction against homosexuality. Implications of these findings for therapy are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 490665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_661", "title": "The myth of symptomatic versus asymptomatic partners in the conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Although sex researchers and therapists alike talk about treating \"couples,\" there persists an assumption that \"symptomatic\" partners vary significantly from \"asymptomatic\" partners with respect to early background and personality variables. Indeed, these differences have been sometimes viewed as primary causal factors for the couple's presenting state of sexual discord. Data from a short-term intensive treatment program was analyzed to compare factors such as parental-familial background, sexual attitudes and knowledge, and marital histories for individuals diagnosed as symptomatic and their partners who received no specific sexual diagnosis. Results indicated few significant differences between these identified groups. There were also few differences between groups based upon items from a follow-up evaluation, suggesting that the prognostic value of these classifications may likewise be placed in question. In general, the couple's ongoing relationship (rather than individual characteristics) appears responsible for establishing satisfactory levels of sexual intimacy. Suggestions were made toward developing couple-oriented diagnostic and outcome categories.", "contents": "The myth of symptomatic versus asymptomatic partners in the conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction. Although sex researchers and therapists alike talk about treating \"couples,\" there persists an assumption that \"symptomatic\" partners vary significantly from \"asymptomatic\" partners with respect to early background and personality variables. Indeed, these differences have been sometimes viewed as primary causal factors for the couple's presenting state of sexual discord. Data from a short-term intensive treatment program was analyzed to compare factors such as parental-familial background, sexual attitudes and knowledge, and marital histories for individuals diagnosed as symptomatic and their partners who received no specific sexual diagnosis. Results indicated few significant differences between these identified groups. There were also few differences between groups based upon items from a follow-up evaluation, suggesting that the prognostic value of these classifications may likewise be placed in question. In general, the couple's ongoing relationship (rather than individual characteristics) appears responsible for establishing satisfactory levels of sexual intimacy. Suggestions were made toward developing couple-oriented diagnostic and outcome categories.", "PMID": 490666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_662", "title": "The penile prosthesis: a review.", "content": "This paper reviews the literature concerning the penile prosthesis. Included are discussions of the historical development of the penile prosthesis, characteristics of patients treated with prosthetic implantation, assessment techniques utilized in patient selection, and the relative outcome and complication rates for the two major types of prostheses. Recommendations regarding future research and practice are presented throughout.", "contents": "The penile prosthesis: a review. This paper reviews the literature concerning the penile prosthesis. Included are discussions of the historical development of the penile prosthesis, characteristics of patients treated with prosthetic implantation, assessment techniques utilized in patient selection, and the relative outcome and complication rates for the two major types of prostheses. Recommendations regarding future research and practice are presented throughout.", "PMID": 490667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_663", "title": "Some systemic effects of superficial dermatomycosis.", "content": "A baffling case of systemic dermatomycosis is presented and the course of therapy instituted for 12 months described. There has been marked improvement in the patient, both subjectively and objectively, the first in his five-year history. Thirty-five additional and comparative patients were identified during the 12-month time period. These patients were placed on therapy and their responses to treatment were equally impressive.", "contents": "Some systemic effects of superficial dermatomycosis. A baffling case of systemic dermatomycosis is presented and the course of therapy instituted for 12 months described. There has been marked improvement in the patient, both subjectively and objectively, the first in his five-year history. Thirty-five additional and comparative patients were identified during the 12-month time period. These patients were placed on therapy and their responses to treatment were equally impressive.", "PMID": 490668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_664", "title": "Treating hypertension among inner-city dwellers: the problem of noncompliance.", "content": "Hypertension is perhaps the most common chronic disease in the United States, if not in the world. It is certainly the single most important chronic illness in which obtaining patient compliance to therapy is a challenging task. It is a lifelong, life-threatening condition, which may be completely asymptomatic in the afflicted individual. When this illness is detected early and given appropriate treatment, many of its complications, such as strokes, myocardial infarctions, renal disease, and retinal damage, can be prevented, or at least curtailed. The problem of noncompliance to therapy has been attacked in different ways by several investigators. The author believes that this problem can be approached using the following recommendations: thorough patient education, simplicity of therapy, elimination of drugs with serious side effects, and involvement of the patient and his family members in the therapeutic program. When these steps are taken, patient adherence to treatment usually improves, thus resulting in more effective management of hypertension and consequent reduction in its morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Treating hypertension among inner-city dwellers: the problem of noncompliance. Hypertension is perhaps the most common chronic disease in the United States, if not in the world. It is certainly the single most important chronic illness in which obtaining patient compliance to therapy is a challenging task. It is a lifelong, life-threatening condition, which may be completely asymptomatic in the afflicted individual. When this illness is detected early and given appropriate treatment, many of its complications, such as strokes, myocardial infarctions, renal disease, and retinal damage, can be prevented, or at least curtailed. The problem of noncompliance to therapy has been attacked in different ways by several investigators. The author believes that this problem can be approached using the following recommendations: thorough patient education, simplicity of therapy, elimination of drugs with serious side effects, and involvement of the patient and his family members in the therapeutic program. When these steps are taken, patient adherence to treatment usually improves, thus resulting in more effective management of hypertension and consequent reduction in its morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 490669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_665", "title": "Thymoma metastatic to bone.", "content": "A patient with thymoma metastatic to bone is presented. The case differs radiographically and pathologically from one previously reported case in which the diagnosis was made during life. The diagnosis was obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy under fluoroscopic control.", "contents": "Thymoma metastatic to bone. A patient with thymoma metastatic to bone is presented. The case differs radiographically and pathologically from one previously reported case in which the diagnosis was made during life. The diagnosis was obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy under fluoroscopic control.", "PMID": 490670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_666", "title": "Headache--a rare presenting symptom in multiple myeloma: a case report.", "content": "Headache is a rare symptom in multiple myeloma (MM). A 34-year-old black female presented with severe headache and investigation subsequently led to the diagnosis of non-secretory MM. Non-secretory MM is seen in less than one percent of MM cases. Further-more, less than two percent of MM cases are seen under the age of 40 years. An increasing number of cases of MM are being described in young adults. Attention is drawn to entertaining a diagnosis of MM even in those under age 40 years who may manifest unusual features of the disease.", "contents": "Headache--a rare presenting symptom in multiple myeloma: a case report. Headache is a rare symptom in multiple myeloma (MM). A 34-year-old black female presented with severe headache and investigation subsequently led to the diagnosis of non-secretory MM. Non-secretory MM is seen in less than one percent of MM cases. Further-more, less than two percent of MM cases are seen under the age of 40 years. An increasing number of cases of MM are being described in young adults. Attention is drawn to entertaining a diagnosis of MM even in those under age 40 years who may manifest unusual features of the disease.", "PMID": 490671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_667", "title": "Cervical deciduosis and intraepithelial neoplasia.", "content": "With the widespread use of routine cervical cytologic screening in pregnancy and the increasing use of colposcopy, the problem of coexistent decidual and neoplastic cervical changes becomes more frequent. This case report illustrates such a problem and discusses its management.", "contents": "Cervical deciduosis and intraepithelial neoplasia. With the widespread use of routine cervical cytologic screening in pregnancy and the increasing use of colposcopy, the problem of coexistent decidual and neoplastic cervical changes becomes more frequent. This case report illustrates such a problem and discusses its management.", "PMID": 490672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_668", "title": "Nutritional care considerations of older Americans.", "content": "The US Census Bureau's 1977 projection of the nation's population aged 65 and older by the year 2000 was 31.8 million. This paper addresses the projection that in the future a higher proportion of the population in the United States will be older persons. It is obvious that older Americans are living longer with an increased incidence of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiac problems, and obesity, requiring medical and nutritional care. This paper discusses commitment to provide quality services in terms of prescribing appropriate and functional therapeutic diets to meet the needs of older Americans. Two mechanisms are discussed that are effective tools for calculating diabetic diet prescriptions and weight reduction diets based on energy level and energy needs. Also discussed are the provision of assistance to meet the social support needs of old people such as food stamps, Meals-on-Wheels, and homemaker's service.", "contents": "Nutritional care considerations of older Americans. The US Census Bureau's 1977 projection of the nation's population aged 65 and older by the year 2000 was 31.8 million. This paper addresses the projection that in the future a higher proportion of the population in the United States will be older persons. It is obvious that older Americans are living longer with an increased incidence of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiac problems, and obesity, requiring medical and nutritional care. This paper discusses commitment to provide quality services in terms of prescribing appropriate and functional therapeutic diets to meet the needs of older Americans. Two mechanisms are discussed that are effective tools for calculating diabetic diet prescriptions and weight reduction diets based on energy level and energy needs. Also discussed are the provision of assistance to meet the social support needs of old people such as food stamps, Meals-on-Wheels, and homemaker's service.", "PMID": 490673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_669", "title": "Effects of prolonged cyanide and thiocyanate feeding in rats.", "content": "Male weaning rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 10% casein; this diet restricted in methionine, vitamin B12, and iodine; or the complete and restricted diets supplemented with either 1500 ppm potassium cyanide or 2240 ppm potassium thiocyanate for 11.5 mo. There were no deaths or clinical signs of toxicity. Cyanide, but not thiocyanate, caused a consistent reduction in weight gain in the complete and restricted groups. Both cyanide and thiocyanate caused decreased thyroid gland activity in young rats, particularly in the restricted groups. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were maintained in the mature cyanide-treated rats, even though secretion rates were decreased. However, the mature thiocyanate-treated animals showed decreased plasma thyroxine concentrations, despite thyroid gland enlargement. Modest primary myelin degeneration in the spinal cord white matter was found in the restricted group and in rats receiving this diet supplemented with either cyanide or thiocyanate. The lesions did not resemble those of a vitamin B12 deficiency in appearance or those of acute cyanide intoxication in distribution. Because of tissue autolysis, it could not be determined whether these changes resulted from histotoxic anoxia or an alteration of oligodendroglial myelin metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged cyanide and thiocyanate feeding in rats. Male weaning rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 10% casein; this diet restricted in methionine, vitamin B12, and iodine; or the complete and restricted diets supplemented with either 1500 ppm potassium cyanide or 2240 ppm potassium thiocyanate for 11.5 mo. There were no deaths or clinical signs of toxicity. Cyanide, but not thiocyanate, caused a consistent reduction in weight gain in the complete and restricted groups. Both cyanide and thiocyanate caused decreased thyroid gland activity in young rats, particularly in the restricted groups. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were maintained in the mature cyanide-treated rats, even though secretion rates were decreased. However, the mature thiocyanate-treated animals showed decreased plasma thyroxine concentrations, despite thyroid gland enlargement. Modest primary myelin degeneration in the spinal cord white matter was found in the restricted group and in rats receiving this diet supplemented with either cyanide or thiocyanate. The lesions did not resemble those of a vitamin B12 deficiency in appearance or those of acute cyanide intoxication in distribution. Because of tissue autolysis, it could not be determined whether these changes resulted from histotoxic anoxia or an alteration of oligodendroglial myelin metabolism.", "PMID": 490674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_670", "title": "Nuclear interaction of Fusarium mycotoxins with estradiol binding sites in the mouse uterus.", "content": "By using cell-free preparations of uteri obtained from immature BALB/c mice, it was demonstrated that zearalenone and zearalanol, Fusarium mycotoxins, inhibited [3H]estradiol-17 beta binding to specific sites in cytosol. Significant inhibition was noted from zearalenone at 4 x 10(-6) M and from zearalanol at 4 x 10(-7) M. Unlabeled mycotoxins (5 x 10(-6) M) incubated with intact uteri caused translocation of specific estrogen binding sites into nuclei that were exchangeable with [3H]estradiol-17 beta. Zearalanol was more effective in this regard than zearalenone. Ability of the mycotoxins to compete with estradiol-17 beta for the cytosol receptor and to cause translocation of the receptor to the nucleus in general is correlated with their biological activity. These data suggest that the uterotrophic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins are mediated through their association with estrogen receptors in the uterus.", "contents": "Nuclear interaction of Fusarium mycotoxins with estradiol binding sites in the mouse uterus. By using cell-free preparations of uteri obtained from immature BALB/c mice, it was demonstrated that zearalenone and zearalanol, Fusarium mycotoxins, inhibited [3H]estradiol-17 beta binding to specific sites in cytosol. Significant inhibition was noted from zearalenone at 4 x 10(-6) M and from zearalanol at 4 x 10(-7) M. Unlabeled mycotoxins (5 x 10(-6) M) incubated with intact uteri caused translocation of specific estrogen binding sites into nuclei that were exchangeable with [3H]estradiol-17 beta. Zearalanol was more effective in this regard than zearalenone. Ability of the mycotoxins to compete with estradiol-17 beta for the cytosol receptor and to cause translocation of the receptor to the nucleus in general is correlated with their biological activity. These data suggest that the uterotrophic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins are mediated through their association with estrogen receptors in the uterus.", "PMID": 490675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_671", "title": "Evaluation of the transplacental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Exposure in utero to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is associated with reproductive tract lesions in male and female CD-1 mice. The scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the luminal surface of the vagina, cervix, and uterus following prenatal exposure to DES. Abnormalities that have been observed include urethral openings in the cervicovaginal area, squamous metaplasia of the uterus, glandular elements in the vagina, and abnormal cell surface features in the vaginal epithelium.", "contents": "Evaluation of the transplacental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol with the scanning electron microscope. Exposure in utero to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is associated with reproductive tract lesions in male and female CD-1 mice. The scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the luminal surface of the vagina, cervix, and uterus following prenatal exposure to DES. Abnormalities that have been observed include urethral openings in the cervicovaginal area, squamous metaplasia of the uterus, glandular elements in the vagina, and abnormal cell surface features in the vaginal epithelium.", "PMID": 490676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_672", "title": "Propachlor detoxication in the small intestine: cysteine conjugation.", "content": "14C-labeled 2-(S-cysteinyl)-N-isopropylacetanilide was recovered from the media of everted sacs of rat small intestine incubated in media that contained [14C] propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-[1(-14) C]acetanilide). The metabolite was identified on the basis of chromatographic characteristics and mass spectra of the butyl ester-trifluoro-acetamide derivative. This evidence shows that the cysteinyl conjugate was formed during incubations of the small intestine. Although the glutathione conjugate has not been isolated from the intestine, it is a likely precursor of the cysteinyl metabolite. Data from experiments conducted with 10(-5) and 10(-4) M propachlor in the media showed that the capacity to metabolize propachlor to polar metabolites was approximately the same throughout the length of the small intestine.", "contents": "Propachlor detoxication in the small intestine: cysteine conjugation. 14C-labeled 2-(S-cysteinyl)-N-isopropylacetanilide was recovered from the media of everted sacs of rat small intestine incubated in media that contained [14C] propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-[1(-14) C]acetanilide). The metabolite was identified on the basis of chromatographic characteristics and mass spectra of the butyl ester-trifluoro-acetamide derivative. This evidence shows that the cysteinyl conjugate was formed during incubations of the small intestine. Although the glutathione conjugate has not been isolated from the intestine, it is a likely precursor of the cysteinyl metabolite. Data from experiments conducted with 10(-5) and 10(-4) M propachlor in the media showed that the capacity to metabolize propachlor to polar metabolites was approximately the same throughout the length of the small intestine.", "PMID": 490677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_673", "title": "Mutagenicity and transformation by recycled water.", "content": "Increased use of contaminated water and long-range plans for the direct use of recycled water necessitate a careful assessment of the potential health effect on the population. Selected in vitro assays were used to evaluate the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a concentrated, recycled water sample. It was found that the concentrated water induced mutagenicity in hamster lung cells and cellular transformation in human embryonic lung fibroblasts. The use of in vitro analyses in conjunction with epidemiologic studies in determining the human risks of environmental carcinogens is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and transformation by recycled water. Increased use of contaminated water and long-range plans for the direct use of recycled water necessitate a careful assessment of the potential health effect on the population. Selected in vitro assays were used to evaluate the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a concentrated, recycled water sample. It was found that the concentrated water induced mutagenicity in hamster lung cells and cellular transformation in human embryonic lung fibroblasts. The use of in vitro analyses in conjunction with epidemiologic studies in determining the human risks of environmental carcinogens is discussed.", "PMID": 490678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_674", "title": "Neonatal lead toxicity and in vitro lipid peroxidation of rat brain.", "content": "Neonatal rats were given aqueous lead acetate intragastrically from d 2--20 of life at doses of 0, 25, 75, and 225 mg Pb/kg.d. Blood Pb concentrations on d 21 were (mean +/- SE) 27 +/- 4 (control), 150 +/- 26, 263 +/- 63, and 518 +/- 97 microgram/100 ml, respectively. Growth was significantly depressed only in animals given the highest dose of Pb (225 mg/kg.d). Hematocrits were significantly decreased by d21 at all doses of Pb. Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in 750 x g (10 min) brain supernatants induced spontaneously by aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C was not altered by Pb on d 7 and 14, but a slight decrease was observed on d 21. The extent of MDA formation induced by enzymatically generated superoxide anion was not altered by Pb toxicity during the first 21 d of life. Addition of Pb to 750 x g (10 min) brain supernatants in vitro significantly decreased MDA formation at Pb concentrations of 10(-5) M and higher. These results show that the central nervous system toxicity of Pb in neonatal rats is not associated with accelerated in vitro lipid peroxidation of brain tissue.", "contents": "Neonatal lead toxicity and in vitro lipid peroxidation of rat brain. Neonatal rats were given aqueous lead acetate intragastrically from d 2--20 of life at doses of 0, 25, 75, and 225 mg Pb/kg.d. Blood Pb concentrations on d 21 were (mean +/- SE) 27 +/- 4 (control), 150 +/- 26, 263 +/- 63, and 518 +/- 97 microgram/100 ml, respectively. Growth was significantly depressed only in animals given the highest dose of Pb (225 mg/kg.d). Hematocrits were significantly decreased by d21 at all doses of Pb. Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in 750 x g (10 min) brain supernatants induced spontaneously by aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C was not altered by Pb on d 7 and 14, but a slight decrease was observed on d 21. The extent of MDA formation induced by enzymatically generated superoxide anion was not altered by Pb toxicity during the first 21 d of life. Addition of Pb to 750 x g (10 min) brain supernatants in vitro significantly decreased MDA formation at Pb concentrations of 10(-5) M and higher. These results show that the central nervous system toxicity of Pb in neonatal rats is not associated with accelerated in vitro lipid peroxidation of brain tissue.", "PMID": 490679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_675", "title": "Brain lipofuscin concentration and oxidant defense enzymes in lead-poisoned neonatal rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats were given aqueous lead acetate intragastrically from d 2-20 of life at doses of 0, 10, 50, and 225 mg Pb/kg.d. Blood Pb concentrations on d 21 were (mean +/- SE) 23 +/- 3 (control), 63 +/- 19, 246 +/- 55, and 994 +/- 223 microgram/100 ml, and brain Pb concentrations were 14 +/- 2, 60 +/- 5, 114 +/- 15, and 275 +/- 26 microgram/100 g, respectively. Growth was significantly depressed only in rats given the highest dose of Pb (225 mg/kg.d). Solvent-extractable lipofuscin pigment concentration of brain tissue progressively decreased over the 21-d duration of the experiment but was not significantly altered at any dose of Pb. Brain glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were stimulated on d 20 at the maximal dose of Pb, but the activities of brain superoxide dismutases and catalase were not altered by Pb exposure. Locomotor activity was significantly increased in the male animals on d 20, but only at the highest dose of Pb. These results indicate that Pb toxicity in neonatal rats is not associated with accelerated in vivo lipid peroxidation in the brain, but that certain oxidant defense mechanisms in the brain are stimulated by Pb.", "contents": "Brain lipofuscin concentration and oxidant defense enzymes in lead-poisoned neonatal rats. Neonatal rats were given aqueous lead acetate intragastrically from d 2-20 of life at doses of 0, 10, 50, and 225 mg Pb/kg.d. Blood Pb concentrations on d 21 were (mean +/- SE) 23 +/- 3 (control), 63 +/- 19, 246 +/- 55, and 994 +/- 223 microgram/100 ml, and brain Pb concentrations were 14 +/- 2, 60 +/- 5, 114 +/- 15, and 275 +/- 26 microgram/100 g, respectively. Growth was significantly depressed only in rats given the highest dose of Pb (225 mg/kg.d). Solvent-extractable lipofuscin pigment concentration of brain tissue progressively decreased over the 21-d duration of the experiment but was not significantly altered at any dose of Pb. Brain glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were stimulated on d 20 at the maximal dose of Pb, but the activities of brain superoxide dismutases and catalase were not altered by Pb exposure. Locomotor activity was significantly increased in the male animals on d 20, but only at the highest dose of Pb. These results indicate that Pb toxicity in neonatal rats is not associated with accelerated in vivo lipid peroxidation in the brain, but that certain oxidant defense mechanisms in the brain are stimulated by Pb.", "PMID": 490680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_676", "title": "Toxicity of selenium to developing Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "Se in the form of sodium selenite is toxic to Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles continuously exposed to concentrations above 1 ppm. Concentrations of 2 ppm and above result in severe developmental abnormalities and increased mortality. Uptake and loss of radioactive Se from water are rapid, but depuration is not complete indicating that some Se can remain bound by the organism. The facts that Se is toxic at low levels to Xenopus embryos and tadpoles, can cause developmental abnormalities, and accumulates in tissues suggest that increased release of Se compounds into the environment poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms.", "contents": "Toxicity of selenium to developing Xenopus laevis embryos. Se in the form of sodium selenite is toxic to Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles continuously exposed to concentrations above 1 ppm. Concentrations of 2 ppm and above result in severe developmental abnormalities and increased mortality. Uptake and loss of radioactive Se from water are rapid, but depuration is not complete indicating that some Se can remain bound by the organism. The facts that Se is toxic at low levels to Xenopus embryos and tadpoles, can cause developmental abnormalities, and accumulates in tissues suggest that increased release of Se compounds into the environment poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms.", "PMID": 490681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_677", "title": "Cadmium-induced alterations in RNA metabolism in cultures of Chinese hamster cells sensitive to and resistant to the cytotoxic effects of cadmium.", "content": "A variant population (CdR) of cultured Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) was derived that is more than 100 times as resistant to the cytotoxic effects of Cd2+ than is the parent population. The effects on RNA metabolism of exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd2+ were studied in CHO and CdR. Exposure to 2 X 10(-7) M CdCl2 for 24 h resulted in increased polysome content (1.2 times) and increased uridine or adenosine incorporation into heterogeneous nuclear RNA (1.2-1.4 times) and messenger RNA ((1.5-1.7 times) in both populations. Measurement of ATP pool specific activity following exposure to radiolabeled adenosine showed that increased incorporation reflects increased synthesis. The equivalence of CHO and CdR in dose-response in terms of stimulated RNA synthesis and their disparity in dose-response in terms of cytotoxic effects indicate that the systems involved in conferring protection against the lethal effects of Cd2+ are not similarly involved in attenuating the effects on RNA metabolism.", "contents": "Cadmium-induced alterations in RNA metabolism in cultures of Chinese hamster cells sensitive to and resistant to the cytotoxic effects of cadmium. A variant population (CdR) of cultured Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) was derived that is more than 100 times as resistant to the cytotoxic effects of Cd2+ than is the parent population. The effects on RNA metabolism of exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd2+ were studied in CHO and CdR. Exposure to 2 X 10(-7) M CdCl2 for 24 h resulted in increased polysome content (1.2 times) and increased uridine or adenosine incorporation into heterogeneous nuclear RNA (1.2-1.4 times) and messenger RNA ((1.5-1.7 times) in both populations. Measurement of ATP pool specific activity following exposure to radiolabeled adenosine showed that increased incorporation reflects increased synthesis. The equivalence of CHO and CdR in dose-response in terms of stimulated RNA synthesis and their disparity in dose-response in terms of cytotoxic effects indicate that the systems involved in conferring protection against the lethal effects of Cd2+ are not similarly involved in attenuating the effects on RNA metabolism.", "PMID": 490682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_678", "title": "Note on the metabolism of the mercury chelating agent sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate.", "content": "Chromatographic analysis of the radioactive urine obtained after injection into rats of [1,3-(14)C] dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate (DMPS, Dimaval) showed that part of the administered chelating agent is excreted unchanged. This was confirmed by the results of studies of sulfur excretion in the different fractions of the urine as well as by titration of the excreted thiol groups. The results show that, at least in rats, DMPS is not involved in important metabolic reactions.", "contents": "Note on the metabolism of the mercury chelating agent sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate. Chromatographic analysis of the radioactive urine obtained after injection into rats of [1,3-(14)C] dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate (DMPS, Dimaval) showed that part of the administered chelating agent is excreted unchanged. This was confirmed by the results of studies of sulfur excretion in the different fractions of the urine as well as by titration of the excreted thiol groups. The results show that, at least in rats, DMPS is not involved in important metabolic reactions.", "PMID": 490684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_679", "title": "Ocular injuries associated with periorbital fractures.", "content": "The incidence of serious ocular injuries found in association with periorbital fractures, 10%, was determined through a retrospective review of 230 patient records. Eye injury was most frequently in conjunction with supraorbital fractures. A brief survey of the diagnosis and treatment of the injuries identified, loss of visual acuity, global laceration or rupture, retinal contusion, intraocular hemorrhage, glaucoma, and optic nerve damage, is presented, with special emphasis on the importance of the acute physical examination of the eye and determination of the visual acuity. Use of the recently developed method of diagnosing glaucoma and determining visual acuity, the Arden Sine Wave Grating, is discussed.", "contents": "Ocular injuries associated with periorbital fractures. The incidence of serious ocular injuries found in association with periorbital fractures, 10%, was determined through a retrospective review of 230 patient records. Eye injury was most frequently in conjunction with supraorbital fractures. A brief survey of the diagnosis and treatment of the injuries identified, loss of visual acuity, global laceration or rupture, retinal contusion, intraocular hemorrhage, glaucoma, and optic nerve damage, is presented, with special emphasis on the importance of the acute physical examination of the eye and determination of the visual acuity. Use of the recently developed method of diagnosing glaucoma and determining visual acuity, the Arden Sine Wave Grating, is discussed.", "PMID": 490686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_680", "title": "Evaluation of management of the emergency right hemicolectomy.", "content": "To evaluate the morbidity and mortality attending emergency resection of the right colon, we studied retrospectively 119 consecutive patients from two major centers, particularly examining the role of delayed anastomosis (initial ileostomy with subsequent ileocolic anastomosis). Emergency right colectomy was defined as an operative procedure in which partial resection of the terminal ileum and total or partial resection of the cecum and/or ascending colon were necessary before the colon could be evacuated and prepared as might be the case in elective resection. Ninety patients underwent primary anastomosis; hospital mortality and morbidity were 26 and 11%, respectively. Among 29 patients who underwent ileostomy, hospital mortality was 38%; hospital morbidity was 10%. In general, the patients selected for ileostomy were somewhat more ill or had more severe injury. only 17% of all deaths and 8% of all serious complications could be attributed to the anastomosis, leaving little statistical opportunity for improvement by deleting it. The data indicate that a very high mortality (29%) attends emergency right hemicolectomy. Our study indicates that ileostomy in lieu of anastomosis does not reduce this high mortality.", "contents": "Evaluation of management of the emergency right hemicolectomy. To evaluate the morbidity and mortality attending emergency resection of the right colon, we studied retrospectively 119 consecutive patients from two major centers, particularly examining the role of delayed anastomosis (initial ileostomy with subsequent ileocolic anastomosis). Emergency right colectomy was defined as an operative procedure in which partial resection of the terminal ileum and total or partial resection of the cecum and/or ascending colon were necessary before the colon could be evacuated and prepared as might be the case in elective resection. Ninety patients underwent primary anastomosis; hospital mortality and morbidity were 26 and 11%, respectively. Among 29 patients who underwent ileostomy, hospital mortality was 38%; hospital morbidity was 10%. In general, the patients selected for ileostomy were somewhat more ill or had more severe injury. only 17% of all deaths and 8% of all serious complications could be attributed to the anastomosis, leaving little statistical opportunity for improvement by deleting it. The data indicate that a very high mortality (29%) attends emergency right hemicolectomy. Our study indicates that ileostomy in lieu of anastomosis does not reduce this high mortality.", "PMID": 490687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_681", "title": "The relationship of central venous and pulmonary artery catheter position to acute right-sided endocarditis in severe thermal injury.", "content": "Autopsies of 1,105 burned patients completed from January 1951 through March 1977 were reviewed at the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research to investigate the relationship between central venous and pulmonary artery cannula use and the incidence of endocarditis. The incidence of endocarditis increased from 3.4 to 9.4% after 1969 when cardiac injury attributed to central venous cannula use was first noticed at autopsy. Since 1969, right heart nonbacterial and bacterial endocarditis has dramatically increased and the right heart has become the prevalent site of the cardiac lesions. Review of premortem chest roentgenograms from 14 recent autopsy cases with right heart endocardial injury confirmed that central venous catheter tips were placed in the vicinity of the right atrium or right ventricle in 86% of the cases. Pathogenetically, the majority of the infected right heart lesions are probably the result of cannula-induced injury, with subsequent thrombosis and later bacterial colonization during episodes of bacteremia which are common in burned patients.", "contents": "The relationship of central venous and pulmonary artery catheter position to acute right-sided endocarditis in severe thermal injury. Autopsies of 1,105 burned patients completed from January 1951 through March 1977 were reviewed at the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research to investigate the relationship between central venous and pulmonary artery cannula use and the incidence of endocarditis. The incidence of endocarditis increased from 3.4 to 9.4% after 1969 when cardiac injury attributed to central venous cannula use was first noticed at autopsy. Since 1969, right heart nonbacterial and bacterial endocarditis has dramatically increased and the right heart has become the prevalent site of the cardiac lesions. Review of premortem chest roentgenograms from 14 recent autopsy cases with right heart endocardial injury confirmed that central venous catheter tips were placed in the vicinity of the right atrium or right ventricle in 86% of the cases. Pathogenetically, the majority of the infected right heart lesions are probably the result of cannula-induced injury, with subsequent thrombosis and later bacterial colonization during episodes of bacteremia which are common in burned patients.", "PMID": 490688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_682", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for the presence of \"fibroclasts\" and \"myofibroclasts\" in wound healing tissues.", "content": "We have observed, by light and electron microscopy, fibroblast-like cells which appear to be involved in collagen fiber and filament degradation. These cells are most prominent in the dermis of mature hypertrophic scars which were clinically observed to be in the remodeling phase of wound repair. Total incorporation of collagen filaments within cellular vacuoles, as seen by TEM, appears to precede the enzymatic degradation of the collagen. Cytoplasmic contractile bundles and/or collagen filament remnants found within residual lysosomes were also seen in many of these cells. Evidence of structural reorganization within the tissue was observed by means of SEM. These cells appear to be similar to osteoclasts in function: thus we propose to name them \"fibroclasts\" and \"myofibroclasts.\"", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for the presence of \"fibroclasts\" and \"myofibroclasts\" in wound healing tissues. We have observed, by light and electron microscopy, fibroblast-like cells which appear to be involved in collagen fiber and filament degradation. These cells are most prominent in the dermis of mature hypertrophic scars which were clinically observed to be in the remodeling phase of wound repair. Total incorporation of collagen filaments within cellular vacuoles, as seen by TEM, appears to precede the enzymatic degradation of the collagen. Cytoplasmic contractile bundles and/or collagen filament remnants found within residual lysosomes were also seen in many of these cells. Evidence of structural reorganization within the tissue was observed by means of SEM. These cells appear to be similar to osteoclasts in function: thus we propose to name them \"fibroclasts\" and \"myofibroclasts.\"", "PMID": 490689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_683", "title": "Microvasculature in hypertrophic scars and the effects of pressure.", "content": "The fine structure of the microvasculature was compared among eight samples of normal skin, 79 granulation tissues, 48 hypertrophic scars, 11 hypertrophic scars treated with mechanical pressure, and 13 mature scars. Increased synthesis activity is suggested in endothelial cells from granulation tissues, is less in hypertrophic scars, and low in mature scars. In hypertrophic scars most of the microvessels appear partially or completely occluded. Endothelial cell nuclei are crenated, many villous projections from the endothelial cell membranes exist on the blood side, and endothelial cell junctions are often complex, although no large gaps are observed. In all the granulation tissues studied fibrin polymer is present, occurring intraluminally and interstitially, which may be related to endothelial cell proliferation. Therapeutic mechanical pressure over 1 to 3 months effects striking changes in endothelial and perivascular satellite cells. Rented areas appear in endothelial cell cytoplasm. A few such areas were found in cases of nontreated hypertrophic scars but in no other group. Pressure-treated scars also demonstrate degenerating perivascular satellite cells, which also are observed in a few cases of mature scars but in no other group. A previously published theory that hypoxia is related to generation of the hypertrophic scar, and that pressure probably increases hypoxia, resulting in long-term focal degeneration of selective cells, appears further supported by the present findings.", "contents": "Microvasculature in hypertrophic scars and the effects of pressure. The fine structure of the microvasculature was compared among eight samples of normal skin, 79 granulation tissues, 48 hypertrophic scars, 11 hypertrophic scars treated with mechanical pressure, and 13 mature scars. Increased synthesis activity is suggested in endothelial cells from granulation tissues, is less in hypertrophic scars, and low in mature scars. In hypertrophic scars most of the microvessels appear partially or completely occluded. Endothelial cell nuclei are crenated, many villous projections from the endothelial cell membranes exist on the blood side, and endothelial cell junctions are often complex, although no large gaps are observed. In all the granulation tissues studied fibrin polymer is present, occurring intraluminally and interstitially, which may be related to endothelial cell proliferation. Therapeutic mechanical pressure over 1 to 3 months effects striking changes in endothelial and perivascular satellite cells. Rented areas appear in endothelial cell cytoplasm. A few such areas were found in cases of nontreated hypertrophic scars but in no other group. Pressure-treated scars also demonstrate degenerating perivascular satellite cells, which also are observed in a few cases of mature scars but in no other group. A previously published theory that hypoxia is related to generation of the hypertrophic scar, and that pressure probably increases hypoxia, resulting in long-term focal degeneration of selective cells, appears further supported by the present findings.", "PMID": 490690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_684", "title": "Aspergillus infection of the burn wound.", "content": "During a 15-year period, 18 patients with major burns developed a wound infection due to Aspergillus. Ages averaged 28 years, extents of burn were 54% (14-97%) BSA for total surface involvement and 42% (14-85%) BSA for full-thickness injury. Pseudomonas sepsis preceded Aspergillus infection in 16 cases. Thirteen of the episodes occurred in three epidemics, each apparently related to contaminated air-conditioner ducts and filters. Treatment was based upon wound excision in all 18 patients, with recurrence initially in each. Topical and parenteral antifungal agents were never individually successful in controlling the infection. Whenever fungal sepsis involved an extremity alone and thus amputation could rid the body of the entire infected site, survival could then be achieved. The overall mortality rate was 78%. Protection of the wound from Aspergillus colonization appeared to be the only reliable method of preventing this often lethal fungus infection.", "contents": "Aspergillus infection of the burn wound. During a 15-year period, 18 patients with major burns developed a wound infection due to Aspergillus. Ages averaged 28 years, extents of burn were 54% (14-97%) BSA for total surface involvement and 42% (14-85%) BSA for full-thickness injury. Pseudomonas sepsis preceded Aspergillus infection in 16 cases. Thirteen of the episodes occurred in three epidemics, each apparently related to contaminated air-conditioner ducts and filters. Treatment was based upon wound excision in all 18 patients, with recurrence initially in each. Topical and parenteral antifungal agents were never individually successful in controlling the infection. Whenever fungal sepsis involved an extremity alone and thus amputation could rid the body of the entire infected site, survival could then be achieved. The overall mortality rate was 78%. Protection of the wound from Aspergillus colonization appeared to be the only reliable method of preventing this often lethal fungus infection.", "PMID": 490691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_685", "title": "Occult cervical spine injuries in fatal traffic accidents.", "content": "Post-mortem radiographs as well as careful inspection at autopsy of 100 consecutive traffic accident victims revealed an incidence of cervical spine injury of 24%. All but four of the 24 fractures and/or dislocations were localized to the level between the occiput and the axis. One half of the cases were not clinically suspected of having spine injuries before the detailed postmortem search. Seventeen of the 24 cervical spines were resected en bloc and the pathologic anatomy of the injuries was determined. The high incidence of cervical spine injuries and the anatomic findings at dissection have clinical implications for physicians who manage multiply traumatized patients. The need for immobilization and early radiographic evaluation of patients with cervical spine injuries is emphasized.", "contents": "Occult cervical spine injuries in fatal traffic accidents. Post-mortem radiographs as well as careful inspection at autopsy of 100 consecutive traffic accident victims revealed an incidence of cervical spine injury of 24%. All but four of the 24 fractures and/or dislocations were localized to the level between the occiput and the axis. One half of the cases were not clinically suspected of having spine injuries before the detailed postmortem search. Seventeen of the 24 cervical spines were resected en bloc and the pathologic anatomy of the injuries was determined. The high incidence of cervical spine injuries and the anatomic findings at dissection have clinical implications for physicians who manage multiply traumatized patients. The need for immobilization and early radiographic evaluation of patients with cervical spine injuries is emphasized.", "PMID": 490692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_686", "title": "Intraosseous infusion: pressure-flow relationship and pharmacokinetics.", "content": "In order to quantitatively investigate the usefulness of intraosseous fluid and drug administration as a resuscitative modality, we studied the infusion flow rates of crystalloid solutions obtainable at varying infusion pressures into the bovine tibial medullary cavity and time to initial as well as 90% of maximal effect of intraosseously administered vasoactive drugs. Mean infusion rates +/- SEM (n = 6) at 300, 200, and 100 torr and atmosphere + 81 cm H2O were 41 +/- 2, 32 +/- 1, 27 +/-2, and 10 +/- 1 ml/min, respectively. The mean time (+/- SEM) to initial effect of intraosseous injections (n = 6) of either 0.5 mg epinephrine or 50 mg ephedrine was 17 +/- 3 seconds and mean time to 90% of maximal effect was 45 +/- 5 seconds. These results provide a quantitative basis for resuscitation by fluid and drug administration via the tibial malleolar intraosseous route and suggest that when performed in appropriate situations, the technique may have clinical utility.", "contents": "Intraosseous infusion: pressure-flow relationship and pharmacokinetics. In order to quantitatively investigate the usefulness of intraosseous fluid and drug administration as a resuscitative modality, we studied the infusion flow rates of crystalloid solutions obtainable at varying infusion pressures into the bovine tibial medullary cavity and time to initial as well as 90% of maximal effect of intraosseously administered vasoactive drugs. Mean infusion rates +/- SEM (n = 6) at 300, 200, and 100 torr and atmosphere + 81 cm H2O were 41 +/- 2, 32 +/- 1, 27 +/-2, and 10 +/- 1 ml/min, respectively. The mean time (+/- SEM) to initial effect of intraosseous injections (n = 6) of either 0.5 mg epinephrine or 50 mg ephedrine was 17 +/- 3 seconds and mean time to 90% of maximal effect was 45 +/- 5 seconds. These results provide a quantitative basis for resuscitation by fluid and drug administration via the tibial malleolar intraosseous route and suggest that when performed in appropriate situations, the technique may have clinical utility.", "PMID": 490693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_687", "title": "Post-traumatic middle cerebral artery thrombosis.", "content": "Post-traumatic thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is uncommon: only 39 cases were found in the literature. In the present report, eight cases of post-traumatic MCA thrombosis are analyzed and compared with other reported cases. The symptoms can be easily confused with those of expanding intracranial hematoma. Although ancillary noninvasive diagnostic methods are helpful, cerebral angiography confirms the diagnosis. The morbidity and mortality rates are high, and treatment has been mainly supportive. The low mortality in the present study may be related to the absence of severe head or other trauma. Possible cerebral revascularization procedures are also discussed.", "contents": "Post-traumatic middle cerebral artery thrombosis. Post-traumatic thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is uncommon: only 39 cases were found in the literature. In the present report, eight cases of post-traumatic MCA thrombosis are analyzed and compared with other reported cases. The symptoms can be easily confused with those of expanding intracranial hematoma. Although ancillary noninvasive diagnostic methods are helpful, cerebral angiography confirms the diagnosis. The morbidity and mortality rates are high, and treatment has been mainly supportive. The low mortality in the present study may be related to the absence of severe head or other trauma. Possible cerebral revascularization procedures are also discussed.", "PMID": 490694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_688", "title": "Field surgical intervention: an unusual case.", "content": "A case of crush injury to the lower extremities of an ironworker involved in the demolition of a bridge is presented. Extrication of the entrapped limbs was complicated by weakening of the bridge support due to acetylene torch cutting. After 3 hours the decision was made to complete the traumatic disarticulation of the right knee on site. Essential elements in the successful completion of such field intervention are presented and the unusual features of the case are emphasized.", "contents": "Field surgical intervention: an unusual case. A case of crush injury to the lower extremities of an ironworker involved in the demolition of a bridge is presented. Extrication of the entrapped limbs was complicated by weakening of the bridge support due to acetylene torch cutting. After 3 hours the decision was made to complete the traumatic disarticulation of the right knee on site. Essential elements in the successful completion of such field intervention are presented and the unusual features of the case are emphasized.", "PMID": 490695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_689", "title": "Reversible heart block following nonpenetrating chest trauma.", "content": "Blunt chest trauma, if sustained selectively to the midchest or precordium, can result in a variety of cardiac injuries (3, 7). These lesions may involve separately or together all structures of the heart, including pericardium, myocardium, valves, and coronary arteries. Depending on the extent of trauma, such injuries can cause varying amounts of mechanical or electrical dysfunction. The incidence and nature of cardiac dysrhythmias following trauma are largely unknown clinically, but have been extensively documented in several animal studies (2, 4, 5). Disturbances in both impulse generation and transmission were noted, usually beginning immediately after impact with the development of complete heart block and progressing quickly through several other electrical patterns to either sinus rhythm or ventricular fibrillation. High-grade atrioventricular (A-V) block has rarely been recognized clinically in association with nonpenetrating heart trauma (1), perhaps because of its rapid replacement by other dysrhythmias. It was, therefore, of interest when a patient presented to this institution in third-degree heart block following a blunt chest injury. Specifics of her illness are discussed.", "contents": "Reversible heart block following nonpenetrating chest trauma. Blunt chest trauma, if sustained selectively to the midchest or precordium, can result in a variety of cardiac injuries (3, 7). These lesions may involve separately or together all structures of the heart, including pericardium, myocardium, valves, and coronary arteries. Depending on the extent of trauma, such injuries can cause varying amounts of mechanical or electrical dysfunction. The incidence and nature of cardiac dysrhythmias following trauma are largely unknown clinically, but have been extensively documented in several animal studies (2, 4, 5). Disturbances in both impulse generation and transmission were noted, usually beginning immediately after impact with the development of complete heart block and progressing quickly through several other electrical patterns to either sinus rhythm or ventricular fibrillation. High-grade atrioventricular (A-V) block has rarely been recognized clinically in association with nonpenetrating heart trauma (1), perhaps because of its rapid replacement by other dysrhythmias. It was, therefore, of interest when a patient presented to this institution in third-degree heart block following a blunt chest injury. Specifics of her illness are discussed.", "PMID": 490696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_690", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea following nasogastric intubation.", "content": "This report describes a normal individual who sustained injury to the cribriform plate during nasogastric intubation. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, a potentially fatal complication, resulted and persisted for 5 months until it was surgically corrected. The relevant anatomy is reviewed and the importance of proper technique of nasal cannulation, with minimal or no use of force, or other instruments, is emphasized. The leading end of the tube should not be directed cephalad.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea following nasogastric intubation. This report describes a normal individual who sustained injury to the cribriform plate during nasogastric intubation. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, a potentially fatal complication, resulted and persisted for 5 months until it was surgically corrected. The relevant anatomy is reviewed and the importance of proper technique of nasal cannulation, with minimal or no use of force, or other instruments, is emphasized. The leading end of the tube should not be directed cephalad.", "PMID": 490697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_691", "title": "The management of human bite injuries of the hand.", "content": "Three hundred twenty-seven bite injuries of the hand were reviewed for incidence of infectious complications. A policy to hospitalize all patients with human bite injuries was maintained, but noncompliance was high. Patients with uninfected or superficially infected bites (131) were hospitalized and treated with parenteral penicillin, cephalosporins, or clindamycin (mean duration, 45 hours). Among the 62 patients not lost to followup three minor septic complications occurred. Of similar patients not hospitalized (134), only two thirds received antibiotic therapy but no complications were observed. These data suggest that human bite hand infections can be averted and that established superficial infections can be successfully treated with outpatient antibiotic therapy. Of the 62 patients with moderately to severely infected human bites, 77% were injured by striking an opponent; 52% suffered injury over metacarpophalangeal joints. The mean delay in seeking medical attention was 2 1/2 days, compared to 1/2 day in the less severely infected group. Of the patients with more seriously infected bites, 94% received parenteral antibiotic therapy. Of 30 patients with known outcome in the latter group 27% suffered complications (stiffness; recurrent infection; other infectious complication), confirming the high morbidity of established deep hand infections secondary to human bites.", "contents": "The management of human bite injuries of the hand. Three hundred twenty-seven bite injuries of the hand were reviewed for incidence of infectious complications. A policy to hospitalize all patients with human bite injuries was maintained, but noncompliance was high. Patients with uninfected or superficially infected bites (131) were hospitalized and treated with parenteral penicillin, cephalosporins, or clindamycin (mean duration, 45 hours). Among the 62 patients not lost to followup three minor septic complications occurred. Of similar patients not hospitalized (134), only two thirds received antibiotic therapy but no complications were observed. These data suggest that human bite hand infections can be averted and that established superficial infections can be successfully treated with outpatient antibiotic therapy. Of the 62 patients with moderately to severely infected human bites, 77% were injured by striking an opponent; 52% suffered injury over metacarpophalangeal joints. The mean delay in seeking medical attention was 2 1/2 days, compared to 1/2 day in the less severely infected group. Of the patients with more seriously infected bites, 94% received parenteral antibiotic therapy. Of 30 patients with known outcome in the latter group 27% suffered complications (stiffness; recurrent infection; other infectious complication), confirming the high morbidity of established deep hand infections secondary to human bites.", "PMID": 490738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_692", "title": "Management of stab wounds of the back and flank.", "content": "Abdominal stab wounds are managed on a selective basis with increasing frequency. Retroperitoneal injuries are more difficult to evaluate; hence wounds to the flank and back pose different considerations. A retrospective review of 108 patients with deep stab wounds of the flank and back was compared with a prospective study of 109 patients selectively managed with similar injuries. Physical examination was accurate in 86% of flank and 88% of back wounds. Local exploration was an effective procedure in differentiating superficial from deep wounds. Peritoneal lavage may be more accurate in flank wounds but is probably less reliable with retroperitoneal injuries. Adjunctive studies are helpful in selected patients. The incidence of negative celiotomies was reduced from 85.2% to 7.3% when the selective approach was adopted. There was no mortality or increased morbidity in the series. Although the risk of retroperitoneal injury is greater with flank and back wounds, frequent examination by the same observer combined with adjunctive studies in selected cases appears to be a safe, reliable method of managing patients with stab wounds of the back and flank.", "contents": "Management of stab wounds of the back and flank. Abdominal stab wounds are managed on a selective basis with increasing frequency. Retroperitoneal injuries are more difficult to evaluate; hence wounds to the flank and back pose different considerations. A retrospective review of 108 patients with deep stab wounds of the flank and back was compared with a prospective study of 109 patients selectively managed with similar injuries. Physical examination was accurate in 86% of flank and 88% of back wounds. Local exploration was an effective procedure in differentiating superficial from deep wounds. Peritoneal lavage may be more accurate in flank wounds but is probably less reliable with retroperitoneal injuries. Adjunctive studies are helpful in selected patients. The incidence of negative celiotomies was reduced from 85.2% to 7.3% when the selective approach was adopted. There was no mortality or increased morbidity in the series. Although the risk of retroperitoneal injury is greater with flank and back wounds, frequent examination by the same observer combined with adjunctive studies in selected cases appears to be a safe, reliable method of managing patients with stab wounds of the back and flank.", "PMID": 490739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_693", "title": "Penetrating trauma of the lung.", "content": "Records of 373 patients with penetrating wounds of the lung seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital over a 1-year period were reviewed. Intercostal tube thoracostomy was the only therapy required in 282 patients. Thoracotomy was performed in 91 patients with repair of a pulmonary lesion in only 45 patients. Pneumonorrhaphy was performed in 33 patients, segmentectomy in six, and lobectomy in two. Four patients required repair of tracheal injuries. Fourteen patients initially treated with intercostal tube drainage required thoracotomy for complications of clotted hemothorax in eight and empyema in six. There were 29 deaths. Penetrating lung trauma in the majority of patients may be treated conservatively with a low incidence of infection or complication. Of the patients who require thoracotomy, associated injuries will frequently represent the major operative indication. Early thoracotomy for complication of clotted hemothorax or empyema is encouraged.", "contents": "Penetrating trauma of the lung. Records of 373 patients with penetrating wounds of the lung seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital over a 1-year period were reviewed. Intercostal tube thoracostomy was the only therapy required in 282 patients. Thoracotomy was performed in 91 patients with repair of a pulmonary lesion in only 45 patients. Pneumonorrhaphy was performed in 33 patients, segmentectomy in six, and lobectomy in two. Four patients required repair of tracheal injuries. Fourteen patients initially treated with intercostal tube drainage required thoracotomy for complications of clotted hemothorax in eight and empyema in six. There were 29 deaths. Penetrating lung trauma in the majority of patients may be treated conservatively with a low incidence of infection or complication. Of the patients who require thoracotomy, associated injuries will frequently represent the major operative indication. Early thoracotomy for complication of clotted hemothorax or empyema is encouraged.", "PMID": 490740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_694", "title": "Low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex.", "content": "A review of the past literature of gunshot wounds indicates that the clinical material deals mainly with high-velocity missile injuries from military experience. A series of 66 cases of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex at San Francisco General Hospital between 1971 and 1978 indicates a clinical difference between injuries caused by low-velocity as compared to previously reported high-velocity missiles. Damage to vital structures resulting from missile injury to the maxillofacial complex are classified in three anatomic areas: 1) supra-orbital (28 cases of which 20 involved neurological damage); 2) mid-face (24 cases of which 8 involved the orbits and/or globe); 3) lower face (14 cases, of which 3 involved laceration of the carotid and 2 involved airway obstruction necessitating tracheostomy). The management of gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial area is outlined, emphasizing: 1) Debridement and prompt closure of intraoral wounds with antibiotic coverage: 2) Early stabilization of mandible fractures: 3) Indications for tracheostomy; 4) Arteriographic studies. In our series there were only four infections, which were treated easily with incision and drainage and appropriate antibiotic selection.", "contents": "Low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex. A review of the past literature of gunshot wounds indicates that the clinical material deals mainly with high-velocity missile injuries from military experience. A series of 66 cases of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex at San Francisco General Hospital between 1971 and 1978 indicates a clinical difference between injuries caused by low-velocity as compared to previously reported high-velocity missiles. Damage to vital structures resulting from missile injury to the maxillofacial complex are classified in three anatomic areas: 1) supra-orbital (28 cases of which 20 involved neurological damage); 2) mid-face (24 cases of which 8 involved the orbits and/or globe); 3) lower face (14 cases, of which 3 involved laceration of the carotid and 2 involved airway obstruction necessitating tracheostomy). The management of gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial area is outlined, emphasizing: 1) Debridement and prompt closure of intraoral wounds with antibiotic coverage: 2) Early stabilization of mandible fractures: 3) Indications for tracheostomy; 4) Arteriographic studies. In our series there were only four infections, which were treated easily with incision and drainage and appropriate antibiotic selection.", "PMID": 490741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_695", "title": "Mechanical cornpicker hand injuries.", "content": "The mechanical cornpicker causes tearing anse injuries from 1962 to 1975 were studied with regard to mechanism and extent ohe time of injury in 36% of hands, and in 73% of the remainder following treatmophylaxis, and antibiotics, and 73% hands required some form of delayed surgical treatment. Antibiotics did not appear to be helpful. Eighty-nine ps the most common cause given for farmers for their injuries. Excluding four pr permanently disabled patients, the average length of disability was 135 days. Eighty-nine per cent of patients experienced some permanent impairment of hand function. The mechanical cornpicker is described, and the importance of its proper use and physician's emphasis on accident prevention as well as treatment are stressed.", "contents": "Mechanical cornpicker hand injuries. The mechanical cornpicker causes tearing anse injuries from 1962 to 1975 were studied with regard to mechanism and extent ohe time of injury in 36% of hands, and in 73% of the remainder following treatmophylaxis, and antibiotics, and 73% hands required some form of delayed surgical treatment. Antibiotics did not appear to be helpful. Eighty-nine ps the most common cause given for farmers for their injuries. Excluding four pr permanently disabled patients, the average length of disability was 135 days. Eighty-nine per cent of patients experienced some permanent impairment of hand function. The mechanical cornpicker is described, and the importance of its proper use and physician's emphasis on accident prevention as well as treatment are stressed.", "PMID": 490742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_696", "title": "Effects of hypoxia and hypotension on oxygen delivery in the brain.", "content": "Failure of microvascular re-perfusion, no reflow, of the brain after a period of ischemia has been proposed as the etiology of the cerebral dysfunction frequently seen in patients after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. For this investigation rats were stressed by subjecting them to a period of combined hypoxia and hypotension followed by resuscitation. Micro-oxygen electrodes measured brain oxygen tension, thus allowing an assessment of the distribution of cerebral blood flow, during stress and after resuscitation. After resuscitation, a hyperemic response was noted, followed by gradual return of some areas of the brain to normal perfusion, while other areas remained hyperemic for at least 2 hours post-resuscitation. On the basis of these results there appears to be no support for the no-reflow hypothesis. These data imply that therapeutic modalities aimed at increasing cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in the post-resuscitation period are insufficient in themselves for improved survival of patients sustaining a hypotensive, hypoxic episode.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia and hypotension on oxygen delivery in the brain. Failure of microvascular re-perfusion, no reflow, of the brain after a period of ischemia has been proposed as the etiology of the cerebral dysfunction frequently seen in patients after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. For this investigation rats were stressed by subjecting them to a period of combined hypoxia and hypotension followed by resuscitation. Micro-oxygen electrodes measured brain oxygen tension, thus allowing an assessment of the distribution of cerebral blood flow, during stress and after resuscitation. After resuscitation, a hyperemic response was noted, followed by gradual return of some areas of the brain to normal perfusion, while other areas remained hyperemic for at least 2 hours post-resuscitation. On the basis of these results there appears to be no support for the no-reflow hypothesis. These data imply that therapeutic modalities aimed at increasing cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in the post-resuscitation period are insufficient in themselves for improved survival of patients sustaining a hypotensive, hypoxic episode.", "PMID": 490743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_697", "title": "Chondritis of the ear: a method of treatment.", "content": "Chrondritis may develop as a secondary complication of trauma to the ear. Its onset is often insidious and may be delayed until after apparent healing has occurred. Treatment is difficult, but if postponed, the result may be complete destruction of the external ear. A method of aggressive surgical therapy combined with antibiotics is presented which, when utilized early, results in good healing with minimal residual otic deformity.", "contents": "Chondritis of the ear: a method of treatment. Chrondritis may develop as a secondary complication of trauma to the ear. Its onset is often insidious and may be delayed until after apparent healing has occurred. Treatment is difficult, but if postponed, the result may be complete destruction of the external ear. A method of aggressive surgical therapy combined with antibiotics is presented which, when utilized early, results in good healing with minimal residual otic deformity.", "PMID": 490744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_698", "title": "Tissue pressure to evaluate compartmental syndrome.", "content": "This article presents a simplified, direct way of measuring tissue pressure and shows that in a series of 45 patients with serious extremity injuries, it is possible to predict the need for fasciotomy, eliminating much of the risk to the patient.", "contents": "Tissue pressure to evaluate compartmental syndrome. This article presents a simplified, direct way of measuring tissue pressure and shows that in a series of 45 patients with serious extremity injuries, it is possible to predict the need for fasciotomy, eliminating much of the risk to the patient.", "PMID": 490745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_699", "title": "Splenorrhaphy for splenic trauma.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients sustaining splenic injury from blunt abdominal trauma were evaluated as to the feasibility of performing splenorrhaphy rather than splenectomy. Twenty-four patients were over 14 years of age. The procedure to be performed was decided intraoperatively. Twelve patients required a splenectomy, and 18 patients had all or a portion of the injured spleen salvaged. The two groups were similar in age, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries. Nine of the 18 salvaged spleens required only debridement and the topical application of Avitene for hemostasis. The remaining nine patients required more extensive procedures including hemisplenectomy (three) and partial splenectomy (three); three patient patients required oversewing of bleeding splenic surfaces and the ligation of vessels without removal of splenic tissue. There were no differences in the number of blood transfusions required by the two groups. There were no postoperative complications resulting from the splenorrhaphy. Sixteen of the 18 who underwent splenorrhaphy were studied postoperatively by spleen scan. In all cases functioning splenic tissue was found consistent with the operative findings and procedure.", "contents": "Splenorrhaphy for splenic trauma. Thirty consecutive patients sustaining splenic injury from blunt abdominal trauma were evaluated as to the feasibility of performing splenorrhaphy rather than splenectomy. Twenty-four patients were over 14 years of age. The procedure to be performed was decided intraoperatively. Twelve patients required a splenectomy, and 18 patients had all or a portion of the injured spleen salvaged. The two groups were similar in age, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries. Nine of the 18 salvaged spleens required only debridement and the topical application of Avitene for hemostasis. The remaining nine patients required more extensive procedures including hemisplenectomy (three) and partial splenectomy (three); three patient patients required oversewing of bleeding splenic surfaces and the ligation of vessels without removal of splenic tissue. There were no differences in the number of blood transfusions required by the two groups. There were no postoperative complications resulting from the splenorrhaphy. Sixteen of the 18 who underwent splenorrhaphy were studied postoperatively by spleen scan. In all cases functioning splenic tissue was found consistent with the operative findings and procedure.", "PMID": 490746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_700", "title": "Failure of spleen repair.", "content": "A 25-year-old man underwent splenorrhaphy for a laceration of the inferior pole following blunt trauma. After 5 weeks of uneventful convalescence re-exploration was necessary for delayed formation of a perisplenic hematoma. We conclude that spleen repair is justified in the adult patient with simple injury to the poles of the organ. Careful selection and followup are essential for patients who undergo splenorrhaphy.", "contents": "Failure of spleen repair. A 25-year-old man underwent splenorrhaphy for a laceration of the inferior pole following blunt trauma. After 5 weeks of uneventful convalescence re-exploration was necessary for delayed formation of a perisplenic hematoma. We conclude that spleen repair is justified in the adult patient with simple injury to the poles of the organ. Careful selection and followup are essential for patients who undergo splenorrhaphy.", "PMID": 490747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_701", "title": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula: case report and useful operative technique.", "content": "A patient with a traumatic extrarenal arteriovenous fistula underwent successful repair of the lesion. The reconstruction utilized a portion of renal vein to allow lateral repair of the renal artery. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by paradoxical hypertension and severe abdominal pain like that in the \"post-coarctectomy syndrome.\" Satisfactory recovery has occurred and the patient remains normotensive.", "contents": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula: case report and useful operative technique. A patient with a traumatic extrarenal arteriovenous fistula underwent successful repair of the lesion. The reconstruction utilized a portion of renal vein to allow lateral repair of the renal artery. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by paradoxical hypertension and severe abdominal pain like that in the \"post-coarctectomy syndrome.\" Satisfactory recovery has occurred and the patient remains normotensive.", "PMID": 490748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_702", "title": "Common carotid artery aneurysm after blunt trauma.", "content": "A case of false aneurysm of the common carotid artery after blunt trauma is described. We found seven other such cases in the literature. The literature is reviewed and it is concluded that this rare injury should be operated on as soon as the diagnosis has been made. Lateral excision and arteriorrhaphy, or aneurysm resection in larger lesions, are recommended.", "contents": "Common carotid artery aneurysm after blunt trauma. A case of false aneurysm of the common carotid artery after blunt trauma is described. We found seven other such cases in the literature. The literature is reviewed and it is concluded that this rare injury should be operated on as soon as the diagnosis has been made. Lateral excision and arteriorrhaphy, or aneurysm resection in larger lesions, are recommended.", "PMID": 490749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_703", "title": "Traumatic abdominal hernia.", "content": "Traumatic abdominal hernias are rare, but are easily missed in patients with multiple injuries in whom life-threatening injuries take precedence. A case is reported in which difficulty was experienced with closure of the abdominal wall; at re-exploration a diagnosis of abdominal hernia was made, and a tear in the retroperitoneum with herniation of 2 feet of small bowel on the right side of the abdomen found. The hernia was reduced and the patient's recovery was uneventful. In all cases of celiotomy for trauma, complete exploration of the abdomen should be performed before closure to assure normal anatomic relationships of all structures.", "contents": "Traumatic abdominal hernia. Traumatic abdominal hernias are rare, but are easily missed in patients with multiple injuries in whom life-threatening injuries take precedence. A case is reported in which difficulty was experienced with closure of the abdominal wall; at re-exploration a diagnosis of abdominal hernia was made, and a tear in the retroperitoneum with herniation of 2 feet of small bowel on the right side of the abdomen found. The hernia was reduced and the patient's recovery was uneventful. In all cases of celiotomy for trauma, complete exploration of the abdomen should be performed before closure to assure normal anatomic relationships of all structures.", "PMID": 490750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_704", "title": "Correlation of hyperplasia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly with parasite population in BIO.LP-a mice infected with Leishmania donovani.", "content": "Congenic strain of BIO.LP-a male mice were experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani 3S strain from the spleen of a hamster donor. The weight ratio of spleen body, liver body and spleen liver calculated from the weight of six mice taken at weekly intervals for a period of 49 days showed that there is no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly during the first 14 days of infection when the parasite population increases. Maximum enlargement of liver and spleen was observed at day 35 postinfection, when the parasite population had declined to 11 per cent. Slight recovery was noted at day 49 with parasites reducing to 1 per cent. It is suggested that in endemic areas of human visceral leishmaniasis a search for amastigotes should be made from the biopsy of the liver or sternal puncture during the first phase of the disease when the patients suffer from a high fever with rigors. With the enlargement of liver and spleen due to proliferative response and infiltration of plasma cells, the parasite population disappears.", "contents": "Correlation of hyperplasia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly with parasite population in BIO.LP-a mice infected with Leishmania donovani. Congenic strain of BIO.LP-a male mice were experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani 3S strain from the spleen of a hamster donor. The weight ratio of spleen body, liver body and spleen liver calculated from the weight of six mice taken at weekly intervals for a period of 49 days showed that there is no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly during the first 14 days of infection when the parasite population increases. Maximum enlargement of liver and spleen was observed at day 35 postinfection, when the parasite population had declined to 11 per cent. Slight recovery was noted at day 49 with parasites reducing to 1 per cent. It is suggested that in endemic areas of human visceral leishmaniasis a search for amastigotes should be made from the biopsy of the liver or sternal puncture during the first phase of the disease when the patients suffer from a high fever with rigors. With the enlargement of liver and spleen due to proliferative response and infiltration of plasma cells, the parasite population disappears.", "PMID": 490751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_705", "title": "[Prostatitis due to the circular form of trichomonas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors underline the frequency with which trichomoniasis is located in the prostate. In these cases the parasite is rarely in its trophozoite form but has a circular shape which resembles the resistant pseudocystic type. They are found by phase contrast microscopy after staining with 1% cresyl blue which makes the difference with white blood cells. Out of a total of 178 men presenting with urethroprostatic signs (urethral discharge and burning), sterility with oligospermia, or a history of dyspareunia, the circular type of trichomoniasis was found in 40 (22%) of the cases, with urethritis in 26 cases, and prostatitis in the other 14 patients. Two courses of treatment, at one month's interval, with Tinidazole (2 tablets daily for 6 days) or Nimorazole (2 tablets daily for 8 days) produced healing in 4 cases with urethroprostatic effections, disappearance of dyspareunia in 2 out of the 3 cases treated, and return of fertility in 3 out of 7 patients. An up-to-date list of references is given.", "contents": "[Prostatitis due to the circular form of trichomonas (author's transl)]. The authors underline the frequency with which trichomoniasis is located in the prostate. In these cases the parasite is rarely in its trophozoite form but has a circular shape which resembles the resistant pseudocystic type. They are found by phase contrast microscopy after staining with 1% cresyl blue which makes the difference with white blood cells. Out of a total of 178 men presenting with urethroprostatic signs (urethral discharge and burning), sterility with oligospermia, or a history of dyspareunia, the circular type of trichomoniasis was found in 40 (22%) of the cases, with urethritis in 26 cases, and prostatitis in the other 14 patients. Two courses of treatment, at one month's interval, with Tinidazole (2 tablets daily for 6 days) or Nimorazole (2 tablets daily for 8 days) produced healing in 4 cases with urethroprostatic effections, disappearance of dyspareunia in 2 out of the 3 cases treated, and return of fertility in 3 out of 7 patients. An up-to-date list of references is given.", "PMID": 490766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_706", "title": "[Cutaneous urine shunts in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review 123 cases of cutaneous urine shunts in adults. - 93 cutaneous ureterostomies in 63 patients (58 malignant and 5 tuberculous lesions). There were 5 postoperative deaths (8%) and in the 36 operated cases followed-up for varying periods there was 1 death only from progressive renal insufficiency (2.7%), 10 minor incidents (27.8%) and 2 cases with kidney stones (5.5%). Not one of these patients had to be operated on again - 3 cutaneous uretero-ureterostomies with 2 excellent results and necrosis of the foot of the Y in the other case. - 45 transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomies (38 ileal loops and 7 colon grafts) for fistula of the lower urinary tract (2 cases), malignant tumors (35 cases), tuberculosis (1 case), bladder extrophia (1 case), neurological bladder (6 cases). There were 4 early postoperative deaths (8.9%) and 5 severe complications (2 eviscerations, 2 occlusions, 1 digestive tract hemorrhage). Of the 37 operated cases followed-up for varying periods, 5 (13.5%) had diminished renal function, 23 (62%) had late complications requiring further operations in 17 cases (45.9%). These complications were 7 cases of stenosis of the ureter, 1 case of fistual of the ureter, 1 ileal fistula, 4 cases of stenosis of the graft opening, 3 prolapses of the graft, 1 skin lesion, 5 kidney stones and 1 case in which reflux was poorly tolerated. - 12 transprosthetic cutaneous ureterostomies with only 2 good results. No cutaneous shunt operation is exempt from complication. Transprosthetic cutaneous ureterostomies are probably the least affected. Direct cutaneous ureterostomies are statistically better tolerated than transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomies, which appear to have the major inconvenience of deteriorating at a later stage, requiring repeated further operations.", "contents": "[Cutaneous urine shunts in adults (author's transl)]. The authors review 123 cases of cutaneous urine shunts in adults. - 93 cutaneous ureterostomies in 63 patients (58 malignant and 5 tuberculous lesions). There were 5 postoperative deaths (8%) and in the 36 operated cases followed-up for varying periods there was 1 death only from progressive renal insufficiency (2.7%), 10 minor incidents (27.8%) and 2 cases with kidney stones (5.5%). Not one of these patients had to be operated on again - 3 cutaneous uretero-ureterostomies with 2 excellent results and necrosis of the foot of the Y in the other case. - 45 transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomies (38 ileal loops and 7 colon grafts) for fistula of the lower urinary tract (2 cases), malignant tumors (35 cases), tuberculosis (1 case), bladder extrophia (1 case), neurological bladder (6 cases). There were 4 early postoperative deaths (8.9%) and 5 severe complications (2 eviscerations, 2 occlusions, 1 digestive tract hemorrhage). Of the 37 operated cases followed-up for varying periods, 5 (13.5%) had diminished renal function, 23 (62%) had late complications requiring further operations in 17 cases (45.9%). These complications were 7 cases of stenosis of the ureter, 1 case of fistual of the ureter, 1 ileal fistula, 4 cases of stenosis of the graft opening, 3 prolapses of the graft, 1 skin lesion, 5 kidney stones and 1 case in which reflux was poorly tolerated. - 12 transprosthetic cutaneous ureterostomies with only 2 good results. No cutaneous shunt operation is exempt from complication. Transprosthetic cutaneous ureterostomies are probably the least affected. Direct cutaneous ureterostomies are statistically better tolerated than transintestinal cutaneous ureterostomies, which appear to have the major inconvenience of deteriorating at a later stage, requiring repeated further operations.", "PMID": 490767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_707", "title": "[Intravesical prolapse of the lower end of the ureter].", "content": "Report of a case of prolapse of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder. Observed in a 11 year-old boy with a history of recurrent urinary infection. The bladder deformity was seen as a non-opaque filling defect which possibly ressembles the shadow of a simple ureterocele. The child required resection of the prolapsed segment and ureteral reimplantation using the combined suprahiatal and infrahiatal routes.", "contents": "[Intravesical prolapse of the lower end of the ureter]. Report of a case of prolapse of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder. Observed in a 11 year-old boy with a history of recurrent urinary infection. The bladder deformity was seen as a non-opaque filling defect which possibly ressembles the shadow of a simple ureterocele. The child required resection of the prolapsed segment and ureteral reimplantation using the combined suprahiatal and infrahiatal routes.", "PMID": 490768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_708", "title": "[Retroperitoneal malignant xanthogranuloma. 1 case and a literature review].", "content": "A case is reported, the 33rd to be published in the literature, of malignant retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma. The tumor involved 2 cm of the right ureter at the junction between the middle and upper thirds. The middle third of the ureter was removed and ureteral continuity established by end to end ureteral anastomosis. The patient died fourteen months later probably from metastases, though the presence of these was not confirmed.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal malignant xanthogranuloma. 1 case and a literature review]. A case is reported, the 33rd to be published in the literature, of malignant retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma. The tumor involved 2 cm of the right ureter at the junction between the middle and upper thirds. The middle third of the ureter was removed and ureteral continuity established by end to end ureteral anastomosis. The patient died fourteen months later probably from metastases, though the presence of these was not confirmed.", "PMID": 490769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_709", "title": "[Course of superficial malignant tumors of the bladder. Apropos of 135 cases].", "content": "After recalling the difficulty of comparing the various series published in the literature. in the absence of common histological criteria. the authors review the records of patients with a class III or IV carcinoma of the bladder. strictly confined to the musoca, whether or not the basal membrane was damaged (stage O or A), with the exclusion of all cases with histological invasion of the muscularis and any other clinical or radiological signs of deep infiltration: 135 records with a follow-up of at least 6 months. This study led to the following findings: - One third of the tumours progressed to deep infiltration and/or metastases. - This unfavourable course occurred. in almost 3/4 of cases. during the 2 years following the clinical presentation of the tumour. - Such a grave course may develop for tumours not affecting the basal membrane without it having always been possible to define the stage of infiltration of the chorion. - A metastasis may develop while the tumour remains superificial. - 5 out of these 135 patients developed 2 or more extra-urological carcinomas. - Two thirds of these superifical tumours did not invade the muscularis during the period of observation which in 41 cases exceeded 6 years. - The difficulty lies in detecting which superificial malignant tumours of the bladder will not recur. which will recur superficially (where preservation of the bladder is automatic) and which will recur with infiltration and/or metastases. where an aggressive therapeutic attitude should be adopted before any infiltration or diffusion of the tumour manifests itself. - Tumours which did not recur were unifocal. - All multifocal tumours treated conservatively recurred.", "contents": "[Course of superficial malignant tumors of the bladder. Apropos of 135 cases]. After recalling the difficulty of comparing the various series published in the literature. in the absence of common histological criteria. the authors review the records of patients with a class III or IV carcinoma of the bladder. strictly confined to the musoca, whether or not the basal membrane was damaged (stage O or A), with the exclusion of all cases with histological invasion of the muscularis and any other clinical or radiological signs of deep infiltration: 135 records with a follow-up of at least 6 months. This study led to the following findings: - One third of the tumours progressed to deep infiltration and/or metastases. - This unfavourable course occurred. in almost 3/4 of cases. during the 2 years following the clinical presentation of the tumour. - Such a grave course may develop for tumours not affecting the basal membrane without it having always been possible to define the stage of infiltration of the chorion. - A metastasis may develop while the tumour remains superificial. - 5 out of these 135 patients developed 2 or more extra-urological carcinomas. - Two thirds of these superifical tumours did not invade the muscularis during the period of observation which in 41 cases exceeded 6 years. - The difficulty lies in detecting which superificial malignant tumours of the bladder will not recur. which will recur superficially (where preservation of the bladder is automatic) and which will recur with infiltration and/or metastases. where an aggressive therapeutic attitude should be adopted before any infiltration or diffusion of the tumour manifests itself. - Tumours which did not recur were unifocal. - All multifocal tumours treated conservatively recurred.", "PMID": 490770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_710", "title": "[Urothelial inverse papilloma. Review of the literature (appropos of 2 cases: 1 vesical, the other urethral)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of urothelial inverse papilloma and review the 94 observations in the published literature. Some fundamental features of the condition are outlined: 1) DEFINITION: paramalpighian papillary tumor which spreads towards the chorium but does not invade it, and lies under the intact urothelium which is folded towards the lumen of the urinary tract, 2) Site: usually cervicotrigonal but may be urethral; 3) Evolution: usually benign but sometimes recurrent; 4) Histogenesis: abnormal proliferation of Von Brunn's islets. 5) Association: possible with bladder carcinomas.", "contents": "[Urothelial inverse papilloma. Review of the literature (appropos of 2 cases: 1 vesical, the other urethral)]. The authors report two cases of urothelial inverse papilloma and review the 94 observations in the published literature. Some fundamental features of the condition are outlined: 1) DEFINITION: paramalpighian papillary tumor which spreads towards the chorium but does not invade it, and lies under the intact urothelium which is folded towards the lumen of the urinary tract, 2) Site: usually cervicotrigonal but may be urethral; 3) Evolution: usually benign but sometimes recurrent; 4) Histogenesis: abnormal proliferation of Von Brunn's islets. 5) Association: possible with bladder carcinomas.", "PMID": 490771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_711", "title": "Complete responders to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Characterization and analysis.", "content": "Four hundred thirty-eight patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with nine prospective randomized trials were reviewed to analyze, characterize, and compare those with complete regression (CR) (N=49 [11%]) with those with noncomplete regression (non-CR) (N=389 [89%]). Site of dominant disease was identical in the CR and non-CR patients. However, CR was statistically more likely when the disease-free interval and the postmenopausal status was five years or less. Survival and time to progression occurred at sites of prior dominant disease, except that relapses occurred in the CNS in 14%. Six CR patients received prolonged chemotherapy and were believed to be \"cured\" when treatment was discontinued; however, all except one have had relapses.", "contents": "Complete responders to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Characterization and analysis. Four hundred thirty-eight patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with nine prospective randomized trials were reviewed to analyze, characterize, and compare those with complete regression (CR) (N=49 [11%]) with those with noncomplete regression (non-CR) (N=389 [89%]). Site of dominant disease was identical in the CR and non-CR patients. However, CR was statistically more likely when the disease-free interval and the postmenopausal status was five years or less. Survival and time to progression occurred at sites of prior dominant disease, except that relapses occurred in the CNS in 14%. Six CR patients received prolonged chemotherapy and were believed to be \"cured\" when treatment was discontinued; however, all except one have had relapses.", "PMID": 490786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_712", "title": "Sensitivity of mammography and physical examination of the breast for detecting breast cancer.", "content": "Mammography and physical examination of the breast are evaluated as screening instruments for detecting breast cancer based on local biopsy data obtained from women enrolled in a national breast cancer screening program. One hundren thirteen cancers (15.5%) of women who underwent biopsy) were detected. The individual sensitivities of mammography and physical examination for detecting breast cancer are 62% and 24%, respectively. The sensitivity of the two methods combined is 75% (85 of 113). Thirty-seven cancers were in situ or minimally invasive (less than or equal to 1 cm in greatest dimension). Eighty-one percent (30 of 37) of these small cancers were detected by screening, and they comprised 35% (30 of 85) of all cancers detected by mammography, physical examination, or both. Improved survival is anticipated due to this high rate of discovery of small cancers.", "contents": "Sensitivity of mammography and physical examination of the breast for detecting breast cancer. Mammography and physical examination of the breast are evaluated as screening instruments for detecting breast cancer based on local biopsy data obtained from women enrolled in a national breast cancer screening program. One hundren thirteen cancers (15.5%) of women who underwent biopsy) were detected. The individual sensitivities of mammography and physical examination for detecting breast cancer are 62% and 24%, respectively. The sensitivity of the two methods combined is 75% (85 of 113). Thirty-seven cancers were in situ or minimally invasive (less than or equal to 1 cm in greatest dimension). Eighty-one percent (30 of 37) of these small cancers were detected by screening, and they comprised 35% (30 of 85) of all cancers detected by mammography, physical examination, or both. Improved survival is anticipated due to this high rate of discovery of small cancers.", "PMID": 490787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_713", "title": "Use of plasma products with whole blood and packed RBCs.", "content": "During the past five years, there has been a sharp increase in the use of packed RBCs (PRBCs) and plasma products, whereas whole blood (WB) transfusions have steadily decreased. In order to determine whether plasma and its derivatives were being used to \"reconstitute\" whole blood from PRBCs, we performed a retrospective evaluation of all transfusion episodes in ten representative regional hospitals during a five-month period. Our results indicate that PRBCs were transfused 2.5 times more frequently than WB. Plasma products were administered with PRBCs less often than with WB: 14% of all PRBCs vs 24% of all WB units tranfused. The likelihood of a patient receiving plasma was found to correlate with the total amount of blood transfused and the frequency of transfusion. This study provides evidence that, at most, only a small percentage of PRBCs are given in conjunction with plasma as \"reconstituted\" WB.", "contents": "Use of plasma products with whole blood and packed RBCs. During the past five years, there has been a sharp increase in the use of packed RBCs (PRBCs) and plasma products, whereas whole blood (WB) transfusions have steadily decreased. In order to determine whether plasma and its derivatives were being used to \"reconstitute\" whole blood from PRBCs, we performed a retrospective evaluation of all transfusion episodes in ten representative regional hospitals during a five-month period. Our results indicate that PRBCs were transfused 2.5 times more frequently than WB. Plasma products were administered with PRBCs less often than with WB: 14% of all PRBCs vs 24% of all WB units tranfused. The likelihood of a patient receiving plasma was found to correlate with the total amount of blood transfused and the frequency of transfusion. This study provides evidence that, at most, only a small percentage of PRBCs are given in conjunction with plasma as \"reconstituted\" WB.", "PMID": 490788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_714", "title": "Complications with heparin-lock needles.", "content": "The incidence of phlebitis was determined for heparin-lock needles after use of three different methods of skin preparation and follow-up care. Phlebitis was significantly more frequent when iodophor solution and iodophor ointment, respectively, were used than when iodophor solution alone was used for heparin-lock needles in use longer than 48 hours, with more than ten manipulations of the systems, and when only one drug was infused through the systems. Iodophor solution skin preparation followed by daily application of iodophor solution is recommended to minimize the occurrence of associated phlebitis.", "contents": "Complications with heparin-lock needles. The incidence of phlebitis was determined for heparin-lock needles after use of three different methods of skin preparation and follow-up care. Phlebitis was significantly more frequent when iodophor solution and iodophor ointment, respectively, were used than when iodophor solution alone was used for heparin-lock needles in use longer than 48 hours, with more than ten manipulations of the systems, and when only one drug was infused through the systems. Iodophor solution skin preparation followed by daily application of iodophor solution is recommended to minimize the occurrence of associated phlebitis.", "PMID": 490790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_715", "title": "Digoxin overdose. Limitations of hemoperfusion-hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "We used charcoal hemoperfusion coupled with hemodialysis to treat a woman with massive digoxin ingestion complicated by hyperkalemia. Although dialysis controlled the serum potassium levels, hemoperfusion removed less than 1% of the total ingested dose. Hemoperfusion has a relatively minor impact on digoxin elimination and remains of unproved value in the therapy for digoxin overdose.", "contents": "Digoxin overdose. Limitations of hemoperfusion-hemodialysis treatment. We used charcoal hemoperfusion coupled with hemodialysis to treat a woman with massive digoxin ingestion complicated by hyperkalemia. Although dialysis controlled the serum potassium levels, hemoperfusion removed less than 1% of the total ingested dose. Hemoperfusion has a relatively minor impact on digoxin elimination and remains of unproved value in the therapy for digoxin overdose.", "PMID": 490791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_716", "title": "Conditioned adaptation-relaxation reflex in migraine therapy.", "content": "A new conditioned reflex, the adaptation-relaxation reflex, characterized by dilation of the peripheral blood vessels of the hand and arm, is associated with reduced blood flow in the area of the supraorbital and superficial temporal arteries. This reflex, learned through biofeedback training, is a central requirement for successful autonomic conditioning for migraine. In migraine patients whose conditions improve clinically, the finger-temperature feedback training is not associated with the conditioning of a single autonomic response, ie, digital vasodilation, but is associated with a general decrease of sympathetic tonic outflow.", "contents": "Conditioned adaptation-relaxation reflex in migraine therapy. A new conditioned reflex, the adaptation-relaxation reflex, characterized by dilation of the peripheral blood vessels of the hand and arm, is associated with reduced blood flow in the area of the supraorbital and superficial temporal arteries. This reflex, learned through biofeedback training, is a central requirement for successful autonomic conditioning for migraine. In migraine patients whose conditions improve clinically, the finger-temperature feedback training is not associated with the conditioning of a single autonomic response, ie, digital vasodilation, but is associated with a general decrease of sympathetic tonic outflow.", "PMID": 490792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_717", "title": "Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine therapy.", "content": "Clonidine therapy was discontinued abruptly in seven patients. Blood pressure was recorded every hour or two hours throughout the study. Clonidine therapy was reinstituted 48 hours after its discontinuation in all except two patients, in whom it was reinstituted at 36 hours. During the withdrawal phase, blood pressure tended to return rapidly to nontreatment levels, but there was no \"overshoot\" in blood pressure. Apprehension, insomnia, palpitations, and sweating were experienced by two patients. These symptoms were relieved promptly by reinstituting clonidine therapy. In this prospective study, no blood pressure overshoot was noted with abrupt discontinuation of clonidine.", "contents": "Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine therapy. Clonidine therapy was discontinued abruptly in seven patients. Blood pressure was recorded every hour or two hours throughout the study. Clonidine therapy was reinstituted 48 hours after its discontinuation in all except two patients, in whom it was reinstituted at 36 hours. During the withdrawal phase, blood pressure tended to return rapidly to nontreatment levels, but there was no \"overshoot\" in blood pressure. Apprehension, insomnia, palpitations, and sweating were experienced by two patients. These symptoms were relieved promptly by reinstituting clonidine therapy. In this prospective study, no blood pressure overshoot was noted with abrupt discontinuation of clonidine.", "PMID": 490793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_718", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study.", "content": "Nine medical centers collaborated in a prospective randomized study to evaluate prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a therapy for severe acute respiratory failure (ARF). Ninety adult patients were selected by common criteria of arterial hypoxemia and treated with either conventional mechanical ventilation (48 patients) or mechanical ventilation supplemented with partial venoarterial bypass (42 patients). Four patients in each group survived. The majority of patients suffered acute bacterial or viral pneumonia (57%). All nine patients with pulmonary embolism and six patients with posttraumatic acute respiratory failure died. The majority of patients died of progressive reduction of transpulmonary gas exchange and decreased compliance due to diffuse pulmonary inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. We conclude that ECMO can support respiratory gas exchange but did not increase the probability of long-term survival in patients with severe ARF.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study. Nine medical centers collaborated in a prospective randomized study to evaluate prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a therapy for severe acute respiratory failure (ARF). Ninety adult patients were selected by common criteria of arterial hypoxemia and treated with either conventional mechanical ventilation (48 patients) or mechanical ventilation supplemented with partial venoarterial bypass (42 patients). Four patients in each group survived. The majority of patients suffered acute bacterial or viral pneumonia (57%). All nine patients with pulmonary embolism and six patients with posttraumatic acute respiratory failure died. The majority of patients died of progressive reduction of transpulmonary gas exchange and decreased compliance due to diffuse pulmonary inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. We conclude that ECMO can support respiratory gas exchange but did not increase the probability of long-term survival in patients with severe ARF.", "PMID": 490805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_719", "title": "Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract.", "content": "Clinical features of 44 culture-confirmed cases of diphtheria involving the respiratory tract treated at the University of Washington and affiliated hospitals in Seattle over a five-year period were studied. Of 42 patients treated primarily in Seattle, five (11.9%) died; nonfatal, toxin-induced complications occurred in seven (16.7%). Airway obstruction was the most common cause of death in this series. Diphtheritic membrane (especially in the larynx), dyspnea, and leukocytosis were dire prognostic signs. We urge indirect laryngoscopyin all cases showing membrane formation; tracheotomy should be considered when laryngeal membrane is present. Diphtheria should be suspected in any patient with pharyngitis who has been in contact with endemic areas, especially when pharyngeal membrane is present.", "contents": "Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract. Clinical features of 44 culture-confirmed cases of diphtheria involving the respiratory tract treated at the University of Washington and affiliated hospitals in Seattle over a five-year period were studied. Of 42 patients treated primarily in Seattle, five (11.9%) died; nonfatal, toxin-induced complications occurred in seven (16.7%). Airway obstruction was the most common cause of death in this series. Diphtheritic membrane (especially in the larynx), dyspnea, and leukocytosis were dire prognostic signs. We urge indirect laryngoscopyin all cases showing membrane formation; tracheotomy should be considered when laryngeal membrane is present. Diphtheria should be suspected in any patient with pharyngitis who has been in contact with endemic areas, especially when pharyngeal membrane is present.", "PMID": 490806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_720", "title": "The impact of holistic medicine, medical groups, and health concepts.", "content": "Holistic medicine (Greek, holos, meaning entire or whole) focuses on the whole person--mind-body-spirit, well-being, and wellness. It is a new health care movement or medical approach that is gaining momentum. The basic concepts are simple and clear, avoiding a piecemeal approach to health with treatment of one disease. Two or three physicians may form holistic medical groups, sometimes inviting nonphysician health care professionals to join. Some of these nonphysicians are not licensed, and standards need to be devised. Governmental agencies are impressed by low-cost resuits, especially with chronically ill patients. There are also groups that have spiritual health care modalities and ministrations. Nevertheless, there are commercialistic tendencies and faddism in some centers, and the literature has been criticized as being for laymen by laymen; however, the movement deserves a sympathetic hearing.", "contents": "The impact of holistic medicine, medical groups, and health concepts. Holistic medicine (Greek, holos, meaning entire or whole) focuses on the whole person--mind-body-spirit, well-being, and wellness. It is a new health care movement or medical approach that is gaining momentum. The basic concepts are simple and clear, avoiding a piecemeal approach to health with treatment of one disease. Two or three physicians may form holistic medical groups, sometimes inviting nonphysician health care professionals to join. Some of these nonphysicians are not licensed, and standards need to be devised. Governmental agencies are impressed by low-cost resuits, especially with chronically ill patients. There are also groups that have spiritual health care modalities and ministrations. Nevertheless, there are commercialistic tendencies and faddism in some centers, and the literature has been criticized as being for laymen by laymen; however, the movement deserves a sympathetic hearing.", "PMID": 490807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_721", "title": "Detection of intracolonic lesion by barium contrast enema. The importance of adequate colon preparation to diagnostic accuracy.", "content": "Frequently, the clinical significance of the barium contrast enema is minimal because of inadequate colon preparation prior to examination. The frequency of false-positive routine barium enemas was 17% in 230 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy for removal of specific radiographically identified polypoid colon lesions. Initial barium enema inaccuracies were documented with postendoscopic air-contrast radiography in colons that were endoscopically proved to be mechanically clean following a two-day colon preparation. These results suggest that more emphasis on a two-day colon preparation, before the initial barium contrast enema, would substantially reduce the frequency of false-positive interpretations.", "contents": "Detection of intracolonic lesion by barium contrast enema. The importance of adequate colon preparation to diagnostic accuracy. Frequently, the clinical significance of the barium contrast enema is minimal because of inadequate colon preparation prior to examination. The frequency of false-positive routine barium enemas was 17% in 230 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy for removal of specific radiographically identified polypoid colon lesions. Initial barium enema inaccuracies were documented with postendoscopic air-contrast radiography in colons that were endoscopically proved to be mechanically clean following a two-day colon preparation. These results suggest that more emphasis on a two-day colon preparation, before the initial barium contrast enema, would substantially reduce the frequency of false-positive interpretations.", "PMID": 490808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_722", "title": "Neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Occurrence in a single patient.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman had a neuroblastoma during infancy; an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma at age 16 years, with hepatic recurrences during the next ten years; and multifocal renal cell carcinoma. Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma, despite their common embryologic origin, to our knowledge have not been previously reported as separate tumors in the same patient. Although many attributes of the patient's tumors suggest a hereditary disorder, thorough investigation disclosed no evidence of heritable conditions associated with any of these tumors in the patient or her family members. Long-term observation of persons surviving after treatment of neuroblastoma will be necessary to determine whether this case represents a previously unidentified tumor predisposition or a sporadic occurrence.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Occurrence in a single patient. A 26-year-old woman had a neuroblastoma during infancy; an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma at age 16 years, with hepatic recurrences during the next ten years; and multifocal renal cell carcinoma. Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma, despite their common embryologic origin, to our knowledge have not been previously reported as separate tumors in the same patient. Although many attributes of the patient's tumors suggest a hereditary disorder, thorough investigation disclosed no evidence of heritable conditions associated with any of these tumors in the patient or her family members. Long-term observation of persons surviving after treatment of neuroblastoma will be necessary to determine whether this case represents a previously unidentified tumor predisposition or a sporadic occurrence.", "PMID": 490809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_723", "title": "Reducing birth defect risk in advanced maternal age.", "content": "The incidence of birth defects increases with maternal age. Recent advances in fetal diagnosis, coupled with elective abortion, offer the older pregnant woman an opportunity to reduce this risk. To determine the magnitude of potential risk reduction, we reviewed the maternal age-specific incidence of infants born with one or more severe birth defects in metropolitan Atlanta from 1968 to 1975, removing from analysis certain anomalies that were preventable by currently available methods. For women aged 35 to 44 years, the risk of bearing an infant with a severe birth defect was reduced to a level comparable with that for younger women. Despite prenatal diagnosis and elective abortion, the risk for women aged 45 years or older, although reduced considerably, was two times greater than that for women aged 34 years or younger.", "contents": "Reducing birth defect risk in advanced maternal age. The incidence of birth defects increases with maternal age. Recent advances in fetal diagnosis, coupled with elective abortion, offer the older pregnant woman an opportunity to reduce this risk. To determine the magnitude of potential risk reduction, we reviewed the maternal age-specific incidence of infants born with one or more severe birth defects in metropolitan Atlanta from 1968 to 1975, removing from analysis certain anomalies that were preventable by currently available methods. For women aged 35 to 44 years, the risk of bearing an infant with a severe birth defect was reduced to a level comparable with that for younger women. Despite prenatal diagnosis and elective abortion, the risk for women aged 45 years or older, although reduced considerably, was two times greater than that for women aged 34 years or younger.", "PMID": 490824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_724", "title": "Anemia. Textbook vs practice.", "content": "Anemia, particularly if mild, is ignored frequently. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 252 physicians and medical students to verify this impression and to explore the reasons for it. A cumulative 40% to 57% depending on the hypothetical patients' circumstances) of respondents chose to investigate anemia only at hemoglobin levels too low for the accepted criteria in female patients; a striking 78% to 89% did so in male patients. Only 54% and 30% knew the correct textbook definition of anemia for women and men, respectively. More importantly, 35% to 60% demonstrated criteria for choosing to investigate anemia were lower than even their own perception of the textbook definition. Little difference existed among the various physician subgroups in their responses. The discrepancy between what physicians do and what they are taught appears to arise from several factors, of which lack of knowledge is only one.", "contents": "Anemia. Textbook vs practice. Anemia, particularly if mild, is ignored frequently. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 252 physicians and medical students to verify this impression and to explore the reasons for it. A cumulative 40% to 57% depending on the hypothetical patients' circumstances) of respondents chose to investigate anemia only at hemoglobin levels too low for the accepted criteria in female patients; a striking 78% to 89% did so in male patients. Only 54% and 30% knew the correct textbook definition of anemia for women and men, respectively. More importantly, 35% to 60% demonstrated criteria for choosing to investigate anemia were lower than even their own perception of the textbook definition. Little difference existed among the various physician subgroups in their responses. The discrepancy between what physicians do and what they are taught appears to arise from several factors, of which lack of knowledge is only one.", "PMID": 490825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_725", "title": "Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in urban Minnesota adults.", "content": "Tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin levels were measured in 183 urban adults, using a hemagglutination technique. Protective levels (greater than 0.01 unit/mL) of tetanus antitoxin were present in more than 85% of sera from all subjects under 40 years of age and from men between 40 and 59 years old. A minority of women (36%) between 40 and 59 years of age, and of men (41%) and women (29%) over 60 years of age, were protected. Less than one quarter of the study group had protective levels (greater than 0.01 unit/mL) of diphtheria antitoxin. The results of the study suggest that a minority of middle-aged women and older adults have been appropriately immunized against diphtheria and tetanus.", "contents": "Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in urban Minnesota adults. Tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin levels were measured in 183 urban adults, using a hemagglutination technique. Protective levels (greater than 0.01 unit/mL) of tetanus antitoxin were present in more than 85% of sera from all subjects under 40 years of age and from men between 40 and 59 years old. A minority of women (36%) between 40 and 59 years of age, and of men (41%) and women (29%) over 60 years of age, were protected. Less than one quarter of the study group had protective levels (greater than 0.01 unit/mL) of diphtheria antitoxin. The results of the study suggest that a minority of middle-aged women and older adults have been appropriately immunized against diphtheria and tetanus.", "PMID": 490826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_726", "title": "Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80.", "content": "We studied the outcome of surgery in 500 patients over 80 years of age. Hospital mortality within one month of surgery was 6.2%. The American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 to 5 preoperative evaluation scale was useful in predicting death--less than 1% of class 2 patients died, 4% of class 3, and 25% of class 4. Six of seven perioperative deaths were caused by mesenteric infarction. Myocardial infarction was the leading cause of postoperative death. Twenty-four percent of 141 patients who underwent upper abdominal surgery required controlled endotracheal ventilation for more than 24 hours postoperatively; 57% after intrathoracic surgery; and only 2% after surgery that did not enter pleura or peritoneum. Forty-seven patients underwent gallbladder surgery, and 27 peripheral underwent vascular surgery without any hospital fatality. Enflurane appears to be a safe general anesthetic for sick, elderly patients.", "contents": "Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80. We studied the outcome of surgery in 500 patients over 80 years of age. Hospital mortality within one month of surgery was 6.2%. The American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 to 5 preoperative evaluation scale was useful in predicting death--less than 1% of class 2 patients died, 4% of class 3, and 25% of class 4. Six of seven perioperative deaths were caused by mesenteric infarction. Myocardial infarction was the leading cause of postoperative death. Twenty-four percent of 141 patients who underwent upper abdominal surgery required controlled endotracheal ventilation for more than 24 hours postoperatively; 57% after intrathoracic surgery; and only 2% after surgery that did not enter pleura or peritoneum. Forty-seven patients underwent gallbladder surgery, and 27 peripheral underwent vascular surgery without any hospital fatality. Enflurane appears to be a safe general anesthetic for sick, elderly patients.", "PMID": 490827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_727", "title": "New develpments in civil commitment of the mentally ill. Impact for patient, family, and psychiatrist.", "content": "In deciding Addington vs Texas the US Supreme Court established \"clear and convincing evidence\" as the standard of proof necessary for civil commitment of the mentally ill rather than the criminal standard, \"beyond a reasonable doubt.\" This decision has major implications for the mentally ill person, the family, and the psychiatrist. The mentally ill person is returned to the role of patient. The family is given aid in their dilemma of coping with their psychotic member. The psychiatrist is seen as helper rather than jailer.", "contents": "New develpments in civil commitment of the mentally ill. Impact for patient, family, and psychiatrist. In deciding Addington vs Texas the US Supreme Court established \"clear and convincing evidence\" as the standard of proof necessary for civil commitment of the mentally ill rather than the criminal standard, \"beyond a reasonable doubt.\" This decision has major implications for the mentally ill person, the family, and the psychiatrist. The mentally ill person is returned to the role of patient. The family is given aid in their dilemma of coping with their psychotic member. The psychiatrist is seen as helper rather than jailer.", "PMID": 490828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_728", "title": "RBC exchange pheresis for priapism in sickle cell disease.", "content": "An intermittent-flow blood cell separator was used to perform a sub-total RBC exchange pheresis with prompt relief or priapism secondary to sickle cell disease. The blood cell separator offers an efficient, practical, safe method of performing exchange transfusion in the adult. Surgical procedures in the treatment of priapism have met with limited success and carry a 50% rate of subsequent impotence. We believe that RBC exchange pheresis offers a superior approach in the treatment of complications of sickle cell crisis, including priapism, and should be instituted in the symptomatic patient before more drastic procedures are undertaken.", "contents": "RBC exchange pheresis for priapism in sickle cell disease. An intermittent-flow blood cell separator was used to perform a sub-total RBC exchange pheresis with prompt relief or priapism secondary to sickle cell disease. The blood cell separator offers an efficient, practical, safe method of performing exchange transfusion in the adult. Surgical procedures in the treatment of priapism have met with limited success and carry a 50% rate of subsequent impotence. We believe that RBC exchange pheresis offers a superior approach in the treatment of complications of sickle cell crisis, including priapism, and should be instituted in the symptomatic patient before more drastic procedures are undertaken.", "PMID": 490830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_729", "title": "Ascorbic acid and vitamin B12.", "content": "Using extraction procedures in which the extracted vitamin B12 was protected by cyanide or metabisulfite, several investigators found no change in vitamin B12 when meals were incubated in the presence of ascorbic acid for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. A previous report suggested degradation of vitamin B12 under these conditions, but this was apparently caused by incomplete protection of the extracted vitamin B12 in the assay procedure. If incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes is a laboratory mimic of the gastric environment, one must conclude that high doses of ascorbic acid do not affect the stability of vitamin B12 in vivo.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and vitamin B12. Using extraction procedures in which the extracted vitamin B12 was protected by cyanide or metabisulfite, several investigators found no change in vitamin B12 when meals were incubated in the presence of ascorbic acid for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. A previous report suggested degradation of vitamin B12 under these conditions, but this was apparently caused by incomplete protection of the extracted vitamin B12 in the assay procedure. If incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes is a laboratory mimic of the gastric environment, one must conclude that high doses of ascorbic acid do not affect the stability of vitamin B12 in vivo.", "PMID": 490831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_730", "title": "Examining the anterior right kidney. Frequent lack of appreciation in examination of the right upper quadrant.", "content": "An anteriorly positioned lower pole of the right kidney is often unappreciated on physical examination. Yet, on review of a large number of abdominal sonograms, more than 12% of the patients had a right kidney with a lower pole sufficiently anterior in position so as to lie at the same depth as the anterior surface of the liver. In a group of patients referred for ultrasound evaluation of hepatomegaly, 20% proved to have a normal liver and an anteriorly positioned lower pole of the right kidney.", "contents": "Examining the anterior right kidney. Frequent lack of appreciation in examination of the right upper quadrant. An anteriorly positioned lower pole of the right kidney is often unappreciated on physical examination. Yet, on review of a large number of abdominal sonograms, more than 12% of the patients had a right kidney with a lower pole sufficiently anterior in position so as to lie at the same depth as the anterior surface of the liver. In a group of patients referred for ultrasound evaluation of hepatomegaly, 20% proved to have a normal liver and an anteriorly positioned lower pole of the right kidney.", "PMID": 490832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_731", "title": "Effectiveness of antihistamines in the symptomatic management of the common cold.", "content": "A multicentric trial compared the effect of chlorpheniramine maleate with a placebo on the signs and symptoms of the common cold. Two hundred seventy-one patients were domiciled for 48 hours and evaluated during this period and for four days afterwards. Evaluations by both patients and physicians showed that chlorpheniramine maleate was superior to placebo in lessening the degree of symptoms of the common cold. Statistically significant differences were found both on the first day and as late as the seventh day. Significant differences and trends were shown in such measures as total objective score, physicians' evaluation of symptoms. The overall incidence of side effects other than drowsiness did not differ between the treatment groups.", "contents": "Effectiveness of antihistamines in the symptomatic management of the common cold. A multicentric trial compared the effect of chlorpheniramine maleate with a placebo on the signs and symptoms of the common cold. Two hundred seventy-one patients were domiciled for 48 hours and evaluated during this period and for four days afterwards. Evaluations by both patients and physicians showed that chlorpheniramine maleate was superior to placebo in lessening the degree of symptoms of the common cold. Statistically significant differences were found both on the first day and as late as the seventh day. Significant differences and trends were shown in such measures as total objective score, physicians' evaluation of symptoms. The overall incidence of side effects other than drowsiness did not differ between the treatment groups.", "PMID": 490852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_732", "title": "Self-administered analgesia with nitrous oxide. Adjunctive aid for emergency medical care systems.", "content": "Analgesia with a mixture containing 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (Nitronox) was evaluated in 47 patients with abdominal pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal trauma, and burns. Of these, 93.6% experienced either partial or complete relief of pain. There were no complications attributed to its application; the short duration of action makes its use suitable during emergency transportation.", "contents": "Self-administered analgesia with nitrous oxide. Adjunctive aid for emergency medical care systems. Analgesia with a mixture containing 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (Nitronox) was evaluated in 47 patients with abdominal pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal trauma, and burns. Of these, 93.6% experienced either partial or complete relief of pain. There were no complications attributed to its application; the short duration of action makes its use suitable during emergency transportation.", "PMID": 490853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_733", "title": "An analysis of nonconfirmation rates. Experiences of a surgical second opinion program.", "content": "A review was conducted of the first 12 months' experience with a voluntary second opinion surgery consultation program. The program covers approximately 950,000 persons: employees of the city of New York, retirees, and their dependents. On a simple yes or no basis, the program's surgical nonconfirmation rate was 25%. More detailed analysis of consultants' narrative suggestions for patient care showed that a firm rejection of surgical intervention occurred in only 8% of the cases reviewed. Nonconfirmation rates were found to be unsatisfactory measures of program success in preventing potentially unnecessary surgery. Data from second surgical opinion programs should not be used to estimate the prevalence of unnecessary surgery in a community. The key benefit of such programs may be to facilitate and to encourage patient-physician communication.", "contents": "An analysis of nonconfirmation rates. Experiences of a surgical second opinion program. A review was conducted of the first 12 months' experience with a voluntary second opinion surgery consultation program. The program covers approximately 950,000 persons: employees of the city of New York, retirees, and their dependents. On a simple yes or no basis, the program's surgical nonconfirmation rate was 25%. More detailed analysis of consultants' narrative suggestions for patient care showed that a firm rejection of surgical intervention occurred in only 8% of the cases reviewed. Nonconfirmation rates were found to be unsatisfactory measures of program success in preventing potentially unnecessary surgery. Data from second surgical opinion programs should not be used to estimate the prevalence of unnecessary surgery in a community. The key benefit of such programs may be to facilitate and to encourage patient-physician communication.", "PMID": 490854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_734", "title": "Influenza-associated myoglobinuric renal failure.", "content": "Acute myoglobinuric renal failure developed in three patients during the course of influenza virus infection. Muscle enzyme levels were elevated in all patients. Myoglobin was detected in the urine or serum by immunodiffusion. Recent influenza infection was documented by elevated hemagglutination inhibition titers. One patient died, whereas the remaining two patients completely recovered renal function. These patients with influenza infection represented more than half of the cases of myoglobinuric renal failure seen on the medical services of the study institutions during ths same period. These observations suggest that the association between influenza infection and myoglobinuric renal failure may be more common than previously suspected.", "contents": "Influenza-associated myoglobinuric renal failure. Acute myoglobinuric renal failure developed in three patients during the course of influenza virus infection. Muscle enzyme levels were elevated in all patients. Myoglobin was detected in the urine or serum by immunodiffusion. Recent influenza infection was documented by elevated hemagglutination inhibition titers. One patient died, whereas the remaining two patients completely recovered renal function. These patients with influenza infection represented more than half of the cases of myoglobinuric renal failure seen on the medical services of the study institutions during ths same period. These observations suggest that the association between influenza infection and myoglobinuric renal failure may be more common than previously suspected.", "PMID": 490855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_735", "title": "Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group.", "content": "The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), in a community-based, randomized controlled trial involving 10,940 persons with high blood pressure (BP), compared the effects on five-year mortality of a systematic antihypertensive treatment program (Stepped Care [SC]) and referral to community medical therapy (Referred Care [RC]). Participants, recruited by population-based screening of 158,906 people aged 30 to 69 years in 14 communities througout the United States, were randomly assigned to SC or RC groups within each center and by entry diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (90 to 104, 105 to 114, and 115 + mm Hg). Over the five years of the study, more than two thirds of the SC participants continued to receive medication, and more than 50% achieved BP levels within the normotensive range, at or below the HDFP goal for DBP. Controls of BP was consistently better for the SC than for the RC group. Five-year mortality from all causes was 17% lower for the SC group compared to the RC group (6.4 vs 7.7 per 100, P less than .01) and 20% lower for the SC subgroup with entry DBP of 90 to 104 mm Hg compared to the corresponding RC subgroup (5.9 vs 7.4 per 100, P less than .01). These findings of the HDFP indicate that the systematic effective management of hypertension has a great potential for reducing mortality for the large numbers of people with high BP in the population, including those with \"mild\" hypertension.", "contents": "Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), in a community-based, randomized controlled trial involving 10,940 persons with high blood pressure (BP), compared the effects on five-year mortality of a systematic antihypertensive treatment program (Stepped Care [SC]) and referral to community medical therapy (Referred Care [RC]). Participants, recruited by population-based screening of 158,906 people aged 30 to 69 years in 14 communities througout the United States, were randomly assigned to SC or RC groups within each center and by entry diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (90 to 104, 105 to 114, and 115 + mm Hg). Over the five years of the study, more than two thirds of the SC participants continued to receive medication, and more than 50% achieved BP levels within the normotensive range, at or below the HDFP goal for DBP. Controls of BP was consistently better for the SC than for the RC group. Five-year mortality from all causes was 17% lower for the SC group compared to the RC group (6.4 vs 7.7 per 100, P less than .01) and 20% lower for the SC subgroup with entry DBP of 90 to 104 mm Hg compared to the corresponding RC subgroup (5.9 vs 7.4 per 100, P less than .01). These findings of the HDFP indicate that the systematic effective management of hypertension has a great potential for reducing mortality for the large numbers of people with high BP in the population, including those with \"mild\" hypertension.", "PMID": 490882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_736", "title": "Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. II. Mortality by race-sex and age. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group.", "content": "Data are reported for four race-sex and three age subgroups of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP). Throughout the HDFP trial, for black men, black women, white men, and white women and for persons aged 30 to 49, 50 to 59, and 60 to 69 years at entry, control of blood pressure was consistently better for Stepped Care (SC) than Referred Care (RC) participants. This difference in degree of control was least for white women; it was less for whites than for blacks of the same sex. For white men, black men, and black women and for age subgroups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years, five-year all-cause death rates were substantially lower--by 15% to 28%--for the SC subgroups compared to the RC subgroups.", "contents": "Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. II. Mortality by race-sex and age. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Data are reported for four race-sex and three age subgroups of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP). Throughout the HDFP trial, for black men, black women, white men, and white women and for persons aged 30 to 49, 50 to 59, and 60 to 69 years at entry, control of blood pressure was consistently better for Stepped Care (SC) than Referred Care (RC) participants. This difference in degree of control was least for white women; it was less for whites than for blacks of the same sex. For white men, black men, and black women and for age subgroups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years, five-year all-cause death rates were substantially lower--by 15% to 28%--for the SC subgroups compared to the RC subgroups.", "PMID": 490883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_737", "title": "Cardiovascular deaths while running.", "content": "When a person dies of cardiovascular causes during recreational running, the public frequently assumes the exercise caused the death. For a statistical perspective, the number of cardiovascular deaths while running that occurs by chance alone is estimated. If white male runners resemble marathoners, being nonsmokers and at lowest lean weight, four deaths from cardiovascular disease would occur per year while running 20 minutes, three times per week and 30 deaths per year if the two hours after running are considered as a running-associated period. However, if runners resemble the white male population, then 15 deaths would occur from cardiovascular disease per year while running and 104 during the associated period. Thus, four to 104 cardiovascular deaths per year are predicted on a purely temporal basis in white men while running.", "contents": "Cardiovascular deaths while running. When a person dies of cardiovascular causes during recreational running, the public frequently assumes the exercise caused the death. For a statistical perspective, the number of cardiovascular deaths while running that occurs by chance alone is estimated. If white male runners resemble marathoners, being nonsmokers and at lowest lean weight, four deaths from cardiovascular disease would occur per year while running 20 minutes, three times per week and 30 deaths per year if the two hours after running are considered as a running-associated period. However, if runners resemble the white male population, then 15 deaths would occur from cardiovascular disease per year while running and 104 during the associated period. Thus, four to 104 cardiovascular deaths per year are predicted on a purely temporal basis in white men while running.", "PMID": 490884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_738", "title": "Acute renal failure and maneb (manganous ethylenebis[dithiocarbamate]) exposure.", "content": "A 62-year-old man spread maneb on about 200 sq m of garden and subsequently was taken to the emergency clinic with complaints of oliguria, diarrhea, and hoarseness. Based on the clinicobiochemical data, he was found to have acute renal failure; the serum levels of BUN, creatinine, and potassium were 144.3 mg/dL, 14 mg/dL, and 5.8 mEq/L, respectively. The ST segment depression in V4-6, reciprocal ST segment elevation in V1-3, and inverted T waves in V5 and V6 were recorded on ECGs. Both the renal failure and the ECG abnormalities disappeared after hemodialysis. The possibility exists that the maneb caused the acute renal failure.", "contents": "Acute renal failure and maneb (manganous ethylenebis[dithiocarbamate]) exposure. A 62-year-old man spread maneb on about 200 sq m of garden and subsequently was taken to the emergency clinic with complaints of oliguria, diarrhea, and hoarseness. Based on the clinicobiochemical data, he was found to have acute renal failure; the serum levels of BUN, creatinine, and potassium were 144.3 mg/dL, 14 mg/dL, and 5.8 mEq/L, respectively. The ST segment depression in V4-6, reciprocal ST segment elevation in V1-3, and inverted T waves in V5 and V6 were recorded on ECGs. Both the renal failure and the ECG abnormalities disappeared after hemodialysis. The possibility exists that the maneb caused the acute renal failure.", "PMID": 490886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_739", "title": "[Fundamental studies of combination of antibiotics, especially on pharmacokinetics. III. Combination of ampicillin and dibekacin (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Pharmacokinetics was investigated when ampicillin (ABPC) (50 mg/kg) and dibekacin (DKB) (5 mg/kg), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were intravenously injected to the rat or rabbit. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by the paper-electrophoretic technique and then concentrations were determined by the cup thin-layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as the test organism. 3. The biological half-life of DKB was prolonged in pretreatment with ABPC and that of ABPC was shortened in pretreatment with DKB. An initial level of ABPC was elevated. Similar tendency was observed in both of the rat and rabbit. 4. Urinary excretion rates of both antibiotics in the combining group tended to decrease compared with the single administration group. 5. Binding of ABPC to serum proteins was competitively inhibited by DKB. Binding of DKB to serum proteins increased.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies of combination of antibiotics, especially on pharmacokinetics. III. Combination of ampicillin and dibekacin (author's transl)]. 1. Pharmacokinetics was investigated when ampicillin (ABPC) (50 mg/kg) and dibekacin (DKB) (5 mg/kg), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were intravenously injected to the rat or rabbit. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by the paper-electrophoretic technique and then concentrations were determined by the cup thin-layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as the test organism. 3. The biological half-life of DKB was prolonged in pretreatment with ABPC and that of ABPC was shortened in pretreatment with DKB. An initial level of ABPC was elevated. Similar tendency was observed in both of the rat and rabbit. 4. Urinary excretion rates of both antibiotics in the combining group tended to decrease compared with the single administration group. 5. Binding of ABPC to serum proteins was competitively inhibited by DKB. Binding of DKB to serum proteins increased.", "PMID": 490892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_740", "title": "[Clinical investigation on a new penicillin derivative, bacampicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical investigation was carried out on a new penicillin derivative, bacampicillin with the following results. (1) Clinical effect--Bacampicillin was administered orally to 18 patients with acute simple cystitis, acute simple pyelonephritis, chronic prostatitis and acute gonorrhoic urethritis. Daily doses ranged from 750 mg to 1,000 mg. The administration continued for 4 to 14 days. Clinical effect was excellent in 10 patients and good in 5 patients. (2) Side effect--Side effects were noticed in 4 patients, one was allergic eruption and other 3 were gastralgia. In a patient the drug was discontinued to administer.", "contents": "[Clinical investigation on a new penicillin derivative, bacampicillin (author's transl)]. A clinical investigation was carried out on a new penicillin derivative, bacampicillin with the following results. (1) Clinical effect--Bacampicillin was administered orally to 18 patients with acute simple cystitis, acute simple pyelonephritis, chronic prostatitis and acute gonorrhoic urethritis. Daily doses ranged from 750 mg to 1,000 mg. The administration continued for 4 to 14 days. Clinical effect was excellent in 10 patients and good in 5 patients. (2) Side effect--Side effects were noticed in 4 patients, one was allergic eruption and other 3 were gastralgia. In a patient the drug was discontinued to administer.", "PMID": 490899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_741", "title": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture 30: malignant transformation of normal rat liver cells treated with diethylnitrosamine in tissue culture with special reference to the differential effects of cytochalasin B on various cells with and without tumorigenicity.", "content": "Liver tissue of a suckling rat was cultured. After 3 weeks of cultivation, the cultures consisting of epithelial cells were treated with 50 micrograms/ml or 100 micrograms/ml DEN for 7 days. 5 months after the treatment, the mode of chromosome number was found decreased from 42 to 40 in the 100 micrograms/ml DEN-treated group and shifted to triploid range after 21 months. The mode in the 50 micrograms/ml DEN-treated group maintained the diploid number until the 5th month but was found reduced to 40 in 21 months. On subcutaneous backtransplantation into young rats at the 22nd month, the treated cells produced tumors at the site inoculated in all the rats. Metastatic foci were also detected in lungs. These tumors were histologically diagnosed as hepatomas. Untreated control cells did not produce tumors. The differential effects of cytochalasine B on the cells with and without tumorigenicity were examined by the use of these cells and other cells, and it revealed that the capacity of multinucleated cell-formation by cytochalasin B fairly corresponds with the backtransplantability of the cells. Binucleated cell formation, not more than 2 nuclei, in the culture of normal cells was found by time-lapse cinemicrography to be not due to the non-capacity of multinucleation but to the destruction of multinucleated cells.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture 30: malignant transformation of normal rat liver cells treated with diethylnitrosamine in tissue culture with special reference to the differential effects of cytochalasin B on various cells with and without tumorigenicity. Liver tissue of a suckling rat was cultured. After 3 weeks of cultivation, the cultures consisting of epithelial cells were treated with 50 micrograms/ml or 100 micrograms/ml DEN for 7 days. 5 months after the treatment, the mode of chromosome number was found decreased from 42 to 40 in the 100 micrograms/ml DEN-treated group and shifted to triploid range after 21 months. The mode in the 50 micrograms/ml DEN-treated group maintained the diploid number until the 5th month but was found reduced to 40 in 21 months. On subcutaneous backtransplantation into young rats at the 22nd month, the treated cells produced tumors at the site inoculated in all the rats. Metastatic foci were also detected in lungs. These tumors were histologically diagnosed as hepatomas. Untreated control cells did not produce tumors. The differential effects of cytochalasine B on the cells with and without tumorigenicity were examined by the use of these cells and other cells, and it revealed that the capacity of multinucleated cell-formation by cytochalasin B fairly corresponds with the backtransplantability of the cells. Binucleated cell formation, not more than 2 nuclei, in the culture of normal cells was found by time-lapse cinemicrography to be not due to the non-capacity of multinucleation but to the destruction of multinucleated cells.", "PMID": 491263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_742", "title": "[Epidemiological studies on the symptoms due to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house. 1. An analysis of subjective symptoms by working conditions and constitution of the farmers (author's transl)].", "content": "An epidemiological survey focused on farmers engaged in vinyl-house culture of strawberry was carried out among the inhabitants of a farming village. For avoiding residential and habitual factors, all residents (851 in number) over 12 years of age in the area were inquired about symptoms, personal and family histories. There were no marked difference in age and sex among three groups, i.e. farmers with and without vinyl-house culture and people with no relation to farming in this area. Incidence of one of the inquired symptoms were 54% and 45% in farmers with and without strawberry culture in vinyl-house respectively, and 34% in the non-farming people. This difference became more larger up to 83% in the strawberry farmers of allergic constitution. Symptoms found more in the farmers than the other were headache, dizziness, conjunctivitis, rhinorrea, sneeze, palpitation and neuralgia, and the last four symptoms were more marked among farmers in charge of strawberry culture. Incidence of the allergic symptom consisting of conjunctivitis, rhinorrea and sneeze was more marked among the persons of allergic constitution . In conclusion, health effects of strawberry culture in vinyl-house in farmers can be look upon from three aspects; overwork, a particular stance during the work and allergic responses to the dust in the vinyl-house.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies on the symptoms due to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house. 1. An analysis of subjective symptoms by working conditions and constitution of the farmers (author's transl)]. An epidemiological survey focused on farmers engaged in vinyl-house culture of strawberry was carried out among the inhabitants of a farming village. For avoiding residential and habitual factors, all residents (851 in number) over 12 years of age in the area were inquired about symptoms, personal and family histories. There were no marked difference in age and sex among three groups, i.e. farmers with and without vinyl-house culture and people with no relation to farming in this area. Incidence of one of the inquired symptoms were 54% and 45% in farmers with and without strawberry culture in vinyl-house respectively, and 34% in the non-farming people. This difference became more larger up to 83% in the strawberry farmers of allergic constitution. Symptoms found more in the farmers than the other were headache, dizziness, conjunctivitis, rhinorrea, sneeze, palpitation and neuralgia, and the last four symptoms were more marked among farmers in charge of strawberry culture. Incidence of the allergic symptom consisting of conjunctivitis, rhinorrea and sneeze was more marked among the persons of allergic constitution . In conclusion, health effects of strawberry culture in vinyl-house in farmers can be look upon from three aspects; overwork, a particular stance during the work and allergic responses to the dust in the vinyl-house.", "PMID": 491285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_743", "title": "[Epidemiological studies on the symptoms due to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house. 2. An analysis of clinical examinations with emphasis on allergic response (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical mass surveys were carried out on the residents to whom questionnaires on symptoms with reference to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house had been delivered. Two hundred and eleven persons attended at the first survey in September, 1976 (off the season of strawberry culture) and the 58 attended at the second survey in March, 1977 (within the season). The participants of the first survey consisted of three groups, i.e. farmers with and without strawberry culture and people without farming. The participants of the second survey consisted only of farmers with strawberry culture. Results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no difference of incidence of various clinical findings detected by an ophthalmologist and otolaryngologists among the three groups. 2) There were also no difference of incidence of abnormal findings in urine tests, liver functions, respiratory test, blood examinations and blood pressure test among the three groups. However, the comparison of persons in charge of strawberry culture and attended at both tof the first and the second surveys, such changes were detected as increases in the value of GOT (within normal limits), of stab neutrophiles, lymphocytes and of monocytes within the season of strawberry culture. 3) Increases of positive rates in skintest by extracts of house dust and Candida sp. were observed in the farmers with and without strawberry culture. Positive rates of skintest by strawberry pollen and honey bee extracts among the farmers with strawberry culture were markedly higher than the allergic patients in Dokkyo Hospital having no relation to this culture. This positive rate was markedly elevated among the persons who complained the symptom of rhinorrea within the season.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies on the symptoms due to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house. 2. An analysis of clinical examinations with emphasis on allergic response (author's transl)]. Clinical mass surveys were carried out on the residents to whom questionnaires on symptoms with reference to strawberry culture in the vinyl-house had been delivered. Two hundred and eleven persons attended at the first survey in September, 1976 (off the season of strawberry culture) and the 58 attended at the second survey in March, 1977 (within the season). The participants of the first survey consisted of three groups, i.e. farmers with and without strawberry culture and people without farming. The participants of the second survey consisted only of farmers with strawberry culture. Results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no difference of incidence of various clinical findings detected by an ophthalmologist and otolaryngologists among the three groups. 2) There were also no difference of incidence of abnormal findings in urine tests, liver functions, respiratory test, blood examinations and blood pressure test among the three groups. However, the comparison of persons in charge of strawberry culture and attended at both tof the first and the second surveys, such changes were detected as increases in the value of GOT (within normal limits), of stab neutrophiles, lymphocytes and of monocytes within the season of strawberry culture. 3) Increases of positive rates in skintest by extracts of house dust and Candida sp. were observed in the farmers with and without strawberry culture. Positive rates of skintest by strawberry pollen and honey bee extracts among the farmers with strawberry culture were markedly higher than the allergic patients in Dokkyo Hospital having no relation to this culture. This positive rate was markedly elevated among the persons who complained the symptom of rhinorrea within the season.", "PMID": 491286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_744", "title": "[Accumulation of cadmium in organs of mice by a long-term injection of cadmium and interactions of cadmium with copper, manganese and zinc already present in the animals (author's transl)].", "content": "It is well known that the greater part of the administered cadmium is accumulated in liver and kidneys. But, in considering the toxicity of cadmium, it is important to make clear the time pattern of cadmium accumulation not only in liver and kidneys but in the other organs. Male mice were injected subcutaneously 1 mg/kg of cadmium daily for 25 weeks except one day in every week. Five mice at a time were killed in the suitable time during this experiment, and Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations in several organs were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium content in liver and kidneys increased remarkably during the first 30 days, and it is scarcely increased after that period. Cadmium content in other organs, that is, heart, lungs, spleen, testes and femurs, increased slowly during the first 20 days, and this content increased hardly after that. The results show further that: Cd administered at the early stage accumulated mainly in liver an in kidneys. As Cd concentration in liver and kidneys arrives at saturation, Cd content in other orbans increased remarkably. And, after 30th day, Cd content in all the organs increased little in spite of the continuous injection of Cd. Concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the organs of mice injected with Cd were as follows: Cu concentration increased significantly in heart, liver, and kidneys, Zn concentration increased in heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, whereas Mn concentration decreased remarkably in kidneys. Cadmium content in the organs of mice injected with Zn (0.5 mg/kg) or Mn (0.5 mg/kg) together with Cd (1 mg/kg) showed a tendency to increase remarkably compared with single injection of Cd.", "contents": "[Accumulation of cadmium in organs of mice by a long-term injection of cadmium and interactions of cadmium with copper, manganese and zinc already present in the animals (author's transl)]. It is well known that the greater part of the administered cadmium is accumulated in liver and kidneys. But, in considering the toxicity of cadmium, it is important to make clear the time pattern of cadmium accumulation not only in liver and kidneys but in the other organs. Male mice were injected subcutaneously 1 mg/kg of cadmium daily for 25 weeks except one day in every week. Five mice at a time were killed in the suitable time during this experiment, and Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations in several organs were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium content in liver and kidneys increased remarkably during the first 30 days, and it is scarcely increased after that period. Cadmium content in other organs, that is, heart, lungs, spleen, testes and femurs, increased slowly during the first 20 days, and this content increased hardly after that. The results show further that: Cd administered at the early stage accumulated mainly in liver an in kidneys. As Cd concentration in liver and kidneys arrives at saturation, Cd content in other orbans increased remarkably. And, after 30th day, Cd content in all the organs increased little in spite of the continuous injection of Cd. Concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the organs of mice injected with Cd were as follows: Cu concentration increased significantly in heart, liver, and kidneys, Zn concentration increased in heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, whereas Mn concentration decreased remarkably in kidneys. Cadmium content in the organs of mice injected with Zn (0.5 mg/kg) or Mn (0.5 mg/kg) together with Cd (1 mg/kg) showed a tendency to increase remarkably compared with single injection of Cd.", "PMID": 491287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_745", "title": "Vascular resistance of intestine, muscle and skin during blood pressure oscillation.", "content": "After the blood supply to the head was surgically limited to one common carotid artery in rabbits, the artery was compressed by exertion of stepwise elevated side pressure on a segment of the artery. Systemic arterial pressure rose and began to oscillate when the side pressure was increased to 50 to 60 mmHg. The oscillations were regular and occurred at a rate of 3 to 4 per minute with a wave height of 15 to 45 mmHg. Concomitant with systemic pressure oscillations, and in near synchrony were undulations in the perfusion pressures recorded during constant flow from the vascularly isolated abdominal skin, skeletal muscle and small intestine. With the graded elevation of side pressure on the common carotid artery, mean systemic pressure and perfusion pressure showed a nearly exponential relation. The ratio between the two variables was slightly less than one below the systemic pressure of 120 mmHg and rapidly increased above this level. At ratios greater than one, the peripheral resistance undulations in the isolated areas gave a larger minimum and maximum, a sharper contour and, particularly in the skin, a phase lag in the period of the wave form when compared to the systemic pressure oscillations. These observations highlight the differences in response characteristics of peripheral resistance vessels and those of cardiac output and different consecutive parts of the systemic arteries during periods of intense sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Vascular resistance of intestine, muscle and skin during blood pressure oscillation. After the blood supply to the head was surgically limited to one common carotid artery in rabbits, the artery was compressed by exertion of stepwise elevated side pressure on a segment of the artery. Systemic arterial pressure rose and began to oscillate when the side pressure was increased to 50 to 60 mmHg. The oscillations were regular and occurred at a rate of 3 to 4 per minute with a wave height of 15 to 45 mmHg. Concomitant with systemic pressure oscillations, and in near synchrony were undulations in the perfusion pressures recorded during constant flow from the vascularly isolated abdominal skin, skeletal muscle and small intestine. With the graded elevation of side pressure on the common carotid artery, mean systemic pressure and perfusion pressure showed a nearly exponential relation. The ratio between the two variables was slightly less than one below the systemic pressure of 120 mmHg and rapidly increased above this level. At ratios greater than one, the peripheral resistance undulations in the isolated areas gave a larger minimum and maximum, a sharper contour and, particularly in the skin, a phase lag in the period of the wave form when compared to the systemic pressure oscillations. These observations highlight the differences in response characteristics of peripheral resistance vessels and those of cardiac output and different consecutive parts of the systemic arteries during periods of intense sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 491309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_746", "title": "Lasting effect of infantile cold experience on cold tolerance in adult rats.", "content": "The effect of short and repetitive exposure to cold (5 degrees C, 4 hr/day for 2 weeks) from the birth up to the 14th day of newborn rats onthe thermal regulation in adulthood and on the tolerance to cold was investigated. After being exposed to cold, they were transferred to a room at 25 degrees C (N-CA). The control rats were raised at 25 degrees C (N-WA). An acute cold exposure test was performed by placing the animals in a room at 5 degrees C under urethane anesthesia. Electrical activity of neck muscles as an index of shivering was recorded. The colonic temperature fell at a significantly slower rate in N-CA rats with less shivering than in N-WA ones. Nonshivering thermogenesis tested by norepinephrine was significantly greater in N-CA rats than in N-WA ones. These results suggest that N-CA rats developed improved cold tolerance accompanied by greater nonshivering thermogenesis. Such a phenomenon in N-CA lasted for 18 weeks after the termination of cold exposure. Adult rats subjected to the same scheme of cold exposure (A-CA) (5 degrees C, 4 hr/day, 2 weeks) showed essentially the same results as seen in N-CA, but its improved cold tolerance and elevated nonshivering thermogenesis disappeared 4 weeks after the termination of cold exposure. Extirpation of interscapular brown adipose tissue immediately before the cold test did not appreciably affect the cold tolerance in N-CA and A-CA rats. The colonic temperature at the onset of shivering was significantly lower in N-CA as well as A-CA rats than in each of the corresponding control rats, indicating a shift of the shivering threshold to lower temperature values in the animals exposed intermittently to cold. These results indicate that an infantile experience with cold results in a greater and longer sustained ability to tolerate cold in adulthood, characterized by enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "Lasting effect of infantile cold experience on cold tolerance in adult rats. The effect of short and repetitive exposure to cold (5 degrees C, 4 hr/day for 2 weeks) from the birth up to the 14th day of newborn rats onthe thermal regulation in adulthood and on the tolerance to cold was investigated. After being exposed to cold, they were transferred to a room at 25 degrees C (N-CA). The control rats were raised at 25 degrees C (N-WA). An acute cold exposure test was performed by placing the animals in a room at 5 degrees C under urethane anesthesia. Electrical activity of neck muscles as an index of shivering was recorded. The colonic temperature fell at a significantly slower rate in N-CA rats with less shivering than in N-WA ones. Nonshivering thermogenesis tested by norepinephrine was significantly greater in N-CA rats than in N-WA ones. These results suggest that N-CA rats developed improved cold tolerance accompanied by greater nonshivering thermogenesis. Such a phenomenon in N-CA lasted for 18 weeks after the termination of cold exposure. Adult rats subjected to the same scheme of cold exposure (A-CA) (5 degrees C, 4 hr/day, 2 weeks) showed essentially the same results as seen in N-CA, but its improved cold tolerance and elevated nonshivering thermogenesis disappeared 4 weeks after the termination of cold exposure. Extirpation of interscapular brown adipose tissue immediately before the cold test did not appreciably affect the cold tolerance in N-CA and A-CA rats. The colonic temperature at the onset of shivering was significantly lower in N-CA as well as A-CA rats than in each of the corresponding control rats, indicating a shift of the shivering threshold to lower temperature values in the animals exposed intermittently to cold. These results indicate that an infantile experience with cold results in a greater and longer sustained ability to tolerate cold in adulthood, characterized by enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis.", "PMID": 491310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_747", "title": "Phasic and tonic contractions of rabbit intestinal muscle.", "content": "The effects of a single electrical stimulus upon the longitudinal and circular muscles of rabbit small intestine were investigated and the differentiation between phasic and tonic contractions was examined. A weak stimulus caused a phasic contraction and a stronger stimulus evoked both phasic and tonic contractions. The evoked phasic contraction was of an all-or-nothing nature, while the evoked tonic contraction was graded. Strength-duration curves of longitudinal and circular muscles were obts of rheobase and chronaxie. In the presence of verapamil or methoxyverapamil (D 600) the tonic contraction, but not the phasic contraction, could be evoked by a single strong stimulus, while in the presence of sodium nitroprusside the phasic contraction, but not the tonic contraction, could be provoked by a single strong stimulus. The phasic and tonic contractions differed in their strength-duration curves and drug responses.", "contents": "Phasic and tonic contractions of rabbit intestinal muscle. The effects of a single electrical stimulus upon the longitudinal and circular muscles of rabbit small intestine were investigated and the differentiation between phasic and tonic contractions was examined. A weak stimulus caused a phasic contraction and a stronger stimulus evoked both phasic and tonic contractions. The evoked phasic contraction was of an all-or-nothing nature, while the evoked tonic contraction was graded. Strength-duration curves of longitudinal and circular muscles were obts of rheobase and chronaxie. In the presence of verapamil or methoxyverapamil (D 600) the tonic contraction, but not the phasic contraction, could be evoked by a single strong stimulus, while in the presence of sodium nitroprusside the phasic contraction, but not the tonic contraction, could be provoked by a single strong stimulus. The phasic and tonic contractions differed in their strength-duration curves and drug responses.", "PMID": 491311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_748", "title": "Body temperature and oxygen consumption of newborn rats at various ambient temperatures.", "content": "The thermogenic response and rectal temperature (Tre) of newborn rats (0 to 32 days old) on exposure to various ambient temperatures (Ta) were investigated. The O2 consumption (VO2 in ml . min-1 per 100 cm2 surface area) was measured for one rat at a time by means of a closed circuit system. The results were that (1) within the thermal neutral ranges, Tre stood at 36--37 degrees C regardless of the age and the value of VO2 was lowest at the age of 6--7 days, after this period increasing and reaching a level of 1.4 ml . min-1 . cm-2 X 10(-2) after 18--21 days old (the weaning period); (2) the thermogenic response to cold (delta VO2/--delta Ta) was higher at ages prior to the weaning period than after the weaning period; (3) in spite of the higher thermogenic responses, Tre decreased markedly on exposure to cold prior to the weaning period, because of a poor development of thermal insulation; and (4) the achievement of homeothermy of the rat at subneutral temperatures was observed after the weaning period.", "contents": "Body temperature and oxygen consumption of newborn rats at various ambient temperatures. The thermogenic response and rectal temperature (Tre) of newborn rats (0 to 32 days old) on exposure to various ambient temperatures (Ta) were investigated. The O2 consumption (VO2 in ml . min-1 per 100 cm2 surface area) was measured for one rat at a time by means of a closed circuit system. The results were that (1) within the thermal neutral ranges, Tre stood at 36--37 degrees C regardless of the age and the value of VO2 was lowest at the age of 6--7 days, after this period increasing and reaching a level of 1.4 ml . min-1 . cm-2 X 10(-2) after 18--21 days old (the weaning period); (2) the thermogenic response to cold (delta VO2/--delta Ta) was higher at ages prior to the weaning period than after the weaning period; (3) in spite of the higher thermogenic responses, Tre decreased markedly on exposure to cold prior to the weaning period, because of a poor development of thermal insulation; and (4) the achievement of homeothermy of the rat at subneutral temperatures was observed after the weaning period.", "PMID": 491312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_749", "title": "Whole body transvascular filtration coefficient and interstitial space capacitance.", "content": "Infusion experiments with Ringer's solution were performed on 5 splenectomized dogs with continuous monitoring of blood volume and hematocrit. The plasma volume was calculated from these data and followed during the infusion and also during the recovery period. Applying electrical equivalent simulation analysis to the result of the plasma volume, the capacitance of the interstitial fluid space and the transvascular filtration coefficient of water in the whole body were determined simultaneously. The mean values of the capacitance and the coefficient were 5.91 ml/kg-mmHg and 0.314 ml/min-kg-mmHg, respectively. From this simulation study, a transfer function which predicts the fluid shift between the vascular system and the interstitial fluid space was also derived. Using the transfer function, predictions of the changes in plasma volume are possible from any given rate of infusion.", "contents": "Whole body transvascular filtration coefficient and interstitial space capacitance. Infusion experiments with Ringer's solution were performed on 5 splenectomized dogs with continuous monitoring of blood volume and hematocrit. The plasma volume was calculated from these data and followed during the infusion and also during the recovery period. Applying electrical equivalent simulation analysis to the result of the plasma volume, the capacitance of the interstitial fluid space and the transvascular filtration coefficient of water in the whole body were determined simultaneously. The mean values of the capacitance and the coefficient were 5.91 ml/kg-mmHg and 0.314 ml/min-kg-mmHg, respectively. From this simulation study, a transfer function which predicts the fluid shift between the vascular system and the interstitial fluid space was also derived. Using the transfer function, predictions of the changes in plasma volume are possible from any given rate of infusion.", "PMID": 491313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_750", "title": "Effects of stimulation of Auerbach's plexus on both longitudinal and circular muscles.", "content": "The effects of repetitive electrical stimulation of a node of Auerbach's plexus on both longitudinal and circular muscles were investigated by simultaneous recording of both muscle contractions. L-formed muscle strips, longitudinal and circular muscle strips, were made from a segment of rabbit small intestine. One strip was cut along, another strip was cut at 90 degrees to the oral-anal axis. The longitudinal muscle strip was peeled and Auerbach's plexus was exposed. Under a stereodissecting microscope the stimulating electrode, with tip diameter of 5--10 micron, was placed on a node of Auerbach's plexus situated at the junction of both muscle strips. Repetitive electrical stimulation of a node produced a mainly excitatory effect on spontaneous contractions of an orally-directed longitudinal muscle strip, excitatory and inhibitory effects on an anally-directed longitudinal muscle strip and a mostly excitatory effect on a circular muscle strip which always appeared with a delay after that on the longitudinal muscle. In a few instances the inhibitory effect of nodal stimulation was observed on the circular muscle. The evoked excitatory effect of longitudinal muscle was mainly due to a cholinergic mechanism, while that of circular muscle was partially due to cholinergic and partially noncholinergic activity. The evoked inhibition was nonadrenergic.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation of Auerbach's plexus on both longitudinal and circular muscles. The effects of repetitive electrical stimulation of a node of Auerbach's plexus on both longitudinal and circular muscles were investigated by simultaneous recording of both muscle contractions. L-formed muscle strips, longitudinal and circular muscle strips, were made from a segment of rabbit small intestine. One strip was cut along, another strip was cut at 90 degrees to the oral-anal axis. The longitudinal muscle strip was peeled and Auerbach's plexus was exposed. Under a stereodissecting microscope the stimulating electrode, with tip diameter of 5--10 micron, was placed on a node of Auerbach's plexus situated at the junction of both muscle strips. Repetitive electrical stimulation of a node produced a mainly excitatory effect on spontaneous contractions of an orally-directed longitudinal muscle strip, excitatory and inhibitory effects on an anally-directed longitudinal muscle strip and a mostly excitatory effect on a circular muscle strip which always appeared with a delay after that on the longitudinal muscle. In a few instances the inhibitory effect of nodal stimulation was observed on the circular muscle. The evoked excitatory effect of longitudinal muscle was mainly due to a cholinergic mechanism, while that of circular muscle was partially due to cholinergic and partially noncholinergic activity. The evoked inhibition was nonadrenergic.", "PMID": 491314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_751", "title": "[Brightness power function and equal brightness contour for dark- and light-adapted eye in the peripheral visual field (author's transl)].", "content": "To test whether the equal brightness contour at supra-threshold runs parallel with the contour at threshold, magnitude estimation and the staircase procedure were employed for estimating brightness power function under dark- and light-adaptation. The luminance was changed from 43 to 83 dB re 10(-6) cd/m2 with the light adapting luminance at 53 dB. The retinal loci tested were 0 degrees to 70 degrees periphery in steps of 10 degrees. The exponent of the power function gradually increased from .37 to .73 as eccentricity and adapting luminance increased. The equal brightness contour decreased for dark-adaptation and increased for light-adaptation as eccentricity increased at supra-threshold but at threshold did not follow the parallel hypothesis for both adapting conditions.", "contents": "[Brightness power function and equal brightness contour for dark- and light-adapted eye in the peripheral visual field (author's transl)]. To test whether the equal brightness contour at supra-threshold runs parallel with the contour at threshold, magnitude estimation and the staircase procedure were employed for estimating brightness power function under dark- and light-adaptation. The luminance was changed from 43 to 83 dB re 10(-6) cd/m2 with the light adapting luminance at 53 dB. The retinal loci tested were 0 degrees to 70 degrees periphery in steps of 10 degrees. The exponent of the power function gradually increased from .37 to .73 as eccentricity and adapting luminance increased. The equal brightness contour decreased for dark-adaptation and increased for light-adaptation as eccentricity increased at supra-threshold but at threshold did not follow the parallel hypothesis for both adapting conditions.", "PMID": 491315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_752", "title": "[Overlearning of a pursuit tracking task and change in pulse rate and finger skin blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight subjects were given overlearning of a pursuit tracking task twice which they experienced once either half or one year previously. Distributed practice was employed in the present experiments. Finger skin blood flow (SBF) and pulse rate (PR) were measured throughout the experiments. SBF was smaller during trials and during intertrial rests than during rest with eyes closed, but the difference between during trials and during intertrial rests was not significant. It was supposed that the reason for this effect of overlearning was that the increase in motivation resulted in a high level of activation during intertrial rests. The changing pattern of SBF during trials became similar to that in adding task of the previous study (1977) because of learning or habituation. In the second half of the trials, however, SBF during trials gradually became smaller.", "contents": "[Overlearning of a pursuit tracking task and change in pulse rate and finger skin blood flow (author's transl)]. Eight subjects were given overlearning of a pursuit tracking task twice which they experienced once either half or one year previously. Distributed practice was employed in the present experiments. Finger skin blood flow (SBF) and pulse rate (PR) were measured throughout the experiments. SBF was smaller during trials and during intertrial rests than during rest with eyes closed, but the difference between during trials and during intertrial rests was not significant. It was supposed that the reason for this effect of overlearning was that the increase in motivation resulted in a high level of activation during intertrial rests. The changing pattern of SBF during trials became similar to that in adding task of the previous study (1977) because of learning or habituation. In the second half of the trials, however, SBF during trials gradually became smaller.", "PMID": 491316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_753", "title": "Spectral analysis of EEG during mental activity (author's transl).", "content": "With the use of power spectral analysis, the occipital and frontal EEGs in normal young subjects were examined during mental activity under closed-eye and open-eye conditions. Under the closed-eye condition, the peak of power spectral density in the alpha band was suppressed during mental activity, as compared with the finding obtained without mental loading. Moreover, the peak frequency of the alpha band shifted to higher frequencies under the mental loading condition in all of the subjects. Under the open-eye condition, alpha waves were prominently suppressed and no peak of power spectral density in the alpha band could be detected. However, during mental activity the peak of power spectral density could be detected in the delta wave band of both occipital and frontal EEGs.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of EEG during mental activity (author's transl). With the use of power spectral analysis, the occipital and frontal EEGs in normal young subjects were examined during mental activity under closed-eye and open-eye conditions. Under the closed-eye condition, the peak of power spectral density in the alpha band was suppressed during mental activity, as compared with the finding obtained without mental loading. Moreover, the peak frequency of the alpha band shifted to higher frequencies under the mental loading condition in all of the subjects. Under the open-eye condition, alpha waves were prominently suppressed and no peak of power spectral density in the alpha band could be detected. However, during mental activity the peak of power spectral density could be detected in the delta wave band of both occipital and frontal EEGs.", "PMID": 491317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_754", "title": "[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the canine gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "In-vitro motility of the gallbladder was studied in the longitudinally cut full-thickness strips obtained from 61 mongrel dogs. The strips, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were prepared from the fundus, body and infundibulum of the gallbladder wall and the motility was examined by the changes of contractile dynamics which were transduced on a pen chart recorder. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The specimen from three parts of the gallbladder exhibited spontaneous motility which was comprised of tonic and rhythmic contractions and they seemed to be stable approximately during the period from three and half an hour to six hours in the Tyrode solution. 2. There was a characteristic pattern which was specific for each three parts in the waves of spontaneous rhythmic contraction. The specimen from infundibulum showed almost regular waves which were predominantly comprised of greater amplitude than those of other two parts. 3. The effects of gastrointestinal hormones and similar substance, caerulein, tetragastrin and secretin were investigated on the activity. Caerulein and tetragastrin were found to be potent stimulant of the dog gallbladder. The stimulated contraction waves were uniform and the pattern could be described with using a certain mathematical expression.", "contents": "[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the canine gallbladder (author's transl)]. In-vitro motility of the gallbladder was studied in the longitudinally cut full-thickness strips obtained from 61 mongrel dogs. The strips, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were prepared from the fundus, body and infundibulum of the gallbladder wall and the motility was examined by the changes of contractile dynamics which were transduced on a pen chart recorder. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The specimen from three parts of the gallbladder exhibited spontaneous motility which was comprised of tonic and rhythmic contractions and they seemed to be stable approximately during the period from three and half an hour to six hours in the Tyrode solution. 2. There was a characteristic pattern which was specific for each three parts in the waves of spontaneous rhythmic contraction. The specimen from infundibulum showed almost regular waves which were predominantly comprised of greater amplitude than those of other two parts. 3. The effects of gastrointestinal hormones and similar substance, caerulein, tetragastrin and secretin were investigated on the activity. Caerulein and tetragastrin were found to be potent stimulant of the dog gallbladder. The stimulated contraction waves were uniform and the pattern could be described with using a certain mathematical expression.", "PMID": 491323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_755", "title": "[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the human gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies in-vitro motility of the human gallbladder was investigated in the longitudinally cut strips obtained from 24 patients. Strips of the wall of the organ, containing mucosa, muscle and serosa, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were cut from the fundus, body and neck. These specimens were suspended in Tyrode solution at 36 degrees C equilibrated with the 100% O2. Recordings were made on a pen chart recorder which were transduced using a isometric system by the changes of contractions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The strips from three parts of the gallbladder showed rhythmic and tonic spontaneous contractions. 2. The tonic contractions from fundus were strongest in those three. 3. The rhythmic contractions of neck exhibited greater amplitude than those of fundus and body.", "contents": "[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the human gallbladder (author's transl)]. Studies in-vitro motility of the human gallbladder was investigated in the longitudinally cut strips obtained from 24 patients. Strips of the wall of the organ, containing mucosa, muscle and serosa, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were cut from the fundus, body and neck. These specimens were suspended in Tyrode solution at 36 degrees C equilibrated with the 100% O2. Recordings were made on a pen chart recorder which were transduced using a isometric system by the changes of contractions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The strips from three parts of the gallbladder showed rhythmic and tonic spontaneous contractions. 2. The tonic contractions from fundus were strongest in those three. 3. The rhythmic contractions of neck exhibited greater amplitude than those of fundus and body.", "PMID": 491324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_756", "title": "[Experimental study on canine gastric motility following selective proximal vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Electromyographical studies were made on the gastric motility of dogs following selective vagotomy (SV) and selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) as the subsequent studies on the changes after truncal vagotomy (TV) after which gastric motility is fairly disturbed, and the influence of pyloroplasty additionally performed to SPV. Gastric discharge frequency was suppressed by SV similar to that by TV. Dysrhythmia of motility occurred after gastric vogotomy. Restoration to the normal was the fastest after SPV. Changes in the discharge frequency after SPV did not differ much from those in the normal stomach and other types of vagotomy. With SPV, the decrease in the propagation velocity of basic electrical rhythms (BER) was mild, and a pattern similar to the control was shown compared with TV and SV. The antiperistaltic discharge was observed even with SPV, but the frequency was low compared with TV and SV. The frequency of peristaltic discharge was the highest when pyloroplasty was performed in addition to SPV. The responses to vagostigmine, insulin tetragastrin in SPV were similar to those in the normal stomach. During the gastric emptying time, there was neither difference before and after SPV, nor any significant difference due to the presence or absence of pyloroplasty. The above data show that SPV is advantageous for retaining the function of gastric peristalsis, also for gastric secretion, but the addition of pyloroplasty will not be advantageous for the elimination of gastric content.", "contents": "[Experimental study on canine gastric motility following selective proximal vagotomy (author's transl)]. Electromyographical studies were made on the gastric motility of dogs following selective vagotomy (SV) and selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) as the subsequent studies on the changes after truncal vagotomy (TV) after which gastric motility is fairly disturbed, and the influence of pyloroplasty additionally performed to SPV. Gastric discharge frequency was suppressed by SV similar to that by TV. Dysrhythmia of motility occurred after gastric vogotomy. Restoration to the normal was the fastest after SPV. Changes in the discharge frequency after SPV did not differ much from those in the normal stomach and other types of vagotomy. With SPV, the decrease in the propagation velocity of basic electrical rhythms (BER) was mild, and a pattern similar to the control was shown compared with TV and SV. The antiperistaltic discharge was observed even with SPV, but the frequency was low compared with TV and SV. The frequency of peristaltic discharge was the highest when pyloroplasty was performed in addition to SPV. The responses to vagostigmine, insulin tetragastrin in SPV were similar to those in the normal stomach. During the gastric emptying time, there was neither difference before and after SPV, nor any significant difference due to the presence or absence of pyloroplasty. The above data show that SPV is advantageous for retaining the function of gastric peristalsis, also for gastric secretion, but the addition of pyloroplasty will not be advantageous for the elimination of gastric content.", "PMID": 491325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_757", "title": "High yield criteria and emergency department skull radiography: two community hospitals' experience.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 75 patients admitted with the diagnosis of skull fracture to two community hospitals revealed that 48% of these patients would not have been diagnosed if the high yield criteria recently proposed by the Food and Drug Administration had been adhered to in selecting patients for skull radiography. This included four patients with depressed skull fractures and 32 with linear fractures. The remaining 39 patients had at least one high yielded criterion, the most common being loss of consciousness (21.3%).", "contents": "High yield criteria and emergency department skull radiography: two community hospitals' experience. A retrospective analysis of 75 patients admitted with the diagnosis of skull fracture to two community hospitals revealed that 48% of these patients would not have been diagnosed if the high yield criteria recently proposed by the Food and Drug Administration had been adhered to in selecting patients for skull radiography. This included four patients with depressed skull fractures and 32 with linear fractures. The remaining 39 patients had at least one high yielded criterion, the most common being loss of consciousness (21.3%).", "PMID": 491326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_758", "title": "Emergency percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV).", "content": "Ventilation through a percutaneous needle catheter inserted into the trachea has been advocated for resuscitation in acute upper airway obstruction. However, the customized, prefabricated equipment proposed by others for that use is not always available. We describe a device for percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV) that can be rapidly assembled using available, inexpensive hospital supplies. With this device, moderate inflation pressures and flow rates of oxygen resulted in arterial PaO2 of greater than 300 torr and PaCO2 values of approximately 40 torr in dogs. PTV may be used as a life-saving measure in cases of acute upper airway obstruction when conventional airway management is unsuccessful.", "contents": "Emergency percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV). Ventilation through a percutaneous needle catheter inserted into the trachea has been advocated for resuscitation in acute upper airway obstruction. However, the customized, prefabricated equipment proposed by others for that use is not always available. We describe a device for percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV) that can be rapidly assembled using available, inexpensive hospital supplies. With this device, moderate inflation pressures and flow rates of oxygen resulted in arterial PaO2 of greater than 300 torr and PaCO2 values of approximately 40 torr in dogs. PTV may be used as a life-saving measure in cases of acute upper airway obstruction when conventional airway management is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 491327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_759", "title": "A case of water hemlock poisoning.", "content": "Water hemlock is a ubiquitous plant that can be mistaken for a turnip as in the case reported. Oral ingestion causes an explosive illness consisting of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and grand mal seizures that can progress to cyanosis and death. In the reported case a 30-year old man was found semi-comatose some 75 minutes after ingesting a \"turnip\". The history revealed profuse emesis shortly after eating lunch that changed from bile to frank blood. There was a mean orthostatic blood pressure change of 30 torr, with an increase in the heart rate of 10%. Neurologic examination revealed a lethargic patient. Following administration of 4 liters of Ringer's lactate the patient's blood pressure stabilized and with continued isotonic fluid maintenance he improved rapidly. This case indicates that appropriate management should be directed toward protecting the patient's airway from gastric aspiration, restoring the intravascular and extracellular volume deficit, and controlling cerebral edema.", "contents": "A case of water hemlock poisoning. Water hemlock is a ubiquitous plant that can be mistaken for a turnip as in the case reported. Oral ingestion causes an explosive illness consisting of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and grand mal seizures that can progress to cyanosis and death. In the reported case a 30-year old man was found semi-comatose some 75 minutes after ingesting a \"turnip\". The history revealed profuse emesis shortly after eating lunch that changed from bile to frank blood. There was a mean orthostatic blood pressure change of 30 torr, with an increase in the heart rate of 10%. Neurologic examination revealed a lethargic patient. Following administration of 4 liters of Ringer's lactate the patient's blood pressure stabilized and with continued isotonic fluid maintenance he improved rapidly. This case indicates that appropriate management should be directed toward protecting the patient's airway from gastric aspiration, restoring the intravascular and extracellular volume deficit, and controlling cerebral edema.", "PMID": 491328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_760", "title": "Recurrent upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Two case reports document airway reobstruction following the use of hemostats by paramedics (EMT-P) to successfully relieve meat impaction of the hypopharynx. In one, the obstruction was the result of local edema and, in the other, there was incomplete removal of the obstruction.", "contents": "Recurrent upper airway obstruction. Two case reports document airway reobstruction following the use of hemostats by paramedics (EMT-P) to successfully relieve meat impaction of the hypopharynx. In one, the obstruction was the result of local edema and, in the other, there was incomplete removal of the obstruction.", "PMID": 491329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_761", "title": "Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury.", "content": "Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury are rare findings, especially when symptoms are delayed for several days and are not associated with other related traumatic entities. A case is presented of a 14-year-old boy who developed symptoms of precordial chest pains and splinting two days after sustaining a direct blow to his anterior chest wall. A work-up confirmed free air in the pericardium and mediastinum. He recovered rapidly after a three-day hospital course. The diagnosis was relatively simple, using only thorough physical examination and radiographic technique. This complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden onset of cardiorespiratory conditions following trauma.", "contents": "Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury. Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury are rare findings, especially when symptoms are delayed for several days and are not associated with other related traumatic entities. A case is presented of a 14-year-old boy who developed symptoms of precordial chest pains and splinting two days after sustaining a direct blow to his anterior chest wall. A work-up confirmed free air in the pericardium and mediastinum. He recovered rapidly after a three-day hospital course. The diagnosis was relatively simple, using only thorough physical examination and radiographic technique. This complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden onset of cardiorespiratory conditions following trauma.", "PMID": 491330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_762", "title": "The Columbia Population Study. II. Familial aggregation of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides.", "content": "We studied familial aggregation patterns of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in a sample of 242 families in a prepaid medical care setting. Three analytic methods of progressive sophistication--case finding, correlation, and multiple regression--were used. Case-finding analyses detected only slight association of elevated lipid levels in parent-offspring pairs. The results suggest that when probands are randomly selected from a free-living population, the value of screening families in which one member is shown to have elevated lipid levels is limited mainly to identifying \"hypercholesterolemic\" offspring of \"hypercholesterolemic\" fathers. Correlations of plasma lipid levels were significant for various pairs of first-degree relatives but negligible for spouses. Multiple regression also supported the predictive value of family members' lipid levels. Taken together, the results of these analyses provide strong evidence for familial aggregations of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels. The distinction of genetic and environmental contributions is a priority for future research.", "contents": "The Columbia Population Study. II. Familial aggregation of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. We studied familial aggregation patterns of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in a sample of 242 families in a prepaid medical care setting. Three analytic methods of progressive sophistication--case finding, correlation, and multiple regression--were used. Case-finding analyses detected only slight association of elevated lipid levels in parent-offspring pairs. The results suggest that when probands are randomly selected from a free-living population, the value of screening families in which one member is shown to have elevated lipid levels is limited mainly to identifying \"hypercholesterolemic\" offspring of \"hypercholesterolemic\" fathers. Correlations of plasma lipid levels were significant for various pairs of first-degree relatives but negligible for spouses. Multiple regression also supported the predictive value of family members' lipid levels. Taken together, the results of these analyses provide strong evidence for familial aggregations of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels. The distinction of genetic and environmental contributions is a priority for future research.", "PMID": 491335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_763", "title": "Mycetomas in pulmonary sarcoidosis: non-surgical management.", "content": "The course and prognosis of all patients with mycetomas in the setting of pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1960 to 1978 were reviewed. Twelve patients were identified. All patients were managed conservatively without surgery or antifungal agents. Three patients died; however, only one death could be attributed to the presence of a mycetoma and all deaths were associated with severe pulmonary insufficiency. Episodes of both major and minor hemoptysis were managed successfully with supportive therapy alone in the remaining nine patients. Survival after the diagnosis of a mycetoma was 10-14 years in three patients, 5-7 years in three patients and 3-4 years in three patients. All nine surviving patients have required corticosteroids for control of their underlying sarcoidosis. Extracavitary invasive disease due to Aspergillus organisms was not seen in this group. In the setting of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis with mycetoma formation, fatal hemoptysis is infrequent and episodes of hemorrhage may be safely managed with supportive medical therapy alone.", "contents": "Mycetomas in pulmonary sarcoidosis: non-surgical management. The course and prognosis of all patients with mycetomas in the setting of pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1960 to 1978 were reviewed. Twelve patients were identified. All patients were managed conservatively without surgery or antifungal agents. Three patients died; however, only one death could be attributed to the presence of a mycetoma and all deaths were associated with severe pulmonary insufficiency. Episodes of both major and minor hemoptysis were managed successfully with supportive therapy alone in the remaining nine patients. Survival after the diagnosis of a mycetoma was 10-14 years in three patients, 5-7 years in three patients and 3-4 years in three patients. All nine surviving patients have required corticosteroids for control of their underlying sarcoidosis. Extracavitary invasive disease due to Aspergillus organisms was not seen in this group. In the setting of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis with mycetoma formation, fatal hemoptysis is infrequent and episodes of hemorrhage may be safely managed with supportive medical therapy alone.", "PMID": 491336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_764", "title": "[Method of conduction of the veloergometric test in rehabilitation of cardiosurgical patients].", "content": "Determination of the physical working capacity of patients after surgical correction of heart disease and appraisal of the functional condition of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems allow for establishing a program of physical rehabilitation and judge its efficacy during follow-up of the patient. The bicycle ergometry test in cardiosurgical patients has certain features. The submaximum and threshold loads should be distinguished. The use of step-by-step increasing interrupted test is recommended. The duration of the rehabilitation period and delayed reactions are important in appraising the reaction to the load. The use of the extrapolation method in calculating taindications for the bicycle ergometry test for cardiosurgical patients.", "contents": "[Method of conduction of the veloergometric test in rehabilitation of cardiosurgical patients]. Determination of the physical working capacity of patients after surgical correction of heart disease and appraisal of the functional condition of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems allow for establishing a program of physical rehabilitation and judge its efficacy during follow-up of the patient. The bicycle ergometry test in cardiosurgical patients has certain features. The submaximum and threshold loads should be distinguished. The use of step-by-step increasing interrupted test is recommended. The duration of the rehabilitation period and delayed reactions are important in appraising the reaction to the load. The use of the extrapolation method in calculating taindications for the bicycle ergometry test for cardiosurgical patients.", "PMID": 491350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_765", "title": "[Disorders of microcirculation in food poisoning].", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with alimentary toxicoinfections were examined. The values of central and peripheral circulation and the fluid spaces were determined by one-stage dilution of two indicators, T-1824 and sodium thiosulfate. The capillary blood flow was studied by means of bulbar microscopy in reflected light. A deficit of interstitial fluid prior to treatment and disorder of microhemo- and lymphocirculation were revealed. Infusion of a crystalloid blood substitute with an optimum volume and rate increased capillary filtration and corrected the transinterstitial metabolism.", "contents": "[Disorders of microcirculation in food poisoning]. Thirty-seven patients with alimentary toxicoinfections were examined. The values of central and peripheral circulation and the fluid spaces were determined by one-stage dilution of two indicators, T-1824 and sodium thiosulfate. The capillary blood flow was studied by means of bulbar microscopy in reflected light. A deficit of interstitial fluid prior to treatment and disorder of microhemo- and lymphocirculation were revealed. Infusion of a crystalloid blood substitute with an optimum volume and rate increased capillary filtration and corrected the transinterstitial metabolism.", "PMID": 491351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_766", "title": "[Pathology of sudden extra-hospital death. 1. Obstructive lesions of the coronary arteries and myocardial scars].", "content": "The coronary arteries and  myocardium were examined morphologically by special unified methods in 127 cases of prehospital sudden coronary death among Kaunas male population from 45 to 65 years of age. Obstruction of at least one of four major coronary arteries was severe (75% or more) in 90% of patients and moderate (50--75%) in the remaining 10%. In most cases one or two coronary arteries had severe obstruction (77% of cases) located predominantly in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. Post-infarction scars and small foci of myocardial sclerosis were found in 72% of hearts any may be considered as special \"morphological catamnesis\" of past acute coronary events. In 85% of cases the heart mass was more than 400 g. The data presented indicate the undoubted role of coronarogenic factors in the development of an acute terminal episode such as sudden death, the unexpectedness of which is only imaginary.", "contents": "[Pathology of sudden extra-hospital death. 1. Obstructive lesions of the coronary arteries and myocardial scars]. The coronary arteries and  myocardium were examined morphologically by special unified methods in 127 cases of prehospital sudden coronary death among Kaunas male population from 45 to 65 years of age. Obstruction of at least one of four major coronary arteries was severe (75% or more) in 90% of patients and moderate (50--75%) in the remaining 10%. In most cases one or two coronary arteries had severe obstruction (77% of cases) located predominantly in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. Post-infarction scars and small foci of myocardial sclerosis were found in 72% of hearts any may be considered as special \"morphological catamnesis\" of past acute coronary events. In 85% of cases the heart mass was more than 400 g. The data presented indicate the undoubted role of coronarogenic factors in the development of an acute terminal episode such as sudden death, the unexpectedness of which is only imaginary.", "PMID": 491353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_767", "title": "[Clinical course of ischemic heart disease with intact, according to angiography, coronary arteries].", "content": "Clinical analysis was conducted of 61 patients with ischemic heart disease with no stenosing changes in the main coronary arteries as demonstrated by angiography. The severity of the pain syndrome, the frequency of cicatricial changes in the myocardium and the tolerance of physical load were studied. The causes of ischemic heart disease in patients of this group were analysed. The principal importance in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease in the absence of morphological changes in the coronary arteries is attributed to spasm and microcirculatory disorders.", "contents": "[Clinical course of ischemic heart disease with intact, according to angiography, coronary arteries]. Clinical analysis was conducted of 61 patients with ischemic heart disease with no stenosing changes in the main coronary arteries as demonstrated by angiography. The severity of the pain syndrome, the frequency of cicatricial changes in the myocardium and the tolerance of physical load were studied. The causes of ischemic heart disease in patients of this group were analysed. The principal importance in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease in the absence of morphological changes in the coronary arteries is attributed to spasm and microcirculatory disorders.", "PMID": 491354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_768", "title": "[Role of steroid hormones in the etiology and clinical course of hypertension].", "content": "Examination was conducted of 33 healthy persons and 85 individuals suffering from hypertensive disease (stage IB, 52 patients and stage IIB, 33 patients) from 18 to 45 years of age. The basal level of three steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, hydrocortisone) was studied by the radio-immune method. It was established that stabilization of arterial pressure is attended by an increase in the aldosterone/progresterone and aldosterone/hydrocortisone ratios. During one stage of the disease the basal level of steroid hormones varied within different limits, particularly in labile hypertension. The interconnection of blood plasma steroid hormone level and the age, duration of the disease, aggravation by hereditary factors, level of arterial pressure and daily and basal natriuresis was revealed.", "contents": "[Role of steroid hormones in the etiology and clinical course of hypertension]. Examination was conducted of 33 healthy persons and 85 individuals suffering from hypertensive disease (stage IB, 52 patients and stage IIB, 33 patients) from 18 to 45 years of age. The basal level of three steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, hydrocortisone) was studied by the radio-immune method. It was established that stabilization of arterial pressure is attended by an increase in the aldosterone/progresterone and aldosterone/hydrocortisone ratios. During one stage of the disease the basal level of steroid hormones varied within different limits, particularly in labile hypertension. The interconnection of blood plasma steroid hormone level and the age, duration of the disease, aggravation by hereditary factors, level of arterial pressure and daily and basal natriuresis was revealed.", "PMID": 491355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_769", "title": "[Surgery of the heart conduction system].", "content": "Problems concerned with surgery of the heart conduction system are discussed. Two operations performed directly on the heart conduction system are analysed: operation for dividing the bundle of His or Keith's node with subsequent implantation of electrocardiostimulators in ventricular tachycardia unresponse to drugs and operation for dividing the walls of the right atrium and interatrial septum leading to the development of atrioventricular rhythm. The incisions mentioned were used in approach to the mitral and tricuspid valves for their prosthetics. The second part of interventions on the heart conduction system involves surgical techniques aimed at avoiding damage to the conduction system in manipulations mainly on the cardiac septum. The author believes that this branch of cardiac surgery is new and promising.", "contents": "[Surgery of the heart conduction system]. Problems concerned with surgery of the heart conduction system are discussed. Two operations performed directly on the heart conduction system are analysed: operation for dividing the bundle of His or Keith's node with subsequent implantation of electrocardiostimulators in ventricular tachycardia unresponse to drugs and operation for dividing the walls of the right atrium and interatrial septum leading to the development of atrioventricular rhythm. The incisions mentioned were used in approach to the mitral and tricuspid valves for their prosthetics. The second part of interventions on the heart conduction system involves surgical techniques aimed at avoiding damage to the conduction system in manipulations mainly on the cardiac septum. The author believes that this branch of cardiac surgery is new and promising.", "PMID": 491356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_770", "title": "[Attempt at mathematical prognosis of the effect of surgery in embolism of the main arteries, according to various clinico-biochemical indicators].", "content": "The possibility, in principle, of mathematical prognostication of the results of an operative intervention according to the initial clinicobiochemical indices is shown. The duration of ischemia, the blood serotonin level, and the severity of the atherosclerosis and cardiovascular insufficiency are the most significant of the studied indices influencing the outcome of operation for embolism of the major limb arteries.", "contents": "[Attempt at mathematical prognosis of the effect of surgery in embolism of the main arteries, according to various clinico-biochemical indicators]. The possibility, in principle, of mathematical prognostication of the results of an operative intervention according to the initial clinicobiochemical indices is shown. The duration of ischemia, the blood serotonin level, and the severity of the atherosclerosis and cardiovascular insufficiency are the most significant of the studied indices influencing the outcome of operation for embolism of the major limb arteries.", "PMID": 491357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_771", "title": "[Human ecological cardiology].", "content": "Human ecological cardiology studies the interaction of the cardiovascular system and its regulating apparatus with the natural environment to clarify their morpho-functional formation, the mechanisms of the development of disorders and their adequate correction and the use of this natural environment for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Problems of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to extreme environmental conditions (high-altitude hypoxia) are discussed. Four groups of trace reactions in adaptation to the environment are described. High-altitude pathology of the cardiovascular system is systemized.", "contents": "[Human ecological cardiology]. Human ecological cardiology studies the interaction of the cardiovascular system and its regulating apparatus with the natural environment to clarify their morpho-functional formation, the mechanisms of the development of disorders and their adequate correction and the use of this natural environment for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Problems of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to extreme environmental conditions (high-altitude hypoxia) are discussed. Four groups of trace reactions in adaptation to the environment are described. High-altitude pathology of the cardiovascular system is systemized.", "PMID": 491358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_772", "title": "[State of microcirculation in various zones of the heart in myocardial infarct complicated by congestive circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "A definite correlative connection has been revealed between the clinical course of myocardial infarction, the extent of affection of the heart muscle, the severity of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries, and the condition of microcirculation in different zones of the heart. The severest affections of the heart muscle, stenosing coronarosclerosis and disorders of microcirculation in different zones of the heart were encountered in patients with myocardial infarction marked by a recurrent course and complicated by cardiogenic shock or congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is shown that the character of changes in microcirculation determines to a great measure the later condition of the structure and function of the myocardial muscle cell in areas near and remote from the infarction.", "contents": "[State of microcirculation in various zones of the heart in myocardial infarct complicated by congestive circulatory insufficiency]. A definite correlative connection has been revealed between the clinical course of myocardial infarction, the extent of affection of the heart muscle, the severity of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries, and the condition of microcirculation in different zones of the heart. The severest affections of the heart muscle, stenosing coronarosclerosis and disorders of microcirculation in different zones of the heart were encountered in patients with myocardial infarction marked by a recurrent course and complicated by cardiogenic shock or congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is shown that the character of changes in microcirculation determines to a great measure the later condition of the structure and function of the myocardial muscle cell in areas near and remote from the infarction.", "PMID": 491359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_773", "title": "[Value of serial enzyme and isoenzyme tests in early diagnosis of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Serial tests for the activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), specific cardiac isoenzyme MB CPK, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its fractions LDH1 and LDH2 were conducted in 55 patients with myocardial infarction. The control group consisted of 15 healthy persons. It was found that an increase in total CPK activity allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction to be confirmed in the first hours after the onset of the disease, while simultaneous increase in the activity of MB CPK makes the diagnosis authentic, which is particularly valuable in cases with an atypical course of the disease. A recurrent course of myocardial infarction is attended with parallel changes in the activity of total CPK and its MV fraction. Increased total CPK activity may be due both to myocardial infarction and to extracardiac causes.", "contents": "[Value of serial enzyme and isoenzyme tests in early diagnosis of myocardial infarct]. Serial tests for the activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), specific cardiac isoenzyme MB CPK, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its fractions LDH1 and LDH2 were conducted in 55 patients with myocardial infarction. The control group consisted of 15 healthy persons. It was found that an increase in total CPK activity allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction to be confirmed in the first hours after the onset of the disease, while simultaneous increase in the activity of MB CPK makes the diagnosis authentic, which is particularly valuable in cases with an atypical course of the disease. A recurrent course of myocardial infarction is attended with parallel changes in the activity of total CPK and its MV fraction. Increased total CPK activity may be due both to myocardial infarction and to extracardiac causes.", "PMID": 491360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_774", "title": "[Sympathetic-adrenal system in various complications of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The condition of the blood sympathetico-adrenal system was studied in 200 patients suffering from macrofocal myocardial infarction with various clinical courses. Considerable hyperadrenalia was determined when myocardial infarction was complicated by acute cardiac insufficiency, cardiogenic shock or acute disorders of rhythm. High noradrenalin ejection was noted in rupture of the myocardium. Determination of activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system is important in appriasal of the severity and prognosing of the disease and the choice of the tactics of rational therapy in myocardial infarction and its complications.", "contents": "[Sympathetic-adrenal system in various complications of myocardial infarct]. The condition of the blood sympathetico-adrenal system was studied in 200 patients suffering from macrofocal myocardial infarction with various clinical courses. Considerable hyperadrenalia was determined when myocardial infarction was complicated by acute cardiac insufficiency, cardiogenic shock or acute disorders of rhythm. High noradrenalin ejection was noted in rupture of the myocardium. Determination of activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system is important in appriasal of the severity and prognosing of the disease and the choice of the tactics of rational therapy in myocardial infarction and its complications.", "PMID": 491361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_775", "title": "[Significance and characteristics of disorders of rheological properties of blood in acute myocardial infarct with different indicators of central hemodynamics (clinico-experimental studies)].", "content": "Simultaneous study was conducted of the state of central hemodynamics and indices characterizing the rheologic blood properties in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with left ventricular insufficency were found to have considerably more marked disorders of rheologic blood properties. Experimental research conducted on dogs with a model of acute myocardial infarction confirmed the important role of disorders of rheologic and platelet-forming properties of blood in the prognosis and course of the acute period of the disease.", "contents": "[Significance and characteristics of disorders of rheological properties of blood in acute myocardial infarct with different indicators of central hemodynamics (clinico-experimental studies)]. Simultaneous study was conducted of the state of central hemodynamics and indices characterizing the rheologic blood properties in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with left ventricular insufficency were found to have considerably more marked disorders of rheologic blood properties. Experimental research conducted on dogs with a model of acute myocardial infarction confirmed the important role of disorders of rheologic and platelet-forming properties of blood in the prognosis and course of the acute period of the disease.", "PMID": 491362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_776", "title": "[Myocardial function and the use of propranolol in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Clinical-functional analysis of the efficacy of propranolol was conducted in 32 patients with ischemic heart disease and stable angina pectoris (with angiographically verified stenosing coronary atherosclerosis) depending on the initial myocardial contractility. A marked antianginal effect of propranolol in a dose of up to 160 mg daily was demonstrated irrespective of the initial myocardial contractile function. Treatment with propranolol was not attended with signs of cardiac insufficiency or aggravation of its subclinical symptoms. The results of the study provide convincing data that optimum doses of blocking agents of beta-adrenergic receptors of the myocardium causing a negative inotropic effect even in patients with diminished myocardial function may be used more widely.", "contents": "[Myocardial function and the use of propranolol in ischemic heart disease]. Clinical-functional analysis of the efficacy of propranolol was conducted in 32 patients with ischemic heart disease and stable angina pectoris (with angiographically verified stenosing coronary atherosclerosis) depending on the initial myocardial contractility. A marked antianginal effect of propranolol in a dose of up to 160 mg daily was demonstrated irrespective of the initial myocardial contractile function. Treatment with propranolol was not attended with signs of cardiac insufficiency or aggravation of its subclinical symptoms. The results of the study provide convincing data that optimum doses of blocking agents of beta-adrenergic receptors of the myocardium causing a negative inotropic effect even in patients with diminished myocardial function may be used more widely.", "PMID": 491363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_777", "title": "[Content of fibrinogen degradation products, soluble fibrin and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The blood content of soluble fibrin and D and E fibrinogen fragments, the protamine sulfate test and the activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were studied in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction. It was established that the content of soluble fibrin in blood considerably increases in the first days of the disease, and the level of products of fibrinogen D and E disintegrationand the value of the protamine sulfate test increase in the 2nd--3rd week of the disease. The appearance in the blood of fibrinogen derivates was attended by low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator in blood. The highest content of fibrinogen derivates and low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were noted in patients with arrhythmias and congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is suggested that the appearance in circulation of high-molecular fibrinogen compounds is important in the development of rheological disorders.", "contents": "[Content of fibrinogen degradation products, soluble fibrin and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in myocardial infarct]. The blood content of soluble fibrin and D and E fibrinogen fragments, the protamine sulfate test and the activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were studied in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction. It was established that the content of soluble fibrin in blood considerably increases in the first days of the disease, and the level of products of fibrinogen D and E disintegrationand the value of the protamine sulfate test increase in the 2nd--3rd week of the disease. The appearance in the blood of fibrinogen derivates was attended by low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator in blood. The highest content of fibrinogen derivates and low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were noted in patients with arrhythmias and congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is suggested that the appearance in circulation of high-molecular fibrinogen compounds is important in the development of rheological disorders.", "PMID": 491364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_778", "title": "[Value of the enzyme tests in the evaluation of the severity of disease and prognosis in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The article discusses the results of simultaneous tests for the activity of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), its isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in blood serum of 450 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction; in 213 of them the disease followed a severe course and in 237 a mild course. The activity of these enzymes was used in this group of patients for judging the immediate and in 190 patients wht late prognosis. The authors' study showed that the maximum indices of the activity of LDH, LDH1 fraction and CPK in blood serum were higher in patients with severe myocardial infarction than in those with a mild course of the disease. The immediate and late prognosis in myocardial infarction was graver in higher activity of serum enzymes.", "contents": "[Value of the enzyme tests in the evaluation of the severity of disease and prognosis in acute myocardial infarct]. The article discusses the results of simultaneous tests for the activity of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), its isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in blood serum of 450 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction; in 213 of them the disease followed a severe course and in 237 a mild course. The activity of these enzymes was used in this group of patients for judging the immediate and in 190 patients wht late prognosis. The authors' study showed that the maximum indices of the activity of LDH, LDH1 fraction and CPK in blood serum were higher in patients with severe myocardial infarction than in those with a mild course of the disease. The immediate and late prognosis in myocardial infarction was graver in higher activity of serum enzymes.", "PMID": 491365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_779", "title": "[Use of visken and hyperstat in hypertensive crisis].", "content": "Visken (pindolol), a blocking agent of adrenergic beta-receptors, was used in the treatment of hypertensive crisis in 30 patients (stage I of the disease in 4, stage II in 23, stage III in 3). Intravenous injfection of visken in a dose of 1 mg led to a decrease of arterial pressure in all patients and relieved the clinical manifestations of crisis completely or partly. Significant reduction of arterial pressure and deceleration of pulse were already in evidence in 5 minutes after injection of the drug. In most patients maximum drop in pressure occurred in 30--60 minutes. There were no complications. As compared to obsidan (propranolol), which was used by other authors in hyperkinetic-type crisis, visken had the same effect on pressure and pulse. The peripheral vasodilator hyperstat (diazoxide) was used in the treatment of crisis in 28 patients with hypertensive disease (stage II of the disease in 21, and stage III in 7). In intravenous injection of 300 mg of hyperstat the hypotensive effect occurred in 1--5 minutes and reached maximum in 5 minutes. A hypotensive and clinical effect was noted in all patients. No complications were observed. On comparison with the results obtained by other authors in hyperstat treatment of hypo- and eukinetic types of crisis no essential difference in the hypotensive effect were noted.", "contents": "[Use of visken and hyperstat in hypertensive crisis]. Visken (pindolol), a blocking agent of adrenergic beta-receptors, was used in the treatment of hypertensive crisis in 30 patients (stage I of the disease in 4, stage II in 23, stage III in 3). Intravenous injfection of visken in a dose of 1 mg led to a decrease of arterial pressure in all patients and relieved the clinical manifestations of crisis completely or partly. Significant reduction of arterial pressure and deceleration of pulse were already in evidence in 5 minutes after injection of the drug. In most patients maximum drop in pressure occurred in 30--60 minutes. There were no complications. As compared to obsidan (propranolol), which was used by other authors in hyperkinetic-type crisis, visken had the same effect on pressure and pulse. The peripheral vasodilator hyperstat (diazoxide) was used in the treatment of crisis in 28 patients with hypertensive disease (stage II of the disease in 21, and stage III in 7). In intravenous injection of 300 mg of hyperstat the hypotensive effect occurred in 1--5 minutes and reached maximum in 5 minutes. A hypotensive and clinical effect was noted in all patients. No complications were observed. On comparison with the results obtained by other authors in hyperstat treatment of hypo- and eukinetic types of crisis no essential difference in the hypotensive effect were noted.", "PMID": 491366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_780", "title": "[Frequent atrial stimulation in supraventricular tachycardia].", "content": "Twelve patients with paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia (8) and atrial flutter (4), in whom the method of frequent atrial stimulation was applied to restore the sinus rhythm, were observed. Three cases with the use of this type of cardiac stimulation are described. It is shown that the method is effective, relatively safe and has some advantages over electrical atrial defibrillation. The mechanisms of sinus rhythm restoration under the effect of frequent atrial stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "[Frequent atrial stimulation in supraventricular tachycardia]. Twelve patients with paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia (8) and atrial flutter (4), in whom the method of frequent atrial stimulation was applied to restore the sinus rhythm, were observed. Three cases with the use of this type of cardiac stimulation are described. It is shown that the method is effective, relatively safe and has some advantages over electrical atrial defibrillation. The mechanisms of sinus rhythm restoration under the effect of frequent atrial stimulation are discussed.", "PMID": 491367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_781", "title": "[Indices of the energy processes in the myocardium in measured limitation of the coronary blood flow].", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation, the content of creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphorus and the activity of some mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, creatine phosphokinase and Mg-dependent ATP-ase were studied in experiments on 54 dogs with dosed restriction of coronary blood flow in different parts of the heart. It was established that restriction of coronary blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by 30 and and 50% for 30 minutes is attended by a mild decrease in the intensity of oxidative processes, the level of creatine phosphate and cytochrome oxidase activity. The right cardiac ventricle reacts to short-term and partial decrease in coronary blood flow; all stages of energy metabolism are activated here.", "contents": "[Indices of the energy processes in the myocardium in measured limitation of the coronary blood flow]. Oxidative phosphorylation, the content of creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphorus and the activity of some mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, creatine phosphokinase and Mg-dependent ATP-ase were studied in experiments on 54 dogs with dosed restriction of coronary blood flow in different parts of the heart. It was established that restriction of coronary blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by 30 and and 50% for 30 minutes is attended by a mild decrease in the intensity of oxidative processes, the level of creatine phosphate and cytochrome oxidase activity. The right cardiac ventricle reacts to short-term and partial decrease in coronary blood flow; all stages of energy metabolism are activated here.", "PMID": 491368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_782", "title": "[Echocardiographic study of the contractile function of the affected and intact areas in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarct].", "content": "Daily echocardiographic examination was conducted of 31 patients in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction with anteroseptal and posterior localization of left ventricular affection. The hemodynamic indices were determined and regional contractility both in the zone of infarction and in areas opposite the infarction was studied. The authors point to the possibility of partial restoration of the contractility of the wall in the zone of disturbed circulation beginning with the third day of the disease. In the absence of signs of partial restoration of regional contractility in the zone of affection the prognosis is much worse. It is concluded that the hemodynamic disorders in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction are determined by the size of the affected area, the possibility of partial restoration of contractility in the zone of impaired circulation and by the compensatory reserves of areas remote from the infarction.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic study of the contractile function of the affected and intact areas in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarct]. Daily echocardiographic examination was conducted of 31 patients in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction with anteroseptal and posterior localization of left ventricular affection. The hemodynamic indices were determined and regional contractility both in the zone of infarction and in areas opposite the infarction was studied. The authors point to the possibility of partial restoration of the contractility of the wall in the zone of disturbed circulation beginning with the third day of the disease. In the absence of signs of partial restoration of regional contractility in the zone of affection the prognosis is much worse. It is concluded that the hemodynamic disorders in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction are determined by the size of the affected area, the possibility of partial restoration of contractility in the zone of impaired circulation and by the compensatory reserves of areas remote from the infarction.", "PMID": 491370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_783", "title": "[Doppler echocardiography in evaluating the functional state of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "An examination of 121 patients with ischemic heart disease (93 males and 28 females) of ages ranging from 41 to 62 years was made. Fifty-two patients had a history of myocardial infarction, 69 had angina pectoris. The results of Doppler-echocardiography were compared with tolerance to load in bicycle ergometry and with the findings of phasic systole analysis. It was established that the absolute rates of myocardial contraction and relaxation as well as the relative indices of ejection and relaxation decrease in accordance with a reduction in the tolerance to load. This is paralleled by mounting signs of myocardial hypodynamia disclosed by means of phasic systole analysis.", "contents": "[Doppler echocardiography in evaluating the functional state of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease]. An examination of 121 patients with ischemic heart disease (93 males and 28 females) of ages ranging from 41 to 62 years was made. Fifty-two patients had a history of myocardial infarction, 69 had angina pectoris. The results of Doppler-echocardiography were compared with tolerance to load in bicycle ergometry and with the findings of phasic systole analysis. It was established that the absolute rates of myocardial contraction and relaxation as well as the relative indices of ejection and relaxation decrease in accordance with a reduction in the tolerance to load. This is paralleled by mounting signs of myocardial hypodynamia disclosed by means of phasic systole analysis.", "PMID": 491376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_784", "title": "[Functional state of the myocardium in hypertension (an echocardiographic study)].", "content": "The functional condition of the left ventricle was studied in 96 patients with I--II stage hypertensive disease by means of echocardiography according to the value of the ejection fraction, tension of the left-ventricular wall and mean rate of circular shortening of the myocardial fibers. It was found that in hypertensive disease tension of the left-ventricular wall increased to a lesser degree than the indices of external work, which was considered to be a manifestation of preserved contractile reserve of the heart muscle. The ejection fraction and the rate of myocardial fiber shortening did not depend on the stage of the disease, did not change under the effect of treatment and were within normal limits. It is concluded that the functional condition of the left-ventricular myocardium does not change in I--II stage of hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Functional state of the myocardium in hypertension (an echocardiographic study)]. The functional condition of the left ventricle was studied in 96 patients with I--II stage hypertensive disease by means of echocardiography according to the value of the ejection fraction, tension of the left-ventricular wall and mean rate of circular shortening of the myocardial fibers. It was found that in hypertensive disease tension of the left-ventricular wall increased to a lesser degree than the indices of external work, which was considered to be a manifestation of preserved contractile reserve of the heart muscle. The ejection fraction and the rate of myocardial fiber shortening did not depend on the stage of the disease, did not change under the effect of treatment and were within normal limits. It is concluded that the functional condition of the left-ventricular myocardium does not change in I--II stage of hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 491377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_785", "title": "[Left ventricular segmental function in ischemic heart disease studied by ultrasonic methods].", "content": "Data are presented on the application of ultrasonic sectoral scanning and B-scanning for the evaluation of the segmental function of the left ventricle in normal persons and in the patients with ischemic heart disease. In the normals the apical and low basal segments play the main part in the blood ejection from the ventricle, while in ischemic heart disease contractility disorders corresponding to the ventricle area affected with sclerosis are revealed. The method recommended permits one to assess not only qualitatively but also quantitatively the extent of segmental pathology. The marked symptoms of cardiac insufficiency and the extent of the ventricle affection are compared. It has been shown that the affection of more than 26% of the ventricular perimeter leads to the development of the symptoms of cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Left ventricular segmental function in ischemic heart disease studied by ultrasonic methods]. Data are presented on the application of ultrasonic sectoral scanning and B-scanning for the evaluation of the segmental function of the left ventricle in normal persons and in the patients with ischemic heart disease. In the normals the apical and low basal segments play the main part in the blood ejection from the ventricle, while in ischemic heart disease contractility disorders corresponding to the ventricle area affected with sclerosis are revealed. The method recommended permits one to assess not only qualitatively but also quantitatively the extent of segmental pathology. The marked symptoms of cardiac insufficiency and the extent of the ventricle affection are compared. It has been shown that the affection of more than 26% of the ventricular perimeter leads to the development of the symptoms of cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 491378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_786", "title": "[So-called coronary angiographic paradoxes].", "content": "The results of examination of 25 patients (18 with ischemic heart disease and 7 with cardialgia of other etiology) are discussed. The arteriolo-capillary bed of the coronary arteries was studied by intraarterial injection of albumin aggregates labelled with radioactive isotopes. A correlation was revealed between the degree of microcirculatory disorders and the results of electrocardiography. With increase in the degree of microcirculatory disorders, cicatricial changes in the left ventricular myocardium were found more frequently and a history of myocardial infarction (in 11 persons) and the development of left ventricular aneurysm (in 2 patients) were noted. Certain indices of integral function (EF, VcF, MNSER) and regional contractility (% delta r, L) of the left ventricle were determined in 14 patients. Among these parameters characterizing left ventricular function (EF, VCF, MNSER, % delta r, L), VCF, MNSER, and % delta r, L are most sensitive. No correlation was revealed between the state of the myocardial microcirculation bed and EF, VCF, and MNSER, but a definite correlation was found between it and % delta r, L (in the form of regional hypo- and hyperkinesia and paradoxical pulsation). Normal coronary arteriograms do not exclude the presence of ischemic heart disease and other primary diseases of the myocardium. Patients of this category should be examined more scrupulously to detect disorders of blood supply to the myocardium and function of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[So-called coronary angiographic paradoxes]. The results of examination of 25 patients (18 with ischemic heart disease and 7 with cardialgia of other etiology) are discussed. The arteriolo-capillary bed of the coronary arteries was studied by intraarterial injection of albumin aggregates labelled with radioactive isotopes. A correlation was revealed between the degree of microcirculatory disorders and the results of electrocardiography. With increase in the degree of microcirculatory disorders, cicatricial changes in the left ventricular myocardium were found more frequently and a history of myocardial infarction (in 11 persons) and the development of left ventricular aneurysm (in 2 patients) were noted. Certain indices of integral function (EF, VcF, MNSER) and regional contractility (% delta r, L) of the left ventricle were determined in 14 patients. Among these parameters characterizing left ventricular function (EF, VCF, MNSER, % delta r, L), VCF, MNSER, and % delta r, L are most sensitive. No correlation was revealed between the state of the myocardial microcirculation bed and EF, VCF, and MNSER, but a definite correlation was found between it and % delta r, L (in the form of regional hypo- and hyperkinesia and paradoxical pulsation). Normal coronary arteriograms do not exclude the presence of ischemic heart disease and other primary diseases of the myocardium. Patients of this category should be examined more scrupulously to detect disorders of blood supply to the myocardium and function of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 491380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_787", "title": "[New possibilities of the thermodilution method in studying coronary circulation and intracardiac hemodynamics].", "content": "The new possibilities of determining the coronary blood flow and intracardiac hemodynamics by the thermodilution method were studied in experiments on 40 mongrel dogs. A method for measuring the true coronary blood flow without catheterization of the coronary arteries and coronary sinus as well as a modified Holt's method for determining the end diastolic volume of the heart ventricles are suggested. The method is simple and therefore creates favourable prospects for its wide use both in experiments and in clinical studies.", "contents": "[New possibilities of the thermodilution method in studying coronary circulation and intracardiac hemodynamics]. The new possibilities of determining the coronary blood flow and intracardiac hemodynamics by the thermodilution method were studied in experiments on 40 mongrel dogs. A method for measuring the true coronary blood flow without catheterization of the coronary arteries and coronary sinus as well as a modified Holt's method for determining the end diastolic volume of the heart ventricles are suggested. The method is simple and therefore creates favourable prospects for its wide use both in experiments and in clinical studies.", "PMID": 491381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_788", "title": "[Importance and potentials of angiocardiographic study in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects].", "content": "Contemporary requirements to angiocardiographic examination in congenital heart diseases are discussed. It is shown that patients with high pulmonary hypertension should be examined by means of left ventriculography and aortography which permit the diagnosis of intraventricular septal defect combined with patent ductus arteriosus, common arterial trunk and open atrioventricular canal. Auxiliary methods of examination in such a commonly encountered anomaly as Fallot's tetralogy and atresia of the pulmonary artery are described, which make it possible to judge the condition of the pulmonary artery. The necessity is demonstrated for performing a two- and multiserial examination in complete and corrected transposition of the major vessels, dual origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, and in cases with a solitary ventricle. The role of angiocardiography in appraising the volume of cardiac cavities in patients with congenital heart diseases is noted.", "contents": "[Importance and potentials of angiocardiographic study in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects]. Contemporary requirements to angiocardiographic examination in congenital heart diseases are discussed. It is shown that patients with high pulmonary hypertension should be examined by means of left ventriculography and aortography which permit the diagnosis of intraventricular septal defect combined with patent ductus arteriosus, common arterial trunk and open atrioventricular canal. Auxiliary methods of examination in such a commonly encountered anomaly as Fallot's tetralogy and atresia of the pulmonary artery are described, which make it possible to judge the condition of the pulmonary artery. The necessity is demonstrated for performing a two- and multiserial examination in complete and corrected transposition of the major vessels, dual origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, and in cases with a solitary ventricle. The role of angiocardiography in appraising the volume of cardiac cavities in patients with congenital heart diseases is noted.", "PMID": 491382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_789", "title": "[Lung perfusion distribution study by means of 133Xe].", "content": "A method for studying regional lung perfusion employing 133Xe is described. Simple radioisotope apparatus with two catheters was used; every isotopic diagnostic department is equipped with it. The possibility of the clinical use of this method was demonstrated in 28 patients with mitral stenosis and in 11 healthy persons. A statistically significant dependence between regional movement of the perfusion to the upper regions of the lungs and the degree of hemodynamics changes in mitral stenosis was noted. Study of the distribution of persusion may be used as a simple method for appraising the hemodynamic changes in mitral stenosis. This method is simple and not burdensome for the patient. It may be recommended first of all in repeated examinations and long-term observations over patients.", "contents": "[Lung perfusion distribution study by means of 133Xe]. A method for studying regional lung perfusion employing 133Xe is described. Simple radioisotope apparatus with two catheters was used; every isotopic diagnostic department is equipped with it. The possibility of the clinical use of this method was demonstrated in 28 patients with mitral stenosis and in 11 healthy persons. A statistically significant dependence between regional movement of the perfusion to the upper regions of the lungs and the degree of hemodynamics changes in mitral stenosis was noted. Study of the distribution of persusion may be used as a simple method for appraising the hemodynamic changes in mitral stenosis. This method is simple and not burdensome for the patient. It may be recommended first of all in repeated examinations and long-term observations over patients.", "PMID": 491383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_790", "title": "[Size of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular insufficiency in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The dependence between the severity of cardiac insufficiency and the size of the necrotic lesion of the heart muscle, measured according to the area of 99m Tc-pyrophosphate cumulation and the rate of liberation of the isoenzyme MV creatine phosphokinase into the blood, was studied in 77 patients with myocardial infarction in the acute period of the disease. It was demonstrated that the severity of left ventricular insufficiency is directly dependent on the size of necrosis of the heart muscle. Not only the size of the necrotic focus but also the state of the contractility of the other parts of the myocardium is an important factor determining the origin and severity of cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Size of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular insufficiency in acute myocardial infarct]. The dependence between the severity of cardiac insufficiency and the size of the necrotic lesion of the heart muscle, measured according to the area of 99m Tc-pyrophosphate cumulation and the rate of liberation of the isoenzyme MV creatine phosphokinase into the blood, was studied in 77 patients with myocardial infarction in the acute period of the disease. It was demonstrated that the severity of left ventricular insufficiency is directly dependent on the size of necrosis of the heart muscle. Not only the size of the necrotic focus but also the state of the contractility of the other parts of the myocardium is an important factor determining the origin and severity of cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 491384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_791", "title": "[Biocontrolled load tests].", "content": "It is suggested to distinguish standard, conditionally standard and non-standard tests with loading. In conditionally standard tests the physiological functions are continuously analyzed during the examination, with the chosen criteria of threshold values being quantitative assay is made according to the value of the \"rousing\" loading effect. The techniques for the bicycle ergometry and passive orthostatic tests are elaborated in detail. The developed method yields comparable results, permits the automation of tests with loading and ensures the safety of examination.", "contents": "[Biocontrolled load tests]. It is suggested to distinguish standard, conditionally standard and non-standard tests with loading. In conditionally standard tests the physiological functions are continuously analyzed during the examination, with the chosen criteria of threshold values being quantitative assay is made according to the value of the \"rousing\" loading effect. The techniques for the bicycle ergometry and passive orthostatic tests are elaborated in detail. The developed method yields comparable results, permits the automation of tests with loading and ensures the safety of examination.", "PMID": 491386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_792", "title": "[Results of the bicycle ergometric test in stenocardia patients performing the load manually].", "content": "Comparative study was carried out of the results of the bicycle ergometry test in hand- and foot-pedalling conducted on 56 patients with stable angina pectoris. It is shown that in performing work by muscles of the shoulder girdle the chrono- and inotropic reserves of the heart are expended more rapidly, and an attack of angina develops in lesser physical exertion. It is recommended to conduct the bicycle ergometry test with hand pedalling for determining the working capacity of individuals with ischemic heart disease if their occupation is linked with physical exertion of the shoulder girdle muscles.", "contents": "[Results of the bicycle ergometric test in stenocardia patients performing the load manually]. Comparative study was carried out of the results of the bicycle ergometry test in hand- and foot-pedalling conducted on 56 patients with stable angina pectoris. It is shown that in performing work by muscles of the shoulder girdle the chrono- and inotropic reserves of the heart are expended more rapidly, and an attack of angina develops in lesser physical exertion. It is recommended to conduct the bicycle ergometry test with hand pedalling for determining the working capacity of individuals with ischemic heart disease if their occupation is linked with physical exertion of the shoulder girdle muscles.", "PMID": 491387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_793", "title": "[Physical load tolerance and lipid metabolic indices in patients with the initial manifestations of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Analysis of tolerance to physical load and blood lipid composition in 28 patients with the first clinical symptoms of coronary insufficiency and in 93 patients with cardialgia showed that diminished load tolerance with impaired induces of lipid metabolism is encountered more frequently (77.5%) than isolated hyperlipoproteinemia (15.2%) and low load tolerance without hyperlipoproteinemia (7.3%). In patients with low tolerance to load and hyperlipoproteinemia, the decrease of the threshold power and volume of work corresponds to the degree of disturbances in the blood lipid composition. The combination of cardialgia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and low load tolerance, manifested by tachycardia, may indicate that this is a case with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Physical load tolerance and lipid metabolic indices in patients with the initial manifestations of ischemic heart disease]. Analysis of tolerance to physical load and blood lipid composition in 28 patients with the first clinical symptoms of coronary insufficiency and in 93 patients with cardialgia showed that diminished load tolerance with impaired induces of lipid metabolism is encountered more frequently (77.5%) than isolated hyperlipoproteinemia (15.2%) and low load tolerance without hyperlipoproteinemia (7.3%). In patients with low tolerance to load and hyperlipoproteinemia, the decrease of the threshold power and volume of work corresponds to the degree of disturbances in the blood lipid composition. The combination of cardialgia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and low load tolerance, manifested by tachycardia, may indicate that this is a case with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 491388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_794", "title": "[Hemodynamics and load tolerance in pregnant women with mitral heart defects].", "content": "Changes in the hemodynamic parameters under conditions of physical load on a bicycle ergometer were studied in 107 pregnant women among whom 73 had mitral valvular disease and 34 did not have a somatic disease. Three groups of tolerance to physical load and the criteria of an adequate or inadequate reaction to it were determined. This method of examination of the reserve potentialities of the heart reveals the preclinical stage of cardiac insufficiency and borderline conditions, owing to which the most rational predelivery therapy and the method of delivery may be chosen in advance.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics and load tolerance in pregnant women with mitral heart defects]. Changes in the hemodynamic parameters under conditions of physical load on a bicycle ergometer were studied in 107 pregnant women among whom 73 had mitral valvular disease and 34 did not have a somatic disease. Three groups of tolerance to physical load and the criteria of an adequate or inadequate reaction to it were determined. This method of examination of the reserve potentialities of the heart reveals the preclinical stage of cardiac insufficiency and borderline conditions, owing to which the most rational predelivery therapy and the method of delivery may be chosen in advance.", "PMID": 491389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_795", "title": "[Systolic murmur in mitral stenosis].", "content": "Phonocardiograms recorded before operation in the usual auscultation points were compared with the findings during operation in 223 patients and the results of autopsy of 12 persons who had undergone mitral commissurotomy. A systolic murmur at the apex of the heart had been recorded in 184 patients and in 9 persons who had died. In 87 patients it was associated with regurgitation. In 97 patients and in 9 who had died a pure mitral stenosis was revealed on operation. Besides the possible regurgitation as the result of coase deformity of the mitral valve and infravalvular apparatus, the causes of the systolic murmur may be relative incompetence of the tricuspid valve, functional stenosis of the pulmonary artery and concomitant aortic stenosis. In 10 cases the cause of the systolic murmur was not disclosed. The question of its origin calls for further study.", "contents": "[Systolic murmur in mitral stenosis]. Phonocardiograms recorded before operation in the usual auscultation points were compared with the findings during operation in 223 patients and the results of autopsy of 12 persons who had undergone mitral commissurotomy. A systolic murmur at the apex of the heart had been recorded in 184 patients and in 9 persons who had died. In 87 patients it was associated with regurgitation. In 97 patients and in 9 who had died a pure mitral stenosis was revealed on operation. Besides the possible regurgitation as the result of coase deformity of the mitral valve and infravalvular apparatus, the causes of the systolic murmur may be relative incompetence of the tricuspid valve, functional stenosis of the pulmonary artery and concomitant aortic stenosis. In 10 cases the cause of the systolic murmur was not disclosed. The question of its origin calls for further study.", "PMID": 491390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_796", "title": "[Importance of echocardiographic study in assessing left ventricular contractility in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Echocardiographic examination was conducted in 41 patients with ischemic heart disease. The results were compared with the findings of ventriculography. It was established that echocardiography reveals the presence of zones of asynergia in the left ventricular myocardium in the diaphragmatic and anterolateral areas in a high percentage of cases, but it is practically impossible to determine affection of the apical segments by this method.", "contents": "[Importance of echocardiographic study in assessing left ventricular contractility in ischemic heart disease]. Echocardiographic examination was conducted in 41 patients with ischemic heart disease. The results were compared with the findings of ventriculography. It was established that echocardiography reveals the presence of zones of asynergia in the left ventricular myocardium in the diaphragmatic and anterolateral areas in a high percentage of cases, but it is practically impossible to determine affection of the apical segments by this method.", "PMID": 491391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_797", "title": "[Electrophysiological aspects of the interrelationship between the normal and hypoxic portions of the myocardium].", "content": "The results of studying the electrophysiological parameters on the boundary between the normal and the hypoxic area of the myocardium are discussed. The experiments were conducted on isolated preparation of the rabbit atrium with the use of microelectrodes for recording the transmembrane action potentials. The existence of the \"maintenance\" effect is shown, which is manifested by the better survival of the hypoxic area located nearer to the transitional zone as compared to the survival of a more distant area. The \"maintenance\" effect is due to the electrotonic interrelationship and to the intercellular diffuse processes of the ions and metabolites. With the continuation of the effect of hypoxia, the transitional zone becomes narrower, one of the causes of which is the disturbed intercellular relationship.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological aspects of the interrelationship between the normal and hypoxic portions of the myocardium]. The results of studying the electrophysiological parameters on the boundary between the normal and the hypoxic area of the myocardium are discussed. The experiments were conducted on isolated preparation of the rabbit atrium with the use of microelectrodes for recording the transmembrane action potentials. The existence of the \"maintenance\" effect is shown, which is manifested by the better survival of the hypoxic area located nearer to the transitional zone as compared to the survival of a more distant area. The \"maintenance\" effect is due to the electrotonic interrelationship and to the intercellular diffuse processes of the ions and metabolites. With the continuation of the effect of hypoxia, the transitional zone becomes narrower, one of the causes of which is the disturbed intercellular relationship.", "PMID": 491392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_798", "title": "Effect of para-aminohippurate on renal transport of oxalate.", "content": "Infusion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) at rates below the maximum rate of transport (Tm) of PAH in the rat resulted in a significant decrease in the fractional excretion of oxalate (FEox) from 128.1% to 113.9% (P less than 0.01). Fractional delivery of oxalate (FDox) to the early proximal tubule, however, was unchanged from control values, whereas FDox to the late proximal tubule was significantly decreased from 126.4% to 107.4% (P less than 0.01). Infusion of PAH at rates above Tm of PAH resulted in a decrease in FDox to the early proximal tubule to 105.3% and to the late proximal tubule to 105.5%, and in FEox to 100.5%. These changes were not the result of alterations in urinary sodium or bicarbonate excretion. Microinjection studies indicated that PAH did not affect the tubular absorption of oxalate. These studies suggest that PAH inhibits the tubular secretion of oxalate and that there may be more than one secretory system for oxalate with differing affinities for oxalate and PAH in the early and late proximal tubules.", "contents": "Effect of para-aminohippurate on renal transport of oxalate. Infusion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) at rates below the maximum rate of transport (Tm) of PAH in the rat resulted in a significant decrease in the fractional excretion of oxalate (FEox) from 128.1% to 113.9% (P less than 0.01). Fractional delivery of oxalate (FDox) to the early proximal tubule, however, was unchanged from control values, whereas FDox to the late proximal tubule was significantly decreased from 126.4% to 107.4% (P less than 0.01). Infusion of PAH at rates above Tm of PAH resulted in a decrease in FDox to the early proximal tubule to 105.3% and to the late proximal tubule to 105.5%, and in FEox to 100.5%. These changes were not the result of alterations in urinary sodium or bicarbonate excretion. Microinjection studies indicated that PAH did not affect the tubular absorption of oxalate. These studies suggest that PAH inhibits the tubular secretion of oxalate and that there may be more than one secretory system for oxalate with differing affinities for oxalate and PAH in the early and late proximal tubules.", "PMID": 491395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_799", "title": "Effects of a portacaval or peritoneovenous shunt on renin in the hepatorenal syndrome.", "content": "Ten patients with hepatorenal syndrome were evaluated before and after creation of a side-to-side portacaval shunt or insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt, procedures which produced an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. In the seven patients who survived surgery, renal function improved significantly, plasma renin activity fell from high to normal levels, and low levels of plasma renin substrate increased. Prior to surgery, blockade of angiotension II by saralasin produced hypotension and an increase in plasma renin activity, whereas after surgery, saralasin had no effect on blood pressure or renin. Our findings suggest that decreased \"effective\" plasma volume may be important in the stimulation of renin release and possibly in the pathophysiology of renal failure in the hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of a portacaval or peritoneovenous shunt on renin in the hepatorenal syndrome. Ten patients with hepatorenal syndrome were evaluated before and after creation of a side-to-side portacaval shunt or insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt, procedures which produced an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. In the seven patients who survived surgery, renal function improved significantly, plasma renin activity fell from high to normal levels, and low levels of plasma renin substrate increased. Prior to surgery, blockade of angiotension II by saralasin produced hypotension and an increase in plasma renin activity, whereas after surgery, saralasin had no effect on blood pressure or renin. Our findings suggest that decreased \"effective\" plasma volume may be important in the stimulation of renin release and possibly in the pathophysiology of renal failure in the hepatorenal syndrome.", "PMID": 491398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_800", "title": "Nephron obstruction in nordihydroguaiaretic acid-induced renal cystic disease.", "content": "Studies were performed to characterize conditions in rat kidneys whose nephrons were made cystic by feeding 2% nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to the animals. Using two micropipettes, we monitored intratubular hydrostatic pressures while perfusing single surface nephrons in NDGA-exposed (5 to 7 weeks) and normal rat kidneys. The introduction of 50 nl of Ringers solution labeled with 3H-inulin at a flow rate of 25 nl/min was associated with a significant mean (+/- SEM) increase (167 +/- 61%; P less than 0.02) in pressure in cystic but not in nondilated (-0.5 +/- 27.2%) or normal (31 +/- 23%) nephrons, respectively. The relative amount of 3H-inulin excreted in 40 min from cystic (4.0 +/- 2.0%) was less than that excreted from either nondilated (19 +/- 7%; P less than 0.05) or normal (105 +/- 26%; P less than 0.01) nephrons. Intralumenal pressures in nondilated but not other nephron groups correlated with urinary flow rates (r = 0.51; P less than 0.02). Single nephron filtration rates and tubular-fluid-to-plasma 3H-inulin rations in additional rats were similar among all groups of tubules. Concluding that these data reflected increased resistance to outflow from cystic nephrons, we examined these and additional NDGA-exposed (1 to 24 weeks) kidneys. 3H-thymidine radioautography demonstrated maximum collecting tubular cell hyperplasia (13% labeling) at 2 to 3 weeks of NDGA-exposure. Microscopy and microdissection demonstrated tiny mural polyps along outer medullary segments of collecting tubules. Thirteen tubules were traced to their outlets; polyps impinging on outflow lumens were found in all 13 instances. We conclude that partial nephron obstruction exists in NDGA-exposed kidneys and that obstruction is a likely contributor to cyst formation in this model.", "contents": "Nephron obstruction in nordihydroguaiaretic acid-induced renal cystic disease. Studies were performed to characterize conditions in rat kidneys whose nephrons were made cystic by feeding 2% nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to the animals. Using two micropipettes, we monitored intratubular hydrostatic pressures while perfusing single surface nephrons in NDGA-exposed (5 to 7 weeks) and normal rat kidneys. The introduction of 50 nl of Ringers solution labeled with 3H-inulin at a flow rate of 25 nl/min was associated with a significant mean (+/- SEM) increase (167 +/- 61%; P less than 0.02) in pressure in cystic but not in nondilated (-0.5 +/- 27.2%) or normal (31 +/- 23%) nephrons, respectively. The relative amount of 3H-inulin excreted in 40 min from cystic (4.0 +/- 2.0%) was less than that excreted from either nondilated (19 +/- 7%; P less than 0.05) or normal (105 +/- 26%; P less than 0.01) nephrons. Intralumenal pressures in nondilated but not other nephron groups correlated with urinary flow rates (r = 0.51; P less than 0.02). Single nephron filtration rates and tubular-fluid-to-plasma 3H-inulin rations in additional rats were similar among all groups of tubules. Concluding that these data reflected increased resistance to outflow from cystic nephrons, we examined these and additional NDGA-exposed (1 to 24 weeks) kidneys. 3H-thymidine radioautography demonstrated maximum collecting tubular cell hyperplasia (13% labeling) at 2 to 3 weeks of NDGA-exposure. Microscopy and microdissection demonstrated tiny mural polyps along outer medullary segments of collecting tubules. Thirteen tubules were traced to their outlets; polyps impinging on outflow lumens were found in all 13 instances. We conclude that partial nephron obstruction exists in NDGA-exposed kidneys and that obstruction is a likely contributor to cyst formation in this model.", "PMID": 491399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_801", "title": "[Nystagmus giratoire and optic nerve hypoplasia in combination with absence of the septum pellucidum (author's transl)].", "content": "Septo-optical dysplasia and Optic nerve hypoplasia often are combined with pendular nystagmus in the horizontal, vertikal or rotatory direction. Our patient, 26 year old, showing discret neurological symptoms, added the nystagmus giratoire, perhaps similar to see-saw-nystagmus: Vision was about 0.2. Nystagmus and the whole state did not change within 6 years. The nystagmus was influenced by drugs. There was found also an aplasia of the fovea zentralis. Pneumencephalography revealed in the midline a dilatated single ventricle; the septum pellucidum was absent. Te X-rays of the atlantooccipital axis showed a foramen arcuale atlantis.", "contents": "[Nystagmus giratoire and optic nerve hypoplasia in combination with absence of the septum pellucidum (author's transl)]. Septo-optical dysplasia and Optic nerve hypoplasia often are combined with pendular nystagmus in the horizontal, vertikal or rotatory direction. Our patient, 26 year old, showing discret neurological symptoms, added the nystagmus giratoire, perhaps similar to see-saw-nystagmus: Vision was about 0.2. Nystagmus and the whole state did not change within 6 years. The nystagmus was influenced by drugs. There was found also an aplasia of the fovea zentralis. Pneumencephalography revealed in the midline a dilatated single ventricle; the septum pellucidum was absent. Te X-rays of the atlantooccipital axis showed a foramen arcuale atlantis.", "PMID": 491438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_802", "title": "[Intraocular metastases of primary malignant melanoma of the skin. Observation of 4 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "4 cases with intraocular metastases of primary skin melanoma are described. In 2 patients the diagnose could be confirmed by histological examination of the primary skin tumor and the involved eye. The poor prognosis of patients suffering from melanotic intraocular metastases indicates only a palliative ophthalmological treatment.", "contents": "[Intraocular metastases of primary malignant melanoma of the skin. Observation of 4 cases (author's transl)]. 4 cases with intraocular metastases of primary skin melanoma are described. In 2 patients the diagnose could be confirmed by histological examination of the primary skin tumor and the involved eye. The poor prognosis of patients suffering from melanotic intraocular metastases indicates only a palliative ophthalmological treatment.", "PMID": 491441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_803", "title": "[Report on corneo-scleral ulceration after cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of corneo-scleral ulceration beginning 4 months after uncomplicated cataract-extraction is reported on. Neither conservative nor operative treatment was able to stop the ulceration, so that enucleation was necessary. The clinical picture and serological and ophthalmopathological findings are shown. The probably immunological aetiology is discussed.", "contents": "[Report on corneo-scleral ulceration after cataract extraction (author's transl)]. A case of corneo-scleral ulceration beginning 4 months after uncomplicated cataract-extraction is reported on. Neither conservative nor operative treatment was able to stop the ulceration, so that enucleation was necessary. The clinical picture and serological and ophthalmopathological findings are shown. The probably immunological aetiology is discussed.", "PMID": 491442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_804", "title": "[Echographical diagnosis of prognostically unfavourable retinal detachments in patients with opaque media (author's transl)].", "content": "B-Scan ultrasonography is shown to be useful in identifying two types of complicated retinal detachments in patients with opaque media: detachments complicated by massive periretinal proliferation and giant tears with fixed flaps. These patients have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern techniques of vitreo-retinal-surgery.", "contents": "[Echographical diagnosis of prognostically unfavourable retinal detachments in patients with opaque media (author's transl)]. B-Scan ultrasonography is shown to be useful in identifying two types of complicated retinal detachments in patients with opaque media: detachments complicated by massive periretinal proliferation and giant tears with fixed flaps. These patients have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern techniques of vitreo-retinal-surgery.", "PMID": 491443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_805", "title": "[Measurement of arterial tension at the eye with the Stepanik arteriotonograph (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic artery pressure (using the Stepanik-ArteriotonographTM) and the brachial arterial pressure (sphygmomanometry according to Riva-Rocci) in 110 eyes are presented. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0,01) between both parameters. The mean systolic ophthalmic artery pressure was 114,5 mmHg, the diastolic pressure was 81,2 mmHg. The ipsilateral mean systolic brachial arterial pressure was 134,5 mmHg, the mean diastolic pressure 88,2 mmHg. In 7 eyes the ophthalmic pressure was exceeding the systolic brachial pressure, in 26 eyes the diastolic brachial pressure. 78% of the differences of paired measurements were within 0 and 10 mmHg (on the average 4,97 mmHg in the systolic readings and 4,30 mmHg in the diastolic readings). After repeated measurements with the arteriotonograph a significant increase of the ophthalmic arterial pressure was noted. The explanation of this phenomenon might be a ocular-vascular reflex produced by the compression of the globe into the orbit. The methodological limits of the arteriotonograph and the clinical significances of the present results are discussed.", "contents": "[Measurement of arterial tension at the eye with the Stepanik arteriotonograph (author's transl)]. Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic artery pressure (using the Stepanik-ArteriotonographTM) and the brachial arterial pressure (sphygmomanometry according to Riva-Rocci) in 110 eyes are presented. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0,01) between both parameters. The mean systolic ophthalmic artery pressure was 114,5 mmHg, the diastolic pressure was 81,2 mmHg. The ipsilateral mean systolic brachial arterial pressure was 134,5 mmHg, the mean diastolic pressure 88,2 mmHg. In 7 eyes the ophthalmic pressure was exceeding the systolic brachial pressure, in 26 eyes the diastolic brachial pressure. 78% of the differences of paired measurements were within 0 and 10 mmHg (on the average 4,97 mmHg in the systolic readings and 4,30 mmHg in the diastolic readings). After repeated measurements with the arteriotonograph a significant increase of the ophthalmic arterial pressure was noted. The explanation of this phenomenon might be a ocular-vascular reflex produced by the compression of the globe into the orbit. The methodological limits of the arteriotonograph and the clinical significances of the present results are discussed.", "PMID": 491444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_806", "title": "[Gaze induced monocular obscurations with cavernouse hemangioma of the orbit. Computer-tomographic demonstration of orbital anatomy in various positions of gaze (author's transl)].", "content": "A young woman with only minimal proptosis from a cavernous hemangioma of the left orbit complained of monocular obscurations of vision evoked by right alteral gaze. By analysis of the symptoms, we excluded direct compression of the globe, the optic nerve, and the ophthalmic artery as well as a retinal electrophysiologic phenomenon as a cause of the obscuration. Some vascular phenomenon occurring within the muscle cone appeared to be the most likely explanation. Computer tomography in various positions of gaze revealed the dynamic anatomical relationship between optic nerve and tumor. During adduction, the nerve pressed against and shifted beneath the tumor in the region where the ophthalmic artery crosses over it.", "contents": "[Gaze induced monocular obscurations with cavernouse hemangioma of the orbit. Computer-tomographic demonstration of orbital anatomy in various positions of gaze (author's transl)]. A young woman with only minimal proptosis from a cavernous hemangioma of the left orbit complained of monocular obscurations of vision evoked by right alteral gaze. By analysis of the symptoms, we excluded direct compression of the globe, the optic nerve, and the ophthalmic artery as well as a retinal electrophysiologic phenomenon as a cause of the obscuration. Some vascular phenomenon occurring within the muscle cone appeared to be the most likely explanation. Computer tomography in various positions of gaze revealed the dynamic anatomical relationship between optic nerve and tumor. During adduction, the nerve pressed against and shifted beneath the tumor in the region where the ophthalmic artery crosses over it.", "PMID": 491445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_807", "title": "[Case reports on serous detachment of choroid and retina as complication after photocoagulation of diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of diabetic retinopathy is reported that developed after photocoagulation a serous detachment of the retina followed by an additional detachment of the choroid. In 3 other cases there were only serous detachments of the choroid. The detachments showed spontaneous regression. Such complications occur probably more often than observed as the patient does not remakr them and the physician has no cause to examine the far periphery of the fundus.", "contents": "[Case reports on serous detachment of choroid and retina as complication after photocoagulation of diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. A case of diabetic retinopathy is reported that developed after photocoagulation a serous detachment of the retina followed by an additional detachment of the choroid. In 3 other cases there were only serous detachments of the choroid. The detachments showed spontaneous regression. Such complications occur probably more often than observed as the patient does not remakr them and the physician has no cause to examine the far periphery of the fundus.", "PMID": 491446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_808", "title": "[Neurological complication after spinal anesthesia: abducent palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Casuistic report of a neurological complication (left Abducent palsy) after spinal anesthesia. Remission 41 days later. Meanwhile development of alternate convergent strabismus.", "contents": "[Neurological complication after spinal anesthesia: abducent palsy (author's transl)]. Casuistic report of a neurological complication (left Abducent palsy) after spinal anesthesia. Remission 41 days later. Meanwhile development of alternate convergent strabismus.", "PMID": 491449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_809", "title": "[Lowering of intraocular pressure by aqueous solution of bupranolol in chronic uncomplicated glaucoma simplex (author's transl)].", "content": "In two previous studies the effects of topically applied 1% and 0.2% solutions of bupranolol on intraocular pressure were investigated in 21 and respectively 20 eyes with chronic uncomplicated open-angle glaucoma.--As early as 30 minutes after both solutions a very significant pressure drop, without concomittant pupillary reaction, was recorded. The 1% bupranolol solution was less well tolerated and caused some ocular irritation. The present study was therefore initiated in order to find out whether a 0.2% solution of bupranolol would yield significantly different results in comparison with the former.--Statistical evaluation, based on variance analysis linked with multiple t-tests, showed a barely significant difference between the pressure-lowering effects of the 1% and 0.2% solutions after one hour, whereas after 2 hours the difference became clearly significant in favour of the 0.2% solution. Furthermore, the 0.2% solution clearly showed a tendency to prolonged duration of effect, beyond the two-hour observation time. It therefore seems justified to supplement the present findings by long-term studies aimed at assessing optimal concentrations of the drug on the one hand, and its long-acting properties on the other. In this way, bupranolol is likely to gain recognition as an antiglaucomatous agent.", "contents": "[Lowering of intraocular pressure by aqueous solution of bupranolol in chronic uncomplicated glaucoma simplex (author's transl)]. In two previous studies the effects of topically applied 1% and 0.2% solutions of bupranolol on intraocular pressure were investigated in 21 and respectively 20 eyes with chronic uncomplicated open-angle glaucoma.--As early as 30 minutes after both solutions a very significant pressure drop, without concomittant pupillary reaction, was recorded. The 1% bupranolol solution was less well tolerated and caused some ocular irritation. The present study was therefore initiated in order to find out whether a 0.2% solution of bupranolol would yield significantly different results in comparison with the former.--Statistical evaluation, based on variance analysis linked with multiple t-tests, showed a barely significant difference between the pressure-lowering effects of the 1% and 0.2% solutions after one hour, whereas after 2 hours the difference became clearly significant in favour of the 0.2% solution. Furthermore, the 0.2% solution clearly showed a tendency to prolonged duration of effect, beyond the two-hour observation time. It therefore seems justified to supplement the present findings by long-term studies aimed at assessing optimal concentrations of the drug on the one hand, and its long-acting properties on the other. In this way, bupranolol is likely to gain recognition as an antiglaucomatous agent.", "PMID": 491450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_810", "title": "[Studies on the psychological profile of glaucoma patients and on the action of the long-term pilocarpine vehicle Ocusert (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations were carried out on two groups of newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Each group contained 25 patients. One group received standard pilocarpine drops, the other the Ocusert pilocarpine system. Ocusert is a system which releases a constant amount of pilocarpine over a period of seven days. The psychological profile of the patients was investigated with the aid of the Freiburg inventory test sheet and the Giessen test. Glaucoma patients appear to have a particular personality structure. After three months' Ocusert treatment psychological tests showed a decrease in nervousness, irritability and emotional instability in all patients. In the group given pilocarpine drops the above parameters were intensified. The results of Ocusert treatment are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. In addition, there was considerably less miosis and myopia than during trop treatment. Even though the patients had initial difficulties with Ocusert, they learnt how to handle it correctly within one to seven days.", "contents": "[Studies on the psychological profile of glaucoma patients and on the action of the long-term pilocarpine vehicle Ocusert (author's transl)]. The investigations were carried out on two groups of newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Each group contained 25 patients. One group received standard pilocarpine drops, the other the Ocusert pilocarpine system. Ocusert is a system which releases a constant amount of pilocarpine over a period of seven days. The psychological profile of the patients was investigated with the aid of the Freiburg inventory test sheet and the Giessen test. Glaucoma patients appear to have a particular personality structure. After three months' Ocusert treatment psychological tests showed a decrease in nervousness, irritability and emotional instability in all patients. In the group given pilocarpine drops the above parameters were intensified. The results of Ocusert treatment are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. In addition, there was considerably less miosis and myopia than during trop treatment. Even though the patients had initial difficulties with Ocusert, they learnt how to handle it correctly within one to seven days.", "PMID": 491451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_811", "title": "[Photocoagulation given additional benefit by calciumdobesilate (author's transl)].", "content": "52 patients with diabetic retinopathy stade III or IV (after Thiel) received on both eyes a photocoagulation treatment. 26 patients received subsequently Calciumdobesilate for 5 to 68 months. It could be shown, that the effect of photocoagulation treatment on alterations of the retina in diabetic patients was clearly enhanced by Calciumdobesilate.", "contents": "[Photocoagulation given additional benefit by calciumdobesilate (author's transl)]. 52 patients with diabetic retinopathy stade III or IV (after Thiel) received on both eyes a photocoagulation treatment. 26 patients received subsequently Calciumdobesilate for 5 to 68 months. It could be shown, that the effect of photocoagulation treatment on alterations of the retina in diabetic patients was clearly enhanced by Calciumdobesilate.", "PMID": 491452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_812", "title": "[The term \"inability to pursue an employment\" from the ophthalmologist's viewpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "The judgement of disablement is of special economic and social-medical importance. While there are nearly no differences between physicians concerning the judgement of disablement in cases of grave ophthalmological clinical pictures, there exist greater differences in the judgement of so-called \"bagatelle\"-injuries and -diseases, which demand a temporary unilateral eye-dressing. The problem of functional unilateral vision up to now was considered under the aspect of a lasting disease, but not for a short period of time. A unique decision concerning the disablement should be aimed at by all medical practitioners. In addition to the judgement of disablement the private insurances demand a detailed report for the temporary impairment of disablement, which by no means can be demanded from the ophthalmologists.", "contents": "[The term \"inability to pursue an employment\" from the ophthalmologist's viewpoint (author's transl)]. The judgement of disablement is of special economic and social-medical importance. While there are nearly no differences between physicians concerning the judgement of disablement in cases of grave ophthalmological clinical pictures, there exist greater differences in the judgement of so-called \"bagatelle\"-injuries and -diseases, which demand a temporary unilateral eye-dressing. The problem of functional unilateral vision up to now was considered under the aspect of a lasting disease, but not for a short period of time. A unique decision concerning the disablement should be aimed at by all medical practitioners. In addition to the judgement of disablement the private insurances demand a detailed report for the temporary impairment of disablement, which by no means can be demanded from the ophthalmologists.", "PMID": 491453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_813", "title": "[Applications of novel stereomicroscopic spectacles in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The previous magnifying spectacles and telescopic spectacles designed on the principle of the Galilean telescope have a magnification of only 2.5 x to 3 x for good image quality. New magnifying systems from Zeiss based on the Kepler telescope principle offer 3 x to 8 x magnification and thus cover the range between magnifying spectacles and operation microscopes and even come into the latter range. The following versions are available for ocular surgery: 1. Mounted on headband. 2. Fastened to the frame in front of the lenses. 3. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses with additional horizontal connection of the magnifying systems. 4. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses without horizontal connection. These versions offer different advantages and are selected according to the particular field of application and the refraction of the surgeon. With these compact and easily transportable stereomicroscopic systems the surgeon has complete freedom of movement being able to select the most convenient position at any stage of the examination or operation. Further applications of such stereomicroscopic spectacles beyond the field of ophthalmic surgery are mentioned.", "contents": "[Applications of novel stereomicroscopic spectacles in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. The previous magnifying spectacles and telescopic spectacles designed on the principle of the Galilean telescope have a magnification of only 2.5 x to 3 x for good image quality. New magnifying systems from Zeiss based on the Kepler telescope principle offer 3 x to 8 x magnification and thus cover the range between magnifying spectacles and operation microscopes and even come into the latter range. The following versions are available for ocular surgery: 1. Mounted on headband. 2. Fastened to the frame in front of the lenses. 3. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses with additional horizontal connection of the magnifying systems. 4. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses without horizontal connection. These versions offer different advantages and are selected according to the particular field of application and the refraction of the surgeon. With these compact and easily transportable stereomicroscopic systems the surgeon has complete freedom of movement being able to select the most convenient position at any stage of the examination or operation. Further applications of such stereomicroscopic spectacles beyond the field of ophthalmic surgery are mentioned.", "PMID": 491455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_814", "title": "[Acute psychosis after cyclopentolate-HCL (Zyklolat) (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptoms of poisoning were noticed in a eight-year-old boy after prescribed application of cyclopentolate 1 per cent (as declared by manufacturing firm). Acute psychosis disappeared spontaneous 3,5 hours later. Pharmacological analysis of the eye-drops showed that concentration of active agent wasn't 1 per cent but 1.31 per cent.", "contents": "[Acute psychosis after cyclopentolate-HCL (Zyklolat) (author's transl)]. Symptoms of poisoning were noticed in a eight-year-old boy after prescribed application of cyclopentolate 1 per cent (as declared by manufacturing firm). Acute psychosis disappeared spontaneous 3,5 hours later. Pharmacological analysis of the eye-drops showed that concentration of active agent wasn't 1 per cent but 1.31 per cent.", "PMID": 491456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_815", "title": "[Improvement of visual acuity of intensely myopic patients during their eye-cure stay at Bad Hall (author's transl)].", "content": "Intensely myopic patients in the Eye Department of the Paracelsus-Institute in Bad Hall (Upper Austria) were subjected to visual acuity tests whereby the conditions of examination were held constant (optotype-projector, panoramic visual range, exactly defined break-off criteria). Results showed that 33% of the patients, who had completed combined iodine treatments and ophthalmo-iontophoresis, showed an improvement in visual acuity of 3 or more optotypes, corresponding to an average increase thereof of 0,13 from the initial visual power. Side effects of intense myopia (dilatation tension and degenerative changes at the posterior eye pole) should thus be regarded as an indication of the successful application of the combined balneotherapy, mineral water treatment and eye-cure in Bad Hall.", "contents": "[Improvement of visual acuity of intensely myopic patients during their eye-cure stay at Bad Hall (author's transl)]. Intensely myopic patients in the Eye Department of the Paracelsus-Institute in Bad Hall (Upper Austria) were subjected to visual acuity tests whereby the conditions of examination were held constant (optotype-projector, panoramic visual range, exactly defined break-off criteria). Results showed that 33% of the patients, who had completed combined iodine treatments and ophthalmo-iontophoresis, showed an improvement in visual acuity of 3 or more optotypes, corresponding to an average increase thereof of 0,13 from the initial visual power. Side effects of intense myopia (dilatation tension and degenerative changes at the posterior eye pole) should thus be regarded as an indication of the successful application of the combined balneotherapy, mineral water treatment and eye-cure in Bad Hall.", "PMID": 491457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_816", "title": "[Avulsio bulbi (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about a 14 year old girl, sustaining an avulsion of the left eye-ball by a coat-rack. The optic nerve was cutted 18 mm retrobulbarly. In perimetry of the fellow-eye a temporo-superior defect was found as proof of traumatisation of the anterior-loop-fibers in the chiasm.", "contents": "[Avulsio bulbi (author's transl)]. It is reported about a 14 year old girl, sustaining an avulsion of the left eye-ball by a coat-rack. The optic nerve was cutted 18 mm retrobulbarly. In perimetry of the fellow-eye a temporo-superior defect was found as proof of traumatisation of the anterior-loop-fibers in the chiasm.", "PMID": 491458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_817", "title": "[Examination of the retina including the periphery without mydriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "With the Panfunduscope after H. J. Schlegel it is possible to examine the retina up to the periphery without mydriasis. Possibilities and limitations will be described.", "contents": "[Examination of the retina including the periphery without mydriasis (author's transl)]. With the Panfunduscope after H. J. Schlegel it is possible to examine the retina up to the periphery without mydriasis. Possibilities and limitations will be described.", "PMID": 491459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_818", "title": "[The judgement of the degree of disability in cases of aphakia and pseudoaphakia (author's transl)].", "content": "Since more than 40 years the judgement of the degree of disability in cases of unilateral aphakia is discussed. This means the effort toward an advisory objectivity on the one hand and human understanding for the patient's damage on the other hand. It is supposed to repeal the 4th emergency ordinance of 1932 and to pay pensions below 20% of the degree of disability, too. As long as new legislatory measurements do not exist, the maintenance of a pragmatic authoritative activity is plead for, which assigns for a pension-duty compensation in cases of unilateral aphakia and/or pseudoaphakia independent on the optic result.--The situation in cases of bilateral aphakia is also discussed.", "contents": "[The judgement of the degree of disability in cases of aphakia and pseudoaphakia (author's transl)]. Since more than 40 years the judgement of the degree of disability in cases of unilateral aphakia is discussed. This means the effort toward an advisory objectivity on the one hand and human understanding for the patient's damage on the other hand. It is supposed to repeal the 4th emergency ordinance of 1932 and to pay pensions below 20% of the degree of disability, too. As long as new legislatory measurements do not exist, the maintenance of a pragmatic authoritative activity is plead for, which assigns for a pension-duty compensation in cases of unilateral aphakia and/or pseudoaphakia independent on the optic result.--The situation in cases of bilateral aphakia is also discussed.", "PMID": 491460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_819", "title": "[The campimetric method for measuring the individually tolerated intraocular pressure (Ptl) in glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Standard values of the intraocular pressure, as an average result of mass examinations, need not be valid in the actual case. So the upper limit of the intraocular pressure for a hypertonic patient may be higher than in persons with arterial hypotonia. In order to achieve an individual approach A. M. Vodovozov introduced in 1975 the notion of tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) which may be determined by means of campimetry and perimetry, or using hemodynamic and electrophysiological methods. Here the campimetric method of determining the individually tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) is described. The size of the blind spot (namely the vertical diameter) and the pertinent intraocular pressure are measured several times (every half an hour), in the course of which the effect of an oral dose of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid is observed. That tonometric value which coincides with the minimal size of the blind spot is considered as the individually tolerable level of intraocular pressure. The campimetric investigation of 98 eyes in 52 glaucomatous patients showed that the tolerable intraocular pressure may be above as well as below the standard. This aids in ordering the appropriate treatment and in preventing the loss of ocular function in glaucomatous patients.", "contents": "[The campimetric method for measuring the individually tolerated intraocular pressure (Ptl) in glaucoma (author's transl)]. Standard values of the intraocular pressure, as an average result of mass examinations, need not be valid in the actual case. So the upper limit of the intraocular pressure for a hypertonic patient may be higher than in persons with arterial hypotonia. In order to achieve an individual approach A. M. Vodovozov introduced in 1975 the notion of tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) which may be determined by means of campimetry and perimetry, or using hemodynamic and electrophysiological methods. Here the campimetric method of determining the individually tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) is described. The size of the blind spot (namely the vertical diameter) and the pertinent intraocular pressure are measured several times (every half an hour), in the course of which the effect of an oral dose of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid is observed. That tonometric value which coincides with the minimal size of the blind spot is considered as the individually tolerable level of intraocular pressure. The campimetric investigation of 98 eyes in 52 glaucomatous patients showed that the tolerable intraocular pressure may be above as well as below the standard. This aids in ordering the appropriate treatment and in preventing the loss of ocular function in glaucomatous patients.", "PMID": 491461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_820", "title": "[Neuritis nervi optici--results of an etiological inquiry and therapeutical results (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the results of an etiological inquiry in 71 patients from 1970 to 1977 suffering from neuritis nervi optici. The study includes also the therapeutical results. The findings demonstrate that modern examination techniques did not bring a definite progress of the clarification of the etiological relation: Approximately 50% stay without causality. The identificated causes are on all fours with those found by R\u00f6nne (1930) except the diseases following the application of modern drugs, e. g. contraceptives. Therapeutically a combination of systemic and parabulbar application of corticosteroids, drugs for stimulating the blood flow (e. g. Trental, Cosaldon retard), Vitamin-B-complex, and antibiotics are recommended.", "contents": "[Neuritis nervi optici--results of an etiological inquiry and therapeutical results (author's transl)]. The authors report on the results of an etiological inquiry in 71 patients from 1970 to 1977 suffering from neuritis nervi optici. The study includes also the therapeutical results. The findings demonstrate that modern examination techniques did not bring a definite progress of the clarification of the etiological relation: Approximately 50% stay without causality. The identificated causes are on all fours with those found by R\u00f6nne (1930) except the diseases following the application of modern drugs, e. g. contraceptives. Therapeutically a combination of systemic and parabulbar application of corticosteroids, drugs for stimulating the blood flow (e. g. Trental, Cosaldon retard), Vitamin-B-complex, and antibiotics are recommended.", "PMID": 491462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_821", "title": "[The entropion of the upper lid (author's transl)].", "content": "The non-cicatricial rolling-inwards of the upper lid is a rare disease. The horizontal tarsotomy by Hadija correct the entropion and eliminate the irritating trichiasis. It is not of less importance, to tauten the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. Therefore is necessary a skin resection and a separate suture of the lamina for additional strengthening and permanence of the lid eversion. The method of operation was successful in 12 from 15 cases.", "contents": "[The entropion of the upper lid (author's transl)]. The non-cicatricial rolling-inwards of the upper lid is a rare disease. The horizontal tarsotomy by Hadija correct the entropion and eliminate the irritating trichiasis. It is not of less importance, to tauten the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. Therefore is necessary a skin resection and a separate suture of the lamina for additional strengthening and permanence of the lid eversion. The method of operation was successful in 12 from 15 cases.", "PMID": 491463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_822", "title": "[Unilateral myopia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of high unilateral myopia good prognosis for monocular visual acuity as well as binocular vision is expected if timely and cosistent therapy is administered. Therapy comprises full optical correction, amblyopia therapy, mostly occlusion, squint therapy and possibly fitting of contact lenses. The author presents 31 cases of unilateral high myopic children up to age 12 with anisometropia between 4 and 19 dioptres. Although the aniseikonia in cases of high unilateral myopia increases with contact lenses as compared to spectacles for geometric optical reasons, we obtained good results with contact lens correction. Examination show that the child's brain adapts very well to the aniseikonia. Complicate correction with aniseikonic lenses is thus neither necessary nor advantageous.", "contents": "[Unilateral myopia in children (author's transl)]. In cases of high unilateral myopia good prognosis for monocular visual acuity as well as binocular vision is expected if timely and cosistent therapy is administered. Therapy comprises full optical correction, amblyopia therapy, mostly occlusion, squint therapy and possibly fitting of contact lenses. The author presents 31 cases of unilateral high myopic children up to age 12 with anisometropia between 4 and 19 dioptres. Although the aniseikonia in cases of high unilateral myopia increases with contact lenses as compared to spectacles for geometric optical reasons, we obtained good results with contact lens correction. Examination show that the child's brain adapts very well to the aniseikonia. Complicate correction with aniseikonic lenses is thus neither necessary nor advantageous.", "PMID": 491464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_823", "title": "[Intravitreal gas injection in the management of selected retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "Intraocular gas injection with cryotherapy is recommended in the management of selected retinal detachments. This approach is indicated in the presence of: 1) Very posterior breaks close to the macula or optic nerve. 2) Giant horseshoe tears or giant tears with mobile flaps and 3) difficult conjunctiva-sclera situations in the area overlying the break. Case reports of 5 patients are presented.", "contents": "[Intravitreal gas injection in the management of selected retinal detachment (author's transl)]. Intraocular gas injection with cryotherapy is recommended in the management of selected retinal detachments. This approach is indicated in the presence of: 1) Very posterior breaks close to the macula or optic nerve. 2) Giant horseshoe tears or giant tears with mobile flaps and 3) difficult conjunctiva-sclera situations in the area overlying the break. Case reports of 5 patients are presented.", "PMID": 491465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_824", "title": "[Naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris (author's transl)].", "content": "The nevus of Ota (naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris) is demonstrated by two clinical cases. The authors describe the disease, the morphology and the problem of malignancy.", "contents": "[Naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris (author's transl)]. The nevus of Ota (naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris) is demonstrated by two clinical cases. The authors describe the disease, the morphology and the problem of malignancy.", "PMID": 491466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_825", "title": "[Clinicopathological findings of melanocytomas on the optic disc (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of melanocytoma on the optic disc were reported, one of which was a clinically typical case and the other one showed atypical symptoms. The atypical case was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma because of increasing pigmentation, progressive visual disturbance, and the leakage in the fluorescein angiogram and the eye was, therefore, removed. Histologically, however, a melanocytoma on the optic disc was diagnosed. The cause of the clinical atypical symptom and the origin of the melanocytoma cells have been discussed histopathologically.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological findings of melanocytomas on the optic disc (author's transl)]. Two cases of melanocytoma on the optic disc were reported, one of which was a clinically typical case and the other one showed atypical symptoms. The atypical case was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma because of increasing pigmentation, progressive visual disturbance, and the leakage in the fluorescein angiogram and the eye was, therefore, removed. Histologically, however, a melanocytoma on the optic disc was diagnosed. The cause of the clinical atypical symptom and the origin of the melanocytoma cells have been discussed histopathologically.", "PMID": 491467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_826", "title": "[Changes in the macula in retinitis pigmentosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in the macula in Retinitis pigmentosa, especially the \"Bull's Eye\" macula, are shown with fluorescein angiograms. Functional tests complement the morphological findings.", "contents": "[Changes in the macula in retinitis pigmentosa (author's transl)]. Changes in the macula in Retinitis pigmentosa, especially the \"Bull's Eye\" macula, are shown with fluorescein angiograms. Functional tests complement the morphological findings.", "PMID": 491468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_827", "title": "[Saccular aneurysm of the superior ophthalmic vein (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic problems of acute, unilateral exophthalmus are discussed in connection with a case of spontaneous intraorbital haematoma by the rupture of a venous saccular aneurysm.", "contents": "[Saccular aneurysm of the superior ophthalmic vein (author's transl)]. The diagnostic problems of acute, unilateral exophthalmus are discussed in connection with a case of spontaneous intraorbital haematoma by the rupture of a venous saccular aneurysm.", "PMID": 491469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_828", "title": "[Incorporation of radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides into the retina after subcutaneous application (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides were given subcutaneously to rabbits and the incorporation of these substances into the retina and other organs has been studied. In a first examination the phospholipids were labelled with 3H-oleic acid, in a second examination we used 32P for labelling. We could show, that both the fatty acids and the polar head group of the phosphoglycerides were incorporated into the retina lipids. The specific radioactivity of the retina phosphoglycerides was always higher than that of lipids extracted from other organs.", "contents": "[Incorporation of radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides into the retina after subcutaneous application (author's transl)]. Radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides were given subcutaneously to rabbits and the incorporation of these substances into the retina and other organs has been studied. In a first examination the phospholipids were labelled with 3H-oleic acid, in a second examination we used 32P for labelling. We could show, that both the fatty acids and the polar head group of the phosphoglycerides were incorporated into the retina lipids. The specific radioactivity of the retina phosphoglycerides was always higher than that of lipids extracted from other organs.", "PMID": 491471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_829", "title": "[The pressure reducing effects of pilocarpin in combination with Dipivalyl-epinephrine in glaucoma simplex (author's transl)].", "content": "We compared in two controlled studies the effect of pilocarpine 1% with the effect of pilocarpine 1% combined with 0,05% or 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The pressure reducing effect of pilocarpine 1% was significantly increased and prolonged by the combination with dipivalyl-epinephrine. 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1% did not have a more significant pressure reducing effect in our patients than 0,05% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1%, but the reduction of pressure persisted longer. It is a considerable advantage in glaucoma therapy to diminish or to avoid systemic and local side effects of epinephrine due to very low concentrations of dipivalyl-epinephrine.", "contents": "[The pressure reducing effects of pilocarpin in combination with Dipivalyl-epinephrine in glaucoma simplex (author's transl)]. We compared in two controlled studies the effect of pilocarpine 1% with the effect of pilocarpine 1% combined with 0,05% or 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The pressure reducing effect of pilocarpine 1% was significantly increased and prolonged by the combination with dipivalyl-epinephrine. 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1% did not have a more significant pressure reducing effect in our patients than 0,05% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1%, but the reduction of pressure persisted longer. It is a considerable advantage in glaucoma therapy to diminish or to avoid systemic and local side effects of epinephrine due to very low concentrations of dipivalyl-epinephrine.", "PMID": 491472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_830", "title": "[Comparative study between timolol and pilocarpine in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Timolol, a beta-blocker with special influence on aqueous humor production and less influence on outflow facility lowered the intraocular pressure after one single local application for more than 12 hours. Normal diurnal variations of the intraocular pressure were also observed. Fifty open-angle glaucoma patients from the University of M\u00fcnster, Eye Clinic, took part in a comparative study between Timolol and Pilocarpine. For a period of 17 weeks the patients were given various concentrations of Timolol ophthalmic solution. The continual lowering of the intraocular pressure following Timolol application was noted in 88% of the patients, whereas the rate of success on only 56% could be recorded with Pilocarpine. Side-effects, which for the Pilocarpine-treated patients were very irritating, e. g. miosis with possible night-blindness, accommodation spasms, myopia, etc. were not observed with Timolol. Pupil diameter and pupillary reaction remained unchanged with the application of Timolol. Changes of blood pressure and pulse were not evident. A detrimental influence on the corneal transparency could not be observed in any patient.", "contents": "[Comparative study between timolol and pilocarpine in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. Timolol, a beta-blocker with special influence on aqueous humor production and less influence on outflow facility lowered the intraocular pressure after one single local application for more than 12 hours. Normal diurnal variations of the intraocular pressure were also observed. Fifty open-angle glaucoma patients from the University of M\u00fcnster, Eye Clinic, took part in a comparative study between Timolol and Pilocarpine. For a period of 17 weeks the patients were given various concentrations of Timolol ophthalmic solution. The continual lowering of the intraocular pressure following Timolol application was noted in 88% of the patients, whereas the rate of success on only 56% could be recorded with Pilocarpine. Side-effects, which for the Pilocarpine-treated patients were very irritating, e. g. miosis with possible night-blindness, accommodation spasms, myopia, etc. were not observed with Timolol. Pupil diameter and pupillary reaction remained unchanged with the application of Timolol. Changes of blood pressure and pulse were not evident. A detrimental influence on the corneal transparency could not be observed in any patient.", "PMID": 491473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_831", "title": "Total body water, extracellular water, plasma volume, and total body potassium in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Extracellular water (EWC; 82-bromide), total body water (TBW; 3-THO), intracellular water (ICW = TBW-ECW), plasma volume (PV; 51-Cr), and total body potassium (TBK; 40-K) were studied in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (n = 12) and in controls (n = 12). ECW (39%), TBW (28%), ICW (19%), and PV (24%) increased, TBK (28%) however, decreased in cirrhosis. The results indicate that it is less the lean body mass, but rather the intracellular potassium concentration that is lowered (cirrhosis: 84 +/- 21 mmol/l ICW; controls: 115 +/- 23 mmol/l ICW). Decreased potassium per cell (mmol) and increased intracellular water are discussed as possible reasons for this. The correlation between TBK (%) and serum potassium (mmol/l) was found to be r = 0.56 (p less than 0.002). Correlations between the biochemical parameters gamma-globulins, cholin esterase, serum sodium and serum albumin (g/l PV) and characteristic fluid disturbances in cirrhosis are highly significant whereas albumin (g/kg bodyweight) was the same in both groups. We can support the 'overflow theory' of ascites formation.", "contents": "Total body water, extracellular water, plasma volume, and total body potassium in cirrhosis of the liver. Extracellular water (EWC; 82-bromide), total body water (TBW; 3-THO), intracellular water (ICW = TBW-ECW), plasma volume (PV; 51-Cr), and total body potassium (TBK; 40-K) were studied in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (n = 12) and in controls (n = 12). ECW (39%), TBW (28%), ICW (19%), and PV (24%) increased, TBK (28%) however, decreased in cirrhosis. The results indicate that it is less the lean body mass, but rather the intracellular potassium concentration that is lowered (cirrhosis: 84 +/- 21 mmol/l ICW; controls: 115 +/- 23 mmol/l ICW). Decreased potassium per cell (mmol) and increased intracellular water are discussed as possible reasons for this. The correlation between TBK (%) and serum potassium (mmol/l) was found to be r = 0.56 (p less than 0.002). Correlations between the biochemical parameters gamma-globulins, cholin esterase, serum sodium and serum albumin (g/l PV) and characteristic fluid disturbances in cirrhosis are highly significant whereas albumin (g/kg bodyweight) was the same in both groups. We can support the 'overflow theory' of ascites formation.", "PMID": 491499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_832", "title": "[Muscle biopsy in progressive external ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "In skeletal muscle biopsies of nine patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia of unknown origin \"ragged red\" fibers can be demonstrated. The occurrence of these abnormal fibers does not correlate with clinical muscle weakness, or additional signs of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome. Rarely, \"ragged red\" fibers are seen in other neuromuscular disorders but usually these are associated with various structural alterations. Numerous \"ragged red\" fibers in an otherwise normal muscle provide an essential criterion in establishing the diagnosis of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome.", "contents": "[Muscle biopsy in progressive external ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. In skeletal muscle biopsies of nine patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia of unknown origin \"ragged red\" fibers can be demonstrated. The occurrence of these abnormal fibers does not correlate with clinical muscle weakness, or additional signs of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome. Rarely, \"ragged red\" fibers are seen in other neuromuscular disorders but usually these are associated with various structural alterations. Numerous \"ragged red\" fibers in an otherwise normal muscle provide an essential criterion in establishing the diagnosis of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome.", "PMID": 491500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_833", "title": "[Effect of caerulein on the exocrine pancreas function in man; examinations of dose effects and comparisons with the effect of cholecystokinin/pankreozymin (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to examine the secretory response of the exocrine pancreas in man to various doses of the synthesised decapeptide Caerulein (Takus), 5, 10 and 20 ng/kg Caerulein injected intravenously during an infusion of 0,5 CU/kg/h Secretin (GIH) produced a linear increase of enzyme secretion (amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) and also an increase in the water and bicarbonate secretion of the pancreas which is induced by Secretin. The injection of 40 ng/kg Caerulein led to no further increase of the ecbolic function. The intravenous injection of 1 Ivy dog unit (IDU/kg and 20 and 40 ng/kg Caerulein have an identical effect on the exocrine pancreas, there were no statistic differences.", "contents": "[Effect of caerulein on the exocrine pancreas function in man; examinations of dose effects and comparisons with the effect of cholecystokinin/pankreozymin (author's transl)]. The purpose of the study was to examine the secretory response of the exocrine pancreas in man to various doses of the synthesised decapeptide Caerulein (Takus), 5, 10 and 20 ng/kg Caerulein injected intravenously during an infusion of 0,5 CU/kg/h Secretin (GIH) produced a linear increase of enzyme secretion (amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) and also an increase in the water and bicarbonate secretion of the pancreas which is induced by Secretin. The injection of 40 ng/kg Caerulein led to no further increase of the ecbolic function. The intravenous injection of 1 Ivy dog unit (IDU/kg and 20 and 40 ng/kg Caerulein have an identical effect on the exocrine pancreas, there were no statistic differences.", "PMID": 491501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_834", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on water-electrolyte metabolism and human renal function with different degrees of motor activity].", "content": "It was demonstrated that a prolonged (24 days) bed rest at altitudes of 2200 m and 3200 m as well as at sea level was accompanied by an increased renal excretion of fluids and osmotically active substances, including electrolytes. Exercises done during bed rest indiced a smaller increase of the renal excretion of sodium and potassium. However, as bed rest continued the differences between the groups of test subjects disappeared. The levels of hypoxia and exercises used in the study proved inefficient to prevent changes in the fluid-electrolyte metabolism occurring during bed rest.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on water-electrolyte metabolism and human renal function with different degrees of motor activity]. It was demonstrated that a prolonged (24 days) bed rest at altitudes of 2200 m and 3200 m as well as at sea level was accompanied by an increased renal excretion of fluids and osmotically active substances, including electrolytes. Exercises done during bed rest indiced a smaller increase of the renal excretion of sodium and potassium. However, as bed rest continued the differences between the groups of test subjects disappeared. The levels of hypoxia and exercises used in the study proved inefficient to prevent changes in the fluid-electrolyte metabolism occurring during bed rest.", "PMID": 491526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_835", "title": "[Speech illusions and their significance for aviation and space flight practice].", "content": "The pattern of erroneous perception of intelligible and incoherent words accompanied by loud noise has been investigated. It has been found that proper interpretation of incoherent words depends at large on their rhythmic, or syllabic structure. As a rule, the words are reconstructed in the back-to-forward direction. One- and two-syllable words with predominant median and low frequencies are those which are most frequently subjected to speech illusions.", "contents": "[Speech illusions and their significance for aviation and space flight practice]. The pattern of erroneous perception of intelligible and incoherent words accompanied by loud noise has been investigated. It has been found that proper interpretation of incoherent words depends at large on their rhythmic, or syllabic structure. As a rule, the words are reconstructed in the back-to-forward direction. One- and two-syllable words with predominant median and low frequencies are those which are most frequently subjected to speech illusions.", "PMID": 491528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_836", "title": "[Dietary prevention of certain changes in the human body in the presence of neuro-emotional stress].", "content": "Simulated stress conditions (rise to a simulated altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of an exposure to acceleration, mental work to be done under the conditions of time deficiency, \"success\" or \"failure\") brought about changes in the protein, carbohydrate, vitamin metabolism, heart rate, adrenal function, and peripheral blood. Nutrient ingredients (vitamins, glucose, minerals, phosphatid concentrate) added to the diet before and during stressful exposures were shown to correct the parameters studied.", "contents": "[Dietary prevention of certain changes in the human body in the presence of neuro-emotional stress]. Simulated stress conditions (rise to a simulated altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of an exposure to acceleration, mental work to be done under the conditions of time deficiency, \"success\" or \"failure\") brought about changes in the protein, carbohydrate, vitamin metabolism, heart rate, adrenal function, and peripheral blood. Nutrient ingredients (vitamins, glucose, minerals, phosphatid concentrate) added to the diet before and during stressful exposures were shown to correct the parameters studied.", "PMID": 491530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_837", "title": "[Effect of space flight conditions on deoxyribonucleoprotein and nucleic acid concentrations in rat tissues].", "content": "The spleen of rats flown for 19.5 days aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 showed a significant increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides and a decrease of DNP and DNA. The spleen of synchronous rats did not exhibit any differences. This suggests that the increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides in flight rats immediately post-recovery was a result of the so-called gravity stress. The liver and white blood cells did not display any significant changes in DNP or nucleic acids. The changes in the content of nucleic acids in the thymus and bone marrow were insignificant.", "contents": "[Effect of space flight conditions on deoxyribonucleoprotein and nucleic acid concentrations in rat tissues]. The spleen of rats flown for 19.5 days aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 showed a significant increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides and a decrease of DNP and DNA. The spleen of synchronous rats did not exhibit any differences. This suggests that the increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides in flight rats immediately post-recovery was a result of the so-called gravity stress. The liver and white blood cells did not display any significant changes in DNP or nucleic acids. The changes in the content of nucleic acids in the thymus and bone marrow were insignificant.", "PMID": 491532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_838", "title": "[Several hemodynamic indices during human breathing of oxygen under excess pressure].", "content": "The paper gives the experimental findings on the pattern and value of circulation changes in ten test subjects exposed to oxygen breathing at positive pressure of 20 mm Hg. The major parameters of central circulation were registered by the method of radioactive label (I131) dilution. During the exposure the test subjects showed an average 27% decrease in the cardiac output as compared with the control level. The test subjects who were pretrained to the exposure displayed a smaller reduction of cardiac output. It is suggested that the circulation changes found under the experimental conditions were mainly induced by peripheral changes rather than by the cardiac function. It is concluded that the reduction of cardiac output is associated with a decrease of the venous return to the heart caused by the diminished circulating blood volume and by the increased total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "[Several hemodynamic indices during human breathing of oxygen under excess pressure]. The paper gives the experimental findings on the pattern and value of circulation changes in ten test subjects exposed to oxygen breathing at positive pressure of 20 mm Hg. The major parameters of central circulation were registered by the method of radioactive label (I131) dilution. During the exposure the test subjects showed an average 27% decrease in the cardiac output as compared with the control level. The test subjects who were pretrained to the exposure displayed a smaller reduction of cardiac output. It is suggested that the circulation changes found under the experimental conditions were mainly induced by peripheral changes rather than by the cardiac function. It is concluded that the reduction of cardiac output is associated with a decrease of the venous return to the heart caused by the diminished circulating blood volume and by the increased total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 491535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_839", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of dogs continuously exposed to chronic low-dose gamma irradiation].", "content": "Electron microscopy of the liver of dogs exposed to chronic 6-year gamma-irradiation from the CO60 source demonstrated early changes in the hepatocyte structure at a relatively low dosage of 63 rad for 3 years. A comparative study of the submicroscopic reaction of hepatocytes of 3 groups of test dogs showed pronounced changes in the endoplasmatic reticulum: vacuolar transformation balloon dystrophy. The heterogeneity of ultrastructural changes of different hepatocytes was probably associated with a simultaneous development of processes of injury, reparation and adaptation of intracellular structures during the long-term gamma-irradiation exposure. Parallel development of these processes assured reparative biosynthesis to maintain the normal hepatic function.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of dogs continuously exposed to chronic low-dose gamma irradiation]. Electron microscopy of the liver of dogs exposed to chronic 6-year gamma-irradiation from the CO60 source demonstrated early changes in the hepatocyte structure at a relatively low dosage of 63 rad for 3 years. A comparative study of the submicroscopic reaction of hepatocytes of 3 groups of test dogs showed pronounced changes in the endoplasmatic reticulum: vacuolar transformation balloon dystrophy. The heterogeneity of ultrastructural changes of different hepatocytes was probably associated with a simultaneous development of processes of injury, reparation and adaptation of intracellular structures during the long-term gamma-irradiation exposure. Parallel development of these processes assured reparative biosynthesis to maintain the normal hepatic function.", "PMID": 491537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_840", "title": "Studies of hepatic mitochondrial structure and function: morphometric and biochemical evaluation of in vivo perturbation by arsenate.", "content": "Ultrastructural morphometric and biochemical studies were conducted on hepatic mitochondria from control rats and rats treated in vivo with arsenate to examine changes in interrelationships between mitochondrial structure and biochemical functions. Morphometric analysis disclosed an over-all 1.2-fold increase in the relative mitochondrial volume density and 1.4-fold increase in the surface density of the inner mitochondrial membrane of arsenate-exposed rats. These structural changes were associated with a 1.5-fold increase in 14C-leucine incorporation into all mitochondrial proteins, which was primarily associated with the acid-insoluble membranous fraction. Mitochondria from arsenate-treated rats showed a marked disruption of normal conformational behavior with depression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked substrate oxidation and a resulting in vivo increase in the mitochondrial [NAD] to [NADH] ratio. Observed changes in mitochondrial membranes from arsenate exposure also resulted in 1.5- to 2-fold increases in the specific activities of the membrane marker enzymes monoamine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, and Mg2+-ATPase. Activity of malate dehydrogenase, which is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, was unchanged. The results of this study demonstrate a positive quantitative in vivo correlation between mitochondrial structure and function and indicate a marked dependency upon membrane integrity for normal maintenance of the specific biologic activities performed by this organelle in vivo.", "contents": "Studies of hepatic mitochondrial structure and function: morphometric and biochemical evaluation of in vivo perturbation by arsenate. Ultrastructural morphometric and biochemical studies were conducted on hepatic mitochondria from control rats and rats treated in vivo with arsenate to examine changes in interrelationships between mitochondrial structure and biochemical functions. Morphometric analysis disclosed an over-all 1.2-fold increase in the relative mitochondrial volume density and 1.4-fold increase in the surface density of the inner mitochondrial membrane of arsenate-exposed rats. These structural changes were associated with a 1.5-fold increase in 14C-leucine incorporation into all mitochondrial proteins, which was primarily associated with the acid-insoluble membranous fraction. Mitochondria from arsenate-treated rats showed a marked disruption of normal conformational behavior with depression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked substrate oxidation and a resulting in vivo increase in the mitochondrial [NAD] to [NADH] ratio. Observed changes in mitochondrial membranes from arsenate exposure also resulted in 1.5- to 2-fold increases in the specific activities of the membrane marker enzymes monoamine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, and Mg2+-ATPase. Activity of malate dehydrogenase, which is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, was unchanged. The results of this study demonstrate a positive quantitative in vivo correlation between mitochondrial structure and function and indicate a marked dependency upon membrane integrity for normal maintenance of the specific biologic activities performed by this organelle in vivo.", "PMID": 491544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_841", "title": "[Bichromate oxidizability as a measure of the quantitative amount of organic impurities in regenerated water].", "content": "Experiments have been carried out to study permanganate and bichromate oxidation of chemicals that may contaminate reclained water, initial and intermediate products of reclamation. Permanganate oxidability can be used as a qualitative indicator of water contamination with readily oxidizable admixtures only. Bichromate oxidability can be employed as a quantitative indicator of the total content of organic admixtures, provided that oxidation is carried out in a certain way. For the water reclaimed from the atmospheric condensate the following correlation between bichromate oxidability and the concentration of admixtures has been established: 1 mg O2 consumed corresponds approximately to 0.66 mg of organic admixtures in water.", "contents": "[Bichromate oxidizability as a measure of the quantitative amount of organic impurities in regenerated water]. Experiments have been carried out to study permanganate and bichromate oxidation of chemicals that may contaminate reclained water, initial and intermediate products of reclamation. Permanganate oxidability can be used as a qualitative indicator of water contamination with readily oxidizable admixtures only. Bichromate oxidability can be employed as a quantitative indicator of the total content of organic admixtures, provided that oxidation is carried out in a certain way. For the water reclaimed from the atmospheric condensate the following correlation between bichromate oxidability and the concentration of admixtures has been established: 1 mg O2 consumed corresponds approximately to 0.66 mg of organic admixtures in water.", "PMID": 491536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_842", "title": "Effects of stimulus-onset asynchrony on the dichotic performance of children with auditory-processing disorders.", "content": "Dichotic stop-consonant-vowel identification was investigated in two experiments using two groups of learning-disabled children demonstrating clinical manifestations of auditory-processing disorders, and two groups of matched, control subjects. Two-item, forced-choice paradigms were used in both experiments. Overall (total) dichotic performance for the two learning-disabled groups was significantly lower than that of the control subjects in all dichotic conditions. This lower performance was attributable to the number of trials in which both stimulus items were correctly identified. Analysis of trials in which only one response was correct showed no differences between the groups in terms of magnitude or direction of ear-advantage (right). In conditions where stimulus onsets were separated by 30, 90, and 150 msec, analysis of one-correct trials demonstrated more accurate identification of the temporally lagging stimulus for all subjects. However, as the onset-time separation increased, the control group's identification of leading and lagging items approached equality. The learning-disabled group, on the other hand, showed little increase in identification of temporally leading items even when stimuli were separated by 150 msec. These data suggest learning-disabled children with auditory-processing disorders may have a reduced temporal efficiency in processing rapidly varying acoustic patterns associated with stop-consonants that is observable when speech perceptual mechanisms are stressed through dichotic competition.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus-onset asynchrony on the dichotic performance of children with auditory-processing disorders. Dichotic stop-consonant-vowel identification was investigated in two experiments using two groups of learning-disabled children demonstrating clinical manifestations of auditory-processing disorders, and two groups of matched, control subjects. Two-item, forced-choice paradigms were used in both experiments. Overall (total) dichotic performance for the two learning-disabled groups was significantly lower than that of the control subjects in all dichotic conditions. This lower performance was attributable to the number of trials in which both stimulus items were correctly identified. Analysis of trials in which only one response was correct showed no differences between the groups in terms of magnitude or direction of ear-advantage (right). In conditions where stimulus onsets were separated by 30, 90, and 150 msec, analysis of one-correct trials demonstrated more accurate identification of the temporally lagging stimulus for all subjects. However, as the onset-time separation increased, the control group's identification of leading and lagging items approached equality. The learning-disabled group, on the other hand, showed little increase in identification of temporally leading items even when stimuli were separated by 150 msec. These data suggest learning-disabled children with auditory-processing disorders may have a reduced temporal efficiency in processing rapidly varying acoustic patterns associated with stop-consonants that is observable when speech perceptual mechanisms are stressed through dichotic competition.", "PMID": 491550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_843", "title": "Auditory-visual perception of speech with reduced optical clarity.", "content": "Optical cues for visual and auditory-visual (A-V) perception of speech were varied by placing a sheet of rough-surfaced Plexiglas between talker and lipreader and systematically changing the distance between Plexiglas and talker. This distorts the optical environment in a way that is analogous to masking or filtering in the acoustic domain. In studies with normal-hearing adults and with hearing-impaired children, speech (words, sentences) was presented live under different degrees of optical distortion, and observers attempted to identify the stimuli. Visual-along (lipreading) scores dropped abruptly to the chance level as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. A-V scores were relatively high for clear conditions but diminished gradually as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. Under extremely poor optical conditions, A-V scores reached a plateau. This represents essentially auditory perception without meaningful optical cues for speech. Results parallel those of previous acoustic studies that compared auditory with A-V perception of speech as a function of S/N ratio or sensation level, demonstrating a reciprocal aspect of optical and acoustic cues for speech perception. Optical distortion seems to have potential as an auditory training technique to shift attention of hearing-impaired observers to non-dominant acoustic cues during A-V perception of speech.", "contents": "Auditory-visual perception of speech with reduced optical clarity. Optical cues for visual and auditory-visual (A-V) perception of speech were varied by placing a sheet of rough-surfaced Plexiglas between talker and lipreader and systematically changing the distance between Plexiglas and talker. This distorts the optical environment in a way that is analogous to masking or filtering in the acoustic domain. In studies with normal-hearing adults and with hearing-impaired children, speech (words, sentences) was presented live under different degrees of optical distortion, and observers attempted to identify the stimuli. Visual-along (lipreading) scores dropped abruptly to the chance level as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. A-V scores were relatively high for clear conditions but diminished gradually as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. Under extremely poor optical conditions, A-V scores reached a plateau. This represents essentially auditory perception without meaningful optical cues for speech. Results parallel those of previous acoustic studies that compared auditory with A-V perception of speech as a function of S/N ratio or sensation level, demonstrating a reciprocal aspect of optical and acoustic cues for speech perception. Optical distortion seems to have potential as an auditory training technique to shift attention of hearing-impaired observers to non-dominant acoustic cues during A-V perception of speech.", "PMID": 491551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_844", "title": "Evidence for left hemisphere superiority in processing movement-related tonal signals.", "content": "A pursuit auditory tracking (PAT) paradigm was used to investigate asymmetric hemispheric processing and control for a sensorimotor task analogous to speech. In PAT subjects match a continuously varying target tone (ranging from 100 Hz to 2 kHz) presented to one ear with a qualitatively similar second tone (the cursor) presented to the other ear and controlled by mandibular elevation and depression movements. Twenty right-handed subjects were given the standard dichotic mode of counterbalanced target/cursor signal presentations. Another group of 16 right-handed subjects underwent, after extensive task familiarization, tracking with only the target signal presented in counterbalanced order to one ear at a time with white noise presented to the other ear. The results of the standard tracking group replicated past studies showing a statistically significant tracking advantage in favor of cursor/right ear presentations. The No-Cursor group showed a significant target/right ear advantage. These results are discussed with reference to two theoretical hypotheses to explain the tracking laterality effect--a division-of-labor hypothesis and a sensorimotor integration hypothesis.", "contents": "Evidence for left hemisphere superiority in processing movement-related tonal signals. A pursuit auditory tracking (PAT) paradigm was used to investigate asymmetric hemispheric processing and control for a sensorimotor task analogous to speech. In PAT subjects match a continuously varying target tone (ranging from 100 Hz to 2 kHz) presented to one ear with a qualitatively similar second tone (the cursor) presented to the other ear and controlled by mandibular elevation and depression movements. Twenty right-handed subjects were given the standard dichotic mode of counterbalanced target/cursor signal presentations. Another group of 16 right-handed subjects underwent, after extensive task familiarization, tracking with only the target signal presented in counterbalanced order to one ear at a time with white noise presented to the other ear. The results of the standard tracking group replicated past studies showing a statistically significant tracking advantage in favor of cursor/right ear presentations. The No-Cursor group showed a significant target/right ear advantage. These results are discussed with reference to two theoretical hypotheses to explain the tracking laterality effect--a division-of-labor hypothesis and a sensorimotor integration hypothesis.", "PMID": 491552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_845", "title": "Dissimilarity ratings of English consonants by normally-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals.", "content": "Perceptual patterns in rating dissimilarities among 24 CVs were investigated for a group of normal-hearing and two groups of hearing-impaired subjects (one group with flat, and one group with sloping, sensorineural losses). Stimuli were presented binaurally at most comfortable loudness level and subjects rated the 576 paired stimuli on a 1-7 equal-appearing interval scale. Ratings were submitted to individual group and combined INDSCAL analyses to describe features used by the subjects in their perception of the speech stimuli. Results revealed features such as sibilant, sonorant, plosive and place. Furthermore, normal and hearing-impaired subjects used similar features, and subjects' weightings of features were relatively independent of their audiometric configurations. Results are compared to those of previous studies.", "contents": "Dissimilarity ratings of English consonants by normally-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals. Perceptual patterns in rating dissimilarities among 24 CVs were investigated for a group of normal-hearing and two groups of hearing-impaired subjects (one group with flat, and one group with sloping, sensorineural losses). Stimuli were presented binaurally at most comfortable loudness level and subjects rated the 576 paired stimuli on a 1-7 equal-appearing interval scale. Ratings were submitted to individual group and combined INDSCAL analyses to describe features used by the subjects in their perception of the speech stimuli. Results revealed features such as sibilant, sonorant, plosive and place. Furthermore, normal and hearing-impaired subjects used similar features, and subjects' weightings of features were relatively independent of their audiometric configurations. Results are compared to those of previous studies.", "PMID": 491553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_846", "title": "Multiplicative effects on sentence comprehension for combined acoustic distortions.", "content": "This study was designed to explore the effect on speech comprehension of combining two types of signal distortion. A tape of clearly-enunciated sentences in quiet was distorted in each of four ways: low-pass (LP) filtering, time compression, interruption, and noise masking. Data are reported on a population of normal-hearing young men for multiple-choice answer tests of colloquial sentences of either LP filtered at 1, 2, 3, or 4 kHz, time compressed by computer at 250 words/min, interrupted (50 msec on--50 msec off), masked by speech-spectrum noise at +2 dB S/N, or given each of the 12 possible combinations of LP filtering plus the other three distortions. Individual distortion conditions were adjusted to reduce speech comprehension performance to about 90% accuracy, Low-pass filtering above 1 kHz reduced comprehension by no more than five to 10 percentage points, but when LP filtering was added to the other distortions in turn, latent effects were uncovered. The reduction in comprehension with the combined distortions was much greater than the simple additive effects of the distortion and LP filtering by themselves. For example, LP filtering above 2 kHz produced no measurable effect on sentence comprehension but this same distortion in combination with noise masking reduced performance from 89.4 to 59.7% correct (where 25% was chance). This study further validates the multiply-compounded nature of simultaneous types of distortion. The use of LP filtering extends the multiplicative principle to the simulated case of high-frequency hearing losses.", "contents": "Multiplicative effects on sentence comprehension for combined acoustic distortions. This study was designed to explore the effect on speech comprehension of combining two types of signal distortion. A tape of clearly-enunciated sentences in quiet was distorted in each of four ways: low-pass (LP) filtering, time compression, interruption, and noise masking. Data are reported on a population of normal-hearing young men for multiple-choice answer tests of colloquial sentences of either LP filtered at 1, 2, 3, or 4 kHz, time compressed by computer at 250 words/min, interrupted (50 msec on--50 msec off), masked by speech-spectrum noise at +2 dB S/N, or given each of the 12 possible combinations of LP filtering plus the other three distortions. Individual distortion conditions were adjusted to reduce speech comprehension performance to about 90% accuracy, Low-pass filtering above 1 kHz reduced comprehension by no more than five to 10 percentage points, but when LP filtering was added to the other distortions in turn, latent effects were uncovered. The reduction in comprehension with the combined distortions was much greater than the simple additive effects of the distortion and LP filtering by themselves. For example, LP filtering above 2 kHz produced no measurable effect on sentence comprehension but this same distortion in combination with noise masking reduced performance from 89.4 to 59.7% correct (where 25% was chance). This study further validates the multiply-compounded nature of simultaneous types of distortion. The use of LP filtering extends the multiplicative principle to the simulated case of high-frequency hearing losses.", "PMID": 491554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_847", "title": "Acoustic qualities of phonation in young hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Monosyllables were recorded from a group of 24 hearing-impaired and 6 normal-hearing children between three to six years of age. Tokens of the syllables /ba/ and /bo/ were placed on listening tapes and a panel of 10 experienced listeners made ratings of relative voice quality. The phonation samples were subjected to both a gross (spectrographic) and a fine (computer-aided) acoustic analysis. The following acoustic characteristics were examined: (1) mean fundamental frequency, (2) duration, (3) mean period-to-period changes in intensity and in fundamental frequency, (4) spectral energy ratio above and below 1000 Hz, and (5) intonation contour. The type of intonation contour appeared to be the most important characteristic separating the better from the poorer deaf speakers. The hearing-impaired subjects produced four different types of deviant intonation contours. In addition, two abnormalities of phonation, diplophonia and breathiness, are described.", "contents": "Acoustic qualities of phonation in young hearing-impaired children. Monosyllables were recorded from a group of 24 hearing-impaired and 6 normal-hearing children between three to six years of age. Tokens of the syllables /ba/ and /bo/ were placed on listening tapes and a panel of 10 experienced listeners made ratings of relative voice quality. The phonation samples were subjected to both a gross (spectrographic) and a fine (computer-aided) acoustic analysis. The following acoustic characteristics were examined: (1) mean fundamental frequency, (2) duration, (3) mean period-to-period changes in intensity and in fundamental frequency, (4) spectral energy ratio above and below 1000 Hz, and (5) intonation contour. The type of intonation contour appeared to be the most important characteristic separating the better from the poorer deaf speakers. The hearing-impaired subjects produced four different types of deviant intonation contours. In addition, two abnormalities of phonation, diplophonia and breathiness, are described.", "PMID": 491555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_848", "title": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on the contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex threshold.", "content": "Contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured in response to 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz pure tones after the ingestion of a 50% alcohol solution. Acoustic reflex threshold measurements were obtained preingestion and at blood-alcohol concentrations of 0.03 to 0.10% in 0.01% increments. A linear relationship existed between acoustic reflex threshold and blood-alcohol concentration, with the greatest shift at 0.10% being 11 dB for contralateral stimulation and 7 dB for ipsilateral. No frequency effects were found. Results can be explained by the anatomical differences in the contralateral and ipsilateral pathways.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on the contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex threshold. Contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured in response to 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz pure tones after the ingestion of a 50% alcohol solution. Acoustic reflex threshold measurements were obtained preingestion and at blood-alcohol concentrations of 0.03 to 0.10% in 0.01% increments. A linear relationship existed between acoustic reflex threshold and blood-alcohol concentration, with the greatest shift at 0.10% being 11 dB for contralateral stimulation and 7 dB for ipsilateral. No frequency effects were found. Results can be explained by the anatomical differences in the contralateral and ipsilateral pathways.", "PMID": 491556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_849", "title": "Acoustic-reflex growth and loudness.", "content": "Acoustic-reflex growth functions and loudness-balance judgments were obtained for three normal-hearing subjects with normal middle-ear function. The hypothesis that acoustic reflex-activating signals producing proportionately equal acoustic-impedance changes are judged equal in loudness was evaluated. The mean acoustic impedance and associated standard deviations were computed for the baseline (static) and activator (reflex) portions of each reflex event. An acoustic-impedance change exceeding two standard deviations of baseline was defined as the criterion acoustic-reflex response. Acoustic impedance was measured as a function of activator SPL for broadband noise and a 1000-Hz tone from criterion magnitude to the maximum acoustic impedance (or 120-dB SPL). This was defined as the dynamic range of reflex growth. Loudness-balance measurements were made for the 1000-Hz tone and broadband noise at SPL's representing 30, 50, and 70% of the individual dynamic range. The data supported the hypothesis.", "contents": "Acoustic-reflex growth and loudness. Acoustic-reflex growth functions and loudness-balance judgments were obtained for three normal-hearing subjects with normal middle-ear function. The hypothesis that acoustic reflex-activating signals producing proportionately equal acoustic-impedance changes are judged equal in loudness was evaluated. The mean acoustic impedance and associated standard deviations were computed for the baseline (static) and activator (reflex) portions of each reflex event. An acoustic-impedance change exceeding two standard deviations of baseline was defined as the criterion acoustic-reflex response. Acoustic impedance was measured as a function of activator SPL for broadband noise and a 1000-Hz tone from criterion magnitude to the maximum acoustic impedance (or 120-dB SPL). This was defined as the dynamic range of reflex growth. Loudness-balance measurements were made for the 1000-Hz tone and broadband noise at SPL's representing 30, 50, and 70% of the individual dynamic range. The data supported the hypothesis.", "PMID": 491557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_850", "title": "Effects of three syllable durations using the melodic intonation therapy technique.", "content": "Five nonfluent aphasics were presented English phrases with three syllable durations; a regular speech, non-intoned duration less than 1 sec per syllable, and two modified Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) intoned durations of 1.5 sec per syllable and 2.0 sec per syllable. All subjects had the greatest number of correct phrase productions at the longest MIT duration (p less than 0.001) and the greatest number of failures at the regular non-intoned duration. Therefore, syllable duration is an important acoustic parameter to consider when using an MIT technique with severe nonfluent aphasics.", "contents": "Effects of three syllable durations using the melodic intonation therapy technique. Five nonfluent aphasics were presented English phrases with three syllable durations; a regular speech, non-intoned duration less than 1 sec per syllable, and two modified Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) intoned durations of 1.5 sec per syllable and 2.0 sec per syllable. All subjects had the greatest number of correct phrase productions at the longest MIT duration (p less than 0.001) and the greatest number of failures at the regular non-intoned duration. Therefore, syllable duration is an important acoustic parameter to consider when using an MIT technique with severe nonfluent aphasics.", "PMID": 491558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_851", "title": "The effects of feedback filtering on nasalization in normal and hypernasal speakers.", "content": "Two groups of subjects, one with normal speech and one with hypernasal speech, spoke while hearing their voices unfiltered, low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz and high-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Measurements of nasalization were made with a miniature accelerometer attached to the side of the subject's nose. Both groups of subjects decreased nasalization when hearing their voices low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 300 Hz. This decrease was statistically significant. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that nasalization is under feedback control.", "contents": "The effects of feedback filtering on nasalization in normal and hypernasal speakers. Two groups of subjects, one with normal speech and one with hypernasal speech, spoke while hearing their voices unfiltered, low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz and high-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Measurements of nasalization were made with a miniature accelerometer attached to the side of the subject's nose. Both groups of subjects decreased nasalization when hearing their voices low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 300 Hz. This decrease was statistically significant. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that nasalization is under feedback control.", "PMID": 491559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_852", "title": "Pattern A personality and noise-induced vasoconstriction.", "content": "A perplexing question about noise-induced hearing loss is why some persons seem to be more affected by high intensity noise than others. Hawkins (1971) has shown noise-induced vasoconstriction to be implicated in noise-induced hearing loss in animals as evidenced by vascular changes within the inner ear and he asks the question: Are these changes caused by the noise itself or mediated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Our research employed a plethysmograph to measure ANS mediated vasoconstriction during noise exposure. The subjects were stress prone males and females (Pattern A) whose behavior in noise was compared to non-stress prone males and females (Pattern B). The results indicated Pattern A males showed marked vasoconstriction in the presence of noise whereas Pattern B males did not. Pattern A females performed very much like Pattern A males with no statistical difference between these two groups. However, Pattern B females demonstrated a significant increase in vasoconstriction in the presence of noise and in this respect Pattern B females are different from Pattern B males. This difference possibly resulted from the use of a test to assess personality type which was intended for use with male subjects. The authors conclude there is strong evidence to suggest that being prone to stress in the presence of noise is a contributing factor to noise-induced hearing loss.", "contents": "Pattern A personality and noise-induced vasoconstriction. A perplexing question about noise-induced hearing loss is why some persons seem to be more affected by high intensity noise than others. Hawkins (1971) has shown noise-induced vasoconstriction to be implicated in noise-induced hearing loss in animals as evidenced by vascular changes within the inner ear and he asks the question: Are these changes caused by the noise itself or mediated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Our research employed a plethysmograph to measure ANS mediated vasoconstriction during noise exposure. The subjects were stress prone males and females (Pattern A) whose behavior in noise was compared to non-stress prone males and females (Pattern B). The results indicated Pattern A males showed marked vasoconstriction in the presence of noise whereas Pattern B males did not. Pattern A females performed very much like Pattern A males with no statistical difference between these two groups. However, Pattern B females demonstrated a significant increase in vasoconstriction in the presence of noise and in this respect Pattern B females are different from Pattern B males. This difference possibly resulted from the use of a test to assess personality type which was intended for use with male subjects. The authors conclude there is strong evidence to suggest that being prone to stress in the presence of noise is a contributing factor to noise-induced hearing loss.", "PMID": 491560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_853", "title": "The effects of delayed auditory feedback and masking on the fundamental frequency of stutterers and nonstutterers.", "content": "This investigation determined if fluency of the reader or type of auditory feedback changed characteristics of fundamental frequency or duration in oral reading by stutterers or nonstutterers. Mingographic tracings were made of sentences excerpted from tape recordings of paragraphs read by 15 adult male stutterers and 15 adult male nonstutterers in three conditions of feedback: normal auditory feedback (under earphones), delayed auditory feedback (0.14 sec delay), and masking (90 dB SPL). The data included 15 measures of fundamental frequency and two measures of duration. Stutterers read sentences in greater total time and with more downward inflections than nonstutterers. Comparison of the delayed auditory feedback (DAF) conditions with the normal auditory feedback (NAF) condition showed that the numbers of total, upward, and downward inflections and upward pitch shifts increased under DAF. In the DAF condition, average rates of upward and downward inflections decreased, and mean and median fundamental frequencies and total time increased. The only changes from the NAF to the masking condition were increases in mean and median fundamental frequencies.", "contents": "The effects of delayed auditory feedback and masking on the fundamental frequency of stutterers and nonstutterers. This investigation determined if fluency of the reader or type of auditory feedback changed characteristics of fundamental frequency or duration in oral reading by stutterers or nonstutterers. Mingographic tracings were made of sentences excerpted from tape recordings of paragraphs read by 15 adult male stutterers and 15 adult male nonstutterers in three conditions of feedback: normal auditory feedback (under earphones), delayed auditory feedback (0.14 sec delay), and masking (90 dB SPL). The data included 15 measures of fundamental frequency and two measures of duration. Stutterers read sentences in greater total time and with more downward inflections than nonstutterers. Comparison of the delayed auditory feedback (DAF) conditions with the normal auditory feedback (NAF) condition showed that the numbers of total, upward, and downward inflections and upward pitch shifts increased under DAF. In the DAF condition, average rates of upward and downward inflections decreased, and mean and median fundamental frequencies and total time increased. The only changes from the NAF to the masking condition were increases in mean and median fundamental frequencies.", "PMID": 491561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_854", "title": "Visual vowel and diphthong perception from two horizontal viewing angles.", "content": "This study investigated vowel and diphthong lipreading performance from 0 degree and 90 degree angles of observation. Sixteen English vowels and diphthongs were placed in an /h-g/ context to form the stimulus items. Each item was presented by a speaker ten times in random order for a total of 160 items. The speaker was simultaneously videotaped from 0 degree and 90 degree angles under optimal lighting conditions. Ten normal hearing adults subjects phonetically recorded the vowel or diphtong they perceived as each item was visually presented. The diphthong stimuli were significantly easier to identify than the vowel stimuli at both angles of observation. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 0 degree and 90 degree angles in terms of percentage of correct identifications of all phonemes examined. Orderly, predictable confusions also were observed. Those confusions occurring in visual diphthong recognition tended to shift toward the stressed vowel element of the diphthong or to a vowel produced in a manner similar to the stressed element.", "contents": "Visual vowel and diphthong perception from two horizontal viewing angles. This study investigated vowel and diphthong lipreading performance from 0 degree and 90 degree angles of observation. Sixteen English vowels and diphthongs were placed in an /h-g/ context to form the stimulus items. Each item was presented by a speaker ten times in random order for a total of 160 items. The speaker was simultaneously videotaped from 0 degree and 90 degree angles under optimal lighting conditions. Ten normal hearing adults subjects phonetically recorded the vowel or diphtong they perceived as each item was visually presented. The diphthong stimuli were significantly easier to identify than the vowel stimuli at both angles of observation. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 0 degree and 90 degree angles in terms of percentage of correct identifications of all phonemes examined. Orderly, predictable confusions also were observed. Those confusions occurring in visual diphthong recognition tended to shift toward the stressed vowel element of the diphthong or to a vowel produced in a manner similar to the stressed element.", "PMID": 491562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_855", "title": "Relationship between pictorial interpretation and comprehension of three spatial relations in school-age children.", "content": "Effects on spatial term comprehension as the result of transformations in the stimulus dimensions of six pictures containing the same three figures were explored using Piaget's concept of spatial perspective. A Modified Test of Pictorial Space (MTPS), adapted from Hudson's (1960) studies on non-Western pictorial perception strategies, was administered to 200 children, aged 6 yrs 5 mos to 11 yrs 3 mos. The purpose of the investigation was to gather data on (1) pictorial interpretation as a function of variations in perceptual depth cue complexity and transformations in conceptual perspective and (2) order of acquisition in the comprehension of two sets of spatial terms referring to perceptual object knowledge and more advanced conceptual knowledge of object relations. Significant age and IQ, but not sex, interactions were found for MTPS performance. Data analyses also supported predicted orders of acquisition and indicated that transformation of conceptual perspective better differentiated among the age span than did either perceptual depth cue complexity or comprehension of spatial terms. Findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications for constructing and interpreting pictorially-based language comprehension tasks.", "contents": "Relationship between pictorial interpretation and comprehension of three spatial relations in school-age children. Effects on spatial term comprehension as the result of transformations in the stimulus dimensions of six pictures containing the same three figures were explored using Piaget's concept of spatial perspective. A Modified Test of Pictorial Space (MTPS), adapted from Hudson's (1960) studies on non-Western pictorial perception strategies, was administered to 200 children, aged 6 yrs 5 mos to 11 yrs 3 mos. The purpose of the investigation was to gather data on (1) pictorial interpretation as a function of variations in perceptual depth cue complexity and transformations in conceptual perspective and (2) order of acquisition in the comprehension of two sets of spatial terms referring to perceptual object knowledge and more advanced conceptual knowledge of object relations. Significant age and IQ, but not sex, interactions were found for MTPS performance. Data analyses also supported predicted orders of acquisition and indicated that transformation of conceptual perspective better differentiated among the age span than did either perceptual depth cue complexity or comprehension of spatial terms. Findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications for constructing and interpreting pictorially-based language comprehension tasks.", "PMID": 491563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_856", "title": "Imitative modeling as a language intervention strategy: the effects of two mediating variables.", "content": "Previous research has indicated that language intervention strategies which stress the learning of abstract grammatical rules are more successful than those which emphasize specific stimulus-response associations. Accordingly, this study experimentally compared two such strategies (imitative modeling versus mimicry) to determine their relative effectiveness in teaching language-disordered children rules which they previously lacked. Moreover, two additional variables, reinforcement and whether the modeled examples originated with the clinician or with a separate, third-person model, were examined to determine their influence on the modeling process. The results suggest that modeling strategies were superior to mimicry, thereby replicating the earlier results of Courtright and Courtright (1976). In addition, it was found that neither reinforcement nor third-person models significantly increased the teaching effectiveness of modeling techniques. These results are discussed in terms of their pragmatic implications for practicing speech clinicians.", "contents": "Imitative modeling as a language intervention strategy: the effects of two mediating variables. Previous research has indicated that language intervention strategies which stress the learning of abstract grammatical rules are more successful than those which emphasize specific stimulus-response associations. Accordingly, this study experimentally compared two such strategies (imitative modeling versus mimicry) to determine their relative effectiveness in teaching language-disordered children rules which they previously lacked. Moreover, two additional variables, reinforcement and whether the modeled examples originated with the clinician or with a separate, third-person model, were examined to determine their influence on the modeling process. The results suggest that modeling strategies were superior to mimicry, thereby replicating the earlier results of Courtright and Courtright (1976). In addition, it was found that neither reinforcement nor third-person models significantly increased the teaching effectiveness of modeling techniques. These results are discussed in terms of their pragmatic implications for practicing speech clinicians.", "PMID": 491564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_857", "title": "Masking level differences: auditory evoked responses with homophasic and antiphasic signal and noise.", "content": "Two studies were devised to determine if objective quantification of the masking level difference is possible using the auditory evoked response (AER). In the first study, click stimuli were presented under three conditions: both the stimulus and masker in phase (SoNo); stimulus in phase, masker antiphasic (SoN pi); and stimulus antiphasic with masker in phase (S pi No). In the second study 1000 Hz puretone stimuli were presented under SoNo and S pi No phasic conditions. AER's were obtained at various intensity levels for each condition. The AER demonstrated differences in N1-P2 amplitudes evoked by the homophasic and antiphasic conditions for threshold and suprathreshold levels.", "contents": "Masking level differences: auditory evoked responses with homophasic and antiphasic signal and noise. Two studies were devised to determine if objective quantification of the masking level difference is possible using the auditory evoked response (AER). In the first study, click stimuli were presented under three conditions: both the stimulus and masker in phase (SoNo); stimulus in phase, masker antiphasic (SoN pi); and stimulus antiphasic with masker in phase (S pi No). In the second study 1000 Hz puretone stimuli were presented under SoNo and S pi No phasic conditions. AER's were obtained at various intensity levels for each condition. The AER demonstrated differences in N1-P2 amplitudes evoked by the homophasic and antiphasic conditions for threshold and suprathreshold levels.", "PMID": 491565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_858", "title": "Characterization of antigenic sialoglycoprotein subunits of the placental brush border membranes: comparison with liver and kidney membrane subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis.", "content": "The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes were labeled by sequential treatment with periodate and (3H)-sodium borohydride, which trititates sialic acid, and by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed (125I) iodination of tyrosine residues. The labeled subunits were characterized with respect to their affinity for antisera raised against Triton X-100 extracts of placental brush border membranes. The immunochemically reactive components were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis according to a modification of the O'Farrell technique [20] enabling the assignment of estimated Mr and pI. Of the 33 3H-labeled brush border subunits present in Triton X-100-solubilized membrane preparations, 18 subunits reacted with antiplacental brush border antisera insolubilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose or in immunoprecipitates. Fourteen of these tritiated subunits were also labeled with 125I, confirming that these are glycoproteins. The plasma membranes of normal human liver and microsomes from kidney were examined for the placental brush border glycoprotein subunits by reaction with insolubilized antiplacental brush border antisera and two-dimensional electrophoresis of the reacting tritium-labeled subunits. Comparison of the two-dimensional electrophoretic maps of the immunochemically reacting glycoproteins from liver, kidney, and placenta resulted in the identification of seven placental subunits in common with liver and kidney on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, Mr, and pI. Four placental glycoproteins were not found in the other tissues and are potentially specific to the placenta. Three of the placental subunits were only seen in placenta and kidney. Three of the subunits ran at the dye front and could not be assigned molecular weights. One of the subunits was poorly labeled by tritiation of sialic acid and was not considered.", "contents": "Characterization of antigenic sialoglycoprotein subunits of the placental brush border membranes: comparison with liver and kidney membrane subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes were labeled by sequential treatment with periodate and (3H)-sodium borohydride, which trititates sialic acid, and by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed (125I) iodination of tyrosine residues. The labeled subunits were characterized with respect to their affinity for antisera raised against Triton X-100 extracts of placental brush border membranes. The immunochemically reactive components were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis according to a modification of the O'Farrell technique [20] enabling the assignment of estimated Mr and pI. Of the 33 3H-labeled brush border subunits present in Triton X-100-solubilized membrane preparations, 18 subunits reacted with antiplacental brush border antisera insolubilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose or in immunoprecipitates. Fourteen of these tritiated subunits were also labeled with 125I, confirming that these are glycoproteins. The plasma membranes of normal human liver and microsomes from kidney were examined for the placental brush border glycoprotein subunits by reaction with insolubilized antiplacental brush border antisera and two-dimensional electrophoresis of the reacting tritium-labeled subunits. Comparison of the two-dimensional electrophoretic maps of the immunochemically reacting glycoproteins from liver, kidney, and placenta resulted in the identification of seven placental subunits in common with liver and kidney on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, Mr, and pI. Four placental glycoproteins were not found in the other tissues and are potentially specific to the placenta. Three of the placental subunits were only seen in placenta and kidney. Three of the subunits ran at the dye front and could not be assigned molecular weights. One of the subunits was poorly labeled by tritiation of sialic acid and was not considered.", "PMID": 491659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_859", "title": "Regulation of the cell cycle of 3T3 cells in culture by a surface membrane-enriched cell fraction.", "content": "Addition of a suspension of a surface membrane enriched fraction prepared from confluent 3T3 cells to sparse 3T3 cells in culture results in a concentration dependent and saturable decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The inhibition of cell growth by membranes resembles the inhibition of cell growth observed at confluent cell densities by a number of criteria: 1) In both cases the cells are arrested in the G1 portion of the cell cycle; 2) the inhibition by membranes or by high local cell density can to a large extent be compensated for by raising the serum concentration or by addition of fibroblast growth factor plus dexamethasone. Membranes prepared from sparse cultures inhibit less well than membranes from confluent cultures in a manner which suggests that binding of membranes to cells is not by itself sufficient to cause inhibition of cell growth. The inhibitory activity has a subcellular distribution similar to phosphodiesterase (a plasma membrane marker) and appears to reside in one or more intrinsic membrane components. Maximally, membranes can arrest about 40% of the cell population in each cell cycle. Plasma membranes obtained from sparse 3T3 cells are less inhibitory than membranes obtained from confluent cells. This suggests either that the inhibitory component(s) in the plasma membrane responsible for growth inhibition may be in part induced by high cell density, or that this component(s) may be lost from these membranes during purification.", "contents": "Regulation of the cell cycle of 3T3 cells in culture by a surface membrane-enriched cell fraction. Addition of a suspension of a surface membrane enriched fraction prepared from confluent 3T3 cells to sparse 3T3 cells in culture results in a concentration dependent and saturable decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The inhibition of cell growth by membranes resembles the inhibition of cell growth observed at confluent cell densities by a number of criteria: 1) In both cases the cells are arrested in the G1 portion of the cell cycle; 2) the inhibition by membranes or by high local cell density can to a large extent be compensated for by raising the serum concentration or by addition of fibroblast growth factor plus dexamethasone. Membranes prepared from sparse cultures inhibit less well than membranes from confluent cultures in a manner which suggests that binding of membranes to cells is not by itself sufficient to cause inhibition of cell growth. The inhibitory activity has a subcellular distribution similar to phosphodiesterase (a plasma membrane marker) and appears to reside in one or more intrinsic membrane components. Maximally, membranes can arrest about 40% of the cell population in each cell cycle. Plasma membranes obtained from sparse 3T3 cells are less inhibitory than membranes obtained from confluent cells. This suggests either that the inhibitory component(s) in the plasma membrane responsible for growth inhibition may be in part induced by high cell density, or that this component(s) may be lost from these membranes during purification.", "PMID": 491660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_860", "title": "Absence of effect of prenatal ethanol on adult emotionality and ethanol consumption in rats.", "content": "Lower peak blood ethanol concentrations after 1 and 2 g of ethanol per kg were found in pregnant rats than in virgin females. No significant differences in adult \"emotionality\" or ethanol consumption were found in rats exposed to prenatal alcohol and in pair-fed and untreated controls.", "contents": "Absence of effect of prenatal ethanol on adult emotionality and ethanol consumption in rats. Lower peak blood ethanol concentrations after 1 and 2 g of ethanol per kg were found in pregnant rats than in virgin females. No significant differences in adult \"emotionality\" or ethanol consumption were found in rats exposed to prenatal alcohol and in pair-fed and untreated controls.", "PMID": 491661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_861", "title": "Effects of ethanol on brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose in young rats.", "content": "Young rats, on a nutrient-fortified liquid diet containing 7% ethanol, showed decreases in brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose within 2 weeks; action on both compounds was delayed in forebrain, but decreases were apparent there after 6 weeks.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose in young rats. Young rats, on a nutrient-fortified liquid diet containing 7% ethanol, showed decreases in brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose within 2 weeks; action on both compounds was delayed in forebrain, but decreases were apparent there after 6 weeks.", "PMID": 491662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_862", "title": "Influence of gender on drinking in a modeling situation.", "content": "In a taste-test situation, both men and women college students drank more wine when paired with an experimental accomplice who drank heavily than when paired with a nondrinking accomplice.", "contents": "Influence of gender on drinking in a modeling situation. In a taste-test situation, both men and women college students drank more wine when paired with an experimental accomplice who drank heavily than when paired with a nondrinking accomplice.", "PMID": 491663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_863", "title": "Alcoholics and opiate addicts. Comparison of personality characteristics.", "content": "Compared with opiate addicts, alcoholics scored higher on the Hs (hypochondriasis), D (depression), Hy (hysteria). A (anxiety) and MacAndrew Scales of the MMPI and lower on the K (defensiveness). Ma (activity) and Es (ego strength) scales, but age was the most powerful discriminator between the two groups.", "contents": "Alcoholics and opiate addicts. Comparison of personality characteristics. Compared with opiate addicts, alcoholics scored higher on the Hs (hypochondriasis), D (depression), Hy (hysteria). A (anxiety) and MacAndrew Scales of the MMPI and lower on the K (defensiveness). Ma (activity) and Es (ego strength) scales, but age was the most powerful discriminator between the two groups.", "PMID": 491664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_864", "title": "An application of the multidimensional model of alcoholism to program effectiveness. Rehabilitation status and outcome.", "content": "Five months after treatment, five groups of alcoholics achieved varying levels of need satisfaction on measures of rehabilitation status and income, but showed no differences on measures of drinking status.", "contents": "An application of the multidimensional model of alcoholism to program effectiveness. Rehabilitation status and outcome. Five months after treatment, five groups of alcoholics achieved varying levels of need satisfaction on measures of rehabilitation status and income, but showed no differences on measures of drinking status.", "PMID": 491665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_865", "title": "Psychocultural barriers to successful alcoholism therapy in an American Indian patient. The relevance of Hallowell's analysis.", "content": "The responses of an Algonkian Indian woman during a clinical interview were found to be consistent with the pattern of emotional restraint described by A. I. Hallowell as characteristic of Northeastern Indians.", "contents": "Psychocultural barriers to successful alcoholism therapy in an American Indian patient. The relevance of Hallowell's analysis. The responses of an Algonkian Indian woman during a clinical interview were found to be consistent with the pattern of emotional restraint described by A. I. Hallowell as characteristic of Northeastern Indians.", "PMID": 491666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_866", "title": "Religious affiliation and adolescent drinking.", "content": "Of high-school students who attend church, fundamental Protestants are less likely to drink than are liberal Protestants and Roman Catholics; nonattenders are more likely than churchgoers to be heavy drinkers.", "contents": "Religious affiliation and adolescent drinking. Of high-school students who attend church, fundamental Protestants are less likely to drink than are liberal Protestants and Roman Catholics; nonattenders are more likely than churchgoers to be heavy drinkers.", "PMID": 491669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_867", "title": "Mortality among men alcoholics in Iceland, 1951--74.", "content": "In close to 3000 alcoholics followed up from 4 to 24 years after first contact with a treatment facility, the death rate was more than double the expected rate; the rates of death due to accidents and suicides were 4 times the expected rates.", "contents": "Mortality among men alcoholics in Iceland, 1951--74. In close to 3000 alcoholics followed up from 4 to 24 years after first contact with a treatment facility, the death rate was more than double the expected rate; the rates of death due to accidents and suicides were 4 times the expected rates.", "PMID": 491670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_868", "title": "Chlordiazepoxide and dropping out of a detoxication service.", "content": "There were no significant differences in the age, sex or chlordiazepoxide therapy of patients completing and patients not completing a 7-day detoxication program.", "contents": "Chlordiazepoxide and dropping out of a detoxication service. There were no significant differences in the age, sex or chlordiazepoxide therapy of patients completing and patients not completing a 7-day detoxication program.", "PMID": 491671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_869", "title": "Alcohol selection by strains of rats selectively bred for behavior.", "content": "Maudsley, Roman and Tryon rats showed strain differences in alcohol intake and alcohol preference ratio, and sex differences in alcohol intake.", "contents": "Alcohol selection by strains of rats selectively bred for behavior. Maudsley, Roman and Tryon rats showed strain differences in alcohol intake and alcohol preference ratio, and sex differences in alcohol intake.", "PMID": 491672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_870", "title": "Limited increases in alcohol intake by rats produced by infrequent periodic access.", "content": "Restricting rats' access to alcohol solution to every third or fourth day did not produce greater increases in alcohol consumption than the doubling caused by alternate-day access.", "contents": "Limited increases in alcohol intake by rats produced by infrequent periodic access. Restricting rats' access to alcohol solution to every third or fourth day did not produce greater increases in alcohol consumption than the doubling caused by alternate-day access.", "PMID": 491673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_871", "title": "Zinc and copper levels in whole blood and plasma from patients with squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck.", "content": "Zinc in plasma and whole blood from 13 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was significantly decreased, and the copper:zinc ratio in the plasma was significantly higher than in healthy controls. The plasma zinc was significantly lower in patients who did not respond to therapy and who died within 12 months than in those who responded to therapy and had a remission within 12--15 months. In patients responding to therapy and alive after 12--15 months, zinc in the plasma and whole blood and the copper:zinc ratio became normal. These results suggest a potential screening and predicting value of zinc in the plasma and whole blood and the copper:zinc ratio in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "contents": "Zinc and copper levels in whole blood and plasma from patients with squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck. Zinc in plasma and whole blood from 13 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was significantly decreased, and the copper:zinc ratio in the plasma was significantly higher than in healthy controls. The plasma zinc was significantly lower in patients who did not respond to therapy and who died within 12 months than in those who responded to therapy and had a remission within 12--15 months. In patients responding to therapy and alive after 12--15 months, zinc in the plasma and whole blood and the copper:zinc ratio became normal. These results suggest a potential screening and predicting value of zinc in the plasma and whole blood and the copper:zinc ratio in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "PMID": 491677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_872", "title": "Arsenically associated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin complicated by hypercalcemia is very rare. This report is of a patient with long-term exposure to medicinal oral arsenic who developed an extensive squamous cell carcinoma complicated by hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Arsenically associated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin complicated by hypercalcemia is very rare. This report is of a patient with long-term exposure to medicinal oral arsenic who developed an extensive squamous cell carcinoma complicated by hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 491678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_873", "title": "Gliomatosis peritonei: the value of a \"second look\" operation.", "content": "The case history of a 10-year-old black girl with gliomatosis peritonei, Grade 0, is presented. The primary tumour was resected and a \"second look\" operation carried out 3 months later. The glial implants demonstrated distinct circumferential and intra glial fibrosis (resolution). Because the peritoneal implants had undergone resolution, further therapy became unnecessary. We believe gliomatosis peritonei fully justifies a second laparotomy in order to be able to accurately grade the implants. The grade of the peritoneal implants influences the prognosis and therefore determines the type of therapy to be instituted.", "contents": "Gliomatosis peritonei: the value of a \"second look\" operation. The case history of a 10-year-old black girl with gliomatosis peritonei, Grade 0, is presented. The primary tumour was resected and a \"second look\" operation carried out 3 months later. The glial implants demonstrated distinct circumferential and intra glial fibrosis (resolution). Because the peritoneal implants had undergone resolution, further therapy became unnecessary. We believe gliomatosis peritonei fully justifies a second laparotomy in order to be able to accurately grade the implants. The grade of the peritoneal implants influences the prognosis and therefore determines the type of therapy to be instituted.", "PMID": 491679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_874", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as prognostic marker in colonic cancer.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay for serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed in 49 colonic cancer patients. The test results were positive in 42 patients (85.7%) in whom tumor was present at the time of assay. Preoperatively, CEA level suggested the extent and the prognosis of the disease. Strongly positive CEA test results in such patients correlated with metastatic tumors and poor prognosis. Postoperatively, a positive result for serum CEA indicated presence of residual tumor, while negative results did not exclude residual tumor. Periodic CEA determination in the patients who have undergone resection of colonic cancer may detect tumor recurrence that is at a treatable stage. The data show that patients in whom the immediate postoperative CEA concentration returns to normal have a much lower incidence of recurrent cancer of the colon than patients whose CEA level remains elevated.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as prognostic marker in colonic cancer. Radioimmunoassay for serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed in 49 colonic cancer patients. The test results were positive in 42 patients (85.7%) in whom tumor was present at the time of assay. Preoperatively, CEA level suggested the extent and the prognosis of the disease. Strongly positive CEA test results in such patients correlated with metastatic tumors and poor prognosis. Postoperatively, a positive result for serum CEA indicated presence of residual tumor, while negative results did not exclude residual tumor. Periodic CEA determination in the patients who have undergone resection of colonic cancer may detect tumor recurrence that is at a treatable stage. The data show that patients in whom the immediate postoperative CEA concentration returns to normal have a much lower incidence of recurrent cancer of the colon than patients whose CEA level remains elevated.", "PMID": 491680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_875", "title": "Mutilating sclerosing basal cell epithelioma.", "content": "A 59-year-old black woman presented with an ill-defined plaque on her nose. This appeared clinically suggestive of a sclerosing type of basal cell epithelioma (BCE). Microscopic sections demonstrated this diagnosis. Multiple excisions employing the microscopically controlled technique of Mohs traced the tumor deep into the nasal cartilage before histologic sections were free of tumor cells. This type of BCE deserves well planned therapy because of its destructive potential.", "contents": "Mutilating sclerosing basal cell epithelioma. A 59-year-old black woman presented with an ill-defined plaque on her nose. This appeared clinically suggestive of a sclerosing type of basal cell epithelioma (BCE). Microscopic sections demonstrated this diagnosis. Multiple excisions employing the microscopically controlled technique of Mohs traced the tumor deep into the nasal cartilage before histologic sections were free of tumor cells. This type of BCE deserves well planned therapy because of its destructive potential.", "PMID": 491681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_876", "title": "Results of treating 1,178 patients with breast cancer by radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation where metastases to axillary lymph nodes occurred.", "content": "A retrospective study of 1,178 females suffering from cancer of the breast and treated by radical mastectomy is presented. All operations were performed by essentially one group of four senior surgeons, each either trained or connected with Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York and spent practically all of his professional career in the treatment of cancer. The same techniques of surgery were practiced. The same principles of the overall treatment were utilized; namely, if there were no metastases to lymph nodes detected on histologic studies, no radiation therapy was given. If metastases were present in the axillary lymph nodes, each of the patients received postoperative radiation therapy. None received either chemotherapy nor immunotherapy, as primary treatment. The study includes all patients treated between 1930 and 1965 and complete follow-up data were obtained in 94.6% of all patients. Five hundred and ninety-six patients were classified histologically as Stage I (50.6%), 291 as Stage II (24.7%), 74 as Stage III (6.3%), and 217 patients (18.4%) were undetermined. The total number of patients who developed a second primary cancer in the remaining breast was 91 (7.7%), and only 51 patients (4.3%) developed local recurrences in the chest wall or axilla. The mean age of the patients was 51.9 years. The absolute 5-year survival of all patients was 64% and the 10-year survival equaled 54.6%. The 9.4% mortality between the 5- and 10-year survival emphasizes that the 10-year survival figures are a more accurate index of survival. The larger the tumor, usually the poorer the prognosis, except where the tumor was 8 cm or larger where the prognosis was rather good. This indicates some biologic resistance to the tumor, making patients with large tumors candidates for \"curative\" radical mastectomy. The delay in seeking treatment had minimal effect on the overall survival. Staging had a significant effect and the 5-year survival for the Stage I group was 81.7% which declined to 60.3% at the 10-year period. In the Stage II group, these values were less and averaged 63.7% 5-year survival and 47.2% 10-year survival. The 74 patients wiival at the 10-year period. It is concluded that radical mastectomy plays an important role in curing a significant number of patients with breast cancer. Whether it should be abandoned for more conservative surgery is a matter which further studies will indicate. This study presents a baseline investigation, under a more-or-less standard clinical situation for evaluating the accomplishments of the radical mastectomy.", "contents": "Results of treating 1,178 patients with breast cancer by radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation where metastases to axillary lymph nodes occurred. A retrospective study of 1,178 females suffering from cancer of the breast and treated by radical mastectomy is presented. All operations were performed by essentially one group of four senior surgeons, each either trained or connected with Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York and spent practically all of his professional career in the treatment of cancer. The same techniques of surgery were practiced. The same principles of the overall treatment were utilized; namely, if there were no metastases to lymph nodes detected on histologic studies, no radiation therapy was given. If metastases were present in the axillary lymph nodes, each of the patients received postoperative radiation therapy. None received either chemotherapy nor immunotherapy, as primary treatment. The study includes all patients treated between 1930 and 1965 and complete follow-up data were obtained in 94.6% of all patients. Five hundred and ninety-six patients were classified histologically as Stage I (50.6%), 291 as Stage II (24.7%), 74 as Stage III (6.3%), and 217 patients (18.4%) were undetermined. The total number of patients who developed a second primary cancer in the remaining breast was 91 (7.7%), and only 51 patients (4.3%) developed local recurrences in the chest wall or axilla. The mean age of the patients was 51.9 years. The absolute 5-year survival of all patients was 64% and the 10-year survival equaled 54.6%. The 9.4% mortality between the 5- and 10-year survival emphasizes that the 10-year survival figures are a more accurate index of survival. The larger the tumor, usually the poorer the prognosis, except where the tumor was 8 cm or larger where the prognosis was rather good. This indicates some biologic resistance to the tumor, making patients with large tumors candidates for \"curative\" radical mastectomy. The delay in seeking treatment had minimal effect on the overall survival. Staging had a significant effect and the 5-year survival for the Stage I group was 81.7% which declined to 60.3% at the 10-year period. In the Stage II group, these values were less and averaged 63.7% 5-year survival and 47.2% 10-year survival. The 74 patients wiival at the 10-year period. It is concluded that radical mastectomy plays an important role in curing a significant number of patients with breast cancer. Whether it should be abandoned for more conservative surgery is a matter which further studies will indicate. This study presents a baseline investigation, under a more-or-less standard clinical situation for evaluating the accomplishments of the radical mastectomy.", "PMID": 491682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_877", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in women with breast cancer.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 120 women with breast cancer. A strong association between age at tumor diagnosis and serum IgA levels was noted. Relative hypoglobulinemia of IgA was associated with appearance of tumors early in life, and was more frequent among women with family history of breast cancer and among those with poor prognosis. A strong association between levels of serum IgG and parity was noted. Parous women and/or those who had good prognosis had higher levels of serum IgG, compared to nulliparous women and those with poor prognosis. The observations indicate that serum immunoglobulins may be useful in the identification of women who have a high breast cancer risk and poor prognosis.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in women with breast cancer. Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 120 women with breast cancer. A strong association between age at tumor diagnosis and serum IgA levels was noted. Relative hypoglobulinemia of IgA was associated with appearance of tumors early in life, and was more frequent among women with family history of breast cancer and among those with poor prognosis. A strong association between levels of serum IgG and parity was noted. Parous women and/or those who had good prognosis had higher levels of serum IgG, compared to nulliparous women and those with poor prognosis. The observations indicate that serum immunoglobulins may be useful in the identification of women who have a high breast cancer risk and poor prognosis.", "PMID": 491683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_878", "title": "Alterations in gastrointestinal contents induced by elemental diets.", "content": "The effects of elemental diets on selected aspects of the rat colon were studied. Forty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 diet groups of 10 rats each: Purina Rat Chow (control); Flexical; Precision L-R; and Vivonex. All diets were fed ad lib to rats housed in pairs in wire-bottom cages. Two weeks after weight stabilization had been achieved all rats were killed and colon contents were collected for culture and short-chain fatty acid analysis on the Perkins-Elsoner 3920 gas chromatograph. Colon fecal butyric/acetic acid ratios of the rats in the 4 groups were: Rat Chow, 2.56; Flexical, 0.28; Precision L-R, 0.16; and Vivonex, 0.26. Bacterial cultures showed increased coliform and enterococcal species in the rats consuming elemental diets.", "contents": "Alterations in gastrointestinal contents induced by elemental diets. The effects of elemental diets on selected aspects of the rat colon were studied. Forty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 diet groups of 10 rats each: Purina Rat Chow (control); Flexical; Precision L-R; and Vivonex. All diets were fed ad lib to rats housed in pairs in wire-bottom cages. Two weeks after weight stabilization had been achieved all rats were killed and colon contents were collected for culture and short-chain fatty acid analysis on the Perkins-Elsoner 3920 gas chromatograph. Colon fecal butyric/acetic acid ratios of the rats in the 4 groups were: Rat Chow, 2.56; Flexical, 0.28; Precision L-R, 0.16; and Vivonex, 0.26. Bacterial cultures showed increased coliform and enterococcal species in the rats consuming elemental diets.", "PMID": 491684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_879", "title": "Chronic hematuria and localized bladder damage following combined cyclophosphamide and local radiotherapy.", "content": "A 13-year-old white male had Ewing sarcoma of the right pubic and ischial bones. Initial therapy consisted of 5,400 rads in seven weeks to the right side of the pelvis and 14 intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, CTX) at 500 mg/m2; BCNU and Adriamycin maintenance therapy continued for a total of two years. He has now been disease-free for five years. Three months following the completion of the right pelvic radiotherapy (RT), while on intravenous CTX, severe hematuria appeared, which subsided, but at present he has continuous microscopic hematuria, as well as periodic episodes of gross hematuria. Serial cystocopies initially revealed thickening and hemorrhagic and edematous changes on the right (irradiated) side of the bladder, and recent multiple telangiectatic patches have been demonstrated as a late \"healing\" phase. This case demonstrates the additive toxicity to the bladder of CTX and RT, illustrating that the hemorrhagic cystitis can be extremely protracted lasting five years.", "contents": "Chronic hematuria and localized bladder damage following combined cyclophosphamide and local radiotherapy. A 13-year-old white male had Ewing sarcoma of the right pubic and ischial bones. Initial therapy consisted of 5,400 rads in seven weeks to the right side of the pelvis and 14 intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, CTX) at 500 mg/m2; BCNU and Adriamycin maintenance therapy continued for a total of two years. He has now been disease-free for five years. Three months following the completion of the right pelvic radiotherapy (RT), while on intravenous CTX, severe hematuria appeared, which subsided, but at present he has continuous microscopic hematuria, as well as periodic episodes of gross hematuria. Serial cystocopies initially revealed thickening and hemorrhagic and edematous changes on the right (irradiated) side of the bladder, and recent multiple telangiectatic patches have been demonstrated as a late \"healing\" phase. This case demonstrates the additive toxicity to the bladder of CTX and RT, illustrating that the hemorrhagic cystitis can be extremely protracted lasting five years.", "PMID": 491685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_880", "title": "Spontaneous regression of a pulmonary metastasis after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Regressions of metastases following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma are rare. Most reported cases have involved pulmonary metastases. Hormonal and immunological mechanisms have been postulated. A case is described of a pulmonary metastasis which regressed after nephrectomy and which failed to recur despite the later appearance of new sites of pulmonary metastases. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of a pulmonary metastasis after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Regressions of metastases following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma are rare. Most reported cases have involved pulmonary metastases. Hormonal and immunological mechanisms have been postulated. A case is described of a pulmonary metastasis which regressed after nephrectomy and which failed to recur despite the later appearance of new sites of pulmonary metastases. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 491686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_881", "title": "Comparison of bubble and membrane oxygenators in short and long perfusions.", "content": "Eighty patients had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), half having short (109 +/- 11 minutes) perfusions and half having long (188 +/- 14 min) perfusions. Twenty patients in each group were perfused with bubble oxygenators (Bentley, Harvey, or Galen) and 20 with membrane oxygenators (Modulung or Teflo). Hemodilution to a hematocrit value of 22.5% +/- 1.4% and hypothermia to 28 degrees +/- 2 degrees C were used in all patients. Complete hemograms, sequential multiple analyzer 18 tests, coagulation profiles, blood gases and pH, three immunoglobulins, and two complement fraction proteins were sampled as follows: three times before perfusion, one to ten times during perfusion, 1 hour immediately after perfusion, and 4, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Data in concentration terms were compared statistically and reported as mean and standard error for each subset. Additionally, rates of gain or loss were calculated in terms of quantity per liter of blood pumped per minute. During perfusion for both duration sets, use of a membrane oxygenator resulted in greater pump flows (4.55 +/- 0.15 L/min versus 3.75 +/- 0.11 L/min), lower total peripheral resistances (1,125 +/- 63 dynes.sec.cm-5 versus 1,652 +/- 115 dynes.sec.cm-5), and greater urinary outputs (9.4 +/- 1.1 ml/min versus 2.2 +/- 0.6 ml/min) than in the bubble oxygenator subsets. Comparisons of measured and calculated data in the immediate postperfusion interval showed no differences between bubble and membrane oxygenator subsets for short perfusions. In long perfusions, the membrane subset had lower plasma hemoglobin and white cell concentrations and generation rates, smaller (3 to 8 1/2 times) losses of IgG, IgM, C3 and shed blood necessitating less transfusion, and greater C4 losses. The membrane oxygenator systems used were more complex and costly and offered no advantages for short perfusion in adults. In anticipated long perfusions or where bleeding may be a problem, a membrane oxygenator appears more efficacious than bubble systems. For perfusions of less than 2 hours, membrane oxygenators had no biochemical or hematologic advantage over the bubble devices used in this study.", "contents": "Comparison of bubble and membrane oxygenators in short and long perfusions. Eighty patients had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), half having short (109 +/- 11 minutes) perfusions and half having long (188 +/- 14 min) perfusions. Twenty patients in each group were perfused with bubble oxygenators (Bentley, Harvey, or Galen) and 20 with membrane oxygenators (Modulung or Teflo). Hemodilution to a hematocrit value of 22.5% +/- 1.4% and hypothermia to 28 degrees +/- 2 degrees C were used in all patients. Complete hemograms, sequential multiple analyzer 18 tests, coagulation profiles, blood gases and pH, three immunoglobulins, and two complement fraction proteins were sampled as follows: three times before perfusion, one to ten times during perfusion, 1 hour immediately after perfusion, and 4, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Data in concentration terms were compared statistically and reported as mean and standard error for each subset. Additionally, rates of gain or loss were calculated in terms of quantity per liter of blood pumped per minute. During perfusion for both duration sets, use of a membrane oxygenator resulted in greater pump flows (4.55 +/- 0.15 L/min versus 3.75 +/- 0.11 L/min), lower total peripheral resistances (1,125 +/- 63 dynes.sec.cm-5 versus 1,652 +/- 115 dynes.sec.cm-5), and greater urinary outputs (9.4 +/- 1.1 ml/min versus 2.2 +/- 0.6 ml/min) than in the bubble oxygenator subsets. Comparisons of measured and calculated data in the immediate postperfusion interval showed no differences between bubble and membrane oxygenator subsets for short perfusions. In long perfusions, the membrane subset had lower plasma hemoglobin and white cell concentrations and generation rates, smaller (3 to 8 1/2 times) losses of IgG, IgM, C3 and shed blood necessitating less transfusion, and greater C4 losses. The membrane oxygenator systems used were more complex and costly and offered no advantages for short perfusion in adults. In anticipated long perfusions or where bleeding may be a problem, a membrane oxygenator appears more efficacious than bubble systems. For perfusions of less than 2 hours, membrane oxygenators had no biochemical or hematologic advantage over the bubble devices used in this study.", "PMID": 491720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_882", "title": "Pulsatile perfusion versus conventional high-flow nonpulsatile perfusion for rapid core cooling and rewarming of infants for circulatory arrest in cardiac operation.", "content": "Thirty consecutive infants undergoing hypothermia and circulatory arrest for repair of ventricular septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, or atrioventricular canal defects were alternately selected for conventional high flow nonpulsatile perfusion or pulsatile perfusion during core cooling and rewarming. All received morphine anesthesia, 30 mg/kg of Solu-Medrol, and 10 to 15 mcg/kg of phentolamine. Those receiving nonpulsatile flow were perfused at a rate of 160 to 180 cc/kg/min with a roller pump and oxygenator with arterial pressure of 50 to 55 mm Hg. In the pulsatile flow group, a roller pump and oxygenator were used, and an especially constructed Datascope PAD (pulsatile assist device) was interposed in the arterial line to provide pulsatile perfusion with 75/40 mm Hg pressure at slightly reduced flow (150 cc/kg/min). The average rectal, esophageal, and tympanic membrane temperatures were reduced to approximately 16 degrees C prior to circulatory arrest. Following repair, perfusion was resumed until these temperatures returned to 37 degrees C. Cooling and rewarming were enhanced by pulsatile perfusion, with over 30% reduction in total pump time. Additionally, the larger patients in the pulsatile group cooled almost as rapidly as the smaller. The rates of decline and subsequent rise of rectal, esophageal, and tympanic membrane temperatures were equal in the pulsatile group, but the rectal temperature lagged far behind in the nonpulsatile group. Urine production during bypass was 100% greater in the pulsatile group. The plasma free hemoglobin was similar in both groups. The average postrewarming pH was 7.31 in the nonpulsatile group and 7.42 in the pulsatile group. Infants receiving pulsatile flow awakened more quickly, were more alert, and required less postoperative mechanical ventilation. We suggest that pulsatile perfusion for core cooling and rewarming of infants is safe and is more rapid and physiological than conventional high-flow nonpulsatile perfusion.", "contents": "Pulsatile perfusion versus conventional high-flow nonpulsatile perfusion for rapid core cooling and rewarming of infants for circulatory arrest in cardiac operation. Thirty consecutive infants undergoing hypothermia and circulatory arrest for repair of ventricular septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, or atrioventricular canal defects were alternately selected for conventional high flow nonpulsatile perfusion or pulsatile perfusion during core cooling and rewarming. All received morphine anesthesia, 30 mg/kg of Solu-Medrol, and 10 to 15 mcg/kg of phentolamine. Those receiving nonpulsatile flow were perfused at a rate of 160 to 180 cc/kg/min with a roller pump and oxygenator with arterial pressure of 50 to 55 mm Hg. In the pulsatile flow group, a roller pump and oxygenator were used, and an especially constructed Datascope PAD (pulsatile assist device) was interposed in the arterial line to provide pulsatile perfusion with 75/40 mm Hg pressure at slightly reduced flow (150 cc/kg/min). The average rectal, esophageal, and tympanic membrane temperatures were reduced to approximately 16 degrees C prior to circulatory arrest. Following repair, perfusion was resumed until these temperatures returned to 37 degrees C. Cooling and rewarming were enhanced by pulsatile perfusion, with over 30% reduction in total pump time. Additionally, the larger patients in the pulsatile group cooled almost as rapidly as the smaller. The rates of decline and subsequent rise of rectal, esophageal, and tympanic membrane temperatures were equal in the pulsatile group, but the rectal temperature lagged far behind in the nonpulsatile group. Urine production during bypass was 100% greater in the pulsatile group. The plasma free hemoglobin was similar in both groups. The average postrewarming pH was 7.31 in the nonpulsatile group and 7.42 in the pulsatile group. Infants receiving pulsatile flow awakened more quickly, were more alert, and required less postoperative mechanical ventilation. We suggest that pulsatile perfusion for core cooling and rewarming of infants is safe and is more rapid and physiological than conventional high-flow nonpulsatile perfusion.", "PMID": 491721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_883", "title": "Reversal of ischemic damage with secondary blood cardioplegia.", "content": "After severe ischemic injury, it is usually necessary to prolong bypass to enhance recovery. This study tests the hypothesis that the best reversal of ischemic damage is achieved by briefly rearresting the postischemic heart with a continuous infusion of an oxygenated cardioplegic solution (secondary blood cardioplegia) during the period when bypass must be prolonged. Twenty dogs underwent 45 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest. Fifteen minutes after unclamping, no heart could support the systemic circulation. In all dogs, oxygen demands were lowered by extending bypass for 30 minutes. In 10 of these dogs, demands were further lowered by rearresting the heart for 5 minutes with a continuous infusion of a 37 degrees C blood cardioplegic solution (K+28 mEq/L; pH 7.6; Ca++ 1 mEq/L) at a pressure of 50 mm Hg. Hearts treated with secondary blood cardioplegia showed greater recovery in the rate of contraction (-dP/dt 75% versus 62%, p less than 0.05) and relaxation (-dP/dt 76% versus 58%, p less than 0.05), better recovery of compliance (85% versus 51%, p less than 0.05), a higher stroke work index (0.72 versus 0.50 gm-m/Kg, p less than 0.05), and more ability to augment oxygen uptake (85% versus 45%, p less than 0.05) to meet the demands of the working heart than hearts treated by prolonging bypass alone. We conclude that rearresting the heart with a brief, continuous infusion of a blood cardioplegic solution results in more complete reversal of ischemic damage than possible by prolongation of a bypass alone. We believe that the increased recovery with secondary cardioplegia results from diversion of delivered oxygen toward reparative processes rather than its being expended needlessly on electromechanical work during the time when bypass must be prolonged.", "contents": "Reversal of ischemic damage with secondary blood cardioplegia. After severe ischemic injury, it is usually necessary to prolong bypass to enhance recovery. This study tests the hypothesis that the best reversal of ischemic damage is achieved by briefly rearresting the postischemic heart with a continuous infusion of an oxygenated cardioplegic solution (secondary blood cardioplegia) during the period when bypass must be prolonged. Twenty dogs underwent 45 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest. Fifteen minutes after unclamping, no heart could support the systemic circulation. In all dogs, oxygen demands were lowered by extending bypass for 30 minutes. In 10 of these dogs, demands were further lowered by rearresting the heart for 5 minutes with a continuous infusion of a 37 degrees C blood cardioplegic solution (K+28 mEq/L; pH 7.6; Ca++ 1 mEq/L) at a pressure of 50 mm Hg. Hearts treated with secondary blood cardioplegia showed greater recovery in the rate of contraction (-dP/dt 75% versus 62%, p less than 0.05) and relaxation (-dP/dt 76% versus 58%, p less than 0.05), better recovery of compliance (85% versus 51%, p less than 0.05), a higher stroke work index (0.72 versus 0.50 gm-m/Kg, p less than 0.05), and more ability to augment oxygen uptake (85% versus 45%, p less than 0.05) to meet the demands of the working heart than hearts treated by prolonging bypass alone. We conclude that rearresting the heart with a brief, continuous infusion of a blood cardioplegic solution results in more complete reversal of ischemic damage than possible by prolongation of a bypass alone. We believe that the increased recovery with secondary cardioplegia results from diversion of delivered oxygen toward reparative processes rather than its being expended needlessly on electromechanical work during the time when bypass must be prolonged.", "PMID": 491722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_884", "title": "Protection of myocardial function not enhanced by high concentrations of potassium during cardioplegic arrest.", "content": "Myocardial performance was evaluated intraoperatively in 20 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization when hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest was used. High concentrations of potassium (20 mEq/L) were compared to normal concentrations of potassium (5 mEq/L) in hypothermic cardioplegic solutions. The cardioplegic arrest period averaged 53 +/- 3 minutes in the high potassium group and 54 +/- 4 minutes in the low potassium group, Intraoperative calculation of ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume was accomplished by the technique of radiocardiography. All data were grouped according to end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) for both high (HK) and low (LK) potassium comparisons. Comparisons between high and low potassium groups demonstrated no significant differences in ejection fraction (HK = 66%, LK = 61%), cardiac index (HK = 2.74 L/min/m2, LK = 3.0 L/min/m2), stroke work (HK = 36 gm.m/m2, LK = 30 gm.m/m2), oxygen consumption as measured by left heart double product (HK = 9,438; LK = 9,209), and myocardial compliance (HK = 2.8 cc/torr, LK = 4.2 cc/torr at the post-cardioplegic arrest period). The role potassium plays in producing a rapid cardiac arrest is well accepted. Its protective effect on the preservation of high-energy phosphate stores is postulated, but its addition to perfusion hypothermia does not appear to enhance the protective effect observed with perfusion hypothermia alone.", "contents": "Protection of myocardial function not enhanced by high concentrations of potassium during cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial performance was evaluated intraoperatively in 20 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization when hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest was used. High concentrations of potassium (20 mEq/L) were compared to normal concentrations of potassium (5 mEq/L) in hypothermic cardioplegic solutions. The cardioplegic arrest period averaged 53 +/- 3 minutes in the high potassium group and 54 +/- 4 minutes in the low potassium group, Intraoperative calculation of ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume was accomplished by the technique of radiocardiography. All data were grouped according to end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) for both high (HK) and low (LK) potassium comparisons. Comparisons between high and low potassium groups demonstrated no significant differences in ejection fraction (HK = 66%, LK = 61%), cardiac index (HK = 2.74 L/min/m2, LK = 3.0 L/min/m2), stroke work (HK = 36 gm.m/m2, LK = 30 gm.m/m2), oxygen consumption as measured by left heart double product (HK = 9,438; LK = 9,209), and myocardial compliance (HK = 2.8 cc/torr, LK = 4.2 cc/torr at the post-cardioplegic arrest period). The role potassium plays in producing a rapid cardiac arrest is well accepted. Its protective effect on the preservation of high-energy phosphate stores is postulated, but its addition to perfusion hypothermia does not appear to enhance the protective effect observed with perfusion hypothermia alone.", "PMID": 491723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_885", "title": "Modified Senning operation for treatment of transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Since February, 1978, 42 infants ranging in age from 15 days to 16 months (mean age 6 months) and weighing between 2.0 and 9.0 kg (mean weight 5.8 kg) underwent a modified Senning I operation. Eleven (26%) underwent operation during the first 3 months of life. Twenty-nine patients had dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and an intact ventricular septum (Group I), and 13 patients had d-TGA and a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) (Group 2). In addition to the Senning I procedure, 13 patients had transatrial closure of their VSD, eight had ligation of a patient ductus arterioses, two had removal of a pulmonary artery band, and four had trans-pulmonary artery resection of short-segment subpulmonary stenosis. Modification of the original Senning operation included (1) patch augmentation (pericardium or Gore-Tex) of the atrial septal flap and (2) pericardial patch enlargement of the pulmonary venous pathway. One patient in Group 1 (3%) and two patients in Group 2 (15%) died after operation. A 2-week-old infant (Group 1) was treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE) for 2 weeks before operation. The other hospital deaths (Group 2) occurred in a 2-month-old infant with advanced ischemic damage to the right ventricle and a 4-month-old child with multiple VSDs and Grade IV pulmonary vascular disease. No caval gradients were found after modification of the right atrial incision. Two patients died later from pulmonary venous obstruction, one during attempted recatheterization and the other after repair of the pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient had transient complete heart block, and four were discharged in junctional rhythm. Thirty-four patients (87%) were in regular sinus rhythm when released from the hospital. Postoperative catheterizations in eight patients showed no significant gradients in six and severe pulmonary venous obstruction in two (late deaths). More late postoperative results are required, including postoperative catheterization and electrophysiological studies, before the relative merits of the Senning versus the Mustard operation can be assessed.", "contents": "Modified Senning operation for treatment of transposition of the great arteries. Since February, 1978, 42 infants ranging in age from 15 days to 16 months (mean age 6 months) and weighing between 2.0 and 9.0 kg (mean weight 5.8 kg) underwent a modified Senning I operation. Eleven (26%) underwent operation during the first 3 months of life. Twenty-nine patients had dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and an intact ventricular septum (Group I), and 13 patients had d-TGA and a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) (Group 2). In addition to the Senning I procedure, 13 patients had transatrial closure of their VSD, eight had ligation of a patient ductus arterioses, two had removal of a pulmonary artery band, and four had trans-pulmonary artery resection of short-segment subpulmonary stenosis. Modification of the original Senning operation included (1) patch augmentation (pericardium or Gore-Tex) of the atrial septal flap and (2) pericardial patch enlargement of the pulmonary venous pathway. One patient in Group 1 (3%) and two patients in Group 2 (15%) died after operation. A 2-week-old infant (Group 1) was treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE) for 2 weeks before operation. The other hospital deaths (Group 2) occurred in a 2-month-old infant with advanced ischemic damage to the right ventricle and a 4-month-old child with multiple VSDs and Grade IV pulmonary vascular disease. No caval gradients were found after modification of the right atrial incision. Two patients died later from pulmonary venous obstruction, one during attempted recatheterization and the other after repair of the pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient had transient complete heart block, and four were discharged in junctional rhythm. Thirty-four patients (87%) were in regular sinus rhythm when released from the hospital. Postoperative catheterizations in eight patients showed no significant gradients in six and severe pulmonary venous obstruction in two (late deaths). More late postoperative results are required, including postoperative catheterization and electrophysiological studies, before the relative merits of the Senning versus the Mustard operation can be assessed.", "PMID": 491725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_886", "title": "Complete transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Surgical management and anatomic considerations.", "content": "Surgical management of patients with complete transposition and intact ventricular septum may become difficult in the presence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A Mustard operation and direct resection of the obstruction through the pulmonary artery has been the treatment of choice for this combination. Our study of the structure of the left ventricular outflow tract in four specimens with the anatomic findings of complete transposition, intact ventricular septum, and subpulmonary stenosis suggests that direct resection of the stenosis through the pulmonary artery can seldom be adequate without major risk of damaging either the mitral valve or the conduction tissue. An alternative procedure, namely, a combined Mustard operation and insertion of an external conduit from the left ventricle to the main pulmonary artery, has been employed in the management of six patients with this combination of lesions. One early and one late death occurred. Postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in all of the survivors before discharge from the hospital showed good relief of the stenosis and no significant gradient across the conduit.", "contents": "Complete transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Surgical management and anatomic considerations. Surgical management of patients with complete transposition and intact ventricular septum may become difficult in the presence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A Mustard operation and direct resection of the obstruction through the pulmonary artery has been the treatment of choice for this combination. Our study of the structure of the left ventricular outflow tract in four specimens with the anatomic findings of complete transposition, intact ventricular septum, and subpulmonary stenosis suggests that direct resection of the stenosis through the pulmonary artery can seldom be adequate without major risk of damaging either the mitral valve or the conduction tissue. An alternative procedure, namely, a combined Mustard operation and insertion of an external conduit from the left ventricle to the main pulmonary artery, has been employed in the management of six patients with this combination of lesions. One early and one late death occurred. Postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in all of the survivors before discharge from the hospital showed good relief of the stenosis and no significant gradient across the conduit.", "PMID": 491726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_887", "title": "Transcatheter embolization of bronchial collateral arteries prior to intracardiac operation for tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "In a case of tetralogy of Fallot with numerous bronchial collateral arteries (BCA), the collateral arteries were successfully occluded by transcatheter embolization of Gelfoam and use of the Gianturco spring as a preliminary to intracardiac repair. Pulmonary embolism would not result from this procedure in the absence of large direct communications between collateral and pulmonary arteries. The femoral artery and vein were prepared for cannulation before the procedure, so that it would be possible to start assisted perfusion immediately if arterial PO2 fell after transcatheter embolization. The procedure is performed under fluoroscopic control.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization of bronchial collateral arteries prior to intracardiac operation for tetralogy of Fallot. In a case of tetralogy of Fallot with numerous bronchial collateral arteries (BCA), the collateral arteries were successfully occluded by transcatheter embolization of Gelfoam and use of the Gianturco spring as a preliminary to intracardiac repair. Pulmonary embolism would not result from this procedure in the absence of large direct communications between collateral and pulmonary arteries. The femoral artery and vein were prepared for cannulation before the procedure, so that it would be possible to start assisted perfusion immediately if arterial PO2 fell after transcatheter embolization. The procedure is performed under fluoroscopic control.", "PMID": 491727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_888", "title": "Simplified method for total correction of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect in infancy.", "content": "Type A interrupted aortic arch with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a 3-month-old infant was successfully corrected with the aid of profound hypothermia, limited cardiopulmonary bypass, and total circulatory arrest. The aortic arch was reconstructed by side-to-side anastomosis of the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery and then creation of a tube from the anastomotic orifice to the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by using a superabundant flap of the anterior wall of the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arteriotomy and VSD then were closed. The operative field can be approached easily through a median sternotomy with minimum dissection. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography 2 months later demonstrated a satisfactory reconstruction of both the aortic arch and the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Simplified method for total correction of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect in infancy. Type A interrupted aortic arch with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a 3-month-old infant was successfully corrected with the aid of profound hypothermia, limited cardiopulmonary bypass, and total circulatory arrest. The aortic arch was reconstructed by side-to-side anastomosis of the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery and then creation of a tube from the anastomotic orifice to the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by using a superabundant flap of the anterior wall of the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arteriotomy and VSD then were closed. The operative field can be approached easily through a median sternotomy with minimum dissection. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography 2 months later demonstrated a satisfactory reconstruction of both the aortic arch and the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 491728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_889", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic effects of mitral valve commissurotomy during rest and exercise in patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "Noninvasive radionuclide angiocardiography (RNA) provides simple and accurate assessment of parameters of cardiac function during rest and during maximal exercise. Left ventricular function was assessed by RNA in nine patients with isolated mitral stenosis before and approximately 6 months after mitral commissurotomy. Before operation, the mean mitral valve gradient was 14.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, and the mean mitral valve area was 1.20 +/- 0.3 cm2. Each patient was evaluated at rest and during maximal exercise on an isokinetic bicycle ergometer before and after commissurotomy. Heart rate, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, pulmonary transit time, cardiac output, and diastolic ventricular filling rate were determined by the radionuclide technique. Before operation, patients with mitral stenosis had characteristic changes from rest to exercise which supported restriction to diastolic ventricular filling as the primary limitation in generating a cardiac output during exercise. The stroke volume was unchanged from rest to exercise. Thus the cardiac output during exercise was heart rate dependent. However, after commissurotomy the stroke volume increased from rest to exercise. Therefore, cardiac output during exercise was achieved by heart rate and an augmented stroke volume. Moreover, the pulmonary transit time was reduced during rest and exercise after operation. The maximum ventricular ejection and filling rates were markedly increased during rest and exercise after commissurotomy. These differences in hemodynamic parameters at rest and during exercise document the mechanics of increased exercise tolerance in patients with mitral stenosis after mitral commissurotomy.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic effects of mitral valve commissurotomy during rest and exercise in patients with mitral stenosis. Noninvasive radionuclide angiocardiography (RNA) provides simple and accurate assessment of parameters of cardiac function during rest and during maximal exercise. Left ventricular function was assessed by RNA in nine patients with isolated mitral stenosis before and approximately 6 months after mitral commissurotomy. Before operation, the mean mitral valve gradient was 14.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, and the mean mitral valve area was 1.20 +/- 0.3 cm2. Each patient was evaluated at rest and during maximal exercise on an isokinetic bicycle ergometer before and after commissurotomy. Heart rate, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, pulmonary transit time, cardiac output, and diastolic ventricular filling rate were determined by the radionuclide technique. Before operation, patients with mitral stenosis had characteristic changes from rest to exercise which supported restriction to diastolic ventricular filling as the primary limitation in generating a cardiac output during exercise. The stroke volume was unchanged from rest to exercise. Thus the cardiac output during exercise was heart rate dependent. However, after commissurotomy the stroke volume increased from rest to exercise. Therefore, cardiac output during exercise was achieved by heart rate and an augmented stroke volume. Moreover, the pulmonary transit time was reduced during rest and exercise after operation. The maximum ventricular ejection and filling rates were markedly increased during rest and exercise after commissurotomy. These differences in hemodynamic parameters at rest and during exercise document the mechanics of increased exercise tolerance in patients with mitral stenosis after mitral commissurotomy.", "PMID": 491729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_890", "title": "Management of thoracic amebiasis.", "content": "The thoracic complications of amebiasis frequently necessitate surgical intervention. Experience with 28 patients is presented. Involvement included the pleura in 19 patients, the lungs in 10, and the pericardium in five. In 25%, more than one site was involved. Treatment consisted of measures designed to obliterate the pleural space or widely drain the pericardial sac, as indicated. Concurrent drainage of the associated amebic liver abscess was done in half the cases. The mortality rate was 36%, generally related to the poor general condition of the patients and their delay in seeking hospitalization.", "contents": "Management of thoracic amebiasis. The thoracic complications of amebiasis frequently necessitate surgical intervention. Experience with 28 patients is presented. Involvement included the pleura in 19 patients, the lungs in 10, and the pericardium in five. In 25%, more than one site was involved. Treatment consisted of measures designed to obliterate the pleural space or widely drain the pericardial sac, as indicated. Concurrent drainage of the associated amebic liver abscess was done in half the cases. The mortality rate was 36%, generally related to the poor general condition of the patients and their delay in seeking hospitalization.", "PMID": 491730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_891", "title": "Measurement of ventilatory reserve as an indicator for early extubation after cardiac operation.", "content": "The decision to perform tracheal extubation in 44 patients who underwent cardiac operation was based on an assessment of mental alertness, recovery of muscle strength, hemodynamic stability, and adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange. No patients required reintubation. Concomitant measurements of vital capacity (VC) and maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) were made before a trial of spontaneous ventilation was commenced, after 45 minutes of spontaneous ventilation, and after tracheal extubation. By generally accepted criteria, these measurements suggested the need for continuing mechanical ventilation in 14 patients at the time mechanical ventilatory support was removed and in eight patients at the time of tracheal extubation. In this study, consideration of measurements of VC and PImax would have led to longer trachael intubation, especially in those patients who were extubated within 10 hours of the completion of anesthesia.", "contents": "Measurement of ventilatory reserve as an indicator for early extubation after cardiac operation. The decision to perform tracheal extubation in 44 patients who underwent cardiac operation was based on an assessment of mental alertness, recovery of muscle strength, hemodynamic stability, and adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange. No patients required reintubation. Concomitant measurements of vital capacity (VC) and maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) were made before a trial of spontaneous ventilation was commenced, after 45 minutes of spontaneous ventilation, and after tracheal extubation. By generally accepted criteria, these measurements suggested the need for continuing mechanical ventilation in 14 patients at the time mechanical ventilatory support was removed and in eight patients at the time of tracheal extubation. In this study, consideration of measurements of VC and PImax would have led to longer trachael intubation, especially in those patients who were extubated within 10 hours of the completion of anesthesia.", "PMID": 491731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_892", "title": "The hemodynamic effect of dopamine in children.", "content": "Although dopamine is a useful therapeutic agent to augment cardiac function in adults, there is little information about the hemodynamic effects of dopamine in children. To delineate the hemodynamic effects of dopamine in children, we infused two doses of dopamine (2 and 7.75 micrograms/kg/min) into 10 children during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. We measured heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, right atrial, and pulmonary capillary blood pressure, and cardiac output. During infusion of 7.75 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine, cardiac index increased from 3.9 to 5.4 L/min/m2, stroke volume increased from 43 to 57 ml/stroke and systemic vascular resistance declined from 1,697 to 1,165 dynes-cm-5-sec-m2. These indices also were changed significantly from control during infusion of 2 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine. The ratio of mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure to mean systemic arterial blood pressure in one patient with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease increased from 0.73 to 1.15, and ventricular bigeminy occurred during infusion of 7.75 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine. Dopamine is a potentially useful inotropic agent in children, but the use of dopamine may be contraindicated in patients with elevated and fixed vascular resistance.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effect of dopamine in children. Although dopamine is a useful therapeutic agent to augment cardiac function in adults, there is little information about the hemodynamic effects of dopamine in children. To delineate the hemodynamic effects of dopamine in children, we infused two doses of dopamine (2 and 7.75 micrograms/kg/min) into 10 children during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. We measured heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, right atrial, and pulmonary capillary blood pressure, and cardiac output. During infusion of 7.75 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine, cardiac index increased from 3.9 to 5.4 L/min/m2, stroke volume increased from 43 to 57 ml/stroke and systemic vascular resistance declined from 1,697 to 1,165 dynes-cm-5-sec-m2. These indices also were changed significantly from control during infusion of 2 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine. The ratio of mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure to mean systemic arterial blood pressure in one patient with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease increased from 0.73 to 1.15, and ventricular bigeminy occurred during infusion of 7.75 micrograms/kg/min of dopamine. Dopamine is a potentially useful inotropic agent in children, but the use of dopamine may be contraindicated in patients with elevated and fixed vascular resistance.", "PMID": 491732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_893", "title": "Plasma vasopressin levels and urinary flow during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with valvular heart disease: effect of pulsatile flow.", "content": "The effect of pulsatile flow on plasma vasopressin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was studied in 20 patients undergoing open valve replacement. Routine bypass was used in 10 patients and the AVCO pulsatile bypass pump was utilized in the other 10. In Group I (nonpulsatile) during CPB, the vasopressin level was markedly elevated (3.1 +/- 2 to 80 +/- 22 pg/ml) as was urine flow (0.6 +/- 0.2 to 5.9 +/- 2 ml/min) and urine Na+ concentration (69 +/- 19 to 116 +/- 7 mEq/L). In Group II (pulsatile) during CPB, the vasopressin level (3.8 +/- 3 to 54 +/- 14 pg/ml), urine flow (0.6 +/- 0.1 to 16.2 +/- 4.8 ml/min), and urine Na+ concentrations (61 +/- 13 to 97 +/- 10 mEq/L) were also elevated. The rise in vasopressin and urine Na+ was less in the pulsatile group (p less than 0.05) whereas the urine flow was higher (p less than 0.05). To maintain comparable blood pressure, the pulsatile flow group required significantly higher flows (4.5 +/- 0.2 compared to 3.8 +/- 0.2; p less than 0.05). These data suggest that CPB produces a marked vasopressin stress response which is beyond the physiological range for an antidiuretic effect on the kidney. At these levels vasopressin can exert a vasopressor effect to maintain resistance and affect renal blood flow, as well as producing an Na+ diuresis. The addition of pulsatile flow creates a more physiological situation attenuating the vasopressin response and producing a decrease in systemic resistance and a less pronounced Na+ diuresis.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin levels and urinary flow during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with valvular heart disease: effect of pulsatile flow. The effect of pulsatile flow on plasma vasopressin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was studied in 20 patients undergoing open valve replacement. Routine bypass was used in 10 patients and the AVCO pulsatile bypass pump was utilized in the other 10. In Group I (nonpulsatile) during CPB, the vasopressin level was markedly elevated (3.1 +/- 2 to 80 +/- 22 pg/ml) as was urine flow (0.6 +/- 0.2 to 5.9 +/- 2 ml/min) and urine Na+ concentration (69 +/- 19 to 116 +/- 7 mEq/L). In Group II (pulsatile) during CPB, the vasopressin level (3.8 +/- 3 to 54 +/- 14 pg/ml), urine flow (0.6 +/- 0.1 to 16.2 +/- 4.8 ml/min), and urine Na+ concentrations (61 +/- 13 to 97 +/- 10 mEq/L) were also elevated. The rise in vasopressin and urine Na+ was less in the pulsatile group (p less than 0.05) whereas the urine flow was higher (p less than 0.05). To maintain comparable blood pressure, the pulsatile flow group required significantly higher flows (4.5 +/- 0.2 compared to 3.8 +/- 0.2; p less than 0.05). These data suggest that CPB produces a marked vasopressin stress response which is beyond the physiological range for an antidiuretic effect on the kidney. At these levels vasopressin can exert a vasopressor effect to maintain resistance and affect renal blood flow, as well as producing an Na+ diuresis. The addition of pulsatile flow creates a more physiological situation attenuating the vasopressin response and producing a decrease in systemic resistance and a less pronounced Na+ diuresis.", "PMID": 491733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_894", "title": "Measurement of postoperative cardiac output by thermodilution in pediatric and adult patients.", "content": "Serial cardiac output determinations were made by the thermodilution technique in 51 patients by means of a No. 2 Fr. thermistor catheter placed directly into the pulmonary artery at cardiac operation. Correlations were determined prospectively between thermodilution measurements of cardiac output and other commonly used indirect clinical parameters. Serial indicator dye-dilution curves were performed in 24 of these patients and compared with simultaneous thermodilution measurements. A high correlation (r = 0.97) was noted between dye curve measurements of cardiac output and thermal measurements. Statistically significant correlations were also seen between cardiac output and both the quality of the peripheral pulses and the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, but no significant correlations were found between the measured cardiac outputs and other variables. This study confirms the necessity for direct measurement of cardiac output for its accurate assessment.", "contents": "Measurement of postoperative cardiac output by thermodilution in pediatric and adult patients. Serial cardiac output determinations were made by the thermodilution technique in 51 patients by means of a No. 2 Fr. thermistor catheter placed directly into the pulmonary artery at cardiac operation. Correlations were determined prospectively between thermodilution measurements of cardiac output and other commonly used indirect clinical parameters. Serial indicator dye-dilution curves were performed in 24 of these patients and compared with simultaneous thermodilution measurements. A high correlation (r = 0.97) was noted between dye curve measurements of cardiac output and thermal measurements. Statistically significant correlations were also seen between cardiac output and both the quality of the peripheral pulses and the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, but no significant correlations were found between the measured cardiac outputs and other variables. This study confirms the necessity for direct measurement of cardiac output for its accurate assessment.", "PMID": 491734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_895", "title": "Food stimulated lymph flow in the neck region.", "content": "Food stimulated lymph flow in the neck region was studied in 8 patients. In each patient there was a significant increase in lymph flow during eating. Changes in lymph flow occurred rapidly and it is suggested that lymph transport is an active process.", "contents": "Food stimulated lymph flow in the neck region. Food stimulated lymph flow in the neck region was studied in 8 patients. In each patient there was a significant increase in lymph flow during eating. Changes in lymph flow occurred rapidly and it is suggested that lymph transport is an active process.", "PMID": 491735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_896", "title": "The effect of taste and mastication on lymph flow in the neck region.", "content": "In 10 out of 12 patients, there was a significantly stimulatory effect on lymph flow during taste and in 9 out of 10 patients there was a significant stimulatory effect on lymph flow during mastication. The stimulatory effect of mastication could be a parallel to the conditions observed in the leg but the stimulatory effect of taste could also indicate an active process perhaps of neurogenic origin.", "contents": "The effect of taste and mastication on lymph flow in the neck region. In 10 out of 12 patients, there was a significantly stimulatory effect on lymph flow during taste and in 9 out of 10 patients there was a significant stimulatory effect on lymph flow during mastication. The stimulatory effect of mastication could be a parallel to the conditions observed in the leg but the stimulatory effect of taste could also indicate an active process perhaps of neurogenic origin.", "PMID": 491736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_897", "title": "Cytoclasmosis in central lymph production.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations and ancillary data are reviewed to show that lymphatic organs produce quantities of central lymph by releasing cytoplasm-depleted cells into colloidal hydrosols produced by cell fragmentation (cytoclasmosis).", "contents": "Cytoclasmosis in central lymph production. Electron microscopic observations and ancillary data are reviewed to show that lymphatic organs produce quantities of central lymph by releasing cytoplasm-depleted cells into colloidal hydrosols produced by cell fragmentation (cytoclasmosis).", "PMID": 491737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_898", "title": "A fine structural study of variations in protein concentration in lacteals during compression and relaxation.", "content": "The ratios of plasma proteins and ferritin (introduced into the gut) were determined between the jejunal lacteals and the interstitial channels in puppies. This was done by fine structural densitometry and the counting of molecules, respectively. In the normal state this ratio was approximately 2. In portions of tissue whose smooth muscle had been relaxed by atropine the ratio was approximately 1; in others, where the muscle had been contracted by Carbacol, it was approximately 3. These latter correspond approximately to the filling-phase and the emptying-phase of the initial lymphatic cycle, respectively. Thus the evidence was strengthened for an hypothesis, which holds that the filling is caused by the high effective colloidal osmotic pressure of the concentrated lymph.", "contents": "A fine structural study of variations in protein concentration in lacteals during compression and relaxation. The ratios of plasma proteins and ferritin (introduced into the gut) were determined between the jejunal lacteals and the interstitial channels in puppies. This was done by fine structural densitometry and the counting of molecules, respectively. In the normal state this ratio was approximately 2. In portions of tissue whose smooth muscle had been relaxed by atropine the ratio was approximately 1; in others, where the muscle had been contracted by Carbacol, it was approximately 3. These latter correspond approximately to the filling-phase and the emptying-phase of the initial lymphatic cycle, respectively. Thus the evidence was strengthened for an hypothesis, which holds that the filling is caused by the high effective colloidal osmotic pressure of the concentrated lymph.", "PMID": 491738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_899", "title": "Electronmicroscopic studies on the peritoneal resorption of intraperitoneally injected latex particles via the diaphragmatic lymphatics.", "content": "Intraperitoneally injected latex particles with a diameter of 1,1 mu are resorbed via the subperitoneal diaphragmatic lymphatics. The latex particles enter the lymphatics by stomata. These are formed by simultaneous intracellular gaps between neighbouring mesothelial and endothelial cells in the tissue barrier, between the lumen of the lymph vessels and the peritoneal cavity. A transcellular passage (cytopempsis) does not occur. Stomata occur where collagenous fibres and a submesothelial basement membrane are absent. Due to the complete absence of collagenous fibres in the area of the stomata particles smaller than the diameter of the stomata may be resorbed easily.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic studies on the peritoneal resorption of intraperitoneally injected latex particles via the diaphragmatic lymphatics. Intraperitoneally injected latex particles with a diameter of 1,1 mu are resorbed via the subperitoneal diaphragmatic lymphatics. The latex particles enter the lymphatics by stomata. These are formed by simultaneous intracellular gaps between neighbouring mesothelial and endothelial cells in the tissue barrier, between the lumen of the lymph vessels and the peritoneal cavity. A transcellular passage (cytopempsis) does not occur. Stomata occur where collagenous fibres and a submesothelial basement membrane are absent. Due to the complete absence of collagenous fibres in the area of the stomata particles smaller than the diameter of the stomata may be resorbed easily.", "PMID": 491739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_900", "title": "The demonstration of the lymphatic pathways of the Pacinian corpuscles in the mesojejunum of the cat.", "content": "The possibilities of a combination of modified injection techniques are described. This allows the lymphokinetic effect of a drug to produce a definite improvement in the morphological demonstration of the lymphatics.", "contents": "The demonstration of the lymphatic pathways of the Pacinian corpuscles in the mesojejunum of the cat. The possibilities of a combination of modified injection techniques are described. This allows the lymphokinetic effect of a drug to produce a definite improvement in the morphological demonstration of the lymphatics.", "PMID": 491740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_901", "title": "Time of exchange of 131I-labeled albumin between plasma and peripheral lymph in man.", "content": "The passage from blood to peripheral lymph of 131I-labeled human serum albumin has been studied in 6 male patients (30-70 years) with malignancies without metastases. On the first day the concentration of radio-labeled albumin in the blood was kept almost constant by repeated i.v. injections. Lymph was collected continuously from a cannulated subcutaneous lymph vessel on the leg. Two hours after the first i.v. injection of radiolabeled albumin the lymph contained significant amounts of radioactivity in all patients. Equilibrium between radioactivity in blood and lymph was reached after 26 hrs. This indicates a long \"wash out time\" of unlabeled protein in the interstitial tissue from where lymph has been sampled.", "contents": "Time of exchange of 131I-labeled albumin between plasma and peripheral lymph in man. The passage from blood to peripheral lymph of 131I-labeled human serum albumin has been studied in 6 male patients (30-70 years) with malignancies without metastases. On the first day the concentration of radio-labeled albumin in the blood was kept almost constant by repeated i.v. injections. Lymph was collected continuously from a cannulated subcutaneous lymph vessel on the leg. Two hours after the first i.v. injection of radiolabeled albumin the lymph contained significant amounts of radioactivity in all patients. Equilibrium between radioactivity in blood and lymph was reached after 26 hrs. This indicates a long \"wash out time\" of unlabeled protein in the interstitial tissue from where lymph has been sampled.", "PMID": 491741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_902", "title": "Intrinsic contractility of leg lymphatics in man. Preliminary communication.", "content": "Intralymphatic pressures were measured in subcutaneous trunks of 5 randomly selected healthy individuals. Rhythmic pulse waves of different frequency, amplitude of 1-33 mmHg, duration of 6-8 sec and steadily increasing mean pressure up to 50-120 mmHg were found, with subjects in the upright position and motionless. Coincidence of the rhythm of pulse waves with the rhythm of expression of drops of lymph from the cannula strongly suggests that pressures necessary to propel lymph were generated by the contractility of lymph vessel wall.", "contents": "Intrinsic contractility of leg lymphatics in man. Preliminary communication. Intralymphatic pressures were measured in subcutaneous trunks of 5 randomly selected healthy individuals. Rhythmic pulse waves of different frequency, amplitude of 1-33 mmHg, duration of 6-8 sec and steadily increasing mean pressure up to 50-120 mmHg were found, with subjects in the upright position and motionless. Coincidence of the rhythm of pulse waves with the rhythm of expression of drops of lymph from the cannula strongly suggests that pressures necessary to propel lymph were generated by the contractility of lymph vessel wall.", "PMID": 491742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_903", "title": "Histological and autoradiographic changes in locally irradiated lymph nodes (an experimental study on rabbits).", "content": "The authors studied the local effect of 3000 Rxl X-ray irradiation on the popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits. Beside the morpho-histological description autoradiography was performed after injection of H3-thymidine in the afferent lymphatic of the irradiated knee node. The main finding is the appearance of newly-formed germinal centers between the 6-10. days after irradiation.", "contents": "Histological and autoradiographic changes in locally irradiated lymph nodes (an experimental study on rabbits). The authors studied the local effect of 3000 Rxl X-ray irradiation on the popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits. Beside the morpho-histological description autoradiography was performed after injection of H3-thymidine in the afferent lymphatic of the irradiated knee node. The main finding is the appearance of newly-formed germinal centers between the 6-10. days after irradiation.", "PMID": 491743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_904", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the eye of the amber snail Succinea putris (L.) (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)].", "content": "The structure and some aspects of the development of the eye of Succinea putris were studied with the aid of the electron microscope. The eye is of the closed vesicle type and is composed of retina, cornea, vitreous body, lens and optic nerve. Three different types of cell are to be found in the retina: (1) the small elongated pigment cell with an avoid nucleus, many pigment granulae and short microvilli at the apical end of the cell; (2) the sensory cell type I with a large irregular nucleus, long microvilli, which extend to under the surface of the lens, a large number of light-cored vesicles, 700 A in diameter and the axon; (3) the elongated slender sensory cell type II with many dense cored vesicles, several pigment granulae in the distal region of the cell and short irregular microvilli at the apical end of the cell. This type is few in number. Two results of the study of the embryonic eye are described: the cornea cells differ from those in the adult eye in the nucleus-cytoplasm relation and the optic nerve is smaller than in the adult eye.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the eye of the amber snail Succinea putris (L.) (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)]. The structure and some aspects of the development of the eye of Succinea putris were studied with the aid of the electron microscope. The eye is of the closed vesicle type and is composed of retina, cornea, vitreous body, lens and optic nerve. Three different types of cell are to be found in the retina: (1) the small elongated pigment cell with an avoid nucleus, many pigment granulae and short microvilli at the apical end of the cell; (2) the sensory cell type I with a large irregular nucleus, long microvilli, which extend to under the surface of the lens, a large number of light-cored vesicles, 700 A in diameter and the axon; (3) the elongated slender sensory cell type II with many dense cored vesicles, several pigment granulae in the distal region of the cell and short irregular microvilli at the apical end of the cell. This type is few in number. Two results of the study of the embryonic eye are described: the cornea cells differ from those in the adult eye in the nucleus-cytoplasm relation and the optic nerve is smaller than in the adult eye.", "PMID": 491746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_905", "title": "The fine structure of the oocyte and follicle cells of Lymnaea stagnalis, with special reference to the nutrition of the oocyte.", "content": "A description is given of the configuration of the surface membrane in the 3 zones of the polarised system of oocyte and follicle cells. Thus the cell contacts and relationships between these cells are considered and speculation on the significance of surface morphology in the passage of substances into the enlarging oocyte, is included.", "contents": "The fine structure of the oocyte and follicle cells of Lymnaea stagnalis, with special reference to the nutrition of the oocyte. A description is given of the configuration of the surface membrane in the 3 zones of the polarised system of oocyte and follicle cells. Thus the cell contacts and relationships between these cells are considered and speculation on the significance of surface morphology in the passage of substances into the enlarging oocyte, is included.", "PMID": 491747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_906", "title": "[Electron microscoic study on the regeneration of the cerata].", "content": "The regeneration of the cerata was studied in Aeolidiella soemmeringi (Leuckart, 1828) by light and electron microscopy. After amputation of the tips of the cerata the edges of the epidermis and of the hepatopancreas are drawn together by muscular contraction. The restitution of the cnidosac and of the hepatopancreas begins within groups of reserve cells, which are to be found in the hepatopancreas at each time. The restitution of the epidermis starts from undifferentiated replacement cells in the epidermis. Undifferentiated cells, which probably are fibroblasts and amoebocytes form a loose, spongy blastema. The amoebocytes become more and more loaded with phagocyte material and often show a pycnotic nucleus with very densely packed chromatin, while the fibroblasts predominantly form the fibrocytes of the mesenchym of the growing ceras. Thus it seems, that to a certain extent each tissue, i.e. ectoderm, entoderm and mesoderm, retains its individuality and is repaired from its own elements.", "contents": "[Electron microscoic study on the regeneration of the cerata]. The regeneration of the cerata was studied in Aeolidiella soemmeringi (Leuckart, 1828) by light and electron microscopy. After amputation of the tips of the cerata the edges of the epidermis and of the hepatopancreas are drawn together by muscular contraction. The restitution of the cnidosac and of the hepatopancreas begins within groups of reserve cells, which are to be found in the hepatopancreas at each time. The restitution of the epidermis starts from undifferentiated replacement cells in the epidermis. Undifferentiated cells, which probably are fibroblasts and amoebocytes form a loose, spongy blastema. The amoebocytes become more and more loaded with phagocyte material and often show a pycnotic nucleus with very densely packed chromatin, while the fibroblasts predominantly form the fibrocytes of the mesenchym of the growing ceras. Thus it seems, that to a certain extent each tissue, i.e. ectoderm, entoderm and mesoderm, retains its individuality and is repaired from its own elements.", "PMID": 491748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_907", "title": "Microelectrode investigations of learning phenomena in snail (Helix pomatia) neurones.", "content": "We have examined changes of postsynaptic potentials and of pattern activity of the identified silent and oscillatory snail neurones in Helix pomatia during conditioning. Local changes of EPSP or IPSP have been recorded during association following the first stimulus in the silent cells, whereas spike discharges could be observed in response to the 2nd stimulus. In the oscillatory neurones changes of pattern activity have been recorded following the 2nd stimulus, while the first stimulus proved to be ineffective. The formation of temporary connections of snail neurones seemed to be a specific phenomenon, because it was necessary to pair stimuli of different inputs for the development of these modifications. These plastic changes seemed to depend on the interstimulus as well as on the intertrial intervals. Our experimental data underline the probable role of the stimulus parameters and of the electrical properties of neurones during the formation of learned neuronal responses.", "contents": "Microelectrode investigations of learning phenomena in snail (Helix pomatia) neurones. We have examined changes of postsynaptic potentials and of pattern activity of the identified silent and oscillatory snail neurones in Helix pomatia during conditioning. Local changes of EPSP or IPSP have been recorded during association following the first stimulus in the silent cells, whereas spike discharges could be observed in response to the 2nd stimulus. In the oscillatory neurones changes of pattern activity have been recorded following the 2nd stimulus, while the first stimulus proved to be ineffective. The formation of temporary connections of snail neurones seemed to be a specific phenomenon, because it was necessary to pair stimuli of different inputs for the development of these modifications. These plastic changes seemed to depend on the interstimulus as well as on the intertrial intervals. Our experimental data underline the probable role of the stimulus parameters and of the electrical properties of neurones during the formation of learned neuronal responses.", "PMID": 491749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_908", "title": "Peripheral and central photoreception in Aplysia fasciata.", "content": "Extraocular photosensitivity in Aplysia fasciata was studied in the skin and in the central nervous system (CNS). Local illumination causes contractions of the muscles of the body wall, which are obviously mediated by the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Afferent sensory activity is supposedly mainly dependent on stretch reception. Light-induced peripheral reflexes habituate after repetitive stimulation in preparations in which the CNS is present. In preparations without CNS light-induced contractions are remarkably stronger and do not habituate after repititive stimulation. Central responses to peripheral stimulation could be evoked by both \"light on\" and \"light off\" stimulation, indicating that 2 types of photosensitive elements are present in the periphery. Observations on isolated CNS-preparations revealed that in the central ganglia photoreceptive elements are also present. Here, too, elements responding to the onset as well as elements responding to the offset of light have been detected.", "contents": "Peripheral and central photoreception in Aplysia fasciata. Extraocular photosensitivity in Aplysia fasciata was studied in the skin and in the central nervous system (CNS). Local illumination causes contractions of the muscles of the body wall, which are obviously mediated by the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Afferent sensory activity is supposedly mainly dependent on stretch reception. Light-induced peripheral reflexes habituate after repetitive stimulation in preparations in which the CNS is present. In preparations without CNS light-induced contractions are remarkably stronger and do not habituate after repititive stimulation. Central responses to peripheral stimulation could be evoked by both \"light on\" and \"light off\" stimulation, indicating that 2 types of photosensitive elements are present in the periphery. Observations on isolated CNS-preparations revealed that in the central ganglia photoreceptive elements are also present. Here, too, elements responding to the onset as well as elements responding to the offset of light have been detected.", "PMID": 491750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_909", "title": "Axonal pathways and synaptic inputs of three identified neurons in the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia.", "content": "The axonal pathways and the synaptic inputs of the identified neurons B1 through B3 in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia were studied. The axons of neurons B1, B2 and B3 were found to run invariably within the ipsilateral posterior oesophageal nerve, ipsi- and contralateral salivary gland nerves, and ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective, respectively. Synaptic responses could be elicited by stimulation of most of the nerves of the buccal ganglia. These consisted of an early depolarization which was most frequently followed by a longlasting de- or hyperpolarization. The shape of the synaptic response proved to be related to the different neurons.", "contents": "Axonal pathways and synaptic inputs of three identified neurons in the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia. The axonal pathways and the synaptic inputs of the identified neurons B1 through B3 in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia were studied. The axons of neurons B1, B2 and B3 were found to run invariably within the ipsilateral posterior oesophageal nerve, ipsi- and contralateral salivary gland nerves, and ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective, respectively. Synaptic responses could be elicited by stimulation of most of the nerves of the buccal ganglia. These consisted of an early depolarization which was most frequently followed by a longlasting de- or hyperpolarization. The shape of the synaptic response proved to be related to the different neurons.", "PMID": 491751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_910", "title": "The fine structural organization of sensory nerve endings in the lip of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The fine structural and cytochemical characteristics of sensory nerve cells have been studied in the lip of Helix pomatia. A ruthenium red positive cuticular layer was found on the surface of the sensory epithelium. Among the undifferentiated epithelial cells two types of sensory dendrites were observed, namely ciliated and non-ciliated ones. A large amount of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, microtubes and ribosomes were present in the neuroplasm of the sensory dendrites. However, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and electrodense bundles of long filaments were characteristic in the simple epithelial cells. The cell bodies of the sensory dendrites lie subepithelially among the muscle cells and they generally contain empty or dense core vesicles.", "contents": "The fine structural organization of sensory nerve endings in the lip of Helix pomatia L. The fine structural and cytochemical characteristics of sensory nerve cells have been studied in the lip of Helix pomatia. A ruthenium red positive cuticular layer was found on the surface of the sensory epithelium. Among the undifferentiated epithelial cells two types of sensory dendrites were observed, namely ciliated and non-ciliated ones. A large amount of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, microtubes and ribosomes were present in the neuroplasm of the sensory dendrites. However, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and electrodense bundles of long filaments were characteristic in the simple epithelial cells. The cell bodies of the sensory dendrites lie subepithelially among the muscle cells and they generally contain empty or dense core vesicles.", "PMID": 491752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_911", "title": "Electrophysiology of \"yellow cells,\" neurosecretory neurones in Lymnaea.", "content": "The thirty Yellow Cells of Lymnaea show single, double and other extra spike modes of firing. Yellow Cell bursts consist of various combinations of single, doublet and triplet spikes whose number per burst varies spontaneously. Single spike firing modes of activity can be converted into doublets or bursts (and vice versa) by applying steady currents of the appropriate polarity. Spike activity is basically endogenous although it is modulated by low frequency synaptic input originating from within the brain. Interburst interval is affected by the number of spikes occurring in the preceding burst. This varies spontaneously or can be induced by applying appropriately timed current pulses or occurs following synaptic input. Excitatory synaptic input often induces bursts which far exceed the duration of the input and which are followed by long periods of inhibition.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of \"yellow cells,\" neurosecretory neurones in Lymnaea. The thirty Yellow Cells of Lymnaea show single, double and other extra spike modes of firing. Yellow Cell bursts consist of various combinations of single, doublet and triplet spikes whose number per burst varies spontaneously. Single spike firing modes of activity can be converted into doublets or bursts (and vice versa) by applying steady currents of the appropriate polarity. Spike activity is basically endogenous although it is modulated by low frequency synaptic input originating from within the brain. Interburst interval is affected by the number of spikes occurring in the preceding burst. This varies spontaneously or can be induced by applying appropriately timed current pulses or occurs following synaptic input. Excitatory synaptic input often induces bursts which far exceed the duration of the input and which are followed by long periods of inhibition.", "PMID": 491753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_912", "title": "The central nervous control of the adductor behaviour of lamellibranch molluscs.", "content": "In Egeria radiata (L.) and Mutela dubia (Gmelin) decerebration does not result in tonus of the posterior adductor muscle and each species continues to exhibit its characteristic rapid and slow rhythms. Excitatory and inhibitory nerve pathways originating in the cerebral ganglia terminate on the visceral ganglia. The cerebral ganglia alone do not exhibit any rhythm; the anterior adductor muscle remains relaxed after excision of the visceral ganglia. The mid-dorsal and the anterior lobes of the visceral ganglia in Scrobicularia plana (Da Costa) control all adductor activity. Groups of potentials in the posterior adductor nerves originate from the different lobes and are separate physiological mechanisms.", "contents": "The central nervous control of the adductor behaviour of lamellibranch molluscs. In Egeria radiata (L.) and Mutela dubia (Gmelin) decerebration does not result in tonus of the posterior adductor muscle and each species continues to exhibit its characteristic rapid and slow rhythms. Excitatory and inhibitory nerve pathways originating in the cerebral ganglia terminate on the visceral ganglia. The cerebral ganglia alone do not exhibit any rhythm; the anterior adductor muscle remains relaxed after excision of the visceral ganglia. The mid-dorsal and the anterior lobes of the visceral ganglia in Scrobicularia plana (Da Costa) control all adductor activity. Groups of potentials in the posterior adductor nerves originate from the different lobes and are separate physiological mechanisms.", "PMID": 491754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_913", "title": "The influx of tryptamine into snail (Helix pomatia) ganglia: comparison with 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Isolated ganglia possess the ability to concentrate tryptamine from an external medium by a process which is temperature sensitive and independent of sodium and other cations. Kinetic analysis of the accumulation process showed the influx of tryptamine to be a single mechanism with Km and Vmax values of 1.4 X 10(-4)M and 5 X 10(-8) mole/g/min. The influx of tryptamine is an unspecific process and is insensitive to a number of metabolic inhibitors and various analogues. The process of tryptamine influx is thus similar in principle to the low affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT (see Osborne et al., 1975). The present data, which include some experiments on the release of 5-HT and tryptamine, are discussed from the point of view of a functional role for 5-HT and tryptamine in the snail CNS.", "contents": "The influx of tryptamine into snail (Helix pomatia) ganglia: comparison with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Isolated ganglia possess the ability to concentrate tryptamine from an external medium by a process which is temperature sensitive and independent of sodium and other cations. Kinetic analysis of the accumulation process showed the influx of tryptamine to be a single mechanism with Km and Vmax values of 1.4 X 10(-4)M and 5 X 10(-8) mole/g/min. The influx of tryptamine is an unspecific process and is insensitive to a number of metabolic inhibitors and various analogues. The process of tryptamine influx is thus similar in principle to the low affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT (see Osborne et al., 1975). The present data, which include some experiments on the release of 5-HT and tryptamine, are discussed from the point of view of a functional role for 5-HT and tryptamine in the snail CNS.", "PMID": 491755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_914", "title": "Cytological aspects of different nerve cell somata in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "In early September most of the neurons of the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia contain neurosecretory material as membrane bound granules. There is only one, in exceptional cases 2 types of granules per cell. This suggests that different types of granules do not change into one another, and that each granule type contains a different secretory product. One granule type contains PAF-positive neurosecretory material, another one catecholamines, but most of the granules cannot be associated with special substances. The identified giant neurons B1-B4 contain granules in less density than the smaller neurons. B1 and B2 resemble each other in their granule type, whereas both B3 and B4 differ from B1 and B2.", "contents": "Cytological aspects of different nerve cell somata in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia L. In early September most of the neurons of the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia contain neurosecretory material as membrane bound granules. There is only one, in exceptional cases 2 types of granules per cell. This suggests that different types of granules do not change into one another, and that each granule type contains a different secretory product. One granule type contains PAF-positive neurosecretory material, another one catecholamines, but most of the granules cannot be associated with special substances. The identified giant neurons B1-B4 contain granules in less density than the smaller neurons. B1 and B2 resemble each other in their granule type, whereas both B3 and B4 differ from B1 and B2.", "PMID": 491756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_915", "title": "Neurogenic contractile activity of the penis retractor muscle of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "Using convential mechanical and electromyographic recording methods 2 distinct types of neurogenically elicited activity can be observed in the penis retractor muslce (PRM) of Helix pomatia: (1) rhythmic, phasic contractions correlated with single or a few compound action potentials and (2) intervening, strong, prolonged contractions accompanied by sustained, high frequency electrical muscle activity. The 2 distinct types of muscle activity which seem to play a part in the normal behaviour of the PRM in the intact animal are mediated by both the central nervous system and peripheral neurons. While central neuronal structures are involved in causing the strong, prolonged contractions, the phasic activity is initiated by peripheral neuronal structures located at the proximal end of the PRM. There is evidence that the transmission of the excitation at the neuromuscular level of central and peripheral origin is mediated by ACh.", "contents": "Neurogenic contractile activity of the penis retractor muscle of Helix pomatia L. Using convential mechanical and electromyographic recording methods 2 distinct types of neurogenically elicited activity can be observed in the penis retractor muslce (PRM) of Helix pomatia: (1) rhythmic, phasic contractions correlated with single or a few compound action potentials and (2) intervening, strong, prolonged contractions accompanied by sustained, high frequency electrical muscle activity. The 2 distinct types of muscle activity which seem to play a part in the normal behaviour of the PRM in the intact animal are mediated by both the central nervous system and peripheral neurons. While central neuronal structures are involved in causing the strong, prolonged contractions, the phasic activity is initiated by peripheral neuronal structures located at the proximal end of the PRM. There is evidence that the transmission of the excitation at the neuromuscular level of central and peripheral origin is mediated by ACh.", "PMID": 491757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_916", "title": "Temperature dependent membrane potential changes in snail neurons and their relation to active ion transport.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying the temperature response of the resting membrane potential (RMP) were investigated in 3 identified neurons of the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia. Lowering the temperature evoked a decrease of the RMP and an increase in membrane resistance, and vice versa. The temperature response of the RMP had an equilibrium potential of ca, -60 mV. It is essentially evoked by changes in the potassium conductance. Indications of an electrogenic sodium transport were not detected.", "contents": "Temperature dependent membrane potential changes in snail neurons and their relation to active ion transport. The mechanisms underlying the temperature response of the resting membrane potential (RMP) were investigated in 3 identified neurons of the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia. Lowering the temperature evoked a decrease of the RMP and an increase in membrane resistance, and vice versa. The temperature response of the RMP had an equilibrium potential of ca, -60 mV. It is essentially evoked by changes in the potassium conductance. Indications of an electrogenic sodium transport were not detected.", "PMID": 491758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_917", "title": "Inhibition of hypertonic-saline stimulated neurosecretory changes in the freshwater bivalve Indonaia caeruleus (Prashad) by chlorpromazine and reserpine.", "content": "In the present paper, the effects of reserpine (RSP) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the neurosecretory cells of a saline treated freshwater bivalve, Indonaia caeruleus have been tracked. After saline (0.1 ml of 1.5% NaCl per animal) treatment A and B cells of cerebral and visceral ganglia showed significant increase in cell area, nuclear diameter and decrease in the NSM, while administration of RSP (0.50 mg per animal) and CPZ (0.25 mg per animal), following the saline injection completely inhibited these changes. Physiological implications of these changes are discussed in the light of neurosecretory dynamics.", "contents": "Inhibition of hypertonic-saline stimulated neurosecretory changes in the freshwater bivalve Indonaia caeruleus (Prashad) by chlorpromazine and reserpine. In the present paper, the effects of reserpine (RSP) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the neurosecretory cells of a saline treated freshwater bivalve, Indonaia caeruleus have been tracked. After saline (0.1 ml of 1.5% NaCl per animal) treatment A and B cells of cerebral and visceral ganglia showed significant increase in cell area, nuclear diameter and decrease in the NSM, while administration of RSP (0.50 mg per animal) and CPZ (0.25 mg per animal), following the saline injection completely inhibited these changes. Physiological implications of these changes are discussed in the light of neurosecretory dynamics.", "PMID": 491759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_918", "title": "Environmental osmolarity and neurosecretory neurones in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).", "content": "Cell body volume and Alcian blue-Alcian Yellow staining properties of neurosecretory neurones in the brain of Lymnaea stagnalis were compared for snails kept in de-ionised water and standard tapwater. In the same experiment, the ionic content of the blood, blood volume and body weight and environmental ionic composition were measured. Five days of immersion in de-ionised water resulted in significant decreases in body weight, blood volume and blood, Na+ and Cl- concentrations but no change in blood Ca2+, K+,and HCO3- concentrations, compared with controls. No consistently significant differences across the 5 day period were found in cell body volumes for Dark Green Cells, Yellow Cells or Light Green Cells (used as a control) when these volumes were compared for large numbers of cells from snails kept in de-ionised water and standard tapwater. However, the number of Yellow Cells which could be counted in snails kept in de-ionised water was lower than the number from standard tapwater by day 2 of the experiment and lower for Yellow-green Cells by day 5. We interpret this lower number to be the result of depletion of Alcian blue-Alcian Yellow stained neurosecretory material in these cells which made them impossible to distinguish. This was confirmed by examination of visceral Yellow Cells which could be identified on the basis of known location close to the visceral-right parietal connective.", "contents": "Environmental osmolarity and neurosecretory neurones in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). Cell body volume and Alcian blue-Alcian Yellow staining properties of neurosecretory neurones in the brain of Lymnaea stagnalis were compared for snails kept in de-ionised water and standard tapwater. In the same experiment, the ionic content of the blood, blood volume and body weight and environmental ionic composition were measured. Five days of immersion in de-ionised water resulted in significant decreases in body weight, blood volume and blood, Na+ and Cl- concentrations but no change in blood Ca2+, K+,and HCO3- concentrations, compared with controls. No consistently significant differences across the 5 day period were found in cell body volumes for Dark Green Cells, Yellow Cells or Light Green Cells (used as a control) when these volumes were compared for large numbers of cells from snails kept in de-ionised water and standard tapwater. However, the number of Yellow Cells which could be counted in snails kept in de-ionised water was lower than the number from standard tapwater by day 2 of the experiment and lower for Yellow-green Cells by day 5. We interpret this lower number to be the result of depletion of Alcian blue-Alcian Yellow stained neurosecretory material in these cells which made them impossible to distinguish. This was confirmed by examination of visceral Yellow Cells which could be identified on the basis of known location close to the visceral-right parietal connective.", "PMID": 491760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_919", "title": "Limb fractures in a defined population. I. Frequency and distribution.", "content": "This population-based study revealed that 2,519 limb fractures occurring during a 3-year period produced an age-adjusted incidence rate for all limb fractures of 1,596 per 100,000 person-years. Fractures of the upper limb had a bimodal age distribution and were commoner than those of the lower limb, which had a J-shaped age distribution. The most frequent anatomic site was the lower end of the radius and ulna. Limb fractures occurred as solitary events in 93% of cases; only 4% were classified as open and more than half of the total were closed and undisplaced. Fractures were distributed evenly throughout all time periods of the day. The commonest place of fracture occurrence was the home, and the most important direct cause was falls, particularly in females. A wide range of sports activities were a major source of fractures, particularly in younger males. Underlying bone pathology was uncommon, other contributory causes being more important, particularly in the elderly. The increased ratio of metaphyseal to diaphyseal fractures with age indicated a relative loss of cancellous bone in the elderly, but no evidence was found to suggest that elderly women had reduced resistance of bone to impact forces in comparison with elderly men.", "contents": "Limb fractures in a defined population. I. Frequency and distribution. This population-based study revealed that 2,519 limb fractures occurring during a 3-year period produced an age-adjusted incidence rate for all limb fractures of 1,596 per 100,000 person-years. Fractures of the upper limb had a bimodal age distribution and were commoner than those of the lower limb, which had a J-shaped age distribution. The most frequent anatomic site was the lower end of the radius and ulna. Limb fractures occurred as solitary events in 93% of cases; only 4% were classified as open and more than half of the total were closed and undisplaced. Fractures were distributed evenly throughout all time periods of the day. The commonest place of fracture occurrence was the home, and the most important direct cause was falls, particularly in females. A wide range of sports activities were a major source of fractures, particularly in younger males. Underlying bone pathology was uncommon, other contributory causes being more important, particularly in the elderly. The increased ratio of metaphyseal to diaphyseal fractures with age indicated a relative loss of cancellous bone in the elderly, but no evidence was found to suggest that elderly women had reduced resistance of bone to impact forces in comparison with elderly men.", "PMID": 491761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_920", "title": "Limb fractures in a defined population. II. Orthopedic treatment and utilization of health care.", "content": "This study describes the orthopedic treatment and utilization of health care obtained by 2,333 patients in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, who suffered 2,519 limb fractures during the period 1969 through 1971. Overall, 24% of fracture occurrences required patient hospitalization, the remainder involving care on an ambulatory basis only. The mean number of physician visits was 4.5 per fracture, with the visits occurring during an interval of 103 days from the time of first evaluation. Fifteen percent of limb fractures were subject to at least one surgical operative procedure as part of their orthopedic treatment. The frequency of operative treatment increased markedly with patient age. Seventeen percent of patients with limb fractures received physiotherapy or occupational therapy or both, 4% were ambulatory patients, and the remainder were hospital inpatients. Fractures of the head and neck of the femur constituted only about 7% of fractures in the series, yet utilized an inordinate proportion of health care resources. Hip fractures were responsible for 27% of the hospital admissions, 52% of all bed days utilized, and 56% of the physiotherapy sessions.", "contents": "Limb fractures in a defined population. II. Orthopedic treatment and utilization of health care. This study describes the orthopedic treatment and utilization of health care obtained by 2,333 patients in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, who suffered 2,519 limb fractures during the period 1969 through 1971. Overall, 24% of fracture occurrences required patient hospitalization, the remainder involving care on an ambulatory basis only. The mean number of physician visits was 4.5 per fracture, with the visits occurring during an interval of 103 days from the time of first evaluation. Fifteen percent of limb fractures were subject to at least one surgical operative procedure as part of their orthopedic treatment. The frequency of operative treatment increased markedly with patient age. Seventeen percent of patients with limb fractures received physiotherapy or occupational therapy or both, 4% were ambulatory patients, and the remainder were hospital inpatients. Fractures of the head and neck of the femur constituted only about 7% of fractures in the series, yet utilized an inordinate proportion of health care resources. Hip fractures were responsible for 27% of the hospital admissions, 52% of all bed days utilized, and 56% of the physiotherapy sessions.", "PMID": 491762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_921", "title": "Use of combined plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "Five consecutive patients with well-documented Goodpasture's syndrome were treated with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. In all patients, the antiglomerular basement-membrane antibody titers decreased with treatment. In three patients, hemoptysis responded promptly to plasmapheresis. Two patients presenting with severe renal failure required chronic dialysis, and three patients who had serum creatinine levels less than 2.1 mg/dl before treatment improved or had stabilization of their renal function. We confirm that the use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression is a promising method of treatment in some patients with Goodpasture's syndrome.", "contents": "Use of combined plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome. Five consecutive patients with well-documented Goodpasture's syndrome were treated with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. In all patients, the antiglomerular basement-membrane antibody titers decreased with treatment. In three patients, hemoptysis responded promptly to plasmapheresis. Two patients presenting with severe renal failure required chronic dialysis, and three patients who had serum creatinine levels less than 2.1 mg/dl before treatment improved or had stabilization of their renal function. We confirm that the use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression is a promising method of treatment in some patients with Goodpasture's syndrome.", "PMID": 491763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_922", "title": "Restoration of impaired immune functions in aging animals. III. Effect of mercaptoethanol in enhancing the reduced primary antibody responsiveness in vivo.", "content": "The enhancing effect of 2-ME on the primary antibody forming capacity of young and old mice from 5 strains and hybrids was investigated by assessing the number of hemolytic antibody-forming spleen cells in response to sheep RBC stimulation. The following results were obtained: (1) the optimum dose of 2-ME is 4 micrograms per mouse; (2) the best time to administer 2-ME is just prior to, or at the same time as, antigen is given; (3) 2-ME can enhance response to suboptimum and optimum, but not supra-optimum doses of antigen; (4) 2-ME is effective in enhancing the primary antibody forming capacity of both young and old mice, with one exception, but the enhancement of old mice was greater than that of young mice (80% vs. 20%). The exception was old C57Bl mice, in which 2-ME was ineffective; (5) the level of primary antibody forming capacity of old mice can be restored to that of young mice by treating them with 3--4 weekly injections of 2-ME at a dose of 4 micrograms per injection.", "contents": "Restoration of impaired immune functions in aging animals. III. Effect of mercaptoethanol in enhancing the reduced primary antibody responsiveness in vivo. The enhancing effect of 2-ME on the primary antibody forming capacity of young and old mice from 5 strains and hybrids was investigated by assessing the number of hemolytic antibody-forming spleen cells in response to sheep RBC stimulation. The following results were obtained: (1) the optimum dose of 2-ME is 4 micrograms per mouse; (2) the best time to administer 2-ME is just prior to, or at the same time as, antigen is given; (3) 2-ME can enhance response to suboptimum and optimum, but not supra-optimum doses of antigen; (4) 2-ME is effective in enhancing the primary antibody forming capacity of both young and old mice, with one exception, but the enhancement of old mice was greater than that of young mice (80% vs. 20%). The exception was old C57Bl mice, in which 2-ME was ineffective; (5) the level of primary antibody forming capacity of old mice can be restored to that of young mice by treating them with 3--4 weekly injections of 2-ME at a dose of 4 micrograms per injection.", "PMID": 491773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_923", "title": "Testosterone metabolism by the prostate of the aging canine.", "content": "Examination of testosterone metabolism in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral regions of the beagle prostate showed an absence of regional heterogeneity for testosterone metabolite production and metabolic capacity. Testosterone metabolism by the hyperplastic prostate of aged beagles (11.1 years old) was distinguished from that of young mature (2.5-year-old) and mature adult (4.5-year-old) beagle prostate by increased reductive metabolism. The change was principally the consequence of increased production of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and decreased production of 4-androstenedione. These alterations in testosterone metabolism occurred progressively and may be weakly linked to other changes in canine prostate which occur during aging. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol production was maximal for prostate from 4.5-year-old beagles and the amount of this metabolite produced appeared to be unrelated to prostate size. Co-incubation of prostate from any of the beagles with testosterone and estradiol showed that estradiol had no in vitro effect upon testosterone metabolism. Mean plasma testosterone content of aged beagles (11.1 years old) was not significantly different from that of younger individuals; however, the heterogeneity of the values for the subject groups was notable. The data demonstrate that the consequences of aging upon testosterone metabolism by canine prostate, which principally develops benign prostatic hyperplasia, are opposite to those characteristic of senescent rat prostate, which does not develop bening prostatic hyperplasia and has a high incidence of spontaneous adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism by the prostate of the aging canine. Examination of testosterone metabolism in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral regions of the beagle prostate showed an absence of regional heterogeneity for testosterone metabolite production and metabolic capacity. Testosterone metabolism by the hyperplastic prostate of aged beagles (11.1 years old) was distinguished from that of young mature (2.5-year-old) and mature adult (4.5-year-old) beagle prostate by increased reductive metabolism. The change was principally the consequence of increased production of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and decreased production of 4-androstenedione. These alterations in testosterone metabolism occurred progressively and may be weakly linked to other changes in canine prostate which occur during aging. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol production was maximal for prostate from 4.5-year-old beagles and the amount of this metabolite produced appeared to be unrelated to prostate size. Co-incubation of prostate from any of the beagles with testosterone and estradiol showed that estradiol had no in vitro effect upon testosterone metabolism. Mean plasma testosterone content of aged beagles (11.1 years old) was not significantly different from that of younger individuals; however, the heterogeneity of the values for the subject groups was notable. The data demonstrate that the consequences of aging upon testosterone metabolism by canine prostate, which principally develops benign prostatic hyperplasia, are opposite to those characteristic of senescent rat prostate, which does not develop bening prostatic hyperplasia and has a high incidence of spontaneous adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 491774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_924", "title": "Age related changes in auto-erythrocyte rosettes in the C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice.", "content": "The changes in the auto-erythrocyte rosetting thymic and splenic lymphocytes and the induction of autoimmunity was followed with age in C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice. The auto-erythrocyte rosetting cells (auto-RFC) showed shifts in their pattern in both thymus and spleen in C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice. Both strains had approximately the same percentage (approximately 3%) of thymic auto-RFC at 1 month of age. In C57BL/6J mice the rosette population increased to 6.6% by 2 months, declined after 3 months and subsequently increased gradually with age. In contrast, the NZB/BINJ thymic auto-rosettes peaked at 4 months and gradually declined thereafter. Both the NZB/BINJ and C57BL/6J strains were tested for the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies by the direct Coombs' agglutination test. The results showed that at 6 and 10 months 50% and 90% of the NZB/BINJ mice were positive for antibodies, respectively, and the thymic and splenic auto-RFC dramatically decreased in numbers. In the C57BL/6J mice during this same period, very low incidence of auto-antibodies was detected by the Coombs' test and auto-RFC increased in numbers.", "contents": "Age related changes in auto-erythrocyte rosettes in the C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice. The changes in the auto-erythrocyte rosetting thymic and splenic lymphocytes and the induction of autoimmunity was followed with age in C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice. The auto-erythrocyte rosetting cells (auto-RFC) showed shifts in their pattern in both thymus and spleen in C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ mice. Both strains had approximately the same percentage (approximately 3%) of thymic auto-RFC at 1 month of age. In C57BL/6J mice the rosette population increased to 6.6% by 2 months, declined after 3 months and subsequently increased gradually with age. In contrast, the NZB/BINJ thymic auto-rosettes peaked at 4 months and gradually declined thereafter. Both the NZB/BINJ and C57BL/6J strains were tested for the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies by the direct Coombs' agglutination test. The results showed that at 6 and 10 months 50% and 90% of the NZB/BINJ mice were positive for antibodies, respectively, and the thymic and splenic auto-RFC dramatically decreased in numbers. In the C57BL/6J mice during this same period, very low incidence of auto-antibodies was detected by the Coombs' test and auto-RFC increased in numbers.", "PMID": 491775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_925", "title": "Testosterone metabolism by the prostate of the aging AXC rat.", "content": "Testosterone metabolism by the ventral prostate of inbred, senescent (36-month-old) AXC rats showed a shift to increased oxidative and diminished reductive metabolism when compared to young mature (3-month-old) or mature adult (6-month-old) AXC rats. The change was principally attributable to diminished production of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and increased production of 4-androstenedione. By contrast, dorsolateral prostate testosterone metabolism in these same rats was always more reductive than that of ventral prostate and failed to show the post-maturation shift to oxidative testosterone metabolism which characterized ventral prostate. Co-incubation of either ventral or dorsolateral prostate from any of these rats with testosterone and estradiol showed that estradiol did not significantly affect prostate testosterone metabolism. Plasma testosterone content of senescent AXC rats was only 28% of that of mature adult rats. Chronic exogenous testosterone treatment enhanced reductive testosterone metabolism by ventral prostate and eliminated those changes in metabolite distribution which had differentiated testosterone metabolism by young and senescent AXC rats. The data support the interpretation that the aging-related diminution in AXC rat ventral prostate reductive metabolic capacity is primarily the consequence of diminished 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone production secondary to diminished plasma testosterone content.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism by the prostate of the aging AXC rat. Testosterone metabolism by the ventral prostate of inbred, senescent (36-month-old) AXC rats showed a shift to increased oxidative and diminished reductive metabolism when compared to young mature (3-month-old) or mature adult (6-month-old) AXC rats. The change was principally attributable to diminished production of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and increased production of 4-androstenedione. By contrast, dorsolateral prostate testosterone metabolism in these same rats was always more reductive than that of ventral prostate and failed to show the post-maturation shift to oxidative testosterone metabolism which characterized ventral prostate. Co-incubation of either ventral or dorsolateral prostate from any of these rats with testosterone and estradiol showed that estradiol did not significantly affect prostate testosterone metabolism. Plasma testosterone content of senescent AXC rats was only 28% of that of mature adult rats. Chronic exogenous testosterone treatment enhanced reductive testosterone metabolism by ventral prostate and eliminated those changes in metabolite distribution which had differentiated testosterone metabolism by young and senescent AXC rats. The data support the interpretation that the aging-related diminution in AXC rat ventral prostate reductive metabolic capacity is primarily the consequence of diminished 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone production secondary to diminished plasma testosterone content.", "PMID": 491776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_926", "title": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of malonaldehyde in mammalian cells.", "content": "Malonaldehyde (MA), a lipid peroxidation product derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, is cytotoxic to a murine L5178Y lymphoma cell line cultured in vitro. Exposure of cells for 24 hours to as little as 20 microM MA produced detectable cytotoxicity as well as an increased number of mutants among survivors, using thymidine or methotrexate resistance as genetic markers. The induced mutation frequency, within the range of MA concentrations tested (10-100 microM), is dose-dependent. Significant division delay, which results in unbalanced growth, is also observed in MA-treated cells. It is suggested that MA crosslinks with DNA and mutagenizes cells through the error-prone repair system. In order to relate the degree of mutagenicity of MA in reference to other mutagenic agents in mammalian cells, the mutation frequency of the thymidine-resistance marker in L5178Y induced by X-irradiation is also presented. The significance of lipid peroxidation in relation to carcinogenesis and the various theories of aging will be briefly discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of malonaldehyde in mammalian cells. Malonaldehyde (MA), a lipid peroxidation product derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, is cytotoxic to a murine L5178Y lymphoma cell line cultured in vitro. Exposure of cells for 24 hours to as little as 20 microM MA produced detectable cytotoxicity as well as an increased number of mutants among survivors, using thymidine or methotrexate resistance as genetic markers. The induced mutation frequency, within the range of MA concentrations tested (10-100 microM), is dose-dependent. Significant division delay, which results in unbalanced growth, is also observed in MA-treated cells. It is suggested that MA crosslinks with DNA and mutagenizes cells through the error-prone repair system. In order to relate the degree of mutagenicity of MA in reference to other mutagenic agents in mammalian cells, the mutation frequency of the thymidine-resistance marker in L5178Y induced by X-irradiation is also presented. The significance of lipid peroxidation in relation to carcinogenesis and the various theories of aging will be briefly discussed.", "PMID": 491777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_927", "title": "A comparison of protein synthesis by liver parenchymal cells isolated from Fischer F344 rats of various ages.", "content": "Rates of protein synthesis by intact liver parenchymal cells isolated from male Fischer F344 rats ranging in age from 2.5 to 30 months were determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H] valine into acid-insoluble material and the specific activity of the extracellular valine. The rate of protein synthesis decreased 44% from 2.5 to 18 months and then increased slightly (18%) from 18 to 30 months. There was no dramatic change in the types of proteins synthesized by isolated liver parenchymal cells isolated from 2- or 18-month-old rats as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ribosomal-transit time by liver parenchymal cells isolated from 18-month-old rats was 60% higher than the ribosomal-transit time of liver parenchymal cells isolated from 4-month-old rats. The fidelity of protein synthesis by parenchymal cells isolated from 4- and 18-month old rats was compared by measuring the incorporation of p-fluorophenyl alanine (an analogue of phenylalanine) into acid-insoluble material. Although protein synthesis decreased significantly from 4 to 18 months, the fidelity of protein synthesis remained constant.", "contents": "A comparison of protein synthesis by liver parenchymal cells isolated from Fischer F344 rats of various ages. Rates of protein synthesis by intact liver parenchymal cells isolated from male Fischer F344 rats ranging in age from 2.5 to 30 months were determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H] valine into acid-insoluble material and the specific activity of the extracellular valine. The rate of protein synthesis decreased 44% from 2.5 to 18 months and then increased slightly (18%) from 18 to 30 months. There was no dramatic change in the types of proteins synthesized by isolated liver parenchymal cells isolated from 2- or 18-month-old rats as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ribosomal-transit time by liver parenchymal cells isolated from 18-month-old rats was 60% higher than the ribosomal-transit time of liver parenchymal cells isolated from 4-month-old rats. The fidelity of protein synthesis by parenchymal cells isolated from 4- and 18-month old rats was compared by measuring the incorporation of p-fluorophenyl alanine (an analogue of phenylalanine) into acid-insoluble material. Although protein synthesis decreased significantly from 4 to 18 months, the fidelity of protein synthesis remained constant.", "PMID": 491778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_928", "title": "Access to dental care: a comparison of medicine/dentistry and the role of a regular source.", "content": "Recent studies have found more equal access to physicians, both in terms of volume of visits and having a regular source. This paper compares physician care with dental care, looking particularly at a regular source of dental care. A regular source should be very important in dental care, given the emphasis on prevention and regular visits. This paper examines data from a statewide sample of 1,329 Rhode Island residents in 1974 to determine what percentage of the population has a regular source and what the relationship is with socioeconomic variables. Most persons (91 per cent) report a regular source of medical care. The figure is somewhat lower (73 per cent) for reporting of a regular source of dental care. Socioeconomic differentials are still important, as only one-half of those in families earning less than $5,000 and 59 per cent of those in families where the head of the household has less than an eighth grade education have a regular source of dental care. The relationship held when controlling for variety of social and demographic variables and partial correlation analysis was used to determine that income, as compared with education, is the more important variable in explaining differentials. Using discriminant function analysis, age, sex, race, education and income allowed one to correctly predict 70.7 per cent of those who have a regular source of dental care and 61.5 per cent of those without a regular source of dental care.", "contents": "Access to dental care: a comparison of medicine/dentistry and the role of a regular source. Recent studies have found more equal access to physicians, both in terms of volume of visits and having a regular source. This paper compares physician care with dental care, looking particularly at a regular source of dental care. A regular source should be very important in dental care, given the emphasis on prevention and regular visits. This paper examines data from a statewide sample of 1,329 Rhode Island residents in 1974 to determine what percentage of the population has a regular source and what the relationship is with socioeconomic variables. Most persons (91 per cent) report a regular source of medical care. The figure is somewhat lower (73 per cent) for reporting of a regular source of dental care. Socioeconomic differentials are still important, as only one-half of those in families earning less than $5,000 and 59 per cent of those in families where the head of the household has less than an eighth grade education have a regular source of dental care. The relationship held when controlling for variety of social and demographic variables and partial correlation analysis was used to determine that income, as compared with education, is the more important variable in explaining differentials. Using discriminant function analysis, age, sex, race, education and income allowed one to correctly predict 70.7 per cent of those who have a regular source of dental care and 61.5 per cent of those without a regular source of dental care.", "PMID": 491779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_929", "title": "Continuity of medical care: its impact on physician utilization.", "content": "Past research in continuity of medical care has generally examined its determinants or its consequences. A model is proposed which combines these lines of research and incorporates a continuity measure as a process and specifying variable. The validity of this model is tested with a set of data consisting of 1,410 persons with major illness episodes. Results show that the model is supported, at least in part. Variables that significantly influence the number of ambulatory visits to a physician include the patient's payment method, the severity of his illness and his referral status. Moreover, the practice type of the usual physician emerges as a significant determinant of physician utilization when the level of continuity is controlled. The use of this more comprehensive model in future studies on continuity is indicated.", "contents": "Continuity of medical care: its impact on physician utilization. Past research in continuity of medical care has generally examined its determinants or its consequences. A model is proposed which combines these lines of research and incorporates a continuity measure as a process and specifying variable. The validity of this model is tested with a set of data consisting of 1,410 persons with major illness episodes. Results show that the model is supported, at least in part. Variables that significantly influence the number of ambulatory visits to a physician include the patient's payment method, the severity of his illness and his referral status. Moreover, the practice type of the usual physician emerges as a significant determinant of physician utilization when the level of continuity is controlled. The use of this more comprehensive model in future studies on continuity is indicated.", "PMID": 491780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_930", "title": "The competitive response of Blue Cross and Blue Shield to the health maintenance organization in Northern California and Hawaii.", "content": "The health maintenance organization (HMO) can provide an alternative to the predominant form of health care delivery in the United States, fee-for-service. Although market penetration of the HMO is relatively low in most parts of the country, the HMO has achieved a significant market share in a number of states. This paper examines the competitive response of Blue Cross and Blue Shield to the introduction of the HMO in two geographic regions with significant HMO activity, northern California and Hawaii. The evidence obtained from extensive interviews indicates that Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans have responded to HMO competitive pressure by establishing their own HMOs and by altering traditional procedures. HMO competition has stimulated Blue Cross and Blue Shield to make greater cost control efforts and to offer larger benefit packages. These results can have important policy implications for the role that HMOs are to play in cost containment.", "contents": "The competitive response of Blue Cross and Blue Shield to the health maintenance organization in Northern California and Hawaii. The health maintenance organization (HMO) can provide an alternative to the predominant form of health care delivery in the United States, fee-for-service. Although market penetration of the HMO is relatively low in most parts of the country, the HMO has achieved a significant market share in a number of states. This paper examines the competitive response of Blue Cross and Blue Shield to the introduction of the HMO in two geographic regions with significant HMO activity, northern California and Hawaii. The evidence obtained from extensive interviews indicates that Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans have responded to HMO competitive pressure by establishing their own HMOs and by altering traditional procedures. HMO competition has stimulated Blue Cross and Blue Shield to make greater cost control efforts and to offer larger benefit packages. These results can have important policy implications for the role that HMOs are to play in cost containment.", "PMID": 491781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_931", "title": "Hospital cost per case: analyses using a statewide data system.", "content": "In this paper, we establish relationships between hospital cost per case and the independent variables; case mix complexity, case mix severity, factor input prices, and hospital characteristics. Two hundred and sixteen thousand discharges from Maryland's acute general hospitals are grouped into 383 Diagnostic Related Groups which are used to compute an information theoretic measure of case mix complexity. Multiple linear regression equations are developed which predict up to 88% of the variance of between-hospital cost per case. The most highly significant predictors of cost per case are complexity, patient age, proportion of high risk patients, average length of stay, and nonphysician salary levels. Two distinct groups of hospitals, metropolitan and rural, are defined and models are developed for each. We discuss the implications of these findings for the identification and regulation of unexpectedly high cost hospitals and for prospective cost per case reimbursement.", "contents": "Hospital cost per case: analyses using a statewide data system. In this paper, we establish relationships between hospital cost per case and the independent variables; case mix complexity, case mix severity, factor input prices, and hospital characteristics. Two hundred and sixteen thousand discharges from Maryland's acute general hospitals are grouped into 383 Diagnostic Related Groups which are used to compute an information theoretic measure of case mix complexity. Multiple linear regression equations are developed which predict up to 88% of the variance of between-hospital cost per case. The most highly significant predictors of cost per case are complexity, patient age, proportion of high risk patients, average length of stay, and nonphysician salary levels. Two distinct groups of hospitals, metropolitan and rural, are defined and models are developed for each. We discuss the implications of these findings for the identification and regulation of unexpectedly high cost hospitals and for prospective cost per case reimbursement.", "PMID": 491782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_932", "title": "Continuing medical education before audit.", "content": "Patient-care-assessment systems have failed to demonstrate efficiency in detecting continuing education needs or in influencing clinical practice. We believe that one of the weaknesses in retrospective audit systems is their tendency to result in the ratification of criteria which match past practices rather than criteria which incorporate new, science-based information. This is in spite of the fact that for many years guidelines for medical audit processes have encouraged physicians to develop science-based criteria. This study was undertaken to determine whether continuing education programs preceding patient care audits can induce physicians to choose criteria beyond their own experience. A highly significant difference was found between audit criteria developed after education programs and those which were developed without such programs. The results indicate that educational efforts can have a striking effect on the criteria ratified by audit committees.", "contents": "Continuing medical education before audit. Patient-care-assessment systems have failed to demonstrate efficiency in detecting continuing education needs or in influencing clinical practice. We believe that one of the weaknesses in retrospective audit systems is their tendency to result in the ratification of criteria which match past practices rather than criteria which incorporate new, science-based information. This is in spite of the fact that for many years guidelines for medical audit processes have encouraged physicians to develop science-based criteria. This study was undertaken to determine whether continuing education programs preceding patient care audits can induce physicians to choose criteria beyond their own experience. A highly significant difference was found between audit criteria developed after education programs and those which were developed without such programs. The results indicate that educational efforts can have a striking effect on the criteria ratified by audit committees.", "PMID": 491783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_933", "title": "Alternative methods of evaluating health manpower distribution.", "content": "Four desirable characteristics of an ideal method of evaluating health manpower distribution are postulated. Current approaches are evaluated using these criteria and are shown to be unsatisfactory. An alternative method, based on the economic theory of production, is then described. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further research.", "contents": "Alternative methods of evaluating health manpower distribution. Four desirable characteristics of an ideal method of evaluating health manpower distribution are postulated. Current approaches are evaluated using these criteria and are shown to be unsatisfactory. An alternative method, based on the economic theory of production, is then described. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further research.", "PMID": 491784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_934", "title": "Increased access to medical care: the impact on health.", "content": "Many federally financed programs have been launched to improve the access of the poor to medical care, under the assumption that this will improve their health. The effectiveness of these programs, however, has generally been measured by increased utilization rather than by improved health. The few studies which have considered health status have shown small or negative effects. Here, data are presented from a project which provided fully prepaid care to near poor families through existing sources in the community. A group of 748 enrollees was found to report worse health on four of five health indicators after one year of enrollment in the program; further, they appeared sicker on all five measures than a group without free medical care. It is suggested: 1) that the impact of health programs on the health of a population is a complex and poorly understood issue; and 2) that increasing access to health care may not be an effective way to improve health.", "contents": "Increased access to medical care: the impact on health. Many federally financed programs have been launched to improve the access of the poor to medical care, under the assumption that this will improve their health. The effectiveness of these programs, however, has generally been measured by increased utilization rather than by improved health. The few studies which have considered health status have shown small or negative effects. Here, data are presented from a project which provided fully prepaid care to near poor families through existing sources in the community. A group of 748 enrollees was found to report worse health on four of five health indicators after one year of enrollment in the program; further, they appeared sicker on all five measures than a group without free medical care. It is suggested: 1) that the impact of health programs on the health of a population is a complex and poorly understood issue; and 2) that increasing access to health care may not be an effective way to improve health.", "PMID": 491785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_935", "title": "[Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, mixed cryoglobulinemia and Waldenstr\u00f6m's purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "A 66-year-old patient was hospitalized after the appearance of a deep ulcer in the posterior face of the right calf. She had purpuric spots on the lower limbs only, as well as parotiditis, especially on the left side, and was affected with dryness of the mouth but not of the eyes. The patient also presented, in contact with the cold, Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical examination revealed as pathologic signs: purpura of the lower limbs, a deep ulceration on the right calf, parotiditis, and a reduction in the pallaesthesia of the lower limbs. Biologically an increased sedimentation rate, elevation of the total proteins (particularly the gammaglobulins), positive antinuclear factor, reduction of the total complement and of the C3 fraction, circulating immunocomplexes, positive latex test, positive Sia test, and the presence of mixed cryoglobulin IgG-IgM type kappa, stood out. The patient was diagnosed as having Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, mixed cryoglobulinemia and Waldenstr\u00f6m's purpura. Probably the two latter conditions characterized by the presence or circulating immunocomplexes are part of the same process. According to recently studies described in the literature the relationships between these three entities are discussed, as well as the possibility of developing lymphoproliferative syndromes under certain immune stimuli.", "contents": "[Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, mixed cryoglobulinemia and Waldenstr\u00f6m's purpura (author's transl)]. A 66-year-old patient was hospitalized after the appearance of a deep ulcer in the posterior face of the right calf. She had purpuric spots on the lower limbs only, as well as parotiditis, especially on the left side, and was affected with dryness of the mouth but not of the eyes. The patient also presented, in contact with the cold, Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical examination revealed as pathologic signs: purpura of the lower limbs, a deep ulceration on the right calf, parotiditis, and a reduction in the pallaesthesia of the lower limbs. Biologically an increased sedimentation rate, elevation of the total proteins (particularly the gammaglobulins), positive antinuclear factor, reduction of the total complement and of the C3 fraction, circulating immunocomplexes, positive latex test, positive Sia test, and the presence of mixed cryoglobulin IgG-IgM type kappa, stood out. The patient was diagnosed as having Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, mixed cryoglobulinemia and Waldenstr\u00f6m's purpura. Probably the two latter conditions characterized by the presence or circulating immunocomplexes are part of the same process. According to recently studies described in the literature the relationships between these three entities are discussed, as well as the possibility of developing lymphoproliferative syndromes under certain immune stimuli.", "PMID": 491786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_936", "title": "[Tuberculous cerebral abscess. Morphopathologic study (author's transl)].", "content": "A 73-year-old patient with a cerebral abscess of tuberculous etiology localized in the left parietooccipital region is presented. Clinically it had behaved like an expansive process. The inside of the abscess contained a purulent exudate with polynuclear cells and necrotic material. The wall of the abscess was formed by a predominantly histiocytic internal layer and an external one composed by histiocytes with the morphology of epithelioid cells. No tuberculous granulomas were found. The histiocytes contained a large number of acid-alcohol resistant bacilli. In the exudate Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis was bacteriologically isolated. After the surgical operation the patient developed an acute tuberculous sepsis with tuberculous exudative meningitis and miliary dissemination in various organs. As regards the pathogenesis of the tuberculous cerebral abscess the authors consider the possible influence of a deficitary immune state of the patient and the aggressiveness of the infective organism.", "contents": "[Tuberculous cerebral abscess. Morphopathologic study (author's transl)]. A 73-year-old patient with a cerebral abscess of tuberculous etiology localized in the left parietooccipital region is presented. Clinically it had behaved like an expansive process. The inside of the abscess contained a purulent exudate with polynuclear cells and necrotic material. The wall of the abscess was formed by a predominantly histiocytic internal layer and an external one composed by histiocytes with the morphology of epithelioid cells. No tuberculous granulomas were found. The histiocytes contained a large number of acid-alcohol resistant bacilli. In the exudate Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis was bacteriologically isolated. After the surgical operation the patient developed an acute tuberculous sepsis with tuberculous exudative meningitis and miliary dissemination in various organs. As regards the pathogenesis of the tuberculous cerebral abscess the authors consider the possible influence of a deficitary immune state of the patient and the aggressiveness of the infective organism.", "PMID": 491787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_937", "title": "[Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature published before October, 1977 on the so-called sea-blue histiocyte syndrome is reviewed. This is a new lipid thesaurismosis, and from a morphological point of view it is characterized by the appearance of large histiocytes in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system with numerous intracytoplasmic granules which take on a typical sea-blue or greenish color with Wright's or Giemsa stain. The exact nature of the accumulated substance has not yet been specifically determined, though it appears to be gluco- and/or phosphosphingolipid, essentially sphingomyelin. The specific biochemical alteration responsible for this chronic deposit has not been established, though a partial sphingomyelinase deficiency has been detected. Sea-blue histiocytes have been observed in two different situations, either as an acquired phenomenon or as a primary condition. Of the latter there have been sporadic cases and cases with a definite familial incidence. The clinical manifestations include enlargement of the liver and spleen, neurological symptoms, cirrhosis of the liver, hemorrhagic diathesis and purpura, chronic pneumopathies, eye or cutaneous disturbances, or no symptoms at all. The disease has a benign clinical course, and the prognosis is less favourable when clinical manifestations appear early in life. These cases have a greater tendency to develop neurological alterations. The final definition of the syndrome must await the clear identification of the accumulated material and the altered enzyme or metabolic pathway.", "contents": "[Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome (author's transl)]. The literature published before October, 1977 on the so-called sea-blue histiocyte syndrome is reviewed. This is a new lipid thesaurismosis, and from a morphological point of view it is characterized by the appearance of large histiocytes in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system with numerous intracytoplasmic granules which take on a typical sea-blue or greenish color with Wright's or Giemsa stain. The exact nature of the accumulated substance has not yet been specifically determined, though it appears to be gluco- and/or phosphosphingolipid, essentially sphingomyelin. The specific biochemical alteration responsible for this chronic deposit has not been established, though a partial sphingomyelinase deficiency has been detected. Sea-blue histiocytes have been observed in two different situations, either as an acquired phenomenon or as a primary condition. Of the latter there have been sporadic cases and cases with a definite familial incidence. The clinical manifestations include enlargement of the liver and spleen, neurological symptoms, cirrhosis of the liver, hemorrhagic diathesis and purpura, chronic pneumopathies, eye or cutaneous disturbances, or no symptoms at all. The disease has a benign clinical course, and the prognosis is less favourable when clinical manifestations appear early in life. These cases have a greater tendency to develop neurological alterations. The final definition of the syndrome must await the clear identification of the accumulated material and the altered enzyme or metabolic pathway.", "PMID": 491788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_938", "title": "Writing man-machine dialogues for a MUMPS system using the Application Controller Language (ACL).", "content": "The Application Controller Language (ACL) was designed to facilitate the development of man-machine dialogues. An exact specification of such a dialogue before programming begins is unlikely to be implemented without many changes. Immediately a dialogue is used, the 'hands-on' experience suggests many improvements. ACL was designed to serve as a flexible tool to enable easy re-shaping of this dialogue. For this reason, ACL is structured, allows documentary comments, and may be easily edited. ACL complements MUMPS and encourages the writing of small modular MUMPS programs to carry out well-defined tasks. For this purpose, ACL serves as the 'top' of a top-down written structure, with calls to MUMPS programs being made from ACL statements. A smooth dialogue is made easier to achieve by having all ACL statements use a single I/O processor giving a uniform terminal behaviour and appearance to the display. The programmer is encouraged to call this same I/O processor from his MUMPS application programs. ACL was used extensively for the development of a data management systems for hospital critical care.", "contents": "Writing man-machine dialogues for a MUMPS system using the Application Controller Language (ACL). The Application Controller Language (ACL) was designed to facilitate the development of man-machine dialogues. An exact specification of such a dialogue before programming begins is unlikely to be implemented without many changes. Immediately a dialogue is used, the 'hands-on' experience suggests many improvements. ACL was designed to serve as a flexible tool to enable easy re-shaping of this dialogue. For this reason, ACL is structured, allows documentary comments, and may be easily edited. ACL complements MUMPS and encourages the writing of small modular MUMPS programs to carry out well-defined tasks. For this purpose, ACL serves as the 'top' of a top-down written structure, with calls to MUMPS programs being made from ACL statements. A smooth dialogue is made easier to achieve by having all ACL statements use a single I/O processor giving a uniform terminal behaviour and appearance to the display. The programmer is encouraged to call this same I/O processor from his MUMPS application programs. ACL was used extensively for the development of a data management systems for hospital critical care.", "PMID": 491792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_939", "title": "Computer-assisted patient-care management.", "content": "A computer-assisted patient-care management system is currently operating in two patient-care units as part of a pilot project at the H\u00f4pital Cardiologique, a member institution of the Hospices Civils de Lyon. The system includes the management of administrative records (notice of admission set to the patient-care unit, appointment for admission sent to the patient, notice of admission set to the physician requesting hospitalization, admissions and discharges, patient census) and of patient-care records (orders, examinations, laboratory tests, medications, injections and treatments, a summary list or orders to be carried out during the day, labels for laboratory specimens and requistions for the tests and examinations to be performed); and the medical management of the patient (clinical summary of patient status at admission, results of tests and examinations, summary of hospitalization, data for research and statistics). Computerization was begun in 1977, following the implementation of individualized patient-care records in 1976. The system will be evaluated in 1978 and extended to the remainder of the hospital (18 patient-care units) by the end of 1979.", "contents": "Computer-assisted patient-care management. A computer-assisted patient-care management system is currently operating in two patient-care units as part of a pilot project at the H\u00f4pital Cardiologique, a member institution of the Hospices Civils de Lyon. The system includes the management of administrative records (notice of admission set to the patient-care unit, appointment for admission sent to the patient, notice of admission set to the physician requesting hospitalization, admissions and discharges, patient census) and of patient-care records (orders, examinations, laboratory tests, medications, injections and treatments, a summary list or orders to be carried out during the day, labels for laboratory specimens and requistions for the tests and examinations to be performed); and the medical management of the patient (clinical summary of patient status at admission, results of tests and examinations, summary of hospitalization, data for research and statistics). Computerization was begun in 1977, following the implementation of individualized patient-care records in 1976. The system will be evaluated in 1978 and extended to the remainder of the hospital (18 patient-care units) by the end of 1979.", "PMID": 491793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_940", "title": "Designing computer support for daily hospital staffing decisions.", "content": "This paper relates issues encountered in extending a centralized computer-based nurse scheduling system to support daily staffing decisions in a hospital environment. When calculating the daily staffing needs on each nursing unit, the conceptually simple interactive staffing system incurred considerable costs in categorizing patients according to level of care required. Two years of historical data collected daily in a 568 bed St. Louis hospital were used to test the sensitivity of relative staffing requirements to daily fluctuations in patient-care distributions. A periodic sampling plan appears adequate for updating distributions which can then be applied to current census in estimating daily staffing needs. Recommendations for implementing such a system are offered.", "contents": "Designing computer support for daily hospital staffing decisions. This paper relates issues encountered in extending a centralized computer-based nurse scheduling system to support daily staffing decisions in a hospital environment. When calculating the daily staffing needs on each nursing unit, the conceptually simple interactive staffing system incurred considerable costs in categorizing patients according to level of care required. Two years of historical data collected daily in a 568 bed St. Louis hospital were used to test the sensitivity of relative staffing requirements to daily fluctuations in patient-care distributions. A periodic sampling plan appears adequate for updating distributions which can then be applied to current census in estimating daily staffing needs. Recommendations for implementing such a system are offered.", "PMID": 491794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_941", "title": "Characteristics of the software for computer applications in medicine.", "content": "The requirements of clinical medicine which have tended to make the design and implementation of software for hospital computer systems more difficult than that elsewhere, are discussed in this paper. Specific constraints on the software for selected computer-assisted activities in a hospital environment are examined in considerable depth. It is shown that since some of these activities have counterparts elsewhere, hospital computing can benefit from the accumulated experience in dealing with similiar problems in business and scientific environments. The argument is put forward that developing countries, with their characteristic problem of acute shortage of skilled manpower in both medicine and computing, should initially concentrate on applying computers to these activities alone. Furthermore, medical education in such countries should incorporate programmes relating to computer technology in general and the software aspects in particular.", "contents": "Characteristics of the software for computer applications in medicine. The requirements of clinical medicine which have tended to make the design and implementation of software for hospital computer systems more difficult than that elsewhere, are discussed in this paper. Specific constraints on the software for selected computer-assisted activities in a hospital environment are examined in considerable depth. It is shown that since some of these activities have counterparts elsewhere, hospital computing can benefit from the accumulated experience in dealing with similiar problems in business and scientific environments. The argument is put forward that developing countries, with their characteristic problem of acute shortage of skilled manpower in both medicine and computing, should initially concentrate on applying computers to these activities alone. Furthermore, medical education in such countries should incorporate programmes relating to computer technology in general and the software aspects in particular.", "PMID": 491795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_942", "title": "Experience of transferring an integrated hospital-administration system from a CODASYL data-base to a standard MUMPS file structure.", "content": "University College Hospital, a teaching hospital situated in Central London, has been using computers since 1964. Development of an integrated on-line hospital administration computer system was started in 1974. By mid 1977, the components of the system which had been implemented included a patient Master Index, Registration of new patients, Waiting Lists, Bed State, Out-patient Appointments, X-ray, Microbiology and Disease Index. The system was implemented using the Rank Xerox Data Systems (CODASYL based data-base management software, with the majority of applications running on a terminal network supported by transaction processing programs. The experience gained during three years of using such a system is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the ways in which the system matched up in practice to the expected benefits of data-base management facilities. In early 1977, it was decided to replace the Rank Xerox mainframe with a minicomputer which was considered to be a more cost-effective solution to the hospital's computing requirements. The machine selected a PDP 11-70, is running the Digital Equipment Corporation's implementation of Standard MUMPS, an interpretive language developed in a hospital environment, with its own file management software. The decisions which were made in redesigning the existing computer systems for the new machine are discussed. The progress made to date in the transfer of applications from the mainframe to the mini is reviewed, and some of the features of the software available on each machine and its suitability for the implementation of on-line data management and retrieval systems are compared.", "contents": "Experience of transferring an integrated hospital-administration system from a CODASYL data-base to a standard MUMPS file structure. University College Hospital, a teaching hospital situated in Central London, has been using computers since 1964. Development of an integrated on-line hospital administration computer system was started in 1974. By mid 1977, the components of the system which had been implemented included a patient Master Index, Registration of new patients, Waiting Lists, Bed State, Out-patient Appointments, X-ray, Microbiology and Disease Index. The system was implemented using the Rank Xerox Data Systems (CODASYL based data-base management software, with the majority of applications running on a terminal network supported by transaction processing programs. The experience gained during three years of using such a system is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the ways in which the system matched up in practice to the expected benefits of data-base management facilities. In early 1977, it was decided to replace the Rank Xerox mainframe with a minicomputer which was considered to be a more cost-effective solution to the hospital's computing requirements. The machine selected a PDP 11-70, is running the Digital Equipment Corporation's implementation of Standard MUMPS, an interpretive language developed in a hospital environment, with its own file management software. The decisions which were made in redesigning the existing computer systems for the new machine are discussed. The progress made to date in the transfer of applications from the mainframe to the mini is reviewed, and some of the features of the software available on each machine and its suitability for the implementation of on-line data management and retrieval systems are compared.", "PMID": 491796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_943", "title": "[Spontaneous intestinal biliodigestive fistula and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The current clinical and therapeutic status of spontaneous intestinal biliodigestive fistulae in 14 of the author's own cases is presented. Two groups are distinguished: those \"short-circuit\" connections to the gastro-intestinal tract due to biliary disease--the biliodigestive fistula in the narrower sense as well as enterobiliary fistulae caused by gastro-intestinal disease. Differences in etiology, clinical presentation, therapy and operative lethality make it seem advisable to form two categories, A and B, and to compare the one with the others.", "contents": "[Spontaneous intestinal biliodigestive fistula and its treatment (author's transl)]. The current clinical and therapeutic status of spontaneous intestinal biliodigestive fistulae in 14 of the author's own cases is presented. Two groups are distinguished: those \"short-circuit\" connections to the gastro-intestinal tract due to biliary disease--the biliodigestive fistula in the narrower sense as well as enterobiliary fistulae caused by gastro-intestinal disease. Differences in etiology, clinical presentation, therapy and operative lethality make it seem advisable to form two categories, A and B, and to compare the one with the others.", "PMID": 491808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_944", "title": "[Fibrous capsule formation after augmentation mammaplasty. Experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The reaction of X-rays on the incapsulation of subcutaneous implantation of silastic prosthesis and further development of the capsules was studied in an experimental investigation on the basis of 14 rabbits. An influence of X-rays on type and thickness of the capsule as well as constrictive fibrosis was not ascertained. On account of our histological investigations we may say that the cause for a fibrous capsule formation is a similar process which causes Dupuytren's contracture.", "contents": "[Fibrous capsule formation after augmentation mammaplasty. Experimental study (author's transl)]. The reaction of X-rays on the incapsulation of subcutaneous implantation of silastic prosthesis and further development of the capsules was studied in an experimental investigation on the basis of 14 rabbits. An influence of X-rays on type and thickness of the capsule as well as constrictive fibrosis was not ascertained. On account of our histological investigations we may say that the cause for a fibrous capsule formation is a similar process which causes Dupuytren's contracture.", "PMID": 491809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_945", "title": "Hypothyroidism and the ear: electrophysiological, morphological, and chemical considerations.", "content": "There is both clinical and laboratory evidence that hearing loss can result from congenital and acquired hypothyroidism. The reversibility of this process, however, and its incidence and pathophysiology are not universally agreed upon. Laboratory animals rendered hypothyroid with radioactive iodine 131 or propylthiouracil demonstrated normal perilymph sodium and potassium levels but increased auditory thresholds for N1N2 response and brain stem evoked audiometry as well as a crystallized consistency of the bone of the bullae and cochleae, ossicular abnormalities, obliteration of the oval and round window, large dark staining lipid accumulations in Hensen's cells, large intercellular spaces in the stria vascularis with degeneration of the marginal and intermediate cells, inner and outer hair cell degeneration, debris in the cochlear duct, and tectorial membrane irregularity. Otic capsule biochemical alterations were identified which may account for the osseous changes observed morphologically. The morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological findings in this study support the hypothesis that the cochlea is a site of lesion for sensorineural hearing loss in hypothyroidism. Middle ear changes identified could be responsible for the conductive component.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism and the ear: electrophysiological, morphological, and chemical considerations. There is both clinical and laboratory evidence that hearing loss can result from congenital and acquired hypothyroidism. The reversibility of this process, however, and its incidence and pathophysiology are not universally agreed upon. Laboratory animals rendered hypothyroid with radioactive iodine 131 or propylthiouracil demonstrated normal perilymph sodium and potassium levels but increased auditory thresholds for N1N2 response and brain stem evoked audiometry as well as a crystallized consistency of the bone of the bullae and cochleae, ossicular abnormalities, obliteration of the oval and round window, large dark staining lipid accumulations in Hensen's cells, large intercellular spaces in the stria vascularis with degeneration of the marginal and intermediate cells, inner and outer hair cell degeneration, debris in the cochlear duct, and tectorial membrane irregularity. Otic capsule biochemical alterations were identified which may account for the osseous changes observed morphologically. The morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological findings in this study support the hypothesis that the cochlea is a site of lesion for sensorineural hearing loss in hypothyroidism. Middle ear changes identified could be responsible for the conductive component.", "PMID": 491810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_946", "title": "[Acute hepatic amebiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of severe extraintestinal hepatic amebiasis without diarrhea. Formation of an hepatic abscess could be avoided by early institution of appropriate antiamebic treatment, following the diagnosis using sonography and specific serological methods.", "contents": "[Acute hepatic amebiasis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of severe extraintestinal hepatic amebiasis without diarrhea. Formation of an hepatic abscess could be avoided by early institution of appropriate antiamebic treatment, following the diagnosis using sonography and specific serological methods.", "PMID": 491811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_947", "title": "[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)].", "content": "Abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence and diarrhea are the main clinical symptoms in chronic amebiasis; diarrhea and constipation may alternate in many cases, whereas constipation alone does occur only rarely. These symptoms may persist over years, with long asymptomatic intervals. In most cases cysts of entameba histolytica can be demonstrated in the feces, accompanied rather often by dientameba fragilis in Israel. 835 carriers of entameba histolytica were found among our patients between 1968 and 1974. Patients exhibiting 3 of the above mentioned clinical symptoms and having entameba histolytica in the stools are defined to be suffering from chronic recurrent amebiasis; 371 (= 44%) of our patients could be classified in this group. In spite of the fact, that the number of cases of acute amebiasis and its complications in Israel has been reduced considerably in the past, chronic amebiasis continues to be a clinical and epidemiological problem, its incidence being scarcely diminished.", "contents": "[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)]. Abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence and diarrhea are the main clinical symptoms in chronic amebiasis; diarrhea and constipation may alternate in many cases, whereas constipation alone does occur only rarely. These symptoms may persist over years, with long asymptomatic intervals. In most cases cysts of entameba histolytica can be demonstrated in the feces, accompanied rather often by dientameba fragilis in Israel. 835 carriers of entameba histolytica were found among our patients between 1968 and 1974. Patients exhibiting 3 of the above mentioned clinical symptoms and having entameba histolytica in the stools are defined to be suffering from chronic recurrent amebiasis; 371 (= 44%) of our patients could be classified in this group. In spite of the fact, that the number of cases of acute amebiasis and its complications in Israel has been reduced considerably in the past, chronic amebiasis continues to be a clinical and epidemiological problem, its incidence being scarcely diminished.", "PMID": 491812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_948", "title": "[Echinococcus cysticus (author's transl)].", "content": "Echinococcus cysticus is a parasite; the human organism is invaded by cysticercus of the dog tape worm. In liver 60% of all viable embryos are retained, 30% in the lung, the last 10% spread via the arterial system into all other organs. Diagnosis can be established by serology, sonography, scintigraphy as well as invasive and non-invasive radiological examinations. Case reports of 20 patients with Echinococcus cysticus are given; the disease was localized 16 times in the liver, 3 times in the lung and once in the spleen. Drugs or x-ray treatment have no sufficient therapeutical effect. Trivial trauma can cause rupture of the cysts; therefore surgery is indicated.", "contents": "[Echinococcus cysticus (author's transl)]. Echinococcus cysticus is a parasite; the human organism is invaded by cysticercus of the dog tape worm. In liver 60% of all viable embryos are retained, 30% in the lung, the last 10% spread via the arterial system into all other organs. Diagnosis can be established by serology, sonography, scintigraphy as well as invasive and non-invasive radiological examinations. Case reports of 20 patients with Echinococcus cysticus are given; the disease was localized 16 times in the liver, 3 times in the lung and once in the spleen. Drugs or x-ray treatment have no sufficient therapeutical effect. Trivial trauma can cause rupture of the cysts; therefore surgery is indicated.", "PMID": 491813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_949", "title": "[The liver in a case of protoporphyria (author's transl)].", "content": "A 18 year old man with protoporphyria had discrete, sunlight-induced skin changes at the nose and the back of his hands, and liver disease. The transaminases ranged from 30 to 200 U/1, uro- and coproporphyrins in the urine were in the normal range. There was no evidence of a progression of the liver disease during 4 years. At peritoneoscopy the liver was yellow-brown with a granular surface. Microscopically fibrosis was present and globular pigment was distributed mostly in hepatocytes. These findings had been misinterpreted as \"chronic active hepatitis with choletasis and fibrosis\". This observation shows that liver disease in protoporphyria may be present with a normal urinary excretion of uro- and coproporphyrins and suggests that in cases of chronic liver disease of unknown origin the gastroenterologist ought to pay attention to sunlight intolerance and the pathologist to the yellow-brownish pigment of protoporphyrin.", "contents": "[The liver in a case of protoporphyria (author's transl)]. A 18 year old man with protoporphyria had discrete, sunlight-induced skin changes at the nose and the back of his hands, and liver disease. The transaminases ranged from 30 to 200 U/1, uro- and coproporphyrins in the urine were in the normal range. There was no evidence of a progression of the liver disease during 4 years. At peritoneoscopy the liver was yellow-brown with a granular surface. Microscopically fibrosis was present and globular pigment was distributed mostly in hepatocytes. These findings had been misinterpreted as \"chronic active hepatitis with choletasis and fibrosis\". This observation shows that liver disease in protoporphyria may be present with a normal urinary excretion of uro- and coproporphyrins and suggests that in cases of chronic liver disease of unknown origin the gastroenterologist ought to pay attention to sunlight intolerance and the pathologist to the yellow-brownish pigment of protoporphyrin.", "PMID": 491814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_950", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the liver in patients with cholesterol stones receiving chenodesoxycholic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the liver was investigated in 5 normal persons and 10 patients with cholesterol stones. In the patients numerous intramitochondrial crystals could be found; precipitated cholesterol-digitonin complexes were found as well in the canaliculi, the sinus and the pericanalicular areas. 5 patients received chenodesoxycholic acid (10 mg/kg/day); liver biopsies taken 3 and 6 months after start of treatment did not show any more the changes described above.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the liver in patients with cholesterol stones receiving chenodesoxycholic acid (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of the liver was investigated in 5 normal persons and 10 patients with cholesterol stones. In the patients numerous intramitochondrial crystals could be found; precipitated cholesterol-digitonin complexes were found as well in the canaliculi, the sinus and the pericanalicular areas. 5 patients received chenodesoxycholic acid (10 mg/kg/day); liver biopsies taken 3 and 6 months after start of treatment did not show any more the changes described above.", "PMID": 491815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_951", "title": "[Experimentally induced pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatitis was produced in 29 mini-pigs by partial occlusion of the pancreatic duct; occlusion was performed by implanting a T-drain into the duct. Inflammatory changes were induced additionally by applying radiopaque material in excess. Acute and chronic pancreatitic lesions could be diagnosed by X-ray examination, evaluation of blood chemistry and by histology.", "contents": "[Experimentally induced pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Pancreatitis was produced in 29 mini-pigs by partial occlusion of the pancreatic duct; occlusion was performed by implanting a T-drain into the duct. Inflammatory changes were induced additionally by applying radiopaque material in excess. Acute and chronic pancreatitic lesions could be diagnosed by X-ray examination, evaluation of blood chemistry and by histology.", "PMID": 491816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_952", "title": "[Pharmacoangiography of the pancreas in cases of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatic angiography was performed in 246 patients using various vasodilating drugs. A pancreatographic effect could be found in 79% of all cases; Tolazolin was particularly efficient, since the effect could be found in 91% of the cases receiving the drug. The diagnostic value of different parameters was assessed in patients with chronic pancreatitis and in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas, in particular concerning the presence or absence of the pancreatographic effect, and the structure, width and contours of this organ. Evaluating the pancreatographic effect and vascular changes a correct diagnosis could be obtained in 69% of all cases with chronic pancreatitis and in 78% of all cases with carcinoma of the pancreas. The pancreatographic effect was diagnostically essential in 26% of all cases, and turned out to be rather useful in patients with chronic pancreatitis, whereas its diagnostic value was less in patients with carcinoma. The diagnostic value of angiography can be improved by the superselective technique and by applying the vasodilator Tolazolin, which is well tolerated and gives an excellent pancreatographic effect.", "contents": "[Pharmacoangiography of the pancreas in cases of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)]. Pancreatic angiography was performed in 246 patients using various vasodilating drugs. A pancreatographic effect could be found in 79% of all cases; Tolazolin was particularly efficient, since the effect could be found in 91% of the cases receiving the drug. The diagnostic value of different parameters was assessed in patients with chronic pancreatitis and in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas, in particular concerning the presence or absence of the pancreatographic effect, and the structure, width and contours of this organ. Evaluating the pancreatographic effect and vascular changes a correct diagnosis could be obtained in 69% of all cases with chronic pancreatitis and in 78% of all cases with carcinoma of the pancreas. The pancreatographic effect was diagnostically essential in 26% of all cases, and turned out to be rather useful in patients with chronic pancreatitis, whereas its diagnostic value was less in patients with carcinoma. The diagnostic value of angiography can be improved by the superselective technique and by applying the vasodilator Tolazolin, which is well tolerated and gives an excellent pancreatographic effect.", "PMID": 491817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_953", "title": "Differential alteration of delta 9 and delta 6 desaturation of fatty acids in rat brain preparations in vitro.", "content": "Developing rat brain has the capacity for either delta 9 or delta 6 desaturation of fatty acids. In liver, evidence supports the existence of separate enzymes for each reaction, but it is not known whether in brain delta 9 or delta 6 desaturation of saturated fatty acids involves distinct enzymes. We have used fatty acids, including the cyclopropene fatty acid, sterculic acid, to alter desaturation activities with substrates that are desaturated predominantly in the delta 9 position or in the delta 6 position. In addition, differential alteration of desaturation of palmitic acid, a substrate that can be desaturated in either the delta 9 or delta 6 positions by brain preparations from neonatal rats, was examined. Sterculate reduced delta 9 desaturation of palmitate 80--90% but reduced delta 6 desaturation only 35%. In contrast, linoleic acid preferentially reduced delta 6 desaturation of palmitate. Thus, delta 9 desaturation of saturated fatty acids appears to be catalyzed by an enzyme or enzyme site distinct from that for delta 6 desaturation. Accordingly, these activities may be independently regulated during crucial stages of brain development.", "contents": "Differential alteration of delta 9 and delta 6 desaturation of fatty acids in rat brain preparations in vitro. Developing rat brain has the capacity for either delta 9 or delta 6 desaturation of fatty acids. In liver, evidence supports the existence of separate enzymes for each reaction, but it is not known whether in brain delta 9 or delta 6 desaturation of saturated fatty acids involves distinct enzymes. We have used fatty acids, including the cyclopropene fatty acid, sterculic acid, to alter desaturation activities with substrates that are desaturated predominantly in the delta 9 position or in the delta 6 position. In addition, differential alteration of desaturation of palmitic acid, a substrate that can be desaturated in either the delta 9 or delta 6 positions by brain preparations from neonatal rats, was examined. Sterculate reduced delta 9 desaturation of palmitate 80--90% but reduced delta 6 desaturation only 35%. In contrast, linoleic acid preferentially reduced delta 6 desaturation of palmitate. Thus, delta 9 desaturation of saturated fatty acids appears to be catalyzed by an enzyme or enzyme site distinct from that for delta 6 desaturation. Accordingly, these activities may be independently regulated during crucial stages of brain development.", "PMID": 491860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_954", "title": "Lipid oxidation products and chick nutritional encephalopathy.", "content": "Safflower oil and its distilled methyl esters were thermally oxidized and fed to young chicks in a vitamin E deficient diet. At a dietary level of 10%, the oxidized lipids caused more severe nutritional encephalopathy (NE) than the unoxidized methyl esters, indicating that factors other than dietary linoleic acid and vitamin E affect the development of NE. A polar lipid extract from oxidized methyl esters accelerated the induction of NE, as did the synthetic methyl esters of keto-octadecenoic and keto-octadecadienoic acids. Dicumarol exerted a protective action against NE. The possibility is discussed that conjugated keto-polyenoic fatty acids, provided by oxidized oils or formed endogenously in vitamin E deficiency, may play a role in causing NE.", "contents": "Lipid oxidation products and chick nutritional encephalopathy. Safflower oil and its distilled methyl esters were thermally oxidized and fed to young chicks in a vitamin E deficient diet. At a dietary level of 10%, the oxidized lipids caused more severe nutritional encephalopathy (NE) than the unoxidized methyl esters, indicating that factors other than dietary linoleic acid and vitamin E affect the development of NE. A polar lipid extract from oxidized methyl esters accelerated the induction of NE, as did the synthetic methyl esters of keto-octadecenoic and keto-octadecadienoic acids. Dicumarol exerted a protective action against NE. The possibility is discussed that conjugated keto-polyenoic fatty acids, provided by oxidized oils or formed endogenously in vitamin E deficiency, may play a role in causing NE.", "PMID": 491861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_955", "title": "Lipid composition of Morris hepatoma 5123c, and of livers and blood plasma from host and normal rats.", "content": "The lipid composition of Morris hepatoma 5123c was analyzed together with that of liver and blood plasma from both normal and tumor-bearing rats. The results showed that the liver of tumor-bearing rats contained higher amounts of glycerides, choelsteryl esters, free fatty acids and phospholipids than the liver of normal rats. In the blood plasma of tumor-bearing rats, there was an increase of free cholesterol and triglycerides; this latter difference, however, was not statistically significant. Acyl chain changes in the liver of tumor-bearing rats consisted of an increase of palmitic and oleic acids and a decrease of stearic and arachidonic acids in phosphatidylinositol. Morris hepatoma 5123c contained a lower amount of triglycerides than the livers (both host and normal) and showed a significant decrease of total phospholipids when compared to the host liver. The major acyl chain changes found in Morris hepatoma 5123c compared with both normal and host rat livers were: a) a higher percentage of arachidonic acid together with a lower proportion of palmitic acid in cholesteryl esters; b) an increase of stearic and arachidonic acids and a decrease of palmitic acid in triglycerides; and c) a higher level of palmitic and oleic acids associated with a lower percentage of stearic and C22 polyunsaturated acids in phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Morris hepatoma 5123c, and of livers and blood plasma from host and normal rats. The lipid composition of Morris hepatoma 5123c was analyzed together with that of liver and blood plasma from both normal and tumor-bearing rats. The results showed that the liver of tumor-bearing rats contained higher amounts of glycerides, choelsteryl esters, free fatty acids and phospholipids than the liver of normal rats. In the blood plasma of tumor-bearing rats, there was an increase of free cholesterol and triglycerides; this latter difference, however, was not statistically significant. Acyl chain changes in the liver of tumor-bearing rats consisted of an increase of palmitic and oleic acids and a decrease of stearic and arachidonic acids in phosphatidylinositol. Morris hepatoma 5123c contained a lower amount of triglycerides than the livers (both host and normal) and showed a significant decrease of total phospholipids when compared to the host liver. The major acyl chain changes found in Morris hepatoma 5123c compared with both normal and host rat livers were: a) a higher percentage of arachidonic acid together with a lower proportion of palmitic acid in cholesteryl esters; b) an increase of stearic and arachidonic acids and a decrease of palmitic acid in triglycerides; and c) a higher level of palmitic and oleic acids associated with a lower percentage of stearic and C22 polyunsaturated acids in phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 491862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_956", "title": "Geometrical and positional isomer content of the monounsaturated fatty acids from various rat tissues.", "content": "The percentage distribution of the geometrical and positional isomers in the hexadecenoates and octadecenoates isolated from triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and adipose tissues from normal rats maintained on a laboratory diet has been determined. All of the octadecenoates and most of the hexadecenoates from the lipid classes of all the tissues consisted of more than 95% cis isomers. Generally, palmitoleic was the predominant hexadeceonate, but many of the tissue phospholipids contained relatively high percentages of the delta 6 and delta 7 isomers. Oleate and vaccenate were the predominant octadecenoates in all tissues. Except for brain and adipose tissues, the oleate to vaccenate ratios differed for each lipid class, as well as between most tissues. In contrast to the monoenes of the phospholipids, the triglyceride monoenes exhibited the same approximate: percentage composition; percentage of geometrical isomers; and percentage distribution of hexadecenoate and octadecenoate positional isomers. These data add to our basic information about the percentage distribution of geometrical and positional isomers of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in the major lipid classes of various normal tissues. Some new concepts were advanced as possible explanations to some of the observed positional isomer distributions.", "contents": "Geometrical and positional isomer content of the monounsaturated fatty acids from various rat tissues. The percentage distribution of the geometrical and positional isomers in the hexadecenoates and octadecenoates isolated from triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and adipose tissues from normal rats maintained on a laboratory diet has been determined. All of the octadecenoates and most of the hexadecenoates from the lipid classes of all the tissues consisted of more than 95% cis isomers. Generally, palmitoleic was the predominant hexadeceonate, but many of the tissue phospholipids contained relatively high percentages of the delta 6 and delta 7 isomers. Oleate and vaccenate were the predominant octadecenoates in all tissues. Except for brain and adipose tissues, the oleate to vaccenate ratios differed for each lipid class, as well as between most tissues. In contrast to the monoenes of the phospholipids, the triglyceride monoenes exhibited the same approximate: percentage composition; percentage of geometrical isomers; and percentage distribution of hexadecenoate and octadecenoate positional isomers. These data add to our basic information about the percentage distribution of geometrical and positional isomers of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in the major lipid classes of various normal tissues. Some new concepts were advanced as possible explanations to some of the observed positional isomer distributions.", "PMID": 491863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_957", "title": "Fatty alcohols in capelin, herring and mackerel oils and muscle lipids: I. Fatty alcohol details linking dietary copepod fat with certain fish depot fats.", "content": "It is shown that the shorter chain (C14-C18) minor fatty alcohols in copepods, fish body lipids, and commercial fish oils are all qualitatively present, and quantitatively similar in proportions to acids found in the depot fats of capelin and mackerel, and in some herring. Although these fatty acids can be formed de novo in fish, copepod alcohols offer an alternative dietary source. Monoethylenic fatty alcohol details, especially for the 22:1 isomers, are reviewed, and the latter are discussed as precursors of the 22:1 fatty acids of fish depot fats, specifically of the dominant 22:1 omega 11 isomer.", "contents": "Fatty alcohols in capelin, herring and mackerel oils and muscle lipids: I. Fatty alcohol details linking dietary copepod fat with certain fish depot fats. It is shown that the shorter chain (C14-C18) minor fatty alcohols in copepods, fish body lipids, and commercial fish oils are all qualitatively present, and quantitatively similar in proportions to acids found in the depot fats of capelin and mackerel, and in some herring. Although these fatty acids can be formed de novo in fish, copepod alcohols offer an alternative dietary source. Monoethylenic fatty alcohol details, especially for the 22:1 isomers, are reviewed, and the latter are discussed as precursors of the 22:1 fatty acids of fish depot fats, specifically of the dominant 22:1 omega 11 isomer.", "PMID": 491864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_958", "title": "Fatty alcohols in capelin, herring and mackerel oils and muscle lipids: II. A comparison of fatty acids from wax esters with those of triglycerides.", "content": "The fatty acids recovered from the triglycerides and wax esters of common northwest Atlantic copepods are compared with the fatty acids of wax esters recovered intact from certain fish skin and body lipid, and from commercial fish oils. The fish species, herring, capelin and mackerel, all feed on copepods, and many resemblances of the copepod lipid fatty acids to those of a previous analysis of similar copepods suggest that the basic dietary fat input for these fish may be quite constant. The two copepod fatty acid analyses differed quantitatively in triglyceride 20:1 and 22:1 and also in 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3, confirming the primary role of the wax esters in copepods. Selectivity factors are discussed in comparing the copepod wax ester fatty acids with the fatty acids of the wax esters recovered intact from the fish lipids and oils. The basic role of copepods in supplying all types of fatty acids to fish depot fats is considered to be strongly supported by these findings.", "contents": "Fatty alcohols in capelin, herring and mackerel oils and muscle lipids: II. A comparison of fatty acids from wax esters with those of triglycerides. The fatty acids recovered from the triglycerides and wax esters of common northwest Atlantic copepods are compared with the fatty acids of wax esters recovered intact from certain fish skin and body lipid, and from commercial fish oils. The fish species, herring, capelin and mackerel, all feed on copepods, and many resemblances of the copepod lipid fatty acids to those of a previous analysis of similar copepods suggest that the basic dietary fat input for these fish may be quite constant. The two copepod fatty acid analyses differed quantitatively in triglyceride 20:1 and 22:1 and also in 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3, confirming the primary role of the wax esters in copepods. Selectivity factors are discussed in comparing the copepod wax ester fatty acids with the fatty acids of the wax esters recovered intact from the fish lipids and oils. The basic role of copepods in supplying all types of fatty acids to fish depot fats is considered to be strongly supported by these findings.", "PMID": 491865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_959", "title": "The role of gastric lipolysis on fat absorption and bile acid metabolism in the rat.", "content": "In vivo studies were carried out in young Sprague-Dawley rats to examine the role of gastric lipolysis on fat absorption and bile acid metabolism. When fed by gastric perfusion 5 times (corn oil, 4 g/day) their usual dietary intake of fat, rats deprived of lingual lipase by the creation of an esophageal fistula had a significant degree of fat and bile acid malabsorption as well as a shortened bile acid half-life when compared to animals with a gastrostomy. The % fat absorption, bile acid loss and bile acid pool were normal in 2 groups of esophageal fistula rats fed the same quantity of corn oil or twice (8 g/day) that amount as a fine emulsion. In view of a negligible gastric lipase activity in animals with an esophageal fistula and of decreased hydrolysis of a triglyceride test meal, these data suggest that gastric lipolysis is of physiological importance in situations where lipolytic mechanisms are stressed by a large fat intkae. Its principal role is to potentiate intestinal lipolysis by facilitating the emulsification of dietary lipids through its formed products and, therefore, the contact of pancreatic lipase with its substrates.", "contents": "The role of gastric lipolysis on fat absorption and bile acid metabolism in the rat. In vivo studies were carried out in young Sprague-Dawley rats to examine the role of gastric lipolysis on fat absorption and bile acid metabolism. When fed by gastric perfusion 5 times (corn oil, 4 g/day) their usual dietary intake of fat, rats deprived of lingual lipase by the creation of an esophageal fistula had a significant degree of fat and bile acid malabsorption as well as a shortened bile acid half-life when compared to animals with a gastrostomy. The % fat absorption, bile acid loss and bile acid pool were normal in 2 groups of esophageal fistula rats fed the same quantity of corn oil or twice (8 g/day) that amount as a fine emulsion. In view of a negligible gastric lipase activity in animals with an esophageal fistula and of decreased hydrolysis of a triglyceride test meal, these data suggest that gastric lipolysis is of physiological importance in situations where lipolytic mechanisms are stressed by a large fat intkae. Its principal role is to potentiate intestinal lipolysis by facilitating the emulsification of dietary lipids through its formed products and, therefore, the contact of pancreatic lipase with its substrates.", "PMID": 491866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_960", "title": "Correlations between surface area and the rate of enzymatic desaturation with methyl branched 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid.", "content": "Methyl-branched derivatives of methyl 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate form stable liquid-expanded monolayers. Surface areas are expanded by the methyl branch. The expansion effect is a function of surface pressure. At high surface pressure, the greatest expansion occurs with a mid-point methyl branch. At low surface pressure, surface area increases continuously as the methyl group is moved along the carbon chain from carbon 19 to carbon 5. Desaturase activity varies inversely with surface area, and a linear correlation exists between surface area at low surface pressure and the desaturation rate. These data support the concept that lipid structure and its effect on short range forces between molecules is an important factor in desaturase activity.", "contents": "Correlations between surface area and the rate of enzymatic desaturation with methyl branched 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid. Methyl-branched derivatives of methyl 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate form stable liquid-expanded monolayers. Surface areas are expanded by the methyl branch. The expansion effect is a function of surface pressure. At high surface pressure, the greatest expansion occurs with a mid-point methyl branch. At low surface pressure, surface area increases continuously as the methyl group is moved along the carbon chain from carbon 19 to carbon 5. Desaturase activity varies inversely with surface area, and a linear correlation exists between surface area at low surface pressure and the desaturation rate. These data support the concept that lipid structure and its effect on short range forces between molecules is an important factor in desaturase activity.", "PMID": 491867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_961", "title": "Forces exerted during exercises on the uneven bars.", "content": "The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a technique to measure the force exerted on uneven bars during a gymnast's performance, and (2) to determine the magnitudes of the maximum forces exerted on the bars during normal use. Strain gages, a UV recorder, and motion-picture cameras were used to record the forces exerted against the bars and the motions with which they were associated. Three college gymnasts were used as subjects. Each performed several repetitions of an exercise sequence judged to result in the maximum loading of the bars she might produce under normal conditions. The maximum forces recorded were 3500 N (low bar) and 2140 N (high bar). These values were recorded during a sharp impact between the subject's thighs and the bar during the passage of the subject beneath the bar in a giant swing, respectively. Making due allowance for possible measurement error and for the estimated effects of the bars being used by gymnasts of greater mass than those in this study, it was concluded that bars should be designed to withstand repeated loads of at least 4205 N.", "contents": "Forces exerted during exercises on the uneven bars. The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a technique to measure the force exerted on uneven bars during a gymnast's performance, and (2) to determine the magnitudes of the maximum forces exerted on the bars during normal use. Strain gages, a UV recorder, and motion-picture cameras were used to record the forces exerted against the bars and the motions with which they were associated. Three college gymnasts were used as subjects. Each performed several repetitions of an exercise sequence judged to result in the maximum loading of the bars she might produce under normal conditions. The maximum forces recorded were 3500 N (low bar) and 2140 N (high bar). These values were recorded during a sharp impact between the subject's thighs and the bar during the passage of the subject beneath the bar in a giant swing, respectively. Making due allowance for possible measurement error and for the estimated effects of the bars being used by gymnasts of greater mass than those in this study, it was concluded that bars should be designed to withstand repeated loads of at least 4205 N.", "PMID": 491868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_962", "title": "The pull in olympic weightlifting.", "content": "Data from five experienced weightlifters on the vertical forces applied to the barbell and system (barbell and lifter) during the pull were in excellent agreement with earlier displacement-time descriptions of the double knee bend as consisting of two stages of extension interrupted by a period of realignment (second knee bend). The vertical component of the ground reaction force (Rz) consisted of three phases: Weighting I, Unweighting, and Weighting II. The relative magnitude of the Rz impulse with respect to the system weight impulse (as an indicant of the proportion of the Rz impulse contributing to system acceleration) ranged from 118--141% for Weighting I, 74--89% for Unweighting, and 122--135% for Weighting II. In agreement with published theoretical calculations the most experienced and successful lifter produced the larger phase of positive acceleration first. The rebending of the knees was associated with the Unweighting phase. Although this latter interval corresponded to a phase of barbell deceleration, it appeared that the concomitant enhancement of the back, hip, and knee extensor activity outweighed any adverse effects.", "contents": "The pull in olympic weightlifting. Data from five experienced weightlifters on the vertical forces applied to the barbell and system (barbell and lifter) during the pull were in excellent agreement with earlier displacement-time descriptions of the double knee bend as consisting of two stages of extension interrupted by a period of realignment (second knee bend). The vertical component of the ground reaction force (Rz) consisted of three phases: Weighting I, Unweighting, and Weighting II. The relative magnitude of the Rz impulse with respect to the system weight impulse (as an indicant of the proportion of the Rz impulse contributing to system acceleration) ranged from 118--141% for Weighting I, 74--89% for Unweighting, and 122--135% for Weighting II. In agreement with published theoretical calculations the most experienced and successful lifter produced the larger phase of positive acceleration first. The rebending of the knees was associated with the Unweighting phase. Although this latter interval corresponded to a phase of barbell deceleration, it appeared that the concomitant enhancement of the back, hip, and knee extensor activity outweighed any adverse effects.", "PMID": 491869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_963", "title": "Football helmets and neurotrauma--an epidemiological overview of three seasons.", "content": "During the 1975, 1976, and 1977 football seasons, the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) obtained records of the nature and severity of injuries and illnesses experienced by an annual average of 5361 high school and college athletes. Associated circumstances, including type and brand of helmets being worn by the injured and non-injured, also were obtained. From these data, and against specified epidemiologic criteria for significance, the possibility that particular helmets were associated unduly with cerebral and spinal neurotrauma was examined. The results revealed that (1) one permanent severe neurological injury (cervical spinal cord) was experienced, the mechanism of which was unrelated to helmet design; (2) cerebral concussions were infrequent (one significant concussion per 10,000 athlete exposures) and of a consistent rate from year to year; and (3) no particular helmet was associated with a disproportionate number of concussions or cervical spine fractures within those experienced. Continuing surveillance with multivariate analysis of possible causal relationships among all factors associated with these injuries is in progress.", "contents": "Football helmets and neurotrauma--an epidemiological overview of three seasons. During the 1975, 1976, and 1977 football seasons, the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) obtained records of the nature and severity of injuries and illnesses experienced by an annual average of 5361 high school and college athletes. Associated circumstances, including type and brand of helmets being worn by the injured and non-injured, also were obtained. From these data, and against specified epidemiologic criteria for significance, the possibility that particular helmets were associated unduly with cerebral and spinal neurotrauma was examined. The results revealed that (1) one permanent severe neurological injury (cervical spinal cord) was experienced, the mechanism of which was unrelated to helmet design; (2) cerebral concussions were infrequent (one significant concussion per 10,000 athlete exposures) and of a consistent rate from year to year; and (3) no particular helmet was associated with a disproportionate number of concussions or cervical spine fractures within those experienced. Continuing surveillance with multivariate analysis of possible causal relationships among all factors associated with these injuries is in progress.", "PMID": 491870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_964", "title": "Intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of success-failure and monetary reward on intrinsic motivation of males and females competing on a motor task. Results indicated a significant main effect for feedback with subjects exhibiting more intrinsic motivation after success than after failure. The Sex x Feedback interaction showed that males displayed more intrinsic motivation than females after success whereas females exhibited more intrinsic motivation than males after failure. Results are discussed in terms of Deci's cognitive evaluation theory and sex-role appropriate behaviors for males and females. Implications for competitive physical activity are drawn.", "contents": "Intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of success-failure and monetary reward on intrinsic motivation of males and females competing on a motor task. Results indicated a significant main effect for feedback with subjects exhibiting more intrinsic motivation after success than after failure. The Sex x Feedback interaction showed that males displayed more intrinsic motivation than females after success whereas females exhibited more intrinsic motivation than males after failure. Results are discussed in terms of Deci's cognitive evaluation theory and sex-role appropriate behaviors for males and females. Implications for competitive physical activity are drawn.", "PMID": 491871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_965", "title": "The nature of the perception of effort at sea level and high altitude.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare perceptual responses (RPE) and selected physiological measures during both short term and prolonged exercise of equal relative intensities at 4300 m to those at sea level. Specifically, we compared results obtained (n=20) for 6 min of exercise at 60, 80 and 95% VO2max and at 5 min intervals during exercise to exhaustion at 85% VO2max. At 4300 m, VO2max was reduced 19%, while VEmax and Rmax increased 17 and 8%, respectively. HRmax and RPEmax was unchanged. For any given relative exercise intensity, VO2 and absolute exercise intensity (kpm-min-1) were reduced, while VE was about 12% and R about 7% greater at 4300 m; HR was unchanged. At 4300 m, RPE at the lower intensities of submaximal exercise and early during prolonged exercise were significantly less than at sea level. These differences were reduced and finally eliminated as exercise intensity increased toward maximal or as prolonged exercise continued to exhaustion. Endurance time to exhaustion at 4300 m was not different from that at sea level. To account for the perceptual differences between exercise at 4300 m an sea level, we proposed that local factors (muscular strain) exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities which do not greatly stress ventilation and circulation, while central factors exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities at which tachypnea and tachycardia are of sufficient magnitude to be perceived as extremely stressful.", "contents": "The nature of the perception of effort at sea level and high altitude. The purpose of this study was to compare perceptual responses (RPE) and selected physiological measures during both short term and prolonged exercise of equal relative intensities at 4300 m to those at sea level. Specifically, we compared results obtained (n=20) for 6 min of exercise at 60, 80 and 95% VO2max and at 5 min intervals during exercise to exhaustion at 85% VO2max. At 4300 m, VO2max was reduced 19%, while VEmax and Rmax increased 17 and 8%, respectively. HRmax and RPEmax was unchanged. For any given relative exercise intensity, VO2 and absolute exercise intensity (kpm-min-1) were reduced, while VE was about 12% and R about 7% greater at 4300 m; HR was unchanged. At 4300 m, RPE at the lower intensities of submaximal exercise and early during prolonged exercise were significantly less than at sea level. These differences were reduced and finally eliminated as exercise intensity increased toward maximal or as prolonged exercise continued to exhaustion. Endurance time to exhaustion at 4300 m was not different from that at sea level. To account for the perceptual differences between exercise at 4300 m an sea level, we proposed that local factors (muscular strain) exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities which do not greatly stress ventilation and circulation, while central factors exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities at which tachypnea and tachycardia are of sufficient magnitude to be perceived as extremely stressful.", "PMID": 491872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_966", "title": "Visual evoked potentials and signal detection following a marathon race.", "content": "Five marathon runners participated in a visual sustained attention experiment 1 week prior to a competitive martathon race and from 1.5 to 8.5 h following the race. The task was designed to help assess changes in central nervous system function by examinining both behavioral deficits and electroencephalogram (EEG) visual evoked potentials as a function of the race. A significant increase in heart rate was observed during the behavioral task. No changes in any of the wave forms of the EEG visual evoked response were observed during the vigilance task as a function of the race. Sustained visual attention responses were unchanged for correct detections, but post-marathon performance gave significantly fewer false positive responses. The results provided evidence that central nervous system dysfunction was not observed following the completion of a competitive marathon race.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials and signal detection following a marathon race. Five marathon runners participated in a visual sustained attention experiment 1 week prior to a competitive martathon race and from 1.5 to 8.5 h following the race. The task was designed to help assess changes in central nervous system function by examinining both behavioral deficits and electroencephalogram (EEG) visual evoked potentials as a function of the race. A significant increase in heart rate was observed during the behavioral task. No changes in any of the wave forms of the EEG visual evoked response were observed during the vigilance task as a function of the race. Sustained visual attention responses were unchanged for correct detections, but post-marathon performance gave significantly fewer false positive responses. The results provided evidence that central nervous system dysfunction was not observed following the completion of a competitive marathon race.", "PMID": 491873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_967", "title": "Metabolic effects of anabolic steroid on skeletal muscle.", "content": "The purposes of this investigation were to examine the effects of anabolic steroid treatment on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and on steroid receptors. The experiments were conducted with 230 male albino rats maintained on a diet containing 20% protein. Anabolic steroids (methandrostenolone, methylandrostendiole, and Retabolil) were injected in doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The animals were examined at rest and after swimming exercise of 15 min duration. Quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle were used for analysis in all experiments. Protein synthesis was studied by means of 14C-leucine incorporation. It was found that anabolic steroid treatment resulted in an increased content of skeletal muscle protein: myosin, myofibrillar, and sarcoplasmic fractions. The activity of RNA-polymerase in skeletal muscle nuclei was increased. The results indicated that in skeletal muscle there were androgen receptors which were binding sites for 3H-testosterone and anabolic steroids. A model for the anabolic steroid action on the regulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle was proposed.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of anabolic steroid on skeletal muscle. The purposes of this investigation were to examine the effects of anabolic steroid treatment on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and on steroid receptors. The experiments were conducted with 230 male albino rats maintained on a diet containing 20% protein. Anabolic steroids (methandrostenolone, methylandrostendiole, and Retabolil) were injected in doses of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The animals were examined at rest and after swimming exercise of 15 min duration. Quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle were used for analysis in all experiments. Protein synthesis was studied by means of 14C-leucine incorporation. It was found that anabolic steroid treatment resulted in an increased content of skeletal muscle protein: myosin, myofibrillar, and sarcoplasmic fractions. The activity of RNA-polymerase in skeletal muscle nuclei was increased. The results indicated that in skeletal muscle there were androgen receptors which were binding sites for 3H-testosterone and anabolic steroids. A model for the anabolic steroid action on the regulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle was proposed.", "PMID": 491874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_968", "title": "Physiological characteristics of sprint and endurance Masters runners.", "content": "Data were obtained from 13 sprint (age range 41-58) and 13 distance (age range 4-78) Masters track athletes. The mean VO2max value for the distance runners was 54.4 +/- 3 ml kg min compared with 47.2 +/- 2 ml kg min for the sprinters. The highest VO2max (71.0 ml kg min) was obtained on a 45-year-old distance runner while the lowest (27.3 ml kg min) was obtained on the oldest (78 years) distance runner. VO2max decreased by 34.5% from age 40 to 70 in the distance runner in spite of continued training that ranged from 40 to 120 miles/week. Maximum ventilation rates were 122.5 +/- 6.8 and 116.8 +/- 7.0 1 min for the sprint and distance runners, respectively. Percentage of body fat was 16.5 +/- 0.5 for the sprinters and 18.0 +/- 1.1 for the distance runners. Serum cholesterol values were 218.7 +/- 8.7 and 203.0 +/- 13.8 ml/dl, while triglyceride values were 101.5 +/- 8.2 and 84.1 +/- 9.3 mg/dl for the sprint and distance groups, respectively. These data indicate that, VO2max decreases significantly with aging despite the continuation of long distance training. Percent body fat and serum lipid levels were significantly lower in these athletes compared to those for sedentary adults, suggesting a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Only one subject had S-T segment depression during the exercise test.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of sprint and endurance Masters runners. Data were obtained from 13 sprint (age range 41-58) and 13 distance (age range 4-78) Masters track athletes. The mean VO2max value for the distance runners was 54.4 +/- 3 ml kg min compared with 47.2 +/- 2 ml kg min for the sprinters. The highest VO2max (71.0 ml kg min) was obtained on a 45-year-old distance runner while the lowest (27.3 ml kg min) was obtained on the oldest (78 years) distance runner. VO2max decreased by 34.5% from age 40 to 70 in the distance runner in spite of continued training that ranged from 40 to 120 miles/week. Maximum ventilation rates were 122.5 +/- 6.8 and 116.8 +/- 7.0 1 min for the sprint and distance runners, respectively. Percentage of body fat was 16.5 +/- 0.5 for the sprinters and 18.0 +/- 1.1 for the distance runners. Serum cholesterol values were 218.7 +/- 8.7 and 203.0 +/- 13.8 ml/dl, while triglyceride values were 101.5 +/- 8.2 and 84.1 +/- 9.3 mg/dl for the sprint and distance groups, respectively. These data indicate that, VO2max decreases significantly with aging despite the continuation of long distance training. Percent body fat and serum lipid levels were significantly lower in these athletes compared to those for sedentary adults, suggesting a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Only one subject had S-T segment depression during the exercise test.", "PMID": 491875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_969", "title": "Physiological characteristics of elite prepubertal cross-country runners.", "content": "Eight elite cross-country runners and eight normally active boys 8--11 years of age were studied. The runners were selected on the basis of success in regional and/or national championships. Two of them had the first to third fastest mile run times for their age groups in the U.S. for three years. Tests included submaximal and maximal treadmill runs, an anaerobic capacity bicycle test, a mile run, and various anthropometric measures. A best career mile run (BCM) was used for comparisons within the running group. At submaximal work levels of 5.6 and 7 mph (124, 161, and 187 meters/min) the values for heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) were significantly lower for the runners than for the non-runners. The VO2max of the runners (56.6 ml kg min) was significantly higher than that of the non-runners (46.0 ml kg min). For all subjects combined, mile run time was highly correlated with percent VO2max and percent max HR at all submaximal running speeds (r greater than 0.8). The correlation coefficient between mile run time and VO2max was -0.88. Within the running group, however, BCM was unrelated to VO2max but was closely related to percent VO2max at 8 mph (213 meters/min) with 4 = 0.86, and to anaerobic capacity (r = -0.88). There were no significant differences between the groups in age, height, weight, max HR, and percent body fat. Thus the runners had higher aerobic and anaerobic capacities, and greater utilization of fat as an enrgy sustrate during submaximal work. Within the running group, anaerobic capacity and running economy were closely related to BCM time, whereas VO2max was not.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of elite prepubertal cross-country runners. Eight elite cross-country runners and eight normally active boys 8--11 years of age were studied. The runners were selected on the basis of success in regional and/or national championships. Two of them had the first to third fastest mile run times for their age groups in the U.S. for three years. Tests included submaximal and maximal treadmill runs, an anaerobic capacity bicycle test, a mile run, and various anthropometric measures. A best career mile run (BCM) was used for comparisons within the running group. At submaximal work levels of 5.6 and 7 mph (124, 161, and 187 meters/min) the values for heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) were significantly lower for the runners than for the non-runners. The VO2max of the runners (56.6 ml kg min) was significantly higher than that of the non-runners (46.0 ml kg min). For all subjects combined, mile run time was highly correlated with percent VO2max and percent max HR at all submaximal running speeds (r greater than 0.8). The correlation coefficient between mile run time and VO2max was -0.88. Within the running group, however, BCM was unrelated to VO2max but was closely related to percent VO2max at 8 mph (213 meters/min) with 4 = 0.86, and to anaerobic capacity (r = -0.88). There were no significant differences between the groups in age, height, weight, max HR, and percent body fat. Thus the runners had higher aerobic and anaerobic capacities, and greater utilization of fat as an enrgy sustrate during submaximal work. Within the running group, anaerobic capacity and running economy were closely related to BCM time, whereas VO2max was not.", "PMID": 491876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_970", "title": "Thermal and circulatory responses to repeated bouts of prolonged running.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the thermal and circulatory responses of seven runners (X VO2max = 66 ml kg min) to two bouts of high intensity prolonged treadmill running (PTR) [each 80-min at 70% VO2max] spaced by a 90-min rest. After the transition to exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and percent change in plasma volume remained constant throughout each PTR. Rectal temperature (Tr) and heart rate (HR) increased while stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q) decreased during the course of each PTR. The pattern of response for each variable was similar for both PTRs. However, Tr and HR were higher and SV and Q were lower during the second PTR when compared to the first of each respective time period.", "contents": "Thermal and circulatory responses to repeated bouts of prolonged running. The purpose of this study was to determine the thermal and circulatory responses of seven runners (X VO2max = 66 ml kg min) to two bouts of high intensity prolonged treadmill running (PTR) [each 80-min at 70% VO2max] spaced by a 90-min rest. After the transition to exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and percent change in plasma volume remained constant throughout each PTR. Rectal temperature (Tr) and heart rate (HR) increased while stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q) decreased during the course of each PTR. The pattern of response for each variable was similar for both PTRs. However, Tr and HR were higher and SV and Q were lower during the second PTR when compared to the first of each respective time period.", "PMID": 491877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_971", "title": "Low exercise ventilation in endurance athletes.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that endurance athletes are endowed with low ventilatory responses to chemical stimuli. The implications of this association have never been clear. Although recent evidence shows that exercise ventilation (VE) correlates with ventilatory chemoresponsiveness in a group of  athletes, the extent to which non-athletes may differ from athletes in this regard is unknown. We have examined the relationship between ventilatory chemoresponsiveness and exercise VE in a group of 7 non-athletes, and contrasted these findings with those obtained previously from 8 endurance and 8 non-endurance athletes. Correlation lines of exercise VE with chemical responses were similar in slope and intercept for both athletes and non-athletes. However, we found that non-athletes had greater exercise VE per unit metabolic rate (VO2 or VCO2), and greater ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2, when compared with endurance athletes at equal relative work loads (P less than 0.05). The lower exercise VE/VCO2 of endurance athletes as compared with non-athletes persisted in hyperoxia, indicating that factors other than differences in hypoxic sensitivity explain the lower exercise VE of endurance athletes. Low exercise VE may be the link between low ventilatory chemosensitivity and outstanding endurance athletic performance.", "contents": "Low exercise ventilation in endurance athletes. Previous studies have shown that endurance athletes are endowed with low ventilatory responses to chemical stimuli. The implications of this association have never been clear. Although recent evidence shows that exercise ventilation (VE) correlates with ventilatory chemoresponsiveness in a group of  athletes, the extent to which non-athletes may differ from athletes in this regard is unknown. We have examined the relationship between ventilatory chemoresponsiveness and exercise VE in a group of 7 non-athletes, and contrasted these findings with those obtained previously from 8 endurance and 8 non-endurance athletes. Correlation lines of exercise VE with chemical responses were similar in slope and intercept for both athletes and non-athletes. However, we found that non-athletes had greater exercise VE per unit metabolic rate (VO2 or VCO2), and greater ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2, when compared with endurance athletes at equal relative work loads (P less than 0.05). The lower exercise VE/VCO2 of endurance athletes as compared with non-athletes persisted in hyperoxia, indicating that factors other than differences in hypoxic sensitivity explain the lower exercise VE of endurance athletes. Low exercise VE may be the link between low ventilatory chemosensitivity and outstanding endurance athletic performance.", "PMID": 491878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_972", "title": "Cardiorespiratory health, reaction time and aging.", "content": "Visual simple and choice reaction time (RT) tests were administered to 64 male and female volunteers 23 to 59 years of age. One half of the subjects were runners involved in rigorous training programs averaging 42 miles per week. The other half of the subjects were sedentary adults. Eighty simple and 100 choice reaction time trials were given with a variable foreperiod ranging from 400 to 1100 msec. Five catch trials were given in both simple and choice reaction time conditions. The results indicated that there was a gradual decline in RT performance as age increased. However, this trend was not evident in the trained group. Reaction time remained constant with age within the trained group. It was concluded that a high state of cardiorespiratory training may prevent cognitive decrements in performance with age.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory health, reaction time and aging. Visual simple and choice reaction time (RT) tests were administered to 64 male and female volunteers 23 to 59 years of age. One half of the subjects were runners involved in rigorous training programs averaging 42 miles per week. The other half of the subjects were sedentary adults. Eighty simple and 100 choice reaction time trials were given with a variable foreperiod ranging from 400 to 1100 msec. Five catch trials were given in both simple and choice reaction time conditions. The results indicated that there was a gradual decline in RT performance as age increased. However, this trend was not evident in the trained group. Reaction time remained constant with age within the trained group. It was concluded that a high state of cardiorespiratory training may prevent cognitive decrements in performance with age.", "PMID": 491879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_973", "title": "Neural and humoral signals for pulmonary ventilation arising in exercising muscle.", "content": "This review analyzes attempts to isolate and quantify the neurally and humorally mediated portions of the ventilatory response to moderate exercise. 1. Dejours' \"neuro-humoral theory\" postulates that, following a change from rest to moderate, constant-load exercise in man, the abrupt initial increase in VE is neurally mediated, and the subsequent gradual rise in VE is humorally mediated. However, no compelling evidence exists to support either of these hypotheses. Moreover, there is a plausible alternative method of partitioning VE into fast and slow components: the steady-state value of VE may be entirely due to the slow component. 2. The similarity between the kinetics of VE and VCO2 during exercise suggests that the ventilatory response may be primarily triggered by a signal that has its origin in the CO2 flux to the lung. Intravenous CO2 loading in resting animals produces such a flux, unaccompanied by possible neural signals arising from contracting muscles. However, experiments of this type have produced drastically conflicting results. 3. With cross-circulation techniques, the ventilatory response to neural signals from exercising limbs can be isolated, by sending the blood leaving these limbs directly into the venous system of another animal. Experiments of this type with anesthetized dogs led Kao and co-workers to conclude that the increase in VE during steady-state exercise is entirely due to neural signals originating in the exercising limbs. 4. In skeletal muscle, the kinetics of VO2 closely follow those of the concentrations of creatine phosphate and free creatine: a sensor of either of these concentrations could thus theoretically serve as a useful \"metaboreceptor\". The extracellular concentration of K+ in contracting muscles also changes rapidly enough to lead cardio-ventilatory adjustments, and thus might possibly trigger a neural signal involved in their control.", "contents": "Neural and humoral signals for pulmonary ventilation arising in exercising muscle. This review analyzes attempts to isolate and quantify the neurally and humorally mediated portions of the ventilatory response to moderate exercise. 1. Dejours' \"neuro-humoral theory\" postulates that, following a change from rest to moderate, constant-load exercise in man, the abrupt initial increase in VE is neurally mediated, and the subsequent gradual rise in VE is humorally mediated. However, no compelling evidence exists to support either of these hypotheses. Moreover, there is a plausible alternative method of partitioning VE into fast and slow components: the steady-state value of VE may be entirely due to the slow component. 2. The similarity between the kinetics of VE and VCO2 during exercise suggests that the ventilatory response may be primarily triggered by a signal that has its origin in the CO2 flux to the lung. Intravenous CO2 loading in resting animals produces such a flux, unaccompanied by possible neural signals arising from contracting muscles. However, experiments of this type have produced drastically conflicting results. 3. With cross-circulation techniques, the ventilatory response to neural signals from exercising limbs can be isolated, by sending the blood leaving these limbs directly into the venous system of another animal. Experiments of this type with anesthetized dogs led Kao and co-workers to conclude that the increase in VE during steady-state exercise is entirely due to neural signals originating in the exercising limbs. 4. In skeletal muscle, the kinetics of VO2 closely follow those of the concentrations of creatine phosphate and free creatine: a sensor of either of these concentrations could thus theoretically serve as a useful \"metaboreceptor\". The extracellular concentration of K+ in contracting muscles also changes rapidly enough to lead cardio-ventilatory adjustments, and thus might possibly trigger a neural signal involved in their control.", "PMID": 491881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_974", "title": "Overview of ventilatory control during exercise.", "content": "Practically every respiratory physiologist of the last 100 years has studied the ventilatory response to exercise. Yet we still do not know the cause of increased ventilation associated with exercise. This overview considers the problem from a broad observational point of view. Data from studies combining exercise with continuous inspired CO2 and \"slug\" CO2 breathing imply a feed-forward/feed-back structure for the ventilatory controller. The feed-forward stimulus is correlated to CO2 production. Feed-back senses arterial CO2 tension and acts to minimize the effects of correlation errors and correlation slope errors in the feed-forward path. This feed-forward/feed-back structure yields a regulated arterial CO2 and a tight coupling of ventilation to CO2 production. The feed-back mechanism acts via the carotid body, and indirectly via the central chemoreceptor. A variety of mechanisms are discussed that may be involved in providing the feed-forward stimulus. In particular, the intravenous loading experimental results are considered in terms of an appropriate feed-forward stimulus.", "contents": "Overview of ventilatory control during exercise. Practically every respiratory physiologist of the last 100 years has studied the ventilatory response to exercise. Yet we still do not know the cause of increased ventilation associated with exercise. This overview considers the problem from a broad observational point of view. Data from studies combining exercise with continuous inspired CO2 and \"slug\" CO2 breathing imply a feed-forward/feed-back structure for the ventilatory controller. The feed-forward stimulus is correlated to CO2 production. Feed-back senses arterial CO2 tension and acts to minimize the effects of correlation errors and correlation slope errors in the feed-forward path. This feed-forward/feed-back structure yields a regulated arterial CO2 and a tight coupling of ventilation to CO2 production. The feed-back mechanism acts via the carotid body, and indirectly via the central chemoreceptor. A variety of mechanisms are discussed that may be involved in providing the feed-forward stimulus. In particular, the intravenous loading experimental results are considered in terms of an appropriate feed-forward stimulus.", "PMID": 491882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_975", "title": "[New unit construction urologic endoscopes].", "content": "Drawbacks of serially-produced cystoscopes are considered along with their technical perfection. The calculation results for a new light-power optical ststem for cystoscope are reported and the structure of optical tube incorporated in those unified urological endoscopes with its main parameters are given. A conclusion is made regarding the technical perfection of currently produced Soviet cystoscopes.", "contents": "[New unit construction urologic endoscopes]. Drawbacks of serially-produced cystoscopes are considered along with their technical perfection. The calculation results for a new light-power optical ststem for cystoscope are reported and the structure of optical tube incorporated in those unified urological endoscopes with its main parameters are given. A conclusion is made regarding the technical perfection of currently produced Soviet cystoscopes.", "PMID": 491893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_976", "title": "[Optical properties of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes].", "content": "Optical properties of flexible fiber-optic endoscopes, requirements to them and methods of their testing are under consideration in this article. This results of the research performed became the basis for developing a State USSR Standards entitled \"Medical endoscopic instruments with fiber optics. General technical requirements.\"", "contents": "[Optical properties of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes]. Optical properties of flexible fiber-optic endoscopes, requirements to them and methods of their testing are under consideration in this article. This results of the research performed became the basis for developing a State USSR Standards entitled \"Medical endoscopic instruments with fiber optics. General technical requirements.\"", "PMID": 491894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_977", "title": "[Fiber endoscopes with structureless image].", "content": "Approaches to the removal of mosaic by special decomposition, composition and image scanning are discussed. This provided 6 times larger volume of the information transmitted. A principle of choosing parameters for endoscope oculars is offered and pictures showing ways to bend their distal end are presented.", "contents": "[Fiber endoscopes with structureless image]. Approaches to the removal of mosaic by special decomposition, composition and image scanning are discussed. This provided 6 times larger volume of the information transmitted. A principle of choosing parameters for endoscope oculars is offered and pictures showing ways to bend their distal end are presented.", "PMID": 491895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_978", "title": "[Comparative analysis of optical systems for illuminators in light guide apparatus].", "content": "The article deals with analysis of light-optic systems with halogen incandescent lamps incorporated into domestic light sources for fiber-optic apparatus, types OC-100, 0C-150 and OC-250, and for some foreign light sources of similar types. The recommendations given are aimed at the improvement of light-optic parameters of the systems where the lamp is built into the reflector.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of optical systems for illuminators in light guide apparatus]. The article deals with analysis of light-optic systems with halogen incandescent lamps incorporated into domestic light sources for fiber-optic apparatus, types OC-100, 0C-150 and OC-250, and for some foreign light sources of similar types. The recommendations given are aimed at the improvement of light-optic parameters of the systems where the lamp is built into the reflector.", "PMID": 491896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_979", "title": "[Effect of infiltrating water vapors on mercury-zinc elements in implanted electric cardiac stimulators].", "content": "A complex character of the water vapours effect on the energy source used in electrical pacemaker is investigated on the RMCC-1 type Hg-Zn element. The water vapours were shown to cause electrolyte effluence and hence the appearance of the leakage eddy currents amounted up to 22mA through the insulation of electrodes. The resulted charge loss reduce the clinical service term of the pacemaker electrodes. This can be avoided by the provision of equal water-vapours' partial pressure in the surrounding medium and in electrolyte, by means of special construction. At the doby temperature this requirement is achieved at the 27%-air relative humidity.", "contents": "[Effect of infiltrating water vapors on mercury-zinc elements in implanted electric cardiac stimulators]. A complex character of the water vapours effect on the energy source used in electrical pacemaker is investigated on the RMCC-1 type Hg-Zn element. The water vapours were shown to cause electrolyte effluence and hence the appearance of the leakage eddy currents amounted up to 22mA through the insulation of electrodes. The resulted charge loss reduce the clinical service term of the pacemaker electrodes. This can be avoided by the provision of equal water-vapours' partial pressure in the surrounding medium and in electrolyte, by means of special construction. At the doby temperature this requirement is achieved at the 27%-air relative humidity.", "PMID": 491897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_980", "title": "[Attachment to a fibergastroscope for cinematography].", "content": "The diagnostic horizon of endoscopy is being extended due to the record of endoscopic pictures on the cinema film. The accessories offered by the author allow successful application of the \"Kiev-16\" movie-camera jointly with the fibrogastroscopes produced by Olympus Co without camera, for cinema and photodocumentation.", "contents": "[Attachment to a fibergastroscope for cinematography]. The diagnostic horizon of endoscopy is being extended due to the record of endoscopic pictures on the cinema film. The accessories offered by the author allow successful application of the \"Kiev-16\" movie-camera jointly with the fibrogastroscopes produced by Olympus Co without camera, for cinema and photodocumentation.", "PMID": 491899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_981", "title": "[Genital tuberculosis in African female patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Genital tuberculosis in 76 Senegalese women and 82 Nigerian women, have been compiled from statistical tables covering a period of 10 years. The authors present the features of genital tuberculosis in african females. In most cases, diagnosis is made through peroperative findings or anatomo-pathological control of exeresis specimens; still, biopsy of endometrium, systematically performed on each patient consulting for sterility, gave opportunity to detect an important number of cases of genital tuberculosis in Nigeria. The frequency of this disease is low among other unspecific genital infections. Its medical treatment is effective on tuberculous infection but not on sterility which is an unavoidable sequella.", "contents": "[Genital tuberculosis in African female patients (author's transl)]. Genital tuberculosis in 76 Senegalese women and 82 Nigerian women, have been compiled from statistical tables covering a period of 10 years. The authors present the features of genital tuberculosis in african females. In most cases, diagnosis is made through peroperative findings or anatomo-pathological control of exeresis specimens; still, biopsy of endometrium, systematically performed on each patient consulting for sterility, gave opportunity to detect an important number of cases of genital tuberculosis in Nigeria. The frequency of this disease is low among other unspecific genital infections. Its medical treatment is effective on tuberculous infection but not on sterility which is an unavoidable sequella.", "PMID": 491908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_982", "title": "[Osteo-articular tuberculosis in African (author's transl)].", "content": "General, clinical and therapeutic features of osteo-articular tuberculosis in African, excluding vertebral localizations, are compiled from 81 records: The are: -- a frequency lower than in expatriated Africans and this indicates their special physical resistance when they live in their natural environment; -- frequently an easy diagnosis because of infected advanced foci with associated lesions; -- a surgical indication (curettage, resection, arthrodesis) as frequent as in vertebral localizations.", "contents": "[Osteo-articular tuberculosis in African (author's transl)]. General, clinical and therapeutic features of osteo-articular tuberculosis in African, excluding vertebral localizations, are compiled from 81 records: The are: -- a frequency lower than in expatriated Africans and this indicates their special physical resistance when they live in their natural environment; -- frequently an easy diagnosis because of infected advanced foci with associated lesions; -- a surgical indication (curettage, resection, arthrodesis) as frequent as in vertebral localizations.", "PMID": 491909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_983", "title": "[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Africans (author's transl)].", "content": "Extra pulmonary tuberculosis are frequent in Africa and have a special severity due to delayed diagnosis and multifocal forms. Various punctures and biopsies may be necessary to demonstate the tuberculous infection. Even with modern treatment it too often implies important risks of severe sequelae.", "contents": "[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Africans (author's transl)]. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis are frequent in Africa and have a special severity due to delayed diagnosis and multifocal forms. Various punctures and biopsies may be necessary to demonstate the tuberculous infection. Even with modern treatment it too often implies important risks of severe sequelae.", "PMID": 491907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_984", "title": "[Pott's disease in African (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of anatomical clinical, and therapeutic features of Pott's disease in Africans from 131 cases treated by the same team and compiled from the principal series published during the last ten years in Black Africa. Anatomical features are related to the frequency of the disease (70 p. 100 of tuberculous osteo-arthritis), the elective lumbodorsal localization involving several vertebrae (gpenerally 3 or 4) and being sometimes multifocal. Clinical features are in part explained by the delay with which patients report to the hospital for the first time so that 80 to 90 p. 100 of the patients suffer from severe lesions (which are in their destructive phase in 30 p. 100 of the cases), with associated-complications (gibbosity, abcess, 50 p. 100; fistulae, 2 to 6 p. 100; paraplegie 23 to 25 p. 100; multiplefoci, 4 to 13 p. 100). Diagnostic difficulty mainly raised by \"False Pott's diseases\" (P. Bourrel), is considered. Therapeutics is studied; importance and place of the surgical treatment is emphasized; its various approaches are discussed. The authors report their surgical interventions on 89 patients out of 181 admitted: 64 direct approaches for simple Pott (with 70 p. 100 of good results and 20 p. 100 of satisfactory results), 25 operations for complicated cases of Pott (18 approaches for antero-lateral decompression and 5 laminectomies, with 22 satisfactory results).", "contents": "[Pott's disease in African (author's transl)]. A study of anatomical clinical, and therapeutic features of Pott's disease in Africans from 131 cases treated by the same team and compiled from the principal series published during the last ten years in Black Africa. Anatomical features are related to the frequency of the disease (70 p. 100 of tuberculous osteo-arthritis), the elective lumbodorsal localization involving several vertebrae (gpenerally 3 or 4) and being sometimes multifocal. Clinical features are in part explained by the delay with which patients report to the hospital for the first time so that 80 to 90 p. 100 of the patients suffer from severe lesions (which are in their destructive phase in 30 p. 100 of the cases), with associated-complications (gibbosity, abcess, 50 p. 100; fistulae, 2 to 6 p. 100; paraplegie 23 to 25 p. 100; multiplefoci, 4 to 13 p. 100). Diagnostic difficulty mainly raised by \"False Pott's diseases\" (P. Bourrel), is considered. Therapeutics is studied; importance and place of the surgical treatment is emphasized; its various approaches are discussed. The authors report their surgical interventions on 89 patients out of 181 admitted: 64 direct approaches for simple Pott (with 70 p. 100 of good results and 20 p. 100 of satisfactory results), 25 operations for complicated cases of Pott (18 approaches for antero-lateral decompression and 5 laminectomies, with 22 satisfactory results).", "PMID": 491910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_985", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in tropical environment (indications and technics) (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 85 clinical records of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were operated in hospitals of South Vietnam and West Africa. Some common features may be noted: --an ongoing clinical evolution before the indication for a surgical intervention (more than 5 years in half of the cases); -- positive bacilloscopies in 70 p. 100 of the cases; -- bilateral lesions in one case out of three; -- unilateral lesions restricted to one lobe in one case out of two; -- surgery limited to a thoracoplasty for 48 p. 100 of the patients; for the remaining 52 p. 100, half underwent lobotomy, half pneumonectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in tropical environment (indications and technics) (author's transl)]. A study of 85 clinical records of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were operated in hospitals of South Vietnam and West Africa. Some common features may be noted: --an ongoing clinical evolution before the indication for a surgical intervention (more than 5 years in half of the cases); -- positive bacilloscopies in 70 p. 100 of the cases; -- bilateral lesions in one case out of three; -- unilateral lesions restricted to one lobe in one case out of two; -- surgery limited to a thoracoplasty for 48 p. 100 of the patients; for the remaining 52 p. 100, half underwent lobotomy, half pneumonectomy.", "PMID": 491911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_986", "title": "Diabetic nephropathy as the mode of presentation of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diabetic nephropathy have only rarely been described in patients who have minimal or no glucose intolerance. We herein report the case of a 59-yr-old man who presented with nephrotic syndrome and minimal glucose intolerance whose renal biopsy showed the nodular (Kimmelsteil-Wilson) and diffuse glomerulosclerosis lesions characteristic of diabetes. We critically review the literature on this subject, pointing out the pitfalls in diagnosis and establishing strict criteria for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in patients wihout overt clinical diabetes.", "contents": "Diabetic nephropathy as the mode of presentation of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy have only rarely been described in patients who have minimal or no glucose intolerance. We herein report the case of a 59-yr-old man who presented with nephrotic syndrome and minimal glucose intolerance whose renal biopsy showed the nodular (Kimmelsteil-Wilson) and diffuse glomerulosclerosis lesions characteristic of diabetes. We critically review the literature on this subject, pointing out the pitfalls in diagnosis and establishing strict criteria for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in patients wihout overt clinical diabetes.", "PMID": 491959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_987", "title": "Regulation of insulin biosynthesis in vivo by glucose in the newborn rat.", "content": "The effects of glucose on insulin biosynthesis in vivo were investigated in the 3-day-old rat. The extent of insulin synthesized was determined by following the incorporation of 3H-leucine into immunoreactive insulin (3H-IRI) and pancreatic proteins (3H-PROT). Blood glucose levels increased 2.3 +/- 0.2 g/liter and plasma insulin increased 208 +/- 10 muU/ml after an intraperitoneal injection of 3H-leucine plus glucose (2 g/kg, body wt) in neonates. Hyperglycemia resulted in a decrease of basal plasma specific radioactivity of leucine and 3H-PROT radioactivity by about 40%. Determination of the 3H-IRI/3H-PROT incorporation ratio shows that the glucose load induced a significant stimulation of insulin biosynthesis 120 min after the injections. The present data indicate that (1) short-term variations of blood glucose are efficient in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis, and (2) insulin biosynthesis in vivo is likely to operate at a basal level of blood glucose in the 3-day-old rat. The results suggested that the variations of blood glucose in a concentration range found under physiologic conditions may play a role in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Regulation of insulin biosynthesis in vivo by glucose in the newborn rat. The effects of glucose on insulin biosynthesis in vivo were investigated in the 3-day-old rat. The extent of insulin synthesized was determined by following the incorporation of 3H-leucine into immunoreactive insulin (3H-IRI) and pancreatic proteins (3H-PROT). Blood glucose levels increased 2.3 +/- 0.2 g/liter and plasma insulin increased 208 +/- 10 muU/ml after an intraperitoneal injection of 3H-leucine plus glucose (2 g/kg, body wt) in neonates. Hyperglycemia resulted in a decrease of basal plasma specific radioactivity of leucine and 3H-PROT radioactivity by about 40%. Determination of the 3H-IRI/3H-PROT incorporation ratio shows that the glucose load induced a significant stimulation of insulin biosynthesis 120 min after the injections. The present data indicate that (1) short-term variations of blood glucose are efficient in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis, and (2) insulin biosynthesis in vivo is likely to operate at a basal level of blood glucose in the 3-day-old rat. The results suggested that the variations of blood glucose in a concentration range found under physiologic conditions may play a role in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 491961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_988", "title": "Amino-acid metabolism and liver ultrastructure in hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "Three patients with the rare hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (HOGA) syndrome were studied to elucidate the metabolic derangement and its pathologic concomitants. Tenfold elevations of blood ornithine levels, decreases in lysine levels, and hitherto unreported decreases in blood glutamate and glutamine concentration were observed. The output of ornithine from muscle kidney and splanchnic beds was curtailed or reversed after intravenous glucose. Levels of ornithine in venous blood declined after oral glucose, and rose after intravenous arginine. Increased amounts of 3-amino-2-piperidone were found in the urine, but these did not increase after the arginine-induced increase in ornithine levels. Liver biopsies in two patients revealed a marked alteration in mitochondrial ultrastructure. These studies extend the knowledge of the metabolic and pathologic derangements in HOGA. These findings are consistent with a disorder of ornithine-ketoacid transaminase, but such a disorder might not account for all the observations.", "contents": "Amino-acid metabolism and liver ultrastructure in hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Three patients with the rare hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (HOGA) syndrome were studied to elucidate the metabolic derangement and its pathologic concomitants. Tenfold elevations of blood ornithine levels, decreases in lysine levels, and hitherto unreported decreases in blood glutamate and glutamine concentration were observed. The output of ornithine from muscle kidney and splanchnic beds was curtailed or reversed after intravenous glucose. Levels of ornithine in venous blood declined after oral glucose, and rose after intravenous arginine. Increased amounts of 3-amino-2-piperidone were found in the urine, but these did not increase after the arginine-induced increase in ornithine levels. Liver biopsies in two patients revealed a marked alteration in mitochondrial ultrastructure. These studies extend the knowledge of the metabolic and pathologic derangements in HOGA. These findings are consistent with a disorder of ornithine-ketoacid transaminase, but such a disorder might not account for all the observations.", "PMID": 491962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_989", "title": "Augmented lipolysis in rat adipose tissue upon repeated exposure to epinephrine.", "content": "A perfusion system was used to investigate the lipolytic response to epinephrine of minced epididymal fat pads from fed and 24-hr fasted rats. Epinephrine was infused at a final concentration of 1 X 10(-6) M for 60-min periods. Basal glycerol release from tissue and cells of fed animals was 3 mumoles/min/ml of sample. Epinephrine stimulated lipolysis 20-fold in tissue pieces. There was an additional two-fold increase during a repeated epinephrine infusion after 30 min with buffer alone. In contrast, tissue from fasted rats showed no difference upon successive infusions of epinephrine. Isolated cells of fed and fasted animals also produced peaks of equal magnitude on both exposures to epinephrine. Preincubation of fed tissue with anti-insulin serum did not abolish the augmented response to the hormone. Preincubation of the fed tissue for 90 min with omission of the first epinephrine exposure did not produce an augmented response. It is concluded that exposure of adipose tissue to 1 X 10(-6)M epinephrine will produce augmented stimulation of lipolysis on a second exposure. Fasting and isolation of cells abolishes the augmented response by a mechanism which does not involve removal of insulin from the fat cell.", "contents": "Augmented lipolysis in rat adipose tissue upon repeated exposure to epinephrine. A perfusion system was used to investigate the lipolytic response to epinephrine of minced epididymal fat pads from fed and 24-hr fasted rats. Epinephrine was infused at a final concentration of 1 X 10(-6) M for 60-min periods. Basal glycerol release from tissue and cells of fed animals was 3 mumoles/min/ml of sample. Epinephrine stimulated lipolysis 20-fold in tissue pieces. There was an additional two-fold increase during a repeated epinephrine infusion after 30 min with buffer alone. In contrast, tissue from fasted rats showed no difference upon successive infusions of epinephrine. Isolated cells of fed and fasted animals also produced peaks of equal magnitude on both exposures to epinephrine. Preincubation of fed tissue with anti-insulin serum did not abolish the augmented response to the hormone. Preincubation of the fed tissue for 90 min with omission of the first epinephrine exposure did not produce an augmented response. It is concluded that exposure of adipose tissue to 1 X 10(-6)M epinephrine will produce augmented stimulation of lipolysis on a second exposure. Fasting and isolation of cells abolishes the augmented response by a mechanism which does not involve removal of insulin from the fat cell.", "PMID": 491963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_990", "title": "A longitudinal study of bone-mineral content and intestinal calcium absorption in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "In 14 nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and at the start of treatment a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 14--47 ml/min changes in bone mineral mass (BMM), expressed in percentage of the initial value, showed a significant correlation with the mean GFR during an observation period of 16 +/- 2 mo. During a predialysis period of 6 mo BMM decreased to 97.8 +/- 3.2% of the original value in 9 patients, while after 6, 12, and 16 mo of dialysis treatment, BMM in the same patients fell to 94.5 +/- 3.0%, 92.0 +/- 3.2% and 91.8 +/- 4.6% of the initial value. As after the onset of regular hemodialysis the fractional intestinal absorption of 47Ca does not decrease but even increases in most patients, the importance of the level of intestinal calcium absorption for the development of dialysis bone disease may be questioned.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of bone-mineral content and intestinal calcium absorption in patients with chronic renal failure. In 14 nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and at the start of treatment a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 14--47 ml/min changes in bone mineral mass (BMM), expressed in percentage of the initial value, showed a significant correlation with the mean GFR during an observation period of 16 +/- 2 mo. During a predialysis period of 6 mo BMM decreased to 97.8 +/- 3.2% of the original value in 9 patients, while after 6, 12, and 16 mo of dialysis treatment, BMM in the same patients fell to 94.5 +/- 3.0%, 92.0 +/- 3.2% and 91.8 +/- 4.6% of the initial value. As after the onset of regular hemodialysis the fractional intestinal absorption of 47Ca does not decrease but even increases in most patients, the importance of the level of intestinal calcium absorption for the development of dialysis bone disease may be questioned.", "PMID": 491968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_991", "title": "Calorimetric results in man: energy output in normal and overweight subjects.", "content": "In order to test the practicability of 24-hr investigations with the gradient-free Vienna Whole-Body Calorimeter, energy output was measured over 24-hr periods in 18 human subjects. Heat loss was partitioned into dry and evaporative components. Sixteen female subjects were divided into normal-weight (less than 100% according to the Broca index), overweight (100%--120%), and obese (over 120%) groups. A male with severe hypothyroidism, and a female with no signs of impairment of thyroid function who had weight problems that were suspected to be due to low energy expenditure, were studied separately. Subjects reported that the calorimeter chamber was sufficiently comfortable for at least a 24-hour investigation. Overweight and obese subjects showed both greater total heat output and greater inter-individual variability than the normal weight group. Normal and overweight subjects were on steady levels of food intake that were representative of usual intake. For normal subjects there was a relatively close correspondence between energy intake and output, but not for overweight subjects. Thyroid hormone therapy produced a large increase in energy output in the hypothyroid patient. Energy expenditure was found to be unusually low in the patient with weight problems and was increased by about 50% after thyroid hormone administration.", "contents": "Calorimetric results in man: energy output in normal and overweight subjects. In order to test the practicability of 24-hr investigations with the gradient-free Vienna Whole-Body Calorimeter, energy output was measured over 24-hr periods in 18 human subjects. Heat loss was partitioned into dry and evaporative components. Sixteen female subjects were divided into normal-weight (less than 100% according to the Broca index), overweight (100%--120%), and obese (over 120%) groups. A male with severe hypothyroidism, and a female with no signs of impairment of thyroid function who had weight problems that were suspected to be due to low energy expenditure, were studied separately. Subjects reported that the calorimeter chamber was sufficiently comfortable for at least a 24-hour investigation. Overweight and obese subjects showed both greater total heat output and greater inter-individual variability than the normal weight group. Normal and overweight subjects were on steady levels of food intake that were representative of usual intake. For normal subjects there was a relatively close correspondence between energy intake and output, but not for overweight subjects. Thyroid hormone therapy produced a large increase in energy output in the hypothyroid patient. Energy expenditure was found to be unusually low in the patient with weight problems and was increased by about 50% after thyroid hormone administration.", "PMID": 491969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_992", "title": "Pathogenesis of acidosis in hereditary fructose intolerance.", "content": "An 18-yr-old man with a classical history of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) developed typical biochemical changes following an oral fructose load: fructosemia, hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hypokalemia (3.1 meq/liter) was also noted. Three aspects of this case expand the published literature on this syndrome: (1) Metabolic acidosis was found to be due to both lactic acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). We could quantitate the relative contribution of each, and found that urinary bicarbonate loss due to proximal RTA accounted for less than 10% of the fall in serum bicarbonate. The major cause of the metabolic acidosis was lactic acidosis. (2) Hypokalemia was found to be due to movement of potassium out of the extracellular space rather than to urinary loss. Potassium may have entered cells with phosphate or may have been sequestered in the gastrointestinal tract. (3) The coexistence of proximal RTA and acidemia made it possible to study the effect of acidemia on the urine-blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) gradient in alkaline urine (U-B PCO2). The U-B PCO2 measured during acidemia was much higher at the same urine bicarbonate concentration than in normal controls during alkalemia, providing evidence in humans that acidemia stimulates distal nephron hydrogen-ion secretion.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of acidosis in hereditary fructose intolerance. An 18-yr-old man with a classical history of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) developed typical biochemical changes following an oral fructose load: fructosemia, hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hypokalemia (3.1 meq/liter) was also noted. Three aspects of this case expand the published literature on this syndrome: (1) Metabolic acidosis was found to be due to both lactic acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). We could quantitate the relative contribution of each, and found that urinary bicarbonate loss due to proximal RTA accounted for less than 10% of the fall in serum bicarbonate. The major cause of the metabolic acidosis was lactic acidosis. (2) Hypokalemia was found to be due to movement of potassium out of the extracellular space rather than to urinary loss. Potassium may have entered cells with phosphate or may have been sequestered in the gastrointestinal tract. (3) The coexistence of proximal RTA and acidemia made it possible to study the effect of acidemia on the urine-blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) gradient in alkaline urine (U-B PCO2). The U-B PCO2 measured during acidemia was much higher at the same urine bicarbonate concentration than in normal controls during alkalemia, providing evidence in humans that acidemia stimulates distal nephron hydrogen-ion secretion.", "PMID": 491970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_993", "title": "Consumption of O2 and early detection of fa/fa genotype in rats.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was determined in 10--12-wk-old fa/fa and non-fa/fa rats at ambient temperatures of 10 degrees--40 degrees C. The fa/fa rats exhibited a lower oxygen consumption than non-fa/fa rats from 10 degrees--30 degrees C, but not at 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C. A lower oxygen consumption was also observed among fa/fa rats as early as 18 days of age, prior to the phenotypic expression of apparent obesity. Fourteen hundred microliter O2 consumed/hr/g body weight at STP was used as a value, below which future obese rats could be identified among 18-day-old pups from fa/+ X fa/+ crosses. Only a 10% error was found in the use of this value for the early identification of the fa/fa genotype.", "contents": "Consumption of O2 and early detection of fa/fa genotype in rats. Oxygen consumption was determined in 10--12-wk-old fa/fa and non-fa/fa rats at ambient temperatures of 10 degrees--40 degrees C. The fa/fa rats exhibited a lower oxygen consumption than non-fa/fa rats from 10 degrees--30 degrees C, but not at 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C. A lower oxygen consumption was also observed among fa/fa rats as early as 18 days of age, prior to the phenotypic expression of apparent obesity. Fourteen hundred microliter O2 consumed/hr/g body weight at STP was used as a value, below which future obese rats could be identified among 18-day-old pups from fa/+ X fa/+ crosses. Only a 10% error was found in the use of this value for the early identification of the fa/fa genotype.", "PMID": 491972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_994", "title": "Sterol balance in abetalipoproteinemia: studies in a patient with homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia.", "content": "A new case of homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is reported in a 16-yr-old girl. Apoprotein B was absent from plasma and the patient had acanthocytes and steatorrhea, but minimal neurologic dysfunction. Total body cholesterol synthesis was assessed intermittently over a 30-mo period by sterol balance techniques. The rate of synthesis of cholesterol was higher (15.0 +/- 2.9 mg/kg/day) in the patient (8.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/day than in 3 control children, p less than 0.005). Bile acid synthesis was similar (4.6 +/- 1.8 versus 4.0 +/- 1.7 mg/kg/day) in the patient and controls, but total body sterol synthesis was significantly higher (19.6 +/- 3.0 versus 12.2 +/- 2.0, p less than 0.005). The absorption of orally administered [1,2,(3)H] cholesterol in the patient was low and less than 0.5% of the label appeared in the total plasma volume at all times up to 48 hr. Estimates of the extent that malabsorption of biliary cholesterol contributes to the enhanced excretion of neutral sterols in this case indicate that all of the increase can be explained on this basis. Thus, although the mechanisms for the increased sterol synthesis in this case may relate to the absence of chylomicrons and low density lipoproteins in plasma, the magnitude of the increase can be fully explained on the basis of a compensatory mechanism to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the face of enhanced fecal losses.", "contents": "Sterol balance in abetalipoproteinemia: studies in a patient with homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. A new case of homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is reported in a 16-yr-old girl. Apoprotein B was absent from plasma and the patient had acanthocytes and steatorrhea, but minimal neurologic dysfunction. Total body cholesterol synthesis was assessed intermittently over a 30-mo period by sterol balance techniques. The rate of synthesis of cholesterol was higher (15.0 +/- 2.9 mg/kg/day) in the patient (8.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/day than in 3 control children, p less than 0.005). Bile acid synthesis was similar (4.6 +/- 1.8 versus 4.0 +/- 1.7 mg/kg/day) in the patient and controls, but total body sterol synthesis was significantly higher (19.6 +/- 3.0 versus 12.2 +/- 2.0, p less than 0.005). The absorption of orally administered [1,2,(3)H] cholesterol in the patient was low and less than 0.5% of the label appeared in the total plasma volume at all times up to 48 hr. Estimates of the extent that malabsorption of biliary cholesterol contributes to the enhanced excretion of neutral sterols in this case indicate that all of the increase can be explained on this basis. Thus, although the mechanisms for the increased sterol synthesis in this case may relate to the absence of chylomicrons and low density lipoproteins in plasma, the magnitude of the increase can be fully explained on the basis of a compensatory mechanism to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the face of enhanced fecal losses.", "PMID": 491973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_995", "title": "A new electron microscope technique for the study of living materials.", "content": "In order to gain informations on the real structure of biological specimens the \"wet technique\" for electron microscopy has been developed. The construction and the working principle of a special microchamber are described. Applications of this technique for the investigation of blood cells, gametes and various bacteries are demonstrated by micrographs.", "contents": "A new electron microscope technique for the study of living materials. In order to gain informations on the real structure of biological specimens the \"wet technique\" for electron microscopy has been developed. The construction and the working principle of a special microchamber are described. Applications of this technique for the investigation of blood cells, gametes and various bacteries are demonstrated by micrographs.", "PMID": 491975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_996", "title": "[A simple additional device for the Siemens electron microscope Elmiskop EM-101 to introduce specimen without air-contact (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple additional device is shown to introduce specimen without contact to air into the Siemens electron microscope EM-101. The construction, the function and handlinf of the modified specimen airlock is described. The device is used to study oxidable crystals by electron microscopy and diffraction, and might also be promising for ultracytochemical and molecular biological problems.", "contents": "[A simple additional device for the Siemens electron microscope Elmiskop EM-101 to introduce specimen without air-contact (author's transl)]. A simple additional device is shown to introduce specimen without contact to air into the Siemens electron microscope EM-101. The construction, the function and handlinf of the modified specimen airlock is described. The device is used to study oxidable crystals by electron microscopy and diffraction, and might also be promising for ultracytochemical and molecular biological problems.", "PMID": 491976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_997", "title": "Medical applications of the radioisotope X-ray fluorescence analysis.", "content": "The X-ray fluorescence, induced by small, sealed-off radioactive sources, can be applied as very sensitive method of analysis of trace elements in biological specimens. The preparation and technique for the analysis of small (0.1 to 0.5 ml) or larger (more than several milliters) volumes of liquid samples will be described, and the principal patss of the devices for analyzing only one element or a series of them are presented. The measuring time for typical analysis ranges between 10(2) and 10(4) seconds. For a simple X-ray fluorescence analysis the sensitivity of the method is varying between 10 ppm and 100 ppm when measuring during 100 seconds. A large number of applications of this method in the medical field is listed, concerning the analysis of trace elements naturally present in biological samples, and the analysis of elements employed as \"stable tracers\" in order to follow a dynamic process, or in order to label blood components, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.", "contents": "Medical applications of the radioisotope X-ray fluorescence analysis. The X-ray fluorescence, induced by small, sealed-off radioactive sources, can be applied as very sensitive method of analysis of trace elements in biological specimens. The preparation and technique for the analysis of small (0.1 to 0.5 ml) or larger (more than several milliters) volumes of liquid samples will be described, and the principal patss of the devices for analyzing only one element or a series of them are presented. The measuring time for typical analysis ranges between 10(2) and 10(4) seconds. For a simple X-ray fluorescence analysis the sensitivity of the method is varying between 10 ppm and 100 ppm when measuring during 100 seconds. A large number of applications of this method in the medical field is listed, concerning the analysis of trace elements naturally present in biological samples, and the analysis of elements employed as \"stable tracers\" in order to follow a dynamic process, or in order to label blood components, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 491977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_998", "title": "Stereological analysis in scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The traditional field of stereological analysis based on quantitative image analysis data is expanded to include scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two major methodological advances enable useful results to be obtained: 1) Image recording of backscattered electrons using an annular semi-conductor detector; 2) Direct link between SEM and image analyser by means of an on-line coupling providing synchronisation of both sub-systems.", "contents": "Stereological analysis in scanning electron microscopy. The traditional field of stereological analysis based on quantitative image analysis data is expanded to include scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two major methodological advances enable useful results to be obtained: 1) Image recording of backscattered electrons using an annular semi-conductor detector; 2) Direct link between SEM and image analyser by means of an on-line coupling providing synchronisation of both sub-systems.", "PMID": 491978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_999", "title": "The evaluation of cell-densities and of nerve-cell-size distribution by stereological procedures in a layered tissue (cortex cerebri).", "content": "The procedure of a stereological investigation of the cytoarchitectonics in the cerebral cortex is described. The number of all cells and--in order to obtain a size-distribution--the area of nerve-cells are measured with the help of an optomanual system (MOP-AM). The values and the distance of the evaluation-field from the cortical surface are transferred to a magnetic-tape. The principle of the arrangement of the fields has been described in Microscopica Acta, Vol. 71. The actual results including their statistics are calculated with a table-computer by using stereological formulas and by considering the magnification and the shrinkage of embedding. The measurement of the latter is also mentioned. The results can be printed in the form of various tables for lines, superlines, layers and the whole cortex and in the form of a newly developed computer-graph. The latter demonstrates the size-distribution of the nerve-cells and their dependence on the distance of the cortical surface. The task of our present study--the aging of the human cortex cerebri--is briefly given.", "contents": "The evaluation of cell-densities and of nerve-cell-size distribution by stereological procedures in a layered tissue (cortex cerebri). The procedure of a stereological investigation of the cytoarchitectonics in the cerebral cortex is described. The number of all cells and--in order to obtain a size-distribution--the area of nerve-cells are measured with the help of an optomanual system (MOP-AM). The values and the distance of the evaluation-field from the cortical surface are transferred to a magnetic-tape. The principle of the arrangement of the fields has been described in Microscopica Acta, Vol. 71. The actual results including their statistics are calculated with a table-computer by using stereological formulas and by considering the magnification and the shrinkage of embedding. The measurement of the latter is also mentioned. The results can be printed in the form of various tables for lines, superlines, layers and the whole cortex and in the form of a newly developed computer-graph. The latter demonstrates the size-distribution of the nerve-cells and their dependence on the distance of the cortical surface. The task of our present study--the aging of the human cortex cerebri--is briefly given.", "PMID": 491979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1000", "title": "Quantification of human sperm morphology and motility by means of semi-automatic image analysis systems.", "content": "Sperm morphology and motility are determined using a semi-automatic image analysis system under opto-manual control. The system consists of a microscope equipped with a drawing-tube, a digitizer-tablet, and a cursor interfaced to a small microcomputer. A light-emitting diode is mounted on the cursor, visible as a bright red pilot-light in the microscopic field. Sperm head and midpiece as well as the pathway of motile spermatozoa are traced with the cursor's red pilot light. The microcomputer calculates area, circumference, and length simultaneously. Motility and sperm density are determined altogether using microchamber technique. In a selected group of male subjects with normal, doubtful, and pathological semen analyses biometrical analyses of sperm morphology and motility were performed. Sperm morphology is best described by the variation of the head size and by the average midpiece width. Motility is best described by % motile spermatozoa and mean velocity determined 1 hour after semen collection. Biometrical semen analyses are superior to subjective evaluations regarding degree of information, objectivity, and reproducibility.", "contents": "Quantification of human sperm morphology and motility by means of semi-automatic image analysis systems. Sperm morphology and motility are determined using a semi-automatic image analysis system under opto-manual control. The system consists of a microscope equipped with a drawing-tube, a digitizer-tablet, and a cursor interfaced to a small microcomputer. A light-emitting diode is mounted on the cursor, visible as a bright red pilot-light in the microscopic field. Sperm head and midpiece as well as the pathway of motile spermatozoa are traced with the cursor's red pilot light. The microcomputer calculates area, circumference, and length simultaneously. Motility and sperm density are determined altogether using microchamber technique. In a selected group of male subjects with normal, doubtful, and pathological semen analyses biometrical analyses of sperm morphology and motility were performed. Sperm morphology is best described by the variation of the head size and by the average midpiece width. Motility is best described by % motile spermatozoa and mean velocity determined 1 hour after semen collection. Biometrical semen analyses are superior to subjective evaluations regarding degree of information, objectivity, and reproducibility.", "PMID": 491980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1001", "title": "Lipid composition of Staphylococcus aureus and its derived L-forms.", "content": "Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus (Newman and Tazaki) and their derived L-forms were cultured in serum-containing broth and the differences in their lipid compositions were analyzed. Cardiolipin accounted for more than 50% of the total phospholipid phosphorus in L-forms, but for less than 25% in parent bacteria. The cardiolipin content of L-forms was very high through all growth phases, although it increased gradually as growth proceeded. Significant amounts of cholesterol and its esters were present in parent strains and L-forms, all of which incorporated serum cholesterol into the cell membrane. On the other hand, they could be detected in the L-forms but not in the parent strains when they were cultured in serum-free broth. To examine the ability of L-forms to synthesize cholesterol, the cholesterol content of L-forms cultured in serum-free broth was compared with that of the medium. The results indicated that staphylococcal L-forms could synthesize cholesterol and its esters. These differences in lipid composition suggested that modification of membrane lipids may occur as an adaptational change in response to the disappearance of the cell wall.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Staphylococcus aureus and its derived L-forms. Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus (Newman and Tazaki) and their derived L-forms were cultured in serum-containing broth and the differences in their lipid compositions were analyzed. Cardiolipin accounted for more than 50% of the total phospholipid phosphorus in L-forms, but for less than 25% in parent bacteria. The cardiolipin content of L-forms was very high through all growth phases, although it increased gradually as growth proceeded. Significant amounts of cholesterol and its esters were present in parent strains and L-forms, all of which incorporated serum cholesterol into the cell membrane. On the other hand, they could be detected in the L-forms but not in the parent strains when they were cultured in serum-free broth. To examine the ability of L-forms to synthesize cholesterol, the cholesterol content of L-forms cultured in serum-free broth was compared with that of the medium. The results indicated that staphylococcal L-forms could synthesize cholesterol and its esters. These differences in lipid composition suggested that modification of membrane lipids may occur as an adaptational change in response to the disappearance of the cell wall.", "PMID": 491988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1002", "title": "Accumulation of eosinophils and monocytes in lymphoid organs of chick-embryos. I. Effect of antigenic stimulation.", "content": "The effect of antigenic stimulation on the migration pattern of eosinophils and monocytes was studied during the embryonic stage in chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with sheep red blood cells as antigen into the allantoic cavity and the relative frequency of oxidase positive cells (OPC) was determined as the total number of eosinophils and monocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus. Three and five days after the antigenic stimulation, the frequencies of OPC increased in both the spleen and thymus and then decreased to the normal level just before hatching. However, bursal frequencies of OPC were always low in both the cortex and medulla when compared with the controls. These events indicated that eosinophils and monocytes accumulated in the spleen and thymus after the antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, different frequencies of OPC among the embryonic lymphoid organs showed different responses in the migration of eosinophils and monocytes.", "contents": "Accumulation of eosinophils and monocytes in lymphoid organs of chick-embryos. I. Effect of antigenic stimulation. The effect of antigenic stimulation on the migration pattern of eosinophils and monocytes was studied during the embryonic stage in chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with sheep red blood cells as antigen into the allantoic cavity and the relative frequency of oxidase positive cells (OPC) was determined as the total number of eosinophils and monocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus. Three and five days after the antigenic stimulation, the frequencies of OPC increased in both the spleen and thymus and then decreased to the normal level just before hatching. However, bursal frequencies of OPC were always low in both the cortex and medulla when compared with the controls. These events indicated that eosinophils and monocytes accumulated in the spleen and thymus after the antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, different frequencies of OPC among the embryonic lymphoid organs showed different responses in the migration of eosinophils and monocytes.", "PMID": 491989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1003", "title": "Accumulation of eosinophils and monocytes in lymphoid organs of chick-embryos. II. Effect of mitogenic stimulation.", "content": "The mitogen effect on migration of eosinophils and monocytes was studied in embryonic chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with mitogens, such as concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the allantoic cavity, and the mitogenic effect was estimated from the relative frequencies of eosinophils and monocytes by enumerating the number of oxidase positive cells (OPC) in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Splenic frequencies of OPC increased in the embryos treated with mitogens. Similar influences were also detected in the thymic OPC. Higher responses were seen on the 18th embryonic day in the number of splenic OPC when embryos were treated with Con A or PHA-P than with LPS. These findings suggest that Con A and PHA-P are preferential OPC accumulation promoters. However, bursal frequencies of OPC in the cortex were low after mitogenic stimulations when compared with controls, although appreciable responses were detected in the bursal medulla after LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the migration pattern in the population of eosinophils and monocytes is affected not only by T cell mitogens but is also derived from LPS stimulation.", "contents": "Accumulation of eosinophils and monocytes in lymphoid organs of chick-embryos. II. Effect of mitogenic stimulation. The mitogen effect on migration of eosinophils and monocytes was studied in embryonic chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with mitogens, such as concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the allantoic cavity, and the mitogenic effect was estimated from the relative frequencies of eosinophils and monocytes by enumerating the number of oxidase positive cells (OPC) in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Splenic frequencies of OPC increased in the embryos treated with mitogens. Similar influences were also detected in the thymic OPC. Higher responses were seen on the 18th embryonic day in the number of splenic OPC when embryos were treated with Con A or PHA-P than with LPS. These findings suggest that Con A and PHA-P are preferential OPC accumulation promoters. However, bursal frequencies of OPC in the cortex were low after mitogenic stimulations when compared with controls, although appreciable responses were detected in the bursal medulla after LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the migration pattern in the population of eosinophils and monocytes is affected not only by T cell mitogens but is also derived from LPS stimulation.", "PMID": 491990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1004", "title": "Increased sensitivity to lead -- animal model: feline porphyria.", "content": "Individuals with the genetically inherited condition of latent porphyria have been previously hypothesized (1) as being a potential high risk group to elevated lead exposure. More specifically, persons with either clinical symptoms of porphyria or the latent form who also are exposed to excessive lead may have their clinical symptoms exacerbated or possibly induced prematurely, respectively. This paper presents evidence that an animal model (i.e., domestic cats with congenital porphyria) may facilitate the testing of the previous hypothesis.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to lead -- animal model: feline porphyria. Individuals with the genetically inherited condition of latent porphyria have been previously hypothesized (1) as being a potential high risk group to elevated lead exposure. More specifically, persons with either clinical symptoms of porphyria or the latent form who also are exposed to excessive lead may have their clinical symptoms exacerbated or possibly induced prematurely, respectively. This paper presents evidence that an animal model (i.e., domestic cats with congenital porphyria) may facilitate the testing of the previous hypothesis.", "PMID": 491993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1005", "title": "Can drinking water standards be reliably derived from industrial TLVs?", "content": "The accuracy of TLV derived drinking water standards is evaluated. When using the identical TLV conversion methodology which Stokinger and Woodward (1) used in deriving the standard for barium in drinking water, standards for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead offer 6, 200, 60, and 10 times less protection than the present drinking water standards, respectively. However, using the same methodology, the TLV derived drinking water standard for fluoride offers greater protection than the present standard by a factor of approximately 2. Thus, the use of the TLV conversion factor should be viewed in as one of many lines of potential evidence which should be reviewed in the standard derivation process - but it should not, if at all possible, be considered alone - as in the case of barium.", "contents": "Can drinking water standards be reliably derived from industrial TLVs? The accuracy of TLV derived drinking water standards is evaluated. When using the identical TLV conversion methodology which Stokinger and Woodward (1) used in deriving the standard for barium in drinking water, standards for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead offer 6, 200, 60, and 10 times less protection than the present drinking water standards, respectively. However, using the same methodology, the TLV derived drinking water standard for fluoride offers greater protection than the present standard by a factor of approximately 2. Thus, the use of the TLV conversion factor should be viewed in as one of many lines of potential evidence which should be reviewed in the standard derivation process - but it should not, if at all possible, be considered alone - as in the case of barium.", "PMID": 491994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1006", "title": "A little known cell in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A little known cell in the gastrointestinal tract has been described. The confusion over terminology is discussed. The question of the undifferentiated cell type is also considered. Although well recognised by gastroenterologists they remain little known in general. Their function is unknown. The various possibilities are summarized.", "contents": "A little known cell in the gastrointestinal tract. A little known cell in the gastrointestinal tract has been described. The confusion over terminology is discussed. The question of the undifferentiated cell type is also considered. Although well recognised by gastroenterologists they remain little known in general. Their function is unknown. The various possibilities are summarized.", "PMID": 491995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1007", "title": "Anoxemia as the cause of death in shock.", "content": "The case is presented that both hemorrhagic and septic shock are due to an inadequate oxygen supply to mitochondria of vascular muscle cells in peripheral circulatory beds. Mitochondria disintegrate in the presence of severe hypoxia; this is a normal response which does not, per se, indicate generalized cell damage. Irreversible shock follows when appreciable numbers of the muscle mitochondria become non-functional. The ATP available from glycolysis is inadequate to resynthesize the mitochondrial apparatus and oxygen cannot be used by the damaged mitochondria to produce the needed ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of adequate ATP, the tone of these peripheral vessels must fall, leading to irreversible systemic hypotension and death. In hemorrhagic shock, mitochondrial hypoxia of smooth muscle cells is produced by decreased perfusion of the vasa vasorum in the constricted peripheral vessels; in septic shock there is direct competition for oxygen between bacterial cytochromes and muscle mitochondria.", "contents": "Anoxemia as the cause of death in shock. The case is presented that both hemorrhagic and septic shock are due to an inadequate oxygen supply to mitochondria of vascular muscle cells in peripheral circulatory beds. Mitochondria disintegrate in the presence of severe hypoxia; this is a normal response which does not, per se, indicate generalized cell damage. Irreversible shock follows when appreciable numbers of the muscle mitochondria become non-functional. The ATP available from glycolysis is inadequate to resynthesize the mitochondrial apparatus and oxygen cannot be used by the damaged mitochondria to produce the needed ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of adequate ATP, the tone of these peripheral vessels must fall, leading to irreversible systemic hypotension and death. In hemorrhagic shock, mitochondrial hypoxia of smooth muscle cells is produced by decreased perfusion of the vasa vasorum in the constricted peripheral vessels; in septic shock there is direct competition for oxygen between bacterial cytochromes and muscle mitochondria.", "PMID": 491996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1008", "title": "Homo sapiens ascorbicus, a biochemically corrected robust human mutant.", "content": "Homo sapiens' gene pool contains a defective gene for the synthesis of the active enzyme protein, L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO). The absence of GLO in the human liver blocks the normal mammalian conversion of blood sugar into ascorbate, leading to the potentially-fatal \"inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism\", the genetic disease, Hypoascorbemia (in the older nomenclature- scurvy). To survive, humans need exogenous sources of daily ascorbate. Most mammals have the intact gene for GLO synthesis and produce generous daily amounts of the liver metabolite, ascorbate; for instance, an unstressed 70 Kg goat is capable of producing over 13 grams of ascorbate daily and much more under stress. The recommended dietary allowance of 45 milligrams of ascorbate a day for human adults, now proposed and used by nutritionists, is grossly inadequate to restore Homo sapiens to a normal mammalian ascorbate physiology. To correct fully this human genetic defect and banish epidemic chronic subclinical scurvy requires daily intakes of ascorbate equivalent to, at least, the amounts synthesized by the other mammals. Humans kept on a long term regime of full correction of this birth defect show great salutary benefits in health maintenance, disease therapy and slowing of the aging process. This can be regarded as the creation of a new and more robust, longer-living, tough human sub-species, Homo sapiens ascorbicus, by the biochemical reversal of a primate mutation occurring some 60 million years ago. Some of the practical benefits and pathways of future clinical research are discussed.", "contents": "Homo sapiens ascorbicus, a biochemically corrected robust human mutant. Homo sapiens' gene pool contains a defective gene for the synthesis of the active enzyme protein, L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO). The absence of GLO in the human liver blocks the normal mammalian conversion of blood sugar into ascorbate, leading to the potentially-fatal \"inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism\", the genetic disease, Hypoascorbemia (in the older nomenclature- scurvy). To survive, humans need exogenous sources of daily ascorbate. Most mammals have the intact gene for GLO synthesis and produce generous daily amounts of the liver metabolite, ascorbate; for instance, an unstressed 70 Kg goat is capable of producing over 13 grams of ascorbate daily and much more under stress. The recommended dietary allowance of 45 milligrams of ascorbate a day for human adults, now proposed and used by nutritionists, is grossly inadequate to restore Homo sapiens to a normal mammalian ascorbate physiology. To correct fully this human genetic defect and banish epidemic chronic subclinical scurvy requires daily intakes of ascorbate equivalent to, at least, the amounts synthesized by the other mammals. Humans kept on a long term regime of full correction of this birth defect show great salutary benefits in health maintenance, disease therapy and slowing of the aging process. This can be regarded as the creation of a new and more robust, longer-living, tough human sub-species, Homo sapiens ascorbicus, by the biochemical reversal of a primate mutation occurring some 60 million years ago. Some of the practical benefits and pathways of future clinical research are discussed.", "PMID": 491997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1009", "title": "Psychosocial dynamics in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa represents a self-destructive struggle for separate identity, and cultural factors play a part in the present increasing incidence. This paper presents a broad view, which embraces family dynamics and the natural history of the disease, to clarify important issues in its management and prevention. Both family and individual psychotherapy may have a place in the patient's personal rehabilitation.", "contents": "Psychosocial dynamics in anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa represents a self-destructive struggle for separate identity, and cultural factors play a part in the present increasing incidence. This paper presents a broad view, which embraces family dynamics and the natural history of the disease, to clarify important issues in its management and prevention. Both family and individual psychotherapy may have a place in the patient's personal rehabilitation.", "PMID": 491998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1010", "title": "Colorectal cancer. A study of 230 patients.", "content": "Clinical presentation, risk factors, investigations, pathology and treatment were examined in a retrospective review of 230 patients with colorectal cancer. Many patients presented with symptoms not usually associated with colorectal cancer, such as pain in the upper part of the abdomen, and rectal bleeding separate from the stool. Iron deficiency anaemia was an uncommon presentation. Over all, one-third of patients had at least one risk factor for colorectal cancer. Risk factors such as adenomatous polyps and family history of colorectal cancer were more common than inflammatory bowel disease and polyposis coli. Although a delay in diagnosis was recorded in one-quarter of patients, the finding of a negative correlation between duration of symptoms and extent of spread suggests that the length of the symptomatic illness is not an important factor in prognosis. Contrary to surgical and medical teaching, only 43% of cancers were in the rectum and rectosigmoid area, and, hence, within reach of the standard sigmoidoscope. Surgical resection was performed in 76% of patients. Forty-three per cent of patients who underwent surgery developed at least one postoperative complication resulting in a longer stay in hospital.", "contents": "Colorectal cancer. A study of 230 patients. Clinical presentation, risk factors, investigations, pathology and treatment were examined in a retrospective review of 230 patients with colorectal cancer. Many patients presented with symptoms not usually associated with colorectal cancer, such as pain in the upper part of the abdomen, and rectal bleeding separate from the stool. Iron deficiency anaemia was an uncommon presentation. Over all, one-third of patients had at least one risk factor for colorectal cancer. Risk factors such as adenomatous polyps and family history of colorectal cancer were more common than inflammatory bowel disease and polyposis coli. Although a delay in diagnosis was recorded in one-quarter of patients, the finding of a negative correlation between duration of symptoms and extent of spread suggests that the length of the symptomatic illness is not an important factor in prognosis. Contrary to surgical and medical teaching, only 43% of cancers were in the rectum and rectosigmoid area, and, hence, within reach of the standard sigmoidoscope. Surgical resection was performed in 76% of patients. Forty-three per cent of patients who underwent surgery developed at least one postoperative complication resulting in a longer stay in hospital.", "PMID": 491999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1011", "title": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in patients with colorectal carcinoma have been reported to correlate with tumour mass and prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has previously been reported to be elevated in most patients with metastatic carcinoma. In this study of 17 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma and of nine patients who were disease-free more than three years after resection of their tumour, the plasma CEA and ESR levels demonstrated a close correlation, both in frequency and in degree of elevation, with the disease status. Of nine patients who were disease-free more than three years after resection of their colorectal carcinoma, all except one had plasma CEA levels of less than 20 ng/ml and an ESR less than 20 mm in one hour respectively. The incidence of plasma CEA more than 20 ng/ml and ESR more than 20 mm in one hour in the locally advanced and distant metastases groups, as compared with those patients in the more than three years group, was increased at a level of statistical significance (P less than 0.05). This study showed that the ESR, an inexpensive and simple estimation, may be as effective as the estimation of plasma level of CEA in monitoring the disease status of patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Preoperative and postoperative plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in patients with colorectal carcinoma have been reported to correlate with tumour mass and prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has previously been reported to be elevated in most patients with metastatic carcinoma. In this study of 17 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma and of nine patients who were disease-free more than three years after resection of their tumour, the plasma CEA and ESR levels demonstrated a close correlation, both in frequency and in degree of elevation, with the disease status. Of nine patients who were disease-free more than three years after resection of their colorectal carcinoma, all except one had plasma CEA levels of less than 20 ng/ml and an ESR less than 20 mm in one hour respectively. The incidence of plasma CEA more than 20 ng/ml and ESR more than 20 mm in one hour in the locally advanced and distant metastases groups, as compared with those patients in the more than three years group, was increased at a level of statistical significance (P less than 0.05). This study showed that the ESR, an inexpensive and simple estimation, may be as effective as the estimation of plasma level of CEA in monitoring the disease status of patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 492000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1012", "title": "Fibreoptic colonoscopy. Indications, results and complications.", "content": "Fibreoptic colonoscopy was commenced in the Edward Wilson Colon and Rectum Unit at Sydney Hospital in June, 1973. The experience of the first five years of its use is reported. Six hundred and twenty-six examinations have been performed in 568 patients. Fibreoptic colonoscopy has been of particular value in the diagnosis and treatment of colonic polyps. A total of 318 polyps were removed from 184 patients. Their distribution, size and histological features are recorded. Eight complications occurred in the 628 examinations (1.6%). There were six colonic perforations (1.2%) with one death, and two significant haemorrhages (0.4%). This incidence of complications is acceptably low, especially in view of the great benefits obtained by the patient from fibreoptic colonoscopy. The newer instruments, especially the medium length Olympus MB3 colonoscope, have greatly facilitated the examination and, combined with increasing experience, may significantly lower the incidence of complications in the future.", "contents": "Fibreoptic colonoscopy. Indications, results and complications. Fibreoptic colonoscopy was commenced in the Edward Wilson Colon and Rectum Unit at Sydney Hospital in June, 1973. The experience of the first five years of its use is reported. Six hundred and twenty-six examinations have been performed in 568 patients. Fibreoptic colonoscopy has been of particular value in the diagnosis and treatment of colonic polyps. A total of 318 polyps were removed from 184 patients. Their distribution, size and histological features are recorded. Eight complications occurred in the 628 examinations (1.6%). There were six colonic perforations (1.2%) with one death, and two significant haemorrhages (0.4%). This incidence of complications is acceptably low, especially in view of the great benefits obtained by the patient from fibreoptic colonoscopy. The newer instruments, especially the medium length Olympus MB3 colonoscope, have greatly facilitated the examination and, combined with increasing experience, may significantly lower the incidence of complications in the future.", "PMID": 492001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1013", "title": "A long standing, much travelled rectal foreign body.", "content": "A case is reported of a plastic vibrator which was successfully removed from a 64-year-old male after having been resident in his rectum for a period of six months, during which time the patient endured a world trip, making it the longest standing, most travelled foreign body introduced into the rectum yet reported.", "contents": "A long standing, much travelled rectal foreign body. A case is reported of a plastic vibrator which was successfully removed from a 64-year-old male after having been resident in his rectum for a period of six months, during which time the patient endured a world trip, making it the longest standing, most travelled foreign body introduced into the rectum yet reported.", "PMID": 492002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1014", "title": "Pseudodelirium.", "content": "Two case histories are presented which illustrate the fact that acute functional psychoses may simulate delirium. It is suggested that the term \"pseudodelirium\" may alert clinicians to this possibility, and facilitate the earlier diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illness.", "contents": "Pseudodelirium. Two case histories are presented which illustrate the fact that acute functional psychoses may simulate delirium. It is suggested that the term \"pseudodelirium\" may alert clinicians to this possibility, and facilitate the earlier diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illness.", "PMID": 492020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1015", "title": "Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Of 210 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 21 (10%) had atrial fibrillation. Five of these patients (24%) had systemic emboli (which were multiple in three patients, one of whom died) and two other patients had pulmonary embolism. Embolic disease is common in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation, and anticoagulant therapy should be considered for all patients.", "contents": "Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation. Of 210 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 21 (10%) had atrial fibrillation. Five of these patients (24%) had systemic emboli (which were multiple in three patients, one of whom died) and two other patients had pulmonary embolism. Embolic disease is common in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation, and anticoagulant therapy should be considered for all patients.", "PMID": 492021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1016", "title": "The red blood cell lithium/plasma lithium ratio. Significance in recurrent affective illness.", "content": "The red blood cell lithium/plasma lithium ratio in patients diagnosed as suffering from unipolar and bipolar affective illness has been investigated and a comparison made between responders and non-responders. No correlation could be demonstrated between the lithium ratio and the effectiveness of lithium treatment.", "contents": "The red blood cell lithium/plasma lithium ratio. Significance in recurrent affective illness. The red blood cell lithium/plasma lithium ratio in patients diagnosed as suffering from unipolar and bipolar affective illness has been investigated and a comparison made between responders and non-responders. No correlation could be demonstrated between the lithium ratio and the effectiveness of lithium treatment.", "PMID": 492022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1017", "title": "Cardiac valve replacement (1963-1979).", "content": "A 15-year experience (from 1963-1978) in cardiac valve replacements with mechanical prosthetic valves (caged ball or tilting disc types) and with bioprostheses (porcine xenografts) is reported. The actuarial survival rates for patients who received the caged ball type prostheses (Starr-Edwards) were 42% and 36% respectively for mitral valve-replacements at 12 and 14 years. The actuarial survival rate for patients who received the tilting disc type prostheses (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley type and later the Lillehei-Kaster type) was 74% at six to seven years. The actuarial survival rate for patients who had aortic valve replacement with a caged ball valve was 43% at 14 years, and for those who had a tilting disc valve it was 80% at six to seven years. Multiple valve replacements were carried out with combinations of prostheses. The actuarial survival rate for patients was 65% for triple valves, and 57% for double valves at 13 years. Bioprostheses are now our first choice as cardiac valve replacements. In 121 implants performed since 1977, there have been two operative deaths, but no late deaths. Bioprostheses, although less thrombogenic than mechanical valve prostheses, are less durable and some risk of thromboembolism remains.", "contents": "Cardiac valve replacement (1963-1979). A 15-year experience (from 1963-1978) in cardiac valve replacements with mechanical prosthetic valves (caged ball or tilting disc types) and with bioprostheses (porcine xenografts) is reported. The actuarial survival rates for patients who received the caged ball type prostheses (Starr-Edwards) were 42% and 36% respectively for mitral valve-replacements at 12 and 14 years. The actuarial survival rate for patients who received the tilting disc type prostheses (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley type and later the Lillehei-Kaster type) was 74% at six to seven years. The actuarial survival rate for patients who had aortic valve replacement with a caged ball valve was 43% at 14 years, and for those who had a tilting disc valve it was 80% at six to seven years. Multiple valve replacements were carried out with combinations of prostheses. The actuarial survival rate for patients was 65% for triple valves, and 57% for double valves at 13 years. Bioprostheses are now our first choice as cardiac valve replacements. In 121 implants performed since 1977, there have been two operative deaths, but no late deaths. Bioprostheses, although less thrombogenic than mechanical valve prostheses, are less durable and some risk of thromboembolism remains.", "PMID": 492023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1018", "title": "Routine ultrasound screening in early pregnancy.", "content": "A normal range for ultrasonically determined fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was established on 497 normal obstetric patients attending the Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide. While composite ranges for mean BPD measurements derived from the literature appear to have wide application, the need is apparent to establish a normal range with standard deviations for local institutional conditions and patient populations. With the established normal range as a reference, a consecutive series of 756 patients had ultrasonic fetal BPD measurements performed before 24 weeks' gestation to confirm or establish gestational maturity. It was held that such a screening procedure was justified in view of the high incidence of initial uncertainty in gestational ageing in the population sampled, and the risks of iatrogenic prematurity in both abnormal and normal patients undergoing induction of labour or elective caesarean section.", "contents": "Routine ultrasound screening in early pregnancy. A normal range for ultrasonically determined fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was established on 497 normal obstetric patients attending the Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide. While composite ranges for mean BPD measurements derived from the literature appear to have wide application, the need is apparent to establish a normal range with standard deviations for local institutional conditions and patient populations. With the established normal range as a reference, a consecutive series of 756 patients had ultrasonic fetal BPD measurements performed before 24 weeks' gestation to confirm or establish gestational maturity. It was held that such a screening procedure was justified in view of the high incidence of initial uncertainty in gestational ageing in the population sampled, and the risks of iatrogenic prematurity in both abnormal and normal patients undergoing induction of labour or elective caesarean section.", "PMID": 492024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1019", "title": "Effect of mianserin on cardiac conduction.", "content": "A cardiovascular study of a new antidepressant, mianserin, given at 60 mg a day for a three-week period to 10 ambulant, moderately depressed patients is described. No effects on cardiac conduction were found by means of His bundle electrocardiography. Nine of 10 depressed patients improved while on the medication; mild sedation was the only side effect noted.", "contents": "Effect of mianserin on cardiac conduction. A cardiovascular study of a new antidepressant, mianserin, given at 60 mg a day for a three-week period to 10 ambulant, moderately depressed patients is described. No effects on cardiac conduction were found by means of His bundle electrocardiography. Nine of 10 depressed patients improved while on the medication; mild sedation was the only side effect noted.", "PMID": 492044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1020", "title": "[Treatment of cimetidine-resistant gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone-sodium (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a successful treatment of a cimetidine-resistant gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone-Na. Administration of 1.0g cimetidine/d over a period of 8 weeks failed to reduce gastric ulcer size. Subsequent therapy with carbenoxolon-Na caused a complete healing of the gastric ulcer within 4 weeks. This case is discussed with respect to the possible advantages of a combined regimen with drugs of different mechanisms of action.", "contents": "[Treatment of cimetidine-resistant gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone-sodium (author's transl)]. Case report on a successful treatment of a cimetidine-resistant gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone-Na. Administration of 1.0g cimetidine/d over a period of 8 weeks failed to reduce gastric ulcer size. Subsequent therapy with carbenoxolon-Na caused a complete healing of the gastric ulcer within 4 weeks. This case is discussed with respect to the possible advantages of a combined regimen with drugs of different mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 492046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1021", "title": "[The effect of pentoxifylline on liver perfusion: a comparative study in patients with liver diseases and in normal subjects, using 198Au-colloid-scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 198Au-colloid scintigraphy (Anger camera computer-system, 0.3-0.5 mCi radionuclide i.v.) the pattern of liver blood flow, i.e. liver perfusion volume per minute (LPVM), was monitored in 7 patients with liver metastasis (I), 8 patients each with chronic hepatitis (II) and liver cirrhosis (III) and in 10 healthy control subjects (IV). Reading were compared on a within patient basis for the following treatments: baseline control, after a single i.v. injection of 10 ml Trental (= 200 mg pentoxifylline) and after 10 ml physiological saline solution (= placebo). The alteration of LPVM ranged between +0.6 and -3.2% for the comparison baseline/placebo, between +9.7 and +40.8% for baseline/Trental and between +11.5 and +45.4% for placebo/Trental administration. The increase of the elimination constant was statistically significant for all groups and the augmentation of the LPVM for group II, III and IV.", "contents": "[The effect of pentoxifylline on liver perfusion: a comparative study in patients with liver diseases and in normal subjects, using 198Au-colloid-scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Using 198Au-colloid scintigraphy (Anger camera computer-system, 0.3-0.5 mCi radionuclide i.v.) the pattern of liver blood flow, i.e. liver perfusion volume per minute (LPVM), was monitored in 7 patients with liver metastasis (I), 8 patients each with chronic hepatitis (II) and liver cirrhosis (III) and in 10 healthy control subjects (IV). Reading were compared on a within patient basis for the following treatments: baseline control, after a single i.v. injection of 10 ml Trental (= 200 mg pentoxifylline) and after 10 ml physiological saline solution (= placebo). The alteration of LPVM ranged between +0.6 and -3.2% for the comparison baseline/placebo, between +9.7 and +40.8% for baseline/Trental and between +11.5 and +45.4% for placebo/Trental administration. The increase of the elimination constant was statistically significant for all groups and the augmentation of the LPVM for group II, III and IV.", "PMID": 492047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1022", "title": "[Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on beta-adrenergic metabolic responses (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten healthy volunteers infusion of 7 micrograms/kg orciprenaline produced typical changes in carbohydrate and fat metabolism due to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Pretreatment with intravenously administered propranolol or metoprolol significantly inhibited orciprenaline-induced changes in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma FFA, potassium, glucose and glycerol levels. Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) seemed to be more effective than metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) even in inhibiting predominantly beta 1-adrenergic responses.", "contents": "[Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on beta-adrenergic metabolic responses (author's transl)]. In ten healthy volunteers infusion of 7 micrograms/kg orciprenaline produced typical changes in carbohydrate and fat metabolism due to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Pretreatment with intravenously administered propranolol or metoprolol significantly inhibited orciprenaline-induced changes in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma FFA, potassium, glucose and glycerol levels. Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) seemed to be more effective than metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) even in inhibiting predominantly beta 1-adrenergic responses.", "PMID": 492050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1023", "title": "[Yellow nail syndrom--clinical signs and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes 3 cases of yellow nail syndrom. The examination either did not reveal lymphedemas or only transitory edemas were found. But both typical changes of nails and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract were found. Remarkably enough, two of our patients showed a decrease in serum immunoglobulin M (IgM). Both patients had a most serious disorder of the respiratory tract. In the form of a table this report contains a survey of the literature published hitherto about the combinations of symptoms of yellow nail syndrom occurring most frequently.", "contents": "[Yellow nail syndrom--clinical signs and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. This report describes 3 cases of yellow nail syndrom. The examination either did not reveal lymphedemas or only transitory edemas were found. But both typical changes of nails and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract were found. Remarkably enough, two of our patients showed a decrease in serum immunoglobulin M (IgM). Both patients had a most serious disorder of the respiratory tract. In the form of a table this report contains a survey of the literature published hitherto about the combinations of symptoms of yellow nail syndrom occurring most frequently.", "PMID": 492051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1024", "title": "[Plasma aldosterone and electrolytes in primary and secondard aldosteronism (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma aldosterone levels and the serum electrolytes potassium, sodium and magnesium of 38 patients with healthy adrenals were determined. Under physiological conditions there were no significant correlations between these parameters. In two patients with an aldosterone producing adenoma of the adrenals (syndrome of Conn) we found very low levels of potassium and low levels of magnesium. The levels of sodium lay in the upper normal range. Plasma aldosterone levels are raised strongly. After resection of the tumors the mentioned parameters normalized. In 16 patients with cirrhosis and ascites we generally found values of aldosterone, potassium, sodium and magnesium which lay in the lowest normal range. Under treatment with spironolactone the aldosterone levels raised and reached values which are characteristical of the syndrome of Conn. Potassium raised to the upper normal range, magnesium raised significantly, sodium diminished slightly.", "contents": "[Plasma aldosterone and electrolytes in primary and secondard aldosteronism (author's transl)]. Plasma aldosterone levels and the serum electrolytes potassium, sodium and magnesium of 38 patients with healthy adrenals were determined. Under physiological conditions there were no significant correlations between these parameters. In two patients with an aldosterone producing adenoma of the adrenals (syndrome of Conn) we found very low levels of potassium and low levels of magnesium. The levels of sodium lay in the upper normal range. Plasma aldosterone levels are raised strongly. After resection of the tumors the mentioned parameters normalized. In 16 patients with cirrhosis and ascites we generally found values of aldosterone, potassium, sodium and magnesium which lay in the lowest normal range. Under treatment with spironolactone the aldosterone levels raised and reached values which are characteristical of the syndrome of Conn. Potassium raised to the upper normal range, magnesium raised significantly, sodium diminished slightly.", "PMID": 492054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1025", "title": "[Echocardiography during ergometric exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological heart volume estimations and echocardiographic studies were performed on 30 male and 15 female middle distance athletes at rest, during supine ergometric exercise at 10 and 100 Watt and 1 minute after excerise. During exercise, there is an increase in cardiac output, in the small hearts of 6%, in the large hearts of 16%, due to a small enddiastolic increase and an associated decrease in the endsystolic left ventricular diameter. At rest and at 50 Watt, the cardiac output, corrected for body surface area, was practically the same for all volunteers, at 100 Watt the volunteers with the largest hearts had the highest cardiac output. This is interpreted as evidence for increased cardio-circulatory reserves. The contractility parameters at the various exercise grades varied dependant on heart size; when related to heart rate the variations were practically abolished. The results suggest that variations in the dynamics of small and large hearts are not primarily due to intrinsic factors but rather related to extrinsic factors such as sympathetic drive expressed by the changes in heart rate.", "contents": "[Echocardiography during ergometric exercise (author's transl)]. Radiological heart volume estimations and echocardiographic studies were performed on 30 male and 15 female middle distance athletes at rest, during supine ergometric exercise at 10 and 100 Watt and 1 minute after excerise. During exercise, there is an increase in cardiac output, in the small hearts of 6%, in the large hearts of 16%, due to a small enddiastolic increase and an associated decrease in the endsystolic left ventricular diameter. At rest and at 50 Watt, the cardiac output, corrected for body surface area, was practically the same for all volunteers, at 100 Watt the volunteers with the largest hearts had the highest cardiac output. This is interpreted as evidence for increased cardio-circulatory reserves. The contractility parameters at the various exercise grades varied dependant on heart size; when related to heart rate the variations were practically abolished. The results suggest that variations in the dynamics of small and large hearts are not primarily due to intrinsic factors but rather related to extrinsic factors such as sympathetic drive expressed by the changes in heart rate.", "PMID": 492055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1026", "title": "[Functional diagnosis by directional doppler-ultrasound in patients with Raynaud's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "7 patients with primary and 3 patients with secondary Raynaud's disease were studied by directional Doppler-ultrasound. Flow curves were registered of radial and ulnar artery in rest and during reactive hyperemia following ischemia and muscle work before and under medical treatment. Flow at rest and after provocation was much less than in normal persons. Effect of treatment could be demonstrated, so that this method seems to be very helpful in followup studies of patients with Raynaud's disease.", "contents": "[Functional diagnosis by directional doppler-ultrasound in patients with Raynaud's disease (author's transl)]. 7 patients with primary and 3 patients with secondary Raynaud's disease were studied by directional Doppler-ultrasound. Flow curves were registered of radial and ulnar artery in rest and during reactive hyperemia following ischemia and muscle work before and under medical treatment. Flow at rest and after provocation was much less than in normal persons. Effect of treatment could be demonstrated, so that this method seems to be very helpful in followup studies of patients with Raynaud's disease.", "PMID": 492057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1027", "title": "[Pharmacological treatment of chronic arterial occlusive disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Two thirds of the patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease have to be treated conservatively, for only up to 30% can be revascularized by operative methods. Using the pharmacological differential treatment the grade of compensation and localization of the obliterative process has to be considered. Ignoring the usual basic therapy (elimination of heart failure and pathological bradycardia, systemic walking-exercise, anticoagulation etc.) intrafemoral long-term application of energetic phosphate (i.e. nucleotid-nucleosid-mixtures) leads to a positive result in nearly two thirds (n = 97 legs) with a degree of II to IV of Fontaine. Whereas the snakes' encyme Ancrod with the effect of defibrination was successful in almost 70% of the patients with arterial insufficiency (n = 45) including the degree II B (painless walking-distance under 100 meters). Energetic phosphates, applied to the arteria femoralis, are most successful in degree II with claudication intermittens. Ancrod should be used respectively for patients with pain during rest. These results are discussed with respect to compensation and localization of arterial occlusive disease, acute and chronic measurements of the hemodynamics by use of Doppler ultrasound and strain gauge plethysmography and with respect to variation of the concentration of the metabolic parameters lactate and pyruvate--the latter when defibrination was performed.", "contents": "[Pharmacological treatment of chronic arterial occlusive disease (author's transl)]. Two thirds of the patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease have to be treated conservatively, for only up to 30% can be revascularized by operative methods. Using the pharmacological differential treatment the grade of compensation and localization of the obliterative process has to be considered. Ignoring the usual basic therapy (elimination of heart failure and pathological bradycardia, systemic walking-exercise, anticoagulation etc.) intrafemoral long-term application of energetic phosphate (i.e. nucleotid-nucleosid-mixtures) leads to a positive result in nearly two thirds (n = 97 legs) with a degree of II to IV of Fontaine. Whereas the snakes' encyme Ancrod with the effect of defibrination was successful in almost 70% of the patients with arterial insufficiency (n = 45) including the degree II B (painless walking-distance under 100 meters). Energetic phosphates, applied to the arteria femoralis, are most successful in degree II with claudication intermittens. Ancrod should be used respectively for patients with pain during rest. These results are discussed with respect to compensation and localization of arterial occlusive disease, acute and chronic measurements of the hemodynamics by use of Doppler ultrasound and strain gauge plethysmography and with respect to variation of the concentration of the metabolic parameters lactate and pyruvate--the latter when defibrination was performed.", "PMID": 492058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1028", "title": "[Fibrinolytic treatment with urokinase in older phlebothrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "28 patients with 1 to 6 week old occlusions of the femoral and/or iliac veins as well as the subclavian veins were treated with a standardised urokinase-heparin-scheme. The fibrinolytic therapy was generally performed over a period of 7 to 14 days. In 2 patients, the 1 and 6 weeks respectively old thromboses of the iliac, femoral and tibial veins, and in 4 patients the 5 to 16 days old thromboses of the subclavian veins could be dissolved completely, 16 patients showed clinically and phlebographically a substantial amelioration. In 6 patients no marked success was found.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic treatment with urokinase in older phlebothrombosis (author's transl)]. 28 patients with 1 to 6 week old occlusions of the femoral and/or iliac veins as well as the subclavian veins were treated with a standardised urokinase-heparin-scheme. The fibrinolytic therapy was generally performed over a period of 7 to 14 days. In 2 patients, the 1 and 6 weeks respectively old thromboses of the iliac, femoral and tibial veins, and in 4 patients the 5 to 16 days old thromboses of the subclavian veins could be dissolved completely, 16 patients showed clinically and phlebographically a substantial amelioration. In 6 patients no marked success was found.", "PMID": 492059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1029", "title": "[An evaluation of methods of diagnosing central nervous system metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 cases of histologically identified metastases of the central nervous system it was found that in cases of breast cancer and malignant melanomas the diagnosis of the primary tumor is the key to the diagnosis of the metastasis; bronchial carcinomas are usually found upon diagnosis of cerebral metastases; angiography, color scintigraphy and the computer tomography have a false negative rate of 10--15%, in cerebrospinal fluid protein levels are often increased (64%), and tumor cells are found in 18%.", "contents": "[An evaluation of methods of diagnosing central nervous system metastases (author's transl)]. In 50 cases of histologically identified metastases of the central nervous system it was found that in cases of breast cancer and malignant melanomas the diagnosis of the primary tumor is the key to the diagnosis of the metastasis; bronchial carcinomas are usually found upon diagnosis of cerebral metastases; angiography, color scintigraphy and the computer tomography have a false negative rate of 10--15%, in cerebrospinal fluid protein levels are often increased (64%), and tumor cells are found in 18%.", "PMID": 492064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1030", "title": "[Transient ischemic attacks with intracranial tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Transient ischemic attacks are not only the consequence of cerebral atherosclerosis. A woman of 48 years had transient ischemic attacks because of a meningeom narrowing the internal carotid artery. A steal syndrome in tumor vessels of a glioblastoma must be presumed in a man of 67 showing initial hemisyndrome with first transient, later on remaining palsy.", "contents": "[Transient ischemic attacks with intracranial tumors (author's transl)]. Transient ischemic attacks are not only the consequence of cerebral atherosclerosis. A woman of 48 years had transient ischemic attacks because of a meningeom narrowing the internal carotid artery. A steal syndrome in tumor vessels of a glioblastoma must be presumed in a man of 67 showing initial hemisyndrome with first transient, later on remaining palsy.", "PMID": 492065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1031", "title": "[Gastric carcinoid with brain metastases--a casuistical report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 63-year-old man developed a carcinoid tumor of the cardia with unusual metastases of the brain and a rapid lethal course. Clinical aspects of these tumors, their attachment to apudomas and their new morphologic respectively functional--morphologic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Gastric carcinoid with brain metastases--a casuistical report (author's transl)]. A 63-year-old man developed a carcinoid tumor of the cardia with unusual metastases of the brain and a rapid lethal course. Clinical aspects of these tumors, their attachment to apudomas and their new morphologic respectively functional--morphologic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 492066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1032", "title": "[High levels of CK and its isoenzymes produced by a thymus carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 63 years old female is described suffering from thymus carcinoma with increased levels of CK and CK-MB enzymes. The separation of the total CK enzymes into the isoenzymes CK-MM, CK-BB, and CK-MB showed a marked difference between the photometric and the immunological method. This discrepancy can be explained by postulating a molecule specific for thymus carcinoma, probably a new CK isoenzyme. The relevance of using the photometric method in cardiologic routine diagnostic is pointed out.", "contents": "[High levels of CK and its isoenzymes produced by a thymus carcinoma (author's transl)]. A 63 years old female is described suffering from thymus carcinoma with increased levels of CK and CK-MB enzymes. The separation of the total CK enzymes into the isoenzymes CK-MM, CK-BB, and CK-MB showed a marked difference between the photometric and the immunological method. This discrepancy can be explained by postulating a molecule specific for thymus carcinoma, probably a new CK isoenzyme. The relevance of using the photometric method in cardiologic routine diagnostic is pointed out.", "PMID": 492067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1033", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria in late infections following orthopedic surgery.", "content": "Twelve patients with late anaerobic infection following hip or knee arthroplasty or tibia osteosynthesis are presented. Peptococci (Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, P. magnus, P. prevotii) and peptostreptococci (Peptostreptococcus micros, P. anaerobius, P. parvulus) were present in nine of the cases. Anaerobic gram-positive or -negative rods were found in three cases (Propionibacterium acnes, Actinomyces israelii, and Bacteroides fragilis). Antibodies against the isolated bacteria were detected in sera of nine patients. Anaerobic bacteria seem to be responsible for some of the late reactions that may follow arthroplasty or osteosynthesis.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria in late infections following orthopedic surgery. Twelve patients with late anaerobic infection following hip or knee arthroplasty or tibia osteosynthesis are presented. Peptococci (Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, P. magnus, P. prevotii) and peptostreptococci (Peptostreptococcus micros, P. anaerobius, P. parvulus) were present in nine of the cases. Anaerobic gram-positive or -negative rods were found in three cases (Propionibacterium acnes, Actinomyces israelii, and Bacteroides fragilis). Antibodies against the isolated bacteria were detected in sera of nine patients. Anaerobic bacteria seem to be responsible for some of the late reactions that may follow arthroplasty or osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 492071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1034", "title": "[A serological study concerning the role of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in transmitting lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to humans (author's transl)].", "content": "A search for lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus-specific antibody was conducted in 580 persons. One group consisted of 190 14-year-old to 17-year-old girls. In 149 of these hamster contact, either recently or in the more distant past, was certain; three had antibody. In 41 girls hamster contact was doubtful and one was positive. In a second group consisting of 390 persons of either sex and all ages the question as to association with hamsters was answered 123 times in the affirmative. Hamster contact was denied 251 times and uncertain 16 times. In sera from five individuals of this group antibody to LCM virus was detected; they all confirmed having had contact with hamsters.", "contents": "[A serological study concerning the role of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in transmitting lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to humans (author's transl)]. A search for lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus-specific antibody was conducted in 580 persons. One group consisted of 190 14-year-old to 17-year-old girls. In 149 of these hamster contact, either recently or in the more distant past, was certain; three had antibody. In 41 girls hamster contact was doubtful and one was positive. In a second group consisting of 390 persons of either sex and all ages the question as to association with hamsters was answered 123 times in the affirmative. Hamster contact was denied 251 times and uncertain 16 times. In sera from five individuals of this group antibody to LCM virus was detected; they all confirmed having had contact with hamsters.", "PMID": 492072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1035", "title": "Microwave scattering parameter imagery of an isolated canine kidney.", "content": "This paper describes a method for imaging biosystems using radiation in the microwave frequency range (3.9 GHz). The advantages of interrogation with microwave radiation are discussed in terms of its physiological significance. An electromechanical scanning system for imaging isolated organs and the subsequent image processing techniques are described. Imagery is presented for a phantom target and an isolated canine kidney. The kidney images are interpreted in terms of the known anatomical and functional organization of the organ. It does appear to be possible to distinguish cortex corticis corresponding to a high proportion of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, deeper cortical layers corresponding to a high population density of glomeri, a medullary outer zone corresponding to the loops of Henle as well as the collecting system, and the region of calyces/renal pelvis.", "contents": "Microwave scattering parameter imagery of an isolated canine kidney. This paper describes a method for imaging biosystems using radiation in the microwave frequency range (3.9 GHz). The advantages of interrogation with microwave radiation are discussed in terms of its physiological significance. An electromechanical scanning system for imaging isolated organs and the subsequent image processing techniques are described. Imagery is presented for a phantom target and an isolated canine kidney. The kidney images are interpreted in terms of the known anatomical and functional organization of the organ. It does appear to be possible to distinguish cortex corticis corresponding to a high proportion of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, deeper cortical layers corresponding to a high population density of glomeri, a medullary outer zone corresponding to the loops of Henle as well as the collecting system, and the region of calyces/renal pelvis.", "PMID": 492073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1036", "title": "Assessment of errors in intensity measurements of pulse echo ultrasound using miniature hydrophones.", "content": "Total transmitted power and intensity distributions from diagnostic ultrasound systems have been measured with a radiation force balance and with a miniature hydrophone and instrumentation available in many medical centers. In assessing the accuracy of absolute intensity and power determinations from measurements of acoustic pressure with a hydrophone, ultrasonic power was computed from hydrophone measurements. This power value was compared with the power determined by a radiation force technique. On five pulse echo ultrasound systems, the ratio of the power measured with a radiation force balance to the power determined with the hydrophone varied from 0.25 to 5.5. These differences are attributed mainly to the known large variations in hydrophone response as a function of frequency, and possible time, since several other possible sources of error were evaluated and estimated to have a reasonably small net effect of 25%. The errors evaluated were those dealing primarily with measurement procedures.", "contents": "Assessment of errors in intensity measurements of pulse echo ultrasound using miniature hydrophones. Total transmitted power and intensity distributions from diagnostic ultrasound systems have been measured with a radiation force balance and with a miniature hydrophone and instrumentation available in many medical centers. In assessing the accuracy of absolute intensity and power determinations from measurements of acoustic pressure with a hydrophone, ultrasonic power was computed from hydrophone measurements. This power value was compared with the power determined by a radiation force technique. On five pulse echo ultrasound systems, the ratio of the power measured with a radiation force balance to the power determined with the hydrophone varied from 0.25 to 5.5. These differences are attributed mainly to the known large variations in hydrophone response as a function of frequency, and possible time, since several other possible sources of error were evaluated and estimated to have a reasonably small net effect of 25%. The errors evaluated were those dealing primarily with measurement procedures.", "PMID": 492074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1037", "title": "Neutron spectra from 35 and 46 MeV protons, 16 and 28 MeV deuterons, and 44 MeV 3He ions on thick beryllium.", "content": "The energy spectra of neutrons produced by 35 and 46 MeV protons, 16 and 28 MeV deuterons, and 44 MeV 3He ions on thick beryllium were measured at angles of 0 degrees, 15 degrees, and 45 degrees with respect to the incident beams. The spectra were measured by the time-of-flight method for neutrons from the maximum energy down to 1 MeV. Neutron dose rates obtained from the zero-degree spectra by use of available tissue kerma factors agree with TE-TE ionization chamber measurements.", "contents": "Neutron spectra from 35 and 46 MeV protons, 16 and 28 MeV deuterons, and 44 MeV 3He ions on thick beryllium. The energy spectra of neutrons produced by 35 and 46 MeV protons, 16 and 28 MeV deuterons, and 44 MeV 3He ions on thick beryllium were measured at angles of 0 degrees, 15 degrees, and 45 degrees with respect to the incident beams. The spectra were measured by the time-of-flight method for neutrons from the maximum energy down to 1 MeV. Neutron dose rates obtained from the zero-degree spectra by use of available tissue kerma factors agree with TE-TE ionization chamber measurements.", "PMID": 492078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1038", "title": "Detectability in computed tomographic images.", "content": "The detection limitations inherent in statistically limited computed tomographic (CT) images are described through the application of signal detection theory. The detectability of large-area, low-contrast objects is shown to be chiefly dependent upon the low-frequency content of the noise power spectral density. For projection data containg uncorrelated noise, the resulting ramplike, low-frequency behavior of the noise power spectrum of CT reconstructions may be conveniently characterized by the number of noise-equivalent x-ray quanta (NEQ) detected in the projection measurements. The NEQ for a given image may be determined either from a measurement of the noise power spectrum or from the noise granularity computed with an appropriate weighting function. A measure of the efficiency of scanner dose utilization is proposed which compares the average dose to that required by an ideal scanner to obtain the same NEQ.", "contents": "Detectability in computed tomographic images. The detection limitations inherent in statistically limited computed tomographic (CT) images are described through the application of signal detection theory. The detectability of large-area, low-contrast objects is shown to be chiefly dependent upon the low-frequency content of the noise power spectral density. For projection data containg uncorrelated noise, the resulting ramplike, low-frequency behavior of the noise power spectrum of CT reconstructions may be conveniently characterized by the number of noise-equivalent x-ray quanta (NEQ) detected in the projection measurements. The NEQ for a given image may be determined either from a measurement of the noise power spectrum or from the noise granularity computed with an appropriate weighting function. A measure of the efficiency of scanner dose utilization is proposed which compares the average dose to that required by an ideal scanner to obtain the same NEQ.", "PMID": 492079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1039", "title": "Direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system.", "content": "A direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system has been developed. The link transmits the data serially over a coaxial cable using the pseudo-paper-tape punch and reader (serial PIO) interfaces. The data transmission rate with error-check is approximately 25,000 8-bit bytes/s. This translates to about 7 s for transferring a CT scan with a 320-pixel diameter.", "contents": "Direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system. A direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system has been developed. The link transmits the data serially over a coaxial cable using the pseudo-paper-tape punch and reader (serial PIO) interfaces. The data transmission rate with error-check is approximately 25,000 8-bit bytes/s. This translates to about 7 s for transferring a CT scan with a 320-pixel diameter.", "PMID": 492080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1040", "title": "Processing of incomplete measurement data in computed tomography.", "content": "Conventional approaches to computed tomography involve scanning the entire cross section and producing an image whose spatial and density resolution is uniform over its entire area. If the extent of each scan is restricted to the width of the lesion being investigated, then the x-ray dose is reduced, but a set of incomplete \"truncated\" projections is measured. Conversely, projections are \"hollow\" when their inner parts cannot be measured, e.g., when there is a metallic object within the body cross section. We present procedures for preprocessing incomplete projections so that images can be reconstructed from them using the convolution/back projection method.", "contents": "Processing of incomplete measurement data in computed tomography. Conventional approaches to computed tomography involve scanning the entire cross section and producing an image whose spatial and density resolution is uniform over its entire area. If the extent of each scan is restricted to the width of the lesion being investigated, then the x-ray dose is reduced, but a set of incomplete \"truncated\" projections is measured. Conversely, projections are \"hollow\" when their inner parts cannot be measured, e.g., when there is a metallic object within the body cross section. We present procedures for preprocessing incomplete projections so that images can be reconstructed from them using the convolution/back projection method.", "PMID": 492075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1041", "title": "Noise considerations in dual energy CT scanning.", "content": "Dual energy CT scanning (tomochemistry) has been proposed as a method for determining various parameters relating to the elemental composition of the tissues. In this paper, our aim is to study the relative noise inherent in two proposed techniques for dual energy scanning; a \"two crystal\" technique and a \"two kV\" technique. In the two crystal technique, a split crystal detector is used to simultaneously obtain the high and low energy data during one scan at high kV. The two kV technique requires two scans taken with widely different kV settings. We first review three commonly used approaches for utilizing the scan data to compute the relevant parameters. A theoretical formalism is constructed which aids in understanding these methods. Then this formalism is used to study the influence of CT image noise on measurement precision in the case where the unknown parameters are densities. It is shown that, (1) the unavoidable overlap in the spectral data obtained by the two crystal technique results in a much lower signal-to-noise ratio than can be obtained by using the two kV technique, (2) the necessity for hard filtration of the high energy beam in the two kV technique has not heretofore been appreciated, and (3) the dose for a given x-ray tube heat load is also lower with the two kV technique.", "contents": "Noise considerations in dual energy CT scanning. Dual energy CT scanning (tomochemistry) has been proposed as a method for determining various parameters relating to the elemental composition of the tissues. In this paper, our aim is to study the relative noise inherent in two proposed techniques for dual energy scanning; a \"two crystal\" technique and a \"two kV\" technique. In the two crystal technique, a split crystal detector is used to simultaneously obtain the high and low energy data during one scan at high kV. The two kV technique requires two scans taken with widely different kV settings. We first review three commonly used approaches for utilizing the scan data to compute the relevant parameters. A theoretical formalism is constructed which aids in understanding these methods. Then this formalism is used to study the influence of CT image noise on measurement precision in the case where the unknown parameters are densities. It is shown that, (1) the unavoidable overlap in the spectral data obtained by the two crystal technique results in a much lower signal-to-noise ratio than can be obtained by using the two kV technique, (2) the necessity for hard filtration of the high energy beam in the two kV technique has not heretofore been appreciated, and (3) the dose for a given x-ray tube heat load is also lower with the two kV technique.", "PMID": 492076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1042", "title": "A fundamental accuracy limitation on measurements of brachytherapy sources.", "content": "The dose rate gradients in the first few centimeters away from brachytherapy sources are extremely high. Attempts at direct measurements of the dose rates in the near vicinity of such sources are made with the smallest detectors available. Nevertheless, it is not obvious that the agreement between reported measurements and theoretical calculations can be justified when the dose rate gradients across the detector volumes employed are so great. A figure of merit is derived here which indicates how well the dose averaged over the volume of the detector corresponds to the dose at the center of the detector. This figure of merit provides a means to assess the maximum accuracy one can expect to achieve in a measurement made at a given distance from a linear source based on the dimensions of the source and the dimensions and shape of the detector.", "contents": "A fundamental accuracy limitation on measurements of brachytherapy sources. The dose rate gradients in the first few centimeters away from brachytherapy sources are extremely high. Attempts at direct measurements of the dose rates in the near vicinity of such sources are made with the smallest detectors available. Nevertheless, it is not obvious that the agreement between reported measurements and theoretical calculations can be justified when the dose rate gradients across the detector volumes employed are so great. A figure of merit is derived here which indicates how well the dose averaged over the volume of the detector corresponds to the dose at the center of the detector. This figure of merit provides a means to assess the maximum accuracy one can expect to achieve in a measurement made at a given distance from a linear source based on the dimensions of the source and the dimensions and shape of the detector.", "PMID": 492081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1043", "title": "Measured neutron and gamma spectra from californium-252 in a tissue-equivalent medium.", "content": "A method of experimentally obtaining both neutron and gamma-ray spectra in a scattering medium is described. The method utilizes a liquid-organic scintillator (NE-213) coupled with a pulse-shape discrimination circuit. This allows the separation of the neutron-induced pulse-height data from the gamma-ray pulse-height data. Using mathematical unfolding techniques, the two sets of pulse-height data were transformed to obtain the neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra. A small spherical detector was designed and constructed to reduce the errors incurred by attempting spectral measurements in a scattering medium. Demonstration of the utility of the system to obtain the neutron and gamma-ray spectra in a scattering medium was performed by characterizing the neutron and gamma-ray spectra at various sites about a 3.7-microgram (1.5 cm active length) californium-252 source in a tissue-equivalent medium.", "contents": "Measured neutron and gamma spectra from californium-252 in a tissue-equivalent medium. A method of experimentally obtaining both neutron and gamma-ray spectra in a scattering medium is described. The method utilizes a liquid-organic scintillator (NE-213) coupled with a pulse-shape discrimination circuit. This allows the separation of the neutron-induced pulse-height data from the gamma-ray pulse-height data. Using mathematical unfolding techniques, the two sets of pulse-height data were transformed to obtain the neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra. A small spherical detector was designed and constructed to reduce the errors incurred by attempting spectral measurements in a scattering medium. Demonstration of the utility of the system to obtain the neutron and gamma-ray spectra in a scattering medium was performed by characterizing the neutron and gamma-ray spectra at various sites about a 3.7-microgram (1.5 cm active length) californium-252 source in a tissue-equivalent medium.", "PMID": 492077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1044", "title": "Testing cosolvent cryoenzymology on multi-enzyme systems.", "content": "Fluid mixed solvents appear to supply an effective tool for investigation of enzyme catalysis at subzero temperatures. Labile reaction intermediates may be stabilized, characterized and separated. Cycling of reaction processes and side reactions can be slowed or stopped to permit single turnover of individual molecular events, and kinetic response to temperature and other physical parameters can provide dynamic and thermodynamic analysis of single enzyme systems. Multienzyme systems can furnish reliable probes of potential, limitations and possible procedural artefacts of the method. Amply explored examples are supplied by the studies of two components of the soluble camphor hydroxylase and the hepatic R450LM2 in solution and in the subcellular microsomal organelles, to reveal labile single enzyme compounds and multienzyme processes.", "contents": "Testing cosolvent cryoenzymology on multi-enzyme systems. Fluid mixed solvents appear to supply an effective tool for investigation of enzyme catalysis at subzero temperatures. Labile reaction intermediates may be stabilized, characterized and separated. Cycling of reaction processes and side reactions can be slowed or stopped to permit single turnover of individual molecular events, and kinetic response to temperature and other physical parameters can provide dynamic and thermodynamic analysis of single enzyme systems. Multienzyme systems can furnish reliable probes of potential, limitations and possible procedural artefacts of the method. Amply explored examples are supplied by the studies of two components of the soluble camphor hydroxylase and the hepatic R450LM2 in solution and in the subcellular microsomal organelles, to reveal labile single enzyme compounds and multienzyme processes.", "PMID": 492156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1045", "title": "Ultrastructure - function relationship in Chlamydomonas reinhartii thylakoids, by means of a comparison between the wild type and the F34 mutant which lacks the photosystem II reaction center.", "content": "The F34 mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhartii is deficient in photosystem II reaction centers. The E fracture faces of the thylakoid membranes of this mutant show a considerable reduction in the number of particles present ant in their size compared with the wild type. We conclude that the polypeptides associated with photosystem II reaction centers, which are missing in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins from this mutant strain, are part of the EF particles and are required for assembly of these particles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure - function relationship in Chlamydomonas reinhartii thylakoids, by means of a comparison between the wild type and the F34 mutant which lacks the photosystem II reaction center. The F34 mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhartii is deficient in photosystem II reaction centers. The E fracture faces of the thylakoid membranes of this mutant show a considerable reduction in the number of particles present ant in their size compared with the wild type. We conclude that the polypeptides associated with photosystem II reaction centers, which are missing in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins from this mutant strain, are part of the EF particles and are required for assembly of these particles.", "PMID": 492157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1046", "title": "The terminal structures of feather keratin mRNA.", "content": "Terminal labeling of embryonic feather keratin mRNA with [3H]KBH4 followed by digestion with ribonuclease T1 and T2, alkaline phosphatase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, and nucleotide pyrophosphatase and analysis of the products by high voltage paper electrophoresis, indicated the presence of the sequence m7G(5')ppp(5')N at the 5'-end of the mRNA. Ribonuclease T1 and A digests of the terminally labeled, and also of unlabeled mRNA followed by fractionation on denaturing polyacrylamide gels indicated the presence of polyadenylate tracts ranging in size from 45 to 165 nucleotide at the 3'-end of the mRNA.", "contents": "The terminal structures of feather keratin mRNA. Terminal labeling of embryonic feather keratin mRNA with [3H]KBH4 followed by digestion with ribonuclease T1 and T2, alkaline phosphatase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, and nucleotide pyrophosphatase and analysis of the products by high voltage paper electrophoresis, indicated the presence of the sequence m7G(5')ppp(5')N at the 5'-end of the mRNA. Ribonuclease T1 and A digests of the terminally labeled, and also of unlabeled mRNA followed by fractionation on denaturing polyacrylamide gels indicated the presence of polyadenylate tracts ranging in size from 45 to 165 nucleotide at the 3'-end of the mRNA.", "PMID": 492158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1047", "title": "X-ray studies of the ovomucoid-DHPC system.", "content": "Complex of ovomucoid with 1,2 dihehadecyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DHPC) in water solution has been used as a model system for glycoprotein-lipid interactions. The structural parameters of this complex were determined with small angle-X-ray diffraction techniques. Knowing the repeat distance, the chemical composition of the association and the partial specific volumes of the components, the partial thickness of the glycoprotein, lipid and water layers can be determined and compared with the thickness of the lipid layers observed in pure lipid-water systems and lamellar associations in the absence of glycoprotein. The variation of the structural parameters at room temperature with the concentration of water was determined. Our results showed: the intersheet spacing increases from 112 to 157 A, the thickness of the hydrocarbon chain layers decreases from 49 to 40A and the thickness of glycoprotein layer increases from 62 to 100 A. In this case the glycoprotein-lipid interaction appears to be of weak electrostatic nature and to involve mainly the polar regions of the structure. Fluorescence experiments have also been carried out to confirm the X-ray data.", "contents": "X-ray studies of the ovomucoid-DHPC system. Complex of ovomucoid with 1,2 dihehadecyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DHPC) in water solution has been used as a model system for glycoprotein-lipid interactions. The structural parameters of this complex were determined with small angle-X-ray diffraction techniques. Knowing the repeat distance, the chemical composition of the association and the partial specific volumes of the components, the partial thickness of the glycoprotein, lipid and water layers can be determined and compared with the thickness of the lipid layers observed in pure lipid-water systems and lamellar associations in the absence of glycoprotein. The variation of the structural parameters at room temperature with the concentration of water was determined. Our results showed: the intersheet spacing increases from 112 to 157 A, the thickness of the hydrocarbon chain layers decreases from 49 to 40A and the thickness of glycoprotein layer increases from 62 to 100 A. In this case the glycoprotein-lipid interaction appears to be of weak electrostatic nature and to involve mainly the polar regions of the structure. Fluorescence experiments have also been carried out to confirm the X-ray data.", "PMID": 492159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1048", "title": "The use of pronase for electron microscopy of protein-complexed DNA.", "content": "A method is described which demonstrates the posibility of visualizing protein-complexed DNA by using pronase for both deproteinization and spreading of DNA for electron microscopy. The results show that proteolytic digestion is complete even under conditions of short formaldehyde fixation and pronase is an excellent substitute for cytochrome c for spreading of DNA. The pronase method is successfully applied to virions, native and partially denatured chromatin. The procedure is highly advantageous because it does not require preliminary isolation of DNA, can be applied to microamounts of material and permits the visualization of partial denaturation of DNA in chromatin.", "contents": "The use of pronase for electron microscopy of protein-complexed DNA. A method is described which demonstrates the posibility of visualizing protein-complexed DNA by using pronase for both deproteinization and spreading of DNA for electron microscopy. The results show that proteolytic digestion is complete even under conditions of short formaldehyde fixation and pronase is an excellent substitute for cytochrome c for spreading of DNA. The pronase method is successfully applied to virions, native and partially denatured chromatin. The procedure is highly advantageous because it does not require preliminary isolation of DNA, can be applied to microamounts of material and permits the visualization of partial denaturation of DNA in chromatin.", "PMID": 492160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1049", "title": "Protein coding sequences in newly synthesized nuclear RNA from chicken immature red blood cells.", "content": "The contents of globin gene transcripts and other protein coding agene transcript (preferentially expressed in liver) within nuclear RNA from chicken immature red blood cells were analyzed by the method of cDNA hybridization. A comparison of the hybridization values obtained from steady state nuclear RNA and pulse labeled newly synthesized nuclear RNA demonstrated, that (a) there is a vast excess of globin gene transcripts over other individual protein coding transcripts and (b) the ratio of globin gene transcripts to the amount of other protein gene transcripts is nearly the same within both RNA species. We conclude, that in chicken immature red blood cells the globin genes are transcribed either at a much higher rate than other protein coding genes or that most of the transcription products of other genes transcribed at higher rates must be degraded during or very shortly after transcription. Moreover, an accumulation of both types of transcripts was observed, as the contents of these RNA molecules was higher within steady state nuclear RNA than within the newly synthesized RNA.", "contents": "Protein coding sequences in newly synthesized nuclear RNA from chicken immature red blood cells. The contents of globin gene transcripts and other protein coding agene transcript (preferentially expressed in liver) within nuclear RNA from chicken immature red blood cells were analyzed by the method of cDNA hybridization. A comparison of the hybridization values obtained from steady state nuclear RNA and pulse labeled newly synthesized nuclear RNA demonstrated, that (a) there is a vast excess of globin gene transcripts over other individual protein coding transcripts and (b) the ratio of globin gene transcripts to the amount of other protein gene transcripts is nearly the same within both RNA species. We conclude, that in chicken immature red blood cells the globin genes are transcribed either at a much higher rate than other protein coding genes or that most of the transcription products of other genes transcribed at higher rates must be degraded during or very shortly after transcription. Moreover, an accumulation of both types of transcripts was observed, as the contents of these RNA molecules was higher within steady state nuclear RNA than within the newly synthesized RNA.", "PMID": 492161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1050", "title": "DNA degradation in isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Purified rat liver nuclei were incubated at 4 degrees C. After different intervals of incubation aliquots of the nuclear suspension were taken and DNA was extracted by a common SDS-phenol-chloroform procedure. The fractionation of DNA by agar gel electrophoresis revealed large DNA fragments. It was shown that the well-known DNA degradation to monomers and its multiples is preceeded by an earlier breakdown of DNA into characteristic large fragments.", "contents": "DNA degradation in isolated rat liver nuclei. Purified rat liver nuclei were incubated at 4 degrees C. After different intervals of incubation aliquots of the nuclear suspension were taken and DNA was extracted by a common SDS-phenol-chloroform procedure. The fractionation of DNA by agar gel electrophoresis revealed large DNA fragments. It was shown that the well-known DNA degradation to monomers and its multiples is preceeded by an earlier breakdown of DNA into characteristic large fragments.", "PMID": 492162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1051", "title": "No stimulatory effect of added histones on DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "Contrary to some recent reports DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei was not stimulated by the addition of low amounts of histones neither in the presence nor in the absence of cytosol. The individual histone fractions H1, H2A, H2B and H3 also failed to stimulated DNA synthesis.", "contents": "No stimulatory effect of added histones on DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei. Contrary to some recent reports DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei was not stimulated by the addition of low amounts of histones neither in the presence nor in the absence of cytosol. The individual histone fractions H1, H2A, H2B and H3 also failed to stimulated DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 492163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1052", "title": "Elongation factor Tu-induced conformational changes of ribosomes detected by iodination.", "content": "The effect of elongation factor (EF) Tu, bound to the ribosome with the help of poly(uridylic) acid, Phe-tRNA and guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate, on the conformation and/or chemical environment of ribosomal proteins has been examined using, as a probe, protein iodination. Ribosomes complexed only with poly(uridylic acid) and Phe-tRNA have been used as a control. EF-Tu on the ribosome significantly increases the iodination of proteins S7, S10 and L3 and decreases that of S21 and L18.", "contents": "Elongation factor Tu-induced conformational changes of ribosomes detected by iodination. The effect of elongation factor (EF) Tu, bound to the ribosome with the help of poly(uridylic) acid, Phe-tRNA and guanyl-5'-yl methylene diphosphonate, on the conformation and/or chemical environment of ribosomal proteins has been examined using, as a probe, protein iodination. Ribosomes complexed only with poly(uridylic acid) and Phe-tRNA have been used as a control. EF-Tu on the ribosome significantly increases the iodination of proteins S7, S10 and L3 and decreases that of S21 and L18.", "PMID": 492164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1053", "title": "Regulation of growth hormone messenger RNA.", "content": "In cultured rat pituitary cells, glucocorticoids regulate growth hormone production by modulating the number of growth hormone messenger RNA molecules. The effect is quite specific, since only a few other mRNAs are affected by the hormones. This response is demonstrated by assays involving cell-free mRNA translation and cDNA-RNA hybridization. Furthermore, the inducibility by the glucocorticoids is regulated by at least one other class of hormones, thyroid hormone. Thus, this system serves as a model for studying not only the glucocorticoid regulation of specific mRNA, but also the control of this regulation by other factors in the target tissue.", "contents": "Regulation of growth hormone messenger RNA. In cultured rat pituitary cells, glucocorticoids regulate growth hormone production by modulating the number of growth hormone messenger RNA molecules. The effect is quite specific, since only a few other mRNAs are affected by the hormones. This response is demonstrated by assays involving cell-free mRNA translation and cDNA-RNA hybridization. Furthermore, the inducibility by the glucocorticoids is regulated by at least one other class of hormones, thyroid hormone. Thus, this system serves as a model for studying not only the glucocorticoid regulation of specific mRNA, but also the control of this regulation by other factors in the target tissue.", "PMID": 492172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1054", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids on fibroblasts.", "content": "Mouse fibroblasts growing in vitro respond to glucocorticoids in a dose-dependent fashion by reduced rates of growth. The inhibition of growth observed in vitro is related to the topical anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids and to their capacity to inhibit wound repair. The cells growing in vitro possess a glucocorticoid receptor system that has been studied in some detail using [3H]triamcinolone acetonide as a radiolabeled ligand. The initial binding reaction occurs in the cytosol. The complex is then rapidly taken up in the nucleus of the cell by a temperature-sensitive process. In the nucleus, the complex exists in two forms, one of which is readily extracted by 0.3 M KCl solutions. A small amount of steroid-receptor complex is tightly bound to chromatin. Under normal incubation conditions, there is a constant cycling of steroid-receptor complex, and unbound receptor is generated back into the cytosol from the nucleus with a half-life of about 30 min. Regeneration of unbound receptor does not depend on protein synthesis and is a temperature-sensitive and energy-requiring process. Incubating the steroid-treated cells in the absence of glucose and in the presence of inhibitors such as cyanide or dinitrophenol leads to a loss of cytoplasmic steroid-receptor complexes, and an accumulation of the complex in the nuclear residual form, tightly bound to chromatin. With respect to nuclear effects of steroid treatment, we have found that incubating fibroblasts in vitro with glucocorticoids produces a prompt decrease in the amount of a satellite H1 histone found in these cells.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids on fibroblasts. Mouse fibroblasts growing in vitro respond to glucocorticoids in a dose-dependent fashion by reduced rates of growth. The inhibition of growth observed in vitro is related to the topical anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids and to their capacity to inhibit wound repair. The cells growing in vitro possess a glucocorticoid receptor system that has been studied in some detail using [3H]triamcinolone acetonide as a radiolabeled ligand. The initial binding reaction occurs in the cytosol. The complex is then rapidly taken up in the nucleus of the cell by a temperature-sensitive process. In the nucleus, the complex exists in two forms, one of which is readily extracted by 0.3 M KCl solutions. A small amount of steroid-receptor complex is tightly bound to chromatin. Under normal incubation conditions, there is a constant cycling of steroid-receptor complex, and unbound receptor is generated back into the cytosol from the nucleus with a half-life of about 30 min. Regeneration of unbound receptor does not depend on protein synthesis and is a temperature-sensitive and energy-requiring process. Incubating the steroid-treated cells in the absence of glucose and in the presence of inhibitors such as cyanide or dinitrophenol leads to a loss of cytoplasmic steroid-receptor complexes, and an accumulation of the complex in the nuclear residual form, tightly bound to chromatin. With respect to nuclear effects of steroid treatment, we have found that incubating fibroblasts in vitro with glucocorticoids produces a prompt decrease in the amount of a satellite H1 histone found in these cells.", "PMID": 492173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1055", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors and actions in rat thymocytes and immunologically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "After reviewing briefly our earlier studies on glucocorticoid receptors and mechanisms in thymus cells, we have outlined results from the following two areas of current interest in our laboratories: the \"life-cycle\" of glucocorticoid receptors and complexes in thymus cells, and the levels of glucocorticoid receptors and sensitivity in immunologically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. Several of our results on energetics and kinetics of hormone binding to glucocorticoid receptors in rat thymus cells seem to require extension of the simplest model of hormone-receptor transformations in intact cells. ATP-depletion experiments suggest the existence of a nonbinding form of the receptor; \"chase\" experiments suggest reaction of hormone directly with nuclear-bound receptor; experiments on depletion and replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor using cortisol and dexamethasone suggest the existence of at least two subpopulations of nuclear-bound hormone-receptor complex. We have found that mitogen or immunologic stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes in culture leads within 24 h or so to a striking increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptor sites per cell. We believe this increase may be due to partial synchronization of the cell population in a phase of the cell cycle in which receptor content is high. Contrary to the widely held view that mitogen-stimulated cells become insensitive to glucocorticoids, our experiments show that with respect to inhibition of thymidine and uridine incorporation and glucose uptake, the cells are highly sensitive to dexamethasone at 24, 48, and 72 h after stimulation with concanavalin A.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors and actions in rat thymocytes and immunologically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. After reviewing briefly our earlier studies on glucocorticoid receptors and mechanisms in thymus cells, we have outlined results from the following two areas of current interest in our laboratories: the \"life-cycle\" of glucocorticoid receptors and complexes in thymus cells, and the levels of glucocorticoid receptors and sensitivity in immunologically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. Several of our results on energetics and kinetics of hormone binding to glucocorticoid receptors in rat thymus cells seem to require extension of the simplest model of hormone-receptor transformations in intact cells. ATP-depletion experiments suggest the existence of a nonbinding form of the receptor; \"chase\" experiments suggest reaction of hormone directly with nuclear-bound receptor; experiments on depletion and replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor using cortisol and dexamethasone suggest the existence of at least two subpopulations of nuclear-bound hormone-receptor complex. We have found that mitogen or immunologic stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes in culture leads within 24 h or so to a striking increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptor sites per cell. We believe this increase may be due to partial synchronization of the cell population in a phase of the cell cycle in which receptor content is high. Contrary to the widely held view that mitogen-stimulated cells become insensitive to glucocorticoids, our experiments show that with respect to inhibition of thymidine and uridine incorporation and glucose uptake, the cells are highly sensitive to dexamethasone at 24, 48, and 72 h after stimulation with concanavalin A.", "PMID": 492174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1056", "title": "Mouse lymphoma cells: mechanisms of resistance to glucocorticoids.", "content": "S49, an established line of mouse lymphoma cells, has several characteristics useful for the genetic analysis of glucocorticoid action: (1) a stable pseudodiploid karyotype; (2) an efficient cytolytic effect of glucocorticoids, which appears to follow the same biochemical pathway as steroid hormone action in other systems; (3) appearance of rare steroid-insensitive clones that exhibit stable, heritable resistance to further glucocorticoid treatment; (4) rapid growth in suspension culture and high cloning efficiency in soft agar, allowing facile isolation of variant clones. Two hundred individual steroid-resistant clones of S49 cells have been isolated and analyzed to determine the origin of their resistance. Most of these variant clones (55 %) fail to bind [3H]dexamethasone at levels above background; 70--75 percent bind less than 30 % of the wild-type level. The remaining clones fall into three general groups with respect to the efficiency with which receptors are translocated to the nucleus following dexamethasone treatment: one class transfers less than 10 percent of labeled receptors to the nucleus, another transfers normal amounts, and a third localizes virtually all of the receptors in the nucleus. The four variant phenotypes have been respectively designated r-, receptor activity deficient; nt-, nuclear transfer deficient; d-, deathless (appears normal in binding and nuclear transfer); and nti, increased nuclear transfer. Physical characterization by sucrose gradient sedimentation and gel permeation chromatography reveals that wild-type receptors are approximately 90,000 daltons and nti receptors about 50,000 daltons. The affinities of variant and wild-type receptors for purified DNA in vitro are consistent with their respective nuclear binding characteristics in vivo. Genetic studies with these and other cell lines, combined with recently developed methods for purification and structural analysis of minute quantities of proteins, can provide the level of biochemical resolution required for a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanism of steroid hormone action.", "contents": "Mouse lymphoma cells: mechanisms of resistance to glucocorticoids. S49, an established line of mouse lymphoma cells, has several characteristics useful for the genetic analysis of glucocorticoid action: (1) a stable pseudodiploid karyotype; (2) an efficient cytolytic effect of glucocorticoids, which appears to follow the same biochemical pathway as steroid hormone action in other systems; (3) appearance of rare steroid-insensitive clones that exhibit stable, heritable resistance to further glucocorticoid treatment; (4) rapid growth in suspension culture and high cloning efficiency in soft agar, allowing facile isolation of variant clones. Two hundred individual steroid-resistant clones of S49 cells have been isolated and analyzed to determine the origin of their resistance. Most of these variant clones (55 %) fail to bind [3H]dexamethasone at levels above background; 70--75 percent bind less than 30 % of the wild-type level. The remaining clones fall into three general groups with respect to the efficiency with which receptors are translocated to the nucleus following dexamethasone treatment: one class transfers less than 10 percent of labeled receptors to the nucleus, another transfers normal amounts, and a third localizes virtually all of the receptors in the nucleus. The four variant phenotypes have been respectively designated r-, receptor activity deficient; nt-, nuclear transfer deficient; d-, deathless (appears normal in binding and nuclear transfer); and nti, increased nuclear transfer. Physical characterization by sucrose gradient sedimentation and gel permeation chromatography reveals that wild-type receptors are approximately 90,000 daltons and nti receptors about 50,000 daltons. The affinities of variant and wild-type receptors for purified DNA in vitro are consistent with their respective nuclear binding characteristics in vivo. Genetic studies with these and other cell lines, combined with recently developed methods for purification and structural analysis of minute quantities of proteins, can provide the level of biochemical resolution required for a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanism of steroid hormone action.", "PMID": 492175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1057", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in glucocorticoids.", "content": "Meaningful answers to the question of the relationship between glucocorticoid structure and activity have emerged. Structural change has predictable effects on susceptibility to the action of metabolizing enzymes, on receptor affinity, and on intrinsic activity. These effects are, in principle, amenable to mathematical modeling techniques. The fascinating possibility of being able to calculate receptor affinity directly from chemical structure has already been realized through the development of an equation [19] that allows the calculation of receptor binding of any glucocorticoid from structural parameters. Utilizing knowledge of the free energy contributions of the substituents and the hydrophobicity and A-ring conformation of the steroids, receptor affinity for a large number of compounds could be described in terms of four parameters. A general relationship was derived relating the equilibrium dissociation constant to a surface area term, a polar interaction term, and A-ring tilt term, and a size limitation function for the 9 alpha-substituent. The excellent correlation obtained suggests that these four factors are the major determinants of glucocorticoid receptor interactions. It is clear that the use of a mathematical relationship that defines the strength of steroid-receptor interaction is a valuable tool for investigating structure-activity relationships. This would be especially true in the design of steroid drugs. The use of a linear free-energy equation is superior to the assumption of substituent additivity in predicting binding affinities. This type of relationship will be useful in the preparation of steroids for use in affinity labeling studies and should be adaptable to other binding systems in which it is desirable to obtain synthetic analogs for more potent activity or specificity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in glucocorticoids. Meaningful answers to the question of the relationship between glucocorticoid structure and activity have emerged. Structural change has predictable effects on susceptibility to the action of metabolizing enzymes, on receptor affinity, and on intrinsic activity. These effects are, in principle, amenable to mathematical modeling techniques. The fascinating possibility of being able to calculate receptor affinity directly from chemical structure has already been realized through the development of an equation [19] that allows the calculation of receptor binding of any glucocorticoid from structural parameters. Utilizing knowledge of the free energy contributions of the substituents and the hydrophobicity and A-ring conformation of the steroids, receptor affinity for a large number of compounds could be described in terms of four parameters. A general relationship was derived relating the equilibrium dissociation constant to a surface area term, a polar interaction term, and A-ring tilt term, and a size limitation function for the 9 alpha-substituent. The excellent correlation obtained suggests that these four factors are the major determinants of glucocorticoid receptor interactions. It is clear that the use of a mathematical relationship that defines the strength of steroid-receptor interaction is a valuable tool for investigating structure-activity relationships. This would be especially true in the design of steroid drugs. The use of a linear free-energy equation is superior to the assumption of substituent additivity in predicting binding affinities. This type of relationship will be useful in the preparation of steroids for use in affinity labeling studies and should be adaptable to other binding systems in which it is desirable to obtain synthetic analogs for more potent activity or specificity.", "PMID": 492176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1058", "title": "[Prostaglandin E1. Emergency therapy in infants with preductal coarctation of the aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "Three infants with preductal coartation, tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch, and VSD were treated with Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-infusion to dilate the ductus arteriosus Botalli. Before PGE1-therapy the infants were treated with Furosemide and Digitalis, but they remained oliguric or anuric. During PGE1-infusion the pressure in the descending aorta rose and urine output increased significantly. Obviously the blood flow into the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus was improved during PGE1-infusion. In all three cases surgery was successfull after PGE1-therapy. Before PGE1-therapy of preductal coarctation the diagnosis should be clear and also classical therapy with Furosemide and Digitalis should be tried.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin E1. Emergency therapy in infants with preductal coarctation of the aorta (author's transl)]. Three infants with preductal coartation, tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch, and VSD were treated with Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-infusion to dilate the ductus arteriosus Botalli. Before PGE1-therapy the infants were treated with Furosemide and Digitalis, but they remained oliguric or anuric. During PGE1-infusion the pressure in the descending aorta rose and urine output increased significantly. Obviously the blood flow into the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus was improved during PGE1-infusion. In all three cases surgery was successfull after PGE1-therapy. Before PGE1-therapy of preductal coarctation the diagnosis should be clear and also classical therapy with Furosemide and Digitalis should be tried.", "PMID": 492181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1059", "title": "[Neurodevelopmental examination of high risk infants (author's transl)].", "content": "While the high risk infants' prognosis for normal development has been greatly improved by modern neonatal intensive care, premature birth, low birthweight and perinatal complications involving compromised brain function still represent major risk factors. Different criteria for admission and assessment methods are the reason that recent publications cite neurological sequelae in high risk infants that range from 4.4 to 28%. The need for an effective screening instrument enableing the pediatrician to test and evaluate neurological function, maturation and integrity, is quite obvious. The author has selected a group of neurological items according to results of Touwen's (1976) longitudinal study on neurological maturation in infancy. In addition, Prechtl's (1968) optimality concept was applied in our study. This new standardized neurological examination was used to evaluate 163 high risk infants with a corrected age of 3 and 6 months. The results demonstrate statistically significant differences between the neurological status of full-term and premature infants, and similarly between those with minimal risk and perinatal brain distress. The rather steep increase of neurological optimality scores by age of 6 months implies a high rate of self-repair or catch-up in maturation of the nervous system. We speculate that early extrauterine stimulation of the premature does not accelerate the development of brain function in a similar way as it does other organ functions, but it may slow down maturation.", "contents": "[Neurodevelopmental examination of high risk infants (author's transl)]. While the high risk infants' prognosis for normal development has been greatly improved by modern neonatal intensive care, premature birth, low birthweight and perinatal complications involving compromised brain function still represent major risk factors. Different criteria for admission and assessment methods are the reason that recent publications cite neurological sequelae in high risk infants that range from 4.4 to 28%. The need for an effective screening instrument enableing the pediatrician to test and evaluate neurological function, maturation and integrity, is quite obvious. The author has selected a group of neurological items according to results of Touwen's (1976) longitudinal study on neurological maturation in infancy. In addition, Prechtl's (1968) optimality concept was applied in our study. This new standardized neurological examination was used to evaluate 163 high risk infants with a corrected age of 3 and 6 months. The results demonstrate statistically significant differences between the neurological status of full-term and premature infants, and similarly between those with minimal risk and perinatal brain distress. The rather steep increase of neurological optimality scores by age of 6 months implies a high rate of self-repair or catch-up in maturation of the nervous system. We speculate that early extrauterine stimulation of the premature does not accelerate the development of brain function in a similar way as it does other organ functions, but it may slow down maturation.", "PMID": 492182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1060", "title": "[Concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum iron in healthy infants and children aged 1 month to 16 years (author's transl)].", "content": "10,126 determinations of hemoglobin concentration, 10,055 of hematocrit and 4,420 of serum iron were performed in 7,753 infants and children aged 1 month to 16 years to give normal values for this period in a large town. Both, concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased during the 3rd and 8th month. The first decrease in serum iron level appeared later in month 4, the time of the second fall was identical with that of hemoglobin and hematocrit. In females, a third decrease of iron levels appeared with 13 years. Between the 2nd and 8th year of life, a period of instable iron nutriture became apparent. Concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit as well as serum iron depend on age. 0.4% of males and females showed a deficient concentration of hemoglobin. 2.9% of males and 1.1% of females had a low, nonacceptable hemoglobin value. Iron deficiency occurred in 8.5% of males and in 8.3% of females. It is probable that the number of children with a pre-latent or latent iron deficiency is much higher.", "contents": "[Concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum iron in healthy infants and children aged 1 month to 16 years (author's transl)]. 10,126 determinations of hemoglobin concentration, 10,055 of hematocrit and 4,420 of serum iron were performed in 7,753 infants and children aged 1 month to 16 years to give normal values for this period in a large town. Both, concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased during the 3rd and 8th month. The first decrease in serum iron level appeared later in month 4, the time of the second fall was identical with that of hemoglobin and hematocrit. In females, a third decrease of iron levels appeared with 13 years. Between the 2nd and 8th year of life, a period of instable iron nutriture became apparent. Concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit as well as serum iron depend on age. 0.4% of males and females showed a deficient concentration of hemoglobin. 2.9% of males and 1.1% of females had a low, nonacceptable hemoglobin value. Iron deficiency occurred in 8.5% of males and in 8.3% of females. It is probable that the number of children with a pre-latent or latent iron deficiency is much higher.", "PMID": 492183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1061", "title": "[Treatment of acute diarrheal disease in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of acute diarrheal disease in infants reinstituting the normal intestinal homeostasis is of primary importance. Prompt rehydration should be accomplished with a well balanced glucose electrolyte solution by parenteral or oral route. From a diet, given after rehydration, lactose and long chain fatty acids must be eliminated. Antibiotics, cholestyramine or elemental diets are to be reserved for special situations.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute diarrheal disease in infants (author's transl)]. In the treatment of acute diarrheal disease in infants reinstituting the normal intestinal homeostasis is of primary importance. Prompt rehydration should be accomplished with a well balanced glucose electrolyte solution by parenteral or oral route. From a diet, given after rehydration, lactose and long chain fatty acids must be eliminated. Antibiotics, cholestyramine or elemental diets are to be reserved for special situations.", "PMID": 492184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1062", "title": "[Remarks concerning the treatment of hyperkinetic children with the so-called \"diet poor in phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared with normal diets, the so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" is really not poor in phosphate. Phosphate intake amounts only to 3% when ingested as food stuffs with phosphate additions permitted by law. The so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" is poor in carbohydrates, dietary fiber and ascorbic acid. Animal proteins and fats, however, are high in this diet there by increasing the cholesterol intake. We cannot recommend this so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" for children.", "contents": "[Remarks concerning the treatment of hyperkinetic children with the so-called \"diet poor in phosphate (author's transl)]. Compared with normal diets, the so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" is really not poor in phosphate. Phosphate intake amounts only to 3% when ingested as food stuffs with phosphate additions permitted by law. The so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" is poor in carbohydrates, dietary fiber and ascorbic acid. Animal proteins and fats, however, are high in this diet there by increasing the cholesterol intake. We cannot recommend this so-called \"diet poor in phosphate\" for children.", "PMID": 492186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1063", "title": "[Complications and survival rate in preterm infants and neonates treated with mechanical ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Between January 1972 and December 1976 201 preterm infants and neonates were treated with mechanical ventilation. These children were classified into 6 groups according to the indications for mechanical ventilation: P = respiratory failure caused by pulmonary disease; Z-P = respiratory failure caused by cerebral disturbance with simultaneous respiratory disease; Z = respiratory failure caused by cerebral disturbance; C = respiratory failure caused by cardiac disease; SCH = respiratory failure through shock; M = respiratory failure caused by mechanical disturbance; Bronchopulmonary complications developed in 70% of the survivors and in 60% of the fatalities. The most serious bronchopulmonary complications were infections which occured with similar frequency in all indication groups as late-onset complications, and air-leaks which occured as early complications. The latter complication was significantly higher (38%) in the first than in the other groups. The most serious extrapulmonary complications were seizures, intracerebral hemorrhages and septicemia. 71 of the 201 patients survived. There was a significant increase in the survival rate from 21.2% in 1972-1973 to 43% in 1974-1976. The survival rates differed significantly within the indication groups. The best result was found in the p-group followed by the Z-group. The highest mortality rate was found in the SCH and C-group.", "contents": "[Complications and survival rate in preterm infants and neonates treated with mechanical ventilation (author's transl)]. Between January 1972 and December 1976 201 preterm infants and neonates were treated with mechanical ventilation. These children were classified into 6 groups according to the indications for mechanical ventilation: P = respiratory failure caused by pulmonary disease; Z-P = respiratory failure caused by cerebral disturbance with simultaneous respiratory disease; Z = respiratory failure caused by cerebral disturbance; C = respiratory failure caused by cardiac disease; SCH = respiratory failure through shock; M = respiratory failure caused by mechanical disturbance; Bronchopulmonary complications developed in 70% of the survivors and in 60% of the fatalities. The most serious bronchopulmonary complications were infections which occured with similar frequency in all indication groups as late-onset complications, and air-leaks which occured as early complications. The latter complication was significantly higher (38%) in the first than in the other groups. The most serious extrapulmonary complications were seizures, intracerebral hemorrhages and septicemia. 71 of the 201 patients survived. There was a significant increase in the survival rate from 21.2% in 1972-1973 to 43% in 1974-1976. The survival rates differed significantly within the indication groups. The best result was found in the p-group followed by the Z-group. The highest mortality rate was found in the SCH and C-group.", "PMID": 492187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1064", "title": "[Oral immunization of newborn infants against pertussis].", "content": "A group of 148 newborn babies was subdivided into four groups. Subsequent to after oral application of killed pertussis bacteria (1-3 times; control) all developed agglutinating resp. precipitating antibodies. There was a clear relation between the given quantity of Oral Pertussis Vaccine and the antibody titer. The problem has been discussed, whether it will be possible to get a protection of newborn children against whooping cough within the first weeks of life and, simultaneously, to avoid side effects.", "contents": "[Oral immunization of newborn infants against pertussis]. A group of 148 newborn babies was subdivided into four groups. Subsequent to after oral application of killed pertussis bacteria (1-3 times; control) all developed agglutinating resp. precipitating antibodies. There was a clear relation between the given quantity of Oral Pertussis Vaccine and the antibody titer. The problem has been discussed, whether it will be possible to get a protection of newborn children against whooping cough within the first weeks of life and, simultaneously, to avoid side effects.", "PMID": 492188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1065", "title": "[Idiopathic hypercalcaemia. The effect of hypercalcaemia on renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of idiopathic hypercalcaemia diagnosed in a six months old infant is reported. Nephrologic symptoms were conspicuous: decreased clearance, increased serum creatinin and urea nitrogen level, restricted ability of concentration, damage of the renal acidification; slight nephrocalcinosis was shown histologically. The serum calcium level and calcium excretion became normal under the treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and prednisolon. The function of the kidney and the general status of the infant significantly improved.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hypercalcaemia. The effect of hypercalcaemia on renal function (author's transl)]. A case of idiopathic hypercalcaemia diagnosed in a six months old infant is reported. Nephrologic symptoms were conspicuous: decreased clearance, increased serum creatinin and urea nitrogen level, restricted ability of concentration, damage of the renal acidification; slight nephrocalcinosis was shown histologically. The serum calcium level and calcium excretion became normal under the treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and prednisolon. The function of the kidney and the general status of the infant significantly improved.", "PMID": 492189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1066", "title": "A cross-cultural study of cognitive development.", "content": "This Monograph summarizes a comparative study of recall memory among children from two Guatemalan towns and one American city. The age interval of greatest improvement in serial recall of pictures, words and orientations of dolls varied across settings by as much as 4-6 years, but performance improved with age in all communities. It was suggested that the activation of varied strategies to aid recall memory emerged in all children during the preadolescent years, but environmental factors, as yet unspecified, determined both the slope of the growth function and its asymptotic level.", "contents": "A cross-cultural study of cognitive development. This Monograph summarizes a comparative study of recall memory among children from two Guatemalan towns and one American city. The age interval of greatest improvement in serial recall of pictures, words and orientations of dolls varied across settings by as much as 4-6 years, but performance improved with age in all communities. It was suggested that the activation of varied strategies to aid recall memory emerged in all children during the preadolescent years, but environmental factors, as yet unspecified, determined both the slope of the growth function and its asymptotic level.", "PMID": 492190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1067", "title": "The effects of beta-radiation on sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "The incidence of Sister-Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs) due to beta-radiation was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes using the BrdU/Giemsa technique. Cultures treated continuously with 0.001 and 0.01 microCi of [3H]uridine showed no increase in either chromosome abnormalities or SCEs. Continuous treatment with 0.1 microCi resulted in a significant increase in chromosome aberrations but no increase in SCEs, while treatment with 0.2 microCi gave both an increase in chromosome aberrations and SCEs. Cultures given a 4-h pulse with 1.0 microCi showed a significant increase in both SCEs and chromosome aberrations. The results indicate that low levels of beta-radiation do not cause an increase in SCEs in human lymphocytes, and, that a number, if not all the exchanges observed at low levels of beta-radiation with autoradiography, may be spontaneous events.", "contents": "The effects of beta-radiation on sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. The incidence of Sister-Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs) due to beta-radiation was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes using the BrdU/Giemsa technique. Cultures treated continuously with 0.001 and 0.01 microCi of [3H]uridine showed no increase in either chromosome abnormalities or SCEs. Continuous treatment with 0.1 microCi resulted in a significant increase in chromosome aberrations but no increase in SCEs, while treatment with 0.2 microCi gave both an increase in chromosome aberrations and SCEs. Cultures given a 4-h pulse with 1.0 microCi showed a significant increase in both SCEs and chromosome aberrations. The results indicate that low levels of beta-radiation do not cause an increase in SCEs in human lymphocytes, and, that a number, if not all the exchanges observed at low levels of beta-radiation with autoradiography, may be spontaneous events.", "PMID": 492193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1068", "title": "Species variation in BrdUrd-induced sister-chromatid exchanges.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from cattle, pigs, sheep and humans were cultured in the presence of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 micrograms/ml of BrdUrd. Sister-chromatid exchanges were scored in 25 second-division metaphases from each donor at each level of the chemical. Dose--response curves for all 4 species increased steeply to 2 micrograms/ml; above this level, SCE numbers increased less rapidly but maintained a linear relationship to increasing BrdUrd concentration. Comparisons of the straight-line portions of the dose--response curves showed human cells to be significantly more sensitive to increasing BrdUrd level than cow or pig cells and different from sheep at the 10% level of confidence.", "contents": "Species variation in BrdUrd-induced sister-chromatid exchanges. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from cattle, pigs, sheep and humans were cultured in the presence of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 micrograms/ml of BrdUrd. Sister-chromatid exchanges were scored in 25 second-division metaphases from each donor at each level of the chemical. Dose--response curves for all 4 species increased steeply to 2 micrograms/ml; above this level, SCE numbers increased less rapidly but maintained a linear relationship to increasing BrdUrd concentration. Comparisons of the straight-line portions of the dose--response curves showed human cells to be significantly more sensitive to increasing BrdUrd level than cow or pig cells and different from sheep at the 10% level of confidence.", "PMID": 492194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1069", "title": "Defective recovery of semi-conservative DNA synthesis in xeroderma pigmentosum cells following split-dose ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "In normal human fibroblasts we observe an enhancement of the recovery of the rate of semi-conservative DNA synthesis after split-dose UV-irradiation relative to a single total UV dose. The enhanced recovery is totally absent in both a xeroderma pigmentosum variant line and two xeroderma pigmentosum lines belonging to complementation groups A and C.", "contents": "Defective recovery of semi-conservative DNA synthesis in xeroderma pigmentosum cells following split-dose ultraviolet irradiation. In normal human fibroblasts we observe an enhancement of the recovery of the rate of semi-conservative DNA synthesis after split-dose UV-irradiation relative to a single total UV dose. The enhanced recovery is totally absent in both a xeroderma pigmentosum variant line and two xeroderma pigmentosum lines belonging to complementation groups A and C.", "PMID": 492196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1070", "title": "A seventh complementation group in excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "Cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient XP2BI who has reached 17 years of age with no keratoses or skin tumours constitute a new, 7th complementation group G. These cells exhibit a low residual level of excision repair, 2% of normal after a UV dose of 5 J/m2 and an impairment of post-replication repair characteristic of excision-defective XPs. They are also sensitive to the lethal effects of UV and defective in host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated SV40 DNA.", "contents": "A seventh complementation group in excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum. Cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient XP2BI who has reached 17 years of age with no keratoses or skin tumours constitute a new, 7th complementation group G. These cells exhibit a low residual level of excision repair, 2% of normal after a UV dose of 5 J/m2 and an impairment of post-replication repair characteristic of excision-defective XPs. They are also sensitive to the lethal effects of UV and defective in host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated SV40 DNA.", "PMID": 492197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1071", "title": "The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. I. Recessive lethal mutations and translocations in Drosophila.", "content": "The relationship in Drosophila males between chemical reaction pattern of mono-functional alkylating agents (AA), described in terms of primary alkylation pattern with DNA and proteins as well as the Swain--Scott s factor, and their biological effectiveness were investigated. The agents chosen for comparative analysis were the nitrosamides ENU and MNU, the methanesulfonic esters iPMS, EMS and MMS, the dialkylsulfate DMS, and the nitrosamines DEN and DMN. Parameters of their biological activity were mortality (LC50) of treated adult males, induction in post-meiotic stages of X-chromosomal recessive lethal mutations and 2--3 translocations after either adult feeding or injection. Induced frequencies of recessive lethals, determined for each AA with a range of concentrations, served as biological dosimeter for interaction with target DNA in the germ line. The results are interpreted as indicating for these AA a causal connection between the pattern of primary alkylation of DNA and the quality of genetic damage observed. 1. The agent with the lowest s value, ENU, and its pendant DEN, failed to produce translocations at mutation frequencies that reached 44% for ENU. The highest chromosome-breaking activity was attributed to AA with high s, MMS and DMS. For MMS, the proportions of translocations (T) to mutations (M) approximately reached a 1 : 1 ratio in stored spermatozoa, at a recessive-lethal frequency of 14%. Ability to break chromosomes, as indicated by the T : M ratios, decreased in the sequence MMS greater than or equal to DMS, MNU greater than DMN greater than EMS greater than iPMS greater than ENU = DEN. 2. Nearly the reversed sequence in relative mutagenci effectivenss was obtained when the (directly acting) AA were arranged on the basis of their CM4/LC50 ratios (CM4, the exposure condition producing 4% recessive lethals after injection): ENU greater than EMS greater than iPMS, MNU greater than MMS = DMS. 3. Among the AA, EMS had a somewhat unique position, in that it was slightly less effective in the translocation test, and also less cytotoxic but more mutagenic in the recessive-lethal test than one would expect from its s value. This is taken as an indication of the influence on biological effectiveness of factors other than the s value, e.g. methylation versus ethylation and the lipid/water partition ratio. An example of the latter was also provided by DMS which, although having the same s as MMS, with its 5-fold higher lipid/water partition ratio, was more toxic than MMS. 4. For those AA that were clearly active in the translocation tests--MMS, DMS, MNU, DMN and EMS--delayed formation of exchanges was observed. Only in 17 out of 555 translocation tests with positive response translocations were already found in progeny from unstored spermatozoa. Consequently, it was concluded that performance of storage experiments in Drosophila is an absolute necessity for the detection of this type of rearrangement by AA. 5...", "contents": "The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. I. Recessive lethal mutations and translocations in Drosophila. The relationship in Drosophila males between chemical reaction pattern of mono-functional alkylating agents (AA), described in terms of primary alkylation pattern with DNA and proteins as well as the Swain--Scott s factor, and their biological effectiveness were investigated. The agents chosen for comparative analysis were the nitrosamides ENU and MNU, the methanesulfonic esters iPMS, EMS and MMS, the dialkylsulfate DMS, and the nitrosamines DEN and DMN. Parameters of their biological activity were mortality (LC50) of treated adult males, induction in post-meiotic stages of X-chromosomal recessive lethal mutations and 2--3 translocations after either adult feeding or injection. Induced frequencies of recessive lethals, determined for each AA with a range of concentrations, served as biological dosimeter for interaction with target DNA in the germ line. The results are interpreted as indicating for these AA a causal connection between the pattern of primary alkylation of DNA and the quality of genetic damage observed. 1. The agent with the lowest s value, ENU, and its pendant DEN, failed to produce translocations at mutation frequencies that reached 44% for ENU. The highest chromosome-breaking activity was attributed to AA with high s, MMS and DMS. For MMS, the proportions of translocations (T) to mutations (M) approximately reached a 1 : 1 ratio in stored spermatozoa, at a recessive-lethal frequency of 14%. Ability to break chromosomes, as indicated by the T : M ratios, decreased in the sequence MMS greater than or equal to DMS, MNU greater than DMN greater than EMS greater than iPMS greater than ENU = DEN. 2. Nearly the reversed sequence in relative mutagenci effectivenss was obtained when the (directly acting) AA were arranged on the basis of their CM4/LC50 ratios (CM4, the exposure condition producing 4% recessive lethals after injection): ENU greater than EMS greater than iPMS, MNU greater than MMS = DMS. 3. Among the AA, EMS had a somewhat unique position, in that it was slightly less effective in the translocation test, and also less cytotoxic but more mutagenic in the recessive-lethal test than one would expect from its s value. This is taken as an indication of the influence on biological effectiveness of factors other than the s value, e.g. methylation versus ethylation and the lipid/water partition ratio. An example of the latter was also provided by DMS which, although having the same s as MMS, with its 5-fold higher lipid/water partition ratio, was more toxic than MMS. 4. For those AA that were clearly active in the translocation tests--MMS, DMS, MNU, DMN and EMS--delayed formation of exchanges was observed. Only in 17 out of 555 translocation tests with positive response translocations were already found in progeny from unstored spermatozoa. Consequently, it was concluded that performance of storage experiments in Drosophila is an absolute necessity for the detection of this type of rearrangement by AA. 5...", "PMID": 492198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1072", "title": "Mutagenic activity of anticancer agent cis-dichlorodiammine platinum-II.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiamminoplatinum-II (cis-DDP) has been widely used as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. The mutagenicity of cis-DDP was investigated in vitro and in vivo using sister-chromatid exchange analysis and the analysis of chromosomal aberrations. Parallel human lymphocyte cultures were incubated with and without the addition of BrdU at 4 concentrations of cis-DDP. Significant increases in SCE rate were observed at 0.25 micrograms/ml and higher, showing a clear dose-response relation between SCE rate and cis-DDP concentration. A significant increase in chromosome breakage and tetraradial figures was observed in BrdU free cultures treated with cis-DDP again showing a dose dependency. Analysis of the distribution of cells in the first, second and third division in cis-DDP treated cultures demonstrated the depressing effect of the drug on mitotic activity. In vivo analysis of SCE and chromosome aberrations in mouse showed that 13.85 mg/kg i.p. of cis-DDP produces significant increases in the rate of SCE and chromosome aberrations in bone-marrow cells.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of anticancer agent cis-dichlorodiammine platinum-II. cis-Dichlorodiamminoplatinum-II (cis-DDP) has been widely used as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. The mutagenicity of cis-DDP was investigated in vitro and in vivo using sister-chromatid exchange analysis and the analysis of chromosomal aberrations. Parallel human lymphocyte cultures were incubated with and without the addition of BrdU at 4 concentrations of cis-DDP. Significant increases in SCE rate were observed at 0.25 micrograms/ml and higher, showing a clear dose-response relation between SCE rate and cis-DDP concentration. A significant increase in chromosome breakage and tetraradial figures was observed in BrdU free cultures treated with cis-DDP again showing a dose dependency. Analysis of the distribution of cells in the first, second and third division in cis-DDP treated cultures demonstrated the depressing effect of the drug on mitotic activity. In vivo analysis of SCE and chromosome aberrations in mouse showed that 13.85 mg/kg i.p. of cis-DDP produces significant increases in the rate of SCE and chromosome aberrations in bone-marrow cells.", "PMID": 492199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1073", "title": "Neural hyperexcitability in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.", "content": "An electrophysiologic study of peripheral nerve excitability was performed in patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) and in normal controls. It was found that a marked degree of neural hyperexcitability existed in all patients with HPP who showed cold sensitivity. The results suggest involvement of the nerve cell membrane in the proximal segments of peripheral nerve. This testing method may be of value in differentiating the cold-sensitive variant of HPP.", "contents": "Neural hyperexcitability in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. An electrophysiologic study of peripheral nerve excitability was performed in patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) and in normal controls. It was found that a marked degree of neural hyperexcitability existed in all patients with HPP who showed cold sensitivity. The results suggest involvement of the nerve cell membrane in the proximal segments of peripheral nerve. This testing method may be of value in differentiating the cold-sensitive variant of HPP.", "PMID": 492200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1074", "title": "Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle following acute exhaustive exercise.", "content": "Cell-free and whole-tissue protein synthesis was studied in skeletal muscle of untrained male guinea pigs that had undergone a treadmill run to exhaustion. Experiments using explants from the gastrocnemius muscle maintained in organ culture demonstrated that the ability of the acutely exercised muscle to incorporate amino acids into protein had increased. Compared to polyribosomes prepared from several lower hind limb muscles of nonexercised guinea pigs, polyribosomes from the same muscle in exhausted guinea pigs had incorporated almost 50% more radioactive leucine into protein. However, the polysome profiles of control and exercised muscle were identical, and no difference in the total polysome RNA content could be detected. The efficiency of in-vitro protein synthesis using washed membrane-bound polyribosomes (microsomes) isolated from acutely exercised skeletal muscle was 50% greater than with microsomes from rested control muscle.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle following acute exhaustive exercise. Cell-free and whole-tissue protein synthesis was studied in skeletal muscle of untrained male guinea pigs that had undergone a treadmill run to exhaustion. Experiments using explants from the gastrocnemius muscle maintained in organ culture demonstrated that the ability of the acutely exercised muscle to incorporate amino acids into protein had increased. Compared to polyribosomes prepared from several lower hind limb muscles of nonexercised guinea pigs, polyribosomes from the same muscle in exhausted guinea pigs had incorporated almost 50% more radioactive leucine into protein. However, the polysome profiles of control and exercised muscle were identical, and no difference in the total polysome RNA content could be detected. The efficiency of in-vitro protein synthesis using washed membrane-bound polyribosomes (microsomes) isolated from acutely exercised skeletal muscle was 50% greater than with microsomes from rested control muscle.", "PMID": 492201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1075", "title": "Amplitude of the surface electromyogram during fatiguing isometric contractions.", "content": "Five voluntee subjects held isometric handgrip contractions at specific submaximal tensions until the required tension could no longer be maintained. At the start of those contractions, the amplitude of the surface electromyogram (EMG) was linearly related to the tension exerted; the amplitude of the EMG increased linearly throughout these substained contractions by a constant amount--about 30% of the maximum. During sustained contractions, brief, intermittent maximal efforts showed that strength declined linearly at all tensions. At 25% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), there was a linear fall in the EMG amplitude associated with the brief maximal efforts, but the fall in strength was more rapid than the fall in EMG amplitude. At 70% MVC, there was no fall in the EMG amplitude in response to the brief maximal efforts, while the muscle strength fell linearly.", "contents": "Amplitude of the surface electromyogram during fatiguing isometric contractions. Five voluntee subjects held isometric handgrip contractions at specific submaximal tensions until the required tension could no longer be maintained. At the start of those contractions, the amplitude of the surface electromyogram (EMG) was linearly related to the tension exerted; the amplitude of the EMG increased linearly throughout these substained contractions by a constant amount--about 30% of the maximum. During sustained contractions, brief, intermittent maximal efforts showed that strength declined linearly at all tensions. At 25% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), there was a linear fall in the EMG amplitude associated with the brief maximal efforts, but the fall in strength was more rapid than the fall in EMG amplitude. At 70% MVC, there was no fall in the EMG amplitude in response to the brief maximal efforts, while the muscle strength fell linearly.", "PMID": 492202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1076", "title": "Contractile responses of rat fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles to glucocorticoid treatment.", "content": "In an attempt to determine whether chronic glucocorticoid treatment affects speed- and strength-related properties of fast-twitch muscle and slow-twitch muscle, in-situ contractile properties of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were measured in rats after 14 days on a regiment of triamcinolone acetonide injected at a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. No effects on contractile speed or strength were noted for either muscle. The time to peak tension in soleus muscle was significantly longer in the treated group (43.0 +/- 1.0 msec) than in the control group (38.7 +/- 0.7 msec); however, this was attributed to a prolongation of \"active state\" duration, as suggested by the fact that treated muscles also showed significantly elevated twitch-tetanus ratios. The treatment-induced enhancement of the specific twitch tension was more pronounced in the gastrocnemius muscles (198% +/- 19% of control) than in the soleus muscles (153% +/- 9% of control). The difference in response to steroid treatment may reflect structural and functional differences in fast- and slow-muscle membrane systems.", "contents": "Contractile responses of rat fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles to glucocorticoid treatment. In an attempt to determine whether chronic glucocorticoid treatment affects speed- and strength-related properties of fast-twitch muscle and slow-twitch muscle, in-situ contractile properties of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were measured in rats after 14 days on a regiment of triamcinolone acetonide injected at a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. No effects on contractile speed or strength were noted for either muscle. The time to peak tension in soleus muscle was significantly longer in the treated group (43.0 +/- 1.0 msec) than in the control group (38.7 +/- 0.7 msec); however, this was attributed to a prolongation of \"active state\" duration, as suggested by the fact that treated muscles also showed significantly elevated twitch-tetanus ratios. The treatment-induced enhancement of the specific twitch tension was more pronounced in the gastrocnemius muscles (198% +/- 19% of control) than in the soleus muscles (153% +/- 9% of control). The difference in response to steroid treatment may reflect structural and functional differences in fast- and slow-muscle membrane systems.", "PMID": 492203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1077", "title": "Cylindrical spirals in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Muscle biopsies from two patients revealed that numerous type 2 fibers contained large abnormal areas filled with cylindrical spirals. The cytochemical profile of these cylindrical spirals was sufficiently characteristic that they could be distinguished from tubular aggregates. Their electron microscopic appearance was unmistakable. Their origin and significance are uncertain. The diverse nature of the patients' conditions (cramps and malignancy, and an unusual form of spinocerebellar degeneration) indicate that these abnormal structures are not disease specific.", "contents": "Cylindrical spirals in human skeletal muscle. Muscle biopsies from two patients revealed that numerous type 2 fibers contained large abnormal areas filled with cylindrical spirals. The cytochemical profile of these cylindrical spirals was sufficiently characteristic that they could be distinguished from tubular aggregates. Their electron microscopic appearance was unmistakable. Their origin and significance are uncertain. The diverse nature of the patients' conditions (cramps and malignancy, and an unusual form of spinocerebellar degeneration) indicate that these abnormal structures are not disease specific.", "PMID": 492204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1078", "title": "Morphologic changes in extraocular muscles of the dystrophic hamster.", "content": "Cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1 strain) have demonstrable myopathy involving both skeletal and cardiac muscle. In addition, they have multiple ocular abnormalities. In this study, extraocular muscles were examined by light and electron microscopy. Changes observed within affected muscle fibers were variable and included coagulation necrosis, lysis of myofibrils, mitochondrial changes, and infiltration by phagocytic cells. Regenerative changes included duplication of myoblast nuclei, proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrillogenesis. The lesions are presumably myogenic in origin. The cardiomyopathic hamster may be useful as an animal model for certain types of ocular myopathy in man.", "contents": "Morphologic changes in extraocular muscles of the dystrophic hamster. Cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1 strain) have demonstrable myopathy involving both skeletal and cardiac muscle. In addition, they have multiple ocular abnormalities. In this study, extraocular muscles were examined by light and electron microscopy. Changes observed within affected muscle fibers were variable and included coagulation necrosis, lysis of myofibrils, mitochondrial changes, and infiltration by phagocytic cells. Regenerative changes included duplication of myoblast nuclei, proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrillogenesis. The lesions are presumably myogenic in origin. The cardiomyopathic hamster may be useful as an animal model for certain types of ocular myopathy in man.", "PMID": 492205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1079", "title": "Reinnervation of rat extensor digitorum longus muscles after free grafting.", "content": "Free grafts of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the rat are invaded by regenerating nerve fibers during the second postoperative week. Neuromuscular junctions are established during the third week. Levels of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity parallel the invasion of the graft by nerve fibers, but this activity never returns to control levels. We conclude that incomplete reinnervation of free muscle grafts may be a factor in the failure of such grafts to reattain the mass of control muscles.", "contents": "Reinnervation of rat extensor digitorum longus muscles after free grafting. Free grafts of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the rat are invaded by regenerating nerve fibers during the second postoperative week. Neuromuscular junctions are established during the third week. Levels of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity parallel the invasion of the graft by nerve fibers, but this activity never returns to control levels. We conclude that incomplete reinnervation of free muscle grafts may be a factor in the failure of such grafts to reattain the mass of control muscles.", "PMID": 492207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1080", "title": "Weakness from magnesium-containing cathartics: electrophysiologic studies.", "content": "The case history of a patient with severe muscular weakness resulting from magnesium intoxication following oral and rectal administration of magnesium citrate cathartics is reported. The findings of the electrophysiologic studies were characteristic of the neuromuscular blockade seen in this disorder, including marked reduction in evoked muscle action potential amplitude which progressively decline on nerve stimulation at low rates, and a striking degree of facilitation of evoked muscle action potential after exercise or on high-frequency stimulation. When the hypermagnesemia was corrected, strength returned to normal.", "contents": "Weakness from magnesium-containing cathartics: electrophysiologic studies. The case history of a patient with severe muscular weakness resulting from magnesium intoxication following oral and rectal administration of magnesium citrate cathartics is reported. The findings of the electrophysiologic studies were characteristic of the neuromuscular blockade seen in this disorder, including marked reduction in evoked muscle action potential amplitude which progressively decline on nerve stimulation at low rates, and a striking degree of facilitation of evoked muscle action potential after exercise or on high-frequency stimulation. When the hypermagnesemia was corrected, strength returned to normal.", "PMID": 492206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1081", "title": "Serum creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carrier detection.", "content": "The incidence of elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities was compared in 20 definite carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 47 possible carriers, and 42 female controls. When adult age was not regarded as a variable, 70% of the definite carriers had elevated PK, 55% had elevated CK, and 75% had elevated PK or elevated CK or both, 38% of the possible carriers had elevated PK, 19% had elevated CK, and 40% had elevated PK or elevated CK or both. The detection efficiency of the CK test was influenced by the age of the subjects: the upper normal limit of serum CK in the adult controls was at the minimum between 21 and 35 years of age, and CK activity in some carriers declined from elevated to normal levels with increasing age. With these considerations, 70% of definite carriers had elevated CK and 80% had elevated PK and/or CK; 34% of the possible carriers had elevated CK and 43% had elevated PK and/or CK. On the basis of the PK and CK measurements, only 16 of 24 possible carrier mothers were likely to be DMD carriers, implying that the other 8 were non-carrier mothers of new mutant sons.", "contents": "Serum creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carrier detection. The incidence of elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities was compared in 20 definite carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 47 possible carriers, and 42 female controls. When adult age was not regarded as a variable, 70% of the definite carriers had elevated PK, 55% had elevated CK, and 75% had elevated PK or elevated CK or both, 38% of the possible carriers had elevated PK, 19% had elevated CK, and 40% had elevated PK or elevated CK or both. The detection efficiency of the CK test was influenced by the age of the subjects: the upper normal limit of serum CK in the adult controls was at the minimum between 21 and 35 years of age, and CK activity in some carriers declined from elevated to normal levels with increasing age. With these considerations, 70% of definite carriers had elevated CK and 80% had elevated PK and/or CK; 34% of the possible carriers had elevated CK and 43% had elevated PK and/or CK. On the basis of the PK and CK measurements, only 16 of 24 possible carrier mothers were likely to be DMD carriers, implying that the other 8 were non-carrier mothers of new mutant sons.", "PMID": 492209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1082", "title": "New muscle transplant method produces normal twitch tension in dystrophic muscle.", "content": "Grafting newborn muscle is an innovative method of muscle transplant. This method overcomes hypoxia in the deeper fibers and facilitates reinnervation and revascularization of the grafted muscle fibers, thus promoting the survival and development of the characteristics of the donor muscle. The result achieved is superior to that obtained from mature muscle grafts or from minced muscle transplants. When an intact soleus from a 1-day-old normal mouse was grafted into a recipient soleus of a 20-day-old dystrophic C57BL/6J-dy2J mouse, the actively developing normal graft helped to improve the structure and function of the dystrophic muscle. When compared to the intact dystrophic solei, the test dystrophic muscles five to six months after operation showed increases in cross-sectional area, in wet weight, in twitch and tetanic tension, and in the number of muscle fibers with high resting membrane potentials. This is the first procedure to have raised the muscle twitch tension in an adult dystrophic mouse to the normal level.", "contents": "New muscle transplant method produces normal twitch tension in dystrophic muscle. Grafting newborn muscle is an innovative method of muscle transplant. This method overcomes hypoxia in the deeper fibers and facilitates reinnervation and revascularization of the grafted muscle fibers, thus promoting the survival and development of the characteristics of the donor muscle. The result achieved is superior to that obtained from mature muscle grafts or from minced muscle transplants. When an intact soleus from a 1-day-old normal mouse was grafted into a recipient soleus of a 20-day-old dystrophic C57BL/6J-dy2J mouse, the actively developing normal graft helped to improve the structure and function of the dystrophic muscle. When compared to the intact dystrophic solei, the test dystrophic muscles five to six months after operation showed increases in cross-sectional area, in wet weight, in twitch and tetanic tension, and in the number of muscle fibers with high resting membrane potentials. This is the first procedure to have raised the muscle twitch tension in an adult dystrophic mouse to the normal level.", "PMID": 492212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1083", "title": "Experimental myotonia induced in denervated muscles by 2,4-D.", "content": "Rats were denervated in one hind limb and injected with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Isotonic tetanic contractions of the muscles treated with 2,4-D after more than 10 days of denervation revealed prolonged relaxation times similar to those of the intact side and characteristic of clinical myotonia. No myotonic discharges were observed in the muscles denervated for more than 10 days and treated with 2,4-D. The increase in threshold for action potential generation secondary to denervation is suggested as the factor limiting the initiation of the repetitive discharges.", "contents": "Experimental myotonia induced in denervated muscles by 2,4-D. Rats were denervated in one hind limb and injected with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Isotonic tetanic contractions of the muscles treated with 2,4-D after more than 10 days of denervation revealed prolonged relaxation times similar to those of the intact side and characteristic of clinical myotonia. No myotonic discharges were observed in the muscles denervated for more than 10 days and treated with 2,4-D. The increase in threshold for action potential generation secondary to denervation is suggested as the factor limiting the initiation of the repetitive discharges.", "PMID": 492213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1084", "title": "Chloroquine-induced cytosomes with curvilinear profiles in muscle.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was treated with chloroquine therapy for four years after the onset of her illness. Nine years after cessation of chloroquine, muscle weakness developed as part of the SLE. Four muscle biopsies performed for diagnostic purposes revealed varying degrees of inflammatory change as well as distinctive cytosomes with curvilinear profiles (CCPs). These CCPs were identical to those reported in Batten disease, a degenerative disorder of children which has a clinical course different from SLE. The CCPs seen in this case of SLE are thought to result from the effect of chloroquine on membrane systems within muscle cells. This report calls attention to the fact that CCPs are not unique to Batten disease bu may also occur in muscle of SLE patients treated with chloroquine.", "contents": "Chloroquine-induced cytosomes with curvilinear profiles in muscle. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was treated with chloroquine therapy for four years after the onset of her illness. Nine years after cessation of chloroquine, muscle weakness developed as part of the SLE. Four muscle biopsies performed for diagnostic purposes revealed varying degrees of inflammatory change as well as distinctive cytosomes with curvilinear profiles (CCPs). These CCPs were identical to those reported in Batten disease, a degenerative disorder of children which has a clinical course different from SLE. The CCPs seen in this case of SLE are thought to result from the effect of chloroquine on membrane systems within muscle cells. This report calls attention to the fact that CCPs are not unique to Batten disease bu may also occur in muscle of SLE patients treated with chloroquine.", "PMID": 492214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1085", "title": "Defective oxidative metabolism of myodystrophic skeletal muscle mitochondria.", "content": "A small-scale procedure for preparing tightly coupled intact skeletal muscle mitochondria from myodystrophic (myd/myd) mice is described. Mitochondrial preparations derived from heart, liver, and skeletal muscle of myd/myd and their littermate (+/?) controls are characterized with respect to their cytochrome content and their oxidative and phosphorylative capacities. Our data indicate that there is an impairment in the NADH CoQ region of the respiratory chain of myodystrophic skeletal muscle mitochondria. Both heart and liver mitochondria of myd/myd exhibited normal activities of respiratory chain-linked oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Defective oxidative metabolism of myodystrophic skeletal muscle mitochondria. A small-scale procedure for preparing tightly coupled intact skeletal muscle mitochondria from myodystrophic (myd/myd) mice is described. Mitochondrial preparations derived from heart, liver, and skeletal muscle of myd/myd and their littermate (+/?) controls are characterized with respect to their cytochrome content and their oxidative and phosphorylative capacities. Our data indicate that there is an impairment in the NADH CoQ region of the respiratory chain of myodystrophic skeletal muscle mitochondria. Both heart and liver mitochondria of myd/myd exhibited normal activities of respiratory chain-linked oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 492210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1086", "title": "Congenital muscular dystrophy: case reports and reappraisal.", "content": "We report four cases of congenital muscular dystrophy; all demonstrated hypotonia and multiple contractures at birth. Strength remained stationary or improved, but the tendency for contracture formation persisted. Brief small amplitude polyphasic potentials were recorded on electromyography, and muscle biopsy revealed extensive fat and/or collagen replacement, which was out of proportion to fiber necrosis or patient strength. The consistent clinical and pathologic features of these patients and others described in the literature justify considering this disorder to be a specific nosologic entity.", "contents": "Congenital muscular dystrophy: case reports and reappraisal. We report four cases of congenital muscular dystrophy; all demonstrated hypotonia and multiple contractures at birth. Strength remained stationary or improved, but the tendency for contracture formation persisted. Brief small amplitude polyphasic potentials were recorded on electromyography, and muscle biopsy revealed extensive fat and/or collagen replacement, which was out of proportion to fiber necrosis or patient strength. The consistent clinical and pathologic features of these patients and others described in the literature justify considering this disorder to be a specific nosologic entity.", "PMID": 492211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1087", "title": "The importance of serum pyruvate kinase in neuromuscular diseases and carrier states.", "content": "Serum pyruvate kinase activity was measured in several myopathic and denervating illnesses as well as in 86 potential carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. These data showed that in potential Duchenne carriers, the serum pyruvate kinase assay is more sensitive in younger patients, especially those under 20 years of age.", "contents": "The importance of serum pyruvate kinase in neuromuscular diseases and carrier states. Serum pyruvate kinase activity was measured in several myopathic and denervating illnesses as well as in 86 potential carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. These data showed that in potential Duchenne carriers, the serum pyruvate kinase assay is more sensitive in younger patients, especially those under 20 years of age.", "PMID": 492215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1088", "title": "Saturated phosphatidylcholine in amniotic fluid and prediction of the respiratory-distress syndrome.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid is widely used to predict the risk of respiratory-distress syndrome. However, the results are unreliable if the specimen is contaminated or obtained during a complicated pregnancy. We therefore compared the predictive value of the L/S ratio with that of the concentration of saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC) in 322 amniotic-fluid samples, 75 per cent of which were contaminated or obtained during complicated pregnancies or both. A positive result is one that predicted the development of respiratory-distress syndrome, taken as an L/S ratio equal to or less than 2/1 or an SPC below 500 mug per deciliter. The respiratory-distress syndrome was correctly predicted in 25 of 45 cases (55.5 per cent) with L/S ratios equal to or less than 2/1, and in 35 of 42 cases (82 per cent) with SPC's less than 500 mug per deciliter. When L/S ratios were greater than 2/1, there were 13 of 277 (4.7 per cent) false negatives, and when SPC's were above 500 mug per deciliter, there were three of 280 (1.1 per cent) false negatives. We conclude that determination of SPC is both more specific and more sensitive as a predictor of the respiratory-distress syndrome than the techniques currently in use.", "contents": "Saturated phosphatidylcholine in amniotic fluid and prediction of the respiratory-distress syndrome. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid is widely used to predict the risk of respiratory-distress syndrome. However, the results are unreliable if the specimen is contaminated or obtained during a complicated pregnancy. We therefore compared the predictive value of the L/S ratio with that of the concentration of saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC) in 322 amniotic-fluid samples, 75 per cent of which were contaminated or obtained during complicated pregnancies or both. A positive result is one that predicted the development of respiratory-distress syndrome, taken as an L/S ratio equal to or less than 2/1 or an SPC below 500 mug per deciliter. The respiratory-distress syndrome was correctly predicted in 25 of 45 cases (55.5 per cent) with L/S ratios equal to or less than 2/1, and in 35 of 42 cases (82 per cent) with SPC's less than 500 mug per deciliter. When L/S ratios were greater than 2/1, there were 13 of 277 (4.7 per cent) false negatives, and when SPC's were above 500 mug per deciliter, there were three of 280 (1.1 per cent) false negatives. We conclude that determination of SPC is both more specific and more sensitive as a predictor of the respiratory-distress syndrome than the techniques currently in use.", "PMID": 492233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1089", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "To examine the risk of ventricular fibrillation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, we compared patients who had this syndrome and a history of ventricular fibrillation related to preexcitation with patients who had the syndrome without this history. Ventricular fibrillation occurred during atrial fibrillation, with rapid conduction over the accessory pathway, and these patients had a higher prevalence of both reciprocating tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (14 of 25 vs. 18 of 73, P = 0.004) and multiple accessory pathways (five of 25 vs. four of 73, P = 0.012). The shortest preexcitation R-R interval during atrial fibrillation was less in the group with ventricular fibrillation (mean shortest R-R, 180 vs. 240 milliseconds, P less than 0.0001) as was the average R-R interval (mean average R-R, 269 vs 340 milliseconds, P less than 0.0001). Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who are most susceptible to ventricular fibrillation have a history of atrial fibrillation and reciprocating tachycardia, demonstrate rapid conduction over an accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation and have multiple accessory pathways.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. To examine the risk of ventricular fibrillation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, we compared patients who had this syndrome and a history of ventricular fibrillation related to preexcitation with patients who had the syndrome without this history. Ventricular fibrillation occurred during atrial fibrillation, with rapid conduction over the accessory pathway, and these patients had a higher prevalence of both reciprocating tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (14 of 25 vs. 18 of 73, P = 0.004) and multiple accessory pathways (five of 25 vs. four of 73, P = 0.012). The shortest preexcitation R-R interval during atrial fibrillation was less in the group with ventricular fibrillation (mean shortest R-R, 180 vs. 240 milliseconds, P less than 0.0001) as was the average R-R interval (mean average R-R, 269 vs 340 milliseconds, P less than 0.0001). Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who are most susceptible to ventricular fibrillation have a history of atrial fibrillation and reciprocating tachycardia, demonstrate rapid conduction over an accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation and have multiple accessory pathways.", "PMID": 492252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1090", "title": "Evaluation of acromegaly by radioimmunoassay of somatomedin-C.", "content": "We measured serum concentrations of somatomedin-C by radioimmunoassay in 57 acromegalic patients and compared them with various indicators of disease activity. The mean fasting somatomedin-C concentration was 6.8 U per milliliter (range, 2.6 to 21.7) for the acromegalics and 0.67 U per milliliter (range, 0.31 to 1.4) for 48 normal, fasting adults. The somatomedin-C concentration correlated significantly with: heel-pad thickness (r = 0.73), fasting glucose (r = 0.74), and one-hour postprandial glucose (r = 0.77). In contrast, \"glucose-suppressed\" growth hormone correlated weakly (r = 0.34, 0.36, 0.34) with these clinical indexes of severity. Fasting growth hormone levels showed no correlation (r = 0.14). Five active acromegalics had \"normal\" growth hormone levels after glucose suppression, but they had elevated somatomedin-C. In 15 patients studied one year after treatment, changes in somatomedin-C concentrations paralleled the degree of clinical improvement. Measurement of somatomedin-C appears to provide a reliable means for confirming the diagnosis of acromegaly and of clinical disease activity than measurement of growth hormone concentrations.", "contents": "Evaluation of acromegaly by radioimmunoassay of somatomedin-C. We measured serum concentrations of somatomedin-C by radioimmunoassay in 57 acromegalic patients and compared them with various indicators of disease activity. The mean fasting somatomedin-C concentration was 6.8 U per milliliter (range, 2.6 to 21.7) for the acromegalics and 0.67 U per milliliter (range, 0.31 to 1.4) for 48 normal, fasting adults. The somatomedin-C concentration correlated significantly with: heel-pad thickness (r = 0.73), fasting glucose (r = 0.74), and one-hour postprandial glucose (r = 0.77). In contrast, \"glucose-suppressed\" growth hormone correlated weakly (r = 0.34, 0.36, 0.34) with these clinical indexes of severity. Fasting growth hormone levels showed no correlation (r = 0.14). Five active acromegalics had \"normal\" growth hormone levels after glucose suppression, but they had elevated somatomedin-C. In 15 patients studied one year after treatment, changes in somatomedin-C concentrations paralleled the degree of clinical improvement. Measurement of somatomedin-C appears to provide a reliable means for confirming the diagnosis of acromegaly and of clinical disease activity than measurement of growth hormone concentrations.", "PMID": 492275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1091", "title": "Detection of early cardiac dysfunction in patients with severe beta-thalassemia and chronic iron overload.", "content": "To detect early left ventricular dysfunction, we used radionuclide cineangiography to determine left ventricular ejection fraction during exercise in 24 patients with transfusion-dependent, congenital anemias, 21 of whom had severe beta thalassemia. Ejection fraction at rest was normal in 21 patients (greater than 45 per cent) and in all patients was 53 +/- 2 per cent (mean +/- S.E.M.)--not significantly different from the value in normal subjects. However, ejection fraction during exercise was normal in only 11 patients (53 +/- 3 per cent in all patients, P less than 0.001 as compared with the normal value). All eight patients who had received fewer than 100 transfusions but only three of 16 (19 per cent, P less than 0.001) who had received 100 or more transfusions had normal responses during exercise. Whereas echocardiographic fractional shortening at rest was normal in 16 of 19 patients studied, eight patients with normal fractional shortening had abnormal ejection-fraction responses to exercise. Thus, radionuclide cineangiography during exercise is a highly sensitive technique for detecting preclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with systemic iron overload.", "contents": "Detection of early cardiac dysfunction in patients with severe beta-thalassemia and chronic iron overload. To detect early left ventricular dysfunction, we used radionuclide cineangiography to determine left ventricular ejection fraction during exercise in 24 patients with transfusion-dependent, congenital anemias, 21 of whom had severe beta thalassemia. Ejection fraction at rest was normal in 21 patients (greater than 45 per cent) and in all patients was 53 +/- 2 per cent (mean +/- S.E.M.)--not significantly different from the value in normal subjects. However, ejection fraction during exercise was normal in only 11 patients (53 +/- 3 per cent in all patients, P less than 0.001 as compared with the normal value). All eight patients who had received fewer than 100 transfusions but only three of 16 (19 per cent, P less than 0.001) who had received 100 or more transfusions had normal responses during exercise. Whereas echocardiographic fractional shortening at rest was normal in 16 of 19 patients studied, eight patients with normal fractional shortening had abnormal ejection-fraction responses to exercise. Thus, radionuclide cineangiography during exercise is a highly sensitive technique for detecting preclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with systemic iron overload.", "PMID": 492276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1092", "title": "Studies on the air-borne fungal spores in Amritsar: their role in keratomycosis.", "content": "An aerial survey for fungal spores in Amritsar has been carried out by petri plate exposure method for a period of one year. A total of 23 fungi appeared in the plates. Out of these Aspergillus was the commonest fungus representing 21.69% of the total colony count followed by Alternaria, Curvularia and Fusarium. There was seasonal variation in the prevalence of fungal spores. A comparison of the prevalence of fungi in diseased and healthy eyes and the atmosphere of Amritsar appears to support the view that these fungi are transient residents in the eyes depending on their availability in the atmosphere.", "contents": "Studies on the air-borne fungal spores in Amritsar: their role in keratomycosis. An aerial survey for fungal spores in Amritsar has been carried out by petri plate exposure method for a period of one year. A total of 23 fungi appeared in the plates. Out of these Aspergillus was the commonest fungus representing 21.69% of the total colony count followed by Alternaria, Curvularia and Fusarium. There was seasonal variation in the prevalence of fungal spores. A comparison of the prevalence of fungi in diseased and healthy eyes and the atmosphere of Amritsar appears to support the view that these fungi are transient residents in the eyes depending on their availability in the atmosphere.", "PMID": 492297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1093", "title": "[Rheological properties of a calcium alginate-potato starch hydrolysate-water system].", "content": "The rheological properties of liquid solutions and gels of sodium alginate, calcium gluconate and gelling maltodextrin were investigated and compared with the behaviour of pastes and gels of non-degraded potato starch. The dependence of the rheological properties upon the calcium gluconate concentration is extreme. A marked increase in the viscosity of the liquid solutions and maximal values for the hardness and the breaking strength of the gels are obtained at a calcium gluconate/sodium alginate ratio of 0.3. As to breaking strength, elasticity and hardness, the maltodextrin-based gels are many times inferior to the potato starch-based gels. The breaking strength, hardness and elasticity of maltodextrin gels are increased by the addition of sodium alginate and calcium gluconate, which increases their effectiveness when used in foods.", "contents": "[Rheological properties of a calcium alginate-potato starch hydrolysate-water system]. The rheological properties of liquid solutions and gels of sodium alginate, calcium gluconate and gelling maltodextrin were investigated and compared with the behaviour of pastes and gels of non-degraded potato starch. The dependence of the rheological properties upon the calcium gluconate concentration is extreme. A marked increase in the viscosity of the liquid solutions and maximal values for the hardness and the breaking strength of the gels are obtained at a calcium gluconate/sodium alginate ratio of 0.3. As to breaking strength, elasticity and hardness, the maltodextrin-based gels are many times inferior to the potato starch-based gels. The breaking strength, hardness and elasticity of maltodextrin gels are increased by the addition of sodium alginate and calcium gluconate, which increases their effectiveness when used in foods.", "PMID": 492298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1094", "title": "[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 2. Changes in glucosinolate derivatives and fat contents].", "content": "Industrial and laboratory-scale studies showed that the combined silage fermentation of rape-seed flakes with half sugar mangels leds to a very beneficial reduction in the content of glucosinolate derivatives, especially during the first week of fermentation and storage processes on the qualitative and quantitative fatty-acid parameters were but significant.", "contents": "[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 2. Changes in glucosinolate derivatives and fat contents]. Industrial and laboratory-scale studies showed that the combined silage fermentation of rape-seed flakes with half sugar mangels leds to a very beneficial reduction in the content of glucosinolate derivatives, especially during the first week of fermentation and storage processes on the qualitative and quantitative fatty-acid parameters were but significant.", "PMID": 492299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1095", "title": "[Analysis of nitrate and nitrite in feed. 2. Potentiometric nitrate determination with ion sensitive electrodes].", "content": "Nitrate-sensitive PVC matrix membrane electrodes produced in the German Democratic Republic are suited for determining nitrates in feeds and plants if the different causative parameters are taken into account. A rational determining method is presented. Comparisons with the o-cresol method showed statistically confirmed agreement.", "contents": "[Analysis of nitrate and nitrite in feed. 2. Potentiometric nitrate determination with ion sensitive electrodes]. Nitrate-sensitive PVC matrix membrane electrodes produced in the German Democratic Republic are suited for determining nitrates in feeds and plants if the different causative parameters are taken into account. A rational determining method is presented. Comparisons with the o-cresol method showed statistically confirmed agreement.", "PMID": 492300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1096", "title": "[The Maillard reaction between beta-lactoglobulin and lactose. 2. Effect of thiol and disulfide groups on the properties of the macromolecular reaction products].", "content": "If a protein takes part in the Maillard reaction as the amino component, other functional groups in the protein molecule are also expected to react in addition under appropriate conditions. The beta-lactoglobulin-lactose system, first used by Freimuth and Tr\u00fcbsbach, served to demonstrate that the properties of the products from the Maillard reaction are affected by thiol and disulphide groups in a low-water medium at high temperature. The amount, solubility, swelling capacity and composition are modified in dependence of the presence or absence of these reactive groups.", "contents": "[The Maillard reaction between beta-lactoglobulin and lactose. 2. Effect of thiol and disulfide groups on the properties of the macromolecular reaction products]. If a protein takes part in the Maillard reaction as the amino component, other functional groups in the protein molecule are also expected to react in addition under appropriate conditions. The beta-lactoglobulin-lactose system, first used by Freimuth and Tr\u00fcbsbach, served to demonstrate that the properties of the products from the Maillard reaction are affected by thiol and disulphide groups in a low-water medium at high temperature. The amount, solubility, swelling capacity and composition are modified in dependence of the presence or absence of these reactive groups.", "PMID": 492301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1097", "title": "[Use of the combined Kjeldahl-wet digestion/Berthelot-reaction for determining nitrogen in biological materials. 2. Design and testing of a partially automated apparatus for routine determination of nitrogen].", "content": "The authors describe the design and the mode of operation of a partially automated analyzer system, based on the combination of the Kjeldahl wet digestion with the Berthelot reaction, for the determination of nitrogen in biological materials. The results from three years of operation are discussed from the view-points of variability of the materials to be tested, of accuracy and of precision. This analytical technique (with an accuracy of 98% and a precision of 4%) is suited for determining amino and amido nitrogen as well as non-aromatically bound ring nitrogen. The statistical evaluation of the analytical results revealed that the deviation of the measured values is mainly caused by the high-temperature digestion.", "contents": "[Use of the combined Kjeldahl-wet digestion/Berthelot-reaction for determining nitrogen in biological materials. 2. Design and testing of a partially automated apparatus for routine determination of nitrogen]. The authors describe the design and the mode of operation of a partially automated analyzer system, based on the combination of the Kjeldahl wet digestion with the Berthelot reaction, for the determination of nitrogen in biological materials. The results from three years of operation are discussed from the view-points of variability of the materials to be tested, of accuracy and of precision. This analytical technique (with an accuracy of 98% and a precision of 4%) is suited for determining amino and amido nitrogen as well as non-aromatically bound ring nitrogen. The statistical evaluation of the analytical results revealed that the deviation of the measured values is mainly caused by the high-temperature digestion.", "PMID": 492302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1098", "title": "Evidence for a charge-shift electrochromic mechanism in a probe of membrane potential.", "content": "Extrinsic optical probes have become important tools for monitoring membrane potential, with probes now available for many tissue or cell suspension systems. In each case that has been studied in detail, it seems that the mechanism involves a shift in the equilibrium population of the probe from one chemical environment to another in response to the transmembrane potential; the environments perturb the probe's spectrum differently. As this indirect mechanism involves a redistribution of dye between chemical environments that are likely to vary if a given probe is transferred from one membrane to another, a potential probe that is effective and calibrated for all membrane systems has not been realised. We present here evidence for a direct response of a probe chromophore to the electric field across membrane systems. The results suggest it might be possible to develop a universal set of membrane probes.", "contents": "Evidence for a charge-shift electrochromic mechanism in a probe of membrane potential. Extrinsic optical probes have become important tools for monitoring membrane potential, with probes now available for many tissue or cell suspension systems. In each case that has been studied in detail, it seems that the mechanism involves a shift in the equilibrium population of the probe from one chemical environment to another in response to the transmembrane potential; the environments perturb the probe's spectrum differently. As this indirect mechanism involves a redistribution of dye between chemical environments that are likely to vary if a given probe is transferred from one membrane to another, a potential probe that is effective and calibrated for all membrane systems has not been realised. We present here evidence for a direct response of a probe chromophore to the electric field across membrane systems. The results suggest it might be possible to develop a universal set of membrane probes.", "PMID": 492309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1099", "title": "The molecular structure of lecithin dihydrate.", "content": "Lecithin is a major structural component of biological membranes. Because of their amphipathic nature, lecithin and related phospholipids tend to aggregate as bilayer structures in which the hydrophilic head groups are orientated towards the surface and the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains towards the interior. A detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of lecithins will aid in the understanding of their role in membrane structure and function, but is still lacking. To this end we have now crystallised and solved the molecular structure of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPC), a lecithin species in the naturally occurring configuration. This compound crystallises from a water-containing solution, with two water molecules (5% w/w) of hydration.", "contents": "The molecular structure of lecithin dihydrate. Lecithin is a major structural component of biological membranes. Because of their amphipathic nature, lecithin and related phospholipids tend to aggregate as bilayer structures in which the hydrophilic head groups are orientated towards the surface and the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains towards the interior. A detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of lecithins will aid in the understanding of their role in membrane structure and function, but is still lacking. To this end we have now crystallised and solved the molecular structure of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPC), a lecithin species in the naturally occurring configuration. This compound crystallises from a water-containing solution, with two water molecules (5% w/w) of hydration.", "PMID": 492310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1100", "title": "Heat-shock induced proteins present in the cell nucleus of Chironomus tentans salivary gland.", "content": "The heat shock (HS) system has been largely studied in Drosophila but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of the heat shock genes as well as the function(s) and the intracellular localisation of the induced proteins is still unknown. It has previously been shown that the HS puff induction is accompanied by a local increase of nuclear nonhistone proteins (NHP) but the nature of most of the proteins accumulating is unknown. We have investigated the effects of a heat shock on Chironomus tentans salivary glands, a system where it is possible to study constituents in various subcellular or intranuclear regions including individual puffs, by microdissection. We report here evidence that at least two of the polypeptides synthesised in response to the heat shock migrate to the nucleus. Furthermore, these two proteins appear to have a broad intranuclear distribution, as shown by their presence in the various microdissected nuclear fractions.", "contents": "Heat-shock induced proteins present in the cell nucleus of Chironomus tentans salivary gland. The heat shock (HS) system has been largely studied in Drosophila but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of the heat shock genes as well as the function(s) and the intracellular localisation of the induced proteins is still unknown. It has previously been shown that the HS puff induction is accompanied by a local increase of nuclear nonhistone proteins (NHP) but the nature of most of the proteins accumulating is unknown. We have investigated the effects of a heat shock on Chironomus tentans salivary glands, a system where it is possible to study constituents in various subcellular or intranuclear regions including individual puffs, by microdissection. We report here evidence that at least two of the polypeptides synthesised in response to the heat shock migrate to the nucleus. Furthermore, these two proteins appear to have a broad intranuclear distribution, as shown by their presence in the various microdissected nuclear fractions.", "PMID": 492311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1101", "title": "Quaternary structure-induced photoreduction of haem of haemoglobin.", "content": "Spectroscopic studies have provided extensive information on the primary process of visual pigments and photoexcitation of chlorophyll as well as their effects on photoreactivity on the higher-order structures of protein has been observed only rarely. Resonance Raman spectroscopy can reveal the vibrational frequencies of the chromophore in a molecule provided the excitation wavelength is in the absorption band of that molecule. As the visible absorption bands of haemproteins are due to pi pi* transitions of the porphyrin ring, we can selectively observe the vibrational frequencies of iron porphyrin during in situ interactions with immediate amino acid residues of protein when the wavelength of excitation light is close to the Soret or Q band. Correlation of some vibrational frequencies of haem with the oxidation and spin states of the haem iron has been studied in detail and an empirical rules has been established. This method is therefore especially suitable for the study of an effect of higher-order structures of protein on the chromophore. We report here a photoreaction facilitated by a particular quaternary structure of protein--in various haemoglobins resonance Raman spectroscopy showed that reversible photoreduction of haem took place in the T state but not the R state.", "contents": "Quaternary structure-induced photoreduction of haem of haemoglobin. Spectroscopic studies have provided extensive information on the primary process of visual pigments and photoexcitation of chlorophyll as well as their effects on photoreactivity on the higher-order structures of protein has been observed only rarely. Resonance Raman spectroscopy can reveal the vibrational frequencies of the chromophore in a molecule provided the excitation wavelength is in the absorption band of that molecule. As the visible absorption bands of haemproteins are due to pi pi* transitions of the porphyrin ring, we can selectively observe the vibrational frequencies of iron porphyrin during in situ interactions with immediate amino acid residues of protein when the wavelength of excitation light is close to the Soret or Q band. Correlation of some vibrational frequencies of haem with the oxidation and spin states of the haem iron has been studied in detail and an empirical rules has been established. This method is therefore especially suitable for the study of an effect of higher-order structures of protein on the chromophore. We report here a photoreaction facilitated by a particular quaternary structure of protein--in various haemoglobins resonance Raman spectroscopy showed that reversible photoreduction of haem took place in the T state but not the R state.", "PMID": 492312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1102", "title": "Heart attacks and geomagnetic activity.", "content": "Malin and Srivastava reported a remarkable correlation between daily variations in the geomagnetic field strength and daily admissions to the cardio-thoracic wards of hospitals in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, for cardiac emergencies, during 1967--72. We have now carried out a similar enquiry in the West Midlands region of the UK for the years 1969--70, but were unable to confirm the Indian results.", "contents": "Heart attacks and geomagnetic activity. Malin and Srivastava reported a remarkable correlation between daily variations in the geomagnetic field strength and daily admissions to the cardio-thoracic wards of hospitals in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, for cardiac emergencies, during 1967--72. We have now carried out a similar enquiry in the West Midlands region of the UK for the years 1969--70, but were unable to confirm the Indian results.", "PMID": 492317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1103", "title": "Immunoreactive forms of human erythrocyte ankyrin are present in diverse cells and tissues.", "content": "Ankyrin is a polypeptide of molecular weight (MW) 200,000 which is tightly bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane and has been identified as the high-affinity membrane attachment protein for spectrin. This protein has also been shown to be associated with band 3 (ref. 4), the major transmembrane protein which links a cytoplasmic structural protein to an integral membrane protein. A water-soluble, 72,000-MW, proteolytic fragment of ankyrin has been purified which retains the ability to bind to spectrin, and competitively inhibits reassociation of spectrin with membranes. Monospecific antibodies directed against this fragment have been prepared and demonstrated to cross-react only with ankyrin among the erythrocyte membrane proteins. The present study reports the use of these antibodies to develop a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting femtomolar quantities of ankyrin, and demonstrates the presence of small but significant amounts of immunoreactivity in a variety of types of cells and tissues.", "contents": "Immunoreactive forms of human erythrocyte ankyrin are present in diverse cells and tissues. Ankyrin is a polypeptide of molecular weight (MW) 200,000 which is tightly bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane and has been identified as the high-affinity membrane attachment protein for spectrin. This protein has also been shown to be associated with band 3 (ref. 4), the major transmembrane protein which links a cytoplasmic structural protein to an integral membrane protein. A water-soluble, 72,000-MW, proteolytic fragment of ankyrin has been purified which retains the ability to bind to spectrin, and competitively inhibits reassociation of spectrin with membranes. Monospecific antibodies directed against this fragment have been prepared and demonstrated to cross-react only with ankyrin among the erythrocyte membrane proteins. The present study reports the use of these antibodies to develop a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting femtomolar quantities of ankyrin, and demonstrates the presence of small but significant amounts of immunoreactivity in a variety of types of cells and tissues.", "PMID": 492324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1104", "title": "A mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans that increases recombination frequency more than threefold.", "content": "In higher organisms the rate of recombination between genetic loci is presumably responsive to selective pressure. Recently, selective pressures and mutational events that influence recombination have been reviewed. Mutational sites and chromosomal rearrangements that enhance or suppress recombination frequency in specific regions are known, but general mechanisms that enhance recombination have not yet been discovered. We describe here the isolation and characterisation of a strain of the hermaphroditic nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, that has a recombination frequency at least threefold higher than that found in the wild type. In this strain, rec-1, the number of reciprocal recombination events between linked loci is increased. This is true for all pairs of linked loci studies so far. The high recombination strain behaves as if it carries a classical recessive mutation, although a second mutation exists which can alter the recessive behaviour of rec-1.", "contents": "A mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans that increases recombination frequency more than threefold. In higher organisms the rate of recombination between genetic loci is presumably responsive to selective pressure. Recently, selective pressures and mutational events that influence recombination have been reviewed. Mutational sites and chromosomal rearrangements that enhance or suppress recombination frequency in specific regions are known, but general mechanisms that enhance recombination have not yet been discovered. We describe here the isolation and characterisation of a strain of the hermaphroditic nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, that has a recombination frequency at least threefold higher than that found in the wild type. In this strain, rec-1, the number of reciprocal recombination events between linked loci is increased. This is true for all pairs of linked loci studies so far. The high recombination strain behaves as if it carries a classical recessive mutation, although a second mutation exists which can alter the recessive behaviour of rec-1.", "PMID": 492325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1105", "title": "Suppression of the nonsense mutation in homozygous beta 0 thalassaemia.", "content": "The common form of beta thalassaemia associated with elevated haemoglobin A2 levels can be broadly classified as beta + or beta 0 type according to the presence or absence of beta-globin chain synthesis in the homozygous state. The molecular pathology of each type is heterogeneous. Apart from a subgroup of Indo-Pakistani patients, the beta-globin structural gene is intact in the majority of patients with beta 0 thalassaemia. The amount of beta-globin mRNA present in the reticulocytes of these patients varies: in some it is absent or barely detectable; in others, a substantial amount is present, but it is nonfunctional. We recently demonstrated that the molecular lesion in a Chinese patient with nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA was due to the mutation of the normal lysine codon AAG at amino acid 17 to the amber terminator codon UAG, which prematurely terminates the beta-globin chain. In the present study we demonstrate the first example of a nonsense mutation in humans which can be suppressed in vitro by the suppressor tRNA, as has been found in other eukaryotic cells and viruses.", "contents": "Suppression of the nonsense mutation in homozygous beta 0 thalassaemia. The common form of beta thalassaemia associated with elevated haemoglobin A2 levels can be broadly classified as beta + or beta 0 type according to the presence or absence of beta-globin chain synthesis in the homozygous state. The molecular pathology of each type is heterogeneous. Apart from a subgroup of Indo-Pakistani patients, the beta-globin structural gene is intact in the majority of patients with beta 0 thalassaemia. The amount of beta-globin mRNA present in the reticulocytes of these patients varies: in some it is absent or barely detectable; in others, a substantial amount is present, but it is nonfunctional. We recently demonstrated that the molecular lesion in a Chinese patient with nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA was due to the mutation of the normal lysine codon AAG at amino acid 17 to the amber terminator codon UAG, which prematurely terminates the beta-globin chain. In the present study we demonstrate the first example of a nonsense mutation in humans which can be suppressed in vitro by the suppressor tRNA, as has been found in other eukaryotic cells and viruses.", "PMID": 492326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1106", "title": "Evolutionary nucleotide replacements in DNA.", "content": "With the increasing availability of analytical information on mRNA molecules, it is now possible to compare homologous nucleotide sequences from different organisms and to draw conclusions about their evolution. Such comparisons have shown that silent changes in codons occur more frequently than nucleotide replacements that produce changes in amino acid sequences (code-altering changes). Furthermore, there is an important difference between amino acid sequence comparisons and nucleotide sequence comparisons. The former show only differences in amino acid residues, but the latter show several types of differences when corresponding codons are compared. Single-base replacements may be degenerate (silent) or expressed as amino acid replacements. Two-base codon changes may be degenerate, single-base changes, or be visible as such. Three-base codon changes may be degenerate (involving serine), simulate either single-base or two-base changes or be visible as such. All nine types of change are found in comparisons of genes from the viruses phi X174 and G4. The relative numbers of these nine types as based on all possible interchanges between all 61 amino acid codons were listed by Holmquist et al. and are shown in Table 1. We discuss these results in the light of the significance of nucleotide changes in molecular evolution.", "contents": "Evolutionary nucleotide replacements in DNA. With the increasing availability of analytical information on mRNA molecules, it is now possible to compare homologous nucleotide sequences from different organisms and to draw conclusions about their evolution. Such comparisons have shown that silent changes in codons occur more frequently than nucleotide replacements that produce changes in amino acid sequences (code-altering changes). Furthermore, there is an important difference between amino acid sequence comparisons and nucleotide sequence comparisons. The former show only differences in amino acid residues, but the latter show several types of differences when corresponding codons are compared. Single-base replacements may be degenerate (silent) or expressed as amino acid replacements. Two-base codon changes may be degenerate, single-base changes, or be visible as such. Three-base codon changes may be degenerate (involving serine), simulate either single-base or two-base changes or be visible as such. All nine types of change are found in comparisons of genes from the viruses phi X174 and G4. The relative numbers of these nine types as based on all possible interchanges between all 61 amino acid codons were listed by Holmquist et al. and are shown in Table 1. We discuss these results in the light of the significance of nucleotide changes in molecular evolution.", "PMID": 492328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1107", "title": "Localisation of the G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- and beta-globin genes on the short arm of human chromosome 11.", "content": "Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids have proved invaluable in assigning human genes to their respective human chromosomes. To date, the success of this approach has depended on identifying human proteins which are synthesised in hybrid cells containing a small number of human chromosomes. Consequently, chromosome assignment has been limited mainly to human proteins which are expressed in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids and for which a suitable assay, usually electrophoretic or immunological, exists to distinguish between the human and murine homologous proteins. This technique is therefore unsuitable for the assignment of those human genes which are expressed only in differential cells and not in hybrid cells. Here, we describe how nucleic acid hybridisation and restriction endonuclease mapping of DNA can be combined to test for the presence of human structural gene sequences within hybrid cell DNA. This method can be used to assign any purified human DNA sequence to a human chromosome, and does not require the DNA sequence to be expressed in man-mouse hybrid cells.", "contents": "Localisation of the G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- and beta-globin genes on the short arm of human chromosome 11. Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids have proved invaluable in assigning human genes to their respective human chromosomes. To date, the success of this approach has depended on identifying human proteins which are synthesised in hybrid cells containing a small number of human chromosomes. Consequently, chromosome assignment has been limited mainly to human proteins which are expressed in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids and for which a suitable assay, usually electrophoretic or immunological, exists to distinguish between the human and murine homologous proteins. This technique is therefore unsuitable for the assignment of those human genes which are expressed only in differential cells and not in hybrid cells. Here, we describe how nucleic acid hybridisation and restriction endonuclease mapping of DNA can be combined to test for the presence of human structural gene sequences within hybrid cell DNA. This method can be used to assign any purified human DNA sequence to a human chromosome, and does not require the DNA sequence to be expressed in man-mouse hybrid cells.", "PMID": 492329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1108", "title": "Genetic defect in secretion of complement C5 in mice.", "content": "A genetic deficiency of the fifth (C5) component of complement1-3, a serum glycoprotein of molecular weight (MW) 220,000 (ref. 4), has been found in 39% of inbred strains of mice3. Sera of deficient mice lack detectable C5 activity and protein2,3. In addition deficient mice produce antibody to mouse C5 when injected with sera from C5 sufficient (normal) strains. Levy et al.5 showed that somatic cell hybrids between C5 deficient (B10.D2/old line) macrophages and either C5 sufficient (B10.D2/new line) mouse kidney or chicken erythroblasts secreted haemolytically active mouse C5 in vitro. Several possible molecular mechanisms to account for the findings were considered, but insufficient direct data were available to choose among them. We recently reported that mouse (CD.1 strain) peritoneal cells in culture synthesise and secrete a single chain precursor, pro-C5 (MW approximately 210,000), of the two-chain (alpha chain, 125,000 and beta chain 83,000 MW) C5 protein6. Radiolabelled precursor C5 was contained within the cells and was secreted into the tissue culture media. Using similar methods, we now find that C5 deficiency in each of five different mouse strains (AKR, SWR, DBA/2J8 A/HeJ and B10.D2/old line) is due to a failure in secretion of C5 protein and not to a failure in biosynthesis of pro-C5.", "contents": "Genetic defect in secretion of complement C5 in mice. A genetic deficiency of the fifth (C5) component of complement1-3, a serum glycoprotein of molecular weight (MW) 220,000 (ref. 4), has been found in 39% of inbred strains of mice3. Sera of deficient mice lack detectable C5 activity and protein2,3. In addition deficient mice produce antibody to mouse C5 when injected with sera from C5 sufficient (normal) strains. Levy et al.5 showed that somatic cell hybrids between C5 deficient (B10.D2/old line) macrophages and either C5 sufficient (B10.D2/new line) mouse kidney or chicken erythroblasts secreted haemolytically active mouse C5 in vitro. Several possible molecular mechanisms to account for the findings were considered, but insufficient direct data were available to choose among them. We recently reported that mouse (CD.1 strain) peritoneal cells in culture synthesise and secrete a single chain precursor, pro-C5 (MW approximately 210,000), of the two-chain (alpha chain, 125,000 and beta chain 83,000 MW) C5 protein6. Radiolabelled precursor C5 was contained within the cells and was secreted into the tissue culture media. Using similar methods, we now find that C5 deficiency in each of five different mouse strains (AKR, SWR, DBA/2J8 A/HeJ and B10.D2/old line) is due to a failure in secretion of C5 protein and not to a failure in biosynthesis of pro-C5.", "PMID": 492335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1109", "title": "Bombesin suppresses feeding in rats.", "content": "Bombesin (BBS) is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from amphibian skin1. BBS-like immunoactivity is widely distributed in mammalian gut2-5, and plasma levels have been shown to rise sharply following feeding (ref. 6 and V. Erspamer, personal communication). The physiological actions of BBS are unknown. We have previously shown that the classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is a powerful and specific suppressor of food intake7-9. Although CCK and BBS lack common amino acid sequences, they have certain common actions on gut viscera10,11. We have now shown that BBS also suppresses food intake, and we compare its action with that of CCK.", "contents": "Bombesin suppresses feeding in rats. Bombesin (BBS) is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from amphibian skin1. BBS-like immunoactivity is widely distributed in mammalian gut2-5, and plasma levels have been shown to rise sharply following feeding (ref. 6 and V. Erspamer, personal communication). The physiological actions of BBS are unknown. We have previously shown that the classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is a powerful and specific suppressor of food intake7-9. Although CCK and BBS lack common amino acid sequences, they have certain common actions on gut viscera10,11. We have now shown that BBS also suppresses food intake, and we compare its action with that of CCK.", "PMID": 492336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1110", "title": "Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation by chlorpromazine acting to diminish haemolysis.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that the sudden, unpredicatable event initiating myocardial infarction is fissuring of an atherosclerotic plaque. The resulting haemorrhage into the arterial wall produces obstructive platelet thrombi, just as arterial haemorrhages elsewhere produce haemostatic platelet plugs. It has been suggested that such platelet aggregation depends on ADP originating in red cells which are subjected to excessive haemodynamic stress at the site of haemorrhage. The release of ADP from red cells has been demonstrated in vitro in equivalent condtions of shear stress; and other mechansims, such as activation by collagen, cannot account for the rapidity with which the platelets react. One of us (G.V.R.B.) has suggested that drugs capable of counteracting haemolysis might diminish the activating effect of erythrocytes on platelets and so inhibit their aggregation as thrombi. Thus, chlorpromazine, added to human blood at concentrations which diminish haemoylsis but do not directly affect platelet aggregation, prolonged the 'bleeding time' from small holes in artificial vessels where extravasation is terminated, as in living arterioles, by aggregated platelets. The bleeding time was also prolonged by apyrase, consistent with the conclusion that the chlorpromazine acted through decreasing plasma ADP. We show here that this occurs through the anti-haemolytic action of chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation by chlorpromazine acting to diminish haemolysis. There is increasing evidence that the sudden, unpredicatable event initiating myocardial infarction is fissuring of an atherosclerotic plaque. The resulting haemorrhage into the arterial wall produces obstructive platelet thrombi, just as arterial haemorrhages elsewhere produce haemostatic platelet plugs. It has been suggested that such platelet aggregation depends on ADP originating in red cells which are subjected to excessive haemodynamic stress at the site of haemorrhage. The release of ADP from red cells has been demonstrated in vitro in equivalent condtions of shear stress; and other mechansims, such as activation by collagen, cannot account for the rapidity with which the platelets react. One of us (G.V.R.B.) has suggested that drugs capable of counteracting haemolysis might diminish the activating effect of erythrocytes on platelets and so inhibit their aggregation as thrombi. Thus, chlorpromazine, added to human blood at concentrations which diminish haemoylsis but do not directly affect platelet aggregation, prolonged the 'bleeding time' from small holes in artificial vessels where extravasation is terminated, as in living arterioles, by aggregated platelets. The bleeding time was also prolonged by apyrase, consistent with the conclusion that the chlorpromazine acted through decreasing plasma ADP. We show here that this occurs through the anti-haemolytic action of chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 492337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1111", "title": "Electron microscope evidence for an 80 A unit in collagen fibrils.", "content": "Connective tissues are composite structures containing collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, minerals, water and other minor components. In all cases the collagen exists predominantly in fibrillar form. The size distribution of the fibrils does, however, vary markedly with both age and the mechanical requirements of the tissue. Little is known about the mechanism of fibril formation in vivo, although some information is now available form in vitro polymerisation studies. We have now collected new and extensive electron microscope data on the size of collagen fibrils from tendon, skin, cornea and other tissues from both fetal and immature animals. The results reported here show that the diameters of the collagen fibrils thus measured lie close to a multiple of 80 A, a result which may be simply and readily interpreted in terms of the collagen microfibril and its mode of packing.", "contents": "Electron microscope evidence for an 80 A unit in collagen fibrils. Connective tissues are composite structures containing collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, minerals, water and other minor components. In all cases the collagen exists predominantly in fibrillar form. The size distribution of the fibrils does, however, vary markedly with both age and the mechanical requirements of the tissue. Little is known about the mechanism of fibril formation in vivo, although some information is now available form in vitro polymerisation studies. We have now collected new and extensive electron microscope data on the size of collagen fibrils from tendon, skin, cornea and other tissues from both fetal and immature animals. The results reported here show that the diameters of the collagen fibrils thus measured lie close to a multiple of 80 A, a result which may be simply and readily interpreted in terms of the collagen microfibril and its mode of packing.", "PMID": 492338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1112", "title": "Renal conservation of antifreeze peptide in Antarctic eelpout, Rhigophila dearborni.", "content": "In Antarctic notothenioid fishes large amounts (3% w/v) of small molecular weights of 2,600-23,500 and would be expected to be filtered into the urine, they remain in the blood because the kidneys of these fishes contain only aglomerular nephrons. Unlike the situation in most fishes, urine formation is the result of secretion rather than filtration and reabsorption. On the other hand, the peptide antifreezes in Northern Hemisphere fishes such as the winter flounder. Pseudopleuronectes americanus, are retained by the glomerular kidney even though inulin, of comparable weight, is rapidly filtered from the blood into the urine. The Antarctic eelpout (zoarcid), Rhigophila dearborni, which is unrelated to either the Antarctic notothenioids or P. americanus, also uses a peptide antifreeze (molecular weight 6,000) which is maintained at a concentration of 3% (w/v) in the blood plasma. We report here that the lack of antifreeze in the urine of R. dearborni probably reflects the fact that the glomeruli are not functional and cannot filter. We support this conclusion with morphological and physiological evidence and relate our findings to the conservation of biological antifreeze necessary for life in ice-laden polar waters.", "contents": "Renal conservation of antifreeze peptide in Antarctic eelpout, Rhigophila dearborni. In Antarctic notothenioid fishes large amounts (3% w/v) of small molecular weights of 2,600-23,500 and would be expected to be filtered into the urine, they remain in the blood because the kidneys of these fishes contain only aglomerular nephrons. Unlike the situation in most fishes, urine formation is the result of secretion rather than filtration and reabsorption. On the other hand, the peptide antifreezes in Northern Hemisphere fishes such as the winter flounder. Pseudopleuronectes americanus, are retained by the glomerular kidney even though inulin, of comparable weight, is rapidly filtered from the blood into the urine. The Antarctic eelpout (zoarcid), Rhigophila dearborni, which is unrelated to either the Antarctic notothenioids or P. americanus, also uses a peptide antifreeze (molecular weight 6,000) which is maintained at a concentration of 3% (w/v) in the blood plasma. We report here that the lack of antifreeze in the urine of R. dearborni probably reflects the fact that the glomeruli are not functional and cannot filter. We support this conclusion with morphological and physiological evidence and relate our findings to the conservation of biological antifreeze necessary for life in ice-laden polar waters.", "PMID": 492339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1113", "title": "[Regulatory proteins in chromatin of eucaryotes].", "content": "Experimental evidence for a role of histones and chromosomal nonhistone proteins in the regulation of transcription in eucaryots is described. A speculative model on the regulation of gene activity in higher organisms is presented.", "contents": "[Regulatory proteins in chromatin of eucaryotes]. Experimental evidence for a role of histones and chromosomal nonhistone proteins in the regulation of transcription in eucaryots is described. A speculative model on the regulation of gene activity in higher organisms is presented.", "PMID": 492340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1114", "title": "Rat jejunum perfused in situ: effect of perfusion rate and intraluminal radius on absorption rate and effective unstirred layer thickness.", "content": "In anaesthetized rats a jejunal segment was perfused in situ varying the perfusion rate (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 ml/min) in a randomized order. The intraluminal radius of the segments was small (1.7 mm) or enlarged (3.1 mm) by increasing the intraluminal pressure. The appearance rate of butanol, antipyrine, salicylic acid, D- and L-phenylalanine but not of urea in the venous blood of the jejunal segments was increased up to 35%, when the intraluminal perfusion rate was raised from 0.1 to 0.5 ml/min. Two factors contribute to this effect: the flattening of the concentration gradient down the segment and the reduction of the effective unstirred layer thickness. The length and the intraluminal radius of the perfused segments was not altered, when the perfusion rate was varied. Therefore, a change of the absorbing area did not contribute to the increase of the absorption rate induced by the increase of the perfusion rate. In the series with small intraluminal radius the experimental data corresponded to the theoretical predictions obtained for a laminar intraluminal flow. In the segments with enlarged intraluminal radius the increase of the absorption rate by raising the perfusion rate was less than expected for a laminar flow indicating that the flow might have been turbulent. The enlargement of the intraluminal radius from 1.7 to 3.1 mm increased the absorption rate up to 100%.", "contents": "Rat jejunum perfused in situ: effect of perfusion rate and intraluminal radius on absorption rate and effective unstirred layer thickness. In anaesthetized rats a jejunal segment was perfused in situ varying the perfusion rate (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 ml/min) in a randomized order. The intraluminal radius of the segments was small (1.7 mm) or enlarged (3.1 mm) by increasing the intraluminal pressure. The appearance rate of butanol, antipyrine, salicylic acid, D- and L-phenylalanine but not of urea in the venous blood of the jejunal segments was increased up to 35%, when the intraluminal perfusion rate was raised from 0.1 to 0.5 ml/min. Two factors contribute to this effect: the flattening of the concentration gradient down the segment and the reduction of the effective unstirred layer thickness. The length and the intraluminal radius of the perfused segments was not altered, when the perfusion rate was varied. Therefore, a change of the absorbing area did not contribute to the increase of the absorption rate induced by the increase of the perfusion rate. In the series with small intraluminal radius the experimental data corresponded to the theoretical predictions obtained for a laminar intraluminal flow. In the segments with enlarged intraluminal radius the increase of the absorption rate by raising the perfusion rate was less than expected for a laminar flow indicating that the flow might have been turbulent. The enlargement of the intraluminal radius from 1.7 to 3.1 mm increased the absorption rate up to 100%.", "PMID": 492348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1115", "title": "Reduced phallotoxin uptake by livers of young compared with adult rats.", "content": "Using [3H]-demethylphalloin as a tracer the uptake of phallotoxins by the liver of young (6, 12, 16 days old) and adult rats was determined in relation to the dose of toxin administered. The maximum amount taken up by the livers of the young rats was only about 50% of that in adults. Nevertheless, with a dose as high as 55 mg/kg body weight the toxin concentration in the young liver reached more than 30 micrograms/g, being markedly higher than the minimum concentration (approximately 20 micrograms/g) required to cause irreversible damage of the liver in adult rats and death of the animals. This suggests that the tolerance of young rats to phallotoxins cannot solely be explained by the reduced uptake of the toxin.", "contents": "Reduced phallotoxin uptake by livers of young compared with adult rats. Using [3H]-demethylphalloin as a tracer the uptake of phallotoxins by the liver of young (6, 12, 16 days old) and adult rats was determined in relation to the dose of toxin administered. The maximum amount taken up by the livers of the young rats was only about 50% of that in adults. Nevertheless, with a dose as high as 55 mg/kg body weight the toxin concentration in the young liver reached more than 30 micrograms/g, being markedly higher than the minimum concentration (approximately 20 micrograms/g) required to cause irreversible damage of the liver in adult rats and death of the animals. This suggests that the tolerance of young rats to phallotoxins cannot solely be explained by the reduced uptake of the toxin.", "PMID": 492349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1116", "title": "Local tetanus in rats; concentration of amino acids as studied in spinal cord segments, spinal roots, and dorsal root ganglia.", "content": "1. The effect of tetanus toxin injected into one gastrocnemius muscle on the steady state concentration of several amino acids was investigated in spinal cord half segments, spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia of rats. Care was taken to ensure a symmetrical afferent input to the spinal cord and to localize the segment with the highest concentration of tetanus toxin. 2. In the spinal cord segments containing the highest concentration of tetanus toxin the steady state concentration of glycine was higher on the side of the tetanus than on the contralateral control side. Results obtained after intravenous injection of 14C-glycine do not indicate that the higher concentration of glycine on the side of the tetanus was due to a higher uptake of glycine. 3. The results obtained in the spinal cord contradict previous findings of other authors but lend support to the prevailing concept about the action of tetanus toxin in local and general tetanus.", "contents": "Local tetanus in rats; concentration of amino acids as studied in spinal cord segments, spinal roots, and dorsal root ganglia. 1. The effect of tetanus toxin injected into one gastrocnemius muscle on the steady state concentration of several amino acids was investigated in spinal cord half segments, spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia of rats. Care was taken to ensure a symmetrical afferent input to the spinal cord and to localize the segment with the highest concentration of tetanus toxin. 2. In the spinal cord segments containing the highest concentration of tetanus toxin the steady state concentration of glycine was higher on the side of the tetanus than on the contralateral control side. Results obtained after intravenous injection of 14C-glycine do not indicate that the higher concentration of glycine on the side of the tetanus was due to a higher uptake of glycine. 3. The results obtained in the spinal cord contradict previous findings of other authors but lend support to the prevailing concept about the action of tetanus toxin in local and general tetanus.", "PMID": 492350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1117", "title": "Transient apnoea after systemic injection of GABA in the rat.", "content": "1. I. v. or i.a. injection of GABA produced a transient apnoea in rats under pentobarbital anaesthesia. The dose-response relationship and specifity of this effect were investigated. 2. Injection of GABA into the femoral vein led to an apnoea of dose-dependent duration, the dose-response curve showed an ED50 of about 5 mumoles GABA kg-1 and a maximum duration of about 8 s. 3. The depressant action of systemic GABA on respiration seems to be specific as only close structural analogues of GABA such as trans-4-aminocrotonic acid, beta-hydroxy-GABA, delta aminovaleric acid, beta-alanine, and taurine were able to mimic the action of GABA. 4. Injection of these structural analogues of GABA 15 s rior to an injection of GABA inhibited the respiratory depressant effect of GABA dose-dependently. Picrotoxin also antagonized the apnoic action of GABA. 5. The results indicate that the apnoea induced by systemic injection of GABA is mediated by an action on GABA receptors.", "contents": "Transient apnoea after systemic injection of GABA in the rat. 1. I. v. or i.a. injection of GABA produced a transient apnoea in rats under pentobarbital anaesthesia. The dose-response relationship and specifity of this effect were investigated. 2. Injection of GABA into the femoral vein led to an apnoea of dose-dependent duration, the dose-response curve showed an ED50 of about 5 mumoles GABA kg-1 and a maximum duration of about 8 s. 3. The depressant action of systemic GABA on respiration seems to be specific as only close structural analogues of GABA such as trans-4-aminocrotonic acid, beta-hydroxy-GABA, delta aminovaleric acid, beta-alanine, and taurine were able to mimic the action of GABA. 4. Injection of these structural analogues of GABA 15 s rior to an injection of GABA inhibited the respiratory depressant effect of GABA dose-dependently. Picrotoxin also antagonized the apnoic action of GABA. 5. The results indicate that the apnoea induced by systemic injection of GABA is mediated by an action on GABA receptors.", "PMID": 492353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1118", "title": "Effect of physostigmine and atropine on acetylcholine turnover in mouse brain.", "content": "The effect of physostigmine salicylate (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and in combination with atropine sulfate (25 mg/kg, i.p.) on levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) and turnover of ACh has been studied in whole brain and striatum of mice. The animals were killed by focussed microwave irradiation and the turnover of ACh was studied after i.v. injection of deuterium labelled Ch by employing mass fragmentography. Physostigmine increased the levels of ACh in whole brain from 24.5--28.0 nmol/g(P less than 0.001) whereas there was no significant increase in striatum. The levels of Ch were also increased. The turnover rate of ACh was decreased in whole brain from 15.4 to 8.4 and in striatum from 52.9 to 24.4 nmol/g . min. Physostigmine given before or after atropine did not completely block the ACh lowering effect of atropine. When atropine was given before physostigmine the turnover rate of ACh in whole brain was increased to 24.2 nmoles/g . min. The results seem to indicate that there is no clear cut relation between the turnover rate and level of ACh in vivo. The increase of the turnover rate induced by atropine is masked unless a cholinesterase inhibitor is given to protect the newly synthesized labelled ACh released by atropine.", "contents": "Effect of physostigmine and atropine on acetylcholine turnover in mouse brain. The effect of physostigmine salicylate (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and in combination with atropine sulfate (25 mg/kg, i.p.) on levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) and turnover of ACh has been studied in whole brain and striatum of mice. The animals were killed by focussed microwave irradiation and the turnover of ACh was studied after i.v. injection of deuterium labelled Ch by employing mass fragmentography. Physostigmine increased the levels of ACh in whole brain from 24.5--28.0 nmol/g(P less than 0.001) whereas there was no significant increase in striatum. The levels of Ch were also increased. The turnover rate of ACh was decreased in whole brain from 15.4 to 8.4 and in striatum from 52.9 to 24.4 nmol/g . min. Physostigmine given before or after atropine did not completely block the ACh lowering effect of atropine. When atropine was given before physostigmine the turnover rate of ACh in whole brain was increased to 24.2 nmoles/g . min. The results seem to indicate that there is no clear cut relation between the turnover rate and level of ACh in vivo. The increase of the turnover rate induced by atropine is masked unless a cholinesterase inhibitor is given to protect the newly synthesized labelled ACh released by atropine.", "PMID": 492354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1119", "title": "Interaction of botulinum type A, B and E derivative toxins with synaptosomes of rat brain.", "content": "Clostridium botulimum 125I-labelled derivative toxin immediately bound to rat synaptosomes. Of the two fragments of type B derivative toxin, the large-molecular-weight fragment (fragment I) inhibited the binding of labelled type B derivative toxin to synaptosomes in the same manner as unlabelled type B toxin did. The inhibition by the small-molecular-weight fragment (fragment II) was less than that by fragment I. These findings suggest that type B toxin binds to synaptosomes mainly with some part of fragment I. The binding of labelled type A and E derivative toxins was inhibited by either of the unlabelled type A or E derivative toxins, but not by type B derivative toxin. It is concluded that synaptosomes of rat brain possess relatively specific binding sites for botulinum toxin types.", "contents": "Interaction of botulinum type A, B and E derivative toxins with synaptosomes of rat brain. Clostridium botulimum 125I-labelled derivative toxin immediately bound to rat synaptosomes. Of the two fragments of type B derivative toxin, the large-molecular-weight fragment (fragment I) inhibited the binding of labelled type B derivative toxin to synaptosomes in the same manner as unlabelled type B toxin did. The inhibition by the small-molecular-weight fragment (fragment II) was less than that by fragment I. These findings suggest that type B toxin binds to synaptosomes mainly with some part of fragment I. The binding of labelled type A and E derivative toxins was inhibited by either of the unlabelled type A or E derivative toxins, but not by type B derivative toxin. It is concluded that synaptosomes of rat brain possess relatively specific binding sites for botulinum toxin types.", "PMID": 492355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1120", "title": "Electrical excitability of motoneurones in early local tetanus.", "content": "1. After injection of tetanus toxin into the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat non-synaptic excitability of motoneurones was studied in early local tetanus. Antidromic stimulation of motoneurones was performed onthe toxin-treated side and on the control side of the same cat. 2. The mean resting membrane potential of the motoneurones on the toxin-treated side did not differ from that on the control side. 3. Similarly, no differences were found as to the amplitude of the action potential and its rate of rise as well as to the size and time course of the after-hyperpolarization. 4. The mean input resistance of the motoneurones of the toxintreated side did not differ from that of the motoneurones of the control side. 5. Tetanus toxin did not change the mean refractory period and latency of antidromic responses. 6. It is concluded that the action of tetanus toxin the spinal cord cannot be explained by an action of the toxin on the electrically excitable membrane elements of the motoneurones.", "contents": "Electrical excitability of motoneurones in early local tetanus. 1. After injection of tetanus toxin into the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat non-synaptic excitability of motoneurones was studied in early local tetanus. Antidromic stimulation of motoneurones was performed onthe toxin-treated side and on the control side of the same cat. 2. The mean resting membrane potential of the motoneurones on the toxin-treated side did not differ from that on the control side. 3. Similarly, no differences were found as to the amplitude of the action potential and its rate of rise as well as to the size and time course of the after-hyperpolarization. 4. The mean input resistance of the motoneurones of the toxintreated side did not differ from that of the motoneurones of the control side. 5. Tetanus toxin did not change the mean refractory period and latency of antidromic responses. 6. It is concluded that the action of tetanus toxin the spinal cord cannot be explained by an action of the toxin on the electrically excitable membrane elements of the motoneurones.", "PMID": 492356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1121", "title": "The estimation of the survival rate of tetanus-intoxicated mice. A model for screening anti-tetanus drugs.", "content": "The estimation of the survival rate of tetanus-intoxicated mice is suggested to be a useful animal model for assaying the anti-tetanus potency of drugs. This model was tested with the four central depressants phenobarbitone, chlorpromazine, diazepam and halothane. In agreement with their clinical value, diazepam appeared to be the most, phenobarbitone the least effective agent.", "contents": "The estimation of the survival rate of tetanus-intoxicated mice. A model for screening anti-tetanus drugs. The estimation of the survival rate of tetanus-intoxicated mice is suggested to be a useful animal model for assaying the anti-tetanus potency of drugs. This model was tested with the four central depressants phenobarbitone, chlorpromazine, diazepam and halothane. In agreement with their clinical value, diazepam appeared to be the most, phenobarbitone the least effective agent.", "PMID": 492357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1122", "title": "Intravascular clotting preceding crescent formation in a patient with Wegner's granulomatosis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is thought to be a proliferative reaction common to a number of disorders. Animal experiments implicate clotting or a product of it as its cause. In the human, the presence of fibrin in crescents, as well as the response to heparinization in some cases, support the role of coagulation in the genesis of extracapillary cell proliferation. We describe the clinical and histologic course in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis who presented with a picture of intracapillary clotting which evolved into rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The patient had a remarkable return of renal function.", "contents": "Intravascular clotting preceding crescent formation in a patient with Wegner's granulomatosis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is thought to be a proliferative reaction common to a number of disorders. Animal experiments implicate clotting or a product of it as its cause. In the human, the presence of fibrin in crescents, as well as the response to heparinization in some cases, support the role of coagulation in the genesis of extracapillary cell proliferation. We describe the clinical and histologic course in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis who presented with a picture of intracapillary clotting which evolved into rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The patient had a remarkable return of renal function.", "PMID": 492404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1123", "title": "125I-iothalamate and creatinine clearances in patients with chronic renal diseases.", "content": "In 196 adult patients with chronic renal disease or primary hypertension, the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by means of creatinine clearance, 'predicted' creatinine clearance and [125I]-iothalamate clearance was performed. Iothalamate clearance was evaluated after subcutaneous injection of the substance . In patients with normal or upper borderline plasma creatinine values, the iothalamate clearance ranged from 44 to 117 ml/min/1.73 m2 and the overestimation of GFR from creatinine clearance was negligible. In patients with mild or advanced renal failure, the overestimation of GFR from creatinine clearance increased up to 18 and 32%, respectively. The clinical usefulness of iothalamate clearance is evident especially in patients with mild renal failure, in whom an accurate evaluation of GFR is often important for a correct dietary and therapeutic approach.", "contents": "125I-iothalamate and creatinine clearances in patients with chronic renal diseases. In 196 adult patients with chronic renal disease or primary hypertension, the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by means of creatinine clearance, 'predicted' creatinine clearance and [125I]-iothalamate clearance was performed. Iothalamate clearance was evaluated after subcutaneous injection of the substance . In patients with normal or upper borderline plasma creatinine values, the iothalamate clearance ranged from 44 to 117 ml/min/1.73 m2 and the overestimation of GFR from creatinine clearance was negligible. In patients with mild or advanced renal failure, the overestimation of GFR from creatinine clearance increased up to 18 and 32%, respectively. The clinical usefulness of iothalamate clearance is evident especially in patients with mild renal failure, in whom an accurate evaluation of GFR is often important for a correct dietary and therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 492407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1124", "title": "Hepatitis B virus markers in 97 long-term hemodialysis patients.", "content": "A study was undertaken to assess the state of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in hemodialysis patients. From 97 hemodialysis patients tested, 51 were found to have at least one hepatitis B virus specific marker. 18 were HBsAg carriers, 12 of these carriers have to be regarded as infectious as judged from the presence of HBeAg and/or HBV-specific DNA polymerase activity in the serum. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were found in the sera of approximately 20% of the hemodialysis patients with a high prevalence in cases which lacked HBV markers. We conclude from our study that HBsAg-positive hemodialysis patients should be dialyzed in a separate unit and preferably served by personnel which is anti-HBs-positive. The question whether patients in which anti-HBc represents the only HBV marker should be separated is still open and needs further work. The role of non-A/non-B infection is difficult to determine and further studies are needed to elucidate this question.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus markers in 97 long-term hemodialysis patients. A study was undertaken to assess the state of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in hemodialysis patients. From 97 hemodialysis patients tested, 51 were found to have at least one hepatitis B virus specific marker. 18 were HBsAg carriers, 12 of these carriers have to be regarded as infectious as judged from the presence of HBeAg and/or HBV-specific DNA polymerase activity in the serum. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were found in the sera of approximately 20% of the hemodialysis patients with a high prevalence in cases which lacked HBV markers. We conclude from our study that HBsAg-positive hemodialysis patients should be dialyzed in a separate unit and preferably served by personnel which is anti-HBs-positive. The question whether patients in which anti-HBc represents the only HBV marker should be separated is still open and needs further work. The role of non-A/non-B infection is difficult to determine and further studies are needed to elucidate this question.", "PMID": 492411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1125", "title": "Granulocyte adherence in uremia and hemodialysis.", "content": "To evaluate granulocyte function in uremia and hemodialysis we studied granulocyte adherence, an important step in chemotaxis. Our studies demonstrate that patients with severe impairment in renal function had normal granulocyte adherence (72.1 +/- 21 vs. 72.9 +/- 14% controls) while patients with end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis (45 +/- 30%) had significant impairment (p less than 0.001). Adherence worsened during dialysis (p less than 0.001) but returned towards the abnormal baseline values at the end of the procedure. There was a significant correlation between adherence and potassium (r=0.77; p less than 0.05) and adherence and sodium-potassium ratio (r=-0.78; p less than 0.05) before and after dialysis. Other factors such as changes in creatinine, urea nitrogen, osmolality, calcium, phosphorus or (H+) did not correlate with adherence. It is concluded that the abnormality in adherence is not the result of the basic disease process but a consequence of dialysis.", "contents": "Granulocyte adherence in uremia and hemodialysis. To evaluate granulocyte function in uremia and hemodialysis we studied granulocyte adherence, an important step in chemotaxis. Our studies demonstrate that patients with severe impairment in renal function had normal granulocyte adherence (72.1 +/- 21 vs. 72.9 +/- 14% controls) while patients with end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis (45 +/- 30%) had significant impairment (p less than 0.001). Adherence worsened during dialysis (p less than 0.001) but returned towards the abnormal baseline values at the end of the procedure. There was a significant correlation between adherence and potassium (r=0.77; p less than 0.05) and adherence and sodium-potassium ratio (r=-0.78; p less than 0.05) before and after dialysis. Other factors such as changes in creatinine, urea nitrogen, osmolality, calcium, phosphorus or (H+) did not correlate with adherence. It is concluded that the abnormality in adherence is not the result of the basic disease process but a consequence of dialysis.", "PMID": 492412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1126", "title": "Fixed-bed uncoated charcoal hemoperfusion in the treatment of intoxications: animal and patient studies.", "content": "We examined the efficacy of a new, fixed-bed, uncoated charcoal device in experimentally intoxicated dogs and in drug-intoxicated as well as chemically poisoned patients. In the animal studies, 4 h of hemoperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in the blood level of phenobarbital, salicylate, pentobarbital and glutethimide. The drug clearances varied between 97 +/- 10 and 129 +/- 6 ml/min. However, the total amount of drug removed was higher for phenobarbital and salicylate which have a small apparent volume of distribution (AVD) than for pentobarbital and glutethimide which have an AVD greater than total body water. We next treated 14 patients suffering from a wide variety of intoxications. Patients intoxicated with phenobarbital, methsuximide, chlordane and Amanita muscaria all showed a significant improvement in their clinical status. Patients intoxicated with ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, methaqualone, podophyllin and fluoroacetamide did not improve. Charcoal hemoperfusion may be useful in patients poisoned with drugs characterized by an AVD smaller than total body water. No major complications were encountered during the hemoperfusions.", "contents": "Fixed-bed uncoated charcoal hemoperfusion in the treatment of intoxications: animal and patient studies. We examined the efficacy of a new, fixed-bed, uncoated charcoal device in experimentally intoxicated dogs and in drug-intoxicated as well as chemically poisoned patients. In the animal studies, 4 h of hemoperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in the blood level of phenobarbital, salicylate, pentobarbital and glutethimide. The drug clearances varied between 97 +/- 10 and 129 +/- 6 ml/min. However, the total amount of drug removed was higher for phenobarbital and salicylate which have a small apparent volume of distribution (AVD) than for pentobarbital and glutethimide which have an AVD greater than total body water. We next treated 14 patients suffering from a wide variety of intoxications. Patients intoxicated with phenobarbital, methsuximide, chlordane and Amanita muscaria all showed a significant improvement in their clinical status. Patients intoxicated with ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, methaqualone, podophyllin and fluoroacetamide did not improve. Charcoal hemoperfusion may be useful in patients poisoned with drugs characterized by an AVD smaller than total body water. No major complications were encountered during the hemoperfusions.", "PMID": 492413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1127", "title": "Effect of experimentally induced chronic renal failure upon the behavior of rats.", "content": "Two groups of rats were submitted to a 2-hour training session under a free operant avoidance of shock contingency 23 weeks after surgery, which provoked a state of chronic renal failure (experimental group) or after a sham operation (control group). Subjects in the control group had superior performances than those from the experimental group when total of shocks received and total numbers of avoidance and escape responses were compared. Results of biochemical blood analyses obtained from samples taken immediately after the avoidance training session indicate that the experimental group showed higher plasma urea concentration, higher levels of creatinine and osmolarity. The data show that the procedure used to provoke chronic renal failure was successful, and results in general confirm and extend findings relative to the effects of acute renal failure on behavior.", "contents": "Effect of experimentally induced chronic renal failure upon the behavior of rats. Two groups of rats were submitted to a 2-hour training session under a free operant avoidance of shock contingency 23 weeks after surgery, which provoked a state of chronic renal failure (experimental group) or after a sham operation (control group). Subjects in the control group had superior performances than those from the experimental group when total of shocks received and total numbers of avoidance and escape responses were compared. Results of biochemical blood analyses obtained from samples taken immediately after the avoidance training session indicate that the experimental group showed higher plasma urea concentration, higher levels of creatinine and osmolarity. The data show that the procedure used to provoke chronic renal failure was successful, and results in general confirm and extend findings relative to the effects of acute renal failure on behavior.", "PMID": 492414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1128", "title": "Response of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone to arginine infusion in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "To determine whether glucose intolerance in patients with chronic renal failure could improve by hemodialysis, the effects of arginine infusion on the concentration of blood sugar, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone were examined in healthy volunteers, undialyzed and dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Plasma concentrations of sugar and hormones in undialyzed and dialyzed patients responded similarly to arginine infusion. While blood samples were collected at 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after beginning infusion of arginine, the concentrations of sugar and hormones in both patients had no statistically significant differences. However, plasma concentrations of growth hormone in both patients 180 min after beginning of arginine infusion gave statistically significant differences. In the present study, the results suggest that hemodialysis might not improve the glucose tolerance in the patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Response of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone to arginine infusion in patients with chronic renal failure. To determine whether glucose intolerance in patients with chronic renal failure could improve by hemodialysis, the effects of arginine infusion on the concentration of blood sugar, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone were examined in healthy volunteers, undialyzed and dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Plasma concentrations of sugar and hormones in undialyzed and dialyzed patients responded similarly to arginine infusion. While blood samples were collected at 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after beginning infusion of arginine, the concentrations of sugar and hormones in both patients had no statistically significant differences. However, plasma concentrations of growth hormone in both patients 180 min after beginning of arginine infusion gave statistically significant differences. In the present study, the results suggest that hemodialysis might not improve the glucose tolerance in the patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 492415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1129", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on bone lesions in chronic dialysis patients.", "content": "The effects of synthetic salmon CT, administered subcutaneously and intermittently (1 MRC U/kg/day for 15 days/month over 6 months) were investigated in 15 uremic patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT), all presenting various degrees of osteodystrophy. Clinically, osteoarticular pain disappeared in 8 out of 10 cases; 1 patient with rib fractures had a rapid calcification of the bone fracture repair tissue. No significant changes were found in serum calcium and PTH levels. Phosphotemia showed a significant decrease within the first 20 days. The varying individual hypophosphatemic response proved to be related to the initial level of phosphatemia. The alkaline phosphatase, when increased, showed a decrease to the normal range. A significant decrease in osteoclastic hyperactivity (active resorption surface, osteoclast index) and a slight increase in osteoblastic pool (active osteoid surface) were documented. No change was noted when osteomalacia predominated. Side effects included: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, face flushing. Our data suggest that salmon CT may be usefully employed in chronic uremic patients on RDT, when secondary hyperparathyroidism predominates.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on bone lesions in chronic dialysis patients. The effects of synthetic salmon CT, administered subcutaneously and intermittently (1 MRC U/kg/day for 15 days/month over 6 months) were investigated in 15 uremic patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT), all presenting various degrees of osteodystrophy. Clinically, osteoarticular pain disappeared in 8 out of 10 cases; 1 patient with rib fractures had a rapid calcification of the bone fracture repair tissue. No significant changes were found in serum calcium and PTH levels. Phosphotemia showed a significant decrease within the first 20 days. The varying individual hypophosphatemic response proved to be related to the initial level of phosphatemia. The alkaline phosphatase, when increased, showed a decrease to the normal range. A significant decrease in osteoclastic hyperactivity (active resorption surface, osteoclast index) and a slight increase in osteoblastic pool (active osteoid surface) were documented. No change was noted when osteomalacia predominated. Side effects included: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, face flushing. Our data suggest that salmon CT may be usefully employed in chronic uremic patients on RDT, when secondary hyperparathyroidism predominates.", "PMID": 492416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1130", "title": "Progression of medial fibroplasia of the renal artery and the development of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "A 33-year-old normotensive white women was rejected as a kidney donor because arteriography disclosed medial fibroplasia of the right renal artery. 44 months later she became hypertensive and arteriography revealed progression of the lesion. When renal venous renin assay demonstrated lateralization, a saphenous vein aortico-distal right renal arterial bypass graft was done; her blood pressure has been normal for more than 2 years since. Such patients should not donate kidneys because the course of renal arterial dysplastic lesions cannot be predicted.", "contents": "Progression of medial fibroplasia of the renal artery and the development of renovascular hypertension. A 33-year-old normotensive white women was rejected as a kidney donor because arteriography disclosed medial fibroplasia of the right renal artery. 44 months later she became hypertensive and arteriography revealed progression of the lesion. When renal venous renin assay demonstrated lateralization, a saphenous vein aortico-distal right renal arterial bypass graft was done; her blood pressure has been normal for more than 2 years since. Such patients should not donate kidneys because the course of renal arterial dysplastic lesions cannot be predicted.", "PMID": 492417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1131", "title": "Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with hemofiltration in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "Hemofiltration using the postdilution technique and a modified saline solution as the replacement fluid succeeded in treating the metabolic alkalosis of two patients with renal failure.", "contents": "Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with hemofiltration in patients with renal insufficiency. Hemofiltration using the postdilution technique and a modified saline solution as the replacement fluid succeeded in treating the metabolic alkalosis of two patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 492418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1132", "title": "A new aspiration-needle syringe for percutaneous renal biopsy.", "content": "We report a renal biopsy technique utilizing the disposable Jamshidi Aspiration Needle-Syringe. The equipment and procedure described greatly simplify and speed up the procedure while ensuring adequate sampling of tissue and decreasing the likelihood of complications.", "contents": "A new aspiration-needle syringe for percutaneous renal biopsy. We report a renal biopsy technique utilizing the disposable Jamshidi Aspiration Needle-Syringe. The equipment and procedure described greatly simplify and speed up the procedure while ensuring adequate sampling of tissue and decreasing the likelihood of complications.", "PMID": 492419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1133", "title": "Effects of intraperitoneal nitroprusside on peritoneal clearances in man with variations of dose, frequency of administration and dwell times.", "content": "Clinical studies with intraperitoneal nitroprusside were designed to examine drug effects on peritoneal clearances as a function of dose, frequency of administration and dwell times. Increases in clearances and protein losses were seen with 1 mg of nitroprusside per liter of dialysis solution, with progressively greater effects up to maximum doses of 4.5 mg/1. Maximum effects were seen at the high dose after 3 or more consecutive exchanges. Clearance effects promptly returned toward control during postdrug exchanges and, in some studies, even during alternate exchanges. Proportional effects on solute clearances appeared independent of dwell time, supporting previous studies suggesting area permeability alterations. Series of 12 or more consecutive exchanges showed little change in blood pressure. Increases in serum thiocyanate were not detected after multiple exchanges. Dialysate cell counts showed no evidence of chemical irritation.", "contents": "Effects of intraperitoneal nitroprusside on peritoneal clearances in man with variations of dose, frequency of administration and dwell times. Clinical studies with intraperitoneal nitroprusside were designed to examine drug effects on peritoneal clearances as a function of dose, frequency of administration and dwell times. Increases in clearances and protein losses were seen with 1 mg of nitroprusside per liter of dialysis solution, with progressively greater effects up to maximum doses of 4.5 mg/1. Maximum effects were seen at the high dose after 3 or more consecutive exchanges. Clearance effects promptly returned toward control during postdrug exchanges and, in some studies, even during alternate exchanges. Proportional effects on solute clearances appeared independent of dwell time, supporting previous studies suggesting area permeability alterations. Series of 12 or more consecutive exchanges showed little change in blood pressure. Increases in serum thiocyanate were not detected after multiple exchanges. Dialysate cell counts showed no evidence of chemical irritation.", "PMID": 492421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1134", "title": "Ferritin- and apoferritin-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis in mice.", "content": "In order to study the effects of the protein moiety independent of the protein-iron complex in the development of ferritin-induced glomerulonephritis, we compared the effects of ferritin, equimolar amounts of apoferritin, and equimolar amounts of iron dextran in Swiss albino mice. The results were compared to both saline-injected and non-injected controls. Ferritin resulted in a glomerulonephritis associated with predominantly mesangial deposition of immune complexes. Tubulo-interstitial changes occurred as well. Iron dextran resulted in similar but less severe tubulo-interstitial changes and evoked no glomerular alterations. Apoferritin resulted in an immune complex glomerulonephritis usually associated with membranous deposits. No tubular or interstitial changes occurred. Proteinuria developed in animals receiving apoferritin. Since the protein-iron complex caused tubular and interstitial damage, apoferritin may provide a more suitable model of immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Ferritin- and apoferritin-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis in mice. In order to study the effects of the protein moiety independent of the protein-iron complex in the development of ferritin-induced glomerulonephritis, we compared the effects of ferritin, equimolar amounts of apoferritin, and equimolar amounts of iron dextran in Swiss albino mice. The results were compared to both saline-injected and non-injected controls. Ferritin resulted in a glomerulonephritis associated with predominantly mesangial deposition of immune complexes. Tubulo-interstitial changes occurred as well. Iron dextran resulted in similar but less severe tubulo-interstitial changes and evoked no glomerular alterations. Apoferritin resulted in an immune complex glomerulonephritis usually associated with membranous deposits. No tubular or interstitial changes occurred. Proteinuria developed in animals receiving apoferritin. Since the protein-iron complex caused tubular and interstitial damage, apoferritin may provide a more suitable model of immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 492422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1135", "title": "The relationship between hematocrit and erythrocyte magnesium concentration in patients on regular hemodialysis.", "content": "Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium (Mg) concentrations were measured in uremics on regular hemodialysis, in healthy persons and in patients with anemia due to causes other than renal failure. The mean plasma Mg concentration was found to be significantly higher in the uremic patients than in other subjects. The erythrocyte Mg concentration in anemic uremics and in nonuremic anemics was found to be higher than in normal subjects and a close inverse relationship was found between this figure and the hematocrit. It seems reasonable to argue that anemia, rather than renal failure, is related to the high concentration of Mg in erythrocytes.", "contents": "The relationship between hematocrit and erythrocyte magnesium concentration in patients on regular hemodialysis. Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium (Mg) concentrations were measured in uremics on regular hemodialysis, in healthy persons and in patients with anemia due to causes other than renal failure. The mean plasma Mg concentration was found to be significantly higher in the uremic patients than in other subjects. The erythrocyte Mg concentration in anemic uremics and in nonuremic anemics was found to be higher than in normal subjects and a close inverse relationship was found between this figure and the hematocrit. It seems reasonable to argue that anemia, rather than renal failure, is related to the high concentration of Mg in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 492423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1136", "title": "Ten years' survey of dialysis-associated tuberculosis.", "content": "Tuberculosis associated with dialysis was studied at the Renal Unit of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University and Yokosuka Mutual Aid Hospital Kidney Center, in both of which the treatments of chronic renal failure are the same. There are 12 tuberculosis patients out of 367 patients on maintenance hemodialysis from January 1967 to December 1976, an incidence of 3.3%. This was 6-16 times greater than that in the general population of this country according to yearly statistics. The characteristics of dialysis-associated tuberculosis include a high incidence of miliary tuberculosis, especially in aged patients and difficulty in establishing the diagnosis before death. Clinical features which are helpful in the early diagnosis are intermittent high fever of unknown origin, weight loss, anorexia, abnormalities of the central nervous system, erythrocyte sedimentation rate over 100 mm/h, leukocytosis and high value of the C-reactive protein. With the increasing number of dialysis patients, an increase of dialysis-associated tuberculosis is expected and this will be one of the major problems of dialysis patients in future.", "contents": "Ten years' survey of dialysis-associated tuberculosis. Tuberculosis associated with dialysis was studied at the Renal Unit of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University and Yokosuka Mutual Aid Hospital Kidney Center, in both of which the treatments of chronic renal failure are the same. There are 12 tuberculosis patients out of 367 patients on maintenance hemodialysis from January 1967 to December 1976, an incidence of 3.3%. This was 6-16 times greater than that in the general population of this country according to yearly statistics. The characteristics of dialysis-associated tuberculosis include a high incidence of miliary tuberculosis, especially in aged patients and difficulty in establishing the diagnosis before death. Clinical features which are helpful in the early diagnosis are intermittent high fever of unknown origin, weight loss, anorexia, abnormalities of the central nervous system, erythrocyte sedimentation rate over 100 mm/h, leukocytosis and high value of the C-reactive protein. With the increasing number of dialysis patients, an increase of dialysis-associated tuberculosis is expected and this will be one of the major problems of dialysis patients in future.", "PMID": 492424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1137", "title": "Serum-cholesterol-binding reserve in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Hyperlipidemia and premature atherosclerosis are known metabolic complications in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. In this study, we have measured serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and serum-cholesterol-binding reserve (SCBR) in 22 patients (14 men, 8 women) with the nephrotic syndrome and in 21 hyperlipidemic men who served as control subjects. Serum cholesterol levels were higher (p less than 0.005) in patients when compared to those of controls while triglyceride levels did not differ significantly between the groups. SCBR levels were lower (p less than 0.001) in the nephrotic subjects. The abnormally low SCBR values may be an important risk factor for atheroclerosis as suggested by previous studies in patients surviving premature myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Serum-cholesterol-binding reserve in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Hyperlipidemia and premature atherosclerosis are known metabolic complications in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. In this study, we have measured serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and serum-cholesterol-binding reserve (SCBR) in 22 patients (14 men, 8 women) with the nephrotic syndrome and in 21 hyperlipidemic men who served as control subjects. Serum cholesterol levels were higher (p less than 0.005) in patients when compared to those of controls while triglyceride levels did not differ significantly between the groups. SCBR levels were lower (p less than 0.001) in the nephrotic subjects. The abnormally low SCBR values may be an important risk factor for atheroclerosis as suggested by previous studies in patients surviving premature myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 492425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1138", "title": "Effect of low protein diet and surplus of essential amino acids on the serum concentration and the urinary excretion of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid in chronic renal failure.", "content": "20 patients with moderate renal failure (serum creatinine 4.5--12.0 mg/dl) and some uremic symptoms on a diet ad libitum were treated with a high caloric diet containing 0.5--0.7 g/kg/day protein, supplemented with eight essential amino acids and histidine in the form of solution and/or granules. During the treatment uremic symptoms subsided or diminished without the signs of malnutrition, SUN and the ratio SUN/S-creatinine fell and the nitrogen balance and the ratio N-balance/intake N improved. The serum concentration and the urinary excretion of MG and GSA of the 12 patients were determined by Stein's method using the modified Sakaguchi reaction. In all patients, the serum concentration and the urinary excretion of MG and GSA diminished remarkably during the treatment with a low protein diet alone and furthermore with a low protein diet and essential amino acid supply. We concluded that conservative treatment -- low nitrogen diet supplemented with sufficient calories and essential amino acids -- improved the nutritional state of uremic subjects, and decreased the metabolic production of MG and GSA. The results show that the supplementation of essential amino acids to uremic patients may be a useful treatment.", "contents": "Effect of low protein diet and surplus of essential amino acids on the serum concentration and the urinary excretion of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid in chronic renal failure. 20 patients with moderate renal failure (serum creatinine 4.5--12.0 mg/dl) and some uremic symptoms on a diet ad libitum were treated with a high caloric diet containing 0.5--0.7 g/kg/day protein, supplemented with eight essential amino acids and histidine in the form of solution and/or granules. During the treatment uremic symptoms subsided or diminished without the signs of malnutrition, SUN and the ratio SUN/S-creatinine fell and the nitrogen balance and the ratio N-balance/intake N improved. The serum concentration and the urinary excretion of MG and GSA of the 12 patients were determined by Stein's method using the modified Sakaguchi reaction. In all patients, the serum concentration and the urinary excretion of MG and GSA diminished remarkably during the treatment with a low protein diet alone and furthermore with a low protein diet and essential amino acid supply. We concluded that conservative treatment -- low nitrogen diet supplemented with sufficient calories and essential amino acids -- improved the nutritional state of uremic subjects, and decreased the metabolic production of MG and GSA. The results show that the supplementation of essential amino acids to uremic patients may be a useful treatment.", "PMID": 492426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1139", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels in the plasma of patients with renal failure.", "content": "In 25 patients with end-stage renal failure and 9 patients treated with hemodialysis an increase in norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations in the plasma and a decrease in the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was ascertained. DBH, NE and E concentrations were determined in some patients before and after commencement of the chronic hemodialysis program. NE concentration increased further both before and after single hemodialysis comparing to previous levels, E increased only after single dialysis but DBH levels did not change. NE concentration in the blood showed a positive correlation with DBH activity in healthy persons and hemodialysed patients. The observed increase in the catecholamine concentrations and decrease in the DBH activity is an evidence of dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels in the plasma of patients with renal failure. In 25 patients with end-stage renal failure and 9 patients treated with hemodialysis an increase in norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations in the plasma and a decrease in the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was ascertained. DBH, NE and E concentrations were determined in some patients before and after commencement of the chronic hemodialysis program. NE concentration increased further both before and after single hemodialysis comparing to previous levels, E increased only after single dialysis but DBH levels did not change. NE concentration in the blood showed a positive correlation with DBH activity in healthy persons and hemodialysed patients. The observed increase in the catecholamine concentrations and decrease in the DBH activity is an evidence of dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 492427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1140", "title": "[Large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery in its infraclinoidal intracranial portion (author's transl)].", "content": "Two new cases of large aneurysms of the infraclinoidal intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery are reported. After a survey of the literature, the authors emphasize the rarity of these malformations, their particular clinical picture with involvement of the cranial nerves. Among the various surgical techniques which were suggested for the management of these large aneurysms, the ligation of the internal carotid artery in the neck is favoured by the authors as the best procedure.", "contents": "[Large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery in its infraclinoidal intracranial portion (author's transl)]. Two new cases of large aneurysms of the infraclinoidal intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery are reported. After a survey of the literature, the authors emphasize the rarity of these malformations, their particular clinical picture with involvement of the cranial nerves. Among the various surgical techniques which were suggested for the management of these large aneurysms, the ligation of the internal carotid artery in the neck is favoured by the authors as the best procedure.", "PMID": 492431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1141", "title": "[Bilateral cervical internal carotid artery aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Aneurysms of the cervical internal carotid artery are not rare lesions although they often remain symptomless. The authors describe the case of an eighteen-year-old boy presenting bilateral cervical internal carotid artery aneurysms of probable traumatic origin and treated conservatively. Etiology, pathogenesis, difficulties in diagnosis and choice of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Bilateral cervical internal carotid artery aneurysms (author's transl)]. Aneurysms of the cervical internal carotid artery are not rare lesions although they often remain symptomless. The authors describe the case of an eighteen-year-old boy presenting bilateral cervical internal carotid artery aneurysms of probable traumatic origin and treated conservatively. Etiology, pathogenesis, difficulties in diagnosis and choice of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 492432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1142", "title": "[Primary intra-cerebral hemorrhage in the new born, nursling and child (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 6 cases of intracerebral hemorrhages in 6 children, of what appears to be, of primary origin. 3 cases concern children between the ages of 4 and 14 years; the 3 others are situated shortly after birth or during the first months of life. A review of the literature emphasizes the sporadic nature of these cases and the persistance of diagnostic and etiological problems as to the cause of these hemorrhages. In the course of reviewing articles as well as our own personal series, it is evident that the cat scanner has demonstrated its qualifications as a diagnostic tool in the early detection of the lesions, permitting a better adapted treatment, thus improving their prognosis. The prognosis appears to be linked : --to an early diagnosis --to whether or not the hemorrhage is of massive nature or not --to the precise location of the hematoma --to the neurological state of the patient at the time of treatment --to the absence of an associated pathologie (severe prematurity, coagulation pathology). The long distance prognosis in the case of these apparently primary hemorrhages remains uncertain, due to the high rate of recidivism at a later unpredictable date (one month or several years later); to the occurence or not of a hydrocephalus especially in the case of young infants; and frequent sequels affecting superior functions. This long distance prognosis seems, however, to be little affected by the recent acquisitions in diagnostic testing.", "contents": "[Primary intra-cerebral hemorrhage in the new born, nursling and child (author's transl)]. The authors report 6 cases of intracerebral hemorrhages in 6 children, of what appears to be, of primary origin. 3 cases concern children between the ages of 4 and 14 years; the 3 others are situated shortly after birth or during the first months of life. A review of the literature emphasizes the sporadic nature of these cases and the persistance of diagnostic and etiological problems as to the cause of these hemorrhages. In the course of reviewing articles as well as our own personal series, it is evident that the cat scanner has demonstrated its qualifications as a diagnostic tool in the early detection of the lesions, permitting a better adapted treatment, thus improving their prognosis. The prognosis appears to be linked : --to an early diagnosis --to whether or not the hemorrhage is of massive nature or not --to the precise location of the hematoma --to the neurological state of the patient at the time of treatment --to the absence of an associated pathologie (severe prematurity, coagulation pathology). The long distance prognosis in the case of these apparently primary hemorrhages remains uncertain, due to the high rate of recidivism at a later unpredictable date (one month or several years later); to the occurence or not of a hydrocephalus especially in the case of young infants; and frequent sequels affecting superior functions. This long distance prognosis seems, however, to be little affected by the recent acquisitions in diagnostic testing.", "PMID": 492433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1143", "title": "[Use of haemodilution in the treatment of cranio-cerebral injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "By decreasing blood viscosity and vascular resistance normovolemic haemodilution increases cerebral blood flow and improves microcirculation. This eliminates the symptoms of anoxia of cerebral tissue. The extent of disturbances of the blood brain barrier is decreased. The case presented in this paper illustrates the use of the above-mentioned properties of haemodilution and concerns a patient with chronic subdural haematoma. The patient's status in the pre-operative period was very poor. Craniotomy and avacuation of the haematoma did not result in a visible improvement of the patient's state. He did not regain consciousness and even lost spontaneous respiratory function. Haemodilution /Hct 29%/ was performed using Dextran 60 and 5% human albumin in the proportions 1 : 1. As a result, spontaneous respiration was restored and there was a gradual improvement in the patient's status. 29 days later it was possible to communicate with the patient. The authors are of the opinion that haemodilution could find a much application in neurosurgery than has been the case up to now.", "contents": "[Use of haemodilution in the treatment of cranio-cerebral injuries (author's transl)]. By decreasing blood viscosity and vascular resistance normovolemic haemodilution increases cerebral blood flow and improves microcirculation. This eliminates the symptoms of anoxia of cerebral tissue. The extent of disturbances of the blood brain barrier is decreased. The case presented in this paper illustrates the use of the above-mentioned properties of haemodilution and concerns a patient with chronic subdural haematoma. The patient's status in the pre-operative period was very poor. Craniotomy and avacuation of the haematoma did not result in a visible improvement of the patient's state. He did not regain consciousness and even lost spontaneous respiratory function. Haemodilution /Hct 29%/ was performed using Dextran 60 and 5% human albumin in the proportions 1 : 1. As a result, spontaneous respiration was restored and there was a gradual improvement in the patient's status. 29 days later it was possible to communicate with the patient. The authors are of the opinion that haemodilution could find a much application in neurosurgery than has been the case up to now.", "PMID": 492435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1144", "title": "[Anastomosis between subclavian artery and V. A. at C1-C2 level. Case report and reappraisal of surgical possibilities on the third portion of the vertebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A reappraisal of surgical possibilities on the third portion of the Vertebral Artery (V.A.) above C2, have been done from an anatomical study on 20 autopsied specimen. A route passing between the Internal Jugular Vein and the Sternocleido-mastoidian muscle allows a rather simple approach of the transverse process of C1. After dividing two muscles taking insertion on this process, 1,5 cm of the V.A. can be exposed. For larger exposure of the artery, the Foramen Transversaris of C1 must be unroofed and the artery dissected in the guttering of the posterior arch of Atlas. This surgical route was used in a case of aneurismal dysplasia at C3 level. An anastomosis between Subclavian Artery and V.A. at C1-C2 level was realized with an autologous saphenous vein graft. The keypoints are the highest possible freeing of the XI nerve and the head position. Rotation and extension move the transverse process and the posterior arch of Atlas superficially and anteriorly.", "contents": "[Anastomosis between subclavian artery and V. A. at C1-C2 level. Case report and reappraisal of surgical possibilities on the third portion of the vertebral artery (author's transl)]. A reappraisal of surgical possibilities on the third portion of the Vertebral Artery (V.A.) above C2, have been done from an anatomical study on 20 autopsied specimen. A route passing between the Internal Jugular Vein and the Sternocleido-mastoidian muscle allows a rather simple approach of the transverse process of C1. After dividing two muscles taking insertion on this process, 1,5 cm of the V.A. can be exposed. For larger exposure of the artery, the Foramen Transversaris of C1 must be unroofed and the artery dissected in the guttering of the posterior arch of Atlas. This surgical route was used in a case of aneurismal dysplasia at C3 level. An anastomosis between Subclavian Artery and V.A. at C1-C2 level was realized with an autologous saphenous vein graft. The keypoints are the highest possible freeing of the XI nerve and the head position. Rotation and extension move the transverse process and the posterior arch of Atlas superficially and anteriorly.", "PMID": 492436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1145", "title": "[Germinoma (ectopic pinealoma) with double location : supra-sellar and the cerebellum without pineal tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "The now nine years old girl with growth retardation, started to be ill with otitis and then diabetes insipidus of central origin at 1974. A treatment with lysin-vasopressin is prescribed. The PNEG in May 1976 shows a little, pea like, suspicious, supra-sellar nodule who is not surgically explored since they was no ophtalmologic symptoms and because a normal CT scan. Corticoid and thyroid substitutive therapy is added until September 1977 when the general status becomes impaired and vomiting starts. Also because some visual loss, a new neuroradiological study is performed showing a supra-sellar tumour and a fourth ventricle mass. The CT scan asserts the double intracranial expansive process and a posterior fossa craniotomy is done with subtotal resection of a vermian tumour and Torkildsen drainage. The histology is : Immature Dysembryoma (seminoma type) or germinoma. The follow-up was good under hormonal care. X Rays Therapy over the posterior fossa, the suprasellar region, the brain and the spinal channel was instaured. Four months later, the CT scan shows normal sized ventricles and no tumour mass at all. This case gives the authors opportunity for comments and to study the concerned literature.", "contents": "[Germinoma (ectopic pinealoma) with double location : supra-sellar and the cerebellum without pineal tumour (author's transl)]. The now nine years old girl with growth retardation, started to be ill with otitis and then diabetes insipidus of central origin at 1974. A treatment with lysin-vasopressin is prescribed. The PNEG in May 1976 shows a little, pea like, suspicious, supra-sellar nodule who is not surgically explored since they was no ophtalmologic symptoms and because a normal CT scan. Corticoid and thyroid substitutive therapy is added until September 1977 when the general status becomes impaired and vomiting starts. Also because some visual loss, a new neuroradiological study is performed showing a supra-sellar tumour and a fourth ventricle mass. The CT scan asserts the double intracranial expansive process and a posterior fossa craniotomy is done with subtotal resection of a vermian tumour and Torkildsen drainage. The histology is : Immature Dysembryoma (seminoma type) or germinoma. The follow-up was good under hormonal care. X Rays Therapy over the posterior fossa, the suprasellar region, the brain and the spinal channel was instaured. Four months later, the CT scan shows normal sized ventricles and no tumour mass at all. This case gives the authors opportunity for comments and to study the concerned literature.", "PMID": 492437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1146", "title": "[Solitary vertebral osteochondroma with spinal cord compression (author's transl)].", "content": "Solitary vertebral osteochondromas with spinal cord compression are very rare. Here we report a case of an osteochondroma of the 5th cervical vertebra protruding into the spinal canal. The therapeutic approach is discussed in relation to the natural evolution and the favourable prognosis of these lesions. The usefullness of the C.T. scan is shown both in diagnosis and post-operative follow-up.", "contents": "[Solitary vertebral osteochondroma with spinal cord compression (author's transl)]. Solitary vertebral osteochondromas with spinal cord compression are very rare. Here we report a case of an osteochondroma of the 5th cervical vertebra protruding into the spinal canal. The therapeutic approach is discussed in relation to the natural evolution and the favourable prognosis of these lesions. The usefullness of the C.T. scan is shown both in diagnosis and post-operative follow-up.", "PMID": 492438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1147", "title": "[Intraventricular hemorrhage : relation between the symptomatology and computed tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The author gives a description of 60 patients with a ventricular hemorrhage. In most of the cases an intracerebral hematoma or a vascular malformation (aneurysm, angioma) are the causes of the ventricular hemorrhage. Frequently the symptomatology is caracterised by a sudden coma (ictus apoplecticus) or the clinical picture of a subarachnoid hemorrhage without important disturbances of consciousness. With computed tomography a ventricular hemorrhage can be diagnosed very easily. Three formes can be distinguished : haematocephalus totalis, haematocephalus partialis and intraventricular hemorrhage. Most of the patients were treated conservatively. Only 11 patients received surgical treatment. The mortality is very important : 58,3%. Nevertheless this study shows that not all ventricular hemorrhages have a bad prognosis. In one third of the patients the consciousness was normal or only mildly disturbed. These patients had a good recovery. It seems that the ventricular hemorrhage is not the only factor which influences the clinical picture. The origin, the localisation and extent of the primary hemorrhage are essential prognostic factors for morbidity ahd mortality. Above all the direct or indirect lesions of the brain stem seems to be an important factor.", "contents": "[Intraventricular hemorrhage : relation between the symptomatology and computed tomography (author's transl)]. The author gives a description of 60 patients with a ventricular hemorrhage. In most of the cases an intracerebral hematoma or a vascular malformation (aneurysm, angioma) are the causes of the ventricular hemorrhage. Frequently the symptomatology is caracterised by a sudden coma (ictus apoplecticus) or the clinical picture of a subarachnoid hemorrhage without important disturbances of consciousness. With computed tomography a ventricular hemorrhage can be diagnosed very easily. Three formes can be distinguished : haematocephalus totalis, haematocephalus partialis and intraventricular hemorrhage. Most of the patients were treated conservatively. Only 11 patients received surgical treatment. The mortality is very important : 58,3%. Nevertheless this study shows that not all ventricular hemorrhages have a bad prognosis. In one third of the patients the consciousness was normal or only mildly disturbed. These patients had a good recovery. It seems that the ventricular hemorrhage is not the only factor which influences the clinical picture. The origin, the localisation and extent of the primary hemorrhage are essential prognostic factors for morbidity ahd mortality. Above all the direct or indirect lesions of the brain stem seems to be an important factor.", "PMID": 492439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1148", "title": "[Acoustic neurinomas. Trans-labyrinthine approach (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, supporters of a tight oto-neuro-surgical collaboration, show their tactical evolution in front of acoustic neurinomas which they operated at first in two stages, trans-labyrinthine then sub-occipital, and now they approach only by trans-labyrinthine way. They report their experience and their results to the point of a first serie of 30 cases : 10 combined approaches in two stages, and 20 trans-labyrinthine approaches. The mortality (3 cases-10%) for this first serie is still raised. One patient, after a softening of the pons, maintained important sequelles. On the other hand, among the remaining 26 patients, 13 kept a normal facial motricity and 5 recovered but with syncinesis. These first results are still perfectible : among the 20 last cases only trans-labyrinthine approached the facial nerve preservation was realised in 72% of the cases. The most frequent surgical complication is a cerebro-spinal fluid leak (7 cases) which fortunately the most often spontaneously dry up (6 cases) but which justify a very attentive closure technic. The authors show the arguments which convinced them of the interest of the trans-labyrinthine approach such it is done by W. House.", "contents": "[Acoustic neurinomas. Trans-labyrinthine approach (author's transl)]. The authors, supporters of a tight oto-neuro-surgical collaboration, show their tactical evolution in front of acoustic neurinomas which they operated at first in two stages, trans-labyrinthine then sub-occipital, and now they approach only by trans-labyrinthine way. They report their experience and their results to the point of a first serie of 30 cases : 10 combined approaches in two stages, and 20 trans-labyrinthine approaches. The mortality (3 cases-10%) for this first serie is still raised. One patient, after a softening of the pons, maintained important sequelles. On the other hand, among the remaining 26 patients, 13 kept a normal facial motricity and 5 recovered but with syncinesis. These first results are still perfectible : among the 20 last cases only trans-labyrinthine approached the facial nerve preservation was realised in 72% of the cases. The most frequent surgical complication is a cerebro-spinal fluid leak (7 cases) which fortunately the most often spontaneously dry up (6 cases) but which justify a very attentive closure technic. The authors show the arguments which convinced them of the interest of the trans-labyrinthine approach such it is done by W. House.", "PMID": 492441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1149", "title": "[Percutaneous thermocoagulation of sacral roots (author's transl)].", "content": "Following spinal cord lesions, signs of spasticity may be observed on bladder with decreased capacity and urinary leaks. We have attempted to associate the inocuity of anesthetic blocks and the selective precision of microsurgical rhizotomies by percutaneous thermocoagulation of sacral roots. Bilateral 53 root coagulation, under Rx control, vesical pressure monitoring and stimulation tests, is ususally efficient. Authors report the technic and the results of this simple method about the first nine cases with more than one year of follow up.", "contents": "[Percutaneous thermocoagulation of sacral roots (author's transl)]. Following spinal cord lesions, signs of spasticity may be observed on bladder with decreased capacity and urinary leaks. We have attempted to associate the inocuity of anesthetic blocks and the selective precision of microsurgical rhizotomies by percutaneous thermocoagulation of sacral roots. Bilateral 53 root coagulation, under Rx control, vesical pressure monitoring and stimulation tests, is ususally efficient. Authors report the technic and the results of this simple method about the first nine cases with more than one year of follow up.", "PMID": 492442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1150", "title": "Activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the goldfish optic tectum after disconnection.", "content": "Activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated in the goldfish optic tectum after disconnection of the optic afferents. Permanent disconnection was achieved by eye removal, and optic nerve crush produced a temporary disconnection until regeneration. There was a rapid loss in total activity per tectum for both enzymes under the two disconnection conditions. At longer intervals after optic nerve crush the levels of total activity for both enzymes returned toward control levels, as regeneration of the nerve proceeded. Total activity for both enzymes remained depressed after eye removal, however. Variable results were obtained in specific activity data, expressed per unit protein, although there was a 10% loss in specific activity of CAT at early intervals after eye removal. The data are interpreted as consistent with the possibility that at least a fraction of the axons in the retinotectal pathway of goldfish are cholinergic, and parallel our previous observations showing similar rapid losses of nicotinic-cholinergic receptor activity in this system.", "contents": "Activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the goldfish optic tectum after disconnection. Activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated in the goldfish optic tectum after disconnection of the optic afferents. Permanent disconnection was achieved by eye removal, and optic nerve crush produced a temporary disconnection until regeneration. There was a rapid loss in total activity per tectum for both enzymes under the two disconnection conditions. At longer intervals after optic nerve crush the levels of total activity for both enzymes returned toward control levels, as regeneration of the nerve proceeded. Total activity for both enzymes remained depressed after eye removal, however. Variable results were obtained in specific activity data, expressed per unit protein, although there was a 10% loss in specific activity of CAT at early intervals after eye removal. The data are interpreted as consistent with the possibility that at least a fraction of the axons in the retinotectal pathway of goldfish are cholinergic, and parallel our previous observations showing similar rapid losses of nicotinic-cholinergic receptor activity in this system.", "PMID": 492444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1151", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the specificity of tRNA methyltransferases in the cerebellum of the icteric and nonicteric Gunn rat.", "content": "The activity of tRNA methyltransferases present in the cerebellum of 6- and 21-day-old nonicteric and icteric Gunn rats was compared using purified E. coli tRNAs as substrates. At 6 days the tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric animals were significantly more effective in methylating tRNAGlu2 and tRNAPhe than were those of their nonicteric counterparts. This relationship reversed itself at 21 days. The action of the tRNA methyltransferases from the 6-day-old icteric animals led to higher proportions of 1-methyladenine in tRNAGlu2 and tRNAPhe than were obtained using the corresponding enzymes of the nonicteric animals. The proportion of N2-methylguanine was also higher, yet only in tRNAfMet and not in tRNAPhe. The study reveals much more extensive fluctuations in the activity and in the substrate recognition specificity among the cerebellar tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric than among those of the nonicteric controls during the crucial 6--21 day period of cerebellar development.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the specificity of tRNA methyltransferases in the cerebellum of the icteric and nonicteric Gunn rat. The activity of tRNA methyltransferases present in the cerebellum of 6- and 21-day-old nonicteric and icteric Gunn rats was compared using purified E. coli tRNAs as substrates. At 6 days the tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric animals were significantly more effective in methylating tRNAGlu2 and tRNAPhe than were those of their nonicteric counterparts. This relationship reversed itself at 21 days. The action of the tRNA methyltransferases from the 6-day-old icteric animals led to higher proportions of 1-methyladenine in tRNAGlu2 and tRNAPhe than were obtained using the corresponding enzymes of the nonicteric animals. The proportion of N2-methylguanine was also higher, yet only in tRNAfMet and not in tRNAPhe. The study reveals much more extensive fluctuations in the activity and in the substrate recognition specificity among the cerebellar tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric than among those of the nonicteric controls during the crucial 6--21 day period of cerebellar development.", "PMID": 492445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1152", "title": "Glutamate decarboxylase activity in chick brain and retina. Inhibition of the immature enzyme by Triton-X-100.", "content": "We have studied the effect of Triton-X-100 on glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity in brain and retina from chick embryos of 12 and 16 days' incubation and from chicks 4--6 weeks old. GAD activity was measured in five different homogenization media. Triton-X-100 inhibited the enzyme by about 60% in both brain and retina of 12-day embryos and by about 50% in 16-day embryos, independently of the homogenization medium. In chicks only about 20% inhibition by the detergent was observed in brain whereas no effect was found in retina. These results indicate that the evaluation of the experimental conditions of enzyme assays at different ages is essential for developmental studies of GAD activity in nervous tissue.", "contents": "Glutamate decarboxylase activity in chick brain and retina. Inhibition of the immature enzyme by Triton-X-100. We have studied the effect of Triton-X-100 on glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity in brain and retina from chick embryos of 12 and 16 days' incubation and from chicks 4--6 weeks old. GAD activity was measured in five different homogenization media. Triton-X-100 inhibited the enzyme by about 60% in both brain and retina of 12-day embryos and by about 50% in 16-day embryos, independently of the homogenization medium. In chicks only about 20% inhibition by the detergent was observed in brain whereas no effect was found in retina. These results indicate that the evaluation of the experimental conditions of enzyme assays at different ages is essential for developmental studies of GAD activity in nervous tissue.", "PMID": 492446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1153", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of two pathways for ethanolamine phosphoglyceride biosynthesis in rat brain in vivo.", "content": "[3H]Ethanolamine and [32P]orthophosphate were injected intraventricularly into adult female rats. At varying time intervals after the injection (1--10 min), the animals were killed by means of a microwave apparatus, and phosphorylethanolamine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were extracted from the brains and counted after separation. The kinetic constants for phosphorylethanolamine incorporation into ethanolamine lipids were calculated both from 3H data and from 32P data. From our results, it seems that base exchange reactions for ethanolamine incorporation into ethanolamine lipids are a pathway active in brain in vivo.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of two pathways for ethanolamine phosphoglyceride biosynthesis in rat brain in vivo. [3H]Ethanolamine and [32P]orthophosphate were injected intraventricularly into adult female rats. At varying time intervals after the injection (1--10 min), the animals were killed by means of a microwave apparatus, and phosphorylethanolamine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were extracted from the brains and counted after separation. The kinetic constants for phosphorylethanolamine incorporation into ethanolamine lipids were calculated both from 3H data and from 32P data. From our results, it seems that base exchange reactions for ethanolamine incorporation into ethanolamine lipids are a pathway active in brain in vivo.", "PMID": 492447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1154", "title": "Biopterin. VI. Purification and primary amino acid sequence of mammalian D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase.", "content": "An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-amino-6-(5'-triphosphoribosyl)amino-5- or 6-formamido-6-hydroxypyrimidine, but not of guanosine triphosphate, to quinonoid 6-(D-erythro-1'-2'-3'-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropterin triphosphate and formic acid has been purified to homogeneity from some mammalian brain and liver. The enzyme of a single strand is a basic protein of 9177 daltons consisting of 68 amino acid residues--except the enzyme from rat brain, which has one additional aspartic acid as residue 7. The enzyme possesses three free SH groups and, in its most active form, 1 mol of phosphate per mole of enzyme. Peptides isolated after hydrolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or weak acid were separated by thin-layer chromatography and sequenced manually by Edman degradation. The complete sequence of the molecule was established as follows: (formula: see text)", "contents": "Biopterin. VI. Purification and primary amino acid sequence of mammalian D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase. An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-amino-6-(5'-triphosphoribosyl)amino-5- or 6-formamido-6-hydroxypyrimidine, but not of guanosine triphosphate, to quinonoid 6-(D-erythro-1'-2'-3'-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropterin triphosphate and formic acid has been purified to homogeneity from some mammalian brain and liver. The enzyme of a single strand is a basic protein of 9177 daltons consisting of 68 amino acid residues--except the enzyme from rat brain, which has one additional aspartic acid as residue 7. The enzyme possesses three free SH groups and, in its most active form, 1 mol of phosphate per mole of enzyme. Peptides isolated after hydrolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or weak acid were separated by thin-layer chromatography and sequenced manually by Edman degradation. The complete sequence of the molecule was established as follows: (formula: see text)", "PMID": 492448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1155", "title": "Effect of Met-enkephalin and (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide on the adenylate cyclase activity of rat brain.", "content": "Among opiatelike peptides, stimulatory as well as inhibitory effects are encountered on adenylate cyclase activity. These actions are dependent not only on the investigated brain region but also on the applied peptide. Met-enkephalin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the rat brain stem (D-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide and beta-endorphin inhibited it, whereas all three peptides inhibited the activity of cortex. Naloxone antagonized the effects of the applied peptides in the presence of sodium chloride.", "contents": "Effect of Met-enkephalin and (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide on the adenylate cyclase activity of rat brain. Among opiatelike peptides, stimulatory as well as inhibitory effects are encountered on adenylate cyclase activity. These actions are dependent not only on the investigated brain region but also on the applied peptide. Met-enkephalin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the rat brain stem (D-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide and beta-endorphin inhibited it, whereas all three peptides inhibited the activity of cortex. Naloxone antagonized the effects of the applied peptides in the presence of sodium chloride.", "PMID": 492449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1156", "title": "Uptake of para-tyramine and meta-tyramine into slices of the caudate nucleus and hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "The kinetics of the uptake of p-tyramine, m-tyramine, and dopamine were investigated in slices of the hypothalamus and striatum of the rat in the presence of nialamide. When uptake was analyzed by a least-squares fit to a Lineweaver-Burk plot, each amine appeared to be concentrated by both a \"low\"-affinity and a \"high\"-affinity system in both brain regions. The obtained Km and Vmax values for the \"high\"-affinity uptake system for each amine in both brain regions were similar. In general terms, the uptake systems in the striatum exhibited larger Km and Vmax values, with the velocity of uptake being in the order dopamine less than m-tyramine less than p-tyramine. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) and ouabain reduced all uptakes in the caudate, but reduced only the \"high\"-affinity uptake of m-tyramine and the \"low\"-affinity uptake of dopamine in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Uptake of para-tyramine and meta-tyramine into slices of the caudate nucleus and hypothalamus of the rat. The kinetics of the uptake of p-tyramine, m-tyramine, and dopamine were investigated in slices of the hypothalamus and striatum of the rat in the presence of nialamide. When uptake was analyzed by a least-squares fit to a Lineweaver-Burk plot, each amine appeared to be concentrated by both a \"low\"-affinity and a \"high\"-affinity system in both brain regions. The obtained Km and Vmax values for the \"high\"-affinity uptake system for each amine in both brain regions were similar. In general terms, the uptake systems in the striatum exhibited larger Km and Vmax values, with the velocity of uptake being in the order dopamine less than m-tyramine less than p-tyramine. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) and ouabain reduced all uptakes in the caudate, but reduced only the \"high\"-affinity uptake of m-tyramine and the \"low\"-affinity uptake of dopamine in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 492450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1157", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology using \"cytospin\" in patients with brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology was performed using cytocentrifugation method (\"Cytospin\") in 88 preoperative patients who had been known to have deeply seated brain tumors by CT. 20 cases (22.7%) among them showed positive findings and 11 cases (12.5%) probably positive findings. High incidence of positive results were obtained in germinomas (60.9%), ependymomas (50.0%), medulloblastomas (40.0%), followed by malignant lymphomas (20.0%), pontine gliomas (16.7%) and metastatic tumors (16.7%). In contrast, it was persistently negative in cerebral astrocytomas, glioblastomas, teratomas, epidermoids, meningiomas and neurinomas. This method was quickly prepared in 30 minutes and was superior in retaining detailed cytomorphology. It was concluded that the CSF cytology is a less invasive diagnostic investigation, can provide an additional information as regards the nature of some kinds of brain tumors and is still useful even in the CT era.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology using \"cytospin\" in patients with brain tumors (author's transl)]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology was performed using cytocentrifugation method (\"Cytospin\") in 88 preoperative patients who had been known to have deeply seated brain tumors by CT. 20 cases (22.7%) among them showed positive findings and 11 cases (12.5%) probably positive findings. High incidence of positive results were obtained in germinomas (60.9%), ependymomas (50.0%), medulloblastomas (40.0%), followed by malignant lymphomas (20.0%), pontine gliomas (16.7%) and metastatic tumors (16.7%). In contrast, it was persistently negative in cerebral astrocytomas, glioblastomas, teratomas, epidermoids, meningiomas and neurinomas. This method was quickly prepared in 30 minutes and was superior in retaining detailed cytomorphology. It was concluded that the CSF cytology is a less invasive diagnostic investigation, can provide an additional information as regards the nature of some kinds of brain tumors and is still useful even in the CT era.", "PMID": 492453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1158", "title": "[Brain abscess (Part 5)--Brain abscess following internal carotid occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of brain abscess following an occlusion of the internal carotid artery were reported. Case 1: A 6-year-old girl with congenital heart disease was admitted with headache, disturbance of consciousness and left hemiparesis. Right carotid angiography revealed an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. After 6 months, she was readmitted with high fever. CT scan revealed a low density area and a ring-like shadow at the same site of cerebral infarction. Case 2: A 69-year-old man was admitted in semicoma and with right hemiplegia. Left angiography revealed an occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. After 2 months, a brain abscess was noted in the infarcted area. Case 3: A 20-year-old man with congenital heart disease, was admitted due to headache, vomiting and high fever. CT scan revealed a brain abscess in the right frontal lobe. Carotid angiography showed bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. We concluded that diminution of cerebral oxygen and encephalomalacia are predisposing factors to the evolution of brain abscess.", "contents": "[Brain abscess (Part 5)--Brain abscess following internal carotid occlusion (author's transl)]. Three cases of brain abscess following an occlusion of the internal carotid artery were reported. Case 1: A 6-year-old girl with congenital heart disease was admitted with headache, disturbance of consciousness and left hemiparesis. Right carotid angiography revealed an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. After 6 months, she was readmitted with high fever. CT scan revealed a low density area and a ring-like shadow at the same site of cerebral infarction. Case 2: A 69-year-old man was admitted in semicoma and with right hemiplegia. Left angiography revealed an occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. After 2 months, a brain abscess was noted in the infarcted area. Case 3: A 20-year-old man with congenital heart disease, was admitted due to headache, vomiting and high fever. CT scan revealed a brain abscess in the right frontal lobe. Carotid angiography showed bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. We concluded that diminution of cerebral oxygen and encephalomalacia are predisposing factors to the evolution of brain abscess.", "PMID": 492456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1159", "title": "[A case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma originating from the spinal dura (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma originating from the thoracic spinal dura was reported. A 10-year-old girl complained of paresis of the right leg in June 1977. Then she became unable to walk early in August, and a complete paraparesis developed on August 18. She was admitted to our department on August 22. On admission she had complete paraparesis, bilateral ankle clonus, upward plantar reflexes, sensory disturbance below T7, shincter disturbance and neck stiffness. Plain thoracic X-ray revealed bilateral decalcification of pedicles of T6. Myodil myelography showed a complete block between T6 and lower end of T7 vertebrae. Bilateral laminectomy from T3 to T8 was performed. A tumor originating from the spinal dura was located in the right dorsal extradural space. The tumor was totally removed together with a small area of the affected dura. Light microscopy showed mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Her recovery from neurological deficiencies was excellent and now she can run 14 months after surgery. Metastasis or recurrence has not yet been seen.", "contents": "[A case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma originating from the spinal dura (author's transl)]. A rare case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma originating from the thoracic spinal dura was reported. A 10-year-old girl complained of paresis of the right leg in June 1977. Then she became unable to walk early in August, and a complete paraparesis developed on August 18. She was admitted to our department on August 22. On admission she had complete paraparesis, bilateral ankle clonus, upward plantar reflexes, sensory disturbance below T7, shincter disturbance and neck stiffness. Plain thoracic X-ray revealed bilateral decalcification of pedicles of T6. Myodil myelography showed a complete block between T6 and lower end of T7 vertebrae. Bilateral laminectomy from T3 to T8 was performed. A tumor originating from the spinal dura was located in the right dorsal extradural space. The tumor was totally removed together with a small area of the affected dura. Light microscopy showed mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Her recovery from neurological deficiencies was excellent and now she can run 14 months after surgery. Metastasis or recurrence has not yet been seen.", "PMID": 492458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1160", "title": "[Computed tomography in crossed aphasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Crossed aphasia, first described by Bramwell, is aphasia due to the hemispheric damage on the side of handedness. Crossed aphasia in a dextral is rare, and in Japan, there have not been more than ten cases in which the lesion is localized clearly. The cases reported till now have been verified mainly by necropsy. However, the time lag between the appearance of aphasia and the necropsy may affect the conclusion subtly. We consider that computed tomography (CT) can obtain almost the same findings as that by necropsy. However, at present there have been few cases diagnosed by CT except two cases reported by April et al. and Wechsler. We have reported a 47-year-old man in a dextral, who shows left hemiparesis and Broca's aphasia. His lesion is diagnosed by cerebral angiography and CT as the right hemisphere infarction due to right middle cerebral artery occlusion. CT localizes the lesion on the right hemisphere mainly sited deep region and sited wedge shaped cortical area of the fronto-parietal region. On the other hand, it localizes no lesion on the left hemisphere. CT in aphasia has been already reported by Hayward et al. In their report they concluded that correlation of lesion located by CT with aphasia type supported Geschwind's concept of aphasia. In this report we have discussed CT in crossed aphasia analysing our case and the two cases by April et al. and Wechsler. Three cases including our case are all Broca's aphasia, and we compare the lesion location of these three cases with Hayward's lesion located on Broca's aphasia. As the result of this, we can draw the conclusion that the lesion location by CT of these three cases and that of Hayward's report are almost symmetric.", "contents": "[Computed tomography in crossed aphasia (author's transl)]. Crossed aphasia, first described by Bramwell, is aphasia due to the hemispheric damage on the side of handedness. Crossed aphasia in a dextral is rare, and in Japan, there have not been more than ten cases in which the lesion is localized clearly. The cases reported till now have been verified mainly by necropsy. However, the time lag between the appearance of aphasia and the necropsy may affect the conclusion subtly. We consider that computed tomography (CT) can obtain almost the same findings as that by necropsy. However, at present there have been few cases diagnosed by CT except two cases reported by April et al. and Wechsler. We have reported a 47-year-old man in a dextral, who shows left hemiparesis and Broca's aphasia. His lesion is diagnosed by cerebral angiography and CT as the right hemisphere infarction due to right middle cerebral artery occlusion. CT localizes the lesion on the right hemisphere mainly sited deep region and sited wedge shaped cortical area of the fronto-parietal region. On the other hand, it localizes no lesion on the left hemisphere. CT in aphasia has been already reported by Hayward et al. In their report they concluded that correlation of lesion located by CT with aphasia type supported Geschwind's concept of aphasia. In this report we have discussed CT in crossed aphasia analysing our case and the two cases by April et al. and Wechsler. Three cases including our case are all Broca's aphasia, and we compare the lesion location of these three cases with Hayward's lesion located on Broca's aphasia. As the result of this, we can draw the conclusion that the lesion location by CT of these three cases and that of Hayward's report are almost symmetric.", "PMID": 492459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1161", "title": "[Cryptococcal granulomatous arachnitis of the spinal cord--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cryptococcal granulomatous arachnitis of the spinal cord was reported. A 12-year-old boy suffered from sudden occipitalgia and left hemiparesis. The symptoms disappeared spontaneously in about a half year. The next year, he consulted an orthopedist because of lumbago and gait disturbance. Myelography through the cisternal route showed complete block at the level of L1. Exploratory laminectomy of D12 and L1 revealed adhesive arachnitis. Symptoms were improved immediately after the operation. At the age of 15, he was admitted to our clinic, because of sudden onset of headache and vomiting. Computed tomography showed marked hydrocephalus. He recovered by ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and was discharged. The next year, sudden back pain occurred. Gait disturbance, sensory disturbance of the legs and trunks below the mamilla, and dysuria appeared gradually. He was readmitted and laminectomy of D2-4 was performed. The arachnoid membrane was white and 2 mm in thickness diffusely. Thickened arachnoid membrane was removed at the level of D2-4. Histological diagnosis was granulomatous arachnitis. Cryptococcus was seen in the removed tissue. Symptoms were improved after operation. One thousand milligrams of amphoterisin B was injected intermittently. He was discharged on food. Spinal symptoms in cryptococcosis are rare. Operative procedures were effective before the administration of amphoterisin B.", "contents": "[Cryptococcal granulomatous arachnitis of the spinal cord--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of cryptococcal granulomatous arachnitis of the spinal cord was reported. A 12-year-old boy suffered from sudden occipitalgia and left hemiparesis. The symptoms disappeared spontaneously in about a half year. The next year, he consulted an orthopedist because of lumbago and gait disturbance. Myelography through the cisternal route showed complete block at the level of L1. Exploratory laminectomy of D12 and L1 revealed adhesive arachnitis. Symptoms were improved immediately after the operation. At the age of 15, he was admitted to our clinic, because of sudden onset of headache and vomiting. Computed tomography showed marked hydrocephalus. He recovered by ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and was discharged. The next year, sudden back pain occurred. Gait disturbance, sensory disturbance of the legs and trunks below the mamilla, and dysuria appeared gradually. He was readmitted and laminectomy of D2-4 was performed. The arachnoid membrane was white and 2 mm in thickness diffusely. Thickened arachnoid membrane was removed at the level of D2-4. Histological diagnosis was granulomatous arachnitis. Cryptococcus was seen in the removed tissue. Symptoms were improved after operation. One thousand milligrams of amphoterisin B was injected intermittently. He was discharged on food. Spinal symptoms in cryptococcosis are rare. Operative procedures were effective before the administration of amphoterisin B.", "PMID": 492461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1162", "title": "[Choroid plexus carcinoma with metastasis to bone (author's transl)].", "content": "A very rare case of the choroid plexus carcinoma of the left lateral ventricle with metastasis to bone was reported. A two-month-old baby was suffering from irritability and vomiting. Her vital signs became progressively worse. On admission she showed an increased head circumference and meningeal irritation signs. An emergency tapping of the right lateral ventricle at the anterior fontanel revealed the bloody csf and an opening pressure of over 700 mm of water. All laboratory findings were negative. Cerebral angiograms showed only an internal hydrocephalus. CT scan and conray-ventriculography gave the finding of a tumor at the trigone of the left lateral ventricle. The tumor was removed \"en bloc\". Histological examination of the tumor revealed a choroid plexus carcinoma, which was considered met the criteria given by Russell and Rubinstein. The postoperative course was very complicated with metastasis to the right tibia, which was verified by needle biopsy. The patient died from a cachexia. This case was the youngest of all reported cases and very unique in the point of which the tumor metastasized to outside of the central neural axis.", "contents": "[Choroid plexus carcinoma with metastasis to bone (author's transl)]. A very rare case of the choroid plexus carcinoma of the left lateral ventricle with metastasis to bone was reported. A two-month-old baby was suffering from irritability and vomiting. Her vital signs became progressively worse. On admission she showed an increased head circumference and meningeal irritation signs. An emergency tapping of the right lateral ventricle at the anterior fontanel revealed the bloody csf and an opening pressure of over 700 mm of water. All laboratory findings were negative. Cerebral angiograms showed only an internal hydrocephalus. CT scan and conray-ventriculography gave the finding of a tumor at the trigone of the left lateral ventricle. The tumor was removed \"en bloc\". Histological examination of the tumor revealed a choroid plexus carcinoma, which was considered met the criteria given by Russell and Rubinstein. The postoperative course was very complicated with metastasis to the right tibia, which was verified by needle biopsy. The patient died from a cachexia. This case was the youngest of all reported cases and very unique in the point of which the tumor metastasized to outside of the central neural axis.", "PMID": 492463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1163", "title": "[Oculomotor palsy due to aneurysm of internal carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-five cases of berry aneurysm on the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery were reviewed on the viewpoint of oculomotor palsy. 27 of 65 patients (42%) showed oculomotor palsy. Most cases of complete oculomotor paralysis developed immediately after having subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas the case of gradually developing oculomotor palsy tended to manifest diplopia first, and followed with blephaloptosis. The recovery rate from oculomotor palsy seemed to be correlated with the duration from the onset of symptom to surgery. The recovery from the complete oculomotor paralysis lasting for a long time seemed to be unsatisfactory unless the surgical direct procedure to the aneurysm was successful in early stage.", "contents": "[Oculomotor palsy due to aneurysm of internal carotid artery (author's transl)]. Sixty-five cases of berry aneurysm on the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery were reviewed on the viewpoint of oculomotor palsy. 27 of 65 patients (42%) showed oculomotor palsy. Most cases of complete oculomotor paralysis developed immediately after having subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas the case of gradually developing oculomotor palsy tended to manifest diplopia first, and followed with blephaloptosis. The recovery rate from oculomotor palsy seemed to be correlated with the duration from the onset of symptom to surgery. The recovery from the complete oculomotor paralysis lasting for a long time seemed to be unsatisfactory unless the surgical direct procedure to the aneurysm was successful in early stage.", "PMID": 492466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1164", "title": "[Vasoconstriction of external carotid arteries after the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient in whom vasospasm of not only intracranial but also extracranial arteries was demonstrated after the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm was reported. A 55-year-old male was admitted with a ruptured left IC-PC aneurysm. Intracranial direct operation and continuous ventricular drainage were performed 33 hours after the rupture. Six days after the surgery, right hemiparesis and consciousness disturbances developed. Angiography revealed severe vasospasm of intra-and extracranial arteries, especially branches of the external carotid artery. The symptoms improved markedly following the superior cervical ganglionectomy and perivascular sympathectomy of cervical internal carotid artery on the left side. Vasospasm of the external carotid system, which has not been reported, was further investigated angiographically in 23 patients who had vasospasm of the intracranial arteries after aneurysm rupture. In about 50% of these patients was found vasospasm of the external carotid system too. These changes were not found in control cases without vasospasm of the intracranial arteries. Pathogenesis of the vasospasm of the external carotid system was discussed with particular emphasis on the relationship with the sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "[Vasoconstriction of external carotid arteries after the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (author's transl)]. A patient in whom vasospasm of not only intracranial but also extracranial arteries was demonstrated after the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm was reported. A 55-year-old male was admitted with a ruptured left IC-PC aneurysm. Intracranial direct operation and continuous ventricular drainage were performed 33 hours after the rupture. Six days after the surgery, right hemiparesis and consciousness disturbances developed. Angiography revealed severe vasospasm of intra-and extracranial arteries, especially branches of the external carotid artery. The symptoms improved markedly following the superior cervical ganglionectomy and perivascular sympathectomy of cervical internal carotid artery on the left side. Vasospasm of the external carotid system, which has not been reported, was further investigated angiographically in 23 patients who had vasospasm of the intracranial arteries after aneurysm rupture. In about 50% of these patients was found vasospasm of the external carotid system too. These changes were not found in control cases without vasospasm of the intracranial arteries. Pathogenesis of the vasospasm of the external carotid system was discussed with particular emphasis on the relationship with the sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 492467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1165", "title": "[The effect of mannitol in preventing the development of cerebral infarction--an electron microscopical investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "We have undertaken an electron microscopical investigation of the effects of mannitol on the development of cerebral infarction using an experimental model for thalamic infarction in dogs. 1) It was found that administration of 20% mannitol (2 g/kg) prior to arterial occlusion had significantly suppressive effects upon the formation of cerebral infarction following occlusion. 2) In the control group, only one animal with 30 minutes occlusion showed no pathological changes, but, in the mannitol group, dogs with normal brain tissue were seen even after 120 minutes occlusion. 3) All of the control animals with 60 minutes occlusion showed nerve cell shrinkage, but none of the mannitol treated animals showed such changes. 4) After 180 minutes of arterial occlusion, no notable differences were found between the control and mannitol groups. In one of the mannitol treated animals, cerebral infarction was more severe than in the control group.", "contents": "[The effect of mannitol in preventing the development of cerebral infarction--an electron microscopical investigation (author's transl)]. We have undertaken an electron microscopical investigation of the effects of mannitol on the development of cerebral infarction using an experimental model for thalamic infarction in dogs. 1) It was found that administration of 20% mannitol (2 g/kg) prior to arterial occlusion had significantly suppressive effects upon the formation of cerebral infarction following occlusion. 2) In the control group, only one animal with 30 minutes occlusion showed no pathological changes, but, in the mannitol group, dogs with normal brain tissue were seen even after 120 minutes occlusion. 3) All of the control animals with 60 minutes occlusion showed nerve cell shrinkage, but none of the mannitol treated animals showed such changes. 4) After 180 minutes of arterial occlusion, no notable differences were found between the control and mannitol groups. In one of the mannitol treated animals, cerebral infarction was more severe than in the control group.", "PMID": 492468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1166", "title": "[A case of giant choroid plexus carcinoma in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "A 1-year-and 4-month-old girl with giant choroid plesux carcinoma was reported from a viewpoint of surgical treatment. As this tumor develops in the ventricular system, rapid deterioration of the general condition due to marked intracranial hypertention is seen especially in children. Therefore, the first aid of the surgical treatment is the control of the intracranial pressure by continuous ventricular drainage in an attempt to improve the general condition of the patient. Because the tumor is very bloody, applying of the temporary clip on the feeding artery such as the anterior choroidal artery should be recommended prior to the dissection of the tumor during surgery.", "contents": "[A case of giant choroid plexus carcinoma in a child (author's transl)]. A 1-year-and 4-month-old girl with giant choroid plesux carcinoma was reported from a viewpoint of surgical treatment. As this tumor develops in the ventricular system, rapid deterioration of the general condition due to marked intracranial hypertention is seen especially in children. Therefore, the first aid of the surgical treatment is the control of the intracranial pressure by continuous ventricular drainage in an attempt to improve the general condition of the patient. Because the tumor is very bloody, applying of the temporary clip on the feeding artery such as the anterior choroidal artery should be recommended prior to the dissection of the tumor during surgery.", "PMID": 492471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1167", "title": "[Giant optic glioma--case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 1/2-year-old girl with a huge optic glioma was reported. On February 26, 1978, she was hospitalized for signs of increased intracranial pressure, namely headache, vomiting and consciousness disturbance. Before admission she did not complain of her visual disturbance. A huge mass lesion in the subfrontal-suprasellar region was found by neuroradiological examination. The operation was performed on March 7, 1978, and the tumor arising from the right optic nerve, about 170 grams in weight, was totally removed in piecemeals. Histopathological diagnosis was pilocytic astrocytoma. Immediately after operation diabetes insipidus and hypernatremia developed, but two months later these symptoms disappeared. Post-operative CT scan demonstrated no mass lesion in the subfrontal-suprasellar region. After radiation therapy, she was discharged with slight left hemiparesis on August 31, 1978. Though her right eye was blind, visual acuity remained 0.2 in the left eye. No other neurologic deficits could be found.", "contents": "[Giant optic glioma--case report (author's transl)]. A 3 1/2-year-old girl with a huge optic glioma was reported. On February 26, 1978, she was hospitalized for signs of increased intracranial pressure, namely headache, vomiting and consciousness disturbance. Before admission she did not complain of her visual disturbance. A huge mass lesion in the subfrontal-suprasellar region was found by neuroradiological examination. The operation was performed on March 7, 1978, and the tumor arising from the right optic nerve, about 170 grams in weight, was totally removed in piecemeals. Histopathological diagnosis was pilocytic astrocytoma. Immediately after operation diabetes insipidus and hypernatremia developed, but two months later these symptoms disappeared. Post-operative CT scan demonstrated no mass lesion in the subfrontal-suprasellar region. After radiation therapy, she was discharged with slight left hemiparesis on August 31, 1978. Though her right eye was blind, visual acuity remained 0.2 in the left eye. No other neurologic deficits could be found.", "PMID": 492474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1168", "title": "Effect of intraventricular infusion of catecholamines on luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized and ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats.", "content": "This study examined alterations in episodic LH release in response to prolonged, slow infusions of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), or epinephrine (EPIN) into the thire ventricle in adult, ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and the influence of priming with ovarian steroids on the LH response to the catecholamines. Unanesthetized rats with right atrial cannulae were bled continuously at slow rates for 1--1 1/2 h prior to infusion, 1--1 1/2 h during infusion, and up to 1 h afterwards. The amines were protected from oxidation by ascorbic acid, and infused in an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vehicle (pH 7.29--7.33) into the third ventricle at a rate of 25--27 microliter/h. Blood samples were analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. In unprimed, OVX rats, infusions of artificial CSF, as well as low doses of DA (2--4 micrograms/h) or NE (0.3--0.6 micrograms/h), had no effect on episodic LH release or mean blood LH levels. However, administration of 8.5 and 17 micrograms DA/h, and 5.5 and 11 micrograms NE/h, resulted in a decrease in blood LH levels and, in most animals, prolonged intervals between peak blood LH levels during infusion or inhibitions which began rapidly and lasted for nearly the entire infusion period or longer. In contrast, infusion of 5.7 and 11.5 micrograms EPIN/h had no effect on blood LH levels in uprimed rats. In OVX rats primed 3 days prior to infusion with 50 micrograms estradiol benzoate and 25 mg progesterone (OEP), administration of CSF or the same doses of DA that previously inhibited episodic LH release had no effect on LH secretion. However, these steroids completely reversed the LH response to 11 micrograms NE/h, with increases in LH relase occurring during infusion. EPIN, in doses ineffective in unprimed rats (5.7 and 11.5 micrograms/h), also caused elevations in blood LH levels in EOP rats. Finally, in rats primed with 5 micrograms estradiol benzoate/100 g b.w./day for the 2 days prior to infusion, none of the three neurotransmitters had any effect on LH release.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular infusion of catecholamines on luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized and ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. This study examined alterations in episodic LH release in response to prolonged, slow infusions of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), or epinephrine (EPIN) into the thire ventricle in adult, ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and the influence of priming with ovarian steroids on the LH response to the catecholamines. Unanesthetized rats with right atrial cannulae were bled continuously at slow rates for 1--1 1/2 h prior to infusion, 1--1 1/2 h during infusion, and up to 1 h afterwards. The amines were protected from oxidation by ascorbic acid, and infused in an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vehicle (pH 7.29--7.33) into the third ventricle at a rate of 25--27 microliter/h. Blood samples were analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. In unprimed, OVX rats, infusions of artificial CSF, as well as low doses of DA (2--4 micrograms/h) or NE (0.3--0.6 micrograms/h), had no effect on episodic LH release or mean blood LH levels. However, administration of 8.5 and 17 micrograms DA/h, and 5.5 and 11 micrograms NE/h, resulted in a decrease in blood LH levels and, in most animals, prolonged intervals between peak blood LH levels during infusion or inhibitions which began rapidly and lasted for nearly the entire infusion period or longer. In contrast, infusion of 5.7 and 11.5 micrograms EPIN/h had no effect on blood LH levels in uprimed rats. In OVX rats primed 3 days prior to infusion with 50 micrograms estradiol benzoate and 25 mg progesterone (OEP), administration of CSF or the same doses of DA that previously inhibited episodic LH release had no effect on LH secretion. However, these steroids completely reversed the LH response to 11 micrograms NE/h, with increases in LH relase occurring during infusion. EPIN, in doses ineffective in unprimed rats (5.7 and 11.5 micrograms/h), also caused elevations in blood LH levels in EOP rats. Finally, in rats primed with 5 micrograms estradiol benzoate/100 g b.w./day for the 2 days prior to infusion, none of the three neurotransmitters had any effect on LH release.", "PMID": 492476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1169", "title": "Effect of melatonin and superior cervical ganglioectomy on luteinizing hormone on release induced by estradiol-progesterone in castrated rats.", "content": "The effect of melatonin on luteinizing hormone (LH) relase was studied in castrated female rats injected with estradiol and progesterone. Melatonin administered s.c. twice daily for 6 days exerted a biphasic, dose-related effect on LH release, the lowest dose (125 micrograms/100 g body weight) being stimulatory and the highest (250 micrograms/100 g body weight) inhibitory. Superior cervical ganglionectomy negated the inhibitory effect of the high metatonin dose on steroid-induced LH release. Rather melatonin injection to ganglionectomized rats resulted in significantly higher serum LH values than those of animals injected with estradiol and progesterone alone. Melatonin treatment failed to modify postcastration serum LH levels.", "contents": "Effect of melatonin and superior cervical ganglioectomy on luteinizing hormone on release induced by estradiol-progesterone in castrated rats. The effect of melatonin on luteinizing hormone (LH) relase was studied in castrated female rats injected with estradiol and progesterone. Melatonin administered s.c. twice daily for 6 days exerted a biphasic, dose-related effect on LH release, the lowest dose (125 micrograms/100 g body weight) being stimulatory and the highest (250 micrograms/100 g body weight) inhibitory. Superior cervical ganglionectomy negated the inhibitory effect of the high metatonin dose on steroid-induced LH release. Rather melatonin injection to ganglionectomized rats resulted in significantly higher serum LH values than those of animals injected with estradiol and progesterone alone. Melatonin treatment failed to modify postcastration serum LH levels.", "PMID": 492477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1170", "title": "Effect of embryonic treatment with estradiol or testosterone on sexual differentiation of the quail brain. Critical period and dose-response relationships.", "content": "Japanese quail eggs were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) after 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days of incubation, or were injected on day 10 with one of six dosages of EB or seven dosages of testosterone propionate (TP). EB injected on day 10 of 11 demasculinized the males; as adults they were incapable of copulating in response to exogenous TP. EB injected on day 13 or 14 was without effect, and EB injected on day 12 caused slight demasculinization. The critical period for sexual differentiation of the brain appears to end after about 12 days of incubation in this species. As little as 1 microgram EB reduced masculine sexual behavior. Injection of TP at dosages equal to or greater than 100 micrograms also demasculinized male quail.", "contents": "Effect of embryonic treatment with estradiol or testosterone on sexual differentiation of the quail brain. Critical period and dose-response relationships. Japanese quail eggs were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) after 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days of incubation, or were injected on day 10 with one of six dosages of EB or seven dosages of testosterone propionate (TP). EB injected on day 10 of 11 demasculinized the males; as adults they were incapable of copulating in response to exogenous TP. EB injected on day 13 or 14 was without effect, and EB injected on day 12 caused slight demasculinization. The critical period for sexual differentiation of the brain appears to end after about 12 days of incubation in this species. As little as 1 microgram EB reduced masculine sexual behavior. Injection of TP at dosages equal to or greater than 100 micrograms also demasculinized male quail.", "PMID": 492478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1171", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone administration on somatostatin content in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The effect of hypophysectomy and bovine GH administration on somatostatin (SRIF) content in the rat hypothalamus was investigated. SRIF content was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay method described elsewhere. The total SRIF content of the rat hypothalamus as well as its content per milligram wet weight had decreased 4 weeks after hypophysectomy but was restored significantly in those rats which were subjected to bovine GH administration for 7 days 3 weeks after hypophysectomy. Furthermore, in nonoperated rats, increase of hypothalamic SRIF content was observed after 7 days GH administration. These results indicate that growth hormone may influence the SRIF content of hypothalamus and it seems likely that a feedback mechanism between pituitary GH and hypothalamic SRIF exists.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone administration on somatostatin content in the rat hypothalamus. The effect of hypophysectomy and bovine GH administration on somatostatin (SRIF) content in the rat hypothalamus was investigated. SRIF content was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay method described elsewhere. The total SRIF content of the rat hypothalamus as well as its content per milligram wet weight had decreased 4 weeks after hypophysectomy but was restored significantly in those rats which were subjected to bovine GH administration for 7 days 3 weeks after hypophysectomy. Furthermore, in nonoperated rats, increase of hypothalamic SRIF content was observed after 7 days GH administration. These results indicate that growth hormone may influence the SRIF content of hypothalamus and it seems likely that a feedback mechanism between pituitary GH and hypothalamic SRIF exists.", "PMID": 492479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1172", "title": "Prolonged food deprivation abolishes the circadian adrenocortical rhythm, but not the endogenous rhythm in rats.", "content": "An abolishment of 24 h periodicity of the adrenocortical activity was observed in rats subjected to a prolonged food deprivation of 7--8 days. Total locomotor activity progressively decreased and its circadian rhythm faded out in a similar fashion as the adrenocortical rhythm. The circadian rhythms of both locomotor and adrenocortical activities were recovered after the rats were blinded and allowed free access to food. At the end of the first week, a peak elevation of blood corticosterone levels took place at the time corresponding to the light-dark transition before blinding. Similar patterns of locomotor activity and food intake were also noticed. The recovered rhythm of these activities free-run throughout the observation period of 5 weeks. This fact indicates that the endogenous time-keeping system (clock) remained intact and synchronized with light-dark alternation during the period of prolonged food deprivation.", "contents": "Prolonged food deprivation abolishes the circadian adrenocortical rhythm, but not the endogenous rhythm in rats. An abolishment of 24 h periodicity of the adrenocortical activity was observed in rats subjected to a prolonged food deprivation of 7--8 days. Total locomotor activity progressively decreased and its circadian rhythm faded out in a similar fashion as the adrenocortical rhythm. The circadian rhythms of both locomotor and adrenocortical activities were recovered after the rats were blinded and allowed free access to food. At the end of the first week, a peak elevation of blood corticosterone levels took place at the time corresponding to the light-dark transition before blinding. Similar patterns of locomotor activity and food intake were also noticed. The recovered rhythm of these activities free-run throughout the observation period of 5 weeks. This fact indicates that the endogenous time-keeping system (clock) remained intact and synchronized with light-dark alternation during the period of prolonged food deprivation.", "PMID": 492480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1173", "title": "Low-threshold mechanisms and cortical activation pathways.", "content": "In chronic experiments with alert cats, stimulation with electrical current of moderate strength at various points on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres leads to activation of various brain regions. In addition to high-threshold cortical points, low-threshold points have been discovered which are located in the sensorimotor region and in the Ep field of the auditory zone. The latter possess the same low thresholds for evoking an activation response as do points in the mesencephalic RF and the thalamic CM, VPL, and GM. Connections have been discovered (in the morphological part of the study) between the auditory Ep field and the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and the brain-stem part of the RF; the major projections run from the dorsal part of the Ep field into the lateral zone of the tegmentum. It is proposed that the role of the cortical low-threshold foci could involve the triggering of the nonspecific activation apparatus in accord with the biological significance of the signals being analyzed.", "contents": "Low-threshold mechanisms and cortical activation pathways. In chronic experiments with alert cats, stimulation with electrical current of moderate strength at various points on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres leads to activation of various brain regions. In addition to high-threshold cortical points, low-threshold points have been discovered which are located in the sensorimotor region and in the Ep field of the auditory zone. The latter possess the same low thresholds for evoking an activation response as do points in the mesencephalic RF and the thalamic CM, VPL, and GM. Connections have been discovered (in the morphological part of the study) between the auditory Ep field and the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and the brain-stem part of the RF; the major projections run from the dorsal part of the Ep field into the lateral zone of the tegmentum. It is proposed that the role of the cortical low-threshold foci could involve the triggering of the nonspecific activation apparatus in accord with the biological significance of the signals being analyzed.", "PMID": 492508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1174", "title": "Long-term changes in the activity of superior colliculus neurons isolated from corticofugal influences.", "content": "In acute experiments on nonnarcotized, immobilized cats, spike activity was studied in superior collicular neurons which were isolated from direct, descending cortical influences. Animals were taken for experimentation at various periods (from 3 to 20 months) after the operation which disconnected the cortical connections which projected from one hemisphere. An increase was noted in the regular forms of activity, and there was a decrease in the frequency of group discharges. Evoked activity of the cells was suppressed during the early periods after disconnection of corticocollicular connections. Later (after 9--12 months) its gradual restoration was observed. More than 70% of the neurons again began to respond to adequate stimuli. The sensitivity to moving photic stimuli was restored in only 17% of the neurons studied.", "contents": "Long-term changes in the activity of superior colliculus neurons isolated from corticofugal influences. In acute experiments on nonnarcotized, immobilized cats, spike activity was studied in superior collicular neurons which were isolated from direct, descending cortical influences. Animals were taken for experimentation at various periods (from 3 to 20 months) after the operation which disconnected the cortical connections which projected from one hemisphere. An increase was noted in the regular forms of activity, and there was a decrease in the frequency of group discharges. Evoked activity of the cells was suppressed during the early periods after disconnection of corticocollicular connections. Later (after 9--12 months) its gradual restoration was observed. More than 70% of the neurons again began to respond to adequate stimuli. The sensitivity to moving photic stimuli was restored in only 17% of the neurons studied.", "PMID": 492509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1175", "title": "Adverse side effects of metrizamide in myelography.", "content": "The adverse side effects in a series of 439 myelographies with metrizamide were analyzed. The most frequent side effect was headache, which could be differentiated as early onset headache, related to hydrodynamic modifications in the spinal fluid following lumbar puncture, and late onset headache related to a metrizamide effect. The frequency of late onset headache was at least 27%, but all together 46% of the patients had postmyelographic headache. Meningeal irritation was seen in 5%, sometimes in a severe form, mimicking a septic complication. Spinal irritation and epileptic fits were rarely seen. Striking was the occurrence of an acute psycho-organic syndrome, frequently observed after cervical myelography which was performed with a higher than usual dose of iodine. We can not confirm the general opinion that the central nervous system had a good tolerance for metrizamide.", "contents": "Adverse side effects of metrizamide in myelography. The adverse side effects in a series of 439 myelographies with metrizamide were analyzed. The most frequent side effect was headache, which could be differentiated as early onset headache, related to hydrodynamic modifications in the spinal fluid following lumbar puncture, and late onset headache related to a metrizamide effect. The frequency of late onset headache was at least 27%, but all together 46% of the patients had postmyelographic headache. Meningeal irritation was seen in 5%, sometimes in a severe form, mimicking a septic complication. Spinal irritation and epileptic fits were rarely seen. Striking was the occurrence of an acute psycho-organic syndrome, frequently observed after cervical myelography which was performed with a higher than usual dose of iodine. We can not confirm the general opinion that the central nervous system had a good tolerance for metrizamide.", "PMID": 492514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1176", "title": "Arterial supply for the upper cervical nerves and the cervicocarotid anastomotic channels: systematization of radiological anatomy.", "content": "A simplified map of the cervicovertebralcarotid channels is presented with a description of the arterial supply to the cervical nerves. The aim of the work is also to open the field for endovascular therapy of malignant lesions distal to carotid ligation with greatest security, and to discuss a new approach to some upper cervical neuropathies.", "contents": "Arterial supply for the upper cervical nerves and the cervicocarotid anastomotic channels: systematization of radiological anatomy. A simplified map of the cervicovertebralcarotid channels is presented with a description of the arterial supply to the cervical nerves. The aim of the work is also to open the field for endovascular therapy of malignant lesions distal to carotid ligation with greatest security, and to discuss a new approach to some upper cervical neuropathies.", "PMID": 492515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1177", "title": "Role of hyperactive determinant structures in the creation of functional complexes of seizure activity in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Foci of enhanced excitability, with independent discharge patterns, were created by subconvulsive strychninization in experiments on cats. A focus of more powerful excitation created with the same strychnine played the role of determinant despatch station (DDS). Its importance is that it determines the character of activity of the other foci of excitation, strengthens excitation in them, combines them into a single functional complex, and determines the character of activity of the whole complex. This complex can be destroyed by suppressing the DDS with pentobarbital. Blocking individual destination stations included in the complex does not lead to its destruction.", "contents": "Role of hyperactive determinant structures in the creation of functional complexes of seizure activity in the cerebral cortex. Foci of enhanced excitability, with independent discharge patterns, were created by subconvulsive strychninization in experiments on cats. A focus of more powerful excitation created with the same strychnine played the role of determinant despatch station (DDS). Its importance is that it determines the character of activity of the other foci of excitation, strengthens excitation in them, combines them into a single functional complex, and determines the character of activity of the whole complex. This complex can be destroyed by suppressing the DDS with pentobarbital. Blocking individual destination stations included in the complex does not lead to its destruction.", "PMID": 492510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1178", "title": "Effect of lithium chloride on the neurosecretory system of the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The response of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system (HPNS) of rats to a single and repeated injection (200 mg/kg each time) of lithium chloride was studied by quantitative cytochemical analysis. The response of the HPNS was found to depend directly on the dose of lithium given and to consist of activation of synthesis and liberation of neurosecretion after a single dose of LiCl or inhibition of hormone formation in the hypothalamus and exhaustion of the reserves of neurosecretion in the neurohypophysis after a course of injections. In the recovery period (7--30 days after stopping the course of injections of LiCl) the previous state of the HPNS was gradually restored.", "contents": "Effect of lithium chloride on the neurosecretory system of the rat hypothalamus. The response of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system (HPNS) of rats to a single and repeated injection (200 mg/kg each time) of lithium chloride was studied by quantitative cytochemical analysis. The response of the HPNS was found to depend directly on the dose of lithium given and to consist of activation of synthesis and liberation of neurosecretion after a single dose of LiCl or inhibition of hormone formation in the hypothalamus and exhaustion of the reserves of neurosecretion in the neurohypophysis after a course of injections. In the recovery period (7--30 days after stopping the course of injections of LiCl) the previous state of the HPNS was gradually restored.", "PMID": 492511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1179", "title": "RIHSA cisternography in cerebral tumours.", "content": "RIHSA cisternography was abnormal in all of 24 patients with supratentorial tumours. The most common finding was asymmetry caused by ipsilateral obstruction of the sylvian fissure and the subarachnoid space around the convexity. Another frequent finding was partial or total obstruction at the tentorial notch, often in combination with reduced or absent activity along the superior sagittal sinus. These disturbances of CSF flow may explain the pathogenesis of raised CSF pressure with cerebral tumours.", "contents": "RIHSA cisternography in cerebral tumours. RIHSA cisternography was abnormal in all of 24 patients with supratentorial tumours. The most common finding was asymmetry caused by ipsilateral obstruction of the sylvian fissure and the subarachnoid space around the convexity. Another frequent finding was partial or total obstruction at the tentorial notch, often in combination with reduced or absent activity along the superior sagittal sinus. These disturbances of CSF flow may explain the pathogenesis of raised CSF pressure with cerebral tumours.", "PMID": 492516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1180", "title": "Obstructive hydrocephalus following Pantopaque myelography.", "content": "A case with delayed development of obstructive hydrocephalus most probably caused by Pantopaque myelography is reported. At autopsy it was found that the foramina of Magendi and Luschka were occluded by granulation tissue in which the most common findings were multinucleated giant cells containing calcareous and unstained vacuoles, frequently surrounding empty hollows, many lymphocytes and plasma cells. As compared with two other similar cases and several animal investigations this shows that the reaction of the tissue is typical of a Pantopaque reaction.", "contents": "Obstructive hydrocephalus following Pantopaque myelography. A case with delayed development of obstructive hydrocephalus most probably caused by Pantopaque myelography is reported. At autopsy it was found that the foramina of Magendi and Luschka were occluded by granulation tissue in which the most common findings were multinucleated giant cells containing calcareous and unstained vacuoles, frequently surrounding empty hollows, many lymphocytes and plasma cells. As compared with two other similar cases and several animal investigations this shows that the reaction of the tissue is typical of a Pantopaque reaction.", "PMID": 492517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1181", "title": "Cauda equina syndrome and arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae, resulting in delayed damage to the cervical spinal cord and roots, are well documented. This report concerns an iliac arteriovenous fistula with damage to the cauda equina.", "contents": "Cauda equina syndrome and arteriovenous fistula. Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae, resulting in delayed damage to the cervical spinal cord and roots, are well documented. This report concerns an iliac arteriovenous fistula with damage to the cauda equina.", "PMID": 492518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1182", "title": "Intracerebral extravasation of contrast medium after head injury.", "content": "A case of intracerebral extravasation of contrast medium is reported. In cases of head injury this occurrence is rare and is manifested by persistent images on both frontal and lateral views of the angiogram. This indicates severe cerebral trauma with active hemorrhage and the prognosis is generally bad. A possible mechanism seems to be contrecoup.", "contents": "Intracerebral extravasation of contrast medium after head injury. A case of intracerebral extravasation of contrast medium is reported. In cases of head injury this occurrence is rare and is manifested by persistent images on both frontal and lateral views of the angiogram. This indicates severe cerebral trauma with active hemorrhage and the prognosis is generally bad. A possible mechanism seems to be contrecoup.", "PMID": 492519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1183", "title": "Amyloid tumor of the orbit.", "content": "A patient with an amyloid tumor of the orbit was studied by computed tomographic scanning. The tumor density was 10 delta units unenhanced and 72 units enhanced.", "contents": "Amyloid tumor of the orbit. A patient with an amyloid tumor of the orbit was studied by computed tomographic scanning. The tumor density was 10 delta units unenhanced and 72 units enhanced.", "PMID": 492520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1184", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the temporal bone.", "content": "Aneurysmal bone cysts occurring within the calvarium are uncommon. The following case report describes the radiological and pathological findings of a temporal bone aneurysmal bone cyst with intra- and extracranial manifestations. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the temporal bone. Aneurysmal bone cysts occurring within the calvarium are uncommon. The following case report describes the radiological and pathological findings of a temporal bone aneurysmal bone cyst with intra- and extracranial manifestations. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 492521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1185", "title": "The superficial recurrent ophthalmic artery supplying an occipital arteriovenous dural malformation.", "content": "Brief comment is made about a rare large arterial supply to an occipital arteriovenous intradural malformation.", "contents": "The superficial recurrent ophthalmic artery supplying an occipital arteriovenous dural malformation. Brief comment is made about a rare large arterial supply to an occipital arteriovenous intradural malformation.", "PMID": 492522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1186", "title": "[New therapeutic prospects in lead poisoning: alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine].", "content": "The action of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine has been studied in 27 subjects occupationally exposed to lead. In addition to improved efficiency of liver function, the results show a tendency to normalization of the various porphyrinic metabolism parameters considered. A significant increase was observed in erythrocyte dehydratase ALA activity together with an equally significant diminution in urinary excretion of delta-aminoleuvlinic acid. Urinary coprorphyrin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX values were also down. The tendency of metabolic changes to normalize as a result of the toxic action of lead suggests the use of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine in the treatment of lead poisoning.", "contents": "[New therapeutic prospects in lead poisoning: alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine]. The action of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine has been studied in 27 subjects occupationally exposed to lead. In addition to improved efficiency of liver function, the results show a tendency to normalization of the various porphyrinic metabolism parameters considered. A significant increase was observed in erythrocyte dehydratase ALA activity together with an equally significant diminution in urinary excretion of delta-aminoleuvlinic acid. Urinary coprorphyrin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX values were also down. The tendency of metabolic changes to normalize as a result of the toxic action of lead suggests the use of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine in the treatment of lead poisoning.", "PMID": 492550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1187", "title": "[Results of the use of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, in gram negative bacterial respiratory infections].", "content": "Clinical efficacy of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, was evaluated in 14 patients with acute chest infections (12 cases with pneumonia and 2 with bronchitis). They were selected taking into account the isolation of sisomicin-sensitive Gram-negative bacilli in a sputum specimen collected prior to therapy. Local predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were recognizable in 9. Klebsiella was isolated in 5 cases, E. coli in 5 cases, Proteus in 4 cases, P. aeruginosa in 2 cases, Ct-trobacter and Providencia each in one. In all patients the bacteriological finding was negative after the cycle of therapy; clinical outcome was uniformly favourable (11 patients healed, 3 got better). No significant adverse effects due to the antibiotic was noted.", "contents": "[Results of the use of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, in gram negative bacterial respiratory infections]. Clinical efficacy of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, was evaluated in 14 patients with acute chest infections (12 cases with pneumonia and 2 with bronchitis). They were selected taking into account the isolation of sisomicin-sensitive Gram-negative bacilli in a sputum specimen collected prior to therapy. Local predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were recognizable in 9. Klebsiella was isolated in 5 cases, E. coli in 5 cases, Proteus in 4 cases, P. aeruginosa in 2 cases, Ct-trobacter and Providencia each in one. In all patients the bacteriological finding was negative after the cycle of therapy; clinical outcome was uniformly favourable (11 patients healed, 3 got better). No significant adverse effects due to the antibiotic was noted.", "PMID": 492551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1188", "title": "[Incidence of cryoglobulinemia in a series of cases of chronic liver diseases].", "content": "The prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia in a series of patients with chronic liver disease from the Campania area has been studied. The series included: 14 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), 70 cases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 113 cases of liver cirrhosis. Liver function tests were carried out on the serum of each patient and cryoglobulines were studied. Liver biopsy was carried out when indicated. About a third of the patients were under the effect of previous treatment with anti-inflammatory steroids and-or azathioprine. Cryoglobulines were found in 4 of the 197 patients (2%); of type IgG in 3 cases: 1 of CAH, HBsAg negative and 2 of inactive cirrhosis of which one with HbsAg in the serum; of type IgM in 1 case of CAH, HBsAg negative. The data are discussed on relation to other reported data.", "contents": "[Incidence of cryoglobulinemia in a series of cases of chronic liver diseases]. The prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia in a series of patients with chronic liver disease from the Campania area has been studied. The series included: 14 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), 70 cases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 113 cases of liver cirrhosis. Liver function tests were carried out on the serum of each patient and cryoglobulines were studied. Liver biopsy was carried out when indicated. About a third of the patients were under the effect of previous treatment with anti-inflammatory steroids and-or azathioprine. Cryoglobulines were found in 4 of the 197 patients (2%); of type IgG in 3 cases: 1 of CAH, HBsAg negative and 2 of inactive cirrhosis of which one with HbsAg in the serum; of type IgM in 1 case of CAH, HBsAg negative. The data are discussed on relation to other reported data.", "PMID": 492553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1189", "title": "[Concentration and reinfusion of ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "46 concentration-reinfusion treatments were performed on 36 patients, suffering from refractory ascites for liver cirrhosis. The procedure was well tolerated, improved the status of the patients and enabled diuretic to be effective again, in some cases for as long as two years. The usefulness of infusing autologous, non-denatured proteins in high dosage is stressed. The Authors belive that hepatorenal syndrome, severe hypokaliemia or hyposodemia and encephalopathy are the elective indications for the treatment.", "contents": "[Concentration and reinfusion of ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis]. 46 concentration-reinfusion treatments were performed on 36 patients, suffering from refractory ascites for liver cirrhosis. The procedure was well tolerated, improved the status of the patients and enabled diuretic to be effective again, in some cases for as long as two years. The usefulness of infusing autologous, non-denatured proteins in high dosage is stressed. The Authors belive that hepatorenal syndrome, severe hypokaliemia or hyposodemia and encephalopathy are the elective indications for the treatment.", "PMID": 492554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1190", "title": "[Visual evoked potentials and the E-UFA test. Laboratory contribution to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electrophoretic mobility test of erythrocytes (E-UFA test) were compared in 50 multiple sclerosis (M.S.) patients as diagnostic tests. Abnormal VEPs were recorded in 35 patients. E-UFA test was found positive in 31 cases. With respect to Mc Alpine diagnostic criteria, 26 out of 33 definite M.S., 6 out of 9 probable M.S. and 3 out of 8 possible M.S. cases had abnormal VEPs. A positive response in E-UFA test was observed rispectively in 16, 8, 7 patients. Complessively 48 cases (96%) had an abnormal response to the one and/or to the other of the two tests, which apper complementar in early diagnosis of M.S.", "contents": "[Visual evoked potentials and the E-UFA test. Laboratory contribution to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electrophoretic mobility test of erythrocytes (E-UFA test) were compared in 50 multiple sclerosis (M.S.) patients as diagnostic tests. Abnormal VEPs were recorded in 35 patients. E-UFA test was found positive in 31 cases. With respect to Mc Alpine diagnostic criteria, 26 out of 33 definite M.S., 6 out of 9 probable M.S. and 3 out of 8 possible M.S. cases had abnormal VEPs. A positive response in E-UFA test was observed rispectively in 16, 8, 7 patients. Complessively 48 cases (96%) had an abnormal response to the one and/or to the other of the two tests, which apper complementar in early diagnosis of M.S.", "PMID": 492555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1191", "title": "[Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma].", "content": "A 18 years old female patient was admitted to our clinic with a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma originating from the subcutaneous tissue of the left paravertebral region. Notwithstanding cycles of polychemotherapy and radiotherapy, clinical conditions rapidly worsened with rapid appearance of an increasing number of cutaneous neoplastic infiltrations. Due to the rapid spread of the malignancy -- as shown by lung X-rays and bone marrow biopsy -- the patient died 8 months after the onset of the disease (2 months after admittance). At autopsy, tumor cell infiltrates were found not only in the bone marrow and lung but also in the liver, adrenals, gonads and spinal cord. Histological and cytochemical features -- both in bioptic and autopic tissue specimens -- were quite similar to those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. On the whole, of these clinical and histopathological features, this can be considered a case of \"extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma\" as described by Angervall and Enzinger and recently by E. H. Soule et Al.", "contents": "[Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma]. A 18 years old female patient was admitted to our clinic with a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma originating from the subcutaneous tissue of the left paravertebral region. Notwithstanding cycles of polychemotherapy and radiotherapy, clinical conditions rapidly worsened with rapid appearance of an increasing number of cutaneous neoplastic infiltrations. Due to the rapid spread of the malignancy -- as shown by lung X-rays and bone marrow biopsy -- the patient died 8 months after the onset of the disease (2 months after admittance). At autopsy, tumor cell infiltrates were found not only in the bone marrow and lung but also in the liver, adrenals, gonads and spinal cord. Histological and cytochemical features -- both in bioptic and autopic tissue specimens -- were quite similar to those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. On the whole, of these clinical and histopathological features, this can be considered a case of \"extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma\" as described by Angervall and Enzinger and recently by E. H. Soule et Al.", "PMID": 492557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1192", "title": "[Epidemiologic study on the distribution of rubella antibodies in the female population of the Marches].", "content": "The results of an investigation to make evident the degree of immunity against rubella virus in women living in the Marche are described. The percentage of women deprived of natural immunity is unequal in two groups of different age. The authors discuss about problems of vaccinic prophilaxis, specially for the \"high risk\" populations.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic study on the distribution of rubella antibodies in the female population of the Marches]. The results of an investigation to make evident the degree of immunity against rubella virus in women living in the Marche are described. The percentage of women deprived of natural immunity is unequal in two groups of different age. The authors discuss about problems of vaccinic prophilaxis, specially for the \"high risk\" populations.", "PMID": 492578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1193", "title": "[Peculiar electrocardiographic findings in space medicine].", "content": "An account is given of some peculiar ECG pictures observed during two studies performed at the Air Force Aerospatial Medicine Research Centre. The first study covered in-flight heart rate recordings in trainee pilots and can be regarded as an early example of dynamic ECG, as also employed in the rehabilitation of heart patients and in sport for both diagnostic and preventive purposes. It was performed four years ago. The second study, run on subjects undergoing protracted high centrifugal acceleration, revealed: tachycardia, bradycardia, pulmonary P, repolarisation disturbances, alterations in the level of the ST segment, etc. An aetiopathogenetic assessment is made of these alterations and some personal observations are added. It is suggested that dynamic ECG could be more widely employed in experiments in this field as a powerful research tool.", "contents": "[Peculiar electrocardiographic findings in space medicine]. An account is given of some peculiar ECG pictures observed during two studies performed at the Air Force Aerospatial Medicine Research Centre. The first study covered in-flight heart rate recordings in trainee pilots and can be regarded as an early example of dynamic ECG, as also employed in the rehabilitation of heart patients and in sport for both diagnostic and preventive purposes. It was performed four years ago. The second study, run on subjects undergoing protracted high centrifugal acceleration, revealed: tachycardia, bradycardia, pulmonary P, repolarisation disturbances, alterations in the level of the ST segment, etc. An aetiopathogenetic assessment is made of these alterations and some personal observations are added. It is suggested that dynamic ECG could be more widely employed in experiments in this field as a powerful research tool.", "PMID": 492580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1194", "title": "[Fatigue in pilots, especially in helicopter pilots. Etiopathogenetic, preventive and therapeutic factors].", "content": "The main results of recent research into fatigue in pilots are summarised, with particular reference to helicopter pilots. Attention is also directed to current views concerning prevention and treatment of fatigue syndromes in pilots.", "contents": "[Fatigue in pilots, especially in helicopter pilots. Etiopathogenetic, preventive and therapeutic factors]. The main results of recent research into fatigue in pilots are summarised, with particular reference to helicopter pilots. Attention is also directed to current views concerning prevention and treatment of fatigue syndromes in pilots.", "PMID": 492581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1195", "title": "[Current nosographic and clinical validity of flight phobias].", "content": "Recent trends in the development of aeronautical psychopathology are examined. It is shown that flight phobias, far from decreasing in the sense of morbility or on the pathogenetic plane, are observed with increasing frequency. Current psychopathological assessments of such phobias are described, and the influence of the surroundings, flight itself, and the subject's underlying personality in their determination is examined. The diagnostic and aetiopathogenetic approaches most in vogue in the literature are culled in the proposal of a new distinction into \"during\" and \"consequent\" operative phobias as a means of overcoming purely terminological conflicts, and as a medicolegal aid in evaluating and investigating the fear picture in depth.", "contents": "[Current nosographic and clinical validity of flight phobias]. Recent trends in the development of aeronautical psychopathology are examined. It is shown that flight phobias, far from decreasing in the sense of morbility or on the pathogenetic plane, are observed with increasing frequency. Current psychopathological assessments of such phobias are described, and the influence of the surroundings, flight itself, and the subject's underlying personality in their determination is examined. The diagnostic and aetiopathogenetic approaches most in vogue in the literature are culled in the proposal of a new distinction into \"during\" and \"consequent\" operative phobias as a means of overcoming purely terminological conflicts, and as a medicolegal aid in evaluating and investigating the fear picture in depth.", "PMID": 492582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1196", "title": "[Optical and non-optical aids for the vision-impaired older patient].", "content": "Increase of contrast and enlargement of retinal image may lead to an improvement of reading ability of the elderly visually handicapped patient. Pros and cons of available low visual aids are discussed based on the examination or 266 patients of over 60 years of age. High-power addition was sufficient in 27% of the patients. A hand-magnifier of standmagnifier, as well as a telescopic reading unit, or so-called 'prism-loupe' sufficed in 36% of cases. The closed circuit television ('television loupe') was advocated in 17% of cases. The immobility and relative high costs of this apparatus, however, was in a sense prohibitive for further extension of use of this unique instrument, devised for the highly visually handicapped patient. In 20 per cent of cases it was impossible to improve reading ability altogether.", "contents": "[Optical and non-optical aids for the vision-impaired older patient]. Increase of contrast and enlargement of retinal image may lead to an improvement of reading ability of the elderly visually handicapped patient. Pros and cons of available low visual aids are discussed based on the examination or 266 patients of over 60 years of age. High-power addition was sufficient in 27% of the patients. A hand-magnifier of standmagnifier, as well as a telescopic reading unit, or so-called 'prism-loupe' sufficed in 36% of cases. The closed circuit television ('television loupe') was advocated in 17% of cases. The immobility and relative high costs of this apparatus, however, was in a sense prohibitive for further extension of use of this unique instrument, devised for the highly visually handicapped patient. In 20 per cent of cases it was impossible to improve reading ability altogether.", "PMID": 492593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1197", "title": "[Is there such a thing as presbyacusia?].", "content": "The term presbyacusis is misused in many cases. Aging is accompanied by a number of known and probably unknown processes that are more or less harmful for our hearing aquity. We all carry to our senium the cumulation of harms done to our hearing aquity in lifetime (Schmidt, 1966). Such as noise trauma, metabolic derangements, infections, and so on. Further investigations will make it possible in the future to come to a specific diagnosis that will lead to a better understanding of pathogenesis and pathology.", "contents": "[Is there such a thing as presbyacusia?]. The term presbyacusis is misused in many cases. Aging is accompanied by a number of known and probably unknown processes that are more or less harmful for our hearing aquity. We all carry to our senium the cumulation of harms done to our hearing aquity in lifetime (Schmidt, 1966). Such as noise trauma, metabolic derangements, infections, and so on. Further investigations will make it possible in the future to come to a specific diagnosis that will lead to a better understanding of pathogenesis and pathology.", "PMID": 492595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1198", "title": "[Hearing rehabilitation, possibilities and limitations].", "content": "The increase of hearing loss in the aged looks like a natural process. The handicap problems caused by this process have not to be accepted as such. A hard of hearing aged may be helped by a hearing aid if he is willing to learn again how to communicate. Just in the learning period professional support has to be given, in the field of handling the hearing aid, training lipreading and learning a number of hearing tactics.", "contents": "[Hearing rehabilitation, possibilities and limitations]. The increase of hearing loss in the aged looks like a natural process. The handicap problems caused by this process have not to be accepted as such. A hard of hearing aged may be helped by a hearing aid if he is willing to learn again how to communicate. Just in the learning period professional support has to be given, in the field of handling the hearing aid, training lipreading and learning a number of hearing tactics.", "PMID": 492596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1199", "title": "High-risk prematurity--progestin treatment and steroid studies.", "content": "Studies have been undertaken regarding the efficacy and modus operandi of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17 alpha-OHP-C) in preventing premature labor in high-risk patients. In a total of 70 patients, the treated patient population had a prematurity rate (12.8%) and a perinatal mortality rate (5%) which were significantly lower than those of the total placebo or untreated patient group (40.9 and 25%, respectively). In addition, sequential plasma steroid values were determined in 21 patients, 10 of whom delivered prematurely. The results indicate that low plasma progesterone (P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP) levels precede the onset of preterm labor by weeks. Successful treatment with 17 alpha-OHP-C was characterized by elevated P levels. Plasma estradiol (E2) and cortisol (C) values did not vary with time of delivery or treatment. These findings support the progesterone block theory as an important mechanism affecting preterm delivery in this high-risk population.", "contents": "High-risk prematurity--progestin treatment and steroid studies. Studies have been undertaken regarding the efficacy and modus operandi of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17 alpha-OHP-C) in preventing premature labor in high-risk patients. In a total of 70 patients, the treated patient population had a prematurity rate (12.8%) and a perinatal mortality rate (5%) which were significantly lower than those of the total placebo or untreated patient group (40.9 and 25%, respectively). In addition, sequential plasma steroid values were determined in 21 patients, 10 of whom delivered prematurely. The results indicate that low plasma progesterone (P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP) levels precede the onset of preterm labor by weeks. Successful treatment with 17 alpha-OHP-C was characterized by elevated P levels. Plasma estradiol (E2) and cortisol (C) values did not vary with time of delivery or treatment. These findings support the progesterone block theory as an important mechanism affecting preterm delivery in this high-risk population.", "PMID": 492618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1200", "title": "Intrapartum fetal cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "Fifteen cases of fetal cardiac arrhythmia were detected by direct fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) during intrapartum fetal monitoring. The frequency of arrhythmia of 12.4/1000 monitored births. Thirteen of the arrhythmias were supraventricular. Atrial bigeminy was the most commonly observed arrhythmia, followed by atrial trigeminy. Two cases of ventricular arrhythmia were noted, one of which was a case of ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias were not related to drug treatment or to stage of labor. Variable decelerations occurred in association with arrhythmias in 73% of the cases. There were no nuchal cords seen at delivery, nor were there any instances of intrapartum fetal distress, fetal acidosis, or low Apgar scores associated with any arrhythmia. All arrhythmias resolved spontaneously without treatment. The neonatal course was uncomplicated in all cases. Intrapartum fetal arrhythmia is best detected by direct FECG. Appropriate management should include close observation for ominous fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and fetal acid-base-studies. At present, there is no indication for drug treatment of intrapartum arrhythmia.", "contents": "Intrapartum fetal cardiac arrhythmias. Fifteen cases of fetal cardiac arrhythmia were detected by direct fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) during intrapartum fetal monitoring. The frequency of arrhythmia of 12.4/1000 monitored births. Thirteen of the arrhythmias were supraventricular. Atrial bigeminy was the most commonly observed arrhythmia, followed by atrial trigeminy. Two cases of ventricular arrhythmia were noted, one of which was a case of ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias were not related to drug treatment or to stage of labor. Variable decelerations occurred in association with arrhythmias in 73% of the cases. There were no nuchal cords seen at delivery, nor were there any instances of intrapartum fetal distress, fetal acidosis, or low Apgar scores associated with any arrhythmia. All arrhythmias resolved spontaneously without treatment. The neonatal course was uncomplicated in all cases. Intrapartum fetal arrhythmia is best detected by direct FECG. Appropriate management should include close observation for ominous fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and fetal acid-base-studies. At present, there is no indication for drug treatment of intrapartum arrhythmia.", "PMID": 492620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1201", "title": "Routine radiographic screening of the chest in pregnant women: is it indicated?", "content": "Experience with routine antepartum chest radiographic screening from July 1, 1976, through June 30, 1977, in a city-county hospital which serves a predominantly black indigent population was reviewed. The 5422 routine screening chest radiographs produced an extremely low yield of pathology (11 cases), and only 3 of the 11 cases were not suspected from the history or physical examination. Only 2 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis were discovered, and both patients were recent immigrants from countries with a much higher incidence of tuberculosis. This low case finding probably reflects the general decline in incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the United States and suggests that routine screening chest radiographs (done primarily to exclude tuberculosis) are no longer indicated in our pregnant population.", "contents": "Routine radiographic screening of the chest in pregnant women: is it indicated? Experience with routine antepartum chest radiographic screening from July 1, 1976, through June 30, 1977, in a city-county hospital which serves a predominantly black indigent population was reviewed. The 5422 routine screening chest radiographs produced an extremely low yield of pathology (11 cases), and only 3 of the 11 cases were not suspected from the history or physical examination. Only 2 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis were discovered, and both patients were recent immigrants from countries with a much higher incidence of tuberculosis. This low case finding probably reflects the general decline in incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the United States and suggests that routine screening chest radiographs (done primarily to exclude tuberculosis) are no longer indicated in our pregnant population.", "PMID": 492621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1202", "title": "Current concepts of management of rupture of the gravid uterus.", "content": "Fifteen cases are reported of spontaneous rupture of the gravid uterus occurring at the Naval Regional Medical Center (NRMC), Portsmouth, Virginia, over a 21-year period. Forty-seven percent of the patients had previously undergone a cesarean section. Thirteen percent of the patients had received oxytocin prior to the rupture. Fetal mortality associated with these ruptures was 13%. No maternal deaths occurred. Forty percent of the patients had repair of the defect, with 60% undergoing some type of hysterectomy. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "Current concepts of management of rupture of the gravid uterus. Fifteen cases are reported of spontaneous rupture of the gravid uterus occurring at the Naval Regional Medical Center (NRMC), Portsmouth, Virginia, over a 21-year period. Forty-seven percent of the patients had previously undergone a cesarean section. Thirteen percent of the patients had received oxytocin prior to the rupture. Fetal mortality associated with these ruptures was 13%. No maternal deaths occurred. Forty percent of the patients had repair of the defect, with 60% undergoing some type of hysterectomy. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 492622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1203", "title": "Plasma estradiol window and urinary estriol glucuronide determinations for monitoring menotropin induction of ovulation.", "content": "The plasma estradiol response is maximal 8--10 hours following mentropin injection. To obtain closer control, a menotropin protocol using 5 PM--8 PM injections and 8 AM blood sampling with a plasma estradiol window of 1000--2000 pg/ml was evaluated with simultaneous calibration of a urinary estriol glucuronide radioimmunoassay. One hundred twenty-eight paired urine and plasma samples were assayed in 48 cycles. In 26 cycles with paired samples on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, there were no cases of severe hyperstimulation, 2 cases of moderate hyperstimulation, and 11 pregnancies (42% of cycles given hCG). A window of between 40 and 100 micrograms/day of urinary estriol glucuronide corresponded to the 1000--2000 pg/ml plasma estradiol window by regression analysis. The pregnancy and hyperstimulation rates were compared with those observed in protocols previously published. Radioimmunoassay of urinary estriol glucuronide is faster and simpler than radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol.", "contents": "Plasma estradiol window and urinary estriol glucuronide determinations for monitoring menotropin induction of ovulation. The plasma estradiol response is maximal 8--10 hours following mentropin injection. To obtain closer control, a menotropin protocol using 5 PM--8 PM injections and 8 AM blood sampling with a plasma estradiol window of 1000--2000 pg/ml was evaluated with simultaneous calibration of a urinary estriol glucuronide radioimmunoassay. One hundred twenty-eight paired urine and plasma samples were assayed in 48 cycles. In 26 cycles with paired samples on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, there were no cases of severe hyperstimulation, 2 cases of moderate hyperstimulation, and 11 pregnancies (42% of cycles given hCG). A window of between 40 and 100 micrograms/day of urinary estriol glucuronide corresponded to the 1000--2000 pg/ml plasma estradiol window by regression analysis. The pregnancy and hyperstimulation rates were compared with those observed in protocols previously published. Radioimmunoassay of urinary estriol glucuronide is faster and simpler than radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol.", "PMID": 492623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1204", "title": "Sex steroid levels during treatment of endometriosis.", "content": "Ovarian endocrine function in endometriosis was studied in 19 women before, during, and after treatment with danazol. Striking abnormalities were seen during treatment. Serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels increased markedly, while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin were unaffected. Direct interference of danazol in the assays for E2 and T was excluded by in vitro experiments. The most likely explanation for the isolated alterations in peripheral hormone levels is that danazol affects the carrier proteins in the circulation. However, other explanations are also possible and cannot be excluded at this stage.", "contents": "Sex steroid levels during treatment of endometriosis. Ovarian endocrine function in endometriosis was studied in 19 women before, during, and after treatment with danazol. Striking abnormalities were seen during treatment. Serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels increased markedly, while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin were unaffected. Direct interference of danazol in the assays for E2 and T was excluded by in vitro experiments. The most likely explanation for the isolated alterations in peripheral hormone levels is that danazol affects the carrier proteins in the circulation. However, other explanations are also possible and cannot be excluded at this stage.", "PMID": 492624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1205", "title": "The conservative surgical management of unruptured ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "With the earlier and more accurate diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy based on rapid beta-subunit pregnancy tests and the use of ultrasound and laparoscopy, the percentage of diagnosed unruptured ectopic pregnancies is rapidly increasing. This, coupled with the earlier treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, the use of IUDs, and increasing numbers of tubal plastic surgery, caused the authors to evaluate the problem of conservative management of ectopic pregnancy. In this study 98 patients at the Yale-New Haven Hospital who had ectopic pregnancies between 1972 and 1977 are evaluated. Fifty of these patients underwent a salpingectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy. Forty-eight patients underwent salpingostomy. This represents an increase in the conservative surgery rate from 8 to 35.5%. The overall term viable pregnancy rate was 40%, along with a 10% repeat ectopic rate. There was no advantage as far as term viable pregnancy when comparing salpingostomy and salpingectomy. Conservative surgery did not increase the repeat ectopic rate. Salpingostomy is therefore recommended in unruptured ampullar ectopic pregnancies in order to preserve reproductive function. If current trends continue, this will be an increasingly important problem. The statistics are based on a 73% follow-up, with all patients actively trying to conceive.", "contents": "The conservative surgical management of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. With the earlier and more accurate diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy based on rapid beta-subunit pregnancy tests and the use of ultrasound and laparoscopy, the percentage of diagnosed unruptured ectopic pregnancies is rapidly increasing. This, coupled with the earlier treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, the use of IUDs, and increasing numbers of tubal plastic surgery, caused the authors to evaluate the problem of conservative management of ectopic pregnancy. In this study 98 patients at the Yale-New Haven Hospital who had ectopic pregnancies between 1972 and 1977 are evaluated. Fifty of these patients underwent a salpingectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy. Forty-eight patients underwent salpingostomy. This represents an increase in the conservative surgery rate from 8 to 35.5%. The overall term viable pregnancy rate was 40%, along with a 10% repeat ectopic rate. There was no advantage as far as term viable pregnancy when comparing salpingostomy and salpingectomy. Conservative surgery did not increase the repeat ectopic rate. Salpingostomy is therefore recommended in unruptured ampullar ectopic pregnancies in order to preserve reproductive function. If current trends continue, this will be an increasingly important problem. The statistics are based on a 73% follow-up, with all patients actively trying to conceive.", "PMID": 492625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1206", "title": "Dysmenorrhea: treatment with an antiprostaglandin.", "content": "Painful menses, one of the most frequent gynecologic complaints, is incapacitating for many women. It has recently been proposed that increased endometrial prostaglandin production and prostaglandin-induced myometrial contractility may be responsible for dysmenorrhea. In this prospective, double-blind, 3-way, crossover study, relief of pain by an antiprostaglanding drug, ibuprofen (400 mg), was compared with propoxyphene (64 mg) and placebo in 22 women with severe primary dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen was significantly more effective in 18 patients when compared to the other 2 treatment regimens (P less than 0.001), while propoxyphene was superior to placebo in 13 patients (P less than 0.05). Prostaglandin E and F synthesis rates in endometrial biopsy specimens taken on the second day of treatment in 2 patients during each treatment cycle were lowest during ibuprofen in one case but showed no definite pattern in the second.", "contents": "Dysmenorrhea: treatment with an antiprostaglandin. Painful menses, one of the most frequent gynecologic complaints, is incapacitating for many women. It has recently been proposed that increased endometrial prostaglandin production and prostaglandin-induced myometrial contractility may be responsible for dysmenorrhea. In this prospective, double-blind, 3-way, crossover study, relief of pain by an antiprostaglanding drug, ibuprofen (400 mg), was compared with propoxyphene (64 mg) and placebo in 22 women with severe primary dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen was significantly more effective in 18 patients when compared to the other 2 treatment regimens (P less than 0.001), while propoxyphene was superior to placebo in 13 patients (P less than 0.05). Prostaglandin E and F synthesis rates in endometrial biopsy specimens taken on the second day of treatment in 2 patients during each treatment cycle were lowest during ibuprofen in one case but showed no definite pattern in the second.", "PMID": 492626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1207", "title": "A case of automobile trauma during pregnancy.", "content": "Accidental injury is an important complication of pregnancy. In North Carolina the rate of maternal deaths secondary to accidents has remained constant since 1966; however, because of a reduction in other causes, the percentage of maternal deaths due to accidents has doubled (11.4%). As a result, it is appropriate to reassess the evaluation of injuries sustained in automobile accidents. A case of automobile trauma to a pregnant woman at term is presented, and a plan of management involving fetal monitoring is recommended.", "contents": "A case of automobile trauma during pregnancy. Accidental injury is an important complication of pregnancy. In North Carolina the rate of maternal deaths secondary to accidents has remained constant since 1966; however, because of a reduction in other causes, the percentage of maternal deaths due to accidents has doubled (11.4%). As a result, it is appropriate to reassess the evaluation of injuries sustained in automobile accidents. A case of automobile trauma to a pregnant woman at term is presented, and a plan of management involving fetal monitoring is recommended.", "PMID": 492627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1208", "title": "Fetal scalp electrode complications: cerebrospinal fluid leak.", "content": "A newborn with cerebrospinal fluid leakage secondary to a fetal scalp electrode is presented. Although infrequent complications from fetal scalp electrode monitoring may be significant. Personnel using these monitoring devices should be alert to possible complications.", "contents": "Fetal scalp electrode complications: cerebrospinal fluid leak. A newborn with cerebrospinal fluid leakage secondary to a fetal scalp electrode is presented. Although infrequent complications from fetal scalp electrode monitoring may be significant. Personnel using these monitoring devices should be alert to possible complications.", "PMID": 492628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1209", "title": "Maternal and neonatal implications of congenital complete heart block in the fetus.", "content": "The detection of congenital complete heart block (CCHB) in a fetus should alert the obstetrician that the welfare of both the mother and the newborn infant may be in jeopardy. An awareness of this uncommon cause of fetal bradycardia and judicious intrapartum monitoring can avert hasty and unnecessary cesarean section for suspected fetal asphyxia. Neonatal consequences may range from no effect to life-threatening congestive heart failure. The apparently healthy mothers of these infants may be at increased risk for the subsequent development of collagen vascular disease. Three recent case reports demonstrate the spectrum of neonatal and maternal disease that may accompany CCHB. The significance of abnormal serology suggesting a propensity for collagen vascular disease in an otherwise healthy parturient is discussed, and a program for follow-up is proposed.", "contents": "Maternal and neonatal implications of congenital complete heart block in the fetus. The detection of congenital complete heart block (CCHB) in a fetus should alert the obstetrician that the welfare of both the mother and the newborn infant may be in jeopardy. An awareness of this uncommon cause of fetal bradycardia and judicious intrapartum monitoring can avert hasty and unnecessary cesarean section for suspected fetal asphyxia. Neonatal consequences may range from no effect to life-threatening congestive heart failure. The apparently healthy mothers of these infants may be at increased risk for the subsequent development of collagen vascular disease. Three recent case reports demonstrate the spectrum of neonatal and maternal disease that may accompany CCHB. The significance of abnormal serology suggesting a propensity for collagen vascular disease in an otherwise healthy parturient is discussed, and a program for follow-up is proposed.", "PMID": 492629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1210", "title": "Dermatomyositis and female malignancy.", "content": "All cases of dermatomyositis-polymyositis in women seen between 1970 and 1977 at Baylor Affiliated Hospitals were reviewed. Twenty-five patients were identified with this diagnosis. Of these women, 5 were found to have a malignant tumor: 3 ovarian carcinomas, 1 cervical intraepithelial carcinoma, and 1 colon carcinoma. Pertinent histologic and clinical findings in patients with dermatomyositis-polymyositis are discussed. The high prevalence of malignancy in these patients, previously recognized, is discussed. A case report is presented.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis and female malignancy. All cases of dermatomyositis-polymyositis in women seen between 1970 and 1977 at Baylor Affiliated Hospitals were reviewed. Twenty-five patients were identified with this diagnosis. Of these women, 5 were found to have a malignant tumor: 3 ovarian carcinomas, 1 cervical intraepithelial carcinoma, and 1 colon carcinoma. Pertinent histologic and clinical findings in patients with dermatomyositis-polymyositis are discussed. The high prevalence of malignancy in these patients, previously recognized, is discussed. A case report is presented.", "PMID": 492630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1211", "title": "MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) given during pregnancy.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman with Hodgkin's disease was treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy at 26 weeks' gestation. She responded well to therapy. Labor was induced at 38 weeks' gestation, and a normal male infant was delivered with no complications. The patient and infant continue to do well at 8 months following delivery. This is one of the first reports of multiple-agent chemotherapy used in early pregnancy.", "contents": "MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) given during pregnancy. A 26-year-old woman with Hodgkin's disease was treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy at 26 weeks' gestation. She responded well to therapy. Labor was induced at 38 weeks' gestation, and a normal male infant was delivered with no complications. The patient and infant continue to do well at 8 months following delivery. This is one of the first reports of multiple-agent chemotherapy used in early pregnancy.", "PMID": 492631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1212", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the vulva: a case report and brief review.", "content": "A report of a case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the vulva is presented. A complete response of the tumor was obtained after 1 treatment cycle using a triple-drug chemotherapy regimen of actinomycin D, vincristine, and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-trazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC). Death occurred due to severe erythema multiforme, which was indirectly related to a complication of the chemotherapy.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the vulva: a case report and brief review. A report of a case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the vulva is presented. A complete response of the tumor was obtained after 1 treatment cycle using a triple-drug chemotherapy regimen of actinomycin D, vincristine, and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-trazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC). Death occurred due to severe erythema multiforme, which was indirectly related to a complication of the chemotherapy.", "PMID": 492632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1213", "title": "Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia in ovarian tumors.", "content": "Two cases of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to ovarian tumors are presented. Both cases were secondary to ectopic parathormone (PTH) production. Other mediators postulated to cause this syndrome are prostaglandins, vitamin D-like sterols, non-vitamin D sterols, vitamin A, cortisol, and \"osteoclast-activating factor.' The key treatment modalities for acute hypercalcemia are hydration and diuresis with furosemide; phosphates, steroids, antiprostaglandins, and hemodialysis may also be of value. Calcitonin is theoretically the most attractive treatment modality, but the rapid development of resistance limits its use to acute management. Mithramycin is most effective for long-term palliation of hypercalcemia if tumor-directed therapy is unsuccessful. Review of the literature confirms the previously made observation that mesonephromas are disproportionaately represented in association with this syndrome.", "contents": "Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia in ovarian tumors. Two cases of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to ovarian tumors are presented. Both cases were secondary to ectopic parathormone (PTH) production. Other mediators postulated to cause this syndrome are prostaglandins, vitamin D-like sterols, non-vitamin D sterols, vitamin A, cortisol, and \"osteoclast-activating factor.' The key treatment modalities for acute hypercalcemia are hydration and diuresis with furosemide; phosphates, steroids, antiprostaglandins, and hemodialysis may also be of value. Calcitonin is theoretically the most attractive treatment modality, but the rapid development of resistance limits its use to acute management. Mithramycin is most effective for long-term palliation of hypercalcemia if tumor-directed therapy is unsuccessful. Review of the literature confirms the previously made observation that mesonephromas are disproportionaately represented in association with this syndrome.", "PMID": 492633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1214", "title": "Torsion of the normal fallopian tube in pregnancy.", "content": "Two cases of torsion of the normal fallopian tubes during the third trimester of pregnancy are presented. The etiology and clinical features of this complication are discussed. Although uncommon, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in pregnancy.", "contents": "Torsion of the normal fallopian tube in pregnancy. Two cases of torsion of the normal fallopian tubes during the third trimester of pregnancy are presented. The etiology and clinical features of this complication are discussed. Although uncommon, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in pregnancy.", "PMID": 492634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1215", "title": "Massive exudative ascites produced from a tubal pseudocyst in chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "A case of massive exudative hemorrhagic ascites occurring as a serious complication of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is presented. The clinical manifestations, simulating diffuse carcinomatosis in a young female patient, are described.", "contents": "Massive exudative ascites produced from a tubal pseudocyst in chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. A case of massive exudative hemorrhagic ascites occurring as a serious complication of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is presented. The clinical manifestations, simulating diffuse carcinomatosis in a young female patient, are described.", "PMID": 492635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1216", "title": "An unusual case of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro studies were conducted on a male pseudohermaphrodite. Levels of gonadal steroids in peripheral blood suggested low activity of steroidogenesis which was consistent with the high levels of gonadotropins found. In vitro incubation studies with testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) indicated that both gonadotropins increased the endogenous accumulation of testosterone (P less than 0.05) and the rate of conversion of testosterone to androstenedione (P less than 0.025). Estradiol accumulation was increased only in the presence of hCG. These data suggest that the aromatase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme systems in the gonads of this patient may be influenced by gonadotropins.", "contents": "An unusual case of male pseudohermaphroditism. In vivo and in vitro studies were conducted on a male pseudohermaphrodite. Levels of gonadal steroids in peripheral blood suggested low activity of steroidogenesis which was consistent with the high levels of gonadotropins found. In vitro incubation studies with testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) indicated that both gonadotropins increased the endogenous accumulation of testosterone (P less than 0.05) and the rate of conversion of testosterone to androstenedione (P less than 0.025). Estradiol accumulation was increased only in the presence of hCG. These data suggest that the aromatase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme systems in the gonads of this patient may be influenced by gonadotropins.", "PMID": 492636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1217", "title": "Avoidance of permanent colostomy in pelvic malignancy using the surgical stapler.", "content": "The potential for reducing the number of gynecologic oncology patients left with a permanent colostomy may be achieved by the use of the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) automatic surgical stapler. This instrument allows a rectocolonic anastomosis at a very low level (below the levator muscles), which is very difficult and poorly performed by hand-suture techniques. This report presents the author's experience with 6 patients in whom a low rectocolonic anastomosis was performed with the EEA surgical stapler.", "contents": "Avoidance of permanent colostomy in pelvic malignancy using the surgical stapler. The potential for reducing the number of gynecologic oncology patients left with a permanent colostomy may be achieved by the use of the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) automatic surgical stapler. This instrument allows a rectocolonic anastomosis at a very low level (below the levator muscles), which is very difficult and poorly performed by hand-suture techniques. This report presents the author's experience with 6 patients in whom a low rectocolonic anastomosis was performed with the EEA surgical stapler.", "PMID": 492637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1218", "title": "Local alcohol injection of the vulva: discussion of 35 cases.", "content": "During the past 20 years the senior author has, in selected cases, used alcohol injection of the anogenital area for the treatment of intractable pruritus. The initial experience of this treatment in 30 cases that had failed to respond to other appropriate local therapy was reported 6 years ago. During the past 5 years an additional 35 procedures have been performed. The results are similar to those reported previously and indicate that if the cases are carefully selected and have had appropriate but unsuccessful conservative treatment, the results of alcohol injection may prove to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Local alcohol injection of the vulva: discussion of 35 cases. During the past 20 years the senior author has, in selected cases, used alcohol injection of the anogenital area for the treatment of intractable pruritus. The initial experience of this treatment in 30 cases that had failed to respond to other appropriate local therapy was reported 6 years ago. During the past 5 years an additional 35 procedures have been performed. The results are similar to those reported previously and indicate that if the cases are carefully selected and have had appropriate but unsuccessful conservative treatment, the results of alcohol injection may prove to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 492638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1219", "title": "Intestinal anastomoses after radiation therapy by surgical stapling instruments.", "content": "The use of automated stapling instruments in 17 patients requiring intestinal surgery following irradiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies has been reviewed. Fifteen of these patients also had other medical problems thought to inhibit optimal anastomotic healing: malnutrition, persistent intraabdominal cancer, uremia, hypoalbuminemia, and recent antineoplastic chemotherapy. Although these conditions severely test a method of intestinal anastomosis, no patient had a complication involving the intestinal anastomosis. The use of these stapling instruments reduced both the operating time and the contamination of the peritoneal surfaces by bowel content, thereby improving the postoperative recovery of these patients. The favorable results and the secure anastomoses justify the continued use of stapling instruments in gynecologic oncology patients with prior irradiation therapy.", "contents": "Intestinal anastomoses after radiation therapy by surgical stapling instruments. The use of automated stapling instruments in 17 patients requiring intestinal surgery following irradiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies has been reviewed. Fifteen of these patients also had other medical problems thought to inhibit optimal anastomotic healing: malnutrition, persistent intraabdominal cancer, uremia, hypoalbuminemia, and recent antineoplastic chemotherapy. Although these conditions severely test a method of intestinal anastomosis, no patient had a complication involving the intestinal anastomosis. The use of these stapling instruments reduced both the operating time and the contamination of the peritoneal surfaces by bowel content, thereby improving the postoperative recovery of these patients. The favorable results and the secure anastomoses justify the continued use of stapling instruments in gynecologic oncology patients with prior irradiation therapy.", "PMID": 492639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1220", "title": "An inexpensive operating microscope.", "content": "A fiberoptic colposcope was converted through minor alterations into an instrument suitable for use in gynecologic microsurgery. Magnification up to 24x may be obtained, and the extreme mobility, price consideration, and reduction in space at the operating table make it an attractive alternative to a bulky, expensive operating microscope.", "contents": "An inexpensive operating microscope. A fiberoptic colposcope was converted through minor alterations into an instrument suitable for use in gynecologic microsurgery. Magnification up to 24x may be obtained, and the extreme mobility, price consideration, and reduction in space at the operating table make it an attractive alternative to a bulky, expensive operating microscope.", "PMID": 492640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1221", "title": "Review of epidemiologic studies of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen.", "content": "Epidemiologic literature on the association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer is reviewed. Descriptive studies have documented fluctuations in the incidence of endometrial cancer, mainly of localized disease, associated with estrogen use. Etiologic studies have established an association between estrogen use during menopause and the occurrence of endometrial cancer. Although the association appears to be a valid one, several biases may have falsely increased the magnitude of this association. The association also appears to be strongest for local disease and weakest for the most invasive disease, which implies that the etiology for the more invasive endometrial cancers is largely unaccounted for by estrogen use. A need for a prospective study to define other potential risks and benefits of estrogen therapy is clear. However, appreciation of factors known to modify the risk of endometrial cancer from exogenous estrogen can help the clinician to use these preparations judiciously.", "contents": "Review of epidemiologic studies of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen. Epidemiologic literature on the association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer is reviewed. Descriptive studies have documented fluctuations in the incidence of endometrial cancer, mainly of localized disease, associated with estrogen use. Etiologic studies have established an association between estrogen use during menopause and the occurrence of endometrial cancer. Although the association appears to be a valid one, several biases may have falsely increased the magnitude of this association. The association also appears to be strongest for local disease and weakest for the most invasive disease, which implies that the etiology for the more invasive endometrial cancers is largely unaccounted for by estrogen use. A need for a prospective study to define other potential risks and benefits of estrogen therapy is clear. However, appreciation of factors known to modify the risk of endometrial cancer from exogenous estrogen can help the clinician to use these preparations judiciously.", "PMID": 492641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1222", "title": "The childbearing center: an alternative birth setting.", "content": "A number of reports have noted the trend toward home deliveries. With the aim of providing an alternative to unattended home delivery, an out-of-hospital unit for women at low medical risk was opened in New York City in October 1975. Physical care is provided by a team of nurse-midwives, obstetricians, pediatricians, and ancillary health personnel. Childbirth education is an integral part of the program. Women are carefully screened both initially and during the course of pregnancy, and transfers are made to hospital services when required. In the first 31 months of the program, 244 births were managed in the unit. No life-threatening emergencies have occurred. Experience to date indicates that a unit of this kind can safely offer care to a low-risk obstetric population.", "contents": "The childbearing center: an alternative birth setting. A number of reports have noted the trend toward home deliveries. With the aim of providing an alternative to unattended home delivery, an out-of-hospital unit for women at low medical risk was opened in New York City in October 1975. Physical care is provided by a team of nurse-midwives, obstetricians, pediatricians, and ancillary health personnel. Childbirth education is an integral part of the program. Women are carefully screened both initially and during the course of pregnancy, and transfers are made to hospital services when required. In the first 31 months of the program, 244 births were managed in the unit. No life-threatening emergencies have occurred. Experience to date indicates that a unit of this kind can safely offer care to a low-risk obstetric population.", "PMID": 492642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1223", "title": "[Formation of the cortical reaction in the process of oocyte maturation in the starred sturgeon].", "content": "The chronology of maturation process and cortical reaction development was studied in the Volga sevryuga oocytes. The germinal vesicle breakdown was first noted at 14 tau 0 following the injection of hypophysial suspension to the female and observed in the vast majority of oocytes at 17 tau 0; different phases of the I maturation division were found at 21 to 25 tau 0 and metaphase II at 33 tau 0. The ability to respond by cortical reaction to the activating stimulus (glass needle pricking) was first observed at 17 tau 0, i.e. soon after the germinal vesicle breakdown, but the appearance of the ability for cortical reaction was not connected causatively with the latter process. The cortical reaction in the maturing oocytes (17 to 25 tau 0) is characterized by the following features: in some oocytes the rate of the wave of granule breakdown is much lower than in the mature eggs; in ca. 80% of oocytes with the normal rate of cortical reaction the process of release of the contents of cortical granules in inhibited in the animal pole region and accordingly the contact of cytoplasm with the membranes is preserved in this region for a long time.", "contents": "[Formation of the cortical reaction in the process of oocyte maturation in the starred sturgeon]. The chronology of maturation process and cortical reaction development was studied in the Volga sevryuga oocytes. The germinal vesicle breakdown was first noted at 14 tau 0 following the injection of hypophysial suspension to the female and observed in the vast majority of oocytes at 17 tau 0; different phases of the I maturation division were found at 21 to 25 tau 0 and metaphase II at 33 tau 0. The ability to respond by cortical reaction to the activating stimulus (glass needle pricking) was first observed at 17 tau 0, i.e. soon after the germinal vesicle breakdown, but the appearance of the ability for cortical reaction was not connected causatively with the latter process. The cortical reaction in the maturing oocytes (17 to 25 tau 0) is characterized by the following features: in some oocytes the rate of the wave of granule breakdown is much lower than in the mature eggs; in ca. 80% of oocytes with the normal rate of cortical reaction the process of release of the contents of cortical granules in inhibited in the animal pole region and accordingly the contact of cytoplasm with the membranes is preserved in this region for a long time.", "PMID": 492653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1224", "title": "[Proliferative activity and the kinetics of the cell populations of chick embryo blastoderm in the period of gastrulation and early organogenesis. I. The proliferative activity and nature of the transition by mitotic cycle cells].", "content": "The intensity of entry of cells of different rudiments of the chick embryo in mitosis and S-phase at the stages of gastrulation and early organogenesis was studied by means of statmokinetic method and thymidine autoradiography. Regular changes in the percentage of cells entering mitosis and S-phase during development were found. The fluctuations of one index do not coincide often with those of another. The values of these indices within the limits of one rudiment may be interrelated in different ways. These interrelations change in their turn from one stage to another. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the regular changes found represent a form of expression of parasynchronous proliferation pattern, related to the regular changes of the composition of cell polations due to unequal pasage of cells through the mitotic cycle.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity and the kinetics of the cell populations of chick embryo blastoderm in the period of gastrulation and early organogenesis. I. The proliferative activity and nature of the transition by mitotic cycle cells]. The intensity of entry of cells of different rudiments of the chick embryo in mitosis and S-phase at the stages of gastrulation and early organogenesis was studied by means of statmokinetic method and thymidine autoradiography. Regular changes in the percentage of cells entering mitosis and S-phase during development were found. The fluctuations of one index do not coincide often with those of another. The values of these indices within the limits of one rudiment may be interrelated in different ways. These interrelations change in their turn from one stage to another. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the regular changes found represent a form of expression of parasynchronous proliferation pattern, related to the regular changes of the composition of cell polations due to unequal pasage of cells through the mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 492654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1225", "title": "[Ultrastructural signs of the absorption of substances by the ependyma of the III ventricle in rats in the perinatal period].", "content": "The distribution of pinocytic vesicles, relief of apical surface and intercellular contacts were studied by means of electron microscope in ependyma of ventral region of III ventricle during perinatal period in rats. Morphological evidence was obtained for the fact that substances are absorbed by ependyma via pinocytic vesicles from the liquor beginning at least from the 16th day of prenatal development. During the postnatal period the intensity of absorption in the ventrolateral region of infundibulum of III ventricle and along the periphery of its extended part is higher than in the ventral region. At the same time the number of evaginations of the apical surface increases, especially in the ventrolateral region of infundibulum and along the periphery of its extended part. As a result, numerous depressions are formed on the ependyma surface, thus creating favourable conditions for the absorption of substances, circulating in the liquor. Changes in the apical surface configuration is provided by a special system of filaments. The apical parts of cells during perinatal period are girdled by a zone of specialized contacts, including cleft contacts, zones of adhesion and zones of closure. The latter, as known, limit markedly the penetration of substances.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural signs of the absorption of substances by the ependyma of the III ventricle in rats in the perinatal period]. The distribution of pinocytic vesicles, relief of apical surface and intercellular contacts were studied by means of electron microscope in ependyma of ventral region of III ventricle during perinatal period in rats. Morphological evidence was obtained for the fact that substances are absorbed by ependyma via pinocytic vesicles from the liquor beginning at least from the 16th day of prenatal development. During the postnatal period the intensity of absorption in the ventrolateral region of infundibulum of III ventricle and along the periphery of its extended part is higher than in the ventral region. At the same time the number of evaginations of the apical surface increases, especially in the ventrolateral region of infundibulum and along the periphery of its extended part. As a result, numerous depressions are formed on the ependyma surface, thus creating favourable conditions for the absorption of substances, circulating in the liquor. Changes in the apical surface configuration is provided by a special system of filaments. The apical parts of cells during perinatal period are girdled by a zone of specialized contacts, including cleft contacts, zones of adhesion and zones of closure. The latter, as known, limit markedly the penetration of substances.", "PMID": 492655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1226", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the mitochondria in the apical meristem of a wheet shoot in ontogeny].", "content": "The mitochondria of apical meristem cells in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) shoot were studied during ontogenesis using electron microscope and morphometrical methods. Changes in their structure were followed from the juvenile mitochondria of the seed embryonic ear cells. The parameters of the \"average\" mitochondrion, such as profile area, outer membrane length, were shown to differ relatively weakly during the periods with different meristem activity. Changes in the internal structure of the mitochondria having the developed system of crystae in the actively growing apices and those with weakly developed crystae in the resting seed or low active \"waiting meristem\" are much more pronounced. The relative volume of mitochondria, their number per unit of cytoplasm volume and total length of membranes suffer relatively insignificant changes during the vegetative phase and increase markedly during the prefloral phase when the apex is preparing itself for generative differentiation.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the mitochondria in the apical meristem of a wheet shoot in ontogeny]. The mitochondria of apical meristem cells in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) shoot were studied during ontogenesis using electron microscope and morphometrical methods. Changes in their structure were followed from the juvenile mitochondria of the seed embryonic ear cells. The parameters of the \"average\" mitochondrion, such as profile area, outer membrane length, were shown to differ relatively weakly during the periods with different meristem activity. Changes in the internal structure of the mitochondria having the developed system of crystae in the actively growing apices and those with weakly developed crystae in the resting seed or low active \"waiting meristem\" are much more pronounced. The relative volume of mitochondria, their number per unit of cytoplasm volume and total length of membranes suffer relatively insignificant changes during the vegetative phase and increase markedly during the prefloral phase when the apex is preparing itself for generative differentiation.", "PMID": 492656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1227", "title": "[Analysis of the mechanisms determining the varying relationship of the sperm from the marine and freshwater forms of the three-spined stickleback to the salinity of the medium].", "content": "The causes of differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of the fresh-water (morpha leiurus) and marine (m. trachurus) forms of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus to the high sea water salinity (the upper limit of spermatozoan motility being 18% and 52%, resp.) were investigated. The experiments with solutions of pure NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, LiCl (25 g/l) have shown that the movement of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is inhibited by NaCl only. The inhibition of chlorine channels of the plasma membrane by a specific inhibitor furosemide has shown that the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is suppressed by the high Na+ concentrations. The experiments with ATP have revealed no differences in the activity of Na pump between the spermatozoa of mm. trachurus and leiurus. Amyloride, an inhibitor of Na channels, at a concentration of 1.10(-5) M relieved the inhibiting effect of the high Na+ concentrations on the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus. The differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of two forms of the stickleback appear, to be determined by differences in Na channels of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "[Analysis of the mechanisms determining the varying relationship of the sperm from the marine and freshwater forms of the three-spined stickleback to the salinity of the medium]. The causes of differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of the fresh-water (morpha leiurus) and marine (m. trachurus) forms of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus to the high sea water salinity (the upper limit of spermatozoan motility being 18% and 52%, resp.) were investigated. The experiments with solutions of pure NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, LiCl (25 g/l) have shown that the movement of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is inhibited by NaCl only. The inhibition of chlorine channels of the plasma membrane by a specific inhibitor furosemide has shown that the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is suppressed by the high Na+ concentrations. The experiments with ATP have revealed no differences in the activity of Na pump between the spermatozoa of mm. trachurus and leiurus. Amyloride, an inhibitor of Na channels, at a concentration of 1.10(-5) M relieved the inhibiting effect of the high Na+ concentrations on the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus. The differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of two forms of the stickleback appear, to be determined by differences in Na channels of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 492657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1228", "title": "[Haptoglobin study of sheep during the development process].", "content": "The development of haptoglobin blood system was studied in the sheeps during intrauterine development and early postnatal period. The haptoglobin content was shown to decrease with the foetus age, two peaks of its reliable increase having been, however, noted -- on the 55th and 105th days of development. After the birth the haptoglobin concentration in blood is relatively low, increases gradually and attains by the 8th month of life that in adult animals. In the blood serum of 45--120 days old foetuses two phenotypes of fetal haptoglobin were found; the adult haptoglobin is present only beginning from the 1st month of life.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin study of sheep during the development process]. The development of haptoglobin blood system was studied in the sheeps during intrauterine development and early postnatal period. The haptoglobin content was shown to decrease with the foetus age, two peaks of its reliable increase having been, however, noted -- on the 55th and 105th days of development. After the birth the haptoglobin concentration in blood is relatively low, increases gradually and attains by the 8th month of life that in adult animals. In the blood serum of 45--120 days old foetuses two phenotypes of fetal haptoglobin were found; the adult haptoglobin is present only beginning from the 1st month of life.", "PMID": 492658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1229", "title": "[Biological method of determining the capacity of mulberry silkworm eggs which remain unpigmented for development].", "content": "To determine the stage of the silkworm eggs which did not acquire grey colour due to the serose membrane pigmentation and, as a result, preserved yellow colour, it is suggested to activate such eggs to parthenogenetic development of ameiotic or meiotic type. The eggs lost at the early developmental stages after activation will remain yellow, whereas those arrested at metaphase I begin to develop and acquire the dark colour on the 3rd day. Examples are given for the effective utilization of the method.", "contents": "[Biological method of determining the capacity of mulberry silkworm eggs which remain unpigmented for development]. To determine the stage of the silkworm eggs which did not acquire grey colour due to the serose membrane pigmentation and, as a result, preserved yellow colour, it is suggested to activate such eggs to parthenogenetic development of ameiotic or meiotic type. The eggs lost at the early developmental stages after activation will remain yellow, whereas those arrested at metaphase I begin to develop and acquire the dark colour on the 3rd day. Examples are given for the effective utilization of the method.", "PMID": 492659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1230", "title": "Reconstruction of absent lacrimal puncta.", "content": "A previously described technique to isolate absent lacrimal puncta is reemphasized. The procedure has been modified, whereby the entire punctal and vertical canalicular walls are removed with a Holth sclerectomy punch and by silastic intubation of the passages. This has led to increased permanent patency of the lacrimal puncta and a greater, successful resolution of epiphora. A modified pigtail probe with a narrowed tip has been developed to facilitate passage of the silastic tubing without it slipping off the probe.", "contents": "Reconstruction of absent lacrimal puncta. A previously described technique to isolate absent lacrimal puncta is reemphasized. The procedure has been modified, whereby the entire punctal and vertical canalicular walls are removed with a Holth sclerectomy punch and by silastic intubation of the passages. This has led to increased permanent patency of the lacrimal puncta and a greater, successful resolution of epiphora. A modified pigtail probe with a narrowed tip has been developed to facilitate passage of the silastic tubing without it slipping off the probe.", "PMID": 492662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1231", "title": "Treatment of the lacrimal excretory system after resection of medial canthal and eyelid tumors.", "content": "A simplified method of lacrimal excretory system repair is presented. If part of a canaliculus is resected during removal of an eyelid tumor, the remaining section of the canaliculus can be exteriorized to the lacrimal lake. A silicone tube is threaded into the canaliculus and allowed to remain in place for one to two weeks. If both canaliculi and the common canaliculus are removed during resection for a medial canthal tumor, a silicone tube can be threaded into the nasolacrimal duct and brought out the area of the medial canthal angle. Conjunctiva which is wrapped around the tube can then form a new drainage canal into the remainder of the lacrimal excretory system.", "contents": "Treatment of the lacrimal excretory system after resection of medial canthal and eyelid tumors. A simplified method of lacrimal excretory system repair is presented. If part of a canaliculus is resected during removal of an eyelid tumor, the remaining section of the canaliculus can be exteriorized to the lacrimal lake. A silicone tube is threaded into the canaliculus and allowed to remain in place for one to two weeks. If both canaliculi and the common canaliculus are removed during resection for a medial canthal tumor, a silicone tube can be threaded into the nasolacrimal duct and brought out the area of the medial canthal angle. Conjunctiva which is wrapped around the tube can then form a new drainage canal into the remainder of the lacrimal excretory system.", "PMID": 492663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1232", "title": "The O-to-Z plasty.", "content": "Closure of circular defects in the eyelids and canthal areas, as well as the face and neck regions, can present a challenging problem for the ophthalmic plastic surgeon. The O-to-Z plasty devised by Dr. Marvin Quickert is an excellent procedure for dealing with medium-sized circular defects in these regions. It is most commonly used after removal of benign or malignant tumors. In this procedure, skin is undermined from subcutaneous tissue and muscle around the entire circular defect. Two parallel incisions are made along normal lines of cleavage tangential to the circular defect. This allows the skin edges to be advanced and closed along a diagnol converting the defect to a Z closure. The advantage of this procedure is that it allows a smooth firm closure without a \"dog-ear\" defect. In addition, skin grafts can be avoided in closing many small- and moderate-sided circular defects.", "contents": "The O-to-Z plasty. Closure of circular defects in the eyelids and canthal areas, as well as the face and neck regions, can present a challenging problem for the ophthalmic plastic surgeon. The O-to-Z plasty devised by Dr. Marvin Quickert is an excellent procedure for dealing with medium-sized circular defects in these regions. It is most commonly used after removal of benign or malignant tumors. In this procedure, skin is undermined from subcutaneous tissue and muscle around the entire circular defect. Two parallel incisions are made along normal lines of cleavage tangential to the circular defect. This allows the skin edges to be advanced and closed along a diagnol converting the defect to a Z closure. The advantage of this procedure is that it allows a smooth firm closure without a \"dog-ear\" defect. In addition, skin grafts can be avoided in closing many small- and moderate-sided circular defects.", "PMID": 492664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1233", "title": "Principles of cryosurgery.", "content": "The mechanism by which a cryogen destroys cells is complex. The formation of a hemispherical iceball composed of thermogradients, each of which maintains a temperature proportional to its distance from the application point, initiates the cryoinjury. The cardinal rule of cryosurgery includes a rapid freeze, which produces highly damaging intracellular ice formation and closely-packed thermogradients, coupled with a slow thaw. Multiple freeze/thaw cycles are most destructive, producing ischemic necrosis. Histological and clinical aspects are discussed, as well as complications and follow-up procedures.", "contents": "Principles of cryosurgery. The mechanism by which a cryogen destroys cells is complex. The formation of a hemispherical iceball composed of thermogradients, each of which maintains a temperature proportional to its distance from the application point, initiates the cryoinjury. The cardinal rule of cryosurgery includes a rapid freeze, which produces highly damaging intracellular ice formation and closely-packed thermogradients, coupled with a slow thaw. Multiple freeze/thaw cycles are most destructive, producing ischemic necrosis. Histological and clinical aspects are discussed, as well as complications and follow-up procedures.", "PMID": 492666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1234", "title": "Basic concepts and an overview of cryosurgery in ophthalmic plastic surgery.", "content": "In cryosurgery, a rapid double freeze using liquid nitrogen spray coupled with a slow thaw generates optimum cell destruction. Important factors in using the cryosurgical technique include temperature monitoring of the lesion, the type of instrumentation, the type of cryogen, and the nonhomogeneity of human tissue. Physiological processes occurring subsequent to cryogen application cause tissue necrosis. Cryosurgery is indicated for treatment of some basal cell carcinomas and occasional squamous cell carcinomas; most other lesions should be treated by surgical excision at the present time. The authors are involved in research to determine means of observing tissue destruction, temperature monitoring and control methods, and evaluation of post-thawing processes.", "contents": "Basic concepts and an overview of cryosurgery in ophthalmic plastic surgery. In cryosurgery, a rapid double freeze using liquid nitrogen spray coupled with a slow thaw generates optimum cell destruction. Important factors in using the cryosurgical technique include temperature monitoring of the lesion, the type of instrumentation, the type of cryogen, and the nonhomogeneity of human tissue. Physiological processes occurring subsequent to cryogen application cause tissue necrosis. Cryosurgery is indicated for treatment of some basal cell carcinomas and occasional squamous cell carcinomas; most other lesions should be treated by surgical excision at the present time. The authors are involved in research to determine means of observing tissue destruction, temperature monitoring and control methods, and evaluation of post-thawing processes.", "PMID": 492667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1235", "title": "Cryosurgery in ophthalmic practice.", "content": "Cutaneous cryosurgery is useful in an ophthalmic practice in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, trichiasis, and other benign cutaneous disorders. Indications and techniques for using liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide instruments are discussed.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in ophthalmic practice. Cutaneous cryosurgery is useful in an ophthalmic practice in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, trichiasis, and other benign cutaneous disorders. Indications and techniques for using liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide instruments are discussed.", "PMID": 492668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1236", "title": "The use of liquid nitrogen cryospray for treatment of trichiasis.", "content": "Cryosurgical destruction of eyelashes has been successful using a double freez-thaw liquid nitrogen spray technique. While other cryogens are successful in treating trichiasis, they are contraindicated in the treatment of malignant eyelid lesions. If the clinician intends to treat both these entities, it would be simpler to use a liquid nitrogen unit; otherwise, two separate cryosurgical instruments would be required. The liquid nitrogen treatment requires two cycles of a rapid freeze to -15 degrees C coupled with a slow thaw and has given us a 90%+ success rate. Contraindications in treating trichiasis with cryotherapy include paralytic lids and heavily pigmented patients. In general, we do not treat trichiasis involving less than one-third of the lid, especially with young, healthy-appearing lid margins.", "contents": "The use of liquid nitrogen cryospray for treatment of trichiasis. Cryosurgical destruction of eyelashes has been successful using a double freez-thaw liquid nitrogen spray technique. While other cryogens are successful in treating trichiasis, they are contraindicated in the treatment of malignant eyelid lesions. If the clinician intends to treat both these entities, it would be simpler to use a liquid nitrogen unit; otherwise, two separate cryosurgical instruments would be required. The liquid nitrogen treatment requires two cycles of a rapid freeze to -15 degrees C coupled with a slow thaw and has given us a 90%+ success rate. Contraindications in treating trichiasis with cryotherapy include paralytic lids and heavily pigmented patients. In general, we do not treat trichiasis involving less than one-third of the lid, especially with young, healthy-appearing lid margins.", "PMID": 492669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1237", "title": "Possible complications secondary to cryotherapy.", "content": "Various complications are possible with cryosurgery that the cryosurgeon should be aware of. These include technical problems with the use of liquid nitrogen, skin temperature monitoring, improper patient selection, immediate secondary complications including hyperemia, erythema, bullae formation and edema, and long-term complications including depigmentation, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, loss of lashes and meibomian glands, lid deformities, scar formation, and destruction of the lacrimal system. Ocular damage has occurred following treatment of conjunctival and corneal lesions, however, not in the treatment of eyelid lesions.", "contents": "Possible complications secondary to cryotherapy. Various complications are possible with cryosurgery that the cryosurgeon should be aware of. These include technical problems with the use of liquid nitrogen, skin temperature monitoring, improper patient selection, immediate secondary complications including hyperemia, erythema, bullae formation and edema, and long-term complications including depigmentation, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, loss of lashes and meibomian glands, lid deformities, scar formation, and destruction of the lacrimal system. Ocular damage has occurred following treatment of conjunctival and corneal lesions, however, not in the treatment of eyelid lesions.", "PMID": 492670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1238", "title": "Corneal infections by Rhodotorula.", "content": "Rhodotorula, isolated from a human keratitis, was experimentally and microscopically found inactive, so that the question arises if micro-organisms found in a given eye lesion are always pathogenic. The answer is probably no.", "contents": "Corneal infections by Rhodotorula. Rhodotorula, isolated from a human keratitis, was experimentally and microscopically found inactive, so that the question arises if micro-organisms found in a given eye lesion are always pathogenic. The answer is probably no.", "PMID": 492671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1239", "title": "Vitreoretinal hemorrhages after ingestion of fava beans in a G-6-PD-deficient subject.", "content": "A case of vitreo retinal hemorrhages following a hemolytic crisis by fava beans in a G-6-DP-deficient patient is reported. Intravascular coagulation due to thromboplastin-like substances liberated by the diseased RBC could be the cause. The possibility of vitreoretinal hemorrhages of this nature in young subjects from the areas where G-6-PD deficiency is endemic is stressed.", "contents": "Vitreoretinal hemorrhages after ingestion of fava beans in a G-6-PD-deficient subject. A case of vitreo retinal hemorrhages following a hemolytic crisis by fava beans in a G-6-DP-deficient patient is reported. Intravascular coagulation due to thromboplastin-like substances liberated by the diseased RBC could be the cause. The possibility of vitreoretinal hemorrhages of this nature in young subjects from the areas where G-6-PD deficiency is endemic is stressed.", "PMID": 492672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1240", "title": "Considerations upon failures in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "The authors analyze the failures obtained in the management of the rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with a procedure associating a trapdoor with diathermy, buckle inclusion with an equatorial cerclage and subretinal fluid delivery. On the basis of the results the limits and indications of such a procedure are outlined.", "contents": "Considerations upon failures in retinal detachment surgery. The authors analyze the failures obtained in the management of the rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with a procedure associating a trapdoor with diathermy, buckle inclusion with an equatorial cerclage and subretinal fluid delivery. On the basis of the results the limits and indications of such a procedure are outlined.", "PMID": 492673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1241", "title": "Heredoataxia (spinocerebellar degeneration), ERG alterations, temporal aspects.", "content": "Electroretinographic recordings with 'implicit time' study of 6 patients with different forms of heredoataxia and without clinical ophthalmologic abnormalities were done. ERG showed diminished photopic amplitude of the 'b' wave with delayed photopic 'implicit time' in the presence of increased scotopic latencies. The retinal temporal dysfunction of the ERG in heredoataxia is probably a constant feature. Because the ERG registration, with amplitude and 'implicit time', is required for precise diagnosis, the constant association between retinal alteration and heredoataxia has probably been missed in the past.", "contents": "Heredoataxia (spinocerebellar degeneration), ERG alterations, temporal aspects. Electroretinographic recordings with 'implicit time' study of 6 patients with different forms of heredoataxia and without clinical ophthalmologic abnormalities were done. ERG showed diminished photopic amplitude of the 'b' wave with delayed photopic 'implicit time' in the presence of increased scotopic latencies. The retinal temporal dysfunction of the ERG in heredoataxia is probably a constant feature. Because the ERG registration, with amplitude and 'implicit time', is required for precise diagnosis, the constant association between retinal alteration and heredoataxia has probably been missed in the past.", "PMID": 492674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1242", "title": "Olfactory neuroblastoma.", "content": "Olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor arising from olfactory epithelium. Generally considered to be a tumor of slow growth, it varies in aggressiveness and may cause death by distant metastasis or local invasion. The pathologic diagnosis is difficult, and this tumor is often erroneously diagnosed. Nine previously unreported cases are presented, and a review of the various treatment modalities and course of the disease is given. Maximum therapeutic succes is best achieved by radical excision followed by a full course of radiation. Because of the high incidence of local recurrence (46%) and slow growth, patients should be followed up closely for life.", "contents": "Olfactory neuroblastoma. Olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor arising from olfactory epithelium. Generally considered to be a tumor of slow growth, it varies in aggressiveness and may cause death by distant metastasis or local invasion. The pathologic diagnosis is difficult, and this tumor is often erroneously diagnosed. Nine previously unreported cases are presented, and a review of the various treatment modalities and course of the disease is given. Maximum therapeutic succes is best achieved by radical excision followed by a full course of radiation. Because of the high incidence of local recurrence (46%) and slow growth, patients should be followed up closely for life.", "PMID": 492698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1243", "title": "Anterior cervical pain syndromes.", "content": "The paucity of clinical findings in patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, superior laryngeal neuralgia, styloid process syndrome, hyoid syndrome, or carotidynia presents an enigma to the patient and the physician. Manifest symptoms appear extraneous or incongruous unless the essential element is identified. Common to all these syndromes is the radiation of pain over the neck and face, starting from the anterior cervical area of the neck. Case histories of seven patients are presented. The rationale of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms is discussed and supported by relevant recent basic pain research, and conceptual speculations are presented.", "contents": "Anterior cervical pain syndromes. The paucity of clinical findings in patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, superior laryngeal neuralgia, styloid process syndrome, hyoid syndrome, or carotidynia presents an enigma to the patient and the physician. Manifest symptoms appear extraneous or incongruous unless the essential element is identified. Common to all these syndromes is the radiation of pain over the neck and face, starting from the anterior cervical area of the neck. Case histories of seven patients are presented. The rationale of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms is discussed and supported by relevant recent basic pain research, and conceptual speculations are presented.", "PMID": 492699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1244", "title": "Iontophoresis treatment.", "content": "Iontophoresis can be used as a method of treating herpes simplex virus and aphthous gingivostomatis. Idoxuridine has been used for herpes simplex virus, and corticosteroids and antibiotics have been used for aphthous stomatitis. Levamisole hydrochloride has been used for both herpes simplex virus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A lidocaine and adrenaline mixture is used with iontophoresis for myringotomy procedures and equalizing tubes. Also, anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with lidocaine hydrochloride by iontophoresis are useful for minor surgical procedures (\"ouchless surgery\").", "contents": "Iontophoresis treatment. Iontophoresis can be used as a method of treating herpes simplex virus and aphthous gingivostomatis. Idoxuridine has been used for herpes simplex virus, and corticosteroids and antibiotics have been used for aphthous stomatitis. Levamisole hydrochloride has been used for both herpes simplex virus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A lidocaine and adrenaline mixture is used with iontophoresis for myringotomy procedures and equalizing tubes. Also, anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with lidocaine hydrochloride by iontophoresis are useful for minor surgical procedures (\"ouchless surgery\").", "PMID": 492700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1245", "title": "A fatal case of Legionnaire's disease following a total laryngectomy.", "content": "Legionnaire's disease (LD) has been responsible for the death of many patients in several outbreaks in the United States and abroad. The Legionnaire's bacterium is still unclassified. Deoxyribonucleic acid studies of its genes have not yet found a near relative. A case of a 63-year-old man who had a total larynegectomy for cancer of the larynx is reported. He had an extensive postoperative pneumonia, secondary to LD. The diagnosis was made while the patient was alive, but he died on the 35th hospital day in spite of erythromycin treatment.", "contents": "A fatal case of Legionnaire's disease following a total laryngectomy. Legionnaire's disease (LD) has been responsible for the death of many patients in several outbreaks in the United States and abroad. The Legionnaire's bacterium is still unclassified. Deoxyribonucleic acid studies of its genes have not yet found a near relative. A case of a 63-year-old man who had a total larynegectomy for cancer of the larynx is reported. He had an extensive postoperative pneumonia, secondary to LD. The diagnosis was made while the patient was alive, but he died on the 35th hospital day in spite of erythromycin treatment.", "PMID": 492701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1246", "title": "Correlation of pharyngeal fistulization with preoperative radiotherapy, reduced serum albumen, and dietary obstruction.", "content": "The clinical courses of patients on the Head and Neck Service undergoing radical procedures were reviewed in retrospect. Factors that appeared to influence the courses such as preoperative radiotherapy, reduced serum albumen, and preoperative oropharyngeal obstruction were correlated with fistulization rate, flap necrosis, and other complications. The study included 105 radical procedures performed over a seven-month period. Sixty-six of these operations included laryngectomies, laryngopharyngectomies, and composite resections. The overall complication rate was 37%, with major complications accounting for 9%. A fistula rate of 20% was found in the pharyngeal group and ranged from 12% in the nonirradiated patients to 44% in the irradiated group. Thos patients with preoperative obstruction secondary to tumor bulk had a complication rate of 58%. Patients with reduced serum albumen levels had a higher complication rate of 55% compared with 35% for the group with normal albumen levels. This study suggests that preoperative replenishment of protein, particularly in the obstructed patient or in those with reduced serum albumen levels, would correlate with a more favorable clinical course.", "contents": "Correlation of pharyngeal fistulization with preoperative radiotherapy, reduced serum albumen, and dietary obstruction. The clinical courses of patients on the Head and Neck Service undergoing radical procedures were reviewed in retrospect. Factors that appeared to influence the courses such as preoperative radiotherapy, reduced serum albumen, and preoperative oropharyngeal obstruction were correlated with fistulization rate, flap necrosis, and other complications. The study included 105 radical procedures performed over a seven-month period. Sixty-six of these operations included laryngectomies, laryngopharyngectomies, and composite resections. The overall complication rate was 37%, with major complications accounting for 9%. A fistula rate of 20% was found in the pharyngeal group and ranged from 12% in the nonirradiated patients to 44% in the irradiated group. Thos patients with preoperative obstruction secondary to tumor bulk had a complication rate of 58%. Patients with reduced serum albumen levels had a higher complication rate of 55% compared with 35% for the group with normal albumen levels. This study suggests that preoperative replenishment of protein, particularly in the obstructed patient or in those with reduced serum albumen levels, would correlate with a more favorable clinical course.", "PMID": 492702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1247", "title": "Pediatric jaw fractures: indications for open reduction.", "content": "Jaw fractures in children are generally managed without major surgical intervention. Closed reduction usually is sufficient to restore normal anatomy and function. The one inviolate principle is early treatment. During the past three years, four pediatric jaw fractures that required open reduction were treated. This mode of treatment was necessitated by the limitations imposed by pediatric dental anatomy and by the type of fractures encountered. In at least 24 months of follow-up, no dental problems have been seen.", "contents": "Pediatric jaw fractures: indications for open reduction. Jaw fractures in children are generally managed without major surgical intervention. Closed reduction usually is sufficient to restore normal anatomy and function. The one inviolate principle is early treatment. During the past three years, four pediatric jaw fractures that required open reduction were treated. This mode of treatment was necessitated by the limitations imposed by pediatric dental anatomy and by the type of fractures encountered. In at least 24 months of follow-up, no dental problems have been seen.", "PMID": 492703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1248", "title": "Temporal bone fractures in children.", "content": "Fifty children with temporal bone fractures were treated during a 40-month period. The diagnosis and management of temporal bone fractures in children is reviewed. The author's cases are classified as to longitudinal and transverse fractures, and the figures are presented for age distribution, sex, cause, loss of consciousness, CSF otorrhea, hearing loss, permanent tympanic membrane perforations, and facial nerve involvement. The author has followed a conservative method of management. Permanent impairment was not frequent, although all the patients with transverse fractures suffered total loss of hearing in the involved ear.", "contents": "Temporal bone fractures in children. Fifty children with temporal bone fractures were treated during a 40-month period. The diagnosis and management of temporal bone fractures in children is reviewed. The author's cases are classified as to longitudinal and transverse fractures, and the figures are presented for age distribution, sex, cause, loss of consciousness, CSF otorrhea, hearing loss, permanent tympanic membrane perforations, and facial nerve involvement. The author has followed a conservative method of management. Permanent impairment was not frequent, although all the patients with transverse fractures suffered total loss of hearing in the involved ear.", "PMID": 492704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1249", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve localization using a microlaryngeal electrode.", "content": "Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a frequently seen complication in head and neck surgery. A system for intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is presented. The key to this system lies in the use of a microlaryngeal electrode and inserter. Application of this system to various situations is described.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve localization using a microlaryngeal electrode. Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a frequently seen complication in head and neck surgery. A system for intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is presented. The key to this system lies in the use of a microlaryngeal electrode and inserter. Application of this system to various situations is described.", "PMID": 492705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1250", "title": "A classification of the anomalies of the first branchial groove.", "content": "Anomolies of the first branchial groove cleft are common and variable. There has been, however, a tendency in the literature to refer to only one or two types as the first branchial cleft syndrome. A classification of first groove anomalies is offered to clarify this topic. Anomalies can be divided into aplasia, atresia, stenosis, and duplication.", "contents": "A classification of the anomalies of the first branchial groove. Anomolies of the first branchial groove cleft are common and variable. There has been, however, a tendency in the literature to refer to only one or two types as the first branchial cleft syndrome. A classification of first groove anomalies is offered to clarify this topic. Anomalies can be divided into aplasia, atresia, stenosis, and duplication.", "PMID": 492706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1251", "title": "Laryngeal abscess.", "content": "The laryngeal abscess is an uncommon lesion since the onset of the antibiotic era. A review of the literature failed to find any recent articles on abscess of the larynx. Three case histories of the laryngeal abscess, all of which progressed to rapid airway obstruction and required emergency tracheotomy, are presented.", "contents": "Laryngeal abscess. The laryngeal abscess is an uncommon lesion since the onset of the antibiotic era. A review of the literature failed to find any recent articles on abscess of the larynx. Three case histories of the laryngeal abscess, all of which progressed to rapid airway obstruction and required emergency tracheotomy, are presented.", "PMID": 492707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1252", "title": "Completion laryngectomy.", "content": "From 1965 to 1975, 452 total laryngectomies were performed at the Washington University Medical Center, St Louis. Forty-two or 9% were completion laryngectomies. Completion laryngectomy is defined as the removal of the remaining larynx following an antecedent partial laryngectomy. These 42 cases are retrospectively analyzed with regard to original conservation surgery, clinical presentation, histopathology, and salvage rate. The most common indications for completion laryngectomy were (1) local recurrence, (2) local recurrence with associated severe upper respiratory obstruction, and (3) fistula control. The overall salvage rate following completion laryngectomy was 55% (23 patients). The highest rate was in patients with previous hemilaryngectomy (69%), followed by subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy (44% and partial laryngopharyngectomy (14%). There is a high incidence of stomal occurrences (24% or ten patients) associated with completion laryngectomy, particularly in patients with antecedent hemilaryngectomy. Most indications for completion laryngectomy appear early; however, all patients must be carefully followed up after conservation surgery.", "contents": "Completion laryngectomy. From 1965 to 1975, 452 total laryngectomies were performed at the Washington University Medical Center, St Louis. Forty-two or 9% were completion laryngectomies. Completion laryngectomy is defined as the removal of the remaining larynx following an antecedent partial laryngectomy. These 42 cases are retrospectively analyzed with regard to original conservation surgery, clinical presentation, histopathology, and salvage rate. The most common indications for completion laryngectomy were (1) local recurrence, (2) local recurrence with associated severe upper respiratory obstruction, and (3) fistula control. The overall salvage rate following completion laryngectomy was 55% (23 patients). The highest rate was in patients with previous hemilaryngectomy (69%), followed by subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy (44% and partial laryngopharyngectomy (14%). There is a high incidence of stomal occurrences (24% or ten patients) associated with completion laryngectomy, particularly in patients with antecedent hemilaryngectomy. Most indications for completion laryngectomy appear early; however, all patients must be carefully followed up after conservation surgery.", "PMID": 492708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1253", "title": "The study of IgE in the diagnosis of allergic disorders in an otolaryngology practice.", "content": "Within months after the identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody and principal trigger of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, several radiomunnoassays were developed for its detection in serum. Observations and results obtained with the use of two commercially available in vitro assays in the screening diagnosis of inhalant allergic disease are reported. Over 80% of suspected atopic patients tested had detectable specific IgE to at least two allergens. Both total and specific IgE determinations served useful roles in the recognition of clinically significant allergic disease. Results obtained with these procedures correlate well with information previously obtained only by skin test endpoint titration.", "contents": "The study of IgE in the diagnosis of allergic disorders in an otolaryngology practice. Within months after the identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody and principal trigger of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, several radiomunnoassays were developed for its detection in serum. Observations and results obtained with the use of two commercially available in vitro assays in the screening diagnosis of inhalant allergic disease are reported. Over 80% of suspected atopic patients tested had detectable specific IgE to at least two allergens. Both total and specific IgE determinations served useful roles in the recognition of clinically significant allergic disease. Results obtained with these procedures correlate well with information previously obtained only by skin test endpoint titration.", "PMID": 492709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1254", "title": "Otologic complications of radiation therapy.", "content": "Radiation therapy has proved to be a valuable modality in the management of patients with nasopharyngeal tumors. Routine follow-up of patients in the tumor clinic of the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary appeared to indicate an increasing incidence of otologic pathology. For this reason, a retrospective study focusing on the otologic findings in patients whose radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal tumors included the external auditory canal, middle ear space, or eustachian tube was performed. The results of this study are discussed in relationship to total radiation dosage, time of survival after therapy, and pretreatment otologic status. The complications covered a spectrum from intermittent serous otitis media to osteoradionecrosis of the external auditory canal. Possible contributing factors are discussed, and preventive neasures are suggested.", "contents": "Otologic complications of radiation therapy. Radiation therapy has proved to be a valuable modality in the management of patients with nasopharyngeal tumors. Routine follow-up of patients in the tumor clinic of the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary appeared to indicate an increasing incidence of otologic pathology. For this reason, a retrospective study focusing on the otologic findings in patients whose radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal tumors included the external auditory canal, middle ear space, or eustachian tube was performed. The results of this study are discussed in relationship to total radiation dosage, time of survival after therapy, and pretreatment otologic status. The complications covered a spectrum from intermittent serous otitis media to osteoradionecrosis of the external auditory canal. Possible contributing factors are discussed, and preventive neasures are suggested.", "PMID": 492710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1255", "title": "Adolescent gynecology for the pediatrician.", "content": "This article outlines some of the most common problems that a physician treating the female adolescent will encounter in his practice. It is important for the primary care pediatrician to initiate the gynecological examination in the adolescent. Few special instruments are required, no new techniques need be mastered, and if the pediatrician is patient and shows his concern, he will rapidly develop competence and find that this examination is as important as the evaluation of any other organ system in the care of the adolescent female.", "contents": "Adolescent gynecology for the pediatrician. This article outlines some of the most common problems that a physician treating the female adolescent will encounter in his practice. It is important for the primary care pediatrician to initiate the gynecological examination in the adolescent. Few special instruments are required, no new techniques need be mastered, and if the pediatrician is patient and shows his concern, he will rapidly develop competence and find that this examination is as important as the evaluation of any other organ system in the care of the adolescent female.", "PMID": 492718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1256", "title": "Fenestration tympanoplasty: an adjunctive technique for hearing restoration.", "content": "Two-staged fenestration tympanoplasty is a form of total tympanoplasty type V that incorporates the mastoidotympanomastoidectomy (radical mastoidectomy) and revives the Lempert horizontal semicircular canal fenestration operation. It is valuable when the usual and customary single or two-staged tympanoplasty procedures fail to conserve or restore hearing in the operative management of otitic disease. Two-staged fenestration tympanoplasty is also indicated in audiometric failure tympanoplasties, in oval window surgery failures in the absence of supporting ossicles and in the presence of a fibrosed or sclerosed oval window, and in severe otitic oval window-round window-posterior tympanic recess-tympanic orifice eustachian tube infection, which can only be completely removed by the mastoidotympanectomy. Total tympanoplasty type V as described here has produced serviceable hearing for human conversation and the speech frequencies to the 15-dB to 25-dB levels, and a 20 dB average in 19 of 21 patients operated on for a 90% success rate.", "contents": "Fenestration tympanoplasty: an adjunctive technique for hearing restoration. Two-staged fenestration tympanoplasty is a form of total tympanoplasty type V that incorporates the mastoidotympanomastoidectomy (radical mastoidectomy) and revives the Lempert horizontal semicircular canal fenestration operation. It is valuable when the usual and customary single or two-staged tympanoplasty procedures fail to conserve or restore hearing in the operative management of otitic disease. Two-staged fenestration tympanoplasty is also indicated in audiometric failure tympanoplasties, in oval window surgery failures in the absence of supporting ossicles and in the presence of a fibrosed or sclerosed oval window, and in severe otitic oval window-round window-posterior tympanic recess-tympanic orifice eustachian tube infection, which can only be completely removed by the mastoidotympanectomy. Total tympanoplasty type V as described here has produced serviceable hearing for human conversation and the speech frequencies to the 15-dB to 25-dB levels, and a 20 dB average in 19 of 21 patients operated on for a 90% success rate.", "PMID": 492712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1257", "title": "Pediatric office nutrition.", "content": "The pediatrician continues to devote more time to office evaluation of patients. The office assessment of nutritional status will be extremely rewarding to the physician who acquires several simple measuring devices and who instructs his assistants in the proper use of those devices. The nutritional evaluation of the patient emphasizes the physical examination, anthropometric measurements and the use of laboratory studies. The information gained from these areas may allow for early correction of growth abnormalities before permanent stigma or residuals can develop.", "contents": "Pediatric office nutrition. The pediatrician continues to devote more time to office evaluation of patients. The office assessment of nutritional status will be extremely rewarding to the physician who acquires several simple measuring devices and who instructs his assistants in the proper use of those devices. The nutritional evaluation of the patient emphasizes the physical examination, anthropometric measurements and the use of laboratory studies. The information gained from these areas may allow for early correction of growth abnormalities before permanent stigma or residuals can develop.", "PMID": 492719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1258", "title": "The management of the hyperactive child: an overview.", "content": "Hyperkinesis has been increasingly recognized as a medical problem of great significance in everyday practice. Not infrequently, a child has been labeled hyperkinetic at an early age, with a battery of tests, psychological evaluations and multiple medications, in addition to the family frustration and anxiety that follow the diagnosis of hyperkinesis of the offspring.", "contents": "The management of the hyperactive child: an overview. Hyperkinesis has been increasingly recognized as a medical problem of great significance in everyday practice. Not infrequently, a child has been labeled hyperkinetic at an early age, with a battery of tests, psychological evaluations and multiple medications, in addition to the family frustration and anxiety that follow the diagnosis of hyperkinesis of the offspring.", "PMID": 492721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1259", "title": "Psychological mechanisms in child-abusing parents.", "content": "This article discusses the psychological mechanisms in child-abusing parents, with emphasis on who in the family maltreats the child, the mother-child symbiosis, disturbances in the mother-child relationship that leads to abuse and offers an insight in the etiology of this socio-medical problem of today's world.", "contents": "Psychological mechanisms in child-abusing parents. This article discusses the psychological mechanisms in child-abusing parents, with emphasis on who in the family maltreats the child, the mother-child symbiosis, disturbances in the mother-child relationship that leads to abuse and offers an insight in the etiology of this socio-medical problem of today's world.", "PMID": 492722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1260", "title": "Continuous medical education for the pediatrician. A commentary.", "content": "This commentary discusses the issue of continuous medical education in pediatrics from the perspective of a practitioner who desires to see the recertification process as a rewarding practical experience, inexpensive, adjusted to the needs of his community and, most particularly, a process designed and delivered by the medical institutions and experts of his state and county, independent of the national organizations and boards.", "contents": "Continuous medical education for the pediatrician. A commentary. This commentary discusses the issue of continuous medical education in pediatrics from the perspective of a practitioner who desires to see the recertification process as a rewarding practical experience, inexpensive, adjusted to the needs of his community and, most particularly, a process designed and delivered by the medical institutions and experts of his state and county, independent of the national organizations and boards.", "PMID": 492723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1261", "title": "Family problems in the new suburbs.", "content": "The social situation for families with children is undergoing rapid change in Sweden today, in the direction of a two-provider household economy and an urban-suburban way of life. These changes affect the amount, continuity and content of the social relationships between children and adults, leading to more formal contacts with shorter duration to a greater number of adults.", "contents": "Family problems in the new suburbs. The social situation for families with children is undergoing rapid change in Sweden today, in the direction of a two-provider household economy and an urban-suburban way of life. These changes affect the amount, continuity and content of the social relationships between children and adults, leading to more formal contacts with shorter duration to a greater number of adults.", "PMID": 492726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1262", "title": "Children in traffic. Some methodological aspects.", "content": "Road accidents in children is a health problem of major importance all over the world. Different programs of prevention have been tested. Such programs must be based on data from epidemiological studies. This paper is aimed to shed some light on the way in which basic methodological problems in epidemiological research influence the results and the possibility of drawing conclusions from them.", "contents": "Children in traffic. Some methodological aspects. Road accidents in children is a health problem of major importance all over the world. Different programs of prevention have been tested. Such programs must be based on data from epidemiological studies. This paper is aimed to shed some light on the way in which basic methodological problems in epidemiological research influence the results and the possibility of drawing conclusions from them.", "PMID": 492727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1263", "title": "Recognizing a child at increased risk of abuse.", "content": "Data from two studies are presented. Both highlight characteristics which help identify children at increased risk of child abuse. The first study demonstrates that the abused child when compared with unharmed children in the same family is more likely to have been the product of an abnormal pregnancy, labor, delivery and neonatal period. He is more likely to have been separated from his mother and to have been ill in the first year of life. His mother too is more likely to have been sick during that year. The second study shows that it is possible to identify 'at risk' families around the time the baby is born. When compared with controls, five factors are more common: mother aged under 20 at birth of first child, evidence of emotional disturbance, referral to the social worker, admission of baby to special care nursery, and early concern over mothering.", "contents": "Recognizing a child at increased risk of abuse. Data from two studies are presented. Both highlight characteristics which help identify children at increased risk of child abuse. The first study demonstrates that the abused child when compared with unharmed children in the same family is more likely to have been the product of an abnormal pregnancy, labor, delivery and neonatal period. He is more likely to have been separated from his mother and to have been ill in the first year of life. His mother too is more likely to have been sick during that year. The second study shows that it is possible to identify 'at risk' families around the time the baby is born. When compared with controls, five factors are more common: mother aged under 20 at birth of first child, evidence of emotional disturbance, referral to the social worker, admission of baby to special care nursery, and early concern over mothering.", "PMID": 492728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1264", "title": "Day care and respiratory infection.", "content": "Medical opinion on day care for young children since the 1940s is reviewed with emphasis on risks of respiratory illnesses. Recent knowledge about respiratory infections and the dissemination of viruses among day care children has (1) ascertained the importance of simple preventive measures; (2) modified the value of strict isolation of each child with respiratory symptoms, and (3) emphasized that medical treatment should be kept for complicated illnesses and a few particularly infection-prone children. Child health services, parents and day care personnel should develop principles for the care of children with minor respiratory illnesses, mainly leaving the responsibility for the sick child with the parents.", "contents": "Day care and respiratory infection. Medical opinion on day care for young children since the 1940s is reviewed with emphasis on risks of respiratory illnesses. Recent knowledge about respiratory infections and the dissemination of viruses among day care children has (1) ascertained the importance of simple preventive measures; (2) modified the value of strict isolation of each child with respiratory symptoms, and (3) emphasized that medical treatment should be kept for complicated illnesses and a few particularly infection-prone children. Child health services, parents and day care personnel should develop principles for the care of children with minor respiratory illnesses, mainly leaving the responsibility for the sick child with the parents.", "PMID": 492729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1265", "title": "Perinatal hazards and future development.", "content": "From the longitudinal Copenhagen Child Health Study some results from a follow-up of 9,182 newborns to 1 year of age are presented. 9.7% of low birth-weight children had at that time defined neurological symptoms, compared to only 1.7% of full birth-weight children. At middle school-age perinatal hazards had some influence on the children's health and development, but the social class seems to be still more important. Parents in the lower social classes had a behavior-adjusting or laissez-faire attitude to the child instead of being behavior-conducting--as the school attempts to be--and the mothers have heavy work outside the homes. Improvement of prenatal and neonatal care is still important, as a complement to decided political effort to develop equality in education, economy and social security.", "contents": "Perinatal hazards and future development. From the longitudinal Copenhagen Child Health Study some results from a follow-up of 9,182 newborns to 1 year of age are presented. 9.7% of low birth-weight children had at that time defined neurological symptoms, compared to only 1.7% of full birth-weight children. At middle school-age perinatal hazards had some influence on the children's health and development, but the social class seems to be still more important. Parents in the lower social classes had a behavior-adjusting or laissez-faire attitude to the child instead of being behavior-conducting--as the school attempts to be--and the mothers have heavy work outside the homes. Improvement of prenatal and neonatal care is still important, as a complement to decided political effort to develop equality in education, economy and social security.", "PMID": 492730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1266", "title": "Minimal brain dysfunction in preschool age--risk for trouble in school?", "content": "In general health examinations of 2,447 4-year-old children in a certain area of southern Sweden, comprising 95.1% of the total population of that age, 52 children (2.1%) were diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction. After 7--9 years the children were reexamined and their parents and teachers were interviewed. Although no specific treatment, like stimulant drugs, was given, the children were much improved as they grew older: their hyperactivity had diminished, their behavior did not cause as much trouble, and their remaining neurological disturbances were small. However, the children manifested more problems in elementary school than other children, both regarding behavior, learning, slight neurological disturbances and visual disorders. Thus, the small group of children with minimal brain dysfunction symptoms in preschool age seem to run a certain risk of having trouble in school, although the symptoms are less conspicious as they grow and mature.", "contents": "Minimal brain dysfunction in preschool age--risk for trouble in school? In general health examinations of 2,447 4-year-old children in a certain area of southern Sweden, comprising 95.1% of the total population of that age, 52 children (2.1%) were diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction. After 7--9 years the children were reexamined and their parents and teachers were interviewed. Although no specific treatment, like stimulant drugs, was given, the children were much improved as they grew older: their hyperactivity had diminished, their behavior did not cause as much trouble, and their remaining neurological disturbances were small. However, the children manifested more problems in elementary school than other children, both regarding behavior, learning, slight neurological disturbances and visual disorders. Thus, the small group of children with minimal brain dysfunction symptoms in preschool age seem to run a certain risk of having trouble in school, although the symptoms are less conspicious as they grow and mature.", "PMID": 492731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1267", "title": "Abuse of alcohol, drugs and tobacco during pregnancy--consequences for the child.", "content": "There is an increasing awareness that alcohol and drug abuse and smoking are not only harmful for the consumer but will also, when taken by a pregnant woman, adversely affect her unborn child. The consequence of the abuse will result from a combination of specific toxic effects of abusing substances and a nonspecific effect from the often very unstable environment of an alcohol- or drug-dependent mother. Poor prenatal care is a common finding in alcohol and drug abuse leading to a high incidence of complications during pregnancy and delivery including premature labor and small-for-gestational-age babies. An increased perinatal mortality has been reported following all types of abuse including tobacco use, probably as a consequence of poor prenatal care as well as of a toxic effect on the fetus. Withdrawal symptoms after birth are most prominent in opiate addiction. The already intrauterinely damaged child will if it stays with its parents often continue to be exposed to several abverse environmental factors. However, symptoms such as mental retardation following alcohol abuse and hyperactivity and emotional disturbances following drug exposure during intrauterine life have also been found in children who have been taken from the parents and placed in foster homes immediately after birth. This means that children of abusing parents both in their custody and in foster home will have to be regarded as risk children that should be subjected to careful medical and psychological follow-up.", "contents": "Abuse of alcohol, drugs and tobacco during pregnancy--consequences for the child. There is an increasing awareness that alcohol and drug abuse and smoking are not only harmful for the consumer but will also, when taken by a pregnant woman, adversely affect her unborn child. The consequence of the abuse will result from a combination of specific toxic effects of abusing substances and a nonspecific effect from the often very unstable environment of an alcohol- or drug-dependent mother. Poor prenatal care is a common finding in alcohol and drug abuse leading to a high incidence of complications during pregnancy and delivery including premature labor and small-for-gestational-age babies. An increased perinatal mortality has been reported following all types of abuse including tobacco use, probably as a consequence of poor prenatal care as well as of a toxic effect on the fetus. Withdrawal symptoms after birth are most prominent in opiate addiction. The already intrauterinely damaged child will if it stays with its parents often continue to be exposed to several abverse environmental factors. However, symptoms such as mental retardation following alcohol abuse and hyperactivity and emotional disturbances following drug exposure during intrauterine life have also been found in children who have been taken from the parents and placed in foster homes immediately after birth. This means that children of abusing parents both in their custody and in foster home will have to be regarded as risk children that should be subjected to careful medical and psychological follow-up.", "PMID": 492732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1268", "title": "Psychosomatic disorders in childhood: Who? - When? - and How?", "content": "Psychosomatic disorders are likely to be due to an interplay between biological predisposition and psychosocial stress. They are among the commonest chronic or recurrent disorders of childhood. Who gets PSD? It is commonly a family disorder, with a background of disturbed personal relationships. When? A chronology of PSD (age and disease) should be studied further. Many children do not \"grow out of it\". How? A biological abnormality (eg. autonomic) may underlie PSD, but pscychosocial factors are undeniably important.", "contents": "Psychosomatic disorders in childhood: Who? - When? - and How? Psychosomatic disorders are likely to be due to an interplay between biological predisposition and psychosocial stress. They are among the commonest chronic or recurrent disorders of childhood. Who gets PSD? It is commonly a family disorder, with a background of disturbed personal relationships. When? A chronology of PSD (age and disease) should be studied further. Many children do not \"grow out of it\". How? A biological abnormality (eg. autonomic) may underlie PSD, but pscychosocial factors are undeniably important.", "PMID": 492733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1269", "title": "Health needs of the adolescent.", "content": "In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the study of those core elements necessary to define a reference standard of health for adolescents. In our program, indices of adolescent disability were developed based on an analysis of 12 years of data from approximately 75,000 teenage patients. In-hospital (14,000), ambulatory (15,000), and community based (50,000) adolescent contacts offered differing indices of disease. Targeted screening efforts produced significant epidemiologic data and generated recommendations for adolescent ambulatory screening standards which were then applied to such community experiences as school health programs and urban group home settings. Both demonstrated significant levels of disability in excess of 50% of the populations studied. Alternatively, review of more complex problems observed within a hospital setting specific for adolescents revealed significant chronic disability. Clearly the health requirements of the adolescent are extensive but effective interventions must be based on carefully considered indicators of unmet needs.", "contents": "Health needs of the adolescent. In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the study of those core elements necessary to define a reference standard of health for adolescents. In our program, indices of adolescent disability were developed based on an analysis of 12 years of data from approximately 75,000 teenage patients. In-hospital (14,000), ambulatory (15,000), and community based (50,000) adolescent contacts offered differing indices of disease. Targeted screening efforts produced significant epidemiologic data and generated recommendations for adolescent ambulatory screening standards which were then applied to such community experiences as school health programs and urban group home settings. Both demonstrated significant levels of disability in excess of 50% of the populations studied. Alternatively, review of more complex problems observed within a hospital setting specific for adolescents revealed significant chronic disability. Clearly the health requirements of the adolescent are extensive but effective interventions must be based on carefully considered indicators of unmet needs.", "PMID": 492735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1270", "title": "Ambulatory long-term treatment of childhood diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Increasing evidence is accumulating to show the beneficial effect of a good balance of diabetes in protecting against diabetic microangiopathy. The pediatrician's responsibility is to recommend and supervise the best use of the three basic cornerstones of the longterm-treatment, insulin, diet and exercise. The review deals with insulin therapy focusing on insulin treatment \"tailored\" to the stage of the disease. Twice-daily insulin is in most cases preferable to a once-daily regimen. The risk of over-insulinization is stressed. An essential part of long-term treatment is to instruct the child and/or the parents repeatedly on the various aspects of diabetes, particularly the meal plan, and to pay enough attention to psychic factors.", "contents": "Ambulatory long-term treatment of childhood diabetes mellitus. Increasing evidence is accumulating to show the beneficial effect of a good balance of diabetes in protecting against diabetic microangiopathy. The pediatrician's responsibility is to recommend and supervise the best use of the three basic cornerstones of the longterm-treatment, insulin, diet and exercise. The review deals with insulin therapy focusing on insulin treatment \"tailored\" to the stage of the disease. Twice-daily insulin is in most cases preferable to a once-daily regimen. The risk of over-insulinization is stressed. An essential part of long-term treatment is to instruct the child and/or the parents repeatedly on the various aspects of diabetes, particularly the meal plan, and to pay enough attention to psychic factors.", "PMID": 492736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1271", "title": "Vaccinations against bacterial infections.", "content": "The achieved or achievable standard of vaccination measures against bacterial infections is discussed with reference to 3 groups of vaccines. The first group involves well established and commonly used vaccines such as BCG and DPT vaccines. The second group includes newer vaccines or vaccines that are under development, for instance vaccines against meningococci, pneumococci, H. influenzae and enteropathogenic E. coli. The third group covers vaccines whose realisation at present appears to be difficult or hardly feasible, for instance vaccines against enterotoxins of enteropathogenic organisms, against lues, gonorrhea or, example, against organisms of hospital infections.", "contents": "Vaccinations against bacterial infections. The achieved or achievable standard of vaccination measures against bacterial infections is discussed with reference to 3 groups of vaccines. The first group involves well established and commonly used vaccines such as BCG and DPT vaccines. The second group includes newer vaccines or vaccines that are under development, for instance vaccines against meningococci, pneumococci, H. influenzae and enteropathogenic E. coli. The third group covers vaccines whose realisation at present appears to be difficult or hardly feasible, for instance vaccines against enterotoxins of enteropathogenic organisms, against lues, gonorrhea or, example, against organisms of hospital infections.", "PMID": 492737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1272", "title": "Recent views on infant nutrition.", "content": "Particular problems under discussion in the field of infant nutrition today are the following. (1) The frequency of breastfeeding including the effect of promotion to uncrease it. (2) The protein requirement of low birth weight infants including relevant parameters for evaluation of the requirement. Recent studies indicate that the protein requirement of low weight is only slightly higher (or may be the same) as that supplied by breast milk. (3) The tolerance for intake of certain nutrients in early infancy - mainly protein and minerals - in relation to the development of organ functions, including homeostatic disturbances that may arise when the tolerance is exceeded. Adverse effects of a too high protein intake are particularly acidosis and increased osmolar load on kidney function. Excess mineral adds to the renal solute load, implying a threat to water balance. (4) The introduction of Beikost, when and why, and (5) Atherosclerosis as a problem for the pediatrician. The need for identification of risk factors, especially screening for hyperilipidemia, in early life and for recommendation of dietary measures instituted in early childhood has to be further studied.", "contents": "Recent views on infant nutrition. Particular problems under discussion in the field of infant nutrition today are the following. (1) The frequency of breastfeeding including the effect of promotion to uncrease it. (2) The protein requirement of low birth weight infants including relevant parameters for evaluation of the requirement. Recent studies indicate that the protein requirement of low weight is only slightly higher (or may be the same) as that supplied by breast milk. (3) The tolerance for intake of certain nutrients in early infancy - mainly protein and minerals - in relation to the development of organ functions, including homeostatic disturbances that may arise when the tolerance is exceeded. Adverse effects of a too high protein intake are particularly acidosis and increased osmolar load on kidney function. Excess mineral adds to the renal solute load, implying a threat to water balance. (4) The introduction of Beikost, when and why, and (5) Atherosclerosis as a problem for the pediatrician. The need for identification of risk factors, especially screening for hyperilipidemia, in early life and for recommendation of dietary measures instituted in early childhood has to be further studied.", "PMID": 492738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1273", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: review and current concepts.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis poses a serious threat to the increasing number of \"at risk\" neonates. Its clinical picture is characterized by abdominal distension, gastric retention, bile vomitus, and bloody stools. Abdominal roentgenograms demonstrate loops of intestine with intramural gas. Many of the neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis have been successfully managed by aggressive medical treatment. A review of the clinical course of 64 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis in the acute phase suggests that either persistence of abdominal distention, development of edema and erythema of the abdominal wall, or pneumoperitoneum are indications for surgical intervention. Seven neonates presented with colonic stenosis several months after the management of the acute phase of necrotizing entercolitis.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: review and current concepts. Necrotizing enterocolitis poses a serious threat to the increasing number of \"at risk\" neonates. Its clinical picture is characterized by abdominal distension, gastric retention, bile vomitus, and bloody stools. Abdominal roentgenograms demonstrate loops of intestine with intramural gas. Many of the neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis have been successfully managed by aggressive medical treatment. A review of the clinical course of 64 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis in the acute phase suggests that either persistence of abdominal distention, development of edema and erythema of the abdominal wall, or pneumoperitoneum are indications for surgical intervention. Seven neonates presented with colonic stenosis several months after the management of the acute phase of necrotizing entercolitis.", "PMID": 492739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1274", "title": "Extinction and synesthesia in patients with spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Extinction and synesthesia were studied in 50 patients with spinal cord injury with various levels and extents. Extinction was found in 20 (40 per cent) and synesthesia in 6 (12 per cent) of the 40 males and 10 females. No correlations were found between either of the two phenomena and parameters of patient's age, lesion's age, lesion's level and extent, or accompanying head injury. The latter occurred in 22/50 patients (44 per cent), diagnosed by a history of amnesia. Extinction was tested by synchronous double stimulation unilaterally and bilaterally, symmetrically and asymmetrically. It was more frequent unilaterally than bilaterally. The modalities of superficial sensibility were prone to be extinct but those of deep sensibility (pallesthesia from bone conduction and kinesthesia) were not. Extinction of tactile responses did not imply that all other skin modalities (pain, temperature, pressure, skin pallesthesia) will also be extinct in an all or nothing fashion. Modalities could become extinct either singly or in combination. Extinction in spinal man was presumed to be caused by a reduction of perception in hypesthetic areas and was of diagnostic value insofar as its segmental distribution suggested the longitudinal extent of a cord lesion. This concept is in accord with the results of monkey experiments by Eidelberg and Schwartz (1971). Synesthia in spinal man is not identical with synchiria of the monkey. It is not in a reciprocal relationship with extinction and both phonemena co-existed in four of the six patients. Synesthesia is elicited by a stimulus delivered to the normesthetic skin above the level of the lesion with two responses: one well localised at the site of stimulation and the other unilaterally or bilaterally in anaesthetic parts of the body. Five of the six patients reported volitional phantom movements of somatic (toes) and/or visceral (micturition-defaecation) structures. Such sensations are elicited by remembering the engrams of pre-traumatic experiences in areas of the body image connected with motor function. Synesthesia could be understood as a sensory counterpart in areas of the body image when ascending impules of actual perception are mixed with impulses modulated at the artifical synapse of the rostral cord stump creating a phantom sensation.", "contents": "Extinction and synesthesia in patients with spinal cord injuries. Extinction and synesthesia were studied in 50 patients with spinal cord injury with various levels and extents. Extinction was found in 20 (40 per cent) and synesthesia in 6 (12 per cent) of the 40 males and 10 females. No correlations were found between either of the two phenomena and parameters of patient's age, lesion's age, lesion's level and extent, or accompanying head injury. The latter occurred in 22/50 patients (44 per cent), diagnosed by a history of amnesia. Extinction was tested by synchronous double stimulation unilaterally and bilaterally, symmetrically and asymmetrically. It was more frequent unilaterally than bilaterally. The modalities of superficial sensibility were prone to be extinct but those of deep sensibility (pallesthesia from bone conduction and kinesthesia) were not. Extinction of tactile responses did not imply that all other skin modalities (pain, temperature, pressure, skin pallesthesia) will also be extinct in an all or nothing fashion. Modalities could become extinct either singly or in combination. Extinction in spinal man was presumed to be caused by a reduction of perception in hypesthetic areas and was of diagnostic value insofar as its segmental distribution suggested the longitudinal extent of a cord lesion. This concept is in accord with the results of monkey experiments by Eidelberg and Schwartz (1971). Synesthia in spinal man is not identical with synchiria of the monkey. It is not in a reciprocal relationship with extinction and both phonemena co-existed in four of the six patients. Synesthesia is elicited by a stimulus delivered to the normesthetic skin above the level of the lesion with two responses: one well localised at the site of stimulation and the other unilaterally or bilaterally in anaesthetic parts of the body. Five of the six patients reported volitional phantom movements of somatic (toes) and/or visceral (micturition-defaecation) structures. Such sensations are elicited by remembering the engrams of pre-traumatic experiences in areas of the body image connected with motor function. Synesthesia could be understood as a sensory counterpart in areas of the body image when ascending impules of actual perception are mixed with impulses modulated at the artifical synapse of the rostral cord stump creating a phantom sensation.", "PMID": 492748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1275", "title": "Reflections on the intensive care of acute cervical spinal cord injuries in a general traumatology centre.", "content": "Fifty-one cases of cervical spinal cord injury were reviewed. The importance of the immediate comprehensive care after onset may be achieved successfully even in a General Traumatology Centre. The great majority of these patients were treated by orthopaedic methods as far as their vertebral injury was concerned. Mortality related to the spinal cord injury is 7.8 per cent. The methods used and our development are based on principles established by Sir Ludwig Guttmann; they have been shown to be durable and important.", "contents": "Reflections on the intensive care of acute cervical spinal cord injuries in a general traumatology centre. Fifty-one cases of cervical spinal cord injury were reviewed. The importance of the immediate comprehensive care after onset may be achieved successfully even in a General Traumatology Centre. The great majority of these patients were treated by orthopaedic methods as far as their vertebral injury was concerned. Mortality related to the spinal cord injury is 7.8 per cent. The methods used and our development are based on principles established by Sir Ludwig Guttmann; they have been shown to be durable and important.", "PMID": 492751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1276", "title": "Two years of bed procurement for patients with spinal cord lesions. A report on progress and experiences at the Bed Procurement Service at the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institute for Research in Traumatology at Frankfurt/Main.", "content": "The total number of beds provided in all specialised centres for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord lesions in the Federal Republic of Germany is still insufficient. Therefore the attempt to transfer those patients to a centre from another hospital immediately after the lesion has occurred is very difficult. In order to assist physicians of the hospitals (where the patient has been first admitted) in the time-consuming task to find a vacancy in a specialised unit, the Central Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institutes set up a 'Bed Procurement Bureau for Patients with Spinal Injuries' on 2 August, 1976. The heads of the units concerned set up a special study group in close connection with this clearing-agency in order to elaborate reliable data about the present situation of care for recently paralysed people, and to discuss further problems as well as planning programmes. They meet every 6 months. The organisation of the clearing-agency, the experiences gained within the first 23 months of activity since the opening, the spinal units situation at the present time, and their further development are reported.", "contents": "Two years of bed procurement for patients with spinal cord lesions. A report on progress and experiences at the Bed Procurement Service at the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institute for Research in Traumatology at Frankfurt/Main. The total number of beds provided in all specialised centres for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord lesions in the Federal Republic of Germany is still insufficient. Therefore the attempt to transfer those patients to a centre from another hospital immediately after the lesion has occurred is very difficult. In order to assist physicians of the hospitals (where the patient has been first admitted) in the time-consuming task to find a vacancy in a specialised unit, the Central Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institutes set up a 'Bed Procurement Bureau for Patients with Spinal Injuries' on 2 August, 1976. The heads of the units concerned set up a special study group in close connection with this clearing-agency in order to elaborate reliable data about the present situation of care for recently paralysed people, and to discuss further problems as well as planning programmes. They meet every 6 months. The organisation of the clearing-agency, the experiences gained within the first 23 months of activity since the opening, the spinal units situation at the present time, and their further development are reported.", "PMID": 492752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1277", "title": "Experiences with high tetraplegics.", "content": "Of the 1468 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury who were admitted to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) between 1959 and 1977, 67 patients were complete tetraplegics with motor levels of C4 and above. The age, sex, motor level, aetiology of injury, and initial and final vital capacity of these patients are analysed. A substantial gain in vital capacity was attained in all C4 motor tetraplegics regardless of their initial vital capacity. Twenty patients with motor levels of C3 and above have been admitted to TIRR since 1963. Five of these 20 C3 and above tetraplegics have had bilateral phrenic stimulators implanted. The mortality rates and causes of death in these groups of patients are presented. Survival curves are presented on 615 traumatic spinal cord injuried patients as compared to a standard matched group. Survival curves are also presented for the two groups of high tetraplegics who were admitted to TIRR from 1963 through 1969 and from 1970 through 1977.", "contents": "Experiences with high tetraplegics. Of the 1468 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury who were admitted to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) between 1959 and 1977, 67 patients were complete tetraplegics with motor levels of C4 and above. The age, sex, motor level, aetiology of injury, and initial and final vital capacity of these patients are analysed. A substantial gain in vital capacity was attained in all C4 motor tetraplegics regardless of their initial vital capacity. Twenty patients with motor levels of C3 and above have been admitted to TIRR since 1963. Five of these 20 C3 and above tetraplegics have had bilateral phrenic stimulators implanted. The mortality rates and causes of death in these groups of patients are presented. Survival curves are presented on 615 traumatic spinal cord injuried patients as compared to a standard matched group. Survival curves are also presented for the two groups of high tetraplegics who were admitted to TIRR from 1963 through 1969 and from 1970 through 1977.", "PMID": 492754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1278", "title": "The technical aids of tetraplegic patients.", "content": "A twenty-minute film shows how tetraplegic patients can compensate their disability thanks to very simple means. The independence of tetraplegic patients is considered with non-sophisticated equipment that are to be used every day in every department of occupational therapy.", "contents": "The technical aids of tetraplegic patients. A twenty-minute film shows how tetraplegic patients can compensate their disability thanks to very simple means. The independence of tetraplegic patients is considered with non-sophisticated equipment that are to be used every day in every department of occupational therapy.", "PMID": 492755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1279", "title": "'Walking' appliances for paraplegics and tetraplegics.", "content": "A range of 'walking' appliances suitable for child, adolescent and adult paraplegics and tetraplegics is described and some of the technical considerations discussed. A valuable development to the appliance in the form of a rising wheelchair is also breifly discussed.", "contents": "'Walking' appliances for paraplegics and tetraplegics. A range of 'walking' appliances suitable for child, adolescent and adult paraplegics and tetraplegics is described and some of the technical considerations discussed. A valuable development to the appliance in the form of a rising wheelchair is also breifly discussed.", "PMID": 492756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1280", "title": "A method of rehabilitating the C6 tetraplegic hand.", "content": "One of the important aspects of total rehabilitation of the C6 tetraplegic is the fitting and application of flexor-hinge hand orthoses. It has been proved that through the use of these orthoses the tetraplegic is able to maintain a high standard of independence in work and every day life activities. Successful fitting is dependent on two major aspects: (a) accurate fitting; (b) functional training in the use of the orthosis. These two aspects are discussed in the paper. A case history of two tetraplegics is also given to illustrate the degree of functional independence achieved with flexor-hinge hand splints.", "contents": "A method of rehabilitating the C6 tetraplegic hand. One of the important aspects of total rehabilitation of the C6 tetraplegic is the fitting and application of flexor-hinge hand orthoses. It has been proved that through the use of these orthoses the tetraplegic is able to maintain a high standard of independence in work and every day life activities. Successful fitting is dependent on two major aspects: (a) accurate fitting; (b) functional training in the use of the orthosis. These two aspects are discussed in the paper. A case history of two tetraplegics is also given to illustrate the degree of functional independence achieved with flexor-hinge hand splints.", "PMID": 492757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1281", "title": "Techniques for improving the strength and fitness of spinal injured patients.", "content": "Physiological data on athletes and animals has been used to design this training programme and to suggest new perspectives for trainin the spinal cord injured. The training routines proposed are designed to improve endurance and strength and modern weight training equipment has been modified for this purpose.", "contents": "Techniques for improving the strength and fitness of spinal injured patients. Physiological data on athletes and animals has been used to design this training programme and to suggest new perspectives for trainin the spinal cord injured. The training routines proposed are designed to improve endurance and strength and modern weight training equipment has been modified for this purpose.", "PMID": 492758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1282", "title": "Stabilisation of the cervical spine using a Bio-Con collar.", "content": "The Bio-Con collar is described. The collar is fully adjustable and the head and cervical spine may be immobilised to any degree of flexion or extension desired. The head is held in position by means of a rigid head frame fitted with a chin and two occipital pads. By the virtue of the fact that this is attached to a firm base by means of adjustable metal pads the cervical spine is effectively immobilised.", "contents": "Stabilisation of the cervical spine using a Bio-Con collar. The Bio-Con collar is described. The collar is fully adjustable and the head and cervical spine may be immobilised to any degree of flexion or extension desired. The head is held in position by means of a rigid head frame fitted with a chin and two occipital pads. By the virtue of the fact that this is attached to a firm base by means of adjustable metal pads the cervical spine is effectively immobilised.", "PMID": 492759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1283", "title": "A functional splint for the C5 tetraplegic arm.", "content": "An orthosis for a C5 complete tetrapletic providing active extension and pronation of the forearm is presented. It overcomes and prevents the occurrence of the flexed and supinated C5 tetraplegic arms. Technical data and a case report is included.", "contents": "A functional splint for the C5 tetraplegic arm. An orthosis for a C5 complete tetrapletic providing active extension and pronation of the forearm is presented. It overcomes and prevents the occurrence of the flexed and supinated C5 tetraplegic arms. Technical data and a case report is included.", "PMID": 492760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1284", "title": "Quantitated flexor response in acute spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "Flexor reflexes were compared with phasic stretch reflexes in 12 acute spinal cord injury patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Initial flexor reflex activity appeared later than initial stretch reflex activity in the majority of cases whereas maximal flexor reflexes developed at about the same time as maximal stretch reflexes. A quantitative method for evaluating flexor and stretch reflex activity at bedside is presented.", "contents": "Quantitated flexor response in acute spinal cord injury patients. Flexor reflexes were compared with phasic stretch reflexes in 12 acute spinal cord injury patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Initial flexor reflex activity appeared later than initial stretch reflex activity in the majority of cases whereas maximal flexor reflexes developed at about the same time as maximal stretch reflexes. A quantitative method for evaluating flexor and stretch reflex activity at bedside is presented.", "PMID": 492761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1285", "title": "Neurological sequelae of reduction of fracture dislocations of the cervical spine.", "content": "A retrospective study of 302 cases of cervical spine facet interlocking with neurological signs is presented. These are reviewed as regards aetiology and neurological recovery. There appears to be a neurological advantage in reduction of facet interlocking in this series.", "contents": "Neurological sequelae of reduction of fracture dislocations of the cervical spine. A retrospective study of 302 cases of cervical spine facet interlocking with neurological signs is presented. These are reviewed as regards aetiology and neurological recovery. There appears to be a neurological advantage in reduction of facet interlocking in this series.", "PMID": 492762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1286", "title": "The dynamic mechanical response characteristics of spinal cord tissue: a preliminary report.", "content": "In the absence of an adequate description of the response of spinal cord to dynamic insult, work is in hand to determine the dynamic characteristics of canine spinal cord tissue. In-vitro experimentation is described. A vibration technique using a low amplitude (0.5 mm), variable frequency (1--40 Hz) forcing frequency is used to describe the resonant property of the tissue in a supporting environment. The canine spinal cord is demonstrated to respond as a non-linear, soft, viscoelastic element suceptible in the frequency range 14--22 Hz.", "contents": "The dynamic mechanical response characteristics of spinal cord tissue: a preliminary report. In the absence of an adequate description of the response of spinal cord to dynamic insult, work is in hand to determine the dynamic characteristics of canine spinal cord tissue. In-vitro experimentation is described. A vibration technique using a low amplitude (0.5 mm), variable frequency (1--40 Hz) forcing frequency is used to describe the resonant property of the tissue in a supporting environment. The canine spinal cord is demonstrated to respond as a non-linear, soft, viscoelastic element suceptible in the frequency range 14--22 Hz.", "PMID": 492763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1287", "title": "Spinal cord injury: an epidemiologic perspective.", "content": "This study examines, from an epidemiologic perspective, a series of 359 consecutive admissions to a Model Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center located in the south-eastern United States. An extensive data set which captures medical, demographic, social and psychological information, on each patient, has been statistically analysed. The appropriateness and utility of epidemiologic methodology applied to the phenomena of spinal cord injury is demonstrated and the findings resulting from the analyses are discussed.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury: an epidemiologic perspective. This study examines, from an epidemiologic perspective, a series of 359 consecutive admissions to a Model Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center located in the south-eastern United States. An extensive data set which captures medical, demographic, social and psychological information, on each patient, has been statistically analysed. The appropriateness and utility of epidemiologic methodology applied to the phenomena of spinal cord injury is demonstrated and the findings resulting from the analyses are discussed.", "PMID": 492764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1288", "title": "An analysis of circadian rhythmicity of heart rate in tetraplegic human subjects.", "content": "Eight tetraplegic human volunteer subjects from the Veterans Administration Hospital in Houston, Texas, had their heart rates monitored at half-hour intervals for 24 hours. Autocovariance analysis demonstrated circadian rhythms of heart rate in four chronic tetraplegic subjects and one acute tetraplegic subject. The remaining three subacute tetraplegic subjects demonstrated no circadian rhythmicity of heart rate. It is postulated that central denervation of the heart from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in cervical cord injury results in loss of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate until the vagus of the parasympathetic division obtains control, sympathetic spinal cord centres re-establish control, or an orderly interaction of both occurs. Further study appears indicated.", "contents": "An analysis of circadian rhythmicity of heart rate in tetraplegic human subjects. Eight tetraplegic human volunteer subjects from the Veterans Administration Hospital in Houston, Texas, had their heart rates monitored at half-hour intervals for 24 hours. Autocovariance analysis demonstrated circadian rhythms of heart rate in four chronic tetraplegic subjects and one acute tetraplegic subject. The remaining three subacute tetraplegic subjects demonstrated no circadian rhythmicity of heart rate. It is postulated that central denervation of the heart from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in cervical cord injury results in loss of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate until the vagus of the parasympathetic division obtains control, sympathetic spinal cord centres re-establish control, or an orderly interaction of both occurs. Further study appears indicated.", "PMID": 492765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1289", "title": "A table tennis glove for tetraplegics.", "content": "A new table tennis glove to enable a tetraplegic to hold a table tennis bat is described and discussed. It is much easier to apply than to bandage the bat to the hand.", "contents": "A table tennis glove for tetraplegics. A new table tennis glove to enable a tetraplegic to hold a table tennis bat is described and discussed. It is much easier to apply than to bandage the bat to the hand.", "PMID": 492766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1290", "title": "[Gamasid mites (Gamasoidea) of the Taimyr Peninsula].", "content": "1591 specimen of small mammals, 467 nests of those, 250 birds and 38 nests had been investigated in 1972--1977. 19 182 specimens of gamasoid mites of 41 taxon had been found. Morphological and ecological adaptations of two mass species, Haemogamasus ambulans and Hinstionyssus isabellinus had been studied.", "contents": "[Gamasid mites (Gamasoidea) of the Taimyr Peninsula]. 1591 specimen of small mammals, 467 nests of those, 250 birds and 38 nests had been investigated in 1972--1977. 19 182 specimens of gamasoid mites of 41 taxon had been found. Morphological and ecological adaptations of two mass species, Haemogamasus ambulans and Hinstionyssus isabellinus had been studied.", "PMID": 492767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1291", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies of Haller's organ in the argasid tick, Argas tridentatus (Argasidae)].", "content": "Haller's organ in A. tridentatus consists of a capsule and an anterior group of sensilla. The capsule is the hollow in the cuticle on the dorsal surface of the first tarsus, where 4 pored hairs of olfactory sensilla are situated under the cover of the roof, formed by an anostomosis of the upper brunches of pleomorphs (capsule's bottom non-sensory cuticular outgrowths). The canal of the accessory ampullaceous sensillum opens in a capsule near the bottom. The anterior group of sensilla consists of two parts: proximal part, containing pored grooved and thin hairs, is homologous to the anterior grouf of ixodid ticks, and distal one which has no homologues in ixodids. Fine structure of all the sensilla in the mentioned parts of Haller's organ is described in detail.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies of Haller's organ in the argasid tick, Argas tridentatus (Argasidae)]. Haller's organ in A. tridentatus consists of a capsule and an anterior group of sensilla. The capsule is the hollow in the cuticle on the dorsal surface of the first tarsus, where 4 pored hairs of olfactory sensilla are situated under the cover of the roof, formed by an anostomosis of the upper brunches of pleomorphs (capsule's bottom non-sensory cuticular outgrowths). The canal of the accessory ampullaceous sensillum opens in a capsule near the bottom. The anterior group of sensilla consists of two parts: proximal part, containing pored grooved and thin hairs, is homologous to the anterior grouf of ixodid ticks, and distal one which has no homologues in ixodids. Fine structure of all the sensilla in the mentioned parts of Haller's organ is described in detail.", "PMID": 492768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1292", "title": "[Fertility of the flea, Xenopsylla gerbilli Minax, that parasitizes the great gerbil (Aphaniptera)].", "content": "It has been established experimentally that the fecundity of females of Xenopsylla gerbilli minax is wavy in its character from the beginning to end of their reproduction (peaks are replaced by falls). In spring and summer the egg laying proceeds on the 2nd--3rd day after the first bloodsucking of fleas and lasts to the end of their life. In autumn the first eggs develop on the 4th--6th day and do not develop at all at the end of the life. In winter months the egg production is somewhat slowed down but with the coming of spring become more intensive. Progeny obtained from one female during the experiment varies, depending on the conditions of the maintenance, from 20 to 130 individuals.", "contents": "[Fertility of the flea, Xenopsylla gerbilli Minax, that parasitizes the great gerbil (Aphaniptera)]. It has been established experimentally that the fecundity of females of Xenopsylla gerbilli minax is wavy in its character from the beginning to end of their reproduction (peaks are replaced by falls). In spring and summer the egg laying proceeds on the 2nd--3rd day after the first bloodsucking of fleas and lasts to the end of their life. In autumn the first eggs develop on the 4th--6th day and do not develop at all at the end of the life. In winter months the egg production is somewhat slowed down but with the coming of spring become more intensive. Progeny obtained from one female during the experiment varies, depending on the conditions of the maintenance, from 20 to 130 individuals.", "PMID": 492769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1293", "title": "[Changes in the numbers of the causative agent of intestinal yersiniasis (Yersinia enterocolitica) in Xenopsylla cheopis (Aphaniptera) fleas in the process of blood digestion].", "content": "In infected fleas the agent of intestinal yersiniosis underwents a complex cycle of quantitative changes after each feeding. A species belonging of blood consumed greatly affected the dynamics of the agent abundance. The general peculiarity of the development of microbes in insects, which fed on various animals (white mice, Sirian hamsters, white rats and guinea pigs), is characterized by the decrease in the abundance of the agent during the first hours after feeding. This was followed by an active multiplication of microbes replaced by a new fall after which the abundance maintained on the level close to the initial one. A comparison of obtained results with the data on the digestion in fleas has shown that the phases of the primary dying off and depression of the agent falls within the intensive-decay of the food clot. The active multiplication proceeds at the end of digestion that may be promoted by the decrease in the fermentative activity and abundance of products of blood decay easily assimilated by microbes. The next fall in the agent's abundance and the absence of multiplication are associated with the exhaustion of the nutrient medium in the process of absorbtion and vital activity of microbes.", "contents": "[Changes in the numbers of the causative agent of intestinal yersiniasis (Yersinia enterocolitica) in Xenopsylla cheopis (Aphaniptera) fleas in the process of blood digestion]. In infected fleas the agent of intestinal yersiniosis underwents a complex cycle of quantitative changes after each feeding. A species belonging of blood consumed greatly affected the dynamics of the agent abundance. The general peculiarity of the development of microbes in insects, which fed on various animals (white mice, Sirian hamsters, white rats and guinea pigs), is characterized by the decrease in the abundance of the agent during the first hours after feeding. This was followed by an active multiplication of microbes replaced by a new fall after which the abundance maintained on the level close to the initial one. A comparison of obtained results with the data on the digestion in fleas has shown that the phases of the primary dying off and depression of the agent falls within the intensive-decay of the food clot. The active multiplication proceeds at the end of digestion that may be promoted by the decrease in the fermentative activity and abundance of products of blood decay easily assimilated by microbes. The next fall in the agent's abundance and the absence of multiplication are associated with the exhaustion of the nutrient medium in the process of absorbtion and vital activity of microbes.", "PMID": 492770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1294", "title": "[Euzetrema caucasica sp. n. (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylidea), a parasite of the Caucasian salamander].", "content": "A new species of monogeneans, Euzetrema caucasica sp. n., from the urinary bladder of Mertensiella caucasica (Waga, 1876) is described. The new species differs from E. knoepffleri Combes, 1965 by greater sizes of the disc, median and marginal hooks and anterior suckers. Certain suggestions are made on the biology and life cycle of Euzetrema.", "contents": "[Euzetrema caucasica sp. n. (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylidea), a parasite of the Caucasian salamander]. A new species of monogeneans, Euzetrema caucasica sp. n., from the urinary bladder of Mertensiella caucasica (Waga, 1876) is described. The new species differs from E. knoepffleri Combes, 1965 by greater sizes of the disc, median and marginal hooks and anterior suckers. Certain suggestions are made on the biology and life cycle of Euzetrema.", "PMID": 492771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1295", "title": "[Developmental cycle of the thorny-headed worm, Acanthocephalus lucii (Echinorhynchidae)].", "content": "The organogenesis of Acanthocephalus lucii was followed and its developmental periods established. In the organism of the intermediate host Asellus aquaticus the larva of A. lucii has three developmental stages: acantor, preacantella and acantella. At the average daily temperature of 25 degrees the developmental period from the egg to acantella completes within 19 days, at 22 degrees--in 32 days, at 19 degrees--in 51 days, at 18 degrees--in 60 days, at 15-16 degrees--in 72 days and at 15 degrees--in 89 days. In the intestine of fishes the worms become mature in three weeks after the infection. The excretion of eggs by females into the environment begins in 36-39 days after the worms have reached sexual maturity. The whole development of the worm in the definitive host lasts 57 to 60 days.", "contents": "[Developmental cycle of the thorny-headed worm, Acanthocephalus lucii (Echinorhynchidae)]. The organogenesis of Acanthocephalus lucii was followed and its developmental periods established. In the organism of the intermediate host Asellus aquaticus the larva of A. lucii has three developmental stages: acantor, preacantella and acantella. At the average daily temperature of 25 degrees the developmental period from the egg to acantella completes within 19 days, at 22 degrees--in 32 days, at 19 degrees--in 51 days, at 18 degrees--in 60 days, at 15-16 degrees--in 72 days and at 15 degrees--in 89 days. In the intestine of fishes the worms become mature in three weeks after the infection. The excretion of eggs by females into the environment begins in 36-39 days after the worms have reached sexual maturity. The whole development of the worm in the definitive host lasts 57 to 60 days.", "PMID": 492773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1296", "title": "DNA template activity in the arterial wall of hypertensive rabbits.", "content": "With a new method employing acridine organe (AO) as an ultracytochemical probe DNA template activity could be visualized within cell nuclei of the thoracic aortic wall of rabbits. After experimentally produced chronic renal hypertension nuclei with a relatively high number of AO chromatin interaction products were found in the endothelium, in the intimal region, in the outer third of the media, and in the adventiia indicating increased DNA template activity. This representative distribution pattern of DNA template activity was not found in comparable regions of the thoracic aorta of normotensive rabbits. The results are consistent with the current concept that cellular response to environmental stimuli occurs via activation of previously repressed genes.", "contents": "DNA template activity in the arterial wall of hypertensive rabbits. With a new method employing acridine organe (AO) as an ultracytochemical probe DNA template activity could be visualized within cell nuclei of the thoracic aortic wall of rabbits. After experimentally produced chronic renal hypertension nuclei with a relatively high number of AO chromatin interaction products were found in the endothelium, in the intimal region, in the outer third of the media, and in the adventiia indicating increased DNA template activity. This representative distribution pattern of DNA template activity was not found in comparable regions of the thoracic aorta of normotensive rabbits. The results are consistent with the current concept that cellular response to environmental stimuli occurs via activation of previously repressed genes.", "PMID": 492779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1297", "title": "Isolation and characterization of desmosine(s) containing peptide fractions of normal and diseases human aortic elastin.", "content": "Normal and diseased human aortic elastins were isolated and highly purified. They were subsequently submitted to elastase and thermolysin digestion followed by partial acid hydrolysis to increase crosslinkage. The peptide fractions containing these highly cross-linked desmosines were extensively purified either by ion exchange chromatography or by gel-filtration. Their amino acid composition was determined. Detailed investigation of the purified peptide fraction from normal human elastin containing desmosines was carried out using different N-terminal and C-terminal procedures, thus permitting the probable covalent structure of the desmosine containing peptide(s) to be proposed. Irrespective of their origin (healthy or pathologic), the elastin samples all revealed the same amino acid composition with a very high alanine content in the cross-linking peptides. This work is submitted as proof that changes in amino acid composition are essentially due to \"dilution\" and contamination by structural glycoproteins and not to structural changes in amino acid compoistion in the vicinal cross-links positions. We find that not only \"clustering\" alanine residues but also glycine, proline, valine, leucine and tyrosine residues are located in the immediate vicinity of both desmosine and isodesmosine residues.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of desmosine(s) containing peptide fractions of normal and diseases human aortic elastin. Normal and diseased human aortic elastins were isolated and highly purified. They were subsequently submitted to elastase and thermolysin digestion followed by partial acid hydrolysis to increase crosslinkage. The peptide fractions containing these highly cross-linked desmosines were extensively purified either by ion exchange chromatography or by gel-filtration. Their amino acid composition was determined. Detailed investigation of the purified peptide fraction from normal human elastin containing desmosines was carried out using different N-terminal and C-terminal procedures, thus permitting the probable covalent structure of the desmosine containing peptide(s) to be proposed. Irrespective of their origin (healthy or pathologic), the elastin samples all revealed the same amino acid composition with a very high alanine content in the cross-linking peptides. This work is submitted as proof that changes in amino acid composition are essentially due to \"dilution\" and contamination by structural glycoproteins and not to structural changes in amino acid compoistion in the vicinal cross-links positions. We find that not only \"clustering\" alanine residues but also glycine, proline, valine, leucine and tyrosine residues are located in the immediate vicinity of both desmosine and isodesmosine residues.", "PMID": 492780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1298", "title": "[Distribution and species makeup of the horse botflies in the Buryat ASSR and Mongolian Peoples's Republic (Oestridae, Gastrophilidae)].", "content": "In Burjatia and Mongolia the infection of horses with rhinoestrosis and gastrophilosis accounts for 97.8-99.2% and 98.9-99.5%, respectively at the infection intensity 34 to 721 and 55 to 1473 larvae. The sheep botfly is represented by one and the horse botfly by six species; they have one generation a year. The flight of the horse botfly begins from the second decade of June and ends in the second decade of September; the flight of the sheep botfly begins in the third decade of June and ends in the first decade of September. The pupil stage lasts 20 to 61 days.", "contents": "[Distribution and species makeup of the horse botflies in the Buryat ASSR and Mongolian Peoples's Republic (Oestridae, Gastrophilidae)]. In Burjatia and Mongolia the infection of horses with rhinoestrosis and gastrophilosis accounts for 97.8-99.2% and 98.9-99.5%, respectively at the infection intensity 34 to 721 and 55 to 1473 larvae. The sheep botfly is represented by one and the horse botfly by six species; they have one generation a year. The flight of the horse botfly begins from the second decade of June and ends in the second decade of September; the flight of the sheep botfly begins in the third decade of June and ends in the first decade of September. The pupil stage lasts 20 to 61 days.", "PMID": 492775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1299", "title": "[Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in the arterial wall. VI. Purification and molecular mechanism of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase].", "content": "Aortic intima N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase has been purified by chromatography and isoelectric focusing, allowing her resolution into two insoenzymes, GN 1 (pHi = 4.2) and GN 2 (pHi = 8.5). The phenomenological analysis of this isoenzymes, involving two substrates and two products, showes one mechanism: Bi-Bi random.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in the arterial wall. VI. Purification and molecular mechanism of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase]. Aortic intima N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase has been purified by chromatography and isoelectric focusing, allowing her resolution into two insoenzymes, GN 1 (pHi = 4.2) and GN 2 (pHi = 8.5). The phenomenological analysis of this isoenzymes, involving two substrates and two products, showes one mechanism: Bi-Bi random.", "PMID": 492781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1300", "title": "[New trematode genus of the family Didymozoidae from a mackerel in the Indian Ocean].", "content": "A new trematode of the genus Paranema tobothrium triplovitellatum gen. et sp. n. from the body cavity of Scomber scombrus from the Indian ocean is described. The individuals of the new genus are not incysted. Testes paired, ovary twisted, unbranched, vitelline gland bifurcates, uterus forming three turns.", "contents": "[New trematode genus of the family Didymozoidae from a mackerel in the Indian Ocean]. A new trematode of the genus Paranema tobothrium triplovitellatum gen. et sp. n. from the body cavity of Scomber scombrus from the Indian ocean is described. The individuals of the new genus are not incysted. Testes paired, ovary twisted, unbranched, vitelline gland bifurcates, uterus forming three turns.", "PMID": 492777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1301", "title": "[Fatty acid makeup of the cestodes, Eubothrium crassum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum].", "content": "The fat-acidic composition of E. crassum and D. dendriticum was investigated. Lipids of E. crassum differ in greater unsaturation as compared to these of D. dendriticum as well as in greater amount of acids of type omega 3, whereas acids of type omega 6 and stearic acid were found in extracts of E. crassum in less quantity than in D. dendriticum. This phenomenon is characteristic of organisms living under conditions of low temperatures.", "contents": "[Fatty acid makeup of the cestodes, Eubothrium crassum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum]. The fat-acidic composition of E. crassum and D. dendriticum was investigated. Lipids of E. crassum differ in greater unsaturation as compared to these of D. dendriticum as well as in greater amount of acids of type omega 3, whereas acids of type omega 6 and stearic acid were found in extracts of E. crassum in less quantity than in D. dendriticum. This phenomenon is characteristic of organisms living under conditions of low temperatures.", "PMID": 492772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1302", "title": "[Finding of the subarctic leeches, Acanthobdella peledina and Cystobranchus mammillatus, in the Lake Baikal basin and the reasons for their absence in Lake Baikal itself].", "content": "Acanthobdella peledina was first found in the basin of Lake Baikal on the fluvial form of the Balkal grayling Thymallus arcticus baicalensis and Coregonus lavaretus pidschian from the Upper Angara. Cystobranchus mammillatus, a parasite of burbot, is widely distributed in the tributaries of Baikal. The absence of these subarctic leeches from Baikal itself is explained by their rheophily.", "contents": "[Finding of the subarctic leeches, Acanthobdella peledina and Cystobranchus mammillatus, in the Lake Baikal basin and the reasons for their absence in Lake Baikal itself]. Acanthobdella peledina was first found in the basin of Lake Baikal on the fluvial form of the Balkal grayling Thymallus arcticus baicalensis and Coregonus lavaretus pidschian from the Upper Angara. Cystobranchus mammillatus, a parasite of burbot, is widely distributed in the tributaries of Baikal. The absence of these subarctic leeches from Baikal itself is explained by their rheophily.", "PMID": 492778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1303", "title": "[Biology of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda, Cucullanata)].", "content": "For the first time the description of the IInd and IIIrd stage larvae of C. cirratus from the submucous membrane of cod fish is given and the possibilities of the direct life cycle of C. cirratus are discussed. The scheme of the life cycle of C. cirratus is as follows. Eggs come out into water with faeces of the host at the stage of 2-4 blastomeres. 10-14 days after this the Ist stage larva hatches. After 4-5 days the Ist stage larva converts into the IInd stage by undergoing the first moulting. With food the IInd stage larva enters the stomach of cod fish. There it penetrates the submucous membrane of the stomach and converts into the IIIrd stage larva. After that the IIIrd stage larva migrates into the intestine where it undergoes the IIIrd and IVth moultings and reaches the adult stage.", "contents": "[Biology of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda, Cucullanata)]. For the first time the description of the IInd and IIIrd stage larvae of C. cirratus from the submucous membrane of cod fish is given and the possibilities of the direct life cycle of C. cirratus are discussed. The scheme of the life cycle of C. cirratus is as follows. Eggs come out into water with faeces of the host at the stage of 2-4 blastomeres. 10-14 days after this the Ist stage larva hatches. After 4-5 days the Ist stage larva converts into the IInd stage by undergoing the first moulting. With food the IInd stage larva enters the stomach of cod fish. There it penetrates the submucous membrane of the stomach and converts into the IIIrd stage larva. After that the IIIrd stage larva migrates into the intestine where it undergoes the IIIrd and IVth moultings and reaches the adult stage.", "PMID": 492774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1304", "title": "The effect of feeding on fat deposition in early infancy.", "content": "Trained nutritionists surveyed 92 female infants and their mothers in Western Massachusetts at monthly intervals from birth to age 6 months. A diet history, a three-day record of food intake and 11 anthropometric measurements were obtained at each home visit. Skinfold measurements showed an earlier plateau than in other published studies. There were no significant differences in fat thicknesses when infants were classified by method of feeding until age 2 months, but formula-fed infants with solids started before age 2 months had the largest mean skinfolds which peaked at age 3 months and then decreased and became similar to those of the other groups by age 5 months.", "contents": "The effect of feeding on fat deposition in early infancy. Trained nutritionists surveyed 92 female infants and their mothers in Western Massachusetts at monthly intervals from birth to age 6 months. A diet history, a three-day record of food intake and 11 anthropometric measurements were obtained at each home visit. Skinfold measurements showed an earlier plateau than in other published studies. There were no significant differences in fat thicknesses when infants were classified by method of feeding until age 2 months, but formula-fed infants with solids started before age 2 months had the largest mean skinfolds which peaked at age 3 months and then decreased and became similar to those of the other groups by age 5 months.", "PMID": 492802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1305", "title": "Chronic nonspecific diarrhea: dietary relationships.", "content": "Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) is the most common cause of prolonged diarrhea without failure to thrive. Although it is most commonly seen from ages 6 to 36 months, CNSD may persist until 54 months of age. Forty-four patients with this syndrome had complete dietary histories, and were divided into four groups on the basis of their intakes and responses to its modification. Each of the four groups had significantly less fat in their diet at the time of presentation than did ten non-CNSD patients (P less than .005) presenting similarly. In three of the groups, daily fat consumption was increased, irrespective of the adequacy of their initial intakes. In all 38 patients in these groups, this dietary modification was associated with the resolution of symptoms. The fourth group, with initially normal dietary fat ingestion, did not respond to dietary therapy. The overall success rate of the regimen in this patient population was 82%. Carbohydrate, fiber, and caloric contents of the diets did not appear to play as significant a role as fat intake.", "contents": "Chronic nonspecific diarrhea: dietary relationships. Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) is the most common cause of prolonged diarrhea without failure to thrive. Although it is most commonly seen from ages 6 to 36 months, CNSD may persist until 54 months of age. Forty-four patients with this syndrome had complete dietary histories, and were divided into four groups on the basis of their intakes and responses to its modification. Each of the four groups had significantly less fat in their diet at the time of presentation than did ten non-CNSD patients (P less than .005) presenting similarly. In three of the groups, daily fat consumption was increased, irrespective of the adequacy of their initial intakes. In all 38 patients in these groups, this dietary modification was associated with the resolution of symptoms. The fourth group, with initially normal dietary fat ingestion, did not respond to dietary therapy. The overall success rate of the regimen in this patient population was 82%. Carbohydrate, fiber, and caloric contents of the diets did not appear to play as significant a role as fat intake.", "PMID": 492803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1306", "title": "Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: differences in dose effects on impulsive behavior.", "content": "This research tested the hypothesis that in hyperactive children a low dose of methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) would produce scores superior to those with a high dose (1.0 mg/kg) or placebo on the matching familiar figures test (MFF), a primary index of impulsivity. The hypothesis was based on an earlier finding that the highest percentage of correct responses on a short-term memory task were found in hyperactive subjects who were receiving 0.3 mg/kg of methylphenidate whereas at 1.0 mg/kg the percentage correct returned to the placebo level. The hypothesis was verified in that the low dose reduced the number of errors on the MFF significantly more than did placebo or the high dose. This work demonstrates that, for both learning and impulsivity in hyperactive children, the lower dose of the two doses of methylphenidate studied produced the preferable effect.", "contents": "Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: differences in dose effects on impulsive behavior. This research tested the hypothesis that in hyperactive children a low dose of methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) would produce scores superior to those with a high dose (1.0 mg/kg) or placebo on the matching familiar figures test (MFF), a primary index of impulsivity. The hypothesis was based on an earlier finding that the highest percentage of correct responses on a short-term memory task were found in hyperactive subjects who were receiving 0.3 mg/kg of methylphenidate whereas at 1.0 mg/kg the percentage correct returned to the placebo level. The hypothesis was verified in that the low dose reduced the number of errors on the MFF significantly more than did placebo or the high dose. This work demonstrates that, for both learning and impulsivity in hyperactive children, the lower dose of the two doses of methylphenidate studied produced the preferable effect.", "PMID": 492804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1307", "title": "Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's ability to sustain attention.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to investigate the attentional characteristics of hyperactive children, the relationship of subjective and objective measures of these characteristics, and the effects of methylphenidate on these measures of attention. Forty-five hyperactive children, ages 6 to 10 years, were entered into an 18-week study of the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on attention. Measures included rating scales completed by teachers and parents and a vigilance task. All measures reflected significant changes during the period of investigation. Attention and behavior were significantly improved under drug conditions and significantly worsened when methylphenidate was discontinued. However, only performance on the objective measure returned to predrug levels; final off-drug parent and teacher ratings remained improved over initial reports. Parent ratings of behavior, and specifically of children's ability to attend, were unrelated to equivalent teacher ratings. Teachers' ratings of attention correlated significantly with performance on the vigilance task, discriminated between on-drug and off-drug conditions, and discriminated between children who obtained normal or near normal predrug scores on the objective measure and those who performed poorly on this measure. Methylphenidate improved attentional performance for children who had poor predrug scores on the vigilance task, but did not produce a statistically significant change on the scores of children with normal predrug performance.", "contents": "Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's ability to sustain attention. The purposes of this study were to investigate the attentional characteristics of hyperactive children, the relationship of subjective and objective measures of these characteristics, and the effects of methylphenidate on these measures of attention. Forty-five hyperactive children, ages 6 to 10 years, were entered into an 18-week study of the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on attention. Measures included rating scales completed by teachers and parents and a vigilance task. All measures reflected significant changes during the period of investigation. Attention and behavior were significantly improved under drug conditions and significantly worsened when methylphenidate was discontinued. However, only performance on the objective measure returned to predrug levels; final off-drug parent and teacher ratings remained improved over initial reports. Parent ratings of behavior, and specifically of children's ability to attend, were unrelated to equivalent teacher ratings. Teachers' ratings of attention correlated significantly with performance on the vigilance task, discriminated between on-drug and off-drug conditions, and discriminated between children who obtained normal or near normal predrug scores on the objective measure and those who performed poorly on this measure. Methylphenidate improved attentional performance for children who had poor predrug scores on the vigilance task, but did not produce a statistically significant change on the scores of children with normal predrug performance.", "PMID": 492805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1308", "title": "Neonatal hotline telephone network.", "content": "By simplifying the process by which telephone contacts are made, improved communications were established between a university-affiliated newborn intensive care center and some of the community hospital nurseries that it serves as a regional resource. Initiation of the improved system of communications was associated with a significant improvement in the survival of infants transferred from the community hospitals to the regional care facility.", "contents": "Neonatal hotline telephone network. By simplifying the process by which telephone contacts are made, improved communications were established between a university-affiliated newborn intensive care center and some of the community hospital nurseries that it serves as a regional resource. Initiation of the improved system of communications was associated with a significant improvement in the survival of infants transferred from the community hospitals to the regional care facility.", "PMID": 492806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1309", "title": "The effect of posture on ventilation and lung mechanics in preterm and light-for-date infants.", "content": "The effect of right lateral, supine, and prone postures on ventilation and lung mechanics was studied in 23 healthy newborn infants, ten preterm and 13 term, \"light-for-date,\" In the preterm group, tidal volume, minute volume, elastic work, inspiratory viscous work, total viscous work, and the total work of breathing were significantly greater in the prone position than in the supine position. Results obtained in the lateral position did not differ significantly from those in the prone or supine positions. Posture did not significantly affect tidal volume or lung mechanics in the light-for-date infants. The prone position is suggested to be the optimum nursing posture for healthy preterm infants.", "contents": "The effect of posture on ventilation and lung mechanics in preterm and light-for-date infants. The effect of right lateral, supine, and prone postures on ventilation and lung mechanics was studied in 23 healthy newborn infants, ten preterm and 13 term, \"light-for-date,\" In the preterm group, tidal volume, minute volume, elastic work, inspiratory viscous work, total viscous work, and the total work of breathing were significantly greater in the prone position than in the supine position. Results obtained in the lateral position did not differ significantly from those in the prone or supine positions. Posture did not significantly affect tidal volume or lung mechanics in the light-for-date infants. The prone position is suggested to be the optimum nursing posture for healthy preterm infants.", "PMID": 492807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1310", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adolescent girls: I. Epidemiology.", "content": "Because the incidence of bacteriuria in asymptomatic school girls is low (1% to 2%), we examined possible risk factors in adolescents, such as previous history of urinary tract infection (UTI) and sexual intercourse (previous and recent). Eight (1.6%) of 500 adolescent girls were detected with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Of 47 patients reporting a previous UTI, four (9%) were bacteriuric. Two other patients detected with bacteriuria had a history of enuresis; thus 6/8 adolescents with ABU had a history that suggests a need to screen for infection. A history of sexual activity was not helpful in case detection. Of the 500 girls, 133 had a routine pelvic examination at the time of the visit. The procedure was not associated with bacteriuria, as measured by a home nitrite test each day for three days following the clinic visit.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adolescent girls: I. Epidemiology. Because the incidence of bacteriuria in asymptomatic school girls is low (1% to 2%), we examined possible risk factors in adolescents, such as previous history of urinary tract infection (UTI) and sexual intercourse (previous and recent). Eight (1.6%) of 500 adolescent girls were detected with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Of 47 patients reporting a previous UTI, four (9%) were bacteriuric. Two other patients detected with bacteriuria had a history of enuresis; thus 6/8 adolescents with ABU had a history that suggests a need to screen for infection. A history of sexual activity was not helpful in case detection. Of the 500 girls, 133 had a routine pelvic examination at the time of the visit. The procedure was not associated with bacteriuria, as measured by a home nitrite test each day for three days following the clinic visit.", "PMID": 492808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1311", "title": "A depression rating scale for children.", "content": "A rating scale is needed for clinical and research studies of depression in childhood. A Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) was devised and tested on 30 inpatient children in a medical hospital. A high correlation was found between the global ratings by two psychiatrists of the severity of depression and the scores on the CDRS. The items on the CDRS which had the highest correlation with a global rating of depression were social withdrawal, capacity for fun, irritability, schoolwork, expressive communication, general somatic features, hypoactivity, and depressed mood. The syndrome of depression in childhood can be characterized and rated primarily by observed behaviors.", "contents": "A depression rating scale for children. A rating scale is needed for clinical and research studies of depression in childhood. A Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) was devised and tested on 30 inpatient children in a medical hospital. A high correlation was found between the global ratings by two psychiatrists of the severity of depression and the scores on the CDRS. The items on the CDRS which had the highest correlation with a global rating of depression were social withdrawal, capacity for fun, irritability, schoolwork, expressive communication, general somatic features, hypoactivity, and depressed mood. The syndrome of depression in childhood can be characterized and rated primarily by observed behaviors.", "PMID": 492809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1312", "title": "Chronic neuropathy presenting as a floppy infant with respiratory distress.", "content": "Respiratory distress was the presenting feature in a 4-month-old male infant suffering from D\u00e9j\u00e9rine-Sottas disease, an inherited sensory-motor polyneuropathy. This unusual but potentially benign disorder can be diagnosed upon peripheral nerve biopsy by noting extensive demyelination with \"onion bulb\" formation. Polyneuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infantile neuromuscular weakness including or solely involving bulbar and respiratory muscles.", "contents": "Chronic neuropathy presenting as a floppy infant with respiratory distress. Respiratory distress was the presenting feature in a 4-month-old male infant suffering from D\u00e9j\u00e9rine-Sottas disease, an inherited sensory-motor polyneuropathy. This unusual but potentially benign disorder can be diagnosed upon peripheral nerve biopsy by noting extensive demyelination with \"onion bulb\" formation. Polyneuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infantile neuromuscular weakness including or solely involving bulbar and respiratory muscles.", "PMID": 492811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1313", "title": "Recurrent meningococcal meningitis with absence of the sixth component of complement: an evaluation of underlying immunologic mechanisms.", "content": "A 51/2-year-old black girl with recurrent meningococcal meningitis and absence of the sixth component of complement (C6) is reported. To explore the pathogenesis of recurrent neisserial infections in C6 deficiency, a detailed analysis of her immune competence was conducted. Her serum had normal chemotactic, opsonic, alternative complement pathway, and specific antibody activity, but lacked complement-mediated bacteriolytic activity. In addition, her C6-deficient serum was indistinguishable from normal serum in a complement-dependent assay of phagocyte bactericidal activity. Absent bacteriolysis remains the only consistent defect associated with recurrent neisserial infections and absence of one of the late-acting complement components.", "contents": "Recurrent meningococcal meningitis with absence of the sixth component of complement: an evaluation of underlying immunologic mechanisms. A 51/2-year-old black girl with recurrent meningococcal meningitis and absence of the sixth component of complement (C6) is reported. To explore the pathogenesis of recurrent neisserial infections in C6 deficiency, a detailed analysis of her immune competence was conducted. Her serum had normal chemotactic, opsonic, alternative complement pathway, and specific antibody activity, but lacked complement-mediated bacteriolytic activity. In addition, her C6-deficient serum was indistinguishable from normal serum in a complement-dependent assay of phagocyte bactericidal activity. Absent bacteriolysis remains the only consistent defect associated with recurrent neisserial infections and absence of one of the late-acting complement components.", "PMID": 492812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1314", "title": "Anatomic confirmation of echocardiographic measurements in neonatal hearts.", "content": "Significant correlations were demonstrated between echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness, right ventricular wall thickness, septal thickness, left ventricular mass, aortic valve excursion, pulmonary valve excursion, mitral valve excursion, and tricuspid valve excursion and the same measurements made directly on the same hearts at autopsy. A new regression formula was derived for the calculation of echocardiographic right ventricular mass in life and was found to correlate significantly with right ventricular mass measured as the sum of right ventricular wall and septal volumes at postmortem examination.", "contents": "Anatomic confirmation of echocardiographic measurements in neonatal hearts. Significant correlations were demonstrated between echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness, right ventricular wall thickness, septal thickness, left ventricular mass, aortic valve excursion, pulmonary valve excursion, mitral valve excursion, and tricuspid valve excursion and the same measurements made directly on the same hearts at autopsy. A new regression formula was derived for the calculation of echocardiographic right ventricular mass in life and was found to correlate significantly with right ventricular mass measured as the sum of right ventricular wall and septal volumes at postmortem examination.", "PMID": 492813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1315", "title": "Primary malignant lymphoma cutis in an infant: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A 6-month-old infant with primary malignant cutaneous lymphoma is presented. The histologic differentiation between benign cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia and cutaneous malignant lymphoma is discussed. Intensive therapy is warranted at the onset because of early dissemination and poor response to treatment after dissemination.", "contents": "Primary malignant lymphoma cutis in an infant: case report and review of literature. A 6-month-old infant with primary malignant cutaneous lymphoma is presented. The histologic differentiation between benign cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia and cutaneous malignant lymphoma is discussed. Intensive therapy is warranted at the onset because of early dissemination and poor response to treatment after dissemination.", "PMID": 492814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1316", "title": "Hypophosphatemic rickets: effect of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on growth and mineral metabolism.", "content": "Growth retardation nearly invariably accompanies hypophosphatemic rickets. Studies were conducted in an adolescent male with this disorder as follows. Protocol I: age, 6 to 16 years; treatment per day, 5,000 to 80,000 units vitamin D2, 1,760 to 2,200 mg phosphorus, orally as buffered phosphate; growth velocity, 5 to 6 cm/year. Protocol II: age 16 to 17 years; treatment per day, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1 microgram; 2,200 mg of phosphorus, orally as buffered phosphate; growth velocity, 14 cm/year. The height improved from less than third percentile for the decade during study protocol I to the 25th percentile during protocol II. Mineral balance studies showed a reduction of urinary and stool phosphorus during treatment protocol II, while the patient was receiving metabolic diet. The serum phosphorus improved from 2.2 to 4.3 mg/dl and radiologic healing of rickets was documented. No hypercalcemic episode was encountered. The data support the contention that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the treatment of choice for hypophosphatemic rickets.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemic rickets: effect of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on growth and mineral metabolism. Growth retardation nearly invariably accompanies hypophosphatemic rickets. Studies were conducted in an adolescent male with this disorder as follows. Protocol I: age, 6 to 16 years; treatment per day, 5,000 to 80,000 units vitamin D2, 1,760 to 2,200 mg phosphorus, orally as buffered phosphate; growth velocity, 5 to 6 cm/year. Protocol II: age 16 to 17 years; treatment per day, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1 microgram; 2,200 mg of phosphorus, orally as buffered phosphate; growth velocity, 14 cm/year. The height improved from less than third percentile for the decade during study protocol I to the 25th percentile during protocol II. Mineral balance studies showed a reduction of urinary and stool phosphorus during treatment protocol II, while the patient was receiving metabolic diet. The serum phosphorus improved from 2.2 to 4.3 mg/dl and radiologic healing of rickets was documented. No hypercalcemic episode was encountered. The data support the contention that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the treatment of choice for hypophosphatemic rickets.", "PMID": 492815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1317", "title": "Clinical hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in children.", "content": "A patient is presented with reversible clinical and biochemical hepatocellular injury secondary to isoniazid (INH). This apparently rare drug reaction in children is compared with the more common transient hypertransaminasemia induced by isoniazid. A review of the clinical literature and basic pharmacologic mechanisms of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity has led to a rational plan for monitoring and managing children who are treated with INH.", "contents": "Clinical hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in children. A patient is presented with reversible clinical and biochemical hepatocellular injury secondary to isoniazid (INH). This apparently rare drug reaction in children is compared with the more common transient hypertransaminasemia induced by isoniazid. A review of the clinical literature and basic pharmacologic mechanisms of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity has led to a rational plan for monitoring and managing children who are treated with INH.", "PMID": 492816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1318", "title": "Potential effect of demographic and other variables in studies comparing morbidity of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.", "content": "Comparing the morbidity of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is confounded by inherent differences in breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers and their infants. Self-selection introduces complex variables encompassing much more than milk source used for infant feeding. Reasons for selecting breast or bottle feeding relate to demographic, socioeconomic, educational, ethnic, cultural, and psychological factors, as well as maternal and infant physical and emotional health. Many of the differences in the maternal populations may affect infant care practices, access to medical care, and infant health status. Studies published to date have not quantified these confounding effects and other potential biases in comparing morbidity to breast- and bottle-fed infants and the relationship between milk source and incidence of infantile disease remains in question. There is need for more cautious use of the available data and investigators must seek ways to design future studies to take into account the differences between breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers that affect both reported and actual infant morbidity.", "contents": "Potential effect of demographic and other variables in studies comparing morbidity of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Comparing the morbidity of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is confounded by inherent differences in breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers and their infants. Self-selection introduces complex variables encompassing much more than milk source used for infant feeding. Reasons for selecting breast or bottle feeding relate to demographic, socioeconomic, educational, ethnic, cultural, and psychological factors, as well as maternal and infant physical and emotional health. Many of the differences in the maternal populations may affect infant care practices, access to medical care, and infant health status. Studies published to date have not quantified these confounding effects and other potential biases in comparing morbidity to breast- and bottle-fed infants and the relationship between milk source and incidence of infantile disease remains in question. There is need for more cautious use of the available data and investigators must seek ways to design future studies to take into account the differences between breast-feeding and bottle-feeding mothers that affect both reported and actual infant morbidity.", "PMID": 492817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1319", "title": "A \"Retreat\" for pediatric interns.", "content": "For the past two years, pediatric interns at the University of Washington have been relieved of their clinical duties for five days to participate in a \"retreat\". Their places were taken by pediatric practitioners as a continuing education experience. The chief benefit of the retreat was the coming together of the intern group and the subsequent support they were able to give to each other. The educational content was deemed less important than the fact that the retreat occurred.", "contents": "A \"Retreat\" for pediatric interns. For the past two years, pediatric interns at the University of Washington have been relieved of their clinical duties for five days to participate in a \"retreat\". Their places were taken by pediatric practitioners as a continuing education experience. The chief benefit of the retreat was the coming together of the intern group and the subsequent support they were able to give to each other. The educational content was deemed less important than the fact that the retreat occurred.", "PMID": 492818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1320", "title": "Hypnotically induced pain control in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Recurrent painful vaso-occlusive crises often represent sources of frustration and debilitation to those afflicted with sickle cell disease. We present two adolescents with sickle cell disease who have been able to gain control over the frequency and intensity of these crises by utilizing self-hypnosis. We feel that the utilization of similar technique(s) may allow many ill children and adolescents to obtain mastery over abnormal physiologic processes concomitant with their particular disease status.", "contents": "Hypnotically induced pain control in sickle cell anemia. Recurrent painful vaso-occlusive crises often represent sources of frustration and debilitation to those afflicted with sickle cell disease. We present two adolescents with sickle cell disease who have been able to gain control over the frequency and intensity of these crises by utilizing self-hypnosis. We feel that the utilization of similar technique(s) may allow many ill children and adolescents to obtain mastery over abnormal physiologic processes concomitant with their particular disease status.", "PMID": 492819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1321", "title": "The effects of observed sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) on hospital staff.", "content": "We have described an observed case of SIDS in a hospital setting. The victim was \"well baby\" hospitalized for psychosocial reasons. Death occurred on the fifth hospital day, during sleep and two hours after feeding. The death was silent and was preceded by cyanosis and respiratory arrest. Hospital staff who attended the baby during his admission experienced the same traumatic reactions as families of SIDS victims, ie, shock, disbelief, anger, guilt, fear, blaming, sadness, and behavioral manifestations. Information on SIDS, communication about feelings and continued group support were of utmost importance in helping the staff to deal with the crisis. Although they had experienced death and serious illness on the ward and continued to be faced with grave situations, the unique aspects of SIDS, namely lack of etiology and its sudden and unexpected onset, brought forth personal feelings of vulnerability and called for extra coping devices. Our experience illustrates the need of an in-hospital support system to assess needs, coordinate efforts, and offer timely intervention after the death of an infant or child.", "contents": "The effects of observed sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) on hospital staff. We have described an observed case of SIDS in a hospital setting. The victim was \"well baby\" hospitalized for psychosocial reasons. Death occurred on the fifth hospital day, during sleep and two hours after feeding. The death was silent and was preceded by cyanosis and respiratory arrest. Hospital staff who attended the baby during his admission experienced the same traumatic reactions as families of SIDS victims, ie, shock, disbelief, anger, guilt, fear, blaming, sadness, and behavioral manifestations. Information on SIDS, communication about feelings and continued group support were of utmost importance in helping the staff to deal with the crisis. Although they had experienced death and serious illness on the ward and continued to be faced with grave situations, the unique aspects of SIDS, namely lack of etiology and its sudden and unexpected onset, brought forth personal feelings of vulnerability and called for extra coping devices. Our experience illustrates the need of an in-hospital support system to assess needs, coordinate efforts, and offer timely intervention after the death of an infant or child.", "PMID": 492821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1322", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of pediatric telephone protocols.", "content": "A randomized clinical trial of pediatric protocols administered by health assistants demonstrated an alternate method of handling telephone complaints in a large emergency room. The new system advised a higher medical examination rate than the current system in the emergency room probably bacause the current system has deficits with respect to collecting necessary information and making explicit decisions. This higher rate of recommended visits demonstrated in the emergency room was not confirmed in the two pediatric primary-care settings in which the protocol system was also tested. In addition to this use, the telephone protocols may also be useful in training medical and nursing students, in handling telephone complaints similar to a poison control center, in triaging problems in a rural or emergency medical service, and in providing a record of the telephone call.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of pediatric telephone protocols. A randomized clinical trial of pediatric protocols administered by health assistants demonstrated an alternate method of handling telephone complaints in a large emergency room. The new system advised a higher medical examination rate than the current system in the emergency room probably bacause the current system has deficits with respect to collecting necessary information and making explicit decisions. This higher rate of recommended visits demonstrated in the emergency room was not confirmed in the two pediatric primary-care settings in which the protocol system was also tested. In addition to this use, the telephone protocols may also be useful in training medical and nursing students, in handling telephone complaints similar to a poison control center, in triaging problems in a rural or emergency medical service, and in providing a record of the telephone call.", "PMID": 492827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1323", "title": "Development and field testing of protocols for the management of pediatric telephone calls: protocols for pediatric telephone calls.", "content": "Although telephone calls comprise almost one fourth of all childhood patient-physician contacts, the content of telephone care is not emphasized in most educational and service programs. In response to the need to improve management of telephone calls to our pediatric emergency room, we developed 28 protocols to deal with the 25 most common complaints presented by phone. This paper describes the content of these protocols, the training of the health assistants who administered them, and the measures we took to assure their safety and general utility in pediatric practice settings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of an organized system for telephone care based on protocols which include: (1) basic data to be collected for each chief complaint category; (2) a range of appropriate dispositions; and (3) advice for home management when the patient does not require an immediate medical visit. Potential uses of these protocols for medical and nursing education and for clinical service needs are discussed.", "contents": "Development and field testing of protocols for the management of pediatric telephone calls: protocols for pediatric telephone calls. Although telephone calls comprise almost one fourth of all childhood patient-physician contacts, the content of telephone care is not emphasized in most educational and service programs. In response to the need to improve management of telephone calls to our pediatric emergency room, we developed 28 protocols to deal with the 25 most common complaints presented by phone. This paper describes the content of these protocols, the training of the health assistants who administered them, and the measures we took to assure their safety and general utility in pediatric practice settings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of an organized system for telephone care based on protocols which include: (1) basic data to be collected for each chief complaint category; (2) a range of appropriate dispositions; and (3) advice for home management when the patient does not require an immediate medical visit. Potential uses of these protocols for medical and nursing education and for clinical service needs are discussed.", "PMID": 492828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1324", "title": "Obesity in 10-year-olds: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "With a multifactorial pathogenetic model (heredity versus environment, central nervous control, energy balance, morphology of the fat tissue), an attempt was made by this study to assess the relative importance of the various factors to the origin of overweight and obesity in school children. From an original sample of 972 children followed longitudinally from the ages of 7 to 16 years, and with retrospective weight data from the first year of life, 550 were selected for this study at age 10. Information concerning the children's habits (physical activity and appetite), social conditions, and parental heights and weights were obtained from the parents by questionnaire (response rate 94%). The major results of a multiple regression analysis were: (1) clear-cut sex differences; heredity and physical inactivity having the greatest explanatory power for both overweight and obesity at 10 years in girls, whereas appetite and environmental conditions were more prominent predictors in boys; (2) an analysis of the main predictors of the variable \"change in relative weight between 7 and 10 years\"--a variable with possible implications for preventive school programs--indicated that markedly inactive only children from lower class families are particularly at risk of developing obesity during the first years at school; and (3) in the absence of all the risk factors considered in this study, obesity does not occur; at the other extreme, even a high risk score still implies a 50% chance of escaping the fate of obesity.", "contents": "Obesity in 10-year-olds: an epidemiologic study. With a multifactorial pathogenetic model (heredity versus environment, central nervous control, energy balance, morphology of the fat tissue), an attempt was made by this study to assess the relative importance of the various factors to the origin of overweight and obesity in school children. From an original sample of 972 children followed longitudinally from the ages of 7 to 16 years, and with retrospective weight data from the first year of life, 550 were selected for this study at age 10. Information concerning the children's habits (physical activity and appetite), social conditions, and parental heights and weights were obtained from the parents by questionnaire (response rate 94%). The major results of a multiple regression analysis were: (1) clear-cut sex differences; heredity and physical inactivity having the greatest explanatory power for both overweight and obesity at 10 years in girls, whereas appetite and environmental conditions were more prominent predictors in boys; (2) an analysis of the main predictors of the variable \"change in relative weight between 7 and 10 years\"--a variable with possible implications for preventive school programs--indicated that markedly inactive only children from lower class families are particularly at risk of developing obesity during the first years at school; and (3) in the absence of all the risk factors considered in this study, obesity does not occur; at the other extreme, even a high risk score still implies a 50% chance of escaping the fate of obesity.", "PMID": 492829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1325", "title": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals: IV. Infants and children.", "content": "The use of antimicrobial drugs was studied among 933 randomly selected infants and children who were hospitalized in 20 short-stay general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Twenty-two percent of pediatric patients received antimicrobial drugs: 5% of neonates and 57% of patients aged 12 to 18 months. Sixty-eight percent of the 265 antimicrobial courses administered to these children consisted of a penicillin or a penicillin analogue. Ampicillin was the single drug most frequently administered and was given in 32% of all courses. In contrast to the findings in older children, penicillin or penicillin analogues and aminoglycosides were the only antimicrobial drug groups administered to neonataes. Seventy-nine percent of courses were initiated for proved or suspected infections and 17% were initiated to prevent infections associated with surgical or nonsurgical invasive procedures. Cultures were associated with the initiation of 84% of courses among neonates and 39% of courses among children 6 to 9 years of age. This study provides the initial information, from data derived from randomly selected general hospitals, to permit a statement of norms of practice with respect to use of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric populations.", "contents": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals: IV. Infants and children. The use of antimicrobial drugs was studied among 933 randomly selected infants and children who were hospitalized in 20 short-stay general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Twenty-two percent of pediatric patients received antimicrobial drugs: 5% of neonates and 57% of patients aged 12 to 18 months. Sixty-eight percent of the 265 antimicrobial courses administered to these children consisted of a penicillin or a penicillin analogue. Ampicillin was the single drug most frequently administered and was given in 32% of all courses. In contrast to the findings in older children, penicillin or penicillin analogues and aminoglycosides were the only antimicrobial drug groups administered to neonataes. Seventy-nine percent of courses were initiated for proved or suspected infections and 17% were initiated to prevent infections associated with surgical or nonsurgical invasive procedures. Cultures were associated with the initiation of 84% of courses among neonates and 39% of courses among children 6 to 9 years of age. This study provides the initial information, from data derived from randomly selected general hospitals, to permit a statement of norms of practice with respect to use of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric populations.", "PMID": 492830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1326", "title": "Response of hypertensive adolescents to dynamic and isometric exercise stress.", "content": "Isometric handgrip and dynamic exercise stress tests were performed on 109 hypertensive and 74 normotensive subjects 14 to 17 years old. The hypertensive subjects had resting systolic or diastolic pressures persistently above the 95th percentile on four consecutive examinations. Blood pressures and ECGs were recorded during isometric handgrip (25% maximum effort for four minutes) and bicycle ergometry until the subject was exhausted. The hypertensive subjects increased systolic pressure by an average 16 mm Hg with isometric exercise and 53 mm Hg with dynamic exercise. Control subjects had similar pressure changes, averaging 18 and 54 mm Hg, respectively. During isometric handgrip stress, diastolic pressures increased 12 mm Hg in hypertensive subjects and 18 mm Hg in control subjects. Only two hypertensive adolescents developed systolic pressures exceeding 200 mm Hg during dynamic exercise stress, and none developed systolic pressures above 200 mm Hg during isometric exercise stress. None of the normotensive or hypertensive subjects developed cardiac arrhythmias and the prevalence of ST segment depression during maximal stress was less than 2% in both groups. Therefore, in adolescents with mild to moderate hypertension the risk of developing significant ECG or hemodynamic abnormalities during mild isometric or heavy dynamic exercise is small. We believe the decision to restrict physical activity of an adolescent with elevated pressures should be based on the development of abnormal ST segment depression, cardiac arrhythmias, or excessive blood pressures at the time of exercise stress testing.", "contents": "Response of hypertensive adolescents to dynamic and isometric exercise stress. Isometric handgrip and dynamic exercise stress tests were performed on 109 hypertensive and 74 normotensive subjects 14 to 17 years old. The hypertensive subjects had resting systolic or diastolic pressures persistently above the 95th percentile on four consecutive examinations. Blood pressures and ECGs were recorded during isometric handgrip (25% maximum effort for four minutes) and bicycle ergometry until the subject was exhausted. The hypertensive subjects increased systolic pressure by an average 16 mm Hg with isometric exercise and 53 mm Hg with dynamic exercise. Control subjects had similar pressure changes, averaging 18 and 54 mm Hg, respectively. During isometric handgrip stress, diastolic pressures increased 12 mm Hg in hypertensive subjects and 18 mm Hg in control subjects. Only two hypertensive adolescents developed systolic pressures exceeding 200 mm Hg during dynamic exercise stress, and none developed systolic pressures above 200 mm Hg during isometric exercise stress. None of the normotensive or hypertensive subjects developed cardiac arrhythmias and the prevalence of ST segment depression during maximal stress was less than 2% in both groups. Therefore, in adolescents with mild to moderate hypertension the risk of developing significant ECG or hemodynamic abnormalities during mild isometric or heavy dynamic exercise is small. We believe the decision to restrict physical activity of an adolescent with elevated pressures should be based on the development of abnormal ST segment depression, cardiac arrhythmias, or excessive blood pressures at the time of exercise stress testing.", "PMID": 492831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1327", "title": "Pulmonary excretion of carbon monoxide in the human newborn infant as an index of bilirubin production: III. Measurement of pulmonary excretion of carbon monoxide after the first postnatal week in premature infants.", "content": "Using a single pass, flow-through system, the excretion rate of endogenously produced carbon monoxide (VeCO) was measured as an index of bilirubin production in 41 Caucasian infants of various gestational ages after the first postnatal week. twenty-one were less than or equal to 32 weeks gestation. The mean slope for the 25 premature infants with multiple VeCO determinations was -0.21 +/- 0.11 (SE) microliters/kg/hour per day (P less than .025, one-tailed). Fifteen premature infants with at least three VeCO determinations during the first 30 days of life had an average decrease in total CO excreted of 1.33% per day compared to the extrapolated initial value of total CO excretion of 27.0 +/- 2.0 (SE) microliters/hour, giving a calculated maximum red cell life span of 75 days.", "contents": "Pulmonary excretion of carbon monoxide in the human newborn infant as an index of bilirubin production: III. Measurement of pulmonary excretion of carbon monoxide after the first postnatal week in premature infants. Using a single pass, flow-through system, the excretion rate of endogenously produced carbon monoxide (VeCO) was measured as an index of bilirubin production in 41 Caucasian infants of various gestational ages after the first postnatal week. twenty-one were less than or equal to 32 weeks gestation. The mean slope for the 25 premature infants with multiple VeCO determinations was -0.21 +/- 0.11 (SE) microliters/kg/hour per day (P less than .025, one-tailed). Fifteen premature infants with at least three VeCO determinations during the first 30 days of life had an average decrease in total CO excreted of 1.33% per day compared to the extrapolated initial value of total CO excretion of 27.0 +/- 2.0 (SE) microliters/hour, giving a calculated maximum red cell life span of 75 days.", "PMID": 492832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1328", "title": "The prevalence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease as diagnosed by ultrasound and cholecystography.", "content": "Gallbladder disease is known to be increased in sickle cell disease (SS). The prevalence of cholelithiasis in children with SS has been reported as 10% to 37%. Gallbladder ultrasound, cholecystography, and/or abdominal radiography were used to evaluate 31 patients aged 2 to 18 years with no systematic evidence of gallbladder disease for cholelithiasis, Overall prevalence of gallstones was found to be 29%. Cholelithiasis was detected in children as young as 4 years of age. Prevalence below the age of 10 years and above the age of 10 years was found to be 11% and 55% respectively. The increased prevalence of cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease suggests the use of diagnostic ultrasonography as a routine screening procedure.", "contents": "The prevalence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease as diagnosed by ultrasound and cholecystography. Gallbladder disease is known to be increased in sickle cell disease (SS). The prevalence of cholelithiasis in children with SS has been reported as 10% to 37%. Gallbladder ultrasound, cholecystography, and/or abdominal radiography were used to evaluate 31 patients aged 2 to 18 years with no systematic evidence of gallbladder disease for cholelithiasis, Overall prevalence of gallstones was found to be 29%. Cholelithiasis was detected in children as young as 4 years of age. Prevalence below the age of 10 years and above the age of 10 years was found to be 11% and 55% respectively. The increased prevalence of cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease suggests the use of diagnostic ultrasonography as a routine screening procedure.", "PMID": 492833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1329", "title": "Testosterone and estradiol concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera and their correlation with the concentration of chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined and correlated with beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) concentrations in 43 paired maternal and cord sera (22 female and 21 male infants). Mean (+/- SD) maternal E2 concentrations were significantly (P less than .005) higher when the sex of the fetus was male than when the sex of the fetus was female (20.6 +/- 3.9 vs 13.5 +/- 3.2 ng/ml). Maternal T concentrations were not significantly different when related to the sex of the fetus (males, 114.8 +/- 60.7 vs females, 113.8 +/- 54.5 ng/100 ml, P greater than .1). Regression analysis did not show a significant correlation between maternal T or E2 concentrations and maternal beta-HCG concentrations. Mean cord serum T and E2 concentrations of male infants were significantly greater than that of female infants (T, 38.8 +/- 8.5 vs 25.8 +/- 7.1 ng/100 ml, P less than .005; E2, 9.1 +/- 3.3 vs 6.6 +/- 2.0 ng/ml, P less than .005). Regression analysis showed a significant (P less than .005) correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and E2 concentrations for male infants (r = .7) and female infants (r = .6). A significant correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and T concentrations was found for male infants (r = .5; P less than .01) but not for female infants (r = .3; P greater than .05). There was no correlation between maternal and infant E2 concentrations (males, r = .3, P greater than .05; females, r = .3, P greater than .2) or T concentrations (males, r = .02, P greater than 0.4; females, r = .06, P greater than .3). These data (1) confirm the sex difference in cord serum T and E2 concentrations, (2) indicate that the lower beta-HCG concentrations in mothers of male infants are associated with E2 concentrations which are greater than those in mothers of female infants, and (3) are consistent with an influence of beta-HCG on fetal T and E2 secretion.", "contents": "Testosterone and estradiol concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera and their correlation with the concentration of chorionic gonadotropin. Testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined and correlated with beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) concentrations in 43 paired maternal and cord sera (22 female and 21 male infants). Mean (+/- SD) maternal E2 concentrations were significantly (P less than .005) higher when the sex of the fetus was male than when the sex of the fetus was female (20.6 +/- 3.9 vs 13.5 +/- 3.2 ng/ml). Maternal T concentrations were not significantly different when related to the sex of the fetus (males, 114.8 +/- 60.7 vs females, 113.8 +/- 54.5 ng/100 ml, P greater than .1). Regression analysis did not show a significant correlation between maternal T or E2 concentrations and maternal beta-HCG concentrations. Mean cord serum T and E2 concentrations of male infants were significantly greater than that of female infants (T, 38.8 +/- 8.5 vs 25.8 +/- 7.1 ng/100 ml, P less than .005; E2, 9.1 +/- 3.3 vs 6.6 +/- 2.0 ng/ml, P less than .005). Regression analysis showed a significant (P less than .005) correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and E2 concentrations for male infants (r = .7) and female infants (r = .6). A significant correlation between cord beta-HCG concentrations and T concentrations was found for male infants (r = .5; P less than .01) but not for female infants (r = .3; P greater than .05). There was no correlation between maternal and infant E2 concentrations (males, r = .3, P greater than .05; females, r = .3, P greater than .2) or T concentrations (males, r = .02, P greater than 0.4; females, r = .06, P greater than .3). These data (1) confirm the sex difference in cord serum T and E2 concentrations, (2) indicate that the lower beta-HCG concentrations in mothers of male infants are associated with E2 concentrations which are greater than those in mothers of female infants, and (3) are consistent with an influence of beta-HCG on fetal T and E2 secretion.", "PMID": 492834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1330", "title": "Metabolic fuel and hormone responses to fasting in newborn infants.", "content": "To examine why newborn infants frequently cannot maintain adequate levels of plasma glucose in the interval between delivery and the time they are first fed, circulating metabolic fuel and regulatory hormone concentrations were determined in 44 healthy infants at the end of an eight-hour postnatal fast. Plasma glucose fell below 40 mg/100 ml prior to eight hours in four of 24 term-appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), two of nine preterm-AGA, five of six term-small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and three of five preterm-SGA infants. Fuel and hormone patterns in the premature and SGA infants were not different from those found in term-AGA infants. Results in these neonates differed in two areas from the response to fasting seen later in life. In fasted term-AGA infants, ketones were low (beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.29 +/- 0.04 mM/liter) despite elevated concentrations of fatty acid precursors (1.4 +/- 0.07 mM/liter), and the group of infants studied failed to demonstrate the increase in plasma ketones with lower glucose levels (r = \".23, P = .07) which is found in older children. Levels of glucose precursors were two to three times higher in term-AGA infants (lactate 2.9 +/- 0.2 mM/liter; alanine 0.48 +/- 0.02 mM/liter) than levels found beyond the neonatal period and, in contrast to older children and adults, were not diminished in infants with lower plasma glucose (lactate, r = -.28, P less than .035; alanine, r = -33, P less than .02). These differences between the responses to postnatal fasting and those seen beyond the neonatal period suggest that the capacity for both hepatic ketone synthesis and gluconeogenesis is not fully developed at birth.", "contents": "Metabolic fuel and hormone responses to fasting in newborn infants. To examine why newborn infants frequently cannot maintain adequate levels of plasma glucose in the interval between delivery and the time they are first fed, circulating metabolic fuel and regulatory hormone concentrations were determined in 44 healthy infants at the end of an eight-hour postnatal fast. Plasma glucose fell below 40 mg/100 ml prior to eight hours in four of 24 term-appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), two of nine preterm-AGA, five of six term-small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and three of five preterm-SGA infants. Fuel and hormone patterns in the premature and SGA infants were not different from those found in term-AGA infants. Results in these neonates differed in two areas from the response to fasting seen later in life. In fasted term-AGA infants, ketones were low (beta-hydroxybutyrate 0.29 +/- 0.04 mM/liter) despite elevated concentrations of fatty acid precursors (1.4 +/- 0.07 mM/liter), and the group of infants studied failed to demonstrate the increase in plasma ketones with lower glucose levels (r = \".23, P = .07) which is found in older children. Levels of glucose precursors were two to three times higher in term-AGA infants (lactate 2.9 +/- 0.2 mM/liter; alanine 0.48 +/- 0.02 mM/liter) than levels found beyond the neonatal period and, in contrast to older children and adults, were not diminished in infants with lower plasma glucose (lactate, r = -.28, P less than .035; alanine, r = -33, P less than .02). These differences between the responses to postnatal fasting and those seen beyond the neonatal period suggest that the capacity for both hepatic ketone synthesis and gluconeogenesis is not fully developed at birth.", "PMID": 492835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1331", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin in infants and children.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin were studied in 24 infants and children. Mean peak serum concentrations of 5.4 micrograms/ml in fasting and 3.2 micrograms/ml in nonfasting patients were observed after 15 mg/kg amoxicillin doses. Area under the curve values and serum half-life values were similar in fasting and nonfasting patients. The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (15 mg/kg) were compared to those of ampicillin (25 mg/kg). Peak serum concentrations, area under the curve values and half-life times were comparable for the two drugs. Amoxicillin (25 mg/kg) and ampicillin (25 mg/kg) were compared in cross-over fashion in 11 children. Serum concentrations of amoxicillin were consistently larger than those of ampicillin; the differences were of borderline significance at one and two hours and statistically significant at four and six hours after the dosage. The bioavailability of amoxicillin was twice that of ampicillin. Amoxicillin was detected in approximately half of the saliva samples studied. Although the salivary concentrations in many children exceeded the inhibitory level for most pneumococci and group A streptococci and for many non-beta lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae type b strains, the clinical relevance of these observations is unknown.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin in infants and children. The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin were studied in 24 infants and children. Mean peak serum concentrations of 5.4 micrograms/ml in fasting and 3.2 micrograms/ml in nonfasting patients were observed after 15 mg/kg amoxicillin doses. Area under the curve values and serum half-life values were similar in fasting and nonfasting patients. The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (15 mg/kg) were compared to those of ampicillin (25 mg/kg). Peak serum concentrations, area under the curve values and half-life times were comparable for the two drugs. Amoxicillin (25 mg/kg) and ampicillin (25 mg/kg) were compared in cross-over fashion in 11 children. Serum concentrations of amoxicillin were consistently larger than those of ampicillin; the differences were of borderline significance at one and two hours and statistically significant at four and six hours after the dosage. The bioavailability of amoxicillin was twice that of ampicillin. Amoxicillin was detected in approximately half of the saliva samples studied. Although the salivary concentrations in many children exceeded the inhibitory level for most pneumococci and group A streptococci and for many non-beta lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae type b strains, the clinical relevance of these observations is unknown.", "PMID": 492836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1332", "title": "Technetium colloid bone marrow imaging in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "Four patients with Fanconi's anemia were evaluated with 99mTc-sulfur colloid bone marrow scans. The scans revealed similar paradoxical and irregular tracer distribution in all four patients. Normal to increased activity was demonstrated in the proximal metaphyses of the humeri with varying degrees of increased activity in more primitive marrow sites in the distal diaphyses of the humeri and tibia, the distal metaphyses of the humeri and femora, and the proximal metaphyses of the ulnae, radii, and tibia. Skip areas of normal distribution were seen in the proximal diaphyses of the humeri and femora. Although the scan reflects only the reticuloendothelial portion of bone marrow, it may be of some value in the differential diagnosis of pancytopenia.", "contents": "Technetium colloid bone marrow imaging in Fanconi's anemia. Four patients with Fanconi's anemia were evaluated with 99mTc-sulfur colloid bone marrow scans. The scans revealed similar paradoxical and irregular tracer distribution in all four patients. Normal to increased activity was demonstrated in the proximal metaphyses of the humeri with varying degrees of increased activity in more primitive marrow sites in the distal diaphyses of the humeri and tibia, the distal metaphyses of the humeri and femora, and the proximal metaphyses of the ulnae, radii, and tibia. Skip areas of normal distribution were seen in the proximal diaphyses of the humeri and femora. Although the scan reflects only the reticuloendothelial portion of bone marrow, it may be of some value in the differential diagnosis of pancytopenia.", "PMID": 492837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1333", "title": "Mercury vapor contamination of infant incubators: a potential hazard.", "content": "In a survey of 42 infant incubators 18 showed detectable concentrations of mercury vapor. In 12 instances the concentrations of mercury vapor in the thermometer holder exceeded industrial safety standards. In 16 incubators the contamination was traced to broken mercury-in-glass thermometers used to monitor incubator ambient temperatures. Use of alcohol thermometers or thermistors in place of mercury-in-glass thermometers would eliminate this potential hazard.", "contents": "Mercury vapor contamination of infant incubators: a potential hazard. In a survey of 42 infant incubators 18 showed detectable concentrations of mercury vapor. In 12 instances the concentrations of mercury vapor in the thermometer holder exceeded industrial safety standards. In 16 incubators the contamination was traced to broken mercury-in-glass thermometers used to monitor incubator ambient temperatures. Use of alcohol thermometers or thermistors in place of mercury-in-glass thermometers would eliminate this potential hazard.", "PMID": 492838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1334", "title": "Lidocaine intoxication in a newborn following local anesthesia for episiotomy.", "content": "A case report of lidocaine intoxication in a newborn following local anesthesia for maternal episiotomy is presented. A molded head in the occiput posterior position may predispose to inadvertent, direct injection of the fetal scalp.", "contents": "Lidocaine intoxication in a newborn following local anesthesia for episiotomy. A case report of lidocaine intoxication in a newborn following local anesthesia for maternal episiotomy is presented. A molded head in the occiput posterior position may predispose to inadvertent, direct injection of the fetal scalp.", "PMID": 492839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1335", "title": "Do parents utilize physician follow-up after death of their newborn?", "content": "Numerous authors have advocated appropriate physician-patient counseling following a perinatal death. We examined, in a prospective manner, how many families utilized physician follow-up when such follow-up was offered. Seventy-six percent of the 108 families who experienced a neonatal death chose to have physician follow-up in the weeks after the death. A family's utilization of subsequent physician contact was not related to the distance they lived from the medical center, the duration of survival of the infant, or the racial background of the mother. Parents utilized follow-up visits whether or not an autopsy was performed or an interpreter was needed. Certain features distinguished the parents who did not utilize the physician follow-up service: parents were less likely to utilize the service if they were not married, the mother was a teenager, the head of the household was unemployed, or there was no phone at home.", "contents": "Do parents utilize physician follow-up after death of their newborn? Numerous authors have advocated appropriate physician-patient counseling following a perinatal death. We examined, in a prospective manner, how many families utilized physician follow-up when such follow-up was offered. Seventy-six percent of the 108 families who experienced a neonatal death chose to have physician follow-up in the weeks after the death. A family's utilization of subsequent physician contact was not related to the distance they lived from the medical center, the duration of survival of the infant, or the racial background of the mother. Parents utilized follow-up visits whether or not an autopsy was performed or an interpreter was needed. Certain features distinguished the parents who did not utilize the physician follow-up service: parents were less likely to utilize the service if they were not married, the mother was a teenager, the head of the household was unemployed, or there was no phone at home.", "PMID": 492842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1336", "title": "The unheralded hazard of ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "Patients with ureterosigmoid urinary diversions always have some anal leakage of a malodorous mixture of feces and urine, especially at night or when passing gas. They obtain limited continence only by consciously keeping their buttocks tensed toegher. Their unusually high elimination frequency weds them to a bathroom for the rest of their lives. The universal prevalence of this truly severe burden of liquid fecal incontinence, which a patient is asked to bear after ureterosigmoidostomy diversion, is not well recognized and should be clearly revealed to the patient before a choice of procedure is made.", "contents": "The unheralded hazard of ureterosigmoidostomy. Patients with ureterosigmoid urinary diversions always have some anal leakage of a malodorous mixture of feces and urine, especially at night or when passing gas. They obtain limited continence only by consciously keeping their buttocks tensed toegher. Their unusually high elimination frequency weds them to a bathroom for the rest of their lives. The universal prevalence of this truly severe burden of liquid fecal incontinence, which a patient is asked to bear after ureterosigmoidostomy diversion, is not well recognized and should be clearly revealed to the patient before a choice of procedure is made.", "PMID": 492843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1337", "title": "The recent trend in breast-feeding.", "content": "This study presents results of surveys conducted on a continuous basis over a period of years to determine the trend in the incidence of breast-feeding. Questionnaires were mailed to large samples of mothers, representative of the national distribution of births, asking them what type of milk they fed their infants over a period of time. Demographic characteristics of mothers who breast-fed were also obtained. From 1955 to 1971, there was a progressive decline in breast-feeding, followed by a resurgence in its incidence through 1978. Not only are more mothers breast-feeding, more are continuing to do so for a longer period of time throughout the months of their infants' most rapid growth and high nutritional requirements. It is also apparent that the increased incidence of breast-feeding has not been limited to higher income, better educated mothers. From 1971 to 1978, the incidence at two months postpartum more than doubled among mothers in lower-income families. The incidence of breast-feeding almost tripled among mothers whose education did not extend beyond elementary or high school and among those attending public clinics.", "contents": "The recent trend in breast-feeding. This study presents results of surveys conducted on a continuous basis over a period of years to determine the trend in the incidence of breast-feeding. Questionnaires were mailed to large samples of mothers, representative of the national distribution of births, asking them what type of milk they fed their infants over a period of time. Demographic characteristics of mothers who breast-fed were also obtained. From 1955 to 1971, there was a progressive decline in breast-feeding, followed by a resurgence in its incidence through 1978. Not only are more mothers breast-feeding, more are continuing to do so for a longer period of time throughout the months of their infants' most rapid growth and high nutritional requirements. It is also apparent that the increased incidence of breast-feeding has not been limited to higher income, better educated mothers. From 1971 to 1978, the incidence at two months postpartum more than doubled among mothers in lower-income families. The incidence of breast-feeding almost tripled among mothers whose education did not extend beyond elementary or high school and among those attending public clinics.", "PMID": 492844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1338", "title": "Dyslexia and classic pathognomic signs.", "content": "The classic pathognomic signs of dyslexia, such as reversals and rotations, appear to be associated with poor reading, not diagnosed developmental dyslexia. 26 8th and 9th grade dyslexia with poor perceptual/attentional ability were matched with 19 reading-retarded subjects with age-equivalent perceptual/attentional test scores for age, IQ, and degree of reading retardation and compared both with each other and with 96 adequate readers for reversals, rotations, insertions, substitutions, omissions, poor handwriting and visual ability on the Gray test, the WRAT Spelling Test, a writing task, and the star-tracing mirror test. On 46 of 49 variables, the dyslexia and retarded readers performed comparably. Together they made more classic errors and had lower achievement scores than the adequate readers on 44 of 49 variables. Classic errors clustered with poor reading but not diagnosed dyslexia. The hypothesis that reading acquisition trains perceptual test-taking ability is advanced.", "contents": "Dyslexia and classic pathognomic signs. The classic pathognomic signs of dyslexia, such as reversals and rotations, appear to be associated with poor reading, not diagnosed developmental dyslexia. 26 8th and 9th grade dyslexia with poor perceptual/attentional ability were matched with 19 reading-retarded subjects with age-equivalent perceptual/attentional test scores for age, IQ, and degree of reading retardation and compared both with each other and with 96 adequate readers for reversals, rotations, insertions, substitutions, omissions, poor handwriting and visual ability on the Gray test, the WRAT Spelling Test, a writing task, and the star-tracing mirror test. On 46 of 49 variables, the dyslexia and retarded readers performed comparably. Together they made more classic errors and had lower achievement scores than the adequate readers on 44 of 49 variables. Classic errors clustered with poor reading but not diagnosed dyslexia. The hypothesis that reading acquisition trains perceptual test-taking ability is advanced.", "PMID": 492871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1339", "title": "Mirror-drawing performance as a function of instructional set and conflict.", "content": "The effect of instructional sets designed to manipulate levels of conflict on mirror-drawing performance was examined by testing 60 male college students, assigned at random to four experimental conditions: low conflict (speed emphasized), low conflict (accuracy emphasized), intermediate conflict and accuracy actively emphasized). The response measures were means for 10 trials per subject on total time, time and number of errors. In low conflict conditions, performance agreed with the response emphasized in instructional set. The second hypothesis, that performance is inversely related to level of conflict, was not supported. Performance in the conditions of intermediate and high conflict did not differ and ranked between the two conditions of low conflict on each of the three response measures.", "contents": "Mirror-drawing performance as a function of instructional set and conflict. The effect of instructional sets designed to manipulate levels of conflict on mirror-drawing performance was examined by testing 60 male college students, assigned at random to four experimental conditions: low conflict (speed emphasized), low conflict (accuracy emphasized), intermediate conflict and accuracy actively emphasized). The response measures were means for 10 trials per subject on total time, time and number of errors. In low conflict conditions, performance agreed with the response emphasized in instructional set. The second hypothesis, that performance is inversely related to level of conflict, was not supported. Performance in the conditions of intermediate and high conflict did not differ and ranked between the two conditions of low conflict on each of the three response measures.", "PMID": 492872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1340", "title": "Violence in the mass media: a case of modelling.", "content": "A case study of the modelling effects of the news media in reporting an unusual act of violence is presented. Using the naturalistic unobtrusive methodology, the double assassination attempts on President Gerald Ford in September 1975 resulted in an increase in the number of assassination threats for several months threafter. The implications were discussed.", "contents": "Violence in the mass media: a case of modelling. A case study of the modelling effects of the news media in reporting an unusual act of violence is presented. Using the naturalistic unobtrusive methodology, the double assassination attempts on President Gerald Ford in September 1975 resulted in an increase in the number of assassination threats for several months threafter. The implications were discussed.", "PMID": 492874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1341", "title": "Some observations on apathetic operant responding of chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "Schizophrenics and controls (normals and alcoholics) were compared in terms of their rates of talking (on any topic) and button-press responding when they were instructed to respond in certain ways and when they were reinforced for responding under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Subjects were given complete information about response-reinforcement relationships under the FR schedule. The results showed that, when subjects were told to talk at different rates, response rates of the schizophrenics and controls were fairly comparable. Reinforced rates of talking and button pressing were higher than non-reinforced rates for both the schizophrenics and controls. However, reinforced rates of talking and button-pressing were lower for the schizophrenics compared to the controls. Such apathetic responding by the schizophrenics could not be attributed readily to medication, to a limited capacity for response, to difficulties in understanding the instructions or the contingencies of reinforcement, to the rates of non-reinforced responding, or to the value of the reinforcer (money). It was suggested that the absence of instructions which told the schizophrenics at what rate to respond under the FR schedule may have been a factor.", "contents": "Some observations on apathetic operant responding of chronic schizophrenics. Schizophrenics and controls (normals and alcoholics) were compared in terms of their rates of talking (on any topic) and button-press responding when they were instructed to respond in certain ways and when they were reinforced for responding under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Subjects were given complete information about response-reinforcement relationships under the FR schedule. The results showed that, when subjects were told to talk at different rates, response rates of the schizophrenics and controls were fairly comparable. Reinforced rates of talking and button pressing were higher than non-reinforced rates for both the schizophrenics and controls. However, reinforced rates of talking and button-pressing were lower for the schizophrenics compared to the controls. Such apathetic responding by the schizophrenics could not be attributed readily to medication, to a limited capacity for response, to difficulties in understanding the instructions or the contingencies of reinforcement, to the rates of non-reinforced responding, or to the value of the reinforcer (money). It was suggested that the absence of instructions which told the schizophrenics at what rate to respond under the FR schedule may have been a factor.", "PMID": 492875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1342", "title": "Influences of environmental differentiation and conceptual tempo on young children's spatial coordination.", "content": "This study examined the effects of stimulus differentiation on kindergartners' ability to coordinate spatial perspectives when classified by conceptual tempo. 33 children were asked to identify from an array of pictures the one which best represented a doll's view of the stimulus display. Two stimulus displays were constructed which differed in the degree of differentiation among their items. In one set, low differentiation, three three-dimensional cardboard forms were in the shape of houses, each house having minimal external cues. In the second set, high differentiation, were three three-dimensional house scenes with each house having numerous external cues. The subjects took longer to make an initial response, made more correct, and somewhat fewer egocentric responses under the high differentiation condition than under the low differentiation condition. There also was an interaction between conceptual tempo and environmental differentiation; the impulsive children's egocentric performances were more influenced by the stimulus conditions than were the reflective children's. These findings suggested that organismic and environmental conditions are both important factors in children's spatial cognition.", "contents": "Influences of environmental differentiation and conceptual tempo on young children's spatial coordination. This study examined the effects of stimulus differentiation on kindergartners' ability to coordinate spatial perspectives when classified by conceptual tempo. 33 children were asked to identify from an array of pictures the one which best represented a doll's view of the stimulus display. Two stimulus displays were constructed which differed in the degree of differentiation among their items. In one set, low differentiation, three three-dimensional cardboard forms were in the shape of houses, each house having minimal external cues. In the second set, high differentiation, were three three-dimensional house scenes with each house having numerous external cues. The subjects took longer to make an initial response, made more correct, and somewhat fewer egocentric responses under the high differentiation condition than under the low differentiation condition. There also was an interaction between conceptual tempo and environmental differentiation; the impulsive children's egocentric performances were more influenced by the stimulus conditions than were the reflective children's. These findings suggested that organismic and environmental conditions are both important factors in children's spatial cognition.", "PMID": 492876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1343", "title": "Evidence that the colored shadow effect is retinal.", "content": "Polarized lenses were employed to present the images of the colored shadows effect separately to each eye. The phenomenon was perceived only when both images were viewed on the same retina, leading to the conclusion that the effect is entirely retinal in origin and does not involve the central nervous system.", "contents": "Evidence that the colored shadow effect is retinal. Polarized lenses were employed to present the images of the colored shadows effect separately to each eye. The phenomenon was perceived only when both images were viewed on the same retina, leading to the conclusion that the effect is entirely retinal in origin and does not involve the central nervous system.", "PMID": 492878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1344", "title": "Perception of effort during constant work to self-imposed exhaustion.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of change in effort sense and the value of this pattern in predicting work end-point at relatively high work intensity (80% VO2 max). The patterns of change of various physiological functions were also observed. Two modes of work (walking and running) were compared to ascertain generalizability of results. 26 healthy male volunteers served as subjects. Time to exhaustion (ET) did not differ between walking and running. As work continued during both tasks, significant increases of VE, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2 and HR and a significant decrease of ETCO2 were observed; while VO2 and R remained fairly constant. VO2 and VE during the run were about 5% greater than during the walk; there were no differences in other measures. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the Borg Scale were identical for both conditions, increasing in a near linear fashion from a value of 12.9 at 25% of total work time to 18.9 at exhaustion. Ratings obtained at 25 and 50% ET were extrapolated to time of exhaustion; the point of intercept corresponded to ratings of perceived exertion for maximal work. At exhaustion, subjects rated perception of respiratory exertion for the walk as less than that for the run; perception of leg exertion was not different for the two conditions. Plasma lactate, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations following exercise did not differ between the two conditions. The findings for the walking experiment were essentially replicated in a second investigation involving another 28 subjects. It is concluded that, with the exception of VO2 and some ventilatory parameters, walking and running at the same relative work intensity resulted in comparable perceptual and physiological responses. Psychophysical judgments made early during work were reasonably accurate predictors of exhaustion time.", "contents": "Perception of effort during constant work to self-imposed exhaustion. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of change in effort sense and the value of this pattern in predicting work end-point at relatively high work intensity (80% VO2 max). The patterns of change of various physiological functions were also observed. Two modes of work (walking and running) were compared to ascertain generalizability of results. 26 healthy male volunteers served as subjects. Time to exhaustion (ET) did not differ between walking and running. As work continued during both tasks, significant increases of VE, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2 and HR and a significant decrease of ETCO2 were observed; while VO2 and R remained fairly constant. VO2 and VE during the run were about 5% greater than during the walk; there were no differences in other measures. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the Borg Scale were identical for both conditions, increasing in a near linear fashion from a value of 12.9 at 25% of total work time to 18.9 at exhaustion. Ratings obtained at 25 and 50% ET were extrapolated to time of exhaustion; the point of intercept corresponded to ratings of perceived exertion for maximal work. At exhaustion, subjects rated perception of respiratory exertion for the walk as less than that for the run; perception of leg exertion was not different for the two conditions. Plasma lactate, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations following exercise did not differ between the two conditions. The findings for the walking experiment were essentially replicated in a second investigation involving another 28 subjects. It is concluded that, with the exception of VO2 and some ventilatory parameters, walking and running at the same relative work intensity resulted in comparable perceptual and physiological responses. Psychophysical judgments made early during work were reasonably accurate predictors of exhaustion time.", "PMID": 492879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1345", "title": "Visual field-cerebral hemisphere differences in perception of visual nonverbal stimuli.", "content": "16 subjects were tested for differences between left and right visual fields in accuracy of recognition for paired verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented at below threshold duration and at minimal intensity. Performance on the visual recognition task was also compared with scores on a written n-Ach test. The data clearly indicated superior recognition of physiognomic stimuli presented in the left visual field and above-chance-level performance of subjects' manual responses for these below-threshold stimuli. The data also hint at a possible relationship between n-Ach and accuracy of visual recognition in the left hemisphere.", "contents": "Visual field-cerebral hemisphere differences in perception of visual nonverbal stimuli. 16 subjects were tested for differences between left and right visual fields in accuracy of recognition for paired verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented at below threshold duration and at minimal intensity. Performance on the visual recognition task was also compared with scores on a written n-Ach test. The data clearly indicated superior recognition of physiognomic stimuli presented in the left visual field and above-chance-level performance of subjects' manual responses for these below-threshold stimuli. The data also hint at a possible relationship between n-Ach and accuracy of visual recognition in the left hemisphere.", "PMID": 492880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1346", "title": "Improving exposure component and generalization potential of stress inoculation for pain.", "content": "Stress inoculation for pain involves education about the psychological dimensions of pain, training in a number of coping skills, and practice in applying these skills during exposure to the noxious stimulus. In a previous study the exposure component (which involved six practice sessions) proved ineffective; moreover the efficacy of the other components was not repeated on the generalization measures. The present study compared three variations in the exposure component and found that training with a single practice session on the cold pressor task proved more helpful than training with no practice at all, which in turn was no worse than training with six practice sessions. Moreover, therapeutic attention to generalization resulted in increased pain tolerance on the pressure algometer task.", "contents": "Improving exposure component and generalization potential of stress inoculation for pain. Stress inoculation for pain involves education about the psychological dimensions of pain, training in a number of coping skills, and practice in applying these skills during exposure to the noxious stimulus. In a previous study the exposure component (which involved six practice sessions) proved ineffective; moreover the efficacy of the other components was not repeated on the generalization measures. The present study compared three variations in the exposure component and found that training with a single practice session on the cold pressor task proved more helpful than training with no practice at all, which in turn was no worse than training with six practice sessions. Moreover, therapeutic attention to generalization resulted in increased pain tolerance on the pressure algometer task.", "PMID": 492881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1347", "title": "Startle reflex habituation in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was signicantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.", "contents": "Startle reflex habituation in children with cerebral palsy. Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was signicantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.", "PMID": 492882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1348", "title": "Accuracy of recall as a function of eidetic imagery.", "content": "90 subjects (45 boys and 45 girls) from Grades 3, 4, 5 were screened for eidetic imagery. Using Haber's criteria, 12 subjects were identified as having eidetic imagery. These subjects were randomly divided into two groups of six each with one group designated the experimental group and the other, the control group. Eidetic imagery was evoked in all subjects to the same stimuli. Members of the experimental group were tested for accuracy of recall while maintaining the images and those of the control group were tested for accuracy of recall after blinking their eyes and turning their heads to erase the images. Significantly more correct responses were given by the experimental than by the control group. Also, eidetic images were not always erased by blinking the eyes and turning the head, and eidetic images did not necessarily last longer than afterimages, as Haber has reported.", "contents": "Accuracy of recall as a function of eidetic imagery. 90 subjects (45 boys and 45 girls) from Grades 3, 4, 5 were screened for eidetic imagery. Using Haber's criteria, 12 subjects were identified as having eidetic imagery. These subjects were randomly divided into two groups of six each with one group designated the experimental group and the other, the control group. Eidetic imagery was evoked in all subjects to the same stimuli. Members of the experimental group were tested for accuracy of recall while maintaining the images and those of the control group were tested for accuracy of recall after blinking their eyes and turning their heads to erase the images. Significantly more correct responses were given by the experimental than by the control group. Also, eidetic images were not always erased by blinking the eyes and turning the head, and eidetic images did not necessarily last longer than afterimages, as Haber has reported.", "PMID": 492883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1349", "title": "Long-term memory and the value-size hypothesis.", "content": "10 yr. after decimalization of New Zealand currency 32 people (half female) individually selected brass discs to match the size of three withdrawn coins. In support of the value-size hypothesis a higher-valued coin was inaccurately recalled as larger and two basic coins were erroneously remembered as smaller than originals.", "contents": "Long-term memory and the value-size hypothesis. 10 yr. after decimalization of New Zealand currency 32 people (half female) individually selected brass discs to match the size of three withdrawn coins. In support of the value-size hypothesis a higher-valued coin was inaccurately recalled as larger and two basic coins were erroneously remembered as smaller than originals.", "PMID": 492884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1350", "title": "Cognitive predictors of articulation in writing.", "content": "Among 106 college students scores on a spontaneous 20-min. essay were regressed on referents of verbal and visual spatial ability. 26% of the variability in writing articulation among males was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores against logical relations and embedded figures tests. 82% of the variability in writing ability among (females was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores on visual closure, reading comprehension, spatial visualization, and embedded figures tests. The use of verbal and visual sptial referents as predictors of the degree of articulation in spontaneous writing samples consistent with sex-specific models of.cerebral lateralization was described.", "contents": "Cognitive predictors of articulation in writing. Among 106 college students scores on a spontaneous 20-min. essay were regressed on referents of verbal and visual spatial ability. 26% of the variability in writing articulation among males was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores against logical relations and embedded figures tests. 82% of the variability in writing ability among (females was accounted for by the regression of graded writing scores on visual closure, reading comprehension, spatial visualization, and embedded figures tests. The use of verbal and visual sptial referents as predictors of the degree of articulation in spontaneous writing samples consistent with sex-specific models of.cerebral lateralization was described.", "PMID": 492885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1351", "title": "Note: religious involvement and anti-social behavior.", "content": "This paper reports two studies, one of university students and one of high school students, which indicate support for the hypothesis that lack of religious involvement is related to anti-social behavior.", "contents": "Note: religious involvement and anti-social behavior. This paper reports two studies, one of university students and one of high school students, which indicate support for the hypothesis that lack of religious involvement is related to anti-social behavior.", "PMID": 492886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1352", "title": "Evidence that line illusions originate in the central nervous system.", "content": "Polarized lenses were employed to present the components of four line illusions separately to each eye. The phenomena were perceived even when both images were disparately presented, leading to the conclusion that the effect originates in the central nervous system and does not require the retina.", "contents": "Evidence that line illusions originate in the central nervous system. Polarized lenses were employed to present the components of four line illusions separately to each eye. The phenomena were perceived even when both images were disparately presented, leading to the conclusion that the effect originates in the central nervous system and does not require the retina.", "PMID": 492887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1353", "title": "Lateral preference and style of cognition.", "content": "The relationship between cognitive ability and laterality was examined in terms of the relation of intelligence test scores to lateral preference. The factor analysis was performed on the variables of 12 tasks of the intelligence scale and total lateral preference. A slight relation was found between lateral preference and figure combination task. To clarify the relationship, the mean scores of tasks were tested for subjects who preferred the right and left on each preference item. Some significant differences were found. On some items, the mean scores of subjects with left preferences were inferior to those of subjects with right preferences on the figure-combination task. The result confirmed Levy's finding (1969). But cross-validation on a large sample is required.", "contents": "Lateral preference and style of cognition. The relationship between cognitive ability and laterality was examined in terms of the relation of intelligence test scores to lateral preference. The factor analysis was performed on the variables of 12 tasks of the intelligence scale and total lateral preference. A slight relation was found between lateral preference and figure combination task. To clarify the relationship, the mean scores of tasks were tested for subjects who preferred the right and left on each preference item. Some significant differences were found. On some items, the mean scores of subjects with left preferences were inferior to those of subjects with right preferences on the figure-combination task. The result confirmed Levy's finding (1969). But cross-validation on a large sample is required.", "PMID": 492888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1354", "title": "Development of articulatory competence in mentally retarded children.", "content": "Mentally retarded children participated in a verbal stimulation program developed at the Institute for Psychophysiological and Speech Disorders, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Intensive home therapy was associated with an increase in articulatory competence in both moderately and profoundly retarded children. The development of articulation differed between retardate groups as well as with the sequence of normal phonological production. The results suggest that the order in which wounds are introduced into the therapeutic program may be a critical factor in the over-all development of competent articulation.", "contents": "Development of articulatory competence in mentally retarded children. Mentally retarded children participated in a verbal stimulation program developed at the Institute for Psychophysiological and Speech Disorders, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Intensive home therapy was associated with an increase in articulatory competence in both moderately and profoundly retarded children. The development of articulation differed between retardate groups as well as with the sequence of normal phonological production. The results suggest that the order in which wounds are introduced into the therapeutic program may be a critical factor in the over-all development of competent articulation.", "PMID": 492889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1355", "title": "Pseudolearners in discrimination reversal.", "content": "This research investigated the shape of the acquisition and reversal functions in retardates' discrimination learning, with safeguards against suspected artifacts in other studies. A modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus was used with 60 retardates in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Another 11 were classified as pseudolearners. The variables were the prereversal criteria and the number of irrelevant dimensions. After meeting criterion subjects were given 30 more trials for the detection of pseudolearners, but all received reversal training. Performance was stationary in both acquisition and reversal, suggesting all-or-none learning. For learners, differences of midreversal plateaus appeared which were opposite to predictions of the Zeaman and House (1963) theory. When pseudolearners were included, however, the plateau effect partially conformed to the theory.", "contents": "Pseudolearners in discrimination reversal. This research investigated the shape of the acquisition and reversal functions in retardates' discrimination learning, with safeguards against suspected artifacts in other studies. A modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus was used with 60 retardates in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Another 11 were classified as pseudolearners. The variables were the prereversal criteria and the number of irrelevant dimensions. After meeting criterion subjects were given 30 more trials for the detection of pseudolearners, but all received reversal training. Performance was stationary in both acquisition and reversal, suggesting all-or-none learning. For learners, differences of midreversal plateaus appeared which were opposite to predictions of the Zeaman and House (1963) theory. When pseudolearners were included, however, the plateau effect partially conformed to the theory.", "PMID": 492890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1356", "title": "Function of color in learning an assembly task by learning disabled adolescents.", "content": "This study examined the effect of color on responses by 20 14- to 17-yr-old learning disabled students in a probation facility to a puzzle assembly task. Prior to the task, one of two randomly constituted groups of 10 viewed a black and white film illustrating a puzzle assembly, the other group viewed an identical film of the puzzle being assembled in color. Analysis indicated that color does not enhance performance in some cases and may inhibit performance.", "contents": "Function of color in learning an assembly task by learning disabled adolescents. This study examined the effect of color on responses by 20 14- to 17-yr-old learning disabled students in a probation facility to a puzzle assembly task. Prior to the task, one of two randomly constituted groups of 10 viewed a black and white film illustrating a puzzle assembly, the other group viewed an identical film of the puzzle being assembled in color. Analysis indicated that color does not enhance performance in some cases and may inhibit performance.", "PMID": 492891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1357", "title": "Effect of familiar size on judgments of relative size and distance.", "content": "Carlson and Tassone (1971) found that for far viewing distances a person was judged taller in objective size, smaller in apparent size, and more distant than a board of the same size and at the same distance as the person. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate Carlson and Tassone's findings for near viewing distances. Subjects compared to size and distance of familiar and unfamiliar objects viewed from a distance of 5.3 m. The two objects were judged equal in both apparent and objective size and the familiar object was judged as more distant than the unfamiliar object. It is suggested that the distance results can best be explained in terms of the detail pattern cue rather than the familiar size cue to relative distance.", "contents": "Effect of familiar size on judgments of relative size and distance. Carlson and Tassone (1971) found that for far viewing distances a person was judged taller in objective size, smaller in apparent size, and more distant than a board of the same size and at the same distance as the person. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate Carlson and Tassone's findings for near viewing distances. Subjects compared to size and distance of familiar and unfamiliar objects viewed from a distance of 5.3 m. The two objects were judged equal in both apparent and objective size and the familiar object was judged as more distant than the unfamiliar object. It is suggested that the distance results can best be explained in terms of the detail pattern cue rather than the familiar size cue to relative distance.", "PMID": 492892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1358", "title": "Perception: an experiment to compare \"here and now\" and \"there and then\" perspectives.", "content": "A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that \"here and now\" perception is different from and superior to \"there and then\" perception. This article describes an experimental test of this tenet. The test is based on the close relationship between categorizing and perceiving of stimuli. Data showed that people tend to use fewer categories to sort stimuli when in a \"there and then\" perspective than in a \"here and now\" perspective. This outcome is consistent with a theorem of information theory regarding signal to noise ratio and optimal number of categories.", "contents": "Perception: an experiment to compare \"here and now\" and \"there and then\" perspectives. A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that \"here and now\" perception is different from and superior to \"there and then\" perception. This article describes an experimental test of this tenet. The test is based on the close relationship between categorizing and perceiving of stimuli. Data showed that people tend to use fewer categories to sort stimuli when in a \"there and then\" perspective than in a \"here and now\" perspective. This outcome is consistent with a theorem of information theory regarding signal to noise ratio and optimal number of categories.", "PMID": 492893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1359", "title": "Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness and some epidemilogical indices of social behavior and health.", "content": "A scale, Avoidance of the Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness, was developed to assist the psychometric recorded documentation of choice of avoidance versus confrontation strategy to the issue of loneliness. Analysis showed low scores (confronters) reported increased use of soft drugs and were absent from employment more often than medium or high scorers. Borderline statistically significant findings hint that high scorers (avoiders) lean toward less alcoholic beverage consumption while low scorers lean toward fewer automobile accidents and less use of medication than medium groupings. These results both advantages and disadvantages to strategies of awareness.", "contents": "Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness and some epidemilogical indices of social behavior and health. A scale, Avoidance of the Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness, was developed to assist the psychometric recorded documentation of choice of avoidance versus confrontation strategy to the issue of loneliness. Analysis showed low scores (confronters) reported increased use of soft drugs and were absent from employment more often than medium or high scorers. Borderline statistically significant findings hint that high scorers (avoiders) lean toward less alcoholic beverage consumption while low scorers lean toward fewer automobile accidents and less use of medication than medium groupings. These results both advantages and disadvantages to strategies of awareness.", "PMID": 492894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1360", "title": "Lateral eye movement while eyes are closed.", "content": "The present study was designed (1) to clarify whether lateral eye movements appear when eyes are closed as well as when they are open and (2) to examine some possible factors which may affect the phenomenon. Horizontal eye movements of 8 males and 8 females during reflection were recorded by means of electro-oculography. All the subjects showed fewer lateral eye movements in eyes-closed condition than in eyes-open condition, and neither the consistency of direction nor the effect of question types was replicated. These facts cannot be explained by the hemispheric activation hypothesis.", "contents": "Lateral eye movement while eyes are closed. The present study was designed (1) to clarify whether lateral eye movements appear when eyes are closed as well as when they are open and (2) to examine some possible factors which may affect the phenomenon. Horizontal eye movements of 8 males and 8 females during reflection were recorded by means of electro-oculography. All the subjects showed fewer lateral eye movements in eyes-closed condition than in eyes-open condition, and neither the consistency of direction nor the effect of question types was replicated. These facts cannot be explained by the hemispheric activation hypothesis.", "PMID": 492895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1361", "title": "Effects of hypnotists' and subjects' sex on hypnotic susceptibility.", "content": "2 male and 2 female student-hypnotists administered the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C to 49 male and 42 female subjects. Subjects were also administered a group hypnotic-susceptibility scale and questionnaire measure of absorption and willingness to cooperate with hypnosis. The effects of these three measures on Stanford, Form C scores were statistically controlled with analysis of covariance. Neither hypnotists' sex, subjects' sex, nor the interaction of these variables was significantly related to scores on the Stanford scale. Implications for hypnosis research were briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effects of hypnotists' and subjects' sex on hypnotic susceptibility. 2 male and 2 female student-hypnotists administered the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C to 49 male and 42 female subjects. Subjects were also administered a group hypnotic-susceptibility scale and questionnaire measure of absorption and willingness to cooperate with hypnosis. The effects of these three measures on Stanford, Form C scores were statistically controlled with analysis of covariance. Neither hypnotists' sex, subjects' sex, nor the interaction of these variables was significantly related to scores on the Stanford scale. Implications for hypnosis research were briefly discussed.", "PMID": 492896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1362", "title": "Slang knowledge as an indicator of a general social deviancy subcultural factor.", "content": "Evidence for a general social deviancy subcultural factor was found using the Kulik, Sarbin, and Stein (1971) slang test on drugs, gangs, law enforcement, and general words. The slang scores of 68 confirmed opiate addicts exceeded those of normals and young delinquents reported by Kulik, et al. (1971), including delinquents who were recidivists. Addicts knew more drug and alcohol slang than slang in the three other categories. It was recommended that more attempts should be made to subdivide measures of social deviancy by means of slang as there is some evidence of possible further differentiation of subcultural types by means of slang.", "contents": "Slang knowledge as an indicator of a general social deviancy subcultural factor. Evidence for a general social deviancy subcultural factor was found using the Kulik, Sarbin, and Stein (1971) slang test on drugs, gangs, law enforcement, and general words. The slang scores of 68 confirmed opiate addicts exceeded those of normals and young delinquents reported by Kulik, et al. (1971), including delinquents who were recidivists. Addicts knew more drug and alcohol slang than slang in the three other categories. It was recommended that more attempts should be made to subdivide measures of social deviancy by means of slang as there is some evidence of possible further differentiation of subcultural types by means of slang.", "PMID": 492897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1363", "title": "Schizophrenic WAIS pattern by diagnostic subtypes.", "content": "Post-treatment WAIS scores of 36 hospitalized schizophrenics were analyzed according to diagnostic subdivisions elsewhere validated. Significant differences emerged between Verbal and Performance Scales and among the 11 subtests, which transcended diagnostic subclasses. The results implied a reliable schizophrenic WAIS pattern supportive of Wechsler's (1958) proposal.", "contents": "Schizophrenic WAIS pattern by diagnostic subtypes. Post-treatment WAIS scores of 36 hospitalized schizophrenics were analyzed according to diagnostic subdivisions elsewhere validated. Significant differences emerged between Verbal and Performance Scales and among the 11 subtests, which transcended diagnostic subclasses. The results implied a reliable schizophrenic WAIS pattern supportive of Wechsler's (1958) proposal.", "PMID": 492898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1364", "title": "Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Indexes and Stanford-Binet IQs for educable mentally retarded children.", "content": "15 Educable Mentally Retarted children, aged 6 1/2 to 8 1/2 yr., were tested on the McCarthy Scales of Children's abilities and the Stanford-Binet (1972 norms). All children were tested over a 6-mon. period in public schools located in Northeast Georgia. Since 8 of the 15 children obtained General Cognitive Indexes below the norms presented in the McCarthy manual, extrapolated scores were assigned to increase the precision of the comparison. Although the two scores correlated significantly, the mean Index with IQ was significantly lower than the mean IQ for this sample of educable mentally retarded children. The implications of the findings were discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Indexes and Stanford-Binet IQs for educable mentally retarded children. 15 Educable Mentally Retarted children, aged 6 1/2 to 8 1/2 yr., were tested on the McCarthy Scales of Children's abilities and the Stanford-Binet (1972 norms). All children were tested over a 6-mon. period in public schools located in Northeast Georgia. Since 8 of the 15 children obtained General Cognitive Indexes below the norms presented in the McCarthy manual, extrapolated scores were assigned to increase the precision of the comparison. Although the two scores correlated significantly, the mean Index with IQ was significantly lower than the mean IQ for this sample of educable mentally retarded children. The implications of the findings were discussed.", "PMID": 492899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1365", "title": "Effect of different workloads varying in intensity and duration on resolution acuity.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of participation in physical activity on resolution acuity. In the experiment, 21 undergraduate males participated in exercise sessions with work loads of 300, 700, and 1100 kmp for durations of 3 and 6 min. and a non-exercise control session. Resolution acuity was then determined by finding thresholds of a 20-cpd sinusoid-wave grating using the method of adjustment. A repeated-measures analysis of variance compared the effects of different workloads, intensities, and durations of workloads, and the interaction of intensity and duration on resolution acuity. Significant improvement of resolution acuity was found for all workloads relative to the non-exercise control session, for all other workloads relative to the 300 kpm/3 min. workload, and for the 1100 kpm/6 min. workload relative to the 300 kpm/6 min. and the 700/3 min. workloads. Increases in duration or intensity of exercise significantly improved resolution acuity. There was no significant interaction of the variables of intensity and duration of work on resolution acuity.", "contents": "Effect of different workloads varying in intensity and duration on resolution acuity. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of participation in physical activity on resolution acuity. In the experiment, 21 undergraduate males participated in exercise sessions with work loads of 300, 700, and 1100 kmp for durations of 3 and 6 min. and a non-exercise control session. Resolution acuity was then determined by finding thresholds of a 20-cpd sinusoid-wave grating using the method of adjustment. A repeated-measures analysis of variance compared the effects of different workloads, intensities, and durations of workloads, and the interaction of intensity and duration on resolution acuity. Significant improvement of resolution acuity was found for all workloads relative to the non-exercise control session, for all other workloads relative to the 300 kpm/3 min. workload, and for the 1100 kpm/6 min. workload relative to the 300 kpm/6 min. and the 700/3 min. workloads. Increases in duration or intensity of exercise significantly improved resolution acuity. There was no significant interaction of the variables of intensity and duration of work on resolution acuity.", "PMID": 492900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1366", "title": "Sex differences in feedback: effects on Rod-and-Frame performance.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.", "contents": "Sex differences in feedback: effects on Rod-and-Frame performance. It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.", "PMID": 492901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1367", "title": "An indirect technique for establishing preferences for categories of reinforcement for severely and profoundly retarded individuals.", "content": "The development of a reinforcement survey hierarchy is described for programming severely and profundly retarded individuals. The survey identifies reinforcement preferences of severely and profoundly retarded individuals by means of an indirect categorical technique. The categorical technique views reinforcement as being educationally, environmentally, and developmentally characteristic of severely and profoundly retarded individuals. The survey is a preliminary step to more direct approaches to reinforcement, such as sampling or use of multiple reinforcements. Field data are discussed.", "contents": "An indirect technique for establishing preferences for categories of reinforcement for severely and profoundly retarded individuals. The development of a reinforcement survey hierarchy is described for programming severely and profundly retarded individuals. The survey identifies reinforcement preferences of severely and profoundly retarded individuals by means of an indirect categorical technique. The categorical technique views reinforcement as being educationally, environmentally, and developmentally characteristic of severely and profoundly retarded individuals. The survey is a preliminary step to more direct approaches to reinforcement, such as sampling or use of multiple reinforcements. Field data are discussed.", "PMID": 492903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1368", "title": "Kinetic depth effect examined under conditions of unimodal versus bimodal sensory input.", "content": "To perceive the three-dimensional rotation of a shadow figure, displacement and line length change are required. Without displacement, persons perceive a line lengthening and shortening on a two-dimensional plane. The present investigation attempted to create the kinetic depth effect without displacement by including auditory input. 48 persons were randomly assigned to two groups (line-length change with tone or line-length change without tone). The tone group received sound through headphones which oscillated in amplitude in synchrony with the shadow of a rotating \"T\" figure. The tone group perceived a three-dimensional figure in rotation significantly more often than did the non-tone group. These results suggest that the kinetic depth effect may be created by more than one combination of sensory input.", "contents": "Kinetic depth effect examined under conditions of unimodal versus bimodal sensory input. To perceive the three-dimensional rotation of a shadow figure, displacement and line length change are required. Without displacement, persons perceive a line lengthening and shortening on a two-dimensional plane. The present investigation attempted to create the kinetic depth effect without displacement by including auditory input. 48 persons were randomly assigned to two groups (line-length change with tone or line-length change without tone). The tone group received sound through headphones which oscillated in amplitude in synchrony with the shadow of a rotating \"T\" figure. The tone group perceived a three-dimensional figure in rotation significantly more often than did the non-tone group. These results suggest that the kinetic depth effect may be created by more than one combination of sensory input.", "PMID": 492905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1369", "title": "Effects of type of information (abstract-concrete) and field dependence on asymmetry of hand movements during speech.", "content": "Asymmetry of object-focused (gestural) and body-focused (self-touching) movements was investigated in a sample of 14 field dependent and 14 field-independent right-handed male college students. The data were obtained from standardized, videotaped interviews which consisted of an abstract and a concrete communicative task. Significant right-hand asymmetry was found for gestures which depict or represent (motor primary movements,p less than .01) but not for nonrepresentational speech primacy movements. In general, field-independents had greater right-hand asymmetry than field-dependents for object-focused movements, whereas field-dependents showed more left-hand asymmetry of self-touching. Results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between extent of movements asymmetry and the use of visual imagery in verbal encoding.", "contents": "Effects of type of information (abstract-concrete) and field dependence on asymmetry of hand movements during speech. Asymmetry of object-focused (gestural) and body-focused (self-touching) movements was investigated in a sample of 14 field dependent and 14 field-independent right-handed male college students. The data were obtained from standardized, videotaped interviews which consisted of an abstract and a concrete communicative task. Significant right-hand asymmetry was found for gestures which depict or represent (motor primary movements,p less than .01) but not for nonrepresentational speech primacy movements. In general, field-independents had greater right-hand asymmetry than field-dependents for object-focused movements, whereas field-dependents showed more left-hand asymmetry of self-touching. Results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between extent of movements asymmetry and the use of visual imagery in verbal encoding.", "PMID": 492907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1370", "title": "Relative contributions of active and passive touch to a child's knowledge of physical objects.", "content": "Literature was examined for contributions of both active and passive touch to a child's knowledge of shape perception. While research suggests that passive touch provides a useful function, haptic exploration or active touch is more effective for information processing. Various models and their educational implications for sensory training are discussed.", "contents": "Relative contributions of active and passive touch to a child's knowledge of physical objects. Literature was examined for contributions of both active and passive touch to a child's knowledge of shape perception. While research suggests that passive touch provides a useful function, haptic exploration or active touch is more effective for information processing. Various models and their educational implications for sensory training are discussed.", "PMID": 492908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1371", "title": "Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program.", "content": "Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.", "contents": "Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program. Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.", "PMID": 492926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1372", "title": "Monitoring pesticides in agricultural and urban soils of the United States.", "content": "Organochlorine pesticides were monitored annually in the major agricultural areas of the United States from 1968 to 1973. Results show that agricultural soils are widely contaminated with low levels of organochlorine residues. Residue concentrations are decreasing as applications of the compounds decrease. Annual monitoring of urban areas since 1969 has demonstrated that urban soils generally have higher pesticide residue concentrations than do agricultural soils in the same locations. High concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and lead have also been observed in urban soils.", "contents": "Monitoring pesticides in agricultural and urban soils of the United States. Organochlorine pesticides were monitored annually in the major agricultural areas of the United States from 1968 to 1973. Results show that agricultural soils are widely contaminated with low levels of organochlorine residues. Residue concentrations are decreasing as applications of the compounds decrease. Annual monitoring of urban areas since 1969 has demonstrated that urban soils generally have higher pesticide residue concentrations than do agricultural soils in the same locations. High concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and lead have also been observed in urban soils.", "PMID": 492927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1373", "title": "Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.", "content": "Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.", "contents": "Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974. Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.", "PMID": 492928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1374", "title": "[Entero-colitis in the horse. A description of 46 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of 46 cases of non-parasitic enteritis, treated in the Large Animal Clinic during the period 1965--77. A group of 12 horses showed an acute or peracute clinical course with rapid development of shock and high lethality (83 per cent). A smaller group of 9 horses showed a subacute course while 22 horses had chronic enteritis with intermittent diarrhoea--often semisolid like cow's dung--increased peristalsis, weight loss and, in some cases, hypoproteinaemia with subcutaneous edema. Lethality rate in this group was appr. 40 per cent. Predisposing factors--especially physical stress, medical treatment (antibiotics, anthelmintics) and pulmonary diseases--could be demonstrated in appr. 40 per cent of the cases. Appr. 66 per cent appeared during the period January--July. Recent studies on \"colitis X\" and chronic enteritis are discussed and it is suggested that the cases described here do not represent one single disease entity but rather several aetiological groups with a similar symptomatology.", "contents": "[Entero-colitis in the horse. A description of 46 cases (author's transl)]. A description is given of 46 cases of non-parasitic enteritis, treated in the Large Animal Clinic during the period 1965--77. A group of 12 horses showed an acute or peracute clinical course with rapid development of shock and high lethality (83 per cent). A smaller group of 9 horses showed a subacute course while 22 horses had chronic enteritis with intermittent diarrhoea--often semisolid like cow's dung--increased peristalsis, weight loss and, in some cases, hypoproteinaemia with subcutaneous edema. Lethality rate in this group was appr. 40 per cent. Predisposing factors--especially physical stress, medical treatment (antibiotics, anthelmintics) and pulmonary diseases--could be demonstrated in appr. 40 per cent of the cases. Appr. 66 per cent appeared during the period January--July. Recent studies on \"colitis X\" and chronic enteritis are discussed and it is suggested that the cases described here do not represent one single disease entity but rather several aetiological groups with a similar symptomatology.", "PMID": 492970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1375", "title": "[Verminous enteritis and thrombo-embolic colic in the horse. A description of 36 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon case reports from 36 cases of verminous thrombosis of arteria mesenterica cranialis--all of which were verified at necropsy--clinical symptoms, course and pathological lesions are described. Seventy five per cent of the patients were under 3 years old, and 73% of the cases showed initial signs during the period July-December. Salient clinical findings were, unthrifty appearance and emaciation, diarrhoea--observed in two thirds of the patients--and colic--observed in 50 per cent of the cases. Haematological and biochemical findings were inconclusive, yet, hypoproteinaemia was a rather frequent finding. At necropsy, enteritis and/or typhlocolitis were observed in 29 horses of which 8 horses had superficial lesions, 7 horses hyperplastic lesions and 12 horses diphteroid/necrotizing lesions. Fourteen per cent of the horses had renal infarctions. The findings are discussed in relation to recent observations on the epidemiology of Strongylus vulgaris infection and comparisons are drawn to findings in a material of horses with non-parasitic enteritis.", "contents": "[Verminous enteritis and thrombo-embolic colic in the horse. A description of 36 cases (author's transl)]. Based upon case reports from 36 cases of verminous thrombosis of arteria mesenterica cranialis--all of which were verified at necropsy--clinical symptoms, course and pathological lesions are described. Seventy five per cent of the patients were under 3 years old, and 73% of the cases showed initial signs during the period July-December. Salient clinical findings were, unthrifty appearance and emaciation, diarrhoea--observed in two thirds of the patients--and colic--observed in 50 per cent of the cases. Haematological and biochemical findings were inconclusive, yet, hypoproteinaemia was a rather frequent finding. At necropsy, enteritis and/or typhlocolitis were observed in 29 horses of which 8 horses had superficial lesions, 7 horses hyperplastic lesions and 12 horses diphteroid/necrotizing lesions. Fourteen per cent of the horses had renal infarctions. The findings are discussed in relation to recent observations on the epidemiology of Strongylus vulgaris infection and comparisons are drawn to findings in a material of horses with non-parasitic enteritis.", "PMID": 492971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1376", "title": "[Intrauterine insemination in ewes with frozen semen (author's transl)].", "content": "110 ewes were allocated for intrauterine insemination. One succeeded to deposite semen intra uterine in 43 of the ewes and 37 (86%) of these lambed. In the remaining 67 the semen was deposited in cervix, and of these 15 lambed (22,4%). Totally 52 (47,3%) of the inseminated ewes lambed. Similar results were obtained by one or two inseminations in the heat. Dilution 1:3 gave a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher lambing rate than dilution 1:9 when the semen was deposited in the cervix, while the results were similar for dilution 1:3 and 1:9 by intra interine deposition. A group of 49 ewes was inseminated according to the conventional method on the first day of heat and the intra uterine method on the second day. Intra uterine deposition of semen succeeded in 31 ewes and 27 (87,1%) lambed. In the 18 remaining ewes the semen was depposited in the cervix and 9 (50%) lambed. Totally 73,5% of the ewes in this group lambed.", "contents": "[Intrauterine insemination in ewes with frozen semen (author's transl)]. 110 ewes were allocated for intrauterine insemination. One succeeded to deposite semen intra uterine in 43 of the ewes and 37 (86%) of these lambed. In the remaining 67 the semen was deposited in cervix, and of these 15 lambed (22,4%). Totally 52 (47,3%) of the inseminated ewes lambed. Similar results were obtained by one or two inseminations in the heat. Dilution 1:3 gave a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher lambing rate than dilution 1:9 when the semen was deposited in the cervix, while the results were similar for dilution 1:3 and 1:9 by intra interine deposition. A group of 49 ewes was inseminated according to the conventional method on the first day of heat and the intra uterine method on the second day. Intra uterine deposition of semen succeeded in 31 ewes and 27 (87,1%) lambed. In the 18 remaining ewes the semen was depposited in the cervix and 9 (50%) lambed. Totally 73,5% of the ewes in this group lambed.", "PMID": 492967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1377", "title": "[Colonoscopic polypectomy. Histopathological features and course (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 424 colonic polyps resected electrically via colonic fibroscopy in 343 patients, in several Parisian centers between september 1972 and august 1976. The topography, shape, diameter and histological type of the polyps were analysed, and 14.3% were malignant. Study of the prevalence of the different histological types in subjects of the both sexes, by ten year age groups, revealed the large number of villous and adenocarcinomatous forms in the young woman. The preponderance and increase with age of villous forms in the male explain the marked shift in histological forms towards malignancy seen after the age of 60. The average time taken for transformation of a benign polyp already accessible to endoscopic resection into a killing recto-colic carcinoma may be 13 years. Initial results of the follow-up, of 83 patients undergoing 101 colonoscopic polypectomies, and despite inadequate follow-up, indicated that 9% of polyps recurred (above all, villous and adenovillous polyps), and the absence of local recurrence or metastases detectable after electrical resection of 17 colonic polyps with invasive adenocarcinoma must be taken with great reserve.", "contents": "[Colonoscopic polypectomy. Histopathological features and course (author's transl)]. A study of 424 colonic polyps resected electrically via colonic fibroscopy in 343 patients, in several Parisian centers between september 1972 and august 1976. The topography, shape, diameter and histological type of the polyps were analysed, and 14.3% were malignant. Study of the prevalence of the different histological types in subjects of the both sexes, by ten year age groups, revealed the large number of villous and adenocarcinomatous forms in the young woman. The preponderance and increase with age of villous forms in the male explain the marked shift in histological forms towards malignancy seen after the age of 60. The average time taken for transformation of a benign polyp already accessible to endoscopic resection into a killing recto-colic carcinoma may be 13 years. Initial results of the follow-up, of 83 patients undergoing 101 colonoscopic polypectomies, and despite inadequate follow-up, indicated that 9% of polyps recurred (above all, villous and adenovillous polyps), and the absence of local recurrence or metastases detectable after electrical resection of 17 colonic polyps with invasive adenocarcinoma must be taken with great reserve.", "PMID": 492975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1378", "title": "[Trypanosomiasis presenting with trypanids and complicated by myopericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 26-year-old man who had spent time in a trypanosome endemic zone, lesions of erythema marginatum progressing by acute exacerbations for 2 years despite various forms of treatment led to the discovery of a multiple lymphadenopathy and a greatly accelerated sedimentation rate. These findings suggested a diagnosis which was confirmed by the discovery of Trypanosoma gambiense in the blood and lymph node aspirate. In addition, there was an albumino-lymphocytic reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, an atrioventricular block was discovered. All these symptoms and signs responsed to treatment with melarsoprol but a pericardial reaction developed, possibly of immunoallergic origin.", "contents": "[Trypanosomiasis presenting with trypanids and complicated by myopericarditis (author's transl)]. In a 26-year-old man who had spent time in a trypanosome endemic zone, lesions of erythema marginatum progressing by acute exacerbations for 2 years despite various forms of treatment led to the discovery of a multiple lymphadenopathy and a greatly accelerated sedimentation rate. These findings suggested a diagnosis which was confirmed by the discovery of Trypanosoma gambiense in the blood and lymph node aspirate. In addition, there was an albumino-lymphocytic reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, an atrioventricular block was discovered. All these symptoms and signs responsed to treatment with melarsoprol but a pericardial reaction developed, possibly of immunoallergic origin.", "PMID": 492976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1379", "title": "[Spontaneous perforation of the rectum. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 48-year-old man, operated upon with a diagnosis of perforation of a hollow viscus, in whom a spontaneous perforation of the rectum was discovered. Such perforations are rare since only 36 cases have been reported in the literature. The mechanism is unknown and various factors have been suggested, including increased pressure or local ischaemia. Treatment is rendered difficult by local infection and the frequently fragile general condition of the patients.", "contents": "[Spontaneous perforation of the rectum. One case (author's transl)]. A 48-year-old man, operated upon with a diagnosis of perforation of a hollow viscus, in whom a spontaneous perforation of the rectum was discovered. Such perforations are rare since only 36 cases have been reported in the literature. The mechanism is unknown and various factors have been suggested, including increased pressure or local ischaemia. Treatment is rendered difficult by local infection and the frequently fragile general condition of the patients.", "PMID": 492977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1380", "title": "[Clinicopathological profile of pancreatic lithiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, radiological and histopathological features of 31 duodenopancreatectomies for chronic pancreatitis with lithiasis are analysed in relation to whether or not there was dilatation of the duct of Wirsung. Two groups of patients may be defined in the basis of this criterion: -- the first, without dilatation of the duct of Wirsung, with lithiasis predominantly affecting the head of the pancreas and irregular fibrosis, corresponding patients aged approximately 30 years, suffering from the disease for about 10 years, often already operated upon for pancreatitis; gastrointestinal bleeding is common; -- the second, with dilatation of the duct of Wirsung, with disseminated lithiasis, and very marked fibrosis, affecting patients aged over 50 years, suffering from the disease for less than 5 years and not yet operated upon for their pancreatitis. The problem of the independance of the two groups or of the possibility of progression of forms without dilatation of the duct of Wirsung to dilated forms remains.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological profile of pancreatic lithiasis (author's transl)]. Clinical, radiological and histopathological features of 31 duodenopancreatectomies for chronic pancreatitis with lithiasis are analysed in relation to whether or not there was dilatation of the duct of Wirsung. Two groups of patients may be defined in the basis of this criterion: -- the first, without dilatation of the duct of Wirsung, with lithiasis predominantly affecting the head of the pancreas and irregular fibrosis, corresponding patients aged approximately 30 years, suffering from the disease for about 10 years, often already operated upon for pancreatitis; gastrointestinal bleeding is common; -- the second, with dilatation of the duct of Wirsung, with disseminated lithiasis, and very marked fibrosis, affecting patients aged over 50 years, suffering from the disease for less than 5 years and not yet operated upon for their pancreatitis. The problem of the independance of the two groups or of the possibility of progression of forms without dilatation of the duct of Wirsung to dilated forms remains.", "PMID": 492988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1381", "title": "[Study upon oxygen conveyance in severe anaemia. About a very serious case of hemolytic anaemia which led to a myocardial infarct (author's transl].", "content": "To understand the orientation the metabolism of a sick person whose arterial content in oxygen had collapsed (CaO2 reaching 1,9 vol/100 ml) the cardiac output and the rate myocardic extraction of the lactates have been measured. The cardiac index was very high 7,4 l/m/m2 and in spite of a low D (a-v) (2,5 vol/ml) the consumption of oxygen was normal. Three days after a first measure the steep (or brutal) fall of the cardiac and the reversal of the rate of myocardic extraction of lactate led up to diagnose an acute coronary insufficiency. The electrocardiogramm only cortoborated the myocardic necrosis in a second time. This result invites (or calls for) a constant electrographic watching of sick persons who suffer from severe anaemia, even with sane coronary vessels, to avoid diagnosing coronary insufficiency through so circuitous means.", "contents": "[Study upon oxygen conveyance in severe anaemia. About a very serious case of hemolytic anaemia which led to a myocardial infarct (author's transl]. To understand the orientation the metabolism of a sick person whose arterial content in oxygen had collapsed (CaO2 reaching 1,9 vol/100 ml) the cardiac output and the rate myocardic extraction of the lactates have been measured. The cardiac index was very high 7,4 l/m/m2 and in spite of a low D (a-v) (2,5 vol/ml) the consumption of oxygen was normal. Three days after a first measure the steep (or brutal) fall of the cardiac and the reversal of the rate of myocardic extraction of lactate led up to diagnose an acute coronary insufficiency. The electrocardiogramm only cortoborated the myocardic necrosis in a second time. This result invites (or calls for) a constant electrographic watching of sick persons who suffer from severe anaemia, even with sane coronary vessels, to avoid diagnosing coronary insufficiency through so circuitous means.", "PMID": 492989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1382", "title": "[Acute exacerbation of prolactin-secreting adenomas during pregnancy following the treatment of sterility. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "These 2 cases were similar in terms of the time of onset of problems at the 8th month, the clinical and radiological signs of the tumour, and the existence of an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with hyperprolactinaemia. They differed with regard to the mode in which the pregnancy was obtained: one was induced by anti-prolactins in the presence of a normal sella turcica whilst the other began during the cycle following the administration of clomiphene with no prior radiological study of the sella turcica. They also differed in terms of the course: intra-tumoural haematoma requiring early surgery in one, hyperplasia and oedema regressing after delivery in the other making it possible to avoid immediate treatment.", "contents": "[Acute exacerbation of prolactin-secreting adenomas during pregnancy following the treatment of sterility. 2 cases (author's transl)]. These 2 cases were similar in terms of the time of onset of problems at the 8th month, the clinical and radiological signs of the tumour, and the existence of an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with hyperprolactinaemia. They differed with regard to the mode in which the pregnancy was obtained: one was induced by anti-prolactins in the presence of a normal sella turcica whilst the other began during the cycle following the administration of clomiphene with no prior radiological study of the sella turcica. They also differed in terms of the course: intra-tumoural haematoma requiring early surgery in one, hyperplasia and oedema regressing after delivery in the other making it possible to avoid immediate treatment.", "PMID": 492990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1383", "title": "[Bone lesions in hairy cell leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1959 and 1978, 150 patients with tricholeucocytic leukaemia were seen, 5 having radiological bone lesions. This has been reported only once in the literature, its significance and therapeutic consequences remaining ill-defined. One of the commonest sites of bone involvement is the neck of the femur. The usual appearances are those of demineralisation, lysis and pathological fracture. The true prevalence of such lesions could be determined only by routine studies for the presence of such lesions.", "contents": "[Bone lesions in hairy cell leukaemia (author's transl)]. Between 1959 and 1978, 150 patients with tricholeucocytic leukaemia were seen, 5 having radiological bone lesions. This has been reported only once in the literature, its significance and therapeutic consequences remaining ill-defined. One of the commonest sites of bone involvement is the neck of the femur. The usual appearances are those of demineralisation, lysis and pathological fracture. The true prevalence of such lesions could be determined only by routine studies for the presence of such lesions.", "PMID": 492998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1384", "title": "[Neonatal cardiac tumour: diagnostic and therapeutic problems. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of cardiac tumour, presenting as cardiac failure during the first hours of life and refractory hypoxia. The diagnosis was made with difficulty by angiography which revealed a filling defect in the right atrium, whilst echocardiography had shown only a localised pericarditis. The tumour (which extended into the pericardium) was found to fill the right atrium and appeared to extend towards the venae cavae and the left atrium, contraindicating any attempt at excision. The newborn infant died on D7 of a strictly intra-atrial well-limited fibromyoma.", "contents": "[Neonatal cardiac tumour: diagnostic and therapeutic problems. One case (author's transl)]. We report a case of cardiac tumour, presenting as cardiac failure during the first hours of life and refractory hypoxia. The diagnosis was made with difficulty by angiography which revealed a filling defect in the right atrium, whilst echocardiography had shown only a localised pericarditis. The tumour (which extended into the pericardium) was found to fill the right atrium and appeared to extend towards the venae cavae and the left atrium, contraindicating any attempt at excision. The newborn infant died on D7 of a strictly intra-atrial well-limited fibromyoma.", "PMID": 492999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1385", "title": "[Hepatic metastases of colonic and rectal carcinoma: surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistical results show a marked improvement in survival after surgical treatment of hepatic metastases. The possibilities of surgery are evaluated after precise analysis of the lesions seen at the time of excision and not at autopsy. The data from assessment which indicate that surgery will be successful are described and discussed. Surgical techniques consist above all of resection: metastasectomy, segmentectomy, hemihepatectomy and hepatectomy followed by transplant. Other methods are palliative. Certain resections themselves appear to be palliative and the ideal is to carry out adequate resection at the outset, adapted to the size and site of the lesions. However the possibilities of surgery form part of an overall programme: -- complete removal of the primary carcinoma in order to avoid any local recurrence, -- wide eradication of metastatic lesions, -- pr\u00e9ventive treatment against further development of possible subclinical lesions by post-surgical chemotherapy and subsequent immunotherapy.", "contents": "[Hepatic metastases of colonic and rectal carcinoma: surgical treatment (author's transl)]. Statistical results show a marked improvement in survival after surgical treatment of hepatic metastases. The possibilities of surgery are evaluated after precise analysis of the lesions seen at the time of excision and not at autopsy. The data from assessment which indicate that surgery will be successful are described and discussed. Surgical techniques consist above all of resection: metastasectomy, segmentectomy, hemihepatectomy and hepatectomy followed by transplant. Other methods are palliative. Certain resections themselves appear to be palliative and the ideal is to carry out adequate resection at the outset, adapted to the size and site of the lesions. However the possibilities of surgery form part of an overall programme: -- complete removal of the primary carcinoma in order to avoid any local recurrence, -- wide eradication of metastatic lesions, -- pr\u00e9ventive treatment against further development of possible subclinical lesions by post-surgical chemotherapy and subsequent immunotherapy.", "PMID": 493000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1386", "title": "[End-to-end mechanical circular anastomosis in digestive surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The anastomotic clamp described may be used to perform end-to-end anastomoses in digestive surgery. After a description of the instrument and its mode of use in its most suitable application -- colo-rectal anastomosis -- the authors report the first results of their clinical experience in 13 anastomoses, which are highly satisfactory.", "contents": "[End-to-end mechanical circular anastomosis in digestive surgery (author's transl)]. The anastomotic clamp described may be used to perform end-to-end anastomoses in digestive surgery. After a description of the instrument and its mode of use in its most suitable application -- colo-rectal anastomosis -- the authors report the first results of their clinical experience in 13 anastomoses, which are highly satisfactory.", "PMID": 493001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1387", "title": "[Carcinoma of the kidney. Trial of chemotherapy. 97 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the kidney using the sequence VM 26 (or vincristine), CCNU gave 12 per cent of objective results (complete remission or regression of more than 50 per cent in metastatic tumours and did not alter the actuarial survival curve of these patients. The same type of chemotherapy given on a routine basis and early did not alter the actuarial curves of the first remission after nephrectomy for carcinoma of the kidney at Robson stage III or II. Early chemotherapy would thus not appear to be justified before trials in cases of metastatic carcinoma have led to the discovery of a more effective form.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the kidney. Trial of chemotherapy. 97 patients (author's transl)]. Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the kidney using the sequence VM 26 (or vincristine), CCNU gave 12 per cent of objective results (complete remission or regression of more than 50 per cent in metastatic tumours and did not alter the actuarial survival curve of these patients. The same type of chemotherapy given on a routine basis and early did not alter the actuarial curves of the first remission after nephrectomy for carcinoma of the kidney at Robson stage III or II. Early chemotherapy would thus not appear to be justified before trials in cases of metastatic carcinoma have led to the discovery of a more effective form.", "PMID": 493013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1388", "title": "[Epididymal and testicular metastases. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of epididymotesticular metastases are reported: one epididymal from a carcinoma of the kidney by retrograde venous spread and the other testicular secondary to a carcinoma of the prostate and apparently by arterial spread. Epididymotesticular metastases of carcinomas are rare. When the initial carcinoma is known, or even treated, the development of a large testis should lead to consideration of the possibility. Treatment should consist of inguinal orchidectomy with ligation of the spermatic cord as high as possible.", "contents": "[Epididymal and testicular metastases. 2 cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of epididymotesticular metastases are reported: one epididymal from a carcinoma of the kidney by retrograde venous spread and the other testicular secondary to a carcinoma of the prostate and apparently by arterial spread. Epididymotesticular metastases of carcinomas are rare. When the initial carcinoma is known, or even treated, the development of a large testis should lead to consideration of the possibility. Treatment should consist of inguinal orchidectomy with ligation of the spermatic cord as high as possible.", "PMID": 493014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1389", "title": "[Lateral exclusion and lateral terminal ileostomy according to Turnbull's method (author's transl)].", "content": "A lateral ileostomy permits perfect exclusion, easy fitting of an ileostomy bag and easy secondary closure. An analogous procedure may be used to perform a terminal ileostomy and/or a perfectly vascularised ileal bladder, specially suitable for the obese patient.", "contents": "[Lateral exclusion and lateral terminal ileostomy according to Turnbull's method (author's transl)]. A lateral ileostomy permits perfect exclusion, easy fitting of an ileostomy bag and easy secondary closure. An analogous procedure may be used to perform a terminal ileostomy and/or a perfectly vascularised ileal bladder, specially suitable for the obese patient.", "PMID": 493015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1390", "title": "[Phaeochromocytoma: localisation by computerised scanner tomography. 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In five patients with a phaeochromocytoma, axial computerised scanner tomography made it possible to localise the tumour without ambiguity, even when intravenous urography had been interpreted as normal. Although all the tumours diagnosed were relatively large (between 3 and 9 cm), this is nevertheless a non-invasive examination, free of danger and worthy of consideration in the preoperative assessment of a case of phaeochromocytoma.", "contents": "[Phaeochromocytoma: localisation by computerised scanner tomography. 5 cases (author's transl)]. In five patients with a phaeochromocytoma, axial computerised scanner tomography made it possible to localise the tumour without ambiguity, even when intravenous urography had been interpreted as normal. Although all the tumours diagnosed were relatively large (between 3 and 9 cm), this is nevertheless a non-invasive examination, free of danger and worthy of consideration in the preoperative assessment of a case of phaeochromocytoma.", "PMID": 493024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1391", "title": "[Absence of anti double stranded DNA antibodies in viral hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of anti double stranded DNA antibodies (ds DNA Ab) in the sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis and B virus chronic active hepatitis has recently been described. In contrast with these results we found no ds DNA ab, but anti single stranded DNA antibodies (ss DNA ab) in the sera from patients with these diseases. The ds DNA ab were studied simultaneously by two methods: Immunofluorescence (IF) on crithidia luciliae and Farr test. In this later case it was shown that the ds DNA preparation contained no ss DNA because it did not react with an anti ss DNA rabbit serum. Our results indicate that the above mentioned authors have been using in their Farr test a preparation of ds DNA contaminated by ss DNA, thus revealing the presence of anti ss DNA ab but not anti ds DNA ab, in the sera of their patients. On the other hand the presence of ds DNA ab has been shown in the sera of 85% of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and of 20,5% of the patients with non EB chronic active hepatitis. At least one part of these later are probably autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "[Absence of anti double stranded DNA antibodies in viral hepatitis (author's transl)]. The presence of anti double stranded DNA antibodies (ds DNA Ab) in the sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis and B virus chronic active hepatitis has recently been described. In contrast with these results we found no ds DNA ab, but anti single stranded DNA antibodies (ss DNA ab) in the sera from patients with these diseases. The ds DNA ab were studied simultaneously by two methods: Immunofluorescence (IF) on crithidia luciliae and Farr test. In this later case it was shown that the ds DNA preparation contained no ss DNA because it did not react with an anti ss DNA rabbit serum. Our results indicate that the above mentioned authors have been using in their Farr test a preparation of ds DNA contaminated by ss DNA, thus revealing the presence of anti ss DNA ab but not anti ds DNA ab, in the sera of their patients. On the other hand the presence of ds DNA ab has been shown in the sera of 85% of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and of 20,5% of the patients with non EB chronic active hepatitis. At least one part of these later are probably autoimmune diseases.", "PMID": 493025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1392", "title": "[Lung cancer with elevated amylase activity. One observation with study of amylase's isoenzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "Amylase is composed by two isoenzymes groups: pancreatic or salivary type. This last part can be increased in many diseases. A case of lung cancer with elevated amylase activity in blood, urine and pleural fluid is reported in a 74-year-old man. This increase was due to salivary type isoamylases with an unusual component which disappeared by neuraminidase treatment. The significance and the origin of this hyperamylasemia with non pancreatic cancer are discussed.", "contents": "[Lung cancer with elevated amylase activity. One observation with study of amylase's isoenzymes (author's transl)]. Amylase is composed by two isoenzymes groups: pancreatic or salivary type. This last part can be increased in many diseases. A case of lung cancer with elevated amylase activity in blood, urine and pleural fluid is reported in a 74-year-old man. This increase was due to salivary type isoamylases with an unusual component which disappeared by neuraminidase treatment. The significance and the origin of this hyperamylasemia with non pancreatic cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 493026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1393", "title": "[Variations in urinary antidiuretic hormone levels related to sodium intake (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen healthy male subjects, were investigated under normal sodium intake and after 5 days of high and low sodium intake. Under normal sodium intake, the following mean values were observed -- plasma osmolality (Posm): 294 +/- 5 mOsm/kg -- plasma volume (Vp): 33.9 +/- 4,3 ml/kg -- urinary sodium output (UNa.V): 173 +/- 73 mEq/24 h -- urinary antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H.): 68.8 +/- 35.6 ng/24 h. Under low sodium intake these values decreased to -- Posm: 289 +/- 4 m Osm/kg -- Vp: 32.7 +/- 3.2 ml/kg -- UNa.V: 12 +/- 9 mEq/24 h -- A.D.H.: 40.9 +/- 16.3 ng/24 h. Under high sodium intake these values increased to -- Posm: 298 +/- 5 m Osm/kg -- Vp: 36.3 +/- 4.1 ml/kg -- UNa.V: 325 +/- 67 mEq/24 h -- A.D.H.: 118.2 +/- 45.5 NG/24 H. Highly significant correlations are found between Posm and A.D.H. and between the Posm or A.D.H. and UNa.V. Interest is focused on UNa.V since the correlation between A.D.H. and UNa.V (r = 0.78) is more significant than that between A.D.H. and Posm (r = 0.47). Overriding of Posm on Vp in the regulation of A.D.H. secretion is again demonstrated. Plasma renin activity decrease when A.D.H. increase.", "contents": "[Variations in urinary antidiuretic hormone levels related to sodium intake (author's transl)]. Eighteen healthy male subjects, were investigated under normal sodium intake and after 5 days of high and low sodium intake. Under normal sodium intake, the following mean values were observed -- plasma osmolality (Posm): 294 +/- 5 mOsm/kg -- plasma volume (Vp): 33.9 +/- 4,3 ml/kg -- urinary sodium output (UNa.V): 173 +/- 73 mEq/24 h -- urinary antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H.): 68.8 +/- 35.6 ng/24 h. Under low sodium intake these values decreased to -- Posm: 289 +/- 4 m Osm/kg -- Vp: 32.7 +/- 3.2 ml/kg -- UNa.V: 12 +/- 9 mEq/24 h -- A.D.H.: 40.9 +/- 16.3 ng/24 h. Under high sodium intake these values increased to -- Posm: 298 +/- 5 m Osm/kg -- Vp: 36.3 +/- 4.1 ml/kg -- UNa.V: 325 +/- 67 mEq/24 h -- A.D.H.: 118.2 +/- 45.5 NG/24 H. Highly significant correlations are found between Posm and A.D.H. and between the Posm or A.D.H. and UNa.V. Interest is focused on UNa.V since the correlation between A.D.H. and UNa.V (r = 0.78) is more significant than that between A.D.H. and Posm (r = 0.47). Overriding of Posm on Vp in the regulation of A.D.H. secretion is again demonstrated. Plasma renin activity decrease when A.D.H. increase.", "PMID": 493037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1394", "title": "[A case of acute acrolein poisoning].", "content": "A four and a half year old boy was hospitalised with acute respiratory failure due to the inhalation during two hours of the smoke from an overheated frier. Oxygen, corticosteroids and furosemide led to clinical stabilisation but after 24 hours asphyxia developed. The trachea was found to be obstructed by a firm elastic substance which prevented intubation or bronchoscopy. Autopsy revealed massive cellular desquamation of the bronchial lining. The lumen was occupied by miscellaneous debris. There were multiple pulmonary infarcts. This is the second case of acute intoxication by acroleine. In the light of these two cases, treatment should consist of corticosteroids, antibiotherapy, inhalation therapy, and repeated bronchial aspiration.", "contents": "[A case of acute acrolein poisoning]. A four and a half year old boy was hospitalised with acute respiratory failure due to the inhalation during two hours of the smoke from an overheated frier. Oxygen, corticosteroids and furosemide led to clinical stabilisation but after 24 hours asphyxia developed. The trachea was found to be obstructed by a firm elastic substance which prevented intubation or bronchoscopy. Autopsy revealed massive cellular desquamation of the bronchial lining. The lumen was occupied by miscellaneous debris. There were multiple pulmonary infarcts. This is the second case of acute intoxication by acroleine. In the light of these two cases, treatment should consist of corticosteroids, antibiotherapy, inhalation therapy, and repeated bronchial aspiration.", "PMID": 493038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1395", "title": "[Total hip prosthesis. Current indications (author's transl)].", "content": "The various problems posed by total hip prosthesis are first described. The authors then analyse the various parameters which should guide the choice of this technique which must be used only when all other solution have failed. The recent development of prostheses without cement has made it possible to widen the application of this surgery to younger patients. Two special cases are finally reported: the role of total prostheses in the treatment of sequelae of fractures of the acetabulum, and in disarthrodesis of the hip with insertion of a total prosthesis.", "contents": "[Total hip prosthesis. Current indications (author's transl)]. The various problems posed by total hip prosthesis are first described. The authors then analyse the various parameters which should guide the choice of this technique which must be used only when all other solution have failed. The recent development of prostheses without cement has made it possible to widen the application of this surgery to younger patients. Two special cases are finally reported: the role of total prostheses in the treatment of sequelae of fractures of the acetabulum, and in disarthrodesis of the hip with insertion of a total prosthesis.", "PMID": 493039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1396", "title": "[Stage III and VI Hodgkin's disease. Success and failure of therapeutic protocol H2 65 (author's transl)].", "content": "224 patients with stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) have been treated by 6 monthly MOPP courses. 190 patients achieved remission and among them there were 109 complete remissions (C.R.) . All patients received vinblastin maintenance combined with \"reinduction\" courses of MOPP (68 patients) or irradiation (57 patients). At ten years, remission curves are \"on plateau\" at 72% for those patients who achieved C.R. at 48% for those who had partial remission, and for all patients the ten years survival rate is 53%. The parameters which influence C.R. achievement are age, fever, histology, but the best predictive parameter seems to be lymphogram: diffuse involvement and aspects of cystic storage pattern as seen in \"non Hodgkin lymphoma\" heralding an unfavorable prognosis. The lymphogram picture should thus be included as parameter of initial classification and treatment active in \"non Hodgkin lymphoma\" such as Vincristine - Cytoxan - Prednisone - Adriamicin should be tried in these high risk patients.", "contents": "[Stage III and VI Hodgkin's disease. Success and failure of therapeutic protocol H2 65 (author's transl)]. 224 patients with stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) have been treated by 6 monthly MOPP courses. 190 patients achieved remission and among them there were 109 complete remissions (C.R.) . All patients received vinblastin maintenance combined with \"reinduction\" courses of MOPP (68 patients) or irradiation (57 patients). At ten years, remission curves are \"on plateau\" at 72% for those patients who achieved C.R. at 48% for those who had partial remission, and for all patients the ten years survival rate is 53%. The parameters which influence C.R. achievement are age, fever, histology, but the best predictive parameter seems to be lymphogram: diffuse involvement and aspects of cystic storage pattern as seen in \"non Hodgkin lymphoma\" heralding an unfavorable prognosis. The lymphogram picture should thus be included as parameter of initial classification and treatment active in \"non Hodgkin lymphoma\" such as Vincristine - Cytoxan - Prednisone - Adriamicin should be tried in these high risk patients.", "PMID": 493050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1397", "title": "[Acute aortic dissection. Prognostic factors, therapeutic indications. 137 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "137 patients (92 men and 45 women) with an average age of 58 years (range: 19 to 90 years) were hospitalised between January 1970 and June 1977 for acute aortic dissection. In 107 patients (and in 91 cases during the first 24 hours of hospitalisation) aortography was performed. This examination was found to be greatly reliable when its findings were compared with those at surgical exploration. In the absence of surgical treatment, 69 patients died and 5 survived. Amongst the patients undergoing surgery, 37 died and 27 survived. With the exception of type III dissections, survival appeared to be markedly increased by surgical treatment. Preoperative factors indicative of a poor prognosis included a neurological deficit of central origin, oligoanuria, raised blood urea, disseminated intravascular coagulation and dissection of the superior mesenteric artery or the coeliac trunk.", "contents": "[Acute aortic dissection. Prognostic factors, therapeutic indications. 137 cases (author's transl)]. 137 patients (92 men and 45 women) with an average age of 58 years (range: 19 to 90 years) were hospitalised between January 1970 and June 1977 for acute aortic dissection. In 107 patients (and in 91 cases during the first 24 hours of hospitalisation) aortography was performed. This examination was found to be greatly reliable when its findings were compared with those at surgical exploration. In the absence of surgical treatment, 69 patients died and 5 survived. Amongst the patients undergoing surgery, 37 died and 27 survived. With the exception of type III dissections, survival appeared to be markedly increased by surgical treatment. Preoperative factors indicative of a poor prognosis included a neurological deficit of central origin, oligoanuria, raised blood urea, disseminated intravascular coagulation and dissection of the superior mesenteric artery or the coeliac trunk.", "PMID": 493051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1398", "title": "[Vegetating endocarditis on a Hancock valve. Diagnostic value of echocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Vegetations of endocarditis are frequently seen at echocardiography performed in patients with infective endocarditis. The presence of such vegetations was demonstrated on a Hancock porcine heterograft inserted two years' previously. These vegetations were responsible for quite severe stenosis and had produced systemic emboli on two occasions. Histological examination after valve replacement confirmed the echographic findings.", "contents": "[Vegetating endocarditis on a Hancock valve. Diagnostic value of echocardiography (author's transl)]. Vegetations of endocarditis are frequently seen at echocardiography performed in patients with infective endocarditis. The presence of such vegetations was demonstrated on a Hancock porcine heterograft inserted two years' previously. These vegetations were responsible for quite severe stenosis and had produced systemic emboli on two occasions. Histological examination after valve replacement confirmed the echographic findings.", "PMID": 493052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1399", "title": "[Simultaneous popliteal and leg revascularisation by sequential saphenous bypass in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "Certain types of threatening leg ischaemia are difficult to treat when there is a combination of obstruction at three levels: superficial femoral, popliteal and leg, leaving as the only distal vascular network a short segment of upper popliteal artery, \"suspended\" between several collaterals and a distal leg artery. Classical techniques come up against problems in terms of revascularisation (\"suspended\" popliteal or leg), surgical material and the flow rate in the graft. The technique suggested here uses the devalved great saphenous vein left in place to revascularise succesively, \"sequentially\", the 2 permeable arterial levels. The main advantages are the absence of any prosthesis, an increase in flow and improved haemodynamics of the arrangement, and the double level of revascularisation.", "contents": "[Simultaneous popliteal and leg revascularisation by sequential saphenous bypass in situ (author's transl)]. Certain types of threatening leg ischaemia are difficult to treat when there is a combination of obstruction at three levels: superficial femoral, popliteal and leg, leaving as the only distal vascular network a short segment of upper popliteal artery, \"suspended\" between several collaterals and a distal leg artery. Classical techniques come up against problems in terms of revascularisation (\"suspended\" popliteal or leg), surgical material and the flow rate in the graft. The technique suggested here uses the devalved great saphenous vein left in place to revascularise succesively, \"sequentially\", the 2 permeable arterial levels. The main advantages are the absence of any prosthesis, an increase in flow and improved haemodynamics of the arrangement, and the double level of revascularisation.", "PMID": 493054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1400", "title": "[Adrenal hyperandrogenism due to enzyme disturbance of late onset (author's transl)].", "content": "In the context of hyperandrogenism, the group of hyperandrogenism due to disturbances in hormon-synthesis of late onset is worthy of being considered separately, not by virtue of its prevalence but by the fact that its course may be one of isolate hirsutism (3 cases out of 11 in this study), or even sterility. The diagnosis may be of varying difficulty, because of the incomplete nature of the block. Eleven cases are reported, ten due  to a partial deficit in 21 hydroxydation, and one due to a deficit in 11 hydroxydation. The presence of cortisone precursors is often more significant in stimulation tests. Estimation of blood testosterone levels may give somewhat high results in certain cases, but it must be emphasized that it may be diminished dexamethasone and the estimateion of delta 4 androstenedione is of value. In difficult cases, the diagnosis of a minor or incomplete disturbance is based upon a combination of biological, statistical and dynamic arguments. However this diagnosis is important since cortisone at low inhibitory doses are effective, in particular against menstrual disorders, sometimes making it possible to rapidly correct sterility.", "contents": "[Adrenal hyperandrogenism due to enzyme disturbance of late onset (author's transl)]. In the context of hyperandrogenism, the group of hyperandrogenism due to disturbances in hormon-synthesis of late onset is worthy of being considered separately, not by virtue of its prevalence but by the fact that its course may be one of isolate hirsutism (3 cases out of 11 in this study), or even sterility. The diagnosis may be of varying difficulty, because of the incomplete nature of the block. Eleven cases are reported, ten due  to a partial deficit in 21 hydroxydation, and one due to a deficit in 11 hydroxydation. The presence of cortisone precursors is often more significant in stimulation tests. Estimation of blood testosterone levels may give somewhat high results in certain cases, but it must be emphasized that it may be diminished dexamethasone and the estimateion of delta 4 androstenedione is of value. In difficult cases, the diagnosis of a minor or incomplete disturbance is based upon a combination of biological, statistical and dynamic arguments. However this diagnosis is important since cortisone at low inhibitory doses are effective, in particular against menstrual disorders, sometimes making it possible to rapidly correct sterility.", "PMID": 493066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1401", "title": "[Tomodensitometry: localizing value in hypertension of adrenal origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Computarized axial tomography has shown the localization of adrenal lesions in four cases of hypertension of adrenal origin: two phaeochromocytomas, one primary hyperaldosteronism, one Cushing's syndrome. This method has the advantage of being neither invasive, nor time-consuming. Unfortunately, it cannot localize tumors smaller than two cm in diameter. It seems to be highly beneficial in phaeochromocytoma, where it can advantageously take the place of arteriography. It is less fruitful in primary hyperaldosteronism and in Cushing's syndrome because lesions are smaller.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometry: localizing value in hypertension of adrenal origin (author's transl)]. Computarized axial tomography has shown the localization of adrenal lesions in four cases of hypertension of adrenal origin: two phaeochromocytomas, one primary hyperaldosteronism, one Cushing's syndrome. This method has the advantage of being neither invasive, nor time-consuming. Unfortunately, it cannot localize tumors smaller than two cm in diameter. It seems to be highly beneficial in phaeochromocytoma, where it can advantageously take the place of arteriography. It is less fruitful in primary hyperaldosteronism and in Cushing's syndrome because lesions are smaller.", "PMID": 493067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1402", "title": "[Septicaemia and spontaneous peritonitis in the cirrhotic (author's transl)].", "content": "During a five year period 36 episodes of septicaemia in 32 patients with hepatic cirrhosis were documented. This represents 20% of the patients hospitalized with a decompensated cirrhosis and 1.1% of the patients with non decompensated cirrhosis. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, enteric Gram-negative organisms were most frequently isolated (91% of the cases) and ascitis was infected in one third of the cases. No primary foci of infection were documented. On the contrary patients with a non decompensated cirrhosis had infection mostly with Gram-positive organisms (82%) and foci of infection (skin, throat) were documented in 38% of the cases. Infection by enteric organisms was associated with higher mortality than infection by non enteric organisms (68% vs 28%). Five patients with inappropriate antibiotic treatment died from septic shock. Spontaneous septicaemia and peritonitis are frequent complications if cirrhosis. There are potentially treatable causes of deterioration in the cirrhotic patient, necessitating prompt recognition and treatment.", "contents": "[Septicaemia and spontaneous peritonitis in the cirrhotic (author's transl)]. During a five year period 36 episodes of septicaemia in 32 patients with hepatic cirrhosis were documented. This represents 20% of the patients hospitalized with a decompensated cirrhosis and 1.1% of the patients with non decompensated cirrhosis. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, enteric Gram-negative organisms were most frequently isolated (91% of the cases) and ascitis was infected in one third of the cases. No primary foci of infection were documented. On the contrary patients with a non decompensated cirrhosis had infection mostly with Gram-positive organisms (82%) and foci of infection (skin, throat) were documented in 38% of the cases. Infection by enteric organisms was associated with higher mortality than infection by non enteric organisms (68% vs 28%). Five patients with inappropriate antibiotic treatment died from septic shock. Spontaneous septicaemia and peritonitis are frequent complications if cirrhosis. There are potentially treatable causes of deterioration in the cirrhotic patient, necessitating prompt recognition and treatment.", "PMID": 493065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1403", "title": "[New emergency hand surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Injured hands may now be divided into two categories: those in which revascularisation by suture or bypass is necessary as an acute emergency and those in which classical reparative surgery suffices. As far as the first category is concerned, those who first see such patients should undertake the vascular repair but also all the others, if this is possible and desirable, or refer the injured individuals to a specialised centre. The prodigious development of microsurgery and its teaching to hand surgeons should soon make it possible for all injured patients to derive full benefit from this revolution. However, the indications must be perfectly defined in order to avoid the creation of handicapped patients and useless increase in surgical expenditure.", "contents": "[New emergency hand surgery (author's transl)]. Injured hands may now be divided into two categories: those in which revascularisation by suture or bypass is necessary as an acute emergency and those in which classical reparative surgery suffices. As far as the first category is concerned, those who first see such patients should undertake the vascular repair but also all the others, if this is possible and desirable, or refer the injured individuals to a specialised centre. The prodigious development of microsurgery and its teaching to hand surgeons should soon make it possible for all injured patients to derive full benefit from this revolution. However, the indications must be perfectly defined in order to avoid the creation of handicapped patients and useless increase in surgical expenditure.", "PMID": 493069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1404", "title": "[Ultrasonography and radiocholesterol scintigraphy in the topographic diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Topographic diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma were determined by ultrasonography in all 6 cases studied and by radiocholesterol scintigraphy in 6 out of 7 cases studied. It would appear that ultrasonography is preferable in the localization of an abdominal pheochromocytoma, whether adrenal or extra-adrenal. Intravenous urography along with rapid sequence nephrotomography and radiocholesterol scintigraphy, play a complementary role in confirming the topographic diagnosis. In case these methods prove unsuccessful or provide conflicting results, it is then possible to consider computed tomography, angiography and caval catheterization.", "contents": "[Ultrasonography and radiocholesterol scintigraphy in the topographic diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. Topographic diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma were determined by ultrasonography in all 6 cases studied and by radiocholesterol scintigraphy in 6 out of 7 cases studied. It would appear that ultrasonography is preferable in the localization of an abdominal pheochromocytoma, whether adrenal or extra-adrenal. Intravenous urography along with rapid sequence nephrotomography and radiocholesterol scintigraphy, play a complementary role in confirming the topographic diagnosis. In case these methods prove unsuccessful or provide conflicting results, it is then possible to consider computed tomography, angiography and caval catheterization.", "PMID": 493068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1405", "title": "[Reversible dialytic encephalopathy after interruption of aluminium intake. 6 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The cases presented with psychic troubles and repeated somnolence episodes accompanied by dysarthria in 5 cases, myoclonic jerks in 4 cases and epileptic seizures in 1 case. In all cases the EEG was disturbed. It showed symetrical, paroxystic, bilateral, monomorph slow activity with more or less frequent paroxysms. The average serum aluminium level was at 407 microgram/l in the acute phase, at 161 microgram/l in the remission phase and at 123 microgram/l three months later. After interruption of oral and dialytic aluminium intake the remission is maintained. However in 2 cases the transitory readministration of aluminium gel was followed by reversible recurrency. The role of both aluminium gel and dialysate aluminium as the origin of encephalopathy is discussed.", "contents": "[Reversible dialytic encephalopathy after interruption of aluminium intake. 6 cases (author's transl)]. The cases presented with psychic troubles and repeated somnolence episodes accompanied by dysarthria in 5 cases, myoclonic jerks in 4 cases and epileptic seizures in 1 case. In all cases the EEG was disturbed. It showed symetrical, paroxystic, bilateral, monomorph slow activity with more or less frequent paroxysms. The average serum aluminium level was at 407 microgram/l in the acute phase, at 161 microgram/l in the remission phase and at 123 microgram/l three months later. After interruption of oral and dialytic aluminium intake the remission is maintained. However in 2 cases the transitory readministration of aluminium gel was followed by reversible recurrency. The role of both aluminium gel and dialysate aluminium as the origin of encephalopathy is discussed.", "PMID": 493078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1406", "title": "[Corticosteroid-sensitive chemical diabetes in Horton's disease].", "content": "We report 5 cases of temporal arteritis associated with a diabetes whose good evolution under corticotherapy suggests a common pathogenesis. Several hypotheses can be formulated to explain the origin of the glycemic abnormality and to understand the way corticotherapy is effective. A moderate posology could at first have a hyperplasic effect on the insulin-secreting cells, and later on a favorable action on the vascular lesion and on an immunological disorder. Any definitive conclusion cannot be evolved yet. Only a more systematical study of the glycoregulation's abnormalities in the temporal arteritis will enable to answer the many remaining questions.", "contents": "[Corticosteroid-sensitive chemical diabetes in Horton's disease]. We report 5 cases of temporal arteritis associated with a diabetes whose good evolution under corticotherapy suggests a common pathogenesis. Several hypotheses can be formulated to explain the origin of the glycemic abnormality and to understand the way corticotherapy is effective. A moderate posology could at first have a hyperplasic effect on the insulin-secreting cells, and later on a favorable action on the vascular lesion and on an immunological disorder. Any definitive conclusion cannot be evolved yet. Only a more systematical study of the glycoregulation's abnormalities in the temporal arteritis will enable to answer the many remaining questions.", "PMID": 493079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1407", "title": "[Pseudomonas cepacia hospital infections; uncertainties and experiences with an epidemiological investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "During a hospital outbreak of Pseudomonas cepacia a traditional epidemiological investigation was proved to be misleading. Suppression of the suspected antiseptic did not stop the epidemics. A further investigation proved that it was due to the intravenous injection of contamineted anesthetic vials. Fever, chills, lack of hemodynamic disorders and of metastatic absceses characterize the clinical state of the infected patients. The removal of the catheters for perfusion was sometimes necessary to stop the bacteraemia. A lack of medical information is responsible of the outbreak.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas cepacia hospital infections; uncertainties and experiences with an epidemiological investigation (author's transl)]. During a hospital outbreak of Pseudomonas cepacia a traditional epidemiological investigation was proved to be misleading. Suppression of the suspected antiseptic did not stop the epidemics. A further investigation proved that it was due to the intravenous injection of contamineted anesthetic vials. Fever, chills, lack of hemodynamic disorders and of metastatic absceses characterize the clinical state of the infected patients. The removal of the catheters for perfusion was sometimes necessary to stop the bacteraemia. A lack of medical information is responsible of the outbreak.", "PMID": 493080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1408", "title": "[Complex anal fistulas (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the experience of more than 6 500 patients with perianal suppurations, the authors conclude that the term of ano-rectal fistula should be rejected. The fistulas are rectal (secondary to an organic infection rectocolonic, or iatrogenic) or anal (with a cryptic starting point). The rectal fistulas are always complex for their internal opening being located in the rectal ampulla, they take the sphincteric apparatus as a whole and involve a major risk of post operative incontinence. Some of the anal fistulas are spontaneously complicated. It is the case of fistulas the track of which is located high in the sphincter, of those having multiple extensions, of some horse shoe fistulas with which the communication between the two ischio-rectal spaces is made by unusual passages. Most of them are iatrogenic. Without a doubt the complexity of some fistulas has been favoured by the prolonged and repeated use of antibiotics, but more often they are due to technical faults such as creation of false track during the search of the internal opening towards the superior pelvi-rectal space of towards the rectal ampulla with perforation situated more or less high up. The solution always difficult of therapeutics problems set by such cases should be looked for in the space of time placed between the operations, that alone allows to bring back progressively the complex tracks to their simple tracks.", "contents": "[Complex anal fistulas (author's transl)]. Based on the experience of more than 6 500 patients with perianal suppurations, the authors conclude that the term of ano-rectal fistula should be rejected. The fistulas are rectal (secondary to an organic infection rectocolonic, or iatrogenic) or anal (with a cryptic starting point). The rectal fistulas are always complex for their internal opening being located in the rectal ampulla, they take the sphincteric apparatus as a whole and involve a major risk of post operative incontinence. Some of the anal fistulas are spontaneously complicated. It is the case of fistulas the track of which is located high in the sphincter, of those having multiple extensions, of some horse shoe fistulas with which the communication between the two ischio-rectal spaces is made by unusual passages. Most of them are iatrogenic. Without a doubt the complexity of some fistulas has been favoured by the prolonged and repeated use of antibiotics, but more often they are due to technical faults such as creation of false track during the search of the internal opening towards the superior pelvi-rectal space of towards the rectal ampulla with perforation situated more or less high up. The solution always difficult of therapeutics problems set by such cases should be looked for in the space of time placed between the operations, that alone allows to bring back progressively the complex tracks to their simple tracks.", "PMID": 493081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1409", "title": "[The insertion of permanent pacemaker leads via the retro-pectoral veins (author's transl)].", "content": "When it is not possible to use the cephalic vein for the insertion of a permanent pacemaker wire, the veins situated below the clavicular head of the pectoralis major, close to the lateral border of its upper part, can be used. This is possible in 87.6% of cases. The use of this approach is associated with a lower reoperation rate than the cephalic vein way.", "contents": "[The insertion of permanent pacemaker leads via the retro-pectoral veins (author's transl)]. When it is not possible to use the cephalic vein for the insertion of a permanent pacemaker wire, the veins situated below the clavicular head of the pectoralis major, close to the lateral border of its upper part, can be used. This is possible in 87.6% of cases. The use of this approach is associated with a lower reoperation rate than the cephalic vein way.", "PMID": 493082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1410", "title": "[Cytoprognosis in the pretherapeutic assessment of carcinoma of the breast. 192 cases. (author's transl)].", "content": "A cytologic grading method of fine needle aspiration smears has been applied to 192 cases of breast carcinoma. Grade I defines well differenciated carcinoma, grade II pleioporphic tumor cells, grade III anaplastic carcinoma. Special attention was given to the unfavorable forms of tumors (grade III). The cytologic grading was correlated with the NMT clinical classification, with the notion of acute exacerbation and with axillary nodes involvement. The correlation of grading with the clinical course of the disease was evaluated after a twelve months follow up. In 4% of patients classified in grade I, 8% of grade II and 58% of grade III, metastases, local recurrence or death had occurred within one year. The contribution of grading to the identification of fast growing tumors is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytoprognosis in the pretherapeutic assessment of carcinoma of the breast. 192 cases. (author's transl)]. A cytologic grading method of fine needle aspiration smears has been applied to 192 cases of breast carcinoma. Grade I defines well differenciated carcinoma, grade II pleioporphic tumor cells, grade III anaplastic carcinoma. Special attention was given to the unfavorable forms of tumors (grade III). The cytologic grading was correlated with the NMT clinical classification, with the notion of acute exacerbation and with axillary nodes involvement. The correlation of grading with the clinical course of the disease was evaluated after a twelve months follow up. In 4% of patients classified in grade I, 8% of grade II and 58% of grade III, metastases, local recurrence or death had occurred within one year. The contribution of grading to the identification of fast growing tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 493092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1411", "title": "[The treatment of hypertension in the elderly using a beta-blocker: acebutolol (author's transl)].", "content": "The tolerance and antihypertensive action of acebutolol, as a sole drug and in combination with a diuretic, were studied in a population of 34 female subjects aged over 65 years, with a mean of 81 years, suffering from well tolerated essential hypertension. The study was carried out in the form of double blind permutations, each subject receiving successively in an order determined by random selection each of three therapeutic phases: acebutolol, acebutolol in combination with a diuretic and a placebo. The results showed that in the elderly acebutolol had a moderate diuretic action which was remarkably potentialised by diuretics. The tolerance of this beta-blocker was excellent: no cases of cardiac failure, and no disturbances in atrioventricular conduction developed during the phases with active treatment.", "contents": "[The treatment of hypertension in the elderly using a beta-blocker: acebutolol (author's transl)]. The tolerance and antihypertensive action of acebutolol, as a sole drug and in combination with a diuretic, were studied in a population of 34 female subjects aged over 65 years, with a mean of 81 years, suffering from well tolerated essential hypertension. The study was carried out in the form of double blind permutations, each subject receiving successively in an order determined by random selection each of three therapeutic phases: acebutolol, acebutolol in combination with a diuretic and a placebo. The results showed that in the elderly acebutolol had a moderate diuretic action which was remarkably potentialised by diuretics. The tolerance of this beta-blocker was excellent: no cases of cardiac failure, and no disturbances in atrioventricular conduction developed during the phases with active treatment.", "PMID": 493093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1412", "title": "[Kidney polycystic disease as the major feature in three adults with congenital hepatic fibrosis. 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis is nearly always associated with ectasia of collecting tubules of the kidneys. This abnormality usually remains silent. In this study we report three cases of adult's CHF with associated renal failure treated by hemodialysis. In all three cases, renal injuries were indistinguishable from those found in adult-type of polycystic disease. The kidneys of our third patient, who underwent two nephrectomies at a 14-years interval, showed ectasia of the collecting tubules with only a few cortical cysts. The second one showed numerous large cysts and only a few ectatic tubules. Our data indicate that: renal failure can complicate the CHF course in adults. Uremia can be the pressenting feature; polycystic kidneys in CHF are microscopically different from those found in adult-type, they might be considered as the final stage in ectasia of collecting tubules.", "contents": "[Kidney polycystic disease as the major feature in three adults with congenital hepatic fibrosis. 3 cases (author's transl)]. Congenital hepatic fibrosis is nearly always associated with ectasia of collecting tubules of the kidneys. This abnormality usually remains silent. In this study we report three cases of adult's CHF with associated renal failure treated by hemodialysis. In all three cases, renal injuries were indistinguishable from those found in adult-type of polycystic disease. The kidneys of our third patient, who underwent two nephrectomies at a 14-years interval, showed ectasia of the collecting tubules with only a few cortical cysts. The second one showed numerous large cysts and only a few ectatic tubules. Our data indicate that: renal failure can complicate the CHF course in adults. Uremia can be the pressenting feature; polycystic kidneys in CHF are microscopically different from those found in adult-type, they might be considered as the final stage in ectasia of collecting tubules.", "PMID": 493094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1413", "title": "[Should phlebitis of the limbs be treated surgically (author's transl)].", "content": "Controversy persists between partisans of medical treatment and partisans of wide surgical indications. In iliocaval phlebitis, the authors defend surgery insofar as the operation is restorative, whilst remaining \"reasoned\" in terms of the lesions and the numerous factors involved. Experience of 90 cases of phlebitis treated over the past two years has shown that restoration may be obtained and maintained in more than half the number of cases and that prophylactic partial venous occlusion proved necessary in only 30% of cases. Absence of any deaths confirmed the value of this approach.", "contents": "[Should phlebitis of the limbs be treated surgically (author's transl)]. Controversy persists between partisans of medical treatment and partisans of wide surgical indications. In iliocaval phlebitis, the authors defend surgery insofar as the operation is restorative, whilst remaining \"reasoned\" in terms of the lesions and the numerous factors involved. Experience of 90 cases of phlebitis treated over the past two years has shown that restoration may be obtained and maintained in more than half the number of cases and that prophylactic partial venous occlusion proved necessary in only 30% of cases. Absence of any deaths confirmed the value of this approach.", "PMID": 493095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1414", "title": "Immune regulation of intestinal goblet cell differentiation. Specific induction of nonspecific protection against helminths?", "content": "Goblet cell differentiation (GCD) was studied in the intestines of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis since an important component of the immune expulsion of this parasite is thought to be nonspecific. An increase in the proportion of villous goblet cells occured at the time of worm expulsion during a primary infection. GCD was augmented by the passive transfer of immune thoracic duct lymphocytes and immune serum in infected rats but not in normal controls. Since drug-induced expulsion of the worms did not induce comparable changes, it was concluded that increased GCD in passively immunized rats was not simply a repair phenomenon. Passive protection with serum was abrogated by reserpine and prednisolone and GCD was depressed in the recipients of these drugs. The possibility that goblet cell differentiation and mucus release are part of the nonspecific component of worm expulsion is discussed.", "contents": "Immune regulation of intestinal goblet cell differentiation. Specific induction of nonspecific protection against helminths? Goblet cell differentiation (GCD) was studied in the intestines of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis since an important component of the immune expulsion of this parasite is thought to be nonspecific. An increase in the proportion of villous goblet cells occured at the time of worm expulsion during a primary infection. GCD was augmented by the passive transfer of immune thoracic duct lymphocytes and immune serum in infected rats but not in normal controls. Since drug-induced expulsion of the worms did not induce comparable changes, it was concluded that increased GCD in passively immunized rats was not simply a repair phenomenon. Passive protection with serum was abrogated by reserpine and prednisolone and GCD was depressed in the recipients of these drugs. The possibility that goblet cell differentiation and mucus release are part of the nonspecific component of worm expulsion is discussed.", "PMID": 493106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1415", "title": "[Genetic polymorphism of erythrocytic enzymes in the Rennes area. Frequency of adenylate kinase, esterase D, adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glyoxyalase I phenotypes].", "content": "Blood donors from the Centre R\u00e9gional de Transfusion Sanguine de Rennes were investigated for the phenotypic distribution of seven enzymatic systems : adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, esterase D, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, phosphoglucomutase, and glyoxalase I. Two unusual phenotypes were observed: phenotype 6-1 for adenosine deaminase and phenotype 3-1 for transaminase GPT. For five of these enzymes, the statistical analysis points out significant differences in one or several of the European populations described in the literature.", "contents": "[Genetic polymorphism of erythrocytic enzymes in the Rennes area. Frequency of adenylate kinase, esterase D, adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glyoxyalase I phenotypes]. Blood donors from the Centre R\u00e9gional de Transfusion Sanguine de Rennes were investigated for the phenotypic distribution of seven enzymatic systems : adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, esterase D, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, phosphoglucomutase, and glyoxalase I. Two unusual phenotypes were observed: phenotype 6-1 for adenosine deaminase and phenotype 3-1 for transaminase GPT. For five of these enzymes, the statistical analysis points out significant differences in one or several of the European populations described in the literature.", "PMID": 493110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1416", "title": "Control sites in the sequence at the beginning of T7 gene 1.", "content": "The DNA sequence of the fragment Hind.30, 378 bases long, from the beginning of gene 1 of T7 is presented. It contains the C promoter, two in vitro transcriptional terminator sites and a sequence of 171 bases which probably codes for the N terminus of the T7 RNA polymerase. The sequence also codes for the RNase III cleavage site before gene 1. The overlaps with the transcriptional terminators, The RNA transcript of the sequence about the terminators can be arranged in a set of alternative double-stranded hairpin structures. It is suggested that conversion between these structures may have a role in termination; this may be influenced by interactions with ribosomes and RNase III. The region of the C promoter between genes 0.7 and 1 thus contains several sites which may be involved in the control of transcription and translation.", "contents": "Control sites in the sequence at the beginning of T7 gene 1. The DNA sequence of the fragment Hind.30, 378 bases long, from the beginning of gene 1 of T7 is presented. It contains the C promoter, two in vitro transcriptional terminator sites and a sequence of 171 bases which probably codes for the N terminus of the T7 RNA polymerase. The sequence also codes for the RNase III cleavage site before gene 1. The overlaps with the transcriptional terminators, The RNA transcript of the sequence about the terminators can be arranged in a set of alternative double-stranded hairpin structures. It is suggested that conversion between these structures may have a role in termination; this may be influenced by interactions with ribosomes and RNase III. The region of the C promoter between genes 0.7 and 1 thus contains several sites which may be involved in the control of transcription and translation.", "PMID": 493111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1417", "title": "Construction of a recombinant bacterial plasmid containing DNA sequences for a mouse embryonic globin chain.", "content": "Messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globins were purified from yolk sac derived eyrthroid cells in mouse fetuses. Double stranded DNAs complementary to these messengers were synthesized and blunt end ligated to a EcoRI digested and DNA polymerase I repaired pBR322 plasmid. Of the ampicillin resistant transformants, one contained a plasmid with globin-specific cDNA. The inserted sequence is about 350 base pairs long. It contains one restriction site for EcoRI and one restriction site for HinfI about 170 and 80 base pairs from one end. The insert is not cleaved by HindIII, HindII, BamHI, PstI, SalI, AvaI, TaqI, HpaII, BglI. A mixture of purified messengers coding for alpha chains and for x, y and z embryonic chains was incubated with the recombinant plasmid and the hybridized messenger was translated in a mRNA depleted reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system. The product of translation was identified as a z chain by carboxymethylcellulose cromatography. The recombinant plasmid is named \"pBR322-egz\" after embryonic globin z.", "contents": "Construction of a recombinant bacterial plasmid containing DNA sequences for a mouse embryonic globin chain. Messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globins were purified from yolk sac derived eyrthroid cells in mouse fetuses. Double stranded DNAs complementary to these messengers were synthesized and blunt end ligated to a EcoRI digested and DNA polymerase I repaired pBR322 plasmid. Of the ampicillin resistant transformants, one contained a plasmid with globin-specific cDNA. The inserted sequence is about 350 base pairs long. It contains one restriction site for EcoRI and one restriction site for HinfI about 170 and 80 base pairs from one end. The insert is not cleaved by HindIII, HindII, BamHI, PstI, SalI, AvaI, TaqI, HpaII, BglI. A mixture of purified messengers coding for alpha chains and for x, y and z embryonic chains was incubated with the recombinant plasmid and the hybridized messenger was translated in a mRNA depleted reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system. The product of translation was identified as a z chain by carboxymethylcellulose cromatography. The recombinant plasmid is named \"pBR322-egz\" after embryonic globin z.", "PMID": 493112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1418", "title": "Interactions of 4', 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole with synthetic polynucleotides.", "content": "4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole forms fluorescent complexes with synthetic DNA duplexes containing AT, AU and IC base pairs; no fluorescent complexes were observed with duplexes containing GC base pairs or with duplexes containing a single AT base pair sandwiched between GC pairs. The binding site size is one molecule of dye per 3 base pairs. The intrinsic binding constants are higher for alternating sequence duplexes than for the corresponding homopolymer pairs. With the exception of the four-stranded helical poly rI which exhibits considerable fluorescence enhancement upon binding of the ligand, none of the single- or multi- stranded polyribonucleotides and ribo-deoxyribonucleotide hybrid structures form fluorescent complexes with the dye. Poly rI is the only RNA which forms a DNA B-like structure (Arnott et al. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 537). The B conformation of the helix and the absence of guanine appear to be the major determinants of the specificity of the fluorescent binding mode of the dye. Nonfluorescent interactions of the dye with polynucleotides are nonspecific; UV absorption and circular dichroic spectra demonstrate binding to synthetic single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA analogs, including those containing GC base pairs.", "contents": "Interactions of 4', 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole with synthetic polynucleotides. 4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole forms fluorescent complexes with synthetic DNA duplexes containing AT, AU and IC base pairs; no fluorescent complexes were observed with duplexes containing GC base pairs or with duplexes containing a single AT base pair sandwiched between GC pairs. The binding site size is one molecule of dye per 3 base pairs. The intrinsic binding constants are higher for alternating sequence duplexes than for the corresponding homopolymer pairs. With the exception of the four-stranded helical poly rI which exhibits considerable fluorescence enhancement upon binding of the ligand, none of the single- or multi- stranded polyribonucleotides and ribo-deoxyribonucleotide hybrid structures form fluorescent complexes with the dye. Poly rI is the only RNA which forms a DNA B-like structure (Arnott et al. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 537). The B conformation of the helix and the absence of guanine appear to be the major determinants of the specificity of the fluorescent binding mode of the dye. Nonfluorescent interactions of the dye with polynucleotides are nonspecific; UV absorption and circular dichroic spectra demonstrate binding to synthetic single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA analogs, including those containing GC base pairs.", "PMID": 493113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1419", "title": "Selective staining by 4', 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole of nanogram quantities of DNA in the presence of RNA on gels.", "content": "4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI) forms fluorescent complexes with double-stranded (ds) DNA but not with ds RNA as shown by fluorescence titration. The widely used dye ethidium bromide (EB) forms fluorescent complexes with both types of nucleic acids. Also, in contrast to EB, DAPI forms much weaker fluorescent complexes with single-stranded DNA than with ds DNA. These observations were utilized to develop staining procedures for the selective visualization of ds DNA on gels. The use of DAPI in addition to EB for staining makes possible the localization of ds DNA and other species of nucleic acids on a single gel.", "contents": "Selective staining by 4', 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole of nanogram quantities of DNA in the presence of RNA on gels. 4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI) forms fluorescent complexes with double-stranded (ds) DNA but not with ds RNA as shown by fluorescence titration. The widely used dye ethidium bromide (EB) forms fluorescent complexes with both types of nucleic acids. Also, in contrast to EB, DAPI forms much weaker fluorescent complexes with single-stranded DNA than with ds DNA. These observations were utilized to develop staining procedures for the selective visualization of ds DNA on gels. The use of DAPI in addition to EB for staining makes possible the localization of ds DNA and other species of nucleic acids on a single gel.", "PMID": 493114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1420", "title": "Translation of specific vaccinia virus RNAs purified as RNA-DNA hybrids on potassium iodide gradients.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for purifying specific mRNAs by hybridization to fragments of DNA and isolation of the hybrids by potassium iodide equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The hybrids obtained are essentially free of unhybridized RNA as well as double-stranded RNA. Moreover, the RNA in the hybrids is undamaged and can be translated in vitro. Application of this procedure to mapping vaccinia virus genes is described. A total of 34 polypeptides have been assigned to three regions of the viral genome.", "contents": "Translation of specific vaccinia virus RNAs purified as RNA-DNA hybrids on potassium iodide gradients. A procedure has been developed for purifying specific mRNAs by hybridization to fragments of DNA and isolation of the hybrids by potassium iodide equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The hybrids obtained are essentially free of unhybridized RNA as well as double-stranded RNA. Moreover, the RNA in the hybrids is undamaged and can be translated in vitro. Application of this procedure to mapping vaccinia virus genes is described. A total of 34 polypeptides have been assigned to three regions of the viral genome.", "PMID": 493115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1421", "title": "Specific inhibition of capped mRNA translation in vitro by m7G5'pppp5'G and m7G5'pppp5'm7G.", "content": "A unique set of diguanosine cap analogues containing a 5'-5' tetraphosphate linkage instead of the normal triphosphate was synthesized by chemical methylation of G5'pppp5'G. Both 7-methylguanosine products, m7G5'pppp5'G and m7G5'pppp5'm7G, acted as potent inhibitors of capped brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA translation in the homologous wheat germ protein synthesis system. Inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis required the presence of the 7-methyl group on guanosine and was specific for capped mRNA. In comparison with the partial cap analogue, m7GTP, the methylated diguanosine tetraphosphate structures were 25-50 fold more potent inhibitors of in vitro protein synthesis. Analysis of the in vitro translation products of the four species of BMV RNA showed a differential sensitivity to inhibition by m7G5'pppp5'm7G.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of capped mRNA translation in vitro by m7G5'pppp5'G and m7G5'pppp5'm7G. A unique set of diguanosine cap analogues containing a 5'-5' tetraphosphate linkage instead of the normal triphosphate was synthesized by chemical methylation of G5'pppp5'G. Both 7-methylguanosine products, m7G5'pppp5'G and m7G5'pppp5'm7G, acted as potent inhibitors of capped brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA translation in the homologous wheat germ protein synthesis system. Inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis required the presence of the 7-methyl group on guanosine and was specific for capped mRNA. In comparison with the partial cap analogue, m7GTP, the methylated diguanosine tetraphosphate structures were 25-50 fold more potent inhibitors of in vitro protein synthesis. Analysis of the in vitro translation products of the four species of BMV RNA showed a differential sensitivity to inhibition by m7G5'pppp5'm7G.", "PMID": 493116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1422", "title": "Heterogeneity of biologically active deadenylated protamine mRNA components isolated from rainbow trout testes.", "content": "Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA's were isolated from rainbow trout testes and deadenylated by treatment with calf thymus RNase H. Four subcomponents of deadenylated PmRNA (PmRNA1-4) were purified by electrophoresis on a 6% polyacrylamide gel in 8 M urea. Translation of each PmRNA subcomponent in the wheat germ S-30 cell-free system showed that all subcomponents are biologically active but each codes for two or more protamine polypeptides suggesting molecular heterogeneity. However, the deadenylated mRNA's can be categorized into two groups based on the spectrum of protamines whose synthesis they stimulate.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of biologically active deadenylated protamine mRNA components isolated from rainbow trout testes. Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA's were isolated from rainbow trout testes and deadenylated by treatment with calf thymus RNase H. Four subcomponents of deadenylated PmRNA (PmRNA1-4) were purified by electrophoresis on a 6% polyacrylamide gel in 8 M urea. Translation of each PmRNA subcomponent in the wheat germ S-30 cell-free system showed that all subcomponents are biologically active but each codes for two or more protamine polypeptides suggesting molecular heterogeneity. However, the deadenylated mRNA's can be categorized into two groups based on the spectrum of protamines whose synthesis they stimulate.", "PMID": 493117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1423", "title": "Sequential Sepharose chromatographic isolation of polysomes and polysomal RNAs depleted in nuclear RNA from Xenopus.", "content": "Analyses of sequence complexities, stage specific gene expression, and mRNA sequence divergence require polysomal RNA preparations relatively free of nuclear RNA contamination. Conventional procedures for the isolation of uncontaminated polysomal RNAs which rely on sucrose density centrifugations are laborious and unsuitable for large scale isolations. We describe here a method using sequential Sepharose chromatography for isolating polysomes and polysomal RNAs depleted for nuclear RNA. Polysomes and polysomal RNAs isolated from livers of Xenopus stimulated to produce vitellogenin were capable of directing protein synthesis in vitro and showed little evidence of degradation. The polysomal RNAs contained less than 0.5% of nuclear RNA.", "contents": "Sequential Sepharose chromatographic isolation of polysomes and polysomal RNAs depleted in nuclear RNA from Xenopus. Analyses of sequence complexities, stage specific gene expression, and mRNA sequence divergence require polysomal RNA preparations relatively free of nuclear RNA contamination. Conventional procedures for the isolation of uncontaminated polysomal RNAs which rely on sucrose density centrifugations are laborious and unsuitable for large scale isolations. We describe here a method using sequential Sepharose chromatography for isolating polysomes and polysomal RNAs depleted for nuclear RNA. Polysomes and polysomal RNAs isolated from livers of Xenopus stimulated to produce vitellogenin were capable of directing protein synthesis in vitro and showed little evidence of degradation. The polysomal RNAs contained less than 0.5% of nuclear RNA.", "PMID": 493118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1424", "title": "Nuclease activity associated with the Ustilago maydis virus induced killer proteins.", "content": "An in vitro nuclease activity was found to be associated with the purified killer proteins of Ustilago maydis. The proteins are effective against single stranded RNA, single and double stranded DNA. Endonucleolytic activity was confirmed by cleavage of circular molecules of 0x174 and PM2. Double stranded RNA did not appear to serve as a substrate.", "contents": "Nuclease activity associated with the Ustilago maydis virus induced killer proteins. An in vitro nuclease activity was found to be associated with the purified killer proteins of Ustilago maydis. The proteins are effective against single stranded RNA, single and double stranded DNA. Endonucleolytic activity was confirmed by cleavage of circular molecules of 0x174 and PM2. Double stranded RNA did not appear to serve as a substrate.", "PMID": 493119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1425", "title": "The putative promoter of a Xenopus laevis ribosomal gene is reduplicated.", "content": "With the aid of a novel poly-dA tailing-partial restriction technique and S1-protection mapping, the 5' terminal coding sequence for the 40S precursor ribosomal RNA of Xenopus laevis has been exactly identified. Since the promoter sequence for the 40S RNA should lie close to its 5' terminal coding sequence, we are able to conclude that the \"Bam-Island\" sequence reduplication (1) almost certainly represents a promoter reduplication.", "contents": "The putative promoter of a Xenopus laevis ribosomal gene is reduplicated. With the aid of a novel poly-dA tailing-partial restriction technique and S1-protection mapping, the 5' terminal coding sequence for the 40S precursor ribosomal RNA of Xenopus laevis has been exactly identified. Since the promoter sequence for the 40S RNA should lie close to its 5' terminal coding sequence, we are able to conclude that the \"Bam-Island\" sequence reduplication (1) almost certainly represents a promoter reduplication.", "PMID": 493120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1426", "title": "5' and 3' terminal nucleotide sequences of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus.", "content": "EXtensive nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5' and the 3' terminal of the RNA segments of the genome of fowl plague virus, an avian strain of influenza virus, confirms the presence of a common sequence at the 5' terminus of each segment and a common sequence at the 3' terminus of each segment. Between the ends of each individual segment there is a complementary sequence which may be important in the control of transcription and replication of the genome. In addition, the probable sites of initiation of translation of fowl plague virus mRNA are indicated along with the corresponding NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the virus polypeptides.", "contents": "5' and 3' terminal nucleotide sequences of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus. EXtensive nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5' and the 3' terminal of the RNA segments of the genome of fowl plague virus, an avian strain of influenza virus, confirms the presence of a common sequence at the 5' terminus of each segment and a common sequence at the 3' terminus of each segment. Between the ends of each individual segment there is a complementary sequence which may be important in the control of transcription and replication of the genome. In addition, the probable sites of initiation of translation of fowl plague virus mRNA are indicated along with the corresponding NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the virus polypeptides.", "PMID": 493121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1427", "title": "Cloning of chicken embryo tRNA genes using single stranded nucleosomal DNA highly enriched for tRNA complementary sequences.", "content": "DNA from chicken embryo nucleosome tetramers (about 760 base pairs in size) was enriched for tRNA genes by RPC-5 chromatography. The enriched DNA was hybridized with chicken embryo total tRNA and the hybridized DNA isolated utilizing a) avidinbiotin interaction, b) diazobenzyloxymethyl paper, and c) high temperature RPC-5 chromatography. The obtained single stranded DNA highly enriched for tRNA complementary sequences was hybridized with total DNA from nucleosome monomers (140--190 base pairs in size) and the excess of non hybridized monomer nucleosome DNA removed by Sepharose 4B chromatography. The hybrid molecules obtained were made fully double stranded by incubation with E. coli DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, and exonuclease III. DNA was inserted into plasmid pBR322 by G-C joining procedure and the recombinant DNA used to transform the E. coli strain chi 1776. More than 70% of the transformants obtained hybridize to chicken embryo total tRNA.", "contents": "Cloning of chicken embryo tRNA genes using single stranded nucleosomal DNA highly enriched for tRNA complementary sequences. DNA from chicken embryo nucleosome tetramers (about 760 base pairs in size) was enriched for tRNA genes by RPC-5 chromatography. The enriched DNA was hybridized with chicken embryo total tRNA and the hybridized DNA isolated utilizing a) avidinbiotin interaction, b) diazobenzyloxymethyl paper, and c) high temperature RPC-5 chromatography. The obtained single stranded DNA highly enriched for tRNA complementary sequences was hybridized with total DNA from nucleosome monomers (140--190 base pairs in size) and the excess of non hybridized monomer nucleosome DNA removed by Sepharose 4B chromatography. The hybrid molecules obtained were made fully double stranded by incubation with E. coli DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, and exonuclease III. DNA was inserted into plasmid pBR322 by G-C joining procedure and the recombinant DNA used to transform the E. coli strain chi 1776. More than 70% of the transformants obtained hybridize to chicken embryo total tRNA.", "PMID": 493122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1428", "title": "Entrapment of plasmid DNA by liposomes and their interactions with plant protoplasts.", "content": "Lecithin and lecithin/cholesterol liposomes formed in aqueous solutions of DNA entrap covalently closed circular, open circular and linear DNA molecules of size up to at least 13 kilobases. The sequestered DNA molecules are efficiently protected against exogenous deoxyribonuclease action although nicking and linearization of circular DNA can be observed. The size of these liposomes ranges from approximately 0.5 to 7.5 mu with an average of 2.5--4 mu. DNA filled liposomes strongly interact with plant protoplasts under conditions inducing protoplast fusion. Results suggest that sequestered plasmid DNA can be transferred to protoplast nuclei.", "contents": "Entrapment of plasmid DNA by liposomes and their interactions with plant protoplasts. Lecithin and lecithin/cholesterol liposomes formed in aqueous solutions of DNA entrap covalently closed circular, open circular and linear DNA molecules of size up to at least 13 kilobases. The sequestered DNA molecules are efficiently protected against exogenous deoxyribonuclease action although nicking and linearization of circular DNA can be observed. The size of these liposomes ranges from approximately 0.5 to 7.5 mu with an average of 2.5--4 mu. DNA filled liposomes strongly interact with plant protoplasts under conditions inducing protoplast fusion. Results suggest that sequestered plasmid DNA can be transferred to protoplast nuclei.", "PMID": 493123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1429", "title": "Evidence for a partial RNA transcript of the small circular component of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia acanthocephali.", "content": "The major component of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) in the protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali is an association of approximately 27,000, 0.8 micrometers (1.58 x 10(6) dalton) circular molecules apparently held together in a particular structural configuration by topological interlocking. We have carried out hybridization experiments between kDNA samples containing one or the other of the two complementary (H and L) strands of purified 0.8 micrometers molecules derived from mechanically disrupted associations and RNA samples prepared either from whole C. acanthocephali cells or from a mitochondrion-enriched fraction. The results of experiments involving cesium sulfate buoyant density centrifugation indicate that whole cell RNA contains a component(s) complementary to all kDNA H strands, but none complementary to kDNA L strands. Similar results were obtained using mitochondrion-associated RNA. Digestion of RNA/DNA hybrids and suitable controls with the single-strand-specific nuclease S1 indicated that 10% of the kDNA H strand is involved in hybrid formation. Visualization of RNA/DNA hybrids stained with bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein revealed that hybridation involves a single region of each kDNA H strand, equal to approximately 10% of the molecule length. These data suggest that at least 10% of the small circular component of kDNA of Crithidia acanthocephali is transcribed.", "contents": "Evidence for a partial RNA transcript of the small circular component of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia acanthocephali. The major component of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) in the protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali is an association of approximately 27,000, 0.8 micrometers (1.58 x 10(6) dalton) circular molecules apparently held together in a particular structural configuration by topological interlocking. We have carried out hybridization experiments between kDNA samples containing one or the other of the two complementary (H and L) strands of purified 0.8 micrometers molecules derived from mechanically disrupted associations and RNA samples prepared either from whole C. acanthocephali cells or from a mitochondrion-enriched fraction. The results of experiments involving cesium sulfate buoyant density centrifugation indicate that whole cell RNA contains a component(s) complementary to all kDNA H strands, but none complementary to kDNA L strands. Similar results were obtained using mitochondrion-associated RNA. Digestion of RNA/DNA hybrids and suitable controls with the single-strand-specific nuclease S1 indicated that 10% of the kDNA H strand is involved in hybrid formation. Visualization of RNA/DNA hybrids stained with bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein revealed that hybridation involves a single region of each kDNA H strand, equal to approximately 10% of the molecule length. These data suggest that at least 10% of the small circular component of kDNA of Crithidia acanthocephali is transcribed.", "PMID": 493124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1430", "title": "Molecular cloning of three major sequence species from Rainbow trout protamine mRNA.", "content": "Double stranded cDNA molecules complementary to purified Rainbow trout protamine mRNA have been cloned in the bacterial plasmid pBR322. In order to circumvent the problems associated with a heterogeneous cDNA probe when identifying recombinants, a comparative hybridisation technique was used which can resolve between closely related cloned sequences. Using this technique, selected recombinants were shown to carry sequences corresponding to separate major fractions of protamine mRNA. Partial nucleotide sequences of the inserts in two clones confirms this conclusion.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of three major sequence species from Rainbow trout protamine mRNA. Double stranded cDNA molecules complementary to purified Rainbow trout protamine mRNA have been cloned in the bacterial plasmid pBR322. In order to circumvent the problems associated with a heterogeneous cDNA probe when identifying recombinants, a comparative hybridisation technique was used which can resolve between closely related cloned sequences. Using this technique, selected recombinants were shown to carry sequences corresponding to separate major fractions of protamine mRNA. Partial nucleotide sequences of the inserts in two clones confirms this conclusion.", "PMID": 493125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1431", "title": "The molecular electrostatic potential of the B-DNA helix. VI. The regions of the base pairs in poly (dG.dC) and poly (dA.dT).", "content": "The evaluation of the electrostatic molecular potential at important nucleophilic sites of the purine and pyrimidine bases in poly (dG.dC) and poly (dA.dT) and of the evolution of the potential through the series free bases-nucleosides-nucleotides-single polynucleotide helices-double helices enables the interpretation of the evolution of the corresponding reactivity of the bases towards a series of electrophilic carcinogenic and mutagenic reactants.", "contents": "The molecular electrostatic potential of the B-DNA helix. VI. The regions of the base pairs in poly (dG.dC) and poly (dA.dT). The evaluation of the electrostatic molecular potential at important nucleophilic sites of the purine and pyrimidine bases in poly (dG.dC) and poly (dA.dT) and of the evolution of the potential through the series free bases-nucleosides-nucleotides-single polynucleotide helices-double helices enables the interpretation of the evolution of the corresponding reactivity of the bases towards a series of electrophilic carcinogenic and mutagenic reactants.", "PMID": 493126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1432", "title": "Stimulation of oligonucleotide binding of estradiol receptor complexes by accessory proteins.", "content": "During purification of E2R using oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, a receptor accessory factor (RAF) was identified in the cytosol of mouse kidney. This factor stimulates the binding of purified E2R to oligo(dT)-, oligo(dC)-, and oligo(dA)-cellulose as well as to DNA cellulose. It is a heat-stable, trypsin-resistant protein with an apparent molecular weight of between 10 and 30,000 daltons. Although structurally unrelated, similar stimulation of oligonucleotide binding was seen with calf thymus histones and, to a lesser extent, egg white lysozyme. Individual histones, especially H2a, H2B, and H3, also facilitate rebinding of purified E2R to oligo(dT)-cellulose, while H1 is less effective. Furthermore, histones stabilize the holoreceptor during sedimentation at 4 degrees and 12 degrees C. The N- and C-terminal half molecules of H2b were generated by cyanogen bromide-mediated cleavage and the N-terminal half was found to duplicate the effects of the parent molecule, both in binding and holoreceptor stabilization. These data suggest that the in vivo binding of E2R to DNA can be modulated by accessory proteins of cytosol and nuclear origin.", "contents": "Stimulation of oligonucleotide binding of estradiol receptor complexes by accessory proteins. During purification of E2R using oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, a receptor accessory factor (RAF) was identified in the cytosol of mouse kidney. This factor stimulates the binding of purified E2R to oligo(dT)-, oligo(dC)-, and oligo(dA)-cellulose as well as to DNA cellulose. It is a heat-stable, trypsin-resistant protein with an apparent molecular weight of between 10 and 30,000 daltons. Although structurally unrelated, similar stimulation of oligonucleotide binding was seen with calf thymus histones and, to a lesser extent, egg white lysozyme. Individual histones, especially H2a, H2B, and H3, also facilitate rebinding of purified E2R to oligo(dT)-cellulose, while H1 is less effective. Furthermore, histones stabilize the holoreceptor during sedimentation at 4 degrees and 12 degrees C. The N- and C-terminal half molecules of H2b were generated by cyanogen bromide-mediated cleavage and the N-terminal half was found to duplicate the effects of the parent molecule, both in binding and holoreceptor stabilization. These data suggest that the in vivo binding of E2R to DNA can be modulated by accessory proteins of cytosol and nuclear origin.", "PMID": 493127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1433", "title": "Atomic resolution analysis of a 2:1 complex of CpG and acridine orange.", "content": "Cytidylyl-3', 5'-guanosine and acridine orange crystallize in a highly-ordered triclinic lattice which diffracts X-rays to 0.85 angstrom resolution. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to a residual factor of 9.5%. The two dinucleoside phosphate molecules form an antiparallel double helix with the acridine orange intercalated between them. The two base pairs of the double helical fragment have a twist angle of 10 degrees and it is found to have a C3' endo-(3', 5')-C2' endo mixed sugar puckering along the nucleotide backbone as has been observed for other simple intercalator complexes. Twenty-five water molecules have been located in the lattice together with a sodium ion. The intercalator double helical fragments form sheets which are held together by van der Waals interactions in one direction and hydrogen bonding interactions in the other. The crystal lattice contains aqueous channels in which sixteen water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the nucleotide, none to the intercalator, five water molecules are coordinated about the sodium ion and four water molecules bind solely to other water molecules. The bases in the base pairs have a dihedral angle of 7 to 8 degrees between them.", "contents": "Atomic resolution analysis of a 2:1 complex of CpG and acridine orange. Cytidylyl-3', 5'-guanosine and acridine orange crystallize in a highly-ordered triclinic lattice which diffracts X-rays to 0.85 angstrom resolution. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to a residual factor of 9.5%. The two dinucleoside phosphate molecules form an antiparallel double helix with the acridine orange intercalated between them. The two base pairs of the double helical fragment have a twist angle of 10 degrees and it is found to have a C3' endo-(3', 5')-C2' endo mixed sugar puckering along the nucleotide backbone as has been observed for other simple intercalator complexes. Twenty-five water molecules have been located in the lattice together with a sodium ion. The intercalator double helical fragments form sheets which are held together by van der Waals interactions in one direction and hydrogen bonding interactions in the other. The crystal lattice contains aqueous channels in which sixteen water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the nucleotide, none to the intercalator, five water molecules are coordinated about the sodium ion and four water molecules bind solely to other water molecules. The bases in the base pairs have a dihedral angle of 7 to 8 degrees between them.", "PMID": 493128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1434", "title": "Computer programs for analysis of nucleic acid hybridization, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis data.", "content": "Computer programs for the analysis of data from techniques frequently used in nucleic acids research are described. In addition to calculating non-linear, least-squares solutions to equations describing these systems, the programs allow for data editing, normalization, plotting and storage, and are flexible and simple to use. Typical applications of the programs are described.", "contents": "Computer programs for analysis of nucleic acid hybridization, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis data. Computer programs for the analysis of data from techniques frequently used in nucleic acids research are described. In addition to calculating non-linear, least-squares solutions to equations describing these systems, the programs allow for data editing, normalization, plotting and storage, and are flexible and simple to use. Typical applications of the programs are described.", "PMID": 493129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1435", "title": "Detection of labelled RNA species by contact hybridization.", "content": "An improved contact hybridization technique for the analysis of labelled RNA species is presented. The method combines high sensitivity of detection with the high resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and should be especially useful for the characterization of transient RNA precursor molecules. Its application to gene mapping is illustrated.", "contents": "Detection of labelled RNA species by contact hybridization. An improved contact hybridization technique for the analysis of labelled RNA species is presented. The method combines high sensitivity of detection with the high resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and should be especially useful for the characterization of transient RNA precursor molecules. Its application to gene mapping is illustrated.", "PMID": 493130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1436", "title": "Absence of cytosine methylation at C-C-G-G and G-C-G-C sites in the rDNA coding regions and intervening sequences of Drosophila and the rDNA of other insects.", "content": "Cytosine residues in C-G dinucleotides are frequently methylated in eukaryote DNA. In DNA of the dinoflagellate C. cohnii, the sequence C-MeC-G-G apparently renders Hpa II (C-C-G-G) incapable of digesting whole cell DNA in general, and rDNA in particular. Msp I, which also recognizes C-C-G-G but cleaves irrespective of methylation, degrades C. cohnii DNA and produces rDNA segments of 10.2 to 1.4 kb. We have applied this Hpa II/Msp I test to unfractionated DNA, and to rDNA and the rDNA intervening sequence of Drosophila virilis embryos and adults. There is no evidence of C-MeC-G-G sequences in either developmental stage of this species. Absence of G-MeC-G-C from coding and intervening sequences of rDNA was shown in comparisons of Hha I (G-C-G-C) cleavage patterns of unfractionated DNA and cloned (unmodified) segments of rDNA. Comparisons of Hpa II and Msp I cleavage products of DNA from the house fly, the flesh fly and a bumblebee also revealed no internal cytosine methylation in the sequence C-C-G-G. Because amounts of McC in C-G dinucleotides vary greatly among species, from apparent nonexistence to substantial proportions, no inference may yet be drawn about the role of such base modifications in DNA.", "contents": "Absence of cytosine methylation at C-C-G-G and G-C-G-C sites in the rDNA coding regions and intervening sequences of Drosophila and the rDNA of other insects. Cytosine residues in C-G dinucleotides are frequently methylated in eukaryote DNA. In DNA of the dinoflagellate C. cohnii, the sequence C-MeC-G-G apparently renders Hpa II (C-C-G-G) incapable of digesting whole cell DNA in general, and rDNA in particular. Msp I, which also recognizes C-C-G-G but cleaves irrespective of methylation, degrades C. cohnii DNA and produces rDNA segments of 10.2 to 1.4 kb. We have applied this Hpa II/Msp I test to unfractionated DNA, and to rDNA and the rDNA intervening sequence of Drosophila virilis embryos and adults. There is no evidence of C-MeC-G-G sequences in either developmental stage of this species. Absence of G-MeC-G-C from coding and intervening sequences of rDNA was shown in comparisons of Hha I (G-C-G-C) cleavage patterns of unfractionated DNA and cloned (unmodified) segments of rDNA. Comparisons of Hpa II and Msp I cleavage products of DNA from the house fly, the flesh fly and a bumblebee also revealed no internal cytosine methylation in the sequence C-C-G-G. Because amounts of McC in C-G dinucleotides vary greatly among species, from apparent nonexistence to substantial proportions, no inference may yet be drawn about the role of such base modifications in DNA.", "PMID": 493131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1437", "title": "A regulatory sequence near the 3' end of sea urchin histone genes.", "content": "The 3' flanking sequences of all five histone genes have been sequenced in the histone DNA clone h19 of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. A large (23 bp) and a small (10 bp) conserved sequence was found by sequence comparison, some 29-40 bp downstream from the termination codon. 12 bases of the larger homology block show a dyad symmetry. The available sequences of clone h22 of the same species and those of the histone clones pSp2 and pSp17 of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, another sea urchin species, fit well into this comparison. Two types of sequences are involved in the dyad symmetry; one is H1, H3 and H4 specific, the other is H2A and H2B specific. If these conserved sequences are transcribed, a hairpin loop could form in the RNA molecules. This secondary structure might serve as a recognition signal for a regulatory protein.", "contents": "A regulatory sequence near the 3' end of sea urchin histone genes. The 3' flanking sequences of all five histone genes have been sequenced in the histone DNA clone h19 of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. A large (23 bp) and a small (10 bp) conserved sequence was found by sequence comparison, some 29-40 bp downstream from the termination codon. 12 bases of the larger homology block show a dyad symmetry. The available sequences of clone h22 of the same species and those of the histone clones pSp2 and pSp17 of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, another sea urchin species, fit well into this comparison. Two types of sequences are involved in the dyad symmetry; one is H1, H3 and H4 specific, the other is H2A and H2B specific. If these conserved sequences are transcribed, a hairpin loop could form in the RNA molecules. This secondary structure might serve as a recognition signal for a regulatory protein.", "PMID": 493132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1438", "title": "Preparation of triple-block DNA polymers using recombinant DNA techniques.", "content": "The construction of several recombinant plasmid derivatives containing novel triple-block DNA sequence insertions is described. The protocol for these constructions involves synthesis of a heterogenous mixture of block oligomer duplexes, : formula: (see text), using pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and terminal transferase. The synthetic duplexes were mixed with linearized and dG-tailed vectors and the DNA mixture used to transform E. coli. Triple-block sequences of the type dGidAjdCk.dGkdTjdCi, characterized by DNA sequencing, were inserted into the Bam HI site of pBR322 and next to the lac wild-type and UV5 promoter regions in pRW26 and pRW28. Similarly, sequences were inserted into the Sma I site of pACYC189 and could be excised by cleavage with Sma I since the procudure regenerates the recognition site. The approach provides a technique for the synthesis of a large family of defined sequence triple-block polymers in essentially unlimited amounts. Although these inserts contain sequences which have the potential for forming stable hairpin structures, the recombinant plasmids are stable and appear to replicate normally.", "contents": "Preparation of triple-block DNA polymers using recombinant DNA techniques. The construction of several recombinant plasmid derivatives containing novel triple-block DNA sequence insertions is described. The protocol for these constructions involves synthesis of a heterogenous mixture of block oligomer duplexes, : formula: (see text), using pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and terminal transferase. The synthetic duplexes were mixed with linearized and dG-tailed vectors and the DNA mixture used to transform E. coli. Triple-block sequences of the type dGidAjdCk.dGkdTjdCi, characterized by DNA sequencing, were inserted into the Bam HI site of pBR322 and next to the lac wild-type and UV5 promoter regions in pRW26 and pRW28. Similarly, sequences were inserted into the Sma I site of pACYC189 and could be excised by cleavage with Sma I since the procudure regenerates the recognition site. The approach provides a technique for the synthesis of a large family of defined sequence triple-block polymers in essentially unlimited amounts. Although these inserts contain sequences which have the potential for forming stable hairpin structures, the recombinant plasmids are stable and appear to replicate normally.", "PMID": 493133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1439", "title": "Fine structure melting of viroids as studied by kinetic methods.", "content": "The conformational transitions of five viroid species were studied by melting analysis and by fast and slow temperature jump techniques. Experiments with the fast temperature jump technique had to be carried out in 10 mM Na-cacodylate, 0.1 M NaCl, 4 M urea, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.8. In addition to the highly cooperative main transition (Tm between 46.5 and 49 degrees C for different viroid species [1]) all viroids show at higher temperatures an intermediate transition (Tm approximately equal to 57 degrees C) and a high temperature transition (Tm approximately equal to 68 degrees C). The maximum amplitudes of these transitions amount only to about 1% of that of the main transition. The main transition represents a net dissociation of 78 to 94 base pairs depending on the viroid species. The intermediate transition corresponds to the dissociation of two hairpins with 5-10 base pairs each, and 10-20 nucleotides in the loops. The high temperature transition corresponds to a hairpin of 9 G:C pairs and 1 A:U pair and more than 40 bases in the loop. It is shown that these stable hairpins are not part of the native structure but are newly formed during the main transition. Their formation is responsible for the extraordinary cooperativity observed in the main transition. Hairpins can be correlated to defined sequences of PSTV. Based on these studies, on the sequence of PSTV [2], and on a theoretical treatment [3] a detailed description of the whole mechanism of PSTV denaturation is given.", "contents": "Fine structure melting of viroids as studied by kinetic methods. The conformational transitions of five viroid species were studied by melting analysis and by fast and slow temperature jump techniques. Experiments with the fast temperature jump technique had to be carried out in 10 mM Na-cacodylate, 0.1 M NaCl, 4 M urea, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.8. In addition to the highly cooperative main transition (Tm between 46.5 and 49 degrees C for different viroid species [1]) all viroids show at higher temperatures an intermediate transition (Tm approximately equal to 57 degrees C) and a high temperature transition (Tm approximately equal to 68 degrees C). The maximum amplitudes of these transitions amount only to about 1% of that of the main transition. The main transition represents a net dissociation of 78 to 94 base pairs depending on the viroid species. The intermediate transition corresponds to the dissociation of two hairpins with 5-10 base pairs each, and 10-20 nucleotides in the loops. The high temperature transition corresponds to a hairpin of 9 G:C pairs and 1 A:U pair and more than 40 bases in the loop. It is shown that these stable hairpins are not part of the native structure but are newly formed during the main transition. Their formation is responsible for the extraordinary cooperativity observed in the main transition. Hairpins can be correlated to defined sequences of PSTV. Based on these studies, on the sequence of PSTV [2], and on a theoretical treatment [3] a detailed description of the whole mechanism of PSTV denaturation is given.", "PMID": 493134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1440", "title": "The synthesis and processing of a nuclear RNA precursor to rat pregrowth hormone messenger RNA.", "content": "A recombinant DNA plasmid, pBR322-GH1, which contains about 80% of the sequences of rat pregrowth hormone (pGH) mRNA, allowed an analysis of nuclear RNA from GH3 cells for possible precursors of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA. A single 20-22S RNA SPECIES ABOUT 2-3 TIMes larger than pGH mRNA was detected in nuclear RNA from GH3 cells labeled for 5 min. with 3H-uridine. After longer label times a 12S RNA indistinguishable in size from cytoplasmic  12S pGH mRNA became the predominant labeled RNA complementary to the plasmid pBR322-GH1. Both of these nuclear RNA species contained poly (A). Kinetic analysis of the labeling of nuclear and cytoplasmic pGH mRNA sequences showed that the 20S and 12S nuclear RNA molecules were labeled before significant labeling of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA was detected, and also indicated that there is complete conservation of nuclear pGH mRNA sequences in the production of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA. These results indicate that cytoplasmic pGH mRNA is generated by nuclear processing of a larger nuclear RNA molecule.", "contents": "The synthesis and processing of a nuclear RNA precursor to rat pregrowth hormone messenger RNA. A recombinant DNA plasmid, pBR322-GH1, which contains about 80% of the sequences of rat pregrowth hormone (pGH) mRNA, allowed an analysis of nuclear RNA from GH3 cells for possible precursors of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA. A single 20-22S RNA SPECIES ABOUT 2-3 TIMes larger than pGH mRNA was detected in nuclear RNA from GH3 cells labeled for 5 min. with 3H-uridine. After longer label times a 12S RNA indistinguishable in size from cytoplasmic  12S pGH mRNA became the predominant labeled RNA complementary to the plasmid pBR322-GH1. Both of these nuclear RNA species contained poly (A). Kinetic analysis of the labeling of nuclear and cytoplasmic pGH mRNA sequences showed that the 20S and 12S nuclear RNA molecules were labeled before significant labeling of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA was detected, and also indicated that there is complete conservation of nuclear pGH mRNA sequences in the production of cytoplasmic pGH mRNA. These results indicate that cytoplasmic pGH mRNA is generated by nuclear processing of a larger nuclear RNA molecule.", "PMID": 493135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1441", "title": "Molecular recombination and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in CHO cells.", "content": "Molecular recombination and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) have been examined in the G-0 and S phase of the cell cycle using a temperature-sensitive CHO cell line to test i) if there are cell cycle restrictions on the repair of DSB's' ii) the extent to which molecular recombination can be induced between either sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes and iii) whether repair of DSB's involves recombination (3). Mitomycin C (1-2 micrograms/ml) or ionizing radiation (50 krad) followed by incubation resulted in molecular recombination (hybrid DNA) in S phase cells. Approximately 0.03 to 0.10% of the molecules (number average molecular weight: 5.6 x 10(6) Daltons after shearing) had hybrid regions for more than 75% of their length. However, no recombination was detected in G-0 cells. Since the repair of DSB was observed in both stages with more than 50% of the breaks repaired in 5 hours, it appears that DSB repair in G-0 cells does not involve recombination between homologous chromosomes. The possibility is not excluded that repair in G-0 cells involves only small regions (less than 4 x 10(6) Daltons).", "contents": "Molecular recombination and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in CHO cells. Molecular recombination and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) have been examined in the G-0 and S phase of the cell cycle using a temperature-sensitive CHO cell line to test i) if there are cell cycle restrictions on the repair of DSB's' ii) the extent to which molecular recombination can be induced between either sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes and iii) whether repair of DSB's involves recombination (3). Mitomycin C (1-2 micrograms/ml) or ionizing radiation (50 krad) followed by incubation resulted in molecular recombination (hybrid DNA) in S phase cells. Approximately 0.03 to 0.10% of the molecules (number average molecular weight: 5.6 x 10(6) Daltons after shearing) had hybrid regions for more than 75% of their length. However, no recombination was detected in G-0 cells. Since the repair of DSB was observed in both stages with more than 50% of the breaks repaired in 5 hours, it appears that DSB repair in G-0 cells does not involve recombination between homologous chromosomes. The possibility is not excluded that repair in G-0 cells involves only small regions (less than 4 x 10(6) Daltons).", "PMID": 493136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1442", "title": "Purification of histone messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from HeLa cell S-phase polysomes. Characterization of associated proteins.", "content": "We have purified HeLa histone mRNA from polysomes of S-phase cells which had been synchronized by hydroxyurea treatment. This mRNA was shown to direct the in vitro synthesis of all five histones which amount to at least 90-95% of its total translational activity. Polysomal histone mRNP was also purified and identified by cell-free translation and hybridization to a clone of histone DNA from E. esculentus. The protein moiety of this mRNP contained three prominent species of molecular weight 86,000, 73,000 and 53,000 daltons. The presence of the 73,000 species previously assessed to be bound to poly(A) is discussed in view of the fact that histone mRNA does not contain a pail. As globin mRNA, histone mRNA as well as histone mRNP were translated with equal efficiency in cell-free extracts from either S-phase or hydroxyurea blocked HeLa cells.", "contents": "Purification of histone messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from HeLa cell S-phase polysomes. Characterization of associated proteins. We have purified HeLa histone mRNA from polysomes of S-phase cells which had been synchronized by hydroxyurea treatment. This mRNA was shown to direct the in vitro synthesis of all five histones which amount to at least 90-95% of its total translational activity. Polysomal histone mRNP was also purified and identified by cell-free translation and hybridization to a clone of histone DNA from E. esculentus. The protein moiety of this mRNP contained three prominent species of molecular weight 86,000, 73,000 and 53,000 daltons. The presence of the 73,000 species previously assessed to be bound to poly(A) is discussed in view of the fact that histone mRNA does not contain a pail. As globin mRNA, histone mRNA as well as histone mRNP were translated with equal efficiency in cell-free extracts from either S-phase or hydroxyurea blocked HeLa cells.", "PMID": 493137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1443", "title": "Interaction of a limited set of proteins with different mRNAs and protection of 5'-caps against pyrophosphatase digestion in initiation complexes.", "content": "A variety of 5'-3H-methyl-labeled, oxidized viral mRNAs were used as probes for detecting in wheat germ initiation complexes proteins that interact with, and can be cross-linked to, the 5'-cap structure. A limited and reproducible set of specific proteins was obtained with the different mRNAs. The binding of these proteins to the 5'-end of mRNA apparently results in protection against nucleotide pyrophosphatase digestion of the cap even in initiation complexes in which the 5'-end is susceptible to pancreatic RNase digestion. Cross-linked proteins from mammalian initiation complexes comigrated with several of the subunits of similarly treated eIF-3. A model for cap binding protein interaction with mRNA cap during initiation of translation is suggested.", "contents": "Interaction of a limited set of proteins with different mRNAs and protection of 5'-caps against pyrophosphatase digestion in initiation complexes. A variety of 5'-3H-methyl-labeled, oxidized viral mRNAs were used as probes for detecting in wheat germ initiation complexes proteins that interact with, and can be cross-linked to, the 5'-cap structure. A limited and reproducible set of specific proteins was obtained with the different mRNAs. The binding of these proteins to the 5'-end of mRNA apparently results in protection against nucleotide pyrophosphatase digestion of the cap even in initiation complexes in which the 5'-end is susceptible to pancreatic RNase digestion. Cross-linked proteins from mammalian initiation complexes comigrated with several of the subunits of similarly treated eIF-3. A model for cap binding protein interaction with mRNA cap during initiation of translation is suggested.", "PMID": 493138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1444", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for the modified nucleosides N[9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine and 2-methylthioadenosine.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays were established for the modified nucleosides N-[9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine, t6A, and 2-methylthioadenosine, ms2A. The assays depended on the production of antisera specific for t6A and ms2A that have not been previously reported. The nitrocellulose membrane filtration and saturated ammonium sulfate RIA techniques were compared for efficiency. Various radioactive antigens were employed to establish which type of antigen would give the best binding. The tritium post-labeling procedure of Randerath and Randerath was used to obtain labeled nucleosides of high enough specific activity to be useful for RIAs when the labeled nucleoside was not available commerically. The specificity of the antibodies toward nucleosides and purified tRNAs is reported. Although the titer of the t6A antiserum was low, the specificity was very sharp. An interesting finding was that threonine, a major structural component of the side-chain modification of t6A, was completely infective as an inhibitor.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for the modified nucleosides N[9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine and 2-methylthioadenosine. Radioimmunoassays were established for the modified nucleosides N-[9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine, t6A, and 2-methylthioadenosine, ms2A. The assays depended on the production of antisera specific for t6A and ms2A that have not been previously reported. The nitrocellulose membrane filtration and saturated ammonium sulfate RIA techniques were compared for efficiency. Various radioactive antigens were employed to establish which type of antigen would give the best binding. The tritium post-labeling procedure of Randerath and Randerath was used to obtain labeled nucleosides of high enough specific activity to be useful for RIAs when the labeled nucleoside was not available commerically. The specificity of the antibodies toward nucleosides and purified tRNAs is reported. Although the titer of the t6A antiserum was low, the specificity was very sharp. An interesting finding was that threonine, a major structural component of the side-chain modification of t6A, was completely infective as an inhibitor.", "PMID": 493139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1445", "title": "8-Phosphorus substituted isosteres of purine and deazapurines.", "content": "Synthesis of 8-phosphorus substituted isosteres of purine [pyrimidino (4,5-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole], 1-deazapurine [pyridino (2,3-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole] and 3-deazapurine [pyridino (4,5-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole] has been achieved by the reaction of equimolar amounts of triphenylphosphite and 4,5-diaminopyrimidine, 2,3-diaminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine, respectively. These compounds hydrolyzed (cleavage of the phosphorus-nitrogen bounds) in aqueous solutions to provide the corresponding diaminopyrimidine or diaminopyridines. These three new basic ring systems constitute the first reported synthesis of purines in which ring carbon atom is substituted with a phosphorus atom. 8-Phosphorus substituted purine at a concentration of 4 X 10(-4)M caused a 50% inhibition in the growth of leukemia L1210 cells in culture. The biochemical rationale for the synthesis of these compounds is discussed.", "contents": "8-Phosphorus substituted isosteres of purine and deazapurines. Synthesis of 8-phosphorus substituted isosteres of purine [pyrimidino (4,5-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole], 1-deazapurine [pyridino (2,3-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole] and 3-deazapurine [pyridino (4,5-d)-1,3,2-diazaphosphole] has been achieved by the reaction of equimolar amounts of triphenylphosphite and 4,5-diaminopyrimidine, 2,3-diaminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine, respectively. These compounds hydrolyzed (cleavage of the phosphorus-nitrogen bounds) in aqueous solutions to provide the corresponding diaminopyrimidine or diaminopyridines. These three new basic ring systems constitute the first reported synthesis of purines in which ring carbon atom is substituted with a phosphorus atom. 8-Phosphorus substituted purine at a concentration of 4 X 10(-4)M caused a 50% inhibition in the growth of leukemia L1210 cells in culture. The biochemical rationale for the synthesis of these compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 493140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1446", "title": "Nonrepetitive DNA transcription in normal and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Initial RNA excess hybridization experiments employing total cell RNA and the complete complement of nonrepetitive DNA sequences showed no differences between normal and regenerating rat liver. However, when the DNA from the RNA-DNA hybrids was isolated and then reacted with homologous and heterologous RNAs the sensitivity of the assay was sufficiently improved to reveal that some of the nonrepetitive DNA transcrips present in normal liver are missing at 24 h and 48 h after a 70% partial hepatectomy. Additional experiments showed that while some of the missing sequences were common to both stages of regeneration, some were also different. The data thus suggest both quantitative and qualitative changes during liver regeneration in the population of RNA molecules transcribed from nonrepetitive DNA.", "contents": "Nonrepetitive DNA transcription in normal and regenerating rat liver. Initial RNA excess hybridization experiments employing total cell RNA and the complete complement of nonrepetitive DNA sequences showed no differences between normal and regenerating rat liver. However, when the DNA from the RNA-DNA hybrids was isolated and then reacted with homologous and heterologous RNAs the sensitivity of the assay was sufficiently improved to reveal that some of the nonrepetitive DNA transcrips present in normal liver are missing at 24 h and 48 h after a 70% partial hepatectomy. Additional experiments showed that while some of the missing sequences were common to both stages of regeneration, some were also different. The data thus suggest both quantitative and qualitative changes during liver regeneration in the population of RNA molecules transcribed from nonrepetitive DNA.", "PMID": 493141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1447", "title": "Thionein gene expression in Cd++-variants of the CHO cell: correlation of thionein synthesis rates with translatable mRNA levels during induction, deinduction, and superinduction.", "content": "The relationship of thionein synthesis rates to translatable cytoplasmic thionein mRNA levels was investigated for the first time in a cultured cell system. Thionein synthesis was induced in Cdr, a cadmium-resistant variant of CHO, by exposure to 2 microM CdCl2. Following a short (1.5 hr) lag, thionein synthesis increases to a rate that is at least 30 times the uninduced rate 7-8 hr after addition of Cd++. This increase is blocked by the coincident addition of a actinomycin D. Cytoplasmic thionein mRNA levels, measured by translation in a modified wheat germ system, increase rapidly following induction to values approximately 25 times uninduced levels within 6-8 hr. The increase in thionein mRNA precede proportionate increases in thionein synthesis by 0.5-1.0 hr. Continued exposure to Cd++ results in a decreased thionein synthesis rate after 8 hr. By 30 hr, the rate is one-half that seen 6-8 hr after induction. Removal of Cd++ after 8 hr results in a rapid decrease in thionein synthesis (t 1/2 approximately 4 hr). Both decreases are inhibited by the addition of actinomycin. In all instances--induction, deinduction, and actinomycin-mediated \"super-induction\"--translatable thionein mRNA levels and thionein synthesis rates increase, decrease, or are maintained coordinately. The results suggest that thionein synthesis in Cdr is controlled primarily by the level of translatable cytoplasmic thionein mRNA.", "contents": "Thionein gene expression in Cd++-variants of the CHO cell: correlation of thionein synthesis rates with translatable mRNA levels during induction, deinduction, and superinduction. The relationship of thionein synthesis rates to translatable cytoplasmic thionein mRNA levels was investigated for the first time in a cultured cell system. Thionein synthesis was induced in Cdr, a cadmium-resistant variant of CHO, by exposure to 2 microM CdCl2. Following a short (1.5 hr) lag, thionein synthesis increases to a rate that is at least 30 times the uninduced rate 7-8 hr after addition of Cd++. This increase is blocked by the coincident addition of a actinomycin D. Cytoplasmic thionein mRNA levels, measured by translation in a modified wheat germ system, increase rapidly following induction to values approximately 25 times uninduced levels within 6-8 hr. The increase in thionein mRNA precede proportionate increases in thionein synthesis by 0.5-1.0 hr. Continued exposure to Cd++ results in a decreased thionein synthesis rate after 8 hr. By 30 hr, the rate is one-half that seen 6-8 hr after induction. Removal of Cd++ after 8 hr results in a rapid decrease in thionein synthesis (t 1/2 approximately 4 hr). Both decreases are inhibited by the addition of actinomycin. In all instances--induction, deinduction, and actinomycin-mediated \"super-induction\"--translatable thionein mRNA levels and thionein synthesis rates increase, decrease, or are maintained coordinately. The results suggest that thionein synthesis in Cdr is controlled primarily by the level of translatable cytoplasmic thionein mRNA.", "PMID": 493142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1448", "title": "The non-histone proteins of the rat liver nucleus and their distribution amongst chromatin fractions as produced by nuclease digestion.", "content": "The search for proteins involved in maintaining higher order chromatin structures has led to a systematic examination of the non-histone proteins (NHP) of rat liver nuclei in the context of nuclease digestion studies. 40-45% of the 3H-tryptophan labelled NHP originally present could be removed by extensive washing in a \"physiological\" buffer, incubation at 37 degrees C with or without nuclease and a further wash step. Nuclei at this stage had a remarkably constant NHP content (ca. 0.73 micrograms/micrograms DNA), independent of the degree of digestion with micrococcal nuclease or HaeIII. The solubilized chromatin produced by limited digestion with either nuclease contained 0.3-0.5 microgram NHP/microgram DNA, this value falling to ca. 0.16 after more extensive cleavage. Insoluble chromatin fractions were between 2-fold (very limited digestion) and 16-fold (extensive digestion) richer in NHP than the corresponding soluble fractions. Gel electrophoresis revealed about 12 NHP bands in soluble fractions, the most prominent of M.Wt. 41.400, while the insoluble material had at least 50 components. These properties were independent of whether lysis of nuclei occurred in 0.2 or 50 mM ionic strength. The large disparity in NHP content between complementary soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions is considered in terms of chromatin organization in vivo and the possible role of NHP migration.", "contents": "The non-histone proteins of the rat liver nucleus and their distribution amongst chromatin fractions as produced by nuclease digestion. The search for proteins involved in maintaining higher order chromatin structures has led to a systematic examination of the non-histone proteins (NHP) of rat liver nuclei in the context of nuclease digestion studies. 40-45% of the 3H-tryptophan labelled NHP originally present could be removed by extensive washing in a \"physiological\" buffer, incubation at 37 degrees C with or without nuclease and a further wash step. Nuclei at this stage had a remarkably constant NHP content (ca. 0.73 micrograms/micrograms DNA), independent of the degree of digestion with micrococcal nuclease or HaeIII. The solubilized chromatin produced by limited digestion with either nuclease contained 0.3-0.5 microgram NHP/microgram DNA, this value falling to ca. 0.16 after more extensive cleavage. Insoluble chromatin fractions were between 2-fold (very limited digestion) and 16-fold (extensive digestion) richer in NHP than the corresponding soluble fractions. Gel electrophoresis revealed about 12 NHP bands in soluble fractions, the most prominent of M.Wt. 41.400, while the insoluble material had at least 50 components. These properties were independent of whether lysis of nuclei occurred in 0.2 or 50 mM ionic strength. The large disparity in NHP content between complementary soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions is considered in terms of chromatin organization in vivo and the possible role of NHP migration.", "PMID": 493143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1449", "title": "A partial characterization of DNA fragments protected from nuclease degradation in histone depleted metaphase chromosomes of the Chinese hamster.", "content": "A small proportion (0.1-0.5%) of the total DNA content of native Chinese hamster metaphase chromosomes is protected from nucleolytic degradation following the removal of histones by extraction with either 0.2 N HCl or 2 M NaCl, and remains attached to the nonhistone protein core. Acid extraction followed by DNase I digestion leads to small fragments of 10-30 bases. Salt extraction followed by micrococcal nuclease digestion gives approx. 140 b.p. fragments which are undistinguishable in size from nucleosome core DNA fragments. Furthermore, DNase I treatment of salt extracted chromosomes gives DNA fragments containing single strands which are multiples of 10 bases in length, again characteristic of the nucleosome structure. Reassociation kinetics using the 32P-labelled 140 b.p. fragments as probes suggests they are enriched for rapidly reassociating sequences.", "contents": "A partial characterization of DNA fragments protected from nuclease degradation in histone depleted metaphase chromosomes of the Chinese hamster. A small proportion (0.1-0.5%) of the total DNA content of native Chinese hamster metaphase chromosomes is protected from nucleolytic degradation following the removal of histones by extraction with either 0.2 N HCl or 2 M NaCl, and remains attached to the nonhistone protein core. Acid extraction followed by DNase I digestion leads to small fragments of 10-30 bases. Salt extraction followed by micrococcal nuclease digestion gives approx. 140 b.p. fragments which are undistinguishable in size from nucleosome core DNA fragments. Furthermore, DNase I treatment of salt extracted chromosomes gives DNA fragments containing single strands which are multiples of 10 bases in length, again characteristic of the nucleosome structure. Reassociation kinetics using the 32P-labelled 140 b.p. fragments as probes suggests they are enriched for rapidly reassociating sequences.", "PMID": 493144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1450", "title": "Extrachromosomal circular ribosomal DNA in the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "content": "Purified ribosomal DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contains a small proportion of circular DNA molecules with a contour length of 3 micron or integral multiples thereof. Hybridization of yeast ribosomal DNA with 26 S rRNA, using the R-loop technique, reveals that these circular molecules contain sequences complementary to yeast ribosomal RNA. We suggest that these extrachromosomal rRNA genes may be intermediates in the amplification of rRNA genes in yeast.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal circular ribosomal DNA in the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Purified ribosomal DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contains a small proportion of circular DNA molecules with a contour length of 3 micron or integral multiples thereof. Hybridization of yeast ribosomal DNA with 26 S rRNA, using the R-loop technique, reveals that these circular molecules contain sequences complementary to yeast ribosomal RNA. We suggest that these extrachromosomal rRNA genes may be intermediates in the amplification of rRNA genes in yeast.", "PMID": 493145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1451", "title": "On the de novo formation of compact oligonucleosomes at high ionic strength. Evidence for nucleosomal sliding in high salt.", "content": "Histone H 1-depleted chromatin made from acid extracted, intact nuclei was exposed to various ionic strengths. NaCl concentrations above 0.3 M sufficed to generate novel oligonucleosomes formerly characterized as \"compact oligomers\" and \"spacerless dinucleosomes\". Such particles could not be identified within H 1-depleted nuclei or chromatin at low ionic strengths. Their formation, proceeding within days at 0 degrees C, was accelerated by increasing ionic strengths. The data was discussed in terms of a salt-induced motion of nucleosomal core particles along the DNA to form compact oligomers.", "contents": "On the de novo formation of compact oligonucleosomes at high ionic strength. Evidence for nucleosomal sliding in high salt. Histone H 1-depleted chromatin made from acid extracted, intact nuclei was exposed to various ionic strengths. NaCl concentrations above 0.3 M sufficed to generate novel oligonucleosomes formerly characterized as \"compact oligomers\" and \"spacerless dinucleosomes\". Such particles could not be identified within H 1-depleted nuclei or chromatin at low ionic strengths. Their formation, proceeding within days at 0 degrees C, was accelerated by increasing ionic strengths. The data was discussed in terms of a salt-induced motion of nucleosomal core particles along the DNA to form compact oligomers.", "PMID": 493146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1452", "title": "No more than seven interruptions in the ovalbumin gene: comparison of genomic and double-stranded cDNA sequences.", "content": "We have determined the sequence of ovalbumin RNA (ov-mRNA) using a double-stranded cDNA (dscDNA) plasmid. We have also determined the sequence of the previously characterized exonic regions of the chicken ovalbumin gene. The comparison of these various sequences has shown that there are no additional interruptions in the mRNA-coding sequences above those 7 already characterized. There is only one single base discrepancy between the two mRNA sequences determined using the dscDNA or the genomic clones. This demonstrates the accuracy and reproducibility of the cloning and sequencing techniques. The ovalbumin mRNA sequence was found to be 1872 nucleotides in length, 13 nucleotides larger than the previous value reported by McReynolds et al. [Nature 273, 723-728 (1978)].", "contents": "No more than seven interruptions in the ovalbumin gene: comparison of genomic and double-stranded cDNA sequences. We have determined the sequence of ovalbumin RNA (ov-mRNA) using a double-stranded cDNA (dscDNA) plasmid. We have also determined the sequence of the previously characterized exonic regions of the chicken ovalbumin gene. The comparison of these various sequences has shown that there are no additional interruptions in the mRNA-coding sequences above those 7 already characterized. There is only one single base discrepancy between the two mRNA sequences determined using the dscDNA or the genomic clones. This demonstrates the accuracy and reproducibility of the cloning and sequencing techniques. The ovalbumin mRNA sequence was found to be 1872 nucleotides in length, 13 nucleotides larger than the previous value reported by McReynolds et al. [Nature 273, 723-728 (1978)].", "PMID": 493147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1453", "title": "Localization on the viral genome and nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the two major polypeptides of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag).", "content": "The structural gene coding for both polypeptides I and II which are the two major polypeptides of the Hepatitis B surface antigen, is found to be localized on the viral genome. This gene, referred to as gene S, is located in the partially single stranded region. It maps between positions 73.6 and 95.1% of the genome length. It is composed of 678 nucleotides, which correspond to a theoretical polypeptide of 25,422 molecular weight.", "contents": "Localization on the viral genome and nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the two major polypeptides of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag). The structural gene coding for both polypeptides I and II which are the two major polypeptides of the Hepatitis B surface antigen, is found to be localized on the viral genome. This gene, referred to as gene S, is located in the partially single stranded region. It maps between positions 73.6 and 95.1% of the genome length. It is composed of 678 nucleotides, which correspond to a theoretical polypeptide of 25,422 molecular weight.", "PMID": 493148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1454", "title": "The distribution of histone H1 subfractions in chromatin subunits.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin was digested with micrococcal nuclease to various extents and fractionated into nucleosomes, di and trimers of nucleosomes on an isokinetic sucrose gradient. In conditions under which degradation of linker DNA within the particles was limited, the electrophoretic analysis of the histone content showed that the overall content of H1 histone increased from nucleosomes to higher order oligomers. Moreover, the histone H1 subfractions were found unevenly distributed among the chromatin subunits, one of them, H1--3 showing most variation. A more regular distribution of these subfractions was found in subunits obtained from a more extended digestion level of chromatin. It is suggested that the H1 subfractions differ in the protection they confer upon DNA.", "contents": "The distribution of histone H1 subfractions in chromatin subunits. Rat liver chromatin was digested with micrococcal nuclease to various extents and fractionated into nucleosomes, di and trimers of nucleosomes on an isokinetic sucrose gradient. In conditions under which degradation of linker DNA within the particles was limited, the electrophoretic analysis of the histone content showed that the overall content of H1 histone increased from nucleosomes to higher order oligomers. Moreover, the histone H1 subfractions were found unevenly distributed among the chromatin subunits, one of them, H1--3 showing most variation. A more regular distribution of these subfractions was found in subunits obtained from a more extended digestion level of chromatin. It is suggested that the H1 subfractions differ in the protection they confer upon DNA.", "PMID": 493149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1455", "title": "The nature of the interaction of nucleosomes with a eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.", "content": "The integrity and stability of nucleosomes under transcription assay conditions has been found to depend on concentration and ionic environment. Rifamycin AF/013, a commonly used inhibitor of initiation, is particularly effective in destabilisation of nucleosomes. Intact nucleosomes are refractory to transcription by wheat RNA polymerase II, the histone core preventing initiation. Template titration suggests that the polymerase can, however, bind to nucleosomes, and a 15--16S complex has been observed on sucrose gradients. DNase I digestion of polymerase-nucleosome incubations indicates that whilst histone is still present in the complex, the nucleosome conformation is altered resulting in enhanced nucleolysis at sites near the DNA centre but reduced overall kinetics of digestion.", "contents": "The nature of the interaction of nucleosomes with a eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. The integrity and stability of nucleosomes under transcription assay conditions has been found to depend on concentration and ionic environment. Rifamycin AF/013, a commonly used inhibitor of initiation, is particularly effective in destabilisation of nucleosomes. Intact nucleosomes are refractory to transcription by wheat RNA polymerase II, the histone core preventing initiation. Template titration suggests that the polymerase can, however, bind to nucleosomes, and a 15--16S complex has been observed on sucrose gradients. DNase I digestion of polymerase-nucleosome incubations indicates that whilst histone is still present in the complex, the nucleosome conformation is altered resulting in enhanced nucleolysis at sites near the DNA centre but reduced overall kinetics of digestion.", "PMID": 493150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1456", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of a highly repetitive component of rat DNA.", "content": "A highly repetitive component of rat DNA which could not yet be enriched by density gradient centrifugation was isolated with the help of the restriction nuclease Sau3AI. This nuclease converted the bulk of the DNA to small fragments and left a repetitive DNA component as large fragments which were subsequently purified by gel filtration and electrophoresis. This DNA component which was termed rat satellite DNA I is composed of tandemly repeated 370 bp blocks. According to sequence analysis the 370 bp repeats consist of alternating 92 and 93 bp units with homologous but not identical sequences. Methylation of CpG residues was correlated to the rate of cleavage by restriction nucleases. Significant homologies exist between the sequences of rat satellite DNA I and satellite DNAs of several other organisms. The divergence of the sequence of rat satellite DNA I was discussed with respect to evolutionary considerations.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of a highly repetitive component of rat DNA. A highly repetitive component of rat DNA which could not yet be enriched by density gradient centrifugation was isolated with the help of the restriction nuclease Sau3AI. This nuclease converted the bulk of the DNA to small fragments and left a repetitive DNA component as large fragments which were subsequently purified by gel filtration and electrophoresis. This DNA component which was termed rat satellite DNA I is composed of tandemly repeated 370 bp blocks. According to sequence analysis the 370 bp repeats consist of alternating 92 and 93 bp units with homologous but not identical sequences. Methylation of CpG residues was correlated to the rate of cleavage by restriction nucleases. Significant homologies exist between the sequences of rat satellite DNA I and satellite DNAs of several other organisms. The divergence of the sequence of rat satellite DNA I was discussed with respect to evolutionary considerations.", "PMID": 493151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1457", "title": "Conformation of DNA in chromatin core particles containing poly(dAdT)-poly(dAdT) studied by 31 P NMR spectroscopy.", "content": "We have prepared semi-synthetic chromatin core particles from a complex of chicken erythrocyte inner histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) with double-stranded poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) and studied the conformation of the phosphodiester backbone using 31P NMR at 109.3 MHz. At 20 degrees C, the core particle spectrum is fit well by a single Lorenzian distribution with a line width of 110 Hz. This signal is significantly broader than that for the 145 base pair poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) alone; the latter consists of two resonances, approximately equal in intensity, with average line width 41 Hz. Major changes in the spectrum ensue on heating the core particle preparation. In conjunction with other results (1) these data suggest four states for the core particle at increasing temperatures. Additionally, analysis of the spectrum of the unmelted core particle and its differences from protein-free DNA of the same length suggests that the conformation of the phosphodiester backbone and/or its interactions with histones along the length of the core particle DNA segment may not be uniform.", "contents": "Conformation of DNA in chromatin core particles containing poly(dAdT)-poly(dAdT) studied by 31 P NMR spectroscopy. We have prepared semi-synthetic chromatin core particles from a complex of chicken erythrocyte inner histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) with double-stranded poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) and studied the conformation of the phosphodiester backbone using 31P NMR at 109.3 MHz. At 20 degrees C, the core particle spectrum is fit well by a single Lorenzian distribution with a line width of 110 Hz. This signal is significantly broader than that for the 145 base pair poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) alone; the latter consists of two resonances, approximately equal in intensity, with average line width 41 Hz. Major changes in the spectrum ensue on heating the core particle preparation. In conjunction with other results (1) these data suggest four states for the core particle at increasing temperatures. Additionally, analysis of the spectrum of the unmelted core particle and its differences from protein-free DNA of the same length suggests that the conformation of the phosphodiester backbone and/or its interactions with histones along the length of the core particle DNA segment may not be uniform.", "PMID": 493153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1458", "title": "Transcription of viral genes in chromatin from adenovirus 2 transformed cells by exogenous eukaryotic RNA polymerases.", "content": "The transcription of chromatin from adenovrius 2 transformed rat cells by murine plasmacytoma RNA polymerases I, II and III has been studied. Both the total RNA synthesis and transcription of the integrated adenovirus 2 genes by RNA polymerase II represent de novo DNA transcription as assessed by their sensitivity to actinomycin D. It is shown that each RNA polymerase class has characteristic ionic strength activation profiles and metal ion requirements. RNA polymerase II transcribes the integrated adenovirus 2 genes in chromatin at a frequency 25- to 50-fold higher than their sequences are represented in the genome. In contrast, no detectable viral RNA is synthesized when deproteinized DNA is transcribed. In the presence of Mn2+, all three RNA polymerases (I, II and III) transcribe the integrated viral genes at approximately the same relative frequencey. However, the Mg2+ as divalent cation, the proportion of the total RNA which represents viral gene transcripts is increased 3- to 4-fold with RNA polymerase II, while it remains unchanged for RNA polymerases I or III.", "contents": "Transcription of viral genes in chromatin from adenovirus 2 transformed cells by exogenous eukaryotic RNA polymerases. The transcription of chromatin from adenovrius 2 transformed rat cells by murine plasmacytoma RNA polymerases I, II and III has been studied. Both the total RNA synthesis and transcription of the integrated adenovirus 2 genes by RNA polymerase II represent de novo DNA transcription as assessed by their sensitivity to actinomycin D. It is shown that each RNA polymerase class has characteristic ionic strength activation profiles and metal ion requirements. RNA polymerase II transcribes the integrated adenovirus 2 genes in chromatin at a frequency 25- to 50-fold higher than their sequences are represented in the genome. In contrast, no detectable viral RNA is synthesized when deproteinized DNA is transcribed. In the presence of Mn2+, all three RNA polymerases (I, II and III) transcribe the integrated viral genes at approximately the same relative frequencey. However, the Mg2+ as divalent cation, the proportion of the total RNA which represents viral gene transcripts is increased 3- to 4-fold with RNA polymerase II, while it remains unchanged for RNA polymerases I or III.", "PMID": 493152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1459", "title": "Computer programs for the assembly of DNA sequences.", "content": "A collection of user-interactive computer programs is described which aid in the assembly of DNA sequences. This is achieved by searching for the positions of overlapping common nucleotide sequences within the blocks of sequence obtained as primary data. Such overlapping segments are then melded into one continuous string of nucleotides. Strategies for determining the accuracy of the sequence being analyzed and reducing the error rate resulting from the manual manipulation of sequence data are discussed. Sequences mapping from 97.3 to 100% of the Ad2 virus genome were used to demonstrate the performance of these programs.", "contents": "Computer programs for the assembly of DNA sequences. A collection of user-interactive computer programs is described which aid in the assembly of DNA sequences. This is achieved by searching for the positions of overlapping common nucleotide sequences within the blocks of sequence obtained as primary data. Such overlapping segments are then melded into one continuous string of nucleotides. Strategies for determining the accuracy of the sequence being analyzed and reducing the error rate resulting from the manual manipulation of sequence data are discussed. Sequences mapping from 97.3 to 100% of the Ad2 virus genome were used to demonstrate the performance of these programs.", "PMID": 493154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1460", "title": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is not a specific diagnosis. It encompasses a spectrum of endocrinologic dysfunction which must be considered in reference to the presence or absence of ovulation. Specific causes must not be forgotten, particularly in those women who do not respond as expected to hormonal therapy. A variety of empiric therapies are used which have no benefit, such as thyroid hormone in the absence of proven hypothyroidism, corticosteroid in the absence of proven adrenal hypofunction, and megavitamin therapies in the absence of nutritional disorders. Curettage is valuable for diagnosis, not for therapy. Medical therapy offers a successful alternative to hysterectomy in many women, but the choice must be made on an individual basis. Medical and surgical management should not be viewed as competitive treatment regimens.", "contents": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: diagnosis and treatment. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is not a specific diagnosis. It encompasses a spectrum of endocrinologic dysfunction which must be considered in reference to the presence or absence of ovulation. Specific causes must not be forgotten, particularly in those women who do not respond as expected to hormonal therapy. A variety of empiric therapies are used which have no benefit, such as thyroid hormone in the absence of proven hypothyroidism, corticosteroid in the absence of proven adrenal hypofunction, and megavitamin therapies in the absence of nutritional disorders. Curettage is valuable for diagnosis, not for therapy. Medical therapy offers a successful alternative to hysterectomy in many women, but the choice must be made on an individual basis. Medical and surgical management should not be viewed as competitive treatment regimens.", "PMID": 493183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1461", "title": "The action of histamine, histamine H1-and H2-receptor agonists on noradrenaline level in rat brain.", "content": "Intraventricularly administered histamine (HI) (20--1000 micrograms) decreased noradrenaline (NA) .level in rat hypothalamus. 4-Methyl-HI (4-MeHI), but not 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA), reproduced the action of HI. Neither HI, nor 4-MeHI induced depression of hypothalamic NA content was antagonized by HI H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine or metiamide. Chloropyramine reversed the NA-depleting action of HI.", "contents": "The action of histamine, histamine H1-and H2-receptor agonists on noradrenaline level in rat brain. Intraventricularly administered histamine (HI) (20--1000 micrograms) decreased noradrenaline (NA) .level in rat hypothalamus. 4-Methyl-HI (4-MeHI), but not 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA), reproduced the action of HI. Neither HI, nor 4-MeHI induced depression of hypothalamic NA content was antagonized by HI H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine or metiamide. Chloropyramine reversed the NA-depleting action of HI.", "PMID": 493177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1462", "title": "Giardiasis: a common cause of diarrheal disease.", "content": "Giardiasis has been reported increasingly among visitors to the Soviet Union and is found at epidemic and endemic levels in the United States. The main source of infection is contaminated water. Children, homosexual males, and patients with gastrectomy, achlorhydria, hypogammaglobulinemia, secretory IgA deficiency, or alteration in immune status are particularly susceptible to severe, often chronic, infection. Symptomatic giardiasis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Symptoms are explosive, watery, foul-smelling stools or semisolid stools with evidence of steatorrhea; flatulence; abdominal distention; and weight loss. Diagnosis usually can be established by examination of stool or duodenal fluid for cysts or trophozoites. Quinacrine hydrochloride is the drug preferred for treatment, but metronidazole and furazolidone are also useful.", "contents": "Giardiasis: a common cause of diarrheal disease. Giardiasis has been reported increasingly among visitors to the Soviet Union and is found at epidemic and endemic levels in the United States. The main source of infection is contaminated water. Children, homosexual males, and patients with gastrectomy, achlorhydria, hypogammaglobulinemia, secretory IgA deficiency, or alteration in immune status are particularly susceptible to severe, often chronic, infection. Symptomatic giardiasis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Symptoms are explosive, watery, foul-smelling stools or semisolid stools with evidence of steatorrhea; flatulence; abdominal distention; and weight loss. Diagnosis usually can be established by examination of stool or duodenal fluid for cysts or trophozoites. Quinacrine hydrochloride is the drug preferred for treatment, but metronidazole and furazolidone are also useful.", "PMID": 493184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1463", "title": "Some behavioral effects of histamine H1-, and H2-receptor agonists in rats.", "content": "2-Pyridylethylamine (2-PEA) and 4-methylhistamine (4-MeHI) when given intraventricularly at doses of 30 and 100 microgram had no discernible effect on spontaneous locomotor activity and did not visibly change gross behavior of rats. 4-MeHI(100 micrograms) injected to tranylcypromine-pretreated rats increased locomotor activity and induced head twitches. Locomotor activation was not antagonized by either cimetidine or metergoline but was prevented by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol and reduced by phentolamine. 4-MeHI-, and histamine (HI)-induced head twitches were not antagonized by either cimetidine or metiamide but were completely abolished by metergoline and p-chlorophenylalanine. It is concluded that 4-MeHI--induced locomotor activation and both HI-, and 4-MeHI-induced head twitches are respectively catecholamine-, and serotonin-dependent phenomena. The behavioral effects of HI and HI H1-and H2-receptor agonists are discussed with regard to possible HI interactions with both catecholamine and serotonin systems in brain.", "contents": "Some behavioral effects of histamine H1-, and H2-receptor agonists in rats. 2-Pyridylethylamine (2-PEA) and 4-methylhistamine (4-MeHI) when given intraventricularly at doses of 30 and 100 microgram had no discernible effect on spontaneous locomotor activity and did not visibly change gross behavior of rats. 4-MeHI(100 micrograms) injected to tranylcypromine-pretreated rats increased locomotor activity and induced head twitches. Locomotor activation was not antagonized by either cimetidine or metergoline but was prevented by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol and reduced by phentolamine. 4-MeHI-, and histamine (HI)-induced head twitches were not antagonized by either cimetidine or metiamide but were completely abolished by metergoline and p-chlorophenylalanine. It is concluded that 4-MeHI--induced locomotor activation and both HI-, and 4-MeHI-induced head twitches are respectively catecholamine-, and serotonin-dependent phenomena. The behavioral effects of HI and HI H1-and H2-receptor agonists are discussed with regard to possible HI interactions with both catecholamine and serotonin systems in brain.", "PMID": 493178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1464", "title": "Identification of gallstone disease.", "content": "Oral cholecystography is the most widely used and accurate method for evaluating the gallbladder. Nonvisualization of the gallbladder on a two-day study is virtually diagnostic of cystic duct obstruction or gallbladder membrane dysfunction. Intravenous cholangiography may be used to confirm cystic duct obstruction but more commonly is used to demonstrate common-duct pathology. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are the best studies to demonstrate the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Tomography may be helpful in oral cholecystography and is invaluable in intravenous cholangiography. Ultrasonography appears promising for gallbladder evaluation, but reliability is greatly influenced by the equipment available and personnel employed. Biliary drainage and bile analysis are of value in patients with negative radiographic studies and clinical symptoms suggestive of biliary tract disease.", "contents": "Identification of gallstone disease. Oral cholecystography is the most widely used and accurate method for evaluating the gallbladder. Nonvisualization of the gallbladder on a two-day study is virtually diagnostic of cystic duct obstruction or gallbladder membrane dysfunction. Intravenous cholangiography may be used to confirm cystic duct obstruction but more commonly is used to demonstrate common-duct pathology. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are the best studies to demonstrate the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Tomography may be helpful in oral cholecystography and is invaluable in intravenous cholangiography. Ultrasonography appears promising for gallbladder evaluation, but reliability is greatly influenced by the equipment available and personnel employed. Biliary drainage and bile analysis are of value in patients with negative radiographic studies and clinical symptoms suggestive of biliary tract disease.", "PMID": 493185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1465", "title": "Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two aspects of one disease.", "content": "Temporal (cranial, giant cell) arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica are probably different expressions of the same inflammatory disease. The disease occurs mainly in the elderly and is characterized in the early stage by vague, nonspecific symptoms. Tenderness of the temporal arteries is diagnostic but rarely is present early. Unfortunagely, loss of vision usually occurs before the diagnosis is made. A high index of suspicion and frequent testing of the ESR in elderly patients with vague complaints may lead to earlier diagnosis and appropriate therapy and thus may prevent blindness and even death.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two aspects of one disease. Temporal (cranial, giant cell) arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica are probably different expressions of the same inflammatory disease. The disease occurs mainly in the elderly and is characterized in the early stage by vague, nonspecific symptoms. Tenderness of the temporal arteries is diagnostic but rarely is present early. Unfortunagely, loss of vision usually occurs before the diagnosis is made. A high index of suspicion and frequent testing of the ESR in elderly patients with vague complaints may lead to earlier diagnosis and appropriate therapy and thus may prevent blindness and even death.", "PMID": 493186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1466", "title": "Diesters of 4,4'-(piperazine1,4-diyl)bis-4-oxo 2-butenoic acid.", "content": "The title compounds were prepared by acylation of piperazine with maleic acid ester chlorides in methylene chloride medium in the presence of K2CO3. In preliminary screening some of them showed marked antimitotic activity on plant materials.", "contents": "Diesters of 4,4'-(piperazine1,4-diyl)bis-4-oxo 2-butenoic acid. The title compounds were prepared by acylation of piperazine with maleic acid ester chlorides in methylene chloride medium in the presence of K2CO3. In preliminary screening some of them showed marked antimitotic activity on plant materials.", "PMID": 493180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1467", "title": "Endogenous catecholamines during noradrenaline and adrenaline hypertension.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of noradrenaline (NA) (30 micrograms/kg) results in reflectory increase of adrenaline (A), this has been established by spectrofluorometrical assay of the difference in the plasma catecholamine level during noradrenalinemia with and without elimination of circulatory reflexes. Analogically, intravenous infusion of A brings about reflectory increase of NA level. In the presence of hexamethonium a substantial amount of injected NA remains in the blood. After adrenalectomy the uptake of injected catecholamines is greatly enhanced.", "contents": "Endogenous catecholamines during noradrenaline and adrenaline hypertension. Intravenous infusion of noradrenaline (NA) (30 micrograms/kg) results in reflectory increase of adrenaline (A), this has been established by spectrofluorometrical assay of the difference in the plasma catecholamine level during noradrenalinemia with and without elimination of circulatory reflexes. Analogically, intravenous infusion of A brings about reflectory increase of NA level. In the presence of hexamethonium a substantial amount of injected NA remains in the blood. After adrenalectomy the uptake of injected catecholamines is greatly enhanced.", "PMID": 493182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1468", "title": "Diabetes mellitus: test strategies for diagnosis and management.", "content": "Fasting plasma glucose determination is the test of choice for diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose tolerance testing should be reserved for patients with borderline fasting values or possible diabetic complications and those suspected of having gestational diabetes. Strict attention to patient variables is essential if glucose tolerance testing is to be of value. The diagnosis of diabetes should be reserved for those patients with symptoms and unequivocal hyperglycemia, those with fasting plasma glucose values of 140 mg/dl or more repeatedly, and those with glucose tolerance test values of 200 mg/dl or more at two hours and at least one other time.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus: test strategies for diagnosis and management. Fasting plasma glucose determination is the test of choice for diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose tolerance testing should be reserved for patients with borderline fasting values or possible diabetic complications and those suspected of having gestational diabetes. Strict attention to patient variables is essential if glucose tolerance testing is to be of value. The diagnosis of diabetes should be reserved for those patients with symptoms and unequivocal hyperglycemia, those with fasting plasma glucose values of 140 mg/dl or more repeatedly, and those with glucose tolerance test values of 200 mg/dl or more at two hours and at least one other time.", "PMID": 493189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1469", "title": "Reactivity of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to some antihypertensive agents after acute and chronic treatment.", "content": "Hypotensive action of some antihypertensive agents was studied on normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats in acute and chronic treatment. The reactivity of normotensive rats was much more weaker than in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR). Results of the experiments indicate also that the selection of new antihypertensive agents should be based on tests carried out with at least two models of hypertension.", "contents": "Reactivity of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to some antihypertensive agents after acute and chronic treatment. Hypotensive action of some antihypertensive agents was studied on normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats in acute and chronic treatment. The reactivity of normotensive rats was much more weaker than in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR). Results of the experiments indicate also that the selection of new antihypertensive agents should be based on tests carried out with at least two models of hypertension.", "PMID": 493179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1470", "title": "Hypertensive crisis possibly due to drug interaction.", "content": "This report describes a case of possible drug interaction in a patient taking chlorpromazine and guanethidine who experienced a hypertensive crisis following initiation of doxepin therapy. (We have been unable to find a report of a similar interaction at the doses described.) It is advised that physicians exercise caution when contemplating concomitant use of doxepin and guanethidine, even in usually recommended doses.", "contents": "Hypertensive crisis possibly due to drug interaction. This report describes a case of possible drug interaction in a patient taking chlorpromazine and guanethidine who experienced a hypertensive crisis following initiation of doxepin therapy. (We have been unable to find a report of a similar interaction at the doses described.) It is advised that physicians exercise caution when contemplating concomitant use of doxepin and guanethidine, even in usually recommended doses.", "PMID": 493191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1471", "title": "Synthesis of N-aryl-N'-[2-phenyl-3-quinazoline(3H)-4-one] acylthiourea derivatives as anticonvulsants.", "content": "By the reaction of [2-phenyl-3-quinazolineo (3H)-4-one] acyl isothiocynates and appropriate aryl amines in acetone, 24 new compounds, having a substituted thiourea grouping at the 3-position of the quianozolone moiety, were prepared. All compounds, except two, showed different degree of protection against pentetrazol induced seizures test in albino mice. While studying the effect of structural variation no definite pattern could be observed due to variations in 1-aryl moiety, but it was noticed that generally the branching or lengthening of 3-acyl chain either diminishes or does not effect the activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of N-aryl-N'-[2-phenyl-3-quinazoline(3H)-4-one] acylthiourea derivatives as anticonvulsants. By the reaction of [2-phenyl-3-quinazolineo (3H)-4-one] acyl isothiocynates and appropriate aryl amines in acetone, 24 new compounds, having a substituted thiourea grouping at the 3-position of the quianozolone moiety, were prepared. All compounds, except two, showed different degree of protection against pentetrazol induced seizures test in albino mice. While studying the effect of structural variation no definite pattern could be observed due to variations in 1-aryl moiety, but it was noticed that generally the branching or lengthening of 3-acyl chain either diminishes or does not effect the activity.", "PMID": 493181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1472", "title": "Exercise in diabetes: therapeutic implications.", "content": "The metabolic response to acute exercise in diabetics is largely determined by the availability of insulin. In nonketotic, insulin-dependent diabetics, acute exercise lowers the level of plasma glucose, whereas in insulin-deficient, ketotic patients, blood glucose may increase during exercise. Exercise accelerates insulin absorption from the exercising limb. Thus, by injecting insulin into a nonexercising area (eg, into the abdomen before leg exercise), the degree of exercise-induced hypoglycemia can be reduced in diabetic patients. Also, elevation in the level of antiinsulin hormones caused by exercise is exaggerated in diabetics if insulin treatment is less than optimal. This abnormal hormonal response may be restored to normal by improved methods of insulin delivery. In normal subjects, regular exercise or training results in enhanced body sensitivity to insulin. This rise in sensitivity may be mediated by augmented insulin binding to receptors. Furthermore, regular exercise may decrease levels of serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase those of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These beneficial effects of training on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism observed in normal subjects may extend to diabetic patients as well.", "contents": "Exercise in diabetes: therapeutic implications. The metabolic response to acute exercise in diabetics is largely determined by the availability of insulin. In nonketotic, insulin-dependent diabetics, acute exercise lowers the level of plasma glucose, whereas in insulin-deficient, ketotic patients, blood glucose may increase during exercise. Exercise accelerates insulin absorption from the exercising limb. Thus, by injecting insulin into a nonexercising area (eg, into the abdomen before leg exercise), the degree of exercise-induced hypoglycemia can be reduced in diabetic patients. Also, elevation in the level of antiinsulin hormones caused by exercise is exaggerated in diabetics if insulin treatment is less than optimal. This abnormal hormonal response may be restored to normal by improved methods of insulin delivery. In normal subjects, regular exercise or training results in enhanced body sensitivity to insulin. This rise in sensitivity may be mediated by augmented insulin binding to receptors. Furthermore, regular exercise may decrease levels of serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase those of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These beneficial effects of training on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism observed in normal subjects may extend to diabetic patients as well.", "PMID": 493195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1473", "title": "Severe acute mountain sickness.", "content": "The experiences of acute mountain sickness (AMS) as it has presented to a physician working in a general hospital at 1370 m in Kathmandu, nepal, are described. The features of 39 cases are analysed. It is suggested that AMS should be classified into benign and malignant forms.", "contents": "Severe acute mountain sickness. The experiences of acute mountain sickness (AMS) as it has presented to a physician working in a general hospital at 1370 m in Kathmandu, nepal, are described. The features of 39 cases are analysed. It is suggested that AMS should be classified into benign and malignant forms.", "PMID": 493196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1474", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: signs and symptoms.", "content": "The BMRES group of 17 persons is described and details are given of the trek to 5400 m. The research programme is outlined. Moderately severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) was observed in 5 subjects. All subjects were rated according to their symptoms related to AMS by interview, peer review and self-assessment, and the results compared.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: signs and symptoms. The BMRES group of 17 persons is described and details are given of the trek to 5400 m. The research programme is outlined. Moderately severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) was observed in 5 subjects. All subjects were rated according to their symptoms related to AMS by interview, peer review and self-assessment, and the results compared.", "PMID": 493197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1475", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: Psychological aspects of acute mountain sickness.", "content": "In order to assess the importance of personality and expectations in the development of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), 3 standard personality questionnaires and a Mountain Sickness Anticipation Questionnaire were completed by all of the 17 BMRES expedition members before their departure for the Himalayas. AMS could not be predicted with these tests and its occurrence, when assessed either by clinical interview or by peer review, bore no significant relationship to personality. For comparison daily self-assessment of the signs and symptoms of AMS were also conducted throughout the expedition, using graduated and graphic rating scales. The results were found to be unreliable and dependent upon personality factors. These findings have implications for those assessing others at high altitude.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: Psychological aspects of acute mountain sickness. In order to assess the importance of personality and expectations in the development of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), 3 standard personality questionnaires and a Mountain Sickness Anticipation Questionnaire were completed by all of the 17 BMRES expedition members before their departure for the Himalayas. AMS could not be predicted with these tests and its occurrence, when assessed either by clinical interview or by peer review, bore no significant relationship to personality. For comparison daily self-assessment of the signs and symptoms of AMS were also conducted throughout the expedition, using graduated and graphic rating scales. The results were found to be unreliable and dependent upon personality factors. These findings have implications for those assessing others at high altitude.", "PMID": 493198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1476", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: the diuresis and related changes during a trek to high altitude.", "content": "Continuous 24-hr urine collections were made by 17 subjects during a trek to 5400 m. Fluid intake was recorded by diary. Weight and fat folds were measured daily. The results were compared with daily measurements of packed cell volume (PCV) and reticulocyte count. Early fluid retention was matched by a fall in PCV. There was a diuresis with negative fluid balance towards the end of the ascent and again early in descent. There was a slight trend for fluid retention to occur in those most affected by acute mountain sickness but the effect was not marked.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: the diuresis and related changes during a trek to high altitude. Continuous 24-hr urine collections were made by 17 subjects during a trek to 5400 m. Fluid intake was recorded by diary. Weight and fat folds were measured daily. The results were compared with daily measurements of packed cell volume (PCV) and reticulocyte count. Early fluid retention was matched by a fall in PCV. There was a diuresis with negative fluid balance towards the end of the ascent and again early in descent. There was a slight trend for fluid retention to occur in those most affected by acute mountain sickness but the effect was not marked.", "PMID": 493199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1477", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: effect of a Himalayan trek on whole body composition, nitrogen and potassium.", "content": "The body composition of the 17 members of the BMRES was studied using body weight and fat fold calipers, with measurements of whole body potassium and nitrogen. The full assessment was made just before departure from Birmingham and immediately on return. Daily observations of body weight and fat folds were made during the trek to high altitude. During the ascent all subjects lost body fat but there was little change in lean body mass. After return it was found that there had been further loss of body fat and some loss of lean tissue also. One subject who took methandienone retained potassium but had no increase in body nitrogen. There was no correlation between changes in body composition and acute mountain sickness.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: effect of a Himalayan trek on whole body composition, nitrogen and potassium. The body composition of the 17 members of the BMRES was studied using body weight and fat fold calipers, with measurements of whole body potassium and nitrogen. The full assessment was made just before departure from Birmingham and immediately on return. Daily observations of body weight and fat folds were made during the trek to high altitude. During the ascent all subjects lost body fat but there was little change in lean body mass. After return it was found that there had been further loss of body fat and some loss of lean tissue also. One subject who took methandienone retained potassium but had no increase in body nitrogen. There was no correlation between changes in body composition and acute mountain sickness.", "PMID": 493200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1478", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: serum and urine proteins during a high altitude trek.", "content": "Serum and urine proteins were measured daily in 17 subjects undertaking a typical high altitude Himalayan trek. Marked changes occurred in a variety of serum proteins as a result of plasma volume alterations and 'stress'. There was only a sporadic increase in proteinuria. None of the changes was related to the development of acute mountain sickness.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: serum and urine proteins during a high altitude trek. Serum and urine proteins were measured daily in 17 subjects undertaking a typical high altitude Himalayan trek. Marked changes occurred in a variety of serum proteins as a result of plasma volume alterations and 'stress'. There was only a sporadic increase in proteinuria. None of the changes was related to the development of acute mountain sickness.", "PMID": 493201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1479", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: changes in renal function observed during a trek to high altitude.", "content": "Changes in renal function were observed in 17 subjects during the course of a trek to high altitude. Comparison was made between these changes and the clinical assessment of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Periods of natriuresis occurred during ascent and descent, that during ascent being related to a fall in plasma aldosterone. Alterations in serum and urinary potassium suggested that potassium retention occurred during the ascent to altitude. No significant correlation occurred between changes in renal function and the severity of AMS before the illness being clinically apparent. When this was so, the severity of AMS correlated with a decreasing urine output, increasing positive fluid balance and a decreasing excretion of sodium and potassium; these changes were produced in part by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: changes in renal function observed during a trek to high altitude. Changes in renal function were observed in 17 subjects during the course of a trek to high altitude. Comparison was made between these changes and the clinical assessment of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Periods of natriuresis occurred during ascent and descent, that during ascent being related to a fall in plasma aldosterone. Alterations in serum and urinary potassium suggested that potassium retention occurred during the ascent to altitude. No significant correlation occurred between changes in renal function and the severity of AMS before the illness being clinically apparent. When this was so, the severity of AMS correlated with a decreasing urine output, increasing positive fluid balance and a decreasing excretion of sodium and potassium; these changes were produced in part by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 493202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1480", "title": "Exercise and altitude.", "content": "In studies concerned with the performance at high altitude it is often not possible to separate the effects which are due to hypoxia from those associated with the stress of ascent. Some of the  basic observations concerning exercise at high altitude are reviewed and a study is described which was designed to simulate the physical exertion of high altitude mountaineering but performed at altitudes below 1000 m. Some of the changes observed including peripheral oedema might under other circumstances have been ascribed to altitude.", "contents": "Exercise and altitude. In studies concerned with the performance at high altitude it is often not possible to separate the effects which are due to hypoxia from those associated with the stress of ascent. Some of the  basic observations concerning exercise at high altitude are reviewed and a study is described which was designed to simulate the physical exertion of high altitude mountaineering but performed at altitudes below 1000 m. Some of the changes observed including peripheral oedema might under other circumstances have been ascribed to altitude.", "PMID": 493203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1481", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: cardiopulmonary function before, during and after a twenty-one-day Himalayan trek.", "content": "The heart rate response to exercise was studied in 17 normal subjects before, during and after a 21-day Himalayan trek to 5490 m. The group were fitter before the trek when compared to normal subjects of a similar age (P less than 0.001) having a lower heart rate response to exercise for their lean body mass. The trek significantly increased the 'fitness' of the group as a whole (P less than 0.025) but this was not seen in the 5 members of the group who had severe acute mountain sickness. Similar changes were noted within the first 8 days of the trek before symptoms of mountain sickness occurred. The group had normal pulmonary function before the trek but peak expiratory flow rate and vital capacity decreased with altitude. The effect was more marked in the subjects with acute mountain sickness.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expedition: cardiopulmonary function before, during and after a twenty-one-day Himalayan trek. The heart rate response to exercise was studied in 17 normal subjects before, during and after a 21-day Himalayan trek to 5490 m. The group were fitter before the trek when compared to normal subjects of a similar age (P less than 0.001) having a lower heart rate response to exercise for their lean body mass. The trek significantly increased the 'fitness' of the group as a whole (P less than 0.025) but this was not seen in the 5 members of the group who had severe acute mountain sickness. Similar changes were noted within the first 8 days of the trek before symptoms of mountain sickness occurred. The group had normal pulmonary function before the trek but peak expiratory flow rate and vital capacity decreased with altitude. The effect was more marked in the subjects with acute mountain sickness.", "PMID": 493204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1482", "title": "[Measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillations in healthy children (author's transl)].", "content": "The measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillations, a theory known for over 20 years, has found a practical application by a simplification of the method. The comparison with the plethysmographic measurement of the resistance of airways in 27 healthy children shows a good correlation (r = 0,73), similarly with F.E.V1 (r = 0,78) and peak flow (r = 0,61). This technique does not require the forced expiration demanded by the measurement of F.E.V1 and peak flow and it does not need the costly equipment of body plethysmography. In this technique the causes of error are easy to detect. Its rapid execution and the absence of discomfort should make it a choice method in the functional respiratory tests in the child.", "contents": "[Measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillations in healthy children (author's transl)]. The measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillations, a theory known for over 20 years, has found a practical application by a simplification of the method. The comparison with the plethysmographic measurement of the resistance of airways in 27 healthy children shows a good correlation (r = 0,73), similarly with F.E.V1 (r = 0,78) and peak flow (r = 0,61). This technique does not require the forced expiration demanded by the measurement of F.E.V1 and peak flow and it does not need the costly equipment of body plethysmography. In this technique the causes of error are easy to detect. Its rapid execution and the absence of discomfort should make it a choice method in the functional respiratory tests in the child.", "PMID": 493206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1483", "title": "[Echographic study of thoracic lumps in 9 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 9 cases of thoracic lumps investigated by echography in children and adults and operated later. The ulta-sonic study of intra-thoracic lumps is possible thanks to the echographic \"windows\" which are described; mediastinal and parenchymal lumps can thereby be investigated provided that they have a direct contact point with the chest wall. The echographic examination cannot reveal the histological nature of the lump but it is interesting in that in case of a liquid content it can assert its benignity, all with a technique simple and easy to use especially in children. The reliability of this examination seems good, the echostructure of the lesion being correctly defined in the 9 cases and in the 14 observations in the literature which are summed up.", "contents": "[Echographic study of thoracic lumps in 9 operated cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 9 cases of thoracic lumps investigated by echography in children and adults and operated later. The ulta-sonic study of intra-thoracic lumps is possible thanks to the echographic \"windows\" which are described; mediastinal and parenchymal lumps can thereby be investigated provided that they have a direct contact point with the chest wall. The echographic examination cannot reveal the histological nature of the lump but it is interesting in that in case of a liquid content it can assert its benignity, all with a technique simple and easy to use especially in children. The reliability of this examination seems good, the echostructure of the lesion being correctly defined in the 9 cases and in the 14 observations in the literature which are summed up.", "PMID": 493207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1484", "title": "[Clinical, pathologica and genetic analysis of 53 cases of broncho-pulmonary cancer, still surviving after 5 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors take up again the clinical, pathological and genetic analysis of 53 bronchial cancers with a survival exceeding 5 years. The operation samples were reexamined; a H.L.A. grouping was done in every cases. On the whole, it concerned patients under 60 in good general condition; the extension of their lesions only required a limited exeresis (lobectomy). The epidermoid form predominates, the lymph node invasion is rare. Seventy four per cent of the patients carry at least one of the following antigens: W 19, A 10, B 5, BW 35. But the study did not prove the existence of a genetic factor conditioning the survival.", "contents": "[Clinical, pathologica and genetic analysis of 53 cases of broncho-pulmonary cancer, still surviving after 5 years (author's transl)]. The authors take up again the clinical, pathological and genetic analysis of 53 bronchial cancers with a survival exceeding 5 years. The operation samples were reexamined; a H.L.A. grouping was done in every cases. On the whole, it concerned patients under 60 in good general condition; the extension of their lesions only required a limited exeresis (lobectomy). The epidermoid form predominates, the lymph node invasion is rare. Seventy four per cent of the patients carry at least one of the following antigens: W 19, A 10, B 5, BW 35. But the study did not prove the existence of a genetic factor conditioning the survival.", "PMID": 493208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1485", "title": "[A follow up of pulmonary function after Mendelson's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow up of pulmonary function has been performed on three patients having recovered from Mendelson's syndrome (between 1 and 70 months). In the 3 patients a syndrome of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis was observed. These perturbations disappeared relatively quickly. They were compatible with pulmonary oedema due to the disappearance of surfactant, consecutive to acid inhalation.", "contents": "[A follow up of pulmonary function after Mendelson's syndrome (author's transl)]. A follow up of pulmonary function has been performed on three patients having recovered from Mendelson's syndrome (between 1 and 70 months). In the 3 patients a syndrome of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis was observed. These perturbations disappeared relatively quickly. They were compatible with pulmonary oedema due to the disappearance of surfactant, consecutive to acid inhalation.", "PMID": 493209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1486", "title": "[The use of a laser beam in bronchology. Resection of 2 tracheo-bronchial tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Two properties of the laser beam can be used in medicine: coagulating and sectionning. The possibility for the beam to reach its target through an optic fibre, adaptable to the broncho-fibroscope, enables its use in bronchology. Two patients with a malignant tracheo-bronchial tumour received this treatment. Results were encouraging. Some practical applications are proposed.", "contents": "[The use of a laser beam in bronchology. Resection of 2 tracheo-bronchial tumours (author's transl)]. Two properties of the laser beam can be used in medicine: coagulating and sectionning. The possibility for the beam to reach its target through an optic fibre, adaptable to the broncho-fibroscope, enables its use in bronchology. Two patients with a malignant tracheo-bronchial tumour received this treatment. Results were encouraging. Some practical applications are proposed.", "PMID": 493210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1487", "title": "[Observation of a pulmonary histoplasmosis with Histoplasma capsulatum (author's transl)].", "content": "From an observation of pulmonary histoplasmosis with Histoplasma capsulatum in a Haiti woman living in France for 2 years, the authors recall the mycological and epidemiological data of this fungus as well as the main clinical radiological and biological signs of the disease. Because of its tendancy to dissemination, histoplasmosis can have a bad prognosis. It is difficult to diagnose in our countries and facing a chronic pulmonary form, a diagnosis of tuberculosis is often thought of. But its possibility is to be envisaged in case of a journey in countries of endemia, and the disease should be confirmed by: -- several samplings to trace the fungus, bringing the mycological prove of the disease; -- serum uses; -- modalities and difficulties of the treatment by Amphotericin B are also recalled.", "contents": "[Observation of a pulmonary histoplasmosis with Histoplasma capsulatum (author's transl)]. From an observation of pulmonary histoplasmosis with Histoplasma capsulatum in a Haiti woman living in France for 2 years, the authors recall the mycological and epidemiological data of this fungus as well as the main clinical radiological and biological signs of the disease. Because of its tendancy to dissemination, histoplasmosis can have a bad prognosis. It is difficult to diagnose in our countries and facing a chronic pulmonary form, a diagnosis of tuberculosis is often thought of. But its possibility is to be envisaged in case of a journey in countries of endemia, and the disease should be confirmed by: -- several samplings to trace the fungus, bringing the mycological prove of the disease; -- serum uses; -- modalities and difficulties of the treatment by Amphotericin B are also recalled.", "PMID": 493211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1488", "title": "[Mesocolic and mesenteric lymph node granulomatosis together with a sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 22 year old woman with a recognized pulmonary sarcoidosis with disorders of the alveolo-capillary diffusion, admitted to hospital for feverish diarrhea. The discovery of right colic radiological lesions with no obvious origin, led to an exploring laparotomy which revealed large mesocolic and mesenteric adenopathies: histologically they were granulomatous lesions, of epithelioid and giant cells, tending to sclerosis. Colic and ileal mucosae were normal. From this observation the authors analyze the difficulties in diagnosing granulomatoses of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes and their eventual sarcoidic nature. Because of the lack of arguments in favour of tuberculosis and of the normal appearance of the intestinal coats, the sarcoidic etiology of these adenopathies appears most probable.", "contents": "[Mesocolic and mesenteric lymph node granulomatosis together with a sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 22 year old woman with a recognized pulmonary sarcoidosis with disorders of the alveolo-capillary diffusion, admitted to hospital for feverish diarrhea. The discovery of right colic radiological lesions with no obvious origin, led to an exploring laparotomy which revealed large mesocolic and mesenteric adenopathies: histologically they were granulomatous lesions, of epithelioid and giant cells, tending to sclerosis. Colic and ileal mucosae were normal. From this observation the authors analyze the difficulties in diagnosing granulomatoses of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes and their eventual sarcoidic nature. Because of the lack of arguments in favour of tuberculosis and of the normal appearance of the intestinal coats, the sarcoidic etiology of these adenopathies appears most probable.", "PMID": 493212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1489", "title": "Incorporation of H3-glucose into the parasite cells of Eimeria tenella.", "content": "The incorporation of H3-glucose into the parasite cells of Eimeria tenella was observed with electron microscopic autoradiography. H3-glucose was incorporated into the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of the first schizont, but was not incorporated into the nucleus and nucleolus of young macrogametocyte.", "contents": "Incorporation of H3-glucose into the parasite cells of Eimeria tenella. The incorporation of H3-glucose into the parasite cells of Eimeria tenella was observed with electron microscopic autoradiography. H3-glucose was incorporated into the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of the first schizont, but was not incorporated into the nucleus and nucleolus of young macrogametocyte.", "PMID": 493214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1490", "title": "Caloric value of cardiac response to hot environments.", "content": "Single Comb White Leghorn hens were placed in a controlled temperature chamber, initially at 26 C and subsequently raised to 35 C. Recordings of the surface and rectal temperatures, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were made at the 26 C basal temperature and compared with those made at the 35 C ambient temperature. Sequential doses of saline and atropine were injected following the thermoregulatory response of birds to 35 C. The thermal challenge resulted in an average increase of 53 breaths per minute in the respiratory rate during the pre-injection period at 35 C and rose steadily to the end of the thermal challenge. The saline elicited no effects on any parameter measured; however, the atropine resulted in a mean increase of 62 beats per minute in the heart rate. There was no difference in the pre-atropine heart rate at 35 C and the basal heart rate at 26 C. Following the atropine induced increase in heart rate there was a 13% increase in energy expenditure. Thermal-bradycardia in hot environments may represent a first line of defense against hyperthermia by reducing the added heat load.", "contents": "Caloric value of cardiac response to hot environments. Single Comb White Leghorn hens were placed in a controlled temperature chamber, initially at 26 C and subsequently raised to 35 C. Recordings of the surface and rectal temperatures, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were made at the 26 C basal temperature and compared with those made at the 35 C ambient temperature. Sequential doses of saline and atropine were injected following the thermoregulatory response of birds to 35 C. The thermal challenge resulted in an average increase of 53 breaths per minute in the respiratory rate during the pre-injection period at 35 C and rose steadily to the end of the thermal challenge. The saline elicited no effects on any parameter measured; however, the atropine resulted in a mean increase of 62 beats per minute in the heart rate. There was no difference in the pre-atropine heart rate at 35 C and the basal heart rate at 26 C. Following the atropine induced increase in heart rate there was a 13% increase in energy expenditure. Thermal-bradycardia in hot environments may represent a first line of defense against hyperthermia by reducing the added heat load.", "PMID": 493215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1491", "title": "Hemorrhagic syndrome of chicks produced by Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 contaminated corn.", "content": "Rations containing 0%, 6.2%, and 62% Penicillium citrinum contaminated corn were fed to White Leghorn chicks for 5 weeks. The 62% ration induced hemorrhaging throughout the digestive tract which resembled the lesions observed in acute cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The 6.2% ration caused atrophy of lymphoid tissue, anemia, leucopenia, and fatty bone marrow which resembled the lesions observed in chronic cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The syndrome was reproduced in chicks using ethanol and chloroform extracts of the P. citrinum contaminated corn.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic syndrome of chicks produced by Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 contaminated corn. Rations containing 0%, 6.2%, and 62% Penicillium citrinum contaminated corn were fed to White Leghorn chicks for 5 weeks. The 62% ration induced hemorrhaging throughout the digestive tract which resembled the lesions observed in acute cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The 6.2% ration caused atrophy of lymphoid tissue, anemia, leucopenia, and fatty bone marrow which resembled the lesions observed in chronic cases of the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome. The syndrome was reproduced in chicks using ethanol and chloroform extracts of the P. citrinum contaminated corn.", "PMID": 493216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1492", "title": "Digestion and absorption of lipids in chicks fed triglycerides or free fatty acids: synthesis of monoglycerides in the intestine.", "content": "Digestion and absorption of lipids were determined in 3-week-old chicks fed diets containing triglycerides, free fatty acids, or free fatty acids with added glycerol. The 91YCl3 was present as a non-absorbed reference substance. Overall absorption of total fatty acids was highest in triglyceride-fed chicks and lowest in chicks receiving fatty acids. Net secretion of endogenous fatty acids from biliary phospholipids was observed in the duodenum of triglyceride fed chicks, whereas in the other treatments net absorption was observed at this site. Fractionation of the intestinal lipids by thin layer chromatography showed that triglycerides were almost completely hydrolyzed in the duodenum. Monoglycerides were present at high levels in the duodenum of triglyceride fed chicks and at lower levels in chicks receiving free fatty acids and glycerol and at trace levels in free fatty acid-fed chicks. Total micellar fatty acids were lowest in the duodenum of free fatty acid-fed chicks. In vitro incubation of pancreatic homogenate with oleic acid, glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, and taurocholate revealed synthesis of monoglycerides. The poorer fat absorption observed on feeding acidulated soapstock instead of triglycerides is partially explained by less efficient micellarization when free fatty acids are fed.", "contents": "Digestion and absorption of lipids in chicks fed triglycerides or free fatty acids: synthesis of monoglycerides in the intestine. Digestion and absorption of lipids were determined in 3-week-old chicks fed diets containing triglycerides, free fatty acids, or free fatty acids with added glycerol. The 91YCl3 was present as a non-absorbed reference substance. Overall absorption of total fatty acids was highest in triglyceride-fed chicks and lowest in chicks receiving fatty acids. Net secretion of endogenous fatty acids from biliary phospholipids was observed in the duodenum of triglyceride fed chicks, whereas in the other treatments net absorption was observed at this site. Fractionation of the intestinal lipids by thin layer chromatography showed that triglycerides were almost completely hydrolyzed in the duodenum. Monoglycerides were present at high levels in the duodenum of triglyceride fed chicks and at lower levels in chicks receiving free fatty acids and glycerol and at trace levels in free fatty acid-fed chicks. Total micellar fatty acids were lowest in the duodenum of free fatty acid-fed chicks. In vitro incubation of pancreatic homogenate with oleic acid, glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, and taurocholate revealed synthesis of monoglycerides. The poorer fat absorption observed on feeding acidulated soapstock instead of triglycerides is partially explained by less efficient micellarization when free fatty acids are fed.", "PMID": 493217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1493", "title": "The response of three strains of fowl to alpha-chloralose.", "content": "A heavy and two light strains of pullets suffered a decline in egg production but an improvement in body weight gains when alpha-chloralose, a tranquilizer, was included in their diets at .1 to .3%. Feed efficiency also experienced a decline while egg size and Haugh unit were not affected.", "contents": "The response of three strains of fowl to alpha-chloralose. A heavy and two light strains of pullets suffered a decline in egg production but an improvement in body weight gains when alpha-chloralose, a tranquilizer, was included in their diets at .1 to .3%. Feed efficiency also experienced a decline while egg size and Haugh unit were not affected.", "PMID": 493218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1494", "title": "Hematology of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets fed aflatoxin-contaminated and ammonia-treated corn.", "content": "Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, percent hematocrit, or mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not affected by feeding aflatoxin levels of 2.3 ppb and 500 ppb to Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Pullets fed ammoniated corn without aflatoxin and pullets fed corn containing 500 ppb aflatoxin in the finished feed had significantly reduced mean corpuscular volume.", "contents": "Hematology of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets fed aflatoxin-contaminated and ammonia-treated corn. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, percent hematocrit, or mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not affected by feeding aflatoxin levels of 2.3 ppb and 500 ppb to Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Pullets fed ammoniated corn without aflatoxin and pullets fed corn containing 500 ppb aflatoxin in the finished feed had significantly reduced mean corpuscular volume.", "PMID": 493219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1495", "title": "Effects of diazacholesterol, triparanol, and beta-sitosterol on egg cholesterol deposition in coturnix quail.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis on deposition of cholesterol in eggs of Japanese quail. Results indicate that this bird responds similarly to the laying hen, making it a useful screening device for these types of compounds. Administration of either triparanol or 20,25 diazacholesterol resulted in a decreased cholesterol content of the yolk. Concomitant with this decrease was an increase in desmosterol deposition. Beta sitosterol (2%) fed either alone or with lecithin (2%) did not result in a decrease in egg yolk cholesterol. No beta-sitosterol was found in the egg yolk. Diazacholesterol fed either with sitosterol, or sitosterol plus lecithin, was not effective in reducing the total sterol content of egg.", "contents": "Effects of diazacholesterol, triparanol, and beta-sitosterol on egg cholesterol deposition in coturnix quail. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis on deposition of cholesterol in eggs of Japanese quail. Results indicate that this bird responds similarly to the laying hen, making it a useful screening device for these types of compounds. Administration of either triparanol or 20,25 diazacholesterol resulted in a decreased cholesterol content of the yolk. Concomitant with this decrease was an increase in desmosterol deposition. Beta sitosterol (2%) fed either alone or with lecithin (2%) did not result in a decrease in egg yolk cholesterol. No beta-sitosterol was found in the egg yolk. Diazacholesterol fed either with sitosterol, or sitosterol plus lecithin, was not effective in reducing the total sterol content of egg.", "PMID": 493220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1496", "title": "Effects of furazolidone in the early chick embryo.", "content": "Effects of furazolidone in early chick embryos were investigated in order to determine the feasibility of using this biological system as a model for studying the mechanism(s) of furazolidone toxicity. Double and triple injections of varying dosages of furazolidone were administered via the yolk sac at early stages of incubation. Toxic levels of the drug affecting both growth and levels of glycogen were dosage-dependent and time-dependent. Double injections of furazolidone at a dose as little as 60 microgram/egg administered at 40 and 72 hr of incubation significantly retarded growth (P less than .001) and increased glycogen levels (P less than .05) in the embryo and yolk sac. Mortality was high in embryos receiving toxic levels of furazolidone, but no gross abnormalities were observed.", "contents": "Effects of furazolidone in the early chick embryo. Effects of furazolidone in early chick embryos were investigated in order to determine the feasibility of using this biological system as a model for studying the mechanism(s) of furazolidone toxicity. Double and triple injections of varying dosages of furazolidone were administered via the yolk sac at early stages of incubation. Toxic levels of the drug affecting both growth and levels of glycogen were dosage-dependent and time-dependent. Double injections of furazolidone at a dose as little as 60 microgram/egg administered at 40 and 72 hr of incubation significantly retarded growth (P less than .001) and increased glycogen levels (P less than .05) in the embryo and yolk sac. Mortality was high in embryos receiving toxic levels of furazolidone, but no gross abnormalities were observed.", "PMID": 493221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1497", "title": "[Operability and fitness for anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The decision as to operability and fitness for anaesthesia must be made jointly by the surgeon and the anaesthesiologist and only by them. They arrange for the required diagnostic and therapeutic measures to be taken to assure the success of the operation. The advice of other specialists as to the treatment of disorders unconnected with the primary disease does not extend to questions regarding operability and fitness for anaesthesia. The preparation of out-patients for surgery requires particular care on the part of the anaesthesiologist. A detailed pre-operative explanation to the patient of what is involved will greatly help to relieve the patient's anxiety.", "contents": "[Operability and fitness for anesthesia (author's transl)]. The decision as to operability and fitness for anaesthesia must be made jointly by the surgeon and the anaesthesiologist and only by them. They arrange for the required diagnostic and therapeutic measures to be taken to assure the success of the operation. The advice of other specialists as to the treatment of disorders unconnected with the primary disease does not extend to questions regarding operability and fitness for anaesthesia. The preparation of out-patients for surgery requires particular care on the part of the anaesthesiologist. A detailed pre-operative explanation to the patient of what is involved will greatly help to relieve the patient's anxiety.", "PMID": 493222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1498", "title": "[Indications for surgery and operability from the point of view of the surgeon (author's transl)].", "content": "The decision as to surgical intervention and operability must also take into account somatic, personal, psychosomatic and social factors. The advances made in medical science have added to rather than detracted from the difficulties of the problem. Although the final decision rests with the surgeon the indications as to surgical intervention and operability present problems which demand interdisciplinary co-operation, first with the general practitioner, then, after admission to hospital, with the various specialists and subsequently again with the general practitioner.", "contents": "[Indications for surgery and operability from the point of view of the surgeon (author's transl)]. The decision as to surgical intervention and operability must also take into account somatic, personal, psychosomatic and social factors. The advances made in medical science have added to rather than detracted from the difficulties of the problem. Although the final decision rests with the surgeon the indications as to surgical intervention and operability present problems which demand interdisciplinary co-operation, first with the general practitioner, then, after admission to hospital, with the various specialists and subsequently again with the general practitioner.", "PMID": 493223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1499", "title": "[An attempt to determine optimum dosage of fentanyl in neurolept analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study a comparison was made of the doses of Fentanyl used by anaesthetists to induce and maintain neurolept analgesia for a variety of surgical operations (158 cases). Dosages differed widely both for different surgical procedures and for different anaesthetists. A method, based on pharmacokinetic considerations, was developed for calculating Fentanyl requirements during any stage of anaesthesia. The dose/time relation, as represented by y = At + B (1--e-kt) makes it possible to calculate the required doses of Fentanyl; this enables the anaesthetist to maintain a stable level of anaesthesia and makes antagonization of Fentanyl unnecessary. Methods for determining the coefficients of the dose-time equation are described. Simulation by an analogue computer showed that by using the suggested procedure substantial variations of Fentanyl concentration in the brain and other body compartments can be avoided.", "contents": "[An attempt to determine optimum dosage of fentanyl in neurolept analgesia (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study a comparison was made of the doses of Fentanyl used by anaesthetists to induce and maintain neurolept analgesia for a variety of surgical operations (158 cases). Dosages differed widely both for different surgical procedures and for different anaesthetists. A method, based on pharmacokinetic considerations, was developed for calculating Fentanyl requirements during any stage of anaesthesia. The dose/time relation, as represented by y = At + B (1--e-kt) makes it possible to calculate the required doses of Fentanyl; this enables the anaesthetist to maintain a stable level of anaesthesia and makes antagonization of Fentanyl unnecessary. Methods for determining the coefficients of the dose-time equation are described. Simulation by an analogue computer showed that by using the suggested procedure substantial variations of Fentanyl concentration in the brain and other body compartments can be avoided.", "PMID": 493224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1500", "title": "[Tetanus-Myomechanographic measurement of receptor liberation by pyridostigmine in neuromuscular block produced by d-tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium or alcuronium (author's transl)].", "content": "In 48 patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen and hexobarbitone the neuromuscular (n-m) block (greater than or equal to 95% depression) produced by roughly equipotent doses of d-tubocurarine (dTC), gallamine (GALL), pancuronium (PANC) or alcuronium (ALC), respectively, was antagonized by 10 mg of pyridostigmine (P) applied intravenously 35-460 min after the relaxant at variable levels of spontaneous recovery from n-m block. Muscular reactions to tetanic stimulation (30 to 400 Hz, 4-5 s each) of the ulnar nerve transmitted by a force-displacement system served as a measure for calculating the relative amount of n-m receptors liberated from relaxant molecules. Within 3-10 min after its injection P increased the number of relaxant-free n-m receptors by 16 +/- 6% (M +/- SD). Thereafter recovery progressed at similar speed as before. Reinjections of 5-10 mg P were comparably as effective as the first injection. No correlations were to be found between the effectiveness of P and the dose of relaxant applied (r = 0,12 to 0,27), the level of recovery reached before P (r = 0,32), or the time at which P was injected after the relaxant (r = -0,39), respectively. However, the amount of receptors liberated by P decreased with increasing recovery from n-m block and with increasing time interval between the relaxant and the antidote injection. P was significantly more effective (P less than 0,01), when applied within 150 min after the relaxant than at applications after that time. The relative number of receptors liberated by this drug was insignificantly larger in the PANC-and GALL-block than in the ALC-and dTC-block.", "contents": "[Tetanus-Myomechanographic measurement of receptor liberation by pyridostigmine in neuromuscular block produced by d-tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium or alcuronium (author's transl)]. In 48 patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen and hexobarbitone the neuromuscular (n-m) block (greater than or equal to 95% depression) produced by roughly equipotent doses of d-tubocurarine (dTC), gallamine (GALL), pancuronium (PANC) or alcuronium (ALC), respectively, was antagonized by 10 mg of pyridostigmine (P) applied intravenously 35-460 min after the relaxant at variable levels of spontaneous recovery from n-m block. Muscular reactions to tetanic stimulation (30 to 400 Hz, 4-5 s each) of the ulnar nerve transmitted by a force-displacement system served as a measure for calculating the relative amount of n-m receptors liberated from relaxant molecules. Within 3-10 min after its injection P increased the number of relaxant-free n-m receptors by 16 +/- 6% (M +/- SD). Thereafter recovery progressed at similar speed as before. Reinjections of 5-10 mg P were comparably as effective as the first injection. No correlations were to be found between the effectiveness of P and the dose of relaxant applied (r = 0,12 to 0,27), the level of recovery reached before P (r = 0,32), or the time at which P was injected after the relaxant (r = -0,39), respectively. However, the amount of receptors liberated by P decreased with increasing recovery from n-m block and with increasing time interval between the relaxant and the antidote injection. P was significantly more effective (P less than 0,01), when applied within 150 min after the relaxant than at applications after that time. The relative number of receptors liberated by this drug was insignificantly larger in the PANC-and GALL-block than in the ALC-and dTC-block.", "PMID": 493225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1501", "title": "[Enflurane anaesthesia in a \"clinically closed\" system (author's transl)].", "content": "The following report will deal with the application of \"Enflurance\" in the clinically closed (rebreathing) system. The term clinically closed system defines a procedure where the phase of approach up to MAC and the phase of subsidence is pursued in a half-closed system and the maintenance in a closed system. Enflurane was chosen as volatile anaesthetic, because it has been increasingly applied world-wide on account of its convenient qualities. Besides enormous savings by way of a low consumption of narcotics, this method offers a reduced environmental pollution. In case of sufficient monitoring, this technique proves attractive to smaller hospitals, disaster medicine and central hospitals likewise.", "contents": "[Enflurane anaesthesia in a \"clinically closed\" system (author's transl)]. The following report will deal with the application of \"Enflurance\" in the clinically closed (rebreathing) system. The term clinically closed system defines a procedure where the phase of approach up to MAC and the phase of subsidence is pursued in a half-closed system and the maintenance in a closed system. Enflurane was chosen as volatile anaesthetic, because it has been increasingly applied world-wide on account of its convenient qualities. Besides enormous savings by way of a low consumption of narcotics, this method offers a reduced environmental pollution. In case of sufficient monitoring, this technique proves attractive to smaller hospitals, disaster medicine and central hospitals likewise.", "PMID": 493226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1502", "title": "[Effects of general anaesthesia with halothane and neuroleptic anaesthesia on free plasma amino acids (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of plasma amino acids in animal studies were observed after administration of different narcotic drugs. In a randomised study the effects of neuroleptic anaesthesia and general anaesthesia with halothane on free plasma amino acids in respect to liver toxicity were investigated in patients during microsurgery of the middle ear. 24 hours postoperatively in both groups a significant increase of branched chain amino acids and of phenylalanine as metabolic sign of stress was found. Typical changes of amino acids as shown in hepatic failure could not be seen in both groups. The study showed that none of the narcotics used had a toxic effect on liver function as measured by the levels of free plasma amino acids and that for disagrees with the results of animal studies.", "contents": "[Effects of general anaesthesia with halothane and neuroleptic anaesthesia on free plasma amino acids (author's transl)]. Changes of plasma amino acids in animal studies were observed after administration of different narcotic drugs. In a randomised study the effects of neuroleptic anaesthesia and general anaesthesia with halothane on free plasma amino acids in respect to liver toxicity were investigated in patients during microsurgery of the middle ear. 24 hours postoperatively in both groups a significant increase of branched chain amino acids and of phenylalanine as metabolic sign of stress was found. Typical changes of amino acids as shown in hepatic failure could not be seen in both groups. The study showed that none of the narcotics used had a toxic effect on liver function as measured by the levels of free plasma amino acids and that for disagrees with the results of animal studies.", "PMID": 493227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1503", "title": "[A new electronic spirometer with automatic drift compensation and its clinical performance (author's transl)].", "content": "An electronic spirometer is described which, by means of a device for automatic drift compensation, allows the pulmonary function of artificially ventilated persons to be analysed continuously. The results obtained with the apparatus in artifically ventilated premature births, newborns and infants are discussed.", "contents": "[A new electronic spirometer with automatic drift compensation and its clinical performance (author's transl)]. An electronic spirometer is described which, by means of a device for automatic drift compensation, allows the pulmonary function of artificially ventilated persons to be analysed continuously. The results obtained with the apparatus in artifically ventilated premature births, newborns and infants are discussed.", "PMID": 493228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1504", "title": "[Measurement of resistance and deadspace of endotracheal tubes used in paediatric intensive care medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about the evaluation of resistances and deadspaces of endotracheal tubes. The results show that the resistances of the tubes are similar to the resistances in the patient lungs. The deadspaces are small as compared to the physiological values. It is suggested that a patient with a endotracheal tube has a smaller deadspace than one without a tube.", "contents": "[Measurement of resistance and deadspace of endotracheal tubes used in paediatric intensive care medicine (author's transl)]. It is reported about the evaluation of resistances and deadspaces of endotracheal tubes. The results show that the resistances of the tubes are similar to the resistances in the patient lungs. The deadspaces are small as compared to the physiological values. It is suggested that a patient with a endotracheal tube has a smaller deadspace than one without a tube.", "PMID": 493229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1505", "title": "[Transcutaneous measurement of PaO2 by the \"TCM 1\" electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial oxygen pressures were compared with oxygen pressures measured transcutaneously with the aid of \"TCM 1\", an apparatus manufactured by Radiometer. At normal oxygen partial pressures the transcutaneously determined values for pO2 ran parallel with those measured intraarterially, but were on average 10.7% lower than the latter. In cases where oxygen partial pressures were above or below normal the figures did not agree. In these conditions, therefore, determinations in the arterial blood cannot be dispensed with. Halothane in concentrations of 0.3-0.5% and nitrous oxide (66%) in the inspired air did not affect the transcutaneous determination of pO2, but the method failed during surgical electrocoagulation.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous measurement of PaO2 by the \"TCM 1\" electrode (author's transl)]. Arterial oxygen pressures were compared with oxygen pressures measured transcutaneously with the aid of \"TCM 1\", an apparatus manufactured by Radiometer. At normal oxygen partial pressures the transcutaneously determined values for pO2 ran parallel with those measured intraarterially, but were on average 10.7% lower than the latter. In cases where oxygen partial pressures were above or below normal the figures did not agree. In these conditions, therefore, determinations in the arterial blood cannot be dispensed with. Halothane in concentrations of 0.3-0.5% and nitrous oxide (66%) in the inspired air did not affect the transcutaneous determination of pO2, but the method failed during surgical electrocoagulation.", "PMID": 493230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1506", "title": "[Antipollution device for the Jackson-Rees-system (author's transl)].", "content": "Antipollution-devices in T-piece-systems are as far useless as they convert the system. A new device for the Jackson-Rees system is described, which does not disturb its function and which may be used in fresh-air-climatisated rooms.", "contents": "[Antipollution device for the Jackson-Rees-system (author's transl)]. Antipollution-devices in T-piece-systems are as far useless as they convert the system. A new device for the Jackson-Rees system is described, which does not disturb its function and which may be used in fresh-air-climatisated rooms.", "PMID": 493232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1507", "title": "[Siphonaptera/fleas (author's transl)].", "content": "Fleas are small, reddish-brown, wingless insects with a laterally compressed body and a pronounced third pair of legs adapted to leaping. Of the 100 species found in Middle Europe, hardly a dozen are of medical importance, they concern mainly people in contact with domestic animals. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, and the bird flea. Ceratophyllus gallinae, are the most important human-pathogenic species in our region. A flea bite shows first as a haemorrhagic punctum, accompanied by itching, and leads to an erythema with or without central wheal. After 12--24 hours a papule appears which persists up to 2 weeks. Linimentum zinci with 10% Neocid alleviates the itching and prevents further infestation. The fleas are destroyed in their hiding places and on their animal host by applying Toxical-, Neocid- or Noflo-powder. The tropical sand flea, Tunga penetrans, is a permanent ectoparasite of man. It is seen in people returning from the tropics. Fleas may, even in our region, be vectors of bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and intestinal parasites.", "contents": "[Siphonaptera/fleas (author's transl)]. Fleas are small, reddish-brown, wingless insects with a laterally compressed body and a pronounced third pair of legs adapted to leaping. Of the 100 species found in Middle Europe, hardly a dozen are of medical importance, they concern mainly people in contact with domestic animals. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, and the bird flea. Ceratophyllus gallinae, are the most important human-pathogenic species in our region. A flea bite shows first as a haemorrhagic punctum, accompanied by itching, and leads to an erythema with or without central wheal. After 12--24 hours a papule appears which persists up to 2 weeks. Linimentum zinci with 10% Neocid alleviates the itching and prevents further infestation. The fleas are destroyed in their hiding places and on their animal host by applying Toxical-, Neocid- or Noflo-powder. The tropical sand flea, Tunga penetrans, is a permanent ectoparasite of man. It is seen in people returning from the tropics. Fleas may, even in our region, be vectors of bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and intestinal parasites.", "PMID": 493245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1508", "title": "[Pinworm infection in kindergartens of Basel (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the scope of mass examinations 949 children from kindergartens in Basle were submitted to the scotch tape test of Oxyures. The findings were positive in 64 cases (6,7%). The parents of 50 children accepted the suggestion that their children be treated twice with 100 mg of ciclobendazole each, at a weekly interval. This therapy resulted in complete cure of the oxyuriasis in all treated cases. Despite the impressive and safe action against this disease of ciclobendazole it is recommended in any case to take a second tablet, since the risk of reinfection is high.", "contents": "[Pinworm infection in kindergartens of Basel (author's transl)]. Within the scope of mass examinations 949 children from kindergartens in Basle were submitted to the scotch tape test of Oxyures. The findings were positive in 64 cases (6,7%). The parents of 50 children accepted the suggestion that their children be treated twice with 100 mg of ciclobendazole each, at a weekly interval. This therapy resulted in complete cure of the oxyuriasis in all treated cases. Despite the impressive and safe action against this disease of ciclobendazole it is recommended in any case to take a second tablet, since the risk of reinfection is high.", "PMID": 493246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1509", "title": "[Dynamics of various indicators of natural immunity in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Patients with diabetes mellitus displayed a suppression of humoral and cellular mechanisms of nonspecific factors of immunity protection: of bacteridical serum activity, of phagocytic neutrophil activity, and a sharp disturbance of profound skin autoflora. The amount of serum lysozyme diminished only in young patients with severe form of diabetes mellitus. In other patients the muramidase content was increased. Compensation of the disease led to an even greater elevation of this enzyme, and produced no significant influence on other natural resistance parameters.", "contents": "[Dynamics of various indicators of natural immunity in diabetes mellitus]. Patients with diabetes mellitus displayed a suppression of humoral and cellular mechanisms of nonspecific factors of immunity protection: of bacteridical serum activity, of phagocytic neutrophil activity, and a sharp disturbance of profound skin autoflora. The amount of serum lysozyme diminished only in young patients with severe form of diabetes mellitus. In other patients the muramidase content was increased. Compensation of the disease led to an even greater elevation of this enzyme, and produced no significant influence on other natural resistance parameters.", "PMID": 493248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1510", "title": "[Adrenocorticotropic and somatotropic functions of the pituitary gland in juvenile thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The adrenocorticotropic (ACT) activity of the hypophysis (according to the blood 11-HCS level) was studied in 27 female patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis, aged from 16 to 24 years (19 with moderately severe and 8 with severe form) and in 7 healthy girls. The ST activity of the hypophysis was ascertained in 11 patients by the blood STH content before and after the insulin hypoglycemia. The metopyron test was also carried out in 6 patients. The ACT function of the hypophysis proved to be increased, and the ST function was normal in the patients with thyrotoxicosis at rest and on fasting stomach. The value of the corticotropic and somatotropic response to hypoglycemia was similar in sick and healthy persons. In the patients with a pronounced elevation of the 11-HCS and STH content under the effect of hypoglycemia the metopyron response was determined by the initial adrenal cortex function.", "contents": "[Adrenocorticotropic and somatotropic functions of the pituitary gland in juvenile thyrotoxicosis]. The adrenocorticotropic (ACT) activity of the hypophysis (according to the blood 11-HCS level) was studied in 27 female patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis, aged from 16 to 24 years (19 with moderately severe and 8 with severe form) and in 7 healthy girls. The ST activity of the hypophysis was ascertained in 11 patients by the blood STH content before and after the insulin hypoglycemia. The metopyron test was also carried out in 6 patients. The ACT function of the hypophysis proved to be increased, and the ST function was normal in the patients with thyrotoxicosis at rest and on fasting stomach. The value of the corticotropic and somatotropic response to hypoglycemia was similar in sick and healthy persons. In the patients with a pronounced elevation of the 11-HCS and STH content under the effect of hypoglycemia the metopyron response was determined by the initial adrenal cortex function.", "PMID": 493249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1511", "title": "[Clinico-morphological comparisons of autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland in the endemic goiter region].", "content": "A total of 2558 patients (95% of patients who sustained strumectomy in the Chelyabinsk region in 1969--1977 for euthyroid nodular goiter) were examined. There proved to be a relationship between the iodine content in the food products of the population and the frequency of the morphologically-definable autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland; this dependence was direct for the marked autoaggression processes, and indirect--for the initial ones. This dependence is also confirmed by a rare combination of multinodular goiter with diffuse autoimmune thyroiditis and a frequent one--with the initial autoaggression forms.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological comparisons of autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland in the endemic goiter region]. A total of 2558 patients (95% of patients who sustained strumectomy in the Chelyabinsk region in 1969--1977 for euthyroid nodular goiter) were examined. There proved to be a relationship between the iodine content in the food products of the population and the frequency of the morphologically-definable autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland; this dependence was direct for the marked autoaggression processes, and indirect--for the initial ones. This dependence is also confirmed by a rare combination of multinodular goiter with diffuse autoimmune thyroiditis and a frequent one--with the initial autoaggression forms.", "PMID": 493250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1512", "title": "[Study of the possibility of using the \"artificial pancreas\" in the treatment of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A short survey of the literature data on the use of an artificial pancreas in the treatment of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is presented. These data point to the high efficacy of the artificial pancreas in diabetic patients, this confirming the author's personal observations.", "contents": "[Study of the possibility of using the \"artificial pancreas\" in the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. A short survey of the literature data on the use of an artificial pancreas in the treatment of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is presented. These data point to the high efficacy of the artificial pancreas in diabetic patients, this confirming the author's personal observations.", "PMID": 493251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1513", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the state of liver chromatin in rats of different age].", "content": "Hydrocortisone (5 mg/100 g) injected intraperitoneally induced redistribution of hepatic chromatin fractions in pubertal (aged 6--8 months) and old (aged 24--26 months) rats. Changes in the content of these chromatin fractions begin earlier and end later in old animals. Hydrocortisone stimulated 14C-orotic acid incorporation into RNA of active and inactive hepatic chromatin in rats of both age groups. The maximal incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into RNA of inactive chromatin in pubertal rats occurred 7 hours after the hormone administration, and in old rats after 4 hours; in case of active chromatin these figures were 17 and 6 hours, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the state of liver chromatin in rats of different age]. Hydrocortisone (5 mg/100 g) injected intraperitoneally induced redistribution of hepatic chromatin fractions in pubertal (aged 6--8 months) and old (aged 24--26 months) rats. Changes in the content of these chromatin fractions begin earlier and end later in old animals. Hydrocortisone stimulated 14C-orotic acid incorporation into RNA of active and inactive hepatic chromatin in rats of both age groups. The maximal incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into RNA of inactive chromatin in pubertal rats occurred 7 hours after the hormone administration, and in old rats after 4 hours; in case of active chromatin these figures were 17 and 6 hours, respectively.", "PMID": 493254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1514", "title": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in small boys and adolescents with hypogonadism].", "content": "The immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was studied in the blood serum of 31 boys with secondary hypogonadism. There was revealed a marked fall in the content of Ig of the A, M, and G classes, particularly of the M class, in all the patients before the treatment. After disappearance of the clinical hypogonadism signs and normalization of the blood testosterone level under the effect of chorionic gonadotropin therapy the plasma Ig concentration was found to be restored to the normal; the greatest relative elevation was revealed in case of IgM. Possible relations of testosterone with the immunocompetent organs and tissues are discussed.", "contents": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in small boys and adolescents with hypogonadism]. The immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was studied in the blood serum of 31 boys with secondary hypogonadism. There was revealed a marked fall in the content of Ig of the A, M, and G classes, particularly of the M class, in all the patients before the treatment. After disappearance of the clinical hypogonadism signs and normalization of the blood testosterone level under the effect of chorionic gonadotropin therapy the plasma Ig concentration was found to be restored to the normal; the greatest relative elevation was revealed in case of IgM. Possible relations of testosterone with the immunocompetent organs and tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 493252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1515", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the glucose tolerance test in doubtful cases].", "content": "Many-year observation over the changes in glucose tolerance test of different type in 964 women, aged from 17 to 57 years, on free diet and free regimen, was carried out. The changes in glucose tolerance were the more unfavourable--the greater were its deviations during the initial examination. The doubtful tolerance changes, diagnosed by hyperglycemia on fasting stomach, with the normal blood glucose level one and two hours after glucose load, were identical to the normal tolerance changes, serving as a variant of the latter.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the glucose tolerance test in doubtful cases]. Many-year observation over the changes in glucose tolerance test of different type in 964 women, aged from 17 to 57 years, on free diet and free regimen, was carried out. The changes in glucose tolerance were the more unfavourable--the greater were its deviations during the initial examination. The doubtful tolerance changes, diagnosed by hyperglycemia on fasting stomach, with the normal blood glucose level one and two hours after glucose load, were identical to the normal tolerance changes, serving as a variant of the latter.", "PMID": 493257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1516", "title": "[Effect of chronic prostatitis on the endocrine activity of the testes].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rabbits that androgenopoiesis was disturbed in the testes under conditions of aseptic chronic inflammation of the prostate: against the background of a sharp reduction of testosterone and androstendion formation there was observed production and discharge into the blood of great amounts of progesterone, this being not characteristic of the incretory activity of the intact gonads. It is suggested that the search for the ways of steroidogenesis restoration in the testes under conditions of induced pathology should be directed to the activation of enzymes catalyzing the processes of progesterone transformation into 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesteron, androstendion, and testosterone.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic prostatitis on the endocrine activity of the testes]. It was shown in experiments on rabbits that androgenopoiesis was disturbed in the testes under conditions of aseptic chronic inflammation of the prostate: against the background of a sharp reduction of testosterone and androstendion formation there was observed production and discharge into the blood of great amounts of progesterone, this being not characteristic of the incretory activity of the intact gonads. It is suggested that the search for the ways of steroidogenesis restoration in the testes under conditions of induced pathology should be directed to the activation of enzymes catalyzing the processes of progesterone transformation into 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesteron, androstendion, and testosterone.", "PMID": 493258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1517", "title": "[Change in the level of acid-soluble adenine nucleotides in rat tissues in experimental hypo- and hypercorticism].", "content": "The level of free adenine nucleotides was studied in the rat tissues in deficiency and excess of the adrenal cortex hormones in the organism. Hypocorticism induced by adrenalectomy led to reduction of the concentration of total and individual adenine nucleotides in all the tissues examined, except ADP in the spleen and AMP in the myocardium. Single administration of hydrocortisone to intact rats caused an increase in the level of total and individual adenine nucleotides in the liver and reduction of their concentration in the spleen and the skeletal muscle. Along with a fall of total nucleotides and ADP concentration in the myocardium, the AMP content increased and the ATP remained unchanged. Experiments carried out pointed to the participation of glucocorticoids in the metabolism of free tissue adenine nucleotides. Specificity of the reaction of individual tissues to the changes in glucocorticoid hormones level in the organism was noted.", "contents": "[Change in the level of acid-soluble adenine nucleotides in rat tissues in experimental hypo- and hypercorticism]. The level of free adenine nucleotides was studied in the rat tissues in deficiency and excess of the adrenal cortex hormones in the organism. Hypocorticism induced by adrenalectomy led to reduction of the concentration of total and individual adenine nucleotides in all the tissues examined, except ADP in the spleen and AMP in the myocardium. Single administration of hydrocortisone to intact rats caused an increase in the level of total and individual adenine nucleotides in the liver and reduction of their concentration in the spleen and the skeletal muscle. Along with a fall of total nucleotides and ADP concentration in the myocardium, the AMP content increased and the ATP remained unchanged. Experiments carried out pointed to the participation of glucocorticoids in the metabolism of free tissue adenine nucleotides. Specificity of the reaction of individual tissues to the changes in glucocorticoid hormones level in the organism was noted.", "PMID": 493253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1518", "title": "[Role of glucocorticoids in the mitochondrial DNA replication].", "content": "The liver mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis was found to be enhanced in adrenalectomized rats. Cortisol administration to adrenalectomized rats caused a decrease of the liver mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis. Sedimentation analysis of the mitochondrial DNA in CsCl--EtBr gradient has demonstrated that 3H-thymidine incorporation into the mictochondrial DNA increased mainly in the \"open circular\" molecules fraction.", "contents": "[Role of glucocorticoids in the mitochondrial DNA replication]. The liver mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis was found to be enhanced in adrenalectomized rats. Cortisol administration to adrenalectomized rats caused a decrease of the liver mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis. Sedimentation analysis of the mitochondrial DNA in CsCl--EtBr gradient has demonstrated that 3H-thymidine incorporation into the mictochondrial DNA increased mainly in the \"open circular\" molecules fraction.", "PMID": 493255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1519", "title": "[Insulin receptors in isolated cells of murine lactating mammary gland].", "content": "Insulin receptors in isolated cells from lactating mouse mammary gland were investigated by 125I-labeled insulin. A modified chloramin T-method after Hunter and Greenwood (1962) was used for insulin labelling with 125I; 125I-insulin with a high specific activity (80--120 muCi per microgram), high immunoreactivity and preserved biological properties was obtained. Three methods of labeled insulin purification were also studied: absorption on the cellulose column, gel chromatography on different types of Sephadex (G-25, G-75, G-100) and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The best conditons for iodination and purification of 125I-insulin suitable for studying the receptor-insulin binding in the isolated cells from mouse mammary gland were selected. Insulin binding to its receptor was found to be a specific reversible process, having high affinity and a tendency to saturation. The receptor-insulin-binding equilibrium was reached in 30 min at 24 degrees C. Specific binding was observed at a very low concentration of 125I-insulin (0.4.10(-9)M), close to the physiological level. Saturation was observed at a concentration of over 1.5.10(-9)M. Native, non-labeled insulin, at a concentration of 1 ng per ml lowered the labeled insulin binding by 10--20 per cent, whereas 10 ng per ml led to a 60 per cent lowering. The affinity constant of the process was about 10(9).M-1. Each cell had about 3 000 to 4 000 insulin binding sites.", "contents": "[Insulin receptors in isolated cells of murine lactating mammary gland]. Insulin receptors in isolated cells from lactating mouse mammary gland were investigated by 125I-labeled insulin. A modified chloramin T-method after Hunter and Greenwood (1962) was used for insulin labelling with 125I; 125I-insulin with a high specific activity (80--120 muCi per microgram), high immunoreactivity and preserved biological properties was obtained. Three methods of labeled insulin purification were also studied: absorption on the cellulose column, gel chromatography on different types of Sephadex (G-25, G-75, G-100) and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The best conditons for iodination and purification of 125I-insulin suitable for studying the receptor-insulin binding in the isolated cells from mouse mammary gland were selected. Insulin binding to its receptor was found to be a specific reversible process, having high affinity and a tendency to saturation. The receptor-insulin-binding equilibrium was reached in 30 min at 24 degrees C. Specific binding was observed at a very low concentration of 125I-insulin (0.4.10(-9)M), close to the physiological level. Saturation was observed at a concentration of over 1.5.10(-9)M. Native, non-labeled insulin, at a concentration of 1 ng per ml lowered the labeled insulin binding by 10--20 per cent, whereas 10 ng per ml led to a 60 per cent lowering. The affinity constant of the process was about 10(9).M-1. Each cell had about 3 000 to 4 000 insulin binding sites.", "PMID": 493256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1520", "title": "The use of Doppler shift radar to monitor physiological and drug induced activity patterns in the rat.", "content": "Doppler shift radar was used to monitor circadian activity patterns in the rat and to study the behavioural effects of p-chloroamphetamine and d-amphetamine. Activity was classified in two ways:-(a) slow (non-locomotory) and high (locomotory) speed movements. (b) the number of starts of activity, within either the slow or high speed zones of activity during a pre-set time. p-Choloramphetamine (5 mg/kg) produced a biphasic activity response; an initial increase in continuous non-locomotory activity followed by a longer lasting increase in exploratory locomotion containing regular starts of activity. d-Amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) produced an increase in both non-locomotory and locomotory movements but a marked reduction in starts of activity (i.e. continuous non-exploratory activity). The combination of information on the amount and pattern (starts) of activity allows a more detailed analysis of the effects of drugs on activity to be made than with existing automated methods.", "contents": "The use of Doppler shift radar to monitor physiological and drug induced activity patterns in the rat. Doppler shift radar was used to monitor circadian activity patterns in the rat and to study the behavioural effects of p-chloroamphetamine and d-amphetamine. Activity was classified in two ways:-(a) slow (non-locomotory) and high (locomotory) speed movements. (b) the number of starts of activity, within either the slow or high speed zones of activity during a pre-set time. p-Choloramphetamine (5 mg/kg) produced a biphasic activity response; an initial increase in continuous non-locomotory activity followed by a longer lasting increase in exploratory locomotion containing regular starts of activity. d-Amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) produced an increase in both non-locomotory and locomotory movements but a marked reduction in starts of activity (i.e. continuous non-exploratory activity). The combination of information on the amount and pattern (starts) of activity allows a more detailed analysis of the effects of drugs on activity to be made than with existing automated methods.", "PMID": 493280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1521", "title": "LiCl-induced selective depression of saccharin drinking in the mouse.", "content": "Water-deprived mice were injected with various concentrations of LiCl or NaCl 15 min before they were allowed to drink either water or 0.1% saccharin. The NaCl injections produced a dose-dependent increase in intake of both fluids: however, the higher dosages of LiCl produced a selective depression of fluid intakes. Saccharin intakes were depressed for less than one hr but water intakes were not affected. LiCl injections also depressed general activity and produced an apparent shift of water from blood into cells. The LiCl-induced depression of saccharin was not significantly influenced by extensive previous experience with the drinking fluid.", "contents": "LiCl-induced selective depression of saccharin drinking in the mouse. Water-deprived mice were injected with various concentrations of LiCl or NaCl 15 min before they were allowed to drink either water or 0.1% saccharin. The NaCl injections produced a dose-dependent increase in intake of both fluids: however, the higher dosages of LiCl produced a selective depression of fluid intakes. Saccharin intakes were depressed for less than one hr but water intakes were not affected. LiCl injections also depressed general activity and produced an apparent shift of water from blood into cells. The LiCl-induced depression of saccharin was not significantly influenced by extensive previous experience with the drinking fluid.", "PMID": 493283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1522", "title": "On the action of nicotine and cotinine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.", "content": "The actions of nicotine, and its main metabolite cotinine, on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in the brain of the rat have been assessed biochemically (on turnover, uptake, release, overflow and binding of 5-HT in brain) and functionally (on extensor reflex activity, which is 5-HT dependent). Nicotine and cotinine in repeated doses of 2 mg/kg caused a reduction of brain 5-HT turnover, which was not blocked by pretreatment with mecamylamine, and nicotine sifnificantly inhibited the effects of norfenfluramine and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine on extensor reflex activity, effects counteracted by mecamylamine. In low concentrations cotinine weakly inhibits the uptake and retention of 5-HT and also increases its spontaneous release in vitro. The biochemical findings suggest that the reduction of 5-HT and also increases its spontaneous release in vitro. The biochemical findings suggest that the reduction of 5-HT turnover caused by high doses of nicotine are mediated, at least in part, by its main metabolite cotinine. The experiments on extensor reflexes indicate that nicotine can block the functional expression of 5-HT receptor activity in the spinal cord by an action beyond the 5-HT receptor at nicotine-like cholinergic receptors whose location is also discussed.", "contents": "On the action of nicotine and cotinine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons. The actions of nicotine, and its main metabolite cotinine, on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in the brain of the rat have been assessed biochemically (on turnover, uptake, release, overflow and binding of 5-HT in brain) and functionally (on extensor reflex activity, which is 5-HT dependent). Nicotine and cotinine in repeated doses of 2 mg/kg caused a reduction of brain 5-HT turnover, which was not blocked by pretreatment with mecamylamine, and nicotine sifnificantly inhibited the effects of norfenfluramine and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine on extensor reflex activity, effects counteracted by mecamylamine. In low concentrations cotinine weakly inhibits the uptake and retention of 5-HT and also increases its spontaneous release in vitro. The biochemical findings suggest that the reduction of 5-HT and also increases its spontaneous release in vitro. The biochemical findings suggest that the reduction of 5-HT turnover caused by high doses of nicotine are mediated, at least in part, by its main metabolite cotinine. The experiments on extensor reflexes indicate that nicotine can block the functional expression of 5-HT receptor activity in the spinal cord by an action beyond the 5-HT receptor at nicotine-like cholinergic receptors whose location is also discussed.", "PMID": 493284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1523", "title": "Lateralisation of function in the chicken fore-brain.", "content": "There is lateralisation of function in the chicken fore-brain. This was revealed by examining the behavioural modifications produced by administration of cycloheximide into the left or right hemisphere on Day 2 of post-hatched life. Visual discrimination learning of a task requiring a search for food was found to be performed either entirely or, at least, to a greater extent by the left hemisphere. Visual habituation learning was not found to be lateralised. The left hemisphere is more involved in auditory habituation than is the right; administration of cycloheximide to the left hemisphere slowed auditory habituation, as did bilateral administration, but treatment of the right hemisphere was ineffective. There are indications that the right hemisphere plays a more important role in response to novelty. A side-preference for response to stimuli seen by the left eye was demonstrated. These results are discussed with reference to head orientation during development in the egg.", "contents": "Lateralisation of function in the chicken fore-brain. There is lateralisation of function in the chicken fore-brain. This was revealed by examining the behavioural modifications produced by administration of cycloheximide into the left or right hemisphere on Day 2 of post-hatched life. Visual discrimination learning of a task requiring a search for food was found to be performed either entirely or, at least, to a greater extent by the left hemisphere. Visual habituation learning was not found to be lateralised. The left hemisphere is more involved in auditory habituation than is the right; administration of cycloheximide to the left hemisphere slowed auditory habituation, as did bilateral administration, but treatment of the right hemisphere was ineffective. There are indications that the right hemisphere plays a more important role in response to novelty. A side-preference for response to stimuli seen by the left eye was demonstrated. These results are discussed with reference to head orientation during development in the egg.", "PMID": 493285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1524", "title": "Ascending 5-HT pathways and behavioural habituation.", "content": "Microinjections of 5,7 -dihydroxytryptamine into both the dorsal and median raphe nuclei resulted in 70-85% depletions in striatal and hippocampal 5-HT concentrations but did not affect habituation of orienting in the lick-distraction test, habituation of activity in an open-field or habituation of exploration in the holeboard test. Lesioned animals were hypoactive in the latter two tests and defaecated more than control rats in the open-field suggesting an increase in emotionality or fear. Rats with selective 5,7 -dihydroxtryptamine lesions of either the dorsal or the median raphe nucleus also showed no impairment of habituation of orienting or exploration. However, median raphe lesioned animals were hyperactive at some stages of the holeboard test. In contrast to previous studies, the results suggest intact ascending 5-HT pathways are not necessary for behavioural habituation of orienting, activity or exploration. Rather, 5-HT neurones may be involved in modulation of activity or responsiveness to aversive environments.", "contents": "Ascending 5-HT pathways and behavioural habituation. Microinjections of 5,7 -dihydroxytryptamine into both the dorsal and median raphe nuclei resulted in 70-85% depletions in striatal and hippocampal 5-HT concentrations but did not affect habituation of orienting in the lick-distraction test, habituation of activity in an open-field or habituation of exploration in the holeboard test. Lesioned animals were hypoactive in the latter two tests and defaecated more than control rats in the open-field suggesting an increase in emotionality or fear. Rats with selective 5,7 -dihydroxtryptamine lesions of either the dorsal or the median raphe nucleus also showed no impairment of habituation of orienting or exploration. However, median raphe lesioned animals were hyperactive at some stages of the holeboard test. In contrast to previous studies, the results suggest intact ascending 5-HT pathways are not necessary for behavioural habituation of orienting, activity or exploration. Rather, 5-HT neurones may be involved in modulation of activity or responsiveness to aversive environments.", "PMID": 493286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1525", "title": "Juvenile-onset obesity and deficits in caloric regulation in MSG-treated rats.", "content": "Caloric regulation and the development of obesity were examined in rats which had received parenteral injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as neonates. Rats were injected with either 2 mg/g or 4 mg/g MSG on alternate days for the first 20 days of life. Lee Indices of obesity were calculated at 22, 70, and 130 days of age. Animals in the 4 mg/g group were significantly more obese than controls at all three ages. However, both food intake and body weight of this group were significantly lower than those of controls. In adulthood, the ability to regulate caloric intake was tested by allowing animals access to diets of varying caloric densities. While control animals maintained relatively constant caloric intakes across dietary conditions, MSG-treated animals demonstrated an inability to respond to caloric challenges. Treated animals decreased caloric intake on a diluted diet and consumed more calories than controls when presented with a calorically dense diet. This inability to regulate caloric intake is compared with regulatory deficits observed in animals sustaining lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. The value of an animal model of juvenile-onset obesity is also discussed.", "contents": "Juvenile-onset obesity and deficits in caloric regulation in MSG-treated rats. Caloric regulation and the development of obesity were examined in rats which had received parenteral injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as neonates. Rats were injected with either 2 mg/g or 4 mg/g MSG on alternate days for the first 20 days of life. Lee Indices of obesity were calculated at 22, 70, and 130 days of age. Animals in the 4 mg/g group were significantly more obese than controls at all three ages. However, both food intake and body weight of this group were significantly lower than those of controls. In adulthood, the ability to regulate caloric intake was tested by allowing animals access to diets of varying caloric densities. While control animals maintained relatively constant caloric intakes across dietary conditions, MSG-treated animals demonstrated an inability to respond to caloric challenges. Treated animals decreased caloric intake on a diluted diet and consumed more calories than controls when presented with a calorically dense diet. This inability to regulate caloric intake is compared with regulatory deficits observed in animals sustaining lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. The value of an animal model of juvenile-onset obesity is also discussed.", "PMID": 493287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1526", "title": "Development of motor activity in young rats following perinatal methadone exposure.", "content": "Ambulatory behaviors of 21, 45, and 60 day old rats exposed to methadone (5 mg/kg) during gestation and/or lactation were studied by assessing locomotion in an activity cage, open field, and activity wheel, and latency times to step down from an elevated platform. Methadone-exposed rats were found to be generally less active than controls at 21 days of age and more active than saline-treated pups at the 45 and 60 day test periods. In addition, behavioral responses appeared to be dependent on the timing and duration of opioid treatment. These data suggest that prenatal and/or postnatal methadone exposure affects behavior in young rats and provide a functional correlate to our earlier observations of microscopic and neurochemical changes in the brains of methadone-treated offspring.", "contents": "Development of motor activity in young rats following perinatal methadone exposure. Ambulatory behaviors of 21, 45, and 60 day old rats exposed to methadone (5 mg/kg) during gestation and/or lactation were studied by assessing locomotion in an activity cage, open field, and activity wheel, and latency times to step down from an elevated platform. Methadone-exposed rats were found to be generally less active than controls at 21 days of age and more active than saline-treated pups at the 45 and 60 day test periods. In addition, behavioral responses appeared to be dependent on the timing and duration of opioid treatment. These data suggest that prenatal and/or postnatal methadone exposure affects behavior in young rats and provide a functional correlate to our earlier observations of microscopic and neurochemical changes in the brains of methadone-treated offspring.", "PMID": 493289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1527", "title": "Effects of a fixed time schedule and body weight on ethanol self-administration.", "content": "Two experiments are reported. The first study showed that the patterns of ethanol acquisition using the schedule induced self-injection paradigm, are more similar to those of heroin than methadone or nicotine but dissimilar to that of d-amphetamine. The second study showed that ethanol intake once established was not maintained by removal of the schedule. The results also showed that schedule induced behavior may be stressful as indexed by a significant increase of plasma corticosterone levels.", "contents": "Effects of a fixed time schedule and body weight on ethanol self-administration. Two experiments are reported. The first study showed that the patterns of ethanol acquisition using the schedule induced self-injection paradigm, are more similar to those of heroin than methadone or nicotine but dissimilar to that of d-amphetamine. The second study showed that ethanol intake once established was not maintained by removal of the schedule. The results also showed that schedule induced behavior may be stressful as indexed by a significant increase of plasma corticosterone levels.", "PMID": 493291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1528", "title": "Facilitation of conditioned motor suppression by microinjections of dopamine in the caudate nucleus of cats.", "content": "The effects of Caudate Nucleus (CN) injections of catecholamines on the suppression of a motor conditioned response (MCR), lever pressing, was investigated. Cats were trained to press a lever to obtain 0.5 ml of milk when a conditioned discriminative stimulus was on (CS-on-reward on, MCR) and to suppress the response when the light was off (CS-off-reward off, suppression of motor conditioned response, SMCR). The bilateral application of 5 or 10 micrograms of Dopamine (DA) through chronically implanted cannulae in the CN significantly decreased the lever pressing in the non rewarding situation without changing the MCR. Injection of 5 micrograms of L-DOPA caused very small effects assessed during the following 10 min. However, 10 micrograms of L-DOPA produced a significant decrement of lever pressing (CS-off) in two out of four injections. These findings further support the postulation that catecholamines in the CN have a behavioral inhibitory action upon a motor conditioned response.", "contents": "Facilitation of conditioned motor suppression by microinjections of dopamine in the caudate nucleus of cats. The effects of Caudate Nucleus (CN) injections of catecholamines on the suppression of a motor conditioned response (MCR), lever pressing, was investigated. Cats were trained to press a lever to obtain 0.5 ml of milk when a conditioned discriminative stimulus was on (CS-on-reward on, MCR) and to suppress the response when the light was off (CS-off-reward off, suppression of motor conditioned response, SMCR). The bilateral application of 5 or 10 micrograms of Dopamine (DA) through chronically implanted cannulae in the CN significantly decreased the lever pressing in the non rewarding situation without changing the MCR. Injection of 5 micrograms of L-DOPA caused very small effects assessed during the following 10 min. However, 10 micrograms of L-DOPA produced a significant decrement of lever pressing (CS-off) in two out of four injections. These findings further support the postulation that catecholamines in the CN have a behavioral inhibitory action upon a motor conditioned response.", "PMID": 493292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1529", "title": "Differential effects on learning by ventromedial vs lateral hypothalamic posttrial injection of substance P.", "content": "The effects of post-trial injection of substance P (SP) into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) on passive avoidance learning was studied in rats. In the VMH, 50 ng and 500 ng SP influenced neither learning of a step-down avoidance nor of an alcove avoidance response. In contrast to these findings, 500 ng SP injected into the LH significantly enhanced retention of the alcove avoidance task. Similarly, in the step-down avoidance experiment, learning was strongly facilitated by posttrial injection of 50 ng as well as 500 ng SP into the LH. These results, together with our previous data showing amnesia with posttrial injection of SP into amygdala and substantia nigra, suggest that exogenously applied SP influences the activity of those brain regions shown to contain high densities of SP-positive nerve terminals. Interestingly, the effects of posttrial SP injection parallel the effects of post-trial electrical brain stimulation on passive avoidance learning. Hence, posttrial SP retroactively facilitates or impairs learning depending on where in the brain it is injected.", "contents": "Differential effects on learning by ventromedial vs lateral hypothalamic posttrial injection of substance P. The effects of post-trial injection of substance P (SP) into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) on passive avoidance learning was studied in rats. In the VMH, 50 ng and 500 ng SP influenced neither learning of a step-down avoidance nor of an alcove avoidance response. In contrast to these findings, 500 ng SP injected into the LH significantly enhanced retention of the alcove avoidance task. Similarly, in the step-down avoidance experiment, learning was strongly facilitated by posttrial injection of 50 ng as well as 500 ng SP into the LH. These results, together with our previous data showing amnesia with posttrial injection of SP into amygdala and substantia nigra, suggest that exogenously applied SP influences the activity of those brain regions shown to contain high densities of SP-positive nerve terminals. Interestingly, the effects of posttrial SP injection parallel the effects of post-trial electrical brain stimulation on passive avoidance learning. Hence, posttrial SP retroactively facilitates or impairs learning depending on where in the brain it is injected.", "PMID": 493293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1530", "title": "Toxic interactions of ethanol with other central depressants: antagonism by naloxone to narcosis and lethality.", "content": "The effects of naloxone on narcosis and/or lethality induced by diazepam, lithium, methaqualone and phenobarbital either alone or in combination with ethanol were studied in mice. Interaction toxicities between ethanol and the various psychotropic drugs were dose-dependent and so was the degree of antagonism by naloxone. Treatment with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (4 meq/kg) prolonged the narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) by 45, 269 and 107% respectively. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) shortened the ethanol (5 g/kg) induced narcosis by 38%. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) also shortened narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) in combination with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (2meq/kg) by 31, 12 and 38% respectively. At 10 mg/kg of naloxone, the LD50 due to methaqualone was increased from 240 mg/kg to 416 mg/kg, and the LD50 due to ethanol was increased from 9.2 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg. Multiple injections of naloxone significantly (p less than 0.01) protected against the lethality of phenobarbital but not that of lithium. These findings provide further evidence of naloxone antagonism towards various CNS depressants.", "contents": "Toxic interactions of ethanol with other central depressants: antagonism by naloxone to narcosis and lethality. The effects of naloxone on narcosis and/or lethality induced by diazepam, lithium, methaqualone and phenobarbital either alone or in combination with ethanol were studied in mice. Interaction toxicities between ethanol and the various psychotropic drugs were dose-dependent and so was the degree of antagonism by naloxone. Treatment with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (4 meq/kg) prolonged the narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) by 45, 269 and 107% respectively. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) shortened the ethanol (5 g/kg) induced narcosis by 38%. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) also shortened narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) in combination with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (2meq/kg) by 31, 12 and 38% respectively. At 10 mg/kg of naloxone, the LD50 due to methaqualone was increased from 240 mg/kg to 416 mg/kg, and the LD50 due to ethanol was increased from 9.2 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg. Multiple injections of naloxone significantly (p less than 0.01) protected against the lethality of phenobarbital but not that of lithium. These findings provide further evidence of naloxone antagonism towards various CNS depressants.", "PMID": 493294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1531", "title": "Techniques for the chronic cannulation of the jugular vein in mice.", "content": "The use of chronic intravenous cannulae implanted in the jugular vein of mice utilizing techniques previously developed for larger rodents is discussed. Two cannula designs and a chronic infusion chamber are illustrated. Cannula insertion depths for mice of three strains and various body weights, and estimates of operative mortality and cannula durability are given.", "contents": "Techniques for the chronic cannulation of the jugular vein in mice. The use of chronic intravenous cannulae implanted in the jugular vein of mice utilizing techniques previously developed for larger rodents is discussed. Two cannula designs and a chronic infusion chamber are illustrated. Cannula insertion depths for mice of three strains and various body weights, and estimates of operative mortality and cannula durability are given.", "PMID": 493295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1532", "title": "Abnormal pattern of amphetamine locomotion after 6-OHDA lesion of anteromedial caudate.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the anteromedial caudate nucleus (AMCN) produced severe loss of dopamine (DA) fibers in this region of the caudate. After a low dose of d'amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), AMCN 6-OHDA rats made fewer traverses of the length of the activity cage than control rats. In contrast, AMCN 6-OHDA rats interrupted a photocell bema that passed across the middle of the long axis of the activity cage as often as control rats. 6-OHDA injections into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) produced severe loss of DA fibers in NAc without significantly damaging the adjacent anteromedial caudate or olfactory tubercle. After d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), NAc 6-OHDA rats interrupted the photocell beam and traversed the length of the activity cage as frequently as control rats. We conclude that the DA innervation to the anteromedial caudate, but not to the nucleus accumbens, is necessary for that part of the normal locomotor response to a low dose of d'amphetamine that is required for the performance of long traverses of an activity cage.", "contents": "Abnormal pattern of amphetamine locomotion after 6-OHDA lesion of anteromedial caudate. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the anteromedial caudate nucleus (AMCN) produced severe loss of dopamine (DA) fibers in this region of the caudate. After a low dose of d'amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), AMCN 6-OHDA rats made fewer traverses of the length of the activity cage than control rats. In contrast, AMCN 6-OHDA rats interrupted a photocell bema that passed across the middle of the long axis of the activity cage as often as control rats. 6-OHDA injections into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) produced severe loss of DA fibers in NAc without significantly damaging the adjacent anteromedial caudate or olfactory tubercle. After d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), NAc 6-OHDA rats interrupted the photocell beam and traversed the length of the activity cage as frequently as control rats. We conclude that the DA innervation to the anteromedial caudate, but not to the nucleus accumbens, is necessary for that part of the normal locomotor response to a low dose of d'amphetamine that is required for the performance of long traverses of an activity cage.", "PMID": 493296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1533", "title": "Developmental changes in amphetamine-induced taste aversions.", "content": "In this study a conditioned taste aversion paradigm was employed to examine the ontogenetic trend in psychopharmacological responsiveness to amphetamine among infant (18 days of age), periadolescent (35 days of age), and young adult (52 days of age) rats. The ability of amphetamine to alter taste preference increased with dosage level and this effect interacted with age. Infant rats demonstrated greater sensitivity to the taste aversion inducing properties of amphetamine than either periadolescent or young adult animals. In contrast, periadolescent animals demonstrated a marked resistance to amphetamine's taste aversion inducing properties when compared with either infant or young adult animals. This developmental pattern in amphetamine drug responsiveness seen utilizing the taste aversion paradigm parallels the previously examined ontogenetic trend in amphetamine response using locomotor activity as a response measure.", "contents": "Developmental changes in amphetamine-induced taste aversions. In this study a conditioned taste aversion paradigm was employed to examine the ontogenetic trend in psychopharmacological responsiveness to amphetamine among infant (18 days of age), periadolescent (35 days of age), and young adult (52 days of age) rats. The ability of amphetamine to alter taste preference increased with dosage level and this effect interacted with age. Infant rats demonstrated greater sensitivity to the taste aversion inducing properties of amphetamine than either periadolescent or young adult animals. In contrast, periadolescent animals demonstrated a marked resistance to amphetamine's taste aversion inducing properties when compared with either infant or young adult animals. This developmental pattern in amphetamine drug responsiveness seen utilizing the taste aversion paradigm parallels the previously examined ontogenetic trend in amphetamine response using locomotor activity as a response measure.", "PMID": 493297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1534", "title": "Feeding and depression of abomasal secretion in sheep elicited by elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol.", "content": "Elfazepam (7-chloro-1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl]-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-2-one) and-9-aza-cannabinol )10 hydroxy-beta-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-5',5-dimethyl-5H-1 benzopyranol 3,4-d pyridine, HC1) were administered IV to study their effects on feed intake and acid secretion in abomasal Pavlov pouches in sheep. Elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol increased 3-fold 3 hr postinjection feed intake and decreased abomasal acid secretion compared to saline and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) control treatments. At doses which elicit feeding, 9-aza-cannabinol was a much more potent inhibitor of acid secretion than elfazepam. These results are consistent with the theory of localized hypothalamic nuclei which have roles in the control of both feed intake and gastric acid secretion. However, in contrast to feeding associated with normal hunger, the benzodiazepine and cannabinol stimulated feeding is associated with decreased gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Feeding and depression of abomasal secretion in sheep elicited by elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol. Elfazepam (7-chloro-1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl]-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-2-one) and-9-aza-cannabinol )10 hydroxy-beta-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-5',5-dimethyl-5H-1 benzopyranol 3,4-d pyridine, HC1) were administered IV to study their effects on feed intake and acid secretion in abomasal Pavlov pouches in sheep. Elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol increased 3-fold 3 hr postinjection feed intake and decreased abomasal acid secretion compared to saline and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) control treatments. At doses which elicit feeding, 9-aza-cannabinol was a much more potent inhibitor of acid secretion than elfazepam. These results are consistent with the theory of localized hypothalamic nuclei which have roles in the control of both feed intake and gastric acid secretion. However, in contrast to feeding associated with normal hunger, the benzodiazepine and cannabinol stimulated feeding is associated with decreased gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 493298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1535", "title": "Pimozide-induced extinction in rats: stimulus control of responding rules out motor deficit.", "content": "Rats stopped responding for electrical stimulation of the brain following pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist pimozide, as well as following truncation of brain stimulation trains. In either case the extinguished responding was temporarily reinstated on presentation of a light if the light had previously signalled reward but not if the light had had no such significance. These results indicate that pimozide reduces self-stimulation by abolishing the rewarding effect of brain stimulation rather than by interfering with motor ability.", "contents": "Pimozide-induced extinction in rats: stimulus control of responding rules out motor deficit. Rats stopped responding for electrical stimulation of the brain following pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist pimozide, as well as following truncation of brain stimulation trains. In either case the extinguished responding was temporarily reinstated on presentation of a light if the light had previously signalled reward but not if the light had had no such significance. These results indicate that pimozide reduces self-stimulation by abolishing the rewarding effect of brain stimulation rather than by interfering with motor ability.", "PMID": 493299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1536", "title": "Ethanol consumption and hepatic enzyme activity.", "content": "Enzyme activity and ethanol consumption were measured in an F2 generation derived from the C57BL and C3H inbred mouse strains. A significant correlation (0.25) was found between alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance in the F2 generation. Mass selection from a genetically heterogenous mouse stock, HS/Ibg, has yielded high ethanol acceptance (HEA) and low ethanol acceptance (LEA) lines of mice. The mean ethanol acceptance scores for the fifth generation of these lines are 1.008 and 0.606, respectively. The total liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found to be 24% higher in the HEA line than in the LEA line after five generations of selective breeding. No association between cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance was found in either the F2 generation or the fifth generation of the selectively bred lines.", "contents": "Ethanol consumption and hepatic enzyme activity. Enzyme activity and ethanol consumption were measured in an F2 generation derived from the C57BL and C3H inbred mouse strains. A significant correlation (0.25) was found between alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance in the F2 generation. Mass selection from a genetically heterogenous mouse stock, HS/Ibg, has yielded high ethanol acceptance (HEA) and low ethanol acceptance (LEA) lines of mice. The mean ethanol acceptance scores for the fifth generation of these lines are 1.008 and 0.606, respectively. The total liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found to be 24% higher in the HEA line than in the LEA line after five generations of selective breeding. No association between cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ethanol acceptance was found in either the F2 generation or the fifth generation of the selectively bred lines.", "PMID": 493301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1537", "title": "HPLC determination of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas in food deprived rats.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), median raphe (MR) and dorsal raphe (DR) were determined in nondeprived and 48 hr food deprived rats. Simultaneous determination of these compounds was accomplished by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. When compared with controls, food deprived animals showed significant increases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the raphe nuclei, significant increases in 5-HIAA in the LH, but no changes in either 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels in the VMH. No changes in catecholamine levels were found in any of the brain areas studied. These results show that indoles in the raphe nuclei, as well as in the LH, are affected by food deprivation. The lack of change in indole levels in the VMH indicates that specific nuclei within the hypothalamus are differentially affected by food deprivation.", "contents": "HPLC determination of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas in food deprived rats. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), median raphe (MR) and dorsal raphe (DR) were determined in nondeprived and 48 hr food deprived rats. Simultaneous determination of these compounds was accomplished by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. When compared with controls, food deprived animals showed significant increases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the raphe nuclei, significant increases in 5-HIAA in the LH, but no changes in either 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels in the VMH. No changes in catecholamine levels were found in any of the brain areas studied. These results show that indoles in the raphe nuclei, as well as in the LH, are affected by food deprivation. The lack of change in indole levels in the VMH indicates that specific nuclei within the hypothalamus are differentially affected by food deprivation.", "PMID": 493302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1538", "title": "Etomidate and plasma esterase activity in man and experimental animals.", "content": "No hydrolysis of etomidate in plasma in vitro was detected in samples from man, horse, cow, sheep, guinea pig or white rabbit. Brown rabbits showed a moderate degree of hydrolysis and it was marked in plasma from Wistar rats. In this species, a single enzyme, an alliesterase, participated in the hydrolysis in plasma. Etomidate did not interfere with the hydrolysis of procaine by plasma pseudocholinesterase in man.", "contents": "Etomidate and plasma esterase activity in man and experimental animals. No hydrolysis of etomidate in plasma in vitro was detected in samples from man, horse, cow, sheep, guinea pig or white rabbit. Brown rabbits showed a moderate degree of hydrolysis and it was marked in plasma from Wistar rats. In this species, a single enzyme, an alliesterase, participated in the hydrolysis in plasma. Etomidate did not interfere with the hydrolysis of procaine by plasma pseudocholinesterase in man.", "PMID": 493334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1539", "title": "Pseudoephedrine pharmacokinetics in the rat using a microanalysis technique.", "content": "A microanalytical procedure was developed using a gas chromatographic-electron capture technique which is capable of detecting 2 ng pseudoephedrine in 20 microliter plasma samples. Standard curves for pseudoephedrine are linear over the concentration range 0.1--1.6 microgram/ml. Plasma and urine concentrations of pseudoephedrine were followed in 3 rats after intravenous dosing. Derived pharmacokinetics parameters exhibited little inter-animal variation. Average plasma clearance was 67.6 ml/min/kg, with renal clearance averaging 30.3 ml/min/kg. This latter value is approximately 4X the glomerular filtration rate in the rat.", "contents": "Pseudoephedrine pharmacokinetics in the rat using a microanalysis technique. A microanalytical procedure was developed using a gas chromatographic-electron capture technique which is capable of detecting 2 ng pseudoephedrine in 20 microliter plasma samples. Standard curves for pseudoephedrine are linear over the concentration range 0.1--1.6 microgram/ml. Plasma and urine concentrations of pseudoephedrine were followed in 3 rats after intravenous dosing. Derived pharmacokinetics parameters exhibited little inter-animal variation. Average plasma clearance was 67.6 ml/min/kg, with renal clearance averaging 30.3 ml/min/kg. This latter value is approximately 4X the glomerular filtration rate in the rat.", "PMID": 493335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1540", "title": "[Repolarisation disturbances in the ECG under antidepressant drugs. A comparison of two drugs, differing in chemical structure and pharmacological profile (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with clinical drug trials we compared the ECG-recordings during application of two different antidepressants. Tandamine (AY 23946) is a tricyclic drug with main effects on the norepinephrine reuptake, Fluvoxamine (DU 23 000) a nontricyclic antidepressant with a selective effect on the serotonin reuptake. No differences were observed regarding both frequency and patterns of the repolarisation disturbances. Thus, it appears that the chemical structure of the drug is not responsible for the \"typical\" form of the repolarisation disturbances. We further hypothesize that toxic effects and regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, caused by changes in norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels may be responsible for the areforementioned ECG aberrations.", "contents": "[Repolarisation disturbances in the ECG under antidepressant drugs. A comparison of two drugs, differing in chemical structure and pharmacological profile (author's transl)]. In connection with clinical drug trials we compared the ECG-recordings during application of two different antidepressants. Tandamine (AY 23946) is a tricyclic drug with main effects on the norepinephrine reuptake, Fluvoxamine (DU 23 000) a nontricyclic antidepressant with a selective effect on the serotonin reuptake. No differences were observed regarding both frequency and patterns of the repolarisation disturbances. Thus, it appears that the chemical structure of the drug is not responsible for the \"typical\" form of the repolarisation disturbances. We further hypothesize that toxic effects and regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, caused by changes in norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels may be responsible for the areforementioned ECG aberrations.", "PMID": 493336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1541", "title": "Epidemiology of hip fracture. A review with implications for the physical therapist.", "content": "Patient variables associated with the occurrence of hip fracture are reviewed, with advanced age, the female sex, and the white race being the most notable variables. Findings from studies relating patient variables to treatment results are also presented. The strongest predictors of poor treatment results are 1) age greater than 75 years, 2) cerebral dysfunction, 3) multiple secondary problems, and 4) low prefracture functional status. Relevance of this knowledge for physical therapists engaged in education, research, and clinical practice is discussed, concluding that knowledge of epidemiology is important to physical therapists' general information on hip fracture.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hip fracture. A review with implications for the physical therapist. Patient variables associated with the occurrence of hip fracture are reviewed, with advanced age, the female sex, and the white race being the most notable variables. Findings from studies relating patient variables to treatment results are also presented. The strongest predictors of poor treatment results are 1) age greater than 75 years, 2) cerebral dysfunction, 3) multiple secondary problems, and 4) low prefracture functional status. Relevance of this knowledge for physical therapists engaged in education, research, and clinical practice is discussed, concluding that knowledge of epidemiology is important to physical therapists' general information on hip fracture.", "PMID": 493343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1542", "title": "Trends in compensation and benefits provided to physical therapy students during clinical education.", "content": "Many facilities offering physical therapy clinical education for full-time affiliation students also provide some sort of compensation or benefits to students. Fiscal policy trends within health care institutions have influenced the extent to which these benefits are provided. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in providing specific benefits, namely, stipend, housing, meals, and uniform laundry, to students in full-time clinical education at the University of Michigan from 1967 to 1977. Data from annual facility information forms showed that, in general, these benefits have decreased during the years examined.", "contents": "Trends in compensation and benefits provided to physical therapy students during clinical education. Many facilities offering physical therapy clinical education for full-time affiliation students also provide some sort of compensation or benefits to students. Fiscal policy trends within health care institutions have influenced the extent to which these benefits are provided. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in providing specific benefits, namely, stipend, housing, meals, and uniform laundry, to students in full-time clinical education at the University of Michigan from 1967 to 1977. Data from annual facility information forms showed that, in general, these benefits have decreased during the years examined.", "PMID": 493344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1543", "title": "Effect of cold submersion on intramuscular temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of a 30-minute, 10 degrees C water bath on the intramuscular temperature of a lower leg and the contralateral lower leg. Intramuscular temperature was measured in 10 subjects using hypodermic thermistor probes inserted 25.3 mm into the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscles of both legs. One lower leg was submersed in a 10 degrees C cold bath with the water level maintained 5 cm above the patella and with the subject in a nonweight-bearing position. Intramuscular temperature significantly decreased in both lower legs during treatment, although the intramuscular temperature of the treatment lower leg was significantly lower than that of the contralateral lower leg. A temperature difference continued for four hours after treatment; however, the temperature of both lower legs was significantly lower after four hours than it was before the cold bath treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cold submersion on intramuscular temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle. This study investigated the effect of a 30-minute, 10 degrees C water bath on the intramuscular temperature of a lower leg and the contralateral lower leg. Intramuscular temperature was measured in 10 subjects using hypodermic thermistor probes inserted 25.3 mm into the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscles of both legs. One lower leg was submersed in a 10 degrees C cold bath with the water level maintained 5 cm above the patella and with the subject in a nonweight-bearing position. Intramuscular temperature significantly decreased in both lower legs during treatment, although the intramuscular temperature of the treatment lower leg was significantly lower than that of the contralateral lower leg. A temperature difference continued for four hours after treatment; however, the temperature of both lower legs was significantly lower after four hours than it was before the cold bath treatment.", "PMID": 493345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1544", "title": "Employment of physical therapist assistants in a residential state school.", "content": "Development of a job description for physical therapist assistants in a residential center serving persons with developmental disabilities is presented. Academic preparation and ethical guidelines for the assistant were reviewed to determine appropriate job responsibilities. Assistants had sufficient academic preparation in modalities and bronchial drainage to function effectively and partial academic preparation in other areas related to treating developmental disabilities. Substantial on-the-job training was necessary for the assistant to perform specific tasks competently. Need for additional training was not considered a deterrent to hiring the assistant.", "contents": "Employment of physical therapist assistants in a residential state school. Development of a job description for physical therapist assistants in a residential center serving persons with developmental disabilities is presented. Academic preparation and ethical guidelines for the assistant were reviewed to determine appropriate job responsibilities. Assistants had sufficient academic preparation in modalities and bronchial drainage to function effectively and partial academic preparation in other areas related to treating developmental disabilities. Substantial on-the-job training was necessary for the assistant to perform specific tasks competently. Need for additional training was not considered a deterrent to hiring the assistant.", "PMID": 493346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1545", "title": "The value of orthoses for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "We applied knee-ankle-foot orthoses to 17 consecutive patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at the time they lost independent ambulation. We judged the value of the orthoses solely by the patients' ability to walk. With the orthoses, 7 patients (41%) became effective ambulators and benefited greatly from the appliances. Four patients (23%) had borderline results. Six patients (35%) were considered failures because they achieved only braced standing. We believe orthoses are indicated for many but not all patients with Duchenne muscular dystropy.", "contents": "The value of orthoses for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We applied knee-ankle-foot orthoses to 17 consecutive patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at the time they lost independent ambulation. We judged the value of the orthoses solely by the patients' ability to walk. With the orthoses, 7 patients (41%) became effective ambulators and benefited greatly from the appliances. Four patients (23%) had borderline results. Six patients (35%) were considered failures because they achieved only braced standing. We believe orthoses are indicated for many but not all patients with Duchenne muscular dystropy.", "PMID": 493350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1546", "title": "Ipsilateral and contralateral effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on hip motion and electromyographic activity.", "content": "The effects of two proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on increasing the range of hip flexion during active straight leg raising were compared in 30 normal women. Subjects were randomly assigned into contract-relax, hold-relax, or control groups and were tested with the pelvis stabilized. An exercise technique was applied to the right lower extremity in two diagonal patterns while electrical activity was monitored from the contralateral rectus femoris, vastus medialis, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles. Comparison of pretest and posttest measurements of the angle of straight leg raising of both lower extremities indicated that the increase in range of motion of the right lower extremity in subjects in the contract-relax group was significantly greater than that in the hold-relax and control groups. For the unexercised extremity, the increase in motion in subjects in the contract-relax group was significantly greater than that in the control group. Of the 30 subjects, 29 showed evidence of electrical activity in the contralateral limb when the right lower extremity was contracting against resistance.", "contents": "Ipsilateral and contralateral effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on hip motion and electromyographic activity. The effects of two proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on increasing the range of hip flexion during active straight leg raising were compared in 30 normal women. Subjects were randomly assigned into contract-relax, hold-relax, or control groups and were tested with the pelvis stabilized. An exercise technique was applied to the right lower extremity in two diagonal patterns while electrical activity was monitored from the contralateral rectus femoris, vastus medialis, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles. Comparison of pretest and posttest measurements of the angle of straight leg raising of both lower extremities indicated that the increase in range of motion of the right lower extremity in subjects in the contract-relax group was significantly greater than that in the hold-relax and control groups. For the unexercised extremity, the increase in motion in subjects in the contract-relax group was significantly greater than that in the control group. Of the 30 subjects, 29 showed evidence of electrical activity in the contralateral limb when the right lower extremity was contracting against resistance.", "PMID": 493351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1547", "title": "The 1979 Presidential Address. American Physical Therapy Association.", "content": "As I close this address, I do so with a certain sense of sadness about leaving a leadership team in a very exciting time of our professional history. I retire from this office with great faith in the leadership that will follow and with the optimism that the future will hold numerous excitements for our profession. The motivation and interactions that you have provided have caused me to dream of physical therapy in a manner I could have never envisioned on my own. Oh, how I thank you for the pleasures I have derived! I hope my remarks of today will serve to stimulate your dreams, your goals, inasmuch as the combination of our dreams and goals will bring greater fulfillment to the profession of physical therapy in the years that lie ahead.", "contents": "The 1979 Presidential Address. American Physical Therapy Association. As I close this address, I do so with a certain sense of sadness about leaving a leadership team in a very exciting time of our professional history. I retire from this office with great faith in the leadership that will follow and with the optimism that the future will hold numerous excitements for our profession. The motivation and interactions that you have provided have caused me to dream of physical therapy in a manner I could have never envisioned on my own. Oh, how I thank you for the pleasures I have derived! I hope my remarks of today will serve to stimulate your dreams, your goals, inasmuch as the combination of our dreams and goals will bring greater fulfillment to the profession of physical therapy in the years that lie ahead.", "PMID": 493353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1548", "title": "[Compressive bandages].", "content": "Different compressive bandages for chronic venous deficiency and lymphedema, are categorized. These categories are not based on the bandage technique itself, but on its effect. The aims of the compression vary in accordance to whether the case involves a diffuse edema brought on by chronic venous deficiency or by lateral trophic problems following malfunctioning of the perforating veins, or difficulties in transporting tissue from the lymphedemas. These various etiological factors must be taken into consideration in the design and use of compressive bandages.", "contents": "[Compressive bandages]. Different compressive bandages for chronic venous deficiency and lymphedema, are categorized. These categories are not based on the bandage technique itself, but on its effect. The aims of the compression vary in accordance to whether the case involves a diffuse edema brought on by chronic venous deficiency or by lateral trophic problems following malfunctioning of the perforating veins, or difficulties in transporting tissue from the lymphedemas. These various etiological factors must be taken into consideration in the design and use of compressive bandages.", "PMID": 493359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1549", "title": "[Indications for ready-made or custom-made compression stockings].", "content": "The author studies ready-made stockings and the techniques of classification by category and by pressure. He examines at the same time, custom-made circular or linear knit stockings. His comments lead to the conclusion that the basic problem is the effectiveness of the stocking, especially in patients whose case is somewhat unusual. Pressure must remain consistently even, and there may be problems in pressure linked to the flexibility of the tissues.", "contents": "[Indications for ready-made or custom-made compression stockings]. The author studies ready-made stockings and the techniques of classification by category and by pressure. He examines at the same time, custom-made circular or linear knit stockings. His comments lead to the conclusion that the basic problem is the effectiveness of the stocking, especially in patients whose case is somewhat unusual. Pressure must remain consistently even, and there may be problems in pressure linked to the flexibility of the tissues.", "PMID": 493362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1550", "title": "[Retention in edema of the upper limb].", "content": "Treatment of lymphedema of the upper limb by the now classical elastocompression technique of Van Der Mollen, provides a reduction time that is followed by retention. The latter is selected and adapted in keeping with clinical elements and is definitive. It is necessary to provide both psychological assistance and to check on proper local tolerance. The elastic arm band assures under these conditions a satisfactory correction of \"swollen arm\".", "contents": "[Retention in edema of the upper limb]. Treatment of lymphedema of the upper limb by the now classical elastocompression technique of Van Der Mollen, provides a reduction time that is followed by retention. The latter is selected and adapted in keeping with clinical elements and is definitive. It is necessary to provide both psychological assistance and to check on proper local tolerance. The elastic arm band assures under these conditions a satisfactory correction of \"swollen arm\".", "PMID": 493357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1551", "title": "[Reduction of edema in the treatment of varicose ulcers].", "content": "Patients having ulcers of the two lower limbs underwent the same medical treatment. Yet, the elasto-compressive boot was placed on only one leg after compressotherapy with the Jobst apparatus. Scar formation was more rapid on the leg treated in this way. Applied preventively the treatment of edema by the same method considerably reduced the number of relapses of ulcer, when it was noticed that the relapses occurred during specific periods of the year.", "contents": "[Reduction of edema in the treatment of varicose ulcers]. Patients having ulcers of the two lower limbs underwent the same medical treatment. Yet, the elasto-compressive boot was placed on only one leg after compressotherapy with the Jobst apparatus. Scar formation was more rapid on the leg treated in this way. Applied preventively the treatment of edema by the same method considerably reduced the number of relapses of ulcer, when it was noticed that the relapses occurred during specific periods of the year.", "PMID": 493365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1552", "title": "[Proposal with a view to a classification of retention means: stockings and elastic bandages].", "content": "In answer to a need for clarification in the prescribing of support stockings, the author proposes to manufacturers five categories of clinical needs: 1) venous insufficiency that is well offset and is manifested only occasionally in the form of functional problems when there is too much pressure. 2) venous insufficiency with more continuous functional problems and occasional (edema) physical manifestations. 3) non offset venous insufficiency with frequent, if not continuous, vesperal edema. 4) complicated cured venous insufficiency (post-ulcer and post-phlebitis period). 5) lymphedema. A similar classification may be made for elastic bandes, with emphasis on categories 2, 4 and 5.", "contents": "[Proposal with a view to a classification of retention means: stockings and elastic bandages]. In answer to a need for clarification in the prescribing of support stockings, the author proposes to manufacturers five categories of clinical needs: 1) venous insufficiency that is well offset and is manifested only occasionally in the form of functional problems when there is too much pressure. 2) venous insufficiency with more continuous functional problems and occasional (edema) physical manifestations. 3) non offset venous insufficiency with frequent, if not continuous, vesperal edema. 4) complicated cured venous insufficiency (post-ulcer and post-phlebitis period). 5) lymphedema. A similar classification may be made for elastic bandes, with emphasis on categories 2, 4 and 5.", "PMID": 493361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1553", "title": "[Cellulitis, a conjunctive microvascular disease].", "content": "While the term cellulitis is incorrect, it is commonly used and deserves a nosological classification. \"Cellulitis is a dermohypodermosis and an oedemato-sclerous panniculopathy- It is indeed a true histangiography in which the fibroblastic reaction predominates over capillaro-veinular changes. Adipocytes of exaggerated size interpenetrate into micro- and later into macronodules marked off by more or less structured conjunctive fibrilla, thereby making treatment difficult.", "contents": "[Cellulitis, a conjunctive microvascular disease]. While the term cellulitis is incorrect, it is commonly used and deserves a nosological classification. \"Cellulitis is a dermohypodermosis and an oedemato-sclerous panniculopathy- It is indeed a true histangiography in which the fibroblastic reaction predominates over capillaro-veinular changes. Adipocytes of exaggerated size interpenetrate into micro- and later into macronodules marked off by more or less structured conjunctive fibrilla, thereby making treatment difficult.", "PMID": 493364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1554", "title": "[Hemodynamic relations between capillary and venule].", "content": "Following a nosological discussion of the varicose vein, its histological, biochemical and immunological elements are detailed. The hydraulic conditions are described, and attention is drawn to the microvasculartissue consequences of the stasis, the degree of constraint exercised by the interstitial tissue, and the role played by the intricate \"micro fiber\" network of the microcirculation: only a part of the capillaries reconnect with the veinlet of the same circulatory unit, the others having to flow toward the veinlet of other units and only one initial lymphatic vein contributing to the evacuation of 3 to 4 veinlets. The slightest hydraulic imbalance due to the stasis, sets of a whole series of chain reactions that can rapidly become harmful, with chronic veinous deficiency setting in.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic relations between capillary and venule]. Following a nosological discussion of the varicose vein, its histological, biochemical and immunological elements are detailed. The hydraulic conditions are described, and attention is drawn to the microvasculartissue consequences of the stasis, the degree of constraint exercised by the interstitial tissue, and the role played by the intricate \"micro fiber\" network of the microcirculation: only a part of the capillaries reconnect with the veinlet of the same circulatory unit, the others having to flow toward the veinlet of other units and only one initial lymphatic vein contributing to the evacuation of 3 to 4 veinlets. The slightest hydraulic imbalance due to the stasis, sets of a whole series of chain reactions that can rapidly become harmful, with chronic veinous deficiency setting in.", "PMID": 493368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1555", "title": "[Influence of LSD and 5-methyoxy-N,N,-dimethyltryptamine on the RNA synthesis in the cell nuclei of rat's brain].", "content": "The influence of LSD and 5-methyoxy-N.N.-dimethyltryptamine (MeODMT) on the RNA synthesis was verified in cell nuclei from rat's brain. LSD and 5-MeODMT inhibited the RNA synthesis within the test period of 30 minutes. This inhibition possibly participates in adaptive neuronal processes occurring in the course of psychoses.", "contents": "[Influence of LSD and 5-methyoxy-N,N,-dimethyltryptamine on the RNA synthesis in the cell nuclei of rat's brain]. The influence of LSD and 5-methyoxy-N.N.-dimethyltryptamine (MeODMT) on the RNA synthesis was verified in cell nuclei from rat's brain. LSD and 5-MeODMT inhibited the RNA synthesis within the test period of 30 minutes. This inhibition possibly participates in adaptive neuronal processes occurring in the course of psychoses.", "PMID": 493424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1556", "title": "[Thromboelastographic and immunologic fibrinolysis determinations in inflammatory-changed and artificial blood stained cerebrospinal fluids using fibrinogen substrate].", "content": "In in-vitro long-term tests, the free fibrinolytic activity was determined from inflammatory-changed and blood stained cerebrospinal fluids in which partly fibrinogen concentrations insufficient for the enzyme-catalysed fibrinolytic reaction were present, using after addition of substrate (fibrinogen, plasma) thrombelastography and fibrin degradation products (FDP) recording. The results confirm a free fibrinolytic activity in many inflammatory-changed and blood stained cerebrospinal fluids. The difference in the results obtained with reaction preparations with substrate and those with too low fibrinogen concentrations are discussed.", "contents": "[Thromboelastographic and immunologic fibrinolysis determinations in inflammatory-changed and artificial blood stained cerebrospinal fluids using fibrinogen substrate]. In in-vitro long-term tests, the free fibrinolytic activity was determined from inflammatory-changed and blood stained cerebrospinal fluids in which partly fibrinogen concentrations insufficient for the enzyme-catalysed fibrinolytic reaction were present, using after addition of substrate (fibrinogen, plasma) thrombelastography and fibrin degradation products (FDP) recording. The results confirm a free fibrinolytic activity in many inflammatory-changed and blood stained cerebrospinal fluids. The difference in the results obtained with reaction preparations with substrate and those with too low fibrinogen concentrations are discussed.", "PMID": 493425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1557", "title": "Psychological reactions to chronic medical illness.", "content": "Psychological reactions to chronic medical illness can be categorized as follows: the chronically ill patient is vulnerable, first and foremost, to eight types of psychological stress, all of which have their roots in early childhood. Specifically, chronic illness evokes a threat to the patient's self esteem; fear of strangers; separation anxiety; fear of loss of love, and of the control of developmentally achieved functions; fear of loss of, or injury to body parts; guilt and fear of retaliation; and fear of pain, which cuts across all of these stresses. Other psychological reactions to chronic medical illness include regression, conflict, and inevitable distortions in object relationships. Suggestions for the amelioration of these responses within the matrix of the doctor patient relationship are proposed.", "contents": "Psychological reactions to chronic medical illness. Psychological reactions to chronic medical illness can be categorized as follows: the chronically ill patient is vulnerable, first and foremost, to eight types of psychological stress, all of which have their roots in early childhood. Specifically, chronic illness evokes a threat to the patient's self esteem; fear of strangers; separation anxiety; fear of loss of love, and of the control of developmentally achieved functions; fear of loss of, or injury to body parts; guilt and fear of retaliation; and fear of pain, which cuts across all of these stresses. Other psychological reactions to chronic medical illness include regression, conflict, and inevitable distortions in object relationships. Suggestions for the amelioration of these responses within the matrix of the doctor patient relationship are proposed.", "PMID": 493427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1558", "title": "The use and abuse of psychiatry in dealing with pain patients.", "content": "The question of real vs. psychogenic pain is considered, and the importance of psychiatric counseling discussed. Hospital staff should also be advised by trained psychiatric personnel how to deal with countertransference. Flexible, eclective, and intensive therapy can certainly help the pain-prone patient.", "contents": "The use and abuse of psychiatry in dealing with pain patients. The question of real vs. psychogenic pain is considered, and the importance of psychiatric counseling discussed. Hospital staff should also be advised by trained psychiatric personnel how to deal with countertransference. Flexible, eclective, and intensive therapy can certainly help the pain-prone patient.", "PMID": 493428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1559", "title": "The chronically ill patient.", "content": "Psychiatry's renewed interest in its identity as a medical specialty and its increased therapeutic armamentarium make its involvement with chronically medically ill patients more feasible than ever before. These patients face problems which include economic ones, conflicts between independency and dependency, those connected with self-image, intra-family stresses including sexual ones, social isolation and the threat of death. Patients respond to these stresses with psychological symptomatology which includes depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, delirium, dementia and psychosis. The treatment of the consequences of these stresses is the daily work of the liaison psychiatrist.", "contents": "The chronically ill patient. Psychiatry's renewed interest in its identity as a medical specialty and its increased therapeutic armamentarium make its involvement with chronically medically ill patients more feasible than ever before. These patients face problems which include economic ones, conflicts between independency and dependency, those connected with self-image, intra-family stresses including sexual ones, social isolation and the threat of death. Patients respond to these stresses with psychological symptomatology which includes depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, delirium, dementia and psychosis. The treatment of the consequences of these stresses is the daily work of the liaison psychiatrist.", "PMID": 493429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1560", "title": "Social networks and schizophrenia.", "content": "This artical begins with an introduction to social networks research and its practical importance in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, and concludes with a consideration of the experience, the phenomenology, of schizophrenia, from a social network point of view.", "contents": "Social networks and schizophrenia. This artical begins with an introduction to social networks research and its practical importance in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, and concludes with a consideration of the experience, the phenomenology, of schizophrenia, from a social network point of view.", "PMID": 493430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1561", "title": "Developments in family treatment of schizophrenia.", "content": "For the treatment of families of schizophrenics the following issues are discussed: (1) Is there any evidence that families cause schizophrenia? (2) Is it useful to consider the family as a system? (3) What is the aim of family therapy? (4) Does family therapy work for any kind of family? (5) Does family therapy work for families of schizophrenics? The conclusion is reached that systems theory can be applied successfully to some families when the patient suffers from certain conditions.", "contents": "Developments in family treatment of schizophrenia. For the treatment of families of schizophrenics the following issues are discussed: (1) Is there any evidence that families cause schizophrenia? (2) Is it useful to consider the family as a system? (3) What is the aim of family therapy? (4) Does family therapy work for any kind of family? (5) Does family therapy work for families of schizophrenics? The conclusion is reached that systems theory can be applied successfully to some families when the patient suffers from certain conditions.", "PMID": 493431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1562", "title": "Ingredients of a psychiatric malpractice lawsuit.", "content": "This is a review by two trial lawyers of the practical problems in trying a psychiatric malpractice lawsuit. The substantive rules of law which receive a good deal of attention are found to be most significant in the day-to-day suit than gathering together the facts and medical opinions and presenting them to the jury in a persuasive fashion.", "contents": "Ingredients of a psychiatric malpractice lawsuit. This is a review by two trial lawyers of the practical problems in trying a psychiatric malpractice lawsuit. The substantive rules of law which receive a good deal of attention are found to be most significant in the day-to-day suit than gathering together the facts and medical opinions and presenting them to the jury in a persuasive fashion.", "PMID": 493433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1563", "title": "The components of psychic conflict and its consequences in mental life.", "content": "This paper surveys current psychoanalytic concepts of drives, unpleasure related to drives, defense and compromise formation, with special attention to the author's contributions to each subject during the years 1950-1978.", "contents": "The components of psychic conflict and its consequences in mental life. This paper surveys current psychoanalytic concepts of drives, unpleasure related to drives, defense and compromise formation, with special attention to the author's contributions to each subject during the years 1950-1978.", "PMID": 493435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1564", "title": "A device for teaching the theory of technique.", "content": "The usefulness of comparing dream psychology and neurosis psychology is demonstrated in the teaching of a course on the theory of technique at the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Institute. Candidates are assigned the task of writing a five-minute segment of free associations using assigned background material, resistances to be demonstrated, and assigned current and past conflicts. The candidates then present their free associations to the class for analysis. Explication of educational and developmental issues is given.", "contents": "A device for teaching the theory of technique. The usefulness of comparing dream psychology and neurosis psychology is demonstrated in the teaching of a course on the theory of technique at the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Institute. Candidates are assigned the task of writing a five-minute segment of free associations using assigned background material, resistances to be demonstrated, and assigned current and past conflicts. The candidates then present their free associations to the class for analysis. Explication of educational and developmental issues is given.", "PMID": 493436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1565", "title": "Studies on hysteria--Katharina.", "content": "Freud's account of his meeting with the country maid, Katharina, is re-evaluated from a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. Freud's original explanation of Katharina's hysteria was based on a set of quantitative-economic assumptions and a psychic model based on conflict and defense. A modern analytic perspective would shift the emphasis from the economics of discharge to the aims and objects of sexual activity. The understanding of sensual pleasure focuses more specifically on the related complex of intentions, purposes, meanings, and motives, as well as on the qualities, characteristics, and patterns of interaction with important objects.", "contents": "Studies on hysteria--Katharina. Freud's account of his meeting with the country maid, Katharina, is re-evaluated from a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. Freud's original explanation of Katharina's hysteria was based on a set of quantitative-economic assumptions and a psychic model based on conflict and defense. A modern analytic perspective would shift the emphasis from the economics of discharge to the aims and objects of sexual activity. The understanding of sensual pleasure focuses more specifically on the related complex of intentions, purposes, meanings, and motives, as well as on the qualities, characteristics, and patterns of interaction with important objects.", "PMID": 493437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1566", "title": "Scopophilia and object loss.", "content": "The study of a case of voyeuristic perversion and of some previously published cases of simple scopophilia suggests that fear of object loss early in life may be an important factor predisposing one to a propensity for voyeurism. The increased need to maintain visual contact with the object and to incorporate it visually leads to a hypercathexis of the visual function which is at the base of voyeurism. This need later becomes sexualized, while still retaining its pregenital connotations. Although object loss was apparently significant in the case of the patient described in this paper, it is not necessarily a factor in all cases of perverse voyeurism and, when present, may be considered as only one element in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Scopophilia and object loss. The study of a case of voyeuristic perversion and of some previously published cases of simple scopophilia suggests that fear of object loss early in life may be an important factor predisposing one to a propensity for voyeurism. The increased need to maintain visual contact with the object and to incorporate it visually leads to a hypercathexis of the visual function which is at the base of voyeurism. This need later becomes sexualized, while still retaining its pregenital connotations. Although object loss was apparently significant in the case of the patient described in this paper, it is not necessarily a factor in all cases of perverse voyeurism and, when present, may be considered as only one element in its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 493438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1567", "title": "On nothing and nobody with an addendum on William Hogarth.", "content": "While phase-related traumata are often accepted as sufficient explanation of patients' reporting that they feel like \"nothing\" or \"nobody,\" it is the thesis of this paper that such feelings often derive from intrapsychic conflict and that the working through of such conflict leads to significant therapeutic benefit. In support of this thesis, two cases are presented, together with an addendum on Hogarth's Mr. Nobody.", "contents": "On nothing and nobody with an addendum on William Hogarth. While phase-related traumata are often accepted as sufficient explanation of patients' reporting that they feel like \"nothing\" or \"nobody,\" it is the thesis of this paper that such feelings often derive from intrapsychic conflict and that the working through of such conflict leads to significant therapeutic benefit. In support of this thesis, two cases are presented, together with an addendum on Hogarth's Mr. Nobody.", "PMID": 493439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1568", "title": "[Postoperative radiology of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important surgical procedures are described. Early postoperative control may reveal insufficiency of the anastomoses or stenosis caused by scar formation. Later examinations may reveal anatomic and functional alterations and have to exclude tumor recurrency. In our patients 13% of abdominal surgery concerned the colon. Of 3000 barium enemas, two were complicated by perforations following colonic or pancreatic surgery. Both patients survived.", "contents": "[Postoperative radiology of the colon (author's transl)]. The most important surgical procedures are described. Early postoperative control may reveal insufficiency of the anastomoses or stenosis caused by scar formation. Later examinations may reveal anatomic and functional alterations and have to exclude tumor recurrency. In our patients 13% of abdominal surgery concerned the colon. Of 3000 barium enemas, two were complicated by perforations following colonic or pancreatic surgery. Both patients survived.", "PMID": 493504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1569", "title": "Evaluation of several sensitometers for use in processing quality assurance.", "content": "Sensitometry is becoming a widely used tool to measure and allow correction of changes in the processing of radiographs before those changes become clinically significant. To be effective, the inherent variability of the sensitometer must at least be smaller than the processing variations to be monitored. Results of performance evaluations are given for several commercially available sensitometers. All were found to be useful and dependable quality assurance tools when properly used with life-expectancies of at least five years.", "contents": "Evaluation of several sensitometers for use in processing quality assurance. Sensitometry is becoming a widely used tool to measure and allow correction of changes in the processing of radiographs before those changes become clinically significant. To be effective, the inherent variability of the sensitometer must at least be smaller than the processing variations to be monitored. Results of performance evaluations are given for several commercially available sensitometers. All were found to be useful and dependable quality assurance tools when properly used with life-expectancies of at least five years.", "PMID": 493499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1570", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of benign and malignant changes occurring at anastomoses following resection of colonic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Following resection of carcinoma of the colon, local recurrence at the site of the anastomosis must be expected in about 10%. Recurrence diagnosed early can be resected in 50%. Double contrast technique has proven to be most helpful in early diagnosis of recurrence. Therefore, radiographic follow-up examination, in adequate time intravals permit an early differentiation between lesions due to recurrence and due to the surgical procedure or prolonged healing of the anastomosis. Close cooperation with clinical follow-up, especially by endoscopy and biopsy, guarantees reliably good care of patients after resection of cancer of the colon or rectum.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of benign and malignant changes occurring at anastomoses following resection of colonic cancer (author's transl)]. Following resection of carcinoma of the colon, local recurrence at the site of the anastomosis must be expected in about 10%. Recurrence diagnosed early can be resected in 50%. Double contrast technique has proven to be most helpful in early diagnosis of recurrence. Therefore, radiographic follow-up examination, in adequate time intravals permit an early differentiation between lesions due to recurrence and due to the surgical procedure or prolonged healing of the anastomosis. Close cooperation with clinical follow-up, especially by endoscopy and biopsy, guarantees reliably good care of patients after resection of cancer of the colon or rectum.", "PMID": 493505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1571", "title": "Professional growth and contribution in radiologic technology: can it be taught?", "content": "The competency-based education project, as it was carried out in the Radiologic Technology Division at The Ohio State University, describes in some detail the competencies within the contributor role, as well as in technologist, educator, and manager. The domain amplifications of these competencies, giving knowledge, skills, and attitudes, revealed some lacks in the curriculum in the teaching of attitudes and related skills. The response to this lack has been to prepare a plan for incorporating such teaching into the program. It is hoped that this plan will result in strengthening the students' performance in personal and professional growth, and in contribution to the profession over the years.", "contents": "Professional growth and contribution in radiologic technology: can it be taught? The competency-based education project, as it was carried out in the Radiologic Technology Division at The Ohio State University, describes in some detail the competencies within the contributor role, as well as in technologist, educator, and manager. The domain amplifications of these competencies, giving knowledge, skills, and attitudes, revealed some lacks in the curriculum in the teaching of attitudes and related skills. The response to this lack has been to prepare a plan for incorporating such teaching into the program. It is hoped that this plan will result in strengthening the students' performance in personal and professional growth, and in contribution to the profession over the years.", "PMID": 493500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1572", "title": "[The enlarged retrorectal space--indicative of specific pathology or only unspecific symptom of disease in the true pelvis? (author's transl)].", "content": "The retrorectal space was measured on the lateral view of the rectum during double contrast barium enema examination in 300 patients in whom no abnormality of the rectum, sacrum or in the true pelvis was demonstrated clinically or radiographically. The measurement obtained is the distance between posterior wall of the rectum and the anterior surface of the sacrum between S2 and S5. The measurements at S5 are considered most accurate, since at this level the rectum will be positively in midline. The normal width at S5 is between 0.2 and 1.5 cm. In connection with other symptoms, a distance between 1.5 and 2 cm should be regarded as suspicious and above 1 cm as definitely abnormal, as was demonstrated in 95 cases with diffuse and localized enlargement of the retrorectal space. An abnormal measurement of greater than 2 cm however is an unspecific symptom and should not by itself be considered indicative of specific pathology, but rather should lend supporting evidence to other abnormal findings in the true pelvis.", "contents": "[The enlarged retrorectal space--indicative of specific pathology or only unspecific symptom of disease in the true pelvis? (author's transl)]. The retrorectal space was measured on the lateral view of the rectum during double contrast barium enema examination in 300 patients in whom no abnormality of the rectum, sacrum or in the true pelvis was demonstrated clinically or radiographically. The measurement obtained is the distance between posterior wall of the rectum and the anterior surface of the sacrum between S2 and S5. The measurements at S5 are considered most accurate, since at this level the rectum will be positively in midline. The normal width at S5 is between 0.2 and 1.5 cm. In connection with other symptoms, a distance between 1.5 and 2 cm should be regarded as suspicious and above 1 cm as definitely abnormal, as was demonstrated in 95 cases with diffuse and localized enlargement of the retrorectal space. An abnormal measurement of greater than 2 cm however is an unspecific symptom and should not by itself be considered indicative of specific pathology, but rather should lend supporting evidence to other abnormal findings in the true pelvis.", "PMID": 493506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1573", "title": "[Duplications of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Duplications of the stomach, small and large bowel are rare. In cases of communication with the lumen of the GI-tract, a reliable diagnosis can be made by radiography. Without direct communication these duplications present as fluid filled cystic mass lesions and therefore are difficult to specify radiographically.", "contents": "[Duplications of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Duplications of the stomach, small and large bowel are rare. In cases of communication with the lumen of the GI-tract, a reliable diagnosis can be made by radiography. Without direct communication these duplications present as fluid filled cystic mass lesions and therefore are difficult to specify radiographically.", "PMID": 493507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1574", "title": "Effect of kilovoltage and milliamperage on focal spot size.", "content": "Producing radiographs of the best possible quality is the responsibility of every radiologic technologist. Many factors affect the finished radiograph, yet the effect of kilovoltage and milliamperage on a selected focal-spot size is almost always overlooked. With the selection of appropriate milliamperes and kilovolts, one can maintain high radiographic quality, reduce radiation absorbed dose to the patient, and prolong equipment life. Supporting data based on laboratory research are provided.", "contents": "Effect of kilovoltage and milliamperage on focal spot size. Producing radiographs of the best possible quality is the responsibility of every radiologic technologist. Many factors affect the finished radiograph, yet the effect of kilovoltage and milliamperage on a selected focal-spot size is almost always overlooked. With the selection of appropriate milliamperes and kilovolts, one can maintain high radiographic quality, reduce radiation absorbed dose to the patient, and prolong equipment life. Supporting data based on laboratory research are provided.", "PMID": 493502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1575", "title": "[Localized interstitial calcinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of an unusual case of soft tissue calcification in the lower leg of a 50 year old patient examined for compensation problems for a gunshot fracture suffered in World War II. The differential diagnosis \"localized interstitial calcinosis\", \"myositis ossificans\" and \"myositis ossificans progressiva\" is being discussed.", "contents": "[Localized interstitial calcinosis (author's transl)]. Case report of an unusual case of soft tissue calcification in the lower leg of a 50 year old patient examined for compensation problems for a gunshot fracture suffered in World War II. The differential diagnosis \"localized interstitial calcinosis\", \"myositis ossificans\" and \"myositis ossificans progressiva\" is being discussed.", "PMID": 493508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1576", "title": "[A comparison of the readings of film- and pocket dosimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "An inquiry to compare the readings of film- and pocket dosimeters worn by the same individual at the same time showed similar results, a fact which was found to be very satisfying. Of the 2132 dosimeters compared, only 46 (2.2%) were outside the standard error of -30/+50% permitted for film dosimetry. The majority of these (37) can be explained to be due to the different type of energy dependence of these 2 dosimeter types. The total dosis measured reflected an even better, conformity, differing only by 11.3% to 14.4% depending on the mode of calculation, the difference being partially due to the better sensitivity of the film dosimeters to low energy beta radiation. An additional result of the study is the conclusion to recommend more careful use and recording of pocket dosimetry.", "contents": "[A comparison of the readings of film- and pocket dosimetry (author's transl)]. An inquiry to compare the readings of film- and pocket dosimeters worn by the same individual at the same time showed similar results, a fact which was found to be very satisfying. Of the 2132 dosimeters compared, only 46 (2.2%) were outside the standard error of -30/+50% permitted for film dosimetry. The majority of these (37) can be explained to be due to the different type of energy dependence of these 2 dosimeter types. The total dosis measured reflected an even better, conformity, differing only by 11.3% to 14.4% depending on the mode of calculation, the difference being partially due to the better sensitivity of the film dosimeters to low energy beta radiation. An additional result of the study is the conclusion to recommend more careful use and recording of pocket dosimetry.", "PMID": 493509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1577", "title": "[Radiobiological aspects of preoperative radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiobiological considerations suggest the use of preoperative radiotherapy with subcurative doses in malignancies known for frequent local recurrence or for easy metastatic spread during surgery. Clinical experience with this form of preoperative radiotherapy on esophageal cancer is being analyzed in regard to its radiobiological significance.", "contents": "[Radiobiological aspects of preoperative radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Radiobiological considerations suggest the use of preoperative radiotherapy with subcurative doses in malignancies known for frequent local recurrence or for easy metastatic spread during surgery. Clinical experience with this form of preoperative radiotherapy on esophageal cancer is being analyzed in regard to its radiobiological significance.", "PMID": 493510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1578", "title": "[Technique and management of double contrast studies in the intestinal tract. Experience with a new barium suspension (author's transl)].", "content": "Competition of endoscopy has brought forth development of new roentgenographic procedures in gastroenterology. Besides modern fluoroscopic equipment, examination of the gastrointestinal tract was mainly improved by double contrast technique. Contrast media which guarantee the coating of mucosal folds enable better visualization of the intestinal wall. Examples of routinely done gastrointestinal tract examinations demonstrate possibilities to obtain diagnoses by double contrast technique with a new barium suspension (Topcontral). It is shown that only combined radiologic, endoscopic, microscopic, and possibly cytologic examinations guarantee greatest diagnostic accuracy in gastrointestinal disease.", "contents": "[Technique and management of double contrast studies in the intestinal tract. Experience with a new barium suspension (author's transl)]. Competition of endoscopy has brought forth development of new roentgenographic procedures in gastroenterology. Besides modern fluoroscopic equipment, examination of the gastrointestinal tract was mainly improved by double contrast technique. Contrast media which guarantee the coating of mucosal folds enable better visualization of the intestinal wall. Examples of routinely done gastrointestinal tract examinations demonstrate possibilities to obtain diagnoses by double contrast technique with a new barium suspension (Topcontral). It is shown that only combined radiologic, endoscopic, microscopic, and possibly cytologic examinations guarantee greatest diagnostic accuracy in gastrointestinal disease.", "PMID": 493511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1579", "title": "Factors influencing false negative rates in xeromammography.", "content": "Xeromammographic false negatives were analyzed to ascertain the cause of the errors and determine what corrective measures could be taken. Of 52 cancers miscalled, 52% were not visualized and 48% were categorized as misinterpretations. The causes of these errors are discussed. The error rate in all but 8% of the former group appears to be irreducible, yet errors discussed in the latter group are thought to be correctable in a high percentage of cases. Recommendations to reduce the number of false negatives in this group are presented.", "contents": "Factors influencing false negative rates in xeromammography. Xeromammographic false negatives were analyzed to ascertain the cause of the errors and determine what corrective measures could be taken. Of 52 cancers miscalled, 52% were not visualized and 48% were categorized as misinterpretations. The causes of these errors are discussed. The error rate in all but 8% of the former group appears to be irreducible, yet errors discussed in the latter group are thought to be correctable in a high percentage of cases. Recommendations to reduce the number of false negatives in this group are presented.", "PMID": 493512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1580", "title": "Annular pancreas: etiology and diagnosis using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "A case of annular pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is described and the etiology of the abnormality considered. Annular pancreas is an anomaly of the ventral pancreas, and probably due to the persistence of the left ventral bud; the dorsal pancreas plays no apparent role in its development. In the diagnosis of annular pancreas, it appears that ERCP provides unequivocal evidence in some, quite possibly all, cases.", "contents": "Annular pancreas: etiology and diagnosis using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A case of annular pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is described and the etiology of the abnormality considered. Annular pancreas is an anomaly of the ventral pancreas, and probably due to the persistence of the left ventral bud; the dorsal pancreas plays no apparent role in its development. In the diagnosis of annular pancreas, it appears that ERCP provides unequivocal evidence in some, quite possibly all, cases.", "PMID": 493513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1581", "title": "The value of simethicone in abdominal preparation.", "content": "The effectiveness of simethicone in reducing the amount of gastrointestinal gas was investigated with abdominal radiographs in a double-blind study of 169 patients receiving either simethicone or a placebo randomly. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although simethicone may relieve clinical symptoms and accelerate the transit time of gas, it does not reduce the amount of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. This study indicates that simethicone is not helpful in preparing the patient for radiological examination of the abdomen.", "contents": "The value of simethicone in abdominal preparation. The effectiveness of simethicone in reducing the amount of gastrointestinal gas was investigated with abdominal radiographs in a double-blind study of 169 patients receiving either simethicone or a placebo randomly. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although simethicone may relieve clinical symptoms and accelerate the transit time of gas, it does not reduce the amount of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. This study indicates that simethicone is not helpful in preparing the patient for radiological examination of the abdomen.", "PMID": 493514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1582", "title": "The value of plain radiographs prior to oral cholecystography.", "content": "The diagnostic significance of a routine preliminary plain radiograph of the right upper abdominal quadrant prior to oral cholecystography was evaluated retrospectively. The plain radiograph was decisive in the diagnosis in only one case out of 1,022 consecutive cholecystographic examinations (0.1%) (95% confidence limits: 0.00-0.55%). The sensitivity of oral cholecystography, now approximately 90%, would drop by only 0.43% (95% confidence limits: 0.01-2.14%) if the routine plain radiograph were omitted.", "contents": "The value of plain radiographs prior to oral cholecystography. The diagnostic significance of a routine preliminary plain radiograph of the right upper abdominal quadrant prior to oral cholecystography was evaluated retrospectively. The plain radiograph was decisive in the diagnosis in only one case out of 1,022 consecutive cholecystographic examinations (0.1%) (95% confidence limits: 0.00-0.55%). The sensitivity of oral cholecystography, now approximately 90%, would drop by only 0.43% (95% confidence limits: 0.01-2.14%) if the routine plain radiograph were omitted.", "PMID": 493515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1583", "title": "Angiographic assessment of lymphatic metastasis from gastric cancer.", "content": "Lymph node metastasis was evaluated angiographically in 151 patients with gastric cancer. In 20% of the patients with nodal metastases, abnormally staining masses were demonstrated by angiography. Superselective angiography is useful in confirming the presence of lymph node involvement.", "contents": "Angiographic assessment of lymphatic metastasis from gastric cancer. Lymph node metastasis was evaluated angiographically in 151 patients with gastric cancer. In 20% of the patients with nodal metastases, abnormally staining masses were demonstrated by angiography. Superselective angiography is useful in confirming the presence of lymph node involvement.", "PMID": 493516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1584", "title": "Involvement of the inferior vena cava in patients with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Inferior vena cavography plays an important role in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. The renal angiograms and inferior vena cavograms in a series of patients with renal cell carcinoma were reviewed to determine which patients require cavography. Our findings show that renal angiography is of great value in suggesting tumor involvement of the renal vein or vena cava, and that the decision to do cavography can be made from the angiographic findings. In the series of 172 patients with renal carcinoma, 15 or 9% had inferior vena cava involvement.", "contents": "Involvement of the inferior vena cava in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Inferior vena cavography plays an important role in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. The renal angiograms and inferior vena cavograms in a series of patients with renal cell carcinoma were reviewed to determine which patients require cavography. Our findings show that renal angiography is of great value in suggesting tumor involvement of the renal vein or vena cava, and that the decision to do cavography can be made from the angiographic findings. In the series of 172 patients with renal carcinoma, 15 or 9% had inferior vena cava involvement.", "PMID": 493517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1585", "title": "Giant aneurysms of the renal arteries: an unusual manifestation of fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "Diffuse areas of narrowing and dilatation involving the main renal artery are the most common angiographic findings in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), together with the presence of renal artery stenosis. The development of false aneurysms of the renal artery and arteriovenous fistulas are uncommon manifestations. Large, partially thrombosed and calcified renal artery aneurysms are described and their differential diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Giant aneurysms of the renal arteries: an unusual manifestation of fibromuscular dysplasia. Diffuse areas of narrowing and dilatation involving the main renal artery are the most common angiographic findings in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), together with the presence of renal artery stenosis. The development of false aneurysms of the renal artery and arteriovenous fistulas are uncommon manifestations. Large, partially thrombosed and calcified renal artery aneurysms are described and their differential diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 493518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1586", "title": "Laryngeal sarcoid.", "content": "Involvement of the larynx is an unusual complication of sarcoidosis. Clinical and laryngographic findings are reviewed and a differential diagnosis is given. Unlike the pulmonary and hilar manifestations of the disease, laryngeal lesions do not respond well to systemic steroids, although local injections may alleviate the need to perform a tracheostomy for airway obstruction.", "contents": "Laryngeal sarcoid. Involvement of the larynx is an unusual complication of sarcoidosis. Clinical and laryngographic findings are reviewed and a differential diagnosis is given. Unlike the pulmonary and hilar manifestations of the disease, laryngeal lesions do not respond well to systemic steroids, although local injections may alleviate the need to perform a tracheostomy for airway obstruction.", "PMID": 493519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1587", "title": "Antefemoral dissecting cysts in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Five cases of an antefemoral synovial cyst in rheumatoid arthritis were confirmed by arthrography. Communicating with the suprapatellar bursa, these rarely observed cysts may be considered an anterior analogy to dissecting Baker cysts.", "contents": "Antefemoral dissecting cysts in rheumatoid arthritis. Five cases of an antefemoral synovial cyst in rheumatoid arthritis were confirmed by arthrography. Communicating with the suprapatellar bursa, these rarely observed cysts may be considered an anterior analogy to dissecting Baker cysts.", "PMID": 493520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1588", "title": "Advances in radiologic reporting with Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP).", "content": "Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP) is a system of radiologic reporting in which the user interacts with a computer keyboard and cathode-ray tube terminal to generate coded reports. The hierarchical medical classification on which the code is based permits rapid on-line compilation of reports of any degree of complexity. The system provides organized sets of pre-assembled statements that are rapidly accessed and modified for each examination. Although the reports are printed in English, they are held in the computer as a succinct code that is eminently suited for permanent storage and rapid retrieval.", "contents": "Advances in radiologic reporting with Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP). Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP) is a system of radiologic reporting in which the user interacts with a computer keyboard and cathode-ray tube terminal to generate coded reports. The hierarchical medical classification on which the code is based permits rapid on-line compilation of reports of any degree of complexity. The system provides organized sets of pre-assembled statements that are rapidly accessed and modified for each examination. Although the reports are printed in English, they are held in the computer as a succinct code that is eminently suited for permanent storage and rapid retrieval.", "PMID": 493521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1589", "title": "Variability of unilateral epiphyseal dysplasia (dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica).", "content": "Nine cases of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor disease) are reviewed. This osteocartilaginous process arises from the epiphysis and most commonly involves the ankle and knee. While usually mild, 3 cases of greater severity were found with associated arrest of the growth plate. One mild and 2 severe cases are presented in greater detail. The term unilateral epiphyseal dysplasia is proposed as the condition may involve the upper extremity and often involves more than half the epiphysis.", "contents": "Variability of unilateral epiphyseal dysplasia (dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica). Nine cases of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor disease) are reviewed. This osteocartilaginous process arises from the epiphysis and most commonly involves the ankle and knee. While usually mild, 3 cases of greater severity were found with associated arrest of the growth plate. One mild and 2 severe cases are presented in greater detail. The term unilateral epiphyseal dysplasia is proposed as the condition may involve the upper extremity and often involves more than half the epiphysis.", "PMID": 493522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1590", "title": "Cerebral embolic disease: a complication of carotid aneurysms.", "content": "Thrombus formation in large aneurysms is well recognized. However, thrombi in small aneurysms with subsequent embolization into intracranial vessels is infrequently identified or suspected. A series of cases in which this phenomenon has occurred is documented. Since many of these examples present embolic disease without suspicion of aneurysm, definitive diagnosis can only be accomplished by angiography. The importance of this study should be emphasized since embolic disease is usually assessed only by computed tomography which fails to delineate the embolic source.", "contents": "Cerebral embolic disease: a complication of carotid aneurysms. Thrombus formation in large aneurysms is well recognized. However, thrombi in small aneurysms with subsequent embolization into intracranial vessels is infrequently identified or suspected. A series of cases in which this phenomenon has occurred is documented. Since many of these examples present embolic disease without suspicion of aneurysm, definitive diagnosis can only be accomplished by angiography. The importance of this study should be emphasized since embolic disease is usually assessed only by computed tomography which fails to delineate the embolic source.", "PMID": 493523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1591", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation simulating a cyst on computed tomography.", "content": "Three cases are described in which an intracerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was accompanied by a cystic component probably resulting from hemorrhage. The 3 patients gave a history of headaches. In cases of low-attenuating nonenhancing CT processes, an AVM must be considered.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation simulating a cyst on computed tomography. Three cases are described in which an intracerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was accompanied by a cystic component probably resulting from hemorrhage. The 3 patients gave a history of headaches. In cases of low-attenuating nonenhancing CT processes, an AVM must be considered.", "PMID": 493524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1592", "title": "Enlargment of the hypoglossal canal in the presence of a persistent hypoglossal artery.", "content": "Enlargement of the hypoglossal canal with preservation of its cortical margin is described as a normal variant when a persistent hypoglossal artery is present.", "contents": "Enlargment of the hypoglossal canal in the presence of a persistent hypoglossal artery. Enlargement of the hypoglossal canal with preservation of its cortical margin is described as a normal variant when a persistent hypoglossal artery is present.", "PMID": 493525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1593", "title": "Evaluation of mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses with computed tomography.", "content": "Eighteen patients with mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses were studied by plain radiography, pluridirectional tomography, and computed tomography (CT). Sixteen of the lesions had a homogeneous appearance on CT but demonstrated variable absorption characteristics, with acutely infected mucoceles showing rim enhancement. Plain radiography and pluridirectional tomography were usually sufficient for making a diagnosis and defining the extent of the lesion, but CT more accurately demonstrated orbital and intracranial extension. Both transverse and coronal CT are essential for adequate evaluation.", "contents": "Evaluation of mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses with computed tomography. Eighteen patients with mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses were studied by plain radiography, pluridirectional tomography, and computed tomography (CT). Sixteen of the lesions had a homogeneous appearance on CT but demonstrated variable absorption characteristics, with acutely infected mucoceles showing rim enhancement. Plain radiography and pluridirectional tomography were usually sufficient for making a diagnosis and defining the extent of the lesion, but CT more accurately demonstrated orbital and intracranial extension. Both transverse and coronal CT are essential for adequate evaluation.", "PMID": 493526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1594", "title": "Evaluation of retroperitoneal hemorrhage by computed tomography before and after translumbar aortography.", "content": "Twenty patients were prospectively studied by computed tomography (CT) before and after undergoing translumbar aortography (TLA). Changes indicative of retroperitoneal bleeding were depicted by CT in all 20 patients despite the predominantly small size of the hematomas. CT scans obtained within two hours after TLA demonstrated: (a) thickening of the diaphragmatic crura, (b) enlargement of the left psoas muscle, and (c) obscuration of the aortic outline by soft-tissue density. Follow-up scans at 24 hours (10 patients) and one week (3 patients) revealed marked decrease in abnormalities, suggesting rapid resorption of the hematoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of retroperitoneal hemorrhage by computed tomography before and after translumbar aortography. Twenty patients were prospectively studied by computed tomography (CT) before and after undergoing translumbar aortography (TLA). Changes indicative of retroperitoneal bleeding were depicted by CT in all 20 patients despite the predominantly small size of the hematomas. CT scans obtained within two hours after TLA demonstrated: (a) thickening of the diaphragmatic crura, (b) enlargement of the left psoas muscle, and (c) obscuration of the aortic outline by soft-tissue density. Follow-up scans at 24 hours (10 patients) and one week (3 patients) revealed marked decrease in abnormalities, suggesting rapid resorption of the hematoma.", "PMID": 493527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1595", "title": "Computed tomographic guided liver biopsy using the Menghini needle.", "content": "CT guided biopsies of the liver using the Menghini needle were performed in 42 patients. The recovery of diagnostic tissue was successful in 86% of focal lesions. Advantages over the blind liver technique include better recovery of diagnostic specimens, while advantages over the ultrasonic guided techniques include greater amount of tissue obtained and better occuracy in guidance. This technique is indicated in those patients with a small number of focal defects in the liver in whom a diagnostic histologic specimen is desired.", "contents": "Computed tomographic guided liver biopsy using the Menghini needle. CT guided biopsies of the liver using the Menghini needle were performed in 42 patients. The recovery of diagnostic tissue was successful in 86% of focal lesions. Advantages over the blind liver technique include better recovery of diagnostic specimens, while advantages over the ultrasonic guided techniques include greater amount of tissue obtained and better occuracy in guidance. This technique is indicated in those patients with a small number of focal defects in the liver in whom a diagnostic histologic specimen is desired.", "PMID": 493528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1596", "title": "Iron content of pigmented villonodular synovitis detected by computed tomography.", "content": "Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare lesion in which iron is accumulated. A CT scan performed on one such lesion demonstrated significantly increased attenuation values. We have calculated the amount of iron which would have to be added to muscle tissue in order to produce this increase in density. We have also measured the iron content directly. The close agreement of these two figures suggests that the observed density increase is due to the iron content of the lesion.", "contents": "Iron content of pigmented villonodular synovitis detected by computed tomography. Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare lesion in which iron is accumulated. A CT scan performed on one such lesion demonstrated significantly increased attenuation values. We have calculated the amount of iron which would have to be added to muscle tissue in order to produce this increase in density. We have also measured the iron content directly. The close agreement of these two figures suggests that the observed density increase is due to the iron content of the lesion.", "PMID": 493529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1597", "title": "Ultrasonography of peritoneal tumors.", "content": "Peritoneal masses arising from different types of primary carcinoma were studied ultrasonographically in 34 patients as well as with computed tomography in 3 patients. In shape, the masses were nodular, mantle- or sheetlike, or irregular. The peritoneal line was usually obliterated unless the mass was very small. When a considerable amount of ascites was present, peritoneal implants as small as 2-3 mm could be delineated.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of peritoneal tumors. Peritoneal masses arising from different types of primary carcinoma were studied ultrasonographically in 34 patients as well as with computed tomography in 3 patients. In shape, the masses were nodular, mantle- or sheetlike, or irregular. The peritoneal line was usually obliterated unless the mass was very small. When a considerable amount of ascites was present, peritoneal implants as small as 2-3 mm could be delineated.", "PMID": 493530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1598", "title": "Gallbladder wall sonolucency in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The usual ultrasound findings in acute cholecystitis include diffuse hyperreflective wall thickening, hazy wall delineation and gallbladder distension. In 11 patients with acute cholecystitis, an additional sign was seen consisting of a hyporeflective or sonolucent layer, continuous or interrupted, within the hyperreflective, thickened gallbladder wall. Anatomic-pathologic correlation, comparative CT scans and clinical follow-up studies showed subserosal edema and necrosis to be the most probable cause of this finding.", "contents": "Gallbladder wall sonolucency in acute cholecystitis. The usual ultrasound findings in acute cholecystitis include diffuse hyperreflective wall thickening, hazy wall delineation and gallbladder distension. In 11 patients with acute cholecystitis, an additional sign was seen consisting of a hyporeflective or sonolucent layer, continuous or interrupted, within the hyperreflective, thickened gallbladder wall. Anatomic-pathologic correlation, comparative CT scans and clinical follow-up studies showed subserosal edema and necrosis to be the most probable cause of this finding.", "PMID": 493531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1599", "title": "Cholecystosonography--the junctional fold.", "content": "Three cases are presented in which a fold occurred along the posterior wall of the gallbladder at the junction of the body and infundibulum at cholecystosonography. On the initial supine scans, this finding suggested a small polyp in 1 case and a calculus in the other 2. Familiarity with this normal variant as well as adherence to correct scan methodology should help to further reduce erroneous diagnoses.", "contents": "Cholecystosonography--the junctional fold. Three cases are presented in which a fold occurred along the posterior wall of the gallbladder at the junction of the body and infundibulum at cholecystosonography. On the initial supine scans, this finding suggested a small polyp in 1 case and a calculus in the other 2. Familiarity with this normal variant as well as adherence to correct scan methodology should help to further reduce erroneous diagnoses.", "PMID": 493532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1600", "title": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of chemotherapeutic response in hepatic metastases.", "content": "Three hundred and thirty-four hepatic ultrasonograms were obtained in 93 patients to evaluate the chemotherapeutic response of their metastatic lesions. Four patterns of response were noted. The ultrasonographic results were correlated with those of other diagnostic modalities and found to be extremely accurate when lesions were judged to have improved, worsened, or remained unchanged. However, a fourth type of response, a change in the initial ultrasonographic pattern, was difficult to evaluate, and its significance is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of chemotherapeutic response in hepatic metastases. Three hundred and thirty-four hepatic ultrasonograms were obtained in 93 patients to evaluate the chemotherapeutic response of their metastatic lesions. Four patterns of response were noted. The ultrasonographic results were correlated with those of other diagnostic modalities and found to be extremely accurate when lesions were judged to have improved, worsened, or remained unchanged. However, a fourth type of response, a change in the initial ultrasonographic pattern, was difficult to evaluate, and its significance is discussed.", "PMID": 493533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1601", "title": "Megalocytic interstitial nephritis: ultrasonic and radiographic changes.", "content": "The radiologic and ultrasonic findings are presented in a case of megalocytic interstitial nephritis, a very rare condition, in many ways similar to renal malacoplakia. The role of ultrasound in the interpretation of the radiographic changes is discussed. Excretory urography will demonstrate a nonspecific renal mass effect and angiography may rule out evidence of tumor. Ultrasonic correlation can be highly suggestive of an interstitial parenchymal lesion.", "contents": "Megalocytic interstitial nephritis: ultrasonic and radiographic changes. The radiologic and ultrasonic findings are presented in a case of megalocytic interstitial nephritis, a very rare condition, in many ways similar to renal malacoplakia. The role of ultrasound in the interpretation of the radiographic changes is discussed. Excretory urography will demonstrate a nonspecific renal mass effect and angiography may rule out evidence of tumor. Ultrasonic correlation can be highly suggestive of an interstitial parenchymal lesion.", "PMID": 493534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1602", "title": "The decidual cast of ectopic pregnancy: a confusing ultrasonographic appearance.", "content": "The appearance of the central uterine cavity was analyzed in 39 cases of ectopic pregnancy. In nearly 20% of cases, a fluid collection surrounded by an echogenic ring was present which could be mistaken for a normal early intrauterine pregnancy. When ectopic pregnancy is suspected clinically, and there is fluid in the cul-de-sac or an adnexal mass on ultrasound, a fetal pole should be evident within the central fluid collection before a definitive diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy is made.", "contents": "The decidual cast of ectopic pregnancy: a confusing ultrasonographic appearance. The appearance of the central uterine cavity was analyzed in 39 cases of ectopic pregnancy. In nearly 20% of cases, a fluid collection surrounded by an echogenic ring was present which could be mistaken for a normal early intrauterine pregnancy. When ectopic pregnancy is suspected clinically, and there is fluid in the cul-de-sac or an adnexal mass on ultrasound, a fetal pole should be evident within the central fluid collection before a definitive diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy is made.", "PMID": 493535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1603", "title": "Bicornuate uterus with incomplete vaginal septum and unilateral renal agenesis. Ultrasound demonstration in two patients.", "content": "Ultrasound studies in two patients revealed identical anomalies consisting of unilateral renal agenesis, bicornuate uterus, communication between the two uterine cavities at a level just above the cervix, and incomplete vaginal septum with a blind hemivagina filled with purulent material. One patient was 28 weeks pregnant at the time of diagnosis and was managed surgically.", "contents": "Bicornuate uterus with incomplete vaginal septum and unilateral renal agenesis. Ultrasound demonstration in two patients. Ultrasound studies in two patients revealed identical anomalies consisting of unilateral renal agenesis, bicornuate uterus, communication between the two uterine cavities at a level just above the cervix, and incomplete vaginal septum with a blind hemivagina filled with purulent material. One patient was 28 weeks pregnant at the time of diagnosis and was managed surgically.", "PMID": 493536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1604", "title": "The relationship of information density to pre-set counts obtained in brain, lung and liver scintigraphy.", "content": "The total number of counts required per view for brain and lung scintigraphy to achieve information or count density (CD) of 1 000 counts/cm2 and 2 000 counts/cm2 for liver scans was examined. To achieve these CDs, 600 000 counts per view are required for brain scans. For the lung, 500 000 counts in anterior and posterior views are required; 400 000 counts in the lateral view are sufficient. For 2 000 CD in the liver scan, 600 000 counts should be obtained in the anterior view and 500 000 in the right lateral. This number of counts assures the desired CD in 97% of cases.", "contents": "The relationship of information density to pre-set counts obtained in brain, lung and liver scintigraphy. The total number of counts required per view for brain and lung scintigraphy to achieve information or count density (CD) of 1 000 counts/cm2 and 2 000 counts/cm2 for liver scans was examined. To achieve these CDs, 600 000 counts per view are required for brain scans. For the lung, 500 000 counts in anterior and posterior views are required; 400 000 counts in the lateral view are sufficient. For 2 000 CD in the liver scan, 600 000 counts should be obtained in the anterior view and 500 000 in the right lateral. This number of counts assures the desired CD in 97% of cases.", "PMID": 493537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1605", "title": "Dose to the liver and spleen in pediatric patients undergoing technetium-99m sulfur colloid scans.", "content": "Quantitative conjugate view external counting techniques were applied to determine radiation dose to the liver and spleen in pediatric patients undergoing 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC) liver scans. The effective half-life of 99mTc-SC was 5.8 +/- 0.23 hours and 5.2 +/- 0.68 hours in the liver and spleen, respectively. Dose per administered activity ranged from 0.34 to 0.63 rad/mCi (92 to 170 muGy/MBq) for the liver and 0.35 to 1.96 rad/mCi (95.0 to 530.0 muGy/MBq) for the spleen. The spleen to liver dose ratio ranged from 1.0 to 4.9. These values are compared with results extrapolated from published adult data to the pediatric population.", "contents": "Dose to the liver and spleen in pediatric patients undergoing technetium-99m sulfur colloid scans. Quantitative conjugate view external counting techniques were applied to determine radiation dose to the liver and spleen in pediatric patients undergoing 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC) liver scans. The effective half-life of 99mTc-SC was 5.8 +/- 0.23 hours and 5.2 +/- 0.68 hours in the liver and spleen, respectively. Dose per administered activity ranged from 0.34 to 0.63 rad/mCi (92 to 170 muGy/MBq) for the liver and 0.35 to 1.96 rad/mCi (95.0 to 530.0 muGy/MBq) for the spleen. The spleen to liver dose ratio ranged from 1.0 to 4.9. These values are compared with results extrapolated from published adult data to the pediatric population.", "PMID": 493538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1606", "title": "Utility of bone scanning in detecting occult skeletal metastases from cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Bone scans were obtained in 100 patients with carcinoma of the cervix in order to search for occult skeletal metastases. Scans revealed metastases in 4 patients with advanced stages of disease, but the scans in 79 patients with Stage 0, I or II disease were negative. The scans in 14 patients showed renal asymmetry; 11 of these had obstructive uropathy due to tumor invasion or radiation therapy. Bone scanning does not seem warranted as a screening test in asymptomatic patients with Stage 0, I, or II carcinoma. If the test is done, renal symmetry should be carefully evaluated.", "contents": "Utility of bone scanning in detecting occult skeletal metastases from cervical carcinoma. Bone scans were obtained in 100 patients with carcinoma of the cervix in order to search for occult skeletal metastases. Scans revealed metastases in 4 patients with advanced stages of disease, but the scans in 79 patients with Stage 0, I or II disease were negative. The scans in 14 patients showed renal asymmetry; 11 of these had obstructive uropathy due to tumor invasion or radiation therapy. Bone scanning does not seem warranted as a screening test in asymptomatic patients with Stage 0, I, or II carcinoma. If the test is done, renal symmetry should be carefully evaluated.", "PMID": 493539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1607", "title": "Rapid clearance of advanced pelvic carcinomas by low dose rate 252Cf neutron therapy.", "content": "Californium 252 low dose rate intracavitary neutron implants combined with conventional external beam therapy for advanced pelvic tumors produced better local response than 137Cs in pelvic brachytherapy. Greater tumor regression was achieved by applying 252Cf while the maximum amount of tumor was present preceding or shortly after starting external beam therapy (12/14 or 86%). This schedule was more effective than similar neutron doses given after external beam irradiation.", "contents": "Rapid clearance of advanced pelvic carcinomas by low dose rate 252Cf neutron therapy. Californium 252 low dose rate intracavitary neutron implants combined with conventional external beam therapy for advanced pelvic tumors produced better local response than 137Cs in pelvic brachytherapy. Greater tumor regression was achieved by applying 252Cf while the maximum amount of tumor was present preceding or shortly after starting external beam therapy (12/14 or 86%). This schedule was more effective than similar neutron doses given after external beam irradiation.", "PMID": 493540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1608", "title": "Computed tomography applied to radiotherapy treatment planning: techniques and results.", "content": "In order to assess the role of computed tomography (CT) in radiotherapy treatment planning, tumors were localized by conventional techniques and with CT using an EMI CT5005 scanner. CT scans were obtained under conditions simulating radiotherapy. A comparison between the two localizations was made, and detailed results are given. Forty-seven of 123 patients had their treatment plan altered, implying that, provided information is obtained and used correctly, CT can play a significant role in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "contents": "Computed tomography applied to radiotherapy treatment planning: techniques and results. In order to assess the role of computed tomography (CT) in radiotherapy treatment planning, tumors were localized by conventional techniques and with CT using an EMI CT5005 scanner. CT scans were obtained under conditions simulating radiotherapy. A comparison between the two localizations was made, and detailed results are given. Forty-seven of 123 patients had their treatment plan altered, implying that, provided information is obtained and used correctly, CT can play a significant role in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "PMID": 493541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1609", "title": "A mammography quality assurance test program.", "content": "The design and implementation of a program to investigate remote quality assurance testing for film mammography is described. The measurements included tube output, x-ray machine and processor stability, and film quality. Mammography phantoms and film sensitometric strips were distributed monthly to 24 regional hospitals. Most of the hospital processors and x-ray machines performed in a stable manner during the 12-month test period. It was found that x-ray machine useful beams could be reliably measured using nonscreen films. The main utility of the phantom was to identify cases of poor image quality. The measurements performed on the phantom image could not be used to diagnose specific causes of poor images.", "contents": "A mammography quality assurance test program. The design and implementation of a program to investigate remote quality assurance testing for film mammography is described. The measurements included tube output, x-ray machine and processor stability, and film quality. Mammography phantoms and film sensitometric strips were distributed monthly to 24 regional hospitals. Most of the hospital processors and x-ray machines performed in a stable manner during the 12-month test period. It was found that x-ray machine useful beams could be reliably measured using nonscreen films. The main utility of the phantom was to identify cases of poor image quality. The measurements performed on the phantom image could not be used to diagnose specific causes of poor images.", "PMID": 493542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1610", "title": "Correlation between computed tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients.", "content": "A preliminary retrospective correlation between computed tomographic scans and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitored was performed for 21 patients. No patient with a normal CT scan had elevated ICP. The lowest correlation was noted with slit ventricles; the highest, with dilatation of the contralateral temporal horn.", "contents": "Correlation between computed tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients. A preliminary retrospective correlation between computed tomographic scans and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitored was performed for 21 patients. No patient with a normal CT scan had elevated ICP. The lowest correlation was noted with slit ventricles; the highest, with dilatation of the contralateral temporal horn.", "PMID": 493543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1611", "title": "Polyvinylpyrrolidone contrast enhancement: abscess imaging.", "content": "Rabbits with thigh abscesses received an intravenous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and metallic salts, resulting in a dense ring of contrast enhancement as determined by computed tomography (CT). Enhancement increased during the first two weeks, stabilized, then decreased to control levels at eight weeks. After antibiotics the ring of enhancement appeared to mark the abscess perimeter as it regressed. Normal muscle density did not change. The magnitude and duration of enhancement would improve CT detection of small lesions and be useful in evaluating the efficacy of therapy.", "contents": "Polyvinylpyrrolidone contrast enhancement: abscess imaging. Rabbits with thigh abscesses received an intravenous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and metallic salts, resulting in a dense ring of contrast enhancement as determined by computed tomography (CT). Enhancement increased during the first two weeks, stabilized, then decreased to control levels at eight weeks. After antibiotics the ring of enhancement appeared to mark the abscess perimeter as it regressed. Normal muscle density did not change. The magnitude and duration of enhancement would improve CT detection of small lesions and be useful in evaluating the efficacy of therapy.", "PMID": 493544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1612", "title": "Development and testing of new hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.", "content": "Several new electron-affinic compounds have been shown to possess radiosensitizing ability in hypoxic mammalian cells. The correlation between chemical structure and biological activity can aid in the design and synthesis of new agents with potentially greater hypoxic cell radiosensitizing ability.", "contents": "Development and testing of new hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Several new electron-affinic compounds have been shown to possess radiosensitizing ability in hypoxic mammalian cells. The correlation between chemical structure and biological activity can aid in the design and synthesis of new agents with potentially greater hypoxic cell radiosensitizing ability.", "PMID": 493545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1613", "title": "Radiographic techniques for balloon-occlusion pulmonary angiography.", "content": "Pulmonary angiography was performed in 125 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Standard angiographic techniques were combined with balloon occlusion of pulmonary arterial branches using a double lumen catheter and contrast material injection distal to the occlusion. Vessel opacification was fluoroscopically monitored and images obtained with either a conventional cut-film camera, a spot-film camera, or cineangiography. Balloon-occlusion angiography improved image quality and contributed substantially to the radiographic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in most patients. The technique is useful in patients too ill to undergo conventional angiography and may be performed at the bedside.", "contents": "Radiographic techniques for balloon-occlusion pulmonary angiography. Pulmonary angiography was performed in 125 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Standard angiographic techniques were combined with balloon occlusion of pulmonary arterial branches using a double lumen catheter and contrast material injection distal to the occlusion. Vessel opacification was fluoroscopically monitored and images obtained with either a conventional cut-film camera, a spot-film camera, or cineangiography. Balloon-occlusion angiography improved image quality and contributed substantially to the radiographic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in most patients. The technique is useful in patients too ill to undergo conventional angiography and may be performed at the bedside.", "PMID": 493546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1614", "title": "Dose reduction in xeroradiography--application to chest tomography.", "content": "Exposure and image quality in xeroradiography were studied in a test object and in patient tomographic examinations of the chest. With increased tube voltage and added copper filtration, skin exposure was reduced up to a factor of 10 without loss of image quality.", "contents": "Dose reduction in xeroradiography--application to chest tomography. Exposure and image quality in xeroradiography were studied in a test object and in patient tomographic examinations of the chest. With increased tube voltage and added copper filtration, skin exposure was reduced up to a factor of 10 without loss of image quality.", "PMID": 493547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1615", "title": "Magnification radiography of the temporomandibular joint: technical considerations.", "content": "The design, application, and advantages of a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) positioning unit adapted to the RSI microfocus manigification system are described. The reasons for improved TMJ images with this system are discussed and the rationale for film-screen choice presented. The issue of patient radiation exposure is also considered. This system provided superior TMJ images at acceptable levels of exposure.", "contents": "Magnification radiography of the temporomandibular joint: technical considerations. The design, application, and advantages of a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) positioning unit adapted to the RSI microfocus manigification system are described. The reasons for improved TMJ images with this system are discussed and the rationale for film-screen choice presented. The issue of patient radiation exposure is also considered. This system provided superior TMJ images at acceptable levels of exposure.", "PMID": 493548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1616", "title": "Routine fluoroscopy using minispot cameras.", "content": "Routine fluoroscopy was performed using 100- and 105-mm spot film cameras. Radiation dose was reduced to between 30% and 43%, and cameras were acceptably reliable. Cost for film and holders was high.", "contents": "Routine fluoroscopy using minispot cameras. Routine fluoroscopy was performed using 100- and 105-mm spot film cameras. Radiation dose was reduced to between 30% and 43%, and cameras were acceptably reliable. Cost for film and holders was high.", "PMID": 493549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1617", "title": "A new approach to ultrasound image recording using a video disc recorder.", "content": "A system utilizing a multi-image capacity video disc recorder rather than a photographic camera for the initial recording of ultrasound images id described, as well as the resulting benefits.", "contents": "A new approach to ultrasound image recording using a video disc recorder. A system utilizing a multi-image capacity video disc recorder rather than a photographic camera for the initial recording of ultrasound images id described, as well as the resulting benefits.", "PMID": 493550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1618", "title": "Radiology management: the advantages of the dedicated mini-computer.", "content": "When planning to automate management functions, a department must choose between using a dedicated mini-computer and the hospital's large central computer facility. Rapid response times and ease of program modification are important advantages of the dedicated mini-computer; moreover, limitations on transmission speeds and the variety of terminals available are disadvantages of the central computer facility. The substantial reduction in the cost of computers coupled with the availability of well designed data-base management systems which allow communication with other systems are additional reasons for selecting the mini-computer. In selecting systems that are already programmed, the department minimizes risks and implementation difficulties.", "contents": "Radiology management: the advantages of the dedicated mini-computer. When planning to automate management functions, a department must choose between using a dedicated mini-computer and the hospital's large central computer facility. Rapid response times and ease of program modification are important advantages of the dedicated mini-computer; moreover, limitations on transmission speeds and the variety of terminals available are disadvantages of the central computer facility. The substantial reduction in the cost of computers coupled with the availability of well designed data-base management systems which allow communication with other systems are additional reasons for selecting the mini-computer. In selecting systems that are already programmed, the department minimizes risks and implementation difficulties.", "PMID": 493551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1619", "title": "Basal level of human platelet prostaglandins: PGE1 is more elevated than PGE2.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays of platelet prostaglandins E1 and F1 alpha in platelet rich plasma or platelet suspension, demonstrate that both PGE1 and PGF1 alpha are present at higher concentrations than prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry determinations of prostaglandins E1 and E2 in resting washed platelets confirm this difference. Lastly, there is a greater incorporation of [1--14C] acetate into prostaglandins E1 and F1 alpha compared to that into prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha.", "contents": "Basal level of human platelet prostaglandins: PGE1 is more elevated than PGE2. Radioimmunoassays of platelet prostaglandins E1 and F1 alpha in platelet rich plasma or platelet suspension, demonstrate that both PGE1 and PGF1 alpha are present at higher concentrations than prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry determinations of prostaglandins E1 and E2 in resting washed platelets confirm this difference. Lastly, there is a greater incorporation of [1--14C] acetate into prostaglandins E1 and F1 alpha compared to that into prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha.", "PMID": 493557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1620", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners XXIII (1). Synthesis of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostanglandins. The importance of the C13--C14 trans double bond for bronchodilator activity.", "content": "The synthesis and bronchodilator activity in the guinea pig of several 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin analogs is described. The E2 (VIa) and E1 (VIb) analogs are potent bronchodilators comparable in activity to the natrual prostaglandins, but possessing a longer duration of effect. Replacement of the C13--C14 trans double bond by a cis double bond or an ethylene linkage causes a substantial diminishment of this activity.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners XXIII (1). Synthesis of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostanglandins. The importance of the C13--C14 trans double bond for bronchodilator activity. The synthesis and bronchodilator activity in the guinea pig of several 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin analogs is described. The E2 (VIa) and E1 (VIb) analogs are potent bronchodilators comparable in activity to the natrual prostaglandins, but possessing a longer duration of effect. Replacement of the C13--C14 trans double bond by a cis double bond or an ethylene linkage causes a substantial diminishment of this activity.", "PMID": 493558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1621", "title": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes.", "content": "The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemia leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE2, PGD2, PGF2 alpha, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. In all types studied PGE2 and TXB2 were the major products formed. The identification of PGE2 and TXB2 was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring. The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes. The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemia leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE2, PGD2, PGF2 alpha, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. In all types studied PGE2 and TXB2 were the major products formed. The identification of PGE2 and TXB2 was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring. The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.", "PMID": 493559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1622", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the pineal tract of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "The pineal tract of rainbow trout from the pineal end vesicle to the posterior commissure was studied by light and electron microscopy. Five types of nerve fibres (photoreceptor basal process, ganglion cell dendrite, electron-lucent fibre and synaptic vesicles, myelinated and unmyelinated axons) and two modes of synapses (photoreceptor basal process ganglion cell dendrite and axon terminal with synaptic vesicles-photoreceptor basal process synapses) are distinguishable in the proximal region of end vesicle. The two distinct synaptic associations with the photoreceptor basal process suggest two different (excitatory and inhibitory) control of pineal sensory activity. At the distal portion of stalk about two thousand nerve fibres converge into dorsal and ventral bundles. Posterior to the habenular commissure several small branches run out laterally from the ventral bundles to the basal margin of the ependyma, but not into the habenular commissure. The dorsal bundle passes through the dorsal side of the subcommissural organ and runs ventral to the posterior commissure. The pineal tract is composed of unmyelinated axons, electron-lucent nerve fibres and myelinated axons. The number of fibres increases throughout the stalk and reaches the maximum number at the opening of pineal lumen to IIIrd ventricle, however, the number of fibres then decreases through the subcommissural organ and posterior commissure. This increase and decrease of nerve fibres suggest the continuous participation of axonal fibres of pineal nerve cells and the ramification or branching of pineal tract, respectively.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the pineal tract of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The pineal tract of rainbow trout from the pineal end vesicle to the posterior commissure was studied by light and electron microscopy. Five types of nerve fibres (photoreceptor basal process, ganglion cell dendrite, electron-lucent fibre and synaptic vesicles, myelinated and unmyelinated axons) and two modes of synapses (photoreceptor basal process ganglion cell dendrite and axon terminal with synaptic vesicles-photoreceptor basal process synapses) are distinguishable in the proximal region of end vesicle. The two distinct synaptic associations with the photoreceptor basal process suggest two different (excitatory and inhibitory) control of pineal sensory activity. At the distal portion of stalk about two thousand nerve fibres converge into dorsal and ventral bundles. Posterior to the habenular commissure several small branches run out laterally from the ventral bundles to the basal margin of the ependyma, but not into the habenular commissure. The dorsal bundle passes through the dorsal side of the subcommissural organ and runs ventral to the posterior commissure. The pineal tract is composed of unmyelinated axons, electron-lucent nerve fibres and myelinated axons. The number of fibres increases throughout the stalk and reaches the maximum number at the opening of pineal lumen to IIIrd ventricle, however, the number of fibres then decreases through the subcommissural organ and posterior commissure. This increase and decrease of nerve fibres suggest the continuous participation of axonal fibres of pineal nerve cells and the ramification or branching of pineal tract, respectively.", "PMID": 493566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1623", "title": "Ultrastructural correlates of luminescence in Porichthys photophores. I. Effects of spinal cord stimulation and exogenous noradrenaline.", "content": "Light emission induced by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is associated with ultrastructural alterations of the varicose endings, photocyte organelles and membranes in Porichthys photophores. Changes in nerve profiles appear first and include alterations of the shape, number and distribution of synaptic vesicles, as well as invaginations of the axolemma and mitochondrial swellings. Protocyte vesicles become markedly coalesced and their membranes are incorporated inside vesicular pools, whereas photocyte microvilli become sharply reduced at the cell periphery. Luminescence obtained by administration of noradrenaline is accompanied by similar, but more acute changes in the ultrastructure of photocytes, whereas no marked alteration of nerve profiles is noted after this treatment. These and other observations, such as the presence of specialized synaptic contacts, are discussed in terms of neural activity and processes within the photocytes which may lead to light production.", "contents": "Ultrastructural correlates of luminescence in Porichthys photophores. I. Effects of spinal cord stimulation and exogenous noradrenaline. Light emission induced by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is associated with ultrastructural alterations of the varicose endings, photocyte organelles and membranes in Porichthys photophores. Changes in nerve profiles appear first and include alterations of the shape, number and distribution of synaptic vesicles, as well as invaginations of the axolemma and mitochondrial swellings. Protocyte vesicles become markedly coalesced and their membranes are incorporated inside vesicular pools, whereas photocyte microvilli become sharply reduced at the cell periphery. Luminescence obtained by administration of noradrenaline is accompanied by similar, but more acute changes in the ultrastructure of photocytes, whereas no marked alteration of nerve profiles is noted after this treatment. These and other observations, such as the presence of specialized synaptic contacts, are discussed in terms of neural activity and processes within the photocytes which may lead to light production.", "PMID": 493568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1624", "title": "Ultrastructural correlates of luminescence in Porichthys photophores. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Prolonged, bright luminescent glows in Porichthys photophores are elicited by administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and potassium cyanide (KCN). Ultrastructural alterations of varicose nerve endings precede photocyte changes during such luminescent activity. Common alterations of nerve profiles include mitochondrial disruptions, flattening and depletion of synaptic vesicles, formation of large vacuolar cisternae, and invaginations in the contour of axolemma. Protracted luminescent activity in response to DNP results in depletion of photocyte vesicle material while vesicle and ER membranes accumulate and coil inside coalesced vesicle pools, and photocyte microvilli disappear completely. Although similar photocyte alterations are initially observed in KCN treated luminescing photophores, the early extinction of the response to KCN is related to deleterious, irreversible effects of this chemical on photocytes. These observations, along with some pharmacological manipulations, indicate that at least DNP acts initially and primarily on neural structures, probably the mitochondria, to induced transmitter release and consequent photocyte activity. Based on this and earlier studies, a chain of subcellular events leading to light emission of Porichthys photophores is proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural correlates of luminescence in Porichthys photophores. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors. Prolonged, bright luminescent glows in Porichthys photophores are elicited by administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and potassium cyanide (KCN). Ultrastructural alterations of varicose nerve endings precede photocyte changes during such luminescent activity. Common alterations of nerve profiles include mitochondrial disruptions, flattening and depletion of synaptic vesicles, formation of large vacuolar cisternae, and invaginations in the contour of axolemma. Protracted luminescent activity in response to DNP results in depletion of photocyte vesicle material while vesicle and ER membranes accumulate and coil inside coalesced vesicle pools, and photocyte microvilli disappear completely. Although similar photocyte alterations are initially observed in KCN treated luminescing photophores, the early extinction of the response to KCN is related to deleterious, irreversible effects of this chemical on photocytes. These observations, along with some pharmacological manipulations, indicate that at least DNP acts initially and primarily on neural structures, probably the mitochondria, to induced transmitter release and consequent photocyte activity. Based on this and earlier studies, a chain of subcellular events leading to light emission of Porichthys photophores is proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 493569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1625", "title": "[Current problems in thoracic injuries].", "content": "The authors stress the increased frequency in the recent years of single thoracic trauma and of thoracic trauma in the frame of polytraumatic lesions. The fact is stressed that the severity of thoracic trauma is usually determined by pathophysiological syndromes generated sometimes by minor anatomical lesions. An original classification is presented, of thoracic trauma, the present etiopathogenetic concept is discussed, as well as pathophysiologic syndromes consecutive to thoracic trauma. The major types of lesions are illustrated by clinical cases. The treatment of thoracic trauma should respect in the first place the principle of re-equilibration of vital functions that have been disturbed. Only after this has been achieved integrity of the anatomic structures of the organs involved should be attempted. Surgical indications are justified only if the anatomical lesions are the origin of a cardio-respiratory imbalance that cannot be eliminated but by surgical procedures. An original procedure is presented, that of Prof. C. Coman, which achieves immobilization of the flaps with the aid of blades, and the advantages of this system are stressed.", "contents": "[Current problems in thoracic injuries]. The authors stress the increased frequency in the recent years of single thoracic trauma and of thoracic trauma in the frame of polytraumatic lesions. The fact is stressed that the severity of thoracic trauma is usually determined by pathophysiological syndromes generated sometimes by minor anatomical lesions. An original classification is presented, of thoracic trauma, the present etiopathogenetic concept is discussed, as well as pathophysiologic syndromes consecutive to thoracic trauma. The major types of lesions are illustrated by clinical cases. The treatment of thoracic trauma should respect in the first place the principle of re-equilibration of vital functions that have been disturbed. Only after this has been achieved integrity of the anatomic structures of the organs involved should be attempted. Surgical indications are justified only if the anatomical lesions are the origin of a cardio-respiratory imbalance that cannot be eliminated but by surgical procedures. An original procedure is presented, that of Prof. C. Coman, which achieves immobilization of the flaps with the aid of blades, and the advantages of this system are stressed.", "PMID": 493570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1626", "title": "[Bipolar approach to biliobronchial fistulas].", "content": "On the basis of 4 cases (three bilio-bronchial fistulae of hydatic origin, and one post-traumatic fistula), the authors review the problems of etiology and of pathological physiology. After an interpretation of the results obtained they recommend the bi-polar approach (pulmonary and biliary) in the same surgical intervention. In relation with the condition of the patient the second stage of the intervention will be performed after 14 to 21 days (the abdominal stage being carried out after the thoracic stage).", "contents": "[Bipolar approach to biliobronchial fistulas]. On the basis of 4 cases (three bilio-bronchial fistulae of hydatic origin, and one post-traumatic fistula), the authors review the problems of etiology and of pathological physiology. After an interpretation of the results obtained they recommend the bi-polar approach (pulmonary and biliary) in the same surgical intervention. In relation with the condition of the patient the second stage of the intervention will be performed after 14 to 21 days (the abdominal stage being carried out after the thoracic stage).", "PMID": 493571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1627", "title": "[Possibilities of early detection of postoperative venous thromboses].", "content": "The use of labelled fibrinogen in 106 patients with thromboembolic risk led to the detection of thrombosis of deep veins of lower limbs in 25 patients (23,58%) as compared with a single patient (0,94%) who showed all the clinical signs. The thromboses were identified more frequently (in 60% of the cases) in patients whose age was above 60 years. In 80% of the cases the thromboses were detected in the first 24 h after surgery. Most frequently involved were the veins of the leg (64%), and especially in the IV-th area, corresponding to the upper third of the leg (23,80%). Surgery performed in the pelvic area gave a high percentage of thromboses. Advanced age, the existence of varicose veins, the presence of diabetes, of obesity, as well as previous surgical interventions, increase the risk of thrombosis and of embolies. Due to existing possibilities for an early diagnosis of thromboses in deep veins following surgery, for detecting latent clinical thrombosis, as well as for assessing the evolution of an already formed thrombus, it appears that the test with labelled fibrinogen is a highly useful clinical investigation.", "contents": "[Possibilities of early detection of postoperative venous thromboses]. The use of labelled fibrinogen in 106 patients with thromboembolic risk led to the detection of thrombosis of deep veins of lower limbs in 25 patients (23,58%) as compared with a single patient (0,94%) who showed all the clinical signs. The thromboses were identified more frequently (in 60% of the cases) in patients whose age was above 60 years. In 80% of the cases the thromboses were detected in the first 24 h after surgery. Most frequently involved were the veins of the leg (64%), and especially in the IV-th area, corresponding to the upper third of the leg (23,80%). Surgery performed in the pelvic area gave a high percentage of thromboses. Advanced age, the existence of varicose veins, the presence of diabetes, of obesity, as well as previous surgical interventions, increase the risk of thrombosis and of embolies. Due to existing possibilities for an early diagnosis of thromboses in deep veins following surgery, for detecting latent clinical thrombosis, as well as for assessing the evolution of an already formed thrombus, it appears that the test with labelled fibrinogen is a highly useful clinical investigation.", "PMID": 493575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1628", "title": "[Treatment of duodenal stress ulcer by means of chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa induced with a 60 percent glucose solution (results after 1--5 years)].", "content": "Sclerosing of the gastric mucosa with a 60% fresh sterile solution of glucose was applied in 60 selected patients with chronic conflictual duodenal ulcers, hyperacidic gastritis by vagal neurogenic hyper-reactivity, associated with ischaemic gastropathy developed on an sympathico-adrenergic background. The immediate operatory results were good. The late results (between 1 and 5 years) were as follows: the clinical, radiological and metabolic results were good in 57 patients. Gastric chemical analysis, the values of the hourly basal output remained high in 16,6% of the patients, and those of acidity stimulated by histamine administration remained high in 13,3% of the patients. No peptic recidive was recorded. Unsatisfactory late results were noted in 3 patients (of which forced indication of the method in one patient and non-association of drainage in two patients).", "contents": "[Treatment of duodenal stress ulcer by means of chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa induced with a 60 percent glucose solution (results after 1--5 years)]. Sclerosing of the gastric mucosa with a 60% fresh sterile solution of glucose was applied in 60 selected patients with chronic conflictual duodenal ulcers, hyperacidic gastritis by vagal neurogenic hyper-reactivity, associated with ischaemic gastropathy developed on an sympathico-adrenergic background. The immediate operatory results were good. The late results (between 1 and 5 years) were as follows: the clinical, radiological and metabolic results were good in 57 patients. Gastric chemical analysis, the values of the hourly basal output remained high in 16,6% of the patients, and those of acidity stimulated by histamine administration remained high in 13,3% of the patients. No peptic recidive was recorded. Unsatisfactory late results were noted in 3 patients (of which forced indication of the method in one patient and non-association of drainage in two patients).", "PMID": 493572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1629", "title": "[Rapid arthrodesis of the ankle by verticalization of the articular interline, using a cylindrical piston drill (original surgical technic. Results)].", "content": "An original technique is presented for tibio-tarsal arthrodesis, that can be achieved in 8--10 minutes with the aid of a cylindrical bore equipped with an expulsion piston, under Rx-TV control. Since 1974 a total of 22 patients have been operated and 21 remarkably good results were obtained, evaluated both clinically and radiologically. The technique is indicated in posttraumatic arthrodeses or after inflammatory affections of the ankle and in paralytic affections of the foot, when there are severe displacements in the foot-leg axis.", "contents": "[Rapid arthrodesis of the ankle by verticalization of the articular interline, using a cylindrical piston drill (original surgical technic. Results)]. An original technique is presented for tibio-tarsal arthrodesis, that can be achieved in 8--10 minutes with the aid of a cylindrical bore equipped with an expulsion piston, under Rx-TV control. Since 1974 a total of 22 patients have been operated and 21 remarkably good results were obtained, evaluated both clinically and radiologically. The technique is indicated in posttraumatic arthrodeses or after inflammatory affections of the ankle and in paralytic affections of the foot, when there are severe displacements in the foot-leg axis.", "PMID": 493573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1630", "title": "[Determination of optokinetic reactivity by a sudden supra-optimal acceleration of the stimulus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new method of optokinetic stimulation. The stimulus is applied during 3 successive sequences: the first and third include displacement of 1 to 2 black or white bands per second (apparent mean speed of 16 degrees/sec), while the second sequence comprises the sudden acceleration of 6 black or white bands per second (apparent mean speed of 59 degrees/sec.). Each sequence lasts 4 to 10 seconds. However many times the stimulus is repeated the optokinetic response becomes hyposynchronous at the frequency at which the bands are passing when the speed is increased, whereas the amplitude of the ocular responses is multiplied two to three times. The increase in the amplitude appears to be proportional to the reduction in frequency. In this way, optokinetic reactivity is tested when the subject looks in the three principal directions: horizontally, vertically, and obliquely. Particular types of reaction are observed in pathological conditions where they are either unadapted or incomplete, while absence of optokinetic reactivity can be found in all directions, several directions, or in one direction only.", "contents": "[Determination of optokinetic reactivity by a sudden supra-optimal acceleration of the stimulus (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new method of optokinetic stimulation. The stimulus is applied during 3 successive sequences: the first and third include displacement of 1 to 2 black or white bands per second (apparent mean speed of 16 degrees/sec), while the second sequence comprises the sudden acceleration of 6 black or white bands per second (apparent mean speed of 59 degrees/sec.). Each sequence lasts 4 to 10 seconds. However many times the stimulus is repeated the optokinetic response becomes hyposynchronous at the frequency at which the bands are passing when the speed is increased, whereas the amplitude of the ocular responses is multiplied two to three times. The increase in the amplitude appears to be proportional to the reduction in frequency. In this way, optokinetic reactivity is tested when the subject looks in the three principal directions: horizontally, vertically, and obliquely. Particular types of reaction are observed in pathological conditions where they are either unadapted or incomplete, while absence of optokinetic reactivity can be found in all directions, several directions, or in one direction only.", "PMID": 493619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1631", "title": "[Clinical and electroencephalographaic aspects of seizures due to electrolyte and water disturbances in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical seizures, or subclinical EEG discharges, were observed in sixteen new-born babies or infants under one year of age admitted to hospital. Clinical observation and initial biological tests showed that: --seizures occurring during rehydration of infants with salt retention are not associated with severe neurological lesions,--in dehydrated babies, a dissociation between electroencephalographic and clinical manifestations (electrical discharges without clinical signs or vice versa) and large abnormalities in the intercritical tracing are bad prognostic elements;--in new-born babies with severe dehydration and meningeal hemorrhage, the occurence of clinical and electroencephalographic seizures does not imply that there will be an unfavourable evolution. The authors discuss the physiopathological correlations arising from the study of this series.", "contents": "[Clinical and electroencephalographaic aspects of seizures due to electrolyte and water disturbances in infants (author's transl)]. Clinical seizures, or subclinical EEG discharges, were observed in sixteen new-born babies or infants under one year of age admitted to hospital. Clinical observation and initial biological tests showed that: --seizures occurring during rehydration of infants with salt retention are not associated with severe neurological lesions,--in dehydrated babies, a dissociation between electroencephalographic and clinical manifestations (electrical discharges without clinical signs or vice versa) and large abnormalities in the intercritical tracing are bad prognostic elements;--in new-born babies with severe dehydration and meningeal hemorrhage, the occurence of clinical and electroencephalographic seizures does not imply that there will be an unfavourable evolution. The authors discuss the physiopathological correlations arising from the study of this series.", "PMID": 493617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1632", "title": "[Photosensitivity and colour filters (a systematic study on 1500 subjects) (author's transl)].", "content": "The reinforcing, activating, inhibiting or negative action of yellow, orange, red, green, and blue filters was studied in 1500 patients. A reinforcing action is seen much more frequently in subjects photosensitive to white light who are under twenty years old, while an inhibiting or negative action is more frequent in those over twenty. Two other factors seem to play a role in the reinforcing action of orange and red filters in subjects under twenty years old: epilepsy and cerebral immaturity. None of the non-epileptic subjects who developed a photo-convulsive response to yellow, orange, or red filters only, became epileptic during the two-year follow-up period.", "contents": "[Photosensitivity and colour filters (a systematic study on 1500 subjects) (author's transl)]. The reinforcing, activating, inhibiting or negative action of yellow, orange, red, green, and blue filters was studied in 1500 patients. A reinforcing action is seen much more frequently in subjects photosensitive to white light who are under twenty years old, while an inhibiting or negative action is more frequent in those over twenty. Two other factors seem to play a role in the reinforcing action of orange and red filters in subjects under twenty years old: epilepsy and cerebral immaturity. None of the non-epileptic subjects who developed a photo-convulsive response to yellow, orange, or red filters only, became epileptic during the two-year follow-up period.", "PMID": 493620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1633", "title": "[Posterior theta rhythms during waking state activity in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Telemetric recordings were made of 44 subjects divided into 4 groups according to age and occupation (35 and 50 years--skilled workers and university personel), during a period of 8 hours working activity. Short sequences of posterior theta rhythms were observed in all cases. They appear mainly during continuous work activity and diminish or disappear when work ceases. They are more frequent in the 50-year-old subjects than in those aged 35 years. They are neither pathological nor related to immaturity or emotion, and their etiology is related to visual perception and attention.", "contents": "[Posterior theta rhythms during waking state activity in man (author's transl)]. Telemetric recordings were made of 44 subjects divided into 4 groups according to age and occupation (35 and 50 years--skilled workers and university personel), during a period of 8 hours working activity. Short sequences of posterior theta rhythms were observed in all cases. They appear mainly during continuous work activity and diminish or disappear when work ceases. They are more frequent in the 50-year-old subjects than in those aged 35 years. They are neither pathological nor related to immaturity or emotion, and their etiology is related to visual perception and attention.", "PMID": 493621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1634", "title": "[Experimental study of the toxic convulsant properties of commercial preparations of essences of sage and hyssop (author's transl)].", "content": "Commercial preparations of essences of sage and hyssop have caused poisoning of human beings and were found to possess a convulsant action of central origin in animals. The convulsant effect of hyssop essence appears to be more powerful than that of sage in non-anaesthetized rats. The dose limit, below which the cortical phenomena are subclinical, is 0.08 g/kg for hyssop, while above 0.13 g/kg convulsions appear and become lethal above 1.25 g/kg. The same doses for essence of sage are respectively 0.3, 0.5 and 3.2 g/kg. The neurotoxicity of hyssop appears to be related to the presence of two terpene ketones, pinocamphone and isopinocamphone, the former of which has powerful convulsant properties, and is lethal at doses above 0.05 ml/kg. The toxicity of essence of sage is due to the presence of camphor which is well-known to possess convulsant properties.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the toxic convulsant properties of commercial preparations of essences of sage and hyssop (author's transl)]. Commercial preparations of essences of sage and hyssop have caused poisoning of human beings and were found to possess a convulsant action of central origin in animals. The convulsant effect of hyssop essence appears to be more powerful than that of sage in non-anaesthetized rats. The dose limit, below which the cortical phenomena are subclinical, is 0.08 g/kg for hyssop, while above 0.13 g/kg convulsions appear and become lethal above 1.25 g/kg. The same doses for essence of sage are respectively 0.3, 0.5 and 3.2 g/kg. The neurotoxicity of hyssop appears to be related to the presence of two terpene ketones, pinocamphone and isopinocamphone, the former of which has powerful convulsant properties, and is lethal at doses above 0.05 ml/kg. The toxicity of essence of sage is due to the presence of camphor which is well-known to possess convulsant properties.", "PMID": 493616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1635", "title": "[Soleus muscle reflexes evoked by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve compared to tendon reflexes in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristics of the reflex response evoked in the soleus muscle after stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle were contrasted with the achilleus tendon reflex in 14 healthy volunteers and in a group of selected neurological patients. The following features were examined: conditions of stimulation including stimulation frequency; appearance of reflex activity in muscles other than soleus, effect of the vibratory stimulation, interactions with voluntary contraction. Moreover, a reflex response is described in the soleus following stimulation of the sural nerve. The results have shown a marked jitter in latencies of the responses, a pattern of coactivation of antagonistic muscles, a clear increase of amplitude under vibration or voluntary contraction, normal responses both in spasticity and in S1 radiculopathy with achilleus areflexia. All these data differ from those observed with the tendon jerk of the same amplitude and differentiate the two responses. It is concluded that the reflex evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle is a polysynaptic response of cutaneous origin.", "contents": "[Soleus muscle reflexes evoked by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve compared to tendon reflexes in man (author's transl)]. The characteristics of the reflex response evoked in the soleus muscle after stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle were contrasted with the achilleus tendon reflex in 14 healthy volunteers and in a group of selected neurological patients. The following features were examined: conditions of stimulation including stimulation frequency; appearance of reflex activity in muscles other than soleus, effect of the vibratory stimulation, interactions with voluntary contraction. Moreover, a reflex response is described in the soleus following stimulation of the sural nerve. The results have shown a marked jitter in latencies of the responses, a pattern of coactivation of antagonistic muscles, a clear increase of amplitude under vibration or voluntary contraction, normal responses both in spasticity and in S1 radiculopathy with achilleus areflexia. All these data differ from those observed with the tendon jerk of the same amplitude and differentiate the two responses. It is concluded that the reflex evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle is a polysynaptic response of cutaneous origin.", "PMID": 493623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1636", "title": "[An acute meningo-encephalitis with a favourable prognosis and occasional severe electrical and clinical changes; infectious mononucleosis meningo-encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of severe meningo-encephalitis in patients with infectious mononucleosis (IMN) are reported. In three cases the clinical context suggested a mononucleosis. In the other case there was fever but only isolated neurological signs, which demonstrates the importance of serological diagnostic tests because of the benign prognosis of this affection. In fact, neurological complications of IMN are considered to be reversible even though deaths have occurred from respiratory failure, from polyradiculoneuritis, or bulbar involvement. In the cases reported, the onset of a deep coma with loss of reflexes and pauses in respiration required resuscitation therapy, which enabled vital functions to be restored and complete recovery to be obtained. Electro-encephalographic changes were marked by the severity of the initial changes in the tracings with very slow delta waves and prolonged electrical silences which were, however, reversible. The prognostic value of the EEG has to be stressed as improvement in the EEG always preceded clinical improvement.", "contents": "[An acute meningo-encephalitis with a favourable prognosis and occasional severe electrical and clinical changes; infectious mononucleosis meningo-encephalitis (author's transl)]. Four cases of severe meningo-encephalitis in patients with infectious mononucleosis (IMN) are reported. In three cases the clinical context suggested a mononucleosis. In the other case there was fever but only isolated neurological signs, which demonstrates the importance of serological diagnostic tests because of the benign prognosis of this affection. In fact, neurological complications of IMN are considered to be reversible even though deaths have occurred from respiratory failure, from polyradiculoneuritis, or bulbar involvement. In the cases reported, the onset of a deep coma with loss of reflexes and pauses in respiration required resuscitation therapy, which enabled vital functions to be restored and complete recovery to be obtained. Electro-encephalographic changes were marked by the severity of the initial changes in the tracings with very slow delta waves and prolonged electrical silences which were, however, reversible. The prognostic value of the EEG has to be stressed as improvement in the EEG always preceded clinical improvement.", "PMID": 493622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1637", "title": "[Effects of therapy (diazepam, phenobarbital) on the E.E.G. in new-born babies during the first 24 hours of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The poor prognostic significance of inactive or paroxystic E.E.G. recordings in new-born babies appears to be well established (Monod et al., ibid., 1972, 32, 529-544). However, some cases have been described as having a favourable evolution even though such tracings had been proesent during the neonatal period. The authors studied, therefore, the effects of anticonvulsants (diazepam, phenobarbital) to see if they produced inactive or paroxystic tracings. A total of 19 new-born babies with convulsions of various etiologies were treated with phenobarbital and diazepam and recordings were made less than 24 hours after the beginning of treatment. Plasma levels were measured at the time of recording and varied from 3 to 26 micrograms/ml for phenobarbital and 0 to 2.75 micrograms/ml for diazepam. No paroxystic tracings were noted, but 2 inactive tracings were seen in infants who had been severely asphyxiated at birth, and in whom the plasma levels of the anticonvulants was found to be low. The injection of diazepam during the E.E.G. recording caused suppression of electrical discharges without notably altering the inter-seizure E.E.G. activity. The authors conclude that in the 19 cases studied the changes noted in the E.E.G. were related to the severity of the condition and were not secondary to therapy.", "contents": "[Effects of therapy (diazepam, phenobarbital) on the E.E.G. in new-born babies during the first 24 hours of treatment (author's transl)]. The poor prognostic significance of inactive or paroxystic E.E.G. recordings in new-born babies appears to be well established (Monod et al., ibid., 1972, 32, 529-544). However, some cases have been described as having a favourable evolution even though such tracings had been proesent during the neonatal period. The authors studied, therefore, the effects of anticonvulsants (diazepam, phenobarbital) to see if they produced inactive or paroxystic tracings. A total of 19 new-born babies with convulsions of various etiologies were treated with phenobarbital and diazepam and recordings were made less than 24 hours after the beginning of treatment. Plasma levels were measured at the time of recording and varied from 3 to 26 micrograms/ml for phenobarbital and 0 to 2.75 micrograms/ml for diazepam. No paroxystic tracings were noted, but 2 inactive tracings were seen in infants who had been severely asphyxiated at birth, and in whom the plasma levels of the anticonvulants was found to be low. The injection of diazepam during the E.E.G. recording caused suppression of electrical discharges without notably altering the inter-seizure E.E.G. activity. The authors conclude that in the 19 cases studied the changes noted in the E.E.G. were related to the severity of the condition and were not secondary to therapy.", "PMID": 493618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1638", "title": "[Objective immunological and clinical data observed during an altitude cure at Brian\u00e7on in asthmatic children allergic to house dust and dermatophagoides (author's transl)].", "content": "In 42 asthmatic children with positive intradermal skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and domestic dust, assays of total and specific IgE were done at regular intervals during a prolonged (9 months) stay at high altitude (Brian\u00e7on 1300 m). Geometric mean of total IgE (1047 UI/ml at the beginning) dropped to 40% (p less than 0,001) after the stay. In the same way, specific IgE to dermatophagoides, to domestic dust and to grass pollen dropped during the stay (p less than 0,001). On the other hand, other immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) did not undergo any significant variations. Clinical improvement of asthma in these allergic children was observed at the first week of stay and could be maintained without drugs during all the 9 months in altitude. Rather than a consequence of an aspecific effect of altitude on the biosynthesis of reaginic antibodies, it would seem that the very consistent fall in total and specific IgE and the clinical improvement should be interpreted as the result of removal from antigenic provocation into a hypoallergenic atmosphere.", "contents": "[Objective immunological and clinical data observed during an altitude cure at Brian\u00e7on in asthmatic children allergic to house dust and dermatophagoides (author's transl)]. In 42 asthmatic children with positive intradermal skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and domestic dust, assays of total and specific IgE were done at regular intervals during a prolonged (9 months) stay at high altitude (Brian\u00e7on 1300 m). Geometric mean of total IgE (1047 UI/ml at the beginning) dropped to 40% (p less than 0,001) after the stay. In the same way, specific IgE to dermatophagoides, to domestic dust and to grass pollen dropped during the stay (p less than 0,001). On the other hand, other immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) did not undergo any significant variations. Clinical improvement of asthma in these allergic children was observed at the first week of stay and could be maintained without drugs during all the 9 months in altitude. Rather than a consequence of an aspecific effect of altitude on the biosynthesis of reaginic antibodies, it would seem that the very consistent fall in total and specific IgE and the clinical improvement should be interpreted as the result of removal from antigenic provocation into a hypoallergenic atmosphere.", "PMID": 493673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1639", "title": "[Contribution of functional respiratory exploration to the etiological study of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to specify the etiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, lung function studies were performed on 14 patients after one pneumothorax without any set. All the patients showed at least one disturbance. 4 patients revealed a decrease of maximal expiratory flow, a decrease of lung recoil, a hyperinflation and a reduction of lung transfer factor. In 6 other patients decrease of elasticity, hyperinflation and decrease of transfer factor were observed, but maximal expiratory flow was normal. One patient showed an obstructive syndrome. It is difficult indeed to connect physiological findings and anatomy, but these disturbances are often observed in lung dystrophy. Perhaps, these disturbances are in connexion with the proximity of accident; so, a long term study is required in order to know the etiopathogeny of this disease.", "contents": "[Contribution of functional respiratory exploration to the etiological study of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. In order to specify the etiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, lung function studies were performed on 14 patients after one pneumothorax without any set. All the patients showed at least one disturbance. 4 patients revealed a decrease of maximal expiratory flow, a decrease of lung recoil, a hyperinflation and a reduction of lung transfer factor. In 6 other patients decrease of elasticity, hyperinflation and decrease of transfer factor were observed, but maximal expiratory flow was normal. One patient showed an obstructive syndrome. It is difficult indeed to connect physiological findings and anatomy, but these disturbances are often observed in lung dystrophy. Perhaps, these disturbances are in connexion with the proximity of accident; so, a long term study is required in order to know the etiopathogeny of this disease.", "PMID": 493674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1640", "title": "[Comparison of chronic respiratory diseases in an agricultural versus urban environment (author's transl)].", "content": "A longitudinal investigation was conducted simultaneously in Normandy and in the West-Paris region. Based on more than 2000 subjects in Normandy and 1500 in the Paris (St. Lazare) area, the frequency of a bronchial syndrome was established as 21 and 26% respectively; obstructive respiratory failure, 4 and 2% respectively; and restrictive respiratory failure, 1%. The typical elements of risk (tobacco, age, socio-professional sphere) reappear in this study. Alcoholism also seems to be a contributing factor. In a longitudinal investigation, the study of new cases which are in progress will help to identify the onset of the disease and its facilitating circumstances. In the future, the study of the flow-volume curve should be included in epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "[Comparison of chronic respiratory diseases in an agricultural versus urban environment (author's transl)]. A longitudinal investigation was conducted simultaneously in Normandy and in the West-Paris region. Based on more than 2000 subjects in Normandy and 1500 in the Paris (St. Lazare) area, the frequency of a bronchial syndrome was established as 21 and 26% respectively; obstructive respiratory failure, 4 and 2% respectively; and restrictive respiratory failure, 1%. The typical elements of risk (tobacco, age, socio-professional sphere) reappear in this study. Alcoholism also seems to be a contributing factor. In a longitudinal investigation, the study of new cases which are in progress will help to identify the onset of the disease and its facilitating circumstances. In the future, the study of the flow-volume curve should be included in epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 493675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1641", "title": "[True and false problems in surgery of pulmonary aspergilloma. Study of 220 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Different problems involved in the surgery of 220 cases of pulmonary aspergilloma are analyzed. The operatory blood loss, which was more abundant than usual, did not bring about any complication. The authors believe that pleural cavities were observed for only 6% of the partial excisions, probably because of the complementary thoracoplasties they performed. The true problem is raised by the patients suffering from respiratory failure for whom techniques of direct approach are the only solution.", "contents": "[True and false problems in surgery of pulmonary aspergilloma. Study of 220 cases (author's transl)]. Different problems involved in the surgery of 220 cases of pulmonary aspergilloma are analyzed. The operatory blood loss, which was more abundant than usual, did not bring about any complication. The authors believe that pleural cavities were observed for only 6% of the partial excisions, probably because of the complementary thoracoplasties they performed. The true problem is raised by the patients suffering from respiratory failure for whom techniques of direct approach are the only solution.", "PMID": 493677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1642", "title": "[Study of pulmonary leucostasis by measurement of the alveolo-arterial CO2 difference (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study pulmonary leucostasis in 18 leukemic subjects, the ventilatory flow from ventilated nonperfused zones (VFVNZ) was measured using alveolo-arterial CO2 difference (28 times). This method proved to be simple and accurate in the follow-up of the patients. The number of white cells necessary to increase the VFVNZ by 1% is very different from one histologic type to another. These results are in agreement with in vitro observations.", "contents": "[Study of pulmonary leucostasis by measurement of the alveolo-arterial CO2 difference (author's transl)]. In order to study pulmonary leucostasis in 18 leukemic subjects, the ventilatory flow from ventilated nonperfused zones (VFVNZ) was measured using alveolo-arterial CO2 difference (28 times). This method proved to be simple and accurate in the follow-up of the patients. The number of white cells necessary to increase the VFVNZ by 1% is very different from one histologic type to another. These results are in agreement with in vitro observations.", "PMID": 493679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1643", "title": "[Pericarditis in bird raiser's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 53 years-old male who was presenting signs of a chronic interstitial pneumonitis. A pericarditis was found and the ECG abnormalities first disappeared, then reappeared with new exposure to birds, before making the diagnosis of bird raiser's lung on the history and the immunologic findings. The possibility of pericardial involvement during bird raiser's lung or farmer's lung is found in 4 previously reported cases.", "contents": "[Pericarditis in bird raiser's disease (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 53 years-old male who was presenting signs of a chronic interstitial pneumonitis. A pericarditis was found and the ECG abnormalities first disappeared, then reappeared with new exposure to birds, before making the diagnosis of bird raiser's lung on the history and the immunologic findings. The possibility of pericardial involvement during bird raiser's lung or farmer's lung is found in 4 previously reported cases.", "PMID": 493680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1644", "title": "[Use of a flexible laser-beam (Yag) for endoscopic treatment of some tracheobronchial lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "After the use for several years of an endoscope which enables electro-coagulation in the treatment of some tracheo-bronchial lesions, the limitations and accidents of this method were compared with clinical results and experimental research. Results seem to indicate that the flexible laser beam can considerably improve therapeutic possibilities. This beam, conducted by a flexible fiber, could easily be used by medico-surgical teams who already possess the suitable endoscopic material, or material that could readily be adapted to this method.", "contents": "[Use of a flexible laser-beam (Yag) for endoscopic treatment of some tracheobronchial lesions (author's transl)]. After the use for several years of an endoscope which enables electro-coagulation in the treatment of some tracheo-bronchial lesions, the limitations and accidents of this method were compared with clinical results and experimental research. Results seem to indicate that the flexible laser beam can considerably improve therapeutic possibilities. This beam, conducted by a flexible fiber, could easily be used by medico-surgical teams who already possess the suitable endoscopic material, or material that could readily be adapted to this method.", "PMID": 493682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1645", "title": "[Should the lung cancer of iron-miners in Lorraine be considered an occupational disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "The occupational group composed of the iron-miners working at the bottom of the mines in Lorraine makes up a high risk population for lung cancer (The carcinogenic index is 5 to 12 times as high as that of the population of non-miners). The authors report a new series of 270 cases in support of this assertion. The cancers have few particular characteristics. Their genesis appears to be related with the action of many co-factors: tobacco, various gases and noxious dust, iron particles. Our findings are similar to those of the Swedish, British and Russian authors. The occupation of iron-miner at the bottom of the mine appears then to favorize the manifestation of lung cancer. So it would be fair to consider this tumor an occupational disease, as with asbestosis.", "contents": "[Should the lung cancer of iron-miners in Lorraine be considered an occupational disease? (author's transl)]. The occupational group composed of the iron-miners working at the bottom of the mines in Lorraine makes up a high risk population for lung cancer (The carcinogenic index is 5 to 12 times as high as that of the population of non-miners). The authors report a new series of 270 cases in support of this assertion. The cancers have few particular characteristics. Their genesis appears to be related with the action of many co-factors: tobacco, various gases and noxious dust, iron particles. Our findings are similar to those of the Swedish, British and Russian authors. The occupation of iron-miner at the bottom of the mine appears then to favorize the manifestation of lung cancer. So it would be fair to consider this tumor an occupational disease, as with asbestosis.", "PMID": 493683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1646", "title": "[Pleural aspergillosis. One case of giant mycetoma (450 g) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pleural aspergillosis is an uncommon localization; only about 60 observations have been previously reported and two-thirds of them in France. A new case characterized by the presence of a giant mycetoma (450 g) is reported. It should be kept in mind that this lesion develops in the residual cavity, resulting from a therapeutic pneumothorax. Conservative surgery is therefore required and enables (as shown in this case) a satisfactory recovery of the underlying parenchyma.", "contents": "[Pleural aspergillosis. One case of giant mycetoma (450 g) (author's transl)]. Pleural aspergillosis is an uncommon localization; only about 60 observations have been previously reported and two-thirds of them in France. A new case characterized by the presence of a giant mycetoma (450 g) is reported. It should be kept in mind that this lesion develops in the residual cavity, resulting from a therapeutic pneumothorax. Conservative surgery is therefore required and enables (as shown in this case) a satisfactory recovery of the underlying parenchyma.", "PMID": 493684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1647", "title": "[The rupture of the pleura: a serious complication of hydatid cyst of the lung in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 5 cases of rupture of hydatid cyst into the pleural cavity observed among 336 patients operated for hydatid cyst of the lung during a 13-year period. Three cases were spontaneous ruptures and two were the result of repeated pleural tappings. One case among the spontaneous ruptures was presented with a picture of acute surgical abdomen. There were no death among the five patients.", "contents": "[The rupture of the pleura: a serious complication of hydatid cyst of the lung in children (author's transl)]. The authors report 5 cases of rupture of hydatid cyst into the pleural cavity observed among 336 patients operated for hydatid cyst of the lung during a 13-year period. Three cases were spontaneous ruptures and two were the result of repeated pleural tappings. One case among the spontaneous ruptures was presented with a picture of acute surgical abdomen. There were no death among the five patients.", "PMID": 493678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1648", "title": "[Clinical approach of asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "The identification of asthma is based on the analysis of clinical data. The integration of such individual and subtle information into the field of epidemiology requires that these data be comparable, collective, and suitable for statistical use. With this in mind, only a broad conception of the asthmatic condition, with a specific definition, would eliminate the possibility of not recognizing an asthmatic subject in a given group. A fundamental basis is given in a general questionnaire which enables a qualitative and quantitative evaluation, the establishment of a scale of severity, and a nosologic classification of asthma. This questionnaire should eventually include specific questions adapted to the objectives of the investigation to be carried out.", "contents": "[Clinical approach of asthma (author's transl)]. The identification of asthma is based on the analysis of clinical data. The integration of such individual and subtle information into the field of epidemiology requires that these data be comparable, collective, and suitable for statistical use. With this in mind, only a broad conception of the asthmatic condition, with a specific definition, would eliminate the possibility of not recognizing an asthmatic subject in a given group. A fundamental basis is given in a general questionnaire which enables a qualitative and quantitative evaluation, the establishment of a scale of severity, and a nosologic classification of asthma. This questionnaire should eventually include specific questions adapted to the objectives of the investigation to be carried out.", "PMID": 493686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1649", "title": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The author proposes a study of the medico-social consequences of asthma. Having shown the impossibility of a monolithic conception of asthma, he shows how much it is conditioned in the child by his social and family surroundings. Different levels of consequences are considered: restraints linked to the therapeutics of a chronic disease, effect on physical activity and leisure, importance of the repercussions on school life (absenteeism and slowness). In conclusion, the author stresses both the importance of these consequences on the personal and professional future of the child and the need to define high risk groups corresponding to criteria based on seriousness and social environment for whom the prevention of these repercussions must have priority.", "contents": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in children (author's transl)]. The author proposes a study of the medico-social consequences of asthma. Having shown the impossibility of a monolithic conception of asthma, he shows how much it is conditioned in the child by his social and family surroundings. Different levels of consequences are considered: restraints linked to the therapeutics of a chronic disease, effect on physical activity and leisure, importance of the repercussions on school life (absenteeism and slowness). In conclusion, the author stresses both the importance of these consequences on the personal and professional future of the child and the need to define high risk groups corresponding to criteria based on seriousness and social environment for whom the prevention of these repercussions must have priority.", "PMID": 493692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1650", "title": "[Evaluation of the frequency of asthma among the adolescents attending school in the Bas-Rhin (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of asthma in a population including all the adolescents attending school in the department of Bas-Rhin (29 138) in May and June 1976, is 4,1%. This rate is 4,9% in boys and 3,4% in girls. The frequency of asthma is higher in urban areas (5,0%) than in rural areas (3,8%). Asthma is related to respiratory symptoms and is related to more school absenteeism (26%) than in non asthmatics (13,7%). These findings are confirmed by the data given in other medical surveys.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the frequency of asthma among the adolescents attending school in the Bas-Rhin (author's transl)]. The frequency of asthma in a population including all the adolescents attending school in the department of Bas-Rhin (29 138) in May and June 1976, is 4,1%. This rate is 4,9% in boys and 3,4% in girls. The frequency of asthma is higher in urban areas (5,0%) than in rural areas (3,8%). Asthma is related to respiratory symptoms and is related to more school absenteeism (26%) than in non asthmatics (13,7%). These findings are confirmed by the data given in other medical surveys.", "PMID": 493693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1651", "title": "[Epidemiology of adult asthma (Socio-economic effects) (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the prevalence of adult asthma (subjects over 18 years of age) has been carried out in the Puy-de-D\u00f4me area over the past two years by means of a questionnaire sent out to all the doctors in the area. 1,130 asthmatics have been inventoried to this day (547 males and 583 females). A study of the geographical distribution carried out in terms of demographic data on thhe present time, but is certainly underestimated. Correspondence analysis shows up the influence of age on the severity of the attacks. Frequency calculation and the cumulated frequency of the answers to the question concerning the date of the onset of asthma, leads to the conclusion that there will probably be an important increase of cases of late asthma in the next few years. The socio-economic and professional (sick leave, change of job) effects of this type of asthma in adults are analysed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of adult asthma (Socio-economic effects) (author's transl)]. A study of the prevalence of adult asthma (subjects over 18 years of age) has been carried out in the Puy-de-D\u00f4me area over the past two years by means of a questionnaire sent out to all the doctors in the area. 1,130 asthmatics have been inventoried to this day (547 males and 583 females). A study of the geographical distribution carried out in terms of demographic data on thhe present time, but is certainly underestimated. Correspondence analysis shows up the influence of age on the severity of the attacks. Frequency calculation and the cumulated frequency of the answers to the question concerning the date of the onset of asthma, leads to the conclusion that there will probably be an important increase of cases of late asthma in the next few years. The socio-economic and professional (sick leave, change of job) effects of this type of asthma in adults are analysed.", "PMID": 493694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1652", "title": "[Prevalence of childhood asthma in Corsica (author's transl)].", "content": "Several evaluations of cumulative prevalence (c.p.) of childhood asthma (dyspnoea with wheeze) were made from 1970 to 1976 in all the 6 and 12-years old children living in Corsica. In the 6-years old children c.p. was: 1.56% (1970), 1.34% (1971) and 1.72% (1976). In the 12-years old children c.p. was 1.77% (1970) and 1.57% (1971).", "contents": "[Prevalence of childhood asthma in Corsica (author's transl)]. Several evaluations of cumulative prevalence (c.p.) of childhood asthma (dyspnoea with wheeze) were made from 1970 to 1976 in all the 6 and 12-years old children living in Corsica. In the 6-years old children c.p. was: 1.56% (1970), 1.34% (1971) and 1.72% (1976). In the 12-years old children c.p. was 1.77% (1970) and 1.57% (1971).", "PMID": 493697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1653", "title": "[Asthma and professional life (author's transl)].", "content": "In world industry and agriculture as a whole, the number of people with asthma and complex pneumopathies related to chemical and organic pollution seems important. Indeed, subjects with an atopic inclination are often the first to be jeoparized. However, it must be stressed that occurrence of asthma in relation with work should always lead to investigate an anomaly in professional hygiene. For other workers this latter eventuality constitutes in the long run a threat of precipitin pneumopathy, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or even cancer (in the case of nickel). Selection upon hiring is an unsatisfactory measure. The improvement of the atmospheric conditions at work should always be sought for. In some professional asthma cases, we were able to confirm that medication provides efficient protection. This solution, however, seems only slightly satisfactory since the subject is still left in contact with substances which have harmful effects other than asthma. It is therefore important that doctors track down and explore the cases of professional asthma, declaring their existence to social security and work inspection organizations, in order to establish an epidemiological knowledge, regularly updated, which would provide an indispensable basis for any prevention through improvement of working conditions.", "contents": "[Asthma and professional life (author's transl)]. In world industry and agriculture as a whole, the number of people with asthma and complex pneumopathies related to chemical and organic pollution seems important. Indeed, subjects with an atopic inclination are often the first to be jeoparized. However, it must be stressed that occurrence of asthma in relation with work should always lead to investigate an anomaly in professional hygiene. For other workers this latter eventuality constitutes in the long run a threat of precipitin pneumopathy, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or even cancer (in the case of nickel). Selection upon hiring is an unsatisfactory measure. The improvement of the atmospheric conditions at work should always be sought for. In some professional asthma cases, we were able to confirm that medication provides efficient protection. This solution, however, seems only slightly satisfactory since the subject is still left in contact with substances which have harmful effects other than asthma. It is therefore important that doctors track down and explore the cases of professional asthma, declaring their existence to social security and work inspection organizations, in order to establish an epidemiological knowledge, regularly updated, which would provide an indispensable basis for any prevention through improvement of working conditions.", "PMID": 493690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1654", "title": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of the medico-social consequences of asthma in adults encounters difficulties that are inherent to a chronic disease with varying clinical pictures. Overall statistical analyses, particularly concerning mortality, provide little information in a socio-economical perspective, especially in France. However, based on the results of fragmentary but varied analyses, the study of this disease in relation to the working careers of asthmatic subjects underlines the importance of the repercussions at the very start of professional life (choice of profession, recruitement in a company). The study of absenteeism and inaptitude reveals to what degree these consequences are related to the seriousness of the disease and to the asthmatic person's social sphere. The same is true for family and social life which is more difficult to evaluate. Systematic analyses alone will be useful in determining whether asthma is considered a \"social disease\" with its eventual implications on a public health program.", "contents": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in adults (author's transl)]. The evaluation of the medico-social consequences of asthma in adults encounters difficulties that are inherent to a chronic disease with varying clinical pictures. Overall statistical analyses, particularly concerning mortality, provide little information in a socio-economical perspective, especially in France. However, based on the results of fragmentary but varied analyses, the study of this disease in relation to the working careers of asthmatic subjects underlines the importance of the repercussions at the very start of professional life (choice of profession, recruitement in a company). The study of absenteeism and inaptitude reveals to what degree these consequences are related to the seriousness of the disease and to the asthmatic person's social sphere. The same is true for family and social life which is more difficult to evaluate. Systematic analyses alone will be useful in determining whether asthma is considered a \"social disease\" with its eventual implications on a public health program.", "PMID": 493691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1655", "title": "[Respiratory symptoms related to asthma in young adult males (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey performed in young adult males (military recruits) showed that 14.1% had wheeze in the chest, 8.9% had attacks of dyspnoea at rest with wheeze in the chest and 6.2% had asthma.", "contents": "[Respiratory symptoms related to asthma in young adult males (author's transl)]. A survey performed in young adult males (military recruits) showed that 14.1% had wheeze in the chest, 8.9% had attacks of dyspnoea at rest with wheeze in the chest and 6.2% had asthma.", "PMID": 493698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1656", "title": "[Role of IgE in the study of the allergic risk of the young child (author's transl)].", "content": "Cord blood IgE were determined by using the PRIST and the RAST techniques in 123 cases. The RAST assay was never positive. Total IgE were detectable in 34% of the samples; statistically increased levels were found in babies born from allergic mothers and/or when the mothers were treated with progesterone during their gestation.", "contents": "[Role of IgE in the study of the allergic risk of the young child (author's transl)]. Cord blood IgE were determined by using the PRIST and the RAST techniques in 123 cases. The RAST assay was never positive. Total IgE were detectable in 34% of the samples; statistically increased levels were found in babies born from allergic mothers and/or when the mothers were treated with progesterone during their gestation.", "PMID": 493700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1657", "title": "[Total and specific IgE concentrations for early diagnosis of respiratory allergy in children less than four years old (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum total IgE concentrations were determined according to paper-radio-immunosorbent test (Prist, Phadebas) in 73 infants aged 2 months to 4 years, with recurrent asthmatoid bronchitis. Specific IgE against multiple inhalant allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus d1, house dust h3, pollens, moulds) were quantified by radio allergosorbent test (Rast, Phadebas). Normal total IgE values were determined in a control group of 111 infants aged 0 to 4 years. Total IgE were slightly elevated in 8 cases, strongly in 35 cases (id. e in 47% of the patients' group). Serum IgE are significantly higher in infants whose first degree relatives are atopics. Specific IgE against d1 are detected in 44% of our cases. Fourteen infants with dl-specific IgE have had an \"ecologic treatment\" by Paragerm AK. The clinical results are good in twelve of these patients. Total IgE and d1-specific IgE decrease in 5 cases at the end of the Paragerm application.", "contents": "[Total and specific IgE concentrations for early diagnosis of respiratory allergy in children less than four years old (author's transl)]. Serum total IgE concentrations were determined according to paper-radio-immunosorbent test (Prist, Phadebas) in 73 infants aged 2 months to 4 years, with recurrent asthmatoid bronchitis. Specific IgE against multiple inhalant allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus d1, house dust h3, pollens, moulds) were quantified by radio allergosorbent test (Rast, Phadebas). Normal total IgE values were determined in a control group of 111 infants aged 0 to 4 years. Total IgE were slightly elevated in 8 cases, strongly in 35 cases (id. e in 47% of the patients' group). Serum IgE are significantly higher in infants whose first degree relatives are atopics. Specific IgE against d1 are detected in 44% of our cases. Fourteen infants with dl-specific IgE have had an \"ecologic treatment\" by Paragerm AK. The clinical results are good in twelve of these patients. Total IgE and d1-specific IgE decrease in 5 cases at the end of the Paragerm application.", "PMID": 493695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1658", "title": "[Study of the links between functional and clinical data in 212 asthma patients from 14 to 30 years old at a health spa in La Bourboule (author's transl)].", "content": "212 asthma patients, who attended their first health spa at La Bourboule, are studied. The functional data are statistically compared to those obtained from clinical examination. In this group of patients, it is found that: 1. Most of the functional tests are perturbed in proportion to the seiousness of the disease (determined by the number of days of attack per year). On the contrary, the other clinical criteria, and in particular the evolution time, do not affect the functional values. 2. The different ventilatory parameters studied are correlated two by two, for instance V 50 on the one had, FEV1, FEV1/VC or LR on the other. Finally the authors discuss the interest of V 50 and LR measurement in order to localize the bronchial obstruction in asthma at the level of either the large trunks (LR) or the small bronchii (V 50).", "contents": "[Study of the links between functional and clinical data in 212 asthma patients from 14 to 30 years old at a health spa in La Bourboule (author's transl)]. 212 asthma patients, who attended their first health spa at La Bourboule, are studied. The functional data are statistically compared to those obtained from clinical examination. In this group of patients, it is found that: 1. Most of the functional tests are perturbed in proportion to the seiousness of the disease (determined by the number of days of attack per year). On the contrary, the other clinical criteria, and in particular the evolution time, do not affect the functional values. 2. The different ventilatory parameters studied are correlated two by two, for instance V 50 on the one had, FEV1, FEV1/VC or LR on the other. Finally the authors discuss the interest of V 50 and LR measurement in order to localize the bronchial obstruction in asthma at the level of either the large trunks (LR) or the small bronchii (V 50).", "PMID": 493696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1659", "title": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in the adult. Information gathered from hospital consultation (author's transl)].", "content": "The socio-professional consequences of asthma are studied in 80 patients with more or less serious asthmatic conditions. The professional repercussions are important since 27% of the asthma patients who work have had important changes in their professional life due to their disease. Work interruptions are frequent and seem to be longer than for workers who belong to the primary and secondary sectors. The family consequences are more difficult to determine, however 17 out of 80 patients think that their disease has interfered in their relationship with their spouse.", "contents": "[Medico-social consequences of asthma in the adult. Information gathered from hospital consultation (author's transl)]. The socio-professional consequences of asthma are studied in 80 patients with more or less serious asthmatic conditions. The professional repercussions are important since 27% of the asthma patients who work have had important changes in their professional life due to their disease. Work interruptions are frequent and seem to be longer than for workers who belong to the primary and secondary sectors. The family consequences are more difficult to determine, however 17 out of 80 patients think that their disease has interfered in their relationship with their spouse.", "PMID": 493701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1660", "title": "[French mesothelioma register 1965-1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "A mesothelioma register was initiated in France in 1975 to record pathologists, cases diagnosed since 1965. These cases have been accepted as definite mesothelioma after histological reexamination by the mesothelioma panel. Histories of asbestos exposure have been recorded using a standardized questionnaire. Among 699 cases reported, 296 were confirmed and 79 excluded by the panel. Twenty per cent of cases were females. Tumour was located in the pleura in 96% of cases. Age at death was lower for the mesothelioma group than for the general population. A linear increase of annual incidence since 1965 has been observed. Mapping of cases showed irregular distribution with areas without any case. Distribution of cases according to asbestos exposure was the following: definite occupational history 50%, definite non-occupational 3%, possible occupational 31%, undiscovered 16%. Distribution of cases according to the latency period showed a two peaks-curve, median being 36 years. The obvious under-reporting of cases and the absence of control group greatly affected the validity of some results.", "contents": "[French mesothelioma register 1965-1978 (author's transl)]. A mesothelioma register was initiated in France in 1975 to record pathologists, cases diagnosed since 1965. These cases have been accepted as definite mesothelioma after histological reexamination by the mesothelioma panel. Histories of asbestos exposure have been recorded using a standardized questionnaire. Among 699 cases reported, 296 were confirmed and 79 excluded by the panel. Twenty per cent of cases were females. Tumour was located in the pleura in 96% of cases. Age at death was lower for the mesothelioma group than for the general population. A linear increase of annual incidence since 1965 has been observed. Mapping of cases showed irregular distribution with areas without any case. Distribution of cases according to asbestos exposure was the following: definite occupational history 50%, definite non-occupational 3%, possible occupational 31%, undiscovered 16%. Distribution of cases according to the latency period showed a two peaks-curve, median being 36 years. The obvious under-reporting of cases and the absence of control group greatly affected the validity of some results.", "PMID": 493705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1661", "title": "Effects of muscle relaxants on catecholamine release from adrenal medulla.", "content": "Bovine adrenals were perfused with secretagogues in the presence or absence of muscle relaxants. On a molar basis, Dially-nor-toxiferine was as potent as tubocurarine in inhibiting the catecholamine release induced by carbachol; pancuronium was about 100 times less potent than tubocurarine, whereas gallamine and succinylcholine produced no inhibition whatsoever. KCl-induced catechoamine release was not affected by any of these compounds. Nicotine-induced catecholamine release was inhibitedby diallyl-nor-toxiferine, tubocurarine and pancuronium, but not by gallamine or succinylcholine. Muscarine failed to stimulate the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines. The results show that the inhibition of catecholamine release is based on the specific block of the nicotinic receptor, whereas gallamine and succinylcholine possess no blocking action, and that diallyl-nor-toxiferine and tubocurarine might affect clinical symptoms under conditions in which catecholamine release from the adrenal is increased by a compensatory mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of muscle relaxants on catecholamine release from adrenal medulla. Bovine adrenals were perfused with secretagogues in the presence or absence of muscle relaxants. On a molar basis, Dially-nor-toxiferine was as potent as tubocurarine in inhibiting the catecholamine release induced by carbachol; pancuronium was about 100 times less potent than tubocurarine, whereas gallamine and succinylcholine produced no inhibition whatsoever. KCl-induced catechoamine release was not affected by any of these compounds. Nicotine-induced catecholamine release was inhibitedby diallyl-nor-toxiferine, tubocurarine and pancuronium, but not by gallamine or succinylcholine. Muscarine failed to stimulate the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines. The results show that the inhibition of catecholamine release is based on the specific block of the nicotinic receptor, whereas gallamine and succinylcholine possess no blocking action, and that diallyl-nor-toxiferine and tubocurarine might affect clinical symptoms under conditions in which catecholamine release from the adrenal is increased by a compensatory mechanism.", "PMID": 493712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1662", "title": "Effects of N-dimethyl propranolol (UM-272) on isolated cardiac mitochondria and microsomes.", "content": "N-dimethyl propranolol (UM-272) has been shown to protect the heart from injury produced by ischemia. In the present study we examined the effects of UM-272 on the function of isolated rabbit cardiac mitochondria and microsomes. Concentrations of 13 micrometers or below were without effect on these organelles. UM-272 (130 micrometers) significantly decreased respiratory control of mitochondria utilizing glutamate plus malate, or succinate, as substrates. At 1.3 mM, UM-272 increased the initial rate of basal oxygen consumption, and decreased the rate of ADP-stimulated respiration. UM-272 was slightly more potent than d,1-propranolol. At a concentration of 1.3 mM, UM-272 significantly decreased the rate and maximum amount of 45CaCl2 accumulated by microsomes in the presence of ATP and oxalate. Concentrations of drug that suppress cellular metabolism are close to those required to prevent ischemic injury. We suggest that sarcolemmal and intracellular actions of the drug which help to depress oxygen demand and ATP utilization may account for part of the drug's protective effects.", "contents": "Effects of N-dimethyl propranolol (UM-272) on isolated cardiac mitochondria and microsomes. N-dimethyl propranolol (UM-272) has been shown to protect the heart from injury produced by ischemia. In the present study we examined the effects of UM-272 on the function of isolated rabbit cardiac mitochondria and microsomes. Concentrations of 13 micrometers or below were without effect on these organelles. UM-272 (130 micrometers) significantly decreased respiratory control of mitochondria utilizing glutamate plus malate, or succinate, as substrates. At 1.3 mM, UM-272 increased the initial rate of basal oxygen consumption, and decreased the rate of ADP-stimulated respiration. UM-272 was slightly more potent than d,1-propranolol. At a concentration of 1.3 mM, UM-272 significantly decreased the rate and maximum amount of 45CaCl2 accumulated by microsomes in the presence of ATP and oxalate. Concentrations of drug that suppress cellular metabolism are close to those required to prevent ischemic injury. We suggest that sarcolemmal and intracellular actions of the drug which help to depress oxygen demand and ATP utilization may account for part of the drug's protective effects.", "PMID": 493713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1663", "title": "Plasma and central nervous system kinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate was administered to dogs in dosages of 200 to 1000 mg per kg with continuous EEG and temperature monitoring. Based on these studies, pulsed doses of 500 mg/kg of GHB were given and timed serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain samples obtained. In addition a group of animals were sacrificed 60 minutes after GHB administration and the regional distribution of GHB determined. The CSF kinetics of GBH suggests a passive diffusionof GHB into CSF but brain concentration peaked very early. Highest concentrations of GHB were found in cortical white matter with lower concentrations in subcortical areas.", "contents": "Plasma and central nervous system kinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate was administered to dogs in dosages of 200 to 1000 mg per kg with continuous EEG and temperature monitoring. Based on these studies, pulsed doses of 500 mg/kg of GHB were given and timed serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain samples obtained. In addition a group of animals were sacrificed 60 minutes after GHB administration and the regional distribution of GHB determined. The CSF kinetics of GBH suggests a passive diffusionof GHB into CSF but brain concentration peaked very early. Highest concentrations of GHB were found in cortical white matter with lower concentrations in subcortical areas.", "PMID": 493714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1664", "title": "[Epidemiological study of asthma in school age children at Bordeaux. Investigation by questionnaires and functional respiratory examinations by flow-volume curves (author's transl)].", "content": "The first results of a survey involving 1950 children from 6 to 12 years old living in Bordeaux are presented here. For 280 of them, who had attacks of asthma or showed other closely related signs, a questionnaire was filled out by the parents. On this basis, the main features of the disease, as well as the ORL bronchial and allergological course, were specified for a representative epidemiological population (with a distinction between actual asthma and disappeared asthma, distribution according to sex and age of the first attack). A functional examination by flow-volume curve for 111 of the children showed, using maximal flow measurement (particularly V 50 and V 25), the existence of modifications of the bronchial paths that were not detected by classical spirometric parameters.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of asthma in school age children at Bordeaux. Investigation by questionnaires and functional respiratory examinations by flow-volume curves (author's transl)]. The first results of a survey involving 1950 children from 6 to 12 years old living in Bordeaux are presented here. For 280 of them, who had attacks of asthma or showed other closely related signs, a questionnaire was filled out by the parents. On this basis, the main features of the disease, as well as the ORL bronchial and allergological course, were specified for a representative epidemiological population (with a distinction between actual asthma and disappeared asthma, distribution according to sex and age of the first attack). A functional examination by flow-volume curve for 111 of the children showed, using maximal flow measurement (particularly V 50 and V 25), the existence of modifications of the bronchial paths that were not detected by classical spirometric parameters.", "PMID": 493702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1665", "title": "[Evaluation of the medical and therapeutic theorical cost of bronchial asthma during the first year of its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical and therapeutic cost of type II allergic asthma, was determined during the first year of its diagnosis and its treatment. The cost ranges from 4 000 up to 10 000 French francs. In every case, the basic treatment represents about three quarters of the total cost; whereas the initial assessment doesn't exceed one fifth. The most changing modules according to the patient and the physician (symptomatic contribution treatment, antibiotherapy, corticotherapy), are as well and by far the cheapest.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the medical and therapeutic theorical cost of bronchial asthma during the first year of its treatment (author's transl)]. The medical and therapeutic cost of type II allergic asthma, was determined during the first year of its diagnosis and its treatment. The cost ranges from 4 000 up to 10 000 French francs. In every case, the basic treatment represents about three quarters of the total cost; whereas the initial assessment doesn't exceed one fifth. The most changing modules according to the patient and the physician (symptomatic contribution treatment, antibiotherapy, corticotherapy), are as well and by far the cheapest.", "PMID": 493703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1666", "title": "In vitro effect of levamisole on oxygen consumption and survival of platelets.", "content": "Levamisole at a concentration of 10(-3)M inhibits the oxygen consumption of resting platelets, the thrombin induced burst and the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. At the concentration of 10(-7)M it exerts still an inhibitory activity of the thrombin induced burst, but it does not inhibit neither the basal oxygen consumption nor the platelet aggregation. At every tested concentration platelet survival in the presence of levamisole is comparable to that of controls. Levamisole moreover, together with theophylline and glucagon, shows a synergistic inhibiting influence toward the burst of oxygen consumption. Our data suggest that levamisole may act by producing an enzymatic block of cyclo-oxygenase.", "contents": "In vitro effect of levamisole on oxygen consumption and survival of platelets. Levamisole at a concentration of 10(-3)M inhibits the oxygen consumption of resting platelets, the thrombin induced burst and the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. At the concentration of 10(-7)M it exerts still an inhibitory activity of the thrombin induced burst, but it does not inhibit neither the basal oxygen consumption nor the platelet aggregation. At every tested concentration platelet survival in the presence of levamisole is comparable to that of controls. Levamisole moreover, together with theophylline and glucagon, shows a synergistic inhibiting influence toward the burst of oxygen consumption. Our data suggest that levamisole may act by producing an enzymatic block of cyclo-oxygenase.", "PMID": 493715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1667", "title": "Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-448 by 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene and the corresponding azoxy and hydrazo analogs.", "content": "3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorazobenzene (TCAB) has been found to pose occupational health hazards among chemical workers as a consequence of its contamination in commercially important herbicides. The induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome levels in male rats treated with TCAB or its azoxy and hydrazo analogs were examined in several short-term experiments. Five daily consecutive administrations of TCAB or 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) at doses of 25 mg/kg/day yielded maximal stimulation of cytochrome levels. Both compounds induced cytochrome P-450 with absorption maxima (reduced, CO complex) at 448 nm to 2.7 times control levels. In contrast, cytochrome P-448 levels were enhanced less than twofold relative to controls in animals treated with 3,3',4,4'-tetarchlorohydrazobenzene (TCHB) under identical conditions. Cytochrome inductions arising from these chemicals are dose dependent. Parallel increase of the liver to body weight ratios was also observed in these studies. Further experiments using different regimens indicated TCAOB as being the most potent and persistent inducer among these three analogs. A twofold enhancement of cytochome P-448 levels was observed 14 days after a single ip injection of TCAOB at doses as low as 10 mg/kg.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-448 by 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene and the corresponding azoxy and hydrazo analogs. 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorazobenzene (TCAB) has been found to pose occupational health hazards among chemical workers as a consequence of its contamination in commercially important herbicides. The induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome levels in male rats treated with TCAB or its azoxy and hydrazo analogs were examined in several short-term experiments. Five daily consecutive administrations of TCAB or 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) at doses of 25 mg/kg/day yielded maximal stimulation of cytochrome levels. Both compounds induced cytochrome P-450 with absorption maxima (reduced, CO complex) at 448 nm to 2.7 times control levels. In contrast, cytochrome P-448 levels were enhanced less than twofold relative to controls in animals treated with 3,3',4,4'-tetarchlorohydrazobenzene (TCHB) under identical conditions. Cytochrome inductions arising from these chemicals are dose dependent. Parallel increase of the liver to body weight ratios was also observed in these studies. Further experiments using different regimens indicated TCAOB as being the most potent and persistent inducer among these three analogs. A twofold enhancement of cytochome P-448 levels was observed 14 days after a single ip injection of TCAOB at doses as low as 10 mg/kg.", "PMID": 493716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1668", "title": "Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction by trifluoromethyl compounds and some halogenated and nonhalogenated analogs.", "content": "Trifluoromethyl derivatives of toluene, phenothiazine, benzimidazole and DDT were administered ip to male rats for 5 days and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of EPN, p-nitroanisole and aminopyrine measured. The addition of a trifluoromethyl substituent to toluene, phenothiazine and benzimidazole increased the inducing capacity of the parent molecule on p-nitroanisole metabolism. Dihalogenation of benzene with trifluoromethyl groups, regardless of position, resulted in induction of p-nitroanisole metabolism whereas halogenation of benzene with trichloromethyl groups did not. For these compounds, the size and electron-inducing capacity of the halogenated substituent may be relative to microsomal enzyme induction.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction by trifluoromethyl compounds and some halogenated and nonhalogenated analogs. Trifluoromethyl derivatives of toluene, phenothiazine, benzimidazole and DDT were administered ip to male rats for 5 days and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of EPN, p-nitroanisole and aminopyrine measured. The addition of a trifluoromethyl substituent to toluene, phenothiazine and benzimidazole increased the inducing capacity of the parent molecule on p-nitroanisole metabolism. Dihalogenation of benzene with trifluoromethyl groups, regardless of position, resulted in induction of p-nitroanisole metabolism whereas halogenation of benzene with trichloromethyl groups did not. For these compounds, the size and electron-inducing capacity of the halogenated substituent may be relative to microsomal enzyme induction.", "PMID": 493717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1669", "title": "The effect of lead on aminopyrine N-demethylation.", "content": "The effect of various lead salts on \"in vitro\" aminopyrine N-demethylation was investigated. Lead was administered to male rats as a 1% solution in the drinking water. After seven days of lead treatment it was found that lead chloride and lead acetate had no effect on microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylation while lead nitrate increased aminopyrine metabolism. Intraperitoneal administration of either lead chloride or lead nitrate at a dose of 20 mg./kg. decreased metabolism. Lead chloride by oral administration did not suppress phenobarbital induction of aminopyrine metabolism in rats.", "contents": "The effect of lead on aminopyrine N-demethylation. The effect of various lead salts on \"in vitro\" aminopyrine N-demethylation was investigated. Lead was administered to male rats as a 1% solution in the drinking water. After seven days of lead treatment it was found that lead chloride and lead acetate had no effect on microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylation while lead nitrate increased aminopyrine metabolism. Intraperitoneal administration of either lead chloride or lead nitrate at a dose of 20 mg./kg. decreased metabolism. Lead chloride by oral administration did not suppress phenobarbital induction of aminopyrine metabolism in rats.", "PMID": 493718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1670", "title": "[Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin tests: its relevance in carcinology (author's transl)].", "content": "The skin response to 1 microgram Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in 359 subject including 235 cancer patients and 124 without cancer. Responses to PHA, tuberculin, candidin were compared. A positive skin response to PHA was observed in 88% of patients without malignancy. This percentage remained almost equal in older patients (more than 70 years). Among patients with advanced malignancies, there was a fall down to 64.5% of the percentage of positive responses. A negative response to both PHA and tuberculin was observed in 6% of patients without malignancy and 28% of cancer patients. 38 +/- 5 days was the average survival of this last group. The arguments favouring the fact that PHA induces cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity are reviewed. An advantage of this test is that no presensitization is required.", "contents": "[Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin tests: its relevance in carcinology (author's transl)]. The skin response to 1 microgram Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in 359 subject including 235 cancer patients and 124 without cancer. Responses to PHA, tuberculin, candidin were compared. A positive skin response to PHA was observed in 88% of patients without malignancy. This percentage remained almost equal in older patients (more than 70 years). Among patients with advanced malignancies, there was a fall down to 64.5% of the percentage of positive responses. A negative response to both PHA and tuberculin was observed in 6% of patients without malignancy and 28% of cancer patients. 38 +/- 5 days was the average survival of this last group. The arguments favouring the fact that PHA induces cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity are reviewed. An advantage of this test is that no presensitization is required.", "PMID": 493708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1671", "title": "Toxic effects of peroral o-cresol intake on rat brain.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were given o-cresol in their drinking water (0.3 g/l) for 20 weeks. The ingested cumulative dose exceeded the acute LD50 at the fourth week of the experiment. O-cresol induced an increased drinking rate initially which decreased significantly below the drinking rate of the controls at the end of the experiment. The biochemical effects in the cerebral homogenate were inconspicuous, and they included increased RNA content initially, and reduced glutathione concentration and azoreductase activity at the end of experiment. Glial cells displayed significant increases in the acid proteinase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activities at the 20th week of exposure.", "contents": "Toxic effects of peroral o-cresol intake on rat brain. Male Wistar rats were given o-cresol in their drinking water (0.3 g/l) for 20 weeks. The ingested cumulative dose exceeded the acute LD50 at the fourth week of the experiment. O-cresol induced an increased drinking rate initially which decreased significantly below the drinking rate of the controls at the end of the experiment. The biochemical effects in the cerebral homogenate were inconspicuous, and they included increased RNA content initially, and reduced glutathione concentration and azoreductase activity at the end of experiment. Glial cells displayed significant increases in the acid proteinase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activities at the 20th week of exposure.", "PMID": 493719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1672", "title": "[True and false problems in surgery of pulmonary aspergilloma. Study of 220 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Different problems involved in the surgery of 220 cases of pulmonary aspergilloma are analyzed. The operatory blood loss, which was more abundant than usual, did not bring about any complication. The authors believe that pleural cavities were observed for only 6% of the partial excisions, probably because of the complementary thoracoplasties they performed. The true problem is raised by the patients suffering from respiratory failure for whom techniques of direct approach are the only solution.", "contents": "[True and false problems in surgery of pulmonary aspergilloma. Study of 220 cases (author's transl)]. Different problems involved in the surgery of 220 cases of pulmonary aspergilloma are analyzed. The operatory blood loss, which was more abundant than usual, did not bring about any complication. The authors believe that pleural cavities were observed for only 6% of the partial excisions, probably because of the complementary thoracoplasties they performed. The true problem is raised by the patients suffering from respiratory failure for whom techniques of direct approach are the only solution.", "PMID": 493709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1673", "title": "Brain sulfatide and non-lipid sulfate metabolism in leucodystrophic (jimpy) mice.", "content": "In leucodystrophic (jimpy mutant) mice there is a marked depletion of brain sulfatide as compared to normal ilttermates. Subcellular fractionation showed decreased sulfatide concentrations in microsomal and synaptosomal fractions prepared from jimpy brains. The in vivo incorporation of 35SO4 into sulfatide of myelin, microsomal, mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions was significantly inhibited in the jimpy mutant. In addition, the incorporation of 35SO1 into non-lipid brain membrane components (sulfated glycoproteins and mucopolysaccarides) was also decreased in jimpy mice. These results suggest that the jimpy mutation produces widespread alterations in brain sulfatide metabolism and also affects the metabolism of non-lipid membrane components of brain.", "contents": "Brain sulfatide and non-lipid sulfate metabolism in leucodystrophic (jimpy) mice. In leucodystrophic (jimpy mutant) mice there is a marked depletion of brain sulfatide as compared to normal ilttermates. Subcellular fractionation showed decreased sulfatide concentrations in microsomal and synaptosomal fractions prepared from jimpy brains. The in vivo incorporation of 35SO4 into sulfatide of myelin, microsomal, mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions was significantly inhibited in the jimpy mutant. In addition, the incorporation of 35SO1 into non-lipid brain membrane components (sulfated glycoproteins and mucopolysaccarides) was also decreased in jimpy mice. These results suggest that the jimpy mutation produces widespread alterations in brain sulfatide metabolism and also affects the metabolism of non-lipid membrane components of brain.", "PMID": 493721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1674", "title": "Effect of furosemide on peripheral venous compliance following ureteral ligation in the adult dog.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on peripheral venous compliance in the absence of the diuretic effect of the drug was examined. Following bilateral ligation of the ureters, adult dogs were given furosemide, 2 mg/kg. A significant increase in peripheral venous compliance was observed as early as ten minutes after the drug was given (120% of control), and an additional increase was seen at 60 minutes after administration of the drug (136% of control). No change in peripheral venous compliance was observed in animals receiving only the furosemide vehicle, nor was there any change in animals in which bilateral nephrectomy had been performed prior to the administration of furosemide. These results indicate that furosemide produces a significant increase in peripheral venous compliance, which is independent of its diuretic action. However, the presence of the kidneys appears to be necessary for this effect.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on peripheral venous compliance following ureteral ligation in the adult dog. The effect of furosemide on peripheral venous compliance in the absence of the diuretic effect of the drug was examined. Following bilateral ligation of the ureters, adult dogs were given furosemide, 2 mg/kg. A significant increase in peripheral venous compliance was observed as early as ten minutes after the drug was given (120% of control), and an additional increase was seen at 60 minutes after administration of the drug (136% of control). No change in peripheral venous compliance was observed in animals receiving only the furosemide vehicle, nor was there any change in animals in which bilateral nephrectomy had been performed prior to the administration of furosemide. These results indicate that furosemide produces a significant increase in peripheral venous compliance, which is independent of its diuretic action. However, the presence of the kidneys appears to be necessary for this effect.", "PMID": 493722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1675", "title": "Morphine, naloxone and kainic acid neurotoxicity.", "content": "Local neuronal damage, as indicated by choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activities, elicited by intrastriatal injections of kainic acid was increased by local injection of morphine and decreased by prior injection of naloxone. Peripheral injections of morphine or naloxone had little significant effect although the same trends appeared.", "contents": "Morphine, naloxone and kainic acid neurotoxicity. Local neuronal damage, as indicated by choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activities, elicited by intrastriatal injections of kainic acid was increased by local injection of morphine and decreased by prior injection of naloxone. Peripheral injections of morphine or naloxone had little significant effect although the same trends appeared.", "PMID": 493724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1676", "title": "The location of sensoric bronchoconstricting receptors in the upper airways.", "content": "The bronchoconstrictoric influence of allergen and acetylcholine aerosol was tested in 16 boxer dogs. The animals were exposed to these substances through a mask. The aerosol was also administered directly to three restricted areas of the trachea. Both substances induced a strong bronchoconstriction when administered through the mouth. Only the allergen showed a similar strong bronchoconstriction when administered to a restricted area in the upper third of the trachea.", "contents": "The location of sensoric bronchoconstricting receptors in the upper airways. The bronchoconstrictoric influence of allergen and acetylcholine aerosol was tested in 16 boxer dogs. The animals were exposed to these substances through a mask. The aerosol was also administered directly to three restricted areas of the trachea. Both substances induced a strong bronchoconstriction when administered through the mouth. Only the allergen showed a similar strong bronchoconstriction when administered to a restricted area in the upper third of the trachea.", "PMID": 493725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1677", "title": "Helium-oxygen flow volume curves in young healthy adults.", "content": "Helium-oxygen (HeO2) flow volume curves were done in young, healthy, nonsmoking adults. This paper discusses the theoretical design of the test, the nomenclature, and the results in this population. Our study shows that HeO2 and air curves crossed around 15% of vital capacity; one point of identical flow occurs more frequently than has been appreciated; and fully developed laminar flow occurs infrequently at low lung volumes in young adults.", "contents": "Helium-oxygen flow volume curves in young healthy adults. Helium-oxygen (HeO2) flow volume curves were done in young, healthy, nonsmoking adults. This paper discusses the theoretical design of the test, the nomenclature, and the results in this population. Our study shows that HeO2 and air curves crossed around 15% of vital capacity; one point of identical flow occurs more frequently than has been appreciated; and fully developed laminar flow occurs infrequently at low lung volumes in young adults.", "PMID": 493726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1678", "title": "Determination of anaerobic threshold by the ventilation equivalent in normal individuals.", "content": "In 131 untrained healthy volunteers, unsteady-state upright bicycle ergometry was carried out by means of computer-assisted on-line ergospirometry. In 11 males and 4 females capillary lactate and blood gas analyses sampled simultaneously at 1-min intervals revealed that it is possible to determine the 'anaerobic threshold' (AT) and a 'threshold of decompensated metabolic acidosis' (TDMA) from the respiratory gas exchange by controlling the ventilation equivalent for oxygen (VEO2 = VE/VO2) and carbon dioxide (VECO2 = VE/VCO2). There is no necessity of invasive measurements. Solely ergospirometrical tests in 66 males and 50 females, aged 20--65 years, showed the expected higher work load levels and VO2 at AT and TDMA in males. There was a significant negative correlation to age. In contrast, there are no differences with regard to sex in AT and TDMA for weight-corrected work rates. In the age group 20--39 years, AT is about 1 W/kg body weight, TDMA at about 2 W/kg body weight. The larger maximum exercise capacity weight corrected for males (3 W/kg) in comparison to females (2.6 W/kg) was dependent on a greater capability in the range of maximum exertion and not on a different level of AT and TDMA.", "contents": "Determination of anaerobic threshold by the ventilation equivalent in normal individuals. In 131 untrained healthy volunteers, unsteady-state upright bicycle ergometry was carried out by means of computer-assisted on-line ergospirometry. In 11 males and 4 females capillary lactate and blood gas analyses sampled simultaneously at 1-min intervals revealed that it is possible to determine the 'anaerobic threshold' (AT) and a 'threshold of decompensated metabolic acidosis' (TDMA) from the respiratory gas exchange by controlling the ventilation equivalent for oxygen (VEO2 = VE/VO2) and carbon dioxide (VECO2 = VE/VCO2). There is no necessity of invasive measurements. Solely ergospirometrical tests in 66 males and 50 females, aged 20--65 years, showed the expected higher work load levels and VO2 at AT and TDMA in males. There was a significant negative correlation to age. In contrast, there are no differences with regard to sex in AT and TDMA for weight-corrected work rates. In the age group 20--39 years, AT is about 1 W/kg body weight, TDMA at about 2 W/kg body weight. The larger maximum exercise capacity weight corrected for males (3 W/kg) in comparison to females (2.6 W/kg) was dependent on a greater capability in the range of maximum exertion and not on a different level of AT and TDMA.", "PMID": 493728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1679", "title": "[Left ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after decompensation (author's transl)].", "content": "13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied for left ventricular function immediately after acute decompensation. Parameters of right and left ventricular function were measured. Mean pulmonary wedge pressure (Paw) was elevated (11.9 mm Hg) but there was no correlation between Paw and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The indices of left ventricular contractility were in the normal range. In 4 patients, LVEDP was too high. A correlation was established between RVEDP and LVEDP. Left ventricular compliance, as studied by the index of Diamond and Forrester, was abnormal. Two conclusions are discussed: (1) in COPD, Paw cannot indicate left ventricular dysfunction; (2) alteration of left ventricular compliance is possibly related to an elevation of RVEDP.", "contents": "[Left ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after decompensation (author's transl)]. 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied for left ventricular function immediately after acute decompensation. Parameters of right and left ventricular function were measured. Mean pulmonary wedge pressure (Paw) was elevated (11.9 mm Hg) but there was no correlation between Paw and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The indices of left ventricular contractility were in the normal range. In 4 patients, LVEDP was too high. A correlation was established between RVEDP and LVEDP. Left ventricular compliance, as studied by the index of Diamond and Forrester, was abnormal. Two conclusions are discussed: (1) in COPD, Paw cannot indicate left ventricular dysfunction; (2) alteration of left ventricular compliance is possibly related to an elevation of RVEDP.", "PMID": 493729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1680", "title": "Gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics and haemodynamics in adult respiratory distress syndrome: experimental results in Lewe miniature pigs.", "content": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common medical emergency in respiratory care complicating a great variety of traumas and diseases. An animal model from Lewe miniature pigs has been developed to study the ARDS under standardized conditions; it is based on aspiration pneumonitis, a disorder often observed in ARDS, injuring the lung alveolar surfactant system. The experimental study was conducted under neuroleptanalgesia. ARDS was produced by intratracheal application of hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/l) in an amount of 1.0 ml/kg body wt. The animals were ventilated automatically by a standardized ventilatory pattern in IPP mode. In all animals the time course of oxygenation ratio (Pa,O2/F1O2), arterial CO2 tension (Pa,CO2), ratio of alveolo--arterial oxygen tension difference to inspired oxygen fraction (Aa,DO2/F1O2), oxygen exchange ratio ((AaDO2/Pa,O2), lung compliance (CL), inspiratory airway resistance (RrsI), dead space ratio VD/VT), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and systemic blood pressure were studied. Changes in quasi-static volume--pressure curves, percentage change in lung water content and gross pathological finding were used to integrate the findings into a system of pathophysiological changes in ARDS. The animal group to which hydrochloric acid was administered shows severe pulmonary distress leading to death within 3.5--7.5 h. No significant changes in the measured parameters could be observed in the control group over a 14 h period. The results suggest that aspiration pneumonitis in Lewe miniature pigs is very suitable to investigate various problems in pathogenesis of ARDS. The model provides reproducible results which correlate very well with findings in different ARDS states. The models serves both to compare clinical states and to search for newer therapeutic manoeuvres.", "contents": "Gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics and haemodynamics in adult respiratory distress syndrome: experimental results in Lewe miniature pigs. Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common medical emergency in respiratory care complicating a great variety of traumas and diseases. An animal model from Lewe miniature pigs has been developed to study the ARDS under standardized conditions; it is based on aspiration pneumonitis, a disorder often observed in ARDS, injuring the lung alveolar surfactant system. The experimental study was conducted under neuroleptanalgesia. ARDS was produced by intratracheal application of hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/l) in an amount of 1.0 ml/kg body wt. The animals were ventilated automatically by a standardized ventilatory pattern in IPP mode. In all animals the time course of oxygenation ratio (Pa,O2/F1O2), arterial CO2 tension (Pa,CO2), ratio of alveolo--arterial oxygen tension difference to inspired oxygen fraction (Aa,DO2/F1O2), oxygen exchange ratio ((AaDO2/Pa,O2), lung compliance (CL), inspiratory airway resistance (RrsI), dead space ratio VD/VT), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and systemic blood pressure were studied. Changes in quasi-static volume--pressure curves, percentage change in lung water content and gross pathological finding were used to integrate the findings into a system of pathophysiological changes in ARDS. The animal group to which hydrochloric acid was administered shows severe pulmonary distress leading to death within 3.5--7.5 h. No significant changes in the measured parameters could be observed in the control group over a 14 h period. The results suggest that aspiration pneumonitis in Lewe miniature pigs is very suitable to investigate various problems in pathogenesis of ARDS. The model provides reproducible results which correlate very well with findings in different ARDS states. The models serves both to compare clinical states and to search for newer therapeutic manoeuvres.", "PMID": 493731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1681", "title": "A case of poisoning with mercuric chloride.", "content": "A male patient was admitted to hospital 12 h after self-poisoning with mercuric chloride. He suffered multiple complications including acute renal failure, ulcerative colitis, anaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, chronic sepsis and severe weight loss. Initially he responded well to resuscitative measures and intensive supportive therapy, which included ventilation of the lungs, haemodialysis, dimercaprol, antibiotics, parenteral feeding and gastrointestinal surgery. Unfortunately the sepsis was never satisfactorily eradicated despite satisfactory serum concentrations of the appropriate antibiotics. On day 43 after poisoning he had a grand mal fit; after this there were focal neurological signs and on lumbar puncture he was found to have a raised protein concentration and raised pressure in his cerebrospinal fluid. The condition of the patient rapidly deteriorated and on day 47 he died. Post-mortem examination revealed a large cerebellar abscess. The literature on mercury poisoning is reviewed.", "contents": "A case of poisoning with mercuric chloride. A male patient was admitted to hospital 12 h after self-poisoning with mercuric chloride. He suffered multiple complications including acute renal failure, ulcerative colitis, anaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, chronic sepsis and severe weight loss. Initially he responded well to resuscitative measures and intensive supportive therapy, which included ventilation of the lungs, haemodialysis, dimercaprol, antibiotics, parenteral feeding and gastrointestinal surgery. Unfortunately the sepsis was never satisfactorily eradicated despite satisfactory serum concentrations of the appropriate antibiotics. On day 43 after poisoning he had a grand mal fit; after this there were focal neurological signs and on lumbar puncture he was found to have a raised protein concentration and raised pressure in his cerebrospinal fluid. The condition of the patient rapidly deteriorated and on day 47 he died. Post-mortem examination revealed a large cerebellar abscess. The literature on mercury poisoning is reviewed.", "PMID": 493732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1682", "title": "Transient CO2 elimination and storage as functions of the ventilatory response to CO2.", "content": "The effect on CO2 storage and elimination of variations in the slope and intercept of the ventilatory response to CO2 curve was examined. Theoretical and experimental results show that although CO2 elimination rate following a transient ventilatory disturbance is decreased at low ventilatory response slopes, this decrease can be compensated by elevated PCO2 intercepts, or thresholds. Conversely, high CO2 elimination rate following a ventilatory disturbance due to a high ventilatory response slope can be off-set by a depressed PCO2 threshold. The results suggest that elevated thresholds which often accompany depressed ventilatory response slopes may be part of a compensatory mechanism for minimizing transient hypercapnia and acidosis.", "contents": "Transient CO2 elimination and storage as functions of the ventilatory response to CO2. The effect on CO2 storage and elimination of variations in the slope and intercept of the ventilatory response to CO2 curve was examined. Theoretical and experimental results show that although CO2 elimination rate following a transient ventilatory disturbance is decreased at low ventilatory response slopes, this decrease can be compensated by elevated PCO2 intercepts, or thresholds. Conversely, high CO2 elimination rate following a ventilatory disturbance due to a high ventilatory response slope can be off-set by a depressed PCO2 threshold. The results suggest that elevated thresholds which often accompany depressed ventilatory response slopes may be part of a compensatory mechanism for minimizing transient hypercapnia and acidosis.", "PMID": 493746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1683", "title": "Regional alveolar gas composition and lung function in sheep.", "content": "The influence of regional alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions on the distribution of lung blood flow and gas exchange was studied in unanaesthetised sheep. Right apical lobe (RAL) hypoxia, induced by administering nitrogen or nitrogen/oxygen mixtures to the lobe, stimulated a prompt, graded and well sustained reduction in lobar blood flow. Maximum hypoxia was accompanied by an approximate 65% reduction in perfusion, a significant fall in RAL carbon dioxide tension and output, a reversal of lobar oxygen flux and an average 13 Torr fall in arterial oxygen tension. The reduction in perfusion and gas exchange persisted in the face of elevated systemic oxygen tensions produced by giving pure oxygen instead of air to the remainder of the lung (RL). Mild RAL hypercapnia potentiated the hypoxia-induced change in perfusion and gas exchange. During lobar hypoxia RL blood flow and gas exchange increased to maintain total pulmonary gas exchange at an essentially constant level. RAL hyperoxia did not significantly alter the distribution of perfusion or gas exchange.", "contents": "Regional alveolar gas composition and lung function in sheep. The influence of regional alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions on the distribution of lung blood flow and gas exchange was studied in unanaesthetised sheep. Right apical lobe (RAL) hypoxia, induced by administering nitrogen or nitrogen/oxygen mixtures to the lobe, stimulated a prompt, graded and well sustained reduction in lobar blood flow. Maximum hypoxia was accompanied by an approximate 65% reduction in perfusion, a significant fall in RAL carbon dioxide tension and output, a reversal of lobar oxygen flux and an average 13 Torr fall in arterial oxygen tension. The reduction in perfusion and gas exchange persisted in the face of elevated systemic oxygen tensions produced by giving pure oxygen instead of air to the remainder of the lung (RL). Mild RAL hypercapnia potentiated the hypoxia-induced change in perfusion and gas exchange. During lobar hypoxia RL blood flow and gas exchange increased to maintain total pulmonary gas exchange at an essentially constant level. RAL hyperoxia did not significantly alter the distribution of perfusion or gas exchange.", "PMID": 493747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1684", "title": "Influence of lung inflation on the elastic properties of intra-and extrapulmonary airways in man.", "content": "In excised human lungs, the proximal intrapulmonary airways and distal extrapulmonary airways were isolated in situ, by means of the technique of Takishima el al. (1975), and submitted to varying transmural pressures at constant lung inflation. Both intra-and extrapulmonary airways became stiffer, i.e. showed a decreased collapsibility, at higher levels of lung inflation. The altered mechanical behavior of the intrapulmonary airways with lung inflation, observed also by Hughes et al. (1974) and Takishima et al. (1975), has been attributed to a tethering action of the lung parenchyma on these airways. The same mechanism may be operating on the distal extrapulmonary airways, to the extent that the pleura and hilar structures transmit the stresses of the lung parenchyma. Alternatively, the elongation of the bronchi occurring during lung inflation might be responsible for their increasing resistance to collapse with lung volume. A separate study showed, indeed, that stretching of the bronchi reduces their collapsibility.", "contents": "Influence of lung inflation on the elastic properties of intra-and extrapulmonary airways in man. In excised human lungs, the proximal intrapulmonary airways and distal extrapulmonary airways were isolated in situ, by means of the technique of Takishima el al. (1975), and submitted to varying transmural pressures at constant lung inflation. Both intra-and extrapulmonary airways became stiffer, i.e. showed a decreased collapsibility, at higher levels of lung inflation. The altered mechanical behavior of the intrapulmonary airways with lung inflation, observed also by Hughes et al. (1974) and Takishima et al. (1975), has been attributed to a tethering action of the lung parenchyma on these airways. The same mechanism may be operating on the distal extrapulmonary airways, to the extent that the pleura and hilar structures transmit the stresses of the lung parenchyma. Alternatively, the elongation of the bronchi occurring during lung inflation might be responsible for their increasing resistance to collapse with lung volume. A separate study showed, indeed, that stretching of the bronchi reduces their collapsibility.", "PMID": 493748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1685", "title": "A Monte Carlo simulation of convective dispersion in the large airways.", "content": "A numerical model describing the local interactions between convection and diffusion in the first 11 generations (0 to 10) of the human bronchial tree is presented. The model, based on a Monte Carlo procedure, is used to investigate the effects of four velocity profiles: (i) parabolic, (ii) asymmetrical, (iii) asymmetrical with swirling and (iv) flat. Behavior was investigated for three diffusivities: (i) 0.75 cm2/s (He/air), (ii) 0.25 cm2/s (N2/O2) and (iii) 0.1 cm2/s (SF6/air) on the convection-diffusion interaction. The results of these simulations showed that 'Taylor dispersion' is an important effect, with respect to tracer segregation, and that it is of major significance only in the largest airways. By generation 10, molecular diffusion begins to dominate over Taylor dispersion. It was also found that use of a parabolic velocity profile, or application of the Gill-Sburamanian dispersion theory seriously overestimates axial dispersion. On the other hand, the use of a flat velocity profile underestimates dispersion.", "contents": "A Monte Carlo simulation of convective dispersion in the large airways. A numerical model describing the local interactions between convection and diffusion in the first 11 generations (0 to 10) of the human bronchial tree is presented. The model, based on a Monte Carlo procedure, is used to investigate the effects of four velocity profiles: (i) parabolic, (ii) asymmetrical, (iii) asymmetrical with swirling and (iv) flat. Behavior was investigated for three diffusivities: (i) 0.75 cm2/s (He/air), (ii) 0.25 cm2/s (N2/O2) and (iii) 0.1 cm2/s (SF6/air) on the convection-diffusion interaction. The results of these simulations showed that 'Taylor dispersion' is an important effect, with respect to tracer segregation, and that it is of major significance only in the largest airways. By generation 10, molecular diffusion begins to dominate over Taylor dispersion. It was also found that use of a parabolic velocity profile, or application of the Gill-Sburamanian dispersion theory seriously overestimates axial dispersion. On the other hand, the use of a flat velocity profile underestimates dispersion.", "PMID": 493749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1686", "title": "Effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on laryngeal resistance to airflow.", "content": "Ventilation, laryngeal resistance and electromyograms of the diaphragm, posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were recorded in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats during 100% O2 administration and during steady state inhalation of hypercapnic and hypoxic gas mixtures. As shown previously, hyperoxic hypercapnia lowered expiratory laryngeal resistance (RlarE). Isocapnic hypoxia also lowered RlarE, and hypercapnia superimposed on hypoxia decreased it further. Hypocapnia raised RlarE. Changes in inspiratory laryngeal resistance (RlarI) were similar to those in RlarE, but smaller. When ventilation was stimulated to the same extent by hypoxia and by hypercapnia, RlarE was lower under hypoxic than hypercapnic conditions in most animals. The electromyograms showed that the respiratory oscillations in laryngeal resistance and the laryngeal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were determined chiefly by the activity of the PCA muscle, the abductor of the vocal cords. The TA-a representative adductor muscle-was silent under all conditions studied. The results, considered with previous work, indicate that the larynx plays a part in determining the breathing pattern under resting conditions and during respiratory stimulation by hypercapnia and hypoxia.", "contents": "Effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on laryngeal resistance to airflow. Ventilation, laryngeal resistance and electromyograms of the diaphragm, posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were recorded in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats during 100% O2 administration and during steady state inhalation of hypercapnic and hypoxic gas mixtures. As shown previously, hyperoxic hypercapnia lowered expiratory laryngeal resistance (RlarE). Isocapnic hypoxia also lowered RlarE, and hypercapnia superimposed on hypoxia decreased it further. Hypocapnia raised RlarE. Changes in inspiratory laryngeal resistance (RlarI) were similar to those in RlarE, but smaller. When ventilation was stimulated to the same extent by hypoxia and by hypercapnia, RlarE was lower under hypoxic than hypercapnic conditions in most animals. The electromyograms showed that the respiratory oscillations in laryngeal resistance and the laryngeal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were determined chiefly by the activity of the PCA muscle, the abductor of the vocal cords. The TA-a representative adductor muscle-was silent under all conditions studied. The results, considered with previous work, indicate that the larynx plays a part in determining the breathing pattern under resting conditions and during respiratory stimulation by hypercapnia and hypoxia.", "PMID": 493750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1687", "title": "Adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptors in different mammalian species.", "content": "A consequence of the adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptors is that their pattern of discharge depends on both lung volume and its rate of change. For adaptation dependent, flow related information to modify the breathing pattern by a feedback process, appreciable receptor adaptation must take place during a single respiratory cycle. Moreover, for flow related information to have the same significance in all animals, the time course of stretch receptor adaptation would have to vary among species, being more rapid in small animals, with high respiratory frequencies. We recorded single fiber action potentials from 84 pulmonary stretch receptors in six species of mammals, ranging from hamster to dog. The response of the receptors to maintained transpulmonary pressures was similar in the different species,as was the time course of receptor adptation following sudden lung inflations to 5 and 10 cm H2O. These findings show that the behavior of pulmonary stretch receptors is similar in animals with widely differing respiratory frequencies, and that the significance of receptor adaptation for regulation of the breathing pattern must vary interspecifically.", "contents": "Adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptors in different mammalian species. A consequence of the adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptors is that their pattern of discharge depends on both lung volume and its rate of change. For adaptation dependent, flow related information to modify the breathing pattern by a feedback process, appreciable receptor adaptation must take place during a single respiratory cycle. Moreover, for flow related information to have the same significance in all animals, the time course of stretch receptor adaptation would have to vary among species, being more rapid in small animals, with high respiratory frequencies. We recorded single fiber action potentials from 84 pulmonary stretch receptors in six species of mammals, ranging from hamster to dog. The response of the receptors to maintained transpulmonary pressures was similar in the different species,as was the time course of receptor adptation following sudden lung inflations to 5 and 10 cm H2O. These findings show that the behavior of pulmonary stretch receptors is similar in animals with widely differing respiratory frequencies, and that the significance of receptor adaptation for regulation of the breathing pattern must vary interspecifically.", "PMID": 493751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1688", "title": "Influence of immersion to the neck in water on airway closure and distribution of perfusion in man.", "content": "We measured closing volume (CV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) regional distribution of lung volume (Vr) and perfusion in 7 normal subjects in air and during immersion to the neck in water. In four subjects immersion resulted in a CV greater than ERV and the normal perfusion distribution became inverted. In the other subjects, ERV remained larger than CV and perfusion distribution during immersion was uniform, not inverted. In 5 subjects closing volume increased and in 3 of them, the ratio of apical/basal Vr increased significantly during immersion. One subject had nomeasurable CV and in the other it was not measured. The data suggest: (1) that when CV is greater than ERV during immersion there is an inversion of the normal perfusion distribution, caused by hypoxia and/or an increase in mean alveolar pressure in the alveoli beyond the closed airways, and (2) that an increase in pleural pressure gradient during immersion may contribute to the increase in C.V.", "contents": "Influence of immersion to the neck in water on airway closure and distribution of perfusion in man. We measured closing volume (CV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) regional distribution of lung volume (Vr) and perfusion in 7 normal subjects in air and during immersion to the neck in water. In four subjects immersion resulted in a CV greater than ERV and the normal perfusion distribution became inverted. In the other subjects, ERV remained larger than CV and perfusion distribution during immersion was uniform, not inverted. In 5 subjects closing volume increased and in 3 of them, the ratio of apical/basal Vr increased significantly during immersion. One subject had nomeasurable CV and in the other it was not measured. The data suggest: (1) that when CV is greater than ERV during immersion there is an inversion of the normal perfusion distribution, caused by hypoxia and/or an increase in mean alveolar pressure in the alveoli beyond the closed airways, and (2) that an increase in pleural pressure gradient during immersion may contribute to the increase in C.V.", "PMID": 493752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1689", "title": "Nasal heat exchange in the giraffe and other large mammals.", "content": "The respiratory air of the giraffe is exhaled at temperatures substantially below body core temperature. As a consequence, the water content of the exhaled air is reduced to levels below that in pulmonary air, resulting in substantial reductions in respiratory water loss. Measurements under outdoor conditions showed that at an ambient air temperature of 24 degrees C, the exhaled air was 7 degrees C below body core temperature, and at ambient air temperature of 17 degrees C, the exhaled air was 13 degrees C below core temperature. The observations were extended to two additional species of wild and four species of domestic ungulates. All these animals exhaled air at temperatures below body core temperature. The average amount of water recovered due to cooling of the air during exhalation, calculated as per cent of the water loss that would occur if air were exhaled at body core temperature, amounted to between 24 and 58%, the average value for the giraffe being 56%.", "contents": "Nasal heat exchange in the giraffe and other large mammals. The respiratory air of the giraffe is exhaled at temperatures substantially below body core temperature. As a consequence, the water content of the exhaled air is reduced to levels below that in pulmonary air, resulting in substantial reductions in respiratory water loss. Measurements under outdoor conditions showed that at an ambient air temperature of 24 degrees C, the exhaled air was 7 degrees C below body core temperature, and at ambient air temperature of 17 degrees C, the exhaled air was 13 degrees C below core temperature. The observations were extended to two additional species of wild and four species of domestic ungulates. All these animals exhaled air at temperatures below body core temperature. The average amount of water recovered due to cooling of the air during exhalation, calculated as per cent of the water loss that would occur if air were exhaled at body core temperature, amounted to between 24 and 58%, the average value for the giraffe being 56%.", "PMID": 493753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1690", "title": "The uses of long sampling probes in respiratory mass spectrometry.", "content": "We have compared the results of gas analysis by respiratory mass spectrometry using long (30m) sampling probes with those obtained using conventional short (1.3m) probes, examining both static gas mixtures and respired gas at the mouth during manoeuvres designed to make the concentrations of inspired marker gases change in a complex way within a breath. The experiments showed that no important errors were introduced by using the long probes, both for estimates of gas tensions and for derived physiological variables. A slight reduction in signal for a water-soluble component was noted when sampling a moist gas mixture with a long probe, but again this was of no practical significance. Ways in which the use of long sampling probes increase the versatility of the respiratory mass spectrometer are discussed. In essence they enable a greater range of subjects to be studied, they allow simultaneous events to be examined sequentially and they permit a single instrument to be shared between several patients or laboratories.", "contents": "The uses of long sampling probes in respiratory mass spectrometry. We have compared the results of gas analysis by respiratory mass spectrometry using long (30m) sampling probes with those obtained using conventional short (1.3m) probes, examining both static gas mixtures and respired gas at the mouth during manoeuvres designed to make the concentrations of inspired marker gases change in a complex way within a breath. The experiments showed that no important errors were introduced by using the long probes, both for estimates of gas tensions and for derived physiological variables. A slight reduction in signal for a water-soluble component was noted when sampling a moist gas mixture with a long probe, but again this was of no practical significance. Ways in which the use of long sampling probes increase the versatility of the respiratory mass spectrometer are discussed. In essence they enable a greater range of subjects to be studied, they allow simultaneous events to be examined sequentially and they permit a single instrument to be shared between several patients or laboratories.", "PMID": 493754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1691", "title": "Artificial perfusion of the ponto-medullary region of cats. A method for separation of central and peripheral effects of chemical stimulation of ventilation.", "content": "A technique is described by which the ponto-medullary region of anaesthetized cats is artificially perfused with their own blood in which the blood gas tensions are varied independently from gas exchange in the lung. Blood from a femoral artery is fed into a foamer and defoamer. After alteration of the blood gas tensions in this equilibrator it is pumped via a cannulated vertebral artery into the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum. In this way two separately perfused areas are obtained in which the blood gas tensions can be changed independently. The peripheral chemoreceptors are supplied with blood of the systemic circulation while the central chemoreceptors and respiratory integrating centres are artificially perfused. With this technique the contribution of the peripheral and central chemoreceptors to the total ventilation and their interaction can be assessed. In addition the method is also suitable for studying the effects of drugs on the central regulation of respiration and circulation.", "contents": "Artificial perfusion of the ponto-medullary region of cats. A method for separation of central and peripheral effects of chemical stimulation of ventilation. A technique is described by which the ponto-medullary region of anaesthetized cats is artificially perfused with their own blood in which the blood gas tensions are varied independently from gas exchange in the lung. Blood from a femoral artery is fed into a foamer and defoamer. After alteration of the blood gas tensions in this equilibrator it is pumped via a cannulated vertebral artery into the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum. In this way two separately perfused areas are obtained in which the blood gas tensions can be changed independently. The peripheral chemoreceptors are supplied with blood of the systemic circulation while the central chemoreceptors and respiratory integrating centres are artificially perfused. With this technique the contribution of the peripheral and central chemoreceptors to the total ventilation and their interaction can be assessed. In addition the method is also suitable for studying the effects of drugs on the central regulation of respiration and circulation.", "PMID": 493755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1692", "title": "Relative contribution of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2 during hyperoxia.", "content": "Using the technique of artificial ponto-medullary perfusion, the steady state ventilation during hyperoxia was measured in 15 anaesthetized cats as a function of the central PaCO2 (PaCO2) and peripheral PaCO2 (PapCO2). To a first approximation the ventilatory response was linearly related to both the central and peripheral arterial carbon dioxide pressures, viz. VE=SC . PacCO2 + Sp . PapCO2 - K where Sc and Sp represent the overall central and peripheral sensitivity to carbon dioxide. The mean ratio Sp/Sc was 0.48 (range 0.21 to 1.08). In carotid sinus denervated cats Sp was zero, while the values of Sc in these cats were in the range of Sc of cats with intact carotid sinus nerves. It is concluded that the peripse to CO2 under steady-state conditions. Chemodenervation experiments revealed that the carotid bodies play an essential role in this contribution.", "contents": "Relative contribution of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2 during hyperoxia. Using the technique of artificial ponto-medullary perfusion, the steady state ventilation during hyperoxia was measured in 15 anaesthetized cats as a function of the central PaCO2 (PaCO2) and peripheral PaCO2 (PapCO2). To a first approximation the ventilatory response was linearly related to both the central and peripheral arterial carbon dioxide pressures, viz. VE=SC . PacCO2 + Sp . PapCO2 - K where Sc and Sp represent the overall central and peripheral sensitivity to carbon dioxide. The mean ratio Sp/Sc was 0.48 (range 0.21 to 1.08). In carotid sinus denervated cats Sp was zero, while the values of Sc in these cats were in the range of Sc of cats with intact carotid sinus nerves. It is concluded that the peripse to CO2 under steady-state conditions. Chemodenervation experiments revealed that the carotid bodies play an essential role in this contribution.", "PMID": 493756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1693", "title": "[Neuropathological study of adult intracranial hemorrhage. General data in 500 cases].", "content": "The systematic pathological study of 500 patients with intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) [341 (68 P. 100) CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGES (C.H.); 119 (24 p. 100) meningeal hemorrhages (M.H.); 39 (7,8 p. 100) subdural hematomas (S.H.) and, at last, one extradural hematoma] has been practiced. Those cases were issued primarily from neurological and, at a lesser degree, from neurosurgical departments. Etiological data, complications, associated findings and causes of death have been analysed. High blood pressure is the main etiological factor in C.H. This is confirmed by the statistical comparison between the incidence of this factor in our material and in the whole French population. However, nearly 50 p. 100 of ICH occuring in normotensive patients are C.H. The incidence of cirrhosis is much higher in our study than in other reports from the literature. The frequently associated high blood pressure does not seem to enhance the incidence of CH in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although this last factor can be found alone, its real etiological importance in CH cannot be assessed on account of the lack of data concerning the incidence of liver cirrhosis in the French population. The incidence of anticoagulant therapy is high in S.H. On the contrary, this factor does not seem to enhance the risk of high blood pressure induced C.H. The traumatic etiology of S.H. is significantly higher than the anticoagulant therapy etiology which, however, is very high in our study.", "contents": "[Neuropathological study of adult intracranial hemorrhage. General data in 500 cases]. The systematic pathological study of 500 patients with intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) [341 (68 P. 100) CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGES (C.H.); 119 (24 p. 100) meningeal hemorrhages (M.H.); 39 (7,8 p. 100) subdural hematomas (S.H.) and, at last, one extradural hematoma] has been practiced. Those cases were issued primarily from neurological and, at a lesser degree, from neurosurgical departments. Etiological data, complications, associated findings and causes of death have been analysed. High blood pressure is the main etiological factor in C.H. This is confirmed by the statistical comparison between the incidence of this factor in our material and in the whole French population. However, nearly 50 p. 100 of ICH occuring in normotensive patients are C.H. The incidence of cirrhosis is much higher in our study than in other reports from the literature. The frequently associated high blood pressure does not seem to enhance the incidence of CH in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although this last factor can be found alone, its real etiological importance in CH cannot be assessed on account of the lack of data concerning the incidence of liver cirrhosis in the French population. The incidence of anticoagulant therapy is high in S.H. On the contrary, this factor does not seem to enhance the risk of high blood pressure induced C.H. The traumatic etiology of S.H. is significantly higher than the anticoagulant therapy etiology which, however, is very high in our study.", "PMID": 493782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1694", "title": "[Adrenomyeloneuropathy: an adult form of adrenoleukodystrophy spastic paraparesis, and chronic adrenal insufficiency (concerning 3 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of adult males with spastic paraparesis and adrenal insufficiency are reported. The adrenal insufficiency is primary and in one case associated with Leydig cell insufficiency. Ultrastructural examination of peripheral nerve revealed abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions in Schwann cells. A decrease in the percentage of linoleate to total fatty acids was found in the sera. A child with adrenoleucodystrophy and an adult with adreno myeloneuropathy were observed in the same family. It allows adrenomyeloneuropathy to be considered as an adult form of adrenoleucodystrophy.", "contents": "[Adrenomyeloneuropathy: an adult form of adrenoleukodystrophy spastic paraparesis, and chronic adrenal insufficiency (concerning 3 cases) (author's transl)]. Three cases of adult males with spastic paraparesis and adrenal insufficiency are reported. The adrenal insufficiency is primary and in one case associated with Leydig cell insufficiency. Ultrastructural examination of peripheral nerve revealed abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions in Schwann cells. A decrease in the percentage of linoleate to total fatty acids was found in the sera. A child with adrenoleucodystrophy and an adult with adreno myeloneuropathy were observed in the same family. It allows adrenomyeloneuropathy to be considered as an adult form of adrenoleucodystrophy.", "PMID": 493783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1695", "title": "[Successive encephalic ischemic accidents in a young patient: Buerger's disease, buergerian syndrome, or juvenile atheroma? A report in clinical, angiographic, and anatomical findings in one case, compared to three other ones, in which a biopsy of the pulp of the toes was also performed (author's transl)].", "content": "A man of 19 years of age was found to have a diffuse livedo, a quadruple asphyxic acrosyndrome, and dementia. Angiography confirmed the presence of distal ischemia with multiple circulatory blocks and a reduced distal network. The patient died at the age of 25 years and histopathological examinations of the vessels demonstrated obstructive atheromatous lesions in the medium sized and small arteries of the brain and viscera. By comparing these findings with those observed in three other cases, in which biopsy of the pulp of the toe was also performed, the hypothesis can be advanced that these juvenile encephalic ischemic accidents are caused by atheroma, which can be detected, at an early stage, by studying the distal arteries in the finger or toe pulp.", "contents": "[Successive encephalic ischemic accidents in a young patient: Buerger's disease, buergerian syndrome, or juvenile atheroma? A report in clinical, angiographic, and anatomical findings in one case, compared to three other ones, in which a biopsy of the pulp of the toes was also performed (author's transl)]. A man of 19 years of age was found to have a diffuse livedo, a quadruple asphyxic acrosyndrome, and dementia. Angiography confirmed the presence of distal ischemia with multiple circulatory blocks and a reduced distal network. The patient died at the age of 25 years and histopathological examinations of the vessels demonstrated obstructive atheromatous lesions in the medium sized and small arteries of the brain and viscera. By comparing these findings with those observed in three other cases, in which biopsy of the pulp of the toe was also performed, the hypothesis can be advanced that these juvenile encephalic ischemic accidents are caused by atheroma, which can be detected, at an early stage, by studying the distal arteries in the finger or toe pulp.", "PMID": 493784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1696", "title": "[Associated vertebral angioma and epidural cavernoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 27 year old man developed a pyramidal syndrome with hypoesthesia up to the level of D8, over a period of two months. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of an angioma of D8. Selective angiography demonstrated that there was epidural invasion as well as an angioma of the vertebral body, and enabled embolization of the 2 pedicles of the lesion to be performed. This produced only a partial, temporary improvement, and a posterior epidural tumor was found and removed by operation. The histological appearance of the tumor was that of a cavernoma, and rapid and permanent recovery of normal neurological function was obtained after the operation. The authors discuss the pathogenicity of the neurological disorders associated with single bone angiomas, and the problems raised by their treatment.", "contents": "[Associated vertebral angioma and epidural cavernoma (author's transl)]. A 27 year old man developed a pyramidal syndrome with hypoesthesia up to the level of D8, over a period of two months. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of an angioma of D8. Selective angiography demonstrated that there was epidural invasion as well as an angioma of the vertebral body, and enabled embolization of the 2 pedicles of the lesion to be performed. This produced only a partial, temporary improvement, and a posterior epidural tumor was found and removed by operation. The histological appearance of the tumor was that of a cavernoma, and rapid and permanent recovery of normal neurological function was obtained after the operation. The authors discuss the pathogenicity of the neurological disorders associated with single bone angiomas, and the problems raised by their treatment.", "PMID": 493785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1697", "title": "[A case of bilateral spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistulae with intrahepatic gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "A 55-year-old female presented bilateral external ophthalmoplegias and a hypesthesia in the left face and then an intracranial bruit, bilateral conjunctival injections and bilateral chemosis. In her past history, there were right retinal hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus and hypertension but no cranial trauma. The arteriographical aspects were almost identical in both sides: selective external carotid arteriography revealed an opacification of the cavernous sinus through the ascending pharyngeal artery, the accessory meningeal artery and the middle meningeal artery, but the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries did not participate in these fistulae. The association in our case of spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistulae with intrahepatic gallbladder derived from a developmental arrest in the early stage of embryonic life suggests that spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistula is derived from communications between extra-cranial vessels and the sinuses in the early stage of embryonic life.", "contents": "[A case of bilateral spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistulae with intrahepatic gallbladder (author's transl)]. A 55-year-old female presented bilateral external ophthalmoplegias and a hypesthesia in the left face and then an intracranial bruit, bilateral conjunctival injections and bilateral chemosis. In her past history, there were right retinal hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus and hypertension but no cranial trauma. The arteriographical aspects were almost identical in both sides: selective external carotid arteriography revealed an opacification of the cavernous sinus through the ascending pharyngeal artery, the accessory meningeal artery and the middle meningeal artery, but the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries did not participate in these fistulae. The association in our case of spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistulae with intrahepatic gallbladder derived from a developmental arrest in the early stage of embryonic life suggests that spontaneous external carotid-cavernous fistula is derived from communications between extra-cranial vessels and the sinuses in the early stage of embryonic life.", "PMID": 493786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1698", "title": "[Rare etiology of hemiplegia with young adult: paradoxical embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Paradoxical embolism is due to the passage of an embolic material from the deep veins of the lower extremities or pelvis, into the systemic circulation through an abnormal intracardiac communication. Only the angiographic and hemodynamic diagnosis practised on two young patients with a cerebral embolism, can explain the mechanism. The diagnosis is based on the arterial embolism, the venous thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, the abnormal communication favoring right-to-left shunting. The rising of right atrial pressures permits this shunting. This high pressure can result from a pulmonary embolism, a high blood pressue due to an effort, or an embolism that might coil up over the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "[Rare etiology of hemiplegia with young adult: paradoxical embolism (author's transl)]. Paradoxical embolism is due to the passage of an embolic material from the deep veins of the lower extremities or pelvis, into the systemic circulation through an abnormal intracardiac communication. Only the angiographic and hemodynamic diagnosis practised on two young patients with a cerebral embolism, can explain the mechanism. The diagnosis is based on the arterial embolism, the venous thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, the abnormal communication favoring right-to-left shunting. The rising of right atrial pressures permits this shunting. This high pressure can result from a pulmonary embolism, a high blood pressue due to an effort, or an embolism that might coil up over the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 493787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1699", "title": "[Purification and concentration of albumin solutions by diafiltration using a parallel membrane dialyzer].", "content": "The last two years, artificial Kidneys have been used for purification and concentration of human serum albumin solutions coming from plasma cracking in two Blood Transfusion Centers. Results are easily reproducible and the apparatus is reliable and of low cost. The properties of dialysis and ultrafiltration of the A.N. 69 membrane are useful for eliminating ethanol and water. The artificial Kidneys are effective at low pressure. It is then possible to use peristaltic pumps and to have a closed circuit. The whole apparatus must be sterilized with chemical reagents.", "contents": "[Purification and concentration of albumin solutions by diafiltration using a parallel membrane dialyzer]. The last two years, artificial Kidneys have been used for purification and concentration of human serum albumin solutions coming from plasma cracking in two Blood Transfusion Centers. Results are easily reproducible and the apparatus is reliable and of low cost. The properties of dialysis and ultrafiltration of the A.N. 69 membrane are useful for eliminating ethanol and water. The artificial Kidneys are effective at low pressure. It is then possible to use peristaltic pumps and to have a closed circuit. The whole apparatus must be sterilized with chemical reagents.", "PMID": 493795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1700", "title": "[Development of antigens ABH and Ii in children between 0 to 16 years old].", "content": "The ABH and I, i erythrocyte antigens of 926 children from birth to sixteen years were tested in a semi-quantitative assay in order to follow their development. Results show that total activities of A, B and H erythrocyte antigens are reached within 13 and 24 months, the main modifications being observed within the first three months of life. However, these activities depend on the agglutinins used in the test; notably the results with anti-H lectins from Ulex europaeus and Laburnum alpinum are not totally identical. The decrease of i reactivity and the increase of I reactivity are simultaneous, but at birth the I reactivity of cord red cells is widely distributed, while that of i is more homogeneous. The increase in H activity tested with Laburnum alpinum is directly related to the decrease of foetal hemoglobin in the children's red cells.", "contents": "[Development of antigens ABH and Ii in children between 0 to 16 years old]. The ABH and I, i erythrocyte antigens of 926 children from birth to sixteen years were tested in a semi-quantitative assay in order to follow their development. Results show that total activities of A, B and H erythrocyte antigens are reached within 13 and 24 months, the main modifications being observed within the first three months of life. However, these activities depend on the agglutinins used in the test; notably the results with anti-H lectins from Ulex europaeus and Laburnum alpinum are not totally identical. The decrease of i reactivity and the increase of I reactivity are simultaneous, but at birth the I reactivity of cord red cells is widely distributed, while that of i is more homogeneous. The increase in H activity tested with Laburnum alpinum is directly related to the decrease of foetal hemoglobin in the children's red cells.", "PMID": 493796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1701", "title": "Degenerative joint disease in the hip and spine.", "content": "Clinical and radiographic assessment of the spine was carried out in 75 patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) of the hip and in 75 controls without hip disease. Radiographic degenerative changes in the spine were more frequent in the patients with OA hips, occurring in both the dorsal and lumbar spine. Moderate or severe changes were found in the dorsal spine in 29 patients with OA hips (compared with 12 controls), and in the lumbar spine in 32 patients with OA hips (compared with 10 controls).", "contents": "Degenerative joint disease in the hip and spine. Clinical and radiographic assessment of the spine was carried out in 75 patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) of the hip and in 75 controls without hip disease. Radiographic degenerative changes in the spine were more frequent in the patients with OA hips, occurring in both the dorsal and lumbar spine. Moderate or severe changes were found in the dorsal spine in 29 patients with OA hips (compared with 12 controls), and in the lumbar spine in 32 patients with OA hips (compared with 10 controls).", "PMID": 493800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1702", "title": "The distribution of radiological joint damage in the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "We report a detailed study of the relative distribution of joint damage, as assessed by erosion and joint space scores, in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the rheumatoid hand. Hand radiographs of 30 patients with erosive rheumatoid arthritis were studied. There was significantly more damage in the dominant hand. The little-finger PIP joints were more damaged and the thumb interphalangeal (IP) joints less damaged than the other PIP joints. The index and middle finger MCP joints were more damaged than the other MCP joints. There was a significant negative correlation between the erosion scores of the PIP and MCP joints of each individual digit, when digits with only minimal damage were excluded. These findings support the concept that joint damage in the rheumatoid hand is greater in those joints that are subjected to greater mechanical stresses, and that in any digital ray the damage is concentrated at either the IPI or MCP joint.", "contents": "The distribution of radiological joint damage in the rheumatoid hand. We report a detailed study of the relative distribution of joint damage, as assessed by erosion and joint space scores, in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the rheumatoid hand. Hand radiographs of 30 patients with erosive rheumatoid arthritis were studied. There was significantly more damage in the dominant hand. The little-finger PIP joints were more damaged and the thumb interphalangeal (IP) joints less damaged than the other PIP joints. The index and middle finger MCP joints were more damaged than the other MCP joints. There was a significant negative correlation between the erosion scores of the PIP and MCP joints of each individual digit, when digits with only minimal damage were excluded. These findings support the concept that joint damage in the rheumatoid hand is greater in those joints that are subjected to greater mechanical stresses, and that in any digital ray the damage is concentrated at either the IPI or MCP joint.", "PMID": 493801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1703", "title": "Intellectual impairment in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with advanced multiple sclerosis were assessed on intellectual and memory tests. They were rated by  occupational therapists on an Activities of Daily Living scale according to their abilities, and by relatives on the same scale, according to what they actually did. Results indicated that the multiple sclerosis patients had intellectual and memory deficits. A few discrepancies occurred between patients' abilities as rated by an occupational therapist and what they actually did as rated by a relative. These discrepancies were not significantly related to memory impairment.", "contents": "Intellectual impairment in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities. Sixty-four patients with advanced multiple sclerosis were assessed on intellectual and memory tests. They were rated by  occupational therapists on an Activities of Daily Living scale according to their abilities, and by relatives on the same scale, according to what they actually did. Results indicated that the multiple sclerosis patients had intellectual and memory deficits. A few discrepancies occurred between patients' abilities as rated by an occupational therapist and what they actually did as rated by a relative. These discrepancies were not significantly related to memory impairment.", "PMID": 493802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1704", "title": "Quantification of joint laxity.", "content": "We have compared the finger hyperextensometer (Jobbins et al., 1978) and the scoring system of Carter and Wilkinson (1964), modified by Beighton et al. (1973), in the quantification of joint laxity in a population selected to demonstrate a wide range of joint movement. Both systems correlated well (P less than 0.001) with a 'global index' of joint laxity derived by adding the arcs of movement recorded at most joints in the body by the method of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965). The Carter and Wilkinson system produced better correlations and is the method of choice for assessing generalized joint laxity.", "contents": "Quantification of joint laxity. We have compared the finger hyperextensometer (Jobbins et al., 1978) and the scoring system of Carter and Wilkinson (1964), modified by Beighton et al. (1973), in the quantification of joint laxity in a population selected to demonstrate a wide range of joint movement. Both systems correlated well (P less than 0.001) with a 'global index' of joint laxity derived by adding the arcs of movement recorded at most joints in the body by the method of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965). The Carter and Wilkinson system produced better correlations and is the method of choice for assessing generalized joint laxity.", "PMID": 493803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1705", "title": "Joint laxity leading to osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Joint laxity was compared in 50 females with symptomatic osteoarthrosis and an age-matched control group without osteoarthrosis. Generalized joint laxity measured by the scoring system of Cater and Wilkinson (1964) modified by Beighton (1973) was significantly higher in the osteoarthritic group (X2 = 10.00, P less than 0.05). In osteoarthritics the pattern of clinical joint involvement varied with the degree of generalized joint laxity.", "contents": "Joint laxity leading to osteoarthrosis. Joint laxity was compared in 50 females with symptomatic osteoarthrosis and an age-matched control group without osteoarthrosis. Generalized joint laxity measured by the scoring system of Cater and Wilkinson (1964) modified by Beighton (1973) was significantly higher in the osteoarthritic group (X2 = 10.00, P less than 0.05). In osteoarthritics the pattern of clinical joint involvement varied with the degree of generalized joint laxity.", "PMID": 493804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1706", "title": "Pain in the neck and arm.", "content": "The clinical features of eight cases of carcinoma of the bronchus presenting as pain in the neck and arm, arising from a population of 320 000 in eight years, are described. The difficulties in establishing a diagnosis are discussed, and the implications for therapy and management are described. It would appear that carcinoma of the bronchus, whether local, as a Pancoast syndrome, or metastatic, is more common than is realized.", "contents": "Pain in the neck and arm. The clinical features of eight cases of carcinoma of the bronchus presenting as pain in the neck and arm, arising from a population of 320 000 in eight years, are described. The difficulties in establishing a diagnosis are discussed, and the implications for therapy and management are described. It would appear that carcinoma of the bronchus, whether local, as a Pancoast syndrome, or metastatic, is more common than is realized.", "PMID": 493805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1707", "title": "Spinal mobility in the adolescent.", "content": "The ranges of spinal movement in 390 healthy children aged from 10 to 15 years have been recorded. These measurements are in two planes, anterior and lateral; they are quick and easy to perform and require no special equipment, just a tape measure. Many conditions occurring in childhood can lead to limitation of spinal movement: these include juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, spondylolisthesis, Scheuermann's vertebral osteochondritis, discitis and vertebral fractures, the latter being not uncommon in children receiving prolonged corticosteroid therapy. The purpose of the present paper is to define the normal range for anterior and lateral spinal flexion in adolescents and to correlate these with sex, age, height and weight.", "contents": "Spinal mobility in the adolescent. The ranges of spinal movement in 390 healthy children aged from 10 to 15 years have been recorded. These measurements are in two planes, anterior and lateral; they are quick and easy to perform and require no special equipment, just a tape measure. Many conditions occurring in childhood can lead to limitation of spinal movement: these include juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, spondylolisthesis, Scheuermann's vertebral osteochondritis, discitis and vertebral fractures, the latter being not uncommon in children receiving prolonged corticosteroid therapy. The purpose of the present paper is to define the normal range for anterior and lateral spinal flexion in adolescents and to correlate these with sex, age, height and weight.", "PMID": 493806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1708", "title": "Calcitonin for myositis ossificans.", "content": "A case of myositis ossificans, following a hemiparesis due to a cerebral haemorrhage and treated with synthetic slamon calcitonin, is described. An improvement in joint range and a cessation of further ectopic calcification was seen but, because of the remitting nature of myositis ossificans itself, the therapeutic role of calcitonin in this case is unproven.", "contents": "Calcitonin for myositis ossificans. A case of myositis ossificans, following a hemiparesis due to a cerebral haemorrhage and treated with synthetic slamon calcitonin, is described. An improvement in joint range and a cessation of further ectopic calcification was seen but, because of the remitting nature of myositis ossificans itself, the therapeutic role of calcitonin in this case is unproven.", "PMID": 493807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1709", "title": "Serum bile acids (a new advance in the diagnosis of liver disease).", "content": "Serum bile acid measurements now available by radioimmunoassay have proven to be the most sensitive procedure developed to date to assess diseases of the hepatobiliary system in both adult and pediatric liver disease. Their clinical utility appears to hold particular promise in establishing the early diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. In infants, serum bile acid measurements can be used to establish the diagnosis of biliary atresia. When serum bile acids are determined post-prandially, they are the most sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction developed to date.", "contents": "Serum bile acids (a new advance in the diagnosis of liver disease). Serum bile acid measurements now available by radioimmunoassay have proven to be the most sensitive procedure developed to date to assess diseases of the hepatobiliary system in both adult and pediatric liver disease. Their clinical utility appears to hold particular promise in establishing the early diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. In infants, serum bile acid measurements can be used to establish the diagnosis of biliary atresia. When serum bile acids are determined post-prandially, they are the most sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction developed to date.", "PMID": 493809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1710", "title": "The indirect measurement of laryngeal and tracheal resistance.", "content": "We used a body-plethysmograph to determine air-way resistances in 485 cases of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses. We decided in 143 cases to intervene after observing resistance exceeding 60 mm H2O/l and sec. A vocal chord was lateral fixated in 49 patients suffering bilateral recurrent paralysis. Optimal results were obtained at a postoperative resistance level of 30 mm H2O/l and sec (standard value: 14.77+/-6.53--n = 387). The patients could carry out work of medium intensity and had a steady voice. We performed tracheal interventions in 94 cases of tracheal stenoses. A mean, post-operative resistance of 29.9 mm H2O/l and sec, with a tracheal diameter of 7--8 mm was attained. In practice, only a few patients found the remaining obstruction a hindrance during work of maximal intensity. No recurrences were observed after treatment. Airway resistances exceeding 150 mm H2O/l and sec were found in 13 new admissions and 73 times in those undergoing therapy. In these cases asphyxiation threatens. These patients have to be tracheotomized or intubated immediately.", "contents": "The indirect measurement of laryngeal and tracheal resistance. We used a body-plethysmograph to determine air-way resistances in 485 cases of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses. We decided in 143 cases to intervene after observing resistance exceeding 60 mm H2O/l and sec. A vocal chord was lateral fixated in 49 patients suffering bilateral recurrent paralysis. Optimal results were obtained at a postoperative resistance level of 30 mm H2O/l and sec (standard value: 14.77+/-6.53--n = 387). The patients could carry out work of medium intensity and had a steady voice. We performed tracheal interventions in 94 cases of tracheal stenoses. A mean, post-operative resistance of 29.9 mm H2O/l and sec, with a tracheal diameter of 7--8 mm was attained. In practice, only a few patients found the remaining obstruction a hindrance during work of maximal intensity. No recurrences were observed after treatment. Airway resistances exceeding 150 mm H2O/l and sec were found in 13 new admissions and 73 times in those undergoing therapy. In these cases asphyxiation threatens. These patients have to be tracheotomized or intubated immediately.", "PMID": 493816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1711", "title": "Structural modifications in membrane glycoproteins during the erythrocyte life-span.", "content": "Erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins undergo various types of modification during the life of the cell in the circulation; when only sialic acid is removed, the younger red cells can be repaired in the liver and return to the circulation. Otherwise, when an autolytic mechanism removing a sialopeptide becomes active as a consequence of the metabolic impairment of the cell, the erythrocyte is probably trapped by the hemocatheretic organs and destroyed.", "contents": "Structural modifications in membrane glycoproteins during the erythrocyte life-span. Erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins undergo various types of modification during the life of the cell in the circulation; when only sialic acid is removed, the younger red cells can be repaired in the liver and return to the circulation. Otherwise, when an autolytic mechanism removing a sialopeptide becomes active as a consequence of the metabolic impairment of the cell, the erythrocyte is probably trapped by the hemocatheretic organs and destroyed.", "PMID": 493810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1712", "title": "Methodological aspects of rhinomanometry.", "content": "Rhinomanometry is an objective method for determining nasal patency; its reliability and relevance as an aid in defining and solving problems connected with nasal obstruction have, however, received scant attention. In the present study more than 200 subjects were submitted to rhinomanometry--most of them only by the posterior technique. In 50 of these subjects duplicate determinations of the pressure drop across the nose at the flow rate of 0.3 l/s were made within a short interval; the coefficient of variation was 20--25 per cent. The rhinomanometric values in a small group showed a day-to-day variation of 55 per cent. Because rhinomanometry allows only a moderate level of accuracy the method is unsuitable for detecting a borderline case. As the influence of the variability of the method is smaller in large materials, rhinomanometry is more suitable for comparison of groups than of individual patients.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of rhinomanometry. Rhinomanometry is an objective method for determining nasal patency; its reliability and relevance as an aid in defining and solving problems connected with nasal obstruction have, however, received scant attention. In the present study more than 200 subjects were submitted to rhinomanometry--most of them only by the posterior technique. In 50 of these subjects duplicate determinations of the pressure drop across the nose at the flow rate of 0.3 l/s were made within a short interval; the coefficient of variation was 20--25 per cent. The rhinomanometric values in a small group showed a day-to-day variation of 55 per cent. Because rhinomanometry allows only a moderate level of accuracy the method is unsuitable for detecting a borderline case. As the influence of the variability of the method is smaller in large materials, rhinomanometry is more suitable for comparison of groups than of individual patients.", "PMID": 493817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1713", "title": "Identification of vasopressor constituents of amniotic fluid in pregnancy toxaemia.", "content": "The vasopressor activity of human amniotic fluid was assessed in 46 primigravidas during the third trimester of pregnancy. The subjects included 20 normal and 26 cases of pregnancy toxaemia. For identification of the vasopressor activity of the amniotic fluid, blood pressure measurements were made in the intact rat, and the smooth muscle contraction of the rat ascending colon preparation was determined in vitro. The samples of amniotic fluid showing vasopressor activity were lyophilized and subjected to gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. The various fractions thus obtained were monitored at 280 nm and the pressor activity was re-estimated. It was observed that most of the pressor activity of the amniotic fluid of the toxaemic patients was capable of causing contraction of the rat colon as well as a significant rise in the systolic blood pressure of the intact rat. Furthermore, this activity was found to be heat-labile and was completely blocked by cinnarizine. Fractionation of the amniotic fluid showing vasopressor activity by gel filtration further substantiated the findings reported above. On the basis of these results it was concluded that the pressor activity of the amniotic fluid was due to the presence of an angiotensin II-like substance. Its concentration was found to be higher in the toxaemic group than in normotensive subjects.", "contents": "Identification of vasopressor constituents of amniotic fluid in pregnancy toxaemia. The vasopressor activity of human amniotic fluid was assessed in 46 primigravidas during the third trimester of pregnancy. The subjects included 20 normal and 26 cases of pregnancy toxaemia. For identification of the vasopressor activity of the amniotic fluid, blood pressure measurements were made in the intact rat, and the smooth muscle contraction of the rat ascending colon preparation was determined in vitro. The samples of amniotic fluid showing vasopressor activity were lyophilized and subjected to gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. The various fractions thus obtained were monitored at 280 nm and the pressor activity was re-estimated. It was observed that most of the pressor activity of the amniotic fluid of the toxaemic patients was capable of causing contraction of the rat colon as well as a significant rise in the systolic blood pressure of the intact rat. Furthermore, this activity was found to be heat-labile and was completely blocked by cinnarizine. Fractionation of the amniotic fluid showing vasopressor activity by gel filtration further substantiated the findings reported above. On the basis of these results it was concluded that the pressor activity of the amniotic fluid was due to the presence of an angiotensin II-like substance. Its concentration was found to be higher in the toxaemic group than in normotensive subjects.", "PMID": 493811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1714", "title": "Nasal septal perforations: use of Silastic button in 108 patients.", "content": "Between June 1972 and November 1977, 108 patients had medical-grade Silastic buttons inserted transnasally into a perforation of the nasal septum. This nonsurgical technique was done as an office procedure with use of 5% cocaine applied topically in 97 of the 108 patients. The Silastic button has remained in place in 70.4% of the patients, with follow-up ranging from 9 months to 6 years. This mechanical device is inserted easily and has reduced crusting and bleeding considerably in many patients. The failures frequently were related to patient intolerance or poor mechanical fit and occurred in the first few days or first few months after insertion.", "contents": "Nasal septal perforations: use of Silastic button in 108 patients. Between June 1972 and November 1977, 108 patients had medical-grade Silastic buttons inserted transnasally into a perforation of the nasal septum. This nonsurgical technique was done as an office procedure with use of 5% cocaine applied topically in 97 of the 108 patients. The Silastic button has remained in place in 70.4% of the patients, with follow-up ranging from 9 months to 6 years. This mechanical device is inserted easily and has reduced crusting and bleeding considerably in many patients. The failures frequently were related to patient intolerance or poor mechanical fit and occurred in the first few days or first few months after insertion.", "PMID": 493818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1715", "title": "Prevalence of HBeAg, anti-HBe and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg.", "content": "HBeAg/anti-HBe and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity were detected in serum samples from 358 HBsAg asymptomatic carriers found during normal routine screening of 11,200 blood donors (HBsAg prevalence 3.1%). Since virus specific DNA polymerase activity and HBeAg seem to be associated in some way with hepatitis B virus infectivity and liver damage, 5% of the HBsAg carriers examined, as detected by the presence of HBeAg, and 9.5%, as shown by DNA polymerase activity, can be expected to have liver damage and a potential risk of transmitting hepatitis B to contacts. On the other hand, 48% of subjects were theoretically healthy and non-infective because of the presence of anti-HBe in their blood. The differentiation of groups of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, on the basis of these serological markers, may have important clinical and epidemiological implications.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBeAg, anti-HBe and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. HBeAg/anti-HBe and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity were detected in serum samples from 358 HBsAg asymptomatic carriers found during normal routine screening of 11,200 blood donors (HBsAg prevalence 3.1%). Since virus specific DNA polymerase activity and HBeAg seem to be associated in some way with hepatitis B virus infectivity and liver damage, 5% of the HBsAg carriers examined, as detected by the presence of HBeAg, and 9.5%, as shown by DNA polymerase activity, can be expected to have liver damage and a potential risk of transmitting hepatitis B to contacts. On the other hand, 48% of subjects were theoretically healthy and non-infective because of the presence of anti-HBe in their blood. The differentiation of groups of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, on the basis of these serological markers, may have important clinical and epidemiological implications.", "PMID": 493812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1716", "title": "Phagocytosis and cellular metabolism (a study on mouse and human macrophages in culture).", "content": "The uptake of foreign particles by mouse and human macrophages influenced by various metabolic inhibitors was examined in order to obtain further informations about the energy-dependent mechanisms which are involved in the phagocytic process. The inhibitors employed were iodoacetate, fluoroacetate, fluoride, malonate, sodium azide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, cycloheximide and ouabain. These substances were tested on monolayer cultures and the phagocytosis assay was performed by using zymosan suspension in the nutrient media. The quantitation of phagocytosis was obtained by the direct count of intracellular zymosan particles (immersion microscopy, 100x) and the results were evaluated and compared by biometrical analysis. The effects of these inhibitors on phagocytosis and their relation with the metabolic intracellular pathways are discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and cellular metabolism (a study on mouse and human macrophages in culture). The uptake of foreign particles by mouse and human macrophages influenced by various metabolic inhibitors was examined in order to obtain further informations about the energy-dependent mechanisms which are involved in the phagocytic process. The inhibitors employed were iodoacetate, fluoroacetate, fluoride, malonate, sodium azide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, cycloheximide and ouabain. These substances were tested on monolayer cultures and the phagocytosis assay was performed by using zymosan suspension in the nutrient media. The quantitation of phagocytosis was obtained by the direct count of intracellular zymosan particles (immersion microscopy, 100x) and the results were evaluated and compared by biometrical analysis. The effects of these inhibitors on phagocytosis and their relation with the metabolic intracellular pathways are discussed.", "PMID": 493813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1717", "title": "The effects of septal surgery on the growth of nose and maxilla.", "content": "Experiments in growing rabbits showed the great importance of the nasal septum for the postnatal growth of the facial skeleton. The influence of surgical procedures on the morphogenetic function of the nasal septum was investigated. The effects of unilateral and bilateral elevation of the mucoperichondrium and of submucous resection of various parts of the septal cartilage on the growth of the nose and upper jaw are demonstrated.", "contents": "The effects of septal surgery on the growth of nose and maxilla. Experiments in growing rabbits showed the great importance of the nasal septum for the postnatal growth of the facial skeleton. The influence of surgical procedures on the morphogenetic function of the nasal septum was investigated. The effects of unilateral and bilateral elevation of the mucoperichondrium and of submucous resection of various parts of the septal cartilage on the growth of the nose and upper jaw are demonstrated.", "PMID": 493820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1718", "title": "Dynamic lymphadenoscintigraphy of the lower limbs (notes on technique and normal findings).", "content": "The use of dynamic lymphadenoscintigraphy is proposed for the study of the lymphatic flow in the lower limbs. The method is based on the determination of the flow curves of radiocolloid (antimony-sulphide labelled with 99mTc) in the lower limbs, on the time of its appearance in the inguinal lymphatic vessels and in the liver, and also on the recording by periodically repeated photoscans of the progress of the radiocolloid in the pre-lymph node ducts. Thus, the method is suggested for use in the observation of flow variations as an expression of metastatic or systemic lymph node diseases and in the differential diagnosis of lymphatic and venous oedema.", "contents": "Dynamic lymphadenoscintigraphy of the lower limbs (notes on technique and normal findings). The use of dynamic lymphadenoscintigraphy is proposed for the study of the lymphatic flow in the lower limbs. The method is based on the determination of the flow curves of radiocolloid (antimony-sulphide labelled with 99mTc) in the lower limbs, on the time of its appearance in the inguinal lymphatic vessels and in the liver, and also on the recording by periodically repeated photoscans of the progress of the radiocolloid in the pre-lymph node ducts. Thus, the method is suggested for use in the observation of flow variations as an expression of metastatic or systemic lymph node diseases and in the differential diagnosis of lymphatic and venous oedema.", "PMID": 493814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1719", "title": "Morphologic aspects of the injured nasal septum in children.", "content": "Biopsies from the septal cartilage in children have been examined histologically to study the influence of trauma, surgery, septal abscess, and transplantation on the growing cartilage. Loss of cartilage, complete, but mostly incomplete regeneration of the defects are the main reactions. A regenerative potential mainly arising from the perichondrium plays an important factor for restoring the septal structure, often in a deforming and excessive way. Even preserved cartilage implanted immediately into the septal abscess, may be transformed into autogenous cartilage if the perichondrium is preserved.", "contents": "Morphologic aspects of the injured nasal septum in children. Biopsies from the septal cartilage in children have been examined histologically to study the influence of trauma, surgery, septal abscess, and transplantation on the growing cartilage. Loss of cartilage, complete, but mostly incomplete regeneration of the defects are the main reactions. A regenerative potential mainly arising from the perichondrium plays an important factor for restoring the septal structure, often in a deforming and excessive way. Even preserved cartilage implanted immediately into the septal abscess, may be transformed into autogenous cartilage if the perichondrium is preserved.", "PMID": 493821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1720", "title": "Internal 131Cs dosimetry.", "content": "Because of the growing interest in 131Cs as a tracer for myocardium and thyroid scintigraphy, its internal disometry in man was reviewed and determined. The absorbed dose was calculated using the method of Loevinger and Berman, with minor modifications, i.e. taking into account the different activities of the body organs and their contribution to the absorbed dose. Special attention was also paid to the softer and non-penetrating radiations, namely L and M, capture events and Auger electrons, in relation to the decay of the nuclide. Dosimetric data for the thyroid were determined experimentally.", "contents": "Internal 131Cs dosimetry. Because of the growing interest in 131Cs as a tracer for myocardium and thyroid scintigraphy, its internal disometry in man was reviewed and determined. The absorbed dose was calculated using the method of Loevinger and Berman, with minor modifications, i.e. taking into account the different activities of the body organs and their contribution to the absorbed dose. Special attention was also paid to the softer and non-penetrating radiations, namely L and M, capture events and Auger electrons, in relation to the decay of the nuclide. Dosimetric data for the thyroid were determined experimentally.", "PMID": 493815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1721", "title": "Traumatology of the newborn's nose.", "content": "Three different types of nasal deformities are described in the newborn: 1. Fixed deviations caused by injury in the prenatal period, which are mainly selfcorrecting. 2. Deviations brought about during delivery, requiring repositioning, and 3. Deformities caused by pressure and moulding of the foetal head, which also require treatment. Methods for the detection of the last two groups are also described.", "contents": "Traumatology of the newborn's nose. Three different types of nasal deformities are described in the newborn: 1. Fixed deviations caused by injury in the prenatal period, which are mainly selfcorrecting. 2. Deviations brought about during delivery, requiring repositioning, and 3. Deformities caused by pressure and moulding of the foetal head, which also require treatment. Methods for the detection of the last two groups are also described.", "PMID": 493822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1722", "title": "Septum surgery in children; indications, surgical technique and long-term results.", "content": "This paper summarizes the author's experience with septum surgery in children from 1963 to 1978. Some 150 children have been operated upon and many of them could be followed up. A septal deformation with breathing problems at rest is an indication for conservative surgery regardless of the patient's age. If there is only breathing difficulty during exercise, other factors (age, external deformity, psyche) play a role in making the decision. Septal deformities without functional complaints are left untouched. The prevention of a growth deformity can be a concomitant factor in deciding whether to operate. Fresh fractures, septal haematoma's and abscesses are undisputable indications for surgery. The surgical technique as used in the two most frequent types of deformation is described. A boy operated upon at the age of 4 was followed-up over a period of 15 years. His nose developed normally until puberty. Then some growth disturbance became apparent.", "contents": "Septum surgery in children; indications, surgical technique and long-term results. This paper summarizes the author's experience with septum surgery in children from 1963 to 1978. Some 150 children have been operated upon and many of them could be followed up. A septal deformation with breathing problems at rest is an indication for conservative surgery regardless of the patient's age. If there is only breathing difficulty during exercise, other factors (age, external deformity, psyche) play a role in making the decision. Septal deformities without functional complaints are left untouched. The prevention of a growth deformity can be a concomitant factor in deciding whether to operate. Fresh fractures, septal haematoma's and abscesses are undisputable indications for surgery. The surgical technique as used in the two most frequent types of deformation is described. A boy operated upon at the age of 4 was followed-up over a period of 15 years. His nose developed normally until puberty. Then some growth disturbance became apparent.", "PMID": 493824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1723", "title": "[CT-evaluation in patients with testicular tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty CT examinations of 31 patients with testicular tumours were evaluated. In 13 patients, the CT findings were compared with results of histological-surgical or autoptic findings. Comparative evaluation of CT, lymphography and other methods of diagnosis is demonstrated. The high incidence (80 %) of correct CT results is emphasised, in staging patients and in the work up of patients with long treatment time and history of tumor recurrence. The advantages of CT are: 1) possibility of exact localisation and determination of tumor-size, as well as discovery and assessment of their patho-anatomic relations to the adjacent organs, 2) utilisation of these data in the planning of radiotherapy, 3) the possibility to document exactly any treatment sucess (reduction of tumor size). In more than 30 % of the patients, CT scanning revealed, despite radiological preliminary examinations, clinically and radiologically unexpected pathologic findings, such as osseous metastases (17%), non functioning kidneys, metastases in the liver and pleura.", "contents": "[CT-evaluation in patients with testicular tumors (author's transl)]. Fifty CT examinations of 31 patients with testicular tumours were evaluated. In 13 patients, the CT findings were compared with results of histological-surgical or autoptic findings. Comparative evaluation of CT, lymphography and other methods of diagnosis is demonstrated. The high incidence (80 %) of correct CT results is emphasised, in staging patients and in the work up of patients with long treatment time and history of tumor recurrence. The advantages of CT are: 1) possibility of exact localisation and determination of tumor-size, as well as discovery and assessment of their patho-anatomic relations to the adjacent organs, 2) utilisation of these data in the planning of radiotherapy, 3) the possibility to document exactly any treatment sucess (reduction of tumor size). In more than 30 % of the patients, CT scanning revealed, despite radiological preliminary examinations, clinically and radiologically unexpected pathologic findings, such as osseous metastases (17%), non functioning kidneys, metastases in the liver and pleura.", "PMID": 493831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1724", "title": "[Comments on the problem of demonstrating vertebral bodies in the computer tomogram (author's transl)].", "content": "This article emphasises that computer tomography is suitable for disclosing occult destructions in the region of the vertebral column. On the other hand, computer tomography is of great importance for determining the extent of destructions which are already manifest, and any possible spreading of a pathological process in the soft parts to the vertebral column.", "contents": "[Comments on the problem of demonstrating vertebral bodies in the computer tomogram (author's transl)]. This article emphasises that computer tomography is suitable for disclosing occult destructions in the region of the vertebral column. On the other hand, computer tomography is of great importance for determining the extent of destructions which are already manifest, and any possible spreading of a pathological process in the soft parts to the vertebral column.", "PMID": 493832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1725", "title": "[Clear, unclear and significant chest-roentgenograms in relation to the miners of an allied mining operations for bituminous coal (author's transl)].", "content": "In the medical center of the Anna mine of the Eschweiler Bergwerksverein 3000 chest-roentgenograms per year are to be diagnosed. Apart from coal workers pneumoconiosis pathological lung findings are rare. In this report 9 lung findings are demonstrated briefly. Differentialdiagnosis and literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Clear, unclear and significant chest-roentgenograms in relation to the miners of an allied mining operations for bituminous coal (author's transl)]. In the medical center of the Anna mine of the Eschweiler Bergwerksverein 3000 chest-roentgenograms per year are to be diagnosed. Apart from coal workers pneumoconiosis pathological lung findings are rare. In this report 9 lung findings are demonstrated briefly. Differentialdiagnosis and literature are discussed.", "PMID": 493833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1726", "title": "[Generally poor definition with oblique incidence of x-rays on the converter (author's transl)].", "content": "The article goes into the question of the effective values which must be taken into account with the generally poor definition resulting from oblique incidence of the X-rays on the converter. Particular attention is given to the conditions obtaining in horizontal and transverse tomography, including the spiral or pendular movement of the tube.", "contents": "[Generally poor definition with oblique incidence of x-rays on the converter (author's transl)]. The article goes into the question of the effective values which must be taken into account with the generally poor definition resulting from oblique incidence of the X-rays on the converter. Particular attention is given to the conditions obtaining in horizontal and transverse tomography, including the spiral or pendular movement of the tube.", "PMID": 493835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1727", "title": "Enzymatic sulphation of bile salts in man.", "content": "An investigation of the occurrence of glycolithocholate sulphotransferase in the human gastrointestinal tract and kidney is described. In addition to in the liver, glycolithocholate sulphotransferase was found in the small intestine, but no activity could be detected in the gastric mucosa, colonic mucosa, or kidney.", "contents": "Enzymatic sulphation of bile salts in man. An investigation of the occurrence of glycolithocholate sulphotransferase in the human gastrointestinal tract and kidney is described. In addition to in the liver, glycolithocholate sulphotransferase was found in the small intestine, but no activity could be detected in the gastric mucosa, colonic mucosa, or kidney.", "PMID": 493853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1728", "title": "Bile-induced chronic gastric ulcer in swine with excised oxyntic gland area.", "content": "After excision of the oxyntic gland area in seven miniature pigs and cholecystogastrostomy in six of them, two developed chronic gastric ulcers in the gastric remnant. No parietal cells were found in the two pigs with ulcers, whereas small areas with polypoid oxyntic mucosa were found in four pigs without ulcer. The study indicates that bile-induced chronic gastric ulcer can occur in the pig despite the absence of oxyntic cells.", "contents": "Bile-induced chronic gastric ulcer in swine with excised oxyntic gland area. After excision of the oxyntic gland area in seven miniature pigs and cholecystogastrostomy in six of them, two developed chronic gastric ulcers in the gastric remnant. No parietal cells were found in the two pigs with ulcers, whereas small areas with polypoid oxyntic mucosa were found in four pigs without ulcer. The study indicates that bile-induced chronic gastric ulcer can occur in the pig despite the absence of oxyntic cells.", "PMID": 493854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1729", "title": "Serum radioactivity of 14C-triolein and 3H-oleic acid ingested in a test meal:a rapid test of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "content": "A double-tracer technique to estimate lipid digestion was investigated. 3H-labelled oleic acid and 14C-labelled triolein were ingested in a test meal. The serum radioactivity of 3H after ingestion of labelled oleic acid depends on absorption and metabolism of free fatty acids, while serum radioactivity of 14C from triolein, in addition to the former, depends on triglycerol digestion. This study shows that the ratio between 3H and 14C 2h after the test meal gives a good qualitative and quantitative estimation of lipid digestion: the 3H/14C ratio in patients with maldigestion is significantly higher than for normals (P less than 0.01), the predictive value of the 3H/14C ratio in the diagnosis of maldigestion is high, that of a positive result being 1.0 and that of a negative 0.93, and quantitatively the 3H/14C ratio shows a highly significant correlation with faecal fat (P less than 0.001). The test is very easy to perform, lasts for only 2 h, and is without discomfort to the patient or nursing and laboratory staff. It gives information like or superior to that of faecal fat measurement.", "contents": "Serum radioactivity of 14C-triolein and 3H-oleic acid ingested in a test meal:a rapid test of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. A double-tracer technique to estimate lipid digestion was investigated. 3H-labelled oleic acid and 14C-labelled triolein were ingested in a test meal. The serum radioactivity of 3H after ingestion of labelled oleic acid depends on absorption and metabolism of free fatty acids, while serum radioactivity of 14C from triolein, in addition to the former, depends on triglycerol digestion. This study shows that the ratio between 3H and 14C 2h after the test meal gives a good qualitative and quantitative estimation of lipid digestion: the 3H/14C ratio in patients with maldigestion is significantly higher than for normals (P less than 0.01), the predictive value of the 3H/14C ratio in the diagnosis of maldigestion is high, that of a positive result being 1.0 and that of a negative 0.93, and quantitatively the 3H/14C ratio shows a highly significant correlation with faecal fat (P less than 0.001). The test is very easy to perform, lasts for only 2 h, and is without discomfort to the patient or nursing and laboratory staff. It gives information like or superior to that of faecal fat measurement.", "PMID": 493855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1730", "title": "Faecal excretion of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid in patients with conventional ileostomy and in patients with continent ileostomy reservoir.", "content": "Bile salt absorption, as determined by the faecal excretion in i.v. injected 14C-cholic acid (FBS) was studied in 13 ileostomy patients before and after conversion to Kock's continent ileostomy reservoir. The result was compared with that obtained in 8 ileostomy patients in whom about 50 cm of the terminal ileum has also been removed. As compared with 16 healthy controls, FBS was moderately increased in the conventional ileostomy patients, but still within normal limits. After conversion to ileostomy reservoir all patients had pathological FBS, although less severe than in the ileostomy patients with ileal resection. Bacterial contamination probably contributes more than the structural mucosal changes to the bile malabsorption in the pouch, whereas reduced mucosal surface and short small-intestinal transit time are the main causes of malabsorption in ileostomy patients in whom an appreciable amount of the terminal ileum has been resected.", "contents": "Faecal excretion of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid in patients with conventional ileostomy and in patients with continent ileostomy reservoir. Bile salt absorption, as determined by the faecal excretion in i.v. injected 14C-cholic acid (FBS) was studied in 13 ileostomy patients before and after conversion to Kock's continent ileostomy reservoir. The result was compared with that obtained in 8 ileostomy patients in whom about 50 cm of the terminal ileum has also been removed. As compared with 16 healthy controls, FBS was moderately increased in the conventional ileostomy patients, but still within normal limits. After conversion to ileostomy reservoir all patients had pathological FBS, although less severe than in the ileostomy patients with ileal resection. Bacterial contamination probably contributes more than the structural mucosal changes to the bile malabsorption in the pouch, whereas reduced mucosal surface and short small-intestinal transit time are the main causes of malabsorption in ileostomy patients in whom an appreciable amount of the terminal ileum has been resected.", "PMID": 493857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1731", "title": "Arterial oxygen tension changes in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. I. Possible causes.", "content": "Measurement of arterial oxygen tensions in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and in a matched control group undergoing colonoscopy showed a slight but significant fall in the PaO2 in both groups following premedication. The initial fall in PaO2 was probably due to the intravenous atropine, diazepam, and meperidine, mainly the latter. This fall of the oxygen tension continued in the gastroscopy group until the instrument was removed, while the controls rapidly returned to basal levels. This persistently reduced PaO2 in the former group is therefore most likely due to the physical presence of the endoscope in the pharynx. To minimize the occurrence of hypoxemia during gastroscopy, narcotics should probably not be used in the premedication of elderly patients. The procedure should be carried out after optimal oxygenation of the patient and be of short duration, and a narrow instrument may be useful in this group.", "contents": "Arterial oxygen tension changes in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. I. Possible causes. Measurement of arterial oxygen tensions in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and in a matched control group undergoing colonoscopy showed a slight but significant fall in the PaO2 in both groups following premedication. The initial fall in PaO2 was probably due to the intravenous atropine, diazepam, and meperidine, mainly the latter. This fall of the oxygen tension continued in the gastroscopy group until the instrument was removed, while the controls rapidly returned to basal levels. This persistently reduced PaO2 in the former group is therefore most likely due to the physical presence of the endoscope in the pharynx. To minimize the occurrence of hypoxemia during gastroscopy, narcotics should probably not be used in the premedication of elderly patients. The procedure should be carried out after optimal oxygenation of the patient and be of short duration, and a narrow instrument may be useful in this group.", "PMID": 493859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1732", "title": "Protection by trimipramine against gastric mucosal barrier dysfunction induced by ethanol + HC1 in rats.", "content": "The effects of trimipramine (5 mg . kg-1 . h-1 intravenously) on the changes in gastric mucosal function evoked by 20% ethanol + HCl has been stuided in rats. The magnitude of the changes in potential difference, ionic fluxes (H+, Na+, and K+), and mucosal lesion score induced by ethanol + HCl were significantly less in animals treated with trimipramine than in control animals. It is concluded that trimipramine decreases the gastric mucosal damage produced the ethanol + HCl in rats. This activity may be responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial effect of trimipramine treatment in peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Protection by trimipramine against gastric mucosal barrier dysfunction induced by ethanol + HC1 in rats. The effects of trimipramine (5 mg . kg-1 . h-1 intravenously) on the changes in gastric mucosal function evoked by 20% ethanol + HCl has been stuided in rats. The magnitude of the changes in potential difference, ionic fluxes (H+, Na+, and K+), and mucosal lesion score induced by ethanol + HCl were significantly less in animals treated with trimipramine than in control animals. It is concluded that trimipramine decreases the gastric mucosal damage produced the ethanol + HCl in rats. This activity may be responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial effect of trimipramine treatment in peptic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 493860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1733", "title": "Improved transvenous liver biopsy needle.", "content": "A modified type of the standard transvenous cholangiography biopsy needle is described. The modified tranvenous liver biopsy needle caused only minimal artefactual changes of the liver biopsy specimens. The new type of biopsy needle is a modified Menghini needle. The conventional Menghini needle should be avoided for transvenous catheter biopsies because of risk of leaving catheter fragments in the liver.", "contents": "Improved transvenous liver biopsy needle. A modified type of the standard transvenous cholangiography biopsy needle is described. The modified tranvenous liver biopsy needle caused only minimal artefactual changes of the liver biopsy specimens. The new type of biopsy needle is a modified Menghini needle. The conventional Menghini needle should be avoided for transvenous catheter biopsies because of risk of leaving catheter fragments in the liver.", "PMID": 493861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1734", "title": "The value of preoperative S-LD 5 isoenzyme determination in predicting the risk of serious liver injury after bypass operations for treatment of obesity.", "content": "After bypass operations for obesity many patients had signs of liver injury (SLI). It has not earlier been possible to correlate changes in the preoperative liver function test with occurrence of postoperative SLI. The present study shows that those patients who before the intestinal bypass operation had a moderate to significant change in serum activity of S-LD 5 (isoenzyme 5 of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase) were at risk of developing SLI after the operation. All five patients with SLI, of whom three died, preoperatively had an increase in S-LD 5 exceeding five times the normal mean value. The pattern in the transaminases and serum alkaline phosphatase were not as conclusive.", "contents": "The value of preoperative S-LD 5 isoenzyme determination in predicting the risk of serious liver injury after bypass operations for treatment of obesity. After bypass operations for obesity many patients had signs of liver injury (SLI). It has not earlier been possible to correlate changes in the preoperative liver function test with occurrence of postoperative SLI. The present study shows that those patients who before the intestinal bypass operation had a moderate to significant change in serum activity of S-LD 5 (isoenzyme 5 of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase) were at risk of developing SLI after the operation. All five patients with SLI, of whom three died, preoperatively had an increase in S-LD 5 exceeding five times the normal mean value. The pattern in the transaminases and serum alkaline phosphatase were not as conclusive.", "PMID": 493862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1735", "title": "Effect of deglycyrrhizinated liquorice on gastric mucosal damage by aspirin.", "content": "Gastric mucosal damage induced by giving 60 mg aspirin orally to rats was reduced by simultaneous administration of 100-500 mg deglycyrrhizinated liquorice. Human faecal blood loss induced by 975 mg aspirin orally three times a day was less when 350 mg deglycyrrhizinated liquorice was given with each dose of aspirin.", "contents": "Effect of deglycyrrhizinated liquorice on gastric mucosal damage by aspirin. Gastric mucosal damage induced by giving 60 mg aspirin orally to rats was reduced by simultaneous administration of 100-500 mg deglycyrrhizinated liquorice. Human faecal blood loss induced by 975 mg aspirin orally three times a day was less when 350 mg deglycyrrhizinated liquorice was given with each dose of aspirin.", "PMID": 493863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1736", "title": "Dysphagia after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Ten patients were examined before and after proximal gastric vagotomy with videotape recordings of barium passage in esophagus, esophageal pressure recordings, and the insulin test. Four of the patients complained of dysphagia after the operation. The dysphagia subsided spontaneously after 1--2 months. Patients with dysphagia showed dilatation of the body of the esophagus and a tapered narrowing in the distal segment. The pressure recordings showed increased frequency and strength of rhythmic pressure waves compared with the preoperative findings. Our results support the theory of a neuromuscular dysfunction.", "contents": "Dysphagia after proximal gastric vagotomy. Ten patients were examined before and after proximal gastric vagotomy with videotape recordings of barium passage in esophagus, esophageal pressure recordings, and the insulin test. Four of the patients complained of dysphagia after the operation. The dysphagia subsided spontaneously after 1--2 months. Patients with dysphagia showed dilatation of the body of the esophagus and a tapered narrowing in the distal segment. The pressure recordings showed increased frequency and strength of rhythmic pressure waves compared with the preoperative findings. Our results support the theory of a neuromuscular dysfunction.", "PMID": 493864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1737", "title": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by pirenzepine (LS 519) in man.", "content": "Pirenzepine is a new tricyclic drug used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The effect of two doses of pirenzepine (25 mg twice daily and 50 mg thrice daily) was examined in ten healthy volunteers during basal acid secretion and under stimulation with two doses of pentagastrin (0.166 microgram/kg . h and 1 microgram/kg.h given as continuous intravenous infusion). Serum drug concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, and parallel studies of the salivary function were performed. Pirenzepine, 25 mg twice daily, reduced basal acid output by 50% and 55%, respectively, and inhibited stimulated acid output by 31% and 26%, respectively. The higher dose of pirenzepine, 50 mg thrice daily, augmented the effect insignificantly despite markedly increased serum drug levels. The recommended therapeutic dose of 25 mg twice daily gave no salivary inhibition. Pirenzepine may have an anticholinergic effect on the parietal cell, although systemic side effects were not seen. Pirenzepine does not competitively inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by pirenzepine (LS 519) in man. Pirenzepine is a new tricyclic drug used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The effect of two doses of pirenzepine (25 mg twice daily and 50 mg thrice daily) was examined in ten healthy volunteers during basal acid secretion and under stimulation with two doses of pentagastrin (0.166 microgram/kg . h and 1 microgram/kg.h given as continuous intravenous infusion). Serum drug concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, and parallel studies of the salivary function were performed. Pirenzepine, 25 mg twice daily, reduced basal acid output by 50% and 55%, respectively, and inhibited stimulated acid output by 31% and 26%, respectively. The higher dose of pirenzepine, 50 mg thrice daily, augmented the effect insignificantly despite markedly increased serum drug levels. The recommended therapeutic dose of 25 mg twice daily gave no salivary inhibition. Pirenzepine may have an anticholinergic effect on the parietal cell, although systemic side effects were not seen. Pirenzepine does not competitively inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion.", "PMID": 493865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1738", "title": "The effect of pirenzepine on basal, pentagastrin- and insulin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The effect of pirenzepine on basal and stimulated acid secretion was tested in five patients with peptic ulcer disease and gastric hypersecretion. Two types of stimulation were compared, namely pentagastrin by intravenous infusion (1 microgram/kg/h) and hypoglycaemia induced by insulin given subcutaneously (0.125 IU/kg). Basal acid output/30 min was reduced by 44% and 69%, respectively. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid output was reduced by 30%/120 min, and insulin-stimulated acid output by 47%. The reduction was similar during the first and second hour of stimulation in both series. These results strengthen our previous impression that pirenzepine may interfere with cholinergic receptors at the parietal cell level. As the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by pirenzepine is similar to that produced by oral doses of cimetidine, pirenzepine may be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "The effect of pirenzepine on basal, pentagastrin- and insulin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer disease. The effect of pirenzepine on basal and stimulated acid secretion was tested in five patients with peptic ulcer disease and gastric hypersecretion. Two types of stimulation were compared, namely pentagastrin by intravenous infusion (1 microgram/kg/h) and hypoglycaemia induced by insulin given subcutaneously (0.125 IU/kg). Basal acid output/30 min was reduced by 44% and 69%, respectively. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid output was reduced by 30%/120 min, and insulin-stimulated acid output by 47%. The reduction was similar during the first and second hour of stimulation in both series. These results strengthen our previous impression that pirenzepine may interfere with cholinergic receptors at the parietal cell level. As the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by pirenzepine is similar to that produced by oral doses of cimetidine, pirenzepine may be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 493866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1739", "title": "Aspirin damage to ischemic gastric mucosa in shocked cats.", "content": "Cardiac output and blood flow to different regions and layers of the stomach were determined by the microsphere distribution technique. Aspirin tablets were placed in the stomach of anesthetized cats by gastrotomy. In some animals the arterial pressure was reduced to about 60 mmHg for 30 min by bleeding. The gastric mucosal blood flow decreased markedly during the bleeding. Three hours after reinfusion of the blood gastric mucosal erosions were present at the site of contact of the tablet with the mucosa. In most of the non-bled animals no mucosal lesions were found 4 1/2 after aspirin application. No mucosal damage occurred in animals subjected to bleeding without aspirin treatment. It is concluded that the aspirin damage to the gastric mucosa increases under hemorrhagic shock because of mucosal ischemia in the shocked animals.", "contents": "Aspirin damage to ischemic gastric mucosa in shocked cats. Cardiac output and blood flow to different regions and layers of the stomach were determined by the microsphere distribution technique. Aspirin tablets were placed in the stomach of anesthetized cats by gastrotomy. In some animals the arterial pressure was reduced to about 60 mmHg for 30 min by bleeding. The gastric mucosal blood flow decreased markedly during the bleeding. Three hours after reinfusion of the blood gastric mucosal erosions were present at the site of contact of the tablet with the mucosa. In most of the non-bled animals no mucosal lesions were found 4 1/2 after aspirin application. No mucosal damage occurred in animals subjected to bleeding without aspirin treatment. It is concluded that the aspirin damage to the gastric mucosa increases under hemorrhagic shock because of mucosal ischemia in the shocked animals.", "PMID": 493867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1740", "title": "Activation of the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear granulocytes after surgery, measured with a new in vitro assay.", "content": "A classic in vitro polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte bactericidal system was used alongside a newly developed modification to see whether the new assay would increase the possibility to detect a stimulation of PMN bactericidal functions. In the new assay each granulocyte was provided with 30--40 bacteria, which is quite close to the maximal killing capacity (usually 60 bacteria per PMN). Granulocytes were obtained from 8 patients the day before, the day after and 2 d after they underwent thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPS). The granulocytes from all patients showed an increased capacity to kill Staph. aureus in vitro 2 d after the operation, compared to before, when the submaximal bacterial concentration per granulocyte was used, whereas no change was observed with the standard bacterial concentration (3--4 bacteria per granulocyte). Thus, the new assay might make it possible to observe an enhanced PMN bactericidal ability.", "contents": "Activation of the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear granulocytes after surgery, measured with a new in vitro assay. A classic in vitro polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte bactericidal system was used alongside a newly developed modification to see whether the new assay would increase the possibility to detect a stimulation of PMN bactericidal functions. In the new assay each granulocyte was provided with 30--40 bacteria, which is quite close to the maximal killing capacity (usually 60 bacteria per PMN). Granulocytes were obtained from 8 patients the day before, the day after and 2 d after they underwent thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPS). The granulocytes from all patients showed an increased capacity to kill Staph. aureus in vitro 2 d after the operation, compared to before, when the submaximal bacterial concentration per granulocyte was used, whereas no change was observed with the standard bacterial concentration (3--4 bacteria per granulocyte). Thus, the new assay might make it possible to observe an enhanced PMN bactericidal ability.", "PMID": 493868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1741", "title": "Oscillations of granulocytic and megakaryocytic progenitor cell populations in cyclic neutropenia in man.", "content": "The concentration of granulocytic progenitor cells in the bone marrow of 2 patients with cyclic neutropenia was assessed at intervals during the cycle. Syncroneous oscillations were observed for cells forming neutrophilic and megakaryocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in vivo (CFU-D), suggesting a close relationship between the two cell types. However, an almost reverse relationship was observed between CFU-D and cells forming colonies in agar culture in vitro (CFU-C), which cycled out of phase with CFU-D. This supports the concept that CFU-D and CFU-C denote different cell types.", "contents": "Oscillations of granulocytic and megakaryocytic progenitor cell populations in cyclic neutropenia in man. The concentration of granulocytic progenitor cells in the bone marrow of 2 patients with cyclic neutropenia was assessed at intervals during the cycle. Syncroneous oscillations were observed for cells forming neutrophilic and megakaryocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in vivo (CFU-D), suggesting a close relationship between the two cell types. However, an almost reverse relationship was observed between CFU-D and cells forming colonies in agar culture in vitro (CFU-C), which cycled out of phase with CFU-D. This supports the concept that CFU-D and CFU-C denote different cell types.", "PMID": 493869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1742", "title": "Deoxyuridine metabolism in human megaloblastic marrow cells.", "content": "Despite the clinical use of the 'deoxyuridine suppression test' to document vitamin B12 or folate deficiency its biochemical basis is unclear and currently disputed. Because of this the metabolism of deoxyuridine in marrow cells has been examined. In normoblastic marrow cells the ratio of radio-labelled deoxyuridine to thymidine incorporation into DNA approximates one and preincubation of cells with unlabelled deoxyuridine results in progressive reduction of uptake of both radio-labelled deoxynucleosides. In the same cells methotrexate significantly reduces the DNA incorporation of deoxyuridine but not that of thymidine. In megaloblastic marrow the ratio of radio-labelled deoxyuridine to thymidine uptake is less than one and the reduced deoxyuridine uptake is not significantly altered by either cyanocobalamin or folic acid. With megaloblastic samples the reduction by deoxyuridine of radio-labelled deoxyuridine uptake is less marked than that observed with normoblastic cells and to achieve similar results requires folic acid. These findings suggest that reduced deoxyuridylate conversion to deoxythymidylate by thymidylate synthetase is appropriate to explain the 'deoxyuridine suppression test' in megaloblastic marrow cells and that altered substrate requirements for this activity  may occur in megaloblastic cells.", "contents": "Deoxyuridine metabolism in human megaloblastic marrow cells. Despite the clinical use of the 'deoxyuridine suppression test' to document vitamin B12 or folate deficiency its biochemical basis is unclear and currently disputed. Because of this the metabolism of deoxyuridine in marrow cells has been examined. In normoblastic marrow cells the ratio of radio-labelled deoxyuridine to thymidine incorporation into DNA approximates one and preincubation of cells with unlabelled deoxyuridine results in progressive reduction of uptake of both radio-labelled deoxynucleosides. In the same cells methotrexate significantly reduces the DNA incorporation of deoxyuridine but not that of thymidine. In megaloblastic marrow the ratio of radio-labelled deoxyuridine to thymidine uptake is less than one and the reduced deoxyuridine uptake is not significantly altered by either cyanocobalamin or folic acid. With megaloblastic samples the reduction by deoxyuridine of radio-labelled deoxyuridine uptake is less marked than that observed with normoblastic cells and to achieve similar results requires folic acid. These findings suggest that reduced deoxyuridylate conversion to deoxythymidylate by thymidylate synthetase is appropriate to explain the 'deoxyuridine suppression test' in megaloblastic marrow cells and that altered substrate requirements for this activity  may occur in megaloblastic cells.", "PMID": 493870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1743", "title": "Acquired stomatocytosis in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The occurrence of transient stomatocytosis observed on peripheral blood smears and by scanning electron microscopy, was studied in 100 alcoholic patients admitted to a general medical ward. 15% of the patients manifested marked stomatocytosis, i.e. 10% or more of the cells being stomatocytes and a further 29% had slight stomatocytosis (3--9%). All patients with marked stomatocytosis had a daily average ethanol ingestion of 100 g or more, and had also more pronounced histological and biochemical evidence of alcoholic liver disease than those lacking stomatocytosis. MCV was significantly higher in these patients, but there were no differences in Hb, serum B12, folate, cholesterol or triglyceride levels. The stomatocytosis subsided gradually during 4--6 weeks of abstinence. Triconcave cells (knizocytes) were observed in 2 patients with terminal alcoholic liver disease. Along with an increased MCV, the presence of stomatocytosis may be a useful erythrocyte indicator of alcoholic liver disease.", "contents": "Acquired stomatocytosis in alcoholic liver disease. The occurrence of transient stomatocytosis observed on peripheral blood smears and by scanning electron microscopy, was studied in 100 alcoholic patients admitted to a general medical ward. 15% of the patients manifested marked stomatocytosis, i.e. 10% or more of the cells being stomatocytes and a further 29% had slight stomatocytosis (3--9%). All patients with marked stomatocytosis had a daily average ethanol ingestion of 100 g or more, and had also more pronounced histological and biochemical evidence of alcoholic liver disease than those lacking stomatocytosis. MCV was significantly higher in these patients, but there were no differences in Hb, serum B12, folate, cholesterol or triglyceride levels. The stomatocytosis subsided gradually during 4--6 weeks of abstinence. Triconcave cells (knizocytes) were observed in 2 patients with terminal alcoholic liver disease. Along with an increased MCV, the presence of stomatocytosis may be a useful erythrocyte indicator of alcoholic liver disease.", "PMID": 493871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1744", "title": "An intestinal receptor for heme.", "content": "Porcine upper small intestine took up radioactive heme in vitro. The binder was localised to the brush borders, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and bound heme with high affinity. The binding was inhibited with non-radioactive heme but not with FeSO4, and control experiments indicated that it was not any of the known heme binders or aggregated heme. The binding factor could also be solubilized from human duodenum.", "contents": "An intestinal receptor for heme. Porcine upper small intestine took up radioactive heme in vitro. The binder was localised to the brush borders, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and bound heme with high affinity. The binding was inhibited with non-radioactive heme but not with FeSO4, and control experiments indicated that it was not any of the known heme binders or aggregated heme. The binding factor could also be solubilized from human duodenum.", "PMID": 493872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1745", "title": "Phagocytic potential of hairy cells.", "content": "The hairy-cells (HC) of 10 patients with hairy-cell leukaemia were studied with several techniques to evaluate their phagocytic potential. Mononuclear cells from normal donors and from patients with acute monocytic leukaemia served as controls. Light microscopically HC seemed to have ingested bacteria or latex particles. Treatment of the cells with lysostaphin, an enzyme that kills extracellular Staphylococcus aureus, showed that almost all 'ingested' bacteria were extracellular. Lanthanum nitrate, added during the fixation procedure for electron microscopy, stained both the outer cell membrane and the membranes of the 'phagosomes' of the HC, also indicating that the 'ingested' particles were extracellular. HC showed no increased oxygen consumption on exposure to bacteria in the presence of serum. Furthermore, HC showed no lysozyme or peroxidase activity, whereas non-specific esterase activity was much weaker than in monocytes. These findings, which show that HC are essentially non-phagocytic, constitute strong evidence against a monocytic origin of the malignant cells of hairy-cell leukaemia.", "contents": "Phagocytic potential of hairy cells. The hairy-cells (HC) of 10 patients with hairy-cell leukaemia were studied with several techniques to evaluate their phagocytic potential. Mononuclear cells from normal donors and from patients with acute monocytic leukaemia served as controls. Light microscopically HC seemed to have ingested bacteria or latex particles. Treatment of the cells with lysostaphin, an enzyme that kills extracellular Staphylococcus aureus, showed that almost all 'ingested' bacteria were extracellular. Lanthanum nitrate, added during the fixation procedure for electron microscopy, stained both the outer cell membrane and the membranes of the 'phagosomes' of the HC, also indicating that the 'ingested' particles were extracellular. HC showed no increased oxygen consumption on exposure to bacteria in the presence of serum. Furthermore, HC showed no lysozyme or peroxidase activity, whereas non-specific esterase activity was much weaker than in monocytes. These findings, which show that HC are essentially non-phagocytic, constitute strong evidence against a monocytic origin of the malignant cells of hairy-cell leukaemia.", "PMID": 493873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1746", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the mechanisms of the anaemia in heterozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "Ferrokinetic studies were carried out in 8 patients with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia with anaemia of varying severity. Effective and ineffective erythropoiesis, mean red cell lifespan and non-erythroid iron turnover were estimated from the experimental data through a mathematical model of iron kinetics. Erythropoietic activity was markedly increased in all patients, but was variably ineffective (from 10 to 74%). A negative correlation (r = 0.855, P less than 0.01) was found between the amount of ineffective erythropoiesis and Hb level. Red cell lifespan was variably shortened and there was a negative correlation between the degree of daily peripheral haemolysis and Hb level (r = 0.733, P less than 0.05). Non-erythroid iron turnover was increased in most patients. The results provide quantitative measurements of the mechanisms responsible for the wide variation of the Hb level in heterozygous beta-thalaeeaemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis seems to be the major reason for the anaemia. Peripheral haemolysis contributes to it, especially in the most severely affected patients. The increased non-erythroid iron turnover may be responsible for the pathology which characterizes heterozygotes in the adult life.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the mechanisms of the anaemia in heterozygous beta-thalassaemia. Ferrokinetic studies were carried out in 8 patients with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia with anaemia of varying severity. Effective and ineffective erythropoiesis, mean red cell lifespan and non-erythroid iron turnover were estimated from the experimental data through a mathematical model of iron kinetics. Erythropoietic activity was markedly increased in all patients, but was variably ineffective (from 10 to 74%). A negative correlation (r = 0.855, P less than 0.01) was found between the amount of ineffective erythropoiesis and Hb level. Red cell lifespan was variably shortened and there was a negative correlation between the degree of daily peripheral haemolysis and Hb level (r = 0.733, P less than 0.05). Non-erythroid iron turnover was increased in most patients. The results provide quantitative measurements of the mechanisms responsible for the wide variation of the Hb level in heterozygous beta-thalaeeaemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis seems to be the major reason for the anaemia. Peripheral haemolysis contributes to it, especially in the most severely affected patients. The increased non-erythroid iron turnover may be responsible for the pathology which characterizes heterozygotes in the adult life.", "PMID": 493874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1747", "title": "Effect of human serum from patients with haematological disorders on mouse pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S).", "content": "Sera from 25 individuals (9 healthy subjects, 6 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 10 patients with a variety of haematological disorders) were tested for anti-CFU-S by incubating suspensions of mouse marrow cells with serum and then assaying the cell suspensions for their capacity to form spleen nodules in lethally irradiated mice. The sera from 2 patients (1 with a preleukaemic disorder and the other with a malignant 'histio'-lymphoproliferative neoplasm) had anti-CFU-S activity which behaved like antibodies, rather than like the non-specific cytotoxic activity found in various sera for heterologous tissues, which in the past has been attributed to 'natural antibodies' and which, in recent years, has, in some cases, been found to be related to activation of the alternative pathway of complement. The anti-mouse tissue activity in the sera of the 2 patients may be related either to cross-reactivities between certain mouse and human tissues or to cross-reactivities between exogenous agents such as bacteria and mouse tissues.", "contents": "Effect of human serum from patients with haematological disorders on mouse pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). Sera from 25 individuals (9 healthy subjects, 6 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 10 patients with a variety of haematological disorders) were tested for anti-CFU-S by incubating suspensions of mouse marrow cells with serum and then assaying the cell suspensions for their capacity to form spleen nodules in lethally irradiated mice. The sera from 2 patients (1 with a preleukaemic disorder and the other with a malignant 'histio'-lymphoproliferative neoplasm) had anti-CFU-S activity which behaved like antibodies, rather than like the non-specific cytotoxic activity found in various sera for heterologous tissues, which in the past has been attributed to 'natural antibodies' and which, in recent years, has, in some cases, been found to be related to activation of the alternative pathway of complement. The anti-mouse tissue activity in the sera of the 2 patients may be related either to cross-reactivities between certain mouse and human tissues or to cross-reactivities between exogenous agents such as bacteria and mouse tissues.", "PMID": 493875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1748", "title": "Erythropoietin in patients with anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Iron status and erythropoietin (Ep) level in serum and urine were determined in 30 patients with anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. The anaemia in these patients was mild and fulfilled the criteria for anaemia of chronic disorders. The iron status of these patients differed from the iron status in patients with sideropenic anaemia. Serum Ep, level, measured indirectly by the polycythaemic mouse bioassay, was either not detected or when detected it did not correspond to the degree of anaemia. The data suggest that the failure to produce sufficient amount of Ep, among other causes, could be important in the pathogenesis of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Erythropoietin in patients with anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Iron status and erythropoietin (Ep) level in serum and urine were determined in 30 patients with anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. The anaemia in these patients was mild and fulfilled the criteria for anaemia of chronic disorders. The iron status of these patients differed from the iron status in patients with sideropenic anaemia. Serum Ep, level, measured indirectly by the polycythaemic mouse bioassay, was either not detected or when detected it did not correspond to the degree of anaemia. The data suggest that the failure to produce sufficient amount of Ep, among other causes, could be important in the pathogenesis of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 493876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1749", "title": "Biochemical studies in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.", "content": "In order to find the basic defect in the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), biochemical studies of platelets and leucocytes were undertaken. Glutathione levels of platelets were normal and regeneration of GSH similar to controls occurred after incubation with diamide (a specific agent for GSH oxidation). Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of HPS platelets was normal. The amount of peroxides found in platelet membranes was not elevated. A subnormal aggregation with arachidonic acid could be obtained in PRP using a high concentration of arachidonic acid (2 mM), but normal malondialdehyde levels were measured, suggesting a normal prostaglandin synthesis in HPS platelets. Glutathion peroxidase and p-phenylenediamide-mediated peroxidase (PPD-peroxidase) were normal in leucocytes of 1 HPS patient. Lysosomal enzymes as far as investigated were normal.", "contents": "Biochemical studies in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. In order to find the basic defect in the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), biochemical studies of platelets and leucocytes were undertaken. Glutathione levels of platelets were normal and regeneration of GSH similar to controls occurred after incubation with diamide (a specific agent for GSH oxidation). Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of HPS platelets was normal. The amount of peroxides found in platelet membranes was not elevated. A subnormal aggregation with arachidonic acid could be obtained in PRP using a high concentration of arachidonic acid (2 mM), but normal malondialdehyde levels were measured, suggesting a normal prostaglandin synthesis in HPS platelets. Glutathion peroxidase and p-phenylenediamide-mediated peroxidase (PPD-peroxidase) were normal in leucocytes of 1 HPS patient. Lysosomal enzymes as far as investigated were normal.", "PMID": 493877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1750", "title": "Triamterene-induced immune haemolytic anaemia with acute intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure.", "content": "Acute intravascular haemolysis and renal failure developed while a patient was taking triamterene. A direct antiglobulin test with a polyvalent reagent was positive. Serum caused agglutination of normal red cells in the presence of triamterene and caused an increase of partial haemolysis of both trypsin-treated erythrocytes and red cells from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in the presence of complement. From the results of antibody-neutralization test and treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, the presence of IgM antibody with lambda light chain could be demonstrated. The triamterene seemed to bind strongly to the red cells in vitro but in vivo there was no detectable adsorption to red cells. Haptenic inhibition was not demonstrated. From these results, it was assumed that this antibody was found to cross-react with methotrexate which has a structure similar to that of triamterene.", "contents": "Triamterene-induced immune haemolytic anaemia with acute intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure. Acute intravascular haemolysis and renal failure developed while a patient was taking triamterene. A direct antiglobulin test with a polyvalent reagent was positive. Serum caused agglutination of normal red cells in the presence of triamterene and caused an increase of partial haemolysis of both trypsin-treated erythrocytes and red cells from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in the presence of complement. From the results of antibody-neutralization test and treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, the presence of IgM antibody with lambda light chain could be demonstrated. The triamterene seemed to bind strongly to the red cells in vitro but in vivo there was no detectable adsorption to red cells. Haptenic inhibition was not demonstrated. From these results, it was assumed that this antibody was found to cross-react with methotrexate which has a structure similar to that of triamterene.", "PMID": 493878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1751", "title": "Preparation of platelet suspensions from whole blood in buffer. Description of a method which gives a large platelet yield.", "content": "A simple method for preparation of platelet suspensions from whole blood in buffer is described. The platelets and a fraction of the erythrocytes are processed simultaneously, whereby the erythrocytes serve as a supporting cushion in the centrifugation steps. Using this earlier described principle of platelet separation, platelet yields of 90--100% from whole blood could be achieved. Investigations of platelet aggregation and platelet morphology indicate that this method of separation is gentle. By obviating the selection of certain platelet populations this may facilitate the interpretation of the results of in vitro and in vivo platelet-function studies.", "contents": "Preparation of platelet suspensions from whole blood in buffer. Description of a method which gives a large platelet yield. A simple method for preparation of platelet suspensions from whole blood in buffer is described. The platelets and a fraction of the erythrocytes are processed simultaneously, whereby the erythrocytes serve as a supporting cushion in the centrifugation steps. Using this earlier described principle of platelet separation, platelet yields of 90--100% from whole blood could be achieved. Investigations of platelet aggregation and platelet morphology indicate that this method of separation is gentle. By obviating the selection of certain platelet populations this may facilitate the interpretation of the results of in vitro and in vivo platelet-function studies.", "PMID": 493879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1752", "title": "Heterogeneity and mechanism of action of human natural killer lymphocytes: differential distribution of receptors for Helix pomatia haemagglutinin (HP receptors).", "content": "Neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal human donors were fractionated on columns charged with Helix pomatia haemagglutinin (HP) coupled to Sepharose 4B. While lymphocytes lacking HP receptors (HP-) passed directly through the column (fraction I), lymphocytes with HP receptors (HP+) were subsequently eluted in two distinct fractions with two different concentrations of the competitive hapten N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (fraction II and III, respectively). The natural cytotoxicity of these lymphocytes to various tumour target cells (K562, T24, MANO, HCV29) was tested in a 51Cr release assay. Natural cytotoxicity was found in all three fractions recovered from the HP columns. In general, the cytotoxicity of the lymphocytes in fractions I and II was significantly enhanced over that of the unfractionated lymphocytes. Surface marker analysis and fractionation studies indicated that natural cytotoxicity in these target systems is exerted by both HP+ and HP- lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgG. Since the HP receptor is considered to be a marker to T lymphocytes, the findings suggest that a significant fraction of these NK cells may be of T-cell lineage. The surface marker profiles of these NK cells are very similar to those of antibody-dependent K cells. Addition of Fab fragments of immunoadsorbent-purified rabbit antibodies to human immunoglobulin inhibited the natural cytotoxicity of HP-column-fractionated lymphocytes to various degrees, indicating that part but not all of it reflects antibody-dependent K-cell reactions. Since cytotoxicity in all three HP fractions was inhibitable in this way, the results suggest that immunoglobulin-dependent natural cytotoxicity may be displayed by both HP+ and HP- effector cells.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and mechanism of action of human natural killer lymphocytes: differential distribution of receptors for Helix pomatia haemagglutinin (HP receptors). Neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal human donors were fractionated on columns charged with Helix pomatia haemagglutinin (HP) coupled to Sepharose 4B. While lymphocytes lacking HP receptors (HP-) passed directly through the column (fraction I), lymphocytes with HP receptors (HP+) were subsequently eluted in two distinct fractions with two different concentrations of the competitive hapten N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (fraction II and III, respectively). The natural cytotoxicity of these lymphocytes to various tumour target cells (K562, T24, MANO, HCV29) was tested in a 51Cr release assay. Natural cytotoxicity was found in all three fractions recovered from the HP columns. In general, the cytotoxicity of the lymphocytes in fractions I and II was significantly enhanced over that of the unfractionated lymphocytes. Surface marker analysis and fractionation studies indicated that natural cytotoxicity in these target systems is exerted by both HP+ and HP- lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgG. Since the HP receptor is considered to be a marker to T lymphocytes, the findings suggest that a significant fraction of these NK cells may be of T-cell lineage. The surface marker profiles of these NK cells are very similar to those of antibody-dependent K cells. Addition of Fab fragments of immunoadsorbent-purified rabbit antibodies to human immunoglobulin inhibited the natural cytotoxicity of HP-column-fractionated lymphocytes to various degrees, indicating that part but not all of it reflects antibody-dependent K-cell reactions. Since cytotoxicity in all three HP fractions was inhibitable in this way, the results suggest that immunoglobulin-dependent natural cytotoxicity may be displayed by both HP+ and HP- effector cells.", "PMID": 493880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1753", "title": "Reduced in vitro response of CSF lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "By means of a microculture technique and calculation of incorporation of 14C-thymidine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients showed low or absent proliferation when stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, in contrast to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained simultaneously and investigated in parallel. A lower proliferation of CSF lymphocytes compared with PBL was also found in acute aseptic meningitis, although it has been reported that CSF lymphocytes show greater proliferation than PBL when specifically stimulated. The low proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes on mitogen stimulation may be a consequence of prolonged sensitization to an as yet unidentified antigen. The proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes was not improved by adding irradiated PBL, making helper cell insufficiency less likely. MS CSF had no inhibitory effect on proliferation of PBL, arguing against an inhibitory effect of soluble factors in the CSF as an explanation for the depressed response of CSF lymphocytes.", "contents": "Reduced in vitro response of CSF lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation in multiple sclerosis. By means of a microculture technique and calculation of incorporation of 14C-thymidine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients showed low or absent proliferation when stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, in contrast to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained simultaneously and investigated in parallel. A lower proliferation of CSF lymphocytes compared with PBL was also found in acute aseptic meningitis, although it has been reported that CSF lymphocytes show greater proliferation than PBL when specifically stimulated. The low proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes on mitogen stimulation may be a consequence of prolonged sensitization to an as yet unidentified antigen. The proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes was not improved by adding irradiated PBL, making helper cell insufficiency less likely. MS CSF had no inhibitory effect on proliferation of PBL, arguing against an inhibitory effect of soluble factors in the CSF as an explanation for the depressed response of CSF lymphocytes.", "PMID": 493881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1754", "title": "[Institutional therapy. Psychiatry and penitentiary problems. Introduction].", "content": "The author relates the history of the institutional therapies which have been developed, mainly since 1929, by Hermann Simon. This avant-garde psychiatrist has not only developed the occupational therapies but he has also recommended both the liberalization of the institution and the constant analysis of its problems. The institutional therapies have the tendency, nowadays, to increase infinitely but their choice is not always logically motivated and their use risks being not very useful, if it is not determined by a clear therapeutic plan regarding the patient and by a well defined therapeutic attitude in the institution. The author introduces then the second subject of the discussion: \"Psychiatry and penitentiary problems\" by recalling the difficulties of the modern psychiatry to abandon its origins and to get rid of the asylum ghetto. This is probably the reason why most of the psychiatrists elude the psychological and psychiatric problems presented in prison and why they avoid every collaboration with the judicial and administrative authorities. Delicate situations, which call the psychiatrists into question by posing them problems of freedom, human rights, justice and social demands.", "contents": "[Institutional therapy. Psychiatry and penitentiary problems. Introduction]. The author relates the history of the institutional therapies which have been developed, mainly since 1929, by Hermann Simon. This avant-garde psychiatrist has not only developed the occupational therapies but he has also recommended both the liberalization of the institution and the constant analysis of its problems. The institutional therapies have the tendency, nowadays, to increase infinitely but their choice is not always logically motivated and their use risks being not very useful, if it is not determined by a clear therapeutic plan regarding the patient and by a well defined therapeutic attitude in the institution. The author introduces then the second subject of the discussion: \"Psychiatry and penitentiary problems\" by recalling the difficulties of the modern psychiatry to abandon its origins and to get rid of the asylum ghetto. This is probably the reason why most of the psychiatrists elude the psychological and psychiatric problems presented in prison and why they avoid every collaboration with the judicial and administrative authorities. Delicate situations, which call the psychiatrists into question by posing them problems of freedom, human rights, justice and social demands.", "PMID": 493882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1755", "title": "[Social-therapeutic institution: illusion or reality?].", "content": "This report examines the theoretical, practical and judicial ideal underlying the basic foundations of penal institutions, with special reference to the German Fed. Rep. The author points out the reasons of failure of such institutions, as conceived by the 2nd revision of penal law. To date, all efforts to improve such institutions have remained fruitless. Nevertheless, the subject has generated a certain number of discussions which have resulted in more human conditions of emprisonment.", "contents": "[Social-therapeutic institution: illusion or reality?]. This report examines the theoretical, practical and judicial ideal underlying the basic foundations of penal institutions, with special reference to the German Fed. Rep. The author points out the reasons of failure of such institutions, as conceived by the 2nd revision of penal law. To date, all efforts to improve such institutions have remained fruitless. Nevertheless, the subject has generated a certain number of discussions which have resulted in more human conditions of emprisonment.", "PMID": 493883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1756", "title": "[Multiple therapy (complementary therapy)].", "content": "The term \"Multiple therapy\" is used to describe the combined use of more than one therapist for one patient following a preconceived plan (German: \"Komplement\u00e4rtherapie\"). Combined with dynamic ward groups this approach intensifies the impact of short term in-hospital treatment. The purpose of this strategy is to fragment the patient's defenses, to shorten the therapeutic process and to prime and prepare the patient for ambulatory treatment after discharge. The employment of Multiple therapy in a hospital minimally necessitates workable interpersonal relationships between the members of the team, intensive supervision to prevent countertransference problems and a compatible point of view regarding the goal of treatment amongst the staff. All therapeutic methods, new or old, are in the final analysis nothing else than what the word connotes: a method, a means to an end. They never represent the way itself. The quality of psychiatric therapy and treatment does not depend upon the method, be it multiple therapy, individual analytic therapy, one of the non-verbal methods used or any other. What really counts is 1) whether the method is used by a team which truly wants to cooperate for the benefit of the patient, transcending their own ego demands, 2) whether it really improves interpersonal communication. Every psychiatric patient is somehow alienated and removed from his fellow men. Therapeutic methods employed at the hospital are valid if they facilitate to bridge this gap. If that is achieved, therapy can be considered successful. If not, such approaches merely represent meaningless occurrences which at best foster an illusion that \"something really happened\". That is not the same as when we see the beginning of a healing process. The therapeutic atmosphere in the hospital is meant to create a climate wherein a natural innate healingpower of man will be liberated. The Romans knew it already: Medicus curat, natura sanat.", "contents": "[Multiple therapy (complementary therapy)]. The term \"Multiple therapy\" is used to describe the combined use of more than one therapist for one patient following a preconceived plan (German: \"Komplement\u00e4rtherapie\"). Combined with dynamic ward groups this approach intensifies the impact of short term in-hospital treatment. The purpose of this strategy is to fragment the patient's defenses, to shorten the therapeutic process and to prime and prepare the patient for ambulatory treatment after discharge. The employment of Multiple therapy in a hospital minimally necessitates workable interpersonal relationships between the members of the team, intensive supervision to prevent countertransference problems and a compatible point of view regarding the goal of treatment amongst the staff. All therapeutic methods, new or old, are in the final analysis nothing else than what the word connotes: a method, a means to an end. They never represent the way itself. The quality of psychiatric therapy and treatment does not depend upon the method, be it multiple therapy, individual analytic therapy, one of the non-verbal methods used or any other. What really counts is 1) whether the method is used by a team which truly wants to cooperate for the benefit of the patient, transcending their own ego demands, 2) whether it really improves interpersonal communication. Every psychiatric patient is somehow alienated and removed from his fellow men. Therapeutic methods employed at the hospital are valid if they facilitate to bridge this gap. If that is achieved, therapy can be considered successful. If not, such approaches merely represent meaningless occurrences which at best foster an illusion that \"something really happened\". That is not the same as when we see the beginning of a healing process. The therapeutic atmosphere in the hospital is meant to create a climate wherein a natural innate healingpower of man will be liberated. The Romans knew it already: Medicus curat, natura sanat.", "PMID": 493885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1757", "title": "[Treatment and resocialization of sexual delinquents by anti-androgen and psychotherapy].", "content": "The author presents the results obtained in the treatment of 40 sexual offenders receiving antiandrogens as well as psycho and sociotherapy. The paper covers the following topics: pathogenesis of sexual perversion, choice of treatment, therapeutic methodology (with particular reference to the above-mentioned combined treatment), duration of the treatment (long-term therapy), problems concerning provisory liberation and the continuation of treatment in ambulatory, prognosis, therapeutic results. The majority of these inmate-patients were treated for a period of 2 to 4 years. For 27 individuals, treatment was considered terminated after 3 to 6 years. The therapeutic results of the above-mentioned group were considered very good, that is: to date, 70% did not suffer relapse. Only 7 individuals out of these 27 relapsed and all within their first year of treatment. Thirteen out of 40 are still undergoing treatment (1 to 4 years). The majority have been liberated and continue being treated in ambulatory.", "contents": "[Treatment and resocialization of sexual delinquents by anti-androgen and psychotherapy]. The author presents the results obtained in the treatment of 40 sexual offenders receiving antiandrogens as well as psycho and sociotherapy. The paper covers the following topics: pathogenesis of sexual perversion, choice of treatment, therapeutic methodology (with particular reference to the above-mentioned combined treatment), duration of the treatment (long-term therapy), problems concerning provisory liberation and the continuation of treatment in ambulatory, prognosis, therapeutic results. The majority of these inmate-patients were treated for a period of 2 to 4 years. For 27 individuals, treatment was considered terminated after 3 to 6 years. The therapeutic results of the above-mentioned group were considered very good, that is: to date, 70% did not suffer relapse. Only 7 individuals out of these 27 relapsed and all within their first year of treatment. Thirteen out of 40 are still undergoing treatment (1 to 4 years). The majority have been liberated and continue being treated in ambulatory.", "PMID": 493886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1758", "title": "[Realta Institution in the eastern Swiss agreement on punishment and sentences].", "content": "The coming into effect of the Swiss Penal Code in 1942, marked a decisive step toward the protection of rights in our country. The agreement of Eastern Switzerland on the executive of sentences is based on article 383, paragraph 2 and it establishes that cantons may pass agreements on the common management of their institutions. The following cantons have joined in the above-mentioned convention: Zurich, Glaris, Schaffhouse, both Appenzells, St-Gall, Thurgovie and the Grisons. These cantons share different tasks related to the executive of sentences. The prison of Realta, in the canton of the Grisons, allows special imprisonment (art. 42), when sentences may be carried out in open prisons. In 1978 the canton of the Grisons has marked a new prescription concerning imprisonment which takes into account all the requirements of the European convention on Human Rights and the Swiss Penal Code. Partial imprisonment is possible when the execution of a full-time sentence has been refused. A qualification system has been introduced which is essentially based on the work and behaviour of residents. Employment of free time, tolerance to imprisonment, contact with the outside world, disciplinary punishments, the possibility to lodge complaints, all of these aforenamed situations conform to clear regulations.", "contents": "[Realta Institution in the eastern Swiss agreement on punishment and sentences]. The coming into effect of the Swiss Penal Code in 1942, marked a decisive step toward the protection of rights in our country. The agreement of Eastern Switzerland on the executive of sentences is based on article 383, paragraph 2 and it establishes that cantons may pass agreements on the common management of their institutions. The following cantons have joined in the above-mentioned convention: Zurich, Glaris, Schaffhouse, both Appenzells, St-Gall, Thurgovie and the Grisons. These cantons share different tasks related to the executive of sentences. The prison of Realta, in the canton of the Grisons, allows special imprisonment (art. 42), when sentences may be carried out in open prisons. In 1978 the canton of the Grisons has marked a new prescription concerning imprisonment which takes into account all the requirements of the European convention on Human Rights and the Swiss Penal Code. Partial imprisonment is possible when the execution of a full-time sentence has been refused. A qualification system has been introduced which is essentially based on the work and behaviour of residents. Employment of free time, tolerance to imprisonment, contact with the outside world, disciplinary punishments, the possibility to lodge complaints, all of these aforenamed situations conform to clear regulations.", "PMID": 493887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1759", "title": "[Film work of an autonomous group of patients].", "content": "For the past 16 years an autonomous group of patients has been making films at the university psychiatric clinic in Lausanne. A professional technician is available for consultation on technical problems, but strictly refrains from intervening in the creative work proper. In this way authentic documents emerge dealing with the group's collective experience, whilst each participant is conscious of his personal involvement in the enterprise. There is a discussion of the various therapeutic aspects of this kind of group work.", "contents": "[Film work of an autonomous group of patients]. For the past 16 years an autonomous group of patients has been making films at the university psychiatric clinic in Lausanne. A professional technician is available for consultation on technical problems, but strictly refrains from intervening in the creative work proper. In this way authentic documents emerge dealing with the group's collective experience, whilst each participant is conscious of his personal involvement in the enterprise. There is a discussion of the various therapeutic aspects of this kind of group work.", "PMID": 493888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1760", "title": "[Comparative catamnestic investigations concerning the psychological effects of sterilisation (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative catamnestic study the emotional working-through of sterilisation in 3 groups of 33 women was examined (duration of catamnesis: 10-12, 5, 2 years). Whereas in all the 3 collectives the upper lower class (according to Bolte) is represented the most frequently (58% in the 1st and the 2nd, 52% in the 3rd), as far as the lower middle class is concerned there is a higher fraction in the 3rd collective (p less than 0,05) and of the middle class there is a higher fraction in the collectives 1 and 2 (p less than 0,05). Women with a higher income (p less than 0,01) and with a better school and professional (p less than 0,05) training are overrepresented in the 2nd and 3rd collective. In the 3rd group only 6% indicated a religious bond, in comparison to 55% in the 1st and 49% in the 2nd group (p less than 0,01). Women of the 2nd and the 3rd collective were in comparison to those of the 1st group older (p less than 0,01) when they were sterilised, and had less children (p less than 0,05-0,01). In the 3rd group there were more divorced women (18%) in comparison to 3% in the 2nd and 0% in the 1st group (p less than 0,01). Concerning the indication for sterilisation medical-psychiatric causes were preponderant with 42% in the 1st group in comparison to 24% in the 2nd and 18% in the 3rd group (p less than 0,01), whereas in the 2nd group (61%) the social indications were predominant. The immediate cause for sterilisation was represented in the 2nd and the 3rd collective preponderantly by the desire to replace the hormonal contraceptives (p less than 0,01). The 1st collective mainly used insecure contraceptive methods before the operation, the 2nd and 3rd principally hormonal methods (p less than 0,01). In the 1st group it was mainly the insecurity of the method, in the 2nd and the 3rd there were more frequent side effects or contraindications (p less than 0,01), which caused the dissatisfaction with the anticonceptive method. The 3 groups differed significantly concerning the catamnestic evaluation of sterilisation. 100% of the last, 94% each of the 2nd and 3rd were satisfied concerning the sterilisation. To the question of working-through of sterilisation concerning psychic, somatic and especially sexual effects, most of the women in all the 3 groups responded favourably.", "contents": "[Comparative catamnestic investigations concerning the psychological effects of sterilisation (author's transl)]. In a comparative catamnestic study the emotional working-through of sterilisation in 3 groups of 33 women was examined (duration of catamnesis: 10-12, 5, 2 years). Whereas in all the 3 collectives the upper lower class (according to Bolte) is represented the most frequently (58% in the 1st and the 2nd, 52% in the 3rd), as far as the lower middle class is concerned there is a higher fraction in the 3rd collective (p less than 0,05) and of the middle class there is a higher fraction in the collectives 1 and 2 (p less than 0,05). Women with a higher income (p less than 0,01) and with a better school and professional (p less than 0,05) training are overrepresented in the 2nd and 3rd collective. In the 3rd group only 6% indicated a religious bond, in comparison to 55% in the 1st and 49% in the 2nd group (p less than 0,01). Women of the 2nd and the 3rd collective were in comparison to those of the 1st group older (p less than 0,01) when they were sterilised, and had less children (p less than 0,05-0,01). In the 3rd group there were more divorced women (18%) in comparison to 3% in the 2nd and 0% in the 1st group (p less than 0,01). Concerning the indication for sterilisation medical-psychiatric causes were preponderant with 42% in the 1st group in comparison to 24% in the 2nd and 18% in the 3rd group (p less than 0,01), whereas in the 2nd group (61%) the social indications were predominant. The immediate cause for sterilisation was represented in the 2nd and the 3rd collective preponderantly by the desire to replace the hormonal contraceptives (p less than 0,01). The 1st collective mainly used insecure contraceptive methods before the operation, the 2nd and 3rd principally hormonal methods (p less than 0,01). In the 1st group it was mainly the insecurity of the method, in the 2nd and the 3rd there were more frequent side effects or contraindications (p less than 0,01), which caused the dissatisfaction with the anticonceptive method. The 3 groups differed significantly concerning the catamnestic evaluation of sterilisation. 100% of the last, 94% each of the 2nd and 3rd were satisfied concerning the sterilisation. To the question of working-through of sterilisation concerning psychic, somatic and especially sexual effects, most of the women in all the 3 groups responded favourably.", "PMID": 493889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1761", "title": "Joint involvement in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Eleven out of 24 patients with systemic sclerosis had radiological features of inflammatory polyarthritis. Juxta-articular osteoporosis was present in 9 patients, erosions in 5 and loss of joint space in 6 patients. Only one patient had a positive rheumatoid factor. Titres of rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear factor, and plasma viscosity were comparable in patients with and without radiological abnormalities. Measurements of grip strength and finger-palm flexion also were similar in the two groups. However, in individual cases joint or tendon sheath disease was associated with loss of function.", "contents": "Joint involvement in systemic sclerosis. Eleven out of 24 patients with systemic sclerosis had radiological features of inflammatory polyarthritis. Juxta-articular osteoporosis was present in 9 patients, erosions in 5 and loss of joint space in 6 patients. Only one patient had a positive rheumatoid factor. Titres of rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear factor, and plasma viscosity were comparable in patients with and without radiological abnormalities. Measurements of grip strength and finger-palm flexion also were similar in the two groups. However, in individual cases joint or tendon sheath disease was associated with loss of function.", "PMID": 493891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1762", "title": "Synovial fluid and serum hydroxyproline fractions in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the synovial fluid lymphocyte count closely parallels the synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline, a marker of collagen resorption. This observation stresses the primordial role of lymphocytes in RA joint injury. The actual and eventually potential destruction of any single joint, as expressed by synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels, seems to reflect the general picture of disease activity as evaluated by the number of active joints (joint count), ESR and rheumatoid factor titres (latex fixation). Although urinary hydroxyproline levels are generally within the normal range in RA, they can be used as index of articular tissue destruction and as a parameter of overall disease activity when groups of patients are studied longitudinally in detail. The present study sheds no further light on the significance of synovial fluid and blood non-dialysable hydroxyproline levels.", "contents": "Synovial fluid and serum hydroxyproline fractions in rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the synovial fluid lymphocyte count closely parallels the synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline, a marker of collagen resorption. This observation stresses the primordial role of lymphocytes in RA joint injury. The actual and eventually potential destruction of any single joint, as expressed by synovial fluid dialysable hydroxyproline levels, seems to reflect the general picture of disease activity as evaluated by the number of active joints (joint count), ESR and rheumatoid factor titres (latex fixation). Although urinary hydroxyproline levels are generally within the normal range in RA, they can be used as index of articular tissue destruction and as a parameter of overall disease activity when groups of patients are studied longitudinally in detail. The present study sheds no further light on the significance of synovial fluid and blood non-dialysable hydroxyproline levels.", "PMID": 493892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1763", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a Norwegian community (Jondal). A study based on the local doctor's file.", "content": "This study of rheumatoid arthritis has been made in Jondal, Norway, on 803 persons between the ages of 16 and 75 years. Patients suspected of suffering from joint disease other than traumatic lesions were selected from the general practitioner's file, and further information on these patients was obtained from the local hospital and from personal interviews. It was found that 0.5% of the men and 1.2% of the women suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Six persons (0.7%) fulfilled the ARA criteria for classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, one fulfilled four criteria (probable RA). However, only 0.4% of the investigated population had more severe disease.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a Norwegian community (Jondal). A study based on the local doctor's file. This study of rheumatoid arthritis has been made in Jondal, Norway, on 803 persons between the ages of 16 and 75 years. Patients suspected of suffering from joint disease other than traumatic lesions were selected from the general practitioner's file, and further information on these patients was obtained from the local hospital and from personal interviews. It was found that 0.5% of the men and 1.2% of the women suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Six persons (0.7%) fulfilled the ARA criteria for classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, one fulfilled four criteria (probable RA). However, only 0.4% of the investigated population had more severe disease.", "PMID": 493893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1764", "title": "Dermatomyositis associated with BCG vaccination.", "content": "Two young boys developed serious forms of dermatomyositis following BCG vaccination. Possibilities of a causal relationship between the disease and the vaccination are discussed. Extensive immunological tests, however, including in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes with PPD, gave no decisive evidence of abnormalities. It is concluded that in cases of dermatomyositis there is an absolute indication for a full anamnesis with regard to previous vaccination, to obtain clarification of the practical and theoretically important questions of a possible connection in this respect.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis associated with BCG vaccination. Two young boys developed serious forms of dermatomyositis following BCG vaccination. Possibilities of a causal relationship between the disease and the vaccination are discussed. Extensive immunological tests, however, including in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes with PPD, gave no decisive evidence of abnormalities. It is concluded that in cases of dermatomyositis there is an absolute indication for a full anamnesis with regard to previous vaccination, to obtain clarification of the practical and theoretically important questions of a possible connection in this respect.", "PMID": 493894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1765", "title": "Psychosocial readjustment in the spouses of aphasic patients. A comparative Survey of 79 subjects.", "content": "The study set out to investigate readjustment to disability on the part of spouses of patients disabled by a cerebrovascular accident and to elicit the particular problems faced by the spouse of an aphasic patient. In a sample of 79 subjects, spouses of aphasic patients showed evidence of significantly poorer overall social adjustment then spouses of non-asphasic patients. The areas that were particularly impaired were social and leisure activities and marital relationships. In the marital area aphasia appeared to be particularly disruptive and the marriages were characterised by problems of interpersonal communication, diminished sexual satisfaction and loss of partnership. There was a raised incidence of minor psychiatric disorder in all spouses and again this was more pronounced amongst the spouses of aphasic patients.", "contents": "Psychosocial readjustment in the spouses of aphasic patients. A comparative Survey of 79 subjects. The study set out to investigate readjustment to disability on the part of spouses of patients disabled by a cerebrovascular accident and to elicit the particular problems faced by the spouse of an aphasic patient. In a sample of 79 subjects, spouses of aphasic patients showed evidence of significantly poorer overall social adjustment then spouses of non-asphasic patients. The areas that were particularly impaired were social and leisure activities and marital relationships. In the marital area aphasia appeared to be particularly disruptive and the marriages were characterised by problems of interpersonal communication, diminished sexual satisfaction and loss of partnership. There was a raised incidence of minor psychiatric disorder in all spouses and again this was more pronounced amongst the spouses of aphasic patients.", "PMID": 493896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1766", "title": "Independent exercises versus physiotherapy in nondisplaced proximal humeral fractures.", "content": "42 patients with undisplaced, proximal humeral fractures were randomly assigned into two groups in order to compare the results of instruction to the patient for independent exercises and conventional physiotherapy. No differences appeared between the groups subjectively or as regards functional parameters at 1 as well as at 3 months after the fracture and at a follow up more than 1 year later. As no disadvantage could be found instructions to the patients should in these cases be regarded as a satisfactory after-treatment.", "contents": "Independent exercises versus physiotherapy in nondisplaced proximal humeral fractures. 42 patients with undisplaced, proximal humeral fractures were randomly assigned into two groups in order to compare the results of instruction to the patient for independent exercises and conventional physiotherapy. No differences appeared between the groups subjectively or as regards functional parameters at 1 as well as at 3 months after the fracture and at a follow up more than 1 year later. As no disadvantage could be found instructions to the patients should in these cases be regarded as a satisfactory after-treatment.", "PMID": 493897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1767", "title": "Assessment of gait disability in hemiplegics. Hemiplegic gait.", "content": "A clinical method of recording gait patterns in patients with hemiplegia is described. The method is directed towards obtaining an objective assessment for research purposes primarily but could also be readily used clinically. The basis of the method is a pathway from which one can obtain measurements of the temporal and distance factors of gait. The data so obtained is processed to produce a comprehensive set of results presented in a readily understandable form. Sample results are illustrated and explained. Possible system improvements and applications are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of gait disability in hemiplegics. Hemiplegic gait. A clinical method of recording gait patterns in patients with hemiplegia is described. The method is directed towards obtaining an objective assessment for research purposes primarily but could also be readily used clinically. The basis of the method is a pathway from which one can obtain measurements of the temporal and distance factors of gait. The data so obtained is processed to produce a comprehensive set of results presented in a readily understandable form. Sample results are illustrated and explained. Possible system improvements and applications are discussed.", "PMID": 493898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1768", "title": "Plasma concentrations of lidocaine during inhalation anaesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "The plasma concentration of lidocaine and its metabolite, mono-ethyl-glycine-xylidine, was measured furing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) using an ultrasonic nebulizer to achieve topical anaesthesia. Most patients received additional anaesthesia of the laryngeal region and the tracheobronchial tree during the procedure. The achieved plasma concentrations showed that a substantial amount of lidocaine was absorbed, but toxic plasma levels were not reached. Lidocaine plasma concentration above the therapeutic range for treating cardiac diseases was observed in one patient. The use of an ultrasonic nebulizer with lidocaine before FB seems to give sufficient local anaesthesia and to be a safe method.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of lidocaine during inhalation anaesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The plasma concentration of lidocaine and its metabolite, mono-ethyl-glycine-xylidine, was measured furing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) using an ultrasonic nebulizer to achieve topical anaesthesia. Most patients received additional anaesthesia of the laryngeal region and the tracheobronchial tree during the procedure. The achieved plasma concentrations showed that a substantial amount of lidocaine was absorbed, but toxic plasma levels were not reached. Lidocaine plasma concentration above the therapeutic range for treating cardiac diseases was observed in one patient. The use of an ultrasonic nebulizer with lidocaine before FB seems to give sufficient local anaesthesia and to be a safe method.", "PMID": 493899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1769", "title": "Density dependence of the maximal expiratory flow volume curves in normal and asthmatic children.", "content": "We have studied the maximal expiratory flow volume curves with air and with an 80% helium-oxygen mixture, using 12 normal and 33 asthmatic children chosen according to clinical, functional and immunological criteria. In the normal children, the average delta Vmax (difference between the maximal flow in HeO2 and in air at corresponding lung volumes) was 49% and was similar from 60% to 20% of vital capacity. The iso flow volume (lung volume level at which the HeO2 and air flow volume curves intersect) was 3% of vital capacity. Eleven of the asthmatics were non-responders to the helium mixture (no significant differences in flow between HeO2 and air curves), five at 50% and 25% VC and six at only 25% VC. The other 22 asthmatics were responders, but nine of them showed a rise of the iso flow volume. Eight subjects showed no obstruction according to the flow volume curves in air; three of these had an abnormal response to the helium mixture. All the non-responders at 50% VC and half of the non-responders at 25% VC had a clinical history of recurrent infections. These results suggest, firstly, that when there is no history of recurrent infections, the site of obstruction in asthmatic children is mainly central. This does not exclude a coexisting peripheral obstruction which could persist after recovery of the central component. Secondly, by studying the HeO2 response at 25% VC, we can get more information than by measuring only the delta Vmax50 or iso flow volumes.", "contents": "Density dependence of the maximal expiratory flow volume curves in normal and asthmatic children. We have studied the maximal expiratory flow volume curves with air and with an 80% helium-oxygen mixture, using 12 normal and 33 asthmatic children chosen according to clinical, functional and immunological criteria. In the normal children, the average delta Vmax (difference between the maximal flow in HeO2 and in air at corresponding lung volumes) was 49% and was similar from 60% to 20% of vital capacity. The iso flow volume (lung volume level at which the HeO2 and air flow volume curves intersect) was 3% of vital capacity. Eleven of the asthmatics were non-responders to the helium mixture (no significant differences in flow between HeO2 and air curves), five at 50% and 25% VC and six at only 25% VC. The other 22 asthmatics were responders, but nine of them showed a rise of the iso flow volume. Eight subjects showed no obstruction according to the flow volume curves in air; three of these had an abnormal response to the helium mixture. All the non-responders at 50% VC and half of the non-responders at 25% VC had a clinical history of recurrent infections. These results suggest, firstly, that when there is no history of recurrent infections, the site of obstruction in asthmatic children is mainly central. This does not exclude a coexisting peripheral obstruction which could persist after recovery of the central component. Secondly, by studying the HeO2 response at 25% VC, we can get more information than by measuring only the delta Vmax50 or iso flow volumes.", "PMID": 493900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1770", "title": "Effect of inspired volume on airway closure in relation to age.", "content": "Closing volume (CV) was measured in 64 healthy subjects aged 18--76 years, in supine position, with a bolus (helium) technique in two ways: following a maximal (CV100) and a submaximal (=50% VC; CV50) inspiration from residual volume. With increasing age CV50 increased less than CV100 according to the equation CV100(%VC)-CV50(%VC)=0.13Xage-0.6(r=0.46, P less than 0.001), e.g. at 70 years of age CV100=32(%VC) and CV50=24(%VC). Therefore, during normal breathing elderly subjects to not presumably close airways at as high a lung volume as predicted from conventional CV-measurements. A strong correlation between CV50 and CV100 was found, CV50(%VC)=0.55XCV100(%VC)+5.3(r=0.90; P less than 0.001), thus allowing a more accurate prediction of CV50 from CV100 than from age. Neither smoking habits nor body position affected the decrease of CV with reduced inspired volume.", "contents": "Effect of inspired volume on airway closure in relation to age. Closing volume (CV) was measured in 64 healthy subjects aged 18--76 years, in supine position, with a bolus (helium) technique in two ways: following a maximal (CV100) and a submaximal (=50% VC; CV50) inspiration from residual volume. With increasing age CV50 increased less than CV100 according to the equation CV100(%VC)-CV50(%VC)=0.13Xage-0.6(r=0.46, P less than 0.001), e.g. at 70 years of age CV100=32(%VC) and CV50=24(%VC). Therefore, during normal breathing elderly subjects to not presumably close airways at as high a lung volume as predicted from conventional CV-measurements. A strong correlation between CV50 and CV100 was found, CV50(%VC)=0.55XCV100(%VC)+5.3(r=0.90; P less than 0.001), thus allowing a more accurate prediction of CV50 from CV100 than from age. Neither smoking habits nor body position affected the decrease of CV with reduced inspired volume.", "PMID": 493901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1771", "title": "Familial diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis associated with oculocutaneous albinism. Report of two cases with a family study.", "content": "Two female patients with familial diffuse fibrosing alveolitis associated with oculocutaneous albinism are presented. A family study was carried out and two other female patients with oculocutaneous albinism and pulmonary disease were detected. Clinical, radiological and histological features are highlighted and the results of treatment discussed.", "contents": "Familial diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis associated with oculocutaneous albinism. Report of two cases with a family study. Two female patients with familial diffuse fibrosing alveolitis associated with oculocutaneous albinism are presented. A family study was carried out and two other female patients with oculocutaneous albinism and pulmonary disease were detected. Clinical, radiological and histological features are highlighted and the results of treatment discussed.", "PMID": 493902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1772", "title": "Mortality and autopsy rate for respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.", "content": "Mortality from respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973 was investigated using the official statistics and original death certificates. Total mortality from respiratory diseases in men was significantly higher than in women. Total respiratory mortality in men has increased slightly since 1963, whereas in women it decreased between 1955 and 1963 but has since remained almost constant. Mortality from lung cancer increased in men constantly in the years 1955--1973, but this was not found in women. Mortality from obstructive lung diseases in men increased slightly between 1955 and 1969 but not since. This increase was recorded only for the elderly whereas the opposite trend was found in younger people. The number of deaths from pneumonia decreased between 1955 and 1963. After 1963 these deaths increased again but only in the older age groups. Mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis showed a steady decrease. In 1973 the autopsy rate was 80.6% in pneumococcal pneumonia, 65.6% in pulmonary embolism, 48.1% in bronchiectasis, and 47.0% in pulmonary tuberculosis, exceeding significantly the mean national autopsy rate which was 38.3%. This might mean that at least some of these respiratory diseases are underdiagnosed clinically as the performance of an autopsy seems to increase their relative proportion in mortality statistics.", "contents": "Mortality and autopsy rate for respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973. Mortality from respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973 was investigated using the official statistics and original death certificates. Total mortality from respiratory diseases in men was significantly higher than in women. Total respiratory mortality in men has increased slightly since 1963, whereas in women it decreased between 1955 and 1963 but has since remained almost constant. Mortality from lung cancer increased in men constantly in the years 1955--1973, but this was not found in women. Mortality from obstructive lung diseases in men increased slightly between 1955 and 1969 but not since. This increase was recorded only for the elderly whereas the opposite trend was found in younger people. The number of deaths from pneumonia decreased between 1955 and 1963. After 1963 these deaths increased again but only in the older age groups. Mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis showed a steady decrease. In 1973 the autopsy rate was 80.6% in pneumococcal pneumonia, 65.6% in pulmonary embolism, 48.1% in bronchiectasis, and 47.0% in pulmonary tuberculosis, exceeding significantly the mean national autopsy rate which was 38.3%. This might mean that at least some of these respiratory diseases are underdiagnosed clinically as the performance of an autopsy seems to increase their relative proportion in mortality statistics.", "PMID": 493903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1773", "title": "Airway cooling. Stimulus for exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Five patients were studied using a randomly assigned sequence of four inspired-air conditions during strenuous treadmill exercise for 10 min. The four inspired-air conditions were: (1) Cool, dry room air (CDA) at 23 degrees C with 3 mg of water and 7.3 cal of heat content/l, (2) over-saturated air (OSA) at room temperature containing 43 mg water and 16.3 cal/l, (3) hot, dry air (HDA) at 120 degrees C having 3 mg water and 24.4 cal/l, and (4) warm, humidified air (WHA) at 37 degrees C with 43 mg water and 34.7 cal/l. Using inspired-air CDA and OSA, all patients manifested exercise-induced asthma (EIA) while forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) decreased to an average of 81% and 63% of the baseline when breathing CDA and to 83% and 71% of the baseline when breathing OSA. With WHA, EIA was clearly prevented while the post-exercise FEV1 and MMEF were 101% and 103% of baseline, respectively. With HDA, the post-exercise FEV1 and MMEF were 95% and 86% of baseline, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the post-exercise pulmonary function changes had resulted solely from respiratory heat loss and not from water loss or from interaction of heat and water losses. These results indicate that exercise-induced asthma is associated with airway cooling incurred during exercise rather than airway dehydration.", "contents": "Airway cooling. Stimulus for exercise-induced asthma. Five patients were studied using a randomly assigned sequence of four inspired-air conditions during strenuous treadmill exercise for 10 min. The four inspired-air conditions were: (1) Cool, dry room air (CDA) at 23 degrees C with 3 mg of water and 7.3 cal of heat content/l, (2) over-saturated air (OSA) at room temperature containing 43 mg water and 16.3 cal/l, (3) hot, dry air (HDA) at 120 degrees C having 3 mg water and 24.4 cal/l, and (4) warm, humidified air (WHA) at 37 degrees C with 43 mg water and 34.7 cal/l. Using inspired-air CDA and OSA, all patients manifested exercise-induced asthma (EIA) while forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) decreased to an average of 81% and 63% of the baseline when breathing CDA and to 83% and 71% of the baseline when breathing OSA. With WHA, EIA was clearly prevented while the post-exercise FEV1 and MMEF were 101% and 103% of baseline, respectively. With HDA, the post-exercise FEV1 and MMEF were 95% and 86% of baseline, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the post-exercise pulmonary function changes had resulted solely from respiratory heat loss and not from water loss or from interaction of heat and water losses. These results indicate that exercise-induced asthma is associated with airway cooling incurred during exercise rather than airway dehydration.", "PMID": 493904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1774", "title": "Resistive breathing training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pilot study.", "content": "We studied the effects of resistive breathing in 10 patients with long-standing, severe disabling COPD. Small increases in inspiratory resistive load resulted in diaphragmatic fatigue and failure in all patients. Fatigue was detected using the frequency spectrum analysis of an EMG signal obtained with surface electrodes. Failure was defined as an inward displacement of the abdomen during inspiration, i.e. incoordination of thoracoabdominal motion. The patients trained for one half hour daily for 4 weeks, breathing into a simple device, where they inspired against a resistive load that produced some incoordinated breaths. After 4 weeks this load was increased, if possible, and another 4-week training period started. All patients improved with training, i.e. higher resistances could be tolerated without signs of fatigue and failure. In addition most patients claimed that training had helped them in their daily living; they were able to do more without getting short of breath. The device helped expectoration, possibly owing to the effect of the small expiratory resistance.", "contents": "Resistive breathing training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A pilot study. We studied the effects of resistive breathing in 10 patients with long-standing, severe disabling COPD. Small increases in inspiratory resistive load resulted in diaphragmatic fatigue and failure in all patients. Fatigue was detected using the frequency spectrum analysis of an EMG signal obtained with surface electrodes. Failure was defined as an inward displacement of the abdomen during inspiration, i.e. incoordination of thoracoabdominal motion. The patients trained for one half hour daily for 4 weeks, breathing into a simple device, where they inspired against a resistive load that produced some incoordinated breaths. After 4 weeks this load was increased, if possible, and another 4-week training period started. All patients improved with training, i.e. higher resistances could be tolerated without signs of fatigue and failure. In addition most patients claimed that training had helped them in their daily living; they were able to do more without getting short of breath. The device helped expectoration, possibly owing to the effect of the small expiratory resistance.", "PMID": 493905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1775", "title": "[Drug-induced esophageal ulcers].", "content": "In cases without a history of gastrointestinal or cardiac disease, acute odynophagia prompts the tentative diagnosis of drug-induced esophageal ulcer. Possible causes are tetracycline, clindamycin, emepronium bromide, potassium chloride, etc. Other diseases such as carcinoma can be ruled out by endoscopy and biopsy. To avoid such esophageal lesions drugs should be taken with sufficient fluid and not immediately before bedrest.", "contents": "[Drug-induced esophageal ulcers]. In cases without a history of gastrointestinal or cardiac disease, acute odynophagia prompts the tentative diagnosis of drug-induced esophageal ulcer. Possible causes are tetracycline, clindamycin, emepronium bromide, potassium chloride, etc. Other diseases such as carcinoma can be ruled out by endoscopy and biopsy. To avoid such esophageal lesions drugs should be taken with sufficient fluid and not immediately before bedrest.", "PMID": 493907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1776", "title": "[The basophil degranulation test in the diagnosis of bee and wasp sting allergies].", "content": "Comparison of basophil degranulation test (BDT) with radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in 50 patients with anamnestically certain or probable hymenoptera allergy yielded practically equal results. In patients who had experienced their allergic reaction a long time ago, BDT seemed to react positively over a longer period of time than RAST. As BDT is technically easy to perform and moderate in price, it is suited to substitute RAST.", "contents": "[The basophil degranulation test in the diagnosis of bee and wasp sting allergies]. Comparison of basophil degranulation test (BDT) with radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in 50 patients with anamnestically certain or probable hymenoptera allergy yielded practically equal results. In patients who had experienced their allergic reaction a long time ago, BDT seemed to react positively over a longer period of time than RAST. As BDT is technically easy to perform and moderate in price, it is suited to substitute RAST.", "PMID": 493908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1777", "title": "[Prescription profile in French speaking Switzerland and in the Tessin. Analysis of 2006 medical prescriptions].", "content": "Analysis of 2006 prescriptions given to 641 unselected patients by 360 doctors in the French- and Italian-speaking parts of Switzerland provides a wealth of information on prescription trends and the cost of medicine. The patients ordinarily received medication belonging to several therapeutic groups, usually 2 or 3 but up to 9 different groups. Each prescription averaged 2.08 drugs with a mean cost of 18.90 Swiss francs. The price varied considerably according to the group of drugs. Those related to the cardiovascular system were the most expensive closely followed by antibiotics, while the ophthalmological prescriptions were the least expensive. Hydergine is the most-sold drug in Switzerland, followed by Bactrim; however, if the various benzodiazepines were grouped together their sale would exceed the others. There are 62 different drugs for rheumatic conditions and 47 penicillins in Switzerland. The abundance of drugs and the prescription of medication with dubious action contribute to the inflationary cost of illness. For any given drug there is a striking parallelism between the number of pages publicizing it in 4 medical journals and total sales. This clearly demonstrates the influence of advertising on prescription trends. Doctors should be aware of this fact and rely on more objective sources of their information about drugs.", "contents": "[Prescription profile in French speaking Switzerland and in the Tessin. Analysis of 2006 medical prescriptions]. Analysis of 2006 prescriptions given to 641 unselected patients by 360 doctors in the French- and Italian-speaking parts of Switzerland provides a wealth of information on prescription trends and the cost of medicine. The patients ordinarily received medication belonging to several therapeutic groups, usually 2 or 3 but up to 9 different groups. Each prescription averaged 2.08 drugs with a mean cost of 18.90 Swiss francs. The price varied considerably according to the group of drugs. Those related to the cardiovascular system were the most expensive closely followed by antibiotics, while the ophthalmological prescriptions were the least expensive. Hydergine is the most-sold drug in Switzerland, followed by Bactrim; however, if the various benzodiazepines were grouped together their sale would exceed the others. There are 62 different drugs for rheumatic conditions and 47 penicillins in Switzerland. The abundance of drugs and the prescription of medication with dubious action contribute to the inflationary cost of illness. For any given drug there is a striking parallelism between the number of pages publicizing it in 4 medical journals and total sales. This clearly demonstrates the influence of advertising on prescription trends. Doctors should be aware of this fact and rely on more objective sources of their information about drugs.", "PMID": 493909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1778", "title": "[Pollionosis: I. Findings on the clinical aspects and the pollen spectrum in 1565 pollen-sensitive patients].", "content": "Case histories are analyzed of 1565 hay fever patients first attending an allergy unit. The mean age of the test persons was 19.5 years. 40% were in the age group 5 to 15 years. The sex distribution showed a slight but statistically significant prevalence of males (56.6%). 56.8% had a positive family history of allergies and 44.2% had other allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis (31.6%), perennial rhinitis and perennial asthma (19% each), urticaria, food allergy and drug allergy (5% each) and insect sting allergy (3%). A clear cut peak both for rhinitis and for asthmatic symptoms %30.5% and 20.2% respectively) was found in the age group 5--9 years. Up to the 14th year the symptoms of pollen allergy were already exhibited by 68.5% of the patients. 97% of the pollen allergics suffered from rhinitis, 95% from conjunctivitis, 40% from bronchial asthma and another 20% from tracheobronchitis or asthmatic bronchitis. As additional symptoms of pollen allergy due to haematogenous spread of the pollen antigens we observed a seasonal form of atopic dermatitis in 3%, a seasonal urticaria or angioedema in 3.5%, migraine in 6.3% and arthralgia, gastro-intestinal troubles and fever in fewer than 1% each. Almost 98% of the patients were sensitized to grass or cereal pollens. However, only 18% suffered from an isolated grass pollinosis (summer hay fever). The other patients were additionally clinically sensitized by other pollens with different blossoming periods, i.e. 35% by three pollens responsible for the so-called spring pollinosis, and 50% by weeds (plantain, nettle, mugwort) the cause of late summer pollinosis. Only 13 patients suffered from an isolated spring pollinosis (hazel, alder, birch, willow). In 14 patients (not quite 1%) with a clear-cut history and clinical symptoms of pollinosis, all the skin tests were negative. In these cases the sensitization was probably restricted to the respiratory tract. Despite the new in-vitro methods such as the RAST, carefully performed skin tests linked to a knowledge of the pollen calendars of the region and the allergological history remain the most reliable and cheapest procedure for the specific diagnosis of pollen allergy.", "contents": "[Pollionosis: I. Findings on the clinical aspects and the pollen spectrum in 1565 pollen-sensitive patients]. Case histories are analyzed of 1565 hay fever patients first attending an allergy unit. The mean age of the test persons was 19.5 years. 40% were in the age group 5 to 15 years. The sex distribution showed a slight but statistically significant prevalence of males (56.6%). 56.8% had a positive family history of allergies and 44.2% had other allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis (31.6%), perennial rhinitis and perennial asthma (19% each), urticaria, food allergy and drug allergy (5% each) and insect sting allergy (3%). A clear cut peak both for rhinitis and for asthmatic symptoms %30.5% and 20.2% respectively) was found in the age group 5--9 years. Up to the 14th year the symptoms of pollen allergy were already exhibited by 68.5% of the patients. 97% of the pollen allergics suffered from rhinitis, 95% from conjunctivitis, 40% from bronchial asthma and another 20% from tracheobronchitis or asthmatic bronchitis. As additional symptoms of pollen allergy due to haematogenous spread of the pollen antigens we observed a seasonal form of atopic dermatitis in 3%, a seasonal urticaria or angioedema in 3.5%, migraine in 6.3% and arthralgia, gastro-intestinal troubles and fever in fewer than 1% each. Almost 98% of the patients were sensitized to grass or cereal pollens. However, only 18% suffered from an isolated grass pollinosis (summer hay fever). The other patients were additionally clinically sensitized by other pollens with different blossoming periods, i.e. 35% by three pollens responsible for the so-called spring pollinosis, and 50% by weeds (plantain, nettle, mugwort) the cause of late summer pollinosis. Only 13 patients suffered from an isolated spring pollinosis (hazel, alder, birch, willow). In 14 patients (not quite 1%) with a clear-cut history and clinical symptoms of pollinosis, all the skin tests were negative. In these cases the sensitization was probably restricted to the respiratory tract. Despite the new in-vitro methods such as the RAST, carefully performed skin tests linked to a knowledge of the pollen calendars of the region and the allergological history remain the most reliable and cheapest procedure for the specific diagnosis of pollen allergy.", "PMID": 493910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1779", "title": "[The idiopathic osteolysis syndrome].", "content": "Idiopathic osteolysis of the multicentric type is a rather rare clinical entity without known causative factor at onset. It displays rapid clinical progression and destruction of bone is completed before the end of growth. A review of the literature is presented with a view in particular to useful classification of the different types of osteolysis. A case followed up at our clinic for surgery of the hand is described and discussed.", "contents": "[The idiopathic osteolysis syndrome]. Idiopathic osteolysis of the multicentric type is a rather rare clinical entity without known causative factor at onset. It displays rapid clinical progression and destruction of bone is completed before the end of growth. A review of the literature is presented with a view in particular to useful classification of the different types of osteolysis. A case followed up at our clinic for surgery of the hand is described and discussed.", "PMID": 493911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1780", "title": "[Are automatic devices suitable for blood pressure determinations?].", "content": "Four automatic blood pressure recorders (Bosograph II, Bosch EBM 500, Elag BE 237R, and Physiometrics SR-2) were compared with the random zero sphygmomanometer. Since each of the automatic devices was calibrated for phase IV, diastolic blood pressure values were read off at phase IV and not phase V of Korotkow with the random zero sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure measurements were carried out in 80 patients with hypertension and in 20 normotensive healthy subjects. Readings with the automatic recorders and with the random zero sphygmomanometer correlated well in a wide range of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.878--0.982, p less than 0.001). However, the automatic values were in most cases significantly lower than those obtained with the random zero device. For Physiometrics SR-2, where two diastolic readings were possible, only the first diastolic values correlated well with phase IV of Korotkow. The second values were significantly lower, with a difference of -11.1 mm Hg, and probably did not reflect the true diastolic blood pressure. These results show that each of the four automatic recorders is suitable for measuring blood pressure. However, with the Physiometrics SR-2, Only the higher diastolic reading should be used. The differences between the four automatic devices were minor and can therefore be ignored.", "contents": "[Are automatic devices suitable for blood pressure determinations?]. Four automatic blood pressure recorders (Bosograph II, Bosch EBM 500, Elag BE 237R, and Physiometrics SR-2) were compared with the random zero sphygmomanometer. Since each of the automatic devices was calibrated for phase IV, diastolic blood pressure values were read off at phase IV and not phase V of Korotkow with the random zero sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure measurements were carried out in 80 patients with hypertension and in 20 normotensive healthy subjects. Readings with the automatic recorders and with the random zero sphygmomanometer correlated well in a wide range of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.878--0.982, p less than 0.001). However, the automatic values were in most cases significantly lower than those obtained with the random zero device. For Physiometrics SR-2, where two diastolic readings were possible, only the first diastolic values correlated well with phase IV of Korotkow. The second values were significantly lower, with a difference of -11.1 mm Hg, and probably did not reflect the true diastolic blood pressure. These results show that each of the four automatic recorders is suitable for measuring blood pressure. However, with the Physiometrics SR-2, Only the higher diastolic reading should be used. The differences between the four automatic devices were minor and can therefore be ignored.", "PMID": 493912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1781", "title": "[Thorotrastosis and thorotrast carcinoma of the kidney. A differential diagnostic problem].", "content": "Thorotrast deposts produce intense fibrosis and it is not uncommon for malignant tumors to arise in such cases. Thus for example, renal carcinoma was observed 35 years after administration of Thorotrast. Such carcinomas may be difficult to diagnose in time because of radiogenic nephritis. In the light of experience with a 55-year old man, the reason for delayed carcinoma diagnosis was lack of formation of tumor nodes due to intense fibrosis resulting in diffuse and canalicular tumor spread. Hence it is obvious that angiography may not be diagnostic in such cases.", "contents": "[Thorotrastosis and thorotrast carcinoma of the kidney. A differential diagnostic problem]. Thorotrast deposts produce intense fibrosis and it is not uncommon for malignant tumors to arise in such cases. Thus for example, renal carcinoma was observed 35 years after administration of Thorotrast. Such carcinomas may be difficult to diagnose in time because of radiogenic nephritis. In the light of experience with a 55-year old man, the reason for delayed carcinoma diagnosis was lack of formation of tumor nodes due to intense fibrosis resulting in diffuse and canalicular tumor spread. Hence it is obvious that angiography may not be diagnostic in such cases.", "PMID": 493913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1782", "title": "[Bronchoscopy with a rigid tube, an obsolete method?].", "content": "Of the two methods of bronchoscopy, the rigid bronchoscope and the flexible instrument, it is clear that one cannot be used to the complete exclusion of the other. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The rigid tube has many diagnostic and especially therapeutic advantages in the main bronchi, while the flexible instrument displays its strong points in the peripheral areas. The two methods complement one another. Bronchofiberscopy alone cannot be recommended, but if it is carried out nevertheless it is merely a general bronchoscopy and the limitations must be taken into consideration. It must be possible to deal with any complications which may arise.", "contents": "[Bronchoscopy with a rigid tube, an obsolete method?]. Of the two methods of bronchoscopy, the rigid bronchoscope and the flexible instrument, it is clear that one cannot be used to the complete exclusion of the other. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The rigid tube has many diagnostic and especially therapeutic advantages in the main bronchi, while the flexible instrument displays its strong points in the peripheral areas. The two methods complement one another. Bronchofiberscopy alone cannot be recommended, but if it is carried out nevertheless it is merely a general bronchoscopy and the limitations must be taken into consideration. It must be possible to deal with any complications which may arise.", "PMID": 493914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1783", "title": "[Intravascular uterine leiomyomatosis].", "content": "Intravascular (intravenous) leiomyomatosis is a rare uterine neoplasm. The unusual growth and extension of histologically benign smooth muscle tumors in vascular channels of uterus and pelvis are cardinal features of the disease. The course of the affection has been benign in the majority of the cases reported in the literature. Clinical and pathologic aspects are briefly evaluated in the context of an example of intravascular leiomyomatosis in a 30-year-old woman.", "contents": "[Intravascular uterine leiomyomatosis]. Intravascular (intravenous) leiomyomatosis is a rare uterine neoplasm. The unusual growth and extension of histologically benign smooth muscle tumors in vascular channels of uterus and pelvis are cardinal features of the disease. The course of the affection has been benign in the majority of the cases reported in the literature. Clinical and pathologic aspects are briefly evaluated in the context of an example of intravascular leiomyomatosis in a 30-year-old woman.", "PMID": 493915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1784", "title": "Serial serum amylase levels in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "The incidence of hyperamylasaemia in serial serum amylase levels from patients with pancreatic pseudocysts is not well documented in the literature. Accordingly serial amylase levels were estimated in 5 patients with proven pancreatic pseudocysts. The majority of the values were normal or only minimally elevated. In contrast the amylase thermolability was persistently elevated and appeared to be a more sensitive measurement than serum amylase activity for indicating the presence of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "contents": "Serial serum amylase levels in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. The incidence of hyperamylasaemia in serial serum amylase levels from patients with pancreatic pseudocysts is not well documented in the literature. Accordingly serial amylase levels were estimated in 5 patients with proven pancreatic pseudocysts. The majority of the values were normal or only minimally elevated. In contrast the amylase thermolability was persistently elevated and appeared to be a more sensitive measurement than serum amylase activity for indicating the presence of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "PMID": 493925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1785", "title": "Sulphonylureas and cardiovascular disease: a problem for few diabetics.", "content": "Because of the doubts cast on the safety of the sulphonylureas we analysed 1000 consecutive referrals to a diabetic clinic to identify the number of new patients equally suitable for treatment with a sulphonylurea or insulin. After excluding previously diagnosed and treated diabetics and those with a non-diabetic glucose tolerance test there were 531 new diabetics. Youth and insulin dependency, old age or obesity accounted for 390. A further 40 required diet alone, 50 had concomitant disease or socio-domestic circumstances influencing treatment choice, and 10 had secondary diabetes. Thus, only 41 diabetics (7.7% of new patients or 4.1% of total clinic referrals) appeared suitable for optional sulphonylurea or insulin therapy. We conclude that there are relatively few diabetics for whom the questionable safety of the sulphonylureas poses a therapeutic problem, and equally few who would be available for any further long-term, random-allocation trials of their effects upon the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Sulphonylureas and cardiovascular disease: a problem for few diabetics. Because of the doubts cast on the safety of the sulphonylureas we analysed 1000 consecutive referrals to a diabetic clinic to identify the number of new patients equally suitable for treatment with a sulphonylurea or insulin. After excluding previously diagnosed and treated diabetics and those with a non-diabetic glucose tolerance test there were 531 new diabetics. Youth and insulin dependency, old age or obesity accounted for 390. A further 40 required diet alone, 50 had concomitant disease or socio-domestic circumstances influencing treatment choice, and 10 had secondary diabetes. Thus, only 41 diabetics (7.7% of new patients or 4.1% of total clinic referrals) appeared suitable for optional sulphonylurea or insulin therapy. We conclude that there are relatively few diabetics for whom the questionable safety of the sulphonylureas poses a therapeutic problem, and equally few who would be available for any further long-term, random-allocation trials of their effects upon the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 493926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1786", "title": "Medical treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "Medical treatment is potentially more important than surgical treatment for the large majority of patients presenting withe breast cancer. Since each patient has unique characteristics affecting both tumour aggressiveness and host defence, a generalised approach to medical treatment is no longer acceptable.", "contents": "Medical treatment of breast cancer. Medical treatment is potentially more important than surgical treatment for the large majority of patients presenting withe breast cancer. Since each patient has unique characteristics affecting both tumour aggressiveness and host defence, a generalised approach to medical treatment is no longer acceptable.", "PMID": 493927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1787", "title": "Infection and immunization.", "content": "Herd infections, especially in children, are strongly influenced epidemiologically by social and demographic factors which have contributed favorably to a general decline in incidence and mortality during the past 50 years or more. Intervention procedures such as immunization cannot be evaluated or planned realistically except against these background factors. Assessed in this way, immunization against diphtheria and poliomyelitis was unequivocally effective in reducing incidence and morbidity of these diseases. By comparison, pertussis vaccine has a very limited protective effect, the value of which, as morbidity decreases, may be offset by the intrinsic toxicity of the vaccine and by the possibility of infrequent but severe brain damage in some children.", "contents": "Infection and immunization. Herd infections, especially in children, are strongly influenced epidemiologically by social and demographic factors which have contributed favorably to a general decline in incidence and mortality during the past 50 years or more. Intervention procedures such as immunization cannot be evaluated or planned realistically except against these background factors. Assessed in this way, immunization against diphtheria and poliomyelitis was unequivocally effective in reducing incidence and morbidity of these diseases. By comparison, pertussis vaccine has a very limited protective effect, the value of which, as morbidity decreases, may be offset by the intrinsic toxicity of the vaccine and by the possibility of infrequent but severe brain damage in some children.", "PMID": 493931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1788", "title": "The problems, diagnosis and treatment of infection by Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Present-day problems of infection by Staphylococcus aureus are described against a brief historical account of the evolution of the multiple antibiotic resistant 'hospital staph'. which caused such immense problems of hospital cross-infection in the 1950's and 1960's. These problems have lessened considerably since that time, but staphylococcal infection still remains as a cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and treatment are not always straight-forward. Apart from applying general supportive measures, and appropriate surgical intervention when necessary, the attending doctor is faced with making a choice from a multiplicity of antibiotic agents. A brief account of the main antibiotic agents currently available is given with comments on some of the disadvantages and complications attendant on their use. The potential dangers of staphylococcal sepsis and the need for rapid diagnosis and prompt vigorous treatment are stressed.", "contents": "The problems, diagnosis and treatment of infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Present-day problems of infection by Staphylococcus aureus are described against a brief historical account of the evolution of the multiple antibiotic resistant 'hospital staph'. which caused such immense problems of hospital cross-infection in the 1950's and 1960's. These problems have lessened considerably since that time, but staphylococcal infection still remains as a cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and treatment are not always straight-forward. Apart from applying general supportive measures, and appropriate surgical intervention when necessary, the attending doctor is faced with making a choice from a multiplicity of antibiotic agents. A brief account of the main antibiotic agents currently available is given with comments on some of the disadvantages and complications attendant on their use. The potential dangers of staphylococcal sepsis and the need for rapid diagnosis and prompt vigorous treatment are stressed.", "PMID": 493932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1789", "title": "Sleep and hypnotics.", "content": "Sleep is an enigma and the clinical importance of disturbed sleep is not clear. Much has been learnt in the past 25 years of the physiology of normal and abnormal sleep. Complaints of insomnia can be related to several causes--normal extreme patterns, psychiatric, physical, specific and drug-related. The treatment of insomnia is essentially that of the primary condition. Hypnotics have a limited role and their use should always be carefully considered.", "contents": "Sleep and hypnotics. Sleep is an enigma and the clinical importance of disturbed sleep is not clear. Much has been learnt in the past 25 years of the physiology of normal and abnormal sleep. Complaints of insomnia can be related to several causes--normal extreme patterns, psychiatric, physical, specific and drug-related. The treatment of insomnia is essentially that of the primary condition. Hypnotics have a limited role and their use should always be carefully considered.", "PMID": 493933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1790", "title": "Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy.", "content": "Intestinal obstruction is an unusual complication of pregnancy, but may be encountered more frequently in the future. Two patients with such a complication are described. Relief of the obstruction was achieved by surgical intervention in one patient and by delivery of a term baby in the other. The management of intestinal obstruction in late pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy. Intestinal obstruction is an unusual complication of pregnancy, but may be encountered more frequently in the future. Two patients with such a complication are described. Relief of the obstruction was achieved by surgical intervention in one patient and by delivery of a term baby in the other. The management of intestinal obstruction in late pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 493936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1791", "title": "Giant trichobezoar--an unusual case.", "content": "It has been known for several thousand years that concretions of animal and vegetable matter form in the stomachs and intestines of certain animals. These objects are known as bezoars. The finding of such curiosities in man is also recognised but is rare. A short history of bezoars is given and a case of a giant trichobezoar reported. The medical, surgical and psychiatric aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Giant trichobezoar--an unusual case. It has been known for several thousand years that concretions of animal and vegetable matter form in the stomachs and intestines of certain animals. These objects are known as bezoars. The finding of such curiosities in man is also recognised but is rare. A short history of bezoars is given and a case of a giant trichobezoar reported. The medical, surgical and psychiatric aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 493937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1792", "title": "Amyloidosis in Hodgkin's disease: a Scottish survey.", "content": "Hodgkin's disease is a rare cause of secondary amyloidosis. In Scotland in the period 1961 to 1974 four patients in whom these 2 conditions were associated have been identified. In one of these the presence of amyloidosis was an unexpected finding at a staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease. The clinical and pathological features are summarised. The development of amyloid disease is usually suspected by the finding of proteinuria, which is rarely present in uncomplicated Hodgkin's disease. A distinction is made between a nephrotic syndrome due to glomerulopathy, which is an early complication of Hodgkin's disease and improves with treatment of the primary condition, and the nephrotic syndrome due to amyloidosis which occurs late in the course of the illness and is irreversible and rapidly progressive.", "contents": "Amyloidosis in Hodgkin's disease: a Scottish survey. Hodgkin's disease is a rare cause of secondary amyloidosis. In Scotland in the period 1961 to 1974 four patients in whom these 2 conditions were associated have been identified. In one of these the presence of amyloidosis was an unexpected finding at a staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease. The clinical and pathological features are summarised. The development of amyloid disease is usually suspected by the finding of proteinuria, which is rarely present in uncomplicated Hodgkin's disease. A distinction is made between a nephrotic syndrome due to glomerulopathy, which is an early complication of Hodgkin's disease and improves with treatment of the primary condition, and the nephrotic syndrome due to amyloidosis which occurs late in the course of the illness and is irreversible and rapidly progressive.", "PMID": 493939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1793", "title": "Temporal arteritis. A 14-year epidemiological, clinical and prognostic study.", "content": "A total of 136 patients with histologically proven temporal arteritis were seen in the Lothian Region of Scotland in the 14-year period, 1964-77. This study is a review of these cases with particular reference to incidence, age, sex, seasonal occurrence, along with clinical features, general and visual prognosis. It also comments on treatment, the adverse effects thereof, and the differential diagnosis. A seasonal effect significant at the 1 per cent level was established with a peak occurrence in January.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis. A 14-year epidemiological, clinical and prognostic study. A total of 136 patients with histologically proven temporal arteritis were seen in the Lothian Region of Scotland in the 14-year period, 1964-77. This study is a review of these cases with particular reference to incidence, age, sex, seasonal occurrence, along with clinical features, general and visual prognosis. It also comments on treatment, the adverse effects thereof, and the differential diagnosis. A seasonal effect significant at the 1 per cent level was established with a peak occurrence in January.", "PMID": 493941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1794", "title": "Effect of a coronary care unit on mortality from acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The mortality from acute myocardial infarction was compared for 2 years before the introduction of a coronary care unit (C.C.U.), and three and a half years after. The difference was not significant statistically (18% before, and 15% after). There was no reduction in the incidence of cardiac arrest in the C.C.U. period, but resuscitation from cardiac arrest was more successful. The results are considered in the light of previous studies, and the current status of coronary care in district general hospitals is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of a coronary care unit on mortality from acute myocardial infarction. The mortality from acute myocardial infarction was compared for 2 years before the introduction of a coronary care unit (C.C.U.), and three and a half years after. The difference was not significant statistically (18% before, and 15% after). There was no reduction in the incidence of cardiac arrest in the C.C.U. period, but resuscitation from cardiac arrest was more successful. The results are considered in the light of previous studies, and the current status of coronary care in district general hospitals is discussed.", "PMID": 493942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1795", "title": "Electroencephalography--use and abuse.", "content": "The E.E.G. is a reliable, safe and readily available test, especially for screening purposes in hospitals where brain scan and EMI scan facilities are not available. Its reliability becomes less when unreasonable demands are made regarding the nature of pathology, precise localisation and extent of a lesion. A detailed clinical history is mandatory for the neurophysiologist to make a useful interpretation of the E.E.G.", "contents": "Electroencephalography--use and abuse. The E.E.G. is a reliable, safe and readily available test, especially for screening purposes in hospitals where brain scan and EMI scan facilities are not available. Its reliability becomes less when unreasonable demands are made regarding the nature of pathology, precise localisation and extent of a lesion. A detailed clinical history is mandatory for the neurophysiologist to make a useful interpretation of the E.E.G.", "PMID": 493946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1796", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and young adults.", "content": "With the early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and the better management of these patients in childhood increasing numbers are surviving to adult life. The main problem requiring continuous medical care in the older cystic fibrosis patient is persisting and often progressive chest disease. For this reason the cystic fibrosis clinic for adolescents and young adults was started in the Western Infirmary in 1975. This paper presents our observations on 13 patients who had attended between 1975 and 1977. Eleven patients are alive and well and have shown no evidence of deterioration over this period. Ten are at school or in regular employment. With optimum medical supervision it is possible to give young adults with cystic fibrosis a worthwhile existence.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and young adults. With the early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and the better management of these patients in childhood increasing numbers are surviving to adult life. The main problem requiring continuous medical care in the older cystic fibrosis patient is persisting and often progressive chest disease. For this reason the cystic fibrosis clinic for adolescents and young adults was started in the Western Infirmary in 1975. This paper presents our observations on 13 patients who had attended between 1975 and 1977. Eleven patients are alive and well and have shown no evidence of deterioration over this period. Ten are at school or in regular employment. With optimum medical supervision it is possible to give young adults with cystic fibrosis a worthwhile existence.", "PMID": 493947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1797", "title": "A study of patients with abdominal symptoms of undefined cause.", "content": "This paper describes the results obtained from a study of 14 patients with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting which had continued for considerable periods of time and which, despite extensive investigation, eluded diagnosis. The study sought to examine the characteristics of patients who continue to suffer these symptoms and to identify their social and psychological effects. It was found that this symptom complex disrupted roles and activities in a manner out of proportion with clinical seriousness. Results from this preliminary investigation seem to point in the direction of two distinguishable groups of patients in whom the emergence and prognosis of symptoms are different. In one group, symptoms appear to be precipitated and exacerbated by problems within the environment and which disappear when such problems are ameliorated; in the other group symptoms appear as part of a long-term psychiatric illness. Implications for management are discussed.", "contents": "A study of patients with abdominal symptoms of undefined cause. This paper describes the results obtained from a study of 14 patients with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting which had continued for considerable periods of time and which, despite extensive investigation, eluded diagnosis. The study sought to examine the characteristics of patients who continue to suffer these symptoms and to identify their social and psychological effects. It was found that this symptom complex disrupted roles and activities in a manner out of proportion with clinical seriousness. Results from this preliminary investigation seem to point in the direction of two distinguishable groups of patients in whom the emergence and prognosis of symptoms are different. In one group, symptoms appear to be precipitated and exacerbated by problems within the environment and which disappear when such problems are ameliorated; in the other group symptoms appear as part of a long-term psychiatric illness. Implications for management are discussed.", "PMID": 493948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1798", "title": "Response to starvation before and after a jejuno-ileal bypass operation for morbid obesity.", "content": "A greater metabolic response developed during a seven day starvation in two morbidly obese patients three months after a 90 per cent jejuno-ileal bypass operation when compared with a similar fast before operation. There was a greater degree of ketosis, a decreased urinary urea excretion and an earlier utilization of ketone bodies. These changes suggest a metabolic adaptation of the body to the semistarvation state caused by the operation with a more rapid utilization of adipose tissue as a fuel and a sparing of lean body mass.", "contents": "Response to starvation before and after a jejuno-ileal bypass operation for morbid obesity. A greater metabolic response developed during a seven day starvation in two morbidly obese patients three months after a 90 per cent jejuno-ileal bypass operation when compared with a similar fast before operation. There was a greater degree of ketosis, a decreased urinary urea excretion and an earlier utilization of ketone bodies. These changes suggest a metabolic adaptation of the body to the semistarvation state caused by the operation with a more rapid utilization of adipose tissue as a fuel and a sparing of lean body mass.", "PMID": 493949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1799", "title": "Medical care for the homeless--some experience in Glasgow.", "content": "The experience of running a medical clinic using voluntary help for the homeless is described. As a group they have limited access to normal medical channels despite high morbidity. In particular psychiatric illness, most frequently related to alcohol abuse, infestation, respiratory disease and problems due to poor foot care present commonly. No major administrative problems were encountered. The effects of such special arrangements for the homeless are assessed.", "contents": "Medical care for the homeless--some experience in Glasgow. The experience of running a medical clinic using voluntary help for the homeless is described. As a group they have limited access to normal medical channels despite high morbidity. In particular psychiatric illness, most frequently related to alcohol abuse, infestation, respiratory disease and problems due to poor foot care present commonly. No major administrative problems were encountered. The effects of such special arrangements for the homeless are assessed.", "PMID": 493952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1800", "title": "Clinical and metabolic features of overdosage with Amesec.", "content": "A 23-year-old woman ingested 2g. amylobarbitone, 10.4g. aminophylline and 2g. ephedrine. She was deeply unconscious, hypothermic, and went on to have supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias, convulsions and haematemesis. During the last convulsion she aspirated vomitus and died. The peak plasma concentration of amylobarbitone was 19mg. per l. and those of ephedrine and theophylline were 13 times higher than accepted therapeutic levels. During the course of the poisoning marked hypokalaemia (1.8mmol./l.) and hyperinsulinaemia (greater than 240mU./l.) were found in conjunction with mild hyperglycaemia (9.6mmol./l.) and elevation of free fatty acid levels (1860mumol./l.). The mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and metabolic features of overdosage with Amesec. A 23-year-old woman ingested 2g. amylobarbitone, 10.4g. aminophylline and 2g. ephedrine. She was deeply unconscious, hypothermic, and went on to have supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias, convulsions and haematemesis. During the last convulsion she aspirated vomitus and died. The peak plasma concentration of amylobarbitone was 19mg. per l. and those of ephedrine and theophylline were 13 times higher than accepted therapeutic levels. During the course of the poisoning marked hypokalaemia (1.8mmol./l.) and hyperinsulinaemia (greater than 240mU./l.) were found in conjunction with mild hyperglycaemia (9.6mmol./l.) and elevation of free fatty acid levels (1860mumol./l.). The mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 493954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1801", "title": "Air pollution, hygiene and health of Danish schoolchildren.", "content": "A comprehensive investigation forming part of a joint European study under the auspices of \"WHO Long-Term Air Pollution Programme\" uses 7-13 year old schoolchildren as the target group. The study has included social, housing, hygienic and epidemic factors as well as family smoking habits. The results indicate that, at exposure to low levels of air pollution, these factors dominate as causes for the impairment of health especially that of respiratory health.", "contents": "Air pollution, hygiene and health of Danish schoolchildren. A comprehensive investigation forming part of a joint European study under the auspices of \"WHO Long-Term Air Pollution Programme\" uses 7-13 year old schoolchildren as the target group. The study has included social, housing, hygienic and epidemic factors as well as family smoking habits. The results indicate that, at exposure to low levels of air pollution, these factors dominate as causes for the impairment of health especially that of respiratory health.", "PMID": 493955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1802", "title": "Geochemical provinces and the incidence of dental diseases in Sri Lanka.", "content": "A survey carried out on the incidence of dental diseases and the distribution of fluoride in drinking water wells in Sri Lanka shows that 3 areas in particular had abundant fluoride (greater than 2ppm). Dental fluorosis was common in areas with high fluoride content while those areas with very little or no fluoride, such as the central region of Sri Lanka, had a high incidence of dental caries. The intensity of rain fall played a major role in the leaching of fluoride ions from soils and it is perhaps this factor which is responsible for the occurrence of a low fluoride zone in the central part of Sri Lanka. The presence of areas containing high fluoride and hence dental fluorosis coincided with geochemical provinces. In these areas, mineral deposits such as apatite and serpentine and also hot spring regions with exhalations of fluorine are found.", "contents": "Geochemical provinces and the incidence of dental diseases in Sri Lanka. A survey carried out on the incidence of dental diseases and the distribution of fluoride in drinking water wells in Sri Lanka shows that 3 areas in particular had abundant fluoride (greater than 2ppm). Dental fluorosis was common in areas with high fluoride content while those areas with very little or no fluoride, such as the central region of Sri Lanka, had a high incidence of dental caries. The intensity of rain fall played a major role in the leaching of fluoride ions from soils and it is perhaps this factor which is responsible for the occurrence of a low fluoride zone in the central part of Sri Lanka. The presence of areas containing high fluoride and hence dental fluorosis coincided with geochemical provinces. In these areas, mineral deposits such as apatite and serpentine and also hot spring regions with exhalations of fluorine are found.", "PMID": 493956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1803", "title": "Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels from Saudafjord, W. Norway, by glass capillary gas chromatography.", "content": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been determined, by glass capillary gas chromatography, in two species of bivalves (Mytilus edulis and Modiolus modiolus) and sediments of Saudafjorden, Norway. The PAH observed are derived from waste effluents from a ferro alloy smelter. Up to 34 PAH compounds were identified, including some reported to be carcinogenic. The concentrations decreased rapidly with distance from the source and with sediment depth, but could be traced more than 15 km from the source. Relative abundance of various PAH did not change significantly in the mussels collected from the head to the mouth of the fjord. In the sediments, however, phenanthrene increased from minor importance to dominance towards the mouth, whereas the relative content of anthracene and benzo [a]pyrene decreased. The results are compared with observations from other marine localities and discussed in relation to transport processes, biodegradation and chemical transformation in the sediments.", "contents": "Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels from Saudafjord, W. Norway, by glass capillary gas chromatography. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been determined, by glass capillary gas chromatography, in two species of bivalves (Mytilus edulis and Modiolus modiolus) and sediments of Saudafjorden, Norway. The PAH observed are derived from waste effluents from a ferro alloy smelter. Up to 34 PAH compounds were identified, including some reported to be carcinogenic. The concentrations decreased rapidly with distance from the source and with sediment depth, but could be traced more than 15 km from the source. Relative abundance of various PAH did not change significantly in the mussels collected from the head to the mouth of the fjord. In the sediments, however, phenanthrene increased from minor importance to dominance towards the mouth, whereas the relative content of anthracene and benzo [a]pyrene decreased. The results are compared with observations from other marine localities and discussed in relation to transport processes, biodegradation and chemical transformation in the sediments.", "PMID": 493957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1804", "title": "Instrumental analysis of trace elements in thumbnails of human subjects.", "content": "Human thumbnails were analyzed for trace elements by instrumental analysis using thermal neutron activation technique. The average concentration of metals studied in clinically symptom-free adult female and male subjects were: zinc, 184 vs. 153 ppm; chromium, 6.8 vs. 4.2; selenium, 0.9 vs. 0.6; gold, 2.6 vs. 0.4; mercury, 1.9 vs. 0.4; silver, 0.7 vs. 0.3; cobalt, 0.07 vs. 0.04. A summary of literature reported concentration of metals in human nail is also presented.", "contents": "Instrumental analysis of trace elements in thumbnails of human subjects. Human thumbnails were analyzed for trace elements by instrumental analysis using thermal neutron activation technique. The average concentration of metals studied in clinically symptom-free adult female and male subjects were: zinc, 184 vs. 153 ppm; chromium, 6.8 vs. 4.2; selenium, 0.9 vs. 0.6; gold, 2.6 vs. 0.4; mercury, 1.9 vs. 0.4; silver, 0.7 vs. 0.3; cobalt, 0.07 vs. 0.04. A summary of literature reported concentration of metals in human nail is also presented.", "PMID": 493958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1805", "title": "End-capillary loops in the heart: an explanation for discrete myocardial infarctions without border zones.", "content": "Separate perfusions of canine coronary arteries with colored silicone-rubber compound reveal that in the region where two microcirculations abut, capillaries derived from individual large vessels are discrete, with no interconnections. Terminal homologous capillaries from loops rather than anastomosing with heterologous capillaries. This anatomic arrangement may account for discrete myocardial infarctions without ischemic border zones.", "contents": "End-capillary loops in the heart: an explanation for discrete myocardial infarctions without border zones. Separate perfusions of canine coronary arteries with colored silicone-rubber compound reveal that in the region where two microcirculations abut, capillaries derived from individual large vessels are discrete, with no interconnections. Terminal homologous capillaries from loops rather than anastomosing with heterologous capillaries. This anatomic arrangement may account for discrete myocardial infarctions without ischemic border zones.", "PMID": 493960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1806", "title": "Intestinal absorption of immune complexes by neonatal rats: a route of antigen transfer from mother to young.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of specific immunoglobulin G antibody to HRP is selectively absorbed from the gut lumen and transferred by intestinal epithelial cells to the lamina propria in newborn rats. The HRP is not transferred in detectable amounts in the absence of the antibody. Transport of maternally derived antigen via antigen-antibody complexes may have important influences on the developing immune system in young mammals.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of immune complexes by neonatal rats: a route of antigen transfer from mother to young. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of specific immunoglobulin G antibody to HRP is selectively absorbed from the gut lumen and transferred by intestinal epithelial cells to the lamina propria in newborn rats. The HRP is not transferred in detectable amounts in the absence of the antibody. Transport of maternally derived antigen via antigen-antibody complexes may have important influences on the developing immune system in young mammals.", "PMID": 493961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1807", "title": "Water, protein folding, and the genetic code.", "content": "The absolute affinities of amino acid side chains for solvent water closely match their relative distributions between the surface and the interior of native proteins and are associated with a remarkable bias in the genetic code.", "contents": "Water, protein folding, and the genetic code. The absolute affinities of amino acid side chains for solvent water closely match their relative distributions between the surface and the interior of native proteins and are associated with a remarkable bias in the genetic code.", "PMID": 493962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1808", "title": "Candidiasis: detection by gas-liquid chromatography of D-arabinitol, a fungal metabolite, in human serum.", "content": "D-Arabinitol was identified as a major metabolite of Candida species in human subjects. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentration of D-arabinitol in serum. The study included subjects who were healthy and cancer patients who had proven invasive candidiasis or were colonized with Candida. D-Arabinitol concentrations greater than 1.0 microgram per milliliter were found in serum from patients with invasive infection. This technique may prove valuable in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.", "contents": "Candidiasis: detection by gas-liquid chromatography of D-arabinitol, a fungal metabolite, in human serum. D-Arabinitol was identified as a major metabolite of Candida species in human subjects. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentration of D-arabinitol in serum. The study included subjects who were healthy and cancer patients who had proven invasive candidiasis or were colonized with Candida. D-Arabinitol concentrations greater than 1.0 microgram per milliliter were found in serum from patients with invasive infection. This technique may prove valuable in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.", "PMID": 493963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1809", "title": "Response of cat inferior colliculus neurons to binaural beat stimuli: possible mechanisms for sound localization.", "content": "The interaural phase sensitivity of neurons was studied through the use of binaural beat stimuli. The response of most cells was phase-locked to the beat frequency, which provides a possible neural correlate to the human sensation of binaural beats. In addition, this stimulus allowed the direction and rate of interaural phase change to be varied. Some neurons in our sample responded selectively to manipulations of these two variables, which suggests a sensitivity to direction or speed of movement.", "contents": "Response of cat inferior colliculus neurons to binaural beat stimuli: possible mechanisms for sound localization. The interaural phase sensitivity of neurons was studied through the use of binaural beat stimuli. The response of most cells was phase-locked to the beat frequency, which provides a possible neural correlate to the human sensation of binaural beats. In addition, this stimulus allowed the direction and rate of interaural phase change to be varied. Some neurons in our sample responded selectively to manipulations of these two variables, which suggests a sensitivity to direction or speed of movement.", "PMID": 493964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1810", "title": "Moment of inertia: psychophysical study of an overlooked sensation.", "content": "The distribution of mass in an object held in the hand, as described by its moment of inertia, is a fundamental and potent but largely unrecognized contributor to the object's \"feel.\" A limited set of experiments has produced Weber fractions for human differential sensitivity to this property in the approximate range of 1/5 to 1/3, which is about ten times the Weber fraction reported for lifted weights.", "contents": "Moment of inertia: psychophysical study of an overlooked sensation. The distribution of mass in an object held in the hand, as described by its moment of inertia, is a fundamental and potent but largely unrecognized contributor to the object's \"feel.\" A limited set of experiments has produced Weber fractions for human differential sensitivity to this property in the approximate range of 1/5 to 1/3, which is about ten times the Weber fraction reported for lifted weights.", "PMID": 493965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1811", "title": "Endothermy and activity in vertebrates.", "content": "Resting and maximal levels of oxygen consumption of endothermic vertebrates exceed those of ectotherms by an average of five- to tenfold. Endotherms have a much broader range of activity that can be sustained by this augmented aerobic metabolism. Ectotherms are more reliant upon, and limited by, anaerobic metabolism during activity. A principal factor in the evolution of endothermy was the increase in aerobic capacities to support sustained activity.", "contents": "Endothermy and activity in vertebrates. Resting and maximal levels of oxygen consumption of endothermic vertebrates exceed those of ectotherms by an average of five- to tenfold. Endotherms have a much broader range of activity that can be sustained by this augmented aerobic metabolism. Ectotherms are more reliant upon, and limited by, anaerobic metabolism during activity. A principal factor in the evolution of endothermy was the increase in aerobic capacities to support sustained activity.", "PMID": 493968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1812", "title": "Chrysotile asbestos in a California recreational area.", "content": "Dustfall along roads and trails being used recreationally in the Clear Creek area of San Benito County, California, located in the New Idria serpentinite, was found to be 90 percent or more chrysotile asbestos. Personal samplers worn by motorcyclists using one of the trails showed concentrations of airborne fibers ranging from 0.3 to 5.3 fibers per milliliter, according to methods prescribed for monitoring occupational exposures. The present workplace standard for brief exposures to asbestos is 10 fibers per milliliter; 5 fibers per milliliter is the proposed standard. The average total dust concentration estimated from personal samplers was approximately 20 milligrams per cubic meter of roughly 90 percent chrysotile. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asbestos exposures of this magnitude, in size ranges known to be pathogenic, resulting from natural deposits not associated with mining, milling, or industrial use.", "contents": "Chrysotile asbestos in a California recreational area. Dustfall along roads and trails being used recreationally in the Clear Creek area of San Benito County, California, located in the New Idria serpentinite, was found to be 90 percent or more chrysotile asbestos. Personal samplers worn by motorcyclists using one of the trails showed concentrations of airborne fibers ranging from 0.3 to 5.3 fibers per milliliter, according to methods prescribed for monitoring occupational exposures. The present workplace standard for brief exposures to asbestos is 10 fibers per milliliter; 5 fibers per milliliter is the proposed standard. The average total dust concentration estimated from personal samplers was approximately 20 milligrams per cubic meter of roughly 90 percent chrysotile. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asbestos exposures of this magnitude, in size ranges known to be pathogenic, resulting from natural deposits not associated with mining, milling, or industrial use.", "PMID": 493972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1813", "title": "Angular invariants in developing human mandibles.", "content": "Recent studies of lateral cephalograms based on symmetric-axis analyses of the mandibular border yield angles that appear to be uninfluenced by gross changes in mandibular shape over age and between individuals.", "contents": "Angular invariants in developing human mandibles. Recent studies of lateral cephalograms based on symmetric-axis analyses of the mandibular border yield angles that appear to be uninfluenced by gross changes in mandibular shape over age and between individuals.", "PMID": 493973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1814", "title": "Xenopus liver: ontogeny of estrogen responsiveness.", "content": "Estradiol-17 beta stimulates the synthesis of numerous proteins exported into the culture medium by Xenopus tadpole liver tissue obtained after stage 50 and throughout metamorphosis to stage 66. Although estrogen-induced vitellogenin can be detected as early as stage 54, it is a minor percentage of the exported proteins until after the completion of metamorphosis. In hepatic tissue obtained after metamorphosis, the hormone evokes the synthesis of vitellogenin specifically without affecting the labeling of other secreted proteins.", "contents": "Xenopus liver: ontogeny of estrogen responsiveness. Estradiol-17 beta stimulates the synthesis of numerous proteins exported into the culture medium by Xenopus tadpole liver tissue obtained after stage 50 and throughout metamorphosis to stage 66. Although estrogen-induced vitellogenin can be detected as early as stage 54, it is a minor percentage of the exported proteins until after the completion of metamorphosis. In hepatic tissue obtained after metamorphosis, the hormone evokes the synthesis of vitellogenin specifically without affecting the labeling of other secreted proteins.", "PMID": 493974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1815", "title": "Phase resetting and annihilation of pacemaker activity in cardiac tissue.", "content": "Spontaneous rhythmic activity in isolated cardiac pacemaker cells can be terminated by a brief, subthreshold, depolarizing or hyperpolarizing perturbation of the proper magnitude applied at a specific point in the pacemaker cycle. Evidence is provided in support of a topological theory of the existence of a \"singular\" point in cardiac oscillators.", "contents": "Phase resetting and annihilation of pacemaker activity in cardiac tissue. Spontaneous rhythmic activity in isolated cardiac pacemaker cells can be terminated by a brief, subthreshold, depolarizing or hyperpolarizing perturbation of the proper magnitude applied at a specific point in the pacemaker cycle. Evidence is provided in support of a topological theory of the existence of a \"singular\" point in cardiac oscillators.", "PMID": 493975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1816", "title": "Monocular light exclusion for a period of days reduces directional sensitivity of the human retina.", "content": "Single eyes of young adult observers were occluded for as long as 10 days. Directional sensitivity of the retina (the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind) under photopic conditions was dramatically reduced at every retinal location tested in all subjects. The maximum effect was observed within 3 to 5 days, and recovery took place at approximately the same rate after termination of patching.", "contents": "Monocular light exclusion for a period of days reduces directional sensitivity of the human retina. Single eyes of young adult observers were occluded for as long as 10 days. Directional sensitivity of the retina (the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind) under photopic conditions was dramatically reduced at every retinal location tested in all subjects. The maximum effect was observed within 3 to 5 days, and recovery took place at approximately the same rate after termination of patching.", "PMID": 493976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1817", "title": "Microsecond sensitivity of the human visual system to irregular flicker.", "content": "A flickering light presented to the eye produces a small alternating voltage at the scalp of a subject. This alternating voltage indicates the following response of the brain to the flicker. If every other flash in the flicker is displaced temporally by as little as 30 microseconds, an asymmetry appears in the brain's alternating voltage. The results suggest an underlying mechanism that may enhance visual detection of high-frequency flicker.", "contents": "Microsecond sensitivity of the human visual system to irregular flicker. A flickering light presented to the eye produces a small alternating voltage at the scalp of a subject. This alternating voltage indicates the following response of the brain to the flicker. If every other flash in the flicker is displaced temporally by as little as 30 microseconds, an asymmetry appears in the brain's alternating voltage. The results suggest an underlying mechanism that may enhance visual detection of high-frequency flicker.", "PMID": 493977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1818", "title": "Functional organization of lateral geniculate cells following removal of visual cortex in the newborn kitten.", "content": "When the visual cortex of a newborn kitten is removed, most neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus degenerate, but a small population of large cells is spared. Electrophysiological recording revealed that detailed visual topography in the nucleus is abnormal and that single cells have unusually large receptive fields. These results suggest that optic axons deprived of their normal synaptic targets rearrange their connections to converge on local surviving neurons.", "contents": "Functional organization of lateral geniculate cells following removal of visual cortex in the newborn kitten. When the visual cortex of a newborn kitten is removed, most neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus degenerate, but a small population of large cells is spared. Electrophysiological recording revealed that detailed visual topography in the nucleus is abnormal and that single cells have unusually large receptive fields. These results suggest that optic axons deprived of their normal synaptic targets rearrange their connections to converge on local surviving neurons.", "PMID": 493978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1819", "title": "Molecular microanalysis of pathological specimens in situ with a laser-Raman microprobe.", "content": "A laser-Raman microprobe has been used to identify microscopic inclusions of silicone polymer in standard paraffin sections of lymph node. This example of organic chemical microanalysis in situ in pathological tissue represents an extension of microanalytical capabilities from elemental analysis, performed with electron and ion microprobes, to compound-specific molecular microanalysis.", "contents": "Molecular microanalysis of pathological specimens in situ with a laser-Raman microprobe. A laser-Raman microprobe has been used to identify microscopic inclusions of silicone polymer in standard paraffin sections of lymph node. This example of organic chemical microanalysis in situ in pathological tissue represents an extension of microanalytical capabilities from elemental analysis, performed with electron and ion microprobes, to compound-specific molecular microanalysis.", "PMID": 493979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1820", "title": "Lens epithelial cell elongation in the absence of microtubules: evidence for a new effect of colchicine.", "content": "Embryonic chick lens epithelial cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium elongated in the absence of microtubules after treatment with the antimicrotubule drug nocodazole. Colchicine, at concentrations lower than those that dissociate microtubules, blocks cell elongation and the associated increase in cell volume. These results indicate that an increase in cell volume, not microtubules, is responsible for lens cell elongation and suggest a previously undescribed effect of colchicine on cell volume regulation.", "contents": "Lens epithelial cell elongation in the absence of microtubules: evidence for a new effect of colchicine. Embryonic chick lens epithelial cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium elongated in the absence of microtubules after treatment with the antimicrotubule drug nocodazole. Colchicine, at concentrations lower than those that dissociate microtubules, blocks cell elongation and the associated increase in cell volume. These results indicate that an increase in cell volume, not microtubules, is responsible for lens cell elongation and suggest a previously undescribed effect of colchicine on cell volume regulation.", "PMID": 493982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1821", "title": "Triglyceride concentrations: the disaccharide effect.", "content": "The mean 24-hour or integrated concentration of triglyceride is significantly higher when dietary sucrose is provided rather than an equivalent amount of its component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. In contrast, the plasma triglyceride concentration after a 12-hour fast is not significantly different.", "contents": "Triglyceride concentrations: the disaccharide effect. The mean 24-hour or integrated concentration of triglyceride is significantly higher when dietary sucrose is provided rather than an equivalent amount of its component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. In contrast, the plasma triglyceride concentration after a 12-hour fast is not significantly different.", "PMID": 493983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1822", "title": "Fluidity of the rat liver microsomal membrane: increase at birth.", "content": "The lipid apparent microviscosity of the rat liver microsomal membrane on the first day after birth was found to be half of that observed on the last day of fetal life. This remarkable perinatal fluidization of the membrane resulted from a marked increase in the molar ratio of phospholipids to cholesterol.", "contents": "Fluidity of the rat liver microsomal membrane: increase at birth. The lipid apparent microviscosity of the rat liver microsomal membrane on the first day after birth was found to be half of that observed on the last day of fetal life. This remarkable perinatal fluidization of the membrane resulted from a marked increase in the molar ratio of phospholipids to cholesterol.", "PMID": 493984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1823", "title": "Tumor location detected with radioactively labeled monoclonal antibody and external scintigraphy.", "content": "Murine teratocarcinomas were located in mice by external gamma-ray scintigraphy with an iodine-125-labeled monoclonal antibody specific to the tumors. The specificity of the method was increased by subtracting the radiation produced by an iodine-125-labeled indifferent monoclonal antibody of the same immunoglobulin class as the tumor-specific antibody.", "contents": "Tumor location detected with radioactively labeled monoclonal antibody and external scintigraphy. Murine teratocarcinomas were located in mice by external gamma-ray scintigraphy with an iodine-125-labeled monoclonal antibody specific to the tumors. The specificity of the method was increased by subtracting the radiation produced by an iodine-125-labeled indifferent monoclonal antibody of the same immunoglobulin class as the tumor-specific antibody.", "PMID": 493985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1824", "title": "Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area.", "content": "Measurements of cerebral blood flow in man revealed that complex voluntary movements are associated with a blood flow increase in the supplementary motor area of the brain. This increase is additional to and similar in magnitude to the Rolandic sensorimotor area activation that occurs during all kinds of movement. When subjects counted silently there was no activation of any focal cortical area in the brain; when they counted aloud there was a marked increase in activity in the supplementary motor area. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the supplementary motor area plays a major role in the initiation and control of at least some kinds of voluntary movement in man and is, therefore, a motor center of a higher order than the primary Rolandic areas.", "contents": "Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area. Measurements of cerebral blood flow in man revealed that complex voluntary movements are associated with a blood flow increase in the supplementary motor area of the brain. This increase is additional to and similar in magnitude to the Rolandic sensorimotor area activation that occurs during all kinds of movement. When subjects counted silently there was no activation of any focal cortical area in the brain; when they counted aloud there was a marked increase in activity in the supplementary motor area. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the supplementary motor area plays a major role in the initiation and control of at least some kinds of voluntary movement in man and is, therefore, a motor center of a higher order than the primary Rolandic areas.", "PMID": 493986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1825", "title": "Calcitonin: inhibitory effect on eating in rats.", "content": "Subcutaneous and intracerebral injections of calcitonin inhibited feeding in rats. The anorectic activity of calcitonin was destroyed by exposing the hormone to heat, trypsin, or hydrogen peroxide. Calcitonin did not produce a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin, and maximum inhibition of feeding occurred 4.5 to 8.3 hours after subcutaneous administration. It is concluded that calcitonin inhibits feeding by acting directly on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Calcitonin: inhibitory effect on eating in rats. Subcutaneous and intracerebral injections of calcitonin inhibited feeding in rats. The anorectic activity of calcitonin was destroyed by exposing the hormone to heat, trypsin, or hydrogen peroxide. Calcitonin did not produce a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin, and maximum inhibition of feeding occurred 4.5 to 8.3 hours after subcutaneous administration. It is concluded that calcitonin inhibits feeding by acting directly on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 493987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1826", "title": "Humans deprived of normal binocular vision have binocular interactions tuned to size and orientation.", "content": "A suprathreshold grating presented to one eye elevated the threshold for the discrimination of gratings similar in size and orientation presented to the fellow eye. The magnitude and stimulus specificity of these binocular interactions in human observers with normal bioncular vision were similar to those in observers deprived of normal binocular visual experience; however, the latter showed a failure of binocular summation at threshold or subthreshold contract levels. Whereas strabismus or amblyopia disrupted the normal excitatory interactions between the two eyes, cortical inhibitory binocular connections seem not to have been disrupted.", "contents": "Humans deprived of normal binocular vision have binocular interactions tuned to size and orientation. A suprathreshold grating presented to one eye elevated the threshold for the discrimination of gratings similar in size and orientation presented to the fellow eye. The magnitude and stimulus specificity of these binocular interactions in human observers with normal bioncular vision were similar to those in observers deprived of normal binocular visual experience; however, the latter showed a failure of binocular summation at threshold or subthreshold contract levels. Whereas strabismus or amblyopia disrupted the normal excitatory interactions between the two eyes, cortical inhibitory binocular connections seem not to have been disrupted.", "PMID": 493988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1827", "title": "Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia.", "content": "Golgi-stained dendrites of single randomly chosen layer-II pyramidal neurons in the human parahippocampal gyrus were quantified with a computer-microscope system. In nondemented aged cases (average age, 79.6 years), dendritic trees were more extensive than in adult cases (average age, 51.2), with most of the difference resulting from increases in the number and average length of terminal segments of the dendritic tree. These results provide morphological evidence for plasticity in the mature and aged human brain. In senile dementia (average age, 76.0), dendritic trees were less extensive than in adult brains, largely because their terminal segments were fewer and shorter. Cells with shrunken dendritic trees were found in all brains. These data suggest a model of aging in the central nervous system in which one population of neurons dies and regresses and the other survives and grows. The latter appears to be the dominant population in aging without dementia.", "contents": "Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia. Golgi-stained dendrites of single randomly chosen layer-II pyramidal neurons in the human parahippocampal gyrus were quantified with a computer-microscope system. In nondemented aged cases (average age, 79.6 years), dendritic trees were more extensive than in adult cases (average age, 51.2), with most of the difference resulting from increases in the number and average length of terminal segments of the dendritic tree. These results provide morphological evidence for plasticity in the mature and aged human brain. In senile dementia (average age, 76.0), dendritic trees were less extensive than in adult brains, largely because their terminal segments were fewer and shorter. Cells with shrunken dendritic trees were found in all brains. These data suggest a model of aging in the central nervous system in which one population of neurons dies and regresses and the other survives and grows. The latter appears to be the dominant population in aging without dementia.", "PMID": 493989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1828", "title": "A structural model for the kinetic behavior of hemoglobin.", "content": "The tertiary structures of all liganded hemoglobins in the R state differ in detail. Steric hindrance arising from nonbonded ligand-globin interactions affects the binding of ligands such as CO and cyanide which preferentially form linear axial complexes to heme; these ligands bind in a strained off-axis configuration. Ligands such as O2 and NO, which preferentially form bent complexes, encounter less steric hindrance and can bind in their (preferred) unstrained configuration. Linear complexes distort the ligand pockets in the R state (and by inference, in the T state) more than bent complexes. These structural differences between linear and bent complexes are reflected in the kinetic behavior of hemoglobin. Structural interpretation of this kinetic behavior indicates that the relative contributions of nonbonded ligand-globin interactions and nonbonded heme interactions to transition state free energies differ for linear and bent ligands. The relative contributions of these interactions to the free energy of cooperativity may also differ for linear and bent ligands. Thus the detailed molecular mechanism by which the affinity of heme is regulated differs for different ligands.", "contents": "A structural model for the kinetic behavior of hemoglobin. The tertiary structures of all liganded hemoglobins in the R state differ in detail. Steric hindrance arising from nonbonded ligand-globin interactions affects the binding of ligands such as CO and cyanide which preferentially form linear axial complexes to heme; these ligands bind in a strained off-axis configuration. Ligands such as O2 and NO, which preferentially form bent complexes, encounter less steric hindrance and can bind in their (preferred) unstrained configuration. Linear complexes distort the ligand pockets in the R state (and by inference, in the T state) more than bent complexes. These structural differences between linear and bent complexes are reflected in the kinetic behavior of hemoglobin. Structural interpretation of this kinetic behavior indicates that the relative contributions of nonbonded ligand-globin interactions and nonbonded heme interactions to transition state free energies differ for linear and bent ligands. The relative contributions of these interactions to the free energy of cooperativity may also differ for linear and bent ligands. Thus the detailed molecular mechanism by which the affinity of heme is regulated differs for different ligands.", "PMID": 493990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1829", "title": "Neuronal chemotaxis: chick dorsal-root axons turn toward high concentrations of nerve growth factor.", "content": "Micropipettes containing 2 to 50 biological units of beta growth factor (NGF) were placed near growing axons of chick dorsal-root ganglion neurons in tissue culture. The axons turned and grew toward the NGF source within 21 minutes. This turning response to elevated concentrations of NGF appears to represent chemotactic guidance rather than a general enhancement of growth rate.", "contents": "Neuronal chemotaxis: chick dorsal-root axons turn toward high concentrations of nerve growth factor. Micropipettes containing 2 to 50 biological units of beta growth factor (NGF) were placed near growing axons of chick dorsal-root ganglion neurons in tissue culture. The axons turned and grew toward the NGF source within 21 minutes. This turning response to elevated concentrations of NGF appears to represent chemotactic guidance rather than a general enhancement of growth rate.", "PMID": 493992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1830", "title": "Differential competition with cytotoxic agents: an approach to selectivity in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "An approach to increasing the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents is presented in which noncytotoxic competitive substrates are used to discern the differences in structural requirements for transport of cytotoxic agents between tumor cells and a sensitive host tissue, the hematopoietic precursor cells of the bone marrow. Examples are given for two such systems, one responsible for the transport of nucleosides and another for the transport of amino acids. Cytidine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of showdomycin for murine bone marrow cells in culture as it is for murine L1210 leukemia cella. Conversely, homoleucine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of melphalan for L1210 cells as it is for bone marrow cells. These observations can serve as a basis for the development of bone marrow protective agents and for the design of cytotoxic agents that may be preferentially transported into tumor cells.", "contents": "Differential competition with cytotoxic agents: an approach to selectivity in cancer chemotherapy. An approach to increasing the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents is presented in which noncytotoxic competitive substrates are used to discern the differences in structural requirements for transport of cytotoxic agents between tumor cells and a sensitive host tissue, the hematopoietic precursor cells of the bone marrow. Examples are given for two such systems, one responsible for the transport of nucleosides and another for the transport of amino acids. Cytidine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of showdomycin for murine bone marrow cells in culture as it is for murine L1210 leukemia cella. Conversely, homoleucine is twice as effective in reducing the toxicity of melphalan for L1210 cells as it is for bone marrow cells. These observations can serve as a basis for the development of bone marrow protective agents and for the design of cytotoxic agents that may be preferentially transported into tumor cells.", "PMID": 493993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1831", "title": "Elimination of metabolic cooperation in Chinese hamster cells by a tumor promoter.", "content": "Wild-type Chinese hamster V79 cells (6-thioguanine-sensitive) reduce the recovery of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells when they are cultured together at high densities, through a form of  intercellular communication (metabolic cooperation). Cooperation is inhibited by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, rescuing the 6-thioguanine-resistant cells. These results may be useful in the study of an aspect of the mechanism of tumor promotion and in assaying for promoters.", "contents": "Elimination of metabolic cooperation in Chinese hamster cells by a tumor promoter. Wild-type Chinese hamster V79 cells (6-thioguanine-sensitive) reduce the recovery of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells when they are cultured together at high densities, through a form of  intercellular communication (metabolic cooperation). Cooperation is inhibited by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, rescuing the 6-thioguanine-resistant cells. These results may be useful in the study of an aspect of the mechanism of tumor promotion and in assaying for promoters.", "PMID": 493994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1832", "title": "Noncycling tumor cells are sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of human interferon.", "content": "Resting Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi) in culture are more sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of purified human fibroblast interferon than cells that are rapidly multiplying. Thus, interferon may be of significant clinical value in neoplasms involving stem cells and, after chemotherapy, in suppressing the reemergence of tumors.", "contents": "Noncycling tumor cells are sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of human interferon. Resting Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi) in culture are more sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of purified human fibroblast interferon than cells that are rapidly multiplying. Thus, interferon may be of significant clinical value in neoplasms involving stem cells and, after chemotherapy, in suppressing the reemergence of tumors.", "PMID": 493995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1833", "title": "Cortical plasticity in monocularly deprived immobilized kittens depends on eye movement.", "content": "A marked reduction of binocular cells in striate cortex is found if 4-week-old kittens are visually stimulated monocularly while anesthetized and held in a stereotaxic apparatus. If the kittens are paralyzed and artificially respirated, changes are not found unless an eye is moved mechanically. It appears that eye movement and visual stimulation are necessary conditions for deactivation of binocular connections, but neither is sufficient to induce such changes alone.", "contents": "Cortical plasticity in monocularly deprived immobilized kittens depends on eye movement. A marked reduction of binocular cells in striate cortex is found if 4-week-old kittens are visually stimulated monocularly while anesthetized and held in a stereotaxic apparatus. If the kittens are paralyzed and artificially respirated, changes are not found unless an eye is moved mechanically. It appears that eye movement and visual stimulation are necessary conditions for deactivation of binocular connections, but neither is sufficient to induce such changes alone.", "PMID": 493996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1834", "title": "Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates.", "content": "Juvenile mortality of inbred young was higher than that of noninbred young in 15 of 16 species of captive ungulates. In 19 of 25 individual females, belonging to ten species, a larger percentage of young died when the female was mated to a related male than when she was mated to an unrelated male.", "contents": "Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Juvenile mortality of inbred young was higher than that of noninbred young in 15 of 16 species of captive ungulates. In 19 of 25 individual females, belonging to ten species, a larger percentage of young died when the female was mated to a related male than when she was mated to an unrelated male.", "PMID": 493997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1835", "title": "Parabolic flight: loss of sense of orientation.", "content": "On the earth, or in level flight, a blindfolded subject being rotated at constant velocity about his recumbent long body axis experiences illusory orbital motion of his body in the opposite direction. By contrast, during comparable rotation in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight, no body motion is perceived and all sense of external orientation may be lost; when touch and pressure stimulation is applied to the body surface, a sense of orientation is reestablished immediately. The increased gravitoinertial force period of a parabola produces an exaggeration of the orbital motion experienced in level flight. These observations reveal an important influence of touch, pressure, and kinesthetic information on spatial orientation and provide a basis for understanding many of the postural illusions reported by astronauts in space flight.", "contents": "Parabolic flight: loss of sense of orientation. On the earth, or in level flight, a blindfolded subject being rotated at constant velocity about his recumbent long body axis experiences illusory orbital motion of his body in the opposite direction. By contrast, during comparable rotation in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight, no body motion is perceived and all sense of external orientation may be lost; when touch and pressure stimulation is applied to the body surface, a sense of orientation is reestablished immediately. The increased gravitoinertial force period of a parabola produces an exaggeration of the orbital motion experienced in level flight. These observations reveal an important influence of touch, pressure, and kinesthetic information on spatial orientation and provide a basis for understanding many of the postural illusions reported by astronauts in space flight.", "PMID": 493998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1836", "title": "Conditioned tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethyl alcohol.", "content": "Results from experiments with rats support the proposition that tolerance to the hypothermic effect of alcohol involves the Pavlovian conditioning of compensatory responses. Tolerance was substantially reduced when alcohol was administered in an environment that had not been associated with alcohol. Direct evidence of a conditioned hyperthermic compensatory response was found.", "contents": "Conditioned tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethyl alcohol. Results from experiments with rats support the proposition that tolerance to the hypothermic effect of alcohol involves the Pavlovian conditioning of compensatory responses. Tolerance was substantially reduced when alcohol was administered in an environment that had not been associated with alcohol. Direct evidence of a conditioned hyperthermic compensatory response was found.", "PMID": 493999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1837", "title": "Inactivated Proplex for the haemophiliac with inhibitors. A case report.", "content": "Inactivated prothrombin complex (Proplex) with a Kingdon time between 100 and 138 seconds effected functional recovery and adequate haemostasis in a haemophiliac with inhibitors of the high-responder type at comparatively low cost, and with no adverse effects. Home treatment was successful. Liver function remained normal during treatment. Statistically significant changes occurred in the prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen levels and the thrombin time after each infusion. No evidence of diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) was ever detected. The inhibitor level decreased from 10 to 2 Bethesda units, and the radio-immunoassay (RIA) for Australia antigen remained negative.", "contents": "Inactivated Proplex for the haemophiliac with inhibitors. A case report. Inactivated prothrombin complex (Proplex) with a Kingdon time between 100 and 138 seconds effected functional recovery and adequate haemostasis in a haemophiliac with inhibitors of the high-responder type at comparatively low cost, and with no adverse effects. Home treatment was successful. Liver function remained normal during treatment. Statistically significant changes occurred in the prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen levels and the thrombin time after each infusion. No evidence of diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) was ever detected. The inhibitor level decreased from 10 to 2 Bethesda units, and the radio-immunoassay (RIA) for Australia antigen remained negative.", "PMID": 494025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1838", "title": "The presentation of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Survival figures for patients with malignant melanoma in South Africa compare rather unfavourably with those from other countries, for example Queensland, Australia. The chief reason for this seems to be the late stage at which patients present with the tumour and hence the late diagnosis of melanoma in this country. A series of patients was studied and note was taken of their presenting symptoms and signs, which included growth of a pigmented lesion, bleeding, darkening, pain, tenderness and itching. Ulceration and satellitosis had developed in a small proportion of cases. Awareness of this tumour and education as to the circumstances in which it should be suspected should be encouraged, so as to ensure earlier diagnosis and treatment and thus higher survival rates.", "contents": "The presentation of malignant melanoma. Survival figures for patients with malignant melanoma in South Africa compare rather unfavourably with those from other countries, for example Queensland, Australia. The chief reason for this seems to be the late stage at which patients present with the tumour and hence the late diagnosis of melanoma in this country. A series of patients was studied and note was taken of their presenting symptoms and signs, which included growth of a pigmented lesion, bleeding, darkening, pain, tenderness and itching. Ulceration and satellitosis had developed in a small proportion of cases. Awareness of this tumour and education as to the circumstances in which it should be suspected should be encouraged, so as to ensure earlier diagnosis and treatment and thus higher survival rates.", "PMID": 494031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1839", "title": "Radiocolloid imaging in primary liver cancer and amoebic liver abscess. Accuracy of differential diagnosis and extent of inter-observer variability.", "content": "Radiocolloid liver scans from 58 patients with primary liver cancer and 56 patients with amoebic liver abscess were examined 'blind' and independently by three nuclear physicians and one registrar in training in order to evaluate the accuracy of the differential diagnosis between the two conditions and to assess the extent of inter-observer variability in the interpretation of these scans. Each of the observers incorrectly interpreted about 12% of scintiphotographs and at least one observer was wrong in 25% of the scans. The difference in diagnostic accuracy between individual observers was not statistically significant. Observers disagreed in 21,6% of the scans. The main reasons for misdiagnosis were failure to realize that excessive extrahepatic uptake of radiocolloid can occur with liver abscesses, and the indistinguishable appearance of the defect or defects in some cases of primary liver cancer and amoebic liver abscess. This margin of error and of inter-observer variability must be borne in mind when interpreting liver scans of patients thought to have either primary liver cancer of amoebic liver abscess.", "contents": "Radiocolloid imaging in primary liver cancer and amoebic liver abscess. Accuracy of differential diagnosis and extent of inter-observer variability. Radiocolloid liver scans from 58 patients with primary liver cancer and 56 patients with amoebic liver abscess were examined 'blind' and independently by three nuclear physicians and one registrar in training in order to evaluate the accuracy of the differential diagnosis between the two conditions and to assess the extent of inter-observer variability in the interpretation of these scans. Each of the observers incorrectly interpreted about 12% of scintiphotographs and at least one observer was wrong in 25% of the scans. The difference in diagnostic accuracy between individual observers was not statistically significant. Observers disagreed in 21,6% of the scans. The main reasons for misdiagnosis were failure to realize that excessive extrahepatic uptake of radiocolloid can occur with liver abscesses, and the indistinguishable appearance of the defect or defects in some cases of primary liver cancer and amoebic liver abscess. This margin of error and of inter-observer variability must be borne in mind when interpreting liver scans of patients thought to have either primary liver cancer of amoebic liver abscess.", "PMID": 494033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1840", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritic syndrome after chikungunya fever.", "content": "An outbreak of chikungunya fever which occurred during April 1977 among a group of high-school children from Pretoria after a visit to the northern Transvaal bushveld is reported. Some of the adults who accompanied the pupils also contracted the disease. The adults suffered more severely from the chronic arthritic form of the disease than did the children. In some cases the episodic polyarthritis was still present 18 months after the onset of the disease. Rheumatoid factors in low titre could be demonstrated in the circulation of patients with longstanding symptoms.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritic syndrome after chikungunya fever. An outbreak of chikungunya fever which occurred during April 1977 among a group of high-school children from Pretoria after a visit to the northern Transvaal bushveld is reported. Some of the adults who accompanied the pupils also contracted the disease. The adults suffered more severely from the chronic arthritic form of the disease than did the children. In some cases the episodic polyarthritis was still present 18 months after the onset of the disease. Rheumatoid factors in low titre could be demonstrated in the circulation of patients with longstanding symptoms.", "PMID": 494034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1841", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the liver associated with pregnancy. A report of 5 cases.", "content": "A resume of the aetiology, precipitating factors, pathology and management of spontaneous rupture of the liver in pregnancy, with a report of 5 cases, is presented. Misdiagnosis and late treatment contribute to the high mortality rate. Pre-operative diagnosis is very rare despite the fact that this is a diagnosable syndrome in pregnant multiparas with evidence of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, and right-sided hypochondrial or epigastric pain which rapidly progresses to peripheral vascular collapse, often with signs of intraperitoneal haemorrhage. An awareness of this syndrome and early active surgical management constitute the best and only chance of survival for these patients.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the liver associated with pregnancy. A report of 5 cases. A resume of the aetiology, precipitating factors, pathology and management of spontaneous rupture of the liver in pregnancy, with a report of 5 cases, is presented. Misdiagnosis and late treatment contribute to the high mortality rate. Pre-operative diagnosis is very rare despite the fact that this is a diagnosable syndrome in pregnant multiparas with evidence of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, and right-sided hypochondrial or epigastric pain which rapidly progresses to peripheral vascular collapse, often with signs of intraperitoneal haemorrhage. An awareness of this syndrome and early active surgical management constitute the best and only chance of survival for these patients.", "PMID": 494035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1842", "title": "Cirrhosis of the liver associated with inferior vena-caval obstruction.", "content": "Seven patients with inferior vena-caval obstruction associated with cirrhosis of the liver are described. Inferior vena-caval obstruction is suggested when an enlarged azygous vein is seen on chest radiography, or when superficial collateral veins draining upwards are visible on the abdomen and chest. When a short obstruction or 'web' is present, this should be treated surgically. Venous thrombosis below the obstruction may result in occlusion of a long segment of the vena cava. Chronic suprahepatic venous obstruction may cause macronodular cirrhosis and predispose to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Cirrhosis of the liver associated with inferior vena-caval obstruction. Seven patients with inferior vena-caval obstruction associated with cirrhosis of the liver are described. Inferior vena-caval obstruction is suggested when an enlarged azygous vein is seen on chest radiography, or when superficial collateral veins draining upwards are visible on the abdomen and chest. When a short obstruction or 'web' is present, this should be treated surgically. Venous thrombosis below the obstruction may result in occlusion of a long segment of the vena cava. Chronic suprahepatic venous obstruction may cause macronodular cirrhosis and predispose to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 494036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1843", "title": "Acute haemorrhagic cystitis and glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Two patients presented with macroscopic haematuria and dysuria. Cytoscopic examination showed haemorrhagic cystitis. The findings of casts in the urine and of impaired renal function led to renal biopsies. These showed glomerulonephritis with deposits of IgA in the mesangium. No evidence of viral infection was found. A third patient diagnosed on biopsy 9 years previously as having focal glomerulonephritis developed gross haematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy revealed haemorrhagic cystitis, and deposits of immunoglobulins were present in the bladder wall. It is suggested that haemorrhagic cystitis may occur as part of a syndrome with glomerulonephritis and may be due to an immunological mechanism.", "contents": "Acute haemorrhagic cystitis and glomerulonephritis. Two patients presented with macroscopic haematuria and dysuria. Cytoscopic examination showed haemorrhagic cystitis. The findings of casts in the urine and of impaired renal function led to renal biopsies. These showed glomerulonephritis with deposits of IgA in the mesangium. No evidence of viral infection was found. A third patient diagnosed on biopsy 9 years previously as having focal glomerulonephritis developed gross haematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy revealed haemorrhagic cystitis, and deposits of immunoglobulins were present in the bladder wall. It is suggested that haemorrhagic cystitis may occur as part of a syndrome with glomerulonephritis and may be due to an immunological mechanism.", "PMID": 494037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1844", "title": "The radiological features of lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma. A case report.", "content": "A case of lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma is described, together with the lymphangiographic and arteriographic features. Persistent pleural effusions developed, for which a cause is postulated.", "contents": "The radiological features of lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma. A case report. A case of lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma is described, together with the lymphangiographic and arteriographic features. Persistent pleural effusions developed, for which a cause is postulated.", "PMID": 494038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1845", "title": "Curiosa paediatrica II.", "content": "A small series of a dermal curiosity occurring in children is described. It appears not to have been presented heretofore in medical writings and certainly not in our South African medical literature. The constancy of its presentation suggests strongly a genetic localization for its origin (if not a fanciful one!) and the name foveae scapularum cutaneae bilaterales congenitae in true dermatological fashion is wholly descriptive, ponderous though it be for such light 'residua pennarum'!", "contents": "Curiosa paediatrica II. A small series of a dermal curiosity occurring in children is described. It appears not to have been presented heretofore in medical writings and certainly not in our South African medical literature. The constancy of its presentation suggests strongly a genetic localization for its origin (if not a fanciful one!) and the name foveae scapularum cutaneae bilaterales congenitae in true dermatological fashion is wholly descriptive, ponderous though it be for such light 'residua pennarum'!", "PMID": 494039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1846", "title": "Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics was studied in vitro and in patients with nongonococcal urethritis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, erythromycin, pivampicillin, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline, which were the most effective drugs, were 10, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. The clinical observations suggested that of the antibiotics studied, doxycycline, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were effective for treatment of chlamydial infection and nongonococcal urethritis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole seemed less efficient for treatment of patients with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were chlamydia-negative. Pivampicillin, although it was active in vitro against C. trachomatis, did not produce a satisfactory clinical response. Untreated patients had symptoms of urethritis and chlamydial infection for three weeks. Incubation periods of a week or less were recorded for about half of the patients who had nongonococcal urethritis, both those whose cultures were chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were chlamydia-negative. However, a few patients in both groups reported incubation periods of four weeks or more.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. The susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics was studied in vitro and in patients with nongonococcal urethritis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, erythromycin, pivampicillin, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline, which were the most effective drugs, were 10, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. The clinical observations suggested that of the antibiotics studied, doxycycline, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were effective for treatment of chlamydial infection and nongonococcal urethritis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole seemed less efficient for treatment of patients with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were chlamydia-negative. Pivampicillin, although it was active in vitro against C. trachomatis, did not produce a satisfactory clinical response. Untreated patients had symptoms of urethritis and chlamydial infection for three weeks. Incubation periods of a week or less were recorded for about half of the patients who had nongonococcal urethritis, both those whose cultures were chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were chlamydia-negative. However, a few patients in both groups reported incubation periods of four weeks or more.", "PMID": 494040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1847", "title": "Gonorrhea in street prostitutes: epidemiologic and legal implications.", "content": "Sociodemographic characteristics of a group of street prostitutes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were determined through retrospective chart review and compared with those of a group of nonprostitute women seen at a venereal disease clinic. Initially, the risk that prostitutes would contract gonorrhea was substantially higher than the risk for other women (31% vs. 21%) but the risks for both groups decreased over the two-year period during which control measures were applied. These measures included use of legal orders, based on the constitutional requirement of \"least restrictive alternative.\" Prostitutes in this setting may well constitute a \"core group\" of transmitters.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in street prostitutes: epidemiologic and legal implications. Sociodemographic characteristics of a group of street prostitutes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were determined through retrospective chart review and compared with those of a group of nonprostitute women seen at a venereal disease clinic. Initially, the risk that prostitutes would contract gonorrhea was substantially higher than the risk for other women (31% vs. 21%) but the risks for both groups decreased over the two-year period during which control measures were applied. These measures included use of legal orders, based on the constitutional requirement of \"least restrictive alternative.\" Prostitutes in this setting may well constitute a \"core group\" of transmitters.", "PMID": 494041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1848", "title": "Superimposed traumatic and gonococcal proctitis: report of two cases.", "content": "Two men sought treatment at an emergency room with apparent gonococcal proctitis. Further evaluation after failure of antibiotic therapy in both patients revealed that rectal damage resulting from the patients' sexual habits had resulted in a severe traumatic proctitis. The discovery of several organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and two nonpathogenic amebas, was probably only incidental. Two points are emphasized: the importance of obtaining a complete sexual history for every patient treated for venereal disease, and the inherent complications associated with anorectal manipulation.", "contents": "Superimposed traumatic and gonococcal proctitis: report of two cases. Two men sought treatment at an emergency room with apparent gonococcal proctitis. Further evaluation after failure of antibiotic therapy in both patients revealed that rectal damage resulting from the patients' sexual habits had resulted in a severe traumatic proctitis. The discovery of several organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and two nonpathogenic amebas, was probably only incidental. Two points are emphasized: the importance of obtaining a complete sexual history for every patient treated for venereal disease, and the inherent complications associated with anorectal manipulation.", "PMID": 494042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1849", "title": "Income of the population aged 55 and older, 1976.", "content": "This article inaugurates a biennial series of reports on the income of persons aged 55 and older. The survey on which it is based updates information on the broad economic picture for a cross-section of this population and forms the basis for an analysis of trends in the financial status of the group as a whole. In 1976, persons aged 55--61 were generally working full-time, not receiving income from pensions, and married. Those aged 73 and older were predominantly not working, mostly recipients of retirement pensions, and likely to be widows. Most persons aged 65 and older were receiving social security benefits; those with neither earnings nor a second pension constituted the largest subgroup and had the lowest median income. Married couples, as a group, were substantially better off financially than nonmarried persons because they were younger, two-person rather than one-person units, and had one member who was a man. Blacks were less likely than whites to receive pension income other than social security benefits, and their median benefits and earnings were both lower.", "contents": "Income of the population aged 55 and older, 1976. This article inaugurates a biennial series of reports on the income of persons aged 55 and older. The survey on which it is based updates information on the broad economic picture for a cross-section of this population and forms the basis for an analysis of trends in the financial status of the group as a whole. In 1976, persons aged 55--61 were generally working full-time, not receiving income from pensions, and married. Those aged 73 and older were predominantly not working, mostly recipients of retirement pensions, and likely to be widows. Most persons aged 65 and older were receiving social security benefits; those with neither earnings nor a second pension constituted the largest subgroup and had the lowest median income. Married couples, as a group, were substantially better off financially than nonmarried persons because they were younger, two-person rather than one-person units, and had one member who was a man. Blacks were less likely than whites to receive pension income other than social security benefits, and their median benefits and earnings were both lower.", "PMID": 494048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1850", "title": "Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum after delivery by cesarean section: report of a case.", "content": "This report describes a neonate delivered by cesarean section who had conjunctivitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that gonococcal conjunctivitis can be acquired in utero is provided by this case study, which also emphasizes that saline lavage is inappropriate after instillation of AgNO3 into the neonate's eyes.", "contents": "Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum after delivery by cesarean section: report of a case. This report describes a neonate delivered by cesarean section who had conjunctivitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that gonococcal conjunctivitis can be acquired in utero is provided by this case study, which also emphasizes that saline lavage is inappropriate after instillation of AgNO3 into the neonate's eyes.", "PMID": 494043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1851", "title": "Antecedents of mortality among the old-age assistance population.", "content": "This research is concerned with patterns of mortality and related risk conditions among noninstitutionalized recipients of old-age assistance. Survival status was determined by followup interviews in the 1974 Survey of the Low Income Aged and Disabled. Data obtained in initial interviews a year earlier were used as antecedent variables in the analysis. The general hypothesis that the overall death rate of recipients would be higher than the rate of persons aged 65 or older in the general population was not supported. Older white men had a significantly lower death rate than their population contemporaries. The opposite pattern was observed for older men other than white who had higher rates than their population contemporaries. Factors with significant association with mortality that were suggested by logit analysis included previous employment in construction industries, advanced age, greater household density, male sex, cancer, and heart trouble. Recipients who had lost the capacity to dress and were isolated from local support were also more likely to die. Survival factors included previous occupation as a farm operator, functional activity, and the ability to bathe and to care for self when ill.", "contents": "Antecedents of mortality among the old-age assistance population. This research is concerned with patterns of mortality and related risk conditions among noninstitutionalized recipients of old-age assistance. Survival status was determined by followup interviews in the 1974 Survey of the Low Income Aged and Disabled. Data obtained in initial interviews a year earlier were used as antecedent variables in the analysis. The general hypothesis that the overall death rate of recipients would be higher than the rate of persons aged 65 or older in the general population was not supported. Older white men had a significantly lower death rate than their population contemporaries. The opposite pattern was observed for older men other than white who had higher rates than their population contemporaries. Factors with significant association with mortality that were suggested by logit analysis included previous employment in construction industries, advanced age, greater household density, male sex, cancer, and heart trouble. Recipients who had lost the capacity to dress and were isolated from local support were also more likely to die. Survival factors included previous occupation as a farm operator, functional activity, and the ability to bathe and to care for self when ill.", "PMID": 494049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1852", "title": "Terminal cancer: a challenge for social work.", "content": "The social worker interested in providing service to terminally ill cancer patients and their families must begin with careful self-assessment and with clarity about her goals. The tasks to which she can then address herself are: helping her clients (1) explore their feelings and behavioral options, (2) communicate as openly as possible with their significant others, and (3) become aware of resources outside themselves. A fourth task is helping her co-professionals from other disciplines increase their effectiveness.", "contents": "Terminal cancer: a challenge for social work. The social worker interested in providing service to terminally ill cancer patients and their families must begin with careful self-assessment and with clarity about her goals. The tasks to which she can then address herself are: helping her clients (1) explore their feelings and behavioral options, (2) communicate as openly as possible with their significant others, and (3) become aware of resources outside themselves. A fourth task is helping her co-professionals from other disciplines increase their effectiveness.", "PMID": 494051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1853", "title": "Coping with childhood cancer: group intervention as an aid to parents in crisis.", "content": "Groups aid parents in crisis by promoting adaptive coping. Group intervention with parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer has a positive effect on the families in the later stages of illness by helping the parents establish constructive patterns and encouraging them to use problem solving techniques.", "contents": "Coping with childhood cancer: group intervention as an aid to parents in crisis. Groups aid parents in crisis by promoting adaptive coping. Group intervention with parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer has a positive effect on the families in the later stages of illness by helping the parents establish constructive patterns and encouraging them to use problem solving techniques.", "PMID": 494052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1854", "title": "An integration of psychosocial concepts into the education of general practitioners.", "content": "Psychosocial concepts related to human growth and development, doctor-patient interactions, and the professional use of self were integrated into a course for general practice residents which was taught by an interdisciplinary team. The content of the course was divided into two sections: theoretical and applied. In the first part of the course, residents were exposed in a relatively structured way to a health-oriented epigenetic perspective of the human condition. This framework was discussed with a view toward increasing assessment and intervention skills. In the latter half of the course, residents' owen case material was used to stimulate discussion of affective blocks to the use of self in the doctor-patient relationship. It was the purpose of this course to foster a total person approach to patient presentations.", "contents": "An integration of psychosocial concepts into the education of general practitioners. Psychosocial concepts related to human growth and development, doctor-patient interactions, and the professional use of self were integrated into a course for general practice residents which was taught by an interdisciplinary team. The content of the course was divided into two sections: theoretical and applied. In the first part of the course, residents were exposed in a relatively structured way to a health-oriented epigenetic perspective of the human condition. This framework was discussed with a view toward increasing assessment and intervention skills. In the latter half of the course, residents' owen case material was used to stimulate discussion of affective blocks to the use of self in the doctor-patient relationship. It was the purpose of this course to foster a total person approach to patient presentations.", "PMID": 494053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1855", "title": "The teaching social worker in family medicine: a prototype for the hospital social worker?", "content": "The need for physicians to receive training in interpersonal skills as well as in preventive medicine to aid them in recognizing and addressing the psychosocial aspects of illness and to facilitate the delivery of more comprehensive care to patients, has been addressed in the Department of Family Medicine and several other specialties. In January, 1978 the author surveyed social work members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine to determine their activities and responsibilities and to identify the experiences which have proven most helpful as a preparation for their positions on medical school faculties. Results of the survey are reviewed in light of possible implications for the future hospital social worker as a medical educator.", "contents": "The teaching social worker in family medicine: a prototype for the hospital social worker? The need for physicians to receive training in interpersonal skills as well as in preventive medicine to aid them in recognizing and addressing the psychosocial aspects of illness and to facilitate the delivery of more comprehensive care to patients, has been addressed in the Department of Family Medicine and several other specialties. In January, 1978 the author surveyed social work members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine to determine their activities and responsibilities and to identify the experiences which have proven most helpful as a preparation for their positions on medical school faculties. Results of the survey are reviewed in light of possible implications for the future hospital social worker as a medical educator.", "PMID": 494054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1856", "title": "A family-oriented admission procedure on an inpatient psychiatric unit.", "content": "The importance of family involvement during inpatient psychiatric treatment is slowly being realized. Effective and meaningful family work can be promoted if the admission process includes family members and attempts to define family issues. In this paper, an admission procedure which emphasizes and encourages family involvement is described and the process illustrated with a case summary.", "contents": "A family-oriented admission procedure on an inpatient psychiatric unit. The importance of family involvement during inpatient psychiatric treatment is slowly being realized. Effective and meaningful family work can be promoted if the admission process includes family members and attempts to define family issues. In this paper, an admission procedure which emphasizes and encourages family involvement is described and the process illustrated with a case summary.", "PMID": 494055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1857", "title": "Addiction and pregnancy: two lives and crisis.", "content": "Medical service comes consistently into contact with the addicted family at a time critical for change: pregnancy and childbirth. Neonatal withdrawal is life-threatening for the infant and very unsettling to a mother's self-confidence and her parenting ability. Medical treatment for the drug abusing mother is best coordinated with psychosocial and drug treatment in order to minimize perinatal complications, to anticipate risks to the child and to support the mother in her maternal role. This article advocates comprehensive care for the pregnant addict. It is drawn from the author's experience in the Maternal Narcotics Addiction and Child Development research project at Jefferson Davis Hospital, Houston, Texas.", "contents": "Addiction and pregnancy: two lives and crisis. Medical service comes consistently into contact with the addicted family at a time critical for change: pregnancy and childbirth. Neonatal withdrawal is life-threatening for the infant and very unsettling to a mother's self-confidence and her parenting ability. Medical treatment for the drug abusing mother is best coordinated with psychosocial and drug treatment in order to minimize perinatal complications, to anticipate risks to the child and to support the mother in her maternal role. This article advocates comprehensive care for the pregnant addict. It is drawn from the author's experience in the Maternal Narcotics Addiction and Child Development research project at Jefferson Davis Hospital, Houston, Texas.", "PMID": 494056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1858", "title": "Family adaptation to the traumatic spinal cord injury of a son or daughter.", "content": "The article presents the case history of a family in which an adolescent son receives a traumatic spinal cord injury. The focus of the study is on the adaptation of the family unit to the permanent disablement of their dependent child. The family's grief reaction is examined as are their patterns of adaptation in family task organization, affection, communication, and power structures. The authors also discusses the effect of the injury on specific intrafamily relationships and presents suggestions for clinical intervention.", "contents": "Family adaptation to the traumatic spinal cord injury of a son or daughter. The article presents the case history of a family in which an adolescent son receives a traumatic spinal cord injury. The focus of the study is on the adaptation of the family unit to the permanent disablement of their dependent child. The family's grief reaction is examined as are their patterns of adaptation in family task organization, affection, communication, and power structures. The authors also discusses the effect of the injury on specific intrafamily relationships and presents suggestions for clinical intervention.", "PMID": 494057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1859", "title": "Complementation and noncomplementation in heterokaryons of three unlinked pigment mutants of the fowl.", "content": "This study shows that melanocyte heterokaryons formed between cells of the blue and recessive white genotypes complement one another to produce normal pigmentation, while heterokaryons of the blue and pinkeye genotypes fail to complement. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that the blue and recessive white mutations affect different aspects of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei exist in the same cytoplasm, they can correct (complement) each other's defect. On the other hand, the blue and pinkeye mutations, although unlinked, apparently affect the same aspect of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei are in a common cytoplasm, they cannot correct each other's defect. This suggests that one of these two loci exerts some kind of control, or \"regulation,\" over the other. It has previously been shown that recessive white--pinkeye heterokaryons can complement. Thus, only two heterokaryon complementation groups are evident within the three mutants examined.", "contents": "Complementation and noncomplementation in heterokaryons of three unlinked pigment mutants of the fowl. This study shows that melanocyte heterokaryons formed between cells of the blue and recessive white genotypes complement one another to produce normal pigmentation, while heterokaryons of the blue and pinkeye genotypes fail to complement. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that the blue and recessive white mutations affect different aspects of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei exist in the same cytoplasm, they can correct (complement) each other's defect. On the other hand, the blue and pinkeye mutations, although unlinked, apparently affect the same aspect of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei are in a common cytoplasm, they cannot correct each other's defect. This suggests that one of these two loci exerts some kind of control, or \"regulation,\" over the other. It has previously been shown that recessive white--pinkeye heterokaryons can complement. Thus, only two heterokaryon complementation groups are evident within the three mutants examined.", "PMID": 494058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1860", "title": "Respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell mutants: biochemical characterization.", "content": "We have previously classified 35 of our respiration-deficient mutants into seven complementation groups and one \"overlapping\" mutant which does not complement mutants from groups I and II. In this paper we report on the biochemical characterization of representatives of complementation groups I, II, VII, and the \"overlapping\" mutant. We show that these mutants all have a defect in complex I of the electron-transport chain. The general features of these mutants are: (1) a low rate of O2 consumption in whole cells; (2) a low rate of release of 14CO2 from [2-14C] pyruvate, [1-14C] pyruvate, and [3-14C] beta-hydroxybutyrate; (3) a low rate of release of 14CO2 from [5-14C] glutamate and [1-14C] glutamate in mutants from groups II, VII, and the \"overlapping\" mutant, whereas a significant amount of 14CO2 is released in mutants from group I; (4) a substantial rate of release of 14CO2 from [U-14C] asparate; (5) in isolated mitochondria, succinate and alpha-glycerol phosphate stimulate O2 consumption whereas substrates which generate NADH, such as malate, do not; and (6) there is little or no rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase activity in isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell mutants: biochemical characterization. We have previously classified 35 of our respiration-deficient mutants into seven complementation groups and one \"overlapping\" mutant which does not complement mutants from groups I and II. In this paper we report on the biochemical characterization of representatives of complementation groups I, II, VII, and the \"overlapping\" mutant. We show that these mutants all have a defect in complex I of the electron-transport chain. The general features of these mutants are: (1) a low rate of O2 consumption in whole cells; (2) a low rate of release of 14CO2 from [2-14C] pyruvate, [1-14C] pyruvate, and [3-14C] beta-hydroxybutyrate; (3) a low rate of release of 14CO2 from [5-14C] glutamate and [1-14C] glutamate in mutants from groups II, VII, and the \"overlapping\" mutant, whereas a significant amount of 14CO2 is released in mutants from group I; (4) a substantial rate of release of 14CO2 from [U-14C] asparate; (5) in isolated mitochondria, succinate and alpha-glycerol phosphate stimulate O2 consumption whereas substrates which generate NADH, such as malate, do not; and (6) there is little or no rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase activity in isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 494059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1861", "title": "Characterization of the diphtheria toxin-resistance system in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Variations in two general classes of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants which may be selected from Chinese hamster ovary (CH0-K1) cells and the conditions for their selection are described. The resistance of class I mutants can be overcome with increasing concentrations of toxin. Their entire complement of EF-2 is susceptible to ADP-ribosylation by toxin. Class I includes those strains in which resistance resides at the level of the plasma membrane. The resistance of class II, translational, mutants cannot be overcome by high concentrations of toxin, as all, or a portion, of their EF-2 is insensitive to the action of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Adjustment of the concentration of toxin used to select resistant mutants can be used to regulate the class of mutant recovered. Metabolic cooperation between cells does not affect recovery of either class I or class II mutants. Resistance is stable in class I strains, but class IIb strains, which possess 50% resistant and 50% sensitive EF-2, display a transient high level of resistance which is retained for varying lengths of time following exposure to toxin. Class IIa strains, which possess 100% resistant EF-2, grow normally in saturating concentrations of toxin, but class IIb strains grow at a reduced rate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the gene for EF-2 is functionally diploid in CHO-K1 cells.", "contents": "Characterization of the diphtheria toxin-resistance system in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Variations in two general classes of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants which may be selected from Chinese hamster ovary (CH0-K1) cells and the conditions for their selection are described. The resistance of class I mutants can be overcome with increasing concentrations of toxin. Their entire complement of EF-2 is susceptible to ADP-ribosylation by toxin. Class I includes those strains in which resistance resides at the level of the plasma membrane. The resistance of class II, translational, mutants cannot be overcome by high concentrations of toxin, as all, or a portion, of their EF-2 is insensitive to the action of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Adjustment of the concentration of toxin used to select resistant mutants can be used to regulate the class of mutant recovered. Metabolic cooperation between cells does not affect recovery of either class I or class II mutants. Resistance is stable in class I strains, but class IIb strains, which possess 50% resistant and 50% sensitive EF-2, display a transient high level of resistance which is retained for varying lengths of time following exposure to toxin. Class IIa strains, which possess 100% resistant EF-2, grow normally in saturating concentrations of toxin, but class IIb strains grow at a reduced rate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the gene for EF-2 is functionally diploid in CHO-K1 cells.", "PMID": 494060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1862", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism following parathyroid autotransplantation.", "content": "A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent cervical exploration and hemithyroidectomy. Only one normal parthyroid gland was found and was removed. Hypercalcemia persisted and subsequent arteriography localized a large mediastinal adenoma which was excised. Parathyroid autotransplantation of a small part of this tissue was performed and the patient was well for over a year. He again became markedly hypercalcemic and graft-dependent elevation of parathromone levels was demonstrated. Autograft resection resulted in normocalcemia. Nineteen months later hypercalcemia and elevated parathormone levels prompted re-exploration of the graft site and another enlarged implant was removed. This restored normocalcemia and normal parathromone levels. Parathyroid adenomatous tissue has the potential for autonomous hyperfunction, and caution must be exercised in its use in autotransplantation.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism following parathyroid autotransplantation. A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent cervical exploration and hemithyroidectomy. Only one normal parthyroid gland was found and was removed. Hypercalcemia persisted and subsequent arteriography localized a large mediastinal adenoma which was excised. Parathyroid autotransplantation of a small part of this tissue was performed and the patient was well for over a year. He again became markedly hypercalcemic and graft-dependent elevation of parathromone levels was demonstrated. Autograft resection resulted in normocalcemia. Nineteen months later hypercalcemia and elevated parathormone levels prompted re-exploration of the graft site and another enlarged implant was removed. This restored normocalcemia and normal parathromone levels. Parathyroid adenomatous tissue has the potential for autonomous hyperfunction, and caution must be exercised in its use in autotransplantation.", "PMID": 494061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1863", "title": "Detection of carotid occlusive disease by ultrasonic imaging and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis.", "content": "Ultrasonic imaging of the cervical carotid arteries by ultrasonic arteriography and duplex scanning combined with pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis were investigated in a series of patients undergoing arteriography. By using the ultrasonic image as a guide for precise placement of the pulsed Doppler sample volume, the characteristics of blood flow at points of interest in the carotid arteries could be determined. Audible analysis of the Doppler signal permitted correct diagnosis of 23 of 26 (88%) high-grade stenoses or occlusions with ultrasonic arteriography and 24 of 26 (92%) with duplex scanning. Spectrum analysis of Doppler signals obtained with the duplex scanner detected all of the 22 high-grade stenoses. Spectral abnormalities of a lesser degree also were detected in 18 of 23 vessels (78%) with atherosclerotic plaques which should not have reduced cerebral blood flow. These techniques permit the accurate detection of and the distinction between high-grade stenoses and occlusion, as well as the identification of many plaques which are not large enough to affect intracranial hemodynamics.", "contents": "Detection of carotid occlusive disease by ultrasonic imaging and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis. Ultrasonic imaging of the cervical carotid arteries by ultrasonic arteriography and duplex scanning combined with pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis were investigated in a series of patients undergoing arteriography. By using the ultrasonic image as a guide for precise placement of the pulsed Doppler sample volume, the characteristics of blood flow at points of interest in the carotid arteries could be determined. Audible analysis of the Doppler signal permitted correct diagnosis of 23 of 26 (88%) high-grade stenoses or occlusions with ultrasonic arteriography and 24 of 26 (92%) with duplex scanning. Spectrum analysis of Doppler signals obtained with the duplex scanner detected all of the 22 high-grade stenoses. Spectral abnormalities of a lesser degree also were detected in 18 of 23 vessels (78%) with atherosclerotic plaques which should not have reduced cerebral blood flow. These techniques permit the accurate detection of and the distinction between high-grade stenoses and occlusion, as well as the identification of many plaques which are not large enough to affect intracranial hemodynamics.", "PMID": 494062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1864", "title": "Procoagulant activity of ascitic fluid in hepatic cirrhosis: in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Three cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation following infusion of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the vascular system are reported in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. One of these was treated with intermittent drainage and infusion, and in the other two a LeVeen shunt was used. Studies on the ascitic fluid indicate the presence of a procoagulant material which would appear to be an activator of factor X. Preactivated factor X (Xa) from the fluid and/or a tissue factor activator of factor VII are additional possibilities.", "contents": "Procoagulant activity of ascitic fluid in hepatic cirrhosis: in vivo and in vitro. Three cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation following infusion of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the vascular system are reported in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. One of these was treated with intermittent drainage and infusion, and in the other two a LeVeen shunt was used. Studies on the ascitic fluid indicate the presence of a procoagulant material which would appear to be an activator of factor X. Preactivated factor X (Xa) from the fluid and/or a tissue factor activator of factor VII are additional possibilities.", "PMID": 494063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1865", "title": "Arterial regeneration following polyglactin 910 suture mesh grafting.", "content": "A suture mesh of polyglactin 910 [Vicryl (polyglactin 910) suture mesh] was placed as a patch graft into the thoracic aorta of 23 growing pigs. In three other pigs the mesh was grafted in the form of a tube to replace a short aortic defect. The biological processes taking place in the grafted area were studied by morphological methods. The following observations were made: (1) Hemostasis readily occurred by fibrin, platelet, and erythrocyte embedding of the mesh. (2) Early outgrowth of smooth muscle cells around the mesh took place from the normal aortic media and from a newly formed subintimal smooth muscle layer. (3) The newly formed arterial tissue was completely endothelialized within 20 days. (4) The polyglactin mesh had disappeared almost completely at 40 days, but the new wall seemed to retain sufficient strength throughout the observation time. (5) Only irregular deposition of elastic fibrils occurred, but in other respects the new tissue structurally resembled normal arterial tissue.", "contents": "Arterial regeneration following polyglactin 910 suture mesh grafting. A suture mesh of polyglactin 910 [Vicryl (polyglactin 910) suture mesh] was placed as a patch graft into the thoracic aorta of 23 growing pigs. In three other pigs the mesh was grafted in the form of a tube to replace a short aortic defect. The biological processes taking place in the grafted area were studied by morphological methods. The following observations were made: (1) Hemostasis readily occurred by fibrin, platelet, and erythrocyte embedding of the mesh. (2) Early outgrowth of smooth muscle cells around the mesh took place from the normal aortic media and from a newly formed subintimal smooth muscle layer. (3) The newly formed arterial tissue was completely endothelialized within 20 days. (4) The polyglactin mesh had disappeared almost completely at 40 days, but the new wall seemed to retain sufficient strength throughout the observation time. (5) Only irregular deposition of elastic fibrils occurred, but in other respects the new tissue structurally resembled normal arterial tissue.", "PMID": 494064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1866", "title": "Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues after a burn injury.", "content": "The glucose uptake of a perfused, skin-covered preparation of muscle taken from the rat was altered by prior burn injury to the animal. Animals receiving an 8% deep burn to the back 24 hours prior to testing had a glucose uptake (5.9 +/- 0.85 microM/100 gm/min) which was depressed compared with control nonburned preparations (8.4 +/- 0.34 microM/100 gm/min) (P less than 0.025) at low insulin concentration (35 microU/ml). Higher insulin concentrations (160 microU/ml and 16 microU/ml) produced significant increases in the glucose uptake of both the burned and control animals. At the highest insulin level (16 microU/ml), there was no significant difference between burned and control animals. Preparations from animals burned five days prior to study showed a glucose uptake which was not decreased as compared with control animals at the low level of insulin (35 microU/ml) (7.4 +/- 0.62 microM/100 gm/min), but higher levels of insulin (160 microU/ml and 16 microU/ml) failed to produce a significant increase in glucose uptake (8.4 +/- 0.64 microM/100 gm/min and 8.6 +/- 0.92 microM/100 gm/min, respectively). The values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from control preparation (11.5 +/- 0.54 microM/100 gm/min) at the insulin level of 16 microU/ml. Two different patterns of altered sensitivity to increased insulin concentrations were noted, depending on the stage of injury. The altered metabolic status of peripheral tissues does contribute to the insulin resistance pheonomenon observed after a burn injury.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues after a burn injury. The glucose uptake of a perfused, skin-covered preparation of muscle taken from the rat was altered by prior burn injury to the animal. Animals receiving an 8% deep burn to the back 24 hours prior to testing had a glucose uptake (5.9 +/- 0.85 microM/100 gm/min) which was depressed compared with control nonburned preparations (8.4 +/- 0.34 microM/100 gm/min) (P less than 0.025) at low insulin concentration (35 microU/ml). Higher insulin concentrations (160 microU/ml and 16 microU/ml) produced significant increases in the glucose uptake of both the burned and control animals. At the highest insulin level (16 microU/ml), there was no significant difference between burned and control animals. Preparations from animals burned five days prior to study showed a glucose uptake which was not decreased as compared with control animals at the low level of insulin (35 microU/ml) (7.4 +/- 0.62 microM/100 gm/min), but higher levels of insulin (160 microU/ml and 16 microU/ml) failed to produce a significant increase in glucose uptake (8.4 +/- 0.64 microM/100 gm/min and 8.6 +/- 0.92 microM/100 gm/min, respectively). The values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from control preparation (11.5 +/- 0.54 microM/100 gm/min) at the insulin level of 16 microU/ml. Two different patterns of altered sensitivity to increased insulin concentrations were noted, depending on the stage of injury. The altered metabolic status of peripheral tissues does contribute to the insulin resistance pheonomenon observed after a burn injury.", "PMID": 494065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1867", "title": "A simplified and efficient method for treating varicose veins.", "content": "Stripping the saphenous vein and manual excision of varicose veins has been the popular operative treatment for many years. During this 2- to 4-hour procedure, the patient must be rotated from the supine to the prone position in order to excise the collateral veins. These maneuvers are time-consuming and result in contamination, dozens of unsightly scars, and incomplete destruction of many of the small tortuous varicosities. In 705 patients we have substituted limited excision when possible and high-frequency cautery methods to destroy the venous tributaries. Cauterization, accomplished by introducing a probe subcutaneously through a 2 mm skin incision which requires no sutures for closure, affords excellent treatment for the troublesome smaller tortuous veins. The recurrence rate depends on the primary cause of the varicosities and is roughly the same in both types of operative procedures. The advantages of the latter procedure are shorter operating and anesthesia times, minimal infection rate, substantially less hospital time and cost, and essentially no cosmetic defects.", "contents": "A simplified and efficient method for treating varicose veins. Stripping the saphenous vein and manual excision of varicose veins has been the popular operative treatment for many years. During this 2- to 4-hour procedure, the patient must be rotated from the supine to the prone position in order to excise the collateral veins. These maneuvers are time-consuming and result in contamination, dozens of unsightly scars, and incomplete destruction of many of the small tortuous varicosities. In 705 patients we have substituted limited excision when possible and high-frequency cautery methods to destroy the venous tributaries. Cauterization, accomplished by introducing a probe subcutaneously through a 2 mm skin incision which requires no sutures for closure, affords excellent treatment for the troublesome smaller tortuous veins. The recurrence rate depends on the primary cause of the varicosities and is roughly the same in both types of operative procedures. The advantages of the latter procedure are shorter operating and anesthesia times, minimal infection rate, substantially less hospital time and cost, and essentially no cosmetic defects.", "PMID": 494067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1868", "title": "Obstruction of the ureter due to a false aneurysm.", "content": "A false aneurysm arising from an aortofemoral bifurcation graft caused symptomatic ureteral obstruction in a 69-year-old woman. Following revision of the aortograft anastomosis, her symptoms and ureteral obstruction subsided. The prevention and treatment of ureteral complications following vascular surgery are discussed. Postoperative pyelograms may be indicated in the vascular bypass patient.", "contents": "Obstruction of the ureter due to a false aneurysm. A false aneurysm arising from an aortofemoral bifurcation graft caused symptomatic ureteral obstruction in a 69-year-old woman. Following revision of the aortograft anastomosis, her symptoms and ureteral obstruction subsided. The prevention and treatment of ureteral complications following vascular surgery are discussed. Postoperative pyelograms may be indicated in the vascular bypass patient.", "PMID": 494068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1869", "title": "[First case of type D botulism in cattle in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on an outbreak of botulism in six cows, in which Cl. botulinum toxin type D was found to be the cause for the first time in the Netherlands. Epidemiological studies showed that this outbreak of type D botulism was due to the fact that the litter used in the cubicles of the cows had been taken from a poultry farm in which cadavers of chicken were present, which contained up to 2 x 10(5) LD100 of Cl botulinum toxin type D per gram.", "contents": "[First case of type D botulism in cattle in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. Report on an outbreak of botulism in six cows, in which Cl. botulinum toxin type D was found to be the cause for the first time in the Netherlands. Epidemiological studies showed that this outbreak of type D botulism was due to the fact that the litter used in the cubicles of the cows had been taken from a poultry farm in which cadavers of chicken were present, which contained up to 2 x 10(5) LD100 of Cl botulinum toxin type D per gram.", "PMID": 494205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1870", "title": "[A cow showing abnormal distension of the abdomen: omental bursitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A highly uncommon clinical picture in a cow showing abnormal distension of the abdomen as the most important clinical symptom, is described. The anatomy of the bovine adbomen is briefly reviewed, particular attention being paid to the omental bursa. This is followed by a discussion of the history and clinical symptoms. The owner complained of the fact that the cow showed loss of appetite and abnormal distension of the abdomen. The most important finding on clinical examination was made on rectal exploration, in which a large sac filled with fluid was felt in the abdomen. Exploratory laparatomy showed that this was an inflamed omental bursa containing a large quantity of serofibrinous exudate. This diagnosis was verified by pathological studies. The discussion is concerned with the differential diagnosis and a comparison is made with a number of similar cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "[A cow showing abnormal distension of the abdomen: omental bursitis (author's transl)]. A highly uncommon clinical picture in a cow showing abnormal distension of the abdomen as the most important clinical symptom, is described. The anatomy of the bovine adbomen is briefly reviewed, particular attention being paid to the omental bursa. This is followed by a discussion of the history and clinical symptoms. The owner complained of the fact that the cow showed loss of appetite and abnormal distension of the abdomen. The most important finding on clinical examination was made on rectal exploration, in which a large sac filled with fluid was felt in the abdomen. Exploratory laparatomy showed that this was an inflamed omental bursa containing a large quantity of serofibrinous exudate. This diagnosis was verified by pathological studies. The discussion is concerned with the differential diagnosis and a comparison is made with a number of similar cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 494206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1871", "title": "[Cows which are unable to stand (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important features of the previous history and on examination, to which attention should be paid to ensure a correct diagnosis and prognosis in syndromes in which inability to stand is an outstanding symptom, are described.", "contents": "[Cows which are unable to stand (author's transl)]. The most important features of the previous history and on examination, to which attention should be paid to ensure a correct diagnosis and prognosis in syndromes in which inability to stand is an outstanding symptom, are described.", "PMID": 494207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1872", "title": "[Rift Valley Fever, a Veterinary and Medical Problem (author's transl)].", "content": "Rift Valley fever probably occurred in East and South Africa for many years, where it occasionally caused sever epizootics among sheep and to a less extent in cattle and goats. Particularly newborn animals fall victims to the disease, whereas the majority of pregnant ewes and cows abort. In recent years, the disease spread to the Sudan and reached the Nile delta in 1977, where it not only caused an epizootic but also an epidemic among the population, resulting in approximately 18,000 cases and nearly 600 deaths. During the summer of 1978, the disease was observed again so that the virus must have overwintered in the newly infested area. The disease in animals and subsequently in man, displaying four different clinical forms, is discussed. The limited knowledge of the pathogenesis and epidemiology is stressed particular attention being paid to the Egyptian epizootic and epidemic. Because of inadequate knowledge of the clinical features, pathogenesis and other data, the disease among cattle was not detected until from five to six months after it had broken out. The spread of Rift Valley fever to the north-eastern part of Africa forms a potential threat of dissemination of the virus to neighbouring countries, situated on the two adjacent continents of Asia and Europe, and it is a real one. International travel and movement of goods and animals as well as the political situation in that area involves the danger of the Rift Valley fever virus also being transferred to new areas and becoming established there.", "contents": "[Rift Valley Fever, a Veterinary and Medical Problem (author's transl)]. Rift Valley fever probably occurred in East and South Africa for many years, where it occasionally caused sever epizootics among sheep and to a less extent in cattle and goats. Particularly newborn animals fall victims to the disease, whereas the majority of pregnant ewes and cows abort. In recent years, the disease spread to the Sudan and reached the Nile delta in 1977, where it not only caused an epizootic but also an epidemic among the population, resulting in approximately 18,000 cases and nearly 600 deaths. During the summer of 1978, the disease was observed again so that the virus must have overwintered in the newly infested area. The disease in animals and subsequently in man, displaying four different clinical forms, is discussed. The limited knowledge of the pathogenesis and epidemiology is stressed particular attention being paid to the Egyptian epizootic and epidemic. Because of inadequate knowledge of the clinical features, pathogenesis and other data, the disease among cattle was not detected until from five to six months after it had broken out. The spread of Rift Valley fever to the north-eastern part of Africa forms a potential threat of dissemination of the virus to neighbouring countries, situated on the two adjacent continents of Asia and Europe, and it is a real one. International travel and movement of goods and animals as well as the political situation in that area involves the danger of the Rift Valley fever virus also being transferred to new areas and becoming established there.", "PMID": 494210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1873", "title": "[Results obtained using an attenuated bovine syncytial virus vaccine against bronchopneumonia of yearlings (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchopneumonia of yearlings is a respiratory infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRS virus) occurring as a herd disease in young cattle. In severe cases, the clinical picture is identifiable; characteristic features are laboured respiration and a high morbidity rate. Following an acute onset, atypical interstitial pneumonia is observed on postmorten examination and bacteriological studies are negative. An attenuated live BRS virus vaccine was used against bronchopneumonia of yearlings in 1976, 1977 and 1978. This vaccine was inoculated in twenty-six herds supervised by the present author and numbering approximately 1,200 animals in the sensitive period of life. Moreover, the results obtained by sixty practitioners on vaccinating approximately 13,000 animals in 1978 were collected. Conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of the vaccine was not provided by these field trials. However, it is concluded from the findings that the satisfactory results obtained in the majority of cases were not accidental and that these results suggest that BRS virus vaccine is very likely to have a protective action against bronchopneumonia of yearlings.", "contents": "[Results obtained using an attenuated bovine syncytial virus vaccine against bronchopneumonia of yearlings (author's transl)]. Bronchopneumonia of yearlings is a respiratory infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRS virus) occurring as a herd disease in young cattle. In severe cases, the clinical picture is identifiable; characteristic features are laboured respiration and a high morbidity rate. Following an acute onset, atypical interstitial pneumonia is observed on postmorten examination and bacteriological studies are negative. An attenuated live BRS virus vaccine was used against bronchopneumonia of yearlings in 1976, 1977 and 1978. This vaccine was inoculated in twenty-six herds supervised by the present author and numbering approximately 1,200 animals in the sensitive period of life. Moreover, the results obtained by sixty practitioners on vaccinating approximately 13,000 animals in 1978 were collected. Conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of the vaccine was not provided by these field trials. However, it is concluded from the findings that the satisfactory results obtained in the majority of cases were not accidental and that these results suggest that BRS virus vaccine is very likely to have a protective action against bronchopneumonia of yearlings.", "PMID": 494211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1874", "title": "The activity of albendazole against adult and larval gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands.", "content": "The activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal helminths in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands was tested. The calves were in their first grazing season and kept in two groups of ten. One of these groups was grazed alternately with sheep. Five out of each group were drenched with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) on the day they were housed (November 1). Before and 2, 14, and 28 days after treatment individual faecal samples were taken from all calves and larval cultures were made. Ten calves, six treated and four untreated, were killed for post mortem studies 14 days after treatment. The remaining calves were slaughtered 14 days later. The drug was highly effective in reducing the egg output, measured as the number of larvae cultured per gram of faeces. Compared with the untreated calves, the reduction was more than 99% two days after treatment, 100% at 14 days, and 99% after 28 days. It was shown that egg output 28 days after treatment came from worms which had developed from arrested larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi that had survived treatment. Post mortem results showed an efficacy of 100% against adult O. ostertagi, of almost 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, and 100% against adult and larval Cooperia oncophora. Twenty-eight days after treatment, the reduction of arrested early fourth stages of O. ostertagi was 85% in comparison with the untreated calves. Apparently less effect was found against Trichuris ovis at the given dose rate.", "contents": "The activity of albendazole against adult and larval gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands. The activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal helminths in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands was tested. The calves were in their first grazing season and kept in two groups of ten. One of these groups was grazed alternately with sheep. Five out of each group were drenched with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) on the day they were housed (November 1). Before and 2, 14, and 28 days after treatment individual faecal samples were taken from all calves and larval cultures were made. Ten calves, six treated and four untreated, were killed for post mortem studies 14 days after treatment. The remaining calves were slaughtered 14 days later. The drug was highly effective in reducing the egg output, measured as the number of larvae cultured per gram of faeces. Compared with the untreated calves, the reduction was more than 99% two days after treatment, 100% at 14 days, and 99% after 28 days. It was shown that egg output 28 days after treatment came from worms which had developed from arrested larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi that had survived treatment. Post mortem results showed an efficacy of 100% against adult O. ostertagi, of almost 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, and 100% against adult and larval Cooperia oncophora. Twenty-eight days after treatment, the reduction of arrested early fourth stages of O. ostertagi was 85% in comparison with the untreated calves. Apparently less effect was found against Trichuris ovis at the given dose rate.", "PMID": 494213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1875", "title": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis.", "content": "Between July 1970 and June 1977, 151 patients underwent isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The follow-up period extended over 8 years to June 1978. Hospital mortality was 5.2% (8/151), late mortality 8.4% (12/143). Actuarial survival analysis predicts 84 (+/- 4) % of patients to be alive at 5 years and 80 (+/- 6) % at 8 years. Thirteen patients sustained 15 episodes of thromboembolic complications; actuarially 88 (+/- 4) % of patients were free from this complication at 5 years and 81 (+/- 8) % at 8 years. Other valve-related complications included paravalvular leak (7), prosthetion showed an improvement of at least one class in 84% of patients.", "contents": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis. Between July 1970 and June 1977, 151 patients underwent isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The follow-up period extended over 8 years to June 1978. Hospital mortality was 5.2% (8/151), late mortality 8.4% (12/143). Actuarial survival analysis predicts 84 (+/- 4) % of patients to be alive at 5 years and 80 (+/- 6) % at 8 years. Thirteen patients sustained 15 episodes of thromboembolic complications; actuarially 88 (+/- 4) % of patients were free from this complication at 5 years and 81 (+/- 8) % at 8 years. Other valve-related complications included paravalvular leak (7), prosthetion showed an improvement of at least one class in 84% of patients.", "PMID": 494219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1876", "title": "The diagnosis of acute renal failure (ARF) following cardiac surgery with cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "content": "The diagnostic value of renal concentrating capacity expressed as free water clearance (CH2O), in comparison with other routine criteria for the early identification of acute renal failure (ARF), was evaluated in 1,203 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. On the basis of the appearance of pathologic CH2O values in the range of -20 to 0 ml/hour or more positive, reversible or irreversible ARF was observed in 90 (= 7.5%) of our patients. Mortality in the presence of ARF was 47%; total ARF mortality was 3.5%. CH2O was pathologic for the first time on an average of 1.6 days after operation. In contrast, routine ARF criteria reported in the literature, such as serum urea and creatinine at varying substrate levels or oliguria, allowed diagnosis 1 to 5.5 days later. Moreover, these parameters only partially and less frequently met the criteria for ARF at the different levels. Likewise, the incidence of ARF decreased to a minimum of 1.7% and the total ARF mortality to 1.3%, depending on the severity of the criteria used. Altogether, the occurrence of pathologic CH2O values proved to be the earliest, most frequent and most reliable criterion for the recognition of ARF following cardiac surgery with cardiac-pulmonary bypass.", "contents": "The diagnosis of acute renal failure (ARF) following cardiac surgery with cardio-pulmonary bypass. The diagnostic value of renal concentrating capacity expressed as free water clearance (CH2O), in comparison with other routine criteria for the early identification of acute renal failure (ARF), was evaluated in 1,203 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. On the basis of the appearance of pathologic CH2O values in the range of -20 to 0 ml/hour or more positive, reversible or irreversible ARF was observed in 90 (= 7.5%) of our patients. Mortality in the presence of ARF was 47%; total ARF mortality was 3.5%. CH2O was pathologic for the first time on an average of 1.6 days after operation. In contrast, routine ARF criteria reported in the literature, such as serum urea and creatinine at varying substrate levels or oliguria, allowed diagnosis 1 to 5.5 days later. Moreover, these parameters only partially and less frequently met the criteria for ARF at the different levels. Likewise, the incidence of ARF decreased to a minimum of 1.7% and the total ARF mortality to 1.3%, depending on the severity of the criteria used. Altogether, the occurrence of pathologic CH2O values proved to be the earliest, most frequent and most reliable criterion for the recognition of ARF following cardiac surgery with cardiac-pulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 494220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1877", "title": "Frequency of hepatitis B after open heart surgery: a retrospective study over a three-year period (1974--1976).", "content": "In spite of intensive efforts to reduce the risk of hepatitis B after heart operations, this complication is observed in 40 % or more of the cases. Over a period of three years (1974--1976) we examined 588 patients who had undergone open heart surgery. The following results were found: In 1974 the hepatitis frequency was 2.0 %, while in 1975 and 1976 it was 0.6 % hepatitis B and 0.6 % non-B hepatitis. We believe the reason for this improvement is a more careful selection of blood donors and their continuous control according to the following parameters: regular clinical observation; regular chest x-ray; determination of BSR, hemoglobin and aminotransferase; TPHA test; and search for antibodies. In 1974 hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBsAg) was detected by means of reverse hemagglutination tests. Since 1975 a modified radioimmunoassay has been used for this purpose. No donor blood with abnormal results was transfused, except for a very small number of extreme emergencies. The good results demonstrated can only be obtained by following the described program and by strictly avoiding pool preparations.", "contents": "Frequency of hepatitis B after open heart surgery: a retrospective study over a three-year period (1974--1976). In spite of intensive efforts to reduce the risk of hepatitis B after heart operations, this complication is observed in 40 % or more of the cases. Over a period of three years (1974--1976) we examined 588 patients who had undergone open heart surgery. The following results were found: In 1974 the hepatitis frequency was 2.0 %, while in 1975 and 1976 it was 0.6 % hepatitis B and 0.6 % non-B hepatitis. We believe the reason for this improvement is a more careful selection of blood donors and their continuous control according to the following parameters: regular clinical observation; regular chest x-ray; determination of BSR, hemoglobin and aminotransferase; TPHA test; and search for antibodies. In 1974 hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBsAg) was detected by means of reverse hemagglutination tests. Since 1975 a modified radioimmunoassay has been used for this purpose. No donor blood with abnormal results was transfused, except for a very small number of extreme emergencies. The good results demonstrated can only be obtained by following the described program and by strictly avoiding pool preparations.", "PMID": 494221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1878", "title": "Ultrastructural and biochemical changes of human papillary heart muscle during different methods of induced cardiac arrest.", "content": "To determine the protective effects of different methods of cardioplegia, studies on ATP/lactate levels and ultrastructure were performed in human papillary muscles obtained during mitral valve replacement. In group I (n = 5), plain ischemic arrest in hypothermia (systemic venous temperature = 24 degrees C) was accomplished. In group II (n =12), the heart was arrested by injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at systemic venous and myocardial temperatures of 24 degrees C. In group III (n = 12) Bretschneider infusion cardioplegia at systemic venous and myocardial temperatures of 26 degrees C and 19 degrees C respectively was applied. With regard to ultrastructural changes there were no clearcut differences in the three methods of hypothermic cardiac arrest after 60 minutes of ischemia. Ischemic changes tended to be slightest in group III (infusion cardioplegia). ATP decay and lactate increase were significant in group I and moderate to minimal in groups II and III after the same period of time. It is concluded that for aortic cross-clamp times up to 60 minutes, body hypothermia and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at a myocardial temperature of 24 degrees C provide adequate protection of the myocardium. For ischemia times beyond 70 minutes, profound myocardial hypothermia below 20 degrees C is preferred.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and biochemical changes of human papillary heart muscle during different methods of induced cardiac arrest. To determine the protective effects of different methods of cardioplegia, studies on ATP/lactate levels and ultrastructure were performed in human papillary muscles obtained during mitral valve replacement. In group I (n = 5), plain ischemic arrest in hypothermia (systemic venous temperature = 24 degrees C) was accomplished. In group II (n =12), the heart was arrested by injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at systemic venous and myocardial temperatures of 24 degrees C. In group III (n = 12) Bretschneider infusion cardioplegia at systemic venous and myocardial temperatures of 26 degrees C and 19 degrees C respectively was applied. With regard to ultrastructural changes there were no clearcut differences in the three methods of hypothermic cardiac arrest after 60 minutes of ischemia. Ischemic changes tended to be slightest in group III (infusion cardioplegia). ATP decay and lactate increase were significant in group I and moderate to minimal in groups II and III after the same period of time. It is concluded that for aortic cross-clamp times up to 60 minutes, body hypothermia and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at a myocardial temperature of 24 degrees C provide adequate protection of the myocardium. For ischemia times beyond 70 minutes, profound myocardial hypothermia below 20 degrees C is preferred.", "PMID": 494222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1879", "title": "Hemodynamic changes after experimental reduction of the left atrium.", "content": "Two experimental models were studied to determine the hemodynamic consequences of atrial volume reduction as observed after operative correction of transposition of the great arteries. The volume of the left atrium (LA) was reduced either by inflation of an intracavitary balloon (group A) or by surgical intervention (group B) to 50--60% of the control values as determined by angiography. The angiographic data correlated well with the true volumes obtained by water displacement. This major reduction of LA volume caused small but constant hemodynamic changes. Although the LA stroke volume decreased by 50% and the LA/LV volume relation was reduced by 50% (from 0.42 to 0.21), there was only a slight increase of pulmonary artery pressure (7% in group A and 14% in group B) and a slight decrease in cardiac index (13% in group A and 10% in group B) and in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (9% in group A and 11% in group B). The reduction of atrial volume results in only minor functional alteration of the intact heart.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes after experimental reduction of the left atrium. Two experimental models were studied to determine the hemodynamic consequences of atrial volume reduction as observed after operative correction of transposition of the great arteries. The volume of the left atrium (LA) was reduced either by inflation of an intracavitary balloon (group A) or by surgical intervention (group B) to 50--60% of the control values as determined by angiography. The angiographic data correlated well with the true volumes obtained by water displacement. This major reduction of LA volume caused small but constant hemodynamic changes. Although the LA stroke volume decreased by 50% and the LA/LV volume relation was reduced by 50% (from 0.42 to 0.21), there was only a slight increase of pulmonary artery pressure (7% in group A and 14% in group B) and a slight decrease in cardiac index (13% in group A and 10% in group B) and in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (9% in group A and 11% in group B). The reduction of atrial volume results in only minor functional alteration of the intact heart.", "PMID": 494223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1880", "title": "Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping during cardiac surgery.", "content": "Intraoperative mapping is a method to document the surgical anatomy of cardiac tissues with electrophysiologic importance cartographically at time of surgery. The presented communication gives a survey of the present status of the technique of electrophysiologic mapping and its essential clinical applications. Special attention in this regard is directed to the intraoperative identification of the specialized AV conduction system in congenital cardiac malformations with unpredictable location of His bundle, to the detection of accessory AV bundles in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and to the intraoperative morphological study of ventricular reentry tachycardias. Suitable technical equipment for \"clinical\" intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping is described in detail.", "contents": "Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping during cardiac surgery. Intraoperative mapping is a method to document the surgical anatomy of cardiac tissues with electrophysiologic importance cartographically at time of surgery. The presented communication gives a survey of the present status of the technique of electrophysiologic mapping and its essential clinical applications. Special attention in this regard is directed to the intraoperative identification of the specialized AV conduction system in congenital cardiac malformations with unpredictable location of His bundle, to the detection of accessory AV bundles in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and to the intraoperative morphological study of ventricular reentry tachycardias. Suitable technical equipment for \"clinical\" intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping is described in detail.", "PMID": 494224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1881", "title": "Open-heart surgery: somatic predictors of postoperative psychopathology.", "content": "This study reports on some relationships between somatic conditions and postoperative psychopathological disturbances in 102 subjects from 20 to 65 years of age, undergoing open heart surgery. The overall incidence of postoperative psychiatric complications was 40%. Only two variables showed a significant correlation with the psychiatric criteria we used, independent of the different diagnoses: body weight and preoperative urea-N levels in serum. Some of the somatic predictors reported in the literature could be found to be specific for mitral or aortic valve disease. Predictors for psychiatric complications in patients with aortic valve replacement were: age, preoperative protein and urea-N levels in serum, and daytime sedation. The predictor in mitral valve replacement was the decrease in venous oxygenation (pulmonary artery) under physical strain.", "contents": "Open-heart surgery: somatic predictors of postoperative psychopathology. This study reports on some relationships between somatic conditions and postoperative psychopathological disturbances in 102 subjects from 20 to 65 years of age, undergoing open heart surgery. The overall incidence of postoperative psychiatric complications was 40%. Only two variables showed a significant correlation with the psychiatric criteria we used, independent of the different diagnoses: body weight and preoperative urea-N levels in serum. Some of the somatic predictors reported in the literature could be found to be specific for mitral or aortic valve disease. Predictors for psychiatric complications in patients with aortic valve replacement were: age, preoperative protein and urea-N levels in serum, and daytime sedation. The predictor in mitral valve replacement was the decrease in venous oxygenation (pulmonary artery) under physical strain.", "PMID": 494225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1882", "title": "Further evidence for independent segregation of the HLA system and a structural gene for the sixth component of complement (C6).", "content": "Previous studies have shown conflicting results with respect to the relationship between C6 deficiency and the HLA system. The present investigation of two kinships, in which C6 deficiency was associated with the expression of an amorphic (or silent) C6 allele, has provided further evidence for the genetic independence of a structural C6 locus and the HLA system.", "contents": "Further evidence for independent segregation of the HLA system and a structural gene for the sixth component of complement (C6). Previous studies have shown conflicting results with respect to the relationship between C6 deficiency and the HLA system. The present investigation of two kinships, in which C6 deficiency was associated with the expression of an amorphic (or silent) C6 allele, has provided further evidence for the genetic independence of a structural C6 locus and the HLA system.", "PMID": 494228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1883", "title": "Distinctive features of cilia in metazoans and their significance for systematics.", "content": "A comparative study of epidermal cilia in the Turbellaria and Nemertea has revealed features in these organelles that are specific to certain taxonomic groups. Turbellarians of the order Acoela, in particular, have a characteristic pattern of axonemal filament termination in the distal tips of their cilia and a characteristic ciliary rootlet system that is not seen in other turbellarian orders nor in other metazoans. Each epidermal cilium in acoels has a typical 9 + 2 axonemal pattern through the main part of its length, but near its distal tip there is an abrupt shelf-life narrowing at which filaments 4-7 terminate; filaments 1, 2, 8 and 9 continue into the thinner distal-most part of the shaft along with singlet microtubules from the axonemal center. The rootlet system in acoel cilia involves an interconnecting pattern with lateral connectives. The unique structure of these cilia has systematic and phylogenetic significance for the Acoela, and it is argued that ultrastructural characters in general, including characters of organelles, can be validly applied to the phylogeny and systematics of the Metazoa.", "contents": "Distinctive features of cilia in metazoans and their significance for systematics. A comparative study of epidermal cilia in the Turbellaria and Nemertea has revealed features in these organelles that are specific to certain taxonomic groups. Turbellarians of the order Acoela, in particular, have a characteristic pattern of axonemal filament termination in the distal tips of their cilia and a characteristic ciliary rootlet system that is not seen in other turbellarian orders nor in other metazoans. Each epidermal cilium in acoels has a typical 9 + 2 axonemal pattern through the main part of its length, but near its distal tip there is an abrupt shelf-life narrowing at which filaments 4-7 terminate; filaments 1, 2, 8 and 9 continue into the thinner distal-most part of the shaft along with singlet microtubules from the axonemal center. The rootlet system in acoel cilia involves an interconnecting pattern with lateral connectives. The unique structure of these cilia has systematic and phylogenetic significance for the Acoela, and it is argued that ultrastructural characters in general, including characters of organelles, can be validly applied to the phylogeny and systematics of the Metazoa.", "PMID": 494232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1884", "title": "An ultrastructural study of morphogenesis of fibrogranular complex and centriole in ductuli efferentes of Chinese hamster.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of ciliated epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes of young and adult hamsters has revealed that these cells possess dense granules, dense granule clusters, dense bodies and fibrogranular complexes as reservoirs or precursors for ciliogenesis. The dense granules are first seen in the centrosomal region. Later, many dense granules and dense granule clusters appear in the apical portion of the epithelial cells where, subsequently, dense bodies are also found. Finally, the fibrogranular complexes are formed in adults. Morphological evidence strongly suggests that cilia are formed from diplosomal centrioles, de novo centrioles, dense body centrioles, and fibrogranular complex centrioles. Ciliogenesis begins in the fourth day after birth and increases rapidly in the fifth day. After the sixth day, cilia appear to be generated mostly from dense bodies and the total ciliogenesis activities gradually decrease as the animal ages.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of morphogenesis of fibrogranular complex and centriole in ductuli efferentes of Chinese hamster. An ultrastructural study of ciliated epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes of young and adult hamsters has revealed that these cells possess dense granules, dense granule clusters, dense bodies and fibrogranular complexes as reservoirs or precursors for ciliogenesis. The dense granules are first seen in the centrosomal region. Later, many dense granules and dense granule clusters appear in the apical portion of the epithelial cells where, subsequently, dense bodies are also found. Finally, the fibrogranular complexes are formed in adults. Morphological evidence strongly suggests that cilia are formed from diplosomal centrioles, de novo centrioles, dense body centrioles, and fibrogranular complex centrioles. Ciliogenesis begins in the fourth day after birth and increases rapidly in the fifth day. After the sixth day, cilia appear to be generated mostly from dense bodies and the total ciliogenesis activities gradually decrease as the animal ages.", "PMID": 494233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1885", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for both autosynthetic and heterosynthetic yolk formation in the oocytes of an annelid (Phragmatopoma lapidosa: Polychaeta).", "content": "The ovaries of the reef-building polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa are attached to the genital blood vessels on the caudal surface of the intersegmental septa of the abdominal segments. Oogenesis is not synchronized and vitellogenesis occurs before the oocytes are released from the ovary into the coelomic cavity. A portion of each developing oocyte rests on the basal lamina of the genital blood vessel while the remaining surface of the oocyte is covered by follicle cells. Two morphologically distinct types of yolk are formed during vitellogenesis: Type I, which may be formed autosynthetically by the conjoined efforts of the rough ER and Golgi systems; and Type II, which is presumably formed heterosynthetically from endocytosis of yolk precursors from the genital blood vessel. Heterosynthetic production of yolk in an annelid has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for both autosynthetic and heterosynthetic yolk formation in the oocytes of an annelid (Phragmatopoma lapidosa: Polychaeta). The ovaries of the reef-building polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa are attached to the genital blood vessels on the caudal surface of the intersegmental septa of the abdominal segments. Oogenesis is not synchronized and vitellogenesis occurs before the oocytes are released from the ovary into the coelomic cavity. A portion of each developing oocyte rests on the basal lamina of the genital blood vessel while the remaining surface of the oocyte is covered by follicle cells. Two morphologically distinct types of yolk are formed during vitellogenesis: Type I, which may be formed autosynthetically by the conjoined efforts of the rough ER and Golgi systems; and Type II, which is presumably formed heterosynthetically from endocytosis of yolk precursors from the genital blood vessel. Heterosynthetic production of yolk in an annelid has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 494234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1886", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the cortical reaction of an ophiuroid echinoderm.", "content": "The egg coats of an ophiuroid echinoderm (Ophiopholis aculeata) are described by electron microscopy before and after fertilization. The unfertilized egg is closely invested by a vitelline coat about 40 A thick, and the peripheral cytoplasm is crowded with cortical granules five or six deep. During the cortical reaction, which rapidly follows insemination, exocytosis of cortical granules takes place. Some of the cortical granule material is evidently added to the vitelline coat to form a composite structure, the fertilization envelope, which is made up of a 400 A thick middle layer separating inner and outer dense layers, each about 50 A thick. The elevation of the fertilization envelope from the egg surface creates a perivitelline space in which the hyaline layer soon forms. The hyaline layer is about 2 micron thick, finely granular, and apparently derived from cortical granule material. The extracellular layers of the early developmental stages of ophiuroids and echinoids are quite similar in comparison to those of asteroids; this finding helps support Hyman's argument that the ophiuroids are more closely related to the echinoids than to the asteroids.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the cortical reaction of an ophiuroid echinoderm. The egg coats of an ophiuroid echinoderm (Ophiopholis aculeata) are described by electron microscopy before and after fertilization. The unfertilized egg is closely invested by a vitelline coat about 40 A thick, and the peripheral cytoplasm is crowded with cortical granules five or six deep. During the cortical reaction, which rapidly follows insemination, exocytosis of cortical granules takes place. Some of the cortical granule material is evidently added to the vitelline coat to form a composite structure, the fertilization envelope, which is made up of a 400 A thick middle layer separating inner and outer dense layers, each about 50 A thick. The elevation of the fertilization envelope from the egg surface creates a perivitelline space in which the hyaline layer soon forms. The hyaline layer is about 2 micron thick, finely granular, and apparently derived from cortical granule material. The extracellular layers of the early developmental stages of ophiuroids and echinoids are quite similar in comparison to those of asteroids; this finding helps support Hyman's argument that the ophiuroids are more closely related to the echinoids than to the asteroids.", "PMID": 494235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1887", "title": "The morphology and fine structure of the larval midgut of a moth (Manduca sexta) in relation to active ion transport.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic examination of the midgut of Manduca sexta has shown that the organization of this tissue is more complex than was originally believed. The midgut can be divided into anterior, middle and posterior regions on the basis of the pattern of folding of the epithelial sheet, and variations in the structure of goblet and columnar cells which occur along its length. The columnar cells show gradual structural changes form the anterior to the posterior end of the midgut. For example, the microvilli in the anterior region form a dense, interconnecting network from which vesicles break off. This organization becomes less obvious through the middle region, until by the posterior region each microvillus is unconnected to adjacent microvilli along its entire length and vesicles are no longer produced. Two distinct types of goblet cells are found. In the anterior and middle regions the goblet cells have a large basally located cavity, but in the posterior region the cavity occupies only the apical half of the cell. In both cases the cavity is formed by invagination of the apical membrane, which is studded with small particles implicated in active ion transport. In the anterior and middle regions this membrane is closely associated with mitochondria, but not in the posterior region. The significance of the observed structural differences is discussed in relation to active ion transport.", "contents": "The morphology and fine structure of the larval midgut of a moth (Manduca sexta) in relation to active ion transport. Light and electron microscopic examination of the midgut of Manduca sexta has shown that the organization of this tissue is more complex than was originally believed. The midgut can be divided into anterior, middle and posterior regions on the basis of the pattern of folding of the epithelial sheet, and variations in the structure of goblet and columnar cells which occur along its length. The columnar cells show gradual structural changes form the anterior to the posterior end of the midgut. For example, the microvilli in the anterior region form a dense, interconnecting network from which vesicles break off. This organization becomes less obvious through the middle region, until by the posterior region each microvillus is unconnected to adjacent microvilli along its entire length and vesicles are no longer produced. Two distinct types of goblet cells are found. In the anterior and middle regions the goblet cells have a large basally located cavity, but in the posterior region the cavity occupies only the apical half of the cell. In both cases the cavity is formed by invagination of the apical membrane, which is studded with small particles implicated in active ion transport. In the anterior and middle regions this membrane is closely associated with mitochondria, but not in the posterior region. The significance of the observed structural differences is discussed in relation to active ion transport.", "PMID": 494237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1888", "title": "Freeze-fracture and tracer studies on the intercellular junctions of insect rectal tissues.", "content": "Both rectal pads of the cockroach and rectal papillae of the blowfly possess highly infolded lateral borders; these are associated by desmosomes and septate junctions that maintain the physical integrity of the cell layer at the luminal and basal intercellular regions. Adjacent cells are coupled by gap junctions that allow for cell-to-cell communication and which occur at intervals along the undulating lateral clefts. In rectal pads, occluding basal tight junctions are found as well as extensive scalariform junctions. The latter, like the stacked membrane infoldings of rectal papillae, exhibit intercellular columns and numerous intramembranous P face particles; these are undoubtedly involved in ion transport. In the inter-stack clefts of papillae, reticular septate junctions are encountered which, after freeze-fracture, possess a striking network of PF ridges and EF grooves that are discontinuous and not always complementary. These may serve to regulate the speed and extent of distension of the clefts during solute movement to allow for even and effective fluid flow in this transporting epithelium.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture and tracer studies on the intercellular junctions of insect rectal tissues. Both rectal pads of the cockroach and rectal papillae of the blowfly possess highly infolded lateral borders; these are associated by desmosomes and septate junctions that maintain the physical integrity of the cell layer at the luminal and basal intercellular regions. Adjacent cells are coupled by gap junctions that allow for cell-to-cell communication and which occur at intervals along the undulating lateral clefts. In rectal pads, occluding basal tight junctions are found as well as extensive scalariform junctions. The latter, like the stacked membrane infoldings of rectal papillae, exhibit intercellular columns and numerous intramembranous P face particles; these are undoubtedly involved in ion transport. In the inter-stack clefts of papillae, reticular septate junctions are encountered which, after freeze-fracture, possess a striking network of PF ridges and EF grooves that are discontinuous and not always complementary. These may serve to regulate the speed and extent of distension of the clefts during solute movement to allow for even and effective fluid flow in this transporting epithelium.", "PMID": 494238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1889", "title": "Developmental changes in Malpighian tubule cell structure.", "content": "Structural changes which occur in the Malpighian tubule yellow region primary cells during larval-pupal-adult development of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius are described. The developmental changes in cell structure are correlated with functional changes in fluid transport (Ryerse, 1978a) in a way which supports osmotic gradient models of fluid secretion. Larval tubules are specialized for fluid secretion with deep basal infolds and elongate mitochondria-containing apical microvilli which provide channels in which osmotic gradients could be set up. The Malpighian tubule cells are extensively remodelled at pupation when fluid transport is switched off, but they persist intact through metamorphosis. At this time, the basement membrane doubles in thickness, the mitochondria are retracted from the microvilli and are isolated for degradation in autophagic vacuoles, and both apical and basal plasma membranes are internalized via coated vesicles for degradation in multivesicular bodies, which results in the shortening of the microville and the disappearance of the basal infolds. Mitochondria are re-inserted into the microvilli, and the basal infolds re-form in pharate adult stage Malpighian tubules when fluid secretion resumes. Adult tubules are similar in general structure to larval tubules and contain mitochondria in the microvilli and basal infolds. However, they differ from larval tubules in that they are capable of very rapid fluid transport, have a reduced tubule diameter and tubule wall thickness, a much thicker basement membrane and peripherally associated tracheoles. Mineral concretions of calcium phosphate accumulate in larval tubules, persist through metamorphosis and decline in number in adults, suggesting they serve some anabolic role.", "contents": "Developmental changes in Malpighian tubule cell structure. Structural changes which occur in the Malpighian tubule yellow region primary cells during larval-pupal-adult development of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius are described. The developmental changes in cell structure are correlated with functional changes in fluid transport (Ryerse, 1978a) in a way which supports osmotic gradient models of fluid secretion. Larval tubules are specialized for fluid secretion with deep basal infolds and elongate mitochondria-containing apical microvilli which provide channels in which osmotic gradients could be set up. The Malpighian tubule cells are extensively remodelled at pupation when fluid transport is switched off, but they persist intact through metamorphosis. At this time, the basement membrane doubles in thickness, the mitochondria are retracted from the microvilli and are isolated for degradation in autophagic vacuoles, and both apical and basal plasma membranes are internalized via coated vesicles for degradation in multivesicular bodies, which results in the shortening of the microville and the disappearance of the basal infolds. Mitochondria are re-inserted into the microvilli, and the basal infolds re-form in pharate adult stage Malpighian tubules when fluid secretion resumes. Adult tubules are similar in general structure to larval tubules and contain mitochondria in the microvilli and basal infolds. However, they differ from larval tubules in that they are capable of very rapid fluid transport, have a reduced tubule diameter and tubule wall thickness, a much thicker basement membrane and peripherally associated tracheoles. Mineral concretions of calcium phosphate accumulate in larval tubules, persist through metamorphosis and decline in number in adults, suggesting they serve some anabolic role.", "PMID": 494239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1890", "title": "Chemically skinned mammalian skeletal muscle. I. The structure of skinned rabbit psoas.", "content": "We studied the morphology of rabbit psoas muscle fixed at increasing intervals of time in a chemical skinning solution (Wood et al., 1975), or after skinning and storage for times up to 1 week. The storage solution, in which the chemically skinned muscled fibers were kept at -20 degrees C, had the same ionic composition as the skinning solution but was made with 50% (v/v) glycerol. Progressive structural changes occurred in fibers exposed to skinning solution. The structural changes were essentially complete after 24-48 hr in skinning solution and no further changes were detected in fibers stored for periods up to 1 week. Structural changes were: (i) holes or gaps in the plasma membrane; (ii) swelling of mitochondria and disorganization of their internal structure; (iii) slight swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; (iv) disappearance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) feet from triadic gaps. Other changes included loss of glycogen between fibrils and extraction of myoplasm, or the change of its staining properties. All architectural elements of the SR, except \"feet\", remained during skinning and storage, and the SR remained able to accumulate calcium. The morphology of the myofilaments during chemical skinning and during storage did not differ from control fibers. We conclude that chemical skinning alters the gross structure of the plasma membrane and mitochondria, but produces minimal changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile proteins.", "contents": "Chemically skinned mammalian skeletal muscle. I. The structure of skinned rabbit psoas. We studied the morphology of rabbit psoas muscle fixed at increasing intervals of time in a chemical skinning solution (Wood et al., 1975), or after skinning and storage for times up to 1 week. The storage solution, in which the chemically skinned muscled fibers were kept at -20 degrees C, had the same ionic composition as the skinning solution but was made with 50% (v/v) glycerol. Progressive structural changes occurred in fibers exposed to skinning solution. The structural changes were essentially complete after 24-48 hr in skinning solution and no further changes were detected in fibers stored for periods up to 1 week. Structural changes were: (i) holes or gaps in the plasma membrane; (ii) swelling of mitochondria and disorganization of their internal structure; (iii) slight swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; (iv) disappearance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) feet from triadic gaps. Other changes included loss of glycogen between fibrils and extraction of myoplasm, or the change of its staining properties. All architectural elements of the SR, except \"feet\", remained during skinning and storage, and the SR remained able to accumulate calcium. The morphology of the myofilaments during chemical skinning and during storage did not differ from control fibers. We conclude that chemical skinning alters the gross structure of the plasma membrane and mitochondria, but produces minimal changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile proteins.", "PMID": 494240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1891", "title": "The palisade endings of cat extraocular muscles: a light and electron microscope study.", "content": "The palisade endings (PEs), a particular type of nerve ending found only in extraocular muscles of mammals, have been studied using both silver-stained teased preparations and electron microscope techniques. They have been found, in act, in both the proximal and distal muscle insertions of the four recti and the two oblique mucles. PEs are exclusively associated with some of the mitochondria-poor, multiply-innervated muscle fibres present in the globar layer os these muscles, and consist of a multitude of terminal branches embracing the extremity of the muscle fibre and penetrating the infoldings formed by the muscle fibre at its tendinous attachment. The whole formation is surrounded by a thin capsule. These nerve endings present striking similarities to the developing Golgi tendon organ; the terminal branches lying among the collagen fibrils and occasionally making 'sensory-like' close contacts with the muscle fibre are disposed in such a way that they could easily have a sensory role. It was concluded that PEs present sufficient morphological evidence to be considered as sensory, encapsulated, myotendinous receptors, each related to a single multiply-innervated muscle fibre.", "contents": "The palisade endings of cat extraocular muscles: a light and electron microscope study. The palisade endings (PEs), a particular type of nerve ending found only in extraocular muscles of mammals, have been studied using both silver-stained teased preparations and electron microscope techniques. They have been found, in act, in both the proximal and distal muscle insertions of the four recti and the two oblique mucles. PEs are exclusively associated with some of the mitochondria-poor, multiply-innervated muscle fibres present in the globar layer os these muscles, and consist of a multitude of terminal branches embracing the extremity of the muscle fibre and penetrating the infoldings formed by the muscle fibre at its tendinous attachment. The whole formation is surrounded by a thin capsule. These nerve endings present striking similarities to the developing Golgi tendon organ; the terminal branches lying among the collagen fibrils and occasionally making 'sensory-like' close contacts with the muscle fibre are disposed in such a way that they could easily have a sensory role. It was concluded that PEs present sufficient morphological evidence to be considered as sensory, encapsulated, myotendinous receptors, each related to a single multiply-innervated muscle fibre.", "PMID": 494241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1892", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of hormone-induced branching in the fungus Achlya.", "content": "The induction of the male sexual organ primordia (antheridial hyphae) by the steriod hormone antheridiol in the water mold Achlya ambisexualis Raper requires the production and secretion of the enzyme cellulase. It is postulated that a localized secretion of cellulase produces a limited area of wall hydrolysis that is blown out into a lateral bleb by turgor pressure. Freeze-etch preparations show membrane profiles similar to those seen in other systems where exocytosis is occurring. Such a mechanism would provide the required localized secretion of cellulase. Water stress, imposed by polyethylene glycol, prevents the formation of antheridial hyphae, the secretion of cellulase and the expected membrane profiles. After a period of recovery from water stress antheridial hyphae are formed, cellulase secretion occurs and the expected membrane profiles are restored.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of hormone-induced branching in the fungus Achlya. The induction of the male sexual organ primordia (antheridial hyphae) by the steriod hormone antheridiol in the water mold Achlya ambisexualis Raper requires the production and secretion of the enzyme cellulase. It is postulated that a localized secretion of cellulase produces a limited area of wall hydrolysis that is blown out into a lateral bleb by turgor pressure. Freeze-etch preparations show membrane profiles similar to those seen in other systems where exocytosis is occurring. Such a mechanism would provide the required localized secretion of cellulase. Water stress, imposed by polyethylene glycol, prevents the formation of antheridial hyphae, the secretion of cellulase and the expected membrane profiles. After a period of recovery from water stress antheridial hyphae are formed, cellulase secretion occurs and the expected membrane profiles are restored.", "PMID": 494242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1893", "title": "The screening test of various chemotherapeutic drugs in primary malignant melanoma cells and human malignant melanoma cell line (TM-1).", "content": "The sensitivities to various chemotherapeutic drugs of the primary malignant melanoma cell of the esophagus and the malignant melanoma cells established from human skin were studied by determining the incoporation of 3H-thymidine into tumor cells using the tissue culture method. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was depressed by a low concentration of Actinomycin D in malignant melanoma cells of the esophagus and by a low concentration of Adriamycin or Actinomycin D in the established malignant melanoma cells. When Actinomycin D was clinically used according to the experimental results, the subcutaneously metastasized tumor was remarkably reduced.", "contents": "The screening test of various chemotherapeutic drugs in primary malignant melanoma cells and human malignant melanoma cell line (TM-1). The sensitivities to various chemotherapeutic drugs of the primary malignant melanoma cell of the esophagus and the malignant melanoma cells established from human skin were studied by determining the incoporation of 3H-thymidine into tumor cells using the tissue culture method. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was depressed by a low concentration of Actinomycin D in malignant melanoma cells of the esophagus and by a low concentration of Adriamycin or Actinomycin D in the established malignant melanoma cells. When Actinomycin D was clinically used according to the experimental results, the subcutaneously metastasized tumor was remarkably reduced.", "PMID": 494243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1894", "title": "On a new continuous cell line (TM-1) derived from malignant melanoma.", "content": "A continuous cell line of malignant melanoma has been established. The tumor specimen was obtained from a left axillary lymph node of a malignant melanoma originating in the abdominal skin of a 67-year-old woman. The cell line has been designated TM-1. Explant specimens showed positive dopa staining, but after 2 years and 4 months, or 60 generations of cell passage, the dopa staining is now weakly positive. Treatment with DBcAMP that causes marked morphological changes induces melanin production and lowers the proliferative ability of the cells. These changes were reversible. Transplantation of the cells to nude mice resulted in the formation of large tumors consisting of epithelioid cells and spindle cells. Morphologically, the majority of the cell population in vitro was polygonal epithelioid cells, but the cell passage produced a large number of spindle cells. The shape of the TM-1 cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Depending upon the culture conditions, either of these cell types could be predominated, indicating that both cells are of the same origin.", "contents": "On a new continuous cell line (TM-1) derived from malignant melanoma. A continuous cell line of malignant melanoma has been established. The tumor specimen was obtained from a left axillary lymph node of a malignant melanoma originating in the abdominal skin of a 67-year-old woman. The cell line has been designated TM-1. Explant specimens showed positive dopa staining, but after 2 years and 4 months, or 60 generations of cell passage, the dopa staining is now weakly positive. Treatment with DBcAMP that causes marked morphological changes induces melanin production and lowers the proliferative ability of the cells. These changes were reversible. Transplantation of the cells to nude mice resulted in the formation of large tumors consisting of epithelioid cells and spindle cells. Morphologically, the majority of the cell population in vitro was polygonal epithelioid cells, but the cell passage produced a large number of spindle cells. The shape of the TM-1 cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Depending upon the culture conditions, either of these cell types could be predominated, indicating that both cells are of the same origin.", "PMID": 494244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1895", "title": "Immunosuppression induced by \"toxohormone\" from mouse tumor cells in culture.", "content": "Tumor culture toxohormone (TCT) obtained from cultures of MBQA mouse tumor cells, a line derived from a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (CBA/J origin), suppressed the mitogenic responsiveness of mouse spleen cells (PHA, LPS) as well as the antibody formation to SRBC in vitro. The immunosuppressive activity of toxohormone was readily inactivated by heating at 100 degrees C or treatment with trypsin, but not by DNase and RNase treatment.", "contents": "Immunosuppression induced by \"toxohormone\" from mouse tumor cells in culture. Tumor culture toxohormone (TCT) obtained from cultures of MBQA mouse tumor cells, a line derived from a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (CBA/J origin), suppressed the mitogenic responsiveness of mouse spleen cells (PHA, LPS) as well as the antibody formation to SRBC in vitro. The immunosuppressive activity of toxohormone was readily inactivated by heating at 100 degrees C or treatment with trypsin, but not by DNase and RNase treatment.", "PMID": 494245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1896", "title": "Anti-nucleoprotein antibody response in influenza A infection.", "content": "The nucleoprotein (NP) antigen isolated from influenza A virus by solubilization with Triton X-100 (TX-100) and further electrophoresis with SDS-cellulose acetate membrane gave a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbit anti-serum hyperimmunized with the NP reacted only against the NP antigen. Moreover, a well-defined single precipitin line was shown between the NP and human sera. These results suggested that the NP was possible to detect anti-NP antibody in human serum. Immuno double diffusion (IDD) and single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) tests using the NP were established to detect the anti-NP antibody in human sera. During an epidemic caused by antigenic drift strain, anti-NP antibody was detected by the IDD test in the cases which did not show any significant rise in HAI titer. During a mixed epidemic caused by the different strain of HA antigen, the infection ratio in mass population was revealed more convenient and sensitive by SRD than HAI. The anti-NP antibody was detected by IDD for long periods of one year or more after infection. These results suggest that the detection of anti-NP antibody is applicable to serologic studies, particularly serologic diagnosis and serologic surveys of influenza infection in mass population.", "contents": "Anti-nucleoprotein antibody response in influenza A infection. The nucleoprotein (NP) antigen isolated from influenza A virus by solubilization with Triton X-100 (TX-100) and further electrophoresis with SDS-cellulose acetate membrane gave a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbit anti-serum hyperimmunized with the NP reacted only against the NP antigen. Moreover, a well-defined single precipitin line was shown between the NP and human sera. These results suggested that the NP was possible to detect anti-NP antibody in human serum. Immuno double diffusion (IDD) and single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) tests using the NP were established to detect the anti-NP antibody in human sera. During an epidemic caused by antigenic drift strain, anti-NP antibody was detected by the IDD test in the cases which did not show any significant rise in HAI titer. During a mixed epidemic caused by the different strain of HA antigen, the infection ratio in mass population was revealed more convenient and sensitive by SRD than HAI. The anti-NP antibody was detected by IDD for long periods of one year or more after infection. These results suggest that the detection of anti-NP antibody is applicable to serologic studies, particularly serologic diagnosis and serologic surveys of influenza infection in mass population.", "PMID": 494246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1897", "title": "Effect of adenosine deaminase replacement therapy on a child of adenosine deaminase deficiency with severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "content": "Enzyme replacement therapy was performed for a 1-year and 5-month old boy with adenosine deaminase deficiency disease, the first case in Japan. Irradiated fresh red blood cells were administered without any clinical improvement, but there was an increase in the peripheral lymphocytes from 300/mm3 to 1849/mm3, of which 88% had T cell marker. B lymphocytes did not bear any classes of surface immunoglobulins. The proliferative responses of these lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and allogeneic cells were examined. More than two-fold increase in response to these mitogens was observed in lymphocytes after treatment as compared with responsiveness before treatment, but these responses still remained to a much lesser degree than that of lymphocytes from controls.", "contents": "Effect of adenosine deaminase replacement therapy on a child of adenosine deaminase deficiency with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Enzyme replacement therapy was performed for a 1-year and 5-month old boy with adenosine deaminase deficiency disease, the first case in Japan. Irradiated fresh red blood cells were administered without any clinical improvement, but there was an increase in the peripheral lymphocytes from 300/mm3 to 1849/mm3, of which 88% had T cell marker. B lymphocytes did not bear any classes of surface immunoglobulins. The proliferative responses of these lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and allogeneic cells were examined. More than two-fold increase in response to these mitogens was observed in lymphocytes after treatment as compared with responsiveness before treatment, but these responses still remained to a much lesser degree than that of lymphocytes from controls.", "PMID": 494247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1898", "title": "Antimetastatic effect of triton WR 1339, a nonionic detergent, on rat ascites tumors.", "content": "The antimetastatic effect of Triton WR 1339 (TWR), a nonionic detergent, was evaluated in the rats bearing ascites tumor (Yoshida sarcoma or AH 66F). TWR did not inhibit the growth of primary tumor (ascites production). However, a marked inhibition of metastasis was observed in the lung and liver of rats treated with TWR. The results obtained suggest that TWR exerts antimetastatic effect before the entry of tumor cells into vascular channels. With other tests, it was found that TWR inhibits the release of tumor cells from tumor graft.", "contents": "Antimetastatic effect of triton WR 1339, a nonionic detergent, on rat ascites tumors. The antimetastatic effect of Triton WR 1339 (TWR), a nonionic detergent, was evaluated in the rats bearing ascites tumor (Yoshida sarcoma or AH 66F). TWR did not inhibit the growth of primary tumor (ascites production). However, a marked inhibition of metastasis was observed in the lung and liver of rats treated with TWR. The results obtained suggest that TWR exerts antimetastatic effect before the entry of tumor cells into vascular channels. With other tests, it was found that TWR inhibits the release of tumor cells from tumor graft.", "PMID": 494248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1899", "title": "The correlation between hypertension in past history and the incidence of cerebral aneurysms.", "content": "The incidence of hypertension in past history was investigated in 811 cases of cerebral aneurysm. These cases were compiled from 1,000 cases of saccular aneurysm in which direct surgical operations for aneurysm were performed at our clinic during the period from June 1961 to September 1975. Of the 811 cases, 365 (45%) had hypertension in their past history; 185 (42.7%) out of 433 males and 180 (47.6%) out of 378 females. In the 5th decade of age, the incidence was significantly higher in the females than in the males, but no difference by sex was noted in other age groups. In the males from the 3rd to the 7th decade, the number of hypertensives increased significantly with advancing age, whereas in the females a significant difference was observed only between the 4th and 7th decades, the latter including more hypertensives. The incidence of hypertensives in the aneurysm cases was compared with that in the Japanese population reported by Sasaki. This comparison revealed that in both sexes between the 4th and 6th decades, the incidence was significantly higher in the former, whereas no significant difference was noted between the two in the 7th decade. As to the location of aneurysms, only the multiple aneurysms group had a significantly greater number of hypertensives than single aneurysm group. These results agree with previous reports that cerebral aneurysm may occur more frequently in the hypertensives than in the normotensives.", "contents": "The correlation between hypertension in past history and the incidence of cerebral aneurysms. The incidence of hypertension in past history was investigated in 811 cases of cerebral aneurysm. These cases were compiled from 1,000 cases of saccular aneurysm in which direct surgical operations for aneurysm were performed at our clinic during the period from June 1961 to September 1975. Of the 811 cases, 365 (45%) had hypertension in their past history; 185 (42.7%) out of 433 males and 180 (47.6%) out of 378 females. In the 5th decade of age, the incidence was significantly higher in the females than in the males, but no difference by sex was noted in other age groups. In the males from the 3rd to the 7th decade, the number of hypertensives increased significantly with advancing age, whereas in the females a significant difference was observed only between the 4th and 7th decades, the latter including more hypertensives. The incidence of hypertensives in the aneurysm cases was compared with that in the Japanese population reported by Sasaki. This comparison revealed that in both sexes between the 4th and 6th decades, the incidence was significantly higher in the former, whereas no significant difference was noted between the two in the 7th decade. As to the location of aneurysms, only the multiple aneurysms group had a significantly greater number of hypertensives than single aneurysm group. These results agree with previous reports that cerebral aneurysm may occur more frequently in the hypertensives than in the normotensives.", "PMID": 494249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1900", "title": "Filtrability and flow characteristics of leukemic and non-leukemic tumor cell suspension through polycarbonate filters in relation to hematogenous spread of cancer.", "content": "Tumor cell suspension was filtered through Nuclepore filters of various pore diameters (5.4, 7.9 and 9.3 micron) with positive pressure from 5 to 60 cmH2O at 37 degrees C. The mean diameters of tumor cells of 6 strains ranged from 10.6 to 13.6 micron. Cell suspension of each tumor strain was filtered with characteristically different time. No significant difference was observed among tumor strains in the percentage of cells filtered. The cell viability was almost unchanged by filtration. The filtration time was considered to indicate the passing ability of tumor cells through capillary pores. Leukemic cells such as DBLA 1, DBLA 6 and L 1210 were relatively small in diameter and possessed a high passing ability compared with other non-leukemic tumor cells such as Yoshida sacroma, AH 109A and AH 100B. The relationship between pressure and flow rate of the cell-free solution was linear, while the pressure-flow rate curves of the tumor cell suspension were convexed to the pressure-axis at low pressure and became linear over the pressure of the yield point. Rheologically, the yield point and the reciprocal of the slope indicate structural viscosity and apparent viscosity of the cell suspension, respectively, they are considered to reflect the rheological properties of tumor cells. Comparing these parameters of the curves in filters of different pore diameters, the viscosity of leukemic cells appeared to be the lowest and the structural viscosity of AH 100B cells was the highest among the tumor strains examined. The distribution and frequency of metastases following intravenous transplantation of these tumor cells suggested that the passing ability of tumor cells plays an important role in organ preference of hematogenous metastasis and leukemic state in leukemia.", "contents": "Filtrability and flow characteristics of leukemic and non-leukemic tumor cell suspension through polycarbonate filters in relation to hematogenous spread of cancer. Tumor cell suspension was filtered through Nuclepore filters of various pore diameters (5.4, 7.9 and 9.3 micron) with positive pressure from 5 to 60 cmH2O at 37 degrees C. The mean diameters of tumor cells of 6 strains ranged from 10.6 to 13.6 micron. Cell suspension of each tumor strain was filtered with characteristically different time. No significant difference was observed among tumor strains in the percentage of cells filtered. The cell viability was almost unchanged by filtration. The filtration time was considered to indicate the passing ability of tumor cells through capillary pores. Leukemic cells such as DBLA 1, DBLA 6 and L 1210 were relatively small in diameter and possessed a high passing ability compared with other non-leukemic tumor cells such as Yoshida sacroma, AH 109A and AH 100B. The relationship between pressure and flow rate of the cell-free solution was linear, while the pressure-flow rate curves of the tumor cell suspension were convexed to the pressure-axis at low pressure and became linear over the pressure of the yield point. Rheologically, the yield point and the reciprocal of the slope indicate structural viscosity and apparent viscosity of the cell suspension, respectively, they are considered to reflect the rheological properties of tumor cells. Comparing these parameters of the curves in filters of different pore diameters, the viscosity of leukemic cells appeared to be the lowest and the structural viscosity of AH 100B cells was the highest among the tumor strains examined. The distribution and frequency of metastases following intravenous transplantation of these tumor cells suggested that the passing ability of tumor cells plays an important role in organ preference of hematogenous metastasis and leukemic state in leukemia.", "PMID": 494250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1901", "title": "Experimental and clinical studies on toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid.", "content": "To learn the toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid (I-RNA), experimental and clinical studies were carried out. Experimentally, doses of 30 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg or 3.75 mg/kg of xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from lymphoid tissues of rabbits sensitized with 105,000 Xg sediments of human gastric carcinoma tissue were injected intraperitoneally into Wistar rats once a day for 30 days. During the period of the study, changes of physiological and biochemical values were examined. In addition, pathological study was made for each organ after the I-RNA administration. There was no death during the study. In the groups of high dose administration, there were poor increase in the body weight, elevation of GOT, GPT and LDH, findings of vacuolar degeneration of hepatic cells, and increase of mesangial matrix and polynuclear glomerulus. Throughout the experiment, the groups given 7.5 mg/kg and 3.75 mg/kg of I-RNA showed no significant difference from control groups. Clinically, 31 cases treated with passive immunotherapy with allogeneic lymphocytes, preincubated with xenogeneic I-RNA, were examined retrospectively for the difference in hematological and biochemical data before and after the therapy. One case showed a transient mild febrile reaction after the therapy. There was no significant difference in hematological and biochemical data. Pathological findings in 3 autopsies after the treatment were reported.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical studies on toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid. To learn the toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid (I-RNA), experimental and clinical studies were carried out. Experimentally, doses of 30 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg or 3.75 mg/kg of xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from lymphoid tissues of rabbits sensitized with 105,000 Xg sediments of human gastric carcinoma tissue were injected intraperitoneally into Wistar rats once a day for 30 days. During the period of the study, changes of physiological and biochemical values were examined. In addition, pathological study was made for each organ after the I-RNA administration. There was no death during the study. In the groups of high dose administration, there were poor increase in the body weight, elevation of GOT, GPT and LDH, findings of vacuolar degeneration of hepatic cells, and increase of mesangial matrix and polynuclear glomerulus. Throughout the experiment, the groups given 7.5 mg/kg and 3.75 mg/kg of I-RNA showed no significant difference from control groups. Clinically, 31 cases treated with passive immunotherapy with allogeneic lymphocytes, preincubated with xenogeneic I-RNA, were examined retrospectively for the difference in hematological and biochemical data before and after the therapy. One case showed a transient mild febrile reaction after the therapy. There was no significant difference in hematological and biochemical data. Pathological findings in 3 autopsies after the treatment were reported.", "PMID": 494251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1902", "title": "Significance of Erwinia in the vagina as causative agents of urinary tract infections.", "content": "The isolation of Erwiniae from the vagina became positive just before the occurrence of erwiniuria. It is proposed that the appearance of Erwiniae in the vagina is an important indicator in the prediction of urinary tract infection by Erwiniae.", "contents": "Significance of Erwinia in the vagina as causative agents of urinary tract infections. The isolation of Erwiniae from the vagina became positive just before the occurrence of erwiniuria. It is proposed that the appearance of Erwiniae in the vagina is an important indicator in the prediction of urinary tract infection by Erwiniae.", "PMID": 494253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1903", "title": "Trophic effect of tetragastrin on the stomach, duodenum and pancreas in rats.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of a large dose of tetragastrin (2 mg/day) into a rat for 4 weeks caused hypertrophy of parietal cells of the stomach, intestinal glandular cells of the duodenum, and pancreatic acinar cells. Ths histometrical analysis revealed that these trophic effects of tetragastrin were produced in varying degrees in different sites.", "contents": "Trophic effect of tetragastrin on the stomach, duodenum and pancreas in rats. Subcutaneous injections of a large dose of tetragastrin (2 mg/day) into a rat for 4 weeks caused hypertrophy of parietal cells of the stomach, intestinal glandular cells of the duodenum, and pancreatic acinar cells. Ths histometrical analysis revealed that these trophic effects of tetragastrin were produced in varying degrees in different sites.", "PMID": 494254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1904", "title": "Morphological alteration of aortic wall and mitotic cells after complete endothelial loss induced by repeated balloon denudation of swine aorta.", "content": "The aortic endothelium in weanling swine was rubbed ten times with an inflated balloon catheter in a repeated balloon denudation. This procedure produced more drastic, extensive and uniform changes in the aortic wall than the commonly used balloon denudation. Sequential alternations of regenerating endothelium, intimal thickening and medial reaction, and the incidence of mitotic cells were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Complete endothelial loss was confirmed from the descending thoracic aorta to the right femoral artery within 24 hr. By the third day, regenerated endothelium began to cover over the endothelial defect area from the uninjured areas such as the aortic arch and the orifices of branching arteries. Thrombus formation and fibromuscular intimal thickening were observed in the endothelial defect areas by the fifth and seventh days. Three types of mitotic cells, such as endothelial, intimal and medial cells were noted in the aortic wall. Mitotic endothelial and mitotic medial cells were most frequent at Day 3; the latter were closely associated with dead medial cells. Mitotic intimal cells initially appeared at Day 3 and were most frequent at Day 7. Mitotic intimal and mitotic medial cells were frequently present in the aortic wall subjacent to the endothelial defect areas containing interstitial blood components. The large numbers of mitotic aortic cells indicated that endothelial cells give rise to new endothelial cells, intimal cells to new intimal cells, and medial cells to new medial cells.", "contents": "Morphological alteration of aortic wall and mitotic cells after complete endothelial loss induced by repeated balloon denudation of swine aorta. The aortic endothelium in weanling swine was rubbed ten times with an inflated balloon catheter in a repeated balloon denudation. This procedure produced more drastic, extensive and uniform changes in the aortic wall than the commonly used balloon denudation. Sequential alternations of regenerating endothelium, intimal thickening and medial reaction, and the incidence of mitotic cells were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Complete endothelial loss was confirmed from the descending thoracic aorta to the right femoral artery within 24 hr. By the third day, regenerated endothelium began to cover over the endothelial defect area from the uninjured areas such as the aortic arch and the orifices of branching arteries. Thrombus formation and fibromuscular intimal thickening were observed in the endothelial defect areas by the fifth and seventh days. Three types of mitotic cells, such as endothelial, intimal and medial cells were noted in the aortic wall. Mitotic endothelial and mitotic medial cells were most frequent at Day 3; the latter were closely associated with dead medial cells. Mitotic intimal cells initially appeared at Day 3 and were most frequent at Day 7. Mitotic intimal and mitotic medial cells were frequently present in the aortic wall subjacent to the endothelial defect areas containing interstitial blood components. The large numbers of mitotic aortic cells indicated that endothelial cells give rise to new endothelial cells, intimal cells to new intimal cells, and medial cells to new medial cells.", "PMID": 494255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1905", "title": "Residual blood volumes in organs of pregnant mice and fetuses.", "content": "The supernatant solutions of homogenates of organs of pregnant mice and fetuses on day 14 and 17 of gestation were measured for hemoglobin (Hb) content after a maximal blood extraction at sacrifice. Residual blood volumes of the organs and fetuses were calculated from the Hb contents and blood Hb concentrations. The greatest value was found for the spleen and the lowest for the brain. The residual blood volumes of the uterus, placenta and fetuses on day 17 were greater than on day 14 of gestation.", "contents": "Residual blood volumes in organs of pregnant mice and fetuses. The supernatant solutions of homogenates of organs of pregnant mice and fetuses on day 14 and 17 of gestation were measured for hemoglobin (Hb) content after a maximal blood extraction at sacrifice. Residual blood volumes of the organs and fetuses were calculated from the Hb contents and blood Hb concentrations. The greatest value was found for the spleen and the lowest for the brain. The residual blood volumes of the uterus, placenta and fetuses on day 17 were greater than on day 14 of gestation.", "PMID": 494256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1906", "title": "Response of extrapancreatic glucagon to arginine in dogs.", "content": "In order to investigate secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon in dogs, plasma glucagon and total immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in response to arginine were determined with antisera specific and non-specific for pancreatic glucagon, respectively. Only a tiny rise of plasma glucagon was observed in the portal vein following arginine infusion performed immediately after total pancreatectomy in a group of 5 normal dogs. In contrast, total IRG in the portal vein increased significantly after arginine infusion even after pancreatectomy. In alloxan diabetic dogs, arginine infusion after total pancreatectomy caused a rise in plasma glucagon in the portal vein, although not significantly. The response of total IRG to arginine in the portal vein was exaggerated in alloxan diabetic dogs. In a group of one-week post-pancreatectomized animals, plasma glucagon and total IRG increased significantly in response to arginine infusion. Furthermore, in these dogs, response of plasma glucagon and plasma total IRG to arginine infusion was abolished after gastrectomy. From the present results it is concluded that secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon increased in response to arginine infusion in the diabetic state, both alloxan diabetic dogs and one-week post-pancreatectomized dogs. In addition, a rise in extrapancreatic glucagon following arginine infusion in the chronically pancreatectomized dogs almost certainly derived from the stomach, as the rise was abolished by gastrectomy.", "contents": "Response of extrapancreatic glucagon to arginine in dogs. In order to investigate secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon in dogs, plasma glucagon and total immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in response to arginine were determined with antisera specific and non-specific for pancreatic glucagon, respectively. Only a tiny rise of plasma glucagon was observed in the portal vein following arginine infusion performed immediately after total pancreatectomy in a group of 5 normal dogs. In contrast, total IRG in the portal vein increased significantly after arginine infusion even after pancreatectomy. In alloxan diabetic dogs, arginine infusion after total pancreatectomy caused a rise in plasma glucagon in the portal vein, although not significantly. The response of total IRG to arginine in the portal vein was exaggerated in alloxan diabetic dogs. In a group of one-week post-pancreatectomized animals, plasma glucagon and total IRG increased significantly in response to arginine infusion. Furthermore, in these dogs, response of plasma glucagon and plasma total IRG to arginine infusion was abolished after gastrectomy. From the present results it is concluded that secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon increased in response to arginine infusion in the diabetic state, both alloxan diabetic dogs and one-week post-pancreatectomized dogs. In addition, a rise in extrapancreatic glucagon following arginine infusion in the chronically pancreatectomized dogs almost certainly derived from the stomach, as the rise was abolished by gastrectomy.", "PMID": 494257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1907", "title": "Cellular changes in severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix progressing to malignancy.", "content": "Of a total of 1321 cases of severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix, 237 lesions (18%) were found by punch biopsy and cytological examination to have progressed to carcinoma in situ or microinvasive carcinoma later in the course of follow-up. The changes in exfoliated cells during the progression to malignancy were examined in 95 of the 237 cases. Results obtained were as follows: (1) The ratio of parabasal (immature) cells to the whole dysplastic cells gradually increased in each specimen. (2) Immature dysplastic cells showing increased nuclear membrane tension and irregular staining of the nuclear membrane gradually increased. (3) The number of immature dysplastic cells with finely or coarsely granular chromatin patterns gradually increased.", "contents": "Cellular changes in severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix progressing to malignancy. Of a total of 1321 cases of severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix, 237 lesions (18%) were found by punch biopsy and cytological examination to have progressed to carcinoma in situ or microinvasive carcinoma later in the course of follow-up. The changes in exfoliated cells during the progression to malignancy were examined in 95 of the 237 cases. Results obtained were as follows: (1) The ratio of parabasal (immature) cells to the whole dysplastic cells gradually increased in each specimen. (2) Immature dysplastic cells showing increased nuclear membrane tension and irregular staining of the nuclear membrane gradually increased. (3) The number of immature dysplastic cells with finely or coarsely granular chromatin patterns gradually increased.", "PMID": 494259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1908", "title": "Improved oral excretory cholecystocholangiography.", "content": "A new improved technique for the visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts with oral contrast agent has been developed. The right lateral decubitus position was employed to avoid drainage of contrast medium from the common bile duct into the duodenum. 0.2-0.3 microgram/kg of Caerulein was injected intramuscularly (350 cases) or 0.02 microgram/kg of Kinevac was injected intravenously (15 cases) to induce rapid contraction of the gallbladder. The extruded contrast medium, which would normally flow into the duodenum, flowed backward into the intrahepatic bile ducts due to gravity. With this technique, improved visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts was achieved with use of oral contrast medium; it also obviated the problem of colonic gas overlapping the gallbladder and gallstones in cholecystography.", "contents": "Improved oral excretory cholecystocholangiography. A new improved technique for the visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts with oral contrast agent has been developed. The right lateral decubitus position was employed to avoid drainage of contrast medium from the common bile duct into the duodenum. 0.2-0.3 microgram/kg of Caerulein was injected intramuscularly (350 cases) or 0.02 microgram/kg of Kinevac was injected intravenously (15 cases) to induce rapid contraction of the gallbladder. The extruded contrast medium, which would normally flow into the duodenum, flowed backward into the intrahepatic bile ducts due to gravity. With this technique, improved visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts was achieved with use of oral contrast medium; it also obviated the problem of colonic gas overlapping the gallbladder and gallstones in cholecystography.", "PMID": 494260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1909", "title": "Serum Zn content in tumor-bearing rats treated with anticancer drugs.", "content": "The serum Zn content in rats bearing Yoshida-Sarcoma, AH 66F, AH 13 or AH 109A was found to be low as compared with that in normal controls. In the rats which had received intraperitoneal inoculum of Yoshida-Sarcoma, the effects of anticancer drugs were closely related to the changes in serum Zn content. Namely, serum Zn content increased and approached the normal range almost parallel with the prolongation of survival time by anticancer drugs. As the causes responsible for the reduction in quantity of serum Zn in the tumor-bearing rats, the reduction of serum albumin content and the accumulation of Zn in the tumor tissue and organs such as the liver and kidneys were suggested.", "contents": "Serum Zn content in tumor-bearing rats treated with anticancer drugs. The serum Zn content in rats bearing Yoshida-Sarcoma, AH 66F, AH 13 or AH 109A was found to be low as compared with that in normal controls. In the rats which had received intraperitoneal inoculum of Yoshida-Sarcoma, the effects of anticancer drugs were closely related to the changes in serum Zn content. Namely, serum Zn content increased and approached the normal range almost parallel with the prolongation of survival time by anticancer drugs. As the causes responsible for the reduction in quantity of serum Zn in the tumor-bearing rats, the reduction of serum albumin content and the accumulation of Zn in the tumor tissue and organs such as the liver and kidneys were suggested.", "PMID": 494261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1910", "title": "Abnormal urinary excretion of sialoglycoconjugates in patients with mucolipidosis.", "content": "Low molecular sialoglycoconjugates were isolated by the charcoal adsorption method from the urines of patients with mucolipidosis (one patient with mucolipidosis type I variant and three patients with mucolipidosis type II). The sialoglycoconjugates were fractionated into two major fractions (SG-1 and SG-2) by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and a strikingly increased excretion of the SG-1 fraction was observed in patients with these diseases. The SG-1 fraction from each type of mucolipidosis was fractionated into four subfractions by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, and the fraction with the lowest molecular weight (SG-1-III) was found to contribute to the increase in the levels of SG-1. The SG-1-III fraction was further fractionated into 7 to 8 subfractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The comparison of the amounts and the chemical compositions of the subfractions suggested that the increase in SG-1 was dependent upon the increase in excretion of mannose-containing sialooligosaccharides with the structures closely related to the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins with an N-glycosidic linkage.", "contents": "Abnormal urinary excretion of sialoglycoconjugates in patients with mucolipidosis. Low molecular sialoglycoconjugates were isolated by the charcoal adsorption method from the urines of patients with mucolipidosis (one patient with mucolipidosis type I variant and three patients with mucolipidosis type II). The sialoglycoconjugates were fractionated into two major fractions (SG-1 and SG-2) by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and a strikingly increased excretion of the SG-1 fraction was observed in patients with these diseases. The SG-1 fraction from each type of mucolipidosis was fractionated into four subfractions by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, and the fraction with the lowest molecular weight (SG-1-III) was found to contribute to the increase in the levels of SG-1. The SG-1-III fraction was further fractionated into 7 to 8 subfractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The comparison of the amounts and the chemical compositions of the subfractions suggested that the increase in SG-1 was dependent upon the increase in excretion of mannose-containing sialooligosaccharides with the structures closely related to the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins with an N-glycosidic linkage.", "PMID": 494262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1911", "title": "Gonadotropin in follicular phase in women with luteal phase defect.", "content": "Serum FSH and LH in women with luteal phase defect were measured. Their serum FSH and LH were lower than those in normal women and higher than those in women with amenorrhea. Administration of clomiphene citrate to the women with luteal phase defect were effective in 2/3 of the cases. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a relative deficiency of FSH during the follicular phase results in diminished follicular development and subsequent inadequate corpus luteum maintenance.", "contents": "Gonadotropin in follicular phase in women with luteal phase defect. Serum FSH and LH in women with luteal phase defect were measured. Their serum FSH and LH were lower than those in normal women and higher than those in women with amenorrhea. Administration of clomiphene citrate to the women with luteal phase defect were effective in 2/3 of the cases. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a relative deficiency of FSH during the follicular phase results in diminished follicular development and subsequent inadequate corpus luteum maintenance.", "PMID": 494263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1912", "title": "Morphometrical analysis of the peripheral nerve lesions in experimental diabetes rats.", "content": "Morphometrical analysis of the peripheral nerve lesions in experimental diabetes rats was undertaken to elucidate their relationship to glucose intolerance and nerve conduction velocity. Motor nerve conduction velocity of the rat's tail and nerve fiber density in the cross sectional view of the peroneal nerves significantly reduced in the diabetes rats without insulin treatment. With the teased nerve fiber methods, degenerated nerve fibers frequently appeared and shortening of internodal length was estimated in the diabetes rats by quantification. The slowing of nerve conduction, blood glucose levels on the oral glucose tolerance test and the incidence of degenerated nerve fibers were well correlated with one another. Daily insulin treatment caused a significant decrease in degenerated nerve fibers in the diabetes rats. The reduction of nerve fiber density was also related to glucose intolerance. However, there was neither the relationship between nerve fiber density and incidence of degenerated nerve fibers, nor the relationship between nerve fiber density and nerve conduction velocity.", "contents": "Morphometrical analysis of the peripheral nerve lesions in experimental diabetes rats. Morphometrical analysis of the peripheral nerve lesions in experimental diabetes rats was undertaken to elucidate their relationship to glucose intolerance and nerve conduction velocity. Motor nerve conduction velocity of the rat's tail and nerve fiber density in the cross sectional view of the peroneal nerves significantly reduced in the diabetes rats without insulin treatment. With the teased nerve fiber methods, degenerated nerve fibers frequently appeared and shortening of internodal length was estimated in the diabetes rats by quantification. The slowing of nerve conduction, blood glucose levels on the oral glucose tolerance test and the incidence of degenerated nerve fibers were well correlated with one another. Daily insulin treatment caused a significant decrease in degenerated nerve fibers in the diabetes rats. The reduction of nerve fiber density was also related to glucose intolerance. However, there was neither the relationship between nerve fiber density and incidence of degenerated nerve fibers, nor the relationship between nerve fiber density and nerve conduction velocity.", "PMID": 494264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1913", "title": "On the receptors of human red cells reacting with Phaseolus coccineus L. lectin.", "content": "In order to elucidate receptors of proteolytic enzyme-treated red cells which react with Phaseolus coccineus L. lectin, the receptors prepared by affinity chromatography were serologically investigated. P. coccineus lectin had high agglutinin activity for bromelin-, papain- and pronase-treated red cells but that for the cells treated with ficin and trypsin was relatively low. Analyses of chemical composition revealed that sialic acid of the receptors from normal red cells was considerably much as compared with that from the treated cells. On the contrary, the enzyme treatment did not affect particularly carbohydrate composition of the receptors. Disc electrophoresis showed that the patterns of receptors from red cells treated with bromelin or papain were different from those from the other cells. On two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, the receptor of trypsin-treated cells gave five precipitation lines against anti-stroma and that of papain-treated cells three lines, but any other receptors showed no line. These findings indicate that there are plural receptors for P. coccineus lectin in red cells treated with each of proteolytic enzymes and that the receptors from respective red cells have electrophoretically and serologically different property.", "contents": "On the receptors of human red cells reacting with Phaseolus coccineus L. lectin. In order to elucidate receptors of proteolytic enzyme-treated red cells which react with Phaseolus coccineus L. lectin, the receptors prepared by affinity chromatography were serologically investigated. P. coccineus lectin had high agglutinin activity for bromelin-, papain- and pronase-treated red cells but that for the cells treated with ficin and trypsin was relatively low. Analyses of chemical composition revealed that sialic acid of the receptors from normal red cells was considerably much as compared with that from the treated cells. On the contrary, the enzyme treatment did not affect particularly carbohydrate composition of the receptors. Disc electrophoresis showed that the patterns of receptors from red cells treated with bromelin or papain were different from those from the other cells. On two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, the receptor of trypsin-treated cells gave five precipitation lines against anti-stroma and that of papain-treated cells three lines, but any other receptors showed no line. These findings indicate that there are plural receptors for P. coccineus lectin in red cells treated with each of proteolytic enzymes and that the receptors from respective red cells have electrophoretically and serologically different property.", "PMID": 494265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1914", "title": "Studies on anti-B specificity and heterogeneity of some invertebrate hemagglutinins.", "content": "Hemolymph from Charybdis japonica and Lymantria dispar, and saline extract from Eunice kobiensis agglutinated human group B erythrocytes specifically. Multiple agglutinins were identified, and independent agglutinins were separated from hemolymph of Charybdis japonica (anti-Bcj+anti-Xcj) and Lymantria dispar (anti-BLD+RLD) by absorption experiments. By the agglutination and agglutination-inhibition experiments with simple sugars, the specificities of the anti-B agglutinins in these invertebrates were found to differ from each other.", "contents": "Studies on anti-B specificity and heterogeneity of some invertebrate hemagglutinins. Hemolymph from Charybdis japonica and Lymantria dispar, and saline extract from Eunice kobiensis agglutinated human group B erythrocytes specifically. Multiple agglutinins were identified, and independent agglutinins were separated from hemolymph of Charybdis japonica (anti-Bcj+anti-Xcj) and Lymantria dispar (anti-BLD+RLD) by absorption experiments. By the agglutination and agglutination-inhibition experiments with simple sugars, the specificities of the anti-B agglutinins in these invertebrates were found to differ from each other.", "PMID": 494266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1915", "title": "Identification from crossed electro-immunodiffusion patterns of serum.", "content": "An attempt to identify the individuality from crossed electro-immunodiffusion (CEID) patterns of serum was made by using coefficient of variation (CV), the ratio of standard deviation to mean of ratios of area in couples of corresponding peaks in the CEID patterns. The values of CV in most cases of sera from identical subject were less than 10 except only one case of 10.6. On the contrary, those in most cases of sera from different subjects were more than 20 except a few cases of 14.9 to 20. No overlap of CV values was observed between the two groups. No significant differences were demonstrated in three groups of sex pairing, i.e., male-male, female-female and female-male. From these results, analysis of CEID patterns by employing CV was found to be available for fairly definite identification as well as differentiation but useless for distinction of sexes in cases of different subjects.", "contents": "Identification from crossed electro-immunodiffusion patterns of serum. An attempt to identify the individuality from crossed electro-immunodiffusion (CEID) patterns of serum was made by using coefficient of variation (CV), the ratio of standard deviation to mean of ratios of area in couples of corresponding peaks in the CEID patterns. The values of CV in most cases of sera from identical subject were less than 10 except only one case of 10.6. On the contrary, those in most cases of sera from different subjects were more than 20 except a few cases of 14.9 to 20. No overlap of CV values was observed between the two groups. No significant differences were demonstrated in three groups of sex pairing, i.e., male-male, female-female and female-male. From these results, analysis of CEID patterns by employing CV was found to be available for fairly definite identification as well as differentiation but useless for distinction of sexes in cases of different subjects.", "PMID": 494267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1916", "title": "Factors influencing the release of renin in patients under chronic dialysis treatment.", "content": "Plasma renin activities (resting PRA, post-dialysis delta PRA) were studied in 61 patients under chronic dialysis treatment. Removed sodium and removed water were estimated at each dialysis. Delta PRA/removed-sodium and delta PRA/removed-water were calculated as indices in response to the removal of sodium and water during the dialysis. 1)Resting PRA (pre-dialysis PRA) was positively correlated to delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA/removed-water, serum osmolality, and diastolic blood pressure, but negatively to serum sodium concentration, age, and pulse pressure/diastolic blood pressure. Statistically significant factors controlling the resting PRA were delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA//removed-water, and serum sodium concentration. Resting PRA was slightly correlated to diastolic blood pressure and age. 2)Post-dialysis PRA was significantly correlated to the resting PRA, delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA/removed-water, serum sodium concentration, and age, but not to the blood pressure indices.", "contents": "Factors influencing the release of renin in patients under chronic dialysis treatment. Plasma renin activities (resting PRA, post-dialysis delta PRA) were studied in 61 patients under chronic dialysis treatment. Removed sodium and removed water were estimated at each dialysis. Delta PRA/removed-sodium and delta PRA/removed-water were calculated as indices in response to the removal of sodium and water during the dialysis. 1)Resting PRA (pre-dialysis PRA) was positively correlated to delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA/removed-water, serum osmolality, and diastolic blood pressure, but negatively to serum sodium concentration, age, and pulse pressure/diastolic blood pressure. Statistically significant factors controlling the resting PRA were delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA//removed-water, and serum sodium concentration. Resting PRA was slightly correlated to diastolic blood pressure and age. 2)Post-dialysis PRA was significantly correlated to the resting PRA, delta PRA/removed-sodium, delta PRA/removed-water, serum sodium concentration, and age, but not to the blood pressure indices.", "PMID": 494268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1917", "title": "Diagnosis of early cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "When early cancer of the colon and rectum is defined as in early gastric cancer, i.e., invasion is limited to the mucosa and submucosa, 38 lesions from 35 patients of early cancer of the colon and rectum were detected during the last 20 years. The macroscopic and histologic findings included cancer-containing adenoma in 35 lesions from 32 patients. When the diagnostic methods were compared in 33 cases of early cancer of the colon and rectum, it was found that positive or suspicious cancer was obtained by an x-ray study in 5 of 18 cases examined (28%), by endoscopy in 19 of 31 cases (61%), by cytologic methods in 18 of 21 cases (86%), by biopsy in 19 of 25 cases (76%) and by polypectomy under direct vision through an endoscope in 13 of 14 cases (93%). When both biopsy and cytologic studies were performed in combination with endoscopy (20 cases), either of them was positive in all cases. These results indicate the possibility of correct diagnosis in many cases through the combined use of the cytologic method and biopsy without polypectomy, if the location is previously checked. On the other hand, 104 polyps from 90 patients were removed by means of the snare-electrocautery technique with the use of coagulation current during the last 4 years. The histologic findings revealed cancer-containing adenoma in 13, even in benign appearing polyps and in small polyps 1.0 cm or less in diameter. These results indicate that diagnosis of early cancer of the colon and rectum is difficult without polypectomy, if cancer is not previously suspected.", "contents": "Diagnosis of early cancer of the colon and rectum. When early cancer of the colon and rectum is defined as in early gastric cancer, i.e., invasion is limited to the mucosa and submucosa, 38 lesions from 35 patients of early cancer of the colon and rectum were detected during the last 20 years. The macroscopic and histologic findings included cancer-containing adenoma in 35 lesions from 32 patients. When the diagnostic methods were compared in 33 cases of early cancer of the colon and rectum, it was found that positive or suspicious cancer was obtained by an x-ray study in 5 of 18 cases examined (28%), by endoscopy in 19 of 31 cases (61%), by cytologic methods in 18 of 21 cases (86%), by biopsy in 19 of 25 cases (76%) and by polypectomy under direct vision through an endoscope in 13 of 14 cases (93%). When both biopsy and cytologic studies were performed in combination with endoscopy (20 cases), either of them was positive in all cases. These results indicate the possibility of correct diagnosis in many cases through the combined use of the cytologic method and biopsy without polypectomy, if the location is previously checked. On the other hand, 104 polyps from 90 patients were removed by means of the snare-electrocautery technique with the use of coagulation current during the last 4 years. The histologic findings revealed cancer-containing adenoma in 13, even in benign appearing polyps and in small polyps 1.0 cm or less in diameter. These results indicate that diagnosis of early cancer of the colon and rectum is difficult without polypectomy, if cancer is not previously suspected.", "PMID": 494269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1918", "title": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency was reported of a 1-year-2-month-old boy, who showed clinical picture of pulmonary candidiasis. The serum immunoglobulin level and absolute lymphocyte count were markedly diminished. But immunological study revealed both T- and B-cell surface markers on the peripheral lymphocytes, in spite of complete deficiency of both systems.", "contents": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency was reported of a 1-year-2-month-old boy, who showed clinical picture of pulmonary candidiasis. The serum immunoglobulin level and absolute lymphocyte count were markedly diminished. But immunological study revealed both T- and B-cell surface markers on the peripheral lymphocytes, in spite of complete deficiency of both systems.", "PMID": 494270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1919", "title": "Elimination of endrin by mallard ducks.", "content": "Endrin is very toxic to birds and has been implicated in the deaths of birds in nature. However, it is not known how rapidly birds eliminate endrin, a factor important in determining how much is accumulated in tissues. In this study, the loss rate of endrin was followed for 64 days in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) drakes that had been fed 20 ppm endrin for 13 days. The loss from carcass and blood was described by the equation Y = a e b square root of x where Y = the concentration of endrin in ppm, a = the concentration at day 0, e = the base of natural logarithms, b = the first order rate constant for the elimination process, and x = the number of days after cessation of endrin treatment. Endrin was lost rapidly at first; concentrations in carcasses on a wet-weight basis decreased by 50% in the first 3 days. Thereafter, endrin was eliminated more slowly; elimination of 50% of the remainder required 8.9 days, and it took 32.9 days to lose 90% of the original amount.", "contents": "Elimination of endrin by mallard ducks. Endrin is very toxic to birds and has been implicated in the deaths of birds in nature. However, it is not known how rapidly birds eliminate endrin, a factor important in determining how much is accumulated in tissues. In this study, the loss rate of endrin was followed for 64 days in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) drakes that had been fed 20 ppm endrin for 13 days. The loss from carcass and blood was described by the equation Y = a e b square root of x where Y = the concentration of endrin in ppm, a = the concentration at day 0, e = the base of natural logarithms, b = the first order rate constant for the elimination process, and x = the number of days after cessation of endrin treatment. Endrin was lost rapidly at first; concentrations in carcasses on a wet-weight basis decreased by 50% in the first 3 days. Thereafter, endrin was eliminated more slowly; elimination of 50% of the remainder required 8.9 days, and it took 32.9 days to lose 90% of the original amount.", "PMID": 494303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1920", "title": "Assessment of DNA damage in germ cells of male rabbits treated with isoniazid and procarbazine.", "content": "The 2 hydrazine derivatives isoniazid (INH) and procarbazine hydrochloride (P) were injected intravenously into rabbits. Radioactive thymidine was injected into both testicles. Rabbits were ejaculated repeatedly, sperms were counted and incorporation of [3H] thymidine into sperm head DNA was determined by liquid scintillation counting. In P-treated rabbits (5 and 50 mg/kg) radioactivity was significantly increased in sperms that were in late phases of spermatocyte and early phases of spermatid maturation at the time of treatment. This indicates that DNA repair synthesis, (unscheduled DNA synthesis, UDS) occurred following drug-induced DNA damage in these germ cells. Normal DNA synthesis in spermatogonia was inhibited by the high dose only. INH (50 and 125 mg/kg) did not cause UDS in spermatocytes and spermatids and did not affect normal DNA synthesis in spermatogonia. The results are in agreement with literature data indicating that P is a potent mutagen and carcinogen. INH, on the other hand, has weak mutagenic and carcinogenic activities that are most apparent in mice.", "contents": "Assessment of DNA damage in germ cells of male rabbits treated with isoniazid and procarbazine. The 2 hydrazine derivatives isoniazid (INH) and procarbazine hydrochloride (P) were injected intravenously into rabbits. Radioactive thymidine was injected into both testicles. Rabbits were ejaculated repeatedly, sperms were counted and incorporation of [3H] thymidine into sperm head DNA was determined by liquid scintillation counting. In P-treated rabbits (5 and 50 mg/kg) radioactivity was significantly increased in sperms that were in late phases of spermatocyte and early phases of spermatid maturation at the time of treatment. This indicates that DNA repair synthesis, (unscheduled DNA synthesis, UDS) occurred following drug-induced DNA damage in these germ cells. Normal DNA synthesis in spermatogonia was inhibited by the high dose only. INH (50 and 125 mg/kg) did not cause UDS in spermatocytes and spermatids and did not affect normal DNA synthesis in spermatogonia. The results are in agreement with literature data indicating that P is a potent mutagen and carcinogen. INH, on the other hand, has weak mutagenic and carcinogenic activities that are most apparent in mice.", "PMID": 494306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1921", "title": "Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity in baboons.", "content": "The effects of a low cobalamin (Cbl) diet, together with chronic cyanide or thiocyanate administration in some animals have been investigated in baboons over a period of 42 months. All animals remained healthy throughout the study and gained weight at a similar rate. None became anaemic or showed major haematological changes and there were no major neurological changes. Plasma total Cbl in the animals on the low Cbl diet fell within 9 months to values below the lower limit in man and were lowest at 24 months in baboons not receiving cyanide or thiocyanate. A striking feature in all animals, however, was an apparently seasonal increase in the plasma total Cbl each autumn with a corresponding decrease the following spring. This fluctuation was detected by radioisotopic assay but not by Euglena. Methylmalonic (MMA) excretion after oral valine ranged from 0.1--8.4 mg/24 h and was greatest in animals on the low Cbl diet and not receiving cyanide or thiocyanate. The results suggested an inverse relationship between MMA excretion and plasma total Cbl. Plasma thiocyanate was consistently higher in animals receiving cyanide or thiocyanate and at the end of the study plasma cyanide was highest in animals on the low Cbl diet receiving cyanide. The results support the suggestions that cyanide affects bodily handling of Cbl and that hydroxo-cobalamin plays a part in detoxication of cyanide.", "contents": "Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity in baboons. The effects of a low cobalamin (Cbl) diet, together with chronic cyanide or thiocyanate administration in some animals have been investigated in baboons over a period of 42 months. All animals remained healthy throughout the study and gained weight at a similar rate. None became anaemic or showed major haematological changes and there were no major neurological changes. Plasma total Cbl in the animals on the low Cbl diet fell within 9 months to values below the lower limit in man and were lowest at 24 months in baboons not receiving cyanide or thiocyanate. A striking feature in all animals, however, was an apparently seasonal increase in the plasma total Cbl each autumn with a corresponding decrease the following spring. This fluctuation was detected by radioisotopic assay but not by Euglena. Methylmalonic (MMA) excretion after oral valine ranged from 0.1--8.4 mg/24 h and was greatest in animals on the low Cbl diet and not receiving cyanide or thiocyanate. The results suggested an inverse relationship between MMA excretion and plasma total Cbl. Plasma thiocyanate was consistently higher in animals receiving cyanide or thiocyanate and at the end of the study plasma cyanide was highest in animals on the low Cbl diet receiving cyanide. The results support the suggestions that cyanide affects bodily handling of Cbl and that hydroxo-cobalamin plays a part in detoxication of cyanide.", "PMID": 494304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1922", "title": "Ninety-day toxicity of photomirex in the male rat.", "content": "Photomirex (8-monohydromirex) is a demonstrated environmental contaminant and was observed in previous short-term studies to produce lesions in the liver, thyroid and testes of male rats. The present study was undertaken to confirm those observations and to determine the effects after a longer period of exposure. Male rats were fed photomirex for 13 weeks at levels of 0.20, 1.0, 5.0, 25 and 125 ppm in the diet. Deaths were observed in animals receiving the highest dose. Decreased body weight gain and food intake were also observed in that group. Liver weights were increased at 5.0 ppm photomirex and higher. Photomirex caused changes in several biochemical parameters including serum sorbitol dehydrogenase and hepatic aniline hydroxylase activities. Dose-related histological abnormalities were observed in the thyroid and liver starting at the lowest dose level. These results confirm earlier findings and show that photomirex is a potent hepato- and thyrotoxin.", "contents": "Ninety-day toxicity of photomirex in the male rat. Photomirex (8-monohydromirex) is a demonstrated environmental contaminant and was observed in previous short-term studies to produce lesions in the liver, thyroid and testes of male rats. The present study was undertaken to confirm those observations and to determine the effects after a longer period of exposure. Male rats were fed photomirex for 13 weeks at levels of 0.20, 1.0, 5.0, 25 and 125 ppm in the diet. Deaths were observed in animals receiving the highest dose. Decreased body weight gain and food intake were also observed in that group. Liver weights were increased at 5.0 ppm photomirex and higher. Photomirex caused changes in several biochemical parameters including serum sorbitol dehydrogenase and hepatic aniline hydroxylase activities. Dose-related histological abnormalities were observed in the thyroid and liver starting at the lowest dose level. These results confirm earlier findings and show that photomirex is a potent hepato- and thyrotoxin.", "PMID": 494305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1923", "title": "Paraquat poisoning: an analytical toxicologic study of three cases.", "content": "Paraquat concentrations were measured in tissue, serum, urine and hemodialysate obtained from 3 patients who died 16.5 h, 22 days and 23 days after ingestion. In the patient who died 16.5 h post-ingestion, tissue paraquat levels were high. Kidney and liver had paraquat concentrations of 14 micrograms/g and 13.2 micrograms/g respectively, whereas lung tissue had a paraquat level of 3.8 micrograms/g. Low concentrations of paraquat were detectable in the tissues of the patients who died 22 and 23 days post-ingestion. Early in the poisoning, serum paraquat levels were high and large quantities of paraquat could be removed by both hemodialysis and forced diuresis. During an 8-h period, 713 mg of paraquat were removed by hemodialysis and 340 mg by forced diuresis. After the day of ingestion, little paraquat could be removed by hemodialysis or by forced diuresis; however, at all stages of the poisoning studied, hemodialysis was more effective than forced diuresis in removing paraquat from the blood.", "contents": "Paraquat poisoning: an analytical toxicologic study of three cases. Paraquat concentrations were measured in tissue, serum, urine and hemodialysate obtained from 3 patients who died 16.5 h, 22 days and 23 days after ingestion. In the patient who died 16.5 h post-ingestion, tissue paraquat levels were high. Kidney and liver had paraquat concentrations of 14 micrograms/g and 13.2 micrograms/g respectively, whereas lung tissue had a paraquat level of 3.8 micrograms/g. Low concentrations of paraquat were detectable in the tissues of the patients who died 22 and 23 days post-ingestion. Early in the poisoning, serum paraquat levels were high and large quantities of paraquat could be removed by both hemodialysis and forced diuresis. During an 8-h period, 713 mg of paraquat were removed by hemodialysis and 340 mg by forced diuresis. After the day of ingestion, little paraquat could be removed by hemodialysis or by forced diuresis; however, at all stages of the poisoning studied, hemodialysis was more effective than forced diuresis in removing paraquat from the blood.", "PMID": 494307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1924", "title": "The excretion of trace elements in rat urine after treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate.", "content": "Administration of various doses of the chelating agent 2,3-dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate (Dimaval, DMPS) leads to a greatly enhanced excretion of Zn and Cu. The excretion of Co, Mn, Ni and Fe remains unchanged. The relevance of these findings to the toxicity of DMPS is discussed.", "contents": "The excretion of trace elements in rat urine after treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate. Administration of various doses of the chelating agent 2,3-dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate (Dimaval, DMPS) leads to a greatly enhanced excretion of Zn and Cu. The excretion of Co, Mn, Ni and Fe remains unchanged. The relevance of these findings to the toxicity of DMPS is discussed.", "PMID": 494309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1925", "title": "Age-related variations in the testes and prostate of beagle dogs.", "content": "Variations in the weight and histology of the testes and prostate of Beagle dogs are described. Data were abstracted from records of toxicity studies performed at the Huntingdon Research Centre during the years 1967--77. A sample of 198 dogs aged between 37 weeks and 7.75 years was analysed. When juvenile dogs are studied, a significant proportion show low testicular weight, incomplete spermatogenesis and immature prostate development after 13-week observation periods. The occurrence of these normal variations may complicate the assessment of gonadal toxicity. In other respects, relatively few spontaneous variations from normal are likely to be encountered in these organs after observation periods lasting up to 2 years. 10% of dogs maintained for a 7-year observation period developed testicular neoplasms and a further 8% showed interstitial cell hyperplasia. Epithelial hyperplasia of the ductus epididymis and benign prostate enlargement were also normal features of the aged male Beagle.", "contents": "Age-related variations in the testes and prostate of beagle dogs. Variations in the weight and histology of the testes and prostate of Beagle dogs are described. Data were abstracted from records of toxicity studies performed at the Huntingdon Research Centre during the years 1967--77. A sample of 198 dogs aged between 37 weeks and 7.75 years was analysed. When juvenile dogs are studied, a significant proportion show low testicular weight, incomplete spermatogenesis and immature prostate development after 13-week observation periods. The occurrence of these normal variations may complicate the assessment of gonadal toxicity. In other respects, relatively few spontaneous variations from normal are likely to be encountered in these organs after observation periods lasting up to 2 years. 10% of dogs maintained for a 7-year observation period developed testicular neoplasms and a further 8% showed interstitial cell hyperplasia. Epithelial hyperplasia of the ductus epididymis and benign prostate enlargement were also normal features of the aged male Beagle.", "PMID": 494308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1926", "title": "Assessment of the PKU card as a retrospective index of neonatal blood lead status.", "content": "PKU cards were obtained for 50 one-year-old children whose cord blood lead, maternal blood lead and household water lead were known. These 3 values are known to correlate well. Lead values were measured from the blood on the cards, and correlated significantly with the other values. However, predictive validity was poor due to card contamination and it is felt that, for the individual patient, this is not a reliable retrospective index of blood lead at the time of birth.", "contents": "Assessment of the PKU card as a retrospective index of neonatal blood lead status. PKU cards were obtained for 50 one-year-old children whose cord blood lead, maternal blood lead and household water lead were known. These 3 values are known to correlate well. Lead values were measured from the blood on the cards, and correlated significantly with the other values. However, predictive validity was poor due to card contamination and it is felt that, for the individual patient, this is not a reliable retrospective index of blood lead at the time of birth.", "PMID": 494311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1927", "title": "Distribution and excretion of [14C]citrinin in rats.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of radioactivity from [14C]citrinin (3 mg/kg, i.v) was determined in male rats. At 0.5 h after administration maximum values of 14.7% and 5.6% of total radioactivity were observed in the liver and kidneys, respectively, and by 6 h decreased to 7.5% in the liver and 4.7% in the kidney. Plasma concentration of 14C decreased from 9.2% at 0.5 h to 4.7% at 6.0 h. 2 plasma elimination rates were observed, with half-lives of 2.6 and 14.9 h, respectively. Approximately 80% of the administered 14C activity was excreted in feces and urine by 24 h after administration. A second group of rats was pretreated with 50 mg/kg of citrinin, i.p., 4 days prior to administration of 3 mg/kg [14C]citrinin, i.v. 30% of the pretreated animals died and the remaining animals were divided into 2 groups on day 4 after pretreatment; rats which were \"nephrotoxic\" and rats which had \"recovered\" from the initial insult of citrinin. Proteinuria and glucosuria as well as enhanced urine output were observed in \"nephrotoxic\" rats 4 days after pretreatment. 24 h after [14C]citrinin, only 13% of 14C activity was detected in the urine of \"nephrotoxic\" rats. The plasma disappearance curve had 2 elimination rates, with half-lives of 0.6 and 14.1 h. \"Nephrotoxic\" rats retained 7.5% of the administered radioactivity in the liver compared to 1.3% in the \"recovered\" rats 24 h after the tracer dose and 47% of the radioactivity was either excreted in feces or in the colon contents after 72 h compared to 17.5% in \"recovered\" rats. Extraction of urine samples from \"nephrotoxic\" and \"recovered\" rats with chloroform suggested increased water soluble metabolites of citrinin in the urine from \"nephrotoxic\" rats. These data also suggested that in normal rats the kidneys are the major route of elimination of citrinin and its metabolite(s) while in rats rendered nephrotoxic by citrinin pretreatment, elimination is more dependent on hepatic excretion.", "contents": "Distribution and excretion of [14C]citrinin in rats. The distribution and excretion of radioactivity from [14C]citrinin (3 mg/kg, i.v) was determined in male rats. At 0.5 h after administration maximum values of 14.7% and 5.6% of total radioactivity were observed in the liver and kidneys, respectively, and by 6 h decreased to 7.5% in the liver and 4.7% in the kidney. Plasma concentration of 14C decreased from 9.2% at 0.5 h to 4.7% at 6.0 h. 2 plasma elimination rates were observed, with half-lives of 2.6 and 14.9 h, respectively. Approximately 80% of the administered 14C activity was excreted in feces and urine by 24 h after administration. A second group of rats was pretreated with 50 mg/kg of citrinin, i.p., 4 days prior to administration of 3 mg/kg [14C]citrinin, i.v. 30% of the pretreated animals died and the remaining animals were divided into 2 groups on day 4 after pretreatment; rats which were \"nephrotoxic\" and rats which had \"recovered\" from the initial insult of citrinin. Proteinuria and glucosuria as well as enhanced urine output were observed in \"nephrotoxic\" rats 4 days after pretreatment. 24 h after [14C]citrinin, only 13% of 14C activity was detected in the urine of \"nephrotoxic\" rats. The plasma disappearance curve had 2 elimination rates, with half-lives of 0.6 and 14.1 h. \"Nephrotoxic\" rats retained 7.5% of the administered radioactivity in the liver compared to 1.3% in the \"recovered\" rats 24 h after the tracer dose and 47% of the radioactivity was either excreted in feces or in the colon contents after 72 h compared to 17.5% in \"recovered\" rats. Extraction of urine samples from \"nephrotoxic\" and \"recovered\" rats with chloroform suggested increased water soluble metabolites of citrinin in the urine from \"nephrotoxic\" rats. These data also suggested that in normal rats the kidneys are the major route of elimination of citrinin and its metabolite(s) while in rats rendered nephrotoxic by citrinin pretreatment, elimination is more dependent on hepatic excretion.", "PMID": 494310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1928", "title": "Effects of PR toxin on liver cells in culture.", "content": "We studied the effects on liver cells in culture of PR toxin, a substance produced from Penicillium roqueforti. PR toxin displayed cytotoxicity which increased as a function of its concentration but the form of such toxicity differed, depending on the toxin's concentration. Thus, cells only underwent quick retraction and intensive vacuolization when treated with low drug concentrations, and they came away from the substrate easily under these conditions. By contrast, the major events observed in the case of high concentrations were loss of structure of the nuclei and strong adhesiveness of dead cells to the support. PR toxin already inhibited cell multiplication at low concentrations and became toxic when the concentration was raised; growth inhibition decreased but the toxic effect increased when cells passed from the exponential growth phase to a phase of slower growth. PR toxin inhibited tritiated precursor incorporation into DNA, RNA and proteins in a similar time and concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of DNA synthesis persisted even after removal of the drug from the medium.", "contents": "Effects of PR toxin on liver cells in culture. We studied the effects on liver cells in culture of PR toxin, a substance produced from Penicillium roqueforti. PR toxin displayed cytotoxicity which increased as a function of its concentration but the form of such toxicity differed, depending on the toxin's concentration. Thus, cells only underwent quick retraction and intensive vacuolization when treated with low drug concentrations, and they came away from the substrate easily under these conditions. By contrast, the major events observed in the case of high concentrations were loss of structure of the nuclei and strong adhesiveness of dead cells to the support. PR toxin already inhibited cell multiplication at low concentrations and became toxic when the concentration was raised; growth inhibition decreased but the toxic effect increased when cells passed from the exponential growth phase to a phase of slower growth. PR toxin inhibited tritiated precursor incorporation into DNA, RNA and proteins in a similar time and concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of DNA synthesis persisted even after removal of the drug from the medium.", "PMID": 494312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1929", "title": "Problems associated with the use of merthiolate as a preservative in anti-lymphocytic globulin.", "content": "The cytotoxic properties of 2 anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) preparations were investigated in vitro by measuring the release of 51Cr from labelled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, tonsil lymphocytes and Chang cells, incubated with different concentrations of ALG. One of the ALG preparations showed non-selective cytotoxicity in the absence of complement. Evidence was obtained to suggest that this effect was due to merthiolate (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate) which had been added to the ALG as a preservative during manufacture. The mercury concentration in the ALG was found to be greater than that stated by the manufacturers. It is conceivable that the clinical use of such as ALG preparation might lead to mercury accumulation in the tissues, with resulting toxic effects. The whole question of the use of merthiolate in the preparation of sera for administration to human subjects needs to be reconsidered.", "contents": "Problems associated with the use of merthiolate as a preservative in anti-lymphocytic globulin. The cytotoxic properties of 2 anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) preparations were investigated in vitro by measuring the release of 51Cr from labelled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, tonsil lymphocytes and Chang cells, incubated with different concentrations of ALG. One of the ALG preparations showed non-selective cytotoxicity in the absence of complement. Evidence was obtained to suggest that this effect was due to merthiolate (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate) which had been added to the ALG as a preservative during manufacture. The mercury concentration in the ALG was found to be greater than that stated by the manufacturers. It is conceivable that the clinical use of such as ALG preparation might lead to mercury accumulation in the tissues, with resulting toxic effects. The whole question of the use of merthiolate in the preparation of sera for administration to human subjects needs to be reconsidered.", "PMID": 494313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1930", "title": "Oral toxicity of an essential oil from myrtle and adaptive liver stimulation.", "content": "The acute oral toxicity of an essential oil from the leaves of Myrtus communis (M) in rats was 3.7 ml/kg, and 2.2 ml/kg in mice. After repeated daily doses the toxicity decreased considerably and was calculated to be approx. 6.6 ml/kg after 10 days or 3 weeks pretreatment with M. Daily application of M during 10 days increased the relative liver weight of rats by 10, 18 and 28% at the dose levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg. The hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal fraction) in the rats increased by 13.5, 24 and 33% after 10 days oral application of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg of M, respectively. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 started to increase after 0.2 ml/kg, and reached 65% above controls after 10 days application of 2.0 ml/kg. Cytochrome b5 responded in a similar manner. The microsomal N-dealkylation of N-methylaniline increased 2.8-fold after daily administration of 2.0 ml/kg during 10 days. Continuous therapeutic application of M to humans in the magnitude of 1--2 ml daily is considered to be too low to influence the hepatic parameters.", "contents": "Oral toxicity of an essential oil from myrtle and adaptive liver stimulation. The acute oral toxicity of an essential oil from the leaves of Myrtus communis (M) in rats was 3.7 ml/kg, and 2.2 ml/kg in mice. After repeated daily doses the toxicity decreased considerably and was calculated to be approx. 6.6 ml/kg after 10 days or 3 weeks pretreatment with M. Daily application of M during 10 days increased the relative liver weight of rats by 10, 18 and 28% at the dose levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg. The hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal fraction) in the rats increased by 13.5, 24 and 33% after 10 days oral application of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg of M, respectively. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 started to increase after 0.2 ml/kg, and reached 65% above controls after 10 days application of 2.0 ml/kg. Cytochrome b5 responded in a similar manner. The microsomal N-dealkylation of N-methylaniline increased 2.8-fold after daily administration of 2.0 ml/kg during 10 days. Continuous therapeutic application of M to humans in the magnitude of 1--2 ml daily is considered to be too low to influence the hepatic parameters.", "PMID": 494314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1931", "title": "Chronic lead treatment differentially affects dopamine synthesis in various rat brain areas.", "content": "The effect of chronic dietary lead exposure on brain nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortial systems was studied. The results show no modification of the dopamine receptors measured either as dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase or as [3H]spiroperidol binding. On the other hand, dopamine synthesis seems to be reduced in striatum, unaffected in substantia nigra and increased in nucleus accumbens and in the frontal cortex. The increase of DA synthesis observed in some brain areas might be involved in determining the hyperactive behaviour that follows lead intoxication.", "contents": "Chronic lead treatment differentially affects dopamine synthesis in various rat brain areas. The effect of chronic dietary lead exposure on brain nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortial systems was studied. The results show no modification of the dopamine receptors measured either as dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase or as [3H]spiroperidol binding. On the other hand, dopamine synthesis seems to be reduced in striatum, unaffected in substantia nigra and increased in nucleus accumbens and in the frontal cortex. The increase of DA synthesis observed in some brain areas might be involved in determining the hyperactive behaviour that follows lead intoxication.", "PMID": 494315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1932", "title": "Methods for improved light microscope microtomy.", "content": "Experiments undertaken to improve the ease and quality of preparing tissue for light microscopy have resulted in methods for routine production of high quality serial paraffin and glycol methacrylate sections in the 1 to 4 micrometer range using a standard rotary microtome. These methods involve sectioning with mechanically-broken Ralph-type knives, inspected for quality before mounting with double-stick tape on a holder-fluid trough in which the ribbon floats over an immersed slide and sections are mounted by lowering the fluid level in the trough. Specimen return stroke retraction, necessary for quality sectioning of plastic or with a fluid trough, is inexpensively provided by an attachable specimen holder that fits into the rotary microtome's chuck and, actuated by the microtome mechanisms, retracts the specimen during each return stroke. Descriptions of four instruments: a mechanical breaker for Ralph knives, a knife edge inspection device, an attachable specimen retractor for rotary microtomes, and a section collecting-mounting device as well as details of their use are included. Differences in cutting speed and cutting cycle cadence critical to quality sectioning with different embedments are detailed. Factors important in choosing the best embedment and most appropriate section thickness as well as choosing between dry or wet sectioning methods are also considered.", "contents": "Methods for improved light microscope microtomy. Experiments undertaken to improve the ease and quality of preparing tissue for light microscopy have resulted in methods for routine production of high quality serial paraffin and glycol methacrylate sections in the 1 to 4 micrometer range using a standard rotary microtome. These methods involve sectioning with mechanically-broken Ralph-type knives, inspected for quality before mounting with double-stick tape on a holder-fluid trough in which the ribbon floats over an immersed slide and sections are mounted by lowering the fluid level in the trough. Specimen return stroke retraction, necessary for quality sectioning of plastic or with a fluid trough, is inexpensively provided by an attachable specimen holder that fits into the rotary microtome's chuck and, actuated by the microtome mechanisms, retracts the specimen during each return stroke. Descriptions of four instruments: a mechanical breaker for Ralph knives, a knife edge inspection device, an attachable specimen retractor for rotary microtomes, and a section collecting-mounting device as well as details of their use are included. Differences in cutting speed and cutting cycle cadence critical to quality sectioning with different embedments are detailed. Factors important in choosing the best embedment and most appropriate section thickness as well as choosing between dry or wet sectioning methods are also considered.", "PMID": 494331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1933", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of cell monolayers grown on polymethylpentene coverslips.", "content": "Plastic coverslips made of polymethylpentene serve as excellent substrates for growth of bovine endothelial cells, and are easily processed for both transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Portions of the same coverslip (monolayer) are used for both SEM and TEM examination and are fixed, postfixed, and dehydrated as a single entity. The portion of the coverslip for SEM is then excised, critical point dried, and mounted for sputter coating prior to viewing. The remaining piece of coverslip used for TEM is Epon-Araldite embedded, polymerized, separated from the coverslip by liquid nitrogen immersion, and sectioned either \"en face\" or in cross section for viewing. Coated glass coverslips are not required and organic solvents such as propylene oxide, acetone, and amyl acetate can be used for dehydration and infiltration. Furthermore, specimens do not require re-embedding or blocks to be glued onto blank capsules before sectioning. The number of cells needed to achieve a monolayer is significantly reduced compared to the usual culture flasks, but are abundant enough to assess ultrastructural changes accurately. Support films may be required to prevent folding of the ultrathin section which can obstruct viewing of cells located on the edge of the section.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of cell monolayers grown on polymethylpentene coverslips. Plastic coverslips made of polymethylpentene serve as excellent substrates for growth of bovine endothelial cells, and are easily processed for both transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Portions of the same coverslip (monolayer) are used for both SEM and TEM examination and are fixed, postfixed, and dehydrated as a single entity. The portion of the coverslip for SEM is then excised, critical point dried, and mounted for sputter coating prior to viewing. The remaining piece of coverslip used for TEM is Epon-Araldite embedded, polymerized, separated from the coverslip by liquid nitrogen immersion, and sectioned either \"en face\" or in cross section for viewing. Coated glass coverslips are not required and organic solvents such as propylene oxide, acetone, and amyl acetate can be used for dehydration and infiltration. Furthermore, specimens do not require re-embedding or blocks to be glued onto blank capsules before sectioning. The number of cells needed to achieve a monolayer is significantly reduced compared to the usual culture flasks, but are abundant enough to assess ultrastructural changes accurately. Support films may be required to prevent folding of the ultrathin section which can obstruct viewing of cells located on the edge of the section.", "PMID": 494332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1934", "title": "Modification of a scanning transmission electron microscope specimen holder for large section viewing.", "content": "A modification of a scanning transmission electron microscope specimen holder which permits full viewing of large plastic embedded tissue sections is discussed. The method for producing one-centimeter diameter \"giant\" grids is explained and the procedure for sample preparation is outlined. The modification aids the microscopist in his evaluation of tissue structural relationships by providing large areas of tissue for examination and reduces significantly the time required to prepare and examine standard 1-2 mm2 electron microscopy tissue sections. Light and electron microscopic evaluations can be made on the same tissue sections.", "contents": "Modification of a scanning transmission electron microscope specimen holder for large section viewing. A modification of a scanning transmission electron microscope specimen holder which permits full viewing of large plastic embedded tissue sections is discussed. The method for producing one-centimeter diameter \"giant\" grids is explained and the procedure for sample preparation is outlined. The modification aids the microscopist in his evaluation of tissue structural relationships by providing large areas of tissue for examination and reduces significantly the time required to prepare and examine standard 1-2 mm2 electron microscopy tissue sections. Light and electron microscopic evaluations can be made on the same tissue sections.", "PMID": 494333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1935", "title": "Chromosomal banding patterns produced by methyl green-pyronin staining after trypsin treatment.", "content": "A method is described for producing banding patterns with methyl green-pyronin (MGP) stain in chromosomes of fibrosarcoma cells. 1) The stain was made by mixing equal volumes of 2% aqueous pyronin G, 2% aqueous methyl green, distilled water, and 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.7). 2) Treatment with colcemide and hypotonic KCl (0.075 M) was performed as usual. 3) Metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the flame-drying technique and treated with 0.25% trypsin at 37 C for 45 to 90 seconds. Before staining, the slides were rinsed in PBS, in distilled water, and then were dipped in 0.05 M acetate buffer. 4) Chromosomes were stained for more than 20 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, and hot-air dried. Satisfactory results were obtained in uncontracted metaphase chromosomes. MGP stain has the advantage of permitting much longer trypsin treatment and staining time than the trypsin-Giemsa method while providing satisfactory banding patterns.", "contents": "Chromosomal banding patterns produced by methyl green-pyronin staining after trypsin treatment. A method is described for producing banding patterns with methyl green-pyronin (MGP) stain in chromosomes of fibrosarcoma cells. 1) The stain was made by mixing equal volumes of 2% aqueous pyronin G, 2% aqueous methyl green, distilled water, and 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.7). 2) Treatment with colcemide and hypotonic KCl (0.075 M) was performed as usual. 3) Metaphase chromosomes were prepared using the flame-drying technique and treated with 0.25% trypsin at 37 C for 45 to 90 seconds. Before staining, the slides were rinsed in PBS, in distilled water, and then were dipped in 0.05 M acetate buffer. 4) Chromosomes were stained for more than 20 minutes, rinsed in distilled water, and hot-air dried. Satisfactory results were obtained in uncontracted metaphase chromosomes. MGP stain has the advantage of permitting much longer trypsin treatment and staining time than the trypsin-Giemsa method while providing satisfactory banding patterns.", "PMID": 494334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1936", "title": "A thermally controlled microinjector.", "content": "An economical device for 0.1-2 microliter microinjections in animals is described. The expansions of electrically heated mercury is used to provide precise and repeatable injections. The rate of injection can be controlled either manually or by a motor drive.", "contents": "A thermally controlled microinjector. An economical device for 0.1-2 microliter microinjections in animals is described. The expansions of electrically heated mercury is used to provide precise and repeatable injections. The rate of injection can be controlled either manually or by a motor drive.", "PMID": 494335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1937", "title": "Remarks about fractionation schemes.", "content": "Today a change from the orthodox \"200 rad daily, 5 times per week\" scheme to other improved treatment schemes is in the foreground of discussions. However, the situation is very complex and so far no distinct solution has been found. Radiobiology has recommended larger doses at less frequent intervals, but also smaller doses given more often have been used with quite good results. Several factors are important: Tumor conditions, dimensions, growth and sensitivity--reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor cells--recovery and tolerance of normal cells and, last but not least, the general state of the patient. To explain and unravel the problems an example of therapy with high-energy electrons is described. Considering four fundamental successively depending decisions an empirical system is described which may enable us to find improved treatment schemes. Finally a method is explained which makes it possible to transform a treatment scheme to a different equivalent scheme by calculating a total effective standard dose (ESD). This calculation follows exactly the isoeffect principle and makes possible a comparison of different treatment schemes using also different types of radiation.", "contents": "Remarks about fractionation schemes. Today a change from the orthodox \"200 rad daily, 5 times per week\" scheme to other improved treatment schemes is in the foreground of discussions. However, the situation is very complex and so far no distinct solution has been found. Radiobiology has recommended larger doses at less frequent intervals, but also smaller doses given more often have been used with quite good results. Several factors are important: Tumor conditions, dimensions, growth and sensitivity--reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor cells--recovery and tolerance of normal cells and, last but not least, the general state of the patient. To explain and unravel the problems an example of therapy with high-energy electrons is described. Considering four fundamental successively depending decisions an empirical system is described which may enable us to find improved treatment schemes. Finally a method is explained which makes it possible to transform a treatment scheme to a different equivalent scheme by calculating a total effective standard dose (ESD). This calculation follows exactly the isoeffect principle and makes possible a comparison of different treatment schemes using also different types of radiation.", "PMID": 494338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1938", "title": "[Problems of evaluation concerning the success achieved by treating the mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze the differences of the figures of success communicated in literature for the curative treatment of the mastocarcinoma. They find that neither the therapy method nor the extension of the operated body region are decisive for these figures. The individual success depends on the stage, and the group result is only influenced by the composition of the patients; These observations explain also why the figures of success of the curative therapy of the mastocarcinoma which were based on the stages of the disease have been at a standstill since 25 years. A decisive improvement, however, can be anticipated by virtue of an intensified prevention of mastocarcinoma and a changement of the therapy conception including a prophylaxis against metastases.", "contents": "[Problems of evaluation concerning the success achieved by treating the mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors analyze the differences of the figures of success communicated in literature for the curative treatment of the mastocarcinoma. They find that neither the therapy method nor the extension of the operated body region are decisive for these figures. The individual success depends on the stage, and the group result is only influenced by the composition of the patients; These observations explain also why the figures of success of the curative therapy of the mastocarcinoma which were based on the stages of the disease have been at a standstill since 25 years. A decisive improvement, however, can be anticipated by virtue of an intensified prevention of mastocarcinoma and a changement of the therapy conception including a prophylaxis against metastases.", "PMID": 494339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1939", "title": "[Experiences with orthovoltage therapy in cancer of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "After 22 years of sole orthovoltage therapy the results and experiences arrived at in the course of treatment are subjected to a final review. The results are compared to those of other authors, obtained with megavoltage therapy, and a critical analysis of the problems existing in the radiation therapy of cancer of the breast is presented.", "contents": "[Experiences with orthovoltage therapy in cancer of the breast (author's transl)]. After 22 years of sole orthovoltage therapy the results and experiences arrived at in the course of treatment are subjected to a final review. The results are compared to those of other authors, obtained with megavoltage therapy, and a critical analysis of the problems existing in the radiation therapy of cancer of the breast is presented.", "PMID": 494340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1940", "title": "A simple formula for depth dose calculation for Co-60 teletherapy beam dosimetry.", "content": "Knowledge of dose at all the points of interest, in the plane of tumour, is essential for treatment planning. A very simple formula for scatter dose calculation along the central axis of a Co-60 beam has been derived. This formula uses primary dose at depth d, scatter air ratio at the depth of maximum ionisation and the effective depth of the volume, irradiating the medium. The method for calculation of percentage depth dose at any point in the principal plane has been explained in detail. The simple form of the formulation will help in improving the treatment plans for treatments of lesions using Co-60 teletherapy machines.", "contents": "A simple formula for depth dose calculation for Co-60 teletherapy beam dosimetry. Knowledge of dose at all the points of interest, in the plane of tumour, is essential for treatment planning. A very simple formula for scatter dose calculation along the central axis of a Co-60 beam has been derived. This formula uses primary dose at depth d, scatter air ratio at the depth of maximum ionisation and the effective depth of the volume, irradiating the medium. The method for calculation of percentage depth dose at any point in the principal plane has been explained in detail. The simple form of the formulation will help in improving the treatment plans for treatments of lesions using Co-60 teletherapy machines.", "PMID": 494341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1941", "title": "[About the present state of technology of therapy simulators: comparison of the characteristic data of 8 devices (author's transl)].", "content": "The author compares properties and characteristics data of therapy simulators of different producers (AECL, Oldelft, Philips, Picker, Santax, Siemens, Toshiba), outline their value as against the computer tomograph, and mention the actual trends of development.", "contents": "[About the present state of technology of therapy simulators: comparison of the characteristic data of 8 devices (author's transl)]. The author compares properties and characteristics data of therapy simulators of different producers (AECL, Oldelft, Philips, Picker, Santax, Siemens, Toshiba), outline their value as against the computer tomograph, and mention the actual trends of development.", "PMID": 494342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1942", "title": "Absorbed dose rate in tissue around uniformly loaded linear radium and 137Cs-sources encapsulated in platinum.", "content": "A method is described for calculating the absorbed dose rate in tissue around encapsulated linear radium- or 137Cs-sources. A variable factor is derived relating this quantity to the absorbed dose rate from the unshielded source in air. This factor depends on a set of geometrical parameters including some data concerning the shape of the source ends.", "contents": "Absorbed dose rate in tissue around uniformly loaded linear radium and 137Cs-sources encapsulated in platinum. A method is described for calculating the absorbed dose rate in tissue around encapsulated linear radium- or 137Cs-sources. A variable factor is derived relating this quantity to the absorbed dose rate from the unshielded source in air. This factor depends on a set of geometrical parameters including some data concerning the shape of the source ends.", "PMID": 494343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1943", "title": "Microdosimetric measurements of ionization by some radioisotopes.", "content": "Microdosimetry has been a fast growing field in dosimetry during the last years. We have measured and calculated microdosimetric quantities which are important in correlation between the energy deposited in microscopic volumes and the biological effect. We have measured the energy distribution spectra in volumes with diameters of 1 and 2 mum and calculated the dose mean of specific energy and the mean event number per unit absorbed dose for the radioisotopes: 60Co, 137Cs, 99Tcm, 125J and the beta emitter 90Sr.", "contents": "Microdosimetric measurements of ionization by some radioisotopes. Microdosimetry has been a fast growing field in dosimetry during the last years. We have measured and calculated microdosimetric quantities which are important in correlation between the energy deposited in microscopic volumes and the biological effect. We have measured the energy distribution spectra in volumes with diameters of 1 and 2 mum and calculated the dose mean of specific energy and the mean event number per unit absorbed dose for the radioisotopes: 60Co, 137Cs, 99Tcm, 125J and the beta emitter 90Sr.", "PMID": 494344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1944", "title": "Kinetics of regrowth of V79 spheroids after gamma- and pi--irradiation.", "content": "Spheroids of V79 cells were irradiated with 180 MeV/c pi--mesons in the peak region and with gamma-rays. Doses of 900 and 1500 rad were applied, respectively, yielding 14% surviving cells. Regrowth of the spheroids was followed by measuring volume changes, cell multiplication as well as viability and proliferation of cycling and resting spheroid cells. While volume growth after irradiation was equal for both radiations, the time profiles of cell density, viability and mean DNA content per cell were found to be different. Consistently, a more prompt and pronounced response to pion irradiation could be inferred and was discussed in terms of LET dependent proliferation and elimination of inactivated cells and their subsequent substitution by viable progeny cells. Recruitment of resting cells was observed with both radiations.", "contents": "Kinetics of regrowth of V79 spheroids after gamma- and pi--irradiation. Spheroids of V79 cells were irradiated with 180 MeV/c pi--mesons in the peak region and with gamma-rays. Doses of 900 and 1500 rad were applied, respectively, yielding 14% surviving cells. Regrowth of the spheroids was followed by measuring volume changes, cell multiplication as well as viability and proliferation of cycling and resting spheroid cells. While volume growth after irradiation was equal for both radiations, the time profiles of cell density, viability and mean DNA content per cell were found to be different. Consistently, a more prompt and pronounced response to pion irradiation could be inferred and was discussed in terms of LET dependent proliferation and elimination of inactivated cells and their subsequent substitution by viable progeny cells. Recruitment of resting cells was observed with both radiations.", "PMID": 494345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1945", "title": "The effect of dianabol on certain cell energy processes in postirradiation disease. III. The effect of chronic administration of dianabol and irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Chronic administration of Dianabol did not prevent the radiation-induced changes of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Irradiation of rats with X-rays, in a dose of 600 R for the whole body, causes damage of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Progressive reducation of oxygen consumption, decrease of high-energy bond formation and a drop of the P/O coefficient were observed in irradiated animals. The presumable role of the postirradiation damage of oxidative phosphorylation and the effects of radioprotective compounds on this process are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of dianabol on certain cell energy processes in postirradiation disease. III. The effect of chronic administration of dianabol and irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Chronic administration of Dianabol did not prevent the radiation-induced changes of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Irradiation of rats with X-rays, in a dose of 600 R for the whole body, causes damage of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Progressive reducation of oxygen consumption, decrease of high-energy bond formation and a drop of the P/O coefficient were observed in irradiated animals. The presumable role of the postirradiation damage of oxidative phosphorylation and the effects of radioprotective compounds on this process are discussed.", "PMID": 494346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1946", "title": "[Results from 215 patients with laryngeal carcinoma treated with sole radiotherapy or with a combination of radiotherapy and operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of radiotherapy alone or in combination with surgery in 215 patients with laryngeal cancer are reported (treatment time between 1963 and 1976). In patients with glottic cancer, the cure rate is about 80% and surgical treatment for persistent/recurrent cancer was necessary only in a few cases. Analysis of tumor dose, tumor control rate and complication rate shows that in cases with glottic cancer a tumor dose between 1900 and 2000 ret is necessary and tolerable. In patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer, the cure rate is about 55%. Early stages (T1N0M0) were mostly treated by radiotherapy alone, moderately advanced stages (T1N1,T2N0+1) mostly received radiotherapy as a primary treatment and were operated in case of irradiation failure. Advanced stages were primarily treated by a combined therapy, and by radiotherapy alone if they were inoperable. In early cases, who are to be treated by radiotherapy alone, the tumor dose should be about 1900 ret. In moderate cases, treatment by primary irradiation alone is possible, if the patient can be followed up regularly; surgery is indicated, if the patient cannot unequivocally be classified as symptomless. In some of these cases, there is no tumor demonstrable histologically in the excised larynx. In using this treatment policy, there is a better functional treatment result than in using primary combined treatment in moderately advanced cases with supraglottic laryngeal cancer.", "contents": "[Results from 215 patients with laryngeal carcinoma treated with sole radiotherapy or with a combination of radiotherapy and operation (author's transl)]. Results of radiotherapy alone or in combination with surgery in 215 patients with laryngeal cancer are reported (treatment time between 1963 and 1976). In patients with glottic cancer, the cure rate is about 80% and surgical treatment for persistent/recurrent cancer was necessary only in a few cases. Analysis of tumor dose, tumor control rate and complication rate shows that in cases with glottic cancer a tumor dose between 1900 and 2000 ret is necessary and tolerable. In patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer, the cure rate is about 55%. Early stages (T1N0M0) were mostly treated by radiotherapy alone, moderately advanced stages (T1N1,T2N0+1) mostly received radiotherapy as a primary treatment and were operated in case of irradiation failure. Advanced stages were primarily treated by a combined therapy, and by radiotherapy alone if they were inoperable. In early cases, who are to be treated by radiotherapy alone, the tumor dose should be about 1900 ret. In moderate cases, treatment by primary irradiation alone is possible, if the patient can be followed up regularly; surgery is indicated, if the patient cannot unequivocally be classified as symptomless. In some of these cases, there is no tumor demonstrable histologically in the excised larynx. In using this treatment policy, there is a better functional treatment result than in using primary combined treatment in moderately advanced cases with supraglottic laryngeal cancer.", "PMID": 494347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1947", "title": "[Cancer prophylaxis: gain or risk? (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the most important measures for the improvement in curative cancer therapy, stagnant during 25 years, will be a cancer prophylaxis as extensive, intensified and directed as possible. Seventy percent of all the cancerous diseases are produced by seven cancer species. Of these seven species, four are appropriate for a promising cancer prophylaxis: the mammary, uterine and intestinal catzinoma in women, the intestinal carcinoma in men. Risks as well as improvements concerning prophylaxic examination for cancer of the breast or prostatic carcinoma are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Cancer prophylaxis: gain or risk? (author's transl)]. One of the most important measures for the improvement in curative cancer therapy, stagnant during 25 years, will be a cancer prophylaxis as extensive, intensified and directed as possible. Seventy percent of all the cancerous diseases are produced by seven cancer species. Of these seven species, four are appropriate for a promising cancer prophylaxis: the mammary, uterine and intestinal catzinoma in women, the intestinal carcinoma in men. Risks as well as improvements concerning prophylaxic examination for cancer of the breast or prostatic carcinoma are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 494348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1948", "title": "Calculation of the dose distribution around 137Cs tubes used in clinical brachytherapy.", "content": "The dose distribution in water around a CDC.J 137Cs tube is calculated with a computer. In the transverse direction the calculated dose rates showed to be almost unsusceptible for the value of the platinum absorption coefficient. In the longitudinal direction, however, the value of the linear absorption coefficient plays a more prominent role. An effective absorption coefficient for the filter material was determined by measurement, using a photographic film. This was done by relating the filmdensity along the source axis with the filmdensity along the transverse axis, where the dose rate is well known. In this way an effective linear absorption coefficient for platinum was obtained which gives a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. For use in a computer program for clinical use, the dose distribution around a cesium tube has been calculated in a specific spherical coordinate system using 101 radii.", "contents": "Calculation of the dose distribution around 137Cs tubes used in clinical brachytherapy. The dose distribution in water around a CDC.J 137Cs tube is calculated with a computer. In the transverse direction the calculated dose rates showed to be almost unsusceptible for the value of the platinum absorption coefficient. In the longitudinal direction, however, the value of the linear absorption coefficient plays a more prominent role. An effective absorption coefficient for the filter material was determined by measurement, using a photographic film. This was done by relating the filmdensity along the source axis with the filmdensity along the transverse axis, where the dose rate is well known. In this way an effective linear absorption coefficient for platinum was obtained which gives a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. For use in a computer program for clinical use, the dose distribution around a cesium tube has been calculated in a specific spherical coordinate system using 101 radii.", "PMID": 494349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1949", "title": "Multidetector endodosimetry probe with silicon-pn-junction-diodes for in-vivo-dosimetry.", "content": "In-vivo-dosimetry is necessary to prevent overdosage during radiation treatment techniques of great risk. New special dosemeter probes with up to five Si-pn-junction-diodes in a silicone tube were developed and tested for endodosimetry. They show high efficiency and good linearity of response, without dose-rate dependence. The steep increase of the sensitivity for low energies causes a phantom depth dependence of response. A low temperature dependence but a large anisotropy of response is found for the tested diodes. These multidetector probes proved to be sufficient for direct reading endodosimetric control of dose and dose-distribution during radiotherapy.", "contents": "Multidetector endodosimetry probe with silicon-pn-junction-diodes for in-vivo-dosimetry. In-vivo-dosimetry is necessary to prevent overdosage during radiation treatment techniques of great risk. New special dosemeter probes with up to five Si-pn-junction-diodes in a silicone tube were developed and tested for endodosimetry. They show high efficiency and good linearity of response, without dose-rate dependence. The steep increase of the sensitivity for low energies causes a phantom depth dependence of response. A low temperature dependence but a large anisotropy of response is found for the tested diodes. These multidetector probes proved to be sufficient for direct reading endodosimetric control of dose and dose-distribution during radiotherapy.", "PMID": 494351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1950", "title": "[Theoretical derivation of a logarithmic equivalence function for the fractionation in depth therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of fractionated radiation therapy is essentially dependent on recovery of the tissues during the fractionation intervals. Supposing the recuperative capacity of irradiated tissues is lessening in the course of a depth therapy series (introduction of the term \"change of the seeming recovery\"), an equivalence function for fractionation is obtained and the conventional logarithmic function therefrom derived. Qualities of the here developed equivalence function are discussed.", "contents": "[Theoretical derivation of a logarithmic equivalence function for the fractionation in depth therapy (author's transl)]. The effect of fractionated radiation therapy is essentially dependent on recovery of the tissues during the fractionation intervals. Supposing the recuperative capacity of irradiated tissues is lessening in the course of a depth therapy series (introduction of the term \"change of the seeming recovery\"), an equivalence function for fractionation is obtained and the conventional logarithmic function therefrom derived. Qualities of the here developed equivalence function are discussed.", "PMID": 494352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1951", "title": "Participation of granulosa cell populations in radiation response of the follicular apparatus in the ovary of mice.", "content": "The aim of this paper was to investigate the fates of granulosa cells in three different types of the follicles during 10 hours after single irradiation with 100 resp. 200 R. Using flash labelling with 3H-thymidine, observations of the ovarian anatomical structures during 4--5 estruses after 150 R were made. It has been found, that the basic radiobiological event, influencing further fates of the follicles, is delay of granulosa cell proliferation. Consequently, the further growth and maturation of the follicles is retarded and a reduction of ovulation, a lengthening and an irregularity of estrus take place. The killing effect within granulosa cells is not significant and is of secondary importance.", "contents": "Participation of granulosa cell populations in radiation response of the follicular apparatus in the ovary of mice. The aim of this paper was to investigate the fates of granulosa cells in three different types of the follicles during 10 hours after single irradiation with 100 resp. 200 R. Using flash labelling with 3H-thymidine, observations of the ovarian anatomical structures during 4--5 estruses after 150 R were made. It has been found, that the basic radiobiological event, influencing further fates of the follicles, is delay of granulosa cell proliferation. Consequently, the further growth and maturation of the follicles is retarded and a reduction of ovulation, a lengthening and an irregularity of estrus take place. The killing effect within granulosa cells is not significant and is of secondary importance.", "PMID": 494353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1952", "title": "Radiation effects on the parotid gland of mammals. Part 1: Modifications on the morphology and uptake and elimination after 14C-leucine administration.", "content": "U-14C-Leucine uptake and eliminaton in connection with morphological investigations after sublethal doses have been studied. The tracer uptake and elimination curves do not show significant differences between controls and irradiated animals, except for early appearance of initial peaks. An increased uptake of labeled amino acid was observed only 32 and 120 hours after irradiation, when sacrifices were done at the same hours of the day. The dose employed does not seem to affect in any significant way either the acinar and duct cells or other structures. Only a mild thickening of the connective tissue has been observed in the parotid of animals sacrificed at longer intervals.", "contents": "Radiation effects on the parotid gland of mammals. Part 1: Modifications on the morphology and uptake and elimination after 14C-leucine administration. U-14C-Leucine uptake and eliminaton in connection with morphological investigations after sublethal doses have been studied. The tracer uptake and elimination curves do not show significant differences between controls and irradiated animals, except for early appearance of initial peaks. An increased uptake of labeled amino acid was observed only 32 and 120 hours after irradiation, when sacrifices were done at the same hours of the day. The dose employed does not seem to affect in any significant way either the acinar and duct cells or other structures. Only a mild thickening of the connective tissue has been observed in the parotid of animals sacrificed at longer intervals.", "PMID": 494354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1953", "title": "The reduction of 5 alpha-cholestan-3-one and 5 beta-cholestan-3-one by some boranes and hydroborates.", "content": "This paper describes the high yield synthesis of 5 alpha-cholestan-3 alpha-ol and 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol by the reduction of 5 alpha- and 5 beta-cholestan-3-one using using potassium and lithium-tri-sec-butyl-hydroborates as reducing reagents. Attempts to obtain the same alcohols using other bulky boranes resulted in the equatorial products.", "contents": "The reduction of 5 alpha-cholestan-3-one and 5 beta-cholestan-3-one by some boranes and hydroborates. This paper describes the high yield synthesis of 5 alpha-cholestan-3 alpha-ol and 5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol by the reduction of 5 alpha- and 5 beta-cholestan-3-one using using potassium and lithium-tri-sec-butyl-hydroborates as reducing reagents. Attempts to obtain the same alcohols using other bulky boranes resulted in the equatorial products.", "PMID": 494355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1954", "title": "Metabolism and binding in vitro of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in cell fractions of rat ventral prostate and liver.", "content": "Rat ventral prostate and liver were investigated for the binding in vitro to particulate fractions and for the metabolism of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. Comparative investigations were carried out on the metabolism of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol. Preparations of the liver were investigated in order to establish the organ specificity of the method. In the prostate, the bulk of the metabolites of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol was present as steroids of high polarity. Of the less polar metabolites, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan, 17-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol were detectable. The binding of a 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to mitochondria and microsomes was unspecific. In the liver, among the less polar metabolites, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one was the main metabolite, and the binding was unspecific. The main metabolite in the prostate homogenate of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. The portion of highly polar steroids was very low. The portion of unmetabolized hormone was distributed almost equally among the different cell preparations except the nuclei, in which 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was higher and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was lower than in the remaining cell fractions.", "contents": "Metabolism and binding in vitro of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol in cell fractions of rat ventral prostate and liver. Rat ventral prostate and liver were investigated for the binding in vitro to particulate fractions and for the metabolism of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. Comparative investigations were carried out on the metabolism of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol. Preparations of the liver were investigated in order to establish the organ specificity of the method. In the prostate, the bulk of the metabolites of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol was present as steroids of high polarity. Of the less polar metabolites, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan, 17-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol were detectable. The binding of a 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to mitochondria and microsomes was unspecific. In the liver, among the less polar metabolites, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one was the main metabolite, and the binding was unspecific. The main metabolite in the prostate homogenate of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. The portion of highly polar steroids was very low. The portion of unmetabolized hormone was distributed almost equally among the different cell preparations except the nuclei, in which 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was higher and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was lower than in the remaining cell fractions.", "PMID": 494356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1955", "title": "BOMT (6 alpha-bromo-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-4-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) is not an androgen antagonist within the central nervous system.", "content": "This study investigates the efficiency of BOMT as an androgen antagonist within the central nervous system. The efficiency of BOMT in suppressing neural receptor binding of testosterone, and the ability of this antiandrogen to block the feedback loop of testosterone onto the central nervous system, as evidenced by plasma testosterone levels, is reported. BOMT was found to be unable to open the feedback loop of testosterone onto the central nervous system, which was correlated with the low competing efficiency of this antiandrogen for receptor sites in vitro within the hypothalamic-preoptic area of the brain - a region known to be involved in gonadotrophin secretion. The observed divergence in the degree of antiandrogenicity of BOMT between peripheral and central target tissues of testosterone is discussed.", "contents": "BOMT (6 alpha-bromo-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-4-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) is not an androgen antagonist within the central nervous system. This study investigates the efficiency of BOMT as an androgen antagonist within the central nervous system. The efficiency of BOMT in suppressing neural receptor binding of testosterone, and the ability of this antiandrogen to block the feedback loop of testosterone onto the central nervous system, as evidenced by plasma testosterone levels, is reported. BOMT was found to be unable to open the feedback loop of testosterone onto the central nervous system, which was correlated with the low competing efficiency of this antiandrogen for receptor sites in vitro within the hypothalamic-preoptic area of the brain - a region known to be involved in gonadotrophin secretion. The observed divergence in the degree of antiandrogenicity of BOMT between peripheral and central target tissues of testosterone is discussed.", "PMID": 494357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1956", "title": "Effects of various doses of testosterone propionate on intratesticular and plasma testosterone levels and maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Adult hypophysectomized rats were maintained on different regimens of testosterone propionate (TP) treatment for 27 days (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1 mg/day) and autopsied 16 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were taken, sex organs were weighed and one testis from each animal was fixed in Bouins fluid for histologic analysis. The other testis and blood were used for testosterone (T) determinations. Both testicular and plasma T were below detectable levels in hypophysectomized control rats. The plasma T level showed a dose response relationship with increasing dose of TP but such was not the case for intratesticular T concentrations. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of testis sections showed that spermatogenesis was incomplete in rats receiving 0.2 mg TP/day characterized by the absence of step 15 to 19 spermatids, degeneration of some pachytene spermatocytes and a significantly lower yield of B type spermatogonia. Analysis of testis sections from animals treated with 0.4 to 1 mg TP/day showed complete maintenance and maturation of pachytene spermatocytes, meiosis and spermiogenesis. However, even with the highest dose of TP (1 mg/day) the total yield of B type spermatogonia was only about 58% of the intact controls. It is concluded that at least 0.4 mg/day of exogenous TP is essential for qualitative maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats with an intratesticular T concentration of 17 to 18 ng/gm testis.", "contents": "Effects of various doses of testosterone propionate on intratesticular and plasma testosterone levels and maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult hypophysectomized rats. Adult hypophysectomized rats were maintained on different regimens of testosterone propionate (TP) treatment for 27 days (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1 mg/day) and autopsied 16 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were taken, sex organs were weighed and one testis from each animal was fixed in Bouins fluid for histologic analysis. The other testis and blood were used for testosterone (T) determinations. Both testicular and plasma T were below detectable levels in hypophysectomized control rats. The plasma T level showed a dose response relationship with increasing dose of TP but such was not the case for intratesticular T concentrations. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of testis sections showed that spermatogenesis was incomplete in rats receiving 0.2 mg TP/day characterized by the absence of step 15 to 19 spermatids, degeneration of some pachytene spermatocytes and a significantly lower yield of B type spermatogonia. Analysis of testis sections from animals treated with 0.4 to 1 mg TP/day showed complete maintenance and maturation of pachytene spermatocytes, meiosis and spermiogenesis. However, even with the highest dose of TP (1 mg/day) the total yield of B type spermatogonia was only about 58% of the intact controls. It is concluded that at least 0.4 mg/day of exogenous TP is essential for qualitative maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats with an intratesticular T concentration of 17 to 18 ng/gm testis.", "PMID": 494358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1957", "title": "Side chain-hydroxylated sterols of the red alga Asparagopsis armata: significant products or artifacts due to autoxidation?", "content": "Sterols characterized by an allylic hydroxyl group in the side chain, such as stigmasta-5,28-diene-3 beta, 24 epsilon-diol (1), cholesta-5,23-diene-3 beta,25-diol (2) and cholesta-5,25-diene-3 beta,24 epsilon-diol (3), have been identified several times in various marine algae. Their origin was considered as doubtful: they could have been bona fide constituents of the alga, or be artifacts caused by autoxidation during the isolation process. We have shown that the dihydroxy steroids 2 and 3 can indeed be produced by the autoxidation of cholesta-5,24-dien-3 beta-ol (desmosterol) (5), but that they are nevertheless present in the taxonomic significance.", "contents": "Side chain-hydroxylated sterols of the red alga Asparagopsis armata: significant products or artifacts due to autoxidation? Sterols characterized by an allylic hydroxyl group in the side chain, such as stigmasta-5,28-diene-3 beta, 24 epsilon-diol (1), cholesta-5,23-diene-3 beta,25-diol (2) and cholesta-5,25-diene-3 beta,24 epsilon-diol (3), have been identified several times in various marine algae. Their origin was considered as doubtful: they could have been bona fide constituents of the alga, or be artifacts caused by autoxidation during the isolation process. We have shown that the dihydroxy steroids 2 and 3 can indeed be produced by the autoxidation of cholesta-5,24-dien-3 beta-ol (desmosterol) (5), but that they are nevertheless present in the taxonomic significance.", "PMID": 494359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1958", "title": "The synthesis of diazo, halo, and sulfoxy bile acid derivatives: potential affinity labels.", "content": "Bile acid derivatives, with and without C-3 sulfate groups, and having either the diazo- or halomethylketone moieties, have been synthesized in good yield and purity. The synthetic sequence, COOH leads to COC1 leads to COCHN2 leads to COCH2X, was used with deoxycholic and cholic acids, which requires carefully controlled quench, work-up, and purification procedures, especially for the 3-sulfate esters (made from deoxycholic acid derivatives only). The pure title compounds are anticipated to be useful chemical probes (affinity labels), especially the completely water soluble sulfates, toward our studies of ileal active transport of bile salts. A new use for Sephadex LH-20 as a sulfate ester protecting group is reported. Also developed were the use of acetamide hydrochloride complex as a mild hydrochlorination reagent and a neutral desalting method for sulfate esters of deoxycholic acid derivatives.", "contents": "The synthesis of diazo, halo, and sulfoxy bile acid derivatives: potential affinity labels. Bile acid derivatives, with and without C-3 sulfate groups, and having either the diazo- or halomethylketone moieties, have been synthesized in good yield and purity. The synthetic sequence, COOH leads to COC1 leads to COCHN2 leads to COCH2X, was used with deoxycholic and cholic acids, which requires carefully controlled quench, work-up, and purification procedures, especially for the 3-sulfate esters (made from deoxycholic acid derivatives only). The pure title compounds are anticipated to be useful chemical probes (affinity labels), especially the completely water soluble sulfates, toward our studies of ileal active transport of bile salts. A new use for Sephadex LH-20 as a sulfate ester protecting group is reported. Also developed were the use of acetamide hydrochloride complex as a mild hydrochlorination reagent and a neutral desalting method for sulfate esters of deoxycholic acid derivatives.", "PMID": 494360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1959", "title": "Synthesis of 17 beta-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]- and 17 beta-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]androst-4-en-3-one. Potential suicide substrates of 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.", "content": "The title compounds have been synthesized for evaluation as potential suicide substrates of 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Synthesis was achieved by the following route. Acetylenedimagnesium bromide was reacted with 3 beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17 beta-carboxaldehyde to give 17 beta-[(1R,S)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl] androst-4-en-3 beta-ol. Separation of the R and S diols was achieved by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Selective oxidation of the 3 beta-hydroxyl group with Jones reagent at 0 degrees gave the title compounds. Further oxidation with Jones reagent converted each acetylenic alcohol to the conjugated acetylenic ketone, 17 beta-(1-oxo-2-propynyl)androst-4-en-3-one.", "contents": "Synthesis of 17 beta-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]- and 17 beta-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]androst-4-en-3-one. Potential suicide substrates of 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The title compounds have been synthesized for evaluation as potential suicide substrates of 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Synthesis was achieved by the following route. Acetylenedimagnesium bromide was reacted with 3 beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17 beta-carboxaldehyde to give 17 beta-[(1R,S)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl] androst-4-en-3 beta-ol. Separation of the R and S diols was achieved by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Selective oxidation of the 3 beta-hydroxyl group with Jones reagent at 0 degrees gave the title compounds. Further oxidation with Jones reagent converted each acetylenic alcohol to the conjugated acetylenic ketone, 17 beta-(1-oxo-2-propynyl)androst-4-en-3-one.", "PMID": 494361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1960", "title": "Estrogen metabolism in neural tissues of rabbits: 17 beta - hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity.", "content": "Incubation of adult rabbit neural tissue homogenates with (3H)-estrone and (3H)-estradiol revealed that the conversion of estrone to estradiol is higher in both male and female animals than estradiol to estrone. Both 17 oxidation and reduction are higher in male animals than in females. However, it is observed that the quotient of estrone leads to estradiol/estradiol leads to estrone for pituitary tissue and hypothalamus are higher in females than in males. There is no such dimorphism in cerebral cortex. The overall metabolism in pituitary is higher than in hypothalamus and cortex in both sexes. These results suggest that 17 beta hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity may play an important role in the regulation of estrogen function in neuroendocrine tissues.", "contents": "Estrogen metabolism in neural tissues of rabbits: 17 beta - hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. Incubation of adult rabbit neural tissue homogenates with (3H)-estrone and (3H)-estradiol revealed that the conversion of estrone to estradiol is higher in both male and female animals than estradiol to estrone. Both 17 oxidation and reduction are higher in male animals than in females. However, it is observed that the quotient of estrone leads to estradiol/estradiol leads to estrone for pituitary tissue and hypothalamus are higher in females than in males. There is no such dimorphism in cerebral cortex. The overall metabolism in pituitary is higher than in hypothalamus and cortex in both sexes. These results suggest that 17 beta hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity may play an important role in the regulation of estrogen function in neuroendocrine tissues.", "PMID": 494362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1961", "title": "Relationship between estrogen receptors, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrogen content in human breast cancer.", "content": "Estrone and estradiol levels in tumor tissue cytosols were determined in 11 premenopausal and 20 postmenopausal women at the same time that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrogen receptors (ER) were carried out on their breast cancers. Estrogen receptor positive tumors showed significantly higher levels of estrone and estradiol. However, all ER negative tumors contained measurable amounts of both estradiol and estrone. Higher levels of estrone were observed in ER negative tumors which correlates well with high 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that false negative receptor assays in the premenopausal women is not likely to be due to occupancy of receptors by endogenous estrogens. Furthermore, the higher estrone content in the ER negative group is probably due to high 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity inherent to these tumor cells.", "contents": "Relationship between estrogen receptors, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrogen content in human breast cancer. Estrone and estradiol levels in tumor tissue cytosols were determined in 11 premenopausal and 20 postmenopausal women at the same time that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrogen receptors (ER) were carried out on their breast cancers. Estrogen receptor positive tumors showed significantly higher levels of estrone and estradiol. However, all ER negative tumors contained measurable amounts of both estradiol and estrone. Higher levels of estrone were observed in ER negative tumors which correlates well with high 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that false negative receptor assays in the premenopausal women is not likely to be due to occupancy of receptors by endogenous estrogens. Furthermore, the higher estrone content in the ER negative group is probably due to high 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity inherent to these tumor cells.", "PMID": 494363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1962", "title": "An evaluation of systems for paper chromatography of C21 steroids.", "content": "A group of moderately polar C21 steroids (3-5 oxygen functions) has been chromatographed in 9 solvent systems. Using the concept that standard deviation of the mean RF is an index of chromatographic resolution, and that coefficients of correlation between sets of RF data can be used to quantify the similarities of chromatographic systems, we have evaluated the resolving properties of the systems when used individually, and also when used in combinations of two, three and four. The discriminating powers of some of the most effective individual systems, and some of the sequences of systems which are most efficient, are shown graphically as chromatography trees. The relationship between the total effective standard deviation of a group of systems which are used in sequence and the probability that a pair of compounds will be separated by more than 0.10 RF is discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of systems for paper chromatography of C21 steroids. A group of moderately polar C21 steroids (3-5 oxygen functions) has been chromatographed in 9 solvent systems. Using the concept that standard deviation of the mean RF is an index of chromatographic resolution, and that coefficients of correlation between sets of RF data can be used to quantify the similarities of chromatographic systems, we have evaluated the resolving properties of the systems when used individually, and also when used in combinations of two, three and four. The discriminating powers of some of the most effective individual systems, and some of the sequences of systems which are most efficient, are shown graphically as chromatography trees. The relationship between the total effective standard deviation of a group of systems which are used in sequence and the probability that a pair of compounds will be separated by more than 0.10 RF is discussed.", "PMID": 494364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1963", "title": "Pituitary metabolism of 5alpha-androstane-3beta-17beta-diol: intense and rapid conversion into 5alpha-androstane-3beta,6alpha,17beta-triol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,7alpha, 17beta-triol.", "content": "In the male rat pituitary, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) is extensively metabolized into polar steroids. They were identified as 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 6alpha-17beta-triol (6alpha-triol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 7alpha, 17beta-triol (7alpha-triol). 6-alpha-Triol represents 53% and 7alpha-Triol 28% of the total 3beta-diol metabolites. The remaining percentage is related to 6beta and 7beta isomers. The biological role of triols is still unknown.", "contents": "Pituitary metabolism of 5alpha-androstane-3beta-17beta-diol: intense and rapid conversion into 5alpha-androstane-3beta,6alpha,17beta-triol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,7alpha, 17beta-triol. In the male rat pituitary, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) is extensively metabolized into polar steroids. They were identified as 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 6alpha-17beta-triol (6alpha-triol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 7alpha, 17beta-triol (7alpha-triol). 6-alpha-Triol represents 53% and 7alpha-Triol 28% of the total 3beta-diol metabolites. The remaining percentage is related to 6beta and 7beta isomers. The biological role of triols is still unknown.", "PMID": 494365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1964", "title": "Preparation of [3beta-3H] labeled bile acids and bile alcohols.", "content": "[3beta-3H]-bile acids and bile alcohols may be useful for metabolic studies in man and animals because the 3-position is invulnerable to bacterial attack. A number of tritium labeled bile acids and bile alcohols were prepared by selective oxidation of the hydroxyl group at carbon-3 followed by reduction with NaBT4. In each case, the bile acids and bile alcohols epimeric at carbon-3 were resolved by analytical and preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized by gasliquid chromatography. The average yield was 60--65% and specific activities of the final products were in the range of 7.4 x 10(7) dpm/mg.", "contents": "Preparation of [3beta-3H] labeled bile acids and bile alcohols. [3beta-3H]-bile acids and bile alcohols may be useful for metabolic studies in man and animals because the 3-position is invulnerable to bacterial attack. A number of tritium labeled bile acids and bile alcohols were prepared by selective oxidation of the hydroxyl group at carbon-3 followed by reduction with NaBT4. In each case, the bile acids and bile alcohols epimeric at carbon-3 were resolved by analytical and preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized by gasliquid chromatography. The average yield was 60--65% and specific activities of the final products were in the range of 7.4 x 10(7) dpm/mg.", "PMID": 494366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1965", "title": "Cholesterol biosynthesis and progesterone production by chorionic cells of the early sheep conceptus in vitro.", "content": "Dissociated trophoblast cells from the chorion of the 21-day sheep conceptus were shown to produce progesterone in vitro. Evidence that this represented synthesis de novo was provided by the prolonged production of progesterone in the absence of added precursor steroids. Radioactive cholesterol was isolated after incubation of dispersed chorionic cells with acetate-1-14C.", "contents": "Cholesterol biosynthesis and progesterone production by chorionic cells of the early sheep conceptus in vitro. Dissociated trophoblast cells from the chorion of the 21-day sheep conceptus were shown to produce progesterone in vitro. Evidence that this represented synthesis de novo was provided by the prolonged production of progesterone in the absence of added precursor steroids. Radioactive cholesterol was isolated after incubation of dispersed chorionic cells with acetate-1-14C.", "PMID": 494367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1966", "title": "Percentage binding of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and unbound testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in rabbit maternal and fetal plasma during sexual organogenesis.", "content": "The percentages of bound testosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one; T) and dihydrotestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one; DHT) and their unbound concentrations were determined in pregnant rabbits and their fetuses from the 18th day of gestation to birth. T and DHT were also measured in fetal testes. In the testis, the total T/total DHT ratio, very high at 22 days (73.7 +/- 15.2), decreased until birth (6.7 +/- 0.8). In male fetuses the concentrations of total and unbound circulating T and DHT were always low and did not show any peak during sexual organogenesis. The percent binding of T (from 73.0 +/- 0.5 to 77.6 +/- 0.6) and DHT (from 76.5 to 83.7 +/- 1.1) in fetuses were similar in both sexes and significantly lower than those measured in mothers (T: from 87.2 +/- 0.6 to 91.6 +/- 0.9; DHT: from 87.3 +/- 0.9 to 93.8 +/- 0.9).", "contents": "Percentage binding of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and unbound testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in rabbit maternal and fetal plasma during sexual organogenesis. The percentages of bound testosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one; T) and dihydrotestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one; DHT) and their unbound concentrations were determined in pregnant rabbits and their fetuses from the 18th day of gestation to birth. T and DHT were also measured in fetal testes. In the testis, the total T/total DHT ratio, very high at 22 days (73.7 +/- 15.2), decreased until birth (6.7 +/- 0.8). In male fetuses the concentrations of total and unbound circulating T and DHT were always low and did not show any peak during sexual organogenesis. The percent binding of T (from 73.0 +/- 0.5 to 77.6 +/- 0.6) and DHT (from 76.5 to 83.7 +/- 1.1) in fetuses were similar in both sexes and significantly lower than those measured in mothers (T: from 87.2 +/- 0.6 to 91.6 +/- 0.9; DHT: from 87.3 +/- 0.9 to 93.8 +/- 0.9).", "PMID": 494368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1967", "title": "Comparative effects of canrenoate-K and prorenoate-K upon aldosterone biosynthesis in perifused frog interrenal glands.", "content": "To investigate the possible direct effect of two aldosterone antagonists (Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K) upon mineralocorticoid biosynthesis a perifusion system technique has been developed. Frog interrenal tissue was selected for its ability to secrete huge amounts of aldosterone (twice as much as corticosterone in resting conditions). Throughout the experiment, secretion of aldosterone was measured every ten minutes by means of a sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassay method. Increasing concentrations of both Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K (ranging from 10(-4)M to 10(-3)M) caused a dose-related inhibition of aldosterone output. At a dose of 3.16 x 10(-4)M, Prorenoate-K appeared to be somewhat more potent (57.8% inhibition) than Canrenoate-K (47.8% inhibition). Infusion of both Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K at a dose of 5 x 10(-4)M during 1 or 2 hours induced a similar sharp decrease in mineralocorticoid secretion. Thus, it appears that Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K beside their well known effects at renal tubular receptor sites do also inhibit aldosterone biosynthesis. These results indicate that in vivo administration of aldosterone antagonists may first involve a transient decrease in aldosterone secretion. Furthermore, they suggest that mineralocorticoid biosynthesis might be regulated by a short loop feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Comparative effects of canrenoate-K and prorenoate-K upon aldosterone biosynthesis in perifused frog interrenal glands. To investigate the possible direct effect of two aldosterone antagonists (Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K) upon mineralocorticoid biosynthesis a perifusion system technique has been developed. Frog interrenal tissue was selected for its ability to secrete huge amounts of aldosterone (twice as much as corticosterone in resting conditions). Throughout the experiment, secretion of aldosterone was measured every ten minutes by means of a sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassay method. Increasing concentrations of both Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K (ranging from 10(-4)M to 10(-3)M) caused a dose-related inhibition of aldosterone output. At a dose of 3.16 x 10(-4)M, Prorenoate-K appeared to be somewhat more potent (57.8% inhibition) than Canrenoate-K (47.8% inhibition). Infusion of both Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K at a dose of 5 x 10(-4)M during 1 or 2 hours induced a similar sharp decrease in mineralocorticoid secretion. Thus, it appears that Canrenoate-K and Prorenoate-K beside their well known effects at renal tubular receptor sites do also inhibit aldosterone biosynthesis. These results indicate that in vivo administration of aldosterone antagonists may first involve a transient decrease in aldosterone secretion. Furthermore, they suggest that mineralocorticoid biosynthesis might be regulated by a short loop feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 494369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1968", "title": "The ecdysteroids from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity.", "content": "Six naturally occurring C27 ecdysteroids were isolated and identified from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity. In order of decreasing quantities the hormones were: 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, 20hydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-ecdysone, and ecdysone. 20-Hydroxyecdysone, in an earlier study, was the major molting hormone present at peak titer during pupal-adult development. The major ecdysteroid present during embryonic development in this insect, 26-hydroxyecdysone, was not detected. The copresence of all six of these ecdysteroids from a single developmental stage of an insect provides information on the metabolic interrelationships that exist among these steroids and on their possible function(s) in insects. The 3alpha-ecdysteroids were far less active than the 3 beta-epimers in the house fly assay. The significance of epimerization is discussed.", "contents": "The ecdysteroids from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity. Six naturally occurring C27 ecdysteroids were isolated and identified from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity. In order of decreasing quantities the hormones were: 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, 20hydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-ecdysone, and ecdysone. 20-Hydroxyecdysone, in an earlier study, was the major molting hormone present at peak titer during pupal-adult development. The major ecdysteroid present during embryonic development in this insect, 26-hydroxyecdysone, was not detected. The copresence of all six of these ecdysteroids from a single developmental stage of an insect provides information on the metabolic interrelationships that exist among these steroids and on their possible function(s) in insects. The 3alpha-ecdysteroids were far less active than the 3 beta-epimers in the house fly assay. The significance of epimerization is discussed.", "PMID": 494370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1969", "title": "Synthesis and some reactions of 6-bromoandrogens: potential affinity ligand and inactivator of estrogen synthetase.", "content": "The synthesis of epimeric 6-bromo-4-androstene-3,17-dione (1a and 1b), 6-bromotestosterone (2a and 2b) and its acetate (3a and 3b), and 6-bromo-16 alpha-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (5a and 5b), and 6 beta-bromo-16 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4) is described. The interconversions among compounds 1, 2, and 3 are also studied. The 6 beta-isomer (1b, 2b, and 3b) was epimerized to the 6 alpha-isomer (1a, 2a and 3a) in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform-methanol (9:1) and the 6 alpha-isomer was isolated by fractional crystallization from the epimeric mixture. 6 alpha-Bromo isomer 1a was also epimerized back to 6 beta-bromo isomer 1b in chloroform-methanol (9:1). Two polymorphic forms of 6 beta-bromotestosterone acetate (3b) were isolated (mp. 114--117 degrees and 138--141 degrees). The 6 beta-bromo isomers were found to be unstable in methanol and decomposed to give 5 alpha-androstane-3,6-dione derivative (6). The results of irreversible inactivation of human placental androgen aromatase with some of these 6-bromoandrogens are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and some reactions of 6-bromoandrogens: potential affinity ligand and inactivator of estrogen synthetase. The synthesis of epimeric 6-bromo-4-androstene-3,17-dione (1a and 1b), 6-bromotestosterone (2a and 2b) and its acetate (3a and 3b), and 6-bromo-16 alpha-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (5a and 5b), and 6 beta-bromo-16 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4) is described. The interconversions among compounds 1, 2, and 3 are also studied. The 6 beta-isomer (1b, 2b, and 3b) was epimerized to the 6 alpha-isomer (1a, 2a and 3a) in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform-methanol (9:1) and the 6 alpha-isomer was isolated by fractional crystallization from the epimeric mixture. 6 alpha-Bromo isomer 1a was also epimerized back to 6 beta-bromo isomer 1b in chloroform-methanol (9:1). Two polymorphic forms of 6 beta-bromotestosterone acetate (3b) were isolated (mp. 114--117 degrees and 138--141 degrees). The 6 beta-bromo isomers were found to be unstable in methanol and decomposed to give 5 alpha-androstane-3,6-dione derivative (6). The results of irreversible inactivation of human placental androgen aromatase with some of these 6-bromoandrogens are discussed.", "PMID": 494371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1970", "title": "Selective catalytic reduction of 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate to 7 beta-methyltestosterone acetate by benzyl alcohol.", "content": "Using benzyl alcohol as a hydrogen donor in the presence of Pd on charcoal, 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate was selectively reduced to 7 beta-methyltestosterone acetate in 90% yield. The addition of hydrogen atoms to the 6, 7 double bond proceeded from the less hindered alpha-face of the steroid molecule, giving rise to the 7 beta-methyl product. Gas chromatograph analysis indicated small amounts of the 7 alpha-methyl epimer, 7 beta-methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone acetate and the 5 beta-epimer. The 6,7 double bond was hydrogenated in preference to 4,5 double bond, although both are trisubstituted.", "contents": "Selective catalytic reduction of 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate to 7 beta-methyltestosterone acetate by benzyl alcohol. Using benzyl alcohol as a hydrogen donor in the presence of Pd on charcoal, 7-methyl-6-dehydrotestosterone acetate was selectively reduced to 7 beta-methyltestosterone acetate in 90% yield. The addition of hydrogen atoms to the 6, 7 double bond proceeded from the less hindered alpha-face of the steroid molecule, giving rise to the 7 beta-methyl product. Gas chromatograph analysis indicated small amounts of the 7 alpha-methyl epimer, 7 beta-methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone acetate and the 5 beta-epimer. The 6,7 double bond was hydrogenated in preference to 4,5 double bond, although both are trisubstituted.", "PMID": 494372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1971", "title": "Damage to the biliary tract during preservation.", "content": "Biliary complications following liver transplantation continue to present major difficulties. Damage to the biliary tract has been reported after preservation of the liver before transplantation. Studies in the rabbit are reported that confirm the extensive biliary autolysis during preservation. This damage is directly related to the presence of bile in the biliary tract and can be reduced by the washout of bile and biliary perfusion.", "contents": "Damage to the biliary tract during preservation. Biliary complications following liver transplantation continue to present major difficulties. Damage to the biliary tract has been reported after preservation of the liver before transplantation. Studies in the rabbit are reported that confirm the extensive biliary autolysis during preservation. This damage is directly related to the presence of bile in the biliary tract and can be reduced by the washout of bile and biliary perfusion.", "PMID": 494376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1972", "title": "Effect of ureteral ligation and nephrectomy on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and azathioprine toxicity.", "content": "Using an in vitro quantitative clonal culture technique of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (colony-forming units culture (CFU-c)), we studied the hematopoietic toxicity of azathioprine after unilateral and bilateral ureteral ligation, unilateral and bilateral nephrectomy, and splenectomy in C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of femoral bone marrow 18 hr after i.p. injection of azathioprine (300 mg/m2) revealed increased CFU-c toxicity in comparison to controls as follows: (1) bilateral ureteral ligation, P less than 0.01; (2) bilateral nephrectomy, P less than 0.01; (3) unilateral ureteral ligation, P greater than 0.05 less than 0.1; (4) unilateral nephrectomy, P, not significant; and (5) splenectomy, P, not significant. Extrapolation from a dose-response curve for the toxicity of azathioprine on the bone marrow CFU-c indicated that bilateral ureteral ligation and bilateral nephrectomy had the effect of a 25 to 50% increase in the azathioprine dose. After bilateral ureteral ligation, serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels were increased and in vitro tritiated thymidine suicide studies showed an increased proliferative rate of the CFU-c. Since azathioprine is a predominantly cell cycle-specific agent, we suggest that increased sensitivity to azathioprine is related to the increased proliferative rate of the CFU-c. The findings provide a rationale for a clinical policy of azathioprine reduction when there is depressed renal function.", "contents": "Effect of ureteral ligation and nephrectomy on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and azathioprine toxicity. Using an in vitro quantitative clonal culture technique of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (colony-forming units culture (CFU-c)), we studied the hematopoietic toxicity of azathioprine after unilateral and bilateral ureteral ligation, unilateral and bilateral nephrectomy, and splenectomy in C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of femoral bone marrow 18 hr after i.p. injection of azathioprine (300 mg/m2) revealed increased CFU-c toxicity in comparison to controls as follows: (1) bilateral ureteral ligation, P less than 0.01; (2) bilateral nephrectomy, P less than 0.01; (3) unilateral ureteral ligation, P greater than 0.05 less than 0.1; (4) unilateral nephrectomy, P, not significant; and (5) splenectomy, P, not significant. Extrapolation from a dose-response curve for the toxicity of azathioprine on the bone marrow CFU-c indicated that bilateral ureteral ligation and bilateral nephrectomy had the effect of a 25 to 50% increase in the azathioprine dose. After bilateral ureteral ligation, serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels were increased and in vitro tritiated thymidine suicide studies showed an increased proliferative rate of the CFU-c. Since azathioprine is a predominantly cell cycle-specific agent, we suggest that increased sensitivity to azathioprine is related to the increased proliferative rate of the CFU-c. The findings provide a rationale for a clinical policy of azathioprine reduction when there is depressed renal function.", "PMID": 494377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1973", "title": "Serial quantitation of in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A.", "content": "Eight normal donors were serially tested over a period of 1 to 7 months for their in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness (IVLR) to 50 microgram of concanavalin A (Con A) per ml. 3H-Thymidine incorporation was monitored by routine scintillation counting and compared to actual numbers of proliferating cells (lymphoblasts) as measured by laser (flow) cytometry. Determination of total cell numbers or lymphoblast numbers was found to be superior (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.001, respectively) to 3H-thymidine incorporation as a measure of serial stability.", "contents": "Serial quantitation of in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A. Eight normal donors were serially tested over a period of 1 to 7 months for their in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness (IVLR) to 50 microgram of concanavalin A (Con A) per ml. 3H-Thymidine incorporation was monitored by routine scintillation counting and compared to actual numbers of proliferating cells (lymphoblasts) as measured by laser (flow) cytometry. Determination of total cell numbers or lymphoblast numbers was found to be superior (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.001, respectively) to 3H-thymidine incorporation as a measure of serial stability.", "PMID": 494378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1974", "title": "In vitro generation of primary cytotoxic lymphocytes against L5178Y leukemia antigenically altered by 5-(3,3'-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide in vivo.", "content": "Drug-mediated tumor antigens (DMTA), which appear after in vivo treatment of murine lymphomas with 5-(3,3'-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), are shown to elicit strong primary cell-mediated responses in vitro. Specific cytotoxic response is obtained using CD2F1 (H-2d/H-2d) spleen cells cocultured in vitro for 5 days with inactivated histocompatible L5178Y/DTIC lymphoma cells in a one-way mixed lymphocyte tumor culture. Sensitized lymphoid cells are markedly cytotoxic for L5178Y/DTIC targets and are minimally or not active against the parental lymphoma. Marginal or no cross-reactivity is found between L5178Y/DTIC lymphoma and other untreated or DTIC-treated tumor or normal cells. Cytotoxic activity is T dependent, since it is abrogated by treatment in vitro with anti-serum and complement and is not elicited by spleen cells of athymic (nude) donors.", "contents": "In vitro generation of primary cytotoxic lymphocytes against L5178Y leukemia antigenically altered by 5-(3,3'-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide in vivo. Drug-mediated tumor antigens (DMTA), which appear after in vivo treatment of murine lymphomas with 5-(3,3'-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), are shown to elicit strong primary cell-mediated responses in vitro. Specific cytotoxic response is obtained using CD2F1 (H-2d/H-2d) spleen cells cocultured in vitro for 5 days with inactivated histocompatible L5178Y/DTIC lymphoma cells in a one-way mixed lymphocyte tumor culture. Sensitized lymphoid cells are markedly cytotoxic for L5178Y/DTIC targets and are minimally or not active against the parental lymphoma. Marginal or no cross-reactivity is found between L5178Y/DTIC lymphoma and other untreated or DTIC-treated tumor or normal cells. Cytotoxic activity is T dependent, since it is abrogated by treatment in vitro with anti-serum and complement and is not elicited by spleen cells of athymic (nude) donors.", "PMID": 494379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1975", "title": "[Nuclear pore density in rat liver cells during regeneration and x-ray irradiation of the animals].", "content": "Cytoplasmic as well as nucleoplasmic surfaces of the pore complexes (PC) could be observed using freeze-etching method. The density of PCs per 1 micron2 of nuclear envelope (NE) surface in regenerating liver (9.9) is twice as that in resting liver (5.3). 1 hour after 1200 R X-ray irradiation the pore density in regenerating liver decreases 5.8-fold, consisting only of 1.7 PCs per 1 micron2 of the NE. The structure of the PC after irradiation undergoes degradation and normal PCs practically disappear; only their \"ghosts\" remain. Peripheral and possibly central granules of the PC appear to consist of some subunits with their diameter of 4--5 nm. The central granule forms a channel through which RNA containing material may be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The non-uniform state of the PC, observed on platinum-carbon replicas of cleaved nuclei, and the non-altered PC associate with the dense lamina of the NE, after detergent treatment of isolated nuclei indicate that the PC could be formed inside the nuclei and to be \"inserted\" into the NE membranes in the course of their processing.", "contents": "[Nuclear pore density in rat liver cells during regeneration and x-ray irradiation of the animals]. Cytoplasmic as well as nucleoplasmic surfaces of the pore complexes (PC) could be observed using freeze-etching method. The density of PCs per 1 micron2 of nuclear envelope (NE) surface in regenerating liver (9.9) is twice as that in resting liver (5.3). 1 hour after 1200 R X-ray irradiation the pore density in regenerating liver decreases 5.8-fold, consisting only of 1.7 PCs per 1 micron2 of the NE. The structure of the PC after irradiation undergoes degradation and normal PCs practically disappear; only their \"ghosts\" remain. Peripheral and possibly central granules of the PC appear to consist of some subunits with their diameter of 4--5 nm. The central granule forms a channel through which RNA containing material may be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The non-uniform state of the PC, observed on platinum-carbon replicas of cleaved nuclei, and the non-altered PC associate with the dense lamina of the NE, after detergent treatment of isolated nuclei indicate that the PC could be formed inside the nuclei and to be \"inserted\" into the NE membranes in the course of their processing.", "PMID": 494390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1976", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the specialized intercellular contacts in an L-cell culture treated with low concentrations of lanthanum].", "content": "The electron microscope study of L-cells treated with 1 mM lanthanum has shown an increased amount of gap-like junctions and a decreased number of tight junctions compared to the norm. No damage in the plasma membrane structure and other cell organoids was observed. This may suggest that following the above treatment, the amplified intercellular exchange is associated with the increase in the quantity of intercellular highly permeable junctions. In this case lanthanum may serve as a membrane structure modificator. This effect must be taken into account when the electron microscopists use the lanthanum label for studying specialized intercellular junctions.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the specialized intercellular contacts in an L-cell culture treated with low concentrations of lanthanum]. The electron microscope study of L-cells treated with 1 mM lanthanum has shown an increased amount of gap-like junctions and a decreased number of tight junctions compared to the norm. No damage in the plasma membrane structure and other cell organoids was observed. This may suggest that following the above treatment, the amplified intercellular exchange is associated with the increase in the quantity of intercellular highly permeable junctions. In this case lanthanum may serve as a membrane structure modificator. This effect must be taken into account when the electron microscopists use the lanthanum label for studying specialized intercellular junctions.", "PMID": 494391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1977", "title": "[Relationship of the DNA content in the nuclei of Amoeba proteus to the food regimen].", "content": "The relative DNA content of isolated Amoeba proteus nuclei has been measured by cytofluorometry. With the amoeba strain studied, the generation time is roughly equal to 48 hours at 25 degrees C, and with the presence of food in the medium. After the synchronous divisions, amoebae were maintained in the medium either with or without food organisms (Tetrahymena pyriformis). DNA contents in the nuclei of both the amoebae groups were measured within 4 and 48 hours after division. Before 16 hours, the nuclear DNA contents did not differ in either group. Starting from 20 hours, the DNA amount in fed amoebae exceeded that in starved animals. On the whole, the differences in DNA quantity increased by a 48th hour after division, when the nuclei of the former contained 145% DNA of the latter. The results obtained suggest that the DNA synthesis in amoeba nuclei may proceed during the whole interphase, and that during the second half of interphase the content of DNA may depend on the feeding intensity in amoebae. After refeeding the starved animals, DNA contents in their nuclei increased to reach the same level as in the constantly fed amoebae seen in the end of interphase.", "contents": "[Relationship of the DNA content in the nuclei of Amoeba proteus to the food regimen]. The relative DNA content of isolated Amoeba proteus nuclei has been measured by cytofluorometry. With the amoeba strain studied, the generation time is roughly equal to 48 hours at 25 degrees C, and with the presence of food in the medium. After the synchronous divisions, amoebae were maintained in the medium either with or without food organisms (Tetrahymena pyriformis). DNA contents in the nuclei of both the amoebae groups were measured within 4 and 48 hours after division. Before 16 hours, the nuclear DNA contents did not differ in either group. Starting from 20 hours, the DNA amount in fed amoebae exceeded that in starved animals. On the whole, the differences in DNA quantity increased by a 48th hour after division, when the nuclei of the former contained 145% DNA of the latter. The results obtained suggest that the DNA synthesis in amoeba nuclei may proceed during the whole interphase, and that during the second half of interphase the content of DNA may depend on the feeding intensity in amoebae. After refeeding the starved animals, DNA contents in their nuclei increased to reach the same level as in the constantly fed amoebae seen in the end of interphase.", "PMID": 494392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1978", "title": "[Intranuclear development of the macrogametes of the coccidian, Tyzzeria parvula].", "content": "The fine structure of macrogametes of a goose coccidium Tyzzeria parvula has been studied, intranuclear localization of these being discovered. Unlike other coccidia, macrogametes of T. parvula display only one type of wall-forming bodies. Deep invaginations are formed on the surface of macrogametes, in which fragments of host cell nucleoplasm, separated with the membrane of parasitophorous vacuole, are invaginating. They may be connected with process of parasite's feeding.", "contents": "[Intranuclear development of the macrogametes of the coccidian, Tyzzeria parvula]. The fine structure of macrogametes of a goose coccidium Tyzzeria parvula has been studied, intranuclear localization of these being discovered. Unlike other coccidia, macrogametes of T. parvula display only one type of wall-forming bodies. Deep invaginations are formed on the surface of macrogametes, in which fragments of host cell nucleoplasm, separated with the membrane of parasitophorous vacuole, are invaginating. They may be connected with process of parasite's feeding.", "PMID": 494393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1979", "title": "[Karyotypic variability of a tumor cell population in the process of prolonged growth in the body].", "content": "An ascite variant of spontaneous mammary gland tumor of C3H/Sn mice was transplanted subcutaneously into syngenic mice. During the tumor growth (150 days) some alterations occur in the genetical structure of the tumor population: a change in the stem line, the increase and a further decrease of nearoctaploid cells.", "contents": "[Karyotypic variability of a tumor cell population in the process of prolonged growth in the body]. An ascite variant of spontaneous mammary gland tumor of C3H/Sn mice was transplanted subcutaneously into syngenic mice. During the tumor growth (150 days) some alterations occur in the genetical structure of the tumor population: a change in the stem line, the increase and a further decrease of nearoctaploid cells.", "PMID": 494395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1980", "title": "[Method of lysing animal cells grown on slides on top of an alkaline saccharose gradient].", "content": "A device is described providing for lysis of cells grown on glass slides, directly on the top of sucrose gradient. The device allows to avoid cell removing with trypsin, EDTA or due to scraping. The possibility to use this method in studying DNA damage and repair processes in cultured animal cells has been shown using diploid human fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Method of lysing animal cells grown on slides on top of an alkaline saccharose gradient]. A device is described providing for lysis of cells grown on glass slides, directly on the top of sucrose gradient. The device allows to avoid cell removing with trypsin, EDTA or due to scraping. The possibility to use this method in studying DNA damage and repair processes in cultured animal cells has been shown using diploid human fibroblasts.", "PMID": 494396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1981", "title": "Descriptive epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino, 1965-71.", "content": "Age-standardized incidence rates of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino in 1965-1971 were 2.81/100,000/year in males and 1.64 in females, i.e., somewhat lower than in urban areas of other industrialized countries. In the whole province, age-distribution for males was similar to previous findings elsewhere, with a young-adult peak at ages 25-34. However, in the city of Torino, males showed a first peak in the age-class 35-44, while in the rest of the province an infantile peak (0-14 years) was found. By dividing the latter area in suburbs and nonmetropolitan area, the infantile peak was confirmed only in the nonmetropolitan area. Females showed a different behavior: in the city of Torino there was a unimodal curve (peak in age-class 55-64), and in the rest of the province there was a bimodal curve with a first peak in age-class 15-24. These patterns have been analyzed in relation to the suggestion of a distribution by age of Hodgkin's disease following 3 types (nonindustrialized countries, urban areas of industrialized countries and rural areas of industrialized countries). No significant differences in the distribution of cases were found among the smallest geographical units considered (ULSs), in contrast with previous findings on cancer of the larynx and bladder, which showed marked geographical differences within the province of Torino.", "contents": "Descriptive epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino, 1965-71. Age-standardized incidence rates of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino in 1965-1971 were 2.81/100,000/year in males and 1.64 in females, i.e., somewhat lower than in urban areas of other industrialized countries. In the whole province, age-distribution for males was similar to previous findings elsewhere, with a young-adult peak at ages 25-34. However, in the city of Torino, males showed a first peak in the age-class 35-44, while in the rest of the province an infantile peak (0-14 years) was found. By dividing the latter area in suburbs and nonmetropolitan area, the infantile peak was confirmed only in the nonmetropolitan area. Females showed a different behavior: in the city of Torino there was a unimodal curve (peak in age-class 55-64), and in the rest of the province there was a bimodal curve with a first peak in age-class 15-24. These patterns have been analyzed in relation to the suggestion of a distribution by age of Hodgkin's disease following 3 types (nonindustrialized countries, urban areas of industrialized countries and rural areas of industrialized countries). No significant differences in the distribution of cases were found among the smallest geographical units considered (ULSs), in contrast with previous findings on cancer of the larynx and bladder, which showed marked geographical differences within the province of Torino.", "PMID": 494397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1982", "title": "Time dependence of hematoporphyrin distribution in selected tissues of normal rats and in ascites hepatoma.", "content": "The distribution of hematoporphyrin was determined in normal rats and in rats bearing ascites hepatoma as a function of time after i.p. injection of 10-20 mg/kg of dye. In both cases, hematoporphyrin displayed a high affinity for the tumor cells. At 20 mg/kg, the maximum difference between the amount of hematoporphyrin accumulated in the tumor and in the liver was obtained at 12 h after injection (tumor/liver ratio = 28). Our results suggest that hematoporphyrin is almost exclusively metabolized in the liver and excreted via the biliary tract, whereas only minor amounts are metabolized in the tumor cells. Moreover, the binding between the porphyrin and tumor cells is competitive with serum protein binding.", "contents": "Time dependence of hematoporphyrin distribution in selected tissues of normal rats and in ascites hepatoma. The distribution of hematoporphyrin was determined in normal rats and in rats bearing ascites hepatoma as a function of time after i.p. injection of 10-20 mg/kg of dye. In both cases, hematoporphyrin displayed a high affinity for the tumor cells. At 20 mg/kg, the maximum difference between the amount of hematoporphyrin accumulated in the tumor and in the liver was obtained at 12 h after injection (tumor/liver ratio = 28). Our results suggest that hematoporphyrin is almost exclusively metabolized in the liver and excreted via the biliary tract, whereas only minor amounts are metabolized in the tumor cells. Moreover, the binding between the porphyrin and tumor cells is competitive with serum protein binding.", "PMID": 494398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1983", "title": "Clinically occult breast lesions: criteria of radiological diagnosis as a guide to the choice of biopsy technique.", "content": "A series of 90 clinically occult operated breast lesions, diagnosed in the course of mammographic mass screening for early detection of breast cancer, is reported. Five radiological patterns of suspect lesions are identified and compared with histological diagnosis of the biopsy. Diagnostic quadrantectomy is suggested for clinically unapparent lesions showing a radiologic pattern which has a high probability of finding a cancer or preneoplastic lesion (severe epitheliosis). Alternative biopsy methods to diagnostic quadrantectomy are recommended for lesions showing other radiological patterns, allowing for a more limited breast tissue excision.", "contents": "Clinically occult breast lesions: criteria of radiological diagnosis as a guide to the choice of biopsy technique. A series of 90 clinically occult operated breast lesions, diagnosed in the course of mammographic mass screening for early detection of breast cancer, is reported. Five radiological patterns of suspect lesions are identified and compared with histological diagnosis of the biopsy. Diagnostic quadrantectomy is suggested for clinically unapparent lesions showing a radiologic pattern which has a high probability of finding a cancer or preneoplastic lesion (severe epitheliosis). Alternative biopsy methods to diagnostic quadrantectomy are recommended for lesions showing other radiological patterns, allowing for a more limited breast tissue excision.", "PMID": 494399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1984", "title": "Evaluation of the scintigraphic technique for detecting bone metastases in 100 breast cancer patients.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the utility of bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis and follow-up of skeletal metastases, radioisotopic scan (total body) by 99mTc has been performed on 100 patients suffering from breast cancer in various stages. The radiographic control followed the scan on the basis of clinical or scintigraphic suspicion of bone lesions. Twenty-one patients showed metastases by scan, and in all but 2 the radiography was concordantly positive; in 22 subjects scintigraphy and radiology demonstrated non-malignant lesions. Both scan and radiology were used to explore 169 metastatic localizations, with concordant results in 45% of the sites; however, 7% of the sites with discordant results became positive for metastasis by radiology some months after the scan positivity. The false-negative results were more frequent in the radiographic study (27%) than with the scintigraphic scan (21%). The latter technique was unable to detect osteoblastic lesions in particular. The scintigraphic test also gave reliable results in the follow-up procedure, frequently anticipating the radiological modifications of metastatic lesions. In conclusion, bone scan often appears to be more accurate and preocious than the roentgengraphic test in the detection and the follow-up of skeletal metastatic lesions; it suggests the utility of the bone scan as a preliminary test, which allows a more rational use of the radiology.", "contents": "Evaluation of the scintigraphic technique for detecting bone metastases in 100 breast cancer patients. In an attempt to evaluate the utility of bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis and follow-up of skeletal metastases, radioisotopic scan (total body) by 99mTc has been performed on 100 patients suffering from breast cancer in various stages. The radiographic control followed the scan on the basis of clinical or scintigraphic suspicion of bone lesions. Twenty-one patients showed metastases by scan, and in all but 2 the radiography was concordantly positive; in 22 subjects scintigraphy and radiology demonstrated non-malignant lesions. Both scan and radiology were used to explore 169 metastatic localizations, with concordant results in 45% of the sites; however, 7% of the sites with discordant results became positive for metastasis by radiology some months after the scan positivity. The false-negative results were more frequent in the radiographic study (27%) than with the scintigraphic scan (21%). The latter technique was unable to detect osteoblastic lesions in particular. The scintigraphic test also gave reliable results in the follow-up procedure, frequently anticipating the radiological modifications of metastatic lesions. In conclusion, bone scan often appears to be more accurate and preocious than the roentgengraphic test in the detection and the follow-up of skeletal metastatic lesions; it suggests the utility of the bone scan as a preliminary test, which allows a more rational use of the radiology.", "PMID": 494400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1985", "title": "Topography and clinical characteristics of malignant tumors of the urachus.", "content": "Nine patients with urachal tumors have been reevaluated. There were 5 men and 4 women, whose ages ranged from 6 to 72 years. Surgery was performed in 4 cases, radiotherapy was used in 2 cases, and the remaining 3 cases were judged to be beyond therapeutic help. Three years after treatment, also all cases subjected to therapy were dead. The diagnostic delay, the inadequacy of treatment, and therefore the absolutely unfavorable prognosis of these tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Topography and clinical characteristics of malignant tumors of the urachus. Nine patients with urachal tumors have been reevaluated. There were 5 men and 4 women, whose ages ranged from 6 to 72 years. Surgery was performed in 4 cases, radiotherapy was used in 2 cases, and the remaining 3 cases were judged to be beyond therapeutic help. Three years after treatment, also all cases subjected to therapy were dead. The diagnostic delay, the inadequacy of treatment, and therefore the absolutely unfavorable prognosis of these tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 494401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1986", "title": "The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of vaginal carcinoma.", "content": "Herein we report the retrospective survey of 48 consecutive unselected cases of vaginal carcinoma, mainly treated with radiotherapy in our Institute from 1959 to 1970. In this series irradiation was delivered almost always with a single and continuous application of sources of radium 226. Radiumtherapy treatment varied according to the extension in surface of the neoplasm, the clinical stage and especially the vaginal step involvement, considering the length of the organ. Despite the very good immediate response, failures of treatment locally or in paravaginal and pelvic areas were frequently observed, and success of the treatment after a brief follow-up was poor. The actuarial survival was 41.6% and 33.3% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Stage I cases showed at the follow-up better therapeutic results (48.6% survival at 5 years) than stage II and III cases (28.3%). The poorest results were observed in neoplasms extended to the whole vagina, and all these patients died within 4 years of the beginning of treatment. This report stresses that radiotherapy of vaginal carcinomas demands individualization and a properly planned therapeutic program that combines external irradiation with renewed techniques of low dose rate and continuous irradiation with radioactive sources.", "contents": "The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of vaginal carcinoma. Herein we report the retrospective survey of 48 consecutive unselected cases of vaginal carcinoma, mainly treated with radiotherapy in our Institute from 1959 to 1970. In this series irradiation was delivered almost always with a single and continuous application of sources of radium 226. Radiumtherapy treatment varied according to the extension in surface of the neoplasm, the clinical stage and especially the vaginal step involvement, considering the length of the organ. Despite the very good immediate response, failures of treatment locally or in paravaginal and pelvic areas were frequently observed, and success of the treatment after a brief follow-up was poor. The actuarial survival was 41.6% and 33.3% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Stage I cases showed at the follow-up better therapeutic results (48.6% survival at 5 years) than stage II and III cases (28.3%). The poorest results were observed in neoplasms extended to the whole vagina, and all these patients died within 4 years of the beginning of treatment. This report stresses that radiotherapy of vaginal carcinomas demands individualization and a properly planned therapeutic program that combines external irradiation with renewed techniques of low dose rate and continuous irradiation with radioactive sources.", "PMID": 494402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1987", "title": "High resolution SEM of bacterial virus T7.", "content": "High resolution \"low-loss\" scanning electron microscopy is a relatively new technique which permits an investigator to examine structures that were formerly visualized exclusively by transmission electron microscopy [1]. This paper presents some images of intact bacterial virus T7, viewed at the ultrastructural level. Due to the high resolution capibility of this technique, and the demanding physical prerequisites for visualization of the specimen, current specimen preparation techniques were modified in order to permit 1--2 nm resolution in surface mode. Using this method of microscopy, it is possible to view clearly this small bacteriophage (the smallest of the T-coliphages), adsorbed to its host bacterium, in a scanning mode at magnification (and resolution) comparable to TEM without resorting to the use of replicas, or reconstruction of a two-dimensional image.", "contents": "High resolution SEM of bacterial virus T7. High resolution \"low-loss\" scanning electron microscopy is a relatively new technique which permits an investigator to examine structures that were formerly visualized exclusively by transmission electron microscopy [1]. This paper presents some images of intact bacterial virus T7, viewed at the ultrastructural level. Due to the high resolution capibility of this technique, and the demanding physical prerequisites for visualization of the specimen, current specimen preparation techniques were modified in order to permit 1--2 nm resolution in surface mode. Using this method of microscopy, it is possible to view clearly this small bacteriophage (the smallest of the T-coliphages), adsorbed to its host bacterium, in a scanning mode at magnification (and resolution) comparable to TEM without resorting to the use of replicas, or reconstruction of a two-dimensional image.", "PMID": 494434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1988", "title": "Electron diffraction studies of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.", "content": "Peptidoglycan of the gram-positive bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum was adsorbed onto hydrophilic crystalline films of graphitic oxide. Destruction by radiation damage was reduced by using a device which permitted scanning of the specimen for several hours through a focussed electron beam of low current density (2.5 X 10(-5) A/cm2). In additition to the sharp Debye-Scherrer rings caused by graphitic oxide, peptidoglycan causes a diffuse Debye-Scherrer ring in the region of 4.5 A. This can be interpreted as the packing periodicity of the peptidoglycan within the planes of the peptidoglycan sacculi.", "contents": "Electron diffraction studies of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan of the gram-positive bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum was adsorbed onto hydrophilic crystalline films of graphitic oxide. Destruction by radiation damage was reduced by using a device which permitted scanning of the specimen for several hours through a focussed electron beam of low current density (2.5 X 10(-5) A/cm2). In additition to the sharp Debye-Scherrer rings caused by graphitic oxide, peptidoglycan causes a diffuse Debye-Scherrer ring in the region of 4.5 A. This can be interpreted as the packing periodicity of the peptidoglycan within the planes of the peptidoglycan sacculi.", "PMID": 494435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1989", "title": "The endocrine background of human renal cell carcinoma. IV. Glucocorticoid receptors as possible mediators of progestogen action.", "content": "In order to investigate whether progestins may trigger tumour regression by a mechanism involving the glucocorticoid receptor, human renal cell carcinomas obtained from 15 patients were analysed for cytoplasmic glucocorticoid-binding components, using [3H] dexamethasone. The existence of glucocorticoid binders could be demonstrated in 10 out of 15 tumours studied. The average binding capacity was calculated and found to be 7.1 fmol/mg of cytosol protein. The apparent dissociation specificity experiments clearly cell-free system amounted to 1.9 X 10(-8) mol/l. The ligand specificity experiments clearly indicated that binding to these receptors is not restricted to glucocorticoids alone. Progesterone and aldosterone turned out to be moderate competitors for dexamethasone binding. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, the compound widely used in hormone therapy of advanced renal cancer in man, was demonstrated to be one of the strongest inhibitors of [3H] dexamethasone. It is concluded that binding of medroxyprogesterone acetate to glucocorticoid receptors might represent the primary mechanism of action of the compound in causing tumour regression.", "contents": "The endocrine background of human renal cell carcinoma. IV. Glucocorticoid receptors as possible mediators of progestogen action. In order to investigate whether progestins may trigger tumour regression by a mechanism involving the glucocorticoid receptor, human renal cell carcinomas obtained from 15 patients were analysed for cytoplasmic glucocorticoid-binding components, using [3H] dexamethasone. The existence of glucocorticoid binders could be demonstrated in 10 out of 15 tumours studied. The average binding capacity was calculated and found to be 7.1 fmol/mg of cytosol protein. The apparent dissociation specificity experiments clearly cell-free system amounted to 1.9 X 10(-8) mol/l. The ligand specificity experiments clearly indicated that binding to these receptors is not restricted to glucocorticoids alone. Progesterone and aldosterone turned out to be moderate competitors for dexamethasone binding. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, the compound widely used in hormone therapy of advanced renal cancer in man, was demonstrated to be one of the strongest inhibitors of [3H] dexamethasone. It is concluded that binding of medroxyprogesterone acetate to glucocorticoid receptors might represent the primary mechanism of action of the compound in causing tumour regression.", "PMID": 494436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1990", "title": "Prognostic value of bone marrow acid phosphatase in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The total and l-tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 25 patients with carcinoma of prostate. The results were compared with the results from a control group. Serum acid phosphatase levels both in the control groups and in patients with prostatic cancer were lower than bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during hemolysis. A positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma was found. There was a significant rise in bone marrow acid phosphatase levels (above the normal range from the control group) in patients with advanced stage III and stage IV prostatic carcinoma with significantly increased serum levels. The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave a supplementary diagnostic method in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. A hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is given.", "contents": "Prognostic value of bone marrow acid phosphatase in prostatic carcinoma. The total and l-tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 25 patients with carcinoma of prostate. The results were compared with the results from a control group. Serum acid phosphatase levels both in the control groups and in patients with prostatic cancer were lower than bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during hemolysis. A positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma was found. There was a significant rise in bone marrow acid phosphatase levels (above the normal range from the control group) in patients with advanced stage III and stage IV prostatic carcinoma with significantly increased serum levels. The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave a supplementary diagnostic method in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. A hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is given.", "PMID": 494437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1991", "title": "Experimental embolization in kidneys: tissue concentration of antibiotics.", "content": "In 7 dogs renal arterial embolization was performed using the Seldinger technique and an inflatable Swan Ganz balloon catheter. Methyl methacrylate and butyl-2-cyanoacrylate were injected. 6 months later, the tissue concentration of Cefazolin was measured in the embolized and contralateral kidneys and in serum 2 h after a short infusion of 1 h Cefazolin. The concentrations in serum and homogenized kidney tissue were determined by means of the agar gel diffusion method. Angiography showed no vessels in the embolized kidneys. Histologically there was total atrophy of the tissue, especially of the tubular system. The mean tissue level of Cefazolin in the embolized kidney was 70% of serum. The tissue concentration was always above 10 micrograms/g. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration. The value and necessity of antibiotic therapy in embolized kidney cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental embolization in kidneys: tissue concentration of antibiotics. In 7 dogs renal arterial embolization was performed using the Seldinger technique and an inflatable Swan Ganz balloon catheter. Methyl methacrylate and butyl-2-cyanoacrylate were injected. 6 months later, the tissue concentration of Cefazolin was measured in the embolized and contralateral kidneys and in serum 2 h after a short infusion of 1 h Cefazolin. The concentrations in serum and homogenized kidney tissue were determined by means of the agar gel diffusion method. Angiography showed no vessels in the embolized kidneys. Histologically there was total atrophy of the tissue, especially of the tubular system. The mean tissue level of Cefazolin in the embolized kidney was 70% of serum. The tissue concentration was always above 10 micrograms/g. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration. The value and necessity of antibiotic therapy in embolized kidney cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 494438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1992", "title": "A new screening method for cystinuria. A simple and safe screening kit.", "content": "The new kit (Urocystin) presented here utilizes the dark brown coloration which a neutral aqueous solution of cystine develops rapidly upon addition of nickel ion and sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4). What is needed is pouring 4 ml of the urine sample into the kit, and the kit is able to judge without fail any urine sample with a cystine concentration of 50 microgram/ml or more as positive. No pretreatment of the sample is necessary. The kit contains no hazardous reagents at all. The kit has thus turned screening of cystinuria into an extremely simple affair.", "contents": "A new screening method for cystinuria. A simple and safe screening kit. The new kit (Urocystin) presented here utilizes the dark brown coloration which a neutral aqueous solution of cystine develops rapidly upon addition of nickel ion and sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4). What is needed is pouring 4 ml of the urine sample into the kit, and the kit is able to judge without fail any urine sample with a cystine concentration of 50 microgram/ml or more as positive. No pretreatment of the sample is necessary. The kit contains no hazardous reagents at all. The kit has thus turned screening of cystinuria into an extremely simple affair.", "PMID": 494439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1993", "title": "Plasma levels of CEA as a prognostic marker in carcinoma of urinary bladder.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were performed preoperatively by radioimmunoassay in 124 patients with histologically proved bladder carcinoma. The level of CEA was used to determine its prognostic value in patients with bladder cancer. The correlation of CEA levels with the stage of the disease, histology, and resectability was also studied. Values above 2.5 ng/ml were taken as abnormal. Active disease was associated with high CEA levels. All patients with CEA levels greater than 10 ng/ml died in less than 1 1/2 years, while all patients who survived 1 1/2-3 years had preoperative CEA levels less than 10 ng/ml. There was a prognostic significance for patients with transitional cell or squamous cell carcinoma. All patients with squamous cell carcinoma had CEA levels less than or equal to 10 ng/ml, and all patients with transitional carcinoma had preoperative CEA values greater than 10 ng/ml. A correlation between CEA levels and resectability of the primary tumor was found. This study indicates that, in bladder carcinoma patients, preoperative CEA levels greater than 10 ng/ml are of prognostic value, since all of these patients have died and all of the long-term survivors had levels of less than or equal to 10 ng/ml.", "contents": "Plasma levels of CEA as a prognostic marker in carcinoma of urinary bladder. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were performed preoperatively by radioimmunoassay in 124 patients with histologically proved bladder carcinoma. The level of CEA was used to determine its prognostic value in patients with bladder cancer. The correlation of CEA levels with the stage of the disease, histology, and resectability was also studied. Values above 2.5 ng/ml were taken as abnormal. Active disease was associated with high CEA levels. All patients with CEA levels greater than 10 ng/ml died in less than 1 1/2 years, while all patients who survived 1 1/2-3 years had preoperative CEA levels less than 10 ng/ml. There was a prognostic significance for patients with transitional cell or squamous cell carcinoma. All patients with squamous cell carcinoma had CEA levels less than or equal to 10 ng/ml, and all patients with transitional carcinoma had preoperative CEA values greater than 10 ng/ml. A correlation between CEA levels and resectability of the primary tumor was found. This study indicates that, in bladder carcinoma patients, preoperative CEA levels greater than 10 ng/ml are of prognostic value, since all of these patients have died and all of the long-term survivors had levels of less than or equal to 10 ng/ml.", "PMID": 494440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1994", "title": "Chronic interstitial nephritis as a cause of tumours of the upper urinary tract. A hypothesis.", "content": "Urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract are rare, but their incidence increases in subjects suffering from phenacetin nephropathy, Balkan nephropathy and infected pyelic calculi. In order to act on the urothelium through the urinary way, a cancerigenic substance must (1) be eliminated with the urine; (2) be absorbed by the urothelium; (3) remain in the tissue for a certain length of time. Any situation leading to a prolongation of intra-tissue stasis favours the action of carcerigenic substances. The hypothesis is put forward that interstitial nephritis, by impeding the reabsorption from the pelvis by pyelo-lymphatic reflux and by making more difficult the lymphatic drainage of the pyelic and ureter walls, leads to a condition favouring carcinogensis, especially if the subject is exposed to contact with even not very active carcinogens. It is possible to foresee that in future the incidence of upper urinary tract tumours should increase in chronic uraemic patients under dialytic treatment and in transplant patients.", "contents": "Chronic interstitial nephritis as a cause of tumours of the upper urinary tract. A hypothesis. Urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract are rare, but their incidence increases in subjects suffering from phenacetin nephropathy, Balkan nephropathy and infected pyelic calculi. In order to act on the urothelium through the urinary way, a cancerigenic substance must (1) be eliminated with the urine; (2) be absorbed by the urothelium; (3) remain in the tissue for a certain length of time. Any situation leading to a prolongation of intra-tissue stasis favours the action of carcerigenic substances. The hypothesis is put forward that interstitial nephritis, by impeding the reabsorption from the pelvis by pyelo-lymphatic reflux and by making more difficult the lymphatic drainage of the pyelic and ureter walls, leads to a condition favouring carcinogensis, especially if the subject is exposed to contact with even not very active carcinogens. It is possible to foresee that in future the incidence of upper urinary tract tumours should increase in chronic uraemic patients under dialytic treatment and in transplant patients.", "PMID": 494441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1995", "title": "Contractility of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Measurements have been made in vitro of the active mechanical properties of complete pig bladders, electrically stimulated to contract. The results are described with the aid of a model of the bladder wall consisting of a contractile element in series with an elastic element. For the contractile element the active force depends on the velocity of shortening. This relation is well described by a classical Hill equation, provided force is normalized by dividing it by the isometric force at the same bladder volume. The force-extension relation of the series elastic element is non-linear and can be described by an elastic modulus which depends monoexponentially on the extension. In the light of these findings the limitations of existing clinical methods of assessing bladder contractility, and the possibility of developing new methods, are discussed.", "contents": "Contractility of the urinary bladder. Measurements have been made in vitro of the active mechanical properties of complete pig bladders, electrically stimulated to contract. The results are described with the aid of a model of the bladder wall consisting of a contractile element in series with an elastic element. For the contractile element the active force depends on the velocity of shortening. This relation is well described by a classical Hill equation, provided force is normalized by dividing it by the isometric force at the same bladder volume. The force-extension relation of the series elastic element is non-linear and can be described by an elastic modulus which depends monoexponentially on the extension. In the light of these findings the limitations of existing clinical methods of assessing bladder contractility, and the possibility of developing new methods, are discussed.", "PMID": 494442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1996", "title": "Effects of nifedipine in women with unstable bladders.", "content": "A study of the effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on the detrusor contractions of 10 women with an unstable bladder is reported. An inhibiting effect was observed in all patients after intake of nifedipine. The number of contractions and the contraction amplitudes decreased, and the bladder capacity increased. Resting intraurethral and intravesical pressures were not affected. Subjective improvement was reported by all patients during a week of continuous nifedipine treatment. Side effects were few and tolerable. It is suggested that nifedipine can be of value in the treatment of unstable bladder.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine in women with unstable bladders. A study of the effect of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on the detrusor contractions of 10 women with an unstable bladder is reported. An inhibiting effect was observed in all patients after intake of nifedipine. The number of contractions and the contraction amplitudes decreased, and the bladder capacity increased. Resting intraurethral and intravesical pressures were not affected. Subjective improvement was reported by all patients during a week of continuous nifedipine treatment. Side effects were few and tolerable. It is suggested that nifedipine can be of value in the treatment of unstable bladder.", "PMID": 494443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1997", "title": "Studies on intraarenal prostaglandins. Influence of unilateral ureteral obstruction on prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney were determined by radioimmunoassay to study the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction on intrarenal PGs. An increase of PGE2 in the inner medulla was observed in the hydronephrotic kidney. When isotonic glucose solution was infused after the release of ureteral obstruction, an elevation of PGE2 in the outer medulla occurred in the hydronephrotic kidney. Under water diuresis immediately following the release of obstruction, PGE2 in the inner medulla showed significant correlations to urinary flow rate, urinary osmolar concentration and free water clearance. The present study indicates that PGE2 in the inner medulla is enhanced by ureteral obstruction and may have a close relation to renal functional damage in mild hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Studies on intraarenal prostaglandins. Influence of unilateral ureteral obstruction on prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney. Prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney were determined by radioimmunoassay to study the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction on intrarenal PGs. An increase of PGE2 in the inner medulla was observed in the hydronephrotic kidney. When isotonic glucose solution was infused after the release of ureteral obstruction, an elevation of PGE2 in the outer medulla occurred in the hydronephrotic kidney. Under water diuresis immediately following the release of obstruction, PGE2 in the inner medulla showed significant correlations to urinary flow rate, urinary osmolar concentration and free water clearance. The present study indicates that PGE2 in the inner medulla is enhanced by ureteral obstruction and may have a close relation to renal functional damage in mild hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 494444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1998", "title": "Renal elimination kinetics and plasma half-life of oxalate in man.", "content": "The renal handling of oxalate was studied by the injection of 14C-oxalate together with inulin as a glomerular marker into the renal artery in 6 patients. From the recovered amounts of the injected substances in the urine, time-concentration curves were constructed. Oxalate was excreted into urine 2.31 +/- 0.05 (SE) fold when compared to inulin. The maximal concentration of oxalate occurred at the same time as inulin, and there was no urinary precession of oxalate in comparison to inulin. From this part of the study we conclude that oxalate in addition to its filtered amount can probably enter the early part of nephron. In a second type of study, plasma levels of oxalate and inulin were observed over a period of 180 min, following intravenous injections in 7 volunteers. The decline of oxalate plasma concentrations followed first-order kinetics. Calculation of the rate constants of elimination assuming the 'one compartment open' model resulted in an oxalate to inulin ratio of 1.21 +/- 0.05. The oxalate half-life of elimination was 92 +/- 8 min, whereas that of inulin amounted to 112 +/- 9 min. The higher value of the calculated volume of distribution of oxalate compared to that of inulin indicates that oxalate enters a larger space than the extracellular fluid volume. The urinary recovery of intravenously injected oxalate was 97.2 +/- 1.4%, indicating that oxalate is excreted exclusively by the kidney. The observed differences of oxalate excretion, obtained with these two methods, could be attributed to the higher amount of ionized oxalate in the disequilibrium technique (rapid injections), entering the urine in a higher rate. Such a mechanism could explain the hyperoxaluria in calcium oxalate stone-forming patients.", "contents": "Renal elimination kinetics and plasma half-life of oxalate in man. The renal handling of oxalate was studied by the injection of 14C-oxalate together with inulin as a glomerular marker into the renal artery in 6 patients. From the recovered amounts of the injected substances in the urine, time-concentration curves were constructed. Oxalate was excreted into urine 2.31 +/- 0.05 (SE) fold when compared to inulin. The maximal concentration of oxalate occurred at the same time as inulin, and there was no urinary precession of oxalate in comparison to inulin. From this part of the study we conclude that oxalate in addition to its filtered amount can probably enter the early part of nephron. In a second type of study, plasma levels of oxalate and inulin were observed over a period of 180 min, following intravenous injections in 7 volunteers. The decline of oxalate plasma concentrations followed first-order kinetics. Calculation of the rate constants of elimination assuming the 'one compartment open' model resulted in an oxalate to inulin ratio of 1.21 +/- 0.05. The oxalate half-life of elimination was 92 +/- 8 min, whereas that of inulin amounted to 112 +/- 9 min. The higher value of the calculated volume of distribution of oxalate compared to that of inulin indicates that oxalate enters a larger space than the extracellular fluid volume. The urinary recovery of intravenously injected oxalate was 97.2 +/- 1.4%, indicating that oxalate is excreted exclusively by the kidney. The observed differences of oxalate excretion, obtained with these two methods, could be attributed to the higher amount of ionized oxalate in the disequilibrium technique (rapid injections), entering the urine in a higher rate. Such a mechanism could explain the hyperoxaluria in calcium oxalate stone-forming patients.", "PMID": 494445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_1999", "title": "[Evaluation of accuracy comparing three types of urological manometers (author's transl)].", "content": "Manometrical examinations of the female urinary bladder are important in the field of urodynamic diagnosis. Accuracy in these measurements is a prerequisite for the reproducibility of the results. In this study, three types of urological manometers, differing in their principles of measurement, were tested for their physical and technical properties. Pressure was measured with a membrane manometer (instrument A) with Statham elements (instrument B), and with a micro-transducer (instrument C). The results using Statham elements and micro-transducers were exactly reproducible and varied only in their interference with external factors, which affect the quality of the results in clinical routine. Concerning the physical technique of measurement, instrument C with micro-transducers gives the most accurate results and is the easiest one to manage. For research and clinical routine it is superior to instrument B. It supplies reproducible data which are independent of external parameters such as the patient's position, attention and the way the instrument is set up. Our results only urodynamical measurements using micro-transducers can be taken as absolute measurements of excellent accuracy and are comparable among themselves as well as with other absolute measurements for long-term series of measurement. Using a membrane manometer (instrument A), measurements were hardly reproducible so that these results can be accepted as orienting data only.", "contents": "[Evaluation of accuracy comparing three types of urological manometers (author's transl)]. Manometrical examinations of the female urinary bladder are important in the field of urodynamic diagnosis. Accuracy in these measurements is a prerequisite for the reproducibility of the results. In this study, three types of urological manometers, differing in their principles of measurement, were tested for their physical and technical properties. Pressure was measured with a membrane manometer (instrument A) with Statham elements (instrument B), and with a micro-transducer (instrument C). The results using Statham elements and micro-transducers were exactly reproducible and varied only in their interference with external factors, which affect the quality of the results in clinical routine. Concerning the physical technique of measurement, instrument C with micro-transducers gives the most accurate results and is the easiest one to manage. For research and clinical routine it is superior to instrument B. It supplies reproducible data which are independent of external parameters such as the patient's position, attention and the way the instrument is set up. Our results only urodynamical measurements using micro-transducers can be taken as absolute measurements of excellent accuracy and are comparable among themselves as well as with other absolute measurements for long-term series of measurement. Using a membrane manometer (instrument A), measurements were hardly reproducible so that these results can be accepted as orienting data only.", "PMID": 494446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2000", "title": "[Indications, technique and results in treatment of hypospadias (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical indications and results are reported in a 66 patients. The very suitable methods for distal hypospadias repair according to Hoffmann-Hall and Dettmar with their advantages are presented as a supplement to the genial method of Meyer-Burgdorff and Denis Browne. A schematic procedure is described for choosing the preferred method od operation, as illustrated by our good results.", "contents": "[Indications, technique and results in treatment of hypospadias (author's transl)]. Surgical indications and results are reported in a 66 patients. The very suitable methods for distal hypospadias repair according to Hoffmann-Hall and Dettmar with their advantages are presented as a supplement to the genial method of Meyer-Burgdorff and Denis Browne. A schematic procedure is described for choosing the preferred method od operation, as illustrated by our good results.", "PMID": 494447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2001", "title": "[Transurethral electro-resection in patients with cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "Transurethral electro-resection of prostate and bladder in patients with cardiac pacemakers shows no higher risk in comparison with other patients as long as pre, intra- and postsurgical monitoring is strictly performed. The monitoring of intraoperative blood-loss as well as the use of a monitor, which shows no disturbances using high-frequency-current, is essential for the intraoperative control. At the Department of Urology, University Hospital r. d. Isar, Munich, Germany, 33 patients with cardiac pacemakers underwent transurethral surgery without any complications.", "contents": "[Transurethral electro-resection in patients with cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)]. Transurethral electro-resection of prostate and bladder in patients with cardiac pacemakers shows no higher risk in comparison with other patients as long as pre, intra- and postsurgical monitoring is strictly performed. The monitoring of intraoperative blood-loss as well as the use of a monitor, which shows no disturbances using high-frequency-current, is essential for the intraoperative control. At the Department of Urology, University Hospital r. d. Isar, Munich, Germany, 33 patients with cardiac pacemakers underwent transurethral surgery without any complications.", "PMID": 494449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2002", "title": "[Congenital distal stenosis of the female urethra and reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis and the results of treatment of congenital distal stricture of the urethra and vesicorenal reflux are reported. In 31% of our patients with congenital distal urethral stenosis a vesico ureteral or vesico-renal reflux was found. Following distal urethrotomy the reflux healed spontaneously in 40% of the patients. It is emphasized that before an antireflux plasty a subvesicale obstruction should be ruled out. This includes distal congenital stricture of the urethra and when this diagnosis is suspected a reflux cystogram should be carried out.", "contents": "[Congenital distal stenosis of the female urethra and reflux (author's transl)]. The diagnosis and the results of treatment of congenital distal stricture of the urethra and vesicorenal reflux are reported. In 31% of our patients with congenital distal urethral stenosis a vesico ureteral or vesico-renal reflux was found. Following distal urethrotomy the reflux healed spontaneously in 40% of the patients. It is emphasized that before an antireflux plasty a subvesicale obstruction should be ruled out. This includes distal congenital stricture of the urethra and when this diagnosis is suspected a reflux cystogram should be carried out.", "PMID": 494450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2003", "title": "[Ectopia of vas deferens with opening into the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "A 13 years old boy with a 2 year history recurrent rightsided epididymitis was found to have an ectopic orifice of the vas deferens opening into the distal part of the left ureter of a hypoplastic left kidney. Because of possible interference with fertility vasovesiculography was not done. Therefore it could not be identified whether the vas deferens was of right or left sided origin. The genesis of this extremely rare malformation is discussed.", "contents": "[Ectopia of vas deferens with opening into the ureter (author's transl)]. A 13 years old boy with a 2 year history recurrent rightsided epididymitis was found to have an ectopic orifice of the vas deferens opening into the distal part of the left ureter of a hypoplastic left kidney. Because of possible interference with fertility vasovesiculography was not done. Therefore it could not be identified whether the vas deferens was of right or left sided origin. The genesis of this extremely rare malformation is discussed.", "PMID": 494451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2004", "title": "[A problems in diagnosis of \"leucocyturia\". A simple method for a quantitative evaluation of urinary cell concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "The increased urinary excretion of white blood cells is usually associated with morphological features. The widely used urine sediment is not able to provide a proper diagnostic approach, but only some diagnostic aid concerning qualitative aspects (white blood cell casts). The ADDIS count is too elaborate for general practice and hospital management, even under simplified conditions. Neither have the visual field method using uncentrifuged urine and the counting of white blood cells in the counting chamber become routine diagnostic procedure. A new test strip for leucocytes is introduced. As a bedside test in hospital care and general practice it will be able to replace former methods regarding quantitative evaluation of leucocyturia.", "contents": "[A problems in diagnosis of \"leucocyturia\". A simple method for a quantitative evaluation of urinary cell concentration (author's transl)]. The increased urinary excretion of white blood cells is usually associated with morphological features. The widely used urine sediment is not able to provide a proper diagnostic approach, but only some diagnostic aid concerning qualitative aspects (white blood cell casts). The ADDIS count is too elaborate for general practice and hospital management, even under simplified conditions. Neither have the visual field method using uncentrifuged urine and the counting of white blood cells in the counting chamber become routine diagnostic procedure. A new test strip for leucocytes is introduced. As a bedside test in hospital care and general practice it will be able to replace former methods regarding quantitative evaluation of leucocyturia.", "PMID": 494453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2005", "title": "A treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: pudendal nerve block by phenolglycerin under the guide of direct nerve stimulation.", "content": "While applying direct electrical stimulation to the pudendal nerve and recording of electromyographic reactions of bulbocavernosus muscle and/or transverse perineal muscle, pudendal nerve block by phenol was performed for the treatment of dysuria due to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, resulting in a favourable response. The technique and the cases treated with this nerve block are presented.", "contents": "A treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: pudendal nerve block by phenolglycerin under the guide of direct nerve stimulation. While applying direct electrical stimulation to the pudendal nerve and recording of electromyographic reactions of bulbocavernosus muscle and/or transverse perineal muscle, pudendal nerve block by phenol was performed for the treatment of dysuria due to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, resulting in a favourable response. The technique and the cases treated with this nerve block are presented.", "PMID": 494454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2006", "title": "[Electric shock waves crushing stones in the exposed kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Highenergy shock waves can desintegrate human calculi of the kidney into fine fragments without direct contact. A closed reflector system which allows sterile contact with the exposed kidney is presented.", "contents": "[Electric shock waves crushing stones in the exposed kidney (author's transl)]. Highenergy shock waves can desintegrate human calculi of the kidney into fine fragments without direct contact. A closed reflector system which allows sterile contact with the exposed kidney is presented.", "PMID": 494455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2007", "title": "[Early changes of testicular tissue following experimental torsion of the spermatic cord (author's transl)].", "content": "A bilateral testicular torsion war carried out in 65 mature rats. The timing of testicular tissue changes was investigated. A complete human testicular torsion corresponds to a 270 degrees torsion in the rat. The earliest changes were found in the semineferous tubules. Interstitial edema with vasodilatation and hyperemia already occurred one hour following complete torsion. Degenerative changes in the nuclei of the spermatogonia and spermatocytes were found after one hour. After two to four hours necrosis of the epithelium was found. After six hours these changes appeared irreversible. The Leydig cells appear to be damaged 2--3 hours and the Sertoli cells 4--6 hours later than the spermatogenic epithelium. Chronic experiments should be carried out to determine the reversability of these early changes.", "contents": "[Early changes of testicular tissue following experimental torsion of the spermatic cord (author's transl)]. A bilateral testicular torsion war carried out in 65 mature rats. The timing of testicular tissue changes was investigated. A complete human testicular torsion corresponds to a 270 degrees torsion in the rat. The earliest changes were found in the semineferous tubules. Interstitial edema with vasodilatation and hyperemia already occurred one hour following complete torsion. Degenerative changes in the nuclei of the spermatogonia and spermatocytes were found after one hour. After two to four hours necrosis of the epithelium was found. After six hours these changes appeared irreversible. The Leydig cells appear to be damaged 2--3 hours and the Sertoli cells 4--6 hours later than the spermatogenic epithelium. Chronic experiments should be carried out to determine the reversability of these early changes.", "PMID": 494456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2008", "title": "Insertion of Gibbons ureteral stents using endourologic techniques.", "content": "We describe our technique for the antegrade insertion of the redesigned Gibbons ureteral stent. We have used this technique for 19 kidneys without failures or complications. The advantages of internal drainage and of antegrade stent placement are discussed.", "contents": "Insertion of Gibbons ureteral stents using endourologic techniques. We describe our technique for the antegrade insertion of the redesigned Gibbons ureteral stent. We have used this technique for 19 kidneys without failures or complications. The advantages of internal drainage and of antegrade stent placement are discussed.", "PMID": 494458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2009", "title": "Percutaneous pigtail nephrostomy.", "content": "Practicing urologists have become more familiar with the use of angiographic equipment and techniques and proficient in their application to percutaneous nephrostomy. The advantage of pigtail catheters for that purpose is noted. Modification of available vascular equipment applicable to percutaneous nephrostomy is discussed, and a new standardized kit for such purposes is described. A logical sequence of steps taken to ensure proper placement of the tube and adequate urinary drainage is considered.", "contents": "Percutaneous pigtail nephrostomy. Practicing urologists have become more familiar with the use of angiographic equipment and techniques and proficient in their application to percutaneous nephrostomy. The advantage of pigtail catheters for that purpose is noted. Modification of available vascular equipment applicable to percutaneous nephrostomy is discussed, and a new standardized kit for such purposes is described. A logical sequence of steps taken to ensure proper placement of the tube and adequate urinary drainage is considered.", "PMID": 494459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2010", "title": "Secondary tumors of ureter.", "content": "Carcinoma metastatic to the ureter, representing hematogenous or lymphatic spread from a distant primary neoplasm, was diagnosed in 39 patients. Although the lesions are uncommon and usually represent late manifestations of malignant disease, earlier recognition and relief of urinary tract obstruction may allow for improvement in symptoms and survival.", "contents": "Secondary tumors of ureter. Carcinoma metastatic to the ureter, representing hematogenous or lymphatic spread from a distant primary neoplasm, was diagnosed in 39 patients. Although the lesions are uncommon and usually represent late manifestations of malignant disease, earlier recognition and relief of urinary tract obstruction may allow for improvement in symptoms and survival.", "PMID": 494460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2011", "title": "Abdominoperineal-prostatocystectomy for infiltrating bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Combined abdominoperineal prostatocystectomy was described eighty years ago but has fallen into disuse. The authors performed this operation, two surgeons working simultaneously, in 14 patients with deeply infiltrating bladder carcinoma. Although 1 patient died postoperatively, morbidity has been minimal. The combined approach makes the cystectomy easier and allows excellent drainage through the perineum.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal-prostatocystectomy for infiltrating bladder carcinoma. Combined abdominoperineal prostatocystectomy was described eighty years ago but has fallen into disuse. The authors performed this operation, two surgeons working simultaneously, in 14 patients with deeply infiltrating bladder carcinoma. Although 1 patient died postoperatively, morbidity has been minimal. The combined approach makes the cystectomy easier and allows excellent drainage through the perineum.", "PMID": 494461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2012", "title": "Evaluation of partial cystectomy for carcinoma of bladder.", "content": "We reviewed 117 patients who had undergone partial cystectomy for primary carcinoma of the bladder. The recurrence rate was 78 per cent. Treatment of recurrences included transurethral resection, radiation therapy, and total cystectomy. The five-year survival rate of patients treated for recurrent disease was 68 per cent for Stages 0 and A, 31 percent for Stage B, and 6 per cent for Stages C and D1. Total cystectomy gave the best salvage rate. The five-year survival rate of patients without recurrences was 4 per cent.", "contents": "Evaluation of partial cystectomy for carcinoma of bladder. We reviewed 117 patients who had undergone partial cystectomy for primary carcinoma of the bladder. The recurrence rate was 78 per cent. Treatment of recurrences included transurethral resection, radiation therapy, and total cystectomy. The five-year survival rate of patients treated for recurrent disease was 68 per cent for Stages 0 and A, 31 percent for Stage B, and 6 per cent for Stages C and D1. Total cystectomy gave the best salvage rate. The five-year survival rate of patients without recurrences was 4 per cent.", "PMID": 494462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2013", "title": "Fibroma of tunica albuginea.", "content": "A case of fibroma of the tunica albuginea is presented with a review of the literature on previously reported cases of this rare entity. The characteristics of this lesion, its pathogenesis, and its treatment are considered.", "contents": "Fibroma of tunica albuginea. A case of fibroma of the tunica albuginea is presented with a review of the literature on previously reported cases of this rare entity. The characteristics of this lesion, its pathogenesis, and its treatment are considered.", "PMID": 494467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2014", "title": "Hemosiderosis of urinary bladder.", "content": "We believe this is the first case of proved hemosiderosis of the bladder to be reported. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and cystoscopic appearance suggested a primary bladder neoplasm.", "contents": "Hemosiderosis of urinary bladder. We believe this is the first case of proved hemosiderosis of the bladder to be reported. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and cystoscopic appearance suggested a primary bladder neoplasm.", "PMID": 494468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2015", "title": "Gallbladder visualization after intravenous pyelography.", "content": "Gallbladder visualization using the newer IVP contrast materials is rare, and occurs in cases of depressed renal function or acute ureteral obstruction. Mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Gallbladder visualization after intravenous pyelography. Gallbladder visualization using the newer IVP contrast materials is rare, and occurs in cases of depressed renal function or acute ureteral obstruction. Mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 494469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2016", "title": "Light and ultrastructural studies of renal oncocytic adenoma.", "content": "An asymptomatic renal oncocytoma was found in the upper left quadrant of an eighty-five-year-old woman during a routine physical examination. Ultrastructurally, the tumor was composed entirely of epithelial cells filled with normal and abnormal mitochondria. Selective renal angiography showed two renal arteries supplying a lobulated, highly vascular mass. The mass contained irregular and tortuous vessels without any arteriovenous shunting.", "contents": "Light and ultrastructural studies of renal oncocytic adenoma. An asymptomatic renal oncocytoma was found in the upper left quadrant of an eighty-five-year-old woman during a routine physical examination. Ultrastructurally, the tumor was composed entirely of epithelial cells filled with normal and abnormal mitochondria. Selective renal angiography showed two renal arteries supplying a lobulated, highly vascular mass. The mass contained irregular and tortuous vessels without any arteriovenous shunting.", "PMID": 494471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2017", "title": "Oncocytoma of kidney.", "content": "Oncocytoma is a rare, benign tumor of the kidney of which only 20 cases have been reported previously in the literature. We document 2 additional cases of renal oncocytoma and review the salient gross and microscopic features which characterize this tumor.", "contents": "Oncocytoma of kidney. Oncocytoma is a rare, benign tumor of the kidney of which only 20 cases have been reported previously in the literature. We document 2 additional cases of renal oncocytoma and review the salient gross and microscopic features which characterize this tumor.", "PMID": 494472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2018", "title": "Amyloidosis of renal pelvis and urinary bladder.", "content": "We describe a patient with amyloidosis of renal pelvis and 2 patients with urinary bladder amyloidosis. Clinical presentation in all of the cases mimicked cancer of the respective sites. Clinical diagnosis of amyloidosis is not possible, making biopsy mandatory. Immunology of amyloid formation and treatment of amyloidosis are discussed.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of renal pelvis and urinary bladder. We describe a patient with amyloidosis of renal pelvis and 2 patients with urinary bladder amyloidosis. Clinical presentation in all of the cases mimicked cancer of the respective sites. Clinical diagnosis of amyloidosis is not possible, making biopsy mandatory. Immunology of amyloid formation and treatment of amyloidosis are discussed.", "PMID": 494473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2019", "title": "Permanent percutaneous antegrade ureteral stent placement without transurethral assistance.", "content": "A simple, one-step, permanent, percutaneous, antegrade insertion of a ureteral stent is described, utilizing a double, pigtail catheter. No transurethral assistance is necessary. The advantages of this simplified technique are presented, and the necessary prerequisites for its application are discussed.", "contents": "Permanent percutaneous antegrade ureteral stent placement without transurethral assistance. A simple, one-step, permanent, percutaneous, antegrade insertion of a ureteral stent is described, utilizing a double, pigtail catheter. No transurethral assistance is necessary. The advantages of this simplified technique are presented, and the necessary prerequisites for its application are discussed.", "PMID": 494476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2020", "title": "Improved radiographic visualization of calculus in distal ureter.", "content": "Roentgenographic visualization of a calculus in the distal ureter is often made difficult by gas or bowel contents in the region of the pelvis. Filling the bladder with sterile water raises the bladder dome and displaces the bowel upward. Any calculus in the lower 4 to 5 cm. of the distal ureter is then clearly demonstrated on roentgenograms taken against the water-filled bladder instead of against the bowel filled with gas and feces. This maneuver also aids in differentiation of a calculus in the distal ureter from a phlebolith in the bladder wall, and has improved visualization of distal ureteral calculus in 50 patients during the last six years.", "contents": "Improved radiographic visualization of calculus in distal ureter. Roentgenographic visualization of a calculus in the distal ureter is often made difficult by gas or bowel contents in the region of the pelvis. Filling the bladder with sterile water raises the bladder dome and displaces the bowel upward. Any calculus in the lower 4 to 5 cm. of the distal ureter is then clearly demonstrated on roentgenograms taken against the water-filled bladder instead of against the bowel filled with gas and feces. This maneuver also aids in differentiation of a calculus in the distal ureter from a phlebolith in the bladder wall, and has improved visualization of distal ureteral calculus in 50 patients during the last six years.", "PMID": 494477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2021", "title": "Lead poisoning in Canada geese: a case report.", "content": "A case report of lead poisoning in Canada geese at Cheyenne Bottom Wildlife Management Area in Kansas is presented. Seventy-nine dead geese and 10 geese too weak too fly were found by management personnel. Clinical signs in the live geese were weakness, lethargy, anorexia, emaciation and bile stained diarrhea. Seventeen geese were necropsied. Lesions were impacted roots and fibrous stalks in the esophagus and proventriculus and numerous lead shot in the gizzard. One to 44 lead shot (mean 13) were found in the 17 gizzards examined. The concentration of lead in liver and kidney was 9.21 to 102.56 ug/g (wet weight). The presence of lead shot in the gizzard, characteristic clinical signs, and the concentration of lead in the liver and kidney confirmed the diagnosis of lead poisoning.", "contents": "Lead poisoning in Canada geese: a case report. A case report of lead poisoning in Canada geese at Cheyenne Bottom Wildlife Management Area in Kansas is presented. Seventy-nine dead geese and 10 geese too weak too fly were found by management personnel. Clinical signs in the live geese were weakness, lethargy, anorexia, emaciation and bile stained diarrhea. Seventeen geese were necropsied. Lesions were impacted roots and fibrous stalks in the esophagus and proventriculus and numerous lead shot in the gizzard. One to 44 lead shot (mean 13) were found in the 17 gizzards examined. The concentration of lead in liver and kidney was 9.21 to 102.56 ug/g (wet weight). The presence of lead shot in the gizzard, characteristic clinical signs, and the concentration of lead in the liver and kidney confirmed the diagnosis of lead poisoning.", "PMID": 494480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2022", "title": "Combinative effects of hexachlorobenzene and crowding on rat adrenal cell mitochondria.", "content": "The effects of social stress (crowding) on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) toxicity in male rats was evaluated by a morphometrical analysis of adrenal cortex mitochondria. The social stress was produced by transferring singly-housed rats from cages of ample size (1000 cm2 floor space) into small cages (100 cm2 floor space) each containing four rats. Differences in cage design as well as size may have contributed to the overall stress experienced by the rats. The food of the treated rats was supplemented with 250 ppm HCB. Structural changes in mitochondrial volume, surface area, or cristae area were not significant in HCB-treated or in crowded animals when compared with those of the controls. However, increases in mitochondrial volume and diameter were significant in those animals simultaneously challenged by HCB and crowding. The results strongly suggest that even a relatively mild social stress may adversely affect the ability of an animal to resist the effects of some exogenous chemicals.", "contents": "Combinative effects of hexachlorobenzene and crowding on rat adrenal cell mitochondria. The effects of social stress (crowding) on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) toxicity in male rats was evaluated by a morphometrical analysis of adrenal cortex mitochondria. The social stress was produced by transferring singly-housed rats from cages of ample size (1000 cm2 floor space) into small cages (100 cm2 floor space) each containing four rats. Differences in cage design as well as size may have contributed to the overall stress experienced by the rats. The food of the treated rats was supplemented with 250 ppm HCB. Structural changes in mitochondrial volume, surface area, or cristae area were not significant in HCB-treated or in crowded animals when compared with those of the controls. However, increases in mitochondrial volume and diameter were significant in those animals simultaneously challenged by HCB and crowding. The results strongly suggest that even a relatively mild social stress may adversely affect the ability of an animal to resist the effects of some exogenous chemicals.", "PMID": 494483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2023", "title": "The acute toxicity of ethanol: dosage and kinetic nomograms.", "content": "We are concerned with the frequency of potentially lethal ethanol intoxications (about 1 pint of hard liquor) in teenagers. We present 2 illustrative cases, discuss the acute toxicity of ethanol, and present 2 simple calculating charts for dosage and kinetics. The widespread use and economic impact of ethanol have kept this potent sedative-hypnotic free of the same federal regulations that control the availability of other drugs with a similar potency and margin of safety.", "contents": "The acute toxicity of ethanol: dosage and kinetic nomograms. We are concerned with the frequency of potentially lethal ethanol intoxications (about 1 pint of hard liquor) in teenagers. We present 2 illustrative cases, discuss the acute toxicity of ethanol, and present 2 simple calculating charts for dosage and kinetics. The widespread use and economic impact of ethanol have kept this potent sedative-hypnotic free of the same federal regulations that control the availability of other drugs with a similar potency and margin of safety.", "PMID": 494487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2024", "title": "Tumor-specific transplantation and surface antigen in cells transformed by the adenovirus 12 DNA fragments.", "content": "Adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and the surface (S) antigen were examined using rat cells transformed with Ad 12 DNA and its fragments. WY3 (3Yl cells transformed with Ad 12 whole DNA), CYl (3Yl cells transformed with the EcoRI-C fragment of Ad 12 DNA), and GY cells (3Yl cells transformed with the HindIII-G fragment of Ad 12 DNA) contained TSTA and S antigen, but HY cells (3Y1 cells transformed with the BpaI-H fragment of Ad12 DNA) did not. These results suggest that TSTA and S antigens contain a protein(s) coded for by a portion of the transforming gene.", "contents": "Tumor-specific transplantation and surface antigen in cells transformed by the adenovirus 12 DNA fragments. Adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and the surface (S) antigen were examined using rat cells transformed with Ad 12 DNA and its fragments. WY3 (3Yl cells transformed with Ad 12 whole DNA), CYl (3Yl cells transformed with the EcoRI-C fragment of Ad 12 DNA), and GY cells (3Yl cells transformed with the HindIII-G fragment of Ad 12 DNA) contained TSTA and S antigen, but HY cells (3Y1 cells transformed with the BpaI-H fragment of Ad12 DNA) did not. These results suggest that TSTA and S antigens contain a protein(s) coded for by a portion of the transforming gene.", "PMID": 494494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2025", "title": "[Effect of deficient and excess thiamine on the lipid makeup of the rat liver plasma membranes].", "content": "Single administration of thiamin at a high dose (40 mg) 100 g of body weight into rats led to an increase in content of phospholipids in liver plasmatic membranes; cholesterol and the ratio between phospholipid fractions were unaltered. Maintaining of rats on a rice diet (dietary B1-avitaminosis) as well as a single administration of hydroxythiamin into animals at doses 10 mg and 40 mg per 100 g of body weight did not affect the content of cholesterol and phospholipids in liver plasmatic membranes. At the same time, the ratio of the phospholipid fraction was altered in plasmatic membranes: in dietary B1-avitaminosis content of lecithin was decreased and the content of lysolecithin was increased, high of hydroxythiamin decreased the content of sphingomyelin. Hydroxythiamin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight did not affect these patterns.", "contents": "[Effect of deficient and excess thiamine on the lipid makeup of the rat liver plasma membranes]. Single administration of thiamin at a high dose (40 mg) 100 g of body weight into rats led to an increase in content of phospholipids in liver plasmatic membranes; cholesterol and the ratio between phospholipid fractions were unaltered. Maintaining of rats on a rice diet (dietary B1-avitaminosis) as well as a single administration of hydroxythiamin into animals at doses 10 mg and 40 mg per 100 g of body weight did not affect the content of cholesterol and phospholipids in liver plasmatic membranes. At the same time, the ratio of the phospholipid fraction was altered in plasmatic membranes: in dietary B1-avitaminosis content of lecithin was decreased and the content of lysolecithin was increased, high of hydroxythiamin decreased the content of sphingomyelin. Hydroxythiamin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight did not affect these patterns.", "PMID": 494533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2026", "title": "[Mitochondrial energy processes of the visual system in the rabbit brain normally and under conditions of light deprivation].", "content": "A rate of endogenous respiration in mitochondria of rabbit brain visual system (visual cortex, forebrain) was higher under conditions of light deprivation (from birth up to 2.5 month) as compared with the mitochondria of control animals. The mitochondria of experimental rabbits were characterized by distinct alteration in oxidative phosphorylation of glutamic acid, by an increased rate of electron transport at the step between cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase-succinate dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain as well as by the peculiar effect of rothenone and DNP on the chain. All the patterns studied approached the control value within the period of restoration of light impulsation. Nonlinear type of the regenerating processes was observed. Role of specific impulsation and compensatory reactions in the age-dependent development of energy processes in brain mitochondria is discussed.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial energy processes of the visual system in the rabbit brain normally and under conditions of light deprivation]. A rate of endogenous respiration in mitochondria of rabbit brain visual system (visual cortex, forebrain) was higher under conditions of light deprivation (from birth up to 2.5 month) as compared with the mitochondria of control animals. The mitochondria of experimental rabbits were characterized by distinct alteration in oxidative phosphorylation of glutamic acid, by an increased rate of electron transport at the step between cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase-succinate dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain as well as by the peculiar effect of rothenone and DNP on the chain. All the patterns studied approached the control value within the period of restoration of light impulsation. Nonlinear type of the regenerating processes was observed. Role of specific impulsation and compensatory reactions in the age-dependent development of energy processes in brain mitochondria is discussed.", "PMID": 494532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2027", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of immobilized noradrenaline on the contact phase of blood coagulation].", "content": "A deficiency in the contact phase of blood coagulation, depending on the specific isolation of Fletcher's factor (prekallikreins) from blood plasma, was observed after chromatography of blood plasma on a column with noradrenaline-Sepharose. Activation of kalliklein and dekinination of high-molecular kininogene occurred after the interaction between proenzymes of contact phase of blood coagulation (factor XII, prekallikreins, high-molecular kininogene).", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of immobilized noradrenaline on the contact phase of blood coagulation]. A deficiency in the contact phase of blood coagulation, depending on the specific isolation of Fletcher's factor (prekallikreins) from blood plasma, was observed after chromatography of blood plasma on a column with noradrenaline-Sepharose. Activation of kalliklein and dekinination of high-molecular kininogene occurred after the interaction between proenzymes of contact phase of blood coagulation (factor XII, prekallikreins, high-molecular kininogene).", "PMID": 494537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2028", "title": "[Effect of sterols on erythrocyte membrane properties in experimental rickets].", "content": "Experimental rickets in rats was accompanied by a distinct increase in content of cholesterol and its esters, scvalene, lanosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol in erythrocyte membranes with simultaneous decrease in content of total phospholipids. The alterations in lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes led to an increase in osmotic stability, to a decrease in glucose utilization and 45Ca incorporation into the erythrocytes. Acidic erythrogramms indicated an appearance in circulation of erythrocytes resistent to the effect of acidic hemolytics. Content of all the sterols studied was decreased in erythrocyte membranes after administration of liposomes into animals with experimental rickets; this demonstrates the relationship between the properties of the arythrocytes and sterole composition of their membranes. Incubation of erythrocytes with liposomes containing cholesterol or free from cholesterol caused a decrease or accumulation of cholesterol in the cell, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of sterols on erythrocyte membrane properties in experimental rickets]. Experimental rickets in rats was accompanied by a distinct increase in content of cholesterol and its esters, scvalene, lanosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol in erythrocyte membranes with simultaneous decrease in content of total phospholipids. The alterations in lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes led to an increase in osmotic stability, to a decrease in glucose utilization and 45Ca incorporation into the erythrocytes. Acidic erythrogramms indicated an appearance in circulation of erythrocytes resistent to the effect of acidic hemolytics. Content of all the sterols studied was decreased in erythrocyte membranes after administration of liposomes into animals with experimental rickets; this demonstrates the relationship between the properties of the arythrocytes and sterole composition of their membranes. Incubation of erythrocytes with liposomes containing cholesterol or free from cholesterol caused a decrease or accumulation of cholesterol in the cell, respectively.", "PMID": 494538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2029", "title": "[Polarographic determination of lipid hydroperoxides in the liver of guinea pigs on a varying allowance of ascorbic acid].", "content": "As shown by polarographic method, administration of high doses of ascorbic acid into guinea pigs (100 mg per 100 g of body weight) within two weeks led to a distinct increase (2-fold) in concentration of endogenous peroxides in liver tissue. Maintaining of the animals on a diet, deficient in vitamin C, within 4 weeks (scorbutic animals) was accompanied by 1.6-fold decrease in content of lipid peroxides in liver tissue as compared with control group.", "contents": "[Polarographic determination of lipid hydroperoxides in the liver of guinea pigs on a varying allowance of ascorbic acid]. As shown by polarographic method, administration of high doses of ascorbic acid into guinea pigs (100 mg per 100 g of body weight) within two weeks led to a distinct increase (2-fold) in concentration of endogenous peroxides in liver tissue. Maintaining of the animals on a diet, deficient in vitamin C, within 4 weeks (scorbutic animals) was accompanied by 1.6-fold decrease in content of lipid peroxides in liver tissue as compared with control group.", "PMID": 494534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2030", "title": "[Hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzymatic makeup of the smooth gastric muscle in intact and sympathectomized rabbits].", "content": "After immunological sympathectomy in rabbits activity and isoenzyme spectra of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in smooth muscle of stomach. Activity of KH in the muscles was statistically significant due to increase in content of a single isoenzyme of HK occurring in the tissue. Activity o LDH was unaltered. However the isoenzyme apectrum of the enzyme was changed: content of M-subunits was decreased and the content of H-subunits was increased. These alterations may lead to an increase in redox potential in cells of the tissues.", "contents": "[Hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzymatic makeup of the smooth gastric muscle in intact and sympathectomized rabbits]. After immunological sympathectomy in rabbits activity and isoenzyme spectra of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in smooth muscle of stomach. Activity of KH in the muscles was statistically significant due to increase in content of a single isoenzyme of HK occurring in the tissue. Activity o LDH was unaltered. However the isoenzyme apectrum of the enzyme was changed: content of M-subunits was decreased and the content of H-subunits was increased. These alterations may lead to an increase in redox potential in cells of the tissues.", "PMID": 494539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2031", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on the protein makeup of condensed and diffuse chromatin from the liver of rats of different ages].", "content": "Contant composition of histones and marked alterations in the non-histone proteins were found in condensed and diffuse chtomatins of rat liver tissue during postnatal ontogenesis both in normal state and in treatment with thyroxine. Thyroxine affected the ratio histones (non-histone proteins in condensed chromatin of animals of the all age groups studied, except the old rats, in which the ration did not differ from the control values. After thyroxine administration the ratio histones) non-histone proteins was increased in diffuse chromatin of predolescent rats; the ratio was slightly decreased in diffuse chromatin of puberal rats and it was remarkably unaltered in the chromatin of adult and t was remarkably unaltered in the chromatin of adult an old animals. Considering the fact that thyroxine increased in the condensed chromatin the content of non-histone proteins and decreased the content of histones, the data obtained suggest that the hormone caused a shift in the ratio condensed/diffuse chromatin towards the increase in content of the diffuse chromatin.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on the protein makeup of condensed and diffuse chromatin from the liver of rats of different ages]. Contant composition of histones and marked alterations in the non-histone proteins were found in condensed and diffuse chtomatins of rat liver tissue during postnatal ontogenesis both in normal state and in treatment with thyroxine. Thyroxine affected the ratio histones (non-histone proteins in condensed chromatin of animals of the all age groups studied, except the old rats, in which the ration did not differ from the control values. After thyroxine administration the ratio histones) non-histone proteins was increased in diffuse chromatin of predolescent rats; the ratio was slightly decreased in diffuse chromatin of puberal rats and it was remarkably unaltered in the chromatin of adult and t was remarkably unaltered in the chromatin of adult an old animals. Considering the fact that thyroxine increased in the condensed chromatin the content of non-histone proteins and decreased the content of histones, the data obtained suggest that the hormone caused a shift in the ratio condensed/diffuse chromatin towards the increase in content of the diffuse chromatin.", "PMID": 494541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2032", "title": "[Comparative electrophoretic analysis of plasma histonelike proteins and other basic proteins in rats with fibrosarcoma].", "content": "Histone-like proteins were isolated from blood plasma of rats with tumors. By polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis the proteins were separated into two fractions, resembling in their mobility histone fractions H1 and H2b+H2a. Basic proteins, occurring in blood plasma and used as standards (globulin, interferon, RNAase, lysozyme), were markedly distinct in their electrophoretic properties from both histone fractions and the histone-like proteins isolated from blood plasma. These histones apparently originate from nucleoproteins of blood plasma.", "contents": "[Comparative electrophoretic analysis of plasma histonelike proteins and other basic proteins in rats with fibrosarcoma]. Histone-like proteins were isolated from blood plasma of rats with tumors. By polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis the proteins were separated into two fractions, resembling in their mobility histone fractions H1 and H2b+H2a. Basic proteins, occurring in blood plasma and used as standards (globulin, interferon, RNAase, lysozyme), were markedly distinct in their electrophoretic properties from both histone fractions and the histone-like proteins isolated from blood plasma. These histones apparently originate from nucleoproteins of blood plasma.", "PMID": 494535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2033", "title": "[Lipid content in the blood serum of children and adolescents].", "content": "Content of lipids was studied in blood serum of 350 practically healthy children and teen-agers of both sexes at the age of 5-14 living in Moscow. The mean content of cholesterol was 169 mg per 100 ml in blood serum of the children; it did not depend on the age and sex. The upper level of the normal cholesterol content was about 205 mg/100 ml. Concentration of triglycerides was gradually increased in children blood serum with an increase in age from 51 mg/100 ml in 5-9 year old children up to 68 mg/100 ml at the age of 10-14 years and did not depend on sex. The increase in concentration of triglycerides correlated with an elevation in pre-beta-lipoprotein fraction in blood serum. The mean content of triglycerides was 60 mg/100 ml in 5-14 year old children. The upper level of normal triglyceride content was 115 mg/100 ml of blood serum for children of the age group studied.", "contents": "[Lipid content in the blood serum of children and adolescents]. Content of lipids was studied in blood serum of 350 practically healthy children and teen-agers of both sexes at the age of 5-14 living in Moscow. The mean content of cholesterol was 169 mg per 100 ml in blood serum of the children; it did not depend on the age and sex. The upper level of the normal cholesterol content was about 205 mg/100 ml. Concentration of triglycerides was gradually increased in children blood serum with an increase in age from 51 mg/100 ml in 5-9 year old children up to 68 mg/100 ml at the age of 10-14 years and did not depend on sex. The increase in concentration of triglycerides correlated with an elevation in pre-beta-lipoprotein fraction in blood serum. The mean content of triglycerides was 60 mg/100 ml in 5-14 year old children. The upper level of normal triglyceride content was 115 mg/100 ml of blood serum for children of the age group studied.", "PMID": 494542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2034", "title": "[Effect of taurine on 45Ca2+ binding by the microsomal membranes of brain cells].", "content": "Effect of taurine o binding of 45Ca2+ and 8-aniline-I-naphthaline culfonate by microsomes of rat brain cells was studied. Increased accumulation of Ca2+ in phospholipids of microsomes as well as a distinct decrease in the number of sites for binding of 8-aniline-I-naphthaline sulfonate were observed in presence of taurine. Activity of Ca2+-ATPase was simultaneously increased. The data obtained suggest that the effect of taurine on biomembranes is related to local alterations in their surface charge.", "contents": "[Effect of taurine on 45Ca2+ binding by the microsomal membranes of brain cells]. Effect of taurine o binding of 45Ca2+ and 8-aniline-I-naphthaline culfonate by microsomes of rat brain cells was studied. Increased accumulation of Ca2+ in phospholipids of microsomes as well as a distinct decrease in the number of sites for binding of 8-aniline-I-naphthaline sulfonate were observed in presence of taurine. Activity of Ca2+-ATPase was simultaneously increased. The data obtained suggest that the effect of taurine on biomembranes is related to local alterations in their surface charge.", "PMID": 494540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2035", "title": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on glutamate decarboxylase activity in the visual analyzer of the brain].", "content": "Early vision deprivation decreased in dogs (45-days age) the activity of glutamate decarboxylase in all the structures of brain visual analyzer studied as well as decreased the enzyme activation by exogenous pyridoxal-5-phosphate. With areing (in 90-days old dogs) the deprivation proved to be less effective in relation to decrease in the glutamate decarboxylase activity in external geniculate body but caused the same affect in the visual zone of brain cortex and in anterior mesencephalon. The deprivation exhibited similar effect on formation of asparaginic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on glutamate decarboxylase activity in the visual analyzer of the brain]. Early vision deprivation decreased in dogs (45-days age) the activity of glutamate decarboxylase in all the structures of brain visual analyzer studied as well as decreased the enzyme activation by exogenous pyridoxal-5-phosphate. With areing (in 90-days old dogs) the deprivation proved to be less effective in relation to decrease in the glutamate decarboxylase activity in external geniculate body but caused the same affect in the visual zone of brain cortex and in anterior mesencephalon. The deprivation exhibited similar effect on formation of asparaginic acid.", "PMID": 494536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2036", "title": "[Purine and pyrimidine bases entering the composition of DNA and RNA studied by gas-liquid chromatography].", "content": "A methods for gas chromatographic analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases, occurring DNA and RNA, is described. Preparation of samples for analysis is discussed. Procedures are described, which enable to perform rapid and quantitative analysis of the nitrogenous bases. Minimal volumes of the materials to be studied might be analyzed with high reproducibility.", "contents": "[Purine and pyrimidine bases entering the composition of DNA and RNA studied by gas-liquid chromatography]. A methods for gas chromatographic analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases, occurring DNA and RNA, is described. Preparation of samples for analysis is discussed. Procedures are described, which enable to perform rapid and quantitative analysis of the nitrogenous bases. Minimal volumes of the materials to be studied might be analyzed with high reproducibility.", "PMID": 494545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2037", "title": "[Change in aldolase activity in the organs of mice in the process of hepatoma 22a development].", "content": "The aldolase activity was measured using two substrates fructose-I-phosphate (FIP) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of different mice organs (liver, muscle, brain) and hepatoma tissues during growth of hepatoma 22a. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were calsulated. The most essential changes in the activity of aldolase were found during the latent and terminal stares of the hepatoma development. The changes in the aldolase activity observed during development of hepatoma 22a were characterized by altered substrate specificity VFDP /VFIP activity gatio). This ratio was not changed distinctly in liver tissue; in muscles the value decreased from 50 (tumor-free control) to 15 during terminal stages; in brain, to the contrary, it was increased from 20 to 50. The values of Km, Vmax and VFDP /VFIP were similar both in the hepatoma at the eleventh day  and in normal brain tissue. The specific inhibition of FDP aldolase activity by ATP was found. Substitution of aldolase B by aldolase AC apparantly ossurred in hepatoma 22a. The data obtained suggest that alteration in the parameters studied may be due to variation in the ration of isozymes.", "contents": "[Change in aldolase activity in the organs of mice in the process of hepatoma 22a development]. The aldolase activity was measured using two substrates fructose-I-phosphate (FIP) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of different mice organs (liver, muscle, brain) and hepatoma tissues during growth of hepatoma 22a. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were calsulated. The most essential changes in the activity of aldolase were found during the latent and terminal stares of the hepatoma development. The changes in the aldolase activity observed during development of hepatoma 22a were characterized by altered substrate specificity VFDP /VFIP activity gatio). This ratio was not changed distinctly in liver tissue; in muscles the value decreased from 50 (tumor-free control) to 15 during terminal stages; in brain, to the contrary, it was increased from 20 to 50. The values of Km, Vmax and VFDP /VFIP were similar both in the hepatoma at the eleventh day  and in normal brain tissue. The specific inhibition of FDP aldolase activity by ATP was found. Substitution of aldolase B by aldolase AC apparantly ossurred in hepatoma 22a. The data obtained suggest that alteration in the parameters studied may be due to variation in the ration of isozymes.", "PMID": 494546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2038", "title": "[Isolation, purification and the physicochemical properties of the monoamine oxidase from the myocardium].", "content": "A preparation of monoamine oxidase, purified 20-fold with a yield of 20%, was isolated from mitochondrial fraction of bovine heart after treatment with a nonionic detergent Triton X-100 combined with sonication followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B. By the data of gel filtration molecular weight of the preparation was 330,000. Two protein fractions with molecular weights of 84,000 and 90,000 were found using disc electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel containing 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecylsulfate. The purified enzyme contained 8.6 mol of SH-groups per 100,000 daltons of protein, 4.1 micrograms of inogranic phosphate per 1 mg of protein; Km value was 37.6 microM for benzylamine as a substrate. In experiments with elective inhibitors of monoamine oxidases the enzyme from bovine heart muscle exhibited high sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of deprenyl, which characterises the monoamine oxidases of the B type.", "contents": "[Isolation, purification and the physicochemical properties of the monoamine oxidase from the myocardium]. A preparation of monoamine oxidase, purified 20-fold with a yield of 20%, was isolated from mitochondrial fraction of bovine heart after treatment with a nonionic detergent Triton X-100 combined with sonication followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B. By the data of gel filtration molecular weight of the preparation was 330,000. Two protein fractions with molecular weights of 84,000 and 90,000 were found using disc electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel containing 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecylsulfate. The purified enzyme contained 8.6 mol of SH-groups per 100,000 daltons of protein, 4.1 micrograms of inogranic phosphate per 1 mg of protein; Km value was 37.6 microM for benzylamine as a substrate. In experiments with elective inhibitors of monoamine oxidases the enzyme from bovine heart muscle exhibited high sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of deprenyl, which characterises the monoamine oxidases of the B type.", "PMID": 494548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2039", "title": "[RNA and nuclear protein synthesis in regenerating and uninjured rabbit tissues].", "content": "Synthesis of RNA and nuclear proteins was activated in regenerating rabbit muscles within 2-8 days after trauma; within the subsequent periods (13-31 days) it was comparable with control values in most cases. The trauma affected the RNA synthesis in several other nontraumatized tissues of animals.", "contents": "[RNA and nuclear protein synthesis in regenerating and uninjured rabbit tissues]. Synthesis of RNA and nuclear proteins was activated in regenerating rabbit muscles within 2-8 days after trauma; within the subsequent periods (13-31 days) it was comparable with control values in most cases. The trauma affected the RNA synthesis in several other nontraumatized tissues of animals.", "PMID": 494544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2040", "title": "[Topography, physicochemical and kinetic properties of the branched amino acid transaminases of the gastric and pancreatic mucosa].", "content": "About 40% of transaminase of branched amino acids were shown to be localized in mitochondrial matrix of pancreatic gland. The transaminases from pancreas and gastric mucosa had pH optima around pH 8.6. The enzymatic activity was increased with an increase in temperature to 50 degrees. In presence of 10 microM concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate Km volume of these two enzymes from postmitochondrial fraction of gastric mucosa and of pancreas were equal to 9.7 . 10(-4)M and 9.0 . 10(-4)M for leucine, 1.1.10(-4) M and 4.10(-3) M for valine, 6.4.10(-4) M and 8.5.10(-4) for isoleucine, respectively. The reaction or transamination proceeded via formation of a substituted form of the enzyme. The transaminase activity was inhibited by capronic acid (I506.8.10(-4) M), valeric acid (I508.10(-4)M), butyric acid (I50 5.8.10(-3) M) and propionic acid (I50 2.10(-2) M).", "contents": "[Topography, physicochemical and kinetic properties of the branched amino acid transaminases of the gastric and pancreatic mucosa]. About 40% of transaminase of branched amino acids were shown to be localized in mitochondrial matrix of pancreatic gland. The transaminases from pancreas and gastric mucosa had pH optima around pH 8.6. The enzymatic activity was increased with an increase in temperature to 50 degrees. In presence of 10 microM concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate Km volume of these two enzymes from postmitochondrial fraction of gastric mucosa and of pancreas were equal to 9.7 . 10(-4)M and 9.0 . 10(-4)M for leucine, 1.1.10(-4) M and 4.10(-3) M for valine, 6.4.10(-4) M and 8.5.10(-4) for isoleucine, respectively. The reaction or transamination proceeded via formation of a substituted form of the enzyme. The transaminase activity was inhibited by capronic acid (I506.8.10(-4) M), valeric acid (I508.10(-4)M), butyric acid (I50 5.8.10(-3) M) and propionic acid (I50 2.10(-2) M).", "PMID": 494549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2041", "title": "[New aspects in the development and standardization of a method for determining prostaglandins in biological fluids and tissues].", "content": "A new method is described for separation of prostglandines (PG) of the A, E and F groups using microcolumns with silicic acid. Various concentrations of methanol in chloroform (2.5%, 4% and 20%) were used for reproducible elution of PG. The new method provides considerable advantages as compared with the previously published procedure. The data on quantitative estimation of PG by the newly developed method are compared with the conventional methods of column chromatography. Optimal conditions for preparation and storage of biological samples, methods for extraction of PG from blood plasma and tissues are recommended on the basis of the data published in the literature and of the results obtained.", "contents": "[New aspects in the development and standardization of a method for determining prostaglandins in biological fluids and tissues]. A new method is described for separation of prostglandines (PG) of the A, E and F groups using microcolumns with silicic acid. Various concentrations of methanol in chloroform (2.5%, 4% and 20%) were used for reproducible elution of PG. The new method provides considerable advantages as compared with the previously published procedure. The data on quantitative estimation of PG by the newly developed method are compared with the conventional methods of column chromatography. Optimal conditions for preparation and storage of biological samples, methods for extraction of PG from blood plasma and tissues are recommended on the basis of the data published in the literature and of the results obtained.", "PMID": 494550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2042", "title": "[Change in the free amino acid concentration of the developing brain under the influence of antenatal hypoxia].", "content": "Concentration of free amino acids was studied in various parts of brain (hemisphere, brain stem) of 14- and 30-days old rats with antenatal hypoxia. In hemispheres of 14-days old rats concentrations of 5 amino acids were altered, in the brain stem content of 3 amino acids was altered. In the pool of free amino acids of the 30-days old gats content of 7 amino acids was altered in hemispheres and content of 9 amino acids - in the brain stem. More rapid accumulation of cystathionine in hemispheres and of glycine in the brain stem was observed in animals with antenatal hypoxia. In these conditions accumulation of glutamic acid in hemispheres and of taurine - in the brain stem was retarded as compared with control animals.", "contents": "[Change in the free amino acid concentration of the developing brain under the influence of antenatal hypoxia]. Concentration of free amino acids was studied in various parts of brain (hemisphere, brain stem) of 14- and 30-days old rats with antenatal hypoxia. In hemispheres of 14-days old rats concentrations of 5 amino acids were altered, in the brain stem content of 3 amino acids was altered. In the pool of free amino acids of the 30-days old gats content of 7 amino acids was altered in hemispheres and content of 9 amino acids - in the brain stem. More rapid accumulation of cystathionine in hemispheres and of glycine in the brain stem was observed in animals with antenatal hypoxia. In these conditions accumulation of glutamic acid in hemispheres and of taurine - in the brain stem was retarded as compared with control animals.", "PMID": 494547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2043", "title": "The utilisation of a new strength citrate anticoagulant during centrifugal plateletpheresis. III. Assessment of in vitro platelet metabolism.", "content": "Employing the Haemonetics Blood Processor (IFC), a relatively pure platelet concentrate can be prepared by collecting only the first portion of the PRP leaving the centrifuge bowl (Fraction I). A subsequent fraction containing RBC and WBC contaminants (Fraction II) can be purified by means of a second centrifugation, using a conventional blood bank centrifuge (Fraction II), if transfusion of these contaminants would be detrimental to the recipient. Utilising the new 1.4% Na3-citrate anticoagulant, platelet metabolic parameters (ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate) as well as O2-uptake, were determined in Fraction I and II prepared from 10 normal healthy subjects. In contrast to previous studies reporting marked dysfunction in platelets contained in Fraction II when standard ACD-A was used during IFC, we observed no significant difference (Student's t test) in the present study between Fractions I and II, in regard to platelet metabolism, when using the new anticoagulant. It is further concluded that the second centrifugal manipulation does not exert a detrimental effect on platelet metabolism.", "contents": "The utilisation of a new strength citrate anticoagulant during centrifugal plateletpheresis. III. Assessment of in vitro platelet metabolism. Employing the Haemonetics Blood Processor (IFC), a relatively pure platelet concentrate can be prepared by collecting only the first portion of the PRP leaving the centrifuge bowl (Fraction I). A subsequent fraction containing RBC and WBC contaminants (Fraction II) can be purified by means of a second centrifugation, using a conventional blood bank centrifuge (Fraction II), if transfusion of these contaminants would be detrimental to the recipient. Utilising the new 1.4% Na3-citrate anticoagulant, platelet metabolic parameters (ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate) as well as O2-uptake, were determined in Fraction I and II prepared from 10 normal healthy subjects. In contrast to previous studies reporting marked dysfunction in platelets contained in Fraction II when standard ACD-A was used during IFC, we observed no significant difference (Student's t test) in the present study between Fractions I and II, in regard to platelet metabolism, when using the new anticoagulant. It is further concluded that the second centrifugal manipulation does not exert a detrimental effect on platelet metabolism.", "PMID": 494571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2044", "title": "HLA antigens in HBsAg infection.", "content": "The HLA typing of hemodialysis patients and normal subjects suggests a negative association of B8 and positive association of B5 with the development of anti-HBs and a negative association of BW35 with HBsAg antigenemia.", "contents": "HLA antigens in HBsAg infection. The HLA typing of hemodialysis patients and normal subjects suggests a negative association of B8 and positive association of B5 with the development of anti-HBs and a negative association of BW35 with HBsAg antigenemia.", "PMID": 494572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2045", "title": "Red cell enzyme activities and properties of mutant pyruvate kinase after long-term storage of red cells in liquid nitrogen.", "content": "After 8 months of storage of normal red cells in liquid nitrogen, red cell enzyme activities were essentially unchanged, except for triose phosphate isomerase which was reduced by about half. Mutant pyruvate kinase (PK), PK Tokyo I, showed no changes in kinetic or electrophoretic properties after 8 months of storage. These findings indicate that red cells stored for a long term in liquid nitrogen can still be used for the study of mutant PK.", "contents": "Red cell enzyme activities and properties of mutant pyruvate kinase after long-term storage of red cells in liquid nitrogen. After 8 months of storage of normal red cells in liquid nitrogen, red cell enzyme activities were essentially unchanged, except for triose phosphate isomerase which was reduced by about half. Mutant pyruvate kinase (PK), PK Tokyo I, showed no changes in kinetic or electrophoretic properties after 8 months of storage. These findings indicate that red cells stored for a long term in liquid nitrogen can still be used for the study of mutant PK.", "PMID": 494573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2046", "title": "Protease inactivation of the red cell antigen Xga.", "content": "The study of the agglutinability of Xg(a + ) cells by several examples of anti-Xga and absorption-elution tests showed that the red blood cell antigen Xga is destroyed by proteases commonly used in blood group serology but not by neuraminidase.", "contents": "Protease inactivation of the red cell antigen Xga. The study of the agglutinability of Xg(a + ) cells by several examples of anti-Xga and absorption-elution tests showed that the red blood cell antigen Xga is destroyed by proteases commonly used in blood group serology but not by neuraminidase.", "PMID": 494574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2047", "title": "Preparation of stable intermediate-purity factor VIII concentrate with a note on high-purity factor VIII.", "content": "Cryoprecipitate prepared by a rapid thawing technique was pooled in batches of 600--720 donor units and washed with ice-cold Tris-citrate-NaCl solution. After dissolving at 37 degrees C, it was adsorbed with Al(OH)3 and kaolin, and cleared by centrifugation. The supernatant, diluted with 5% dextrose was passed repeatedly through a bed of Celite, filtered through a 293 mm X 0.3 micrometer membrane disc and lyophilized. Typical composition was 15 U . ml-1 factor VII, and 40 mg . ml-1 protein with a yield of 300 U/l of starting plasma. The crude factor VIII concentrate was also a suitable material for preparation of high-purity factor VIII by controlled pore glass chromatography.", "contents": "Preparation of stable intermediate-purity factor VIII concentrate with a note on high-purity factor VIII. Cryoprecipitate prepared by a rapid thawing technique was pooled in batches of 600--720 donor units and washed with ice-cold Tris-citrate-NaCl solution. After dissolving at 37 degrees C, it was adsorbed with Al(OH)3 and kaolin, and cleared by centrifugation. The supernatant, diluted with 5% dextrose was passed repeatedly through a bed of Celite, filtered through a 293 mm X 0.3 micrometer membrane disc and lyophilized. Typical composition was 15 U . ml-1 factor VII, and 40 mg . ml-1 protein with a yield of 300 U/l of starting plasma. The crude factor VIII concentrate was also a suitable material for preparation of high-purity factor VIII by controlled pore glass chromatography.", "PMID": 494575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2048", "title": "Immunological identification of blood group Pk antigen on normal human erythrocytes and isolation of anti-Pk with different affinity.", "content": "The P1 and Pk blood group glycolipid antigens have the common terminal disaccharide, Gal(alpha, 1-4)Gal, but previous studies indicated that anti-P1 from P2 individuals does not cross-react with Pk antigen. In this paper, the specificities of anti-P1 and anti-Pk were analyzed carefully by complement fixation and hemagglutination techniques and the following results were obtained: (1) Anti-P1 from P2 serum was not absorbed with the Pk glycolipid (CTH), but this antigen absorbed all anti-P1 and anti-Pk (anti-P1Pk) antibodies from the sera of four p individuals. Most of the anti-P1Pk antibodies were IgG, but the anti-p1 from the P2 individual was IgM. (2) The Pk antigen on normal P2 erythrocytes was not 'cryptic'. It was reactive with p serum from which the anti-P antibodies were removed by absorption with the P glycolipid (globoside). This was not appreciated previously because, in order to make anti-Pk reagents, p sera (anti-P1PPk) were absorbed with P1 cells which contain CTH. (3) The anti-P1Pk antibodies in p sera were separated by partial absorption with P1 erythrocytes and elution from the absorbing cells, into two fractions that differ markedly in their affinity for alpha-methyl-D-galactoside and the oligosaccharides prepared from CTH.", "contents": "Immunological identification of blood group Pk antigen on normal human erythrocytes and isolation of anti-Pk with different affinity. The P1 and Pk blood group glycolipid antigens have the common terminal disaccharide, Gal(alpha, 1-4)Gal, but previous studies indicated that anti-P1 from P2 individuals does not cross-react with Pk antigen. In this paper, the specificities of anti-P1 and anti-Pk were analyzed carefully by complement fixation and hemagglutination techniques and the following results were obtained: (1) Anti-P1 from P2 serum was not absorbed with the Pk glycolipid (CTH), but this antigen absorbed all anti-P1 and anti-Pk (anti-P1Pk) antibodies from the sera of four p individuals. Most of the anti-P1Pk antibodies were IgG, but the anti-p1 from the P2 individual was IgM. (2) The Pk antigen on normal P2 erythrocytes was not 'cryptic'. It was reactive with p serum from which the anti-P antibodies were removed by absorption with the P glycolipid (globoside). This was not appreciated previously because, in order to make anti-Pk reagents, p sera (anti-P1PPk) were absorbed with P1 cells which contain CTH. (3) The anti-P1Pk antibodies in p sera were separated by partial absorption with P1 erythrocytes and elution from the absorbing cells, into two fractions that differ markedly in their affinity for alpha-methyl-D-galactoside and the oligosaccharides prepared from CTH.", "PMID": 494578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2049", "title": "Kell phenotypes in 15 Japanese patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "The red cell Kell phenotypes were examined in 15 Japanese patients with chronic granulomatous disease. No McLeod type was found. A low incidence of the association of chronic granulomatous disease with the McLeod type in the Japanese is suggested.", "contents": "Kell phenotypes in 15 Japanese patients with chronic granulomatous disease. The red cell Kell phenotypes were examined in 15 Japanese patients with chronic granulomatous disease. No McLeod type was found. A low incidence of the association of chronic granulomatous disease with the McLeod type in the Japanese is suggested.", "PMID": 494579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2050", "title": "Expression of T-antigen on polyagglutinable erythrocytes and carcinoma cells: preparation of T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody.", "content": "Recent interest has been revived in the human MN blood group system due to the discovery of the MN precursor substance (T-antigen) on certain malignant, but not benign or normal tissues. Methods for preparing T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody are described and should be useful not only to the researcher involved in this new line of investigation, but also to the routine blood bank faced with the occasional problem of erythrocyte polyagglitinability.", "contents": "Expression of T-antigen on polyagglutinable erythrocytes and carcinoma cells: preparation of T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody. Recent interest has been revived in the human MN blood group system due to the discovery of the MN precursor substance (T-antigen) on certain malignant, but not benign or normal tissues. Methods for preparing T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody are described and should be useful not only to the researcher involved in this new line of investigation, but also to the routine blood bank faced with the occasional problem of erythrocyte polyagglitinability.", "PMID": 494582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2051", "title": "Impact of the protein content of red cell concentrates on the optimum use of blood.", "content": "It was previously shown, in theory and in practice, that a blood component program utilizing 80--85% of all donations as red cell concentrates with a hematocrit of 70% contributes substantially to the coverage of national albumin demands without increasing the need for that protein. The current trend towards the production of red cell concentrates with hematocrits around 85% by the removal of more plasma prompted a computer simulation study of the effects of this modification on the protein and monetary economy of a component program. The results suggest that a hematocrit around 70% constitutes an optimum in these respects. In a general way, they point to the desirability of examining the repercussions of isolated modifications of the processing of blood donations on the system as a whole prior to their large-scale application.", "contents": "Impact of the protein content of red cell concentrates on the optimum use of blood. It was previously shown, in theory and in practice, that a blood component program utilizing 80--85% of all donations as red cell concentrates with a hematocrit of 70% contributes substantially to the coverage of national albumin demands without increasing the need for that protein. The current trend towards the production of red cell concentrates with hematocrits around 85% by the removal of more plasma prompted a computer simulation study of the effects of this modification on the protein and monetary economy of a component program. The results suggest that a hematocrit around 70% constitutes an optimum in these respects. In a general way, they point to the desirability of examining the repercussions of isolated modifications of the processing of blood donations on the system as a whole prior to their large-scale application.", "PMID": 494583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2052", "title": "Changes in the inhibition of specific agglutination by plasma due to microvesicles released from human red cells during storage for transfusion.", "content": "The progressive appearance of erythrocyte antigenic activity in plasma from donations of human blood taken into acid citrate-dextrose (ACD) and stored at 4 degrees D for transfusion has been studied. It has been shown by specific inhibition tests that A, B, H and P1 activities are associated with membrane-bounded microvesicles which are released from the red cell membrane during the disc-echinocyte-spherocyte shape transformation. Although M group activity appears to be lost from the red cell membrane during storage, significant recovery on the microvesicles is not obtained even though these seem to contain the M and N group intrinsic protein, glycophorin.", "contents": "Changes in the inhibition of specific agglutination by plasma due to microvesicles released from human red cells during storage for transfusion. The progressive appearance of erythrocyte antigenic activity in plasma from donations of human blood taken into acid citrate-dextrose (ACD) and stored at 4 degrees D for transfusion has been studied. It has been shown by specific inhibition tests that A, B, H and P1 activities are associated with membrane-bounded microvesicles which are released from the red cell membrane during the disc-echinocyte-spherocyte shape transformation. Although M group activity appears to be lost from the red cell membrane during storage, significant recovery on the microvesicles is not obtained even though these seem to contain the M and N group intrinsic protein, glycophorin.", "PMID": 494584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2053", "title": "Gn allotypes in mother-father-cord trios. A selective transfer of autologous, fetal IgG to the mother.", "content": "When tested at a standard dilution (1:30), mother-cord Gm phenotypes are identical. A more sensitive assay reveals that the fetus does possess paternal antigen, that is, does produce small amounts of autologous IgG. The paternal antigens, in both the mother and the cord plasma, appear in a mosaic, one that suggests the fetus has the ability to selectively transfer his own IgG subclasses to the mother.", "contents": "Gn allotypes in mother-father-cord trios. A selective transfer of autologous, fetal IgG to the mother. When tested at a standard dilution (1:30), mother-cord Gm phenotypes are identical. A more sensitive assay reveals that the fetus does possess paternal antigen, that is, does produce small amounts of autologous IgG. The paternal antigens, in both the mother and the cord plasma, appear in a mosaic, one that suggests the fetus has the ability to selectively transfer his own IgG subclasses to the mother.", "PMID": 494585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2054", "title": "Survival studies of 51Cr Ch(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti-Cha, and massive transfusion of incompatible blood.", "content": "Survival studies of 51Cr, Ch(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti-Cha, showed normal survival time in the observation period of 6 days. Successive massive transfusion of Ch(a+) blood was performed without any complication. A very strong secondary immune response to the Ch antigen was observed.", "contents": "Survival studies of 51Cr Ch(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti-Cha, and massive transfusion of incompatible blood. Survival studies of 51Cr, Ch(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti-Cha, showed normal survival time in the observation period of 6 days. Successive massive transfusion of Ch(a+) blood was performed without any complication. A very strong secondary immune response to the Ch antigen was observed.", "PMID": 494587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2055", "title": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody in blood donors and high risk groups in Iran.", "content": "The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs among voluntary blood donors, professional blood donors, INBTS laboratory staff, haemophiliacs and the patients and medical personnel of three haemodialysis centres was compared. The 3.4% incidence of HBsAg found among 168,890 voluntary donors was significantly less than the 8.4% found among 378 professional blood donors. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher in male than in female donors, and also higher in single than in married donors. Prevalence of HBsAg was unrelated to ABO-Rh blood group but was related to age. Anti-HBs was found in 30% of voluntary blood donors, 67% of professional donors, 68% of haemodialysis patients, 39% of haemodialysis staff, 86% of haemophiliacs and in only 4.8% of HBsAg carriers. Subtyping of HBsAg found in 100 voluntary donors showed 65 were ay; 5 ad; 10 ad + ay and 20 were untypable.", "contents": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody in blood donors and high risk groups in Iran. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs among voluntary blood donors, professional blood donors, INBTS laboratory staff, haemophiliacs and the patients and medical personnel of three haemodialysis centres was compared. The 3.4% incidence of HBsAg found among 168,890 voluntary donors was significantly less than the 8.4% found among 378 professional blood donors. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher in male than in female donors, and also higher in single than in married donors. Prevalence of HBsAg was unrelated to ABO-Rh blood group but was related to age. Anti-HBs was found in 30% of voluntary blood donors, 67% of professional donors, 68% of haemodialysis patients, 39% of haemodialysis staff, 86% of haemophiliacs and in only 4.8% of HBsAg carriers. Subtyping of HBsAg found in 100 voluntary donors showed 65 were ay; 5 ad; 10 ad + ay and 20 were untypable.", "PMID": 494588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2056", "title": "An evaluation of N-ethyl-maleimide-induced lipid peroxidation in platelet concentrates stored at 4 or 22 degrees C.", "content": "A method for the quality control of platelet viability, based on N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM)-induced lipid peroxidation, is reported. Duplicate platelet concentrates from individual donors were stored at 22 and 4 degrees C, respectively. At time 0 and at 24-hour intervals, pH, O2  and CO2 tensions, ADP-induced aggregation, glass adhesivity, hypotonic shock response (HSR) and NEM-induced lipid peroxidation were measured. A highly significant correlation between NEM-induced lipid peroxidation and HSR was established, which suggests that the former method can be used for the in vitro prediction of posttransfusion survival of preserved platelets.", "contents": "An evaluation of N-ethyl-maleimide-induced lipid peroxidation in platelet concentrates stored at 4 or 22 degrees C. A method for the quality control of platelet viability, based on N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM)-induced lipid peroxidation, is reported. Duplicate platelet concentrates from individual donors were stored at 22 and 4 degrees C, respectively. At time 0 and at 24-hour intervals, pH, O2  and CO2 tensions, ADP-induced aggregation, glass adhesivity, hypotonic shock response (HSR) and NEM-induced lipid peroxidation were measured. A highly significant correlation between NEM-induced lipid peroxidation and HSR was established, which suggests that the former method can be used for the in vitro prediction of posttransfusion survival of preserved platelets.", "PMID": 494589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2057", "title": "HLA antigens and the response to influenza A virus.", "content": "An attempt was made to confirm a previously reported association between HLA type B16 and resistance to infection with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine. No differences were found either in the ability of influenza virus to attach to fractionated white blood cells from HLB B16 subjects compared to cells from subjects of other HLA types, nor in the incidence of antibodies to three consecutive epidemic strains of influenza in sera from B16 subjects and control subjects. The association between HLA B16 and resistance to influenza could not be confirmed in a retrospective analysis of a clinical trial of a live attenuated influenza vaccine.", "contents": "HLA antigens and the response to influenza A virus. An attempt was made to confirm a previously reported association between HLA type B16 and resistance to infection with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine. No differences were found either in the ability of influenza virus to attach to fractionated white blood cells from HLB B16 subjects compared to cells from subjects of other HLA types, nor in the incidence of antibodies to three consecutive epidemic strains of influenza in sera from B16 subjects and control subjects. The association between HLA B16 and resistance to influenza could not be confirmed in a retrospective analysis of a clinical trial of a live attenuated influenza vaccine.", "PMID": 494590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2058", "title": "HLA antigens on red blood cells. Two donors with extraordinarily strong reactivity.", "content": "We have shown exceptionally strong HLA reactivity of the red blood cells (RBC) of two healthy blood donors, concerning several HLA antigens. HLA antigens not usually detectable on RBC are also expressed on the RBC of these donors. The RBC show a broad spectrum of reactivity with sera containing HLA antibodies. Absorption/elution experiments with these RBC and HLA antisera proved successful. Absorption studies with leucocytes showed that HLA-A2 and A28 behaved as separate specificities also on RBC, even though antisera always seem to contain heamagglutinins that react with both specificities. We found no evidence that HLA is associated with beta2-microglobulin on the RBC membrane.", "contents": "HLA antigens on red blood cells. Two donors with extraordinarily strong reactivity. We have shown exceptionally strong HLA reactivity of the red blood cells (RBC) of two healthy blood donors, concerning several HLA antigens. HLA antigens not usually detectable on RBC are also expressed on the RBC of these donors. The RBC show a broad spectrum of reactivity with sera containing HLA antibodies. Absorption/elution experiments with these RBC and HLA antisera proved successful. Absorption studies with leucocytes showed that HLA-A2 and A28 behaved as separate specificities also on RBC, even though antisera always seem to contain heamagglutinins that react with both specificities. We found no evidence that HLA is associated with beta2-microglobulin on the RBC membrane.", "PMID": 494591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2059", "title": "A large-scale survey on the prevalence of HBeAG and anti-HBe among asymptomatic carriers of HBV. Correlation with sex, age, HBsAG titre and s-GPT value.", "content": "During September and October of 1977, a total of 342,407 apparently healthy blood donors were screen for HBsAG by reversed PHA, and 6,342 (1.9%) asymptomatic carriers of HBV were identified. Prevalence of HBeAG and anti-HBe among HBV carriers was tested by our immunodiffusion method after serum samples had been concentrated threefold. The results were evaluated with reference to sex and age of donors, as well as HBsAG titre and s-GPT level in the serum. HBeAG was found slightly but significantly more often in male donors than in female donors (19.1 vs. 16.7%). In contrast, anti-HBe was found less frequently in males than in females (49.6 vs. 53.1%). Frequency of HBeAG decreased, while frequency of anti-HBe increased with age both in male and female carriers. The prevalence of HBeAG increased in parallel with the titre of HBsAG, whereas the prevalence of anti-HBe was approximately reciprocal to it. An abnormally high value of s-GPT (41 KARMEN U/ml or more) was found in 10.0% of the carriers with HBeAG, contrasting with 3.4% of those with anti-HBe.", "contents": "A large-scale survey on the prevalence of HBeAG and anti-HBe among asymptomatic carriers of HBV. Correlation with sex, age, HBsAG titre and s-GPT value. During September and October of 1977, a total of 342,407 apparently healthy blood donors were screen for HBsAG by reversed PHA, and 6,342 (1.9%) asymptomatic carriers of HBV were identified. Prevalence of HBeAG and anti-HBe among HBV carriers was tested by our immunodiffusion method after serum samples had been concentrated threefold. The results were evaluated with reference to sex and age of donors, as well as HBsAG titre and s-GPT level in the serum. HBeAG was found slightly but significantly more often in male donors than in female donors (19.1 vs. 16.7%). In contrast, anti-HBe was found less frequently in males than in females (49.6 vs. 53.1%). Frequency of HBeAG decreased, while frequency of anti-HBe increased with age both in male and female carriers. The prevalence of HBeAG increased in parallel with the titre of HBsAG, whereas the prevalence of anti-HBe was approximately reciprocal to it. An abnormally high value of s-GPT (41 KARMEN U/ml or more) was found in 10.0% of the carriers with HBeAG, contrasting with 3.4% of those with anti-HBe.", "PMID": 494592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2060", "title": "[Our experience with outside laboratory quality control].", "content": "The results from the national outside laboratory qualitative control of the clinical diagnostic laboratory investigations for the period September 1975 -- May 1977 were described. The following interlaboratory discrepancy was found on base of a systematic analysis of the data from the last two ring-like check-ups, November 1976 and May 1977, exressed by the variation coefficient (V.C. %); total protein, sodium, potassium and chlorides -- under 10%; cholesterol, urea and total fats -- between 10 and 20%; calcium, phosphorus, iron and creatinine -- over 20%. The highest per cent of admissible results are found with total protein -- to 85%; cholesterol -- to 70.38%; glucosa -- to 73.17%, urea -- to 69.23%, potassium -- to 59.46%, chlorides -- to 57.9%. With sodium, phosphorus, calcium, iron creatinine and uric acid the \"admissibility\" fluctuates about or under 50 per cent. The values of the qualitative-control indices discussed are comparable with the values obtained from them in the interlaboratory comparisons of other countries.", "contents": "[Our experience with outside laboratory quality control]. The results from the national outside laboratory qualitative control of the clinical diagnostic laboratory investigations for the period September 1975 -- May 1977 were described. The following interlaboratory discrepancy was found on base of a systematic analysis of the data from the last two ring-like check-ups, November 1976 and May 1977, exressed by the variation coefficient (V.C. %); total protein, sodium, potassium and chlorides -- under 10%; cholesterol, urea and total fats -- between 10 and 20%; calcium, phosphorus, iron and creatinine -- over 20%. The highest per cent of admissible results are found with total protein -- to 85%; cholesterol -- to 70.38%; glucosa -- to 73.17%, urea -- to 69.23%, potassium -- to 59.46%, chlorides -- to 57.9%. With sodium, phosphorus, calcium, iron creatinine and uric acid the \"admissibility\" fluctuates about or under 50 per cent. The values of the qualitative-control indices discussed are comparable with the values obtained from them in the interlaboratory comparisons of other countries.", "PMID": 494628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2061", "title": "[Level of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (F/FDP) in certain internal diseases].", "content": "Serum FDPs were investigated in 30 healthy and 95 patients with pulmonary thrombembolia, not-stabilized angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes and dermatomyositis. FDPs are determined by hemagglutination inhibition according to Merskey. They are found in the sera of the healthy in average values of 3.73 mkgr/ml. The highest average values in the first 24 h were found in case of pulmonary thrombembolia up to 106.64 mkgr/ml, followed by rheumatoid arthritis 26.3 mkgr/ml, myocardial infarction with complication 22.4 mkgr/ml, rheumatism +5.58 mkgr/ml, not-stabilized angina pectoris 5.5 mkgr/ml; and noncomplicated myocardial infarction 4.3 mkgr/ml. By the third day of the disease FDP in pulmonary thrombembolia decreased, whereas a negligible elevation was observed in case of non-complicated myocardial infarction. The results were interpreted as well as the cause for the presence of the mentioned products in those groups of diseases. FDP determination is recommended as a routine method in case of: diagnosis of pulmonary thrombembolia, differentiation of myocardial infarction with or without complications, differentiation of pulmonary thrombembolia from myocardial infarction in emergency states, progressing with chest pain, collapse phenomena, dyspnea and establishment of the activity of the process of rheumatoid arthritis. FDP determination in stenocardia and rheumatism is not expedient.", "contents": "[Level of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (F/FDP) in certain internal diseases]. Serum FDPs were investigated in 30 healthy and 95 patients with pulmonary thrombembolia, not-stabilized angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes and dermatomyositis. FDPs are determined by hemagglutination inhibition according to Merskey. They are found in the sera of the healthy in average values of 3.73 mkgr/ml. The highest average values in the first 24 h were found in case of pulmonary thrombembolia up to 106.64 mkgr/ml, followed by rheumatoid arthritis 26.3 mkgr/ml, myocardial infarction with complication 22.4 mkgr/ml, rheumatism +5.58 mkgr/ml, not-stabilized angina pectoris 5.5 mkgr/ml; and noncomplicated myocardial infarction 4.3 mkgr/ml. By the third day of the disease FDP in pulmonary thrombembolia decreased, whereas a negligible elevation was observed in case of non-complicated myocardial infarction. The results were interpreted as well as the cause for the presence of the mentioned products in those groups of diseases. FDP determination is recommended as a routine method in case of: diagnosis of pulmonary thrombembolia, differentiation of myocardial infarction with or without complications, differentiation of pulmonary thrombembolia from myocardial infarction in emergency states, progressing with chest pain, collapse phenomena, dyspnea and establishment of the activity of the process of rheumatoid arthritis. FDP determination in stenocardia and rheumatism is not expedient.", "PMID": 494629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2062", "title": "[Fibrin degradation products in the urine in diabetic nephropathy].", "content": "An immunologic methods was used in the assessment of FDP (fragments D and E). Urine of 15 diabetics with diabetic nephropathy was investigated. FDP findings are compared with the clinical picture and needle renal biopsy in some of the patients. The method is recommended as a sensitive diagnostic tests for the clinical practice.", "contents": "[Fibrin degradation products in the urine in diabetic nephropathy]. An immunologic methods was used in the assessment of FDP (fragments D and E). Urine of 15 diabetics with diabetic nephropathy was investigated. FDP findings are compared with the clinical picture and needle renal biopsy in some of the patients. The method is recommended as a sensitive diagnostic tests for the clinical practice.", "PMID": 494630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2063", "title": "[Cytogenetic and hormonal studies of persons occupationally irradiated with ionizing radiation].", "content": "Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on 23 subjects and hormonal -- on 18 of them, working in the sphere of ionizing radiation at medical institutions. After the quantitative processing of the results from the cytogenetic investigations, statistically significant differences were established to exist in cell obtaining with aberations, chromozome and chromatide fragments as compared with the spontaneous frequency of healthy subjects. Statistically significant differences were observed also in the group with length of service over 10 years as regards the dicentrics obtaining as well. With the follow-up of hormone concentrations in blood plasma a statistical decrease was found in the level of sex hormones -- testosterone in males and progesterone in females, accompanied by increased level of FSH, suggesting a primarily damage of gonads (testis and ovaries). Plasma cortisol level is statistically significant increased in all subjects examined whereas aldosterone level is normal in subjects with a length of service to 10 years and statistically significant decrease with a length of service over 10 years.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic and hormonal studies of persons occupationally irradiated with ionizing radiation]. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on 23 subjects and hormonal -- on 18 of them, working in the sphere of ionizing radiation at medical institutions. After the quantitative processing of the results from the cytogenetic investigations, statistically significant differences were established to exist in cell obtaining with aberations, chromozome and chromatide fragments as compared with the spontaneous frequency of healthy subjects. Statistically significant differences were observed also in the group with length of service over 10 years as regards the dicentrics obtaining as well. With the follow-up of hormone concentrations in blood plasma a statistical decrease was found in the level of sex hormones -- testosterone in males and progesterone in females, accompanied by increased level of FSH, suggesting a primarily damage of gonads (testis and ovaries). Plasma cortisol level is statistically significant increased in all subjects examined whereas aldosterone level is normal in subjects with a length of service to 10 years and statistically significant decrease with a length of service over 10 years.", "PMID": 494631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2064", "title": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in mitral valve prolapse].", "content": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricle functions was performed in 52 cases with idiopathic prolapse of mitral valve, confirmed on the base of the simultaneous presence of the well known auscultatory, phonocardiographic and echocardiographic criteria. Mitral prolapse was established not to be a homogenous group as regards left ventricle function. The majority of the cases (80.7%) had normal EchoC-indices for the pump and total and local contraction function of left ventricle. The cases without (25%) or with light stage (55.7%) mitral regurgitation are included here. In the presence of hemodynamic significant mitral insufficiency -- 13.5% of the cases. EchoC-manifestations for volume left-ventricle loading were found -- enlarged telediastolic dimension and volume of the left ventricle cavity, light hypertrophy and hypercontractility of the interventricular septum and/or the unattached posterior wall of left ventricle, enlarged left ventricle, increased velocity of EF-segment of the anterior mitral cusp. As a rule, a moderate mitral regurgitation is concerned in those cases. In a small number of cases with mitral prolapse (5.8%) EchoC-manifestations for a light to moderate pump and general and/or local contraction function of left ventricle was established without clinical data for a stasis in left ventricle cardiac insufficiency. Grounds exist to admit that in the last cases, a rather not severe local or more diffuse lesion of the left ventricle myocardium is concerned, its relationship with the mitral valve prolapse remaining obscure.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in mitral valve prolapse]. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricle functions was performed in 52 cases with idiopathic prolapse of mitral valve, confirmed on the base of the simultaneous presence of the well known auscultatory, phonocardiographic and echocardiographic criteria. Mitral prolapse was established not to be a homogenous group as regards left ventricle function. The majority of the cases (80.7%) had normal EchoC-indices for the pump and total and local contraction function of left ventricle. The cases without (25%) or with light stage (55.7%) mitral regurgitation are included here. In the presence of hemodynamic significant mitral insufficiency -- 13.5% of the cases. EchoC-manifestations for volume left-ventricle loading were found -- enlarged telediastolic dimension and volume of the left ventricle cavity, light hypertrophy and hypercontractility of the interventricular septum and/or the unattached posterior wall of left ventricle, enlarged left ventricle, increased velocity of EF-segment of the anterior mitral cusp. As a rule, a moderate mitral regurgitation is concerned in those cases. In a small number of cases with mitral prolapse (5.8%) EchoC-manifestations for a light to moderate pump and general and/or local contraction function of left ventricle was established without clinical data for a stasis in left ventricle cardiac insufficiency. Grounds exist to admit that in the last cases, a rather not severe local or more diffuse lesion of the left ventricle myocardium is concerned, its relationship with the mitral valve prolapse remaining obscure.", "PMID": 494632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2065", "title": "[Observations of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. 14 cases of inheritance of the syndrome].", "content": "The author, for a short period of several months, found 129 cases with the syndrome of mitral valve prolapse. A case is described with a combination of the syndrome with congenital complicated cardiopathy: pulmonary arterial stenosis, interventricular defect and persisting arteriarl low. A considerable part of the patients had dysplastic growth anomalies. In 13, out of the 14 inquired families, the syndrome was found simultaneously in the father or mother and the child. The significance of the hereditary anomaly of the connective tissue in the syndrome genesis is emphasized.", "contents": "[Observations of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. 14 cases of inheritance of the syndrome]. The author, for a short period of several months, found 129 cases with the syndrome of mitral valve prolapse. A case is described with a combination of the syndrome with congenital complicated cardiopathy: pulmonary arterial stenosis, interventricular defect and persisting arteriarl low. A considerable part of the patients had dysplastic growth anomalies. In 13, out of the 14 inquired families, the syndrome was found simultaneously in the father or mother and the child. The significance of the hereditary anomaly of the connective tissue in the syndrome genesis is emphasized.", "PMID": 494633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2066", "title": "[Clinical use of electrical atrial stimulation].", "content": "Electric auricle stimulation (EAS) was realized in a total of 77 patients. In 60 of the patients EAS was performed as a hypoxic test (step-wise increase of heart rate, with ECG registration and in many of the cases -- registration of certain indices of general and intracardial hemodynamics) with a view to precise diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and assessment of myocardial contraction function. In 91 per cent of the patients with stenosed coronary pathology on coronarogram, the symptoms of coronary insufficiency were positive (pain attack, ECG changes via ischemic type and/or deterioration of the myocardial functional curve) with the aid of EAS. Various correlations were established between the manifestations of coronary insufficiency and the deterioration of the functional curve of left ventricle. Furthermore, in the majority of the cases, one way results, among the data of veloergometry, coronarography and EAS, were recorded. In some cases EAS provided additional data for coronary insufficiency with negative veloergometric test (7 patients) and negative coronarography (5 patients). EAS could be applied in the diagnostics of ischemic heart disease, and in a hemodynamic aspect, via EAS a myocardial loading is realized with a minimum change of cardiac index and aortic pressure. In 16 patients EAS was applied with a view to the investigation of the functional state of sinal node and heart conduction system. In 13 patients, data about the syndrome of morbid sinal node were found (pathologic time of sinal node restoration) or for a latent lesion of heart conduction system. In the other three patients the suspicion of syndrome of morbid sinal node was not confirmed. The data obtained contributed to the determination of the therapeutic approach of those patients. In 5 patients a high frequency auricle electrostimulation was applied successfully in the interruption of paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia. EAS was concluded, on the base of the data obtained, to be appropraite for application and precise diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, as well as in the studies on sinal node state and heart conduction system. In some rhythm disturbances, resistant to medicamentosus treatment, the electric auricle stimulation could prove a valuable therapeutic method.", "contents": "[Clinical use of electrical atrial stimulation]. Electric auricle stimulation (EAS) was realized in a total of 77 patients. In 60 of the patients EAS was performed as a hypoxic test (step-wise increase of heart rate, with ECG registration and in many of the cases -- registration of certain indices of general and intracardial hemodynamics) with a view to precise diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and assessment of myocardial contraction function. In 91 per cent of the patients with stenosed coronary pathology on coronarogram, the symptoms of coronary insufficiency were positive (pain attack, ECG changes via ischemic type and/or deterioration of the myocardial functional curve) with the aid of EAS. Various correlations were established between the manifestations of coronary insufficiency and the deterioration of the functional curve of left ventricle. Furthermore, in the majority of the cases, one way results, among the data of veloergometry, coronarography and EAS, were recorded. In some cases EAS provided additional data for coronary insufficiency with negative veloergometric test (7 patients) and negative coronarography (5 patients). EAS could be applied in the diagnostics of ischemic heart disease, and in a hemodynamic aspect, via EAS a myocardial loading is realized with a minimum change of cardiac index and aortic pressure. In 16 patients EAS was applied with a view to the investigation of the functional state of sinal node and heart conduction system. In 13 patients, data about the syndrome of morbid sinal node were found (pathologic time of sinal node restoration) or for a latent lesion of heart conduction system. In the other three patients the suspicion of syndrome of morbid sinal node was not confirmed. The data obtained contributed to the determination of the therapeutic approach of those patients. In 5 patients a high frequency auricle electrostimulation was applied successfully in the interruption of paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia. EAS was concluded, on the base of the data obtained, to be appropraite for application and precise diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, as well as in the studies on sinal node state and heart conduction system. In some rhythm disturbances, resistant to medicamentosus treatment, the electric auricle stimulation could prove a valuable therapeutic method.", "PMID": 494634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2067", "title": "[Tuberculosis in patients treated with chronic dialysis].", "content": "Four cases with tuberculosis, not differentiated clinically and one case with ordinary septic process, falsly diagnosed as tuberculosis are described in patients treated with long-term hemodialysis. The errors admitted are analyzed, the significance of the atypical tuberculosis forms being stressed upon, especially miliary tuberculosis, pulmonary uremic edema, resembling disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis as well as of reduced activity in searching and diagnosis of tuberculosis. A plan and indications for the treatment of those infections in patients with kidney diseases are presented, treated with long-term hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis in patients treated with chronic dialysis]. Four cases with tuberculosis, not differentiated clinically and one case with ordinary septic process, falsly diagnosed as tuberculosis are described in patients treated with long-term hemodialysis. The errors admitted are analyzed, the significance of the atypical tuberculosis forms being stressed upon, especially miliary tuberculosis, pulmonary uremic edema, resembling disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis as well as of reduced activity in searching and diagnosis of tuberculosis. A plan and indications for the treatment of those infections in patients with kidney diseases are presented, treated with long-term hemodialysis.", "PMID": 494635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2068", "title": "[Factors leading to a delay and errors in the diagnosis of cancer of the digestive system].", "content": "The investigation covers 96 patients from Sofia, with cancer of the digestive system, with unsatisfactory early diagnosis -- 3.6 per cent and operability -- 36 per cent. The diagnosis was made after about an average of 6.4 months of the clinical onset of the diseases. Time loss is mainly due to diagnostic errors and less to late asking for doctor's attendance. More than 1/2 of the patients were treated \"blindfold\" without the proper X-ray and endoscopic investigations and specialized consultations. The most frequent diagnostic errors are: in case of gastric cancer -- \"chronic gastritis\" and \"ulcer disease\", 38.9 per cent and 30.6 per cent resp. and in case of cancer of colon and rectum -- \"chronic colitis\" 37 per cent and \"hemorrhoids\" -- 22.2 per cent. The patient's delay in the first examination shows an indirect dependence on education and health culture but is conditioned by a complicated complex of solial and psychological moments.", "contents": "[Factors leading to a delay and errors in the diagnosis of cancer of the digestive system]. The investigation covers 96 patients from Sofia, with cancer of the digestive system, with unsatisfactory early diagnosis -- 3.6 per cent and operability -- 36 per cent. The diagnosis was made after about an average of 6.4 months of the clinical onset of the diseases. Time loss is mainly due to diagnostic errors and less to late asking for doctor's attendance. More than 1/2 of the patients were treated \"blindfold\" without the proper X-ray and endoscopic investigations and specialized consultations. The most frequent diagnostic errors are: in case of gastric cancer -- \"chronic gastritis\" and \"ulcer disease\", 38.9 per cent and 30.6 per cent resp. and in case of cancer of colon and rectum -- \"chronic colitis\" 37 per cent and \"hemorrhoids\" -- 22.2 per cent. The patient's delay in the first examination shows an indirect dependence on education and health culture but is conditioned by a complicated complex of solial and psychological moments.", "PMID": 494636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2069", "title": "[Infrared spectroscopy of the dry urinary residue of healthy persons].", "content": "Dry urine residue and mineralized dry urine of clinically healthy subjects, aged from 2 months to 94 years were investigated by the method of infrared spectroscopy in Nujol and in tablets of potassium bromide. The subjects examined were subdivided into 4 age groups -- I group, children aged from 2 months to 12 months: II group -- 1 to 3 years: III group 20--80 years and IV group 80--94 years. The regions 900--1000 cm-1, where phosphates are absorbed, called \"phosphate\" region and 1500--1700 cm-1, where protein components are absorbed, called \"protein\" region were followed up. The following was observed with both methods: a) the maximum of \"phosphate\" band is shifted to the greater value of the wave number with age advancing, b) \"protein\" component intensity grows with age advancing. The general form of the spectra both in Nujol and in potassium bromide is characteristic and almost identical with both methods for each age group. The identity of the spectra enables the application of Nujol method in the practice as less labour consuming, not requiring special apparatuses and cheaper. The information obtained could be used as a comparison in urine tests of patients with bone tumours, where, according to literature data, characteristic spectra are observed.", "contents": "[Infrared spectroscopy of the dry urinary residue of healthy persons]. Dry urine residue and mineralized dry urine of clinically healthy subjects, aged from 2 months to 94 years were investigated by the method of infrared spectroscopy in Nujol and in tablets of potassium bromide. The subjects examined were subdivided into 4 age groups -- I group, children aged from 2 months to 12 months: II group -- 1 to 3 years: III group 20--80 years and IV group 80--94 years. The regions 900--1000 cm-1, where phosphates are absorbed, called \"phosphate\" region and 1500--1700 cm-1, where protein components are absorbed, called \"protein\" region were followed up. The following was observed with both methods: a) the maximum of \"phosphate\" band is shifted to the greater value of the wave number with age advancing, b) \"protein\" component intensity grows with age advancing. The general form of the spectra both in Nujol and in potassium bromide is characteristic and almost identical with both methods for each age group. The identity of the spectra enables the application of Nujol method in the practice as less labour consuming, not requiring special apparatuses and cheaper. The information obtained could be used as a comparison in urine tests of patients with bone tumours, where, according to literature data, characteristic spectra are observed.", "PMID": 494637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2070", "title": "[1 case of chronic active hepatitis].", "content": "A female patient is described, aged 18, with chronic active hepatitis post viral hepatitis, that led to exitus lethalis within one year and a half. Besides the numberous icteric periods and symptoms for intrahepatal cholestasis, the disease advanced with joint complaints, cardiac pulmonary and adrenal lesions. HBsAg is absent from blood but the latter was found in the nuclei of hapatic cells via electron microscopy. Diffusive hemorrhages were found in both adrenals as well as cortex thinness, reduction of fascicular zone and reduced lipids in cells. The role of the long-term immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolon and immuran is discussed in the origination of liver, adrenal, cardiac and pulmonary lesions (delayed type medicamentosus supersensitivity).", "contents": "[1 case of chronic active hepatitis]. A female patient is described, aged 18, with chronic active hepatitis post viral hepatitis, that led to exitus lethalis within one year and a half. Besides the numberous icteric periods and symptoms for intrahepatal cholestasis, the disease advanced with joint complaints, cardiac pulmonary and adrenal lesions. HBsAg is absent from blood but the latter was found in the nuclei of hapatic cells via electron microscopy. Diffusive hemorrhages were found in both adrenals as well as cortex thinness, reduction of fascicular zone and reduced lipids in cells. The role of the long-term immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolon and immuran is discussed in the origination of liver, adrenal, cardiac and pulmonary lesions (delayed type medicamentosus supersensitivity).", "PMID": 494638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2071", "title": "[Malignant tumor originating from the interstitial cells of the testis (leydigoma)].", "content": "The authors describe a very rare and very interesting case of malignant tumour, originating from the interstitial cells of the testis, developed in a male of 53, with multiple metastases. The patient developed chronic hypocorticism, owing to bilateral metastases in adrenal glands and finally followed by an Addison coma. The case is of interest because no data are available in literature about metastases in adrenals with and adrenal insufficiency advancement.", "contents": "[Malignant tumor originating from the interstitial cells of the testis (leydigoma)]. The authors describe a very rare and very interesting case of malignant tumour, originating from the interstitial cells of the testis, developed in a male of 53, with multiple metastases. The patient developed chronic hypocorticism, owing to bilateral metastases in adrenal glands and finally followed by an Addison coma. The case is of interest because no data are available in literature about metastases in adrenals with and adrenal insufficiency advancement.", "PMID": 494639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2072", "title": "Polygraphic analysis of sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson's syndrome.", "content": "The present work is an analysis of 30 patients with Parkinsonian syndrome and 10 healthy persons during different functional states (aroused wakefulness, relaxed waking state, various phases and stages of nocturnal sleep, hypnosis). By means of polygraphic recordings and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) it has been shown that motor, emotional and autonomic activity during sleep as well as EEG changes in parkinsonism are uniformly related to the nature and extent of the pathologic alterations in the non-specific, predominantly activating brain systems.", "contents": "Polygraphic analysis of sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson's syndrome. The present work is an analysis of 30 patients with Parkinsonian syndrome and 10 healthy persons during different functional states (aroused wakefulness, relaxed waking state, various phases and stages of nocturnal sleep, hypnosis). By means of polygraphic recordings and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) it has been shown that motor, emotional and autonomic activity during sleep as well as EEG changes in parkinsonism are uniformly related to the nature and extent of the pathologic alterations in the non-specific, predominantly activating brain systems.", "PMID": 494640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2073", "title": "[Individual evolution of idiopathic insomnia].", "content": "\"When a patient comes to us with the complaint of insomnia, we have to consider 5 items: 1) the psychological structure; 2) the existence of sleep disorders in the family; 3) the antecendents of sleep disorders in the childhood; 4) the appearance (or reappearance several years later) of the insomnia; 5) the present situation. In our research, we have studied the evolution of a group of insomniacs, since the appearance of the symptom until the time when they came to our department. In order to define this evolution, we have compared these two successive situations, having choosen as criteria, the opposition existing between the motivation and problematic on the one hand, and the exterior constraints on the other hand.\"", "contents": "[Individual evolution of idiopathic insomnia]. \"When a patient comes to us with the complaint of insomnia, we have to consider 5 items: 1) the psychological structure; 2) the existence of sleep disorders in the family; 3) the antecendents of sleep disorders in the childhood; 4) the appearance (or reappearance several years later) of the insomnia; 5) the present situation. In our research, we have studied the evolution of a group of insomniacs, since the appearance of the symptom until the time when they came to our department. In order to define this evolution, we have compared these two successive situations, having choosen as criteria, the opposition existing between the motivation and problematic on the one hand, and the exterior constraints on the other hand.\"", "PMID": 494641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2074", "title": "Circadian rhythm in gonadotropin secretion in children with constitutional stature delay.", "content": "Plasma levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were measured for 24 hours in six subjects affected by constitutional stature delay associated with sexual maturation delay. The children in pubertal stage exhibited fluctuating plasma concentrations of these hormones which significantly increased during sleep, as in healthy pubertal subjects. Thus in this type of delayed puberty, the synchronization of augmented gonadotropin secretion with sleep develops later in chronologic age but it is strongly related to bone age.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm in gonadotropin secretion in children with constitutional stature delay. Plasma levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were measured for 24 hours in six subjects affected by constitutional stature delay associated with sexual maturation delay. The children in pubertal stage exhibited fluctuating plasma concentrations of these hormones which significantly increased during sleep, as in healthy pubertal subjects. Thus in this type of delayed puberty, the synchronization of augmented gonadotropin secretion with sleep develops later in chronologic age but it is strongly related to bone age.", "PMID": 494642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2075", "title": "Perceptions of fatigue as related to alcohol ingestion.", "content": "An experiment is reported in which the role of alcohol in the emergence of fatigue was studied. Eleven (11) participants were requested to operate a driver trainer until they found the task too adverse to continue under conditions of high blood alcohol (BACL greater than 0.08%), low blood alcohol (BACL less than 0.08%), and no blood alcohol. Skill and heart rate were monitored and any personal distresses or observations made about performance were reported to an experimenter who acted in the role of 'passenger'. Results show decline in endurance as blood alcohol increases, but that a higher level of personal distress is endured by drivers who have imbibed, as compared to those who have not. Systematic discrepancies occur between the impressions gained by the experimenter (passenger) from verbal reports made by the driver, and the kinds of self-ratings drivers provide. Features of fatigue are analyzed theoretically as perceptual phenomena as related to alcohol and accidents.", "contents": "Perceptions of fatigue as related to alcohol ingestion. An experiment is reported in which the role of alcohol in the emergence of fatigue was studied. Eleven (11) participants were requested to operate a driver trainer until they found the task too adverse to continue under conditions of high blood alcohol (BACL greater than 0.08%), low blood alcohol (BACL less than 0.08%), and no blood alcohol. Skill and heart rate were monitored and any personal distresses or observations made about performance were reported to an experimenter who acted in the role of 'passenger'. Results show decline in endurance as blood alcohol increases, but that a higher level of personal distress is endured by drivers who have imbibed, as compared to those who have not. Systematic discrepancies occur between the impressions gained by the experimenter (passenger) from verbal reports made by the driver, and the kinds of self-ratings drivers provide. Features of fatigue are analyzed theoretically as perceptual phenomena as related to alcohol and accidents.", "PMID": 494643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2076", "title": "Stages of sleep evolution (facts and hypotheses).", "content": "The paper contains new data concerning the peculiarities of sleep in poikilotherms (fish, amphibians, reptiles). A conclusion is drawn that sleep and the activation spontaneously arising against its background are the universal phenomena in vertebrates. A supposition is argued about the existence of evolutionary succession between the forms of sleep inherent in lower vertebrates and the quiet and active phases of homoiotherms' sleep.", "contents": "Stages of sleep evolution (facts and hypotheses). The paper contains new data concerning the peculiarities of sleep in poikilotherms (fish, amphibians, reptiles). A conclusion is drawn that sleep and the activation spontaneously arising against its background are the universal phenomena in vertebrates. A supposition is argued about the existence of evolutionary succession between the forms of sleep inherent in lower vertebrates and the quiet and active phases of homoiotherms' sleep.", "PMID": 494644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2077", "title": "Formation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms in vertebrates.", "content": "The paper presents new data concerning the mechanisms of regulation of sleep-like states in vertebrates. Somato-vegetative and behavioral correlates of primary sleep (fish, amphibians), intermediate sleep (reptiles), slow-wave and paradoxical sleep (birds) are described. The evolutionary more ancient hypothalamo-cortical and young thalamo-cortical levels of regulation of different forms of sleep are examined. Problems of existence of functional analogues of homoiotherms' sleep are discussed.", "contents": "Formation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms in vertebrates. The paper presents new data concerning the mechanisms of regulation of sleep-like states in vertebrates. Somato-vegetative and behavioral correlates of primary sleep (fish, amphibians), intermediate sleep (reptiles), slow-wave and paradoxical sleep (birds) are described. The evolutionary more ancient hypothalamo-cortical and young thalamo-cortical levels of regulation of different forms of sleep are examined. Problems of existence of functional analogues of homoiotherms' sleep are discussed.", "PMID": 494645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2078", "title": "Evoked potential study of the synchronizing and hypnogenic areas in the basal forebrain.", "content": "On stimulating various basal forebrain structures, characteristic cortical evoked potentials, basic elements of the synchronization elicited, were studied in acute immobilized cats. Stimulation of the LH/10 cps/ resulted in short latency positive-negative evoked potentials, similar responses of increased latency were elicited from the RPO and TbOf. The laterobasal RPO and TbOf, the only areas able to induce cortical synchronization upon high frequency stimulation, could be clearly distinguished on the basis of evoked potentials. The laterobasal RPO was characterized by short latency, long-lasting positive potentials, while stimulation of TbOf elicited negative-positive responses. The relationship between the evoked potentials and the synchronizing mechanism of the basal forebrain is discussed.", "contents": "Evoked potential study of the synchronizing and hypnogenic areas in the basal forebrain. On stimulating various basal forebrain structures, characteristic cortical evoked potentials, basic elements of the synchronization elicited, were studied in acute immobilized cats. Stimulation of the LH/10 cps/ resulted in short latency positive-negative evoked potentials, similar responses of increased latency were elicited from the RPO and TbOf. The laterobasal RPO and TbOf, the only areas able to induce cortical synchronization upon high frequency stimulation, could be clearly distinguished on the basis of evoked potentials. The laterobasal RPO was characterized by short latency, long-lasting positive potentials, while stimulation of TbOf elicited negative-positive responses. The relationship between the evoked potentials and the synchronizing mechanism of the basal forebrain is discussed.", "PMID": 494646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2079", "title": "Rapid melatonin transients.", "content": "Two normal male subjects exhibited rapid pulses of melatonin concentration in plasma, apparently unrelated to stages of sleep and undisturbed with spontaneous waking during the night. Pulse intervals of approximately 8 and 12 min., respectively, for subjects 1 and 2, were associated with excursions of 35% and 33% of the nadir or 28% and 26% of the mean value. The pulses were detected with a 2.5 min. sampling interval.", "contents": "Rapid melatonin transients. Two normal male subjects exhibited rapid pulses of melatonin concentration in plasma, apparently unrelated to stages of sleep and undisturbed with spontaneous waking during the night. Pulse intervals of approximately 8 and 12 min., respectively, for subjects 1 and 2, were associated with excursions of 35% and 33% of the nadir or 28% and 26% of the mean value. The pulses were detected with a 2.5 min. sampling interval.", "PMID": 494647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2080", "title": "[Proliferative diabetic retinopathy for over twenty years without glomerulosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Proliferative retinopathy and glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease), crucial prognostic features in determining morbidity and mortality of diabetics nowadays, appear to be closely related: joint inadence, parallel progression and similar histological findings. A report is given on four cases suffering from proliferative retinopathy for 20 to 26 years, yet without any signs of glomerulosclerosis. The patient are all advanced in age (68 and more) and in relatively good general condition, but have, tragically, been blind for many years. Hence proliferative retinopathy, though part of diabetic angiography, is proved to originate independently from glomerulosclerosis although apparently so closely related to this syndrome. Nothing can be said in explanation of this fact, neither on a metabolic nor an organic basis.", "contents": "[Proliferative diabetic retinopathy for over twenty years without glomerulosclerosis (author's transl)]. Proliferative retinopathy and glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease), crucial prognostic features in determining morbidity and mortality of diabetics nowadays, appear to be closely related: joint inadence, parallel progression and similar histological findings. A report is given on four cases suffering from proliferative retinopathy for 20 to 26 years, yet without any signs of glomerulosclerosis. The patient are all advanced in age (68 and more) and in relatively good general condition, but have, tragically, been blind for many years. Hence proliferative retinopathy, though part of diabetic angiography, is proved to originate independently from glomerulosclerosis although apparently so closely related to this syndrome. Nothing can be said in explanation of this fact, neither on a metabolic nor an organic basis.", "PMID": 494648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2081", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism investigations in children of diabetic mothers (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up examination was conducted in 65 children aged up to 7 years whose mothers manifested diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and who had to be transferred to the Children's Hospital at Glanzing, Vienna for post partum complications. No case of manifest diabetes mellitus was recorded. Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated by determining immunological insulin (IRI) and the insulinogenic index during an oral glucose tolerance (OGTT). Three children showed pathological findings; two of them showed incomplete or delayed insulin secretion during the OGTT. One child displayed an inadequate rise in the insulinogenic index with high individual insulin values during the OGTT, which gave border line results. We support the point of view that children of diabetic mothers should be controlled with regard to carbohydrate metabolism regularly to recognize premanifest diabetic states at an early stage.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism investigations in children of diabetic mothers (author's transl)]. A follow-up examination was conducted in 65 children aged up to 7 years whose mothers manifested diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and who had to be transferred to the Children's Hospital at Glanzing, Vienna for post partum complications. No case of manifest diabetes mellitus was recorded. Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated by determining immunological insulin (IRI) and the insulinogenic index during an oral glucose tolerance (OGTT). Three children showed pathological findings; two of them showed incomplete or delayed insulin secretion during the OGTT. One child displayed an inadequate rise in the insulinogenic index with high individual insulin values during the OGTT, which gave border line results. We support the point of view that children of diabetic mothers should be controlled with regard to carbohydrate metabolism regularly to recognize premanifest diabetic states at an early stage.", "PMID": 494649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2082", "title": "Techniques for the computation in demographic projections of health manpower.", "content": "Some basic principles and algorithms are presented which can be used for projective calculations of medical staff on the basis of demographic data. The effects of modifications of the input data such as by health policy measures concerning training capacity, can be demonstrated by repeated calculations with assumptions. Such models give a variety of results and may highlight the probable future balance between health manpower supply and requirements.", "contents": "Techniques for the computation in demographic projections of health manpower. Some basic principles and algorithms are presented which can be used for projective calculations of medical staff on the basis of demographic data. The effects of modifications of the input data such as by health policy measures concerning training capacity, can be demonstrated by repeated calculations with assumptions. Such models give a variety of results and may highlight the probable future balance between health manpower supply and requirements.", "PMID": 494651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2083", "title": "Working life of health professionals.", "content": "A comparison was made between the indirect method of preparing a profession-specific working-life table and the direct method. The former uses data on the number of physicians per 1,000 population by age and assumes that the mortality rate for the profession is equal to that of the population as a whole. The latter method makes use of information on profession-specific mortality and on active and inactive status of living physicians. These two approaches were applied to physician data for the United States of America and it was noted that the direct method gives estimates of working life and total life expectancy that are significantly higher than by use of the indirect method. The likely magnitude and directions of the biases inherent in each of the methods are then discussed. A comparison is then made of the estimated working life for Colombian, French and US physicians using the indirect method.", "contents": "Working life of health professionals. A comparison was made between the indirect method of preparing a profession-specific working-life table and the direct method. The former uses data on the number of physicians per 1,000 population by age and assumes that the mortality rate for the profession is equal to that of the population as a whole. The latter method makes use of information on profession-specific mortality and on active and inactive status of living physicians. These two approaches were applied to physician data for the United States of America and it was noted that the direct method gives estimates of working life and total life expectancy that are significantly higher than by use of the indirect method. The likely magnitude and directions of the biases inherent in each of the methods are then discussed. A comparison is then made of the estimated working life for Colombian, French and US physicians using the indirect method.", "PMID": 494653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2084", "title": "Women in the health professions.", "content": "There is a very great diversity at international level with regard to the percentage of women in each of the three professions considered. As time goes on, however, this diversity appears to be slowly diminishing, partly as a result of an overall rise in the rates. Apart from a few cases, of which the most striking is that of physicians in the USSR, the proportion of women in the health professions increased, sometimes considerably, during the 1960s. In most cases, this growth was dependent on the following processes: --after the age of 50, the number of women at times declined less quickly than that of men, perhaps as a result of excess male mortality, --after the age of 35 and up to the age 50, the number of women in some cases declined less quickly than that of men, in particular as a result of a return to the profession by mothers once their children had grown up, --under the age of 35, the number of women in almost all cases increased much more rapidly than the number of men. The first two of these three processes were only of secondary importance, and in some cases, indeed, of no importance. The third was the one with the most pronounced effect on overall growth in the degree to which women were represented in the three professions considered by the study. This degree did not seem at any given time, to be linked to the proportion of members of the profession in the population (as expressed by the ratio of members of the profession to the population) nor to the proportion of women in gainful occupation (expressed as the female activity rate) nor to the national level of economic development (expressed as the national per capita income). It did, on the other hand, appear to be directly affected by each country's own policy decisions and academic traditions.", "contents": "Women in the health professions. There is a very great diversity at international level with regard to the percentage of women in each of the three professions considered. As time goes on, however, this diversity appears to be slowly diminishing, partly as a result of an overall rise in the rates. Apart from a few cases, of which the most striking is that of physicians in the USSR, the proportion of women in the health professions increased, sometimes considerably, during the 1960s. In most cases, this growth was dependent on the following processes: --after the age of 50, the number of women at times declined less quickly than that of men, perhaps as a result of excess male mortality, --after the age of 35 and up to the age 50, the number of women in some cases declined less quickly than that of men, in particular as a result of a return to the profession by mothers once their children had grown up, --under the age of 35, the number of women in almost all cases increased much more rapidly than the number of men. The first two of these three processes were only of secondary importance, and in some cases, indeed, of no importance. The third was the one with the most pronounced effect on overall growth in the degree to which women were represented in the three professions considered by the study. This degree did not seem at any given time, to be linked to the proportion of members of the profession in the population (as expressed by the ratio of members of the profession to the population) nor to the proportion of women in gainful occupation (expressed as the female activity rate) nor to the national level of economic development (expressed as the national per capita income). It did, on the other hand, appear to be directly affected by each country's own policy decisions and academic traditions.", "PMID": 494654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2085", "title": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: testosterone.", "content": "1. After intramuscular administration of [4-14C]testosterone to two cross-bred gelded horses, 45% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine in 96 h. Small amounts of urinary activity could still be detected at 200 h. 2. Neutral metabolites obtained after both enzyme and acid hydrolysis of urine samples have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 alpha-diol was found only in the enzyme-hydrolysable extract and testosterone only in the acid-hydrolysable extract. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one were found predominantly in the acid-hydrolysable extract.", "contents": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: testosterone. 1. After intramuscular administration of [4-14C]testosterone to two cross-bred gelded horses, 45% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine in 96 h. Small amounts of urinary activity could still be detected at 200 h. 2. Neutral metabolites obtained after both enzyme and acid hydrolysis of urine samples have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 alpha-diol was found only in the enzyme-hydrolysable extract and testosterone only in the acid-hydrolysable extract. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one were found predominantly in the acid-hydrolysable extract.", "PMID": 494658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2086", "title": "Metabolic fate of 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone), a new antidepressant agent, in man.", "content": "1. In man, the antidepressant agent 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) on oral dosing was mainly eliminated in urine (80% dose in 12 h). 2. Plasma concn. of total radioactivity was max (5.8 micrograms equiv./ml) at 30 min to 1 h after administration and declined rapidly (t1/2, 1.25 h). Unchanged drug accounted for 48, 32 and 13% of plasma radioactivity at 15 min, 1 h and 6 h, respectively. 3. The drug was extensively metabolized. The major urinary metabolites were 3-(3-carboxyphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and a glucuronide of toloxatone. A minor urinary metabolite, characterized as a phenolic derivative, was also excreted conjugated.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone), a new antidepressant agent, in man. 1. In man, the antidepressant agent 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) on oral dosing was mainly eliminated in urine (80% dose in 12 h). 2. Plasma concn. of total radioactivity was max (5.8 micrograms equiv./ml) at 30 min to 1 h after administration and declined rapidly (t1/2, 1.25 h). Unchanged drug accounted for 48, 32 and 13% of plasma radioactivity at 15 min, 1 h and 6 h, respectively. 3. The drug was extensively metabolized. The major urinary metabolites were 3-(3-carboxyphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and a glucuronide of toloxatone. A minor urinary metabolite, characterized as a phenolic derivative, was also excreted conjugated.", "PMID": 494659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2087", "title": "Mechanism of formation of mercapturic acids from (1-bromoethyl)benzene and (2-bromoethyl)benzene in the rat.", "content": "1. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of metabolism of alkylhalides to hydroxy-alkylmercapturic acids, two of which involve the intermediate step of dehydrohalogenation and formation of an epoxide. 2. After injection of (1-bromoethyl)benzene in rat, the only mercapturic acid appearing in the urine was N-acetyl-S-1-phenylethylcysteine. After injecting (2-bromoethyl)benzene in the rat only N-acetyl-S-2-phenylethylcysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine were found in the urine. 3. Since the principal mercapturic acid formed from both styrene and styrene oxide could not be detected in the urine of rats receiving either 1- or 2-bromoethyl benzene, the intermediate formation of styrene or styrene oxide from the arylalkylhalides does not occur.", "contents": "Mechanism of formation of mercapturic acids from (1-bromoethyl)benzene and (2-bromoethyl)benzene in the rat. 1. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of metabolism of alkylhalides to hydroxy-alkylmercapturic acids, two of which involve the intermediate step of dehydrohalogenation and formation of an epoxide. 2. After injection of (1-bromoethyl)benzene in rat, the only mercapturic acid appearing in the urine was N-acetyl-S-1-phenylethylcysteine. After injecting (2-bromoethyl)benzene in the rat only N-acetyl-S-2-phenylethylcysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine were found in the urine. 3. Since the principal mercapturic acid formed from both styrene and styrene oxide could not be detected in the urine of rats receiving either 1- or 2-bromoethyl benzene, the intermediate formation of styrene or styrene oxide from the arylalkylhalides does not occur.", "PMID": 494661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2088", "title": "Structural requirements for the inhibition of phthalate ester hydrolysis in rainbow trout by methylenedioxyphenyl compounds.", "content": "1. The ability of a number of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds and paraoxon to inhibit the hydrolysis and oxidation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by rainbow trout tissue preparations was examined. 2. In addition to paraoxon, only the methylenedioxyphenyl compounds with long side-chains (piperonyl butoxide and tropital) inhibited the hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by trout liver subcellular fractions and trout serum. 3. Paraoxon decreased the production of the major metabolite of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by trout liver microsomes (+ NADPH) suggesting that this metabolite arises via further metabolism of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.", "contents": "Structural requirements for the inhibition of phthalate ester hydrolysis in rainbow trout by methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. 1. The ability of a number of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds and paraoxon to inhibit the hydrolysis and oxidation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by rainbow trout tissue preparations was examined. 2. In addition to paraoxon, only the methylenedioxyphenyl compounds with long side-chains (piperonyl butoxide and tropital) inhibited the hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by trout liver subcellular fractions and trout serum. 3. Paraoxon decreased the production of the major metabolite of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by trout liver microsomes (+ NADPH) suggesting that this metabolite arises via further metabolism of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.", "PMID": 494662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2089", "title": "Inhibition of thiabendazole metabolism in the rat.", "content": "1. A single oral dose of desmethylimipramine (80 mg/kg) administered to rats inhibited the hepatic microsomal hydroxylation of thiabendazole (45%), aniline (30%), biphenyl (30%) and ethylmorphine (15%) in vitro at 5 h after dosage; there was no decrease in cytochrome P-450 or b5. 2. A single oral dose of ethoxyquin (200 mg/kg) to rats inhibited the hepatic microsomal hydroxylation of thiabendazole (65%), aniline (40%) and biphenyl (40%) in vitro at 1 h after dosage; inhibition was less at 5 h. There were no changes in the contents of cytochromes P-450 and b5. 3. The max. plasma  concn. of thiabendazole occurred 2--4 h after oral dosing (50--200 mg/kg) to rats. Thiabendazole (100 mg/kg) administered orally 30 min after oral ethoxyquin (400 mg/kg) or thiabendazole (200 mg/kg) administered orally 30 min after oral desmethylimipramine (80 mg/kg) delayed absorption of the thiabendazole and resulted in markedly markedly decreased plasma concentration of the anthelmintic. 4. Simultaneous administration of ethoxyquin (300 mg/kg) potentiated the anthelmintic effect of thiabendazole (750 mg/kg) on the helminth parasite, Nematospiroides dubius, in the mouse. Desmethylimipramine showed no similar potentiation.", "contents": "Inhibition of thiabendazole metabolism in the rat. 1. A single oral dose of desmethylimipramine (80 mg/kg) administered to rats inhibited the hepatic microsomal hydroxylation of thiabendazole (45%), aniline (30%), biphenyl (30%) and ethylmorphine (15%) in vitro at 5 h after dosage; there was no decrease in cytochrome P-450 or b5. 2. A single oral dose of ethoxyquin (200 mg/kg) to rats inhibited the hepatic microsomal hydroxylation of thiabendazole (65%), aniline (40%) and biphenyl (40%) in vitro at 1 h after dosage; inhibition was less at 5 h. There were no changes in the contents of cytochromes P-450 and b5. 3. The max. plasma  concn. of thiabendazole occurred 2--4 h after oral dosing (50--200 mg/kg) to rats. Thiabendazole (100 mg/kg) administered orally 30 min after oral ethoxyquin (400 mg/kg) or thiabendazole (200 mg/kg) administered orally 30 min after oral desmethylimipramine (80 mg/kg) delayed absorption of the thiabendazole and resulted in markedly markedly decreased plasma concentration of the anthelmintic. 4. Simultaneous administration of ethoxyquin (300 mg/kg) potentiated the anthelmintic effect of thiabendazole (750 mg/kg) on the helminth parasite, Nematospiroides dubius, in the mouse. Desmethylimipramine showed no similar potentiation.", "PMID": 494664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2090", "title": "The disposition of spirohydantoin mustard (NSC 172112) in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. The disposition of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM) has been examined in rats and dogs after i.v. administration of (hydantoin-4-14C]SHM and [2-chloroethyl-U-14C]SHM. 2. Four hours after dosing to rats and dogs, renal clearance of the ethyl-14C moiety (14--21%) is lower than that of the hydantoin-14C moiety (29--68%). In contrast, biliary excretion of the ethyl-14C in rats is greater, and there appears to be enterohepatic circulation of the ethyl-14C. 3. Less than 1% of the radioactivity appearing in rat bile is unchanged SHM. Two major metabolites containing the ethyl-14C moiety are conjugates of glutathione or cysteine. 4. Levels of 14C in plasma decline in a biphasic manner. No difference in the initial plasma disappearance of the two labelled moieties is observed, but disappearance of the ethyl-14C During the second phase is slower. 5. Concentrations of ethyl14C and hydantoin-14C in the brains of rats and dogs, 4 h after i.v. administration, are equivalent to those in plasma. 6. Radioactivity is also distributed to the brain of rats after oral administration of [2-chloroethyl-J-14C]SHM, but at a concn. less than half that of plasma.", "contents": "The disposition of spirohydantoin mustard (NSC 172112) in rats and dogs. 1. The disposition of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM) has been examined in rats and dogs after i.v. administration of (hydantoin-4-14C]SHM and [2-chloroethyl-U-14C]SHM. 2. Four hours after dosing to rats and dogs, renal clearance of the ethyl-14C moiety (14--21%) is lower than that of the hydantoin-14C moiety (29--68%). In contrast, biliary excretion of the ethyl-14C in rats is greater, and there appears to be enterohepatic circulation of the ethyl-14C. 3. Less than 1% of the radioactivity appearing in rat bile is unchanged SHM. Two major metabolites containing the ethyl-14C moiety are conjugates of glutathione or cysteine. 4. Levels of 14C in plasma decline in a biphasic manner. No difference in the initial plasma disappearance of the two labelled moieties is observed, but disappearance of the ethyl-14C During the second phase is slower. 5. Concentrations of ethyl14C and hydantoin-14C in the brains of rats and dogs, 4 h after i.v. administration, are equivalent to those in plasma. 6. Radioactivity is also distributed to the brain of rats after oral administration of [2-chloroethyl-J-14C]SHM, but at a concn. less than half that of plasma.", "PMID": 494665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2091", "title": "Determination of loxapine in human plasma and urine and identification of three urinary metabolites.", "content": "1. A g.l.c. method for quantitative determination of loxapine (2-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine), in human plasma and urine is described. 2. Preliminary pharmacokinetic data on plasma concn of loxapine over 12 h from five psychiatric patients who received a total average dose of 80 mg of loxapine succinate per day orally for twelve weeks are presented. 3. In addition to unchanged loxapine, three urinary metabolic products, namely aromatic ring-hydroxy loxapine, desmethyl loxapine and loxapine-N-oxide, were identified using g.l.c.--mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Determination of loxapine in human plasma and urine and identification of three urinary metabolites. 1. A g.l.c. method for quantitative determination of loxapine (2-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine), in human plasma and urine is described. 2. Preliminary pharmacokinetic data on plasma concn of loxapine over 12 h from five psychiatric patients who received a total average dose of 80 mg of loxapine succinate per day orally for twelve weeks are presented. 3. In addition to unchanged loxapine, three urinary metabolic products, namely aromatic ring-hydroxy loxapine, desmethyl loxapine and loxapine-N-oxide, were identified using g.l.c.--mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 494666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2092", "title": "Transplacental disposition of phencyclidine in the pig.", "content": "1. Phencyclidine concn in plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant sows and in umbilical cord and neonatal plasma was determined by g.l.c. after a single intramuscular dose of phencyclidine hydrochloride. 2. The rate of elimination of the drug, as determined from plasma phencyclidine concn, was unchanged by pregnancy. 3. Phencyclidine concn in piglet plasma was approx. 10-fold higher than in maternal sow plasma and declined more slowly (t 1/2 about 6 h) than the concn. in adult sows (t 1/2 about 2 h). 4. Studies of phencyclidine uptake by piglet and sow plasma in vitro indicate that the higher concns in piglet plasma are due to a marked affinity of piglet plasma proteins for the drug, although both total protein and albumin concn is lower than in sow plasma.", "contents": "Transplacental disposition of phencyclidine in the pig. 1. Phencyclidine concn in plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant sows and in umbilical cord and neonatal plasma was determined by g.l.c. after a single intramuscular dose of phencyclidine hydrochloride. 2. The rate of elimination of the drug, as determined from plasma phencyclidine concn, was unchanged by pregnancy. 3. Phencyclidine concn in piglet plasma was approx. 10-fold higher than in maternal sow plasma and declined more slowly (t 1/2 about 6 h) than the concn. in adult sows (t 1/2 about 2 h). 4. Studies of phencyclidine uptake by piglet and sow plasma in vitro indicate that the higher concns in piglet plasma are due to a marked affinity of piglet plasma proteins for the drug, although both total protein and albumin concn is lower than in sow plasma.", "PMID": 494667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2093", "title": "Campylobacter fetus septic arthritis: report of a case.", "content": "We report a case of septic arthritis caused by the fastidious gram-negative rod Campylobacter fetus. We suggest that the organism may be part of the endogenous flora and that the clinical infections tend to occur in compromised hosts. Our patient is the first to be described with multiple myeloma and C. fetus septic arthritis. The documented cases of culture-proven C. fetus septic arthritis reported to date have occurred in three men and one woman, all in the seventh and eighth decades of life, with a mono-articular large joint distribution. The septic arthritis always occurred in previously injured joints and curiously enough need not be associated with a toxic-appearing patient. C. fetus infections are also associated with the signs and symptoms of clinical thrombophlebitis. We stress caution in establishing this diagnosis of phlebitis on clinical evaluation only and urge differentiation of true deep vein thrombophlebitis from pseudothrombophlebitis or dissected popliteal synovial cyst. This latter diagnosis may be made non-invasively by ultrasound techniques.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus septic arthritis: report of a case. We report a case of septic arthritis caused by the fastidious gram-negative rod Campylobacter fetus. We suggest that the organism may be part of the endogenous flora and that the clinical infections tend to occur in compromised hosts. Our patient is the first to be described with multiple myeloma and C. fetus septic arthritis. The documented cases of culture-proven C. fetus septic arthritis reported to date have occurred in three men and one woman, all in the seventh and eighth decades of life, with a mono-articular large joint distribution. The septic arthritis always occurred in previously injured joints and curiously enough need not be associated with a toxic-appearing patient. C. fetus infections are also associated with the signs and symptoms of clinical thrombophlebitis. We stress caution in establishing this diagnosis of phlebitis on clinical evaluation only and urge differentiation of true deep vein thrombophlebitis from pseudothrombophlebitis or dissected popliteal synovial cyst. This latter diagnosis may be made non-invasively by ultrasound techniques.", "PMID": 494668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2094", "title": "[An unhomogeneous model of the respiratory mechanics (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanics of the respiratory system was simulated on analogue computer by a two-compartmental model. Each compartment expresses a functionally (not anatomicall) different part of the lungs, corresponding to some unhomogeneity within the system. The influence of this unhomogeneity on characteristics parameters of the lung (resistance, compliance) was analysed in simulated experiments. This seems to show the way how to express the degree of the lung function disturbance by some quantitative relations.", "contents": "[An unhomogeneous model of the respiratory mechanics (author's transl)]. Mechanics of the respiratory system was simulated on analogue computer by a two-compartmental model. Each compartment expresses a functionally (not anatomicall) different part of the lungs, corresponding to some unhomogeneity within the system. The influence of this unhomogeneity on characteristics parameters of the lung (resistance, compliance) was analysed in simulated experiments. This seems to show the way how to express the degree of the lung function disturbance by some quantitative relations.", "PMID": 494691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2095", "title": "[Peculiarities of personality and neuro-psychical disturbances in bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "Premorbid pecularities and types of reaction of personality in bronchial-asthma are considered. Neuro-psychical disturbances in differenet stages of disease are demonstrated by the majority of explored patients (92--47, 4+/-2.6%). The development of psychical disturbances is connected with the combined influence of psychogenic and somatogenic factors, what finds its expression in the clinical picture and in the current of this disturbances. The role of the taking part in ethiopathogenese factors is shown. It had been directed on the matter that the combined diagnosis and treatment of bronchial-asthma by therapeutists and psychotherapeutists should be instilled in the practice of all large institutions.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of personality and neuro-psychical disturbances in bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. Premorbid pecularities and types of reaction of personality in bronchial-asthma are considered. Neuro-psychical disturbances in differenet stages of disease are demonstrated by the majority of explored patients (92--47, 4+/-2.6%). The development of psychical disturbances is connected with the combined influence of psychogenic and somatogenic factors, what finds its expression in the clinical picture and in the current of this disturbances. The role of the taking part in ethiopathogenese factors is shown. It had been directed on the matter that the combined diagnosis and treatment of bronchial-asthma by therapeutists and psychotherapeutists should be instilled in the practice of all large institutions.", "PMID": 494692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2096", "title": "[Morphological investigations of bronchial biopsy material in chronic bronchitis and asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological investigations (light microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, immunopathology) were carried out in cases with asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. According to the histological picture no additional parameters were found with enzyme histochemical and immunopathological methods to specify the diagnosis asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. The most important diagnostic factors in chronic bronchitis are hyperplasy of mucous bronchial glands and atrophy of serous bronchial glands with a loss of activity of acid phosphatase. Diffuse thickenings of basal membrane were more often in asthma bronchiale, localized thickenings more often in chronic bronchitis. Hypertrophy of goblet cells, infiltrations with round cells and metaplasia are found both in asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis in different degree. Correlations exist between the activity of leucine aminopeptidase in the stroma of the bronchus and degree of cellular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "contents": "[Morphological investigations of bronchial biopsy material in chronic bronchitis and asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. Morphological investigations (light microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, immunopathology) were carried out in cases with asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. According to the histological picture no additional parameters were found with enzyme histochemical and immunopathological methods to specify the diagnosis asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. The most important diagnostic factors in chronic bronchitis are hyperplasy of mucous bronchial glands and atrophy of serous bronchial glands with a loss of activity of acid phosphatase. Diffuse thickenings of basal membrane were more often in asthma bronchiale, localized thickenings more often in chronic bronchitis. Hypertrophy of goblet cells, infiltrations with round cells and metaplasia are found both in asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis in different degree. Correlations exist between the activity of leucine aminopeptidase in the stroma of the bronchus and degree of cellular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "PMID": 494693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2097", "title": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. II. Sensibilization of mice and guinea pigs by Mycobacterium avium (serotype I) (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice and guinea pigs were sensibilisized by intraperitoneal injection of Mycobacterium avium (serotype I). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the animals received kveim antigen into the footpads (guinea pigs) and into the perianal fat tissue (mice). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the exstirpated material was investigated by light microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Guinea pigs showed three and five weeks after injection of kveim antigen a lot of questionable positive and positive kveim tests and mice a high percentage of granulomatous changes, resembling a positive kveim reaction. With histochemical methods leucinaminopeptidase is a valuable diagnostic aid for detection of granulomatous changes in mice but not so good in guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. II. Sensibilization of mice and guinea pigs by Mycobacterium avium (serotype I) (author's transl)]. Mice and guinea pigs were sensibilisized by intraperitoneal injection of Mycobacterium avium (serotype I). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the animals received kveim antigen into the footpads (guinea pigs) and into the perianal fat tissue (mice). Three and five weeks later (guinea pigs) and four weeks later (mice) the exstirpated material was investigated by light microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Guinea pigs showed three and five weeks after injection of kveim antigen a lot of questionable positive and positive kveim tests and mice a high percentage of granulomatous changes, resembling a positive kveim reaction. With histochemical methods leucinaminopeptidase is a valuable diagnostic aid for detection of granulomatous changes in mice but not so good in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 494694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2098", "title": "[Problems on cortison therapy of obstructive pulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of cortison derivates is connected with some problems also in therapy of obstructive pulmonary diseases. Considering the multiplicity of new preparations and the variability of their application it is necessary to give this drugs under control depending individually on the stage of the disease. The present knowledge of pharmacodynamic actions of cortison therapy is mentioned. Refering to 30 own cases it is confirmed that depot cortison derivates have not fulfilled the expectations.", "contents": "[Problems on cortison therapy of obstructive pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. The use of cortison derivates is connected with some problems also in therapy of obstructive pulmonary diseases. Considering the multiplicity of new preparations and the variability of their application it is necessary to give this drugs under control depending individually on the stage of the disease. The present knowledge of pharmacodynamic actions of cortison therapy is mentioned. Refering to 30 own cases it is confirmed that depot cortison derivates have not fulfilled the expectations.", "PMID": 494695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2099", "title": "[Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid in parietal pleura of the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The parietal pleura of rabbits was incubated with 14C-glucosamine. It was found that 14C-glucosamine was incorporated into the fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans. Then the crude glycosaminoglycans were fractionated by using specific mucopolysaccharide-lyases (hyaluronidase from streptomyces hyalurolytics, chondroitinase AC and chondroitinase ABC). As a result, evidence was obtained that hyaluronic acid was synthesized in parietal pleura and was released into the surroundings.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid in parietal pleura of the rabbit (author's transl)]. The parietal pleura of rabbits was incubated with 14C-glucosamine. It was found that 14C-glucosamine was incorporated into the fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans. Then the crude glycosaminoglycans were fractionated by using specific mucopolysaccharide-lyases (hyaluronidase from streptomyces hyalurolytics, chondroitinase AC and chondroitinase ABC). As a result, evidence was obtained that hyaluronic acid was synthesized in parietal pleura and was released into the surroundings.", "PMID": 494696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2100", "title": "[Mucoepidermoid tumors of bronchi (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the histological picture of two cases of bronchial mucoepidermoid tumors. The tumor is composed of two kinds of cells: formations with cylindric epithelial cells and solid parts with epidermoid cells. By the hand of two own cases and informations from literature opinion is expressed on frequency, sex and age distribution, duraction of symptoms and behaviour of this rare tumor.", "contents": "[Mucoepidermoid tumors of bronchi (author's transl)]. A report is given on the histological picture of two cases of bronchial mucoepidermoid tumors. The tumor is composed of two kinds of cells: formations with cylindric epithelial cells and solid parts with epidermoid cells. By the hand of two own cases and informations from literature opinion is expressed on frequency, sex and age distribution, duraction of symptoms and behaviour of this rare tumor.", "PMID": 494697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2101", "title": "[Extrathoracic mesothelioma by inhalation of asbestos dust (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 22 cases of malign peritoneal mesothelioma, their occupational, epidemiological, differentialdiagnostic, and oncologic aspects being discussed. For expert opinion the special criteria for acknowledging a peritoneal mesothelioma as an occupational disease are formulated (time and level to asbestos exposition, presence of pulmonary asbestosis and/or asbestos needles, latency time of about 20 years, and malignancy of the very often diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma).", "contents": "[Extrathoracic mesothelioma by inhalation of asbestos dust (author's transl)]. Report on 22 cases of malign peritoneal mesothelioma, their occupational, epidemiological, differentialdiagnostic, and oncologic aspects being discussed. For expert opinion the special criteria for acknowledging a peritoneal mesothelioma as an occupational disease are formulated (time and level to asbestos exposition, presence of pulmonary asbestosis and/or asbestos needles, latency time of about 20 years, and malignancy of the very often diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma).", "PMID": 494698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2102", "title": "[Report on multilocated nonspecific coin-like pneumonias (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about case-histories of coin-imitating pneumonias. The problem of differential diagnosis are discussed. Special emphasis is put on the combination of peripheral bronchial carcinomas with coin-like accompanying pneumonias. Because of different therapeutic consequences a differentiation from metastases seems usefull.", "contents": "[Report on multilocated nonspecific coin-like pneumonias (author's transl)]. A report is given about case-histories of coin-imitating pneumonias. The problem of differential diagnosis are discussed. Special emphasis is put on the combination of peripheral bronchial carcinomas with coin-like accompanying pneumonias. Because of different therapeutic consequences a differentiation from metastases seems usefull.", "PMID": 494699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2103", "title": "Eimeria tenella: anticoccidial action of drugs in birds with surgically closed ceca.", "content": "Surgical ligation of chick ceca was used to study the role of absorption and extraintestinal transport in the action of anticoccidial drugs. The administration of drugs in the feed was started after ligation of one of the paried ceca. Birds were inoculated orally with oocysts of Eimeria tenella before cecal ligation or were given bilateral cecal injections of sporozoites after ligation. Cecal lesions caused by the coccidia were evaluated and compared on day 6 postinoculation. Lesions in ligated and unligated ceca were reduced by feeding robenidine (33 ppm), arprinocid (70 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), aklomide (250 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), monensin (120 ppm), salinomycin (60 ppm), and lasalocid (75 ppm). The lesions were more severe in the ligated cecum than in the intact cecum, whether in nonmedicated or medicated birds, but the differences were statistically significant only upon treatment with amprolium, aklomide, robenidine, and clopidol. Generally, however, all drugs except amprolium, significantly reduced the lesions in the ligated cecum in comparison with the control, nonmedicated ligated cecum. Therefore, we concluded that the systemic absorption of most anticoccidial drugs contributes significantly to their efficacy against coccidia in the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella: anticoccidial action of drugs in birds with surgically closed ceca. Surgical ligation of chick ceca was used to study the role of absorption and extraintestinal transport in the action of anticoccidial drugs. The administration of drugs in the feed was started after ligation of one of the paried ceca. Birds were inoculated orally with oocysts of Eimeria tenella before cecal ligation or were given bilateral cecal injections of sporozoites after ligation. Cecal lesions caused by the coccidia were evaluated and compared on day 6 postinoculation. Lesions in ligated and unligated ceca were reduced by feeding robenidine (33 ppm), arprinocid (70 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), aklomide (250 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), monensin (120 ppm), salinomycin (60 ppm), and lasalocid (75 ppm). The lesions were more severe in the ligated cecum than in the intact cecum, whether in nonmedicated or medicated birds, but the differences were statistically significant only upon treatment with amprolium, aklomide, robenidine, and clopidol. Generally, however, all drugs except amprolium, significantly reduced the lesions in the ligated cecum in comparison with the control, nonmedicated ligated cecum. Therefore, we concluded that the systemic absorption of most anticoccidial drugs contributes significantly to their efficacy against coccidia in the intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 494707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2104", "title": "Acute Babesia bovis infections: renal involvement in the hypotensive syndrome.", "content": "Splenectomised calves in metabolism cages were infected with Babesia bovis. During the infection, urine samples were collected and analysed for electrolytes, proteins, kinin, and urinary kallikrein. During the later stages of the infection there were significant reductions in urinary volume, water intake, urinary kinin, kallikrein, and electrolytes. Proteinuria was detected from 3--8 days postinfection of which 15--20% was haemoglobin and most of the remainder was albumin (70--75%). Fibrin degradation products, fibrinogen-like products, and haptoglobin were not detected. Degeneration of cortical tubules was detected by histological studies. As these tubules produce urinary kallikrein it seems probable that diminished glomerular blood flow and hence glomerular filtration rate are due to decreased production of this enzyme.", "contents": "Acute Babesia bovis infections: renal involvement in the hypotensive syndrome. Splenectomised calves in metabolism cages were infected with Babesia bovis. During the infection, urine samples were collected and analysed for electrolytes, proteins, kinin, and urinary kallikrein. During the later stages of the infection there were significant reductions in urinary volume, water intake, urinary kinin, kallikrein, and electrolytes. Proteinuria was detected from 3--8 days postinfection of which 15--20% was haemoglobin and most of the remainder was albumin (70--75%). Fibrin degradation products, fibrinogen-like products, and haptoglobin were not detected. Degeneration of cortical tubules was detected by histological studies. As these tubules produce urinary kallikrein it seems probable that diminished glomerular blood flow and hence glomerular filtration rate are due to decreased production of this enzyme.", "PMID": 494708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2105", "title": "Observations on the ultrastructure of Haemogregarina simondi in the marine flatfish Solea solea (L.).", "content": "Developing stages of Haemogregarina simondi from the marine fish Solea solea (L.) were examined by electron microscopy. Merozoites lay in a parasitophorous vacuole and were bound by a pellicle of three unit membranes beneath which lay a ring of 45--61 microtubules. The cytoplasm contained 4--6 rhoptries, more than 169 micronemes, several mitochondria, and amylopectin granules. A conoid and one polar ring were observed at the anterior end. Intraleucocytic and intraerythrocytic schizonts with up to eight merozoites were described also. Intraerythrocytic and free gametocytes were characterized by distinct refractile bodies and a pellicle consisting of only two unit membranes. The number of micronemes was in excess of 194. The results were discussed in comparison with other members of the Haemogregarinidae.", "contents": "Observations on the ultrastructure of Haemogregarina simondi in the marine flatfish Solea solea (L.). Developing stages of Haemogregarina simondi from the marine fish Solea solea (L.) were examined by electron microscopy. Merozoites lay in a parasitophorous vacuole and were bound by a pellicle of three unit membranes beneath which lay a ring of 45--61 microtubules. The cytoplasm contained 4--6 rhoptries, more than 169 micronemes, several mitochondria, and amylopectin granules. A conoid and one polar ring were observed at the anterior end. Intraleucocytic and intraerythrocytic schizonts with up to eight merozoites were described also. Intraerythrocytic and free gametocytes were characterized by distinct refractile bodies and a pellicle consisting of only two unit membranes. The number of micronemes was in excess of 194. The results were discussed in comparison with other members of the Haemogregarinidae.", "PMID": 494709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2106", "title": "Redescription of the life cycle of Haemogregarina simondi (Laveran and Mesnil, 1901) in its vertebrate host the marine fish Solea solea (Linnaeus).", "content": "The life cycle of Haemogregarina simondi is described in its vertebrate host the marine flatfish Solea solea. An intraleucocytic schizogony is followed by an intraerythrocytic schizogony giving rise to eight gametocytes. A differentiation into micro- and macro-gametocytes was also observed and thus confirms the results of other authors for H. aeglefini, H. bigemina, and H. sachai. It is postulated that most if not all of the haemogregarines of marine fish undergo similar life cycles as the one described here.", "contents": "Redescription of the life cycle of Haemogregarina simondi (Laveran and Mesnil, 1901) in its vertebrate host the marine fish Solea solea (Linnaeus). The life cycle of Haemogregarina simondi is described in its vertebrate host the marine flatfish Solea solea. An intraleucocytic schizogony is followed by an intraerythrocytic schizogony giving rise to eight gametocytes. A differentiation into micro- and macro-gametocytes was also observed and thus confirms the results of other authors for H. aeglefini, H. bigemina, and H. sachai. It is postulated that most if not all of the haemogregarines of marine fish undergo similar life cycles as the one described here.", "PMID": 494710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2107", "title": "[Evolution of the tegument of Polystoma (Monogenea Polystomatidae) during the cycle. Persistence of the nucleated embryonic epidermis in oncomiracidia (author's transl)].", "content": "The evolution of tegument ultrastructures during development was studied in two Polystome species, Polystoma integerrimum and Polystoma pelobatis. It differs from Monogenea and other Platyhelminths in the presence of nuclei in the tegumentary syncytium of the oncomiracidium and their deferred elimination which occurs in the post-larva attached to the gills of the tadpole. This represents a delay in the loss of embryonic characteristics in Polystoma larvae which may be related to the possibility of neotenic development of these larvae. This delay allows us to follow naturally the considerable cytoplasmic changes which accompany the elimination of embryonic nuclei (disappearance of the ergastoplasm, golgi complexes and ribosomes, and of the vacuoles) and the transfer of control of this \"enucleated\" cytoplasm to nuclear information from tegumentary parenchymatic cells (appearance of new inclusions in the \"annexed\" cytoplasmic zone, maintenance of numerous organelles involved in the formation of these inclusions in the deep perinuclear region). The ultrastructual characteristics of ciliated cells and the tegumentary syncytium are discussed from the general point of view of the Platyhelminths and with respect to their adaptative function in the Polystomatidae. The originality of the Polystomatidae among the Monogenea is emphasized.", "contents": "[Evolution of the tegument of Polystoma (Monogenea Polystomatidae) during the cycle. Persistence of the nucleated embryonic epidermis in oncomiracidia (author's transl)]. The evolution of tegument ultrastructures during development was studied in two Polystome species, Polystoma integerrimum and Polystoma pelobatis. It differs from Monogenea and other Platyhelminths in the presence of nuclei in the tegumentary syncytium of the oncomiracidium and their deferred elimination which occurs in the post-larva attached to the gills of the tadpole. This represents a delay in the loss of embryonic characteristics in Polystoma larvae which may be related to the possibility of neotenic development of these larvae. This delay allows us to follow naturally the considerable cytoplasmic changes which accompany the elimination of embryonic nuclei (disappearance of the ergastoplasm, golgi complexes and ribosomes, and of the vacuoles) and the transfer of control of this \"enucleated\" cytoplasm to nuclear information from tegumentary parenchymatic cells (appearance of new inclusions in the \"annexed\" cytoplasmic zone, maintenance of numerous organelles involved in the formation of these inclusions in the deep perinuclear region). The ultrastructual characteristics of ciliated cells and the tegumentary syncytium are discussed from the general point of view of the Platyhelminths and with respect to their adaptative function in the Polystomatidae. The originality of the Polystomatidae among the Monogenea is emphasized.", "PMID": 494712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2108", "title": "[Influence of the cymothoid isopods Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, and Anilocra physodes (Crustacea; parasites of fish) on the growth of hosts, Boops boops and Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of weight-size (W = aLb) and growth (L = aT + b) in fish (Boops boops and Pagellus erythrinus), potential hosts of some Cymothoid isopods (Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, and Anilocra physodes) have been performed. Infested fishes show a slight decrease in weight compared to normal fish. Cymothoid do not exert a significant influence on the weight-size ratio; on the other hand, a delay in growth does occur.", "contents": "[Influence of the cymothoid isopods Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, and Anilocra physodes (Crustacea; parasites of fish) on the growth of hosts, Boops boops and Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) (author's transl)]. Studies of weight-size (W = aLb) and growth (L = aT + b) in fish (Boops boops and Pagellus erythrinus), potential hosts of some Cymothoid isopods (Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, and Anilocra physodes) have been performed. Infested fishes show a slight decrease in weight compared to normal fish. Cymothoid do not exert a significant influence on the weight-size ratio; on the other hand, a delay in growth does occur.", "PMID": 494713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2109", "title": "[Relationship between level of vigilance and changes in the receptive fields of the cat visual cortex].", "content": "The activity of 118 neurones of the primary visual cortex (17th field) was studied in unanesthetized cats, immobilized with d-tubocurarine, in a state of calm wakefulness and in strained attention, alarm. The strained attention was elicited by an air-puff directed to the corner of the closed eye, not used for the photic stimulation. Considerable rearrangments of the receptive field of neurones (94%) were observed in the state of strained attention. In the majority of the studied cortical cells (75%) during 10-30 minutes the excitatory centres of their receptive fields became narrower while their inhibitory periphery widened; in the cells with the inhibitory centres of the receptive fields they were larger in 80% of the cases. It is shown that with dark, mesopic and scotopic adaptation the major characteristics of the changes in the receptive fields remain unaltered. It is assumed that these effects have a behavioural value for the organism, because the created rise in the level of alertness is accompanied by a sharpening of the receptive fields, i.e. by a greater ability to a fine analysis and recognition of visual images.", "contents": "[Relationship between level of vigilance and changes in the receptive fields of the cat visual cortex]. The activity of 118 neurones of the primary visual cortex (17th field) was studied in unanesthetized cats, immobilized with d-tubocurarine, in a state of calm wakefulness and in strained attention, alarm. The strained attention was elicited by an air-puff directed to the corner of the closed eye, not used for the photic stimulation. Considerable rearrangments of the receptive field of neurones (94%) were observed in the state of strained attention. In the majority of the studied cortical cells (75%) during 10-30 minutes the excitatory centres of their receptive fields became narrower while their inhibitory periphery widened; in the cells with the inhibitory centres of the receptive fields they were larger in 80% of the cases. It is shown that with dark, mesopic and scotopic adaptation the major characteristics of the changes in the receptive fields remain unaltered. It is assumed that these effects have a behavioural value for the organism, because the created rise in the level of alertness is accompanied by a sharpening of the receptive fields, i.e. by a greater ability to a fine analysis and recognition of visual images.", "PMID": 494777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2110", "title": "[Characteristics of the neuronal activity of structures of the hippocampal formation (subiculum)].", "content": "Spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity of subiculum was investigated in chronic unanaesthetized rabbits. Rhythmic components of two different types were observed in the spontaneous activity of 58% of units: 4.5-6.0 cps bursts (13%) and 2.0-3.8 cps (45%). Besides their basic frequency, these types of rhythmic activity were differentiated by several additional criteria. 63% of the cells responded to applied sensory stimuli, among which auditory stimuli were the most effective. Multimodal units were slightly more numerous (59%) than unimodal ones. In 50% of the recorded units responses were of tonic type, in 31%--of phasic type, and in 19%--specific on-off responses were observed. In majority of units with repeated stimulations relatively rapid process of habituation developed after a short incremental phase. Interruption of septal afferents resulted in disappearence of 4.5-6.0 cps (theta) bursts, in reduction in the number of tonic responses and in absence of habituation. Similarity of neuronal characteristics in the field CA1 and subiculum is discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the neuronal activity of structures of the hippocampal formation (subiculum)]. Spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity of subiculum was investigated in chronic unanaesthetized rabbits. Rhythmic components of two different types were observed in the spontaneous activity of 58% of units: 4.5-6.0 cps bursts (13%) and 2.0-3.8 cps (45%). Besides their basic frequency, these types of rhythmic activity were differentiated by several additional criteria. 63% of the cells responded to applied sensory stimuli, among which auditory stimuli were the most effective. Multimodal units were slightly more numerous (59%) than unimodal ones. In 50% of the recorded units responses were of tonic type, in 31%--of phasic type, and in 19%--specific on-off responses were observed. In majority of units with repeated stimulations relatively rapid process of habituation developed after a short incremental phase. Interruption of septal afferents resulted in disappearence of 4.5-6.0 cps (theta) bursts, in reduction in the number of tonic responses and in absence of habituation. Similarity of neuronal characteristics in the field CA1 and subiculum is discussed.", "PMID": 494778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2111", "title": "[Dynamics of rabbit visual cortex neuron reactions to repetitive nonvisual stimuli and their complexes with light].", "content": "The experiments revealed two forms of dynamics of responses to sounds and electro-cutaneous stimulation of the rabbit's leg and their complexes with light--rapid and slow ones. Assumptions are made on different mechanisms of these forms of dynamics. 37% of all studied cells showed different direction of the discharge dynamics in responses to the sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation or the discharge dynamics only in response to one type of stimulation. This may suggest a modal specificity of responses to different non-visual stimuli.", "contents": "[Dynamics of rabbit visual cortex neuron reactions to repetitive nonvisual stimuli and their complexes with light]. The experiments revealed two forms of dynamics of responses to sounds and electro-cutaneous stimulation of the rabbit's leg and their complexes with light--rapid and slow ones. Assumptions are made on different mechanisms of these forms of dynamics. 37% of all studied cells showed different direction of the discharge dynamics in responses to the sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation or the discharge dynamics only in response to one type of stimulation. This may suggest a modal specificity of responses to different non-visual stimuli.", "PMID": 494781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2112", "title": "[Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in motor cortex neurons during restoration of disrupted visual function].", "content": "The recovery of the visual function of rats throughout two weeks after deprivation period (keeping animals in dark chambers for 8 weeks from their birth) leads to a significant normalization of the activity level of glutomatedehydrogenase in the neurones of the III and V layers of the motor cortex. The changes of the enzyme activity in the neurones are accompanied by a diminution of their sizes. The obtained data together with the results of the previous studies (Busnuk, 1976), suggest that the elimination of the visual impulse activity in the early ontogenesis exerts a specific and reversible influence on the morpho-chemical differentiation of neurones both in the visual and in the motor cortical areas. The functional factors determining the direction of changes in the studied parameters of cortical neurones during deprivation and in the rate of their normalization during recovery of the visual function are discussed.", "contents": "[Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in motor cortex neurons during restoration of disrupted visual function]. The recovery of the visual function of rats throughout two weeks after deprivation period (keeping animals in dark chambers for 8 weeks from their birth) leads to a significant normalization of the activity level of glutomatedehydrogenase in the neurones of the III and V layers of the motor cortex. The changes of the enzyme activity in the neurones are accompanied by a diminution of their sizes. The obtained data together with the results of the previous studies (Busnuk, 1976), suggest that the elimination of the visual impulse activity in the early ontogenesis exerts a specific and reversible influence on the morpho-chemical differentiation of neurones both in the visual and in the motor cortical areas. The functional factors determining the direction of changes in the studied parameters of cortical neurones during deprivation and in the rate of their normalization during recovery of the visual function are discussed.", "PMID": 494783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2113", "title": "[Spectral correlation analysis of the potentials of the neocortex and certain subcortical structures during low-frequency electrical stimulation of nonspecific thalamic nuclei].", "content": "The spectral-correlation analysis of biopotentials in the cortex and some other brain structures (the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, lateral geniculate body, mid-brain reticular formation), in chronic experiments on alert rabbits, revealed that during electrical stimulation of thalamic mid-line nuclei within the ranges of 1-3, 4-7 and 8-10 c/s, there occured a rearrangement of the EEG frequencies; a dominant, narrow-band peak at the stimulation frequency, appeared. The coherence of the biopotentials of different cortical areas, of the cortex and subcortical formations increased during the stimulation at the frequency of the stimulation, reaching maximum values between the potentials of the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas.", "contents": "[Spectral correlation analysis of the potentials of the neocortex and certain subcortical structures during low-frequency electrical stimulation of nonspecific thalamic nuclei]. The spectral-correlation analysis of biopotentials in the cortex and some other brain structures (the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, lateral geniculate body, mid-brain reticular formation), in chronic experiments on alert rabbits, revealed that during electrical stimulation of thalamic mid-line nuclei within the ranges of 1-3, 4-7 and 8-10 c/s, there occured a rearrangement of the EEG frequencies; a dominant, narrow-band peak at the stimulation frequency, appeared. The coherence of the biopotentials of different cortical areas, of the cortex and subcortical formations increased during the stimulation at the frequency of the stimulation, reaching maximum values between the potentials of the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas.", "PMID": 494779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2114", "title": "[Postnatal development of the scratch reflex in rabbits].", "content": "The development of the scratch reflex was studied in newborn (up to 2 months old) rabbits in norm and after elimination or activation of some parts of their nervous system (reticular formation, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia). The experiments with the section of the brain stem at the border between the medulla and the midbrain showed that in very young (5-10 days old) rabbits in norm the scratch reflex is controlled by the spinal cord with no influences of structures situated above the section's level. Later on the spinal mechanism of the scratch reflex becomes subject to supraspinal influences, among which in 2-3 weeks old animals facilitatory effects are predominant produced, in particular, by the reticular formation and the cerebellum, whereas in older age prevail inhibitory influences of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "[Postnatal development of the scratch reflex in rabbits]. The development of the scratch reflex was studied in newborn (up to 2 months old) rabbits in norm and after elimination or activation of some parts of their nervous system (reticular formation, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia). The experiments with the section of the brain stem at the border between the medulla and the midbrain showed that in very young (5-10 days old) rabbits in norm the scratch reflex is controlled by the spinal cord with no influences of structures situated above the section's level. Later on the spinal mechanism of the scratch reflex becomes subject to supraspinal influences, among which in 2-3 weeks old animals facilitatory effects are predominant produced, in particular, by the reticular formation and the cerebellum, whereas in older age prevail inhibitory influences of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 494780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2115", "title": "[Elementary transcallosal connections of the rabbit sensomotor cortex].", "content": "Antidromic responses of two callosal neurones to a local electrical stimulation of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex may be recorded simultaneously with one microelectrode in the homotopic cortical area. In such recording conditions the relative amplitude of extracellularly recorded action potentials of the two neurones is determined primarily by the distance between these neurones and the electrode's tip. In response to the stimulation of the symmetrical area transcallosal monosynaptic excitation of the callosal neurone may occur; two callosal neurones may exite monosynaptically one and the same recorded neurone. The results suggest the existence of clusters or columns, formed jointly by the bodies and terminals of callosal neurones; a functional interconnection between symmetrical clusters or columns may exist, in particular a positive feedback.", "contents": "[Elementary transcallosal connections of the rabbit sensomotor cortex]. Antidromic responses of two callosal neurones to a local electrical stimulation of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex may be recorded simultaneously with one microelectrode in the homotopic cortical area. In such recording conditions the relative amplitude of extracellularly recorded action potentials of the two neurones is determined primarily by the distance between these neurones and the electrode's tip. In response to the stimulation of the symmetrical area transcallosal monosynaptic excitation of the callosal neurone may occur; two callosal neurones may exite monosynaptically one and the same recorded neurone. The results suggest the existence of clusters or columns, formed jointly by the bodies and terminals of callosal neurones; a functional interconnection between symmetrical clusters or columns may exist, in particular a positive feedback.", "PMID": 494782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2116", "title": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the somatosensory cortex and caudate nucleus on extinctive inhibition of a conditioned alimentary reflex to sound].", "content": "In experiments performed on 9 dogs with alimentary method, extinctive inhibition was deepened and its elaboration was aceelerated by electrical stimulation of somatosensory and motor cortical areas and ventral segment of the caudate nucleus head. The extinction of the conditioned reflex was slowed down by stimulation of the anterolateral gyrus and the central segment of the caudate nucleus head. General motor excitation of animals during stimulation of the dorsal zone of caudate nucleus head impaired the elaboration of extinctive inhibition.", "contents": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the somatosensory cortex and caudate nucleus on extinctive inhibition of a conditioned alimentary reflex to sound]. In experiments performed on 9 dogs with alimentary method, extinctive inhibition was deepened and its elaboration was aceelerated by electrical stimulation of somatosensory and motor cortical areas and ventral segment of the caudate nucleus head. The extinction of the conditioned reflex was slowed down by stimulation of the anterolateral gyrus and the central segment of the caudate nucleus head. General motor excitation of animals during stimulation of the dorsal zone of caudate nucleus head impaired the elaboration of extinctive inhibition.", "PMID": 494792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2117", "title": "[Changes in the cholinosensitivity of sensomotor cortex neurons during conditioned reflex extinction].", "content": "Characteristics of neuronal responses of the sensorimotor cortex to ionophoretically administered neuromediators (acetylcholine, L-glutamate) were studied in rabbit in the course of extinction of conditioned defensive reflex. In the majority of neurones the extinction of the conditioned reflex is accompanied by a drop of cholinosensitivity. In a number of neurones the extinction of reflexes either does not change the reaction to acetylcholine, or enhances it. The analysis of these reactions permits to assume the existence of a group of neurones directly involved in the formation, fixation and storage of the temporary connection.", "contents": "[Changes in the cholinosensitivity of sensomotor cortex neurons during conditioned reflex extinction]. Characteristics of neuronal responses of the sensorimotor cortex to ionophoretically administered neuromediators (acetylcholine, L-glutamate) were studied in rabbit in the course of extinction of conditioned defensive reflex. In the majority of neurones the extinction of the conditioned reflex is accompanied by a drop of cholinosensitivity. In a number of neurones the extinction of reflexes either does not change the reaction to acetylcholine, or enhances it. The analysis of these reactions permits to assume the existence of a group of neurones directly involved in the formation, fixation and storage of the temporary connection.", "PMID": 494795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2118", "title": "[Formation of a conditioned \"passive\" avoidance reaction following ablation of the midbrain central gray].", "content": "Formation of conditioned \"passive\" avoidance reaction was studied in rats with a single pain reinforcement after electrolythic destruction of mesencephalic part of the central gray substance (CGS). The ablation of CGS ventral nuclei at the level of the midbrain rostral part led to a decrease in emotional reaction of \"fears\" and to disturbance of avoidance conditioning. The participation of midbrain limbic structures in learning and memory is discussed.", "contents": "[Formation of a conditioned \"passive\" avoidance reaction following ablation of the midbrain central gray]. Formation of conditioned \"passive\" avoidance reaction was studied in rats with a single pain reinforcement after electrolythic destruction of mesencephalic part of the central gray substance (CGS). The ablation of CGS ventral nuclei at the level of the midbrain rostral part led to a decrease in emotional reaction of \"fears\" and to disturbance of avoidance conditioning. The participation of midbrain limbic structures in learning and memory is discussed.", "PMID": 494797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2119", "title": "[Disruption of food-getting movements after removal of the motor or premotor zone of the cerebral cortex in cats].", "content": "Instrumental food-procuring movements were studied in cats before and after unilateral or bilateral ablation of the motor or premotor cortical area. It is shown that unilateral impairment of the motor area affects the strength and accuracy of movements of the contralateral fore-leg, whereas the ablation of the premotor area leads to a slowing down of movements and breaking of a goal-directed movement into separate components. Bilataral ablation of the motor area irreversibly abolished the instrumental reflex. The ablation of the premotor cortex destroyed the animal's reaction to the sound signal, but food-procuring movements of the fore-legs were disturbed only temporarily. The obtained data are discussed on the basis of the concept that in cats the above cortical areas play different roles in the organization of goal directed behaviour.", "contents": "[Disruption of food-getting movements after removal of the motor or premotor zone of the cerebral cortex in cats]. Instrumental food-procuring movements were studied in cats before and after unilateral or bilateral ablation of the motor or premotor cortical area. It is shown that unilateral impairment of the motor area affects the strength and accuracy of movements of the contralateral fore-leg, whereas the ablation of the premotor area leads to a slowing down of movements and breaking of a goal-directed movement into separate components. Bilataral ablation of the motor area irreversibly abolished the instrumental reflex. The ablation of the premotor cortex destroyed the animal's reaction to the sound signal, but food-procuring movements of the fore-legs were disturbed only temporarily. The obtained data are discussed on the basis of the concept that in cats the above cortical areas play different roles in the organization of goal directed behaviour.", "PMID": 494793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2120", "title": "[Shifts in steady potential levels and changes in the cerebral bioelectrochemical potential during orientation and conditioned reflexes in rabbits].", "content": "The shifts of the steady potential level (SPL), recorded with non-polarized electrodes, and the changes in bioelectrochemical potential (BEChPs), recorded with platinum electrodes, were led from the rabbit brain surface in chronic experiments. The stimuli, that were new for the animal, caused only SPL shifts (0.1-0.3 mv), BEChPs showing no changes. BEChPs changed (by tenths to several millivolts) only in the process of the conditioned reflex formation, during the pairing of the conditioned and reinforcing stimuli, during which the shifts of SPL were also observed (up to 0.5-1 mv), different from the ones during the orienting reflex. Simultaneous recording of the SPL shifts and the changes in BEChPs showed that these phenomena are external manifestations of independent processes. It is suggested that the brain activity involved in the perception and the analysis of the informational value of a new stimulus, is connected with bioelectrical processes, rather than with the metabolic ones. During the formation of the defensive conditioned reflex, along with the enhancing of the activity connected with bioelectrical processes, other type of activity appears which is accompanied with considerable metabolic shifts.", "contents": "[Shifts in steady potential levels and changes in the cerebral bioelectrochemical potential during orientation and conditioned reflexes in rabbits]. The shifts of the steady potential level (SPL), recorded with non-polarized electrodes, and the changes in bioelectrochemical potential (BEChPs), recorded with platinum electrodes, were led from the rabbit brain surface in chronic experiments. The stimuli, that were new for the animal, caused only SPL shifts (0.1-0.3 mv), BEChPs showing no changes. BEChPs changed (by tenths to several millivolts) only in the process of the conditioned reflex formation, during the pairing of the conditioned and reinforcing stimuli, during which the shifts of SPL were also observed (up to 0.5-1 mv), different from the ones during the orienting reflex. Simultaneous recording of the SPL shifts and the changes in BEChPs showed that these phenomena are external manifestations of independent processes. It is suggested that the brain activity involved in the perception and the analysis of the informational value of a new stimulus, is connected with bioelectrical processes, rather than with the metabolic ones. During the formation of the defensive conditioned reflex, along with the enhancing of the activity connected with bioelectrical processes, other type of activity appears which is accompanied with considerable metabolic shifts.", "PMID": 494794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2121", "title": "[Interrelationship between grape snail alimentary and defense behavior command neurons].", "content": "Food stimulus (carrot juice), releasing feeding behaviour in intact snails, evoked spike discharges in giant meta-erebral cells (considered to be command neurones of feeding behaviour) and subthreshold EPSPs in giant parietal cells (command neurones of avoidance behaviour) of a half-intact preparation. Tactile stimulation, eliciting avoidance reactions in intact snails, evoked hyperpolarization in command neurones of feeding behaviour and a spike discharge in command neurones of avoidance behaviour. Spikes induced into either of command neurones produced no changes in activity of other command cells. Inhibition of command neurones of feeding behaviour is assumed to be the basis of behavioural choice when food and tactile stimulus are presented simultaneously.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between grape snail alimentary and defense behavior command neurons]. Food stimulus (carrot juice), releasing feeding behaviour in intact snails, evoked spike discharges in giant meta-erebral cells (considered to be command neurones of feeding behaviour) and subthreshold EPSPs in giant parietal cells (command neurones of avoidance behaviour) of a half-intact preparation. Tactile stimulation, eliciting avoidance reactions in intact snails, evoked hyperpolarization in command neurones of feeding behaviour and a spike discharge in command neurones of avoidance behaviour. Spikes induced into either of command neurones produced no changes in activity of other command cells. Inhibition of command neurones of feeding behaviour is assumed to be the basis of behavioural choice when food and tactile stimulus are presented simultaneously.", "PMID": 494798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2122", "title": "[Human visual evoked potentials to spatially structured stimuli in normal subjects and early object vision deprivation].", "content": "For the analysis of plastic rearrangements in the visual system under the influence of different conditions of adaptation and early deprivation of objective vision, VEPs to checkerboard patterns with various check sizes were studied in subjects with normal vision and with amblyopia resulting from a congenital cataract. Sensitivity of P 180-230 component to the check sizes was revealed as well as a shift of its optimum toward bigger sizes following a transition from the light to the dark adaptation. In amblyopic subjects, in response to the checkerboard patterns the amplitude of P 80-120 component significantly increased, whereas that of P 180-230 decreased, with a shift of its optimum toward bigger check sizes. Informational significance of VEP waves and possible mechanisms of amblyopia are discussed.", "contents": "[Human visual evoked potentials to spatially structured stimuli in normal subjects and early object vision deprivation]. For the analysis of plastic rearrangements in the visual system under the influence of different conditions of adaptation and early deprivation of objective vision, VEPs to checkerboard patterns with various check sizes were studied in subjects with normal vision and with amblyopia resulting from a congenital cataract. Sensitivity of P 180-230 component to the check sizes was revealed as well as a shift of its optimum toward bigger sizes following a transition from the light to the dark adaptation. In amblyopic subjects, in response to the checkerboard patterns the amplitude of P 80-120 component significantly increased, whereas that of P 180-230 decreased, with a shift of its optimum toward bigger check sizes. Informational significance of VEP waves and possible mechanisms of amblyopia are discussed.", "PMID": 494799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2123", "title": "[Correlation between bioelectrical processes of the cortex, thalamus, midbrain reticular formation during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex in rabbits].", "content": "EEG power spectra of the sensorimotor area of the neocortex, the dorsal hippocampus, midbrain reticular formation and anteroventral thalamic nucleus, as well as corresponding coherence functions and phase spectra, undergo changes during formation and performance of defensive conditioned reflex in rabbit. The conclusion is draen that in the process of conditioning a morphofunctional system of brain structures is established including the above mentioned formations. Their functional integration occurs on the basis of theta-rhythm. The execution of a conditioned act requires isorhythmicity of electrical processes within the theta-range in the studied structures and an adequate level of their excitability, which is manifested in the dominance of 6,0 c/s frequency.", "contents": "[Correlation between bioelectrical processes of the cortex, thalamus, midbrain reticular formation during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex in rabbits]. EEG power spectra of the sensorimotor area of the neocortex, the dorsal hippocampus, midbrain reticular formation and anteroventral thalamic nucleus, as well as corresponding coherence functions and phase spectra, undergo changes during formation and performance of defensive conditioned reflex in rabbit. The conclusion is draen that in the process of conditioning a morphofunctional system of brain structures is established including the above mentioned formations. Their functional integration occurs on the basis of theta-rhythm. The execution of a conditioned act requires isorhythmicity of electrical processes within the theta-range in the studied structures and an adequate level of their excitability, which is manifested in the dominance of 6,0 c/s frequency.", "PMID": 494796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2124", "title": "[Detection of acetamide in the thermal degradation products of chitin (author's transl)].", "content": "Thermal degradation of chitin, which is a constituent of some foods, yields as main volatile compound acetamide (9% of dry weight) a fact with possible physiological implications. Thermal analysis shows decomposition beginning at 200 degrees C.", "contents": "[Detection of acetamide in the thermal degradation products of chitin (author's transl)]. Thermal degradation of chitin, which is a constituent of some foods, yields as main volatile compound acetamide (9% of dry weight) a fact with possible physiological implications. Thermal analysis shows decomposition beginning at 200 degrees C.", "PMID": 494808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2125", "title": "[The amount of L-dehydroascorbic acid on total-vitamin C of vegetable products (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectrophotometric determinations of vitamin C were carried out on different kinds of vegetable products in raw state, after steam-cooking and freezedrying. Indicators used were in part 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DIP) and in part N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and starch iodide, which at the same time allows a determination of other reducing interfering substances. The amount of L-dehydroascorbic acid (DAS), which together with L-ascorbic acid (AS) becomes vitamin C or total-vitamin C (VC), proved to be of special interest. During homogenisation of the vegetable samples in oxalic oxid solution AS was not oxidized. Other precautions like cooling or on oxygen-free atmosphere were not required. DAS was not found in raw vegetable products or after cooking. A high proportion of interfering substances especially when estimating VC was considered the cause for the normally measured amount of DAS. In freeze-dried samples of vegetable products a small amount DAS could be identified depending on the freezing process.", "contents": "[The amount of L-dehydroascorbic acid on total-vitamin C of vegetable products (author's transl)]. Spectrophotometric determinations of vitamin C were carried out on different kinds of vegetable products in raw state, after steam-cooking and freezedrying. Indicators used were in part 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DIP) and in part N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and starch iodide, which at the same time allows a determination of other reducing interfering substances. The amount of L-dehydroascorbic acid (DAS), which together with L-ascorbic acid (AS) becomes vitamin C or total-vitamin C (VC), proved to be of special interest. During homogenisation of the vegetable samples in oxalic oxid solution AS was not oxidized. Other precautions like cooling or on oxygen-free atmosphere were not required. DAS was not found in raw vegetable products or after cooking. A high proportion of interfering substances especially when estimating VC was considered the cause for the normally measured amount of DAS. In freeze-dried samples of vegetable products a small amount DAS could be identified depending on the freezing process.", "PMID": 494809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2126", "title": "The LAP test. A new method for identification of seminal stains by a qualitative color reaction of leucine aminopeptidase.", "content": "A new simple method for identification of seminal stains is described. It employs a qualitative color reaction based on histochemical technique for demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), which is extremely abundant in human semen. The method herein reported (the LAP test) is quite suitable for medicolegal examination of seminal stains as a preliminary test.", "contents": "The LAP test. A new method for identification of seminal stains by a qualitative color reaction of leucine aminopeptidase. A new simple method for identification of seminal stains is described. It employs a qualitative color reaction based on histochemical technique for demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), which is extremely abundant in human semen. The method herein reported (the LAP test) is quite suitable for medicolegal examination of seminal stains as a preliminary test.", "PMID": 494811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2127", "title": "[Sympatho-adrenal activity in acute cold stress. The mechanism of sudden death following water immersion].", "content": "In addition to currently known mechanisms of sudden death following water immersion, predominantly vagal cardio-depressive reflexes are discussed. The pronounced circulatory centralization in diving animals as well as following exposure to cold water indicates additional sympathetic activity. In cold water baths of 15 degrees C, our own measurements indicate an increase in plasma catecholamine levels by more than 300%. This may lead to cardiac arrhythmias by the following mechanism: Cold water essentially induces sinus bradycardia. Brady- and tachyarrhythmias may supervene as secondary complications. Sinusbradycardia may be enhanced by sympathetic hypertonus. Furthermore, ectopic dysrhythmias are liable to be induced by the strictly sympathetic innervation of the ventricle. Myocardial ischemia following a rise in peripheral blood pressure constitutes another arrhythmogenic factor. Some of these reactions are enhanced by alcohol intoxication.", "contents": "[Sympatho-adrenal activity in acute cold stress. The mechanism of sudden death following water immersion]. In addition to currently known mechanisms of sudden death following water immersion, predominantly vagal cardio-depressive reflexes are discussed. The pronounced circulatory centralization in diving animals as well as following exposure to cold water indicates additional sympathetic activity. In cold water baths of 15 degrees C, our own measurements indicate an increase in plasma catecholamine levels by more than 300%. This may lead to cardiac arrhythmias by the following mechanism: Cold water essentially induces sinus bradycardia. Brady- and tachyarrhythmias may supervene as secondary complications. Sinusbradycardia may be enhanced by sympathetic hypertonus. Furthermore, ectopic dysrhythmias are liable to be induced by the strictly sympathetic innervation of the ventricle. Myocardial ischemia following a rise in peripheral blood pressure constitutes another arrhythmogenic factor. Some of these reactions are enhanced by alcohol intoxication.", "PMID": 494812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2128", "title": "[The detection of inherited enzyme polymorphism in semen (author's transl)].", "content": "Our investigation of the occurrence of the enzymes phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT), adenylatkinase (AK), adenosine-desaminase (ADA), and 6-phophogluconate-dehydrogenase (6-PGD) produced the following results: The phosphoglucomutase type was demonstrated in the most sperm samples and seminal stains in accordance with the corresponding blood type. This enzyme is rather stable and could still be demonstrated well in 1-month old stains. The glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase can only seldom be determined in semen and seminal stains. We only found the GPT 1 type, which is known to have usually the strongest activity. The adenylatekinase was demonstrable in the most fresh ejaculates (not older than 24 h) and in about half the seminal stains (not older than 7 days)--The AK--2-band gets weak with increasing lay days, which may lead to incorrect determinations. The adenosine-desaminase could not be determined in sperm. On the contrary, 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase could be demonstrated in fresh semen samples and also partly in seminal stains up to 7 days. The demonstration of the enzymes did not depend in any system on the secretor type.", "contents": "[The detection of inherited enzyme polymorphism in semen (author's transl)]. Our investigation of the occurrence of the enzymes phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT), adenylatkinase (AK), adenosine-desaminase (ADA), and 6-phophogluconate-dehydrogenase (6-PGD) produced the following results: The phosphoglucomutase type was demonstrated in the most sperm samples and seminal stains in accordance with the corresponding blood type. This enzyme is rather stable and could still be demonstrated well in 1-month old stains. The glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase can only seldom be determined in semen and seminal stains. We only found the GPT 1 type, which is known to have usually the strongest activity. The adenylatekinase was demonstrable in the most fresh ejaculates (not older than 24 h) and in about half the seminal stains (not older than 7 days)--The AK--2-band gets weak with increasing lay days, which may lead to incorrect determinations. The adenosine-desaminase could not be determined in sperm. On the contrary, 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase could be demonstrated in fresh semen samples and also partly in seminal stains up to 7 days. The demonstration of the enzymes did not depend in any system on the secretor type.", "PMID": 494813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2129", "title": "[Identification and significance of delta-aminovaleric acid in putrefaction materials (author's transl)].", "content": "During former putrefaction experiments regularly a proteogenic substance has been found which by means of modern analytical methods now was identified as delta-aminovaleric acid (DAVA). DAVA seems to appear in guinea pig as well as human organs and some body fluids under experimental conditions never before the 3rd (20 degrees C) to 5th day (10 degrees C). It is characterized by statistically significant increases until the end of the 2nd (20 degrees C) to 5th week (10 degrees C) and relatively stable values thereafter. Considering storage temperature measurement of DAVA concentration can be of relevance for the estimation of the time of death in cases of putrescent corpses.", "contents": "[Identification and significance of delta-aminovaleric acid in putrefaction materials (author's transl)]. During former putrefaction experiments regularly a proteogenic substance has been found which by means of modern analytical methods now was identified as delta-aminovaleric acid (DAVA). DAVA seems to appear in guinea pig as well as human organs and some body fluids under experimental conditions never before the 3rd (20 degrees C) to 5th day (10 degrees C). It is characterized by statistically significant increases until the end of the 2nd (20 degrees C) to 5th week (10 degrees C) and relatively stable values thereafter. Considering storage temperature measurement of DAVA concentration can be of relevance for the estimation of the time of death in cases of putrescent corpses.", "PMID": 494814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2130", "title": "[Comments on the paper by D. Tausch et al. Experiments on the penetration power of various bullets into skin and muscle tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The objections in the following comments on a recent paper by Tausch et al. (1978) are raised principally to the points that the mass of the projectile is given an importance for the penetration which is not justified, and that the inherent uncertainty of the measurement data and the scope of validity of the empirical formulas are not sufficiently taken into account. The discussion on the process of penetration and a discontinuity of the depth of penetration as a function of the velocity of the bullet is of fundamental significance, with consequences for the definition of the critical velocity.", "contents": "[Comments on the paper by D. Tausch et al. Experiments on the penetration power of various bullets into skin and muscle tissue (author's transl)]. The objections in the following comments on a recent paper by Tausch et al. (1978) are raised principally to the points that the mass of the projectile is given an importance for the penetration which is not justified, and that the inherent uncertainty of the measurement data and the scope of validity of the empirical formulas are not sufficiently taken into account. The discussion on the process of penetration and a discontinuity of the depth of penetration as a function of the velocity of the bullet is of fundamental significance, with consequences for the definition of the critical velocity.", "PMID": 494815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2131", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the aorta after a jump from the 3-meter-board (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a protracted rupture of the aorta in an unusual place (on the diphragmatic fissure and over the junction of the renal arteries). A 13 years old boy who jumped from the 3-meter-board landed flat on his back in the water. A complete rupture with haemorrhaging in the left thoracic cavity and the para-aortal tissue developed 20 h after the accident under clinical observation with non-specific symptoms. Judging by the biomechanical development, the rupture can best be explained as the result of horizontal deceleration. Pathological changes in the aorta wall could not be identified.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the aorta after a jump from the 3-meter-board (author's transl)]. Report on a protracted rupture of the aorta in an unusual place (on the diphragmatic fissure and over the junction of the renal arteries). A 13 years old boy who jumped from the 3-meter-board landed flat on his back in the water. A complete rupture with haemorrhaging in the left thoracic cavity and the para-aortal tissue developed 20 h after the accident under clinical observation with non-specific symptoms. Judging by the biomechanical development, the rupture can best be explained as the result of horizontal deceleration. Pathological changes in the aorta wall could not be identified.", "PMID": 494817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2132", "title": "[Hanging: fulminant thrombembolia as a vital reaction? (author's transl)].", "content": "Fulminant pulmonary thrombembolias were found in two suicides committed by hanging. The origin was a thrombosis of the iliac vein in one case and of femoral veins in the other. The thrombi and emboli respectively were examined histologically. It is assumed that the detachment of the emboli might have been caused mechanically during terminal muscle-cramps or hemodynamically by sudden alterations of blood pressure.", "contents": "[Hanging: fulminant thrombembolia as a vital reaction? (author's transl)]. Fulminant pulmonary thrombembolias were found in two suicides committed by hanging. The origin was a thrombosis of the iliac vein in one case and of femoral veins in the other. The thrombi and emboli respectively were examined histologically. It is assumed that the detachment of the emboli might have been caused mechanically during terminal muscle-cramps or hemodynamically by sudden alterations of blood pressure.", "PMID": 494818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2133", "title": "[Cardiac glycosides and metabolites--problems of recovery in tissue extracts. Separation of visible substance spots in the nanogram range (author's transl)].", "content": "The recovery measurements in rat tissues performed via i.p. injected radioactive digoxin derivates (3H-digoxin, 125J-digoxin derivative) showed that approximately 50% of the total glycoside content will be extracted. Thus, an addition of digoxin standards to drug-free tissues may lead to false negative determinations. By comparison of the radioactivity before and after extraction the following results were obtained: Recovery from tissues 3H-digoxin 50% 125J-digoxin 40% from serum 3H-digoxin 60% added to drug free tissue homogenates 3H-digoxin 85% After i.p. application of 15 mg/kg of beta-methyldigoxin to BD9 (Berlin)-rats the resulting tissue concentrations were extracted by Amberlite XAD-2. beta-Methyldigoxin and its metabolites digoxin and digoxinbisdigitoxide could be separated and distinguished from artifacts by fluorescence detection on HPTLC-plates with a detection limit of 60 ng/spot. Concentration determined by radioimmunoassay are in satisfactory agreement with HPTLC results.", "contents": "[Cardiac glycosides and metabolites--problems of recovery in tissue extracts. Separation of visible substance spots in the nanogram range (author's transl)]. The recovery measurements in rat tissues performed via i.p. injected radioactive digoxin derivates (3H-digoxin, 125J-digoxin derivative) showed that approximately 50% of the total glycoside content will be extracted. Thus, an addition of digoxin standards to drug-free tissues may lead to false negative determinations. By comparison of the radioactivity before and after extraction the following results were obtained: Recovery from tissues 3H-digoxin 50% 125J-digoxin 40% from serum 3H-digoxin 60% added to drug free tissue homogenates 3H-digoxin 85% After i.p. application of 15 mg/kg of beta-methyldigoxin to BD9 (Berlin)-rats the resulting tissue concentrations were extracted by Amberlite XAD-2. beta-Methyldigoxin and its metabolites digoxin and digoxinbisdigitoxide could be separated and distinguished from artifacts by fluorescence detection on HPTLC-plates with a detection limit of 60 ng/spot. Concentration determined by radioimmunoassay are in satisfactory agreement with HPTLC results.", "PMID": 494819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2134", "title": "[Delinquency under drug influence (author's transl)].", "content": "In delinquency, connected with alcohol, the immediate and acute effect of the substance is prominent, whereas in delinquency connected with drugs, one has to deal with chronic effects. The criteria for judging drunken offenders also stand as a model for judging the responsibility of the addicted offender for his crime. We consider: 1. the personality of the offender 2. the way, the amount and the point of time of the last intake of the drug 3. the potential dependence 4. the psychopathological state at the time of offense and at the time of examination 5. the kind of the offense itself. Most cases, which have to be examined, deal with indictable offenses, which were undertaken, in order to get new supply, i.e. \"supply-offenes\". These cases surmise, that the offender is physically addicted, that he knows about withdrawal symptoms from own experience, and that he committed the crime purely for securing his personal supply. We differentiate between direct \"supply-offenses\" (i.e. direct stealing by the addict himself) and indirect \"supply-offenses\" (i.e. mainly trading and commission business). For the latter offenses the state of consciousness and insight at the time of offense does not serve as a suitable criterion for judging the responsibility for the crime, since these offenders usually are not deprived of their drugs and therefore in a stable state of mind. Therefore the inner situation and the motivation for carrying out the crime has to be analysed carefully. For these indirect \"supply-offenses\" reduced responsibility for the offense has to be considered, whereas for direct \"supply-offenses\" a total lack of responsibility can be assumed.", "contents": "[Delinquency under drug influence (author's transl)]. In delinquency, connected with alcohol, the immediate and acute effect of the substance is prominent, whereas in delinquency connected with drugs, one has to deal with chronic effects. The criteria for judging drunken offenders also stand as a model for judging the responsibility of the addicted offender for his crime. We consider: 1. the personality of the offender 2. the way, the amount and the point of time of the last intake of the drug 3. the potential dependence 4. the psychopathological state at the time of offense and at the time of examination 5. the kind of the offense itself. Most cases, which have to be examined, deal with indictable offenses, which were undertaken, in order to get new supply, i.e. \"supply-offenes\". These cases surmise, that the offender is physically addicted, that he knows about withdrawal symptoms from own experience, and that he committed the crime purely for securing his personal supply. We differentiate between direct \"supply-offenses\" (i.e. direct stealing by the addict himself) and indirect \"supply-offenses\" (i.e. mainly trading and commission business). For the latter offenses the state of consciousness and insight at the time of offense does not serve as a suitable criterion for judging the responsibility for the crime, since these offenders usually are not deprived of their drugs and therefore in a stable state of mind. Therefore the inner situation and the motivation for carrying out the crime has to be analysed carefully. For these indirect \"supply-offenses\" reduced responsibility for the offense has to be considered, whereas for direct \"supply-offenses\" a total lack of responsibility can be assumed.", "PMID": 494820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2135", "title": "Investigation of the short-time autolysis of rat hearts by means of SDS. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy.", "content": "The short-time autolysis of hearts was regarded as a model of ischaemic heart failure. Therefore, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30--120 min autolysis in a Locke solution at 37 degrees C. Electron microscopic examinations and myofibrillar preparations were made from the autolysed heart ventricles. The myofibrillar proteins were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After 30 min autolysis the amount of a protein of 192,000 daltons greatly increased. At the same time on the electron micrographs the focal destruction of filament destruction on the A filament area and the mitochondrial structure altered too. After 60 min autolysis another protein of 36,400 daltons appeared. On the electron micrographs the focal desintegration of Z membranes and the focal destruction of I filaments can be observed. After 120 min autolysis further proteolytic products could not be detected by gel electrophoresis but on the electron micrographs the destruction of Z membranes and I filaments became more pronounced.", "contents": "Investigation of the short-time autolysis of rat hearts by means of SDS. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. The short-time autolysis of hearts was regarded as a model of ischaemic heart failure. Therefore, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30--120 min autolysis in a Locke solution at 37 degrees C. Electron microscopic examinations and myofibrillar preparations were made from the autolysed heart ventricles. The myofibrillar proteins were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After 30 min autolysis the amount of a protein of 192,000 daltons greatly increased. At the same time on the electron micrographs the focal destruction of filament destruction on the A filament area and the mitochondrial structure altered too. After 60 min autolysis another protein of 36,400 daltons appeared. On the electron micrographs the focal desintegration of Z membranes and the focal destruction of I filaments can be observed. After 120 min autolysis further proteolytic products could not be detected by gel electrophoresis but on the electron micrographs the destruction of Z membranes and I filaments became more pronounced.", "PMID": 494822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2136", "title": "[Suicides in hospitals of Vienna (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the autopsies ordered by the Viennese Forensic and Health Authorities between 1967 and 1976 has shown that 2.3% of all suicides were committed in hospitals. Two thirds of the 77 examined cases were carried out by males. Thirty-five patients were in stationary psychiatric treatment; their average age was 50.7 years. In all other kinds of hospitals 42 (mostly male) patients committed suicide at an average age of 65.3 years. Preferred methods of performance were jump and fall from height (44.1%) and hanging (40.3%). Rare methods used were one case of abdominal incisions (harakiri), one self-strangulation, and one case of suffociation in plastic bags. The act was usually accomplished early in the morning or in the late afternoon. Among the suicidal patients who were hospitalized because of organic diseases those with malignant neoplasms [18] and cardiovascular diseases [12] were predominant. Also taking the suicides outside hospitals into consideration the numerical ratio between natural deaths due to cancer and the suicides of cancer patients is about 1:1,000. Amont the suicides in psychiatric institutions schizophrenics [11] and endogenous depressives [7] were the most numerous. In 4 cases the suicide was preceded by acts of injury or homicide.", "contents": "[Suicides in hospitals of Vienna (author's transl)]. An analysis of the autopsies ordered by the Viennese Forensic and Health Authorities between 1967 and 1976 has shown that 2.3% of all suicides were committed in hospitals. Two thirds of the 77 examined cases were carried out by males. Thirty-five patients were in stationary psychiatric treatment; their average age was 50.7 years. In all other kinds of hospitals 42 (mostly male) patients committed suicide at an average age of 65.3 years. Preferred methods of performance were jump and fall from height (44.1%) and hanging (40.3%). Rare methods used were one case of abdominal incisions (harakiri), one self-strangulation, and one case of suffociation in plastic bags. The act was usually accomplished early in the morning or in the late afternoon. Among the suicidal patients who were hospitalized because of organic diseases those with malignant neoplasms [18] and cardiovascular diseases [12] were predominant. Also taking the suicides outside hospitals into consideration the numerical ratio between natural deaths due to cancer and the suicides of cancer patients is about 1:1,000. Amont the suicides in psychiatric institutions schizophrenics [11] and endogenous depressives [7] were the most numerous. In 4 cases the suicide was preceded by acts of injury or homicide.", "PMID": 494823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2137", "title": "Postmortem decrease in brain temperature.", "content": "The postmortem decrease in central brain temperature in a small number of forensic cases is presented. Each case shows a simple exponential fall during the time of the measurements. The data reported by Brinkmann et al. (1978), when plotted in semilogarithmic coordinate system, also show--after an initial \"plateau\" of about 2 h--a strictly one-term exponential temperature fall for several hours post mortem. The curve of brain temperature fall allows conclusions about the time of death without considering clothing, body stature, and weight. The interval temperature measurements which are required may be obtained on the spot, and the calculations needed are very simple. The method, therefore, seems preferable to those depending on rectal temperature measurements.", "contents": "Postmortem decrease in brain temperature. The postmortem decrease in central brain temperature in a small number of forensic cases is presented. Each case shows a simple exponential fall during the time of the measurements. The data reported by Brinkmann et al. (1978), when plotted in semilogarithmic coordinate system, also show--after an initial \"plateau\" of about 2 h--a strictly one-term exponential temperature fall for several hours post mortem. The curve of brain temperature fall allows conclusions about the time of death without considering clothing, body stature, and weight. The interval temperature measurements which are required may be obtained on the spot, and the calculations needed are very simple. The method, therefore, seems preferable to those depending on rectal temperature measurements.", "PMID": 494824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2138", "title": "[Forensic aspects of digoxin-poisoning: toxicological and morphological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report. A 82 year old woman died 80 min after accidental ingestion of 5 mg beta-methyl-digoxin. The autopsy and the histological examination revealed non-specific alterations due to shock and preexisting coronary heart disease. Digoxin levels in various fluids and tissues were estimated by radioimmunoassay: bloodplasma 20--25 ng/ml, liquor 10--13 ng/ml, liver 100--110 ng/g, kidney 130--145 ng/g; the gastric fluid contained 0,6 mg. Forensic aspects of glycosid-intoxication, especially of the varying concentrations in different tissues, are discussed.", "contents": "[Forensic aspects of digoxin-poisoning: toxicological and morphological findings (author's transl)]. Case report. A 82 year old woman died 80 min after accidental ingestion of 5 mg beta-methyl-digoxin. The autopsy and the histological examination revealed non-specific alterations due to shock and preexisting coronary heart disease. Digoxin levels in various fluids and tissues were estimated by radioimmunoassay: bloodplasma 20--25 ng/ml, liquor 10--13 ng/ml, liver 100--110 ng/g, kidney 130--145 ng/g; the gastric fluid contained 0,6 mg. Forensic aspects of glycosid-intoxication, especially of the varying concentrations in different tissues, are discussed.", "PMID": 494825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2139", "title": "[The contents of lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, and zinc of non-arteriosclerotic aortas (author's transl)].", "content": "The contents of lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese and zinc of 30 non arteriosklerotic aortas of deceased males between the age of 16 and 53 was analysed with flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the specific localisation within the artery. An interdependence between the metal concentration and the localisation could not be ascertained statistically, although in the individual cases of the examined sections considerable differences in the metal concentration have been determined. No relation between the age of the deceased and the contents of the metal in the aortas was found. Likewise not significant relationship between the calcium and the concentration of heavy metal was verified.", "contents": "[The contents of lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, and zinc of non-arteriosclerotic aortas (author's transl)]. The contents of lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese and zinc of 30 non arteriosklerotic aortas of deceased males between the age of 16 and 53 was analysed with flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the specific localisation within the artery. An interdependence between the metal concentration and the localisation could not be ascertained statistically, although in the individual cases of the examined sections considerable differences in the metal concentration have been determined. No relation between the age of the deceased and the contents of the metal in the aortas was found. Likewise not significant relationship between the calcium and the concentration of heavy metal was verified.", "PMID": 494826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2140", "title": "[Anorexia nervosa - a familial socialization deficit].", "content": "This study is based on the hypothesis that there is a connexion between the condition of Anorexia nervosa and factors of family socialization. The empirical examination of this assumption was carried out using the hospital records of 51 female patients treated for Anorexia nervosa in the Psychiatric University Hospital G\u00f6ttingen from the period of 1967 to 1973. The family structure was investigated under the following context: 1) family constellation, 2) socioeconomic factors, 3) interactional patterns. At first sight these families have a normally disturbuted family constellation, a stable and accepted social status together with traditional social values. However, disturbed parental and matrimonial relationships in fluence the family attitudes in such a way as to enhance these behavior patterns associated with high performance and pseudo-solidarity. This complex family structure effects the anorexic patients such that--in an interactional view--an inbalance of ego identity arises and a adolescence crisis occurs.", "contents": "[Anorexia nervosa - a familial socialization deficit]. This study is based on the hypothesis that there is a connexion between the condition of Anorexia nervosa and factors of family socialization. The empirical examination of this assumption was carried out using the hospital records of 51 female patients treated for Anorexia nervosa in the Psychiatric University Hospital G\u00f6ttingen from the period of 1967 to 1973. The family structure was investigated under the following context: 1) family constellation, 2) socioeconomic factors, 3) interactional patterns. At first sight these families have a normally disturbuted family constellation, a stable and accepted social status together with traditional social values. However, disturbed parental and matrimonial relationships in fluence the family attitudes in such a way as to enhance these behavior patterns associated with high performance and pseudo-solidarity. This complex family structure effects the anorexic patients such that--in an interactional view--an inbalance of ego identity arises and a adolescence crisis occurs.", "PMID": 494834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2141", "title": "The birth and survival of wildebeest calves.", "content": "This paper describes social organization, parturition, post partum behavior of wildebeest mothers and offspring, and calf predation during the annual birth peak in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. The wildebeest's \"follower-calf\" system, unique among the Bovidae, is remarkably effective in protecting neonates. Even during hte one-month peak, the major predator on calves, the spotted hyena, is unable to feed to satiation. Calf survival is consistently high, despite large fluctuations in the numbers of wildebeest, with consequent effects on the size of the yearly calf crop.", "contents": "The birth and survival of wildebeest calves. This paper describes social organization, parturition, post partum behavior of wildebeest mothers and offspring, and calf predation during the annual birth peak in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. The wildebeest's \"follower-calf\" system, unique among the Bovidae, is remarkably effective in protecting neonates. Even during hte one-month peak, the major predator on calves, the spotted hyena, is unable to feed to satiation. Calf survival is consistently high, despite large fluctuations in the numbers of wildebeest, with consequent effects on the size of the yearly calf crop.", "PMID": 494841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2142", "title": "[Reciprocity of intrapsychic and interpersonal processes in anorexia nervosa: observations and interpretations from the therapy of the family].", "content": "This article uses sections of transcribed tape-recordings of family interviews to elucidate the pubescent anorexia nervosa of a 14 year-old girl within the context of her family interactions. The reciprocal action of intrapsychic disturbance and interpersonal processes within the family, as well as the feedback machanisms involved in both systems are discussed. Analogous to the neurotic aspect of the anorexia itself, the neurotic family dealings with the puberty crisis are shown, which are dedicated to the repression of drive-desires, turn against, a restructuring of family equilibrium necessitated by the life cycles of various family members, resulting in a power struggle for symmetrical positions within the family. Analogous to the internal ego disorder found in anorexia, the permanent struggle to differentiate ego functions and integrate bodily experience and thereby achieve indentity as a separate, autonomous subject is described. The struggle for autonomy is made more difficult by family norms which do not allow for the expression of personal desires, needs and interests. Thoughts on the development of anorexia nervosa relevant to the family situation described in our example follow the phenomenological presentation. The disturbance in self-object differentiation arises from the early mother-child relationship, and is viewed as the result of the mother's disturbed relationship to primary maternal preoccupation. A symbiotic-antagonistic relationship between mother and child is perpetuated by means of mystifying, binding strategies. The family keeps the traditional roles of victim an savior ready to overcome psychosocial crises. Finally, the casuitry explains anorexia as a form of confrontation within a family context, which is moulded by the norms of village social structure.", "contents": "[Reciprocity of intrapsychic and interpersonal processes in anorexia nervosa: observations and interpretations from the therapy of the family]. This article uses sections of transcribed tape-recordings of family interviews to elucidate the pubescent anorexia nervosa of a 14 year-old girl within the context of her family interactions. The reciprocal action of intrapsychic disturbance and interpersonal processes within the family, as well as the feedback machanisms involved in both systems are discussed. Analogous to the neurotic aspect of the anorexia itself, the neurotic family dealings with the puberty crisis are shown, which are dedicated to the repression of drive-desires, turn against, a restructuring of family equilibrium necessitated by the life cycles of various family members, resulting in a power struggle for symmetrical positions within the family. Analogous to the internal ego disorder found in anorexia, the permanent struggle to differentiate ego functions and integrate bodily experience and thereby achieve indentity as a separate, autonomous subject is described. The struggle for autonomy is made more difficult by family norms which do not allow for the expression of personal desires, needs and interests. Thoughts on the development of anorexia nervosa relevant to the family situation described in our example follow the phenomenological presentation. The disturbance in self-object differentiation arises from the early mother-child relationship, and is viewed as the result of the mother's disturbed relationship to primary maternal preoccupation. A symbiotic-antagonistic relationship between mother and child is perpetuated by means of mystifying, binding strategies. The family keeps the traditional roles of victim an savior ready to overcome psychosocial crises. Finally, the casuitry explains anorexia as a form of confrontation within a family context, which is moulded by the norms of village social structure.", "PMID": 494835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2143", "title": "[Psychosomatics of breast cancer - present state of research and new developments].", "content": "Cancer of the breast is a malignant disease most intensively studied under a psychosomatic perspective. But validated results are rare. Further research should follow three guidelines: 1. True prospective studies of non-selected populations, 2. interdisciplinary research of endocrine, immunologic, genetic, and psycho-social influencing factors, 3. the clinical course of the disease should be investigated to improve the psycho-social rehabilitation. Main emphasis lies here on the involvement of the patient's family.", "contents": "[Psychosomatics of breast cancer - present state of research and new developments]. Cancer of the breast is a malignant disease most intensively studied under a psychosomatic perspective. But validated results are rare. Further research should follow three guidelines: 1. True prospective studies of non-selected populations, 2. interdisciplinary research of endocrine, immunologic, genetic, and psycho-social influencing factors, 3. the clinical course of the disease should be investigated to improve the psycho-social rehabilitation. Main emphasis lies here on the involvement of the patient's family.", "PMID": 494836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2144", "title": "[Coping or adaptive processes in psychosomatic medicine].", "content": "In the last decade a new psychological concept was derived from the pre-scientific English term \"coping\" and introduced into what is known as illness-behaviour. Coping supplements the psychoanalytical defence theory by forming part of the adaption processes in illness and helping to overcome illness as a psychic crisis. The present paper is an attempt to provide a critical analyses of all literature available on the concept of coping. After various examples of a definition of the term, it was shown how coping differs from defence mechanisms, the connection between stress and coping was explained and a comprehensive illness model was presented. Then followed a discussion of the better known forms of coping to date and a brief presentation of fields of scientific research which could benefit from the coping concept.", "contents": "[Coping or adaptive processes in psychosomatic medicine]. In the last decade a new psychological concept was derived from the pre-scientific English term \"coping\" and introduced into what is known as illness-behaviour. Coping supplements the psychoanalytical defence theory by forming part of the adaption processes in illness and helping to overcome illness as a psychic crisis. The present paper is an attempt to provide a critical analyses of all literature available on the concept of coping. After various examples of a definition of the term, it was shown how coping differs from defence mechanisms, the connection between stress and coping was explained and a comprehensive illness model was presented. Then followed a discussion of the better known forms of coping to date and a brief presentation of fields of scientific research which could benefit from the coping concept.", "PMID": 494837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2145", "title": "[The psychogenic death of Mr. J. A case report].", "content": "Numerous cases of psychogenic death have been cited throughout the world, as well by native peoples, inhabitants of concentration camps and prisoner of war camps. Psychogenic death is a generalized human extreme psychosomatic reaction. It is not specific to any culture or mentality. Psychogenic death refers to death triggered by psychic stimuli. The individual finds himself in a situation where external forces have lead to a restriction of his world and, in addition, is subjectively sensing of the inalterability of his situation. Decisive to the perception of the environment is the subjective emotional view of things which can greatly diverge reality. The physical state of these individuals is marked by total passivity. The psychic condition is characterized by regression, resignation, and apathy. The article described the psychic background and the physical process of a death by psychic phenomena. The case of a 37 year old patient with detailed anamnestic and clinical data is given. His hobby was taking photographs of natural scenery and animals. This had become vital for him, because he did not like his job. The patient suffered from a painful herniation of intervetebral disk. After the operation of the disk he still had backache. He thought that the operation had been unsuccessful. The following day the patient showed the symptoms of the psychogenic death and died within one day. The autopsy, histopathologic, and toxicologic examinations showed no indications to the cause of death.", "contents": "[The psychogenic death of Mr. J. A case report]. Numerous cases of psychogenic death have been cited throughout the world, as well by native peoples, inhabitants of concentration camps and prisoner of war camps. Psychogenic death is a generalized human extreme psychosomatic reaction. It is not specific to any culture or mentality. Psychogenic death refers to death triggered by psychic stimuli. The individual finds himself in a situation where external forces have lead to a restriction of his world and, in addition, is subjectively sensing of the inalterability of his situation. Decisive to the perception of the environment is the subjective emotional view of things which can greatly diverge reality. The physical state of these individuals is marked by total passivity. The psychic condition is characterized by regression, resignation, and apathy. The article described the psychic background and the physical process of a death by psychic phenomena. The case of a 37 year old patient with detailed anamnestic and clinical data is given. His hobby was taking photographs of natural scenery and animals. This had become vital for him, because he did not like his job. The patient suffered from a painful herniation of intervetebral disk. After the operation of the disk he still had backache. He thought that the operation had been unsuccessful. The following day the patient showed the symptoms of the psychogenic death and died within one day. The autopsy, histopathologic, and toxicologic examinations showed no indications to the cause of death.", "PMID": 494838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2146", "title": "[The efficiency of 20 hours of brief psychotherapy with the Guidire Affective Imagery. Examination with psychological tests].", "content": "26 non-selected out-patients of a psychiatric and psychotherapeutic clinic with psychoneurotic personality disorders and psychosomatic complaints were treated with the Guidive Affective Imagery (GAI) during 20 sessions. Analysis of the psychodiagnostic tests prior to treatment showed that 7 patients had insignificant psychopathological profiles although they felt bad and had diffuse psychosomatic complaints whereas 12 suffered from neurotical symptoms and severe psychosomatic disorders. The rate of improvement was assessed by standardized tests. The GAI proved to be an effective short term treatment of depressive and inhibited patients. A significant rate of improvement of less neurotic and psychosomatic disorders was found. These results are still to be confirmed by katamnestic questionnaires in order to assure that the therapeutic changes are long lasting.", "contents": "[The efficiency of 20 hours of brief psychotherapy with the Guidire Affective Imagery. Examination with psychological tests]. 26 non-selected out-patients of a psychiatric and psychotherapeutic clinic with psychoneurotic personality disorders and psychosomatic complaints were treated with the Guidive Affective Imagery (GAI) during 20 sessions. Analysis of the psychodiagnostic tests prior to treatment showed that 7 patients had insignificant psychopathological profiles although they felt bad and had diffuse psychosomatic complaints whereas 12 suffered from neurotical symptoms and severe psychosomatic disorders. The rate of improvement was assessed by standardized tests. The GAI proved to be an effective short term treatment of depressive and inhibited patients. A significant rate of improvement of less neurotic and psychosomatic disorders was found. These results are still to be confirmed by katamnestic questionnaires in order to assure that the therapeutic changes are long lasting.", "PMID": 494839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2147", "title": "Effect of organic matter supplementation on nitrogen transformations in soils. I. Chemical and bacteriological changes.", "content": "The effect of supplementation with different organic materials on nitrogen transformations and on certain bacterial groups in soil was studied. Addition of wide C/N ratio organic matter, sawdust and maize stalks prevented NO3-N from being lost through leaching out or dentrification and favoured the development of Azotobacter and N2-fixing clostridia that in turn resulted in marked gains in nitrogen through N2-fixation. Nitrifying bacteria were adversely affected. Application of such materials together with high amounts of NH4NO3 lessened nitrogen losses in drainage water but increased losses through denitrification. Nitrogen-rich organic matter resulted in higher losses in nitrates from soils in comparison to those of wide C/N ratio organic materials.", "contents": "Effect of organic matter supplementation on nitrogen transformations in soils. I. Chemical and bacteriological changes. The effect of supplementation with different organic materials on nitrogen transformations and on certain bacterial groups in soil was studied. Addition of wide C/N ratio organic matter, sawdust and maize stalks prevented NO3-N from being lost through leaching out or dentrification and favoured the development of Azotobacter and N2-fixing clostridia that in turn resulted in marked gains in nitrogen through N2-fixation. Nitrifying bacteria were adversely affected. Application of such materials together with high amounts of NH4NO3 lessened nitrogen losses in drainage water but increased losses through denitrification. Nitrogen-rich organic matter resulted in higher losses in nitrates from soils in comparison to those of wide C/N ratio organic materials.", "PMID": 494849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2148", "title": "Effect of organic matter supplementation on nitrogen transformations in soils. II. Nitrogen balance and yield.", "content": "Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect of the application of uncomposted plant materials (sawdust and maize stalks) or horns and hooves (narrow C/N ratio) on soil nitrogen and plant growth was investigated. From nitrogen balance calculations it was found that the addition of the wide C/N ratio materials alone either increased soil nitrogen through N2-fixation or lessened nitrogen loss through denitrification. Although such materials resulted in the immobilisation of mineral nitrogen, no nitrogen starvation symptoms were noted on the growing plants. Negative nitrogen balances were usually obtained when soils received mineral nitrogen fertilizers either alone or together with maize stalks or supplemented with the narrow C/N ratio organic material.", "contents": "Effect of organic matter supplementation on nitrogen transformations in soils. II. Nitrogen balance and yield. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect of the application of uncomposted plant materials (sawdust and maize stalks) or horns and hooves (narrow C/N ratio) on soil nitrogen and plant growth was investigated. From nitrogen balance calculations it was found that the addition of the wide C/N ratio materials alone either increased soil nitrogen through N2-fixation or lessened nitrogen loss through denitrification. Although such materials resulted in the immobilisation of mineral nitrogen, no nitrogen starvation symptoms were noted on the growing plants. Negative nitrogen balances were usually obtained when soils received mineral nitrogen fertilizers either alone or together with maize stalks or supplemented with the narrow C/N ratio organic material.", "PMID": 494850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2149", "title": "Quantitative effects of some pesticides on certain physiological groups of micro-organisms in soil.", "content": "Quantitative effects of temik (insecticide and nematocide), orthocide (fungicide), or treflan (herbicide), added to soil at field rate application, on counts of certain desirable soil microorganisms were studied. In the presence of any of the pesticides, counts of aerobic cellulose-decomposers were either stimulated or depressed. Despite the temporarily slight stimulation, observed in some instances of the initial periods, the effect of any pesticide on counts of Azotobacter, N-fixing clostridia, and ammonifiers was subsequently depressive. The period of retardation or stimulation differed according to the chemical composition of the pesticides and physiological properties of micro-organisms. However, the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, especially ammonium-oxidizers, seemed to be more sensitive and their counts in treated in treated soil were sharply depressed.", "contents": "Quantitative effects of some pesticides on certain physiological groups of micro-organisms in soil. Quantitative effects of temik (insecticide and nematocide), orthocide (fungicide), or treflan (herbicide), added to soil at field rate application, on counts of certain desirable soil microorganisms were studied. In the presence of any of the pesticides, counts of aerobic cellulose-decomposers were either stimulated or depressed. Despite the temporarily slight stimulation, observed in some instances of the initial periods, the effect of any pesticide on counts of Azotobacter, N-fixing clostridia, and ammonifiers was subsequently depressive. The period of retardation or stimulation differed according to the chemical composition of the pesticides and physiological properties of micro-organisms. However, the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, especially ammonium-oxidizers, seemed to be more sensitive and their counts in treated in treated soil were sharply depressed.", "PMID": 494851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2150", "title": "Influence of fluctuating temperature on soil microflora.", "content": "The effect of different constant and \"square-wave\" fluctuating temperatures on the soil microflora was studied in laboratory experiments. The growth of soil microorganisms was higher at lower temperatures, indicating the higher degree of substrate immobilization and the better energy economy of the soil bionta. Microbial counts were slightly higher after five days of incubation at fluctuating temperatures than those obtained at a constant mean temperature. It was important whether the fluctuation started at lower or at higher temperatures. At a fluctuating temperature the amount of nitrates decreased compared to the amount at a constant temperature. The development dynamics of soil microorganisms was accelerated by the fluctuation of temperature as judged by nitrogen transformation and simultaneous changes in microbial counts.", "contents": "Influence of fluctuating temperature on soil microflora. The effect of different constant and \"square-wave\" fluctuating temperatures on the soil microflora was studied in laboratory experiments. The growth of soil microorganisms was higher at lower temperatures, indicating the higher degree of substrate immobilization and the better energy economy of the soil bionta. Microbial counts were slightly higher after five days of incubation at fluctuating temperatures than those obtained at a constant mean temperature. It was important whether the fluctuation started at lower or at higher temperatures. At a fluctuating temperature the amount of nitrates decreased compared to the amount at a constant temperature. The development dynamics of soil microorganisms was accelerated by the fluctuation of temperature as judged by nitrogen transformation and simultaneous changes in microbial counts.", "PMID": 494852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2151", "title": "Investigations into rhizosphere microflora of some plants in Libya.", "content": "The present investigation deals with the effect of raising Hordeum vulgare and Arachis hypogaea at two different stages on the microbial rhizosphere population. The studies were extended to reveal the microbiological occurrence in different horizons of a soil profile corresponding in length to root regions. Bacteria were most abundant, followed by actinomycetes while fungi were less abundant and more restricted in their distribution. The three groups of microorganisms varied markedly in the rhizosphere of the two plants under investigation. The plant age had a great influence on the frequency of occurrence of the different microorganisms. One strain of bacteria, six fungi and the members of the grey series of Streptomyces were dominant. Actinomycetes and fungi diminished with the depth of soil, while the bacterial counts increased.", "contents": "Investigations into rhizosphere microflora of some plants in Libya. The present investigation deals with the effect of raising Hordeum vulgare and Arachis hypogaea at two different stages on the microbial rhizosphere population. The studies were extended to reveal the microbiological occurrence in different horizons of a soil profile corresponding in length to root regions. Bacteria were most abundant, followed by actinomycetes while fungi were less abundant and more restricted in their distribution. The three groups of microorganisms varied markedly in the rhizosphere of the two plants under investigation. The plant age had a great influence on the frequency of occurrence of the different microorganisms. One strain of bacteria, six fungi and the members of the grey series of Streptomyces were dominant. Actinomycetes and fungi diminished with the depth of soil, while the bacterial counts increased.", "PMID": 494853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2152", "title": "Seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum in sand cultures and its effect on nitrogen balance.", "content": "The effect of bacterization of barley grains with a selected strain of Azotobacter chroococcum was studied. In nitrogen-deficient sand, seed inoculation increased plant length, dry weight, nitrogen content in addition to a significant increase in soil nitrogen. The density of the organism on grains had a slight positive effect. Irrigation with KNO3-containing nutrient solution suppressed nitrogen fixation, but inoculation still had a pronounced stimulating effect on plants. In presence of mixed soil microflora the beneficial effect of bacterization was less than in monobacterial cultures. Azotobacters naturally present in soil also colonized in heavy densities on the rhizoplane, but their effect on plant growth and soil nitrogen were less if compared with that resulting from bacterization.", "contents": "Seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum in sand cultures and its effect on nitrogen balance. The effect of bacterization of barley grains with a selected strain of Azotobacter chroococcum was studied. In nitrogen-deficient sand, seed inoculation increased plant length, dry weight, nitrogen content in addition to a significant increase in soil nitrogen. The density of the organism on grains had a slight positive effect. Irrigation with KNO3-containing nutrient solution suppressed nitrogen fixation, but inoculation still had a pronounced stimulating effect on plants. In presence of mixed soil microflora the beneficial effect of bacterization was less than in monobacterial cultures. Azotobacters naturally present in soil also colonized in heavy densities on the rhizoplane, but their effect on plant growth and soil nitrogen were less if compared with that resulting from bacterization.", "PMID": 494854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2153", "title": "[A methodical comparison of respiration measurement in an incubation experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "For the determination of CO2-content from incubation experiments infrared-absorption, interferometer and titration methods were compared with regard of the reproduction of experimental results. The data obtained by titration were general higher. The middle coefficients of variation amounted for infrared-absorption 6.79%, interferometer 13.41% and titration 21.78%. The repititions, which are necessary for the statistical safety of the methods, are given. By the method of infrared-absorption the higher water-loss of the soil is reduced by water-saturation of the air in the incubation vessel.", "contents": "[A methodical comparison of respiration measurement in an incubation experiment (author's transl)]. For the determination of CO2-content from incubation experiments infrared-absorption, interferometer and titration methods were compared with regard of the reproduction of experimental results. The data obtained by titration were general higher. The middle coefficients of variation amounted for infrared-absorption 6.79%, interferometer 13.41% and titration 21.78%. The repititions, which are necessary for the statistical safety of the methods, are given. By the method of infrared-absorption the higher water-loss of the soil is reduced by water-saturation of the air in the incubation vessel.", "PMID": 494855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2154", "title": "Effect of some medicaments on the oxygen uptake of the spores of some soil fungi.", "content": "Nystatin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, captan, indoleacetic acid, and colchicin were tested in two concentrations for their effect on the oxygen uptake of the spores of Mucor racemosus, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Cochliobolus spicifer, and Macrophomina phaseoli. Nystatin and captan inhibited the oxygen uptake of the spores of all fungi used, and this inhibitory effect increases with increasing concentration. On the other hand, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, indoleacetic acid, and colchicin were found to have a stimulating effect. Increasing the concentration of these medicaments to the double concentration causes a decrease in the oxygen uptake, except in the case of ascorbic acid where the reverse occurs.", "contents": "Effect of some medicaments on the oxygen uptake of the spores of some soil fungi. Nystatin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, captan, indoleacetic acid, and colchicin were tested in two concentrations for their effect on the oxygen uptake of the spores of Mucor racemosus, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Cochliobolus spicifer, and Macrophomina phaseoli. Nystatin and captan inhibited the oxygen uptake of the spores of all fungi used, and this inhibitory effect increases with increasing concentration. On the other hand, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, indoleacetic acid, and colchicin were found to have a stimulating effect. Increasing the concentration of these medicaments to the double concentration causes a decrease in the oxygen uptake, except in the case of ascorbic acid where the reverse occurs.", "PMID": 494856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2155", "title": "[Chronic traumatic rupture of the diaphragm (author's transl)].", "content": "The rising number of traffic accidents increases the number of traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm. Often there are no characteristic symptoms or those of other injuries may dominate. Sometimes a long time elapses before signs of hernia appear. Therefore the mass X-ray screening of the population is very important to demonstrate such cases. Chest X-ray, barium meal and pneumoperitoneum are required to detect a late herniation. Prompt surgical repair will give patients the best chance of recovery, thus avoiding complications which greatly increase the mortality rate.", "contents": "[Chronic traumatic rupture of the diaphragm (author's transl)]. The rising number of traffic accidents increases the number of traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm. Often there are no characteristic symptoms or those of other injuries may dominate. Sometimes a long time elapses before signs of hernia appear. Therefore the mass X-ray screening of the population is very important to demonstrate such cases. Chest X-ray, barium meal and pneumoperitoneum are required to detect a late herniation. Prompt surgical repair will give patients the best chance of recovery, thus avoiding complications which greatly increase the mortality rate.", "PMID": 494857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2156", "title": "[Coumarin necrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "2 cases of hermorrhagic skin infarctions of breast and thigh after anticoagulation with coumarin are reported. The mechanism of coumarin necrosis remains unknown. Treatment of lesions is necrotomy. A skin graft may be needed to cover the defect.", "contents": "[Coumarin necrosis (author's transl)]. 2 cases of hermorrhagic skin infarctions of breast and thigh after anticoagulation with coumarin are reported. The mechanism of coumarin necrosis remains unknown. Treatment of lesions is necrotomy. A skin graft may be needed to cover the defect.", "PMID": 494858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2157", "title": "[Present state and trends in treating closed lower leg fractures in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of closed lower leg fractures requires a differentiated indication. Type of fracture and many important concomitant factors have to be considered. Stability and optimal blood supply are the most important criteria to favour osteosynthesis. But conservative treatment after B\u00f6hler can even today be regarded as an efficient procedure. About 60% of these fractures have been found to yield good results in adequate time when treated conservatively. Also the efficacy of the functional method described by Sarmiento has been proved. Special indications can be attributed to interlocking nailing. The operative therapy today is highly specialized therefore it should be practiced only in adequate staffed and equipped hospitals. A questionnaire answered from 110 surgical departments supports this demand.", "contents": "[Present state and trends in treating closed lower leg fractures in adults (author's transl)]. The treatment of closed lower leg fractures requires a differentiated indication. Type of fracture and many important concomitant factors have to be considered. Stability and optimal blood supply are the most important criteria to favour osteosynthesis. But conservative treatment after B\u00f6hler can even today be regarded as an efficient procedure. About 60% of these fractures have been found to yield good results in adequate time when treated conservatively. Also the efficacy of the functional method described by Sarmiento has been proved. Special indications can be attributed to interlocking nailing. The operative therapy today is highly specialized therefore it should be practiced only in adequate staffed and equipped hospitals. A questionnaire answered from 110 surgical departments supports this demand.", "PMID": 494862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2158", "title": "[Inter- and subtrochanterie fractures treated by Ender's method (author's transl)].", "content": "308 patients with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric femoral fractures were treated by Ender's method of intramedullary fixation from June 1975 to September 1978. The average age was 78,4 years, the mortality rate was 16,3 per cent. There was no infection of the bone and no non-union. In 78 per cent of re-examined patients the hip function was good and very good. The treatment of old patients with this operation is the method of choice.", "contents": "[Inter- and subtrochanterie fractures treated by Ender's method (author's transl)]. 308 patients with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric femoral fractures were treated by Ender's method of intramedullary fixation from June 1975 to September 1978. The average age was 78,4 years, the mortality rate was 16,3 per cent. There was no infection of the bone and no non-union. In 78 per cent of re-examined patients the hip function was good and very good. The treatment of old patients with this operation is the method of choice.", "PMID": 494863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2159", "title": "[Experimental and pharmacokinetic studies with gentamicin PMMA beads (author's transl)].", "content": "Gentamicin PMMA beads (PMMA = polymethylmethacrylate) represent a new form of local antibiotic therapy for treating chronic bone and soft tissue infections. Gentamicin is released in high concentrations from PMMA. The therapeutic efficacy of the beads was demonstrated in a model of bone infection in dogs. Sufficiently high tissue concentrations of gentamicin were measurable for a period of 4 months. A very good tolerance of the beads was demonstrated in dogs as well as in cell cultures. High gentamicin concentrations exceeding the MBC values of relevant pathogens were measurable in patients at the site of infection. Serum and urine concentrations were low and therefore toxic side effects are excluded.", "contents": "[Experimental and pharmacokinetic studies with gentamicin PMMA beads (author's transl)]. Gentamicin PMMA beads (PMMA = polymethylmethacrylate) represent a new form of local antibiotic therapy for treating chronic bone and soft tissue infections. Gentamicin is released in high concentrations from PMMA. The therapeutic efficacy of the beads was demonstrated in a model of bone infection in dogs. Sufficiently high tissue concentrations of gentamicin were measurable for a period of 4 months. A very good tolerance of the beads was demonstrated in dogs as well as in cell cultures. High gentamicin concentrations exceeding the MBC values of relevant pathogens were measurable in patients at the site of infection. Serum and urine concentrations were low and therefore toxic side effects are excluded.", "PMID": 494864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2160", "title": "[Gentamicin-PMMA-beads in treating bone and soft tissue infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Temporary implantation of gentamicin-PMMA-beads and -chains provides a most-effective local antibiotic therapy as supplementary and consecutive treatment after surgical procedures executed in bone and soft tissue infections. The broad spectrum antibiotic gentamicin is gradually released from the PMMA beads in high doses, thus ensuring local concentrations of the antibiotic which never can be achieved by systemic application of the same antibiotic. Operative technique and advantages of this new way of local antibiotic therapy are explained. 128 patients were treated for different manifestations of chronic osteomyelitis in 1976. The chronic bone infections subsided completely in 91,4% of the patients, but 11 reinfections were observed within 6 to 24 months after termination of treatment. In 6 of those 11 cases this re-infection was caused by sequestered bone particles which had been overlooked.", "contents": "[Gentamicin-PMMA-beads in treating bone and soft tissue infections (author's transl)]. Temporary implantation of gentamicin-PMMA-beads and -chains provides a most-effective local antibiotic therapy as supplementary and consecutive treatment after surgical procedures executed in bone and soft tissue infections. The broad spectrum antibiotic gentamicin is gradually released from the PMMA beads in high doses, thus ensuring local concentrations of the antibiotic which never can be achieved by systemic application of the same antibiotic. Operative technique and advantages of this new way of local antibiotic therapy are explained. 128 patients were treated for different manifestations of chronic osteomyelitis in 1976. The chronic bone infections subsided completely in 91,4% of the patients, but 11 reinfections were observed within 6 to 24 months after termination of treatment. In 6 of those 11 cases this re-infection was caused by sequestered bone particles which had been overlooked.", "PMID": 494865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2161", "title": "[Errors and complications using the curved nail after Lezius-Herzer (author's transl)].", "content": "Intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures with the curved nail of Lezius-Herzer is a stable and simple osteosynthesis. The purpose of this article is to introduce some principles designed to avoid the very low complications of this nailing, which are mostly founded on errors in technic.", "contents": "[Errors and complications using the curved nail after Lezius-Herzer (author's transl)]. Intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures with the curved nail of Lezius-Herzer is a stable and simple osteosynthesis. The purpose of this article is to introduce some principles designed to avoid the very low complications of this nailing, which are mostly founded on errors in technic.", "PMID": 494866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2162", "title": "[Experience obtained from use of Faustan (diazepam)-ketamine combination in anaesthesia for minor gynaecological surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to the advantages implied in the combinational use of Faustan and ketamine for anaesthesia, but disadvantages are mentioned, as well. No complications with danger to life were recorded from an evaluation of 1,000 narcoses over a period between September 1st, 1977, and July 31st, 1978. Combined use of the above agents may be justified on account of low rate of complications, optimum surgical conditions, and smoother operation.", "contents": "[Experience obtained from use of Faustan (diazepam)-ketamine combination in anaesthesia for minor gynaecological surgery (author's transl)]. Reference is made to the advantages implied in the combinational use of Faustan and ketamine for anaesthesia, but disadvantages are mentioned, as well. No complications with danger to life were recorded from an evaluation of 1,000 narcoses over a period between September 1st, 1977, and July 31st, 1978. Combined use of the above agents may be justified on account of low rate of complications, optimum surgical conditions, and smoother operation.", "PMID": 494870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2163", "title": "[Accuracy of lymphography in carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "A review has been made of lymphographic diagnoses recorded from patients with cervical carcinoma over more than five years. The diagnosis by lymphography of nodes metastases had to be altered in some 25 per cent, and correction proved necessary also in cases in which lymphography had failed to yield conclusive information. - In the group with lymphographically secured cancer lymph nodes coincided with histological results in 70 per cent of all primary and 90 per cent of secondary checks. Comparable gaps were recorded also from the group with lymphographically inconclusive information on lymph node cancer. - The following conclusions are drawn from the study described: (a) The accuracy of lymphographic diagnosis depends on the experiences of the examiner and changes within time and this must be considered in the evaluation of therapeutic success or failure. - (b) Conclusive findings in the context of lymph node problems are obtainable from selective use of lymphography.", "contents": "[Accuracy of lymphography in carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. A review has been made of lymphographic diagnoses recorded from patients with cervical carcinoma over more than five years. The diagnosis by lymphography of nodes metastases had to be altered in some 25 per cent, and correction proved necessary also in cases in which lymphography had failed to yield conclusive information. - In the group with lymphographically secured cancer lymph nodes coincided with histological results in 70 per cent of all primary and 90 per cent of secondary checks. Comparable gaps were recorded also from the group with lymphographically inconclusive information on lymph node cancer. - The following conclusions are drawn from the study described: (a) The accuracy of lymphographic diagnosis depends on the experiences of the examiner and changes within time and this must be considered in the evaluation of therapeutic success or failure. - (b) Conclusive findings in the context of lymph node problems are obtainable from selective use of lymphography.", "PMID": 494871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2164", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of acute leg swelling (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to aspects relating to the aetiology of acute leg swelling following surgical or radiological treatment of uterine and ovarian tumours. Four cases are reported, in that context. The swellings described developed up to ten years after initial therapy. Differential diagnosis and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The need for early cooperation between the gynaecologist, radiologist, angiologist, and vascular surgeon is underlined.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of acute leg swelling (author's transl)]. Reference is made to aspects relating to the aetiology of acute leg swelling following surgical or radiological treatment of uterine and ovarian tumours. Four cases are reported, in that context. The swellings described developed up to ten years after initial therapy. Differential diagnosis and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The need for early cooperation between the gynaecologist, radiologist, angiologist, and vascular surgeon is underlined.", "PMID": 494873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2165", "title": "[Cytological disclosure of ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported in which an ovarian carcinoma invaded the fallopian tube. Primary diagnosis was possible only by cervical smears and not secured until the tumour was exposed by hysterectomy. Reference is made to publications on similar cases.", "contents": "[Cytological disclosure of ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)]. A case is reported in which an ovarian carcinoma invaded the fallopian tube. Primary diagnosis was possible only by cervical smears and not secured until the tumour was exposed by hysterectomy. Reference is made to publications on similar cases.", "PMID": 494874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2166", "title": "[Experience from uterine cervix sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The genital sarcomas of three in 56 Patients (5,36 per cent) were located in the uterine cervix. Treatment gave unsatisfactory results, with survival rates of nine, 13, and 32 months. Suggested are steps by which to improve both the diagnosis and therapy of genital sarcomas in women.", "contents": "[Experience from uterine cervix sarcoma (author's transl)]. The genital sarcomas of three in 56 Patients (5,36 per cent) were located in the uterine cervix. Treatment gave unsatisfactory results, with survival rates of nine, 13, and 32 months. Suggested are steps by which to improve both the diagnosis and therapy of genital sarcomas in women.", "PMID": 494875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2167", "title": "[Measurement of basal temperature for calculation of duration of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The duration of pregnancy post ovulationem (p.o.), post hyperthermiam (p.h.), and post menstruationem (p.m.) was calculated for single births with birth weights around 2,500 g against the background of basal temperatures which had been measured by 172 patients. - Average pregnancy durations, p.o. (n = 159) were 263 +/- 11,3 days [boys (n = 81) 262,2 +/- 12,3 days; girls (n = 78) 263,9 +/- 10,1 days]. Average pregnancy durations, p.h. (n = 171) were 260,4 +/- 11,5 days [boys (n = 90) 259,7 +/- 12,2 days; girls (n = 81) 261,2 +/- 10.8 days]. Differences for p.o. and p.h. mean values between girls and boys could not be statistically secured. The average duration of pregnancy, p.m. (n = 166) was 281,7 +/- 11,2 days, with boys being born (n = 89) after 280,8 +/- 12,4 days and girls (n = 77) after 282,7 +/- 9,7 days.", "contents": "[Measurement of basal temperature for calculation of duration of pregnancy (author's transl)]. The duration of pregnancy post ovulationem (p.o.), post hyperthermiam (p.h.), and post menstruationem (p.m.) was calculated for single births with birth weights around 2,500 g against the background of basal temperatures which had been measured by 172 patients. - Average pregnancy durations, p.o. (n = 159) were 263 +/- 11,3 days [boys (n = 81) 262,2 +/- 12,3 days; girls (n = 78) 263,9 +/- 10,1 days]. Average pregnancy durations, p.h. (n = 171) were 260,4 +/- 11,5 days [boys (n = 90) 259,7 +/- 12,2 days; girls (n = 81) 261,2 +/- 10.8 days]. Differences for p.o. and p.h. mean values between girls and boys could not be statistically secured. The average duration of pregnancy, p.m. (n = 166) was 281,7 +/- 11,2 days, with boys being born (n = 89) after 280,8 +/- 12,4 days and girls (n = 77) after 282,7 +/- 9,7 days.", "PMID": 494876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2168", "title": "[On the indication of cesarean section in moribunda (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cesarean section in moribunda is reported. The patient died on spontaneous subarachnoid and cerebral hemorrhage due to an angioma arteriovenosum aneurysmaticum of the right arteria cerebri media. Medical problems and the indication for a section in such cases are discussed. In non letal maternal diseases a section in moribunda should be separated from a cesarean section in extremis.", "contents": "[On the indication of cesarean section in moribunda (author's transl)]. A case of cesarean section in moribunda is reported. The patient died on spontaneous subarachnoid and cerebral hemorrhage due to an angioma arteriovenosum aneurysmaticum of the right arteria cerebri media. Medical problems and the indication for a section in such cases are discussed. In non letal maternal diseases a section in moribunda should be separated from a cesarean section in extremis.", "PMID": 494877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2169", "title": "[Antidiphtheria and antitetanus antitoxic immunity indices in the population of the Estonian SSR (an assessment of the effectiveness of a planned vaccine prophylaxis)].", "content": "In 1972-1974 and 1977 in the Estonian SSR children and adults were surveyed for the presence of antibodies against tetanus and diphtheria toxins (toxoids) by means of the passive hemagglutination test. The level of protection against tetanus was revealed to correspond to the proportion of child population covered by vaccination: in 1977, with 98.8% covered by vaccination, the level of protection among children aged 7 to 14 years and adolescents of 15-19 years exceeded 98%; with the increase of age (every 10-15 years) the level of protection against tetanus regularly decreased. This dynamics correlated with the existing terms of postvaccinal immunity and the epidemiological independence of tetanus as infectiion. The level of protection in child population against diphtheria in 1972-1974 and 1977 lagged behind the level of protection against tetanus and the coverage by vaccination. The diphtheria component of adsorbed DPT vaccine seemed to be unable to ensure the sufficient level and intensity of immunity under conditions of a sharply decreased risk of encounter with the infective agent. In persons aged 40 years and over the indices of immunity against diphtheria were higher than against tetanus. These indices resulted from diphtheria infection at the prevaccination period and could serve as an objective sign in following up the decrease of the process of diphtheria epidemics.", "contents": "[Antidiphtheria and antitetanus antitoxic immunity indices in the population of the Estonian SSR (an assessment of the effectiveness of a planned vaccine prophylaxis)]. In 1972-1974 and 1977 in the Estonian SSR children and adults were surveyed for the presence of antibodies against tetanus and diphtheria toxins (toxoids) by means of the passive hemagglutination test. The level of protection against tetanus was revealed to correspond to the proportion of child population covered by vaccination: in 1977, with 98.8% covered by vaccination, the level of protection among children aged 7 to 14 years and adolescents of 15-19 years exceeded 98%; with the increase of age (every 10-15 years) the level of protection against tetanus regularly decreased. This dynamics correlated with the existing terms of postvaccinal immunity and the epidemiological independence of tetanus as infectiion. The level of protection in child population against diphtheria in 1972-1974 and 1977 lagged behind the level of protection against tetanus and the coverage by vaccination. The diphtheria component of adsorbed DPT vaccine seemed to be unable to ensure the sufficient level and intensity of immunity under conditions of a sharply decreased risk of encounter with the infective agent. In persons aged 40 years and over the indices of immunity against diphtheria were higher than against tetanus. These indices resulted from diphtheria infection at the prevaccination period and could serve as an objective sign in following up the decrease of the process of diphtheria epidemics.", "PMID": 494896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2170", "title": "[Effect of a high-polymer, metal-containing biostimulator on the immunological reactivity of the body of experimental animals].", "content": "\"Phodomos\", a biostimulator of the \"Biomos\" group of metal complexes, considerably increases (2-3-fold) antibody production and the phagocytic ability of micro- and macrophages in experimental animals. The preparation has no essential influence on the ability of the bone marrow stem cells for colony formation in the body of irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Effect of a high-polymer, metal-containing biostimulator on the immunological reactivity of the body of experimental animals]. \"Phodomos\", a biostimulator of the \"Biomos\" group of metal complexes, considerably increases (2-3-fold) antibody production and the phagocytic ability of micro- and macrophages in experimental animals. The preparation has no essential influence on the ability of the bone marrow stem cells for colony formation in the body of irradiated animals.", "PMID": 494897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2171", "title": "[Characteristics of an allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mites].", "content": "The laboratory cultivation of house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) was shown to yield the maximum amount of the mites in 10--12 weeks. Hair accumulated in electric razors and house dust mixed with hair from electric razors should be considered the most promising medium for their cultivation. Scarification tests with D. pteronyssinus allergen prepared with the use of specially developed technology produced positive results in 56% of patients hypersensitive to house dust allergen.", "contents": "[Characteristics of an allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mites]. The laboratory cultivation of house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) was shown to yield the maximum amount of the mites in 10--12 weeks. Hair accumulated in electric razors and house dust mixed with hair from electric razors should be considered the most promising medium for their cultivation. Scarification tests with D. pteronyssinus allergen prepared with the use of specially developed technology produced positive results in 56% of patients hypersensitive to house dust allergen.", "PMID": 494900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2172", "title": "[Study of the \"survival\" of knowledge among graduates of a sanitation and hygiene college with regard to epidemiology and ways of improving the teaching of this discipline].", "content": "The authors present the results obtained in the survey of graduates from the sanitary and hygienic departments of 4 medical institutes of the Ukrainian SSR carried out in a special pedagogical experiment with the aim to determine the \"survival\" of their knowledge in epidemiology. As a result, variations in the stability of knowledge in different branches of this discipline, especially in disinfection, the problems requiring the integration of knowledge in epidemiology and hygiene (municipal and alimentary), etc., have been revealed. The authors propose some measures for the improvement of teaching.", "contents": "[Study of the \"survival\" of knowledge among graduates of a sanitation and hygiene college with regard to epidemiology and ways of improving the teaching of this discipline]. The authors present the results obtained in the survey of graduates from the sanitary and hygienic departments of 4 medical institutes of the Ukrainian SSR carried out in a special pedagogical experiment with the aim to determine the \"survival\" of their knowledge in epidemiology. As a result, variations in the stability of knowledge in different branches of this discipline, especially in disinfection, the problems requiring the integration of knowledge in epidemiology and hygiene (municipal and alimentary), etc., have been revealed. The authors propose some measures for the improvement of teaching.", "PMID": 494901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2173", "title": "[Principles for intensive therapy of status epilepticus in children].", "content": "A total of 113 children with brain edema of infectious and toxic nature were studied. The main clinical syndrome in these conditions was an epileptical status. Among anticonvulsive drugs used seduxen appeared to be the most effective. The use of GABA, gas narcosis and myorelaxants is recommended as well. The rehydration by plasma, low molecular plasma substitutes and glucose-polyion solutions are discussed. The paper contains some information on contraindications for early dehydration and rehydration. Hypoxia is eliminated by providing adequate lung ventilation, oxygenotherapy or hyperbaric oxygenation, by using oxidative enzymes and drugs increasing the resistance of the brain to hypoxia and hypothermia. It is recommended that hormonal therapy should be used. The techniques of urgent measures and their sequence are given.", "contents": "[Principles for intensive therapy of status epilepticus in children]. A total of 113 children with brain edema of infectious and toxic nature were studied. The main clinical syndrome in these conditions was an epileptical status. Among anticonvulsive drugs used seduxen appeared to be the most effective. The use of GABA, gas narcosis and myorelaxants is recommended as well. The rehydration by plasma, low molecular plasma substitutes and glucose-polyion solutions are discussed. The paper contains some information on contraindications for early dehydration and rehydration. Hypoxia is eliminated by providing adequate lung ventilation, oxygenotherapy or hyperbaric oxygenation, by using oxidative enzymes and drugs increasing the resistance of the brain to hypoxia and hypothermia. It is recommended that hormonal therapy should be used. The techniques of urgent measures and their sequence are given.", "PMID": 494905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2174", "title": "[Variant of the facial-scapular-humeral-gluteal-femoral form of primary myopathy in children].", "content": "The facial-scapulohumeral-gluteal-femoral form of primary myopathy, described for the first time in 1872 by Duchenne, starts with lesions to the facial muscles and scapulae with subsequent dissemination to the other muscles of the shoulder girdle and lower extremities. The form of primary myopathy is characterized by a rapid development of myodystrophy without remissions and by the autosomal-recessive type of inheritance.", "contents": "[Variant of the facial-scapular-humeral-gluteal-femoral form of primary myopathy in children]. The facial-scapulohumeral-gluteal-femoral form of primary myopathy, described for the first time in 1872 by Duchenne, starts with lesions to the facial muscles and scapulae with subsequent dissemination to the other muscles of the shoulder girdle and lower extremities. The form of primary myopathy is characterized by a rapid development of myodystrophy without remissions and by the autosomal-recessive type of inheritance.", "PMID": 494906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2175", "title": "[Role of complex studies in the diagnosis of spinal amyotrophy in young children].", "content": "The analysis of a pathomorphological verified case of Werding-Hoffmanns disease and its comparison with the other clinical and EEG data shows that the specific electromyographical traits of the spinal lesion in some patients are revealed in a late period. For the differentiation of the essential muscular and the secondary neurogenic lesions in the early stages of the disease the morphological studies of muscular bioptic specimens are very important.", "contents": "[Role of complex studies in the diagnosis of spinal amyotrophy in young children]. The analysis of a pathomorphological verified case of Werding-Hoffmanns disease and its comparison with the other clinical and EEG data shows that the specific electromyographical traits of the spinal lesion in some patients are revealed in a late period. For the differentiation of the essential muscular and the secondary neurogenic lesions in the early stages of the disease the morphological studies of muscular bioptic specimens are very important.", "PMID": 494907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2176", "title": "[Neurologic symptoms and syndromes in the diagnosis of perinatal brain lesions in newborn children].", "content": "The most frequent symptoms and syndromes indicative of nervous system impairments in the newborn are: oculomotor disturbances, signs of intracranial pressure rise, changes of the spontaneous motor activity, symptoms of cerebral edema, depression or excitation of the nervous system. The studies have shown that the diverse character of combination of these symptoms and syndromes and the degree of their intensity depend on the depth of hypoxia, give evidence of the gravity of cerebral circulation disorders, and point to possible metabolic or structural changes in the newborn's brain.", "contents": "[Neurologic symptoms and syndromes in the diagnosis of perinatal brain lesions in newborn children]. The most frequent symptoms and syndromes indicative of nervous system impairments in the newborn are: oculomotor disturbances, signs of intracranial pressure rise, changes of the spontaneous motor activity, symptoms of cerebral edema, depression or excitation of the nervous system. The studies have shown that the diverse character of combination of these symptoms and syndromes and the degree of their intensity depend on the depth of hypoxia, give evidence of the gravity of cerebral circulation disorders, and point to possible metabolic or structural changes in the newborn's brain.", "PMID": 494908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2177", "title": "[Electroencephalographic problems in newborn infants].", "content": "The authors present the results of electroencephalographic examinations performed at random in a group of 100 newborn \"risk infants\". Ordinary electroencephalograms were compared with those obtained by long-time polygraphic recording. It was found that ordinary electroencephalography was quite acceptable for the basic diagnosis of neurological diseases. The number of pathological curves on the electroencephalograms after the polygraphic recording was not greater than on ordinary encephalograms.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic problems in newborn infants]. The authors present the results of electroencephalographic examinations performed at random in a group of 100 newborn \"risk infants\". Ordinary electroencephalograms were compared with those obtained by long-time polygraphic recording. It was found that ordinary electroencephalography was quite acceptable for the basic diagnosis of neurological diseases. The number of pathological curves on the electroencephalograms after the polygraphic recording was not greater than on ordinary encephalograms.", "PMID": 494910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2178", "title": "[Appraisal of work capacity and rehabilitation in infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "In clinical conditions 189 patients with infantile cerebral paralysis were examined, and ways of their medical, family, social, and working rehabilitation were analyzed. The medical rehabilitation appeared to be the most effective in patients with pareses of the extremities and speech disorders. The prognosis as regards the working capacity was the most favourable in patients with mild and mode;ate pareses (hemi-, para-, and fetrapareses) and unfavourable in patients with severe hyperkinesias, pronounced oligophrenia, and combined pathology (hyperkinesias + tetrapareses; tetrapareses + debility and/or speech disorders). While specifying the disability groups attention was paid to the degree of the function impairment (mild, moderate, grave) and to the working prognosis. Patients with pronounced tetrapareses and contractures in all the joints, grave hyperkinesias in all the four extremities, and imbecility were classed with disability group I: those with pronounced para-, hemi-, and tetrapareses, extensive hyperkinesias, combination of the motor disorders with debility were placed into disability group II. While classing patients with disability group III the character and degree of the function impairments, the patients profession, contraindicated factors of the work, and compensatory potentialities were taken into account. The studies have shown that the existing scepticism with regard to the working capacity prognosis in patients with infantile cerebral paralysis is due to insufficient elucidation of their working potentialities in literature.", "contents": "[Appraisal of work capacity and rehabilitation in infantile cerebral palsy]. In clinical conditions 189 patients with infantile cerebral paralysis were examined, and ways of their medical, family, social, and working rehabilitation were analyzed. The medical rehabilitation appeared to be the most effective in patients with pareses of the extremities and speech disorders. The prognosis as regards the working capacity was the most favourable in patients with mild and mode;ate pareses (hemi-, para-, and fetrapareses) and unfavourable in patients with severe hyperkinesias, pronounced oligophrenia, and combined pathology (hyperkinesias + tetrapareses; tetrapareses + debility and/or speech disorders). While specifying the disability groups attention was paid to the degree of the function impairment (mild, moderate, grave) and to the working prognosis. Patients with pronounced tetrapareses and contractures in all the joints, grave hyperkinesias in all the four extremities, and imbecility were classed with disability group I: those with pronounced para-, hemi-, and tetrapareses, extensive hyperkinesias, combination of the motor disorders with debility were placed into disability group II. While classing patients with disability group III the character and degree of the function impairments, the patients profession, contraindicated factors of the work, and compensatory potentialities were taken into account. The studies have shown that the existing scepticism with regard to the working capacity prognosis in patients with infantile cerebral paralysis is due to insufficient elucidation of their working potentialities in literature.", "PMID": 494911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2179", "title": "[Lesions of the nervous system in premature children with \"conjugated\" jaundices].", "content": "Results of many-year observation of 110 prematurely born children who had had nuclear jaundice in the precence of hyperbilirubinemia showed that this pathology not only had distinct temporal parameters, but in most cases also a characteristic clinical picture. The principal symptoms are: an abrupt tossing of the head back, general tonic convulsions, tonic stretching of the arms with pronation of the hands, monotonous constrained cry, amimic face, paroxysms of apnoe, and gross impairments on the part of the brain stem. The most important for the diagnosis and prognosis was the \"setting sun\" symptom. The diagnosing is difficult when the nuclear jaundice joins pre- or intranatal damage to the nervous system or is combined with an infectious toxicosis. Observation of infants during the first six months makes it possible to confirm the diagnosis. The gravity of the sequelae makes it necessary to transfer infants from the maternity home to pediatric hospitals even if the jaundice is only suspected.", "contents": "[Lesions of the nervous system in premature children with \"conjugated\" jaundices]. Results of many-year observation of 110 prematurely born children who had had nuclear jaundice in the precence of hyperbilirubinemia showed that this pathology not only had distinct temporal parameters, but in most cases also a characteristic clinical picture. The principal symptoms are: an abrupt tossing of the head back, general tonic convulsions, tonic stretching of the arms with pronation of the hands, monotonous constrained cry, amimic face, paroxysms of apnoe, and gross impairments on the part of the brain stem. The most important for the diagnosis and prognosis was the \"setting sun\" symptom. The diagnosing is difficult when the nuclear jaundice joins pre- or intranatal damage to the nervous system or is combined with an infectious toxicosis. Observation of infants during the first six months makes it possible to confirm the diagnosis. The gravity of the sequelae makes it necessary to transfer infants from the maternity home to pediatric hospitals even if the jaundice is only suspected.", "PMID": 494912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2180", "title": "[Coordination disorders in children with the Louis-Bar syndrome].", "content": "Results of anamnestic and clinico-neurological examinations of 39 children (24 boys and 15 girls aged from 4 to 16 years) with the Louis Barr syndrome are presented. Coordination disorders as the very first symptom were noted in 17 children. In 15 children it was frequent respiratory diseases that were the first manifestations of the syndrome. In these children the coordination disturbances developed later and showed a slower progress. Early development of atactic symptoms and their rapid progress was observed more frequently in boys. Of the coordination disorders prevalent in 22 patients were symptoms of dynamic ataxia more marked in the arms; in 16 patients these symptoms were combined with noticeable disturbances of the statics. The use of both more complicated and simplified modifications of the coordination tests has made it possible to analyze the structure of the atactic syndrome and to estimate the degree of the compensatory potentialities more precisely.", "contents": "[Coordination disorders in children with the Louis-Bar syndrome]. Results of anamnestic and clinico-neurological examinations of 39 children (24 boys and 15 girls aged from 4 to 16 years) with the Louis Barr syndrome are presented. Coordination disorders as the very first symptom were noted in 17 children. In 15 children it was frequent respiratory diseases that were the first manifestations of the syndrome. In these children the coordination disturbances developed later and showed a slower progress. Early development of atactic symptoms and their rapid progress was observed more frequently in boys. Of the coordination disorders prevalent in 22 patients were symptoms of dynamic ataxia more marked in the arms; in 16 patients these symptoms were combined with noticeable disturbances of the statics. The use of both more complicated and simplified modifications of the coordination tests has made it possible to analyze the structure of the atactic syndrome and to estimate the degree of the compensatory potentialities more precisely.", "PMID": 494913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2181", "title": "[Situational reactions manifesting themselves in behavior disorders as a form of psychogenic (reactive) disorders in children and adolescents].", "content": "The paper is related to the history, elimination, clinical expression, systematics and the clinico-nozological place of the group of situational reactions expressed in disordered behaviour of children and adolescents. These reactions are considered as associated pairs, including interconnected psychological and pathological forms. Some common criteria delineating the psychological and pathological situational reactions are presented. The paper also contains a description of the main traits of psychological and pathological reactions of protest, rejection, imitation, compensation-hypercompensation. All these reactions are considered as a special group of psychogenic (reactive) diseases.", "contents": "[Situational reactions manifesting themselves in behavior disorders as a form of psychogenic (reactive) disorders in children and adolescents]. The paper is related to the history, elimination, clinical expression, systematics and the clinico-nozological place of the group of situational reactions expressed in disordered behaviour of children and adolescents. These reactions are considered as associated pairs, including interconnected psychological and pathological forms. Some common criteria delineating the psychological and pathological situational reactions are presented. The paper also contains a description of the main traits of psychological and pathological reactions of protest, rejection, imitation, compensation-hypercompensation. All these reactions are considered as a special group of psychogenic (reactive) diseases.", "PMID": 494914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2182", "title": "[Dynamics and outcome of obsessive neuroses with onset in childhood and adolescence in the light of follow-up studies].", "content": "A total of 52 patients (28 males and 24 females from 16.5 to 21.5 years of age) observed in childhood because of obsessional neuroses were studied. All the studied cases were divided into 3 groups: patients with obsessional movements and actions, patients with obsessional fears and patients with obsessions of the mixed type. Follow-up studies of the patients demonstrated that the prognosis of obsessional states with an onset in childhood and adolescency should not be based only on the duration of the disease. It depends on the combination of a number of factors: the clinical form of neuroses, type of development, traits of the \"basis\", stage of psychophysical development, determing evolution of the disease and degree of social adaptation.", "contents": "[Dynamics and outcome of obsessive neuroses with onset in childhood and adolescence in the light of follow-up studies]. A total of 52 patients (28 males and 24 females from 16.5 to 21.5 years of age) observed in childhood because of obsessional neuroses were studied. All the studied cases were divided into 3 groups: patients with obsessional movements and actions, patients with obsessional fears and patients with obsessions of the mixed type. Follow-up studies of the patients demonstrated that the prognosis of obsessional states with an onset in childhood and adolescency should not be based only on the duration of the disease. It depends on the combination of a number of factors: the clinical form of neuroses, type of development, traits of the \"basis\", stage of psychophysical development, determing evolution of the disease and degree of social adaptation.", "PMID": 494915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2183", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of hysterical disorders with altered consciousness in children].", "content": "In 7 children aged from 6 to 13 years with hysterical psychoses relatively rare psychopathological phenomena were found which were named by the author as short-time lethargy, prolonged somnabulism, hysterical automatism, the phenomenon of \"personality split\" and special fantasies. The paper contains a psychopathological analysis related to the age traits and clinical aspects of these conditions. A special place occupied by these symptoms in the psychotic structure is due, in the opinion of the author, to the appearance of \"hypnoid-hypobulic\" disturbances.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of hysterical disorders with altered consciousness in children]. In 7 children aged from 6 to 13 years with hysterical psychoses relatively rare psychopathological phenomena were found which were named by the author as short-time lethargy, prolonged somnabulism, hysterical automatism, the phenomenon of \"personality split\" and special fantasies. The paper contains a psychopathological analysis related to the age traits and clinical aspects of these conditions. A special place occupied by these symptoms in the psychotic structure is due, in the opinion of the author, to the appearance of \"hypnoid-hypobulic\" disturbances.", "PMID": 494916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2184", "title": "[Nonprocess autism in children: comparative etiopathogenetic study].", "content": "Etiopathogenesis of the childhood autism syndrome of a non-process nature is discussed on the basis of a comparative study of 156 children aged from 3 to 16 years. In the etiological complex there is a prevalence of early exogenous-organic noxious factors, which is reflected in disturbances of mental divelopment, maturation of the system of hemispheric pair work. The data of follow-up studies and treatment confirm a conclusion about a residual-organic basis in the syndrome of childhood autism.", "contents": "[Nonprocess autism in children: comparative etiopathogenetic study]. Etiopathogenesis of the childhood autism syndrome of a non-process nature is discussed on the basis of a comparative study of 156 children aged from 3 to 16 years. In the etiological complex there is a prevalence of early exogenous-organic noxious factors, which is reflected in disturbances of mental divelopment, maturation of the system of hemispheric pair work. The data of follow-up studies and treatment confirm a conclusion about a residual-organic basis in the syndrome of childhood autism.", "PMID": 494917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2185", "title": "[Clinical features of several variants of schizophrenia in adolescence. I].", "content": "A total of 87 schizophrenic patients (39 boys and 48 girls), with a psychopathlike syndrome and deviant behaviour were examined. On the basis of the clinical picture and type of development of the disease, 2 groups of patients (from 14-18 years) were distinguished. The first group included patients who by their clinical traits belonged to heboid schizophrenia and were observed in the framework of a one-attack shiftlike development of the process. In the second group the psychopathlike syndrome was expressed in the presence of increasing personality changes, while the development of the process was a sluggish type.", "contents": "[Clinical features of several variants of schizophrenia in adolescence. I]. A total of 87 schizophrenic patients (39 boys and 48 girls), with a psychopathlike syndrome and deviant behaviour were examined. On the basis of the clinical picture and type of development of the disease, 2 groups of patients (from 14-18 years) were distinguished. The first group included patients who by their clinical traits belonged to heboid schizophrenia and were observed in the framework of a one-attack shiftlike development of the process. In the second group the psychopathlike syndrome was expressed in the presence of increasing personality changes, while the development of the process was a sluggish type.", "PMID": 494918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2186", "title": "[Clinico-genealogic study of patients with unfavorable early infantile schizophrenia].", "content": "The paper concerns similarities and differences between childhood schizophrenia and schizophrenia of the adults from the standpoint of the genealogical background in the respective families. The degree of loading by manifest psychoses and the typology of nonmanifest disturbances among the parents of probands with an unfavorable development of early childhood schizophrenia was studied. The data obtained demonstrate heterogeneity of this form of childhood schizophrenia, confirmed as well by genealogical studies in a comparative age aspect.", "contents": "[Clinico-genealogic study of patients with unfavorable early infantile schizophrenia]. The paper concerns similarities and differences between childhood schizophrenia and schizophrenia of the adults from the standpoint of the genealogical background in the respective families. The degree of loading by manifest psychoses and the typology of nonmanifest disturbances among the parents of probands with an unfavorable development of early childhood schizophrenia was studied. The data obtained demonstrate heterogeneity of this form of childhood schizophrenia, confirmed as well by genealogical studies in a comparative age aspect.", "PMID": 494919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2187", "title": "[Clinico-genetic diagnosis of severe mental retardation].", "content": "Among 330 patients with severe mental retardation who were consulted at random for medico-genetic purposes (excluding phenylketonuria and Down's disease), 27,3% constituted retarded patients due to genetic diseases, 10%--to exogenous factors. Families with a high genetical risk (25%-50% for sibs) constituted 20%. In the group of patients with severe mental retardation, but without signs of organic lesion in the neurological state or multiple congenital anomalies, there was a higher percentage of consanguineous parents and affected sibs, than in the group of patients with residual-organic neurological changes and in the group of patients with the so-called malformation retardation syndromes.", "contents": "[Clinico-genetic diagnosis of severe mental retardation]. Among 330 patients with severe mental retardation who were consulted at random for medico-genetic purposes (excluding phenylketonuria and Down's disease), 27,3% constituted retarded patients due to genetic diseases, 10%--to exogenous factors. Families with a high genetical risk (25%-50% for sibs) constituted 20%. In the group of patients with severe mental retardation, but without signs of organic lesion in the neurological state or multiple congenital anomalies, there was a higher percentage of consanguineous parents and affected sibs, than in the group of patients with residual-organic neurological changes and in the group of patients with the so-called malformation retardation syndromes.", "PMID": 494921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2188", "title": "[Analysis of the effectiveness of treating children with different forms of intellectual deficiency with piriditol].", "content": "The clinical efficacy of piriditol treatment in children with intellectual insufficiency was studied by means of special techniques, determining the velocity of visual information processing (VVIP) and short-time visual memory (SVM), which reflects the functional state of the brain. Piriditol was administered to 50 children aged from 7 to 12 years. The clinical state was characterized as mental retardation, due to mild organic brain lesions or oligophrenia in the form of mild debility. The use of special techniques (VVIP and SVM) for the study of intellectual activity permitted to analyze more differentially the stimulating and sedative effect of piriditol, to detect the new property of the drug, i.e. to remove the processes of fatigue in the brain tissues. A positive effect of the treatment was most marked in children with mental retardation rather than in oligophrenic patients.", "contents": "[Analysis of the effectiveness of treating children with different forms of intellectual deficiency with piriditol]. The clinical efficacy of piriditol treatment in children with intellectual insufficiency was studied by means of special techniques, determining the velocity of visual information processing (VVIP) and short-time visual memory (SVM), which reflects the functional state of the brain. Piriditol was administered to 50 children aged from 7 to 12 years. The clinical state was characterized as mental retardation, due to mild organic brain lesions or oligophrenia in the form of mild debility. The use of special techniques (VVIP and SVM) for the study of intellectual activity permitted to analyze more differentially the stimulating and sedative effect of piriditol, to detect the new property of the drug, i.e. to remove the processes of fatigue in the brain tissues. A positive effect of the treatment was most marked in children with mental retardation rather than in oligophrenic patients.", "PMID": 494922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2189", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism disorders in stroke].", "content": "In the acute period of cerebral stroke most patients develop disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. These disorders resemble the diabetic syndrome, but differ from the latter by their lability and absence of the signs of ketoacidosis. The intensity of the syndrome depends on the gravity of the stroke, size and localization of the focus, character of the process (the syndrome is more pronounced in cases of hemorrhagic strokes), and the state of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism disorders in stroke]. In the acute period of cerebral stroke most patients develop disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. These disorders resemble the diabetic syndrome, but differ from the latter by their lability and absence of the signs of ketoacidosis. The intensity of the syndrome depends on the gravity of the stroke, size and localization of the focus, character of the process (the syndrome is more pronounced in cases of hemorrhagic strokes), and the state of the pancreas.", "PMID": 494926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2190", "title": "[Cerebral stroke. Social consequences].", "content": "The work was based on the data obtained by the epidemiological register method. The incidence of cerebral strokes and the patients' mortality were determined. By the end of the first year after the stroke in 42.5% of patients who survived there remained pareses and paralyses. In a part of the patients the ability for walking and using transport was impaired. 38.2% of the patients needed assistance in performing one or several ADL functions, such as, dressing, food taking, washing, use of toilet and bath. 20.2% of the patients who worked before the stroke could return to their work, and 17.1% of the patients who kept house before the stroke could return to their former household activity. The patients were divided into ADL classes and classes determining the state of their labour and everday-life rehabilitation. This distribution was found to be of practical importance.", "contents": "[Cerebral stroke. Social consequences]. The work was based on the data obtained by the epidemiological register method. The incidence of cerebral strokes and the patients' mortality were determined. By the end of the first year after the stroke in 42.5% of patients who survived there remained pareses and paralyses. In a part of the patients the ability for walking and using transport was impaired. 38.2% of the patients needed assistance in performing one or several ADL functions, such as, dressing, food taking, washing, use of toilet and bath. 20.2% of the patients who worked before the stroke could return to their work, and 17.1% of the patients who kept house before the stroke could return to their former household activity. The patients were divided into ADL classes and classes determining the state of their labour and everday-life rehabilitation. This distribution was found to be of practical importance.", "PMID": 494927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2191", "title": "[Neuropsychological approach to detecting the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery \"steal\" syndromes].", "content": "Neuropsychological symptoms of \"robbing\" the anterior, median, and posterior cerebral arteries due to the ischemia caused within their basins by arteriovenous aneurisms were studied. The disappearance of the \"robbing\" symptoms after occluding the influx vessels of the aneurism by a separable balloon-catheter (62 observations), or after radical excision of the arteriovenous aneurism (81 observations) was taken for the control. The dynamics of the \"robbing\" symptoms in the process of the endovascular operations was followed. The importance of the \"robbing\" and the local symptoms associated with the localization of the vascular conglomerate for the clinic of arteriovenous aneurisms is demonstrated. A high sensitivity of the neuropsychological tests to changes of the cerebral hemodynamics is noted.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological approach to detecting the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery \"steal\" syndromes]. Neuropsychological symptoms of \"robbing\" the anterior, median, and posterior cerebral arteries due to the ischemia caused within their basins by arteriovenous aneurisms were studied. The disappearance of the \"robbing\" symptoms after occluding the influx vessels of the aneurism by a separable balloon-catheter (62 observations), or after radical excision of the arteriovenous aneurism (81 observations) was taken for the control. The dynamics of the \"robbing\" symptoms in the process of the endovascular operations was followed. The importance of the \"robbing\" and the local symptoms associated with the localization of the vascular conglomerate for the clinic of arteriovenous aneurisms is demonstrated. A high sensitivity of the neuropsychological tests to changes of the cerebral hemodynamics is noted.", "PMID": 494928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2192", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in total infarct in the middle cerebral artery system].", "content": "Under study there were 12 cases of total infarction within the median cerebral artery system. The resemblance of this disease with cerebral hemorrhage consists not only in the similarity of the neurological symptoms, but also frequently in analogous shifts on the part of peripheral blood and metabolic processes. For diagnostic differentiation dynamic examinations of cerebrospinal liquor can be used. If the absence of erythrocytes in the liquor is confirmed repeatedly, or they appear later and in an insignificant quantity, the diagnosis of the total infarction becomes almost absolitely correct. If, however, the blood appears in the liquor in a greater amount, an extremely thorough analysis of the clinical course of the disease in comparison with the liquor dynamics is necessary, so as to give a correct interpretation of a particular case of the disease.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in total infarct in the middle cerebral artery system]. Under study there were 12 cases of total infarction within the median cerebral artery system. The resemblance of this disease with cerebral hemorrhage consists not only in the similarity of the neurological symptoms, but also frequently in analogous shifts on the part of peripheral blood and metabolic processes. For diagnostic differentiation dynamic examinations of cerebrospinal liquor can be used. If the absence of erythrocytes in the liquor is confirmed repeatedly, or they appear later and in an insignificant quantity, the diagnosis of the total infarction becomes almost absolitely correct. If, however, the blood appears in the liquor in a greater amount, an extremely thorough analysis of the clinical course of the disease in comparison with the liquor dynamics is necessary, so as to give a correct interpretation of a particular case of the disease.", "PMID": 494929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2193", "title": "[Vascular brain lesions and ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The role of essential hypertension in the pathogenesis of cerebral vessel disorders (not only hemorrhagic, but also ischemic) is greater than in the pathogenesis of the heart ischemic disease. An analysis of the evidences left by ancient doctors, when compared with statistical data of our time, gives one grounds to believe that cerebral hemorrhages have been a rather common disease, at least, since the time of the antique civilization of Greece and Rome, whereas ischemic heart disease has become a widespread disease among the population of the developed countries only in our time. This makes it possible to assume that the role of essential hypertension and that of atherosclerosis are not equal in the \"diseases of civilization\", if the diseases of today's developed society are meant.", "contents": "[Vascular brain lesions and ischemic heart disease]. The role of essential hypertension in the pathogenesis of cerebral vessel disorders (not only hemorrhagic, but also ischemic) is greater than in the pathogenesis of the heart ischemic disease. An analysis of the evidences left by ancient doctors, when compared with statistical data of our time, gives one grounds to believe that cerebral hemorrhages have been a rather common disease, at least, since the time of the antique civilization of Greece and Rome, whereas ischemic heart disease has become a widespread disease among the population of the developed countries only in our time. This makes it possible to assume that the role of essential hypertension and that of atherosclerosis are not equal in the \"diseases of civilization\", if the diseases of today's developed society are meant.", "PMID": 494930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2194", "title": "[Age and blood coagulation features in ischemic strokes].", "content": "Extensive coagulogramms and thromboelastogramms were analysed in 775 patients who had ischemic brain strokes in the age up to 45 years (I group), 46-60 (II group) and over 60 (III group). In patients of the II and III group thrombogenic hypercoagulant tendencies compared to that of the young age were more distinct and were mainly conditioned by depressions of the anticoagulative link in the anticoagulant blood system. In patients younger than 45, despite more rapid formation of procoagulants, there was an earlier and more expressed activation of fibrinolysis and an increase of the concentration of free heparin in the blood. These changes of coagulation in an ischemic stroke have a compensatory significance and can be explained by a prevalent adaptive tendency of changes in metabolism in young age, providing an adaptation of the organism in the period of stress.", "contents": "[Age and blood coagulation features in ischemic strokes]. Extensive coagulogramms and thromboelastogramms were analysed in 775 patients who had ischemic brain strokes in the age up to 45 years (I group), 46-60 (II group) and over 60 (III group). In patients of the II and III group thrombogenic hypercoagulant tendencies compared to that of the young age were more distinct and were mainly conditioned by depressions of the anticoagulative link in the anticoagulant blood system. In patients younger than 45, despite more rapid formation of procoagulants, there was an earlier and more expressed activation of fibrinolysis and an increase of the concentration of free heparin in the blood. These changes of coagulation in an ischemic stroke have a compensatory significance and can be explained by a prevalent adaptive tendency of changes in metabolism in young age, providing an adaptation of the organism in the period of stress.", "PMID": 494931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2195", "title": "[General hemodynamic features in the cerebral circulatory disorders of patients with atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis combined with arterial hypertension accompanied by heart rhythm disorders].", "content": "Parameters of the general and cerebral hemodynamics were examined in 45 patients with cerebral circulation disturbances developed in the presence of atherosclerosis (30 patients) and atherosclerosis plus arterial hypertension with cardiac arrhythmias (15 patients) and without the latter (72 patients). The examinations were carried out with the use of the Evans blue dilution method (T-1824) and rheoencephalography. Shifts in the general and the cerebral hemodynamics were revealed in the patients with and without cardiac arrhythmias, these shifts being more pronounced in patients with atherosclerosis complicated with the heart ischemic disease and cardiac arrhythmia. In the course of complex treatment which included cardiotonics and beta-adrenoblocking agents the parameters of the general hemodynamics got better along with the clinical improvement.", "contents": "[General hemodynamic features in the cerebral circulatory disorders of patients with atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis combined with arterial hypertension accompanied by heart rhythm disorders]. Parameters of the general and cerebral hemodynamics were examined in 45 patients with cerebral circulation disturbances developed in the presence of atherosclerosis (30 patients) and atherosclerosis plus arterial hypertension with cardiac arrhythmias (15 patients) and without the latter (72 patients). The examinations were carried out with the use of the Evans blue dilution method (T-1824) and rheoencephalography. Shifts in the general and the cerebral hemodynamics were revealed in the patients with and without cardiac arrhythmias, these shifts being more pronounced in patients with atherosclerosis complicated with the heart ischemic disease and cardiac arrhythmia. In the course of complex treatment which included cardiotonics and beta-adrenoblocking agents the parameters of the general hemodynamics got better along with the clinical improvement.", "PMID": 494932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2196", "title": "[Role of vertebral artery hypoplasia in the pathogenesis of cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "Clinico-angiographic comparison of 30 cases of vertebral artery hypoplasia was carried out. It was found that the artery hypoplasia was often combined with a lateral shift of the artery opening, convolute shape of the major brain vessels, and functional reconstruction of the Villisian circle, a transitional type of the posterior trifurcation. It was ascertained that the vertebral artery hypoplasia, not being a pathogenetic factor itself, can play a negative role in cases of occlusion of a major brain vessel, since it limits the potentialities of compensatory blood circulation.", "contents": "[Role of vertebral artery hypoplasia in the pathogenesis of cerebral circulatory disorders]. Clinico-angiographic comparison of 30 cases of vertebral artery hypoplasia was carried out. It was found that the artery hypoplasia was often combined with a lateral shift of the artery opening, convolute shape of the major brain vessels, and functional reconstruction of the Villisian circle, a transitional type of the posterior trifurcation. It was ascertained that the vertebral artery hypoplasia, not being a pathogenetic factor itself, can play a negative role in cases of occlusion of a major brain vessel, since it limits the potentialities of compensatory blood circulation.", "PMID": 494934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2197", "title": "[Hydroxyproline and acid glycosaminoglycans in acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "In patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation dynamic examinations of hydroxyproline excretion, total content of glycosamineglycans (GAGs) and content of the latters' fractions were carried out. During the first week of the disease the total content of the GAGs in the urine daily portion was found to be increased, this increase being statistically significant and correlating with the size of the expected brain lesion. The fractional spectrum of the GAGs changed towards greater content of sulphonated fractions. By the 3d--5th week of the disease the hydroxyproline concentration in the urine sharply rose, an evidence of the intense organizational processes within the ischemic focus by that time.", "contents": "[Hydroxyproline and acid glycosaminoglycans in acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. In patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation dynamic examinations of hydroxyproline excretion, total content of glycosamineglycans (GAGs) and content of the latters' fractions were carried out. During the first week of the disease the total content of the GAGs in the urine daily portion was found to be increased, this increase being statistically significant and correlating with the size of the expected brain lesion. The fractional spectrum of the GAGs changed towards greater content of sulphonated fractions. By the 3d--5th week of the disease the hydroxyproline concentration in the urine sharply rose, an evidence of the intense organizational processes within the ischemic focus by that time.", "PMID": 494935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2198", "title": "[Atherosclerosis of the major arteries of the head and vessels of the base of the brain in persons with different serum cholesterol levels (biometric study)].", "content": "Using the universal morphological method recommended by WHO a comparative study of the gravity of cerebral atherosclerosis was carried out in groups of subjects with normal and elevated blood cholesterol levels. It was shown that in subjects with an elevated blood cholesterol level some grave forms of atherosclerotic changes (fibrous plaques, calcinosis, stenoses, and occlusions of the vessel lumens) were encountered more frequently than in subjects with normal blood cholesterol level.", "contents": "[Atherosclerosis of the major arteries of the head and vessels of the base of the brain in persons with different serum cholesterol levels (biometric study)]. Using the universal morphological method recommended by WHO a comparative study of the gravity of cerebral atherosclerosis was carried out in groups of subjects with normal and elevated blood cholesterol levels. It was shown that in subjects with an elevated blood cholesterol level some grave forms of atherosclerotic changes (fibrous plaques, calcinosis, stenoses, and occlusions of the vessel lumens) were encountered more frequently than in subjects with normal blood cholesterol level.", "PMID": 494936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2199", "title": "[Pathomorphosis of reactive psychoses].", "content": "Comparative clinicostatistical, epidemiological and catamnestic investigation was carried out in two groups of patients with reactive psychoses (a total of 982 subjects) recorded at medico-legal expert testimony in 1950--1960 (I group) and in 1961--1972 (II group). It was found that in the recent decade reactive psychoses are rarely transformed and course in the presence of less vitalistic affective disorders with a tendency to increasing hysterical symptoms; the relapses are not rather long and severe, and they lead to postreactive psychic changes less frequently. It is suggested that reactive psychoses are subject to essential pathomorphism which has clinical importance and optimistic prognosing.", "contents": "[Pathomorphosis of reactive psychoses]. Comparative clinicostatistical, epidemiological and catamnestic investigation was carried out in two groups of patients with reactive psychoses (a total of 982 subjects) recorded at medico-legal expert testimony in 1950--1960 (I group) and in 1961--1972 (II group). It was found that in the recent decade reactive psychoses are rarely transformed and course in the presence of less vitalistic affective disorders with a tendency to increasing hysterical symptoms; the relapses are not rather long and severe, and they lead to postreactive psychic changes less frequently. It is suggested that reactive psychoses are subject to essential pathomorphism which has clinical importance and optimistic prognosing.", "PMID": 494937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2200", "title": "[Nosologic isolation of involutional depressions and features of their dynamics during psychopharmacotherapy].", "content": "Clinical follow-up studies of 92 patients registered in a psychiatric dispensary with involutional depression confirmed the diagnosis only in 51 cases. Some clinical features in the hereditary loading, premorbid personality traits and premanifest symptoms in patients with a confirmed diagnosis during follow-up examinations were demonstrated. Variants in the development of the clinical picture, related to signs of therapeutic pathomorphosis and due to long-term psychopharmacotherapy were eliminated. An underestimation of this circumstance may lead to an unjustified narrowing of the limits of involutional depression.", "contents": "[Nosologic isolation of involutional depressions and features of their dynamics during psychopharmacotherapy]. Clinical follow-up studies of 92 patients registered in a psychiatric dispensary with involutional depression confirmed the diagnosis only in 51 cases. Some clinical features in the hereditary loading, premorbid personality traits and premanifest symptoms in patients with a confirmed diagnosis during follow-up examinations were demonstrated. Variants in the development of the clinical picture, related to signs of therapeutic pathomorphosis and due to long-term psychopharmacotherapy were eliminated. An underestimation of this circumstance may lead to an unjustified narrowing of the limits of involutional depression.", "PMID": 494938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2201", "title": "[Dispensary ignored schizophrenic disorders detected during clinico-epidemiologic study of older age groups of the general population].", "content": "A screening of 1462 individuals over 60 years of age in the general population of one of the districts of a large industrial city, detected 28 individuals (1,6% of all studied individuals), with mental disorders, which could be attributed to the schizophrenic spectrum. However, only in 8 cases (0,6%) they could be considered as psychotic forms of schizophrenia requiring active observation or treatment. In the remaining 15 cases (1% of the studied population) the psychotic states (productive disorders) were rudimentary, with a prevalence of deficitary changes. Most individuals with such disturbances were not in need of constant treatment or regular examinations in the dispensary.", "contents": "[Dispensary ignored schizophrenic disorders detected during clinico-epidemiologic study of older age groups of the general population]. A screening of 1462 individuals over 60 years of age in the general population of one of the districts of a large industrial city, detected 28 individuals (1,6% of all studied individuals), with mental disorders, which could be attributed to the schizophrenic spectrum. However, only in 8 cases (0,6%) they could be considered as psychotic forms of schizophrenia requiring active observation or treatment. In the remaining 15 cases (1% of the studied population) the psychotic states (productive disorders) were rudimentary, with a prevalence of deficitary changes. Most individuals with such disturbances were not in need of constant treatment or regular examinations in the dispensary.", "PMID": 494939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2202", "title": "Protein-cationic detergent interaction. Equilibrium dialysis study of the interaction of bovine serum albumin and other proteins with alkylpyridinium bromide.", "content": "The binding isotherms of native bovine serum albumin with cationic detergents, such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were determined at pH 6.8 and 3.4 at 25 degrees C. The isotherms for dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were also determined at 3 degrees C. The average number of detergent cations bound increased with increasing hydrocarbon chain length. At low detergent concentration the binding of all alkylpyridinium bromides was smaller at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.8. Dodecylpyridinium bromide was bound to native beta-lactoglobulin, aldolase, ovalbumin, haemoglobin, myoglobin, lysozyme, trypsin and ribonuclease at pH 6.8. No binding occurred to alpha-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen. The free enthalpy change, --delta G degrees, calculated from intrinsic association constants K was determined.", "contents": "Protein-cationic detergent interaction. Equilibrium dialysis study of the interaction of bovine serum albumin and other proteins with alkylpyridinium bromide. The binding isotherms of native bovine serum albumin with cationic detergents, such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were determined at pH 6.8 and 3.4 at 25 degrees C. The isotherms for dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were also determined at 3 degrees C. The average number of detergent cations bound increased with increasing hydrocarbon chain length. At low detergent concentration the binding of all alkylpyridinium bromides was smaller at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.8. Dodecylpyridinium bromide was bound to native beta-lactoglobulin, aldolase, ovalbumin, haemoglobin, myoglobin, lysozyme, trypsin and ribonuclease at pH 6.8. No binding occurred to alpha-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen. The free enthalpy change, --delta G degrees, calculated from intrinsic association constants K was determined.", "PMID": 494943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2203", "title": "Protein-cationic detergent interaction. Fourier transform infrared and laser Raman spectroscopic studies on the interaction between proteins and dodecylpyridinium bromide.", "content": "Fourier transform infrared and laser Raman spectroscopies were used to study the effects of dodecylpyridinium bromide on the conformation of haemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease, ovalbumin, lysozyme, trypsin and beta-lactoglobulin in aqueous solution. Addition of the cationic detergent caused a decrease in alpha-helix conformation in highly helical proteins. At low detergent concentrations stabilization of beta-sheet conformation was observed.", "contents": "Protein-cationic detergent interaction. Fourier transform infrared and laser Raman spectroscopic studies on the interaction between proteins and dodecylpyridinium bromide. Fourier transform infrared and laser Raman spectroscopies were used to study the effects of dodecylpyridinium bromide on the conformation of haemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease, ovalbumin, lysozyme, trypsin and beta-lactoglobulin in aqueous solution. Addition of the cationic detergent caused a decrease in alpha-helix conformation in highly helical proteins. At low detergent concentrations stabilization of beta-sheet conformation was observed.", "PMID": 494944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2204", "title": "Interaction of metal ions with nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with pyrimidine nucleosides and their derivatives.", "content": "1. In aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, copper(II) interacts with the N-3 of cytidine but not with the carbonyl group oxygens of pyrimidine nucleosides. 2. In aqueous solution, copper(II) interacts with the phosphate group and ribose of pyrimidine nucleotides, and additionally with N-3 of 5'-CMP. 3. Broadening of resonance signals of the H-5 proton of 5'-UMP and C-5 of 5'-UMP and 5'-TMP results probably from the interaction between metal ion and the phosphate group situated in direct vicinity of the above atoms. 4. In the copper(II)-pyrimidine nucleotide complexes in solid state, copper is coordinated with the phosphate group, and in 5'-CMP additionally with the pyrimidine moiety of the nucleotide.", "contents": "Interaction of metal ions with nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with pyrimidine nucleosides and their derivatives. 1. In aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, copper(II) interacts with the N-3 of cytidine but not with the carbonyl group oxygens of pyrimidine nucleosides. 2. In aqueous solution, copper(II) interacts with the phosphate group and ribose of pyrimidine nucleotides, and additionally with N-3 of 5'-CMP. 3. Broadening of resonance signals of the H-5 proton of 5'-UMP and C-5 of 5'-UMP and 5'-TMP results probably from the interaction between metal ion and the phosphate group situated in direct vicinity of the above atoms. 4. In the copper(II)-pyrimidine nucleotide complexes in solid state, copper is coordinated with the phosphate group, and in 5'-CMP additionally with the pyrimidine moiety of the nucleotide.", "PMID": 494945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2205", "title": "Specificity of elastases: degradation of the oxidized beta-chain of insulin by porcine pancreatic elastase II and dog leucocyte elastase.", "content": "Porcine elastase II (EC 3.4.21.-), a pancreatic proteinase with elastolytic activity, hydrolyses the oxidized beta-chain of insulin with major cleavages occurring at Leu17-Val18, Phe24-Phe25, Phe25-Tyr26 and Tyr26-Thr27. Canine leucocytic elastase splits the same substrate with major sites at Val12-Glu13 and Val18-Cys19 O3H. This indicates similarity of elastase II to chymotrypsins (EC 3.4.21.1 or 3.4.21.2) and of dog leucocyte enzyme to human granulocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase I (EC 3.4.21.11).", "contents": "Specificity of elastases: degradation of the oxidized beta-chain of insulin by porcine pancreatic elastase II and dog leucocyte elastase. Porcine elastase II (EC 3.4.21.-), a pancreatic proteinase with elastolytic activity, hydrolyses the oxidized beta-chain of insulin with major cleavages occurring at Leu17-Val18, Phe24-Phe25, Phe25-Tyr26 and Tyr26-Thr27. Canine leucocytic elastase splits the same substrate with major sites at Val12-Glu13 and Val18-Cys19 O3H. This indicates similarity of elastase II to chymotrypsins (EC 3.4.21.1 or 3.4.21.2) and of dog leucocyte enzyme to human granulocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase I (EC 3.4.21.11).", "PMID": 494946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2206", "title": "Effect of infusion of dextran 70 on fibrinolysis inhibition activity in human serum.", "content": "The effect of dextran on fibrinolysis inhibition activity was studied in the serum of normal (uninjured) persons and of post-traumatic patients. An intravenous infusion of 500 ml dextran 70 significantly decreased the fibrinolysis inhibition activity in the serum in both groups. The decrease was greater in the trauma group. Treatment with dextran in the post-traumatic phase may therefore diminish the risk of development of complication due to thromboembolism.", "contents": "Effect of infusion of dextran 70 on fibrinolysis inhibition activity in human serum. The effect of dextran on fibrinolysis inhibition activity was studied in the serum of normal (uninjured) persons and of post-traumatic patients. An intravenous infusion of 500 ml dextran 70 significantly decreased the fibrinolysis inhibition activity in the serum in both groups. The decrease was greater in the trauma group. Treatment with dextran in the post-traumatic phase may therefore diminish the risk of development of complication due to thromboembolism.", "PMID": 494957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2207", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment in 106 patients.", "content": "106 patients with a primary thyroid cancer treated in the years 1971--1977 have been studied with respect to preoperative diagnosis and to treatment. We can demonstrate an improved diagnostic accuracy during the 7-year period. Aspiration fine needle biopsy with cytological examination was the preoperative diagnostic method which gave the highest yield. Total thyroidectomy, preferably as a one-stage procedure has been performed in 77 patients.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment in 106 patients. 106 patients with a primary thyroid cancer treated in the years 1971--1977 have been studied with respect to preoperative diagnosis and to treatment. We can demonstrate an improved diagnostic accuracy during the 7-year period. Aspiration fine needle biopsy with cytological examination was the preoperative diagnostic method which gave the highest yield. Total thyroidectomy, preferably as a one-stage procedure has been performed in 77 patients.", "PMID": 494958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2208", "title": "Technique and complications in the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "147 operations for renovascular hypertension were performed in 125 patients. 136 of the operations were vascular reconstructions. Aortorenal by-pass, using saphenous vein as a graft, was found to be a satisfactory technique. An aneurysmatic dilatation developed twice, which on both occasions was attributed to a stenosis proximal to the graft. Two failures also occurred among the 12 patients undergoing renal autotransplantation, both due to an illiac vein thrombosis, obstructing the renal vein. The majority of the six deaths were due to myocardial infarctions or uremia. They all occurred in the eldest patients (older than 59 years) and in patients suffering from complicating cardiac or renal disease. The results with regard to blood pressure were very good in fibrous dysplasia and in atherosclerosis affecting only one side. Operative treatment can therefore be recommended to these groups of patients even in relatively mild hypertension. The indication to operate should be restricted in elderly patients suffering from cardiac and renal complicating diseases, and in patients with bilateral atherosclerotic stenosis.", "contents": "Technique and complications in the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. 147 operations for renovascular hypertension were performed in 125 patients. 136 of the operations were vascular reconstructions. Aortorenal by-pass, using saphenous vein as a graft, was found to be a satisfactory technique. An aneurysmatic dilatation developed twice, which on both occasions was attributed to a stenosis proximal to the graft. Two failures also occurred among the 12 patients undergoing renal autotransplantation, both due to an illiac vein thrombosis, obstructing the renal vein. The majority of the six deaths were due to myocardial infarctions or uremia. They all occurred in the eldest patients (older than 59 years) and in patients suffering from complicating cardiac or renal disease. The results with regard to blood pressure were very good in fibrous dysplasia and in atherosclerosis affecting only one side. Operative treatment can therefore be recommended to these groups of patients even in relatively mild hypertension. The indication to operate should be restricted in elderly patients suffering from cardiac and renal complicating diseases, and in patients with bilateral atherosclerotic stenosis.", "PMID": 494959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2209", "title": "Hiatal hernia complicated by oesophageal stricture. Surgical treatment and results. A follow-up study.", "content": "During a 10-year period, 1967-1976, 57 patients were operated upon for hiatal hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux complicated by oesophageal stricture. Forty-four patients were managed by various surgical antireflux procedures combined with dilation of the stricture. In 12 patients the stricture was resected and the oesophageal continuity restored by oesophagogastrostomy. The primary mortality was 3.5%. Fifty-two patients were carefully followed up postoperatively by periodic control examiniations. The results of the treatment are presented. The main cause of unsatisfactory postoperative results was gastro-oesophageal reflux uncorrected by the surgical procedure. In the patients subjected to a hernia repair the failure of the antireflux procedure was due mainly to a shortened oesophagus associated with the stricture. It is concluded that most of these strictures can be successfully treated by dilation after establishment of control of the pathological reflux by means of an antireflux surgical procedure. The location, width, length and rigidity of the stricture, as revealed at the preoperative examination, are not decisive for the choice of therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia complicated by oesophageal stricture. Surgical treatment and results. A follow-up study. During a 10-year period, 1967-1976, 57 patients were operated upon for hiatal hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux complicated by oesophageal stricture. Forty-four patients were managed by various surgical antireflux procedures combined with dilation of the stricture. In 12 patients the stricture was resected and the oesophageal continuity restored by oesophagogastrostomy. The primary mortality was 3.5%. Fifty-two patients were carefully followed up postoperatively by periodic control examiniations. The results of the treatment are presented. The main cause of unsatisfactory postoperative results was gastro-oesophageal reflux uncorrected by the surgical procedure. In the patients subjected to a hernia repair the failure of the antireflux procedure was due mainly to a shortened oesophagus associated with the stricture. It is concluded that most of these strictures can be successfully treated by dilation after establishment of control of the pathological reflux by means of an antireflux surgical procedure. The location, width, length and rigidity of the stricture, as revealed at the preoperative examination, are not decisive for the choice of therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 494960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2210", "title": "Hiatal hernia and shortened oesophagus.", "content": "The existence of an anatomically shortened oesophagus in patients with hiatal hernia, and its influence on the results of surgical repair of the hernia, is the subject of great controversy. One hundred and forty patients operated upon for hiatal hernia were studied for presence of shortened oesophagus. The method of examination and criteria for evaluation of the oesophageal shortening are described. The oesophagus was found to be anatomically shortened in 52 of these patients. None of the findings obtained at the preoperative examinations employed in the study could be used as a pathognomonic sign for diagnosing a shortened oesophagus. Irreducibility of the cardia below and the diaphragm, as observed radiologically, in association with other severe reflux complications, such as oesophageal stricture and/or ulcerative, makes it presence very likely, however. The incidence of shortened oesophagus in this series was higher in patients with a long history of symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. The influence of the shortened oesophagus on the result of the surgical repairs used in this study, and aimed mainly at restoring the abdominal segment of the oesophagus, was clearly unfavourable.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia and shortened oesophagus. The existence of an anatomically shortened oesophagus in patients with hiatal hernia, and its influence on the results of surgical repair of the hernia, is the subject of great controversy. One hundred and forty patients operated upon for hiatal hernia were studied for presence of shortened oesophagus. The method of examination and criteria for evaluation of the oesophageal shortening are described. The oesophagus was found to be anatomically shortened in 52 of these patients. None of the findings obtained at the preoperative examinations employed in the study could be used as a pathognomonic sign for diagnosing a shortened oesophagus. Irreducibility of the cardia below and the diaphragm, as observed radiologically, in association with other severe reflux complications, such as oesophageal stricture and/or ulcerative, makes it presence very likely, however. The incidence of shortened oesophagus in this series was higher in patients with a long history of symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. The influence of the shortened oesophagus on the result of the surgical repairs used in this study, and aimed mainly at restoring the abdominal segment of the oesophagus, was clearly unfavourable.", "PMID": 494961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2211", "title": "Assessment of asymptomatic space occupying lesions of the kidney.", "content": "Space occupying lesions in the kidney are often reported as an \"incidental finding\" at I.V.P. Of 152 patients with expansive renal lesions, 94 could be classed as \"incidental\" and were found to consist in the main (92%) of benign cysts or other innocent tumours. Continued investigation is essential to obtain an accurate diagnosis. Renal angiography, usually performed first, not only craves extensive resources, but is painful, expensive and seldom gives a definite diagnosis in cases with cysts without supplementary aspiration-cytology and cystography. When the I.V.P. finding was incidental, angiography was conclusive in 82% and cytological aspiration in 96%. Renal angiography should be used only under definite circumstances, i.e. when I.V.P.-tomography suggests malignancy, for all tumours in the renal hilus and for those inaccessible to aspiration-biopsy. In all other cases where the original X-rays are strongly indicative of a cyst, an aspiration-biopsy with cytological examination of the aspirate and double-contrast-cystography should be performed initially, whereby the diagnosis of benign cyst could usually be confirmed, thus saving the trouble and expense of renal angiography.", "contents": "Assessment of asymptomatic space occupying lesions of the kidney. Space occupying lesions in the kidney are often reported as an \"incidental finding\" at I.V.P. Of 152 patients with expansive renal lesions, 94 could be classed as \"incidental\" and were found to consist in the main (92%) of benign cysts or other innocent tumours. Continued investigation is essential to obtain an accurate diagnosis. Renal angiography, usually performed first, not only craves extensive resources, but is painful, expensive and seldom gives a definite diagnosis in cases with cysts without supplementary aspiration-cytology and cystography. When the I.V.P. finding was incidental, angiography was conclusive in 82% and cytological aspiration in 96%. Renal angiography should be used only under definite circumstances, i.e. when I.V.P.-tomography suggests malignancy, for all tumours in the renal hilus and for those inaccessible to aspiration-biopsy. In all other cases where the original X-rays are strongly indicative of a cyst, an aspiration-biopsy with cytological examination of the aspirate and double-contrast-cystography should be performed initially, whereby the diagnosis of benign cyst could usually be confirmed, thus saving the trouble and expense of renal angiography.", "PMID": 494962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2212", "title": "Intussusception into the enteroanastomosis of Billroth II gastric resection.", "content": "A case of intussusception into the enteroanastomosis associated with a Billroth II gastric resection is presented. The case is discussed in the light of jejunogastric intussusceptions, described for the first time in 1917, about 30 years after the first gastrojejunostomy. For 30 years enteroanastomosis has been a general procedure in connection with the Billroth II type of gastric resection. The aetiology is discussed.", "contents": "Intussusception into the enteroanastomosis of Billroth II gastric resection. A case of intussusception into the enteroanastomosis associated with a Billroth II gastric resection is presented. The case is discussed in the light of jejunogastric intussusceptions, described for the first time in 1917, about 30 years after the first gastrojejunostomy. For 30 years enteroanastomosis has been a general procedure in connection with the Billroth II type of gastric resection. The aetiology is discussed.", "PMID": 494964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2213", "title": "Carcinoma of Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "Acute intestinal obstruction in a women, aged 56, was caused by a highly malignant adenocarcinoma arising in a Meckel's diverticulum. Despite radical surgery, the tumour recurred after four months, and the patient died nine months after her first operation. This confirms the general bad prognosis associated with carcimomas of Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "Carcinoma of Meckel's diverticulum. Acute intestinal obstruction in a women, aged 56, was caused by a highly malignant adenocarcinoma arising in a Meckel's diverticulum. Despite radical surgery, the tumour recurred after four months, and the patient died nine months after her first operation. This confirms the general bad prognosis associated with carcimomas of Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 494965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2214", "title": "Chylous cyst of the mesentery of the tranverse colon. Report of a case.", "content": "Chylous cysts are medical rarities found mainly in the mesentary of the small intestine and the retroperitoneal space. Other localities are extremely rare and difficult to explain. A case of chylous cyst of the mesentery of the transverse colon is presented with brief review of the literature. The etiologic, pathogenetic and clinical features, diagnosis and treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Chylous cyst of the mesentery of the tranverse colon. Report of a case. Chylous cysts are medical rarities found mainly in the mesentary of the small intestine and the retroperitoneal space. Other localities are extremely rare and difficult to explain. A case of chylous cyst of the mesentery of the transverse colon is presented with brief review of the literature. The etiologic, pathogenetic and clinical features, diagnosis and treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 494966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2215", "title": "Circulatory effects of somatostatin in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Five anaesthetized dogs were given 20 infusions of 1--9 min duration of somatostatin in a dosage of 0.2--15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Electromagnetic blood flow measurements were simultaneously performed in the hepatic artery proper, the left gastric artery, the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery, the superior mesenteric artery and in the portal vein. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded continuously. Somatostatin reduced all splanchnic blood flows measured by 15--35%, except for the hepatic artery flow, which was increased by 5% or unaffected. Cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were unchanged. Somatostatin was thus demonstrated to exert a specific vasoactivity in the splanchnic area without influencing central circulation. It is suggested that somatostatin acts directly on the vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of somatostatin in anaesthetized dogs. Five anaesthetized dogs were given 20 infusions of 1--9 min duration of somatostatin in a dosage of 0.2--15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Electromagnetic blood flow measurements were simultaneously performed in the hepatic artery proper, the left gastric artery, the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery, the superior mesenteric artery and in the portal vein. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded continuously. Somatostatin reduced all splanchnic blood flows measured by 15--35%, except for the hepatic artery flow, which was increased by 5% or unaffected. Cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were unchanged. Somatostatin was thus demonstrated to exert a specific vasoactivity in the splanchnic area without influencing central circulation. It is suggested that somatostatin acts directly on the vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 494967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2216", "title": "Calcium infusion in suspected hyperparathyroidism: changes in parathyroid hormone concentration related to histopathological findings.", "content": "Changes in parathormone, total and free calcium concentrations in serum were studied in 27 patients with suspected hyperparathyroidism (25 with normocalcemia judged from CaT). Six patients were classified as normals. In 21 patients neck explorations was performed. Patients with definite pathology in the parathyroid glands had higher parathormone, total and free calcium levels than patients with borderline pathology or normal glands. The mean parathormone concentration fell significantly during calcium infusion in patients with histologically normal parathyroid glands. In patients with definitely pathological glands the parathormone concentration remained unchanged during the calcium infusion.", "contents": "Calcium infusion in suspected hyperparathyroidism: changes in parathyroid hormone concentration related to histopathological findings. Changes in parathormone, total and free calcium concentrations in serum were studied in 27 patients with suspected hyperparathyroidism (25 with normocalcemia judged from CaT). Six patients were classified as normals. In 21 patients neck explorations was performed. Patients with definite pathology in the parathyroid glands had higher parathormone, total and free calcium levels than patients with borderline pathology or normal glands. The mean parathormone concentration fell significantly during calcium infusion in patients with histologically normal parathyroid glands. In patients with definitely pathological glands the parathormone concentration remained unchanged during the calcium infusion.", "PMID": 494968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2217", "title": "Mammary hamartoma, a benign breast lesion.", "content": "Hamartoma or mastoma is a benign breast lesion which is unfamiliar to most clinicians. Five cases with this lesion are presented. It is a rather soft, sharply delineated lump which may cause a considerably asymmetry of the breasts. Radiologically it appears as a circumscribed tumour with homogenous or varying density and at operation the lump is easily enucleated. Histologically it contains normal or dysplastic mammary tissue. It is unilateral and benign. The lesion is now more frequently diagnosed because of increased use of mammography and can be mistaken for a neoplasm. It is therefore important that clinicians and radiologists are acquainted with it.", "contents": "Mammary hamartoma, a benign breast lesion. Hamartoma or mastoma is a benign breast lesion which is unfamiliar to most clinicians. Five cases with this lesion are presented. It is a rather soft, sharply delineated lump which may cause a considerably asymmetry of the breasts. Radiologically it appears as a circumscribed tumour with homogenous or varying density and at operation the lump is easily enucleated. Histologically it contains normal or dysplastic mammary tissue. It is unilateral and benign. The lesion is now more frequently diagnosed because of increased use of mammography and can be mistaken for a neoplasm. It is therefore important that clinicians and radiologists are acquainted with it.", "PMID": 494969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2218", "title": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy in a health center.", "content": "39 selected patients had their inguinal herniae repaired on 41 separate occasions in a health center. Local anaesthesia allowed adequate painfree surgery when supplemented with Diazepam and Pentazocin. All patients could return to their own homes within 6 hours. With an observation time of between one month and six years no recurrences have so far been observed. Apart from a mild post-operative pain, there were no complications. All returned to their normal employment after 5 to 32 days (average 20 days) depending on occupational demands. The pros and cons of out-patient surgery under local anaesthesia are discussed.", "contents": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy in a health center. 39 selected patients had their inguinal herniae repaired on 41 separate occasions in a health center. Local anaesthesia allowed adequate painfree surgery when supplemented with Diazepam and Pentazocin. All patients could return to their own homes within 6 hours. With an observation time of between one month and six years no recurrences have so far been observed. Apart from a mild post-operative pain, there were no complications. All returned to their normal employment after 5 to 32 days (average 20 days) depending on occupational demands. The pros and cons of out-patient surgery under local anaesthesia are discussed.", "PMID": 494970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2219", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound and endoscopic ductography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Seventy-two patients were examined by ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreaticography (ERCP) because of clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease. The following final diagnoses were obtained. Carcinoma of the pancreas: 20 patients; pancreatitis: 27 patients; other diseases: 17 patients; no organic disease: 8 patients. In this series, carcinoma of the pancreas was demonstrated with almost equal efficacy by the two methods used. Cysts in the pancreas were better demonstrated by ultrasonography, while ERCP was superior in demonstrating chronic pancreatitis. The diagnostic results with the exclusive use of one method was not satisfactory, but by combining the two methods an adequate diagnostic accuracy was obtained. Thus in the 47 patients with pancreatic disease, organic abnormalities were demonstrated by the two combined methods in 46 (98%). In 41 of the 47 patients (87%) the exact nature of the lesion could be assessed by combining the two methods.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound and endoscopic ductography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Seventy-two patients were examined by ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreaticography (ERCP) because of clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease. The following final diagnoses were obtained. Carcinoma of the pancreas: 20 patients; pancreatitis: 27 patients; other diseases: 17 patients; no organic disease: 8 patients. In this series, carcinoma of the pancreas was demonstrated with almost equal efficacy by the two methods used. Cysts in the pancreas were better demonstrated by ultrasonography, while ERCP was superior in demonstrating chronic pancreatitis. The diagnostic results with the exclusive use of one method was not satisfactory, but by combining the two methods an adequate diagnostic accuracy was obtained. Thus in the 47 patients with pancreatic disease, organic abnormalities were demonstrated by the two combined methods in 46 (98%). In 41 of the 47 patients (87%) the exact nature of the lesion could be assessed by combining the two methods.", "PMID": 494971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2220", "title": "Bleeding after pancreatic cystogastrostomy.", "content": "Two cases of postoperative bleeding after pancreatic cystogastrostomy are presented. From literature studies it is found that mortality in such cases varies greatly. Compiled literature studies reveal a frequency of 11% after cystogastrostomy and 7.4% after cystojejunostomy, but because of the differences in technique the frequencies cannot be examined statistically. It is still a matter of discussion which operation technique is the more suitable in preventing this complication. The various theories concerning the aetiology of the postoperative bleeding are discussed. As postoperative bleeding after cystogastrostomy is a life-threatening condition, immediate surgical intervention is imperative.", "contents": "Bleeding after pancreatic cystogastrostomy. Two cases of postoperative bleeding after pancreatic cystogastrostomy are presented. From literature studies it is found that mortality in such cases varies greatly. Compiled literature studies reveal a frequency of 11% after cystogastrostomy and 7.4% after cystojejunostomy, but because of the differences in technique the frequencies cannot be examined statistically. It is still a matter of discussion which operation technique is the more suitable in preventing this complication. The various theories concerning the aetiology of the postoperative bleeding are discussed. As postoperative bleeding after cystogastrostomy is a life-threatening condition, immediate surgical intervention is imperative.", "PMID": 494972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2221", "title": "Five to nine years' results of selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In a retrospective study the clinical and secretory results of 118 patients operated upon with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) with or without pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer were examined. The results of surgery in the two groups, with pyloroplasty or without pyloroplasty, were compared. The recurrence rate was higher, although statistically not significant, for patients operated upon without pyloroplasty (19.2%) than for patients operated upon with pyloroplasty (10.6%). Dumping was significantly more common and more severe after SPV with pyloroplasty than after SPV without pyloroplasty. The acid response to histalog stimulation at follow-up was significantly higher for patients operated upon without pyloroplasty. This study indicates that SPV without pyloroplasty results in less dumping but gives a poorer protection against recurrent ulceration than does SPV with pyloroplasty. Further long-term studies appear to be necessary, however.", "contents": "Five to nine years' results of selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer. In a retrospective study the clinical and secretory results of 118 patients operated upon with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) with or without pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer were examined. The results of surgery in the two groups, with pyloroplasty or without pyloroplasty, were compared. The recurrence rate was higher, although statistically not significant, for patients operated upon without pyloroplasty (19.2%) than for patients operated upon with pyloroplasty (10.6%). Dumping was significantly more common and more severe after SPV with pyloroplasty than after SPV without pyloroplasty. The acid response to histalog stimulation at follow-up was significantly higher for patients operated upon without pyloroplasty. This study indicates that SPV without pyloroplasty results in less dumping but gives a poorer protection against recurrent ulceration than does SPV with pyloroplasty. Further long-term studies appear to be necessary, however.", "PMID": 494973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2222", "title": "Benign and malignant epithelioid leiomyoma (leiomyoblastoma) of the stomach.", "content": "Epithelioid leiomyoma (Leiomyoblastoma) is a smooth-muscle tumour most often found in the stomach. On the basis of 5 new cases and a short review of the literature, clinical aspects and pathology concerning this neoplasm are described. It is emphasized that malignancy is difficult to predict according to morphologic criteria and therefore follow-up on these patients is essential.", "contents": "Benign and malignant epithelioid leiomyoma (leiomyoblastoma) of the stomach. Epithelioid leiomyoma (Leiomyoblastoma) is a smooth-muscle tumour most often found in the stomach. On the basis of 5 new cases and a short review of the literature, clinical aspects and pathology concerning this neoplasm are described. It is emphasized that malignancy is difficult to predict according to morphologic criteria and therefore follow-up on these patients is essential.", "PMID": 494974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2223", "title": "Gardner's syndrome, diagnosis and treatment. Report on a family.", "content": "We have examined 15 members of a family with Gardner's syndrome. In the first and second generations, 4 (possibly 5) of 6 members died of cancer of the colon/rectum. Two of them were known to have plyposis coli. Three members of the third generation had the complete triad of Gardner's syndrome with polyposis coli, soft tissue and hard tissue tumours. Three of 5 children in the fourth generation, aged between 7 and 11 years, probably have polyposis coli, and 2 of them have stigmata of Gardner's syndrome. All members of any family with Gardner's syndrome should be examined regularly at 2--3 year intervals from an age of about 10 years until the diagnosis is established, or if polyposis does not develop, up to the age of 40 years. Proctocolectomy is recommended at the age of 18--20 years or later as soon as the diagnosis is determined.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome, diagnosis and treatment. Report on a family. We have examined 15 members of a family with Gardner's syndrome. In the first and second generations, 4 (possibly 5) of 6 members died of cancer of the colon/rectum. Two of them were known to have plyposis coli. Three members of the third generation had the complete triad of Gardner's syndrome with polyposis coli, soft tissue and hard tissue tumours. Three of 5 children in the fourth generation, aged between 7 and 11 years, probably have polyposis coli, and 2 of them have stigmata of Gardner's syndrome. All members of any family with Gardner's syndrome should be examined regularly at 2--3 year intervals from an age of about 10 years until the diagnosis is established, or if polyposis does not develop, up to the age of 40 years. Proctocolectomy is recommended at the age of 18--20 years or later as soon as the diagnosis is determined.", "PMID": 494975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2224", "title": "Fatal pneumococcal septicaemia in a young asplenic man.", "content": "A report is given of a fatal pneumococcal septicaemia in a young man, who had been splenectomized after a traffic accident, but who was not otherwise immunodeficient. Adequate treatment could not prevent the progress of a very severe DIC-syndrome. The use of a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine after splenectomy is recommended.", "contents": "Fatal pneumococcal septicaemia in a young asplenic man. A report is given of a fatal pneumococcal septicaemia in a young man, who had been splenectomized after a traffic accident, but who was not otherwise immunodeficient. Adequate treatment could not prevent the progress of a very severe DIC-syndrome. The use of a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine after splenectomy is recommended.", "PMID": 494976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2225", "title": "Acute appendicitis in a premature baby.", "content": "Acute appendicitis with perforation in a premature baby, weighing 1 050 g, is described. Initially the infant did well after surgery, but succumbed to sepsis, as a result of hyperalimentation, eleven days later. This is the smallest infant suffering from appendicitis reported in the English literature.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis in a premature baby. Acute appendicitis with perforation in a premature baby, weighing 1 050 g, is described. Initially the infant did well after surgery, but succumbed to sepsis, as a result of hyperalimentation, eleven days later. This is the smallest infant suffering from appendicitis reported in the English literature.", "PMID": 494977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2226", "title": "Depletion of colloid 27S and larger thyroid iodoproteins following treatment with propylthiouracil.", "content": "By means of a micropuncture technique and microgel electrophoresis the luminal content of single rat thyroid follicles were analyzed during PTU treatment for 4 weeks. The relative amount of aggregates of thyroglobulin (i.e. the 27S iodoprotein and larger complex) was reduced from 15 per cent to approximately 3 per cent after 48 h. The aggregates were practically absent after 2 weeks. The thyroglobulin fraction was the predominant colloid constituent. The protein concentration of the colloid was not changed at the end of the period of PTU treatment (8.9 g/100 ml). It is concluded that PTU inhibits the aggregation of thyroglobulin to a larger complex. The results further indicate that the aggregates of thyroglobulin are preferentially localized to the periphery of the lumen in the larger follicles.", "contents": "Depletion of colloid 27S and larger thyroid iodoproteins following treatment with propylthiouracil. By means of a micropuncture technique and microgel electrophoresis the luminal content of single rat thyroid follicles were analyzed during PTU treatment for 4 weeks. The relative amount of aggregates of thyroglobulin (i.e. the 27S iodoprotein and larger complex) was reduced from 15 per cent to approximately 3 per cent after 48 h. The aggregates were practically absent after 2 weeks. The thyroglobulin fraction was the predominant colloid constituent. The protein concentration of the colloid was not changed at the end of the period of PTU treatment (8.9 g/100 ml). It is concluded that PTU inhibits the aggregation of thyroglobulin to a larger complex. The results further indicate that the aggregates of thyroglobulin are preferentially localized to the periphery of the lumen in the larger follicles.", "PMID": 494978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2227", "title": "Subclinical hypothyroidism in Addison's disease.", "content": "Fourteen patients with Idiopathic Addison's disease (IAD) were studied in order to detect a possible subclinical hypothyroid state. All were clinically euthyroid with normal serum thyroxine (T4) and serum 3,5',5'-triiodothyronine (T3). Eleven had circulating thyroid microsomal antibodies in blood. The mean basal serum TSH was significantly higher than that of the control group but only three patients had values above the upper normal range. The mean value of serum T4 was decreased as compared to that of the normal persons, while serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine was elevated. 7.5 mU bovine thyrotrophin per kilogram body weight injected intravenously caused a rise in serum T3 not different from the response in normals. However, as well increasing serum TSH as increasing microsomal antibody titer correlated significantly to decreasing thyroidal release of T3. Our results suggest that clinically euthyroid patients suffering from IAD might have a beginning thyroidal insufficiency because of a progressive immunological damage of the thyroid.", "contents": "Subclinical hypothyroidism in Addison's disease. Fourteen patients with Idiopathic Addison's disease (IAD) were studied in order to detect a possible subclinical hypothyroid state. All were clinically euthyroid with normal serum thyroxine (T4) and serum 3,5',5'-triiodothyronine (T3). Eleven had circulating thyroid microsomal antibodies in blood. The mean basal serum TSH was significantly higher than that of the control group but only three patients had values above the upper normal range. The mean value of serum T4 was decreased as compared to that of the normal persons, while serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine was elevated. 7.5 mU bovine thyrotrophin per kilogram body weight injected intravenously caused a rise in serum T3 not different from the response in normals. However, as well increasing serum TSH as increasing microsomal antibody titer correlated significantly to decreasing thyroidal release of T3. Our results suggest that clinically euthyroid patients suffering from IAD might have a beginning thyroidal insufficiency because of a progressive immunological damage of the thyroid.", "PMID": 494979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2228", "title": "Poly-maleic acid anhydride (PMA) coupled cortisol antibody in routine determination of urinary free cortisol.", "content": "Antibodies against cortisol-21-hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin was raised in rabbits and conjugated with poly-maleic acid anhydride. The conjugate was used in a solid phase radioimmunoassay to measure the urinary excretion of unconjugated cortisol. Cortisol was extracted with methylene chloride, the extract purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and the cortisol content measured with the radioimmunoassay. The intra-assay variation of the method was 6 per cent and the interassay variation 10 per cent. In 95 normal adult persons the excretion of free cortisol was 11--70, mean 30 micrograms/24 h. No sex or age difference was found. In 8 children aged 7--14 years the excretion was 8--46 micrograms/24 h.", "contents": "Poly-maleic acid anhydride (PMA) coupled cortisol antibody in routine determination of urinary free cortisol. Antibodies against cortisol-21-hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin was raised in rabbits and conjugated with poly-maleic acid anhydride. The conjugate was used in a solid phase radioimmunoassay to measure the urinary excretion of unconjugated cortisol. Cortisol was extracted with methylene chloride, the extract purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and the cortisol content measured with the radioimmunoassay. The intra-assay variation of the method was 6 per cent and the interassay variation 10 per cent. In 95 normal adult persons the excretion of free cortisol was 11--70, mean 30 micrograms/24 h. No sex or age difference was found. In 8 children aged 7--14 years the excretion was 8--46 micrograms/24 h.", "PMID": 494980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2229", "title": "Gonadotrophins during second trimester of pregnancy: I. LH and hCG levels in maternal serum and amniotic fluid and their relationship to the sex of the foetus.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin levels were selectively measured by using radioimmunoassays in 98 maternal sera and 116 amniotic fluid samples obtained 10--20 weeks of pregnancy. Levels of hCG in serum were clearly high during 10--14 weeks and thereafter declined gradually. In contrast, serum concentrations of LH during 10--20 weeks were either unmeasurable (less than 1 ng/ml) or lower than those observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle suggesting a decreased responsiveness of pituitary and/or a higher clearance rate for LH during this period of pregnancy. Neither LH nor hCG levels in maternal sera showed significant differences between male and female foetus bearers. A striking similarity was observed between maternal serum and amniotic fluid hCG patterns, despite hCG levels in maternal sera being always higher (1.5--26.9 fold). On the other hand amniotic fluid concentrations of LH became elevated following 12 weeks of gestation while maternal serum LH continued to be at low levels until 20 weeks. Furthermore a sexual dichotomy was observed in amniotic fluid LH concentrations but not in hCG levels during 14--20 weeks of pregnancy, with significantly lower LH levels in male foetus bearers than in female foetus bearers. Of interest is the clear demarcation in LH levels at 16 weeks of gestation. This sequential pattern of change in the concentrations of amniotic fluid LH is similar to those patterns reported by other investigators for foetal serum and pituitary LH during 10--20 weeks of gestation suggesting that the foetus may be the source of the increased levels of LH in amniotic fluid following 12 weeks of pregnancy.", "contents": "Gonadotrophins during second trimester of pregnancy: I. LH and hCG levels in maternal serum and amniotic fluid and their relationship to the sex of the foetus. Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin levels were selectively measured by using radioimmunoassays in 98 maternal sera and 116 amniotic fluid samples obtained 10--20 weeks of pregnancy. Levels of hCG in serum were clearly high during 10--14 weeks and thereafter declined gradually. In contrast, serum concentrations of LH during 10--20 weeks were either unmeasurable (less than 1 ng/ml) or lower than those observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle suggesting a decreased responsiveness of pituitary and/or a higher clearance rate for LH during this period of pregnancy. Neither LH nor hCG levels in maternal sera showed significant differences between male and female foetus bearers. A striking similarity was observed between maternal serum and amniotic fluid hCG patterns, despite hCG levels in maternal sera being always higher (1.5--26.9 fold). On the other hand amniotic fluid concentrations of LH became elevated following 12 weeks of gestation while maternal serum LH continued to be at low levels until 20 weeks. Furthermore a sexual dichotomy was observed in amniotic fluid LH concentrations but not in hCG levels during 14--20 weeks of pregnancy, with significantly lower LH levels in male foetus bearers than in female foetus bearers. Of interest is the clear demarcation in LH levels at 16 weeks of gestation. This sequential pattern of change in the concentrations of amniotic fluid LH is similar to those patterns reported by other investigators for foetal serum and pituitary LH during 10--20 weeks of gestation suggesting that the foetus may be the source of the increased levels of LH in amniotic fluid following 12 weeks of pregnancy.", "PMID": 494981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2230", "title": "Comparison of avidin induction in the differentiated and undifferentiated chick oviduct by progesterone, actinomycin D and oviductal injury.", "content": "Various oestrogen (diethylstilboestrol, DES) pre-treatments were carried out on chicks and the production of avidin in the oviduct was induced by progesterone, actinomycin D or oviductal injury. Avidin induction was dose-dependent at doses between 5 mg and 40 mg progesterone/kg or 50 micrograns and 300 micrograms actinomycin D/kg respectively. The induction by oviductal injury correlated with the magnitude of tissue injury. First signs of avidin induction were seen at 4 h after oviductal injury, 12 h after progesterone or 12--16h after actinomycin D administration. Actinomycin D (200 micrograms/kg), when administered after progesterone injection, did not increase avidin induction by progesterone, this indicating that avidin induction by actinomycin D is not a \"superinduction\" effect. Evidence is presented here that the mechanism of avidin induction by oviductal injury and actinomycin D differs from that by progesterone. The differentiation of the oviduct caused by DES treatment was necessary for the induction by progesterone, whereas actinomycin D and oviductal injury also induced avidin in the undifferentiated or poorly differentiated oviduct. Simultaneous DES stimulation potentiated induction by progesterone but not by actinomycin D or oviductal injury. Furthermore, single prior DES stimulation increased avidin induction in the differentiated oviduct of DES-withdrawn chicks caused by progesterone but not that by actinomycin D or oviductal injury.", "contents": "Comparison of avidin induction in the differentiated and undifferentiated chick oviduct by progesterone, actinomycin D and oviductal injury. Various oestrogen (diethylstilboestrol, DES) pre-treatments were carried out on chicks and the production of avidin in the oviduct was induced by progesterone, actinomycin D or oviductal injury. Avidin induction was dose-dependent at doses between 5 mg and 40 mg progesterone/kg or 50 micrograns and 300 micrograms actinomycin D/kg respectively. The induction by oviductal injury correlated with the magnitude of tissue injury. First signs of avidin induction were seen at 4 h after oviductal injury, 12 h after progesterone or 12--16h after actinomycin D administration. Actinomycin D (200 micrograms/kg), when administered after progesterone injection, did not increase avidin induction by progesterone, this indicating that avidin induction by actinomycin D is not a \"superinduction\" effect. Evidence is presented here that the mechanism of avidin induction by oviductal injury and actinomycin D differs from that by progesterone. The differentiation of the oviduct caused by DES treatment was necessary for the induction by progesterone, whereas actinomycin D and oviductal injury also induced avidin in the undifferentiated or poorly differentiated oviduct. Simultaneous DES stimulation potentiated induction by progesterone but not by actinomycin D or oviductal injury. Furthermore, single prior DES stimulation increased avidin induction in the differentiated oviduct of DES-withdrawn chicks caused by progesterone but not that by actinomycin D or oviductal injury.", "PMID": 494982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2231", "title": "Low molecular weight intracellular iodocompounds with long intrathyroidal half-life: remnants of thyroglobulin hydrolysis?", "content": "In this paper additional information on low molecular weight, soluble, intrathyroidal iodocompounds with slow metabolic rate is provided. These compounds have previously been localized autoradiographically within the follicular cells. Radioiodide was administered to rats on a normal iodine intake (6--7 microgram/day) for 80 days to approach isotopic equilibration of the intrathyroidal iodine with the dietary radioiodide. When the isotope was omitted from the diet the intrathyroidal radioiodine was released with an apparent half-life of approximately 12 days. When the individual soluble components carrying radioiodine were analyzed after separation on Sephadex G-200, different apparent half-lives were found, the half-life of thyroglobulin (Tgb) being roughly 10 days and that of the low molecular weight iodocomounds being in the order of 60 to 100 days or more. In addition to the soluble low molecular weight iodocompounds, the radioactivity in the particulate fraction increased by 100% during the tracer washout when compared to Tgb and the total soluble fraction. The soluble slow turnover iodocompounds contained a higher percentage of carbohydrate and total iodine than Tgb, while the relative amounts of each sugar analyzed (hexoses, fucose, hexosamine and sialic acid) were close to those in Tgb. Sephadex G-25 chromatography of the low molecular weight iodocompounds obtained after Sephadex G-200 separation resulted in the separation of 4 peaks. Two peaks identified as iodopeptides could be further analyzed. The carbohydrate composition of these peptides was similar to that of 2 glycopeptides obtained after in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of purified Tgb with pronase. Slow equilibration with radioiodine, long apparent intrathyroidal half-life and carbohydrate content similar to that of Tgb, taken together with previously published data on intracellular localization of soluble intrathyroidal iodocompounds, suggest that the low molecular weight iodocompounds are products of in vivo hydrolysis of engulfed Tgb droplets.", "contents": "Low molecular weight intracellular iodocompounds with long intrathyroidal half-life: remnants of thyroglobulin hydrolysis? In this paper additional information on low molecular weight, soluble, intrathyroidal iodocompounds with slow metabolic rate is provided. These compounds have previously been localized autoradiographically within the follicular cells. Radioiodide was administered to rats on a normal iodine intake (6--7 microgram/day) for 80 days to approach isotopic equilibration of the intrathyroidal iodine with the dietary radioiodide. When the isotope was omitted from the diet the intrathyroidal radioiodine was released with an apparent half-life of approximately 12 days. When the individual soluble components carrying radioiodine were analyzed after separation on Sephadex G-200, different apparent half-lives were found, the half-life of thyroglobulin (Tgb) being roughly 10 days and that of the low molecular weight iodocomounds being in the order of 60 to 100 days or more. In addition to the soluble low molecular weight iodocompounds, the radioactivity in the particulate fraction increased by 100% during the tracer washout when compared to Tgb and the total soluble fraction. The soluble slow turnover iodocompounds contained a higher percentage of carbohydrate and total iodine than Tgb, while the relative amounts of each sugar analyzed (hexoses, fucose, hexosamine and sialic acid) were close to those in Tgb. Sephadex G-25 chromatography of the low molecular weight iodocompounds obtained after Sephadex G-200 separation resulted in the separation of 4 peaks. Two peaks identified as iodopeptides could be further analyzed. The carbohydrate composition of these peptides was similar to that of 2 glycopeptides obtained after in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of purified Tgb with pronase. Slow equilibration with radioiodine, long apparent intrathyroidal half-life and carbohydrate content similar to that of Tgb, taken together with previously published data on intracellular localization of soluble intrathyroidal iodocompounds, suggest that the low molecular weight iodocompounds are products of in vivo hydrolysis of engulfed Tgb droplets.", "PMID": 494983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2232", "title": "Two abnormalities of glucose-induced insulin secretion: dose-response characteristics and insulin sensitivity.", "content": "To characterize the defect of insulin secretion in diabetes, the response to different iv glucose loads has been studied in women who have had gestational diabetes and are, by definition, latent diabetic (LD). Women who have produced a large-for-dates baby, but who were not known to have been diabetic (LFD), have been investigated to determine if they have abnormal metabolism. Both groups were found to have raised fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Only the LD had glucose intolerance, which was associated with a reduced first phase insulin response to all glucose loads with a decreased maximal secretory capacity (low V max). The LFD women appeared to include a distinct abnormality in which the beta cells had decreased sensitivity to glucose (high Km), with diminished secretory response to small but normal response to large loads. Whereas the LD probably have disordered beta cell function, some of the LFD women may represent the upper end of the normal range of the glucose \"set\" of beta cell function. Neither group had insulin resistance, as measured by the hypoglycaemic response to an iv insulin bolus. A woman who has produced a LFD, but who was not known to be diabetic, does not necessarily have a diabetic tendency.", "contents": "Two abnormalities of glucose-induced insulin secretion: dose-response characteristics and insulin sensitivity. To characterize the defect of insulin secretion in diabetes, the response to different iv glucose loads has been studied in women who have had gestational diabetes and are, by definition, latent diabetic (LD). Women who have produced a large-for-dates baby, but who were not known to have been diabetic (LFD), have been investigated to determine if they have abnormal metabolism. Both groups were found to have raised fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Only the LD had glucose intolerance, which was associated with a reduced first phase insulin response to all glucose loads with a decreased maximal secretory capacity (low V max). The LFD women appeared to include a distinct abnormality in which the beta cells had decreased sensitivity to glucose (high Km), with diminished secretory response to small but normal response to large loads. Whereas the LD probably have disordered beta cell function, some of the LFD women may represent the upper end of the normal range of the glucose \"set\" of beta cell function. Neither group had insulin resistance, as measured by the hypoglycaemic response to an iv insulin bolus. A woman who has produced a LFD, but who was not known to be diabetic, does not necessarily have a diabetic tendency.", "PMID": 494984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2233", "title": "The androgens in the guinea-pig foetus throughout the embryonic development.", "content": "Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) content and concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma, gonads, adrenals, and sexual ducts of 235 male and 214 female guinea-pig foetuses at various stages of gestation after gonadal and adrenal differentiation occurred. In the male foetus, a sharp increase in the content and concentration of T and, to a lesser degree of DHT, is observed in the testis, the plasma and the ducts at the time of sexual differentiation between days 28 and 36. Thereafter androgen concentrations in these tissues decrease and rise again after day 52. In the female foetus, levels of T and DHT in the ovary are low throughout foetal life and do not account for the relatively high concentrations found in the plasma; in sexual ducts, T concentrations decrease at the time of differentiation. DHT levels are low at every stage. In both sexes, T and DHT are present in the adrenal. No sexual dimorphism is observed in the evolution of T and DHT adrenal content and concentration.", "contents": "The androgens in the guinea-pig foetus throughout the embryonic development. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) content and concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma, gonads, adrenals, and sexual ducts of 235 male and 214 female guinea-pig foetuses at various stages of gestation after gonadal and adrenal differentiation occurred. In the male foetus, a sharp increase in the content and concentration of T and, to a lesser degree of DHT, is observed in the testis, the plasma and the ducts at the time of sexual differentiation between days 28 and 36. Thereafter androgen concentrations in these tissues decrease and rise again after day 52. In the female foetus, levels of T and DHT in the ovary are low throughout foetal life and do not account for the relatively high concentrations found in the plasma; in sexual ducts, T concentrations decrease at the time of differentiation. DHT levels are low at every stage. In both sexes, T and DHT are present in the adrenal. No sexual dimorphism is observed in the evolution of T and DHT adrenal content and concentration.", "PMID": 494985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2234", "title": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on phagocytic activity and proliferative capacity of rat peritoneal macrophages in culture.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (hCG) decreased phagocytosis of rat peritoneal macrophages in culture and also inhibited their capacity to be stimulated by an inflammatory exudate. Both effects were related to the concentration used. These experimental results suggest that elevated levels of hCG may play a role in the prevention of the rejection of the foetal allograft by the maternal host.", "contents": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on phagocytic activity and proliferative capacity of rat peritoneal macrophages in culture. Human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (hCG) decreased phagocytosis of rat peritoneal macrophages in culture and also inhibited their capacity to be stimulated by an inflammatory exudate. Both effects were related to the concentration used. These experimental results suggest that elevated levels of hCG may play a role in the prevention of the rejection of the foetal allograft by the maternal host.", "PMID": 494986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2235", "title": "Effect of endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone levels on the secretion of thyroid hormones in man.", "content": "The effect of endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the thyroid secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was evaluated by serial determinations of serum T3. T4 and TSH concentrations in the following groups of patients: a) three patients submitted to surgical removal of a solitary, autonomous thyroid nodule which had completely inhibited the extranodular tissue; b) five subjects, with the same disease, in whom functional recovery of the extranodular tissue was induced by increased circulating TSH levels, produced by treatment with methimazole; c) one patient submitted to hemithyroidectomy for multinodular goitre; d) two hyperthyroid patients who had been treated with methimazole. In all these patients serum T3 and T4 levels progressively decreased, with a consequent progressive increase in serum TSH concentrations, leading to stimulation of the thyroid gland. During this TSH-induced stimulation of thyroid tissue, a significant positive correlation was found between the serum TSH concentrations and the corresponding ratio between the serum levels of T3 and T4 (T3/T4), both within each patient group (P less than 0.001) and among all patients (P less than 0.001). The same correlation also governs the relationship between the TSH and the T3/T4 values of 34 euthyroid control subjects and one patient with incipient hypothyroidism. These data strongly suggest that endogenous TSH can induce a preferential secretion of T3 over T4 by the human thyroid.", "contents": "Effect of endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone levels on the secretion of thyroid hormones in man. The effect of endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the thyroid secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was evaluated by serial determinations of serum T3. T4 and TSH concentrations in the following groups of patients: a) three patients submitted to surgical removal of a solitary, autonomous thyroid nodule which had completely inhibited the extranodular tissue; b) five subjects, with the same disease, in whom functional recovery of the extranodular tissue was induced by increased circulating TSH levels, produced by treatment with methimazole; c) one patient submitted to hemithyroidectomy for multinodular goitre; d) two hyperthyroid patients who had been treated with methimazole. In all these patients serum T3 and T4 levels progressively decreased, with a consequent progressive increase in serum TSH concentrations, leading to stimulation of the thyroid gland. During this TSH-induced stimulation of thyroid tissue, a significant positive correlation was found between the serum TSH concentrations and the corresponding ratio between the serum levels of T3 and T4 (T3/T4), both within each patient group (P less than 0.001) and among all patients (P less than 0.001). The same correlation also governs the relationship between the TSH and the T3/T4 values of 34 euthyroid control subjects and one patient with incipient hypothyroidism. These data strongly suggest that endogenous TSH can induce a preferential secretion of T3 over T4 by the human thyroid.", "PMID": 494987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2236", "title": "The behaviour of the thyroidal iodide trap after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis and its implication for the T3-suppression test.", "content": "It is important to distinguish between symptomatic response and immunological cure in thyrotoxicosis because it has been suggested that surgery, in addition to providing a rapid symptomatic response, may also cause the disappearance of thyroid-stimulating antibodies. The evidence, however, is based largely on suppression tests which we argue may not be valid in the post-operative period. Seventy thyrotoxicosis patients were treated for 6 months with a standard course of carbimazole and T3, at the end of which each patient was classified as suppressor (S) or non-suppressor (NS) according to the fall in radioiodine uptake. Group I (18 patients) and group II (18 patients) were then randomly selected for immediate surgery while group III (34 patients) continued on antithyroid drugs. All groups were reviewed every two months from the 6th month for 12 months, during which time group I was drug-free and groups II and III received T3. Twenty-min iodide uptakes were performed in all patients at each visit to compare the serial changes in mean iodide trapping capacity between treatment groups. Despite 10-fold differences in TSH levels between groups I and II, and irrespective of suppressibility before surgery, the mean uptakes in both these groups remained basal (less than 4%) throughout the period of study, while the serial mean uptakes in group III S (no TSH, by implication no TSAB, but intact iodide trap) were consistently higher than those of group I NS (high TSH, by implication TSAB as well, but reduced iodide trap size). The data points to an absence of dose-responsiveness between TSH and the surgical-remnant's iodide trap, implying that post-thyroidectomy suppression tests (at least during the first year) cannot measure changes in iodide trapping, and therefore do not measure the same phenomenon after subtotal thyroidectomy as they do before operation when the thyroid is intact. We therefore question the validity of comparing suppressibility before and after surgery and basing the frequency of surgical cure on the result.", "contents": "The behaviour of the thyroidal iodide trap after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis and its implication for the T3-suppression test. It is important to distinguish between symptomatic response and immunological cure in thyrotoxicosis because it has been suggested that surgery, in addition to providing a rapid symptomatic response, may also cause the disappearance of thyroid-stimulating antibodies. The evidence, however, is based largely on suppression tests which we argue may not be valid in the post-operative period. Seventy thyrotoxicosis patients were treated for 6 months with a standard course of carbimazole and T3, at the end of which each patient was classified as suppressor (S) or non-suppressor (NS) according to the fall in radioiodine uptake. Group I (18 patients) and group II (18 patients) were then randomly selected for immediate surgery while group III (34 patients) continued on antithyroid drugs. All groups were reviewed every two months from the 6th month for 12 months, during which time group I was drug-free and groups II and III received T3. Twenty-min iodide uptakes were performed in all patients at each visit to compare the serial changes in mean iodide trapping capacity between treatment groups. Despite 10-fold differences in TSH levels between groups I and II, and irrespective of suppressibility before surgery, the mean uptakes in both these groups remained basal (less than 4%) throughout the period of study, while the serial mean uptakes in group III S (no TSH, by implication no TSAB, but intact iodide trap) were consistently higher than those of group I NS (high TSH, by implication TSAB as well, but reduced iodide trap size). The data points to an absence of dose-responsiveness between TSH and the surgical-remnant's iodide trap, implying that post-thyroidectomy suppression tests (at least during the first year) cannot measure changes in iodide trapping, and therefore do not measure the same phenomenon after subtotal thyroidectomy as they do before operation when the thyroid is intact. We therefore question the validity of comparing suppressibility before and after surgery and basing the frequency of surgical cure on the result.", "PMID": 494988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2237", "title": "Tiapride-induced chronic hyperprolactinaemia: interference with the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "Four regularly menstruating volunteers were submitted to an oral treatment, for 3 consecutive cycles and starting on the first day of a cycle, with tiapride at daily doses ranging from 1 x 100 mg to 2 x 100 mg. The first and the last cycle under treatment, as well as a prior control cycle, were thoroughly studied by means of daily measurements of blood concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin (PRL), oestradiol and progesterone. Tiapride, a benzamide derivative with dopaminergic blocking activity at the level of the lactotrophes, increased mean PRL secretion in each subject but a permanent hyperprolactinaemia above 700 uU/ml was attained only in one subject. Despite these widely fluctuating PRL levels in most subjects, the resulting overall hyperprolactinaemia induced in all cases a progressive deterioration of the function of the corpus luteum: 5 cycles showed luteal phases reduced by 2--5 days, one cycle was characterized by some slight luteinisation but questionable ovulation and the 2 remaining cycles were anovulatory. The interruption of drug intake one week after the onset of menses led thereafter to a cycle with a likely inadequate luteal phase but of normal length. It is concluded that even a non-permanent hyperprolactinaemia can impair the normal function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis, as well as exhibit some effects in a cycle consecutive to the normalization of PRL. With the exception of the impaired luteal progesterone secretion, the pooled hormonal data from the short luteal phase cycles under tiapride-induced hyperprolactinaemia exhibit very little significant differences, as compared to the corresponding values in the control cycles. Some delay in the onset of follicular maturation, however, should be assumed since the follicular phase had been lengthened by 1 to 31 days in 5 of the 6 cycles with luteinisation during treatment. The present results are compatible with a double impact -- both at the ovarian and the hypothalamo-pituitary levels -- of hyperprolactinaemia in its mechanisms of impaired function of the hypothalamo-pituitary ovarian axis.", "contents": "Tiapride-induced chronic hyperprolactinaemia: interference with the human menstrual cycle. Four regularly menstruating volunteers were submitted to an oral treatment, for 3 consecutive cycles and starting on the first day of a cycle, with tiapride at daily doses ranging from 1 x 100 mg to 2 x 100 mg. The first and the last cycle under treatment, as well as a prior control cycle, were thoroughly studied by means of daily measurements of blood concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin (PRL), oestradiol and progesterone. Tiapride, a benzamide derivative with dopaminergic blocking activity at the level of the lactotrophes, increased mean PRL secretion in each subject but a permanent hyperprolactinaemia above 700 uU/ml was attained only in one subject. Despite these widely fluctuating PRL levels in most subjects, the resulting overall hyperprolactinaemia induced in all cases a progressive deterioration of the function of the corpus luteum: 5 cycles showed luteal phases reduced by 2--5 days, one cycle was characterized by some slight luteinisation but questionable ovulation and the 2 remaining cycles were anovulatory. The interruption of drug intake one week after the onset of menses led thereafter to a cycle with a likely inadequate luteal phase but of normal length. It is concluded that even a non-permanent hyperprolactinaemia can impair the normal function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis, as well as exhibit some effects in a cycle consecutive to the normalization of PRL. With the exception of the impaired luteal progesterone secretion, the pooled hormonal data from the short luteal phase cycles under tiapride-induced hyperprolactinaemia exhibit very little significant differences, as compared to the corresponding values in the control cycles. Some delay in the onset of follicular maturation, however, should be assumed since the follicular phase had been lengthened by 1 to 31 days in 5 of the 6 cycles with luteinisation during treatment. The present results are compatible with a double impact -- both at the ovarian and the hypothalamo-pituitary levels -- of hyperprolactinaemia in its mechanisms of impaired function of the hypothalamo-pituitary ovarian axis.", "PMID": 494989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2238", "title": "Oxytocin determination by radioimmunoassay in cattle. I. Method and preliminary physiological data.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for oxytocin in cow plasma is described. Antisera were raised in rabbits against synthetic oxytocin coupled to bovine thyroglobulin. Iodinated oxytocin free of unlabelled oxytocin and most likely also free of diiodo-oxytocin was used as radioactive tracer. The tracer showed a high degree of purity, and was stable on storage. It could be used in the assay for 2--3 months. The assay showed very little cross-reactivity with vasopressin. Acetone was used for the extraction of oxytocin from plasma as well as from standards made of synthetic oxytocin in pooled cow plasma. Inhibition curves obtained with plasma collected from cows at parturition were parallel to those obtained with the oxytocin standard preparation. The mean recovery of oxytocin added to cow plasma was 106% (SD = 14). The within-assay coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 5.2 to 10.9%, and the between-assay CV was in the order of 13%. The assay sensitivity was 1 pg (0.5 uU) per tube, corresponding to 3 pg/ml plasma. Around the time of milking the plasma oxytocin profile showed a strong response to the preparation for milking, and a further effect releated to the attachment of the teat cups of the milking machine. Peak concentrations were in the range of 15--50 pg/ml. During parturition there was a peak of oxytocin (65 pg/ml) coinciding with the expulsion phas. After this peak levels decreased but remained measurably elevated until the expulsion of the placenta. The plasma disappearance curve for immunoreactive oxytocin after the infusion of 100 IU oxytocin over a period of 1 h showed two components with apparent half-lives of 7--7 and 25 min, respectively.", "contents": "Oxytocin determination by radioimmunoassay in cattle. I. Method and preliminary physiological data. A radioimmunoassay for oxytocin in cow plasma is described. Antisera were raised in rabbits against synthetic oxytocin coupled to bovine thyroglobulin. Iodinated oxytocin free of unlabelled oxytocin and most likely also free of diiodo-oxytocin was used as radioactive tracer. The tracer showed a high degree of purity, and was stable on storage. It could be used in the assay for 2--3 months. The assay showed very little cross-reactivity with vasopressin. Acetone was used for the extraction of oxytocin from plasma as well as from standards made of synthetic oxytocin in pooled cow plasma. Inhibition curves obtained with plasma collected from cows at parturition were parallel to those obtained with the oxytocin standard preparation. The mean recovery of oxytocin added to cow plasma was 106% (SD = 14). The within-assay coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 5.2 to 10.9%, and the between-assay CV was in the order of 13%. The assay sensitivity was 1 pg (0.5 uU) per tube, corresponding to 3 pg/ml plasma. Around the time of milking the plasma oxytocin profile showed a strong response to the preparation for milking, and a further effect releated to the attachment of the teat cups of the milking machine. Peak concentrations were in the range of 15--50 pg/ml. During parturition there was a peak of oxytocin (65 pg/ml) coinciding with the expulsion phas. After this peak levels decreased but remained measurably elevated until the expulsion of the placenta. The plasma disappearance curve for immunoreactive oxytocin after the infusion of 100 IU oxytocin over a period of 1 h showed two components with apparent half-lives of 7--7 and 25 min, respectively.", "PMID": 494991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2239", "title": "Effect of exercise on thyroid parameters and on metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine in man.", "content": "Serum concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free-thyroxine-index, free-triiodothyronine-index and reverse-triiodothyronine (r-T3) were followed in nine normal men, aged 18 to 22 years, during a nights rest and during nine hours march (4.6 km/h). In addition antipyrine elimination was measured in the same periods after iv injection of 1 gram of antipyrine. No significant differences were found in any of the thyroid parameters during exercise except for a small increase in serum r-T3 after 3 hours. During rest a small but significant decrease was found in serum r-T3. Otherwise no significant differences were found except for a significant increase in free-T3-index after 3 hours rest. The mean value of total body clearance of antipyrine was identical at rest and during exercise. Prolonged exercise does not change the metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine and does not elicit any major change in the serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on thyroid parameters and on metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine in man. Serum concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free-thyroxine-index, free-triiodothyronine-index and reverse-triiodothyronine (r-T3) were followed in nine normal men, aged 18 to 22 years, during a nights rest and during nine hours march (4.6 km/h). In addition antipyrine elimination was measured in the same periods after iv injection of 1 gram of antipyrine. No significant differences were found in any of the thyroid parameters during exercise except for a small increase in serum r-T3 after 3 hours. During rest a small but significant decrease was found in serum r-T3. Otherwise no significant differences were found except for a significant increase in free-T3-index after 3 hours rest. The mean value of total body clearance of antipyrine was identical at rest and during exercise. Prolonged exercise does not change the metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine and does not elicit any major change in the serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 494992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2240", "title": "Regulatory hyperparathyroidism in a pig breed with vitamin D dependency rickets.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for porcine parathyroid hormone has been developed and applied to measure immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in plasma of pigs with hereditary vitamin D dependency rickets (VDDR) (pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets). Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)-D3) in plasma were measured by a protein binding assay. Both plasma concentrations of PTH and 25-(OH)-D3 showed an approximately 4-fold increase compared to normal pigs. PTH levels increased with duration of the disease. Daily dosing of the animals with 1--4 micrograms of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) reduced PTH concentrations and resulted in clinical healing. Iv administration of 10 micrograms of 25-(OH)-D3/day did not alter PTH concentrations nor the clinical symptoms. The results suggest that these animals suffer from regulatory hyperparathyroidism. The metabolic defect could be due to a failure of the kidney to convert 25-(OH)-D3 to 1,25-(OH)2-D3.", "contents": "Regulatory hyperparathyroidism in a pig breed with vitamin D dependency rickets. A radioimmunoassay for porcine parathyroid hormone has been developed and applied to measure immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in plasma of pigs with hereditary vitamin D dependency rickets (VDDR) (pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets). Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)-D3) in plasma were measured by a protein binding assay. Both plasma concentrations of PTH and 25-(OH)-D3 showed an approximately 4-fold increase compared to normal pigs. PTH levels increased with duration of the disease. Daily dosing of the animals with 1--4 micrograms of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) reduced PTH concentrations and resulted in clinical healing. Iv administration of 10 micrograms of 25-(OH)-D3/day did not alter PTH concentrations nor the clinical symptoms. The results suggest that these animals suffer from regulatory hyperparathyroidism. The metabolic defect could be due to a failure of the kidney to convert 25-(OH)-D3 to 1,25-(OH)2-D3.", "PMID": 494993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2241", "title": "Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25--(OH)2D), serum prolactin and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were followed during pregnancy and lactation in 16 women. High 1,25--(OH)2D was demonstrated in human pregnancy and lactation. A causative relationship between 1,25--(OH)2D and prolactin is discussed and a possible explanation of the mechanism of the augmented calcium absorption in human pregnancy and lactation is suggested.", "contents": "Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in pregnancy and lactation. Plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25--(OH)2D), serum prolactin and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were followed during pregnancy and lactation in 16 women. High 1,25--(OH)2D was demonstrated in human pregnancy and lactation. A causative relationship between 1,25--(OH)2D and prolactin is discussed and a possible explanation of the mechanism of the augmented calcium absorption in human pregnancy and lactation is suggested.", "PMID": 494995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2242", "title": "HCS regulation in cultured placenta: action of glucose.", "content": "The regulation of HCS secretion on placenta cultures in the presence of [3H] leucine was studied. When Eagle's medium containing 0.0055 M of glucose per liter is used, it is noted that the HCS increases regularly in the culture medium, whereas it diminishes in the explants. [3H] HCS represents about 50% of the [3H] proteins, and among these proteins HCS is preferentially secreted in the culture medium. The absence of glucose in the medium provokes a decrease in all of the cellular metabolism as well as a decrease in protein and HCS secretions, with an accumulation of preformed HCS in the tissues. An increase in the glucose level in the medium 0.011 and 0.027 M provokes a selective decrease of HCS secretion with an accumulation of preformed HCS in the tissues, determing a long term decrease in HCS synthesis. Insulin added in the mediums (60 microU/ml) does not change the results significantly. The use of structural analogues of the glucose shows that the point of impact of the HCS secretion regulation by the glucose is membranous; however, it seems that at a second stage one or some glucose metabolites also interven. There is no self regulation of HCS secretion in vitro.", "contents": "HCS regulation in cultured placenta: action of glucose. The regulation of HCS secretion on placenta cultures in the presence of [3H] leucine was studied. When Eagle's medium containing 0.0055 M of glucose per liter is used, it is noted that the HCS increases regularly in the culture medium, whereas it diminishes in the explants. [3H] HCS represents about 50% of the [3H] proteins, and among these proteins HCS is preferentially secreted in the culture medium. The absence of glucose in the medium provokes a decrease in all of the cellular metabolism as well as a decrease in protein and HCS secretions, with an accumulation of preformed HCS in the tissues. An increase in the glucose level in the medium 0.011 and 0.027 M provokes a selective decrease of HCS secretion with an accumulation of preformed HCS in the tissues, determing a long term decrease in HCS synthesis. Insulin added in the mediums (60 microU/ml) does not change the results significantly. The use of structural analogues of the glucose shows that the point of impact of the HCS secretion regulation by the glucose is membranous; however, it seems that at a second stage one or some glucose metabolites also interven. There is no self regulation of HCS secretion in vitro.", "PMID": 494996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2243", "title": "[Action of metoclopramide bromide and metoclopramide chloride on the lower esophagogastric junction and the peristalsis of the lower 3d of the esophagus].", "content": "In 10 patients with esophageal hiatus hernia the effect of metoclopramide bromide and metoclopramide chloride compared with placebo, was studied by the double blind method. Both drugs produced an increase of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and of the peristalsis of the lower third of the esophagus, only being statistically significative the action of metoclopramide chloride on the perstalsis. No significative side-effects were noted.", "contents": "[Action of metoclopramide bromide and metoclopramide chloride on the lower esophagogastric junction and the peristalsis of the lower 3d of the esophagus]. In 10 patients with esophageal hiatus hernia the effect of metoclopramide bromide and metoclopramide chloride compared with placebo, was studied by the double blind method. Both drugs produced an increase of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and of the peristalsis of the lower third of the esophagus, only being statistically significative the action of metoclopramide chloride on the perstalsis. No significative side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 494997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2244", "title": "Perforation of the cecum, as a complication of pleural biopsy.", "content": "A case of a rupture of the cecum following pleural biopsy in a patient with lung carcinoma complicated by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is reported. We hypothesized that this unusual complication was caused by a neurogenic effect caused by the trauma of the biopsy causing an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system producing a sympathetic predominance leading to adynamic ileus and subsequent perforation.", "contents": "Perforation of the cecum, as a complication of pleural biopsy. A case of a rupture of the cecum following pleural biopsy in a patient with lung carcinoma complicated by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is reported. We hypothesized that this unusual complication was caused by a neurogenic effect caused by the trauma of the biopsy causing an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system producing a sympathetic predominance leading to adynamic ileus and subsequent perforation.", "PMID": 494998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2245", "title": "[Pseudocysts of the pancreas. Considerations on 18 cases].", "content": "The authors present their experience in the study and treatment of 18 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. Fifteen patients were operated on as follows: 6 external drainage 4 cyst-gastrostomy, 4 cystoyeyunostomy and one had distal pancreatectomy. Nine of the patients who were operated did well and 6 died in the postoperative course; one died after a prolonged period of time.", "contents": "[Pseudocysts of the pancreas. Considerations on 18 cases]. The authors present their experience in the study and treatment of 18 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. Fifteen patients were operated on as follows: 6 external drainage 4 cyst-gastrostomy, 4 cystoyeyunostomy and one had distal pancreatectomy. Nine of the patients who were operated did well and 6 died in the postoperative course; one died after a prolonged period of time.", "PMID": 494999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2246", "title": "[Rectal tonometry in the differential diagnosis of constipation in pediatrics].", "content": "Based on the difficulties regarding the clinical, radiological, and histological diagnosis of colonic aganglionosis, we resorted the motility studies. Sixty-two children (15 days-10 years of age) were studied by means of rectal motility without knowing the results of the other auxilary methods. We obtained a clear difference between aganglionic and other group formed by constipated functional or psicogenic. We conclude that rectal motility studies have the advantage of being rapid and non-aggressive, besides avoiding rectal biopsy.", "contents": "[Rectal tonometry in the differential diagnosis of constipation in pediatrics]. Based on the difficulties regarding the clinical, radiological, and histological diagnosis of colonic aganglionosis, we resorted the motility studies. Sixty-two children (15 days-10 years of age) were studied by means of rectal motility without knowing the results of the other auxilary methods. We obtained a clear difference between aganglionic and other group formed by constipated functional or psicogenic. We conclude that rectal motility studies have the advantage of being rapid and non-aggressive, besides avoiding rectal biopsy.", "PMID": 495000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2247", "title": "Clinical significance of estrogens in chronic aggressive hepatitis.", "content": "For a long time, it has been assumed that stagnation of active estrogens in the blood gives rise to liver injury and causes a severe inflammatory process in the liver as well as affecting the clinical course of chronic aggressive hepatitis in women. During reproductive years, estrogen production, as gaged by the values of urinary excretion, follows a cyclic pattern. As the menopause is approached, urinary excretion of estrogens gradually diminishes and the cyclic fluctuation becomes more shallow. The titer continues to fall progressively in the post-menopausal years although some estrogen may be found even in aged women. Even though it must be assumed that estrogens are rarely produced in bilaterally ovariectomized women, chronic aggressive hepatitis is rather frequently encountered in practice in women after ovariectomy. To find a solution to the question of whether stagnation of active estrogen in the blood actually gives rise to liver injury, estrogen levels in the blood must be estimated in these patients. It will be desirable to estimate not the metabolites of estrogens in the urine but the estrogens or estrogenic substances themselves in the blood. The authors have estimated estrogens in the blood by means of radioimmunoassay and revealed a decrease in quantity of the estrogen values in the blood. Therefore, it can be stressed that the lack of estrogens in the blood must be taken into consideration because it has been pointed out that estrogens exert some form of liver-protecting influence against infection as well as the protracting factors of hepatitis.", "contents": "Clinical significance of estrogens in chronic aggressive hepatitis. For a long time, it has been assumed that stagnation of active estrogens in the blood gives rise to liver injury and causes a severe inflammatory process in the liver as well as affecting the clinical course of chronic aggressive hepatitis in women. During reproductive years, estrogen production, as gaged by the values of urinary excretion, follows a cyclic pattern. As the menopause is approached, urinary excretion of estrogens gradually diminishes and the cyclic fluctuation becomes more shallow. The titer continues to fall progressively in the post-menopausal years although some estrogen may be found even in aged women. Even though it must be assumed that estrogens are rarely produced in bilaterally ovariectomized women, chronic aggressive hepatitis is rather frequently encountered in practice in women after ovariectomy. To find a solution to the question of whether stagnation of active estrogen in the blood actually gives rise to liver injury, estrogen levels in the blood must be estimated in these patients. It will be desirable to estimate not the metabolites of estrogens in the urine but the estrogens or estrogenic substances themselves in the blood. The authors have estimated estrogens in the blood by means of radioimmunoassay and revealed a decrease in quantity of the estrogen values in the blood. Therefore, it can be stressed that the lack of estrogens in the blood must be taken into consideration because it has been pointed out that estrogens exert some form of liver-protecting influence against infection as well as the protracting factors of hepatitis.", "PMID": 495023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2248", "title": "Ischemic damage of the liver. Part I: In vitro investigation of the prevention of the ischemic lesion of the liver.", "content": "In an isolated rat liver perfusion system the effects of normothermal ischemia on hepatic functions were investigated. After 30 minutes of anoxy bile production and BSP elimination capacity of the liver are significantly reduced. The quantity of secreted \"ascites\" from the surface of the liver several times high after anoxic damage, while oxygen consumption, portal venous pressure and ammonia elimination do not differ significantly from the controls. Pretreatment with insulin plus glucose, isoproterenol, hypoxanthine, chlorpromazine and glucagon (5 micrograms/100 g i.v., or 0.2 mg/100 g s.c.) does not reduce noticeably the normothermal anoxic lesion of the liver Glucagon (50 micrograms/100 g i.v.), allopurinol, dibenzyline, ATP-MgCl2 and aspartic acid enhance significantly the ischemia-tolerance of liver in vitro.", "contents": "Ischemic damage of the liver. Part I: In vitro investigation of the prevention of the ischemic lesion of the liver. In an isolated rat liver perfusion system the effects of normothermal ischemia on hepatic functions were investigated. After 30 minutes of anoxy bile production and BSP elimination capacity of the liver are significantly reduced. The quantity of secreted \"ascites\" from the surface of the liver several times high after anoxic damage, while oxygen consumption, portal venous pressure and ammonia elimination do not differ significantly from the controls. Pretreatment with insulin plus glucose, isoproterenol, hypoxanthine, chlorpromazine and glucagon (5 micrograms/100 g i.v., or 0.2 mg/100 g s.c.) does not reduce noticeably the normothermal anoxic lesion of the liver Glucagon (50 micrograms/100 g i.v.), allopurinol, dibenzyline, ATP-MgCl2 and aspartic acid enhance significantly the ischemia-tolerance of liver in vitro.", "PMID": 495024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2249", "title": "Ischemic damage of the liver. Part II: In vivo investigation of the prevention of the ischemic lesion of the liver.", "content": "A new model for the study of ischemic liver lesion on rats has been worked out. Pretreatment with allopurinol, dibenzyline, methylprednisolone, glucagon, ATP-MgCl2 and aspartic acid reduced the overall mortality of ischemic liver injury. Administered after the anoxic hepatic lesion only glucagon and aspartic acid had beneficial effect on the survival rate. Under the influence of 30 minutes of normothermal ischemia the DNA synthetizing ability of the liver decreased. Aspartic acid, glucagon and ATP-MgCl2 significantly enhanced the regeneration of the ischemically damaged liver. These procedures might be suitable for donor pretreatment in liver transplantation, as well as for the treatment of other pathological states, causing a normothermal ischemia of the liver.", "contents": "Ischemic damage of the liver. Part II: In vivo investigation of the prevention of the ischemic lesion of the liver. A new model for the study of ischemic liver lesion on rats has been worked out. Pretreatment with allopurinol, dibenzyline, methylprednisolone, glucagon, ATP-MgCl2 and aspartic acid reduced the overall mortality of ischemic liver injury. Administered after the anoxic hepatic lesion only glucagon and aspartic acid had beneficial effect on the survival rate. Under the influence of 30 minutes of normothermal ischemia the DNA synthetizing ability of the liver decreased. Aspartic acid, glucagon and ATP-MgCl2 significantly enhanced the regeneration of the ischemically damaged liver. These procedures might be suitable for donor pretreatment in liver transplantation, as well as for the treatment of other pathological states, causing a normothermal ischemia of the liver.", "PMID": 495025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2250", "title": "Follow-up study on patients with non-alcoholic and non-diabetic fatty liver.", "content": "From a group of 424 patients with histologically verified fatty liver 92 patients without diabetes mellitus and alcohol abuse were subjected to follow-up examination for 3 1/2 years. 56 patients underwent second liver biopsy at this time; 20 of these patients had shown marked fatty liver at the initial liver biopsy examination. These 20 patients with marked fatty liver and 25 further patients with moderarte fatty liver could be followed up 5 and 7 1/2 years later; the clinical examination, the various liver function tests, liver scan and blind liver biopsy did not show any evidence of progression of fatty liver towards chronic inflammatory liver disorders or precirrhotic states. This clinical study therefore suggests the harmlessness of non-alcoholic fatty liver.", "contents": "Follow-up study on patients with non-alcoholic and non-diabetic fatty liver. From a group of 424 patients with histologically verified fatty liver 92 patients without diabetes mellitus and alcohol abuse were subjected to follow-up examination for 3 1/2 years. 56 patients underwent second liver biopsy at this time; 20 of these patients had shown marked fatty liver at the initial liver biopsy examination. These 20 patients with marked fatty liver and 25 further patients with moderarte fatty liver could be followed up 5 and 7 1/2 years later; the clinical examination, the various liver function tests, liver scan and blind liver biopsy did not show any evidence of progression of fatty liver towards chronic inflammatory liver disorders or precirrhotic states. This clinical study therefore suggests the harmlessness of non-alcoholic fatty liver.", "PMID": 495027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2251", "title": "Intestinal sucrose assimilation in the rat after an Endogenous secretin release.", "content": "Endogenously released secretin had no effect on the intestinal sucrose hydrolysis, the absorption of the sucrose split products, glucose and fructose, and the net water movement in the rat in vivo.", "contents": "Intestinal sucrose assimilation in the rat after an Endogenous secretin release. Endogenously released secretin had no effect on the intestinal sucrose hydrolysis, the absorption of the sucrose split products, glucose and fructose, and the net water movement in the rat in vivo.", "PMID": 495028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2252", "title": "The effect of ethanol ingestion on plasma biochemistry and the pancreas in the rat.", "content": "Intra-gastric ethanol given daily for 4 weeks caused transient elevations in plasma amylase and total protein with a fall in total calcium. Light microscopic examination of the pancreas at 4 weeks showed areas of acinar cell degranulation and necrosis without an inflammatory cell infiltrate. The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol ingestion on plasma biochemistry and the pancreas in the rat. Intra-gastric ethanol given daily for 4 weeks caused transient elevations in plasma amylase and total protein with a fall in total calcium. Light microscopic examination of the pancreas at 4 weeks showed areas of acinar cell degranulation and necrosis without an inflammatory cell infiltrate. The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.", "PMID": 495029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2253", "title": "Effect of segmental epidural block on the course of labour and the condition of the infant during the neonatal period.", "content": "Epidural block for vaginal delivery was given to 242 women during a 6-month period. Of these, 178 with a spontaneous start of labour and vaginal delivery were studied with respect to the effect of epidural block with bupivacaine-adrenaline on the course of labour and the condition of the infant in women with normal uterine activity and women with primary uterine inertia treated with oxytocin infusion. On average, the 178 women had already had a longer course of labour before the block was applied than women in control groups. The block per se had only a slight effect on the first stage of labour, but the effect on the second stage was more obvious, leading to outlet extraction in 50% of the primiparous women, compared to 12% of the controls. Transitory asphyxia at birth was observed in 4.5% of the infants of mothers with epidural block, but after 5 min, only 1% had an Apgar score of less than 7. Infants of mothers with epidural block were more often placed under observation or treated in the neonatal ward than infants in control groups.", "contents": "Effect of segmental epidural block on the course of labour and the condition of the infant during the neonatal period. Epidural block for vaginal delivery was given to 242 women during a 6-month period. Of these, 178 with a spontaneous start of labour and vaginal delivery were studied with respect to the effect of epidural block with bupivacaine-adrenaline on the course of labour and the condition of the infant in women with normal uterine activity and women with primary uterine inertia treated with oxytocin infusion. On average, the 178 women had already had a longer course of labour before the block was applied than women in control groups. The block per se had only a slight effect on the first stage of labour, but the effect on the second stage was more obvious, leading to outlet extraction in 50% of the primiparous women, compared to 12% of the controls. Transitory asphyxia at birth was observed in 4.5% of the infants of mothers with epidural block, but after 5 min, only 1% had an Apgar score of less than 7. Infants of mothers with epidural block were more often placed under observation or treated in the neonatal ward than infants in control groups.", "PMID": 495033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2254", "title": "Can postoperative pulmonary conditions be improved by treatment with the Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer after upper abdominal surgery?", "content": "During the immediate postoperative course after upper abdominal surgery, pulmonary complications often occur, caused, inter alia, by reduced regional ventilation and by atelectases as a result of: (1) narrowing of the small peripheral bronchi, and (2) impaired respiratory function. Based on these pathophysiological mechanisms, an instrument (Bartlett-Edwards Incentive Spirometer) has been devised, which aims at giving the patient an opportunity of sustained maximal inspiration under standardized and controlled conditions. The use of this instrument has been followed by reports of a considerable reduction in postoperative pulmonary complications. In a controlled clinical investigation of the pre- and postoperative condition of the lungs, we were unable to show any beneficial effect of the instrument. In general, we have a low frequency of severe postoperative pulmonary complications, as compared with the results reported in the literature. We ascribe this to our very effective pre- and postoperative respiratory therapy.", "contents": "Can postoperative pulmonary conditions be improved by treatment with the Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer after upper abdominal surgery? During the immediate postoperative course after upper abdominal surgery, pulmonary complications often occur, caused, inter alia, by reduced regional ventilation and by atelectases as a result of: (1) narrowing of the small peripheral bronchi, and (2) impaired respiratory function. Based on these pathophysiological mechanisms, an instrument (Bartlett-Edwards Incentive Spirometer) has been devised, which aims at giving the patient an opportunity of sustained maximal inspiration under standardized and controlled conditions. The use of this instrument has been followed by reports of a considerable reduction in postoperative pulmonary complications. In a controlled clinical investigation of the pre- and postoperative condition of the lungs, we were unable to show any beneficial effect of the instrument. In general, we have a low frequency of severe postoperative pulmonary complications, as compared with the results reported in the literature. We ascribe this to our very effective pre- and postoperative respiratory therapy.", "PMID": 495034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2255", "title": "Erythrocyte damage caused by the Haemotherm microwave blood warmer.", "content": "Blood units (59) were warmed with the Haemotherm microwave blood warmer and seven units were warmed in a water bath for comparison. The influence of the final blood temperature, the size and the hematocrit of the units on the erythrocyte lesion was studied. Extracellular hemoglobin and potassium, hematocrit, osmotic fragility and mean cellular volume were used as indicators of red cell damage. Warming in the water bath caused no erythrocyte damage at temperatures below +46.8 degrees C. Higher temperatures caused progressive morphological changes and hemolysis. Units of red cells in saline warmed to temperatures above +46.3 degrees C with the Haemotherm showed intense hemolysis and changes in all parameters used. Below this temperature no erythrocyte damage occurred. When the amount of blood warmed was less than 300 g or when the hematocrit exceeded 0.70, the blood mixing mechanism became insufficient, leading to local overheating and hemolysis. Therefore, erythrocyte concentrates in a Fenwal blood bag should never be warmed by the Haemotherm. The mean plasma hemoglobin increase of the ten whole blood units warmed by the Haemotherm to +36.0-36.8 degrees C was 123 mg/l. The results of the present study indicate that microwaves per se are not harmful to erythrocytes but that poor penetrance of microwaves, together with insufficient blood mixing during warming, are the critical factors leading to hemolysis.", "contents": "Erythrocyte damage caused by the Haemotherm microwave blood warmer. Blood units (59) were warmed with the Haemotherm microwave blood warmer and seven units were warmed in a water bath for comparison. The influence of the final blood temperature, the size and the hematocrit of the units on the erythrocyte lesion was studied. Extracellular hemoglobin and potassium, hematocrit, osmotic fragility and mean cellular volume were used as indicators of red cell damage. Warming in the water bath caused no erythrocyte damage at temperatures below +46.8 degrees C. Higher temperatures caused progressive morphological changes and hemolysis. Units of red cells in saline warmed to temperatures above +46.3 degrees C with the Haemotherm showed intense hemolysis and changes in all parameters used. Below this temperature no erythrocyte damage occurred. When the amount of blood warmed was less than 300 g or when the hematocrit exceeded 0.70, the blood mixing mechanism became insufficient, leading to local overheating and hemolysis. Therefore, erythrocyte concentrates in a Fenwal blood bag should never be warmed by the Haemotherm. The mean plasma hemoglobin increase of the ten whole blood units warmed by the Haemotherm to +36.0-36.8 degrees C was 123 mg/l. The results of the present study indicate that microwaves per se are not harmful to erythrocytes but that poor penetrance of microwaves, together with insufficient blood mixing during warming, are the critical factors leading to hemolysis.", "PMID": 495035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2256", "title": "Circulatory pattern and duration of action of naloxone in dogs with and without opioid pretreatment.", "content": "We investigated the circulatory pattern of naloxone reversal after high-dose fentanyl infusion in dogs. Within 1 min there was a sudden decrease in total peripheral resistance with a concomitant increase in stroke volume index. All other parameters changed back in direction of pre-fentanyl values in various degrees with peak effects in about 3-7 min. The persistency of reversal was different for individual parameters, but 20 min after injection of naloxone almost all changes induced by antagonisation of narcotic activity had returned to pre naloxone levels. In a control series with animals not pretreated with opioid, naloxone was shown to have no specific pharmacologic action of its own.", "contents": "Circulatory pattern and duration of action of naloxone in dogs with and without opioid pretreatment. We investigated the circulatory pattern of naloxone reversal after high-dose fentanyl infusion in dogs. Within 1 min there was a sudden decrease in total peripheral resistance with a concomitant increase in stroke volume index. All other parameters changed back in direction of pre-fentanyl values in various degrees with peak effects in about 3-7 min. The persistency of reversal was different for individual parameters, but 20 min after injection of naloxone almost all changes induced by antagonisation of narcotic activity had returned to pre naloxone levels. In a control series with animals not pretreated with opioid, naloxone was shown to have no specific pharmacologic action of its own.", "PMID": 495037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2257", "title": "A new transducer for respiratory monitoring. A description of a hot-wire anemometer and a test procedure for general use.", "content": "A respiratory transducer based on the constant temperature anemometry principle has been developed for respiratory monitoring, and as a tool for bedside evaluation of pulmonary function. The transducer is characterized by a dynamic range from 0-2.5 1/s and an upper limiting frequency of 50 Hz. It is designed with a view to a low pressure drop of 2.5 mbar/1/s and a minimum dead space of 5 ml. The transducer has been tested using a generally applicable procedure which includes both static and dynamic test set-ups. The influence of variation in gas composition, temperature and pressure, together with variations in tidal volume and respiration rate, have been investigated. The results show that the transducer registers the immediate value of gas flow-rate with a mean error less than 5-10% in all situations which are predictable in clinical use. The mean error can be reduced to less than 5% when systematic errors are eliminated.", "contents": "A new transducer for respiratory monitoring. A description of a hot-wire anemometer and a test procedure for general use. A respiratory transducer based on the constant temperature anemometry principle has been developed for respiratory monitoring, and as a tool for bedside evaluation of pulmonary function. The transducer is characterized by a dynamic range from 0-2.5 1/s and an upper limiting frequency of 50 Hz. It is designed with a view to a low pressure drop of 2.5 mbar/1/s and a minimum dead space of 5 ml. The transducer has been tested using a generally applicable procedure which includes both static and dynamic test set-ups. The influence of variation in gas composition, temperature and pressure, together with variations in tidal volume and respiration rate, have been investigated. The results show that the transducer registers the immediate value of gas flow-rate with a mean error less than 5-10% in all situations which are predictable in clinical use. The mean error can be reduced to less than 5% when systematic errors are eliminated.", "PMID": 495038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2258", "title": "\"Hyperfrontal\" distribution of the cerebral grey matter flow in resting wakefulness; on the functional anatomy of the conscious state.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with the intra-arterial 133 Xenon clearance technique using a multidetector device in 11 patients undergoing carotid angiography (with normal findings). During the flow studies the patients were awake and strict resting conditions were observed. The patients did not move or speak, and sensory stimulation were kept at a minimum. It was confirmed that the distribution of the grey matter blood flow showed a hyperfrontal pattern, the flow in frontal regions being significantly (20-40%) higher than in postcentral, occipital and temporal regions. There were no technical factors or morphological features of the telencephalon which could explain this difference. It was also shown that the distribution of the white matter flow and the relative weight of the grey matter corresponded in general to hemisphere morphology. Since in normal nervous tissue the blood flow is regulated by the neuronal activity, the following interpretation is given of the main finding. The hyperfrontal flow distribution of the grey matter (cortical) flow during resting wakefulness shows that there is a high activity in frontal \"efferent\" (motor-behavior) regions. At the same time there is a low activity in post-central and temporal \"afferent\" (sensory-gnostic) cortical areas. The high frontal activity suggests that in the resting conscious state--unaccompanied by movements, speech or behavioral reactions--the brain is active with an anticipatiory \"simulation of behavior\". The low postcentral flow, on the other hand, may possibly be related to a global inhibition of the sensory input. Several clinical as well as general biologic arguments are forwarded to support this interpretation. It is further pointed out that the hyperfrontal distribution of the resting activity in the cerebral cortex correlates to the resting EEG, in which lower frequencies (the alpha rhythm) predominate in postcentral and temporal regions where there is a low flow/activity, and high frequencies in frontal areas where the blood flow is high. This is in agreement with the finding that the blood flow and metabolism of the brain correlate to the EEG frequency content.", "contents": "\"Hyperfrontal\" distribution of the cerebral grey matter flow in resting wakefulness; on the functional anatomy of the conscious state. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with the intra-arterial 133 Xenon clearance technique using a multidetector device in 11 patients undergoing carotid angiography (with normal findings). During the flow studies the patients were awake and strict resting conditions were observed. The patients did not move or speak, and sensory stimulation were kept at a minimum. It was confirmed that the distribution of the grey matter blood flow showed a hyperfrontal pattern, the flow in frontal regions being significantly (20-40%) higher than in postcentral, occipital and temporal regions. There were no technical factors or morphological features of the telencephalon which could explain this difference. It was also shown that the distribution of the white matter flow and the relative weight of the grey matter corresponded in general to hemisphere morphology. Since in normal nervous tissue the blood flow is regulated by the neuronal activity, the following interpretation is given of the main finding. The hyperfrontal flow distribution of the grey matter (cortical) flow during resting wakefulness shows that there is a high activity in frontal \"efferent\" (motor-behavior) regions. At the same time there is a low activity in post-central and temporal \"afferent\" (sensory-gnostic) cortical areas. The high frontal activity suggests that in the resting conscious state--unaccompanied by movements, speech or behavioral reactions--the brain is active with an anticipatiory \"simulation of behavior\". The low postcentral flow, on the other hand, may possibly be related to a global inhibition of the sensory input. Several clinical as well as general biologic arguments are forwarded to support this interpretation. It is further pointed out that the hyperfrontal distribution of the resting activity in the cerebral cortex correlates to the resting EEG, in which lower frequencies (the alpha rhythm) predominate in postcentral and temporal regions where there is a low flow/activity, and high frequencies in frontal areas where the blood flow is high. This is in agreement with the finding that the blood flow and metabolism of the brain correlate to the EEG frequency content.", "PMID": 495039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2259", "title": "Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in severe arterial hypoxia in dogs.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen uptake were studied during severe arterial hypoxia in anesthetized dogs. It was shown that the hypoxic vasodilatation in the brain reaches a limit at an arterial oxygen saturation at about 25% and that this vasodilatation is less than that which may be induced by hypercapnia. A further deepening of the arterial hypoxia at a maintained cerebral perfusion pressure is combined with a continuous decrease in cerebral venous oxygen tension and a reduced oxygen uptake.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in severe arterial hypoxia in dogs. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen uptake were studied during severe arterial hypoxia in anesthetized dogs. It was shown that the hypoxic vasodilatation in the brain reaches a limit at an arterial oxygen saturation at about 25% and that this vasodilatation is less than that which may be induced by hypercapnia. A further deepening of the arterial hypoxia at a maintained cerebral perfusion pressure is combined with a continuous decrease in cerebral venous oxygen tension and a reduced oxygen uptake.", "PMID": 495040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2260", "title": "Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and intracranial pressure during and after severe prolonged arterial hypoxia in dogs. The role of dopamine in the deep hypoxic state.", "content": "The effect of extreme, prolonged arterial hypoxia on cerebral blood flow, oxygen uptake and intracranial pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs. The experiments were performed along two lines. Both started with a period of hypoxia of about 40 minutes to 2 hours. Thereafter normoxia was restituted in one group and the animals were studied for another 1-2 hours. In the other group with continued hypoxia dopamine was administered. During the hypoxic period the cerebral blood flow decreased mainly as a result of vasoconstriction after an initial marked flow increase. Cerebral oxygen uptake was reduced. Intracranial pressure increased, largely in proportion to blood flow changes, and no indication of important brain edema appeared. In the \"recovery\" period at normoxia the cerebral oxygen uptake showed an increase during the observation time. The blood flow, initially high, returned to the control level within the observation period. Dopamine infusion during continued hypoxia induced a vasodilatation, with reduction of vascular resistance to the values found at the induction of hypoxia, and with an increase of the cerebral oxygen uptake. An important role of endogenous dopamine in the hypoxic vasodilatation is suggested.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and intracranial pressure during and after severe prolonged arterial hypoxia in dogs. The role of dopamine in the deep hypoxic state. The effect of extreme, prolonged arterial hypoxia on cerebral blood flow, oxygen uptake and intracranial pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs. The experiments were performed along two lines. Both started with a period of hypoxia of about 40 minutes to 2 hours. Thereafter normoxia was restituted in one group and the animals were studied for another 1-2 hours. In the other group with continued hypoxia dopamine was administered. During the hypoxic period the cerebral blood flow decreased mainly as a result of vasoconstriction after an initial marked flow increase. Cerebral oxygen uptake was reduced. Intracranial pressure increased, largely in proportion to blood flow changes, and no indication of important brain edema appeared. In the \"recovery\" period at normoxia the cerebral oxygen uptake showed an increase during the observation time. The blood flow, initially high, returned to the control level within the observation period. Dopamine infusion during continued hypoxia induced a vasodilatation, with reduction of vascular resistance to the values found at the induction of hypoxia, and with an increase of the cerebral oxygen uptake. An important role of endogenous dopamine in the hypoxic vasodilatation is suggested.", "PMID": 495041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2261", "title": "Chronic diphenyl hydantoin encephalopathy in mentally retarded children and adolescent with severe epilepsy.", "content": "An account is given of chronic diphenyl hydantion (DPH) encephalopathy in 21 mentally retarded epileptics with increasing psychomotor deterioration, choreiform hyperkinesia, deposits of immunoglobulins in the skin, and changes in serum immunoglobulins. Three months after withdrawal of DPH the condition proved partially reversible, from the clinical as well as laboratory point of view. Eleven patients have been followed for 1 year after discontinuation of DPH, and the findings were largely unchanged from the 3-month follow-up examination. Before the drug was withdrawn, seven patients exhibited deposits of immunoglobulins at the dermo-epidermal junction and in vessel walls. At the end of 1 year such deposits were found in only three patients, all of whom were on another antiepileptic drug.", "contents": "Chronic diphenyl hydantoin encephalopathy in mentally retarded children and adolescent with severe epilepsy. An account is given of chronic diphenyl hydantion (DPH) encephalopathy in 21 mentally retarded epileptics with increasing psychomotor deterioration, choreiform hyperkinesia, deposits of immunoglobulins in the skin, and changes in serum immunoglobulins. Three months after withdrawal of DPH the condition proved partially reversible, from the clinical as well as laboratory point of view. Eleven patients have been followed for 1 year after discontinuation of DPH, and the findings were largely unchanged from the 3-month follow-up examination. Before the drug was withdrawn, seven patients exhibited deposits of immunoglobulins at the dermo-epidermal junction and in vessel walls. At the end of 1 year such deposits were found in only three patients, all of whom were on another antiepileptic drug.", "PMID": 495042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2262", "title": "A numerical scoring system for the classification of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A simple, numerical system for the classification of multiple sclerosis into probable and definite categories is proposed. This system is based upon the analysis of the clinical symptomatology of 111 autopsy-proved cases of the disease from England, Norway and the United States. It is not designed to be used as an aid in the diagnosis and should be applied only to those cases where multiple sclerosis is suspected. It permits the incorporation of data obtained by means of evoked responses studies, psychological evaluations and other methods for confirming anamnestic information or delineating some asymptomatic lesions. The numerical system also provides a means for plotting the temporal evolution of the disease strictly in terms of the appearance of new signs and symptoms since recurrences of previously experienced symptoms cannot be scored; thus it has the advantage of not allowing so-called exacerbation due to physiological or psychological factors to falsely suggest disease progression or activity. The major use of this scoring system is to provide a reasonably reliable means of comparing epidemiologic data from different investigators by more clearly defining the probable and definite categories.", "contents": "A numerical scoring system for the classification of multiple sclerosis. A simple, numerical system for the classification of multiple sclerosis into probable and definite categories is proposed. This system is based upon the analysis of the clinical symptomatology of 111 autopsy-proved cases of the disease from England, Norway and the United States. It is not designed to be used as an aid in the diagnosis and should be applied only to those cases where multiple sclerosis is suspected. It permits the incorporation of data obtained by means of evoked responses studies, psychological evaluations and other methods for confirming anamnestic information or delineating some asymptomatic lesions. The numerical system also provides a means for plotting the temporal evolution of the disease strictly in terms of the appearance of new signs and symptoms since recurrences of previously experienced symptoms cannot be scored; thus it has the advantage of not allowing so-called exacerbation due to physiological or psychological factors to falsely suggest disease progression or activity. The major use of this scoring system is to provide a reasonably reliable means of comparing epidemiologic data from different investigators by more clearly defining the probable and definite categories.", "PMID": 495043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2263", "title": "Study of epidemiological and etiological factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Florence, Italy.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on 83 patients living in the province of Florence (central Italy) showed an incidence of 0.714 X 100,000 inhabitants and a prevalence of 2.142 X 100,000 inhabitants. The disease was found to be more prevalent in males (sex ratio 1.3--1). Average age of onset was 59 years (57 +/- 4 for males and 61.6 +/- 3 for females). No particular geographical distribution was noted. 59 % of the patients presented the conventional amyotrophic form, while 10 % and 30 % were those with the bulbar and polyneuritic type, respectively. A survey of the social and economic status showed ALS to be more frequent in manual workers (P less than 0.001). Among all patients 31 % presented evidence of trauma; however only in 15 % of them could the trauma be chronically and topographically related to the onset of ALS. The presence of other diseases associated with ALS was examined but the combination found may be only casual.", "contents": "Study of epidemiological and etiological factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Florence, Italy. An epidemiological survey of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on 83 patients living in the province of Florence (central Italy) showed an incidence of 0.714 X 100,000 inhabitants and a prevalence of 2.142 X 100,000 inhabitants. The disease was found to be more prevalent in males (sex ratio 1.3--1). Average age of onset was 59 years (57 +/- 4 for males and 61.6 +/- 3 for females). No particular geographical distribution was noted. 59 % of the patients presented the conventional amyotrophic form, while 10 % and 30 % were those with the bulbar and polyneuritic type, respectively. A survey of the social and economic status showed ALS to be more frequent in manual workers (P less than 0.001). Among all patients 31 % presented evidence of trauma; however only in 15 % of them could the trauma be chronically and topographically related to the onset of ALS. The presence of other diseases associated with ALS was examined but the combination found may be only casual.", "PMID": 495044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2264", "title": "Association of glycerol to dexamethasone in treatment of stroke patients.", "content": "A prospective study of 93 acute stroke patients randomly selected by type of antiedema treatment given (hypertonic glicerol infusion plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone) failed to elicit any statistically significant difference between the two treatments on survival rates and quality of survival 7 and 30 days after the stroke.", "contents": "Association of glycerol to dexamethasone in treatment of stroke patients. A prospective study of 93 acute stroke patients randomly selected by type of antiedema treatment given (hypertonic glicerol infusion plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone) failed to elicit any statistically significant difference between the two treatments on survival rates and quality of survival 7 and 30 days after the stroke.", "PMID": 495045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2265", "title": "Clinical, psychometric and radiological signs of brain damage in chronic alcoholism.", "content": "A total of 34 male inpatients with advanced chronic alcoholism and a clinical picture of impaired working capacity were examined by pneumoencephalography and 29 of them by psychometric tests. All or almost all (depending on the criteria chosen) showed degenerative changes in the cerebrum and about one-third showed degenerative changes in the cerebellum. All 29 patients who were psychometrically investigated showed signs of cerebral dysfunction. The correlation between the single pneumoencephalographic and psychometric variables was at most 0.46 and abnormalities of the third ventricle showed the highest correlation to the psychometric variables. An overall assessment of the degree of degenerative changes in the cerebrum (pneumoencephalographic findings) and the degree of cerebral dysfunction (psychometric findings) resulted in a correlation of r = 0.54 (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Clinical, psychometric and radiological signs of brain damage in chronic alcoholism. A total of 34 male inpatients with advanced chronic alcoholism and a clinical picture of impaired working capacity were examined by pneumoencephalography and 29 of them by psychometric tests. All or almost all (depending on the criteria chosen) showed degenerative changes in the cerebrum and about one-third showed degenerative changes in the cerebellum. All 29 patients who were psychometrically investigated showed signs of cerebral dysfunction. The correlation between the single pneumoencephalographic and psychometric variables was at most 0.46 and abnormalities of the third ventricle showed the highest correlation to the psychometric variables. An overall assessment of the degree of degenerative changes in the cerebrum (pneumoencephalographic findings) and the degree of cerebral dysfunction (psychometric findings) resulted in a correlation of r = 0.54 (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 495046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2266", "title": "The healing of experimental fractures by compression osteosynthesis. I. Torsional strength.", "content": "Biomechanical properties of osteotomized rabbit tibio-fibular bones fixed with 6-hole stainless steel AO/DCP plates were investigated with torsional loading 3 to 24 weeks postoperatively. During the first 9 weeks maximum torque capacity, energy absorption and torsional rigidity increased, reflecting progressive bony union between the fractured bone ends. From 9 to 24 weeks the values of torque capacity and energy absorption decreased, whereas torsional rigidity seemed to reach a steady state without further significant changes. For the three parameters considered, the mean percentage differences between the osteotomized plated bones and their paired-sham-operated controls were 69, 64 and 80 per cent, respectively. The results suggest that internal fixation of fractured bones provides conditions for undisturbed fracture healing, but that subsequently the rigid nature of the implant has an adverse effect on the cortical bone, which slowly loses strength. Thus the optimal time for removal of the plate seems to be shortly after the fracture has healed and before the bony tissue had been weakened by secondary changes, such as cancellous transformation and spatial rearrangement of the tubular bone.", "contents": "The healing of experimental fractures by compression osteosynthesis. I. Torsional strength. Biomechanical properties of osteotomized rabbit tibio-fibular bones fixed with 6-hole stainless steel AO/DCP plates were investigated with torsional loading 3 to 24 weeks postoperatively. During the first 9 weeks maximum torque capacity, energy absorption and torsional rigidity increased, reflecting progressive bony union between the fractured bone ends. From 9 to 24 weeks the values of torque capacity and energy absorption decreased, whereas torsional rigidity seemed to reach a steady state without further significant changes. For the three parameters considered, the mean percentage differences between the osteotomized plated bones and their paired-sham-operated controls were 69, 64 and 80 per cent, respectively. The results suggest that internal fixation of fractured bones provides conditions for undisturbed fracture healing, but that subsequently the rigid nature of the implant has an adverse effect on the cortical bone, which slowly loses strength. Thus the optimal time for removal of the plate seems to be shortly after the fracture has healed and before the bony tissue had been weakened by secondary changes, such as cancellous transformation and spatial rearrangement of the tubular bone.", "PMID": 495057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2267", "title": "The healing of experimental fractures by compression osteosynthesis. II. Morphometric and chemical analysis.", "content": "The effects of rigid plate fixation on the structure and chemical composition of bones during healing of experimental fractures were studied by morphometric and chemical analysis at intervals of 3 to 24 weeks after attachment of six-hole AO plates to osteotomized rabbit tibiae. After fracture union gradual porotic transformation could be observed from 9 weeks onwards, with rapid excavation and breakdown of the cortical wall. During the study over 24 weeks the degree of porosity increased from 9.0 +/- 4.8 per cent to 37.5 +/- 10.2 per cent (P less than 0.001). This osteoporosis was accompanied by formation of new subperiosteal bone. The changes in the tubular bone led to a progressive increase in overall diameter and in the area occupied by the medullary cavity throughout the experiment. In the osteotomy area increased values were found for the content of hexosamines and the ratio of hexosamines to hydroxyproline at 3 weeks, indicating formation of connective tissue in the fracture area. Later on, no chemical signs of callus formation could be detected. In spite of the slight increase in the content by hydroxyproline, reflecting the formation of new bone subperiosteally, the chemical composition of the unresorbed cortical bone remained unchanged.", "contents": "The healing of experimental fractures by compression osteosynthesis. II. Morphometric and chemical analysis. The effects of rigid plate fixation on the structure and chemical composition of bones during healing of experimental fractures were studied by morphometric and chemical analysis at intervals of 3 to 24 weeks after attachment of six-hole AO plates to osteotomized rabbit tibiae. After fracture union gradual porotic transformation could be observed from 9 weeks onwards, with rapid excavation and breakdown of the cortical wall. During the study over 24 weeks the degree of porosity increased from 9.0 +/- 4.8 per cent to 37.5 +/- 10.2 per cent (P less than 0.001). This osteoporosis was accompanied by formation of new subperiosteal bone. The changes in the tubular bone led to a progressive increase in overall diameter and in the area occupied by the medullary cavity throughout the experiment. In the osteotomy area increased values were found for the content of hexosamines and the ratio of hexosamines to hydroxyproline at 3 weeks, indicating formation of connective tissue in the fracture area. Later on, no chemical signs of callus formation could be detected. In spite of the slight increase in the content by hydroxyproline, reflecting the formation of new bone subperiosteally, the chemical composition of the unresorbed cortical bone remained unchanged.", "PMID": 495058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2268", "title": "Fracture healing in rabbits after osteotomy using the CO2 laser.", "content": "Fracture healing was studied in 28 rabbits after their femurs had been osteomized using the carbon dioxide laser. Twenty rabbits whose femurs were osteotomized by means of a Gigli saw served as the control group. Fracture healing was initially delayed in the laser cut femurs, yet after 60 days no significant difference between the groups could be detected. The initial delay was caused by thermal damage to the laser cut bone edges. Further fragmentation of the damaged bone occurred during the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Fracture healing in rabbits after osteotomy using the CO2 laser. Fracture healing was studied in 28 rabbits after their femurs had been osteomized using the carbon dioxide laser. Twenty rabbits whose femurs were osteotomized by means of a Gigli saw served as the control group. Fracture healing was initially delayed in the laser cut femurs, yet after 60 days no significant difference between the groups could be detected. The initial delay was caused by thermal damage to the laser cut bone edges. Further fragmentation of the damaged bone occurred during the immediate postoperative period.", "PMID": 495059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2269", "title": "Assessment of fracture healing by vibration.", "content": "The wave signal from percussion of a bone (i.e. percussion-note) has been used to evaluate the extent of bony consolidation after fracture. Forty-one cases with a fresh tibial fracture and eight cases of delayed union of the tibia were investigated. The medial malleolus of the tibia was struck with a tapper and the vibration signal was picked up at the medial region of the tibial tuberosity. The changes in the signal waveform of the percussion-note with time were investigated. As healing proceeds, the signal waveform of the fractured bone approaches that of intact bone. In cases of delayed union, the character of the wave does not improve sufficiently with time. The authors are convinced that this is a promising new method for the early diagnosis of delayed union.", "contents": "Assessment of fracture healing by vibration. The wave signal from percussion of a bone (i.e. percussion-note) has been used to evaluate the extent of bony consolidation after fracture. Forty-one cases with a fresh tibial fracture and eight cases of delayed union of the tibia were investigated. The medial malleolus of the tibia was struck with a tapper and the vibration signal was picked up at the medial region of the tibial tuberosity. The changes in the signal waveform of the percussion-note with time were investigated. As healing proceeds, the signal waveform of the fractured bone approaches that of intact bone. In cases of delayed union, the character of the wave does not improve sufficiently with time. The authors are convinced that this is a promising new method for the early diagnosis of delayed union.", "PMID": 495060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2270", "title": "The vascularization in the amputation stumps of rabbits. A microangiographic study.", "content": "With the aid of microangiography the vascularization in the amputation stumps of 108 rabbits was studied, both in extremities with normal circulation and in those supplied with collaterals. It was found that the vascularization of the normal leg was altered by amputation, with the development of newly-formed, pathological, spirally-twisted vessels. Closure of the stump with myoplasty, however, counteracted this vessel formation, and hypervascularization took place through normal arteries. After amputation of extremities supplied with collaterals, the influence of amputation on collateral function and vascularization in the amputation stump was dependent on the time interval between arterial occlusion and amputation.", "contents": "The vascularization in the amputation stumps of rabbits. A microangiographic study. With the aid of microangiography the vascularization in the amputation stumps of 108 rabbits was studied, both in extremities with normal circulation and in those supplied with collaterals. It was found that the vascularization of the normal leg was altered by amputation, with the development of newly-formed, pathological, spirally-twisted vessels. Closure of the stump with myoplasty, however, counteracted this vessel formation, and hypervascularization took place through normal arteries. After amputation of extremities supplied with collaterals, the influence of amputation on collateral function and vascularization in the amputation stump was dependent on the time interval between arterial occlusion and amputation.", "PMID": 495061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2271", "title": "A late neurologic complication of scoliosis surgery in connection with syringomyelia.", "content": "A case of scoliosis in connection with syringomyelia is described. Theories are proposed to explain the progression of the neurological symptoms after surgical correction and fusion of the deformity. Special points are emphasized that will aid in the recognition of syringomyelia in scoliosis patients. i) Abnormal neurology, in particular a dissociated disturbance of pain and temperature in the upper extremity. ii) Abnormal localization of a scoliosis curve. iii) Rapid progression of the scoliosis. iv) Bony anomalies of the upper cervical spine. v) Increased diameter of the cervical spinal canal.", "contents": "A late neurologic complication of scoliosis surgery in connection with syringomyelia. A case of scoliosis in connection with syringomyelia is described. Theories are proposed to explain the progression of the neurological symptoms after surgical correction and fusion of the deformity. Special points are emphasized that will aid in the recognition of syringomyelia in scoliosis patients. i) Abnormal neurology, in particular a dissociated disturbance of pain and temperature in the upper extremity. ii) Abnormal localization of a scoliosis curve. iii) Rapid progression of the scoliosis. iv) Bony anomalies of the upper cervical spine. v) Increased diameter of the cervical spinal canal.", "PMID": 495062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2272", "title": "Controlled hypotension in hip joint surgery. An assessment of surgical haemorrhage during sodium nitroprusside infusion.", "content": "Controlled hypotension, combined with light balanced anaesthesia, was employed during total hip replacement operations on 25 patients. Sodium nitroprusside (Nipride, Roche), in the form of a 0.01 per cent (100 micrograms/ml) infusion, was used as a hypotensive agent. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was lowered from 108 to 64 mmHg (range 60--70) (P less than 0.001). The average blood loss during the operations was 212 ml and none of the patients required homologous blood transfusion. In comparison with 25 normotensive patients undergoing similar surgery, the difference in the mean volume of haemorrhage between the two groups was 826 ml (P less than 0.001). The difference in the total haemorrhage, however, between the same two groups was 518 ml (mean) (P less than 0.01). The results were compared with those of another investigation in which epidural anaesthesia was used to diminish bleeding during surgery on the hip.", "contents": "Controlled hypotension in hip joint surgery. An assessment of surgical haemorrhage during sodium nitroprusside infusion. Controlled hypotension, combined with light balanced anaesthesia, was employed during total hip replacement operations on 25 patients. Sodium nitroprusside (Nipride, Roche), in the form of a 0.01 per cent (100 micrograms/ml) infusion, was used as a hypotensive agent. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was lowered from 108 to 64 mmHg (range 60--70) (P less than 0.001). The average blood loss during the operations was 212 ml and none of the patients required homologous blood transfusion. In comparison with 25 normotensive patients undergoing similar surgery, the difference in the mean volume of haemorrhage between the two groups was 826 ml (P less than 0.001). The difference in the total haemorrhage, however, between the same two groups was 518 ml (mean) (P less than 0.01). The results were compared with those of another investigation in which epidural anaesthesia was used to diminish bleeding during surgery on the hip.", "PMID": 495063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2273", "title": "Osteosynthesis of displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A comparison between Smith-Petersen Osteosynthesis and sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis -- a radiological study.", "content": "Smith-Petersen osteosynthesis has been compared with sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis in a prospectively planned, randomized, follow-up study of 197 cases of displaced medial fractures of the femoral neck. A total of 131 patients were followed for more than 2 years. After Smith-Petersen osteosynthesis 66 per cent of the fractures united and after sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis 77 per cent united. The results showed that the choice of fixation devices is of minor importance compared with exact reduction of the fracture and optimal positioning of the nail.", "contents": "Osteosynthesis of displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A comparison between Smith-Petersen Osteosynthesis and sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis -- a radiological study. Smith-Petersen osteosynthesis has been compared with sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis in a prospectively planned, randomized, follow-up study of 197 cases of displaced medial fractures of the femoral neck. A total of 131 patients were followed for more than 2 years. After Smith-Petersen osteosynthesis 66 per cent of the fractures united and after sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis 77 per cent united. The results showed that the choice of fixation devices is of minor importance compared with exact reduction of the fracture and optimal positioning of the nail.", "PMID": 495064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2274", "title": "Subcapital fractures of the femur. Re-operations with internal fixation.", "content": "Over a period of 5 years, 55 re-operations with internal fixation were performed on 51 patients. The re-operations constituted 9.2 per cent of all operations employing internal fixation for subcapital fractures of the femur during that period. The indications for re-nailing were penetration of the nail through the femoral head, or slipping of the nail, with or without dislocation of the fracture. Only 26 per cent of the re-nailed fractures healed. Seventy-three per cent showed avascular necrosis and 61 per cent non-union.", "contents": "Subcapital fractures of the femur. Re-operations with internal fixation. Over a period of 5 years, 55 re-operations with internal fixation were performed on 51 patients. The re-operations constituted 9.2 per cent of all operations employing internal fixation for subcapital fractures of the femur during that period. The indications for re-nailing were penetration of the nail through the femoral head, or slipping of the nail, with or without dislocation of the fracture. Only 26 per cent of the re-nailed fractures healed. Seventy-three per cent showed avascular necrosis and 61 per cent non-union.", "PMID": 495065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2275", "title": "Total hip replacement by the M\u00fcller-Charnley prosthesis. A follow-up study of 238 operations after 2 to 7 years.", "content": "A prospective study of 238 total hip replacements, with the M\u00fcller prosthesis, is presented. The complications in the total material and the results in 216 hips with follow-up times from 2 to 7 years are described. Eighty-four per cent of the hips were free from significant pain and 64 per cent had a total range of motion exceeding 160 degrees. Aseptic loosening of the femoral component, entailing reimplantation, has occurred in 6.7 per cent and, in addition, 9.2 per cent show radiological evidence of deterioration of the fixation of the femoral component. No deep infection has been encountered. None of the hips has ended as an excision arthroplasty.", "contents": "Total hip replacement by the M\u00fcller-Charnley prosthesis. A follow-up study of 238 operations after 2 to 7 years. A prospective study of 238 total hip replacements, with the M\u00fcller prosthesis, is presented. The complications in the total material and the results in 216 hips with follow-up times from 2 to 7 years are described. Eighty-four per cent of the hips were free from significant pain and 64 per cent had a total range of motion exceeding 160 degrees. Aseptic loosening of the femoral component, entailing reimplantation, has occurred in 6.7 per cent and, in addition, 9.2 per cent show radiological evidence of deterioration of the fixation of the femoral component. No deep infection has been encountered. None of the hips has ended as an excision arthroplasty.", "PMID": 495066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2276", "title": "Significance of free-dorsiflexion of the toes in walking.", "content": "Dissection reveals that the ball of the foot contains a connective tissue framework with transverse, vertical, and sagittal fibers, all connecting the skin with the proximal phalanges of the toes. Dorsiflexion of the toes tightens the framework and thereby restricts passive movements of the skin, enabling shear forces to be transferred to the skeleton. An electromechanical oscillator was constructed that applied oscillatory shear forces of constant amplitude (+/- 0.2 N) to the skin and at the same time measured the resulting motions. It was found that the toes should be dorsiflexed by 35--40 degrees to restrict skin mobility to 50 per cent and by 50 degrees to restrict it maximally. The results were compared to actual dorsiflexions of toes during walking. These dorsiflexions were measured on slow motion film and with still pictures with light tracks formed by light emitting diodes. Maximal dorsiflexion during push off was found to be 60 degrees for feet walking without shoes, 45--50 degrees for feet walking in soft shoes, and 25--30 degrees for feet walking in a stiff shoe of the minus-heel type. Dorsiflexion was further found significant for arch support and for the mechanics of the forefoot during push-off.", "contents": "Significance of free-dorsiflexion of the toes in walking. Dissection reveals that the ball of the foot contains a connective tissue framework with transverse, vertical, and sagittal fibers, all connecting the skin with the proximal phalanges of the toes. Dorsiflexion of the toes tightens the framework and thereby restricts passive movements of the skin, enabling shear forces to be transferred to the skeleton. An electromechanical oscillator was constructed that applied oscillatory shear forces of constant amplitude (+/- 0.2 N) to the skin and at the same time measured the resulting motions. It was found that the toes should be dorsiflexed by 35--40 degrees to restrict skin mobility to 50 per cent and by 50 degrees to restrict it maximally. The results were compared to actual dorsiflexions of toes during walking. These dorsiflexions were measured on slow motion film and with still pictures with light tracks formed by light emitting diodes. Maximal dorsiflexion during push off was found to be 60 degrees for feet walking without shoes, 45--50 degrees for feet walking in soft shoes, and 25--30 degrees for feet walking in a stiff shoe of the minus-heel type. Dorsiflexion was further found significant for arch support and for the mechanics of the forefoot during push-off.", "PMID": 495067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2277", "title": "Hair cell condition and auditory nerve response in normal and noise-damaged cochleas.", "content": "Histological and physiological data are presented from cats born and raised in a low-noise environment and from cats with long-standing, noise-induced threshold shifts. Even after a 1 1/2-year survival from acoustic trauma, there were threshold elevations of roughly 40 dB in the response of single auditory-nerve fibers which could not be correlated with significant loss of hair cells. An attempt was made to correlate these threshold differences with differences in the condition of the sensory cells as seen in a light-microscopic examination of epon-embedded surface preparations. Of all the histological features evaluated, the orderlines of the stereocilia, on both inner and outer hair cells, showed the closest correlation with single-unit thresholds. In the final analysis, most of threshold shift in the noise-exposed ears could be accounted for by loss or damage to sensory cells clearly visible under the light microscope.", "contents": "Hair cell condition and auditory nerve response in normal and noise-damaged cochleas. Histological and physiological data are presented from cats born and raised in a low-noise environment and from cats with long-standing, noise-induced threshold shifts. Even after a 1 1/2-year survival from acoustic trauma, there were threshold elevations of roughly 40 dB in the response of single auditory-nerve fibers which could not be correlated with significant loss of hair cells. An attempt was made to correlate these threshold differences with differences in the condition of the sensory cells as seen in a light-microscopic examination of epon-embedded surface preparations. Of all the histological features evaluated, the orderlines of the stereocilia, on both inner and outer hair cells, showed the closest correlation with single-unit thresholds. In the final analysis, most of threshold shift in the noise-exposed ears could be accounted for by loss or damage to sensory cells clearly visible under the light microscope.", "PMID": 495068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2278", "title": "Structural changes in the organ of Corti of the guinea pig after obstruction of the arterial blood flow to the inner ear.", "content": "Forty-one young guinea pigs were studied after obstruction of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in order to ascertain the effects on the surface specimen of the organ of Corti. Most of the animals had damage in the third and fourth turns (22) and a minority of these had dizziness and destruction nystagmus (3). Our hypothesis is that one of the causes of Meniere's disease is an interference with the inner ear circulation, and our plans for testing this hypothesis are given.", "contents": "Structural changes in the organ of Corti of the guinea pig after obstruction of the arterial blood flow to the inner ear. Forty-one young guinea pigs were studied after obstruction of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in order to ascertain the effects on the surface specimen of the organ of Corti. Most of the animals had damage in the third and fourth turns (22) and a minority of these had dizziness and destruction nystagmus (3). Our hypothesis is that one of the causes of Meniere's disease is an interference with the inner ear circulation, and our plans for testing this hypothesis are given.", "PMID": 495069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2279", "title": "Further studies of the membrane potential of the stria cells of the guinea pig in vitro.", "content": "Negative membrane potentials from the stria vascularis of the guinea pig have been recorded in vivo.  Stable negative membrane potentials from the stria cells have also been recorded for as long as 2 minutes in vitro.  They varied from -20 mV to -49 mV, irrespective of whether the stria vascularis was immersed in Ringer's solution for in K-Ringer's solution (approximately to the composition of an endolymph). Labelling of the inserted stria cells from which the membrane potential had been recorded demonstrated that the microelectrode tip was inside the cell. These cells will continue to show electrical activity for some time when immersed in suitable media.", "contents": "Further studies of the membrane potential of the stria cells of the guinea pig in vitro. Negative membrane potentials from the stria vascularis of the guinea pig have been recorded in vivo.  Stable negative membrane potentials from the stria cells have also been recorded for as long as 2 minutes in vitro.  They varied from -20 mV to -49 mV, irrespective of whether the stria vascularis was immersed in Ringer's solution for in K-Ringer's solution (approximately to the composition of an endolymph). Labelling of the inserted stria cells from which the membrane potential had been recorded demonstrated that the microelectrode tip was inside the cell. These cells will continue to show electrical activity for some time when immersed in suitable media.", "PMID": 495070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2280", "title": "The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on perilymphatic flow in the opened cochlea.", "content": "Scala tympani of guinea pigs was perfused with elevated potassium solutions whose concentraus recovery, the concentration curve showed a 'break' approximately 3 min after perfusion ceased. When the CSF pressure was released by opening the cisterna magna, cochlear flow was markedly reduced, and the recovery curve became smoothly exponential, following a much slower return to control levels. This finding lends support to the idea proposed by Moscovitch, Gannon & Laszlo (1973) that longitudinal flow of CSF contributes to perilymph efflux in the patent cochlea.", "contents": "The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on perilymphatic flow in the opened cochlea. Scala tympani of guinea pigs was perfused with elevated potassium solutions whose concentraus recovery, the concentration curve showed a 'break' approximately 3 min after perfusion ceased. When the CSF pressure was released by opening the cisterna magna, cochlear flow was markedly reduced, and the recovery curve became smoothly exponential, following a much slower return to control levels. This finding lends support to the idea proposed by Moscovitch, Gannon & Laszlo (1973) that longitudinal flow of CSF contributes to perilymph efflux in the patent cochlea.", "PMID": 495071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2281", "title": "The uptake of methyl mercury in guinea pig cochlea in relation to its ototoxic effect.", "content": "Guinea pigs were treated for 7 days by daily subcutaneous injection of methyl mercury chloride labeled with 14C, the total dose of which was 17 mg Hg/kg. In these animals the cochlear microphonics and whole-nerve action potentials were suppressed in the basal turn but there was no marked losses in the third turn of the cochlea. The endocochlear potential was not decreased in magnitude. At the end of the treatment there was no accumulation of mercury in the perilymph, endolymph and cerebrospinal fluid. Uptake and elimination of mercury in the cochlear fluids were studied in guinea pigs which were treated by a single intravenous injection of 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury, the dose of which ranged from 0.2 to 17 mg Hg/kg. The results indicated that mercury concentration ratio of the blood relative to cochlear fluids was comparable with the blood to plasma ratio reported previously. In contrast to lack of accumulation in the extra cellular environment, it is likely that tissues of the sensory end organs in the cochlea accumulated methyl mercury.", "contents": "The uptake of methyl mercury in guinea pig cochlea in relation to its ototoxic effect. Guinea pigs were treated for 7 days by daily subcutaneous injection of methyl mercury chloride labeled with 14C, the total dose of which was 17 mg Hg/kg. In these animals the cochlear microphonics and whole-nerve action potentials were suppressed in the basal turn but there was no marked losses in the third turn of the cochlea. The endocochlear potential was not decreased in magnitude. At the end of the treatment there was no accumulation of mercury in the perilymph, endolymph and cerebrospinal fluid. Uptake and elimination of mercury in the cochlear fluids were studied in guinea pigs which were treated by a single intravenous injection of 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury, the dose of which ranged from 0.2 to 17 mg Hg/kg. The results indicated that mercury concentration ratio of the blood relative to cochlear fluids was comparable with the blood to plasma ratio reported previously. In contrast to lack of accumulation in the extra cellular environment, it is likely that tissues of the sensory end organs in the cochlea accumulated methyl mercury.", "PMID": 495072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2282", "title": "Extracorporeal preservation. Organ culture of the post-natal mammalian inner ear.", "content": "Postnatal (newborn and mature) inner ear organs from CBA/CBA mouse and guinea pig were analysed concerning hair cell survival in an in vitro system. After only a few days in the artificial surroundings a transformation of hair cell characteristics occurred, in the form of either loss of sensory hairs (cochlear hair cells) or hair fusion (vestibular hair cells), although the hair cell itselt survived for a considerably longer time. Intracellular myelin figures became evident after 2--3 days in culture. However, a considerable individual variation among hair cells was observed concerning the ultrastructure of the cell at this stag in vitro. Completely normal hair cells could in rare cases be recognised after 1 week in organ culture (cochlear inner hair cells of the CBA/CBA mouse). Loss of the surface structures of the hair cells is likely to constitute an irreversible transformation not in agreement with the true hair cell characteristics.", "contents": "Extracorporeal preservation. Organ culture of the post-natal mammalian inner ear. Postnatal (newborn and mature) inner ear organs from CBA/CBA mouse and guinea pig were analysed concerning hair cell survival in an in vitro system. After only a few days in the artificial surroundings a transformation of hair cell characteristics occurred, in the form of either loss of sensory hairs (cochlear hair cells) or hair fusion (vestibular hair cells), although the hair cell itselt survived for a considerably longer time. Intracellular myelin figures became evident after 2--3 days in culture. However, a considerable individual variation among hair cells was observed concerning the ultrastructure of the cell at this stag in vitro. Completely normal hair cells could in rare cases be recognised after 1 week in organ culture (cochlear inner hair cells of the CBA/CBA mouse). Loss of the surface structures of the hair cells is likely to constitute an irreversible transformation not in agreement with the true hair cell characteristics.", "PMID": 495073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2283", "title": "Perennial atopic rhinitis as an early stage of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Etiologic factors and incidence of bronchial hyperreactivity as a 'stigma' of bronchial asthma were studied in 237 patients suffering from perennial atopic rhinitis. All pateints underwent detailed laryngologic and allergologic examiniation and pulmonary function tests at rest, after exercise, and after histamine inhalation. Most often the patients were sensitized tungal allergens. Bronchial hyperreactivity, typical of bronchial asthma, was observed in 48.52% of patients. Results were analysed statistically. It was concluded that early institution of causal therapy can cure the symptoms of rhinitis and prevent evolution of the disease into atopic bronchial asthma in patients already suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity.", "contents": "Perennial atopic rhinitis as an early stage of bronchial asthma. Etiologic factors and incidence of bronchial hyperreactivity as a 'stigma' of bronchial asthma were studied in 237 patients suffering from perennial atopic rhinitis. All pateints underwent detailed laryngologic and allergologic examiniation and pulmonary function tests at rest, after exercise, and after histamine inhalation. Most often the patients were sensitized tungal allergens. Bronchial hyperreactivity, typical of bronchial asthma, was observed in 48.52% of patients. Results were analysed statistically. It was concluded that early institution of causal therapy can cure the symptoms of rhinitis and prevent evolution of the disease into atopic bronchial asthma in patients already suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity.", "PMID": 495074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2284", "title": "Postural variations in nasal resistance and symptomatology in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Variations in nasal resistance (NR) which was induced by positional change of the head were examined in 15 normal subjects and 15 patients with allergic rhinitis. Nasal symptoms were also observed in 15 patients and nasal symptom scores were calculated. Concerning the postural variations of NR, patients with allergic rhinitis showed much more remarkable change than normal subjects. Nasal symptom scores of all patients decreased after nasal insufflation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate for 2 weeks. Coincidence between improvement in postural variations of NR and that of nasal symptom score was not always seen in each patient. However, as a mean value of 15 patients, postural variations of NR improved after nasal insufflation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate.", "contents": "Postural variations in nasal resistance and symptomatology in allergic rhinitis. Variations in nasal resistance (NR) which was induced by positional change of the head were examined in 15 normal subjects and 15 patients with allergic rhinitis. Nasal symptoms were also observed in 15 patients and nasal symptom scores were calculated. Concerning the postural variations of NR, patients with allergic rhinitis showed much more remarkable change than normal subjects. Nasal symptom scores of all patients decreased after nasal insufflation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate for 2 weeks. Coincidence between improvement in postural variations of NR and that of nasal symptom score was not always seen in each patient. However, as a mean value of 15 patients, postural variations of NR improved after nasal insufflation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate.", "PMID": 495075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2285", "title": "Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx.", "content": "Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx is a simple and rapid procedure. The inspection can be made through the nose. This method is recommended for screening. If abnormalities of the nasopharynx are disclosed and are to be studied in detail, and particularly if such abnormalities are to be documented photographically, it is necessary to inspect them through the oropharynx while the soft palate is drawn forward. It is possible under direct vision to take representative biopsy specimens, and it is easy to take photographs for the purpose of documentation, comparison and education. This procedure can to a great extent replace diagnostic excision of tissue from the nasopharynx under general anaesthesia. Especially with a view to early diagnosis of malignant disease of the masopharynx, it is important to extend the use of this method, which can be performed with little discomfort to the patient.", "contents": "Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx. Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx is a simple and rapid procedure. The inspection can be made through the nose. This method is recommended for screening. If abnormalities of the nasopharynx are disclosed and are to be studied in detail, and particularly if such abnormalities are to be documented photographically, it is necessary to inspect them through the oropharynx while the soft palate is drawn forward. It is possible under direct vision to take representative biopsy specimens, and it is easy to take photographs for the purpose of documentation, comparison and education. This procedure can to a great extent replace diagnostic excision of tissue from the nasopharynx under general anaesthesia. Especially with a view to early diagnosis of malignant disease of the masopharynx, it is important to extend the use of this method, which can be performed with little discomfort to the patient.", "PMID": 495076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2286", "title": "Rhinoscopical findings in nickel workers, with special emphasis on the influence of nickel exposure and smoking habits.", "content": "Rhinoscopy and X-ray examination were performed on 318 nickel workers and 57 controls, to study the significance of these methods in detecting cancerous and precancerous mucosal changes. The clinical and radiological findings were compared with histopathological data and mucosal nickel concentrations determined in nasal biopsy material from the middle turbinate, with duration of nickel exposure, and with tobacco smoking habitl changes (43%) than the controls (26%), (0.01 less than P less than 0.02), mainly due to differences in frequency of hyperplastic rhinitis. Thirteen nickel workers (4%) had nasal polyps. Two of these cases, both employed at the nickel refinery for 28 years, appeared to have nasal carcinoma, according to histological examination. No distinct association was established between rhinoscopical findings and epithelial dysplasia found by histological examination. The explanatory values for the rhinoscopical findings of different factors, such as working category age, duration of nickel exposure, grams tobacco smoked per week, and nickel content of nasal mucosa, were evaluated by applying a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Number of years from first employment at the nickel refinery and tobacco consumption were the only explanatory factors that showed a statistically significant correlation to the rhinoscopical findings. The radiological examination revealed few characteristics findings. Chemical analysis of cigarettes handrolled by nickel workers showed high nickel concentrations compared with non-contaminated cigarettes.", "contents": "Rhinoscopical findings in nickel workers, with special emphasis on the influence of nickel exposure and smoking habits. Rhinoscopy and X-ray examination were performed on 318 nickel workers and 57 controls, to study the significance of these methods in detecting cancerous and precancerous mucosal changes. The clinical and radiological findings were compared with histopathological data and mucosal nickel concentrations determined in nasal biopsy material from the middle turbinate, with duration of nickel exposure, and with tobacco smoking habitl changes (43%) than the controls (26%), (0.01 less than P less than 0.02), mainly due to differences in frequency of hyperplastic rhinitis. Thirteen nickel workers (4%) had nasal polyps. Two of these cases, both employed at the nickel refinery for 28 years, appeared to have nasal carcinoma, according to histological examination. No distinct association was established between rhinoscopical findings and epithelial dysplasia found by histological examination. The explanatory values for the rhinoscopical findings of different factors, such as working category age, duration of nickel exposure, grams tobacco smoked per week, and nickel content of nasal mucosa, were evaluated by applying a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Number of years from first employment at the nickel refinery and tobacco consumption were the only explanatory factors that showed a statistically significant correlation to the rhinoscopical findings. The radiological examination revealed few characteristics findings. Chemical analysis of cigarettes handrolled by nickel workers showed high nickel concentrations compared with non-contaminated cigarettes.", "PMID": 495077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2287", "title": "Carcinoma occurring in branchial cleft cysts.", "content": "In order to find histological data in the differentiation between branchial cleft carcinomas and metastatic carcinomas, the specimens from 154 patients with branchial cleft cysts and 7 patients with an isolated tumour in the neck with unknown primary tumour were reviewed and compared with 10 normal lymph nodes. Absence of lymph node structures as peripheral lobulation, internodular trabeculae and perinodular sinuses in branchial cleft cystc, are found valuable for distinguishing primary carcinoma of branchial cleft cysts from metastases. A correct diagnosis of this rare tumour is important in order to avoid overtreatment of these patients, who have a good prognosis if treated with surgical excision only.", "contents": "Carcinoma occurring in branchial cleft cysts. In order to find histological data in the differentiation between branchial cleft carcinomas and metastatic carcinomas, the specimens from 154 patients with branchial cleft cysts and 7 patients with an isolated tumour in the neck with unknown primary tumour were reviewed and compared with 10 normal lymph nodes. Absence of lymph node structures as peripheral lobulation, internodular trabeculae and perinodular sinuses in branchial cleft cystc, are found valuable for distinguishing primary carcinoma of branchial cleft cysts from metastases. A correct diagnosis of this rare tumour is important in order to avoid overtreatment of these patients, who have a good prognosis if treated with surgical excision only.", "PMID": 495078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2288", "title": "Inherited congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, congenital bilateral vertical talus and increased interocular distance.", "content": "Six out of twenty descendants of a reportedly affected grandfather have congenital bilateral symmetrical and isolated subtotal atresia of the external auditory canal. Four of the six affected descendants have bilateral foot anomalies--two affected cousins having congenital vertical talus. All of the three affected boys in the third generation have increased interocular distance. Short fifth fingers, bilateral single transverse palmar creases, pyloric stenosis and congenital exotropia were found infrequently and are considered coincidental features. Apart from the atresia, oto-rhinolaryngologic examination, mental function, dermatoglyphics, IgA, kidney function and heart function of the affected descendants were all normal. The karyotype of four affected descendants examined was normal. An autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity is suggested.", "contents": "Inherited congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, congenital bilateral vertical talus and increased interocular distance. Six out of twenty descendants of a reportedly affected grandfather have congenital bilateral symmetrical and isolated subtotal atresia of the external auditory canal. Four of the six affected descendants have bilateral foot anomalies--two affected cousins having congenital vertical talus. All of the three affected boys in the third generation have increased interocular distance. Short fifth fingers, bilateral single transverse palmar creases, pyloric stenosis and congenital exotropia were found infrequently and are considered coincidental features. Apart from the atresia, oto-rhinolaryngologic examination, mental function, dermatoglyphics, IgA, kidney function and heart function of the affected descendants were all normal. The karyotype of four affected descendants examined was normal. An autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity is suggested.", "PMID": 495079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2289", "title": "Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy.", "content": "Thirty-nine cases of congenital facial asymmetry, in which one corner of the mouth does not dip downward symmetrically with the other, are presented. The author has termed this condition 'congenital unilateral lower lip palsy' (CULLP). CULLP was the most frequent condition in congenital facial anomalies seen in our clinic. Complaints were purely cosmetic. No functional disorders in pronouncing labial sounds or in suckling were noticed. As for pathogenesis, an insufficiency of the unilateral depressor labii inferior muscle is the most likely cause. An important point is that the lower lip, when drawn down, is normal, whereas the contralateral lip is paralysed. As far as facial asymmetry is concerned, CULLP is a minor deformity. Nevertheless, possible association with other anomalies must be seriously considered when examining patients, especially neonates. As for treatment, selective facial nerve blocking is successfully done in our clinic.", "contents": "Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy. Thirty-nine cases of congenital facial asymmetry, in which one corner of the mouth does not dip downward symmetrically with the other, are presented. The author has termed this condition 'congenital unilateral lower lip palsy' (CULLP). CULLP was the most frequent condition in congenital facial anomalies seen in our clinic. Complaints were purely cosmetic. No functional disorders in pronouncing labial sounds or in suckling were noticed. As for pathogenesis, an insufficiency of the unilateral depressor labii inferior muscle is the most likely cause. An important point is that the lower lip, when drawn down, is normal, whereas the contralateral lip is paralysed. As far as facial asymmetry is concerned, CULLP is a minor deformity. Nevertheless, possible association with other anomalies must be seriously considered when examining patients, especially neonates. As for treatment, selective facial nerve blocking is successfully done in our clinic.", "PMID": 495080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2290", "title": "The pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter after laryngectomy. A manometric investigation.", "content": "The function of the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter in patients subjected to total laryngectomy has been evaluated by manometric measurement, and the results related to the patient's ability to speak with an oesophageal voice, as well as to the occurrence of dysphagia. Seventeen totally laryngectomized patients were studied. The intelligibility of the patient's oesophageal voice was classified according to the scale: good (group IV), middle (group III), poor (group II) and unintelligible (group I). The manometric investigation was carried out with a continuously perfused low compliance system with three side holes, and the results of the patient investigation were compared with those from a normal material. It was possible in three patients only to demonstrate a resting tone corresponding to the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter. The pressure was lower in these patients than in the normal material. No correlation was found between any of the three parameters: sphincter pressure, intelligibility, and the presence of dysphagia.", "contents": "The pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter after laryngectomy. A manometric investigation. The function of the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter in patients subjected to total laryngectomy has been evaluated by manometric measurement, and the results related to the patient's ability to speak with an oesophageal voice, as well as to the occurrence of dysphagia. Seventeen totally laryngectomized patients were studied. The intelligibility of the patient's oesophageal voice was classified according to the scale: good (group IV), middle (group III), poor (group II) and unintelligible (group I). The manometric investigation was carried out with a continuously perfused low compliance system with three side holes, and the results of the patient investigation were compared with those from a normal material. It was possible in three patients only to demonstrate a resting tone corresponding to the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter. The pressure was lower in these patients than in the normal material. No correlation was found between any of the three parameters: sphincter pressure, intelligibility, and the presence of dysphagia.", "PMID": 495081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2291", "title": "[Stereophonic apparatus: our hearing aid test].", "content": "The authors wanted to verify the advantages produced by binaural amplification in the loudness and in the speech identification. To value the improvement in speech identification they used the Jerger's test (1976); and to value the loudness improvement they measured, gain characteristics of the aid with monoaural and binaural amplification. They executed the test on 50 hearing aid users, chosen among 10 and 84 years old, suffering from sensorineural bilateral hearing loss between 40 and 80 dB. It results that : 1. The gain obtained by the use of binaural amplification is 5 dB lower than the one obtained by monoaural. 2. The binaural amplification permits a remarkable advantage in speech identification, the advantage is directly proportionated to deafness. The authors conclude that the described test is valid, simple and that it is possible to apply it by cheap instruments.", "contents": "[Stereophonic apparatus: our hearing aid test]. The authors wanted to verify the advantages produced by binaural amplification in the loudness and in the speech identification. To value the improvement in speech identification they used the Jerger's test (1976); and to value the loudness improvement they measured, gain characteristics of the aid with monoaural and binaural amplification. They executed the test on 50 hearing aid users, chosen among 10 and 84 years old, suffering from sensorineural bilateral hearing loss between 40 and 80 dB. It results that : 1. The gain obtained by the use of binaural amplification is 5 dB lower than the one obtained by monoaural. 2. The binaural amplification permits a remarkable advantage in speech identification, the advantage is directly proportionated to deafness. The authors conclude that the described test is valid, simple and that it is possible to apply it by cheap instruments.", "PMID": 495083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2292", "title": "[Vestibular testing in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's syndrome].", "content": "Extensive vestibular examination was done in fifty patients with unilateral Meni\u00e8re's disease in the interval between the attacks of vertigo. Horizontal and vertical eye-movements were recorded by electro-oculography. In 80% of the significant difference was found in the slow phase velocity of the nystagmus due to caloric stimulation between the normal and pathological ear (mean difference 41% +/- 24,2). A spontaneous nystagmus was found with closed eyes in 58% of the patients with a mean value of 2,5 degrees/sec +/- 1,6 and a positional nystagmus in 76% with a mean value of 2,3 degrees/sec +/- 1,5. Also in the silent phase (between the vertigo-attacks) distinct abnormalities can be found in the vestibular examination tests.", "contents": "[Vestibular testing in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's syndrome]. Extensive vestibular examination was done in fifty patients with unilateral Meni\u00e8re's disease in the interval between the attacks of vertigo. Horizontal and vertical eye-movements were recorded by electro-oculography. In 80% of the significant difference was found in the slow phase velocity of the nystagmus due to caloric stimulation between the normal and pathological ear (mean difference 41% +/- 24,2). A spontaneous nystagmus was found with closed eyes in 58% of the patients with a mean value of 2,5 degrees/sec +/- 1,6 and a positional nystagmus in 76% with a mean value of 2,3 degrees/sec +/- 1,5. Also in the silent phase (between the vertigo-attacks) distinct abnormalities can be found in the vestibular examination tests.", "PMID": 495084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2293", "title": "Vertigo, particularly of vascular origin, treated with flunarizine (R 14 950).", "content": "The antivertiginous properties of flunarizine were evaluated in three consecutive studies --- two open and one double-blind --- in an total of 99 patients showing definite vertigo. Dosage was two tablets (= 20 mg) t.i.d. for three days in Study I (50 patients), 20 mg. t.i.d. for two months in study II (31 patients), and weekly decreasing doses of four, three, two and one (maintenance) tablets of flunarizine or placebo for three months in study III (9/18 patients with vertigo of recent origin). Improvement of vertigo was significant both objectively and subjectively in studies I and II. In study III, objective tests were always clearly in favour of flunarizine, but subjectively, flunarizine was superior only by month two. Vertigo of vascular origin seemed to be a preferential indication for flunarizine treatment. No major side-effects were found in these studies.", "contents": "Vertigo, particularly of vascular origin, treated with flunarizine (R 14 950). The antivertiginous properties of flunarizine were evaluated in three consecutive studies --- two open and one double-blind --- in an total of 99 patients showing definite vertigo. Dosage was two tablets (= 20 mg) t.i.d. for three days in Study I (50 patients), 20 mg. t.i.d. for two months in study II (31 patients), and weekly decreasing doses of four, three, two and one (maintenance) tablets of flunarizine or placebo for three months in study III (9/18 patients with vertigo of recent origin). Improvement of vertigo was significant both objectively and subjectively in studies I and II. In study III, objective tests were always clearly in favour of flunarizine, but subjectively, flunarizine was superior only by month two. Vertigo of vascular origin seemed to be a preferential indication for flunarizine treatment. No major side-effects were found in these studies.", "PMID": 495086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2294", "title": "[Salivary scintigraphy and sialography. Comparison of results in various common disorders].", "content": "We recommend the association of scintigraphy and sialography in salivary glands pathology. The obtained results of both methods are very often complementary or convergent. In case of sialadenitis or dry mouth, it happens that results diverge, but these differences can be explained if one remembers the anatomo-physiological alterations. To prevent a false positive result of atrophy. The scintigraphy must always be realized before sialography. N.B. \"Scintigraphy\" means isotopic sialography. \"Sialography\" means conventional sialography.", "contents": "[Salivary scintigraphy and sialography. Comparison of results in various common disorders]. We recommend the association of scintigraphy and sialography in salivary glands pathology. The obtained results of both methods are very often complementary or convergent. In case of sialadenitis or dry mouth, it happens that results diverge, but these differences can be explained if one remembers the anatomo-physiological alterations. To prevent a false positive result of atrophy. The scintigraphy must always be realized before sialography. N.B. \"Scintigraphy\" means isotopic sialography. \"Sialography\" means conventional sialography.", "PMID": 495087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2295", "title": "Valvular structure at the branching portion of the human aorta.", "content": "The Valvular structure developing at the site from which an artery was given off was examined. The valvular structure consisted mainly of smooth muscle cells, and was found at the openings of such small arteries as the intercostal and lumbar arteries. It was a crescent membrane-like structure extending from the peripheral edge of the opening to the downstream edge. This structure was indistinct in newborn infants, became gradually distinct in infants and stood out in teen-agers. It became rather thick and rounded in human beings more than 20 years of age. With further advance in age, the smooth muscle cells became degenerated and hyalinized with some disappearing eventually. In the valvular structure smooth muscle cells running longitudinally in the same direction as the blood stream were arranged in such a manner as a Venetion blind. This arrangement seemed to suggest that the valvular structure might have some function to adjust the blood stream at the branching portion of the aorta.", "contents": "Valvular structure at the branching portion of the human aorta. The Valvular structure developing at the site from which an artery was given off was examined. The valvular structure consisted mainly of smooth muscle cells, and was found at the openings of such small arteries as the intercostal and lumbar arteries. It was a crescent membrane-like structure extending from the peripheral edge of the opening to the downstream edge. This structure was indistinct in newborn infants, became gradually distinct in infants and stood out in teen-agers. It became rather thick and rounded in human beings more than 20 years of age. With further advance in age, the smooth muscle cells became degenerated and hyalinized with some disappearing eventually. In the valvular structure smooth muscle cells running longitudinally in the same direction as the blood stream were arranged in such a manner as a Venetion blind. This arrangement seemed to suggest that the valvular structure might have some function to adjust the blood stream at the branching portion of the aorta.", "PMID": 495096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2296", "title": "Ultrastructural study of benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla.", "content": "The ultrastructure of benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla in a 14-year-old boy was studied. Morphologically, the tumor tissue was composed of abundant osteoid of a trabecular form, and cellular and vascular connective tissue. The cellular components were osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes entrapped within the osteoid, and small perivascular cells of two types. The small cells of one type were ovoid and had a relatively large nucleus and a dark cytoplasm. The cells of the other type were elliptical and had a clear cytoplasm. The former seemed to be a preosteoblast and the latter could not be identified. The osteoblast was the predominant cell in this lesion and was characterized by the presence of abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and several Golgi complexes. These characteristics indicated the pronounced activity of collagenous fiber synthesis and the matrix of the osteoid tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla. The ultrastructure of benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla in a 14-year-old boy was studied. Morphologically, the tumor tissue was composed of abundant osteoid of a trabecular form, and cellular and vascular connective tissue. The cellular components were osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes entrapped within the osteoid, and small perivascular cells of two types. The small cells of one type were ovoid and had a relatively large nucleus and a dark cytoplasm. The cells of the other type were elliptical and had a clear cytoplasm. The former seemed to be a preosteoblast and the latter could not be identified. The osteoblast was the predominant cell in this lesion and was characterized by the presence of abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and several Golgi complexes. These characteristics indicated the pronounced activity of collagenous fiber synthesis and the matrix of the osteoid tissue.", "PMID": 495097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2297", "title": "Collision tumor of the stomach with carcinosarcoma and tubulo-papillary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The present case is an autopsy case of a 66-year-old male who developed a collision tumor in the stomach which originated from carcinosarcoma of Borrmann type II in the gastric antrum and from papillary adenocarcinoma of Borrmann type III in the corpus. The carcinosarcoma consisted of tubular carcinoma and sarcomatous transformation of stroma from the carcinoma.", "contents": "Collision tumor of the stomach with carcinosarcoma and tubulo-papillary adenocarcinoma. The present case is an autopsy case of a 66-year-old male who developed a collision tumor in the stomach which originated from carcinosarcoma of Borrmann type II in the gastric antrum and from papillary adenocarcinoma of Borrmann type III in the corpus. The carcinosarcoma consisted of tubular carcinoma and sarcomatous transformation of stroma from the carcinoma.", "PMID": 495098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2298", "title": "Destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by HC1 solution.", "content": "It was shown that the destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by pepsin-HCl solution was due to the acid only. Endozoites were destroyed faster by hydrochloric acid than cystozoites. Furthermore, endozoites were stained faster than cystozoites in an alkaline solution of methylene blue. For this reason, endozoites were assumed to have a higher permeability than cystozoites. The action of hydrochloric acid was used for demonstration of cystozoites in mouse peritoneum cavity. No cystozoites were found after inoculation of virulent parasites.", "contents": "Destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by HC1 solution. It was shown that the destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by pepsin-HCl solution was due to the acid only. Endozoites were destroyed faster by hydrochloric acid than cystozoites. Furthermore, endozoites were stained faster than cystozoites in an alkaline solution of methylene blue. For this reason, endozoites were assumed to have a higher permeability than cystozoites. The action of hydrochloric acid was used for demonstration of cystozoites in mouse peritoneum cavity. No cystozoites were found after inoculation of virulent parasites.", "PMID": 495099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2299", "title": "Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.", "content": "Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean frequency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might by a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean frequency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might by a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.", "PMID": 495100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2300", "title": "Electron microscopy of a filamentous, segmented bacterium attached to the small intestine of mice from a laboratory animal colony in Denmark.", "content": "A filamentous, segmented bacterium was observed in the small intestine of the SSC:AH stock of mice from the Statens Seruminstitut (Denmark) animal colony but was absent in golden hamsters and guinea pigs from the same colony. The bacterium is attached to the epithelial cell by a special segment (holdfast) and causes specific changes in the epithelial cell at the site of attachment. Once attached the bacterium appears to undergo a complex life cycle which involves the development of a long filament divided into a number of segments within which holdfasts or spores are formed. This organism is morphologically identical to a bacterium found in mice and rats in the USA, but this is the first report of such an infection in Europe.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of a filamentous, segmented bacterium attached to the small intestine of mice from a laboratory animal colony in Denmark. A filamentous, segmented bacterium was observed in the small intestine of the SSC:AH stock of mice from the Statens Seruminstitut (Denmark) animal colony but was absent in golden hamsters and guinea pigs from the same colony. The bacterium is attached to the epithelial cell by a special segment (holdfast) and causes specific changes in the epithelial cell at the site of attachment. Once attached the bacterium appears to undergo a complex life cycle which involves the development of a long filament divided into a number of segments within which holdfasts or spores are formed. This organism is morphologically identical to a bacterium found in mice and rats in the USA, but this is the first report of such an infection in Europe.", "PMID": 495101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2301", "title": "Genetic control of the spontaneous hypertension in the NZB/Cr strain of mice. Immunogenetic considerations.", "content": "NZB/Cr mice spontaneously develop a high blood pressure. This hypertension is developed during the first two months of age. F1-hybrids between NZB/Cr and C57/B1/6J (a normotensive mouse strain which does not spontaneously develop hypertension) also develop a high blood pressure, showing that the phenomenon is inherited as a dominant trait. The gene(s) responsive for the phenotypic high blood pressure is localised outside the MHC of the mouse (the H-2 complex). However, H-2 typing of backcrosses and F2-hybrids gave a weak evidence that genes located in or closely linked to the H-2 complex do influence the spontaneously developed high blood pressure in the NZB/Cr strain of mice. It is emphasized that further studies in larger populations of mice is necessary to establish the importance of linkage of genes to the H-2 comlex for the spontaneous hypertension in the NZB/Cr strain of mice.", "contents": "Genetic control of the spontaneous hypertension in the NZB/Cr strain of mice. Immunogenetic considerations. NZB/Cr mice spontaneously develop a high blood pressure. This hypertension is developed during the first two months of age. F1-hybrids between NZB/Cr and C57/B1/6J (a normotensive mouse strain which does not spontaneously develop hypertension) also develop a high blood pressure, showing that the phenomenon is inherited as a dominant trait. The gene(s) responsive for the phenotypic high blood pressure is localised outside the MHC of the mouse (the H-2 complex). However, H-2 typing of backcrosses and F2-hybrids gave a weak evidence that genes located in or closely linked to the H-2 complex do influence the spontaneously developed high blood pressure in the NZB/Cr strain of mice. It is emphasized that further studies in larger populations of mice is necessary to establish the importance of linkage of genes to the H-2 comlex for the spontaneous hypertension in the NZB/Cr strain of mice.", "PMID": 495103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2302", "title": "Formation of germinal centres during neonatal tolerance in the chicken.", "content": "Chickens were made tolerant to BSA at the time of hatching. During the tolerance, antigenic stimulation with BSA resulted in poor germinal centre formation as compared to normal immunized control birds. The tolerance persisted for at least 6 weeks. Its breakdown had hardly started at the age of 12 weeks, both IgM and IgG antibody responses against BSA remaining negligible. Stimulation with the unrelated antigens SRBC and Brucella abortus resulted in good antibody responses, but the number of germinal centres was smaller in the tolerant birds than in normal controls.", "contents": "Formation of germinal centres during neonatal tolerance in the chicken. Chickens were made tolerant to BSA at the time of hatching. During the tolerance, antigenic stimulation with BSA resulted in poor germinal centre formation as compared to normal immunized control birds. The tolerance persisted for at least 6 weeks. Its breakdown had hardly started at the age of 12 weeks, both IgM and IgG antibody responses against BSA remaining negligible. Stimulation with the unrelated antigens SRBC and Brucella abortus resulted in good antibody responses, but the number of germinal centres was smaller in the tolerant birds than in normal controls.", "PMID": 495104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2303", "title": "Clonidine increases the rate of blood pressure recovery from splanchnic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Clonidine reduced both the pithed rat heart rate and blood pressure responses to low frequency sympathetic nerve stimulation. Marked shortening of the blood pressure response but not of the heart rate or of the responses to injected noradrenaline was found. This shortening effect was independent of the number of impulses in the train (4--120 impulses) and of the impulse frequency. It lasted for more than 1 hour and was found to affect only the late part of the pressor decay curve. Nerve stimulations at 2 Hz simulating bursts of different periodicity in the splanchnic nerves showed that the cumulation of the blood pressure between bursts was affected only when these were applied at intervals of more than 10 sec. The effect could not be influenced by antagonists to several known transmitters, by ligation of the renal arteries or by adrenalectomy and does not seem to be mediated by pre-or postjunctional alpha receptor stimulation.", "contents": "Clonidine increases the rate of blood pressure recovery from splanchnic nerve stimulation. Clonidine reduced both the pithed rat heart rate and blood pressure responses to low frequency sympathetic nerve stimulation. Marked shortening of the blood pressure response but not of the heart rate or of the responses to injected noradrenaline was found. This shortening effect was independent of the number of impulses in the train (4--120 impulses) and of the impulse frequency. It lasted for more than 1 hour and was found to affect only the late part of the pressor decay curve. Nerve stimulations at 2 Hz simulating bursts of different periodicity in the splanchnic nerves showed that the cumulation of the blood pressure between bursts was affected only when these were applied at intervals of more than 10 sec. The effect could not be influenced by antagonists to several known transmitters, by ligation of the renal arteries or by adrenalectomy and does not seem to be mediated by pre-or postjunctional alpha receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 495114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2304", "title": "Effects of digoxin in isolated human pulmonary vessels.", "content": "In isoalted human pulmonary arteries and veins the contractile response to noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5)M) was 33 +/- 7.4% and 20 +/- 4.5% (Mean +/- S.E.M.) of that induced by potassium (127 mM). A variable degree of spontaneous contractile activity was recorded in the vein preparations. This activity was abolished by nifedipine (2.9 X 10(-6)M). Digoxin (10(-6)M) induced contractions in pulmonary vessels. In the arteries, the digoxin contraction developed slowly and reached a maximum amplitude of 90 +/- 4% (Mean +/- S.E.M.) of the potassium evoked contraction. In the veins, the amplitude of the digoxin contraction was 32 +/- 5% of that induced by potassium. Digoxin (10(-6)M) also increased the maximum response to noradrenaline and potassium in both arteries and veins. In the arteries, the noradrenaline and potassium contractions increased to 211 +/- 6.8% and 145 +/- 8.9 of control, and in the veins to 169 +/- 13.5% and 163 +/- 9.9%, respectively. Nifedipine in concentrations which completely relaxes arterial and venous preparations contracted by potassium, had only a slight relaxing effect on digoxin induced contraction. It is concluded that digoxin increases the tension in pulmonary arteries and veins, and increases the maximum response to noradrenaline and potassium in both types of vessels. The digoxin induced contraction is highly resistant to blockade of extracellular calcium influx.", "contents": "Effects of digoxin in isolated human pulmonary vessels. In isoalted human pulmonary arteries and veins the contractile response to noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5)M) was 33 +/- 7.4% and 20 +/- 4.5% (Mean +/- S.E.M.) of that induced by potassium (127 mM). A variable degree of spontaneous contractile activity was recorded in the vein preparations. This activity was abolished by nifedipine (2.9 X 10(-6)M). Digoxin (10(-6)M) induced contractions in pulmonary vessels. In the arteries, the digoxin contraction developed slowly and reached a maximum amplitude of 90 +/- 4% (Mean +/- S.E.M.) of the potassium evoked contraction. In the veins, the amplitude of the digoxin contraction was 32 +/- 5% of that induced by potassium. Digoxin (10(-6)M) also increased the maximum response to noradrenaline and potassium in both arteries and veins. In the arteries, the noradrenaline and potassium contractions increased to 211 +/- 6.8% and 145 +/- 8.9 of control, and in the veins to 169 +/- 13.5% and 163 +/- 9.9%, respectively. Nifedipine in concentrations which completely relaxes arterial and venous preparations contracted by potassium, had only a slight relaxing effect on digoxin induced contraction. It is concluded that digoxin increases the tension in pulmonary arteries and veins, and increases the maximum response to noradrenaline and potassium in both types of vessels. The digoxin induced contraction is highly resistant to blockade of extracellular calcium influx.", "PMID": 495115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2305", "title": "Reproductive and teratological studies with a new aminoglycoside: netilmicin (Sch 20569).", "content": "Reproductive and teratological studies were undertaken with netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminolgycoside antibiotic structurally related to sisomicin. The administration of 32 and 80 mg/kg/day, by the intramuscular route, in the rat prior to and during pregnancy and lactation did not affect the fertility of animals, the resorptions rate and the vitality of the litters until the second generation. Also in the rabbit, the dose of 32 mg/kg/day by intramuscular route during pregnancy did not cause any embryotoxic effect. No gross malformations were observed in both species. The minor skeletal malformation, described as \"wavy ribs\", was observed at a significant level only in the rat foetuses generated by dams treated with a dose as high as 80 mg/kg/day by the intramuscular route.", "contents": "Reproductive and teratological studies with a new aminoglycoside: netilmicin (Sch 20569). Reproductive and teratological studies were undertaken with netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminolgycoside antibiotic structurally related to sisomicin. The administration of 32 and 80 mg/kg/day, by the intramuscular route, in the rat prior to and during pregnancy and lactation did not affect the fertility of animals, the resorptions rate and the vitality of the litters until the second generation. Also in the rabbit, the dose of 32 mg/kg/day by intramuscular route during pregnancy did not cause any embryotoxic effect. No gross malformations were observed in both species. The minor skeletal malformation, described as \"wavy ribs\", was observed at a significant level only in the rat foetuses generated by dams treated with a dose as high as 80 mg/kg/day by the intramuscular route.", "PMID": 495116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2306", "title": "Relaxant effects of nifedipine on isolated, human myometrium.", "content": "Myometrial tissue was obtained from non-pregnant women subjected to hysterectomy because of various gynaecological disorders, and from women undergoing caesarean section. Strip preparations were dissected and isometric tension was recorded. Nifedipine (2.9 X 10(-8)--2.9 X 10(-6)M) inhibited spontaneous contractile activity, mainly by reducing the amplitude of contraction in both non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium. The drug also inhibited potassium induced contractions in a concentration dependent manner. This effect seemed to be more pronounced in pregnant than in non-pregnant tissue. In preparations of pregnant human myometrium, normally polarized or potassium depolarized, oxytocin induced a contractile activity that was effectively inhibited by nifedipine. Nifedipine also relaxed contractions induced by vasopressin in isolated non-pregnant myometrium. It is concluded that the relaxant effect of nifedipine on isolated pregnant and non-pregnant human myometrium can be explained by inhibition of calcium influx. The results thus support the view, that calcium influx is an important step in the initiation of contractile activity in human uterine smooth muscle.", "contents": "Relaxant effects of nifedipine on isolated, human myometrium. Myometrial tissue was obtained from non-pregnant women subjected to hysterectomy because of various gynaecological disorders, and from women undergoing caesarean section. Strip preparations were dissected and isometric tension was recorded. Nifedipine (2.9 X 10(-8)--2.9 X 10(-6)M) inhibited spontaneous contractile activity, mainly by reducing the amplitude of contraction in both non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium. The drug also inhibited potassium induced contractions in a concentration dependent manner. This effect seemed to be more pronounced in pregnant than in non-pregnant tissue. In preparations of pregnant human myometrium, normally polarized or potassium depolarized, oxytocin induced a contractile activity that was effectively inhibited by nifedipine. Nifedipine also relaxed contractions induced by vasopressin in isolated non-pregnant myometrium. It is concluded that the relaxant effect of nifedipine on isolated pregnant and non-pregnant human myometrium can be explained by inhibition of calcium influx. The results thus support the view, that calcium influx is an important step in the initiation of contractile activity in human uterine smooth muscle.", "PMID": 495117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2307", "title": "Absorption of diazepam in man following rectal and parenteral administration.", "content": "Serum concentrations of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam were measured in six adult patients following administration of 10 mg diazepam in solution by the rectal, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Maximum serum concentrations of 121--200 ng/ml were recorded from 10 to 20 min. after the rectal instillation, whereas following intramuscular injection the levels rose slowly and irregularly, reaching a maximum (62--186 ng/ml) in 1 to 24 hours. The bioavailability of diazepam given by rectal instillation was found to be 50 +/- 17 per cent (mean +/- S. D.) as compared with the intravenous administration. The possible reasons for the low bioavailability are discussed. It is concluded that administration by rectal tube provides a useful alternative to the tablets (and intramuscular injections) when a rapid onset of effect of the drug is wanted, and when intravenous administration is not applicable or practical.", "contents": "Absorption of diazepam in man following rectal and parenteral administration. Serum concentrations of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam were measured in six adult patients following administration of 10 mg diazepam in solution by the rectal, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Maximum serum concentrations of 121--200 ng/ml were recorded from 10 to 20 min. after the rectal instillation, whereas following intramuscular injection the levels rose slowly and irregularly, reaching a maximum (62--186 ng/ml) in 1 to 24 hours. The bioavailability of diazepam given by rectal instillation was found to be 50 +/- 17 per cent (mean +/- S. D.) as compared with the intravenous administration. The possible reasons for the low bioavailability are discussed. It is concluded that administration by rectal tube provides a useful alternative to the tablets (and intramuscular injections) when a rapid onset of effect of the drug is wanted, and when intravenous administration is not applicable or practical.", "PMID": 495118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2308", "title": "The role of blood coagulability and axial streaming of erythrocytes in determining F cells-value and TPR.", "content": "Experiments were performed in anaesthetized and splenectomized dogs to influence the intravascular distribution of erythrocytes and plasma within the vascular bed. Blood volume was determined by double-isotope labelling of red cells and plasma. A significant decrease of F cells-value was found after posthaemorrhagic haemodilution and after haemodilution induced by homologous plasma. The administration of epsilon-amino caproic acid and bovine thrombin was followed by a significant increase of F cells-value. An interdependence of coagulability and F cells-value is suggested. The increase of haematocrit was followed by an increase of TPR, which, however, was only half of the value that would have been anticipated on the basis of the increase of viscosity when measured in normal-bore viscometers. This points to the possibility that blood flowing in the resistance vessels undergoes a certain spontaneous separation of cells and plasma and its haematocrit will be lower than in the large vessels. Cell separation in different organs having different haematocrit values and blood volumes probably affects total body haematocrit and F cells-value.", "contents": "The role of blood coagulability and axial streaming of erythrocytes in determining F cells-value and TPR. Experiments were performed in anaesthetized and splenectomized dogs to influence the intravascular distribution of erythrocytes and plasma within the vascular bed. Blood volume was determined by double-isotope labelling of red cells and plasma. A significant decrease of F cells-value was found after posthaemorrhagic haemodilution and after haemodilution induced by homologous plasma. The administration of epsilon-amino caproic acid and bovine thrombin was followed by a significant increase of F cells-value. An interdependence of coagulability and F cells-value is suggested. The increase of haematocrit was followed by an increase of TPR, which, however, was only half of the value that would have been anticipated on the basis of the increase of viscosity when measured in normal-bore viscometers. This points to the possibility that blood flowing in the resistance vessels undergoes a certain spontaneous separation of cells and plasma and its haematocrit will be lower than in the large vessels. Cell separation in different organs having different haematocrit values and blood volumes probably affects total body haematocrit and F cells-value.", "PMID": 495119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2309", "title": "Stimulation of renal tubular transport by ethacrynic acid in rats of different ages.", "content": "The transport system for organic acids in the kidney is not fully developed in the neonatal period. The effect of repeated administrations of ethacrynic acid on the renal excretion of p-aminohippurate (PAH) was studied in rats of different ages. Pretreatment with ethacrynic acid was followed by an increase in the renal excretion of PAH in 33-, 55-, 105- and 240-day-old rats but not in newborn rats. In 55-day-old rats the increase in renal excretion of PAH after pretreatment with ethacrynic acid was not associated with any consistent change of the glomerular filtration rate. It is concluded from these results that the stimulation of transport processes in the kidney by ethacrynic acid and some other drugs is linked with their affinity to tissue proteins.", "contents": "Stimulation of renal tubular transport by ethacrynic acid in rats of different ages. The transport system for organic acids in the kidney is not fully developed in the neonatal period. The effect of repeated administrations of ethacrynic acid on the renal excretion of p-aminohippurate (PAH) was studied in rats of different ages. Pretreatment with ethacrynic acid was followed by an increase in the renal excretion of PAH in 33-, 55-, 105- and 240-day-old rats but not in newborn rats. In 55-day-old rats the increase in renal excretion of PAH after pretreatment with ethacrynic acid was not associated with any consistent change of the glomerular filtration rate. It is concluded from these results that the stimulation of transport processes in the kidney by ethacrynic acid and some other drugs is linked with their affinity to tissue proteins.", "PMID": 495120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2310", "title": "The connection of plasma triiodothyronine levels with the sex-dependent body weight loss after bilateral pallidal lesion in rats.", "content": "Previous data showed that after bilateral pallidal lesion (GPL) the weight loss of animals is higher in males than females. Data in the literature have called attention to the possible involvement of thyroid hormones. The sex dependence of weight loss was prevented by neonatal castration. In the present experiments, plasma triiodothyronine level was determined in neonatally castrated and non-castrated male and female rats on the 4th day after GPL. Body weight changes in food and water deprived male and female rats were compared after 4 days of T3 administration. A positive correlation between weight loss and T3 levels was found but there was no difference in mean T3 values between male and females. In the non-castrated group, T3 levels were higher in lesioned than in food and water deprived animals. In neonatally castrated animals no such difference was found. T3 administration caused a uniform weight loss in both sexes. It seems that while they play a role in the mechanism of weight loss after GPL, the sex-dependence is not due to changes in factors involved in regulation of the thyroid hormone level.", "contents": "The connection of plasma triiodothyronine levels with the sex-dependent body weight loss after bilateral pallidal lesion in rats. Previous data showed that after bilateral pallidal lesion (GPL) the weight loss of animals is higher in males than females. Data in the literature have called attention to the possible involvement of thyroid hormones. The sex dependence of weight loss was prevented by neonatal castration. In the present experiments, plasma triiodothyronine level was determined in neonatally castrated and non-castrated male and female rats on the 4th day after GPL. Body weight changes in food and water deprived male and female rats were compared after 4 days of T3 administration. A positive correlation between weight loss and T3 levels was found but there was no difference in mean T3 values between male and females. In the non-castrated group, T3 levels were higher in lesioned than in food and water deprived animals. In neonatally castrated animals no such difference was found. T3 administration caused a uniform weight loss in both sexes. It seems that while they play a role in the mechanism of weight loss after GPL, the sex-dependence is not due to changes in factors involved in regulation of the thyroid hormone level.", "PMID": 495121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2311", "title": "Comparative study on the metabolism and filtrability of red blood cells of the calf and adult cattle.", "content": "Filtrability of calf and adult cattle red blood cells was studied to characterize their durability; to compare their metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase activity and ATP-content were determined. The activity of the enzymes declined gradually with age. The most pronounced decline of activity, particularly in the case of lactate dehydrogenase, was observed 6--8 weeks after birth. ATP content of calf red blood cells was ten times higher than that of the adult cattle, however, it proved to be less stable. Filtrability of fresh calf and adult cattle red blood cells was identical, while following incubation for 15--24 hours the decrease of filtrability was more pronounced in calf red blood cells indicating a lower filtrability and, consequently a shorter expected lifetime.", "contents": "Comparative study on the metabolism and filtrability of red blood cells of the calf and adult cattle. Filtrability of calf and adult cattle red blood cells was studied to characterize their durability; to compare their metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase activity and ATP-content were determined. The activity of the enzymes declined gradually with age. The most pronounced decline of activity, particularly in the case of lactate dehydrogenase, was observed 6--8 weeks after birth. ATP content of calf red blood cells was ten times higher than that of the adult cattle, however, it proved to be less stable. Filtrability of fresh calf and adult cattle red blood cells was identical, while following incubation for 15--24 hours the decrease of filtrability was more pronounced in calf red blood cells indicating a lower filtrability and, consequently a shorter expected lifetime.", "PMID": 495122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2312", "title": "Dynamic phase-shifts between theta generators in the rat hippocampus.", "content": "Winson [13] reported on two independent phase-reversed generators in the rat hippocampus. In the present study the synchrony between the two generators was investigated during the sleep-wakefulness cycle and during a behaviour-dependent discriminative learning task. Electrical activities derived from the CA 1 region and dentate gyrus were in phase during slow wave sleep but phase-reversed during the awake state and paradoxical sleep. The degree of phase-reversal was significantly higher during running than during lever pressing. These findings demonstrate that substantial changes occur within the hippocampal circuitry during dynamic shifts of behaviour.", "contents": "Dynamic phase-shifts between theta generators in the rat hippocampus. Winson [13] reported on two independent phase-reversed generators in the rat hippocampus. In the present study the synchrony between the two generators was investigated during the sleep-wakefulness cycle and during a behaviour-dependent discriminative learning task. Electrical activities derived from the CA 1 region and dentate gyrus were in phase during slow wave sleep but phase-reversed during the awake state and paradoxical sleep. The degree of phase-reversal was significantly higher during running than during lever pressing. These findings demonstrate that substantial changes occur within the hippocampal circuitry during dynamic shifts of behaviour.", "PMID": 495124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2313", "title": "Metabolic effects of ethanol in the rat liver.", "content": "The NADPH is one of the cofactors in ethanol metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanol on a NADPH generating enzyme (G6P-DH) and on some metabolic parameters of the liver. After a 2-day starvation period rats were fed a lipid free diet for three days. During this refeeding period the animals were divided into three groups; they received a single daily dose of 4 g per kg b.w. ethanol, isocaloric aqueous glucose solution or water by gastric tube. In response to ethanol the activity of hepatic G6P-DH decreased. The amount of triglyceride remained unchanged, certain changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of total lipid. The liver glycogen content was elevated. In female rats treated with ethanol the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase increased.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of ethanol in the rat liver. The NADPH is one of the cofactors in ethanol metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanol on a NADPH generating enzyme (G6P-DH) and on some metabolic parameters of the liver. After a 2-day starvation period rats were fed a lipid free diet for three days. During this refeeding period the animals were divided into three groups; they received a single daily dose of 4 g per kg b.w. ethanol, isocaloric aqueous glucose solution or water by gastric tube. In response to ethanol the activity of hepatic G6P-DH decreased. The amount of triglyceride remained unchanged, certain changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of total lipid. The liver glycogen content was elevated. In female rats treated with ethanol the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase increased.", "PMID": 495125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2314", "title": "Oxotremorine-tolerance: muscarinic blockade or homeostatic adaptation?", "content": "Tremorine pretreatment of mice induces tolerance to some effects of oxotremorine. In the state of tolerance even the highest doses of oxotremorine did not cause antinociception, this blockade being insurmountable. Oxotremorine decreased motility and amphetamine hypermotility, and both effects were diminished by tremorine pretreatment. Amphetamine hypermotility increased in the tolerance state. The increase of cerebral acetylcholine level due to oxotremorine was diminished by tremorine pretreatment. It is suggested that a special blockade of cerebral muscarinic receptors might play a role in the tolerance phenomenon, moreover it is possible that some excitation develops in the CNS. A homeostatic adaptation may be involved a role in this kind of tolerance.", "contents": "Oxotremorine-tolerance: muscarinic blockade or homeostatic adaptation? Tremorine pretreatment of mice induces tolerance to some effects of oxotremorine. In the state of tolerance even the highest doses of oxotremorine did not cause antinociception, this blockade being insurmountable. Oxotremorine decreased motility and amphetamine hypermotility, and both effects were diminished by tremorine pretreatment. Amphetamine hypermotility increased in the tolerance state. The increase of cerebral acetylcholine level due to oxotremorine was diminished by tremorine pretreatment. It is suggested that a special blockade of cerebral muscarinic receptors might play a role in the tolerance phenomenon, moreover it is possible that some excitation develops in the CNS. A homeostatic adaptation may be involved a role in this kind of tolerance.", "PMID": 495126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2315", "title": "Effect of ovarian steroid hormones on superficial activator calcium in the rabbit uterus.", "content": "Effect of oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) on activator calcium binding was studied in the rabbit uterus. Superficial Ca-binding of isolated uterine strips was characterized by determining the rate of loss of isometric tension evoked by low (2.4 V/cm) field strength electrical stimulation in Ca-free Krebs solution. Intramuscular injection of 10 mg P increased superficial Ca-binding significantly in the postpartum and E2-treated virgin uterus with a latency period of 8--12 hours. Bilateral ovariectomy on the 25th day of pregnancy decreased superficial Ca-binding progressively, which could be avoided by P-substitution. 72 hours after ovariectomy P-treatment failed to increase Ca-binding. Local application of cycloheximide increased Ca-binding in the E2-treated virgin uterus. The results suggest that a high P-level plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of a strong binding of superficial activator calcium in the rabbit uterus. Progressive disappearance of the strong binding near term and after bilateral ovariectomy correlates well with P-withdrawl in this species.", "contents": "Effect of ovarian steroid hormones on superficial activator calcium in the rabbit uterus. Effect of oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) on activator calcium binding was studied in the rabbit uterus. Superficial Ca-binding of isolated uterine strips was characterized by determining the rate of loss of isometric tension evoked by low (2.4 V/cm) field strength electrical stimulation in Ca-free Krebs solution. Intramuscular injection of 10 mg P increased superficial Ca-binding significantly in the postpartum and E2-treated virgin uterus with a latency period of 8--12 hours. Bilateral ovariectomy on the 25th day of pregnancy decreased superficial Ca-binding progressively, which could be avoided by P-substitution. 72 hours after ovariectomy P-treatment failed to increase Ca-binding. Local application of cycloheximide increased Ca-binding in the E2-treated virgin uterus. The results suggest that a high P-level plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of a strong binding of superficial activator calcium in the rabbit uterus. Progressive disappearance of the strong binding near term and after bilateral ovariectomy correlates well with P-withdrawl in this species.", "PMID": 495128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2316", "title": "Effect of testosterone and thyroxine on corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels in different bird species.", "content": "Effect of testosterone and thyroxine on corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels has been investigated in photostimulated (18L--6D) Peking duck, domestic pigeon, Japanese quail and cock. In all these bird species corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels increased following castration, while restitution with testosterone decreased them in the castrated animals. Thyroidectomy and thyroxine supplements in thyroidectomized birds failed to influence plasma corticosterone and, apart from cock, transcortine levels. It is suggested that in case of high testosterone levels the effect of thyroid hormones on the function of the adrenal cortex can partly or completely be masked by the dominancy of the testocorticoid interrelation.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone and thyroxine on corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels in different bird species. Effect of testosterone and thyroxine on corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels has been investigated in photostimulated (18L--6D) Peking duck, domestic pigeon, Japanese quail and cock. In all these bird species corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels increased following castration, while restitution with testosterone decreased them in the castrated animals. Thyroidectomy and thyroxine supplements in thyroidectomized birds failed to influence plasma corticosterone and, apart from cock, transcortine levels. It is suggested that in case of high testosterone levels the effect of thyroid hormones on the function of the adrenal cortex can partly or completely be masked by the dominancy of the testocorticoid interrelation.", "PMID": 495129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2317", "title": "Organization of blood pressure reflexes elicited by low intensity stimulation of cutaneous and muscular afferents in cats.", "content": "The incidence and patterns of blood pressure reflexes elicited by sustained (3--4 min) low intensity electric stimulation (0.5--4 V, 0.1 ms, 4 Hz) of cutaneous and muscular afferents of high or low spinal segmental input levels were investigated in immobilized (gallamine) and artificially ventilated conscious or anaesthesized (chloralose-urethan) cats. In a part of the experiments, subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin and/or strychnine were used as pharmacological disinhibitors. The results suggest that (1) the variability of the responses in conscious animals may be due to the varying degree of spinal inhibition, especially of that associated with cutaneous inputs; (2) intraspinal irradiation of excitation plays an important role in the integration of the reflexes; (3) the preferred direction of irradiation seems to be different in the projection zones of cutaneous and muscular afferents. Comparison of the results with previous data points to the possibility that the different response patterns seen after intense stimulation might be the result of the suppression of spinal inhibitions, due to C-fibre activation.", "contents": "Organization of blood pressure reflexes elicited by low intensity stimulation of cutaneous and muscular afferents in cats. The incidence and patterns of blood pressure reflexes elicited by sustained (3--4 min) low intensity electric stimulation (0.5--4 V, 0.1 ms, 4 Hz) of cutaneous and muscular afferents of high or low spinal segmental input levels were investigated in immobilized (gallamine) and artificially ventilated conscious or anaesthesized (chloralose-urethan) cats. In a part of the experiments, subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin and/or strychnine were used as pharmacological disinhibitors. The results suggest that (1) the variability of the responses in conscious animals may be due to the varying degree of spinal inhibition, especially of that associated with cutaneous inputs; (2) intraspinal irradiation of excitation plays an important role in the integration of the reflexes; (3) the preferred direction of irradiation seems to be different in the projection zones of cutaneous and muscular afferents. Comparison of the results with previous data points to the possibility that the different response patterns seen after intense stimulation might be the result of the suppression of spinal inhibitions, due to C-fibre activation.", "PMID": 495130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2318", "title": "Localization of the change in intensity of a visually pursued light target.", "content": "The aim of the subjects was to track a moving light target and to locate the change in its intensity (its disappearance or dimming). It is shown experimentally that: (1) mislocation of target disappearance is smaller than mislocation when the target is dimmed three times; (2) the distance at which the eyes move after the target is darkened does not influence localization. The data disprove possible influence of \"overtracking\" on localization. They are in favour of the hypothesis about the dependence of localization on stimulus intensity.", "contents": "Localization of the change in intensity of a visually pursued light target. The aim of the subjects was to track a moving light target and to locate the change in its intensity (its disappearance or dimming). It is shown experimentally that: (1) mislocation of target disappearance is smaller than mislocation when the target is dimmed three times; (2) the distance at which the eyes move after the target is darkened does not influence localization. The data disprove possible influence of \"overtracking\" on localization. They are in favour of the hypothesis about the dependence of localization on stimulus intensity.", "PMID": 495131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2319", "title": "Recognition of changes in the dimensions and categories of visual objects.", "content": "The aim of the present work is a comparison between recognition with changes in the dimensions of the objects and recognition with changes in the category of the objects. After preliminary training under tachistoscopic ocnditions, to a control set of different contour drawings are added: (1) the same drawings increased or desreased several times; (2) different new drawings with the same size. The percentage of recognized drawings is determined for such exposure time which is needed for the recognition of 60--80 per cent of the drawings in the control set. Recognition is found to be deteriorated in the case of changes both in the dimensions and in the category of the objects, the deterioration being double for the objects with changed category. This fact serves as a basis for rejecting the hypothesis that considerable changes in the dimensions could create new objects for the visual system. It was also found that recognition of pre-trained drawings is either not influenced or comparatively least influenced by the changes in the dimensions and categories. This result is probably due to the specificity of recognition of long trained objects. The results obtained do not contradict the assumption of the participation of spatial consecutive scanning of the iconic memory in the recognition of the spatial properties of visual objects.", "contents": "Recognition of changes in the dimensions and categories of visual objects. The aim of the present work is a comparison between recognition with changes in the dimensions of the objects and recognition with changes in the category of the objects. After preliminary training under tachistoscopic ocnditions, to a control set of different contour drawings are added: (1) the same drawings increased or desreased several times; (2) different new drawings with the same size. The percentage of recognized drawings is determined for such exposure time which is needed for the recognition of 60--80 per cent of the drawings in the control set. Recognition is found to be deteriorated in the case of changes both in the dimensions and in the category of the objects, the deterioration being double for the objects with changed category. This fact serves as a basis for rejecting the hypothesis that considerable changes in the dimensions could create new objects for the visual system. It was also found that recognition of pre-trained drawings is either not influenced or comparatively least influenced by the changes in the dimensions and categories. This result is probably due to the specificity of recognition of long trained objects. The results obtained do not contradict the assumption of the participation of spatial consecutive scanning of the iconic memory in the recognition of the spatial properties of visual objects.", "PMID": 495132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2320", "title": "Motor estimation of short time intervals under the effect of some psychotropic drugs.", "content": "A study is made of the human ability to estimate short time intervals (up to 1 s) by a simple motor response under the effect of stimulants (Amphetamine, Caffeine) and depressants (Chlorazin, Diazepam, Phenobarbital). Of all psychotropic drugs used only Chlorazin causes a statistically significant increase in the mean values of the reaction time of all subjects compared with the controls. The psychotropic drugs in the doses used have no influence on the ability of the subjects to produce a light interval of a given duration. In the task requiring reproduction of a 900 ms interval, Amphetamine schortens significantly the response times, which is explained by earlier organization of their motor responce and lack of feedback.", "contents": "Motor estimation of short time intervals under the effect of some psychotropic drugs. A study is made of the human ability to estimate short time intervals (up to 1 s) by a simple motor response under the effect of stimulants (Amphetamine, Caffeine) and depressants (Chlorazin, Diazepam, Phenobarbital). Of all psychotropic drugs used only Chlorazin causes a statistically significant increase in the mean values of the reaction time of all subjects compared with the controls. The psychotropic drugs in the doses used have no influence on the ability of the subjects to produce a light interval of a given duration. In the task requiring reproduction of a 900 ms interval, Amphetamine schortens significantly the response times, which is explained by earlier organization of their motor responce and lack of feedback.", "PMID": 495133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2321", "title": "Scintigraphic and radiocirculographic studies on the effect of As2 on cat cerebral circulation.", "content": "Various well-known agents with a favourable influence on cerebral circulation were used as a basis for creating new methods to asses the effects on this vascular region in experimental animals. A technique was worked out for radiocirculography and simultaneous radiometry, as well as for scanning and simultaneous radiometry of cat brain. Radiocirculography, followed by scintigraphy, proved to be among the best methods used for assessment of the effect of As2 on cerebral circulation. Simultaneous radiometry with the methods mentioned above had only orientational value. Radiocirculographic and scanning data after application of As2 in a dose of 10 mg/kg are close to those for nicotinic acid in a dose of 1 mg/kg. Similar to the data of the isotopic methods after application of As2 in a dose of 5 mg/kg are the results obtained with 5 mg/kg cinnarizin, which suggests a similar machanism of action.", "contents": "Scintigraphic and radiocirculographic studies on the effect of As2 on cat cerebral circulation. Various well-known agents with a favourable influence on cerebral circulation were used as a basis for creating new methods to asses the effects on this vascular region in experimental animals. A technique was worked out for radiocirculography and simultaneous radiometry, as well as for scanning and simultaneous radiometry of cat brain. Radiocirculography, followed by scintigraphy, proved to be among the best methods used for assessment of the effect of As2 on cerebral circulation. Simultaneous radiometry with the methods mentioned above had only orientational value. Radiocirculographic and scanning data after application of As2 in a dose of 10 mg/kg are close to those for nicotinic acid in a dose of 1 mg/kg. Similar to the data of the isotopic methods after application of As2 in a dose of 5 mg/kg are the results obtained with 5 mg/kg cinnarizin, which suggests a similar machanism of action.", "PMID": 495134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2322", "title": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. II. Method of statistical reconstruction of the diameter distribution of the dense-core vesicles.", "content": "A statistical method for reconstruction of the distribution of the diameters of spheres according to their planar image obtained from ultrathin sections, is proposed. The method can be applied for casses when the thickness of the section is commensurate with the diameter of the spheric objects studied. The formulae worked out in the work are based on the assumption that the diameters of the spheres are with discrete distribution in geometric order. The method is elaborated in connection with the problem of the changes in the diameters of the dense-core vesicles in monoaminergic structures during development.", "contents": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. II. Method of statistical reconstruction of the diameter distribution of the dense-core vesicles. A statistical method for reconstruction of the distribution of the diameters of spheres according to their planar image obtained from ultrathin sections, is proposed. The method can be applied for casses when the thickness of the section is commensurate with the diameter of the spheric objects studied. The formulae worked out in the work are based on the assumption that the diameters of the spheres are with discrete distribution in geometric order. The method is elaborated in connection with the problem of the changes in the diameters of the dense-core vesicles in monoaminergic structures during development.", "PMID": 495135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2323", "title": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. III. Statistical reconstruction of the diameter distribution of the dense-core vesicles in locus coeruleus during rat ontogenesis.", "content": "The method for statistical reconstruction of the diameters of dence-core vesicles, described in the previous work, is applied for studying the changes of these vesicles in the perikarya, the axonal boutons and the neuropile of the rat locus coeruleus during ontogenesis. The data obtained show the presence of the population during the embryonal development and of two populations of dense-core vesicles after birth in the structures studied. This finding is interpreted in connection with the different function of the dense-core vesicles and of the transmitters, respectively, in the development and function of the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain of mammals -- locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Studies on the dense-core vesicles in the ontogenesis of locus coeruleus. III. Statistical reconstruction of the diameter distribution of the dense-core vesicles in locus coeruleus during rat ontogenesis. The method for statistical reconstruction of the diameters of dence-core vesicles, described in the previous work, is applied for studying the changes of these vesicles in the perikarya, the axonal boutons and the neuropile of the rat locus coeruleus during ontogenesis. The data obtained show the presence of the population during the embryonal development and of two populations of dense-core vesicles after birth in the structures studied. This finding is interpreted in connection with the different function of the dense-core vesicles and of the transmitters, respectively, in the development and function of the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain of mammals -- locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 495136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2324", "title": "Diminished adrenergic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose after prolonged, exhausting physical exercise in dogs.", "content": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) on plasma adrenaline, glucose and free fatty acid concentrations was studied in dogs under control conditions and after prolonged, exhausting physical exercise. The increase in all three variables in response to 2DG was significantly reduced following the exercise. The results suggest diminished responsiveness of adrenal medulla to the glucopenic stimulus after exhausting exercise.", "contents": "Diminished adrenergic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose after prolonged, exhausting physical exercise in dogs. Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) on plasma adrenaline, glucose and free fatty acid concentrations was studied in dogs under control conditions and after prolonged, exhausting physical exercise. The increase in all three variables in response to 2DG was significantly reduced following the exercise. The results suggest diminished responsiveness of adrenal medulla to the glucopenic stimulus after exhausting exercise.", "PMID": 495137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2325", "title": "The effect of prolonged restriction of physical activity on exercise performance in dogs.", "content": "2-months restriction of physical activity of dogs markedly reduced their capacity for prolonged running. The rate of exercise-induced Tre increases was significantly higher in the cage-confined dogs in comparison with controls. At the point of exhaustion blood glucose concentration and muscle glycogen content were similar in the control and cage-confined animals, in spite of the much shorter time of exercise until exhaustion in the latter. The exercise-induced increases in plasma FFA concentration were considerably lower in dogs after prolonged inactivity period in spite of the greater activation of the adrenergic system. It is concluded, that there are several factors which may contribute to the reduction of the ability of cage-confined dogs to perform prolonged physical exercise. The most important seems to be the diminished muscle glycogen content, modifications in exercise metabolism and exercise-induced hyperthermia.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged restriction of physical activity on exercise performance in dogs. 2-months restriction of physical activity of dogs markedly reduced their capacity for prolonged running. The rate of exercise-induced Tre increases was significantly higher in the cage-confined dogs in comparison with controls. At the point of exhaustion blood glucose concentration and muscle glycogen content were similar in the control and cage-confined animals, in spite of the much shorter time of exercise until exhaustion in the latter. The exercise-induced increases in plasma FFA concentration were considerably lower in dogs after prolonged inactivity period in spite of the greater activation of the adrenergic system. It is concluded, that there are several factors which may contribute to the reduction of the ability of cage-confined dogs to perform prolonged physical exercise. The most important seems to be the diminished muscle glycogen content, modifications in exercise metabolism and exercise-induced hyperthermia.", "PMID": 495138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2326", "title": "The hypothalamic and neurohypophysial vasopressin content as influenced by diphenylhydantoin in dehydrated rats.", "content": "Rats dehydrated up to 8 days were treated with diphenylhydantoin given intraperitoneally in daily doses of 10 mg/100 g of the initial body weight. The single dose of diphenylhydantoin diminished the vasopressin content in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis of normally hydrated rats. Under conditions of severe dehydration (8 days), DPH treatment resulted in a more marked decrease of vasopressin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.", "contents": "The hypothalamic and neurohypophysial vasopressin content as influenced by diphenylhydantoin in dehydrated rats. Rats dehydrated up to 8 days were treated with diphenylhydantoin given intraperitoneally in daily doses of 10 mg/100 g of the initial body weight. The single dose of diphenylhydantoin diminished the vasopressin content in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis of normally hydrated rats. Under conditions of severe dehydration (8 days), DPH treatment resulted in a more marked decrease of vasopressin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.", "PMID": 495139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2327", "title": "Age-related changes in the content of fibrous proteins in the rat tissues.", "content": "An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the content of elastin and collagen in the rat tissues during the process of aging. The content of collagen fractions and elastin in the rat liver, lung and skin, as well as the elastolytic activity of blood serum were determined. It was found that the concentration of elastin as well as the elastolytic activity of blood serum are increasing during the maturation of rats and the total collagen content is increasing too. After the animals reached the age from twelve to twenty four months--above mentioned values began to decrease. It is concluded that the changes in the content of the two fibrous proteins of the connective tissue depend on age.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the content of fibrous proteins in the rat tissues. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the content of elastin and collagen in the rat tissues during the process of aging. The content of collagen fractions and elastin in the rat liver, lung and skin, as well as the elastolytic activity of blood serum were determined. It was found that the concentration of elastin as well as the elastolytic activity of blood serum are increasing during the maturation of rats and the total collagen content is increasing too. After the animals reached the age from twelve to twenty four months--above mentioned values began to decrease. It is concluded that the changes in the content of the two fibrous proteins of the connective tissue depend on age.", "PMID": 495140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2328", "title": "Effect of potato inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes on activity and morphology of the rat pancreas.", "content": "The effect of the inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes present in potatoes on morphology and activity of the rat pancreas was investigated administering the inhibitor with drinking water in doses of 50 and 100 mg to two groups of rats for 20 days. On the 21st day the exocrine activity of the pancreas was evaluated by the method of duodenal perfusion after previous hormonal stimulation of pancreatic secretion (secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin 1 U CHR/100 g body weight), while morphology of the organ was assessed by histological methods. It was found that the inhibitor exerts a trophic effect on the rat pancreas, causing hypertrophy of acinar cells and raising the exocrine activity of the gland. The higher dose of the inhibitor had a more pronounced trophic effect.", "contents": "Effect of potato inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes on activity and morphology of the rat pancreas. The effect of the inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes present in potatoes on morphology and activity of the rat pancreas was investigated administering the inhibitor with drinking water in doses of 50 and 100 mg to two groups of rats for 20 days. On the 21st day the exocrine activity of the pancreas was evaluated by the method of duodenal perfusion after previous hormonal stimulation of pancreatic secretion (secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin 1 U CHR/100 g body weight), while morphology of the organ was assessed by histological methods. It was found that the inhibitor exerts a trophic effect on the rat pancreas, causing hypertrophy of acinar cells and raising the exocrine activity of the gland. The higher dose of the inhibitor had a more pronounced trophic effect.", "PMID": 495141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2329", "title": "Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise and hypoxia after a high-altitude expedition.", "content": "Seven young, male subjects were tested before and immediately after 6 weeks high-mountain expedition. Cardio-respiratory measurements were performed at rest and during standard physical excercise (10 min, 100 W) when breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture (14% O2 in N2). After the expedition an increased V o2 max (16% an average) and diminished heart rate response to submaximal exercise were found. This was observed during air and hypoxic mixture breathing. There was significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output during the exercise. No significant differences in ventilatory parameters were found nor at rest or during exercise under condition of breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture. No changes in erythrocyte count or haemoglobin concentration in the blood were found. The physiological changes which developed during high-mountain expedition were more dependent on physical that hypoxic training.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise and hypoxia after a high-altitude expedition. Seven young, male subjects were tested before and immediately after 6 weeks high-mountain expedition. Cardio-respiratory measurements were performed at rest and during standard physical excercise (10 min, 100 W) when breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture (14% O2 in N2). After the expedition an increased V o2 max (16% an average) and diminished heart rate response to submaximal exercise were found. This was observed during air and hypoxic mixture breathing. There was significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output during the exercise. No significant differences in ventilatory parameters were found nor at rest or during exercise under condition of breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture. No changes in erythrocyte count or haemoglobin concentration in the blood were found. The physiological changes which developed during high-mountain expedition were more dependent on physical that hypoxic training.", "PMID": 495142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2330", "title": "The analgesic action of some flavonoids in the hot plate test.", "content": "Albino-Swiss male mice were tested in the hot plate test. Oligomeric procyjanidin (OL-1), rutin, quercetin, hyperoside and vitexin rhamnoside were administered intraperitoneally in doses 3.5 and 10 mg/kg. It was found that OL-1, rutin and hyperoside but not vitexin rhamnoside exert analgesic action, whereas quercetin even decreases the pain threshold level. The mechanism of the analgesic action of flavonoids remains to be explained.", "contents": "The analgesic action of some flavonoids in the hot plate test. Albino-Swiss male mice were tested in the hot plate test. Oligomeric procyjanidin (OL-1), rutin, quercetin, hyperoside and vitexin rhamnoside were administered intraperitoneally in doses 3.5 and 10 mg/kg. It was found that OL-1, rutin and hyperoside but not vitexin rhamnoside exert analgesic action, whereas quercetin even decreases the pain threshold level. The mechanism of the analgesic action of flavonoids remains to be explained.", "PMID": 495143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2331", "title": "Relationships between peak force, action potential duration and stimulus interval in rabbit myocardium.", "content": "Isometric force and membrane action potential were recorded simultaneously in rabbit papillary muscles (36.5 degrees--37.5 degrees C). One to three test stimuli were given at various intervals (0.20--10.0 s) after a series of control contractions at constant stimulation intervals (1.0--1.5 s). Optimum peak force always occurred when the preceding test interval was 0.80 s. When this interval was greater than 0.80 s, time to peak force was a linear function of the action potential duration. Furthermore, under these conditions the action potential duration (AP1) and peak force (F1) of the test contraction could be used to predict peak force (F2) of the subsequent contraction elicited after a fixed interval (0.80--1.50 s) according to the equation (regression plane): F2 = BAPAP1 + BFF1 + A. Constants BAP and BF are interpreted to provide information about calcium influx during the action potential and of the recirculation of calcium between contractions, respectively. F2 deviated towards higher values than predicted from the equation when the preceding test contraction was triggered to occur at an interval less than 0.80 s. This may be due to an intensified calcium transport into the cell during the action potential after these short intervals. The action potential duration was inversely related to both the inotropic state of the muscle (representing a feed-back mechanism) and the preceding stimulation interval.", "contents": "Relationships between peak force, action potential duration and stimulus interval in rabbit myocardium. Isometric force and membrane action potential were recorded simultaneously in rabbit papillary muscles (36.5 degrees--37.5 degrees C). One to three test stimuli were given at various intervals (0.20--10.0 s) after a series of control contractions at constant stimulation intervals (1.0--1.5 s). Optimum peak force always occurred when the preceding test interval was 0.80 s. When this interval was greater than 0.80 s, time to peak force was a linear function of the action potential duration. Furthermore, under these conditions the action potential duration (AP1) and peak force (F1) of the test contraction could be used to predict peak force (F2) of the subsequent contraction elicited after a fixed interval (0.80--1.50 s) according to the equation (regression plane): F2 = BAPAP1 + BFF1 + A. Constants BAP and BF are interpreted to provide information about calcium influx during the action potential and of the recirculation of calcium between contractions, respectively. F2 deviated towards higher values than predicted from the equation when the preceding test contraction was triggered to occur at an interval less than 0.80 s. This may be due to an intensified calcium transport into the cell during the action potential after these short intervals. The action potential duration was inversely related to both the inotropic state of the muscle (representing a feed-back mechanism) and the preceding stimulation interval.", "PMID": 495149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2332", "title": "A new non-steroidal drug for long-acting contraception.", "content": "A new contraceptive compound had been prepared with the common ingredients and it was applied in female rats. The efficacy and toxicity tests of this compound showed that this drug has along-acting contraceptive value not causing any side-effects.", "contents": "A new non-steroidal drug for long-acting contraception. A new contraceptive compound had been prepared with the common ingredients and it was applied in female rats. The efficacy and toxicity tests of this compound showed that this drug has along-acting contraceptive value not causing any side-effects.", "PMID": 495144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2333", "title": "Myogenic microvascular responses to change of transmural pressure. A mathematical approach.", "content": "The recently described static and dynamic myogenic responses in the sympathectomized skeletal muscle microvessels to a given transmural pressure (PT) change applied at different rates (dPT/dt) (Gr\u00e4nde & Mellander 1978), were further analysed in this study with a mathematical approach. The hypothesis that myogenic reactions are triggered by and related to wall tension was also tested. The mathematical model was based on a force-equilibrium in the microvessel wall including passive forces related to vascular transmural pressure, elasticity, and wall-viscosity, and active myogenic forces related to wall tension and its rate of change. Great resemblance was demonstrated between microvascular resistance curves obtained with the model and corresponding curves observed in vivo, indicating that the model quite adequately can describe myogenic microvascular resistance responses to transmural pressure stimuli. The results support the myogenic hypothesis in general and, in particular, the concept of an important rate-sensitivity in myogenic microvascular control and are compatible with the view that myogenic reactions are triggered by and related to change of wall tension. The model, in addition, provided data for certain microvascular variables which are difficult to assess by in vivo observations, e.g. Young's modulus of elasticity, wall tension, its rate of change, and internal vessel radius, and it offered a means to define more precisely the role of physical factors like effects of Poiseuille's and Laplace's laws in vascular resistance regulation.", "contents": "Myogenic microvascular responses to change of transmural pressure. A mathematical approach. The recently described static and dynamic myogenic responses in the sympathectomized skeletal muscle microvessels to a given transmural pressure (PT) change applied at different rates (dPT/dt) (Gr\u00e4nde & Mellander 1978), were further analysed in this study with a mathematical approach. The hypothesis that myogenic reactions are triggered by and related to wall tension was also tested. The mathematical model was based on a force-equilibrium in the microvessel wall including passive forces related to vascular transmural pressure, elasticity, and wall-viscosity, and active myogenic forces related to wall tension and its rate of change. Great resemblance was demonstrated between microvascular resistance curves obtained with the model and corresponding curves observed in vivo, indicating that the model quite adequately can describe myogenic microvascular resistance responses to transmural pressure stimuli. The results support the myogenic hypothesis in general and, in particular, the concept of an important rate-sensitivity in myogenic microvascular control and are compatible with the view that myogenic reactions are triggered by and related to change of wall tension. The model, in addition, provided data for certain microvascular variables which are difficult to assess by in vivo observations, e.g. Young's modulus of elasticity, wall tension, its rate of change, and internal vessel radius, and it offered a means to define more precisely the role of physical factors like effects of Poiseuille's and Laplace's laws in vascular resistance regulation.", "PMID": 495150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2334", "title": "Blood flow in the reproductive tract of the domestic hen following treatment with a pituitary gonadotropic inhibitor.", "content": "The effect of pituitary gonadotropic inhibitor--methallibure on the weight and blood flow through reproductive tract was studied in immature hens. It was found that methallibure lowers the weight of the reproductive tract and simultaneously inhibits (about 2--3 times) the blood flow through the ovary and oviductal segments. However, the action of methallibure is of short duration and it is limited to the time of its administration only.", "contents": "Blood flow in the reproductive tract of the domestic hen following treatment with a pituitary gonadotropic inhibitor. The effect of pituitary gonadotropic inhibitor--methallibure on the weight and blood flow through reproductive tract was studied in immature hens. It was found that methallibure lowers the weight of the reproductive tract and simultaneously inhibits (about 2--3 times) the blood flow through the ovary and oviductal segments. However, the action of methallibure is of short duration and it is limited to the time of its administration only.", "PMID": 495145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2335", "title": "Effect of glucagon on the metabolic rate in growing chicken.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on 70 growing broiler chickens. The chickens were kept on a higher and the other ones on the lower level of nutrition. As a result of this the rate of growth was different in both groups. Glucagon had a strong calorigenic effect, reaching a peak 30 min after its injection. This effect of glucagon increased progressively with the growth and development of birds reaching a maximum in chickens aged about 7 weeks, and weighing approx. 1200 g. In the birds examined 2 hours after feeding the calorigenic effect of glucagon was most expressed in birds maintained on the low nutrition levels. The fall of RQ after glucagon injection may suggest that this hormone has a strong lipolytic action.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on the metabolic rate in growing chicken. The investigations were carried out on 70 growing broiler chickens. The chickens were kept on a higher and the other ones on the lower level of nutrition. As a result of this the rate of growth was different in both groups. Glucagon had a strong calorigenic effect, reaching a peak 30 min after its injection. This effect of glucagon increased progressively with the growth and development of birds reaching a maximum in chickens aged about 7 weeks, and weighing approx. 1200 g. In the birds examined 2 hours after feeding the calorigenic effect of glucagon was most expressed in birds maintained on the low nutrition levels. The fall of RQ after glucagon injection may suggest that this hormone has a strong lipolytic action.", "PMID": 495146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2336", "title": "Effects of duct ligation on choline acetyltransferase activity in salivary glands of rats.", "content": "Duct ligation was found to cause a decrease in the weights of submaxillary and parotid glands examined 3 weeks postoperatively. Choline acetyltransferase activity in ligated glands was compared with that in unligated contralateral glands. The enzyme activity was also measured in the glands from both sides of unoperated control animals. Interference in the assay of choline acetyltransferase by other acetylated compounds was avoided by introducing suitable control incubations. Ligated submaxillary glands showed a small decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase both when compared with contralateral glands and with glands of control rats. In parotid glands the enzyme activity was found to be lower only when ligated and contralateral glands were compared. Structural changes in the nerves and reduced traffic of impulses in them may have to be considered as explanations for the reduction in enzyme activity in duct-ligated glands.", "contents": "Effects of duct ligation on choline acetyltransferase activity in salivary glands of rats. Duct ligation was found to cause a decrease in the weights of submaxillary and parotid glands examined 3 weeks postoperatively. Choline acetyltransferase activity in ligated glands was compared with that in unligated contralateral glands. The enzyme activity was also measured in the glands from both sides of unoperated control animals. Interference in the assay of choline acetyltransferase by other acetylated compounds was avoided by introducing suitable control incubations. Ligated submaxillary glands showed a small decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase both when compared with contralateral glands and with glands of control rats. In parotid glands the enzyme activity was found to be lower only when ligated and contralateral glands were compared. Structural changes in the nerves and reduced traffic of impulses in them may have to be considered as explanations for the reduction in enzyme activity in duct-ligated glands.", "PMID": 495151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2337", "title": "On the mechanism of central effect of thyroxine on body temperature in dogs.", "content": "The effect of intraventricular injection of thyroxine 1 microgram/animal on body temperature was studied in dogs under resting conditions: at normal ambient temperature, at high ambient temperature (35 degrees C) and during administration of pyrogen. Besides, changes in body temperature were elucidated in dogs performing physical exercise following I.V. T4 injection in the same dose. Thyroxine exerted its central action on body temperature only in dogs performing physical exercise.", "contents": "On the mechanism of central effect of thyroxine on body temperature in dogs. The effect of intraventricular injection of thyroxine 1 microgram/animal on body temperature was studied in dogs under resting conditions: at normal ambient temperature, at high ambient temperature (35 degrees C) and during administration of pyrogen. Besides, changes in body temperature were elucidated in dogs performing physical exercise following I.V. T4 injection in the same dose. Thyroxine exerted its central action on body temperature only in dogs performing physical exercise.", "PMID": 495147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2338", "title": "Conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in homogenates of human skeletal muscle and kidney.", "content": "The capacity of human skeletal muscle and kidney homogenates to synthetize prostaglandins (PGs) from exogenous precursor was investigated. Low-speed supernatants of muscle as well as renal medullary and cortical homogenates were incubated with 14C-labelled arachidonic acid (14C-AA) prepared as a sodium salt. 14C-PGs in the incubates were extracted, separated with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by radioscanning. In the skeletal muscle incubates 14C-AA was converted into 14C-PGs with a time-dependent yield, most effectively after 10--15 min incubation. Well-defined radiopeaks parallel to unlabelled standards of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were obtained in the chromatograms. PGE2 was the main PG formed, constituting over 50% of 14C-activity, whereas 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGD2 and PGF2 alpha were found in considerably lower proportions. In the renal medullary incubates, PGE2 likewise accounted for the largest part of 14C-PGs formed, but significant relative amounts of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 were also found. A minor peak, corresponding to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thus indicating formation of PGI2, was also obtained. In contrast to the medulla, no 14C-PGs could be found in the renal cortical incubates. The results demonstrate the existence of a considerable tissue specificity in the quantitative and qualitative expression of PG biosynthesis in man.", "contents": "Conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in homogenates of human skeletal muscle and kidney. The capacity of human skeletal muscle and kidney homogenates to synthetize prostaglandins (PGs) from exogenous precursor was investigated. Low-speed supernatants of muscle as well as renal medullary and cortical homogenates were incubated with 14C-labelled arachidonic acid (14C-AA) prepared as a sodium salt. 14C-PGs in the incubates were extracted, separated with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by radioscanning. In the skeletal muscle incubates 14C-AA was converted into 14C-PGs with a time-dependent yield, most effectively after 10--15 min incubation. Well-defined radiopeaks parallel to unlabelled standards of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were obtained in the chromatograms. PGE2 was the main PG formed, constituting over 50% of 14C-activity, whereas 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGD2 and PGF2 alpha were found in considerably lower proportions. In the renal medullary incubates, PGE2 likewise accounted for the largest part of 14C-PGs formed, but significant relative amounts of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 were also found. A minor peak, corresponding to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thus indicating formation of PGI2, was also obtained. In contrast to the medulla, no 14C-PGs could be found in the renal cortical incubates. The results demonstrate the existence of a considerable tissue specificity in the quantitative and qualitative expression of PG biosynthesis in man.", "PMID": 495152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2339", "title": "Stimulating effect of physical effort on the excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.", "content": "The excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, after work load, was studied. The physical effort evoked an increase in the excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Under the control conditions no changes in the excretion of the investigated metabolite were found.", "contents": "Stimulating effect of physical effort on the excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, after work load, was studied. The physical effort evoked an increase in the excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Under the control conditions no changes in the excretion of the investigated metabolite were found.", "PMID": 495148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2340", "title": "Hemodynamic changes during the development of sodium-induced hypertension in subtotally nephrectomized rats.", "content": "Hemodynamic changes during the development of sodium-induced hypertension were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats after about 70% of the renal mass was removed. Throughout the four experimental weeks, subtotally nephrectomized rats on a high sodium diet (750 mEq/kg) showed a continuous rise in blood pressure up to the mean value of 178 +/- 9 mmHg. In sham-operated animals on the high sodium supply the blood pressure did not increase as compared to sham-operated controls on the standard sodium diet (150 mEq/kg). In the hypertensive group, the primary changes were urea retention and a concomitant increase of serum osmolarity, but the serum sodium concentration remained at the normal level. These changes were followed by sustained enlargement of extracellular fluid and relative intravascular volumes, together with a simultaneous increase of heart rate and blood pressure. During high sodium intake, the plasma renin activity in subtotally nephrectomized rats was suppressed to one fifth of that in sham-operated animals, but the renin substrate activity did not increase markedly.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes during the development of sodium-induced hypertension in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Hemodynamic changes during the development of sodium-induced hypertension were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats after about 70% of the renal mass was removed. Throughout the four experimental weeks, subtotally nephrectomized rats on a high sodium diet (750 mEq/kg) showed a continuous rise in blood pressure up to the mean value of 178 +/- 9 mmHg. In sham-operated animals on the high sodium supply the blood pressure did not increase as compared to sham-operated controls on the standard sodium diet (150 mEq/kg). In the hypertensive group, the primary changes were urea retention and a concomitant increase of serum osmolarity, but the serum sodium concentration remained at the normal level. These changes were followed by sustained enlargement of extracellular fluid and relative intravascular volumes, together with a simultaneous increase of heart rate and blood pressure. During high sodium intake, the plasma renin activity in subtotally nephrectomized rats was suppressed to one fifth of that in sham-operated animals, but the renin substrate activity did not increase markedly.", "PMID": 495153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2341", "title": "Potentiation of the mechanical behavior of the human skeletal muscle through prestretching.", "content": "Force-velocity and power-velocity curves in a vertical jump involving movements around several joints were derived from vertical ground reaction forces and knee angular velocities. The jumps were performed with weights from 10 to 160 kg added on the shoulders. The obtained curves from a semi-squatting static starting position resembled those reported for isolated muscles or single muscle groups. Vertical jumps were also performed in the conditions where the shortening of the leg extensors was preceded by prestretching of the active muscles either through a preparatory counter-movement or dropping down on the force-platform from the various heights ranging from 20 to 100 cm. Prestretching modified through a range of velocities the force-velocity and power-velocity curves by increasing both the ground reaction forces and the calculated mechanical power. Thus the results are similar to those reported in isolated muscles. In studies with isolated muscle preparation the nervous connections have not been intact and therefore it is suggested that increase in the performance of the skeletal muscles through prestretching, in the conditions of the present study, was attributed to the combined effects of the utilization of stored elastic energy and the reflex potentiation of muscle activation.", "contents": "Potentiation of the mechanical behavior of the human skeletal muscle through prestretching. Force-velocity and power-velocity curves in a vertical jump involving movements around several joints were derived from vertical ground reaction forces and knee angular velocities. The jumps were performed with weights from 10 to 160 kg added on the shoulders. The obtained curves from a semi-squatting static starting position resembled those reported for isolated muscles or single muscle groups. Vertical jumps were also performed in the conditions where the shortening of the leg extensors was preceded by prestretching of the active muscles either through a preparatory counter-movement or dropping down on the force-platform from the various heights ranging from 20 to 100 cm. Prestretching modified through a range of velocities the force-velocity and power-velocity curves by increasing both the ground reaction forces and the calculated mechanical power. Thus the results are similar to those reported in isolated muscles. In studies with isolated muscle preparation the nervous connections have not been intact and therefore it is suggested that increase in the performance of the skeletal muscles through prestretching, in the conditions of the present study, was attributed to the combined effects of the utilization of stored elastic energy and the reflex potentiation of muscle activation.", "PMID": 495154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2342", "title": "Shortening velocity, active force and homogeneity of contraction during electrically evoked twitches in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder.", "content": "Force-velocity relations obtained by the quick release technique were studied at different times during the twitch at 25 degrees C in electrically stimulated longitudinal smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder. The results show that maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) and maximal tension (Po) reach their highest values during the rising phase of the twitch. Maximum Vmax was calculated to be 0.30 +/- 0.04 1/s (S.E., n -= 9). Vmax declines rapidly with time and at the peak of the twitch it is only about 70% of the maximum value. On the other hand Po at the peak does not differ significantly from its maximum value during the rising phase. In the relaxation phase of the twitch, both Vmax and Po decrease progressively. Photographic studies of preparations marked with charcoal grains did not show any considerable inhomogeneity of contraction during isometric twitches, maximum movement of grains never exceeding 4% of total muscle length. No yield at the ends of the preparations were seen. The different time course of Vmax and Po can therefore not be explained by longitudinal inhomogeneity of activation or deactivation of the preparations.", "contents": "Shortening velocity, active force and homogeneity of contraction during electrically evoked twitches in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder. Force-velocity relations obtained by the quick release technique were studied at different times during the twitch at 25 degrees C in electrically stimulated longitudinal smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder. The results show that maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) and maximal tension (Po) reach their highest values during the rising phase of the twitch. Maximum Vmax was calculated to be 0.30 +/- 0.04 1/s (S.E., n -= 9). Vmax declines rapidly with time and at the peak of the twitch it is only about 70% of the maximum value. On the other hand Po at the peak does not differ significantly from its maximum value during the rising phase. In the relaxation phase of the twitch, both Vmax and Po decrease progressively. Photographic studies of preparations marked with charcoal grains did not show any considerable inhomogeneity of contraction during isometric twitches, maximum movement of grains never exceeding 4% of total muscle length. No yield at the ends of the preparations were seen. The different time course of Vmax and Po can therefore not be explained by longitudinal inhomogeneity of activation or deactivation of the preparations.", "PMID": 495155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2343", "title": "Influence of D-or DL-propranolol and chlorpromazine on habituation of phasic electrodermal responses in schizophrenia.", "content": "Propranolol was found to share the properties of the racemate in facilitating habituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex in schizophrenic patients. This effect appeared independent of influences on levels of skin conductance and non-specific responses. Chlorpromazine did not normalise orienting activity. If the findings from open clinical studies that D-propranolol has anti-psychotic properties are confirmed, the fact that dextro propranolol has only minimal cardiovascular effects may give it important advantages as an anti-psychotic agent. Controlled clinical studies to prove its therapeutic action and neurobiological studies to determine its central mechanisms of action are warranted.", "contents": "Influence of D-or DL-propranolol and chlorpromazine on habituation of phasic electrodermal responses in schizophrenia. Propranolol was found to share the properties of the racemate in facilitating habituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex in schizophrenic patients. This effect appeared independent of influences on levels of skin conductance and non-specific responses. Chlorpromazine did not normalise orienting activity. If the findings from open clinical studies that D-propranolol has anti-psychotic properties are confirmed, the fact that dextro propranolol has only minimal cardiovascular effects may give it important advantages as an anti-psychotic agent. Controlled clinical studies to prove its therapeutic action and neurobiological studies to determine its central mechanisms of action are warranted.", "PMID": 495166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2344", "title": "First admissions for psychosis in Turku. A time trend study.", "content": "Patients over 15 years of age from Turku hospitalized for psychosis for the first time during the years 1949-50, 1959-60 or 1969-70 were investigated. The incidence of hospitalized psychoses (per 100,000 inhabitants) was 115, 136 and 160, respectively. The increase in incidence was greater in women than in men. The incidence remained approximately the same in patients aged 30 to 59, but increased in the younger and older groups. The incidence of functional psychoses increased; in schizophrenia, however, it declined, while in paranoid and effective psychoses it increased. In organic psychoses, the admission frequency of psychoses of old age rose in the 1950's, but declined in some measure in the 1960's. The incidence of psychosis increased for single persons. The ratio of the incidence between single and married persons rose in men, whereas in women it fell. This was particularly pronounced in schizophrenics. The incidence of psychosis was highest in unskilled laborers. The overrepresentation of schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses seemed to have become more pronounced in this occupational group.", "contents": "First admissions for psychosis in Turku. A time trend study. Patients over 15 years of age from Turku hospitalized for psychosis for the first time during the years 1949-50, 1959-60 or 1969-70 were investigated. The incidence of hospitalized psychoses (per 100,000 inhabitants) was 115, 136 and 160, respectively. The increase in incidence was greater in women than in men. The incidence remained approximately the same in patients aged 30 to 59, but increased in the younger and older groups. The incidence of functional psychoses increased; in schizophrenia, however, it declined, while in paranoid and effective psychoses it increased. In organic psychoses, the admission frequency of psychoses of old age rose in the 1950's, but declined in some measure in the 1960's. The incidence of psychosis increased for single persons. The ratio of the incidence between single and married persons rose in men, whereas in women it fell. This was particularly pronounced in schizophrenics. The incidence of psychosis was highest in unskilled laborers. The overrepresentation of schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses seemed to have become more pronounced in this occupational group.", "PMID": 495167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2345", "title": "Affective disorders and ABO blood types.", "content": "Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O. Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early- or late-onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar-unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.", "contents": "Affective disorders and ABO blood types. Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O. Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early- or late-onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar-unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.", "PMID": 495168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2346", "title": "Prediction of lithium response.", "content": "Even though lithium has been established as an effective agent in the management of primary affective disorders, not all manic-depressive patients respond favourably to lithium therapy. Therefore we attempted to delineate lithium responders from non-responders in a group of 54 manic-depressive patients on the basis of an assessment which included 64 variables and the results showed that only two thirds were pure responders. Females, patients with prior manic episodes, onset of the illness initially with a manic episode, and premorbid psychothymic personality were all indicators of favourable long-term lithium response. Patients with retarded depression, severe anxiety, though disorder and those with higher scores on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the MMPI were poor lithium responders. It should be noted, however, that only a few of the differences between responders and non-responders were statistically significant. Our study suggests a number of predictive variables for the identification of lithium responders.", "contents": "Prediction of lithium response. Even though lithium has been established as an effective agent in the management of primary affective disorders, not all manic-depressive patients respond favourably to lithium therapy. Therefore we attempted to delineate lithium responders from non-responders in a group of 54 manic-depressive patients on the basis of an assessment which included 64 variables and the results showed that only two thirds were pure responders. Females, patients with prior manic episodes, onset of the illness initially with a manic episode, and premorbid psychothymic personality were all indicators of favourable long-term lithium response. Patients with retarded depression, severe anxiety, though disorder and those with higher scores on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the MMPI were poor lithium responders. It should be noted, however, that only a few of the differences between responders and non-responders were statistically significant. Our study suggests a number of predictive variables for the identification of lithium responders.", "PMID": 495169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2347", "title": "[Memory alterations in non-korsakoff's chronic alcoholics (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a memory deficit in non Korsakow chronic alcoholics, mainly in fixation and learning. Retaining less structured and significant elements is particularly altered. Part of the troubles may be due to deterioration of recall mechanisms.", "contents": "[Memory alterations in non-korsakoff's chronic alcoholics (author's transl)]. There is a memory deficit in non Korsakow chronic alcoholics, mainly in fixation and learning. Retaining less structured and significant elements is particularly altered. Part of the troubles may be due to deterioration of recall mechanisms.", "PMID": 495164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2348", "title": "[Study of intravenous amitriptyline in acute depressions (author's transl)].", "content": "The author has performed an open study of 27 patients with an acute depressive state, hospitalized and treated with slow intravenous perfusions of amitriptyline. Similar perfusions of chlorimipramine act certainly more rapidly on depression, but conversion to oral dose raises some problems regarding active dosis. Intravenous amitriptyline reduces latency, is more sedative and without major intolerance, such as hemodynamic. Conversion to oral diffused forms (Redomex diffucaps) consolidates the results obtained by parenteral administration, and the antianxiety component permits the use of this drug in monotherapy.", "contents": "[Study of intravenous amitriptyline in acute depressions (author's transl)]. The author has performed an open study of 27 patients with an acute depressive state, hospitalized and treated with slow intravenous perfusions of amitriptyline. Similar perfusions of chlorimipramine act certainly more rapidly on depression, but conversion to oral dose raises some problems regarding active dosis. Intravenous amitriptyline reduces latency, is more sedative and without major intolerance, such as hemodynamic. Conversion to oral diffused forms (Redomex diffucaps) consolidates the results obtained by parenteral administration, and the antianxiety component permits the use of this drug in monotherapy.", "PMID": 495165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2349", "title": "Ultrasound and clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the leg.", "content": "The diagnostic precision of clinical evaluation and of ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis was obtained by ascending phlebography. The diagnostic specificity and diagnostic sensitivity of clinical examination was 0.72 and 0.78 and with ultrasound 0.73 and 0.70. With no other examination than phlebography is it possible to demonstrate major central thrombosis in the leg with certainty.", "contents": "Ultrasound and clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the leg. The diagnostic precision of clinical evaluation and of ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis was obtained by ascending phlebography. The diagnostic specificity and diagnostic sensitivity of clinical examination was 0.72 and 0.78 and with ultrasound 0.73 and 0.70. With no other examination than phlebography is it possible to demonstrate major central thrombosis in the leg with certainty.", "PMID": 495179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2350", "title": "Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 99Tcm-HIDA in patients with jaundice.", "content": "In order to assess the clinical value of 99Tcm-HIDA for hepatobiliary scintigraphy 23 patients with hepatocellular disease and 44 patients with obstructive biliary tract disease were examined. Positive information was obtained in 14 and 23 patients, respectively. False results mainly depended on inadequate imaging of the liver in the case of severely impaired function, whatever the cause. Spontaneously ameliorated obstruction leaving an impaired hepatocellular function may give misleading results. A malignant tumour widely involving the liver and impressing the bile ducts may also create the appearance of obstruction. If HIDA scintigraphy be limited to patients with serum bilirubin levels between 40 and 250 mumol/l the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 90 per cent and 78 per cent, respectively, is reached in demonstrating obstruction, when the prevalence is 0.58.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 99Tcm-HIDA in patients with jaundice. In order to assess the clinical value of 99Tcm-HIDA for hepatobiliary scintigraphy 23 patients with hepatocellular disease and 44 patients with obstructive biliary tract disease were examined. Positive information was obtained in 14 and 23 patients, respectively. False results mainly depended on inadequate imaging of the liver in the case of severely impaired function, whatever the cause. Spontaneously ameliorated obstruction leaving an impaired hepatocellular function may give misleading results. A malignant tumour widely involving the liver and impressing the bile ducts may also create the appearance of obstruction. If HIDA scintigraphy be limited to patients with serum bilirubin levels between 40 and 250 mumol/l the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 90 per cent and 78 per cent, respectively, is reached in demonstrating obstruction, when the prevalence is 0.58.", "PMID": 495180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2351", "title": "Angiography and scintigraphy in patients with possible liver malignancy.", "content": "Angiography and 99Tcm-scintigraphy were performed in 100 adult patients with suggested primary or secondary liver malignancy. The results were compared to the final diagnosis obtained by biopsy, surgery, autopsy or long term clinical follow up. The reasons for false positive and negative diagnoses are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Angiography and scintigraphy in patients with possible liver malignancy. Angiography and 99Tcm-scintigraphy were performed in 100 adult patients with suggested primary or secondary liver malignancy. The results were compared to the final diagnosis obtained by biopsy, surgery, autopsy or long term clinical follow up. The reasons for false positive and negative diagnoses are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 495181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2352", "title": "Angiographic findings in adrenal masses.", "content": "The angiographic findings in 34 patients with adrenal lesions were reviewed, including 11 adrenal metastases, 9 adrenal pheochromocytomas, 4 adrenal cortical carcinomas, 4 adrenal cortical adenomas, 3 cases of adrenal hyperplasia and 3 cases of adrenal invasion from carcinoma of the upper pole of the kidney. The results indicate differential diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing among these various entities by angiography.", "contents": "Angiographic findings in adrenal masses. The angiographic findings in 34 patients with adrenal lesions were reviewed, including 11 adrenal metastases, 9 adrenal pheochromocytomas, 4 adrenal cortical carcinomas, 4 adrenal cortical adenomas, 3 cases of adrenal hyperplasia and 3 cases of adrenal invasion from carcinoma of the upper pole of the kidney. The results indicate differential diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing among these various entities by angiography.", "PMID": 495182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2353", "title": "Angiography of the testicular artery. IV. Magnification angiography in intrascrotal abnormalities.", "content": "Magnification angiography of the testis with selective injection into the testicular artery has been performed in patients with different lesions in the scrotum, either real or suggested. Characteristic angiographic appearances were found in epididymitis, testicular torsion, tumor, hematoma and hydrocele.", "contents": "Angiography of the testicular artery. IV. Magnification angiography in intrascrotal abnormalities. Magnification angiography of the testis with selective injection into the testicular artery has been performed in patients with different lesions in the scrotum, either real or suggested. Characteristic angiographic appearances were found in epididymitis, testicular torsion, tumor, hematoma and hydrocele.", "PMID": 495183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2354", "title": "Appearance of trabecular bone in the femoral neck (Singh index). Relation to vertebral bone mass post mortem.", "content": "In 89 consecutive cases trabecular bone mass of the second or third lumbar vertabra was subjectively estimated in post mortem specimens, using frontal section 1 cm in thickness. The trabecular appearance of the femoral neck (Singh index) at radiography and the thickness of the femoral cortical bone were also determined. Agreement between vertebral bone mass and either of the two radiologic indices was present in only two thirds of the cases, and most often these indices underestimated the presence of vertebral osteoporosis. The results indicate that neither of these radiologic indices can be used for clinical guidance of the diagnosis of vertebral osteoporosis in the individual case.", "contents": "Appearance of trabecular bone in the femoral neck (Singh index). Relation to vertebral bone mass post mortem. In 89 consecutive cases trabecular bone mass of the second or third lumbar vertabra was subjectively estimated in post mortem specimens, using frontal section 1 cm in thickness. The trabecular appearance of the femoral neck (Singh index) at radiography and the thickness of the femoral cortical bone were also determined. Agreement between vertebral bone mass and either of the two radiologic indices was present in only two thirds of the cases, and most often these indices underestimated the presence of vertebral osteoporosis. The results indicate that neither of these radiologic indices can be used for clinical guidance of the diagnosis of vertebral osteoporosis in the individual case.", "PMID": 495185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2355", "title": "Facial bone scintigraphy. IV. Diagnosis of bone involvement by purulent sinusitis.", "content": "Facial bone scintigraphy demonstrated bone tissue involvement by purulent maxillary sinuitis in 11 patients examined. In no case was bone involvement demonstrated by radiography. Bone scintigraphy in this respect appears more sensitive than does conventional radiography.", "contents": "Facial bone scintigraphy. IV. Diagnosis of bone involvement by purulent sinusitis. Facial bone scintigraphy demonstrated bone tissue involvement by purulent maxillary sinuitis in 11 patients examined. In no case was bone involvement demonstrated by radiography. Bone scintigraphy in this respect appears more sensitive than does conventional radiography.", "PMID": 495186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2356", "title": "Thin bony walls of the temporomandibular joint. Morphologic properties and tomographic reproduction.", "content": "The morphology of two thin bony walls in the medial third of the mandibular fossa is described on the basis of successive microtome sections of undecalcified temporomandibular joint specimens. The requirements for reproduction on thin bony walls at tomography with hypocycloidal movement are defined and discussed.", "contents": "Thin bony walls of the temporomandibular joint. Morphologic properties and tomographic reproduction. The morphology of two thin bony walls in the medial third of the mandibular fossa is described on the basis of successive microtome sections of undecalcified temporomandibular joint specimens. The requirements for reproduction on thin bony walls at tomography with hypocycloidal movement are defined and discussed.", "PMID": 495187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2357", "title": "Influence of radiation dose on image quality.", "content": "When the speed of a recording medium is doubled the background quantum mottle is increased by a factor square root 2. However, the signal/noise ratio is changed not in proportion to the square root of the exposure, but in a linear fashion, i.e. by a factor 2. The change in the depiction of objects with a very high attenuation difference in relation to its surroundings appears not to be linear, but proportional to the square root of the exposure. Such objects (metal wire meshes, lead bar grids) should thus be avoided in routine evaluation of image quality since they give incomplete information as to image impairment when high-speed recording media are used.", "contents": "Influence of radiation dose on image quality. When the speed of a recording medium is doubled the background quantum mottle is increased by a factor square root 2. However, the signal/noise ratio is changed not in proportion to the square root of the exposure, but in a linear fashion, i.e. by a factor 2. The change in the depiction of objects with a very high attenuation difference in relation to its surroundings appears not to be linear, but proportional to the square root of the exposure. Such objects (metal wire meshes, lead bar grids) should thus be avoided in routine evaluation of image quality since they give incomplete information as to image impairment when high-speed recording media are used.", "PMID": 495188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2358", "title": "Autopsy findings in carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "At autopsy of 82 cases of carcinoma of the esophagus over a period of 25 years metastatic tumor was found in 42 cases (51%) and residual tumor in the esophagus in 56 cases (86%). The most frequent site of metastases was in the lymph nodes, followed by liver, lung, and adrenal gland. Direct extension of the tumor to adjacent structures was established in 30 cases (36%), and the most frequent structure involved was the trachea. Five cases had a second primary and two cases a second separate lesion at another level of the esophagus.", "contents": "Autopsy findings in carcinoma of the esophagus. At autopsy of 82 cases of carcinoma of the esophagus over a period of 25 years metastatic tumor was found in 42 cases (51%) and residual tumor in the esophagus in 56 cases (86%). The most frequent site of metastases was in the lymph nodes, followed by liver, lung, and adrenal gland. Direct extension of the tumor to adjacent structures was established in 30 cases (36%), and the most frequent structure involved was the trachea. Five cases had a second primary and two cases a second separate lesion at another level of the esophagus.", "PMID": 495189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2359", "title": "Bone mineral content in hyperthyroid patients after combined medical and surgical treatment.", "content": "Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral concentration (BMC') of the forearm were determined by photon absorptiometry in 20 untreated hyperthyroid patients and in 33 patients previously treated for hyperthyroidism. In untreated hyperthyroidism a significant decrease was found in both BMC and BMC'. In treated hyperthyroidism BMC and BMC' were normalized. The findings suggest that a previous hyperthyroid state is not a risk factor for development of spontaneous fractures providing the hyperthyroid state is effectively treated.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in hyperthyroid patients after combined medical and surgical treatment. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral concentration (BMC') of the forearm were determined by photon absorptiometry in 20 untreated hyperthyroid patients and in 33 patients previously treated for hyperthyroidism. In untreated hyperthyroidism a significant decrease was found in both BMC and BMC'. In treated hyperthyroidism BMC and BMC' were normalized. The findings suggest that a previous hyperthyroid state is not a risk factor for development of spontaneous fractures providing the hyperthyroid state is effectively treated.", "PMID": 495190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2360", "title": "Peripheral reticulocyte count as biologic dosimetry of ionizing radiation. Experiments in the mouse.", "content": "The flow of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood reflects the bone marrow activity and can be used for evaluation of radiation injury. Using an apparatus capable of microfluorometric quantification of reticulocytes in suspension, the peripheral blood reticulocytes of mice exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation were examined. A dose dependent reticulocytopenia was observed. The advantages of this method in biologic dosimetry over that of evaluating chromosomal aberrations, and its applicability for screening a human populations, are discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral reticulocyte count as biologic dosimetry of ionizing radiation. Experiments in the mouse. The flow of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood reflects the bone marrow activity and can be used for evaluation of radiation injury. Using an apparatus capable of microfluorometric quantification of reticulocytes in suspension, the peripheral blood reticulocytes of mice exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation were examined. A dose dependent reticulocytopenia was observed. The advantages of this method in biologic dosimetry over that of evaluating chromosomal aberrations, and its applicability for screening a human populations, are discussed.", "PMID": 495191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2361", "title": "Bronchial angiography in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Selective bronchial angiography was performed in 26 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in connection with intraarterial infusions of cytostatic drugs. The angiographic extension of the tumor was correlated to data obtained at surgery, mediastinoscopy or autopsy. Bronchial angiography is not suitable as a routine procedure in the preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma but may contribute to a more precise staging of the tumor.", "contents": "Bronchial angiography in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Selective bronchial angiography was performed in 26 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in connection with intraarterial infusions of cytostatic drugs. The angiographic extension of the tumor was correlated to data obtained at surgery, mediastinoscopy or autopsy. Bronchial angiography is not suitable as a routine procedure in the preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma but may contribute to a more precise staging of the tumor.", "PMID": 495192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2362", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma treated with MTDQ and irradiation.", "content": "Patients with basal cell carcinoma of the skin were treated with combined MTDQ (6,6'-methylene-bis-(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)) administration and irradiation. Significantly better results were obtained with a skin exposure of 2 000 R combined with MTDQ than with the same dose alone. The results were comparable to those obtained with an exposure of 4 000 R. MTDQ administration induced decrease of tissular malonaldehyde concentration and suggested the peroxide-decomposing action of the radiation sensitizer.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma treated with MTDQ and irradiation. Patients with basal cell carcinoma of the skin were treated with combined MTDQ (6,6'-methylene-bis-(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)) administration and irradiation. Significantly better results were obtained with a skin exposure of 2 000 R combined with MTDQ than with the same dose alone. The results were comparable to those obtained with an exposure of 4 000 R. MTDQ administration induced decrease of tissular malonaldehyde concentration and suggested the peroxide-decomposing action of the radiation sensitizer.", "PMID": 495193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2363", "title": "Coronary arteriography in 486 patients--arteriographic pathology and prognosis.", "content": "The coronary arteriographic findings and prognosis in a series of 486 non-surgically treated patients were analyzed. A semiselective injection was used. The number and causes of deaths were obtained from the census registry after a follow-up period of 7--12 years. The material comprised normal arteriograms in 26% of the patients, wall irregularities at most in 17%, obstruction of at least half the diameter in 37%, and unclassifiable arteriograms in 19%. A mean of 1.8 obstructed arteries per patient was found in the group with obstructive arterial lesions and among these patients the left anterior descending artery was most often engaged. In the same group the cardiac mortality at seven years was 20%. There were no significant differences between deceased and survivors with regard to clinical data. The arteriograms themselves offered more information about the prognosis. Normal arteries or wall irregularities at most implied excellent prognosis with regard to death in coronary heart disease. The seven-year mortality was 36% among patients with coronary artery occlusions, which is significantly higher than 14% among those with arterial stenosis. Materials from the USA and Canada have displayed a much higher mortality than our study in spite of comparable arteriographic findings.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography in 486 patients--arteriographic pathology and prognosis. The coronary arteriographic findings and prognosis in a series of 486 non-surgically treated patients were analyzed. A semiselective injection was used. The number and causes of deaths were obtained from the census registry after a follow-up period of 7--12 years. The material comprised normal arteriograms in 26% of the patients, wall irregularities at most in 17%, obstruction of at least half the diameter in 37%, and unclassifiable arteriograms in 19%. A mean of 1.8 obstructed arteries per patient was found in the group with obstructive arterial lesions and among these patients the left anterior descending artery was most often engaged. In the same group the cardiac mortality at seven years was 20%. There were no significant differences between deceased and survivors with regard to clinical data. The arteriograms themselves offered more information about the prognosis. Normal arteries or wall irregularities at most implied excellent prognosis with regard to death in coronary heart disease. The seven-year mortality was 36% among patients with coronary artery occlusions, which is significantly higher than 14% among those with arterial stenosis. Materials from the USA and Canada have displayed a much higher mortality than our study in spite of comparable arteriographic findings.", "PMID": 495219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2364", "title": "Sick sinus syndrome treated with permanent pacemaker in 109 patients. A follow-up study.", "content": "During the last decade implantation of permanent pacemakers has become the treatment of choice for patients suffering from the sick sinus syndrome (SSS). We have followed up 112 SSS patients treated with permanent pacemakers in Haukeland Hospital in the period 1966--76. The pacemakers were later removed from three of the patients. In the remaining 109 patients the SSS was characterized by tachy-bradyarrhythmias (TBA) in 44 and bradyarrhythmias (BA) in 65. Before implantation, 68 patients had syncopes and 27 severe dizziness. After implantation, symptomatic improvement was apparent in 104 patients; only three still had syncopes. During the follow-up period (mean 34.4 months), 29 patients died (yearly mortality 9.3%). There was no significant difference in total mortality between patients with TBA and with BA. Concomitant disturbances in atrioventricular (AV) conduction occurred in 35.8% of the patients. Among 79 of 80 patients still alive, five had developed total AV block, 19 had stable atrial fibrillation, 12 of these were possibly pacemaker-independent (ventricular rate greater than 60/min). Systemic embolization was observed in 16 patients, more frequently in the TBA (12/44) than in the BA group (4/65) (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that permanent pacemakers have an excellent symptomatic effect in patients with SSS. The prognosis is mainly determined by the presence or absence of coronary heart disease and/or heart failure.", "contents": "Sick sinus syndrome treated with permanent pacemaker in 109 patients. A follow-up study. During the last decade implantation of permanent pacemakers has become the treatment of choice for patients suffering from the sick sinus syndrome (SSS). We have followed up 112 SSS patients treated with permanent pacemakers in Haukeland Hospital in the period 1966--76. The pacemakers were later removed from three of the patients. In the remaining 109 patients the SSS was characterized by tachy-bradyarrhythmias (TBA) in 44 and bradyarrhythmias (BA) in 65. Before implantation, 68 patients had syncopes and 27 severe dizziness. After implantation, symptomatic improvement was apparent in 104 patients; only three still had syncopes. During the follow-up period (mean 34.4 months), 29 patients died (yearly mortality 9.3%). There was no significant difference in total mortality between patients with TBA and with BA. Concomitant disturbances in atrioventricular (AV) conduction occurred in 35.8% of the patients. Among 79 of 80 patients still alive, five had developed total AV block, 19 had stable atrial fibrillation, 12 of these were possibly pacemaker-independent (ventricular rate greater than 60/min). Systemic embolization was observed in 16 patients, more frequently in the TBA (12/44) than in the BA group (4/65) (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that permanent pacemakers have an excellent symptomatic effect in patients with SSS. The prognosis is mainly determined by the presence or absence of coronary heart disease and/or heart failure.", "PMID": 495220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2365", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients.", "content": "During the years 1965--75, 98 patients more than 65 years of age had aortic valve replacement in our hospital, 24 ball valves and 74 disc valves inserted in their aortic orifice. Actuarial analysis of survival in these patients shows that the operative risk is slightly higher in elder than in younger patients. The survival curve for the following years for those who had disc valve implantation runs parallel to that of younger patients, while those who had ball valve implantation showed a more rapid fall in survival after 3 years. After 10 years, only 30% of patients with ball valve transplantation were alive.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients. During the years 1965--75, 98 patients more than 65 years of age had aortic valve replacement in our hospital, 24 ball valves and 74 disc valves inserted in their aortic orifice. Actuarial analysis of survival in these patients shows that the operative risk is slightly higher in elder than in younger patients. The survival curve for the following years for those who had disc valve implantation runs parallel to that of younger patients, while those who had ball valve implantation showed a more rapid fall in survival after 3 years. After 10 years, only 30% of patients with ball valve transplantation were alive.", "PMID": 495221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2366", "title": "Prediction of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A clinical study on 100 consecutive patients.", "content": "Expected survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 100 consecutive patients was predicted by three doctors and two nurses at the time of discharge from a CCU. Predictions were compared with various coronary prognostic indices (CPI) and were found to be too optimistic for the first 9 months. Experienced physicians made more reliable predictions than junior physicians and nurses. All patients with a predicted survival of more than 10 years were alive after 1 year and all with predicted death within one month died during the first year. Intermediate predictions were unreliable with reference to the one-year survival. Regardless of which CPI was used, a low index score carried a very low one-year mortality and high index a high mortality. Intermediate index scores were unreliable. A comparison between the predictions and index scores showed that there was no difference in sensitivity and specificity between the methods. Our study thus shows that patients with either a very good or a very poor prognosis will be identified regardless of the method used. The problem of identifying the individual with an intermediate risk remains to be solved.", "contents": "Prediction of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A clinical study on 100 consecutive patients. Expected survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 100 consecutive patients was predicted by three doctors and two nurses at the time of discharge from a CCU. Predictions were compared with various coronary prognostic indices (CPI) and were found to be too optimistic for the first 9 months. Experienced physicians made more reliable predictions than junior physicians and nurses. All patients with a predicted survival of more than 10 years were alive after 1 year and all with predicted death within one month died during the first year. Intermediate predictions were unreliable with reference to the one-year survival. Regardless of which CPI was used, a low index score carried a very low one-year mortality and high index a high mortality. Intermediate index scores were unreliable. A comparison between the predictions and index scores showed that there was no difference in sensitivity and specificity between the methods. Our study thus shows that patients with either a very good or a very poor prognosis will be identified regardless of the method used. The problem of identifying the individual with an intermediate risk remains to be solved.", "PMID": 495222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2367", "title": "Early mobilization and discharge of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A prospective study using risk indicators and early exercise tests.", "content": "Consecutive patients (n=184) surviving 48 hours in a coronary care unit were divided into one rapidly (RM) (n=55, 30%) and one conventionally mobilized (CM) group (n=129, 70%). The selection of RM patients was based on the absence of five early risk indicators (RI), reflecting electrical and mechanical heart dysfunction. During after-care, five late RIs were evaluated, including a submaximal bicycle exercise test to 50 W, which excluded nine (16%) additional patients from the RM group. After excluding four patients for non-cardiac reasons, the remaining 42 RM patients were rapidly mobilized and discharged after a mean of nine days, in contrast to a mean of 19 days in the CM group, comprising 121 patients. No RM patient dies in hospital and only one patient died during a six-month follow-up, compared to 17 (p less than 0.01) and 28 (p less than 0.01) patients respectively, in the CM group. Both reinfarction and mortality increased with the number of positive RIs. The early exercise test excluded four patients from the RM group. Altogether 22 of 45 patients showed some abnormality during exercise. Half of these 22 patients were readmitted due to cardiac complications during the follow-up period. These findings indicate that it is possible to identify a group of patients with AMI suitable for early discharge, and that an early exercise test in selected good risk patients is safe and identifies a group prone to complications during the early follow-up period.", "contents": "Early mobilization and discharge of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A prospective study using risk indicators and early exercise tests. Consecutive patients (n=184) surviving 48 hours in a coronary care unit were divided into one rapidly (RM) (n=55, 30%) and one conventionally mobilized (CM) group (n=129, 70%). The selection of RM patients was based on the absence of five early risk indicators (RI), reflecting electrical and mechanical heart dysfunction. During after-care, five late RIs were evaluated, including a submaximal bicycle exercise test to 50 W, which excluded nine (16%) additional patients from the RM group. After excluding four patients for non-cardiac reasons, the remaining 42 RM patients were rapidly mobilized and discharged after a mean of nine days, in contrast to a mean of 19 days in the CM group, comprising 121 patients. No RM patient dies in hospital and only one patient died during a six-month follow-up, compared to 17 (p less than 0.01) and 28 (p less than 0.01) patients respectively, in the CM group. Both reinfarction and mortality increased with the number of positive RIs. The early exercise test excluded four patients from the RM group. Altogether 22 of 45 patients showed some abnormality during exercise. Half of these 22 patients were readmitted due to cardiac complications during the follow-up period. These findings indicate that it is possible to identify a group of patients with AMI suitable for early discharge, and that an early exercise test in selected good risk patients is safe and identifies a group prone to complications during the early follow-up period.", "PMID": 495223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2368", "title": "Intraaortic balloon pumping in the treatment of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 5.1% incidence of cardiogenic shock was found in consecutive series of 680 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during a five-year period. The hospital mortality was 94%. Shock was treated according to a stepwise policy including assisted circulation with intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP). During the five-year period, only five patients, 14% of the shock patients, had shock for more than three hours (the minimal time for attempting medical therapy and preparing for assisted circulation), were below 75 years of age and without terminal diseases. Together with ten AMI patients in shock referred from or treated in other hospitals, altogether 15 patients were given IABP during 1--318 hours (mean 58). Shock was reversed in 12 (80%) of these patients and five (33%) could be weaned off IABP and discharged from the CCU. However, only two patients (13%) were long-term survivors.", "contents": "Intraaortic balloon pumping in the treatment of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. A 5.1% incidence of cardiogenic shock was found in consecutive series of 680 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during a five-year period. The hospital mortality was 94%. Shock was treated according to a stepwise policy including assisted circulation with intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP). During the five-year period, only five patients, 14% of the shock patients, had shock for more than three hours (the minimal time for attempting medical therapy and preparing for assisted circulation), were below 75 years of age and without terminal diseases. Together with ten AMI patients in shock referred from or treated in other hospitals, altogether 15 patients were given IABP during 1--318 hours (mean 58). Shock was reversed in 12 (80%) of these patients and five (33%) could be weaned off IABP and discharged from the CCU. However, only two patients (13%) were long-term survivors.", "PMID": 495225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2369", "title": "Familial occurrence of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Intracranial aneurysms occurring in three families are reported. As a result of the discovery of splenic artery aneurysms in one of the family members the relation between intracranial aneurysms and aneurysms in other sites is discussed. It is put forward that aneurysms might be a part of a generalized connective tissue disease, and the relation between aneurysms and some connective tissue diseases is stressed. At present extensive angiographic investigations in family cases cannot be recommended in every family.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of intracranial aneurysms. Intracranial aneurysms occurring in three families are reported. As a result of the discovery of splenic artery aneurysms in one of the family members the relation between intracranial aneurysms and aneurysms in other sites is discussed. It is put forward that aneurysms might be a part of a generalized connective tissue disease, and the relation between aneurysms and some connective tissue diseases is stressed. At present extensive angiographic investigations in family cases cannot be recommended in every family.", "PMID": 495226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2370", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in women with osteoporosis.", "content": "Altogether 15 partially independent measurements of bone mass in 100 women with clinical and roentgenological signs of osteoporosis were correlated to the alkaline phosphatase activities of the same individuals. There was a slight but significant negative correlation indicating an increasing alkaline phosphatase activity with decreasing bone mass. This correlation was not caused by interaction of age. There was no correlation or morphological signs of osteomalacia. The changes could not be explained by fractures. It is suggested that a slight increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity in women with a more severe osteoporosis is related to bone resorption.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in women with osteoporosis. Altogether 15 partially independent measurements of bone mass in 100 women with clinical and roentgenological signs of osteoporosis were correlated to the alkaline phosphatase activities of the same individuals. There was a slight but significant negative correlation indicating an increasing alkaline phosphatase activity with decreasing bone mass. This correlation was not caused by interaction of age. There was no correlation or morphological signs of osteomalacia. The changes could not be explained by fractures. It is suggested that a slight increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity in women with a more severe osteoporosis is related to bone resorption.", "PMID": 495227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2371", "title": "Bone biopsy in women with spinal osteoporosis.", "content": "Iliac crest biopsies were obtained from 110 women, 62 of whom had been clinically and radiologically classified as osteoporotics. The amount of osteoid surface was measured by a histological planimetrical method. It was demonstrated that the amount of osteoid does not differ between osteoporotic women and control women and that osteomalacia is rare in both groups.", "contents": "Bone biopsy in women with spinal osteoporosis. Iliac crest biopsies were obtained from 110 women, 62 of whom had been clinically and radiologically classified as osteoporotics. The amount of osteoid surface was measured by a histological planimetrical method. It was demonstrated that the amount of osteoid does not differ between osteoporotic women and control women and that osteomalacia is rare in both groups.", "PMID": 495228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2372", "title": "Multiple attacks of jaundice associated with repeated sulfonamide treatment.", "content": "Four women who were treated with sulfonamides because of recurrent urinary tract infections experienced adverse liver reactions with jaundice during their third, fourth and fifth course of treatment, respectively. In spite of this, sulfonamide treatment was reinitiated some years later. Adverse liver reactions with jaundice recurred on all occasions. The clinical picture of the liver reactions was indistinguishable from that of viral hepatitis and a hepatitis-like reaction was also seen histologically. Signs of fibrosis appeared histologically after a third attack of jaundice associated with sulfonamides in one patient, but otherwise no persisting abnormalities were noted.", "contents": "Multiple attacks of jaundice associated with repeated sulfonamide treatment. Four women who were treated with sulfonamides because of recurrent urinary tract infections experienced adverse liver reactions with jaundice during their third, fourth and fifth course of treatment, respectively. In spite of this, sulfonamide treatment was reinitiated some years later. Adverse liver reactions with jaundice recurred on all occasions. The clinical picture of the liver reactions was indistinguishable from that of viral hepatitis and a hepatitis-like reaction was also seen histologically. Signs of fibrosis appeared histologically after a third attack of jaundice associated with sulfonamides in one patient, but otherwise no persisting abnormalities were noted.", "PMID": 495230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2373", "title": "Changes in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels during long-term phenytoin treatment for epilepsy.", "content": "The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in 20 patients with epilepsy was investigated. In patients followed up for six years, phenytoin treatment was associated with an increase in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The most significant increases in lipid levels were measured during the first months of therapy, whereafter values generally tended to decrease. The elevation in serum triglyceride concentration was relatively greater than that in serum cholesterol level. Cholesterol concentrations, however, remained high for a longer period. The results demonstrate that phenytoin therapy for epilepsy is associated with a rise in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, the degree of which seems to be related to the duration of the treatment. The changes presumably reflect phenytoin effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Changes in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels during long-term phenytoin treatment for epilepsy. The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in 20 patients with epilepsy was investigated. In patients followed up for six years, phenytoin treatment was associated with an increase in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The most significant increases in lipid levels were measured during the first months of therapy, whereafter values generally tended to decrease. The elevation in serum triglyceride concentration was relatively greater than that in serum cholesterol level. Cholesterol concentrations, however, remained high for a longer period. The results demonstrate that phenytoin therapy for epilepsy is associated with a rise in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, the degree of which seems to be related to the duration of the treatment. The changes presumably reflect phenytoin effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 495231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2374", "title": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in chronic granulomatous disease. Case report of an eighteen-year-old girl.", "content": "An 18-year-old girl is described who developed advanced renal sclerotic lesions, probably preceded by local focal glomerulonephritis, which coexisted with a Staphylococcus aureus abscess. It is hypothesized that immune complex glomerulonephritis developed, provoked by long-term antigenic stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus. The cause of these long-term bacterial infections was a defect of the phagocytic cells to kill bacteria effectively, a disease known as chronic granulomatous disease. Therapy with intracellularly active antimicrobial agents restored the renal function till no more haemodialysis was necessary.", "contents": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in chronic granulomatous disease. Case report of an eighteen-year-old girl. An 18-year-old girl is described who developed advanced renal sclerotic lesions, probably preceded by local focal glomerulonephritis, which coexisted with a Staphylococcus aureus abscess. It is hypothesized that immune complex glomerulonephritis developed, provoked by long-term antigenic stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus. The cause of these long-term bacterial infections was a defect of the phagocytic cells to kill bacteria effectively, a disease known as chronic granulomatous disease. Therapy with intracellularly active antimicrobial agents restored the renal function till no more haemodialysis was necessary.", "PMID": 495232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2375", "title": "Temporal arteritis and gangrene of the tongue.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman, suspected of having polymyalgia rheumatica, was biopsied from the temporal artery to establish the diagnosis. Six hours after the biopsy, she developed progressive gangrene of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, and intensive steroid therapy was initiated. The histological examination of the biopsy revealed giant-cell arteritis. Biopsy or other manipulation of the artery is suggested to be the cause of exacerbation of the arteritis locally. Steroid treatment is proposed in all cases prior to the biopsy. Other studies have not shown that the possibility of obtaining a positive histological diagnosis is reduced during or after steroid treatment. A review of the literature on gangrene of the tongue is given.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis and gangrene of the tongue. A 69-year-old woman, suspected of having polymyalgia rheumatica, was biopsied from the temporal artery to establish the diagnosis. Six hours after the biopsy, she developed progressive gangrene of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, and intensive steroid therapy was initiated. The histological examination of the biopsy revealed giant-cell arteritis. Biopsy or other manipulation of the artery is suggested to be the cause of exacerbation of the arteritis locally. Steroid treatment is proposed in all cases prior to the biopsy. Other studies have not shown that the possibility of obtaining a positive histological diagnosis is reduced during or after steroid treatment. A review of the literature on gangrene of the tongue is given.", "PMID": 495233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2376", "title": "Medulloblastoma in childhood. Survival and functional results.", "content": "The authors report on a series of 57 medulloblastomas in children operated upon -etween 1964 and 1976. Among these children, 44 completed the treatment with radiotherapy to the whole central nervous system. The postoperative mortality rate in 10.5%. Postoperative deaths occurred mainly in infants or when a tumour involved the brain stem. The five-year survival rate is 54% in the whole series. It rose to 71% in the patients who completed the treatment with radiotherapy. The study shows that the life of survivals is frequently impaired by mental or behavioural disturbances. IQ varies from 70 to 90 in 58% of the children; it is below 70 in 31%. Behavioural disturbances are found in 93% of cases. 82% have defective spatial orientation, dysphasia, or dysgraphia. In order to evaluate the responsibility of X-ray therapy for the development of these sequelae, the results have been compared to those of a series of cerebellar astrocytomas surgically removed, but not irradiated. The comparison shows that radiotherapy is at least partially responsible for the mental and behavioural disturbances. No relation was found between these disturbances and a persistent ventricular dilatation or an endocrine dysfunction. However the endocrine assessment showed growth hromone deficiency in 65% of the children, short stature in 55%, and compensated hypothyroidism in 58%.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma in childhood. Survival and functional results. The authors report on a series of 57 medulloblastomas in children operated upon -etween 1964 and 1976. Among these children, 44 completed the treatment with radiotherapy to the whole central nervous system. The postoperative mortality rate in 10.5%. Postoperative deaths occurred mainly in infants or when a tumour involved the brain stem. The five-year survival rate is 54% in the whole series. It rose to 71% in the patients who completed the treatment with radiotherapy. The study shows that the life of survivals is frequently impaired by mental or behavioural disturbances. IQ varies from 70 to 90 in 58% of the children; it is below 70 in 31%. Behavioural disturbances are found in 93% of cases. 82% have defective spatial orientation, dysphasia, or dysgraphia. In order to evaluate the responsibility of X-ray therapy for the development of these sequelae, the results have been compared to those of a series of cerebellar astrocytomas surgically removed, but not irradiated. The comparison shows that radiotherapy is at least partially responsible for the mental and behavioural disturbances. No relation was found between these disturbances and a persistent ventricular dilatation or an endocrine dysfunction. However the endocrine assessment showed growth hromone deficiency in 65% of the children, short stature in 55%, and compensated hypothyroidism in 58%.", "PMID": 495234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2377", "title": "Transarticular (transpedicular) metal plate fixation for stabilization of the lumbar and thoracic spine.", "content": "The operation of metal plate fixation of the articular column with the screws traversing the anterior vertebral arch (ventral pedicles) and anchored within the vertebral body is described in detail. The method can be recommended as easy to perform. It gives sufficiently stable fixation in cases where instability of the thoracic or lumbar spine can be expected during an operation from the dorsal approach. Four cases are presented to illustrate the indications and method.", "contents": "Transarticular (transpedicular) metal plate fixation for stabilization of the lumbar and thoracic spine. The operation of metal plate fixation of the articular column with the screws traversing the anterior vertebral arch (ventral pedicles) and anchored within the vertebral body is described in detail. The method can be recommended as easy to perform. It gives sufficiently stable fixation in cases where instability of the thoracic or lumbar spine can be expected during an operation from the dorsal approach. Four cases are presented to illustrate the indications and method.", "PMID": 495235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2378", "title": "Vertebral thoracic osteoclastoma. A case report with emphasis on roentgenological findings.", "content": "A rare case of vertebral osteoclastoma in the body of T8 is presented. Attention is drawn to its unusual radiological features, not previously reported, and to the relative inefficiency of radiotherapy. The most rational treatment for such a tumour appears to be the widest surgical decompression possible, followed by low-dose irradiation.", "contents": "Vertebral thoracic osteoclastoma. A case report with emphasis on roentgenological findings. A rare case of vertebral osteoclastoma in the body of T8 is presented. Attention is drawn to its unusual radiological features, not previously reported, and to the relative inefficiency of radiotherapy. The most rational treatment for such a tumour appears to be the widest surgical decompression possible, followed by low-dose irradiation.", "PMID": 495236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2379", "title": "Syphilitic normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "We report a case of presenile dementia with radiological and cisternographical features suggesting normal pressure hydrocephalus, caused by syphilitic infection. Treatment with penicillin resulted in considerable regression of the neurological and psychological signs.", "contents": "Syphilitic normal pressure hydrocephalus. We report a case of presenile dementia with radiological and cisternographical features suggesting normal pressure hydrocephalus, caused by syphilitic infection. Treatment with penicillin resulted in considerable regression of the neurological and psychological signs.", "PMID": 495237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2380", "title": "Postoperative ventriculitis in hydrocephalus: treatment with external ventricular drainage.", "content": "Twenty hydrocephalic children with postoperative ventriculitis were treated with External Ventricular Drainage after removal of the infected shunt. The advantages and disadvantages of this treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Postoperative ventriculitis in hydrocephalus: treatment with external ventricular drainage. Twenty hydrocephalic children with postoperative ventriculitis were treated with External Ventricular Drainage after removal of the infected shunt. The advantages and disadvantages of this treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 495238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2381", "title": "Motor tics of the head and neck: surgical approaches and their complications.", "content": "Motor tics of the head and neck, especially hemifacial spasm and spastic torticollis, are the substance of this paper. Forty-six cases are presented, and surgical techniques are described. In hemifacial spasm the intracranial neurovascular lysis of Jannetta is a valid operation with the best results to date but has a 7 1/2% risk of unilateral deafness. The extracranial submastoid partial section of Scoville is completely safe and gives excellent results, but there is a probability of mild to moderate return of the spasm in one to two year's time. In spastic torticollis the accepted radical operation consists of bilateral anterior rhizotomy of the upper three roots plus bilateral spinal accessory nerve section in the neck. A tragic complication of this operation has recently been observed by ourselves, Sweet, and Hamlin. This complication is bilateral infarction of the medulla (bilateral Wallenberg's syndrome). This has also been reported as occurring following chiropractic manipulations. For this reason the writer does limited unilateral sectioning of the spinal accessory nerve in the neck and resection of the upper third of the sternomastoid muscle, as a first stage procedure, in those cases in which rotation of the neck is the principal symptom, before doing the radical operation. Safeguards to prevent this complication include preoperative vertebral arteriography and preservation of both motor and sensory radicular arteries under magnification and maintenance of adequate neck support during the early postoperative days.", "contents": "Motor tics of the head and neck: surgical approaches and their complications. Motor tics of the head and neck, especially hemifacial spasm and spastic torticollis, are the substance of this paper. Forty-six cases are presented, and surgical techniques are described. In hemifacial spasm the intracranial neurovascular lysis of Jannetta is a valid operation with the best results to date but has a 7 1/2% risk of unilateral deafness. The extracranial submastoid partial section of Scoville is completely safe and gives excellent results, but there is a probability of mild to moderate return of the spasm in one to two year's time. In spastic torticollis the accepted radical operation consists of bilateral anterior rhizotomy of the upper three roots plus bilateral spinal accessory nerve section in the neck. A tragic complication of this operation has recently been observed by ourselves, Sweet, and Hamlin. This complication is bilateral infarction of the medulla (bilateral Wallenberg's syndrome). This has also been reported as occurring following chiropractic manipulations. For this reason the writer does limited unilateral sectioning of the spinal accessory nerve in the neck and resection of the upper third of the sternomastoid muscle, as a first stage procedure, in those cases in which rotation of the neck is the principal symptom, before doing the radical operation. Safeguards to prevent this complication include preoperative vertebral arteriography and preservation of both motor and sensory radicular arteries under magnification and maintenance of adequate neck support during the early postoperative days.", "PMID": 495239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2382", "title": "Persistent embryonic veins in arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa.", "content": "In the arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa the arterial feeders and the dural venous sinuses can be identified in anatomical terminology. The arterialised veins which do not conform to adult anatomical descriptions represent the persistent embryonic veins of the metencephalic and myelencephalic segments of the developing brain. These can be identified and described when related to the embryo.", "contents": "Persistent embryonic veins in arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa. In the arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa the arterial feeders and the dural venous sinuses can be identified in anatomical terminology. The arterialised veins which do not conform to adult anatomical descriptions represent the persistent embryonic veins of the metencephalic and myelencephalic segments of the developing brain. These can be identified and described when related to the embryo.", "PMID": 495240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2383", "title": "The results of surgical treatment of spondylotic radiculomyelopathy with complete cervical laminectomy and posterior foramen magnum decompression.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with cervical spondylosis and radiculomyelopathy were treated surgically. Eight patients had cervical laminectomy C1--C7, and 16 patients had complete cervical laminectomy C1--C7 with excision of the posterior rim of the foramen magnum. Follow-up of patients was from two months to eight years. The majority of patients improved markedly, and some of them had excellent results.", "contents": "The results of surgical treatment of spondylotic radiculomyelopathy with complete cervical laminectomy and posterior foramen magnum decompression. Twenty-six patients with cervical spondylosis and radiculomyelopathy were treated surgically. Eight patients had cervical laminectomy C1--C7, and 16 patients had complete cervical laminectomy C1--C7 with excision of the posterior rim of the foramen magnum. Follow-up of patients was from two months to eight years. The majority of patients improved markedly, and some of them had excellent results.", "PMID": 495241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2384", "title": "Human cells and the finite lifespan theory.", "content": "Cultures of human diploid fibroblasts are characterized by: i) finite lifespan, ii) marked heterogeneity in the growth potential of individual cells within the culture, iii) considerable variation in lifespans of parallel cultures of the same cell strain. To explain these properties, we have proposed a commitment theory of cellular aging. Cells are assumed initially to be uncommitted (potentially immortal) but, at each cell division, each daughter cell is assumed to have some fixed probability of becoming irreversibly committed to senesce and die after a specific number of cell generations. During the period between commitment and senescence, cells are assumed to multiply normally, so the uncommitted cells are diluted by committed ones and may be lost in subculturing. The theory explains features i) - iii) above and, in particular, suggests why diploid cultures have finite lifespans while transformed or permanent lines grow indefinitely. It also validly predicts the behaviour of mixed cultures of distinguishable but otherwise similar cell types, and that culture lifespan may be significantly decreased by drastic reduction of population size. The important converse prediction that culture lifespan may be extended indefinitely by growing sufficiently large cultures or by selectively isolating uncommitted cells remains to be tested.", "contents": "Human cells and the finite lifespan theory. Cultures of human diploid fibroblasts are characterized by: i) finite lifespan, ii) marked heterogeneity in the growth potential of individual cells within the culture, iii) considerable variation in lifespans of parallel cultures of the same cell strain. To explain these properties, we have proposed a commitment theory of cellular aging. Cells are assumed initially to be uncommitted (potentially immortal) but, at each cell division, each daughter cell is assumed to have some fixed probability of becoming irreversibly committed to senesce and die after a specific number of cell generations. During the period between commitment and senescence, cells are assumed to multiply normally, so the uncommitted cells are diluted by committed ones and may be lost in subculturing. The theory explains features i) - iii) above and, in particular, suggests why diploid cultures have finite lifespans while transformed or permanent lines grow indefinitely. It also validly predicts the behaviour of mixed cultures of distinguishable but otherwise similar cell types, and that culture lifespan may be significantly decreased by drastic reduction of population size. The important converse prediction that culture lifespan may be extended indefinitely by growing sufficiently large cultures or by selectively isolating uncommitted cells remains to be tested.", "PMID": 495269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2385", "title": "Suppression of insulin secretion by protein deprivation in obesity.", "content": "1) Protein restricted diets decrease basal plasma insulin levels in obesity. 2) This effect occurs even in the presence of sufficient calories to maintain body weight and while the diet is high in carbohydrate. 3) The decrease in insulin is accompanied by a fall in plasma glucose and in the I/G ratio, suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity. 4) Excessive protein intake, in addition to carbohydrate, may play a role in the pathogenesis of the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance found in obesity.", "contents": "Suppression of insulin secretion by protein deprivation in obesity. 1) Protein restricted diets decrease basal plasma insulin levels in obesity. 2) This effect occurs even in the presence of sufficient calories to maintain body weight and while the diet is high in carbohydrate. 3) The decrease in insulin is accompanied by a fall in plasma glucose and in the I/G ratio, suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity. 4) Excessive protein intake, in addition to carbohydrate, may play a role in the pathogenesis of the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance found in obesity.", "PMID": 495274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2386", "title": "The prognosis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the importance of supervision.", "content": "Duration and quality of life are considerably reduced in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but regular metabolic supervision, education of the patients, and social support can reduce the prevalence of severe late diabetic complications and prolong life by about 10 years.", "contents": "The prognosis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the importance of supervision. Duration and quality of life are considerably reduced in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but regular metabolic supervision, education of the patients, and social support can reduce the prevalence of severe late diabetic complications and prolong life by about 10 years.", "PMID": 495280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2387", "title": "High carbohydrate, high fiber diets for patients with diabetes.", "content": "Thirty-three insulin-treated men with diabetes were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and fed control diets (43% carbohydrate) for 6 to 11 days followed by high carbohydrate (70%), high fiber (HCF) diets for 12-35 days. Fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were significantly lower on HCF diets than on control diets despite significantly (p less than 0.01) lower insulin doses on the HCF diets. HCF diets were accompanied by increased insulin sensitivity and by binding of insulin by monocytes. Patients who responded well to the diet in the hospital have maintained comparable glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values as well as lower insulin doses for an average of 20 months on maintenance diets (60% carbohydrate). The high carbohydrate and low fat content of these HCF diets seem to play the predominant role in the improved glucose metabolism of these patients whereas the high plant fiber content may be responsible for the reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride values. These studies suggest that HCF diets may have an important place in the management of patients with the maturity-onset type of diabetes.", "contents": "High carbohydrate, high fiber diets for patients with diabetes. Thirty-three insulin-treated men with diabetes were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and fed control diets (43% carbohydrate) for 6 to 11 days followed by high carbohydrate (70%), high fiber (HCF) diets for 12-35 days. Fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were significantly lower on HCF diets than on control diets despite significantly (p less than 0.01) lower insulin doses on the HCF diets. HCF diets were accompanied by increased insulin sensitivity and by binding of insulin by monocytes. Patients who responded well to the diet in the hospital have maintained comparable glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values as well as lower insulin doses for an average of 20 months on maintenance diets (60% carbohydrate). The high carbohydrate and low fat content of these HCF diets seem to play the predominant role in the improved glucose metabolism of these patients whereas the high plant fiber content may be responsible for the reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride values. These studies suggest that HCF diets may have an important place in the management of patients with the maturity-onset type of diabetes.", "PMID": 495284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2388", "title": "Insulin resistance in patients with insulin independent diabetes mellitus: partial amelioration by the sulfonylurea glipizide.", "content": "Studies in patients with insulin independent diabetes indicate that treatment with the second generation sulfonylurea glipizide results in partial amelioration of their insulin resistance and that this effect is significant in glipizide's antidiabetic action.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in patients with insulin independent diabetes mellitus: partial amelioration by the sulfonylurea glipizide. Studies in patients with insulin independent diabetes indicate that treatment with the second generation sulfonylurea glipizide results in partial amelioration of their insulin resistance and that this effect is significant in glipizide's antidiabetic action.", "PMID": 495293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2389", "title": "HLA studies in diabetics.", "content": "The studies of HLA in diabetes mellitus have strongly supported the subdivision into (at least) two genetically distinct groups: The juvenile onset (or perhaps better the insulin dependent) type DM, which shows a marked association to the HLA system, and the maturity onset type with a weak or no association to HLA. The HLA system has provided tools to test specific genetic models for the insulin dependent DM. A model involving one disease susceptibility locus closely linked to the HLA-loci and with a recessive susceptibility allele in linkage disequilibrium with some of the HLA factors has been proposed by others. This model cannot be totally rejected on the basis of the available data, but it is made less likely, especially because it leads to very low estimates of the penetrance which is discrepant from independent estimates, based both on studies on monozygotic twins and other families. In addition suggestive but not yet conclusive evidence of an excessive risk for HLA-Dw3/Dw4 heterozygotes is in conflict with this model.", "contents": "HLA studies in diabetics. The studies of HLA in diabetes mellitus have strongly supported the subdivision into (at least) two genetically distinct groups: The juvenile onset (or perhaps better the insulin dependent) type DM, which shows a marked association to the HLA system, and the maturity onset type with a weak or no association to HLA. The HLA system has provided tools to test specific genetic models for the insulin dependent DM. A model involving one disease susceptibility locus closely linked to the HLA-loci and with a recessive susceptibility allele in linkage disequilibrium with some of the HLA factors has been proposed by others. This model cannot be totally rejected on the basis of the available data, but it is made less likely, especially because it leads to very low estimates of the penetrance which is discrepant from independent estimates, based both on studies on monozygotic twins and other families. In addition suggestive but not yet conclusive evidence of an excessive risk for HLA-Dw3/Dw4 heterozygotes is in conflict with this model.", "PMID": 495295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2390", "title": "On the genetic heterogeneity of juvenile hyperglycemia.", "content": "We have briefly discussed immunogenetic studies of families with hyperglycemia which suggest the existence of at least four types of the disease: a) juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis prone diabetes determined by an autosomal recessive gene with 50% penetrance and in linkage with the HLA; b) juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis prone diabetes probably determined by an autosomal dominant gene; c) unidentified types of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes whose pathogenesis may be related to the HLA associations reported; and d) maturity onset type of hyperglycemia in the young, probably determined by an autosomal dominant gene. There are probably other forms of juvenile hyperglycemia. Some may depend on genes unrelated to the HLA, others may be mostly or totally environmental, rather than genetic.", "contents": "On the genetic heterogeneity of juvenile hyperglycemia. We have briefly discussed immunogenetic studies of families with hyperglycemia which suggest the existence of at least four types of the disease: a) juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis prone diabetes determined by an autosomal recessive gene with 50% penetrance and in linkage with the HLA; b) juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis prone diabetes probably determined by an autosomal dominant gene; c) unidentified types of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes whose pathogenesis may be related to the HLA associations reported; and d) maturity onset type of hyperglycemia in the young, probably determined by an autosomal dominant gene. There are probably other forms of juvenile hyperglycemia. Some may depend on genes unrelated to the HLA, others may be mostly or totally environmental, rather than genetic.", "PMID": 495300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2391", "title": "Estimation of urinary kininogenase activity using bovine serum low molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "Estimation of urinary kininogenase activity by radioimmunoassay of generated kinin was studied. Bovine serum low molecular weight kininogen was proved not to cross-react with kallidin antibody and also bradykinin antibody. This kininogen was used as substrate measuring urinary kininogenase activity. Separation of released kinin from the kininogen was not required in the present method. Urinary kallikrein activity was found to be significantly decreased in essential hypertension, in chronic glomerulonephritis and in patients who had received renal transplantation. On the contrary, an increase in urinary kallikrein was found in primary aldosteronism and in Bartter's syndrome. The present method was very useful for measuring kininogenase activity.", "contents": "Estimation of urinary kininogenase activity using bovine serum low molecular weight kininogen. Estimation of urinary kininogenase activity by radioimmunoassay of generated kinin was studied. Bovine serum low molecular weight kininogen was proved not to cross-react with kallidin antibody and also bradykinin antibody. This kininogen was used as substrate measuring urinary kininogenase activity. Separation of released kinin from the kininogen was not required in the present method. Urinary kallikrein activity was found to be significantly decreased in essential hypertension, in chronic glomerulonephritis and in patients who had received renal transplantation. On the contrary, an increase in urinary kallikrein was found in primary aldosteronism and in Bartter's syndrome. The present method was very useful for measuring kininogenase activity.", "PMID": 495304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2392", "title": "A simple radioassay for human urinary kallikrein.", "content": "We have developed a sensitive, highly selective assay for human urinary kallikrein (HUK) that uses Pro-Phe-Arg-[3H]benzyl-amide as substrate. The substrate was prepared from Pro-Phe-Arg-3-iodo-benzylamide by dehalogenation in 3H2 gas. HUK is measured by its ability to release [3H]benzylamine. The pH optimum is 9.5. Urokinase, plasmin and thrombin do not interfere. The assay can measure as little as 5 ng of HUK in a 15 min incubation at 37 degrees C. Typically, we use 50 microliter of dialyzed urine for HUK assays. Reactions are terminated by adding 0.1 M NaOH, and reaction product is separated from substrate by partitioning with an equal volume of toluene. A sample of the toluene phase is submitted for liquid scintillation counting. As judged by separations obtained on molecular sieve chromatography (Sephacryl), only one urinary enzyme possesses the ability to hydrolyze our substrate. The enzyme MW 45,000, is inhibited by Trasylol but not by soya bean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). It is reactive with and is inhibited by antibodies prepared against pure HUK.", "contents": "A simple radioassay for human urinary kallikrein. We have developed a sensitive, highly selective assay for human urinary kallikrein (HUK) that uses Pro-Phe-Arg-[3H]benzyl-amide as substrate. The substrate was prepared from Pro-Phe-Arg-3-iodo-benzylamide by dehalogenation in 3H2 gas. HUK is measured by its ability to release [3H]benzylamine. The pH optimum is 9.5. Urokinase, plasmin and thrombin do not interfere. The assay can measure as little as 5 ng of HUK in a 15 min incubation at 37 degrees C. Typically, we use 50 microliter of dialyzed urine for HUK assays. Reactions are terminated by adding 0.1 M NaOH, and reaction product is separated from substrate by partitioning with an equal volume of toluene. A sample of the toluene phase is submitted for liquid scintillation counting. As judged by separations obtained on molecular sieve chromatography (Sephacryl), only one urinary enzyme possesses the ability to hydrolyze our substrate. The enzyme MW 45,000, is inhibited by Trasylol but not by soya bean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). It is reactive with and is inhibited by antibodies prepared against pure HUK.", "PMID": 495305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2393", "title": "Glandular kallikrein in plasma and urine: evaluation of a direct RIA for its determination.", "content": "To determine whether there is glandular kallikrein in plasma, untreated as well as acetone-treated and heated-acidified rat plasmas together with rabbit anti-rat urinary kallikrein were used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Precipitation bands were observed with untreated and acetone-treated plasma, suggesting that glandular kallikrein is present in plasma. This enzyme, however, cannot be quantified in the untreated plasma by a new direct RIA since kallikrein inhibitors present in plasma appear to interfere with this assay. Destroying the inhibitors by acetone treatment or by heat and acidification of the plasma partially solves this problem. In the second part of the study, this RIA as well as a kininogenase and an esterase assay were used to measure urinary kallikrein in DOCA-salt treated rats and in control rats. There is a significant correlation between urinary kallikrein measured by the direct RIA and by a kininogenase method (r = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in both DOCA-salt treated and in the control rats. Although the results obtained by the direct RIA and an esterase method significantly correlate in the control rats (r = -0.048, p greater than 0.1). This suggests that part of the urinary esterase activity in the Doca-salt rats is due to urinary enzymes other than kallikrein and that the esterase assay is not reliable for the determination of urinary kallikrein in pathological situations. However, the direct RIA and the kininogenase assay are suitable for this purpose.", "contents": "Glandular kallikrein in plasma and urine: evaluation of a direct RIA for its determination. To determine whether there is glandular kallikrein in plasma, untreated as well as acetone-treated and heated-acidified rat plasmas together with rabbit anti-rat urinary kallikrein were used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Precipitation bands were observed with untreated and acetone-treated plasma, suggesting that glandular kallikrein is present in plasma. This enzyme, however, cannot be quantified in the untreated plasma by a new direct RIA since kallikrein inhibitors present in plasma appear to interfere with this assay. Destroying the inhibitors by acetone treatment or by heat and acidification of the plasma partially solves this problem. In the second part of the study, this RIA as well as a kininogenase and an esterase assay were used to measure urinary kallikrein in DOCA-salt treated rats and in control rats. There is a significant correlation between urinary kallikrein measured by the direct RIA and by a kininogenase method (r = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in both DOCA-salt treated and in the control rats. Although the results obtained by the direct RIA and an esterase method significantly correlate in the control rats (r = -0.048, p greater than 0.1). This suggests that part of the urinary esterase activity in the Doca-salt rats is due to urinary enzymes other than kallikrein and that the esterase assay is not reliable for the determination of urinary kallikrein in pathological situations. However, the direct RIA and the kininogenase assay are suitable for this purpose.", "PMID": 495306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2394", "title": "Assay methods for prekallikrein and kininogens and their applications.", "content": "Prekallikrein activity in plasma was assayed using a synthetic peptidyl fluorogenic substrate (carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine 4-methylcoumarinyl-7-amide), after activation of prekallikrein by acetone and kaolin. For total kininogen assay, the pretreatment of plasma at pH 2.0 was the best to eliminate bradykinin potentiators and kininase activity, before addition of trypsin to convert kininogen to bradykinin. Assay method of high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen was established by conversion of HMW-kininogen to bradykinin through activation of Hageman factor by glass powder and that of low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen was also by treatment of HMW-kininogen-depleted plasma in the same way as that for total kininogen. The marked reduction of prekallikrein and HMW-kininogen, not of LMW-kininogen, was found in pleural fluid of rat carrageenin pleurisy, and in plasma after i.v. injection of bromelain in rats. Members of the pedigree of hereditary angioneurotic edema patients also show low levels of prekallikrein and kininogens in plasma.", "contents": "Assay methods for prekallikrein and kininogens and their applications. Prekallikrein activity in plasma was assayed using a synthetic peptidyl fluorogenic substrate (carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine 4-methylcoumarinyl-7-amide), after activation of prekallikrein by acetone and kaolin. For total kininogen assay, the pretreatment of plasma at pH 2.0 was the best to eliminate bradykinin potentiators and kininase activity, before addition of trypsin to convert kininogen to bradykinin. Assay method of high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen was established by conversion of HMW-kininogen to bradykinin through activation of Hageman factor by glass powder and that of low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen was also by treatment of HMW-kininogen-depleted plasma in the same way as that for total kininogen. The marked reduction of prekallikrein and HMW-kininogen, not of LMW-kininogen, was found in pleural fluid of rat carrageenin pleurisy, and in plasma after i.v. injection of bromelain in rats. Members of the pedigree of hereditary angioneurotic edema patients also show low levels of prekallikrein and kininogens in plasma.", "PMID": 495307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2395", "title": "Assay of angiotensin I by fluorescence polarization method.", "content": "Fluorescence polarization technique was applied for the assay of angiotensin I (Al) in human plasma. In this assay system, fluorescein labeled Al (F-Al), which retained the original antigenicity, and antibody to Al was allowed to interact in a cuvette in the instruments yielding an increase in the fluorescence polarization (P) value. Non-labeled Al in the sample blocked the binding of F-Al to the antibody resulting lower P value. Log of antigen concentration and P value was found to exhibit reverse linear proportionality between 0.05 ng to 2 ng/ml of antigen (Al) concentration. The present method was compared with standard radioimmunoassay method and the result showed that data were compatible with each other. The calculation of P value is automated and three cavity filter and optics of the instrument gave reliable results. The method is fast (less than 2 min), sensitive (less than 10 picomole/ml) and simple (no separation step before readout of the results).", "contents": "Assay of angiotensin I by fluorescence polarization method. Fluorescence polarization technique was applied for the assay of angiotensin I (Al) in human plasma. In this assay system, fluorescein labeled Al (F-Al), which retained the original antigenicity, and antibody to Al was allowed to interact in a cuvette in the instruments yielding an increase in the fluorescence polarization (P) value. Non-labeled Al in the sample blocked the binding of F-Al to the antibody resulting lower P value. Log of antigen concentration and P value was found to exhibit reverse linear proportionality between 0.05 ng to 2 ng/ml of antigen (Al) concentration. The present method was compared with standard radioimmunoassay method and the result showed that data were compatible with each other. The calculation of P value is automated and three cavity filter and optics of the instrument gave reliable results. The method is fast (less than 2 min), sensitive (less than 10 picomole/ml) and simple (no separation step before readout of the results).", "PMID": 495309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2396", "title": "Chemical relations between renal and urinary kallikrein of rat.", "content": "The ratio in micron-Moles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolized renal and urinary kallikrein of rat, is about 1.00 +/- 0.3. Except for Glu, His and Glucosamine a good proportion between all residues of both enzymes was obtained. It is probable that the different molecular weight, respectively 40,000 for the renal kallikrein and 32,000 for the urinary enzyme, is an artefact of the different procedures used for the purification of rat kallikrein.", "contents": "Chemical relations between renal and urinary kallikrein of rat. The ratio in micron-Moles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolized renal and urinary kallikrein of rat, is about 1.00 +/- 0.3. Except for Glu, His and Glucosamine a good proportion between all residues of both enzymes was obtained. It is probable that the different molecular weight, respectively 40,000 for the renal kallikrein and 32,000 for the urinary enzyme, is an artefact of the different procedures used for the purification of rat kallikrein.", "PMID": 495311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2397", "title": "The primary structure of porcine glandular kallikreins.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the A- and B-chains of porcine pancreatic kallikrein B is presented and compared to that of porcine trypsin. The overall homology between both enzymes is 37% identical residues in corresponding position and 51% chemically similar resideus. Comparison of the sequences with the crystal structure of bovine trypsin reveals that the trypsin \"autolysis loop\" is enlarged in kallikrein by two residues but lacks the basic residue at the cleavage site. Substitutions at the calcium-binding site of trypsin which include Arg 70 for Glu 70 possibly interfere with ion binding. Insertions between trypsin residues 95 and 96 obviously form a new kallikrein \"autolysis loop\" containing the site of cleavage between the A- and B-chains. One carbohydrate moiety is attached to this surface loop at Asn 95, the second to Asn 239 at the same edge of the globular molecule. The residues at the surface of the substrate binding site are substituted to an extent of 85% while the residues forming contacts to the trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) are highly preserved. Immunodiffusion studies as well as identity of the N-terminal sequences of pancreatic, submandibular and urinary kallikrein reveal the same genetic origin of the three glandular kallikreins.", "contents": "The primary structure of porcine glandular kallikreins. The amino acid sequence of the A- and B-chains of porcine pancreatic kallikrein B is presented and compared to that of porcine trypsin. The overall homology between both enzymes is 37% identical residues in corresponding position and 51% chemically similar resideus. Comparison of the sequences with the crystal structure of bovine trypsin reveals that the trypsin \"autolysis loop\" is enlarged in kallikrein by two residues but lacks the basic residue at the cleavage site. Substitutions at the calcium-binding site of trypsin which include Arg 70 for Glu 70 possibly interfere with ion binding. Insertions between trypsin residues 95 and 96 obviously form a new kallikrein \"autolysis loop\" containing the site of cleavage between the A- and B-chains. One carbohydrate moiety is attached to this surface loop at Asn 95, the second to Asn 239 at the same edge of the globular molecule. The residues at the surface of the substrate binding site are substituted to an extent of 85% while the residues forming contacts to the trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) are highly preserved. Immunodiffusion studies as well as identity of the N-terminal sequences of pancreatic, submandibular and urinary kallikrein reveal the same genetic origin of the three glandular kallikreins.", "PMID": 495314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2398", "title": "Substrate specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein.", "content": "The primary specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein is directed predominantly against arginyl and much less so against lysyl bonds. In addition, the enzyme exhibits pronounced secondary specificity for a bulky residue, preferentially phenylalanine, in position P2 of substrates. This feature is found also in porcine submandibular and urinary and in human urinary kallikrein, but not in bovine trypsin. Residues in P3 and P1' and P1' to P3' also affect hydrolysis by pancreatic kallikrein distinctly more than tryptic hydrolysis. The hexapeptide Pro-Phe-Arg-Ser-Val-Gln with the sequence of bovine kininogen around the C-terminus of kinin contains all the structural elements essential for the interaction with kallikrein, and even glutamine appears dispensable. In contrast to ester models for this site, peptidyl methionine esters with the structure of kininogen towards the N-terminus of kinin, notably bulky leucine in P2, are very poor kallikrein substrates, and appear to be of no value as models for the cleavage of kininogen under formation of kallidin.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein. The primary specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein is directed predominantly against arginyl and much less so against lysyl bonds. In addition, the enzyme exhibits pronounced secondary specificity for a bulky residue, preferentially phenylalanine, in position P2 of substrates. This feature is found also in porcine submandibular and urinary and in human urinary kallikrein, but not in bovine trypsin. Residues in P3 and P1' and P1' to P3' also affect hydrolysis by pancreatic kallikrein distinctly more than tryptic hydrolysis. The hexapeptide Pro-Phe-Arg-Ser-Val-Gln with the sequence of bovine kininogen around the C-terminus of kinin contains all the structural elements essential for the interaction with kallikrein, and even glutamine appears dispensable. In contrast to ester models for this site, peptidyl methionine esters with the structure of kininogen towards the N-terminus of kinin, notably bulky leucine in P2, are very poor kallikrein substrates, and appear to be of no value as models for the cleavage of kininogen under formation of kallidin.", "PMID": 495315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2399", "title": "Rat stomach kallikrein: its purification and properties.", "content": "From rat stomach, kallikrein was purified by chromatographies on columns of p-aminobenzamidine-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-150 and by isoelectric focusing, measuring its activities to hydrolyse prolylphenylalanyl-arginine-4-methyl-coumarine amide (Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA) and to release kinin from rat heated-plasma. The purified stomach kallikrein showed a single band on Disc electrophoresis at pH 7.0. The molecular weight of the kallikrein was calculated to be 29,000 by gel-filtration on a column of Sephadex G-50. The kallikrein was stable between pH 6 and 11 and hydrolysed Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA optimally at pH 11.0. The Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA hydrolysing activity of rat stomach kallikrein was inhibited by DFP and Trasylol, but not by trypsin inhibitors from soyabean, limabean and ovomucoid. These properties of rat stomach kallikrein was clearly distinguishable from those of partially purified rat plasma kallikrein, but similar properties to other glandular kallikreins from other species. From these results, it was concluded that kallikrein is present in rat stomach, which can be classified into glandular kallikrein.", "contents": "Rat stomach kallikrein: its purification and properties. From rat stomach, kallikrein was purified by chromatographies on columns of p-aminobenzamidine-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-150 and by isoelectric focusing, measuring its activities to hydrolyse prolylphenylalanyl-arginine-4-methyl-coumarine amide (Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA) and to release kinin from rat heated-plasma. The purified stomach kallikrein showed a single band on Disc electrophoresis at pH 7.0. The molecular weight of the kallikrein was calculated to be 29,000 by gel-filtration on a column of Sephadex G-50. The kallikrein was stable between pH 6 and 11 and hydrolysed Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA optimally at pH 11.0. The Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA hydrolysing activity of rat stomach kallikrein was inhibited by DFP and Trasylol, but not by trypsin inhibitors from soyabean, limabean and ovomucoid. These properties of rat stomach kallikrein was clearly distinguishable from those of partially purified rat plasma kallikrein, but similar properties to other glandular kallikreins from other species. From these results, it was concluded that kallikrein is present in rat stomach, which can be classified into glandular kallikrein.", "PMID": 495318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2400", "title": "A simple, large scale process for purifying human urinary kallikrein, based on reverse osmosis and ammonium sulfate precipitation.", "content": "A simple, large scale process for the purification of human urinary kallikrein is described which is based upon concentration by reverse osmosis, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration on a column of Sephadex-G-150. The yield in protein is higher than any reported in the literature to this date; the purified enzyme seems to be identical to that reported by Figueiredo and Mares-Guia at the Kinin-Symposium in Paris, 1978, based on the procedure of Hial, et al., (1974).", "contents": "A simple, large scale process for purifying human urinary kallikrein, based on reverse osmosis and ammonium sulfate precipitation. A simple, large scale process for the purification of human urinary kallikrein is described which is based upon concentration by reverse osmosis, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration on a column of Sephadex-G-150. The yield in protein is higher than any reported in the literature to this date; the purified enzyme seems to be identical to that reported by Figueiredo and Mares-Guia at the Kinin-Symposium in Paris, 1978, based on the procedure of Hial, et al., (1974).", "PMID": 495319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2401", "title": "Purification of horse renal kallikrein and chemical relations with horse urinary kallikrein.", "content": "Kallikrein was purified from horse kidney by several steps of chromatographic procedure and by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavaline. Horse urinary kallikrein was previously purified by DE-32 hydroxylapatite and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. On the purified final sample of renal and urinary kallikrein the aminoacid composition and the gel electrophoretic molecular weight were determined. The ratio in micronMoles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolyzed renal and urinary kallikrein of horse is about 1,00 +/- 0,30. Except for Pro, 1/2 Cys and basic aminoacid residues a good proportion was obtained. It is confirmed that the different molecular weight, respectively 47,500 for renal kallikrein and 28,000 for the urinary enzyme is an artefact of the different procedures used for the purification of horse kallikrein.", "contents": "Purification of horse renal kallikrein and chemical relations with horse urinary kallikrein. Kallikrein was purified from horse kidney by several steps of chromatographic procedure and by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavaline. Horse urinary kallikrein was previously purified by DE-32 hydroxylapatite and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. On the purified final sample of renal and urinary kallikrein the aminoacid composition and the gel electrophoretic molecular weight were determined. The ratio in micronMoles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolyzed renal and urinary kallikrein of horse is about 1,00 +/- 0,30. Except for Pro, 1/2 Cys and basic aminoacid residues a good proportion was obtained. It is confirmed that the different molecular weight, respectively 47,500 for renal kallikrein and 28,000 for the urinary enzyme is an artefact of the different procedures used for the purification of horse kallikrein.", "PMID": 495320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2402", "title": "Substrate specificities of acid kininogenases.", "content": "Two kinin forming enzymes were extracted from bovine spleen and separated from cathepsin B1 and B2 by DEAE-Cellulose chromatography. Since these catheptic kininogenases were found to release kinins from kininogens at acidic pH's, these were named acid kininogenase I and II. The presence of SH compounds was not necessary for I to have a kinin forming activity, while it was necessary for II. These have only minor difference for electrophoretic behaviors as can be seen, e.g., from a small difference in pI values, but could be separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their production of kinins from bovine crude bradykininogen was highly reproducible. Kininogenase I was proved to react on bovine HMW kininogen and also to release some kinin from LMW kininogen and leukokininogen. From the study of several substrates, these enzymes were revealed to have very low tryptic and little esterolytic activities and to have affinity to some hydrophobic amino acids.", "contents": "Substrate specificities of acid kininogenases. Two kinin forming enzymes were extracted from bovine spleen and separated from cathepsin B1 and B2 by DEAE-Cellulose chromatography. Since these catheptic kininogenases were found to release kinins from kininogens at acidic pH's, these were named acid kininogenase I and II. The presence of SH compounds was not necessary for I to have a kinin forming activity, while it was necessary for II. These have only minor difference for electrophoretic behaviors as can be seen, e.g., from a small difference in pI values, but could be separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their production of kinins from bovine crude bradykininogen was highly reproducible. Kininogenase I was proved to react on bovine HMW kininogen and also to release some kinin from LMW kininogen and leukokininogen. From the study of several substrates, these enzymes were revealed to have very low tryptic and little esterolytic activities and to have affinity to some hydrophobic amino acids.", "PMID": 495321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2403", "title": "Preparation of intrinsically-labelled kinins.", "content": "As part of a program to prepare bradykinin (H-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH) labelled at high specific radioactivities, we have synthesized three analogs for dehalogenation in tritium gas: [4-Br-Phe5]-bradykinin (BK), [4-Br-Phe8]-BK and [4-Br-Phe5,8]-BK. The analogs were synthesized by the Merrifield solid-phase method and were purified by molecular sieve and partition chromatography. The analogs themselves possess biological activity (as assayed for effects on mean arterial blood pressure and isolated rat uterus). [4-Br-Phe8]-BK was 1.5 to 3 times as active as bradykinin. [4-Br-Phe5,8]-BK was approx. 22% as active as BK and [4-Br-Phe5]-BK was approx. 18% as active. [4-Br-Phe5]-BK was submitted to catalytic dehalogenation with 10% Pd/C and 5% Rh/CaCO3 in H2O and DMF (1:1) plus 10 Ci of 3H2. [4-3H-Phe5]-BK was obtained at 6.7 Ci/mmole in an overall yield of 15%. [4-3H-Phe8]-BK was prepared similarly to yield an intrinsically-labelled peptide with a specific radioactivity of 21 Ci/mmole.", "contents": "Preparation of intrinsically-labelled kinins. As part of a program to prepare bradykinin (H-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH) labelled at high specific radioactivities, we have synthesized three analogs for dehalogenation in tritium gas: [4-Br-Phe5]-bradykinin (BK), [4-Br-Phe8]-BK and [4-Br-Phe5,8]-BK. The analogs were synthesized by the Merrifield solid-phase method and were purified by molecular sieve and partition chromatography. The analogs themselves possess biological activity (as assayed for effects on mean arterial blood pressure and isolated rat uterus). [4-Br-Phe8]-BK was 1.5 to 3 times as active as bradykinin. [4-Br-Phe5,8]-BK was approx. 22% as active as BK and [4-Br-Phe5]-BK was approx. 18% as active. [4-Br-Phe5]-BK was submitted to catalytic dehalogenation with 10% Pd/C and 5% Rh/CaCO3 in H2O and DMF (1:1) plus 10 Ci of 3H2. [4-3H-Phe5]-BK was obtained at 6.7 Ci/mmole in an overall yield of 15%. [4-3H-Phe8]-BK was prepared similarly to yield an intrinsically-labelled peptide with a specific radioactivity of 21 Ci/mmole.", "PMID": 495324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2404", "title": "Significance of adrenergic alpha-effect on salivary kallikrein secretion in the submandibular gland of the dog.", "content": "The effects of the sympathetic nerve stimulation and the administrations of sympathomimetics on the secretion of salivary kallikrein induced by the chorda tympani stimulation were examined quantitatively and qualitatively in the submandibular gland of the dog. The secretion of salivary kallikrein may be mediated through both adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptors. The activities of salivary kallikrein secreted by either the chorda tympani stimulation or isoproterenol were not inhibited by soy bean trypsin inhibitor in vitro, but those secreted by the sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline or adrenaline were markedly inhibited in vitro. These results suggested that secretion of glandular kallikrein was induced by the chorda tympani stimulation and the sympathetic beta-stimulation, and secretion of plasma kallikrein was induced by the sympathetic alpha-stimulation.", "contents": "Significance of adrenergic alpha-effect on salivary kallikrein secretion in the submandibular gland of the dog. The effects of the sympathetic nerve stimulation and the administrations of sympathomimetics on the secretion of salivary kallikrein induced by the chorda tympani stimulation were examined quantitatively and qualitatively in the submandibular gland of the dog. The secretion of salivary kallikrein may be mediated through both adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptors. The activities of salivary kallikrein secreted by either the chorda tympani stimulation or isoproterenol were not inhibited by soy bean trypsin inhibitor in vitro, but those secreted by the sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline or adrenaline were markedly inhibited in vitro. These results suggested that secretion of glandular kallikrein was induced by the chorda tympani stimulation and the sympathetic beta-stimulation, and secretion of plasma kallikrein was induced by the sympathetic alpha-stimulation.", "PMID": 495327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2405", "title": "Possible relationship between salivary kallikrein and water-Na-K secretion stimulated by tityustoxin (TsTx).", "content": "Intravenous injection of purified scorpion toxin (TsTx) brings about the appearance of salivary flow with high levels of Na and K and kallikrein in the saliva of the rats. In experiments performed in vivo a positive correlation between Na and partially with K and kallikrein was observed in parotid and submaxillary saliva. After ouabaine, saliva K was increasing, whereas Na decreased, and a parallel decrease of kallikrein was observed. Adrenergic and cholinergic blocking drugs also showed a marked reduction in the output of Na (atropine), and partially of K (atropine or phentolamine), with a correlation in theoutput of kallikrein per min. The results of the present investigations support the hypothesis that salivary kallikrein-kinin system is probably involved in salivary control of Na, partially K and water secretion.", "contents": "Possible relationship between salivary kallikrein and water-Na-K secretion stimulated by tityustoxin (TsTx). Intravenous injection of purified scorpion toxin (TsTx) brings about the appearance of salivary flow with high levels of Na and K and kallikrein in the saliva of the rats. In experiments performed in vivo a positive correlation between Na and partially with K and kallikrein was observed in parotid and submaxillary saliva. After ouabaine, saliva K was increasing, whereas Na decreased, and a parallel decrease of kallikrein was observed. Adrenergic and cholinergic blocking drugs also showed a marked reduction in the output of Na (atropine), and partially of K (atropine or phentolamine), with a correlation in theoutput of kallikrein per min. The results of the present investigations support the hypothesis that salivary kallikrein-kinin system is probably involved in salivary control of Na, partially K and water secretion.", "PMID": 495328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2406", "title": "Effect of kallikrein-kinin system on ion transport across rat small intestine.", "content": "The flow of glucose and valine from the mucosal to the serosal side of rat intestine was stimulated significantly by kallikrein-kinin system. To elucidate the mechanism of this function the effects of kallidin on the transmural potential difference (PDt) between the serodal and the mucosal sides and the transepithelial resistance (Rt) of rat jejunum segment were investigated by electrophysiological procedures. The glucose-evoked PDt was not significantly altered by addition of kallidin to the mucosal fluid. Meanwhile, PDt which evoked by glucose was significantly shifted under the presence of 10-1-10(2) ng kallidin in the serosal fluid. The valine-evoked PDt was also changed by addition of 10 ng kallidin into the serosal fluid. However, the addition of glucose to the mucosal and kallidin to the serosal fluid did not affect on the Rt of the jejunum segment. These results suggest that kinin stimulated Na+ transport at the baso-lateral membrane of the intestinal absorptive cells, and the transports of other substances were enhanced consequently.", "contents": "Effect of kallikrein-kinin system on ion transport across rat small intestine. The flow of glucose and valine from the mucosal to the serosal side of rat intestine was stimulated significantly by kallikrein-kinin system. To elucidate the mechanism of this function the effects of kallidin on the transmural potential difference (PDt) between the serodal and the mucosal sides and the transepithelial resistance (Rt) of rat jejunum segment were investigated by electrophysiological procedures. The glucose-evoked PDt was not significantly altered by addition of kallidin to the mucosal fluid. Meanwhile, PDt which evoked by glucose was significantly shifted under the presence of 10-1-10(2) ng kallidin in the serosal fluid. The valine-evoked PDt was also changed by addition of 10 ng kallidin into the serosal fluid. However, the addition of glucose to the mucosal and kallidin to the serosal fluid did not affect on the Rt of the jejunum segment. These results suggest that kinin stimulated Na+ transport at the baso-lateral membrane of the intestinal absorptive cells, and the transports of other substances were enhanced consequently.", "PMID": 495329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2407", "title": "The interaction of kallikrein with urokinase in peripheral circulatory disorders. A microcirculatory observation.", "content": "Kallikrein and urokinase were used successively in dogs and patients with peripheral vascular disturbance. It was found that kallikrein showed similar pattern of peripheral dye solution curve with that of urokinase. However, its action was slower than urokinase.", "contents": "The interaction of kallikrein with urokinase in peripheral circulatory disorders. A microcirculatory observation. Kallikrein and urokinase were used successively in dogs and patients with peripheral vascular disturbance. It was found that kallikrein showed similar pattern of peripheral dye solution curve with that of urokinase. However, its action was slower than urokinase.", "PMID": 495332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2408", "title": "Determination of various semen parameters and sex hormone levels in subfertile men during kallikrein therapy.", "content": "Thirty-one (31) subfertile men with idiopathic iligozoospermia were treated by a daily oral medication of 600 units of pancreatic kallikrein (Padutin(R) 100) over a period of 3 months. Total sperm output increased significantly with a maximum 3 months after initiation of therapy. In addition, quantitative and qualitative sperm motility improved during treatment and was still improved 2 months after withdrawal of therapy. Compared to other regimens, oral administration of 600 units kallikrein for a period of 3 months yielded better results than shorter medication periods or lower dosage. Quantitative determination of several serum proteins occurring in seminal plasma before, during and after kallikrein therapy showed a significant increase of alpha 1, x-antichymotrypsin. Thus, kallikrein treatment seems to affect, to a certain degree, the secretory activity of the accessory glands or the blood-seminal plasma barrier. Determination of serum gonadotropins and serum testosterone levels showed a significant increase of LH and testosterone during kallikrein treatment, whereas FSH was unaffected. Thus, systemic kallikrein administration induces significant changes of the pituitary-gonadal axis influencing spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation. However, the local action of kinins as pharmacological active tissue hormones has to be considered too.", "contents": "Determination of various semen parameters and sex hormone levels in subfertile men during kallikrein therapy. Thirty-one (31) subfertile men with idiopathic iligozoospermia were treated by a daily oral medication of 600 units of pancreatic kallikrein (Padutin(R) 100) over a period of 3 months. Total sperm output increased significantly with a maximum 3 months after initiation of therapy. In addition, quantitative and qualitative sperm motility improved during treatment and was still improved 2 months after withdrawal of therapy. Compared to other regimens, oral administration of 600 units kallikrein for a period of 3 months yielded better results than shorter medication periods or lower dosage. Quantitative determination of several serum proteins occurring in seminal plasma before, during and after kallikrein therapy showed a significant increase of alpha 1, x-antichymotrypsin. Thus, kallikrein treatment seems to affect, to a certain degree, the secretory activity of the accessory glands or the blood-seminal plasma barrier. Determination of serum gonadotropins and serum testosterone levels showed a significant increase of LH and testosterone during kallikrein treatment, whereas FSH was unaffected. Thus, systemic kallikrein administration induces significant changes of the pituitary-gonadal axis influencing spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation. However, the local action of kinins as pharmacological active tissue hormones has to be considered too.", "PMID": 495334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2409", "title": "Metabolic changes after application of kallikrein in an ergometrical test.", "content": "Kallikrein given in a dose of 3 times 200 KE daily over 7 days caused under our test conditions an increase of ATP in blood and a decrease of lactate and especially of pyruvate. Glucose showed under this condition a higher utilization with a lowering of glucose in blood and an increase of the RQ. The acid-base metabolism follows these tendencies. In other experiments we did not find such effects, so the results must be specific to kallikrein.", "contents": "Metabolic changes after application of kallikrein in an ergometrical test. Kallikrein given in a dose of 3 times 200 KE daily over 7 days caused under our test conditions an increase of ATP in blood and a decrease of lactate and especially of pyruvate. Glucose showed under this condition a higher utilization with a lowering of glucose in blood and an increase of the RQ. The acid-base metabolism follows these tendencies. In other experiments we did not find such effects, so the results must be specific to kallikrein.", "PMID": 495335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2410", "title": "Participation of kallikrein, coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters in the development of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Masugi nephritis was induced in dogs in which platelet count, fibrinogen, antithrombin activity, plasma prekallikrein and immediate plasmin inhibitors were coincidentally decreased immediately after the injection of nephrotoxin serum. It was found that the grade of decrease of urinary kallikrein excretion following these immediate reactions were parallel with the grade of renal damages. By the pretreatment with heparin or the defibrination with snake venom, however, the histological findings of Masugi nephritis showed rather severe damage. Based on the consumption of coagulation factors, kallikrein, kinin and their inhibitors in the development of this nephritis, it was postulated that inauguration of coagulation and activation of kallikrein contributed to the development of glomerulonephritis. The treatment or prevention of this coagulation process with heparin or snake venom, however, gave untoward effects on the pathological process in this experiment.", "contents": "Participation of kallikrein, coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters in the development of glomerulonephritis. Masugi nephritis was induced in dogs in which platelet count, fibrinogen, antithrombin activity, plasma prekallikrein and immediate plasmin inhibitors were coincidentally decreased immediately after the injection of nephrotoxin serum. It was found that the grade of decrease of urinary kallikrein excretion following these immediate reactions were parallel with the grade of renal damages. By the pretreatment with heparin or the defibrination with snake venom, however, the histological findings of Masugi nephritis showed rather severe damage. Based on the consumption of coagulation factors, kallikrein, kinin and their inhibitors in the development of this nephritis, it was postulated that inauguration of coagulation and activation of kallikrein contributed to the development of glomerulonephritis. The treatment or prevention of this coagulation process with heparin or snake venom, however, gave untoward effects on the pathological process in this experiment.", "PMID": 495336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2411", "title": "Autoreversal of bradykinin response in the perfused isolated canine hind limb.", "content": "The vascular effects of synthetic bradykinin were studied in perfused isolated canine hind limb preparations. Repeated low doses of bradykinin or high doses administered at sufficiently long time intervals elicited dose-related hypotensive responses. In contrast, administration of bradykinin at short time intervals led first to diminishing hypotensive responses followed by frank increases in perfusion pressure. This autoreversal of bradykinin response tentatively was explained on the basis of known effects of bradykinin on prostaglandin synthesis with specific reference to PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "Autoreversal of bradykinin response in the perfused isolated canine hind limb. The vascular effects of synthetic bradykinin were studied in perfused isolated canine hind limb preparations. Repeated low doses of bradykinin or high doses administered at sufficiently long time intervals elicited dose-related hypotensive responses. In contrast, administration of bradykinin at short time intervals led first to diminishing hypotensive responses followed by frank increases in perfusion pressure. This autoreversal of bradykinin response tentatively was explained on the basis of known effects of bradykinin on prostaglandin synthesis with specific reference to PGF2 alpha.", "PMID": 495338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2412", "title": "An approach to the chemical quantitation of kinins for the assay of kininogenases.", "content": "A method was developed for the rapid isolation and identification of kallidin produced by hog pancreatic kallikrein on a partially purified bovine plasma kininogen preparation. By means of a reversed phase chromatography on a C18-silica gel column, kallidin was rapidly concentrated from the reaction mixture, and subsequently resolved on a thin-layer plate of silica gel 60. Fluorescamine was used to locate the kinin. Efforts to elute the kinin from the TLC plates for quantitation were not successful.", "contents": "An approach to the chemical quantitation of kinins for the assay of kininogenases. A method was developed for the rapid isolation and identification of kallidin produced by hog pancreatic kallikrein on a partially purified bovine plasma kininogen preparation. By means of a reversed phase chromatography on a C18-silica gel column, kallidin was rapidly concentrated from the reaction mixture, and subsequently resolved on a thin-layer plate of silica gel 60. Fluorescamine was used to locate the kinin. Efforts to elute the kinin from the TLC plates for quantitation were not successful.", "PMID": 495339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2413", "title": "Methods for the determination of glandular kallikrein by means of a chromogenic tripeptide substrate.", "content": "A chromogenic peptide substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA (S-2266) has been used for the determination of glandular kallikrein derived from pancreas, urine and saliva. The conditions used have been optimized. The methods developed are simple and shown to have good reproducibility.", "contents": "Methods for the determination of glandular kallikrein by means of a chromogenic tripeptide substrate. A chromogenic peptide substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA (S-2266) has been used for the determination of glandular kallikrein derived from pancreas, urine and saliva. The conditions used have been optimized. The methods developed are simple and shown to have good reproducibility.", "PMID": 495341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2414", "title": "Histamine H1-and H2-receptors in coronary arteries of pigs.", "content": "Histamine exerts its action in smooth muscle via in two types of receptors. In coronary arteries of pigs both types of receptors are also involved in responses to histamine. Histamine initiates by an interaction with H1-receptors a contraction and with H2-receptors a relaxation. The histamine-induced contraction is reduced by the competitively antagonistic action of mepyramine. Metiamide potentiates dose-dependently the histamine-caused contraction in the absence and presence of mepyramine. The proportion of H2-receptors in relation to H1-receptors is calculated.", "contents": "Histamine H1-and H2-receptors in coronary arteries of pigs. Histamine exerts its action in smooth muscle via in two types of receptors. In coronary arteries of pigs both types of receptors are also involved in responses to histamine. Histamine initiates by an interaction with H1-receptors a contraction and with H2-receptors a relaxation. The histamine-induced contraction is reduced by the competitively antagonistic action of mepyramine. Metiamide potentiates dose-dependently the histamine-caused contraction in the absence and presence of mepyramine. The proportion of H2-receptors in relation to H1-receptors is calculated.", "PMID": 495342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2415", "title": "Anomalous biological effects of salicylates and prostaglandins.", "content": "While some salicylates (salicyclic acid and salicylaldehyde, especially) are as potent as aspirin as acute, orally-active anti-flammatory drugs in the rat, they are either inactive or far less potent as PG synthesis inhibitors when added directly to isolated platelets or when given orally. Although PGE1 and PGE2 produce anti-ulcerogenic effects when given to rats in the presence of selected non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs, they fail to inhibit the acute anti-flammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of these drugs. They are anti-flammatory and anti-nociceptive under certain experimental conditions. PGE1 and PGE2 can also behave as hypothermic agents when given subcutaneously. Related studies, using PG synthesis stimulators in vivo and in vitro (substituted phenylureas), also cause anti-nociception and hypothermia. All of these indirect studies, when taken together, infer that PG synthesis inhibition per se fails to explain, entirely, the pharmacologic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They also suggest that the precise role of certain PGs in toxicopharmacology is far from simple and straightforward.", "contents": "Anomalous biological effects of salicylates and prostaglandins. While some salicylates (salicyclic acid and salicylaldehyde, especially) are as potent as aspirin as acute, orally-active anti-flammatory drugs in the rat, they are either inactive or far less potent as PG synthesis inhibitors when added directly to isolated platelets or when given orally. Although PGE1 and PGE2 produce anti-ulcerogenic effects when given to rats in the presence of selected non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs, they fail to inhibit the acute anti-flammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of these drugs. They are anti-flammatory and anti-nociceptive under certain experimental conditions. PGE1 and PGE2 can also behave as hypothermic agents when given subcutaneously. Related studies, using PG synthesis stimulators in vivo and in vitro (substituted phenylureas), also cause anti-nociception and hypothermia. All of these indirect studies, when taken together, infer that PG synthesis inhibition per se fails to explain, entirely, the pharmacologic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They also suggest that the precise role of certain PGs in toxicopharmacology is far from simple and straightforward.", "PMID": 495343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2416", "title": "Effects of 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol (MK-447) on granulomatous inflammation: lack of correlation with changes in levels of prostaglandin-like material.", "content": "MK-447, administered locally to carrageenan-soaked sponges implanted in the backs of rats, either on the day of implantation (day 1) or on days 4-7, exhibited a weak, dose-related inhibition of subsequent granuloma formation. With the later treatment period, prostaglandin (PG)-like material in day 8 exudates was increased at all doses, but with MK-447 treatment on day 1, levels of PG-like material after 24 h were unaffected. Thus, inhibition of granuloma formation was unrelated to local levels of PG-like material. Following treatment with low doses of MK-447 on implantation, mononuclear cell counts in 24 h exudates were reduced. Similar results were obtained with PGE1. Higher doses of MK-447 did not alter monuclear cell counts, but both high and low doses of MK-447 markedly increased polymorphonuclear cell counts in 24-h exudates. The results do not permit the conclusion that the anti-granuloma action of MK-447 is necessarily related to alteration of stable PG level at the inflamed site. Therefore, MK-447 cannot be used unequivocably as a tool to investigate the role of endogenous stable PGs during granulomatous inflammation.", "contents": "Effects of 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol (MK-447) on granulomatous inflammation: lack of correlation with changes in levels of prostaglandin-like material. MK-447, administered locally to carrageenan-soaked sponges implanted in the backs of rats, either on the day of implantation (day 1) or on days 4-7, exhibited a weak, dose-related inhibition of subsequent granuloma formation. With the later treatment period, prostaglandin (PG)-like material in day 8 exudates was increased at all doses, but with MK-447 treatment on day 1, levels of PG-like material after 24 h were unaffected. Thus, inhibition of granuloma formation was unrelated to local levels of PG-like material. Following treatment with low doses of MK-447 on implantation, mononuclear cell counts in 24 h exudates were reduced. Similar results were obtained with PGE1. Higher doses of MK-447 did not alter monuclear cell counts, but both high and low doses of MK-447 markedly increased polymorphonuclear cell counts in 24-h exudates. The results do not permit the conclusion that the anti-granuloma action of MK-447 is necessarily related to alteration of stable PG level at the inflamed site. Therefore, MK-447 cannot be used unequivocably as a tool to investigate the role of endogenous stable PGs during granulomatous inflammation.", "PMID": 495344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2417", "title": "A comparison of coumarin and levamisole on parameters of the inflammatory response.", "content": "Three experimental animal models have been used in the studies on the stimulatory effect of coumarin and levamisole. Both coumarin and levamisole increases cell coverage on subcutaneous implanted glass coverslip in mice. An increase in intracellular phosphatase activity was also observed. Stimulated mouse peritoneal cells when treated in vivo with coumarin or levamisole and then cultured in vitro showed increases acid phosphatase secretion (both extracellular and intracellular) as compared to control. Coumarin reduced the primary lesion of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. However, it potentiates the secondary lesions. Levamisole has no effect on the primary lesion but potentiates the secondary lesions. There was an increase in spleen and adrenal weights which correlate well with the severity of the secondary lesions. Increase in liver weight was only observed in coumarin-treated animals, an observation which suggests that coumarin may be a powerful mononuclear phagocytes system stimulant. The similarities and differences between coumarin and levamisole in their mode of action will be discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of coumarin and levamisole on parameters of the inflammatory response. Three experimental animal models have been used in the studies on the stimulatory effect of coumarin and levamisole. Both coumarin and levamisole increases cell coverage on subcutaneous implanted glass coverslip in mice. An increase in intracellular phosphatase activity was also observed. Stimulated mouse peritoneal cells when treated in vivo with coumarin or levamisole and then cultured in vitro showed increases acid phosphatase secretion (both extracellular and intracellular) as compared to control. Coumarin reduced the primary lesion of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. However, it potentiates the secondary lesions. Levamisole has no effect on the primary lesion but potentiates the secondary lesions. There was an increase in spleen and adrenal weights which correlate well with the severity of the secondary lesions. Increase in liver weight was only observed in coumarin-treated animals, an observation which suggests that coumarin may be a powerful mononuclear phagocytes system stimulant. The similarities and differences between coumarin and levamisole in their mode of action will be discussed.", "PMID": 495345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2418", "title": "Relationships between inhibition of rat polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and various inflammatory reactions.", "content": "An extension has been made of previous studies which linked the induction of inflammatory responses by carrageenan with the production or release of a factor which could be detected in the serum and which was capable of inhibiting leucocyte chemotaxis. Thus an inhibition of chemotaxis has been shown to be related also to inflammatory reactions provoked by calcium pyrophosphate and complete Freund's adjuvant and in the latter case the chemotaxis inhibition showed some correlation with the progress of the inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Relationships between inhibition of rat polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and various inflammatory reactions. An extension has been made of previous studies which linked the induction of inflammatory responses by carrageenan with the production or release of a factor which could be detected in the serum and which was capable of inhibiting leucocyte chemotaxis. Thus an inhibition of chemotaxis has been shown to be related also to inflammatory reactions provoked by calcium pyrophosphate and complete Freund's adjuvant and in the latter case the chemotaxis inhibition showed some correlation with the progress of the inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 495346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2419", "title": "[Methods of identifying carcinogenic factors in medication, food and cosmetics].", "content": "The removal of carconogenic factors would be a most efficient measure to prevent cancer. As far as known chemicals are concerned, every effort is made to avert them, or at least to reduce the exposure to such compounds, but is necessary to detect unknown chemicals, especially those, drugs and foodstuffs for example, to which large populations are exposed. Giving suspected chemicals to laboratory animals is a standard carcinogenicity test. Studies of the carcinogenicity of unknown chemicals in animals are time consuming, expensive and cumbersome. This is why other means of establishing carcinogenicity are sought for. Several rapid tests are available to-day to select suspected carcinogens. These methods aim primarily at determining with chemicals--at the cell or tissue level--certain changes that would appear essential to trigger the carcinogenic process, such as somatic mutations. Studies are used on the mutagenicity of chemicals for bacteria of the Salmonella type, for yeast and cultured mammalian cells, together with the induction of recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila and of the unscheduled repair synthesis of DNA and the transformation of mammalian cells in vitro. Although there is an unequivocal correlation between the activity of chemicals in such tests and their carcinogenicity, discrepancies are found. Thus, the in vivo tests on laboratory animals remain the most reliable method to determine carcinogenicity. Whereas direct extrapolation of experimental data to human pathology is impossible, the experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of any chemical should allow us to draw constructive conclusions. We shall never be able to reject drugs which produce the expected results and cannot be replaced by other drugs. But we can must the drugs whose beneficial effects are not exceptional and which can be replaced by other chemicals. As for the chemicals used in food additives and cosmetics, and recognized as carcinogenic in animals, they should be totally given up. Any decision made should be based on animal studies.", "contents": "[Methods of identifying carcinogenic factors in medication, food and cosmetics]. The removal of carconogenic factors would be a most efficient measure to prevent cancer. As far as known chemicals are concerned, every effort is made to avert them, or at least to reduce the exposure to such compounds, but is necessary to detect unknown chemicals, especially those, drugs and foodstuffs for example, to which large populations are exposed. Giving suspected chemicals to laboratory animals is a standard carcinogenicity test. Studies of the carcinogenicity of unknown chemicals in animals are time consuming, expensive and cumbersome. This is why other means of establishing carcinogenicity are sought for. Several rapid tests are available to-day to select suspected carcinogens. These methods aim primarily at determining with chemicals--at the cell or tissue level--certain changes that would appear essential to trigger the carcinogenic process, such as somatic mutations. Studies are used on the mutagenicity of chemicals for bacteria of the Salmonella type, for yeast and cultured mammalian cells, together with the induction of recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila and of the unscheduled repair synthesis of DNA and the transformation of mammalian cells in vitro. Although there is an unequivocal correlation between the activity of chemicals in such tests and their carcinogenicity, discrepancies are found. Thus, the in vivo tests on laboratory animals remain the most reliable method to determine carcinogenicity. Whereas direct extrapolation of experimental data to human pathology is impossible, the experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of any chemical should allow us to draw constructive conclusions. We shall never be able to reject drugs which produce the expected results and cannot be replaced by other drugs. But we can must the drugs whose beneficial effects are not exceptional and which can be replaced by other chemicals. As for the chemicals used in food additives and cosmetics, and recognized as carcinogenic in animals, they should be totally given up. Any decision made should be based on animal studies.", "PMID": 495385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2420", "title": "[The LOUVAIN rat and its importance in cancerology].", "content": "The LOUVAIN rat model is characterized by a high incidence of spontaneous tumors which is extremely rare in animals. Presently, the spectrum of monoclonal immunoglobulins synthetized by these tumors is the largest ever discovered in animals. Particularly, the LOUVAIN rat tumors produced the only IgD and IgE monoclonal immunoglobuling discovered in an animal species up to now. The contributions of this model to experimental cancerology were multiple: some of them originate in its high incidence, its anatomopathological type or its production of homogenous proteins, others, in the antigenic properties of the monoclonal immunoglobulins synthetized by these tumors, allowing the study of their natural analogues in absolutely new experimental conditions.", "contents": "[The LOUVAIN rat and its importance in cancerology]. The LOUVAIN rat model is characterized by a high incidence of spontaneous tumors which is extremely rare in animals. Presently, the spectrum of monoclonal immunoglobulins synthetized by these tumors is the largest ever discovered in animals. Particularly, the LOUVAIN rat tumors produced the only IgD and IgE monoclonal immunoglobuling discovered in an animal species up to now. The contributions of this model to experimental cancerology were multiple: some of them originate in its high incidence, its anatomopathological type or its production of homogenous proteins, others, in the antigenic properties of the monoclonal immunoglobulins synthetized by these tumors, allowing the study of their natural analogues in absolutely new experimental conditions.", "PMID": 495386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2421", "title": "[Utilization of chromosomal markers in cancer research].", "content": "The mouse is an unsuitable species for cytogenetical studies to the extent that it has 40 acrocentric chromosomes and the only criterion which could be used to differentiate them is size. We envisaged using in the case of cell grafts donors or recipients of different sex. This technique has, however, been used to a limited extent. Among the other markers which have been utilized, T6T6 of CBA mice must be mentioned. The discovery in 1966 by L\u00e9onard and Dekundt of the presence in AKR mice of fusions of the Robertson type (between chromosomes 6 and 15) has generated new interest in experimental work based on the utilisation of chromosome markers. Being interested in the mechanisms of radio-induced leukemia, the authors described how they have introduced the chromosome marker of AKR mice into the C57B1 strain which is very sensitive to the induction of radio-induced leukemias.", "contents": "[Utilization of chromosomal markers in cancer research]. The mouse is an unsuitable species for cytogenetical studies to the extent that it has 40 acrocentric chromosomes and the only criterion which could be used to differentiate them is size. We envisaged using in the case of cell grafts donors or recipients of different sex. This technique has, however, been used to a limited extent. Among the other markers which have been utilized, T6T6 of CBA mice must be mentioned. The discovery in 1966 by L\u00e9onard and Dekundt of the presence in AKR mice of fusions of the Robertson type (between chromosomes 6 and 15) has generated new interest in experimental work based on the utilisation of chromosome markers. Being interested in the mechanisms of radio-induced leukemia, the authors described how they have introduced the chromosome marker of AKR mice into the C57B1 strain which is very sensitive to the induction of radio-induced leukemias.", "PMID": 495387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2422", "title": "Types and quality of animals in cancer research.", "content": "In addition to studies in man, animal models may serve as important tools in the detection of the etiology, biology and treatment of certain types of human cancers. Various models have become available by performing life span studies on 2 rat strains, viz WAG/Rij, BN/Bi and (WAG x BN) F1 hybrid and on Praomys natalensis. Several of these models are described. A basic prerequisite for these types of studies is the availability of animals of good quality. After a general description of the quality of laboratory animals the desirable health status of animals in cancer research is discussed.", "contents": "Types and quality of animals in cancer research. In addition to studies in man, animal models may serve as important tools in the detection of the etiology, biology and treatment of certain types of human cancers. Various models have become available by performing life span studies on 2 rat strains, viz WAG/Rij, BN/Bi and (WAG x BN) F1 hybrid and on Praomys natalensis. Several of these models are described. A basic prerequisite for these types of studies is the availability of animals of good quality. After a general description of the quality of laboratory animals the desirable health status of animals in cancer research is discussed.", "PMID": 495388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2423", "title": "[An animal model for tumors of the large intestine].", "content": "Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and its derivatives induced in many animal species tumors of the large intestine with a great specificity and reproductibility. Oour personal observations using rats BD IX injected weekly with DMH are summarized in this presentation. The induced tumors appear as invaded tumors already at the microscopic stade. Their growth is best described by a Gompertz function. The number of induced tumors increases with time as a non linear function. This model is very useful for the study of the biology of human tumors with a low development.", "contents": "[An animal model for tumors of the large intestine]. Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and its derivatives induced in many animal species tumors of the large intestine with a great specificity and reproductibility. Oour personal observations using rats BD IX injected weekly with DMH are summarized in this presentation. The induced tumors appear as invaded tumors already at the microscopic stade. Their growth is best described by a Gompertz function. The number of induced tumors increases with time as a non linear function. This model is very useful for the study of the biology of human tumors with a low development.", "PMID": 495389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2424", "title": "[Transplantable carcinoma of the large intestine in BD IX rats: a new model for study of metastatic dissemination and experimental therapeutics].", "content": "Using cells in culture of a large intestine carcinoma by the rat BD IX, the authors have produced 5 experimental models of metastases: subcutane, of the lung, the liver and the peritoneum. These metastases have the same properties as the primitive tumor. These four models have the originality to be metastases of a large intestine carcinoma chemically induced in the rat representing situations frequently encountered in human cancerology in the case of generalised cancer. These models allow immunotherapy, immunoprophylaxis, chimotherapy, angiotherapy and biochemical studies and to test the effects of certain substances such as the anticoagulants.", "contents": "[Transplantable carcinoma of the large intestine in BD IX rats: a new model for study of metastatic dissemination and experimental therapeutics]. Using cells in culture of a large intestine carcinoma by the rat BD IX, the authors have produced 5 experimental models of metastases: subcutane, of the lung, the liver and the peritoneum. These metastases have the same properties as the primitive tumor. These four models have the originality to be metastases of a large intestine carcinoma chemically induced in the rat representing situations frequently encountered in human cancerology in the case of generalised cancer. These models allow immunotherapy, immunoprophylaxis, chimotherapy, angiotherapy and biochemical studies and to test the effects of certain substances such as the anticoagulants.", "PMID": 495390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2425", "title": "Induction of malignant and benign tumors with embryonic tissues.", "content": "The inoculation of viruses into the placenta of fetectomized rats induces the development of malignant tumors from extraembryonic fetal membranes. The same membrane--visceral yolk sac--gives rise to benign teratomas if displaced outside the uterus after fetectomy. Moreover, the transplantation of 3 to 7 day old embroys under the kidney capsule of adult mice gives rise of malignant teratocarcinoma. The methods to induction of these tumors are described.", "contents": "Induction of malignant and benign tumors with embryonic tissues. The inoculation of viruses into the placenta of fetectomized rats induces the development of malignant tumors from extraembryonic fetal membranes. The same membrane--visceral yolk sac--gives rise to benign teratomas if displaced outside the uterus after fetectomy. Moreover, the transplantation of 3 to 7 day old embroys under the kidney capsule of adult mice gives rise of malignant teratocarcinoma. The methods to induction of these tumors are described.", "PMID": 495391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2426", "title": "Family: a systems approach.", "content": "The family is a social system with elements of structure, bonding, boundaries and function. The person and the dyad are the building blocks (subsystems) of the family. A systems approach allows the family physician to elucidate specific areas of disruption, describe problems in terms of family elements and intervene at the appropriate hierarchic level to promote optimum health to family members.", "contents": "Family: a systems approach. The family is a social system with elements of structure, bonding, boundaries and function. The person and the dyad are the building blocks (subsystems) of the family. A systems approach allows the family physician to elucidate specific areas of disruption, describe problems in terms of family elements and intervene at the appropriate hierarchic level to promote optimum health to family members.", "PMID": 495392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2427", "title": "Muscle contraction headache.", "content": "This is the common \"tension\" or \"nervous\" headache. It is extracranial in origin, and is often precipitated by anxiety or depression. The headache is usually bilateral, nonpulsatile and of longer duration than migraine, with no focal signs or symptoms. While aspirin remains the most practical and useful analgesic for head pain of low intensity, combination agents are useful and drugs to control anxiety associated with headache are appropriate.", "contents": "Muscle contraction headache. This is the common \"tension\" or \"nervous\" headache. It is extracranial in origin, and is often precipitated by anxiety or depression. The headache is usually bilateral, nonpulsatile and of longer duration than migraine, with no focal signs or symptoms. While aspirin remains the most practical and useful analgesic for head pain of low intensity, combination agents are useful and drugs to control anxiety associated with headache are appropriate.", "PMID": 495393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2428", "title": "Depression in late life.", "content": "The depressed elderly have the highest suicide risk of any group in our society. Thus, depression in late life is a serious mental health problem. The essential goal of the diagnostic work-up is to distinguish a major depressive episode from less severe dysphoric symptoms. The major treatment modalities are properly selected pharmacologic agents, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy and counseling, increased physical and social activity, and attention to underlying medical problems.", "contents": "Depression in late life. The depressed elderly have the highest suicide risk of any group in our society. Thus, depression in late life is a serious mental health problem. The essential goal of the diagnostic work-up is to distinguish a major depressive episode from less severe dysphoric symptoms. The major treatment modalities are properly selected pharmacologic agents, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy and counseling, increased physical and social activity, and attention to underlying medical problems.", "PMID": 495398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2429", "title": "Plasma catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine levels were determined in 26 cases of uncomplicated myocardial infarction within 24 hours of onset of acute chest pain. Blood samples were collected at time of entry and at 4-hour intervals during the 48 hours following admission. Average values of plasma catecholamines within 1 hour of onset of pain were 0.87 ng./ml +/- 0.21 and remained elevated during the first 24 hours period. A gradual fall in catecholamine values was observed during the second 24-hour period. Catecholamines were higher in patients with sinus tachycardia and lower in patients with sinus bradycardia, and were higher in patients with anterior or anterolateral infarction. Catecholamine values were significantly higher when determined while patients presented ventricular ectopic beats or ventricular tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, and elevated plasma catecholamine values may be considered indicators of pain, anxiety, and/or left ventricular dysfunction without necessarily being causally related between themselves.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Plasma catecholamine levels were determined in 26 cases of uncomplicated myocardial infarction within 24 hours of onset of acute chest pain. Blood samples were collected at time of entry and at 4-hour intervals during the 48 hours following admission. Average values of plasma catecholamines within 1 hour of onset of pain were 0.87 ng./ml +/- 0.21 and remained elevated during the first 24 hours period. A gradual fall in catecholamine values was observed during the second 24-hour period. Catecholamines were higher in patients with sinus tachycardia and lower in patients with sinus bradycardia, and were higher in patients with anterior or anterolateral infarction. Catecholamine values were significantly higher when determined while patients presented ventricular ectopic beats or ventricular tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, and elevated plasma catecholamine values may be considered indicators of pain, anxiety, and/or left ventricular dysfunction without necessarily being causally related between themselves.", "PMID": 495400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2430", "title": "Progression of mild mitral stenosis and incidence of restenosis after open commissurotomy: a study using echocardiography.", "content": "Thirteen patients with mild mitral stenosis and 21 asymptomatic patients after commissurotomy were studied by echocardiography in order to assess the rate of progression of mitral stenosis and the incidence of restenosis after successful open mitral commissurotomy. In the group with mitral stenosis there was a decrease of the diastolic closing velocity (E-F slope) from 35.7 to 29.5 mm./sec. (p less than 0.0005) over a period of 37 months. In 23% of the patients the stenosis increased significantly (p less than 0.0005) by echocardiographic parameters. Forty-eight months after commissurotomy we noted a significant over-all slowing of the diastolic closing velocity (from 52.6 to 44.8 mm./sec., p less than 0.0005) and a decrease of the mitral valve closure index DE/MAIC (from 1.7 to 1.5, p less than 0.0025). Five of 21 patients (24%) showed a change in one or both of these parameters which was greater than 2 standard deviations of the mean change. Based on echocardiographic criteria, we conclude that patients with mild mitral stenosis and asymptomatic patients following successful commissurotomy need only be checked approximately every 3 years.", "contents": "Progression of mild mitral stenosis and incidence of restenosis after open commissurotomy: a study using echocardiography. Thirteen patients with mild mitral stenosis and 21 asymptomatic patients after commissurotomy were studied by echocardiography in order to assess the rate of progression of mitral stenosis and the incidence of restenosis after successful open mitral commissurotomy. In the group with mitral stenosis there was a decrease of the diastolic closing velocity (E-F slope) from 35.7 to 29.5 mm./sec. (p less than 0.0005) over a period of 37 months. In 23% of the patients the stenosis increased significantly (p less than 0.0005) by echocardiographic parameters. Forty-eight months after commissurotomy we noted a significant over-all slowing of the diastolic closing velocity (from 52.6 to 44.8 mm./sec., p less than 0.0005) and a decrease of the mitral valve closure index DE/MAIC (from 1.7 to 1.5, p less than 0.0025). Five of 21 patients (24%) showed a change in one or both of these parameters which was greater than 2 standard deviations of the mean change. Based on echocardiographic criteria, we conclude that patients with mild mitral stenosis and asymptomatic patients following successful commissurotomy need only be checked approximately every 3 years.", "PMID": 495401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2431", "title": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the therapy of volume overload accompanying oliguric vascular shock states.", "content": "Isolated ultrafiltration (removal of plasma water and solute without dialysis) was used as a \"last resort\" therapy in three patients with diuretic and pressor resistant oliguria complicating severe volume overload and vascular shock. The improvement in clinical and hemodynamic parameters is reported and the possible mechanisms of action (decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and increased colloid osmotic pressure) are discussed.", "contents": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the therapy of volume overload accompanying oliguric vascular shock states. Isolated ultrafiltration (removal of plasma water and solute without dialysis) was used as a \"last resort\" therapy in three patients with diuretic and pressor resistant oliguria complicating severe volume overload and vascular shock. The improvement in clinical and hemodynamic parameters is reported and the possible mechanisms of action (decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and increased colloid osmotic pressure) are discussed.", "PMID": 495402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2432", "title": "Exercise testing: a prospective study of complication rates.", "content": "Twenty departments of clinical physiology in Sweden, doing annually 30,000 exercise stress tests, mainly of patients, completed a questionnaire regarding how they carried out exercise testing. Bicycle ergometry was predominantely used. The criteria for inclusion of patients for exercise testing and for interruption of the test were generally wide, allowing the patient to work until symptoms limited the test. In a second part of the investigation, the departments continuously reported all complications that occurred during an 18-month period which included 50,000 exercise tests. The complication rate was 18.4, the morbidity rate was 5.2, and the mortality rate was 0.4 per 10,000 tests. The number of complications leading to permanent damage was low and it could not be proved that the exercise test had induced a higher complication rate than otherwise would have occurred during the observation period. Patients with aortic stenosis had a high risk for complications. With adequate safety measures and a well-trained staff, exercise stress testing can be regarded as a safe method to be used in the evaluation of even very ill patients.", "contents": "Exercise testing: a prospective study of complication rates. Twenty departments of clinical physiology in Sweden, doing annually 30,000 exercise stress tests, mainly of patients, completed a questionnaire regarding how they carried out exercise testing. Bicycle ergometry was predominantely used. The criteria for inclusion of patients for exercise testing and for interruption of the test were generally wide, allowing the patient to work until symptoms limited the test. In a second part of the investigation, the departments continuously reported all complications that occurred during an 18-month period which included 50,000 exercise tests. The complication rate was 18.4, the morbidity rate was 5.2, and the mortality rate was 0.4 per 10,000 tests. The number of complications leading to permanent damage was low and it could not be proved that the exercise test had induced a higher complication rate than otherwise would have occurred during the observation period. Patients with aortic stenosis had a high risk for complications. With adequate safety measures and a well-trained staff, exercise stress testing can be regarded as a safe method to be used in the evaluation of even very ill patients.", "PMID": 495403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2433", "title": "Complications with retained transvenous pacemaker electrodes.", "content": "Out of a series of 1,734 pacemaker patients, the clinical course of 46 patients was reviewed in whom a functionless endocardial electrode was retained. Non-infected electrodes (25 patients) were generally well tolerated without complications, except in one patient who experienced fatal catheter embolism into the pulmonary artery. In cases of infected electrodes (21 patients) a mortality rate of 25% was encountered due to septic complications. Catheter migration was fatal in two out of three patients. It is concluded that entrapped electrode catheters should be removed by thoracotomy if persisting infection is present or if catheter migration has occurred.", "contents": "Complications with retained transvenous pacemaker electrodes. Out of a series of 1,734 pacemaker patients, the clinical course of 46 patients was reviewed in whom a functionless endocardial electrode was retained. Non-infected electrodes (25 patients) were generally well tolerated without complications, except in one patient who experienced fatal catheter embolism into the pulmonary artery. In cases of infected electrodes (21 patients) a mortality rate of 25% was encountered due to septic complications. Catheter migration was fatal in two out of three patients. It is concluded that entrapped electrode catheters should be removed by thoracotomy if persisting infection is present or if catheter migration has occurred.", "PMID": 495404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2434", "title": "Evaluation of the beta-blocking drug acebutolol in angina pectoris.", "content": "The effects of the beta-adernergic blocking drug acebutolol were studied in 23 patients with angina pectoris and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Patients were evaluated clinically, by graded treadmill testing and by 24-hour Holter monitoring in the control state, after 2 weeks treatment with placebo, and after 2 weeks treatment with 600 mg. and then 1,200 mg. of acebutolol. Acebutolol (in a daily dose of 600 mg.) was an effective antianginal drug: the number of clinical attacks of angina pectoris (p less than 0.001) and the consumption of sublingual nitrate decreased (p less than 0.01), there was a significant increase in the treadmill effort tolerance as measured by the time to appearance of ischemic ECG changes (p less than 0.001) and the total work performed (p less than 0.001), and there was also a significant decrease in ischemic ST segment depression on 24-hour Holter monitoring. Treatment with 1,200 mg. acebutolol was associated with a further decrease in heart rate and a further improvement in effort tolerance on treadmill testing (p less than 0.05). On the large dose of the drug, however, there was no further clinical improvement, and no further improvement on 24-hour ECG monitoring; several patients complained of weakness and fatigue. Graded treadmill testing was an excellent objective method for assessing physical effort tolerance and its improvement after treatment with the beta-blocking drug. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring was a useful and complementary test, especially in patients who stopped exercising on the treadmill because of fatigue or weakness, and especially for assessing the efficacy of beta-blockade in controlling emotionally induced tachycardia and ischemia in the patient's own daily environment.", "contents": "Evaluation of the beta-blocking drug acebutolol in angina pectoris. The effects of the beta-adernergic blocking drug acebutolol were studied in 23 patients with angina pectoris and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Patients were evaluated clinically, by graded treadmill testing and by 24-hour Holter monitoring in the control state, after 2 weeks treatment with placebo, and after 2 weeks treatment with 600 mg. and then 1,200 mg. of acebutolol. Acebutolol (in a daily dose of 600 mg.) was an effective antianginal drug: the number of clinical attacks of angina pectoris (p less than 0.001) and the consumption of sublingual nitrate decreased (p less than 0.01), there was a significant increase in the treadmill effort tolerance as measured by the time to appearance of ischemic ECG changes (p less than 0.001) and the total work performed (p less than 0.001), and there was also a significant decrease in ischemic ST segment depression on 24-hour Holter monitoring. Treatment with 1,200 mg. acebutolol was associated with a further decrease in heart rate and a further improvement in effort tolerance on treadmill testing (p less than 0.05). On the large dose of the drug, however, there was no further clinical improvement, and no further improvement on 24-hour ECG monitoring; several patients complained of weakness and fatigue. Graded treadmill testing was an excellent objective method for assessing physical effort tolerance and its improvement after treatment with the beta-blocking drug. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring was a useful and complementary test, especially in patients who stopped exercising on the treadmill because of fatigue or weakness, and especially for assessing the efficacy of beta-blockade in controlling emotionally induced tachycardia and ischemia in the patient's own daily environment.", "PMID": 495406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2435", "title": "Low output syndrome in right ventricular infarction.", "content": "In this paper we describe clinical and hemodynamic data in ten patients with right ventricular infarction and low output syndrome. Atrioventricular block and supraventricular arrhythmias were a common finding. All of them had a right atrial pressure disproportionately increased (average 16.3 +/- 5.2 mm. Hg) in relation to left ventricular filling pressure (average 15 +/- 4.5 mm. Hg), and a very low cardiac index (average 1.42 +/- 0.45 liters/min./m.2). The right atrial pulse tracings were similar to those of constrictive pericarditis, showing a deep \"y\" descent in every patient. We made the differential diagnosis between similar hemodynamic entities and constructed function curves of right and left ventricles. Right ventricular diastolic work index was always increased (average 6.26 +/- 3.63 gm./beat/M.2), being higher than net work index (average 3.28 +/- 1.87 gm./beat/M.2). While all function curves of the right ventricle were flat or depressed, those of the left ventricle were very different. Treatment consisted mainly of fluid overload and, in some cases, of vasodilators or dopamine. Mortality rate was 40%. We think that coexisting left ventricular damage may account in part for the bad prognosis of these patients.", "contents": "Low output syndrome in right ventricular infarction. In this paper we describe clinical and hemodynamic data in ten patients with right ventricular infarction and low output syndrome. Atrioventricular block and supraventricular arrhythmias were a common finding. All of them had a right atrial pressure disproportionately increased (average 16.3 +/- 5.2 mm. Hg) in relation to left ventricular filling pressure (average 15 +/- 4.5 mm. Hg), and a very low cardiac index (average 1.42 +/- 0.45 liters/min./m.2). The right atrial pulse tracings were similar to those of constrictive pericarditis, showing a deep \"y\" descent in every patient. We made the differential diagnosis between similar hemodynamic entities and constructed function curves of right and left ventricles. Right ventricular diastolic work index was always increased (average 6.26 +/- 3.63 gm./beat/M.2), being higher than net work index (average 3.28 +/- 1.87 gm./beat/M.2). While all function curves of the right ventricle were flat or depressed, those of the left ventricle were very different. Treatment consisted mainly of fluid overload and, in some cases, of vasodilators or dopamine. Mortality rate was 40%. We think that coexisting left ventricular damage may account in part for the bad prognosis of these patients.", "PMID": 495407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2436", "title": "Ethmozin: a new antiarrhythmic agent developed in the USSR. Efficacy and tolerance.", "content": "Ethmozin, a phenothiazine derivative, was developed in the Soviet Union as a new antiarrhythmic agent. We evaluated ethmozin using a controlled single-blinded in-hospital protocol in 14 ambulatory patients with ventricular ectopy ranging from an average of 48 to 1,801 depolarizations per hour and in eight patients with atrial ectopy ranging from 63 to 693 depolarizations per hour. Placebo was administered for the first 3 days, followed by ethmozin from 2.4 to 11.2 mg./Kg./day administered orally every 8 hours for 7 days and concluding with placebo for the final 3 days. Continuous 24-hour long-term electrocardiographic monitoring for 13 days was employed to measure drug efficacy accurately. Six of eight (75 per cent) patients with atrial ectopy and 10 of 14 (71 per cent) patients with ventricular ectopy had statistically significant reductions in ectopy during ethmozin therapy. Atrial ectopy was reduced at a lower dose and plasma level of ethmozin than was ventricular ectopy. With the exception of mild nausea in one patient, no side effects of ethmozin therapy were noted. Ethmozin appears to be a well-tolerated, effective antiarrhythmic agent with a dosage regimen that can promote patient compliance for long-term use.", "contents": "Ethmozin: a new antiarrhythmic agent developed in the USSR. Efficacy and tolerance. Ethmozin, a phenothiazine derivative, was developed in the Soviet Union as a new antiarrhythmic agent. We evaluated ethmozin using a controlled single-blinded in-hospital protocol in 14 ambulatory patients with ventricular ectopy ranging from an average of 48 to 1,801 depolarizations per hour and in eight patients with atrial ectopy ranging from 63 to 693 depolarizations per hour. Placebo was administered for the first 3 days, followed by ethmozin from 2.4 to 11.2 mg./Kg./day administered orally every 8 hours for 7 days and concluding with placebo for the final 3 days. Continuous 24-hour long-term electrocardiographic monitoring for 13 days was employed to measure drug efficacy accurately. Six of eight (75 per cent) patients with atrial ectopy and 10 of 14 (71 per cent) patients with ventricular ectopy had statistically significant reductions in ectopy during ethmozin therapy. Atrial ectopy was reduced at a lower dose and plasma level of ethmozin than was ventricular ectopy. With the exception of mild nausea in one patient, no side effects of ethmozin therapy were noted. Ethmozin appears to be a well-tolerated, effective antiarrhythmic agent with a dosage regimen that can promote patient compliance for long-term use.", "PMID": 495408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2437", "title": "Re-evaluation of a possible high incidence of hypertension in hypothyroid patients.", "content": "In an attempt to re-evaluate a possible high incidence of hypertension in hypothyroid patients, blood pressure was measured in 38 slightly hypothyroid patients, in 17 moderate hypothyroid patients, and in 26 severe hypothyroid patients. The data were then compared with the findings in 73 known euthyroid subjects and in 1,601 possibly euthyroid subjects. Blood pressure and incidence of hypertension increased progressively with age in known euthyroid subjects and in possibly euthyroid subjects. Similarly, blood pressure increased progressively with age in slight and moderate hypothyroid patients, but the incidence of hypertension was high in the sixth decade in slightly hypothyroid patients for some unknown reason. In contrast, blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension were low in the fifth and sixth decades in severe hypothyroid patients. This low blood pressure was elevated slightly when Sv1 + Rv5 and C/T were shifted toward normal by T4 treatment for 3 to 4 months. It is suggested that the hypothyroid state does not accelerate the development of hypertension.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of a possible high incidence of hypertension in hypothyroid patients. In an attempt to re-evaluate a possible high incidence of hypertension in hypothyroid patients, blood pressure was measured in 38 slightly hypothyroid patients, in 17 moderate hypothyroid patients, and in 26 severe hypothyroid patients. The data were then compared with the findings in 73 known euthyroid subjects and in 1,601 possibly euthyroid subjects. Blood pressure and incidence of hypertension increased progressively with age in known euthyroid subjects and in possibly euthyroid subjects. Similarly, blood pressure increased progressively with age in slight and moderate hypothyroid patients, but the incidence of hypertension was high in the sixth decade in slightly hypothyroid patients for some unknown reason. In contrast, blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension were low in the fifth and sixth decades in severe hypothyroid patients. This low blood pressure was elevated slightly when Sv1 + Rv5 and C/T were shifted toward normal by T4 treatment for 3 to 4 months. It is suggested that the hypothyroid state does not accelerate the development of hypertension.", "PMID": 495417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2438", "title": "Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis in the adult.", "content": "In a retrospective study, 29 patients at least 20 years of age with known aortic stenosis are reported who had the peak systolic gradient (PSG) measured on at least two occasions without an intervening surgical procedure or episode of endocarditis. In these 29 patients, there were 31 intervals available for evaluation with a mean follow-up time of 43.5 months (1 week to 120 months). In 16 of the 31 intervals, the PSG increased by 50% or more and in 15, it did not. In the group where the PSG increased, the average rate of increase was 1.3 mm. Hg/month with the most rapid gradient increase at 3.8 mm. Hg/month. Progression to high gradient was correlated with the development of angina pectoris or left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage and ST-T wave changes. In this study, other symptoms were not helpful in predicting an increase in severity. It is still recommended, however, that any patient with aortic stenosis and the development of symptoms of congestive heart failure or exertional syncope should be suspected of having progressed to severe aortic stenosis and should be restudied.", "contents": "Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis in the adult. In a retrospective study, 29 patients at least 20 years of age with known aortic stenosis are reported who had the peak systolic gradient (PSG) measured on at least two occasions without an intervening surgical procedure or episode of endocarditis. In these 29 patients, there were 31 intervals available for evaluation with a mean follow-up time of 43.5 months (1 week to 120 months). In 16 of the 31 intervals, the PSG increased by 50% or more and in 15, it did not. In the group where the PSG increased, the average rate of increase was 1.3 mm. Hg/month with the most rapid gradient increase at 3.8 mm. Hg/month. Progression to high gradient was correlated with the development of angina pectoris or left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage and ST-T wave changes. In this study, other symptoms were not helpful in predicting an increase in severity. It is still recommended, however, that any patient with aortic stenosis and the development of symptoms of congestive heart failure or exertional syncope should be suspected of having progressed to severe aortic stenosis and should be restudied.", "PMID": 495418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2439", "title": "Clinical study on the right-sided Austin Flint murmur using intracardiac phonocardiography.", "content": "Right heart catheterization was carried out on 14 patients with pulmonic regurgitation using intracardiac phonocardiography. All the patients showed pulmonic regurgitant murmur in the right ventricular outflow tract. In addition, seven out of the 14 patients showed mid-diastolic and presystolic murmurs maximally in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. Furthermore, inspiration increased the loudness of these diastolic murmurs in four patients. These findings were compatible with those of right-sided Austin Flint murmur due to functional tricuspid stenosis in pulmonic incompetence. Ten out of the 14 patients had pulmonary hypertension and all the subjects with a rightsided Austin Flint murmur showed elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. Thus, pulmonic regurgitation with pulmonary hypertension is thought to be closely related to the right-sided Austin Flint murmur and the turbulence resulting from antegrade flow across a closing tricuspid valve may be responsible for the genesis of the murmur.", "contents": "Clinical study on the right-sided Austin Flint murmur using intracardiac phonocardiography. Right heart catheterization was carried out on 14 patients with pulmonic regurgitation using intracardiac phonocardiography. All the patients showed pulmonic regurgitant murmur in the right ventricular outflow tract. In addition, seven out of the 14 patients showed mid-diastolic and presystolic murmurs maximally in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. Furthermore, inspiration increased the loudness of these diastolic murmurs in four patients. These findings were compatible with those of right-sided Austin Flint murmur due to functional tricuspid stenosis in pulmonic incompetence. Ten out of the 14 patients had pulmonary hypertension and all the subjects with a rightsided Austin Flint murmur showed elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. Thus, pulmonic regurgitation with pulmonary hypertension is thought to be closely related to the right-sided Austin Flint murmur and the turbulence resulting from antegrade flow across a closing tricuspid valve may be responsible for the genesis of the murmur.", "PMID": 495419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2440", "title": "Quinidine therapy in hospitalized patients with ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Quinidine serum levels and pharmacokinetic data were assessed during steady state therapy with oral quinidine sulfate in 19 hospitalized patients who were being treated for ventricular arrhythmias. A new high performance liquid chromatography assay was employed. Four patients were studied both after the first dose of quinidine and at steady state, and the initial dose pharmacokinetic values were found not to be predictive of steady state. The mean half-life of quinidine was 4.5 hours, but there was wide individual variation. The elimination rate constant for quinidine was significantly lower in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dilatation than in patients with normal echocardiographic left ventricular size. The average urinary excretion of quinidine was only 11.3%. The pharmacokinetic data in seven chronic alcoholic patients without clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic insufficiency did not differ from the data obtained in nonalcoholic patients. However, with severely impaired liver function, there may be marked prolongation of quinidine half-life predisposing to quinidine toxicity. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Quinidine therapy in hospitalized patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Quinidine serum levels and pharmacokinetic data were assessed during steady state therapy with oral quinidine sulfate in 19 hospitalized patients who were being treated for ventricular arrhythmias. A new high performance liquid chromatography assay was employed. Four patients were studied both after the first dose of quinidine and at steady state, and the initial dose pharmacokinetic values were found not to be predictive of steady state. The mean half-life of quinidine was 4.5 hours, but there was wide individual variation. The elimination rate constant for quinidine was significantly lower in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dilatation than in patients with normal echocardiographic left ventricular size. The average urinary excretion of quinidine was only 11.3%. The pharmacokinetic data in seven chronic alcoholic patients without clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic insufficiency did not differ from the data obtained in nonalcoholic patients. However, with severely impaired liver function, there may be marked prolongation of quinidine half-life predisposing to quinidine toxicity. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 495420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2441", "title": "An experimental study of release arrhythmia: Occlusion time-dependent changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "There have been many reports about ventricular arrhythmias during acute coronary occlusion. Nevertheless, it is only recently that interest has been taken in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia after reperfusion following coronary occlusion. To investigate the mechanism of the latter kind of arrhythmia, we studied the effect of changing the duration of occlusion time on the recovery time courses of the VMRT (Ventricular Multiple Response Threshold), and of the A-V differences in the serum K+ concentration across the heart. The time course of delta K+ recovered soon after reperfusion, while changes in VMRT needed more time for recovery to the initial state. Concerning heart rate, blood pH, and the levels of Na+, Cl-, and Ca++, no significant changes were detected. There was no relation between the time courses of VMRT and those of the A-V differences in serum K+. Consequently, time courses in VMRT were dependent upon the duration of coronary occlusion time. A possible explanation for these results may be that the longer the duration of the preceding occlusion time, the more severe the myocardial damage due to myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "An experimental study of release arrhythmia: Occlusion time-dependent changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold. There have been many reports about ventricular arrhythmias during acute coronary occlusion. Nevertheless, it is only recently that interest has been taken in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia after reperfusion following coronary occlusion. To investigate the mechanism of the latter kind of arrhythmia, we studied the effect of changing the duration of occlusion time on the recovery time courses of the VMRT (Ventricular Multiple Response Threshold), and of the A-V differences in the serum K+ concentration across the heart. The time course of delta K+ recovered soon after reperfusion, while changes in VMRT needed more time for recovery to the initial state. Concerning heart rate, blood pH, and the levels of Na+, Cl-, and Ca++, no significant changes were detected. There was no relation between the time courses of VMRT and those of the A-V differences in serum K+. Consequently, time courses in VMRT were dependent upon the duration of coronary occlusion time. A possible explanation for these results may be that the longer the duration of the preceding occlusion time, the more severe the myocardial damage due to myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 495423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2442", "title": "Increased ejection fraction produced by a long-term subhypertensive infusion of norepinephrine in the conscious dog.", "content": "Five mongrel dogs with chronically implanted catheters in the left atrium, mid-thoracic aorta, and right atrium were continuously infused with subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine for 3 months. Left ventricular cineangiography, determinations of aortic pressure, and cardiac output were performed in the conscious dog. After 3 months of continuous norepinephrine infusion, stroke volume increased from 38 +/- 3.0 to 67 +/- 8.0 ml. (p less than .01), the left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased from 72 +/- 6.4 to 89 +/- 12.9 ml. (p less than .05), and the ejection fraction increased from 52 +/- 3.6 to 76 +/- 3.6% (p less than .005). We postulate that norepinephrine results in an increased myocardial function by producing physiological myocardial hypertrophy.", "contents": "Increased ejection fraction produced by a long-term subhypertensive infusion of norepinephrine in the conscious dog. Five mongrel dogs with chronically implanted catheters in the left atrium, mid-thoracic aorta, and right atrium were continuously infused with subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine for 3 months. Left ventricular cineangiography, determinations of aortic pressure, and cardiac output were performed in the conscious dog. After 3 months of continuous norepinephrine infusion, stroke volume increased from 38 +/- 3.0 to 67 +/- 8.0 ml. (p less than .01), the left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased from 72 +/- 6.4 to 89 +/- 12.9 ml. (p less than .05), and the ejection fraction increased from 52 +/- 3.6 to 76 +/- 3.6% (p less than .005). We postulate that norepinephrine results in an increased myocardial function by producing physiological myocardial hypertrophy.", "PMID": 495424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2443", "title": "Dynamic electrocardiographic recording during sexual activity in recent post-myocardial infarction and revascularization patients.", "content": "Twenty-four post-cardiac patients had 24 hour DER at a mean time of 30.1 days post-MI and 31.5 days post-MR. All patients experienced sexual activity at least once during the 24 hours. Heart rate ranged from a mean of 74.0 to 107.8 BPM in the MI group and from 90.2 to 117.8 in the MR group. Twelve of the 24 patients recorded cardiac electrical abnormalities during sexual activity and five of these 12 had abnormalities associated only with or more frequently with sexual activity. It is concluded that sexual activity may provoke cardiac electrical events not elicited by other stimuli and this may warrant consideration for patient counseling and/or specific therapy.", "contents": "Dynamic electrocardiographic recording during sexual activity in recent post-myocardial infarction and revascularization patients. Twenty-four post-cardiac patients had 24 hour DER at a mean time of 30.1 days post-MI and 31.5 days post-MR. All patients experienced sexual activity at least once during the 24 hours. Heart rate ranged from a mean of 74.0 to 107.8 BPM in the MI group and from 90.2 to 117.8 in the MR group. Twelve of the 24 patients recorded cardiac electrical abnormalities during sexual activity and five of these 12 had abnormalities associated only with or more frequently with sexual activity. It is concluded that sexual activity may provoke cardiac electrical events not elicited by other stimuli and this may warrant consideration for patient counseling and/or specific therapy.", "PMID": 495425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2444", "title": "The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on atrial contribution to cardiac output.", "content": "The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on the atrial contribution filling pressure and atrial contribution was seen in studies done at baseline (PCW (r=-.53, p less than .025), as well as in studies done after PCW was modified by volume expansion and/or nitrates (r=-.53, p less than .005). At baseline, atrial contribution averaged 9.3 +/- 1.3 c.c./M.2 in patients with PCW less than 20 mm. Hg, while it was only 2.4 +/- 1.2 c.c./M.2 in patients with PCW greater than or equal to 20 mm. Hg (p less than .005). Atrial contribution was significantly greater in patients who had no history of heart failure when they were volume loaded to a PCW above 20 mm. Hg than in patients with impaired ventricular function whose baseline PCW was above 20 mm. Hg. Thus, atrial contribution tends to be less effective in augmenting cardiac output when filling pressure is already elevated, particularly in patients with impaired left ventricular function.", "contents": "The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on atrial contribution to cardiac output. The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on the atrial contribution filling pressure and atrial contribution was seen in studies done at baseline (PCW (r=-.53, p less than .025), as well as in studies done after PCW was modified by volume expansion and/or nitrates (r=-.53, p less than .005). At baseline, atrial contribution averaged 9.3 +/- 1.3 c.c./M.2 in patients with PCW less than 20 mm. Hg, while it was only 2.4 +/- 1.2 c.c./M.2 in patients with PCW greater than or equal to 20 mm. Hg (p less than .005). Atrial contribution was significantly greater in patients who had no history of heart failure when they were volume loaded to a PCW above 20 mm. Hg than in patients with impaired ventricular function whose baseline PCW was above 20 mm. Hg. Thus, atrial contribution tends to be less effective in augmenting cardiac output when filling pressure is already elevated, particularly in patients with impaired left ventricular function.", "PMID": 495426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2445", "title": "Value and limitations of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in the detection of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial imaging was performed in 436 consecutive patients for the evaluation of chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Scintigrams were assessed independently by three observers with a 90% interobserver agreement. In 134 patients with documented AMI (97 TRANSMURAL, 37 NONTRANSMURAL), THE SENSITIVITY OF 99MTc-PYP imaging was significantly lower in patients with nontransmural AMI (41%) than in patients with transmural AMI (78%), 99mTc-PYP imaging correctly localized the site of transmural infarction in 53 patients (70%). A diffuse 99mTc-PYP uptake was found in nine (10%) of 91 patients with positive scintigrams: six of these had a transmural AMI and three nontransmural AMI. In 226 patients without AMI, the specificity of infarct imaging was 95%. A false-positive scintigram was found in 0%, 8%, 9%, and 2% of patients with unstable angina, progressive angina, stable angina, and noncardiac chest pain, respectively. A diffuse uptake was found in six (54%) of 11 patients with false-positive scintigrams. No patient with the clinical diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain showed discrete uptake. In 76 patients with uncertain diagnosis for AMI, 99Tc-PYP imaging was considered of value in 11 patients with ventricular conduction defects (two patients with WPW syndrome, nine patients with LBBB). These data suggest that: 1. 99mTc-PYP imaging is moderately sensitive in detecting and localizing transmural AMI and is insensitive in detecting nontransmural AMI; 2. A discrete 99mTc-PYP uptake is highly specific for AMI; 3. a diffuse uptake is neither sensitive to, nor specific for AMI. Myocardial imaging with 99m-Tc-PYP is of clinical value when the standard electrocardiographic and enzymatic techniques are inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of AMI.", "contents": "Value and limitations of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in the detection of acute myocardial infarction. Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial imaging was performed in 436 consecutive patients for the evaluation of chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Scintigrams were assessed independently by three observers with a 90% interobserver agreement. In 134 patients with documented AMI (97 TRANSMURAL, 37 NONTRANSMURAL), THE SENSITIVITY OF 99MTc-PYP imaging was significantly lower in patients with nontransmural AMI (41%) than in patients with transmural AMI (78%), 99mTc-PYP imaging correctly localized the site of transmural infarction in 53 patients (70%). A diffuse 99mTc-PYP uptake was found in nine (10%) of 91 patients with positive scintigrams: six of these had a transmural AMI and three nontransmural AMI. In 226 patients without AMI, the specificity of infarct imaging was 95%. A false-positive scintigram was found in 0%, 8%, 9%, and 2% of patients with unstable angina, progressive angina, stable angina, and noncardiac chest pain, respectively. A diffuse uptake was found in six (54%) of 11 patients with false-positive scintigrams. No patient with the clinical diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain showed discrete uptake. In 76 patients with uncertain diagnosis for AMI, 99Tc-PYP imaging was considered of value in 11 patients with ventricular conduction defects (two patients with WPW syndrome, nine patients with LBBB). These data suggest that: 1. 99mTc-PYP imaging is moderately sensitive in detecting and localizing transmural AMI and is insensitive in detecting nontransmural AMI; 2. A discrete 99mTc-PYP uptake is highly specific for AMI; 3. a diffuse uptake is neither sensitive to, nor specific for AMI. Myocardial imaging with 99m-Tc-PYP is of clinical value when the standard electrocardiographic and enzymatic techniques are inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of AMI.", "PMID": 495427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2446", "title": "Treatment of a case of lanatoside C intoxication with digoxin-specific F(ab')2 antibody fragments.", "content": "In animal experiments arrhythmias induced by cardiac glycosides which prove fatal if untreated can be terminated by administration of glycoside-specific antibodies. Immunotherapy with digoxin-specific antibody fragments had hitherto only been employed on one occasion, namely in a person who had taken a massive overdose of digoxin with suicidal intent and who had failed to respond to symptomatic treatment. The present paper describes the use of F(ab')2 fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in a female patient with lanatoside C intoxication to treat the associated life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. The arrhythmia was rapidly terminated and normal sinus rhythm was restored. Treatment with the heterologous antibodies did not cause any side-effects.", "contents": "Treatment of a case of lanatoside C intoxication with digoxin-specific F(ab')2 antibody fragments. In animal experiments arrhythmias induced by cardiac glycosides which prove fatal if untreated can be terminated by administration of glycoside-specific antibodies. Immunotherapy with digoxin-specific antibody fragments had hitherto only been employed on one occasion, namely in a person who had taken a massive overdose of digoxin with suicidal intent and who had failed to respond to symptomatic treatment. The present paper describes the use of F(ab')2 fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in a female patient with lanatoside C intoxication to treat the associated life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. The arrhythmia was rapidly terminated and normal sinus rhythm was restored. Treatment with the heterologous antibodies did not cause any side-effects.", "PMID": 495429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2447", "title": "The post-pulmonary infarction syndrome.", "content": "Following pulmonary infarction, three patients developed the classical signs and symptoms of the Dressler syndrome associated with persistent left pleural effusion. Each responded dramatically to corticosteroid therapy. While the pathogenesis of this \"Post-Pulmonary Infarction syndrome,\" like the Dressler syndrome, is unclear, the response to corticosteroid therapy is both dramatic and diagnostic and may spare the patient prolonged discomfort and unnecessary diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "The post-pulmonary infarction syndrome. Following pulmonary infarction, three patients developed the classical signs and symptoms of the Dressler syndrome associated with persistent left pleural effusion. Each responded dramatically to corticosteroid therapy. While the pathogenesis of this \"Post-Pulmonary Infarction syndrome,\" like the Dressler syndrome, is unclear, the response to corticosteroid therapy is both dramatic and diagnostic and may spare the patient prolonged discomfort and unnecessary diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 495430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2448", "title": "Summary of measurements of employee exposure to airborne dust and fiber in sixteen facilities producing man-made mineral fibers.", "content": "The results of an industry-wide study to determine the exposure of workers to man-made mineral fibers are summarized. The purpose of the study was to determine current employee exposures to airborne fibers and to utilize results to estimate past exposures. Measured exposures of workers to airborne total particulate matter and fibers are presented; samples were evaluated by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Results of the three year study, which encompassed 16 facilities and over 1500 eight hour samples, show that although there is a wide variation in concentrations of airborne fibers and particulate matter between and within the facilities surveyed, the concentrations of airborne particulate matter and fibers are generally less than 2.5 mg/m3 and 0.5 fibers/cm3, respectively. The norminal fiber size of the fibers manufactured and average airborne fiber concentration were highly correlated.", "contents": "Summary of measurements of employee exposure to airborne dust and fiber in sixteen facilities producing man-made mineral fibers. The results of an industry-wide study to determine the exposure of workers to man-made mineral fibers are summarized. The purpose of the study was to determine current employee exposures to airborne fibers and to utilize results to estimate past exposures. Measured exposures of workers to airborne total particulate matter and fibers are presented; samples were evaluated by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Results of the three year study, which encompassed 16 facilities and over 1500 eight hour samples, show that although there is a wide variation in concentrations of airborne fibers and particulate matter between and within the facilities surveyed, the concentrations of airborne particulate matter and fibers are generally less than 2.5 mg/m3 and 0.5 fibers/cm3, respectively. The norminal fiber size of the fibers manufactured and average airborne fiber concentration were highly correlated.", "PMID": 495442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2449", "title": "Fume hoods, open canopy type--their ability to capture pollutants in various environments.", "content": "Using field observations, modelling techniques and theoretical analysis, parameters describing the performance and collection efficiency of large industrial canopy fume hoods are established for, a) steady state collection of fume and b) collection of plumes with fluctuating flowrates. Hopper and pool type hoods are investigated. A baffle plate arrangement for placement within hoods is proposed. It prevents recirculation and spillage of fume. Temporary storage of fume surges within the hood is shown to be possible. At a cost of $6 per m3/hr ($10 per ft3/min) of installed fume control system capacity the arrangement promises to save millions of dollars on large new installations and to significantly improve the collection efficiency of many existing systems. A practical application of the results is proposed for the design of electric arc furnace canopy hoods.", "contents": "Fume hoods, open canopy type--their ability to capture pollutants in various environments. Using field observations, modelling techniques and theoretical analysis, parameters describing the performance and collection efficiency of large industrial canopy fume hoods are established for, a) steady state collection of fume and b) collection of plumes with fluctuating flowrates. Hopper and pool type hoods are investigated. A baffle plate arrangement for placement within hoods is proposed. It prevents recirculation and spillage of fume. Temporary storage of fume surges within the hood is shown to be possible. At a cost of $6 per m3/hr ($10 per ft3/min) of installed fume control system capacity the arrangement promises to save millions of dollars on large new installations and to significantly improve the collection efficiency of many existing systems. A practical application of the results is proposed for the design of electric arc furnace canopy hoods.", "PMID": 495443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2450", "title": "Application of control technology developed in the polyvinyl chloride industry to polymerization processes using acrylonitrile.", "content": "Polymerization processes for PVC are sufficiently similar to acrylonitrile polymerization processes to allow a significant transfer of control technology. This transfer should be of value to manufacturers of polyacrylonitrile, ABS/SAN resins, nitrile elastomer and latex who will need to install extensive additional controls to comply with the new permanent standard for acrylonitrile scheduled to be issued by OSHA in late 1978. Control strategies and individual controls developed to limit worker exposure in the PVC industry are described and evaluated relative to applicability to acrylonitrile polymerization processes.", "contents": "Application of control technology developed in the polyvinyl chloride industry to polymerization processes using acrylonitrile. Polymerization processes for PVC are sufficiently similar to acrylonitrile polymerization processes to allow a significant transfer of control technology. This transfer should be of value to manufacturers of polyacrylonitrile, ABS/SAN resins, nitrile elastomer and latex who will need to install extensive additional controls to comply with the new permanent standard for acrylonitrile scheduled to be issued by OSHA in late 1978. Control strategies and individual controls developed to limit worker exposure in the PVC industry are described and evaluated relative to applicability to acrylonitrile polymerization processes.", "PMID": 495444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2451", "title": "Benzene exposure in the rubber coating industry--a follow-up.", "content": "This paper is a follow-up on thirty-eight workers exposed from 1 to 24 years to average benzene concentrations generally between 5 and 50 ppm, but as high as 90 (peak of 140) in the case of one worker. One individual was diagnosed as suffering from mild benzene poisoning and a small number of workers in the group had blood changes considered abnormal, but blood dyscrasia or leukemia has not developed in 13 years after benzene use was terminated in 1964. The population studied was small, but the data, nevertheless, would appear to support the former ACGIH TLV of 25 ppm. One case of mild benzene poisoning reported from benzene exposures of the order of 40 ppm suggests, however, that the margin of safety may be small. The current ACGIH TLV of 10 ppm seems reasonable in the light of our findings.", "contents": "Benzene exposure in the rubber coating industry--a follow-up. This paper is a follow-up on thirty-eight workers exposed from 1 to 24 years to average benzene concentrations generally between 5 and 50 ppm, but as high as 90 (peak of 140) in the case of one worker. One individual was diagnosed as suffering from mild benzene poisoning and a small number of workers in the group had blood changes considered abnormal, but blood dyscrasia or leukemia has not developed in 13 years after benzene use was terminated in 1964. The population studied was small, but the data, nevertheless, would appear to support the former ACGIH TLV of 25 ppm. One case of mild benzene poisoning reported from benzene exposures of the order of 40 ppm suggests, however, that the margin of safety may be small. The current ACGIH TLV of 10 ppm seems reasonable in the light of our findings.", "PMID": 495445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2452", "title": "Assessment of hazardous air pollutants from disposal of munitions in a prototype fluidized bed incinerator.", "content": "As part of the control technology development for the disposal of waste munitions, an assessment of potential emissions of hazardous air pollutants from a prototype fluidized bed incinerator was conducted. Assessment program elements included identification of potentially toxic emissions through material input analysis and computer simulation modeling of the combustion cycle; development of emission limitations criteria for substances having no present air pollution emission standards; evaluation and development of analytical procedures; and design of a sampling system to condition an emission stream characterized by high temperature and humidity resulting from burning water slurries of explosive materials. Emphasis is placed on the potential emission of nickel and its compounds, particulate and vapor emissions of cyanides, nitrogen oxides, and TNT and RDX energetic residuals.", "contents": "Assessment of hazardous air pollutants from disposal of munitions in a prototype fluidized bed incinerator. As part of the control technology development for the disposal of waste munitions, an assessment of potential emissions of hazardous air pollutants from a prototype fluidized bed incinerator was conducted. Assessment program elements included identification of potentially toxic emissions through material input analysis and computer simulation modeling of the combustion cycle; development of emission limitations criteria for substances having no present air pollution emission standards; evaluation and development of analytical procedures; and design of a sampling system to condition an emission stream characterized by high temperature and humidity resulting from burning water slurries of explosive materials. Emphasis is placed on the potential emission of nickel and its compounds, particulate and vapor emissions of cyanides, nitrogen oxides, and TNT and RDX energetic residuals.", "PMID": 495446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2453", "title": "Annoyance potentials of air pollution odors.", "content": "The various parameters of odor sensation can be evaluated to yield their relative potential to cause annoyance. The effect of prolonged exposure to odors on the human sense of smell is not clear, but circumstantial evidence points to the possibility of deleterious changes.", "contents": "Annoyance potentials of air pollution odors. The various parameters of odor sensation can be evaluated to yield their relative potential to cause annoyance. The effect of prolonged exposure to odors on the human sense of smell is not clear, but circumstantial evidence points to the possibility of deleterious changes.", "PMID": 495449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2454", "title": "Measurement of atmospheric vinyl chloride.", "content": "Methods for atmospheric vinyl chloride measurement have been reviewed. The lowest detection limits and most specific measurement are achieved by scrubbing atmospheric samples with activated charcoal, desorbing the vinyl chloride, and assaying it by gas chromatography (GC). NIOSH currently recommends collecting samples using tubes packed with 150 mg of coconut shell charcoal, desorbing with carbon disulfide, and analyzing by GC equipped with flame-ionization detection (FID); the method is capable of detecting less than 1 ppm vinyl chloride and has an apparent recovery of abo the ppb level with no loss of accuracy or precision. Some field methods, such as infrared analysis and conductivity measurement, are capable of detecting 1 ppm or lower but are subject to interferences by other contaminants; th-y could be useful for evaluating sources of vinyl chloride leaks and for continuous monitoring. Permeation tubes are superior to gravimetric or volumetric methods for generating atmospheres of known vinyl chloride concentration.", "contents": "Measurement of atmospheric vinyl chloride. Methods for atmospheric vinyl chloride measurement have been reviewed. The lowest detection limits and most specific measurement are achieved by scrubbing atmospheric samples with activated charcoal, desorbing the vinyl chloride, and assaying it by gas chromatography (GC). NIOSH currently recommends collecting samples using tubes packed with 150 mg of coconut shell charcoal, desorbing with carbon disulfide, and analyzing by GC equipped with flame-ionization detection (FID); the method is capable of detecting less than 1 ppm vinyl chloride and has an apparent recovery of abo the ppb level with no loss of accuracy or precision. Some field methods, such as infrared analysis and conductivity measurement, are capable of detecting 1 ppm or lower but are subject to interferences by other contaminants; th-y could be useful for evaluating sources of vinyl chloride leaks and for continuous monitoring. Permeation tubes are superior to gravimetric or volumetric methods for generating atmospheres of known vinyl chloride concentration.", "PMID": 495450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2455", "title": "Simplified description of adsorption breakthrough curves in air cleaning and sampling devices.", "content": "Breakthrough curves of organic vapors through a charcoal bed are analyzed by a simplified Theory of Statistical Moments. It is shown that this theory adequately describes the dependence of the shape of the breakthrough curve on concentration of vapor, velocity of air, particle size of charcoal, and length of the bed.", "contents": "Simplified description of adsorption breakthrough curves in air cleaning and sampling devices. Breakthrough curves of organic vapors through a charcoal bed are analyzed by a simplified Theory of Statistical Moments. It is shown that this theory adequately describes the dependence of the shape of the breakthrough curve on concentration of vapor, velocity of air, particle size of charcoal, and length of the bed.", "PMID": 495457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2456", "title": "A calibration system for producing known concentrations of mercury vapor in air.", "content": "This paper describes the construction and evaluation of a system capable of producing well-defined test mixtures of mercury in air, or other diluent gas, at mercury concentrations between zero and 16 mg/M3. The various parameters that affect the generation system and their interactions are discussed and data is given for the calibration of several different mercury monitors.", "contents": "A calibration system for producing known concentrations of mercury vapor in air. This paper describes the construction and evaluation of a system capable of producing well-defined test mixtures of mercury in air, or other diluent gas, at mercury concentrations between zero and 16 mg/M3. The various parameters that affect the generation system and their interactions are discussed and data is given for the calibration of several different mercury monitors.", "PMID": 495458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2457", "title": "The toxicity of hexachloroethane in laboratory animals.", "content": "Studies were conducted to assess hazards to personnel exposed to hexachloroethane (HCE) in an industrial setting. Acute testing in laboratory animals indicated HCE was moderately toxic orally and could produce reversible eye irritation and mild skin irritation. Percutaneous absorption appeared to have no practical significance. The subchronic vapor inhalation toxicity was determined in rats, guinea pigs, Japanese quail and dogs in a 6-week test, monitoring pulmonary function changes, teratogenicity and operant behavioral changes in addition to clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathology. Concentrations of 260 ppm HCE vapor caused severe systemic effects in dogs, moderate effects in guinea pigs and rats and almost no responses in quail. No differences were found between exposed and control animals at 3 months after termination of these exposures. Minimal toxic effects were found following similar 6-week tests at levels of 48 ppm with no detectable changes at 15 ppm of HCE.", "contents": "The toxicity of hexachloroethane in laboratory animals. Studies were conducted to assess hazards to personnel exposed to hexachloroethane (HCE) in an industrial setting. Acute testing in laboratory animals indicated HCE was moderately toxic orally and could produce reversible eye irritation and mild skin irritation. Percutaneous absorption appeared to have no practical significance. The subchronic vapor inhalation toxicity was determined in rats, guinea pigs, Japanese quail and dogs in a 6-week test, monitoring pulmonary function changes, teratogenicity and operant behavioral changes in addition to clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathology. Concentrations of 260 ppm HCE vapor caused severe systemic effects in dogs, moderate effects in guinea pigs and rats and almost no responses in quail. No differences were found between exposed and control animals at 3 months after termination of these exposures. Minimal toxic effects were found following similar 6-week tests at levels of 48 ppm with no detectable changes at 15 ppm of HCE.", "PMID": 495459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2458", "title": "Collaborative study of reference vinyl chloride charcoal tubes.", "content": "The reference vinyl chloride charcoal tubes generated by a permeation technique are evaluated by collaborative testing. The statistical analysis of Youden's method provides an estimate of replication error, sample generation error, and interlaboratory error.", "contents": "Collaborative study of reference vinyl chloride charcoal tubes. The reference vinyl chloride charcoal tubes generated by a permeation technique are evaluated by collaborative testing. The statistical analysis of Youden's method provides an estimate of replication error, sample generation error, and interlaboratory error.", "PMID": 495460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2459", "title": "A short-term test to predict acceptable levels of exposure to airborne sensory irritants.", "content": "An animal model has been developed using decrease in respiratory rate in mice as an index of sensory irritation. Concentration-response relationships were developed for 11 sensory irritants. The RD50, defined as the concentration associated with a 50% decrease in respiratory rate, has been shown to have a predictable relationship to sensory irritation in man. By extending the accepted toxicological principle that the ratio lethal/toxic/effective/ineffective/acceptable in diet is 10/1/10(-1)/10(-2)/10(-3) dosage units to air concentrations, exposure guidelines can be proposed for TLVs, STELs, etc.", "contents": "A short-term test to predict acceptable levels of exposure to airborne sensory irritants. An animal model has been developed using decrease in respiratory rate in mice as an index of sensory irritation. Concentration-response relationships were developed for 11 sensory irritants. The RD50, defined as the concentration associated with a 50% decrease in respiratory rate, has been shown to have a predictable relationship to sensory irritation in man. By extending the accepted toxicological principle that the ratio lethal/toxic/effective/ineffective/acceptable in diet is 10/1/10(-1)/10(-2)/10(-3) dosage units to air concentrations, exposure guidelines can be proposed for TLVs, STELs, etc.", "PMID": 495461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2460", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of blood lead determinations.", "content": "Results are presented for an interlaboratory proficiency study of blood lead determinations. Samples were pooled from individuals occupationally exposed to lead. Performance of individual laboratories is compared over a two year period. With increased emphasis in recent years on proficiency studies of this type, agreement between laboratories has been somewhat improved, but blood remains a difficult matrix in which to measure lead concentration.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of blood lead determinations. Results are presented for an interlaboratory proficiency study of blood lead determinations. Samples were pooled from individuals occupationally exposed to lead. Performance of individual laboratories is compared over a two year period. With increased emphasis in recent years on proficiency studies of this type, agreement between laboratories has been somewhat improved, but blood remains a difficult matrix in which to measure lead concentration.", "PMID": 495462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2461", "title": "Health hazard from occupational exposure to metallic copper and silver dust.", "content": "This review of the toxicity and occupational hazard from exposure to metallic copper and silver dust was undertaken to examine the bases for the current standards and to suggest an alternative approach to controlling potential occupational hazard in conditions where exposures are limited to the prime metals. There are no data to suggest that exposure to silver or copper metal dust has produced remarkable disease in man. Further, there is no reason to consider the dust from either of these metals to be anything but nuisance particulate as defined by the ACGIH. They should, therefore, be regulated as such at the recommended level of 10 mg/m3.", "contents": "Health hazard from occupational exposure to metallic copper and silver dust. This review of the toxicity and occupational hazard from exposure to metallic copper and silver dust was undertaken to examine the bases for the current standards and to suggest an alternative approach to controlling potential occupational hazard in conditions where exposures are limited to the prime metals. There are no data to suggest that exposure to silver or copper metal dust has produced remarkable disease in man. Further, there is no reason to consider the dust from either of these metals to be anything but nuisance particulate as defined by the ACGIH. They should, therefore, be regulated as such at the recommended level of 10 mg/m3.", "PMID": 495463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2462", "title": "Current confidence in occupational health.", "content": "Little if any real justification is found for current apprehensions about health hazards in the work place. However, communications from some who are responsible for defining and controlling hazards tends to destroy confidence, rather than to build it up, as their knowledge and authority should obligate them to do. I attribute the unfortunate effect of their statements to confusion of association with cause and effect, reliance upon inappropriate experimental animal models, confusion of models with reality, irresponsible talk of conceivable possibilites rather than of realistic probabilities, and haste to announce suspicions before they can be confirmed or denied.", "contents": "Current confidence in occupational health. Little if any real justification is found for current apprehensions about health hazards in the work place. However, communications from some who are responsible for defining and controlling hazards tends to destroy confidence, rather than to build it up, as their knowledge and authority should obligate them to do. I attribute the unfortunate effect of their statements to confusion of association with cause and effect, reliance upon inappropriate experimental animal models, confusion of models with reality, irresponsible talk of conceivable possibilites rather than of realistic probabilities, and haste to announce suspicions before they can be confirmed or denied.", "PMID": 495467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2463", "title": "Pollution of delivery ward air by nitrous oxide--methoxyflurane.", "content": "Pollution of delivery ward atmosphere by analgesic gases and vapors has not been studied as extensively as pollution of operating theaters. This study shows that delivery room atmosphere is polluted by methoxyflurane (0.5--0.8 ppm) and nitrous oxide (300--540 ppm) and that a local gas exhaust system reduces the concentration by half.", "contents": "Pollution of delivery ward air by nitrous oxide--methoxyflurane. Pollution of delivery ward atmosphere by analgesic gases and vapors has not been studied as extensively as pollution of operating theaters. This study shows that delivery room atmosphere is polluted by methoxyflurane (0.5--0.8 ppm) and nitrous oxide (300--540 ppm) and that a local gas exhaust system reduces the concentration by half.", "PMID": 495468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2464", "title": "Respiratory response of guinea pigs to oil mists.", "content": "Respiratory function was measured in guinea pigs exposed for one hour to submicrometer oil mists. Five oils were used: medicinal grade mineral oil, laboratory grade paraffin oil, light lubricating oil, unused motor oil and used motor oil. The last three oils were also studied after having been reacted with sulfur dioxide. No alterations were produced by exposure to any of the oils at concentrations of 10 or 40 mg/m3. At concentrations above 200 mg/m3 both the reacted and unreacted light lubricating oil caused a decrease in compliance which remained throughout the post-exposure period. Although the average flow-resistance of the group was increased by the unreacted unused motor oil and by the reacted used motor oil, the variation in response was too great to make this response statistically significant. The fact that reaction of the oils with sulfur dioxide did not increase irritant action indicates that the reaction products with sulfur dioxide are not acutely irritant.", "contents": "Respiratory response of guinea pigs to oil mists. Respiratory function was measured in guinea pigs exposed for one hour to submicrometer oil mists. Five oils were used: medicinal grade mineral oil, laboratory grade paraffin oil, light lubricating oil, unused motor oil and used motor oil. The last three oils were also studied after having been reacted with sulfur dioxide. No alterations were produced by exposure to any of the oils at concentrations of 10 or 40 mg/m3. At concentrations above 200 mg/m3 both the reacted and unreacted light lubricating oil caused a decrease in compliance which remained throughout the post-exposure period. Although the average flow-resistance of the group was increased by the unreacted unused motor oil and by the reacted used motor oil, the variation in response was too great to make this response statistically significant. The fact that reaction of the oils with sulfur dioxide did not increase irritant action indicates that the reaction products with sulfur dioxide are not acutely irritant.", "PMID": 495469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2465", "title": "Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. I. Mineral oils and light lubricating oil.", "content": "The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in unanesthetized guinea pigs was used to assess the effect of sub-micrometer oil aerosols on the response to sulfur dioxide. At a concentration of about 10 mg/m3 neither a medicinal grade mineral oil nor a light lubricating oil altered the response when given simultaneously with 1 or 10 ppm sulfur dioxide. The naphthenic medicinal oil at 100 mg/m3 failed to protect against 50 ppm sulfur dioxide when administerd simultaneously. A 30-minute pre-exposure, however, conferred complete protection. A paraffinic laboratory grade mineral oil conferred protection when given simultaneously but was less effective when the pre-exposure protocol was used.", "contents": "Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. I. Mineral oils and light lubricating oil. The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in unanesthetized guinea pigs was used to assess the effect of sub-micrometer oil aerosols on the response to sulfur dioxide. At a concentration of about 10 mg/m3 neither a medicinal grade mineral oil nor a light lubricating oil altered the response when given simultaneously with 1 or 10 ppm sulfur dioxide. The naphthenic medicinal oil at 100 mg/m3 failed to protect against 50 ppm sulfur dioxide when administerd simultaneously. A 30-minute pre-exposure, however, conferred complete protection. A paraffinic laboratory grade mineral oil conferred protection when given simultaneously but was less effective when the pre-exposure protocol was used.", "PMID": 495470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2466", "title": "Evaluation of zinc protoporphyrin in an occupational environment.", "content": "Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnP) has been identified by several investigators as the predominant fluorescent porphyrin accumulating in erythrocytes as a result of chronic lead absorption or iron deficiency anemia. This report describes an evaluation of a new portable hematofluorometer for the determination of ZnP in finer puncture or venous blood samples. Samples were obtained from a number of employees in various job categories at steel operations throughout the United States to study the utility of ZnP as a biologic monitoring method in the occupational environment. Urinary lead, urinary aminolevulinic acid and blood lead were also determined on the same employees to examine any relationships among these measurers and to estimate a biologic threshold limit value for ZnP. The results of this investigation show that there is little elevation of the ZnP level with increasing blood level until the blood lead concentration reaches the area of 50--60 micrograms/dl. A biologic threshold level of 300 micrograms/dL, which correlates with a blood level of 60 micrograms/dL, is suggested as a guideline value for identifying workers requiring further investigation.", "contents": "Evaluation of zinc protoporphyrin in an occupational environment. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnP) has been identified by several investigators as the predominant fluorescent porphyrin accumulating in erythrocytes as a result of chronic lead absorption or iron deficiency anemia. This report describes an evaluation of a new portable hematofluorometer for the determination of ZnP in finer puncture or venous blood samples. Samples were obtained from a number of employees in various job categories at steel operations throughout the United States to study the utility of ZnP as a biologic monitoring method in the occupational environment. Urinary lead, urinary aminolevulinic acid and blood lead were also determined on the same employees to examine any relationships among these measurers and to estimate a biologic threshold limit value for ZnP. The results of this investigation show that there is little elevation of the ZnP level with increasing blood level until the blood lead concentration reaches the area of 50--60 micrograms/dl. A biologic threshold level of 300 micrograms/dL, which correlates with a blood level of 60 micrograms/dL, is suggested as a guideline value for identifying workers requiring further investigation.", "PMID": 495471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2467", "title": "A retrospective epidemiological study of morbidity at a large western copper smelter.", "content": "Smelter workers were compared with employees at the mine, concentrator and refinery in an attempt to discover if the smelter environment has an effect on morbidity. The data for the study consisted of weekly indemnity insurance claim forms. It was found that the refinery, rather than the smelter, had the highest percent of employees submitting claims. Other major comparisons of morbidity among the four plants also showed the refinery to be highest, with the smelter closer to the mine and concentrator. This pattern was found to hold for respiratory disease classifications as well as overall morbidity levels.", "contents": "A retrospective epidemiological study of morbidity at a large western copper smelter. Smelter workers were compared with employees at the mine, concentrator and refinery in an attempt to discover if the smelter environment has an effect on morbidity. The data for the study consisted of weekly indemnity insurance claim forms. It was found that the refinery, rather than the smelter, had the highest percent of employees submitting claims. Other major comparisons of morbidity among the four plants also showed the refinery to be highest, with the smelter closer to the mine and concentrator. This pattern was found to hold for respiratory disease classifications as well as overall morbidity levels.", "PMID": 495472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2468", "title": "Botanically what is raw cotton dust?", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine the specific botanical ingredients present in respirable raw cotton dust. Significant differences in content of gross leaflike (bractcontaining) trash were found between several grade divisions of raw cottons. For example, higher grades of raw cotton (strict low middling = SLM) contained less leaflike trash than lower grade cottons (low middling = LM). The potential for production of fine particulate from botanical trash materials plus lint and linters was determined in the laboratory by an abrasive milling test. Bract and wood fragments were the most friable of all plant materials found in raw cottons whereas seed meat, lint, linters and seed coat were the least friable. Respirable (10 less than 10 micrometers) raw cotton dusts associated with the processing of middling, SLM and LM raw cottons were predicted to contain the following % weight composition of specific vegetable ingredients: leaflike = 70--72%, stem = 13--18%, bark = 3--8%, exocarp-mesocarp = 3.6%, endocarp = 1--2% and seed = 0.5--2%. Bract is the most abundant component in respirable raw cotton dust.", "contents": "Botanically what is raw cotton dust? The objective of this study was to determine the specific botanical ingredients present in respirable raw cotton dust. Significant differences in content of gross leaflike (bractcontaining) trash were found between several grade divisions of raw cottons. For example, higher grades of raw cotton (strict low middling = SLM) contained less leaflike trash than lower grade cottons (low middling = LM). The potential for production of fine particulate from botanical trash materials plus lint and linters was determined in the laboratory by an abrasive milling test. Bract and wood fragments were the most friable of all plant materials found in raw cottons whereas seed meat, lint, linters and seed coat were the least friable. Respirable (10 less than 10 micrometers) raw cotton dusts associated with the processing of middling, SLM and LM raw cottons were predicted to contain the following % weight composition of specific vegetable ingredients: leaflike = 70--72%, stem = 13--18%, bark = 3--8%, exocarp-mesocarp = 3.6%, endocarp = 1--2% and seed = 0.5--2%. Bract is the most abundant component in respirable raw cotton dust.", "PMID": 495473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2469", "title": "The computerization of industrial hygiene records.", "content": "A program for computerizing the results of industrial hygiene monitoring data has been developed and implemented. The methodology and approaches taken in data collection, retrieval, and utilization are presented.", "contents": "The computerization of industrial hygiene records. A program for computerizing the results of industrial hygiene monitoring data has been developed and implemented. The methodology and approaches taken in data collection, retrieval, and utilization are presented.", "PMID": 495474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2470", "title": "How much should a certified industrial hygienist know about health physics?", "content": "Based on the classical definition of an industrial hygienist, it is obvious that a certain level of competence in health physics aspects is required. The converse may also be true. Individuals in both professional organizations are urging more interfacing between the two groups. In light of this, the author presents a matrix which illustrates the progressive steps involved in ionizing radiation hazard judgment, based on the classical industrial hygiene definition. The author then presents his opinion (using examples from literature and his own experience) as to the delineation of areas in which a certified hygienist should be able to handle potential ionizing radiation hazards successfully. It is stressed that the hygienist must, in addition, be able to know when to consult a qualified health physicist in situations which require a more advanced level of expertise.", "contents": "How much should a certified industrial hygienist know about health physics? Based on the classical definition of an industrial hygienist, it is obvious that a certain level of competence in health physics aspects is required. The converse may also be true. Individuals in both professional organizations are urging more interfacing between the two groups. In light of this, the author presents a matrix which illustrates the progressive steps involved in ionizing radiation hazard judgment, based on the classical industrial hygiene definition. The author then presents his opinion (using examples from literature and his own experience) as to the delineation of areas in which a certified hygienist should be able to handle potential ionizing radiation hazards successfully. It is stressed that the hygienist must, in addition, be able to know when to consult a qualified health physicist in situations which require a more advanced level of expertise.", "PMID": 495475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2471", "title": "Adjusting occupational exposure limits for moonlighting, overtime, and environmental exposures.", "content": "A mathematical model is used to predict relative body burdens of inhaled contaminants in workers who work two jobs or overtime, or who experience off-the-job exposure to air contaminants. Expected \"peak\" or maximum body burdens from multiple exposures are compared to those expected from the \"normal\" occupational exposure on which TLVs and Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) arebased (five 8-hour days per week with zero off-the-job exposure). The model is designed to predict what adjustments to the TLVs and PELs are necessary to avoid accumulation of excess peak body burdens of contaminants from the additional exposures incurred. The general application of models to determine occupational exposure limits is reviewed, and several models are compared.", "contents": "Adjusting occupational exposure limits for moonlighting, overtime, and environmental exposures. A mathematical model is used to predict relative body burdens of inhaled contaminants in workers who work two jobs or overtime, or who experience off-the-job exposure to air contaminants. Expected \"peak\" or maximum body burdens from multiple exposures are compared to those expected from the \"normal\" occupational exposure on which TLVs and Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) arebased (five 8-hour days per week with zero off-the-job exposure). The model is designed to predict what adjustments to the TLVs and PELs are necessary to avoid accumulation of excess peak body burdens of contaminants from the additional exposures incurred. The general application of models to determine occupational exposure limits is reviewed, and several models are compared.", "PMID": 495476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2472", "title": "An atomizer of high stability.", "content": "An atomizer having excellent stability and requiring little maintenance was tested. The basic design incorporates modifications to a previously described atomizer of Liu and Lee. This modified atomizer yielded a constant particle size and concentration output that varied by less than +/- 2% of the mean value for 25 hours. Liquid is aspirated at the rate of 100 mL/hr., making the atomizer suitable for use with solvents of various volatilities. The orifices, critical to the performance of the atomizer, are easily cleaned or replaced.", "contents": "An atomizer of high stability. An atomizer having excellent stability and requiring little maintenance was tested. The basic design incorporates modifications to a previously described atomizer of Liu and Lee. This modified atomizer yielded a constant particle size and concentration output that varied by less than +/- 2% of the mean value for 25 hours. Liquid is aspirated at the rate of 100 mL/hr., making the atomizer suitable for use with solvents of various volatilities. The orifices, critical to the performance of the atomizer, are easily cleaned or replaced.", "PMID": 495477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2473", "title": "A validation procedure for air sampling-analysis systems.", "content": "Validation of solid sorbent air sampling-analytical systems used to evaluate employee exposures to substances in the work place air is a fundamental part of any industrial hygiene air sampling program. In April, 1977, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published \"Documentation of the NIOSH Validation tests\", as part of the Standards Completion Project. This paper presents an alternative validation procedure which is more easily understood, is more rigorous, and provides for greater accuracy and precision.", "contents": "A validation procedure for air sampling-analysis systems. Validation of solid sorbent air sampling-analytical systems used to evaluate employee exposures to substances in the work place air is a fundamental part of any industrial hygiene air sampling program. In April, 1977, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published \"Documentation of the NIOSH Validation tests\", as part of the Standards Completion Project. This paper presents an alternative validation procedure which is more easily understood, is more rigorous, and provides for greater accuracy and precision.", "PMID": 495478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2474", "title": "Analysis of ethylene oxide--worker exposure.", "content": "A personal air sampling method for assessing individual worker exposure to ethylene oxide has been developed. The method is based on trapping ethylene oxide in dilute sulfuric acid where it is converted to ethylene glycol. The ethylene glycol is determined by gas chromatography using a glass column packed with 5% Igepal CO-990 on Teflon T-6. This column produces linear calibration curves and symmetrical peaks. The method has been shown to recover 94.2% ethylene oxide in the 1 to 8 ppm concentration range. The sampling technique is independent of flow and sample size. Advantages over the NIOSH method are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of ethylene oxide--worker exposure. A personal air sampling method for assessing individual worker exposure to ethylene oxide has been developed. The method is based on trapping ethylene oxide in dilute sulfuric acid where it is converted to ethylene glycol. The ethylene glycol is determined by gas chromatography using a glass column packed with 5% Igepal CO-990 on Teflon T-6. This column produces linear calibration curves and symmetrical peaks. The method has been shown to recover 94.2% ethylene oxide in the 1 to 8 ppm concentration range. The sampling technique is independent of flow and sample size. Advantages over the NIOSH method are discussed.", "PMID": 495479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2475", "title": "Cardiac load and function in hypertension. Ultrasonic and hemodynamic study.", "content": "On the basis of echocardiographic measurements, 46 patients with established, uncomplicated primary hypertension (diastolic pressure = 100 mm Hg) were classified as: those with a normal-sized heart (Group I, 13 patients); those with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (Group II, 19 patients); and those with left ventricular hypertrophy and enlargement (Group III, 14 patients). Eighteen age-matched healthy subjects were investigated as the controls. The function of both the left and right ventricle, evaluated by the stroke index-filling pressure relation and by the mean rate of ejection, was maintained in Group I, augmented in Group II and reduced in Group III, in comparison with the controls. Left ventricular mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) was normal in Group I, significantly augmented in Group II and definitely reduced in Group III. It could not be established whether the divergent variation from normal of the Vcf in Groups II and III reflected opposite changes in ventricular contractility or in afterload (wall stress during ejection), or both. However, the parallel functional pattern of the right and left ventricle in these two groups suggests a functional interdependence of the two sides which cannot be interpreted in terms of afterload but is best explained by changes in the contractile state of the whole heart.", "contents": "Cardiac load and function in hypertension. Ultrasonic and hemodynamic study. On the basis of echocardiographic measurements, 46 patients with established, uncomplicated primary hypertension (diastolic pressure = 100 mm Hg) were classified as: those with a normal-sized heart (Group I, 13 patients); those with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (Group II, 19 patients); and those with left ventricular hypertrophy and enlargement (Group III, 14 patients). Eighteen age-matched healthy subjects were investigated as the controls. The function of both the left and right ventricle, evaluated by the stroke index-filling pressure relation and by the mean rate of ejection, was maintained in Group I, augmented in Group II and reduced in Group III, in comparison with the controls. Left ventricular mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) was normal in Group I, significantly augmented in Group II and definitely reduced in Group III. It could not be established whether the divergent variation from normal of the Vcf in Groups II and III reflected opposite changes in ventricular contractility or in afterload (wall stress during ejection), or both. However, the parallel functional pattern of the right and left ventricle in these two groups suggests a functional interdependence of the two sides which cannot be interpreted in terms of afterload but is best explained by changes in the contractile state of the whole heart.", "PMID": 495482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2476", "title": "Nifedipine therapy for refractory coronary arterial spasm.", "content": "Nifedipine was evaluated in the management of eight patients with intractable coronary arterial spasm. All had Prinzmetal's variant angina, normal or mildly abnormal coronary arteriograms, and a positive ergonovine maleate provocative test. Anginal attacks occurred at least three times a week in all patients during isosorbide dinitrate therapy. All patients had a decrease in frequency of ischemic attacks with nifedipine. Seven patients underwent repeat Holter monitor evaluation, which confirmed the absence of ischemic changes while they were taking nifedipine. When nifedipine dosage was decreased.or therapy discontinued in six patients, all experienced a recurrence of anginal attacks. Two patients had minor side effects, which required a decrease in the dose of nifedipine. Nifedipine was well tolerated, and no major complications occurred with its use. Nifedipine appears to be effective in the management of patients with symptomatic coronary arterial spasm and normal or mildly abnormal coronary arteriograms. Our data justify further investigation of nifedipine for treatment of such patients.", "contents": "Nifedipine therapy for refractory coronary arterial spasm. Nifedipine was evaluated in the management of eight patients with intractable coronary arterial spasm. All had Prinzmetal's variant angina, normal or mildly abnormal coronary arteriograms, and a positive ergonovine maleate provocative test. Anginal attacks occurred at least three times a week in all patients during isosorbide dinitrate therapy. All patients had a decrease in frequency of ischemic attacks with nifedipine. Seven patients underwent repeat Holter monitor evaluation, which confirmed the absence of ischemic changes while they were taking nifedipine. When nifedipine dosage was decreased.or therapy discontinued in six patients, all experienced a recurrence of anginal attacks. Two patients had minor side effects, which required a decrease in the dose of nifedipine. Nifedipine was well tolerated, and no major complications occurred with its use. Nifedipine appears to be effective in the management of patients with symptomatic coronary arterial spasm and normal or mildly abnormal coronary arteriograms. Our data justify further investigation of nifedipine for treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 495485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2477", "title": "Nifedipine in the treatment of Prinzmetal's (variant) angina.", "content": "The clinical response to therapy with the calcium-blocking agent nifedipine was assessed in 12 patients with variant angina pectoris who were 44 to 67 years old. Five patients had vasospasm of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and seven had spasm of a dominant right coronary artery. Before nifedipine therapy, the frequency of anginal attacks per 24 hour period ranged from 1 to 12, with ventricular tachycardia accompanying ischemic episodes in 7 of 12 patients and high grade atrioventricular block occurring in 2 patients. After therapy with nifedipine, 11 of 12 patients had initial relief of symptoms, and 7 of the 11 had long-term relief. Withdrawal of nifedipine led to recurrence of angina on six occasions in four patients. Provocative testing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory by means of the cold pressor test in one patient and ergonovine maleate in another before and after nifedipine administration showed that this agent can block both alpha adrenergic- and regonovine-induced vasospasm. Nifedipine may have a significant role in the therapy of angina caused by coronary spasm.", "contents": "Nifedipine in the treatment of Prinzmetal's (variant) angina. The clinical response to therapy with the calcium-blocking agent nifedipine was assessed in 12 patients with variant angina pectoris who were 44 to 67 years old. Five patients had vasospasm of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and seven had spasm of a dominant right coronary artery. Before nifedipine therapy, the frequency of anginal attacks per 24 hour period ranged from 1 to 12, with ventricular tachycardia accompanying ischemic episodes in 7 of 12 patients and high grade atrioventricular block occurring in 2 patients. After therapy with nifedipine, 11 of 12 patients had initial relief of symptoms, and 7 of the 11 had long-term relief. Withdrawal of nifedipine led to recurrence of angina on six occasions in four patients. Provocative testing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory by means of the cold pressor test in one patient and ergonovine maleate in another before and after nifedipine administration showed that this agent can block both alpha adrenergic- and regonovine-induced vasospasm. Nifedipine may have a significant role in the therapy of angina caused by coronary spasm.", "PMID": 495486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2478", "title": "Nifedipine: a myocardial protective agent.", "content": "The effectiveness of the calcium antagonist nifedipine in preserving postischemic myocardial function and structural integrity was experimentally demonstrated in isolated rabbit hearts, in conscious dogs subjected to myocardial infarction, in open chest anesthetized dogs with normothermic regional ischemia induced for 1 to 2 hours and in dogs undergoing hypothermic global ischemia for 2 hours followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Nifedipine had a beneficial effect on postischemic myocardial stiffness and mitochondrial calcium accumulation, which were correlated. Administration of nifedipine at the onset of myocardial infarction increased blood flow to ischemic zones of myocardial infarction and resulted in less loss of creatine kinase. It reduced by two- to three-fold the volume of the ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by left anterior descending coronary arterial occlusion and release and preserved indexes of hemodynamic function. Nifedipine was found effective in protecting myocardial performance and structure after 2 hours of global ischemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. It is suggested that this agent may be useful as an adjunct to cold cardioplegia in man for enhanced myocardial protection during cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Nifedipine: a myocardial protective agent. The effectiveness of the calcium antagonist nifedipine in preserving postischemic myocardial function and structural integrity was experimentally demonstrated in isolated rabbit hearts, in conscious dogs subjected to myocardial infarction, in open chest anesthetized dogs with normothermic regional ischemia induced for 1 to 2 hours and in dogs undergoing hypothermic global ischemia for 2 hours followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Nifedipine had a beneficial effect on postischemic myocardial stiffness and mitochondrial calcium accumulation, which were correlated. Administration of nifedipine at the onset of myocardial infarction increased blood flow to ischemic zones of myocardial infarction and resulted in less loss of creatine kinase. It reduced by two- to three-fold the volume of the ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by left anterior descending coronary arterial occlusion and release and preserved indexes of hemodynamic function. Nifedipine was found effective in protecting myocardial performance and structure after 2 hours of global ischemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. It is suggested that this agent may be useful as an adjunct to cold cardioplegia in man for enhanced myocardial protection during cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 495488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2479", "title": "Atrial reflexes and renal function.", "content": "Distension of small balloons in the venous-atrial junctions results in an increase in heart rate, urinary flow and sodium excretion. Two types of atrial receptors are described: one type, histologically known, discharging into myelinated fibers, and a second type, discharging into nonmyelinated (\"C\") fibers. These responses are mediated by the myelinated fibers. Experiments have shown that simulation of receptors discharging into the large myelinated vagal fibers is responsible for a reflex increase in heart rate mediated only by sympathetic nerves and for an increase in urinary flow. The efferent pathway of the diuretic response is shown to be nervous and hormonal. Stimulation of atrial receptors causes (1) a reduction of activity in nerves to the kidney, causing an increase in both urinary volume and sodium excretion, and (2) the release of a blood-borne agent, possibly diuretic, that increases urinary volume but does not affect sodium excretion.", "contents": "Atrial reflexes and renal function. Distension of small balloons in the venous-atrial junctions results in an increase in heart rate, urinary flow and sodium excretion. Two types of atrial receptors are described: one type, histologically known, discharging into myelinated fibers, and a second type, discharging into nonmyelinated (\"C\") fibers. These responses are mediated by the myelinated fibers. Experiments have shown that simulation of receptors discharging into the large myelinated vagal fibers is responsible for a reflex increase in heart rate mediated only by sympathetic nerves and for an increase in urinary flow. The efferent pathway of the diuretic response is shown to be nervous and hormonal. Stimulation of atrial receptors causes (1) a reduction of activity in nerves to the kidney, causing an increase in both urinary volume and sodium excretion, and (2) the release of a blood-borne agent, possibly diuretic, that increases urinary volume but does not affect sodium excretion.", "PMID": 495495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2480", "title": "Cardiac pumping ability in rats with experimental renal and genetic hypertension.", "content": "In two experimental models of established hypertension in the rat (two kidney, one clip renal and genetic hypertension), the maximum by which stroke volume and cardiac output could be increased during an acute preload stress was significantly reduced despite the concomitant development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Reversal of cardiac hypertrophy by prolonged treatment with methyldopa (range 3 to 6 weeks) during the established phase of spontaneous hypertension normalized arterial blood pressure and improved ventricular pumping ability. The improved performance was in part due to reduced impedance to ventricular ejection because it did not persist when peripheral resistance was increased by an acute administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride. Thus, hemodynamic as well as structural factors contribute to alterations in cardiac function during the chronic established phase of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiac pumping ability in rats with experimental renal and genetic hypertension. In two experimental models of established hypertension in the rat (two kidney, one clip renal and genetic hypertension), the maximum by which stroke volume and cardiac output could be increased during an acute preload stress was significantly reduced despite the concomitant development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Reversal of cardiac hypertrophy by prolonged treatment with methyldopa (range 3 to 6 weeks) during the established phase of spontaneous hypertension normalized arterial blood pressure and improved ventricular pumping ability. The improved performance was in part due to reduced impedance to ventricular ejection because it did not persist when peripheral resistance was increased by an acute administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride. Thus, hemodynamic as well as structural factors contribute to alterations in cardiac function during the chronic established phase of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 495496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2481", "title": "Left bundle branch block: angiographic segmental wall motion abnormalities.", "content": "Ventricular wall motion as studied with contrast ventriculography has been judged normal in the few previously reported cases of patients with left bundle branch block who have neither coronary artery disease nor diffuse cardiomyopathy. However, recent echocardiographic studies have demonstrated a high frequency of segmental asynergy of the septal wall in such patients. In this study left ventricular wall motion was analyzed in 15 patients with left bundle branch block and without significant coronary artery disease or diffuse cardiomyopathy. Biplane cineangiograms from these patients were compared with those from 100 consecutive patients with normal intraventricular conduction and without coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy using two techniques: qualitative visual inspection and a computer-assisted quantitative method. By qualitative review, 6 of 15 patients with left bundle branch block had regional akinesia or dyskinesia as compared with none of 100 patients with normal intraventricular conduction (chi square = 42.3; P less than 0.001). By quantitative review, 10 of 12 patients with left bundle branch block had abnormal wall motion along at least one hemiaxis. It is concluded that angiographic regional wall motion abnormalities are common in patients with left bundle branch block, even in the absence of coronary artery disease or diffuse cardiomyopathy. The abnormalities may result from the abnormal sequence of ventricular activation rather than from myocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Left bundle branch block: angiographic segmental wall motion abnormalities. Ventricular wall motion as studied with contrast ventriculography has been judged normal in the few previously reported cases of patients with left bundle branch block who have neither coronary artery disease nor diffuse cardiomyopathy. However, recent echocardiographic studies have demonstrated a high frequency of segmental asynergy of the septal wall in such patients. In this study left ventricular wall motion was analyzed in 15 patients with left bundle branch block and without significant coronary artery disease or diffuse cardiomyopathy. Biplane cineangiograms from these patients were compared with those from 100 consecutive patients with normal intraventricular conduction and without coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy using two techniques: qualitative visual inspection and a computer-assisted quantitative method. By qualitative review, 6 of 15 patients with left bundle branch block had regional akinesia or dyskinesia as compared with none of 100 patients with normal intraventricular conduction (chi square = 42.3; P less than 0.001). By quantitative review, 10 of 12 patients with left bundle branch block had abnormal wall motion along at least one hemiaxis. It is concluded that angiographic regional wall motion abnormalities are common in patients with left bundle branch block, even in the absence of coronary artery disease or diffuse cardiomyopathy. The abnormalities may result from the abnormal sequence of ventricular activation rather than from myocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 495497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2482", "title": "Performance of the failing and nonfailing right ventricle of patients with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamic performance of the right ventricle was measured in 34 patients: 17 with pulmonary hypertension, 9 with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure and 8 control subjects. Among the patients with pulmonary hypertension who did not have right ventricular failure, right ventricular maximal isovolumic rate of development of ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was significantly elevated (P less than 0.001), whereas maximal 1/P dP/dt and maximal velocity of contractile element shortening (Vmax) were comparable with values observed in control subjects. The patients with pulmonary hypertension who had right ventricular failure also showed an augmented right ventricular maximal dP/dt (P less than 0.001) and normal 1/P dP/dt and Vmax. These observations indicate that in pulmonary hypertensive heart disease, even when the right ventricle failed in a clinical sense, the contractile effort was normal. Consequently, right ventricular failure may develop in patients with pulmonary hypertensive heart disease even though the cardiac muscle performs normally as a contractile tissue.", "contents": "Performance of the failing and nonfailing right ventricle of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Hemodynamic performance of the right ventricle was measured in 34 patients: 17 with pulmonary hypertension, 9 with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure and 8 control subjects. Among the patients with pulmonary hypertension who did not have right ventricular failure, right ventricular maximal isovolumic rate of development of ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was significantly elevated (P less than 0.001), whereas maximal 1/P dP/dt and maximal velocity of contractile element shortening (Vmax) were comparable with values observed in control subjects. The patients with pulmonary hypertension who had right ventricular failure also showed an augmented right ventricular maximal dP/dt (P less than 0.001) and normal 1/P dP/dt and Vmax. These observations indicate that in pulmonary hypertensive heart disease, even when the right ventricle failed in a clinical sense, the contractile effort was normal. Consequently, right ventricular failure may develop in patients with pulmonary hypertensive heart disease even though the cardiac muscle performs normally as a contractile tissue.", "PMID": 495498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2483", "title": "Detection of left ventricular functional reserve by supine exercise hemodynamics in patients with severe, chronic heart failure.", "content": "Hemodynamic changes during exercise were evaluated in 20 patients with severe, chronic congestive heart failure. Two groups were identified by their stroke work response to maximal exercise. Group I (eight patients) showed an increase in stroke work index. This occurred because the stroke volume increased and the difference between mean systolic pressure and left ventricular filling pressure increased. Group II (12 patients) showed a decrease in stroke work index. This occurred because stroke volume decreased while the difference between mean systolic pressure and left ventricular filling pressure did not change. Despite hemodynamic differences, the groups could not be distinguished by the usual clinical criteria for heart failure including etiology, New York Heart Association functional class, heart size on chest X-ray film or duration of heart failure. Clinical criteria are relatively insensitive in predicting the exercise hemodynamics of any given patient with chronic severe heart failure. Determining the exercise hemodynamics may be helpful as a means of assessing left ventricular functional reserve in heart failure. Prognostic implications, drug therapy and prescription of activities may require adjustment based on this spectrum of hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure.", "contents": "Detection of left ventricular functional reserve by supine exercise hemodynamics in patients with severe, chronic heart failure. Hemodynamic changes during exercise were evaluated in 20 patients with severe, chronic congestive heart failure. Two groups were identified by their stroke work response to maximal exercise. Group I (eight patients) showed an increase in stroke work index. This occurred because the stroke volume increased and the difference between mean systolic pressure and left ventricular filling pressure increased. Group II (12 patients) showed a decrease in stroke work index. This occurred because stroke volume decreased while the difference between mean systolic pressure and left ventricular filling pressure did not change. Despite hemodynamic differences, the groups could not be distinguished by the usual clinical criteria for heart failure including etiology, New York Heart Association functional class, heart size on chest X-ray film or duration of heart failure. Clinical criteria are relatively insensitive in predicting the exercise hemodynamics of any given patient with chronic severe heart failure. Determining the exercise hemodynamics may be helpful as a means of assessing left ventricular functional reserve in heart failure. Prognostic implications, drug therapy and prescription of activities may require adjustment based on this spectrum of hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure.", "PMID": 495499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2484", "title": "Relation between the precordial projection of S-T segment changes after exercise and coronary angiographic findings.", "content": "The recent introduction of electrocardiographic mapping permits measurement of the precordial area and severity of exercise-induced S-T segment changes. This study was designed to compare this technique with a modified 12 lead electrocardiogram in defining the degree and site of coronary artery disease. One hundred patients, who later had diagnostic coronary arteriography, underwent an exercise test using both 16 point precordial mapping and a modified 12 lead electrocardiogram. The sensitivity of electrocardiographic mapping (96 percent) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease was significantly greater than that of the modified 12 lead electrocardiogram (80 percent). However, the specificity of the two lead systems was similar. Typical precordial projections of S-T segment change were found when the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery were narrowed or when there was isolated disease of the left anterior descending or right coronary artery. Widespread precordial changes were found in patients with three vessel disease. Although there was no significant difference in the sensitivity (66 percent) and specificity (100 percent) of electrocardiographic mapping and of the 12 lead system in identifying three vessel disease, there was a significant difference in sensitivity (electrocardiographic mapping 74 percent, 12 lead system 42 percent) in identifying isolated single vessel disease. In addition, information regarding the presence of left main stem or proximal left anterior descending coronary arterial narrowing was obtained only with electrocardiographic mapping. The superiority of electrocardiographic mapping over the modified 12 lead electrocardiogram has been shown, and clinical application of this technique should be useful in the management of patients presenting with chest pain.", "contents": "Relation between the precordial projection of S-T segment changes after exercise and coronary angiographic findings. The recent introduction of electrocardiographic mapping permits measurement of the precordial area and severity of exercise-induced S-T segment changes. This study was designed to compare this technique with a modified 12 lead electrocardiogram in defining the degree and site of coronary artery disease. One hundred patients, who later had diagnostic coronary arteriography, underwent an exercise test using both 16 point precordial mapping and a modified 12 lead electrocardiogram. The sensitivity of electrocardiographic mapping (96 percent) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease was significantly greater than that of the modified 12 lead electrocardiogram (80 percent). However, the specificity of the two lead systems was similar. Typical precordial projections of S-T segment change were found when the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery were narrowed or when there was isolated disease of the left anterior descending or right coronary artery. Widespread precordial changes were found in patients with three vessel disease. Although there was no significant difference in the sensitivity (66 percent) and specificity (100 percent) of electrocardiographic mapping and of the 12 lead system in identifying three vessel disease, there was a significant difference in sensitivity (electrocardiographic mapping 74 percent, 12 lead system 42 percent) in identifying isolated single vessel disease. In addition, information regarding the presence of left main stem or proximal left anterior descending coronary arterial narrowing was obtained only with electrocardiographic mapping. The superiority of electrocardiographic mapping over the modified 12 lead electrocardiogram has been shown, and clinical application of this technique should be useful in the management of patients presenting with chest pain.", "PMID": 495500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2485", "title": "Hemodynamic response to exercise after propranolol in patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "Hemodynamic response to exercise before and 10 minutes after propranolol (5 mg intravenously) was studied in 10 young patients with pure mitral stenosis who had normal sinus rhythm and no cardiac failure. After propranolol the mean heart rate and cardiac index at rest were lower than during the control state (respectively, 95 +/- 4 versus 82 +/- 3 beats/min, P less than 0.005; 3.4 +/- 0.2 versus 2.8 +/- 0.1 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.025). As a result, the mean pulmonary wedge pressure and mean mitral valve gradient at rest were lower (respectively, 22 +/- 2 versus 18 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005; 24 +/- 2 versus 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). During exercise after propranolol the values of pulmonary wedge pressure and mitral valve gradient were lower than control values during exercise (respectively, 39 +/- 3 versus 30 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005; 44 +/- 3 versus 32 +/- 3 mm Hg, P less than 0.005), again because of the lower heart rate and cardiac index (130 +/- 6 versus 104 +/- 6 beats/min, P less than 0.001; 4.6 +/- 3 versus 3.7 +/- 2 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.01). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke index showed no significant changes. Thus, propranolol may benefit patients with pure mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm and no cardiac failure whose symptoms occur during those reversible conditions characterized by an increase in heart rate or cardiac output, or both.", "contents": "Hemodynamic response to exercise after propranolol in patients with mitral stenosis. Hemodynamic response to exercise before and 10 minutes after propranolol (5 mg intravenously) was studied in 10 young patients with pure mitral stenosis who had normal sinus rhythm and no cardiac failure. After propranolol the mean heart rate and cardiac index at rest were lower than during the control state (respectively, 95 +/- 4 versus 82 +/- 3 beats/min, P less than 0.005; 3.4 +/- 0.2 versus 2.8 +/- 0.1 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.025). As a result, the mean pulmonary wedge pressure and mean mitral valve gradient at rest were lower (respectively, 22 +/- 2 versus 18 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005; 24 +/- 2 versus 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). During exercise after propranolol the values of pulmonary wedge pressure and mitral valve gradient were lower than control values during exercise (respectively, 39 +/- 3 versus 30 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005; 44 +/- 3 versus 32 +/- 3 mm Hg, P less than 0.005), again because of the lower heart rate and cardiac index (130 +/- 6 versus 104 +/- 6 beats/min, P less than 0.001; 4.6 +/- 3 versus 3.7 +/- 2 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.01). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke index showed no significant changes. Thus, propranolol may benefit patients with pure mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm and no cardiac failure whose symptoms occur during those reversible conditions characterized by an increase in heart rate or cardiac output, or both.", "PMID": 495501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2486", "title": "Histopathologic correlates of left posterior fascicular block.", "content": "Thirteen hearts from subjects (10 male, 3 female; mean age 65 years) with left posterior fascicular block were studied. Left posterior fascicular block was associated with right bundle branch block in nine cases and alternated with left anterior fascicular block in three. In nine of the patients, the conduction disorders were observed during an episode of acute myocardial infarction. Of these nine patients, four showed interruptive lesions at the level of the posterior radiation of the left bundle or of the posterior portion of the main left bundle branch. Two were found to have severe alterations scattered throughout the left bundle branch system: One of them had alternating left anterior and left posterior fascicular block; and the other manifested complete heart block in the course of her illness. No interruptive changes of the posterior fibers were found in three cases in which the heart was obtained early after death. All 9 patients had severe coronary artery disease (six had triple vessel disease and three of the six had a left main coronary arterial stenosis or obstruction; two patients had double vessel disease). Among the four patients with chronic left posterior block, three were found to have heavy calcifications of the left side of the cardiac skeleton; the remaining one had diphtheritic myocarditis. All had major alterations of the left-sided conduction system that were consistently maximal at the level of the posterior fibers or posterior portion of the main left bundle branch. In two of these patients scattered lesions were found throughout the left bundle branch fibers; one had alternating left anterior and left posterior fascicular block and the other had complete heart block. In general, the alterations underlying left posterior fascicular block were less widely spread than in left anterior fascicular block; however, they were more severe and more proximally located.", "contents": "Histopathologic correlates of left posterior fascicular block. Thirteen hearts from subjects (10 male, 3 female; mean age 65 years) with left posterior fascicular block were studied. Left posterior fascicular block was associated with right bundle branch block in nine cases and alternated with left anterior fascicular block in three. In nine of the patients, the conduction disorders were observed during an episode of acute myocardial infarction. Of these nine patients, four showed interruptive lesions at the level of the posterior radiation of the left bundle or of the posterior portion of the main left bundle branch. Two were found to have severe alterations scattered throughout the left bundle branch system: One of them had alternating left anterior and left posterior fascicular block; and the other manifested complete heart block in the course of her illness. No interruptive changes of the posterior fibers were found in three cases in which the heart was obtained early after death. All 9 patients had severe coronary artery disease (six had triple vessel disease and three of the six had a left main coronary arterial stenosis or obstruction; two patients had double vessel disease). Among the four patients with chronic left posterior block, three were found to have heavy calcifications of the left side of the cardiac skeleton; the remaining one had diphtheritic myocarditis. All had major alterations of the left-sided conduction system that were consistently maximal at the level of the posterior fibers or posterior portion of the main left bundle branch. In two of these patients scattered lesions were found throughout the left bundle branch fibers; one had alternating left anterior and left posterior fascicular block and the other had complete heart block. In general, the alterations underlying left posterior fascicular block were less widely spread than in left anterior fascicular block; however, they were more severe and more proximally located.", "PMID": 495502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2487", "title": "Incidence, determinants and significance of fixed retrograde conduction in the region of the atrioventricular node. Evidence for retrograde atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts.", "content": "Of 104 consecutive patients studied in our laboratory with His bundle electrograms, atrial and ventricular pacing and the atrial and ventricular extrastimulus techniques, 18 patients in whom the existence and utilization of ventriculoatrial (V-A) bypass tracts were excluded demonstrated evidence for fixed and rapid retrograde conduction in the region of the atrioventricular node (A-V) as suggested by the following: (1) short (36 +/- 2 msec [mean +/- standard error of mean]) and constant retrograde H2-A2 intervals during retrograde refractory period studies; (2) significantly (P less than 0.025) better V-A than A-V conduction; (3) significantly (P less than 0.025) shorter retrograde functional refractory period of the V-A conducting system than of the A-V conduction system; and (4) the retrograde effective refractory period of the A=V nodal region was not attainable in any of the 18 patients. Fourteen of the 18 patients (77 percent) had a history of palpitations and 10 (51 percent) had documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; in 13 (72 percent) single echoes or sustained reentrant supraventricular tachycardia, or both, could be induced during atrial pacing or atrial premature stimulation studies, or both. During tachycardia all these 13 patients had a short (37 +/- 2.4 msec) and constant conduction time in the retrograde limb (H-Ae interval) of the reentrant circuit that was identical to the H2-A2 interval. In conclusion, fixed and rapid retrograde conduction in the region of the A-V node (1) is seen in approximately 17 percent of patients, (2) is associated with a large incidence of reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and (3) suggests the presence of A-V nodal bypass tracts (intranodal or extranodal functioning in retrograde manner).", "contents": "Incidence, determinants and significance of fixed retrograde conduction in the region of the atrioventricular node. Evidence for retrograde atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts. Of 104 consecutive patients studied in our laboratory with His bundle electrograms, atrial and ventricular pacing and the atrial and ventricular extrastimulus techniques, 18 patients in whom the existence and utilization of ventriculoatrial (V-A) bypass tracts were excluded demonstrated evidence for fixed and rapid retrograde conduction in the region of the atrioventricular node (A-V) as suggested by the following: (1) short (36 +/- 2 msec [mean +/- standard error of mean]) and constant retrograde H2-A2 intervals during retrograde refractory period studies; (2) significantly (P less than 0.025) better V-A than A-V conduction; (3) significantly (P less than 0.025) shorter retrograde functional refractory period of the V-A conducting system than of the A-V conduction system; and (4) the retrograde effective refractory period of the A=V nodal region was not attainable in any of the 18 patients. Fourteen of the 18 patients (77 percent) had a history of palpitations and 10 (51 percent) had documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; in 13 (72 percent) single echoes or sustained reentrant supraventricular tachycardia, or both, could be induced during atrial pacing or atrial premature stimulation studies, or both. During tachycardia all these 13 patients had a short (37 +/- 2.4 msec) and constant conduction time in the retrograde limb (H-Ae interval) of the reentrant circuit that was identical to the H2-A2 interval. In conclusion, fixed and rapid retrograde conduction in the region of the A-V node (1) is seen in approximately 17 percent of patients, (2) is associated with a large incidence of reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and (3) suggests the presence of A-V nodal bypass tracts (intranodal or extranodal functioning in retrograde manner).", "PMID": 495503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2488", "title": "Reciprocal tachycardias using accessory pathways with long conduction times.", "content": "Three patients with reentrant tachycardia are described who had an accessory pathway with a very long conduction time that was incorporated in the tachycardia circuit. The accessory pathway was able to conduct in one direction only, in retrograde manner in two patients and in anteriograde manner in the remaining patient. Evidence is presented that reveals that in the first two patients the accessory pathway was septally located, had completely bypassed the normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system, had properties of decremental conduction, and had an atrial exit close to the coronary sinus and a ventricular exit relatively far from the atrioventricular A-V ring. In the third patient, who manifested wide QRS complex during tachycardia, the ventricular end of the accessory pathway seemed to be located close to the right ventricular apex. The atrial end of the pathway could not be localized exactly.", "contents": "Reciprocal tachycardias using accessory pathways with long conduction times. Three patients with reentrant tachycardia are described who had an accessory pathway with a very long conduction time that was incorporated in the tachycardia circuit. The accessory pathway was able to conduct in one direction only, in retrograde manner in two patients and in anteriograde manner in the remaining patient. Evidence is presented that reveals that in the first two patients the accessory pathway was septally located, had completely bypassed the normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system, had properties of decremental conduction, and had an atrial exit close to the coronary sinus and a ventricular exit relatively far from the atrioventricular A-V ring. In the third patient, who manifested wide QRS complex during tachycardia, the ventricular end of the accessory pathway seemed to be located close to the right ventricular apex. The atrial end of the pathway could not be localized exactly.", "PMID": 495504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2489", "title": "The risk of pericardiocentesis.", "content": "The risk and potential risk factors of pericardiocentesis were assessed by a review of a series of 52 pericardiocenteses comprising all those performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of one institution from 1971 to 1978. On the basis of the operative results, the patients were separated into two groups for comparison; Group I comprised all patients with a successful uncomplicated (35) pericardiocentesis and Group II all those with a nonproductive (16), nontherapeutic (1) or complicated (8) pericardiocentesis. Complications consisted of one death, one cardiac arrest, one aspiration of a subdiaphragmatic abscess and five ventricular punctures without adverse sequelae. Among the patients who had a nonproductive pericardiocentesis, the condition of 11 had probably been misdiagnosed but at least 4 had a false negative pericardiocentesis. Comparison of the two groups showed no significant difference in the incidence of cardiac tamponade or in the clinical presentation based on historical, physical, electrocardiographic, roentgenographic or echocardiographic findings of pericardial disease. Pericardiocentesis was usually successful when performed for suspected malignant pericardial effusion but often unsuccessful when performed for suspected hemopericardium. Anatomically, all patients in Group II had either minimal or loculated posterior pericardial effusion. It is concluded that pericardiocentesis can be performed at a low risk that can be further minimized by consideration of the disease process and the anatomic location of the pericardial fluid.", "contents": "The risk of pericardiocentesis. The risk and potential risk factors of pericardiocentesis were assessed by a review of a series of 52 pericardiocenteses comprising all those performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory of one institution from 1971 to 1978. On the basis of the operative results, the patients were separated into two groups for comparison; Group I comprised all patients with a successful uncomplicated (35) pericardiocentesis and Group II all those with a nonproductive (16), nontherapeutic (1) or complicated (8) pericardiocentesis. Complications consisted of one death, one cardiac arrest, one aspiration of a subdiaphragmatic abscess and five ventricular punctures without adverse sequelae. Among the patients who had a nonproductive pericardiocentesis, the condition of 11 had probably been misdiagnosed but at least 4 had a false negative pericardiocentesis. Comparison of the two groups showed no significant difference in the incidence of cardiac tamponade or in the clinical presentation based on historical, physical, electrocardiographic, roentgenographic or echocardiographic findings of pericardial disease. Pericardiocentesis was usually successful when performed for suspected malignant pericardial effusion but often unsuccessful when performed for suspected hemopericardium. Anatomically, all patients in Group II had either minimal or loculated posterior pericardial effusion. It is concluded that pericardiocentesis can be performed at a low risk that can be further minimized by consideration of the disease process and the anatomic location of the pericardial fluid.", "PMID": 495505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2490", "title": "Oxygen deprivation and early myocardial contractile failure: a reassessment of the possible role of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The precise mechanism responsible for early contractile failure after the onset of myocardial anoxia or ischemia has attracted speculation and controversy. The simple and attractive hypothesis that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficiency is responsible for this failure has often been dismissed on the basis of claims that there is only a small reduction in cell ATP content at a time when contractile activity is severely reduced. The premise of this article is that the changes in cell ATP content and distribution that theoretically should occur after oxygen depletion may not have been adequately considered and that previous measurements of cell ATP content may not have been carried out at the correct time. Using an isolated rat heart preparation and high speed freeze-clamping techniques it has been possible to demonstrate that a substantial decrease in myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate content occurs after the onset of anoxia but before the onset of contractile failure. Thus, during the first 5 seconds of anoxia contractile activity remains constant whereas ATP decreases by 25 percent and creatine phosphate by 50 percent. Thereafter, contractile failure occurs and the rate of utilization of high energy phosphates declines with the cell content at a plateau or possibly increasing. These results are assessed in the light of the dynamic changes in energy metabolism occurring in early anoxia and suggest that ATP depletion in a specific cell compartment may be the primary trigger for early contractile failure.", "contents": "Oxygen deprivation and early myocardial contractile failure: a reassessment of the possible role of adenosine triphosphate. The precise mechanism responsible for early contractile failure after the onset of myocardial anoxia or ischemia has attracted speculation and controversy. The simple and attractive hypothesis that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficiency is responsible for this failure has often been dismissed on the basis of claims that there is only a small reduction in cell ATP content at a time when contractile activity is severely reduced. The premise of this article is that the changes in cell ATP content and distribution that theoretically should occur after oxygen depletion may not have been adequately considered and that previous measurements of cell ATP content may not have been carried out at the correct time. Using an isolated rat heart preparation and high speed freeze-clamping techniques it has been possible to demonstrate that a substantial decrease in myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate content occurs after the onset of anoxia but before the onset of contractile failure. Thus, during the first 5 seconds of anoxia contractile activity remains constant whereas ATP decreases by 25 percent and creatine phosphate by 50 percent. Thereafter, contractile failure occurs and the rate of utilization of high energy phosphates declines with the cell content at a plateau or possibly increasing. These results are assessed in the light of the dynamic changes in energy metabolism occurring in early anoxia and suggest that ATP depletion in a specific cell compartment may be the primary trigger for early contractile failure.", "PMID": 495506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2491", "title": "Two dimensional echocardiographic characteristics of double outlet right ventricle.", "content": "The reliability was evaluated of two dimensional echocardiography in distinguishing double outlet right ventricle from other anomalies of the great arteries. Accordingly, a combined retrospective and prospective study was conducted in 13 children with double outlet right ventricle, 12 with tetralogy of Fallot, 13 with complete d-transposition of the great arteries, 5 with congenitally corrected I-transposition and 2 with truncus arteriosus. Echographic findings using a standard long axis view in all subjects with double outlet right ventricle included (1) inability to identify a great artery arising from the left ventricle, and (2) lack of continuity between the anterior mitral leaflet and any semilunar valve. In the short axis view constant findings were (1) simultaneous imaging of both great arteries in an anterior location with the ventricular septum identified posteriorly on sweeping into the left ventricle, and (2) lack of a clockwise wraparound of the aorta by the right ventricular outflow tract. Imaging revealed that the great arteries were side by side in seven patients d-malposed in three and l-malposed in two. A modified left precordial tomographic view demonstrated both great arteries arising from the right ventricle in four of nine patients not treated surgically. In four patients with surgically repaired double outlet right ventricle, the left ventricular outflow tract had a tunnel-like configuration in the long axis view. These findings were diagnostic of double outlet right ventricle in all patients and accurately differentiated the malformation from other anomalies of the great arteries.", "contents": "Two dimensional echocardiographic characteristics of double outlet right ventricle. The reliability was evaluated of two dimensional echocardiography in distinguishing double outlet right ventricle from other anomalies of the great arteries. Accordingly, a combined retrospective and prospective study was conducted in 13 children with double outlet right ventricle, 12 with tetralogy of Fallot, 13 with complete d-transposition of the great arteries, 5 with congenitally corrected I-transposition and 2 with truncus arteriosus. Echographic findings using a standard long axis view in all subjects with double outlet right ventricle included (1) inability to identify a great artery arising from the left ventricle, and (2) lack of continuity between the anterior mitral leaflet and any semilunar valve. In the short axis view constant findings were (1) simultaneous imaging of both great arteries in an anterior location with the ventricular septum identified posteriorly on sweeping into the left ventricle, and (2) lack of a clockwise wraparound of the aorta by the right ventricular outflow tract. Imaging revealed that the great arteries were side by side in seven patients d-malposed in three and l-malposed in two. A modified left precordial tomographic view demonstrated both great arteries arising from the right ventricle in four of nine patients not treated surgically. In four patients with surgically repaired double outlet right ventricle, the left ventricular outflow tract had a tunnel-like configuration in the long axis view. These findings were diagnostic of double outlet right ventricle in all patients and accurately differentiated the malformation from other anomalies of the great arteries.", "PMID": 495508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2492", "title": "Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic detection of total anomalous pulmonary venous return: resolution of left atrial line.", "content": "During precatheterization M mode echocardiographic examination, 33 infants were identified as having findings including right ventricular enlargement and presence of a line within the left atrial portion of the M mode tracing suggesting the possibility of cor triatiatum or total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to sample blood characteristics on either side of the left atrial line to determine which line was artifactual and which was indicative of an important structure. Five patients whose blood flow characteristics were different on either side of the left atrial line were subsequently proved to have total anomalous pulmonary venous return at cardiac catheterization. In the remaining infants blood flow characteristics were identical on either side of the line, and catheterization excluded total anomalous pulmonary venous return and cor triatriatum. In all patients who had total anomalous pulmonary venous return, drainage involved a persistent left superior vena cava, and this vascular structure was identified by pulsed Doppler examination from the suprasternal notch. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography appears to be a useful technique for resolution of left atrial lines found on M mode echocardiography.", "contents": "Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic detection of total anomalous pulmonary venous return: resolution of left atrial line. During precatheterization M mode echocardiographic examination, 33 infants were identified as having findings including right ventricular enlargement and presence of a line within the left atrial portion of the M mode tracing suggesting the possibility of cor triatiatum or total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to sample blood characteristics on either side of the left atrial line to determine which line was artifactual and which was indicative of an important structure. Five patients whose blood flow characteristics were different on either side of the left atrial line were subsequently proved to have total anomalous pulmonary venous return at cardiac catheterization. In the remaining infants blood flow characteristics were identical on either side of the line, and catheterization excluded total anomalous pulmonary venous return and cor triatriatum. In all patients who had total anomalous pulmonary venous return, drainage involved a persistent left superior vena cava, and this vascular structure was identified by pulsed Doppler examination from the suprasternal notch. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography appears to be a useful technique for resolution of left atrial lines found on M mode echocardiography.", "PMID": 495509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2493", "title": "Increased systemic vascular resistance in neonates with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "The time necessary for aortic diastolic pressure to decrease to 50 percent of an initially selected value after dissipation of the dicrotic notch (T 1/2) was determined in newborn infants with and without pulmonary hypertension. The mean T 1/2 was 671 +/- 167 msec in seven infants with clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension and documented right to left ductus arteriosus shunting; 849 +/- 243 msec in nine infants with clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension but no documented right to left ductus arteriosus shunting; and 457 +/- 66 msec in eight infants with hyaline membrane disease and no clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension or a patent ductus arteriosus. The mean T 1/2 values in the former two groups were significantly different from that in the group with no pulmonary hypertension (P less than 0.01). An evaluation of factors affecting T 1/2 leads to the conclusion that the patients with pulmonary hypertension had increased systemic vascular resistance as well. This finding has important diagnostic, etiologic and therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Increased systemic vascular resistance in neonates with pulmonary hypertension. The time necessary for aortic diastolic pressure to decrease to 50 percent of an initially selected value after dissipation of the dicrotic notch (T 1/2) was determined in newborn infants with and without pulmonary hypertension. The mean T 1/2 was 671 +/- 167 msec in seven infants with clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension and documented right to left ductus arteriosus shunting; 849 +/- 243 msec in nine infants with clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension but no documented right to left ductus arteriosus shunting; and 457 +/- 66 msec in eight infants with hyaline membrane disease and no clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension or a patent ductus arteriosus. The mean T 1/2 values in the former two groups were significantly different from that in the group with no pulmonary hypertension (P less than 0.01). An evaluation of factors affecting T 1/2 leads to the conclusion that the patients with pulmonary hypertension had increased systemic vascular resistance as well. This finding has important diagnostic, etiologic and therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 495510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2494", "title": "Volume studies in men with mild to moderate hypertension.", "content": "The importance of salt and water in the pathophysiology of the hypertensive state is well recognized. The current study is the first to report simultaneous measurements of red blood cell mass, plasma volume, extracellular fluid and total body water levels. Studies were performed in 82 white men, 14 with normal blood pressure and 16 with low renin and 52 with normal renin hypertension. The results indicate that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched controls are characterized by an absolute increase (1.5 liter/m2) in intracellular fluid (total body water minus extracellular fluid). Furthermore, the ratio of extracellular fluid to total body water is decreased (0.43 to 0.38). No volume differences were found between subjects with low renin hypertension and age-matched subjects with normal renin hypertension. We conclude that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched peers are characterized by an expanded intracellular fluid and that subjects with low renin hypertension do not exhibit a unique volume disorder.", "contents": "Volume studies in men with mild to moderate hypertension. The importance of salt and water in the pathophysiology of the hypertensive state is well recognized. The current study is the first to report simultaneous measurements of red blood cell mass, plasma volume, extracellular fluid and total body water levels. Studies were performed in 82 white men, 14 with normal blood pressure and 16 with low renin and 52 with normal renin hypertension. The results indicate that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched controls are characterized by an absolute increase (1.5 liter/m2) in intracellular fluid (total body water minus extracellular fluid). Furthermore, the ratio of extracellular fluid to total body water is decreased (0.43 to 0.38). No volume differences were found between subjects with low renin hypertension and age-matched subjects with normal renin hypertension. We conclude that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched peers are characterized by an expanded intracellular fluid and that subjects with low renin hypertension do not exhibit a unique volume disorder.", "PMID": 495511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2495", "title": "Development of pharmacodynamic tolerance to prozosin in congestive heart failure.", "content": "In order to determine and compare the pharmacodynamic responses to single and multiple dose prazosin therapy in cardiac failure, 14 patients with severe low-output heart failure underwent central and regional hemodynamic measurements after random placement in one of two prazosin dosing schedules. A single 5 mg oral dose of prazosin (Group A, no. = 7) significantly increased the cardiac index and stroke volume index while significantly decreasing systemic, pulmonary and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and vascular resistances. Hepatic plasma flow and limb blood flow increased after the single dose. Striking attenuation of these hemodynamic effects occurred when the same dose was administered after 24 hours of pretreatment with oral prazosin, 2 mg every 8 hours (Group B, no. = 7). The plasma prazosin levels of the two groups, drawn 2 hours after administration, were 24.5 and 30.5 ng/ml, respectively. Repeated administration of prazosin in patients with congestive heart failure results in rapid attenuation of its beneficial central and regional hemodynamic effects. The usefulness of this vasodilator as a preload- and afterload-reducing agent in the clinical setting of chronic congestive heart failure may be limited by the development of pharmacodynamic tolerance.", "contents": "Development of pharmacodynamic tolerance to prozosin in congestive heart failure. In order to determine and compare the pharmacodynamic responses to single and multiple dose prazosin therapy in cardiac failure, 14 patients with severe low-output heart failure underwent central and regional hemodynamic measurements after random placement in one of two prazosin dosing schedules. A single 5 mg oral dose of prazosin (Group A, no. = 7) significantly increased the cardiac index and stroke volume index while significantly decreasing systemic, pulmonary and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and vascular resistances. Hepatic plasma flow and limb blood flow increased after the single dose. Striking attenuation of these hemodynamic effects occurred when the same dose was administered after 24 hours of pretreatment with oral prazosin, 2 mg every 8 hours (Group B, no. = 7). The plasma prazosin levels of the two groups, drawn 2 hours after administration, were 24.5 and 30.5 ng/ml, respectively. Repeated administration of prazosin in patients with congestive heart failure results in rapid attenuation of its beneficial central and regional hemodynamic effects. The usefulness of this vasodilator as a preload- and afterload-reducing agent in the clinical setting of chronic congestive heart failure may be limited by the development of pharmacodynamic tolerance.", "PMID": 495512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2496", "title": "Influence of short-term oral hydralazine therapy on exercise hemodynamics in patients with severe chronic heart failure.", "content": "Changes in left ventricular performance were evaluated in 14 patients with functional New York Heart Association class III or IV chronic heart failure before and after the addition of oral hydralazine to conventional therapy. With conventional therapy, cardiac output increased from 3.4 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) at rest to 4.7 +/- 1.4 liters/min during exercise. This increase in cardiac output on exercise during conventional therapy was mainly due to an increase in heart rate. After the addition of hydralazine, cardiac output at rest increased to 5.0 +/- 1.4 liters/min. The increase in cardiac output was essentially due to an increase in stroke volume. This enhanced stroke volume after hydralazine therapy was maintained during exercise. Hydralazine therapy did not change either the left ventricular filling pressure at rest or the magnitude of increase in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise. Nevertheless, increased cardiac output and stroke volume with similar changes in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise indicated improved left ventricular performance after hydralazine therapy. After short-term hydralazine therapy, symptom-limited peak exercise work load, duration of exercise and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise did not increase. Clinical follow-up at 2 months after long-term therapy revealed subjective improvement in exercise tolerance in 13 of the 14 patients.", "contents": "Influence of short-term oral hydralazine therapy on exercise hemodynamics in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Changes in left ventricular performance were evaluated in 14 patients with functional New York Heart Association class III or IV chronic heart failure before and after the addition of oral hydralazine to conventional therapy. With conventional therapy, cardiac output increased from 3.4 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) at rest to 4.7 +/- 1.4 liters/min during exercise. This increase in cardiac output on exercise during conventional therapy was mainly due to an increase in heart rate. After the addition of hydralazine, cardiac output at rest increased to 5.0 +/- 1.4 liters/min. The increase in cardiac output was essentially due to an increase in stroke volume. This enhanced stroke volume after hydralazine therapy was maintained during exercise. Hydralazine therapy did not change either the left ventricular filling pressure at rest or the magnitude of increase in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise. Nevertheless, increased cardiac output and stroke volume with similar changes in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise indicated improved left ventricular performance after hydralazine therapy. After short-term hydralazine therapy, symptom-limited peak exercise work load, duration of exercise and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise did not increase. Clinical follow-up at 2 months after long-term therapy revealed subjective improvement in exercise tolerance in 13 of the 14 patients.", "PMID": 495513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2497", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of acute myocardial infarction on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin were studied. Digoxin, 0.75 mg, was given orally to 12 patients with left-sided cardiac failure due to acute myocardial infarction and to 9 healthy control subjects. Serum concentration of digoxin in the first 4 hours and the area under the serum concentration-time curve in the first 12 hours after administration of the drug were lower in patients with infarction than in control subjects (P less than 0.01). The 24 hour area under the concentration curve, the amount excreted in urine and the renal clearance did not differ between the groups. The 24 hour area under the concentration curve correlated with the predigoxin pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and with heart rate (P less than 0.01). The decrease of renal clearance of digoxin was related to the serum activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (P less than 0.001). Morphine reduced and delayed the peak serum concentrations of digoxin (P less than 0.001). Thus, the absorption of oral digoxin was slower and the peak concentrations remained lower in patients with acute myocardial infarction than in healthy control subjects. However, the total amount of digoxin absorbed was unchanged.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The effects of acute myocardial infarction on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin were studied. Digoxin, 0.75 mg, was given orally to 12 patients with left-sided cardiac failure due to acute myocardial infarction and to 9 healthy control subjects. Serum concentration of digoxin in the first 4 hours and the area under the serum concentration-time curve in the first 12 hours after administration of the drug were lower in patients with infarction than in control subjects (P less than 0.01). The 24 hour area under the concentration curve, the amount excreted in urine and the renal clearance did not differ between the groups. The 24 hour area under the concentration curve correlated with the predigoxin pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and with heart rate (P less than 0.01). The decrease of renal clearance of digoxin was related to the serum activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (P less than 0.001). Morphine reduced and delayed the peak serum concentrations of digoxin (P less than 0.001). Thus, the absorption of oral digoxin was slower and the peak concentrations remained lower in patients with acute myocardial infarction than in healthy control subjects. However, the total amount of digoxin absorbed was unchanged.", "PMID": 495514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2498", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenous metoprolol.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of the cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent metoprolol, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously, were studied in 10 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. The beta adrenergic blocking effect of the drug was confirmed by a highly significant reduction (53 percent, P less than 0.001) in the mean heart rate response to a challenge with isoproterenol, and by a mean heart rate rssponse to a challenge with isoproterenol, and by a highly significant reduction (73 percent, P less than 0.001) in the isoproterenol-induced increase in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt). An intrinsic negative inotropic effect was shown by a 43 percent reduction (P less than 0.05) in the response of mean left ventricular dP/dt when the heart rate was fixed by atrial pacing alone. With the combination of atrial pacing and isoproterenol, metoprolol produced a 48 percent reduction (P less than 0.01) in the response of mean left ventricular dP/dt, resulting from both the intrinsic depressor effect and the beta adrenergic blocking effect on the rate-independent beta agonist activity of isoproterenol. There was no significant change in right atrial, femoral arterial or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; analysis of left ventricular angiograms performed during atrial pacing before and after metoprolol revealed no significant effect on angiographic ejection fraction, pressure-volume loops or diastolic compliance. In two patients improvement in segmental wall motion was noted, and no deterioration was seen in any patient. Metoprolol is an effective cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent that, under these conditions, reduces catecholamine-induced increases in heart rate and left ventricular dP/dt without significant alteration in ejection fraction, preload or afterload.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenous metoprolol. The hemodynamic effects of the cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent metoprolol, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously, were studied in 10 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. The beta adrenergic blocking effect of the drug was confirmed by a highly significant reduction (53 percent, P less than 0.001) in the mean heart rate response to a challenge with isoproterenol, and by a mean heart rate rssponse to a challenge with isoproterenol, and by a highly significant reduction (73 percent, P less than 0.001) in the isoproterenol-induced increase in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt). An intrinsic negative inotropic effect was shown by a 43 percent reduction (P less than 0.05) in the response of mean left ventricular dP/dt when the heart rate was fixed by atrial pacing alone. With the combination of atrial pacing and isoproterenol, metoprolol produced a 48 percent reduction (P less than 0.01) in the response of mean left ventricular dP/dt, resulting from both the intrinsic depressor effect and the beta adrenergic blocking effect on the rate-independent beta agonist activity of isoproterenol. There was no significant change in right atrial, femoral arterial or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; analysis of left ventricular angiograms performed during atrial pacing before and after metoprolol revealed no significant effect on angiographic ejection fraction, pressure-volume loops or diastolic compliance. In two patients improvement in segmental wall motion was noted, and no deterioration was seen in any patient. Metoprolol is an effective cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent that, under these conditions, reduces catecholamine-induced increases in heart rate and left ventricular dP/dt without significant alteration in ejection fraction, preload or afterload.", "PMID": 495515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2499", "title": "Selective coronary arteriography in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Three cases of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in adults who underwent selective coronary arteriography are presented. The morphologic features of the epicardial coronary anatomy are distinctive and are identifiable angiographically as morphologically right and left coronary arteries that are specifically concordant with the morphologically right and left ventricles. This relation is constant in the presented cases, in previously published coronary arteriograms of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and in a review of the anatomic studies of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries that identify the coronary arterial pattern. Thus the angiographic characteristics of the epicardial coronary arterial pattern permit identification of the morphologic features of the underlying ventricle regardless of other spatial relations.", "contents": "Selective coronary arteriography in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Three cases of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in adults who underwent selective coronary arteriography are presented. The morphologic features of the epicardial coronary anatomy are distinctive and are identifiable angiographically as morphologically right and left coronary arteries that are specifically concordant with the morphologically right and left ventricles. This relation is constant in the presented cases, in previously published coronary arteriograms of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and in a review of the anatomic studies of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries that identify the coronary arterial pattern. Thus the angiographic characteristics of the epicardial coronary arterial pattern permit identification of the morphologic features of the underlying ventricle regardless of other spatial relations.", "PMID": 495516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2500", "title": "Two dimensional echocardiography in differentiating right atrial and tricuspid valve mass lesions.", "content": "Atrial myxoma has been diagnosed on the basis of a characteristic M mode echocardiographic pattern of a mass of echoes appearing, with a lag phase, beneath the anterior leaflet of the mitral or tricuspid valve in diastole. However, this pattern is not specific for an atrial tumor. Two patients are described with tricuspid leaflet endocarditic vegetations whose M mode echocardiograms were strikingly similar to the M mode tracing from a patient with a large right atrial myxoma. In a fourth patient, artifact, resulting from the failure of lateral resolution of the atrial wall, was also capable of producing a mass of echoes appearing, with a lag phase, beneath the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet in diastole. In each patient, two dimensional echocardiography confirmed the presence or absence of a right-sided mass lesion and defined more precisely the location of the echocardiographic density relative to the right atrium and tricuspid valve. Because two dimensional echocardiography is capable of detecting anatomic relations in two distance dimensions and of visualizing movement of intracardiac structures relative to one another in real time, it can play an important role in the identification and differential diagnosis of intracardiac mass lesions.", "contents": "Two dimensional echocardiography in differentiating right atrial and tricuspid valve mass lesions. Atrial myxoma has been diagnosed on the basis of a characteristic M mode echocardiographic pattern of a mass of echoes appearing, with a lag phase, beneath the anterior leaflet of the mitral or tricuspid valve in diastole. However, this pattern is not specific for an atrial tumor. Two patients are described with tricuspid leaflet endocarditic vegetations whose M mode echocardiograms were strikingly similar to the M mode tracing from a patient with a large right atrial myxoma. In a fourth patient, artifact, resulting from the failure of lateral resolution of the atrial wall, was also capable of producing a mass of echoes appearing, with a lag phase, beneath the anterior tricuspid valve leaflet in diastole. In each patient, two dimensional echocardiography confirmed the presence or absence of a right-sided mass lesion and defined more precisely the location of the echocardiographic density relative to the right atrium and tricuspid valve. Because two dimensional echocardiography is capable of detecting anatomic relations in two distance dimensions and of visualizing movement of intracardiac structures relative to one another in real time, it can play an important role in the identification and differential diagnosis of intracardiac mass lesions.", "PMID": 495517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2501", "title": "Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man. I. Effects of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic acid-rich diet.", "content": "In this experiment the effect of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic acid-rich diet on serum cholesterol was tested. In a cross-over design 41 young healthy students received a linoleic acid-rich diet for 4 weeks at two levels of dietary cholesterol. The diet contained 14 to 15 energy% linoleic acid. The high cholesterol diet was obtained by adding two egg yolks a day to the rations. Supplementation of the linoleic acid-rich diet with the egg yolk cholesterol caused a significant rise of serum cholesterol of about 11 mg/100 ml (0.29 mmole/liter). The dietary cholesterol did not influence serum triglyceride levels. The influence on serum cholesterol was much less than expected, based on several predictive formulas. It is concluded that the presence of a high content of linoleic acid in the diet reduces the effect of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol if the cholesterol is provided as egg yolk.", "contents": "Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man. I. Effects of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic acid-rich diet. In this experiment the effect of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic acid-rich diet on serum cholesterol was tested. In a cross-over design 41 young healthy students received a linoleic acid-rich diet for 4 weeks at two levels of dietary cholesterol. The diet contained 14 to 15 energy% linoleic acid. The high cholesterol diet was obtained by adding two egg yolks a day to the rations. Supplementation of the linoleic acid-rich diet with the egg yolk cholesterol caused a significant rise of serum cholesterol of about 11 mg/100 ml (0.29 mmole/liter). The dietary cholesterol did not influence serum triglyceride levels. The influence on serum cholesterol was much less than expected, based on several predictive formulas. It is concluded that the presence of a high content of linoleic acid in the diet reduces the effect of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol if the cholesterol is provided as egg yolk.", "PMID": 495533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2502", "title": "Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man. III. The effect on serum cholesterol of removal of eggs from the diet of free-living habitually egg-eating people.", "content": "Forty-four healthy free living volunteers were used to study the effect of the removal of eggs from a habitual egg-rich diet. The subjects, recruited by advertising, normally consumed at least 1 egg per day. During the 3-week experimental period they were not allowed to eat any eggs or products containing large amounts of eggs, except cakes and tarts. Elimination of eggs from a habitual egg-rich diet did result in a small but significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels in all subjects. No correlation could be demonstrated between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the age of the subjects and between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the numbers of eggs eaten per week before the experimental period. A significant negative correlation was found between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the Qu\u00e9telet index for obesity and between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the serum cholesterol levels before the experimental period. The results indicate that a very variable response is present in a human population toward dietary cholesterol. More research seems to be necessary to describe and select the population of hyperresponders, the subjects who are more sensitive to changes in dietary cholesterol, and the hyporesponders. The results moreover indicate that effects of dietary changes in a free-living population are much smaller than can be accomplished in populations under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man. III. The effect on serum cholesterol of removal of eggs from the diet of free-living habitually egg-eating people. Forty-four healthy free living volunteers were used to study the effect of the removal of eggs from a habitual egg-rich diet. The subjects, recruited by advertising, normally consumed at least 1 egg per day. During the 3-week experimental period they were not allowed to eat any eggs or products containing large amounts of eggs, except cakes and tarts. Elimination of eggs from a habitual egg-rich diet did result in a small but significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels in all subjects. No correlation could be demonstrated between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the age of the subjects and between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the numbers of eggs eaten per week before the experimental period. A significant negative correlation was found between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the Qu\u00e9telet index for obesity and between changes in serum cholesterol levels and the serum cholesterol levels before the experimental period. The results indicate that a very variable response is present in a human population toward dietary cholesterol. More research seems to be necessary to describe and select the population of hyperresponders, the subjects who are more sensitive to changes in dietary cholesterol, and the hyporesponders. The results moreover indicate that effects of dietary changes in a free-living population are much smaller than can be accomplished in populations under controlled conditions.", "PMID": 495535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2503", "title": "Fatty acid composition of human adipose tissue from two anatomical sites in a biracial community.", "content": "This report describes the age-race specific distribution of fatty acids in samples of adipose tissue taken from both the perirenal and buttock areas of 406 men autopsied in a community pathology study. This analysis of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue is part of a comprehensive investigation of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in a community setting. The findings from analysis of fatty acids are expressed as mass percentage of all fatty acids in adipose tissue triglyceride. For each age-site subgroup, white men tended to have higher mean percentages of myristic acid and palmitoleic acid than did black men. The converse was found for stearic acid. In the younger age groups only, the whites showed a higher mean percentage of linoleic acid than the blacks in adipose tissue from both sites. Age was associated with a decrease in mean percentage of stearic acid and an increase in mean percentage of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid in both races. The older age group had a lower mean percentage of linoleic acid than the younger age groups. The mean percentages of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were higher in perirenal tissue, while the mean percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acids were higher in buttock adipose tissue in both races.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of human adipose tissue from two anatomical sites in a biracial community. This report describes the age-race specific distribution of fatty acids in samples of adipose tissue taken from both the perirenal and buttock areas of 406 men autopsied in a community pathology study. This analysis of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue is part of a comprehensive investigation of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in a community setting. The findings from analysis of fatty acids are expressed as mass percentage of all fatty acids in adipose tissue triglyceride. For each age-site subgroup, white men tended to have higher mean percentages of myristic acid and palmitoleic acid than did black men. The converse was found for stearic acid. In the younger age groups only, the whites showed a higher mean percentage of linoleic acid than the blacks in adipose tissue from both sites. Age was associated with a decrease in mean percentage of stearic acid and an increase in mean percentage of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid in both races. The older age group had a lower mean percentage of linoleic acid than the younger age groups. The mean percentages of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were higher in perirenal tissue, while the mean percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acids were higher in buttock adipose tissue in both races.", "PMID": 495536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2504", "title": "Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. II. Effect on fasting blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon and on insulin and glucose response to a sucrose load.", "content": "Ten men and nine women ages 35 to 55 consumed two diets for 6 weeks each in a cross-over design. The diets were composed of identical natural foods and 30% of the calories as either sucrose or wheat starch. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein supplied 43, 42, and 15% of the calories, respectively. Of the calories 10% was eaten at breakfast (7:00 to 8:30 AM) and 90% at dinner (4:30 to 6:30 PM). Inital body weights were essentially maintained. Fasting serum insulin and glucose levels were significantly higher with the sucrose than with the starch diet. The insulin response and the insulin:glucose ratios after a sucrose load (2 g/kg body weight) were greater after the subjects consumed the sucrose diet. Sucrose feeding produced increases in fasting serum insulin, the insulin:glucose ratio and the insulin response to a sucrose load that were of greater magnitude in a subgroup of nine subjects classified as potentially carbohydrate-sensitive than in normal subjects. Glucose response to a sucrose load and fasting serum glucagon did not differ significantly with diet. Fasting insulin and glucose showed significant increases as a function of time on diet. These results indicate that sucrose feeding produces undersirable changes in several of the parameters associated with glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. II. Effect on fasting blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon and on insulin and glucose response to a sucrose load. Ten men and nine women ages 35 to 55 consumed two diets for 6 weeks each in a cross-over design. The diets were composed of identical natural foods and 30% of the calories as either sucrose or wheat starch. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein supplied 43, 42, and 15% of the calories, respectively. Of the calories 10% was eaten at breakfast (7:00 to 8:30 AM) and 90% at dinner (4:30 to 6:30 PM). Inital body weights were essentially maintained. Fasting serum insulin and glucose levels were significantly higher with the sucrose than with the starch diet. The insulin response and the insulin:glucose ratios after a sucrose load (2 g/kg body weight) were greater after the subjects consumed the sucrose diet. Sucrose feeding produced increases in fasting serum insulin, the insulin:glucose ratio and the insulin response to a sucrose load that were of greater magnitude in a subgroup of nine subjects classified as potentially carbohydrate-sensitive than in normal subjects. Glucose response to a sucrose load and fasting serum glucagon did not differ significantly with diet. Fasting insulin and glucose showed significant increases as a function of time on diet. These results indicate that sucrose feeding produces undersirable changes in several of the parameters associated with glucose tolerance.", "PMID": 495537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2505", "title": "Changes in content and composition of brain phospholipids in malnourished children.", "content": "The content and composition of phospholipids were studied in the brain of children who died from severe malnutrition within the first 2 years of life, and compared with those obtained from well-nourished children who died of accidents, or of illnesses not known to affect the central nervous system. Each brain was separated into the constituent major parts--the forebrain, brain stem, and the cerebellum. With the exception of a few marasmic children under 1 year of age whose forebrain and cerebellum had higher phospholipid concentration than normal, the concentration of the lipids on dry weight basis in all brain regions of the malnourished children was the same, regardless of age, as that in the children who were normal nutritionally. However, the phospholipid:DNA ratio in the forebrain and the cerebellum of most of the malnourished children under 1 year of age was higher than normal. The brain stem of only a few malnourished children aged around 1 year also had higher phospholipid:DNA ratio than normal. Among the different phospholipids, sphingomyelin was found to be selectively decreased in each brain part of the malnourished children aged 1 year or more.", "contents": "Changes in content and composition of brain phospholipids in malnourished children. The content and composition of phospholipids were studied in the brain of children who died from severe malnutrition within the first 2 years of life, and compared with those obtained from well-nourished children who died of accidents, or of illnesses not known to affect the central nervous system. Each brain was separated into the constituent major parts--the forebrain, brain stem, and the cerebellum. With the exception of a few marasmic children under 1 year of age whose forebrain and cerebellum had higher phospholipid concentration than normal, the concentration of the lipids on dry weight basis in all brain regions of the malnourished children was the same, regardless of age, as that in the children who were normal nutritionally. However, the phospholipid:DNA ratio in the forebrain and the cerebellum of most of the malnourished children under 1 year of age was higher than normal. The brain stem of only a few malnourished children aged around 1 year also had higher phospholipid:DNA ratio than normal. Among the different phospholipids, sphingomyelin was found to be selectively decreased in each brain part of the malnourished children aged 1 year or more.", "PMID": 495539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2506", "title": "Penicillin pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor.", "content": "Intravenous penicillin kinetics have been studied in eight children with kwashiorkor on admission to hospital and when rehabilitated. A 75% increase in penicillin clearance was observed with recovery, associated with a fall in half-life; this was probably due to an improvement of both renal plasma flow and tubular function. The present observations and those of other authors working in this area are discussed and an approach to drug dosage of renally excreted drugs in kwashiorkor has been proposed.", "contents": "Penicillin pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor. Intravenous penicillin kinetics have been studied in eight children with kwashiorkor on admission to hospital and when rehabilitated. A 75% increase in penicillin clearance was observed with recovery, associated with a fall in half-life; this was probably due to an improvement of both renal plasma flow and tubular function. The present observations and those of other authors working in this area are discussed and an approach to drug dosage of renally excreted drugs in kwashiorkor has been proposed.", "PMID": 495540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2507", "title": "Thiamin requirement of the adult human.", "content": "Young adult male subjects maintained on a metabolic ward were fed diets providing controlled intakes of thiamin and either 2800 or 3600 kcal. The higher level of calories was attained by an increased intake of carbohydrates. Constant weights were maintained by the subjects by adjusting daily activity and exercise schedules. Thiamin requirements were evaluated in terms of erythrocyte transketolase activity and urinary excretion of the vitamin. The results of the study revealed that a relationship exists between thiamin requirement and caloric intake and expenditure. Thus, when the calories being utilized were derived primarily from carbohydrate sources, the minimum adult male requirement for thiamin appeared to be 0.30 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal. Urinary excretion of thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase activity appear to be reasonably reliable reflections of thiamin intakes and thiamin nutritional status. The use of these measurements in nutrition surveys appears justified. The microbiological assay (Lactobacillus viridescens) for measuring thiamin levels in urine samples appears to be a somewhat more sensitive but valid procedure as an alternate for the thiochrome method. Judged from the results of this study, the recommended intake for the adult human of 0.40 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal by FAO/WHO and the recommended allowance of 0.5 mg per 1000 kcal by the Food and Nutrition Board of the NAS-NRC appear reasonable and amply allow for biological variations and other factors that may influence the requirement for this vitamin.", "contents": "Thiamin requirement of the adult human. Young adult male subjects maintained on a metabolic ward were fed diets providing controlled intakes of thiamin and either 2800 or 3600 kcal. The higher level of calories was attained by an increased intake of carbohydrates. Constant weights were maintained by the subjects by adjusting daily activity and exercise schedules. Thiamin requirements were evaluated in terms of erythrocyte transketolase activity and urinary excretion of the vitamin. The results of the study revealed that a relationship exists between thiamin requirement and caloric intake and expenditure. Thus, when the calories being utilized were derived primarily from carbohydrate sources, the minimum adult male requirement for thiamin appeared to be 0.30 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal. Urinary excretion of thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase activity appear to be reasonably reliable reflections of thiamin intakes and thiamin nutritional status. The use of these measurements in nutrition surveys appears justified. The microbiological assay (Lactobacillus viridescens) for measuring thiamin levels in urine samples appears to be a somewhat more sensitive but valid procedure as an alternate for the thiochrome method. Judged from the results of this study, the recommended intake for the adult human of 0.40 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal by FAO/WHO and the recommended allowance of 0.5 mg per 1000 kcal by the Food and Nutrition Board of the NAS-NRC appear reasonable and amply allow for biological variations and other factors that may influence the requirement for this vitamin.", "PMID": 495541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2508", "title": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. I. Vitamin B6 intake, levels of the vitamin in biological fluids, and condition of the infant at birth.", "content": "Vitamin B6 nutriture was assessed during pregnancy and lactation to determine possible relationships among vitamin B6 intake, levels of the vitamin in biological fluids and the condition of the infant at birth. Vitamin B6 levels were measured in maternal serum and in urine at 5 and 7 months gestation and at delivery, in cord serum and in milk at 3 and 14 days postpartum. Intake of vitamin B6, less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (1974) for pregnancy and lactation, 2.5 mg/day, resulted in lower levels of the vitamin in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum than higher intakes. Mothers whose infants had unsatisfactory Apgar scores at 1 min, (less than 7) had significantly low intakes of vitamin B6 and lower levels of the vitamin in both serum and milk than mothers whose infants had satisfactory scores, (greater than or equal to 7). At 5 months gestation, levels of vitamin B6 in maternal serum were significantly correlated with levels of the vitamin in cord serum and in milk at 14 days postpartum. This stage of gestation precedes the period of rapid growth of the central nervous system of the fetus, and is, therefore, a critical time for the assessment of maternal vitamin B6 nutriture.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. I. Vitamin B6 intake, levels of the vitamin in biological fluids, and condition of the infant at birth. Vitamin B6 nutriture was assessed during pregnancy and lactation to determine possible relationships among vitamin B6 intake, levels of the vitamin in biological fluids and the condition of the infant at birth. Vitamin B6 levels were measured in maternal serum and in urine at 5 and 7 months gestation and at delivery, in cord serum and in milk at 3 and 14 days postpartum. Intake of vitamin B6, less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (1974) for pregnancy and lactation, 2.5 mg/day, resulted in lower levels of the vitamin in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum than higher intakes. Mothers whose infants had unsatisfactory Apgar scores at 1 min, (less than 7) had significantly low intakes of vitamin B6 and lower levels of the vitamin in both serum and milk than mothers whose infants had satisfactory scores, (greater than or equal to 7). At 5 months gestation, levels of vitamin B6 in maternal serum were significantly correlated with levels of the vitamin in cord serum and in milk at 14 days postpartum. This stage of gestation precedes the period of rapid growth of the central nervous system of the fetus, and is, therefore, a critical time for the assessment of maternal vitamin B6 nutriture.", "PMID": 495542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2509", "title": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. II. The effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Vitamin B6 nutriture was assessed during pregnancy and lactation to determine whether previous use of oral contraceptive agents (OCA) resulted in reduced reserves of the vitamin. Vitamin B6 levels were measured in maternal serum and urine at 5 and 7 months gestation and at delivery, in cord serum and in milk at 3 and 14 days postpartum. Long-term use of OCA (greater than 30 months) resulted in low levels of vitamin B6 in maternal serum at 5 months gestation and at delivery and in milk compared with values for short-term (1 to 30 months) and nonusers of OCA. Levels of vitamin B6 were also lower in the cord serum of long-term users of OCA as compared to nonusers.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. II. The effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives. Vitamin B6 nutriture was assessed during pregnancy and lactation to determine whether previous use of oral contraceptive agents (OCA) resulted in reduced reserves of the vitamin. Vitamin B6 levels were measured in maternal serum and urine at 5 and 7 months gestation and at delivery, in cord serum and in milk at 3 and 14 days postpartum. Long-term use of OCA (greater than 30 months) resulted in low levels of vitamin B6 in maternal serum at 5 months gestation and at delivery and in milk compared with values for short-term (1 to 30 months) and nonusers of OCA. Levels of vitamin B6 were also lower in the cord serum of long-term users of OCA as compared to nonusers.", "PMID": 495543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2510", "title": "Leukocyte hexose monophosphate shunt activity during phagocytosis in vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies.", "content": "Little information exists about leukocytic function in megaloblastic anemia. A report of abnormal hexose monophosphate shunt and phagocytic activity only in vitamin B12 deficiency and not in folate deficiency prompted us to examine latex-stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the two conditions. Only two of our five patients with pernicious anemia demonstrated defective activation, while one of the two folate-deficient patients also had this defect. These findings clearly indicate that hexose monophosphate shunt activity is neither consistently impaired in vitamin B12 deficiency nor consistently unaffected in folate deficiency.", "contents": "Leukocyte hexose monophosphate shunt activity during phagocytosis in vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies. Little information exists about leukocytic function in megaloblastic anemia. A report of abnormal hexose monophosphate shunt and phagocytic activity only in vitamin B12 deficiency and not in folate deficiency prompted us to examine latex-stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the two conditions. Only two of our five patients with pernicious anemia demonstrated defective activation, while one of the two folate-deficient patients also had this defect. These findings clearly indicate that hexose monophosphate shunt activity is neither consistently impaired in vitamin B12 deficiency nor consistently unaffected in folate deficiency.", "PMID": 495544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2511", "title": "Relationship between age and vitamin E level in epileptic and normal children.", "content": "Plasma vitamin E was assayed in 100 children on anticonvulsants either singly or in combination. Their plasma vitamin E levels were lower than in 100 apparently normal children. The age range of the children was between 2 and 12 years. The plasma vitamin E levels of the control children were lower than published values for adults. In the normal course of development, vitamin E levels increase with age but this developmental pattern does not occur in groups of epileptic children, and this may be related to the metabolic effects of drug therapy in epilepsy.", "contents": "Relationship between age and vitamin E level in epileptic and normal children. Plasma vitamin E was assayed in 100 children on anticonvulsants either singly or in combination. Their plasma vitamin E levels were lower than in 100 apparently normal children. The age range of the children was between 2 and 12 years. The plasma vitamin E levels of the control children were lower than published values for adults. In the normal course of development, vitamin E levels increase with age but this developmental pattern does not occur in groups of epileptic children, and this may be related to the metabolic effects of drug therapy in epilepsy.", "PMID": 495545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2512", "title": "Nutritional manipulations and tumor growth. I. The effects of starvation.", "content": "The effects of starvation on tumor and host growth were studied in growing male Fischer rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. Tumor growth was evaluated by changes in weight, volume, and incorporation of tritiated methyl thymidine into tumor DNA, (dpm/microgram DNA). Host growth was followed by changes in total body weight, carcass weight, and dpm/microgram liver DNA. All periods of starvation (24 to 96 hr) caused significant decreases in host body and carcass weight and dpm/microgram liver DNA. Changes in tumor weight and tumor volume in fed and starved animals were equal. Tumor dpm/microgram DNA in starved animals increased (P less than 0.005) relative to fed controls at 48, 72, and 96 hr starvation intervals. Starvation allows continued tumor growth while host wasting occurs, and is accompanied by increased tumor dpm/microgram DNA in this system.", "contents": "Nutritional manipulations and tumor growth. I. The effects of starvation. The effects of starvation on tumor and host growth were studied in growing male Fischer rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. Tumor growth was evaluated by changes in weight, volume, and incorporation of tritiated methyl thymidine into tumor DNA, (dpm/microgram DNA). Host growth was followed by changes in total body weight, carcass weight, and dpm/microgram liver DNA. All periods of starvation (24 to 96 hr) caused significant decreases in host body and carcass weight and dpm/microgram liver DNA. Changes in tumor weight and tumor volume in fed and starved animals were equal. Tumor dpm/microgram DNA in starved animals increased (P less than 0.005) relative to fed controls at 48, 72, and 96 hr starvation intervals. Starvation allows continued tumor growth while host wasting occurs, and is accompanied by increased tumor dpm/microgram DNA in this system.", "PMID": 495546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2513", "title": "Relationship between hemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation in iron-sufficient infants.", "content": "Ten groups of healthy infants and children from 2 months to 15 years of age were studied, each consisting of 98 to 238 subjects. In young infants whose serum ferritin values indicated ample storage iron, the concentration of hemoglobin was found to bear a significant relationship to the degree of iron saturation of transferrin. This phenomenon was evident throughout the range of transferrin saturation until 1 year of age but became undetectable or less significant from 2 to 15 years of age. We postulate that the production of hemoglobin could be influenced through a broader range of transferrin saturation in rapidly growing infants than in the older child or adult.", "contents": "Relationship between hemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation in iron-sufficient infants. Ten groups of healthy infants and children from 2 months to 15 years of age were studied, each consisting of 98 to 238 subjects. In young infants whose serum ferritin values indicated ample storage iron, the concentration of hemoglobin was found to bear a significant relationship to the degree of iron saturation of transferrin. This phenomenon was evident throughout the range of transferrin saturation until 1 year of age but became undetectable or less significant from 2 to 15 years of age. We postulate that the production of hemoglobin could be influenced through a broader range of transferrin saturation in rapidly growing infants than in the older child or adult.", "PMID": 495547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2514", "title": "Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk.", "content": "Thirty-eight lactating women, from 1 to 31 months postpartum, provided monthly milk samples for determination of calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, and zinc. Subjects remained in the study an average of 4 consecutive months, with a maximum participation of 9 months. Subject variation accounted for the majority of variance in the raw data. After statistically controlling subject effect, copper, iron, and zinc levels were shown to be significantly related to duration of lactation. Prediction equations for these three minerals were developed, making it possible to calculate, on an individual basis, the copper, iron, and zinc levels of milk to be produced in future months. Data were also collected to determine possible correlations between breast milk mineral levels and the maternal dietary intake, serum levels, or hair concentration of these same minerals. No significant correlation was found between the milk mineral content and any of the three parameters under study.", "contents": "Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk. Thirty-eight lactating women, from 1 to 31 months postpartum, provided monthly milk samples for determination of calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, and zinc. Subjects remained in the study an average of 4 consecutive months, with a maximum participation of 9 months. Subject variation accounted for the majority of variance in the raw data. After statistically controlling subject effect, copper, iron, and zinc levels were shown to be significantly related to duration of lactation. Prediction equations for these three minerals were developed, making it possible to calculate, on an individual basis, the copper, iron, and zinc levels of milk to be produced in future months. Data were also collected to determine possible correlations between breast milk mineral levels and the maternal dietary intake, serum levels, or hair concentration of these same minerals. No significant correlation was found between the milk mineral content and any of the three parameters under study.", "PMID": 495548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2515", "title": "Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects. III. Zinc, copper, and phosphorus balances.", "content": "Intakes and excretions of zinc, copper, and phosphorus were determined for 12 men when they consumed a diet low in fiber and when they consumed a diet containing fiber from fruits and vegetables (high-fiber diet). All subjects consumed both diets for 26 days each. The low-fiber diet was supplemented with copper so that it was equivalent to the high-fiber diet in this respect. Mean daily intakes on the low- and high-fiber diets, respectively, were: zinc, 13.2 and 12.6 mg; copper, 1.8 and 1.6 mg; phosphorus, 1.639 and 1.690 g. Mean daily balances on the low- and high-fiber diets, respectively, were: zinc, +3.5 and -0.9 mg; copper, +0.2 and -0.4 mg; phosphorus, +0.361 and +0.292 g. Zinc and copper balances differed significantly on the two diets (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively, but phosphorus balances did not. The fiber supplied by the fruits and vegetables contained more lignin and cellulose and less hemicellulose than would an equivalent amount of fiber from bran. The bran would supply more magnesium, zinc, and copper than this particular diet containing fruits and vegetables.", "contents": "Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects. III. Zinc, copper, and phosphorus balances. Intakes and excretions of zinc, copper, and phosphorus were determined for 12 men when they consumed a diet low in fiber and when they consumed a diet containing fiber from fruits and vegetables (high-fiber diet). All subjects consumed both diets for 26 days each. The low-fiber diet was supplemented with copper so that it was equivalent to the high-fiber diet in this respect. Mean daily intakes on the low- and high-fiber diets, respectively, were: zinc, 13.2 and 12.6 mg; copper, 1.8 and 1.6 mg; phosphorus, 1.639 and 1.690 g. Mean daily balances on the low- and high-fiber diets, respectively, were: zinc, +3.5 and -0.9 mg; copper, +0.2 and -0.4 mg; phosphorus, +0.361 and +0.292 g. Zinc and copper balances differed significantly on the two diets (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively, but phosphorus balances did not. The fiber supplied by the fruits and vegetables contained more lignin and cellulose and less hemicellulose than would an equivalent amount of fiber from bran. The bran would supply more magnesium, zinc, and copper than this particular diet containing fruits and vegetables.", "PMID": 495549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2516", "title": "High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effects of high-carbohydrate, high plant fiber (HCF) diets on glucose and lipid metabolism of 20 lean men receiving insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus were evaluated on a metabolic ward. All men received control diets for an average of 7 days followed by HCF diets for an average of 16 days. Diets were designed to be weight-maintaining and there were no significant alterations in body weight. The daily dose of insulin was lower for each patient on the HCF diet than on the control diet. The average insulin dose was reduced from 26 +/- 3 units/day (mean +/- SEM) on the control diets to 11 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) on the HCF diets. On the HCF diets, insulin therapy could be discontinued in nine patients receiving 15 to 20 units/day and in two patients receiving 32 units/day. Fasting and 3-hr postprandial plasma glucose values were lower in most patients on the HCF diets than on the control diets despite lower insulin doses. Serum cholesterol values dropped from 206 +/- 10 mg/dl on the control diets to 147 +/- 5 (P less than 0.001) on the HCF diet; average fasting serum triglyceride values were not significantly altered on the HCF diets. These studies suggest that HCF diets may be the dietary therapy of choice for certain patients with the maturity-onset type of diabetes.", "contents": "High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. The effects of high-carbohydrate, high plant fiber (HCF) diets on glucose and lipid metabolism of 20 lean men receiving insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus were evaluated on a metabolic ward. All men received control diets for an average of 7 days followed by HCF diets for an average of 16 days. Diets were designed to be weight-maintaining and there were no significant alterations in body weight. The daily dose of insulin was lower for each patient on the HCF diet than on the control diet. The average insulin dose was reduced from 26 +/- 3 units/day (mean +/- SEM) on the control diets to 11 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) on the HCF diets. On the HCF diets, insulin therapy could be discontinued in nine patients receiving 15 to 20 units/day and in two patients receiving 32 units/day. Fasting and 3-hr postprandial plasma glucose values were lower in most patients on the HCF diets than on the control diets despite lower insulin doses. Serum cholesterol values dropped from 206 +/- 10 mg/dl on the control diets to 147 +/- 5 (P less than 0.001) on the HCF diet; average fasting serum triglyceride values were not significantly altered on the HCF diets. These studies suggest that HCF diets may be the dietary therapy of choice for certain patients with the maturity-onset type of diabetes.", "PMID": 495550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2517", "title": "Comparison of anthropometric measures of nutritional status in preschool children in five developing countries.", "content": "Weight, height, and arm circumference were measured in 7304 children 1 to 5 years old in Columbia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, India, and Pakistan. Previously developed indices using these measures were applied to assess nutritional status, and the agreement between measures was compared. Weight for age and height for age deficits increased with age while weight for height deficits diminished. Many children diagnosed as mildly malnourished by weight for age were found to have normal weights for their actual heights. Deviations from weight for age norms were frequently due to height limitations. Highest positive correlation was found between weight and height, and between weight for age and height for age. Good agreement in malnutrition diagnoses was found between a weight for height limit of 90% of standard and a weight for age limit of 75% of standard. A cut-off point of 80% of standard weight for height was too low to detect most malnourished children. An age-constant arm circumference limit of 13.5 cm identified nearly all children with severe or acute malnutrition by weight for age or weight for height.", "contents": "Comparison of anthropometric measures of nutritional status in preschool children in five developing countries. Weight, height, and arm circumference were measured in 7304 children 1 to 5 years old in Columbia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, India, and Pakistan. Previously developed indices using these measures were applied to assess nutritional status, and the agreement between measures was compared. Weight for age and height for age deficits increased with age while weight for height deficits diminished. Many children diagnosed as mildly malnourished by weight for age were found to have normal weights for their actual heights. Deviations from weight for age norms were frequently due to height limitations. Highest positive correlation was found between weight and height, and between weight for age and height for age. Good agreement in malnutrition diagnoses was found between a weight for height limit of 90% of standard and a weight for age limit of 75% of standard. A cut-off point of 80% of standard weight for height was too low to detect most malnourished children. An age-constant arm circumference limit of 13.5 cm identified nearly all children with severe or acute malnutrition by weight for age or weight for height.", "PMID": 495551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2518", "title": "Folacin and iron status and hematological findings in predominately black elderly persons from urban low-income households.", "content": "The folacin and iron status and hemotological parameters of 193 persons 60 years of age and older from urban low-income households were evaluated. Of the serum folacin values 30% were between 3 and 6 ng/ml and 8% were below 3 ng/ml. Of these subjects 60% could be classified as \"high risk\" (less than 140 ng/ml) and 11% as \"medium risk\" (140 to 160 ng/ml) based on red blood cell folacin concentrations. Serum iron was normal (greater than 50 micrograms/dl) for all subjects as was transferrin saturation (greater than 15%). Hematological indices showed a 14% incidence of anemia (hemaglobin less than 12 g/dl), and 32% incidence of leukopenia (leukocytes less than 4.8 X 10(3)). These findings demonstrate widespread folacin deficiency and no evidence of iron deficiency in these elderly people.", "contents": "Folacin and iron status and hematological findings in predominately black elderly persons from urban low-income households. The folacin and iron status and hemotological parameters of 193 persons 60 years of age and older from urban low-income households were evaluated. Of the serum folacin values 30% were between 3 and 6 ng/ml and 8% were below 3 ng/ml. Of these subjects 60% could be classified as \"high risk\" (less than 140 ng/ml) and 11% as \"medium risk\" (140 to 160 ng/ml) based on red blood cell folacin concentrations. Serum iron was normal (greater than 50 micrograms/dl) for all subjects as was transferrin saturation (greater than 15%). Hematological indices showed a 14% incidence of anemia (hemaglobin less than 12 g/dl), and 32% incidence of leukopenia (leukocytes less than 4.8 X 10(3)). These findings demonstrate widespread folacin deficiency and no evidence of iron deficiency in these elderly people.", "PMID": 495552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2519", "title": "A method for the detection and assay of iron stable isotope tracers in blood serum.", "content": "Methodology for use of stable isotopes of iron (54Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe) as biological tracers was developed. Tracers were quantitated by measurement of ion abundances with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The volatility of the iron was enhanced by chelation with 2,4-pentanedione prior to analysis. Samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer via a direct inlet probe. Ion abundance ratios were calculated from integrated ion current measurements obtained for selected ions in the two-ligand fragment of the chelate. Stable isotope tracer concentrations were calculated from these ratios. A prodecure was developed for the formation and purification of serum iron chelates. The method was used to analyze iron standards and blood serum samples containing known amounts of added 58Fe. The disappearance from pony serum of injected 58Fe was used as an in vivo test of the method. It was estimated that a minimum of 1.5 mg of either 54Fe, 57Fe, or 58Fe would be required to label 1 g of natural iron at detectable levels. The methods has promise as an alternative to radioisotope tracer techniques for some applications involving human subjects.", "contents": "A method for the detection and assay of iron stable isotope tracers in blood serum. Methodology for use of stable isotopes of iron (54Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe) as biological tracers was developed. Tracers were quantitated by measurement of ion abundances with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The volatility of the iron was enhanced by chelation with 2,4-pentanedione prior to analysis. Samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer via a direct inlet probe. Ion abundance ratios were calculated from integrated ion current measurements obtained for selected ions in the two-ligand fragment of the chelate. Stable isotope tracer concentrations were calculated from these ratios. A prodecure was developed for the formation and purification of serum iron chelates. The method was used to analyze iron standards and blood serum samples containing known amounts of added 58Fe. The disappearance from pony serum of injected 58Fe was used as an in vivo test of the method. It was estimated that a minimum of 1.5 mg of either 54Fe, 57Fe, or 58Fe would be required to label 1 g of natural iron at detectable levels. The methods has promise as an alternative to radioisotope tracer techniques for some applications involving human subjects.", "PMID": 495553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2520", "title": "Nutritive value of brown and black beans for infants and small children.", "content": "A precooked, instantized mixture of brown and black beans, with and without 0.3% DL-methione added, served as the only source of protein in the diets of 10 recovered malnourished infants and children 10 to 42 months of age. At 6.4 to 5.7% dietary protein calories stool wet weights were twice as high, apparent N absorption significantly lower (65.6 +/- 5.9 versus 87.5 +/- 2.3% of intake), and apparent N retention much lower (9.8 +/- 6.1 versus 34.5 +/- 10.2% of intake) than during preceding and following isocaloric and isonitrogenous casein-based diets. The addition of methionine resulted in minimal improvement in N retention and a highly suggestive increase in fasting plasma free methionine. Prolonged feeding of the methionine-enriched beans at 8.0 to 10.9% protein calories supported satisfactory growth and serum albumin levels in two of three children, not so in the smallest one, in whom repeated balance studies demonstrated no decrease over time in stool wet weight and on marginal improvement in N absorption and retention. The poor digestibility of the protein in these beans is the first-limiting factor in its utilization by infants and small children.", "contents": "Nutritive value of brown and black beans for infants and small children. A precooked, instantized mixture of brown and black beans, with and without 0.3% DL-methione added, served as the only source of protein in the diets of 10 recovered malnourished infants and children 10 to 42 months of age. At 6.4 to 5.7% dietary protein calories stool wet weights were twice as high, apparent N absorption significantly lower (65.6 +/- 5.9 versus 87.5 +/- 2.3% of intake), and apparent N retention much lower (9.8 +/- 6.1 versus 34.5 +/- 10.2% of intake) than during preceding and following isocaloric and isonitrogenous casein-based diets. The addition of methionine resulted in minimal improvement in N retention and a highly suggestive increase in fasting plasma free methionine. Prolonged feeding of the methionine-enriched beans at 8.0 to 10.9% protein calories supported satisfactory growth and serum albumin levels in two of three children, not so in the smallest one, in whom repeated balance studies demonstrated no decrease over time in stool wet weight and on marginal improvement in N absorption and retention. The poor digestibility of the protein in these beans is the first-limiting factor in its utilization by infants and small children.", "PMID": 495554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2521", "title": "Nuclear DNA and histologic studies of genital lesions in diethylstilbestrol-exposed progeny. II. Intraepithelial glandular abnormalities.", "content": "This study has analyzed the nuclear DNA content of intraepithelial glandular lesions in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed offspring. The endocervical cells and endometrial-tubal cells present in the vaginal adenosis and pericervical collars had a euploid distribution. However, greater proliferative activity was found among the endometrial-tubal cells. In the cells of vaginal adenosis of a postpartum woman without a confirmed history of maternal exposure to DES, a polyploid pattern was found, indicating that endometrial-tubal cells underwent hyperplastic changes under the influence of hormonal stimulation. In an atypical adenosis derived from endometrial-tubal cells, an aneuploid pattern was found. Based on these findings, it is suggested that endometrial-tubal cells have a greater proliferative potential than endocervical cells.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA and histologic studies of genital lesions in diethylstilbestrol-exposed progeny. II. Intraepithelial glandular abnormalities. This study has analyzed the nuclear DNA content of intraepithelial glandular lesions in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed offspring. The endocervical cells and endometrial-tubal cells present in the vaginal adenosis and pericervical collars had a euploid distribution. However, greater proliferative activity was found among the endometrial-tubal cells. In the cells of vaginal adenosis of a postpartum woman without a confirmed history of maternal exposure to DES, a polyploid pattern was found, indicating that endometrial-tubal cells underwent hyperplastic changes under the influence of hormonal stimulation. In an atypical adenosis derived from endometrial-tubal cells, an aneuploid pattern was found. Based on these findings, it is suggested that endometrial-tubal cells have a greater proliferative potential than endocervical cells.", "PMID": 495556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2522", "title": "Myxoid liposarcoma. An ultrastructural study of two cases.", "content": "Two cases in which myxoid liposarcomas were examined by use of light and electron microscopy are presented. The relationship of this tumor to the development of normal adipose tissue is discussed. Most of the ultrastructural features were identical to those of developing white adipose tissue. Features not typical of developing white adipose tissue, such as congeries of 60-Angstrom filaments and large masses of glycogen, are also illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "Myxoid liposarcoma. An ultrastructural study of two cases. Two cases in which myxoid liposarcomas were examined by use of light and electron microscopy are presented. The relationship of this tumor to the development of normal adipose tissue is discussed. Most of the ultrastructural features were identical to those of developing white adipose tissue. Features not typical of developing white adipose tissue, such as congeries of 60-Angstrom filaments and large masses of glycogen, are also illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 495557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2523", "title": "Epithelial foot-process effacement in patients with proteinuria.", "content": "In an effort to determine the pattern of foot-process effacement or \"fusion\" in proteinuria, quantitative measurements were performed on human tissue from patients with urinary protein excretion exceeding 0.5 g/d. Serial electronmicrographs were analyzed and the results related to both quantitative urinary protein and underlying disease. Although foot-process effacement was widespread, it was never universal. Some portions of glomeruli were morphologically normal in every case. The proportion of effaced foot processes did not vary directly with the level of urinary protein. With the possible exception of focal glomerulosclerosis, the primary disease did not appear to influence the amount of effacement.", "contents": "Epithelial foot-process effacement in patients with proteinuria. In an effort to determine the pattern of foot-process effacement or \"fusion\" in proteinuria, quantitative measurements were performed on human tissue from patients with urinary protein excretion exceeding 0.5 g/d. Serial electronmicrographs were analyzed and the results related to both quantitative urinary protein and underlying disease. Although foot-process effacement was widespread, it was never universal. Some portions of glomeruli were morphologically normal in every case. The proportion of effaced foot processes did not vary directly with the level of urinary protein. With the possible exception of focal glomerulosclerosis, the primary disease did not appear to influence the amount of effacement.", "PMID": 495558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2524", "title": "Flow cytofluorimetry in routine diagnostic cytology. A pilot study.", "content": "A simple procedure for disrupting cell clumps may aid in the automation of gynecologic cytology by flow cytofluorimetry. Such a procedure, using enzymatic digestion and fluorescent staining, was applied to aliquots of 264 gynecologic exfoliative specimens. Results were compared with cytopathologic diagnoses. A fluorimetric criterion of hypertetraploidy was used to detect abnormality. One quarter of the specimens fulfilled this criterion, including 15 of 17 specimens rated cytologically as premalignant. Two thirds of the falsely abnormal results were attributable to aggregated microorganisms, glandular clumps, and pusbound clumps.", "contents": "Flow cytofluorimetry in routine diagnostic cytology. A pilot study. A simple procedure for disrupting cell clumps may aid in the automation of gynecologic cytology by flow cytofluorimetry. Such a procedure, using enzymatic digestion and fluorescent staining, was applied to aliquots of 264 gynecologic exfoliative specimens. Results were compared with cytopathologic diagnoses. A fluorimetric criterion of hypertetraploidy was used to detect abnormality. One quarter of the specimens fulfilled this criterion, including 15 of 17 specimens rated cytologically as premalignant. Two thirds of the falsely abnormal results were attributable to aggregated microorganisms, glandular clumps, and pusbound clumps.", "PMID": 495559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2525", "title": "Evaluation of a pectin agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica within 48 hours.", "content": "A modified pectin agar medium was evaluated for the rapid isolation and presumptive identification of Yersinia enterocolitica. Of 118 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae tested, only the 13Y. enterocolitica and the three Klebsiella oxytoca strains produced colonies that depressed and sank into the agar. Yersinia enterocolitica was also easily identified in mixed cultures, even from inocula containing three times as many other Enterobacteriaceae organisms as Y. enterocolitica. The recovery of Y. enterocolitica was evaluated on Mueller-Hinton, pectin, Hektoen enteric, xylose lysine desoxycholate, Salmonella-Shigella, and MacConkey agars. Compared with Mueller-Hinton agar, the pectin agar showed a 100% recovery of Y. enterocolitica, with all strains having depressed colonies, while the other media showed lesser recoveries of only 5 to 25%, with no other discriminating colonial characteristic.", "contents": "Evaluation of a pectin agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica within 48 hours. A modified pectin agar medium was evaluated for the rapid isolation and presumptive identification of Yersinia enterocolitica. Of 118 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae tested, only the 13Y. enterocolitica and the three Klebsiella oxytoca strains produced colonies that depressed and sank into the agar. Yersinia enterocolitica was also easily identified in mixed cultures, even from inocula containing three times as many other Enterobacteriaceae organisms as Y. enterocolitica. The recovery of Y. enterocolitica was evaluated on Mueller-Hinton, pectin, Hektoen enteric, xylose lysine desoxycholate, Salmonella-Shigella, and MacConkey agars. Compared with Mueller-Hinton agar, the pectin agar showed a 100% recovery of Y. enterocolitica, with all strains having depressed colonies, while the other media showed lesser recoveries of only 5 to 25%, with no other discriminating colonial characteristic.", "PMID": 495561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2526", "title": "Quality control of the latex-fixation test.", "content": "Standardization of the latex-fixation test for the detection of rheumatoid factor may be achieved by the preparation of a standard reference serum. A number of guidelines for the quality control of precision and sensitivity of the test are suggested. In the use of dilution procedures, a 0.1 log10 or a 0.05 log10 difference between tubes is employed. The end point is defined and titer expressed in terms of a final dilution represented by the amount of antigen-antibody added. For statistical purposes all serologic data are geometrically expressed. Commercial kits may be standardized in terms of minimum detectable units and normalized for titer and unit values to enable laboratories to compare results.", "contents": "Quality control of the latex-fixation test. Standardization of the latex-fixation test for the detection of rheumatoid factor may be achieved by the preparation of a standard reference serum. A number of guidelines for the quality control of precision and sensitivity of the test are suggested. In the use of dilution procedures, a 0.1 log10 or a 0.05 log10 difference between tubes is employed. The end point is defined and titer expressed in terms of a final dilution represented by the amount of antigen-antibody added. For statistical purposes all serologic data are geometrically expressed. Commercial kits may be standardized in terms of minimum detectable units and normalized for titer and unit values to enable laboratories to compare results.", "PMID": 495562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2527", "title": "Performance of latex-fixation kits used for serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera.", "content": "Ten latex-fixation kits (both slide and tube) were evaluated by use of a reference serum containing 250 IU of rheumatoid factor (Communicable Disease Center). All tests were performed with serial dilution of serum; adjacent tubes differed by a factor of 0.10 log10. Geometric titers, means, standard deviations, and variance analysis were used to evaluate commercial kits. Three levels of variance were applied: (1) 0.18 or less for intralaboratory variation when the same serum is tested with the same kit; (2) 0.18-0.35 when various lots or batches of the same serum were used; (3) 1.0 or less when various commercial kits were tested with the same serum. The sensitivity of each commercial kit was determined by assigning to it a value (the minimum detectable unit) arrived at by dividing the number of units in the standard by the titer obtained. The technic presented could be applicable to other serologic tests, and thus provide a general method for their standardization and quality control.", "contents": "Performance of latex-fixation kits used for serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera. Ten latex-fixation kits (both slide and tube) were evaluated by use of a reference serum containing 250 IU of rheumatoid factor (Communicable Disease Center). All tests were performed with serial dilution of serum; adjacent tubes differed by a factor of 0.10 log10. Geometric titers, means, standard deviations, and variance analysis were used to evaluate commercial kits. Three levels of variance were applied: (1) 0.18 or less for intralaboratory variation when the same serum is tested with the same kit; (2) 0.18-0.35 when various lots or batches of the same serum were used; (3) 1.0 or less when various commercial kits were tested with the same serum. The sensitivity of each commercial kit was determined by assigning to it a value (the minimum detectable unit) arrived at by dividing the number of units in the standard by the titer obtained. The technic presented could be applicable to other serologic tests, and thus provide a general method for their standardization and quality control.", "PMID": 495563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2528", "title": "An improved microchromatographic procedure for separating HbA2 from HbS for the purpose of quantitation.", "content": "A microchromatographic method for separating hemoglobin A2 from hemoglobin S and their subsequent quantitation on DEAE-cellulose has been improved. The new procedure is more versatile, since the same system can be used when hemoglobin S is present or absent in the sample without changing to a longer column or another buffer system. Also, the technic is less sensitive to small changes in pH of buffers or resin than are other procedures.", "contents": "An improved microchromatographic procedure for separating HbA2 from HbS for the purpose of quantitation. A microchromatographic method for separating hemoglobin A2 from hemoglobin S and their subsequent quantitation on DEAE-cellulose has been improved. The new procedure is more versatile, since the same system can be used when hemoglobin S is present or absent in the sample without changing to a longer column or another buffer system. Also, the technic is less sensitive to small changes in pH of buffers or resin than are other procedures.", "PMID": 495564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2529", "title": "Pitfalls in the interpretation of leukocyte counts of newborn infants.", "content": "Some pitfalls in the interpretation of neonatal leukocyte counts are identified. The well-known variability in neonatal leukocyte counts was investigated by simultaneously sampling arterial, venous and capillary blood, and during periods of rest and mild and violent exercise. Venous blood leukocyte counts were 82% +/- 3.5 (mean +/- SE, P = less than .001) of counts in simultaneously drawn capillary blood from heel punctures; arterial blood counts were 77% +/- 5.3 (P less than .001) of capillary blood values. Following violent crying, capillary blood leukocyte counts increased to 146% +/- 6.1 (P less than .001) of baseline values, and a shift to the left occurred. Milder exercise induced an increase to 113% +/- 5.2 (P less than .05), without a leftward shift. Thus, counts from different vascular sources cannot be considered equivalent. Also, counts from vigorously crying babies may show leukocytosis and a leftward shift, and erroneously suggest bacterial infection. It is recommended that serial counts be obtained from a consistent vascular source in resting babies.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the interpretation of leukocyte counts of newborn infants. Some pitfalls in the interpretation of neonatal leukocyte counts are identified. The well-known variability in neonatal leukocyte counts was investigated by simultaneously sampling arterial, venous and capillary blood, and during periods of rest and mild and violent exercise. Venous blood leukocyte counts were 82% +/- 3.5 (mean +/- SE, P = less than .001) of counts in simultaneously drawn capillary blood from heel punctures; arterial blood counts were 77% +/- 5.3 (P less than .001) of capillary blood values. Following violent crying, capillary blood leukocyte counts increased to 146% +/- 6.1 (P less than .001) of baseline values, and a shift to the left occurred. Milder exercise induced an increase to 113% +/- 5.2 (P less than .05), without a leftward shift. Thus, counts from different vascular sources cannot be considered equivalent. Also, counts from vigorously crying babies may show leukocytosis and a leftward shift, and erroneously suggest bacterial infection. It is recommended that serial counts be obtained from a consistent vascular source in resting babies.", "PMID": 495565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2530", "title": "Opportunistic fungal infection among cancer patients. A ten-year autopsy study.", "content": "A high incidence of opportunistic fungal infections among cancer patients has been a pressing problem confronting clinicians. The fungal infections in 3,278 consecutive autopsies at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital during a ten-year period (1966-1975) were studied. There were 1,204 (36.7%) cancer patients; 85 (7.1%) of these patients had concomitant fungal infections. The incidence was 9.3% during the last five-year period; 5.1% during the first five-year period. Candidiasis was the most frequent fungal infection (52.2%) among these patients, followed by aspergillosis (31.1%), mucormycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis and nocardiosis. The leukemias and lymphomas were the most frequent malignancies associated with fungal infections. However, in this study, unlike others, the incidences of fungal infection in patients with some solid tumors were also high, especially those in patients with cancers of the colon and pancreas.", "contents": "Opportunistic fungal infection among cancer patients. A ten-year autopsy study. A high incidence of opportunistic fungal infections among cancer patients has been a pressing problem confronting clinicians. The fungal infections in 3,278 consecutive autopsies at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital during a ten-year period (1966-1975) were studied. There were 1,204 (36.7%) cancer patients; 85 (7.1%) of these patients had concomitant fungal infections. The incidence was 9.3% during the last five-year period; 5.1% during the first five-year period. Candidiasis was the most frequent fungal infection (52.2%) among these patients, followed by aspergillosis (31.1%), mucormycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis and nocardiosis. The leukemias and lymphomas were the most frequent malignancies associated with fungal infections. However, in this study, unlike others, the incidences of fungal infection in patients with some solid tumors were also high, especially those in patients with cancers of the colon and pancreas.", "PMID": 495566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2531", "title": "An evaluation of two methods of laboratory quality control.", "content": "Two methods for quality control of automated blood counters have been compared: (1) monitoring results from patients' samples, and (2) analysis of results of a stable whole-blood control. The latter method proved better able to distinguish calibration changes from patient variation.", "contents": "An evaluation of two methods of laboratory quality control. Two methods for quality control of automated blood counters have been compared: (1) monitoring results from patients' samples, and (2) analysis of results of a stable whole-blood control. The latter method proved better able to distinguish calibration changes from patient variation.", "PMID": 495567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2532", "title": "Propylene glycol as a cause of an elevated serum osmolality.", "content": "Two severely burned patients experienced the onset of marked hyperosmolality during topical treatment with a cream containing silver sulfadiazine as an antimicrobial agent. Serum samples from both patients were studied for the presence of substances absorbed from the vehicle of the cream. Prophylene glycol, in concentrations which were high enough to account for the difference between calculated and measured osmolality, was demonstrated in the sera of these patients by gas chromatography.", "contents": "Propylene glycol as a cause of an elevated serum osmolality. Two severely burned patients experienced the onset of marked hyperosmolality during topical treatment with a cream containing silver sulfadiazine as an antimicrobial agent. Serum samples from both patients were studied for the presence of substances absorbed from the vehicle of the cream. Prophylene glycol, in concentrations which were high enough to account for the difference between calculated and measured osmolality, was demonstrated in the sera of these patients by gas chromatography.", "PMID": 495568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2533", "title": "Actinomycotic pulmonary abscess in an immunosuppressed patient.", "content": "The clinical history of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and bacteriologic findings from a pulmonary abscess occurring during prednisone therapy are presented. Direct transthoracic aspiration of the lesion yielded a pure culture of Actinomyces odontolyticus. This is believed to be the first case of a deep visceral infection with this organism, an inhabitant of the normal mouth and gums. Immunosuppression of the host probably played a role in establishment of the infection.", "contents": "Actinomycotic pulmonary abscess in an immunosuppressed patient. The clinical history of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and bacteriologic findings from a pulmonary abscess occurring during prednisone therapy are presented. Direct transthoracic aspiration of the lesion yielded a pure culture of Actinomyces odontolyticus. This is believed to be the first case of a deep visceral infection with this organism, an inhabitant of the normal mouth and gums. Immunosuppression of the host probably played a role in establishment of the infection.", "PMID": 495569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2534", "title": "Micronema deletrix meningoencephalitis in an adult man.", "content": "This is apparently the second report of a case of human meningoencephalitis caused by the nematode Micronema deletrix. The patient had severe granulomatous meningoencephalitis with numerous foci of hemorrhage and encephalomalacia. Numerous adult female and larval M. deletrix were in the brain. The organisms probably inhabit decaying organic material, but occasionally parasitize the kidney, nose, or central nervous system of the horse. In its parasitic form the nematode replicates parthenogenetically.", "contents": "Micronema deletrix meningoencephalitis in an adult man. This is apparently the second report of a case of human meningoencephalitis caused by the nematode Micronema deletrix. The patient had severe granulomatous meningoencephalitis with numerous foci of hemorrhage and encephalomalacia. Numerous adult female and larval M. deletrix were in the brain. The organisms probably inhabit decaying organic material, but occasionally parasitize the kidney, nose, or central nervous system of the horse. In its parasitic form the nematode replicates parthenogenetically.", "PMID": 495570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2535", "title": "The biology of the HL-A system and the association with malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Present knowledge of the HL-A system as it relates to lymphoproliferative disease is reviewed briefly. Preliminary results from a current study demonstrate an elevated frequency of Aw33 and depressed frequency of B17 associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-leukemia. In somewhat weaker association, Aw24 and Aw33 are elevated in follicular-center-cell lymphomas, while Bw44 is depressed. It is concluded that more specific subclassification of the lymphomas according to immunologic concepts may aid in correlating the disease with HL-A type as it has for Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The biology of the HL-A system and the association with malignant lymphomas. Present knowledge of the HL-A system as it relates to lymphoproliferative disease is reviewed briefly. Preliminary results from a current study demonstrate an elevated frequency of Aw33 and depressed frequency of B17 associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-leukemia. In somewhat weaker association, Aw24 and Aw33 are elevated in follicular-center-cell lymphomas, while Bw44 is depressed. It is concluded that more specific subclassification of the lymphomas according to immunologic concepts may aid in correlating the disease with HL-A type as it has for Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 495572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2536", "title": "Kinetic studies of cells in childhood leukemias.", "content": "A review of cell kinetic studies in acute childhood leukemia with a comparison of leukemic transformation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is presented in this paper. Leukemic cell populations have a longer cell cycle than their normal cell counterparts. The cell populations are comprised of proliferating and resting fractions and are capable of self-maintaining growth. Growth regulation is determined primarily by the size of the proliferating cell population or growth fraction. The growth fraction can vary as to site of disease, the clinical phase, following chemotherapeutic perturbation, and most importantly is related to the specific tumor cell type. Within a specific type of leukemia there is considerable variability of proliferative activity at time of diagnosis, but this variability bears no relationship to the subsequent clinical course. Those leukemias, such as the E rosette-positive form of lymphocytic leukemia characterized by rapid tumor growth and large tumor bulk, are also associated with tumor cell populations having larger growth fractions than standard lymphocytic leukemia. There is evidence for growth regulation of leukemic cell populations on systemic, regional, and, perhaps most importantly of all, intrinsic cell levels. It is this area of growth regulation for these tumor cell populations which currently needs the greatest research attention.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of cells in childhood leukemias. A review of cell kinetic studies in acute childhood leukemia with a comparison of leukemic transformation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is presented in this paper. Leukemic cell populations have a longer cell cycle than their normal cell counterparts. The cell populations are comprised of proliferating and resting fractions and are capable of self-maintaining growth. Growth regulation is determined primarily by the size of the proliferating cell population or growth fraction. The growth fraction can vary as to site of disease, the clinical phase, following chemotherapeutic perturbation, and most importantly is related to the specific tumor cell type. Within a specific type of leukemia there is considerable variability of proliferative activity at time of diagnosis, but this variability bears no relationship to the subsequent clinical course. Those leukemias, such as the E rosette-positive form of lymphocytic leukemia characterized by rapid tumor growth and large tumor bulk, are also associated with tumor cell populations having larger growth fractions than standard lymphocytic leukemia. There is evidence for growth regulation of leukemic cell populations on systemic, regional, and, perhaps most importantly of all, intrinsic cell levels. It is this area of growth regulation for these tumor cell populations which currently needs the greatest research attention.", "PMID": 495573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2537", "title": "A dynamic interpretation of multiparameter studies in the lymphomas.", "content": "A general approach to the analysis of cellular life cycle traverse patterns is described. This approach is exemplified in human lymphomas, using Coulter volume and DNA content measurements obtained by flow cytometry. Among the B-cell tumors the large-cell lymphomas generally show larger fractions of DNA-synthesizing cells and a higher degree of proliferative activity than the small B-cell lymphomas. Paired cell-by-cell measurements of Coulter volume and DNA content can be used to distinguish large aneuploid tumor cells from smaller diploid cells in mixed cell populations. The paired measurements can also be used to explore the kinetic properties of subpopulations within individual tumor samples. It can be shown that within individual lymphoma samples there are subpopulations of large cells that have greater proliferative activity than the small cells.", "contents": "A dynamic interpretation of multiparameter studies in the lymphomas. A general approach to the analysis of cellular life cycle traverse patterns is described. This approach is exemplified in human lymphomas, using Coulter volume and DNA content measurements obtained by flow cytometry. Among the B-cell tumors the large-cell lymphomas generally show larger fractions of DNA-synthesizing cells and a higher degree of proliferative activity than the small B-cell lymphomas. Paired cell-by-cell measurements of Coulter volume and DNA content can be used to distinguish large aneuploid tumor cells from smaller diploid cells in mixed cell populations. The paired measurements can also be used to explore the kinetic properties of subpopulations within individual tumor samples. It can be shown that within individual lymphoma samples there are subpopulations of large cells that have greater proliferative activity than the small cells.", "PMID": 495574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2538", "title": "The Primary Mental Health Project (PMHP): evaluation of current program effectiveness.", "content": "This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Primary Mental Project (PMHP), a program for early detection and prevention of school adjustment problems. Pre- and postprogram assessments were done with 215 primary-grade children seen in PMHP, usig teacher ratings of problem behaviors and competencies, and child-aide ratings of problems. School mental health professionals judged educational and behavioral changes in project children during the year. Significant across-the board improvements were found on all criterion measures. Modest intercorrelations among criterion change estimates suggested that the observed changes were due to program, rather than halo, effects. PMHP children also improved significantly more than matched, retrospective controls.", "contents": "The Primary Mental Health Project (PMHP): evaluation of current program effectiveness. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Primary Mental Project (PMHP), a program for early detection and prevention of school adjustment problems. Pre- and postprogram assessments were done with 215 primary-grade children seen in PMHP, usig teacher ratings of problem behaviors and competencies, and child-aide ratings of problems. School mental health professionals judged educational and behavioral changes in project children during the year. Significant across-the board improvements were found on all criterion measures. Modest intercorrelations among criterion change estimates suggested that the observed changes were due to program, rather than halo, effects. PMHP children also improved significantly more than matched, retrospective controls.", "PMID": 495575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2539", "title": "Unexpected consequences of deinstitutionalization of the mentally disabled elderly.", "content": "An unexpected consequence of the rapid deinstitutionalization of state mental hospital patients has been a sharp rise in posttransfer mortality among the elderly. Considerable evidence suggests that outcome is mediated by two factors. Elderly patients with certain characteristics - especially physical frailty and severe cognitive impairement - comprise a high-risk subgroup for whom relocation is likely to be fatal. Among other elderly persons, environmental, personality and personality-environment congruence are associated with posttransfer prognosis. The studies reviewed indicate that the therapeutic value of deinstitutionalization for mentally disabled elderly persons is problematic.", "contents": "Unexpected consequences of deinstitutionalization of the mentally disabled elderly. An unexpected consequence of the rapid deinstitutionalization of state mental hospital patients has been a sharp rise in posttransfer mortality among the elderly. Considerable evidence suggests that outcome is mediated by two factors. Elderly patients with certain characteristics - especially physical frailty and severe cognitive impairement - comprise a high-risk subgroup for whom relocation is likely to be fatal. Among other elderly persons, environmental, personality and personality-environment congruence are associated with posttransfer prognosis. The studies reviewed indicate that the therapeutic value of deinstitutionalization for mentally disabled elderly persons is problematic.", "PMID": 495576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2540", "title": "The extent, nature, and utility of evaluating consumer satisfaction in community mental health centers.", "content": "Evaluating consumer perceptions is a recent development in community mental health. The authors surveyed the 504 federally funded community mental health centers to discover the extent to which they assessed consumer satisfaction, the methods used to collect data, and the utility of the results. Of the 366 centers that responded, 48% had gathered consumer feedback in the previous 18 months, and most others planned to initiate such evaluations within a year. Methods of conducting the studies were extremely diverse. Respondents felt the results were useful and shared them primarily with agency personnel, rather than with outside funders, fellow agencies, or clients. The authors conclude that community mental health centers are evaluating consumer satisfaction more frequently than in the recent past, but this movement has not yet developed clear, standardized methods. Until evaluators consolidate their efforts this evaluation strategy will continue to have limited utility.", "contents": "The extent, nature, and utility of evaluating consumer satisfaction in community mental health centers. Evaluating consumer perceptions is a recent development in community mental health. The authors surveyed the 504 federally funded community mental health centers to discover the extent to which they assessed consumer satisfaction, the methods used to collect data, and the utility of the results. Of the 366 centers that responded, 48% had gathered consumer feedback in the previous 18 months, and most others planned to initiate such evaluations within a year. Methods of conducting the studies were extremely diverse. Respondents felt the results were useful and shared them primarily with agency personnel, rather than with outside funders, fellow agencies, or clients. The authors conclude that community mental health centers are evaluating consumer satisfaction more frequently than in the recent past, but this movement has not yet developed clear, standardized methods. Until evaluators consolidate their efforts this evaluation strategy will continue to have limited utility.", "PMID": 495577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2541", "title": "Transportation, stress, and community psychology.", "content": "Conditions of transportation were investigated as sources of psychological stress as they affect the physiology, task performance, and mood of commuters. Participants in the study were 100 employees of industrial firms. Traffic congestion was construed as a behavioral constraint in terms of the concept of impedance which is defined by the parameters of distance and time. It was expected that the effects of impedance would be mediated by personality factors, such as locus of control. Multivariate tests of the internal validity of the impedance factor were significant. However, significant main effects for impedance were obtained only for mood and residential adaptation. The predicted interactions of impedance with locus of control were obtained across task performance indices. In multiple regression analyses, the distance and speed of the commute to work were found to account for significant proportions of variation in blood pressure, while several indices of personal control had significant regression effects on the task measures. The implications of the results for research in community psychology are discussed.", "contents": "Transportation, stress, and community psychology. Conditions of transportation were investigated as sources of psychological stress as they affect the physiology, task performance, and mood of commuters. Participants in the study were 100 employees of industrial firms. Traffic congestion was construed as a behavioral constraint in terms of the concept of impedance which is defined by the parameters of distance and time. It was expected that the effects of impedance would be mediated by personality factors, such as locus of control. Multivariate tests of the internal validity of the impedance factor were significant. However, significant main effects for impedance were obtained only for mood and residential adaptation. The predicted interactions of impedance with locus of control were obtained across task performance indices. In multiple regression analyses, the distance and speed of the commute to work were found to account for significant proportions of variation in blood pressure, while several indices of personal control had significant regression effects on the task measures. The implications of the results for research in community psychology are discussed.", "PMID": 495580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2542", "title": "Economic, life, and disorder changes: time-series analyses.", "content": "Implicit in recent social science research and political discussions is a model linking the economy to mental disorder through the intervening constructs of life change and trauma. Using time-series analysis of a 16-month survey in Kansas City, Missouri (n = 1,140), economic and noneconomic life events and the Midtown scale were predicted using a variety of economic measures for the standard metropoliton statistical area. Both life event variables and the symptom measure were related positively to unemployment, and absolute economic change measures lagged 1 and 2 months. However, the life event variables were not strongly associated with the Midtown scale. Most striking of the subgroup findings was that, on the Midtown scale, the low-income group was more responsive than the middle-income group to economic fluctuations.", "contents": "Economic, life, and disorder changes: time-series analyses. Implicit in recent social science research and political discussions is a model linking the economy to mental disorder through the intervening constructs of life change and trauma. Using time-series analysis of a 16-month survey in Kansas City, Missouri (n = 1,140), economic and noneconomic life events and the Midtown scale were predicted using a variety of economic measures for the standard metropoliton statistical area. Both life event variables and the symptom measure were related positively to unemployment, and absolute economic change measures lagged 1 and 2 months. However, the life event variables were not strongly associated with the Midtown scale. Most striking of the subgroup findings was that, on the Midtown scale, the low-income group was more responsive than the middle-income group to economic fluctuations.", "PMID": 495581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2543", "title": "Socioeconomic differences in coping with childbearing.", "content": "The socioeconomic status of 200 women, who were completing a childbearing year, was found to be significantly associated with their attitudes, affective arousal and coping strategies. Differences in attitude existed toward 11 of 18 aspects of childbearing, working-class women holding more positive attitudes with the exception of their negative attitudes concerning physical problems and labor. Affective arousal, as measured by the application of 12 content analysis scales to the women's recollections, was greatest among working-class women who experienced more mutation, guilt, and total anxiety. This was associated with their tendency to avoid confrontation and be fatalistic in dealing with problems. They were less likely to exhibit instrumental coping by attending prenatal classes, seeking information, or planning. Interactions of socioeconomic status, type of problem, and coping strategy chosen occurred, as did some variations in the reactions of middle- and upper middle-class women.", "contents": "Socioeconomic differences in coping with childbearing. The socioeconomic status of 200 women, who were completing a childbearing year, was found to be significantly associated with their attitudes, affective arousal and coping strategies. Differences in attitude existed toward 11 of 18 aspects of childbearing, working-class women holding more positive attitudes with the exception of their negative attitudes concerning physical problems and labor. Affective arousal, as measured by the application of 12 content analysis scales to the women's recollections, was greatest among working-class women who experienced more mutation, guilt, and total anxiety. This was associated with their tendency to avoid confrontation and be fatalistic in dealing with problems. They were less likely to exhibit instrumental coping by attending prenatal classes, seeking information, or planning. Interactions of socioeconomic status, type of problem, and coping strategy chosen occurred, as did some variations in the reactions of middle- and upper middle-class women.", "PMID": 495582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2544", "title": "Personality and resistance to illness.", "content": "Personality was found significantly to mitigate the illness-provoking effects of stressful life events. Two groups of executives had comparably high degrees of stress over a 3-year interval, as measured by the Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Life Events. One group (n = 86) suffered high stress without falling ill, while the other (n = 75) reported becoming sick after their encounter with stressful life events. Illness was measured by the Wyler, Masuda, and Holmes Seriousness of Illness Survey. Discriminant function analysis supported the prediction that high stress/low illness executives show, by comparison with high stress/high illness executives, more control, commitment, and interest in change as a challenge.", "contents": "Personality and resistance to illness. Personality was found significantly to mitigate the illness-provoking effects of stressful life events. Two groups of executives had comparably high degrees of stress over a 3-year interval, as measured by the Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Life Events. One group (n = 86) suffered high stress without falling ill, while the other (n = 75) reported becoming sick after their encounter with stressful life events. Illness was measured by the Wyler, Masuda, and Holmes Seriousness of Illness Survey. Discriminant function analysis supported the prediction that high stress/low illness executives show, by comparison with high stress/high illness executives, more control, commitment, and interest in change as a challenge.", "PMID": 495583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2545", "title": "Life stress and maladaptation of children.", "content": "Social environmental variables differentiating maladapting children from matched controls in four inner-city elementary schools were investigated. Teacher selection was used to identify the maladapting children. Identified maladapting children were more likely to have been on welfare and to have experienced significantly more stressful life events during the previous year than the matched control children. The maladapting group was subdivided into welfare and non-welfare groups. Comparisons between groups on the life stress event measures indicated that the nonwelfare maladapting group experienced more life events than either the nonwelfare controls or the maladapting welfare children. The measures of life events correlated with parent ratings of behavior problems for the nonwelfare maladapting group but not for the welfare maladapting or the control groups.", "contents": "Life stress and maladaptation of children. Social environmental variables differentiating maladapting children from matched controls in four inner-city elementary schools were investigated. Teacher selection was used to identify the maladapting children. Identified maladapting children were more likely to have been on welfare and to have experienced significantly more stressful life events during the previous year than the matched control children. The maladapting group was subdivided into welfare and non-welfare groups. Comparisons between groups on the life stress event measures indicated that the nonwelfare maladapting group experienced more life events than either the nonwelfare controls or the maladapting welfare children. The measures of life events correlated with parent ratings of behavior problems for the nonwelfare maladapting group but not for the welfare maladapting or the control groups.", "PMID": 495584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2546", "title": "Some effects of positive life events on community mental health.", "content": "Measures of positive and negative events were derived from a life-event inventory to test the predictions of an equilibrium model and a positive mental health model of psychological well-being. These measures were related to indicators of individual and community well-being with data obtained through a household survey of 454 residents. Residents who reported more negative events also reported more psychological distress and less positive adjustment. Positive events were associated with reports of positive adjustment. An analysis of census tract scores on life events revealed that the relative absence of positive events in census tracts was associated with higher service utilization rates to the community mental health center serving those tracts. The number of negative events was unrelated to service rates for census tracts but was related to several demographic indicators of well-being.", "contents": "Some effects of positive life events on community mental health. Measures of positive and negative events were derived from a life-event inventory to test the predictions of an equilibrium model and a positive mental health model of psychological well-being. These measures were related to indicators of individual and community well-being with data obtained through a household survey of 454 residents. Residents who reported more negative events also reported more psychological distress and less positive adjustment. Positive events were associated with reports of positive adjustment. An analysis of census tract scores on life events revealed that the relative absence of positive events in census tracts was associated with higher service utilization rates to the community mental health center serving those tracts. The number of negative events was unrelated to service rates for census tracts but was related to several demographic indicators of well-being.", "PMID": 495585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2547", "title": "Personal versus situational determination of anticipation and control of the occurrence of stressful life events.", "content": "A wide variety of laboratory and clinical studies have indicated that stressful events are most harmful when they are perceived as uncontrollable. However, these studies diverge on the question of whether perceptions of control of stressful events are determined by environmental contingencies associated with the events or by a stable expectancy of the perceiver. In a community study 118 respondents were asked to report stressful life events experienced in the last year and were then asked to what extent they anticipated and controlled the occurrence of each event. Data were collected in two waves 1 year apart. Analysis of the reliability, within each wave, of perceptions of control does not indicate a strong personal expectancy effect. It does show some evidence of environmental determination of perceptions, but this result is not consistent on the two waves. These results are interpreted in relation to the issue of ways of reducing harmful effects of stressful life events.", "contents": "Personal versus situational determination of anticipation and control of the occurrence of stressful life events. A wide variety of laboratory and clinical studies have indicated that stressful events are most harmful when they are perceived as uncontrollable. However, these studies diverge on the question of whether perceptions of control of stressful events are determined by environmental contingencies associated with the events or by a stable expectancy of the perceiver. In a community study 118 respondents were asked to report stressful life events experienced in the last year and were then asked to what extent they anticipated and controlled the occurrence of each event. Data were collected in two waves 1 year apart. Analysis of the reliability, within each wave, of perceptions of control does not indicate a strong personal expectancy effect. It does show some evidence of environmental determination of perceptions, but this result is not consistent on the two waves. These results are interpreted in relation to the issue of ways of reducing harmful effects of stressful life events.", "PMID": 495586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2548", "title": "Family with three apparently balanced t(3;15) (p27;q22) translocation carriers. Association with deficits in language acquisition and mental retardation: a possible example of position effect in man.", "content": "A father, son, and daughter had a (3;15) (p27;q22) simple reciprocal translocation. No abnormality in the G-banding pattern was noted. The girl was most severely affected; she had an abnormal phenotype, noticeable delay in receptive and expressive language development, bilateral hearing impairment, and definite mental retardation. The boy had a moderate delay in receptive language skills, had moderate hearing impairment in one ear, and showed mild mental retardation. The father has low-set ears, some deficits in receptive language skills, is illiterate, and was found to be borderline mentally retarded. The mother and younger child do not have the translocation and are normal in terms of phenotype, intellect, and verbal skills. The accumulating evidence suggests that balanced translocations are associated with an increased frequency of intellectual deficit and congenital anomalies, and the cytogenetic mechanism may be that of position effect.", "contents": "Family with three apparently balanced t(3;15) (p27;q22) translocation carriers. Association with deficits in language acquisition and mental retardation: a possible example of position effect in man. A father, son, and daughter had a (3;15) (p27;q22) simple reciprocal translocation. No abnormality in the G-banding pattern was noted. The girl was most severely affected; she had an abnormal phenotype, noticeable delay in receptive and expressive language development, bilateral hearing impairment, and definite mental retardation. The boy had a moderate delay in receptive language skills, had moderate hearing impairment in one ear, and showed mild mental retardation. The father has low-set ears, some deficits in receptive language skills, is illiterate, and was found to be borderline mentally retarded. The mother and younger child do not have the translocation and are normal in terms of phenotype, intellect, and verbal skills. The accumulating evidence suggests that balanced translocations are associated with an increased frequency of intellectual deficit and congenital anomalies, and the cytogenetic mechanism may be that of position effect.", "PMID": 495587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2549", "title": "Partial trisomy of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads to qter) owing to 3q/18p translocation. A trisomy 3q syndrome.", "content": "In four previously reported patients with partial 3q trisomy, only a small portion of 3q was trisomic (3q21 leads to qter or 3q25 leads to qter). Clinical features in these cases have included the following: low-set ears, mongoloid slant of eyes, hypertelorism, cleft palate, webbed neck, simian creases, short finger, clinodactyly, hypotonia, and low-set hairline. Cytogenetic studies of a premature, 1,680-g female infant with with these clinical features showed this extra material to be part of the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads qter), which resulted in partial trisomy for this segment, ie, 46,XX,-18, +t (3;18) (q12;p11). Although a larger portion of 3q was involved in this case, the clinical picture was similar to other cases of 3q duplication with or without 3p deletion.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads to qter) owing to 3q/18p translocation. A trisomy 3q syndrome. In four previously reported patients with partial 3q trisomy, only a small portion of 3q was trisomic (3q21 leads to qter or 3q25 leads to qter). Clinical features in these cases have included the following: low-set ears, mongoloid slant of eyes, hypertelorism, cleft palate, webbed neck, simian creases, short finger, clinodactyly, hypotonia, and low-set hairline. Cytogenetic studies of a premature, 1,680-g female infant with with these clinical features showed this extra material to be part of the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads qter), which resulted in partial trisomy for this segment, ie, 46,XX,-18, +t (3;18) (q12;p11). Although a larger portion of 3q was involved in this case, the clinical picture was similar to other cases of 3q duplication with or without 3p deletion.", "PMID": 495588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2550", "title": "Acute renal failure in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with initial clinical manifestations and biochemical findings suggestive of a diagnosis of Reye's syndrome had acute renal insufficiency develop and had evidence of consumptive coagulopathy, not generally considered features of the syndrome. As a group, they could not be distinguished, either on the basis of their clinical manifestations or liver pathologic findings, from the 17 patients with Reye's syndrome without renal failure seen in our institution during the same period of time. The use of osmotic diuretics in an effort to decrease cerebral edema may be life threatening in these patients with compromised renal function since hypervolemia, cardiac failure, and worsening of cerebral edema may occur.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in Reye's syndrome. Three patients with initial clinical manifestations and biochemical findings suggestive of a diagnosis of Reye's syndrome had acute renal insufficiency develop and had evidence of consumptive coagulopathy, not generally considered features of the syndrome. As a group, they could not be distinguished, either on the basis of their clinical manifestations or liver pathologic findings, from the 17 patients with Reye's syndrome without renal failure seen in our institution during the same period of time. The use of osmotic diuretics in an effort to decrease cerebral edema may be life threatening in these patients with compromised renal function since hypervolemia, cardiac failure, and worsening of cerebral edema may occur.", "PMID": 495589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2551", "title": "Pancreatitis and Reye's syndrome.", "content": "A review of 18 cases of Reye's syndrome autopsied at Indiana University Hospital since 1970 was done to document pancreatic lesions associated with the syndrome. A spectrum of inflammatory lesions was identified and grouped into four categories: group 1, no changes; group 2, minimal microscopic changes; group 3, moderate changes, ie, focal necrosis, exudates, or congestion; and group 4, severe acute pancreatitis. Patients in group 4 often had clinical or laboratory data suggesting the onset of pancreatitis after hospitalization. Acute pancreatitis is associated with Reye's syndrome, and patients should be monitored for its development. Hypotension, hypocalcemia, and glucose lability may herald the onset of acute pancreatitis in these patients.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and Reye's syndrome. A review of 18 cases of Reye's syndrome autopsied at Indiana University Hospital since 1970 was done to document pancreatic lesions associated with the syndrome. A spectrum of inflammatory lesions was identified and grouped into four categories: group 1, no changes; group 2, minimal microscopic changes; group 3, moderate changes, ie, focal necrosis, exudates, or congestion; and group 4, severe acute pancreatitis. Patients in group 4 often had clinical or laboratory data suggesting the onset of pancreatitis after hospitalization. Acute pancreatitis is associated with Reye's syndrome, and patients should be monitored for its development. Hypotension, hypocalcemia, and glucose lability may herald the onset of acute pancreatitis in these patients.", "PMID": 495590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2552", "title": "Potential bacteremia in pediatric practice.", "content": "The potential consequences of bacteremia are considerable in all infants but particularly in those from 3 to 24 months of age with temperatures of 38.3 degrees C or more. Physicians have been advised to scrutinize these patients carefully with a variety of diagnostic tests and to treat their conditions vigorously if bacteremia is seriously considered or proved. We undertook to determine how often primary care pediatric practitioners encounter such patients \"at risk\" for bacteremia. Among the practices of nine pediatricians in Monroe County, New York, involving 220 practice days throughout 1977 and 4,151 patient visits, we found 145 instances of potential bacteremia. Depending, then, on the season of the year, practitioners may face this diagnostic and management dilemma as often as once each day. Therefore, laboratory means for determining those infants at highest risk for bacteremia or for rapidly diagnosing bacteremia will need to be readily available to practitioners.", "contents": "Potential bacteremia in pediatric practice. The potential consequences of bacteremia are considerable in all infants but particularly in those from 3 to 24 months of age with temperatures of 38.3 degrees C or more. Physicians have been advised to scrutinize these patients carefully with a variety of diagnostic tests and to treat their conditions vigorously if bacteremia is seriously considered or proved. We undertook to determine how often primary care pediatric practitioners encounter such patients \"at risk\" for bacteremia. Among the practices of nine pediatricians in Monroe County, New York, involving 220 practice days throughout 1977 and 4,151 patient visits, we found 145 instances of potential bacteremia. Depending, then, on the season of the year, practitioners may face this diagnostic and management dilemma as often as once each day. Therefore, laboratory means for determining those infants at highest risk for bacteremia or for rapidly diagnosing bacteremia will need to be readily available to practitioners.", "PMID": 495591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2553", "title": "Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from pediatric patients. A one-year experience.", "content": "During 1975, 115 speciments from the soft tissues, body fluids, and purulent sites in 105 pediatric ward and nursery patients were submitted to the clinical laboratory for anaerobic study, and 75% of the cultures were positive. In most instance specimens were collected in anaerobic transport tubes containing peptone yeast extract and glucose. In the laboratory, samples were processed by the anaerobic holding jar method. Nineteen different anaerobic organisms were isolated; the average number of species per specimen was 1.8 Bacteroides sp were the most common isolates (45 strains). Other isolates included 44 anaerobic cocci (15 of which were Peptostreptococcus sp), 22 Propionibacterium sp, ten Fusobacterium sp, nine Clostridium sp, eight Veillonella sp, six Bifidobacterium sp, and four Eubacterium sp. The main sources of anaerobic isolates included 52 gastric aspirates, 46 soft tissue sites, 14 blood specimens, 12 CSF samples, and 12 samples from the external ear canals. Forty-one (43%) of the 86 specimens that contained anaerobic bacteria also had aerobic organisms present.", "contents": "Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from pediatric patients. A one-year experience. During 1975, 115 speciments from the soft tissues, body fluids, and purulent sites in 105 pediatric ward and nursery patients were submitted to the clinical laboratory for anaerobic study, and 75% of the cultures were positive. In most instance specimens were collected in anaerobic transport tubes containing peptone yeast extract and glucose. In the laboratory, samples were processed by the anaerobic holding jar method. Nineteen different anaerobic organisms were isolated; the average number of species per specimen was 1.8 Bacteroides sp were the most common isolates (45 strains). Other isolates included 44 anaerobic cocci (15 of which were Peptostreptococcus sp), 22 Propionibacterium sp, ten Fusobacterium sp, nine Clostridium sp, eight Veillonella sp, six Bifidobacterium sp, and four Eubacterium sp. The main sources of anaerobic isolates included 52 gastric aspirates, 46 soft tissue sites, 14 blood specimens, 12 CSF samples, and 12 samples from the external ear canals. Forty-one (43%) of the 86 specimens that contained anaerobic bacteria also had aerobic organisms present.", "PMID": 495592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2554", "title": "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis a rapidly fatal CNS infection caused by the free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri. The disease is acquired by swimming in fresh water and is being recognized with increasing frequency. Results of early diagnosis and treatment with amphotericin and other drugs suggest therapeutic optimism. Epidemiological surveys have shown the organism to be commonly present in fresh-water lakes in the warmer parts of the world. Prompt recognition and treatment is vital.", "contents": "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis a rapidly fatal CNS infection caused by the free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri. The disease is acquired by swimming in fresh water and is being recognized with increasing frequency. Results of early diagnosis and treatment with amphotericin and other drugs suggest therapeutic optimism. Epidemiological surveys have shown the organism to be commonly present in fresh-water lakes in the warmer parts of the world. Prompt recognition and treatment is vital.", "PMID": 495593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2555", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in a fatal case of Kawasaki's disease.", "content": "Kawasaki's disease or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is being diagnosed with increasing freqency in this country. Although death is a rare complication coronary arteritis with associated myocardial changes is common. Echocardiography is proposed as a non-invasive study that may aid in the early detection of cardiac involvement.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in a fatal case of Kawasaki's disease. Kawasaki's disease or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is being diagnosed with increasing freqency in this country. Although death is a rare complication coronary arteritis with associated myocardial changes is common. Echocardiography is proposed as a non-invasive study that may aid in the early detection of cardiac involvement.", "PMID": 495594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2556", "title": "Neonatal scabies.", "content": "Scabies contracted during the neonatal period demonstrates a distinct clinical pattern that differs greatly from manifestations seen in older individuals. Involvement of the face, neck, scalp, palms, and soles is a consistent finding, as is the tendency for these lesions to form pustules early in the course of the infestation. Poor feeding and failure to gain weight appropriately are also characteristic features. The skin lesions include erythematous papules, nodular crusts, and putules. The possibility of scabies should be entertained for any young infant who has these findings. Scrapings should be obtained from multiple sites to confirm the diagnosis. In the absence of positive findings for scrapings, examination of close contacts and a careful history should lead to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Neonatal scabies. Scabies contracted during the neonatal period demonstrates a distinct clinical pattern that differs greatly from manifestations seen in older individuals. Involvement of the face, neck, scalp, palms, and soles is a consistent finding, as is the tendency for these lesions to form pustules early in the course of the infestation. Poor feeding and failure to gain weight appropriately are also characteristic features. The skin lesions include erythematous papules, nodular crusts, and putules. The possibility of scabies should be entertained for any young infant who has these findings. Scrapings should be obtained from multiple sites to confirm the diagnosis. In the absence of positive findings for scrapings, examination of close contacts and a careful history should lead to the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 495595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2557", "title": "Intrauterine diagnosis of renal anomalies by ultrasonography.", "content": "The diagnosis of renal disease was made antenatally in three patients by ultrasonographic examination. In two cases a multicystic kidney was detected in utero and removed shortly after delivery. In another case, a hydronephrotic kidney was detected in utero; repair was then performed early, before symptoms developed in the infant. Antenatal diagnosis of renal disease by ultrasonography may help reduce morbidity and mortality in some cases.", "contents": "Intrauterine diagnosis of renal anomalies by ultrasonography. The diagnosis of renal disease was made antenatally in three patients by ultrasonographic examination. In two cases a multicystic kidney was detected in utero and removed shortly after delivery. In another case, a hydronephrotic kidney was detected in utero; repair was then performed early, before symptoms developed in the infant. Antenatal diagnosis of renal disease by ultrasonography may help reduce morbidity and mortality in some cases.", "PMID": 495596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2558", "title": "Cardiovascular disease risk factor variables during the first year of life.", "content": "Cardiovascular risk factor variables were measured in a cohort of 440 infants at birth 6 months, and 1 year of age. Blood pressures at 6 months of age were 93/47 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic pressure, fourth phase) and 97/51 mm Hg at 1 year of age. Serum total cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein, and alpha-lipoprotein levels rose dramatically from birth to 1 year of age. Serum triglycerides also showed an increase from birth to 6 months of age, but a decrease from 6 months to 1 years of age. At 6 months of age, the infants were consuming 949 kcal and at 1 year, 1,356 kcal. A statistically significant correlation between serum cholesterol level and protein, fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate intake was noted at 1 year of age. These observations provide a background for tracing the evolution of risk factor variables as part of the early natural history of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease risk factor variables during the first year of life. Cardiovascular risk factor variables were measured in a cohort of 440 infants at birth 6 months, and 1 year of age. Blood pressures at 6 months of age were 93/47 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic pressure, fourth phase) and 97/51 mm Hg at 1 year of age. Serum total cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein, and alpha-lipoprotein levels rose dramatically from birth to 1 year of age. Serum triglycerides also showed an increase from birth to 6 months of age, but a decrease from 6 months to 1 years of age. At 6 months of age, the infants were consuming 949 kcal and at 1 year, 1,356 kcal. A statistically significant correlation between serum cholesterol level and protein, fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate intake was noted at 1 year of age. These observations provide a background for tracing the evolution of risk factor variables as part of the early natural history of arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 495597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2559", "title": "Controlling post-transfusion hepatitis: a proposal to publicize hepatitis rates of transfusion facilities.", "content": "A federal requirement that donor blood be labelled as either \"paid\" or \"volunteer\" took effect on May 15, 1978. A major rationale for requiring such labelling is that physicians, now that they can distinguish between categories of blood, will fear liability for post-transfusion hepatitis resulting from the use of paid blood. Thus, supporters of the labelling requirement hope that it will deter the use of high-risk commercial blood. Some paid blood, however, is not commercial blood and in fact may be safer than volunteer blood. The labelling strategy for hepatitis control, therefore, has negative as well as positive attributes. This Article considers the efficacy of blood labelling as a hepatitis control measure and proposes an alternative strategy--the periodic publicizing of hepatitis rates of facilities that perform transfusions--that, if practiced responsibly, could significantly decrease hepatitis transmission rates.", "contents": "Controlling post-transfusion hepatitis: a proposal to publicize hepatitis rates of transfusion facilities. A federal requirement that donor blood be labelled as either \"paid\" or \"volunteer\" took effect on May 15, 1978. A major rationale for requiring such labelling is that physicians, now that they can distinguish between categories of blood, will fear liability for post-transfusion hepatitis resulting from the use of paid blood. Thus, supporters of the labelling requirement hope that it will deter the use of high-risk commercial blood. Some paid blood, however, is not commercial blood and in fact may be safer than volunteer blood. The labelling strategy for hepatitis control, therefore, has negative as well as positive attributes. This Article considers the efficacy of blood labelling as a hepatitis control measure and proposes an alternative strategy--the periodic publicizing of hepatitis rates of facilities that perform transfusions--that, if practiced responsibly, could significantly decrease hepatitis transmission rates.", "PMID": 495608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2560", "title": "Survey of outpatient pharmaceutical services in university hospitals.", "content": "The results of a 1978 survey of outpatient pharmacies in university-affiliated hospitals are reported. A questionnaire with 55 items was sent to 75 university-affiliated hospitals with outpatient clinics. Sixty hospitals responded. Of the 47 usable responses, 44 were from hospitals with outpatient pharmacies. The outpatient pharmacies served a mean of 163 patients/day, dispensing a mean of 295 prescriptions/day. Prescriptions from outpatient clinics accounted for a mean of 57% of the outpatient pharmacies' prescriptions. Only four outpatient pharmacies provided 24-hour, seven-day/week services; the remainder provided a mean 11.1 hours of service per day on weekdays. The mean number of full-time equivalent pharmacists employed in the outpatient pharmacies (2.9) correlated positively with the number of prescriptions dispensed daily. The straight-fee pricing system was used by 62% of outpatient pharmacies but pricing systems varied with the type of product dispensed. Computer services were used in 28% of the outpatient pharmacies but were restricted mainly to accounting and inventory functions. Only 15% of the outpatient pharmacies maintained patient profiles for all patients served, and only 21% conducted special patient education programs in drug therapy.", "contents": "Survey of outpatient pharmaceutical services in university hospitals. The results of a 1978 survey of outpatient pharmacies in university-affiliated hospitals are reported. A questionnaire with 55 items was sent to 75 university-affiliated hospitals with outpatient clinics. Sixty hospitals responded. Of the 47 usable responses, 44 were from hospitals with outpatient pharmacies. The outpatient pharmacies served a mean of 163 patients/day, dispensing a mean of 295 prescriptions/day. Prescriptions from outpatient clinics accounted for a mean of 57% of the outpatient pharmacies' prescriptions. Only four outpatient pharmacies provided 24-hour, seven-day/week services; the remainder provided a mean 11.1 hours of service per day on weekdays. The mean number of full-time equivalent pharmacists employed in the outpatient pharmacies (2.9) correlated positively with the number of prescriptions dispensed daily. The straight-fee pricing system was used by 62% of outpatient pharmacies but pricing systems varied with the type of product dispensed. Computer services were used in 28% of the outpatient pharmacies but were restricted mainly to accounting and inventory functions. Only 15% of the outpatient pharmacies maintained patient profiles for all patients served, and only 21% conducted special patient education programs in drug therapy.", "PMID": 495618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2561", "title": "Development of a multifunctional drug file for hospital pharmacy computer applications.", "content": "The development of a multifunctional master drug file (MDF) which satisfies initial pharmacy data base requirements and has the capability to support increasingly sophisticated computer applications is described. The computerized purchasing, inventory, drug use review and formulary systems in a 1,100-bed teaching hospital were evaluated to determine which existing data fields should be included in the MDF, Functional requirements for the MDF and 27 data fields, each with its own particular specifications for programming, were identified. A method of data input was designed to create and maintain the file using keypunched Hollerith cards. Data input forms were designed to serve as coding documents for drug file data. Verification of all data in the file can be performed by running a program which lists the contents of each drug recorded. Based on 1975 salary rates, the total cost of the MDF development was $4,010; total time required was 640 hours. Approximately one hour per week is needed to keep the file contents up to date. File design specifications and contents are discussed, with special emphasis on the functional aspects of the MDF. The MDF successfully fulfilled the initaial pharmacy computer system requirements and has the potential to accommodate increasingly sophisticated applications.", "contents": "Development of a multifunctional drug file for hospital pharmacy computer applications. The development of a multifunctional master drug file (MDF) which satisfies initial pharmacy data base requirements and has the capability to support increasingly sophisticated computer applications is described. The computerized purchasing, inventory, drug use review and formulary systems in a 1,100-bed teaching hospital were evaluated to determine which existing data fields should be included in the MDF, Functional requirements for the MDF and 27 data fields, each with its own particular specifications for programming, were identified. A method of data input was designed to create and maintain the file using keypunched Hollerith cards. Data input forms were designed to serve as coding documents for drug file data. Verification of all data in the file can be performed by running a program which lists the contents of each drug recorded. Based on 1975 salary rates, the total cost of the MDF development was $4,010; total time required was 640 hours. Approximately one hour per week is needed to keep the file contents up to date. File design specifications and contents are discussed, with special emphasis on the functional aspects of the MDF. The MDF successfully fulfilled the initaial pharmacy computer system requirements and has the potential to accommodate increasingly sophisticated applications.", "PMID": 495619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2562", "title": "Evaluation of albumin use by medical audit.", "content": "The appropriateness of albumin prescribing and accuracy of records of albumin use were studied at a 476-bed hospital. Medical records of 15 adults who had undergone surgery within one week of albumin administration were compared with eight prescribing and charting criteria that were developed by pharmacists. Charts of patients who did not meet every criteria were reviewed by a committee to determine if exceptions to the criteria were justifiable. Albumin prescribing was empirical for approximately 60% of the patients. Albumin use as judged by laboratory values was inappropriate in three patients. Charting of the amount and rate of albumin administered was inaccurate, incomplete or difficult to interpret for eight (53%) of the patients. The dosage of albumin prescribed was inappropriate for two (13%) patients. Appropriate concomitant therapy (e.g., packed red blood cells) was not prescribed for two patients. For only three patients did the patient's charge correspond to the amount charted as being administered. On an annual basis, patient charges for albumin were projected to be $9,321 less than the hospital's cost for the product. The audit identified problems in albumin prescribing and charting that, when corrected, would result in cost savings and improved patient care.", "contents": "Evaluation of albumin use by medical audit. The appropriateness of albumin prescribing and accuracy of records of albumin use were studied at a 476-bed hospital. Medical records of 15 adults who had undergone surgery within one week of albumin administration were compared with eight prescribing and charting criteria that were developed by pharmacists. Charts of patients who did not meet every criteria were reviewed by a committee to determine if exceptions to the criteria were justifiable. Albumin prescribing was empirical for approximately 60% of the patients. Albumin use as judged by laboratory values was inappropriate in three patients. Charting of the amount and rate of albumin administered was inaccurate, incomplete or difficult to interpret for eight (53%) of the patients. The dosage of albumin prescribed was inappropriate for two (13%) patients. Appropriate concomitant therapy (e.g., packed red blood cells) was not prescribed for two patients. For only three patients did the patient's charge correspond to the amount charted as being administered. On an annual basis, patient charges for albumin were projected to be $9,321 less than the hospital's cost for the product. The audit identified problems in albumin prescribing and charting that, when corrected, would result in cost savings and improved patient care.", "PMID": 495620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2563", "title": "Aminoglycoside use monitored by clinical pharmaceutical services.", "content": "A pharmacy-infectious diseases program designed to promote the rational use of, and decrease the adverse reactions attributed to, amikacin and tobramycin is described. Requests for amikacin and tobramycin were screened initially by a pharmacist and later reviewed by an infectious disease physician. When the appropriateness of amikacin or tobramycin use was questionable, the drug was released pending review of the order by the chief of infectious diseases. Pharmacists, in consultation with the infectious diseases service, made recommendations for alternative antibiotic therapy or dosage regimens, provided drug education to prescribing physicians and nurses, and aided in monitoring efficacy and toxicity of therapy. During a two-year period, 12 patients received tobramycin and 42 patients received amikacin. The drugs were discontinued as recommended in the 12 patients for whom culture results were negative or indicated sensitivity to other antibiotics. Two initial requests for the drugs were denied. No incidents of renal impairment were definitely associated with tobramycin or amikacin use. During an 18-month portion of the study, the two drugs accounted for approximately 2% of the hospital's total aminoglycoside costs and 4% of the total number of aminoglycoside therapy courses. Monitoring of antibiotic use may promote safe, rational antibiotic use and potentially reduces hospital costs.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside use monitored by clinical pharmaceutical services. A pharmacy-infectious diseases program designed to promote the rational use of, and decrease the adverse reactions attributed to, amikacin and tobramycin is described. Requests for amikacin and tobramycin were screened initially by a pharmacist and later reviewed by an infectious disease physician. When the appropriateness of amikacin or tobramycin use was questionable, the drug was released pending review of the order by the chief of infectious diseases. Pharmacists, in consultation with the infectious diseases service, made recommendations for alternative antibiotic therapy or dosage regimens, provided drug education to prescribing physicians and nurses, and aided in monitoring efficacy and toxicity of therapy. During a two-year period, 12 patients received tobramycin and 42 patients received amikacin. The drugs were discontinued as recommended in the 12 patients for whom culture results were negative or indicated sensitivity to other antibiotics. Two initial requests for the drugs were denied. No incidents of renal impairment were definitely associated with tobramycin or amikacin use. During an 18-month portion of the study, the two drugs accounted for approximately 2% of the hospital's total aminoglycoside costs and 4% of the total number of aminoglycoside therapy courses. Monitoring of antibiotic use may promote safe, rational antibiotic use and potentially reduces hospital costs.", "PMID": 495621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2564", "title": "Reimbursable pharmacy teaching program for adrenalectomy patients.", "content": "A three-step, pharmacist-taught education program for adrenalectomy patients is described. Twenty-three patients were trained during the two years of the project. Training included: (1) an explanation of the patient's disease state and need for supplementary medication; (2) an explanation of each medication taken; and (3) training on self-administration of an i.m. dose of dexamethasone. Blue Cross agreed to pay the hospital \u00f825 per patient trained. Thirteen patients were available for interviews designed to evaluate the program. All patients knew the signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis and had excellent recall of information about their medication. Eight patients had increased their oral steroid doses as instructed to avoid adrenal insufficiency during stress. Substantial cost savings resulted from the program. The costs saved by offering the program justified the cost of supplying the service.", "contents": "Reimbursable pharmacy teaching program for adrenalectomy patients. A three-step, pharmacist-taught education program for adrenalectomy patients is described. Twenty-three patients were trained during the two years of the project. Training included: (1) an explanation of the patient's disease state and need for supplementary medication; (2) an explanation of each medication taken; and (3) training on self-administration of an i.m. dose of dexamethasone. Blue Cross agreed to pay the hospital \u00f825 per patient trained. Thirteen patients were available for interviews designed to evaluate the program. All patients knew the signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis and had excellent recall of information about their medication. Eight patients had increased their oral steroid doses as instructed to avoid adrenal insufficiency during stress. Substantial cost savings resulted from the program. The costs saved by offering the program justified the cost of supplying the service.", "PMID": 495622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2565", "title": "Response rates to direct reprint requests.", "content": "The response rates to mail reprint requests, time required to receive reprints and the cost of obtaining reprints were studied. Over 1,300 reprint requests representing articles published in 193 journals were sent to authors in 31 countries. A reprint was received for approximately 72% of the requests. Authors in the United States responded at a significantly higher rate (78.7%) than authors in foreign countries (64.5%) (p less than 0.001). About 75% of all reprints arrived within three months of their request. The mean number of days required to receive a reprint from an author in the United States was 55, while 99 days was the mean for authors outside the U.S. The estimated cost of obtaining reprints by mail was 22 cents per article received. The use of reprint request cards is a viable method of obtaining reprints within the limitations of an incomplete return rate and moderate delay in the arrival of the reprint.", "contents": "Response rates to direct reprint requests. The response rates to mail reprint requests, time required to receive reprints and the cost of obtaining reprints were studied. Over 1,300 reprint requests representing articles published in 193 journals were sent to authors in 31 countries. A reprint was received for approximately 72% of the requests. Authors in the United States responded at a significantly higher rate (78.7%) than authors in foreign countries (64.5%) (p less than 0.001). About 75% of all reprints arrived within three months of their request. The mean number of days required to receive a reprint from an author in the United States was 55, while 99 days was the mean for authors outside the U.S. The estimated cost of obtaining reprints by mail was 22 cents per article received. The use of reprint request cards is a viable method of obtaining reprints within the limitations of an incomplete return rate and moderate delay in the arrival of the reprint.", "PMID": 495623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2566", "title": "Prognostic factors in acquired aplastic anemia. A study of 352 cases.", "content": "The prognostic factors of short- and long-term survival have been studied in 352 patients with aplastic anemia of all grades of severity. This group was homogeneous with regard to the clinical and laboratory survey, and the treatment used [high-dose androgen therapy]. The \"hierarchy\" of the individual prognostic parameters has been established: current severe infection, granulocyte count, percentage of the nonmyeloid cells on the bone marrow slides, platelet count, reticulocyte count, 59Fe utilization, and stromal disorganization on the bone marrow biopsy specimen. As these parameters are interrelated, a multiparametric analysis enables us to define groups of patients with different short-term evolution and to derive a prognostic index from these data. The use of such an index, however, allows a correct prediction in only 73 per cent of the cases, better in the milder than in the more severe cases. It is possible that the short-term evolutive tendency (improvement or worsening during the first six weeks of therapy) may contribute supplementary information useful for prognosis and the choice of treatment. After the first three months critical period, the mortality rate no longer depends on the initial severity of the disease but exclusively on the clinical and hematologic improvement. Thus, comparing the hematologic data obtained initially and after three months of androgen therapy allows us to correctly predict the long-term evolution.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in acquired aplastic anemia. A study of 352 cases. The prognostic factors of short- and long-term survival have been studied in 352 patients with aplastic anemia of all grades of severity. This group was homogeneous with regard to the clinical and laboratory survey, and the treatment used [high-dose androgen therapy]. The \"hierarchy\" of the individual prognostic parameters has been established: current severe infection, granulocyte count, percentage of the nonmyeloid cells on the bone marrow slides, platelet count, reticulocyte count, 59Fe utilization, and stromal disorganization on the bone marrow biopsy specimen. As these parameters are interrelated, a multiparametric analysis enables us to define groups of patients with different short-term evolution and to derive a prognostic index from these data. The use of such an index, however, allows a correct prediction in only 73 per cent of the cases, better in the milder than in the more severe cases. It is possible that the short-term evolutive tendency (improvement or worsening during the first six weeks of therapy) may contribute supplementary information useful for prognosis and the choice of treatment. After the first three months critical period, the mortality rate no longer depends on the initial severity of the disease but exclusively on the clinical and hematologic improvement. Thus, comparing the hematologic data obtained initially and after three months of androgen therapy allows us to correctly predict the long-term evolution.", "PMID": 495627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2567", "title": "Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Tuberculosis was diagnosed in eight patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and occurred with an incidence 10 times that of the general population. Dialysis-associated tuberculosis is characterized by intermittent fever, anorexia, weight loss and hepatomegaly. Ascites was present in 50 per cent of the patients. A recently converted positive tuberculin skin test was observed in five of eight patients. Tuberculosis was extrapulmonary in seven of eight cases and consequently the diagnosis was frequently delayed. Over-all mortality was 37.5 per cent and correlated with the duration of symptoms prior to initiation of therapy. A trial of antituberculous therapy is warranted in patients undergoing dialysis in whom fever of unknown origin, anorexia, weight loss and/or hepatomegaly develop particularly in areas endemic for tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in eight patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and occurred with an incidence 10 times that of the general population. Dialysis-associated tuberculosis is characterized by intermittent fever, anorexia, weight loss and hepatomegaly. Ascites was present in 50 per cent of the patients. A recently converted positive tuberculin skin test was observed in five of eight patients. Tuberculosis was extrapulmonary in seven of eight cases and consequently the diagnosis was frequently delayed. Over-all mortality was 37.5 per cent and correlated with the duration of symptoms prior to initiation of therapy. A trial of antituberculous therapy is warranted in patients undergoing dialysis in whom fever of unknown origin, anorexia, weight loss and/or hepatomegaly develop particularly in areas endemic for tuberculosis.", "PMID": 495629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2568", "title": "A randomized study of carbenicillin plus cefamandole or tobramycin in the treatment of febrile episodes in cancer patients.", "content": "Patients were randomly assigned to receive carbenicillin plus tobramycin by continuous infusion (C+T), carbenicillin plus cefamandole by continuous infusion (C+CC) or carbenicillin plus cefamandole by intermittent infusion (C+IC) during 490 febrile episodes. Carbenicillin was administered over 2 hours every 4 hours. The per cent of cures achieved during the 235 documented infections was 65 per cent for C+CC, 57 per cent for C+IC and 54 per cent for C+T. Among those infections caused by single gram-negative bacilli, C+CC produced a higher cure rate than C+IC or C+T(74 per cent versus 59 per cent versus 50 per cent). C+CC was significantly more effective than C+IC among patients with persistent severe neutropenia of less than 100 neutrophils/mm3 (65 per cent versus 21 per cent, p = 0.03). If the infecting organism was sensitive to both antibiotics, the cure rate which occurred during 12 per cent to 13 per cent of the febrile episodes, regardless of antibiotic regimen. However, it occurred significantly more often during documented infections than during fevers of unknown etiology (20 per cent versus 6 per cent, p less than 0.001). C+CC appears to be the most effective of the three regimens for the treatment of infections in patients with persistent severe neutropenia.", "contents": "A randomized study of carbenicillin plus cefamandole or tobramycin in the treatment of febrile episodes in cancer patients. Patients were randomly assigned to receive carbenicillin plus tobramycin by continuous infusion (C+T), carbenicillin plus cefamandole by continuous infusion (C+CC) or carbenicillin plus cefamandole by intermittent infusion (C+IC) during 490 febrile episodes. Carbenicillin was administered over 2 hours every 4 hours. The per cent of cures achieved during the 235 documented infections was 65 per cent for C+CC, 57 per cent for C+IC and 54 per cent for C+T. Among those infections caused by single gram-negative bacilli, C+CC produced a higher cure rate than C+IC or C+T(74 per cent versus 59 per cent versus 50 per cent). C+CC was significantly more effective than C+IC among patients with persistent severe neutropenia of less than 100 neutrophils/mm3 (65 per cent versus 21 per cent, p = 0.03). If the infecting organism was sensitive to both antibiotics, the cure rate which occurred during 12 per cent to 13 per cent of the febrile episodes, regardless of antibiotic regimen. However, it occurred significantly more often during documented infections than during fevers of unknown etiology (20 per cent versus 6 per cent, p less than 0.001). C+CC appears to be the most effective of the three regimens for the treatment of infections in patients with persistent severe neutropenia.", "PMID": 495630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2569", "title": "Trephine biopsy of the bone marrow in disseminated histoplasmosis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients had bone marrow aspirates for culture and marrow trephine biopsies for histologic examination during the evaluation of an illness eventually proved to be disseminated histoplasmosis. These procedures provided evidence of involvement of the bone marrow with Histoplasma capsulatum in 19 cases. Fungi were demonstrated in trephine biopsy sections in 15 of the patients, permitting a rapid specific diagnosis. Three patterns of bone marrow morphology were observed; each reflected a variation of macrophage proliferation. In two of the patterns, diffuse macrophage proliferation and loose aggregates of macrophages, typical 2 to 4 microns intracellular hisoplasma organisms were numerous and obvious in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, were infrequent and were often relatively large (6 to 12 microns). There were four patients from whom H. capsulatum was cultured when organisms could not be demonstrated in either hematoxylin and eosin- or silver-stained sections. The patients with diffuse proliferation of macrophages in the marrow comprised a distinct clinical group associated with immunosuppression, a fulminant course and a fatal outcome despite therapy. Patients in the other two morphologic groups responded well to therapy even though the immune responses on many were also suppressed. Bone marrow examination is an excellent diagnostic procedure in disseminated histoplasmosis. Trephine biopsies permit a rapid diagnosis in most cases and may be of prognostic significance.", "contents": "Trephine biopsy of the bone marrow in disseminated histoplasmosis. Twenty-two patients had bone marrow aspirates for culture and marrow trephine biopsies for histologic examination during the evaluation of an illness eventually proved to be disseminated histoplasmosis. These procedures provided evidence of involvement of the bone marrow with Histoplasma capsulatum in 19 cases. Fungi were demonstrated in trephine biopsy sections in 15 of the patients, permitting a rapid specific diagnosis. Three patterns of bone marrow morphology were observed; each reflected a variation of macrophage proliferation. In two of the patterns, diffuse macrophage proliferation and loose aggregates of macrophages, typical 2 to 4 microns intracellular hisoplasma organisms were numerous and obvious in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, were infrequent and were often relatively large (6 to 12 microns). There were four patients from whom H. capsulatum was cultured when organisms could not be demonstrated in either hematoxylin and eosin- or silver-stained sections. The patients with diffuse proliferation of macrophages in the marrow comprised a distinct clinical group associated with immunosuppression, a fulminant course and a fatal outcome despite therapy. Patients in the other two morphologic groups responded well to therapy even though the immune responses on many were also suppressed. Bone marrow examination is an excellent diagnostic procedure in disseminated histoplasmosis. Trephine biopsies permit a rapid diagnosis in most cases and may be of prognostic significance.", "PMID": 495631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2570", "title": "Demonstration of antigenemia in patients with invasive aspergillosis by solid phase (protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus) radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to detect Aspergillus antigenemia in three patients, two with autopsy proved disseminated aspergillosis and one with a suspected infection. These RIA studies suggest that screening for antigenemia may be a specific and sensitive diagnostic test for disseminated aspergillosis.", "contents": "Demonstration of antigenemia in patients with invasive aspergillosis by solid phase (protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus) radioimmunoassay. A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to detect Aspergillus antigenemia in three patients, two with autopsy proved disseminated aspergillosis and one with a suspected infection. These RIA studies suggest that screening for antigenemia may be a specific and sensitive diagnostic test for disseminated aspergillosis.", "PMID": 495632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2571", "title": "Acute and chronic pulmonary function changes in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Pulmonary functions of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were studied during an acute episode (n = 6); during a mean follow-up period of 44 months (range four months--14.8 years) (n = 16); and for any correlation between duration of ABPA and asthma with the total lung capacity (helium dilution), 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), vital capacity, 1 second forced expiratory volume-forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1:FVC per cent) and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DL:CO) (single breath) for the entire group (n = 22). All patients were treated with corticosteroids (intermittent or continuous) and bronchodilators. For the 16 patients, slopes using linear regression analysis were determined from the function as per cent predicted versus time in months from diagnosis and then analyzed for significance. Significant functional loss was shown in three of 16 patients for FEV1, two of 16 patients for vital capacity, one of 16 patients for FEV1:FVC per cent, none of 10 patients for DL:CO and one of 10 patients for total lung cital capacity, FEV1:FVC per cent and the duration of asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was found by multiple regression analysis correcting for age and smoking (mean 4.24 years; range 0.3 to 14.8 years). Roentgenographic criteria and blood eosinophilia were used to define a \"flare\" of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The six patients during a flare showed a significant reduction in total lung capacity (P less than 0.001), vital capacity (P less than 0.05), FEV1 (P less than 0.01) and DL:CO (P less than 0.001) which uniformly returned to baseline values during steroid therapy. The FEV1:FVC per cent remained unaltered. These findings, contrary to suggestions in the literature, indicate that in the majority of our patients there was no significant progressive functional deterioration after diagnosis. However, during acute episodes of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, transient reduction of volumes and DL:CO were uniformly present.", "contents": "Acute and chronic pulmonary function changes in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Pulmonary functions of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were studied during an acute episode (n = 6); during a mean follow-up period of 44 months (range four months--14.8 years) (n = 16); and for any correlation between duration of ABPA and asthma with the total lung capacity (helium dilution), 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), vital capacity, 1 second forced expiratory volume-forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1:FVC per cent) and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DL:CO) (single breath) for the entire group (n = 22). All patients were treated with corticosteroids (intermittent or continuous) and bronchodilators. For the 16 patients, slopes using linear regression analysis were determined from the function as per cent predicted versus time in months from diagnosis and then analyzed for significance. Significant functional loss was shown in three of 16 patients for FEV1, two of 16 patients for vital capacity, one of 16 patients for FEV1:FVC per cent, none of 10 patients for DL:CO and one of 10 patients for total lung cital capacity, FEV1:FVC per cent and the duration of asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was found by multiple regression analysis correcting for age and smoking (mean 4.24 years; range 0.3 to 14.8 years). Roentgenographic criteria and blood eosinophilia were used to define a \"flare\" of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The six patients during a flare showed a significant reduction in total lung capacity (P less than 0.001), vital capacity (P less than 0.05), FEV1 (P less than 0.01) and DL:CO (P less than 0.001) which uniformly returned to baseline values during steroid therapy. The FEV1:FVC per cent remained unaltered. These findings, contrary to suggestions in the literature, indicate that in the majority of our patients there was no significant progressive functional deterioration after diagnosis. However, during acute episodes of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, transient reduction of volumes and DL:CO were uniformly present.", "PMID": 495633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2572", "title": "Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects. Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred.", "content": "The discovery of a large kindred with a heritable deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5) has permitted the accumulation of new clinical, genetic and immunologic data concerning the role of C5 in human subjects. The proband, who has had nine episodes of disseminated gonococcal infection, has a hemolytic C5 level of approximately 0.5 per cent of normal. No C5 protein was detectable, but low levels of functional C5 activity could be found using a sensitive bactericidal assay. The proband's twin as well as another sister also had extremely low levels of hemolytic C5(approximately 0.5 per cent normal), but both these subjects have been healthy. Hemolytic complement and bacteriolytic activity could be restored by the addition of purified C5. No chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be generated in the C5-deficient serums upon activation of either the classic or alternative pathways, again demonstrating the importance of C5 in human subjects for the production of chemotactic factors. The chemotactic responsiveness of the patients' polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes to preformed chemotactic factors was not depressed. Twenty-two of 32 other family members from three generations had depressed whole hemolytic complement levels. In 19 of 30 family members, levels of hemolytic C5 ranged from 13 to 64 per cent of normal. No linkage for C5 deficiency and the A or B loci of the major histocompatibility complex could be found. These data suggest an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance of C5 deficiency. Deficiency of C5 is compatible with good health, but it can be associated with repeated disseminated gonococcal infection.", "contents": "Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects. Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred. The discovery of a large kindred with a heritable deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5) has permitted the accumulation of new clinical, genetic and immunologic data concerning the role of C5 in human subjects. The proband, who has had nine episodes of disseminated gonococcal infection, has a hemolytic C5 level of approximately 0.5 per cent of normal. No C5 protein was detectable, but low levels of functional C5 activity could be found using a sensitive bactericidal assay. The proband's twin as well as another sister also had extremely low levels of hemolytic C5(approximately 0.5 per cent normal), but both these subjects have been healthy. Hemolytic complement and bacteriolytic activity could be restored by the addition of purified C5. No chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be generated in the C5-deficient serums upon activation of either the classic or alternative pathways, again demonstrating the importance of C5 in human subjects for the production of chemotactic factors. The chemotactic responsiveness of the patients' polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes to preformed chemotactic factors was not depressed. Twenty-two of 32 other family members from three generations had depressed whole hemolytic complement levels. In 19 of 30 family members, levels of hemolytic C5 ranged from 13 to 64 per cent of normal. No linkage for C5 deficiency and the A or B loci of the major histocompatibility complex could be found. These data suggest an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance of C5 deficiency. Deficiency of C5 is compatible with good health, but it can be associated with repeated disseminated gonococcal infection.", "PMID": 495634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2573", "title": "Necrotizing colitis in patients with cancer.", "content": "Necrotizing lesions of the colon occur in patients with malignancy. We identified 26 patients with cancer (23 with acute leukemia and three with solid tumors) who died from necrotizing colitis. Autopsies revealed three pathologic categories: pseudomembranous colitis in 69 per cent, agranulocytic colitis in 19 per cent and ischemic colitis in 12 per cent. Most died from sepsis. A comparison of characteristics was made with a control population matched for diagnosis, age, cause of death and duration of neoplasia. Nearly all patients in both groups had fever and were granulocytopenic secondary to chemotherapy. Most received antineoplastic and antimicrobial regimens during the month prior to their terminal illness. Abdominal pain and distention, stomatitis and necrotizing pharyngitis were frequently associated with colitis. Hyperbilirubinemia was a frequent late complication in those with colitis and the control group. Single and multiorganism septicemia were found more frequently in patients with colitis. As antemortem diagnosis was unusual, aggressive attempts at diagnosis are necessary to assess the true incidence of this disorder and the best therapy.", "contents": "Necrotizing colitis in patients with cancer. Necrotizing lesions of the colon occur in patients with malignancy. We identified 26 patients with cancer (23 with acute leukemia and three with solid tumors) who died from necrotizing colitis. Autopsies revealed three pathologic categories: pseudomembranous colitis in 69 per cent, agranulocytic colitis in 19 per cent and ischemic colitis in 12 per cent. Most died from sepsis. A comparison of characteristics was made with a control population matched for diagnosis, age, cause of death and duration of neoplasia. Nearly all patients in both groups had fever and were granulocytopenic secondary to chemotherapy. Most received antineoplastic and antimicrobial regimens during the month prior to their terminal illness. Abdominal pain and distention, stomatitis and necrotizing pharyngitis were frequently associated with colitis. Hyperbilirubinemia was a frequent late complication in those with colitis and the control group. Single and multiorganism septicemia were found more frequently in patients with colitis. As antemortem diagnosis was unusual, aggressive attempts at diagnosis are necessary to assess the true incidence of this disorder and the best therapy.", "PMID": 495635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2574", "title": "Reye's syndrome in the adult patients.", "content": "Reye's syndrome has been thought to represent a childhood illness. Our thesis is that it is a postviral systemic disease which may affect adults as well. A 51 year old woman is presented whose case meets all of the major criteria for Reye's syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for Reye's syndrome are summarized, and two other reported cases of Reye's syndrome in adults are reviewed. The diagnosis of Reye's syndrome in adults requires familiarity with the diagnostic criteria and a \"high index of suspicion.\"", "contents": "Reye's syndrome in the adult patients. Reye's syndrome has been thought to represent a childhood illness. Our thesis is that it is a postviral systemic disease which may affect adults as well. A 51 year old woman is presented whose case meets all of the major criteria for Reye's syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for Reye's syndrome are summarized, and two other reported cases of Reye's syndrome in adults are reviewed. The diagnosis of Reye's syndrome in adults requires familiarity with the diagnostic criteria and a \"high index of suspicion.\"", "PMID": 495637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2575", "title": "Shock and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following meglumine diatrizoate for intravenous pyelography.", "content": "In a 25 year old man shock and pulmonary edema developed following the intravenous administration of meglumine diatrizoate for an intravenous pyelogram. A pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure of 3 torr and a high protein content in the pulmonary edema effluent confirmed the diagnosis of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. We suggest that the basis of the increased capillary permeability in this patient may be related to an immunologic reaction to intravenous pyelogram dye.", "contents": "Shock and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following meglumine diatrizoate for intravenous pyelography. In a 25 year old man shock and pulmonary edema developed following the intravenous administration of meglumine diatrizoate for an intravenous pyelogram. A pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure of 3 torr and a high protein content in the pulmonary edema effluent confirmed the diagnosis of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. We suggest that the basis of the increased capillary permeability in this patient may be related to an immunologic reaction to intravenous pyelogram dye.", "PMID": 495638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2576", "title": "Clinical isolation and characterization of aminoglycoside-resistant small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes.", "content": "Small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes, as well as the parental large colony type, grew in blood drawn for cultures on three separate days from a patient who had received suboptimal gentamicin therapy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of four aminoglycoside antibiotics were eight to more than 16 times higher for small colony variants than for the normal large colony type. Small colony variants had defective catalase activity, which may have interfered with oxidative metabolism and aminoglycoside uptake. Small colony variants reverted readily to the parental type in vitro in the absence of aminoglycosides. Clinically isolated small colony variants appeared similar to those selected in the presence of gentamicin in vitro, with respect to colony morphology, aminoglycoside resistance and catalase deficiency. The isolation of small colony variants during gentamicin therapy in vivo suggests that such variants may be a cause of treatment failure in patients receiving aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Clinical isolation and characterization of aminoglycoside-resistant small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes. Small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes, as well as the parental large colony type, grew in blood drawn for cultures on three separate days from a patient who had received suboptimal gentamicin therapy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of four aminoglycoside antibiotics were eight to more than 16 times higher for small colony variants than for the normal large colony type. Small colony variants had defective catalase activity, which may have interfered with oxidative metabolism and aminoglycoside uptake. Small colony variants reverted readily to the parental type in vitro in the absence of aminoglycosides. Clinically isolated small colony variants appeared similar to those selected in the presence of gentamicin in vitro, with respect to colony morphology, aminoglycoside resistance and catalase deficiency. The isolation of small colony variants during gentamicin therapy in vivo suggests that such variants may be a cause of treatment failure in patients receiving aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 495639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2577", "title": "Clostridial sepsis following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.", "content": "Three patients with clostridial sepsis during or following hepatic arterial infusions for the regional chemotherapy of hepatic metastatic tumors are described. In all patients abdominal roentgenograms revealed lucencies in the right upper quadrant consistent with gas-containing hepatic abscesses at the time of clinically apparent sepsis and positive blood cultures. The occurrence of three such cases in one year and the low incidence of clostridial infections in non-catheterized oncology patients at our institution suggest that clostridial infection is a previously unrecognized complication of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. The possible sources of the infecting organisms and pathogenesis of this infection are discussed.", "contents": "Clostridial sepsis following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Three patients with clostridial sepsis during or following hepatic arterial infusions for the regional chemotherapy of hepatic metastatic tumors are described. In all patients abdominal roentgenograms revealed lucencies in the right upper quadrant consistent with gas-containing hepatic abscesses at the time of clinically apparent sepsis and positive blood cultures. The occurrence of three such cases in one year and the low incidence of clostridial infections in non-catheterized oncology patients at our institution suggest that clostridial infection is a previously unrecognized complication of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. The possible sources of the infecting organisms and pathogenesis of this infection are discussed.", "PMID": 495640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2578", "title": "Toxoplasmosis presenting as brain abscesses. Diagnosis by computerized tomography and cytology of aspirated purulent material.", "content": "A patient with brain abscesses caused by Toxoplasma gondii is described. Presence of brain abscesses was confirmed by computerized tomography, and T. gondii was identified as the etiologic agent in cytologic preparations of aspirated purulent material from one of the abscesses.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis presenting as brain abscesses. Diagnosis by computerized tomography and cytology of aspirated purulent material. A patient with brain abscesses caused by Toxoplasma gondii is described. Presence of brain abscesses was confirmed by computerized tomography, and T. gondii was identified as the etiologic agent in cytologic preparations of aspirated purulent material from one of the abscesses.", "PMID": 495641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2579", "title": "Model course for retraining inactive medical technologists.", "content": "In the belief that there is an ongoing need for the retraining of inactive medical technologists, the University of Wisconsin-Madison initiated such a program in 1978. A model course in routine chemistry and instrumentation was developed, presented, and evaluated. This model is described in detail. Results indicate that most inactive medical technologists can regain competence. The program and individual courses are designed so they can be easily replicated or adapted for use by others interested in retraining inactive medical tehcnologists.", "contents": "Model course for retraining inactive medical technologists. In the belief that there is an ongoing need for the retraining of inactive medical technologists, the University of Wisconsin-Madison initiated such a program in 1978. A model course in routine chemistry and instrumentation was developed, presented, and evaluated. This model is described in detail. Results indicate that most inactive medical technologists can regain competence. The program and individual courses are designed so they can be easily replicated or adapted for use by others interested in retraining inactive medical tehcnologists.", "PMID": 495646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2580", "title": "Genetics of hyperuricemia in families with gout.", "content": "Complex segregation analysis supports the polygenic hypothesis of Hauge and Harvald and Neel et al, according to which hyperuricemia ascertained through gout is rarely due to a major gene, evidence for which is not significant in two studies that were considered to favor a major locus.", "contents": "Genetics of hyperuricemia in families with gout. Complex segregation analysis supports the polygenic hypothesis of Hauge and Harvald and Neel et al, according to which hyperuricemia ascertained through gout is rarely due to a major gene, evidence for which is not significant in two studies that were considered to favor a major locus.", "PMID": 495648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2581", "title": "Cytogenetic findings in Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome(s).", "content": "Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia syndrome are an autosomal recessive condition of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, symmetrical limb reduction, and craniofacial abnormalities. A distinction has been made between the two syndromes on the basis of relative severity of these manifestations. Where chromosome studies have been carried out, most have been reported as normal. However, there have been two reports of consistent centromere abnormalities; one in a patient with SC phocomelia (pseudothalidomide syndrome), the other in a patient with Roberts syndrome. Four patients with similar phenotypic manifestations have recently been shown in our laboratory to have the same centromere puffing and splitting. These four patients had other clinical manifestations in common, including bilateral corneal opacities, microcephaly, absence of radii, limited extension at knees and elbows, apparent enlargement of the phallus, and survival beyond the neonatal period.", "contents": "Cytogenetic findings in Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome(s). Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia syndrome are an autosomal recessive condition of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, symmetrical limb reduction, and craniofacial abnormalities. A distinction has been made between the two syndromes on the basis of relative severity of these manifestations. Where chromosome studies have been carried out, most have been reported as normal. However, there have been two reports of consistent centromere abnormalities; one in a patient with SC phocomelia (pseudothalidomide syndrome), the other in a patient with Roberts syndrome. Four patients with similar phenotypic manifestations have recently been shown in our laboratory to have the same centromere puffing and splitting. These four patients had other clinical manifestations in common, including bilateral corneal opacities, microcephaly, absence of radii, limited extension at knees and elbows, apparent enlargement of the phallus, and survival beyond the neonatal period.", "PMID": 495649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2582", "title": "Multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome due to partial 1q duplication and possible 18p deletion: a study of four individuals in two families.", "content": "We have evaluated four individuals from two unrelated families with a similar multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome due to partial duplication of chromosome 1q and possible deletion 18p. In both families the mothers and several relatives were carriers of the balanced translocation rcp t(1;18) (q42;p11). The features which the four have in common are relative macrocephaly, prominent forehead, micrognathia, and highly arched palate; three of the four individuals have short stature, scoliosis, kyphosis, hirsutism, camptodactyly, sacral dimple, repaired inguinal hernias, and eye abnormalities. Reproductive histories of five balanced translocation carriers in these families indicate that they have a high risk of spontaneous abortions and infants with multiple malformations.", "contents": "Multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome due to partial 1q duplication and possible 18p deletion: a study of four individuals in two families. We have evaluated four individuals from two unrelated families with a similar multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome due to partial duplication of chromosome 1q and possible deletion 18p. In both families the mothers and several relatives were carriers of the balanced translocation rcp t(1;18) (q42;p11). The features which the four have in common are relative macrocephaly, prominent forehead, micrognathia, and highly arched palate; three of the four individuals have short stature, scoliosis, kyphosis, hirsutism, camptodactyly, sacral dimple, repaired inguinal hernias, and eye abnormalities. Reproductive histories of five balanced translocation carriers in these families indicate that they have a high risk of spontaneous abortions and infants with multiple malformations.", "PMID": 495650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2583", "title": "Genetic and environmental determinants of periodontal disease.", "content": "Reanalysis of data on periodontal disease in 241 families [Chung et al, 1977b], based on an extended and more satisfactory path model [Rao et al, 1979], failed to detect significant heritability, and concluded in favor of cultural inheritance only, without maternal effects or intergenerational differences. The most parsimonious hypothesis yields a relative variance component of 0.338 +/- 0.024 due to indexed environment for both children and adults, the remainder (1.0--0.338 = 0.662) being due to residual nongenetic factors.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental determinants of periodontal disease. Reanalysis of data on periodontal disease in 241 families [Chung et al, 1977b], based on an extended and more satisfactory path model [Rao et al, 1979], failed to detect significant heritability, and concluded in favor of cultural inheritance only, without maternal effects or intergenerational differences. The most parsimonious hypothesis yields a relative variance component of 0.338 +/- 0.024 due to indexed environment for both children and adults, the remainder (1.0--0.338 = 0.662) being due to residual nongenetic factors.", "PMID": 495651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2584", "title": "Triplication of chromosome arm 20p due to inherited translocation and secondary nondisjunction.", "content": "A patient with triplication of all of chromosome arm 20p is presented to illustrate the relatively modest degree of developmental delay that can result from autosomal triplication and the role of nondisjunction as a mechanism for deriving a partial triplication status.", "contents": "Triplication of chromosome arm 20p due to inherited translocation and secondary nondisjunction. A patient with triplication of all of chromosome arm 20p is presented to illustrate the relatively modest degree of developmental delay that can result from autosomal triplication and the role of nondisjunction as a mechanism for deriving a partial triplication status.", "PMID": 495652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2585", "title": "Distal 2q duplication: report of two familial cases and an attempt to define a syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of partial trisomy 2q are described, both resulting from a balanced translocation in one of the parents. In one case the chromosomes 2 and 11 were involved [paternal karyotype: 46,XY,t(2;11)(q33;q23)]; in the second case, chromosomes 2 and 8 [paternal karyotype: 46,XY, t(2;8(q32;p23)]. When the two patients were compared to the few cases reported in the literature, it was concluded that the associated clinical syndrome is characterized by severe psychomotor retardation and relatively mild abnormalities involving skull and facies.", "contents": "Distal 2q duplication: report of two familial cases and an attempt to define a syndrome. Two cases of partial trisomy 2q are described, both resulting from a balanced translocation in one of the parents. In one case the chromosomes 2 and 11 were involved [paternal karyotype: 46,XY,t(2;11)(q33;q23)]; in the second case, chromosomes 2 and 8 [paternal karyotype: 46,XY, t(2;8(q32;p23)]. When the two patients were compared to the few cases reported in the literature, it was concluded that the associated clinical syndrome is characterized by severe psychomotor retardation and relatively mild abnormalities involving skull and facies.", "PMID": 495653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2586", "title": "Genetic counseling--the postcounseling period: I. Parents' perceptions of uncertainty.", "content": "To investigate how parents who have had genetic counseling perceive the problems created by being at risk, transcripts of open-ended, semistructured follow-up interviews with 53 counselees were analyzed qualitatively. Rate information, though recalled accurately by parents considering further childbearing, was discounted as impersonal, and subjects overwhelmingly perceived the chance of recurrence in binary form -- it either will or will not happen. By processing rates this way, they simplified probabilistic information and shifted their focus to the implications of being at risk and the potential impact of that which might or might not occur. The many uncertainties they faced, the \"consequences\" of being at risk that parents felt had to be resolved during the decision-making process, fell into 3 major categories: uncertainty that arose because of the ambiguous impact and meaning of having an affected child; uncertainty about how to make a choice and how others would view it, the burden of decision-making; and uncertainty about their ability to fulfill their roles as parents. These issues were perceived as part of the problem to be resolved and were consolidated into \"scenarios\" in which the parents \"tried out the worst.\" This analysis of counselees' perceptions of the problems created by being at genetic risk suggests that parents may process the disparate facts of their situation in common ways that emphasize their uncertainty, and it indicates that how parents perceive factual information may be more important in orienting their deliberations than what these facts (diagnosis, prognosis, risks) actually are.", "contents": "Genetic counseling--the postcounseling period: I. Parents' perceptions of uncertainty. To investigate how parents who have had genetic counseling perceive the problems created by being at risk, transcripts of open-ended, semistructured follow-up interviews with 53 counselees were analyzed qualitatively. Rate information, though recalled accurately by parents considering further childbearing, was discounted as impersonal, and subjects overwhelmingly perceived the chance of recurrence in binary form -- it either will or will not happen. By processing rates this way, they simplified probabilistic information and shifted their focus to the implications of being at risk and the potential impact of that which might or might not occur. The many uncertainties they faced, the \"consequences\" of being at risk that parents felt had to be resolved during the decision-making process, fell into 3 major categories: uncertainty that arose because of the ambiguous impact and meaning of having an affected child; uncertainty about how to make a choice and how others would view it, the burden of decision-making; and uncertainty about their ability to fulfill their roles as parents. These issues were perceived as part of the problem to be resolved and were consolidated into \"scenarios\" in which the parents \"tried out the worst.\" This analysis of counselees' perceptions of the problems created by being at genetic risk suggests that parents may process the disparate facts of their situation in common ways that emphasize their uncertainty, and it indicates that how parents perceive factual information may be more important in orienting their deliberations than what these facts (diagnosis, prognosis, risks) actually are.", "PMID": 495654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2587", "title": "Genetic counseling -- the postcounseling period: II. Making reproductive choices.", "content": "Qualitative analysis of transcripts of follow-up interviews with 53 parents who had had genetic counseling was undertaken to characterize the process by which childbearing decisions were made and to determine how counselees resolved the problems created by being at risk. Although specific issues to be resolved varied with a parent's perception of his or her situation, all those who considered having subsequent children attempted to limit the uncertainties they faced and to neutralize those consequences perceived as most problematic. To do so, counselees uniformly inferred from factual information and experiences available to them how they could manage the possible consequences of taking a chance. Factors influencing a parent's ability to make a clear decision included the presence of a previous normal child, the diffusion of decision-making responsibility to others, and recognition that one had already managed the worst. When these \"facts\" could not be processed to provide a sense of coping, parents either decided against reproduction and took appropriate action or made a \"non-decision\" about reproduction by choosing to leave conception to chance. These various tactics allowed parents to create a \"least-lose\" option in terms of their child-bearing choices. This analysis of how parents make reproductive decisions, along with previous findings, suggests that being at risk both creates common problems and elicits common responses from counselees. Moreover, it highlights the importance of recognizing parents' perceptions of their situation to understand how their deliberations are structured and how factual information influences their ultimate choices.", "contents": "Genetic counseling -- the postcounseling period: II. Making reproductive choices. Qualitative analysis of transcripts of follow-up interviews with 53 parents who had had genetic counseling was undertaken to characterize the process by which childbearing decisions were made and to determine how counselees resolved the problems created by being at risk. Although specific issues to be resolved varied with a parent's perception of his or her situation, all those who considered having subsequent children attempted to limit the uncertainties they faced and to neutralize those consequences perceived as most problematic. To do so, counselees uniformly inferred from factual information and experiences available to them how they could manage the possible consequences of taking a chance. Factors influencing a parent's ability to make a clear decision included the presence of a previous normal child, the diffusion of decision-making responsibility to others, and recognition that one had already managed the worst. When these \"facts\" could not be processed to provide a sense of coping, parents either decided against reproduction and took appropriate action or made a \"non-decision\" about reproduction by choosing to leave conception to chance. These various tactics allowed parents to create a \"least-lose\" option in terms of their child-bearing choices. This analysis of how parents make reproductive decisions, along with previous findings, suggests that being at risk both creates common problems and elicits common responses from counselees. Moreover, it highlights the importance of recognizing parents' perceptions of their situation to understand how their deliberations are structured and how factual information influences their ultimate choices.", "PMID": 495655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2588", "title": "Autosomal dominant atresia of the auditory canal and conductive deafness.", "content": "We report autosomal dominant atresia and/or stenosis of the external auditory canal with or without conductive deafness. In the family described here the anomaly had occurred in 12 individuals in five generations. Penetrance was very high, expressivity quite variable. The clinical, audiometric, radiographic, and operative findings in three patients (grandfather, father, and son) are presented. This condition has been reported only once previously.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant atresia of the auditory canal and conductive deafness. We report autosomal dominant atresia and/or stenosis of the external auditory canal with or without conductive deafness. In the family described here the anomaly had occurred in 12 individuals in five generations. Penetrance was very high, expressivity quite variable. The clinical, audiometric, radiographic, and operative findings in three patients (grandfather, father, and son) are presented. This condition has been reported only once previously.", "PMID": 495656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2589", "title": "Stage of palate closure as one indication of \"liability\" to cleft palate.", "content": "A new inbred mouse strain, SW/Fr, developed from a random-bred SW stock has a 6% incidence of spontaneous cleft palate without cleft lip. SW/Fr mice close their palates comparatively late in development. After cortisone treatment, the mean of the distribution (mean time to reach palate stage 5) is shifted towards later gestational ages. There is no change in the variance of the distribution. These data lend further support to the hypothesis that cleft palate in mice may fit a model where a continuous distribution is separated into discontinuous parts by a developmental threshold, and that time of palate closure is an important component of liability to cleft palate.", "contents": "Stage of palate closure as one indication of \"liability\" to cleft palate. A new inbred mouse strain, SW/Fr, developed from a random-bred SW stock has a 6% incidence of spontaneous cleft palate without cleft lip. SW/Fr mice close their palates comparatively late in development. After cortisone treatment, the mean of the distribution (mean time to reach palate stage 5) is shifted towards later gestational ages. There is no change in the variance of the distribution. These data lend further support to the hypothesis that cleft palate in mice may fit a model where a continuous distribution is separated into discontinuous parts by a developmental threshold, and that time of palate closure is an important component of liability to cleft palate.", "PMID": 495657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2590", "title": "Evaluations of mentally retarded persons: \"sympathy\" or patronization?", "content": "Subjects evaluated a hypothetical target person after reading a transcript of a bogus interview. The person was either labeled as retarded or was not labeled, and she was presented in a favorable or an unfavorable light. Subjects tended to evaluate the labeled (retarded) person more favorable than they did the nonretarded person on the adjective and social-distance questions, but only in the unfavorable condition. On a series of attribution questions, subjects assigned more responsibility for the retarded person's outcome to situational factors, regardless of how well she was doing. Consistent with this finding, subjects also reported less expectation of future success from the retarded person on various kinds of behavior. This evaluation pattern, of reduced blame after failure and less credit after success, was termed a patronization effect, and the implications of this kind of attitude were discussed.", "contents": "Evaluations of mentally retarded persons: \"sympathy\" or patronization? Subjects evaluated a hypothetical target person after reading a transcript of a bogus interview. The person was either labeled as retarded or was not labeled, and she was presented in a favorable or an unfavorable light. Subjects tended to evaluate the labeled (retarded) person more favorable than they did the nonretarded person on the adjective and social-distance questions, but only in the unfavorable condition. On a series of attribution questions, subjects assigned more responsibility for the retarded person's outcome to situational factors, regardless of how well she was doing. Consistent with this finding, subjects also reported less expectation of future success from the retarded person on various kinds of behavior. This evaluation pattern, of reduced blame after failure and less credit after success, was termed a patronization effect, and the implications of this kind of attitude were discussed.", "PMID": 495658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2591", "title": "A limitation on the law of effect.", "content": "Nineteen mildly or moderately retarded subjects were presented 32 oddity-training trials per day for 10 days with all new etimuli presented on each trial. Six subjects learned oddity, approaching an asymptote of 100 percent correct. Six others showed a strong preference (78 percent) for the odd stimulus but failed to improve. Seven remained in the performance range of 50 to 60 percent without improving. On eight trials per day, the two specific cues of an oddity display, chosen randomly, were presented alone as probes for specific-cue learning. Probe trials were above chance for all subjects. These results show that attention to the relevant dimension, demonstrated by oddity preference, plus adequate reinforcing conditions, indicated by specific-cue learning, did not ensure oddity learning. We concluded that subjects do not necessarily learn about the cues that control behavior. The operation of differential forgetting and/or rehearsal of relative vs. specific vs. specific cues was proposed as a likely explanation.", "contents": "A limitation on the law of effect. Nineteen mildly or moderately retarded subjects were presented 32 oddity-training trials per day for 10 days with all new etimuli presented on each trial. Six subjects learned oddity, approaching an asymptote of 100 percent correct. Six others showed a strong preference (78 percent) for the odd stimulus but failed to improve. Seven remained in the performance range of 50 to 60 percent without improving. On eight trials per day, the two specific cues of an oddity display, chosen randomly, were presented alone as probes for specific-cue learning. Probe trials were above chance for all subjects. These results show that attention to the relevant dimension, demonstrated by oddity preference, plus adequate reinforcing conditions, indicated by specific-cue learning, did not ensure oddity learning. We concluded that subjects do not necessarily learn about the cues that control behavior. The operation of differential forgetting and/or rehearsal of relative vs. specific vs. specific cues was proposed as a likely explanation.", "PMID": 495659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2592", "title": "Assessing community attitudes toward mentally retarded persons.", "content": "Although many researchers have found evidence of discrimination toward retarded individuals in employment, education, and housing, attitude-survey researchers generally report acceptance of retarded people in the community (Gallup, 1976; Gottwald, 1967). To examine this discrepancy, we compared responses on a survey concerning retarded people of a \"threat\" group, who lived near a house for sale that was described as \"having the necessary characteristics\" for a potential group home, and a \"nonthreat\" control group. Analysis between and across groups yielded differences that have implications for public education efforts and the validity of the survey method for research on mental retardation.", "contents": "Assessing community attitudes toward mentally retarded persons. Although many researchers have found evidence of discrimination toward retarded individuals in employment, education, and housing, attitude-survey researchers generally report acceptance of retarded people in the community (Gallup, 1976; Gottwald, 1967). To examine this discrepancy, we compared responses on a survey concerning retarded people of a \"threat\" group, who lived near a house for sale that was described as \"having the necessary characteristics\" for a potential group home, and a \"nonthreat\" control group. Analysis between and across groups yielded differences that have implications for public education efforts and the validity of the survey method for research on mental retardation.", "PMID": 495660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2593", "title": "Attitudes of parents of mentally retarded children toward normalization activities.", "content": "Parents of mentally retarded children were surveyed via a 5-point Likert scale to determine their attitudes toward normalization in general and in relation to their child. Results indicated significant differences in response, with the more positive attitudes being those associated with a general (the mentally retarded population) rather than specific (my child) referent. Within the general-referent group, parents of TMR children displayed the most positive attitudes. Age, sex, and level of retardation had no effect on child-specific responses.", "contents": "Attitudes of parents of mentally retarded children toward normalization activities. Parents of mentally retarded children were surveyed via a 5-point Likert scale to determine their attitudes toward normalization in general and in relation to their child. Results indicated significant differences in response, with the more positive attitudes being those associated with a general (the mentally retarded population) rather than specific (my child) referent. Within the general-referent group, parents of TMR children displayed the most positive attitudes. Age, sex, and level of retardation had no effect on child-specific responses.", "PMID": 495661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2594", "title": "Effects of social-skills training in a community-based program.", "content": "The effects of social-skills training upon the behavior of 8 previously institutionalized mentally retarded adults, residing in community group homes were evaluated. In comparison to a control group, the subjects who received training showed substantial changes in the desirable direction for each behavior. Generalization to unfamiliar situations was also noted. The problems in placing retarded clients in the community without social-skills training and the potential disadvantages of inadequate training were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of social-skills training in a community-based program. The effects of social-skills training upon the behavior of 8 previously institutionalized mentally retarded adults, residing in community group homes were evaluated. In comparison to a control group, the subjects who received training showed substantial changes in the desirable direction for each behavior. Generalization to unfamiliar situations was also noted. The problems in placing retarded clients in the community without social-skills training and the potential disadvantages of inadequate training were discussed.", "PMID": 495662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2595", "title": "Levels of political knowledge of mildly mentally retarded adults.", "content": "The levels of political knowledge of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded adults were compared with fifth- and eight-grade children and nonretarded CA-matched low SES adults. On all four knowledge indices, the retarded adults' performance closely resembled that of nonretarded fifth-grade children. The retarded subjects performed better on indices that dealt with particular leaders and state and local government information than on the more complex regime and national government indices. Results indicated that in both retarded group subjects had acquired minimal political knowledge, even though none had been exposed to any voter education.", "contents": "Levels of political knowledge of mildly mentally retarded adults. The levels of political knowledge of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded adults were compared with fifth- and eight-grade children and nonretarded CA-matched low SES adults. On all four knowledge indices, the retarded adults' performance closely resembled that of nonretarded fifth-grade children. The retarded subjects performed better on indices that dealt with particular leaders and state and local government information than on the more complex regime and national government indices. Results indicated that in both retarded group subjects had acquired minimal political knowledge, even though none had been exposed to any voter education.", "PMID": 495663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2596", "title": "Mentally retarded offenders: prevalence and characteristics.", "content": "The range of prevalences rates for retarded offenders reported in the literature varies from 2.6 to 39.6 percent. This wide variability appears to be due to the use of different population bases and to the way intelligence is measured. When these issues were explored empirically, prevalence rates for retarded offenders in two northeastern states were found to be only slightly higher than the prevalence rate of mental retardation in the general population. A second issue in the literature is identification of the predictors of offenders' offense severity, sentence length, and past recidivism. Results of this study showed that social and legal variable are better predictors than is intelligence, although no predictors were particularly strong.", "contents": "Mentally retarded offenders: prevalence and characteristics. The range of prevalences rates for retarded offenders reported in the literature varies from 2.6 to 39.6 percent. This wide variability appears to be due to the use of different population bases and to the way intelligence is measured. When these issues were explored empirically, prevalence rates for retarded offenders in two northeastern states were found to be only slightly higher than the prevalence rate of mental retardation in the general population. A second issue in the literature is identification of the predictors of offenders' offense severity, sentence length, and past recidivism. Results of this study showed that social and legal variable are better predictors than is intelligence, although no predictors were particularly strong.", "PMID": 495664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2597", "title": "Language comprehension processes of mentally retarded children.", "content": "The strategies for sentence comprehension employed by a group of 18 severely retarded children were compared with those of a group of nonretarded children matched on MA. Using toys, the children acted out a series of simple active- and passive-voice sentences describing events that were either probable, improbable, or neutral with respect to semantic expectations. The retarded children tended to rely more on semantic expectations than did the nonretarded children. Retarded children whose MAs were less than 3 years did not take word order into account, but those of higher MA did use a word-order strategy. They assumed that the first noun in the sentence corresponded to the actor in the external situation.", "contents": "Language comprehension processes of mentally retarded children. The strategies for sentence comprehension employed by a group of 18 severely retarded children were compared with those of a group of nonretarded children matched on MA. Using toys, the children acted out a series of simple active- and passive-voice sentences describing events that were either probable, improbable, or neutral with respect to semantic expectations. The retarded children tended to rely more on semantic expectations than did the nonretarded children. Retarded children whose MAs were less than 3 years did not take word order into account, but those of higher MA did use a word-order strategy. They assumed that the first noun in the sentence corresponded to the actor in the external situation.", "PMID": 495665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2598", "title": "Vigilance of performance of mildly mentally retarded children.", "content": "The contribution of developmental factors to the vigilance performance of mildly mentally retarded children was investigated by comparing their vigilance performance with that of nonretarded children of the same CA and with younger nonretarded children of about the same MA. The retarded children showed an earlier and faster decline in vigilance performance than did the CA control group. This result was similar to that of Semmel (1965), but contrasted with that of Kirby, Nettlebeck, and Bullock (1978), who found no such difference in vigilance performance when comparing mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded adults. The MA control group performed in a similar way to the retarded children, suggesting that the more rapid decline in vigilance performance was largely a developmental phenomenon.", "contents": "Vigilance of performance of mildly mentally retarded children. The contribution of developmental factors to the vigilance performance of mildly mentally retarded children was investigated by comparing their vigilance performance with that of nonretarded children of the same CA and with younger nonretarded children of about the same MA. The retarded children showed an earlier and faster decline in vigilance performance than did the CA control group. This result was similar to that of Semmel (1965), but contrasted with that of Kirby, Nettlebeck, and Bullock (1978), who found no such difference in vigilance performance when comparing mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded adults. The MA control group performed in a similar way to the retarded children, suggesting that the more rapid decline in vigilance performance was largely a developmental phenomenon.", "PMID": 495666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2599", "title": "Discrimination, translation, or response organization: a clarification of factors underlying slower responding among mentally retarded persons.", "content": "Apparently contradictory findings regarding the locus of information-processing differences between retarded and nonretarded persons were discussed. We suggested that these apparent contradictions may be due to differences in the relative involvement of central processes associated with perception, stimulus--response translation, and response programming in the experimental tasks that have been used in this type of research.", "contents": "Discrimination, translation, or response organization: a clarification of factors underlying slower responding among mentally retarded persons. Apparently contradictory findings regarding the locus of information-processing differences between retarded and nonretarded persons were discussed. We suggested that these apparent contradictions may be due to differences in the relative involvement of central processes associated with perception, stimulus--response translation, and response programming in the experimental tasks that have been used in this type of research.", "PMID": 495667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2600", "title": "Spoken words and manual signs as encoding categories in short-term memory for mentally retarded children.", "content": "The release from proactive inhibition paradigm was used to test differential encoding of manual signs and spoken words by six severely retarded children. Scores for shift conditions were significantly different from scores for nonshift conditions on the last trial, indicating that manual signs were encoded differently from spoken words for short-term memory storage. Implications of separate encoding categories for the investigation of language processes were discussed.", "contents": "Spoken words and manual signs as encoding categories in short-term memory for mentally retarded children. The release from proactive inhibition paradigm was used to test differential encoding of manual signs and spoken words by six severely retarded children. Scores for shift conditions were significantly different from scores for nonshift conditions on the last trial, indicating that manual signs were encoded differently from spoken words for short-term memory storage. Implications of separate encoding categories for the investigation of language processes were discussed.", "PMID": 495668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2601", "title": "The dimension of adaptive behavior in mental retardation research: an analysis of recent practices.", "content": "The dimension of adaptive behavior has been accepted by many professionals as an important component of identification in mental retardation since the definitions of Heber (1961) and Grossman (1973). In order to investigate the impact of this more comprehensive concept of mental retardation on research practices, we analyzed the use of adaptive behavior in the selection and description of subjects. This investigation was based in research articles published in the Americal Journal of Mental Deficiency from 1974 through 1978. In a significant percentage of the articles reviewed, the researchers had not attended to adaptive behavior and used only measures of intellectual functioning for descriptive purposes. These results were discussed in light of the validity of research on mental retardation. Recommendations were included for future research practices.", "contents": "The dimension of adaptive behavior in mental retardation research: an analysis of recent practices. The dimension of adaptive behavior has been accepted by many professionals as an important component of identification in mental retardation since the definitions of Heber (1961) and Grossman (1973). In order to investigate the impact of this more comprehensive concept of mental retardation on research practices, we analyzed the use of adaptive behavior in the selection and description of subjects. This investigation was based in research articles published in the Americal Journal of Mental Deficiency from 1974 through 1978. In a significant percentage of the articles reviewed, the researchers had not attended to adaptive behavior and used only measures of intellectual functioning for descriptive purposes. These results were discussed in light of the validity of research on mental retardation. Recommendations were included for future research practices.", "PMID": 495669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2602", "title": "Staff members' attitudes toward the sexual behavior of mentally retarded residents.", "content": "Seventy-five staff members from four private residential facilities for mentally retarded adults were surveyed to elicit their attitudes toward the sexual behavior and sexual knowledge of residents in their care. Facility policies and programs applicable to residents' sexuality were also the subject of inquiry. Comparable attitudinal surveys and studies dealing with the sexuality of mentally retarded persons were reviewed in the context of the present findings.", "contents": "Staff members' attitudes toward the sexual behavior of mentally retarded residents. Seventy-five staff members from four private residential facilities for mentally retarded adults were surveyed to elicit their attitudes toward the sexual behavior and sexual knowledge of residents in their care. Facility policies and programs applicable to residents' sexuality were also the subject of inquiry. Comparable attitudinal surveys and studies dealing with the sexuality of mentally retarded persons were reviewed in the context of the present findings.", "PMID": 495670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2603", "title": "Elevations in skin temperature of the finger as an objective index of postmenopausal hot flashes: standardization of the technique.", "content": "The present study was designed to validate and standardize a technique of continuous recording of skin temperature of the finger as an objective index of hot flashes. Significant skin temperature rises (greater than 1 degree C) were recorded in close temporal relationship to 69% of subjective hot flashes experienced by seven postmenopausal women. The temperature elevations occurred at an interval of 54 +/- 10 minutes (mean +/- standard error) and lasted an average of 31 minutes. The mean increase was 2.7 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C. The extent of the temperature elevations found in the postmenopausal subjects was significantly greater than in premenopausal control subjects (P less than 0.05) and was reduced by estrogen treatment (P less than 0.02). This study substantiates that the recording of skin temperature changes of the finger provides an objective index of hot flashes. This should assist in the investigation of the underlying disturbance and provide more accurate evaluation of modes of therapy.", "contents": "Elevations in skin temperature of the finger as an objective index of postmenopausal hot flashes: standardization of the technique. The present study was designed to validate and standardize a technique of continuous recording of skin temperature of the finger as an objective index of hot flashes. Significant skin temperature rises (greater than 1 degree C) were recorded in close temporal relationship to 69% of subjective hot flashes experienced by seven postmenopausal women. The temperature elevations occurred at an interval of 54 +/- 10 minutes (mean +/- standard error) and lasted an average of 31 minutes. The mean increase was 2.7 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C. The extent of the temperature elevations found in the postmenopausal subjects was significantly greater than in premenopausal control subjects (P less than 0.05) and was reduced by estrogen treatment (P less than 0.02). This study substantiates that the recording of skin temperature changes of the finger provides an objective index of hot flashes. This should assist in the investigation of the underlying disturbance and provide more accurate evaluation of modes of therapy.", "PMID": 495671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2604", "title": "Sonar cephalometry in twins: a table of biparietal diameters for normal twin fetuses and a comparison with singletons.", "content": "In 123 normal twin pregnancies, 589 biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements were obtained between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation and mean values for each week were computed. A table of BPDs for normal twin pregnancies based on these data is proposed. Mean twin BPDs were consistently smaller than those of singletons, the difference averaging 3.5 mm between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation. The development of a twin BPD table now permits a more accurate assessment of twin gestational age and fetal growth.", "contents": "Sonar cephalometry in twins: a table of biparietal diameters for normal twin fetuses and a comparison with singletons. In 123 normal twin pregnancies, 589 biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements were obtained between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation and mean values for each week were computed. A table of BPDs for normal twin pregnancies based on these data is proposed. Mean twin BPDs were consistently smaller than those of singletons, the difference averaging 3.5 mm between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation. The development of a twin BPD table now permits a more accurate assessment of twin gestational age and fetal growth.", "PMID": 495672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2605", "title": "Disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin and resumption of ovulation following abortion.", "content": "The disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and resumption of pituitary ovarian function was investigated in 13 patients following first- and second-trimester abortions. First-trimester abortion patients (with suction curettage) had a mean time of 37.5 +/- 6.4 days for the clearance of hCG to a level of 2 mlU/ml. Second trimester abortions (with prostaglandin) had a mean time of 27.4 +/- 4.8 days. Patients undergoing second-trimester hysterectomy had a mean disappearance time of 39.7 +/- 5.3 days and only 12 days if the hysterectomy was initiated with ligation of the uterine and ovarian vessels. No significant difference in clearance time was found when it was compared on the basis of the baseline hCG levels. Based on a concomitant luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) peak, nine of 12 patients resumed normal pituitary function. These LH and FSH peaks were seen even though the serum hCG levels were as high as 35 mlU/ml. Based on serum progesterone levels of greater than 3 ng/ml, all these nine patients ovulated as early as 21 days after abortion. In view of these results, the clearance of hCG after pregnancy termination depends mainly upon the type of procedure used. Moreover, in view of the early time of ovulatory recovery, contraception should be instituted within the first 2 weeks following pregnancy termination.", "contents": "Disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin and resumption of ovulation following abortion. The disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and resumption of pituitary ovarian function was investigated in 13 patients following first- and second-trimester abortions. First-trimester abortion patients (with suction curettage) had a mean time of 37.5 +/- 6.4 days for the clearance of hCG to a level of 2 mlU/ml. Second trimester abortions (with prostaglandin) had a mean time of 27.4 +/- 4.8 days. Patients undergoing second-trimester hysterectomy had a mean disappearance time of 39.7 +/- 5.3 days and only 12 days if the hysterectomy was initiated with ligation of the uterine and ovarian vessels. No significant difference in clearance time was found when it was compared on the basis of the baseline hCG levels. Based on a concomitant luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) peak, nine of 12 patients resumed normal pituitary function. These LH and FSH peaks were seen even though the serum hCG levels were as high as 35 mlU/ml. Based on serum progesterone levels of greater than 3 ng/ml, all these nine patients ovulated as early as 21 days after abortion. In view of these results, the clearance of hCG after pregnancy termination depends mainly upon the type of procedure used. Moreover, in view of the early time of ovulatory recovery, contraception should be instituted within the first 2 weeks following pregnancy termination.", "PMID": 495673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2606", "title": "The effects of hydrocortisone on the development of the amine systems in the fetal brain.", "content": "Human and animal studies suggest impaired central nervous system (CNS) development due to corticoid use in the perinatal period. In this study, hydrocortisone was given to pregnant rats and the development of the fetal dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) systems in the CNS was investigated. In the fetal rat brain DA and NE systems develop between days 12 and 17 of gestation. Hydrocortisone (HC), 57 mg/kg/day, or saline (SAL) was given intraperitoneally at day 12 or 15 of gestation. The offspring were studied at days 20 to 21 of gestation and days 12 to 13 in the neonatal period. Brain amine systems were visualized using a modified cryostat glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method, and DA and NE levels were determined in whole brains by means of a radioenzymatic assay. The visualized amine systems were evaluated semiquantitatively for distribution and fluorescence intensity without previous knowledge of the administered drug. The amine systems of the HC and SAL groups showed an equal maturation. In both groups cell bodies were demonstrable in areas A1 to A13 and axon terminals in all examined final regions. The distribution and the fluorescence intensity did not show consistent differences for the HC and SAL brains. The concentrations of DA and NE were similar in the offspring of the SAL- and HC-treated animals. The results indicate that HC given during pregnancy does not influence the proliferation of amine cell bodies or the arrival of axon terminals in the regions where the synapses form.", "contents": "The effects of hydrocortisone on the development of the amine systems in the fetal brain. Human and animal studies suggest impaired central nervous system (CNS) development due to corticoid use in the perinatal period. In this study, hydrocortisone was given to pregnant rats and the development of the fetal dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) systems in the CNS was investigated. In the fetal rat brain DA and NE systems develop between days 12 and 17 of gestation. Hydrocortisone (HC), 57 mg/kg/day, or saline (SAL) was given intraperitoneally at day 12 or 15 of gestation. The offspring were studied at days 20 to 21 of gestation and days 12 to 13 in the neonatal period. Brain amine systems were visualized using a modified cryostat glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method, and DA and NE levels were determined in whole brains by means of a radioenzymatic assay. The visualized amine systems were evaluated semiquantitatively for distribution and fluorescence intensity without previous knowledge of the administered drug. The amine systems of the HC and SAL groups showed an equal maturation. In both groups cell bodies were demonstrable in areas A1 to A13 and axon terminals in all examined final regions. The distribution and the fluorescence intensity did not show consistent differences for the HC and SAL brains. The concentrations of DA and NE were similar in the offspring of the SAL- and HC-treated animals. The results indicate that HC given during pregnancy does not influence the proliferation of amine cell bodies or the arrival of axon terminals in the regions where the synapses form.", "PMID": 495674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2607", "title": "Prolactin production by human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) synthesis by human decidua from term pregnancies has been reported. The present study examined the tissue content and in vitro production of prolactin by \"decidualized\" and \"nondecidualized\" endometrium unassociated with pregnancy. Tissue obtained throughout the menstrual cycle was dated histologically. When proliferative endometrium (N = 16) or secretory endometrium prior to day 22 (N = 6) was examined, no PRL was detected in the tissue or medium after a 24-hour incubation at 37 degrees C in Gey's buffer. Total PRL in tissue and medium measured by radioimmunoassay increased significantly from 1.2 +/- 0.3 ng/100 mg of tissue at cycle days 22 to 24 (N = 4) to 5.3 +/- 2.4 ng/100 mg of tissue at cycle days 25 to 26 (N = 7). The addition of 100 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide to the medium prevented the net increase in PRL content during incubation. It is concluded that PRL is synthesized by endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle and that the appearance and degree of synthesis and decidualization of the stroma correspond.", "contents": "Prolactin production by human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Prolactin (PRL) synthesis by human decidua from term pregnancies has been reported. The present study examined the tissue content and in vitro production of prolactin by \"decidualized\" and \"nondecidualized\" endometrium unassociated with pregnancy. Tissue obtained throughout the menstrual cycle was dated histologically. When proliferative endometrium (N = 16) or secretory endometrium prior to day 22 (N = 6) was examined, no PRL was detected in the tissue or medium after a 24-hour incubation at 37 degrees C in Gey's buffer. Total PRL in tissue and medium measured by radioimmunoassay increased significantly from 1.2 +/- 0.3 ng/100 mg of tissue at cycle days 22 to 24 (N = 4) to 5.3 +/- 2.4 ng/100 mg of tissue at cycle days 25 to 26 (N = 7). The addition of 100 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide to the medium prevented the net increase in PRL content during incubation. It is concluded that PRL is synthesized by endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle and that the appearance and degree of synthesis and decidualization of the stroma correspond.", "PMID": 495675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2608", "title": "Effect of long-term bromocriptine infusion on plasma prolactin and ovine chorionic somatomammotropin in the pregnant ewe and fetal sheep.", "content": "It has been shown in previous studies that the continuous infusion of bromocriptine (CB 154) into either the sheep fetus or pregnant ewe was followed by pronounced ultrastructural changes in the binucleate (BN) cells of the ovine chorionic epithelium, which are a likely source of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin (oCS). We have examined ovine fetal and maternal plasma prolactin (PRL) and oCS concentrations following intravascular CB 154 infusion separately into either the fetus (0.03 mg/hour) or ewe (0.2 mg/hour). The CB 154 infusions significantly depressed fetal and maternal plasma radioimmunoassayable PRL concentrations within 24 hours of the commencement of infusion. Maternal plasma radioimmunoassayable oCS concentration was significantly depressed during infusion of CB 154 to the ewe, but the infusion of CB 154 to the fetus did not lower fetal plasma radioimmunoassayable oCS concentration or affect the duration of gestation.", "contents": "Effect of long-term bromocriptine infusion on plasma prolactin and ovine chorionic somatomammotropin in the pregnant ewe and fetal sheep. It has been shown in previous studies that the continuous infusion of bromocriptine (CB 154) into either the sheep fetus or pregnant ewe was followed by pronounced ultrastructural changes in the binucleate (BN) cells of the ovine chorionic epithelium, which are a likely source of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin (oCS). We have examined ovine fetal and maternal plasma prolactin (PRL) and oCS concentrations following intravascular CB 154 infusion separately into either the fetus (0.03 mg/hour) or ewe (0.2 mg/hour). The CB 154 infusions significantly depressed fetal and maternal plasma radioimmunoassayable PRL concentrations within 24 hours of the commencement of infusion. Maternal plasma radioimmunoassayable oCS concentration was significantly depressed during infusion of CB 154 to the ewe, but the infusion of CB 154 to the fetus did not lower fetal plasma radioimmunoassayable oCS concentration or affect the duration of gestation.", "PMID": 495677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2609", "title": "Hormone production during pregnancy in the primigravid patient. I. Plasma levels of progesterone and 5-alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione throughout pregnancy of normal women and women who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of progesterone and 5-alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone) were measured from as early as 12 weeks through 41 weeks of gestation in primigravid women. Two groups of primigravid women were assessed, those with uncomplicated pregnancies and those who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. Plasma levels of progesterone and 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone rose progressively throughout gestation in both groups of women. The ratio of the level of progesterone to that of 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone in individual plasma samples of women with uncomplicated pregnancies was 7.0 from 12 to 15 weeks' gestation while at 35 to 41 weeks' gestation the ratio had declined to 4.6. Similar results were obtained in plasma samples of women who ultimately developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. Since no differences in plasma levels of progesterone or 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone were detected between primigravid women with uncomplicated pregnancies and those who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, we conclude that neither progesterone nor 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentrations in plasma are of value in identifying women at risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "contents": "Hormone production during pregnancy in the primigravid patient. I. Plasma levels of progesterone and 5-alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione throughout pregnancy of normal women and women who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and 5-alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone) were measured from as early as 12 weeks through 41 weeks of gestation in primigravid women. Two groups of primigravid women were assessed, those with uncomplicated pregnancies and those who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. Plasma levels of progesterone and 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone rose progressively throughout gestation in both groups of women. The ratio of the level of progesterone to that of 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone in individual plasma samples of women with uncomplicated pregnancies was 7.0 from 12 to 15 weeks' gestation while at 35 to 41 weeks' gestation the ratio had declined to 4.6. Similar results were obtained in plasma samples of women who ultimately developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. Since no differences in plasma levels of progesterone or 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone were detected between primigravid women with uncomplicated pregnancies and those who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, we conclude that neither progesterone nor 5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentrations in plasma are of value in identifying women at risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "PMID": 495678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2610", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.", "content": "The glycosylated hemoglobins (HA1) were measured in the blood of normal nonpregnant (n = 50) and pregnant (n = 29) volunteers and pregnant diabetic patients (n = 21). HA1 in normal pregnancy (6.7% +/- 1.03%) did not differ significantly from values in nonpregnancy (7.5% +/- 0.73%) and did not vary with the stage of gestation. HA1 was increased in diabetic pregnancy (8.4+ +/- 2.15%) and was positively correlated with serial fasting blood sugar (FBS) mean values in samples drawn up to 16 weeks (r = 0.57) prior to the measurement of HA1, although the highest correlation (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001) was with FBS levels over the prior 8 weeks. A large standard error of the estimate (26.9 mg/100 ml) showed HA1 to be insensitive as an indicator of prior FBS. There was a large overlap of HA1 from known diabetic patients with the normal range for pregnancy. There was no correlation of third-trimester HA1 and newborn birth weight. It was concluded that (1) normal pregnancy does not alter HA1; (2) HA1 is proportional to prior mean FBS; (3) marked elevations of HA1 (greater than 10%) reliably predict poor diabetic control, but HA1 is not useful for fine control of FBS; (4) HA1 is not useful as a screen for diabetes mellitus; (5) HA1 is not predictive of newborn birth weight.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. The glycosylated hemoglobins (HA1) were measured in the blood of normal nonpregnant (n = 50) and pregnant (n = 29) volunteers and pregnant diabetic patients (n = 21). HA1 in normal pregnancy (6.7% +/- 1.03%) did not differ significantly from values in nonpregnancy (7.5% +/- 0.73%) and did not vary with the stage of gestation. HA1 was increased in diabetic pregnancy (8.4+ +/- 2.15%) and was positively correlated with serial fasting blood sugar (FBS) mean values in samples drawn up to 16 weeks (r = 0.57) prior to the measurement of HA1, although the highest correlation (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001) was with FBS levels over the prior 8 weeks. A large standard error of the estimate (26.9 mg/100 ml) showed HA1 to be insensitive as an indicator of prior FBS. There was a large overlap of HA1 from known diabetic patients with the normal range for pregnancy. There was no correlation of third-trimester HA1 and newborn birth weight. It was concluded that (1) normal pregnancy does not alter HA1; (2) HA1 is proportional to prior mean FBS; (3) marked elevations of HA1 (greater than 10%) reliably predict poor diabetic control, but HA1 is not useful for fine control of FBS; (4) HA1 is not useful as a screen for diabetes mellitus; (5) HA1 is not predictive of newborn birth weight.", "PMID": 495679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2611", "title": "Circadian rhythms in maternal plasma cortisol, estrone, estradiol, and estriol at 34 to 35 weeks' gestation.", "content": "In order to examine the relationship between circadian rhythms in different steroids, cortisol (F), estrone E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in maternal venous plasma taken at 30 to 60-minute intervals over 24 hours from 11 healthy women at 34 to 35 weeks' gestation. Maternal F was maximal at 0730 hours and fell significantly to its lowest concentration at 0230 hours. Maretnal E3 was lowest between 1000 and 1130 hours and rose significantly to maximal values between 2230 and 0030 hours. Maternal E1 was maximal between 1000 and 1130 hours and showed a significant decrease to reach its lowest concentration at 0430 to 0630 hours. No significant circadian change was measured in uncorrected concentrations of E2. We conclude that there is an inverse relationship between maternal F and E3, which would be consistent with a maternal effect on fetal adrenal function, and the existence of circadian rhythms in F, E1, E2, and E3 must be taken into account in clinical investigations of these hormones during pregnancy.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in maternal plasma cortisol, estrone, estradiol, and estriol at 34 to 35 weeks' gestation. In order to examine the relationship between circadian rhythms in different steroids, cortisol (F), estrone E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in maternal venous plasma taken at 30 to 60-minute intervals over 24 hours from 11 healthy women at 34 to 35 weeks' gestation. Maternal F was maximal at 0730 hours and fell significantly to its lowest concentration at 0230 hours. Maretnal E3 was lowest between 1000 and 1130 hours and rose significantly to maximal values between 2230 and 0030 hours. Maternal E1 was maximal between 1000 and 1130 hours and showed a significant decrease to reach its lowest concentration at 0430 to 0630 hours. No significant circadian change was measured in uncorrected concentrations of E2. We conclude that there is an inverse relationship between maternal F and E3, which would be consistent with a maternal effect on fetal adrenal function, and the existence of circadian rhythms in F, E1, E2, and E3 must be taken into account in clinical investigations of these hormones during pregnancy.", "PMID": 495680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2612", "title": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol and real-time ultrasonic cephalometry.", "content": "The fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured at the time of real-time ultrasound-directed amniocentesis in 159 cases and a phospholipid profile was obtained from the amniotic fluid. BPD measurements of 9.0, 8.7, and 9.2 cm were then compared with a lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio greater than or equal to 2.0 for the ability to predict the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in the profile. The data from the diabetic and nondiabetic patients were analyzed separately. The results demonstrated that in the presence of a L/S ratio greater than or equal to 2.0 the BPD does not aid in the identification of amniotic fluid samples which contain PG in either the diabetic or nondiabetic groups. The data also confirmed previous findings that the BPD is not a reliable predictor of the L/S ratio. It is concluded that for the detection of PG in amniotic fluid, the use of real-time ultrasonic cephalometry cannot substitute for the performance of the phospholipid profile.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol and real-time ultrasonic cephalometry. The fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured at the time of real-time ultrasound-directed amniocentesis in 159 cases and a phospholipid profile was obtained from the amniotic fluid. BPD measurements of 9.0, 8.7, and 9.2 cm were then compared with a lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio greater than or equal to 2.0 for the ability to predict the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in the profile. The data from the diabetic and nondiabetic patients were analyzed separately. The results demonstrated that in the presence of a L/S ratio greater than or equal to 2.0 the BPD does not aid in the identification of amniotic fluid samples which contain PG in either the diabetic or nondiabetic groups. The data also confirmed previous findings that the BPD is not a reliable predictor of the L/S ratio. It is concluded that for the detection of PG in amniotic fluid, the use of real-time ultrasonic cephalometry cannot substitute for the performance of the phospholipid profile.", "PMID": 495681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2613", "title": "Metabolism of progesterone by placentas from several mammalian species in vitro.", "content": "20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (20-alpha-HSDH) activity and 20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration (20-alpha-DHP) reach peak values in the human placenta after vaginal delivery. To determine if these findings are unique to the human, we measured 20-alpha-HSDH activity as well as endogenous progesterone (P) and 20-alpha-DHP concentration in the soluble supernatant fraction of placental tissues obtained from rodents (rat, rabbit, guinea pig), ungulates (horse, zebra, giraffe, cow), and primates (squirrel monkey, orangutan, man). P concentration was very low in rodents (mean 0.60 ng/mg protein), increased slightly in ungulates (mean 2.89 ng/mg protein), and reached a maximum value in the human (34.43 ng/mg protein). 20-alpha-DHP concentration had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.93) with P tissue content; it was low in rodents (mean 0.21 ng/mg protein), increased slightly in ungulates (mean 0.79 ng/mg protein), and reached a maximum value in the human (39.53 ng/mg protein). 20-alpha-HSDH activity, however, had a poor correlation with 20-alpha-DHP tissue concentrations: Its lowest value was in the guinea pig (9.34 pmole/mg protein/hour) and the highest was in the horse (3.19 nmole/mg protein/hour). These results indicate that a high level of activity of the P to 20-alpha-DHP pathway with significant tissue accumulation of 20-alpha-DHP is unique to the human placenta and reinforce the possibility of its causing in situ P withdrawal as a part of the overall mechanism of human parturition.", "contents": "Metabolism of progesterone by placentas from several mammalian species in vitro. 20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (20-alpha-HSDH) activity and 20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration (20-alpha-DHP) reach peak values in the human placenta after vaginal delivery. To determine if these findings are unique to the human, we measured 20-alpha-HSDH activity as well as endogenous progesterone (P) and 20-alpha-DHP concentration in the soluble supernatant fraction of placental tissues obtained from rodents (rat, rabbit, guinea pig), ungulates (horse, zebra, giraffe, cow), and primates (squirrel monkey, orangutan, man). P concentration was very low in rodents (mean 0.60 ng/mg protein), increased slightly in ungulates (mean 2.89 ng/mg protein), and reached a maximum value in the human (34.43 ng/mg protein). 20-alpha-DHP concentration had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.93) with P tissue content; it was low in rodents (mean 0.21 ng/mg protein), increased slightly in ungulates (mean 0.79 ng/mg protein), and reached a maximum value in the human (39.53 ng/mg protein). 20-alpha-HSDH activity, however, had a poor correlation with 20-alpha-DHP tissue concentrations: Its lowest value was in the guinea pig (9.34 pmole/mg protein/hour) and the highest was in the horse (3.19 nmole/mg protein/hour). These results indicate that a high level of activity of the P to 20-alpha-DHP pathway with significant tissue accumulation of 20-alpha-DHP is unique to the human placenta and reinforce the possibility of its causing in situ P withdrawal as a part of the overall mechanism of human parturition.", "PMID": 495682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2614", "title": "The role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis.", "content": "To evaluate the role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis, intravenous metronidazole was used as the sole initial therapy in 25 women with clinical signs of infection. This agent has not been shown to have activity against aerobic pathogens in soft tissue pelvic infections. A clinical cure was obtained in 21 of 25 (84%) with oral metronidazole utilized after the patient had been afebrile for at least 24 hours. The mean fever index of the 21 successfully treated women was 35.9 degree hours with a SD of +/-30 hours. The four patients with treatment failure required alternate antibiotics and the mean fever index of these patients was 138.0 degree hours. Transcervical endometrial cultures were obtained prior to therapy in 24 women. Anaerobes were recovered in every instance with a total of 67 isolates, a mean of 2.8 per patient. The most common isolates were peptococcus and Bacteroides species. A culdocentesis was performed concurrently in 23 women. Anaerobes were recovered in 20 (87%) with a total of 55 isolates. The most frequent isolates were peptococcus and Bacteroides fragilis. In 23 women in whom paired transcervical endometrial and cul-de-sac cultures were obtained, at least one common organism was isolated in 18 (78%). Both the successful clinical response to metronidazole and the paired culture results suggest that anaerobic organisms have an important role in endomyometritis following vaginal delivery.", "contents": "The role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis. To evaluate the role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis, intravenous metronidazole was used as the sole initial therapy in 25 women with clinical signs of infection. This agent has not been shown to have activity against aerobic pathogens in soft tissue pelvic infections. A clinical cure was obtained in 21 of 25 (84%) with oral metronidazole utilized after the patient had been afebrile for at least 24 hours. The mean fever index of the 21 successfully treated women was 35.9 degree hours with a SD of +/-30 hours. The four patients with treatment failure required alternate antibiotics and the mean fever index of these patients was 138.0 degree hours. Transcervical endometrial cultures were obtained prior to therapy in 24 women. Anaerobes were recovered in every instance with a total of 67 isolates, a mean of 2.8 per patient. The most common isolates were peptococcus and Bacteroides species. A culdocentesis was performed concurrently in 23 women. Anaerobes were recovered in 20 (87%) with a total of 55 isolates. The most frequent isolates were peptococcus and Bacteroides fragilis. In 23 women in whom paired transcervical endometrial and cul-de-sac cultures were obtained, at least one common organism was isolated in 18 (78%). Both the successful clinical response to metronidazole and the paired culture results suggest that anaerobic organisms have an important role in endomyometritis following vaginal delivery.", "PMID": 495683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2615", "title": "Evidence for separable binocular processes differentially affected by artificially induced anisometropia.", "content": "Two measurable effects are produced by viewing a large disk rotating about the line of sight: a perceived displacement of the apparent horizon (tilt) and cyclotorsion of the eye (torsion). Previous results in our laboratory (see Refs.) using dichoptic presentation techniques show that both effects demonstrate binocular enhancement in normal subjects. Further, stereoblind subjects maintain enhancement for the oculomotor effect, torsion, but not for the perceptual effect, tilt. In this study we have found that this stereoblind pattern of results can be produced optically in normals by introducing a three diopter myopia in one eye. This renders the subject stereoblind and causes suppression of the artificially myopic eye. In this condition torsion still shows enhancement; tilt does not. This procedure may be useful in isolating causes of stereoblindness and in locating different sites of binocular interaction.", "contents": "Evidence for separable binocular processes differentially affected by artificially induced anisometropia. Two measurable effects are produced by viewing a large disk rotating about the line of sight: a perceived displacement of the apparent horizon (tilt) and cyclotorsion of the eye (torsion). Previous results in our laboratory (see Refs.) using dichoptic presentation techniques show that both effects demonstrate binocular enhancement in normal subjects. Further, stereoblind subjects maintain enhancement for the oculomotor effect, torsion, but not for the perceptual effect, tilt. In this study we have found that this stereoblind pattern of results can be produced optically in normals by introducing a three diopter myopia in one eye. This renders the subject stereoblind and causes suppression of the artificially myopic eye. In this condition torsion still shows enhancement; tilt does not. This procedure may be useful in isolating causes of stereoblindness and in locating different sites of binocular interaction.", "PMID": 495684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2616", "title": "Objective assessment of accommodation orthoptics. I. Dynamic insufficiency.", "content": "Three young adult females with symptoms related to focusing difficulties at near were treated by standard orthoptic procedures, including jump focus, plus-and-minus lens flippers, and pencil pushups. Home training was done 20 minutes each day for 4 1/2--7 weeks. Objective measures of dynamic accommodation were made each week in our Neuro-optometry Clinic. Initially, these objective measures showed prolongations of time constants and latencies of accommodation. During treatment, the patients showed significant reductions in time constants and latencies that correlated well with elimination of subjective symptoms. Also, in all three patients, flipper rates increased and symptoms were either markedly diminished or no longer present at termination of therapy. These results clearly demonstrate that orthoptic treatment in our three adult patients resulted in objective improvement of accommodation function.", "contents": "Objective assessment of accommodation orthoptics. I. Dynamic insufficiency. Three young adult females with symptoms related to focusing difficulties at near were treated by standard orthoptic procedures, including jump focus, plus-and-minus lens flippers, and pencil pushups. Home training was done 20 minutes each day for 4 1/2--7 weeks. Objective measures of dynamic accommodation were made each week in our Neuro-optometry Clinic. Initially, these objective measures showed prolongations of time constants and latencies of accommodation. During treatment, the patients showed significant reductions in time constants and latencies that correlated well with elimination of subjective symptoms. Also, in all three patients, flipper rates increased and symptoms were either markedly diminished or no longer present at termination of therapy. These results clearly demonstrate that orthoptic treatment in our three adult patients resulted in objective improvement of accommodation function.", "PMID": 495685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2617", "title": "Speckle motion in laser refraction. II. Experimental.", "content": "The validity of expressions for the position of the plane of stationarity, apparent speed of speckle movement, and estimated observer ametropia is examined for laser refraction, using a cylindrical drum. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory. It appears unlikely, however, that methods of subjective refraction depending on estimation of speckle velocity can match the accuracy and precision of those based on rendering the plane of stationarity conjugate with the observer's retina. Even with experienced observers, refractive values based on estimates of speckle speed showed the unsatisfactorily large standard deviation of approximately 0.5 D.S.", "contents": "Speckle motion in laser refraction. II. Experimental. The validity of expressions for the position of the plane of stationarity, apparent speed of speckle movement, and estimated observer ametropia is examined for laser refraction, using a cylindrical drum. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory. It appears unlikely, however, that methods of subjective refraction depending on estimation of speckle velocity can match the accuracy and precision of those based on rendering the plane of stationarity conjugate with the observer's retina. Even with experienced observers, refractive values based on estimates of speckle speed showed the unsatisfactorily large standard deviation of approximately 0.5 D.S.", "PMID": 495686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2618", "title": "A recent explanation of Haidinger's brushes and their clinical use.", "content": "The entopic phenomenon called \"Haidinger's brushes\" (HB) is used both as a diagnostic testing procedure and as a feedback mechanism in visual training. A recent explanation of HB incorporating corneal birefringence is presented. This new theory also explains a clinical phenomenon found by this author. By using a \"heat-treated\" glass prism, a HB pattern can be enhanced, stopped, or reversed along a continuum of rotation. Clinical application of this phenomenon in testing macular integrity as well as in visual training is discussed.", "contents": "A recent explanation of Haidinger's brushes and their clinical use. The entopic phenomenon called \"Haidinger's brushes\" (HB) is used both as a diagnostic testing procedure and as a feedback mechanism in visual training. A recent explanation of HB incorporating corneal birefringence is presented. This new theory also explains a clinical phenomenon found by this author. By using a \"heat-treated\" glass prism, a HB pattern can be enhanced, stopped, or reversed along a continuum of rotation. Clinical application of this phenomenon in testing macular integrity as well as in visual training is discussed.", "PMID": 495687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2619", "title": "A statistical analysis of the Biological Theory of spherical error of refraction.", "content": "It is widely believed that Adolph Steiger proved in Die Entstehung der sph\u00e4rischen Refraktionen des menschlichen Auges (The Origin of Spherical Refractions of the Human Eye) that the Biological Theory of spherical error of refraction statistically explains the entire distribution of such errors, hence excluding other theories such as the Use-Abuse Theory. Although Steiger's Biological Theory is a statistical argument, he never put it into formal notation. This paper puts a modernized version of the Biological Theory into formal statistical notation. It shows that the Biological Theory explains the dispersion of distributions of spherical error of refraction but not the location of their means. The Use-Abuse Theory is an explanation of mean spherical error in populations. Since a complete theory of spherical errors of refraction needs to explain both the mean and the dispersion of their distribution, the two theories are potentially complementary. No empirical evidence, however, is presented here for either theory.", "contents": "A statistical analysis of the Biological Theory of spherical error of refraction. It is widely believed that Adolph Steiger proved in Die Entstehung der sph\u00e4rischen Refraktionen des menschlichen Auges (The Origin of Spherical Refractions of the Human Eye) that the Biological Theory of spherical error of refraction statistically explains the entire distribution of such errors, hence excluding other theories such as the Use-Abuse Theory. Although Steiger's Biological Theory is a statistical argument, he never put it into formal notation. This paper puts a modernized version of the Biological Theory into formal statistical notation. It shows that the Biological Theory explains the dispersion of distributions of spherical error of refraction but not the location of their means. The Use-Abuse Theory is an explanation of mean spherical error in populations. Since a complete theory of spherical errors of refraction needs to explain both the mean and the dispersion of their distribution, the two theories are potentially complementary. No empirical evidence, however, is presented here for either theory.", "PMID": 495688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2620", "title": "The effect of pupil size on visual acuity in uncorrected and corrected myopia.", "content": "The effect of pupil size on the relation between Snellen visual acuity and corrected and uncorrected myopia was examined for 22 young subjects with degrees of myopia ranging from 0.75 D to 7.5 D. Effective pupil size was varied by inducing mydriasis and then placing artificial pupils of between 1.0 and 8.0 mm diameter before the eye. Both a constant chart luminance of 120 cd/m2 and a constant retinal illuminance of 2150 trolands were used. There was little difference in results for the two lighting conditions. For the corrected myopes considered as a group, maximum visual acuity occurred for 2--3 mm diameter pupils, but larger pupils reduced acuity only marginally. For the uncorrected myopes, variation in pupil size produced a large variation in visual acuity, and for refractive errors greater than about 1.5 D, the optimum pupil diameter was less than 1 mm. For uncorrected myopes of 3.0 D or less, visual acuity was nearly as good with a 1-mm pupil as for corrected myopes. The presented data are a useful guide to the clinician.", "contents": "The effect of pupil size on visual acuity in uncorrected and corrected myopia. The effect of pupil size on the relation between Snellen visual acuity and corrected and uncorrected myopia was examined for 22 young subjects with degrees of myopia ranging from 0.75 D to 7.5 D. Effective pupil size was varied by inducing mydriasis and then placing artificial pupils of between 1.0 and 8.0 mm diameter before the eye. Both a constant chart luminance of 120 cd/m2 and a constant retinal illuminance of 2150 trolands were used. There was little difference in results for the two lighting conditions. For the corrected myopes considered as a group, maximum visual acuity occurred for 2--3 mm diameter pupils, but larger pupils reduced acuity only marginally. For the uncorrected myopes, variation in pupil size produced a large variation in visual acuity, and for refractive errors greater than about 1.5 D, the optimum pupil diameter was less than 1 mm. For uncorrected myopes of 3.0 D or less, visual acuity was nearly as good with a 1-mm pupil as for corrected myopes. The presented data are a useful guide to the clinician.", "PMID": 495689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2621", "title": "The definition of thickness for a lens.", "content": "The thickness of a lens depends upon the direction of the measuring vector. The thickness as commonly used from the sagittal height formula does not give the path length for movement of gas, water, and heat through a lens. Furthermore, the amount of gas, water, or heat moving through a lens depends upon an areal average thickness, not central thickness. A formula is derived for an approximate areal averaged sagittal height thickness. This average thickness has the advantage of being easily calculated from a sagittal height table. The equation for the areal average thickness along a radius of curvature is also derived. Sample calculations are made to show how this average thickness is a function of lens dimension. It is recommended that an areal average thickness be used when oxygen transmissibility of a lens is calculated from oxygen permeability of the lens material.", "contents": "The definition of thickness for a lens. The thickness of a lens depends upon the direction of the measuring vector. The thickness as commonly used from the sagittal height formula does not give the path length for movement of gas, water, and heat through a lens. Furthermore, the amount of gas, water, or heat moving through a lens depends upon an areal average thickness, not central thickness. A formula is derived for an approximate areal averaged sagittal height thickness. This average thickness has the advantage of being easily calculated from a sagittal height table. The equation for the areal average thickness along a radius of curvature is also derived. Sample calculations are made to show how this average thickness is a function of lens dimension. It is recommended that an areal average thickness be used when oxygen transmissibility of a lens is calculated from oxygen permeability of the lens material.", "PMID": 495690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2622", "title": "Lung injury induced by leukocytic proteases.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) contain large amounts of neutral proteases that can degrade elastin, collagen, proteoglycan, and basement membrane. The instillation of one of the purified enzymes (elastase) into dog lungs in vivo causes degradation of elastic fibers and other alveolar septal components and results in anatomic changes similar to those of human pulmonary emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor associated with pulmonary emphysema in man. One mechanism for this association may be interference with the regulation of PMN elastase activity by alveolar antiproteases. This possibility is supported by the observation that the oxidizing activity of tobacco smoke inactivates alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vitro. Macrophages also secrete an elastolytic protease, albeit at low levels. The short-term exposure of cultured mouse macrophages to cigarette smoke augments the rate of elastase secretion by these cells. Mouse macrophage elastase is not inhibited by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or alpha 2-macroglobulin. This unusual property of macrophage elastase may facilitate its attack upon elastin over prolonged intervals despite very low levels of macrophage elastase production. A unified hypothesis of lung injury in pulmonary emphysema is presented, involving both PMN and macrophage elastases and the actions of cigarette smoke. (Am J Pathol 97:111--136, 1979).", "contents": "Lung injury induced by leukocytic proteases. Human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) contain large amounts of neutral proteases that can degrade elastin, collagen, proteoglycan, and basement membrane. The instillation of one of the purified enzymes (elastase) into dog lungs in vivo causes degradation of elastic fibers and other alveolar septal components and results in anatomic changes similar to those of human pulmonary emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor associated with pulmonary emphysema in man. One mechanism for this association may be interference with the regulation of PMN elastase activity by alveolar antiproteases. This possibility is supported by the observation that the oxidizing activity of tobacco smoke inactivates alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vitro. Macrophages also secrete an elastolytic protease, albeit at low levels. The short-term exposure of cultured mouse macrophages to cigarette smoke augments the rate of elastase secretion by these cells. Mouse macrophage elastase is not inhibited by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or alpha 2-macroglobulin. This unusual property of macrophage elastase may facilitate its attack upon elastin over prolonged intervals despite very low levels of macrophage elastase production. A unified hypothesis of lung injury in pulmonary emphysema is presented, involving both PMN and macrophage elastases and the actions of cigarette smoke. (Am J Pathol 97:111--136, 1979).", "PMID": 495691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2623", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "Cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages, prelabeled with 14C-arachidonic acid (AA), released into the medium a trace amount of labeled prostaglandins (PG) as well as their precursor, AA. Phagocytosis of zymosan, heat-killed Staphylococcus, or bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) increased the AA and PG release to 2--2.5 times control values. The released PGs consisted of PGE2, D2, F2 alpha, and 6-keto F1 alpha. Phagocytosis of latex particles had no effect on PG release. Indomethacin inhibited release of PGs but did not affect AA release at low doses. Analysis of the cellular lipids showed that zymosan decreased the radioactive label in phosphatidylcholine (PC), but not in other phospholipids or neutral lipids, suggesting that PC is the main source of AA for PG synthesis in pulmonary macrophages. Cytochalasin B (CB) at phagocytosis-inhibiting doses or below, markedly increased PG synthesis by zymosan-treated macrophages. These data suggest that PG release is not dependent on engulfment of the particles. Phagocytosis of zymosan (but not latex) also resulted in the release of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, which appeared temporally associated with the release of PGs (but not to phagocytosis). Furthermore, CB augmented the zymosan-stimulated release of these enzymes at the same doses stimulating PG synthesis. However, indomethacin, at a dose completely inhibiting PG synthesis, failed to block lysosomal enzyme release. Thus, the coincidental release of PGs and lysosomal enzymes is not the result of a regulatory role of PGs in the release of lysosomal enzymes, but probably is the result of a common pathway of stimulation. (Am J Pathol 97:137--148, 1979).", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in pulmonary macrophages. Cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages, prelabeled with 14C-arachidonic acid (AA), released into the medium a trace amount of labeled prostaglandins (PG) as well as their precursor, AA. Phagocytosis of zymosan, heat-killed Staphylococcus, or bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) increased the AA and PG release to 2--2.5 times control values. The released PGs consisted of PGE2, D2, F2 alpha, and 6-keto F1 alpha. Phagocytosis of latex particles had no effect on PG release. Indomethacin inhibited release of PGs but did not affect AA release at low doses. Analysis of the cellular lipids showed that zymosan decreased the radioactive label in phosphatidylcholine (PC), but not in other phospholipids or neutral lipids, suggesting that PC is the main source of AA for PG synthesis in pulmonary macrophages. Cytochalasin B (CB) at phagocytosis-inhibiting doses or below, markedly increased PG synthesis by zymosan-treated macrophages. These data suggest that PG release is not dependent on engulfment of the particles. Phagocytosis of zymosan (but not latex) also resulted in the release of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, which appeared temporally associated with the release of PGs (but not to phagocytosis). Furthermore, CB augmented the zymosan-stimulated release of these enzymes at the same doses stimulating PG synthesis. However, indomethacin, at a dose completely inhibiting PG synthesis, failed to block lysosomal enzyme release. Thus, the coincidental release of PGs and lysosomal enzymes is not the result of a regulatory role of PGs in the release of lysosomal enzymes, but probably is the result of a common pathway of stimulation. (Am J Pathol 97:137--148, 1979).", "PMID": 495692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2624", "title": "Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage.", "content": "Bronchoalveolar lavage is an invaluable means of accurately evaluating the inflammatory and immune processes of the human lung. Although lavage recovers only those cells and proteins present on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract, comparison with open lung biopsies shows that these constituents are representative of the inflammatory and immune systems of the alveolar structures. With the use of these techniques, sufficient materials are obtained from normal individuals to allow characterization of not only the types of cells and proteins present but their functions as well. Such observations have been useful in defining the inflammatory and immune capabilities of the normal lung and provide a basis for the study of lung disease. Lavage methods have been used to characterize inflammatory and immune processes of the lower respiratory tract in destructive, infectious, neoplastic, and interstitial disorders. From the data already acquired, it is apparent that bronchoalveolar lavage will yield major insights into the pathogenesis, staging, and therapy decisions involved in these disorders. (Am J Pathol 97:149--206, 1979).", "contents": "Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Bronchoalveolar lavage is an invaluable means of accurately evaluating the inflammatory and immune processes of the human lung. Although lavage recovers only those cells and proteins present on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract, comparison with open lung biopsies shows that these constituents are representative of the inflammatory and immune systems of the alveolar structures. With the use of these techniques, sufficient materials are obtained from normal individuals to allow characterization of not only the types of cells and proteins present but their functions as well. Such observations have been useful in defining the inflammatory and immune capabilities of the normal lung and provide a basis for the study of lung disease. Lavage methods have been used to characterize inflammatory and immune processes of the lower respiratory tract in destructive, infectious, neoplastic, and interstitial disorders. From the data already acquired, it is apparent that bronchoalveolar lavage will yield major insights into the pathogenesis, staging, and therapy decisions involved in these disorders. (Am J Pathol 97:149--206, 1979).", "PMID": 495693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2625", "title": "The potassium permanganate method. A reliable method for differentiating amyloid AA from other forms of amyloid in routine laboratory practice.", "content": "Alterations in affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation of tissue sections with potassium permanganate, as described by Wright el al, were studied. The affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation with potassium permanganate did not change in patients with myeloma-associated amyloidosis, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pancreatic island amyloid, and cerebral amyloidosis. Affinity for Congo red was lost after incubation with potassium permanganate in tissue sections from patients with secondary amyloidosis and amyloidosis complicating familial Mediterranean fever (consisting of amyloid AA). Patients with primary amyloidosis could be divided into two groups, one with potassium-permanganate--sensitive and one with potassium-permanganate--resistant amyloid deposits. These two groups correlated with the clinical classification in typical organ distribution (presenting with nephropathy) and atypical organ distribution (presenting with cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and glossopathy) and the expected presence of amyloid AA or amyloid AL. Potassium permanganate sensitivity seems to be restricted to amyloid AA. The potassium permanganate method can be important in dividing the major forms of generalized amyloidosis in AA amyloid and non-AA amyloid. This can be used for differentiating early stages of the disease and cases otherwise difficult to classify. It is important to define patient groups properly, especially in evaluating the effect of therapeutic measures. (Am J Pathol 97:43--58, 1979).", "contents": "The potassium permanganate method. A reliable method for differentiating amyloid AA from other forms of amyloid in routine laboratory practice. Alterations in affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation of tissue sections with potassium permanganate, as described by Wright el al, were studied. The affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation with potassium permanganate did not change in patients with myeloma-associated amyloidosis, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pancreatic island amyloid, and cerebral amyloidosis. Affinity for Congo red was lost after incubation with potassium permanganate in tissue sections from patients with secondary amyloidosis and amyloidosis complicating familial Mediterranean fever (consisting of amyloid AA). Patients with primary amyloidosis could be divided into two groups, one with potassium-permanganate--sensitive and one with potassium-permanganate--resistant amyloid deposits. These two groups correlated with the clinical classification in typical organ distribution (presenting with nephropathy) and atypical organ distribution (presenting with cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and glossopathy) and the expected presence of amyloid AA or amyloid AL. Potassium permanganate sensitivity seems to be restricted to amyloid AA. The potassium permanganate method can be important in dividing the major forms of generalized amyloidosis in AA amyloid and non-AA amyloid. This can be used for differentiating early stages of the disease and cases otherwise difficult to classify. It is important to define patient groups properly, especially in evaluating the effect of therapeutic measures. (Am J Pathol 97:43--58, 1979).", "PMID": 495695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2626", "title": "The behavioral and neuropathologic sequelae of intoxication by trimethyltin compounds in the rat.", "content": "Trimethyltin, when given by gavage to rats, has an LD50 of 12.6 mg/kg. Signs of poisoning include tremors, hyperexcitability, aggressive behavior, weight loss, and convulsions. After single (10 mg/kg) or repeated weekly doses (a maximum of four) of 4 mg/kg, rats, up to a survival time of 70 days, were perfusion-fixed for light microscopy. Trimethyltin was assayed in brain and blood in rats after similar treatments. Trimethyltin is cumulative and persistent and binds with high affinity to hemoglobin. Trimethyltin, unlike triethyltin, does not produce white matter edema in rats but does cause bilateral and symmetrical neuronal alterations involving the hippocampus (largely sparing the Sommer sector), pyriform cortex, amygdaloid nucleus, and neocortex. The earliest alteration was loss or dispersal of Nissl substance, then clumping of nuclear chromatin, followed by shrinkage and fragmentation of the nucleus within shrunken eosinophilic cytoplasm. These changes were associated with approximately 1.4 microgram trimethyltin/g wet weight in brain tissue 1 day after the second dose of 4 mg/kg or 2 days after a single dose of 10 mg/kg. Signs of poisoning gradually disappeared, and 4 rats surviving 70 days appeared normal, although their brains had severe damage with cell loss in the hippocampi and each pyriform cortex. Treatment of rats with trimethyltin, therefore, provides a chronic preparation with consistent lesions in the hippocampus of use in other behavioral and neuroanatomic studies. (Am J Pathol 97:59--82, 1979).", "contents": "The behavioral and neuropathologic sequelae of intoxication by trimethyltin compounds in the rat. Trimethyltin, when given by gavage to rats, has an LD50 of 12.6 mg/kg. Signs of poisoning include tremors, hyperexcitability, aggressive behavior, weight loss, and convulsions. After single (10 mg/kg) or repeated weekly doses (a maximum of four) of 4 mg/kg, rats, up to a survival time of 70 days, were perfusion-fixed for light microscopy. Trimethyltin was assayed in brain and blood in rats after similar treatments. Trimethyltin is cumulative and persistent and binds with high affinity to hemoglobin. Trimethyltin, unlike triethyltin, does not produce white matter edema in rats but does cause bilateral and symmetrical neuronal alterations involving the hippocampus (largely sparing the Sommer sector), pyriform cortex, amygdaloid nucleus, and neocortex. The earliest alteration was loss or dispersal of Nissl substance, then clumping of nuclear chromatin, followed by shrinkage and fragmentation of the nucleus within shrunken eosinophilic cytoplasm. These changes were associated with approximately 1.4 microgram trimethyltin/g wet weight in brain tissue 1 day after the second dose of 4 mg/kg or 2 days after a single dose of 10 mg/kg. Signs of poisoning gradually disappeared, and 4 rats surviving 70 days appeared normal, although their brains had severe damage with cell loss in the hippocampi and each pyriform cortex. Treatment of rats with trimethyltin, therefore, provides a chronic preparation with consistent lesions in the hippocampus of use in other behavioral and neuroanatomic studies. (Am J Pathol 97:59--82, 1979).", "PMID": 495696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2627", "title": "Complement fragments, alveolar macrophages, and alveolitis.", "content": "Mechanisms of neutrophil infiltration into the rabbit alveolus have been investigated. Complement activation in the circulation induced pulmonary vascular margination but not a significant level of alveolar infiltration. Instillation of C5 fragments into the airways, however, attracted neutrophils into the alveolar airspaces. The anaphylatoxin-inactive fragment of C5, C5a des Arg, was found to be much more active in this regard than C5a. Furthermore, these fragments were shown to induce the production of a neutrophil-directed chemoctactic factor from pulmonary macrophages, raising the question of whether the C5a des Arg was acting directly to attract neutrophils or indirectly via the macrophage. To substantiate a possible role for C5 and C5 fragments in alveolitis, active C5 was demonstrated in lavage fluids, and macrophage-derived C5 cleaving enzymes have been described. Finally, a route of neutrophil infiltration via migration through the alveolar capillary wall into the interstitium is proposed, and subsequent penetration of the alveolar epithelium out into the airspace. (Am J Pathol 97:93--110, 1979).", "contents": "Complement fragments, alveolar macrophages, and alveolitis. Mechanisms of neutrophil infiltration into the rabbit alveolus have been investigated. Complement activation in the circulation induced pulmonary vascular margination but not a significant level of alveolar infiltration. Instillation of C5 fragments into the airways, however, attracted neutrophils into the alveolar airspaces. The anaphylatoxin-inactive fragment of C5, C5a des Arg, was found to be much more active in this regard than C5a. Furthermore, these fragments were shown to induce the production of a neutrophil-directed chemoctactic factor from pulmonary macrophages, raising the question of whether the C5a des Arg was acting directly to attract neutrophils or indirectly via the macrophage. To substantiate a possible role for C5 and C5 fragments in alveolitis, active C5 was demonstrated in lavage fluids, and macrophage-derived C5 cleaving enzymes have been described. Finally, a route of neutrophil infiltration via migration through the alveolar capillary wall into the interstitium is proposed, and subsequent penetration of the alveolar epithelium out into the airspace. (Am J Pathol 97:93--110, 1979).", "PMID": 495697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2628", "title": "Telephone therapy: a review and case report.", "content": "The impact of the telephone upon the practice of medicine and psychiatry is reviewed. As an exclusively auditory medium, the telephone conveys meaningful vocal information while screening out visual and other stimuli. It is suggested that some highly anxious and unstable individuals, who find psychotherapy too threatening, may benefit from telephone contact with a therapist. An illustrative case of telephone therapy is presented.", "contents": "Telephone therapy: a review and case report. The impact of the telephone upon the practice of medicine and psychiatry is reviewed. As an exclusively auditory medium, the telephone conveys meaningful vocal information while screening out visual and other stimuli. It is suggested that some highly anxious and unstable individuals, who find psychotherapy too threatening, may benefit from telephone contact with a therapist. An illustrative case of telephone therapy is presented.", "PMID": 495700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2629", "title": "Crisis in psychotherapy: principles of emergency consultation and intervention.", "content": "A surprisingly large number of visits to a crisis intervention service are made by patients engaged in ongoing psychotherapy elsewhere. Data are presented from patients and their therapists that support the concept of a psychotherapy crisis as a major precipient of such visits. A typology for the therapy crisis is elaborated, and guidelines for the crisis worker's assessment and intervention are suggested.", "contents": "Crisis in psychotherapy: principles of emergency consultation and intervention. A surprisingly large number of visits to a crisis intervention service are made by patients engaged in ongoing psychotherapy elsewhere. Data are presented from patients and their therapists that support the concept of a psychotherapy crisis as a major precipient of such visits. A typology for the therapy crisis is elaborated, and guidelines for the crisis worker's assessment and intervention are suggested.", "PMID": 495701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2630", "title": "Crisis intervention: a functional model for hospitalized cancer patients.", "content": "A model for psychosocial rehabilitation of hospitalized oncology patients, found to be effective in use with gynecologic cancer patients, is described. It is suggested that the contribution of mental health professionals to the health delivery system of an oncology ward is essential to the maintenance of comprehensive care.", "contents": "Crisis intervention: a functional model for hospitalized cancer patients. A model for psychosocial rehabilitation of hospitalized oncology patients, found to be effective in use with gynecologic cancer patients, is described. It is suggested that the contribution of mental health professionals to the health delivery system of an oncology ward is essential to the maintenance of comprehensive care.", "PMID": 495702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2631", "title": "Psychiatric sequelae of surviving childhood cancer.", "content": "Increasing survival rates for children with cancer raise questions about the long-term psychosocial impact of the disease and its treatment. Psychiatric evaluations of 114 survivors of childhood malignancies suggest a high rate of adjustment problems, with 59% indicating at least mild psychiatric symptomology. Interviews with former patients highlight the importance of adaptive denial in the face of the uncertainty connected with cancer survival.", "contents": "Psychiatric sequelae of surviving childhood cancer. Increasing survival rates for children with cancer raise questions about the long-term psychosocial impact of the disease and its treatment. Psychiatric evaluations of 114 survivors of childhood malignancies suggest a high rate of adjustment problems, with 59% indicating at least mild psychiatric symptomology. Interviews with former patients highlight the importance of adaptive denial in the face of the uncertainty connected with cancer survival.", "PMID": 495703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2632", "title": "The effects of congenital heart disease on cognitive development, illness causality concepts, and vulnerability.", "content": "This study suggests that childhood cardiac illness has a depressive impact on the attainment of conservation tasks, but does not affect illness causality conceptualization. The group of twelve ill children studied appeared to feel somewhat more vulnerable to illness in general, especially when projecting to adult health status, than did a matched group of healthy children.", "contents": "The effects of congenital heart disease on cognitive development, illness causality concepts, and vulnerability. This study suggests that childhood cardiac illness has a depressive impact on the attainment of conservation tasks, but does not affect illness causality conceptualization. The group of twelve ill children studied appeared to feel somewhat more vulnerable to illness in general, especially when projecting to adult health status, than did a matched group of healthy children.", "PMID": 495704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2633", "title": "The aftermath of rape: recent empirical findings.", "content": "In a longitudinal study of the effects of rape on a woman's subsequent psychological functioning, objective measures of mood state and psychological distress were obtained at four intervals from 46 recent rape victims and 35 nonvictims. Initial response to rape was characterized by intense generalized distress. Three months and six months later, this distress had diminished, leaving a residual of fear and anxiety problems that were clearly rape-related. Implications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "The aftermath of rape: recent empirical findings. In a longitudinal study of the effects of rape on a woman's subsequent psychological functioning, objective measures of mood state and psychological distress were obtained at four intervals from 46 recent rape victims and 35 nonvictims. Initial response to rape was characterized by intense generalized distress. Three months and six months later, this distress had diminished, leaving a residual of fear and anxiety problems that were clearly rape-related. Implications for treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 495705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2634", "title": "An exploratory approach to self-blame and self-derogation by rape victims.", "content": "Quantitative and interview data on rape victims' self-evaluation and attributions of personal responsibility were studied to explore the relevance of theories of \"defensive attribution\" and maintenance of belief in a \"just world.\" Clinical implications of the findings for adjustment of victims, counseling, victim compensation, and the legal system are discussed.", "contents": "An exploratory approach to self-blame and self-derogation by rape victims. Quantitative and interview data on rape victims' self-evaluation and attributions of personal responsibility were studied to explore the relevance of theories of \"defensive attribution\" and maintenance of belief in a \"just world.\" Clinical implications of the findings for adjustment of victims, counseling, victim compensation, and the legal system are discussed.", "PMID": 495706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2635", "title": "Incest: theoretical and clinical views.", "content": "This paper reviews the various theoretical approaches to incest and considers their relationship to the clinical literature. The dearth of treatment reports on incest is noted, and directions are suggested for research that will enhance our understanding of the phenomenon and guide practitioners in the appropriate therapeutic intervention with participants.", "contents": "Incest: theoretical and clinical views. This paper reviews the various theoretical approaches to incest and considers their relationship to the clinical literature. The dearth of treatment reports on incest is noted, and directions are suggested for research that will enhance our understanding of the phenomenon and guide practitioners in the appropriate therapeutic intervention with participants.", "PMID": 495707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2636", "title": "What's wrong with sex between adults and children? Ethics and the problem of sexual abuse.", "content": "The belief that sex with adults causes harm to children is often offered as the most compelling argument against such relationships, and is the basis for much current concern about sexual abuse. This paper argues for the importance of a stronger ethical position, less dependent on an empirical presumption that is not firmly established. It is suggested that basing the prohibition of adult-child sex on the premise that children are incapable of full and informed consent will provide a more solid and consistent approach to the problem.", "contents": "What's wrong with sex between adults and children? Ethics and the problem of sexual abuse. The belief that sex with adults causes harm to children is often offered as the most compelling argument against such relationships, and is the basis for much current concern about sexual abuse. This paper argues for the importance of a stronger ethical position, less dependent on an empirical presumption that is not firmly established. It is suggested that basing the prohibition of adult-child sex on the premise that children are incapable of full and informed consent will provide a more solid and consistent approach to the problem.", "PMID": 495708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2637", "title": "Hysterical seizures: a sequel to incest.", "content": "Six cases are described in which hysterical seizures developed after incest and disappeared after psychotherapeutic exploration of the incestuous experience. Patients were adolescents referred for seizures, suicide attempts, sexual problems, and running away. It is suggested that Navajo and Galenic folk beliefs connecting epilepsy with incest may derive from observations of this symptom pattern in incest victims.", "contents": "Hysterical seizures: a sequel to incest. Six cases are described in which hysterical seizures developed after incest and disappeared after psychotherapeutic exploration of the incestuous experience. Patients were adolescents referred for seizures, suicide attempts, sexual problems, and running away. It is suggested that Navajo and Galenic folk beliefs connecting epilepsy with incest may derive from observations of this symptom pattern in incest victims.", "PMID": 495709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2638", "title": "Free fatty acid oxidation in bovine muscle in vivo: effects of cold exposure and feeding.", "content": "A mixture of (1-14C)-labeled free fatty acids (FFA), complexed in bovine plasma, was infused into the abdominal aorta of conscious young steers exposed to thermoneutral or moderately cold conditions for several hours and fed 6 or 22 h before the experiment. The uptake, release, and oxidation of FFA in one hindlimb was calculated from simultaneous measurements of leg blood flow and arteriovenous difference in the specific activities of plasma 14C-FFA and blood 14CO2. Despite an invariable net release of FFA from the resting leg, uptake of 14C-FFA was considerable; of this only 14 and 3% was immediately converted to 14CO2 in fasted and fed steers, respectively. During cold exposure, increases in whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2), arterial concentration and turnover rate of plasma FFA, and a decrease in respiratory quotient were accompanied by much greater increases in VO2, uptake, and oxidation of FFA by the shivering leg. Even so, most FFA taken up were apparently not immediately oxidized to CO2, and possible alternatives for FFA metabolism in shivering muscle are discussed.", "contents": "Free fatty acid oxidation in bovine muscle in vivo: effects of cold exposure and feeding. A mixture of (1-14C)-labeled free fatty acids (FFA), complexed in bovine plasma, was infused into the abdominal aorta of conscious young steers exposed to thermoneutral or moderately cold conditions for several hours and fed 6 or 22 h before the experiment. The uptake, release, and oxidation of FFA in one hindlimb was calculated from simultaneous measurements of leg blood flow and arteriovenous difference in the specific activities of plasma 14C-FFA and blood 14CO2. Despite an invariable net release of FFA from the resting leg, uptake of 14C-FFA was considerable; of this only 14 and 3% was immediately converted to 14CO2 in fasted and fed steers, respectively. During cold exposure, increases in whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2), arterial concentration and turnover rate of plasma FFA, and a decrease in respiratory quotient were accompanied by much greater increases in VO2, uptake, and oxidation of FFA by the shivering leg. Even so, most FFA taken up were apparently not immediately oxidized to CO2, and possible alternatives for FFA metabolism in shivering muscle are discussed.", "PMID": 495710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2639", "title": "Effect of fasting on insulin removal by liver of perfused liver-pancreas.", "content": "Using in situ perfused rat liver-pancreas preparations, the hepatic clearance of biphasically released endogenous insulin was studied using livers of fed and fasted rats. Hepatic insulin extraction was determined by subtracting the mean endogenous insulin output found in the posthepatic vena cava effluent of liver pancreas preparations from the amount of insulin found in the prehepatic portal effluent of perfused pancreas preparations. All pancreas perfusions and liver-pancreas perfusions were subjected to the same plasma glucose stimulus (250 mg/dl) for 40 min. In the fed state, no significant hepatic extraction of insulin occurred. The biphasic pattern of insulin appearance in the posthepatic vena cava effluent, which ranged from less than 1 to 21 ng/ml, was unaffected by passage through the liver. In contrast, when rats were fasted for 24 h, approximately 50% of the insulin released into the portal vein was removed by their livers during one transhepatic passage. After a 48-h fast, insulin extraction capacity decreased relative to the capacity observed for livers of 24-h fasted rats.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on insulin removal by liver of perfused liver-pancreas. Using in situ perfused rat liver-pancreas preparations, the hepatic clearance of biphasically released endogenous insulin was studied using livers of fed and fasted rats. Hepatic insulin extraction was determined by subtracting the mean endogenous insulin output found in the posthepatic vena cava effluent of liver pancreas preparations from the amount of insulin found in the prehepatic portal effluent of perfused pancreas preparations. All pancreas perfusions and liver-pancreas perfusions were subjected to the same plasma glucose stimulus (250 mg/dl) for 40 min. In the fed state, no significant hepatic extraction of insulin occurred. The biphasic pattern of insulin appearance in the posthepatic vena cava effluent, which ranged from less than 1 to 21 ng/ml, was unaffected by passage through the liver. In contrast, when rats were fasted for 24 h, approximately 50% of the insulin released into the portal vein was removed by their livers during one transhepatic passage. After a 48-h fast, insulin extraction capacity decreased relative to the capacity observed for livers of 24-h fasted rats.", "PMID": 495713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2640", "title": "Differential effects of epinephrine on glucose production and disposal in man.", "content": "Normal subjects were infused 1) with epinephrine (50 ng/(kg.min)) for 180 min followed by epinephrine plus glucagon (3 ng/(kg.min)) for 60 min after which the epinephrine infusion rate was increased (125 ng/(kg.min)) or 2) with epinephrine plus somatostatin (500 microgram/h) for 180 min. Epinephrine increased glucose production and plasma glucagon transiently but caused persistent suppression of glucose clearance and sustained hyperglycemia (despite increased plasma insulin and gluconeogenic substrates); glucose production increased again on addition of glucagon and on increasing the epinephrine infusion rate. During epinephrine plus somatostatin, glucose production still increased transiently, but further suppression of glucose clearance caused more marked hyperglycemia. In conclusion, 1) in man hyperepinephrinemia within the physiological range caused sustained suppression of glucose clearance but only a transient increase in glucose production; 2) this transient hepatic response a) was not due to glycogen or substrate depletion, b) occurred without changes in plasma glucagon or insulin, c) was specific for epinephrine but permitted subsequent responses to changes in plasma epinephrine; 3) epinephrine can serve as a physiological regulator of glucose homeostasis in man both by increasing glucose production and by decreasing glucose clearance.", "contents": "Differential effects of epinephrine on glucose production and disposal in man. Normal subjects were infused 1) with epinephrine (50 ng/(kg.min)) for 180 min followed by epinephrine plus glucagon (3 ng/(kg.min)) for 60 min after which the epinephrine infusion rate was increased (125 ng/(kg.min)) or 2) with epinephrine plus somatostatin (500 microgram/h) for 180 min. Epinephrine increased glucose production and plasma glucagon transiently but caused persistent suppression of glucose clearance and sustained hyperglycemia (despite increased plasma insulin and gluconeogenic substrates); glucose production increased again on addition of glucagon and on increasing the epinephrine infusion rate. During epinephrine plus somatostatin, glucose production still increased transiently, but further suppression of glucose clearance caused more marked hyperglycemia. In conclusion, 1) in man hyperepinephrinemia within the physiological range caused sustained suppression of glucose clearance but only a transient increase in glucose production; 2) this transient hepatic response a) was not due to glycogen or substrate depletion, b) occurred without changes in plasma glucagon or insulin, c) was specific for epinephrine but permitted subsequent responses to changes in plasma epinephrine; 3) epinephrine can serve as a physiological regulator of glucose homeostasis in man both by increasing glucose production and by decreasing glucose clearance.", "PMID": 495714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2641", "title": "Transport of protein-bound steroid hormones into liver in vivo.", "content": "The unidirectional influx of 3H-gonadal (progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, estradiol) and adrenal (aldosterone, cortisol) steroid hormones into liver was studied with a tissue-sampling single-injection technique in barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Liver uptake of the steroid hormone was measured relative to [14C]butanol, a highly diffusible reference, after a single pass through the liver. Portal flow (1.4 ml.min-1.g-1) under the experimental conditions was measured with 3H2O. The extraction of unidirectional influx of all six steroid hormones was 70-100% after a bolus portal injection of labeled steroid in Ringer solution (0.1% albumin). Steroid transport was nonsaturable because 35 muM concentrations of unlabeled hormone resulted in no inhibition of liver transport. The plasma proteins (albumin and specific globulins) in serum from human (male, female, pregnancy), rat (male), and guinea pig (pregnancy) sources inhibited the liver clearance of the respective steroid hormones to a variable extent. In all cases albumin-bound steroid hormone was freely cleared by liver and, in the case of cortisol or estradiol, the fraction bound to a specific globulin was also transported into liver.", "contents": "Transport of protein-bound steroid hormones into liver in vivo. The unidirectional influx of 3H-gonadal (progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, estradiol) and adrenal (aldosterone, cortisol) steroid hormones into liver was studied with a tissue-sampling single-injection technique in barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Liver uptake of the steroid hormone was measured relative to [14C]butanol, a highly diffusible reference, after a single pass through the liver. Portal flow (1.4 ml.min-1.g-1) under the experimental conditions was measured with 3H2O. The extraction of unidirectional influx of all six steroid hormones was 70-100% after a bolus portal injection of labeled steroid in Ringer solution (0.1% albumin). Steroid transport was nonsaturable because 35 muM concentrations of unlabeled hormone resulted in no inhibition of liver transport. The plasma proteins (albumin and specific globulins) in serum from human (male, female, pregnancy), rat (male), and guinea pig (pregnancy) sources inhibited the liver clearance of the respective steroid hormones to a variable extent. In all cases albumin-bound steroid hormone was freely cleared by liver and, in the case of cortisol or estradiol, the fraction bound to a specific globulin was also transported into liver.", "PMID": 495715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2642", "title": "Model for mucosal circulation of rabbit small intestine.", "content": "A theoretical model of the vascular network of normal rabbit small intestine mucosa was constructed from tissues injected with silicone latex. The segmental resistances of the network were calculated from Poiseuille's law by use of lengths and radii measured microscopically and a value of 0.03 P for the viscosity of blood. Where required for the theoretical calculations, published values were used for pressures in arteries down to 20 micrometer in diameter. Values for total-organ blood flow, its distribution between mucosa and nonmucosa, and the partition of mucosal flow between crypts and villi were similar to values measured in the same animals with microspheres. Blood pressures in arteries smaller than 20 micrometer in diameter were also similar to published values. Mean mucosal capillary pressures were close to published experimental estimations. The model seems to provide a useful starting point for describing the magnitudes and patterns of pressures and flow in the small intestine and for consideration of specific location of the sites of their control.", "contents": "Model for mucosal circulation of rabbit small intestine. A theoretical model of the vascular network of normal rabbit small intestine mucosa was constructed from tissues injected with silicone latex. The segmental resistances of the network were calculated from Poiseuille's law by use of lengths and radii measured microscopically and a value of 0.03 P for the viscosity of blood. Where required for the theoretical calculations, published values were used for pressures in arteries down to 20 micrometer in diameter. Values for total-organ blood flow, its distribution between mucosa and nonmucosa, and the partition of mucosal flow between crypts and villi were similar to values measured in the same animals with microspheres. Blood pressures in arteries smaller than 20 micrometer in diameter were also similar to published values. Mean mucosal capillary pressures were close to published experimental estimations. The model seems to provide a useful starting point for describing the magnitudes and patterns of pressures and flow in the small intestine and for consideration of specific location of the sites of their control.", "PMID": 495716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2643", "title": "Effects of osmotic gradients on water and solute transport: in vivo studies in rat duodenum and ileum.", "content": "We examined effects of luminal osmolality on net water and solute movements in rat duodenum and ileum. Solutions of sodium chloride (permeating solute) or mannitol (nonpermeating solute) at hypo-, iso-, or hyperosmotic concentrations were recirculated through in situ segments. Luminal osmolality increased towards that of plasma with hyposmotic solutions of both solutes. With isosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality did not change with sodium chloride, but increased with mannitol. With hyperosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality always decreased toward that of plasma with sodium chloride; with mannitol, however, decreases were significant only when initial concentrations were above 400 mosmol/kg. The decrease in osmolality of hyperosmotic sodium chloride resulted from sodium absorption and water secretion. Thus, both hypo- and hyperosmotic solutions of sodium chloride adjusted toward isomolality with plasma by the usual mechanisms of water and solute movement. With mannitol, however, osmotic adjustment of hypertonic luminal contents was restricted or even absent due to movement of sodium down its concentration gradient and reduced hydraulic conductivity of the gut.", "contents": "Effects of osmotic gradients on water and solute transport: in vivo studies in rat duodenum and ileum. We examined effects of luminal osmolality on net water and solute movements in rat duodenum and ileum. Solutions of sodium chloride (permeating solute) or mannitol (nonpermeating solute) at hypo-, iso-, or hyperosmotic concentrations were recirculated through in situ segments. Luminal osmolality increased towards that of plasma with hyposmotic solutions of both solutes. With isosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality did not change with sodium chloride, but increased with mannitol. With hyperosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality always decreased toward that of plasma with sodium chloride; with mannitol, however, decreases were significant only when initial concentrations were above 400 mosmol/kg. The decrease in osmolality of hyperosmotic sodium chloride resulted from sodium absorption and water secretion. Thus, both hypo- and hyperosmotic solutions of sodium chloride adjusted toward isomolality with plasma by the usual mechanisms of water and solute movement. With mannitol, however, osmotic adjustment of hypertonic luminal contents was restricted or even absent due to movement of sodium down its concentration gradient and reduced hydraulic conductivity of the gut.", "PMID": 495717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2644", "title": "Denervated and intact kidney responses to saline load in awake and anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The function of the innervated and denervated kidney was examined in clearance studies with unilaterally renal-denervated conscious and anesthetized dogs before and after saline loading. Barbiturate anesthesia distinctly depressed hemodynamics and excretory function of both kidneys and increased the difference between the denervated and innervated organ. In conscious moderately hydrated dogs the denervated kidney excreted slightly more sodium and water, while after saline loading higher excretion was observed on the innervated side. The denervated-to-innervated kidney ratios for UNaV, UNaV/100 ml GFR, and urine flow fell significantly from mean control values of 1.27, 1.27, and 1.20, respectively, to 0.80, 0.87, and 0.77 after extracellular volume expansion. Similar alterations of the ratios were observed in anesthetized dogs, but higher excretion of the denervated kidney persisted after saline loading. It is concluded that the greater natriuretic response of the intact kidney to saline infusion was due to inhibition of sodium-retaining action of renal efferent nerve activity by acute extracellular volume expansion.", "contents": "Denervated and intact kidney responses to saline load in awake and anesthetized dogs. The function of the innervated and denervated kidney was examined in clearance studies with unilaterally renal-denervated conscious and anesthetized dogs before and after saline loading. Barbiturate anesthesia distinctly depressed hemodynamics and excretory function of both kidneys and increased the difference between the denervated and innervated organ. In conscious moderately hydrated dogs the denervated kidney excreted slightly more sodium and water, while after saline loading higher excretion was observed on the innervated side. The denervated-to-innervated kidney ratios for UNaV, UNaV/100 ml GFR, and urine flow fell significantly from mean control values of 1.27, 1.27, and 1.20, respectively, to 0.80, 0.87, and 0.77 after extracellular volume expansion. Similar alterations of the ratios were observed in anesthetized dogs, but higher excretion of the denervated kidney persisted after saline loading. It is concluded that the greater natriuretic response of the intact kidney to saline infusion was due to inhibition of sodium-retaining action of renal efferent nerve activity by acute extracellular volume expansion.", "PMID": 495718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2645", "title": "Secretion of prostaglandin E2 by rabbit proximal tubules.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate prostaglandin secretion from bath to urine in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules. Active prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion occurred along the entire length of the proximal tubule, but the rate of net secretion was highest in the S2 segment of the proximal straight tubule. Sixteen percent of the PGE2 secreted in the proximal straight tubule was metabolized to other products. The PGE2 cell-to-bath ratio averaged 40 and the tubule fluid-to-bath ratio averaged 3.4. These findings suggest active transport of PGE2 across the peritubular membrane and passive movement across the luminal membrane. Indomethacin, probenecid, para-aminohippurate, and ouabain partially inhibited PGE2 cell accumulation and net secretion. PGE2 entered the urine of the perfused descending limb of Henle (DLH), but at a rate two orders of magnitude below that observed in the S2 segment of the proximal tubule. No evidence of active PGE2 secretion was observed in the DLH. These results suggest that PGE2 is secreted into the urine at substantial rates by the organic anion transport system of renal proximal tubules.", "contents": "Secretion of prostaglandin E2 by rabbit proximal tubules. This study was designed to evaluate prostaglandin secretion from bath to urine in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules. Active prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion occurred along the entire length of the proximal tubule, but the rate of net secretion was highest in the S2 segment of the proximal straight tubule. Sixteen percent of the PGE2 secreted in the proximal straight tubule was metabolized to other products. The PGE2 cell-to-bath ratio averaged 40 and the tubule fluid-to-bath ratio averaged 3.4. These findings suggest active transport of PGE2 across the peritubular membrane and passive movement across the luminal membrane. Indomethacin, probenecid, para-aminohippurate, and ouabain partially inhibited PGE2 cell accumulation and net secretion. PGE2 entered the urine of the perfused descending limb of Henle (DLH), but at a rate two orders of magnitude below that observed in the S2 segment of the proximal tubule. No evidence of active PGE2 secretion was observed in the DLH. These results suggest that PGE2 is secreted into the urine at substantial rates by the organic anion transport system of renal proximal tubules.", "PMID": 495719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2646", "title": "p-Aminohippuric acid transport into brush border vesicles isolated from flounder kidney.", "content": "p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport was investigated in brush border vesicles isolated from renal proximal tubules of the winter flounder. Three characteristics of carrier-mediated transport were demonstrated: 1) unlabeled PAH inhibited the uptake of [3H]PAH; 2)[3H]PAH efflux from the vesicles was stimulated in the presence of unlabeled PAH in the extravesicular medium; and 3) PAH influx was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene (SITS). D-Glucose plus a sodium gradient stimulated PAH uptake, as did a K2SO4 gradient plus valinomycin, suggesting that PAH is transported as an anion. In contrast, PAH uptake into a membrane fraction containing mainly basal-lateral plasma membranes exhibited a larger inhibition by probenecid but a smaller inhibition by unlabeled PAH and SITS. Thus, carrier-mediated transfer of PAH driven by the electrochemical potential difference for PAH is demonstrated in the brush border membrane of the flounder kidney.", "contents": "p-Aminohippuric acid transport into brush border vesicles isolated from flounder kidney. p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport was investigated in brush border vesicles isolated from renal proximal tubules of the winter flounder. Three characteristics of carrier-mediated transport were demonstrated: 1) unlabeled PAH inhibited the uptake of [3H]PAH; 2)[3H]PAH efflux from the vesicles was stimulated in the presence of unlabeled PAH in the extravesicular medium; and 3) PAH influx was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene (SITS). D-Glucose plus a sodium gradient stimulated PAH uptake, as did a K2SO4 gradient plus valinomycin, suggesting that PAH is transported as an anion. In contrast, PAH uptake into a membrane fraction containing mainly basal-lateral plasma membranes exhibited a larger inhibition by probenecid but a smaller inhibition by unlabeled PAH and SITS. Thus, carrier-mediated transfer of PAH driven by the electrochemical potential difference for PAH is demonstrated in the brush border membrane of the flounder kidney.", "PMID": 495721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2647", "title": "Slowly dialyzable stimulators of renal protein synthesis in urine.", "content": "Previously, we demonstrated that continuous intravenous reinfusion of half the urine output (1/2UR) in rats for 1 wk led to increased renal mass. This suggested that reduced renal excretory function, or the retention of urinary factors, was capable of stimulating renal growth. The present study was designed to examine renal protein synthesis during the early phase of this growth and to better define the nature of the stimuli. Compared with matched sham-manipulated control rats, rats subjected to 24 h of 1/2UR displayed significant increases in both the incorporation of tritiated leucine into protein and in the cellular uptake of leucine by renal cortical tissue in vitro. In addition, total protein content of the kidneys, but not of the liver, was significantly increased after 24 h of 1/2UR. Dialysis of urine prior to its reinfusion did not diminish, but rather augmented, the incorporation of leucine into renal protein. These results suggest that renal protein synthesis can be stimulated by the retention of factors in the urine that are poorly dialyzable.", "contents": "Slowly dialyzable stimulators of renal protein synthesis in urine. Previously, we demonstrated that continuous intravenous reinfusion of half the urine output (1/2UR) in rats for 1 wk led to increased renal mass. This suggested that reduced renal excretory function, or the retention of urinary factors, was capable of stimulating renal growth. The present study was designed to examine renal protein synthesis during the early phase of this growth and to better define the nature of the stimuli. Compared with matched sham-manipulated control rats, rats subjected to 24 h of 1/2UR displayed significant increases in both the incorporation of tritiated leucine into protein and in the cellular uptake of leucine by renal cortical tissue in vitro. In addition, total protein content of the kidneys, but not of the liver, was significantly increased after 24 h of 1/2UR. Dialysis of urine prior to its reinfusion did not diminish, but rather augmented, the incorporation of leucine into renal protein. These results suggest that renal protein synthesis can be stimulated by the retention of factors in the urine that are poorly dialyzable.", "PMID": 495722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2648", "title": "Transtubular leakage of glomerular filtrate in human acute renal failure.", "content": "Ten postcardiac surgical patients with acute renal failure (ARF) were infused with inulin and dextran 40. Plasma and urine were then submitted to gel-permeation chromatography to ascertain the apparent fractional clearance profile for the dextrans. Compared to normal volunteer controls, the fractional clearance profile was substantially elevated for dextran molecules in the Einstein-Stokes radius (r) range 20-40 A. For the smaller molecules (r = 20-28 A), fractional dextran clearance in ARF was frequently in excess of unity. A simple mass conservation model which assumes that the \"true\" fractional dextran clearance profile for the glomerulus (in Bowman's space) in ARF is the same as that for normal controls, when applied to the experimental observations, revealed that in ARF, on the average, 50% of filtered inulin is lost by tubular backleakage. Furthermore, the model permitted an estimate of the permeability properties of the damaged tubular wall. This indicated tubular permeability not unlike that of the normal glomerulus to dextran molecules with r less than 30 A, but relative impermeability to larger dextran molecules.", "contents": "Transtubular leakage of glomerular filtrate in human acute renal failure. Ten postcardiac surgical patients with acute renal failure (ARF) were infused with inulin and dextran 40. Plasma and urine were then submitted to gel-permeation chromatography to ascertain the apparent fractional clearance profile for the dextrans. Compared to normal volunteer controls, the fractional clearance profile was substantially elevated for dextran molecules in the Einstein-Stokes radius (r) range 20-40 A. For the smaller molecules (r = 20-28 A), fractional dextran clearance in ARF was frequently in excess of unity. A simple mass conservation model which assumes that the \"true\" fractional dextran clearance profile for the glomerulus (in Bowman's space) in ARF is the same as that for normal controls, when applied to the experimental observations, revealed that in ARF, on the average, 50% of filtered inulin is lost by tubular backleakage. Furthermore, the model permitted an estimate of the permeability properties of the damaged tubular wall. This indicated tubular permeability not unlike that of the normal glomerulus to dextran molecules with r less than 30 A, but relative impermeability to larger dextran molecules.", "PMID": 495725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2649", "title": "Blockade of the pressor response to muscle ischemia by sensory nerve block in man.", "content": "Differential nerve block from peridural anesthesia was used to determine a) if the pressor response to muscle ischemia in man is caused by stimulation of small sensory nerve fibers and b) if these fibers contribute to cardiovascular-respiratory responses during dynamic exercise. Four men exercised at 50-100 W for 5 min. Muscle ischemia and a sustained pressor response were produced by total circulatory occlusion of both legs beginning 30 s before the end of exercise and continuing for 3 min postexercise. During regression of full motor and sensory block, motor strength recovered while sensory block continued; the pressor response was blocked as long as sensory anesthesia persisted (two subjects). During blockade of the pressor response, cardiovascular-respiratory responses to exercise gradually returned from augmented to normal (preblock) levels. Sensory blockade was incomplete in two subjects and the pressor response was not fully blocked. We conclude that stimulation of small sensory fibers during ischemia elicits the pressor response, but that these fibers appear not to contribute to cardiovascular-respiratory responses during mild dynamic exercise with adequate blood flow.", "contents": "Blockade of the pressor response to muscle ischemia by sensory nerve block in man. Differential nerve block from peridural anesthesia was used to determine a) if the pressor response to muscle ischemia in man is caused by stimulation of small sensory nerve fibers and b) if these fibers contribute to cardiovascular-respiratory responses during dynamic exercise. Four men exercised at 50-100 W for 5 min. Muscle ischemia and a sustained pressor response were produced by total circulatory occlusion of both legs beginning 30 s before the end of exercise and continuing for 3 min postexercise. During regression of full motor and sensory block, motor strength recovered while sensory block continued; the pressor response was blocked as long as sensory anesthesia persisted (two subjects). During blockade of the pressor response, cardiovascular-respiratory responses to exercise gradually returned from augmented to normal (preblock) levels. Sensory blockade was incomplete in two subjects and the pressor response was not fully blocked. We conclude that stimulation of small sensory fibers during ischemia elicits the pressor response, but that these fibers appear not to contribute to cardiovascular-respiratory responses during mild dynamic exercise with adequate blood flow.", "PMID": 495728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2650", "title": "Neurohumoral regulation of blood flow to bones and marrow.", "content": "We used labeled microspheres to measure bone and marrow blood flow under control conditions and during several interventions. In dogs, blood flow to compact cortical bone (femoral diaphysis) was 2 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1. 100 g-1, and in hematopoietic marrow (femur), flow was 24 +/- 5 ml.min-1. 100 g-1. Hematopoietic cancellous bones (sternum, ilium) received substantial blood flow. We estimate that as much as 11% of cardiac output is directed to the skeleton. Bone and marrow vessels were responsive to several stimuli. During exercise, vascular resistance in bone increased two- to fourfold, in contrast to profound vasodilation in adjacent skeletal muscle. Hemmorrhage also increased bone vascular resistance. Bone and marrow vessels responded to humoral stimuli: norepinephrine increased vascular resistance and adenosine decreased resistance. Bone vessels also responded to neural stimuli: stimulation of carotid baroreceptors decreased vascular resistance, and activation of sympathetic pathways by baroreceptor deafferentation in cats increased vascular resistance. These studies indicate that bone and marrow vessels respond actively to physiological stresses and to several humoral and neurogenic stimuli", "contents": "Neurohumoral regulation of blood flow to bones and marrow. We used labeled microspheres to measure bone and marrow blood flow under control conditions and during several interventions. In dogs, blood flow to compact cortical bone (femoral diaphysis) was 2 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1. 100 g-1, and in hematopoietic marrow (femur), flow was 24 +/- 5 ml.min-1. 100 g-1. Hematopoietic cancellous bones (sternum, ilium) received substantial blood flow. We estimate that as much as 11% of cardiac output is directed to the skeleton. Bone and marrow vessels were responsive to several stimuli. During exercise, vascular resistance in bone increased two- to fourfold, in contrast to profound vasodilation in adjacent skeletal muscle. Hemmorrhage also increased bone vascular resistance. Bone and marrow vessels responded to humoral stimuli: norepinephrine increased vascular resistance and adenosine decreased resistance. Bone vessels also responded to neural stimuli: stimulation of carotid baroreceptors decreased vascular resistance, and activation of sympathetic pathways by baroreceptor deafferentation in cats increased vascular resistance. These studies indicate that bone and marrow vessels respond actively to physiological stresses and to several humoral and neurogenic stimuli", "PMID": 495729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2651", "title": "Prostaglandin E2-induced hypertension in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of continuous intrarenal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) infusion (7 days) on sodium and water balance, plasma renin activity (PRA), and sodium and water balance, plasma renin activity (PRA), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were examined in conscious, unilaterally nephrectomized dogs maintained on a fixed sodium intake of 55 meq/day. PGE2 infusion (2 microgram/min) resulted in a sustained threefold increase in both urine output and water intake without a measurable change in glomerular filtration rate. PRA increased from 0.4 +/- 0.1 during the control period to 2.2 +/- 0.9 ng AI.ml-1.h-1 on day 1 and averaged 3.6 +/- 0.5 for the remaining 6 days of PGE2 infusion. Concurrently, MAP increased from 102 +/- 3 to a maximum of 117 +/- 4 mmHg on day 5; changes in PRA and MAP were significantly correlated (r = 0.96, P less than 0.001). Sodium excretion increased from 54.5 +/- 3 to 88.0 +/- 19 meq/day on day 1, and then declined to an average of 64.8 +/- 1 meq/day for the remaining 6 days of infusion. All variables returned to the control level during the recovery period. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 (2 microgram/min) yielded directionally similar but statistically insignificant effects. It is concluded that chronic intrarenal PGE2 infusion results in marked diuresis, polydipsia, a moderate loss of sodium, enhanced PRA, and mild hypertension.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2-induced hypertension in conscious dogs. The effects of continuous intrarenal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) infusion (7 days) on sodium and water balance, plasma renin activity (PRA), and sodium and water balance, plasma renin activity (PRA), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were examined in conscious, unilaterally nephrectomized dogs maintained on a fixed sodium intake of 55 meq/day. PGE2 infusion (2 microgram/min) resulted in a sustained threefold increase in both urine output and water intake without a measurable change in glomerular filtration rate. PRA increased from 0.4 +/- 0.1 during the control period to 2.2 +/- 0.9 ng AI.ml-1.h-1 on day 1 and averaged 3.6 +/- 0.5 for the remaining 6 days of PGE2 infusion. Concurrently, MAP increased from 102 +/- 3 to a maximum of 117 +/- 4 mmHg on day 5; changes in PRA and MAP were significantly correlated (r = 0.96, P less than 0.001). Sodium excretion increased from 54.5 +/- 3 to 88.0 +/- 19 meq/day on day 1, and then declined to an average of 64.8 +/- 1 meq/day for the remaining 6 days of infusion. All variables returned to the control level during the recovery period. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 (2 microgram/min) yielded directionally similar but statistically insignificant effects. It is concluded that chronic intrarenal PGE2 infusion results in marked diuresis, polydipsia, a moderate loss of sodium, enhanced PRA, and mild hypertension.", "PMID": 495730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2652", "title": "Cardiac function and morphology with aging in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "To determine the effects of a chronic pressure load on cardiac function and morphology, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two normotensive strains of Wistar rats (WKY and NWR) were studied under ether anesthesia at 13, 25, 52, and 90 wk of age. Although resting cardiac index of the SHR was comparable to that of WKY and NWR at all ages, the peak cardiac output and peak stroke volume per gram of left ventricle determined during a rapid intravenous infusion of Tyrode solution was markedly reduced in the SHR only at 90 wk of age. Autonomic inhibition did not alter the peak stroke volume attained, but reduced peak cardiac output at all ages in each of the strains. Absolute left ventricular dimensions in the SHR increased out of proportion to body growth, consistent with concentric hypertrophy. As peak pumping ability markedly declined from 52 to 90 wk of age in the SHR, the free wall of the left ventricle greatly thickened whereas the septum remained unchanged. At this time the right ventricle also hypertrophied. This disproportionate thickening of the walls of the left ventricle and the hypertrophy of the right ventricle were reflected in measurements of their fiber diameters. These alterations in ventricular architecture may contribute to the decrease in pumping ability observed in long-standing hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiac function and morphology with aging in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. To determine the effects of a chronic pressure load on cardiac function and morphology, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two normotensive strains of Wistar rats (WKY and NWR) were studied under ether anesthesia at 13, 25, 52, and 90 wk of age. Although resting cardiac index of the SHR was comparable to that of WKY and NWR at all ages, the peak cardiac output and peak stroke volume per gram of left ventricle determined during a rapid intravenous infusion of Tyrode solution was markedly reduced in the SHR only at 90 wk of age. Autonomic inhibition did not alter the peak stroke volume attained, but reduced peak cardiac output at all ages in each of the strains. Absolute left ventricular dimensions in the SHR increased out of proportion to body growth, consistent with concentric hypertrophy. As peak pumping ability markedly declined from 52 to 90 wk of age in the SHR, the free wall of the left ventricle greatly thickened whereas the septum remained unchanged. At this time the right ventricle also hypertrophied. This disproportionate thickening of the walls of the left ventricle and the hypertrophy of the right ventricle were reflected in measurements of their fiber diameters. These alterations in ventricular architecture may contribute to the decrease in pumping ability observed in long-standing hypertension.", "PMID": 495731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2653", "title": "Propagation velocity and reflection of pressure waves in the canine coronary artery.", "content": "In this study the pressure wave velocity in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LADC) of the dog was measured by determining the delay time between pressure pulses along this artery. This method can only be applied if reflections of the pressure wave distal to the sites of pressure measurement are insignificant. From araldite casts of the coronary arteries the following relation between the diameter proximal to (dprox) and distal to (ddist 1, ddist 2) a bifurcation was found: dprox2.55 = ddist12.55 + ddist 22.55, indicating that reflections at a bifurcation areminimal. In dogs reflections were studied by inducing during diastole a pressure pulse in the aorta and measuring pressure and volume flow proximal to and pressure distal to a segment of the LADC at various levels of the coronary peripheral resistance. Reflection of high-frequency components (greater than 7 Hz) was found to be insignificant, allowing application of the above-mentioned method for measuring the wave-front velocity, which is insensitive to low-frequency reflection. At a pressure in the LADC of 13.3 kPa this velocity was 8.6 +/- 1.4 m.s-1 (mean +/- SD). The calculated dynamic cross-sectional stiffness (deltaP/(deltaA/A)) of the LADC was 97 +/- 11 kPa (mean +/- SE) at an arterial pressure of 13.3 kPa.", "contents": "Propagation velocity and reflection of pressure waves in the canine coronary artery. In this study the pressure wave velocity in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LADC) of the dog was measured by determining the delay time between pressure pulses along this artery. This method can only be applied if reflections of the pressure wave distal to the sites of pressure measurement are insignificant. From araldite casts of the coronary arteries the following relation between the diameter proximal to (dprox) and distal to (ddist 1, ddist 2) a bifurcation was found: dprox2.55 = ddist12.55 + ddist 22.55, indicating that reflections at a bifurcation areminimal. In dogs reflections were studied by inducing during diastole a pressure pulse in the aorta and measuring pressure and volume flow proximal to and pressure distal to a segment of the LADC at various levels of the coronary peripheral resistance. Reflection of high-frequency components (greater than 7 Hz) was found to be insignificant, allowing application of the above-mentioned method for measuring the wave-front velocity, which is insensitive to low-frequency reflection. At a pressure in the LADC of 13.3 kPa this velocity was 8.6 +/- 1.4 m.s-1 (mean +/- SD). The calculated dynamic cross-sectional stiffness (deltaP/(deltaA/A)) of the LADC was 97 +/- 11 kPa (mean +/- SE) at an arterial pressure of 13.3 kPa.", "PMID": 495732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2654", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes after bilateral carotid sinus denervation in the rat.", "content": "The effect of bilateral carotid sinus denervation (CSD) on the ECG and on the monophasic ventricular action potential (MAP) was studied in 28 and 4 rats, respectively. After CSD, T wave changes, similar to those seen in man after carotid endarterectomy, were observed and mean Q-T prolongations of 19 ms were recorded (P less than 0.001). Mean MAP increased by 10 ms (P less than 0.02). P-QRS and heart rate remained stable. Propranolol, 10 mg/kg iv, before CSD and 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 iv for 2 days prevented all ECG abnormalities. Atropine, 1 mg/kg iv, before CSD and 2.5 mg.kg-1.day-1 iv for 2 days had no effect. Isoproterenol, 0.02-0.06 microgram iv, after CSD produced further lengthening of the MAP and Q-T interval. Blood gases and electrolytes remained unchanged, and cardiac histology was unremarkable. These results suggest that CSD produces alterations in cardiac sympathetic activity in the rat leading to MAP and Q-T prolongations and to changes in the T wave form. Similar mechanisms may be operative after carotid endarterectomy in man.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes after bilateral carotid sinus denervation in the rat. The effect of bilateral carotid sinus denervation (CSD) on the ECG and on the monophasic ventricular action potential (MAP) was studied in 28 and 4 rats, respectively. After CSD, T wave changes, similar to those seen in man after carotid endarterectomy, were observed and mean Q-T prolongations of 19 ms were recorded (P less than 0.001). Mean MAP increased by 10 ms (P less than 0.02). P-QRS and heart rate remained stable. Propranolol, 10 mg/kg iv, before CSD and 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 iv for 2 days prevented all ECG abnormalities. Atropine, 1 mg/kg iv, before CSD and 2.5 mg.kg-1.day-1 iv for 2 days had no effect. Isoproterenol, 0.02-0.06 microgram iv, after CSD produced further lengthening of the MAP and Q-T interval. Blood gases and electrolytes remained unchanged, and cardiac histology was unremarkable. These results suggest that CSD produces alterations in cardiac sympathetic activity in the rat leading to MAP and Q-T prolongations and to changes in the T wave form. Similar mechanisms may be operative after carotid endarterectomy in man.", "PMID": 495733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2655", "title": "Microvascular hematocrit and red cell flow in resting and contracting striated muscle.", "content": "Microvascular hematocrit and its possible relation to oxygen supply were systematically examined. We studied the red cell volume fraction (hematocrit) in arterial blood and in capillaries under a variety of circumstances. Control capillary hematocrit averaged 10.4 +/- 2.0% (SE) and arteriolar (14.2 micrometer ID) hematocrit averaged 13.9 +/- 1.2% in cremaster muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized hamsters. Carotid artery hematocrit was 53.2 +/- 0.6%. The low microvessel hematocrit could not be entirely explained by a high red cell flux through arteriovenous channels other than capillaries (shunting). Hematocrit was not only low at rest, but varied with physiological stimuli. A 1-Hz muscle contraction increased capillary hematocrit to 18.5 +/- 2.4%, and maximal vasodilation induced a rise to 39.3 +/- 9.5%. The quantitative relations between capillary red cell flux, arterial hematocrit, and total blood flow could be explained by a two-element model of microvascular blood flow that incorporated a relatively slow-moving plasma layer (1.2 micrometer). Such a model would generate a low microvessel hematocrit and might reduce the diffusion capacity of individual capillaries, but would not reduce time-averaged red cell flux or alter steady-state vascular oxygen supply.", "contents": "Microvascular hematocrit and red cell flow in resting and contracting striated muscle. Microvascular hematocrit and its possible relation to oxygen supply were systematically examined. We studied the red cell volume fraction (hematocrit) in arterial blood and in capillaries under a variety of circumstances. Control capillary hematocrit averaged 10.4 +/- 2.0% (SE) and arteriolar (14.2 micrometer ID) hematocrit averaged 13.9 +/- 1.2% in cremaster muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized hamsters. Carotid artery hematocrit was 53.2 +/- 0.6%. The low microvessel hematocrit could not be entirely explained by a high red cell flux through arteriovenous channels other than capillaries (shunting). Hematocrit was not only low at rest, but varied with physiological stimuli. A 1-Hz muscle contraction increased capillary hematocrit to 18.5 +/- 2.4%, and maximal vasodilation induced a rise to 39.3 +/- 9.5%. The quantitative relations between capillary red cell flux, arterial hematocrit, and total blood flow could be explained by a two-element model of microvascular blood flow that incorporated a relatively slow-moving plasma layer (1.2 micrometer). Such a model would generate a low microvessel hematocrit and might reduce the diffusion capacity of individual capillaries, but would not reduce time-averaged red cell flux or alter steady-state vascular oxygen supply.", "PMID": 495734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2656", "title": "Experimental studies of the fibrinogen response to hemorrhage.", "content": "Rabbits were bled 20 ml/kg body wt over approximately 1 h, and the changes in hematocrit, plasma total protein, and fibrinogen concentrations, red cell and plasma volumes, and masses of total protein and fibrinogen in the plasma during and for 4 days after the hemorrhage were monitored. Ten percent of plasma fibrinogen was transferred from the interstitial fluids during the hemorrhage, and total plasma fibrinogen was raised to 140% of initial levels by 1 day later. 131I-labeled fibrinogen was given intravenously 1 day before a 20 ml/kg hemorrhage, and simulation methods described in the APPENDIX were used to define changes in the posthemorrhage fractional rates: transcapillary transfer rate (j1), lymphatic return rate (j2), and catabolic rate of fibrinogen (j3): j1 was unchanged but j2 increased and j3 briefly declined. In the day after hemorrhage fibrinogen synthetic rate increased approximately threefold to restore plasma fibrinogen concentrations to initial levels, but then returned to normal or subnormal levels. The alterations in j2 and j3 save about 20% of the synthetic work that would otherwise be required to restore plasma fibrinogen levels to normal.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the fibrinogen response to hemorrhage. Rabbits were bled 20 ml/kg body wt over approximately 1 h, and the changes in hematocrit, plasma total protein, and fibrinogen concentrations, red cell and plasma volumes, and masses of total protein and fibrinogen in the plasma during and for 4 days after the hemorrhage were monitored. Ten percent of plasma fibrinogen was transferred from the interstitial fluids during the hemorrhage, and total plasma fibrinogen was raised to 140% of initial levels by 1 day later. 131I-labeled fibrinogen was given intravenously 1 day before a 20 ml/kg hemorrhage, and simulation methods described in the APPENDIX were used to define changes in the posthemorrhage fractional rates: transcapillary transfer rate (j1), lymphatic return rate (j2), and catabolic rate of fibrinogen (j3): j1 was unchanged but j2 increased and j3 briefly declined. In the day after hemorrhage fibrinogen synthetic rate increased approximately threefold to restore plasma fibrinogen concentrations to initial levels, but then returned to normal or subnormal levels. The alterations in j2 and j3 save about 20% of the synthetic work that would otherwise be required to restore plasma fibrinogen levels to normal.", "PMID": 495736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2657", "title": "Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions.", "content": "The suitability of impedance cardiography as a method to follow changes in cardiac output (CO) was investigated by comparing it with thermodilution and by measurements in conditions with predictable effects on CO. The correlation between absolute CO values obtained by impedance and thermodilution techniques was moderate (r = 0.61), but the percentage changes showed a good correlation (r = 0.84). Head-up tilting decreased CO by 25% in 5 normal subjects. Bloodletting in three subjects caused a 20% decrease, reinfusion in one subject a 16% increase. Occlusion of artificial large flow arteriovenous shunts in 6 dialysis patients caused a 12% decrease in CO, whereas the effect was less with moderate and absent with small flow shunts. Ultrafiltration caused a 28% decrease in two dialysis patients. In 20 hypertensive patients CO dropped 25% after salt depletion; propranolol administered intravenously gave a 15% decrease (n = 13), diazoxide intravenously a 30% increase (n = 6). It is concluded that, provided conditions are strictly defined, impedance cardiography is a reproducible method and suitable for the measurement of intrapatient changes in cardiac output.", "contents": "Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions. The suitability of impedance cardiography as a method to follow changes in cardiac output (CO) was investigated by comparing it with thermodilution and by measurements in conditions with predictable effects on CO. The correlation between absolute CO values obtained by impedance and thermodilution techniques was moderate (r = 0.61), but the percentage changes showed a good correlation (r = 0.84). Head-up tilting decreased CO by 25% in 5 normal subjects. Bloodletting in three subjects caused a 20% decrease, reinfusion in one subject a 16% increase. Occlusion of artificial large flow arteriovenous shunts in 6 dialysis patients caused a 12% decrease in CO, whereas the effect was less with moderate and absent with small flow shunts. Ultrafiltration caused a 28% decrease in two dialysis patients. In 20 hypertensive patients CO dropped 25% after salt depletion; propranolol administered intravenously gave a 15% decrease (n = 13), diazoxide intravenously a 30% increase (n = 6). It is concluded that, provided conditions are strictly defined, impedance cardiography is a reproducible method and suitable for the measurement of intrapatient changes in cardiac output.", "PMID": 495735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2658", "title": "Myocardial and coronary vascular responses to insulin in the diabetic lamb.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus was produced in 9 lambs by giving alloxan monohydrate, 150 mg/kg, 24 h prior to study, and these were compared with 12 control animals. Responses to insulin, 20 U/kg, were studied in each. Measurements of LV dP/dtmax, coronary sinus flow (CF) and myocardial extraction and uptake of O2, glucose and fatty acids (NEFA) were made using a hemodynamically controlled preparation described previously (Am. J. Physiol. 244: 1381, 1973). Initial arterial glucose (G) averaged 328 mg/dl in the diabetics compared with 110 mg/dl in controls. G fell to 160 mg/dl 90 min after insulin in the diabetics, and to 25 mg/dl in the controls. Initial LV dP/dtmax values were identical in both groups and showed similar increases of about 800 mmHg/s 30 min after insulin (P less than 0.001). However, initial CF was lower and resistance higher in diabetics than controls. After insulin, CF increased 50% in controls but only 10% in diabetics. Because inotropic responsiveness and O2 metabolism were the same in both groups, altered coronary vascular smooth muscle reactivity in the diabetics may explain these findings.", "contents": "Myocardial and coronary vascular responses to insulin in the diabetic lamb. Diabetes mellitus was produced in 9 lambs by giving alloxan monohydrate, 150 mg/kg, 24 h prior to study, and these were compared with 12 control animals. Responses to insulin, 20 U/kg, were studied in each. Measurements of LV dP/dtmax, coronary sinus flow (CF) and myocardial extraction and uptake of O2, glucose and fatty acids (NEFA) were made using a hemodynamically controlled preparation described previously (Am. J. Physiol. 244: 1381, 1973). Initial arterial glucose (G) averaged 328 mg/dl in the diabetics compared with 110 mg/dl in controls. G fell to 160 mg/dl 90 min after insulin in the diabetics, and to 25 mg/dl in the controls. Initial LV dP/dtmax values were identical in both groups and showed similar increases of about 800 mmHg/s 30 min after insulin (P less than 0.001). However, initial CF was lower and resistance higher in diabetics than controls. After insulin, CF increased 50% in controls but only 10% in diabetics. Because inotropic responsiveness and O2 metabolism were the same in both groups, altered coronary vascular smooth muscle reactivity in the diabetics may explain these findings.", "PMID": 495737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2659", "title": "Myocardial performance and collateral flow after transient coronary occlusion in exercising dogs.", "content": "Fourteen dogs with prior constriction of the left circumflex (LCf) coronary artery were studied at rest and during treadmill running. Hemodynamics were measured before and after a 1-min LCf occlusion. Coronary and collateral flows were quantitated during occlusion both at rest and during exercise. Group I consisted of 4 dogs with resting collateral flow exceeding one-half (average 78%) of normal flow, and group II consisted of 10 dogs with collateral flows less than one-half (average 30%) of normal. At rest LCf occlusion caused no hemodynamic changes in group I, but stroke volume fell significantly in group II. During running, collateral flow after LCf occlusion doubled in group I, and there was only a small rise in left atrial pressure to 18 mmHg. In group II, collateral flow increased by 50% during running and actually decreased in 4 dogs. Significant cardiac failure developed as stroke volume halved, and left atrial pressure rose to an average 30 mmHg. Therefore exercise-induced depression of left ventricular function in the ischemic heart can be correlated to the amount of coronary collateral flow.", "contents": "Myocardial performance and collateral flow after transient coronary occlusion in exercising dogs. Fourteen dogs with prior constriction of the left circumflex (LCf) coronary artery were studied at rest and during treadmill running. Hemodynamics were measured before and after a 1-min LCf occlusion. Coronary and collateral flows were quantitated during occlusion both at rest and during exercise. Group I consisted of 4 dogs with resting collateral flow exceeding one-half (average 78%) of normal flow, and group II consisted of 10 dogs with collateral flows less than one-half (average 30%) of normal. At rest LCf occlusion caused no hemodynamic changes in group I, but stroke volume fell significantly in group II. During running, collateral flow after LCf occlusion doubled in group I, and there was only a small rise in left atrial pressure to 18 mmHg. In group II, collateral flow increased by 50% during running and actually decreased in 4 dogs. Significant cardiac failure developed as stroke volume halved, and left atrial pressure rose to an average 30 mmHg. Therefore exercise-induced depression of left ventricular function in the ischemic heart can be correlated to the amount of coronary collateral flow.", "PMID": 495738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2660", "title": "Role of cardiac sympathetics in the tonic circulatory restraint by vagal afferents.", "content": "In anesthetized cats with aortic nerves sectioned and carotid arteries occluded, we determined the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves on the tonic inhibitory restraint by cardiac vagal afferents on the cardiovascular system. The effect of afferent vagal blockade on mean arterial pressure and cardiac contractility was determined when sympathetic tone to the heart was altered. Bilateral cardiac sympathectomy produced a significant decrease in left ventricular dP/dt and attenuated the arterial pressure response to afferent vagal cold block to less than 40% of the control. The increase in dP/dt normally observed with vagal blockade was also reduced significantly. Increasing dP/dt by efferent stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves restored the arterial pressure response to vagal blockade to near control levels. While the vagal inhibitory activity appeared to be dependent on the resting dP/dt, left ventricular peak pressure did not seem to be contributing to the reflex. Thus, the inhibitory effects of vagally mediated reflexes from the heart which contribute to arterial pressure regulation appear to be influenced by changes in cardiac contractility induced by cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Role of cardiac sympathetics in the tonic circulatory restraint by vagal afferents. In anesthetized cats with aortic nerves sectioned and carotid arteries occluded, we determined the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves on the tonic inhibitory restraint by cardiac vagal afferents on the cardiovascular system. The effect of afferent vagal blockade on mean arterial pressure and cardiac contractility was determined when sympathetic tone to the heart was altered. Bilateral cardiac sympathectomy produced a significant decrease in left ventricular dP/dt and attenuated the arterial pressure response to afferent vagal cold block to less than 40% of the control. The increase in dP/dt normally observed with vagal blockade was also reduced significantly. Increasing dP/dt by efferent stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves restored the arterial pressure response to vagal blockade to near control levels. While the vagal inhibitory activity appeared to be dependent on the resting dP/dt, left ventricular peak pressure did not seem to be contributing to the reflex. Thus, the inhibitory effects of vagally mediated reflexes from the heart which contribute to arterial pressure regulation appear to be influenced by changes in cardiac contractility induced by cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 495739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2661", "title": "Glucose carriers at maternal and fetal sides of the trophoblast in guinea pig placenta.", "content": "Trophoblast uptake and unidirectional influx of 3H-labeled hexoses were measured relative to L-[14C]glucose (extracellular marker) using a single-circulation, paired-tracer dilution technique. Successive runs were performed in the fetal and maternal circulations of isolated dually perfused guinea pig placentas, obtained from anesthetized dams and perfused for 60--140 min. The leakiness, estimated from the percentage of the L-glucose dose that crossed the trophoblast, varied (25 +/- 3% (SE), n = 28). On the injection side the maximal sugar uptake (Umax) was measured from early venous concentration ratios, since rapid tracer backflux occurred: Umax = (1 -- 3H/14C) x 100. Umax was independent of the leakiness. In all 14 placentas studied, stereospecific saturable transport of D-glucose was demonstrated at fetal (Umax = 56 +/- 4% (SE), n = 14) and maternal (62 +/- 1% (SE), n = 14) surfaces. The mean unidirectional influxes were 3.3 and 3.5 mumol.min-1.g-1, respectively. Uptakes were inhibited by phloretin and less effectively by phlorizin. D-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, D-mannose and D-galactose had similar Umax values, about four times that of D-fructose. Tracer backflux and transplacental flux were also equal from both sides. It is concluded that similar hexose carriers, which resemble the human erythrocyte carrier, exist at the membrane on both sides of the trophoblast. The nondestructive technique employed characterizes carriers and receptors at the blood side of cells and could be applied to the placenta or other organs in the intact animal.", "contents": "Glucose carriers at maternal and fetal sides of the trophoblast in guinea pig placenta. Trophoblast uptake and unidirectional influx of 3H-labeled hexoses were measured relative to L-[14C]glucose (extracellular marker) using a single-circulation, paired-tracer dilution technique. Successive runs were performed in the fetal and maternal circulations of isolated dually perfused guinea pig placentas, obtained from anesthetized dams and perfused for 60--140 min. The leakiness, estimated from the percentage of the L-glucose dose that crossed the trophoblast, varied (25 +/- 3% (SE), n = 28). On the injection side the maximal sugar uptake (Umax) was measured from early venous concentration ratios, since rapid tracer backflux occurred: Umax = (1 -- 3H/14C) x 100. Umax was independent of the leakiness. In all 14 placentas studied, stereospecific saturable transport of D-glucose was demonstrated at fetal (Umax = 56 +/- 4% (SE), n = 14) and maternal (62 +/- 1% (SE), n = 14) surfaces. The mean unidirectional influxes were 3.3 and 3.5 mumol.min-1.g-1, respectively. Uptakes were inhibited by phloretin and less effectively by phlorizin. D-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, D-mannose and D-galactose had similar Umax values, about four times that of D-fructose. Tracer backflux and transplacental flux were also equal from both sides. It is concluded that similar hexose carriers, which resemble the human erythrocyte carrier, exist at the membrane on both sides of the trophoblast. The nondestructive technique employed characterizes carriers and receptors at the blood side of cells and could be applied to the placenta or other organs in the intact animal.", "PMID": 495740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2662", "title": "Effects of two synaptic activators, calcium and ethanol, on MEPP distribution in time.", "content": "Miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded intracellularly from sartorius muscle of Rana esculenta. Tracings were divided into time bins whose duration approximated one-fifth of the mean interval between consecutive potentials. The observed number of bins containing 0, 1, 2, ... MEPPs was compared, by the X2 test, with the number calculated from the Poisson equation. MEPP timing was analyzed in the absence as well in the presence of Ca2+ (1 mM, 2.5 MM, and 15 mM). In half of the experiments, 0.5% ethanol was added to the bathing solution. In the absence of Ca2+, MEPP timing fitted the Poisson predictions. On adding Ca2+, the fit became poor and MEPPs showed the tendency to cluster. At 15 mM Ca2+, no experiment proved to be Poissonian. Though increasing the frequency of MEPPs similarly to Ca2+, ethanol maintained a Poissonian release of transmitter at any concentration of Ca2+. It is suggested that ethanol masks the effects of Ca2+ on MEPP timing by also inducing the discharge of transmitter outside the Ca2+-dependent sites of exocytosis in the presynaptic membrane.", "contents": "Effects of two synaptic activators, calcium and ethanol, on MEPP distribution in time. Miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded intracellularly from sartorius muscle of Rana esculenta. Tracings were divided into time bins whose duration approximated one-fifth of the mean interval between consecutive potentials. The observed number of bins containing 0, 1, 2, ... MEPPs was compared, by the X2 test, with the number calculated from the Poisson equation. MEPP timing was analyzed in the absence as well in the presence of Ca2+ (1 mM, 2.5 MM, and 15 mM). In half of the experiments, 0.5% ethanol was added to the bathing solution. In the absence of Ca2+, MEPP timing fitted the Poisson predictions. On adding Ca2+, the fit became poor and MEPPs showed the tendency to cluster. At 15 mM Ca2+, no experiment proved to be Poissonian. Though increasing the frequency of MEPPs similarly to Ca2+, ethanol maintained a Poissonian release of transmitter at any concentration of Ca2+. It is suggested that ethanol masks the effects of Ca2+ on MEPP timing by also inducing the discharge of transmitter outside the Ca2+-dependent sites of exocytosis in the presynaptic membrane.", "PMID": 495743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2663", "title": "Development of fatty acid esterification mechanisms in rat small intestine.", "content": "Fatty acid esterification was measured in fetal jejunal and ileal isografts implanted under the kidney capsules of adult host rats and compared to the age-controlled intestine grown in situ. Studies were conducted on the 21st, 35th, 49th, and 63rd postconceptional days, corresponding to prenatal, suckling, weaning, and weaned rats. Substantial fatty acid esterification activity was found in prenatal jejunum but not in ileum. A proximal-distal gradient of fatty acid esterification was observed in all groups grown in situ, but not in isografts. The monoglyceride pathway (MG-P) accounted for about one-third of total fatty acid esterification (TFAE) in jejunum grown in situ and remained constant through the study. In the ileum, MG-P was the major esterification pathway during the first 4 postnatal weeks, but decreased progressively after weaning to become insignificant in adult rats. TFAE fell in the jejunal isografts, whereas it increased in the ileum. MG-P remained as the major pathway in the implanted jejunum and ileum. Our studies suggest that luminal contents are probably the most important modulator for the development and maintenance of intestinal fatty acid esterification, and \"fetal programming\" manifested by changes in fatty acid esterification mechanisms in the isografts is less important.", "contents": "Development of fatty acid esterification mechanisms in rat small intestine. Fatty acid esterification was measured in fetal jejunal and ileal isografts implanted under the kidney capsules of adult host rats and compared to the age-controlled intestine grown in situ. Studies were conducted on the 21st, 35th, 49th, and 63rd postconceptional days, corresponding to prenatal, suckling, weaning, and weaned rats. Substantial fatty acid esterification activity was found in prenatal jejunum but not in ileum. A proximal-distal gradient of fatty acid esterification was observed in all groups grown in situ, but not in isografts. The monoglyceride pathway (MG-P) accounted for about one-third of total fatty acid esterification (TFAE) in jejunum grown in situ and remained constant through the study. In the ileum, MG-P was the major esterification pathway during the first 4 postnatal weeks, but decreased progressively after weaning to become insignificant in adult rats. TFAE fell in the jejunal isografts, whereas it increased in the ileum. MG-P remained as the major pathway in the implanted jejunum and ileum. Our studies suggest that luminal contents are probably the most important modulator for the development and maintenance of intestinal fatty acid esterification, and \"fetal programming\" manifested by changes in fatty acid esterification mechanisms in the isografts is less important.", "PMID": 495744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2664", "title": "Interaction of somatostatin with PTH and AVP: renal effects.", "content": "Six conscious intact dogs were studied to evaluate the interactions of somatostatin (SRIF) with exogenous antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). SRIF administration caused a significant increase in free water clearance compared to a vehicle-treated group: -0.91 (+/- 0.41 SD) ml/min to 0.21 (+/- 0.32 SD) ml/min in the experimental group (P less than 0.01) versus 0.21 (+/- 0.81 SD) ml/min to -0.21 (+/- 0.68 SD) ml/min in the control (P greater than 0.5). Six conscious, thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were studied to test the interaction of SRIF and parathyroid extract (PTE). There were no significant changes in the phosphaturic and hypocalciuric effects of PTE with SRIF administration. We conclude that acute systemic SRIF administration interferes with the antidiuretic action of AVP, probably at the renal-tubular level, but does not antagonize the renal actions of PTE.", "contents": "Interaction of somatostatin with PTH and AVP: renal effects. Six conscious intact dogs were studied to evaluate the interactions of somatostatin (SRIF) with exogenous antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). SRIF administration caused a significant increase in free water clearance compared to a vehicle-treated group: -0.91 (+/- 0.41 SD) ml/min to 0.21 (+/- 0.32 SD) ml/min in the experimental group (P less than 0.01) versus 0.21 (+/- 0.81 SD) ml/min to -0.21 (+/- 0.68 SD) ml/min in the control (P greater than 0.5). Six conscious, thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were studied to test the interaction of SRIF and parathyroid extract (PTE). There were no significant changes in the phosphaturic and hypocalciuric effects of PTE with SRIF administration. We conclude that acute systemic SRIF administration interferes with the antidiuretic action of AVP, probably at the renal-tubular level, but does not antagonize the renal actions of PTE.", "PMID": 495745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2665", "title": "Effects of celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy on interdigestive myoelectric complex in dogs.", "content": "The interdigestive myoelectrical activity of the stomach and small bowel has been studied before and after celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy in four healthy, well-trained conscious dogs. The interdigestive myoelectric complex was present before and after the gangliomectomy in all dogs, but variability in the duration of its cycles was increased by ganglionectomy. The percentage of time that action potential activity was present during the interdigestive period in the stomach and orad half of the small bowel was also increased in all animals after the ganglionectomy. The duration of phase III, the activity front, was unaltered by the operation, but the timing of the other phases became more variable after ganglionectomy. The time required for migration of the complex from duodenum to terminal ileum was more variable after ganglionectomy in the three animals in which it could be measured, and in two of them the migration time was shorter. An abnormal electrical pattern occurred in all animals after ganglionectomy. Its duration ranged from 0.5--5 min. Electrically, it appeared to represent an elongated, nonmigrating activity front.", "contents": "Effects of celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy on interdigestive myoelectric complex in dogs. The interdigestive myoelectrical activity of the stomach and small bowel has been studied before and after celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy in four healthy, well-trained conscious dogs. The interdigestive myoelectric complex was present before and after the gangliomectomy in all dogs, but variability in the duration of its cycles was increased by ganglionectomy. The percentage of time that action potential activity was present during the interdigestive period in the stomach and orad half of the small bowel was also increased in all animals after the ganglionectomy. The duration of phase III, the activity front, was unaltered by the operation, but the timing of the other phases became more variable after ganglionectomy. The time required for migration of the complex from duodenum to terminal ileum was more variable after ganglionectomy in the three animals in which it could be measured, and in two of them the migration time was shorter. An abnormal electrical pattern occurred in all animals after ganglionectomy. Its duration ranged from 0.5--5 min. Electrically, it appeared to represent an elongated, nonmigrating activity front.", "PMID": 495746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2666", "title": "Required neural involvement in control of canine migrating motor complex.", "content": "This study evaluated the effects of muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic neuronal blockade on the migrating motor complex (MMC) in four unanesthetized dogs. Circular muscle contractile activity was recorded from eight strain gauge force transducers implanted on the stomach and small intestine of each dog. Both atropine sulfate and hexamethonium bromide significantly increased the period of the MMC. When the complex returned after hexamethonium administration, the period of the succeeding complexes was significantly decreased when compared to control. Guanethidine sulfate significantly increased contractile activity on the pylorus, duodenum, and jejunum with a corresponding disruption of the MMC pattern. The migrating motor complex requires the preganglionic release of acteylcholine and possibly an inhibitory input from the sympathetic nervous system for its normal appearance.", "contents": "Required neural involvement in control of canine migrating motor complex. This study evaluated the effects of muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic neuronal blockade on the migrating motor complex (MMC) in four unanesthetized dogs. Circular muscle contractile activity was recorded from eight strain gauge force transducers implanted on the stomach and small intestine of each dog. Both atropine sulfate and hexamethonium bromide significantly increased the period of the MMC. When the complex returned after hexamethonium administration, the period of the succeeding complexes was significantly decreased when compared to control. Guanethidine sulfate significantly increased contractile activity on the pylorus, duodenum, and jejunum with a corresponding disruption of the MMC pattern. The migrating motor complex requires the preganglionic release of acteylcholine and possibly an inhibitory input from the sympathetic nervous system for its normal appearance.", "PMID": 495747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2667", "title": "Motor events in equine large colon.", "content": "The equine large colon is the major cellulose-fermentation locus of these species. The area of juncture of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the equine large colon was characterized, in 13 chronic unanesthetized animals and in 25 in vitro preparations, as an area of resistance to aboral flow. This is a probable pacemaker area. The reservoir function of this part of the colon is apparently facilitated by the presence of a pacemaker at this level. There was a general rise in recorded intraluminal pressure peaks during the first hour of feeding. This characteristic was not altered after resection of the extrinsic nerve supply. Electrical stimulation of the extrinsic nerve net in conscious animals at times mimicked the groups of intraluminal pressure peaks seen at the beginning of feeding.", "contents": "Motor events in equine large colon. The equine large colon is the major cellulose-fermentation locus of these species. The area of juncture of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the equine large colon was characterized, in 13 chronic unanesthetized animals and in 25 in vitro preparations, as an area of resistance to aboral flow. This is a probable pacemaker area. The reservoir function of this part of the colon is apparently facilitated by the presence of a pacemaker at this level. There was a general rise in recorded intraluminal pressure peaks during the first hour of feeding. This characteristic was not altered after resection of the extrinsic nerve supply. Electrical stimulation of the extrinsic nerve net in conscious animals at times mimicked the groups of intraluminal pressure peaks seen at the beginning of feeding.", "PMID": 495748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2668", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in adaptation to low dietary phosphate intake.", "content": "Previous findings suggest that alkaline phosphatase (Alk Pase) may be involved in phosphate transport. Since phosphate reabsorption is enhanced in the kidney and duodenum of animals stabilized on a low-phosphorus diet (LPD), Alk Pase was measured in the kidney, small intestine, and other tissues in LPD rats. In particulate fractions from the renal cortex, intestine, renal medulla, liver, and heart ventricle from LPD rats the activity of Alk Pase was significantly increased but the activities of other plasma membrane enzymes were not different between control and LPD groups. The increased Alk Pase in the renal cortex was localized to the brush border of the proximal tubule histochemically and by measurement of Alk Pase in brush-border preparations. Also in the renal cortex, typical enzymes associated with mitochondria, lysosomes, and cytosol were unchanged with the exception of cytosolic adenosine 3',5' cyclic-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, which was increased in LPD rats. Alk Pase in the renal cortex and intestine may play a role in the enhanced phosphate reabsorption in LPD animals.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in adaptation to low dietary phosphate intake. Previous findings suggest that alkaline phosphatase (Alk Pase) may be involved in phosphate transport. Since phosphate reabsorption is enhanced in the kidney and duodenum of animals stabilized on a low-phosphorus diet (LPD), Alk Pase was measured in the kidney, small intestine, and other tissues in LPD rats. In particulate fractions from the renal cortex, intestine, renal medulla, liver, and heart ventricle from LPD rats the activity of Alk Pase was significantly increased but the activities of other plasma membrane enzymes were not different between control and LPD groups. The increased Alk Pase in the renal cortex was localized to the brush border of the proximal tubule histochemically and by measurement of Alk Pase in brush-border preparations. Also in the renal cortex, typical enzymes associated with mitochondria, lysosomes, and cytosol were unchanged with the exception of cytosolic adenosine 3',5' cyclic-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, which was increased in LPD rats. Alk Pase in the renal cortex and intestine may play a role in the enhanced phosphate reabsorption in LPD animals.", "PMID": 495749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2669", "title": "Modulation of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in the opossum.", "content": "The relationship of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and sphincter pressure was studied in the basal state and after neurohumoral stimulation in the anesthetized opossum. LES relaxation was induced by electrical vagal stimulation, balloon distension, and swallowing, whereas LES pressure was increased by infusions of gastrin I, histamine, phenylephrine, or bethanechol. Each agent was selected to give an approximately twofold increase in LES pressure, at the highest dosage. The lower dosage gave a submaximal increase in LES pressure. Neither gastrin nor histamine modified sphincter relaxation as induced by vagal stimulation, esophageal distension, or swallowing. Phenylephrine or bethanechol made the LES less sensitive to vagal stimulation or esophageal distension without reducing maximal LES relaxation. Only bethanechol significantly decreased sphincter relaxation in response to swallowing (P less than 0.05). The results of this study suggest that LES relaxation is not a fixed response simply dependent on the inhibitory stimulus or the resting tonic level of LES pressure, but may be modulated by both alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.", "contents": "Modulation of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in the opossum. The relationship of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and sphincter pressure was studied in the basal state and after neurohumoral stimulation in the anesthetized opossum. LES relaxation was induced by electrical vagal stimulation, balloon distension, and swallowing, whereas LES pressure was increased by infusions of gastrin I, histamine, phenylephrine, or bethanechol. Each agent was selected to give an approximately twofold increase in LES pressure, at the highest dosage. The lower dosage gave a submaximal increase in LES pressure. Neither gastrin nor histamine modified sphincter relaxation as induced by vagal stimulation, esophageal distension, or swallowing. Phenylephrine or bethanechol made the LES less sensitive to vagal stimulation or esophageal distension without reducing maximal LES relaxation. Only bethanechol significantly decreased sphincter relaxation in response to swallowing (P less than 0.05). The results of this study suggest that LES relaxation is not a fixed response simply dependent on the inhibitory stimulus or the resting tonic level of LES pressure, but may be modulated by both alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.", "PMID": 495750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2670", "title": "Stimulation of rabbit renal PGE2 biosynthesis by dietary sodium restriction.", "content": "Immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured in slices of renal papilla (P), outer medulla (OM), and cortex (C) before and after 30 min of incubation (biosynthesis) in Krebs-Ringer HCO3- buffer in rabbits on low (LS), normal (NS), and high (HS) sodium diets. The 24-h urine PGE2 was also measured daily for 10 days prior to incubation. Daily urine PGE2 was significantly higher (911 +/- 54 ng) in LS, decreasing to 605 +/- 33 at NS, and 558 +/- 48 ng at HS, Initial slice PGE2 was highest in P at LS (35.5 +/- 5.1 MICROGRAMS/G), 5.1 microgram/g), decreasing to 16.9 +/- 1.3 at NS and 18.0 +/- 2.6 micrograms/g at HS. Similar patterns were observed in OM and C, which were quantitatively much lower. PGE2 biosynthesis was highest at LS (P, 139 +/- 21; OM, 58.8 +/- 5.1; C, 0.20 +/- 0.05 micrograms.G-1.30 Min-1) and lowest at HS (P, 58.9 +/- 7.4; OM, 11.8 +/- 3.1; C, 0.07 +/- 0.01 micrograms.g-1.30 min-1). Although PGE2 concentration was higher in P than in OM, the percent increase in OM PGE2 biosynthesis on LS was 3--4 times greater than in P. Since OM is 28% and P is 2% of total renal mass, these results indicate that LS markedly stimulates PGE2 biosynthesis primarily in OM and to a lesser extent in P and C, findings suggesting an important role for OM PGE2 in the renal adaptation to sodium deprivation.", "contents": "Stimulation of rabbit renal PGE2 biosynthesis by dietary sodium restriction. Immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured in slices of renal papilla (P), outer medulla (OM), and cortex (C) before and after 30 min of incubation (biosynthesis) in Krebs-Ringer HCO3- buffer in rabbits on low (LS), normal (NS), and high (HS) sodium diets. The 24-h urine PGE2 was also measured daily for 10 days prior to incubation. Daily urine PGE2 was significantly higher (911 +/- 54 ng) in LS, decreasing to 605 +/- 33 at NS, and 558 +/- 48 ng at HS, Initial slice PGE2 was highest in P at LS (35.5 +/- 5.1 MICROGRAMS/G), 5.1 microgram/g), decreasing to 16.9 +/- 1.3 at NS and 18.0 +/- 2.6 micrograms/g at HS. Similar patterns were observed in OM and C, which were quantitatively much lower. PGE2 biosynthesis was highest at LS (P, 139 +/- 21; OM, 58.8 +/- 5.1; C, 0.20 +/- 0.05 micrograms.G-1.30 Min-1) and lowest at HS (P, 58.9 +/- 7.4; OM, 11.8 +/- 3.1; C, 0.07 +/- 0.01 micrograms.g-1.30 min-1). Although PGE2 concentration was higher in P than in OM, the percent increase in OM PGE2 biosynthesis on LS was 3--4 times greater than in P. Since OM is 28% and P is 2% of total renal mass, these results indicate that LS markedly stimulates PGE2 biosynthesis primarily in OM and to a lesser extent in P and C, findings suggesting an important role for OM PGE2 in the renal adaptation to sodium deprivation.", "PMID": 495751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2671", "title": "Effects of kidney tubule obstruction on glomerular function in rats.", "content": "The effects of chronic blockade of single kidney tubules on glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) and blood flow were examined in anesthetized rats. Tubule blockade with castor oil for 24 h decreased GCP from 48.0 +/- 3.8 to 39.5 +/- 4.7 mmHg (P less than 0.001). The full decrease in GCP observed at 24 h was apparent by about 12 h. Bilateral ureteral obstruction for 24 h prevented a decrease in GCP. Nonradioactive microspheres (8.4 +/- 0.84 micron diam) were used to assess relative blood flow to blocked and normal nephrons. These microspheres were completely extracted by rat kidneys and had no effect on total renal blood flow. The ratio of microsphere counts in glomeruli of blocked versus normal nephrons averaged 0.61 +/- 0.21, indicating a significantly (P less than 0.001) decreased glomerular blood flow in nephrons obstructed for 24 h. Since both GCP and blood flow were reduced after tubule obstruction, afferent arteriolar constriction is involved. The data suggest a local mechanism activated by prolonged tubule blockade which shifts filtrate formation and blood flow away from blocked nephrons.", "contents": "Effects of kidney tubule obstruction on glomerular function in rats. The effects of chronic blockade of single kidney tubules on glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) and blood flow were examined in anesthetized rats. Tubule blockade with castor oil for 24 h decreased GCP from 48.0 +/- 3.8 to 39.5 +/- 4.7 mmHg (P less than 0.001). The full decrease in GCP observed at 24 h was apparent by about 12 h. Bilateral ureteral obstruction for 24 h prevented a decrease in GCP. Nonradioactive microspheres (8.4 +/- 0.84 micron diam) were used to assess relative blood flow to blocked and normal nephrons. These microspheres were completely extracted by rat kidneys and had no effect on total renal blood flow. The ratio of microsphere counts in glomeruli of blocked versus normal nephrons averaged 0.61 +/- 0.21, indicating a significantly (P less than 0.001) decreased glomerular blood flow in nephrons obstructed for 24 h. Since both GCP and blood flow were reduced after tubule obstruction, afferent arteriolar constriction is involved. The data suggest a local mechanism activated by prolonged tubule blockade which shifts filtrate formation and blood flow away from blocked nephrons.", "PMID": 495753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2672", "title": "Acute reversal by saralasin of multiple intrarenal effects of angiotensin II.", "content": "Glomerular hemodynamics were measured by micropuncture technique in the plasma volume-expanded Munich-Wistar rat in 1) a control group, 2) during a pressor infusion of angiotensin II (AII), and 3) during simultaneous infusions of AII and saralasin, which returned arterial pressure to normal. Respective values obtained in the three groups studied were: nephron filtration rate: 60 +/- 2 vs. 40 +/- 2 vs. 42 +/- 2 nl.min-1.g kidney wt-1; nepphron plasma flow: 263 +/- 13 vs. 106 +/- 5 vs. 165 +/- 13 nl. min-1.g kidney wt-1; LpA, the glomerular permeability coefficient: 0.090 +/- 0.009 vs. 0.033 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.103 +/- 0.020 nl.s-1.g kidney wt-1. mmHg-1; afferent arteriolar resistance: 10.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 25.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 19.7 +/- 3.3 10(9) dyn.s.cm-5; efferent arteriolar resistance: 7.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 22.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 10.8 +/- 1.7 10(9) dyn.s.cm-5. Saralasin acutely reversed the effect of AII on both efferent resistance and LpA, suggesting that AII does not decrease LpA by inducing a fixed anatomic change. For unclear reasons, saralasin did not reverse the increase in afferent resistance associated with infusion of AII. Saralasin infusion in high AII states may acutely affect glomerular hemodynamics by decreasing efferent resistance and increasing the glomerular permeability coefficient.", "contents": "Acute reversal by saralasin of multiple intrarenal effects of angiotensin II. Glomerular hemodynamics were measured by micropuncture technique in the plasma volume-expanded Munich-Wistar rat in 1) a control group, 2) during a pressor infusion of angiotensin II (AII), and 3) during simultaneous infusions of AII and saralasin, which returned arterial pressure to normal. Respective values obtained in the three groups studied were: nephron filtration rate: 60 +/- 2 vs. 40 +/- 2 vs. 42 +/- 2 nl.min-1.g kidney wt-1; nepphron plasma flow: 263 +/- 13 vs. 106 +/- 5 vs. 165 +/- 13 nl. min-1.g kidney wt-1; LpA, the glomerular permeability coefficient: 0.090 +/- 0.009 vs. 0.033 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.103 +/- 0.020 nl.s-1.g kidney wt-1. mmHg-1; afferent arteriolar resistance: 10.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 25.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 19.7 +/- 3.3 10(9) dyn.s.cm-5; efferent arteriolar resistance: 7.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 22.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 10.8 +/- 1.7 10(9) dyn.s.cm-5. Saralasin acutely reversed the effect of AII on both efferent resistance and LpA, suggesting that AII does not decrease LpA by inducing a fixed anatomic change. For unclear reasons, saralasin did not reverse the increase in afferent resistance associated with infusion of AII. Saralasin infusion in high AII states may acutely affect glomerular hemodynamics by decreasing efferent resistance and increasing the glomerular permeability coefficient.", "PMID": 495754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2673", "title": "Hemodynamic and excretory response of the neonatal canine kidney to acute volume expansion.", "content": "It is generally recognized that developing animals retain sodium due to an enhanced reabsorption in distal tubule segements, even when the amount administered is in excess of their needs. This study was designed to test the relationship between this relative inability to dispose of a saline load and the functional characteristics of the kidney during postnatal maturation. In addition, we explored the role played by some of the factors known to affect natriuresis in the adult subject. Measurements of sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow (RBF) and its intrarenal distribution were made in three age groups of puppies and in adult dogs. During expansion the GFR rose rapidly and to a similar extent at all ages, but it fell thereafter, the rate of decline being much slower in adult than in developing animals (P less than 0.001). RBF and its intrarenal distribution were not altered by volume expansion. The degree of natriuresis did not reflect either the age-related or the expansion-induced changes in GFR. Fractional and absolute sodium excretion were substantially higher in 2-wk-old puppies than in either 1- or 3-wk-old animals (P less than 0.002). These findings demonstrate that the blunted renal response of the maturing animal to saline loading is due to the persistence of an enhanced tubular reabsorption rather than to a limitation in glomerular filtration.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and excretory response of the neonatal canine kidney to acute volume expansion. It is generally recognized that developing animals retain sodium due to an enhanced reabsorption in distal tubule segements, even when the amount administered is in excess of their needs. This study was designed to test the relationship between this relative inability to dispose of a saline load and the functional characteristics of the kidney during postnatal maturation. In addition, we explored the role played by some of the factors known to affect natriuresis in the adult subject. Measurements of sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow (RBF) and its intrarenal distribution were made in three age groups of puppies and in adult dogs. During expansion the GFR rose rapidly and to a similar extent at all ages, but it fell thereafter, the rate of decline being much slower in adult than in developing animals (P less than 0.001). RBF and its intrarenal distribution were not altered by volume expansion. The degree of natriuresis did not reflect either the age-related or the expansion-induced changes in GFR. Fractional and absolute sodium excretion were substantially higher in 2-wk-old puppies than in either 1- or 3-wk-old animals (P less than 0.002). These findings demonstrate that the blunted renal response of the maturing animal to saline loading is due to the persistence of an enhanced tubular reabsorption rather than to a limitation in glomerular filtration.", "PMID": 495755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2674", "title": "An evaluation of large arteries compliance in man.", "content": "Cardiac output, blood pressure, and the characteristics of diastolic pressure decay were studied in 12 normal subjects and 23 sustained hypertensive patients of the same age. In normal subjects and in hypertensives, analysis of the diastolic decay showed that i) the form of the decay approximated a simple monoexponential curve during the last two-thirds of the diastolic segment, and ii) the time constant (t) of the curve was positively correlated with the total peripheral resistance (TPR), with an intercept of nearly zero. The validity of the relationship t = K x TPR was demonstrated both in groups of patients and also in individuals. Using a simple model for the vascular system, the K value was identified as the large arteries compliance and could thus be calculated in each individual. The values of arterial compliance was 1.26 +/- 0.04 ml.mmHg-1.m-2 in normal subjects and was significantly reduced in hypertensive patients (0.88 +/- 0.02 ml.mmHg=1.m-2,. P less than 0.001).", "contents": "An evaluation of large arteries compliance in man. Cardiac output, blood pressure, and the characteristics of diastolic pressure decay were studied in 12 normal subjects and 23 sustained hypertensive patients of the same age. In normal subjects and in hypertensives, analysis of the diastolic decay showed that i) the form of the decay approximated a simple monoexponential curve during the last two-thirds of the diastolic segment, and ii) the time constant (t) of the curve was positively correlated with the total peripheral resistance (TPR), with an intercept of nearly zero. The validity of the relationship t = K x TPR was demonstrated both in groups of patients and also in individuals. Using a simple model for the vascular system, the K value was identified as the large arteries compliance and could thus be calculated in each individual. The values of arterial compliance was 1.26 +/- 0.04 ml.mmHg-1.m-2 in normal subjects and was significantly reduced in hypertensive patients (0.88 +/- 0.02 ml.mmHg=1.m-2,. P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 495760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2675", "title": "Interaction of somatic and cardiopulmonary receptors in control of renal circulation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an important interaction between somatic and cardipulmonary receptors in the control of vasomotor outflow to the kidney. This interaction was examined by determining the renal vasoconstrictor responses to afferent electrical stimulation (30 V, 1 ms, 20--40 Hz) of the sectioned sciatic nerve in 8 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with sinoaortic deafferentation. During isovolemia, sciatic stimulation resulted in significant increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, and in renal vasoconstriction. Volume expansion significantly attenuated and vagotomy significantly augmented the renal vasoconstrictor responses to sciatic stimulation. These interventions did not significantly influence the arterial pressure or heart rate responses to sciatic stimulation. In 4 dogs with aortic nerves sectioned and carotid sinuses isolated and perfused at constant pressure (135 mmHg), the renal vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation were attenuated by volume expansion and augmented by vagotomy. These data show that in the absence of the arterial baroreceptors or with intermediate levels of carotid baroreceptor activation, volume expansion and, thus, augementation of discharge of cardiopulmonary receptors (vagal afferents) markedly attenuated the renal vasoconstrictor responses to somatic afferent stimulation.", "contents": "Interaction of somatic and cardiopulmonary receptors in control of renal circulation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an important interaction between somatic and cardipulmonary receptors in the control of vasomotor outflow to the kidney. This interaction was examined by determining the renal vasoconstrictor responses to afferent electrical stimulation (30 V, 1 ms, 20--40 Hz) of the sectioned sciatic nerve in 8 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with sinoaortic deafferentation. During isovolemia, sciatic stimulation resulted in significant increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, and in renal vasoconstriction. Volume expansion significantly attenuated and vagotomy significantly augmented the renal vasoconstrictor responses to sciatic stimulation. These interventions did not significantly influence the arterial pressure or heart rate responses to sciatic stimulation. In 4 dogs with aortic nerves sectioned and carotid sinuses isolated and perfused at constant pressure (135 mmHg), the renal vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation were attenuated by volume expansion and augmented by vagotomy. These data show that in the absence of the arterial baroreceptors or with intermediate levels of carotid baroreceptor activation, volume expansion and, thus, augementation of discharge of cardiopulmonary receptors (vagal afferents) markedly attenuated the renal vasoconstrictor responses to somatic afferent stimulation.", "PMID": 495761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2676", "title": "Left ventricular systolic pressure-volume area correlates with oxygen consumption.", "content": "In 13 excised, cross-circulated canine hearts, we studied the correlation between left ventricular oxygen consumption per beat (MVO2) and the magnitude of a specific pressure-volume (P-V) area circumscribed by the end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V relationship curves and the systolic segment of the P-V trajectory of a left ventricular contraction. The pressure and volume load of the ventricle were changed with a volume servo pump in order to alter the P-V area, and MVO2 was measured (after each change in the pressure and volume load). In the data collected from both isovolumic and ejecting contractions of each left ventricle contracting with a stable inotropic background, we found a linear correlation between MVO2 and the P-V area. The average correlation coefficient was 0.92 +/- 0.016 (SE). Linear regression analysis yielded the formula: MVO2 (ml/beat) = alpha[P-V area (mmHg.ml/beat)] + b, where alpha, the slope coefficient, was (1.53 +/- 0.14) x 10(-5) and b, which probably represents the basal O2 consumption, was 0.019 +/- 0.003 ml/beta. We propose that the P-V area as defined above may be a good index of ventricular oxygen consumption under a given inotropic background.", "contents": "Left ventricular systolic pressure-volume area correlates with oxygen consumption. In 13 excised, cross-circulated canine hearts, we studied the correlation between left ventricular oxygen consumption per beat (MVO2) and the magnitude of a specific pressure-volume (P-V) area circumscribed by the end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V relationship curves and the systolic segment of the P-V trajectory of a left ventricular contraction. The pressure and volume load of the ventricle were changed with a volume servo pump in order to alter the P-V area, and MVO2 was measured (after each change in the pressure and volume load). In the data collected from both isovolumic and ejecting contractions of each left ventricle contracting with a stable inotropic background, we found a linear correlation between MVO2 and the P-V area. The average correlation coefficient was 0.92 +/- 0.016 (SE). Linear regression analysis yielded the formula: MVO2 (ml/beat) = alpha[P-V area (mmHg.ml/beat)] + b, where alpha, the slope coefficient, was (1.53 +/- 0.14) x 10(-5) and b, which probably represents the basal O2 consumption, was 0.019 +/- 0.003 ml/beta. We propose that the P-V area as defined above may be a good index of ventricular oxygen consumption under a given inotropic background.", "PMID": 495762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2677", "title": "Hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to hyperthermic cancer therapy in humans.", "content": "Cancer patients, treated with hyperthermia (to 41.5 degrees C) under thiopental and fentanyl anesthesia, had smaller increases in heart rate and cardiac index and lesser decreases in mean arterial pressure than those reported in normal volunteers. At basal body temperature anesthesia did not alter catecholamine levels. Increasing body temperature to 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C resulted in parallel increases in heart rate and cardiac index that were directly related to the increases in plasma norepinephrine levels. At basal temperature cutaneous venous plasma norepinephrine levels exceeded those of arterial; mixed-venous plasma levels were intermediate. At 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C there were sequential increases in plasma norepinephrine. The increases in mixed-venous and arterial norepinephrine were significantly greater than in cutaneous venous blood. The differential increases in norepinephrine levels in cutaneous venous, mixed-venous, and arterial blood indicate that during hyperthermia sympathetic nerve activity in skin is decreased while that in other areas is increased, suggesting that alterations in sympathetic activity modulate the hemodynamic changes that attend hyperthermia in man.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to hyperthermic cancer therapy in humans. Cancer patients, treated with hyperthermia (to 41.5 degrees C) under thiopental and fentanyl anesthesia, had smaller increases in heart rate and cardiac index and lesser decreases in mean arterial pressure than those reported in normal volunteers. At basal body temperature anesthesia did not alter catecholamine levels. Increasing body temperature to 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C resulted in parallel increases in heart rate and cardiac index that were directly related to the increases in plasma norepinephrine levels. At basal temperature cutaneous venous plasma norepinephrine levels exceeded those of arterial; mixed-venous plasma levels were intermediate. At 39.5 degrees C and 41.5 degrees C there were sequential increases in plasma norepinephrine. The increases in mixed-venous and arterial norepinephrine were significantly greater than in cutaneous venous blood. The differential increases in norepinephrine levels in cutaneous venous, mixed-venous, and arterial blood indicate that during hyperthermia sympathetic nerve activity in skin is decreased while that in other areas is increased, suggesting that alterations in sympathetic activity modulate the hemodynamic changes that attend hyperthermia in man.", "PMID": 495763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2678", "title": "Evidence of nonuniform sympathetic neural activity to heart regions in guinea pigs.", "content": "Central neutral activity may selectively influence cardiac regions. As an index of this, rate constants of norepinephrine turnover, KNE, in regions of guinea pig heart were determined by 1) disappearance of [3H]NE from tissues, and 2) conversion of [3H]tyrosine to [3H]NE. In sinoatrial (SA) node and right atrial appendage, KNE averaged 0.084 +/- 0.014 and 0.066 +/- 0.004 (SE) h-1, respectively (P greater than 0.05). In other specialized regions, KNE was lower than in SA node (P less than 0.05). In other contractile regions, KNE was lower than in right atrial appendage (P less than 0.05). Ganglionic blockade reduced KNE to uniform values in all heart regions. Cold stress increased KNE markedly (P less than 0.05) throughout the heart, but selectively more in SA node, AV node, proximal conduction bundles, and right atrial appendage (P less than 0.05). At room temperature, neural activity is greater to the right atrium including SA node than to other cardiac regions. At 4 degrees C, neural activity increases selectively in the right atrium and the conduction system. This suggests that central neural mechanisms contribute significantly to nonuniform cardiac regulation under conditions of progressive sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Evidence of nonuniform sympathetic neural activity to heart regions in guinea pigs. Central neutral activity may selectively influence cardiac regions. As an index of this, rate constants of norepinephrine turnover, KNE, in regions of guinea pig heart were determined by 1) disappearance of [3H]NE from tissues, and 2) conversion of [3H]tyrosine to [3H]NE. In sinoatrial (SA) node and right atrial appendage, KNE averaged 0.084 +/- 0.014 and 0.066 +/- 0.004 (SE) h-1, respectively (P greater than 0.05). In other specialized regions, KNE was lower than in SA node (P less than 0.05). In other contractile regions, KNE was lower than in right atrial appendage (P less than 0.05). Ganglionic blockade reduced KNE to uniform values in all heart regions. Cold stress increased KNE markedly (P less than 0.05) throughout the heart, but selectively more in SA node, AV node, proximal conduction bundles, and right atrial appendage (P less than 0.05). At room temperature, neural activity is greater to the right atrium including SA node than to other cardiac regions. At 4 degrees C, neural activity increases selectively in the right atrium and the conduction system. This suggests that central neural mechanisms contribute significantly to nonuniform cardiac regulation under conditions of progressive sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 495767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2679", "title": "Indirect measurement of instantaneous arterial blood pressure in the rat.", "content": "We devised a hydraulic servo-control system for indirect blood pressure measurement in the rat's tail, by which beat-to-beat systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be obtained. In this method the principle of \"unloading vascular wall\" proposed by Shirer (1962) is employed. The proposed system is composed of a transmittance photoelectric plethysmograph with an occluding cuff, a small diaphragm actuator for compressing and decompressing the segment by the hydraulic pressure, and an electromagnetic shaker driven by a volume servo circuit in accordance with the signal from the photoelectric plethysmograph. The plethysmographic signal is clamped at a proper value corresponding to the unload vascular volume by the instantaneous hydraulic servo control. The cuff pressure thus automatically controlled follows the intra-arterial pressure in the tail segment. The accuracy of this method was evaluated in comparison with direct measurement of blood pressure recorded simultaneously from 16 unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Close agreement between the simultaneous data from these two methods were observed.", "contents": "Indirect measurement of instantaneous arterial blood pressure in the rat. We devised a hydraulic servo-control system for indirect blood pressure measurement in the rat's tail, by which beat-to-beat systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be obtained. In this method the principle of \"unloading vascular wall\" proposed by Shirer (1962) is employed. The proposed system is composed of a transmittance photoelectric plethysmograph with an occluding cuff, a small diaphragm actuator for compressing and decompressing the segment by the hydraulic pressure, and an electromagnetic shaker driven by a volume servo circuit in accordance with the signal from the photoelectric plethysmograph. The plethysmographic signal is clamped at a proper value corresponding to the unload vascular volume by the instantaneous hydraulic servo control. The cuff pressure thus automatically controlled follows the intra-arterial pressure in the tail segment. The accuracy of this method was evaluated in comparison with direct measurement of blood pressure recorded simultaneously from 16 unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Close agreement between the simultaneous data from these two methods were observed.", "PMID": 495770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2680", "title": "Look at physiological integration.", "content": "Physiological integration results from cooperating processes at work within an individual. Two chief types of study are a) empirical experiments and generalizations, and b) predictive relations derived from models. In this essay the empirical type is illustrated. For example, heart rates and other circulatory properties are modified in response to messages from specific muscles, viscera, glands. In those tissues, augmented blood flow increases the supplies of oxygen and other substances at active local sites. Because specialized actions are segregated among tissues and organs, each performer evidently informs cooperating tissues of its state. Messages are transmitted at various kinds of junctions and chemical receptors. In this essay the results or actions are emphasized: in what ways do the compounded processes promote survival and advantage? Messages are sorted as they travel, certain powers of decision residing at cellular junctions. Because selected processes are corrdinated, each compound action represents an accomplishment. Thermoregulation serves as an example of relations by which several parameters yield a complex result. The multiple correlations and the intricate timing and switching are recognized.", "contents": "Look at physiological integration. Physiological integration results from cooperating processes at work within an individual. Two chief types of study are a) empirical experiments and generalizations, and b) predictive relations derived from models. In this essay the empirical type is illustrated. For example, heart rates and other circulatory properties are modified in response to messages from specific muscles, viscera, glands. In those tissues, augmented blood flow increases the supplies of oxygen and other substances at active local sites. Because specialized actions are segregated among tissues and organs, each performer evidently informs cooperating tissues of its state. Messages are transmitted at various kinds of junctions and chemical receptors. In this essay the results or actions are emphasized: in what ways do the compounded processes promote survival and advantage? Messages are sorted as they travel, certain powers of decision residing at cellular junctions. Because selected processes are corrdinated, each compound action represents an accomplishment. Thermoregulation serves as an example of relations by which several parameters yield a complex result. The multiple correlations and the intricate timing and switching are recognized.", "PMID": 495772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2681", "title": "Effect of timing of FICO2 changes on ventilatory period in domestic fowl.", "content": "These experiments were conducted to see if the pacing phenomenon found by Kunz and Miller (Respir. Physiol., 22: 167--177, 1974) in the open-loop, unidirectionally ventilated chicken is important in normally breathing birds. In this study, chickens breathed spontaneously through a tracheostomy from a gas source in which the fraction of CO2 (FICO2) could be rapidly changed. A feedback algorithm kept the FICO2 at 0.05 except for a constant duration pulse (approx 0.6 s) of low FICO2 given tau seconds after the beginning of each inspiration. In all birds tested an increase in tau resulted in a proportional increase of both inspiratory period (TI), expiratory period (TE), and the total period (Ttot). Increases in TI were from 0.5 to 1.0 times the increase in tau. Dynamic expeiments showed TI usually changed on the next breath after a step change in tau, and sinusoidal modulation of tau caused concurrent sinusoidal changes in TI, TE, and Ttot. These findings indicate that the phenomenon that produced pacing in the unidirectionally ventilated birds is important to the ventilatory pattern of normal breathing.", "contents": "Effect of timing of FICO2 changes on ventilatory period in domestic fowl. These experiments were conducted to see if the pacing phenomenon found by Kunz and Miller (Respir. Physiol., 22: 167--177, 1974) in the open-loop, unidirectionally ventilated chicken is important in normally breathing birds. In this study, chickens breathed spontaneously through a tracheostomy from a gas source in which the fraction of CO2 (FICO2) could be rapidly changed. A feedback algorithm kept the FICO2 at 0.05 except for a constant duration pulse (approx 0.6 s) of low FICO2 given tau seconds after the beginning of each inspiration. In all birds tested an increase in tau resulted in a proportional increase of both inspiratory period (TI), expiratory period (TE), and the total period (Ttot). Increases in TI were from 0.5 to 1.0 times the increase in tau. Dynamic expeiments showed TI usually changed on the next breath after a step change in tau, and sinusoidal modulation of tau caused concurrent sinusoidal changes in TI, TE, and Ttot. These findings indicate that the phenomenon that produced pacing in the unidirectionally ventilated birds is important to the ventilatory pattern of normal breathing.", "PMID": 495773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2682", "title": "A two-dimensional transient mathematical model of human thermoregulation.", "content": "Current models of human thermoregulation are limited in that they fail to account for temperature distribution in any spatial direction other than radially outward from the body centerline. They are therefore incapable of accounting for nonuniform environmental conditions or nonuniform heat generation from muscles or organs within the body. However, for many situations, these nonuniform conditions are commonplace and lead to disparate skin temperatures and heat loss rates on different sides of the same body compartement. A new mathematical model of human thermoregulation that has been developed and is presented here has the capability of predicting transient temperature variations in two spatial dimensions, both radially and angularly, as measured from the body centerline. In so doing, the model accounts for nonuniform environments and internal heat generation rates. Typical results from the model are demonstrated, and comparisons with available experimental data are also presented.", "contents": "A two-dimensional transient mathematical model of human thermoregulation. Current models of human thermoregulation are limited in that they fail to account for temperature distribution in any spatial direction other than radially outward from the body centerline. They are therefore incapable of accounting for nonuniform environmental conditions or nonuniform heat generation from muscles or organs within the body. However, for many situations, these nonuniform conditions are commonplace and lead to disparate skin temperatures and heat loss rates on different sides of the same body compartement. A new mathematical model of human thermoregulation that has been developed and is presented here has the capability of predicting transient temperature variations in two spatial dimensions, both radially and angularly, as measured from the body centerline. In so doing, the model accounts for nonuniform environments and internal heat generation rates. Typical results from the model are demonstrated, and comparisons with available experimental data are also presented.", "PMID": 495774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2683", "title": "Facilitation of female reproductive behavior from mesensephalic central gray in the rat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) and adjacent subtectum through chronically implanted electrodes in free-moving estrogen-primed ovariectomized female rats elicited a rapid and large facilitation of the lordosis reflex in response to either male mounts or manula cutaneous stimuli. Unilateral stimulation was sufficient for this effect. The facilitation increased in a graded manner to increased stimulus intensity, and was optimally evoked by stimuli delivered at 50--150 Hz. Facilitation disappeared rapidly following the end ot electrical stimulation, and within 15 min, reflex performance returned to the prestimulation level. Lordosis facilitation appeared when no aversive responses occurred; stimulation with comparable parameters at the lateral edge of CG or in the mesencephalic reticular formation often resulted in postural changes or aversive responses but was not able to facilitate lordosis. Lordosis refelx facilitation was probably mediated by projections descending from neurons in and around the CG, and represents stimulation of a functional link between ascending somatosensory and descending motor systems for the control of lordosis behavior.", "contents": "Facilitation of female reproductive behavior from mesensephalic central gray in the rat. Electrical stimulation in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) and adjacent subtectum through chronically implanted electrodes in free-moving estrogen-primed ovariectomized female rats elicited a rapid and large facilitation of the lordosis reflex in response to either male mounts or manula cutaneous stimuli. Unilateral stimulation was sufficient for this effect. The facilitation increased in a graded manner to increased stimulus intensity, and was optimally evoked by stimuli delivered at 50--150 Hz. Facilitation disappeared rapidly following the end ot electrical stimulation, and within 15 min, reflex performance returned to the prestimulation level. Lordosis facilitation appeared when no aversive responses occurred; stimulation with comparable parameters at the lateral edge of CG or in the mesencephalic reticular formation often resulted in postural changes or aversive responses but was not able to facilitate lordosis. Lordosis refelx facilitation was probably mediated by projections descending from neurons in and around the CG, and represents stimulation of a functional link between ascending somatosensory and descending motor systems for the control of lordosis behavior.", "PMID": 495775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2684", "title": "Mesencephalic mechanisms for integration of female reproductive behavior in the rat.", "content": "Placement of bilateral electrolytic lesions in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) of estrogen-primed ovariectomized female rats produced an immediate decline in performance of the lordosis reflex. Lesions that destroyed the dorsal half of the CG and the adjacent subtectal region were effective. The decrease in individual animals in terms of the lordosis reflex score ranged from 20 to 100% of the prelesion performance. Such lesions abolished the facilitation of lordosis by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Similar abrupt losses of lordosis followed bilateral lesions of either a) the area between CG and the cuneiform nucleus of the mesencephalic reticular formation (NCf); or b) the ventrolateral quadrant of the NCf. The difference between these two lesions was that the effect of the latter could be overridden by electrical stimulation of the CG, whereas that of the former could not. We conclude that the CG is an important supraspinal component of the circuit for lordosis behavior, constituting a link between ascending somatosensory and descending motor systems for lordosis. It probably facilitates lordosis when activated by behaviorally relevant peripheral somatosensory and/or ventromedial hypothalamic inputs.", "contents": "Mesencephalic mechanisms for integration of female reproductive behavior in the rat. Placement of bilateral electrolytic lesions in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) of estrogen-primed ovariectomized female rats produced an immediate decline in performance of the lordosis reflex. Lesions that destroyed the dorsal half of the CG and the adjacent subtectal region were effective. The decrease in individual animals in terms of the lordosis reflex score ranged from 20 to 100% of the prelesion performance. Such lesions abolished the facilitation of lordosis by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Similar abrupt losses of lordosis followed bilateral lesions of either a) the area between CG and the cuneiform nucleus of the mesencephalic reticular formation (NCf); or b) the ventrolateral quadrant of the NCf. The difference between these two lesions was that the effect of the latter could be overridden by electrical stimulation of the CG, whereas that of the former could not. We conclude that the CG is an important supraspinal component of the circuit for lordosis behavior, constituting a link between ascending somatosensory and descending motor systems for lordosis. It probably facilitates lordosis when activated by behaviorally relevant peripheral somatosensory and/or ventromedial hypothalamic inputs.", "PMID": 495776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2685", "title": "Reversal of phosphorylase activation in muscle despite continued contractile activity.", "content": "During studies of the regulation of phosphorylase activity and glycogenolysis in contracting muscle, it was found that conversion of phosphorlyase beta to alpha is transient. Reversal of phosphorylase activation during both continuous and intermittent stimulation in the plantaris might, in part, have been due to development of fatigue. However, a complete reversal of phosphorylase activation was also evident within 5 min in the absence of fatigue in soleus muscles stimulated tetanically with 100-ms-long trains at a rate of 60/min. These muscles showed no significant decline in contractile force. Glycogen breakdown stopped in the soleus when phosphorylase reverted to the beta form, providing evidence that phosphorylase beta was not active. This lack of activity is probably explained by the finding that ATP and AMP concentrations changed little, while glucose 6-phosphate increased. Reversal of phosphorlyase activation soon after the onset of steady-state work may be a mechanism for conserving glycogen when the supply of other substrates is adequate to meet the muscles' energy needs.", "contents": "Reversal of phosphorylase activation in muscle despite continued contractile activity. During studies of the regulation of phosphorylase activity and glycogenolysis in contracting muscle, it was found that conversion of phosphorlyase beta to alpha is transient. Reversal of phosphorylase activation during both continuous and intermittent stimulation in the plantaris might, in part, have been due to development of fatigue. However, a complete reversal of phosphorylase activation was also evident within 5 min in the absence of fatigue in soleus muscles stimulated tetanically with 100-ms-long trains at a rate of 60/min. These muscles showed no significant decline in contractile force. Glycogen breakdown stopped in the soleus when phosphorylase reverted to the beta form, providing evidence that phosphorylase beta was not active. This lack of activity is probably explained by the finding that ATP and AMP concentrations changed little, while glucose 6-phosphate increased. Reversal of phosphorlyase activation soon after the onset of steady-state work may be a mechanism for conserving glycogen when the supply of other substrates is adequate to meet the muscles' energy needs.", "PMID": 495777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2686", "title": "Catecholamine elevation in iron deficiency.", "content": "Iron-deficient rats have increased blood and urinary catecholamines regardless of whether anemia is or is not present. The catecholamine response in both iron-deficient and control animals is largely temperature dependent, showing little difference at the isothermic temperature of 30 degrees C but a two- to threefold increase in iron-deficient animals over controls at lower temperatures. The iron-deficient rat is unable to maintain body temperature at 4 degrees C and this is independent of anemia or of food intake. When animals are run on the treadmill for 4 h, body temperatures increase but the difference observed at 4 degrees C between iron-deficient and control animals persists. The underlying abnormality in temperature regulation and in catecholamine response disappeared after 6 days of iron therapy.", "contents": "Catecholamine elevation in iron deficiency. Iron-deficient rats have increased blood and urinary catecholamines regardless of whether anemia is or is not present. The catecholamine response in both iron-deficient and control animals is largely temperature dependent, showing little difference at the isothermic temperature of 30 degrees C but a two- to threefold increase in iron-deficient animals over controls at lower temperatures. The iron-deficient rat is unable to maintain body temperature at 4 degrees C and this is independent of anemia or of food intake. When animals are run on the treadmill for 4 h, body temperatures increase but the difference observed at 4 degrees C between iron-deficient and control animals persists. The underlying abnormality in temperature regulation and in catecholamine response disappeared after 6 days of iron therapy.", "PMID": 495778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2687", "title": "Static and kinetic properties of the dolphin pupil.", "content": "In dim illumination, adult human pupil area becomes asymptotic at about 51 mm2 whereas the dolphin pupil achieves an area of about 70 mm2 under equivalent conditions. At moderate illumination levels (greater than 100 lx), the dolphin pupil becomes a horizontally oriented ellipse and develops a pronounced central constriction with additional light. The relative relationship between pupil area and illumination copmares closely with published human data. Rates of pupil response to step increments in illumination are very similar for the two species. Although the pupil has been proposed as a mechanism for correction of the dolphins' high aerial myopia, correlation of the laboratory findings on static and kinetic pupil properties with visually controlled aerial behaviors disclosed no special interdependence.", "contents": "Static and kinetic properties of the dolphin pupil. In dim illumination, adult human pupil area becomes asymptotic at about 51 mm2 whereas the dolphin pupil achieves an area of about 70 mm2 under equivalent conditions. At moderate illumination levels (greater than 100 lx), the dolphin pupil becomes a horizontally oriented ellipse and develops a pronounced central constriction with additional light. The relative relationship between pupil area and illumination copmares closely with published human data. Rates of pupil response to step increments in illumination are very similar for the two species. Although the pupil has been proposed as a mechanism for correction of the dolphins' high aerial myopia, correlation of the laboratory findings on static and kinetic pupil properties with visually controlled aerial behaviors disclosed no special interdependence.", "PMID": 495779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2688", "title": "Investigation of hot flashes by ambulatory monitoring.", "content": "The unpredictability of hot flashes makes their investigation difficult. A method for continuous monitoring of subjective arousals and their objective correlates is here described and illustrated with results from one subject. Temperatures of special interest with respect to hot flashes--toe, cheek, vagina, and air--were recorded on a protable magnetic tape during routine living at home. The subject signaled the \"on\" and \"off\" of each perceived flash with a hand switch and also entered information in a notebook. She signaled 63 flashes on 5 days, during which the cheek and toe temperatures showed transient increments. Some of the flashes were labeled uncertain in the notebook. The subject also had 23 episodes of these temperature increments that she did not identify by signals as flashes. In these episodes, therefore, the mechanism of consciousness was not activated. Perceptions that coincided with transient temperature increments thus ranged as follows: subconscious, uncertain, definite but bearable, mildly distressful, and strongly distressful. Hence ambulatory monitoring can provide objective evidence of transient activation of the hypothalamic heat loss mechanism, whether perceived or not.", "contents": "Investigation of hot flashes by ambulatory monitoring. The unpredictability of hot flashes makes their investigation difficult. A method for continuous monitoring of subjective arousals and their objective correlates is here described and illustrated with results from one subject. Temperatures of special interest with respect to hot flashes--toe, cheek, vagina, and air--were recorded on a protable magnetic tape during routine living at home. The subject signaled the \"on\" and \"off\" of each perceived flash with a hand switch and also entered information in a notebook. She signaled 63 flashes on 5 days, during which the cheek and toe temperatures showed transient increments. Some of the flashes were labeled uncertain in the notebook. The subject also had 23 episodes of these temperature increments that she did not identify by signals as flashes. In these episodes, therefore, the mechanism of consciousness was not activated. Perceptions that coincided with transient temperature increments thus ranged as follows: subconscious, uncertain, definite but bearable, mildly distressful, and strongly distressful. Hence ambulatory monitoring can provide objective evidence of transient activation of the hypothalamic heat loss mechanism, whether perceived or not.", "PMID": 495780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2689", "title": "Endogenous nature of circadian rhythms in calcium metabolism.", "content": "Rats studied when the lights are on from 0600 to 1800 daily and fed only in the dark period displayed circadian rhythms in plasma calcium (ionized and total) and 45Ca concentrations, 6 and 8 days after 45Ca administration. In rats fed a calcium-deficient diet, the amplitude of daily variation of plasma ionized and total calcium increased markedly whereas plasma 45Ca daily fluctuation remained essentially unchanged. In the calcium-deficient rats, significant correlations between plasma calcium and 45Ca and between plasma calcium and magnesium were observed throughout the 24 h; circadian periodicity of calcium metabolism persisted in rats fasted overnight, regardless of the illumination schedule. Normal daily fluctuations in plasma 45Ca, lost after thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX), were restored by feeding the TPTX rats a high-calcium diet. These results demonstrate clearly that circadian rhythms of calcium metabolism occurred irrespective of the light-dark schedule, the calcium supply through intestines and the thyroparathyroid system. An attractive suggestion is that circadian rhythmicity originates as a result of dynamic properties involving nonlinear processes of calcium metabolism.", "contents": "Endogenous nature of circadian rhythms in calcium metabolism. Rats studied when the lights are on from 0600 to 1800 daily and fed only in the dark period displayed circadian rhythms in plasma calcium (ionized and total) and 45Ca concentrations, 6 and 8 days after 45Ca administration. In rats fed a calcium-deficient diet, the amplitude of daily variation of plasma ionized and total calcium increased markedly whereas plasma 45Ca daily fluctuation remained essentially unchanged. In the calcium-deficient rats, significant correlations between plasma calcium and 45Ca and between plasma calcium and magnesium were observed throughout the 24 h; circadian periodicity of calcium metabolism persisted in rats fasted overnight, regardless of the illumination schedule. Normal daily fluctuations in plasma 45Ca, lost after thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX), were restored by feeding the TPTX rats a high-calcium diet. These results demonstrate clearly that circadian rhythms of calcium metabolism occurred irrespective of the light-dark schedule, the calcium supply through intestines and the thyroparathyroid system. An attractive suggestion is that circadian rhythmicity originates as a result of dynamic properties involving nonlinear processes of calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 495781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2690", "title": "Liver heat production and temperature regulation in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Liver heat production (LHP) was measured in the anesthetized dog by a new calorimetric method. Blood flows and temperatures were measured at the same points. The method avoided damage of liver innervation and vascularization. Changes of LHP were investigated under different thermal conditions. Measurements at controlled arterial temperatures within the physiological range showed changes of LHP when arterial temperature was randomly increased or decreased. When measured LHP was compared in experiments carried out at different ambient temperatures, a negative linear correlation was found between LHP and the ambient temperature. It was concluded that liver heat production may be a factor in temperature regulation.", "contents": "Liver heat production and temperature regulation in the anesthetized dog. Liver heat production (LHP) was measured in the anesthetized dog by a new calorimetric method. Blood flows and temperatures were measured at the same points. The method avoided damage of liver innervation and vascularization. Changes of LHP were investigated under different thermal conditions. Measurements at controlled arterial temperatures within the physiological range showed changes of LHP when arterial temperature was randomly increased or decreased. When measured LHP was compared in experiments carried out at different ambient temperatures, a negative linear correlation was found between LHP and the ambient temperature. It was concluded that liver heat production may be a factor in temperature regulation.", "PMID": 495782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2691", "title": "Zinc metabolism in humans: a kinetic model.", "content": "A quantitative model is developed that describes the kinetics of the early phases of zinc metabolism in humans. The model is based on averaged data obtained over 5 days from 17 atients with smell and/or taste dysfunction who were given 69mZn in trace amounts orally and intravenously. A function describing the rate of entry of 69mZn into systemic plasma following ingestion of the isotope is derived showing that about 37% of the ingested zinc enters plasma. Gastrointestinal absorption is essentially completed by 4 h. Sixty-seven percent of the absorbed zinc in the portal circulation is extracted by the liver before being released into the systemic circulation and agrees with the calculated extraction efficiency from the systemic circulation. There are both rapid and slow exchnage phases between plasma and liver and between plasma and red cells. The calculated steady-state zinc values for plasma, red cells, and liver agree with previously reported measured values implying there are no additional zinc pools in these tissues. The tracer data, however, account for only 10% of total body zinc, the remaining 90% in tissues whose kinetics are too slow to be resolved from a 5-day study.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in humans: a kinetic model. A quantitative model is developed that describes the kinetics of the early phases of zinc metabolism in humans. The model is based on averaged data obtained over 5 days from 17 atients with smell and/or taste dysfunction who were given 69mZn in trace amounts orally and intravenously. A function describing the rate of entry of 69mZn into systemic plasma following ingestion of the isotope is derived showing that about 37% of the ingested zinc enters plasma. Gastrointestinal absorption is essentially completed by 4 h. Sixty-seven percent of the absorbed zinc in the portal circulation is extracted by the liver before being released into the systemic circulation and agrees with the calculated extraction efficiency from the systemic circulation. There are both rapid and slow exchnage phases between plasma and liver and between plasma and red cells. The calculated steady-state zinc values for plasma, red cells, and liver agree with previously reported measured values implying there are no additional zinc pools in these tissues. The tracer data, however, account for only 10% of total body zinc, the remaining 90% in tissues whose kinetics are too slow to be resolved from a 5-day study.", "PMID": 495783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2692", "title": "Flux of labeled compounds in biochemical oscillations.", "content": "If a labeled compound (e.g., a radioisotopically or chemically labeled metabolite) is introduced into any biochemical reaction system, the label will be removed by catabolic reactions and replaced by unlabeled compound through anagolic reactions. It is shown that the removal of labeled compounds is particularly efficient if the rates of the catabolic steps are able to oscillate. This is demonstrated by comparing reaction schemes that maintain the same mean fluxes and concentrations of metabolites and the same overall chemical affinity but which differe in that the rate of catabolism is either constant or oscillates as a function of time. Simple analyses are presented for both small and large oscillations of undefined wave form and for sinusoidal oscillations. The enhanced removal of labeled compounds from oscillating reaction systems is also documented by numerical computation on a nonlinear model system. It is suggested that this ability to remove labeled compounds may have provided a selective advantage for the evolution of some biological oscillations.", "contents": "Flux of labeled compounds in biochemical oscillations. If a labeled compound (e.g., a radioisotopically or chemically labeled metabolite) is introduced into any biochemical reaction system, the label will be removed by catabolic reactions and replaced by unlabeled compound through anagolic reactions. It is shown that the removal of labeled compounds is particularly efficient if the rates of the catabolic steps are able to oscillate. This is demonstrated by comparing reaction schemes that maintain the same mean fluxes and concentrations of metabolites and the same overall chemical affinity but which differe in that the rate of catabolism is either constant or oscillates as a function of time. Simple analyses are presented for both small and large oscillations of undefined wave form and for sinusoidal oscillations. The enhanced removal of labeled compounds from oscillating reaction systems is also documented by numerical computation on a nonlinear model system. It is suggested that this ability to remove labeled compounds may have provided a selective advantage for the evolution of some biological oscillations.", "PMID": 495784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2693", "title": "Dehydration elevates osmotic threshold for salt gland secretion in the duck.", "content": "Acute salt and water balance measurements were made in two conscious salt water-acclimated Pekin ducks at and above their osmotic threshold for salt gland secretion. Intravneous infusion of 1,000 mosmol/kg H2O NaCl at 0.350 ml/min increased plasma tonicity less than 0.5% and increased secretion from nearly zero to a rate matching the infusion. Continuous secretion at a similar submaximal rate was driven by 5,600 mosmol/kg H2O NaCl infused at 0.070 ml/min. Osmolality of secreted fluid was constant for any secretion rate, so that net water loss occurred when the concentration of infusate exceeded that of secreted fluid. Threshold plasma osmolality increased by 9 mosmol/kg H2O after the loss of 77 g water (3% body wt). Solutes were always secreted at the infusion rate, even when body fluid osmolality increased while body water decreased. We conclude that the salt gland controller is sensitive to more than just extracellular fluid (ECF) tonicity, and we suggest that elevation of the osmotic threshold may occur in response to decreased ECF volume.", "contents": "Dehydration elevates osmotic threshold for salt gland secretion in the duck. Acute salt and water balance measurements were made in two conscious salt water-acclimated Pekin ducks at and above their osmotic threshold for salt gland secretion. Intravneous infusion of 1,000 mosmol/kg H2O NaCl at 0.350 ml/min increased plasma tonicity less than 0.5% and increased secretion from nearly zero to a rate matching the infusion. Continuous secretion at a similar submaximal rate was driven by 5,600 mosmol/kg H2O NaCl infused at 0.070 ml/min. Osmolality of secreted fluid was constant for any secretion rate, so that net water loss occurred when the concentration of infusate exceeded that of secreted fluid. Threshold plasma osmolality increased by 9 mosmol/kg H2O after the loss of 77 g water (3% body wt). Solutes were always secreted at the infusion rate, even when body fluid osmolality increased while body water decreased. We conclude that the salt gland controller is sensitive to more than just extracellular fluid (ECF) tonicity, and we suggest that elevation of the osmotic threshold may occur in response to decreased ECF volume.", "PMID": 495785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2694", "title": "Noncoordinate regulation of cytoplasmic RNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "content": "To examine the regulatory role of mRNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy, the accumulation and decay of [3H]orotic acid in poly(A)-containing mRNA in mouse kidney was analyzed after unilateral nephrectomy during the period of maximal rRNA accretion. The distribution of radioactivity between newly synthesized poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-lacing polysomal RNA was altered, but no differences in mRNA half-life were observed in growth compared with effects of sham nephrectomy. Radioactivity in polysomal polyadenylated RNA was diminished by approximately 25% during growth where mice were labeled after nephrectomy, but if mice were labeled 18 h before operation, no difference was noted. Thus, accumulation of newly synthesized poly(A)-containing mRNA relative to RNAs that lack poly(A) is changed early in the course of renal hypertrophy. This noncoordinate regulation may represent a control mechanism effective early in induced cell growth involving mRNAs that lack poly(A).", "contents": "Noncoordinate regulation of cytoplasmic RNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy. To examine the regulatory role of mRNA in compensatory renal hypertrophy, the accumulation and decay of [3H]orotic acid in poly(A)-containing mRNA in mouse kidney was analyzed after unilateral nephrectomy during the period of maximal rRNA accretion. The distribution of radioactivity between newly synthesized poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-lacing polysomal RNA was altered, but no differences in mRNA half-life were observed in growth compared with effects of sham nephrectomy. Radioactivity in polysomal polyadenylated RNA was diminished by approximately 25% during growth where mice were labeled after nephrectomy, but if mice were labeled 18 h before operation, no difference was noted. Thus, accumulation of newly synthesized poly(A)-containing mRNA relative to RNAs that lack poly(A) is changed early in the course of renal hypertrophy. This noncoordinate regulation may represent a control mechanism effective early in induced cell growth involving mRNAs that lack poly(A).", "PMID": 495786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2695", "title": "The medium and the message: development of videotapes for teaching psychiatry.", "content": "The author examines the issues surrounding the development and use of videotapes to teach psychiatry. She describes the special capabilities of videotaped material as well as how videotapes are produced; the structure of videotapes that use feedback techniques; the different ways medical students, psychiatric students, and experienced clinicians respond to videotapes; the special problems involved with teaching nonpsychiatric medical students about psychiatry; and the use of videotaped materials for patients and the public. She concludes that the use of videotapes to teach psychiatry, especially to teach the public, is an important area for development by psychiatrists.", "contents": "The medium and the message: development of videotapes for teaching psychiatry. The author examines the issues surrounding the development and use of videotapes to teach psychiatry. She describes the special capabilities of videotaped material as well as how videotapes are produced; the structure of videotapes that use feedback techniques; the different ways medical students, psychiatric students, and experienced clinicians respond to videotapes; the special problems involved with teaching nonpsychiatric medical students about psychiatry; and the use of videotaped materials for patients and the public. She concludes that the use of videotapes to teach psychiatry, especially to teach the public, is an important area for development by psychiatrists.", "PMID": 495789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2696", "title": "Superkids: competent children of psychotic mothers.", "content": "In a follow-up study of children of psychotic mothers, the authors examined a subgroup of outstandingly talented, colorful, and competent \"high-risk\" children. These children and their mothers were given a variety of psychological tests and were interviewed individually. They were then compared with a control group of children whose mothers had no psychiatric illness. The 6 most socially and intellectually competent high-risk children were strikingly more competent, colorful, creative, and talented than the 6 highest functioning control children. They more often reported having a best friend and had extensive and positive contact with an extrafamilial adult. Another important variable in the prediction of high social competence among children at high risk is a warm relationship with the mother.", "contents": "Superkids: competent children of psychotic mothers. In a follow-up study of children of psychotic mothers, the authors examined a subgroup of outstandingly talented, colorful, and competent \"high-risk\" children. These children and their mothers were given a variety of psychological tests and were interviewed individually. They were then compared with a control group of children whose mothers had no psychiatric illness. The 6 most socially and intellectually competent high-risk children were strikingly more competent, colorful, creative, and talented than the 6 highest functioning control children. They more often reported having a best friend and had extensive and positive contact with an extrafamilial adult. Another important variable in the prediction of high social competence among children at high risk is a warm relationship with the mother.", "PMID": 495790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2697", "title": "On schizophrenic psychoses.", "content": "The author traces the history of the concept of schizophrenic psychoses from Kraepelin's differentiation of dementia praecox from other mental illness and Bleuler's formulation of schizophrenia through the delimitation of the definition of schizophrenia to current thought on the etiology, treatment, and outcome of schizophrenic psychoses. He stresses the importance of our knowledge of both psychological and hereditary factors and urges that rather than searching only for a single, causal metabolic error we also accept the possibility that schizophrenia occurs in highly human, spiritual spheres and consider the schizophrenogenic influences in the lives and personalities of individual patients.", "contents": "On schizophrenic psychoses. The author traces the history of the concept of schizophrenic psychoses from Kraepelin's differentiation of dementia praecox from other mental illness and Bleuler's formulation of schizophrenia through the delimitation of the definition of schizophrenia to current thought on the etiology, treatment, and outcome of schizophrenic psychoses. He stresses the importance of our knowledge of both psychological and hereditary factors and urges that rather than searching only for a single, causal metabolic error we also accept the possibility that schizophrenia occurs in highly human, spiritual spheres and consider the schizophrenogenic influences in the lives and personalities of individual patients.", "PMID": 495791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2698", "title": "Combined use of molindone and guanethidine in patients with schizophrenia and hypertension.", "content": "Human sympathetic nerves have a high-affinity norepinephrine uptake system. This uptake system is inhibited competitively by chlorpromazine but not by molindone, which suggests that molindone will not interact adversely with guanethidine, an antihypertensive drug that enters sympathetic nerves via the high-affinity uptake system. Accordingly, patients with concomitant schizophrenia and hypertension were treated simultaneously with molindone and guanethidine; there was no evidence of an adverse drug interaction. The data indicate that molindone and guanethidine can be used in combination safely and effectively.", "contents": "Combined use of molindone and guanethidine in patients with schizophrenia and hypertension. Human sympathetic nerves have a high-affinity norepinephrine uptake system. This uptake system is inhibited competitively by chlorpromazine but not by molindone, which suggests that molindone will not interact adversely with guanethidine, an antihypertensive drug that enters sympathetic nerves via the high-affinity uptake system. Accordingly, patients with concomitant schizophrenia and hypertension were treated simultaneously with molindone and guanethidine; there was no evidence of an adverse drug interaction. The data indicate that molindone and guanethidine can be used in combination safely and effectively.", "PMID": 495792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2699", "title": "Subtypes of depression identified by the KDS-3A: a pilot study.", "content": "To devise a system of classifying depression subtypes at intake, the authors administered the Kupfer Detre Scale (KDS-3A) to depressed outpatients at intake and after one, three, and six months of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants or lithium carbonate. None of the 10 tricyclic responders scored below 8 on the 14-point chronic anxiety scale at intake while 7 of the 12 lithium responders did, suggesting that any patient scoring below 8 is a probable candidate for lithium therapy. Patients scoring 8 or above on the chronic anxiety scale fell into two categories, those who had a low impulisivity score and responded to tricyclic antidepressants and those who had a high impulsivity score, responded to lithium, and had cyclothymic disorder or emotionally unstable character disorder.", "contents": "Subtypes of depression identified by the KDS-3A: a pilot study. To devise a system of classifying depression subtypes at intake, the authors administered the Kupfer Detre Scale (KDS-3A) to depressed outpatients at intake and after one, three, and six months of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants or lithium carbonate. None of the 10 tricyclic responders scored below 8 on the 14-point chronic anxiety scale at intake while 7 of the 12 lithium responders did, suggesting that any patient scoring below 8 is a probable candidate for lithium therapy. Patients scoring 8 or above on the chronic anxiety scale fell into two categories, those who had a low impulisivity score and responded to tricyclic antidepressants and those who had a high impulsivity score, responded to lithium, and had cyclothymic disorder or emotionally unstable character disorder.", "PMID": 495793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2700", "title": "Unipolar mania: a distinct clinical entity?", "content": "Of the 241 lithium clinic patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute with bipolar I affective disorder, 38 (15.7%) had never been hospitalized or somatically treated for depression. These \"unipolar manic\" patients had a significantly lower incidence of rapid cycling and suicide attempts than other bipolar I patients. No differences were found, however, in risk of illness in first-degree relatives. Lithium was an effective prophylactic agent in these patients. Some patients originally classified as \"unipolar manic\" were found to have depressive episodes with additional information and clinical observation. \"Unipolar mania\" appears to be a subgroup of bipolar I illness, but there are no data to support the hypothesis that it is a separate entity.", "contents": "Unipolar mania: a distinct clinical entity? Of the 241 lithium clinic patients at the New York State Psychiatric Institute with bipolar I affective disorder, 38 (15.7%) had never been hospitalized or somatically treated for depression. These \"unipolar manic\" patients had a significantly lower incidence of rapid cycling and suicide attempts than other bipolar I patients. No differences were found, however, in risk of illness in first-degree relatives. Lithium was an effective prophylactic agent in these patients. Some patients originally classified as \"unipolar manic\" were found to have depressive episodes with additional information and clinical observation. \"Unipolar mania\" appears to be a subgroup of bipolar I illness, but there are no data to support the hypothesis that it is a separate entity.", "PMID": 495794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2701", "title": "The right to treatment suit as an agent of change.", "content": "Right to treatment suits can serve as agents of change in the standards and function of psychiatric institutions. The author evaluated five state psychiatric institutions as an expert witness in right to treatment suits. He found that changes for the better were made in most of these institutions as a result of the suit, whether it was settled or unsettled. Although he enumerates the problems caused by such suits, he concludes that they can be a positive force for improving mental health care.", "contents": "The right to treatment suit as an agent of change. Right to treatment suits can serve as agents of change in the standards and function of psychiatric institutions. The author evaluated five state psychiatric institutions as an expert witness in right to treatment suits. He found that changes for the better were made in most of these institutions as a result of the suit, whether it was settled or unsettled. Although he enumerates the problems caused by such suits, he concludes that they can be a positive force for improving mental health care.", "PMID": 495795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2702", "title": "Community support programs: program evaluation and public policy.", "content": "The plight of chronic psychiatric patients in the community has led to a major federal effort to resolve fragmented and disorganized care. The Community Support Programs (CSPs) recently funded by NIMH offer the promise of reducing these difficulties by creating comprehensive human service systems at the local and state levels. However, the author points out that these demonstration projects should be evaluated lest they continue to operate on the basis of rhetoric rather than fact. He presents an evaluation framework whereby indexes pertinent to each program goal of the CSPs can be measured and the resulting data used for public policy purposes.", "contents": "Community support programs: program evaluation and public policy. The plight of chronic psychiatric patients in the community has led to a major federal effort to resolve fragmented and disorganized care. The Community Support Programs (CSPs) recently funded by NIMH offer the promise of reducing these difficulties by creating comprehensive human service systems at the local and state levels. However, the author points out that these demonstration projects should be evaluated lest they continue to operate on the basis of rhetoric rather than fact. He presents an evaluation framework whereby indexes pertinent to each program goal of the CSPs can be measured and the resulting data used for public policy purposes.", "PMID": 495796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2703", "title": "Intolerance and extremism in a correctional institution: a perceived ethnic relations approach.", "content": "The authors used an ecological approach to analyze the interaction of ethnicity, environment, personality, and ideology that led to racial intolerance, ethnic strife, and the existence of a self-styled neo-Nazi group in a correctional institution for youthful offenders. Staff members completed a questionnaire on which they rated the behavior of each of 320 inmates toward his own and other ethnic groups. The inmate's membership, if any, in a \"power\" subgroup was also noted. Results indicated a correlation between antagonistic patterns of ethnic relations and receptivity to racial propaganda and ideology. Further research focusing on the perceived ethnic relations climate is necessary to determine whether the patterns found in this institution are typical and to ascertain explanations for this correlation.", "contents": "Intolerance and extremism in a correctional institution: a perceived ethnic relations approach. The authors used an ecological approach to analyze the interaction of ethnicity, environment, personality, and ideology that led to racial intolerance, ethnic strife, and the existence of a self-styled neo-Nazi group in a correctional institution for youthful offenders. Staff members completed a questionnaire on which they rated the behavior of each of 320 inmates toward his own and other ethnic groups. The inmate's membership, if any, in a \"power\" subgroup was also noted. Results indicated a correlation between antagonistic patterns of ethnic relations and receptivity to racial propaganda and ideology. Further research focusing on the perceived ethnic relations climate is necessary to determine whether the patterns found in this institution are typical and to ascertain explanations for this correlation.", "PMID": 495797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2704", "title": "Drug abuse and criminal behavior in delinquent boys committed to a training school.", "content": "To determine drug use or drug abuse status according to DSM-III criteria, the authors interviewed 109 delinquent boys who had been committed to a training school. They categorized each boy as an offender against a person or as an offender against property only. They found that person offenders were significantly older, came from larger communities, abused a greater number of drugs, had higher asocial index scores, and had lower full-scale IQ scores than property-only offenders. The IQ score and the number of drugs abused were the most important variables predicting whether a subject belonged to the person offender or property-only offender group.", "contents": "Drug abuse and criminal behavior in delinquent boys committed to a training school. To determine drug use or drug abuse status according to DSM-III criteria, the authors interviewed 109 delinquent boys who had been committed to a training school. They categorized each boy as an offender against a person or as an offender against property only. They found that person offenders were significantly older, came from larger communities, abused a greater number of drugs, had higher asocial index scores, and had lower full-scale IQ scores than property-only offenders. The IQ score and the number of drugs abused were the most important variables predicting whether a subject belonged to the person offender or property-only offender group.", "PMID": 495798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2705", "title": "The relation of time spent in drug abuse treatment to posttreatment outcome.", "content": "The author examined follow-up outcomes in the first year after treatment in relation to time spent in treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program. Follow-up interviews were completed with more than 3,000 people admitted to drug abuse treatment during 1969--1972, including clients treated with methadone maintenance, therapeutic communities, outpatient drug-free programs, and outpatient detoxification, as well as a group who completed intake procedures but did not return for treatment. Longer time in treatment was related to better posttreatment outcome, but clients who spent less than 3 months in treatment were not significantly different from the detoxification-only group or the intake-only group.", "contents": "The relation of time spent in drug abuse treatment to posttreatment outcome. The author examined follow-up outcomes in the first year after treatment in relation to time spent in treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program. Follow-up interviews were completed with more than 3,000 people admitted to drug abuse treatment during 1969--1972, including clients treated with methadone maintenance, therapeutic communities, outpatient drug-free programs, and outpatient detoxification, as well as a group who completed intake procedures but did not return for treatment. Longer time in treatment was related to better posttreatment outcome, but clients who spent less than 3 months in treatment were not significantly different from the detoxification-only group or the intake-only group.", "PMID": 495799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2706", "title": "Clinical supervision of the initial interview: effects on patient care.", "content": "The authors raise the question of whether the directly supervised initial evaluation of outpatients by psychiatric residents influences the quality of patient care. The charts of 78 patients with direct supervision and 78 patients with traditional supervision were randomly selected for review four months after the initial interview. More than twice as many patients with direct supervision remained in active treatment or terminated after successful short-term treatment compared with traditionally supervised patients in the early intake period. Patients with direct supervision also received a less pathological diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical supervision of the initial interview: effects on patient care. The authors raise the question of whether the directly supervised initial evaluation of outpatients by psychiatric residents influences the quality of patient care. The charts of 78 patients with direct supervision and 78 patients with traditional supervision were randomly selected for review four months after the initial interview. More than twice as many patients with direct supervision remained in active treatment or terminated after successful short-term treatment compared with traditionally supervised patients in the early intake period. Patients with direct supervision also received a less pathological diagnosis.", "PMID": 495800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2707", "title": "Tyramine infusions in bipolar illness: behavioral effects and longitudinal changes in pressor sensitivity.", "content": "Steady state intravenous tyramine dose pressor-response tests were administered to a patient with bipolar illness during depressed and hypomanic phases of her illness. The greatest tyramine sensitivity while unmedicated occurred when the patient was hypomanic, and the least sensitivity when she was depressed before her first switch. The data raise the possibility that changes in peripheral alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity accompany spontaneous mood cycles. Tyramine produced a replicable mood and cognitive alteration only in the infusion closest to the switch from hypomania to depression, suggesting that the CNS may be particularly susceptible to peripheral noradrenergic inputs at specific points in bipolar illness.", "contents": "Tyramine infusions in bipolar illness: behavioral effects and longitudinal changes in pressor sensitivity. Steady state intravenous tyramine dose pressor-response tests were administered to a patient with bipolar illness during depressed and hypomanic phases of her illness. The greatest tyramine sensitivity while unmedicated occurred when the patient was hypomanic, and the least sensitivity when she was depressed before her first switch. The data raise the possibility that changes in peripheral alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity accompany spontaneous mood cycles. Tyramine produced a replicable mood and cognitive alteration only in the infusion closest to the switch from hypomania to depression, suggesting that the CNS may be particularly susceptible to peripheral noradrenergic inputs at specific points in bipolar illness.", "PMID": 495801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2708", "title": "Types of psychopathology displayed by heroin addicts.", "content": "Symptom profiles of 157 male and 54 female heroin addicts based on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores were compared with normative data for 6,000 psychiatric patients by using previously described schizo-depressive and coping-resignation contrast functions. Diagnostic types found among the addicts were as follows: anxious-depressive features, 35.1%; undifferentiated syndromes, 26.5%; hostile-depressive features, 16.6%; retarded depressive features, 9.5%; hostile suspicious traits, 6.6%; and blunted affect without significant depressive features, 5.7%. None of the addicts showed levels of thought disturbance comparable to those found in the psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Types of psychopathology displayed by heroin addicts. Symptom profiles of 157 male and 54 female heroin addicts based on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores were compared with normative data for 6,000 psychiatric patients by using previously described schizo-depressive and coping-resignation contrast functions. Diagnostic types found among the addicts were as follows: anxious-depressive features, 35.1%; undifferentiated syndromes, 26.5%; hostile-depressive features, 16.6%; retarded depressive features, 9.5%; hostile suspicious traits, 6.6%; and blunted affect without significant depressive features, 5.7%. None of the addicts showed levels of thought disturbance comparable to those found in the psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 495802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2709", "title": "Dynamic psychotherapy with the bilingual patient.", "content": "Bilingualism is known to affect the communicative behavior of the individual. This paper describes the implications of the bilingual experience for the process of dynamic psychotherapy, and presents recommendations to psychotherapists treating the bilingual population.", "contents": "Dynamic psychotherapy with the bilingual patient. Bilingualism is known to affect the communicative behavior of the individual. This paper describes the implications of the bilingual experience for the process of dynamic psychotherapy, and presents recommendations to psychotherapists treating the bilingual population.", "PMID": 495826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2710", "title": "Collateral therapy for the abused child and the problem parent.", "content": "Physical or sexual abuse of children is a psychopathic situation wherein both the abused child and the problem parent require collateral therapy with the eventual aim of rehabilitating the family by reinstating the child. The abusive diathesis of the parent is rooted in her or his inadequately nurtured childhood.", "contents": "Collateral therapy for the abused child and the problem parent. Physical or sexual abuse of children is a psychopathic situation wherein both the abused child and the problem parent require collateral therapy with the eventual aim of rehabilitating the family by reinstating the child. The abusive diathesis of the parent is rooted in her or his inadequately nurtured childhood.", "PMID": 495827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2711", "title": "Psychotherapy of the psychosomatic patient.", "content": "The role of psychotherapy for psychosomatic patients is reviewed. Barriers to treatment, including special characteristics of these patients that make them poor candidates for traditional psychodynamic interventions, are discussed with implications for practice. Clinical recommendations encompass two broad preparatory phases: I, the health alliance, and II, the life alliance.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of the psychosomatic patient. The role of psychotherapy for psychosomatic patients is reviewed. Barriers to treatment, including special characteristics of these patients that make them poor candidates for traditional psychodynamic interventions, are discussed with implications for practice. Clinical recommendations encompass two broad preparatory phases: I, the health alliance, and II, the life alliance.", "PMID": 495828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2712", "title": "Tracking errors in psychotherapy.", "content": "Typescripts of 10-minute segments of psychotherapy sessions often reveal instances where the therapist made incorrect statements that got the patient off his track. Tracking errors are classified and their effects described. By learning to recognize such errors therapists can diminish their frequency.", "contents": "Tracking errors in psychotherapy. Typescripts of 10-minute segments of psychotherapy sessions often reveal instances where the therapist made incorrect statements that got the patient off his track. Tracking errors are classified and their effects described. By learning to recognize such errors therapists can diminish their frequency.", "PMID": 495829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2713", "title": "Acting out in adolescence.", "content": "Adolescent individuation is frequently signified by acting out independent and dependent strivings. There can be a struggle with attachment to parents who do not acknowledge the adolescent's emerging identity. A narcissistic bond can develop between parent and adolescent that impedes individuation.", "contents": "Acting out in adolescence. Adolescent individuation is frequently signified by acting out independent and dependent strivings. There can be a struggle with attachment to parents who do not acknowledge the adolescent's emerging identity. A narcissistic bond can develop between parent and adolescent that impedes individuation.", "PMID": 495830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2714", "title": "Minimal brain dysfunction and borderline personality adjustment.", "content": "Clinical experience shows that many patients diagnosed as having a borderline personality structure show a history of minimal brain dysfunction in childhood. Neurologically based dysfunctions create disruptions of drive level, perception, basic language structure, and cognition which form a constitutional basis for the distortions of early object relations. A treatment program considering both biogenic and psychogenic etiology is outlined.", "contents": "Minimal brain dysfunction and borderline personality adjustment. Clinical experience shows that many patients diagnosed as having a borderline personality structure show a history of minimal brain dysfunction in childhood. Neurologically based dysfunctions create disruptions of drive level, perception, basic language structure, and cognition which form a constitutional basis for the distortions of early object relations. A treatment program considering both biogenic and psychogenic etiology is outlined.", "PMID": 495831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2715", "title": "Negative responses of the borderline to inpatient treatment.", "content": "The intense therapeutic encirclement maneuvers possible in long-term inpatient therapy of the borderline patient frequently stimulate emotional flooding and intense negative therapeutic reactions. Such reactions have understandable precipitants: a mixture of therapeutic goals, treatment methods, and defensive structures of the patient best conceptualized within an object-relations model.", "contents": "Negative responses of the borderline to inpatient treatment. The intense therapeutic encirclement maneuvers possible in long-term inpatient therapy of the borderline patient frequently stimulate emotional flooding and intense negative therapeutic reactions. Such reactions have understandable precipitants: a mixture of therapeutic goals, treatment methods, and defensive structures of the patient best conceptualized within an object-relations model.", "PMID": 495832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2716", "title": "The conquering hero quits: narcissistic factors in underachievement and failure.", "content": "In narcissistic individuals the grandiose self persists, making impossible demands for omnipotence. This often results in inability to tolerate any endeavor which requires sustained effort and repeated trial and error. Among narcissistic college students, academic failure frequently results. This dynamic applies to success neurosis in general. Treatment considerations are discussed.", "contents": "The conquering hero quits: narcissistic factors in underachievement and failure. In narcissistic individuals the grandiose self persists, making impossible demands for omnipotence. This often results in inability to tolerate any endeavor which requires sustained effort and repeated trial and error. Among narcissistic college students, academic failure frequently results. This dynamic applies to success neurosis in general. Treatment considerations are discussed.", "PMID": 495833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2717", "title": "Parent-child communication in widowed families.", "content": "When a parent dies the surviving parent and children are often unable to work together to cope with the loss. We propose that this situation arises from their inability to accept the finality of death. Parents and children have difficulty adjusting to life without the deceased because of their expectation that he or she will return.", "contents": "Parent-child communication in widowed families. When a parent dies the surviving parent and children are often unable to work together to cope with the loss. We propose that this situation arises from their inability to accept the finality of death. Parents and children have difficulty adjusting to life without the deceased because of their expectation that he or she will return.", "PMID": 495834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2718", "title": "Self-disclosure in therapy: marriage of the therapist.", "content": "The author presents how his interest on the general subject of self-disclosures in therapy evolved. Literature on this subject is reviewed with particular attention to intercurrent events in the therapist's life that may affect ongoing psychotherapy. Six clinical vignettes of psychotherapy cases illustrate varying reactions. The effects that planned disclosure of an intercurrent event (his marriage) had on this process are discussed.", "contents": "Self-disclosure in therapy: marriage of the therapist. The author presents how his interest on the general subject of self-disclosures in therapy evolved. Literature on this subject is reviewed with particular attention to intercurrent events in the therapist's life that may affect ongoing psychotherapy. Six clinical vignettes of psychotherapy cases illustrate varying reactions. The effects that planned disclosure of an intercurrent event (his marriage) had on this process are discussed.", "PMID": 495835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2719", "title": "Transsexual symptoms in a male child treated by a female therapist.", "content": "The literature on the psychodynamics and treatment of transsexualism indicates a pathological mother-son relationship, yet uniformly recommends a male therapist. A case of a six-year-old boy with transsexual symptoms treated by a female therapist is presented, and there is a discussion of the theory and implications arising from the case.", "contents": "Transsexual symptoms in a male child treated by a female therapist. The literature on the psychodynamics and treatment of transsexualism indicates a pathological mother-son relationship, yet uniformly recommends a male therapist. A case of a six-year-old boy with transsexual symptoms treated by a female therapist is presented, and there is a discussion of the theory and implications arising from the case.", "PMID": 495836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2720", "title": "Hand and wrist injuries in the athlete.", "content": "Injuries to the hand and wrist are probably among the most common injuries incurred by the athlete. Neglect of such injuries may result in irreparable damage to the hand or wrist. This summary of the more common injuries to these areas seen in the athlete, with a description of the recognition and treatment, gives the reader insight into the multiple considerations the athlete and coach must have. Even seemingly minor injuries must be carefully evaluated and treated by a physician. Early diagnosis, accurate precise treatment, and proper rehabilitation are extremely important to regain optimal function after these injuries. They may have a significant impact not only in athletic competition but also in the athlete's selection of an occupation. It is psychologically important also that the participant be returned to his particular sport as soon as possible. Most of the injuries can be controlled by conservative means. However, when surgical repair is indicated, it is important for the surgeon to be trained and familiar with the anatomy and techniques of surgery of the hand and wrist.", "contents": "Hand and wrist injuries in the athlete. Injuries to the hand and wrist are probably among the most common injuries incurred by the athlete. Neglect of such injuries may result in irreparable damage to the hand or wrist. This summary of the more common injuries to these areas seen in the athlete, with a description of the recognition and treatment, gives the reader insight into the multiple considerations the athlete and coach must have. Even seemingly minor injuries must be carefully evaluated and treated by a physician. Early diagnosis, accurate precise treatment, and proper rehabilitation are extremely important to regain optimal function after these injuries. They may have a significant impact not only in athletic competition but also in the athlete's selection of an occupation. It is psychologically important also that the participant be returned to his particular sport as soon as possible. Most of the injuries can be controlled by conservative means. However, when surgical repair is indicated, it is important for the surgeon to be trained and familiar with the anatomy and techniques of surgery of the hand and wrist.", "PMID": 495839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2721", "title": "Preoperative psychologic testing as a predictor of success in knee surgery. A preliminary report.", "content": "Preoperative psychologic test scores derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were evaluated as predictors of success after elective knee surgery. The patients were examined 1 to 3 years after surgery and were evaluated in terms of subjective improvement, pain, level of activity, work restrictions, swelling, and strength. Patients that had scored high on the hysteria and hypochondriasis scales of the MMPI showed less improvement after surgery than those patients scoring lower on these scales. The results indicate that personality factors may play an important part in the symptomatic success after elective knee surgery.", "contents": "Preoperative psychologic testing as a predictor of success in knee surgery. A preliminary report. Preoperative psychologic test scores derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were evaluated as predictors of success after elective knee surgery. The patients were examined 1 to 3 years after surgery and were evaluated in terms of subjective improvement, pain, level of activity, work restrictions, swelling, and strength. Patients that had scored high on the hysteria and hypochondriasis scales of the MMPI showed less improvement after surgery than those patients scoring lower on these scales. The results indicate that personality factors may play an important part in the symptomatic success after elective knee surgery.", "PMID": 495840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2722", "title": "Volvulus of the cecum: choice of operation.", "content": "Although it is clear that there is a significant frequency of recurrent volvulus after cecopexy, there is no evidence from either this series or previous reports that resection is associated with a lower recurrence rate than tube cecostomy. In the absence of data suggesting a clear superiority of colon resection, it appears that tube cecostomy should be the treatment of choice for cases of cecal volvulus that are not complicated by vascular compromise.", "contents": "Volvulus of the cecum: choice of operation. Although it is clear that there is a significant frequency of recurrent volvulus after cecopexy, there is no evidence from either this series or previous reports that resection is associated with a lower recurrence rate than tube cecostomy. In the absence of data suggesting a clear superiority of colon resection, it appears that tube cecostomy should be the treatment of choice for cases of cecal volvulus that are not complicated by vascular compromise.", "PMID": 495846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2723", "title": "Clinical evaluation of long-term survival after total gastrectomy.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of long-term survival after total gastrectomy were clinically evaluated. From the standpoint of general nutrition and rehabilitation, the patients appeared to be in satisfactory condition. However, hyperchromic anemia, serum vitamin B12 deficiency, and osteoporosis were noted in some patients.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of long-term survival after total gastrectomy. Twenty-seven cases of long-term survival after total gastrectomy were clinically evaluated. From the standpoint of general nutrition and rehabilitation, the patients appeared to be in satisfactory condition. However, hyperchromic anemia, serum vitamin B12 deficiency, and osteoporosis were noted in some patients.", "PMID": 495847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2724", "title": "Discriminate use of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery.", "content": "In a prospective study of 107 patients undergoing surgery for gastroduodenal disease, antibiotics were withheld from a group of 24 patients defined preoperatively to be at low risk of developing postoperative infections; no wound infection occurred in this group. Perioperative cephaloridine was randomized among the remaining patients (high risk). Wound infections developed in 11 of 42 patients who did not receive cephaloridine, but in none of the 41 patients who were given cephaloridine (p less than 0.02). Coliform bacteria were grown only from swabs of the stomach mucosa of patients in the high risk group and were the main cause of wound infections. Severe preoperative lymphocytopenia was frequently associated with the development of serious postoperative sepsis. The results validate a policy of restricting antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal operations to patients at high risk of postoperative infection and suggest a new risk factor--the preoperative blood lymphocyte count.", "contents": "Discriminate use of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery. In a prospective study of 107 patients undergoing surgery for gastroduodenal disease, antibiotics were withheld from a group of 24 patients defined preoperatively to be at low risk of developing postoperative infections; no wound infection occurred in this group. Perioperative cephaloridine was randomized among the remaining patients (high risk). Wound infections developed in 11 of 42 patients who did not receive cephaloridine, but in none of the 41 patients who were given cephaloridine (p less than 0.02). Coliform bacteria were grown only from swabs of the stomach mucosa of patients in the high risk group and were the main cause of wound infections. Severe preoperative lymphocytopenia was frequently associated with the development of serious postoperative sepsis. The results validate a policy of restricting antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal operations to patients at high risk of postoperative infection and suggest a new risk factor--the preoperative blood lymphocyte count.", "PMID": 495848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2725", "title": "Gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretion and the rate of gastric emptying after parietal cell vagotomy.", "content": "We compared the gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretory responses to a liquid test meal and the rates of gastric emptying of liquid and solid test meals in six patients at least 1 year after parietal cell vagotomy with eight unoperated subjects, one with duodenal ulcer disease and seven normal control subjects. Parietal cell vagotomy decreased gastric acid secretion to one third of normal, but total trypsin and bile salt secretion during the first 150 postcibal minutes were normal. The liquid test meal emptied from the stomach faster after parietal cell vagotomy, the pattern of emptying being exponential in the vagotomy patients and linear in the normal subjects. The rate of gastric emptying of a liquid meal, although faster than normal, was less precipitous after parietal cell vagotomy than after truncal vagotomy plus drainage or subtotal gastrectomy, and trypsin and bile salt concentrations were not diluted to abnormal levels, as occurs after these other procedures. Furthermore, emptying and dispersion of solid food remained normal after parietal cell vagotomy. These findings probably explain, at least in part, the decreased incidence of postprandial dumping and diarrhea that accompanies parietal cell vagotomy compared with the other popular operations for duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretion and the rate of gastric emptying after parietal cell vagotomy. We compared the gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretory responses to a liquid test meal and the rates of gastric emptying of liquid and solid test meals in six patients at least 1 year after parietal cell vagotomy with eight unoperated subjects, one with duodenal ulcer disease and seven normal control subjects. Parietal cell vagotomy decreased gastric acid secretion to one third of normal, but total trypsin and bile salt secretion during the first 150 postcibal minutes were normal. The liquid test meal emptied from the stomach faster after parietal cell vagotomy, the pattern of emptying being exponential in the vagotomy patients and linear in the normal subjects. The rate of gastric emptying of a liquid meal, although faster than normal, was less precipitous after parietal cell vagotomy than after truncal vagotomy plus drainage or subtotal gastrectomy, and trypsin and bile salt concentrations were not diluted to abnormal levels, as occurs after these other procedures. Furthermore, emptying and dispersion of solid food remained normal after parietal cell vagotomy. These findings probably explain, at least in part, the decreased incidence of postprandial dumping and diarrhea that accompanies parietal cell vagotomy compared with the other popular operations for duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 495849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2726", "title": "Use of ultrasound to demonstrate gallstones in symptomatic patients with normal oral cholecystograms.", "content": "Seven patients who had typical and persistent symptoms of gallbladder disease but repeatedly normal oral cholecystograms were seen in an 18 month period. Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder was diagnostic of cholelithiasis in all seven patients. Six patients were found to have gallstones at operation, and the seventh had histologically proved chronic cholecystitis. Although oral cholecystrography is a highly accurate examination, false-negative results do occur. Gray scale ultrasonography is a safe and also highly accurate means of providing objective evidence of cholelithiasis in patients clinically thought to have gallstones despite normal oral cholecystograms.", "contents": "Use of ultrasound to demonstrate gallstones in symptomatic patients with normal oral cholecystograms. Seven patients who had typical and persistent symptoms of gallbladder disease but repeatedly normal oral cholecystograms were seen in an 18 month period. Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder was diagnostic of cholelithiasis in all seven patients. Six patients were found to have gallstones at operation, and the seventh had histologically proved chronic cholecystitis. Although oral cholecystrography is a highly accurate examination, false-negative results do occur. Gray scale ultrasonography is a safe and also highly accurate means of providing objective evidence of cholelithiasis in patients clinically thought to have gallstones despite normal oral cholecystograms.", "PMID": 495850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2727", "title": "Twenty-two year experience with periampullary carcinoma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.", "content": "The resectability rate was high (84 per cent) for patients with periampullary cancer. The incidence of lymph node metastases was also high, being 50 per cent for those with small tumors (2 cm or less). The 5 year cure rate was 67 per cent for patients with negative nodes but 0 per cent for those with positive nodes.", "contents": "Twenty-two year experience with periampullary carcinoma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The resectability rate was high (84 per cent) for patients with periampullary cancer. The incidence of lymph node metastases was also high, being 50 per cent for those with small tumors (2 cm or less). The 5 year cure rate was 67 per cent for patients with negative nodes but 0 per cent for those with positive nodes.", "PMID": 495851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2728", "title": "Preoperative physical assessment of thyroid glands in previously irradiated patients.", "content": "The Evanston Hospital maintains an Irradiated Thyroid Evaluation Clinic that has evaluated 695 patients since 1975. One hundred fourteen patients were retrospectively analyzed, and an attempt was made to correlate the preoperative physical examination with the pathologic specimen after thyroidectomy. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of carcinoma in glands containing a single nodule (23 per cent) and in multinodular glands. Postirradiation thyroiditis complicated the physical description of glands preoperatively. The categorization of physical findings served only to identify persistent thyroid abnormalities, which must be explored surgically. The overall incidence of carcinoma in the 114 available cases was 34 per cent, with nodal metastases in 18 per cent of the patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "Preoperative physical assessment of thyroid glands in previously irradiated patients. The Evanston Hospital maintains an Irradiated Thyroid Evaluation Clinic that has evaluated 695 patients since 1975. One hundred fourteen patients were retrospectively analyzed, and an attempt was made to correlate the preoperative physical examination with the pathologic specimen after thyroidectomy. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of carcinoma in glands containing a single nodule (23 per cent) and in multinodular glands. Postirradiation thyroiditis complicated the physical description of glands preoperatively. The categorization of physical findings served only to identify persistent thyroid abnormalities, which must be explored surgically. The overall incidence of carcinoma in the 114 available cases was 34 per cent, with nodal metastases in 18 per cent of the patients with carcinoma.", "PMID": 495852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2729", "title": "Thermal influence on the lymphocytic response of cancer patients.", "content": "A variation was noted between normal subjects and cancer patients in the response of their lymphocytes to different antigens. Raising the temperature from 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C aided in improving lymphocytic activity to the antigenic stimulation. The heat response was more noticeable in normal subjects than in cancer patients, which suggests that immunotherapy should be initiated early in patients with malignant disease before there is systemic involvement from an increasing tumor burden.", "contents": "Thermal influence on the lymphocytic response of cancer patients. A variation was noted between normal subjects and cancer patients in the response of their lymphocytes to different antigens. Raising the temperature from 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C aided in improving lymphocytic activity to the antigenic stimulation. The heat response was more noticeable in normal subjects than in cancer patients, which suggests that immunotherapy should be initiated early in patients with malignant disease before there is systemic involvement from an increasing tumor burden.", "PMID": 495853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2730", "title": "Femoropopliteal bypass grafting: predictive value of preoperative angiography.", "content": "Our experience with femoropopliteal grafting was reviewed to determine whether quantitative grading of the preoperative angiogram could be correlated with the outcome of the grafting procedure. The series consisted of 53 bypass grafts in 50 patients. The quantitative grading of the preoperative arteriogram correlated with the graft closure rate during the follow-up period of 48 months. The group with the most advanced arterial occlusive disease on angiography had a 32 per cent failure rate, while those with the least severe disease had a 6.7 per cent failure rate. The intermediate group had a 16.7 per cent closure rate. Using linear regression analysis, the data indicated a correlation between the time of graft failure in the first 18 months and the angiographic grade (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Femoropopliteal bypass grafting: predictive value of preoperative angiography. Our experience with femoropopliteal grafting was reviewed to determine whether quantitative grading of the preoperative angiogram could be correlated with the outcome of the grafting procedure. The series consisted of 53 bypass grafts in 50 patients. The quantitative grading of the preoperative arteriogram correlated with the graft closure rate during the follow-up period of 48 months. The group with the most advanced arterial occlusive disease on angiography had a 32 per cent failure rate, while those with the least severe disease had a 6.7 per cent failure rate. The intermediate group had a 16.7 per cent closure rate. Using linear regression analysis, the data indicated a correlation between the time of graft failure in the first 18 months and the angiographic grade (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 495854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2731", "title": "Role of angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms.", "content": "The vascular architecture of the pancreas has been described, but few reports indicate preoperative accuracy. During the last 3 years, selective superior mesenteric and celiac angiography was performed in 471 patients. In 35 of these patients, additional selective angiography of the superior pancreaticoduodenal and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries was performed to reveal the detailed vascular pattern of the pancreas and its surrounding structures. Exploratory surgery was performed in all patients except the four control subjects. The angiographic findings reflected a poorly vascularized infiltrating lesion with invasion of the blood vessels and serpiginous encasements. Peripancreatic extension of the tumor indicated nonresectability. In early pancreatitis, the pancreas showed increased vascularity and occasional stretched vessels. In more advanced pancreatitis, the arteries were prominent and irregular with increased parenchymal accumulation of contrast medium in the capillary phase. In pseudocysts of the pancreas, the only finding was stretching of the vessels around the lesion. A well circumscribed lesion with increased contrast medium in the capillary and venous phases diagnostic of pancreatic adenoma. Pancreatic angiography is an important diagnostic tool in evaluating and staging pancreatic neoplasms.", "contents": "Role of angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms. The vascular architecture of the pancreas has been described, but few reports indicate preoperative accuracy. During the last 3 years, selective superior mesenteric and celiac angiography was performed in 471 patients. In 35 of these patients, additional selective angiography of the superior pancreaticoduodenal and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries was performed to reveal the detailed vascular pattern of the pancreas and its surrounding structures. Exploratory surgery was performed in all patients except the four control subjects. The angiographic findings reflected a poorly vascularized infiltrating lesion with invasion of the blood vessels and serpiginous encasements. Peripancreatic extension of the tumor indicated nonresectability. In early pancreatitis, the pancreas showed increased vascularity and occasional stretched vessels. In more advanced pancreatitis, the arteries were prominent and irregular with increased parenchymal accumulation of contrast medium in the capillary phase. In pseudocysts of the pancreas, the only finding was stretching of the vessels around the lesion. A well circumscribed lesion with increased contrast medium in the capillary and venous phases diagnostic of pancreatic adenoma. Pancreatic angiography is an important diagnostic tool in evaluating and staging pancreatic neoplasms.", "PMID": 495855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2732", "title": "Importance of capillary perfusion.", "content": "Perfusion is more critical than oxygen in the maintenance of cell viability. A high hematocrit or high fibrinogen level increases blood viscosity and predisposes to disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is recommended that a hematocrit of about 30 be maintained in periods of circulatory stress such as shock or extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Importance of capillary perfusion. Perfusion is more critical than oxygen in the maintenance of cell viability. A high hematocrit or high fibrinogen level increases blood viscosity and predisposes to disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is recommended that a hematocrit of about 30 be maintained in periods of circulatory stress such as shock or extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 495856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2733", "title": "Discrepant estrogen receptor protein levels according to surgical technique.", "content": "A marked discrepancy in the positivity rate of estrogen receptor protein assessment in breast biopsy specimens obtained by conventional scalpel dissection (53 per cent) and by electrodissection (27 per cent) raised the question of whether the latter technique was appropriate for obtaining specimens for estrogen receptor protein assay. Two cases served as their own controls to demonstrate the inherent error in obtaining tissue by electrodissection. It is now urged that the electrocautery technique be avoided when tissue is obtained for estrogen receptor protein assay.", "contents": "Discrepant estrogen receptor protein levels according to surgical technique. A marked discrepancy in the positivity rate of estrogen receptor protein assessment in breast biopsy specimens obtained by conventional scalpel dissection (53 per cent) and by electrodissection (27 per cent) raised the question of whether the latter technique was appropriate for obtaining specimens for estrogen receptor protein assay. Two cases served as their own controls to demonstrate the inherent error in obtaining tissue by electrodissection. It is now urged that the electrocautery technique be avoided when tissue is obtained for estrogen receptor protein assay.", "PMID": 495857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2734", "title": "Deficient collagen formation by obese mice in a standard wound model.", "content": "Poor healing was demonstrated in two different experimental models of diabetes mellitus. In one model, there was an absolute lack of insulin and in the other, a resistance to insulin. A review of the history of the results of surgery in diabetic patients shows that in the clinical situation, wound failure is associated with both a lack of insulin and a resistance to insulin. Thus, the causes of wound failure in diabetic patients include a failure of insulin to perform its normal role in healing. This does not exclude other causes such as \"small vessel disease\" as etiologic factors, but it does suggest that control of metabolic derangements is beneficial to healing in diabetic patients who undergo operation.", "contents": "Deficient collagen formation by obese mice in a standard wound model. Poor healing was demonstrated in two different experimental models of diabetes mellitus. In one model, there was an absolute lack of insulin and in the other, a resistance to insulin. A review of the history of the results of surgery in diabetic patients shows that in the clinical situation, wound failure is associated with both a lack of insulin and a resistance to insulin. Thus, the causes of wound failure in diabetic patients include a failure of insulin to perform its normal role in healing. This does not exclude other causes such as \"small vessel disease\" as etiologic factors, but it does suggest that control of metabolic derangements is beneficial to healing in diabetic patients who undergo operation.", "PMID": 495858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2735", "title": "Pancreatic ascites: a rare complication of distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "Ascites has become recognized as a common postoperative complication of the distal splenorenal shunt. On rare occasions the ascites has been chylous in nature. The present report is the first documented case of pancreatic ascites occurring after this operation. This complication developed in the combined setting of chronic pancreatitis and surgical trauma to the pancreas. Since the management of pancreatic ascites differs from that of cirrhotic or chylous ascites, it is recommended that this diagnosis be considered whenever a patient develops severe ascites after a distal spenorenal shunt.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites: a rare complication of distal splenorenal shunt. Ascites has become recognized as a common postoperative complication of the distal splenorenal shunt. On rare occasions the ascites has been chylous in nature. The present report is the first documented case of pancreatic ascites occurring after this operation. This complication developed in the combined setting of chronic pancreatitis and surgical trauma to the pancreas. Since the management of pancreatic ascites differs from that of cirrhotic or chylous ascites, it is recommended that this diagnosis be considered whenever a patient develops severe ascites after a distal spenorenal shunt.", "PMID": 495859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2736", "title": "Pancreatic ascites: management by caudal pancreatectomy and side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy.", "content": "A patient with pancreatic ascites is presented who had neither a pseudocyst nor demonstrable pancreatic duct disruption, despite the presence of both calculi and strictures in a dilated duct of Wirsung. Concurrently, the patient exhibited intractable abdominal pain characteristic of end-stage chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The pancreatic ascites responded only briefly to nonoperative management with hyperalimentation. Side-to-side pancreticojejunostomy with caudal pancreatectomy relieved the patient of both pain and ascites, suggesting that this more direct approach may be worthy of consideration in patients with similar findings.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites: management by caudal pancreatectomy and side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy. A patient with pancreatic ascites is presented who had neither a pseudocyst nor demonstrable pancreatic duct disruption, despite the presence of both calculi and strictures in a dilated duct of Wirsung. Concurrently, the patient exhibited intractable abdominal pain characteristic of end-stage chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The pancreatic ascites responded only briefly to nonoperative management with hyperalimentation. Side-to-side pancreticojejunostomy with caudal pancreatectomy relieved the patient of both pain and ascites, suggesting that this more direct approach may be worthy of consideration in patients with similar findings.", "PMID": 495860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2737", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and its complications. First case report from Malaysia with review of literature.", "content": "We report for the first time from Malaysia a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome complicated by successive intussusceptions requiring extensive small bowel resection. Our experience is compared with that of other authors by a review of the literature highlighting important points in the diagnosis and management of complications in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and its complications. First case report from Malaysia with review of literature. We report for the first time from Malaysia a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome complicated by successive intussusceptions requiring extensive small bowel resection. Our experience is compared with that of other authors by a review of the literature highlighting important points in the diagnosis and management of complications in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "PMID": 495861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2738", "title": "Congenital colonic atresia and stenosis.", "content": "Five more cases are added to the 88 reported cases of successfully treated newborns with congenital colonic atresia and stenosis. Because colonic atresia and stenosis are lethal conditions when untreated, early diagnosis and operative treatment are major requisites for survival. A two-stage procedure consisting of an emergency colostomy for decompression as the first stage and an elective resection with anastomosis a few months later is recommended. The need for thorough exploration of the abdomen is emphasized because atresias may be multiple or may be associated with additional gastrointestinal anomalies.", "contents": "Congenital colonic atresia and stenosis. Five more cases are added to the 88 reported cases of successfully treated newborns with congenital colonic atresia and stenosis. Because colonic atresia and stenosis are lethal conditions when untreated, early diagnosis and operative treatment are major requisites for survival. A two-stage procedure consisting of an emergency colostomy for decompression as the first stage and an elective resection with anastomosis a few months later is recommended. The need for thorough exploration of the abdomen is emphasized because atresias may be multiple or may be associated with additional gastrointestinal anomalies.", "PMID": 495862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2739", "title": "Peritoneal encapsulation in childhood. Case report, embryologic analysis, and review of literature.", "content": "The first reported case of peritoneal encapsulation causing mechanical small bowel obstruction in a child is described. So far, only seven asymptomatic adult patients with this anomaly have been reported on. The embryogenetic basis is discussed. Methods of operative recognition and surgical management are suggested.", "contents": "Peritoneal encapsulation in childhood. Case report, embryologic analysis, and review of literature. The first reported case of peritoneal encapsulation causing mechanical small bowel obstruction in a child is described. So far, only seven asymptomatic adult patients with this anomaly have been reported on. The embryogenetic basis is discussed. Methods of operative recognition and surgical management are suggested.", "PMID": 495863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2740", "title": "Gunshot wounds of the left upper abdominal quadrant associated with multiple intraabdominal injuries.", "content": "This study reviews low velocity gunshot wounds of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and presents four cases recently treated at Boston City Hospital. All patients sustained multiple intraabdominal organ injuries and underwent prompt exploration. Hypotension on admission seemed to be the most reliable sign for a prolonged and complicated hospital course. The essential preoperative studies in stable patients should include a chest x-ray and intravenous pyelogram. Intraoperatively, injury to the body or tail or the pancreas is best managed by distal pancreatectomy and sump drainage. Exploration of the retroperitoneum is warranted for bleeding from the kidney. Initial maneuvers should be designed to control hemorrhage from the renal pedicle. If this is unsuccessful or the renal parenchyma is badly fragmented, nephrectomy should be performed. The complications noted in our patients, infection (pneumonia and left subphrenic abscess) and hemorrhage, are comparable to those reported in most large series. Pancreatic complications (fistulas, pseudocysts, and pancreatitis) were not noted.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds of the left upper abdominal quadrant associated with multiple intraabdominal injuries. This study reviews low velocity gunshot wounds of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and presents four cases recently treated at Boston City Hospital. All patients sustained multiple intraabdominal organ injuries and underwent prompt exploration. Hypotension on admission seemed to be the most reliable sign for a prolonged and complicated hospital course. The essential preoperative studies in stable patients should include a chest x-ray and intravenous pyelogram. Intraoperatively, injury to the body or tail or the pancreas is best managed by distal pancreatectomy and sump drainage. Exploration of the retroperitoneum is warranted for bleeding from the kidney. Initial maneuvers should be designed to control hemorrhage from the renal pedicle. If this is unsuccessful or the renal parenchyma is badly fragmented, nephrectomy should be performed. The complications noted in our patients, infection (pneumonia and left subphrenic abscess) and hemorrhage, are comparable to those reported in most large series. Pancreatic complications (fistulas, pseudocysts, and pancreatitis) were not noted.", "PMID": 495864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2741", "title": "Continuous oculoplethysmographic monitoring during carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Oculoplethysmography has moved from the noninvasive vascular diagnostic laboratory to the operating room and is serving a new role in monitoring internal carotid shunt blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. Temporary intraoperative shunt occlusions are instantly indicated by accurate ocular pulse delay information digitally displayed to the surgeon. Corrections in shunt placement may be made promptly and, therefore, adequate internal carotid blood flow maintained, allowing \"safe\" time for careful endarterectomy or vascular reconstruction. Verification of satisfactory flow after arteriorhaphy is obtained by oculoplethysmography.", "contents": "Continuous oculoplethysmographic monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Oculoplethysmography has moved from the noninvasive vascular diagnostic laboratory to the operating room and is serving a new role in monitoring internal carotid shunt blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. Temporary intraoperative shunt occlusions are instantly indicated by accurate ocular pulse delay information digitally displayed to the surgeon. Corrections in shunt placement may be made promptly and, therefore, adequate internal carotid blood flow maintained, allowing \"safe\" time for careful endarterectomy or vascular reconstruction. Verification of satisfactory flow after arteriorhaphy is obtained by oculoplethysmography.", "PMID": 495865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2742", "title": "Consistent, effective technique for muscle and nerve biopsy.", "content": "Muscle and nerve biopsy provides information of increasing importance in the management of neuromuscular disorders. A simplified technique is presented that yields a specimen which equals and often surpasses in quality specimens obtained by more complex methods that require specially designed clamps and forceps.", "contents": "Consistent, effective technique for muscle and nerve biopsy. Muscle and nerve biopsy provides information of increasing importance in the management of neuromuscular disorders. A simplified technique is presented that yields a specimen which equals and often surpasses in quality specimens obtained by more complex methods that require specially designed clamps and forceps.", "PMID": 495866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2743", "title": "New self-retaining retractor to facilitate surgical exposure.", "content": "This new self-retaining retractor has blunt prongs that grip firmly but cause minimal trauma. A widely curved arc permits wide separation of the blades. Because the retractor is relatively long and heavy, it sits snugly within the wound, and the base is out of the surgical field. The extra length of the instrument permits considerable upward retraction of the central blade.", "contents": "New self-retaining retractor to facilitate surgical exposure. This new self-retaining retractor has blunt prongs that grip firmly but cause minimal trauma. A widely curved arc permits wide separation of the blades. Because the retractor is relatively long and heavy, it sits snugly within the wound, and the base is out of the surgical field. The extra length of the instrument permits considerable upward retraction of the central blade.", "PMID": 495869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2744", "title": "Methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges in asthma: relationships to age of onset, length of illness, and pulmonary functions.", "content": "Levels of airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine thresholds, were determined for hospitalized asthmatic patients using the serial concentration, constant-breath method. Airways hyperreactivity was categorized into low and high based on a split of the sample of subjects tested. These categories were unrelated to pulmonary function measurements obtained throughout hospitalization. Patients having high airways hyperreactivity to histamine or methacholine were admitted for intensive inpatient care at a young age, had an earlier age of onset, and had asthma of longer duration than patients having low airways hyperreactivity. These latter results suggested that relatively greater airways hyperreacticity is more likely to be associated with early onset of the illness.", "contents": "Methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges in asthma: relationships to age of onset, length of illness, and pulmonary functions. Levels of airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine thresholds, were determined for hospitalized asthmatic patients using the serial concentration, constant-breath method. Airways hyperreactivity was categorized into low and high based on a split of the sample of subjects tested. These categories were unrelated to pulmonary function measurements obtained throughout hospitalization. Patients having high airways hyperreactivity to histamine or methacholine were admitted for intensive inpatient care at a young age, had an earlier age of onset, and had asthma of longer duration than patients having low airways hyperreactivity. These latter results suggested that relatively greater airways hyperreacticity is more likely to be associated with early onset of the illness.", "PMID": 495916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2745", "title": "Influence of small atmospheric ions on the airways in patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "The influence of artificially generated atmospheric ions is studied in 15 patients with bronchial asthma. A slight but significant (at 5% level) improvement in the lung function was demonstrated in nine patients during positive as well as negative ion exposure, but the patients' subjective votings of the air quality did not show any changes due to ion exposure. No change in the histamine threshold of the airways in six patients with bronchial asthma was demonstrated during exposure to ions. Further controlled studies with electro-aerosols are needed.", "contents": "Influence of small atmospheric ions on the airways in patients with bronchial asthma. The influence of artificially generated atmospheric ions is studied in 15 patients with bronchial asthma. A slight but significant (at 5% level) improvement in the lung function was demonstrated in nine patients during positive as well as negative ion exposure, but the patients' subjective votings of the air quality did not show any changes due to ion exposure. No change in the histamine threshold of the airways in six patients with bronchial asthma was demonstrated during exposure to ions. Further controlled studies with electro-aerosols are needed.", "PMID": 495917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2746", "title": "Periodic respiration. The capnographic interpretation.", "content": "Different type of periodic respiration are difficult to distinguish clinically although their identification may influence the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Often other forms of abnormal respiration are mistaken for periodic. Four capnograms are shown illustrating (1) true Cheyne-Stokes respiration, (2) irregular \"pseudo-periodic\" respiration a) after fentanyl, and b) in the presence of a brain tumour and (3) regular respiration interspersed with deep sighs which was diagnosed clinically as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. A plea is made for the routine use of capnography in order to provide a visual record of respiration.", "contents": "Periodic respiration. The capnographic interpretation. Different type of periodic respiration are difficult to distinguish clinically although their identification may influence the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Often other forms of abnormal respiration are mistaken for periodic. Four capnograms are shown illustrating (1) true Cheyne-Stokes respiration, (2) irregular \"pseudo-periodic\" respiration a) after fentanyl, and b) in the presence of a brain tumour and (3) regular respiration interspersed with deep sighs which was diagnosed clinically as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. A plea is made for the routine use of capnography in order to provide a visual record of respiration.", "PMID": 495918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2747", "title": "[The influence of ethanol, dithiocarb, diethylmaleate and phenobarbital on the metabolic elimination of halothane in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats exposed to halothane (100 ppm) in a closed allglass-system eliminate halothane from the atmosphere of this system with a half-life (t0.5) of 0.99 h. In 24 h-fasted rats t0.5 was prolonged to 1.24 h. A single oral load of 4.8 g/kg ethanol as well as a 15% ethanol solution instead of drinking water for 28 days did not alter the metabolic elimination of halothane. On the other hand, ethanol (4.8 g/kg p.o.) applied 5 min before exposure to halothane markedly prolonged t0.5 to 3.79 h. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg i.p. for 4 days) shortened t0.5 significantly to 0.79 h. Inhibition of the mixed-function oxidase system by dithiocarb (100 mg/kg i.p.) or diethyl maleate (1 ml/kg i.p.) markedly prolonged t0.5 to 7.53 and 1.57 h. respectively. The observed modifications of the halothane metabolism may be of interest in relation to the problem of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity.", "contents": "[The influence of ethanol, dithiocarb, diethylmaleate and phenobarbital on the metabolic elimination of halothane in rats (author's transl)]. Rats exposed to halothane (100 ppm) in a closed allglass-system eliminate halothane from the atmosphere of this system with a half-life (t0.5) of 0.99 h. In 24 h-fasted rats t0.5 was prolonged to 1.24 h. A single oral load of 4.8 g/kg ethanol as well as a 15% ethanol solution instead of drinking water for 28 days did not alter the metabolic elimination of halothane. On the other hand, ethanol (4.8 g/kg p.o.) applied 5 min before exposure to halothane markedly prolonged t0.5 to 3.79 h. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg i.p. for 4 days) shortened t0.5 significantly to 0.79 h. Inhibition of the mixed-function oxidase system by dithiocarb (100 mg/kg i.p.) or diethyl maleate (1 ml/kg i.p.) markedly prolonged t0.5 to 7.53 and 1.57 h. respectively. The observed modifications of the halothane metabolism may be of interest in relation to the problem of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity.", "PMID": 495919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2748", "title": "[Inject-ventilation in bronchoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Jet ventilation initially described by Sanders has been modified and improved for use with the Storz bronchoscope. Theoretical and technical performance are discussed and the mechanical and physiological properties are dealt with e.g. FiO2, driving and endotracheal pressure, expiratory CO2 concentrations, blood gas analysis, pulmonary artery pressure and electrocardiographic changes. Using this method prolonged diagnostic and surgical procedures, such as cauterisation of bronchial adenoma, removal of foreign bodies from the airways especially of small children and bronchial toilet in status asthmaticus, are rendered free from problems for the anaesthetist. We believe that the inject ventilator is a very useful addition to endotracheal surgery.", "contents": "[Inject-ventilation in bronchoscopy (author's transl)]. Jet ventilation initially described by Sanders has been modified and improved for use with the Storz bronchoscope. Theoretical and technical performance are discussed and the mechanical and physiological properties are dealt with e.g. FiO2, driving and endotracheal pressure, expiratory CO2 concentrations, blood gas analysis, pulmonary artery pressure and electrocardiographic changes. Using this method prolonged diagnostic and surgical procedures, such as cauterisation of bronchial adenoma, removal of foreign bodies from the airways especially of small children and bronchial toilet in status asthmaticus, are rendered free from problems for the anaesthetist. We believe that the inject ventilator is a very useful addition to endotracheal surgery.", "PMID": 495920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2749", "title": "[Effects of various anaesthetics and relaxants on vascular smooth muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of various injectable anaesthetics and relaxants on the pressure-diameter relations of isolated segments of the rat tail artery were investigated in vitro. The wall of this vessel contains about 75% smooth muscle fibres. Measurements were made before and after the induction of a virtually maximum constriction of the vascular segments which was produced by 1 mg/ml noradrenaline. When added to pure Tyrode's solution all the agents used did not markedly influence the pressure-diameter curves. However, the noradrenaline-induced constriction of the vessels was inhibited to varying degrees. This effect was most evident after thiopentone which caused the diameter to increase by 50%. After pentobarbitone, the increase in diameter was found to be less pronounced (15%). Administration of methohexitone was followed by lesser relaxation of the arterial smooth muscle resulting in a maximum increase in diameter of 7%. After alphathesin (CT 1341) and propanidid, the arterial segments dilated about 20%, after etomidate and 4-hydroxybutyrate about 10%. The muscle relaxants suxamethonium and d-tubocurarine induced dilations of 10 to 15%, alcuronium and pancuronium, however, of less than 5%. The results presented here concur with those of experiments in vivo in which the influence of narcotics and relaxants on the peripheral resistance was studied. This indicates that the dilatation of peripheral resistance vessels seen after the administration of such agents is not exclusively caused by a neurally mediated inhibition of the vascular tone. The direct action of these substances on the vascular smooth muscle may often contribute to their complex haemodynamic effects.", "contents": "[Effects of various anaesthetics and relaxants on vascular smooth muscle (author's transl)]. The effects of various injectable anaesthetics and relaxants on the pressure-diameter relations of isolated segments of the rat tail artery were investigated in vitro. The wall of this vessel contains about 75% smooth muscle fibres. Measurements were made before and after the induction of a virtually maximum constriction of the vascular segments which was produced by 1 mg/ml noradrenaline. When added to pure Tyrode's solution all the agents used did not markedly influence the pressure-diameter curves. However, the noradrenaline-induced constriction of the vessels was inhibited to varying degrees. This effect was most evident after thiopentone which caused the diameter to increase by 50%. After pentobarbitone, the increase in diameter was found to be less pronounced (15%). Administration of methohexitone was followed by lesser relaxation of the arterial smooth muscle resulting in a maximum increase in diameter of 7%. After alphathesin (CT 1341) and propanidid, the arterial segments dilated about 20%, after etomidate and 4-hydroxybutyrate about 10%. The muscle relaxants suxamethonium and d-tubocurarine induced dilations of 10 to 15%, alcuronium and pancuronium, however, of less than 5%. The results presented here concur with those of experiments in vivo in which the influence of narcotics and relaxants on the peripheral resistance was studied. This indicates that the dilatation of peripheral resistance vessels seen after the administration of such agents is not exclusively caused by a neurally mediated inhibition of the vascular tone. The direct action of these substances on the vascular smooth muscle may often contribute to their complex haemodynamic effects.", "PMID": 495921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2750", "title": "[The continuous longtime measurement of intra-cranial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidural measurement is a suitable method for monitoring variations in cerebral pressure during intracranial operations and postoperative treatment. A short description is given of the technical equipment. Various possibilities for monitoring intra-cranial pressure are demonstrated in some examples.", "contents": "[The continuous longtime measurement of intra-cranial pressure (author's transl)]. Epidural measurement is a suitable method for monitoring variations in cerebral pressure during intracranial operations and postoperative treatment. A short description is given of the technical equipment. Various possibilities for monitoring intra-cranial pressure are demonstrated in some examples.", "PMID": 495922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2751", "title": "[Test of an improvised anaesthesia system for newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaesthesia for newborn infants is rarely undertaken in hospitals which have no paediatric surgical department. Using the usual anaesthetic equipment for children on newborns involves many hazards, mainly because of the small respiratory volumes of these little patients, the danger of large deadspace and the high resistance of valves in the equipment. A resuscitation bag for newborns proved to be easy and safe as anaesthesia apparatus, if connected to the output of the anaesthetic machine. Blood gases and respiratory volumes were measured in 17 newborn infants (body weight 1,600 g to 5,280 g) during anaesthesia using endotracheal tubes, masks, controlled and spontaneous respiration.", "contents": "[Test of an improvised anaesthesia system for newborn infants (author's transl)]. Anaesthesia for newborn infants is rarely undertaken in hospitals which have no paediatric surgical department. Using the usual anaesthetic equipment for children on newborns involves many hazards, mainly because of the small respiratory volumes of these little patients, the danger of large deadspace and the high resistance of valves in the equipment. A resuscitation bag for newborns proved to be easy and safe as anaesthesia apparatus, if connected to the output of the anaesthetic machine. Blood gases and respiratory volumes were measured in 17 newborn infants (body weight 1,600 g to 5,280 g) during anaesthesia using endotracheal tubes, masks, controlled and spontaneous respiration.", "PMID": 495923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2752", "title": "[Spinal anaesthesia using bupivacain--clinical experience of more than 6000 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The following report of our experience using isobaric Bupivacaine 0.5% in 6,228 operations (intrathecal technique) will consider the intra operative period. In 55.8% of cases the lower extremities were operated upon and in 44.2% the lower abdomen. In 1,487 cases (23.9%) side effects/complications were evident and a classification of such is as follows: anaesthetic technique 5.29%, cardiorespiratory 15.69%, operator/operative technique 6.13%. The percentage remained relatively constant irrespective of age but a higher pre op risk classification (A.S.A. System) resulted in a marked increase in the above figures. The principal side effects encountered were as follows: Bradycardia 7.5%, hypotonia 6.3%, insufficient analgesia 3.9%, extrasystoles 2.9%. Grave complications occured in 0.15% and within this group 4 patients died intraoperatively; a relationship with the mode of anaesthesia has not been proven.", "contents": "[Spinal anaesthesia using bupivacain--clinical experience of more than 6000 cases (author's transl)]. The following report of our experience using isobaric Bupivacaine 0.5% in 6,228 operations (intrathecal technique) will consider the intra operative period. In 55.8% of cases the lower extremities were operated upon and in 44.2% the lower abdomen. In 1,487 cases (23.9%) side effects/complications were evident and a classification of such is as follows: anaesthetic technique 5.29%, cardiorespiratory 15.69%, operator/operative technique 6.13%. The percentage remained relatively constant irrespective of age but a higher pre op risk classification (A.S.A. System) resulted in a marked increase in the above figures. The principal side effects encountered were as follows: Bradycardia 7.5%, hypotonia 6.3%, insufficient analgesia 3.9%, extrasystoles 2.9%. Grave complications occured in 0.15% and within this group 4 patients died intraoperatively; a relationship with the mode of anaesthesia has not been proven.", "PMID": 495924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2753", "title": "[Evaluation of brachial plexus block. Comparison between supraclavicular and interscalene approach (author's transl)].", "content": "A scheme for evaluating brachial plexus block was developed, which is based on anatomical structures and which utilizes simple neurological examination techniques. It facilitates the localization of the tip of the cannula near the plexus, gives an idea of the spread of the local anesthetic in the region of the trunks and cords, gives well timed judgement on the success of the block and allows a comparison of the development of the block when using various techniques. Using this scheme, the development of the block was examined following use of the supraclavicular and interscalene approach. With the supraclavicular technique, motor as well as sensory blockade of all nerves of the brachial plexus occurred with about the same frequency; with the interscalene technique, the centre of the block affected the caudal nerves of the cervical plexus and the cranial nerves of the brachial plexus. Following both approaches, the blockade developed from proximal to distal areas, the motor blockade preceding the sensory blockade.", "contents": "[Evaluation of brachial plexus block. Comparison between supraclavicular and interscalene approach (author's transl)]. A scheme for evaluating brachial plexus block was developed, which is based on anatomical structures and which utilizes simple neurological examination techniques. It facilitates the localization of the tip of the cannula near the plexus, gives an idea of the spread of the local anesthetic in the region of the trunks and cords, gives well timed judgement on the success of the block and allows a comparison of the development of the block when using various techniques. Using this scheme, the development of the block was examined following use of the supraclavicular and interscalene approach. With the supraclavicular technique, motor as well as sensory blockade of all nerves of the brachial plexus occurred with about the same frequency; with the interscalene technique, the centre of the block affected the caudal nerves of the cervical plexus and the cranial nerves of the brachial plexus. Following both approaches, the blockade developed from proximal to distal areas, the motor blockade preceding the sensory blockade.", "PMID": 495925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2754", "title": "[Changes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism under spinal anaesthesia or neuroleptanaesthesia and operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of spinal anaesthesia neuroleptanaesthesia and surgery on the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats were investigated in two groups of 11 young, metabolically healthy patients, undergoing trauma surgical procedures. For both groups the determined parameters glucose, lactate, glycerol, ketone-bodies, NEFA and insulin remained, during the operative and early postoperative phase, within the physiological range without any marked differences. Both anaesthetic procedures seemed to be equally suited for these operations; therefore other criteria should be used as a basis for the selection of the anaesthetic management.", "contents": "[Changes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism under spinal anaesthesia or neuroleptanaesthesia and operation (author's transl)]. The effects of spinal anaesthesia neuroleptanaesthesia and surgery on the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats were investigated in two groups of 11 young, metabolically healthy patients, undergoing trauma surgical procedures. For both groups the determined parameters glucose, lactate, glycerol, ketone-bodies, NEFA and insulin remained, during the operative and early postoperative phase, within the physiological range without any marked differences. Both anaesthetic procedures seemed to be equally suited for these operations; therefore other criteria should be used as a basis for the selection of the anaesthetic management.", "PMID": 495926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2755", "title": "Subarachnoid block with an anaesthetic mixture containing dextran. Cytologic changes in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The present study included 22 patients who received an anaesthetic subarachnoid injection of 1.0--1.2 ml Dixidextracaine-70 (a mixture of xylocaine 40.0 mg+cinchocaine 10.0 mg+Dextran-70 60.0 mg+distilled water ad 2.0 ml), associated with adrenaline in a final concentration of 1/10000. Before and 24--168 hours after administration of the subarachnoid anaesthesia, 2.0 ml of cerebrospinal fluid was collected for quantitative and qualitative determination of the cellular elements and for physical and bacteriological examinations. No bacteriological contamination or qualitative and quantitative alterations of leucocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid were found after the administration of anaesthetic-dextran mixture. It is concluded that the association of Dextran-70 with xylocaine and percaine, as well as with adrenaline, for lengthening the duration of the subarachnoid anaesthesia has no acute irritative effect upon the central nervous system and its membranes in the course of seven days following its administration.", "contents": "Subarachnoid block with an anaesthetic mixture containing dextran. Cytologic changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. The present study included 22 patients who received an anaesthetic subarachnoid injection of 1.0--1.2 ml Dixidextracaine-70 (a mixture of xylocaine 40.0 mg+cinchocaine 10.0 mg+Dextran-70 60.0 mg+distilled water ad 2.0 ml), associated with adrenaline in a final concentration of 1/10000. Before and 24--168 hours after administration of the subarachnoid anaesthesia, 2.0 ml of cerebrospinal fluid was collected for quantitative and qualitative determination of the cellular elements and for physical and bacteriological examinations. No bacteriological contamination or qualitative and quantitative alterations of leucocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid were found after the administration of anaesthetic-dextran mixture. It is concluded that the association of Dextran-70 with xylocaine and percaine, as well as with adrenaline, for lengthening the duration of the subarachnoid anaesthesia has no acute irritative effect upon the central nervous system and its membranes in the course of seven days following its administration.", "PMID": 495927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2756", "title": "Studies in man with a constant-rate infusion of tubocurarine.", "content": "Tubocurarine (dTC) was administered to twenty patients by intravenous infusion at a predetermined constant rate, and the twitch responses recorded at stimulus intervals of 10 seconds (0.1 Hz). In half the group dTC plasma concentrations were measured both during and following the infusion. This provided data for derivation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, two plasma concentration-response curves and the dose-response curve. The mean effective dTC plasma concentration for 50% paralysis during the infusion (onset) was 0.93 micrograms/ml, but was lower post-infusion (offset) (0.54 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.001). The steady state dTC plasma concentration which should produce 95% paralysis was predicted to lie between 0.95 and 1.67 micrograms/ml. In the range 20 to 80% paralysis the slopes of the two (log) concentration-response lines were similar, although steeper than the associated (log) dose-response regression line, the test for parallelism showed no statistical difference. Combination of the plasma concentration-response curve with pharmacolkinetic models was used to predict the time course of paralysis in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Dose-response curves for the other 10 patients were also constructed to stimulus frequencies from 0.02 to 5 Hz. In the range 20 to 80% paralysis the regression lines appeared to be parallel. The results were pooled for all patients at a stimulation rate of 0.1 Hz, giving a mean effective dose of dTC at 95% paralysis of 0.53 mg/kg, and an ED50 of 0.22 mg/kg.", "contents": "Studies in man with a constant-rate infusion of tubocurarine. Tubocurarine (dTC) was administered to twenty patients by intravenous infusion at a predetermined constant rate, and the twitch responses recorded at stimulus intervals of 10 seconds (0.1 Hz). In half the group dTC plasma concentrations were measured both during and following the infusion. This provided data for derivation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, two plasma concentration-response curves and the dose-response curve. The mean effective dTC plasma concentration for 50% paralysis during the infusion (onset) was 0.93 micrograms/ml, but was lower post-infusion (offset) (0.54 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.001). The steady state dTC plasma concentration which should produce 95% paralysis was predicted to lie between 0.95 and 1.67 micrograms/ml. In the range 20 to 80% paralysis the slopes of the two (log) concentration-response lines were similar, although steeper than the associated (log) dose-response regression line, the test for parallelism showed no statistical difference. Combination of the plasma concentration-response curve with pharmacolkinetic models was used to predict the time course of paralysis in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Dose-response curves for the other 10 patients were also constructed to stimulus frequencies from 0.02 to 5 Hz. In the range 20 to 80% paralysis the regression lines appeared to be parallel. The results were pooled for all patients at a stimulation rate of 0.1 Hz, giving a mean effective dose of dTC at 95% paralysis of 0.53 mg/kg, and an ED50 of 0.22 mg/kg.", "PMID": 495928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2757", "title": "Cardiovascular and subjective central nervous system effects of long-acting local anaesthetics in man.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of etiodocaine 50, 75 and 100 mg and bupivacaine 75 mg were carried out over ten minutes in healthy young adult males. Cardiovascular sequelae were generally trivial at all doses. A collection of subjective central nervous system symptoms were described which may be regarded as early warning of impending local anaesthetic toxicity. Plasma concentrations of etidocaine were proportional to dose and ranged from 2 micrograms/ml to 5 micrograms/ml at the termination of the infusion. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine were similar to those from the same dose of etidocaine but declined more slowly on cessation of infusion.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and subjective central nervous system effects of long-acting local anaesthetics in man. Intravenous infusions of etiodocaine 50, 75 and 100 mg and bupivacaine 75 mg were carried out over ten minutes in healthy young adult males. Cardiovascular sequelae were generally trivial at all doses. A collection of subjective central nervous system symptoms were described which may be regarded as early warning of impending local anaesthetic toxicity. Plasma concentrations of etidocaine were proportional to dose and ranged from 2 micrograms/ml to 5 micrograms/ml at the termination of the infusion. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine were similar to those from the same dose of etidocaine but declined more slowly on cessation of infusion.", "PMID": 495929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2758", "title": "D-tubocurarine requirement during hypothermia.", "content": "The effect of hypothermia on the action of d-tubocurarine (d-TC) was studied under carefully controlled experimental conditions. It was found that with computer controlled infusion, 60% less d-TC was required to sustain 75% muscle paralysis in cats, during steady-state, in vivo, when the temperature was changed from 37 degrees C to 30 degrees C. The corresponding relaxant consumption rates were 0.136 +/- 0.025 and 0.055 +/- 0.012 mg/kg/1/2 hr respectively. When there was no temperature change the maintenance dosage of d-TC remained constant for up to four hours denoting the equilibrium phase of the relaxant kinetics. Temperature transitions introduced dynamic changes in these kinetics and altered the constancy of the maintenance dosage.", "contents": "D-tubocurarine requirement during hypothermia. The effect of hypothermia on the action of d-tubocurarine (d-TC) was studied under carefully controlled experimental conditions. It was found that with computer controlled infusion, 60% less d-TC was required to sustain 75% muscle paralysis in cats, during steady-state, in vivo, when the temperature was changed from 37 degrees C to 30 degrees C. The corresponding relaxant consumption rates were 0.136 +/- 0.025 and 0.055 +/- 0.012 mg/kg/1/2 hr respectively. When there was no temperature change the maintenance dosage of d-TC remained constant for up to four hours denoting the equilibrium phase of the relaxant kinetics. Temperature transitions introduced dynamic changes in these kinetics and altered the constancy of the maintenance dosage.", "PMID": 495930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2759", "title": "Thrombus formation on catheters in new born lambs.", "content": "Catheters were inserted into the aorta and inferior vena cava of newborn lambs by cutdown on the femoral vessels and directly into the umbilical vein. The lambs were killed after six days and the amounts of thrombus surrounding the cathethers were measured. Most catheters inserted into the umbilical vein looped within the liver and only a few passed directly into the portal vein or through the ductus venosus into the vena cava. On different types of catheters inserted via the femoral artery or femoral vein, there were significant differences both in the proportion with thrombus and the amount of thrombus. There were also significant differences in renal infarctions caused by different types of catheters.", "contents": "Thrombus formation on catheters in new born lambs. Catheters were inserted into the aorta and inferior vena cava of newborn lambs by cutdown on the femoral vessels and directly into the umbilical vein. The lambs were killed after six days and the amounts of thrombus surrounding the cathethers were measured. Most catheters inserted into the umbilical vein looped within the liver and only a few passed directly into the portal vein or through the ductus venosus into the vena cava. On different types of catheters inserted via the femoral artery or femoral vein, there were significant differences both in the proportion with thrombus and the amount of thrombus. There were also significant differences in renal infarctions caused by different types of catheters.", "PMID": 495932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2760", "title": "Effects of heparin, aspirin and dipyridamole on thrombus formation on venous catheters.", "content": "Heparin, aspirin and dipyridamole were given alone or in combination to groups of sheep which had polyethylene catheters inserted into facial and saphenous veins. Animals were killed after 3 or 9 days. Neither aspirin nor dipyridamole reduced the amounts of thrombus on the catheters at autopsy. Heparin reduced thrombus only when sufficient was given to reduce blood coagulation.", "contents": "Effects of heparin, aspirin and dipyridamole on thrombus formation on venous catheters. Heparin, aspirin and dipyridamole were given alone or in combination to groups of sheep which had polyethylene catheters inserted into facial and saphenous veins. Animals were killed after 3 or 9 days. Neither aspirin nor dipyridamole reduced the amounts of thrombus on the catheters at autopsy. Heparin reduced thrombus only when sufficient was given to reduce blood coagulation.", "PMID": 495933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2761", "title": "Intermaxillary fixation: how practicable is emergency jaw release?", "content": "Intermaxillary fixation as part of management of facial fractures or following osteotomy for facial deformity presents unique problems to the anaesthetist. It is traditional practice to keep wire cutters available by the patient at all times to enable quick release of the jaws in emergency. The efficiency of release was tested by timing various members of the management team. The time taken to release the jaws was an average 35.3 seconds by experienced oral surgeons and an average 2 minutes 9 seconds by hospital staff involved in caring for these patients and was not a practical proposition for a lay person. Thus the value of releasing fixation is questionable in the initial care of obstruction or vomiting. Techniques of avoiding and managing these problems are discussed.", "contents": "Intermaxillary fixation: how practicable is emergency jaw release? Intermaxillary fixation as part of management of facial fractures or following osteotomy for facial deformity presents unique problems to the anaesthetist. It is traditional practice to keep wire cutters available by the patient at all times to enable quick release of the jaws in emergency. The efficiency of release was tested by timing various members of the management team. The time taken to release the jaws was an average 35.3 seconds by experienced oral surgeons and an average 2 minutes 9 seconds by hospital staff involved in caring for these patients and was not a practical proposition for a lay person. Thus the value of releasing fixation is questionable in the initial care of obstruction or vomiting. Techniques of avoiding and managing these problems are discussed.", "PMID": 495934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2762", "title": "A new tube for microlaryngeal surgery.", "content": "A technique of anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery is described utilizing a new catheter and the venturi jet injector. Access and exposure for the surgeon are excellent and the laser can be used without special precautions. The central position and lack of movement of the distal end of the tube in the trachea prevent the potential complication of rupture of the trachea or of a bronchus.", "contents": "A new tube for microlaryngeal surgery. A technique of anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery is described utilizing a new catheter and the venturi jet injector. Access and exposure for the surgeon are excellent and the laser can be used without special precautions. The central position and lack of movement of the distal end of the tube in the trachea prevent the potential complication of rupture of the trachea or of a bronchus.", "PMID": 495935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2763", "title": "Case report: althesin in status epilepticus.", "content": "A case of status epilepticus, resistant to conventional anti-epileptic treatment is described. Althesin rapidly abolished the epileptic activity, and control was achieved by a continuous infusion of Althesin.", "contents": "Case report: althesin in status epilepticus. A case of status epilepticus, resistant to conventional anti-epileptic treatment is described. Althesin rapidly abolished the epileptic activity, and control was achieved by a continuous infusion of Althesin.", "PMID": 495937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2764", "title": "Replacement of fatty marrow by active granulocytopoietic bone marrow following transplantation of mammary carcinoma into mice.", "content": "The development of granulocytic hemopoiesis in the fatty marrow of metatarsal bones and caudal vertebrae of adult mice was studied in histological sections for up to six weeks following subcutaneous innoculation of granulocytosis inducing mammary carcinoma. The initial events observed were increase and engorgement of fatty marrow sinusoidal vascular beds, accompanied by numerous lymphoid mononuclear cells in the sinusoids and in the stroma. Foci of granulocytopoiesis appeared admixed with lymphoid cells in the stroma and near the endosteum. Hyperplastic granulocytopoiesis eventually predominated in the marrow of these bones as well as the femoral and sternal marrow of tumor bearing mice. The morphological findings suggested the possibility of stem cell and progenitor cell migration into fatty marrow, but activation of dormant stem cells could not be ruled out. The prevalence of granulocytopoiesis in the entire skeletal marrow is of the marrow including lymphocytes, reduced production of the latter would imply serious compromise for the immune system of the tumor bearing animals.", "contents": "Replacement of fatty marrow by active granulocytopoietic bone marrow following transplantation of mammary carcinoma into mice. The development of granulocytic hemopoiesis in the fatty marrow of metatarsal bones and caudal vertebrae of adult mice was studied in histological sections for up to six weeks following subcutaneous innoculation of granulocytosis inducing mammary carcinoma. The initial events observed were increase and engorgement of fatty marrow sinusoidal vascular beds, accompanied by numerous lymphoid mononuclear cells in the sinusoids and in the stroma. Foci of granulocytopoiesis appeared admixed with lymphoid cells in the stroma and near the endosteum. Hyperplastic granulocytopoiesis eventually predominated in the marrow of these bones as well as the femoral and sternal marrow of tumor bearing mice. The morphological findings suggested the possibility of stem cell and progenitor cell migration into fatty marrow, but activation of dormant stem cells could not be ruled out. The prevalence of granulocytopoiesis in the entire skeletal marrow is of the marrow including lymphocytes, reduced production of the latter would imply serious compromise for the immune system of the tumor bearing animals.", "PMID": 496027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2765", "title": "Resorption of connective tissue in the gingiva of the mouse incisor.", "content": "During eruption of the mouse incisor part of the periodontal ligament moves along with the tooth in occlusal direction and is degraded in the gingiva, just apically of the junctional epithelium. When studied with the electron microscope some connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) showed disorganization of both nucleus and cytoplasm. In other cells vacuoles were observed containing partly degraded cellular constituents. Sometimes within these vacuoles electron dense material with the appearance of clumped chromatin was observed. On the basis of this observation it is concluded that heterophagocytosis contributes to the process of fibroblast breakdown. The ultrastructure of these heterophagic cells resembled that of fibroblasts. Collagenous fibrils were observed within cytoplasmic vacuoles of fibroblasts indicating that collagen is phagocytosed and probably digested in the lysosomal apparatus. Part of the intercellular space was filled with a homogeneous material of moderate electron density, intermingled with some collagenous fibrils. Within some cells of the junctional epithelium partly degraded material was observed which may indicate that the epithelium contributes to the removal of residual products of connective tissue degradation.", "contents": "Resorption of connective tissue in the gingiva of the mouse incisor. During eruption of the mouse incisor part of the periodontal ligament moves along with the tooth in occlusal direction and is degraded in the gingiva, just apically of the junctional epithelium. When studied with the electron microscope some connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) showed disorganization of both nucleus and cytoplasm. In other cells vacuoles were observed containing partly degraded cellular constituents. Sometimes within these vacuoles electron dense material with the appearance of clumped chromatin was observed. On the basis of this observation it is concluded that heterophagocytosis contributes to the process of fibroblast breakdown. The ultrastructure of these heterophagic cells resembled that of fibroblasts. Collagenous fibrils were observed within cytoplasmic vacuoles of fibroblasts indicating that collagen is phagocytosed and probably digested in the lysosomal apparatus. Part of the intercellular space was filled with a homogeneous material of moderate electron density, intermingled with some collagenous fibrils. Within some cells of the junctional epithelium partly degraded material was observed which may indicate that the epithelium contributes to the removal of residual products of connective tissue degradation.", "PMID": 496030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2766", "title": "Testicular seminoma in father and son. Case report of testicular malignancies occurring in closely related family members.", "content": "Father and son had testicular seminomas. Father had right and son had bilateral malignancies: this is the 5. report of testicular malignancies occurring in fathers and sons. A review is made also of the literature on testicular malignancies occurring in closely related family members (26 reports only).", "contents": "Testicular seminoma in father and son. Case report of testicular malignancies occurring in closely related family members. Father and son had testicular seminomas. Father had right and son had bilateral malignancies: this is the 5. report of testicular malignancies occurring in fathers and sons. A review is made also of the literature on testicular malignancies occurring in closely related family members (26 reports only).", "PMID": 496031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2767", "title": "[Analysis of spermatozoa with flow cytophotometric determination of DNA].", "content": "Semen samples of fertility patients and fertile men were analysed by an improved technique of flow cytophotometry. The DNA-contents of mature spermatozoa were measured with a high level of accuracy. Besides spermatozoa, peaks of spermiogenetic cells and other seminal cells could be demonstrated. Complementary to the results of semen analyses the complex histograms of pulse cytophotometry investigations may give further informations on the nature of the underlying disturbances of spermatogenesis.", "contents": "[Analysis of spermatozoa with flow cytophotometric determination of DNA]. Semen samples of fertility patients and fertile men were analysed by an improved technique of flow cytophotometry. The DNA-contents of mature spermatozoa were measured with a high level of accuracy. Besides spermatozoa, peaks of spermiogenetic cells and other seminal cells could be demonstrated. Complementary to the results of semen analyses the complex histograms of pulse cytophotometry investigations may give further informations on the nature of the underlying disturbances of spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 496033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2768", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of testosterone level in plasma. I. Physiologic 24-hour oscillations of the testosterone level in plasma].", "content": "The testosterone level in plasma is measured in 10 males by radioimmunoassay (RIA) at the following times: 07.00 h, 08.00 h, 09.00 h, 10.00 h, 13.00 h, 16.00 h, 19.00 h, 23.00 h and 03.00 h. A circadian rhythm can be noted. Peak levels are reached between 07.00 h and 10.00 h. At 19.00 h testosterone values reach their minimum and rise at night. In the morning between 07.00 h and 10.00 h testosterone levels seem to have a plateau. Between the morning and the evening the values show great differences.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of testosterone level in plasma. I. Physiologic 24-hour oscillations of the testosterone level in plasma]. The testosterone level in plasma is measured in 10 males by radioimmunoassay (RIA) at the following times: 07.00 h, 08.00 h, 09.00 h, 10.00 h, 13.00 h, 16.00 h, 19.00 h, 23.00 h and 03.00 h. A circadian rhythm can be noted. Peak levels are reached between 07.00 h and 10.00 h. At 19.00 h testosterone values reach their minimum and rise at night. In the morning between 07.00 h and 10.00 h testosterone levels seem to have a plateau. Between the morning and the evening the values show great differences.", "PMID": 496034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2769", "title": "Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone one day after vasectomy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, LH and FSH were measured in 20 healthy subjects prior to and one day after bilateral vasectomy. No significant change in these hormones was noted after surgery. These data suggest that the decrease in free testosterone index and FSH reported by others at one week post-vasectomy is probably not related to the effects of psychological stress, local anesthesia or surgical stress, either singularly or in concert. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the transient hormonal changes reported within the first few weeks following vasectomy.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone one day after vasectomy. Plasma testosterone, LH and FSH were measured in 20 healthy subjects prior to and one day after bilateral vasectomy. No significant change in these hormones was noted after surgery. These data suggest that the decrease in free testosterone index and FSH reported by others at one week post-vasectomy is probably not related to the effects of psychological stress, local anesthesia or surgical stress, either singularly or in concert. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the transient hormonal changes reported within the first few weeks following vasectomy.", "PMID": 496035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2770", "title": "Serum prolactin in male infertility.", "content": "Hyperprolactinemia was found only in two out of 71 patients with male infertility and in none of 53 patients with impotentia coeundi indicating that hyperprolactinemia is of minor significance in these patients. There was only a weak negative correlation between hPRL and testosterone in oligozoospermic men. No correlation was found between hPRL and hLH, hFSH, sperm count and sperm motility. Nevertheless measurement of hPRL should be performed in all cases with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, loss of libido or impotence since these symptoms may be signs of a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma.", "contents": "Serum prolactin in male infertility. Hyperprolactinemia was found only in two out of 71 patients with male infertility and in none of 53 patients with impotentia coeundi indicating that hyperprolactinemia is of minor significance in these patients. There was only a weak negative correlation between hPRL and testosterone in oligozoospermic men. No correlation was found between hPRL and hLH, hFSH, sperm count and sperm motility. Nevertheless measurement of hPRL should be performed in all cases with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, loss of libido or impotence since these symptoms may be signs of a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma.", "PMID": 496036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2771", "title": "[Peculiarities and side effects of testicular biopsy].", "content": "Testicular biopsies were performed in hospital conditions on 451 patients by whom was diagnosed oligozoospermia (56,5%), azoospermia (41,9%), teratozoospermia (1,2%) and aspermia (0,4%). 95,5% of these biopsies were bilateral. Anatomic peculiarities as well as particularities and complications observed during the operations, and lastly postoperative complications were demonstrated in this contingent of patients. In order to obtain this result the clinical documents of the department of andrology of the university hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf were used. Adhesions of the tunical layers of the testis (28,3%), as well as hydroceles (35,7%), and increased vascularisation (20,9%) could be seen in the operation field. We considered as the most frequent intraoperative step a second skin cut (4,6%). In 3,0% of the cases it was not possible to obtain a testicular parenchyma. As complication during the operation the sliding of the epididymis was observed in 4,8%, and bleeding in 2,0% of the cases. The most frequent complication after operation was bleeding in the region of the skin's suture (1,2%). Patients who presented intraoperative complications bleeded most. Orchitis and epididymitis as postoperative complications were not observed. To prevent these complications the testicular biopsies should be done in hospital conditions by well experienced operation teams.", "contents": "[Peculiarities and side effects of testicular biopsy]. Testicular biopsies were performed in hospital conditions on 451 patients by whom was diagnosed oligozoospermia (56,5%), azoospermia (41,9%), teratozoospermia (1,2%) and aspermia (0,4%). 95,5% of these biopsies were bilateral. Anatomic peculiarities as well as particularities and complications observed during the operations, and lastly postoperative complications were demonstrated in this contingent of patients. In order to obtain this result the clinical documents of the department of andrology of the university hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf were used. Adhesions of the tunical layers of the testis (28,3%), as well as hydroceles (35,7%), and increased vascularisation (20,9%) could be seen in the operation field. We considered as the most frequent intraoperative step a second skin cut (4,6%). In 3,0% of the cases it was not possible to obtain a testicular parenchyma. As complication during the operation the sliding of the epididymis was observed in 4,8%, and bleeding in 2,0% of the cases. The most frequent complication after operation was bleeding in the region of the skin's suture (1,2%). Patients who presented intraoperative complications bleeded most. Orchitis and epididymitis as postoperative complications were not observed. To prevent these complications the testicular biopsies should be done in hospital conditions by well experienced operation teams.", "PMID": 496037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2772", "title": "Intratesticular testosterone concentration in patients with disturbed fertility.", "content": "45 patients with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia were studied. Testosterone and luteinizing hormone in plasma were in the normal range. Intratesticular testosterone values were higher the greater the degree of tubular atrophy was. Patients with testes of subnormal size (less than 12 ml) had significantly higher values than those with normal sized gonads. 31 out of 37 testes obtained by castration of patients with carcinoma of the prostate showed slight to severe disturbance of spermatogenesis. In this group no positive correlation was observed between the degree of testicular atrophy and intratesticular testosterone concentrations. Intact spermatogenesis was observed in testes with a testosterone content as low as 542 pg/mg tissue.", "contents": "Intratesticular testosterone concentration in patients with disturbed fertility. 45 patients with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia were studied. Testosterone and luteinizing hormone in plasma were in the normal range. Intratesticular testosterone values were higher the greater the degree of tubular atrophy was. Patients with testes of subnormal size (less than 12 ml) had significantly higher values than those with normal sized gonads. 31 out of 37 testes obtained by castration of patients with carcinoma of the prostate showed slight to severe disturbance of spermatogenesis. In this group no positive correlation was observed between the degree of testicular atrophy and intratesticular testosterone concentrations. Intact spermatogenesis was observed in testes with a testosterone content as low as 542 pg/mg tissue.", "PMID": 496038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2773", "title": "Effect of chronic treatment with prostaglandin E2 on male rat fertility.", "content": "Adult male rats were treated with prostaglandin E2 (100 microgram/100 g body wt) during 60 days. Neither morphological alterations in genital organs nor modification in epididymal contractility were observed. Nevertheless, a significant diminution of fertility was registered. This was recovered after 30 days following the cessation of treatment. Since sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis, it is postulated that the decrease of fertility in our experiments was due to an incomplete maturation of germinal cells, induced by a reduction in the time taken by spermatozoa in passing through the duct.", "contents": "Effect of chronic treatment with prostaglandin E2 on male rat fertility. Adult male rats were treated with prostaglandin E2 (100 microgram/100 g body wt) during 60 days. Neither morphological alterations in genital organs nor modification in epididymal contractility were observed. Nevertheless, a significant diminution of fertility was registered. This was recovered after 30 days following the cessation of treatment. Since sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis, it is postulated that the decrease of fertility in our experiments was due to an incomplete maturation of germinal cells, induced by a reduction in the time taken by spermatozoa in passing through the duct.", "PMID": 496039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2774", "title": "[Shock in abruptio placentae (author's transl)].", "content": "In sixty abruptions of the placenta observed during eighteen months, a severe condition of shock was observed in thirty per cent of patients. This shock state is seen during the abruption or after delivery. It's essentially a question of hemorrhagic shock, the importance of hemorrhagy being often underestimated, if the drop of blood pressure and blood losses are only estimated. The measurement of central venous pressure and the research of metabolic acidosis are better indexes of shock. This shock is associated with hypofibrinogenaemia and with other symptoms of disseminated intra-vascular coagulation. Fibrinolysis is rarely observed (3 times). Presence of fibrin degradation products is frequent. Renal complications are observed only in 1/6 of cases, but are frequently severe (one case of renal cortical necrosis). Heparinotherapy does not confirm the hope be suscited and seems to be a frequent source of ehmorrhagic complications in African women. Perfusion of fibrinogen, if useful, can be another source of complications. Rapid transfusion is the more effective treatment of abruption placenta and probably the less dangerous with strict control of the central venous pressure.", "contents": "[Shock in abruptio placentae (author's transl)]. In sixty abruptions of the placenta observed during eighteen months, a severe condition of shock was observed in thirty per cent of patients. This shock state is seen during the abruption or after delivery. It's essentially a question of hemorrhagic shock, the importance of hemorrhagy being often underestimated, if the drop of blood pressure and blood losses are only estimated. The measurement of central venous pressure and the research of metabolic acidosis are better indexes of shock. This shock is associated with hypofibrinogenaemia and with other symptoms of disseminated intra-vascular coagulation. Fibrinolysis is rarely observed (3 times). Presence of fibrin degradation products is frequent. Renal complications are observed only in 1/6 of cases, but are frequently severe (one case of renal cortical necrosis). Heparinotherapy does not confirm the hope be suscited and seems to be a frequent source of ehmorrhagic complications in African women. Perfusion of fibrinogen, if useful, can be another source of complications. Rapid transfusion is the more effective treatment of abruption placenta and probably the less dangerous with strict control of the central venous pressure.", "PMID": 496042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2775", "title": "[Aggravation following anaesthesia in a case of unknown lateral amyotrophic sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 66 year old man whose activity was almost normal underwent a lombar sympathectomy under general anesthesia (thiopental, gallamine, N2O). Immediately after recovery an acute respiratory distress became evident. It was due to a respiratory paralysis on which neostigmine had no effect. Neurologic examination showed the symptoms of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which had remained unknown so far. The respiratory paralysis persisted and one year later artificial ventilation is still necessary almost continuously. Two aspects of this very rare observation are discussed: first the cause and mecanisms of the aggravation of the neurologic disease following anesthesia, secondly the rather unusually important part played by the respiratory paralysis in this case of lateral amyotrophic sclerosis.", "contents": "[Aggravation following anaesthesia in a case of unknown lateral amyotrophic sclerosis (author's transl)]. A 66 year old man whose activity was almost normal underwent a lombar sympathectomy under general anesthesia (thiopental, gallamine, N2O). Immediately after recovery an acute respiratory distress became evident. It was due to a respiratory paralysis on which neostigmine had no effect. Neurologic examination showed the symptoms of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which had remained unknown so far. The respiratory paralysis persisted and one year later artificial ventilation is still necessary almost continuously. Two aspects of this very rare observation are discussed: first the cause and mecanisms of the aggravation of the neurologic disease following anesthesia, secondly the rather unusually important part played by the respiratory paralysis in this case of lateral amyotrophic sclerosis.", "PMID": 496045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2776", "title": "Antacid pulmonary aspiration in the dog.", "content": "The amount of damage resulting from pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is determined primarily by the acidity of the aspirate. Thus, it has been recommended that the pH of stomach contents of pregnant women be increased by the oral administration of antacids prior to anesthesia for delivery. This study was done to investigate the effects of antacid aspiration in dogs and compare these effects with those obtained by trials of aspiration of acid, saline solution, and alkaline saline solution. Mean PaO2 of the saline-treated group had decreased from 81 to 60 torr at 10 min, while that of the alkaline saline-treated group had decreased from 83 to 58 torr. Fractional intrapulmonary physiologic shunt (Qs/Qt) increased in these two groups, from 15 to 34 and from 16 to 42 per cent, respectively. The Qs/Qt had returned to control values in both groups by four hours, and the PaO2 had returned to control values by 24 hours. By contrast, the acid- and antacid-treated groups had decreases in PaO2 values from 77 to 34 torr and from 84 to 46 torr, respectively. Neither group had a return of PaO2 to pre-aspiration level by 24 hours. Likewise, the Qs/Qt increased significantly more in these two groups: 14 to 66 per cent in the acid-treated group and 13 to 47 per cent in the antacid-treated group. These changes persisted throughout four hours. The saline and alkaline saline aspirates produced little histologic damage. The acid aspirate produced hemorrhage, exudates, and edema. However, these changes were no longer present a month later. The antacid aspirate produced a marked bronchopneumonia that was still present as a chronic inflammatory reaction after a month. These findings indicate that antacids can cause pulmonary damage when aspirated.", "contents": "Antacid pulmonary aspiration in the dog. The amount of damage resulting from pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is determined primarily by the acidity of the aspirate. Thus, it has been recommended that the pH of stomach contents of pregnant women be increased by the oral administration of antacids prior to anesthesia for delivery. This study was done to investigate the effects of antacid aspiration in dogs and compare these effects with those obtained by trials of aspiration of acid, saline solution, and alkaline saline solution. Mean PaO2 of the saline-treated group had decreased from 81 to 60 torr at 10 min, while that of the alkaline saline-treated group had decreased from 83 to 58 torr. Fractional intrapulmonary physiologic shunt (Qs/Qt) increased in these two groups, from 15 to 34 and from 16 to 42 per cent, respectively. The Qs/Qt had returned to control values in both groups by four hours, and the PaO2 had returned to control values by 24 hours. By contrast, the acid- and antacid-treated groups had decreases in PaO2 values from 77 to 34 torr and from 84 to 46 torr, respectively. Neither group had a return of PaO2 to pre-aspiration level by 24 hours. Likewise, the Qs/Qt increased significantly more in these two groups: 14 to 66 per cent in the acid-treated group and 13 to 47 per cent in the antacid-treated group. These changes persisted throughout four hours. The saline and alkaline saline aspirates produced little histologic damage. The acid aspirate produced hemorrhage, exudates, and edema. However, these changes were no longer present a month later. The antacid aspirate produced a marked bronchopneumonia that was still present as a chronic inflammatory reaction after a month. These findings indicate that antacids can cause pulmonary damage when aspirated.", "PMID": 496051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2777", "title": "[False diagnosis of post-operative massive pulmonary embolism. Nine observations (author's transl)].", "content": "After having studied nine observations about patients referred to them for embolectomy under CEC on suspicion of massive pulmonary embolism, the authors describe five differential diagnosis and how they can be reached. A low central venous pressure, an hypoxaemia sensitive to oxygenotherapy, a high pulmonary wedge pressure or the lack of diastolocapillary gradient, and, last of all, a real hypocoagulability attained by the use of low and daily doses of heparin must make one cautious. Yet, if a doubt should persist, an angiography and/or a scintigraphy will be asked for.", "contents": "[False diagnosis of post-operative massive pulmonary embolism. Nine observations (author's transl)]. After having studied nine observations about patients referred to them for embolectomy under CEC on suspicion of massive pulmonary embolism, the authors describe five differential diagnosis and how they can be reached. A low central venous pressure, an hypoxaemia sensitive to oxygenotherapy, a high pulmonary wedge pressure or the lack of diastolocapillary gradient, and, last of all, a real hypocoagulability attained by the use of low and daily doses of heparin must make one cautious. Yet, if a doubt should persist, an angiography and/or a scintigraphy will be asked for.", "PMID": 496047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2778", "title": "Myocardial ischemia during non-cardiac surgical procedures in patients with coronary-artery disease.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of ST-segment depression during anesthesia and operation. Graded exercise testing has demonstrated a high correlation between ST-segment depression and myocardial ischemia. Therefore, 11 patients without and 29 patients with known coronary-artery disease were monitored during surgical procedures with a commercially available exercise electrocardiographic monitor (Viagraph). Comparisons were made between this device, which monitored lead V5, and the standard operating room monitor, which monitored lead 11. Eleven of 29 patients in the disease group demonstrated significant ST depression. Nine of the 11 ischemic episodes were not recognized on the standard operating room monitor. Retrospective review of anesthetic records of those 11 patients with ST-segment depression revealed rate--pressure product values greater than 11,000 for ten of them. Postoperatively, three of the 11 patients with significant ST-segment depression had changing electrocardiograms compatible with ischemia. None of the control group demonstrated significant ST-segment depression. The incidence of ischemia was 38 per cent during anesthesia and operation in the coronary-artery-disease group. Lead V5 analysis is superior to lead 11 analysis in detecting ST-segment depression. The period in which intubation is performed is one of the highest-risk intervals during anesthesia and operation, particularly when it is associated with an increased rate--pressure product.", "contents": "Myocardial ischemia during non-cardiac surgical procedures in patients with coronary-artery disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of ST-segment depression during anesthesia and operation. Graded exercise testing has demonstrated a high correlation between ST-segment depression and myocardial ischemia. Therefore, 11 patients without and 29 patients with known coronary-artery disease were monitored during surgical procedures with a commercially available exercise electrocardiographic monitor (Viagraph). Comparisons were made between this device, which monitored lead V5, and the standard operating room monitor, which monitored lead 11. Eleven of 29 patients in the disease group demonstrated significant ST depression. Nine of the 11 ischemic episodes were not recognized on the standard operating room monitor. Retrospective review of anesthetic records of those 11 patients with ST-segment depression revealed rate--pressure product values greater than 11,000 for ten of them. Postoperatively, three of the 11 patients with significant ST-segment depression had changing electrocardiograms compatible with ischemia. None of the control group demonstrated significant ST-segment depression. The incidence of ischemia was 38 per cent during anesthesia and operation in the coronary-artery-disease group. Lead V5 analysis is superior to lead 11 analysis in detecting ST-segment depression. The period in which intubation is performed is one of the highest-risk intervals during anesthesia and operation, particularly when it is associated with an increased rate--pressure product.", "PMID": 496052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2779", "title": "Studies of the possible role of brain endorphins in pentobarbital anesthesia and toxicity in mice.", "content": "In an attempt to ascertain whether opiate receptors and brain enkephalins or endorphins are involved in pentobarbital anesthesia and toxicity, the effects of 1) two pure narcotic antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, 2) morphine sulfate, 3) D-phenylalanine, an inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A, and 4) D-leucine, an inhibitor of leucineaminopeptidase, in combination with D-phenylalanine, were studied in mice. Both naloxone and naltrexone, (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to mice were unable to modify the duration of anesthesia when they were injected 5 min prior to a challenge dose (75 mg/kg) of pentobarbital (ip). The onset of anesthesia was unaltered by naloxone (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and naltrexone (1 mg/kg). Higher doses of naltrexone (5 and 10 mg/kg) delayed the onset of anesthesia slightly. Morphine (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) given 30 min before pentobarbital did not modify the onset or the duration of anesthesia. D-Phenylalanine (250 mg/kg), and D-phenylalanine + D-leucine (250 mg/kg each) injected ip an hour before pentobarbital did not affect either onset or duration of anesthesia. Naltrexone (10 mg/kg, ip) given 5 min before pentobarbital did not alter the LD50 of the latter. The studies do not support a role of enkephalins or endorphins in pentobarbital anesthesia or toxicity, and suggest a need for caution in using narcotic antagonists in treating pentobarbital toxicity.", "contents": "Studies of the possible role of brain endorphins in pentobarbital anesthesia and toxicity in mice. In an attempt to ascertain whether opiate receptors and brain enkephalins or endorphins are involved in pentobarbital anesthesia and toxicity, the effects of 1) two pure narcotic antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, 2) morphine sulfate, 3) D-phenylalanine, an inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A, and 4) D-leucine, an inhibitor of leucineaminopeptidase, in combination with D-phenylalanine, were studied in mice. Both naloxone and naltrexone, (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to mice were unable to modify the duration of anesthesia when they were injected 5 min prior to a challenge dose (75 mg/kg) of pentobarbital (ip). The onset of anesthesia was unaltered by naloxone (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and naltrexone (1 mg/kg). Higher doses of naltrexone (5 and 10 mg/kg) delayed the onset of anesthesia slightly. Morphine (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) given 30 min before pentobarbital did not modify the onset or the duration of anesthesia. D-Phenylalanine (250 mg/kg), and D-phenylalanine + D-leucine (250 mg/kg each) injected ip an hour before pentobarbital did not affect either onset or duration of anesthesia. Naltrexone (10 mg/kg, ip) given 5 min before pentobarbital did not alter the LD50 of the latter. The studies do not support a role of enkephalins or endorphins in pentobarbital anesthesia or toxicity, and suggest a need for caution in using narcotic antagonists in treating pentobarbital toxicity.", "PMID": 496053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2780", "title": "[Brachial plexus block anesthesia in the upper limb surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "This work, during a period of 2 years, has been carried out on 139 brachial plexus block anesthesias out of which --92 through axillary approach--47 through supraclavicular approach. Our failure rate was--6,5 p. cent in the case of the axillary block--10,6 p. cent in the case of the supraclavicular block. This gives us a failure average of 7,9 p. cent. Depending on the duration of the operation we have been using three kinds of drugs, always without adrelanine--Lidoca\u00efne . . . 2 p. cent--Mepivaca\u00efne . . . 2 p. cent--Bupivaca\u00efne . . . 0,5 p. cent. We finally adopted two mixtures based on lidoca\u00efne together with mepivacaine or bupivacaine keeping the same concentration but reducing to half the doses of these last two drugs. In our work, we have not noted any complication, and we think that a locoregional anesthesia, should, as far as it is possible, be used as a substitute for general anesthesia instead of being used when general anesthesia is contra-indicated.", "contents": "[Brachial plexus block anesthesia in the upper limb surgery (author's transl)]. This work, during a period of 2 years, has been carried out on 139 brachial plexus block anesthesias out of which --92 through axillary approach--47 through supraclavicular approach. Our failure rate was--6,5 p. cent in the case of the axillary block--10,6 p. cent in the case of the supraclavicular block. This gives us a failure average of 7,9 p. cent. Depending on the duration of the operation we have been using three kinds of drugs, always without adrelanine--Lidoca\u00efne . . . 2 p. cent--Mepivaca\u00efne . . . 2 p. cent--Bupivaca\u00efne . . . 0,5 p. cent. We finally adopted two mixtures based on lidoca\u00efne together with mepivacaine or bupivacaine keeping the same concentration but reducing to half the doses of these last two drugs. In our work, we have not noted any complication, and we think that a locoregional anesthesia, should, as far as it is possible, be used as a substitute for general anesthesia instead of being used when general anesthesia is contra-indicated.", "PMID": 496044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2781", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine and metocurine in man.", "content": "To compare the pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine and metocurine in man, concentrations of 3H-d-tubocurarine and 14C-metocurine (0,0,N-trimethyl-tubocurarine) in plasma, urine and bile were determined after intravenous administration of d-tubocurarine, 0.15 mg/kg (five patients), and metocurine, 0.05 mg/kg (five patients), in patients anesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide for cholecystectomy. Plasma disappearances of both drugs were triexponential, with mean terminal half-lives of 346 and 217 min for d-tubocurarine and metocurine, respectively. By ion-pair thin-layer chromatography, no metabolite of either compound was found in urine or bile. Renal excretions 48 hours after injection ranged from 46 to 95 per cent of the dose for d-tubocurarine and from 46 to 58 per cent for metocurine. Mean total-body clearances were 56 and 96 ml/min for d-tubocurarine and metocurine, respectively. Biliary elimination of d-tubocurarine was greater than that of metocurine: within 48 hours 11.8 and 2.1 per cent of the doses were excreted in bile, respectively. The observed differences in total-body clearances and volumes of distribution (V1) may be partly explained by greater protein binding of d-tubocurarine. The results indicate that biliary excretion is an alternative route of elimination for d-tubocurarine only. Also, d-tubocurarine is less dependent on renal excretion for its elimination, and probably is preferable to metocurine for use in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine and metocurine in man. To compare the pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine and metocurine in man, concentrations of 3H-d-tubocurarine and 14C-metocurine (0,0,N-trimethyl-tubocurarine) in plasma, urine and bile were determined after intravenous administration of d-tubocurarine, 0.15 mg/kg (five patients), and metocurine, 0.05 mg/kg (five patients), in patients anesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide for cholecystectomy. Plasma disappearances of both drugs were triexponential, with mean terminal half-lives of 346 and 217 min for d-tubocurarine and metocurine, respectively. By ion-pair thin-layer chromatography, no metabolite of either compound was found in urine or bile. Renal excretions 48 hours after injection ranged from 46 to 95 per cent of the dose for d-tubocurarine and from 46 to 58 per cent for metocurine. Mean total-body clearances were 56 and 96 ml/min for d-tubocurarine and metocurine, respectively. Biliary elimination of d-tubocurarine was greater than that of metocurine: within 48 hours 11.8 and 2.1 per cent of the doses were excreted in bile, respectively. The observed differences in total-body clearances and volumes of distribution (V1) may be partly explained by greater protein binding of d-tubocurarine. The results indicate that biliary excretion is an alternative route of elimination for d-tubocurarine only. Also, d-tubocurarine is less dependent on renal excretion for its elimination, and probably is preferable to metocurine for use in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 496054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2782", "title": "Effects of morphine sulfate on dorsal-horn neuronal responses to graded noxious thermal stimulation in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "Effects of morphine sulfate upon activity of the neurons of dorsal-horn lamina V as evoked by graded noxious thermal stimuli applied on the receptive field were studied in spinal cord-transected, decerebrate cats utilizing an extracellular microelectrode recording technique. All single units studied (n = 30) responded to noxious thermal as well as to noxious mechanical stimulation. Their spontaneous discharge frequency was 9.7 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- 1 SE) impulses/sec (IPS), the threshold skin temperature was 44.8 +/- 0.2 C, and a linear correlation existed between skin temperature and discharge frequency at 6.7 +/- 0.6 IPS/degree C. Morphine, 1 and 2 mg/kg, iv, suppressed spontaneous activity by 53 +/- 6 and 84 +/- 6 per cent, respectively; increased threshold skin temperature to 46.5 +/- 0.3 and 47.9 +/- 0.5 C, respectively, and maintained the linear correlation between skin temperature and discharge frequency but depressed the mean slope of the regression line to 4.5 +/- 0.7 and to 2.4 +/- 0.4 IPS/degree C, respectively. Naloxone, 0.02--0.04 mg/kg, iv, reversed all of these changes produced by morphine. The results of the present study are, to the authors' knowledge, the first demonstration of the suppressive effect of morphine on the spinal nociceptive neurons in Rexed lamina V as they respond to graded noxious thermal stimuli. These results may explain the analgesic action of morphine at the spinal level.", "contents": "Effects of morphine sulfate on dorsal-horn neuronal responses to graded noxious thermal stimulation in the decerebrate cat. Effects of morphine sulfate upon activity of the neurons of dorsal-horn lamina V as evoked by graded noxious thermal stimuli applied on the receptive field were studied in spinal cord-transected, decerebrate cats utilizing an extracellular microelectrode recording technique. All single units studied (n = 30) responded to noxious thermal as well as to noxious mechanical stimulation. Their spontaneous discharge frequency was 9.7 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- 1 SE) impulses/sec (IPS), the threshold skin temperature was 44.8 +/- 0.2 C, and a linear correlation existed between skin temperature and discharge frequency at 6.7 +/- 0.6 IPS/degree C. Morphine, 1 and 2 mg/kg, iv, suppressed spontaneous activity by 53 +/- 6 and 84 +/- 6 per cent, respectively; increased threshold skin temperature to 46.5 +/- 0.3 and 47.9 +/- 0.5 C, respectively, and maintained the linear correlation between skin temperature and discharge frequency but depressed the mean slope of the regression line to 4.5 +/- 0.7 and to 2.4 +/- 0.4 IPS/degree C, respectively. Naloxone, 0.02--0.04 mg/kg, iv, reversed all of these changes produced by morphine. The results of the present study are, to the authors' knowledge, the first demonstration of the suppressive effect of morphine on the spinal nociceptive neurons in Rexed lamina V as they respond to graded noxious thermal stimuli. These results may explain the analgesic action of morphine at the spinal level.", "PMID": 496055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2783", "title": "Effects of ketamine on nociceptive cells in the medial medullary reticular formation of the cat.", "content": "Anatomic, physiologic and behavioral evidence suggests that the neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medial medullary reticular formation may act as a relay station for the transmission of nociceptive information from the spinal cord to higher brain centers. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis may also be the site of action of analgesic agents, such as ketamine hydrochloride. Utilizing extracellular microelectrodes in 23 decerebrate cats, the authors measured the effect of ketamine on neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis that were excited by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. The frequency of spontaneous single-unit firing activity in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis was suppressed by 31 +/- 11 (mean +/- 1 SE) and by 62 +/- 7 per cent with ketamine, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, iv, respectively. The frequency of evoked single-unit activity was suppressed by 57 +/- 9 and 79 +/- 5 per cent with ketamine, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. Ketamine produces significant depression of single-unit activity of the cells in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, suggesting that this may be an important site of its analgesic action.", "contents": "Effects of ketamine on nociceptive cells in the medial medullary reticular formation of the cat. Anatomic, physiologic and behavioral evidence suggests that the neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medial medullary reticular formation may act as a relay station for the transmission of nociceptive information from the spinal cord to higher brain centers. The nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis may also be the site of action of analgesic agents, such as ketamine hydrochloride. Utilizing extracellular microelectrodes in 23 decerebrate cats, the authors measured the effect of ketamine on neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis that were excited by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. The frequency of spontaneous single-unit firing activity in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis was suppressed by 31 +/- 11 (mean +/- 1 SE) and by 62 +/- 7 per cent with ketamine, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, iv, respectively. The frequency of evoked single-unit activity was suppressed by 57 +/- 9 and 79 +/- 5 per cent with ketamine, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. Ketamine produces significant depression of single-unit activity of the cells in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, suggesting that this may be an important site of its analgesic action.", "PMID": 496056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2784", "title": "[New light on the discussion about the therapeutic attitude during the first 72 hours in subjects highly burned. Study of 100 patients burned on 30 p. cent of body surface or more (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantity of given fluids was guided by the Evans rule but with no limitations of infusion above 50 p. cent of burns. Fluid was concentrated human serum albumine made isotonic by infusion through a Y pathway with 5 p. cent glucose, natrium (6 g/l) and carbo-hydrate for caloric needs. Under these conditions, clinical and biological parameters show the keeping of a good hemodynamic and hydroelectrolytic balance, with a level of blood proteins very near of the normal one, and a raise in body weight much lower than usually described in literature. Beyond this, the time needed to lower the body weight to its initial level is short and the quantity of infused liquid is much lower than that requisited by resuscitation utilising only cristalloid fluids for the first 24 hours.", "contents": "[New light on the discussion about the therapeutic attitude during the first 72 hours in subjects highly burned. Study of 100 patients burned on 30 p. cent of body surface or more (author's transl)]. The quantity of given fluids was guided by the Evans rule but with no limitations of infusion above 50 p. cent of burns. Fluid was concentrated human serum albumine made isotonic by infusion through a Y pathway with 5 p. cent glucose, natrium (6 g/l) and carbo-hydrate for caloric needs. Under these conditions, clinical and biological parameters show the keeping of a good hemodynamic and hydroelectrolytic balance, with a level of blood proteins very near of the normal one, and a raise in body weight much lower than usually described in literature. Beyond this, the time needed to lower the body weight to its initial level is short and the quantity of infused liquid is much lower than that requisited by resuscitation utilising only cristalloid fluids for the first 24 hours.", "PMID": 496046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2785", "title": "Osmotic swelling effects on neural conduction.", "content": "Local anesthetics administered intrathecally seen more effective when in hypobaric solution than when in hyperbaric solution. To test whether an unrecognized osmotic effect might be playing a part in this, sheathed vagus nerves of rabbit were incubated in electrolyte-deficient or electrolyte-free media of various degrees of hypo-osmolarity. The nerves gained weight over a period of 15 min. They lost nearly half their sodium, but very little potassium, within 5 min. Electrolyte depletion by incubation in sucrose solutions depressed the amplitude of the C-fiber component of the compound action potential more rapidly in hypo-osmotic than in iso-osmotic solutions. In iso-osmotic sucrose, 50 per cent depression developed in 61 +/- 12 min (mean +/- SD, n = 5), but in 0.6 iso-osmotic sucrose, 50 per cent depression was reached in 17 +/- 3 min (n = 5). Lidocaine, 100 microM (approximately 0.003 g/100 ml) in iso-osmotic sucrose was without observed effect; lidocaine, 100 microM in 0.6 iso-osmotic sucrose produced 50 per cent depression in 7 +/- 2 min (n = 4). Thus, osmotic swelling plus electrolyte depletion, but not electrolyte depletion alone, markedly intensified inhibition of conduction by lidocaine. All effects were reversible by returning the nerves to isotonic physiologic incubation medium. The results suggest that intrathecal osmotic swelling of neural tissue may contribute to the conduction block in hypobaric spinal anesthesia.", "contents": "Osmotic swelling effects on neural conduction. Local anesthetics administered intrathecally seen more effective when in hypobaric solution than when in hyperbaric solution. To test whether an unrecognized osmotic effect might be playing a part in this, sheathed vagus nerves of rabbit were incubated in electrolyte-deficient or electrolyte-free media of various degrees of hypo-osmolarity. The nerves gained weight over a period of 15 min. They lost nearly half their sodium, but very little potassium, within 5 min. Electrolyte depletion by incubation in sucrose solutions depressed the amplitude of the C-fiber component of the compound action potential more rapidly in hypo-osmotic than in iso-osmotic solutions. In iso-osmotic sucrose, 50 per cent depression developed in 61 +/- 12 min (mean +/- SD, n = 5), but in 0.6 iso-osmotic sucrose, 50 per cent depression was reached in 17 +/- 3 min (n = 5). Lidocaine, 100 microM (approximately 0.003 g/100 ml) in iso-osmotic sucrose was without observed effect; lidocaine, 100 microM in 0.6 iso-osmotic sucrose produced 50 per cent depression in 7 +/- 2 min (n = 4). Thus, osmotic swelling plus electrolyte depletion, but not electrolyte depletion alone, markedly intensified inhibition of conduction by lidocaine. All effects were reversible by returning the nerves to isotonic physiologic incubation medium. The results suggest that intrathecal osmotic swelling of neural tissue may contribute to the conduction block in hypobaric spinal anesthesia.", "PMID": 496057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2786", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to diazepam and midazolam maleate in the dog.", "content": "Previous clinical studies establishing the efficacy of midazolam maleate (RO 21-3981), a new water-soluble benzodiazepine for induction of anesthesia, have not critically evaluated the effects of this agent on the cardiovascular system. The present study compares the cardiovascular effects of midazolam maleate and diazepam in conscious dogs. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures, cardiac output, LVmax dP/dt, heart rate and regional coronary blood flow were measured 3 min following intravenous administration of diazepam (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/kg) or midazolam maleate (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). Midazolam maleate increased heart rate 10--20 per cent with all three doses and decreased mean arterial blood pressure approximately 10--20 per cent at 1.0 and 10 mg/kg. Cardiac output was increased 10--12 per cent with all three doses of midazolam maleate, and LVmax dP/dt was decreased 13--16 per cent at the two higher doses. Diazepam at all three doses did not alter heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Diazepam, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, produced significant (17 per cent) decreases in LVmax dP/dt, and 2.5 mg/kg produced a significant (10 per cent) increase in cardiac output. Neither drug in any dosage altered regional coronary blood flow, systemic or coronary vascular resistance, stroke volume, or stroke work. Maximum alterations in cardiovascular variables occurred with doses of midazolam maleate that are 10--15 times the recommended clinical induction dosage. It is concluded that in concentrations necessary for induction of anesthesia midazolam maleate has minimal effects on cardiovascular function.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to diazepam and midazolam maleate in the dog. Previous clinical studies establishing the efficacy of midazolam maleate (RO 21-3981), a new water-soluble benzodiazepine for induction of anesthesia, have not critically evaluated the effects of this agent on the cardiovascular system. The present study compares the cardiovascular effects of midazolam maleate and diazepam in conscious dogs. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures, cardiac output, LVmax dP/dt, heart rate and regional coronary blood flow were measured 3 min following intravenous administration of diazepam (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/kg) or midazolam maleate (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). Midazolam maleate increased heart rate 10--20 per cent with all three doses and decreased mean arterial blood pressure approximately 10--20 per cent at 1.0 and 10 mg/kg. Cardiac output was increased 10--12 per cent with all three doses of midazolam maleate, and LVmax dP/dt was decreased 13--16 per cent at the two higher doses. Diazepam at all three doses did not alter heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Diazepam, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, produced significant (17 per cent) decreases in LVmax dP/dt, and 2.5 mg/kg produced a significant (10 per cent) increase in cardiac output. Neither drug in any dosage altered regional coronary blood flow, systemic or coronary vascular resistance, stroke volume, or stroke work. Maximum alterations in cardiovascular variables occurred with doses of midazolam maleate that are 10--15 times the recommended clinical induction dosage. It is concluded that in concentrations necessary for induction of anesthesia midazolam maleate has minimal effects on cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 496058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2787", "title": "Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, in obstetric epidural analgesia: experience in three thousand cases.", "content": "Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, with epinephrine, 1:800,000, was administered to 3,000 women in labor. Administration was in the lumbar epidural space for the purpose of achieving satisfactory analgesia with minimal or no motor paralysis. The usual initial dose of 12.5 mg (mean 13 +/- 2 SD) resulted in good sensory analgesia in 83 per cent of the patients and lasted for about and hour (mean 58 +/- 16 min). The mean total dose used for labor and delivery was 55 +/- 20 mg and the mean dose per hour 23 +/- 13 mg. Satisfactory analgesia for labor and delivery was obtained in 92 per cent of the patients, and in 66 per cent there was no discernible motor blockade. In the 3,000 patients, there was no adverse reaction to bupivacaine or epinephrine. No patient had a total spinal block or neurologic sequelae, and no neonatal depression could be attributed to the anesthetic.", "contents": "Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, in obstetric epidural analgesia: experience in three thousand cases. Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, with epinephrine, 1:800,000, was administered to 3,000 women in labor. Administration was in the lumbar epidural space for the purpose of achieving satisfactory analgesia with minimal or no motor paralysis. The usual initial dose of 12.5 mg (mean 13 +/- 2 SD) resulted in good sensory analgesia in 83 per cent of the patients and lasted for about and hour (mean 58 +/- 16 min). The mean total dose used for labor and delivery was 55 +/- 20 mg and the mean dose per hour 23 +/- 13 mg. Satisfactory analgesia for labor and delivery was obtained in 92 per cent of the patients, and in 66 per cent there was no discernible motor blockade. In the 3,000 patients, there was no adverse reaction to bupivacaine or epinephrine. No patient had a total spinal block or neurologic sequelae, and no neonatal depression could be attributed to the anesthetic.", "PMID": 496059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2788", "title": "[Morphometric evaluation of osteoclasts in non-decalcified bone sections. Its value in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The authors assessed the surface areas of osteocytic lacunae in non-decalcified bone sections using a histomorphometric method involving a device with an adaptable drawing on the microscope and a graduated sheet. In 7 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism proven surgically and in 8 cases of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure, there was significant periosteocytic enlargement in comparison with a group of 7 controls. This method involving non-decalcified bone sections makes it possible to use the same slides as for the quantitative study of bone volumes, and osteoid, osteoclastic and fibrous surface areas. It is thus of great interest in the positive histological diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "[Morphometric evaluation of osteoclasts in non-decalcified bone sections. Its value in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism]. The authors assessed the surface areas of osteocytic lacunae in non-decalcified bone sections using a histomorphometric method involving a device with an adaptable drawing on the microscope and a graduated sheet. In 7 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism proven surgically and in 8 cases of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure, there was significant periosteocytic enlargement in comparison with a group of 7 controls. This method involving non-decalcified bone sections makes it possible to use the same slides as for the quantitative study of bone volumes, and osteoid, osteoclastic and fibrous surface areas. It is thus of great interest in the positive histological diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 496082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2789", "title": "[Foetal pulmonary maturity: estimation by the palmitic/stearic acids ratio and by the Clements' test in amniotic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Two parameters have been used to estimate the foetal pulmonary maturity: Clements' test or bubble test and palmitic acid/stearic acid ration. The reliability and the limits of these tests have been studied in function of several pathological pregnancies and the gestations's age. A value greater than 5 for the P/S ratio was a good pronostic at any gestational age. A value lesser than 5 should be examined according to this gestational age. A negative Clements' test has to be confirmed by an another amniocentesis, while a positive test have been followed always by a mature newborn's birth.", "contents": "[Foetal pulmonary maturity: estimation by the palmitic/stearic acids ratio and by the Clements' test in amniotic fluid (author's transl)]. Two parameters have been used to estimate the foetal pulmonary maturity: Clements' test or bubble test and palmitic acid/stearic acid ration. The reliability and the limits of these tests have been studied in function of several pathological pregnancies and the gestations's age. A value greater than 5 for the P/S ratio was a good pronostic at any gestational age. A value lesser than 5 should be examined according to this gestational age. A negative Clements' test has to be confirmed by an another amniocentesis, while a positive test have been followed always by a mature newborn's birth.", "PMID": 496083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2790", "title": "[In vitro and in vivo stability of macroamylase (author's transl)].", "content": "A complex case of macroamylasemia in an alcoholic subject with chronic pancreatitis is presented here. The existence of a macroamylase, suggested by hyperamylasemia associated with low amylasuria and by values of the ratio amylase clearance/creatinine clearance lower than 1%, was confirmed by the profile of the amylase activity after filtration on gel of the patient's serum. The macroamylase activity of samples taken at various times over a period of seven months presents a variable characteristic: lowered at the beginning of the fourth month, it rose suddenly following a portal systemic encephalopathy, then became nil a fortnight later. This oscillating character found during the following months is not associated with the values of the serum amylase. The subject's pancreatic juice had no macroamylasic activity but the pancreatic amylase, in vitro, may be feebly linked to a constituant of the patient's serum. The nature of the protein associated with the amylase was not discovered. To in vivo variations of the macroamylase activity may be added the notion of in vitro variability for a sample conserved at -18 degrees C.", "contents": "[In vitro and in vivo stability of macroamylase (author's transl)]. A complex case of macroamylasemia in an alcoholic subject with chronic pancreatitis is presented here. The existence of a macroamylase, suggested by hyperamylasemia associated with low amylasuria and by values of the ratio amylase clearance/creatinine clearance lower than 1%, was confirmed by the profile of the amylase activity after filtration on gel of the patient's serum. The macroamylase activity of samples taken at various times over a period of seven months presents a variable characteristic: lowered at the beginning of the fourth month, it rose suddenly following a portal systemic encephalopathy, then became nil a fortnight later. This oscillating character found during the following months is not associated with the values of the serum amylase. The subject's pancreatic juice had no macroamylasic activity but the pancreatic amylase, in vitro, may be feebly linked to a constituant of the patient's serum. The nature of the protein associated with the amylase was not discovered. To in vivo variations of the macroamylase activity may be added the notion of in vitro variability for a sample conserved at -18 degrees C.", "PMID": 496084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2791", "title": "[Critical study of methods of estimation by an enzymatic method of serum triglycerides (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a critical study of two entirely enzymatic methods of determination of serum triglycerides which differ mainly by the choice of hydrolytic agents: esterase and hydrolase by the Roche methods, lipase and esterase in the case of the Boehringer method. The estimation of the resulting free glycerol requires 3 sequential enzymatic reactions (glycerol kinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, ending by the measurement of the consumed reduced NAD. The study of the kinetics of the analysis in two stages is carried out using standard solutions of glycerol and with human sera of variable concentration; the optimal conditions of the reaction time and temperature are drawn up. The trials of repeatability and reproducibility from day to day were carried out together with evaluation of the precision. The method was compared with Beohringer's method (n = 50) using hydrolysis of alcoholic potash. The authors conclude on the use of the methods studied.", "contents": "[Critical study of methods of estimation by an enzymatic method of serum triglycerides (author's transl)]. The authors describe a critical study of two entirely enzymatic methods of determination of serum triglycerides which differ mainly by the choice of hydrolytic agents: esterase and hydrolase by the Roche methods, lipase and esterase in the case of the Boehringer method. The estimation of the resulting free glycerol requires 3 sequential enzymatic reactions (glycerol kinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, ending by the measurement of the consumed reduced NAD. The study of the kinetics of the analysis in two stages is carried out using standard solutions of glycerol and with human sera of variable concentration; the optimal conditions of the reaction time and temperature are drawn up. The trials of repeatability and reproducibility from day to day were carried out together with evaluation of the precision. The method was compared with Beohringer's method (n = 50) using hydrolysis of alcoholic potash. The authors conclude on the use of the methods studied.", "PMID": 496085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2792", "title": "[Larsen's syndrome with associates malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare polymalformative syndrome is described, consisting in multiple joints dislocations, peculiar face, deformations of the hands and feet, abnormal pattern of the palms creases and congenital heart defect. New findings not reported before were: choanal atresia, agenesia of the right kidney and gall bladder and hypoplasic male genitals.", "contents": "[Larsen's syndrome with associates malformations (author's transl)]. A rare polymalformative syndrome is described, consisting in multiple joints dislocations, peculiar face, deformations of the hands and feet, abnormal pattern of the palms creases and congenital heart defect. New findings not reported before were: choanal atresia, agenesia of the right kidney and gall bladder and hypoplasic male genitals.", "PMID": 496092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2793", "title": "[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present analysis of 31 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis, which where treated medically as well surgically. Etiology is discussed and perinatal accidents are considered. An analysis of symptomatology and radiological study is made, both being deciding factors as to whether a surgical intervention is necessary. Medical treatment is commented as well as surgical and technical aspects. Mortality is sensibly diminished due to a better knowledge of the illness and to a closer cooperation between neonatologist and surgeon. It is important to point out sequelae which appeared in patients treated medically with intestinal stenosis localized in the colon.", "contents": "[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)]. Authors present analysis of 31 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis, which where treated medically as well surgically. Etiology is discussed and perinatal accidents are considered. An analysis of symptomatology and radiological study is made, both being deciding factors as to whether a surgical intervention is necessary. Medical treatment is commented as well as surgical and technical aspects. Mortality is sensibly diminished due to a better knowledge of the illness and to a closer cooperation between neonatologist and surgeon. It is important to point out sequelae which appeared in patients treated medically with intestinal stenosis localized in the colon.", "PMID": 496093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2794", "title": "A Legionella-like bacterium related to WIGA in a fatal case of pneumonia.", "content": "An unusual bacterium serologically related to a \"rickettsia-like agent,\" designated previously as WIGA, was seen in lung tissue from a patient who died of pneumonia of unknown cause. A fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared with the WIGA organism, isolated in 1959, was used to stain the lung tissue. Enormous numbers of fluorescent bacteria in the lungs of this patient confirm the pathogenicity of this unusual bacterium.", "contents": "A Legionella-like bacterium related to WIGA in a fatal case of pneumonia. An unusual bacterium serologically related to a \"rickettsia-like agent,\" designated previously as WIGA, was seen in lung tissue from a patient who died of pneumonia of unknown cause. A fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared with the WIGA organism, isolated in 1959, was used to stain the lung tissue. Enormous numbers of fluorescent bacteria in the lungs of this patient confirm the pathogenicity of this unusual bacterium.", "PMID": 496099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2795", "title": "[Ventriculo-atrial vs. cerebral-peritoneal shunts in the treatment of hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Results and complications during the first two years after shunting are compared in two groups of 100 consecutively operated hydrocephalus children having either ventriculo-peritoneal or ventriculo-atrial shunt. One of the major reasons for revision of both types of shunts was obstruction at the ventricular end. This accounted for 18 out of 72 atrial shunt revisions and 20 out of 51 peritoneal shunt revisions. Atrial shunts required 21 revisions because of problems with cardiac end and peritoneal shunts required 17 revisions because of problems with peritoneal end. 25 patients with atrial shunt and 12 with peritoneal shunts died to shunt-related complications during first two years of placement. After this comparative study author feels that peritoneal shunt should be first choice in most forms of hydrocephalus in children due to its lower incidence of revision, serious infection and morbidity.", "contents": "[Ventriculo-atrial vs. cerebral-peritoneal shunts in the treatment of hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Results and complications during the first two years after shunting are compared in two groups of 100 consecutively operated hydrocephalus children having either ventriculo-peritoneal or ventriculo-atrial shunt. One of the major reasons for revision of both types of shunts was obstruction at the ventricular end. This accounted for 18 out of 72 atrial shunt revisions and 20 out of 51 peritoneal shunt revisions. Atrial shunts required 21 revisions because of problems with cardiac end and peritoneal shunts required 17 revisions because of problems with peritoneal end. 25 patients with atrial shunt and 12 with peritoneal shunts died to shunt-related complications during first two years of placement. After this comparative study author feels that peritoneal shunt should be first choice in most forms of hydrocephalus in children due to its lower incidence of revision, serious infection and morbidity.", "PMID": 496094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2796", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney.", "content": "In five patients with hypertension and marked impairment of renal function due to renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney, a nonsurgical technique, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, was used to dilate the stenotic renal artery. Blood pressure improved in all five patients, and renal function improved in three. One patient subsequently died of multiple cardiovascular complications, and in one patient the procedure resulted in acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Although preliminary, this experience suggests that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty may provide an attractive alternative to surgery in severely ill patients at high surgical risk.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney. In five patients with hypertension and marked impairment of renal function due to renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney, a nonsurgical technique, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, was used to dilate the stenotic renal artery. Blood pressure improved in all five patients, and renal function improved in three. One patient subsequently died of multiple cardiovascular complications, and in one patient the procedure resulted in acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Although preliminary, this experience suggests that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty may provide an attractive alternative to surgery in severely ill patients at high surgical risk.", "PMID": 496100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2797", "title": "[Regional adenitis following BCG vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of time close to four years, 239 children with regional lymphadenopathy following BCG vaccination have been treated. Early neonatal vaccination, individual sensitivity and possible mistakes in the dose of vaccine administered may all influence the development of pathological regional lymphadenopathy. In advanced cases, surgery is proposed as the most effective treatment for a rapid recovery. No cases of recurrence or fistulization appeared in our series.", "contents": "[Regional adenitis following BCG vaccination (author's transl)]. During a period of time close to four years, 239 children with regional lymphadenopathy following BCG vaccination have been treated. Early neonatal vaccination, individual sensitivity and possible mistakes in the dose of vaccine administered may all influence the development of pathological regional lymphadenopathy. In advanced cases, surgery is proposed as the most effective treatment for a rapid recovery. No cases of recurrence or fistulization appeared in our series.", "PMID": 496095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2798", "title": "[Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia with delayed clinical manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of late-appearing congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia are described. Chest X-rays performed a few hours after birth were normal. The diagnosis was made 45 days and 18 months after birth. Authors call attention about this unusual presentation of Bochdalek hernia. A review of the literature is made.", "contents": "[Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia with delayed clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. Two cases of late-appearing congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia are described. Chest X-rays performed a few hours after birth were normal. The diagnosis was made 45 days and 18 months after birth. Authors call attention about this unusual presentation of Bochdalek hernia. A review of the literature is made.", "PMID": 496096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2799", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome: vasoconstriction and hypervolemic types indicated by renin-sodium profiling.", "content": "Studies of 16 adults with nephrotic edema reveal a spectrum of disease, the extremes of which suggest two different pathophysiologic forms. Patients with the \"classic\" form--vasoconstriction or hypovolemic nephrosis--have high renin and aldosterone levels that are stimulated rather than suppressed by salt-loading but become lower before steroid diuresis. These patients have minimal lesion disease and, perhaps from diffuse capillary damage, tend to have hypovolemia with renin-induced vasoconstriction. Patients with the second, and heretofore undescribed, form--hypervolemic or overfilling nephrosis--have low renin and aldosterone values that rise normally after sodium depletion. Hypertension, mild renal insufficiency, hypervolemia, and steroid resistance with chronic glomerulonephritis are seen histologically. This form appears volume overloaded from impaired renal sodium excretion. In remission of either type, renin system deviations tend towards normal, but one form does not convert to the other. Renin-sodium profiling may help reveal the two forms and predict steroid responsiveness.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome: vasoconstriction and hypervolemic types indicated by renin-sodium profiling. Studies of 16 adults with nephrotic edema reveal a spectrum of disease, the extremes of which suggest two different pathophysiologic forms. Patients with the \"classic\" form--vasoconstriction or hypovolemic nephrosis--have high renin and aldosterone levels that are stimulated rather than suppressed by salt-loading but become lower before steroid diuresis. These patients have minimal lesion disease and, perhaps from diffuse capillary damage, tend to have hypovolemia with renin-induced vasoconstriction. Patients with the second, and heretofore undescribed, form--hypervolemic or overfilling nephrosis--have low renin and aldosterone values that rise normally after sodium depletion. Hypertension, mild renal insufficiency, hypervolemia, and steroid resistance with chronic glomerulonephritis are seen histologically. This form appears volume overloaded from impaired renal sodium excretion. In remission of either type, renin system deviations tend towards normal, but one form does not convert to the other. Renin-sodium profiling may help reveal the two forms and predict steroid responsiveness.", "PMID": 496101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2800", "title": "[Apple Peel syndrome: an uncommon form of intestinal atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Apple Peel syndrome in a 1,800 g. premature female infant is reported. In a two stage approach, the dilated proximal segment of the jejunum was treated with jejunoplasty and termino-terminal anastomosis. After 55 days of total parenteral nutrition, oral feedings were instituted with good tolerance and satisfactory weight gain. Five months postoperatively, her weight is 5,500 g. and is on a standard diet for her age.", "contents": "[Apple Peel syndrome: an uncommon form of intestinal atresia (author's transl)]. A case of Apple Peel syndrome in a 1,800 g. premature female infant is reported. In a two stage approach, the dilated proximal segment of the jejunum was treated with jejunoplasty and termino-terminal anastomosis. After 55 days of total parenteral nutrition, oral feedings were instituted with good tolerance and satisfactory weight gain. Five months postoperatively, her weight is 5,500 g. and is on a standard diet for her age.", "PMID": 496097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2801", "title": "[Enteric duplication associated to renal agenesia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of ileum duplication associated to left renal agenesis is presented. In literature being consulted frequent associations between enteric duplication and several bone and genital-urinary tracts malformations have been found. Authors advise to make excretory urography whenever an enteric duplication is discovered.", "contents": "[Enteric duplication associated to renal agenesia (author's transl)]. A case of ileum duplication associated to left renal agenesis is presented. In literature being consulted frequent associations between enteric duplication and several bone and genital-urinary tracts malformations have been found. Authors advise to make excretory urography whenever an enteric duplication is discovered.", "PMID": 496098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2802", "title": "Chronic nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia in otherwise healthy persons.", "content": "Seven patients had chronic, unexplained, nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia. The clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of these cases are described. In each case electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic observations suggested that tachycardia was nonparoxysmal and due to increased automaticity of the sinus node (or of an automatic atrial focus located very near the sinus node). The mechanisms of increased sinus node automaticity in these patients were explored using drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. In each patient these studies suggested a defect in either sympathetic or vagal nerve control of resting heart rate, with or without an abnormality of intrinsic heart rate. Data are also presented on baroreceptor reflex arc function in these patients.", "contents": "Chronic nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia in otherwise healthy persons. Seven patients had chronic, unexplained, nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia. The clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of these cases are described. In each case electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic observations suggested that tachycardia was nonparoxysmal and due to increased automaticity of the sinus node (or of an automatic atrial focus located very near the sinus node). The mechanisms of increased sinus node automaticity in these patients were explored using drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. In each patient these studies suggested a defect in either sympathetic or vagal nerve control of resting heart rate, with or without an abnormality of intrinsic heart rate. Data are also presented on baroreceptor reflex arc function in these patients.", "PMID": 496102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2803", "title": "Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure.", "content": "Potential risk factors responsible for development of doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure were examined through retrospective analysis of 4018 patient records. The overall incidence of drug-induced congestive heart failure was 2.2% (88 cases). The probability of incurring doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure was related to the total dose of doxorubicin administered. There was a continuum of increasing risk as the cumulative amount of administered drug increased. A weekly dose schedule of doxorubicin was associated with a significantly lower incidence of congestive heart failure than was the usually employed every 3-week schedule. An increase in drug-related congestive heart failure was also seen with advancing patient age. Performance status, sex, race, and tumor type were not risk factors. These data will enable clinicians to better estimate the risk/benefit ratio in individual patients receiving prolonged administration of doxorubicin. They also provide a basis for the investigation of less cardiotoxic anthracycline analogues or for designing measures to prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure. Potential risk factors responsible for development of doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure were examined through retrospective analysis of 4018 patient records. The overall incidence of drug-induced congestive heart failure was 2.2% (88 cases). The probability of incurring doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure was related to the total dose of doxorubicin administered. There was a continuum of increasing risk as the cumulative amount of administered drug increased. A weekly dose schedule of doxorubicin was associated with a significantly lower incidence of congestive heart failure than was the usually employed every 3-week schedule. An increase in drug-related congestive heart failure was also seen with advancing patient age. Performance status, sex, race, and tumor type were not risk factors. These data will enable clinicians to better estimate the risk/benefit ratio in individual patients receiving prolonged administration of doxorubicin. They also provide a basis for the investigation of less cardiotoxic anthracycline analogues or for designing measures to prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 496103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2804", "title": "Photochemotherapy and psoriatic arthritis. A prospective study.", "content": "We have studied the temporal relation between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in 27 patients receiving photochemotherapy for treatment of psoriasis. Patients were classified as either spondylitic or nonspondylitic. For spondylitic patients, psoriasis was difficult to control, arthritis did not improve, and skin and joint activity appeared to vary independently. In contrast, 67% of nonspondylitic patients receiving photochemotherapy treatment remained clear of psoriasis, with 49% mean improvement in articular index. There was an inverse relation between initial percentage of psoriasis and improvement in peripheral arthritis. These results suggest that aggressive management of psoriasis helps control synovitis in at least a subgroup of patients with psoriatic arthritis.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy and psoriatic arthritis. A prospective study. We have studied the temporal relation between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in 27 patients receiving photochemotherapy for treatment of psoriasis. Patients were classified as either spondylitic or nonspondylitic. For spondylitic patients, psoriasis was difficult to control, arthritis did not improve, and skin and joint activity appeared to vary independently. In contrast, 67% of nonspondylitic patients receiving photochemotherapy treatment remained clear of psoriasis, with 49% mean improvement in articular index. There was an inverse relation between initial percentage of psoriasis and improvement in peripheral arthritis. These results suggest that aggressive management of psoriasis helps control synovitis in at least a subgroup of patients with psoriatic arthritis.", "PMID": 496104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2805", "title": "Cardiac ganglionitis associated with sudden unexpected death.", "content": "In a postmortem study of the hearts of two young women who died suddenly and unexpectedly, we found a remarkably similar and distinctive ganglionitis, predominantly in the region of the sinus node. Both women had ventricular fibrillation at the time of collapse. Vesicular neuritis and older neural degeneration were present in other regions of the heart. Except for focal fibromuscular dysplasia of the sinus node artery and atrioventricular node artery of one heart, there was no other significant anatomic abnormality in either heart. The functional significance of this cardiac ganglionitis is unclear, but its location in and around the conduction system makes it a possible cause of the fatal electrical instability. Recognition that ganglionitis of the heart may be associated with sudden death should stimulate a number of additionally useful studies.", "contents": "Cardiac ganglionitis associated with sudden unexpected death. In a postmortem study of the hearts of two young women who died suddenly and unexpectedly, we found a remarkably similar and distinctive ganglionitis, predominantly in the region of the sinus node. Both women had ventricular fibrillation at the time of collapse. Vesicular neuritis and older neural degeneration were present in other regions of the heart. Except for focal fibromuscular dysplasia of the sinus node artery and atrioventricular node artery of one heart, there was no other significant anatomic abnormality in either heart. The functional significance of this cardiac ganglionitis is unclear, but its location in and around the conduction system makes it a possible cause of the fatal electrical instability. Recognition that ganglionitis of the heart may be associated with sudden death should stimulate a number of additionally useful studies.", "PMID": 496105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2806", "title": "Cases of Lyme disease in the United States: locations correlated with distribution of Ixodes dammini.", "content": "Lyme disease, defined by erythema chronicum migrans and sometimes followed by neurologic, cardiac, or joint involvement, is known to have affected 512 patients in the United States. The disease seems to occur in three distinct foci: along the northeastern coast, in Wisconsin, and in California and Oregon, a distribution that correlates closely with that of Ixodes dammini in the first two areas and with Ixodes pacificus in the last. The implicated tick, saved by six patients in the Northeast, was identified as nymphal I. dammini. Residence in or travel to endemic areas and history of tick bite may be important clues to diagnosis.", "contents": "Cases of Lyme disease in the United States: locations correlated with distribution of Ixodes dammini. Lyme disease, defined by erythema chronicum migrans and sometimes followed by neurologic, cardiac, or joint involvement, is known to have affected 512 patients in the United States. The disease seems to occur in three distinct foci: along the northeastern coast, in Wisconsin, and in California and Oregon, a distribution that correlates closely with that of Ixodes dammini in the first two areas and with Ixodes pacificus in the last. The implicated tick, saved by six patients in the Northeast, was identified as nymphal I. dammini. Residence in or travel to endemic areas and history of tick bite may be important clues to diagnosis.", "PMID": 496106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2807", "title": "Canine blastomycosis as a harbinger of human disease.", "content": "Blastomycosis occurred in six patients in five households. In each instance one or more dogs living with the family or living near the family also developed blastomycosis. The recognition of canine blastomycosis helped in the early diagnosis of human cases. Because both dogs and patients were probably infected at the same place, canine blastomycosis may be an important epidemiologic marker, alerting physicians to the possible presence of concomitant blastomycosis in humans.", "contents": "Canine blastomycosis as a harbinger of human disease. Blastomycosis occurred in six patients in five households. In each instance one or more dogs living with the family or living near the family also developed blastomycosis. The recognition of canine blastomycosis helped in the early diagnosis of human cases. Because both dogs and patients were probably infected at the same place, canine blastomycosis may be an important epidemiologic marker, alerting physicians to the possible presence of concomitant blastomycosis in humans.", "PMID": 496107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2808", "title": "Nitroprusside.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside has proved to be the most effective and best-tolerated vasodilator drug available for the management of acute hypertension, heart failure, and other vasoconstricted states as well as for the induction of controlled hypotension during surgery. It dilates both arteries and veins, has a rapid onset and offset of action, and is almost uniformly effective in achieving the desired degree of dilation by careful dosage titration. The need for close monitoring of its intravenous administration and the potential toxicity of prolonged infusions limit its general use from periods of hours to a few days, but its unique and usually well-maintained vascular actions make it an ideal agent for short-term therapy and a potentially useful model for development of new, orally effective vasodilator drugs.", "contents": "Nitroprusside. Sodium nitroprusside has proved to be the most effective and best-tolerated vasodilator drug available for the management of acute hypertension, heart failure, and other vasoconstricted states as well as for the induction of controlled hypotension during surgery. It dilates both arteries and veins, has a rapid onset and offset of action, and is almost uniformly effective in achieving the desired degree of dilation by careful dosage titration. The need for close monitoring of its intravenous administration and the potential toxicity of prolonged infusions limit its general use from periods of hours to a few days, but its unique and usually well-maintained vascular actions make it an ideal agent for short-term therapy and a potentially useful model for development of new, orally effective vasodilator drugs.", "PMID": 496116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2809", "title": "Geriatric medicine: whose specialty?", "content": "The recommendation of the 1978 report of the Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C., states that there should not be \"a formal practice specialty in geriatrics.\" The United Kingdom has a comprehensive geriatric service based on a separate specialty of geriatric medicine. This speciality was developed before the National Health Service in 1948. The future of geriatric medicine is not clearly defined. It should continue, I believe, as a separate speciality but with deliberate policies to bring it back into \"mainstream medicine.\" This will involve closer integration with family practice, internal medicine, and psychiatry. While I realize that the operation of the geriatric service in Edinburgh, where I work, could not simply be transplanted into an American setting, the principles of geriatric care ought to be applied within a specialist service if the increasing problems of the aging in American society are to be adequately met.", "contents": "Geriatric medicine: whose specialty? The recommendation of the 1978 report of the Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C., states that there should not be \"a formal practice specialty in geriatrics.\" The United Kingdom has a comprehensive geriatric service based on a separate specialty of geriatric medicine. This speciality was developed before the National Health Service in 1948. The future of geriatric medicine is not clearly defined. It should continue, I believe, as a separate speciality but with deliberate policies to bring it back into \"mainstream medicine.\" This will involve closer integration with family practice, internal medicine, and psychiatry. While I realize that the operation of the geriatric service in Edinburgh, where I work, could not simply be transplanted into an American setting, the principles of geriatric care ought to be applied within a specialist service if the increasing problems of the aging in American society are to be adequately met.", "PMID": 496117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2810", "title": "[Diagnostic value of hemodynamic and angiographic studies in right medioventricular subinfundibulaire stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are reported of right medioventricular subinfundibular stenosis with intact intraventricular septum. This rare congenital malformation, also known as \"double chambered right ventricle\", and usually associated with an intraventricular communication, can only be diagnosed with certainly on the results of hemodynamic and angiographic studies which demonstrate the abnormal medioventricular muscle bands. A steep intraventricular pressure gradient was noted in the first patient who was operated upon successfully. The second patient developed progressively increasing stenosis which underlines the need for long-term observation of cases in which there is little initial obstruction. Particular types of electrocardiographic recordings, not previously reported, were present in both cases; in one there was an unexplained long QT interval; in the other a first degree nodal atrioventricular block with atrial arrhythmia, requiring the implantation of a cardiac stimulator.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of hemodynamic and angiographic studies in right medioventricular subinfundibulaire stenosis (author's transl)]. Two cases are reported of right medioventricular subinfundibular stenosis with intact intraventricular septum. This rare congenital malformation, also known as \"double chambered right ventricle\", and usually associated with an intraventricular communication, can only be diagnosed with certainly on the results of hemodynamic and angiographic studies which demonstrate the abnormal medioventricular muscle bands. A steep intraventricular pressure gradient was noted in the first patient who was operated upon successfully. The second patient developed progressively increasing stenosis which underlines the need for long-term observation of cases in which there is little initial obstruction. Particular types of electrocardiographic recordings, not previously reported, were present in both cases; in one there was an unexplained long QT interval; in the other a first degree nodal atrioventricular block with atrial arrhythmia, requiring the implantation of a cardiac stimulator.", "PMID": 496133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2811", "title": "[Polyneuropathy and dysglobulinemia presenting 36 months before an angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a patient with angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (A.I.L.) with pulmonary localisation. The symptomatology of the A.I.L. was dominated by a polyclonal increase in gammaglobulins and a neuropathy 35 months before the generalized lymphadenopathy. We discuss this unusually long prodromal period and the nature of the neuropathy.", "contents": "[Polyneuropathy and dysglobulinemia presenting 36 months before an angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)]. We report a patient with angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (A.I.L.) with pulmonary localisation. The symptomatology of the A.I.L. was dominated by a polyclonal increase in gammaglobulins and a neuropathy 35 months before the generalized lymphadenopathy. We discuss this unusually long prodromal period and the nature of the neuropathy.", "PMID": 496134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2812", "title": "[Cardiac localization of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of specific cardiac affection during the course of Hodgkin's disease, of which one involved all three layers, illustrate the diagnostic difficulties in such cases. These are related to the latency period before clinical manifestations appear and the more frequent possibility of iatrogenic affection, especially during treatment with adriamycin and/or radiotherapy. Surgical biopsy of the pericardium is essential for establishing the diagnosis and prescribing treatment, the results of which are often satisfactory.", "contents": "[Cardiac localization of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Two cases of specific cardiac affection during the course of Hodgkin's disease, of which one involved all three layers, illustrate the diagnostic difficulties in such cases. These are related to the latency period before clinical manifestations appear and the more frequent possibility of iatrogenic affection, especially during treatment with adriamycin and/or radiotherapy. Surgical biopsy of the pericardium is essential for establishing the diagnosis and prescribing treatment, the results of which are often satisfactory.", "PMID": 496135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2813", "title": "[Sydenham's chorea in Tunisia: a report on 65 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Sydenham's chorea was observed in 65 patients in Tunisia during the period 1971-1976. The average age of onset was 10.8 years, and girls were affected twice as often as boys. Sydenham's chorea is a seasonal disorder; it usually develops between the months of november and march, and its frequency is closely related to that of Bouillaud's disease. A study of the past history of infections disease or rheumatic disorder (ARF), and biological tests for inflammation (sedimentation rate, blood fibrin levels, antistreptolysins O, and culture of throat swabs), showed that it is possible to distinguish cases of true chorea occurring alone from those in which it is associated with a rheumatic affection. These facts are discussed in the light of the data published in the literature. The authors conclude that sydenham's chorea and acute rheumatic fever are but two unrelated expressions of a streptococcal infection. Anti-inlammatory treatment with corticoids, therefore, is only indicated in the presence of signs of rheumatic affection.", "contents": "[Sydenham's chorea in Tunisia: a report on 65 cases (author's transl)]. Sydenham's chorea was observed in 65 patients in Tunisia during the period 1971-1976. The average age of onset was 10.8 years, and girls were affected twice as often as boys. Sydenham's chorea is a seasonal disorder; it usually develops between the months of november and march, and its frequency is closely related to that of Bouillaud's disease. A study of the past history of infections disease or rheumatic disorder (ARF), and biological tests for inflammation (sedimentation rate, blood fibrin levels, antistreptolysins O, and culture of throat swabs), showed that it is possible to distinguish cases of true chorea occurring alone from those in which it is associated with a rheumatic affection. These facts are discussed in the light of the data published in the literature. The authors conclude that sydenham's chorea and acute rheumatic fever are but two unrelated expressions of a streptococcal infection. Anti-inlammatory treatment with corticoids, therefore, is only indicated in the presence of signs of rheumatic affection.", "PMID": 496136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2814", "title": "[Specificity of function of a psychiatric unit in a general hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The recent creation of a psychiatric unit in the hospital Broussais gives rise to reflection on what, according to the authors, could constitute the originality of such a treatment unit. It should not be used to satisfy all the requests for psychiatric care within the hospital itself, nor act in parallel with the specialized psychiatric departments established as such in psychiatric or general hospitals. The presence, however, of a group of psychiatrists working as a team in a general hospital, and having several beds for their own autonomous use, should enable the first approach to be made, under the best conditions, to pathological disorders produced by psychological disturbances which are not immediately recognized by the patient: somatic manifestations of anxiety or depression, psychosomatic disorders, behavioural problems such as alcoholism, or even suicide attempts. This clinical function cannot be dissociated from the daily therapeutic approach of the health team or from the conception of medical psychology training based on the true needs of general practitioners. It is also the starting point for a close collaboration with physicians and basic scientists in the field of medical research.", "contents": "[Specificity of function of a psychiatric unit in a general hospital (author's transl)]. The recent creation of a psychiatric unit in the hospital Broussais gives rise to reflection on what, according to the authors, could constitute the originality of such a treatment unit. It should not be used to satisfy all the requests for psychiatric care within the hospital itself, nor act in parallel with the specialized psychiatric departments established as such in psychiatric or general hospitals. The presence, however, of a group of psychiatrists working as a team in a general hospital, and having several beds for their own autonomous use, should enable the first approach to be made, under the best conditions, to pathological disorders produced by psychological disturbances which are not immediately recognized by the patient: somatic manifestations of anxiety or depression, psychosomatic disorders, behavioural problems such as alcoholism, or even suicide attempts. This clinical function cannot be dissociated from the daily therapeutic approach of the health team or from the conception of medical psychology training based on the true needs of general practitioners. It is also the starting point for a close collaboration with physicians and basic scientists in the field of medical research.", "PMID": 496137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2815", "title": "[Cholestatic hepatitis during treatment with I.N.H. and rifampicin: arguments in favour of the hepatotoxicity of rifampicin (author's transl)].", "content": "It is generally accepted that hepatitis occurring during treatment with INH and rifampicine results from the hepatotoxicity of INH metabolites. A case is reported of cholestatic hepatitis occurring during such treatment, in which there was a previous history of an isolated hepatic affection. The administration of INH and rifampicin caused cholestasis alone, which reoccurred after rifampicin administration only. No immuno-allergic phenomenon has been shown to be involved in rifampicin toxicity. This observation suggests that rifampicin may be hepatotoxic itself, especially in patients with previous hepatic affections.", "contents": "[Cholestatic hepatitis during treatment with I.N.H. and rifampicin: arguments in favour of the hepatotoxicity of rifampicin (author's transl)]. It is generally accepted that hepatitis occurring during treatment with INH and rifampicine results from the hepatotoxicity of INH metabolites. A case is reported of cholestatic hepatitis occurring during such treatment, in which there was a previous history of an isolated hepatic affection. The administration of INH and rifampicin caused cholestasis alone, which reoccurred after rifampicin administration only. No immuno-allergic phenomenon has been shown to be involved in rifampicin toxicity. This observation suggests that rifampicin may be hepatotoxic itself, especially in patients with previous hepatic affections.", "PMID": 496138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2816", "title": "[Double malformation discovered during investigations for hypertension; single pelvic kidney and occipitovertebral joint malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "A young Portuges eman with a spastic gait was found to have a kidney lying below the bladder. This was the only kidney present and its blood supply was derived from a renal artery which was also the only one present. This renal abnormality was associated with a major malformation of the occipitovertebral joint (occipitalization of the atlas, total occipito-atlanto-odontoid dissociation above the line of the digastric). The possible relationship between these two affections is discussed.", "contents": "[Double malformation discovered during investigations for hypertension; single pelvic kidney and occipitovertebral joint malformation (author's transl)]. A young Portuges eman with a spastic gait was found to have a kidney lying below the bladder. This was the only kidney present and its blood supply was derived from a renal artery which was also the only one present. This renal abnormality was associated with a major malformation of the occipitovertebral joint (occipitalization of the atlas, total occipito-atlanto-odontoid dissociation above the line of the digastric). The possible relationship between these two affections is discussed.", "PMID": 496139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2817", "title": "[Acute mitral incompetence of ischemic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings and results of treatment in 17 patients with acute mitral incompetence are described. The lesions were secondary to a recent myocardial necrosis causing severe cardiac failure (shock, or acute left ventricular failure), and the presence of mitral incompetence was confirmed by right catherization (15 cases) and/or left ventricular angiography (13 cases). The anatomical lesions are described in 14 cases: rupture of the posterior mitral papillary muscle in 7 cases, and acute dysfunction of the muscle in 7 other cases. Eight patients were treated by an intra-aortic balloon to assist circulation, and 14 were given vasodilators (phentolamine, trinitrin) associated in 5 cases with positive inotropic drugs. Surgical treatment was given (mitral valve replacement) in 7 cases. The respective effects of vasodilators and circulatory assistance are discussed, as well as the indications for, and results of urgent surgical treatment (6 successes in 7 operations).", "contents": "[Acute mitral incompetence of ischemic origin (author's transl)]. Clinical findings and results of treatment in 17 patients with acute mitral incompetence are described. The lesions were secondary to a recent myocardial necrosis causing severe cardiac failure (shock, or acute left ventricular failure), and the presence of mitral incompetence was confirmed by right catherization (15 cases) and/or left ventricular angiography (13 cases). The anatomical lesions are described in 14 cases: rupture of the posterior mitral papillary muscle in 7 cases, and acute dysfunction of the muscle in 7 other cases. Eight patients were treated by an intra-aortic balloon to assist circulation, and 14 were given vasodilators (phentolamine, trinitrin) associated in 5 cases with positive inotropic drugs. Surgical treatment was given (mitral valve replacement) in 7 cases. The respective effects of vasodilators and circulatory assistance are discussed, as well as the indications for, and results of urgent surgical treatment (6 successes in 7 operations).", "PMID": 496140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2818", "title": "[A comparative study of three procedures used for studying bronchopulmonary bacterial flora (author's transl)].", "content": "Three methods of taking samples of bronchopulmonary secretions; transtracheal aspiration (TT), sputum collection, and fibro-aspiration, were compared in 43 patients with severe pneumopathies. There was no significant difference in the number of times a pure or dominant germ was isolated by using the three procedures in these 43 cases. In contrast, however, there was a significantly lower number of polymorphous flora and more sterile samples observed when using TT than with the other two methods. When antibiotics are given 1 to 7 days before taking the samples, there is a significant reduction in the number of cultures having a germ in the pure state.", "contents": "[A comparative study of three procedures used for studying bronchopulmonary bacterial flora (author's transl)]. Three methods of taking samples of bronchopulmonary secretions; transtracheal aspiration (TT), sputum collection, and fibro-aspiration, were compared in 43 patients with severe pneumopathies. There was no significant difference in the number of times a pure or dominant germ was isolated by using the three procedures in these 43 cases. In contrast, however, there was a significantly lower number of polymorphous flora and more sterile samples observed when using TT than with the other two methods. When antibiotics are given 1 to 7 days before taking the samples, there is a significant reduction in the number of cultures having a germ in the pure state.", "PMID": 496141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2819", "title": "[The traveler without luggage. A case of lost identity in an adolescent (author's transl)].", "content": "Loss of personal identity is a difficult problem which is relatively rarely encountered in psychiatric practice. A case is reported of an adolescent of 15 years of age with total amnesia over a period of two months. His true identity was discovered only after his photograph and story had been published in a widely-read daily newspaper. Following a discussion on the possible etiological mechanisms involved, two problems remained unresolved: the difficulty of establishing a psychopathological basis for a loss of identity, and the prognostic uncertainty inherent in restoring the adolescent's identity.", "contents": "[The traveler without luggage. A case of lost identity in an adolescent (author's transl)]. Loss of personal identity is a difficult problem which is relatively rarely encountered in psychiatric practice. A case is reported of an adolescent of 15 years of age with total amnesia over a period of two months. His true identity was discovered only after his photograph and story had been published in a widely-read daily newspaper. Following a discussion on the possible etiological mechanisms involved, two problems remained unresolved: the difficulty of establishing a psychopathological basis for a loss of identity, and the prognostic uncertainty inherent in restoring the adolescent's identity.", "PMID": 496142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2820", "title": "[The cost of alcoholism in a hospital medical department (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors evaluated the costs involved when alcoholic patients were admitted to a hospital medical department. Costs which were identical for all patients, such as basic services and hospitalization fees, were discounted, and only those for individual investigations and treatment were calculated. These costs were then compared with the average daily costs for non-alcoholic patients in the same department over the same period. The results are discussed in relation to other similar studies.", "contents": "[The cost of alcoholism in a hospital medical department (author's transl)]. The authors evaluated the costs involved when alcoholic patients were admitted to a hospital medical department. Costs which were identical for all patients, such as basic services and hospitalization fees, were discounted, and only those for individual investigations and treatment were calculated. These costs were then compared with the average daily costs for non-alcoholic patients in the same department over the same period. The results are discussed in relation to other similar studies.", "PMID": 496143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2821", "title": "[Recovery after treatment for cirrhotic ascites : a study of 90 cases. Frequency of arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, ascitic during 13.6 +/- 13 months (mean +/- S.D.) were cured of ascites and followed up during 2 to 9 years (4.3 +/- 2.7 years). Twenty six were compared with a same number of cirrhotics, matched for age and sex, who died during the year after the first admission. Many biological data show statistical difference. Nevertheless no valuable prognosis can be predicted in an individual case. The clinical improvement is associated with major, sometimes total biological recovery. Other complications of cirrhosis (gastro-intestinal bleeding, hepatoma) may occur (7 cases with 5 deaths) or alcoholic hepatitis if alcohol withdrawal is stopped (3 cases, 2 deaths). Some associated diseases look unexpectedly frequent: diabetes (4 cases), obesity (9), nodular lipomatosis (14 cases) whose frequency looks higher than that can be calculated for a similar group of healthy subjects.", "contents": "[Recovery after treatment for cirrhotic ascites : a study of 90 cases. Frequency of arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Thirty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, ascitic during 13.6 +/- 13 months (mean +/- S.D.) were cured of ascites and followed up during 2 to 9 years (4.3 +/- 2.7 years). Twenty six were compared with a same number of cirrhotics, matched for age and sex, who died during the year after the first admission. Many biological data show statistical difference. Nevertheless no valuable prognosis can be predicted in an individual case. The clinical improvement is associated with major, sometimes total biological recovery. Other complications of cirrhosis (gastro-intestinal bleeding, hepatoma) may occur (7 cases with 5 deaths) or alcoholic hepatitis if alcohol withdrawal is stopped (3 cases, 2 deaths). Some associated diseases look unexpectedly frequent: diabetes (4 cases), obesity (9), nodular lipomatosis (14 cases) whose frequency looks higher than that can be calculated for a similar group of healthy subjects.", "PMID": 496144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2822", "title": "[Psychotropic effects of a new beta noradrenergic receptor blocking agent, acebutolol, in psychotics (author's transl)].", "content": "In a pilot, phase II open trial, 32 psychotics, aged between 19 and 54, whose illness was evolving from between 1 and 25 years, and was not improved with classic treatments, were given daily 200 to 1 400 mg of acebutolol orally, in three divided doses. Following global clinical evaluation and scores of BPRS, in 18 patients was observed a mild improvement, in 2 a clear one, in 2 others a clear improvement with partial social rehabilitation and in 2 a clear improvement with long lasting social rehabilitation, while 6 patients showed no improvement. Acebutolol could be considered as a mild or partial neuroleptic and its action as amphidromic or double.", "contents": "[Psychotropic effects of a new beta noradrenergic receptor blocking agent, acebutolol, in psychotics (author's transl)]. In a pilot, phase II open trial, 32 psychotics, aged between 19 and 54, whose illness was evolving from between 1 and 25 years, and was not improved with classic treatments, were given daily 200 to 1 400 mg of acebutolol orally, in three divided doses. Following global clinical evaluation and scores of BPRS, in 18 patients was observed a mild improvement, in 2 a clear one, in 2 others a clear improvement with partial social rehabilitation and in 2 a clear improvement with long lasting social rehabilitation, while 6 patients showed no improvement. Acebutolol could be considered as a mild or partial neuroleptic and its action as amphidromic or double.", "PMID": 496168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2823", "title": "[Role of the digestive microflora and of the crystalline structure of starch in digestion and dietary efficiency in the chicken. Study of tropical tubers].", "content": "The influence of microflora in the utilization of starches, the X ray pattern which was of A or B type, was studied by balances and carcasses analysis with growing axenic or holoxenic chickens, put in isolators. Five tropical tubers were used : Manihot utilissima and Dioscorea dumetorum of A-type, Dioscorea cayenensis and alata and Canna edulis of B-type. They were introduced in isoenergetic (4,460 Kcal/g D.M.) and isoproteic (18 p. 100) diets. The A-type starches are entirely digested (95 p. 100) and the B-type are poorly digested (40-60 p. 100). The first ones induced a better growth than the second. The influence of digestive microflora changes with the two types of tubers used. With A-type starches the microflora lowered the feed intake, the growth and the energy and protein efficiency respectively--25 and--10 p. 100. When the diet included tubers with B-type starches, the low digestibility of starch and the low metabolisable energy in the diets induced poor growth and retentions. The results are discussed in relation with the starch breakdown into glucose, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids.", "contents": "[Role of the digestive microflora and of the crystalline structure of starch in digestion and dietary efficiency in the chicken. Study of tropical tubers]. The influence of microflora in the utilization of starches, the X ray pattern which was of A or B type, was studied by balances and carcasses analysis with growing axenic or holoxenic chickens, put in isolators. Five tropical tubers were used : Manihot utilissima and Dioscorea dumetorum of A-type, Dioscorea cayenensis and alata and Canna edulis of B-type. They were introduced in isoenergetic (4,460 Kcal/g D.M.) and isoproteic (18 p. 100) diets. The A-type starches are entirely digested (95 p. 100) and the B-type are poorly digested (40-60 p. 100). The first ones induced a better growth than the second. The influence of digestive microflora changes with the two types of tubers used. With A-type starches the microflora lowered the feed intake, the growth and the energy and protein efficiency respectively--25 and--10 p. 100. When the diet included tubers with B-type starches, the low digestibility of starch and the low metabolisable energy in the diets induced poor growth and retentions. The results are discussed in relation with the starch breakdown into glucose, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids.", "PMID": 496174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2824", "title": "[Specific problems posed by carbohydrate utilization in the rainbow trout].", "content": "Carbohydrate incorporation in trout diets arises problems both at digestive and metabolic levels. Digestive utilization of carbohydrate closely depends on their molecular weight. In addition, in the case of complex carbohydrates (starches), different factors such as the level of incorporation, the amount consumed and the physical state of starch influence the digestibility. The measurement of digestibility in itself is confronted with methodological difficulties. The way the feces are collected can affect the digestion coefficient. Dietary carbohydrates actually serve as a source of energy. Nevertheless, above a certain level in the diet, intolerance phenomena may appear. The question that arises now is to establish the optimal part that carbohydrates can take in the metabolizable energy of a given diet.", "contents": "[Specific problems posed by carbohydrate utilization in the rainbow trout]. Carbohydrate incorporation in trout diets arises problems both at digestive and metabolic levels. Digestive utilization of carbohydrate closely depends on their molecular weight. In addition, in the case of complex carbohydrates (starches), different factors such as the level of incorporation, the amount consumed and the physical state of starch influence the digestibility. The measurement of digestibility in itself is confronted with methodological difficulties. The way the feces are collected can affect the digestion coefficient. Dietary carbohydrates actually serve as a source of energy. Nevertheless, above a certain level in the diet, intolerance phenomena may appear. The question that arises now is to establish the optimal part that carbohydrates can take in the metabolizable energy of a given diet.", "PMID": 496176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2825", "title": "Comparative effects of protracted protein deprivation on the DNA synthetic and mitogenic actions of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A in vivo on the lymphocytes of the rat.", "content": "The increase rate of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in popliteal lymph nodes following subplantar injection of PHA was significantly reduced in rats subjected to a protein-free diet given for 9 weeks. On the contrary, the lymph node responses to Con A were higher with latter diet than with a balanced 18% casein diet. On the other hand, PHA reduced the weight and proliferative activity of the thymus, and probably also increased the emigration of thymocytes in protein deprived rats, while Con A was devoid of any effects. Thus, mainly the activity of the PHA-responsive subset of T lymphocytes and thymocytes appeared to be disturbed after protein deprivation. According to previous work, this subset was formed of high theta, cortisone-sensitive celles.", "contents": "Comparative effects of protracted protein deprivation on the DNA synthetic and mitogenic actions of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A in vivo on the lymphocytes of the rat. The increase rate of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in popliteal lymph nodes following subplantar injection of PHA was significantly reduced in rats subjected to a protein-free diet given for 9 weeks. On the contrary, the lymph node responses to Con A were higher with latter diet than with a balanced 18% casein diet. On the other hand, PHA reduced the weight and proliferative activity of the thymus, and probably also increased the emigration of thymocytes in protein deprived rats, while Con A was devoid of any effects. Thus, mainly the activity of the PHA-responsive subset of T lymphocytes and thymocytes appeared to be disturbed after protein deprivation. According to previous work, this subset was formed of high theta, cortisone-sensitive celles.", "PMID": 496177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2826", "title": "Blindness due to illicit use of topical cocaine.", "content": "A drug abuser developed simultaneous bilateral corneal ulcerations after the use of topical cocaine. One eye was enucleated because of secondary angle-closure glaucoma and the other developed a dense central corneal scar.", "contents": "Blindness due to illicit use of topical cocaine. A drug abuser developed simultaneous bilateral corneal ulcerations after the use of topical cocaine. One eye was enucleated because of secondary angle-closure glaucoma and the other developed a dense central corneal scar.", "PMID": 496179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2827", "title": "Ocular and orbital metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred cases of metastatic carcinoma to the eye and orbit were reviewed. Fifty-nine patients were female and 35 were male. The average age of the females was 60 years and the males 52 years. Breast carcinoma was the most common primary in the females and lung carcinoma in the males. The left eye and orbit were involved more frequently than the right (30 to 27). The choroid and the orbit were the most common site of metastasis.", "contents": "Ocular and orbital metastatic carcinoma. One hundred cases of metastatic carcinoma to the eye and orbit were reviewed. Fifty-nine patients were female and 35 were male. The average age of the females was 60 years and the males 52 years. Breast carcinoma was the most common primary in the females and lung carcinoma in the males. The left eye and orbit were involved more frequently than the right (30 to 27). The choroid and the orbit were the most common site of metastasis.", "PMID": 496180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2828", "title": "Central retinal artery spasm.", "content": "Central retinal artery spasm, a seldom witnessed ocular sign, has been recognized in one eye of a patient complaining of transient monocular blindness. Removal of an ulcerative atheromatous plaque of the carotid artery on the same side as the eye with central retinal artery spasm resulted in complete disappearance of symptoms. No other signs of ocular pathology were noted in addition to the central retinal artery spasm. Central retinal artery spasm occurring in both eyes simultaneously may be the mechanism explaining the visual loss of amaurosis fugax. Physiologic mechanisms associating brief episodes of monocular blindness and carotid artery obstructive disease with atherosclerosis are discussed. The possibility of central retinal artery spasm initiating occlusion of the same vessel is mentioned.", "contents": "Central retinal artery spasm. Central retinal artery spasm, a seldom witnessed ocular sign, has been recognized in one eye of a patient complaining of transient monocular blindness. Removal of an ulcerative atheromatous plaque of the carotid artery on the same side as the eye with central retinal artery spasm resulted in complete disappearance of symptoms. No other signs of ocular pathology were noted in addition to the central retinal artery spasm. Central retinal artery spasm occurring in both eyes simultaneously may be the mechanism explaining the visual loss of amaurosis fugax. Physiologic mechanisms associating brief episodes of monocular blindness and carotid artery obstructive disease with atherosclerosis are discussed. The possibility of central retinal artery spasm initiating occlusion of the same vessel is mentioned.", "PMID": 496181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2829", "title": "Endothelial cell morphology and corneal deturgescence.", "content": "In a series of 46 patients accepted for cataract removal and intraocular lens implantation, 23 showed visibly obvious variation in endothelial cell size (polymegethism) according to specular microscopic examination. In this group, mean increase in postoperative corneal thickness was 52.7% on the first postoperative day, 35.4% on the third, and 18.0% after 4 weeks. Mean corneal swelling was consistently and significantly less in the 23 patients exhibiting apparently normal endothelial cell patterns (homomegethism). In homomegethous corneas, preoperative cell density was significantly correlated with age (inversely) and postoperative cell loss (directly). Preoperative cell density in polymegethous corneas showed significant, direct correlation with age, suggesting that endothelial cell density may remain relatively constant in this condition. There was no correlation with postoperative cell loss. Significant differences in endothelial functional capability identified within each morphologically-defined group indicate a structure-function continuum. Since 15 homomegethous corneas and only one polymegethous cornea returned to preoperative thickness within 4 weeks, it appears clinically valid to use morphological criteria in predicting functional capability.", "contents": "Endothelial cell morphology and corneal deturgescence. In a series of 46 patients accepted for cataract removal and intraocular lens implantation, 23 showed visibly obvious variation in endothelial cell size (polymegethism) according to specular microscopic examination. In this group, mean increase in postoperative corneal thickness was 52.7% on the first postoperative day, 35.4% on the third, and 18.0% after 4 weeks. Mean corneal swelling was consistently and significantly less in the 23 patients exhibiting apparently normal endothelial cell patterns (homomegethism). In homomegethous corneas, preoperative cell density was significantly correlated with age (inversely) and postoperative cell loss (directly). Preoperative cell density in polymegethous corneas showed significant, direct correlation with age, suggesting that endothelial cell density may remain relatively constant in this condition. There was no correlation with postoperative cell loss. Significant differences in endothelial functional capability identified within each morphologically-defined group indicate a structure-function continuum. Since 15 homomegethous corneas and only one polymegethous cornea returned to preoperative thickness within 4 weeks, it appears clinically valid to use morphological criteria in predicting functional capability.", "PMID": 496182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2830", "title": "Ischemic retinal alterations in cardiac arrest.", "content": "Retinal ischemia caused by systemic hypotension produces significant functional and morphological symptoms. Animal experiments were carried out in dogs to study the retinal alterations during cardiac arrest created by artificial pericardial tamponade which lasted for 1 to 9 minutes. The main parameters of the blood circulation were recorded with a multichannel recording system and serial fundus photographs were made. The retinas, after a prompt enucleation of the eye, were studied by light and electron microscope. The retina and arterial walls became cloudy during the circulatory arrest, which were reversible, if the blood circulation was recreated not later than 4 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations can be seen in the retina after 4 minutes. Mitochondrial destruction of the ganglion cells and bipolar cells as well as edema of Muller's cells are the first consequence of the circulatory arrest, which is followed by disintegration of the capillary endothelium and destruction of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells. These observations suggested that during circulatory arrest serious ultrastructural destructions occur both in the retina and retinal capillaries which explain the definitive diminution of retinal functions.", "contents": "Ischemic retinal alterations in cardiac arrest. Retinal ischemia caused by systemic hypotension produces significant functional and morphological symptoms. Animal experiments were carried out in dogs to study the retinal alterations during cardiac arrest created by artificial pericardial tamponade which lasted for 1 to 9 minutes. The main parameters of the blood circulation were recorded with a multichannel recording system and serial fundus photographs were made. The retinas, after a prompt enucleation of the eye, were studied by light and electron microscope. The retina and arterial walls became cloudy during the circulatory arrest, which were reversible, if the blood circulation was recreated not later than 4 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations can be seen in the retina after 4 minutes. Mitochondrial destruction of the ganglion cells and bipolar cells as well as edema of Muller's cells are the first consequence of the circulatory arrest, which is followed by disintegration of the capillary endothelium and destruction of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells. These observations suggested that during circulatory arrest serious ultrastructural destructions occur both in the retina and retinal capillaries which explain the definitive diminution of retinal functions.", "PMID": 496184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2831", "title": "Bullous retinal detachment associated with renal failure: case report.", "content": "A case of bilateral bullous retinal detachment in a patient with long-standing disseminated lupus erythematosus is presented. Although several authors have reported the presence of bullous retinal detachment in association with chronic renal disease, in no other case have the ocular findings preceded the onset of frank renal failure. The etiology of nonrhegmatogenous detachment and uveal effusion in association with chronic renal disease was discussed and the possible contributory role of hypertension, electrolyte imbalance, and renal glomerular malfunction was investigated. The additional finding of late onset bilateral keratoconus is, in all probability, unrelated to the patient's retinal findings, though it is a major factor in her present visual morbidity. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First-ly, to alert the ophthalmologist to the possible development of bullous retinal detachment in patients with chronic renal disease, and secondly, to alert the internist to the possibility of impending renal failure in patients with such bilateral nonrhegmatogenous detachments.", "contents": "Bullous retinal detachment associated with renal failure: case report. A case of bilateral bullous retinal detachment in a patient with long-standing disseminated lupus erythematosus is presented. Although several authors have reported the presence of bullous retinal detachment in association with chronic renal disease, in no other case have the ocular findings preceded the onset of frank renal failure. The etiology of nonrhegmatogenous detachment and uveal effusion in association with chronic renal disease was discussed and the possible contributory role of hypertension, electrolyte imbalance, and renal glomerular malfunction was investigated. The additional finding of late onset bilateral keratoconus is, in all probability, unrelated to the patient's retinal findings, though it is a major factor in her present visual morbidity. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First-ly, to alert the ophthalmologist to the possible development of bullous retinal detachment in patients with chronic renal disease, and secondly, to alert the internist to the possibility of impending renal failure in patients with such bilateral nonrhegmatogenous detachments.", "PMID": 496185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2832", "title": "Endophthalmitis in a pediatric population.", "content": "A study of 22 consecutive cases of suspected endophthalmitis in children disclosed that 68% (15/22) were male with a mean age of 7.4 years. In contrast to adult populations, 86% (19/22) followed trauma in this series. Cultures were performed in 18 cases yielding positive results in 8 cases. Anterior chamber paracentesis was positive in 6/10 attempts, vitreous cultures in 1/4, and wound cultures in 2/7. Gram-positive organisms were recovered in 75% (6/8) of the cultures, stressing the importance of coverage for these organisms before culture results are known. Although cultures should be obtained as soon as possible, the initiation of antibiotics beforehand should not deter one from obtaining cultures as 75% (6/8) of patients with positive cultures had preculture antibiotics. Fourteen patients were diagnosed within 48 hours of the precipitating event, and all of these cases followed trauma. Three of 7 patients with positive cultures and 1 of 10 patients with negative cultures had final visual acuities of 20/200 or better. The lack of correlation between a positive culture and a poor visual outcome suggests that the final visual acuity depends not only on the endophthalmitis, but also on the extent of trauma.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis in a pediatric population. A study of 22 consecutive cases of suspected endophthalmitis in children disclosed that 68% (15/22) were male with a mean age of 7.4 years. In contrast to adult populations, 86% (19/22) followed trauma in this series. Cultures were performed in 18 cases yielding positive results in 8 cases. Anterior chamber paracentesis was positive in 6/10 attempts, vitreous cultures in 1/4, and wound cultures in 2/7. Gram-positive organisms were recovered in 75% (6/8) of the cultures, stressing the importance of coverage for these organisms before culture results are known. Although cultures should be obtained as soon as possible, the initiation of antibiotics beforehand should not deter one from obtaining cultures as 75% (6/8) of patients with positive cultures had preculture antibiotics. Fourteen patients were diagnosed within 48 hours of the precipitating event, and all of these cases followed trauma. Three of 7 patients with positive cultures and 1 of 10 patients with negative cultures had final visual acuities of 20/200 or better. The lack of correlation between a positive culture and a poor visual outcome suggests that the final visual acuity depends not only on the endophthalmitis, but also on the extent of trauma.", "PMID": 496186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2833", "title": "Retrospective ocular study of patients receiving oral 8-methoxypsoralen and solar irradiation for the treatment of vitiligo.", "content": "A retrospective ocular study of patients receiving oral 8-MOP and exposure to solar irradiation for the treatment of vitiligo is presented. Fifteen patients between the ages of 20 and 40 years of age were selected who had been under therapy for 5 to 23 years. No ocular abnormalities were found.", "contents": "Retrospective ocular study of patients receiving oral 8-methoxypsoralen and solar irradiation for the treatment of vitiligo. A retrospective ocular study of patients receiving oral 8-MOP and exposure to solar irradiation for the treatment of vitiligo is presented. Fifteen patients between the ages of 20 and 40 years of age were selected who had been under therapy for 5 to 23 years. No ocular abnormalities were found.", "PMID": 496187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2834", "title": "Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome): report of two cases.", "content": "We describe 2 cases of progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome) with typical facial and ocular involvement. Ocular manifestations in these 2 cases include enophthalmos, due to fat atrophy, decreased corneal sensitivity, episcleritis, and band keratopathy. The slowly progressive changes were documented in one case over a 40 year period. Both cases were unilateral with limitation of the lesions at the midline.", "contents": "Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome): report of two cases. We describe 2 cases of progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome) with typical facial and ocular involvement. Ocular manifestations in these 2 cases include enophthalmos, due to fat atrophy, decreased corneal sensitivity, episcleritis, and band keratopathy. The slowly progressive changes were documented in one case over a 40 year period. Both cases were unilateral with limitation of the lesions at the midline.", "PMID": 496188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2835", "title": "An evaluation of 8-0 polyglycolic acid braided synthetic absorbable suture in cataract surgery.", "content": "This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 8-0 polyglycolic acid braided suture, trademarked Dexon \"s\", in cataract surgery. The evaluation consists of a clinical comparison of 8-0 Dexon to the same suture in 7-0 size in 109 cataract surgical procedures. The 8-0 Dexon, like 7-0, gave high tensile strength, good knot security, batch-to-batch uniformity, relatively good pliability, and provoked minimal reaction while disappearing at a predictable rate of around 35 days. When compared to 7-0 Dexon, 8-0 produced less tissue drag, fibrillation, and reaction, while providing better pliability. However, the smaller suture possessed less tensile strength, and had an increased tendency to cut through tissue when tied too tightly.", "contents": "An evaluation of 8-0 polyglycolic acid braided synthetic absorbable suture in cataract surgery. This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 8-0 polyglycolic acid braided suture, trademarked Dexon \"s\", in cataract surgery. The evaluation consists of a clinical comparison of 8-0 Dexon to the same suture in 7-0 size in 109 cataract surgical procedures. The 8-0 Dexon, like 7-0, gave high tensile strength, good knot security, batch-to-batch uniformity, relatively good pliability, and provoked minimal reaction while disappearing at a predictable rate of around 35 days. When compared to 7-0 Dexon, 8-0 produced less tissue drag, fibrillation, and reaction, while providing better pliability. However, the smaller suture possessed less tensile strength, and had an increased tendency to cut through tissue when tied too tightly.", "PMID": 496189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2836", "title": "Corneal retraction and intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "A corneal retractor has been developed which when used after intraocular lens insertion insures against endothelial intraocular lens touch during the maneuvers of clipping or suturing various intraocular lenses to or through the superior iris.", "contents": "Corneal retraction and intraocular lens implantation. A corneal retractor has been developed which when used after intraocular lens insertion insures against endothelial intraocular lens touch during the maneuvers of clipping or suturing various intraocular lenses to or through the superior iris.", "PMID": 496190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2837", "title": "Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The author proposes the existence of a new entity, autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss, on the basis of diagnostic study and treatment experience with a series of 18 patients. In each case the clinical pattern did not fit with known entities and thus seemed to merit distinctive categorization. In the one patient in whom tissue was available, a vasculitis was evident, a feature of autoimmune disease. All patients responded to treatment for an autoimmune disease, namely, chronic cortisone and cyclophosphamide therapy. The author suggests that all otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of this condition, because it is one of the few forms of sensorineural deafness for which we have a treatment.", "contents": "Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. The author proposes the existence of a new entity, autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss, on the basis of diagnostic study and treatment experience with a series of 18 patients. In each case the clinical pattern did not fit with known entities and thus seemed to merit distinctive categorization. In the one patient in whom tissue was available, a vasculitis was evident, a feature of autoimmune disease. All patients responded to treatment for an autoimmune disease, namely, chronic cortisone and cyclophosphamide therapy. The author suggests that all otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of this condition, because it is one of the few forms of sensorineural deafness for which we have a treatment.", "PMID": 496191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2838", "title": "The combined computerized tomography-sialogram. A technique to differentiate deep lobe parotid tumors from extraparotid pharyngomaxillary space tumors.", "content": "The preoperative differentiation of a deep lobe parotid tumor from a parapharyngeal tumor is important to the surgeon in determining the correct surgical approach. The combined parotid sialogram and CT scan provide more information than either study alone, and we feel that a reliable preoperative differentiation can be made on this combined study.", "contents": "The combined computerized tomography-sialogram. A technique to differentiate deep lobe parotid tumors from extraparotid pharyngomaxillary space tumors. The preoperative differentiation of a deep lobe parotid tumor from a parapharyngeal tumor is important to the surgeon in determining the correct surgical approach. The combined parotid sialogram and CT scan provide more information than either study alone, and we feel that a reliable preoperative differentiation can be made on this combined study.", "PMID": 496192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2839", "title": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in pharyngeal paralysis. Cineradiographic and manometric indications.", "content": "A brief outline of the causes and symptoms of hypopharyngeal paresis is followed by a discussion of the diagnostic possibilities of manometry and cineradiography. It was found that the pharyngoesophageal sphincter mechanism remains intact in the case of complete paralysis of the hypopharynx. When there are severe symptoms of dysphagia, myotomy of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter is to be considered on the basis of these diagnostic findings. This procedure can lead to substantial improvement of the symptoms. Sphincterotomy yielded very favorable results in five out of nine patients, two of whom are discussed in some detail by way of illustration.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in pharyngeal paralysis. Cineradiographic and manometric indications. A brief outline of the causes and symptoms of hypopharyngeal paresis is followed by a discussion of the diagnostic possibilities of manometry and cineradiography. It was found that the pharyngoesophageal sphincter mechanism remains intact in the case of complete paralysis of the hypopharynx. When there are severe symptoms of dysphagia, myotomy of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter is to be considered on the basis of these diagnostic findings. This procedure can lead to substantial improvement of the symptoms. Sphincterotomy yielded very favorable results in five out of nine patients, two of whom are discussed in some detail by way of illustration.", "PMID": 496193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2840", "title": "Effect of cholinergic drugs on the perilymphatic oxygen tension.", "content": "The effect of the intravenous injection of cholinergic drugs on perilymphatic oxygen tension (PO2) was measured using the polarographic method in 20 cats. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine and neostigmine produced minimal but statistically significant changes in perilymphatic PO2. Atropine and scopolamine did not influence the PO2 of the perilymphatic space. The reported results show that under normal conditions the cholinergic receptors of the vestibular vessels have little effect on the permeability of arterial PO2.", "contents": "Effect of cholinergic drugs on the perilymphatic oxygen tension. The effect of the intravenous injection of cholinergic drugs on perilymphatic oxygen tension (PO2) was measured using the polarographic method in 20 cats. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine and neostigmine produced minimal but statistically significant changes in perilymphatic PO2. Atropine and scopolamine did not influence the PO2 of the perilymphatic space. The reported results show that under normal conditions the cholinergic receptors of the vestibular vessels have little effect on the permeability of arterial PO2.", "PMID": 496194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2841", "title": "Temporal bone histopathology in deafness due to cryptococcal meningitis.", "content": "This paper reports on a patient who survived an attack of cryptococcal meningitis eight years prior to his death. A bilateral sensorineural hearing loss had been noted a short time before the patient was admitted to the hospital, and was the only complication after he recovered from the disease. Histopathologic study of the temporal bones showed a similar pattern of pathology in both ears, the most striking finding being a severe loss of spiral ganglion cells in Rosenthal's canal, and of cochlear nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina and internal auditory meatus. The vestibular nerve was mostly free from pathology. The organ of Corti was atrophic but the hair cell population appeared to be almost normal. A slight number of cryptococci were observed in limited areas of the cochlear and the saccular nerves in the internal auditory meatus. The severe pathology of the cochlear nerve was compatible with audiologic evaluations, which pointed to a retrocochlear lesion. Thus, this case demonstrates some characteristic aspects of cryptococcal infection of the temporal bone: The primary site of invasion was the cochlear nerve in the internal auditory meatus and the modiolus, leading to the loss of ganglion cells and nerve fibers, while the vestibular nerve appears to have been resistant to infection.", "contents": "Temporal bone histopathology in deafness due to cryptococcal meningitis. This paper reports on a patient who survived an attack of cryptococcal meningitis eight years prior to his death. A bilateral sensorineural hearing loss had been noted a short time before the patient was admitted to the hospital, and was the only complication after he recovered from the disease. Histopathologic study of the temporal bones showed a similar pattern of pathology in both ears, the most striking finding being a severe loss of spiral ganglion cells in Rosenthal's canal, and of cochlear nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina and internal auditory meatus. The vestibular nerve was mostly free from pathology. The organ of Corti was atrophic but the hair cell population appeared to be almost normal. A slight number of cryptococci were observed in limited areas of the cochlear and the saccular nerves in the internal auditory meatus. The severe pathology of the cochlear nerve was compatible with audiologic evaluations, which pointed to a retrocochlear lesion. Thus, this case demonstrates some characteristic aspects of cryptococcal infection of the temporal bone: The primary site of invasion was the cochlear nerve in the internal auditory meatus and the modiolus, leading to the loss of ganglion cells and nerve fibers, while the vestibular nerve appears to have been resistant to infection.", "PMID": 496195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2842", "title": "Role of periosteum on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts.", "content": "Recent studies on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts have shown that they remain viable and may be actively involved in the mechanics of bone repair. This communication reports on a series of experiments aimed to clarify the role of periosteum in the survival of pedicle-assisted bone grafts. Osteocutaneous grafts were developed in dogs in such a manner as to isolate the implant from normal recipient bone. Free bone grafts were used as controls and a group of pedicle periosteal grafts were studied as potential sources of bone formation. Specimens were evaluated at regular intervals over a 40-week period. The pedicle bone grafts maintained their viability and developed vigorous osteoneogenesis. The process was progressive and eventually resulted in partial substitution of the original graft by new bone of periosteal origin. The free bone grafts were resorbed and no bone formation was obtained in pedicle periosteum specimens. The study provides clear evidence that under experimental conditions no bone contact is needed to maintain the viability of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts. It also shows that the periosteum has the leading role in the restructuring process of these grafts.", "contents": "Role of periosteum on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts. Recent studies on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts have shown that they remain viable and may be actively involved in the mechanics of bone repair. This communication reports on a series of experiments aimed to clarify the role of periosteum in the survival of pedicle-assisted bone grafts. Osteocutaneous grafts were developed in dogs in such a manner as to isolate the implant from normal recipient bone. Free bone grafts were used as controls and a group of pedicle periosteal grafts were studied as potential sources of bone formation. Specimens were evaluated at regular intervals over a 40-week period. The pedicle bone grafts maintained their viability and developed vigorous osteoneogenesis. The process was progressive and eventually resulted in partial substitution of the original graft by new bone of periosteal origin. The free bone grafts were resorbed and no bone formation was obtained in pedicle periosteum specimens. The study provides clear evidence that under experimental conditions no bone contact is needed to maintain the viability of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts. It also shows that the periosteum has the leading role in the restructuring process of these grafts.", "PMID": 496196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2843", "title": "Photoplethysmography in the prediction of experimental flap survival.", "content": "A standard photoplethysmograph, modified to differentiate between arterial and venous vasculature in skin tissue, has been used to measure arterial supply in 100 unipedicle skin flaps in 25 pigs. A datum transform from a light intensity scale to a relative arterial blood density scale has been introduced and empirically labelled the vascular coefficient (VC). Statistical analysis of the VC data shows a significant difference between necrotic and surviving flap group mean data as early as 24 hours. Additional analysis in which a normal ogive was fitted to the sample VC data distributions suggests that statistically significant predictions of the probability of eventual flap necrosis can be made using VC measurements obtained immediately postoperatively. It is concluded that the modified photoplethysmograph in conjunction with the VC data transform, constitutes a usable measuring technique for skin flap viability prediction in the experimental animal.", "contents": "Photoplethysmography in the prediction of experimental flap survival. A standard photoplethysmograph, modified to differentiate between arterial and venous vasculature in skin tissue, has been used to measure arterial supply in 100 unipedicle skin flaps in 25 pigs. A datum transform from a light intensity scale to a relative arterial blood density scale has been introduced and empirically labelled the vascular coefficient (VC). Statistical analysis of the VC data shows a significant difference between necrotic and surviving flap group mean data as early as 24 hours. Additional analysis in which a normal ogive was fitted to the sample VC data distributions suggests that statistically significant predictions of the probability of eventual flap necrosis can be made using VC measurements obtained immediately postoperatively. It is concluded that the modified photoplethysmograph in conjunction with the VC data transform, constitutes a usable measuring technique for skin flap viability prediction in the experimental animal.", "PMID": 496198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2844", "title": "Hearing and age: research challenges and the National Institute on Aging.", "content": "Just as the ear trumpet once symbolized the elderly, so do contemporary approaches to hearing loss in the aged reflect many of the major themes in geriatrics and gerontology today. This paper begins by describing the National Institute on Aging (NIA) with particular emphasis on activities relevant to hearing in the elderly. Next, several areas of research interest, including the typology of presbycusis and related conditions, the epidemiology of auditory impairment in old age, the design of testing and research, and the rehabilitation of the hearing-impaired elderly, are addressed. The NIA and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) are coordinating their efforts to stimulate investigation of these and related topics.", "contents": "Hearing and age: research challenges and the National Institute on Aging. Just as the ear trumpet once symbolized the elderly, so do contemporary approaches to hearing loss in the aged reflect many of the major themes in geriatrics and gerontology today. This paper begins by describing the National Institute on Aging (NIA) with particular emphasis on activities relevant to hearing in the elderly. Next, several areas of research interest, including the typology of presbycusis and related conditions, the epidemiology of auditory impairment in old age, the design of testing and research, and the rehabilitation of the hearing-impaired elderly, are addressed. The NIA and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) are coordinating their efforts to stimulate investigation of these and related topics.", "PMID": 496199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2845", "title": "Effects of neonatal conductive hearing loss on brain stem auditory nuclei.", "content": "Both postnatal auditory deprivation and experimentally produced conductive hearing losses in mice result in incomplete maturation of most brain stem auditory neurons. The affected groups are: octopus cell, globular cell, small spherical cell, and large spherical cell groups in ventral cochlear nuclei; and the lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the superior olivary complex. When 45 days of auditory deprivation are followed by 45 days of normal acoustic stimulation, there is incomplete maturation of neurons in: multipolar cell, globular cell, small spherical cell, and large spherical cell groups in ventral cochlear nuclei; lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of trapezoid body in superior olivary complex; and central nucleus of inferior colliculus. A critical period exists when adequate sound stimulation is needed for full development of these neurons.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal conductive hearing loss on brain stem auditory nuclei. Both postnatal auditory deprivation and experimentally produced conductive hearing losses in mice result in incomplete maturation of most brain stem auditory neurons. The affected groups are: octopus cell, globular cell, small spherical cell, and large spherical cell groups in ventral cochlear nuclei; and the lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the superior olivary complex. When 45 days of auditory deprivation are followed by 45 days of normal acoustic stimulation, there is incomplete maturation of neurons in: multipolar cell, globular cell, small spherical cell, and large spherical cell groups in ventral cochlear nuclei; lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of trapezoid body in superior olivary complex; and central nucleus of inferior colliculus. A critical period exists when adequate sound stimulation is needed for full development of these neurons.", "PMID": 496200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2846", "title": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum and haemopathy. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three personal cases of phagedenic pyoderma associated with hemopathy. Studying twenty-five other cases, described in the reviews, the question can be debated on three levels: 1) The clinical characteristics of hemopathic pyoderma remain non-specific. However blisters, pustules, and even vegetating lesions occur very often; 2) the etiology of hemopathy is subject to change; acute leukaemia or myeloproliferation syndrome. During the polyglobulars associated with pyoderma, anemia and myelofibrosis appear quite constantly; 3) finally on the pathogenic level, the recent works tend towards the hypothesis of a damage in the functioning of the polymorphonuclears hence displaying the increase in the inflammation during phagedenic pyoderma.", "contents": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum and haemopathy. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. The authors report three personal cases of phagedenic pyoderma associated with hemopathy. Studying twenty-five other cases, described in the reviews, the question can be debated on three levels: 1) The clinical characteristics of hemopathic pyoderma remain non-specific. However blisters, pustules, and even vegetating lesions occur very often; 2) the etiology of hemopathy is subject to change; acute leukaemia or myeloproliferation syndrome. During the polyglobulars associated with pyoderma, anemia and myelofibrosis appear quite constantly; 3) finally on the pathogenic level, the recent works tend towards the hypothesis of a damage in the functioning of the polymorphonuclears hence displaying the increase in the inflammation during phagedenic pyoderma.", "PMID": 496206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2847", "title": "[Treatment of alopecia areata with D.N.C.B. (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treatment of 16 cases of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.) are reported. The chemical is applied to the scalp once a week, beginning three weeks after sensitivation (patch-test 1/50). We have available to us a battery of D.N.C.B. solutions of various concentrations (11 solutions ranging from 1/20,000 to 1/25). The concentration used varies at each application with the desired result being a contact dermatitis. In the 16 cases studied, 4 were classified as good results, 8 as poor and 4 as failures. Hairgrowth begins with three weeks following the first D.N.C.B. application to the scalp. Good prognostic signs include the facility in sensitizing the patient as well as the intensity of this reaction. The reasons for this treatment's efficacy being as yet unknown, the standardization, as well as the actual technique are, at the present time difficult and hazardous.", "contents": "[Treatment of alopecia areata with D.N.C.B. (author's transl)]. The results of treatment of 16 cases of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.) are reported. The chemical is applied to the scalp once a week, beginning three weeks after sensitivation (patch-test 1/50). We have available to us a battery of D.N.C.B. solutions of various concentrations (11 solutions ranging from 1/20,000 to 1/25). The concentration used varies at each application with the desired result being a contact dermatitis. In the 16 cases studied, 4 were classified as good results, 8 as poor and 4 as failures. Hairgrowth begins with three weeks following the first D.N.C.B. application to the scalp. Good prognostic signs include the facility in sensitizing the patient as well as the intensity of this reaction. The reasons for this treatment's efficacy being as yet unknown, the standardization, as well as the actual technique are, at the present time difficult and hazardous.", "PMID": 496207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2848", "title": "Trends and profiles in stapes surgery.", "content": "Stapedectomy has become recognized as the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of clinical otosclerosis. Based on results obtained in stapes surgery performed in 1977, profiles were established for hearing improvement, vertigo, tinnitus, chorda tympani injury and temporary threshold shift of high tones. Tympanometric and stapedial muscle reflex tests in cases of proved clinical otosclerosis also are discussed. The profiles indicate that stapedectomy performed on a regular basis and under ideal conditions is highly successful for the improvement of hearing. The incidence and probable causes of complications are presented and discussed. This study reveals, however, that the number of new patients with otosclerosis has decreased steadily since its peak in 1964. Should the number of surgical cases continue to diminish, it may be impossible for the practicing otologist to maintain sufficient expertise for the performance of an occasional stapedectomy. Also, it may become impossible to provide sufficient experience in otosclerosis surgery for all trainees in otolaryngology.", "contents": "Trends and profiles in stapes surgery. Stapedectomy has become recognized as the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of clinical otosclerosis. Based on results obtained in stapes surgery performed in 1977, profiles were established for hearing improvement, vertigo, tinnitus, chorda tympani injury and temporary threshold shift of high tones. Tympanometric and stapedial muscle reflex tests in cases of proved clinical otosclerosis also are discussed. The profiles indicate that stapedectomy performed on a regular basis and under ideal conditions is highly successful for the improvement of hearing. The incidence and probable causes of complications are presented and discussed. This study reveals, however, that the number of new patients with otosclerosis has decreased steadily since its peak in 1964. Should the number of surgical cases continue to diminish, it may be impossible for the practicing otologist to maintain sufficient expertise for the performance of an occasional stapedectomy. Also, it may become impossible to provide sufficient experience in otosclerosis surgery for all trainees in otolaryngology.", "PMID": 496203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2849", "title": "[Cowden disease: report of 8 cases in 2 families (author's transl)].", "content": "These 8 cases of multiple hamartoma syndrome are the first reported in Switzerland. Two men aged respectively of 65 and 28 years presented a cobblestone appearance of the gingiva and of the tongue (\"pebbly tongue\"), which suggested Cowden disease. This diagnosis was confirmed by the discovery of numberous skin lesions, a thyroid goiter, gastrointestinal polyposis, and a mild skelettal dysmorphosis. The older patient had a grade one carcinoma of the bladder; his son and his daughter presented the syndrome, which was also discovered in the family of the second patient (his father, his brother, his sister and one of her daughters). The ultrastructural study of two skin biopsies demonstrated anomalies of the fibroblasts and collagen fibers.", "contents": "[Cowden disease: report of 8 cases in 2 families (author's transl)]. These 8 cases of multiple hamartoma syndrome are the first reported in Switzerland. Two men aged respectively of 65 and 28 years presented a cobblestone appearance of the gingiva and of the tongue (\"pebbly tongue\"), which suggested Cowden disease. This diagnosis was confirmed by the discovery of numberous skin lesions, a thyroid goiter, gastrointestinal polyposis, and a mild skelettal dysmorphosis. The older patient had a grade one carcinoma of the bladder; his son and his daughter presented the syndrome, which was also discovered in the family of the second patient (his father, his brother, his sister and one of her daughters). The ultrastructural study of two skin biopsies demonstrated anomalies of the fibroblasts and collagen fibers.", "PMID": 496208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2850", "title": "[Iridium 192 interstitial radiotherapy of carcinoma of the penis. Carcinologic results, dermatologic evaluation (about 87 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "87 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the penis treated by Ir 192 interstitial radiotherapy are studied. The 5 years survival rate, estimated on a 51 patients group, is 61 p. 100. Among these 51 patients, 12 had a local recurrence. The post-radiotherapy early reaction is estimated on a 79 patients group, with a mean duration of 3, 4 months. The early reaction is correlated to tumor size and not correlated to number of radio-active lines. The later dermatologic evolution is studied in 59 patients. In 22 cases, the scar remained supple, without any further local change. Local changes occurring in the 37 other cases are studied in their clinical aspect, signification and frequency. Of 34 patients followed longer than 40 months, 14 had local complications with 4 cases of local recurrence. The carcinologic reliability of this method is similar to that by surgery. It seems however it must be restricted to tumors limited to glans penis.", "contents": "[Iridium 192 interstitial radiotherapy of carcinoma of the penis. Carcinologic results, dermatologic evaluation (about 87 cases) (author's transl)]. 87 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the penis treated by Ir 192 interstitial radiotherapy are studied. The 5 years survival rate, estimated on a 51 patients group, is 61 p. 100. Among these 51 patients, 12 had a local recurrence. The post-radiotherapy early reaction is estimated on a 79 patients group, with a mean duration of 3, 4 months. The early reaction is correlated to tumor size and not correlated to number of radio-active lines. The later dermatologic evolution is studied in 59 patients. In 22 cases, the scar remained supple, without any further local change. Local changes occurring in the 37 other cases are studied in their clinical aspect, signification and frequency. Of 34 patients followed longer than 40 months, 14 had local complications with 4 cases of local recurrence. The carcinologic reliability of this method is similar to that by surgery. It seems however it must be restricted to tumors limited to glans penis.", "PMID": 496209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2851", "title": "Necrotizing (\"malignant\") external otitis histopathologic processes.", "content": "The histologic findings in a serially sectioned temporal bone, from a patient who succumbed to brain abscess secondary to necrotizing (\"malignant\") external otitis, are described. The mechanism of invasion of the ear canal appears to be due to local bone necrosis. This in turn extends to the submucosal vasculature of the pneumatic spaces. The infective process extends submucosally, establishing one or several sites of bone destruction. The lumen of the pneumatic space is not involved. In this process, the periphery of the fibrous inflammatory tissue formation is the site of active bone destruction. In pneumococcal petrositis, the peripheral fibrous elements are protective. The process in malignant external otitis may extend directly to adjacent central nervous system structures inoculating the structure with Pseudomonas. Development of Pseudomonas brain abscesses can be slow, allowing for new bone closure of the site from which the infection spreads as demonstrated in this specimen. Therefore, apparent local control of the disease can be established while a central infective process progresses.", "contents": "Necrotizing (\"malignant\") external otitis histopathologic processes. The histologic findings in a serially sectioned temporal bone, from a patient who succumbed to brain abscess secondary to necrotizing (\"malignant\") external otitis, are described. The mechanism of invasion of the ear canal appears to be due to local bone necrosis. This in turn extends to the submucosal vasculature of the pneumatic spaces. The infective process extends submucosally, establishing one or several sites of bone destruction. The lumen of the pneumatic space is not involved. In this process, the periphery of the fibrous inflammatory tissue formation is the site of active bone destruction. In pneumococcal petrositis, the peripheral fibrous elements are protective. The process in malignant external otitis may extend directly to adjacent central nervous system structures inoculating the structure with Pseudomonas. Development of Pseudomonas brain abscesses can be slow, allowing for new bone closure of the site from which the infection spreads as demonstrated in this specimen. Therefore, apparent local control of the disease can be established while a central infective process progresses.", "PMID": 496204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2852", "title": "[Cutaneous lesions of malignant histiocytosis. About five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of malignant histiocytosis are reported. They associate specific cutaneous lesions with the other much more classical symptoms of the illness; fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly. The principal clinical and histological findings observed during the course of the illness in these patients are described. In a review of the literature concerning this rare but now well individualized illness, 34 cases of malignant histiocytosis associated with cutaneous lesions are found among which 24 were studied on a clinical and histological point of view. The principal characteristics of the cutaneous eruption are presented: clinical characteristics with the most frequent nodular aspect of the lesions, but also histological features with the relative specificity of the disposition of the infiltrate whose cytological features will not be forgotten to analize. Nevertheless, the diagnostic will often be established by the histological analysis of the lymph node biopsy or sometimes of biopsy of the other affected organs. These cutaneous lesions might also be in several cases of some prognostic interest.", "contents": "[Cutaneous lesions of malignant histiocytosis. About five cases (author's transl)]. Five cases of malignant histiocytosis are reported. They associate specific cutaneous lesions with the other much more classical symptoms of the illness; fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly. The principal clinical and histological findings observed during the course of the illness in these patients are described. In a review of the literature concerning this rare but now well individualized illness, 34 cases of malignant histiocytosis associated with cutaneous lesions are found among which 24 were studied on a clinical and histological point of view. The principal characteristics of the cutaneous eruption are presented: clinical characteristics with the most frequent nodular aspect of the lesions, but also histological features with the relative specificity of the disposition of the infiltrate whose cytological features will not be forgotten to analize. Nevertheless, the diagnostic will often be established by the histological analysis of the lymph node biopsy or sometimes of biopsy of the other affected organs. These cutaneous lesions might also be in several cases of some prognostic interest.", "PMID": 496210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2853", "title": "[Photosensitivity and disturbances of tryptophan metabolism (kynurenin pathway) (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied a bullous photodermatosis recurring for two years in a old woman. The eruption was diagnosed as a pellagra-like syndrome on tryptophan loading test disorders without any other cause of sun sensitivity. The static and dynamic metabolic investigation was centered on tryptophan and vitaminic coenzymes which mediate catabolic reactions. The defect are located on the kinurenin pathway. The discussion analyses the possible relations between the dermatosis and the biological disturbances observed.", "contents": "[Photosensitivity and disturbances of tryptophan metabolism (kynurenin pathway) (author's transl)]. We studied a bullous photodermatosis recurring for two years in a old woman. The eruption was diagnosed as a pellagra-like syndrome on tryptophan loading test disorders without any other cause of sun sensitivity. The static and dynamic metabolic investigation was centered on tryptophan and vitaminic coenzymes which mediate catabolic reactions. The defect are located on the kinurenin pathway. The discussion analyses the possible relations between the dermatosis and the biological disturbances observed.", "PMID": 496211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2854", "title": "Computerized tomography scanning of the temporal bone.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) scanning has reached a degree of sophistication that requires alteration of technical factors to demonstrate different parameters of temporal bone pathology. The techniques for pontocerebellar angle display, eustachian tube, middle ear pathology, and overall temporal bone display are quite different. Close cooperation between the radiologist and otologic surgeon are required for optimal use of CT scanning advances.", "contents": "Computerized tomography scanning of the temporal bone. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning has reached a degree of sophistication that requires alteration of technical factors to demonstrate different parameters of temporal bone pathology. The techniques for pontocerebellar angle display, eustachian tube, middle ear pathology, and overall temporal bone display are quite different. Close cooperation between the radiologist and otologic surgeon are required for optimal use of CT scanning advances.", "PMID": 496205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2855", "title": "Vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "content": "Permanent or transient reduction of the blood flow to the brain is often responsible for dizziness and occasionally sensorineural hearing loss. So far the diagnosis of this condition has been made by angiography, either carotid or vertebral arteriography, but there is a justified reluctance of subjecting unselected patients to this invasive procedure. It is the purpose of this paper to present a new approach to the diagnosis of cerebral vascular insufficiency based on a three-step protocol. The two initial steps are formed by noninvasive techniques and may be used for the selection of those cases requiring additional diagnostic procedures. 1) Cerebral hemodynamic evaluation provides a physiologic assessment of the direct carotid and indirect carotid and vertebral blood flow. It includes ocular plethysmography and ophthalmodynamometry obtained with the patient supine and erect, without and during carotid compression. 2) Computerized tomography allows an evaluation of the brain substance and of the changes produced by vascular insufficiency such as brain atrophy, infarcts and encephalomalacia. A new form of radiographic assessment based on a dynamic evaluation of regional blood flow will be introduced in this paper. 3) Carotid and vertebral arteriograms are performed only on these cases demonstrating a significant cerebral vascular insufficiency by the previous tests and in cases where corrective surgery is contemplated.", "contents": "Vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Permanent or transient reduction of the blood flow to the brain is often responsible for dizziness and occasionally sensorineural hearing loss. So far the diagnosis of this condition has been made by angiography, either carotid or vertebral arteriography, but there is a justified reluctance of subjecting unselected patients to this invasive procedure. It is the purpose of this paper to present a new approach to the diagnosis of cerebral vascular insufficiency based on a three-step protocol. The two initial steps are formed by noninvasive techniques and may be used for the selection of those cases requiring additional diagnostic procedures. 1) Cerebral hemodynamic evaluation provides a physiologic assessment of the direct carotid and indirect carotid and vertebral blood flow. It includes ocular plethysmography and ophthalmodynamometry obtained with the patient supine and erect, without and during carotid compression. 2) Computerized tomography allows an evaluation of the brain substance and of the changes produced by vascular insufficiency such as brain atrophy, infarcts and encephalomalacia. A new form of radiographic assessment based on a dynamic evaluation of regional blood flow will be introduced in this paper. 3) Carotid and vertebral arteriograms are performed only on these cases demonstrating a significant cerebral vascular insufficiency by the previous tests and in cases where corrective surgery is contemplated.", "PMID": 496201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2856", "title": "[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with Marfan syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "We described a 26-year-old man whose brother has a mottled fundus. Many maternal relatives suffer from myopia and heart disease, and one cousin has arachnodactylia. The patient is very tall and shows various abnormalities such as arachnodactylia, highly arched palate, funnel chest and scoliosis. He also shows hyperextensibility of joints, inguinal hernia, dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta, dilatation of aortic ring, aortic and mitral insufficiency, myopia and striae distensae. These findings are that of Marfan's syndrome. At the same time, we noticed yellowish papules on the neck, axillae, inguinal region and inner aspect of thighs. Brown patches were found around umbilicus. These skin lesions as well as angioid streaks of fundus are typical for pseudoxanthoma elasticum. This case should be an association by chance of these two genetic affections.", "contents": "[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with Marfan syndrome (author's transl)]. We described a 26-year-old man whose brother has a mottled fundus. Many maternal relatives suffer from myopia and heart disease, and one cousin has arachnodactylia. The patient is very tall and shows various abnormalities such as arachnodactylia, highly arched palate, funnel chest and scoliosis. He also shows hyperextensibility of joints, inguinal hernia, dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta, dilatation of aortic ring, aortic and mitral insufficiency, myopia and striae distensae. These findings are that of Marfan's syndrome. At the same time, we noticed yellowish papules on the neck, axillae, inguinal region and inner aspect of thighs. Brown patches were found around umbilicus. These skin lesions as well as angioid streaks of fundus are typical for pseudoxanthoma elasticum. This case should be an association by chance of these two genetic affections.", "PMID": 496213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2857", "title": "Mastoid surgery: effect of retained mucosa on healing.", "content": "Variation in the quality of healing in mastoid cavities has never been clearly understood. It is the author's contention that the factor responsible for the wide variation in healing, even though all chronic disease has been removed, is buried mucosa which leads to cystic formation. Over the past 20 years the author has followed the principle of removing all mucosa from the mastoid segment and has been rewarded with dry ears routinely in open cavity surgery. For the past 12 years he has removed cholesteatoma through tympanoplasty and modified radical mastoidectomy. These cases, also, have been consistently free of cavity problems. In the late 50s and early 60s closed cavity operations were tried in radical mastoidectomy, fenestration and tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy. Postoperative healing difficulties were encountered then that are similar to those being reported now with intact canal wall operation. No conclusions are drawn in the controversy between open and closed cavity techniques. The observation may be made, nevertheless, that the problems of closed cavity operations have not been solved. It is the thesis of this paper that the main objection to open cavity operations, ie, poor quality of healing, has been resolved.", "contents": "Mastoid surgery: effect of retained mucosa on healing. Variation in the quality of healing in mastoid cavities has never been clearly understood. It is the author's contention that the factor responsible for the wide variation in healing, even though all chronic disease has been removed, is buried mucosa which leads to cystic formation. Over the past 20 years the author has followed the principle of removing all mucosa from the mastoid segment and has been rewarded with dry ears routinely in open cavity surgery. For the past 12 years he has removed cholesteatoma through tympanoplasty and modified radical mastoidectomy. These cases, also, have been consistently free of cavity problems. In the late 50s and early 60s closed cavity operations were tried in radical mastoidectomy, fenestration and tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy. Postoperative healing difficulties were encountered then that are similar to those being reported now with intact canal wall operation. No conclusions are drawn in the controversy between open and closed cavity techniques. The observation may be made, nevertheless, that the problems of closed cavity operations have not been solved. It is the thesis of this paper that the main objection to open cavity operations, ie, poor quality of healing, has been resolved.", "PMID": 496202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2858", "title": "Hyperplasia and neoplasia of the intestinal tract.", "content": "Measurements of RNA and DNA in the rat have been used to identify mucosal hyperplasia in the remaining gut within 48 h of partial intestinal loss. Structural adaptation of the ileum is still present 3 months after jejunal resection, whereas transection of the bowel produces merely transient hyperplasia. A humoral factor can be transmitted between rats linked in vascular parabiosis that is capable of stimulating intestinal cell proliferation. Humoral agents may also explain reduced adaptation of the distal bowel after jejunal bypass as opposed to equivalent resection. Although bile can initiate prompt ileal hyperplasia, the additional presence of pancreatic juice is needed to prolong this effect. Adaptation is controlled by luminal and systemic factors that are closely interlinked. Experimental intestinal carcinogenesis is promoted by proximal enterectomy.", "contents": "Hyperplasia and neoplasia of the intestinal tract. Measurements of RNA and DNA in the rat have been used to identify mucosal hyperplasia in the remaining gut within 48 h of partial intestinal loss. Structural adaptation of the ileum is still present 3 months after jejunal resection, whereas transection of the bowel produces merely transient hyperplasia. A humoral factor can be transmitted between rats linked in vascular parabiosis that is capable of stimulating intestinal cell proliferation. Humoral agents may also explain reduced adaptation of the distal bowel after jejunal bypass as opposed to equivalent resection. Although bile can initiate prompt ileal hyperplasia, the additional presence of pancreatic juice is needed to prolong this effect. Adaptation is controlled by luminal and systemic factors that are closely interlinked. Experimental intestinal carcinogenesis is promoted by proximal enterectomy.", "PMID": 496226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2859", "title": "The embryological congruity of the human hip joint.", "content": "The embryology of the hip joint has been studied in a series of 32 embryos. The formation of the skeletal elements together with the capsule, glenoid, acetabular ligament, and ligamentum teres is followed until the definitive form is present. The congruity of the hip joint is established as soon as the joint cavity is formed.", "contents": "The embryological congruity of the human hip joint. The embryology of the hip joint has been studied in a series of 32 embryos. The formation of the skeletal elements together with the capsule, glenoid, acetabular ligament, and ligamentum teres is followed until the definitive form is present. The congruity of the hip joint is established as soon as the joint cavity is formed.", "PMID": 496227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2860", "title": "The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Certain clinical features arouse suspicion of primary hyperparathyrodism, but a firm diagnosis depends upon laboratory tests. Hypercalcaemia associated with a raised or detectable level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the serum is diagnostic. Facilities for obtaining PTH estimations are available everwhere in the United Kingdom through the Supraregional Assay Service.", "contents": "The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Certain clinical features arouse suspicion of primary hyperparathyrodism, but a firm diagnosis depends upon laboratory tests. Hypercalcaemia associated with a raised or detectable level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the serum is diagnostic. Facilities for obtaining PTH estimations are available everwhere in the United Kingdom through the Supraregional Assay Service.", "PMID": 496228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2861", "title": "Postoperative analgesia using continuous infusion of papaveretum.", "content": "A technique of postoperative analgesia using continuous intravenous papaveretum with a dosage derived from previous intravenous titration is described. Hourly pain scores, pulse and respiration rates, and blood pressure readings were recorded. The patients were followed up until discharge from hospital. The nature and incidence of various complications were noted.", "contents": "Postoperative analgesia using continuous infusion of papaveretum. A technique of postoperative analgesia using continuous intravenous papaveretum with a dosage derived from previous intravenous titration is described. Hourly pain scores, pulse and respiration rates, and blood pressure readings were recorded. The patients were followed up until discharge from hospital. The nature and incidence of various complications were noted.", "PMID": 496229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2862", "title": "Contract cholangiography.", "content": "Clinical, operative, and conventional radiological criteria may provide insufficient indications for exploration of the common bile duct. The technique of contact cholangiography improves the radiographic definition, especially in the obese, and has resulted in more positive choledochotomies and in fewer negative explorations.", "contents": "Contract cholangiography. Clinical, operative, and conventional radiological criteria may provide insufficient indications for exploration of the common bile duct. The technique of contact cholangiography improves the radiographic definition, especially in the obese, and has resulted in more positive choledochotomies and in fewer negative explorations.", "PMID": 496230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2863", "title": "A new approach to a final examination in surgery. Use of the objective structured clinical examination.", "content": "In an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional final examination an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was introduced into the final examination in surgery at the University of Dundee. In this approach are tested at 20 stations through which the candidates rotate. At some stations the students are assessed, by an examiner using a check list, on their ability to take a history or examine a patient. At other stations objective questions are used to assess the students' findings and their interpretation, his (or her) management of the patient, and his assessment of laboratory investigations. This approach to the final examination is more reliable and more valid than traditional methods and has practical advantages over them.", "contents": "A new approach to a final examination in surgery. Use of the objective structured clinical examination. In an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional final examination an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was introduced into the final examination in surgery at the University of Dundee. In this approach are tested at 20 stations through which the candidates rotate. At some stations the students are assessed, by an examiner using a check list, on their ability to take a history or examine a patient. At other stations objective questions are used to assess the students' findings and their interpretation, his (or her) management of the patient, and his assessment of laboratory investigations. This approach to the final examination is more reliable and more valid than traditional methods and has practical advantages over them.", "PMID": 496231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2864", "title": "Measurement and control of postoperative pain.", "content": "Continuous intravenous infusion of morphine in a dosage varied according to the changing needs of the patient is proposed as an ideal method of controlling postoperative pain and reducing postoperative respiratory complications. An original technique for the measurement of pain is described which, when used in conjunction with measurement of serum levels of free morphine, has demonstrated the superiority of this method of pain control. Preoperative psychological tests are considered as possible predictors of pain experienced after operation, and extra counselling is suggested for patients indicated to be at risk.", "contents": "Measurement and control of postoperative pain. Continuous intravenous infusion of morphine in a dosage varied according to the changing needs of the patient is proposed as an ideal method of controlling postoperative pain and reducing postoperative respiratory complications. An original technique for the measurement of pain is described which, when used in conjunction with measurement of serum levels of free morphine, has demonstrated the superiority of this method of pain control. Preoperative psychological tests are considered as possible predictors of pain experienced after operation, and extra counselling is suggested for patients indicated to be at risk.", "PMID": 496233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2865", "title": "Glucose homoeostasis following injury.", "content": "Metabolic changes following injury have been observed for many years, and John Hunter discussed such changes in 1794. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism have been observed for a similar length of time, and glycosuria and hyperglycaemia have been reported by a number of observers. This paper records and quantitates the extent of hyperglycaemia in patients undergoing surgery of different degrees of severity and relates them to changes in blood insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamine concentrations. Further animal studies were performed which suggested that a fall in intracellular glucose utilisation may be a contributory factor. The use of isotope labelling of glucose in man has enabled further studies to be done to clarify changes in exchangeable glucose mass, replacement rate, and space both in the normal situation and in the presence of infusions of glucagon, noradrenaline, glucose, and amino-acids. The hyperglycaemia is clearly the result of a complex interaction of changes in the availability and activity of hormones which control glucose metabolism both within and outside the cell.", "contents": "Glucose homoeostasis following injury. Metabolic changes following injury have been observed for many years, and John Hunter discussed such changes in 1794. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism have been observed for a similar length of time, and glycosuria and hyperglycaemia have been reported by a number of observers. This paper records and quantitates the extent of hyperglycaemia in patients undergoing surgery of different degrees of severity and relates them to changes in blood insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamine concentrations. Further animal studies were performed which suggested that a fall in intracellular glucose utilisation may be a contributory factor. The use of isotope labelling of glucose in man has enabled further studies to be done to clarify changes in exchangeable glucose mass, replacement rate, and space both in the normal situation and in the presence of infusions of glucagon, noradrenaline, glucose, and amino-acids. The hyperglycaemia is clearly the result of a complex interaction of changes in the availability and activity of hormones which control glucose metabolism both within and outside the cell.", "PMID": 496234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2866", "title": "Burn wound dressing with human amniotic membrane.", "content": "The use of amniotic membrane as a biological dressing for thermal injury is simple and cheap and has been found to be superior to allograft and xenograft. The membrane prevents heat and water loss from the wound surface and acts as a barrier against bacterial contamination, thus aiding the healing process and reducing morbidity. Another clinically significant and important property of the membrane is its ability to offer marked relief from pain. Over a period of 30 months amniotic membrane was used to treat 15 cases of burn in a small hospital, with uniformly satisfactory results. The practical aspects of this method of treatment can easily be adopted by any hospital regardless of its available facilities.", "contents": "Burn wound dressing with human amniotic membrane. The use of amniotic membrane as a biological dressing for thermal injury is simple and cheap and has been found to be superior to allograft and xenograft. The membrane prevents heat and water loss from the wound surface and acts as a barrier against bacterial contamination, thus aiding the healing process and reducing morbidity. Another clinically significant and important property of the membrane is its ability to offer marked relief from pain. Over a period of 30 months amniotic membrane was used to treat 15 cases of burn in a small hospital, with uniformly satisfactory results. The practical aspects of this method of treatment can easily be adopted by any hospital regardless of its available facilities.", "PMID": 496235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2867", "title": "The clinical value of ultrasound in biliary tract and pancreatic disease.", "content": "The use of ultrasound in the non-invasive investigation of the biliary tract and pancreas is discussed. Its accuracy in detecting gallstones in the non-acute condition is as accurate as conventional radiography, which is dependent on the excretion of contrast medium by the liver. Ultrasound is not dependent on liver function and has become the best initial investigation in persistent jaundice, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatic disease. In a retrospective study of 75 patients with acute pancreatitis liver function tests were found to be abnormal in 67% and contrast radiography proved to be of limited value. Ultrasonography performed shortly after admission showed an overall accuracy of 82% correct findings. The identification of gallstones in pancreatitis and cholecystitis permits early surgery, which reduces morbidity, improves prognosis, and is now being accepted as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "The clinical value of ultrasound in biliary tract and pancreatic disease. The use of ultrasound in the non-invasive investigation of the biliary tract and pancreas is discussed. Its accuracy in detecting gallstones in the non-acute condition is as accurate as conventional radiography, which is dependent on the excretion of contrast medium by the liver. Ultrasound is not dependent on liver function and has become the best initial investigation in persistent jaundice, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatic disease. In a retrospective study of 75 patients with acute pancreatitis liver function tests were found to be abnormal in 67% and contrast radiography proved to be of limited value. Ultrasonography performed shortly after admission showed an overall accuracy of 82% correct findings. The identification of gallstones in pancreatitis and cholecystitis permits early surgery, which reduces morbidity, improves prognosis, and is now being accepted as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 496236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2868", "title": "Evaluation of dextran with local anaesthesia for short-stay inguinal herniorraphy.", "content": "A prospective randomised study of 40 patients undergoing unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anaesthesia was undertaken. Half the patients received the local anaesthetic (0.25% bupivacaine) mixed with dextran 40 solution. Subjective and objective assessments were made of the postoperative pain experienced in the first 48 h after operation. The use of 0.25% bupivacaine local inguinal block results in a postoperative pain-free period of approximately 10 h. Simple oral analgesics are adequate for postoperative pain relief in 87.5% of patients and are required relatively infrequently. The addition of dextran 40 to the local anaesthetic has no significant effect on its duration of action.", "contents": "Evaluation of dextran with local anaesthesia for short-stay inguinal herniorraphy. A prospective randomised study of 40 patients undergoing unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anaesthesia was undertaken. Half the patients received the local anaesthetic (0.25% bupivacaine) mixed with dextran 40 solution. Subjective and objective assessments were made of the postoperative pain experienced in the first 48 h after operation. The use of 0.25% bupivacaine local inguinal block results in a postoperative pain-free period of approximately 10 h. Simple oral analgesics are adequate for postoperative pain relief in 87.5% of patients and are required relatively infrequently. The addition of dextran 40 to the local anaesthetic has no significant effect on its duration of action.", "PMID": 496237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2869", "title": "Prostatectomy at a district general hospital.", "content": "The mortality and morbidity in 600 patients undergoing prostatectomy at a district general hospital are reviewed. Below the age of 70 years the operative mortality was 1% compared with an overall mortality of 2.3%. Cardiorespiratory disease accounted for the majority of deaths. The increase of postoperative stay due to complications may be reduced by lowering the complication rate and, in the long term, reducing pre-existing cardiorespiratory disease.", "contents": "Prostatectomy at a district general hospital. The mortality and morbidity in 600 patients undergoing prostatectomy at a district general hospital are reviewed. Below the age of 70 years the operative mortality was 1% compared with an overall mortality of 2.3%. Cardiorespiratory disease accounted for the majority of deaths. The increase of postoperative stay due to complications may be reduced by lowering the complication rate and, in the long term, reducing pre-existing cardiorespiratory disease.", "PMID": 496238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2870", "title": "Cardiovascular changes during induction of anaesthesia. Influence of three anticholinergic premedicants.", "content": "The effects on cardiovascular changes during induction of anaesthesia and intubation of routine premedication with three different anticholinergic drugs, atropine, hyoscine, and glycopyrronium, were compared in a double blind trial. Administration of both atropine and hyoscine, whether intramuscularly or orally, was found to be associated with a high incidence of dysrhythmias. With glycopyrronium the incidence was much lower, but control patients receiving no anticholinergic premedication had no dysrhythmias. The heart rates and blood pressures were similar in all the groups during intubation and cuff inflation. A single dose of suxamethonium was not associated with any bradycardia. The need for routine anticholinergic drug administration should be reconsidered. However, if necessary, glycopyrronium appears to have an obvious advantage over atropine and hyoscine.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes during induction of anaesthesia. Influence of three anticholinergic premedicants. The effects on cardiovascular changes during induction of anaesthesia and intubation of routine premedication with three different anticholinergic drugs, atropine, hyoscine, and glycopyrronium, were compared in a double blind trial. Administration of both atropine and hyoscine, whether intramuscularly or orally, was found to be associated with a high incidence of dysrhythmias. With glycopyrronium the incidence was much lower, but control patients receiving no anticholinergic premedication had no dysrhythmias. The heart rates and blood pressures were similar in all the groups during intubation and cuff inflation. A single dose of suxamethonium was not associated with any bradycardia. The need for routine anticholinergic drug administration should be reconsidered. However, if necessary, glycopyrronium appears to have an obvious advantage over atropine and hyoscine.", "PMID": 496239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2871", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute trauma.", "content": "The usefulness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of acute trauma is described. The results in 71 such cases are given.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute trauma. The usefulness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of acute trauma is described. The results in 71 such cases are given.", "PMID": 496241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2872", "title": "An improved peroperative test of vagal section.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing vagotomy were submitted to a Burge test and to our modified version of the test using a strain gauge. The Burge test produced 2 false negative results and 3 false positives. The strain gauge test produced 1 false positive result and no false negatives. The strain gauge test appears to be more sensitive and more reliable than the Burge and uses less expensive apparatus.", "contents": "An improved peroperative test of vagal section. Twenty patients undergoing vagotomy were submitted to a Burge test and to our modified version of the test using a strain gauge. The Burge test produced 2 false negative results and 3 false positives. The strain gauge test produced 1 false positive result and no false negatives. The strain gauge test appears to be more sensitive and more reliable than the Burge and uses less expensive apparatus.", "PMID": 496242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2873", "title": "Verbal participation and outcomes in medical education. A study of third-year clinical discussion groups.", "content": "This study looked at several aspects of clinical instruction in small groups such as teacher questioning and student discussion and documented how certain student cognitive outcomes are related to them. Drawing from actual transcripts of over 75 hours in small group sessions, the study examined in detail such things as the logic and level of the questions medical teachers ask, the quality of student responses, the cognitive level of classroom discourse and the effects of instruction on selected outcomes such as the students' ability to think critically and their performance on National Board of Medical Examiners examinations. The instrument used for teaching analysis was a modified version of the Flanders System of Interaction Analysis which incorporated Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain. The cognitive level of the teachers' questions had a significant relationship to the cognitive level of the students' response and discussion. While the students who talked at the highest cognitive level in class were those who scored highest in National Board Examinations (Parts 1 and 2) and the critical thinking tests, the multiple regression analyses showed that classroom activity contributed little to outcomes. The major contributions to outcomes were the aptitude and previous knowledge that the students already possessed.", "contents": "Verbal participation and outcomes in medical education. A study of third-year clinical discussion groups. This study looked at several aspects of clinical instruction in small groups such as teacher questioning and student discussion and documented how certain student cognitive outcomes are related to them. Drawing from actual transcripts of over 75 hours in small group sessions, the study examined in detail such things as the logic and level of the questions medical teachers ask, the quality of student responses, the cognitive level of classroom discourse and the effects of instruction on selected outcomes such as the students' ability to think critically and their performance on National Board of Medical Examiners examinations. The instrument used for teaching analysis was a modified version of the Flanders System of Interaction Analysis which incorporated Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain. The cognitive level of the teachers' questions had a significant relationship to the cognitive level of the students' response and discussion. While the students who talked at the highest cognitive level in class were those who scored highest in National Board Examinations (Parts 1 and 2) and the critical thinking tests, the multiple regression analyses showed that classroom activity contributed little to outcomes. The major contributions to outcomes were the aptitude and previous knowledge that the students already possessed.", "PMID": 496323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2874", "title": "Seasonal variations in the occurrence of urinary tract infections among children in an urban area in Finland.", "content": "The seasonal variations in the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) were studied in a series of 992 verified episodes of UTI treated between 1965 and 1974. The incidence was highest during November and lowest during the summer months. Summer episodes, moreover, tended to be the most severe. Seasonal variations were less marked among girls, than amond boys, except in the group of teenage girls in which peak incidences occurred in March and in September. Among the boys, a single peak incidence was recorded in July. The results of the analysis of weather type performed in this study showed that unseasonable types of weather, that is, cold and dry weather in autumn, warm and rainy weather in winter, and warm and dry weather in spring, were accompanied by a clear increase in the monthly number of episodes of UTIs. The difference in the monthly frequency of UTIs between the most and the least favourable types of weather was about two-fold.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the occurrence of urinary tract infections among children in an urban area in Finland. The seasonal variations in the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) were studied in a series of 992 verified episodes of UTI treated between 1965 and 1974. The incidence was highest during November and lowest during the summer months. Summer episodes, moreover, tended to be the most severe. Seasonal variations were less marked among girls, than amond boys, except in the group of teenage girls in which peak incidences occurred in March and in September. Among the boys, a single peak incidence was recorded in July. The results of the analysis of weather type performed in this study showed that unseasonable types of weather, that is, cold and dry weather in autumn, warm and rainy weather in winter, and warm and dry weather in spring, were accompanied by a clear increase in the monthly number of episodes of UTIs. The difference in the monthly frequency of UTIs between the most and the least favourable types of weather was about two-fold.", "PMID": 496371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2875", "title": "Sialic acid secretion of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers in the dose-response pentastrin test.", "content": "The secretion of HCl and sialic acid into the gastric juice was investigated in 13 patients with gastric, 52 with duodenal ulcers and 27 control patients, during the dose-response pentagastrin test. The basal output of sialic acid was clearly highest in patients with gastric ulcers, and the differences between these and other groups of patients were significant. During pentagastrin stimulation a significant initial decrease was found in patients with gastric ulcers with small doses, and the minimum was reached with a dose of 0.1 micrograms/kg/h. After increasing the dose, an increase in sialic acid output occurred in all groups, reaching its maximum with a pentagastrin infusion rate of 1.0 micrograms/kg/h. The basal concentration of sialic acid was also highest in patients with gastric ulcers. In all groups the concentration decreased during the stimulation, which obviously depended on the sialic output not increasing in the same relationship as the volume of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Sialic acid secretion of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers in the dose-response pentastrin test. The secretion of HCl and sialic acid into the gastric juice was investigated in 13 patients with gastric, 52 with duodenal ulcers and 27 control patients, during the dose-response pentagastrin test. The basal output of sialic acid was clearly highest in patients with gastric ulcers, and the differences between these and other groups of patients were significant. During pentagastrin stimulation a significant initial decrease was found in patients with gastric ulcers with small doses, and the minimum was reached with a dose of 0.1 micrograms/kg/h. After increasing the dose, an increase in sialic acid output occurred in all groups, reaching its maximum with a pentagastrin infusion rate of 1.0 micrograms/kg/h. The basal concentration of sialic acid was also highest in patients with gastric ulcers. In all groups the concentration decreased during the stimulation, which obviously depended on the sialic output not increasing in the same relationship as the volume of gastric secretion.", "PMID": 496372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2876", "title": "A new electrical equipment for handgrip testing.", "content": "Devices available for isometric handgrip testing revealed constructional deficiences likely to give rise to inaccurate data. A new electrical device was constructed which eliminates the defects in earlier designs. The new equipment consists of a U-shaped handgrip transducer, a measuring device, and a slave monitor for the patients. The patient's maximum handgrip force is determined as a peak voltage, which is stored in analog form. Two comparators help to set the desired handgrip force during the actual testing. The slave monitor's two lamps and analog meter help the patient to apply a force which is maintained at a selected percentage of the maximum force. The device has been shown to operate well in a longitudinal study of drug treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "A new electrical equipment for handgrip testing. Devices available for isometric handgrip testing revealed constructional deficiences likely to give rise to inaccurate data. A new electrical device was constructed which eliminates the defects in earlier designs. The new equipment consists of a U-shaped handgrip transducer, a measuring device, and a slave monitor for the patients. The patient's maximum handgrip force is determined as a peak voltage, which is stored in analog form. Two comparators help to set the desired handgrip force during the actual testing. The slave monitor's two lamps and analog meter help the patient to apply a force which is maintained at a selected percentage of the maximum force. The device has been shown to operate well in a longitudinal study of drug treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 496373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2877", "title": "Computerised tomography of the pancreas with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Twenty patients with clinically diagnosed or suspected pancreatitis were examined with computerised tomography. Five pseudocysts and one pancreatic abscess were found as a complication of the disease. Computerised tomography is a non-invasive method of diagnosis in acute pancreatitis and is especially valuable in diagnosing the complications of the disease. Slight swelling of the inflamed part of pancreas and occlusion of the peripancreatic fat were found in mild pancreatitis. Swelling of the perinephric fat and the mesenteric fat were found in five cases of severe pancreatitis. This is a new sign, as well as uneven distribution of the contrast agent in the pancreatic parenchyma.", "contents": "Computerised tomography of the pancreas with acute pancreatitis. Twenty patients with clinically diagnosed or suspected pancreatitis were examined with computerised tomography. Five pseudocysts and one pancreatic abscess were found as a complication of the disease. Computerised tomography is a non-invasive method of diagnosis in acute pancreatitis and is especially valuable in diagnosing the complications of the disease. Slight swelling of the inflamed part of pancreas and occlusion of the peripancreatic fat were found in mild pancreatitis. Swelling of the perinephric fat and the mesenteric fat were found in five cases of severe pancreatitis. This is a new sign, as well as uneven distribution of the contrast agent in the pancreatic parenchyma.", "PMID": 496374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2878", "title": "Origin of triploidy in spontaneous abortuses.", "content": "Fourteen triploid spontaneous abortuses were studied cytogenetically by sequential Q and C banding and the marker chromosomes were compared with those of the parents. The abortuses comprised all triploid cases in a series of 288 consecutive abortuses of the first 16 weeks of pregnancy occurring in one hospital. In 12 of the triploids the origin of the extra haploid set was conclusively determined, revealing six cases of dispermy, five failures in the first maternal and one failure in the first paternal meiotic division. The results were combined with those of five other studies comprising a total of 48 informative cases. Non-reduction in the second meiotic division seems to be of little or no significance in the origin of human triploidy. Dispermy is the predominant source, accounting for 40--50% of the triploid spontaneous abortuses. Non-reduction in the first meiotic division of the father seems to be the second-most frequent source although in the present material the corresponding maternal non-reduction is much more common.", "contents": "Origin of triploidy in spontaneous abortuses. Fourteen triploid spontaneous abortuses were studied cytogenetically by sequential Q and C banding and the marker chromosomes were compared with those of the parents. The abortuses comprised all triploid cases in a series of 288 consecutive abortuses of the first 16 weeks of pregnancy occurring in one hospital. In 12 of the triploids the origin of the extra haploid set was conclusively determined, revealing six cases of dispermy, five failures in the first maternal and one failure in the first paternal meiotic division. The results were combined with those of five other studies comprising a total of 48 informative cases. Non-reduction in the second meiotic division seems to be of little or no significance in the origin of human triploidy. Dispermy is the predominant source, accounting for 40--50% of the triploid spontaneous abortuses. Non-reduction in the first meiotic division of the father seems to be the second-most frequent source although in the present material the corresponding maternal non-reduction is much more common.", "PMID": 496390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2879", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism detected by isoelectric focusing: gene frequencies, evolution and linkage.", "content": "Four alleles at the phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) locus in man have been recently demonstrated by isoelectric focusing, and in this study gene frequencies have been estimated for four populations, and significant differences have been indicated between the results. Pedigree analysis of the PGM1 and rhesus loci confirm a weak linkage in males, but none in females. An examination of PGM1 phenotypes in a range of primates shows that a proportion possess a band focusing at the same isoelectric point as human PGM1+1. We propose that all the human and primate alleles may have evolved from a common ancestral PGM1+1 locus.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism detected by isoelectric focusing: gene frequencies, evolution and linkage. Four alleles at the phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) locus in man have been recently demonstrated by isoelectric focusing, and in this study gene frequencies have been estimated for four populations, and significant differences have been indicated between the results. Pedigree analysis of the PGM1 and rhesus loci confirm a weak linkage in males, but none in females. An examination of PGM1 phenotypes in a range of primates shows that a proportion possess a band focusing at the same isoelectric point as human PGM1+1. We propose that all the human and primate alleles may have evolved from a common ancestral PGM1+1 locus.", "PMID": 496384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2880", "title": "A variant protein in human parotid saliva detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its inheritance.", "content": "In 218 parotid saliva samples collected at random from a Japanese population, two phenotypes were observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inheritance was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The frequencies of the genes determining these phenotypes were for the Japanese population studied: Ph+ = 0.026 +/- 0.008, Ph- = 0.974 +/- 0.008.", "contents": "A variant protein in human parotid saliva detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its inheritance. In 218 parotid saliva samples collected at random from a Japanese population, two phenotypes were observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inheritance was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The frequencies of the genes determining these phenotypes were for the Japanese population studied: Ph+ = 0.026 +/- 0.008, Ph- = 0.974 +/- 0.008.", "PMID": 496391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2881", "title": "Genetic study of the Cuiva Indians of Venezuela.", "content": "Serum and red cell protein markers were investigated in Cuiva Indians. Our ethnologic studies indicate that the low degree of genetic variability in this population is probably due to genetic drift.", "contents": "Genetic study of the Cuiva Indians of Venezuela. Serum and red cell protein markers were investigated in Cuiva Indians. Our ethnologic studies indicate that the low degree of genetic variability in this population is probably due to genetic drift.", "PMID": 496385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2882", "title": "A method for assessing age-standardized weight-for-height in children seen cross-sectionally.", "content": "Weight-for-height standards in children are usually constructed on the basis that the expected weight for a given height does not depend on age, an assumption which is unjustified. The present paper investigates regression standards of age-standardized weight for age-standardized height, the standardization being achieved by expressing weight and height as fractions of the 50th centile for age from a suitable growth standard. The precise choice of standard is not critical. Data on 4631 children from five different countries, exhibiting a wide spectrum of growth status, show that throughout childhood until puberty, the following ratio is appropriate as a simple and convenient index of weight-for-height: age-standardized weight/(age-standardized height)2. During puberty a larger power than 2 is required, so the index as specified is inappropriate. Approximate values for the distribution centiles of the index are suggested. The index may be used to assess degree of malnutrition or obesity, for individuals or groups seen on a single occasion. A slide-rule is described which calculates the index directly, given the child's sex, age, height and weight.", "contents": "A method for assessing age-standardized weight-for-height in children seen cross-sectionally. Weight-for-height standards in children are usually constructed on the basis that the expected weight for a given height does not depend on age, an assumption which is unjustified. The present paper investigates regression standards of age-standardized weight for age-standardized height, the standardization being achieved by expressing weight and height as fractions of the 50th centile for age from a suitable growth standard. The precise choice of standard is not critical. Data on 4631 children from five different countries, exhibiting a wide spectrum of growth status, show that throughout childhood until puberty, the following ratio is appropriate as a simple and convenient index of weight-for-height: age-standardized weight/(age-standardized height)2. During puberty a larger power than 2 is required, so the index as specified is inappropriate. Approximate values for the distribution centiles of the index are suggested. The index may be used to assess degree of malnutrition or obesity, for individuals or groups seen on a single occasion. A slide-rule is described which calculates the index directly, given the child's sex, age, height and weight.", "PMID": 496386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2883", "title": "The expression of creatine kinase isozymes in human cultured cells.", "content": "The BB isozyme of creatine kinase is consistently present in cultured human fibroblasts and shows great variation in activity in long-term lymphoid lines. One mouse line tested, PG 19, had strong activity, but all other rodent lines tested did not express CK BB. Human and mouse CK BB can be expressed independently of each other in human--rodent somatic cell hybrids. There is some evidence that the structural locus for CK BB may be on chromosome 14, but the involvement of other chromosomes, expecially no.17, cannot be excluded. The MM and MB isozymes of creatine kinase were not seen in any human cultured cells.", "contents": "The expression of creatine kinase isozymes in human cultured cells. The BB isozyme of creatine kinase is consistently present in cultured human fibroblasts and shows great variation in activity in long-term lymphoid lines. One mouse line tested, PG 19, had strong activity, but all other rodent lines tested did not express CK BB. Human and mouse CK BB can be expressed independently of each other in human--rodent somatic cell hybrids. There is some evidence that the structural locus for CK BB may be on chromosome 14, but the involvement of other chromosomes, expecially no.17, cannot be excluded. The MM and MB isozymes of creatine kinase were not seen in any human cultured cells.", "PMID": 496392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2884", "title": "Sialidosis type 1: cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome with sialidase deficiency and altered electrophoretic mobility of some enzymes known to be glycoproteins. II. Enzymes studies.", "content": "Observations have been made on two brothers who had progressive ataxia, intention myoclonus and visual failure starting early in the third decade of life. Their parents were consanguineous. The brothers showed bilateral cherry red spots at the maculae and bilateral perinuclear cataracts; their intelligence was preserved. Urine was found to contain large amounts of sialylated oligosaccharides; cultured skin fibroblasts showed deficiency of the enzyme sialidase (neuraminidase). Studies on leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed aberrant electrophoretic mobilities of six enzymes all of which are known to be glycoproteins, and this has been attributed to excessive amounts of sialic acid on the enzyme molecules. The clinical features together with the biochemical findings indicate that these are further cases of the newly described condition Sialidosis Type 1 and it is suggested that the electrophoretic findings might be typical of the condition.", "contents": "Sialidosis type 1: cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome with sialidase deficiency and altered electrophoretic mobility of some enzymes known to be glycoproteins. II. Enzymes studies. Observations have been made on two brothers who had progressive ataxia, intention myoclonus and visual failure starting early in the third decade of life. Their parents were consanguineous. The brothers showed bilateral cherry red spots at the maculae and bilateral perinuclear cataracts; their intelligence was preserved. Urine was found to contain large amounts of sialylated oligosaccharides; cultured skin fibroblasts showed deficiency of the enzyme sialidase (neuraminidase). Studies on leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed aberrant electrophoretic mobilities of six enzymes all of which are known to be glycoproteins, and this has been attributed to excessive amounts of sialic acid on the enzyme molecules. The clinical features together with the biochemical findings indicate that these are further cases of the newly described condition Sialidosis Type 1 and it is suggested that the electrophoretic findings might be typical of the condition.", "PMID": 496393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2885", "title": "Maternal height and twinning.", "content": "Data on maternal height are presented for 307 pairs of newborn twins of known zygosity from Oxford and 267 pairs from Aberdeen and north-east Scotland. The results support the hypothesis that mothers of DZ twins are taller than those of MZ twins. Mothers of MZ twins resemble mothers of singletons in height, whereas mothers of DZ twins are taller.", "contents": "Maternal height and twinning. Data on maternal height are presented for 307 pairs of newborn twins of known zygosity from Oxford and 267 pairs from Aberdeen and north-east Scotland. The results support the hypothesis that mothers of DZ twins are taller than those of MZ twins. Mothers of MZ twins resemble mothers of singletons in height, whereas mothers of DZ twins are taller.", "PMID": 496394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2886", "title": "An alternative model of recombination and interference.", "content": "A model of four-strand crossing-over is presented in which all non-randomness is attributed to the non-Poisson distribution of the number of exchanges. Nth order recombination fractions and the coefficient of coincidence are calculated in terms of the model. It is shown that coincidence may be greater or less than unity depending on the prior distribution of exchanges. An obligate exchange is a sufficient condition for coincidence to be less than unity if there is a maximum of four exchanges, but not necessarily if five or more are possible. It is also shown that marginal coincidence is an insufficient concept to explain the behaviour of coincidence over its entire two-dimensional domain.", "contents": "An alternative model of recombination and interference. A model of four-strand crossing-over is presented in which all non-randomness is attributed to the non-Poisson distribution of the number of exchanges. Nth order recombination fractions and the coefficient of coincidence are calculated in terms of the model. It is shown that coincidence may be greater or less than unity depending on the prior distribution of exchanges. An obligate exchange is a sufficient condition for coincidence to be less than unity if there is a maximum of four exchanges, but not necessarily if five or more are possible. It is also shown that marginal coincidence is an insufficient concept to explain the behaviour of coincidence over its entire two-dimensional domain.", "PMID": 496395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2887", "title": "Human aconitase polymorphism in three samples from northeastern Brazil.", "content": "Human aconitase (ACONS) polymorphism was studied in three samples from northeastern Brazil. Two of the samples were collected in the State of Bahia and one in the State of Sergipe. The main characteristic of the samples was given by different degrees of Black admixture. The results showed that the more negroid the samples the higher the frequencies of the alleles ACONS4, ACONS2 and ACONS6. These findings fit well with the known ACONS gene frequencies in present-day Nigerians and with the past history of Yoruba slaves in Bahia.", "contents": "Human aconitase polymorphism in three samples from northeastern Brazil. Human aconitase (ACONS) polymorphism was studied in three samples from northeastern Brazil. Two of the samples were collected in the State of Bahia and one in the State of Sergipe. The main characteristic of the samples was given by different degrees of Black admixture. The results showed that the more negroid the samples the higher the frequencies of the alleles ACONS4, ACONS2 and ACONS6. These findings fit well with the known ACONS gene frequencies in present-day Nigerians and with the past history of Yoruba slaves in Bahia.", "PMID": 496396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2888", "title": "The beta-glucuronidase release from macrophages activated by immune complexes of varying antigen/antibody ratio.", "content": "When unstimulated rat peritoneal macrophages are exposed in vitro to IC formed with BSA and specific rat anti-BSA IgG antibodies, an exocytosis of the lysosomal beta-G occurs. The maximal release of beta-G into the serum-free medium is induced, without cell lysis, by IC after a 6-h contact with the adherent cell population. This phenomenon is dose-dependent, and the percentage of beta-G in the medium is higher with IC in Ab excess than with other types of IC. In this homologous model (rat macrophages and rat antibodies) the Ag/Ab ratio of IC seems to represent an important factor of macrophage activation.", "contents": "The beta-glucuronidase release from macrophages activated by immune complexes of varying antigen/antibody ratio. When unstimulated rat peritoneal macrophages are exposed in vitro to IC formed with BSA and specific rat anti-BSA IgG antibodies, an exocytosis of the lysosomal beta-G occurs. The maximal release of beta-G into the serum-free medium is induced, without cell lysis, by IC after a 6-h contact with the adherent cell population. This phenomenon is dose-dependent, and the percentage of beta-G in the medium is higher with IC in Ab excess than with other types of IC. In this homologous model (rat macrophages and rat antibodies) the Ag/Ab ratio of IC seems to represent an important factor of macrophage activation.", "PMID": 496399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2889", "title": "Cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline conjugates. I.--Synthesis and fixation to phosphorylcholine-binding proteins.", "content": "The oxidation of the ribose ring of cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline (CDPC) by periodate to produce reactive dialdehydes was used to couple this activated reagent onto various proteins, onto Ficoll 400 and onto Sepharose 4B. Careful control of parameters of the different steps of the reaction enabled us to synthesize conjugates with a graded number of nucleotide residues. Human serum albumin conjugates with a relatively high degree of substitution were used to demonstrate and to measure anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies and the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein by precipitation or passive haemagglutination techniques. These methods for measuring C-reactive protein in serum of patient suffering from acute inflammation may be useful for clinicians. CDPC-AH Sepharose was used to purify the phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protein HOPC8 and to separate C-reactive protein from the bulk of serum proteins. Improvements of this technique will certainly lead to the complete purification of C-reactive protein.", "contents": "Cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline conjugates. I.--Synthesis and fixation to phosphorylcholine-binding proteins. The oxidation of the ribose ring of cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline (CDPC) by periodate to produce reactive dialdehydes was used to couple this activated reagent onto various proteins, onto Ficoll 400 and onto Sepharose 4B. Careful control of parameters of the different steps of the reaction enabled us to synthesize conjugates with a graded number of nucleotide residues. Human serum albumin conjugates with a relatively high degree of substitution were used to demonstrate and to measure anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies and the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein by precipitation or passive haemagglutination techniques. These methods for measuring C-reactive protein in serum of patient suffering from acute inflammation may be useful for clinicians. CDPC-AH Sepharose was used to purify the phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protein HOPC8 and to separate C-reactive protein from the bulk of serum proteins. Improvements of this technique will certainly lead to the complete purification of C-reactive protein.", "PMID": 496400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2890", "title": "Cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline conjugates. II.--Immunogenicity in rats.", "content": "Cytidine diphospho-choline (CDPC) derivatives of human serum albumin (HSA) are immunogenic in the rat when injected in adjuvants. They induce a very rapid synthesis of IgM anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies which was followed by the synthesis of anti-CDPC antibodies and of anti-HSA antibodies. The activated nucleotide was able to induce specific skin sensitivity in rats after one skin painting. Gastric intubations of rats with low doses of HSA conjugates 8 days before an infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were followed by a reduction of the resulting intestinal worm burden.", "contents": "Cytidine-5'-diphospho-choline conjugates. II.--Immunogenicity in rats. Cytidine diphospho-choline (CDPC) derivatives of human serum albumin (HSA) are immunogenic in the rat when injected in adjuvants. They induce a very rapid synthesis of IgM anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies which was followed by the synthesis of anti-CDPC antibodies and of anti-HSA antibodies. The activated nucleotide was able to induce specific skin sensitivity in rats after one skin painting. Gastric intubations of rats with low doses of HSA conjugates 8 days before an infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were followed by a reduction of the resulting intestinal worm burden.", "PMID": 496401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2891", "title": "Visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of \"cortical blindness\" in children.", "content": "Visual evoked responses (VERs) to brief light flashes were recorded from occipital regions in a group of 30 \"cortically blind\" children aged 4 months to 15 years and were compared with those of 31 children of similar age range who had the same type of central nervous system diseases but without signs or symptoms of blindness. The VERs were analyzed for amplitude, number of peaks, and morphology, following a method used previously by other authors. All the responses had some degree of abnormality, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. The findings suggest that recording of VERs is not always an accurate method for diagnosis of cortical blindness in children since the presence of abnormal responses is not incompatible with normal vision. Only 1 patient with coritcal blindness showed no response.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of \"cortical blindness\" in children. Visual evoked responses (VERs) to brief light flashes were recorded from occipital regions in a group of 30 \"cortically blind\" children aged 4 months to 15 years and were compared with those of 31 children of similar age range who had the same type of central nervous system diseases but without signs or symptoms of blindness. The VERs were analyzed for amplitude, number of peaks, and morphology, following a method used previously by other authors. All the responses had some degree of abnormality, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. The findings suggest that recording of VERs is not always an accurate method for diagnosis of cortical blindness in children since the presence of abnormal responses is not incompatible with normal vision. Only 1 patient with coritcal blindness showed no response.", "PMID": 496406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2892", "title": "Receptor for the Fc portion of IgG on the plasma membrane of the hepatocyte.", "content": "Applying the immune rosette assay to suspensions of isolated liver cells, 30 to 50 % of hepatocytes obtained from rabbit liver from rosettes with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgG. Rosette formation can be inhibited by preincubation of the hepatocytes with aggregated IgG. The interaction between hepatocytes and IgG is not species-specific. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with F(ab')2 fragments of antibody with anti-IgG activity does not interfer with rosette formation. No binding occurs with erythrocytes coated with F(ab')2 fragments, IgM or IgM + complement. These membrane receptors for Fc gamma share many properties with those recognized on macrophagic cells and B lymphocytes; it seems however that on liver cell surface their density and/or their affinity for IgG are inferior to those of mesodermderived cells.", "contents": "Receptor for the Fc portion of IgG on the plasma membrane of the hepatocyte. Applying the immune rosette assay to suspensions of isolated liver cells, 30 to 50 % of hepatocytes obtained from rabbit liver from rosettes with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgG. Rosette formation can be inhibited by preincubation of the hepatocytes with aggregated IgG. The interaction between hepatocytes and IgG is not species-specific. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with F(ab')2 fragments of antibody with anti-IgG activity does not interfer with rosette formation. No binding occurs with erythrocytes coated with F(ab')2 fragments, IgM or IgM + complement. These membrane receptors for Fc gamma share many properties with those recognized on macrophagic cells and B lymphocytes; it seems however that on liver cell surface their density and/or their affinity for IgG are inferior to those of mesodermderived cells.", "PMID": 496402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2893", "title": "[Role of macrophages in interferon production in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "By stimulating or depressing the macrophage system with Corynebacterium parvum or anti-macrophage serum, we were able to establish that macrophages play a role in Poly-I:C-induced interferon production. On the other hand macrophages do not seem to be the cells which produce endotoxin- or NDV-induced interferon, although a slight participation of these cells in the production of NDV-induced interferon cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Role of macrophages in interferon production in mice (author's transl)]. By stimulating or depressing the macrophage system with Corynebacterium parvum or anti-macrophage serum, we were able to establish that macrophages play a role in Poly-I:C-induced interferon production. On the other hand macrophages do not seem to be the cells which produce endotoxin- or NDV-induced interferon, although a slight participation of these cells in the production of NDV-induced interferon cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 496403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2894", "title": "[Detection of anti-H-2-antibody-induced cytolysis by ATP measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of intracellular ATP content by the luciferin-luciferase photometric reaction appears to be an extremely sensitive method for detecting complement dependent cytotoxicity (DCD) mediated by antibodies directed against H-2 antigens. Within the 15 min following the addition of complement, a considerable loss of ATP is observed in the antibody-coated target cells. The reaction is detectable using normal spleen lymphocytes as target cells, completely specific and much more sensitive than the classical dye exclusion test. Preliminary findings from our current study indicate that this simple and very rapid CDC method should be considered for the purpose of HLA ABC and D typing in humans.", "contents": "[Detection of anti-H-2-antibody-induced cytolysis by ATP measurement (author's transl)]. Measurement of intracellular ATP content by the luciferin-luciferase photometric reaction appears to be an extremely sensitive method for detecting complement dependent cytotoxicity (DCD) mediated by antibodies directed against H-2 antigens. Within the 15 min following the addition of complement, a considerable loss of ATP is observed in the antibody-coated target cells. The reaction is detectable using normal spleen lymphocytes as target cells, completely specific and much more sensitive than the classical dye exclusion test. Preliminary findings from our current study indicate that this simple and very rapid CDC method should be considered for the purpose of HLA ABC and D typing in humans.", "PMID": 496404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2895", "title": "The possibility of antiidiotypic activity in multipareous mice.", "content": "CBA females pregnant of A/J males were tested for the presence in their sera of antiidiotypic antibodies, capable of combining with antipaternal Ig determinants. Radioimmunoassay tests have shown that in comparison to females pregnant of isogeneic males, allopregnant sera presented values indicating the presence of an antiidiotypic reaction in five out of seven trials. The possible role of antiidiotypic reactions in the control of maternofoetal relationship is discussed.", "contents": "The possibility of antiidiotypic activity in multipareous mice. CBA females pregnant of A/J males were tested for the presence in their sera of antiidiotypic antibodies, capable of combining with antipaternal Ig determinants. Radioimmunoassay tests have shown that in comparison to females pregnant of isogeneic males, allopregnant sera presented values indicating the presence of an antiidiotypic reaction in five out of seven trials. The possible role of antiidiotypic reactions in the control of maternofoetal relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 496405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2896", "title": "[Action of mitomycin C on the variability of Actinomyces hygroscopicus in forming a proteolytic complex of hygrolytin enzymes and the antibiotic, hygromycin B].", "content": "The lethal and mutagenic effect of mitomycin C in doses of 10 and 15 micrograms/ml on the spores and 24-hour culture of Act. hygroscopicus, strain O878 producing hygrolytin, a proteolytic enzyme and hygromycin B, an antibiotic was studied. It was found that mitomycin C had a high lethal effect on the organism. The lethal effect of the antibiotic depended on the stage of the culture development, mitomycin C dose and exposure time. The 24-hour culture was most sensitive to the effect of mitomycin in a dose of 50 micrograms/ml. Exposure to mitomycin increased the actinomycete variation with respect to the colony morphology and induction of new morphological mutations. Exposure of strain O878 to mitomycin C significantly increased the culture variation with respect to the quantitative features of production of the hygrolytin proteolytic enzyme complex and hygromycin B. The character of the strain induced variation with respect to the features studied was different which indicated the absence of correlation between them. The use of mitomycin C proved to be promising in selection of Act. hygroscopicus with a purpose of increasing the culture proteolytic and antibiotic activity.", "contents": "[Action of mitomycin C on the variability of Actinomyces hygroscopicus in forming a proteolytic complex of hygrolytin enzymes and the antibiotic, hygromycin B]. The lethal and mutagenic effect of mitomycin C in doses of 10 and 15 micrograms/ml on the spores and 24-hour culture of Act. hygroscopicus, strain O878 producing hygrolytin, a proteolytic enzyme and hygromycin B, an antibiotic was studied. It was found that mitomycin C had a high lethal effect on the organism. The lethal effect of the antibiotic depended on the stage of the culture development, mitomycin C dose and exposure time. The 24-hour culture was most sensitive to the effect of mitomycin in a dose of 50 micrograms/ml. Exposure to mitomycin increased the actinomycete variation with respect to the colony morphology and induction of new morphological mutations. Exposure of strain O878 to mitomycin C significantly increased the culture variation with respect to the quantitative features of production of the hygrolytin proteolytic enzyme complex and hygromycin B. The character of the strain induced variation with respect to the features studied was different which indicated the absence of correlation between them. The use of mitomycin C proved to be promising in selection of Act. hygroscopicus with a purpose of increasing the culture proteolytic and antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 496416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2897", "title": "[Collector device for apparatus hookup connections in microbiological manufacture].", "content": "A collector device developed on the basis of a holding tank is discussed. The working principle of the device, its characteristics and advantages as applied to microbiological industry are described. The use of the collector devices in the assembly diagrams of the apparatus provides reduction of the number of the piping fittings, the pipe-line length, the number of the sealing elements, heat evolution into the environment, and time of the apparatus servicing.", "contents": "[Collector device for apparatus hookup connections in microbiological manufacture]. A collector device developed on the basis of a holding tank is discussed. The working principle of the device, its characteristics and advantages as applied to microbiological industry are described. The use of the collector devices in the assembly diagrams of the apparatus provides reduction of the number of the piping fittings, the pipe-line length, the number of the sealing elements, heat evolution into the environment, and time of the apparatus servicing.", "PMID": 496418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2898", "title": "[Comparative study of cephalexin and cephradine distribution in the body of rats].", "content": "Distribution regularities of cephalexin and cephradine, 2 semisynthetic cephalospor in antibiotics for oral use were studied on rats. It was found that the cephalosporins had a capacity for satisfactory penetration through the histochematological barriers. The drugs were rather rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of the rats into the blood. Their maximum blood levels were determined 1 hour after the administration. The highest cephalosporin concentrations were detected in the kidneys and liver. Still, the level of cephradine in the kidneys was lower and that in the liver was higher than the levels of cephalexin. The lowest concentrations were found in the skeletal muscles. The character of cephradine distribution in the lungs, heart and spleen differed from that of cephalexin; the maximum concentrations of cephradine in these organs were achieved 1 hour after its administration, while those of cephalexin were achieved in 30 minutes. The antibiotics were not detected in the brain tissue. No increase in the concentration gradient with time was observed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of cephalexin and cephradine distribution in the body of rats]. Distribution regularities of cephalexin and cephradine, 2 semisynthetic cephalospor in antibiotics for oral use were studied on rats. It was found that the cephalosporins had a capacity for satisfactory penetration through the histochematological barriers. The drugs were rather rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of the rats into the blood. Their maximum blood levels were determined 1 hour after the administration. The highest cephalosporin concentrations were detected in the kidneys and liver. Still, the level of cephradine in the kidneys was lower and that in the liver was higher than the levels of cephalexin. The lowest concentrations were found in the skeletal muscles. The character of cephradine distribution in the lungs, heart and spleen differed from that of cephalexin; the maximum concentrations of cephradine in these organs were achieved 1 hour after its administration, while those of cephalexin were achieved in 30 minutes. The antibiotics were not detected in the brain tissue. No increase in the concentration gradient with time was observed.", "PMID": 496419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2899", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the antitumor and immunodepressive activity of carminomycin on the L-1210 experimental model].", "content": "The antitumor activity of carminomycin was estimated by the number of lymphoma colonies formed in the spleen of DBA/2 mice on their inoculation with the bone marrow cells from mice with transplantable leukemia L-1210. The immunodepressive properties of carminomycin were determined by the number of the antibody forming cells in the spleen of CBA and DBA/2 mice with leukemia L-1210 after immunization with sheep red blood cells. It was found that in a single dose of 1.5 mg/kg carminomycin inhibited the lymphoma colonies by 50 per cent. The maximum immunodepressive effect was observed when carminomycin was used in a single dose of 1.5 mg/kg 48 hours after the antigen stimulation. In this case the number of the antibody forming cells in DBA/2 mice with leukemia L-1210 was lower than that in CBA mice without leukemia.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the antitumor and immunodepressive activity of carminomycin on the L-1210 experimental model]. The antitumor activity of carminomycin was estimated by the number of lymphoma colonies formed in the spleen of DBA/2 mice on their inoculation with the bone marrow cells from mice with transplantable leukemia L-1210. The immunodepressive properties of carminomycin were determined by the number of the antibody forming cells in the spleen of CBA and DBA/2 mice with leukemia L-1210 after immunization with sheep red blood cells. It was found that in a single dose of 1.5 mg/kg carminomycin inhibited the lymphoma colonies by 50 per cent. The maximum immunodepressive effect was observed when carminomycin was used in a single dose of 1.5 mg/kg 48 hours after the antigen stimulation. In this case the number of the antibody forming cells in DBA/2 mice with leukemia L-1210 was lower than that in CBA mice without leukemia.", "PMID": 496420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2900", "title": "Reaction of macrophages to cigarette smoke. I. Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages was studied in adult male mice which had been exposed 42 to 82 days to cigarette smoke. Scintillation counting procedures revealed that cigarette smoke induces increased DNA activity in pulmonary tissue. No such induction was noted in the liver or spleen--organs which, like the lungs, are also involved in clearance of foreign material. Autoradiographic analysis of lung samples taken at intervals up to 40 days following 3H-thymidine injection revealed an increase in DNA activity reflecting a marked increase in the number of labelled pulmonary macrophages. At times, more than 50% of the total pool of labelled cells were identifiable as macrophages. Therefore, cigarette smoke appears to elicit a recruitment of macrophages specifically to the lungs.", "contents": "Reaction of macrophages to cigarette smoke. I. Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages. Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages was studied in adult male mice which had been exposed 42 to 82 days to cigarette smoke. Scintillation counting procedures revealed that cigarette smoke induces increased DNA activity in pulmonary tissue. No such induction was noted in the liver or spleen--organs which, like the lungs, are also involved in clearance of foreign material. Autoradiographic analysis of lung samples taken at intervals up to 40 days following 3H-thymidine injection revealed an increase in DNA activity reflecting a marked increase in the number of labelled pulmonary macrophages. At times, more than 50% of the total pool of labelled cells were identifiable as macrophages. Therefore, cigarette smoke appears to elicit a recruitment of macrophages specifically to the lungs.", "PMID": 496423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2901", "title": "Reaction of macrophages to cigarette smoke. II. Immigration of macrophages to the lungs.", "content": "The present study identifies the source of the elevated pulmonary macrophage population in young adult male mice which results when animals are exposed to cigarette smoke. Light microscopic and autoradiographic analysis of pulmonary tissue from smoke-exposed animals revealed that pulmonary macrophages (free, attached, and septal or interstitial) divide only rarely. Further, it was noted that, during the marked progressive increase in the labeled macrophage population in the lungs, the number of silver grains over the nuclei of labeled macrophages did not become significantly diluted. Thus, the markedly elevated macrophage population which results when animals are exposed to cigarette smoke appears, for the most part, to be due to immigration of cells from bone marrow rather than in situ division of resident macrophages.", "contents": "Reaction of macrophages to cigarette smoke. II. Immigration of macrophages to the lungs. The present study identifies the source of the elevated pulmonary macrophage population in young adult male mice which results when animals are exposed to cigarette smoke. Light microscopic and autoradiographic analysis of pulmonary tissue from smoke-exposed animals revealed that pulmonary macrophages (free, attached, and septal or interstitial) divide only rarely. Further, it was noted that, during the marked progressive increase in the labeled macrophage population in the lungs, the number of silver grains over the nuclei of labeled macrophages did not become significantly diluted. Thus, the markedly elevated macrophage population which results when animals are exposed to cigarette smoke appears, for the most part, to be due to immigration of cells from bone marrow rather than in situ division of resident macrophages.", "PMID": 496424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2902", "title": "Biochemical abnormalities in workers exposed to molybdenum dust.", "content": "Exposure to molybdenum in dust was measured in a molybdenite roasting plant. This exposure was accompanied by large elevations of serum ceruloplasmin and smaller increases in mean serum uric acid levels in the workers. Absorption of molybdenum from the dust was demonstrated by increases in plasma and urinary molybdenum levels. It remains necessary to demonstrate whether such exposure results in long-term health effects.", "contents": "Biochemical abnormalities in workers exposed to molybdenum dust. Exposure to molybdenum in dust was measured in a molybdenite roasting plant. This exposure was accompanied by large elevations of serum ceruloplasmin and smaller increases in mean serum uric acid levels in the workers. Absorption of molybdenum from the dust was demonstrated by increases in plasma and urinary molybdenum levels. It remains necessary to demonstrate whether such exposure results in long-term health effects.", "PMID": 496425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2903", "title": "Lung cancer among pesticide workers exposed to inorganic arsenicals.", "content": "Cancer mortality was studied in 1,393 persons exposed to high air concentrations of inorganic arsenicals for varying lengths of time during the manufacture and packaging of pesticides at a plant in Baltimore, Maryland. Employees consisting of 1,050 males and 343 females were traced for the period 1946 to 1977, and vital status was determined for 86.9% of males and 66.8% of females. The observed number of deaths from all and selected causes was compared with the number expected from the Baltimore City mortality experience in terms of the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). A significantly increased SMR was found for lung cancer and anemias in males. The SMR for lung cancer was especially high in males with presumed high exposure to arsenicals. A dose-response relationship was suggested by the SMR for lung cancer which increased with increasing duration of exposure to arsenicals, but no such relationship was evident for nonarsenicals. Although smoking habits could not be examined in the study subjects, the authors believe that the findings provide additional epidemiologic evidence on the respiratory carcinogenicity of occupational exposure to airborne inorganic arsenicals.", "contents": "Lung cancer among pesticide workers exposed to inorganic arsenicals. Cancer mortality was studied in 1,393 persons exposed to high air concentrations of inorganic arsenicals for varying lengths of time during the manufacture and packaging of pesticides at a plant in Baltimore, Maryland. Employees consisting of 1,050 males and 343 females were traced for the period 1946 to 1977, and vital status was determined for 86.9% of males and 66.8% of females. The observed number of deaths from all and selected causes was compared with the number expected from the Baltimore City mortality experience in terms of the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). A significantly increased SMR was found for lung cancer and anemias in males. The SMR for lung cancer was especially high in males with presumed high exposure to arsenicals. A dose-response relationship was suggested by the SMR for lung cancer which increased with increasing duration of exposure to arsenicals, but no such relationship was evident for nonarsenicals. Although smoking habits could not be examined in the study subjects, the authors believe that the findings provide additional epidemiologic evidence on the respiratory carcinogenicity of occupational exposure to airborne inorganic arsenicals.", "PMID": 496426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2904", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in silicotic rats.", "content": "In male rats, pulmonary hypertension was found 9, 17 to 18, and 30 wk after an intrapulmonary injection of 50 mg quartz dust suspended in saline. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure increased progressively with time, and in the oldest group, the weight of the right heart ventricle was increased.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in silicotic rats. In male rats, pulmonary hypertension was found 9, 17 to 18, and 30 wk after an intrapulmonary injection of 50 mg quartz dust suspended in saline. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure increased progressively with time, and in the oldest group, the weight of the right heart ventricle was increased.", "PMID": 496427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2905", "title": "An inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in rat lungs.", "content": "Formation of lipid peroxides in vitro was investigated in the lung, liver, and brain homogenates of normal male rats. Unlike brain tissue, increasing the concentration of lung or liver in homogenates resulted in decreased output of lipid peroxides. Further, lung homogenates exerted an inhibition of lipid peroxide formation by brain and dilute liver homogenates. The factor responsible for such inhibition was located in the postmitochondrial supernatant, was heat stable, nondialysable, could be preserved in frozen state for 60 days, concentrated by dialysis against powdered sucrose, and precipitated by ammonium sulphate.", "contents": "An inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in rat lungs. Formation of lipid peroxides in vitro was investigated in the lung, liver, and brain homogenates of normal male rats. Unlike brain tissue, increasing the concentration of lung or liver in homogenates resulted in decreased output of lipid peroxides. Further, lung homogenates exerted an inhibition of lipid peroxide formation by brain and dilute liver homogenates. The factor responsible for such inhibition was located in the postmitochondrial supernatant, was heat stable, nondialysable, could be preserved in frozen state for 60 days, concentrated by dialysis against powdered sucrose, and precipitated by ammonium sulphate.", "PMID": 496428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2906", "title": "The water factor and mortality from ischemic heart disease: a review and possible explanations for inconsistent findings with additional data from Manitoba.", "content": "The question of the relationship between water hardness and mortality from cardiovascular diseases is far from being settled. Marked discrepancies in the results of various studies in this area exist and there is a great need for closer examination of the reliability of measuring water hardness and other water characteristics. There is also a need for standardizing these measurements and for accounting for certain important questions in designing studies of this nature. This article reviews the results of various studies on the \"water factor,\" points out their discrepancies, presents additional evidence from the Province of Manitoba against the \"water factor;\" and explains possible sources for discrepancies in the findings of various studies. Based on the evidence so far available, it is too early to universally accept the \"water story\" and to make recommendations for discouraging the softening of hard water as a measure for preventing cardiovascular disease mortality.", "contents": "The water factor and mortality from ischemic heart disease: a review and possible explanations for inconsistent findings with additional data from Manitoba. The question of the relationship between water hardness and mortality from cardiovascular diseases is far from being settled. Marked discrepancies in the results of various studies in this area exist and there is a great need for closer examination of the reliability of measuring water hardness and other water characteristics. There is also a need for standardizing these measurements and for accounting for certain important questions in designing studies of this nature. This article reviews the results of various studies on the \"water factor,\" points out their discrepancies, presents additional evidence from the Province of Manitoba against the \"water factor;\" and explains possible sources for discrepancies in the findings of various studies. Based on the evidence so far available, it is too early to universally accept the \"water story\" and to make recommendations for discouraging the softening of hard water as a measure for preventing cardiovascular disease mortality.", "PMID": 496429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2907", "title": "Pulmonary toxicity of methyl methacrylate vapors: an environmental study.", "content": "The toxicity of methyl methacrylate vapors was tested using a mouse model. Mice were exposed for prolonged periods (2 hr twice daily for 10 days) to high doses (1,500 ppm) under atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Histologic examination of the lungs, liver, heart, and kidney showed no evidence of damage.", "contents": "Pulmonary toxicity of methyl methacrylate vapors: an environmental study. The toxicity of methyl methacrylate vapors was tested using a mouse model. Mice were exposed for prolonged periods (2 hr twice daily for 10 days) to high doses (1,500 ppm) under atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Histologic examination of the lungs, liver, heart, and kidney showed no evidence of damage.", "PMID": 496430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2908", "title": "A dose-response relationship between chromosome aberrations and hypoxic insults in overripened hamster ova.", "content": "An attempt was made to analyze the quantitative occurrence of chromosome anomalies by the exposure of slightly overripened ova (delayed fertilization) to hypoxic insults in golden hamsters. Three groups were established: (1) a control group (PO2 = 152 mmHg); (2) a 4,500 m altitude group (PO2 = 87 m5 hr post-ovulatory aging revealed no striking effect on reproductive performance, as well as on the production of chromosome aberrations. Nervertheless, even in a slightly overripened condition ovum increased in susceptibility to the production of chromosome anomalies after hypoxic exposure equivalent to 4,500 m altitude. The dose-response relationship between hypoxia and the occurrence of triploidies was particularly distinguished. On the other hand, a similar relationship was not so evident in the production of aneuploidies, especially of trisomies. It can, therefore, be surmised that the change in the cytogenetic milieu at the time of the second polar body extrusion has some quantitative relation to the severity of environmental stressors.", "contents": "A dose-response relationship between chromosome aberrations and hypoxic insults in overripened hamster ova. An attempt was made to analyze the quantitative occurrence of chromosome anomalies by the exposure of slightly overripened ova (delayed fertilization) to hypoxic insults in golden hamsters. Three groups were established: (1) a control group (PO2 = 152 mmHg); (2) a 4,500 m altitude group (PO2 = 87 m5 hr post-ovulatory aging revealed no striking effect on reproductive performance, as well as on the production of chromosome aberrations. Nervertheless, even in a slightly overripened condition ovum increased in susceptibility to the production of chromosome anomalies after hypoxic exposure equivalent to 4,500 m altitude. The dose-response relationship between hypoxia and the occurrence of triploidies was particularly distinguished. On the other hand, a similar relationship was not so evident in the production of aneuploidies, especially of trisomies. It can, therefore, be surmised that the change in the cytogenetic milieu at the time of the second polar body extrusion has some quantitative relation to the severity of environmental stressors.", "PMID": 496431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2909", "title": "Interaction of carbon monoxide and cyanide on cerebral circulation and metabolism.", "content": "Significant elevations of carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide have been found in fire victims. The nature of the interaction of acute exposures to these agents is unclear. This study was undertaken to describe the of cyanide and carbon monoxide--alone and in combination--on the circulation and metabolism of the brain in anesthetized dogs. Cerebral blood flow increased to 130 and 200% of control with elevations in carboxyhemoglobin to 30 and 51% or with elevations in blood cyanide to 1.0 and 1.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Cerebral oxygen consumption remained unchanged until the higher level of carbon monoxide or cyanide was reached. When carbon monoxide and cyanide were administered simultaneously, cerebral blood flow increased in an additive manner, but significant decreases in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred at the combination of the lower concentrations. These data suggest that carbon monoxide and cyanide are physiologically additive on producing changes in cerebral blood flow, but may act synergistically on cerebral metabolism.", "contents": "Interaction of carbon monoxide and cyanide on cerebral circulation and metabolism. Significant elevations of carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide have been found in fire victims. The nature of the interaction of acute exposures to these agents is unclear. This study was undertaken to describe the of cyanide and carbon monoxide--alone and in combination--on the circulation and metabolism of the brain in anesthetized dogs. Cerebral blood flow increased to 130 and 200% of control with elevations in carboxyhemoglobin to 30 and 51% or with elevations in blood cyanide to 1.0 and 1.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Cerebral oxygen consumption remained unchanged until the higher level of carbon monoxide or cyanide was reached. When carbon monoxide and cyanide were administered simultaneously, cerebral blood flow increased in an additive manner, but significant decreases in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred at the combination of the lower concentrations. These data suggest that carbon monoxide and cyanide are physiologically additive on producing changes in cerebral blood flow, but may act synergistically on cerebral metabolism.", "PMID": 496432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2910", "title": "Reactions of ozone with fatty acid monolayers: a model system for disruption of lipid molecular assemblies by ozone.", "content": "Ozone concentrations of 0.03 ppm are shown to initiate physical disruption of both oleic and linoleic acid spread monolayers in a few seconds. Approximately equal yields of water soluble products in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing environments as well as in the two acid systems suggest that the dominant reaction pathway involves direct attack on fatty acid double bonds and not oxidative chain reactions. A possible explanation for the observed loss of monolayer material is provided by the Criegee mechanism for ozonide rearrangement following ozone attachment to double bonds. In this scheme polar intermediates are generated which could pass into the aqueous subphase before recombination can occur. alpha-Tocopherol exhibits a protective effect only when present at a high fraction in the fatty acid monolayer (6 mole%). These systems provide an efficient elementary model for studying the physical effects of ozone on lipid membrane structure.", "contents": "Reactions of ozone with fatty acid monolayers: a model system for disruption of lipid molecular assemblies by ozone. Ozone concentrations of 0.03 ppm are shown to initiate physical disruption of both oleic and linoleic acid spread monolayers in a few seconds. Approximately equal yields of water soluble products in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing environments as well as in the two acid systems suggest that the dominant reaction pathway involves direct attack on fatty acid double bonds and not oxidative chain reactions. A possible explanation for the observed loss of monolayer material is provided by the Criegee mechanism for ozonide rearrangement following ozone attachment to double bonds. In this scheme polar intermediates are generated which could pass into the aqueous subphase before recombination can occur. alpha-Tocopherol exhibits a protective effect only when present at a high fraction in the fatty acid monolayer (6 mole%). These systems provide an efficient elementary model for studying the physical effects of ozone on lipid membrane structure.", "PMID": 496433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2911", "title": "Air pollution and health in three urban communities.", "content": "A health study was conducted in three communities in the greater Montreal region; the first two were characterized by relatively high particulate and sulfur dioxide levels, respectively, and a third community without major industrial pollution. In each community, 300 men and women 45 to 64 yr of age were studied. Residents of the two more polluted communities exhibited a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and mean lung function evaluated by various tests was lower than in residents of the less polluted community. When intercity differences in age and smoking were accounted for, no statistically significant intercity differences in health status could be shown. Given the limitations of this study, the results provide no evidence to suggest that current Canadian standards for sulfur dioxide adequately protect human health as measured by the indices used in the study, for adults in the age range of 45 to 64 yr.", "contents": "Air pollution and health in three urban communities. A health study was conducted in three communities in the greater Montreal region; the first two were characterized by relatively high particulate and sulfur dioxide levels, respectively, and a third community without major industrial pollution. In each community, 300 men and women 45 to 64 yr of age were studied. Residents of the two more polluted communities exhibited a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and mean lung function evaluated by various tests was lower than in residents of the less polluted community. When intercity differences in age and smoking were accounted for, no statistically significant intercity differences in health status could be shown. Given the limitations of this study, the results provide no evidence to suggest that current Canadian standards for sulfur dioxide adequately protect human health as measured by the indices used in the study, for adults in the age range of 45 to 64 yr.", "PMID": 496434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2912", "title": "Influence of documented lead poisoning on environmental modification programs in Newark, New Jersey.", "content": "Data from the Newark, New Jersey Childhood Lead Poisoning Program suggest that the major consequence of the program has been early intervention rather than the amelioration of environmental contamination. During 1975 to 1976, the authors investigated housing for 253 black and Hispanic children with blood levels over 60 microgram/100 ml. Of these, 115 had moved or had given incorrect addresses and were lost to follow-up, 22 were in the same homes but did not make themselves available and in 16 instances, the houses were boarded up or had been destroyed by fire. Of the remaining 100 children, 31% suffered from symptoms potentially related to lead poisoning and 57% of the children were still living in the same dwelling in which the child was affected. Only one-fourth of the houses had been properly abated, i. e., the problem of environmental lead had been corrected, and one-fourth of the houses were not investigated at all by health authorities. These data support the concern that lead poisoning will not be effectively combated until the environmental issue is fully addressed.", "contents": "Influence of documented lead poisoning on environmental modification programs in Newark, New Jersey. Data from the Newark, New Jersey Childhood Lead Poisoning Program suggest that the major consequence of the program has been early intervention rather than the amelioration of environmental contamination. During 1975 to 1976, the authors investigated housing for 253 black and Hispanic children with blood levels over 60 microgram/100 ml. Of these, 115 had moved or had given incorrect addresses and were lost to follow-up, 22 were in the same homes but did not make themselves available and in 16 instances, the houses were boarded up or had been destroyed by fire. Of the remaining 100 children, 31% suffered from symptoms potentially related to lead poisoning and 57% of the children were still living in the same dwelling in which the child was affected. Only one-fourth of the houses had been properly abated, i. e., the problem of environmental lead had been corrected, and one-fourth of the houses were not investigated at all by health authorities. These data support the concern that lead poisoning will not be effectively combated until the environmental issue is fully addressed.", "PMID": 496435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2913", "title": "Tumor size and lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Tumor size was accurately measured in 684 patients who had surgical treatment of cervical carcinoma after a small biopsy and received no preoperative radiotherapy. Frequency of lymph node metastases increased as five different tumor size parameters went up, depth of tumor invasion being of particular importance. When micrometastases, macrometastases, and tumor cell emboli were considered, a correlation was statistically verifiable for micrometastases and macrometastases. Such correlations could not be determined for tumor cell emboli. They are to be regarded as a random event.", "contents": "Tumor size and lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Tumor size was accurately measured in 684 patients who had surgical treatment of cervical carcinoma after a small biopsy and received no preoperative radiotherapy. Frequency of lymph node metastases increased as five different tumor size parameters went up, depth of tumor invasion being of particular importance. When micrometastases, macrometastases, and tumor cell emboli were considered, a correlation was statistically verifiable for micrometastases and macrometastases. Such correlations could not be determined for tumor cell emboli. They are to be regarded as a random event.", "PMID": 496442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2914", "title": "The neuropsychiatric disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for both vascular and immune mechanisms.", "content": "As part of a prospective survey of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a detailed collaborative study of the clinical, psychiatric, and laboratory features in 15 patients with nonfocal neuropsychiatric disease has been undertaken. In addition to conventional clinical and psychometric evaluation, electroencephalograph, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, the study included the assessment of cerebral blood flow with oxygen-15 brain scans and serological testing for the presence of antineuronal and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Of the 15 patients 12 had psychiatric manifestations, while 13 had various neurological abnormalities. All except 2 episodes of cerebral disease were transient. Striking abnormalities in cerebral blood flow and metabolism were seen in 12 patients, even in the presence of subtle clinical features. Sequential scans showed that improvement in clinical features was accompanied by a reversal of scan abnormalities. All sera contained brain-reactive antibody, either antineuronal IgG antibody (13) or lymphocytotoxic IgM antibody (12) or both (10), though there was an inconsistent association between clinical features and antibody titre. It is suggested that transient disturbances of cerebral vascular function in SLE might allow brain-reactive antibodies from the circulation access to cerebral tissue. In this way the nature of the neuropsychiatric abnormalities would depend on both vascular and immunopathogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "The neuropsychiatric disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for both vascular and immune mechanisms. As part of a prospective survey of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a detailed collaborative study of the clinical, psychiatric, and laboratory features in 15 patients with nonfocal neuropsychiatric disease has been undertaken. In addition to conventional clinical and psychometric evaluation, electroencephalograph, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, the study included the assessment of cerebral blood flow with oxygen-15 brain scans and serological testing for the presence of antineuronal and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Of the 15 patients 12 had psychiatric manifestations, while 13 had various neurological abnormalities. All except 2 episodes of cerebral disease were transient. Striking abnormalities in cerebral blood flow and metabolism were seen in 12 patients, even in the presence of subtle clinical features. Sequential scans showed that improvement in clinical features was accompanied by a reversal of scan abnormalities. All sera contained brain-reactive antibody, either antineuronal IgG antibody (13) or lymphocytotoxic IgM antibody (12) or both (10), though there was an inconsistent association between clinical features and antibody titre. It is suggested that transient disturbances of cerebral vascular function in SLE might allow brain-reactive antibodies from the circulation access to cerebral tissue. In this way the nature of the neuropsychiatric abnormalities would depend on both vascular and immunopathogenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 496443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2915", "title": "Mechanical factors and patellofemoral osteoarthrosis.", "content": "This paper investigates the possible role of mechanical stress in the development of the osteoarthrotic lesions frequently observed in the patellofemoral compartment of the knee joint. First the location of these destructive lesions was determined by studying the location and pattern of contact in the patellofemoral joint. The study was carried out on 39 cadaveric knees for the range of flexion 0 degrees -120 degrees. It was shown that the lesions were localised to the areas corresponding to the range of flexion 40 degrees -80 degrees. These areas have been shown to be subjected to a low stress for most of the time and to a much higher stress for only part of the time. This mode of stressing this area of the cartilage is a consequence of the style of life of the average Western man in which the most predominant activity is level walking, during which the load and in turn the stress are much lower than they are during other ambulatory activities such as ramp and stair ascent and descent. The same area of the cartilage seems to be subject to a similar mode of stress during sedentary occupations. It is suggested that this mode of stressing the cartilage conditions it chemically, and hence mechanically, to transmit low stresses, so that when the much less frequent but higher stresses are applied it cannot transmit them without sustaining some damage.", "contents": "Mechanical factors and patellofemoral osteoarthrosis. This paper investigates the possible role of mechanical stress in the development of the osteoarthrotic lesions frequently observed in the patellofemoral compartment of the knee joint. First the location of these destructive lesions was determined by studying the location and pattern of contact in the patellofemoral joint. The study was carried out on 39 cadaveric knees for the range of flexion 0 degrees -120 degrees. It was shown that the lesions were localised to the areas corresponding to the range of flexion 40 degrees -80 degrees. These areas have been shown to be subjected to a low stress for most of the time and to a much higher stress for only part of the time. This mode of stressing this area of the cartilage is a consequence of the style of life of the average Western man in which the most predominant activity is level walking, during which the load and in turn the stress are much lower than they are during other ambulatory activities such as ramp and stair ascent and descent. The same area of the cartilage seems to be subject to a similar mode of stress during sedentary occupations. It is suggested that this mode of stressing the cartilage conditions it chemically, and hence mechanically, to transmit low stresses, so that when the much less frequent but higher stresses are applied it cannot transmit them without sustaining some damage.", "PMID": 496444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2916", "title": "Sacroiliac joint abnormalities in paraplegics.", "content": "We studied 186 paraplegic patients to clarify the pathogenesis of the sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities reported in these patients. Partial or complete fusion of SI joints was noted in 47 patients (25%), and milder degrees of abnormalities of these joints were present in 27 patients (15%). The abnormalities differed from those seen in ankylosing spondylitis and were found more commonly in patients with high levels of cord injury. It is likely that trunk mobility is necessary to maintain integrity of SI joint and that absence of such mobility compromises SI joint structure in many paraplegics.", "contents": "Sacroiliac joint abnormalities in paraplegics. We studied 186 paraplegic patients to clarify the pathogenesis of the sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities reported in these patients. Partial or complete fusion of SI joints was noted in 47 patients (25%), and milder degrees of abnormalities of these joints were present in 27 patients (15%). The abnormalities differed from those seen in ankylosing spondylitis and were found more commonly in patients with high levels of cord injury. It is likely that trunk mobility is necessary to maintain integrity of SI joint and that absence of such mobility compromises SI joint structure in many paraplegics.", "PMID": 496445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2917", "title": "Acute gouty bursitis: report of 15 cases.", "content": "Fifteen cases of acute gouty bursitis were seen among 136 crystal-proved cases of gout. Bursal aspirate yielded yellow or pink fluid in 10, chalky white fluid in 1, and a small amount of bloody fluid in 4. Monosodium urate crystals were present in all. Bursal fluid leucocyte counts averaged 2.9 X 10(9)/1 compared with synovial fluid leucocyte counts that averaged 25.5 X 10(9)/1 in cases of articular gout (P less than 0.05). Gouty, septic, and idiopathic (traumatic) bursitis share clinical features, and detailed bursal fluid analysis is crucial for diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute gouty bursitis: report of 15 cases. Fifteen cases of acute gouty bursitis were seen among 136 crystal-proved cases of gout. Bursal aspirate yielded yellow or pink fluid in 10, chalky white fluid in 1, and a small amount of bloody fluid in 4. Monosodium urate crystals were present in all. Bursal fluid leucocyte counts averaged 2.9 X 10(9)/1 compared with synovial fluid leucocyte counts that averaged 25.5 X 10(9)/1 in cases of articular gout (P less than 0.05). Gouty, septic, and idiopathic (traumatic) bursitis share clinical features, and detailed bursal fluid analysis is crucial for diagnosis.", "PMID": 496446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2918", "title": "Clinical and radiographic features of spondylitic hip disease.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic features of hip disease in 76 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis have been studied. Symptomatic hip involvement occurred late in the course of the disease, with a mean delay after the onset of 12 years in males and 7 years in females. Patients with disease onset before the age of 20 developed hip symptoms at an earlier stage. Associated diseases included uveitis (13%), colitis (4%). Bilateral concentric loss of hip joint space with a relatively undeformed femoral head was the commonest radiological change (61%). Localised loss of joint space at the upper pole (16%) was associated with femoral head destruction and a greater degree of osteophytosis, suggesting coincidental or secondary osteoarthrosis. Bony ankylosis of the hips (10%) was present only in women, and the absence of osteophytes, cysts, and bone lesions of the iliac crests and ischial rami suggests that it is a distinct radiographic manifestation of female ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic features of spondylitic hip disease. The clinical and radiographic features of hip disease in 76 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis have been studied. Symptomatic hip involvement occurred late in the course of the disease, with a mean delay after the onset of 12 years in males and 7 years in females. Patients with disease onset before the age of 20 developed hip symptoms at an earlier stage. Associated diseases included uveitis (13%), colitis (4%). Bilateral concentric loss of hip joint space with a relatively undeformed femoral head was the commonest radiological change (61%). Localised loss of joint space at the upper pole (16%) was associated with femoral head destruction and a greater degree of osteophytosis, suggesting coincidental or secondary osteoarthrosis. Bony ankylosis of the hips (10%) was present only in women, and the absence of osteophytes, cysts, and bone lesions of the iliac crests and ischial rami suggests that it is a distinct radiographic manifestation of female ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 496447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2919", "title": "Indications for arthroscopy in mon- and polyarticular arthritis.", "content": "In many cases clinical and laboratory data and x-rays are insufficient to diagnose the aetiology of synovitis in gonarthritis and to plan adequate treatment. The efficacy of arthroscopy in the management of the knee lesion was studied in mon- and polyarthritis. A classification of 'very useful', 'useful' and 'not useful' was used. On the basis of results reported here we outline the indications for arthroscopy in mon- and polyarthritis.", "contents": "Indications for arthroscopy in mon- and polyarticular arthritis. In many cases clinical and laboratory data and x-rays are insufficient to diagnose the aetiology of synovitis in gonarthritis and to plan adequate treatment. The efficacy of arthroscopy in the management of the knee lesion was studied in mon- and polyarthritis. A classification of 'very useful', 'useful' and 'not useful' was used. On the basis of results reported here we outline the indications for arthroscopy in mon- and polyarthritis.", "PMID": 496448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2920", "title": "Antibody-dependent and PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "One hundred and thirty nine observations of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were made on 77 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 17 healthy controls. There were no differences in ADCC between these 2 groups or within the RA group with regard to disease activity, duration, seropositivity, or drug treatment. Sixty observations of phytohaemagglutinin induced cytotoxicity were made on 22 patients with RA and 10 healthy controls. Again there were no differences in cytotoxicity between the 2 groups.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent and PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. One hundred and thirty nine observations of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were made on 77 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 17 healthy controls. There were no differences in ADCC between these 2 groups or within the RA group with regard to disease activity, duration, seropositivity, or drug treatment. Sixty observations of phytohaemagglutinin induced cytotoxicity were made on 22 patients with RA and 10 healthy controls. Again there were no differences in cytotoxicity between the 2 groups.", "PMID": 496449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2921", "title": "Relationship between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were compared in 241 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There was a positive linear correlation between the 2 measurements with a high degree of variability. Neither age nor duration of RA had a detectable influence. The relationship between CRP and ESR was, however, altered by treatment with gold, penicillamine, or high doses of prednisone. It is suggested that serum CRP is the more sensitive measurement, but that CRP and ESR do not have identical clinical significance.", "contents": "Relationship between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were compared in 241 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There was a positive linear correlation between the 2 measurements with a high degree of variability. Neither age nor duration of RA had a detectable influence. The relationship between CRP and ESR was, however, altered by treatment with gold, penicillamine, or high doses of prednisone. It is suggested that serum CRP is the more sensitive measurement, but that CRP and ESR do not have identical clinical significance.", "PMID": 496450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2922", "title": "Changes with age in the glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage.", "content": "Human articular cartilage was obtained post mortem from the lateral femoral condyles of 30 subjects aged from under 1 to 70 years. Cryostat sections taken 0--100 micrometers and 900--100 micrometers deep to the cartilage surface were exhaustively extracted to recover the glycosaminoglycans (GAG). After fractionation by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzyme depolymerisation individual GAG were determined by alcian blue -0.05 M MgCl2 and disaccharide microassay procedures. Changes with age were observed in GAG concentration and in the proportion of individual GAG. Large alterations occurred during the period of skeletal growth (0--16y). At birth GAG formed about 50% of the dry weight of cartilage, a value that decreased to about 15% in adult cartilage. Chondroitin sulphates (ChS) formed the principal GAG of articular cartilage and accounted for almost all of the GAG of the infant material. The ChS decreased with age and were partially replaced by keratan sulphate (KS), so the KS eventually comprised 12% of the GAG. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was identified and was found to increase linearly with age to form 6% by weight of the cartilage GAG by 60y.", "contents": "Changes with age in the glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage. Human articular cartilage was obtained post mortem from the lateral femoral condyles of 30 subjects aged from under 1 to 70 years. Cryostat sections taken 0--100 micrometers and 900--100 micrometers deep to the cartilage surface were exhaustively extracted to recover the glycosaminoglycans (GAG). After fractionation by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzyme depolymerisation individual GAG were determined by alcian blue -0.05 M MgCl2 and disaccharide microassay procedures. Changes with age were observed in GAG concentration and in the proportion of individual GAG. Large alterations occurred during the period of skeletal growth (0--16y). At birth GAG formed about 50% of the dry weight of cartilage, a value that decreased to about 15% in adult cartilage. Chondroitin sulphates (ChS) formed the principal GAG of articular cartilage and accounted for almost all of the GAG of the infant material. The ChS decreased with age and were partially replaced by keratan sulphate (KS), so the KS eventually comprised 12% of the GAG. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was identified and was found to increase linearly with age to form 6% by weight of the cartilage GAG by 60y.", "PMID": 496451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2923", "title": "In-vitro mobility of the lumbar spine.", "content": "As part of a systematic study of the spine between D11 and S1 the response to stress has been assessed by measuring radiologically the total and segmental mobility of 103 specimens. The method was shown to be reproducible to within 10% of total mobility. No significant sex difference was seen. Total mobility varied widely, but mean total mobility fell with age. All lumbar segments became less mobile up to the fifth decade. Between the fifth and the eighth decade the mobility of the fifth lumbar segment continued to fall, whereas other lumbar segments became more mobile. The mobility of each segment also varied widely, but the mean segmental mobility fell progressively from L5 to D11. However, this smooth pattern of movement was seen in only 16 cases, mostly adolescents and young adults. Among the remainder, in which movement was irregularly distributed, there were 7 cases (4 aged less than 30 years) in which the mobility of at least 1 segment was more than 2 standard deviations above the mean. The cause of this hypermobility was not evident radiologically. It is suggested that segments with abnormally high mobility may be at risk.", "contents": "In-vitro mobility of the lumbar spine. As part of a systematic study of the spine between D11 and S1 the response to stress has been assessed by measuring radiologically the total and segmental mobility of 103 specimens. The method was shown to be reproducible to within 10% of total mobility. No significant sex difference was seen. Total mobility varied widely, but mean total mobility fell with age. All lumbar segments became less mobile up to the fifth decade. Between the fifth and the eighth decade the mobility of the fifth lumbar segment continued to fall, whereas other lumbar segments became more mobile. The mobility of each segment also varied widely, but the mean segmental mobility fell progressively from L5 to D11. However, this smooth pattern of movement was seen in only 16 cases, mostly adolescents and young adults. Among the remainder, in which movement was irregularly distributed, there were 7 cases (4 aged less than 30 years) in which the mobility of at least 1 segment was more than 2 standard deviations above the mean. The cause of this hypermobility was not evident radiologically. It is suggested that segments with abnormally high mobility may be at risk.", "PMID": 496452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2924", "title": "Extensive soft tissue calcification (calcinosis universalis) in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus developed extensive calcification of the soft tissues of the thoracic and abdominal walls and extremities early in her illness, and these calcifications gradually disappeared over the course of her disease. The extent of this calcinosis and apparent spontaneous regression are unusual events in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Extensive soft tissue calcification (calcinosis universalis) in systemic lupus erythematosus. A 21-year-old woman with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus developed extensive calcification of the soft tissues of the thoracic and abdominal walls and extremities early in her illness, and these calcifications gradually disappeared over the course of her disease. The extent of this calcinosis and apparent spontaneous regression are unusual events in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 496453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2925", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis, pyopericardium, and tamponade with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Constrictive pericarditis and pyopericardium with tamponade in a patient and rheumatoid arthritis is described. No fever was recorded despite a litre of pus in the pericardial sac, perhaps because of previous treatment with hydrocortisone. Echocardiography is a diagnostic advance.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis, pyopericardium, and tamponade with rheumatoid arthritis. Constrictive pericarditis and pyopericardium with tamponade in a patient and rheumatoid arthritis is described. No fever was recorded despite a litre of pus in the pericardial sac, perhaps because of previous treatment with hydrocortisone. Echocardiography is a diagnostic advance.", "PMID": 496454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2926", "title": "Septic arthritis due to Pasteurella multocida complicating rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids developed a septic arthritis of her right knee. She had been bitten on her right leg by her pet cat 2 weeks earlier. Pasteurella multocida, resistant to penicillin, was isolated from the septic joint and from the oropharynx of the cat. The arthritis was successfully treated with ampicillin. No attempt to eradicate the organism from the cat was made because of the expectation of early recolonisation.", "contents": "Septic arthritis due to Pasteurella multocida complicating rheumatoid arthritis. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids developed a septic arthritis of her right knee. She had been bitten on her right leg by her pet cat 2 weeks earlier. Pasteurella multocida, resistant to penicillin, was isolated from the septic joint and from the oropharynx of the cat. The arthritis was successfully treated with ampicillin. No attempt to eradicate the organism from the cat was made because of the expectation of early recolonisation.", "PMID": 496455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2927", "title": "Ruptured hepatic aneurysm in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We report on a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who suffered catastrophic haemorrhage following rupture of an intrahepatic aneurysm. The association between hepatic artery aneurysm and SLE has not been recorded previously, but we have found evidence from the literature that there may be an association between autoagressive disorders and this surgical emergency.", "contents": "Ruptured hepatic aneurysm in systemic lupus erythematosus. We report on a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who suffered catastrophic haemorrhage following rupture of an intrahepatic aneurysm. The association between hepatic artery aneurysm and SLE has not been recorded previously, but we have found evidence from the literature that there may be an association between autoagressive disorders and this surgical emergency.", "PMID": 496456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2928", "title": "Treatment of iron deficiency in Nigerians with daily intramuscular Ferastral.", "content": "Treatment of severe iron deficiency with iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) intramuscular 10 ml (iron 500 mg) on alternate days has been shown highly effective and well tolerated. In order to see whether the time of treatment could be shortened, 20 Nigerians with severe iron deficiency (mostly from hookworm infection) were treated with daily intramuscular Ferastral 10 ml until their calculated total requirement of iron was met. The total iron deficit was 877-2763 mg (mean 1875 mg). Supportive treatment included antimalarials, folic acid and anthelmintics. No patient complained of undue pain at injection sites or of any other undesirable side-effects. There was no evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity in any patient, including eight who were followed at intervals up to eight weeks from the start of treatment. The initial haemoglobin (Hb) level was 2.2-7.8 g/dl (mean 4.6 g/dl). Daily regeneration of Hb in the first 14 days was 0.12-0.49 g/dl (mean 0.30 g/dl), and haematological indices were generally normal by eight weeks. Recovery was slow or incomplete in six patients, all of whom had complications other than iron deficiency. Serum iron was measured in five patients, rose to around 8000 micrograms/dl on about day 4, and fell to physiological levels by day 14. The serum unsaturated iron binding capacity fell to nil in five out of six patients on around day 3, and reappeared between days 7 and 10. Five patients who had persistent blood loss from continued hookworm infestation received a further single dose of Ferastral (iron 1000 mg) 10 ml into each buttock after four weeks, and one patient after two weeks. This large dose was also acceptable to patients if given slowly; it was followed by an accelerated Hb regeneration, but no toxicity. Daily intramuscular Ferastral 10 ml until the calculated iron requirements are met (usually in less than five days) is recommended for the treatment of severe iron deficiency. Patients with continued blood loss or Hb less than 10 g/dl after four weeks without other cause of anaemia, may receive a boost of one intramuscular injection of Ferastral 20 ml (10 ml into each buttock).", "contents": "Treatment of iron deficiency in Nigerians with daily intramuscular Ferastral. Treatment of severe iron deficiency with iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) intramuscular 10 ml (iron 500 mg) on alternate days has been shown highly effective and well tolerated. In order to see whether the time of treatment could be shortened, 20 Nigerians with severe iron deficiency (mostly from hookworm infection) were treated with daily intramuscular Ferastral 10 ml until their calculated total requirement of iron was met. The total iron deficit was 877-2763 mg (mean 1875 mg). Supportive treatment included antimalarials, folic acid and anthelmintics. No patient complained of undue pain at injection sites or of any other undesirable side-effects. There was no evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity in any patient, including eight who were followed at intervals up to eight weeks from the start of treatment. The initial haemoglobin (Hb) level was 2.2-7.8 g/dl (mean 4.6 g/dl). Daily regeneration of Hb in the first 14 days was 0.12-0.49 g/dl (mean 0.30 g/dl), and haematological indices were generally normal by eight weeks. Recovery was slow or incomplete in six patients, all of whom had complications other than iron deficiency. Serum iron was measured in five patients, rose to around 8000 micrograms/dl on about day 4, and fell to physiological levels by day 14. The serum unsaturated iron binding capacity fell to nil in five out of six patients on around day 3, and reappeared between days 7 and 10. Five patients who had persistent blood loss from continued hookworm infestation received a further single dose of Ferastral (iron 1000 mg) 10 ml into each buttock after four weeks, and one patient after two weeks. This large dose was also acceptable to patients if given slowly; it was followed by an accelerated Hb regeneration, but no toxicity. Daily intramuscular Ferastral 10 ml until the calculated iron requirements are met (usually in less than five days) is recommended for the treatment of severe iron deficiency. Patients with continued blood loss or Hb less than 10 g/dl after four weeks without other cause of anaemia, may receive a boost of one intramuscular injection of Ferastral 20 ml (10 ml into each buttock).", "PMID": 496469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2929", "title": "An examination of the dietary constituents of the cattle-biting louse, Bovicola bovis.", "content": "Starved Bovicola bovis were confined until they died, with dried cow blood, dried cow serum, primary hair, secondary hair and calf skin scales stained with 1% toluidine blue. Feeding occurred readily on skin scales, as shown by dark staining of the intestine, and minimally on primary and secondary hair; lice confined with other substances did not feed.", "contents": "An examination of the dietary constituents of the cattle-biting louse, Bovicola bovis. Starved Bovicola bovis were confined until they died, with dried cow blood, dried cow serum, primary hair, secondary hair and calf skin scales stained with 1% toluidine blue. Feeding occurred readily on skin scales, as shown by dark staining of the intestine, and minimally on primary and secondary hair; lice confined with other substances did not feed.", "PMID": 496470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2930", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure, virus-like particles and infectivity of Leishmania hertigi.", "content": "Five strains of Leishmania hertigi hertigi isolated in Panama and three strains of L. hertigi deanei isolated in Brazil were studied. Ultrastructural examination of promastigotes grown in culture showed virus-like particles (VLPs), 55--60 nm diameter, in the cytoplasm of all strains. The VLPs were normally either organized in paracrystalline clusters or associated with induced tubules. In some cases the VLPs were associated with dense vesicular bodies. Mitochondria with which the VLPs were associated had enlarged elongate or circular cristae. Elongate 'microbodies' containing rod-like structures were observed in promastigotes grown in culture. Poor infections of promastigotes developed in the midguts of 10% of laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis following experimental feeding on cultures of L. h. hertigi. VLPs were seen in a promastigote in the midgut of a sandfly five days after feeding. Laboratory mammals proved poor hosts for L. hertigi. Cryptic infections in the visceral organs of immunosuppressed hamsters and immunodeficient 'nude' mice were detectable only by culture. Infections of DS cell and mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures showed amastigotes with a high ribosomal density and deep invaginations of the pellicular layer. VLPs were rarely seen in these amastigotes.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure, virus-like particles and infectivity of Leishmania hertigi. Five strains of Leishmania hertigi hertigi isolated in Panama and three strains of L. hertigi deanei isolated in Brazil were studied. Ultrastructural examination of promastigotes grown in culture showed virus-like particles (VLPs), 55--60 nm diameter, in the cytoplasm of all strains. The VLPs were normally either organized in paracrystalline clusters or associated with induced tubules. In some cases the VLPs were associated with dense vesicular bodies. Mitochondria with which the VLPs were associated had enlarged elongate or circular cristae. Elongate 'microbodies' containing rod-like structures were observed in promastigotes grown in culture. Poor infections of promastigotes developed in the midguts of 10% of laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis following experimental feeding on cultures of L. h. hertigi. VLPs were seen in a promastigote in the midgut of a sandfly five days after feeding. Laboratory mammals proved poor hosts for L. hertigi. Cryptic infections in the visceral organs of immunosuppressed hamsters and immunodeficient 'nude' mice were detectable only by culture. Infections of DS cell and mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures showed amastigotes with a high ribosomal density and deep invaginations of the pellicular layer. VLPs were rarely seen in these amastigotes.", "PMID": 496473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2931", "title": "Length of antibiotic therapy in in-patients with primary pneumonias.", "content": "Seventy-three subjects with primary pneumonia in a hospital in Northern Nigeria were given antibiotics until they had been afebrile for 24 hours. The average duration of therapy was 2.54 days (about 60 hours), which is considerably shorter than the current recommended practice. Subjects with hepatosplenomegalic schistosomiasis and tropical splenomegaly syndrome required antibiotics for a significantly longer period (3.75 days) than those without either of these conditions. Those with an antigenaemia did not require antibiotics for a significantly longer period than those without an antigenaemia. There were no deaths, no increase in morbidity and in virtually all cases complete resolution of the lung lesion occurred within the expected time. It is suggested that in primary pneumonia it is more rational to stop antibiotics after the patient has been afebrile for 24 hours. This leads to a shorter stay in hospital and to the use of less antibiotic.", "contents": "Length of antibiotic therapy in in-patients with primary pneumonias. Seventy-three subjects with primary pneumonia in a hospital in Northern Nigeria were given antibiotics until they had been afebrile for 24 hours. The average duration of therapy was 2.54 days (about 60 hours), which is considerably shorter than the current recommended practice. Subjects with hepatosplenomegalic schistosomiasis and tropical splenomegaly syndrome required antibiotics for a significantly longer period (3.75 days) than those without either of these conditions. Those with an antigenaemia did not require antibiotics for a significantly longer period than those without an antigenaemia. There were no deaths, no increase in morbidity and in virtually all cases complete resolution of the lung lesion occurred within the expected time. It is suggested that in primary pneumonia it is more rational to stop antibiotics after the patient has been afebrile for 24 hours. This leads to a shorter stay in hospital and to the use of less antibiotic.", "PMID": 496474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2932", "title": "Activity of Schistosoma mansoni over a ten-hour period in vitro, and its modification by oxamniquine.", "content": "The activity of pairs of adult Schistosoma mansoni maintained in a continuous flow culture system was monitored for ten hours using the ultrasound method of Brown, Norman, Bell and Chavasse (1978). The results of 75 experiments were collated by computer to demonstrate the average effect of oxamniquine on worm activity in vitro at concentrations from 0.2 microgram/ml to saturation. The averaging technique indicates that oxamniquine concentrations down to 0.2 microgram/ml modify worm activity in vitro.", "contents": "Activity of Schistosoma mansoni over a ten-hour period in vitro, and its modification by oxamniquine. The activity of pairs of adult Schistosoma mansoni maintained in a continuous flow culture system was monitored for ten hours using the ultrasound method of Brown, Norman, Bell and Chavasse (1978). The results of 75 experiments were collated by computer to demonstrate the average effect of oxamniquine on worm activity in vitro at concentrations from 0.2 microgram/ml to saturation. The averaging technique indicates that oxamniquine concentrations down to 0.2 microgram/ml modify worm activity in vitro.", "PMID": 496475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2933", "title": "A release-recapture experiment with the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston, with observations on dispersal, survivorship, population size, gonotrophic rhythm and mating behaviour.", "content": "10 118 female and 10 863 male Anopheles stephensi were released on three successive nights at a breeding site near the village of Sattoki, Punjab Province, Pakistan during early May, 1977. A total of 721 (7.13%) females and 505 (4.65%) males were recaptured resting indoors, feeding on buffaloes and swarming. The average distance dispersed for females and males recaptured resting inside 13 cattle sheds within 2.17 km of the release point was 165.5 m and 184.8 m, respectively. The maximum longevity of the marked females and males was 12 and 13 days, respectively (mean longevity 3.24 and 3.26 days, respectively). Population size was estimated for the first five days after release using the Lincoln Index modified to account for survivorship, and Jackson's positive and negative methods. Estimates of population size at the two cattle sheds nearest the release point ranged from 1294.7--2551.7 for females and from 481.6--1374.3 for males, considerably less than the size of the released cohort. Marked males from all three releases were collected while swarming with wild males. Inseminated marked and unmarked females were captured at male swarms. Females mated on the night of release, some within 15 minutes of release. Mating here presumably occurred while the females were transversing the 45 metres from the release point to the site of the buffalo biting collections. Both inseminated and uninseminated females were collected feeding on buffaloes. The first gonotrophic cycle was completed when the females were three to four days old, i.e. two to three days after release.", "contents": "A release-recapture experiment with the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston, with observations on dispersal, survivorship, population size, gonotrophic rhythm and mating behaviour. 10 118 female and 10 863 male Anopheles stephensi were released on three successive nights at a breeding site near the village of Sattoki, Punjab Province, Pakistan during early May, 1977. A total of 721 (7.13%) females and 505 (4.65%) males were recaptured resting indoors, feeding on buffaloes and swarming. The average distance dispersed for females and males recaptured resting inside 13 cattle sheds within 2.17 km of the release point was 165.5 m and 184.8 m, respectively. The maximum longevity of the marked females and males was 12 and 13 days, respectively (mean longevity 3.24 and 3.26 days, respectively). Population size was estimated for the first five days after release using the Lincoln Index modified to account for survivorship, and Jackson's positive and negative methods. Estimates of population size at the two cattle sheds nearest the release point ranged from 1294.7--2551.7 for females and from 481.6--1374.3 for males, considerably less than the size of the released cohort. Marked males from all three releases were collected while swarming with wild males. Inseminated marked and unmarked females were captured at male swarms. Females mated on the night of release, some within 15 minutes of release. Mating here presumably occurred while the females were transversing the 45 metres from the release point to the site of the buffalo biting collections. Both inseminated and uninseminated females were collected feeding on buffaloes. The first gonotrophic cycle was completed when the females were three to four days old, i.e. two to three days after release.", "PMID": 496476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2934", "title": "Disturbed venation, a new sex-linked mutant, in the mosquito Aedes togoi.", "content": "Genetic linkage of a new sex-linked mutant, disturbed venation (dv), in Aedes (Finlaya) togoi has been studied by utilizing representative markers, s (straw-coloured larva), ru (ruby eye), and y (yellow larva), of the three linkage groups. The dv allele is recessive, disturbs drastically venation of the wing veins, cu1, m1+2, m3+4, r2, r3, and r4+5, and also affects shape of the wings along with loss of many fringe scales. The wings become shortened, especially in females, and somewhat narrowed in males. Much variation occurs in the expression of dv with its fairly good penetrance, although an increased mortality of the dv homozygotes may occur at pupal stage or during emergence. This allele was located at 5 to 6 recombination units from s and 28.56 units from sex locus (M) in the gene order of s-dv-M.", "contents": "Disturbed venation, a new sex-linked mutant, in the mosquito Aedes togoi. Genetic linkage of a new sex-linked mutant, disturbed venation (dv), in Aedes (Finlaya) togoi has been studied by utilizing representative markers, s (straw-coloured larva), ru (ruby eye), and y (yellow larva), of the three linkage groups. The dv allele is recessive, disturbs drastically venation of the wing veins, cu1, m1+2, m3+4, r2, r3, and r4+5, and also affects shape of the wings along with loss of many fringe scales. The wings become shortened, especially in females, and somewhat narrowed in males. Much variation occurs in the expression of dv with its fairly good penetrance, although an increased mortality of the dv homozygotes may occur at pupal stage or during emergence. This allele was located at 5 to 6 recombination units from s and 28.56 units from sex locus (M) in the gene order of s-dv-M.", "PMID": 496477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2935", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. IV. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in haemoglobin AC individuals.", "content": "Haemoglobin (Hb) AC electrophoretic pattern was found in 0.7% of the population at Garki, Kano State, northern Nigeria, an area where malaria is hyperendemic. Twenty-one Hb.AC subjects at all ages did not differ from the rest of the population in their frequency or density of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malaria or P. ovale infections, nor in their IgM concentrations and titres of specific antimalarial antibodies. However, IgG levels in Hb.AC subjects were frequently above the average of the reference population (P less than 0.05), especially during a period of protection against malaria (P less than 0.01). These observations suggest that the Hb.C gene may be maintained in certain environments by an enhanced ability to produce IgG antibodies against an antigen or antigens other than malaria, and that its geographical relationship to malaria may be a coincidence. This hypothesis needs to be tested where Hb.C is seen at high frequency, in northern Ghana and Upper Volta or Gwoza (Nigeria).", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. IV. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in haemoglobin AC individuals. Haemoglobin (Hb) AC electrophoretic pattern was found in 0.7% of the population at Garki, Kano State, northern Nigeria, an area where malaria is hyperendemic. Twenty-one Hb.AC subjects at all ages did not differ from the rest of the population in their frequency or density of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malaria or P. ovale infections, nor in their IgM concentrations and titres of specific antimalarial antibodies. However, IgG levels in Hb.AC subjects were frequently above the average of the reference population (P less than 0.05), especially during a period of protection against malaria (P less than 0.01). These observations suggest that the Hb.C gene may be maintained in certain environments by an enhanced ability to produce IgG antibodies against an antigen or antigens other than malaria, and that its geographical relationship to malaria may be a coincidence. This hypothesis needs to be tested where Hb.C is seen at high frequency, in northern Ghana and Upper Volta or Gwoza (Nigeria).", "PMID": 496483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2936", "title": "A pocket of controlled malaria in a holoendemic region of West Africa.", "content": "Yekepa, a mining town in northern Liberia, has been built entirely since 1960 and now has a population of 16 000 inhabitants including 1500 expatriates. Although situated in a holoendemic region with constant human movements in and out of the town, the mining company has succeeded in controlling malaria in Yekepa. Furthermore, there is a constant threat of the vector in the close surroundings to the town. Control is maintained by regular residual insecticide sprayings with DDT, regular larviciding with fuel oil and fortnightly issue of amodiaquine chemoprophylactic to all workers. A Malariometric survey showed that the spleen and parasite rates were 11% and 13% respectively in the controlled areas and 95% and 67% respectively in surrounding regions not subjected to control measures. The dominant malaria parasite in the area was Plasmodium falciparum. No adult vectors were found in the town. In the surrounding villages the average room density of adult vectors was 3.8 and the sporozoite rate in a village very close to the town was 9.2%. The dominant vector of the area was Anopheles gambiae with A. Funestusalso being present. The annual per capita cost, including all control activities, is about 4--5 US dollars.", "contents": "A pocket of controlled malaria in a holoendemic region of West Africa. Yekepa, a mining town in northern Liberia, has been built entirely since 1960 and now has a population of 16 000 inhabitants including 1500 expatriates. Although situated in a holoendemic region with constant human movements in and out of the town, the mining company has succeeded in controlling malaria in Yekepa. Furthermore, there is a constant threat of the vector in the close surroundings to the town. Control is maintained by regular residual insecticide sprayings with DDT, regular larviciding with fuel oil and fortnightly issue of amodiaquine chemoprophylactic to all workers. A Malariometric survey showed that the spleen and parasite rates were 11% and 13% respectively in the controlled areas and 95% and 67% respectively in surrounding regions not subjected to control measures. The dominant malaria parasite in the area was Plasmodium falciparum. No adult vectors were found in the town. In the surrounding villages the average room density of adult vectors was 3.8 and the sporozoite rate in a village very close to the town was 9.2%. The dominant vector of the area was Anopheles gambiae with A. Funestusalso being present. The annual per capita cost, including all control activities, is about 4--5 US dollars.", "PMID": 496484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2937", "title": "Habits of malaria chemoprophylaxis and an analysis of breakdowns in a West African mining town.", "content": "In a West African community approximately 80% of the non-African personnel were taking malaria prophylactics in the recommended manner. The non-takers stated that they were afraid of side-effects of the drugs and/or under-estimated the risks of the disease. During one year 123 patients with clinically suspected malaria were studied. All patients with positive slides were cured with regular dose of 1.5 g chloroquine base. No chloroquine resistance was therefore demonstrated, although 4-aminoquinoline prophylaxis had been given for almost 20 years to thousands of non-African non-immunes as well as in pregnant women and children in the town. Common reasons for 'breakdowns' were febrile disease other than malaria, false positive diagnosis and improper chemoprophylaxis.", "contents": "Habits of malaria chemoprophylaxis and an analysis of breakdowns in a West African mining town. In a West African community approximately 80% of the non-African personnel were taking malaria prophylactics in the recommended manner. The non-takers stated that they were afraid of side-effects of the drugs and/or under-estimated the risks of the disease. During one year 123 patients with clinically suspected malaria were studied. All patients with positive slides were cured with regular dose of 1.5 g chloroquine base. No chloroquine resistance was therefore demonstrated, although 4-aminoquinoline prophylaxis had been given for almost 20 years to thousands of non-African non-immunes as well as in pregnant women and children in the town. Common reasons for 'breakdowns' were febrile disease other than malaria, false positive diagnosis and improper chemoprophylaxis.", "PMID": 496485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2938", "title": "The primary isolation of Leishmania donovani from Iraq on different culture media.", "content": "Leishmania donovani was isolated by culturing bone marrow aspirates from kala-azar patients, on three types of culture media. The isolation was successful in 88% of the cases. The effects of pH, D-glucose, L-proline and antibiotic concentration in the isolation were investigated. The semi-solid medium used (pH 7.4) with L-proline, was better than the modified NNN media for the primary isolation.", "contents": "The primary isolation of Leishmania donovani from Iraq on different culture media. Leishmania donovani was isolated by culturing bone marrow aspirates from kala-azar patients, on three types of culture media. The isolation was successful in 88% of the cases. The effects of pH, D-glucose, L-proline and antibiotic concentration in the isolation were investigated. The semi-solid medium used (pH 7.4) with L-proline, was better than the modified NNN media for the primary isolation.", "PMID": 496486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2939", "title": "Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project, X. Schistosoma haematobium and bacteriuria in the Malumfashi area.", "content": "No association was found between bacteriuria and Schistosoma haematobium infection in the Malumfashi area, and no male had a confirmed significant bacteriuria. The overall bacteriuria prevalence rate in a separate group of schoolgirls was 0.96%, while in females over the age of 20 it was 1.37%; there was an estimated prevalence of 3.2% in women over the age of 30. These figures for females agree with those from populations which have no experience of bilharzia. No urinary S. typhi carriers were found. The lack of association between urinary bacterial infection and schistosomiasis probably reflects the low intensity of S. haematobium infection in the Malumfashi area of northern Nigeria.", "contents": "Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project, X. Schistosoma haematobium and bacteriuria in the Malumfashi area. No association was found between bacteriuria and Schistosoma haematobium infection in the Malumfashi area, and no male had a confirmed significant bacteriuria. The overall bacteriuria prevalence rate in a separate group of schoolgirls was 0.96%, while in females over the age of 20 it was 1.37%; there was an estimated prevalence of 3.2% in women over the age of 30. These figures for females agree with those from populations which have no experience of bilharzia. No urinary S. typhi carriers were found. The lack of association between urinary bacterial infection and schistosomiasis probably reflects the low intensity of S. haematobium infection in the Malumfashi area of northern Nigeria.", "PMID": 496487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2940", "title": "Schistosome infection rates in field snails: Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Kenya.", "content": "Six collections of Biomphalaria pfeifferi were made in the Nairobi and Machakos areas of Kenya. Individual cercarial shedding (Method A) showed that 6.9% (65/938) of the snails had mature 'patent' Schistosoma mansoni infections (range 3.1--34% in the six collections). Crushing (Method B) about one-third of the remaining snails detected no additional mature infections but yielded 1.4% (four snails from one collection) with secondary sporocysts from immature 'prepatent' infections. Weekly shedding observations for five weeks (Method C) on the remainder of the snails showed that 6.9% (40 snails from four collections--range 1.5--30%) shed cercariae maturing from infections immature at the time of collection. As Method B detected no cercariae, Method A apparently detected all 'patent' infections reliably, despite the stress suffered by the snails before examination. Method C was simpler and more efficient than Method B in the detection of infections which were immature at the time of collection. Judging from the rate at which infections matured in Method C, field snails in heavily endemic areas are subjected to pulses of infection rather than to a continuous flow of miracidia. The 'patent' infection rate was not correlated to the 'prepatent' infection rate. Some of the implications of these findings to mathematical models of schistosome transmission are discussed.", "contents": "Schistosome infection rates in field snails: Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Kenya. Six collections of Biomphalaria pfeifferi were made in the Nairobi and Machakos areas of Kenya. Individual cercarial shedding (Method A) showed that 6.9% (65/938) of the snails had mature 'patent' Schistosoma mansoni infections (range 3.1--34% in the six collections). Crushing (Method B) about one-third of the remaining snails detected no additional mature infections but yielded 1.4% (four snails from one collection) with secondary sporocysts from immature 'prepatent' infections. Weekly shedding observations for five weeks (Method C) on the remainder of the snails showed that 6.9% (40 snails from four collections--range 1.5--30%) shed cercariae maturing from infections immature at the time of collection. As Method B detected no cercariae, Method A apparently detected all 'patent' infections reliably, despite the stress suffered by the snails before examination. Method C was simpler and more efficient than Method B in the detection of infections which were immature at the time of collection. Judging from the rate at which infections matured in Method C, field snails in heavily endemic areas are subjected to pulses of infection rather than to a continuous flow of miracidia. The 'patent' infection rate was not correlated to the 'prepatent' infection rate. Some of the implications of these findings to mathematical models of schistosome transmission are discussed.", "PMID": 496488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2941", "title": "Host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. III. The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii to un-irradiated and irradiated golden hamsters and white mice.", "content": "The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii by Liponyssus bacoti to un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters and mice is described. Both young and adult, un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters were highly susceptible to L. carinii but mice (un-irradiated or irradiated) were poor hosts. All hamsters (18 un-irradiated and seven irradiated) became infected. Seven out of nine mice in an un-irradiated series became infected. There was apparently 'age resistance' or 'young susceptibility' in the hamsters. The susceptibility of young hamsters appeared similar to that of new-born Carworth white rats and cotton rats. The pattern of infection in un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters was similar. Results from irradiated animals were insufficient to draw any clear conclusions on the effect of irradiation to susceptibility to infection with L. carinii. X-irradiation apparently did not affect the innate susceptibility cr resistance of hamsters and mice to worms. The duration and intensity of microfilaraemia was apparently higher in irradiated hamsters.", "contents": "Host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. III. The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii to un-irradiated and irradiated golden hamsters and white mice. The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii by Liponyssus bacoti to un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters and mice is described. Both young and adult, un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters were highly susceptible to L. carinii but mice (un-irradiated or irradiated) were poor hosts. All hamsters (18 un-irradiated and seven irradiated) became infected. Seven out of nine mice in an un-irradiated series became infected. There was apparently 'age resistance' or 'young susceptibility' in the hamsters. The susceptibility of young hamsters appeared similar to that of new-born Carworth white rats and cotton rats. The pattern of infection in un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters was similar. Results from irradiated animals were insufficient to draw any clear conclusions on the effect of irradiation to susceptibility to infection with L. carinii. X-irradiation apparently did not affect the innate susceptibility cr resistance of hamsters and mice to worms. The duration and intensity of microfilaraemia was apparently higher in irradiated hamsters.", "PMID": 496489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2942", "title": "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons manpower survey for 1976: a summary.", "content": "The results of a 1977 survey regarding places and types of thoracic surgical procedures performed in the United States are analyzed. Responses gathered from 2,240 thoracic surgeons showed that active thoracic surgeons between 34 and 54 years old performed 195,850 major thoracic or cardiac operations per year. Fifty-four percent of active surgeons responding were in solo practice, 40% practiced in groups of 2 to 5 surgeons, and the reamining 6% were in groups of 6 or more. Community size, regional distribution of services, proportion of professional activities allocated to various procedures, and estimates of additional capacity are also summarized.", "contents": "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons manpower survey for 1976: a summary. The results of a 1977 survey regarding places and types of thoracic surgical procedures performed in the United States are analyzed. Responses gathered from 2,240 thoracic surgeons showed that active thoracic surgeons between 34 and 54 years old performed 195,850 major thoracic or cardiac operations per year. Fifty-four percent of active surgeons responding were in solo practice, 40% practiced in groups of 2 to 5 surgeons, and the reamining 6% were in groups of 6 or more. Community size, regional distribution of services, proportion of professional activities allocated to various procedures, and estimates of additional capacity are also summarized.", "PMID": 496494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2943", "title": "Forecasting health manpower requirements: the case of thoracic surgeons.", "content": "This paper presents projections of the future demand for thoracic surgery. Estimates of the future supplies of thoracic surgeons are constructed based on three alternative annual Board-certification rates. The consequences of varying supplies of thoracic surgeons, for a given level of expected demand, are presented in terms of expected work-load levels. Since it is costly to society if there are too few thoracic surgeons and since it is an obvious waste of resources if there are too many, no single estimate for an optimal annual increase in the number of thoracic surgeons is suggested. Important inadequacies of data for both forecasting demand and determining work loads are noted.", "contents": "Forecasting health manpower requirements: the case of thoracic surgeons. This paper presents projections of the future demand for thoracic surgery. Estimates of the future supplies of thoracic surgeons are constructed based on three alternative annual Board-certification rates. The consequences of varying supplies of thoracic surgeons, for a given level of expected demand, are presented in terms of expected work-load levels. Since it is costly to society if there are too few thoracic surgeons and since it is an obvious waste of resources if there are too many, no single estimate for an optimal annual increase in the number of thoracic surgeons is suggested. Important inadequacies of data for both forecasting demand and determining work loads are noted.", "PMID": 496495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2944", "title": "The treatment of postperfusion bleeding using epsilon-aminocaproic acid, cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, and protamine sulfate.", "content": "The evaluation of excessive hemorrhage was carried out in 774 patients after cardiopulmonary bypass. Excessive hemorrhage was defined in any adult patient as chest tube drainage of more than 600 ml within the first eight hours after operation. Using the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, and tri-F titer tests, it was possible to differentiate medical from surgical bleeding. Hyperfibrinolytic bleeding was the most frequently identifiable coagulation disorder and occurred in 159 patients (20%). All these patients were successfully treated with Amicar (epsilon-aminocaproic acid) alone, or with Amicar supplemented with cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma. Three patients (0.4%) were noted to have residual heparin and required additional protamine sulfate. Five patients (0.6%) had normal coagulation studies and required immediate reexploration. The overall blood consumption per patient was 2.1 units of packed cells. Whole blood and platelets were not used.", "contents": "The treatment of postperfusion bleeding using epsilon-aminocaproic acid, cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, and protamine sulfate. The evaluation of excessive hemorrhage was carried out in 774 patients after cardiopulmonary bypass. Excessive hemorrhage was defined in any adult patient as chest tube drainage of more than 600 ml within the first eight hours after operation. Using the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, and tri-F titer tests, it was possible to differentiate medical from surgical bleeding. Hyperfibrinolytic bleeding was the most frequently identifiable coagulation disorder and occurred in 159 patients (20%). All these patients were successfully treated with Amicar (epsilon-aminocaproic acid) alone, or with Amicar supplemented with cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma. Three patients (0.4%) were noted to have residual heparin and required additional protamine sulfate. Five patients (0.6%) had normal coagulation studies and required immediate reexploration. The overall blood consumption per patient was 2.1 units of packed cells. Whole blood and platelets were not used.", "PMID": 496496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2945", "title": "Delayed pacemaker erosion due to electrode seal defects.", "content": "Over a 7-year period, follow-up data were available on 163 patients who underwent 209 pacemaker-related operations for initial insertion or revision of previously implanted units. During the follow-up period, 16 pacemaker generator units were remoaved from 16 pacemaker generator units were removed from 12 patients solely because of the development of local skin erosion. This represents a 7.7% incidence of pacemaker generator erosion. Tree units were removed within a 3-month interval following pacemaker implantation and were associated with positive bacterial cultures, theraby indicating an infectious cause. Findings at removal of the remaining 13 pacemaker generators included extensive fibrosis with chronic inflammation, fibroblastic proliferation, and granulation tissue, which was most prominent at the site of insertion of the pacemaker lead into the pacemaker generator unit. Granulation tissue frequently led from this area to the area of skin attenuation and erythema. Inspection of the pacemaker generator units and electrodes demonstrated fluid ingress and tissue ingrowth toward the electrode due to inadequate seal mechanisms. Inadequate seal design of the pacemaker generator and electrode junction leads to tissue ingrowth with fibroblastic proliferatiog chronic inflammation, and eventual pacemaker erosion.", "contents": "Delayed pacemaker erosion due to electrode seal defects. Over a 7-year period, follow-up data were available on 163 patients who underwent 209 pacemaker-related operations for initial insertion or revision of previously implanted units. During the follow-up period, 16 pacemaker generator units were remoaved from 16 pacemaker generator units were removed from 12 patients solely because of the development of local skin erosion. This represents a 7.7% incidence of pacemaker generator erosion. Tree units were removed within a 3-month interval following pacemaker implantation and were associated with positive bacterial cultures, theraby indicating an infectious cause. Findings at removal of the remaining 13 pacemaker generators included extensive fibrosis with chronic inflammation, fibroblastic proliferation, and granulation tissue, which was most prominent at the site of insertion of the pacemaker lead into the pacemaker generator unit. Granulation tissue frequently led from this area to the area of skin attenuation and erythema. Inspection of the pacemaker generator units and electrodes demonstrated fluid ingress and tissue ingrowth toward the electrode due to inadequate seal mechanisms. Inadequate seal design of the pacemaker generator and electrode junction leads to tissue ingrowth with fibroblastic proliferatiog chronic inflammation, and eventual pacemaker erosion.", "PMID": 496497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2946", "title": "The role of gallium-67 scanning in the clinical staging and preoperative evaluation of patients with carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Gallium-67 scanning was evaluated in 100 patients with proved carcinoma of the lung. It was valuable in separating primary from secondary lung tumors, determining the extent of contralateral hilar or mediastinal lymph node involvement, and detecting distant organ metastases. In addition to multiplane whole-body Ga-67 tomographic scanning, colloid liver scans, bone scans, and computerized axial tomography scans of the brain were obtained to determine the presence of distant metastasis. The gallium scan detected 11 of 12 occult metastases and identified 7 of 7 liver, 9 of 14 brain, 4 of 4 soft tissues, 1 of 4 contralateral lung, and 9 of 11 bone metastases. The whole-body gallium scan accurately detected or excluded extrathoracic metastatic disease in 11 of 12 patients examined postmortem within three months of a gallium scan. An approach is recommended using gallium scanning along with chest roentgenograms for clinical staging and preoperative evaluation of patients with carcinoma of the lung. Specific organ scans should be reserved for the occasional symptomatic patient with a negative gallium scan or for clarification of an indeterminate gallium scan.", "contents": "The role of gallium-67 scanning in the clinical staging and preoperative evaluation of patients with carcinoma of the lung. Gallium-67 scanning was evaluated in 100 patients with proved carcinoma of the lung. It was valuable in separating primary from secondary lung tumors, determining the extent of contralateral hilar or mediastinal lymph node involvement, and detecting distant organ metastases. In addition to multiplane whole-body Ga-67 tomographic scanning, colloid liver scans, bone scans, and computerized axial tomography scans of the brain were obtained to determine the presence of distant metastasis. The gallium scan detected 11 of 12 occult metastases and identified 7 of 7 liver, 9 of 14 brain, 4 of 4 soft tissues, 1 of 4 contralateral lung, and 9 of 11 bone metastases. The whole-body gallium scan accurately detected or excluded extrathoracic metastatic disease in 11 of 12 patients examined postmortem within three months of a gallium scan. An approach is recommended using gallium scanning along with chest roentgenograms for clinical staging and preoperative evaluation of patients with carcinoma of the lung. Specific organ scans should be reserved for the occasional symptomatic patient with a negative gallium scan or for clarification of an indeterminate gallium scan.", "PMID": 496498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2947", "title": "Sleeve pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Carcinomas of the right upper lobe that locally infiltrate the trachea represent a major challenge with regard to removal and reconstruction. Sixteen patients who had right pneumonectomy with carina resection between 1969 and 1977 were reviewed, and some implications of the surgical and anesthetic techniques were analyzed. The short-term results give merit to this extended procedure, and the fact that there is one long-term survivor suggests that some patients can be cured of their disease.", "contents": "Sleeve pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Carcinomas of the right upper lobe that locally infiltrate the trachea represent a major challenge with regard to removal and reconstruction. Sixteen patients who had right pneumonectomy with carina resection between 1969 and 1977 were reviewed, and some implications of the surgical and anesthetic techniques were analyzed. The short-term results give merit to this extended procedure, and the fact that there is one long-term survivor suggests that some patients can be cured of their disease.", "PMID": 496499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2948", "title": "Segmental resection for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Segmental resection was performed on 168 patients with peripheral, Stage I bronchogenic carcinoma from 1957 to July 1, 1978. Seventy-four patients (44%) had adenocarcinoma, 58 (34%) had an epidermoid type, 28 (17%) had an unadifferentiated tumor, and 8 (5%) had a bronchoalveolar variety. Ninety-five resections were done on the left lung, the most frequent procedure being removal of the superior division of the left upper lobe (38 patients). On the right side, 73 resections were done. The anterior segment was removed most frequently (19 patients). There were 3 surgical deaths, for a mortality of less than 2%. Complications requiring prolonged hospitalization were associated with air leak in 10 (6%) of the 168 patients. Survival by actuarial curve is 53% at 5 years, 33% at 10 years, and 25% at 15 years. Forty-five patients (27%) died of metastatic carcinoma. Patients with epidermoid lesions have the most favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Segmental resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Segmental resection was performed on 168 patients with peripheral, Stage I bronchogenic carcinoma from 1957 to July 1, 1978. Seventy-four patients (44%) had adenocarcinoma, 58 (34%) had an epidermoid type, 28 (17%) had an unadifferentiated tumor, and 8 (5%) had a bronchoalveolar variety. Ninety-five resections were done on the left lung, the most frequent procedure being removal of the superior division of the left upper lobe (38 patients). On the right side, 73 resections were done. The anterior segment was removed most frequently (19 patients). There were 3 surgical deaths, for a mortality of less than 2%. Complications requiring prolonged hospitalization were associated with air leak in 10 (6%) of the 168 patients. Survival by actuarial curve is 53% at 5 years, 33% at 10 years, and 25% at 15 years. Forty-five patients (27%) died of metastatic carcinoma. Patients with epidermoid lesions have the most favorable prognosis.", "PMID": 496500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2949", "title": "Evaluation of a new cardiotomy blood filter.", "content": "A new cardiotomy blood filter with a polycarbonate body, a polyester prefilter, and a nylon screen with 20 mu pores was compared with four other commercially available filters. The Optigard filter was found to function as a \"surface filter,\" which effectively removes blood particles larger than its nominal pore size.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new cardiotomy blood filter. A new cardiotomy blood filter with a polycarbonate body, a polyester prefilter, and a nylon screen with 20 mu pores was compared with four other commercially available filters. The Optigard filter was found to function as a \"surface filter,\" which effectively removes blood particles larger than its nominal pore size.", "PMID": 496501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2950", "title": "A lung clamp for use with mechanical staplers.", "content": "A special lung clamp has been developed for use with mechanical stapling devices. These stapling instruments have been adopted widely for pulmonary operations. A variety of clamps has been used to grasp the pulmonary tissue. The present instrument was designed with vertical grooves and fine tapered spikes with opposing holes in the jaws of the clamp. This particular lung clamp overcomes the problem of slippage previously encountered when performing pulmonary resections with stapling devices.", "contents": "A lung clamp for use with mechanical staplers. A special lung clamp has been developed for use with mechanical stapling devices. These stapling instruments have been adopted widely for pulmonary operations. A variety of clamps has been used to grasp the pulmonary tissue. The present instrument was designed with vertical grooves and fine tapered spikes with opposing holes in the jaws of the clamp. This particular lung clamp overcomes the problem of slippage previously encountered when performing pulmonary resections with stapling devices.", "PMID": 496502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2951", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of idiopathic spermatidic arrest.", "content": "Previous studies on some cases of idiopathic spermatidic arrest showed an anomaly in glucose metabolism, in particular decreased utilization of glycogen at stage 3 of spermatogenesis, when condensation of the spermatid head commences. Histological patterns seen on light microscopy confirmed the reduced utilization of glycogen at stage 3 of spermatogenesis. Electron microscopy revealed an arrest at stage 3 of spermiogenesis and, at the cytoplasm level of the Sertoli cell, a modification in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum characterized by the presence of dilated cisternae. From a morphological viewpoint, the equivalent of a biochemical modification which characterizes this maturation disorder in the germinal epithelium is hypothesized.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of idiopathic spermatidic arrest. Previous studies on some cases of idiopathic spermatidic arrest showed an anomaly in glucose metabolism, in particular decreased utilization of glycogen at stage 3 of spermatogenesis, when condensation of the spermatid head commences. Histological patterns seen on light microscopy confirmed the reduced utilization of glycogen at stage 3 of spermatogenesis. Electron microscopy revealed an arrest at stage 3 of spermiogenesis and, at the cytoplasm level of the Sertoli cell, a modification in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum characterized by the presence of dilated cisternae. From a morphological viewpoint, the equivalent of a biochemical modification which characterizes this maturation disorder in the germinal epithelium is hypothesized.", "PMID": 496506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2952", "title": "Fine structure of human sperm chromatin.", "content": "The fine structure of human sperm chromatin is revealed by electron microscopy. Human sperm chromatin is characterized by fibers composed of discrete spherical organizational units not unlike somatic nucleosomes. During the decondensation process fibers composed of joined spherical units of both 400-A and 150-A diameters were observed.", "contents": "Fine structure of human sperm chromatin. The fine structure of human sperm chromatin is revealed by electron microscopy. Human sperm chromatin is characterized by fibers composed of discrete spherical organizational units not unlike somatic nucleosomes. During the decondensation process fibers composed of joined spherical units of both 400-A and 150-A diameters were observed.", "PMID": 496507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2953", "title": "Effects of ions and K+:Na+ ratio on motility and oxygen consumption of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Variations in the osmolarity of the medium altered motility, velocity, and oxygen consumption of human spermatozoa. Variations in the K+:Na+ ratio also altered their motility and velocity. These alterations, which reflect both the composition of the medium and individual characteristics of the donor, are discussed in relation to the diversity of milieu through which the sperm are transported.", "contents": "Effects of ions and K+:Na+ ratio on motility and oxygen consumption of human spermatozoa. Variations in the osmolarity of the medium altered motility, velocity, and oxygen consumption of human spermatozoa. Variations in the K+:Na+ ratio also altered their motility and velocity. These alterations, which reflect both the composition of the medium and individual characteristics of the donor, are discussed in relation to the diversity of milieu through which the sperm are transported.", "PMID": 496508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2954", "title": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy and sperm-agglutinating antibodies in infertile men.", "content": "In 10 infertile men with sperm-agglutinating antibodies in serum and a history of inguinal herniorrhaphy the site of the previous operation was explored. Five of the men had an occlusion of the vas deferens and in three others spermatoceles were noted in the epididymis. The occlusion of the vas deferens was in the area of the previous herniorrhaphy. Infertility caused by the development of sperm antibodies may occasionally be a long-term consequence of inguinal herniorrhaphy.", "contents": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy and sperm-agglutinating antibodies in infertile men. In 10 infertile men with sperm-agglutinating antibodies in serum and a history of inguinal herniorrhaphy the site of the previous operation was explored. Five of the men had an occlusion of the vas deferens and in three others spermatoceles were noted in the epididymis. The occlusion of the vas deferens was in the area of the previous herniorrhaphy. Infertility caused by the development of sperm antibodies may occasionally be a long-term consequence of inguinal herniorrhaphy.", "PMID": 496509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2955", "title": "Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the immune response of vasectomized rats.", "content": "Rats were vasectomized, vasectomized and injected in the epididymis with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or only injected with FCA without vasectomy. All were positive for sperm agglutinins, in contrast to sham-operated or untreated controls. Generally, the highest titers were found in vasectomized or unoperated animals given FCA, indicating that local granuloma formation promotes the production of sperm autoantibody, even in nonvasectomized rats.", "contents": "Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the immune response of vasectomized rats. Rats were vasectomized, vasectomized and injected in the epididymis with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or only injected with FCA without vasectomy. All were positive for sperm agglutinins, in contrast to sham-operated or untreated controls. Generally, the highest titers were found in vasectomized or unoperated animals given FCA, indicating that local granuloma formation promotes the production of sperm autoantibody, even in nonvasectomized rats.", "PMID": 496510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2956", "title": "Morphology of spermatogenic arrest in man.", "content": "Spermatogenic arrest in man was studied by transillumination, phase contrast microscopy, and conventional histology. The spermatogenic arrest occurred at the late pachytene stage, and the degeneration of the germ cells could be studied more accurately with phase contrast microscopy of living cells than with conventional histology. The Sertoli cells rapidly phagocytosed the degenerating cells, which could be seen on transillumination as dark spots along the whole length of the tubule.", "contents": "Morphology of spermatogenic arrest in man. Spermatogenic arrest in man was studied by transillumination, phase contrast microscopy, and conventional histology. The spermatogenic arrest occurred at the late pachytene stage, and the degeneration of the germ cells could be studied more accurately with phase contrast microscopy of living cells than with conventional histology. The Sertoli cells rapidly phagocytosed the degenerating cells, which could be seen on transillumination as dark spots along the whole length of the tubule.", "PMID": 496511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2957", "title": "Histological lesions in the testis of infertile men with varicocele.", "content": "Varicocele frequently causes male infertility and histological lesions at the contralateral testis. The most frequent lesions found in this study included maturation arrest in the spermatidic phase, cellular and acellular thickening of the tubular wall, and degeneration of the Leydig cells. These lesions were typical of varicocele and their simultaneous presence suggests that scrotal temperature and modified endocrine secretion of the interstitial testis play a role in the pathogenesis of this type of infertility.", "contents": "Histological lesions in the testis of infertile men with varicocele. Varicocele frequently causes male infertility and histological lesions at the contralateral testis. The most frequent lesions found in this study included maturation arrest in the spermatidic phase, cellular and acellular thickening of the tubular wall, and degeneration of the Leydig cells. These lesions were typical of varicocele and their simultaneous presence suggests that scrotal temperature and modified endocrine secretion of the interstitial testis play a role in the pathogenesis of this type of infertility.", "PMID": 496512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2958", "title": "1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA), an exfoliative antispermatogenic agent in the rat.", "content": "The oral administration of 50 mg DICA/kg at nine weekly or four monthly intervals produced partially reversible infertility in male rats as judged by the results of serial mating and testicular histology. Oral 500 mg DICA/kg doses administered at the same intervals produced permanent sterility. Single oral doses of 50 or 500 mg DICA/kg elevated mean FSH concentrations on days 2, 3, and 7 but did not affect LH or testosterone. Mean plasma concentration peaked at 74 micrograms/ml 4 hr after a 50 mg/kg dose of uniformly tritiated DICA; 24 hr later, it had declined rapidly to 5.5 micrograms/ml. The drug did not have a strong affinity for any tissue studied including the testis. DICA-induced exfoliation of immature germ cells was first observed 4 hr after administration and led to significantly reduced testis weights by day 2. Neither single doses of 10--250 mg DICA/kg nor five daily doses of 10--100 mg DICA/kg reduced seminal vesicle, ventral prostate, or body weights of male rats. Chronic weekly DICA administration did reduce mean seminal vesicle weight. These studies have shown that DICA is an effective, partially reversible antifertility agent that directly affects the rat testis.", "contents": "1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA), an exfoliative antispermatogenic agent in the rat. The oral administration of 50 mg DICA/kg at nine weekly or four monthly intervals produced partially reversible infertility in male rats as judged by the results of serial mating and testicular histology. Oral 500 mg DICA/kg doses administered at the same intervals produced permanent sterility. Single oral doses of 50 or 500 mg DICA/kg elevated mean FSH concentrations on days 2, 3, and 7 but did not affect LH or testosterone. Mean plasma concentration peaked at 74 micrograms/ml 4 hr after a 50 mg/kg dose of uniformly tritiated DICA; 24 hr later, it had declined rapidly to 5.5 micrograms/ml. The drug did not have a strong affinity for any tissue studied including the testis. DICA-induced exfoliation of immature germ cells was first observed 4 hr after administration and led to significantly reduced testis weights by day 2. Neither single doses of 10--250 mg DICA/kg nor five daily doses of 10--100 mg DICA/kg reduced seminal vesicle, ventral prostate, or body weights of male rats. Chronic weekly DICA administration did reduce mean seminal vesicle weight. These studies have shown that DICA is an effective, partially reversible antifertility agent that directly affects the rat testis.", "PMID": 496513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2959", "title": "Effect of castor oil and benzyl benzoate used as a vehicle for antiandrogens on the adrenal cortex.", "content": "The use of benzyl benzoate as a vehicle constituent in administering cyproterone acetate caused morphological changes detectable at the ultrastructural level in the adrenal cortex. Xastor oil and benzyl benzoate in a 4:1 ratio caused intracellular as well as intercellular changes. In the zona fasciculata there were alterations in mitochondrial shape, size, and matrix. Intercellular changes affected the morphology of macrophages in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. It is believed that the castor oil and benzyl benzoate vehicle caused stress-induced changes.", "contents": "Effect of castor oil and benzyl benzoate used as a vehicle for antiandrogens on the adrenal cortex. The use of benzyl benzoate as a vehicle constituent in administering cyproterone acetate caused morphological changes detectable at the ultrastructural level in the adrenal cortex. Xastor oil and benzyl benzoate in a 4:1 ratio caused intracellular as well as intercellular changes. In the zona fasciculata there were alterations in mitochondrial shape, size, and matrix. Intercellular changes affected the morphology of macrophages in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. It is believed that the castor oil and benzyl benzoate vehicle caused stress-induced changes.", "PMID": 496514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2960", "title": "Effect of 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane on the reproductive organs of male mice.", "content": "Mice treated with tetrasiloxane, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, showed lesions in the reproductive organs, cytological changes in the pituitary glands, and changes in levels of cholesterol, phosphomonoesterases, transaminases, 5'-nucleotidase, lactic and isocitric dehydrogenases, and ATPase.", "contents": "Effect of 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane on the reproductive organs of male mice. Mice treated with tetrasiloxane, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, showed lesions in the reproductive organs, cytological changes in the pituitary glands, and changes in levels of cholesterol, phosphomonoesterases, transaminases, 5'-nucleotidase, lactic and isocitric dehydrogenases, and ATPase.", "PMID": 496515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2961", "title": "[Postnatal phagocytic maturation (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy two children were studied including 12 prematures, 31 newborns, 25 infants and 4 preschool children. They were clinically healthy with exception of prematurity factor. The phagocytic index (PI) of their polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated against latex particles suspended in autologous serum. In prematures PI levels were from 5.55 to 11.05; in newborns and infants, 11.09 to 15.00; in preschool children, 15.08 to 21.97 and in normal adults 19.21 to 22.70. PI value showed marked increase after the first neonatal month or when children reached a body weight of over 4.250 Kg.", "contents": "[Postnatal phagocytic maturation (author's transl)]. Seventy two children were studied including 12 prematures, 31 newborns, 25 infants and 4 preschool children. They were clinically healthy with exception of prematurity factor. The phagocytic index (PI) of their polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated against latex particles suspended in autologous serum. In prematures PI levels were from 5.55 to 11.05; in newborns and infants, 11.09 to 15.00; in preschool children, 15.08 to 21.97 and in normal adults 19.21 to 22.70. PI value showed marked increase after the first neonatal month or when children reached a body weight of over 4.250 Kg.", "PMID": 496516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2962", "title": "[The presence of a red arch in the nail bed of a reimplanted hand and its prognostic value].", "content": "This is preliminary report describing a new clinical sign observed by the author in three cases of severed hands, and in several cases, following re-implantation within eight-hours after the accident. This sign has a useful prognostic value, based on its uniform and constant characteristics, in the evolution of re-implanted hands after severe trauma.", "contents": "[The presence of a red arch in the nail bed of a reimplanted hand and its prognostic value]. This is preliminary report describing a new clinical sign observed by the author in three cases of severed hands, and in several cases, following re-implantation within eight-hours after the accident. This sign has a useful prognostic value, based on its uniform and constant characteristics, in the evolution of re-implanted hands after severe trauma.", "PMID": 496517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2963", "title": "On the fibers of the III, IV and VI cranial nerves of the cat.", "content": "The fiber content and diameter spectra of the cranial nerves III, IV and VI were analysed in cat. A semi-automatic technique of measuring fiber diameters is presented and compared to the manual method. The number of fibres was counted in the proximal part of the three main nerves and in each of their distal branches before they enter the EOM. Compared to the muscle weight, the branch to the RB had fewer fibers than all the other muscle branches. The diameter spectra of the proximal part of the three main nerves were compared with the diameter spectra of each of their distal branches. Minor differences were found among them. Only the RB had a striking difference in the spectrum which was skewed toward the large diameters.", "contents": "On the fibers of the III, IV and VI cranial nerves of the cat. The fiber content and diameter spectra of the cranial nerves III, IV and VI were analysed in cat. A semi-automatic technique of measuring fiber diameters is presented and compared to the manual method. The number of fibres was counted in the proximal part of the three main nerves and in each of their distal branches before they enter the EOM. Compared to the muscle weight, the branch to the RB had fewer fibers than all the other muscle branches. The diameter spectra of the proximal part of the three main nerves were compared with the diameter spectra of each of their distal branches. Minor differences were found among them. Only the RB had a striking difference in the spectrum which was skewed toward the large diameters.", "PMID": 496518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2964", "title": "[Digestive complications of surgery for aortic coarctation].", "content": "The complications of surgery for coarctation have been studied by examining the case notes of 284 survivors. 37 (12%) of them had intestinal complications and 15 other complications. The predisposing factors are the treatment of the abdominal complications are analysed.", "contents": "[Digestive complications of surgery for aortic coarctation]. The complications of surgery for coarctation have been studied by examining the case notes of 284 survivors. 37 (12%) of them had intestinal complications and 15 other complications. The predisposing factors are the treatment of the abdominal complications are analysed.", "PMID": 496527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2965", "title": "[The thyroid gland of the newborn infant and postnatal iodine overload].", "content": "Severe iodine-induced hypothyroidism was recently diagnosed in several neonates raising the responsibility of the iodine antiseptic agents routinely used in these patients. Postnatal iodine overload due to cutaneous application of these agents (povidone iodine and fluorescinated alcoholic-iodine solution) was studied in 5 patients. Thyroid function studies were performed in iodine-overload neonates and in control neonates with comparable gestional age. Results indicated strong evidence of cutaneous absorption of iodine from the antiseptic agents used, leading to hypothyroidism in 12 of them. The frequency and the severity of thyroid dysfunction was closely related to the degree of prematurity. Full recovery was observed in all cases after withdrawal of the iodine-containing agents. It is therefore recommended to avoid any postnatal use of iodine preparations in neonates, mainly in preterm infants, and to use iodine antiseptic agents with great caution, when necessary during the neonatal period.", "contents": "[The thyroid gland of the newborn infant and postnatal iodine overload]. Severe iodine-induced hypothyroidism was recently diagnosed in several neonates raising the responsibility of the iodine antiseptic agents routinely used in these patients. Postnatal iodine overload due to cutaneous application of these agents (povidone iodine and fluorescinated alcoholic-iodine solution) was studied in 5 patients. Thyroid function studies were performed in iodine-overload neonates and in control neonates with comparable gestional age. Results indicated strong evidence of cutaneous absorption of iodine from the antiseptic agents used, leading to hypothyroidism in 12 of them. The frequency and the severity of thyroid dysfunction was closely related to the degree of prematurity. Full recovery was observed in all cases after withdrawal of the iodine-containing agents. It is therefore recommended to avoid any postnatal use of iodine preparations in neonates, mainly in preterm infants, and to use iodine antiseptic agents with great caution, when necessary during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 496528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2966", "title": "[The relative contribution of the upper and lower segments to growth in boys].", "content": "In a longitudinal growth study of 64 boys, the contribution of the upper and lower segments was analysed. The results are compared to an earlier study in girls, and the difference between the sexes was related to the puberty growth spurt. This is later, more prolonged and of greater amplitude in the boys. Lower segment growth contributed to the spurt in 25% of the boys.", "contents": "[The relative contribution of the upper and lower segments to growth in boys]. In a longitudinal growth study of 64 boys, the contribution of the upper and lower segments was analysed. The results are compared to an earlier study in girls, and the difference between the sexes was related to the puberty growth spurt. This is later, more prolonged and of greater amplitude in the boys. Lower segment growth contributed to the spurt in 25% of the boys.", "PMID": 496529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2967", "title": "[The cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome].", "content": "A further case of the cerebro-oculo-facio skeletal syndrome is described. The child, the first of healthy parents with no significant family history, died on the 4th day of life because of renal failure and respiratory difficulties. The dysmorphic features were microcephaly, microphthalmia, high nasal bridge, lax skin with a prominent skin fold extending below the eyes, large upper lip, fixed flexion deformities of the limbs, short fingers with campodactyly, talus valgus and longitudinal plantar groove. At autopsy there was renal agenesis, a hypoplastic bladder, bilateral cataract with atrophy of the iris and retina. The relationship between Potter's syndrome and other oculo renal syndromes are discussed. The diagnosis is important because this syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive.", "contents": "[The cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome]. A further case of the cerebro-oculo-facio skeletal syndrome is described. The child, the first of healthy parents with no significant family history, died on the 4th day of life because of renal failure and respiratory difficulties. The dysmorphic features were microcephaly, microphthalmia, high nasal bridge, lax skin with a prominent skin fold extending below the eyes, large upper lip, fixed flexion deformities of the limbs, short fingers with campodactyly, talus valgus and longitudinal plantar groove. At autopsy there was renal agenesis, a hypoplastic bladder, bilateral cataract with atrophy of the iris and retina. The relationship between Potter's syndrome and other oculo renal syndromes are discussed. The diagnosis is important because this syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive.", "PMID": 496530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2968", "title": "[Hypothyroidism caused by isolated TSH deficiency].", "content": "Hypothyroidism secondary to isolated thyrotropin (TSH) deficiency was confirmed by low TSH levels during TRF test. Other anterior pituitary hormones were normal. Replacement therapy with thyroxine improved the child's growth but not the intellectual ability. The diagnostic difficulties and the importance of early treatment are emphasised.", "contents": "[Hypothyroidism caused by isolated TSH deficiency]. Hypothyroidism secondary to isolated thyrotropin (TSH) deficiency was confirmed by low TSH levels during TRF test. Other anterior pituitary hormones were normal. Replacement therapy with thyroxine improved the child's growth but not the intellectual ability. The diagnostic difficulties and the importance of early treatment are emphasised.", "PMID": 496532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2969", "title": "[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in 2 child].", "content": "A boy aged 12 years is described who had eosinophilic gastroenteritis, a rare condition in childhood and one that is difficult to diagnose. Eosinophilia in the peripheral blood is a useful diagnostic clue. Although the histological appearances suggest an allergic process, the aetiology is unknown.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in 2 child]. A boy aged 12 years is described who had eosinophilic gastroenteritis, a rare condition in childhood and one that is difficult to diagnose. Eosinophilia in the peripheral blood is a useful diagnostic clue. Although the histological appearances suggest an allergic process, the aetiology is unknown.", "PMID": 496533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2970", "title": "[Subacute symmetrical osteomyelitis].", "content": "An 11 year old girl who developed subacute osteomyelitis in both distal tibial metaphyses is reported. The diagnosis was difficult and the importance of a bone biopsy in the absence of positive findings is emphasised. Recovery followed prolonged antibiotic therapy. This case is compared with seven similar cases in the literature.", "contents": "[Subacute symmetrical osteomyelitis]. An 11 year old girl who developed subacute osteomyelitis in both distal tibial metaphyses is reported. The diagnosis was difficult and the importance of a bone biopsy in the absence of positive findings is emphasised. Recovery followed prolonged antibiotic therapy. This case is compared with seven similar cases in the literature.", "PMID": 496535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2971", "title": "[Urinary tract infections and renal growth after antireflux operations in children].", "content": "An assessment has been made of renal growth and of the incidence of recurrent urinary tract infection in 116 children who had bilateral re-implantation of the ureters. Although reflux was prevented, 28% of the children continued to have infections long after the operation. The infections were mostly of the lower urinary tract whereas before the operation there was a significant incidence of acute pyelonephritis. After operation 82% of the kidneys grew normally and in 4,5% growth rate increased which is a smaller proportion than that reported in other series. In contrast 13,5% of the kidneys grew more slowly but they were usually abnormal radiologically before the operation.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections and renal growth after antireflux operations in children]. An assessment has been made of renal growth and of the incidence of recurrent urinary tract infection in 116 children who had bilateral re-implantation of the ureters. Although reflux was prevented, 28% of the children continued to have infections long after the operation. The infections were mostly of the lower urinary tract whereas before the operation there was a significant incidence of acute pyelonephritis. After operation 82% of the kidneys grew normally and in 4,5% growth rate increased which is a smaller proportion than that reported in other series. In contrast 13,5% of the kidneys grew more slowly but they were usually abnormal radiologically before the operation.", "PMID": 496537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2972", "title": "[Visual behavior of the premature infant].", "content": "Ocular reflexes were studied at birth in neonates of varying gestational ages and then followed every two weeks. It is possible to distinguish reflexes that may be present at birth that are dependent on gestational age and those acquired later. Each reflex corresponds to the establishment of neuronal corrections and thus it is possible to follow the development of neural structures in utero and after birth. Ocular examination of the newborn completes the examination of the central nervous system and a scale of visual age is proposed. The repeated examination of premature infants showed the development of visual function was accelerated.", "contents": "[Visual behavior of the premature infant]. Ocular reflexes were studied at birth in neonates of varying gestational ages and then followed every two weeks. It is possible to distinguish reflexes that may be present at birth that are dependent on gestational age and those acquired later. Each reflex corresponds to the establishment of neuronal corrections and thus it is possible to follow the development of neural structures in utero and after birth. Ocular examination of the newborn completes the examination of the central nervous system and a scale of visual age is proposed. The repeated examination of premature infants showed the development of visual function was accelerated.", "PMID": 496538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2973", "title": "[Glutaric aciduria. 1 new case].", "content": "A 4 year old girl with mild mental retardation presented with convulsions, coma and hepatomegaly. She died rapidly. The main biochemical findings were hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis, generalised aminoaciduria, elevation of the plasma and urine alpha-amino adipic acid, massive urine excretion of glutaric and glutaconic acids with traces of alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid. The diagnosis of glutaric aciduria was confirmed by the low activity of glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase in liver tissue. This diagnosis should be considered in children with progressive neurological disorders (dystonia, choreoathetosis) and in children with an illness similar to Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "[Glutaric aciduria. 1 new case]. A 4 year old girl with mild mental retardation presented with convulsions, coma and hepatomegaly. She died rapidly. The main biochemical findings were hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis, generalised aminoaciduria, elevation of the plasma and urine alpha-amino adipic acid, massive urine excretion of glutaric and glutaconic acids with traces of alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid. The diagnosis of glutaric aciduria was confirmed by the low activity of glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase in liver tissue. This diagnosis should be considered in children with progressive neurological disorders (dystonia, choreoathetosis) and in children with an illness similar to Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 496539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2974", "title": "[Anhidrosis. Presentation of an unusual case report].", "content": "A one month old girl with sudden attacks of fever and dehydration was found to have anhydrosis. Histologically the sweat glands were normal but the electrical resistance of the skin showed there was an abnormality of sweating. The cause of the disorder is unknown but could be due to a defect in the secretion of acetyl choline by the post ganglionic sympathetic nerves or due to a receptor defect in the sweat gland. This new syndrome should be considered in all infants with a high fever of unknown origin.", "contents": "[Anhidrosis. Presentation of an unusual case report]. A one month old girl with sudden attacks of fever and dehydration was found to have anhydrosis. Histologically the sweat glands were normal but the electrical resistance of the skin showed there was an abnormality of sweating. The cause of the disorder is unknown but could be due to a defect in the secretion of acetyl choline by the post ganglionic sympathetic nerves or due to a receptor defect in the sweat gland. This new syndrome should be considered in all infants with a high fever of unknown origin.", "PMID": 496540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2975", "title": "[Placental chorioangioma, skin angiomas and neonatal cholestasis].", "content": "A neonate with a large chorioangioma, multiple skin angiomata and prolonged cholestasis is described. Hepatic angiomata are thought to be responsible for the cholestasis but in some reported cases the jaundice could have been due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by angiomata.", "contents": "[Placental chorioangioma, skin angiomas and neonatal cholestasis]. A neonate with a large chorioangioma, multiple skin angiomata and prolonged cholestasis is described. Hepatic angiomata are thought to be responsible for the cholestasis but in some reported cases the jaundice could have been due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by angiomata.", "PMID": 496541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2976", "title": "[Oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease].", "content": "A child with a myopathy that started in the pelvic girdle, non-obstructive cardiomyopathy and retinitis pigmentosa is described. There was a progressive neurological deterioration with external ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. The clinical course could be predicted from the appearance of the muscle biopsy.", "contents": "[Oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease]. A child with a myopathy that started in the pelvic girdle, non-obstructive cardiomyopathy and retinitis pigmentosa is described. There was a progressive neurological deterioration with external ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. The clinical course could be predicted from the appearance of the muscle biopsy.", "PMID": 496542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2977", "title": "[Congenital carotid to jugular aneurysm].", "content": "A congenital carotid--jugular aneurysm was responsible for severe heart failure in a two day old baby. The child recovered after surgery. The signs suggesting an arteriovenous fistula (a continuous murmur and thrill, hyperdynamic circulation) may be absent, as in this case, when the child is in severe cardiac failure. The signs should be sought when the circulation improves.", "contents": "[Congenital carotid to jugular aneurysm]. A congenital carotid--jugular aneurysm was responsible for severe heart failure in a two day old baby. The child recovered after surgery. The signs suggesting an arteriovenous fistula (a continuous murmur and thrill, hyperdynamic circulation) may be absent, as in this case, when the child is in severe cardiac failure. The signs should be sought when the circulation improves.", "PMID": 496545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2978", "title": "[Acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism and insulin-resistant diabetes].", "content": "Three girls, two of them being monozygotic twins, are affected with acanthosis nigricans and hirsutism, which worsened at the time of their puberty. The first one has primary amenorrhea and the twins complain of spaniomenorrhea. Furthermore, laboratory data concluded to diabetes, hyperinsulinism and resistance to insulin. This rare association of syndromes is not accidental but its significance remains unknown.", "contents": "[Acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism and insulin-resistant diabetes]. Three girls, two of them being monozygotic twins, are affected with acanthosis nigricans and hirsutism, which worsened at the time of their puberty. The first one has primary amenorrhea and the twins complain of spaniomenorrhea. Furthermore, laboratory data concluded to diabetes, hyperinsulinism and resistance to insulin. This rare association of syndromes is not accidental but its significance remains unknown.", "PMID": 496546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2979", "title": "[The pediatric team in the presence of physical cruelty to and severe affective deprivation of children].", "content": "From a study of 50 cases the authors suggest a more suitable approach for paediatricians to the problems of battered babies and children with severe emotional deprivation. A multidisciplinary team is recommended in which everyone is involved and not just specialised personel. The study shows the frequency of emotional deprivation of children in care and the possibility offered by adoption. Local psychiatric support is often needed for parents who do not ask for help. The need to make long term arrangements during hospital admission requires an interdisciplinary team with close links between the paediatric team and other child welfare services.", "contents": "[The pediatric team in the presence of physical cruelty to and severe affective deprivation of children]. From a study of 50 cases the authors suggest a more suitable approach for paediatricians to the problems of battered babies and children with severe emotional deprivation. A multidisciplinary team is recommended in which everyone is involved and not just specialised personel. The study shows the frequency of emotional deprivation of children in care and the possibility offered by adoption. Local psychiatric support is often needed for parents who do not ask for help. The need to make long term arrangements during hospital admission requires an interdisciplinary team with close links between the paediatric team and other child welfare services.", "PMID": 496547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2980", "title": "Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I. Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions.", "content": "We conducted a 30- to 40-year field follow-up of 685 patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and nonpsychiatric conditions. Long-term outcome was analyzed in terms of the patients' marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status. On the whole, psychiatric patients showed a significantly poorer outcome than the surgical controls. On the basis of long-term outcome, schizophrenia, and affective disorders, selected according to the specified research criteria, were significantly different: schizophrenia definitely showed poorer outcome than affective disorders. However, no significant differences in all four outcome variables were found between mania and depression. We hope that the present data on long-term outcome of the typical cases can be used to compare outcome of other psychiatric disorders, such as undiagnosed psychoses, having mixtures of schizophrenic and affective features. In doing this, we hope to charify our understanding of undiagnosed psychoses and their relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders.", "contents": "Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I. Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions. We conducted a 30- to 40-year field follow-up of 685 patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and nonpsychiatric conditions. Long-term outcome was analyzed in terms of the patients' marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status. On the whole, psychiatric patients showed a significantly poorer outcome than the surgical controls. On the basis of long-term outcome, schizophrenia, and affective disorders, selected according to the specified research criteria, were significantly different: schizophrenia definitely showed poorer outcome than affective disorders. However, no significant differences in all four outcome variables were found between mania and depression. We hope that the present data on long-term outcome of the typical cases can be used to compare outcome of other psychiatric disorders, such as undiagnosed psychoses, having mixtures of schizophrenic and affective features. In doing this, we hope to charify our understanding of undiagnosed psychoses and their relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders.", "PMID": 496548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2981", "title": "Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group.", "content": "Eighty-five patients with both schizophrenic and affective features at the time of admission to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital between 1934 and 1944 were selected for a 30- to 40-year outcome study. Comparison groups were 200 schizophrenic and 325 affective disorder patients, selected by the Feighner et at criteria, and 160 psychiatric symptom-free surgical patients. We assessed marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status to evaluate the outcome of these patients at the time of field follow-up. We used multivariate analysis of covariance to analyze the data by taking admission marital and occupational status into consideration. Patients with schizoaffective disorders had a significantly better outcome than those with schizophrenia, but a significantly poorer outcome than those with affective disorders and surgical conditions. Schizoaffective disorder fell somewhere in between the schizophrenia and mania group. Before final conclusions could be made about the nature of schizoaffective disorders, more research should be done.", "contents": "Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group. Eighty-five patients with both schizophrenic and affective features at the time of admission to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital between 1934 and 1944 were selected for a 30- to 40-year outcome study. Comparison groups were 200 schizophrenic and 325 affective disorder patients, selected by the Feighner et at criteria, and 160 psychiatric symptom-free surgical patients. We assessed marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status to evaluate the outcome of these patients at the time of field follow-up. We used multivariate analysis of covariance to analyze the data by taking admission marital and occupational status into consideration. Patients with schizoaffective disorders had a significantly better outcome than those with schizophrenia, but a significantly poorer outcome than those with affective disorders and surgical conditions. Schizoaffective disorder fell somewhere in between the schizophrenia and mania group. Before final conclusions could be made about the nature of schizoaffective disorders, more research should be done.", "PMID": 496549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2982", "title": "Schizophrenia: evidence of a subgroup with reversed cerebral asymmetry.", "content": "Normal right-handed individuals often show neuroanatomical asymmetries of the brain on computed tomography (CT), with wider right frontal and left occipital lobes. We examined the frequency of reversals of this normal asymmetry in a group of 57 right-handed, the schizophrenic patients. Compared to 80 normal right-handeders, the schizophrenics had an increased frequency of both frontal and occipital reversals. We then divided the patients on the basis of whether they had CT evidence suggestive of brain atrophy. Those without evidence of atropy had increased frontal and occipital reversals. Those with evidence of atrophy had no increase in reversals. This suggests that reversals of neuroanatomical asymmetry, and by implication abnormalities of lateralization, are relevant to a subgroup of schizophrenic patients with otherwise normal CT scans.", "contents": "Schizophrenia: evidence of a subgroup with reversed cerebral asymmetry. Normal right-handed individuals often show neuroanatomical asymmetries of the brain on computed tomography (CT), with wider right frontal and left occipital lobes. We examined the frequency of reversals of this normal asymmetry in a group of 57 right-handed, the schizophrenic patients. Compared to 80 normal right-handeders, the schizophrenics had an increased frequency of both frontal and occipital reversals. We then divided the patients on the basis of whether they had CT evidence suggestive of brain atrophy. Those without evidence of atropy had increased frontal and occipital reversals. Those with evidence of atrophy had no increase in reversals. This suggests that reversals of neuroanatomical asymmetry, and by implication abnormalities of lateralization, are relevant to a subgroup of schizophrenic patients with otherwise normal CT scans.", "PMID": 496550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2983", "title": "Thought, language, and communication disorders. I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability.", "content": "Bleulerian psychiatry has considered thought disorder to be a pathognomonic symptom of schizophrenia. Evaluation of the Bleulerian perspective has been severely handicapped by the lack of any standard and widely agreed-on definition of thought disorder. Consequently, the conceptualization of thought disorder has tended to be quite diverse, and evaluation of thought disorder has tended to be quite unreliable. This report presents a set of definitions of linguistic and cognitive behaviors frequently observed in patients. These definitions derive from clinical experience, use an empirical approach, and avoid making inferences about underlying processes of thought. They attempt to define the broad range of language, thought, and communication behaviors observed in patients and are not limited to those considered characteristic of schizophrenia. The reliability of these definitions has been assessed using both tape-recorded and live interviews with patients, and it has been found to be quite good for most of the terms defined.", "contents": "Thought, language, and communication disorders. I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability. Bleulerian psychiatry has considered thought disorder to be a pathognomonic symptom of schizophrenia. Evaluation of the Bleulerian perspective has been severely handicapped by the lack of any standard and widely agreed-on definition of thought disorder. Consequently, the conceptualization of thought disorder has tended to be quite diverse, and evaluation of thought disorder has tended to be quite unreliable. This report presents a set of definitions of linguistic and cognitive behaviors frequently observed in patients. These definitions derive from clinical experience, use an empirical approach, and avoid making inferences about underlying processes of thought. They attempt to define the broad range of language, thought, and communication behaviors observed in patients and are not limited to those considered characteristic of schizophrenia. The reliability of these definitions has been assessed using both tape-recorded and live interviews with patients, and it has been found to be quite good for most of the terms defined.", "PMID": 496551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2984", "title": "Thought, language, and communication disorders. II. Diagnostic significance.", "content": "This investigation evaluates the frequency of various subtypes of thought, language, and communication disorders in 113 patients with diagnoses of mania, depression, and schizophrenia. It indicates that some types of thought disorder considered important occur so infrequently as to be of little diagnostic value, such as neologisms or blocking. The traditional concept of thought disorder, which emphasizes associative loosening, is also of little value, since associative loosening occurs frequently in mania as well as in schizophrenia. This investigation demonstrates that associative loosening can no longer be considered pathognomonic of schizophrenia. On the other hand, an approach that defines various subtypes of thought disorder and uses a concept of negative-vs-positive thought disorder does often permit a distinction between mania and schizophrenia. It is recommended that the practice of referring globally to \"thought disorder,\" as if it were homogeneous, be avoided in the future and instead that the specific subtypes occurring in particular patients be noted in both clinical practice and research.", "contents": "Thought, language, and communication disorders. II. Diagnostic significance. This investigation evaluates the frequency of various subtypes of thought, language, and communication disorders in 113 patients with diagnoses of mania, depression, and schizophrenia. It indicates that some types of thought disorder considered important occur so infrequently as to be of little diagnostic value, such as neologisms or blocking. The traditional concept of thought disorder, which emphasizes associative loosening, is also of little value, since associative loosening occurs frequently in mania as well as in schizophrenia. This investigation demonstrates that associative loosening can no longer be considered pathognomonic of schizophrenia. On the other hand, an approach that defines various subtypes of thought disorder and uses a concept of negative-vs-positive thought disorder does often permit a distinction between mania and schizophrenia. It is recommended that the practice of referring globally to \"thought disorder,\" as if it were homogeneous, be avoided in the future and instead that the specific subtypes occurring in particular patients be noted in both clinical practice and research.", "PMID": 496552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2985", "title": "Verbal behavior and schizophrenia. The semantic dimension.", "content": "Through the use of computer analysis, the content of the speech of schizophrenics is shown to be distinct from that of the speech of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. The data shed light on qualities that delineate some aspects of \"bizarreness\" in speech of schizophrenics, provide some insight into the diversity of postulated \"defects\" in schizophrenic thinking, and provide further understanding of the diagnostic process in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Verbal behavior and schizophrenia. The semantic dimension. Through the use of computer analysis, the content of the speech of schizophrenics is shown to be distinct from that of the speech of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. The data shed light on qualities that delineate some aspects of \"bizarreness\" in speech of schizophrenics, provide some insight into the diversity of postulated \"defects\" in schizophrenic thinking, and provide further understanding of the diagnostic process in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 496553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2986", "title": "Differential EEG patterns in affective disorder and schizophrenia.", "content": "We analyzed the EEGs of 27 schizophrenic patients and 132 patients with affective disorder who received diagnoses according to rigorous research criteria. The proportion of abnormal EEGs was twice as great among schizophrenics as among affectives, and when the groups were compared for localized cortical differences, schizophrenics had more temporal abnormalities and affectives more parieto/occipital abnormalities. There was also a trend toward different hemispheric lateralization for the two groups, with a reversal of the relative proportions of left- and right-sided abnormalities. These differences were unrelated to age, sex, severity of illness, or past or present drug administration. These findings are complementary to those of other workers, lend support to the validity of our diagnostic research criteria, and provide additional evidence for neurophysiological differences between schizophrenics and patients with affective disorder.", "contents": "Differential EEG patterns in affective disorder and schizophrenia. We analyzed the EEGs of 27 schizophrenic patients and 132 patients with affective disorder who received diagnoses according to rigorous research criteria. The proportion of abnormal EEGs was twice as great among schizophrenics as among affectives, and when the groups were compared for localized cortical differences, schizophrenics had more temporal abnormalities and affectives more parieto/occipital abnormalities. There was also a trend toward different hemispheric lateralization for the two groups, with a reversal of the relative proportions of left- and right-sided abnormalities. These differences were unrelated to age, sex, severity of illness, or past or present drug administration. These findings are complementary to those of other workers, lend support to the validity of our diagnostic research criteria, and provide additional evidence for neurophysiological differences between schizophrenics and patients with affective disorder.", "PMID": 496554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2987", "title": "Serum calcium and magnesium levels in schizophrenia. II. Possible relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms.", "content": "The relationship between serum calcium and magnesium levels and neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was studied in schizophrenic patients. The 16 patients in whom EPS developed had a significantly lower mean drug-free calcium level than the six patients in whom EPS did not develop. In patients in whom EPS developed, drug-free serum calcium and magnesium levels together correlated significantly with the neuroleptic dosage at which EPS first developed; lower calcium and magnesium values predicted EPS at lower dosages. We have previously shown that both serum calcium and magnesium levels were significantly lower during neuroleptic treatment than in the drug-free state. In this study, a similar trend was observed, but the calcium value tended to be, and the magnesium value was significantly lower at the onset of neuroleptic-induced EPS than during the mean of an entire pimozide trial.", "contents": "Serum calcium and magnesium levels in schizophrenia. II. Possible relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms. The relationship between serum calcium and magnesium levels and neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was studied in schizophrenic patients. The 16 patients in whom EPS developed had a significantly lower mean drug-free calcium level than the six patients in whom EPS did not develop. In patients in whom EPS developed, drug-free serum calcium and magnesium levels together correlated significantly with the neuroleptic dosage at which EPS first developed; lower calcium and magnesium values predicted EPS at lower dosages. We have previously shown that both serum calcium and magnesium levels were significantly lower during neuroleptic treatment than in the drug-free state. In this study, a similar trend was observed, but the calcium value tended to be, and the magnesium value was significantly lower at the onset of neuroleptic-induced EPS than during the mean of an entire pimozide trial.", "PMID": 496555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2988", "title": "[Studies on biological characterization of mammary tumours of the Sprague-Dawley-rat in the syngeneic tumour-host system. III. Metastatic experiments with primary tumours, transplantation passages and metastatic cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The metastatic spread following intravenous application of cells from primary and transplanted mammary carcinomas is described. When using cells from primary tumours the incidence rate was between 0 and 17%, but was much higher in the case of advanced tumours (transplantation passages and metastases).", "contents": "[Studies on biological characterization of mammary tumours of the Sprague-Dawley-rat in the syngeneic tumour-host system. III. Metastatic experiments with primary tumours, transplantation passages and metastatic cells (author's transl)]. The metastatic spread following intravenous application of cells from primary and transplanted mammary carcinomas is described. When using cells from primary tumours the incidence rate was between 0 and 17%, but was much higher in the case of advanced tumours (transplantation passages and metastases).", "PMID": 496559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2989", "title": "[Antineoplastic effects of violamycins depending on the number of sugar-components in the molecule (author's transl)].", "content": "Violamycin B, an antibiotic-complex, inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 in a well defined manner. The products Violamycin A, BII, and BI obtained by gelfiltration, were tested against the lymphoid Leukemia L1210. The results showed an increase of the toxicity and, simultaneously, a decrease of the antineoplastic effect, depending on the number of the sugar-components.", "contents": "[Antineoplastic effects of violamycins depending on the number of sugar-components in the molecule (author's transl)]. Violamycin B, an antibiotic-complex, inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 in a well defined manner. The products Violamycin A, BII, and BI obtained by gelfiltration, were tested against the lymphoid Leukemia L1210. The results showed an increase of the toxicity and, simultaneously, a decrease of the antineoplastic effect, depending on the number of the sugar-components.", "PMID": 496560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2990", "title": "The kinetics of cell proliferation in neuroblastomas.", "content": "The proliferation kinetics of 11histologically undifferentiated neuroblastomas were studied with an autoradiographic in vitro method (labelling with 3H-thymidine and double labelling with 3H- and 14C-thymidine). The cytokinetic parameters revealed a marked individual pattern: LI between 3.0 and 27.8%, Ts 7.2 to 17.8 hr, Tc 13.1 to 266.3 hr, Tm 0.6 to 5.1 hr, T(G1 + G2) 4.3 to 247.6 hr. The potential tumour doubling time (without cell loss) ranges from 20.4 to 415.4 hr. The growth fraction is between 0.48 and 0.58. Cytokinetic investigations of human tumours are extraordinarily important. They cannot only characterize the growth behaviour of malignant tumours, but also provide the basis for an individual therapy. The close correlation between proliferation kinetics and tumour therapy are discussed. These relations may also be summarized in a \"cytokinetic therapy index\", which allows the general prediction of chemosensitivity. This index is in the field of good or sufficient sensitivity in 9 neuroblastomas; in 2 cases the response to cytostatic agents is questionable from the view-point of cytokinetics.", "contents": "The kinetics of cell proliferation in neuroblastomas. The proliferation kinetics of 11histologically undifferentiated neuroblastomas were studied with an autoradiographic in vitro method (labelling with 3H-thymidine and double labelling with 3H- and 14C-thymidine). The cytokinetic parameters revealed a marked individual pattern: LI between 3.0 and 27.8%, Ts 7.2 to 17.8 hr, Tc 13.1 to 266.3 hr, Tm 0.6 to 5.1 hr, T(G1 + G2) 4.3 to 247.6 hr. The potential tumour doubling time (without cell loss) ranges from 20.4 to 415.4 hr. The growth fraction is between 0.48 and 0.58. Cytokinetic investigations of human tumours are extraordinarily important. They cannot only characterize the growth behaviour of malignant tumours, but also provide the basis for an individual therapy. The close correlation between proliferation kinetics and tumour therapy are discussed. These relations may also be summarized in a \"cytokinetic therapy index\", which allows the general prediction of chemosensitivity. This index is in the field of good or sufficient sensitivity in 9 neuroblastomas; in 2 cases the response to cytostatic agents is questionable from the view-point of cytokinetics.", "PMID": 496561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2991", "title": "[Induction of tumors in Wistar-rats after oral application of aminopyrine and nitrite (author's transl)].", "content": "In a long-term experiment the induction of tumors in rats after oral application of aminopyrine and nitrite by gastric intubation was investigated. The animals treated with aminopyrine and nitrite (test-group) had an incidence of different types of liver tumors of 96% in females and 97% in males. The percentage of liver tumors was increased significantly in the test-group in comparison to all control-groups. Besides the tumors of the liver other types of tumors were stated to a minor degree, but there was no difference between the test-group and the control-groups.", "contents": "[Induction of tumors in Wistar-rats after oral application of aminopyrine and nitrite (author's transl)]. In a long-term experiment the induction of tumors in rats after oral application of aminopyrine and nitrite by gastric intubation was investigated. The animals treated with aminopyrine and nitrite (test-group) had an incidence of different types of liver tumors of 96% in females and 97% in males. The percentage of liver tumors was increased significantly in the test-group in comparison to all control-groups. Besides the tumors of the liver other types of tumors were stated to a minor degree, but there was no difference between the test-group and the control-groups.", "PMID": 496562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2992", "title": "[Incidence and prognosis of metastases in colonic and rectal carcinomas].", "content": "In colorectal carcinoma at the time of primary operation a much higher rate of occult micrometastases in the liver is to take in account as it is evident by the frequency of intraoperative found metastases (10--20%. Micrometastases likely can to need 3 to 8 years till they have increased so that the finally stage of generalization is to state. The survival rate of patients with colorectal carcinoma and hepatic metastases -- without therapy of metastases -- is 6 to 8 months and not differs from the survival rate of these patients whose primary tumor was inoperable by local reason. The today usual diagnostic procedures in the postoperative follow up control are able to detect liver metastases in most cases only in an inopportune stage for therapy. Probably the analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen is a progress in this question. The unique chance to block up or eliminate the frequently suspected micrometastases seems to be the general use of a post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Incidence and prognosis of metastases in colonic and rectal carcinomas]. In colorectal carcinoma at the time of primary operation a much higher rate of occult micrometastases in the liver is to take in account as it is evident by the frequency of intraoperative found metastases (10--20%. Micrometastases likely can to need 3 to 8 years till they have increased so that the finally stage of generalization is to state. The survival rate of patients with colorectal carcinoma and hepatic metastases -- without therapy of metastases -- is 6 to 8 months and not differs from the survival rate of these patients whose primary tumor was inoperable by local reason. The today usual diagnostic procedures in the postoperative follow up control are able to detect liver metastases in most cases only in an inopportune stage for therapy. Probably the analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen is a progress in this question. The unique chance to block up or eliminate the frequently suspected micrometastases seems to be the general use of a post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 496566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2993", "title": "[Immune profil in melanoma patients. III. Behavior of immunglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and of whole complement in serum at the beginning and during BCG-therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and of whole complement were measured in blood serum of 41 patients with malignant melanoma of clinical stage I to III after maximum tumour resection. In all three stages no differences to the normal could be obtained except for IgG demonstrating a rising tendency without statistic significance in patients of stage III. The level of whole complement was likewise normal in patients with the clinical stage I and II. A significant rise of the complement was observed in patients with clinical stage III in the last period of the disease. After one year of nonspecific active immunotherapy with BCG in patients of stages I and II no changes of immunoglobulins could be found. The whole complement showed a rising trend to the upper limit of the normal. The results were discussed in view of the present literature.", "contents": "[Immune profil in melanoma patients. III. Behavior of immunglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and of whole complement in serum at the beginning and during BCG-therapy (author's transl)]. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and of whole complement were measured in blood serum of 41 patients with malignant melanoma of clinical stage I to III after maximum tumour resection. In all three stages no differences to the normal could be obtained except for IgG demonstrating a rising tendency without statistic significance in patients of stage III. The level of whole complement was likewise normal in patients with the clinical stage I and II. A significant rise of the complement was observed in patients with clinical stage III in the last period of the disease. After one year of nonspecific active immunotherapy with BCG in patients of stages I and II no changes of immunoglobulins could be found. The whole complement showed a rising trend to the upper limit of the normal. The results were discussed in view of the present literature.", "PMID": 496567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2994", "title": "[Experiences with an enzyme cytochemical test for tumor cells in pleural fluid and ascites (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with a prescreening test for tumor cells in cytological material (pleural effusions, ascites) are reported. With the aid of alkaline phosphatase positive reacting tumor cells in smears (pleural fluid, ascites) are easily detectable. This test gives a positive result in 65% of patients with different organ tumors whereas with routine cytology tumor cells were found in 72% of this patients. Among different organ tumors highest percentage of positive phosphatase tests are found by bronchial, gastric and ovarial carcinomas (3/4 of cases), to a less degree bycarcinoma of the breast and others (1/2 of cases). All together phosphatase test is positive in 90% of all effusions, containing cytologically diagnosed tumor cells. The adventages, disadventages and the usefullness of this method as a prescreening test are discussed.", "contents": "[Experiences with an enzyme cytochemical test for tumor cells in pleural fluid and ascites (author's transl)]. Experiences with a prescreening test for tumor cells in cytological material (pleural effusions, ascites) are reported. With the aid of alkaline phosphatase positive reacting tumor cells in smears (pleural fluid, ascites) are easily detectable. This test gives a positive result in 65% of patients with different organ tumors whereas with routine cytology tumor cells were found in 72% of this patients. Among different organ tumors highest percentage of positive phosphatase tests are found by bronchial, gastric and ovarial carcinomas (3/4 of cases), to a less degree bycarcinoma of the breast and others (1/2 of cases). All together phosphatase test is positive in 90% of all effusions, containing cytologically diagnosed tumor cells. The adventages, disadventages and the usefullness of this method as a prescreening test are discussed.", "PMID": 496568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2995", "title": "[Inhibition of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinine P mediated agglutination of L 1210 cells by different azomethines and possible relations to their cytostatic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Compounds of a special azomethine type have been tested on their activity against concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinine P mediated agglutination of leukemia L 1210 cells. With exception of two compounds possessing a bis-(beta-hydroxyethyl) amino group at the phenyl moiety in para-position to the azomethine group all substances considerable inhibited agglutination of L 1210 cells. In vitro active concentrations are also obtained in animal experiments at least for a short time at the site of injection (i.p.) The importance of cellular reactions for effectivity in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibition of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinine P mediated agglutination of L 1210 cells by different azomethines and possible relations to their cytostatic activity (author's transl)]. Compounds of a special azomethine type have been tested on their activity against concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinine P mediated agglutination of leukemia L 1210 cells. With exception of two compounds possessing a bis-(beta-hydroxyethyl) amino group at the phenyl moiety in para-position to the azomethine group all substances considerable inhibited agglutination of L 1210 cells. In vitro active concentrations are also obtained in animal experiments at least for a short time at the site of injection (i.p.) The importance of cellular reactions for effectivity in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 496569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2996", "title": "[The importance of nucleolar morphology for the diagnostic cytology of malignomas of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of the nuclear morphology for the diagnostic cytology of the various types of goiters with special regard to thyroid malignancy was studied. The material for the light microscopy was obtained from the goiters by means of aspiration biopsy with thin needle and that for electrone microscopy from the excision at the operation. Both the patterns of the nucleoli were compared. The nucleolus of the thyroid cell, like in other cells, is a marker of the RNA synthetic activity. Secondary it signals the intensity of the proteosynthetic activity, that means of secretory or proliferative processes. In thyroid cells, the increased activity has a different nucleolar pattern. For that reason the study of the nucleoli is very useful in differential diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. The cytochemical examination of the nucleoli by means of toluidine blue staining is in accord with the electron microscopic pattern, where the mutual relation of the fibrillar and granular components of RNA can be evaluated.", "contents": "[The importance of nucleolar morphology for the diagnostic cytology of malignomas of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The evaluation of the nuclear morphology for the diagnostic cytology of the various types of goiters with special regard to thyroid malignancy was studied. The material for the light microscopy was obtained from the goiters by means of aspiration biopsy with thin needle and that for electrone microscopy from the excision at the operation. Both the patterns of the nucleoli were compared. The nucleolus of the thyroid cell, like in other cells, is a marker of the RNA synthetic activity. Secondary it signals the intensity of the proteosynthetic activity, that means of secretory or proliferative processes. In thyroid cells, the increased activity has a different nucleolar pattern. For that reason the study of the nucleoli is very useful in differential diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. The cytochemical examination of the nucleoli by means of toluidine blue staining is in accord with the electron microscopic pattern, where the mutual relation of the fibrillar and granular components of RNA can be evaluated.", "PMID": 496570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2997", "title": "[The therapeutic situation at the colorectal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "With a period of 8--10 months between the beginning of troubles at the patient and the reception in hospital for treatment (= duration of anamnesis) the colorectal carcinoma patients come only still in 25--40% in the stages I and II to the therapy which then can be radical and curative. 20--30% of the patients at the time of diagnosis respectively at the start of therapy already are in stage IV with a 5-year-survival rate between 0 and 1%. An improvement of results is to expect from an earlier diagnosis, development of general arrangements for the decreasing of operative risk, improvement of anastomosis, postoperative adjuvant therapy, and an individual treatment scheduling.", "contents": "[The therapeutic situation at the colorectal carcinoma (author's transl)]. With a period of 8--10 months between the beginning of troubles at the patient and the reception in hospital for treatment (= duration of anamnesis) the colorectal carcinoma patients come only still in 25--40% in the stages I and II to the therapy which then can be radical and curative. 20--30% of the patients at the time of diagnosis respectively at the start of therapy already are in stage IV with a 5-year-survival rate between 0 and 1%. An improvement of results is to expect from an earlier diagnosis, development of general arrangements for the decreasing of operative risk, improvement of anastomosis, postoperative adjuvant therapy, and an individual treatment scheduling.", "PMID": 496571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2998", "title": "[Neutron therapy in the GDR. IX. About the accuracy of neutron dosimeter systems (author's transl)].", "content": "In this report is specified which accuracies must now be achieved in the determination of dose components for neutron therapy of tumors and for evaluation of RBE's after neutron irradiations of various organs from mammals or men. After these introductory remarks the reasons are summarized why the errors in ionimetric measurements of neutron doses are considerably higher than those of gamma-doses. In detail the concept and the errors of the Rossendorf neutron dosimeter system are represented. The latter consists of two spherical homogeneous ionization chambers, each of which is connected to a commercial dosimeter. The results of an intercomparison between our neutron dosimeter and that of DR. Bewley (MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital London) carried out at the Rossendorf neutron therapy facility are reported.", "contents": "[Neutron therapy in the GDR. IX. About the accuracy of neutron dosimeter systems (author's transl)]. In this report is specified which accuracies must now be achieved in the determination of dose components for neutron therapy of tumors and for evaluation of RBE's after neutron irradiations of various organs from mammals or men. After these introductory remarks the reasons are summarized why the errors in ionimetric measurements of neutron doses are considerably higher than those of gamma-doses. In detail the concept and the errors of the Rossendorf neutron dosimeter system are represented. The latter consists of two spherical homogeneous ionization chambers, each of which is connected to a commercial dosimeter. The results of an intercomparison between our neutron dosimeter and that of DR. Bewley (MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital London) carried out at the Rossendorf neutron therapy facility are reported.", "PMID": 496572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_2999", "title": "Short term bonding behaviour of bioglass coatings on metal substrate.", "content": "Bioglass specimens were implanted in 11 dogs for periods ranging between two and twelve weeks in order to study the short term bonding behaviour of bioglass coated on metal. Metal fibre porous coated specimens without bone growth inducive microlayer were implanted as controls. The conclusions reached pertain to the validity of push out test results, bioglass short term bonding and the effect of the dipping procedure to coat bioglass on metal: 1. It is impossible to compare the bonding effectiveness of bonding materials tested under slightly differing circumstances, and a fortiori at different laboratories, 2. there is no sufficient evidence to establish a difference in bone bonding strength with regard to trabecular bone of bioglass and metal fibre porous coated specimens at 2 and 4 weeks; at 12 weeks, however, a higher interfacial failure shear strength is obtained with the control porous specimens, 3. bone bonding may be hampered by compositional differences arising as a result of the processing of a bioglass on metal coating. Technologically it is, however, possible to exclude this problem.", "contents": "Short term bonding behaviour of bioglass coatings on metal substrate. Bioglass specimens were implanted in 11 dogs for periods ranging between two and twelve weeks in order to study the short term bonding behaviour of bioglass coated on metal. Metal fibre porous coated specimens without bone growth inducive microlayer were implanted as controls. The conclusions reached pertain to the validity of push out test results, bioglass short term bonding and the effect of the dipping procedure to coat bioglass on metal: 1. It is impossible to compare the bonding effectiveness of bonding materials tested under slightly differing circumstances, and a fortiori at different laboratories, 2. there is no sufficient evidence to establish a difference in bone bonding strength with regard to trabecular bone of bioglass and metal fibre porous coated specimens at 2 and 4 weeks; at 12 weeks, however, a higher interfacial failure shear strength is obtained with the control porous specimens, 3. bone bonding may be hampered by compositional differences arising as a result of the processing of a bioglass on metal coating. Technologically it is, however, possible to exclude this problem.", "PMID": 496586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3000", "title": "Loosening of a total hip prosthesis at contact allergy due to benzoyl peroxide.", "content": "It is reported that a 62-year-old man with total hip prosthesis developed a recurrent sterile fistula and loosening of his prosthesis due to allergy to the bone cement component benzoyl peroxide.", "contents": "Loosening of a total hip prosthesis at contact allergy due to benzoyl peroxide. It is reported that a 62-year-old man with total hip prosthesis developed a recurrent sterile fistula and loosening of his prosthesis due to allergy to the bone cement component benzoyl peroxide.", "PMID": 496587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3001", "title": "Experimental fixation of bone cement and composite resins to bone.", "content": "The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the use of liquid acrylic resin or NeoCryl XK-53 acrylic emulsion or etching of the bone surface with phosphoric acid or the application of both these methods would improve the bonding of CMW bone cement or Concise and Silar composite resin to bone. The test materials were applied to fresh cortical bovine bone. Their bonding capacity was measured by the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The surfaces of the test materials and the bone surfaces were examined by means of optic microscope or scanning electron microscope. The bonding strength of the bone cement and composite resins as such were found to be of the same magnitude. A three- to five-fold improvement was obtained with liquid acrylic intermediary material. Acid etching impaired the bonding.", "contents": "Experimental fixation of bone cement and composite resins to bone. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the use of liquid acrylic resin or NeoCryl XK-53 acrylic emulsion or etching of the bone surface with phosphoric acid or the application of both these methods would improve the bonding of CMW bone cement or Concise and Silar composite resin to bone. The test materials were applied to fresh cortical bovine bone. Their bonding capacity was measured by the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The surfaces of the test materials and the bone surfaces were examined by means of optic microscope or scanning electron microscope. The bonding strength of the bone cement and composite resins as such were found to be of the same magnitude. A three- to five-fold improvement was obtained with liquid acrylic intermediary material. Acid etching impaired the bonding.", "PMID": 496590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3002", "title": "The constant relationship between forefoot and hindfoot as a basis for treating foot deformities.", "content": "In correcting foot deformities the author observed a constant relationship between the forefoot and the hindfoot. If the forefoot is adducted, the heel automatically goes into the varus position. On the other hand, abduction of the forefoot will result in a valgus position of the heel. This rule was investigared and validified by experiments on cadavers: it was shown that the position of the hindfoot is automatically normalized by the correction of the forefoot. Our observations have been confirmed by treating foot deformities in children and adults. Therefore we believe that surgery of the talo-calcaneal joint in cases of foot deformity is unnecessary.", "contents": "The constant relationship between forefoot and hindfoot as a basis for treating foot deformities. In correcting foot deformities the author observed a constant relationship between the forefoot and the hindfoot. If the forefoot is adducted, the heel automatically goes into the varus position. On the other hand, abduction of the forefoot will result in a valgus position of the heel. This rule was investigared and validified by experiments on cadavers: it was shown that the position of the hindfoot is automatically normalized by the correction of the forefoot. Our observations have been confirmed by treating foot deformities in children and adults. Therefore we believe that surgery of the talo-calcaneal joint in cases of foot deformity is unnecessary.", "PMID": 496592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3003", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma of the fibula. Case report.", "content": "Report on a case of a patient, white, eleven years old, girl and brasilian, who came to the Service complaining of pain in both legs, at the level of the knee joint in a period of two years time. After an accurate orthopaedic examen the focal place was detected at the level of the proximal end of the fibula. The radiogram confirmed the existence of an osteolitic lesion in the superior end of the fibula, right side, in a cortical position and surrounded by a sclerotic area. The surgical removal was performed and the pathological examens confirmed to be a benign osteoblastoma. The postoperative evolution was normal and uneventfull. The radiograms demonstrate that in a three years period the healing of the bone was normal and total. No graft used and the periostal activity was the main source of bone formation.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma of the fibula. Case report. Report on a case of a patient, white, eleven years old, girl and brasilian, who came to the Service complaining of pain in both legs, at the level of the knee joint in a period of two years time. After an accurate orthopaedic examen the focal place was detected at the level of the proximal end of the fibula. The radiogram confirmed the existence of an osteolitic lesion in the superior end of the fibula, right side, in a cortical position and surrounded by a sclerotic area. The surgical removal was performed and the pathological examens confirmed to be a benign osteoblastoma. The postoperative evolution was normal and uneventfull. The radiograms demonstrate that in a three years period the healing of the bone was normal and total. No graft used and the periostal activity was the main source of bone formation.", "PMID": 496594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3004", "title": "Epithelioma cuniculatum developing in a neuropathic ulcer of leprous etiology.", "content": "Epithelioma cuniculatum is a distinctive tumor of the sole of the foot with characteristics of a low-grade carcinoma. A case is presented, the pertinent literature reviewed and its possibly frequent development in leprous patients discussed.", "contents": "Epithelioma cuniculatum developing in a neuropathic ulcer of leprous etiology. Epithelioma cuniculatum is a distinctive tumor of the sole of the foot with characteristics of a low-grade carcinoma. A case is presented, the pertinent literature reviewed and its possibly frequent development in leprous patients discussed.", "PMID": 496595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3005", "title": "Independent living: from social movement to analytic paradigm.", "content": "Independent Living (IL) is more than a social movement; it is also an analytic paradigm that is re shaping the thinking of rehabilitation professionals and researchers alike. The IL paradigm is contrasted with the rehabilitation paradigm that has dominated disability policy, practice, and research. This article analyzes how the shift from the rehabilitation to the IL paradigm is likely to affect the future of disability research. To gain an appreciation for the IL paradigm, the article first evaluates independent living as a social movement in terms of the movement's constituency, origins, and its relationship to other social movements.", "contents": "Independent living: from social movement to analytic paradigm. Independent Living (IL) is more than a social movement; it is also an analytic paradigm that is re shaping the thinking of rehabilitation professionals and researchers alike. The IL paradigm is contrasted with the rehabilitation paradigm that has dominated disability policy, practice, and research. This article analyzes how the shift from the rehabilitation to the IL paradigm is likely to affect the future of disability research. To gain an appreciation for the IL paradigm, the article first evaluates independent living as a social movement in terms of the movement's constituency, origins, and its relationship to other social movements.", "PMID": 496597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3006", "title": "Federal legislative history of independent living programs.", "content": "In some respects, passage by the US Congress of the 1978 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act (PL95-602) marked the beginning of federal involvement in the independent-living movement. For the 1st time a program was created whose primary goal is to help disabled persons to live independently; previous programs have been designed to help such persons become employable. This paper briefly examines the roots of PL95-602 and identifies how this new law represents a major new direction in the rehabilitation movement. The purposes and goals of the advocates of independent living have changed in the past decade and the new law reflects those changes.", "contents": "Federal legislative history of independent living programs. In some respects, passage by the US Congress of the 1978 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act (PL95-602) marked the beginning of federal involvement in the independent-living movement. For the 1st time a program was created whose primary goal is to help disabled persons to live independently; previous programs have been designed to help such persons become employable. This paper briefly examines the roots of PL95-602 and identifies how this new law represents a major new direction in the rehabilitation movement. The purposes and goals of the advocates of independent living have changed in the past decade and the new law reflects those changes.", "PMID": 496598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3007", "title": "Independent living programs: the role of the able-bodied professional.", "content": "The Independent Living Program movement was created by the disabled community. It has established a broad coalition of diverse disabilities functioning to provide services on a broader scale than has been traditionally offered by the rehabilitation community. The effectiveness and the strength of the movement lies in consumer control. The able-bodied professional can provide expertise, balance and a vital link with established rehabilitation programs. The integrity of the independent living program movement can only be maintained and developed if these basic concepts are respected.", "contents": "Independent living programs: the role of the able-bodied professional. The Independent Living Program movement was created by the disabled community. It has established a broad coalition of diverse disabilities functioning to provide services on a broader scale than has been traditionally offered by the rehabilitation community. The effectiveness and the strength of the movement lies in consumer control. The able-bodied professional can provide expertise, balance and a vital link with established rehabilitation programs. The integrity of the independent living program movement can only be maintained and developed if these basic concepts are respected.", "PMID": 496599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3008", "title": "International efforts in independent living.", "content": "Several nations currently share a major concern for provision of services to severely disabled persons. The focus of this concern has been upon those services which promote maximum integration and independence of severely disabled individuals in the community. Recent efforts in this direction by governments, private citizens, and handicapped-consumer organizations in Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark, England, Canada, and Australia are discussed. Developments in housing and environmental modification, transportation, and self-help training are reviewed for their potential interest to advocates and practitioners of rehabilitation for independent living.", "contents": "International efforts in independent living. Several nations currently share a major concern for provision of services to severely disabled persons. The focus of this concern has been upon those services which promote maximum integration and independence of severely disabled individuals in the community. Recent efforts in this direction by governments, private citizens, and handicapped-consumer organizations in Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark, England, Canada, and Australia are discussed. Developments in housing and environmental modification, transportation, and self-help training are reviewed for their potential interest to advocates and practitioners of rehabilitation for independent living.", "PMID": 496600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3009", "title": "Transportation: a key to independent living.", "content": "Accessible transportation is essential if people with disabilities, particularly persons who are severely disabled, are to live independently in the community. The development of transportation services has moved from a focus upon special and separate \"dial-a-ride\" programs to an emphasis upon making fixed-route, main-stream systems accessible. The current state of the art, supported in large part by federal regulations, features a combination of mainstream accessibility and supplemental special services. Future progress in transportation for disabled people depends largely upon resolution of complex, politically explosive cost-benefit arguments on the federal and local levels, and on community acceptance of disabled persons as people deserving a spectrum of transportation services.", "contents": "Transportation: a key to independent living. Accessible transportation is essential if people with disabilities, particularly persons who are severely disabled, are to live independently in the community. The development of transportation services has moved from a focus upon special and separate \"dial-a-ride\" programs to an emphasis upon making fixed-route, main-stream systems accessible. The current state of the art, supported in large part by federal regulations, features a combination of mainstream accessibility and supplemental special services. Future progress in transportation for disabled people depends largely upon resolution of complex, politically explosive cost-benefit arguments on the federal and local levels, and on community acceptance of disabled persons as people deserving a spectrum of transportation services.", "PMID": 496601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3010", "title": "Chronic pain states: their relationship to impairment and disability.", "content": "Chronic pain patients (101) were assigned ratings of impairment and disability and were assessed for organic pathology and pain behavior through comprehensive testing procedures. As predicted, higher ratings of impairment and disability were significantly associated with higher levels of both physical pathology and pain behaviors. These results indicate that conditioning and pathologic processes significantly influence impairment and disability ratings. Many patients showed higher disability than impairment ratings, which suggests the possibility of gainful employment in less demanding jobs. However, the current disability system rewards sickness and dysfunction and discourages patients from resuming work.", "contents": "Chronic pain states: their relationship to impairment and disability. Chronic pain patients (101) were assigned ratings of impairment and disability and were assessed for organic pathology and pain behavior through comprehensive testing procedures. As predicted, higher ratings of impairment and disability were significantly associated with higher levels of both physical pathology and pain behaviors. These results indicate that conditioning and pathologic processes significantly influence impairment and disability ratings. Many patients showed higher disability than impairment ratings, which suggests the possibility of gainful employment in less demanding jobs. However, the current disability system rewards sickness and dysfunction and discourages patients from resuming work.", "PMID": 496602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3011", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis: failure of daily heat therapy to affect its progression.", "content": "Seventeen volunteers with symmetrical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) applied heat to 1 hand twice daily for 2 years. Joint swelling, joint tenderness and grip strength were measured at intervals. The proliferative aspect of the disease was assessed by roentgenograms using a scoring system. There was no difference between experimental hand and control hand in any of the factors measured. The patients found the heat soothing and comforting. Thus, daily heat therapy did not accelerate the proliferative lesion in RA and may remain as an adjunct to therapy.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis: failure of daily heat therapy to affect its progression. Seventeen volunteers with symmetrical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) applied heat to 1 hand twice daily for 2 years. Joint swelling, joint tenderness and grip strength were measured at intervals. The proliferative aspect of the disease was assessed by roentgenograms using a scoring system. There was no difference between experimental hand and control hand in any of the factors measured. The patients found the heat soothing and comforting. Thus, daily heat therapy did not accelerate the proliferative lesion in RA and may remain as an adjunct to therapy.", "PMID": 496603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3012", "title": "Serial nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary study.", "content": "Twenty patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis fulfilling the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association were examined for clinical and electrodiagnostic evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Of the 40 wrists studied, 8 (20%) had evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. All wrists were followed up with serial electrodiagnostic, clinical, and laboratory studies at intervals of 4 months over a period of a year. All patients were seen by a rheumatologist and were put on effective anti-inflammatory drug therapy. At each visit serum drug level and sedimentation rate were estimated. Two of the wrists were splinted. In the 4 affected patients (8 wrists) the drugs were used were aspirin in 3 and gold in 1. All 8 wrists showed a decrease in the abnormally prolonged median sensory latencies. This finding paralleled clinical improvement of rheumatoid disease as shown by symptomatic relief of paresthesia, reduced swelling of joints (including wrists), absence of Tinel sign at the median nerve, and fall of sedimentation rate. The study strongly suggests that serial electrodiagnostic studies should be used as 1 parameter in the follow-up of carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The study also indicates that good anti-inflammatory therapy and splinting can control carpal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. None of the wrists involved needed surgery during the period of study.", "contents": "Serial nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary study. Twenty patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis fulfilling the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association were examined for clinical and electrodiagnostic evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Of the 40 wrists studied, 8 (20%) had evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. All wrists were followed up with serial electrodiagnostic, clinical, and laboratory studies at intervals of 4 months over a period of a year. All patients were seen by a rheumatologist and were put on effective anti-inflammatory drug therapy. At each visit serum drug level and sedimentation rate were estimated. Two of the wrists were splinted. In the 4 affected patients (8 wrists) the drugs were used were aspirin in 3 and gold in 1. All 8 wrists showed a decrease in the abnormally prolonged median sensory latencies. This finding paralleled clinical improvement of rheumatoid disease as shown by symptomatic relief of paresthesia, reduced swelling of joints (including wrists), absence of Tinel sign at the median nerve, and fall of sedimentation rate. The study strongly suggests that serial electrodiagnostic studies should be used as 1 parameter in the follow-up of carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The study also indicates that good anti-inflammatory therapy and splinting can control carpal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. None of the wrists involved needed surgery during the period of study.", "PMID": 496604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3013", "title": "Exercise effect on creatine phosphokinase elevation in motor neuron disease.", "content": "Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is usually elevated in inflammatory and degenerative muscle disease but is usually reported as normal in neuropathic diseases. A review of the literature indicates, however, that it is elevated in 50 to 75% of patients who have motor neuron diseases, and that these elevations are usually 5 to 6 times normal. The effect of bedrest and moderate exercise on serial CPK values in a patient with motor neuron disease is assessed. Bedrest for 24 hours decreased his CPK to 0.58 of the baseline value; 5 hours following moderate exercise it increased to 1.71 of the basal value. This phenomenon appears to be a response to exercise stimuli rather than to the disease process itself. CPK values up O 1000 IU/L are compatible with the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In patients whose CPK  values seem atypical, it is best to have them rest 48 hours before repeating the test.", "contents": "Exercise effect on creatine phosphokinase elevation in motor neuron disease. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is usually elevated in inflammatory and degenerative muscle disease but is usually reported as normal in neuropathic diseases. A review of the literature indicates, however, that it is elevated in 50 to 75% of patients who have motor neuron diseases, and that these elevations are usually 5 to 6 times normal. The effect of bedrest and moderate exercise on serial CPK values in a patient with motor neuron disease is assessed. Bedrest for 24 hours decreased his CPK to 0.58 of the baseline value; 5 hours following moderate exercise it increased to 1.71 of the basal value. This phenomenon appears to be a response to exercise stimuli rather than to the disease process itself. CPK values up O 1000 IU/L are compatible with the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In patients whose CPK  values seem atypical, it is best to have them rest 48 hours before repeating the test.", "PMID": 496605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3014", "title": "Muscle atrophy in rats following denervation, casting, inflammation, and tenotomy.", "content": "One week after unilateral denervation, tenotomy, casting, or joint inflammation, skeletal muscles of adult female Wistar rats were studied to determine the effect of these processes on muscle weights and fiber diameters of the soleus, the red and white regions of the plantaris, plus muscle weights and protein content of the gastrocnemius. All atrophic processes caused greater weight loss of the soleus than of the plantaris or gastrocnemiums. Within the soleus and plantaris muscles, the type-I fiber atrophy was equal to the type-II fiber atrophy except for the white region of the plantaris following tenotomy, where the wasting of the type-I fiber was greater than that of type II. This study also demonstrated that denervation, tenotomy, casting, and inflammation resulted in a greater loss of myofibrillar proteins (content and absolute amounts) than of sarcoplasmic and stromal proteins. Denervation generally was found to have the greatest effect on the parameters evaluated. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that slow muscle is more dependent than fast muscle on neuronal control, and that nerve controls muscle through the dual role of impulse activity and axoplasmic flow.", "contents": "Muscle atrophy in rats following denervation, casting, inflammation, and tenotomy. One week after unilateral denervation, tenotomy, casting, or joint inflammation, skeletal muscles of adult female Wistar rats were studied to determine the effect of these processes on muscle weights and fiber diameters of the soleus, the red and white regions of the plantaris, plus muscle weights and protein content of the gastrocnemius. All atrophic processes caused greater weight loss of the soleus than of the plantaris or gastrocnemiums. Within the soleus and plantaris muscles, the type-I fiber atrophy was equal to the type-II fiber atrophy except for the white region of the plantaris following tenotomy, where the wasting of the type-I fiber was greater than that of type II. This study also demonstrated that denervation, tenotomy, casting, and inflammation resulted in a greater loss of myofibrillar proteins (content and absolute amounts) than of sarcoplasmic and stromal proteins. Denervation generally was found to have the greatest effect on the parameters evaluated. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that slow muscle is more dependent than fast muscle on neuronal control, and that nerve controls muscle through the dual role of impulse activity and axoplasmic flow.", "PMID": 496606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3015", "title": "Educational and training levels and employment of the spinal cord injured patient.", "content": "Questionnaire follow-up data were obtained on a sample of 745 male spinal cord injured veterans. Forty percent reported that they had improved their education subsequent to their disability. Postinjury education was not related to level of injury. Significant relationships between pre- and postinjury marital status and improvement in education were found for those who were single, separated, or divorced. An intact post-injury marriage was associated with improvement in education. Those with a higher educational status and those who improved their education following injury were more likely to have obtained employment following injury.", "contents": "Educational and training levels and employment of the spinal cord injured patient. Questionnaire follow-up data were obtained on a sample of 745 male spinal cord injured veterans. Forty percent reported that they had improved their education subsequent to their disability. Postinjury education was not related to level of injury. Significant relationships between pre- and postinjury marital status and improvement in education were found for those who were single, separated, or divorced. An intact post-injury marriage was associated with improvement in education. Those with a higher educational status and those who improved their education following injury were more likely to have obtained employment following injury.", "PMID": 496607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3016", "title": "Family medicine residents in rehabilitation medicine.", "content": "In the past 4 years, 26 3rd-year family medicine (FM) residents have rotated through the Monroe Community Hospital Rehabilitation Unit, affiliated with the University of Rochester School of Medicine. These rotations are essentially full-time for 1 or 2 months and involve working side by side with the rehabilitation medicine residents. The intention has been to expose the FM residents to general principles and problems they are likely to encounter when they enter private FM practice. Both residents and faculty have responded enthusiastically. Data gathered on pre- and postrotation attitudes toward rehabilitation medicine indicate favorable attitudes. Comparison showed similarities of interests between physiatrists and FM residents. Given this attitude, similar programs seem appropriate elsewhere.", "contents": "Family medicine residents in rehabilitation medicine. In the past 4 years, 26 3rd-year family medicine (FM) residents have rotated through the Monroe Community Hospital Rehabilitation Unit, affiliated with the University of Rochester School of Medicine. These rotations are essentially full-time for 1 or 2 months and involve working side by side with the rehabilitation medicine residents. The intention has been to expose the FM residents to general principles and problems they are likely to encounter when they enter private FM practice. Both residents and faculty have responded enthusiastically. Data gathered on pre- and postrotation attitudes toward rehabilitation medicine indicate favorable attitudes. Comparison showed similarities of interests between physiatrists and FM residents. Given this attitude, similar programs seem appropriate elsewhere.", "PMID": 496608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3017", "title": "Diffuse abnormal electromyographic insertional activity: a preliminary report.", "content": "The authors observed 10 patients referred for electromyographic examination in whom EMG findings were normal except for the presence of provoked positive sharp waves in essentially every muscle tested. The positive sharp waves were present only following needle electrode insertion. No fibrillation or fasciculation potentials were seen. Motor unit action potentials were normal, as were nerve conduction and repetitive stimulation studies. The quantity of provoked positive sharp waves was found to vary from time to time, from muscle to muscle and from 1 region of the muscle to another. Detailed clinical evaluations for neuromuscular disorders, electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities and underlying carcinomas were negative. Muscle biopsy in 2 patients, including histochemical analysis in one of them, was normal. Results of single-fiber electromyography were normal in 1 patient. The abnormality was found in family members and appears to be of an autosomal dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Diffuse abnormal electromyographic insertional activity: a preliminary report. The authors observed 10 patients referred for electromyographic examination in whom EMG findings were normal except for the presence of provoked positive sharp waves in essentially every muscle tested. The positive sharp waves were present only following needle electrode insertion. No fibrillation or fasciculation potentials were seen. Motor unit action potentials were normal, as were nerve conduction and repetitive stimulation studies. The quantity of provoked positive sharp waves was found to vary from time to time, from muscle to muscle and from 1 region of the muscle to another. Detailed clinical evaluations for neuromuscular disorders, electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities and underlying carcinomas were negative. Muscle biopsy in 2 patients, including histochemical analysis in one of them, was normal. Results of single-fiber electromyography were normal in 1 patient. The abnormality was found in family members and appears to be of an autosomal dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 496609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3018", "title": "Progressive speech deterioration and dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: case report.", "content": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neurologic disease having both upper and lower motor neuron signs and symptoms. When the speech musculature is involved, a mixed dysarthria and dysphagia usually result. In a 49-year-old man with ALS, dysarthria and dysphagia progressed from mild to severe forms over 17 months. Eleven months after the patient first experienced symptoms, neurologic examination showed fasciculations of the extremities and tongue, limb weakness, and hyperreflexia of the limbs and velopharyngeal mechanism. Tongue strength was one-fourth that of normal. Lingual alternate motions rates for consonant-vowel syllables were also reduced. To enhance lingual strength and swallowing, a tongue-strengthening program was developed for use with articulation training; to augment velopharyngeal function, a palatal lift was fitted; and to increase extremity strength, physical therapy was initiated. Six months after the initial neurologic examination, medical and speech reevaluation showed progressive weakness of the body parts affected initially; continued decline in tongue strength and lingual alternate motion rate; hypoactive reflex activity, indicative of progressive involvement of the lower motor neuron system; and continued deterioration of articulation and phonation owing to the progressive nature of the disease.", "contents": "Progressive speech deterioration and dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: case report. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neurologic disease having both upper and lower motor neuron signs and symptoms. When the speech musculature is involved, a mixed dysarthria and dysphagia usually result. In a 49-year-old man with ALS, dysarthria and dysphagia progressed from mild to severe forms over 17 months. Eleven months after the patient first experienced symptoms, neurologic examination showed fasciculations of the extremities and tongue, limb weakness, and hyperreflexia of the limbs and velopharyngeal mechanism. Tongue strength was one-fourth that of normal. Lingual alternate motions rates for consonant-vowel syllables were also reduced. To enhance lingual strength and swallowing, a tongue-strengthening program was developed for use with articulation training; to augment velopharyngeal function, a palatal lift was fitted; and to increase extremity strength, physical therapy was initiated. Six months after the initial neurologic examination, medical and speech reevaluation showed progressive weakness of the body parts affected initially; continued decline in tongue strength and lingual alternate motion rate; hypoactive reflex activity, indicative of progressive involvement of the lower motor neuron system; and continued deterioration of articulation and phonation owing to the progressive nature of the disease.", "PMID": 496610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3019", "title": "Intracranial dissecting aneurysm. Report of a case.", "content": "The case of a 47-year-old man who died one month after a history of paroxysmal occipital headaches, vertigo, vomiting, weakness, and sweating is presented. The death was due to a pontine softening caused by a subintimal dissecting aneurysm of the two vertebral, the basilar and the right posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. No etiological factor of the illness could be found. The clinical signs resembled those of a flap-valve tumor of the IIIrd ventricle.", "contents": "Intracranial dissecting aneurysm. Report of a case. The case of a 47-year-old man who died one month after a history of paroxysmal occipital headaches, vertigo, vomiting, weakness, and sweating is presented. The death was due to a pontine softening caused by a subintimal dissecting aneurysm of the two vertebral, the basilar and the right posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. No etiological factor of the illness could be found. The clinical signs resembled those of a flap-valve tumor of the IIIrd ventricle.", "PMID": 496612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3020", "title": "The question of disclosing the diagnosis to terminally ill patients.", "content": "The question of disclosing the diagnosis to terminally ill patients was investigated by means of a semi-standardized interview of 56 subjects who had been 'told the truth' about their condition. The effects and interdependence of the factors of age, personality structure (EPI neuroticism scale), duration of knowledge, social contact, and religiousness, on the patient's ability to cope with the information were examined. The process of adjustment was assessed according to the stages proposed by K\u00fcbler-Ross (1969). Using the statistical model of path analysis, it was possible to evaluate these individual factors and present linearly their interrelationships. These results can offer medical staff the following guidelines: Three factors (a) advanced years, (b) good social contact, and (c) optimally unneurotic personality structure, provide the optimum conditions for a positive adjustment to the disclosure of a diagnosis of fatal illness. If, however, only one or two of these factors are involved, or if they are evident only to a slight degree, then conditions for telling the truth are less positive. On the other hand, in the case of (a) youth, (b) restricted social contact, and (c) a more markedly neurotic person, particular caution is recommended, since the danger of a negative reaction, and indeed even of suicide, must be reckoned with.", "contents": "The question of disclosing the diagnosis to terminally ill patients. The question of disclosing the diagnosis to terminally ill patients was investigated by means of a semi-standardized interview of 56 subjects who had been 'told the truth' about their condition. The effects and interdependence of the factors of age, personality structure (EPI neuroticism scale), duration of knowledge, social contact, and religiousness, on the patient's ability to cope with the information were examined. The process of adjustment was assessed according to the stages proposed by K\u00fcbler-Ross (1969). Using the statistical model of path analysis, it was possible to evaluate these individual factors and present linearly their interrelationships. These results can offer medical staff the following guidelines: Three factors (a) advanced years, (b) good social contact, and (c) optimally unneurotic personality structure, provide the optimum conditions for a positive adjustment to the disclosure of a diagnosis of fatal illness. If, however, only one or two of these factors are involved, or if they are evident only to a slight degree, then conditions for telling the truth are less positive. On the other hand, in the case of (a) youth, (b) restricted social contact, and (c) a more markedly neurotic person, particular caution is recommended, since the danger of a negative reaction, and indeed even of suicide, must be reckoned with.", "PMID": 496613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3021", "title": "[Interrater reliability of diagnosis, AMP syndromes and AMP symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychic disorders can be classified into three levels: symptom, syndrome, and diagnosis. For each of these levels of reference, interrater reliability has been calculated. For this purpose, 48 patients (25 depressives and 23 schizophrenics) were interviewed by two raters each and the diagnoses were registered on the AMP system (forms 3 and 4). Additionally, each rather made an ICD diagnosis. With ICD numbers of three digits interrater reliability amounted to Kappa = 0.84; with ICD numbers of four digits it amounted to Kappa = 0.65. According to the degree of accuracy, numerical agreement with the AMP syndromes lies between Kappa = 0.61 and 0.85. Single symptoms had the lowest reliability (median: Kappa 0.45 and 0.53). Reasons for these differences and possibilities for improvement are discussed.", "contents": "[Interrater reliability of diagnosis, AMP syndromes and AMP symptoms (author's transl)]. Psychic disorders can be classified into three levels: symptom, syndrome, and diagnosis. For each of these levels of reference, interrater reliability has been calculated. For this purpose, 48 patients (25 depressives and 23 schizophrenics) were interviewed by two raters each and the diagnoses were registered on the AMP system (forms 3 and 4). Additionally, each rather made an ICD diagnosis. With ICD numbers of three digits interrater reliability amounted to Kappa = 0.84; with ICD numbers of four digits it amounted to Kappa = 0.65. According to the degree of accuracy, numerical agreement with the AMP syndromes lies between Kappa = 0.61 and 0.85. Single symptoms had the lowest reliability (median: Kappa 0.45 and 0.53). Reasons for these differences and possibilities for improvement are discussed.", "PMID": 496614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3022", "title": "High cervical neurinoma (C1/C2) diagnosed falsely as multiple sclerosis because of trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Remitting paresis of the left leg accompanied by left trigeminal neuralgia led to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a 46-year-old woman. Over the following 6 years, an incomplete syndrome of the spinal cord developed along with bilateral trigeminal pain. Neuroradiological and neurosurgical exploration a neurinoma located ventrolaterally at C1/C2 on the left side. It is emphasized that since trigeminal fibres descend as far as the upper part of the C2 segment, trigeminal neuralgia should not be considered as an exclusively supraspinal symptom.", "contents": "High cervical neurinoma (C1/C2) diagnosed falsely as multiple sclerosis because of trigeminal neuralgia. Remitting paresis of the left leg accompanied by left trigeminal neuralgia led to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a 46-year-old woman. Over the following 6 years, an incomplete syndrome of the spinal cord developed along with bilateral trigeminal pain. Neuroradiological and neurosurgical exploration a neurinoma located ventrolaterally at C1/C2 on the left side. It is emphasized that since trigeminal fibres descend as far as the upper part of the C2 segment, trigeminal neuralgia should not be considered as an exclusively supraspinal symptom.", "PMID": 496615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3023", "title": "[Psychophysiology of fire walking. II. Pain perception in pyrovasy (fire walking)].", "content": "Our paper is concerned with considerations of pain physiology in pyrovasy and with neuropharmacological effects of the Opiate antagonist Naloxone. These considerations explain the relationship of analgesia and hypersthesia with stress induced behavior and states of consciousness. Apart from psychophysiological aspects we can distinguish from a biochemical and neurophysiological point of view two mechanisms of pain perception in pyrovates: 1. Certain mechanical stimuli brought about by the individual running technique of the pyrovate cause convergence of noxis and non-noxic afferent impulses as well as central inhibition of the effect of noxic stimuli. 2. The long stressful period of preparations induces a temporary surplus of Endorphins elevating the pain threshold.", "contents": "[Psychophysiology of fire walking. II. Pain perception in pyrovasy (fire walking)]. Our paper is concerned with considerations of pain physiology in pyrovasy and with neuropharmacological effects of the Opiate antagonist Naloxone. These considerations explain the relationship of analgesia and hypersthesia with stress induced behavior and states of consciousness. Apart from psychophysiological aspects we can distinguish from a biochemical and neurophysiological point of view two mechanisms of pain perception in pyrovates: 1. Certain mechanical stimuli brought about by the individual running technique of the pyrovate cause convergence of noxis and non-noxic afferent impulses as well as central inhibition of the effect of noxic stimuli. 2. The long stressful period of preparations induces a temporary surplus of Endorphins elevating the pain threshold.", "PMID": 496616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3024", "title": "Visual reaction time as a function of locus, area, and complexity of stimulus.", "content": "Reaction time (RT) of normal subjects to square-wave gratings of two different frequencies were related to locus of presentation, area, and stimulus complexity. Each frequency was presented to either side of the horizontal meridian (half size stimulus) or both sides stimultaneously (full size stimulus). The two different frequencies were also flashed simultaneously to both hemifields (compound stimulus). Stimulus position affected RT with the 1 c/deg stimulus, RT being faster for the lower hemifield. With presentation on both sides of the horizontal median simultaneously or of the two spatial frequencies, the resulting RT was equal to that of the faster component. Implications of the results for the functional organization of the visual system are discussed.", "contents": "Visual reaction time as a function of locus, area, and complexity of stimulus. Reaction time (RT) of normal subjects to square-wave gratings of two different frequencies were related to locus of presentation, area, and stimulus complexity. Each frequency was presented to either side of the horizontal meridian (half size stimulus) or both sides stimultaneously (full size stimulus). The two different frequencies were also flashed simultaneously to both hemifields (compound stimulus). Stimulus position affected RT with the 1 c/deg stimulus, RT being faster for the lower hemifield. With presentation on both sides of the horizontal median simultaneously or of the two spatial frequencies, the resulting RT was equal to that of the faster component. Implications of the results for the functional organization of the visual system are discussed.", "PMID": 496617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3025", "title": "[Endocrinological prediction of the responsiveness of depressive patients to lofepramine (author's transl)].", "content": "In a pilot study of 15 depressive patients of the neurotic and endogenous type we could show that some neuroendocrinological parameters are apt to predict the thymoleptic efficacy of lofepramine. These parameters, which were measured with a simple global stimulation test (insulin hypoglycaemia combined with injection of TRH and LHRH), were as follows: high basal blood glucose; high hypoglycaemic blood glucose; high decrease of blood glucose in comparison to the basal level; low basal TSH; low increase of HGH and low increase of cortisol after hypoglycemia. A synopsis of these parameters allowed a correct classification of 14 out of 15 patients according to therapy response and therapy resistance.", "contents": "[Endocrinological prediction of the responsiveness of depressive patients to lofepramine (author's transl)]. In a pilot study of 15 depressive patients of the neurotic and endogenous type we could show that some neuroendocrinological parameters are apt to predict the thymoleptic efficacy of lofepramine. These parameters, which were measured with a simple global stimulation test (insulin hypoglycaemia combined with injection of TRH and LHRH), were as follows: high basal blood glucose; high hypoglycaemic blood glucose; high decrease of blood glucose in comparison to the basal level; low basal TSH; low increase of HGH and low increase of cortisol after hypoglycemia. A synopsis of these parameters allowed a correct classification of 14 out of 15 patients according to therapy response and therapy resistance.", "PMID": 496618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3026", "title": "Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease--represented in CT.", "content": "To clarify the importance of brain atrophy in relation to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, 173 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 51.4% of the CT findings, brain atrophy was considered to be pathological. Statistically significant relations of age and sex were found with regard to the extent and localization of brain atrophy. Cortical atrophy also showed a significant dependence on duration of disease. Linear measurements at the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle lead us to assume that brain atrophy in Parkinson's patients is more prevalent than in normal patients within the scope of age involution.", "contents": "Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease--represented in CT. To clarify the importance of brain atrophy in relation to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, 173 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 51.4% of the CT findings, brain atrophy was considered to be pathological. Statistically significant relations of age and sex were found with regard to the extent and localization of brain atrophy. Cortical atrophy also showed a significant dependence on duration of disease. Linear measurements at the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle lead us to assume that brain atrophy in Parkinson's patients is more prevalent than in normal patients within the scope of age involution.", "PMID": 496619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3027", "title": "The course of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In 110 parkinsonian patients (53 men, 57 woman) aged 38--81 years, computer-tomographic follow-up investigations were done to assess the development of brain atrophy. The control examinations were done after an average of 28 months. At that time an increase in brain atrophic changes of different localization could be observed in 23% of the patients. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the increase in pathologic CT findings is to be observed especially in patients with higher age, a more marked impairment in psycho-organic capacity, more pronounced handicaps in the fine-motorial performances at the beginning of the study. From the neuroradiological point of view, patients with more marked pathologic CT findings upon the first examination, be these ventricular enlargement and/or cortical atrophy, more often showed a progression of brain atrophy.", "contents": "The course of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease. In 110 parkinsonian patients (53 men, 57 woman) aged 38--81 years, computer-tomographic follow-up investigations were done to assess the development of brain atrophy. The control examinations were done after an average of 28 months. At that time an increase in brain atrophic changes of different localization could be observed in 23% of the patients. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the increase in pathologic CT findings is to be observed especially in patients with higher age, a more marked impairment in psycho-organic capacity, more pronounced handicaps in the fine-motorial performances at the beginning of the study. From the neuroradiological point of view, patients with more marked pathologic CT findings upon the first examination, be these ventricular enlargement and/or cortical atrophy, more often showed a progression of brain atrophy.", "PMID": 496620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3028", "title": "Effect of vitamin E on human sexual functioning.", "content": "To investigate the claim that vitamin E can affect human sexual functioning, 1000-IU vitamin E capsules (alpha-tocopherol) were administered daily for 28 days in a double-blind placebo study. Thirty-five subjects in this pilot study reported daily responses to questionnaires on sexual arousal and behavior. No differences in sexual arousal or behavior were found between the two groups. The one significant difference was that the vitamin E subjects were more likely than the placebo subjects to report either positive or negative nonsexual effects.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E on human sexual functioning. To investigate the claim that vitamin E can affect human sexual functioning, 1000-IU vitamin E capsules (alpha-tocopherol) were administered daily for 28 days in a double-blind placebo study. Thirty-five subjects in this pilot study reported daily responses to questionnaires on sexual arousal and behavior. No differences in sexual arousal or behavior were found between the two groups. The one significant difference was that the vitamin E subjects were more likely than the placebo subjects to report either positive or negative nonsexual effects.", "PMID": 496621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3029", "title": "Models of female orgasm.", "content": "Self-report instruments concerning personality and subjective responses to sexual orgasm were filled out by 281 female university undergraduates. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the dimensionality of women's subjective responsiveness to orgasm. The results did not support the concept of a unidimensional orgasm process; separate coital and masturbatory factors of orgasmic experience were obtained. Highly internally consistent scales were developed to assess the two factors, and both scales were found to be significantly correlated with indices of extraversion, attitudes toward masturbation, and sexual experience. A path-analytic model was developed which is consistent with the hypothesis that heterosexual and monosexual behaviors act as mediators between extraversion, neuroticism, and attitudes toward masturbation, on the one hand, and subjective coital or masturbatory orgasmic responsiveness, on the other. It appears that attitudes toward masturbation may also have a direct influence on masturbatory responsiveness. Various therapeutic implications of the path model are described. Replications and extensions of the study with older, more experienced populations are necessary.", "contents": "Models of female orgasm. Self-report instruments concerning personality and subjective responses to sexual orgasm were filled out by 281 female university undergraduates. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the dimensionality of women's subjective responsiveness to orgasm. The results did not support the concept of a unidimensional orgasm process; separate coital and masturbatory factors of orgasmic experience were obtained. Highly internally consistent scales were developed to assess the two factors, and both scales were found to be significantly correlated with indices of extraversion, attitudes toward masturbation, and sexual experience. A path-analytic model was developed which is consistent with the hypothesis that heterosexual and monosexual behaviors act as mediators between extraversion, neuroticism, and attitudes toward masturbation, on the one hand, and subjective coital or masturbatory orgasmic responsiveness, on the other. It appears that attitudes toward masturbation may also have a direct influence on masturbatory responsiveness. Various therapeutic implications of the path model are described. Replications and extensions of the study with older, more experienced populations are necessary.", "PMID": 496622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3030", "title": "Intravaginal pressure assessed by the Kegel perineometer.", "content": "A first attempt was made to provide norms for intravaginal pressure in normal women measured by the Kegel perineometer. Data obtained from 78 white females and 64 black females indicate that resting pressure approximates 5 mm Hg and pressure with appropriate pelvic musculature contracted reaches an average of 15 mm Hg. The difference between resting and contracted pressures is unrelated to the former. There is a moderate negative correlation between number of vaginal births and contracted pressure in the white sample.", "contents": "Intravaginal pressure assessed by the Kegel perineometer. A first attempt was made to provide norms for intravaginal pressure in normal women measured by the Kegel perineometer. Data obtained from 78 white females and 64 black females indicate that resting pressure approximates 5 mm Hg and pressure with appropriate pelvic musculature contracted reaches an average of 15 mm Hg. The difference between resting and contracted pressures is unrelated to the former. There is a moderate negative correlation between number of vaginal births and contracted pressure in the white sample.", "PMID": 496623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3031", "title": "The aging gender dysphoria (transsexual) patient.", "content": "Ten aging gender dysphoria patients (eight men and two women, average age 52 years) were the subjects of this study. All had presented to the Gender Identity Clinic at Case Western Reserve University requesting sex-reassignment surgery. A psychiatric-psychological profile of the patients, their sexual functioning, problems with aging, diagnostic issues, and follow-up are discussed. The aging gender dysphoric patient presents in acute crisis, that is, exhibiting marked depression, increased suicidal ideation and behavior, and urgent perception of time. Diagnostic and treatment recommendations for aging gender dysphoria patients and their depressions are provided. Furthermore, guidelines are suggested for differentiating the aging transvestite with transsexual symptoms and the aging transsexual for whom sex-reassignment surgery may be indicated. Specific treatment strategies for an aging population, including sexual surgery, are also discussed.", "contents": "The aging gender dysphoria (transsexual) patient. Ten aging gender dysphoria patients (eight men and two women, average age 52 years) were the subjects of this study. All had presented to the Gender Identity Clinic at Case Western Reserve University requesting sex-reassignment surgery. A psychiatric-psychological profile of the patients, their sexual functioning, problems with aging, diagnostic issues, and follow-up are discussed. The aging gender dysphoric patient presents in acute crisis, that is, exhibiting marked depression, increased suicidal ideation and behavior, and urgent perception of time. Diagnostic and treatment recommendations for aging gender dysphoria patients and their depressions are provided. Furthermore, guidelines are suggested for differentiating the aging transvestite with transsexual symptoms and the aging transsexual for whom sex-reassignment surgery may be indicated. Specific treatment strategies for an aging population, including sexual surgery, are also discussed.", "PMID": 496624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3032", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial carotid arterial disease: a prospective evaluation of pulsed-Doppler imaging and oculoplethysmography.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive internal carotid arteries were examined with the Hokanson-pulsed Doppler ultrasonic arteriograph (UA) and the Kartchner-McCrae oculoplethysmograph (OPG). Roentgenographic studies were used to assess the relative accuracy of these two noninvasive tests. Diameter stenoses estimated from the UA and roentgenographic images agreed within +/- 20% in 81% of the studies. The UA detected 61% of all stenoses of 20% to 39% and 89% of all stenoses greater than 40%. A sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 90% were achieved with the UA compared with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 85% with the OPG. When the UA and OPG agreed (67% of the vessels), the sensitivity was 95% and the specificity was 94%. When they disagreed, the UA was the better test having a sensitivity of 81% compared with 21% with the OPG.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial carotid arterial disease: a prospective evaluation of pulsed-Doppler imaging and oculoplethysmography. Two hundred consecutive internal carotid arteries were examined with the Hokanson-pulsed Doppler ultrasonic arteriograph (UA) and the Kartchner-McCrae oculoplethysmograph (OPG). Roentgenographic studies were used to assess the relative accuracy of these two noninvasive tests. Diameter stenoses estimated from the UA and roentgenographic images agreed within +/- 20% in 81% of the studies. The UA detected 61% of all stenoses of 20% to 39% and 89% of all stenoses greater than 40%. A sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 90% were achieved with the UA compared with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 85% with the OPG. When the UA and OPG agreed (67% of the vessels), the sensitivity was 95% and the specificity was 94%. When they disagreed, the UA was the better test having a sensitivity of 81% compared with 21% with the OPG.", "PMID": 496625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3033", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy in the presence of contralateral carotid occlusion: the role of EEG and intraluminal shunting.", "content": "Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in the presence of occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery appear at greater risk for operative-related stroke or death. We had experience with 37 such patients in a five-year period. Routine intraluminal shunting without EEG monitoring was used in nine patients. Twenty-eight patients had continuous EEG monitoring during surgery. Of this group, 12 patients required intraluminal shunting based on intraoperative EEG criteria. In the early postoperative period, there was one death, and there were no instances of new, fixed neurological deficits. Life table analysis shows that 80% of the patients are neurologically stable in the five-year follow-up period. Electroencephalographic monitoring proved valuable in the detection of patients requiring intraluminal shunting, in the occasional recognition of poorly functioning shunts, and in the determination of the importance of alterations in blood pressure or cardiac rhythm on cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy in the presence of contralateral carotid occlusion: the role of EEG and intraluminal shunting. Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in the presence of occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery appear at greater risk for operative-related stroke or death. We had experience with 37 such patients in a five-year period. Routine intraluminal shunting without EEG monitoring was used in nine patients. Twenty-eight patients had continuous EEG monitoring during surgery. Of this group, 12 patients required intraluminal shunting based on intraoperative EEG criteria. In the early postoperative period, there was one death, and there were no instances of new, fixed neurological deficits. Life table analysis shows that 80% of the patients are neurologically stable in the five-year follow-up period. Electroencephalographic monitoring proved valuable in the detection of patients requiring intraluminal shunting, in the occasional recognition of poorly functioning shunts, and in the determination of the importance of alterations in blood pressure or cardiac rhythm on cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 496626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3034", "title": "Endothelial response to venous injury.", "content": "This investigation characterized venous endothelial healing after surgical manipulation. Procedures were performed on jugular and femoral veins in 21 mongrel dogs without systemic anticoagulation. Veins were harvested at varying intervals and vessel structure evaluated with light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. Veins that were mobilized or stripped of adventitia demonstrated 25% to 50% endothelial loss at one hour. Endothelial damage was rapidly repaired with complete healing observed in some veins at 48 hours. Tourniquets and clamps resulted in prominent medial and endothelial injury at occlusion sites. Eighteen of 24 transected veins remained patent for the study period. Endothelial healing was unaffected by tension at anastomoses. These observations confirm that venous endothelium receives nutrition by luminal diffusion. The healing process of venous anastomoses is characterized by an early fibrin sleeve sealing the anastomotic site; endothelial bridging of defects can be noticeably delayed by excessive fibrin deposition.", "contents": "Endothelial response to venous injury. This investigation characterized venous endothelial healing after surgical manipulation. Procedures were performed on jugular and femoral veins in 21 mongrel dogs without systemic anticoagulation. Veins were harvested at varying intervals and vessel structure evaluated with light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. Veins that were mobilized or stripped of adventitia demonstrated 25% to 50% endothelial loss at one hour. Endothelial damage was rapidly repaired with complete healing observed in some veins at 48 hours. Tourniquets and clamps resulted in prominent medial and endothelial injury at occlusion sites. Eighteen of 24 transected veins remained patent for the study period. Endothelial healing was unaffected by tension at anastomoses. These observations confirm that venous endothelium receives nutrition by luminal diffusion. The healing process of venous anastomoses is characterized by an early fibrin sleeve sealing the anastomotic site; endothelial bridging of defects can be noticeably delayed by excessive fibrin deposition.", "PMID": 496627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3035", "title": "Noninvasive prediction of amputation level in diabetic patients.", "content": "Noninvasive laboratory testing was used to predict successful amputation levels in 150 diabetic patients. The cases of 100 patients undergoing forefoot amputation and 50 patients undergoing below-knee amputation were evaluated using segmental systolic pressures and pulse volume recordings (PVRs). The decision for and the level of amputation were based solely on clinical judgment. In patients undergoing forefoot amputation, segmental systolic pressures were falsely high or predicted incorrectly in over half the cases. Segment PVRs were correctly predictive in only half of the cases. In patients undergoing below-knee amputation, segment systolic pressures were falsely high or predicted incorrectly in over one third of cases. Segmental PVRs were correctly predictive in less than one third of the cases. In the diabetic patient, clinical judgment continues to provide the most accurate and reliable information by which the type of amputation and likelihood of its success can be judged.", "contents": "Noninvasive prediction of amputation level in diabetic patients. Noninvasive laboratory testing was used to predict successful amputation levels in 150 diabetic patients. The cases of 100 patients undergoing forefoot amputation and 50 patients undergoing below-knee amputation were evaluated using segmental systolic pressures and pulse volume recordings (PVRs). The decision for and the level of amputation were based solely on clinical judgment. In patients undergoing forefoot amputation, segmental systolic pressures were falsely high or predicted incorrectly in over half the cases. Segment PVRs were correctly predictive in only half of the cases. In patients undergoing below-knee amputation, segment systolic pressures were falsely high or predicted incorrectly in over one third of cases. Segmental PVRs were correctly predictive in less than one third of the cases. In the diabetic patient, clinical judgment continues to provide the most accurate and reliable information by which the type of amputation and likelihood of its success can be judged.", "PMID": 496628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3036", "title": "Aortic and mitral prosthetic valve reoperations: early and late results.", "content": "A total of 232 valvular reoperations (123 mitral valve reoperations [RMVR] and 109 aortic valve reoperations [RAVR] were performed in 194 patients with previously implanted prosthetic valves. Early mortality was 10% (12/123) for the RMVR subgroup and 14% (15/109) for the RAVR subgroup (P = NS). Late mortality was 16% (18/111) for the RMVR subgroup and 25% (23/94) for the RAVR subgroup (P = NS). Patients with prosthetic endocarditis or prosthetic stenosis constituted higher-risk subpopulations. Principal determinants of both operative mortality and late attrition were preoperative cardiac functional status and the nature of the pathology mandating valve replacement. Early prosthetic valve replacement is advocated to correct hemodynamic abnormalities before advanced ventricular decompensation ensues, especially when prosthetic valvular endocarditis or prosthetic stenosis exists.", "contents": "Aortic and mitral prosthetic valve reoperations: early and late results. A total of 232 valvular reoperations (123 mitral valve reoperations [RMVR] and 109 aortic valve reoperations [RAVR] were performed in 194 patients with previously implanted prosthetic valves. Early mortality was 10% (12/123) for the RMVR subgroup and 14% (15/109) for the RAVR subgroup (P = NS). Late mortality was 16% (18/111) for the RMVR subgroup and 25% (23/94) for the RAVR subgroup (P = NS). Patients with prosthetic endocarditis or prosthetic stenosis constituted higher-risk subpopulations. Principal determinants of both operative mortality and late attrition were preoperative cardiac functional status and the nature of the pathology mandating valve replacement. Early prosthetic valve replacement is advocated to correct hemodynamic abnormalities before advanced ventricular decompensation ensues, especially when prosthetic valvular endocarditis or prosthetic stenosis exists.", "PMID": 496629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3037", "title": "Membrane vs bubble oxygenators: a prospective study of 52 patients.", "content": "Controversy continues about the oxygenator preferable for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This prospective study was undertaken in 52 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Oxygenators were alternated each case between model Q-100, Bentley Laboratories Inc, Irvine, Calif, and Travenol Membrane Oxygenator (TMO), Travenol Laboratories Inc, Deerfield, Ill. The Q-100 group required higher CPB O2 flows, but PO2 levels during CPB were similar for both groups. Heparin sodium dosage and activated clotting, bleeding, prothrombin, and partial thromboplastin times were identical in both groups. Blood loss and platelet reduction after CPB were also similar. Postoperative complications in the Q-100 group included one myocardial infarction, and one neurological problem. The TMO group had no myocardial infarction and one neurological problem. The membrane oxygenator took nine minutes longer to set up and was $63 more expensive to purchase. Blood trauma during CPB was less with the membrane oxygenator (lower plasma hemoglobin level), but we conclude that both oxygenators performing adequately during clinical use in open heart surgery.", "contents": "Membrane vs bubble oxygenators: a prospective study of 52 patients. Controversy continues about the oxygenator preferable for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This prospective study was undertaken in 52 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Oxygenators were alternated each case between model Q-100, Bentley Laboratories Inc, Irvine, Calif, and Travenol Membrane Oxygenator (TMO), Travenol Laboratories Inc, Deerfield, Ill. The Q-100 group required higher CPB O2 flows, but PO2 levels during CPB were similar for both groups. Heparin sodium dosage and activated clotting, bleeding, prothrombin, and partial thromboplastin times were identical in both groups. Blood loss and platelet reduction after CPB were also similar. Postoperative complications in the Q-100 group included one myocardial infarction, and one neurological problem. The TMO group had no myocardial infarction and one neurological problem. The membrane oxygenator took nine minutes longer to set up and was $63 more expensive to purchase. Blood trauma during CPB was less with the membrane oxygenator (lower plasma hemoglobin level), but we conclude that both oxygenators performing adequately during clinical use in open heart surgery.", "PMID": 496630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3038", "title": "Surgical principles and polytetrafluoroethylene.", "content": "This report describes a 24-month follow-up in 100 consecutive polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arterial grafts. Although initial results were superb, a continued follow-up has showed extremely high closure rates for femoropopliteal and femorotibial grafts. The primary reason for this high attrition rate is thought to be stasis. We believe that PTFE is clearly the best synthetic arterial replacement available, but the material does not approach the autogenous saphenous vein in terms of long-term patency. Therefore, in spite of its many advantages, we do not recommend the elective use of PTFE for peripheral small-vessel bypass.", "contents": "Surgical principles and polytetrafluoroethylene. This report describes a 24-month follow-up in 100 consecutive polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arterial grafts. Although initial results were superb, a continued follow-up has showed extremely high closure rates for femoropopliteal and femorotibial grafts. The primary reason for this high attrition rate is thought to be stasis. We believe that PTFE is clearly the best synthetic arterial replacement available, but the material does not approach the autogenous saphenous vein in terms of long-term patency. Therefore, in spite of its many advantages, we do not recommend the elective use of PTFE for peripheral small-vessel bypass.", "PMID": 496631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3039", "title": "Significance of popliteal reflux in relation to ambulatory venous pressure and ulceration.", "content": "Fifty-one patients (55 limbs) who had had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) extending into the femoral or iliofemoral segment three to five years earlier and ten limbs of ten healthy volunteers were studied. The ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) was measured by inserting a needle in a vein on the foot; the presence of reflux in the popliteal vein was determined by a directional Doppler ultrasonic blood velocity detector. All patients had ascending venography. The results suggest that the most important factor in determining the AVP and ulceration in postthrombotic limbs is the condition of the popliteal valves. Ulceration does not occur even in the presence of occlusion if the popliteal valves are competent. The extent of DVT and recanalization or the failure of recanalization is of secondary importance.", "contents": "Significance of popliteal reflux in relation to ambulatory venous pressure and ulceration. Fifty-one patients (55 limbs) who had had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) extending into the femoral or iliofemoral segment three to five years earlier and ten limbs of ten healthy volunteers were studied. The ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) was measured by inserting a needle in a vein on the foot; the presence of reflux in the popliteal vein was determined by a directional Doppler ultrasonic blood velocity detector. All patients had ascending venography. The results suggest that the most important factor in determining the AVP and ulceration in postthrombotic limbs is the condition of the popliteal valves. Ulceration does not occur even in the presence of occlusion if the popliteal valves are competent. The extent of DVT and recanalization or the failure of recanalization is of secondary importance.", "PMID": 496632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3040", "title": "Reconstructive venous surgery.", "content": "Experience with 60 reconstructions of large peripheral veins is summarized. No deaths occurred and complications were minimal. Most patients had excellent or good results.", "contents": "Reconstructive venous surgery. Experience with 60 reconstructions of large peripheral veins is summarized. No deaths occurred and complications were minimal. Most patients had excellent or good results.", "PMID": 496633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3041", "title": "Venous angiography of subcutaneous hemodialysis fistulas.", "content": "Venous angiography was performed on 256 subcutaneous arteriovenous dialysis fistulas. The technique involves temporary arterial inflow occlusion, needle injection of contrast material into the venous segment, and rapid sequence roentgenograms as arterial flow is restored. It requires no fluoroscopy or catheterization, avoids trauma to either the brachial or axillary arteries, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Indications for fistulography included technical complications during dialysis, high-output cardiac failure, aneurysms, sepsis, and other reasons. Studies demonstrated significant stenosis or occlusion, insignificant stenosis, malpositioned needles, excessive fistula flow, aneurysms, thrombus formation, maturation failure, and other and normal findings. Only one study caused fistula thrombosis. Ninety-one percent of the studies provided information useful in the overall clinical management of the patients.", "contents": "Venous angiography of subcutaneous hemodialysis fistulas. Venous angiography was performed on 256 subcutaneous arteriovenous dialysis fistulas. The technique involves temporary arterial inflow occlusion, needle injection of contrast material into the venous segment, and rapid sequence roentgenograms as arterial flow is restored. It requires no fluoroscopy or catheterization, avoids trauma to either the brachial or axillary arteries, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Indications for fistulography included technical complications during dialysis, high-output cardiac failure, aneurysms, sepsis, and other reasons. Studies demonstrated significant stenosis or occlusion, insignificant stenosis, malpositioned needles, excessive fistula flow, aneurysms, thrombus formation, maturation failure, and other and normal findings. Only one study caused fistula thrombosis. Ninety-one percent of the studies provided information useful in the overall clinical management of the patients.", "PMID": 496634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3042", "title": "Thoracic aortic imaging without angiography.", "content": "Imaging of the thoracic aorta without recourse to angiography has great theoretic appeal. We have used computerized tomography (CT) in the initial evaluation of 297 patients with suspected mediastinal disease. Nineteen of this group had important findings related to the thoracic aorta: aortic dissection (six), descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (nine), suspected aortic trauma (three), and suspected false aneurysm at a coarctation repair (one). In all cases, the aorta and related pathology were readily demonstrated by CT, aided by the intravenous infusion of contrast material. In 13 of 15 cases, aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm could be accurately diagnosed. In two instances of ascending aortic dissection, it was not possible to distinguish the false lumen from mural thrombus in an atherosclerotic aneurysm.", "contents": "Thoracic aortic imaging without angiography. Imaging of the thoracic aorta without recourse to angiography has great theoretic appeal. We have used computerized tomography (CT) in the initial evaluation of 297 patients with suspected mediastinal disease. Nineteen of this group had important findings related to the thoracic aorta: aortic dissection (six), descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (nine), suspected aortic trauma (three), and suspected false aneurysm at a coarctation repair (one). In all cases, the aorta and related pathology were readily demonstrated by CT, aided by the intravenous infusion of contrast material. In 13 of 15 cases, aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm could be accurately diagnosed. In two instances of ascending aortic dissection, it was not possible to distinguish the false lumen from mural thrombus in an atherosclerotic aneurysm.", "PMID": 496635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3043", "title": "Routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction: results of selective myocardial revascularization in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Routine coronary angiography to determine the prevalence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) has been recommended to all patients under consideration for elective peripheral vascular reconstruction at the Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic since April 1978. Those found to have severe, correctable CAD have been advised to undergo myocardial revascularization prior to performance of elective peripheral vascular operations. Forty-one of the 68 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and 26 of the 71 patients with aortoiliac occlusive arterial disease (AI) had clinical evidence of CAD; coronary angiography demonstrated severe, correctable CAD in 23 patients with AAA and in 14 patients with AI. Twenty-seven patients with AAA and 45 patients with AI had no clinical evidence of CAD; severe, correctable CAD was found in six patients with AAA and in six patients with AI. Ninety-six patients, including 26 who had staged cardiac procedures performed, have had elective aortic reconstruction, with one operative death.", "contents": "Routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction: results of selective myocardial revascularization in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Routine coronary angiography to determine the prevalence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) has been recommended to all patients under consideration for elective peripheral vascular reconstruction at the Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic since April 1978. Those found to have severe, correctable CAD have been advised to undergo myocardial revascularization prior to performance of elective peripheral vascular operations. Forty-one of the 68 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and 26 of the 71 patients with aortoiliac occlusive arterial disease (AI) had clinical evidence of CAD; coronary angiography demonstrated severe, correctable CAD in 23 patients with AAA and in 14 patients with AI. Twenty-seven patients with AAA and 45 patients with AI had no clinical evidence of CAD; severe, correctable CAD was found in six patients with AAA and in six patients with AI. Ninety-six patients, including 26 who had staged cardiac procedures performed, have had elective aortic reconstruction, with one operative death.", "PMID": 496636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3044", "title": "[Protein digestibility and absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 2. Protein and amino acid balances at the end of the small intestine and of the whole digestive tract (apparent and true protein and amino acid digestibility)].", "content": "Growing pigs with ileum and ileocecal re-entrant canulae were given 5 different rations (pig fattening feed 1 and 2, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). The crude protein and amino acid excretion was quantitatively determined with ileum chyme and feces. The calculation of the amino acid balances (apparent and true digestibility) at the end of the small intestine, at the end of the wholedigestive tract and the isolated colon showed characteristic differences for the individual amino acids. On ileum level the amino acids with relatively high endogenous quotas, threonine, tryptophane, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine showed a distinctly lower, the amino acids arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine a distinctly higher digestibilityhan crude protein. In comparison of the values on the feces level, including the true digestibility, these differences are largely balanced out. At the end of the small intestine the absorption of the amino acids is in the main completed. The disappearance rate of amino acids from the colon shows large differences with reference to the different rations as well as the individual amino acids. They were particularly high for various rations as far as proline, tryptophane, glycine and cystine are concerned. If wheat gluten + lysine rations were given, a net synthesis of methionine in the colon could be proved.", "contents": "[Protein digestibility and absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 2. Protein and amino acid balances at the end of the small intestine and of the whole digestive tract (apparent and true protein and amino acid digestibility)]. Growing pigs with ileum and ileocecal re-entrant canulae were given 5 different rations (pig fattening feed 1 and 2, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). The crude protein and amino acid excretion was quantitatively determined with ileum chyme and feces. The calculation of the amino acid balances (apparent and true digestibility) at the end of the small intestine, at the end of the wholedigestive tract and the isolated colon showed characteristic differences for the individual amino acids. On ileum level the amino acids with relatively high endogenous quotas, threonine, tryptophane, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine showed a distinctly lower, the amino acids arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine a distinctly higher digestibilityhan crude protein. In comparison of the values on the feces level, including the true digestibility, these differences are largely balanced out. At the end of the small intestine the absorption of the amino acids is in the main completed. The disappearance rate of amino acids from the colon shows large differences with reference to the different rations as well as the individual amino acids. They were particularly high for various rations as far as proline, tryptophane, glycine and cystine are concerned. If wheat gluten + lysine rations were given, a net synthesis of methionine in the colon could be proved.", "PMID": 496639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3045", "title": "[Nutrient supply of health and sick fluid fed calves].", "content": "In the department for calves being fed with fluid feed of a specialised enterprise for calf rearing the daily intake of fluid feed (skim milk improved with milk substitute), concentrated feed and hay of a total of 341 female animals and the daily intake of energy and protein was calculated thereof. The average consumption of nutrients of the 206 healthy calves was compared with some international and national norms for the demand of nutrients. The comparison with some international values of demand and the results of the partial correlation analysis between energy and protein intake and live weight increase showed that the applied nutrition regime (particularly the kind of fluid feed) has resulted in an excessive supply of the calves with proteins and an insufficient supply with energy. This could not be realised from the GDR nutrients norm for the raising of calves published in 1976. Based on theoretical considerations and some recent findings of the science of nutrition we derived values of the protein and energy demand of our own. Subsequently an attempt is made to assess the supply with nutrients for sick calves.", "contents": "[Nutrient supply of health and sick fluid fed calves]. In the department for calves being fed with fluid feed of a specialised enterprise for calf rearing the daily intake of fluid feed (skim milk improved with milk substitute), concentrated feed and hay of a total of 341 female animals and the daily intake of energy and protein was calculated thereof. The average consumption of nutrients of the 206 healthy calves was compared with some international and national norms for the demand of nutrients. The comparison with some international values of demand and the results of the partial correlation analysis between energy and protein intake and live weight increase showed that the applied nutrition regime (particularly the kind of fluid feed) has resulted in an excessive supply of the calves with proteins and an insufficient supply with energy. This could not be realised from the GDR nutrients norm for the raising of calves published in 1976. Based on theoretical considerations and some recent findings of the science of nutrition we derived values of the protein and energy demand of our own. Subsequently an attempt is made to assess the supply with nutrients for sick calves.", "PMID": 496640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3046", "title": "[Motility of the rumen after feeding sheep pelleted rations].", "content": "In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).", "contents": "[Motility of the rumen after feeding sheep pelleted rations]. In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).", "PMID": 496641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3047", "title": "[Possibilities of prediction the digestibility of crude nutrients by fullgrown and growing sheep from the crude nutrient content of the rations. 2. Rations with a higher content of crude fibers (mixtures of straw and concentrated feed as sole feed].", "content": "Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.", "contents": "[Possibilities of prediction the digestibility of crude nutrients by fullgrown and growing sheep from the crude nutrient content of the rations. 2. Rations with a higher content of crude fibers (mixtures of straw and concentrated feed as sole feed]. Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.", "PMID": 496642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3048", "title": "Influenza virus infection of a newborn rats: virulence of recombinant strains prepared from a cold-adapted, attenuated parent.", "content": "Infant rats were infected with one of a series of influenza A viruses. The growth of viruses in the turbinates or lungs, and the ability of virus infection to potentiate a subsequent bacterial infection by Haemophilus influenzae (HIb), were measured. The three virus strains known to be virulent for man grew to relatively high titres of 10(5.2)--10(6.8) EBID50/ml in the turbinates of infant rats at 48 hours post-infection, and virus infection enhanced subsequent systemic infection following intranasal inoculation of rats with HIb. In contrast, influenza virus A/Ann Arobr/6/60--P17 and the three recombinant viruses prepared from this strain, all of which are attenuated for man, replicated to significantly lower titres of 10(2.6)--10(4.1) EBID50/ml in infant rats turbinates, and failed to promote systemic infection by HIb to the samest that the behaviour of influenza viruses in infant rats may be an indication for virus virulence for man, and thus provide a test which could facilitate the development of live, attenuated virus vaccines.", "contents": "Influenza virus infection of a newborn rats: virulence of recombinant strains prepared from a cold-adapted, attenuated parent. Infant rats were infected with one of a series of influenza A viruses. The growth of viruses in the turbinates or lungs, and the ability of virus infection to potentiate a subsequent bacterial infection by Haemophilus influenzae (HIb), were measured. The three virus strains known to be virulent for man grew to relatively high titres of 10(5.2)--10(6.8) EBID50/ml in the turbinates of infant rats at 48 hours post-infection, and virus infection enhanced subsequent systemic infection following intranasal inoculation of rats with HIb. In contrast, influenza virus A/Ann Arobr/6/60--P17 and the three recombinant viruses prepared from this strain, all of which are attenuated for man, replicated to significantly lower titres of 10(2.6)--10(4.1) EBID50/ml in infant rats turbinates, and failed to promote systemic infection by HIb to the samest that the behaviour of influenza viruses in infant rats may be an indication for virus virulence for man, and thus provide a test which could facilitate the development of live, attenuated virus vaccines.", "PMID": 496643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3049", "title": "The replication of virulent and attenuated strains of African swine fever virus in porcine macrophages.", "content": "The replication of virulent and attenuated strains of African swine fever virus (ASFV) was studied in pure cultures of swine macrophages. To ensure complete destruction of the macrophage monolayers about 50--100 times more virulent ASFV was needed than attenuated virus although both isolates could be used to establish persistently infected cultures. Interferon did not appear to influence virus yields from such cultures. Fluorescent and electron microscopy studies of infected macrophages suggested that the cycle of infection of the two isolates was different.", "contents": "The replication of virulent and attenuated strains of African swine fever virus in porcine macrophages. The replication of virulent and attenuated strains of African swine fever virus (ASFV) was studied in pure cultures of swine macrophages. To ensure complete destruction of the macrophage monolayers about 50--100 times more virulent ASFV was needed than attenuated virus although both isolates could be used to establish persistently infected cultures. Interferon did not appear to influence virus yields from such cultures. Fluorescent and electron microscopy studies of infected macrophages suggested that the cycle of infection of the two isolates was different.", "PMID": 496644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3050", "title": "RNA'S of influenza C virus strains.", "content": "Up to 9 RNA segments with molecular weights (MW) 2.3--9.4 X 10(5) were found in an influenza C virus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 50 degrees C and three different strains. All contained RNA of the same mobility. Possible coding assignments of the RNA segments is discussed.", "contents": "RNA'S of influenza C virus strains. Up to 9 RNA segments with molecular weights (MW) 2.3--9.4 X 10(5) were found in an influenza C virus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 50 degrees C and three different strains. All contained RNA of the same mobility. Possible coding assignments of the RNA segments is discussed.", "PMID": 496645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3051", "title": "Presence of DNA in rubella variant with DNA polymerase activity.", "content": "Rubella variant with DNA polymerase which is formed as a result of recombination between rubella virus and a retrovirus of BHK21/WI-2 cells, contains both RNA and DNA in its virion.", "contents": "Presence of DNA in rubella variant with DNA polymerase activity. Rubella variant with DNA polymerase which is formed as a result of recombination between rubella virus and a retrovirus of BHK21/WI-2 cells, contains both RNA and DNA in its virion.", "PMID": 496646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3052", "title": "[Synaptic organization of the individual layers of field 4 of the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "By means of electron microscopic method, synaptic organization of some layers in the field 4 of the cat brain cortex has been studied. It has been demonstrated that: a) synaptic organization of the cortex becoms more complex from superficual layers towards deeper ones; b) axospinous and axosomatic synapses have identical structure in all the cortical layers, while the structure of axodendritic synapses depends on their localization. A possible physiological estimation of the morphological data obtained has been carried out.", "contents": "[Synaptic organization of the individual layers of field 4 of the cat cerebral cortex]. By means of electron microscopic method, synaptic organization of some layers in the field 4 of the cat brain cortex has been studied. It has been demonstrated that: a) synaptic organization of the cortex becoms more complex from superficual layers towards deeper ones; b) axospinous and axosomatic synapses have identical structure in all the cortical layers, while the structure of axodendritic synapses depends on their localization. A possible physiological estimation of the morphological data obtained has been carried out.", "PMID": 496652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3053", "title": "[Central representation of the anterior lateral line nerve in dwarf catfish].", "content": "The central distribution of the anterior lateral line nerve (ramus) (NLLa) were studied in the pygmean sheat-fish (Ictalurus nebulosus) by means of the method of Nauta--Gygax. NLLa, as well as posterior lateral line nerve (NLLp), projects topographically on the nucleus medialis of the acoustic-lateral area. Within the nucleus medialis NLLa can be traces in the rostro-lateral parts. A majority of NLLa fibres can be followed ipsilaterally, although a definite contralateral contribution also exists. It is concluded that NLLa, representing the electro- and mechanoreceptors of the head region, distributes predominantly within the rostral part of the medial nucleus, while NLLp, representing the trunk receptors, distributes in the caudal half of the medial nucleus. There is some overlapping within the middle part of the nucleus.", "contents": "[Central representation of the anterior lateral line nerve in dwarf catfish]. The central distribution of the anterior lateral line nerve (ramus) (NLLa) were studied in the pygmean sheat-fish (Ictalurus nebulosus) by means of the method of Nauta--Gygax. NLLa, as well as posterior lateral line nerve (NLLp), projects topographically on the nucleus medialis of the acoustic-lateral area. Within the nucleus medialis NLLa can be traces in the rostro-lateral parts. A majority of NLLa fibres can be followed ipsilaterally, although a definite contralateral contribution also exists. It is concluded that NLLa, representing the electro- and mechanoreceptors of the head region, distributes predominantly within the rostral part of the medial nucleus, while NLLp, representing the trunk receptors, distributes in the caudal half of the medial nucleus. There is some overlapping within the middle part of the nucleus.", "PMID": 496653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3054", "title": "[Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the lymphatic bed of the heart].", "content": "Cardiac lymphatic bed was studied in 120 male corpses at the age of 17--55 years, normal and of those died from alcohol intoxication and from cardiac ischemia. The methods of intratissue injection of coloured masses, impregnation after V. V. Kuprianov, histological and histochemical investigations were applied. Data in figures were obtained by means of a grid for cyto-, histo- and stereometric investigations and by a scanning integrant microspectrophotometer sim-2. Statistical data were obtained by a computer \"Mir\". It was demonstrated that the cardiac lymphatic system responds in a definite way to alcohol intoxication. Four forms of structural state in the lymphatic bed elements were revealed, specific density of its different components was calculated. A certain connection was noted to occur between morphological changes under the effect of toxic doses of alcohol; there was also a reaction of compensatory-adaptive elements of lymphodynamics. A number of pathological changes in cardiac tissues resulting in heart insufficiency were presented. Peculiarities in poisoning phases were demonstrated morphologically.", "contents": "[Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the lymphatic bed of the heart]. Cardiac lymphatic bed was studied in 120 male corpses at the age of 17--55 years, normal and of those died from alcohol intoxication and from cardiac ischemia. The methods of intratissue injection of coloured masses, impregnation after V. V. Kuprianov, histological and histochemical investigations were applied. Data in figures were obtained by means of a grid for cyto-, histo- and stereometric investigations and by a scanning integrant microspectrophotometer sim-2. Statistical data were obtained by a computer \"Mir\". It was demonstrated that the cardiac lymphatic system responds in a definite way to alcohol intoxication. Four forms of structural state in the lymphatic bed elements were revealed, specific density of its different components was calculated. A certain connection was noted to occur between morphological changes under the effect of toxic doses of alcohol; there was also a reaction of compensatory-adaptive elements of lymphodynamics. A number of pathological changes in cardiac tissues resulting in heart insufficiency were presented. Peculiarities in poisoning phases were demonstrated morphologically.", "PMID": 496654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3055", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of adult humans].", "content": "The aim of the work was to deside whether there exists any regular difference in the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of the adult person depending on sex and age. Right and left axillary lymph nodes were studied in 32 female and 34 male corpses at the age of 28--90 years according to age periods suggested by V. V. Bunak (1965). It was stated that there were no statistically important sex and age differences.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of adult humans]. The aim of the work was to deside whether there exists any regular difference in the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of the adult person depending on sex and age. Right and left axillary lymph nodes were studied in 32 female and 34 male corpses at the age of 28--90 years according to age periods suggested by V. V. Bunak (1965). It was stated that there were no statistically important sex and age differences.", "PMID": 496655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3056", "title": "[Tactile cells (Merkel cells) during degeneration of cat sinuous hairs].", "content": "Degeneration of the tactile cells in epithelium of the cat sinuous hairs after sectioning the infraorbital nerve manifests itself as cytoplasmic vacuolization and induration with electron opaque bodies in it, changes in nuclear configuration and in chromatin density. At all stages of the experiment the tactile cells were practically observed demonstrating various degenerative signs. On the 45th day after sectioning the tactile cells disappeared completely. Structural changes in the tactile cells were preceded by degeneration and complete disappearance of tactile menisci from epithelium of the sinuous hairs. Perhaps, sensitive innervation is necessary to maintain differential status of the tactile cells in epithelium.", "contents": "[Tactile cells (Merkel cells) during degeneration of cat sinuous hairs]. Degeneration of the tactile cells in epithelium of the cat sinuous hairs after sectioning the infraorbital nerve manifests itself as cytoplasmic vacuolization and induration with electron opaque bodies in it, changes in nuclear configuration and in chromatin density. At all stages of the experiment the tactile cells were practically observed demonstrating various degenerative signs. On the 45th day after sectioning the tactile cells disappeared completely. Structural changes in the tactile cells were preceded by degeneration and complete disappearance of tactile menisci from epithelium of the sinuous hairs. Perhaps, sensitive innervation is necessary to maintain differential status of the tactile cells in epithelium.", "PMID": 496656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3057", "title": "[State of the microcirculatory bed of the mesentery in experimental dehydration].", "content": "The results of a complex functional-morphological analysis on the state of the mesentric microcirculatory bed have demonstrated a peculiar dynamics in increasing changes of its blood and lymphatic segments. Their degree depends on the stage of dehydration. On the 3d day, the changes revealed are not great and are of redistributive character. On the 6th day dehydration aquires the maximal intensity of changes in vessels and hemodynamics. By the 10th day, maximal level of vascular, intravascular and hemodynamic disorders is evident. Comparing these data and the results of investigations on intracellular and extracellular ion contents, it is possible to suggest a definite staged water elimination from the main depots of the organism. The reserves of extracellular water section are the first to be mobilized at the expense of its interstitial and transcellular links. On the 6th day of the experiment maximal intensity of blood and lymphatic dehydration is noted. Final stages of dehydration are characterized by a pronounced cellular dehydration.", "contents": "[State of the microcirculatory bed of the mesentery in experimental dehydration]. The results of a complex functional-morphological analysis on the state of the mesentric microcirculatory bed have demonstrated a peculiar dynamics in increasing changes of its blood and lymphatic segments. Their degree depends on the stage of dehydration. On the 3d day, the changes revealed are not great and are of redistributive character. On the 6th day dehydration aquires the maximal intensity of changes in vessels and hemodynamics. By the 10th day, maximal level of vascular, intravascular and hemodynamic disorders is evident. Comparing these data and the results of investigations on intracellular and extracellular ion contents, it is possible to suggest a definite staged water elimination from the main depots of the organism. The reserves of extracellular water section are the first to be mobilized at the expense of its interstitial and transcellular links. On the 6th day of the experiment maximal intensity of blood and lymphatic dehydration is noted. Final stages of dehydration are characterized by a pronounced cellular dehydration.", "PMID": 496657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3058", "title": "[Neural apparatus of perirenal and parapancreatic tissues during human embryogenesis].", "content": "The neural apparatus of the perirenal and parapancreatic fat tissue has been studied in human embryos, fetuses and newborns. Neurohistological techniques of Bielshowsky--Gross, Bielschowsky--Boek, Rasskazova and Ranson have been used . During embryogenesis certain differences are being formed in the structure of neural elements. These differences are characteristic for mature specimens and are especially noticeable in the structure of receptor terminals and ganglia. The neural apparatus of the paranephric fat tissue is forming with greater speed. Neural elements in different parts of the perirenal and parapancreatic fat tissue are not evenly distributed. Their greatest concentration is noted behind the pancreatic head and tail and at the level of the renal inferior pole and hilus.", "contents": "[Neural apparatus of perirenal and parapancreatic tissues during human embryogenesis]. The neural apparatus of the perirenal and parapancreatic fat tissue has been studied in human embryos, fetuses and newborns. Neurohistological techniques of Bielshowsky--Gross, Bielschowsky--Boek, Rasskazova and Ranson have been used . During embryogenesis certain differences are being formed in the structure of neural elements. These differences are characteristic for mature specimens and are especially noticeable in the structure of receptor terminals and ganglia. The neural apparatus of the paranephric fat tissue is forming with greater speed. Neural elements in different parts of the perirenal and parapancreatic fat tissue are not evenly distributed. Their greatest concentration is noted behind the pancreatic head and tail and at the level of the renal inferior pole and hilus.", "PMID": 496658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3059", "title": "[Morphology of the principal divisions of heart conducting system of rats].", "content": "Light optic and electron microscopic investigation of the sinuauricular node node (spu), atrioventricular node (pzhu) and bundle of His (pzhp) has been carried out in 23 hearts of intact non-inbred male rats. Original techniques of oriented embedding of elements of the conductive system for their electron microscopic identification have been suggested. A morphological classification of specialized cardiac myocytes has been worked out basing on differences in their form and size, number of myofibrils and degree of their regulation. On its base three type of specialized myofibrils have been revealed in the conductive system. Topography of these cells has been described within spu, pzhu and pzhp. The suggested ultrastructural classification of specialized cardiac myocytes is compared with the data obtained for the cardiac conductive system in other types of mammals.", "contents": "[Morphology of the principal divisions of heart conducting system of rats]. Light optic and electron microscopic investigation of the sinuauricular node node (spu), atrioventricular node (pzhu) and bundle of His (pzhp) has been carried out in 23 hearts of intact non-inbred male rats. Original techniques of oriented embedding of elements of the conductive system for their electron microscopic identification have been suggested. A morphological classification of specialized cardiac myocytes has been worked out basing on differences in their form and size, number of myofibrils and degree of their regulation. On its base three type of specialized myofibrils have been revealed in the conductive system. Topography of these cells has been described within spu, pzhu and pzhp. The suggested ultrastructural classification of specialized cardiac myocytes is compared with the data obtained for the cardiac conductive system in other types of mammals.", "PMID": 496659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3060", "title": "[Rhythm of protein concentration and incorporation of 3H-lysine into hepatocytes in vitro].", "content": "\"In vitro\" incubated slices of the rat liver, by the method of interferometry combined with radioautography, have demonstrated hour's rhythmic fluctuations in protein concentration and 3H-lysine incorporation into proteins. The biochemical method has demonstrated fluctuations in protein synthesis rate in the same cells with an average period of about one hour. The possibility to apply the interferometric method in combination with radioautography for revealing quantitative changes of protein in slices of organic cultures is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Rhythm of protein concentration and incorporation of 3H-lysine into hepatocytes in vitro]. \"In vitro\" incubated slices of the rat liver, by the method of interferometry combined with radioautography, have demonstrated hour's rhythmic fluctuations in protein concentration and 3H-lysine incorporation into proteins. The biochemical method has demonstrated fluctuations in protein synthesis rate in the same cells with an average period of about one hour. The possibility to apply the interferometric method in combination with radioautography for revealing quantitative changes of protein in slices of organic cultures is demonstrated.", "PMID": 496661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3061", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of definitive and provisional structures of normal 17-day-old human embryos].", "content": "The structure of the presomite human embryo was investigated at embryogenesis. The embryonic shield is a three-layer gastrula 810 mkm long in the anteroposterior direction and 855 mkm wide (at the level of the primitive nodule). The primitive streak is 200 mkm long; the primitive nodule is well pronounced. All three germ layers are separately followed only in the cranial end of the embryo. The chordo-mesodermal process, 80 mkm long, is seen and is situated anterior to the primitive nodule, between ecto- and endoderm; in its zone, as well as in the area of the primary nodule and the primary streak, along the middle line, the germ layers are in close contact with each other. In the caudal end the mesoderm grows thin, and the external and internal layers come into contact forming the cloacal membrane. Extraembryonic formations are described: amniotic vesicle, yolk sac, amniotic peduncle, allantois and chorionic membrane wall. Together with the extraembryonic ecto- and endoderm, exocoelomic mesoderm participates in the formation of walls of the primitive germ vesicles. The yolk sac wall contains blood islets. Primary blood vessels are detected in the connective tissue matrix of the chorionic layer and in the amniotic peduncle. According to the anamnesis, morphological data and comparing to the data of the literature on presomitic human embryos, the age of the embryo \"Krym\" is determined as old as 17 days.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of definitive and provisional structures of normal 17-day-old human embryos]. The structure of the presomite human embryo was investigated at embryogenesis. The embryonic shield is a three-layer gastrula 810 mkm long in the anteroposterior direction and 855 mkm wide (at the level of the primitive nodule). The primitive streak is 200 mkm long; the primitive nodule is well pronounced. All three germ layers are separately followed only in the cranial end of the embryo. The chordo-mesodermal process, 80 mkm long, is seen and is situated anterior to the primitive nodule, between ecto- and endoderm; in its zone, as well as in the area of the primary nodule and the primary streak, along the middle line, the germ layers are in close contact with each other. In the caudal end the mesoderm grows thin, and the external and internal layers come into contact forming the cloacal membrane. Extraembryonic formations are described: amniotic vesicle, yolk sac, amniotic peduncle, allantois and chorionic membrane wall. Together with the extraembryonic ecto- and endoderm, exocoelomic mesoderm participates in the formation of walls of the primitive germ vesicles. The yolk sac wall contains blood islets. Primary blood vessels are detected in the connective tissue matrix of the chorionic layer and in the amniotic peduncle. According to the anamnesis, morphological data and comparing to the data of the literature on presomitic human embryos, the age of the embryo \"Krym\" is determined as old as 17 days.", "PMID": 496662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3062", "title": "[Development of the lymphatic bed of the human esophageal wall].", "content": "The lymphatic capillaries are firstly determined in fetuses at the age of 3-4 months in the oesophagus submucous lamina. In fetuses of 5-6 months of age transition of the lymphatic capillaries from the submucous lamina into the mucous membrane proper is noted. In fetuses of 6 months of age perivascular lymphatic capillaries and vessels appear. They form peculiar paths around arterioles, venules, arterial branches and venous tributaries. The lymphatic bed of the oesophageal wall is rather well developed in mature fetuses and newborns. In adult and old persons a partial reduction of the lymphatic bed in the oesophageal wall is observed.", "contents": "[Development of the lymphatic bed of the human esophageal wall]. The lymphatic capillaries are firstly determined in fetuses at the age of 3-4 months in the oesophagus submucous lamina. In fetuses of 5-6 months of age transition of the lymphatic capillaries from the submucous lamina into the mucous membrane proper is noted. In fetuses of 6 months of age perivascular lymphatic capillaries and vessels appear. They form peculiar paths around arterioles, venules, arterial branches and venous tributaries. The lymphatic bed of the oesophageal wall is rather well developed in mature fetuses and newborns. In adult and old persons a partial reduction of the lymphatic bed in the oesophageal wall is observed.", "PMID": 496663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3063", "title": "[Lymphatic bed of the main bronchi in normal human subjects and in venous stasis].", "content": "The lymphatic bed of the main human bronchi has been studied in normal conditions and at venous stagnation. Different methods both with injections and without injections have been applied. Definite regularities in changes occurring in the lymphatic bed of the main human bronchi at venous congestion have been stated. The changes occurring in the lymphatic bed of the mucous membrane of the main human bronchi seem to be a response to those metabolic processes which develop at decompensative heart diseases.", "contents": "[Lymphatic bed of the main bronchi in normal human subjects and in venous stasis]. The lymphatic bed of the main human bronchi has been studied in normal conditions and at venous stagnation. Different methods both with injections and without injections have been applied. Definite regularities in changes occurring in the lymphatic bed of the main human bronchi at venous congestion have been stated. The changes occurring in the lymphatic bed of the mucous membrane of the main human bronchi seem to be a response to those metabolic processes which develop at decompensative heart diseases.", "PMID": 496664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3064", "title": "[Morphologic aspects of cardiac myocyte differentiation in Black Sea--Sea of Azov sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti colchicus V. Marti)].", "content": "Processes of ultrastructural organization of cardiac myocytes have been studied in the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti colchicus V. Marti) during germinal, prelarval, larval periods of development and in mature specimens. One of the main peculiarities of early cardiogenesis in this representative of Chondrostei fishes is a prolonged, observed during germinal and early prelarval periods, repression in multiplication of myocardial cells. Decreasing amount and size of yolk platelets in cytoplasm of these cells at the end of the germinal period could be connected with their intensive specific differentiation and increasing functional activity. Accumulation of free lipids during this period and their decreasing contents in early prelarval period demonstrate a certain transition to another way of metabolism. The data obtained on ultrastructure in mature specimens corresponds mainly to modern ideas on organization of the cardiac muscular tissue in other species of lower vertebrates.", "contents": "[Morphologic aspects of cardiac myocyte differentiation in Black Sea--Sea of Azov sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti colchicus V. Marti)]. Processes of ultrastructural organization of cardiac myocytes have been studied in the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti colchicus V. Marti) during germinal, prelarval, larval periods of development and in mature specimens. One of the main peculiarities of early cardiogenesis in this representative of Chondrostei fishes is a prolonged, observed during germinal and early prelarval periods, repression in multiplication of myocardial cells. Decreasing amount and size of yolk platelets in cytoplasm of these cells at the end of the germinal period could be connected with their intensive specific differentiation and increasing functional activity. Accumulation of free lipids during this period and their decreasing contents in early prelarval period demonstrate a certain transition to another way of metabolism. The data obtained on ultrastructure in mature specimens corresponds mainly to modern ideas on organization of the cardiac muscular tissue in other species of lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 496665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3065", "title": "[Cortico-cortical connections between the auditory fields and the sensomotor area of the cortex].", "content": "In 18 cats by means of two methods--anterograde degeneration and retrograde transport of exogenic horseradish peroxidase--cortico-cortical connections of the auditory fields to the cortical sensomotor area have been studied. These connections have been stated to terminate in layers V-III of certain parts of the sensomotor area corresponding to the projections of the foreleg and the head. Initial neurons of the connections studied are pyramidal cells in layers III and II. They are situated in rostral and caudal parts of the fields AI and AII, but within these levels they occur in different areas of the auditory fields.", "contents": "[Cortico-cortical connections between the auditory fields and the sensomotor area of the cortex]. In 18 cats by means of two methods--anterograde degeneration and retrograde transport of exogenic horseradish peroxidase--cortico-cortical connections of the auditory fields to the cortical sensomotor area have been studied. These connections have been stated to terminate in layers V-III of certain parts of the sensomotor area corresponding to the projections of the foreleg and the head. Initial neurons of the connections studied are pyramidal cells in layers III and II. They are situated in rostral and caudal parts of the fields AI and AII, but within these levels they occur in different areas of the auditory fields.", "PMID": 496667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3066", "title": "[Organization of the thalamic and cortical projections of the cat neostriatum].", "content": "The investigation has demonstrated that in the cat the nucleus caudatus and the putamen are projected on the cortex and thalamic nuclei of the ipsilateral hemisphere according to a certain topical principle characterized by both similarity in localization of projections of these two structures of the neostriatum and their difference. On the one hand, to the same fields of the cortex and the thalamic nuclei fibres from both structures of the neostriatum go, and on the other hand--a number of cortical zones and thalamic nuclei get projections either from the nucleus caudatus or from the putamen only. Owing to a certain organization of the connections studied, it is possible to consider them as the base of functional heterogeneity of the basal ganglia. Over-lapping of the cortical and thalamic projections of the nucleus caudatus and the putamen might explain common striatal effects on behavioral reactions.", "contents": "[Organization of the thalamic and cortical projections of the cat neostriatum]. The investigation has demonstrated that in the cat the nucleus caudatus and the putamen are projected on the cortex and thalamic nuclei of the ipsilateral hemisphere according to a certain topical principle characterized by both similarity in localization of projections of these two structures of the neostriatum and their difference. On the one hand, to the same fields of the cortex and the thalamic nuclei fibres from both structures of the neostriatum go, and on the other hand--a number of cortical zones and thalamic nuclei get projections either from the nucleus caudatus or from the putamen only. Owing to a certain organization of the connections studied, it is possible to consider them as the base of functional heterogeneity of the basal ganglia. Over-lapping of the cortical and thalamic projections of the nucleus caudatus and the putamen might explain common striatal effects on behavioral reactions.", "PMID": 496668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3067", "title": "[Sinuses of the dura mater in dogs].", "content": "Sinuses of the dura mater were studied in 50 preparations of the venous system in mongrel dogs--10 moist, 40 corrosive prepared from plastics AKP-7 and AKP-15. Sinuses of the fornix--superior, sagittal, straight, transversal, occipital sinusal gutter, and sinuses of the basis--cavernous, intracavernous, petrous-basal, occipital and marginal were detected and their connections were described. Emissary and diploid veins and extracranial venous plexus are demonstrated to mediate a close connection between the sinuses of the dura mater. Common features in the sinusal structure of the human dura mater and those of the animals studied are noted; comparative-anatomical differences which should be taken into account when planning the experiment are presented.", "contents": "[Sinuses of the dura mater in dogs]. Sinuses of the dura mater were studied in 50 preparations of the venous system in mongrel dogs--10 moist, 40 corrosive prepared from plastics AKP-7 and AKP-15. Sinuses of the fornix--superior, sagittal, straight, transversal, occipital sinusal gutter, and sinuses of the basis--cavernous, intracavernous, petrous-basal, occipital and marginal were detected and their connections were described. Emissary and diploid veins and extracranial venous plexus are demonstrated to mediate a close connection between the sinuses of the dura mater. Common features in the sinusal structure of the human dura mater and those of the animals studied are noted; comparative-anatomical differences which should be taken into account when planning the experiment are presented.", "PMID": 496669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3068", "title": "[Morphologic analysis of guinea pig bone regeneration following curettage].", "content": "Interrelation of stromal and hemopoietic elements in the regenerative process of the guinea-pig bone marrow at different time after curettage has been morphologically studied. The bone marrow regenerative process in the depleted medullary cavity of the guinea-pig tibial bone passes through several phases following each other: blood clot formation, rough-fibrillary osseous tissue formation, its resorption, development of sinusoids and formation of reticular stroma with subsequent repopulation of hemopoietic elements in it. The leading role in the process of the bone marrow restoration belongs to the reticular stroma creating specific microconditions for hemopoiesis.", "contents": "[Morphologic analysis of guinea pig bone regeneration following curettage]. Interrelation of stromal and hemopoietic elements in the regenerative process of the guinea-pig bone marrow at different time after curettage has been morphologically studied. The bone marrow regenerative process in the depleted medullary cavity of the guinea-pig tibial bone passes through several phases following each other: blood clot formation, rough-fibrillary osseous tissue formation, its resorption, development of sinusoids and formation of reticular stroma with subsequent repopulation of hemopoietic elements in it. The leading role in the process of the bone marrow restoration belongs to the reticular stroma creating specific microconditions for hemopoiesis.", "PMID": 496671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3069", "title": "[Sequence of RNA and protein synthesis in wound fibroblasts].", "content": "RNA and protein synthesis was studied in the mouse granulation tissue fibroblasts on the 3d and 7th days after wound production. An electron-radioautographic modification of the double marker method, based on the supposition that the two biosynthetic processes investigated occur, mainly, in different parts of the cell, was worked out. Synthesis rates were determined in radioautographs obtained after administration of a mixture of labelled RNA and protein precursors to the animals. There was but a slight difference in density of the label over the nucleus and cytoplasm, nevertheless, in some cells either nucleus or cytoplasm were predominantly labelled and, as the investigation of serial sections demonstrated, this phenomenon was not occasional. Existence of similar fibroblasts should be explained by the suggestion that RNA and protein syntheses increase in the cell not simultaneously but successively.", "contents": "[Sequence of RNA and protein synthesis in wound fibroblasts]. RNA and protein synthesis was studied in the mouse granulation tissue fibroblasts on the 3d and 7th days after wound production. An electron-radioautographic modification of the double marker method, based on the supposition that the two biosynthetic processes investigated occur, mainly, in different parts of the cell, was worked out. Synthesis rates were determined in radioautographs obtained after administration of a mixture of labelled RNA and protein precursors to the animals. There was but a slight difference in density of the label over the nucleus and cytoplasm, nevertheless, in some cells either nucleus or cytoplasm were predominantly labelled and, as the investigation of serial sections demonstrated, this phenomenon was not occasional. Existence of similar fibroblasts should be explained by the suggestion that RNA and protein syntheses increase in the cell not simultaneously but successively.", "PMID": 496672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3070", "title": "[Determination of the fibrinolytic activity of renal tissue in children].", "content": "A method for the determination of the fibrinolytic activity of renal tissue obtained by puncture biopsy is suggested. Three cryostate sections are placed on slides, covered by a film of a mixture of bovine fibrinogen and thrombine in saline (in the control section plasminogen activator is pre-destroyed), placed in a thermostate at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, stained with Ehrlich hematoxylin and embedded in glycerol-gelatine. The fibrinolytic activity is evaluated by calculating the ratio expressing the ratio between the lysis surface and the surface of the kidney cortex section. The advantage of the method lies in the technical simplicity combined with the objective evaluation of the results.", "contents": "[Determination of the fibrinolytic activity of renal tissue in children]. A method for the determination of the fibrinolytic activity of renal tissue obtained by puncture biopsy is suggested. Three cryostate sections are placed on slides, covered by a film of a mixture of bovine fibrinogen and thrombine in saline (in the control section plasminogen activator is pre-destroyed), placed in a thermostate at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, stained with Ehrlich hematoxylin and embedded in glycerol-gelatine. The fibrinolytic activity is evaluated by calculating the ratio expressing the ratio between the lysis surface and the surface of the kidney cortex section. The advantage of the method lies in the technical simplicity combined with the objective evaluation of the results.", "PMID": 496683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3071", "title": "[Possible teratogenic effect of mycoplasmas on the human fetus].", "content": "The viscera and brains of 18 stillborns and dying newborn babies infected with mycoplasmas were examined. The etiological diagnosis was done by direct Coons method using antisera against M. hominis and M. pneumoniae. A high percentage (50%) of congenital malformations in mycoplasma-infected babies was observed. Histological and histochemical examinations of the brains and internal organs revealed marked circulatory disorders and degenerative changes indicative of a pathological process which had occurred. Mycoplasmal infection contracted by the fetus in the uterus or during the delivery may be assumed to be pathogenic. Based on the data from the literature and the own observations it is suggested that urogenital mycoplasmas may exert a teratogenic effect on the human fetus.", "contents": "[Possible teratogenic effect of mycoplasmas on the human fetus]. The viscera and brains of 18 stillborns and dying newborn babies infected with mycoplasmas were examined. The etiological diagnosis was done by direct Coons method using antisera against M. hominis and M. pneumoniae. A high percentage (50%) of congenital malformations in mycoplasma-infected babies was observed. Histological and histochemical examinations of the brains and internal organs revealed marked circulatory disorders and degenerative changes indicative of a pathological process which had occurred. Mycoplasmal infection contracted by the fetus in the uterus or during the delivery may be assumed to be pathogenic. Based on the data from the literature and the own observations it is suggested that urogenital mycoplasmas may exert a teratogenic effect on the human fetus.", "PMID": 496684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3072", "title": "[Morphological changes in the kidneys during nonspecific ulcerative colitis].", "content": "Light microscopy, immunohistochemical examinations and electron microscopy of kidney biopsies showed the different localization of immune complexes in the glomeruli (subepithelial, intramembraneous, subendothelial, and mesangial immune complexes) and various forms of materialization of their harmful effect (induction of immune inflammation or immunosuppression) to be determined by the involvement in phagocytosis and reparation reactions of either podocytes or mesangial and endothelial cells and also hematogenous elements. Therefore, podocyte, mesangioendothelial and podocyte-mesangioendothelial ways of morphogenesis of immunocoplex glomerulonephritis may be distinguished. Each of them is associated with the development of certain clinico-morphological forms of immunocomplex glomerulonephritis which should be considered as distinct entities.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the kidneys during nonspecific ulcerative colitis]. Light microscopy, immunohistochemical examinations and electron microscopy of kidney biopsies showed the different localization of immune complexes in the glomeruli (subepithelial, intramembraneous, subendothelial, and mesangial immune complexes) and various forms of materialization of their harmful effect (induction of immune inflammation or immunosuppression) to be determined by the involvement in phagocytosis and reparation reactions of either podocytes or mesangial and endothelial cells and also hematogenous elements. Therefore, podocyte, mesangioendothelial and podocyte-mesangioendothelial ways of morphogenesis of immunocoplex glomerulonephritis may be distinguished. Each of them is associated with the development of certain clinico-morphological forms of immunocomplex glomerulonephritis which should be considered as distinct entities.", "PMID": 496686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3073", "title": "[Case of Nelson syndrome].", "content": "A clinical description of Nelson syndrome developing in a woman of 44 is presented. Histologically the tumour of the hypophysis was an adenoma of mixed structure, electron microscopically it was found to consist of corticotropocytes in various stages of the secretory cycle. Adenoma of the hypophysis was diagnosed 4 years after bilateral adrenalectomy.", "contents": "[Case of Nelson syndrome]. A clinical description of Nelson syndrome developing in a woman of 44 is presented. Histologically the tumour of the hypophysis was an adenoma of mixed structure, electron microscopically it was found to consist of corticotropocytes in various stages of the secretory cycle. Adenoma of the hypophysis was diagnosed 4 years after bilateral adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 496687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3074", "title": "[Morphology of the Shy-Drager syndrome].", "content": "The changes found in the brain and spinal cord and vegetative ganglias in one observation of nerogenic orthostatic hypotension or Shy-Drager syndrome are described. The morphological picture corresponds to a variant of Shy-Drager syndrome with a wide involvement of the nervous system at its various levels. Its is concluded that a thorough examination of the nervous system (including the spinal cord and vegetative ganglia) should be done in all cases of Shy-Drager syndrome and clinically similar diseases accompanied by vegetative disorders, for instance in shaking palsy.", "contents": "[Morphology of the Shy-Drager syndrome]. The changes found in the brain and spinal cord and vegetative ganglias in one observation of nerogenic orthostatic hypotension or Shy-Drager syndrome are described. The morphological picture corresponds to a variant of Shy-Drager syndrome with a wide involvement of the nervous system at its various levels. Its is concluded that a thorough examination of the nervous system (including the spinal cord and vegetative ganglia) should be done in all cases of Shy-Drager syndrome and clinically similar diseases accompanied by vegetative disorders, for instance in shaking palsy.", "PMID": 496688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3075", "title": "[Morphological manifestations of disorders of renal tissue differentiation in children].", "content": "Light and electron microscopy were used to study the renal tissues from 160 children varying in ages from 3 months to 15 years suffering from congenital hereditary, and acquired diseases of the urinary system. Signs of disorders in the renal parenchyma differentiation were observed in 98 patients and detected at the tissue and subcellular levels. Morphological elements of renal dysplasia and little-studied structures are described. Signs of differentiation disorders were accompanied by the development of secondary changes making morphological diagnosis of renal abnormalities difficult. The main differences between the disturbed differentiation and pseudofetal structures appearing due to the development of secondary changes are described.", "contents": "[Morphological manifestations of disorders of renal tissue differentiation in children]. Light and electron microscopy were used to study the renal tissues from 160 children varying in ages from 3 months to 15 years suffering from congenital hereditary, and acquired diseases of the urinary system. Signs of disorders in the renal parenchyma differentiation were observed in 98 patients and detected at the tissue and subcellular levels. Morphological elements of renal dysplasia and little-studied structures are described. Signs of differentiation disorders were accompanied by the development of secondary changes making morphological diagnosis of renal abnormalities difficult. The main differences between the disturbed differentiation and pseudofetal structures appearing due to the development of secondary changes are described.", "PMID": 496689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3076", "title": "[Myocardial changes following experimental protein sensitization].", "content": "Guinea pigs were sensitized by three subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml native horse serum at 2-day intervals, 21 days after the third injection the animals developed marked sensitization to this antigen which was manifested by anaphylactic reaction to the subcutaneous challenge with this antigen. At this time, the myocardium of the sensitized animals showed signs of extra- and intracellular oedema, a sharp increase in the number of lysosomes, damage of their membranes, 2 1/2 months after sensitization the animals showed no anaphylactic reaction to the challenge dose of the antigen. There were few lysosomes in the myocardium and their membranes were intact. It is suggested that the intensity of lysosomal membrane damage is associated with the intensity of the anaphylactic reaction.", "contents": "[Myocardial changes following experimental protein sensitization]. Guinea pigs were sensitized by three subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml native horse serum at 2-day intervals, 21 days after the third injection the animals developed marked sensitization to this antigen which was manifested by anaphylactic reaction to the subcutaneous challenge with this antigen. At this time, the myocardium of the sensitized animals showed signs of extra- and intracellular oedema, a sharp increase in the number of lysosomes, damage of their membranes, 2 1/2 months after sensitization the animals showed no anaphylactic reaction to the challenge dose of the antigen. There were few lysosomes in the myocardium and their membranes were intact. It is suggested that the intensity of lysosomal membrane damage is associated with the intensity of the anaphylactic reaction.", "PMID": 496690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3077", "title": "[Morphologic and histochemical changes in atrial and ventricular myocardium following adrenaline damage].", "content": "Changes in the myocardium developing after a single injection of toxic doses of adrenaline were studied. The course of adrenaline damage of the myocardium was shown to be wave-like. The most massive areas of degeneration and necrosis were observed on the 7th--14th day of the experiment. Ischemia developing because of the change of the microcirculation bed and impaired hemodynamics in the myocardium is a very important factor in the pathogenesis of adrenaline damage. The development of degeneration and necrotic areas in the auricles was found to occur later than in the ventricles which may be due to the ultrastructural features of atrial cardiomyocytes: the presence of electron dense granules, the destruction and decrease in the number of which coincide with the most marked signs of the heart muscle injury.", "contents": "[Morphologic and histochemical changes in atrial and ventricular myocardium following adrenaline damage]. Changes in the myocardium developing after a single injection of toxic doses of adrenaline were studied. The course of adrenaline damage of the myocardium was shown to be wave-like. The most massive areas of degeneration and necrosis were observed on the 7th--14th day of the experiment. Ischemia developing because of the change of the microcirculation bed and impaired hemodynamics in the myocardium is a very important factor in the pathogenesis of adrenaline damage. The development of degeneration and necrotic areas in the auricles was found to occur later than in the ventricles which may be due to the ultrastructural features of atrial cardiomyocytes: the presence of electron dense granules, the destruction and decrease in the number of which coincide with the most marked signs of the heart muscle injury.", "PMID": 496691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3078", "title": "[Mitotic conditions in different variants of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The features of mitotic regimen of lymphogranuloma were established in examinations of 50 involved lymph nodes in patients with lymphogranulomatosis: increased mitotic activity and the number of pathological mitoses from lymphoid prevalence to lymphoid exhaust. In all the types of metaphase was the predominant stage of mitosis. Significant differences were found in the mitotic regimen and various subtypes of nodular sclerosis.", "contents": "[Mitotic conditions in different variants of lymphogranulomatosis]. The features of mitotic regimen of lymphogranuloma were established in examinations of 50 involved lymph nodes in patients with lymphogranulomatosis: increased mitotic activity and the number of pathological mitoses from lymphoid prevalence to lymphoid exhaust. In all the types of metaphase was the predominant stage of mitosis. Significant differences were found in the mitotic regimen and various subtypes of nodular sclerosis.", "PMID": 496692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3079", "title": "[Genetic program aid thanatogenesis].", "content": "The paper develops the thesis on the association between the genetic pattern of the organism, the nature of its diseases and the mode of its dying. Four variants of relationships between the gentic and environmental factors are discussed and in each of them the importance of these factors in tanatogenesis is evaluated. The arguments are presented in favour of the concept that genetic pattern of the organism is the most essential inner cause of the diseases and the death in the majority of cases except the situations in which extreme environmental factors are involved.", "contents": "[Genetic program aid thanatogenesis]. The paper develops the thesis on the association between the genetic pattern of the organism, the nature of its diseases and the mode of its dying. Four variants of relationships between the gentic and environmental factors are discussed and in each of them the importance of these factors in tanatogenesis is evaluated. The arguments are presented in favour of the concept that genetic pattern of the organism is the most essential inner cause of the diseases and the death in the majority of cases except the situations in which extreme environmental factors are involved.", "PMID": 496693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3080", "title": "[Morphology of the latent form of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "Morphology of slowly running hematogenous osteomyelitis in children of 2 to 14 years old is described on the basis of the operation material studies (24 cases). In the absence of or scarce symptoms, histologically a chronic inflammatory process with accumulations in bone marrow spaces of serous, fibrinous, purulent, or mixed exudate was observed. Marked processes of alteration were represented by necroses with formation of sequesters, destruction of bone marrow in combination with resorption of the damaged elements. Alterations of bone structure were detected. The lack of correlation between clinical and morphological manifestations is pointed out.", "contents": "[Morphology of the latent form of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children]. Morphology of slowly running hematogenous osteomyelitis in children of 2 to 14 years old is described on the basis of the operation material studies (24 cases). In the absence of or scarce symptoms, histologically a chronic inflammatory process with accumulations in bone marrow spaces of serous, fibrinous, purulent, or mixed exudate was observed. Marked processes of alteration were represented by necroses with formation of sequesters, destruction of bone marrow in combination with resorption of the damaged elements. Alterations of bone structure were detected. The lack of correlation between clinical and morphological manifestations is pointed out.", "PMID": 496694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3081", "title": "[Systemic hemangioendotheliomatosis].", "content": "A rarely occuring systemic hemangioendotheliomatosis with the involvement of the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lungs (intra- and extra-vascular endothelial proliferation) in a female patient of 53 years is described. Cytostatic therapy resulted in short-time improvement and was accompanied by disappearance and cicatrization of tumour nodes and marked lymphoplasmocytic reaction. The patient died with signs of cachexia, anemia and leukopenia because of concurrent complications.", "contents": "[Systemic hemangioendotheliomatosis]. A rarely occuring systemic hemangioendotheliomatosis with the involvement of the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lungs (intra- and extra-vascular endothelial proliferation) in a female patient of 53 years is described. Cytostatic therapy resulted in short-time improvement and was accompanied by disappearance and cicatrization of tumour nodes and marked lymphoplasmocytic reaction. The patient died with signs of cachexia, anemia and leukopenia because of concurrent complications.", "PMID": 496695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3082", "title": "[Intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni)].", "content": "An observation of the intestinal form of schistosomiasis due to invasion with Schistosoma mansoni in a patient of 20, a student from Yemen. The diagnosis was established by histological examinations of tumour-like formations on the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon taken during laparotomy for penetrating wound of the abdomen. After a special treatment the patient was discharged in a satisfactory state.", "contents": "[Intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni)]. An observation of the intestinal form of schistosomiasis due to invasion with Schistosoma mansoni in a patient of 20, a student from Yemen. The diagnosis was established by histological examinations of tumour-like formations on the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon taken during laparotomy for penetrating wound of the abdomen. After a special treatment the patient was discharged in a satisfactory state.", "PMID": 496699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3083", "title": "[Role of changes in myocardiocytes in the development of acute heart failure in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Some problems of the pathogenesis of the development of acute cardial insufficiency were studied on the material of 2-hour experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. Acute cardial insufficiency developed owing to additional load on the heart (partial stricture of the aorta) after ligation of the posterior circumflex branch of the coronary artery. It was found that 24 hours after the removal of the immediate causes of acute cardiac insufficiency (removal of clamps from the coronary artery and aorta) the symptoms of the contractile weakness of the left heart correlated directly with electron microscopic signs of increased degeneration of intracellular structures and did not depend on the level of energetic processes in cardiomyocytes and the structure and function of sarcolemma. The restoration of the bloodflow in the previously ligated coronary artery for 2 hours did not improve the condition of the cells in the ischemic zone but enhanced reparative processes in the non-ischemized zone of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Role of changes in myocardiocytes in the development of acute heart failure in experimental myocardial infarct]. Some problems of the pathogenesis of the development of acute cardial insufficiency were studied on the material of 2-hour experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. Acute cardial insufficiency developed owing to additional load on the heart (partial stricture of the aorta) after ligation of the posterior circumflex branch of the coronary artery. It was found that 24 hours after the removal of the immediate causes of acute cardiac insufficiency (removal of clamps from the coronary artery and aorta) the symptoms of the contractile weakness of the left heart correlated directly with electron microscopic signs of increased degeneration of intracellular structures and did not depend on the level of energetic processes in cardiomyocytes and the structure and function of sarcolemma. The restoration of the bloodflow in the previously ligated coronary artery for 2 hours did not improve the condition of the cells in the ischemic zone but enhanced reparative processes in the non-ischemized zone of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 496700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3084", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid in cysticercosis of the brain].", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes in brain cysticercosis have long been known. Its characteristic features are a mild or moderate pleocytosis with eosinophils, a slight or moderate protein increase with an elevated gammaglobulin concentration, and a positive complement fixation test. Unfortunately all these abnormalities are not always present together and difficulties may be encountered in the diagnosis. This paper presents a study based on the experience acquired in the CSF Laboratory of the Neurological Department of Escola Paulista de Medicina (S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil) after 35 years' work, and 120.000 CSF specimens examined. The material consists of 147 cases of brain cysticercosis confirmed by necropsy, surgery, subcutaneous or intraocular cysticercus, x ray of the skull, and of 509 clinical observation with suggestive CSF changes. It is the purpose of this paper to appreciate the importance of each of the CSF tests and to observe the CSF abnormalities during the course of this disease. The results of the study of the 79 cases varified by necropsy or surgery showed that the characteristic CSF changes that make the diagnosis of brain cysticercosis were observed in 54 percent of the cases. The eosinophils were present in 82 percent, protein changes in 78 percent, complement fixation test in 70 per cent, hypertension in 55 per cent, and decreased sugar content in 27 per cent of the cases. In two cases the CSF was normal. As the eosinophils and the protein abnormalities may be seen in several other diseases, the complement fixation test for cysticercus should be regarded as the most important CSF test in the diagnosis of brain cysticercosis. The successive CSF specimens withdrawn of 40 patients during the course of this disease have shown that the abnormalities went on for 4 to 18 years observation, suggesting that the parasites were alive. On the contrary, in 11 other cases it was varified the final CSF normalization after 5 to 14 years, suggesting that the parasites were dead. The CSF was normal in 31 out of 42 patients with opaque nodules visible in skull films (calcified cysticercus). In the remaining 11 cases, the characteristic CSF findings were observed in 3, but in 8 cases the only abnormalities were positive complement fixation test or eosinophils. In 14 out of 26 patients with subcutaneous or introacular cysticercus there were the usual CSF changes but in the other remaining cases the CSF was normal. The absence of treatment for brain cysticercosis is consistent with the persistence of CSF abnormalities in the specimens examined during the course of this disease. This calls for an integrated prophylactic to all Latin-American countries in order to exterminate this serious disease for the well-being of the next generation.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid in cysticercosis of the brain]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes in brain cysticercosis have long been known. Its characteristic features are a mild or moderate pleocytosis with eosinophils, a slight or moderate protein increase with an elevated gammaglobulin concentration, and a positive complement fixation test. Unfortunately all these abnormalities are not always present together and difficulties may be encountered in the diagnosis. This paper presents a study based on the experience acquired in the CSF Laboratory of the Neurological Department of Escola Paulista de Medicina (S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil) after 35 years' work, and 120.000 CSF specimens examined. The material consists of 147 cases of brain cysticercosis confirmed by necropsy, surgery, subcutaneous or intraocular cysticercus, x ray of the skull, and of 509 clinical observation with suggestive CSF changes. It is the purpose of this paper to appreciate the importance of each of the CSF tests and to observe the CSF abnormalities during the course of this disease. The results of the study of the 79 cases varified by necropsy or surgery showed that the characteristic CSF changes that make the diagnosis of brain cysticercosis were observed in 54 percent of the cases. The eosinophils were present in 82 percent, protein changes in 78 percent, complement fixation test in 70 per cent, hypertension in 55 per cent, and decreased sugar content in 27 per cent of the cases. In two cases the CSF was normal. As the eosinophils and the protein abnormalities may be seen in several other diseases, the complement fixation test for cysticercus should be regarded as the most important CSF test in the diagnosis of brain cysticercosis. The successive CSF specimens withdrawn of 40 patients during the course of this disease have shown that the abnormalities went on for 4 to 18 years observation, suggesting that the parasites were alive. On the contrary, in 11 other cases it was varified the final CSF normalization after 5 to 14 years, suggesting that the parasites were dead. The CSF was normal in 31 out of 42 patients with opaque nodules visible in skull films (calcified cysticercus). In the remaining 11 cases, the characteristic CSF findings were observed in 3, but in 8 cases the only abnormalities were positive complement fixation test or eosinophils. In 14 out of 26 patients with subcutaneous or introacular cysticercus there were the usual CSF changes but in the other remaining cases the CSF was normal. The absence of treatment for brain cysticercosis is consistent with the persistence of CSF abnormalities in the specimens examined during the course of this disease. This calls for an integrated prophylactic to all Latin-American countries in order to exterminate this serious disease for the well-being of the next generation.", "PMID": 496701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3085", "title": "Ultrastructure of human intramuscular blood vessels in development.", "content": "Muscles from human foetuses of nine weeks to nine months development were examined by electron microscopy. Capillaries, arteries and veins are frequent in the human foetal muscle at all stages of development. At nine weeks the vessels have the appearance of capillaries and basement membrane lies around the endothelial cells forming them. The capillaries are of continuous type which do not have apertures in their walls. Tight junctions are seen at some zones of adjacent endothelial cells of the capillaries. Sometimes, pericytes are also seen. At sixteen weeks vessels having the features of veins and of arteries can be identified between the muscle cells. Regarding the arteries, some of the endothelial cells are united to the smooth muscle cells and the intimal elastic lamina is interrupted where these cells approximate. The significance of this junction may be to anchor the intima to the media.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human intramuscular blood vessels in development. Muscles from human foetuses of nine weeks to nine months development were examined by electron microscopy. Capillaries, arteries and veins are frequent in the human foetal muscle at all stages of development. At nine weeks the vessels have the appearance of capillaries and basement membrane lies around the endothelial cells forming them. The capillaries are of continuous type which do not have apertures in their walls. Tight junctions are seen at some zones of adjacent endothelial cells of the capillaries. Sometimes, pericytes are also seen. At sixteen weeks vessels having the features of veins and of arteries can be identified between the muscle cells. Regarding the arteries, some of the endothelial cells are united to the smooth muscle cells and the intimal elastic lamina is interrupted where these cells approximate. The significance of this junction may be to anchor the intima to the media.", "PMID": 496702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3086", "title": "[Dysautonomic aspects of acute intermittent porphyria. Apropos of 6 cases].", "content": "The study of six patients with acute intermittent porphyria is reported. Clinical and biochemical studies have been performed during the long hospitalization of the patiets. The main disautonomic aspects were the arterial hypertension and the tachycardia in four patients, cardiac arrest in three patients and respiratory arrest in five patients. The cause of this problems is probably the involvment of the autonomic adrenergic system. The authors observed also three patients with hyponatremia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The prognosis of the acute intermittent porphyria is worse if the patients have disautonomic symptoms; three patients died and two had neurological sequalae (motor tetraparesis).", "contents": "[Dysautonomic aspects of acute intermittent porphyria. Apropos of 6 cases]. The study of six patients with acute intermittent porphyria is reported. Clinical and biochemical studies have been performed during the long hospitalization of the patiets. The main disautonomic aspects were the arterial hypertension and the tachycardia in four patients, cardiac arrest in three patients and respiratory arrest in five patients. The cause of this problems is probably the involvment of the autonomic adrenergic system. The authors observed also three patients with hyponatremia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The prognosis of the acute intermittent porphyria is worse if the patients have disautonomic symptoms; three patients died and two had neurological sequalae (motor tetraparesis).", "PMID": 496703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3087", "title": "[Ataxia-telangiectasia. Report of 4 cases].", "content": "The clinical, immunologic and radiologic aspects of 4 cases of ataxia telangiectasia are reported. Comparing with a large revision of literature, the authors justify the publication of the report by the scarse occurrence of the disease and by its incidency in 3 brothers of one same family.", "contents": "[Ataxia-telangiectasia. Report of 4 cases]. The clinical, immunologic and radiologic aspects of 4 cases of ataxia telangiectasia are reported. Comparing with a large revision of literature, the authors justify the publication of the report by the scarse occurrence of the disease and by its incidency in 3 brothers of one same family.", "PMID": 496704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3088", "title": "[Adrenoleukodystrophy (melanodermic leukodystrophy). Report of an anatomo-clinical case].", "content": "The case of a 14-year-old boy with \"diffuse cerebral sclerosis\", preceded by signs of primary adrenal cortical insufficiency for 7 years with familiar antecedents is reported. This disorder, named adrenoleukodystrophy, has a sex-lin(ed recessive inheritance. The clinical picture is characterized by mental deterioration, gait disturbances, visual impairment, associated with primary adrenal cortical insufficiency. Confirming the data from literature, in our case the pathological study showed myelin degeneration and diffuse gliosis in the cerebral white matter, with no involvement of subcortical fibers. Inflammatory cells are common, and have a perivascular distribution. In the fasciculata and reticular zones of the adrenal gland, \"baloon-shaped\" cells are evident, most of them presenting a vacuolized and striated cytoplasm. Similar lipidic inclusions have been found in the Schwann cells of the periheral nerves and testis. The findings are compared with twenty cases from the literature.", "contents": "[Adrenoleukodystrophy (melanodermic leukodystrophy). Report of an anatomo-clinical case]. The case of a 14-year-old boy with \"diffuse cerebral sclerosis\", preceded by signs of primary adrenal cortical insufficiency for 7 years with familiar antecedents is reported. This disorder, named adrenoleukodystrophy, has a sex-lin(ed recessive inheritance. The clinical picture is characterized by mental deterioration, gait disturbances, visual impairment, associated with primary adrenal cortical insufficiency. Confirming the data from literature, in our case the pathological study showed myelin degeneration and diffuse gliosis in the cerebral white matter, with no involvement of subcortical fibers. Inflammatory cells are common, and have a perivascular distribution. In the fasciculata and reticular zones of the adrenal gland, \"baloon-shaped\" cells are evident, most of them presenting a vacuolized and striated cytoplasm. Similar lipidic inclusions have been found in the Schwann cells of the periheral nerves and testis. The findings are compared with twenty cases from the literature.", "PMID": 496705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3089", "title": "[Hemorrhage in intracranial metastases of melanoma. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of intra-cerebral haemorrhage secondary to malignant melanoma metastasis are reported. When dealing with subarachoid haemorrhages, one should think of brain secondaries and a biopsy should always be performed whenever a spontaneous intra-cerebral hematoma is found.", "contents": "[Hemorrhage in intracranial metastases of melanoma. Report of 2 cases]. Two cases of intra-cerebral haemorrhage secondary to malignant melanoma metastasis are reported. When dealing with subarachoid haemorrhages, one should think of brain secondaries and a biopsy should always be performed whenever a spontaneous intra-cerebral hematoma is found.", "PMID": 496706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3090", "title": "[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis based on clinical grounds, laboratory data and therapeutic response as well is reported. The authors comment on the differential diagnosis with the most frequent types of periodic paralysis. The importance of a correct diagnosis and treatment as early as possible is stressed as to prevent further development of permanent paralysis due to irreversible degenerative myofibril changes as stated in literature.", "contents": "[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Report of a case]. A case of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis based on clinical grounds, laboratory data and therapeutic response as well is reported. The authors comment on the differential diagnosis with the most frequent types of periodic paralysis. The importance of a correct diagnosis and treatment as early as possible is stressed as to prevent further development of permanent paralysis due to irreversible degenerative myofibril changes as stated in literature.", "PMID": 496707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3091", "title": "[Surgical treatment of atlanto-axial subluxation by transoropharyngeal approach. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of atlanto-axial subluxation in a 17 year old boy with rheumatic disease is reported. The subluxation could not be reduced by cervical traction. Posterior fixation with acrilic and wire was unable to prevent the appearance of signs of spinal cord compression. The odontoid process was removed through a transoral approach leading to neurologic recovery. Treatment of atlanto-axial subluxation is discussed, emphasis being given to the indications for anterior descompression.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of atlanto-axial subluxation by transoropharyngeal approach. Report of a case]. A case of atlanto-axial subluxation in a 17 year old boy with rheumatic disease is reported. The subluxation could not be reduced by cervical traction. Posterior fixation with acrilic and wire was unable to prevent the appearance of signs of spinal cord compression. The odontoid process was removed through a transoral approach leading to neurologic recovery. Treatment of atlanto-axial subluxation is discussed, emphasis being given to the indications for anterior descompression.", "PMID": 496708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3092", "title": "[Intraspinal syphilitic gumma causing spinal cord compression. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of an syphilitic intraspinal gumma is reported. A 48 years-old woman developed severe spastic crural paraparesis of two months duration, associated with sensory and sphincteric disturbances. Myelography revealed an intraspinal tumor at T3 level. Surgical exploration by dorsal laminectomy showed a syphilitic gumma attached to the spinal cord. Clinical observations and laboratory studies are discussed. Revision and comments on previous reports are presented.", "contents": "[Intraspinal syphilitic gumma causing spinal cord compression. Report of a case]. A case of an syphilitic intraspinal gumma is reported. A 48 years-old woman developed severe spastic crural paraparesis of two months duration, associated with sensory and sphincteric disturbances. Myelography revealed an intraspinal tumor at T3 level. Surgical exploration by dorsal laminectomy showed a syphilitic gumma attached to the spinal cord. Clinical observations and laboratory studies are discussed. Revision and comments on previous reports are presented.", "PMID": 496709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3093", "title": "Some characteristics of persistent rabies virus infection in cell cultures.", "content": "Fixed rabies virus strain M512 was shown to propagate in BHK cell cultures without interfering with cell growth. Virus specific antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of cells by immunofluorescence technique. A small amount of virus was detected in the supernatant fluid throughout a series of subcultures. The infectivity of the intracellular virus was not affected by the addition of antirabies serum in culture fluid through the extracellular spread of virus was inhibited at the 40th transfer of the infected BHK Cells suggesting the establishment of the persistent M512 infection. Ninety five percent or more cells after cloning from persistently infected cells possessed viral antigen. Based on cytopathic effect, BHK-M512 cells were resistant to superinfection with the homologous virus but were susceptible to the heterologous virus. Interferon was not detected in BHK-M512 cell cultures. The serially passaged BHK-M512 virus gradually decreased the virulence for mice after 40th subculture.", "contents": "Some characteristics of persistent rabies virus infection in cell cultures. Fixed rabies virus strain M512 was shown to propagate in BHK cell cultures without interfering with cell growth. Virus specific antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of cells by immunofluorescence technique. A small amount of virus was detected in the supernatant fluid throughout a series of subcultures. The infectivity of the intracellular virus was not affected by the addition of antirabies serum in culture fluid through the extracellular spread of virus was inhibited at the 40th transfer of the infected BHK Cells suggesting the establishment of the persistent M512 infection. Ninety five percent or more cells after cloning from persistently infected cells possessed viral antigen. Based on cytopathic effect, BHK-M512 cells were resistant to superinfection with the homologous virus but were susceptible to the heterologous virus. Interferon was not detected in BHK-M512 cell cultures. The serially passaged BHK-M512 virus gradually decreased the virulence for mice after 40th subculture.", "PMID": 496710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3094", "title": "Dengue virus isolation in Indonesia, 1975-1978.", "content": "Virus isolations from dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in Indonesia are reported from 1975 to 1978. All 4 dengue serotypes were endemic in Jakarta, but dengue 3 was the predominant virus isolated. This type was also the most frequently isolated virus from patients outside Jakarta and had the widest distribution in Indonesia. The sensitivity of the mosquito inoculation technique for isolation of dengue viruses is discussed.", "contents": "Dengue virus isolation in Indonesia, 1975-1978. Virus isolations from dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in Indonesia are reported from 1975 to 1978. All 4 dengue serotypes were endemic in Jakarta, but dengue 3 was the predominant virus isolated. This type was also the most frequently isolated virus from patients outside Jakarta and had the widest distribution in Indonesia. The sensitivity of the mosquito inoculation technique for isolation of dengue viruses is discussed.", "PMID": 496711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3095", "title": "Otolaryngology manpower revisited.", "content": "In the December issue of the Archives, Nickerson et al published an article on the manpower resources of otolaryngology based on a report released in 1975. The conclusion reached by Nickerson and co-workers was that otolaryngology had a manpower pool too big for present and near future needs. This article was followed by a press release by the American Medical Association that endorsed the statements of the Archives article and in which Nickerson et al were quoted that no more otolaryngologists were needed from the training programs for some years. These statements were in sharp disagreement with the findings of the manpower studies carried out by another group in 1973-1975. Because the two surveys employed different statistical approaches, this article has been written to present the methods employed and to discuss the merits of the conclusions reached in each.", "contents": "Otolaryngology manpower revisited. In the December issue of the Archives, Nickerson et al published an article on the manpower resources of otolaryngology based on a report released in 1975. The conclusion reached by Nickerson and co-workers was that otolaryngology had a manpower pool too big for present and near future needs. This article was followed by a press release by the American Medical Association that endorsed the statements of the Archives article and in which Nickerson et al were quoted that no more otolaryngologists were needed from the training programs for some years. These statements were in sharp disagreement with the findings of the manpower studies carried out by another group in 1973-1975. Because the two surveys employed different statistical approaches, this article has been written to present the methods employed and to discuss the merits of the conclusions reached in each.", "PMID": 496712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3096", "title": "Rhinoplasty record and retrieval system.", "content": "The rhinoplastic surgeon must vary technique to fit the anatomic variations of nose and face. Our system to record and correlate preoperative findings with surgical methods could help accomplish this. It includes three forms to record pertinent findings of the history and physical examination, operative findings and techniques, and postoperative evaluations. These forms are numerically coded, and data can be transferred to a punch card system or computer cards for quick and easy retrieval and statistical analysis. The system tries to simplify the many anatomic and surgical variations, yet remain complete. We hope that this system, which has been used in other disciplines, can be applied to rhinoplasty. In this way, more scientific statistical data can be used to support surgical approaches.", "contents": "Rhinoplasty record and retrieval system. The rhinoplastic surgeon must vary technique to fit the anatomic variations of nose and face. Our system to record and correlate preoperative findings with surgical methods could help accomplish this. It includes three forms to record pertinent findings of the history and physical examination, operative findings and techniques, and postoperative evaluations. These forms are numerically coded, and data can be transferred to a punch card system or computer cards for quick and easy retrieval and statistical analysis. The system tries to simplify the many anatomic and surgical variations, yet remain complete. We hope that this system, which has been used in other disciplines, can be applied to rhinoplasty. In this way, more scientific statistical data can be used to support surgical approaches.", "PMID": 496713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3097", "title": "Auditory brain stem evoked responses to bone-conducted signals.", "content": "Auditory brain stem evoked responses to air-conducted and bone-conducted signals were recorded in subjects with normal hearing and in subjects with conductive hearing loss. In normal subjects, the latency to wave V for bone-conducted signals was approximately 0.5 ms longer than the latency for air-conducted signals delivered at the same sensation level. In conductive hearing loss, the separation of the latency-intensity functions for air conduction and bone conduction (corrected for the 0.5-ms delay) provided a valid estimate of the behavioral air-bone gap in the 1,000- to 4,000-Hz region.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem evoked responses to bone-conducted signals. Auditory brain stem evoked responses to air-conducted and bone-conducted signals were recorded in subjects with normal hearing and in subjects with conductive hearing loss. In normal subjects, the latency to wave V for bone-conducted signals was approximately 0.5 ms longer than the latency for air-conducted signals delivered at the same sensation level. In conductive hearing loss, the separation of the latency-intensity functions for air conduction and bone conduction (corrected for the 0.5-ms delay) provided a valid estimate of the behavioral air-bone gap in the 1,000- to 4,000-Hz region.", "PMID": 496714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3098", "title": "Hearing aid evaluation for persons with postlingual hearing levels of 90 to 100 dB.", "content": "Of 20 subjects with profound (90 to 100 dB) hearing loss who underwent a careful hearing aid evaluation, 16 were able to benefit from hearing aid use. With the recommended aids, all subjects could detect speech at levels within the normal conversational range; 75% had some understanding of spondee words; and 56% successfully accomplished tasks in phoneme identification. Two subjects succeeded on a standard speech discrimination test. Ear-level instruments, five binaural, were recommended for 13 of the 16 subjects. Microphones were front-facing in the majority of instances; none were directional. Seven aids used amplitude compression. Subjects were encouraged to relate their subjective impressions, and home trial was an important part of the evaluation. In the majority of instances, lipreading scores were markedly better with hearing aid use than without.", "contents": "Hearing aid evaluation for persons with postlingual hearing levels of 90 to 100 dB. Of 20 subjects with profound (90 to 100 dB) hearing loss who underwent a careful hearing aid evaluation, 16 were able to benefit from hearing aid use. With the recommended aids, all subjects could detect speech at levels within the normal conversational range; 75% had some understanding of spondee words; and 56% successfully accomplished tasks in phoneme identification. Two subjects succeeded on a standard speech discrimination test. Ear-level instruments, five binaural, were recommended for 13 of the 16 subjects. Microphones were front-facing in the majority of instances; none were directional. Seven aids used amplitude compression. Subjects were encouraged to relate their subjective impressions, and home trial was an important part of the evaluation. In the majority of instances, lipreading scores were markedly better with hearing aid use than without.", "PMID": 496715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3099", "title": "Contour analysis in plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Three-dimensional measurements of living objects may be made using various biostereometric techniques. Moire topography provides one-step contour line maps. It is a potential low-cost adjuvant to current photographic and cephalometric techniques for documentation of surface deformities. A relatively simple apparatus may be used with instant-processing film to produce immediate contour maps superimposed on the object image on the film. There is significant qualitative information highlighted by the fine resolution of the system. This immediate had data may be quantitatively analyzed by hand with ruler and/or caliper. In the future, off-line quantitative analysis may be made by computer. Geometric constraints of the system and examples of use of the technique are provided. Emphasis is placed on facial asymmetries that are difficult to analyze from plain photographs and inaccessible to data analysis from lateral cephalometric roentgenographs.", "contents": "Contour analysis in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Three-dimensional measurements of living objects may be made using various biostereometric techniques. Moire topography provides one-step contour line maps. It is a potential low-cost adjuvant to current photographic and cephalometric techniques for documentation of surface deformities. A relatively simple apparatus may be used with instant-processing film to produce immediate contour maps superimposed on the object image on the film. There is significant qualitative information highlighted by the fine resolution of the system. This immediate had data may be quantitatively analyzed by hand with ruler and/or caliper. In the future, off-line quantitative analysis may be made by computer. Geometric constraints of the system and examples of use of the technique are provided. Emphasis is placed on facial asymmetries that are difficult to analyze from plain photographs and inaccessible to data analysis from lateral cephalometric roentgenographs.", "PMID": 496716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3100", "title": "Profile contouring including cheiloplasty.", "content": "Profile disharmony exists when there is an unattractive forehead-to-chin contour. An indication for correction arises when the appearance disturbs the patient. Often the patient believes rhinoplasty alone will improve the unpleasant profile. The surgeon must appreciate other deformitied and enlighten the patient of concurrent osseous and soft tissue abnormalities. Profile evaluation and treatment rarely requires complicated diagnostic and corrective measures. Complex mathematical evaluations followed by multistaged surgical procedures are impractical for most patients. My experience with augmentation of the nose and mentum with polyamide mesh in more than 200 cases indicates that it is a simple and safe material for implantation. Modification of the nasofrontal angle and cheiloplasty are minor adjunctive procedures and are readily combined with the basic rhinoplasty.", "contents": "Profile contouring including cheiloplasty. Profile disharmony exists when there is an unattractive forehead-to-chin contour. An indication for correction arises when the appearance disturbs the patient. Often the patient believes rhinoplasty alone will improve the unpleasant profile. The surgeon must appreciate other deformitied and enlighten the patient of concurrent osseous and soft tissue abnormalities. Profile evaluation and treatment rarely requires complicated diagnostic and corrective measures. Complex mathematical evaluations followed by multistaged surgical procedures are impractical for most patients. My experience with augmentation of the nose and mentum with polyamide mesh in more than 200 cases indicates that it is a simple and safe material for implantation. Modification of the nasofrontal angle and cheiloplasty are minor adjunctive procedures and are readily combined with the basic rhinoplasty.", "PMID": 496717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3101", "title": "Origins of the scalp recorded frequency-following response in the cat.", "content": "The frequency-following response (FFR) is a short-latency scalp-recorded evoked potential elicited by the presentation of low-frequency acoustic stimuli. It is thought to be the result of the synchronous electrical activity in brain stemauditory nuclei to each wave in the acoustic signal. The present investigation constitutes an attempt to determine the generators of the FFR in the cat by analysis of the response and by section of brain stem auditory nuclei and tracts. Among the results were the following: (1) the cochlear nuclei contribute approximately 50% of the amplitude of the scalp-recordedFFR in the cat. (2) The cochlea also makes a significant contribution, accounting for an average of nearly 25% of the response amplitude. (3) The superior olivary nuclei (and/or the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci) account for about 20% of the response amplitude. (4) The contributions from the inferior colliculi (contrary to earlier studies) were found to be relatively insignificant. (5) As a consequence of the existence of multiple generators, the FFR ample area of hair cell excitation for each stimulus frequency involved in the mediation of the FFR, suggestion that scalp-recorded FFRs could be used to ascertain low-frequency hearingsensitivity in uncooperative human subjects.", "contents": "Origins of the scalp recorded frequency-following response in the cat. The frequency-following response (FFR) is a short-latency scalp-recorded evoked potential elicited by the presentation of low-frequency acoustic stimuli. It is thought to be the result of the synchronous electrical activity in brain stemauditory nuclei to each wave in the acoustic signal. The present investigation constitutes an attempt to determine the generators of the FFR in the cat by analysis of the response and by section of brain stem auditory nuclei and tracts. Among the results were the following: (1) the cochlear nuclei contribute approximately 50% of the amplitude of the scalp-recordedFFR in the cat. (2) The cochlea also makes a significant contribution, accounting for an average of nearly 25% of the response amplitude. (3) The superior olivary nuclei (and/or the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci) account for about 20% of the response amplitude. (4) The contributions from the inferior colliculi (contrary to earlier studies) were found to be relatively insignificant. (5) As a consequence of the existence of multiple generators, the FFR ample area of hair cell excitation for each stimulus frequency involved in the mediation of the FFR, suggestion that scalp-recorded FFRs could be used to ascertain low-frequency hearingsensitivity in uncooperative human subjects.", "PMID": 496719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3102", "title": "Cochlear distribution of frequency-following response initiation. A high-pass masking noise study.", "content": "The cochlear initiation of the frequency-following response (FFR) to 500-Hz tone bursts was assessed in 6 normal-hearing subjects by measuring FFR amplitude as a function of the low-frequency cutoff of high-pass masking noise (3 550, 1 800, 900, and 450 Hz). The major fall off of FFR amplitude occurred when the masking noise began to mask the apical portion of the cochlea. This effect was especially apparent at low intensities. The results are interpreted as supporting the view that at low intensities, low-frequency tone bursts evoke the FFR primarily through the apical portion of the cochlea.", "contents": "Cochlear distribution of frequency-following response initiation. A high-pass masking noise study. The cochlear initiation of the frequency-following response (FFR) to 500-Hz tone bursts was assessed in 6 normal-hearing subjects by measuring FFR amplitude as a function of the low-frequency cutoff of high-pass masking noise (3 550, 1 800, 900, and 450 Hz). The major fall off of FFR amplitude occurred when the masking noise began to mask the apical portion of the cochlea. This effect was especially apparent at low intensities. The results are interpreted as supporting the view that at low intensities, low-frequency tone bursts evoke the FFR primarily through the apical portion of the cochlea.", "PMID": 496720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3103", "title": "Influence of the stimulus repetition rate on brain-stem-evoked responses in man.", "content": "In order to record brain-stem-evoked responses as fast as possible, the influence of the stimulus repetition rate was investigated. The repetition frequency was varied from 2.5 to 80 Hz. The amplitudes of N2-N4 diminish uniformly with increasing stimulus rate. The repetition rate has little or no influence on the amplitude of N5; however, increasing the repetition frequency about 10 Hz causes an increase in the latencies of N2-N5. It seems that the decrease in the amplitude of N2-N4 and the increase in the latencies of N2-N5 are of cochlear origin, since the amplitude and the latency of the cochlear responses are influenced in the same way by the repetition rate as the above-mentioned brain stem responses.", "contents": "Influence of the stimulus repetition rate on brain-stem-evoked responses in man. In order to record brain-stem-evoked responses as fast as possible, the influence of the stimulus repetition rate was investigated. The repetition frequency was varied from 2.5 to 80 Hz. The amplitudes of N2-N4 diminish uniformly with increasing stimulus rate. The repetition rate has little or no influence on the amplitude of N5; however, increasing the repetition frequency about 10 Hz causes an increase in the latencies of N2-N5. It seems that the decrease in the amplitude of N2-N4 and the increase in the latencies of N2-N5 are of cochlear origin, since the amplitude and the latency of the cochlear responses are influenced in the same way by the repetition rate as the above-mentioned brain stem responses.", "PMID": 496721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3104", "title": "Effects of rise time on simultaneously recorded auditory-evoked potentials from the early, middle and late ranges.", "content": "The view that the effects of stimulus rise time are qualitatively different for early brain stem components, middle latency components and late vertex components of the auditory-evoked responses was reexamined. The amplitudes and latencies of the brain stem response (Jewett's wave V), middle latency components Na and Pa, and vertex potentials P1, N1 and P2, evoked by tone burts of various rise times, were analyzed. Increases in rise time were associated with smaller peak amplitudes and longer peak latencies for all of the components measured. These effects were comparable in magnitude for all the components. The results are interpreted in terms of a delayed and less synchronized neural discharge from the cochlea as rise time is extended.", "contents": "Effects of rise time on simultaneously recorded auditory-evoked potentials from the early, middle and late ranges. The view that the effects of stimulus rise time are qualitatively different for early brain stem components, middle latency components and late vertex components of the auditory-evoked responses was reexamined. The amplitudes and latencies of the brain stem response (Jewett's wave V), middle latency components Na and Pa, and vertex potentials P1, N1 and P2, evoked by tone burts of various rise times, were analyzed. Increases in rise time were associated with smaller peak amplitudes and longer peak latencies for all of the components measured. These effects were comparable in magnitude for all the components. The results are interpreted in terms of a delayed and less synchronized neural discharge from the cochlea as rise time is extended.", "PMID": 496722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3105", "title": "The acoustically evoked potential with inverse tone burst stimulation compared to a model experiment.", "content": "'Inverse tone burst stimulation' refers to a brief interruption of a continuing tone. Stimulation by such an interruption affects the form and amplitude of the evoked potential. In tone interruption two distinct potentials, an off-potential by the break, and an on-potential by restoring the tone, can be discerned. The amplitudes of these two potentials show approximately equal values with tone breaks less than or equal to 400 ms. The phenomena of super-position with the shorter tone breaks determine the overall acoustically evoked potential (AEP) curve shape as a function of the duration of the break. Model experiments were carried out in which an averaged potential was being time-shifted by different amounts and added to the same potential which, however, was not being time-shifted. These model experiments simulated the phenomena of superposition and brought forth a lucid explanation.", "contents": "The acoustically evoked potential with inverse tone burst stimulation compared to a model experiment. 'Inverse tone burst stimulation' refers to a brief interruption of a continuing tone. Stimulation by such an interruption affects the form and amplitude of the evoked potential. In tone interruption two distinct potentials, an off-potential by the break, and an on-potential by restoring the tone, can be discerned. The amplitudes of these two potentials show approximately equal values with tone breaks less than or equal to 400 ms. The phenomena of super-position with the shorter tone breaks determine the overall acoustically evoked potential (AEP) curve shape as a function of the duration of the break. Model experiments were carried out in which an averaged potential was being time-shifted by different amounts and added to the same potential which, however, was not being time-shifted. These model experiments simulated the phenomena of superposition and brought forth a lucid explanation.", "PMID": 496723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3106", "title": "Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by manual pure-tone and by self-recording (B\u00e9k\u00e9sy) audiometry.", "content": "The hearing threshold of 115 subjects aged 25--63 years and working on a shipyard were determined both by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry and by conventional manual octave pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The attenuation rate was 2.5 dB s-1 with pulsed-tone presentation and the sweep time from 0.25 to 10 kHz was 400 s for the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometer. Manual pure-tone audiometry was performed in 5-dB steps. The B\u00e9k\u00e9sy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment, it has been established, that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation are about twice as large as those obtained in a B\u00e9k\u00e9sy investigation.", "contents": "Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by manual pure-tone and by self-recording (B\u00e9k\u00e9sy) audiometry. The hearing threshold of 115 subjects aged 25--63 years and working on a shipyard were determined both by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry and by conventional manual octave pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The attenuation rate was 2.5 dB s-1 with pulsed-tone presentation and the sweep time from 0.25 to 10 kHz was 400 s for the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometer. Manual pure-tone audiometry was performed in 5-dB steps. The B\u00e9k\u00e9sy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment, it has been established, that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation are about twice as large as those obtained in a B\u00e9k\u00e9sy investigation.", "PMID": 496724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3107", "title": "Speech perception processes and fitting of hearing aids.", "content": "A model of speech perception is modified to take into account the adaptational factors involved in speech perception and learning. In connection with fitting of hearing aids, the model permits a description and identification of factors influencing the immediate and long-term benefits of a hearing aid. Various aspects of the model in connection with the rehabilitation process using hearing aids are considered and a new step-wise adjusting procedure for the assessment of hearing aids is proposed. Our observations imply that speech audiometry is a poor indicator of the long-term benefit of a hearing aid.", "contents": "Speech perception processes and fitting of hearing aids. A model of speech perception is modified to take into account the adaptational factors involved in speech perception and learning. In connection with fitting of hearing aids, the model permits a description and identification of factors influencing the immediate and long-term benefits of a hearing aid. Various aspects of the model in connection with the rehabilitation process using hearing aids are considered and a new step-wise adjusting procedure for the assessment of hearing aids is proposed. Our observations imply that speech audiometry is a poor indicator of the long-term benefit of a hearing aid.", "PMID": 496725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3108", "title": "The manpower debate -- what is the current position in relation to general practice?", "content": "With the changing situation in medical manpower, it is important that a close watch be kept on the total number of medical practitioners in the community and their distribution between salaried and self-employed work, between hospital and community practice, between city and country practice, between general and specialist practice and between the general specialties and subspecialties. More accurate manpower data are now being sought by the Medical Boards and what must be emphasized is that the collection of these data has to be regular and ongoing, with surveys being conducted each year at the time of registration, and not just spasmodically as the need arises. The groups involved in planning for medical manpower must be able to work with accurate information. Australia is a long way from defining how many medical practitioners are needed in the community, and the RACGP is certainly a long way from defining the number of general practitioners who are needed. As a result, it is probably inappropriate at present to evaluate the current numbers of general practitioners against any stated level of adequacy.", "contents": "The manpower debate -- what is the current position in relation to general practice? With the changing situation in medical manpower, it is important that a close watch be kept on the total number of medical practitioners in the community and their distribution between salaried and self-employed work, between hospital and community practice, between city and country practice, between general and specialist practice and between the general specialties and subspecialties. More accurate manpower data are now being sought by the Medical Boards and what must be emphasized is that the collection of these data has to be regular and ongoing, with surveys being conducted each year at the time of registration, and not just spasmodically as the need arises. The groups involved in planning for medical manpower must be able to work with accurate information. Australia is a long way from defining how many medical practitioners are needed in the community, and the RACGP is certainly a long way from defining the number of general practitioners who are needed. As a result, it is probably inappropriate at present to evaluate the current numbers of general practitioners against any stated level of adequacy.", "PMID": 496726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3109", "title": "Cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Cerebrovascular disorders producing transient or permanent symptoms and signs are very common, but they are not the only causes of a sudden neurologic deficit. Careful examination of the cardiovascular system may indicate the likely cause of the lesion, while accurate neurologic localization is also useful in establishing a diagnosis and prognosis. The CT scan is very helpful in distinguishing infarction from haemorrhage. In the management of the acute lesion, treatable disorders such as systemic diseases, potentially fatal rostro-caudal herniation, haematomas and aneurysms always need to be positively exlcuded. Endarterectomy, platelet inhibitors and anticoagulants are advised in certain situations, although their place in the management of cerebrovascular disorders still remains somewhat controversial.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disorders producing transient or permanent symptoms and signs are very common, but they are not the only causes of a sudden neurologic deficit. Careful examination of the cardiovascular system may indicate the likely cause of the lesion, while accurate neurologic localization is also useful in establishing a diagnosis and prognosis. The CT scan is very helpful in distinguishing infarction from haemorrhage. In the management of the acute lesion, treatable disorders such as systemic diseases, potentially fatal rostro-caudal herniation, haematomas and aneurysms always need to be positively exlcuded. Endarterectomy, platelet inhibitors and anticoagulants are advised in certain situations, although their place in the management of cerebrovascular disorders still remains somewhat controversial.", "PMID": 496728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3110", "title": "The coronary: \"will I have another?\".", "content": "Awareness by medical practitioners of the need to keep their patients adequately informed of their conditions is of paramount importance in caring for those people who have had a myocardial infarction. This includes a realization that these people have questions to be answered at all stages of the illness, from the initial contact when in pain, throughout the hospital admission, and during rehabilitation.", "contents": "The coronary: \"will I have another?\". Awareness by medical practitioners of the need to keep their patients adequately informed of their conditions is of paramount importance in caring for those people who have had a myocardial infarction. This includes a realization that these people have questions to be answered at all stages of the illness, from the initial contact when in pain, throughout the hospital admission, and during rehabilitation.", "PMID": 496731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3111", "title": "The alcoholic: \"but I haven't got a problem, doctor\".", "content": "In this progressive disability, the earliest possible intervention gives the best chances of success. The doctor is often faced with alcohol related physical problems. To recognize and confront a patient with early alcohol problems, he needs an awareness of the early behavioural as well as physical markers of excessive drinking. He requires an understanding of the reasons for the denial so often met, and the facility of openness in confronting his patient.", "contents": "The alcoholic: \"but I haven't got a problem, doctor\". In this progressive disability, the earliest possible intervention gives the best chances of success. The doctor is often faced with alcohol related physical problems. To recognize and confront a patient with early alcohol problems, he needs an awareness of the early behavioural as well as physical markers of excessive drinking. He requires an understanding of the reasons for the denial so often met, and the facility of openness in confronting his patient.", "PMID": 496733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3112", "title": "Studies on polydisperse systems using an air-driven ultracentrifuge: application to phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "A high-speed air-driven ultracentrifuge (Airfuge) has been used to determine the molecular weight and effective specific volume of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The method used to determine the effective specific volume involved varying the solution density until zero sedimentation of the vesicles occurred. The value obtained for the effective specific volume of 0.9885 ml/g agrees well with previously reported values. The determination of the molecular weight of the vesicles is based on a method in which the fraction of vesicles remaining in an upper fraction of the solution column is compared with the values obtained using standard proteins. The values obtained for the molecular weight of the vesicles range from 1.7 X 10(6) to 2.3 X 10(6) and are in good agreement with results obtained using the analytical ultracentrifuge and with previously reported results. Possible effects due to the polydispersity of the solute are assessed using theoretical calculations and the possibility of using the Airfuge for the study of other polydisperse systems is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on polydisperse systems using an air-driven ultracentrifuge: application to phosphatidylcholine vesicles. A high-speed air-driven ultracentrifuge (Airfuge) has been used to determine the molecular weight and effective specific volume of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The method used to determine the effective specific volume involved varying the solution density until zero sedimentation of the vesicles occurred. The value obtained for the effective specific volume of 0.9885 ml/g agrees well with previously reported values. The determination of the molecular weight of the vesicles is based on a method in which the fraction of vesicles remaining in an upper fraction of the solution column is compared with the values obtained using standard proteins. The values obtained for the molecular weight of the vesicles range from 1.7 X 10(6) to 2.3 X 10(6) and are in good agreement with results obtained using the analytical ultracentrifuge and with previously reported results. Possible effects due to the polydispersity of the solute are assessed using theoretical calculations and the possibility of using the Airfuge for the study of other polydisperse systems is discussed.", "PMID": 496736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3113", "title": "Studies on the in vitro metabolism of [3H]cortisol and [3H]oestradiol by sheep skin and wool roots.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of [3H]cortisol, [3H]cortisone and [3H]estradiol-17 beta by adult sheep skin and wool follicle tissue (wool roots) was examined. The main metabolic product of the incubation of [3H]cortisol with sheep skin was [3H]cortisone, and the conversion was reversible. Wool roots were unable to carry out detectable interconversion, nor did this tissue give rise to other significant metabolites. Sheep skin and wool roots both rapidly converted [3H]oestradiol-17 beta to [3H]oestrone and the conversion could be carried out by follicle and non-follicle skin structures. It is suggested that sheep skin contains both 11 beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, but that wool follicles contain only the latter enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the in vitro metabolism of [3H]cortisol and [3H]oestradiol by sheep skin and wool roots. The in vitro metabolism of [3H]cortisol, [3H]cortisone and [3H]estradiol-17 beta by adult sheep skin and wool follicle tissue (wool roots) was examined. The main metabolic product of the incubation of [3H]cortisol with sheep skin was [3H]cortisone, and the conversion was reversible. Wool roots were unable to carry out detectable interconversion, nor did this tissue give rise to other significant metabolites. Sheep skin and wool roots both rapidly converted [3H]oestradiol-17 beta to [3H]oestrone and the conversion could be carried out by follicle and non-follicle skin structures. It is suggested that sheep skin contains both 11 beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, but that wool follicles contain only the latter enzyme.", "PMID": 496737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3114", "title": "Effects of caecectomy in the young adult female rat on digestibility of food offered ad libitum and in restricted amounts.", "content": "Caecectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a laboratory chow ad libitum and the effects of caecectomy on the digestibility of the food were studied. Compared with sham-operated controls, caecectomized rats showed a decrease in apparent digestibiltiy of organic matter from 77.8 to 73.0%, of crude protein from 83.0 to 79.4%, and of 'carbohydrate' from 74.6 to 69.0%. However, faecal water content increased from 41.6 to 54.8%. 51Cr-labelled EDTA was excreted faster in the faeces after caecectomy. The colon partly adapted to the loss of caecal mucosa by increased length and thus mucosal surface area. In a second concurrent experiment the effect of caecectomy on the apparent digestibility of food during food restriction was studied. Six caecectomized rats, comparable in all respects to those used in the first study, were fed the laboratory chow ad libitum for 3 weeks. They were then fed submaintenance amounts of food to achieve body weight losses of 40--50% and to maintain these low weights for 4 weeks. Finally, they were again fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. During the period of restriction the apparent digestibility of organic matter increased from 72.7 to 75.4%. This was largely due to the increased apparent digestibility of crude protein which rose from 78.4 to 81.9%. Digestibility coefficients returned to control values immediately upon refeeding ad libitum.", "contents": "Effects of caecectomy in the young adult female rat on digestibility of food offered ad libitum and in restricted amounts. Caecectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a laboratory chow ad libitum and the effects of caecectomy on the digestibility of the food were studied. Compared with sham-operated controls, caecectomized rats showed a decrease in apparent digestibiltiy of organic matter from 77.8 to 73.0%, of crude protein from 83.0 to 79.4%, and of 'carbohydrate' from 74.6 to 69.0%. However, faecal water content increased from 41.6 to 54.8%. 51Cr-labelled EDTA was excreted faster in the faeces after caecectomy. The colon partly adapted to the loss of caecal mucosa by increased length and thus mucosal surface area. In a second concurrent experiment the effect of caecectomy on the apparent digestibility of food during food restriction was studied. Six caecectomized rats, comparable in all respects to those used in the first study, were fed the laboratory chow ad libitum for 3 weeks. They were then fed submaintenance amounts of food to achieve body weight losses of 40--50% and to maintain these low weights for 4 weeks. Finally, they were again fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. During the period of restriction the apparent digestibility of organic matter increased from 72.7 to 75.4%. This was largely due to the increased apparent digestibility of crude protein which rose from 78.4 to 81.9%. Digestibility coefficients returned to control values immediately upon refeeding ad libitum.", "PMID": 496738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3115", "title": "Glucagon responses to exercise in sheep.", "content": "Sheep were subjected to moderate (5 km/h) and strenuous (7 km/h) exercise on a treadmill for 45 min. After training, the sheep were again exercised. Glucagon concentrations in plasma increased in all sheep after commencement of exercise. These increases were related directly to the severity of exercise. The glucagon response also was dependent upon training with a lesser increase in trained animals than in untrained animals running at the same speed. Insulin concentrations in plasma decreased significantly only during strenuous exercise in untrained sheep.", "contents": "Glucagon responses to exercise in sheep. Sheep were subjected to moderate (5 km/h) and strenuous (7 km/h) exercise on a treadmill for 45 min. After training, the sheep were again exercised. Glucagon concentrations in plasma increased in all sheep after commencement of exercise. These increases were related directly to the severity of exercise. The glucagon response also was dependent upon training with a lesser increase in trained animals than in untrained animals running at the same speed. Insulin concentrations in plasma decreased significantly only during strenuous exercise in untrained sheep.", "PMID": 496739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3116", "title": "Influence of haemoglobin type and selenium status on peripheral plasma progesterone and corticosteroid concentration in ewes grazing oestrogenic pastures.", "content": "Peripheral plasma progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations were studied in ewes grazing oestrogenic pastures during oestrus, pregnancy and parturition in 1974 and during pregnancy in 1975. Haemoglobin (Hb) type A ewes had significantly higher mean corticosteroid concentrations than HbB ewes in both years. In 1974 the concentration of progesterone did not differ significantly between Hb types whilst in 1975 the concentration was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in HbA ewes. The mean corticosteroid concentrations were higher in selenium-supplemented ewes of both Hb types than in unsupplemented ewes in 1974 but lower in 1975. Selenium treatment did not significantly influence the progesterone concentration in ewes of both Hb types in 1974 but significantly (P less than 0.01) increased in 1975. It is concluded that the higher concentration of plasma corticosteroids or factors regulating the relationship between corticosteroids and progesterone could be responsible for the higher estimates of embryonic mortality reported in HbA ewes.", "contents": "Influence of haemoglobin type and selenium status on peripheral plasma progesterone and corticosteroid concentration in ewes grazing oestrogenic pastures. Peripheral plasma progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations were studied in ewes grazing oestrogenic pastures during oestrus, pregnancy and parturition in 1974 and during pregnancy in 1975. Haemoglobin (Hb) type A ewes had significantly higher mean corticosteroid concentrations than HbB ewes in both years. In 1974 the concentration of progesterone did not differ significantly between Hb types whilst in 1975 the concentration was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in HbA ewes. The mean corticosteroid concentrations were higher in selenium-supplemented ewes of both Hb types than in unsupplemented ewes in 1974 but lower in 1975. Selenium treatment did not significantly influence the progesterone concentration in ewes of both Hb types in 1974 but significantly (P less than 0.01) increased in 1975. It is concluded that the higher concentration of plasma corticosteroids or factors regulating the relationship between corticosteroids and progesterone could be responsible for the higher estimates of embryonic mortality reported in HbA ewes.", "PMID": 496740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3117", "title": "Effects of regional hemoconcentration during LBNP on plasma volume determinations.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from forearm vein or artery with indwelling cannula I. before, II. during the last min, and III. about 2 min after lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 16 experiments to determine whether plasma volume (PV) estimates were affected by regional hemoconcentration in the lower body. Total hemoglobin (THb) was estimated with the CO method prior to LBNP. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values from II gave only a 3% (87 ml) loss in PV due to LBNP, assuming no change in THb. However, Hb and Hct values from III showed an 11% loss in PV (313 ml). This 72% underestimation of PV loss with II must have resulted from the sequestration of blood and subsequent hemoconcentration in the lower body during LBNP. The effects of LBNP on PV should be estimated 1-3 min after exposure, after mixing but before extravascular fluid returns to the circulation.", "contents": "Effects of regional hemoconcentration during LBNP on plasma volume determinations. Blood samples were obtained from forearm vein or artery with indwelling cannula I. before, II. during the last min, and III. about 2 min after lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 16 experiments to determine whether plasma volume (PV) estimates were affected by regional hemoconcentration in the lower body. Total hemoglobin (THb) was estimated with the CO method prior to LBNP. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values from II gave only a 3% (87 ml) loss in PV due to LBNP, assuming no change in THb. However, Hb and Hct values from III showed an 11% loss in PV (313 ml). This 72% underestimation of PV loss with II must have resulted from the sequestration of blood and subsequent hemoconcentration in the lower body during LBNP. The effects of LBNP on PV should be estimated 1-3 min after exposure, after mixing but before extravascular fluid returns to the circulation.", "PMID": 496743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3118", "title": "Blood pressure variability of the individual in orthostatic testing.", "content": "Within-subject blood pressure (BP) variability was studied in the context of orthostatic testing. Nineteen healthy men volunteered for biweekly orthostatic testing. BP's were taken on alternate minutes during 5 min of supine rest and a subsequent 5 min of quiet standing. Within-subject variance was computed for systole and diastole by protocol condition; respective variances were than pooled (i.e. averaged) across subjects. The within-subject estimate of variance for a single BP reading in either position was approximately 6 torr (i.e. 1 S.D.). This variance estimate was reduced by averaging additional BP readings from the same visit, and more so by averaging BP readings from multiple visits. These findings have use in the design of orthostatic protocols and in the interpretation of BP data derived therefrom.", "contents": "Blood pressure variability of the individual in orthostatic testing. Within-subject blood pressure (BP) variability was studied in the context of orthostatic testing. Nineteen healthy men volunteered for biweekly orthostatic testing. BP's were taken on alternate minutes during 5 min of supine rest and a subsequent 5 min of quiet standing. Within-subject variance was computed for systole and diastole by protocol condition; respective variances were than pooled (i.e. averaged) across subjects. The within-subject estimate of variance for a single BP reading in either position was approximately 6 torr (i.e. 1 S.D.). This variance estimate was reduced by averaging additional BP readings from the same visit, and more so by averaging BP readings from multiple visits. These findings have use in the design of orthostatic protocols and in the interpretation of BP data derived therefrom.", "PMID": 496744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3119", "title": "Thermal conduction effects in human skin.", "content": "To determine the maximum permissible temperature any material may attain without causing pain or burn on contact with bare skin, over 2000 observations were made of pain threshold during contact with materials at elevated temperatures. Six materials were used representing the full range of thermal properties from good conductors to good insulators. Time to pain threshold was converted to time to threshold blister on the basis of the relationship between pain and burn established earlier for radiant and for convective heating. Calculated times to blister were used to predict the material temperatures causative of \"touch-burn\". Experimentally produced threshold blisters at the predicted temperature-times verified the predictions. Graphs and equations were generated for determining safe temperatures for any material in contact with bare skin for 1-5 s solely from a knowledge of its thermal properties. Conversely, the thermal inertia (k rho c) of the optimal material for a specific use and skin contact can be predicted from a knowledge of the maximum material temperature and length of contact time anticipated.", "contents": "Thermal conduction effects in human skin. To determine the maximum permissible temperature any material may attain without causing pain or burn on contact with bare skin, over 2000 observations were made of pain threshold during contact with materials at elevated temperatures. Six materials were used representing the full range of thermal properties from good conductors to good insulators. Time to pain threshold was converted to time to threshold blister on the basis of the relationship between pain and burn established earlier for radiant and for convective heating. Calculated times to blister were used to predict the material temperatures causative of \"touch-burn\". Experimentally produced threshold blisters at the predicted temperature-times verified the predictions. Graphs and equations were generated for determining safe temperatures for any material in contact with bare skin for 1-5 s solely from a knowledge of its thermal properties. Conversely, the thermal inertia (k rho c) of the optimal material for a specific use and skin contact can be predicted from a knowledge of the maximum material temperature and length of contact time anticipated.", "PMID": 496745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3120", "title": "Responses of retinal and visual pathway potentials of the guinea pig to nitrogen and helium at high pressure.", "content": "Electroretinographic, optic chiasm, and visual cortex potentials were monitored in the awake guinea pig as nitrogen pressures were raised to 16 ATA and held for 30 min. Pressurization to 90 ATA with helium in 10-ATA increments followed. We sought to (a) quantify the depressant effect of nitrogen on the retina as compared to the central visual pathway, and (b) to test for pressure reversibility. The electroretinogram was reduced approximately 15%, the chiasm potential by 15%, and the cortical response by 32% in 16 ATA nitrogen, and latent periods for the three signals increased an average of 5-8%. Helium at pressure did not restore the amplitude of the electroretinogram or optic chiasm response, but the visual cortex potential returned to control levels near 90 ATA total pressure. Reversal of the nitrogen-induced latency increases by helium was partially effective up to 40 ATA. Control latent periods were not reached. Further attenuation of the electroretinogram and chiasm response amplitudes, and increased latencies of all signals were observed at 50-90 ATA.", "contents": "Responses of retinal and visual pathway potentials of the guinea pig to nitrogen and helium at high pressure. Electroretinographic, optic chiasm, and visual cortex potentials were monitored in the awake guinea pig as nitrogen pressures were raised to 16 ATA and held for 30 min. Pressurization to 90 ATA with helium in 10-ATA increments followed. We sought to (a) quantify the depressant effect of nitrogen on the retina as compared to the central visual pathway, and (b) to test for pressure reversibility. The electroretinogram was reduced approximately 15%, the chiasm potential by 15%, and the cortical response by 32% in 16 ATA nitrogen, and latent periods for the three signals increased an average of 5-8%. Helium at pressure did not restore the amplitude of the electroretinogram or optic chiasm response, but the visual cortex potential returned to control levels near 90 ATA total pressure. Reversal of the nitrogen-induced latency increases by helium was partially effective up to 40 ATA. Control latent periods were not reached. Further attenuation of the electroretinogram and chiasm response amplitudes, and increased latencies of all signals were observed at 50-90 ATA.", "PMID": 496746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3121", "title": "Heat- and exercise-induced hyperthermia: effects on high-energy phosphates.", "content": "To assess the role of high-energy phosphate compounds in the etiology of heat injury with respect to the release of intracellular constituents, the susceptibility of selected tissues to heat injury, and the shock-like demise of the animals, rats were exercised on a treadmill (9.14 m/min) in a hot environment (34.5-35 degrees C) to a rectal temperature (Tre) of 42.5-43 degrees C. In the heart, kidney, left lateral lobe of the liver, and gastrocnemius muscle extricated from animals immediately upon termination of the treadmill run, levels of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and creatine phosphate (CP) were unchanged when compared with sedentary controls. In animals which had been resuscitated by infusion of isotonic saline into a jugular catheter, levels of CP were significantly (p less than 0.025) elevated in gastrocnemius muscle. In rats which were unconscious and succumbing to the effects of hyperthermic injury, levels of hepatic G-6-P and ATP were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.02, respectively). These results indicate that the combination of exhaustive excercise/heat injury had the most deleterious effects upon hepatic metabolism. However, while resuscitation with physiological saline may be accompanied by an increased synthesis of CP, hyperthermic exhaustion and the concomitant efflux of cellular constituents cannot be attributed to a depletion or even a decrement of high-energy phosphates in vital tissues.", "contents": "Heat- and exercise-induced hyperthermia: effects on high-energy phosphates. To assess the role of high-energy phosphate compounds in the etiology of heat injury with respect to the release of intracellular constituents, the susceptibility of selected tissues to heat injury, and the shock-like demise of the animals, rats were exercised on a treadmill (9.14 m/min) in a hot environment (34.5-35 degrees C) to a rectal temperature (Tre) of 42.5-43 degrees C. In the heart, kidney, left lateral lobe of the liver, and gastrocnemius muscle extricated from animals immediately upon termination of the treadmill run, levels of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and creatine phosphate (CP) were unchanged when compared with sedentary controls. In animals which had been resuscitated by infusion of isotonic saline into a jugular catheter, levels of CP were significantly (p less than 0.025) elevated in gastrocnemius muscle. In rats which were unconscious and succumbing to the effects of hyperthermic injury, levels of hepatic G-6-P and ATP were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.02, respectively). These results indicate that the combination of exhaustive excercise/heat injury had the most deleterious effects upon hepatic metabolism. However, while resuscitation with physiological saline may be accompanied by an increased synthesis of CP, hyperthermic exhaustion and the concomitant efflux of cellular constituents cannot be attributed to a depletion or even a decrement of high-energy phosphates in vital tissues.", "PMID": 496747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3122", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the blood-bubble interface in decompressed rats.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron-microscopy have been applied for study of the ultrastructural features of the blood-bubble interface in the vasculature of explosively-decompressed rats. In scanning electron-microscopy, the surface facing the bubble appeared smooth, with slight undulation and frequent roundish protrusions. In cross sections of the material between the bubbles, there could be observed a continuous surface layer facing the bubble, a loosely-bound meshwork of fibrous material, and extreme congestion of erythrocytes. In transmission electron-microscopy there were found alignment of platelets along the interface, and a thin (10-20 nm) layer of osmiophilic material, in accordance with earlier ultrastructural studies. The platelets were often rounded. It is concluded that the initial phase of the blood-bubble interaction is the deposition of a plasma protein coat, followed by the attachment platelets, possibly related to activation of the coagulation system.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the blood-bubble interface in decompressed rats. Scanning and transmission electron-microscopy have been applied for study of the ultrastructural features of the blood-bubble interface in the vasculature of explosively-decompressed rats. In scanning electron-microscopy, the surface facing the bubble appeared smooth, with slight undulation and frequent roundish protrusions. In cross sections of the material between the bubbles, there could be observed a continuous surface layer facing the bubble, a loosely-bound meshwork of fibrous material, and extreme congestion of erythrocytes. In transmission electron-microscopy there were found alignment of platelets along the interface, and a thin (10-20 nm) layer of osmiophilic material, in accordance with earlier ultrastructural studies. The platelets were often rounded. It is concluded that the initial phase of the blood-bubble interaction is the deposition of a plasma protein coat, followed by the attachment platelets, possibly related to activation of the coagulation system.", "PMID": 496748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3123", "title": "Cockpit thermal stress and aircrew thermal strain during routine Jaguar operations.", "content": "Thermal data have been obtained from Jaguar aircraft flying routine, warm-weather operations in Sardinia. These data have been analysed in terms of the ambient and cockpit wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) and the mean body temperature (Tb) of the pilot. In contrast to similar data previously obtained from Harrier and Buccaneer aircraft, no interrelationships could be demonstrated between ambient WBGT at ground level and either cockpit WBGT or pilot Tb. Relationships which could be described by equations of negative slope were obtained between Tb and sortie time and between cockpit WBGT and sortie time. A model has been derived for predicting aircrew thermal strain in the Jaguar from cockpit temperature and sortie time.", "contents": "Cockpit thermal stress and aircrew thermal strain during routine Jaguar operations. Thermal data have been obtained from Jaguar aircraft flying routine, warm-weather operations in Sardinia. These data have been analysed in terms of the ambient and cockpit wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) and the mean body temperature (Tb) of the pilot. In contrast to similar data previously obtained from Harrier and Buccaneer aircraft, no interrelationships could be demonstrated between ambient WBGT at ground level and either cockpit WBGT or pilot Tb. Relationships which could be described by equations of negative slope were obtained between Tb and sortie time and between cockpit WBGT and sortie time. A model has been derived for predicting aircrew thermal strain in the Jaguar from cockpit temperature and sortie time.", "PMID": 496749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3124", "title": "A survey of aerobic fitness levels in a Canadian military population.", "content": "Aerobic fitness was assessed for 3171 men aged 17-55 years and for 610 women aged 17-29 years serving in almost every segment of the Canadian Forces (CF). Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) was predicted from heart rate measured during submaximal exercise. The survey showed that recruit training markedly improved Vo2 max for both men and women but that, after graduates were assigned to their trades and classifications and fitness training was no longer compulsory, fitness returned to pre-training levels. The relationship between daily activity and aerobic fitness was further demonstrated by comparing land, air, and sea elements in the CF. The active life of the young infantry soldiers is reflected in their relatively high Vo2 max. The available evidence indicates that, unless their duties involve compulsory fitness training (recruits) or hard physical work (infantry soldiers), the military in Canada have aerobic fitness levels which are not markedly higher than their civilian counterparts.", "contents": "A survey of aerobic fitness levels in a Canadian military population. Aerobic fitness was assessed for 3171 men aged 17-55 years and for 610 women aged 17-29 years serving in almost every segment of the Canadian Forces (CF). Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) was predicted from heart rate measured during submaximal exercise. The survey showed that recruit training markedly improved Vo2 max for both men and women but that, after graduates were assigned to their trades and classifications and fitness training was no longer compulsory, fitness returned to pre-training levels. The relationship between daily activity and aerobic fitness was further demonstrated by comparing land, air, and sea elements in the CF. The active life of the young infantry soldiers is reflected in their relatively high Vo2 max. The available evidence indicates that, unless their duties involve compulsory fitness training (recruits) or hard physical work (infantry soldiers), the military in Canada have aerobic fitness levels which are not markedly higher than their civilian counterparts.", "PMID": 496750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3125", "title": "Increased survival in experimental dog heatstroke after reduction of gut flora.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine if gut flora contribute to the pathophysiology of experimental canine heatstroke. Fifty animals in four groups were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) intravenously. An air temperature of 42-46 degrees C was maintained adjacent to the dog with a water-heated blanket for approximately 2 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C. Animals were then cooled passively in room air (28 degrees C, 20% RH) until death or until 18 h elapsed, and were euthanized. Reduction of intestine stool and bacterial contents with antibiotics, cathartics, and enemas prior to heatstroke increased the incidence of 18-h survival from 20.0% to 70.6%; antibiotics administered after heatstroke did not alter the incidence of survival over control values. These data suggest that gut flora, presumably through endotoxemia, contribute to the evolution of heatstroke pathophysiology.", "contents": "Increased survival in experimental dog heatstroke after reduction of gut flora. A study was undertaken to determine if gut flora contribute to the pathophysiology of experimental canine heatstroke. Fifty animals in four groups were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) intravenously. An air temperature of 42-46 degrees C was maintained adjacent to the dog with a water-heated blanket for approximately 2 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C. Animals were then cooled passively in room air (28 degrees C, 20% RH) until death or until 18 h elapsed, and were euthanized. Reduction of intestine stool and bacterial contents with antibiotics, cathartics, and enemas prior to heatstroke increased the incidence of 18-h survival from 20.0% to 70.6%; antibiotics administered after heatstroke did not alter the incidence of survival over control values. These data suggest that gut flora, presumably through endotoxemia, contribute to the evolution of heatstroke pathophysiology.", "PMID": 496751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3126", "title": "Reproducibility of +Gz tolerance testing.", "content": "The +Gz tolerance of USAF aircrewmen undergoing medical evaluation has been tested at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine since 1973. For various reasons, the test protocol can usually be carried out only once on these patients. Accurate determination of the +Gz tolerance of aircrewmen who fly high performance fighter aircraft is very important in assuring aero-medical safety, since loss of consciousness as a result of exceeding a pilot's G tolerance may result in loss of life and loss of aircraft. It is, therefore, necessary to estimate the variability associated with each profile of the test so that a more accurate assessment of +Gz tolerance can be made. Multiple repeat medical evaluation test protocols were performed on 17 centrifuge acceleration panel members. The standard deviations in the +Gz measurements for the four centrifuge profiles were GOR(1) = 0.38 Gz, ROR=0.22 Gz, GOR(2)=0.34 Gz, and GOR(S)=0.39 Gz. A statistically significant learning effect, which increases +Gz tolerance, was observed in both experienced and inexperienced subjects. Knowledge of the variability associated with each test profile will allow a more accurate definition of an individual +Gz tolerance when only a single centrifuge test protocol can be performed. In addition, possible future use of this centrifuge protocol in the selection of individuals with above- or below-average +Gz tolerance is facilitated with an accurate assessment of the variability associated with the test.", "contents": "Reproducibility of +Gz tolerance testing. The +Gz tolerance of USAF aircrewmen undergoing medical evaluation has been tested at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine since 1973. For various reasons, the test protocol can usually be carried out only once on these patients. Accurate determination of the +Gz tolerance of aircrewmen who fly high performance fighter aircraft is very important in assuring aero-medical safety, since loss of consciousness as a result of exceeding a pilot's G tolerance may result in loss of life and loss of aircraft. It is, therefore, necessary to estimate the variability associated with each profile of the test so that a more accurate assessment of +Gz tolerance can be made. Multiple repeat medical evaluation test protocols were performed on 17 centrifuge acceleration panel members. The standard deviations in the +Gz measurements for the four centrifuge profiles were GOR(1) = 0.38 Gz, ROR=0.22 Gz, GOR(2)=0.34 Gz, and GOR(S)=0.39 Gz. A statistically significant learning effect, which increases +Gz tolerance, was observed in both experienced and inexperienced subjects. Knowledge of the variability associated with each test profile will allow a more accurate definition of an individual +Gz tolerance when only a single centrifuge test protocol can be performed. In addition, possible future use of this centrifuge protocol in the selection of individuals with above- or below-average +Gz tolerance is facilitated with an accurate assessment of the variability associated with the test.", "PMID": 496752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3127", "title": "Ejection problems and injuries: their causes, effects and treatments, and suggestions for preventive measures.", "content": "A relatively brief discussion of the problems of combat ejections in the I.A.F. is presented, including the injuries found and their prevention where possible; some problems that are known to exist and to some of which no clear-cut solutions are known. Some indications are given of what to expect when confronted with a man immediately after he has ejected from his aircraft.", "contents": "Ejection problems and injuries: their causes, effects and treatments, and suggestions for preventive measures. A relatively brief discussion of the problems of combat ejections in the I.A.F. is presented, including the injuries found and their prevention where possible; some problems that are known to exist and to some of which no clear-cut solutions are known. Some indications are given of what to expect when confronted with a man immediately after he has ejected from his aircraft.", "PMID": 496753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3128", "title": "The treatment of acute accidental hypothermia: proceedings of a symposium held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine.", "content": "A symposium was held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hampshire, on Feb. 28, 1978. The purpose of the meeting was to distill up-to-date expert opinion to provide advice for those faced with the treatment of victims of exposure or cold water immersion. In particular, it was intended to recommend practical measures which could be employed in the field. However, it soon became apparent that there are large gaps in our knowledge of the physiology of hypothermia. These made the formulation of definitive advice extremely difficult.", "contents": "The treatment of acute accidental hypothermia: proceedings of a symposium held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine. A symposium was held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hampshire, on Feb. 28, 1978. The purpose of the meeting was to distill up-to-date expert opinion to provide advice for those faced with the treatment of victims of exposure or cold water immersion. In particular, it was intended to recommend practical measures which could be employed in the field. However, it soon became apparent that there are large gaps in our knowledge of the physiology of hypothermia. These made the formulation of definitive advice extremely difficult.", "PMID": 496754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3129", "title": "An improved method for inducing hypothermia and rewarming.", "content": "A hypothermia and rewarming system combining body surface and ventilatory heat exchange is described. The method utilizes body surface heat exchange through conduction, convection, and black body radiation, and ventilatory heat exchange across the lung surface through conduction, convection, and water evaporation. The system consisted of a chamber in which the temperature was maintained at a desired level (+/- 2.5 degrees C) using a refrigeration-heat pump unit. Chamber temperatures during cooling and rewarming were -15.5 +/- 2.7 degrees C and 43.2 +/- 2.3 degrees C, respectively. Inhalate temperatures during cooling were -8.2 +/- 6.5 degrees C and during rewarming they were 41.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C. Helium (100%) was supplied to the chamber, while the animal was ventilated with 20% O2 + 80% He. Under these conditions, the cooling and rewarming rates were  0.33 +/- 0.06 degrees C/min and 0.20 +/- 0.04 degrees C/min, respectively, at 38--21 degrees C. The system provided for rapid cooling and rewarming with no evidence of any untoward effects.", "contents": "An improved method for inducing hypothermia and rewarming. A hypothermia and rewarming system combining body surface and ventilatory heat exchange is described. The method utilizes body surface heat exchange through conduction, convection, and black body radiation, and ventilatory heat exchange across the lung surface through conduction, convection, and water evaporation. The system consisted of a chamber in which the temperature was maintained at a desired level (+/- 2.5 degrees C) using a refrigeration-heat pump unit. Chamber temperatures during cooling and rewarming were -15.5 +/- 2.7 degrees C and 43.2 +/- 2.3 degrees C, respectively. Inhalate temperatures during cooling were -8.2 +/- 6.5 degrees C and during rewarming they were 41.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C. Helium (100%) was supplied to the chamber, while the animal was ventilated with 20% O2 + 80% He. Under these conditions, the cooling and rewarming rates were  0.33 +/- 0.06 degrees C/min and 0.20 +/- 0.04 degrees C/min, respectively, at 38--21 degrees C. The system provided for rapid cooling and rewarming with no evidence of any untoward effects.", "PMID": 496755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3130", "title": "Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: treatment with rifampin, hyperbaric oxygenation, and heat.", "content": "The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), heat, and rifampin for treating mice infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans was analyzed. Four hundred mice were innouclated in the hind footpads with 10(8) organisms. The seven treatment groups (50 mice each) were HBO (2.5 ATA for 1.5 h, twice a day), rifampin (RIF) (20 mg/kg body weight/d), heat (mice maintained at 37 degrees C), and all combinations of the three treatments. The severity of infection in the treated mice was compared weekly for 20 weeks with that of infected controls. The most effective treatments were RIF/HEAT and RIF/HBO/HEAT, RIF/HBO/HEAT treatment was further evaluated to determine the effectiveness of treating mice at various stages of infection. Three hundred mice were inoculated in the hind footpads, and, as the infection progressed, they were separated into groups (50 mice/group) according to the severity of infection. The treatment groups were compared to positive controls. The effectiveness of therapy was indirectly proportional to the severity of infection.", "contents": "Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: treatment with rifampin, hyperbaric oxygenation, and heat. The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), heat, and rifampin for treating mice infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans was analyzed. Four hundred mice were innouclated in the hind footpads with 10(8) organisms. The seven treatment groups (50 mice each) were HBO (2.5 ATA for 1.5 h, twice a day), rifampin (RIF) (20 mg/kg body weight/d), heat (mice maintained at 37 degrees C), and all combinations of the three treatments. The severity of infection in the treated mice was compared weekly for 20 weeks with that of infected controls. The most effective treatments were RIF/HEAT and RIF/HBO/HEAT, RIF/HBO/HEAT treatment was further evaluated to determine the effectiveness of treating mice at various stages of infection. Three hundred mice were inoculated in the hind footpads, and, as the infection progressed, they were separated into groups (50 mice/group) according to the severity of infection. The treatment groups were compared to positive controls. The effectiveness of therapy was indirectly proportional to the severity of infection.", "PMID": 496758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3131", "title": "Deconditioning-induced exercise responses as influenced by heat acclimation.", "content": "Five young men were tested on a bicycle ergometer before (Test 1) and after (Test 2) 8 d of heat acclimation (exercise at 50% of Vo2max at 39.8 degrees C DB, 30.0 degrees C WB) and after 8 h of water immersion (Test 3). A control group of five subjects underwent a similar procedure in a temperate environment of 23.8 degrees C. Heat acclimation resulted in the usual decreases in exercise heart rate (30 beats/min) and rectal temperature (0.6 degrees C) and an increase in sweat rate (19%). The control group showed effects of moderate training by decreases in exercise heart rate (11 beats/min), rectal temperature (0.3 degrees C), and sweat rate (24%). Water immersion resulted in substantial diuresis in both groups, despite 1800 ml of water consumed by each subject. In the acclimation group, exercise responses in Test 2 were better than in Test 1, with little improvement shown by the control group. The acclimation group maintained exercise responses in Test 3 as in Test 1, with more adverse responses shown by the control group. The results show that heat acclimation provides an effective method to prevent the adverse effects of water-immersion deconditioning on exercise tolerance.", "contents": "Deconditioning-induced exercise responses as influenced by heat acclimation. Five young men were tested on a bicycle ergometer before (Test 1) and after (Test 2) 8 d of heat acclimation (exercise at 50% of Vo2max at 39.8 degrees C DB, 30.0 degrees C WB) and after 8 h of water immersion (Test 3). A control group of five subjects underwent a similar procedure in a temperate environment of 23.8 degrees C. Heat acclimation resulted in the usual decreases in exercise heart rate (30 beats/min) and rectal temperature (0.6 degrees C) and an increase in sweat rate (19%). The control group showed effects of moderate training by decreases in exercise heart rate (11 beats/min), rectal temperature (0.3 degrees C), and sweat rate (24%). Water immersion resulted in substantial diuresis in both groups, despite 1800 ml of water consumed by each subject. In the acclimation group, exercise responses in Test 2 were better than in Test 1, with little improvement shown by the control group. The acclimation group maintained exercise responses in Test 3 as in Test 1, with more adverse responses shown by the control group. The results show that heat acclimation provides an effective method to prevent the adverse effects of water-immersion deconditioning on exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 496759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3132", "title": "In-flight measures of stress reduction due to wearing expandable foam earplugs.", "content": "Ten low-time pilots (less than 150 h) who did not normally use earplugs flew three flights each in Cessna-152 training planes. The flight routines were all the same, lasting about 45 minutes. Each pilot flew one flight while adapting to earplugs, another flight with earplugs, and a third flight without earplugs. Pilot's breathing rate was the measure of autonomic arousal. A baseline rate was measured before each flight and in-flight scores were expressed as changes from baseline. Half the pilots flew their flights in the order, with-with-without earplugs and half flew in the order without-with-with. Results showed a mean increase in breathing rate above preflight baseline of 30% without earplugs and an increase of only 21% with earplugs (data taken from second flight with earplugs) for a significant savings of 9% (p less than 0.025, Wilcoxsen matched-pairs signed-ranks test, one tailed).", "contents": "In-flight measures of stress reduction due to wearing expandable foam earplugs. Ten low-time pilots (less than 150 h) who did not normally use earplugs flew three flights each in Cessna-152 training planes. The flight routines were all the same, lasting about 45 minutes. Each pilot flew one flight while adapting to earplugs, another flight with earplugs, and a third flight without earplugs. Pilot's breathing rate was the measure of autonomic arousal. A baseline rate was measured before each flight and in-flight scores were expressed as changes from baseline. Half the pilots flew their flights in the order, with-with-without earplugs and half flew in the order without-with-with. Results showed a mean increase in breathing rate above preflight baseline of 30% without earplugs and an increase of only 21% with earplugs (data taken from second flight with earplugs) for a significant savings of 9% (p less than 0.025, Wilcoxsen matched-pairs signed-ranks test, one tailed).", "PMID": 496760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3133", "title": "Pulmonary function and maximum exercise responses following acute ozone exposure.", "content": "We examined changes in pulmonary function during resting exposure to concentrations of ozone at 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0.00 parts/million (ppm), and determined the effect these exposures had on a subsequent maximum exercise test using filtered air. In order to determine if recovery of pulmonary function would be facilitated by increased ventilation due to maximum exercise, a control condition was conducted with subjects resting for a period equivalent to the maximum exercise condition. Eight males and five females participated in eight different conditions in order to answer these two questions. Resting 2-h exposure to 0.75 and 0.50 ppm ozone caused significant decrements in forced vital capacity of 10% and 5%, respectively. However, 0.00 and 0.25 ppm ozone induced no pulmonary decrement. None of the pollutant conditions reduced subsequent maximum exercise performance (ml O2.min-1.kg-1, heart rate, and total performance time). The pulmonary function responses after the maximum capacity test returned to pre-ozone values for the 0.50 ppm condition, but were still significantly decreased for the 0.75 ppm condition. The increased ventilatory exchanges from maximum exercise did not facilitate the return of pulmonary function. It appeared that increased ventilation during ozone exposure plays a significant role only in inducing pulmonary function decrement, but not in facilitating the return of pulmonary function to normal values.", "contents": "Pulmonary function and maximum exercise responses following acute ozone exposure. We examined changes in pulmonary function during resting exposure to concentrations of ozone at 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0.00 parts/million (ppm), and determined the effect these exposures had on a subsequent maximum exercise test using filtered air. In order to determine if recovery of pulmonary function would be facilitated by increased ventilation due to maximum exercise, a control condition was conducted with subjects resting for a period equivalent to the maximum exercise condition. Eight males and five females participated in eight different conditions in order to answer these two questions. Resting 2-h exposure to 0.75 and 0.50 ppm ozone caused significant decrements in forced vital capacity of 10% and 5%, respectively. However, 0.00 and 0.25 ppm ozone induced no pulmonary decrement. None of the pollutant conditions reduced subsequent maximum exercise performance (ml O2.min-1.kg-1, heart rate, and total performance time). The pulmonary function responses after the maximum capacity test returned to pre-ozone values for the 0.50 ppm condition, but were still significantly decreased for the 0.75 ppm condition. The increased ventilatory exchanges from maximum exercise did not facilitate the return of pulmonary function. It appeared that increased ventilation during ozone exposure plays a significant role only in inducing pulmonary function decrement, but not in facilitating the return of pulmonary function to normal values.", "PMID": 496761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3134", "title": "Auditory and visual sustained attention during ozone exposure.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of ozone at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 parts/million (ppm) on sustained visual and auditory attention tasks (vigilance performance). When the rate of signals to nonsignals was low, approximately 1 out of 30, ozone in concentrations as high as 0.75 ppm did not alter performance to either visual or auditory tasks. However, when the ratio of signals to non-signals was increased, a deficit in performance beyond that of the normal vigilance decline was observed during the 0.75 ppm ozone exposure. However, no changes in false positive responses occurred. The results were interpreted within the framework of an arousal hypothesis, suggesting that high concentrations of ozone may produce overarousal.", "contents": "Auditory and visual sustained attention during ozone exposure. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of ozone at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 parts/million (ppm) on sustained visual and auditory attention tasks (vigilance performance). When the rate of signals to nonsignals was low, approximately 1 out of 30, ozone in concentrations as high as 0.75 ppm did not alter performance to either visual or auditory tasks. However, when the ratio of signals to non-signals was increased, a deficit in performance beyond that of the normal vigilance decline was observed during the 0.75 ppm ozone exposure. However, no changes in false positive responses occurred. The results were interpreted within the framework of an arousal hypothesis, suggesting that high concentrations of ozone may produce overarousal.", "PMID": 496762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3135", "title": "Prediction of body temperatures during exercise in flying clothing.", "content": "A mathematical model has been used to describe experimental results for core and skin temperatures in subjects undergoing a rest/activity cycle in two aircrew clothing assemblies at two environmental temperatures (wet bulb, globe temperature (WBGT) indices of 25.9 and 28.9 degrees C). The model presented compares well with published data for subjects in standard aircrew equipment assemblies. Aircrew flying at a WBGT of 28.9 degrees C in chemical defence clothing may reach an unacceptable level of mean body temperature within 40 min and deep body temperature will rise at 1 degree C.hr-1. To prevent deterioration in flying performance during repeated sorties, an alteration in the work/rest activity pattern or the introduction of effective cabin or personal conditioning systems may be required,", "contents": "Prediction of body temperatures during exercise in flying clothing. A mathematical model has been used to describe experimental results for core and skin temperatures in subjects undergoing a rest/activity cycle in two aircrew clothing assemblies at two environmental temperatures (wet bulb, globe temperature (WBGT) indices of 25.9 and 28.9 degrees C). The model presented compares well with published data for subjects in standard aircrew equipment assemblies. Aircrew flying at a WBGT of 28.9 degrees C in chemical defence clothing may reach an unacceptable level of mean body temperature within 40 min and deep body temperature will rise at 1 degree C.hr-1. To prevent deterioration in flying performance during repeated sorties, an alteration in the work/rest activity pattern or the introduction of effective cabin or personal conditioning systems may be required,", "PMID": 496763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3136", "title": "Estimated body rotation as a predictor of motion sickness susceptibility.", "content": "We rotated 36 blindfolded subjects in yaw between 30 degrees and 135 degrees and asked them to estimate the angular displacement they had experienced. An index of a subject's \"receptivity\" was obtained by calculating the slope of the line relating perceived to actual displacement; his susceptibility to motion sickness was determined by a questionnaire. The product moment correlation between these two measures was not significant, a result which conflicts with the receptivity hypothesis. It is suggested that \"adaptability\" rather than \"receptivity\" may be the more impotant determinant of susceptibility to motion sickness.", "contents": "Estimated body rotation as a predictor of motion sickness susceptibility. We rotated 36 blindfolded subjects in yaw between 30 degrees and 135 degrees and asked them to estimate the angular displacement they had experienced. An index of a subject's \"receptivity\" was obtained by calculating the slope of the line relating perceived to actual displacement; his susceptibility to motion sickness was determined by a questionnaire. The product moment correlation between these two measures was not significant, a result which conflicts with the receptivity hypothesis. It is suggested that \"adaptability\" rather than \"receptivity\" may be the more impotant determinant of susceptibility to motion sickness.", "PMID": 496764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3137", "title": "Self-pacing during sustained, repetitive exercise.", "content": "During Exercise Fastball, 25 young French infantry soldiers walked 204 km in 6 d. A different load weight was assigned to each subject to ensure that they all worked at the same percentage of their aerobic power (Vo2max). The actual energy expended during the march was monitored by recording heart rates by ECG telemetry. The results confirmed that adjusting the load weight is a practical means of ensuring the same relative workload for subjects with different Vo2max. Furthermore, fit young soldiers will self-pace at 30-40% of Vo2max and will continue to do so for at least 6 d. The factor limiting performance for many of these subjects was the condition of their feet as a result of walking on the hard road surface.", "contents": "Self-pacing during sustained, repetitive exercise. During Exercise Fastball, 25 young French infantry soldiers walked 204 km in 6 d. A different load weight was assigned to each subject to ensure that they all worked at the same percentage of their aerobic power (Vo2max). The actual energy expended during the march was monitored by recording heart rates by ECG telemetry. The results confirmed that adjusting the load weight is a practical means of ensuring the same relative workload for subjects with different Vo2max. Furthermore, fit young soldiers will self-pace at 30-40% of Vo2max and will continue to do so for at least 6 d. The factor limiting performance for many of these subjects was the condition of their feet as a result of walking on the hard road surface.", "PMID": 496765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3138", "title": "New inventory for the assessment of symptom occurrence and severity at high altitude.", "content": "A new inventory, called the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), was devised to provide improved assessment of symptoms occurring during exposure to high altitude. The ESQ was field tested with 12 subjects exposed to 4300 m altitude for 4 d, and was compared with responses to the General High Altitude Questionnaire (GHAQ). Both instruments reflected significant symptom occurrence, but the ESQ was more sensitive on certain items focal to altitude conditions, and showed significant responses to items not contained in the GHAQ. Based on this test, the ESQ was judged easier to use, more sensitive, and more comprehensive for assessing medical symptoms at altitude.", "contents": "New inventory for the assessment of symptom occurrence and severity at high altitude. A new inventory, called the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), was devised to provide improved assessment of symptoms occurring during exposure to high altitude. The ESQ was field tested with 12 subjects exposed to 4300 m altitude for 4 d, and was compared with responses to the General High Altitude Questionnaire (GHAQ). Both instruments reflected significant symptom occurrence, but the ESQ was more sensitive on certain items focal to altitude conditions, and showed significant responses to items not contained in the GHAQ. Based on this test, the ESQ was judged easier to use, more sensitive, and more comprehensive for assessing medical symptoms at altitude.", "PMID": 496766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3139", "title": "Ultrasonic investigations of the soleus muscle after space flight on the Biosputnik 936.", "content": "The study was aimed at quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the muscle fibres and the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junctions in the soleus muscle of animals after a space flight on Biosputnik 936. Ultrastructural morphometric studies of the muscle fibres demonstrated diminished volume of sarcomer and accumulation of glycogen granules. The mean number of mitochondrial profiles decreased. The investigations of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junctions in the soleus muscle showed diminution of the mean number of synaptic vesicles and swelling of the mitochondria. This changing in the fibres and axonal endings we can interpret as the first step of degeneration.", "contents": "Ultrasonic investigations of the soleus muscle after space flight on the Biosputnik 936. The study was aimed at quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the muscle fibres and the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junctions in the soleus muscle of animals after a space flight on Biosputnik 936. Ultrastructural morphometric studies of the muscle fibres demonstrated diminished volume of sarcomer and accumulation of glycogen granules. The mean number of mitochondrial profiles decreased. The investigations of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junctions in the soleus muscle showed diminution of the mean number of synaptic vesicles and swelling of the mitochondria. This changing in the fibres and axonal endings we can interpret as the first step of degeneration.", "PMID": 496767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3140", "title": "Effect on performance of cycling deep body temperature between 37.0 and 37.6 degrees C.", "content": "Previous experiments (1.2) showed that performance of of a pursuit rotor task is worse during heating than during cooling at deep body temperatures of 37.9-38.5 degrees C. Performance of the same task and of a manikin task has now been studied in a similar experiment while core temperature was cycled between 37.0 and 37.6 degrees C. No change in performance was observed between heating and cooling. It is concluded that decrements in performance during heating only develop above a critical absolute level of deep body temperature. The critical level of deep body temperature, above which performance of the rotary pursuit task is degraded, is 37.6-37.9 degrees C, and this can be related to affective thermal sensation.", "contents": "Effect on performance of cycling deep body temperature between 37.0 and 37.6 degrees C. Previous experiments (1.2) showed that performance of of a pursuit rotor task is worse during heating than during cooling at deep body temperatures of 37.9-38.5 degrees C. Performance of the same task and of a manikin task has now been studied in a similar experiment while core temperature was cycled between 37.0 and 37.6 degrees C. No change in performance was observed between heating and cooling. It is concluded that decrements in performance during heating only develop above a critical absolute level of deep body temperature. The critical level of deep body temperature, above which performance of the rotary pursuit task is degraded, is 37.6-37.9 degrees C, and this can be related to affective thermal sensation.", "PMID": 496768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3141", "title": "Molecular sieve oxygen generating system: the argon question--a brief review.", "content": "The molecular sieve oxygen generating system (MSOG) is currently being considered as a replacement for liquid and gaseous stores on aircraft for the supply of aviator's breathing oxygen. Incorporation of onboard oxygen generation in aircraft not only increases system safety but also minimizes logistic requirements. However, a unique characteristic of the MSOG is that it concentrates not only oxygen but also argon in the process of removing nitrogen from engine bleed air. Maximum concentrations produced by present systems are in the order of 95% oxygen and 5% argon. These results have precipitated numerous questions relating to the physiological effects of argon in the product breathing gas. This report reviews the current literature concerning argon as a minor constituent (less than 10%) in gas breathing systems and recommends studies prior to human compatibility testing of the molecule sieve oxygen generating systems.", "contents": "Molecular sieve oxygen generating system: the argon question--a brief review. The molecular sieve oxygen generating system (MSOG) is currently being considered as a replacement for liquid and gaseous stores on aircraft for the supply of aviator's breathing oxygen. Incorporation of onboard oxygen generation in aircraft not only increases system safety but also minimizes logistic requirements. However, a unique characteristic of the MSOG is that it concentrates not only oxygen but also argon in the process of removing nitrogen from engine bleed air. Maximum concentrations produced by present systems are in the order of 95% oxygen and 5% argon. These results have precipitated numerous questions relating to the physiological effects of argon in the product breathing gas. This report reviews the current literature concerning argon as a minor constituent (less than 10%) in gas breathing systems and recommends studies prior to human compatibility testing of the molecule sieve oxygen generating systems.", "PMID": 496769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3142", "title": "Injuries in air transport emergency evacuations.", "content": "Twelve air transport evacuations are reviewed. Injuries are discussed with emphasis on configurational and procedural contributing factors. Recommendations and information about possible methods of reducing injuries are provided.", "contents": "Injuries in air transport emergency evacuations. Twelve air transport evacuations are reviewed. Injuries are discussed with emphasis on configurational and procedural contributing factors. Recommendations and information about possible methods of reducing injuries are provided.", "PMID": 496770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3143", "title": "Spinal injuries in the F/FB-111 crew escape system.", "content": "During the years 1970-75, a larger than expected number of aircrewmen, forced to use the F/FB-111 crew escape module, experienced acute spinal trauma during otherwise uneventful ejection. This trend in the incidence and severity of F/FB-111 aircrew spinal injuries attracted considerable attention and stimulated extensive inquiry concerning the ethiology of the trauma in order to implement appropriate corrective measures. In response to the expressed concerns, an investigation was initiated to analyze the biodynamic pathogenetic mechanism associated with ejection in the F/FB-111 crew escape module. The purpose of this retrospective investigation is to identify the frequency and severity of spinal trauma in the F/FB-111 crew escape module and to shed additional light on the patterns and severity along with the orthopaedic biomechanics of spinal injury.", "contents": "Spinal injuries in the F/FB-111 crew escape system. During the years 1970-75, a larger than expected number of aircrewmen, forced to use the F/FB-111 crew escape module, experienced acute spinal trauma during otherwise uneventful ejection. This trend in the incidence and severity of F/FB-111 aircrew spinal injuries attracted considerable attention and stimulated extensive inquiry concerning the ethiology of the trauma in order to implement appropriate corrective measures. In response to the expressed concerns, an investigation was initiated to analyze the biodynamic pathogenetic mechanism associated with ejection in the F/FB-111 crew escape module. The purpose of this retrospective investigation is to identify the frequency and severity of spinal trauma in the F/FB-111 crew escape module and to shed additional light on the patterns and severity along with the orthopaedic biomechanics of spinal injury.", "PMID": 496771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3144", "title": "Aeromedical evacuation in Israel--a study of 884 cases.", "content": "We analyzed 884 moderately severe and severe casualties evacuated by the aeromedical evacuation unit of the Israel Air Force. Of these, 452 were evacuated during the \"Yom Kippur\" War in 1973, and 432 during 1974-76. The aeromedical teams performed 24 rescusitations and 13 emergency operations, and provided primary medical care for 37 cases; 95% of the casualties reached the next stage of evacuation without deterioration in their medical condition. These data support our concept that the participation of a flight surgeon in aeromedical evacuation is highly valuable. The advantages of small helicopters for aeromedical evacuation purposes are outlined. The suitability of the aeromedical evacuation system in Israel for wartime as well as for peacetime is pointed out.", "contents": "Aeromedical evacuation in Israel--a study of 884 cases. We analyzed 884 moderately severe and severe casualties evacuated by the aeromedical evacuation unit of the Israel Air Force. Of these, 452 were evacuated during the \"Yom Kippur\" War in 1973, and 432 during 1974-76. The aeromedical teams performed 24 rescusitations and 13 emergency operations, and provided primary medical care for 37 cases; 95% of the casualties reached the next stage of evacuation without deterioration in their medical condition. These data support our concept that the participation of a flight surgeon in aeromedical evacuation is highly valuable. The advantages of small helicopters for aeromedical evacuation purposes are outlined. The suitability of the aeromedical evacuation system in Israel for wartime as well as for peacetime is pointed out.", "PMID": 496772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3145", "title": "Determination of muscle mass changes in legs from 40K measurements.", "content": "The 40K content of the upper legs was periodically measured in several subjects whose injured legs had been in a cast for 6 weeks or more. As the subjects began using the leg again, the 40K content increased as the muscle tissue was replaced. A 25% increase in 40K content in 6 months is typical for a normal leg use and recovery. This is equivalent to an original muscle mass loss of 20%. By measuring specific body regions, such as arms or legs, with a high-efficiency detector system, muscle mass changes which exceed a few percent can be measured. These methods could be used in space flight and bedrest studies, and in studying nutritional deficiencies due to disease or diet.", "contents": "Determination of muscle mass changes in legs from 40K measurements. The 40K content of the upper legs was periodically measured in several subjects whose injured legs had been in a cast for 6 weeks or more. As the subjects began using the leg again, the 40K content increased as the muscle tissue was replaced. A 25% increase in 40K content in 6 months is typical for a normal leg use and recovery. This is equivalent to an original muscle mass loss of 20%. By measuring specific body regions, such as arms or legs, with a high-efficiency detector system, muscle mass changes which exceed a few percent can be measured. These methods could be used in space flight and bedrest studies, and in studying nutritional deficiencies due to disease or diet.", "PMID": 496773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3146", "title": "Inbreeding and copulatory behavior in house mice: a further consideration.", "content": "Comparisons were made of the copulatory behavior of randomly bred (one population: WRL) and inbred wild (five strains: PAA, ab, ac, ad, and PAE) male house mice. All inbred and randomly bred stocks were derived from a single foundation population. The inbred males tended to have shorter latencies to the first mount and intromission, longer latencies to ejaculation, and more preejaculatory mounts and thrusts than randomly bred males. All these effects parallel those observed in a previous study in which a wild population was compared with various domestic inbred strains. If inbreeding depression is related to adaptive significance, these data suggest that, although rapid initiation of copulation in a novel environment may not be adaptive, it may be adaptive for mice to ejaculate rapidly once copulation is initiated.", "contents": "Inbreeding and copulatory behavior in house mice: a further consideration. Comparisons were made of the copulatory behavior of randomly bred (one population: WRL) and inbred wild (five strains: PAA, ab, ac, ad, and PAE) male house mice. All inbred and randomly bred stocks were derived from a single foundation population. The inbred males tended to have shorter latencies to the first mount and intromission, longer latencies to ejaculation, and more preejaculatory mounts and thrusts than randomly bred males. All these effects parallel those observed in a previous study in which a wild population was compared with various domestic inbred strains. If inbreeding depression is related to adaptive significance, these data suggest that, although rapid initiation of copulation in a novel environment may not be adaptive, it may be adaptive for mice to ejaculate rapidly once copulation is initiated.", "PMID": 496796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3147", "title": "A gene-imposed nervous system difference influencing behavioral covariance.", "content": "Behavioral and physiological scores from 697 mice sampled from lines at various times during their response to bidirectional selection for divergent caudal nerve conduction velocity suggest broad-reaching behavioral effects of the gene differences among lines. Sciatic nerve conduction velocity differences as well as line differences in reflexive leg withdrawal indicate gene effects general to other peripheral nerves and to behaviors with known dependence on functional by those nerves. Independently replicated line differences for open-field activity and defecation demonstrate effects on more complex behaviors with no obvious direct relationship to peripheral nerve conduction velocity. The direction of line differences in open-field behaviors suggests that genetic variance for peripheral nerve function may contribute to genetic covariance between these behaviors.", "contents": "A gene-imposed nervous system difference influencing behavioral covariance. Behavioral and physiological scores from 697 mice sampled from lines at various times during their response to bidirectional selection for divergent caudal nerve conduction velocity suggest broad-reaching behavioral effects of the gene differences among lines. Sciatic nerve conduction velocity differences as well as line differences in reflexive leg withdrawal indicate gene effects general to other peripheral nerves and to behaviors with known dependence on functional by those nerves. Independently replicated line differences for open-field activity and defecation demonstrate effects on more complex behaviors with no obvious direct relationship to peripheral nerve conduction velocity. The direction of line differences in open-field behaviors suggests that genetic variance for peripheral nerve function may contribute to genetic covariance between these behaviors.", "PMID": 496797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3148", "title": "Intellectual resemblance among adoptive adoptive and biological relatives: the Texas adoption project.", "content": "Intellectual and personality measures were available from unwed mothers who gave their children up for adoption at birth. The same or similar measures have been obtained from 300 sets of adoptive parents and all of their adopted and natural children in the Texas Adoption Project. The sample characteristics are discussed in detail, and the basic findings for IQ are presented. Initial analyses of the data on IQ suggest moderate heritabilities. Emphasis is placed on the preliminary nature of these findings.", "contents": "Intellectual resemblance among adoptive adoptive and biological relatives: the Texas adoption project. Intellectual and personality measures were available from unwed mothers who gave their children up for adoption at birth. The same or similar measures have been obtained from 300 sets of adoptive parents and all of their adopted and natural children in the Texas Adoption Project. The sample characteristics are discussed in detail, and the basic findings for IQ are presented. Initial analyses of the data on IQ suggest moderate heritabilities. Emphasis is placed on the preliminary nature of these findings.", "PMID": 496798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3149", "title": "Ontogeny of behavior in mice selected for large size.", "content": "Development of 13 reflex responses and behavioral components of mice from the Goodale Giant inbred strain (G/Gw) was compared to that of a sample of 61 pups from a random-bred strain. Significant differences were observed between groups for several responses, but the direction of these differences was not consistent. Effects of rapid growth and increased size in G/Gw mice did not directly affect behavioral maturation.", "contents": "Ontogeny of behavior in mice selected for large size. Development of 13 reflex responses and behavioral components of mice from the Goodale Giant inbred strain (G/Gw) was compared to that of a sample of 61 pups from a random-bred strain. Significant differences were observed between groups for several responses, but the direction of these differences was not consistent. Effects of rapid growth and increased size in G/Gw mice did not directly affect behavioral maturation.", "PMID": 496799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3150", "title": "Inhibition of galactosamine induced edemas in the rat by drugs preventing macromolecular leakage from the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature.", "content": "We have shown that terbutaline and dimethpyrindene, 2 drugs which prevent macromolecular leakage in the in vivo--bio-assay of Hamster Cheek Pouch, either by direct action onendothelial cells or by blocking histamine receptors at the microvascular leakage sites, can also prevent macromolecular leakage in vivo in 2 different models of generalized edema.", "contents": "Inhibition of galactosamine induced edemas in the rat by drugs preventing macromolecular leakage from the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature. We have shown that terbutaline and dimethpyrindene, 2 drugs which prevent macromolecular leakage in the in vivo--bio-assay of Hamster Cheek Pouch, either by direct action onendothelial cells or by blocking histamine receptors at the microvascular leakage sites, can also prevent macromolecular leakage in vivo in 2 different models of generalized edema.", "PMID": 496813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3151", "title": "Importance of microcirculatory alterations in the initial hypertensive, oligoanuric phase of acute post-infective glomerulonephritis in infancy.", "content": "By applying the blood gas analysis to the venous blood of 17 children affected by DPGN, the authors have observed an increase of the PvO2 and a reduction of the PvCO2 in the oligoanuric and hypertensive phase, which is attributed to a minor utilization of O2. The authors relate a probable cellular respiratory defect with the initial skin tumefaction in these cases. This respiratory dysfunction would be due to intravascular red cell aggregation, to the reduction of perfusion of the exchange vessels and to the passage of the blood through preferential circuits.", "contents": "Importance of microcirculatory alterations in the initial hypertensive, oligoanuric phase of acute post-infective glomerulonephritis in infancy. By applying the blood gas analysis to the venous blood of 17 children affected by DPGN, the authors have observed an increase of the PvO2 and a reduction of the PvCO2 in the oligoanuric and hypertensive phase, which is attributed to a minor utilization of O2. The authors relate a probable cellular respiratory defect with the initial skin tumefaction in these cases. This respiratory dysfunction would be due to intravascular red cell aggregation, to the reduction of perfusion of the exchange vessels and to the passage of the blood through preferential circuits.", "PMID": 496844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3152", "title": "An evaluation of biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels.", "content": "Human clinical biomicroscopy is an aid to the assessment of the microcirculation in health and disease. It has only limited diagnostic value but in some important conditions gives helpful clues and in a few conditions pathognomonic information. Features which can be evaluated include intravascular red cell aggregation, small blood vessel patterns, diameter of vessels, stasis pools, microaneurysms, petechiae and vasomotion. Red cell aggregation correlates well with sedimentation rate. Some of these factors, or combinations of them, correlate well with arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. The apparatus required is relatively simple, and the method is noninvasive.", "contents": "An evaluation of biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels. Human clinical biomicroscopy is an aid to the assessment of the microcirculation in health and disease. It has only limited diagnostic value but in some important conditions gives helpful clues and in a few conditions pathognomonic information. Features which can be evaluated include intravascular red cell aggregation, small blood vessel patterns, diameter of vessels, stasis pools, microaneurysms, petechiae and vasomotion. Red cell aggregation correlates well with sedimentation rate. Some of these factors, or combinations of them, correlate well with arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. The apparatus required is relatively simple, and the method is noninvasive.", "PMID": 496855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3153", "title": "Polycythemia, viscosity and blood flow in working and non-working skeletal muscle in the dog.", "content": "The relationship between hematocrit and blood flow in the vasodilated working and non-working skeletal muscle at different perfusion pressures was studied. After acutely induced polycythemia in the flow decreased by 35% in the non-working muscle which was proportional to the increase of viscosity measured in vitro. In the working muscle there was only a small non-significant decrease of flow after polycythemia indicating flow improvement at increased hematocrit by rhythmic muscle contractions.", "contents": "Polycythemia, viscosity and blood flow in working and non-working skeletal muscle in the dog. The relationship between hematocrit and blood flow in the vasodilated working and non-working skeletal muscle at different perfusion pressures was studied. After acutely induced polycythemia in the flow decreased by 35% in the non-working muscle which was proportional to the increase of viscosity measured in vitro. In the working muscle there was only a small non-significant decrease of flow after polycythemia indicating flow improvement at increased hematocrit by rhythmic muscle contractions.", "PMID": 496880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3154", "title": "Hemorrheological abnormalities in different states of diabetic retinopathy. Effect of metabolic control and subsequent diseases.", "content": "The flow properties of blood are abnormal in diabetes. The red cell deformability (RCD) is reduced and depends on the metabolic state, the red cell aggregation (RCA) and plasma viscosity are increased independent of the metabolism. 157 diabetics were studied according the following nosological factors: duration of diabetes, type of therapy, ophthalmoscopic status, metabolic state and general health status. Although a deterioration of the flow properties of blood can be observed in long-term diabetics, in patients receiving antidiabetic drugs or insulin and in cases of pronounced retinopathy, these changes can all be attributed to a higher incidence of insufficiently controlled metabolism and the presence of subsequent diseases. There is some evidence that the rheological changes cannot be neglected considering the development and progression of diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "Hemorrheological abnormalities in different states of diabetic retinopathy. Effect of metabolic control and subsequent diseases. The flow properties of blood are abnormal in diabetes. The red cell deformability (RCD) is reduced and depends on the metabolic state, the red cell aggregation (RCA) and plasma viscosity are increased independent of the metabolism. 157 diabetics were studied according the following nosological factors: duration of diabetes, type of therapy, ophthalmoscopic status, metabolic state and general health status. Although a deterioration of the flow properties of blood can be observed in long-term diabetics, in patients receiving antidiabetic drugs or insulin and in cases of pronounced retinopathy, these changes can all be attributed to a higher incidence of insufficiently controlled metabolism and the presence of subsequent diseases. There is some evidence that the rheological changes cannot be neglected considering the development and progression of diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 496881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3155", "title": "Microcirculation of the epimyocardial layer of the rat heart: no recruitment after hypoxia.", "content": "1. In vivo microscopic studies of the microcirculation of the beating mammalian heart are accomplished by use of small needles connected to the operation table, restricting excessive movement of the cardiac surface. 2. Fluorescence microscopic techniques combined with a highly sensitive TV tape system, enable to determine microvascular diameters, intercapillary distances, as well as directions and velocities of capillary flow in the epimyocardial layer of the mammalian heart. 3. During acute hypoxia, no recruitment of previously resting capillaries could be observed. 4. The capillary flow pattern of the epimyocardial layer reveals a mixed countercurrent system.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the epimyocardial layer of the rat heart: no recruitment after hypoxia. 1. In vivo microscopic studies of the microcirculation of the beating mammalian heart are accomplished by use of small needles connected to the operation table, restricting excessive movement of the cardiac surface. 2. Fluorescence microscopic techniques combined with a highly sensitive TV tape system, enable to determine microvascular diameters, intercapillary distances, as well as directions and velocities of capillary flow in the epimyocardial layer of the mammalian heart. 3. During acute hypoxia, no recruitment of previously resting capillaries could be observed. 4. The capillary flow pattern of the epimyocardial layer reveals a mixed countercurrent system.", "PMID": 496886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3156", "title": "Permeability of composite chondrocyte-culture-millipore membranes to solutes of varying size and shape.", "content": "A model connective-tissue system was developed that is amenable to the determination of permeability coefficients of diffusing solutes. The system involves the culture of 13-day chick-embryo chondrocytes on a Millipore filter (HA:0.45 micron pore size) to form what is, in effect, a confluent, extremely thin cartilage slice of uniform thickness. These cultured chondrocyte membranes were used to measure the steady-state flux of radioactively labelled low-molecular-weight solutes and micro-ions. Similarly, the permeability coefficients of either radioactively labelled or enzymically active proteins across the membranes were determined. The membrane was found to have no marked effects on the diffusional behaviour of low-molecular-weight non-electrolytes (water, proline, ribose, glucose, sorbitol, raffinose). For micro-ions (Na+, SO42-, Cl-, glutamate, glucuronate,), the diffusive behaviour was found to be markedly affected by the ionic strength of the solvent used in a manner which was consistent with a Donnan distribution resulting from the immobilized proteoglycans. Globular proteins permeated the membrane at rates which decreased as the molecular size of the diffusing solute increased. The apparent diffusion rates of fibrinogen and of collagen through the membranes were greater than would be expected on the basis of their diffusion coefficients in free solution. Reasons for this behaviour are discussed.", "contents": "Permeability of composite chondrocyte-culture-millipore membranes to solutes of varying size and shape. A model connective-tissue system was developed that is amenable to the determination of permeability coefficients of diffusing solutes. The system involves the culture of 13-day chick-embryo chondrocytes on a Millipore filter (HA:0.45 micron pore size) to form what is, in effect, a confluent, extremely thin cartilage slice of uniform thickness. These cultured chondrocyte membranes were used to measure the steady-state flux of radioactively labelled low-molecular-weight solutes and micro-ions. Similarly, the permeability coefficients of either radioactively labelled or enzymically active proteins across the membranes were determined. The membrane was found to have no marked effects on the diffusional behaviour of low-molecular-weight non-electrolytes (water, proline, ribose, glucose, sorbitol, raffinose). For micro-ions (Na+, SO42-, Cl-, glutamate, glucuronate,), the diffusive behaviour was found to be markedly affected by the ionic strength of the solvent used in a manner which was consistent with a Donnan distribution resulting from the immobilized proteoglycans. Globular proteins permeated the membrane at rates which decreased as the molecular size of the diffusing solute increased. The apparent diffusion rates of fibrinogen and of collagen through the membranes were greater than would be expected on the basis of their diffusion coefficients in free solution. Reasons for this behaviour are discussed.", "PMID": 496889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3157", "title": "Genetics of the mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase system. Studies of human liver phenylalanine hydroxylase subunit structure and of mutations in phenylketonuria.", "content": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase was purified from crude extracts of human livers which show enzyme activity by usine two different methods: (a) affinity chromatography and (b) immunoprecipitation with an antiserum against highly purified monkey liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. Purified human liver phenylalanine hydroxylase has an estimated mol. wt. of 275 000, and subunit mol. wts. of approx. 50 000 and 49 000. These two molecular-weight forms are designated H and L subunits. On two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel under dissociating conditions, enzyme purified by the two methods revealed at least six subunit species, which were resolved into two size classes. Two of these species have a molecular weight corresponding to that of the H subunit, whereas the other four have a molecular weight corresponding to that of the L subunit. This evidence indicates that active phenylalanine hydroxylase purified from human liver is composed of a mixture of sununits which are different in charge and size. None of the subunit species could be detected in crude extracts of livers from two patients with classical phenylketonuria by either the affinity or the immunoprecipitation method. However, they were present in liver from a patient with malignant hyperphenylalaninaemia with normal activity of dihydropteridine reductase.", "contents": "Genetics of the mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase system. Studies of human liver phenylalanine hydroxylase subunit structure and of mutations in phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine hydroxylase was purified from crude extracts of human livers which show enzyme activity by usine two different methods: (a) affinity chromatography and (b) immunoprecipitation with an antiserum against highly purified monkey liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. Purified human liver phenylalanine hydroxylase has an estimated mol. wt. of 275 000, and subunit mol. wts. of approx. 50 000 and 49 000. These two molecular-weight forms are designated H and L subunits. On two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel under dissociating conditions, enzyme purified by the two methods revealed at least six subunit species, which were resolved into two size classes. Two of these species have a molecular weight corresponding to that of the H subunit, whereas the other four have a molecular weight corresponding to that of the L subunit. This evidence indicates that active phenylalanine hydroxylase purified from human liver is composed of a mixture of sununits which are different in charge and size. None of the subunit species could be detected in crude extracts of livers from two patients with classical phenylketonuria by either the affinity or the immunoprecipitation method. However, they were present in liver from a patient with malignant hyperphenylalaninaemia with normal activity of dihydropteridine reductase.", "PMID": 496890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3158", "title": "Amino acid sequences around the sites of phosphorylation in the pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "content": "1. When pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was phosphorylated to completion with [gamma-32P]ATP by its intrinsic kinase, three phosphorylation sites were observed. The amino acid sequences around these sites were: sequence 1, Tyr-Gly-Met-Gly-Thr-Ser(P)-Val-Glu-Arg; and sequence 2, Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg. 2. When phosphorylated to inactivation by repetitive additions of limiting quantities of [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphate was incorporated mainly (more than 90%) into Ser-5 of sequence 2. Phosphorylation of this site thus results in activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 3. If Ser-5 is phosphorylated with ATP and the enzyme then incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphorylation of the remaining sites occurred. Ser-12 of sequence 2 is phosphorylated about twice as rapidly as Ser-6 of sequence 1. 4. Incubation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with excess [gamma-32P]ATP with termination of phosphorylation at about 50% complete inactivation showed that Ser-5 of sequence 2 was phosphorylated most rapidly, but also that Ser-12 of sequence 2 was significantly (15% of total) phosphorylated. Ser-6 sequence 1 contained about 1% total P. 5. These results suggest that addition of limiting amounts of ATP produces primarily phosphorylation of Ser-5 of sequence 2 (inactivating site). This also occurs during incubation with excess ATP before complete inactivation occurs, but a greater occupancy of other sites also occurs during this treatment.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences around the sites of phosphorylation in the pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 1. When pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was phosphorylated to completion with [gamma-32P]ATP by its intrinsic kinase, three phosphorylation sites were observed. The amino acid sequences around these sites were: sequence 1, Tyr-Gly-Met-Gly-Thr-Ser(P)-Val-Glu-Arg; and sequence 2, Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg. 2. When phosphorylated to inactivation by repetitive additions of limiting quantities of [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphate was incorporated mainly (more than 90%) into Ser-5 of sequence 2. Phosphorylation of this site thus results in activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 3. If Ser-5 is phosphorylated with ATP and the enzyme then incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphorylation of the remaining sites occurred. Ser-12 of sequence 2 is phosphorylated about twice as rapidly as Ser-6 of sequence 1. 4. Incubation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with excess [gamma-32P]ATP with termination of phosphorylation at about 50% complete inactivation showed that Ser-5 of sequence 2 was phosphorylated most rapidly, but also that Ser-12 of sequence 2 was significantly (15% of total) phosphorylated. Ser-6 sequence 1 contained about 1% total P. 5. These results suggest that addition of limiting amounts of ATP produces primarily phosphorylation of Ser-5 of sequence 2 (inactivating site). This also occurs during incubation with excess ATP before complete inactivation occurs, but a greater occupancy of other sites also occurs during this treatment.", "PMID": 496891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3159", "title": "An analysis of the polypeptide composition of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Purified preparations of Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) from bovine heart mitochondria may be resolved into 26 polypeptides by two-dimensional analysis combining isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Similar analyses of the fragments obtained from chaotropic resolution of the enzyme show that each of these fragments contains a distinct and non-overlapping set of polypeptides. Evidence that the polypeptides seen in the intact enzyme are true constituents comes from analyses of immunoprecipitates obtained by allowing Complex I or solubilized submitochondrial particles to react with antisera directed against the whole enzyme and a subfragment of the enzyme.", "contents": "An analysis of the polypeptide composition of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Purified preparations of Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) from bovine heart mitochondria may be resolved into 26 polypeptides by two-dimensional analysis combining isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Similar analyses of the fragments obtained from chaotropic resolution of the enzyme show that each of these fragments contains a distinct and non-overlapping set of polypeptides. Evidence that the polypeptides seen in the intact enzyme are true constituents comes from analyses of immunoprecipitates obtained by allowing Complex I or solubilized submitochondrial particles to react with antisera directed against the whole enzyme and a subfragment of the enzyme.", "PMID": 496892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3160", "title": "Isolation, properties and structural studies on a compound from tunicate blood cells that may be involved in vanadium accumulation.", "content": "A novel compound, for which the trivial name tunichrome is proposed, was isolated from the vanadium-rich blood cells of the tunicate Ascidia niga. Preliminary structural studies suggest a molecular weight of about 390, the presence of conjugated vinyl groups, and an acidic group, possibly carboxyl, with an apparent pKa of 3.0. Elements C, H, N and O comprise 98.4% of the sample weight, the number of atoms per mol of tunichrome being 14.1, 22.2, 1.5 and 10.6 respectively, which indicates some heterogeneity in the sample. Tunichrome readily reduces Fe(III) and V(V). In an initial fast step, 2 mol of V(V) are reduced, or 4 mol of Fe(III)-phenanthroline per mol of tunichrome; in a further slow reaction, another 9 mol of Fe(III)-phenanthroline or Fe(III)-bipyridine are reduced. The initial reaction is first-order with respect to tunichrome and Fe(III). Above pH 3.5, tunichrome is rapidly hydrolysed, 13 mol of OH- being consumed per mol of tunichrome. The hydrolysis involves polymerization and loss of the characteristic absorption peak at 325 nm. It is suggested that the presence of tunichrome may be linked to vanadium accumulation by the blood cells. The mechanism involves entry of vanadate via an anionic channel into vacuoles of the blood cells, where it is reduced to V(IV) or V(III), both of which, being cationic, cannot escape from the vacuole.", "contents": "Isolation, properties and structural studies on a compound from tunicate blood cells that may be involved in vanadium accumulation. A novel compound, for which the trivial name tunichrome is proposed, was isolated from the vanadium-rich blood cells of the tunicate Ascidia niga. Preliminary structural studies suggest a molecular weight of about 390, the presence of conjugated vinyl groups, and an acidic group, possibly carboxyl, with an apparent pKa of 3.0. Elements C, H, N and O comprise 98.4% of the sample weight, the number of atoms per mol of tunichrome being 14.1, 22.2, 1.5 and 10.6 respectively, which indicates some heterogeneity in the sample. Tunichrome readily reduces Fe(III) and V(V). In an initial fast step, 2 mol of V(V) are reduced, or 4 mol of Fe(III)-phenanthroline per mol of tunichrome; in a further slow reaction, another 9 mol of Fe(III)-phenanthroline or Fe(III)-bipyridine are reduced. The initial reaction is first-order with respect to tunichrome and Fe(III). Above pH 3.5, tunichrome is rapidly hydrolysed, 13 mol of OH- being consumed per mol of tunichrome. The hydrolysis involves polymerization and loss of the characteristic absorption peak at 325 nm. It is suggested that the presence of tunichrome may be linked to vanadium accumulation by the blood cells. The mechanism involves entry of vanadate via an anionic channel into vacuoles of the blood cells, where it is reduced to V(IV) or V(III), both of which, being cationic, cannot escape from the vacuole.", "PMID": 496893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3161", "title": "The reaction of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with diethyl pyrocarbonate.", "content": "The reaction of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with diethyl pyrocarbonate was studied. It was found that up to five of the sixteen histidine groups per enzyme subunit could be modified, and under the conditions employed, there was no evidence for formation of the disubstituted derivative of histidine. Evidence was obtained for small but significant amounts of modification of lysine and cysteine groups; tyrosine groups were not modified. Modification of the enzyme led to inactivation; this could be protected against by inclusion of substrates or, more effectively, by inclusion of the combination MgADP plus creatine plus nitrate, which is thought to produce a 'transition-stage-analogue' complex. Analysis of data on the rates of inactivation and the stoicheiometry of modification suggested that there was one essential histidine group per enzyme subunit, modification of which led to inactivation.", "contents": "The reaction of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with diethyl pyrocarbonate. The reaction of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with diethyl pyrocarbonate was studied. It was found that up to five of the sixteen histidine groups per enzyme subunit could be modified, and under the conditions employed, there was no evidence for formation of the disubstituted derivative of histidine. Evidence was obtained for small but significant amounts of modification of lysine and cysteine groups; tyrosine groups were not modified. Modification of the enzyme led to inactivation; this could be protected against by inclusion of substrates or, more effectively, by inclusion of the combination MgADP plus creatine plus nitrate, which is thought to produce a 'transition-stage-analogue' complex. Analysis of data on the rates of inactivation and the stoicheiometry of modification suggested that there was one essential histidine group per enzyme subunit, modification of which led to inactivation.", "PMID": 496894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3162", "title": "Structure of the anion-transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Further studies on the fragments produced by proteolytic digestion.", "content": "The topology of the human erythrocyte membrane anion-transport protein (band 3) has been investigated by isolation and peptide 'mapping' of the major and minor fragments derived from proteolytic cleavage of the lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled protein in erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes. The content, in each fragment, of lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled sites (which have a known location in the extracellular or cytoplasmic domain of the protein), together with the location of the sites of proteolytic cleavage yielding the fragments, has allowed us to determine the alignment of the fragments on the linear amino acid sequence and to infer the topology of the polypeptide in the membrane. The results suggest that a region in the C-terminal portion of the polypeptide forms part of the cytoplasmic domain of the protein in addition to a large N-terminal segment. The membrane-bound regions of the protein are located in the C-terminal two-thirds of the molecule. In this region the polypeptide chain traverses the membrane at least four times and an additional loop of polypeptide is either embedded in the membrane or also penetrates through it to the other surface. The location of the lectin receptors on the protein and the site of binding of an anion-transport inhibitor have also been studied.", "contents": "Structure of the anion-transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Further studies on the fragments produced by proteolytic digestion. The topology of the human erythrocyte membrane anion-transport protein (band 3) has been investigated by isolation and peptide 'mapping' of the major and minor fragments derived from proteolytic cleavage of the lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled protein in erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes. The content, in each fragment, of lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled sites (which have a known location in the extracellular or cytoplasmic domain of the protein), together with the location of the sites of proteolytic cleavage yielding the fragments, has allowed us to determine the alignment of the fragments on the linear amino acid sequence and to infer the topology of the polypeptide in the membrane. The results suggest that a region in the C-terminal portion of the polypeptide forms part of the cytoplasmic domain of the protein in addition to a large N-terminal segment. The membrane-bound regions of the protein are located in the C-terminal two-thirds of the molecule. In this region the polypeptide chain traverses the membrane at least four times and an additional loop of polypeptide is either embedded in the membrane or also penetrates through it to the other surface. The location of the lectin receptors on the protein and the site of binding of an anion-transport inhibitor have also been studied.", "PMID": 496895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3163", "title": "Crystallization of the Fv fragment of mouse myeloma protein M315.", "content": "The Fv fragment of mouse myeloma protein M313 was crystallized from poly(ethylene glycol) solution in the form of monoclinic crystals, space group C2 and unit cell dimensions a = 5.96 nm (59.6 A), b = 5.66 nm (56.6 A), c = 13.79 nm (13.9 A) and beta = 99.7 degrees. Some unusual effects of poly(ethylene glycol)on protein crystals were noted and are discussed.", "contents": "Crystallization of the Fv fragment of mouse myeloma protein M315. The Fv fragment of mouse myeloma protein M313 was crystallized from poly(ethylene glycol) solution in the form of monoclinic crystals, space group C2 and unit cell dimensions a = 5.96 nm (59.6 A), b = 5.66 nm (56.6 A), c = 13.79 nm (13.9 A) and beta = 99.7 degrees. Some unusual effects of poly(ethylene glycol)on protein crystals were noted and are discussed.", "PMID": 496896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3164", "title": "High-molecular-weight nuclear polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid isolated from the lactating guniea-pig mammary gland contains milk-protein messenger ribonucleic acid sequences.", "content": "1. Steady-state poly(A)-containing nuclear RNA was isolated from the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland and analysed by sucrose-gradient centrifugation under denaturing conditions. 2. Nucleic acid-hybridization studies demonstrated the presence of small amounts of high-molecular-weight RNA species containing milk-protein mRNA sequences sedimenting at 25S. These were not found in the post-nuclear supernatant, where milk-protein sequences sedimented only between 12S and 15S; these were also the predominant species in the nuclear fraction. 3. The results are consistent with the transcription of milk-protein genes as high-molecular-weight precursor RNA species, 3-4 times as large as the active mRNA species isolated from the post-nuclear fraction.", "contents": "High-molecular-weight nuclear polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid isolated from the lactating guniea-pig mammary gland contains milk-protein messenger ribonucleic acid sequences. 1. Steady-state poly(A)-containing nuclear RNA was isolated from the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland and analysed by sucrose-gradient centrifugation under denaturing conditions. 2. Nucleic acid-hybridization studies demonstrated the presence of small amounts of high-molecular-weight RNA species containing milk-protein mRNA sequences sedimenting at 25S. These were not found in the post-nuclear supernatant, where milk-protein sequences sedimented only between 12S and 15S; these were also the predominant species in the nuclear fraction. 3. The results are consistent with the transcription of milk-protein genes as high-molecular-weight precursor RNA species, 3-4 times as large as the active mRNA species isolated from the post-nuclear fraction.", "PMID": 496897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3165", "title": "Analyis of met-form haemoglobins in human erythrocytes of normal adults and of a patient with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.", "content": "Isoelectric-focusing analysis on an Ampholine/polyacrylamide-gel plate revealed that met-form haemoglobins are present as half-oxidized haemoglobins such as the (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2 and (alpha 3+ beta2+)2 forms rather than as methaemoglobin in the erythrocytes of normal human adults and also of a patient with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.", "contents": "Analyis of met-form haemoglobins in human erythrocytes of normal adults and of a patient with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. Isoelectric-focusing analysis on an Ampholine/polyacrylamide-gel plate revealed that met-form haemoglobins are present as half-oxidized haemoglobins such as the (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2 and (alpha 3+ beta2+)2 forms rather than as methaemoglobin in the erythrocytes of normal human adults and also of a patient with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.", "PMID": 496898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3166", "title": "The distribution of glutathione in the rat liver lobule.", "content": "A quantitative cytochemical method was developed for measuring the GSH (reduced glutathione) content of hepatocytes in different regions of the rat liver lobule. Use of this method enabled us to show that GSH is not evenly distributed within the rat liver lobule. The hepatocytes located within 100 micrometer of the central vein contain much less GSH than do those in other regions of the rat liver lobule. We suggest that this partially explains the peculiar susceptibility of these cells to electrophilic attack by toxic metabolites formed via the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system.", "contents": "The distribution of glutathione in the rat liver lobule. A quantitative cytochemical method was developed for measuring the GSH (reduced glutathione) content of hepatocytes in different regions of the rat liver lobule. Use of this method enabled us to show that GSH is not evenly distributed within the rat liver lobule. The hepatocytes located within 100 micrometer of the central vein contain much less GSH than do those in other regions of the rat liver lobule. We suggest that this partially explains the peculiar susceptibility of these cells to electrophilic attack by toxic metabolites formed via the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system.", "PMID": 496899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3167", "title": "The effect of inhibitors on the oxygen kinetics of terminal oxidases of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "1. Respiration of growing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii is inhibited less than 60% by azide (35 mM); the respiration of early-exponential-phase cultures differs from that of late-exponential-phase cultures in being stimulated by up to 120% by low concentrations (less than 1 mM) of this inhibitor. Azide (0.5 mM) plus 1 mM-salicylhydroxamic acid gives 80% inhibition of respiration in early- or late-exponential-phase cultures. 2. Lineweaver-Burk plots of 1/v against 1/[O2] for growing and stationary-phase cultures give values of less than 1 muM for the apparent Km for oxygen. 3. These values are not significantly altered when determined in the presence of 1 mM-salicylhydroxamic acid. 4. Higher values (greater than 7 muM) for apparent Km values for oxygen were obtained in the presence of azide, which gives non-linear Lineweaver-Burk plots. 5. Competitive inhibition of respiration by CO occurs with Ki 2.4 muM. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the presence of three terminal oxidases in this organism, namely two oxidases with high affinities for oxygen (cytochrome c oxidase of the main phosphorylating electron-transport chain and the salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive oxidase) and a third oxidase with a low affinity for oxygen, sensitive to inhibition by cyanide but not by azide or salicylhydroxamic acid. The relative contributions to oxygen utilization by these oxidases change during the growth of a batch culture.", "contents": "The effect of inhibitors on the oxygen kinetics of terminal oxidases of Acanthamoeba castellanii. 1. Respiration of growing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii is inhibited less than 60% by azide (35 mM); the respiration of early-exponential-phase cultures differs from that of late-exponential-phase cultures in being stimulated by up to 120% by low concentrations (less than 1 mM) of this inhibitor. Azide (0.5 mM) plus 1 mM-salicylhydroxamic acid gives 80% inhibition of respiration in early- or late-exponential-phase cultures. 2. Lineweaver-Burk plots of 1/v against 1/[O2] for growing and stationary-phase cultures give values of less than 1 muM for the apparent Km for oxygen. 3. These values are not significantly altered when determined in the presence of 1 mM-salicylhydroxamic acid. 4. Higher values (greater than 7 muM) for apparent Km values for oxygen were obtained in the presence of azide, which gives non-linear Lineweaver-Burk plots. 5. Competitive inhibition of respiration by CO occurs with Ki 2.4 muM. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the presence of three terminal oxidases in this organism, namely two oxidases with high affinities for oxygen (cytochrome c oxidase of the main phosphorylating electron-transport chain and the salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive oxidase) and a third oxidase with a low affinity for oxygen, sensitive to inhibition by cyanide but not by azide or salicylhydroxamic acid. The relative contributions to oxygen utilization by these oxidases change during the growth of a batch culture.", "PMID": 496900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3168", "title": "The mechanism of hepatic iron uptake from native and denatured transferrin and its subcellular metabolism in the liver cell.", "content": "Hepatic iron uptake and metabolism were studied by subcellular fractionation of rat liver homogenates after injection of rats with a purified preparation of either native or denatured rat transferrin labelled with 125I and 59Fe. (1) With native transferrin, hepatic 125I content was maximal 5 min after injection and then fell. Hepatic 59Fe content reached maximum by 16 h after injection and remained constant for 14 days. Neither label appeared in the mitochondrial or lysosomal fractions. 59Fe appeared first in the supernatant and, with time, was detectable as ferritin in fractions sedimented with increasingly lower g forces. (2) With denatured transferrin, hepatic content of both 125I and 59Fe reached maximum by 30 min. Both appeared initially in the lysosomal fraction. With time, they passed into the supernatant and 59Fe became incorporated into ferritin. The study suggests that hepatic iron uptake from native transferrin does not involve endocytosis. However, endocytosis of denatured transferrin does occur. After the uptake process, iron is gradually incorporated into ferritin molecules, which subsequently polymerize; there is no incorporation into other structures over 14 days.", "contents": "The mechanism of hepatic iron uptake from native and denatured transferrin and its subcellular metabolism in the liver cell. Hepatic iron uptake and metabolism were studied by subcellular fractionation of rat liver homogenates after injection of rats with a purified preparation of either native or denatured rat transferrin labelled with 125I and 59Fe. (1) With native transferrin, hepatic 125I content was maximal 5 min after injection and then fell. Hepatic 59Fe content reached maximum by 16 h after injection and remained constant for 14 days. Neither label appeared in the mitochondrial or lysosomal fractions. 59Fe appeared first in the supernatant and, with time, was detectable as ferritin in fractions sedimented with increasingly lower g forces. (2) With denatured transferrin, hepatic content of both 125I and 59Fe reached maximum by 30 min. Both appeared initially in the lysosomal fraction. With time, they passed into the supernatant and 59Fe became incorporated into ferritin. The study suggests that hepatic iron uptake from native transferrin does not involve endocytosis. However, endocytosis of denatured transferrin does occur. After the uptake process, iron is gradually incorporated into ferritin molecules, which subsequently polymerize; there is no incorporation into other structures over 14 days.", "PMID": 496901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3169", "title": "Effect of oestradiol on progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands and its relationship with lactation.", "content": "Mammary glands of lactating mice, either intact or ovariectomized, do not contain detectable amounts of progesterone receptors and this lack of receptors persists also in tissues of animals treated with oestradiol. In contrast with lactators, mammary glands of virgin mice contain progesterone receptors whose amounts are augmented by oestradiol administration.", "contents": "Effect of oestradiol on progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands and its relationship with lactation. Mammary glands of lactating mice, either intact or ovariectomized, do not contain detectable amounts of progesterone receptors and this lack of receptors persists also in tissues of animals treated with oestradiol. In contrast with lactators, mammary glands of virgin mice contain progesterone receptors whose amounts are augmented by oestradiol administration.", "PMID": 496902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3170", "title": "Tissue-culture cell fractionation. Fractionation of membranes from tissue-culture cells homogenized by glycerol-induced lysis.", "content": "1. The disruption of various types of tissue-culture cells by (a) incubation in solutions of 1.2 M-glycerol and (b) transfer of the glycerol-loaded cells to relatively hypo-osmotic solutions of 0.25 M-sucrose was studied. 2. Bivalent cations (2mM-Mg2+) were generally included to preserve the nuclei, but some cells (polyoma-virus-transformed baby-hamster kidney cells) failed to be disrupted adequately under these conditions. 3. Other cells (mouse-embryo fibroblasts) required additional gentle Dounce homogenization to effect complete cell breakage. 4. Purification of the whole homogenate was carried out by a combination of differential centrifugation and sedimentation or flotation through sucrose gradients. 5. Enzyme analysis showed that plasma-membrane, endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial fractions were obtained in good yield and purity.", "contents": "Tissue-culture cell fractionation. Fractionation of membranes from tissue-culture cells homogenized by glycerol-induced lysis. 1. The disruption of various types of tissue-culture cells by (a) incubation in solutions of 1.2 M-glycerol and (b) transfer of the glycerol-loaded cells to relatively hypo-osmotic solutions of 0.25 M-sucrose was studied. 2. Bivalent cations (2mM-Mg2+) were generally included to preserve the nuclei, but some cells (polyoma-virus-transformed baby-hamster kidney cells) failed to be disrupted adequately under these conditions. 3. Other cells (mouse-embryo fibroblasts) required additional gentle Dounce homogenization to effect complete cell breakage. 4. Purification of the whole homogenate was carried out by a combination of differential centrifugation and sedimentation or flotation through sucrose gradients. 5. Enzyme analysis showed that plasma-membrane, endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial fractions were obtained in good yield and purity.", "PMID": 496903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3171", "title": "Tissue-culture fractionation. Zonal centrifugation of Lettr\u00e9e cells homogenized by glycerol-induced lysis: subfractionation of membranes in sucrose gradients.", "content": "1. Lettr\u00e9e cells were grown intraperitoneally in MF-1 mice. 2. Cells that were loaded with glycerol were swollen in 0.1 M-sucrose and disrupted by Dounce homogenization. 3. Early-passage Lettr\u00e9e cells were more easily disrupted than late-passage cells by this method, and the former produced larger fragments of plasma membrane. 4. The membranes were fractionated initially in sucrose gradients (on the basis of sedimentation rate) in a BXIV zonal rotor. 5. Fractions from this gradient were further resolved in isopycnic sucrose gradients. 6. Plasma-membrane and endoplasmic-reticulum fractions were recovered in good yield and high purity.", "contents": "Tissue-culture fractionation. Zonal centrifugation of Lettr\u00e9e cells homogenized by glycerol-induced lysis: subfractionation of membranes in sucrose gradients. 1. Lettr\u00e9e cells were grown intraperitoneally in MF-1 mice. 2. Cells that were loaded with glycerol were swollen in 0.1 M-sucrose and disrupted by Dounce homogenization. 3. Early-passage Lettr\u00e9e cells were more easily disrupted than late-passage cells by this method, and the former produced larger fragments of plasma membrane. 4. The membranes were fractionated initially in sucrose gradients (on the basis of sedimentation rate) in a BXIV zonal rotor. 5. Fractions from this gradient were further resolved in isopycnic sucrose gradients. 6. Plasma-membrane and endoplasmic-reticulum fractions were recovered in good yield and high purity.", "PMID": 496904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3172", "title": "Tissue-culture cell fractionation. Fractionation of cellular membranes from 125I/lactoperoxidase-labelled Lettr\u00e9e cells homogenized by bicarbonate-induced lysis: resolution of membranes by zonal centrifugation and in sucrose and metrizamide gradients.", "content": "1. Lettr\u00e9e cells were grown intraperitoneally in MF-1 mice and labelled extrinsically by the 125I/lactoperoxidase technique. 2. The cells were swollen in 1 mM-NaHCO3 and disrupted in a Dounce homogenizer. 3. Crude fractions of endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and mitochondria were separated from a post-nuclear supernatant by sedimentation-rate gradient centrifugation in a BXIV zonal rotor. 4. Further resolution of these membranes was carried out in isopycnic sucrose gradients. 5. Bands of material from the latter were subfractionated in gradients of metrizamide. Some very pure subfractions of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum were obtained. In addition, one subfraction containing 125I and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase but no Na++K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase and another containing these two enzymes but no 125I were resolved.", "contents": "Tissue-culture cell fractionation. Fractionation of cellular membranes from 125I/lactoperoxidase-labelled Lettr\u00e9e cells homogenized by bicarbonate-induced lysis: resolution of membranes by zonal centrifugation and in sucrose and metrizamide gradients. 1. Lettr\u00e9e cells were grown intraperitoneally in MF-1 mice and labelled extrinsically by the 125I/lactoperoxidase technique. 2. The cells were swollen in 1 mM-NaHCO3 and disrupted in a Dounce homogenizer. 3. Crude fractions of endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and mitochondria were separated from a post-nuclear supernatant by sedimentation-rate gradient centrifugation in a BXIV zonal rotor. 4. Further resolution of these membranes was carried out in isopycnic sucrose gradients. 5. Bands of material from the latter were subfractionated in gradients of metrizamide. Some very pure subfractions of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum were obtained. In addition, one subfraction containing 125I and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase but no Na++K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase and another containing these two enzymes but no 125I were resolved.", "PMID": 496905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3173", "title": "The subcellular distribution and some properties of the cytochrome b component of the microbicidal oxidase system of human neutrophils.", "content": "A novel cytochrome b has recently been described in human neutrophils. The subcellular distribution of this cytochrome was investigated by analytical fractionation on continuous sucrose gradients and it was found to have a dual localization, the major component having a similar distribution to the plasma-membrane marker [3H]concanavalin A, and a denser peak located with the specific granules. The two components were separated on discontinuous gradients and studied independently.", "contents": "The subcellular distribution and some properties of the cytochrome b component of the microbicidal oxidase system of human neutrophils. A novel cytochrome b has recently been described in human neutrophils. The subcellular distribution of this cytochrome was investigated by analytical fractionation on continuous sucrose gradients and it was found to have a dual localization, the major component having a similar distribution to the plasma-membrane marker [3H]concanavalin A, and a denser peak located with the specific granules. The two components were separated on discontinuous gradients and studied independently.", "PMID": 496906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3174", "title": "Uptake and degradation of mast-cell granules by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "35S-labelled mast-cell granules isolated from mouse mastocytomas were added to mouse macrophages in vitro. The granules were avidly phagocytosed, and subsequently the radioactivity was released to the medium as inorganic [35S]sulphate. After pulse-labelling, a total of about 80% of the cell-associated radioactivity was thus released in the course of 24 h, indicating an extensive breakdown of the sulphated polysaccharides, mainly heparin, present in the granules. The uptake of the mast-cell granules caused pronounced, but reversible, spreading of the macrophages.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of mast-cell granules by mouse peritoneal macrophages. 35S-labelled mast-cell granules isolated from mouse mastocytomas were added to mouse macrophages in vitro. The granules were avidly phagocytosed, and subsequently the radioactivity was released to the medium as inorganic [35S]sulphate. After pulse-labelling, a total of about 80% of the cell-associated radioactivity was thus released in the course of 24 h, indicating an extensive breakdown of the sulphated polysaccharides, mainly heparin, present in the granules. The uptake of the mast-cell granules caused pronounced, but reversible, spreading of the macrophages.", "PMID": 496907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3175", "title": "Synthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat small-intestinal villus cells. Redistribution of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose-labelled membrane glycoproteins among Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes in vivo.", "content": "The biogenesis of plasmalemma glycoproteins of rat small-intestinal villus cells was studied by following the incorporation of l-[1,5,6-(3)H]fucose, given intraperitoneally with and without chase, into Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. Each membrane fraction showed distinct kinetics of incorporation of labelled fucose and was differently affected by the chase, which produced a much greater decrease in incorporation of label into Golgi and microvillus than into lateral basal membranes. The kinetic data suggest a redistribution of newly synthesized glycoproteins from the site of fucosylation, the Golgi complex, directly into both lateral basal and microvillus membranes. The observed biphasic pattern of label incorporation into the microvillus membrane fraction may be evidence for a second indirect route of incorporation. The selective effect of the chase suggests the presence of two different pools of radioactive fucose in the Golgi complex that differ in (1) their accessibility to dilution with non-radioactive fucose, and (2) their utilization for the biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins subsequently destined for either the microvillus or the lateral basal parts of the plasmalemma. The radioactively labelled glycoproteins of the different membrane fractions were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis and identified by fluorography. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in Golgi and lateral basal membranes were identical at all times. At least 14 bands could be identified shortly after radioactive-fucose injection. Most seemed to disappear at later times, although one of them, which was never observed in microvillus membranes, increased in relative intensity. All but two of the labelled glycoproteins present in the microvillus membrane corresponded to those observed in Golgi and lateral basal membranes shortly after fucose injection. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in all membrane fractions were little affected by the chase. These data support a flow concept for the insertion of most surface-membrane glycoproteins of the intestinal villus cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat small-intestinal villus cells. Redistribution of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose-labelled membrane glycoproteins among Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes in vivo. The biogenesis of plasmalemma glycoproteins of rat small-intestinal villus cells was studied by following the incorporation of l-[1,5,6-(3)H]fucose, given intraperitoneally with and without chase, into Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. Each membrane fraction showed distinct kinetics of incorporation of labelled fucose and was differently affected by the chase, which produced a much greater decrease in incorporation of label into Golgi and microvillus than into lateral basal membranes. The kinetic data suggest a redistribution of newly synthesized glycoproteins from the site of fucosylation, the Golgi complex, directly into both lateral basal and microvillus membranes. The observed biphasic pattern of label incorporation into the microvillus membrane fraction may be evidence for a second indirect route of incorporation. The selective effect of the chase suggests the presence of two different pools of radioactive fucose in the Golgi complex that differ in (1) their accessibility to dilution with non-radioactive fucose, and (2) their utilization for the biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins subsequently destined for either the microvillus or the lateral basal parts of the plasmalemma. The radioactively labelled glycoproteins of the different membrane fractions were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis and identified by fluorography. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in Golgi and lateral basal membranes were identical at all times. At least 14 bands could be identified shortly after radioactive-fucose injection. Most seemed to disappear at later times, although one of them, which was never observed in microvillus membranes, increased in relative intensity. All but two of the labelled glycoproteins present in the microvillus membrane corresponded to those observed in Golgi and lateral basal membranes shortly after fucose injection. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in all membrane fractions were little affected by the chase. These data support a flow concept for the insertion of most surface-membrane glycoproteins of the intestinal villus cells.", "PMID": 496908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3176", "title": "Synthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat small-intestinal villus cells. Effect of colchicine on the redistribution of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose-labelled membrane glycoproteins among Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes.", "content": "To define the role of cytoplasmic microtubules in the biogenesis of plasmalemma glycoproteins of rat small-intestinal villus cells, we studied the effect of colchicine on the incorporation of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose into Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. Colchicine was administered intraperitoneally before or after injection of radioactive fucose. The incorporation of radioactivity into Golgi membranes was little affected by colchicine, which did not prevent the redistribution of most of the labelled glycoproteins from the Golgi complex into other parts of the villus cell. The incorporation of labelled glycoproteins into the microvillus membrane was greatly inhibited by colchicine given 2 h or 10 min before the radioactive fucose: all labelled glycoproteins present in this membrane were equally affected. In contrast, the administration of colchicine considerably increased the incorporation of radioactivity into the lateral basal part of the plasmalemma, and prevented the disappearance of most of the labelled glycoproteins from this membrane at late times after fucose injection. These results suggest that cytoplasmic microtubular structures are important for the polarization of the intestinal villus cell and the biogenesis of the microvillus membrane, although playing little or no role in the movement of membrane components from the Golgi complex to the lateral basal part of the plasmalemma.", "contents": "Synthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat small-intestinal villus cells. Effect of colchicine on the redistribution of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose-labelled membrane glycoproteins among Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. To define the role of cytoplasmic microtubules in the biogenesis of plasmalemma glycoproteins of rat small-intestinal villus cells, we studied the effect of colchicine on the incorporation of L-[1,5,6-3H]fucose into Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. Colchicine was administered intraperitoneally before or after injection of radioactive fucose. The incorporation of radioactivity into Golgi membranes was little affected by colchicine, which did not prevent the redistribution of most of the labelled glycoproteins from the Golgi complex into other parts of the villus cell. The incorporation of labelled glycoproteins into the microvillus membrane was greatly inhibited by colchicine given 2 h or 10 min before the radioactive fucose: all labelled glycoproteins present in this membrane were equally affected. In contrast, the administration of colchicine considerably increased the incorporation of radioactivity into the lateral basal part of the plasmalemma, and prevented the disappearance of most of the labelled glycoproteins from this membrane at late times after fucose injection. These results suggest that cytoplasmic microtubular structures are important for the polarization of the intestinal villus cell and the biogenesis of the microvillus membrane, although playing little or no role in the movement of membrane components from the Golgi complex to the lateral basal part of the plasmalemma.", "PMID": 496909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3177", "title": "Enhanced stability of the Na+-dependent amino acid-transport system after lymphocyte activation.", "content": "The Na+-dependent transport system for the amino acid proline in unstimulated lymphocytes decays with a half-life of about 4 h when protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, but the system in mitogen-activated lymphocytes is more stable. However, the early increase in activity of this transport system after mitogen addition is not due to a direct effect on its stability, but is a secondary effect requiring protein synthesis.", "contents": "Enhanced stability of the Na+-dependent amino acid-transport system after lymphocyte activation. The Na+-dependent transport system for the amino acid proline in unstimulated lymphocytes decays with a half-life of about 4 h when protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, but the system in mitogen-activated lymphocytes is more stable. However, the early increase in activity of this transport system after mitogen addition is not due to a direct effect on its stability, but is a secondary effect requiring protein synthesis.", "PMID": 496910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3178", "title": "Uterine oestrogen-receptor binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. An inhibitor from hypothalamic cytosol.", "content": "The binding of rat uterine cytosol oestrogen receptor in vitro to oligo(dT)-cellulose is mediated by an activating factor in the cytosol [Thrower, Hall, Lim & Davison (1976) Biochem. J. 160, 271-280]. A potent inhibitor of this binding is present in hypothalamic cytosol. This inhibitor may have a role in vivo in regulating receptor translocation in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Uterine oestrogen-receptor binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. An inhibitor from hypothalamic cytosol. The binding of rat uterine cytosol oestrogen receptor in vitro to oligo(dT)-cellulose is mediated by an activating factor in the cytosol [Thrower, Hall, Lim & Davison (1976) Biochem. J. 160, 271-280]. A potent inhibitor of this binding is present in hypothalamic cytosol. This inhibitor may have a role in vivo in regulating receptor translocation in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 496911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3179", "title": "Endocytosis of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from sections of mucolipidosis-II and-III fibroblasts by non-parenchymal rat liver cells.", "content": "beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase isolated from the secretions of fibroblasts of mucolipidosis-II and -III patients is internalized by cultured non-parenchymal rat liver cells. The rate of endocytosis compared with that of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from control fibroblasts was 11 and 19% for the enzyme from mucolipidosis-II and -III patients respectively. The inhibition of endocytosis by mannan indicates that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from mucolipidosis-II and -III patients is recognized by cell-surface receptors specific for mannose.", "contents": "Endocytosis of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from sections of mucolipidosis-II and-III fibroblasts by non-parenchymal rat liver cells. beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase isolated from the secretions of fibroblasts of mucolipidosis-II and -III patients is internalized by cultured non-parenchymal rat liver cells. The rate of endocytosis compared with that of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from control fibroblasts was 11 and 19% for the enzyme from mucolipidosis-II and -III patients respectively. The inhibition of endocytosis by mannan indicates that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from mucolipidosis-II and -III patients is recognized by cell-surface receptors specific for mannose.", "PMID": 496912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3180", "title": "Rapid effects of isoprenaline, glucagon, pacing and potassium arrest on post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in the perfused rat heart.", "content": "The amount of lipoprotein lipase activity released by heparin into the perfusion medium of isolated rat hearts could be increased within 60s by isoprenaline, glucagon or pacing. Potassium arrest and propranolol inhibited the effects of isoprenaline and pacing respectively.", "contents": "Rapid effects of isoprenaline, glucagon, pacing and potassium arrest on post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in the perfused rat heart. The amount of lipoprotein lipase activity released by heparin into the perfusion medium of isolated rat hearts could be increased within 60s by isoprenaline, glucagon or pacing. Potassium arrest and propranolol inhibited the effects of isoprenaline and pacing respectively.", "PMID": 496913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3181", "title": "Enhanced transport of natural amino acids after activation of pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Na+-dependent uptake of the amino acids L-proline and L-methionine was greatly accelerated when pig lymphocytes were activated with phytohaemagglutinin or other mitogens. The increased influx was apparent after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin for 1 h, and reached a maximum after 24 h. The lymphocytes appear to possess at least three different transport systems for neutral amino acids with properties similar to, but not identical with, those described for other cells. The activity of a system resembling the A system of other cells was increased most dramatically after activation, its activity in unstimulated lymphocytes being extremely low or absent. A second Na+-dependent system, which has properties similar to those of the ASC system in other cells, but with a broader specificity for amino acids, was more active in unstimulated lymphocytes, and uptake by this system was also accelerated after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin. The activity of a third system, very similar to the L system in other cells, was increased to a much smaller extent after lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "Enhanced transport of natural amino acids after activation of pig lymphocytes. Na+-dependent uptake of the amino acids L-proline and L-methionine was greatly accelerated when pig lymphocytes were activated with phytohaemagglutinin or other mitogens. The increased influx was apparent after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin for 1 h, and reached a maximum after 24 h. The lymphocytes appear to possess at least three different transport systems for neutral amino acids with properties similar to, but not identical with, those described for other cells. The activity of a system resembling the A system of other cells was increased most dramatically after activation, its activity in unstimulated lymphocytes being extremely low or absent. A second Na+-dependent system, which has properties similar to those of the ASC system in other cells, but with a broader specificity for amino acids, was more active in unstimulated lymphocytes, and uptake by this system was also accelerated after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin. The activity of a third system, very similar to the L system in other cells, was increased to a much smaller extent after lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 496914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3182", "title": "Changes in the sensitivity of chick fibroblasts to Ricinus lectin (RCA I) toxicity in relation to the stage of embryo development.", "content": "The toxic effect of Ricinus lectin RCA I, as estimated by the inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation, was investigated on chick-embryo fibroblasts at different stages of development. There appeared to be a differential susceptibility of chick-embryo fibroblasts to lectin RCA I. Fibroblasts from 16-day embryos were the most sensitive to its toxic effect in terms of both concentration and time, and cells from 8-day embryos were the least sensitive. This differential sensitivity to the toxic effect of lectin RCA I was closely related to the binding of the lectin: fibroblasts from 16-day embryos had more binding sites (1.5 x 10(7)/cell) with a high affinity than did 12-day (0.45 x 10(7)/cell) or 8-day embryos (0.2 x 10(7)/cell). Studies on the specificity and the removal of bound lectin RCA I by D-galactose indicated that the lectin binding was necessary but not sufficient in itself to cause the toxic effect and that the lectin needed to enter the cells in order to be toxic. The amount of lectin RCA I needed to induce a 50-60% toxicity enters fibroblasts of 16-day embryos more rapidly than those of 12- and 8-day embryos.", "contents": "Changes in the sensitivity of chick fibroblasts to Ricinus lectin (RCA I) toxicity in relation to the stage of embryo development. The toxic effect of Ricinus lectin RCA I, as estimated by the inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation, was investigated on chick-embryo fibroblasts at different stages of development. There appeared to be a differential susceptibility of chick-embryo fibroblasts to lectin RCA I. Fibroblasts from 16-day embryos were the most sensitive to its toxic effect in terms of both concentration and time, and cells from 8-day embryos were the least sensitive. This differential sensitivity to the toxic effect of lectin RCA I was closely related to the binding of the lectin: fibroblasts from 16-day embryos had more binding sites (1.5 x 10(7)/cell) with a high affinity than did 12-day (0.45 x 10(7)/cell) or 8-day embryos (0.2 x 10(7)/cell). Studies on the specificity and the removal of bound lectin RCA I by D-galactose indicated that the lectin binding was necessary but not sufficient in itself to cause the toxic effect and that the lectin needed to enter the cells in order to be toxic. The amount of lectin RCA I needed to induce a 50-60% toxicity enters fibroblasts of 16-day embryos more rapidly than those of 12- and 8-day embryos.", "PMID": 496915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3183", "title": "Haem transport to the liver by haemopexin. Receptor-mediated uptake with recycling of the protein.", "content": "Rat [(59)Fe]haem-(125)I-labelled haemopexin complexes (700pmol/rat) associate rapidly and exclusively with the liver after intravenous injection into anaesthetized rats. The two isotopes exhibit different patterns of accumulation. Liver (125)I-labelled haemopexin is maximum 10min after injection (20+/-4.9pmol/g of liver) and then declines by 2h to the low values (about 3pmol/g of liver) seen after injection of the apoprotein. In contrast, [(59)Fe]haem accumulates in the liver for at least 2h. Haemopexin undergoes no extensive proteolysis during 2h of haem transport as shown by precipitation with acid (98%) and specific antiserum (92%) and by electrophoresis. Moreover, only 1-2% of the dose is located in extrahepatic tissues, and there is no significant urinary excretion of either (125)I or (59)Fe. Hepatic uptake at 10min is saturable, reaching 200pmol of haemopexin/g of liver and 350pmol of haem/g of liver at a dose of 9nmol/rat, whereas uptake of the apoprotein is 3-5% of the dose. This suggests that the interaction of haem-haemopexin with the liver is a specific receptor-mediated process. The complex probably interacts via the protein moiety, since the haem analogues mesohaem and deuterohaem do not affect association of the protein with the liver but the species of haemopexin does. Increasing amounts of protein are associated with the liver 5min after injection in the order: human>rabbit>rat, and haem uptake is consistently increased. For both rat and rabbit haemopexin saturation is reached at the same concentration of protein, i.e. 180-200pmol/g of liver, indicating that the different protein species bind to a common receptor. We propose that haemopexin transports haem to the liver by a specific receptor-mediated process and then returns to the circulation.", "contents": "Haem transport to the liver by haemopexin. Receptor-mediated uptake with recycling of the protein. Rat [(59)Fe]haem-(125)I-labelled haemopexin complexes (700pmol/rat) associate rapidly and exclusively with the liver after intravenous injection into anaesthetized rats. The two isotopes exhibit different patterns of accumulation. Liver (125)I-labelled haemopexin is maximum 10min after injection (20+/-4.9pmol/g of liver) and then declines by 2h to the low values (about 3pmol/g of liver) seen after injection of the apoprotein. In contrast, [(59)Fe]haem accumulates in the liver for at least 2h. Haemopexin undergoes no extensive proteolysis during 2h of haem transport as shown by precipitation with acid (98%) and specific antiserum (92%) and by electrophoresis. Moreover, only 1-2% of the dose is located in extrahepatic tissues, and there is no significant urinary excretion of either (125)I or (59)Fe. Hepatic uptake at 10min is saturable, reaching 200pmol of haemopexin/g of liver and 350pmol of haem/g of liver at a dose of 9nmol/rat, whereas uptake of the apoprotein is 3-5% of the dose. This suggests that the interaction of haem-haemopexin with the liver is a specific receptor-mediated process. The complex probably interacts via the protein moiety, since the haem analogues mesohaem and deuterohaem do not affect association of the protein with the liver but the species of haemopexin does. Increasing amounts of protein are associated with the liver 5min after injection in the order: human>rabbit>rat, and haem uptake is consistently increased. For both rat and rabbit haemopexin saturation is reached at the same concentration of protein, i.e. 180-200pmol/g of liver, indicating that the different protein species bind to a common receptor. We propose that haemopexin transports haem to the liver by a specific receptor-mediated process and then returns to the circulation.", "PMID": 496916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3184", "title": "Clofibrate-induced increase in coenzyme A concentration in rat tissues.", "content": "1. When clofibrate [ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] was administered subcutaneously to rats (600mg/kg per day for 5 days), the concentration of CoA and its acyl derivatives increased in several tissues. The increase in total CoA was 3.2-fold in the liver, 1.8-fold in the kidney, 2.7-fold in the heart and 2.4-fold in skeletal muscle. 2. To study the mechanism of this phenomenon, clofibrate-treated rats were injected with [(3)H]pantothenate intracardially and killed after 15min, 30min, 1 and 2h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days for the determination of the incorporation of radioactivity into CoA and its precursors. Incorporation into CoA after 2h was 6.2-fold in the liver as compared with the control values and 4.6-fold in the kidneys. 3. The disappearance of the label from CoA was very slow compared with the rate of incorporation; it exhibited exponential kinetics, and was slower in the livers of the clofibrate-treated rats (t((1/2)) 18.2 days) than in the controls (t((1/2)) 5.6 days). 4. The rate of CoA degradation, calculated from the calculated rate constants of the apparent first-order kinetics of the disappearance of the label and from the CoA pool sizes, was approximately the same in the clofibrate-treated animals (11.5pmol/min per g), and the controls (11.6pmol/min per g). 5. These rates of CoA degradation indicate that the effect of clofibrate on CoA concentration may be mainly due to inhibition of the enzymes of CoA degradation, although recycling of the label cannot be excluded. The increase in the rate of pantothenate incorporation into CoA suggests that clofibrate also increases the synthesis of CoA.", "contents": "Clofibrate-induced increase in coenzyme A concentration in rat tissues. 1. When clofibrate [ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] was administered subcutaneously to rats (600mg/kg per day for 5 days), the concentration of CoA and its acyl derivatives increased in several tissues. The increase in total CoA was 3.2-fold in the liver, 1.8-fold in the kidney, 2.7-fold in the heart and 2.4-fold in skeletal muscle. 2. To study the mechanism of this phenomenon, clofibrate-treated rats were injected with [(3)H]pantothenate intracardially and killed after 15min, 30min, 1 and 2h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days for the determination of the incorporation of radioactivity into CoA and its precursors. Incorporation into CoA after 2h was 6.2-fold in the liver as compared with the control values and 4.6-fold in the kidneys. 3. The disappearance of the label from CoA was very slow compared with the rate of incorporation; it exhibited exponential kinetics, and was slower in the livers of the clofibrate-treated rats (t((1/2)) 18.2 days) than in the controls (t((1/2)) 5.6 days). 4. The rate of CoA degradation, calculated from the calculated rate constants of the apparent first-order kinetics of the disappearance of the label and from the CoA pool sizes, was approximately the same in the clofibrate-treated animals (11.5pmol/min per g), and the controls (11.6pmol/min per g). 5. These rates of CoA degradation indicate that the effect of clofibrate on CoA concentration may be mainly due to inhibition of the enzymes of CoA degradation, although recycling of the label cannot be excluded. The increase in the rate of pantothenate incorporation into CoA suggests that clofibrate also increases the synthesis of CoA.", "PMID": 496917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3185", "title": "Aortic glycopeptide sialic acid, hexose and hexosamine in a genetically selected (WC-2) strain of atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeon.", "content": "The aortic content of glycopeptide sialic acid, hexosamine and hexose was studied in a genetically selected strain of White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with significantly more severe atherosclerosis than randomly bred White Carneau pigeons (RBWC). Pigeons were fed an atherogenic diet for 3 months and examined to determine differences in content of glycopeptide-sugars between WC-2 and RBWC, changes with the progression of atherosclerosis and the relationship of aortic cholesterol to glycopeptide-sugar content. In animals with mainly normal aorta (cholesterol content of 0.2-0.3 mg/cm2-aorta) sialic acid was significantly lower in WC-2 pigeons. The progression of atherosclerosis was associated with increased aortic glycopeptide sialic acid (r = 0.78; p less than 0.05) in WC-2 pigeons whereas an inverse relationship was suggested in RBWC pigeons. In WC-2, but not RBWC pigeons, significant positive relationships were seen for aortic glycopeptide hexosamine and aortic cholesterol and for aortic glycopeptide hexose and aortic cholesterol. The findings implicate a possible role of aortic glycoproteins in either the initiation or modulation of atherosclerosis of the WC-2 pigeon.", "contents": "Aortic glycopeptide sialic acid, hexose and hexosamine in a genetically selected (WC-2) strain of atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeon. The aortic content of glycopeptide sialic acid, hexosamine and hexose was studied in a genetically selected strain of White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with significantly more severe atherosclerosis than randomly bred White Carneau pigeons (RBWC). Pigeons were fed an atherogenic diet for 3 months and examined to determine differences in content of glycopeptide-sugars between WC-2 and RBWC, changes with the progression of atherosclerosis and the relationship of aortic cholesterol to glycopeptide-sugar content. In animals with mainly normal aorta (cholesterol content of 0.2-0.3 mg/cm2-aorta) sialic acid was significantly lower in WC-2 pigeons. The progression of atherosclerosis was associated with increased aortic glycopeptide sialic acid (r = 0.78; p less than 0.05) in WC-2 pigeons whereas an inverse relationship was suggested in RBWC pigeons. In WC-2, but not RBWC pigeons, significant positive relationships were seen for aortic glycopeptide hexosamine and aortic cholesterol and for aortic glycopeptide hexose and aortic cholesterol. The findings implicate a possible role of aortic glycoproteins in either the initiation or modulation of atherosclerosis of the WC-2 pigeon.", "PMID": 497039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3186", "title": "Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented diets.", "content": "beta-Oxidation of long-chain fatty acids increases many-fold in atherosclerotic aortas; this may be due to an increase in the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme hexadecanoyl-CoA: carnitine O-hexadecanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.23 (trivial name: carnitine palmitoyltransferase, CPT). To investigate this possibility, an assay for arterial CPT was developed and used to measure CPT activity in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed high-fat (HF) or high-fat plus cholesterol (HFC) supplemented diets. The arterial CPT assay was linear with respect to mitochondrial protein between 0.03 and 0.30 mg and assay time between 3 and 12 min. Maximum CPT activity was observed at concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA between 5 and 25 micron, higher concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA inhibited CPT activity. CPT activity was measured in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed the HFC-supplemented diet for up to 48 days. No visible lesions were observed in aortas of rabbits fed HFC-diet for 3,9, or 21 days, however, by 48 days atheromatous lesions covered in excess of 60% of the intimal surface of the aorta. No lesions were visually observed in aortas of rabbits receiving the HF-diet. Despite the development of gross atherosclerotic lesions, there were no changes in CPT activity observed that could account for a dramatic increase in fatty acid oxidation. It is concluded that the increase in beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in atherosclerosis is not attributable to an increase in CPT activity.", "contents": "Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. beta-Oxidation of long-chain fatty acids increases many-fold in atherosclerotic aortas; this may be due to an increase in the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme hexadecanoyl-CoA: carnitine O-hexadecanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.23 (trivial name: carnitine palmitoyltransferase, CPT). To investigate this possibility, an assay for arterial CPT was developed and used to measure CPT activity in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed high-fat (HF) or high-fat plus cholesterol (HFC) supplemented diets. The arterial CPT assay was linear with respect to mitochondrial protein between 0.03 and 0.30 mg and assay time between 3 and 12 min. Maximum CPT activity was observed at concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA between 5 and 25 micron, higher concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA inhibited CPT activity. CPT activity was measured in mitochondrial fractions isolated from aortas of rabbits fed the HFC-supplemented diet for up to 48 days. No visible lesions were observed in aortas of rabbits fed HFC-diet for 3,9, or 21 days, however, by 48 days atheromatous lesions covered in excess of 60% of the intimal surface of the aorta. No lesions were visually observed in aortas of rabbits receiving the HF-diet. Despite the development of gross atherosclerotic lesions, there were no changes in CPT activity observed that could account for a dramatic increase in fatty acid oxidation. It is concluded that the increase in beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in atherosclerosis is not attributable to an increase in CPT activity.", "PMID": 497040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3187", "title": "Effect of feeding the shell fish (Corbicula japonica) on lipid metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on 3 different diets; a basal diet, one containing 0.1% cholate, and one containing 0.1% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate. Each dietary group was further divided into subgroups whose diet contained 0, 5 or 10% (dry weight) of minced corbicula (Corbicula japonica Prime). Feeding corbicula significantly reduced the increase of cholesterol levels in rats fed the cholesterol diet. Though corbicula contains several sterols, sterols other than cholesterol were almost not absorbed. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by feeding corbicula meat in all the dietary groups. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were also markedly reduced by feeding corbicula. The results suggest that corbicula is a hypolipidemic food.", "contents": "Effect of feeding the shell fish (Corbicula japonica) on lipid metabolism in the rat. Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on 3 different diets; a basal diet, one containing 0.1% cholate, and one containing 0.1% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate. Each dietary group was further divided into subgroups whose diet contained 0, 5 or 10% (dry weight) of minced corbicula (Corbicula japonica Prime). Feeding corbicula significantly reduced the increase of cholesterol levels in rats fed the cholesterol diet. Though corbicula contains several sterols, sterols other than cholesterol were almost not absorbed. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by feeding corbicula meat in all the dietary groups. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were also markedly reduced by feeding corbicula. The results suggest that corbicula is a hypolipidemic food.", "PMID": 497041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3188", "title": "Increase of serum cholesterol in man fed a bran diet.", "content": "The effects of wheat bran and other sources of dietary fibre on serum total and high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol were investigated in a group of 62 subjects, with rigid control of dietary intake. It was found that a high-fibre diet with vegetables and fruits as well as a low-fibre diet, to which isolated citrus pectin had been added to the same level as present in the vegetables and fruits diet, caused a small decrease in the concentration of serum cholesterol after 5 weeks. Surprisingly, addition of bran (on average 38 g/day) to a low-fibre diet caused an increase in the level of serum cholesterol by on average 0.34 mmol/l (P less than or equal to 0.005). The amount and type of dietary fibre had no substantial effect on the HDL-cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "Increase of serum cholesterol in man fed a bran diet. The effects of wheat bran and other sources of dietary fibre on serum total and high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol were investigated in a group of 62 subjects, with rigid control of dietary intake. It was found that a high-fibre diet with vegetables and fruits as well as a low-fibre diet, to which isolated citrus pectin had been added to the same level as present in the vegetables and fruits diet, caused a small decrease in the concentration of serum cholesterol after 5 weeks. Surprisingly, addition of bran (on average 38 g/day) to a low-fibre diet caused an increase in the level of serum cholesterol by on average 0.34 mmol/l (P less than or equal to 0.005). The amount and type of dietary fibre had no substantial effect on the HDL-cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 497042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3189", "title": "\"What's new about independent living?\".", "content": "The major purpose of this article is to examine important differences between independent living and traditional rehabilitation models of service provision, including comprehensive medical rehabilitation programs, state vocational rehabilitation agencies, and group homes designed to deinstitutionalize developmentally disabled individuals. The article is introduced by an overview of types of independent living programs in this country and their evolution. Goals, methods of service delivery, and program management techniques in independent living programs are contrasted with those of traditional models. Finally, trends that may develop as independent living becomes a standardized service entitlement are addressed, and the potential usefulness of some independent living concepts and methods in traditional rehabilitation programs are suggested.", "contents": "\"What's new about independent living?\". The major purpose of this article is to examine important differences between independent living and traditional rehabilitation models of service provision, including comprehensive medical rehabilitation programs, state vocational rehabilitation agencies, and group homes designed to deinstitutionalize developmentally disabled individuals. The article is introduced by an overview of types of independent living programs in this country and their evolution. Goals, methods of service delivery, and program management techniques in independent living programs are contrasted with those of traditional models. Finally, trends that may develop as independent living becomes a standardized service entitlement are addressed, and the potential usefulness of some independent living concepts and methods in traditional rehabilitation programs are suggested.", "PMID": 497046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3190", "title": "Acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri and rats.", "content": "Acute renal failure in man can best be simulated in model experiments by using either temporary occlusion of the renal artery or perfusions of noradrenaline into the renal artery. The kidney of the Tupaia belangeri, a primitive primate, is more resistant to temporary occlusion of the renal artery than of the rat. In Tupaia as in rats, anuria developing 48 hours after temporary ischemia is brought about by intratubular proteinaceous casts blocking the flow of urinary filtrate, most likely at Henle's loop. As proof that the proteinaceous casts block the tubular lumina, we found that when two micropipettes are inserted into the same nephron and that nephron perfused, the intratubular pressures rise, approaching systolic pressures.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri and rats. Acute renal failure in man can best be simulated in model experiments by using either temporary occlusion of the renal artery or perfusions of noradrenaline into the renal artery. The kidney of the Tupaia belangeri, a primitive primate, is more resistant to temporary occlusion of the renal artery than of the rat. In Tupaia as in rats, anuria developing 48 hours after temporary ischemia is brought about by intratubular proteinaceous casts blocking the flow of urinary filtrate, most likely at Henle's loop. As proof that the proteinaceous casts block the tubular lumina, we found that when two micropipettes are inserted into the same nephron and that nephron perfused, the intratubular pressures rise, approaching systolic pressures.", "PMID": 497047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3191", "title": "Diagnosis of fat absorption with 14C-tripalmitate/3H-palmitic acid.", "content": "In 44 normal subjects, in 89 patients with chronic pancreatitis, of whom 23 had elevated faecal fat, and in 19 patients with various diseases of the small gut investigations with 14C-tripalmitate and 3H-palmitic acid, dissolved in 1.0 g Indian corn oil/kg, were performed. Serum lipid activity of 14C and 3H was measured 4, 6, and 8 h later. Compared with absolute values of triglyceride absorption (percentage dose of 14C-lipid activity/l serum), relative values (14C/3H ratio of the serum lipids) led to a significantly better discrimination between the control group and patients, attributable to a much smaller normal range. Compared with fatty acid absorption, triglyceride absorption was lowered in all cases of pancreatic steatorrhoea, in most cases of chronic pancreatitis, and in some cases of intestinal malabsorption. While the proposed procedure seems to be sensitive and reliable in the detection of maldigestion, a distinction between maldigestion and malabsorption is apparently uncertain.", "contents": "Diagnosis of fat absorption with 14C-tripalmitate/3H-palmitic acid. In 44 normal subjects, in 89 patients with chronic pancreatitis, of whom 23 had elevated faecal fat, and in 19 patients with various diseases of the small gut investigations with 14C-tripalmitate and 3H-palmitic acid, dissolved in 1.0 g Indian corn oil/kg, were performed. Serum lipid activity of 14C and 3H was measured 4, 6, and 8 h later. Compared with absolute values of triglyceride absorption (percentage dose of 14C-lipid activity/l serum), relative values (14C/3H ratio of the serum lipids) led to a significantly better discrimination between the control group and patients, attributable to a much smaller normal range. Compared with fatty acid absorption, triglyceride absorption was lowered in all cases of pancreatic steatorrhoea, in most cases of chronic pancreatitis, and in some cases of intestinal malabsorption. While the proposed procedure seems to be sensitive and reliable in the detection of maldigestion, a distinction between maldigestion and malabsorption is apparently uncertain.", "PMID": 497049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3192", "title": "[Production of infarction model in dogs by several brain arteries occlusion. Part 1: Production of hemispheric non blood supply model (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental brain infarction in model animals should most ideally be constant in the site of occurrence, be of severity that is controllable by the occlusion time of blood flow and, moreover, be reproducible at a high rate to desired extent and severity. However, among infarction models elaborated in animals so far, only thalamus infarction model in dogs which were reported by us previously have been proven to satisfy almost all of these requirements. In experiments with these model dogs we found that an extensive infarction can be produced at a high frequency in the involved hemisphere by a transient occlusion of blood flow at such intracranial levels as the internal carotid artery, the junction of the anterior cerebral artery and ophthalmic artery, the middle cerebral artery, the origin of the segment A2 of the anterior cerebral artery, and the junction of the posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery. During about one hour following the releasing of the arteries approximately 2 hours occlusion, the development of severe brain edema resulted involving the whole hemisphere on the affected side invariably in all cases. This method for experimental production of brain infarction permits to control the degree of resultant brain edema by changing the duration of occlusion of blood flow, requires simple manipulations only and ensures production of a constant lesion. With these advantage it can be anticipated to prove of great benefit in the study of postischemic brain edema.", "contents": "[Production of infarction model in dogs by several brain arteries occlusion. Part 1: Production of hemispheric non blood supply model (author's transl)]. Experimental brain infarction in model animals should most ideally be constant in the site of occurrence, be of severity that is controllable by the occlusion time of blood flow and, moreover, be reproducible at a high rate to desired extent and severity. However, among infarction models elaborated in animals so far, only thalamus infarction model in dogs which were reported by us previously have been proven to satisfy almost all of these requirements. In experiments with these model dogs we found that an extensive infarction can be produced at a high frequency in the involved hemisphere by a transient occlusion of blood flow at such intracranial levels as the internal carotid artery, the junction of the anterior cerebral artery and ophthalmic artery, the middle cerebral artery, the origin of the segment A2 of the anterior cerebral artery, and the junction of the posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery. During about one hour following the releasing of the arteries approximately 2 hours occlusion, the development of severe brain edema resulted involving the whole hemisphere on the affected side invariably in all cases. This method for experimental production of brain infarction permits to control the degree of resultant brain edema by changing the duration of occlusion of blood flow, requires simple manipulations only and ensures production of a constant lesion. With these advantage it can be anticipated to prove of great benefit in the study of postischemic brain edema.", "PMID": 497053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3193", "title": "Survival of microorganisms and helminth eggs in green pills and cobs processed from a green crop irrigated with sewage.", "content": "A grass crop which was contaminated with domestic sewage was dried in a hot air drying plant in order to observe the effect of the drying on pathogenic bacteria, virus and parasite eggs. The investigation showed, that pathogenic bacteria and virus were reduced with a factor 10(5)--10(6), and that parasite eggs were reduced with at least a factor 200, which is sufficient to secure that grasis irrigated with sewage and pre-served with hot air drying is used without hygienic risks.", "contents": "Survival of microorganisms and helminth eggs in green pills and cobs processed from a green crop irrigated with sewage. A grass crop which was contaminated with domestic sewage was dried in a hot air drying plant in order to observe the effect of the drying on pathogenic bacteria, virus and parasite eggs. The investigation showed, that pathogenic bacteria and virus were reduced with a factor 10(5)--10(6), and that parasite eggs were reduced with at least a factor 200, which is sufficient to secure that grasis irrigated with sewage and pre-served with hot air drying is used without hygienic risks.", "PMID": 497048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3194", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage: comparison of hypertensive hemorrhage with hemorrhage caused by small angiomas, and CT findings (author's transl)].", "content": "In spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage emergency surgical intervention is often life-saving. Clinical features and the operative results of hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage (18 cases) were compared with those of hemorrhage caused by small angiomas (7 cases). Hypertensive hemorrhage occured most frequently in the seventh decades. Two thirds of the patients developed brainstem compression syndrome within a week from onset. One third remained awake or drowsy throughout their clinical course. Surgical removal of a hematoma was carried out in 13 patients with four deaths. Of note, two comatose patients regained consciousness after surgery, and were discharged with residual ataxia. Rupture of a small angioma occurred in younger patients. Their clinical course was sub-acute or chronic associated with focal cerebellar dysfunction. All seven surgically treated patients subsequently regained independent function. CT findings have been found helpful not only for diagnosis but also in defining appropriate therapy. Hematomas larger than 3 cm in diameter produced signs of rapidly progressing compression of the brainstem. Thereby, regardless of the cause of bleeding, emergency removal of a clot is indicated even in awake patients. Hematomas of 2 to 3 cm produced brainstem compression or prolonged cerebellar dysfunction, and occasionally require surgical decompression. Hematomas smaller than 2 cm can be managed conservatively, since they were absorbed spontaneously in three weeks without residual functional disturbances. However, in case of a young patient exploration should be performed for a probable \"cryptic\" angioma.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage: comparison of hypertensive hemorrhage with hemorrhage caused by small angiomas, and CT findings (author's transl)]. In spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage emergency surgical intervention is often life-saving. Clinical features and the operative results of hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage (18 cases) were compared with those of hemorrhage caused by small angiomas (7 cases). Hypertensive hemorrhage occured most frequently in the seventh decades. Two thirds of the patients developed brainstem compression syndrome within a week from onset. One third remained awake or drowsy throughout their clinical course. Surgical removal of a hematoma was carried out in 13 patients with four deaths. Of note, two comatose patients regained consciousness after surgery, and were discharged with residual ataxia. Rupture of a small angioma occurred in younger patients. Their clinical course was sub-acute or chronic associated with focal cerebellar dysfunction. All seven surgically treated patients subsequently regained independent function. CT findings have been found helpful not only for diagnosis but also in defining appropriate therapy. Hematomas larger than 3 cm in diameter produced signs of rapidly progressing compression of the brainstem. Thereby, regardless of the cause of bleeding, emergency removal of a clot is indicated even in awake patients. Hematomas of 2 to 3 cm produced brainstem compression or prolonged cerebellar dysfunction, and occasionally require surgical decompression. Hematomas smaller than 2 cm can be managed conservatively, since they were absorbed spontaneously in three weeks without residual functional disturbances. However, in case of a young patient exploration should be performed for a probable \"cryptic\" angioma.", "PMID": 497056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3195", "title": "[The correlation between autoregressive power spectrum of EEG and computerized tomography in tuberous sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The autoregressive power spectrum and their component analyses of 36 electroencephalograms of 9 patients with tuberous sclerosis and 21 healthy children were studied. The data were recorded on the analog tapes, and the 20 second artifact free segment of records was digitized at 50 samples/sec. The autoregressive power spectrum and their component were calculated by the methods of Sato (1976) with the minicomputer PDP 11/40. The component consisted of the first and the second order elementary processes. The former showed a transient nonscillatory delta wave, whereas the latter showed damped oscillatory waves of delta, theta, alpha and beta rhythms in the EEG. The characteristics of these component rhythms in the EEG were given by the frequency, the time constant of the nonoscillatory delta, the damping time of the oscillatory component waves (time constant of the envelope of the damped oscillation), the mutual information amounts, etc. Thus, the correlation between these characteristics of component and CT-scan in tuberous sclerosis were examined. The results were as follows: 1. Compared with the characteristics of EEG in normal children, the mutual information amount, the damping time and/3r time constant showed significantly lower value in alpha rhythms of frontal-, central-regions and in theta, delta rhythms of occipital region in the patient with tuberous sclerosis. 2. Multiple subependymal high density areas were found in all of these patients on CT. EMI-number of these high density areas were less than that of calcification in younger children below the age of 3 years, but in older children were equivalent to that of calcification. 3. The correlation between the number of subependymal nodule on CT and the mutual information amount in the EEG showed significantly the negative coefficient in theta, delta rhythms of O1 region in older age group of patients. 4. The correlation between EMI-number of these subependymal high density areas and the mutual information amount in the EEG showed significantly thenegative coefficient in theta & delta rhythms of O1 region in all cases of patients. 5. It is considered that the multiple subependymal nodules may influence the background activities of the central and the occipital regions in the EEG of tuberous sclerosis.", "contents": "[The correlation between autoregressive power spectrum of EEG and computerized tomography in tuberous sclerosis (author's transl)]. The autoregressive power spectrum and their component analyses of 36 electroencephalograms of 9 patients with tuberous sclerosis and 21 healthy children were studied. The data were recorded on the analog tapes, and the 20 second artifact free segment of records was digitized at 50 samples/sec. The autoregressive power spectrum and their component were calculated by the methods of Sato (1976) with the minicomputer PDP 11/40. The component consisted of the first and the second order elementary processes. The former showed a transient nonscillatory delta wave, whereas the latter showed damped oscillatory waves of delta, theta, alpha and beta rhythms in the EEG. The characteristics of these component rhythms in the EEG were given by the frequency, the time constant of the nonoscillatory delta, the damping time of the oscillatory component waves (time constant of the envelope of the damped oscillation), the mutual information amounts, etc. Thus, the correlation between these characteristics of component and CT-scan in tuberous sclerosis were examined. The results were as follows: 1. Compared with the characteristics of EEG in normal children, the mutual information amount, the damping time and/3r time constant showed significantly lower value in alpha rhythms of frontal-, central-regions and in theta, delta rhythms of occipital region in the patient with tuberous sclerosis. 2. Multiple subependymal high density areas were found in all of these patients on CT. EMI-number of these high density areas were less than that of calcification in younger children below the age of 3 years, but in older children were equivalent to that of calcification. 3. The correlation between the number of subependymal nodule on CT and the mutual information amount in the EEG showed significantly the negative coefficient in theta, delta rhythms of O1 region in older age group of patients. 4. The correlation between EMI-number of these subependymal high density areas and the mutual information amount in the EEG showed significantly thenegative coefficient in theta & delta rhythms of O1 region in all cases of patients. 5. It is considered that the multiple subependymal nodules may influence the background activities of the central and the occipital regions in the EEG of tuberous sclerosis.", "PMID": 497064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3196", "title": "Ketamine block of bronchospasm in experimental canine asthma.", "content": "Experimental asthma was induced in dogs previously sensitized to ascaris antigen by ventilation with ascaris antigen, in an aerosol, for 10 min. Before the administration of antigen, there was no significant difference in pulmonary airways resistance (RL) during thiopentone and ketamine anaesthesia. In dogs anaesthetized with thiopentone, RL increased significantly from a pre-antigen control of 0.36 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SEM) kPa litre-1 s to 1.56 +/- 0.38 at 5 min after administration of antigen. In dogs anaesthetized with ketamine, RL before (0.30 +/- 0.10) and 5 min after antigen (0.47 +/- 0.18) was not significantly different. Beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol abolished the protective effect of ketamine so that there was no significant difference in the maximal increase (5 min after antigen) in RL in dogs anaesthetized with ketamine (2.92 +/- 0.74) or thiopentone (3.28 +/- 1.16). Beta adrenergic blockade also increased pre-antigen RL in both groups (ketamine 0.87 +/- 0.24; thiopentone 0.77 +/- 0.32).", "contents": "Ketamine block of bronchospasm in experimental canine asthma. Experimental asthma was induced in dogs previously sensitized to ascaris antigen by ventilation with ascaris antigen, in an aerosol, for 10 min. Before the administration of antigen, there was no significant difference in pulmonary airways resistance (RL) during thiopentone and ketamine anaesthesia. In dogs anaesthetized with thiopentone, RL increased significantly from a pre-antigen control of 0.36 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SEM) kPa litre-1 s to 1.56 +/- 0.38 at 5 min after administration of antigen. In dogs anaesthetized with ketamine, RL before (0.30 +/- 0.10) and 5 min after antigen (0.47 +/- 0.18) was not significantly different. Beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol abolished the protective effect of ketamine so that there was no significant difference in the maximal increase (5 min after antigen) in RL in dogs anaesthetized with ketamine (2.92 +/- 0.74) or thiopentone (3.28 +/- 1.16). Beta adrenergic blockade also increased pre-antigen RL in both groups (ketamine 0.87 +/- 0.24; thiopentone 0.77 +/- 0.32).", "PMID": 497067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3197", "title": "Prolongation by bile salts of the duration of action of a steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent.", "content": "The influence of bile salts on the duration of action of the steroidal non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent ORG 6368 was investigated in cats. The intravenous administration of ORG 6368 (100 microgram/kg body wt) caused a maximum neuromuscular blockade of 71 +/- 6% with a duration of action of 3.4 +/- 0.1 min. However, intraportal administration of the same dose caused no significant neuromuscular blockade. Following an infusion of dehydrocholate 320 mumol, lasting for 8 min, the magnitude and the duration of action of the neuromuscular blockade produced by ORG 6368 were increased markedly. This effect of the bile salt is possibly a result of inhibition of the hepatic uptake of ORG 6368, thereby retarding its disappearance from the plasma and consequently prolonging the neuromuscular blockade. The neuromuscular blocking effect of intraportally administered gallamine (1 mg/kg body wt) was not influenced significantly by the infusion of dehydrocholate.", "contents": "Prolongation by bile salts of the duration of action of a steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent. The influence of bile salts on the duration of action of the steroidal non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent ORG 6368 was investigated in cats. The intravenous administration of ORG 6368 (100 microgram/kg body wt) caused a maximum neuromuscular blockade of 71 +/- 6% with a duration of action of 3.4 +/- 0.1 min. However, intraportal administration of the same dose caused no significant neuromuscular blockade. Following an infusion of dehydrocholate 320 mumol, lasting for 8 min, the magnitude and the duration of action of the neuromuscular blockade produced by ORG 6368 were increased markedly. This effect of the bile salt is possibly a result of inhibition of the hepatic uptake of ORG 6368, thereby retarding its disappearance from the plasma and consequently prolonging the neuromuscular blockade. The neuromuscular blocking effect of intraportally administered gallamine (1 mg/kg body wt) was not influenced significantly by the infusion of dehydrocholate.", "PMID": 497068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3198", "title": "Effect of acute hypocapnia on some aspects of renal function in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Hypocapnia was induced in dogs lightly anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and fentanyl. Measurements were made of estimated renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate, vascular resistance and urine production. During the (short) duration of the experiments hypocapnia was found to be associated with ERPF twice that during normocapnia. Glomerular filtration rate and urine output were increased by hypocapnia in an approximately similar proportion, whilst renal vascular resistance halved. Though some of the experimental animals had a degree of metabolic acidosis this was thought not to have greatly influenced the results.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypocapnia on some aspects of renal function in anaesthetized dogs. Hypocapnia was induced in dogs lightly anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and fentanyl. Measurements were made of estimated renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate, vascular resistance and urine production. During the (short) duration of the experiments hypocapnia was found to be associated with ERPF twice that during normocapnia. Glomerular filtration rate and urine output were increased by hypocapnia in an approximately similar proportion, whilst renal vascular resistance halved. Though some of the experimental animals had a degree of metabolic acidosis this was thought not to have greatly influenced the results.", "PMID": 497069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3199", "title": "Cytotoxicity of i.v. anaesthetic agents on the isolated rat hepatocyte.", "content": "The isolated rat hepatocyte model has been used to assess the hepatotoxicity of a number of i.v. anaesthetic induction agents. Ketamine, Althesin and CCI 12923 (minaxolone) all inhibited gluconeogenesis and urea formation from alanine. There was also a decrease in the cell ATP concentration, and a dose-related increase in leakage of LDH. Of these indices of cell toxicity, gluconeogenesis from alanine was found to be the most sensitive. Fifty per cent inhibition of gluconeogenesis for all three agents occurred in the range 150--300 mumol. The effects of these agents on the isolated hepatocyte may be attributed to a primary impairment of mitochondrial function through a change in the ATP concentration. The plasma concentration of anaesthetic agents measured during their clinical use is at least one order of magnitude less than that required to cause 50% inhibition of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of i.v. anaesthetic agents on the isolated rat hepatocyte. The isolated rat hepatocyte model has been used to assess the hepatotoxicity of a number of i.v. anaesthetic induction agents. Ketamine, Althesin and CCI 12923 (minaxolone) all inhibited gluconeogenesis and urea formation from alanine. There was also a decrease in the cell ATP concentration, and a dose-related increase in leakage of LDH. Of these indices of cell toxicity, gluconeogenesis from alanine was found to be the most sensitive. Fifty per cent inhibition of gluconeogenesis for all three agents occurred in the range 150--300 mumol. The effects of these agents on the isolated hepatocyte may be attributed to a primary impairment of mitochondrial function through a change in the ATP concentration. The plasma concentration of anaesthetic agents measured during their clinical use is at least one order of magnitude less than that required to cause 50% inhibition of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 497070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3200", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as a possible explanation for recurrence of respiratory depression.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl are complicated by an additional increase in plasma concentration during the elimination phase of the drug. We have confirmed that fentanyl is excreted in the gastric juice and reabsorbed from the alkaline medium of the small intestine. In addition, the stomach wall in rats has an important storage capacity for fentanyl. A maximum of about 20% of the dose was found in the stomach wall after i.v. injection. In man the resected part of the stomach contained 16% of the dose, 10 min after injection. These observations could be important in explaining the occurrence of respiratory depression in the period after operation.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as a possible explanation for recurrence of respiratory depression. The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl are complicated by an additional increase in plasma concentration during the elimination phase of the drug. We have confirmed that fentanyl is excreted in the gastric juice and reabsorbed from the alkaline medium of the small intestine. In addition, the stomach wall in rats has an important storage capacity for fentanyl. A maximum of about 20% of the dose was found in the stomach wall after i.v. injection. In man the resected part of the stomach contained 16% of the dose, 10 min after injection. These observations could be important in explaining the occurrence of respiratory depression in the period after operation.", "PMID": 497071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3201", "title": "A screening test for the malignant hyperpyrexia phenotype using suxamethonium-induced contracture of muscle treated with caffeine and its inhibition by dantrolene.", "content": "Suxamethonium induced a contracture in caffeine pretreated human muscle in vitro. The contracture was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) with MHS muscle compared with muscle from normal subjects. This reaction is now used as an additional screening test for the MHS phenotype. The contracture was prevented by pretreatment with dantrolene.", "contents": "A screening test for the malignant hyperpyrexia phenotype using suxamethonium-induced contracture of muscle treated with caffeine and its inhibition by dantrolene. Suxamethonium induced a contracture in caffeine pretreated human muscle in vitro. The contracture was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) with MHS muscle compared with muscle from normal subjects. This reaction is now used as an additional screening test for the MHS phenotype. The contracture was prevented by pretreatment with dantrolene.", "PMID": 497072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3202", "title": "Halothane hepatitis revisited in women undergoing treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "From 1964 to 1976, 238 patients with carcinoma of the cervix were treated with irradiation and surgery. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Three patients became jaundiced after operation as a result of pigment overload and sepsis. Exposure to halothane did not appear to be a significant aetiological factor.", "contents": "Halothane hepatitis revisited in women undergoing treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. From 1964 to 1976, 238 patients with carcinoma of the cervix were treated with irradiation and surgery. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Three patients became jaundiced after operation as a result of pigment overload and sepsis. Exposure to halothane did not appear to be a significant aetiological factor.", "PMID": 497073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3203", "title": "Effect of maternal position on fetal heart rate during extradural analgesia.", "content": "Using continuous cardiotocography, the effect of maternal position on fetal heart rate (FHR) was studied during extradural analgesia (EA) with either 50 or 100 mg of etidocaine without adrenaline for labour and vaginal delivery. Of 70 healthy parturients, 39 were supine and 40 were in the lateral position. FHR was normal in all patients during the control period before EA, and remained normal during EA in 53. Transient abnormal patterns occurred in 26 patients, 22 (56%) in the supine group and four (10%) in the lateral group, a significant difference (P less than 0.001). The decrease in arterial pressure (AP) did not differ between the groups, but the frequency of abnormal FHR associated with a small or moderate decrease in AP (30% or less) was greater in the supine (51%) than in the lateral group (3%).", "contents": "Effect of maternal position on fetal heart rate during extradural analgesia. Using continuous cardiotocography, the effect of maternal position on fetal heart rate (FHR) was studied during extradural analgesia (EA) with either 50 or 100 mg of etidocaine without adrenaline for labour and vaginal delivery. Of 70 healthy parturients, 39 were supine and 40 were in the lateral position. FHR was normal in all patients during the control period before EA, and remained normal during EA in 53. Transient abnormal patterns occurred in 26 patients, 22 (56%) in the supine group and four (10%) in the lateral group, a significant difference (P less than 0.001). The decrease in arterial pressure (AP) did not differ between the groups, but the frequency of abnormal FHR associated with a small or moderate decrease in AP (30% or less) was greater in the supine (51%) than in the lateral group (3%).", "PMID": 497074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3204", "title": "Has droperidol an atropinic effect?", "content": "The action of droperidol on the tachycardia produced by atropine and on the serum concentration of cholinesterases was observed during balanced anaesthesia. Without atropine, the mean heart rates of patients who received fentanyl plus droperidol were similar. Atropine increased heart rate only in the presence of droperidol (P less than 0.001) (fentanyl v. fentanyl plus droperidol: P less than 0.05). Droperidol inhibited serum cholinesterases (P less than 0.05); this effect was independent of atropine.", "contents": "Has droperidol an atropinic effect? The action of droperidol on the tachycardia produced by atropine and on the serum concentration of cholinesterases was observed during balanced anaesthesia. Without atropine, the mean heart rates of patients who received fentanyl plus droperidol were similar. Atropine increased heart rate only in the presence of droperidol (P less than 0.001) (fentanyl v. fentanyl plus droperidol: P less than 0.05). Droperidol inhibited serum cholinesterases (P less than 0.05); this effect was independent of atropine.", "PMID": 497075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3205", "title": "Venous sequelae following etomidate.", "content": "Five hundred patients receiving one of three different formulations of etomidate were observed on the 2nd and 3rd days after operation for possible venous sequelae. The total frequency of sequelae was 8% or more, the greatest being with the propylene glycol formulation (23%). Formulation of the drug and total dose employed were the most important factors influencing venous sequelae, which were not related to pain on injection.", "contents": "Venous sequelae following etomidate. Five hundred patients receiving one of three different formulations of etomidate were observed on the 2nd and 3rd days after operation for possible venous sequelae. The total frequency of sequelae was 8% or more, the greatest being with the propylene glycol formulation (23%). Formulation of the drug and total dose employed were the most important factors influencing venous sequelae, which were not related to pain on injection.", "PMID": 497076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3206", "title": "Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers and the eye: a study of intraocular pressure. Pancuronium versus alcuronium.", "content": "Intraocular pressure remained stable when either pancuronium or alcuronium was used to produce muscle relaxation, suggesting that alcuronium may be a reasonable alternative to pancuronium for routine surgery of the open eye, particularly in elderly patients with limited cardiac reserve.", "contents": "Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers and the eye: a study of intraocular pressure. Pancuronium versus alcuronium. Intraocular pressure remained stable when either pancuronium or alcuronium was used to produce muscle relaxation, suggesting that alcuronium may be a reasonable alternative to pancuronium for routine surgery of the open eye, particularly in elderly patients with limited cardiac reserve.", "PMID": 497077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3207", "title": "Hepatitis following thiopentone. A case report.", "content": "A patient developed pyrexia and jaundice following repeated anaesthesia. The evidence suggests that thiopentone was the causative agent. This incident emphasizes the need for caution in associating jaundice and hepatitis with halothane in patients who have received thiopentone and halothane.", "contents": "Hepatitis following thiopentone. A case report. A patient developed pyrexia and jaundice following repeated anaesthesia. The evidence suggests that thiopentone was the causative agent. This incident emphasizes the need for caution in associating jaundice and hepatitis with halothane in patients who have received thiopentone and halothane.", "PMID": 497078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3208", "title": "Cimetidine: effect on pancreatic and biliary function in man.", "content": "1 Pancreatic and biliary function were studied in eight patients taking oral cimetidine (1.6 g/day for 6 weeks) for endoscopically confirmed active peptic ulcer disease. 2 Postprandial jejunal tryptic activity and bile acid concentration were unchanged during cimetidine given for 1 and 6 weeks. 3 Postprandial gallbladder emptying was also unchanged. 4 Direct examination of postprandial upper jejunal aspirate for deconjugated bile acids was negative in all patients; but the more sensitive [14C]-glycocholate bile acid breath test showed a significant increase in breath 14CO2, indicating increased bacterial deconjugation of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Cimetidine: effect on pancreatic and biliary function in man. 1 Pancreatic and biliary function were studied in eight patients taking oral cimetidine (1.6 g/day for 6 weeks) for endoscopically confirmed active peptic ulcer disease. 2 Postprandial jejunal tryptic activity and bile acid concentration were unchanged during cimetidine given for 1 and 6 weeks. 3 Postprandial gallbladder emptying was also unchanged. 4 Direct examination of postprandial upper jejunal aspirate for deconjugated bile acids was negative in all patients; but the more sensitive [14C]-glycocholate bile acid breath test showed a significant increase in breath 14CO2, indicating increased bacterial deconjugation of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 497088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3209", "title": "Biliary excretion of erythromycin after parenteral administration.", "content": "1 The biliary excretion of erythromycin has been studied following parenteral administration in 23 patients. 2 Mean bile levels of the drug were approximately ten times higher than corresponding serum concentrations 1 h after i.v. (erythromycin lactobionate) and i.m. (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) injection. 3 Thus, unlike many antimicrobial agents, these compounds are well concentrated in the bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of erythromycin after parenteral administration. 1 The biliary excretion of erythromycin has been studied following parenteral administration in 23 patients. 2 Mean bile levels of the drug were approximately ten times higher than corresponding serum concentrations 1 h after i.v. (erythromycin lactobionate) and i.m. (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) injection. 3 Thus, unlike many antimicrobial agents, these compounds are well concentrated in the bile.", "PMID": 497089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3210", "title": "A gastroscopic and pharmacological study of the disintegration time and absorption of pivampicillin capsules and tablets.", "content": "1 An in vitro investigation showed that pivampicillin tablets disintegrated more rapidly than pivampicillin capsules. This result was demonstrated and confirmed by gastroscopy in a cross-over study in healthy volunteers. 2 There were no differences in serum levels of ampicillin obtained with the two preparations, but compared with non-gastroscoped volunteers, there was delay of 0.5--1.5 h in the appearance of peak serum ampicillin concentrations after gastroscopy. 3 Half of the volunteers receiving pivampicillin capsules developed hyperaemia, interstitial bleeding or erosions of the gastric mucous membrane. No such reactions were seen after pivampicillin tablets. 4 In one volunteer, a pivampicillin capsule was trapped in a not previously noticed hiatus hernia and local changes and pain occurred.", "contents": "A gastroscopic and pharmacological study of the disintegration time and absorption of pivampicillin capsules and tablets. 1 An in vitro investigation showed that pivampicillin tablets disintegrated more rapidly than pivampicillin capsules. This result was demonstrated and confirmed by gastroscopy in a cross-over study in healthy volunteers. 2 There were no differences in serum levels of ampicillin obtained with the two preparations, but compared with non-gastroscoped volunteers, there was delay of 0.5--1.5 h in the appearance of peak serum ampicillin concentrations after gastroscopy. 3 Half of the volunteers receiving pivampicillin capsules developed hyperaemia, interstitial bleeding or erosions of the gastric mucous membrane. No such reactions were seen after pivampicillin tablets. 4 In one volunteer, a pivampicillin capsule was trapped in a not previously noticed hiatus hernia and local changes and pain occurred.", "PMID": 497090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3211", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state.", "content": "1 The relationship between warfarin dose, total and free plasma warfarin concentration, and anticoagulant effect was examined at several steady-state levels in fifteen patients during withdrawal of warfarin therapy. 2 Total plasma clearance was significantly correlated with the free fraction in plasma (r=0.955). 3 There was an age related decline in the dose of warfarin, and in the total and free plasma warfarin concentrations required to produce the same anticoagulant effect. However, neither total nor free plasma warfarin clearances varied with age. 4 Individual patients' log concentration-effect relationships were linear above a prothrombin ratio of 1.2 and there was a significant correlation (r=-0.586) between the slope and the free fraction of warfarin in plasma. It is suggested that plasma protein binding may reflect the interaction between warfarin and its effector site in the hepatocyte.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state. 1 The relationship between warfarin dose, total and free plasma warfarin concentration, and anticoagulant effect was examined at several steady-state levels in fifteen patients during withdrawal of warfarin therapy. 2 Total plasma clearance was significantly correlated with the free fraction in plasma (r=0.955). 3 There was an age related decline in the dose of warfarin, and in the total and free plasma warfarin concentrations required to produce the same anticoagulant effect. However, neither total nor free plasma warfarin clearances varied with age. 4 Individual patients' log concentration-effect relationships were linear above a prothrombin ratio of 1.2 and there was a significant correlation (r=-0.586) between the slope and the free fraction of warfarin in plasma. It is suggested that plasma protein binding may reflect the interaction between warfarin and its effector site in the hepatocyte.", "PMID": 497091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3212", "title": "The pressor actions of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and saralasin in chronic autonomic failure treated with fludrocortisone.", "content": "1 Treatment of postural hypotension due to chronic autonomic failure with fludrocortisone increased the pressor sensitivity to intravenous noradrenaline. Fludrocortisone increased the blood pressure in the standing but not the lying position. These effects of fludrocortisone may be the result of increased sensitivity of vascular receptors to noradrenaline. 2 The pressor action of angiotensin II, to which patients were supersensitive, may have involved the stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors since it was partially antagonised by phentolamine. 3 Saralasin had a marked, paradoxical, pressor effect. This may have been mediated by vascular alpha-adrenoceptors because log dose-response curves of saralasin-induced increases in systolic pressure were shifted to the right in a parallel fashion after phentolamine. 4 Fludrocortisone treatment increased the pressor sensitivity to intravenous saralasin but not to angiotensin-II.", "contents": "The pressor actions of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and saralasin in chronic autonomic failure treated with fludrocortisone. 1 Treatment of postural hypotension due to chronic autonomic failure with fludrocortisone increased the pressor sensitivity to intravenous noradrenaline. Fludrocortisone increased the blood pressure in the standing but not the lying position. These effects of fludrocortisone may be the result of increased sensitivity of vascular receptors to noradrenaline. 2 The pressor action of angiotensin II, to which patients were supersensitive, may have involved the stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors since it was partially antagonised by phentolamine. 3 Saralasin had a marked, paradoxical, pressor effect. This may have been mediated by vascular alpha-adrenoceptors because log dose-response curves of saralasin-induced increases in systolic pressure were shifted to the right in a parallel fashion after phentolamine. 4 Fludrocortisone treatment increased the pressor sensitivity to intravenous saralasin but not to angiotensin-II.", "PMID": 497092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3213", "title": "A pharmacokinetic comparison of two sustained-release oral procainamide preparations.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of two different sustained-release oral procainamide preparations were studied in ten hospital patients with normal blood ureas and no clinical evidence of heart failure. Each patient received either one or other preparation at 12 hourly intervals for four doses. Frequent blood sampling enabled close monitoring of blood levels. 2 Results showed that both preparations were essentially similar in their pharmacokinetics. Both effectively double the half-life of conventional oral procainamide to 6.5 h and are suitable as prophylactic preparations. One patient developed toxic levels, thought to be related to her metabolic status of being a very slow acetylator. To avoid toxicity pre-therapy assessment of a patient's cardiac and renal function and acetylator status is advised.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic comparison of two sustained-release oral procainamide preparations. 1 The pharmacokinetics of two different sustained-release oral procainamide preparations were studied in ten hospital patients with normal blood ureas and no clinical evidence of heart failure. Each patient received either one or other preparation at 12 hourly intervals for four doses. Frequent blood sampling enabled close monitoring of blood levels. 2 Results showed that both preparations were essentially similar in their pharmacokinetics. Both effectively double the half-life of conventional oral procainamide to 6.5 h and are suitable as prophylactic preparations. One patient developed toxic levels, thought to be related to her metabolic status of being a very slow acetylator. To avoid toxicity pre-therapy assessment of a patient's cardiac and renal function and acetylator status is advised.", "PMID": 497093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3214", "title": "A new theory of carcinogenesis.", "content": "Although many carcinogens are mutagens, there is no direct evidence that the cancer-cell phenotype is the result of gene mutation. Transplantation experiments have strongly indicated that malignant cells can arise or revert to the normal phenotype in the absence of mutation. It is suggested that damage to DNA followed by repair triggers the epigenetic changes in gene expression which are responsible for malignancy. We previously proposed that methylation of specific DNA sequences adjacent to structural genes determines whether or not transcription will occur. Specific methylases are required for the switching on of genes and for the stable maintenance of the methylated state, which provides a basis for the control of gene expression in differentiated cells. It is now seen that damage to DNA followed by repair, just before or just after DNA replication, can lead to the loss of methyl groups. This can induce a switch in gene activity which is heritable, but potentially reversible. The known large difference in the probability of malignant transformation in cells of rodents and large mammals is hard to explain if mutation is responsible. On the other hand, this new theory provides an explanation for this difference, since the probability of epigenetic changes in gene activity will depend on the activity of methylating enzymes and the rate of excision repair. The theory is supported by the evidence that excision repair is more efficient in cultured fibroblasts from large long-lived animals than from small short-lived ones.", "contents": "A new theory of carcinogenesis. Although many carcinogens are mutagens, there is no direct evidence that the cancer-cell phenotype is the result of gene mutation. Transplantation experiments have strongly indicated that malignant cells can arise or revert to the normal phenotype in the absence of mutation. It is suggested that damage to DNA followed by repair triggers the epigenetic changes in gene expression which are responsible for malignancy. We previously proposed that methylation of specific DNA sequences adjacent to structural genes determines whether or not transcription will occur. Specific methylases are required for the switching on of genes and for the stable maintenance of the methylated state, which provides a basis for the control of gene expression in differentiated cells. It is now seen that damage to DNA followed by repair, just before or just after DNA replication, can lead to the loss of methyl groups. This can induce a switch in gene activity which is heritable, but potentially reversible. The known large difference in the probability of malignant transformation in cells of rodents and large mammals is hard to explain if mutation is responsible. On the other hand, this new theory provides an explanation for this difference, since the probability of epigenetic changes in gene activity will depend on the activity of methylating enzymes and the rate of excision repair. The theory is supported by the evidence that excision repair is more efficient in cultured fibroblasts from large long-lived animals than from small short-lived ones.", "PMID": 497103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3215", "title": "Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of soluble chromium compounds on mammalian cell cultures.", "content": "The inhibition of cell growth, the reduction of cell survival and the induction of chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) have been determined in cultured hamster cell lines (BHK and CHO) treated with 11 water-soluble compounds of hexavalent and trivalent chromium. All Cr6+ compounds inhibit growth of BHK cells and reduce survival of CHO cells to levels comparable to those obtained only after exposure to 100--1000 times higher Cr3+ concentrations. The cytotoxicity curves obtained with the different Cr6+ compounds are almost overlapping, whereas marked differences of activity are noticeable among Cr3+ compounds. Giant cells are obtained after exposure to Cr6+ and Cr3+ compounds, as shown by the rise of DNA and RNA per cell, and are due to the blockage of the cell cycle without sudden inhibition of macromolecular syntheses. Both Cr6+ and Cr3+ compounds are able to induce chromosome aberrations, whereas Cr3+ is absolutely incapable of inducing SCE, only Cr6+ being active. The frequency of chromosome aberrations is increased about 10-fold after exposure to 1.0 micrograms/ml Cr6+, whereas it is only doubled after treatment with up to 150 micrograms/ml Cr3+. On the other hand, in spite of the sensitivity of CHO cells to the induction of SCE by mitomycin C, the frequency of SCE hardly doubles after exposure to Cr6+ compounds. The present data confirm that Cr6+ compounds are characterized by a marked cytotoxicity and clastogenic action on mammalian cell cultures and show that Cr3+ compounds, though cytotoxic only at extremely high concentrations and not increasing the frequency of SCE, are not completely without cytogenetic effect, as they are able to induce chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of soluble chromium compounds on mammalian cell cultures. The inhibition of cell growth, the reduction of cell survival and the induction of chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) have been determined in cultured hamster cell lines (BHK and CHO) treated with 11 water-soluble compounds of hexavalent and trivalent chromium. All Cr6+ compounds inhibit growth of BHK cells and reduce survival of CHO cells to levels comparable to those obtained only after exposure to 100--1000 times higher Cr3+ concentrations. The cytotoxicity curves obtained with the different Cr6+ compounds are almost overlapping, whereas marked differences of activity are noticeable among Cr3+ compounds. Giant cells are obtained after exposure to Cr6+ and Cr3+ compounds, as shown by the rise of DNA and RNA per cell, and are due to the blockage of the cell cycle without sudden inhibition of macromolecular syntheses. Both Cr6+ and Cr3+ compounds are able to induce chromosome aberrations, whereas Cr3+ is absolutely incapable of inducing SCE, only Cr6+ being active. The frequency of chromosome aberrations is increased about 10-fold after exposure to 1.0 micrograms/ml Cr6+, whereas it is only doubled after treatment with up to 150 micrograms/ml Cr3+. On the other hand, in spite of the sensitivity of CHO cells to the induction of SCE by mitomycin C, the frequency of SCE hardly doubles after exposure to Cr6+ compounds. The present data confirm that Cr6+ compounds are characterized by a marked cytotoxicity and clastogenic action on mammalian cell cultures and show that Cr3+ compounds, though cytotoxic only at extremely high concentrations and not increasing the frequency of SCE, are not completely without cytogenetic effect, as they are able to induce chromosome aberrations.", "PMID": 497104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3216", "title": "The spread of breast cancer: importance of the intrathoracic lymphatic route and its relevance to treatment.", "content": "Detailed necropsies were performed on 26 individuals who had died of disseminated breast carcinoma, to assess the frequency of spread to the lungs, pleura and pericardium, and to determine the likely routes of spread to these sites. Tumour was present in the lung parenchyma in 67% of the lungs examined, in the visceral pleura in 75% and the parietal pleura in 50%. Although even small deposits of pleural tumour were invariably visible to naked-eye examination, lung parenchymal involvement was almost invariably microscopic, despite its frequently extensive distribution. This finding draws attention to the difficulties of clinical staging with respect to lung metastases. Tumour in lymphatics predominated over that in blood vessels in both lung and pleura and this, together with the widespread mediastinal lymphnode infiltration found, suggests that the lymphatic system forms the dominant route of spread of breast carcinoma to the thorax. The possible role of mediastinal lymphatics in the dissemination of breast cancer to bone and liver is also discussed. Our findings suggests that the fields of adjuvant irradiation after primary surgery should include the mediastinal lymphatic network.", "contents": "The spread of breast cancer: importance of the intrathoracic lymphatic route and its relevance to treatment. Detailed necropsies were performed on 26 individuals who had died of disseminated breast carcinoma, to assess the frequency of spread to the lungs, pleura and pericardium, and to determine the likely routes of spread to these sites. Tumour was present in the lung parenchyma in 67% of the lungs examined, in the visceral pleura in 75% and the parietal pleura in 50%. Although even small deposits of pleural tumour were invariably visible to naked-eye examination, lung parenchymal involvement was almost invariably microscopic, despite its frequently extensive distribution. This finding draws attention to the difficulties of clinical staging with respect to lung metastases. Tumour in lymphatics predominated over that in blood vessels in both lung and pleura and this, together with the widespread mediastinal lymphnode infiltration found, suggests that the lymphatic system forms the dominant route of spread of breast carcinoma to the thorax. The possible role of mediastinal lymphatics in the dissemination of breast cancer to bone and liver is also discussed. Our findings suggests that the fields of adjuvant irradiation after primary surgery should include the mediastinal lymphatic network.", "PMID": 497105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3217", "title": "Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia, 1968--1977.", "content": "A record of all known cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia is complete for 10 years from 1968 to 1977. Special efforts in case-finding were made in the State of Selangor where conditions are optimal. Age-adjusted incidence rates among Chinese males and females were 16.5 and 7.2 per 100,000, among Malay males and females 2.3 and 0.7 and among Indian males, 1.0. There were no significant changes in incidence rates over the 10-year period for sex and ethnic groups, or for Chinese subethnic groups. In Chinese subethnic groups, rates were highest among Cantonese, moderate among Khek and lowest among Hokkien and Teochiu. Standardized incidence ratios using Selangor as the standard population indicate considerable under-reporting in the less urban states of Malaysia, particularly among females. In Selangor, incidence rates were similar for urban and rural residents, but the frequency of cases was higher among Chinese working in industry and living in poor neighbourhoods.", "contents": "Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia, 1968--1977. A record of all known cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia is complete for 10 years from 1968 to 1977. Special efforts in case-finding were made in the State of Selangor where conditions are optimal. Age-adjusted incidence rates among Chinese males and females were 16.5 and 7.2 per 100,000, among Malay males and females 2.3 and 0.7 and among Indian males, 1.0. There were no significant changes in incidence rates over the 10-year period for sex and ethnic groups, or for Chinese subethnic groups. In Chinese subethnic groups, rates were highest among Cantonese, moderate among Khek and lowest among Hokkien and Teochiu. Standardized incidence ratios using Selangor as the standard population indicate considerable under-reporting in the less urban states of Malaysia, particularly among females. In Selangor, incidence rates were similar for urban and rural residents, but the frequency of cases was higher among Chinese working in industry and living in poor neighbourhoods.", "PMID": 497106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3218", "title": "Histopathological changes of the nasal mucosa in active and retired nickel workers.", "content": "Histological examinations were made on nasal biopsy specimens from the middle turbinate in 318 active and 15 retired nickel workers and in 57 controls, to study the prevalence of nasal carcinoma or possible precancerous mucosal changes in nickel-exposed individuals. The histopathological changes were evaluated according to a point-score scale, and the results were correlated to age, smoking habits, duration and type of nickel exposure and to nickel concentrations in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine. The explanatory values of these factors on the histopathology were estimated by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Two nickel workers from the roasting/smelting department (0.6%), both employed 28 years at the plant, had nasal carcinoma. Epithelial dysplasia was found in about 12% of active and 47% of retired nickel workers. One of the controls, a male carpenter, had dysplasia. These histopathological changes may be precancerous lesions, as they are almost exclusively found in active and retired nickel workers with enhanced risk of nasal carcinoma. Loss of respiratory epithelium and development of squamous epithelium were regarded as unspecific histopathological changes. These changes were seen in all groups, even though in significantly higher incidence in the nickel-exposed groups. Duration of nickel exposure, type of nickel-refining work and tobacco consumption were the independent variable that, taken altogether, had the highest explanatory values for the histopathological changes.", "contents": "Histopathological changes of the nasal mucosa in active and retired nickel workers. Histological examinations were made on nasal biopsy specimens from the middle turbinate in 318 active and 15 retired nickel workers and in 57 controls, to study the prevalence of nasal carcinoma or possible precancerous mucosal changes in nickel-exposed individuals. The histopathological changes were evaluated according to a point-score scale, and the results were correlated to age, smoking habits, duration and type of nickel exposure and to nickel concentrations in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine. The explanatory values of these factors on the histopathology were estimated by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Two nickel workers from the roasting/smelting department (0.6%), both employed 28 years at the plant, had nasal carcinoma. Epithelial dysplasia was found in about 12% of active and 47% of retired nickel workers. One of the controls, a male carpenter, had dysplasia. These histopathological changes may be precancerous lesions, as they are almost exclusively found in active and retired nickel workers with enhanced risk of nasal carcinoma. Loss of respiratory epithelium and development of squamous epithelium were regarded as unspecific histopathological changes. These changes were seen in all groups, even though in significantly higher incidence in the nickel-exposed groups. Duration of nickel exposure, type of nickel-refining work and tobacco consumption were the independent variable that, taken altogether, had the highest explanatory values for the histopathological changes.", "PMID": 497107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3219", "title": "Causes of death of blue-collar workers at a Dublin brewery, 1954--73.", "content": "The suggested association between high consumption of beer and an increased risk of death from cancer of the colon and rectum was investigated among blue-collar workers at a Dublin brewery, who consume more than average amounts of beer, usually in the form of stout. A study of their mortality between 1954 and 1973 showed that they had as good an expectation of life as all Dublin males, with no increased risk of death from cancer of the oesophagus, pharynx, liver or of cirrhosis of the liver, accidents or suicide, conditions normally associated with the high consumption of alcohol. They had significantly increased risk of death from cancer of the rectum and also from diabetes mellitus. Twenty per cent of the workers, differentiated by their place of work within the brewery, had a much higher risk of death from cancer of the rectum.", "contents": "Causes of death of blue-collar workers at a Dublin brewery, 1954--73. The suggested association between high consumption of beer and an increased risk of death from cancer of the colon and rectum was investigated among blue-collar workers at a Dublin brewery, who consume more than average amounts of beer, usually in the form of stout. A study of their mortality between 1954 and 1973 showed that they had as good an expectation of life as all Dublin males, with no increased risk of death from cancer of the oesophagus, pharynx, liver or of cirrhosis of the liver, accidents or suicide, conditions normally associated with the high consumption of alcohol. They had significantly increased risk of death from cancer of the rectum and also from diabetes mellitus. Twenty per cent of the workers, differentiated by their place of work within the brewery, had a much higher risk of death from cancer of the rectum.", "PMID": 497108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3220", "title": "Immunity as the predominant factor determining metastasis by murine lymphomas.", "content": "The metastatic behaviour of the L5178E (non-M) lymphoma and a highly metastatic subline L51787ES (M) were studied in syngeneic DBA2 mice. The non-M tumour rarely metastasizes in intact syngeneic mice, but produces extensive and rapidly lethal metastases when implanted into irradiated recipients. The metastatic behaviour of the M subline is unaffected by irradiation of the host. By conventional transplantation criteria, the non-M tumour is more immunogenic than the M subline. Both tumours, however, produce similar responses in a lymphnode weight-gain assay. Host-cell infiltration of the tumours growing s.c. is much greater in the non-M than the M, the infiltrating cells being Fc-receptor-positive and maturing into macrophages after 2 days in vitro. Although spontaneous in vitro motility of the M cells is much greater than that of the non-M, the metastatic behaviour of the tumours is clearly determined by host immunological responses.", "contents": "Immunity as the predominant factor determining metastasis by murine lymphomas. The metastatic behaviour of the L5178E (non-M) lymphoma and a highly metastatic subline L51787ES (M) were studied in syngeneic DBA2 mice. The non-M tumour rarely metastasizes in intact syngeneic mice, but produces extensive and rapidly lethal metastases when implanted into irradiated recipients. The metastatic behaviour of the M subline is unaffected by irradiation of the host. By conventional transplantation criteria, the non-M tumour is more immunogenic than the M subline. Both tumours, however, produce similar responses in a lymphnode weight-gain assay. Host-cell infiltration of the tumours growing s.c. is much greater in the non-M than the M, the infiltrating cells being Fc-receptor-positive and maturing into macrophages after 2 days in vitro. Although spontaneous in vitro motility of the M cells is much greater than that of the non-M, the metastatic behaviour of the tumours is clearly determined by host immunological responses.", "PMID": 497109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3221", "title": "The role of macrophages and polymorphs in the levan-induced inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice.", "content": "High-mol.-wt levan injected locally inhibits the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice. The inhibition is dependent on the number of tumour cells injected and on the dose of levan. The inhibition decreases tumour incidence and size as well as prolonging survival. The polysaccharide is most effective when injected daily beginning on the day of tumour-cell inoculation. Treatment begun on later dates is less effective. Treatment begun one day before tumour-cell inoculation enhances tumour growth. Histological studies showed that levan induces an intense polymorphonuclear (PMN) reaction followed by accumulation of vacuolated, levan-laden macrophages. Both PMN and activated macrophages seemed to have an inhibitory effect upon the growth of the tumour. The effector role of PMN was not explained by the histological study. Tumour cells in close contact with levan-laden macrophages appeared mostly necrotic. Administration of levan begun one day before tumour-cell inoculation produced a similar reaction, but the infiltrating cells did not appear to approach and damage the tumour cells.", "contents": "The role of macrophages and polymorphs in the levan-induced inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice. High-mol.-wt levan injected locally inhibits the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice. The inhibition is dependent on the number of tumour cells injected and on the dose of levan. The inhibition decreases tumour incidence and size as well as prolonging survival. The polysaccharide is most effective when injected daily beginning on the day of tumour-cell inoculation. Treatment begun on later dates is less effective. Treatment begun one day before tumour-cell inoculation enhances tumour growth. Histological studies showed that levan induces an intense polymorphonuclear (PMN) reaction followed by accumulation of vacuolated, levan-laden macrophages. Both PMN and activated macrophages seemed to have an inhibitory effect upon the growth of the tumour. The effector role of PMN was not explained by the histological study. Tumour cells in close contact with levan-laden macrophages appeared mostly necrotic. Administration of levan begun one day before tumour-cell inoculation produced a similar reaction, but the infiltrating cells did not appear to approach and damage the tumour cells.", "PMID": 497110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3222", "title": "Bovine ocular squamous-cell carcinoma: lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin and tumour antigen.", "content": "The presence of ocular squamous-cell carcinomas in cattle was associated with significantly lower blastogenic response of peripheral-blood cultures to PHA than that of age-matched control cattle. The difference in blastogenic response was more marked when the external diameter of the tumour exceeded 2 cm. Cattle with aquamous-cell carcinomas had cell-mediated immunity against tumour extracts, as measured by the leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) microassay. The LAI reaction against tumour extracts was directly proportional to the general level of cell-mediated immunity as demonstrated by the lymphoproliferative response to PHA.", "contents": "Bovine ocular squamous-cell carcinoma: lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin and tumour antigen. The presence of ocular squamous-cell carcinomas in cattle was associated with significantly lower blastogenic response of peripheral-blood cultures to PHA than that of age-matched control cattle. The difference in blastogenic response was more marked when the external diameter of the tumour exceeded 2 cm. Cattle with aquamous-cell carcinomas had cell-mediated immunity against tumour extracts, as measured by the leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) microassay. The LAI reaction against tumour extracts was directly proportional to the general level of cell-mediated immunity as demonstrated by the lymphoproliferative response to PHA.", "PMID": 497111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3223", "title": "Investigation of time-gap formulae on the CRE system using mouse tissue as a biological model.", "content": "The cumulative radiation effect (CRE) is one of several empirical scalar descriptions of biological effect which enable corrections to be made for gaps in radiotherapy treatment. Predictions of this theory were tested using mouse crypt regeneration and mouse skin as biological models. These experimental results are discussed in terms of the dependence of tissue regeneration potential during a gap on the biological effect achieved before the gap, and on gap length. A hypothesis is proposed to reconcile the apparent conflict between the two experiments. While the simple exponential gap formulation of the CRE is seen to be inadequate, insufficient data are available at present to modify it.", "contents": "Investigation of time-gap formulae on the CRE system using mouse tissue as a biological model. The cumulative radiation effect (CRE) is one of several empirical scalar descriptions of biological effect which enable corrections to be made for gaps in radiotherapy treatment. Predictions of this theory were tested using mouse crypt regeneration and mouse skin as biological models. These experimental results are discussed in terms of the dependence of tissue regeneration potential during a gap on the biological effect achieved before the gap, and on gap length. A hypothesis is proposed to reconcile the apparent conflict between the two experiments. While the simple exponential gap formulation of the CRE is seen to be inadequate, insufficient data are available at present to modify it.", "PMID": 497112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3224", "title": "Reduced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with idiopathic aplastic anaemia to provide colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was compared to that of normal controls. CSA was prepared by incubating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phytohaemagglutinin. The supernatant derived from the latter is known as activated lymphocyte-conditioned medium (ALCM). The CSA of ALCM in eight patients was compared to that of normals in 12 experiments. In all but one instance there was decreased CSA by patient ALCM. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Reduced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with aplastic anaemia. The ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with idiopathic aplastic anaemia to provide colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was compared to that of normal controls. CSA was prepared by incubating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phytohaemagglutinin. The supernatant derived from the latter is known as activated lymphocyte-conditioned medium (ALCM). The CSA of ALCM in eight patients was compared to that of normals in 12 experiments. In all but one instance there was decreased CSA by patient ALCM. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 497115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3225", "title": "Effects of 5-fluorouracil on mouse bone marrow.", "content": "5-Fluorouracil (150 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into 11-week-old male mice. Its effects on marrow structure over the following 9 d were assessed using light microscopic examination of semi-thin transverse sections of decalcified humeri. The extravascular compartment became markedly depleted of cells and decreased in size, reaching a minimum on day 5 post-treatment. Proliferating haematopoietic cells disappeared within 2 d. Post-replicative erythrocytic cells underwent extra-vascular phagocytosis by resident macrophages, whilst mature granulocytes continued to pass into the circulation. Repopulation was underway by day 6, and re-expansion of the extravascular compartment by day 7 when megakaryocytes, of larger than normal average size, occupied most of the extravascular compartment. Megakaryocyte dominance gave way over days 8 and 9 as other haematopoietic cells proliferated and the extravascular compartment continued to enlarge. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to marrow micro-circulation, egress of haematopoietic cells into the circulation, and cell proliferation in the marrow. Endotoxin, administered 4 h after 5-fluorouracil, accelerated depletion of the marrow and recovery of haematopoiesis by about 1 d.", "contents": "Effects of 5-fluorouracil on mouse bone marrow. 5-Fluorouracil (150 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into 11-week-old male mice. Its effects on marrow structure over the following 9 d were assessed using light microscopic examination of semi-thin transverse sections of decalcified humeri. The extravascular compartment became markedly depleted of cells and decreased in size, reaching a minimum on day 5 post-treatment. Proliferating haematopoietic cells disappeared within 2 d. Post-replicative erythrocytic cells underwent extra-vascular phagocytosis by resident macrophages, whilst mature granulocytes continued to pass into the circulation. Repopulation was underway by day 6, and re-expansion of the extravascular compartment by day 7 when megakaryocytes, of larger than normal average size, occupied most of the extravascular compartment. Megakaryocyte dominance gave way over days 8 and 9 as other haematopoietic cells proliferated and the extravascular compartment continued to enlarge. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to marrow micro-circulation, egress of haematopoietic cells into the circulation, and cell proliferation in the marrow. Endotoxin, administered 4 h after 5-fluorouracil, accelerated depletion of the marrow and recovery of haematopoiesis by about 1 d.", "PMID": 497116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3226", "title": "Rheological properties of erythrocytes in heterozygous and homozygous beta thalassaemia.", "content": "The rheological properties of erythrocytes were studied in 12 heterozygous and nine homozygous beta thalassaemia patients, using filtration of erythrocytes through polycarbonate sieves with a pore diameter of 5 micron and viscosity measurements of erythrocyte and ghost suspensions. Erythrocyte deformability of all patients was decreased. In the heterozygous patients moderately diminished flexibility of cells was due to microcytosis of erythrocytes. Rigidity of erythrocytes in homozygous patients was due to altered cell shape, diminished fluidity of haemoglobin, and in splenectomized patients to the presence of inclusion bodies. Membrane flexibility of erythrocytes remained unaltered. We suggest that the decreased fluidity of haemoglobin as well as the presence of inclusion bodies result from the excess of alpha chains in erythrocytes of homozygous patients. The haemoglobin fluidity of erythrocytes of one patient with thalassaemia intermedia was unchanged. The flexibility of these cells was only moderately altered. In four patients who needed transfusions every 1--4 weeks deformability of transfused erythrocytes was likewise decreased when compared to controls. Erythrocyte suspensions obtained from the splenic artery and vein during splenectomy showed decreased flexibility of transfused cells after their passage through the spleen.", "contents": "Rheological properties of erythrocytes in heterozygous and homozygous beta thalassaemia. The rheological properties of erythrocytes were studied in 12 heterozygous and nine homozygous beta thalassaemia patients, using filtration of erythrocytes through polycarbonate sieves with a pore diameter of 5 micron and viscosity measurements of erythrocyte and ghost suspensions. Erythrocyte deformability of all patients was decreased. In the heterozygous patients moderately diminished flexibility of cells was due to microcytosis of erythrocytes. Rigidity of erythrocytes in homozygous patients was due to altered cell shape, diminished fluidity of haemoglobin, and in splenectomized patients to the presence of inclusion bodies. Membrane flexibility of erythrocytes remained unaltered. We suggest that the decreased fluidity of haemoglobin as well as the presence of inclusion bodies result from the excess of alpha chains in erythrocytes of homozygous patients. The haemoglobin fluidity of erythrocytes of one patient with thalassaemia intermedia was unchanged. The flexibility of these cells was only moderately altered. In four patients who needed transfusions every 1--4 weeks deformability of transfused erythrocytes was likewise decreased when compared to controls. Erythrocyte suspensions obtained from the splenic artery and vein during splenectomy showed decreased flexibility of transfused cells after their passage through the spleen.", "PMID": 497117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3227", "title": "Alpha thalassaemia in Sicily: haematological and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "Eight Sicilian patients with Hb H disease and their families have been studied. The standard haematological tests and the alpha/beta chain synthesis ratios showed significantly different results in the patients with Hb H disease as compared with alpha thalassaemia carriers, except for Hb A2 values. There was no significant difference in the mean RBC, MCV, Hb A2, Hb A1 and Hb F of alpha thalassaemia carriers compared with normal controls. On the contrary significant difference was found between the mean alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio of alpha thalassaemia carriers and that of the normal controls; however, the extensive overlapping of alpha/beta values between these two conditions make this parameter insufficiently discriminant. No correlation was found between MCV, MCH, RBC and alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio in patients with alpha thalassaemia trait, suggesting that the ratio cannot be used to distinguish between carriers of a mild gene ('silent' carrier) and carriers of the more severe alpha thalassaemia gene. A possible genetic model for alpha thalassaemia in Sicily is presented.", "contents": "Alpha thalassaemia in Sicily: haematological and biosynthetic studies. Eight Sicilian patients with Hb H disease and their families have been studied. The standard haematological tests and the alpha/beta chain synthesis ratios showed significantly different results in the patients with Hb H disease as compared with alpha thalassaemia carriers, except for Hb A2 values. There was no significant difference in the mean RBC, MCV, Hb A2, Hb A1 and Hb F of alpha thalassaemia carriers compared with normal controls. On the contrary significant difference was found between the mean alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio of alpha thalassaemia carriers and that of the normal controls; however, the extensive overlapping of alpha/beta values between these two conditions make this parameter insufficiently discriminant. No correlation was found between MCV, MCH, RBC and alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio in patients with alpha thalassaemia trait, suggesting that the ratio cannot be used to distinguish between carriers of a mild gene ('silent' carrier) and carriers of the more severe alpha thalassaemia gene. A possible genetic model for alpha thalassaemia in Sicily is presented.", "PMID": 497118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3228", "title": "Distribution of erythrocyte nucleotides in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency.", "content": "In pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency, erythrocytes contain elevated levels of pyrimidine nucleotides. The composition of this nucleotide pool was examined by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex formate columns using a linear ammonium formate elution gradient. In contradistinction to normal erythrocytes, adenine nucleotides accounted for only 32% of the nucleotide pool. The remainder consisted of 50% cytidine and 16% uridine nucleotides. The remaining 2% was not identified. The most abundant compound appeared to be UDP glucose whilst high levels of CTP, CMP and an unidentified cytidine compound less polar than CMP accounted for most of the cytidine nucleotide pool. The possibility that the abnormal nucleotides were due to an elevated reticulocyte count was excluded and it was also shown that erythrocytes from subjects heterozygous for pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency did not have detectable levels of the abnormal nucleotides.", "contents": "Distribution of erythrocyte nucleotides in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. In pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency, erythrocytes contain elevated levels of pyrimidine nucleotides. The composition of this nucleotide pool was examined by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex formate columns using a linear ammonium formate elution gradient. In contradistinction to normal erythrocytes, adenine nucleotides accounted for only 32% of the nucleotide pool. The remainder consisted of 50% cytidine and 16% uridine nucleotides. The remaining 2% was not identified. The most abundant compound appeared to be UDP glucose whilst high levels of CTP, CMP and an unidentified cytidine compound less polar than CMP accounted for most of the cytidine nucleotide pool. The possibility that the abnormal nucleotides were due to an elevated reticulocyte count was excluded and it was also shown that erythrocytes from subjects heterozygous for pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency did not have detectable levels of the abnormal nucleotides.", "PMID": 497119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3229", "title": "Hereditary haemolytic ovalocytosis with defective erythropoiesis.", "content": "Patients belonging to four families with 'atypical elliptocytosis' have been investigated. Clinical, haematological, erythrokinetic and enzymatic characteristics as well as the effect of splenectomy are discussed. These studies appear to define the fundamental features of a particular disorder or a variety of hereditary elliptocytosis; characterized by a genetic autosomal dominant character, moderate degree of RBC eccentricity, erythroid dysplasia with relative marrow failure and incomplete response to splenectomy.", "contents": "Hereditary haemolytic ovalocytosis with defective erythropoiesis. Patients belonging to four families with 'atypical elliptocytosis' have been investigated. Clinical, haematological, erythrokinetic and enzymatic characteristics as well as the effect of splenectomy are discussed. These studies appear to define the fundamental features of a particular disorder or a variety of hereditary elliptocytosis; characterized by a genetic autosomal dominant character, moderate degree of RBC eccentricity, erythroid dysplasia with relative marrow failure and incomplete response to splenectomy.", "PMID": 497120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3230", "title": "Effective iron chelation following oral administration of an isoniazid-pyridoxal hydrazone.", "content": "When isoniazid and pyridoxal are mixed in equimolar quantities a hydrazone is formed which is able to complex with iron. The oral administration of this compound to rats in single doses of 25--100 mg/kg leads to an increase in faecal iron excretion up to 8 times the normal level. In tissue culture the compound is able to remove iron from Chang cells. The results suggest that this compound may be of potential value for the oral therapy of iron overload.", "contents": "Effective iron chelation following oral administration of an isoniazid-pyridoxal hydrazone. When isoniazid and pyridoxal are mixed in equimolar quantities a hydrazone is formed which is able to complex with iron. The oral administration of this compound to rats in single doses of 25--100 mg/kg leads to an increase in faecal iron excretion up to 8 times the normal level. In tissue culture the compound is able to remove iron from Chang cells. The results suggest that this compound may be of potential value for the oral therapy of iron overload.", "PMID": 497121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3231", "title": "Factors influencing the treatment of patients with stage Ia carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A total of 122 patients with Stage Ia carcinoma of the cervix was followed for 5 to 25 years. Eight recurrences were found, four of which were located in the vagina, cervix or the bladder and four on the pelvic wall. Five of the recurrences were detected after 5 years of follow-up. Tumour cells were found in blood vessels or lymphatic channels in eight patients and five of them developed metastases. It is proposed that only tumours with a depth of stromal invasion of less than 5 mm should be treated conservatively. If blood vessels or lymphatic channels contain tumour, we would recommend a Wertheim's hysterectomy or treatment by intracavitary and external irradiation.", "contents": "Factors influencing the treatment of patients with stage Ia carcinoma of the cervix. A total of 122 patients with Stage Ia carcinoma of the cervix was followed for 5 to 25 years. Eight recurrences were found, four of which were located in the vagina, cervix or the bladder and four on the pelvic wall. Five of the recurrences were detected after 5 years of follow-up. Tumour cells were found in blood vessels or lymphatic channels in eight patients and five of them developed metastases. It is proposed that only tumours with a depth of stromal invasion of less than 5 mm should be treated conservatively. If blood vessels or lymphatic channels contain tumour, we would recommend a Wertheim's hysterectomy or treatment by intracavitary and external irradiation.", "PMID": 497128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3232", "title": "The effects of maternally administered pethidine or epidural bupivacaine on the fetus and newborn.", "content": "The continuous fetal heart rate rate pattern, condition of the baby at birth and its subsequent behaviour were compared in three groups of infants whose mothers received during labour either no drugs, intramuscular pethidine or epidural bupivacaine. The blood levels of pethidine and bupivacaine were measured at delivery in a maternal vein, and umbilical artery and vein, and in the newborn during the first 48 hours of life. The only significant changes in the fetal heart rate pattern occurred in association with maternal hypotension or uterine hyperstimulation. The Apgar scores at one minutes were 7 or less in more infants in the intramuscular pethidine and epidural bupivacaine groups as compared with the controls. There were no differences in the Apgar scores at five minutes. Neonatal behaviour during the first six weeks of life was not significantly affected by pethidine or epidural bupivacaine when compared with the control group. Pethidine and bupivacaine were shown to cross the placenta freely. The half-life of these drugs in the newborn was longer than in the adult.", "contents": "The effects of maternally administered pethidine or epidural bupivacaine on the fetus and newborn. The continuous fetal heart rate rate pattern, condition of the baby at birth and its subsequent behaviour were compared in three groups of infants whose mothers received during labour either no drugs, intramuscular pethidine or epidural bupivacaine. The blood levels of pethidine and bupivacaine were measured at delivery in a maternal vein, and umbilical artery and vein, and in the newborn during the first 48 hours of life. The only significant changes in the fetal heart rate pattern occurred in association with maternal hypotension or uterine hyperstimulation. The Apgar scores at one minutes were 7 or less in more infants in the intramuscular pethidine and epidural bupivacaine groups as compared with the controls. There were no differences in the Apgar scores at five minutes. Neonatal behaviour during the first six weeks of life was not significantly affected by pethidine or epidural bupivacaine when compared with the control group. Pethidine and bupivacaine were shown to cross the placenta freely. The half-life of these drugs in the newborn was longer than in the adult.", "PMID": 497129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3233", "title": "Fetal breathing movements and fetal distress.", "content": "Twenty-seven pregnancies were monitored by antenatal cardiotocographs, daily fetal movement counts and an assessment of fetal breathing activity by real time scanning, and the results of these tests were related to the development of fetal distress during the first stage of labour. The proportion of time during which fetal breathing movements were present, determined over only a short period of time, was found to be a useful predictor of fetal behaviour during a labour.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements and fetal distress. Twenty-seven pregnancies were monitored by antenatal cardiotocographs, daily fetal movement counts and an assessment of fetal breathing activity by real time scanning, and the results of these tests were related to the development of fetal distress during the first stage of labour. The proportion of time during which fetal breathing movements were present, determined over only a short period of time, was found to be a useful predictor of fetal behaviour during a labour.", "PMID": 497130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3234", "title": "Fetal breathing and generalized fetal movements in normal antenatal patients.", "content": "Fetal breathing movements (FBM) and generalized fetal movements (GFM) were recorded for 30 minutes using a real time B-scan instrument in 46 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. FBM occurred for 10.9+/-0.9 (SE) per cent of the recording time. The time occupied by FBM was not significantly related to smoking, meal times or plasma glucose concentrations. FBM were absent during the observation period in 15 per cent of patients and present for less than 10 per cent of the time in 33 per cent of patients.", "contents": "Fetal breathing and generalized fetal movements in normal antenatal patients. Fetal breathing movements (FBM) and generalized fetal movements (GFM) were recorded for 30 minutes using a real time B-scan instrument in 46 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. FBM occurred for 10.9+/-0.9 (SE) per cent of the recording time. The time occupied by FBM was not significantly related to smoking, meal times or plasma glucose concentrations. FBM were absent during the observation period in 15 per cent of patients and present for less than 10 per cent of the time in 33 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 497131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3235", "title": "Ultrasound assessment of fetal growth.", "content": "Consecutive ultrasonic measurements of the fetal head area, thorax area, abdomen area, head/thorax (H/T) area ratio and head/abdomen (H/A) area ratio were obtained from 100 patients with a normal pregnancy and from 186 patients with suspected intrauterine fetal growth retardation. Of all the measurements used, H/A area ratio was found to be most accurate in identifying intrauterine fetal growth retardation predicting 82.9 per cent at 33 weeks and 85.7 per cent at 36 to 38 weeks of gestation. This technique was also found to be useful in distinguishing between the two types of growth retardation. The H/A area ratio was helpful in identifying the growth acceleration pattern of a large baby.", "contents": "Ultrasound assessment of fetal growth. Consecutive ultrasonic measurements of the fetal head area, thorax area, abdomen area, head/thorax (H/T) area ratio and head/abdomen (H/A) area ratio were obtained from 100 patients with a normal pregnancy and from 186 patients with suspected intrauterine fetal growth retardation. Of all the measurements used, H/A area ratio was found to be most accurate in identifying intrauterine fetal growth retardation predicting 82.9 per cent at 33 weeks and 85.7 per cent at 36 to 38 weeks of gestation. This technique was also found to be useful in distinguishing between the two types of growth retardation. The H/A area ratio was helpful in identifying the growth acceleration pattern of a large baby.", "PMID": 497132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3236", "title": "Blood pressure changes when uterine stimulants are used after normal delivery.", "content": "Use of an automatic sphygmomanometer showed that intravenous ergometrine given immediately after delivery caused significant elevation of diastolic blood pressure in all 10 normotensive women studied. Blood pressure was also raised in some patients following the use of intramuscular oxytocin and ergometrine (Syntometrine). Uterine stimulants for use after delivery must be chosen with care.", "contents": "Blood pressure changes when uterine stimulants are used after normal delivery. Use of an automatic sphygmomanometer showed that intravenous ergometrine given immediately after delivery caused significant elevation of diastolic blood pressure in all 10 normotensive women studied. Blood pressure was also raised in some patients following the use of intramuscular oxytocin and ergometrine (Syntometrine). Uterine stimulants for use after delivery must be chosen with care.", "PMID": 497133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3237", "title": "Placental protein 5 in fetal and maternal compartments.", "content": "Placental protein 5 is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and secreted into the maternal peripheral circulation reaching levels of approximately 30 micrograms per litre in normal pregnancy at term. In the present study the distribution of PP5 was examined in maternal and fetal compartments in 13 patients at delivery.", "contents": "Placental protein 5 in fetal and maternal compartments. Placental protein 5 is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and secreted into the maternal peripheral circulation reaching levels of approximately 30 micrograms per litre in normal pregnancy at term. In the present study the distribution of PP5 was examined in maternal and fetal compartments in 13 patients at delivery.", "PMID": 497134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3238", "title": "Serum gonadotrophins, prolactin and ovarian steroids in primary dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "Serum samples were collected from 27 women with incapacitating primary dysmenorrhoea and from 16 normal women in the early part of the cycle (between day 3 to 6), at midcycle (between days 13 to 16) and in the late part of the cycle (between days 23 to 26) for determination of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). The gonadotrophin and P levels showed normal and similar ovulatory patterns in both groups. The PRL concentrations (mean +/- SD) in dysmenorrhoeic women were lower than normal in the early part (9.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml vs 14.5 +/- 7.3 ng/ml, p less than 0.01) and in the late part of the cycle (11.7 +/- 5.2 ng/ml vs 16.5 +/- 10.2 ng/ml, p less than 0.05), but not so at midcycle (9.1 +/- 2.8 ng/ml vs 10.4 +/- 4.4 ng/ml, p greater than 0.05). The E2 level was higher than normal in dysmenorrhoeic women in the late cycle (163.0 +/- 76.7 pg/ml vs 93.3 +/- 64.3 PG/ML, p less than 0.01), but apart from this the ratio of E2/P did not differ between the groups. These hormonal changes may be related to an excessive production of endometrial prostaglandins in primary dysmenorrhoea.", "contents": "Serum gonadotrophins, prolactin and ovarian steroids in primary dysmenorrhoea. Serum samples were collected from 27 women with incapacitating primary dysmenorrhoea and from 16 normal women in the early part of the cycle (between day 3 to 6), at midcycle (between days 13 to 16) and in the late part of the cycle (between days 23 to 26) for determination of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). The gonadotrophin and P levels showed normal and similar ovulatory patterns in both groups. The PRL concentrations (mean +/- SD) in dysmenorrhoeic women were lower than normal in the early part (9.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml vs 14.5 +/- 7.3 ng/ml, p less than 0.01) and in the late part of the cycle (11.7 +/- 5.2 ng/ml vs 16.5 +/- 10.2 ng/ml, p less than 0.05), but not so at midcycle (9.1 +/- 2.8 ng/ml vs 10.4 +/- 4.4 ng/ml, p greater than 0.05). The E2 level was higher than normal in dysmenorrhoeic women in the late cycle (163.0 +/- 76.7 pg/ml vs 93.3 +/- 64.3 PG/ML, p less than 0.01), but apart from this the ratio of E2/P did not differ between the groups. These hormonal changes may be related to an excessive production of endometrial prostaglandins in primary dysmenorrhoea.", "PMID": 497135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3239", "title": "Immediate postpartum insertion of a copper-wired intrauterine contraceptive device, the MLCu250.", "content": "The MLCu250, a copper-wired intrauterine contraceptive device, was inserted in 600 women immediately after delivery of the placenta. Thirty months after insertion, 9843 woman months of experience were computerized and the data analysed according to the life-table method. The gross cumulative pregnancy and expulsion rates were 1.3 and 6.0 respectively. No serious complications were observed and the puerperium was uncomplicated.", "contents": "Immediate postpartum insertion of a copper-wired intrauterine contraceptive device, the MLCu250. The MLCu250, a copper-wired intrauterine contraceptive device, was inserted in 600 women immediately after delivery of the placenta. Thirty months after insertion, 9843 woman months of experience were computerized and the data analysed according to the life-table method. The gross cumulative pregnancy and expulsion rates were 1.3 and 6.0 respectively. No serious complications were observed and the puerperium was uncomplicated.", "PMID": 497136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3240", "title": "The effect of laparoscopic sterilisation by diathermy or silastic bands on post-operative pain, menstrual symptoms and sexuality.", "content": "A total of 530 patients was reviewed six months after laparoscopic sterilisation by diathermy (235 patients) or silastic bands (295 patients). In the immediate postoperative period severe lower abdominal pain was more common in the patients who had silastic bands. There was no differences in the nature or incidence of menstrual problems when the two methods were compared. In all, 40 per cent of patients reported an increase in menstrual blood loss ad 26 per cent of patients an increase in menstrual pain, and this could not be attributed entirely to stopping oral contraception; 42 per cent of patients reported improvement in their sex lives after sterilisation, while 6.6 per cent reported deterioration mainly due to lack of libido. There was some regret about the operation in 5.1 per cent of patients.", "contents": "The effect of laparoscopic sterilisation by diathermy or silastic bands on post-operative pain, menstrual symptoms and sexuality. A total of 530 patients was reviewed six months after laparoscopic sterilisation by diathermy (235 patients) or silastic bands (295 patients). In the immediate postoperative period severe lower abdominal pain was more common in the patients who had silastic bands. There was no differences in the nature or incidence of menstrual problems when the two methods were compared. In all, 40 per cent of patients reported an increase in menstrual blood loss ad 26 per cent of patients an increase in menstrual pain, and this could not be attributed entirely to stopping oral contraception; 42 per cent of patients reported improvement in their sex lives after sterilisation, while 6.6 per cent reported deterioration mainly due to lack of libido. There was some regret about the operation in 5.1 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 497137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3241", "title": "Pregnancies in women with hyperprolactinaemia: clinical course and obstetric complications of 41 pregnancies in 27 women.", "content": "Observations are reported on 41 pregnancies in 27 patients who initially had infertility and raised serum prolactin concentrations. Associated symptoms were secondary amenorrhoea (81 per cent) and galactorrhoea (81 per cent). All patients were at risk of pituitary expansion during pregnancy, especially these 19 (70 per cent) with radiological evidence of pituitary tumours. Fifteen patients had 21 pregnancies after pituitary implantation with 90yttrium; 14 patients had 20 pregnancies without prior pituitary implantation or any other attempt to prevent tumour expansion. During pregnancies, tumour enlargement as shown by diminished visual acuity, visual field defects, severe headaches, diabetes insipidus and radiological changes occurred only in 3 of the 14 patients who had not had implants. Two patients who became pregnant both before and after pituitary implantation suffered tumour expansion in their pregnancies before implantation, but not when pregnant after the operation. The induction and Cesarean section rates were about 30 per cent in 32 term pregnancies in 25 patients. Details of how pregnancy was achieved and the associated obstetric problems are given.", "contents": "Pregnancies in women with hyperprolactinaemia: clinical course and obstetric complications of 41 pregnancies in 27 women. Observations are reported on 41 pregnancies in 27 patients who initially had infertility and raised serum prolactin concentrations. Associated symptoms were secondary amenorrhoea (81 per cent) and galactorrhoea (81 per cent). All patients were at risk of pituitary expansion during pregnancy, especially these 19 (70 per cent) with radiological evidence of pituitary tumours. Fifteen patients had 21 pregnancies after pituitary implantation with 90yttrium; 14 patients had 20 pregnancies without prior pituitary implantation or any other attempt to prevent tumour expansion. During pregnancies, tumour enlargement as shown by diminished visual acuity, visual field defects, severe headaches, diabetes insipidus and radiological changes occurred only in 3 of the 14 patients who had not had implants. Two patients who became pregnant both before and after pituitary implantation suffered tumour expansion in their pregnancies before implantation, but not when pregnant after the operation. The induction and Cesarean section rates were about 30 per cent in 32 term pregnancies in 25 patients. Details of how pregnancy was achieved and the associated obstetric problems are given.", "PMID": 497142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3242", "title": "Enterohepatic circulation of oestriol: a study of the effects of ampicillin on plasma oestriol levels.", "content": "Plasma total oestriol was measured daily before and during ampicillin therapy in five pregnancy patients and in eight patients, four of whom were receiving ampicillin, for four days following delivery. Ampicillin caused a fall in plasma oestriol of 25 per cent during the first three days of treatment, thereafter the level remained stable with a lower day-to-day variability than in untreated patients. Ampicillin reduced the plasma half life of total oestriol by 60 per cent. This study illustrates how the re-entry of oestriol from the gut leads to irregular fluctuations in plasma oestriol levels and helps to keep up the plasma concentration of the steroid when inflow from the fetoplacental unit is cut off.", "contents": "Enterohepatic circulation of oestriol: a study of the effects of ampicillin on plasma oestriol levels. Plasma total oestriol was measured daily before and during ampicillin therapy in five pregnancy patients and in eight patients, four of whom were receiving ampicillin, for four days following delivery. Ampicillin caused a fall in plasma oestriol of 25 per cent during the first three days of treatment, thereafter the level remained stable with a lower day-to-day variability than in untreated patients. Ampicillin reduced the plasma half life of total oestriol by 60 per cent. This study illustrates how the re-entry of oestriol from the gut leads to irregular fluctuations in plasma oestriol levels and helps to keep up the plasma concentration of the steroid when inflow from the fetoplacental unit is cut off.", "PMID": 497143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3243", "title": "The effect of maternal posture, meals and time of day on fetal movements.", "content": "During the last 3 to 4 months of their pregnancies, six healthy mothers provided a daily record of their own activity together with the amount of fetal movement. Fetal movement increased throughout most of the daytime to reach a peak in the evening. The mothers detected most movement when they were lying, less when they were sitting and least when they were standing. Later in the day the mothers were less likely to be standing and more likely to be sitting; when fetal movement was measured with the mother in the sitting posture, more movement occurred as the day progressed. Mealtimes did not have any effect upon movement. Some implications of these findings, both for the assessment of fetal well-being and for theories of the development of circadian rhythms in the infant, are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of maternal posture, meals and time of day on fetal movements. During the last 3 to 4 months of their pregnancies, six healthy mothers provided a daily record of their own activity together with the amount of fetal movement. Fetal movement increased throughout most of the daytime to reach a peak in the evening. The mothers detected most movement when they were lying, less when they were sitting and least when they were standing. Later in the day the mothers were less likely to be standing and more likely to be sitting; when fetal movement was measured with the mother in the sitting posture, more movement occurred as the day progressed. Mealtimes did not have any effect upon movement. Some implications of these findings, both for the assessment of fetal well-being and for theories of the development of circadian rhythms in the infant, are discussed.", "PMID": 497144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3244", "title": "Fetal movements in small-for-dates babies.", "content": "Subjective assessment of daily fetal movement rates is a simple clinical guide to fetal well-being. Fetal death is unlikely to occur until rate falls below 10 movements/12 hours whilst a rate of less than 21 movements/12 hours is strongly associated with a small-to-dates fetus and indicates the necessity for further assessment of placental function.", "contents": "Fetal movements in small-for-dates babies. Subjective assessment of daily fetal movement rates is a simple clinical guide to fetal well-being. Fetal death is unlikely to occur until rate falls below 10 movements/12 hours whilst a rate of less than 21 movements/12 hours is strongly associated with a small-to-dates fetus and indicates the necessity for further assessment of placental function.", "PMID": 497145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3245", "title": "Abortion associated with intrauterine infection by candida albicans. Case report.", "content": "A 27-year-old patient who became pregnant whilst fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device developed an intrauterine Candida albicans infection and aborted. The diagnostic (and other inconspicuous) features of C. Albicans infection in the fetus are described. The presence of the intrauterine contraceptive device may have predisposed to the establishment of the infection.", "contents": "Abortion associated with intrauterine infection by candida albicans. Case report. A 27-year-old patient who became pregnant whilst fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device developed an intrauterine Candida albicans infection and aborted. The diagnostic (and other inconspicuous) features of C. Albicans infection in the fetus are described. The presence of the intrauterine contraceptive device may have predisposed to the establishment of the infection.", "PMID": 497146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3246", "title": "Recurrent bowel obstruction during pregnancy after ileo-jejunal by-pass. Case report.", "content": "A patient weighing 140 kg had a jejuno-ileal by-pass procedure. In two subsequent pregnancies she developed bowel obstruction on a total of three occasions.", "contents": "Recurrent bowel obstruction during pregnancy after ileo-jejunal by-pass. Case report. A patient weighing 140 kg had a jejuno-ileal by-pass procedure. In two subsequent pregnancies she developed bowel obstruction on a total of three occasions.", "PMID": 497147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3247", "title": "Retroperitoneal sarcomas obstructing delivery: two case reports.", "content": "Two patients with abnormal fetal lies underwent elective Caesarean section. Both abnormal lies were found to be due to retroperitoneal sarcomas overlying the bifurcation of the iliac vessels. One proved to be an inoperable and radioresistant fibrosarcoma. At seven and a half years after Caesarean section and following chemotherapy this patient is alive and well and has had two more children. The other tumour was a large myxoid liposarcoma which was completely removed at the time of Caesarean section. This patient is alive and well 18 months after operation.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal sarcomas obstructing delivery: two case reports. Two patients with abnormal fetal lies underwent elective Caesarean section. Both abnormal lies were found to be due to retroperitoneal sarcomas overlying the bifurcation of the iliac vessels. One proved to be an inoperable and radioresistant fibrosarcoma. At seven and a half years after Caesarean section and following chemotherapy this patient is alive and well and has had two more children. The other tumour was a large myxoid liposarcoma which was completely removed at the time of Caesarean section. This patient is alive and well 18 months after operation.", "PMID": 497148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3248", "title": "A compound representing the D-glycerate terminus of the methylglucose-containing polysaccharide of Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "In order to study the structure of the methylglucose-containing polysaccharide (MGP) of Mycobacterium smegmatis by NMR spectroscopy, we have prepared the model compound O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D-glyceric acid. This compound, which represents the aglycon-containing terminus of MGP, was made from leucorse [O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 5)-D-fructopyranose] by successive treatment with sodium borohydride, lead tetraacetate, and hypobromite. The structure of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosy.-(1 leads to 2)-D-glyceric acid was confirmed by chemical and enzymic methods. 13C and 1H NMR spectra of this compound, together with spectra of several disaccharides, were obtained for future reference in the polysaccharide study. The nine resonances in the 13C spectrum were assigned by comparison with the spectrum of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum showed that the two methylene protons on C-3 of the glycerate moiety were less equivalent in the sodium salt than in the acid. This may be attributable to hydrogen bonding between the carboxylate and the hydrogen atom of the glycerate 3-hydroxyl group.", "contents": "A compound representing the D-glycerate terminus of the methylglucose-containing polysaccharide of Mycobacterium smegmatis. In order to study the structure of the methylglucose-containing polysaccharide (MGP) of Mycobacterium smegmatis by NMR spectroscopy, we have prepared the model compound O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D-glyceric acid. This compound, which represents the aglycon-containing terminus of MGP, was made from leucorse [O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 5)-D-fructopyranose] by successive treatment with sodium borohydride, lead tetraacetate, and hypobromite. The structure of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosy.-(1 leads to 2)-D-glyceric acid was confirmed by chemical and enzymic methods. 13C and 1H NMR spectra of this compound, together with spectra of several disaccharides, were obtained for future reference in the polysaccharide study. The nine resonances in the 13C spectrum were assigned by comparison with the spectrum of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum showed that the two methylene protons on C-3 of the glycerate moiety were less equivalent in the sodium salt than in the acid. This may be attributable to hydrogen bonding between the carboxylate and the hydrogen atom of the glycerate 3-hydroxyl group.", "PMID": 497149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3249", "title": "Biochemical properties of acteylcholine receptor subunits from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Four polypeptide chains composing acetylcholine receptors from the electric organ of Torpedo californica were purified by preparative electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their apparent mole ratio alpha/beta/gamma/delta is 2:1:1:1. These chains are not readily distinguished by amino acid or carbohydrate composition but are distinguished by apparent molecular weight and polypeptide maps. By peptide maps, no extensive homology is evident between these chains or between any of these chains and higher molecular weight chains found in receptor-enriched membrane fragments.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of acteylcholine receptor subunits from Torpedo californica. Four polypeptide chains composing acetylcholine receptors from the electric organ of Torpedo californica were purified by preparative electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their apparent mole ratio alpha/beta/gamma/delta is 2:1:1:1. These chains are not readily distinguished by amino acid or carbohydrate composition but are distinguished by apparent molecular weight and polypeptide maps. By peptide maps, no extensive homology is evident between these chains or between any of these chains and higher molecular weight chains found in receptor-enriched membrane fragments.", "PMID": 497150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3250", "title": "Immunochemical similarities between subunits of acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo, Electrophorus, and mammalian muscle.", "content": "Polypeptide chains composing acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus were purified and labeled with 125I. Immunochemical studies with these labeled chains showed that receptor from Electrophorus is composed of three chains corresponding to the alpha, beta, and gamma chains of receptor from Torpedo but lacks a chain corresponding to the delta chain of Torpedo. Experiments suggest that receptor from mammalian muscle contains four groups of antigenic determinants corresponding to all four of the Torpedo chains. Binding of 125I-labeled chains was measured by quantitative immune precipitation and electrophoresis. Antisera to the following immunogens were used: denatured alpha, beta, gamma, and delta chains of Torpedo receptor, native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus electric organs and from rat and fetal calf muscle, and human muscle receptor (from autoantisera of patients with myasthenia gravis). The four chains of Torpedo receptor were immunologically distinct from one another and from higher molecular weight chains found in electric organ membranes. Antibodies to these chains reacted very efficiently with native Torpedo receptor, but the reverse was not true. Antibodies to native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus reacted slightly with each of the chains of the corresponding receptor. However, cross-reaction between chains and antibodies to any native receptor was most obviuos with the alpha chain of Torpedo or the corresponding alpha' chain of Electrophorus. Antiserum to alpha chains exhibited higher titer aginst receptor from denervated rat muscle. Antibodies from myasthenia gravis patients did not cross-react detectably with 125I-labeled chains from electric organ receptors. Most interspecies cross-reaction occurred at conformationally dependent determinants whose subunit localization could not be determined by reaction with the denatured chains.", "contents": "Immunochemical similarities between subunits of acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo, Electrophorus, and mammalian muscle. Polypeptide chains composing acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus were purified and labeled with 125I. Immunochemical studies with these labeled chains showed that receptor from Electrophorus is composed of three chains corresponding to the alpha, beta, and gamma chains of receptor from Torpedo but lacks a chain corresponding to the delta chain of Torpedo. Experiments suggest that receptor from mammalian muscle contains four groups of antigenic determinants corresponding to all four of the Torpedo chains. Binding of 125I-labeled chains was measured by quantitative immune precipitation and electrophoresis. Antisera to the following immunogens were used: denatured alpha, beta, gamma, and delta chains of Torpedo receptor, native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus electric organs and from rat and fetal calf muscle, and human muscle receptor (from autoantisera of patients with myasthenia gravis). The four chains of Torpedo receptor were immunologically distinct from one another and from higher molecular weight chains found in electric organ membranes. Antibodies to these chains reacted very efficiently with native Torpedo receptor, but the reverse was not true. Antibodies to native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus reacted slightly with each of the chains of the corresponding receptor. However, cross-reaction between chains and antibodies to any native receptor was most obviuos with the alpha chain of Torpedo or the corresponding alpha' chain of Electrophorus. Antiserum to alpha chains exhibited higher titer aginst receptor from denervated rat muscle. Antibodies from myasthenia gravis patients did not cross-react detectably with 125I-labeled chains from electric organ receptors. Most interspecies cross-reaction occurred at conformationally dependent determinants whose subunit localization could not be determined by reaction with the denatured chains.", "PMID": 497151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3251", "title": "Location of the stilbenedisulfonate binding site of the human erythrocyte anion-exchange system by resonance energy transfer.", "content": "The stilbenedisulfonate inhibitory site of the human erythrocyte anion-exchange system has been characterized by using serveral fluorescent stilbenedisulfonates. The covalent inhibitor 4-benzamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (BIDS) reacts specifically with the band 3 protein of the plasma membrane when added to intact erythrocytes, and the reversible inhibitors 4,4'-dibenzamidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DBDS) and 4-benzamido-4'-aminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (BADS) show a fluorescence enhancement upon binding to the inhibitory site on erythrocyte ghosts. The fluorescence properties of all three bound probes indicate a rigid, hydrophobic site with nearby tryptophan residues. The Triton X-100 solublized and purified band 3 protein has similar affinities for DBDS, BADS, and 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DNDS) to those observed on intact erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts, showing that the anion binding site is not perturbed by the solubilization procedure. The distance between the stilbenedisulfonate binding site and a group of cysteine residues on the 40 000-dalton amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of band 3 was measured by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. Four different fluorescent sulfhydryl reagents were used as either energy transfer donors or energy transfer acceptors in combination with the stilbenedisulfonates (BIDS, DBDS, BADS, and DNDS). Efficiencies of transfer were measured by sensitized emisssion, donor quenching, and donor lifetime changes. Although these sites are approachable from opposite sides of the membrane by impermeant reagents, they are separated by only 34--42 A, indicating that the anion binding site is located in a protein cleft which extends some distance into the membrane.", "contents": "Location of the stilbenedisulfonate binding site of the human erythrocyte anion-exchange system by resonance energy transfer. The stilbenedisulfonate inhibitory site of the human erythrocyte anion-exchange system has been characterized by using serveral fluorescent stilbenedisulfonates. The covalent inhibitor 4-benzamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (BIDS) reacts specifically with the band 3 protein of the plasma membrane when added to intact erythrocytes, and the reversible inhibitors 4,4'-dibenzamidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DBDS) and 4-benzamido-4'-aminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (BADS) show a fluorescence enhancement upon binding to the inhibitory site on erythrocyte ghosts. The fluorescence properties of all three bound probes indicate a rigid, hydrophobic site with nearby tryptophan residues. The Triton X-100 solublized and purified band 3 protein has similar affinities for DBDS, BADS, and 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DNDS) to those observed on intact erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts, showing that the anion binding site is not perturbed by the solubilization procedure. The distance between the stilbenedisulfonate binding site and a group of cysteine residues on the 40 000-dalton amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of band 3 was measured by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. Four different fluorescent sulfhydryl reagents were used as either energy transfer donors or energy transfer acceptors in combination with the stilbenedisulfonates (BIDS, DBDS, BADS, and DNDS). Efficiencies of transfer were measured by sensitized emisssion, donor quenching, and donor lifetime changes. Although these sites are approachable from opposite sides of the membrane by impermeant reagents, they are separated by only 34--42 A, indicating that the anion binding site is located in a protein cleft which extends some distance into the membrane.", "PMID": 497152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3252", "title": "Purification and the histones of Dictyostelium discoideum chromatin.", "content": "Dictyostelium chromatin has been purified from nuclei in high yield by differential centrifugation and nuclease cleaving. Its chemical composition has been assayed, and its histones have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis, peptide fingerprints, amino acid composition, and ion-exchange chromatography. The mass ratios of DNA/RNA/histone/nonhistone are 1.0:0.18:0.98:1.02. There are four histones including one unusual histone, H7, which is the most abundant histone in the slime mold. The H4-like protein is the most conserved protein, while the other histones show both similarities and differences with mammalian histones.", "contents": "Purification and the histones of Dictyostelium discoideum chromatin. Dictyostelium chromatin has been purified from nuclei in high yield by differential centrifugation and nuclease cleaving. Its chemical composition has been assayed, and its histones have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis, peptide fingerprints, amino acid composition, and ion-exchange chromatography. The mass ratios of DNA/RNA/histone/nonhistone are 1.0:0.18:0.98:1.02. There are four histones including one unusual histone, H7, which is the most abundant histone in the slime mold. The H4-like protein is the most conserved protein, while the other histones show both similarities and differences with mammalian histones.", "PMID": 497154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3253", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance conformational studies on the chemotactic tripeptide formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine. A small beta sheet.", "content": "Previous work by several groups has shown that the combination of spin--spin coupling constants and spectral density components (derived from spin--lattice relaxation and/or nuclear Overhauser measurements) may aid in the task of conformational determination of peptides in solution. Using the peptide formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine, which is a potent specific chemotactic agent for leucocytes, we show the following: (a) that 3JNHCH coupling constants are consistent with a high degree of rigidity in the peptide backbone in solution, (b) that 3H isotopic substitution in combination with relaxation data taken at different Larmor frequencies enables spectral density, and thence conformational, information to be obtained, (c) that side-chain conformations for this molecule mirror, in some aspects, those found in the solid state for other peptides containing the same residues, and (d) that temperature dependence of amide chemical shifts does not have direct implication concerning the existence  of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in peptides. We are able to propose a family of conformations which appear to interchange rapidly on the NMR time scale and are characterized by a distribution of side-chain rotamers. The basic backbone conformation is, or closely approximates, a small beta antiparallel pleated sheet and as such suggests a possible mode of receptor--chemotactic peptide interaction.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance conformational studies on the chemotactic tripeptide formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine. A small beta sheet. Previous work by several groups has shown that the combination of spin--spin coupling constants and spectral density components (derived from spin--lattice relaxation and/or nuclear Overhauser measurements) may aid in the task of conformational determination of peptides in solution. Using the peptide formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine, which is a potent specific chemotactic agent for leucocytes, we show the following: (a) that 3JNHCH coupling constants are consistent with a high degree of rigidity in the peptide backbone in solution, (b) that 3H isotopic substitution in combination with relaxation data taken at different Larmor frequencies enables spectral density, and thence conformational, information to be obtained, (c) that side-chain conformations for this molecule mirror, in some aspects, those found in the solid state for other peptides containing the same residues, and (d) that temperature dependence of amide chemical shifts does not have direct implication concerning the existence  of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in peptides. We are able to propose a family of conformations which appear to interchange rapidly on the NMR time scale and are characterized by a distribution of side-chain rotamers. The basic backbone conformation is, or closely approximates, a small beta antiparallel pleated sheet and as such suggests a possible mode of receptor--chemotactic peptide interaction.", "PMID": 497159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3254", "title": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase from Malbranchea pulchella: isolation and characterization.", "content": "Lipoamide  dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.4.3) has been isolated from a total homogenate of frozen mycelium of the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea by a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, Procion Brilliant Blue M-R--Sepharose 4B chromatography, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The second step is the key purification step with the Procion Brilliant Blue M-R dye acting as an affinity ligand for the enzyme. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme is a dimer of molecular weight 102 000, and each monomer of 51 000 molecular weight binds one molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Other properties determined include a pH optimum of 8.2, a strong specificity for the substrates dihydrolipoamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the apparent lack of multiple enzymic forms, the presence of diaphorase activity, and resistance to temperature denaturation up to 60 degrees C. The amino acid composition and absorption spectrum of the enzyme were also determined. The properties of lipoamide dehydrogenase from this source are very similar to those reported for the enzyme from serveral other sources.", "contents": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase from Malbranchea pulchella: isolation and characterization. Lipoamide  dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.4.3) has been isolated from a total homogenate of frozen mycelium of the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea by a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, Procion Brilliant Blue M-R--Sepharose 4B chromatography, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The second step is the key purification step with the Procion Brilliant Blue M-R dye acting as an affinity ligand for the enzyme. The purified enzyme gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme is a dimer of molecular weight 102 000, and each monomer of 51 000 molecular weight binds one molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Other properties determined include a pH optimum of 8.2, a strong specificity for the substrates dihydrolipoamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the apparent lack of multiple enzymic forms, the presence of diaphorase activity, and resistance to temperature denaturation up to 60 degrees C. The amino acid composition and absorption spectrum of the enzyme were also determined. The properties of lipoamide dehydrogenase from this source are very similar to those reported for the enzyme from serveral other sources.", "PMID": 497161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3255", "title": "Purification and properties of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii.", "content": "A pyridine nucleotide independent D-lactate dehydrogenase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 105 000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis with a subunit molecular weight of 55 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and is thus probably a dimer of identical subunits. It contains approximately 1 mol of FAD and 1 g-atom of Zn2+ per mol of protein subunit, and the flavin exhibits a fluorescence 1.7 times that of free FAD. An earlier purification [Brockman, H. L., & Wood, W. A. (1975 J. Bacteriol. 124, 1454--1461] results in substantial loss of the enzyme's zinc, which is required for catalytic activity. The new purification yields greater than 5 times the amount of enzyme previously isolated. The enzyme is specific for D-lactate, and no inhibition is observed with L-lactate. Surprisingly, the enzyme has a significant oxidase activity, which depends on the ionic strength. Vmax values of 190 and 530 min-1 were obtained at a gamma/2 of 0.224 and 0.442, respectively. Except for this atypically high oxygen reactivity, D-lactate dehydrogenase resembles other flavoenzyme dehydrogenases in that the flavin does not react with sulfite, the tryptophan content is low, and a neutral blue semiquinone is formed upon photochemical reduction. The enzyme flavin is reduced either by dithionite, by oxalate plus catalytic 5-deazaflavin in the presence of light, or by D-lactate. Two electrons per flavin were consumed in a dithionite titration, implyine with varying ratios of D-lactate and pyruvate, an Em7 of -0.219 +/- 0.007 V at 20 degrees C was calculated for the flavin. The enzyme requires dithiothreitol for stability. Rapid inactivation results when the enzyme is incubated with a substoichiometric level of Cu2+. This inactivation can be reversed by dithiothreitol. It is proposed that the enzyme possesses a pair of cysteine residues capable of facile disulfide formation.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. A pyridine nucleotide independent D-lactate dehydrogenase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 105 000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis with a subunit molecular weight of 55 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and is thus probably a dimer of identical subunits. It contains approximately 1 mol of FAD and 1 g-atom of Zn2+ per mol of protein subunit, and the flavin exhibits a fluorescence 1.7 times that of free FAD. An earlier purification [Brockman, H. L., & Wood, W. A. (1975 J. Bacteriol. 124, 1454--1461] results in substantial loss of the enzyme's zinc, which is required for catalytic activity. The new purification yields greater than 5 times the amount of enzyme previously isolated. The enzyme is specific for D-lactate, and no inhibition is observed with L-lactate. Surprisingly, the enzyme has a significant oxidase activity, which depends on the ionic strength. Vmax values of 190 and 530 min-1 were obtained at a gamma/2 of 0.224 and 0.442, respectively. Except for this atypically high oxygen reactivity, D-lactate dehydrogenase resembles other flavoenzyme dehydrogenases in that the flavin does not react with sulfite, the tryptophan content is low, and a neutral blue semiquinone is formed upon photochemical reduction. The enzyme flavin is reduced either by dithionite, by oxalate plus catalytic 5-deazaflavin in the presence of light, or by D-lactate. Two electrons per flavin were consumed in a dithionite titration, implyine with varying ratios of D-lactate and pyruvate, an Em7 of -0.219 +/- 0.007 V at 20 degrees C was calculated for the flavin. The enzyme requires dithiothreitol for stability. Rapid inactivation results when the enzyme is incubated with a substoichiometric level of Cu2+. This inactivation can be reversed by dithiothreitol. It is proposed that the enzyme possesses a pair of cysteine residues capable of facile disulfide formation.", "PMID": 497162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3256", "title": "Suicide inactivation of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase by alpha-hydroxybutynoate.", "content": "The acetylenic alpha-hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (alpha HB) is a substrate and an irreversible inactivator of the FAD-containing flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. On the average, the enzyme undergoes five catalytic turnovers with alpha HB in air at pH 7.0 before being inactivated. Irreversible inactivation is due to the conversion of the flavin to a pink adduct with visible absorption peaks at 522, 382, and 330 nm and weak fluorescence with an emission maximum at 635 nm. The adduct is stable and can be released from the enzyme and purified. It retains a structure analogous to FAD since it binds to the FAD-specific apo-D-amino acid oxidase. It can be further converted to an FMN analogue with phosphodiesterase which binds to the FMN-specific apoflavodoxin. Experiments were conducted to test whether inactivation was initiated by an alpha HB allene carbanion or the dehydrogenation product of alpha HB. Kinetic studies proved inconclusive in that a rapid equilibrium between an oxidized enzyme--allene carbanion pair and reduced enzyme--keto acid pair would make these two species kinetically equivalent. The olefinic substrate 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate, however, produced no flavin adduct. Since the keto acid derived from the oxidation of this alpha-hydroxy acid is expected to be as reactive as 2-keto-3-butynoate, it is concluded that an allene carbanion produced by abstraction of the alpha-hydrogen of alpha HB is the reactive species which covalently adds to the flavin.", "contents": "Suicide inactivation of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase by alpha-hydroxybutynoate. The acetylenic alpha-hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (alpha HB) is a substrate and an irreversible inactivator of the FAD-containing flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. On the average, the enzyme undergoes five catalytic turnovers with alpha HB in air at pH 7.0 before being inactivated. Irreversible inactivation is due to the conversion of the flavin to a pink adduct with visible absorption peaks at 522, 382, and 330 nm and weak fluorescence with an emission maximum at 635 nm. The adduct is stable and can be released from the enzyme and purified. It retains a structure analogous to FAD since it binds to the FAD-specific apo-D-amino acid oxidase. It can be further converted to an FMN analogue with phosphodiesterase which binds to the FMN-specific apoflavodoxin. Experiments were conducted to test whether inactivation was initiated by an alpha HB allene carbanion or the dehydrogenation product of alpha HB. Kinetic studies proved inconclusive in that a rapid equilibrium between an oxidized enzyme--allene carbanion pair and reduced enzyme--keto acid pair would make these two species kinetically equivalent. The olefinic substrate 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate, however, produced no flavin adduct. Since the keto acid derived from the oxidation of this alpha-hydroxy acid is expected to be as reactive as 2-keto-3-butynoate, it is concluded that an allene carbanion produced by abstraction of the alpha-hydrogen of alpha HB is the reactive species which covalently adds to the flavin.", "PMID": 497163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3257", "title": "Structure of the flavin adduct formed in the suicide reaction of alpha-hydroxybutynoate with D-lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The Zn-dependent flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii is irreversibly inactivated by the D form of the suicide substrate 2-hydroxy-3-butynoic acid. The process of inactivation involves formation of a new pink chromophore, which can be released in intact form from the protein and which was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Inactivation involves covalent addition of the suicide substrate to the flavin coenzyme. The optical spectra indicate an elongation of the flavin chromophore, and the chemical reactivity suggests a derivative of reduced flavin. The structure of this adduct was deduced from Fourier transform NMR, from the chemical properties, and from comparison with appropriate models, which were synthesized chemically. This structure involves the covalent linkage of the acetylenic inhibitor to positions N(5) and C(6) of the flavin coenzyme via carbon atoms 2 and 4 of the inhibitor to form an additional fused aromatic ring. The pink adduct can be reconverted to an isoalloxazine chromophore by reduction with borohydride and subsequent reoxidation with oxygen. This new isoalloxazine has the spectral properties of an isoflavin, and it is proposed to carry the moiety of the inactivator molecule as substituent at position C(6). The structure of the pink chromophore representing a cyclic adduct to the flavin positions N(5) and C(6) is compared to that of the adduct obtained from L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and the L form of the same inhibitor [C(4a)--N(5) cyclic adduct; Schonbrunn, A., Abeles, R. H., Walsh, C. T., Ghisla, S., Ogata, H., and Massey, V. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 1978]. This comparison allows deductions about the relative orientation of substrate, coenzyme, and active center functional groups in the two enzymes.", "contents": "Structure of the flavin adduct formed in the suicide reaction of alpha-hydroxybutynoate with D-lactate dehydrogenase. The Zn-dependent flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii is irreversibly inactivated by the D form of the suicide substrate 2-hydroxy-3-butynoic acid. The process of inactivation involves formation of a new pink chromophore, which can be released in intact form from the protein and which was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Inactivation involves covalent addition of the suicide substrate to the flavin coenzyme. The optical spectra indicate an elongation of the flavin chromophore, and the chemical reactivity suggests a derivative of reduced flavin. The structure of this adduct was deduced from Fourier transform NMR, from the chemical properties, and from comparison with appropriate models, which were synthesized chemically. This structure involves the covalent linkage of the acetylenic inhibitor to positions N(5) and C(6) of the flavin coenzyme via carbon atoms 2 and 4 of the inhibitor to form an additional fused aromatic ring. The pink adduct can be reconverted to an isoalloxazine chromophore by reduction with borohydride and subsequent reoxidation with oxygen. This new isoalloxazine has the spectral properties of an isoflavin, and it is proposed to carry the moiety of the inactivator molecule as substituent at position C(6). The structure of the pink chromophore representing a cyclic adduct to the flavin positions N(5) and C(6) is compared to that of the adduct obtained from L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and the L form of the same inhibitor [C(4a)--N(5) cyclic adduct; Schonbrunn, A., Abeles, R. H., Walsh, C. T., Ghisla, S., Ogata, H., and Massey, V. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 1978]. This comparison allows deductions about the relative orientation of substrate, coenzyme, and active center functional groups in the two enzymes.", "PMID": 497164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3258", "title": "Structural and enzymological characterization of the homogeneous deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasma orale.", "content": "We have purified the DNA polymerase from Mycoplasma orale to homogeneity. The protein structure of the enzyme was declined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, which revealed a single band of 116 000 daltons that was coincident with the polymerase activity profile in the final step of DNA--cellulose chromatography, and by two-dimensional gel analysis, which demonstrated a single protein species at pI = 6.8 that was congruent with enzyme activity and contained the same 116 000 polypeptide. although severe enzyme aggregation occurs during nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, a monomer species can be resolved with a Mr of 140 000 by the Ferguson plot analysis. Gel filtration and velocity gradient centrifugation yield a Stokes radius of 4.8 nm and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 S, respectively, from which Mr values of 106 000--128 000 can be computed. The different size values suggest that the polymerase molecule is asymmetric. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approximately 6 x 10(5) units/mg of protein and in completely devoid of exodeoxyribonuclease and endodeoxyribonuclease activities, at exclusion limits of 10(-4)--10(-6%) of the polymerase activity. The mechanism of polymerization is moderately processive, with an average of 14 +/- 4 nucleotides incorporated per binding event, and the \"effective template length\" on activated DNA is approximately 40 nucleotides.", "contents": "Structural and enzymological characterization of the homogeneous deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasma orale. We have purified the DNA polymerase from Mycoplasma orale to homogeneity. The protein structure of the enzyme was declined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, which revealed a single band of 116 000 daltons that was coincident with the polymerase activity profile in the final step of DNA--cellulose chromatography, and by two-dimensional gel analysis, which demonstrated a single protein species at pI = 6.8 that was congruent with enzyme activity and contained the same 116 000 polypeptide. although severe enzyme aggregation occurs during nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, a monomer species can be resolved with a Mr of 140 000 by the Ferguson plot analysis. Gel filtration and velocity gradient centrifugation yield a Stokes radius of 4.8 nm and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 S, respectively, from which Mr values of 106 000--128 000 can be computed. The different size values suggest that the polymerase molecule is asymmetric. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approximately 6 x 10(5) units/mg of protein and in completely devoid of exodeoxyribonuclease and endodeoxyribonuclease activities, at exclusion limits of 10(-4)--10(-6%) of the polymerase activity. The mechanism of polymerization is moderately processive, with an average of 14 +/- 4 nucleotides incorporated per binding event, and the \"effective template length\" on activated DNA is approximately 40 nucleotides.", "PMID": 497165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3259", "title": "Physical properties of collagen--sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography of protein--NaDodSO4 complexes are frequently used to characterize collagen-like polypeptide components in mixtures obtained from extracts of basement membranes. However, electrophoresis yields anomalously high apparent molecular weights for collagenous polypeptides when typical globular proteins are used as molecular weight standards, and the use of gel filtration chromatography for this purpose was suspect because Nozaki et al. [Nozaki, Y., Schechter, N. M., Reynolds, J. A., & Tanford, C. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3884--3890] found that asymmetric particles, including NaDodSO4--protein complexes, coeluted with native globular proteins of lower Stokes radius, when Sepharose 4B was used. To understand these effects and to improve the characterization of collagenous polypeptides, we investigated the secondary structure of NaDodSO4--collagen complexes with the use of circular dichroism, measured the NaDodSO4 content, studied the dependence of electrophoretic mobility on gel concentration, and extended work on gel filtration by use of a more porous gel, Sepharose CL-4B. We found that the anomalous behavior of collagen chains on NaDodSO4--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is due in large part to treatment of data and that the method can be used to determine rather accurate values for the number of residues per polypeptide chain. Our gel filtration results indicated that reliable molecular weights can be obtained when Sepharose CL-4B is used. These methods can be applied equally well to collagenous and noncollagenous polypeptides.", "contents": "Physical properties of collagen--sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography of protein--NaDodSO4 complexes are frequently used to characterize collagen-like polypeptide components in mixtures obtained from extracts of basement membranes. However, electrophoresis yields anomalously high apparent molecular weights for collagenous polypeptides when typical globular proteins are used as molecular weight standards, and the use of gel filtration chromatography for this purpose was suspect because Nozaki et al. [Nozaki, Y., Schechter, N. M., Reynolds, J. A., & Tanford, C. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3884--3890] found that asymmetric particles, including NaDodSO4--protein complexes, coeluted with native globular proteins of lower Stokes radius, when Sepharose 4B was used. To understand these effects and to improve the characterization of collagenous polypeptides, we investigated the secondary structure of NaDodSO4--collagen complexes with the use of circular dichroism, measured the NaDodSO4 content, studied the dependence of electrophoretic mobility on gel concentration, and extended work on gel filtration by use of a more porous gel, Sepharose CL-4B. We found that the anomalous behavior of collagen chains on NaDodSO4--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is due in large part to treatment of data and that the method can be used to determine rather accurate values for the number of residues per polypeptide chain. Our gel filtration results indicated that reliable molecular weights can be obtained when Sepharose CL-4B is used. These methods can be applied equally well to collagenous and noncollagenous polypeptides.", "PMID": 497168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3260", "title": "Effects of internal nonbonded bases and a G.U base pair on the stability of a short ribonucleic acid helix.", "content": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to examine the effect of both noncomplementary and G.U oppositions in the duplexes formed by the synthetic pentaribonucleotides CpApApUpG, CpApUpUpG, CpApGpUpG, and CpApCpUpG. The lack of any sigmoidal behavior in the chemical shift vs. temperature plots of the base protons in the individual pentaribonucleotides indicates that duplexes with noncomplementary base oppositions of the type: formula: (see text), (where X = A, U, G, or C) do not form. Variable temperature spectra of the mixture of CpApGpUpG and CpApUpUpG were recorded over the range of 70--10 degrees C. The chemical shift vs. temperature plot of the purine aromatic protons displayed sigmoidal curves. This demonstrated both duplex formation and the presence of a G.U. base pair. The average Tm of the duplex was found to be 23.4 +/- 2.0 degrees C. This is similar to that of the duplex formed by CpApUpG (24.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C) but less than the Tm of the following duplexes: CpApApUpG:CpApUpUpG (Tm = 28.5 +/- 2.1 degrees C), CpApGpUpG:CpApCpUpG (Tm = 38.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C) and CpApUpApUpG (Tm = 41.5 +/- 1.1 degrees C). The G.U base pair has a Tm (20.0 degrees C) significantly lower than the rest of the duplex (24 +/- 1 degree C) and is a region of local instability within the double helix. This 1H NMR study is the first to investigate both the formation and relative stability of an internal G.U. base pair neighboring regular Watson--Crick base pairs.", "contents": "Effects of internal nonbonded bases and a G.U base pair on the stability of a short ribonucleic acid helix. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to examine the effect of both noncomplementary and G.U oppositions in the duplexes formed by the synthetic pentaribonucleotides CpApApUpG, CpApUpUpG, CpApGpUpG, and CpApCpUpG. The lack of any sigmoidal behavior in the chemical shift vs. temperature plots of the base protons in the individual pentaribonucleotides indicates that duplexes with noncomplementary base oppositions of the type: formula: (see text), (where X = A, U, G, or C) do not form. Variable temperature spectra of the mixture of CpApGpUpG and CpApUpUpG were recorded over the range of 70--10 degrees C. The chemical shift vs. temperature plot of the purine aromatic protons displayed sigmoidal curves. This demonstrated both duplex formation and the presence of a G.U. base pair. The average Tm of the duplex was found to be 23.4 +/- 2.0 degrees C. This is similar to that of the duplex formed by CpApUpG (24.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C) but less than the Tm of the following duplexes: CpApApUpG:CpApUpUpG (Tm = 28.5 +/- 2.1 degrees C), CpApGpUpG:CpApCpUpG (Tm = 38.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C) and CpApUpApUpG (Tm = 41.5 +/- 1.1 degrees C). The G.U base pair has a Tm (20.0 degrees C) significantly lower than the rest of the duplex (24 +/- 1 degree C) and is a region of local instability within the double helix. This 1H NMR study is the first to investigate both the formation and relative stability of an internal G.U. base pair neighboring regular Watson--Crick base pairs.", "PMID": 497172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3261", "title": "Nonionic nucleic acid analogues. Synthesis and characterization of dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates.", "content": "A series of dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonate analogues, dNpN and dNpNp, which contain a nonionic 3'--5' methylphosphonyl internucleoside linkage were prepared. The two diastereoisomers, designated isomers 1 and 2, of each dimer differ in configuration of the methylphosphonate group and were separated by column chromatography. The diastereoisomers of each dimer have different conformations in solution as shown by ultraviolet hypochromicity data and their circular dichroism spectra. For example, dApA isomer 1 is more highly stacked than isomer 2, although both isomers are less stacked than the dinucleoside monophosphate, dApA. The circular dichroism spectrum of isomer 1 is very similar to that of dApA, while the CD spectrum of isomer 2 shows a loss of molecular ellipticity, [theta], at 270 nm and a greatly diminished [theta] at 250 nm. These results suggest that the stacked bases of dApA isomer 1 tend to orient in an oblique manner, while those in isomer 2 tend to orient in a parallel manner. This interpretation is verified by the 1H NMR study of these dimers (L. S. Kan, D. M. Cheng, P. S. Miller, J. Yano, and P. O. P. Ts'o, unpublished experiments). Both diastereoisomers of dAaA form 2U:1A and 2T:1A complexes with poly(U) and poly(dT), respectively. The higher Tm (Tm of poly(U)--isomer 1, 15.4 degrees C; Tm of poly(U)--isomer 2, 19.8 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--isomer 1, 18.7 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--isomer 2, 18.4 degrees C) values of these complexes vs. those of the corresponding dApA--polynucleotide complexes (Tm of poly(U)--dApA, 7.0 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--DApA, 9.2 degrees C) result from decreased charge repulsion between the nonionic dimer backbone and the negatively charged polymer backbone. The difference in conformations between dApA isomer 1 and dApA isomer 2 is reflected in the Tm of the isomer 1-poly(U) complex which is 4.4 degrees C lower than that of the isomer 2-poly(U) complex. Since these nonionic oligonucleotide analogues are taken up by cells in culture, they show promise as molecular probes for the function and structure of nucleic acids inside living cells.", "contents": "Nonionic nucleic acid analogues. Synthesis and characterization of dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates. A series of dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonate analogues, dNpN and dNpNp, which contain a nonionic 3'--5' methylphosphonyl internucleoside linkage were prepared. The two diastereoisomers, designated isomers 1 and 2, of each dimer differ in configuration of the methylphosphonate group and were separated by column chromatography. The diastereoisomers of each dimer have different conformations in solution as shown by ultraviolet hypochromicity data and their circular dichroism spectra. For example, dApA isomer 1 is more highly stacked than isomer 2, although both isomers are less stacked than the dinucleoside monophosphate, dApA. The circular dichroism spectrum of isomer 1 is very similar to that of dApA, while the CD spectrum of isomer 2 shows a loss of molecular ellipticity, [theta], at 270 nm and a greatly diminished [theta] at 250 nm. These results suggest that the stacked bases of dApA isomer 1 tend to orient in an oblique manner, while those in isomer 2 tend to orient in a parallel manner. This interpretation is verified by the 1H NMR study of these dimers (L. S. Kan, D. M. Cheng, P. S. Miller, J. Yano, and P. O. P. Ts'o, unpublished experiments). Both diastereoisomers of dAaA form 2U:1A and 2T:1A complexes with poly(U) and poly(dT), respectively. The higher Tm (Tm of poly(U)--isomer 1, 15.4 degrees C; Tm of poly(U)--isomer 2, 19.8 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--isomer 1, 18.7 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--isomer 2, 18.4 degrees C) values of these complexes vs. those of the corresponding dApA--polynucleotide complexes (Tm of poly(U)--dApA, 7.0 degrees C; Tm of poly(dT)--DApA, 9.2 degrees C) result from decreased charge repulsion between the nonionic dimer backbone and the negatively charged polymer backbone. The difference in conformations between dApA isomer 1 and dApA isomer 2 is reflected in the Tm of the isomer 1-poly(U) complex which is 4.4 degrees C lower than that of the isomer 2-poly(U) complex. Since these nonionic oligonucleotide analogues are taken up by cells in culture, they show promise as molecular probes for the function and structure of nucleic acids inside living cells.", "PMID": 497173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3262", "title": "Primary structure of rabbit alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "Rabbit alpha-lactalbumin was purified from the milk of New Zealand White rabbits. It was found to exist predominantly as a glycoprotein, containing 5 mol of glucosamine per mol of protein, as well as other sugars. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by sequenator analysis and carboxypeptidase digestion. There are 122 amino acids in the protein and a single carbohydrate moiety, probably attached to an asparagine residue at position 45. The C terminus of rabbit alpha-lactalbumin is one residue shorter than that of the other alpha-lactalbumins. Sequence comparisons indicate that the alpha-lactalbumin gene has been undergoing more frequent mutation than had previously been thought. A new method of preparative peptide mapping using 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) fluor to detect peptides is described.", "contents": "Primary structure of rabbit alpha-lactalbumin. Rabbit alpha-lactalbumin was purified from the milk of New Zealand White rabbits. It was found to exist predominantly as a glycoprotein, containing 5 mol of glucosamine per mol of protein, as well as other sugars. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by sequenator analysis and carboxypeptidase digestion. There are 122 amino acids in the protein and a single carbohydrate moiety, probably attached to an asparagine residue at position 45. The C terminus of rabbit alpha-lactalbumin is one residue shorter than that of the other alpha-lactalbumins. Sequence comparisons indicate that the alpha-lactalbumin gene has been undergoing more frequent mutation than had previously been thought. A new method of preparative peptide mapping using 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) fluor to detect peptides is described.", "PMID": 497176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3263", "title": "Increased thermal stability of proteins in the presence of sugars and polyols.", "content": "Sugars and polyols stablize proteins against heat denaturation. Scanning calorimetry was used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the degree of stabilization. Solutions of ovalbumin, lysozyme, conalbumin, and alpha-chymotrypsinogen were heated at a constant rate, and the temperature of the maximum rate of denaturation was estimated (Tm). Addition of a sugar or polyol raised Tm. The magnitude of the stabilizing effect (delta Tm) depended on both the nature of the protein and the nature of the sugar or polyol, ranging from 18.5 degrees C for lysozyme at pH 3 in the presence of 50% (w/w) sorbitol to 0 degrees C for conalbumin at pH 7 in 50% glycerol solution. It is argued that this stablization is due to the effects of sugars and polyols on hydrophobic interactions. The strength of the hydrophobic interaction was measured in model systems in sucrose and glycerol solutions. Sucrose and glycerol strengthened the pairwise hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic groups; however, they reduced the tendency for complete transfer of hydrophobic groups from an aqueous to a nonpolar environment. The extent of stabliziation by different sugars and polyols is explained by their different influences on the structure of water. The difference between the partial molar volume of the sugar or polyol and its van der Waals volume was used as a rough quantitative measure of the structure-making or structure-breaking effect. There was a linear relationship between this quantity and delta Tm.", "contents": "Increased thermal stability of proteins in the presence of sugars and polyols. Sugars and polyols stablize proteins against heat denaturation. Scanning calorimetry was used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the degree of stabilization. Solutions of ovalbumin, lysozyme, conalbumin, and alpha-chymotrypsinogen were heated at a constant rate, and the temperature of the maximum rate of denaturation was estimated (Tm). Addition of a sugar or polyol raised Tm. The magnitude of the stabilizing effect (delta Tm) depended on both the nature of the protein and the nature of the sugar or polyol, ranging from 18.5 degrees C for lysozyme at pH 3 in the presence of 50% (w/w) sorbitol to 0 degrees C for conalbumin at pH 7 in 50% glycerol solution. It is argued that this stablization is due to the effects of sugars and polyols on hydrophobic interactions. The strength of the hydrophobic interaction was measured in model systems in sucrose and glycerol solutions. Sucrose and glycerol strengthened the pairwise hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic groups; however, they reduced the tendency for complete transfer of hydrophobic groups from an aqueous to a nonpolar environment. The extent of stabliziation by different sugars and polyols is explained by their different influences on the structure of water. The difference between the partial molar volume of the sugar or polyol and its van der Waals volume was used as a rough quantitative measure of the structure-making or structure-breaking effect. There was a linear relationship between this quantity and delta Tm.", "PMID": 497177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3264", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and biochemical studies of oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin in deuterium oxide.", "content": "The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of human adult deoxyhemoglobin in D2O in the region from 6 to 20 ppm downfield from the proton resonance of residual water shows a number of hyperfine shifted proton resonances that are due to groups on or near the alpha and beta hemes. The sensitivity of these resonances to the ligation of the heme groups and the assignment of these resonances to the alpha and beta chains provide an opportunity to investigate the cooperative oxygenation of an intact hemoglobin molecule in solution. By use of the nuclear magnetic resonance correlation spectroscopy technique, at least two resonances, one at approximately 18 ppm downfield from HDO due to the beta chain and the other at approximately 12 ppm due to the alpha chain, can be used to study the binding of oxygen to the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin. The present results using approximately 12% hemoglobin concentration in 0.1 M Bistris buffer at pD 7 and 27 degrees C with and without organic phosphate show that there is no significant line broadening on oxygenation (from 0 to 50% saturation) to affect the determination of the intensities or areas of these resonances. It is found that the ratio of the intensity of the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm to that of the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm is constant on oxygenation in the absence of organic phosphate but decreases in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate, with the effect of the latter being the stronger. On oxygenation, the intensities of the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm and of the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm decreases more than the total number of deoxy chains available as measured by the degree of O2 saturation of hemoglobin. This shows the sensitivity of these resonances to structural changes which are believed to occur in the unligated subunits upon the ligation of their neighbors in an intact tetrameric hemoglobin molecule. A comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance data with the populations of the partially saturated hemoglobin tetramers (i.e., hemoglobin with one, two, or three oxygen molecules bound) leads to the conclusion that in the presence of organic phosphate the hemoglobin molecule with one oxygen bound maintains the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm but not the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm. These resluts suggest that some cooperativity must exist in the deoxy quaternary structure of the hemoglobin molecule during the oxygenation process. Hence, these results are not consistent with the requirements of two-state concerted models for the oxygenation of hemoglobin. In addition, we have investigated the effect of D2O on the oxygenation of hemoglobin by measuring the oxygen dissociation curves of normal adult hemoglobin as a function of pH in D2O andH2O media. We have found that (1) the pH dependence of the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin (the Bohr effect) in higher pH in comparison to that in H2O medium and (2) the Hill coefficients are essentially the same in D2O and H2O media over the pH range from 6.0 to 8.2...", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and biochemical studies of oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin in deuterium oxide. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of human adult deoxyhemoglobin in D2O in the region from 6 to 20 ppm downfield from the proton resonance of residual water shows a number of hyperfine shifted proton resonances that are due to groups on or near the alpha and beta hemes. The sensitivity of these resonances to the ligation of the heme groups and the assignment of these resonances to the alpha and beta chains provide an opportunity to investigate the cooperative oxygenation of an intact hemoglobin molecule in solution. By use of the nuclear magnetic resonance correlation spectroscopy technique, at least two resonances, one at approximately 18 ppm downfield from HDO due to the beta chain and the other at approximately 12 ppm due to the alpha chain, can be used to study the binding of oxygen to the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin. The present results using approximately 12% hemoglobin concentration in 0.1 M Bistris buffer at pD 7 and 27 degrees C with and without organic phosphate show that there is no significant line broadening on oxygenation (from 0 to 50% saturation) to affect the determination of the intensities or areas of these resonances. It is found that the ratio of the intensity of the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm to that of the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm is constant on oxygenation in the absence of organic phosphate but decreases in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate, with the effect of the latter being the stronger. On oxygenation, the intensities of the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm and of the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm decreases more than the total number of deoxy chains available as measured by the degree of O2 saturation of hemoglobin. This shows the sensitivity of these resonances to structural changes which are believed to occur in the unligated subunits upon the ligation of their neighbors in an intact tetrameric hemoglobin molecule. A comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance data with the populations of the partially saturated hemoglobin tetramers (i.e., hemoglobin with one, two, or three oxygen molecules bound) leads to the conclusion that in the presence of organic phosphate the hemoglobin molecule with one oxygen bound maintains the beta-heme resonance at 18 ppm but not the alpha-heme resonance at 12 ppm. These resluts suggest that some cooperativity must exist in the deoxy quaternary structure of the hemoglobin molecule during the oxygenation process. Hence, these results are not consistent with the requirements of two-state concerted models for the oxygenation of hemoglobin. In addition, we have investigated the effect of D2O on the oxygenation of hemoglobin by measuring the oxygen dissociation curves of normal adult hemoglobin as a function of pH in D2O andH2O media. We have found that (1) the pH dependence of the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin (the Bohr effect) in higher pH in comparison to that in H2O medium and (2) the Hill coefficients are essentially the same in D2O and H2O media over the pH range from 6.0 to 8.2...", "PMID": 497180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3265", "title": "Correlative statistical analysis and computer modelling of intramembraneous particle distributions in human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The planar distribution of intramembranous particles on the P faces of freeze-fractured human erythrocyte membranes is characterized by radial distribution, angular distribution and differential density distribution analysis. Various degrees of intramembranous particle aggregation induced by spectrin removal and low pH are differentiated through computation. Random hard disk models with various disk diameters are built for comparison studies. In all samples, the 80 +/- 10 A particles are found to have a preferred neighboring distance of 100 +/- 10 A, but no preferred angular relation is found between neighboring particles. A pattern recognition process using both radial and density distribution analyses reveals that none of the particle distributions observed may be regarded as random. The fact that the particle distributions observed are neither even nor random suggests that factors other than long range electrostatic force alone are involved in determining the particle distribution.", "contents": "Correlative statistical analysis and computer modelling of intramembraneous particle distributions in human erythrocyte membranes. The planar distribution of intramembranous particles on the P faces of freeze-fractured human erythrocyte membranes is characterized by radial distribution, angular distribution and differential density distribution analysis. Various degrees of intramembranous particle aggregation induced by spectrin removal and low pH are differentiated through computation. Random hard disk models with various disk diameters are built for comparison studies. In all samples, the 80 +/- 10 A particles are found to have a preferred neighboring distance of 100 +/- 10 A, but no preferred angular relation is found between neighboring particles. A pattern recognition process using both radial and density distribution analyses reveals that none of the particle distributions observed may be regarded as random. The fact that the particle distributions observed are neither even nor random suggests that factors other than long range electrostatic force alone are involved in determining the particle distribution.", "PMID": 497182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3266", "title": "Dielectric noise in membranes.", "content": "Most theoretical and experimental studies of electrical fluctuations in membranes so far have been devoted to noise associated with conduction processes. In this paper a different type of noise is described which results from dipolar transitions in the membrane. Two mechanisms for the generation of such dielectric noise are analyzed: (a) conformational transitions of membrane proteins involving changes in dipolar moment and/or polarizibility, and (b) rotation of dipolar molecules dissolved in the lipid. The spectral intensity of current noise calculated for the two models exhibits a characteristic dependence on frequency omega with a decrease proportional to omega 2 towards low frequencies and an approach to a frequency-independent (white noise) limit at high frequencies. For a given number of dipolar molecules in the membrane, the spectral intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the membrane thickness.", "contents": "Dielectric noise in membranes. Most theoretical and experimental studies of electrical fluctuations in membranes so far have been devoted to noise associated with conduction processes. In this paper a different type of noise is described which results from dipolar transitions in the membrane. Two mechanisms for the generation of such dielectric noise are analyzed: (a) conformational transitions of membrane proteins involving changes in dipolar moment and/or polarizibility, and (b) rotation of dipolar molecules dissolved in the lipid. The spectral intensity of current noise calculated for the two models exhibits a characteristic dependence on frequency omega with a decrease proportional to omega 2 towards low frequencies and an approach to a frequency-independent (white noise) limit at high frequencies. For a given number of dipolar molecules in the membrane, the spectral intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the membrane thickness.", "PMID": 497183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3267", "title": "Planar bilayer membranes from pure lipids.", "content": "Planar lipid bilayer membranes are formed from mixtures of pure lipids in the absence of non-biological solvents. The solventless bilayers are characterized by a large specific capacitance (586-957 nF/cm2) comparable to that of cell membranes but considerably greater than that of conventional lipid/decane bilayers. Hydrocarbon solvents, such as n-alkanes or squalene, thicken the bilayer. Membrane dielectric thickness is used as an indicator of bilayer lipid composition. For membranes made from pure monoglyceride/triglyceride mixtures the thickness of the solventless lipid bilayer is independent of both the chain length (11-22 carbons) and mol fraction (0.1-0.9) of triglyceride in the bulk mixture. In contrast, the thickness of the bilayer (2.0-3.3 nm) depends strongly upon the length (16-24 carbons) of the monoglyceride component. Molecular volume considerations lead to the conclusion that the bulk lipid mixture disproportionates to yield bilayer membranes composed of nearly pure monoglyceride. The dielectric thickness of the monoglyceride bilayer is consistent with the notion that the lipid fatty acyl chains are fluid.", "contents": "Planar bilayer membranes from pure lipids. Planar lipid bilayer membranes are formed from mixtures of pure lipids in the absence of non-biological solvents. The solventless bilayers are characterized by a large specific capacitance (586-957 nF/cm2) comparable to that of cell membranes but considerably greater than that of conventional lipid/decane bilayers. Hydrocarbon solvents, such as n-alkanes or squalene, thicken the bilayer. Membrane dielectric thickness is used as an indicator of bilayer lipid composition. For membranes made from pure monoglyceride/triglyceride mixtures the thickness of the solventless lipid bilayer is independent of both the chain length (11-22 carbons) and mol fraction (0.1-0.9) of triglyceride in the bulk mixture. In contrast, the thickness of the bilayer (2.0-3.3 nm) depends strongly upon the length (16-24 carbons) of the monoglyceride component. Molecular volume considerations lead to the conclusion that the bulk lipid mixture disproportionates to yield bilayer membranes composed of nearly pure monoglyceride. The dielectric thickness of the monoglyceride bilayer is consistent with the notion that the lipid fatty acyl chains are fluid.", "PMID": 497184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3268", "title": "Block poly(Ala)-poly(Lys). A water-soluble model for intrinsic membrane proteins?", "content": "Block poly(Ala)16-poly(Lys)13.5 was synthesized by the Leuchs anhydride method. This polypeptide is water soluble in a largely monomeric form, but binds rapidly and spontaneously to unilamellar vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at pH 7.4. The interaction is evidently of a hydrophobic nature since the complex is not disrupted by salt and no similar reaction is given by polylysine. Evidence for the interaction was obtained by ultrafiltration, chromatography on Sepharose 4B, and sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation. While direct information on the molecular structure of the complex is still lacking, we propose that this amphipathic block copolymer binds to lipids in a similar manner as intrinsic membrane proteins and hence can be used to study the interactions of intrinsic proteins with lipids.", "contents": "Block poly(Ala)-poly(Lys). A water-soluble model for intrinsic membrane proteins? Block poly(Ala)16-poly(Lys)13.5 was synthesized by the Leuchs anhydride method. This polypeptide is water soluble in a largely monomeric form, but binds rapidly and spontaneously to unilamellar vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at pH 7.4. The interaction is evidently of a hydrophobic nature since the complex is not disrupted by salt and no similar reaction is given by polylysine. Evidence for the interaction was obtained by ultrafiltration, chromatography on Sepharose 4B, and sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation. While direct information on the molecular structure of the complex is still lacking, we propose that this amphipathic block copolymer binds to lipids in a similar manner as intrinsic membrane proteins and hence can be used to study the interactions of intrinsic proteins with lipids.", "PMID": 497185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3269", "title": "Kinetics of cation-induced aggregation of Torpedo electric organ synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Synaptic vesicles from the Torpedo ray can be induced to aggregate in the presence of Ca2+ and K+ in the 4 mM and 50 mM range, respectively. The reactions are strikingly similar to those of chromaffin granule membranes reported previously (Morris, S.J., Chiu, V.C.K. and Haynes, D.H. (1979) Membrane Biochem. 2, 163-202). The Ca2+-induced reaction includes dimerization and higher order aggregation, and is shown to be due to electrostatic screening interactions and bindng to negatively-charged groups on the membrane surface. The K+-induced reaction includes only dimerization and is shown to be due to screening interactions alone. The kinetics of the dimerization reactions were studied using the stopped-flow rapid mixing technique. The Ca2+-induced reaction has a 'bimolecular' rate constant of 4.77 . 10(8) M-1 . s-1. These values are close to the limit of diffusion control (8.03 . 10(9) M-1 . s-1), indicating that no large energy barriers or structural barriers to aggregation exist. Arrhenius plots for the Ca2+-induced aggregation showed a break at 5 degrees C. Above this temperature, the activation energy is low (+0.65 kcal/mol), consistent with the above. Below this temperature, the activation energy is high, consistent with a membrane structure change increasing theenergetic and structural barriers. This information, and the observation of a high stability constant of the complex, were taken as evidence for the involvement of 'recognition sites' on the membrane surface. The results were analyzed in terms of an encounter complex model in which vesicles with separations of 26-126 A are considered capable of transformation into a stable complex. The rate constant of the transformation step is 1.4 . 10(3) s-1 for Ca2+ and approx. 1.6 . 10(5) s-1 for K+. The values are compared with previous results for chromaffin granule membranes and for phospholipid vesicles derived from chromaffin granule lipids and from acidic phospholipids. The half-time for Ca2+-induced transformation of the encounter complex into the stable complex is 435 microseconds. It is concluded that the recognition sites are almost as optimally deployed as the vesicle plasma membrane recognition sites involved in exocytotic release.", "contents": "Kinetics of cation-induced aggregation of Torpedo electric organ synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicles from the Torpedo ray can be induced to aggregate in the presence of Ca2+ and K+ in the 4 mM and 50 mM range, respectively. The reactions are strikingly similar to those of chromaffin granule membranes reported previously (Morris, S.J., Chiu, V.C.K. and Haynes, D.H. (1979) Membrane Biochem. 2, 163-202). The Ca2+-induced reaction includes dimerization and higher order aggregation, and is shown to be due to electrostatic screening interactions and bindng to negatively-charged groups on the membrane surface. The K+-induced reaction includes only dimerization and is shown to be due to screening interactions alone. The kinetics of the dimerization reactions were studied using the stopped-flow rapid mixing technique. The Ca2+-induced reaction has a 'bimolecular' rate constant of 4.77 . 10(8) M-1 . s-1. These values are close to the limit of diffusion control (8.03 . 10(9) M-1 . s-1), indicating that no large energy barriers or structural barriers to aggregation exist. Arrhenius plots for the Ca2+-induced aggregation showed a break at 5 degrees C. Above this temperature, the activation energy is low (+0.65 kcal/mol), consistent with the above. Below this temperature, the activation energy is high, consistent with a membrane structure change increasing theenergetic and structural barriers. This information, and the observation of a high stability constant of the complex, were taken as evidence for the involvement of 'recognition sites' on the membrane surface. The results were analyzed in terms of an encounter complex model in which vesicles with separations of 26-126 A are considered capable of transformation into a stable complex. The rate constant of the transformation step is 1.4 . 10(3) s-1 for Ca2+ and approx. 1.6 . 10(5) s-1 for K+. The values are compared with previous results for chromaffin granule membranes and for phospholipid vesicles derived from chromaffin granule lipids and from acidic phospholipids. The half-time for Ca2+-induced transformation of the encounter complex into the stable complex is 435 microseconds. It is concluded that the recognition sites are almost as optimally deployed as the vesicle plasma membrane recognition sites involved in exocytotic release.", "PMID": 497186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3270", "title": "Effect of anions on folate binding by isolated brush border membranes from rat kidney.", "content": "The characteristics of folate binding by brush border membranes from rat kidney homogenates were investigated. At pH 7.4, binding of [3',5',9-3H]-pteroylglutamic acid to membranes containing endogenous folate is inhibited by anions, with chloride being most effective followed by bromide, thiocyanate, iodide, phosphate and sulfate. A maximum inhibition of 70-75% is attained at a concentration of 0.1 M chloride and an incubation time of 30 min. The inhibition diminishes with increased incubation time and at 24 h is negligible. The binding of [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid to brush border membranes stripped of endogenous folate by acid treatment is not inhibited by anions. Anion sensitivity can be restored to these treated membranes by reconstitution with membrane-derived folate, particularly 5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-glutamic acid, or by preincubation with synthetic 5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-glutamic acid. Inhibition of [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid binding by anions in membranes with endogenous folate is best explained by an anion-induced stabilization of endogenous folate-binding protein complex resulting in a decreased rate of exchange with exogenous [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid.", "contents": "Effect of anions on folate binding by isolated brush border membranes from rat kidney. The characteristics of folate binding by brush border membranes from rat kidney homogenates were investigated. At pH 7.4, binding of [3',5',9-3H]-pteroylglutamic acid to membranes containing endogenous folate is inhibited by anions, with chloride being most effective followed by bromide, thiocyanate, iodide, phosphate and sulfate. A maximum inhibition of 70-75% is attained at a concentration of 0.1 M chloride and an incubation time of 30 min. The inhibition diminishes with increased incubation time and at 24 h is negligible. The binding of [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid to brush border membranes stripped of endogenous folate by acid treatment is not inhibited by anions. Anion sensitivity can be restored to these treated membranes by reconstitution with membrane-derived folate, particularly 5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-glutamic acid, or by preincubation with synthetic 5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-glutamic acid. Inhibition of [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid binding by anions in membranes with endogenous folate is best explained by an anion-induced stabilization of endogenous folate-binding protein complex resulting in a decreased rate of exchange with exogenous [3',5',9-3H]pteroylglutamic acid.", "PMID": 497188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3271", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency reduces the concentration of visual pigment protein within blowfly photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "Visual pigment extracts prepared from rhabdomeric membranes of vitamin A deficient blowflies contain a 5-10 times lower concentration of rhodopsin than extracts from flies which were raised on a vitamin A rich diet. Spectrophotometry showed that digitonin-solubilized rhodopsin from blowfly photoreceptors R1-6 has an absorbance maximum at about 490 nm, but no unusually enhanced beta-band in the ultraviolet. The extracts did not contain detectable concentrations of other visual pigments nor was there any evidence for the presence of photostable vitamin A derivatives. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the concentration of opsin in the rhabdomeric membrane is significantly reduced in vitamin A deficient flies compared to normal flies. The results indicate that the synthesis of opsin or its incorporation into the photoreceptor membrane is regulated by the chromophore concentration in the receptor cell. Furthermore, our findings open up the possibility that differences in the spectral absorption and excitability of photoreceptors from normal and vitamin A deficient flies result from the differing opsin content of the rhabdomeres.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency reduces the concentration of visual pigment protein within blowfly photoreceptor membranes. Visual pigment extracts prepared from rhabdomeric membranes of vitamin A deficient blowflies contain a 5-10 times lower concentration of rhodopsin than extracts from flies which were raised on a vitamin A rich diet. Spectrophotometry showed that digitonin-solubilized rhodopsin from blowfly photoreceptors R1-6 has an absorbance maximum at about 490 nm, but no unusually enhanced beta-band in the ultraviolet. The extracts did not contain detectable concentrations of other visual pigments nor was there any evidence for the presence of photostable vitamin A derivatives. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the concentration of opsin in the rhabdomeric membrane is significantly reduced in vitamin A deficient flies compared to normal flies. The results indicate that the synthesis of opsin or its incorporation into the photoreceptor membrane is regulated by the chromophore concentration in the receptor cell. Furthermore, our findings open up the possibility that differences in the spectral absorption and excitability of photoreceptors from normal and vitamin A deficient flies result from the differing opsin content of the rhabdomeres.", "PMID": 497189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3272", "title": "Subzero temperature study of the inner mitochondrial membrane and related phospholipid membrane systems with the fluorescent probe, trans-parinaric acid.", "content": "The fluorescence intensity of trans-parinaric acid as a function of the temperature indicates a phase transition in bovine heart mitochondrial inner membranes below 0 degrees C. The comparison of the dye fluorescence intensity in intact inner mitochondrial membranes and in vesicles from extracted phospho lipids of mitochondria revealed a similar intensity increase with decreasing temperature. A synthetic phospholipid system of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine was investigated because of its low phase transition temperature and showed a very definite intensity change at -25 degrees C. trans-Parinaric acid in membrane systems probes an environment of intermediate polarity; this was found from the excitation and emission spectra and from fluorescence decay.", "contents": "Subzero temperature study of the inner mitochondrial membrane and related phospholipid membrane systems with the fluorescent probe, trans-parinaric acid. The fluorescence intensity of trans-parinaric acid as a function of the temperature indicates a phase transition in bovine heart mitochondrial inner membranes below 0 degrees C. The comparison of the dye fluorescence intensity in intact inner mitochondrial membranes and in vesicles from extracted phospho lipids of mitochondria revealed a similar intensity increase with decreasing temperature. A synthetic phospholipid system of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine was investigated because of its low phase transition temperature and showed a very definite intensity change at -25 degrees C. trans-Parinaric acid in membrane systems probes an environment of intermediate polarity; this was found from the excitation and emission spectra and from fluorescence decay.", "PMID": 497190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3273", "title": "Cation-induced asymmetry of choline flux across presynaptic plasma membranes.", "content": "Highly cholinergic synaptosomes from the optic lobes of Sepia officinalis retain their ability to concentrate K+ and extrude Na+ sensitive but is not obligatorily coupled to choline metabolism, or an energy supply as shown by the action of metabolic and ion pump inhibitors. The influx and efflux and/or steady-state distributions of choline in the presence of Na+, Li+, Rb+, Cs+ and mannitol were studied. The influx studies at different cis-choline concentrations revealed two systems for choline influx with different monovalent cation sensitivity and suggested a 1 : 1 interaction of choline with both mechanisms. Choline efflux was stimulated by trans-choline. Calculations of the internal/external concentration ratio expected if choline transport were coupled to the Na+ gradient gave a maximal value of about 10(2). A secondary active transport of choline, where Na+ is the driver solute provides an explanation for the cation sensitivity of the mechanism as well as for the method of coupling of choline transport to the varying demands of the nervous system for acetylcholine.", "contents": "Cation-induced asymmetry of choline flux across presynaptic plasma membranes. Highly cholinergic synaptosomes from the optic lobes of Sepia officinalis retain their ability to concentrate K+ and extrude Na+ sensitive but is not obligatorily coupled to choline metabolism, or an energy supply as shown by the action of metabolic and ion pump inhibitors. The influx and efflux and/or steady-state distributions of choline in the presence of Na+, Li+, Rb+, Cs+ and mannitol were studied. The influx studies at different cis-choline concentrations revealed two systems for choline influx with different monovalent cation sensitivity and suggested a 1 : 1 interaction of choline with both mechanisms. Choline efflux was stimulated by trans-choline. Calculations of the internal/external concentration ratio expected if choline transport were coupled to the Na+ gradient gave a maximal value of about 10(2). A secondary active transport of choline, where Na+ is the driver solute provides an explanation for the cation sensitivity of the mechanism as well as for the method of coupling of choline transport to the varying demands of the nervous system for acetylcholine.", "PMID": 497191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3274", "title": "Developmental and other characteristics of lysine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Synaptosomes isolated from adult or newborn rat cerebrum take up L-lysine by two saturable systems, one with a high affinity low capacity and the other with a low affinity high capacity. Initial rate of uptake for low lysine concentrations is mort tissue. Analysis of kinetic data indicates that synaptosomes of the newborn have a higher Vmax than those of the adult for high affinity system but adult for high affinity system but adult synaptosomes have a higher Vmax than newborn for low affinity system. At a physiological lysine concentration of 0.5 mM, the calculated contributions of two systems indicate that the adult uptake occurs for about 71% by low affinity system but the newborn utilizes both systems to the same extent. The uptake is sodium independent but pH dependent. Lysine uptake is inhibited by other dibasic amino acids, arginine and ornithine but not cystine. Kinetic analysis indicates that arginine specifically inhibits the high affinity, low Km system for lysine uptake.", "contents": "Developmental and other characteristics of lysine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Synaptosomes isolated from adult or newborn rat cerebrum take up L-lysine by two saturable systems, one with a high affinity low capacity and the other with a low affinity high capacity. Initial rate of uptake for low lysine concentrations is mort tissue. Analysis of kinetic data indicates that synaptosomes of the newborn have a higher Vmax than those of the adult for high affinity system but adult for high affinity system but adult synaptosomes have a higher Vmax than newborn for low affinity system. At a physiological lysine concentration of 0.5 mM, the calculated contributions of two systems indicate that the adult uptake occurs for about 71% by low affinity system but the newborn utilizes both systems to the same extent. The uptake is sodium independent but pH dependent. Lysine uptake is inhibited by other dibasic amino acids, arginine and ornithine but not cystine. Kinetic analysis indicates that arginine specifically inhibits the high affinity, low Km system for lysine uptake.", "PMID": 497192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3275", "title": "The effect of diamide on amino acid transport by rat renal cortex slices.", "content": "Diamide directly added to renal cortical slices inhibits the uptake of amino acids. Steady-state kinetic analysis indicates an inhibition of alpha-amino acid influx without effect on efflux. The effect could be reversed by addition of pyruvate to the incubation medium. Although there was a good correlation of the transport effect of diamide with its ability to decrease cellular reduced glutathione concentration, there did not appear to be a necessary connection between them. This was shown by the fact that renal cortical slices stored at 4 degrees C have no alteration in amino acid uptake despite the fact that GSH concentration is as low as that seen with diamide. Diamide was shown to have a direct effect on the uptake of glycine by isolated renal brush border membrane vesicles.", "contents": "The effect of diamide on amino acid transport by rat renal cortex slices. Diamide directly added to renal cortical slices inhibits the uptake of amino acids. Steady-state kinetic analysis indicates an inhibition of alpha-amino acid influx without effect on efflux. The effect could be reversed by addition of pyruvate to the incubation medium. Although there was a good correlation of the transport effect of diamide with its ability to decrease cellular reduced glutathione concentration, there did not appear to be a necessary connection between them. This was shown by the fact that renal cortical slices stored at 4 degrees C have no alteration in amino acid uptake despite the fact that GSH concentration is as low as that seen with diamide. Diamide was shown to have a direct effect on the uptake of glycine by isolated renal brush border membrane vesicles.", "PMID": 497193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3276", "title": "The binding and translocation steps in transport as related to substrate structure. A study of the choline carrier of erythrocytes.", "content": "The relationships between structure, affinity and transport activity in the choline transport system of erythrocytes have been investigated in order to (i) explore the nature of the carrier site and its surroundings, and (ii) determine the dependence of the carrier reorientation process on binding energies and steric restraints due to the substrate molecule. Affinity constants and maximum transport rates for a series of trialkyl derivatives of ethanolamine were obtained by a method that involves measuring the trans effect of unlabeled analogs upon the movement of radioactive choline. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) An analysis of transport kinetics shows that the affinity constants determined experimentally differ from the actual dissociation constants in a predictable way. The better the substrate, the higher the apparent affinity relative to the true value, whereas the affinity of non-transported inhibitiors is underestimated by a constant factor. (2) The carrier-choline complex undergoes far more rapid reorientation (translocation) than the free carrier. (3) The carrier imposes a strict upper limit upon the size of a substrate molecule that can participate in the carrier reorientation process; this limit corresponds to the choline structure. A smaller substrate such as tetramethylammonium, despite relatively weak binding forces , is unhindered in its translocation, suggesting that a carrier conformational change, dependent upon substrate binding energy, is not required for transport. (4) Small increases in the size of the quaternary ammonium head, as in triethylcholine, sharply lower affinity, consistent with a high degree of specificity for the trimethylammonium group. (5) Lengthening the alkyl substituent in derivatives of dimethyl- and diethylaminoethanol causes a regular increase in affinity, suggestive of unspecific hydrophobic bonding in a region very near the substrate site.", "contents": "The binding and translocation steps in transport as related to substrate structure. A study of the choline carrier of erythrocytes. The relationships between structure, affinity and transport activity in the choline transport system of erythrocytes have been investigated in order to (i) explore the nature of the carrier site and its surroundings, and (ii) determine the dependence of the carrier reorientation process on binding energies and steric restraints due to the substrate molecule. Affinity constants and maximum transport rates for a series of trialkyl derivatives of ethanolamine were obtained by a method that involves measuring the trans effect of unlabeled analogs upon the movement of radioactive choline. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) An analysis of transport kinetics shows that the affinity constants determined experimentally differ from the actual dissociation constants in a predictable way. The better the substrate, the higher the apparent affinity relative to the true value, whereas the affinity of non-transported inhibitiors is underestimated by a constant factor. (2) The carrier-choline complex undergoes far more rapid reorientation (translocation) than the free carrier. (3) The carrier imposes a strict upper limit upon the size of a substrate molecule that can participate in the carrier reorientation process; this limit corresponds to the choline structure. A smaller substrate such as tetramethylammonium, despite relatively weak binding forces , is unhindered in its translocation, suggesting that a carrier conformational change, dependent upon substrate binding energy, is not required for transport. (4) Small increases in the size of the quaternary ammonium head, as in triethylcholine, sharply lower affinity, consistent with a high degree of specificity for the trimethylammonium group. (5) Lengthening the alkyl substituent in derivatives of dimethyl- and diethylaminoethanol causes a regular increase in affinity, suggestive of unspecific hydrophobic bonding in a region very near the substrate site.", "PMID": 497194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3277", "title": "Plasma membrane aminophospholipid distribution in transformed murine fibroblasts.", "content": "The possibility that the asymmetric distribution of aminophospholipids may be an intrinsic property of mammalian plasma membranes was examined in LM cells, a transformed murine fibroblast cell line. The cells were grown in suspension culture in a chemically defined medium without lipid, protein, or serum and then treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). A maximum of 4% of LM cell plasma membrane phosphatidylethanolamine and 5% of the phosphatidylserine was labelled with TNBS. Furthermore, long chain and unsaturated fatty acids were preferentially esterified to the non-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (inner monolayer) as compared to phosphatidylethanolamine derivatized with TNBS (outer monolayer). Isethionyl acetimidate, an alternative non-penetrating reagent, confirmed the results obtained with TNBS and provided supportive evidence for the highly asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine; 6% of the phosphatidylethanolamine was labelled with isethionyl acetimidate. When the penetrating reagent methylacetimidate was used, more than 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine was derivatized. Although the growing of the LM cells in 10% calf serum significantly increased plasma membrane phosphatidylcholine while decreasing phosphatidylethanolamine, calf serum had no significant effect on phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine asymmetry.", "contents": "Plasma membrane aminophospholipid distribution in transformed murine fibroblasts. The possibility that the asymmetric distribution of aminophospholipids may be an intrinsic property of mammalian plasma membranes was examined in LM cells, a transformed murine fibroblast cell line. The cells were grown in suspension culture in a chemically defined medium without lipid, protein, or serum and then treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). A maximum of 4% of LM cell plasma membrane phosphatidylethanolamine and 5% of the phosphatidylserine was labelled with TNBS. Furthermore, long chain and unsaturated fatty acids were preferentially esterified to the non-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (inner monolayer) as compared to phosphatidylethanolamine derivatized with TNBS (outer monolayer). Isethionyl acetimidate, an alternative non-penetrating reagent, confirmed the results obtained with TNBS and provided supportive evidence for the highly asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine; 6% of the phosphatidylethanolamine was labelled with isethionyl acetimidate. When the penetrating reagent methylacetimidate was used, more than 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine was derivatized. Although the growing of the LM cells in 10% calf serum significantly increased plasma membrane phosphatidylcholine while decreasing phosphatidylethanolamine, calf serum had no significant effect on phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine asymmetry.", "PMID": 497195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3278", "title": "In vitro interaction of Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells with lipid vesicles.", "content": "We studied the in vitro interaction between Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells and small unilamellar vesicles, consisting of 14C-labeled phosphatidylacholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (molar ratio 5 : 4 : 1), containing high intravesicular concentrations of carboxyfluorescein or fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged dextran. The entrapped markers were found to be associated with the cells to a lesser degree than the vesicle membrane marker. This discrepancy, which is slightly less pronounced for fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged dextran than for carboxyfluorescein, increases with incubation time and decreases with increasing vesicle lipid concentration in the incubation mixture. Vesicle-plasma membrane exchange of the vesicle lipid marker could not entirely explain the observed discrepancy. It is tentatively concluded that the gap mainly arises from a selective loss of entrapped dyes from vesicles actually interacting with the cell surface. Both spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence microscopic observations, as well as the relative insensitivity of vesicle uptake towards the presence of metabolic inhibitors, exclude a major contribution of endocytosis as a vesicle uptake route. We therefore conclude that vesicles are primarily internalized by a vesicle-cell fusion-like process. The observed discrepancy in uptake between entrapped materials and vesicle lipid is discussed in terms of a two-site vesicle-cell surface interaction model.", "contents": "In vitro interaction of Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells with lipid vesicles. We studied the in vitro interaction between Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells and small unilamellar vesicles, consisting of 14C-labeled phosphatidylacholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (molar ratio 5 : 4 : 1), containing high intravesicular concentrations of carboxyfluorescein or fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged dextran. The entrapped markers were found to be associated with the cells to a lesser degree than the vesicle membrane marker. This discrepancy, which is slightly less pronounced for fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged dextran than for carboxyfluorescein, increases with incubation time and decreases with increasing vesicle lipid concentration in the incubation mixture. Vesicle-plasma membrane exchange of the vesicle lipid marker could not entirely explain the observed discrepancy. It is tentatively concluded that the gap mainly arises from a selective loss of entrapped dyes from vesicles actually interacting with the cell surface. Both spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence microscopic observations, as well as the relative insensitivity of vesicle uptake towards the presence of metabolic inhibitors, exclude a major contribution of endocytosis as a vesicle uptake route. We therefore conclude that vesicles are primarily internalized by a vesicle-cell fusion-like process. The observed discrepancy in uptake between entrapped materials and vesicle lipid is discussed in terms of a two-site vesicle-cell surface interaction model.", "PMID": 497196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3279", "title": "The influence of cholesterol on head group mobility in phospholipid membranes.", "content": "The dielectric dispersion in the MHz range of the zwitterionic dipolar phosphocholine head groups has been measured from 0--70 degrees C for various mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and cholesterol. The abrupt change in the derived relaxation frequency f2 observed for pure DPPC at the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition at 42 degrees C reduces to a more gradual increase of frequency with temperature as the cholesterol content is increased. In general the presence of cholesterol increases the DPPC head group mobility due to its spacing effect. Below 42 degrees C no sudden changes in f2 are found at 20 or 33 mol% cholesterol, where phase boundaries have been suggested from other methods. Above 42 degrees C, however, a decrease in f2 at cholesterol contents up to 20--30 mol% is found. This is thought to be partly due to an additional restricting effect of the cholesterol on the number of hydrocarbon chain conformations and consequently on the area occupied by the DPPC molecules.", "contents": "The influence of cholesterol on head group mobility in phospholipid membranes. The dielectric dispersion in the MHz range of the zwitterionic dipolar phosphocholine head groups has been measured from 0--70 degrees C for various mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and cholesterol. The abrupt change in the derived relaxation frequency f2 observed for pure DPPC at the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition at 42 degrees C reduces to a more gradual increase of frequency with temperature as the cholesterol content is increased. In general the presence of cholesterol increases the DPPC head group mobility due to its spacing effect. Below 42 degrees C no sudden changes in f2 are found at 20 or 33 mol% cholesterol, where phase boundaries have been suggested from other methods. Above 42 degrees C, however, a decrease in f2 at cholesterol contents up to 20--30 mol% is found. This is thought to be partly due to an additional restricting effect of the cholesterol on the number of hydrocarbon chain conformations and consequently on the area occupied by the DPPC molecules.", "PMID": 497197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3280", "title": "The isolation and analysis of the luminal plasma membrane of calf urinary bladder epithelium.", "content": "The luminal plasma membrane of calf urinary bladder epithelium (urothelium) has been isolated by a method designed to preserve enzymic activity as well as structural integrity. The yield was about 80 micrograms per calf bladder. Low levels of 5' nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities were found in the luminal membrane fraction. Cerebroside was the major lipid present and dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis revealed a complex protein and glycoprotein composition in the whole membrane. A membrane fraction consisting of only the plaque areas was shown to have a simpler protein composition with major polypeptides of apparent Mr 12 000 and 22 000. These may associate to form a 30 000 apparent Mr complex which could represent the individual 'particles' of the dodecameric subunits seen by electron microscopy in the plaque regions.", "contents": "The isolation and analysis of the luminal plasma membrane of calf urinary bladder epithelium. The luminal plasma membrane of calf urinary bladder epithelium (urothelium) has been isolated by a method designed to preserve enzymic activity as well as structural integrity. The yield was about 80 micrograms per calf bladder. Low levels of 5' nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities were found in the luminal membrane fraction. Cerebroside was the major lipid present and dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis revealed a complex protein and glycoprotein composition in the whole membrane. A membrane fraction consisting of only the plaque areas was shown to have a simpler protein composition with major polypeptides of apparent Mr 12 000 and 22 000. These may associate to form a 30 000 apparent Mr complex which could represent the individual 'particles' of the dodecameric subunits seen by electron microscopy in the plaque regions.", "PMID": 497198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3281", "title": "Localization of lysophosphatidylcholine in bovine chromaffin granules.", "content": "One of the unique features of the chromaffin granule membrane is the presence of about 17 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine isolated from the granules could be degraded by approx. 94% by lysophospholipase. This result is consistent with chemical analyses data showing that about 9% of this lysophospholipid is 1'-alkenyl glycerophosphocholine. The localization of the acylglycerophosphocholine in the chromaffin granule membrane was studied by using pure bovine liver lysophospholipases. In intact granules only about 10% of the total lysophosphatidylcholine was directly available for enzymic hydrolysis. In contrast, when granule membranes (ghosts) were treated with lysophospholipases approx. 60% of the lysophosphatidylcholine was deacylated. These values did not increase after pre-treatment of intact granules or ghosts with trypsin. Added 1-[1-14C]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine did not mix with the endogenous lysophosphatidylcholine pool(s) and remained completely accessible to added lysophospholipases.", "contents": "Localization of lysophosphatidylcholine in bovine chromaffin granules. One of the unique features of the chromaffin granule membrane is the presence of about 17 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine isolated from the granules could be degraded by approx. 94% by lysophospholipase. This result is consistent with chemical analyses data showing that about 9% of this lysophospholipid is 1'-alkenyl glycerophosphocholine. The localization of the acylglycerophosphocholine in the chromaffin granule membrane was studied by using pure bovine liver lysophospholipases. In intact granules only about 10% of the total lysophosphatidylcholine was directly available for enzymic hydrolysis. In contrast, when granule membranes (ghosts) were treated with lysophospholipases approx. 60% of the lysophosphatidylcholine was deacylated. These values did not increase after pre-treatment of intact granules or ghosts with trypsin. Added 1-[1-14C]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine did not mix with the endogenous lysophosphatidylcholine pool(s) and remained completely accessible to added lysophospholipases.", "PMID": 497199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3282", "title": "A gel filtration approach to the study of ribosome-membrane interactions.", "content": "1. Gel filtration on agarose can be used to investigate ribosome-membrane interactions without exposing the materials to the high, and possibly perturbing, hydrostatic pressures experienced during centrifugation procedures to separate free ribosomes from membrane vesicles. 2. After treatment of microsomes with degranulating agents, degranulated membranes are isolated from Sepharose 2B columns at the void volume, while displaced ribosomes elute at the total column volume. This provides a convenient method for monitoring degranulation in vitro. 3. Centrifugation of rough microsomes or ribosomes into dense pellets or layers, followed by resuspension, leads to preparations which will not pass rapidly or quantitatively through Sepharose 2B columns. 4. Methods are described for the isolation of degranulated microsomes and ribosomes which are eluted rapidly from Sepharose 2B at the void volume and total column volume, respectively. These materials are suitable for the investigation of ribosome-membrane binding in vitro, using a gel filtration separation to monitor binding. 5. Incubation of 3H-labelled ribosomes with degranulated microsomes in vitro, leads to specific binding, demonstrated by the elution of the bound ribosomes at the void volume.", "contents": "A gel filtration approach to the study of ribosome-membrane interactions. 1. Gel filtration on agarose can be used to investigate ribosome-membrane interactions without exposing the materials to the high, and possibly perturbing, hydrostatic pressures experienced during centrifugation procedures to separate free ribosomes from membrane vesicles. 2. After treatment of microsomes with degranulating agents, degranulated membranes are isolated from Sepharose 2B columns at the void volume, while displaced ribosomes elute at the total column volume. This provides a convenient method for monitoring degranulation in vitro. 3. Centrifugation of rough microsomes or ribosomes into dense pellets or layers, followed by resuspension, leads to preparations which will not pass rapidly or quantitatively through Sepharose 2B columns. 4. Methods are described for the isolation of degranulated microsomes and ribosomes which are eluted rapidly from Sepharose 2B at the void volume and total column volume, respectively. These materials are suitable for the investigation of ribosome-membrane binding in vitro, using a gel filtration separation to monitor binding. 5. Incubation of 3H-labelled ribosomes with degranulated microsomes in vitro, leads to specific binding, demonstrated by the elution of the bound ribosomes at the void volume.", "PMID": 497200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3283", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the alga Euglena gracilis.", "content": "The sequence organization of nuclear DNA in the single-celled alga Euglena gracilis has been studied by a combination of techniques: (1) the comparison of the reassociation kinetics of DNA fragments 300, 2000 and 8100 nucleotides long; (2) the reassociation of 32P-labeled DNA fragments of various lengths with driver fragments 300 nucleotides long; (3) the hyperchromicity of DNA structures formed by the reassociation of repetitive sequences; (4) and the direct measurement of the size of the duplex regions of reassociated repetitive DNA resistant to S1 nuclease. The single copy DNA sequences are approximately 1500 nucleotide pairs long and are interspersed with repetitive DNA sequences. The repetitive DNA, consisting of both highly repetitive and middle repetitive sequences, consists of one fraction of nucleotide sequences (0.67) with an average size of 4900 nucleotide pairs and a second fraction (0.33) with an average size of 1000 nucleotide pairs, 34% of the DNA consists of foldback sequences which are present on 45% of the DNA 4000 nucleotides long.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the alga Euglena gracilis. The sequence organization of nuclear DNA in the single-celled alga Euglena gracilis has been studied by a combination of techniques: (1) the comparison of the reassociation kinetics of DNA fragments 300, 2000 and 8100 nucleotides long; (2) the reassociation of 32P-labeled DNA fragments of various lengths with driver fragments 300 nucleotides long; (3) the hyperchromicity of DNA structures formed by the reassociation of repetitive sequences; (4) and the direct measurement of the size of the duplex regions of reassociated repetitive DNA resistant to S1 nuclease. The single copy DNA sequences are approximately 1500 nucleotide pairs long and are interspersed with repetitive DNA sequences. The repetitive DNA, consisting of both highly repetitive and middle repetitive sequences, consists of one fraction of nucleotide sequences (0.67) with an average size of 4900 nucleotide pairs and a second fraction (0.33) with an average size of 1000 nucleotide pairs, 34% of the DNA consists of foldback sequences which are present on 45% of the DNA 4000 nucleotides long.", "PMID": 497201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3284", "title": "Kinetic studies on ribosomal proteins assembly in preribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits of mammalian cells.", "content": "Proteins were isolated from 80-S preribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits of murine L5178Y cells after short and longer periods of incubation with tritiated amino acids. The labeling patterns of ribosomal proteins were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The analysis of isotopic ratios in individual protein spots showed marked differences in the relative kinetics of protein appearance within nucleolar peribosomes and cytoplasmic subunits. Among the about 60 distinct proteins characterized in 80-S preribosomes, 9 ribosomal proteins appeared to incorporate radioactive amino acids more rapidly. These proteins become labeled gradually in the cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits. It was found that one non-ribosomal protein associated with 80-S preribosomes takes up label far more quickly than other preribosomal polypeptides. It is suggested that this set of proteins could associate early with newly transcribed pre-rRNA, more rapidly than others after their synthesis on polyribosomes, and could therefore play a role in the regulation of ribosome synthesis. In isolated 60-S and 40-S ribosomal subunits, we detected five proteins from the large subunit and four proteins from the small subunit which incorporate tritiated amino acids more quickly than the remainder. These proteins were shown to be absent or very faintly labeled in 80-S preribosomal particles, and would associate with ribosomal particles at later stages of the maturation process.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on ribosomal proteins assembly in preribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits of mammalian cells. Proteins were isolated from 80-S preribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits of murine L5178Y cells after short and longer periods of incubation with tritiated amino acids. The labeling patterns of ribosomal proteins were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The analysis of isotopic ratios in individual protein spots showed marked differences in the relative kinetics of protein appearance within nucleolar peribosomes and cytoplasmic subunits. Among the about 60 distinct proteins characterized in 80-S preribosomes, 9 ribosomal proteins appeared to incorporate radioactive amino acids more rapidly. These proteins become labeled gradually in the cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits. It was found that one non-ribosomal protein associated with 80-S preribosomes takes up label far more quickly than other preribosomal polypeptides. It is suggested that this set of proteins could associate early with newly transcribed pre-rRNA, more rapidly than others after their synthesis on polyribosomes, and could therefore play a role in the regulation of ribosome synthesis. In isolated 60-S and 40-S ribosomal subunits, we detected five proteins from the large subunit and four proteins from the small subunit which incorporate tritiated amino acids more quickly than the remainder. These proteins were shown to be absent or very faintly labeled in 80-S preribosomal particles, and would associate with ribosomal particles at later stages of the maturation process.", "PMID": 497202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3285", "title": "Ribosomal proteins synthesis and exchange in the absence of 28-S and 18-S ribosomal RNA synthesis in L5178Y cells.", "content": "The effect of the adenosine analogue toyocamycin on ribosomal proteins synthesis and assembly within ribosomal particles was investigated in the murine cells, L5178Y. The analogue was used for periods not exceeding 5 h, at a concentration which permits the synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA but inhibits the maturation process. The following observations were made: 1. Ribosomal proteins, synthesized de novo in the presence of the drug, were associated with toyocamycin-containing 45-S pre-rRNA in preribosomal-like 80-S ribonucleoproteins which accumulated in the nucleolus. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a full protein complement of these particles, although minor discrepancies were observed in the relative proportions of a limited number of polypeptides. 2. In the absence of 28-S and 18-S rRNA formation, a surprisingly high proportion of newly synthesized ribosomal proteins were incorporated into high-salt washed ribosomal subunits. The extent of individual protein exchange as well as their apparent turnover rates were markedly heterogeneous. Most of these exchangeable proteins were shown to be labeled rapidly in ribosomal subunits of normal cells. Some alternative interpretations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins synthesis and exchange in the absence of 28-S and 18-S ribosomal RNA synthesis in L5178Y cells. The effect of the adenosine analogue toyocamycin on ribosomal proteins synthesis and assembly within ribosomal particles was investigated in the murine cells, L5178Y. The analogue was used for periods not exceeding 5 h, at a concentration which permits the synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA but inhibits the maturation process. The following observations were made: 1. Ribosomal proteins, synthesized de novo in the presence of the drug, were associated with toyocamycin-containing 45-S pre-rRNA in preribosomal-like 80-S ribonucleoproteins which accumulated in the nucleolus. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a full protein complement of these particles, although minor discrepancies were observed in the relative proportions of a limited number of polypeptides. 2. In the absence of 28-S and 18-S rRNA formation, a surprisingly high proportion of newly synthesized ribosomal proteins were incorporated into high-salt washed ribosomal subunits. The extent of individual protein exchange as well as their apparent turnover rates were markedly heterogeneous. Most of these exchangeable proteins were shown to be labeled rapidly in ribosomal subunits of normal cells. Some alternative interpretations of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 497203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3286", "title": "Inserts within the mRNA sequence on the 15 S globin mRNA precursor from chicken.", "content": "[3H]Uridine pulse-labelled nuclear RNA of chicken immature red blood cells contains two RNA species with globin coding sequences sedimenting at 9 S and 15 S, the latter representing most probably the precursor to 9 S globin mRNA. Whether the globin mRNA sequence on the 15 S precursor is interrupted by interspersed sequences was investigated by hybridization of labelled nuclear 15 S RNA with an excess of unlabelled globin complementary DNA. After degradation of nonhybridized RNA by RNAase A the enzyme was removed by proteinase K and a subsequent phenol extraction. The complementary DNA hybrids were melted and the complementary DNA degraded by DNAase I. For the separation of complementary DNA protected RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide was used. Three RNA fragments with approximately 320, 200 and 120 nucleotides were found in the case of the 15 S RNA, whereas only one 650-700 nucleotide fragment was detected when the same procedure was carried out with nuclear 9 S RNA. This means, that the chicken 15 S globin mRNA precursor contains at least two inserts within the mRNA sequence, which originate presumably by transcription of a gene with intervening sequences.", "contents": "Inserts within the mRNA sequence on the 15 S globin mRNA precursor from chicken. [3H]Uridine pulse-labelled nuclear RNA of chicken immature red blood cells contains two RNA species with globin coding sequences sedimenting at 9 S and 15 S, the latter representing most probably the precursor to 9 S globin mRNA. Whether the globin mRNA sequence on the 15 S precursor is interrupted by interspersed sequences was investigated by hybridization of labelled nuclear 15 S RNA with an excess of unlabelled globin complementary DNA. After degradation of nonhybridized RNA by RNAase A the enzyme was removed by proteinase K and a subsequent phenol extraction. The complementary DNA hybrids were melted and the complementary DNA degraded by DNAase I. For the separation of complementary DNA protected RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide was used. Three RNA fragments with approximately 320, 200 and 120 nucleotides were found in the case of the 15 S RNA, whereas only one 650-700 nucleotide fragment was detected when the same procedure was carried out with nuclear 9 S RNA. This means, that the chicken 15 S globin mRNA precursor contains at least two inserts within the mRNA sequence, which originate presumably by transcription of a gene with intervening sequences.", "PMID": 497204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3287", "title": "Differential effects of cordycepin triphosphate and 9 beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine triphosphate on tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Although cordycepin 5'-triphosphate (3'-dATP), at low concentrations, preferentially inhibits chromatin-associated poly(A) synthesis in isolated nuclei, higher levels of the inhibitor prevent both rRNA (RNA polymerase I activity) and hnRNA (RNA polymerase II activity) synthesis in vitro (Rose, K.M., Bell, L.E. and Jacob, S.T. (1977) Nature 267, 178-180). The present studies demonstrate that this nucleotide can also inhibit tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis (RNA polymerase III activity). At 50-200 microgram/ml, 3'-dATP inhibits incorporation of [3H]UTP into tRNA and 5 S RNA by approximately 65%, whereas the syntheses of these RNAs were completely blocked when [3H]GTP was used as the substrate. These data suggest the formation of poly(U) in the tRNA and 5 S RNA regions, which is resistant to 3'-dATP. In contrast, another ATP analog, Ara-ATP, which selectively inhibits poly(A) synthesis, does not block tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. The production of these RNA species in isolated nuclei is also insensitive to Ara-CTP and 2'-dATP. These data suggest that 3'-dATP exerts general inhibitory effects on RNA synthesis and further substantiate the conclusion that Ara-ATP is a selective inhibitor of the polyadenylation reaction in vitro.", "contents": "Differential effects of cordycepin triphosphate and 9 beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine triphosphate on tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Although cordycepin 5'-triphosphate (3'-dATP), at low concentrations, preferentially inhibits chromatin-associated poly(A) synthesis in isolated nuclei, higher levels of the inhibitor prevent both rRNA (RNA polymerase I activity) and hnRNA (RNA polymerase II activity) synthesis in vitro (Rose, K.M., Bell, L.E. and Jacob, S.T. (1977) Nature 267, 178-180). The present studies demonstrate that this nucleotide can also inhibit tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis (RNA polymerase III activity). At 50-200 microgram/ml, 3'-dATP inhibits incorporation of [3H]UTP into tRNA and 5 S RNA by approximately 65%, whereas the syntheses of these RNAs were completely blocked when [3H]GTP was used as the substrate. These data suggest the formation of poly(U) in the tRNA and 5 S RNA regions, which is resistant to 3'-dATP. In contrast, another ATP analog, Ara-ATP, which selectively inhibits poly(A) synthesis, does not block tRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. The production of these RNA species in isolated nuclei is also insensitive to Ara-CTP and 2'-dATP. These data suggest that 3'-dATP exerts general inhibitory effects on RNA synthesis and further substantiate the conclusion that Ara-ATP is a selective inhibitor of the polyadenylation reaction in vitro.", "PMID": 497205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3288", "title": "Activity of protein synthesis initiation factors in cytosol from rat liver and muscle and ascites cells.", "content": "The decrease induced by appropriate initiation factors in [Mg] required for optimal polyphenylalanine synthesis primed by poly(U) has been used as an assay to test for the presence of these factors in cytosol of rat liver and muscle and of ascites cells. By calculation and from changes in [Mg] optima on addition of phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphocreatine, the [Mg2+] as opposed to total [Mg] required for polyphenylalanine synthesis has been determined. Contrary to a previous report, factors necessary for polyphenylalanine synthesis at low [Mg] appear to be present in cytosol of muscle and liver as well as that from ascites cells. The significance of these finding in relation to distribution of specific initiation factors is discussed.", "contents": "Activity of protein synthesis initiation factors in cytosol from rat liver and muscle and ascites cells. The decrease induced by appropriate initiation factors in [Mg] required for optimal polyphenylalanine synthesis primed by poly(U) has been used as an assay to test for the presence of these factors in cytosol of rat liver and muscle and of ascites cells. By calculation and from changes in [Mg] optima on addition of phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphocreatine, the [Mg2+] as opposed to total [Mg] required for polyphenylalanine synthesis has been determined. Contrary to a previous report, factors necessary for polyphenylalanine synthesis at low [Mg] appear to be present in cytosol of muscle and liver as well as that from ascites cells. The significance of these finding in relation to distribution of specific initiation factors is discussed.", "PMID": 497206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3289", "title": "Sedimentation behavior of chloroplast ribosomes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "The identity of peaks generated by chloroplast ribosomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were determined by zone velocity sedimentation on sucrose density gradients, and analysis of distribution of ribosomal RNAs in the gradients. The sedimentagion coefficient of the principal peak was 66-70 S (usually 69 S), in good agreement with previously reported values for chloroplast ribosomes of C. reinhardtii, and other organisms. The fast sedimenting side of the 69 S peak contained an excess of chloroplast large subunit. When ribosome dissociation was prevented by sedimentation at low velocity, by aldehyde fixation, or by the presence of nascent polypeptide chains, the principal peak had a sedimentation coefficient of about 75 S. Thus the 69 S peak was an artifact caused by dissociation during centrifugation. Peaks that contained chloroplast ribosomal RNAs were also observed at '60 S' and '45 S' when chloroplast ribosomes were centrifuged unfixed at high velocity. The amounts of '60 S' and '45 S' components were decreased by centrifugation at low speed, or fixation, but sedimentation coefficients remained unchanged. The '60 S', and '45 S' components were identified as large, and small subunits of chloroplast ribosomes, respectively. The artifacts produced by centrifugation of chloroplast ribosomes, are similar to the artifacts produced by centrifuging ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Similar explanations appear to apply to both. We concluded that the 69 S chloroplast ribosome peak occurs because of dissociation of 'tight' couples, and incomplete separation of subunits. Subunit peaks (60 S and 45 S) arise from free subunits, and/or from dissociation of 'loose' couples.", "contents": "Sedimentation behavior of chloroplast ribosomes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The identity of peaks generated by chloroplast ribosomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were determined by zone velocity sedimentation on sucrose density gradients, and analysis of distribution of ribosomal RNAs in the gradients. The sedimentagion coefficient of the principal peak was 66-70 S (usually 69 S), in good agreement with previously reported values for chloroplast ribosomes of C. reinhardtii, and other organisms. The fast sedimenting side of the 69 S peak contained an excess of chloroplast large subunit. When ribosome dissociation was prevented by sedimentation at low velocity, by aldehyde fixation, or by the presence of nascent polypeptide chains, the principal peak had a sedimentation coefficient of about 75 S. Thus the 69 S peak was an artifact caused by dissociation during centrifugation. Peaks that contained chloroplast ribosomal RNAs were also observed at '60 S' and '45 S' when chloroplast ribosomes were centrifuged unfixed at high velocity. The amounts of '60 S' and '45 S' components were decreased by centrifugation at low speed, or fixation, but sedimentation coefficients remained unchanged. The '60 S', and '45 S' components were identified as large, and small subunits of chloroplast ribosomes, respectively. The artifacts produced by centrifugation of chloroplast ribosomes, are similar to the artifacts produced by centrifuging ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Similar explanations appear to apply to both. We concluded that the 69 S chloroplast ribosome peak occurs because of dissociation of 'tight' couples, and incomplete separation of subunits. Subunit peaks (60 S and 45 S) arise from free subunits, and/or from dissociation of 'loose' couples.", "PMID": 497207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3290", "title": "The interaction of adriamycin and adriamycin analogues with nucleic acids in the B and A conformations.", "content": "The reinforced intercalative binding to DNA typical of adriamycin and daunomycin can still occur if there is epimerisation at C4' or if the O-methyl group is lost or if the 9-substituents are deleted or if the 4'-hydroxyl group is lost. In the latter two cases however, there is a reduction in affinity for the DNA, supporting the suggested role of the 9-hydroxyl and 4'-hydroxyl groups in secondary stabilization of the complex. Epimerisation at C-1' or at C-3' alters but does not abolish the intercalative mode of binding to DNA whereas epimerisation at C-7 precludes intercalation of the chromophore into the helix of DNA. In contrast to the interaction with the B-form found in DNA, the parent drugs do not intercalate into nucleic acids possessing the A-conformation and none of the above-mentioned structural changes will allow intercalation into A-form nucleic acids.", "contents": "The interaction of adriamycin and adriamycin analogues with nucleic acids in the B and A conformations. The reinforced intercalative binding to DNA typical of adriamycin and daunomycin can still occur if there is epimerisation at C4' or if the O-methyl group is lost or if the 9-substituents are deleted or if the 4'-hydroxyl group is lost. In the latter two cases however, there is a reduction in affinity for the DNA, supporting the suggested role of the 9-hydroxyl and 4'-hydroxyl groups in secondary stabilization of the complex. Epimerisation at C-1' or at C-3' alters but does not abolish the intercalative mode of binding to DNA whereas epimerisation at C-7 precludes intercalation of the chromophore into the helix of DNA. In contrast to the interaction with the B-form found in DNA, the parent drugs do not intercalate into nucleic acids possessing the A-conformation and none of the above-mentioned structural changes will allow intercalation into A-form nucleic acids.", "PMID": 497208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3291", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of 5,6-saturated thymidine derivatives produced by ionizing radiation. Conformational analysis of 6-hydroxylated diastereoisomers.", "content": "The conformational properties of ten 6-hydroxylated dihydrothymidine derivatives including the various diastereoisomers of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine, 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine and 5-bromo-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine have been studied by 250 MHz proton magnetic resonance in aqueous solutions. A close correlation has been established between the carbon-6 configuration and the osidic conformation. The increase in the amplitude of the puckering within the furanose ring compared to that of thymidine or 2'-deoxyuridine is more pronounced for the levorotatory (6S) nucleosides than for the dextrorotatory (6R) diastereoisomers. The importance of the 2' endo conformer population decreases in the following order: (-) greater than (+) greater than thymidine. The absence of destabilizing effects on the g+ rotameric population about the C(4')-C(5') bond denotes the lack of any interaction between the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group and the 6-hydroxyl function or the 2-keto group. The 5,6-saturated nucleosides adopt a preferential anti conformation. The comparison has been extended to syn nucleosides which show opposite trends in the sugar conformation and g+ distribution.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of 5,6-saturated thymidine derivatives produced by ionizing radiation. Conformational analysis of 6-hydroxylated diastereoisomers. The conformational properties of ten 6-hydroxylated dihydrothymidine derivatives including the various diastereoisomers of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine, 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine and 5-bromo-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine have been studied by 250 MHz proton magnetic resonance in aqueous solutions. A close correlation has been established between the carbon-6 configuration and the osidic conformation. The increase in the amplitude of the puckering within the furanose ring compared to that of thymidine or 2'-deoxyuridine is more pronounced for the levorotatory (6S) nucleosides than for the dextrorotatory (6R) diastereoisomers. The importance of the 2' endo conformer population decreases in the following order: (-) greater than (+) greater than thymidine. The absence of destabilizing effects on the g+ rotameric population about the C(4')-C(5') bond denotes the lack of any interaction between the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group and the 6-hydroxyl function or the 2-keto group. The 5,6-saturated nucleosides adopt a preferential anti conformation. The comparison has been extended to syn nucleosides which show opposite trends in the sugar conformation and g+ distribution.", "PMID": 497209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3292", "title": "Polypeptide synthesis by Rhizobium bacteroids and bacteria.", "content": "When Rhizobium bacteroids (strain NZP 2257) from lupin nodules were isolated and incubated aerobically at high osmolarity, they incorporated [35S]-methionine into a characteristic set of polypeptides; many of these polypeptides coelectrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the bacteroid polypeptide bands stained by Coomassie blue. The labelled polypeptides were stable for several hours in pulse-chase experiments. Changes in the concentration of H+, K+ and Mg2+ in the incubation mixture affected overall incorporation of label, but not the relative incorporation into different polypeptides. A similar set of bacteroid polypeptides was labelled in situ when detached nodules were fed [35S]methionine. Distinctive labelling patterns were observed with bacteroid suspensions from mature and immature nodules, with a transitional pattern at the time when nitrogenase activity appeared. Two of the major labelled components in mature bacteroids had estimated molecular weights of 60- and 34-kilodaltons similar to values reported by others for the constituent polypeptides of nitrogenase. Bacteroids of the same Rhizobium strain grown in different plant hosts gave similar polypeptide labelling patterns in purified suspensions, but bacteroids of different Rhizobium strains gave different patterns. The polypeptide labelling patterns obtained using broth-cultured Rhizobium bacteria from various growth stages and growth media differed from those obtained using bacteroids of the same strain.", "contents": "Polypeptide synthesis by Rhizobium bacteroids and bacteria. When Rhizobium bacteroids (strain NZP 2257) from lupin nodules were isolated and incubated aerobically at high osmolarity, they incorporated [35S]-methionine into a characteristic set of polypeptides; many of these polypeptides coelectrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the bacteroid polypeptide bands stained by Coomassie blue. The labelled polypeptides were stable for several hours in pulse-chase experiments. Changes in the concentration of H+, K+ and Mg2+ in the incubation mixture affected overall incorporation of label, but not the relative incorporation into different polypeptides. A similar set of bacteroid polypeptides was labelled in situ when detached nodules were fed [35S]methionine. Distinctive labelling patterns were observed with bacteroid suspensions from mature and immature nodules, with a transitional pattern at the time when nitrogenase activity appeared. Two of the major labelled components in mature bacteroids had estimated molecular weights of 60- and 34-kilodaltons similar to values reported by others for the constituent polypeptides of nitrogenase. Bacteroids of the same Rhizobium strain grown in different plant hosts gave similar polypeptide labelling patterns in purified suspensions, but bacteroids of different Rhizobium strains gave different patterns. The polypeptide labelling patterns obtained using broth-cultured Rhizobium bacteria from various growth stages and growth media differed from those obtained using bacteroids of the same strain.", "PMID": 497210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3293", "title": "Two polypeptide changes associated with butyric acid resistance and the neoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells.", "content": "Seven differences in the polypeptide species of parental Syrian hamster embryo cells and cells of the highly tumorigenic derivative cell line BP6T were identified previously by employing the technique of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Leavitt, J. and Moyzis, R. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2497-2500). To determine which of these polypeptide changes are correlated with expression of the neoplastic state this work was extended to the comparative examination of nine established neoplastic cell lines which resulted from independent transformation events catalyzed by chemical carcinogen treatment, virus infection, or an unknown spontaneous event. Although no perfect correlation with a specific polypeptide change was found, two polypeptide changes, occurring independently or simultaneously, appear to be consistently associated with expression of neoplasticity. One polypeptide species, designated tau, having an isoelectric point of 4.6 and a molecular weight of 60 000 was lost or physically altered in all but one of these transformed cell lines; a second polypeptide species designated nu having an isoelectric point 5.5 and a molecular weight of 42 000 appeared in highly tumorigenic chemically transformed cell lines and in two virally transformed cell lines. A butyric acid supplement, used as a selective agent for butyric acid resistant cells, was employed to identify and isolate in a single step nascent neoplastic clonal lines transformed by ethylmethanesulfonate. These cell lines exhibited alterations either in tau or nu. The changes observed in tau are consistent with those expected to result from a somatic mutation event in the structural gene coding for tau; however, the alterations in tau could also be governed by a post-translational process. These findings suggest that alterations in expression of at least two major polypeptide species, tau and nu, are closely associated with primary steps in the neoplastic transformation process of Syrian hamster cells irrespective of the nature of the transforming agent.", "contents": "Two polypeptide changes associated with butyric acid resistance and the neoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells. Seven differences in the polypeptide species of parental Syrian hamster embryo cells and cells of the highly tumorigenic derivative cell line BP6T were identified previously by employing the technique of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Leavitt, J. and Moyzis, R. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2497-2500). To determine which of these polypeptide changes are correlated with expression of the neoplastic state this work was extended to the comparative examination of nine established neoplastic cell lines which resulted from independent transformation events catalyzed by chemical carcinogen treatment, virus infection, or an unknown spontaneous event. Although no perfect correlation with a specific polypeptide change was found, two polypeptide changes, occurring independently or simultaneously, appear to be consistently associated with expression of neoplasticity. One polypeptide species, designated tau, having an isoelectric point of 4.6 and a molecular weight of 60 000 was lost or physically altered in all but one of these transformed cell lines; a second polypeptide species designated nu having an isoelectric point 5.5 and a molecular weight of 42 000 appeared in highly tumorigenic chemically transformed cell lines and in two virally transformed cell lines. A butyric acid supplement, used as a selective agent for butyric acid resistant cells, was employed to identify and isolate in a single step nascent neoplastic clonal lines transformed by ethylmethanesulfonate. These cell lines exhibited alterations either in tau or nu. The changes observed in tau are consistent with those expected to result from a somatic mutation event in the structural gene coding for tau; however, the alterations in tau could also be governed by a post-translational process. These findings suggest that alterations in expression of at least two major polypeptide species, tau and nu, are closely associated with primary steps in the neoplastic transformation process of Syrian hamster cells irrespective of the nature of the transforming agent.", "PMID": 497211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3294", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis in rats by the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "content": "Treatment of rats with the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate, results in a rapid, marked inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes. Studies were undertaken to learn the mechanism by which this carcinogen induces these effects in rat liver. The data show that the inhibition of endogenous protein synthesis is not due to an effect on the high speed supernatant 'factors' but rather at the level of the polysome, and that both free and membrane-bound polysomes are affected. Poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by native ribosomal subunits is greater in preparations isolated from rats treated with carcinogen than it is in controls. Moreover, the native ribosomal subunit fraction from treated livers in response to added rabbit globin mRNA is able to synthesize a protein similar in molecular weight to globin. These studies show that methylazoxymethanol acetate does not induce significant alterations of ribosomal subunits or of initiation factors and suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes may be the results of an alteration of cytoplasmic mRNA, or its association with ribosomes.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis in rats by the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate. Treatment of rats with the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate, results in a rapid, marked inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes. Studies were undertaken to learn the mechanism by which this carcinogen induces these effects in rat liver. The data show that the inhibition of endogenous protein synthesis is not due to an effect on the high speed supernatant 'factors' but rather at the level of the polysome, and that both free and membrane-bound polysomes are affected. Poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by native ribosomal subunits is greater in preparations isolated from rats treated with carcinogen than it is in controls. Moreover, the native ribosomal subunit fraction from treated livers in response to added rabbit globin mRNA is able to synthesize a protein similar in molecular weight to globin. These studies show that methylazoxymethanol acetate does not induce significant alterations of ribosomal subunits or of initiation factors and suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes may be the results of an alteration of cytoplasmic mRNA, or its association with ribosomes.", "PMID": 497212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3295", "title": "Nuclear proteins. VI. Fractionation of chromosomal non-histone proteins using hydrophobic chromatography.", "content": "Mouse liver non-histone proteins, isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography, were fractionated by hydrophobic chromatography using omega-amino-decyl-agarose omega-amino butyl-agarose, decyl-agarose, butyl-agarose, phenyl-Sepharose, and CPAD-Sepharose. Two column loading techniques were used. In the 0.35 M NaCl technique, the proteins were dialized into 0.35 M NaCl, applied to the column and initially eluted with 0.35 M NaCl. In the 40% (NH4)2SO4 technique, the non-histone proteins were mixed with the hydrophobic agarose, dialized against 40% (NH4)2SO4, and initially eluted with 40% (NH4)2SO4. In both cases the columns were subsequently eluted with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.35, 1.0 and 5.0 M LiBr, and finally with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The 0.35 M NaCl technique, using decyl-agarose and phenyl-Sepharose, resulted in a single step marked enrichment of the major hnRNA proteins (1 M LiBr fraction). The 40% (NH4)2SO4 technique resulted in a single step isolation of a pair of 15-20 000 dalton polypeptides.", "contents": "Nuclear proteins. VI. Fractionation of chromosomal non-histone proteins using hydrophobic chromatography. Mouse liver non-histone proteins, isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography, were fractionated by hydrophobic chromatography using omega-amino-decyl-agarose omega-amino butyl-agarose, decyl-agarose, butyl-agarose, phenyl-Sepharose, and CPAD-Sepharose. Two column loading techniques were used. In the 0.35 M NaCl technique, the proteins were dialized into 0.35 M NaCl, applied to the column and initially eluted with 0.35 M NaCl. In the 40% (NH4)2SO4 technique, the non-histone proteins were mixed with the hydrophobic agarose, dialized against 40% (NH4)2SO4, and initially eluted with 40% (NH4)2SO4. In both cases the columns were subsequently eluted with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.35, 1.0 and 5.0 M LiBr, and finally with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The 0.35 M NaCl technique, using decyl-agarose and phenyl-Sepharose, resulted in a single step marked enrichment of the major hnRNA proteins (1 M LiBr fraction). The 40% (NH4)2SO4 technique resulted in a single step isolation of a pair of 15-20 000 dalton polypeptides.", "PMID": 497213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3296", "title": "Defective DNA synthesis in megaloblastic anaemia. Studies employing velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients.", "content": "1. Autoradiographic experiments revealed that the average size of the replicating unit (replicon) in human phytohaemagglutunin-stimulated lymphocytes is 45 (+/- 1.3) micron. 2. A 5 min pulse of [3H]thymidine labelled DNA chains of approximately 40 S (15 micron) in control lymphocytes as revealed by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose density gradients. Upon chasing in the absence of [3H]-thymidine the labelled DNA increased in size. By 6 h the bulk of the label co-sedimented with full-sized chromosomal DNA. 3. In untreated lymphocytes from patients with megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B-12 or folate deficiency or lymphocytes treated with methotrexate (10(-5) M) or hydroxyurea (5 . 10(-4) M) the increase in size of pulse-labelled DNA was slower than in control cells. 4. The block in maturation of pulse-labelled DNA to bulk DNA was not permanent. At 24 h of chase 75-80% of the pulse-label in both control and megaloblastic lymphocytes co-sedimented with bulk DNA. 5. We conclude that the lesions seen in DNA synthesis in megaloblastic anaemia due to folate or vitamin B-12 deficiencies occur through impaired biosynthesis of nucleotide precursors of DNA. Possible explanations of why the defects in DNA synthesis cause altered morphology of proliferating cells in megaloblastic anaemia are suggested.", "contents": "Defective DNA synthesis in megaloblastic anaemia. Studies employing velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. 1. Autoradiographic experiments revealed that the average size of the replicating unit (replicon) in human phytohaemagglutunin-stimulated lymphocytes is 45 (+/- 1.3) micron. 2. A 5 min pulse of [3H]thymidine labelled DNA chains of approximately 40 S (15 micron) in control lymphocytes as revealed by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose density gradients. Upon chasing in the absence of [3H]-thymidine the labelled DNA increased in size. By 6 h the bulk of the label co-sedimented with full-sized chromosomal DNA. 3. In untreated lymphocytes from patients with megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B-12 or folate deficiency or lymphocytes treated with methotrexate (10(-5) M) or hydroxyurea (5 . 10(-4) M) the increase in size of pulse-labelled DNA was slower than in control cells. 4. The block in maturation of pulse-labelled DNA to bulk DNA was not permanent. At 24 h of chase 75-80% of the pulse-label in both control and megaloblastic lymphocytes co-sedimented with bulk DNA. 5. We conclude that the lesions seen in DNA synthesis in megaloblastic anaemia due to folate or vitamin B-12 deficiencies occur through impaired biosynthesis of nucleotide precursors of DNA. Possible explanations of why the defects in DNA synthesis cause altered morphology of proliferating cells in megaloblastic anaemia are suggested.", "PMID": 497214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3297", "title": "Methylation of mosquito DNA.", "content": "Cells of the mosquito Aedes albopictus have 5.6 pg DNA/cell. This DNA is 58 mol% (A + T) and has about 0.03 mol% each of 5-methylcytosine and 6-methylaminopurine. The DNA is largely degraded by the restriction enzyme HpaII showing the virtual absence of the sequence CMeCGG. Small amounts of enzymic activity recovered largely in non-nuclear fractions transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to cytosine and adenine.", "contents": "Methylation of mosquito DNA. Cells of the mosquito Aedes albopictus have 5.6 pg DNA/cell. This DNA is 58 mol% (A + T) and has about 0.03 mol% each of 5-methylcytosine and 6-methylaminopurine. The DNA is largely degraded by the restriction enzyme HpaII showing the virtual absence of the sequence CMeCGG. Small amounts of enzymic activity recovered largely in non-nuclear fractions transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to cytosine and adenine.", "PMID": 497215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3298", "title": "The stability of methylated purines and of methylphosphotriesters in the DNA of V79 cells after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "V79-379A cells growing in suspension culture were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea at concentrations of 0.6 and 1.2 mM. After incubation for periods from 1 to 48 h DNA was isolated from the cells and the concentrations of 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, 3-methyladenine and methyl phosphotriesters were determined. After correction for dilution resulting from DNA synthesis during the incubation it was found that no loss of O6-methylguanine or methylphosphotriesters occurred; 7-methylguanine disappeared with a half-life of 22 h and 3-methyladenine was detectable only immediately after the initial treatment. The results show that these cells eliminate 7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine from DNA by a repair process but are unable to excise or repair O6-methylguanine or methyl phosphotriesters.", "contents": "The stability of methylated purines and of methylphosphotriesters in the DNA of V79 cells after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. V79-379A cells growing in suspension culture were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea at concentrations of 0.6 and 1.2 mM. After incubation for periods from 1 to 48 h DNA was isolated from the cells and the concentrations of 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, 3-methyladenine and methyl phosphotriesters were determined. After correction for dilution resulting from DNA synthesis during the incubation it was found that no loss of O6-methylguanine or methylphosphotriesters occurred; 7-methylguanine disappeared with a half-life of 22 h and 3-methyladenine was detectable only immediately after the initial treatment. The results show that these cells eliminate 7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine from DNA by a repair process but are unable to excise or repair O6-methylguanine or methyl phosphotriesters.", "PMID": 497216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3299", "title": "Organisation of inverted repeat sequences in hamster cell nuclear DNA.", "content": "Hamster cell nuclear DNA is shown to contain inverted repeat (foldback) sequences, in some respects similar to the foldback fraction in DNA from other animal cell types. Using electron microscopy the majority of foldback duplexes are shown to be located in simple hairpin-like DNA structures, formed from individual pairs of complementary inverted repeated sequences 50--1000 nucleotides in length, in some cases arranged in tandem, and in other cases separated by intervening sequences, up to 16000 nucleotide residues long. In addition, a novel class of foldback structure, referred to as 'bubbled hairpins' is reported, which appear to be formed from clusters of inverted repeat sequences that are separated from adjacent clusters of complementary inverted repeats by large intervening sequences which vary in length from 5000 to over 20000 nucleotide residues. Due to the special pattern of distribution of these latter inverted repeat sequences, 'bubbled hairpins' are observed only in long foldback DNA. Evidence is presented that the distribution of foldback sequences in hamster cell DNA is highly ordered. The lengths of the intervening single chains in foldback structures appear to vary non-randomly. This gives rise to a localised periodic pattern of organisation that is believed to be a consequence of regular alternating arrangements of foldback and non-foldback sequences in the segments of DNA from which foldback structures are derived.", "contents": "Organisation of inverted repeat sequences in hamster cell nuclear DNA. Hamster cell nuclear DNA is shown to contain inverted repeat (foldback) sequences, in some respects similar to the foldback fraction in DNA from other animal cell types. Using electron microscopy the majority of foldback duplexes are shown to be located in simple hairpin-like DNA structures, formed from individual pairs of complementary inverted repeated sequences 50--1000 nucleotides in length, in some cases arranged in tandem, and in other cases separated by intervening sequences, up to 16000 nucleotide residues long. In addition, a novel class of foldback structure, referred to as 'bubbled hairpins' is reported, which appear to be formed from clusters of inverted repeat sequences that are separated from adjacent clusters of complementary inverted repeats by large intervening sequences which vary in length from 5000 to over 20000 nucleotide residues. Due to the special pattern of distribution of these latter inverted repeat sequences, 'bubbled hairpins' are observed only in long foldback DNA. Evidence is presented that the distribution of foldback sequences in hamster cell DNA is highly ordered. The lengths of the intervening single chains in foldback structures appear to vary non-randomly. This gives rise to a localised periodic pattern of organisation that is believed to be a consequence of regular alternating arrangements of foldback and non-foldback sequences in the segments of DNA from which foldback structures are derived.", "PMID": 497217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3300", "title": "Analysis of the most tightly bound proteins in eukaryotic DNA.", "content": "DNA isolated by procedures generally considered to be most efficient for purifying DNA still contains detectable peptide components. The characteristics of this material and the stability of its linkage to DNA were investigated: DNA released from [35S]methionine-labelled cells by SDS in the presence of proteases contains a significant amount of 35S label which is not removed by additional treatment with proteases and phenol and which cosediments and cobands together with DNA on alkaline gradients. Furthermore, some peptide material which is copurified with native DNA and which remains complexed with DNA after alkali treatment can be labelled with 125I and analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide-gels. The amino acid analysis of hydrolysates of purified DNA gives a rough estimate of the amount of the peptide material which is copurified with DNA. The results indicate that distinct proteins between 54 000 and 68 000 daltons in size are not removed from DNA by phenol, proteases, alkali or by any combination of these treatments. They can only be isolated by degradation of DNA. This extreme stability of the DNA-protein linkage indicates that these proteins are not merely contaminants which are difficult to eliminate but are rather covalently or otherwise bound (alkali-stable) to DNA. The size of these proteins and the stability of their linkage to DNA suggests that they are related to the class of non-histone proteins which are thought to be involved in chromatin structure e.g. by keeping DNA in a supercoiled state. Other possible functions are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the most tightly bound proteins in eukaryotic DNA. DNA isolated by procedures generally considered to be most efficient for purifying DNA still contains detectable peptide components. The characteristics of this material and the stability of its linkage to DNA were investigated: DNA released from [35S]methionine-labelled cells by SDS in the presence of proteases contains a significant amount of 35S label which is not removed by additional treatment with proteases and phenol and which cosediments and cobands together with DNA on alkaline gradients. Furthermore, some peptide material which is copurified with native DNA and which remains complexed with DNA after alkali treatment can be labelled with 125I and analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide-gels. The amino acid analysis of hydrolysates of purified DNA gives a rough estimate of the amount of the peptide material which is copurified with DNA. The results indicate that distinct proteins between 54 000 and 68 000 daltons in size are not removed from DNA by phenol, proteases, alkali or by any combination of these treatments. They can only be isolated by degradation of DNA. This extreme stability of the DNA-protein linkage indicates that these proteins are not merely contaminants which are difficult to eliminate but are rather covalently or otherwise bound (alkali-stable) to DNA. The size of these proteins and the stability of their linkage to DNA suggests that they are related to the class of non-histone proteins which are thought to be involved in chromatin structure e.g. by keeping DNA in a supercoiled state. Other possible functions are discussed.", "PMID": 497218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3301", "title": "Initiation of endogenous messenger RNA translation on hen oviduct polysomes.", "content": "The eIF-2A fraction of reticulocyte ribosomal salt wash is capable of maximally stimulating the translation of endogenous messenger RNA by hen oviduct polysomes. The factor increases the initiation of protein synthesis 2--3-fold when measured by the factor-dependent synthesis of NH2-terminal peptides. The addition to these polysomes of elongation factor, EF-1, also increases protein synthesis but at a distinctly different rate and Mg2+ concentration optimum than the eIF-2A fraction. Moreover, there is no stimulation of NH2-terminal peptide synthesis with EF-1 alone. In contrast, all the known initiation factors are required for the translation of exogenous globulin mRNA on oviduct polysomes. Reticulocyte polysomes isolated by an identical procedure to that used for oviduct polysomes or by standard methods also require all the initiation factors for the translation of either endogenous mRNA or exogenous ovalbumin mRNA. Addition of 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate does not inhibit the factor-dependent stimulation of oviduct polysomes except at high concentrations (1.0 mM) indicating that the sites with which 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate normally competes are already occupied. These findings suggest that the messenger RNA remains bound to the oviduct polysomes or initiation factors. Hence the addition of exogenous factors which are involved with mRNA recognition and binding to the ribosome are not required. It has been previously shown that eIF-2A is capable of binding in vitro the initiatior tRNA to an existing Ado-Urd-Gua-40 S complex and initiating protein synthesis when such a complex is present. These present studies indicate that such an initiation complex may exist within the oviduct cell on membrane-associated polysomes. Under these circumstances eIF-2A mediates binding of the initiator tRNA and initiates protein synthesis.", "contents": "Initiation of endogenous messenger RNA translation on hen oviduct polysomes. The eIF-2A fraction of reticulocyte ribosomal salt wash is capable of maximally stimulating the translation of endogenous messenger RNA by hen oviduct polysomes. The factor increases the initiation of protein synthesis 2--3-fold when measured by the factor-dependent synthesis of NH2-terminal peptides. The addition to these polysomes of elongation factor, EF-1, also increases protein synthesis but at a distinctly different rate and Mg2+ concentration optimum than the eIF-2A fraction. Moreover, there is no stimulation of NH2-terminal peptide synthesis with EF-1 alone. In contrast, all the known initiation factors are required for the translation of exogenous globulin mRNA on oviduct polysomes. Reticulocyte polysomes isolated by an identical procedure to that used for oviduct polysomes or by standard methods also require all the initiation factors for the translation of either endogenous mRNA or exogenous ovalbumin mRNA. Addition of 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate does not inhibit the factor-dependent stimulation of oviduct polysomes except at high concentrations (1.0 mM) indicating that the sites with which 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate normally competes are already occupied. These findings suggest that the messenger RNA remains bound to the oviduct polysomes or initiation factors. Hence the addition of exogenous factors which are involved with mRNA recognition and binding to the ribosome are not required. It has been previously shown that eIF-2A is capable of binding in vitro the initiatior tRNA to an existing Ado-Urd-Gua-40 S complex and initiating protein synthesis when such a complex is present. These present studies indicate that such an initiation complex may exist within the oviduct cell on membrane-associated polysomes. Under these circumstances eIF-2A mediates binding of the initiator tRNA and initiates protein synthesis.", "PMID": 497219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3302", "title": "Purification and subunit structure of RNA polymerase II from the pea.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (EC 2.7.7.6) from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) has been purified to homogeneity, as judged by native polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The procedure includes polyethyleneimine precipitation and elution, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, and heparin-Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme purified almost to homogeneity has a specific activity of 200 nmol/mg per 15 min at 30 degrees C with denatured calf thymus DNA as template. The enzyme activity is 50% inhibited in the presence of 0.05 migrograms/ml of alpha-amanitin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that pea RNA polymerase II is composed of eight subunits with molecular weights and molar ratios (in parentheses) of 170 000 (0.9), 140 000 (1.0), 43 000 (1.5), 26 000 (2.0), 22 500 (1.2), 21 500 (0.6), 18 500 (1.6) and 17 500 (2.3). The structure is closely similar to that of cauliflower RNA polymerase II.", "contents": "Purification and subunit structure of RNA polymerase II from the pea. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (EC 2.7.7.6) from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) has been purified to homogeneity, as judged by native polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The procedure includes polyethyleneimine precipitation and elution, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, and heparin-Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme purified almost to homogeneity has a specific activity of 200 nmol/mg per 15 min at 30 degrees C with denatured calf thymus DNA as template. The enzyme activity is 50% inhibited in the presence of 0.05 migrograms/ml of alpha-amanitin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that pea RNA polymerase II is composed of eight subunits with molecular weights and molar ratios (in parentheses) of 170 000 (0.9), 140 000 (1.0), 43 000 (1.5), 26 000 (2.0), 22 500 (1.2), 21 500 (0.6), 18 500 (1.6) and 17 500 (2.3). The structure is closely similar to that of cauliflower RNA polymerase II.", "PMID": 497220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3303", "title": "The interaction of 2,6,8-triaminopurine with poly(uridylic acid).", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis measurements have shown that poly(uridylic acid) binds 2,6,8-triaminopurine in a strongly cooperative manner to form a stable 2 : 1 complex at pH 7.8, 0.15 M Na+. The thermal dissociation of the complex has been characterized by ultraviolet absorbance versus temperature profiles. From the variation of Tm with the concentration of uncomplexed triaminopurine at this temperature, the partial molar enthalpy and entropy of formation of the complex have been calculated as --87 (+/- 2) kJ/mol of triaminopurine and --236 (+/- 7) J/mol of triaminopurine per K, respectively. In terms of Tm, the complex is approximately 4 degrees C more stable than the corresponding 2 : 1 complex of poly(U) with 2-aminoadenine. This stabilization is attributed to the existence of an additional hydrogen-bonding interaction, in the poly(U)-triaminopurine complex, between the 8-amino group of 2,6,8-triaminopurine and O(2) of the uracil moiety which is base paired with it in Hoogsteen fashion.", "contents": "The interaction of 2,6,8-triaminopurine with poly(uridylic acid). Equilibrium dialysis measurements have shown that poly(uridylic acid) binds 2,6,8-triaminopurine in a strongly cooperative manner to form a stable 2 : 1 complex at pH 7.8, 0.15 M Na+. The thermal dissociation of the complex has been characterized by ultraviolet absorbance versus temperature profiles. From the variation of Tm with the concentration of uncomplexed triaminopurine at this temperature, the partial molar enthalpy and entropy of formation of the complex have been calculated as --87 (+/- 2) kJ/mol of triaminopurine and --236 (+/- 7) J/mol of triaminopurine per K, respectively. In terms of Tm, the complex is approximately 4 degrees C more stable than the corresponding 2 : 1 complex of poly(U) with 2-aminoadenine. This stabilization is attributed to the existence of an additional hydrogen-bonding interaction, in the poly(U)-triaminopurine complex, between the 8-amino group of 2,6,8-triaminopurine and O(2) of the uracil moiety which is base paired with it in Hoogsteen fashion.", "PMID": 497221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3304", "title": "Dissociation of double-stranded poly(I) . poly(C) by cis-diammine-dichloro-Pt(II).", "content": "The covalent binding of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 on the double stranded poly(I) . poly(C) induced an irreversible dissociation of the two strands. This dissociation was evidenced mainly by poly(I)-Agarose affinity chromatography which allowed to recover free strands of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2-poly(I) from a cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2-poly(I) . poly(C) complex, by density equilibrium centrifugation where free poly(C) could be isolated, and by acid titrations of the metal-poly(I) . poly(C) complexes. The separation of the two strands of the polyribonucleotide upon cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 fixation was shown not to exceed 90--95%. A dissociation curve of the polynucleotide double helix as a function of the amount of bound cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 was determined and was shown to be of a characteristic cooperative effect. The fixation of the paltinum compound to poly(I) . poly(C) seemed also to be cooperative.", "contents": "Dissociation of double-stranded poly(I) . poly(C) by cis-diammine-dichloro-Pt(II). The covalent binding of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 on the double stranded poly(I) . poly(C) induced an irreversible dissociation of the two strands. This dissociation was evidenced mainly by poly(I)-Agarose affinity chromatography which allowed to recover free strands of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2-poly(I) from a cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2-poly(I) . poly(C) complex, by density equilibrium centrifugation where free poly(C) could be isolated, and by acid titrations of the metal-poly(I) . poly(C) complexes. The separation of the two strands of the polyribonucleotide upon cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 fixation was shown not to exceed 90--95%. A dissociation curve of the polynucleotide double helix as a function of the amount of bound cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 was determined and was shown to be of a characteristic cooperative effect. The fixation of the paltinum compound to poly(I) . poly(C) seemed also to be cooperative.", "PMID": 497222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3305", "title": "Inhibition of polyamine accumulation and cell proliferation by derivatives of diaminopropane in Ehrlich ascites cells grown in culture.", "content": "1. 1,3-Diaminopropane and some of its derivatives are potent inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) in Ehrlich ascites cells grown in suspension culture. Among the amine derivatives tested, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol most effectively prevented any accumulation of spermidine and spermine in ascites cells when the proliferation was stimulated by diluting the cells with fresh medium. 2. The effectiveness of diaminopropanol in abolishing polyamine accumulation was primarily based on a rapid decay of ornithine decarboxylase activity following the exposure of the cells to the drug. 3. The mechanism of action of diaminopropanol on ornithine decarboxylase apparently involved a formation of macromolecular inhibitors or 'antizymes' to the enzyme. 4. Even though the inhibitory effect of 1,3-diaminopropane on polyamine accumulation approached that of diaminopropanol, the former compound only marginally inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and that of [14C]leucine into protein, in contrast to the marked depression of macromolecular synthesis produced by diaminopropanol. The apparent dissociation of polyamine depletion brought about by 1,3-diaminopropane from an antiproliferative action was apparently due to the fact that diaminopropane, unlike diaminopropanol, was partially capable of taking over the function of natural polyamines. 5. The inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis as well as the prevention of increase in cell number by diaminopropanol was closely associated with polyamine depletion and was fully comparable, as regards timing and magnitude, with that achieved with difluoromethylornithine. The antiproliferative effect of diaminopropanol, however, was only partly reversed by a simultaneous addition of putrescine (or spermidine) into the culture medium. The lack of a complete reversal of the action of diaminopropanol on cell growth by natural polyamines was apparently due to the fact that it was remarkably difficult or even impossible to increase intracellular polyamine concentrations by exogenous polyamines in the presence of diaminopropanol. Nevertheless, the diaminopropanol-induced arrest of growth was reversible as judged by a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity followed by restoration of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of polyamine accumulation and cell proliferation by derivatives of diaminopropane in Ehrlich ascites cells grown in culture. 1. 1,3-Diaminopropane and some of its derivatives are potent inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) in Ehrlich ascites cells grown in suspension culture. Among the amine derivatives tested, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol most effectively prevented any accumulation of spermidine and spermine in ascites cells when the proliferation was stimulated by diluting the cells with fresh medium. 2. The effectiveness of diaminopropanol in abolishing polyamine accumulation was primarily based on a rapid decay of ornithine decarboxylase activity following the exposure of the cells to the drug. 3. The mechanism of action of diaminopropanol on ornithine decarboxylase apparently involved a formation of macromolecular inhibitors or 'antizymes' to the enzyme. 4. Even though the inhibitory effect of 1,3-diaminopropane on polyamine accumulation approached that of diaminopropanol, the former compound only marginally inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and that of [14C]leucine into protein, in contrast to the marked depression of macromolecular synthesis produced by diaminopropanol. The apparent dissociation of polyamine depletion brought about by 1,3-diaminopropane from an antiproliferative action was apparently due to the fact that diaminopropane, unlike diaminopropanol, was partially capable of taking over the function of natural polyamines. 5. The inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis as well as the prevention of increase in cell number by diaminopropanol was closely associated with polyamine depletion and was fully comparable, as regards timing and magnitude, with that achieved with difluoromethylornithine. The antiproliferative effect of diaminopropanol, however, was only partly reversed by a simultaneous addition of putrescine (or spermidine) into the culture medium. The lack of a complete reversal of the action of diaminopropanol on cell growth by natural polyamines was apparently due to the fact that it was remarkably difficult or even impossible to increase intracellular polyamine concentrations by exogenous polyamines in the presence of diaminopropanol. Nevertheless, the diaminopropanol-induced arrest of growth was reversible as judged by a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity followed by restoration of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 497223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3306", "title": "The initiation of fetal hemoglobin biosynthesis.", "content": "Biosynthesis of the alpha and beta chains of rabbit and human adult hemoglobin is initiated with a methionyl residue, which is removed during elongation of the peptide chain. To study the initiation of biosynthesis of the delta chain of human fetal hemoglobin, fresh placental blood was used for labeling experiments with radioactive amino acids. Labeled nascent peptide chains were purified from the polysomal fraction of placental blood reticulocytes. The number of amino acid residues in nascent gamma chain at the time of removal of its N-terminal methionine was estimated to be 40--60 from the relative yields of labeled tryptic peptides.", "contents": "The initiation of fetal hemoglobin biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of the alpha and beta chains of rabbit and human adult hemoglobin is initiated with a methionyl residue, which is removed during elongation of the peptide chain. To study the initiation of biosynthesis of the delta chain of human fetal hemoglobin, fresh placental blood was used for labeling experiments with radioactive amino acids. Labeled nascent peptide chains were purified from the polysomal fraction of placental blood reticulocytes. The number of amino acid residues in nascent gamma chain at the time of removal of its N-terminal methionine was estimated to be 40--60 from the relative yields of labeled tryptic peptides.", "PMID": 497224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3307", "title": "Basic nuclear proteins in the aquatic fungus Achlya ambisexualis.", "content": "The complement of basic chromosomal proteins in the aquatic fungus Achlya ambisexualis has been characterized. Achlya nuclei contain proteins with electrophoretic mobilities on acetic acid/urea and dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels which are comparable to rabbit kidney histones H3, H4 and H2A. In contrast, the behavior of putative H2B and H1 proteins from Achlya showed greater analogy on acid/urea gels to higher plant histones. A closely related water fungus Saprolegnia ferax contained basic nuclear proteins which were very similar to those of Achlya.", "contents": "Basic nuclear proteins in the aquatic fungus Achlya ambisexualis. The complement of basic chromosomal proteins in the aquatic fungus Achlya ambisexualis has been characterized. Achlya nuclei contain proteins with electrophoretic mobilities on acetic acid/urea and dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels which are comparable to rabbit kidney histones H3, H4 and H2A. In contrast, the behavior of putative H2B and H1 proteins from Achlya showed greater analogy on acid/urea gels to higher plant histones. A closely related water fungus Saprolegnia ferax contained basic nuclear proteins which were very similar to those of Achlya.", "PMID": 497225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3308", "title": "Post-translational modification of actins synthesized in vitro.", "content": "It has been shown in two different ways that beta and gamma actins synthesized in vitro are acetylated and that the minor species of actin, delta and epsilon, are nonacetylated forms of beta and gamma actin, respectively. Firstly, additon of acetyl-CoA to the wheat germ system translating poly(A)-containing RNA from unfused rat L6 myoblasts, resulted in an increase in the synthesis of beta and gamma actins at the expense of delta and epsilon actins. Secondly, beta and gamma actins were labeled when synthesized in vitro in the presence of [3H]acetyl-CoA. No label was detectable in delta and epsilon actins. By extrapolation this indicates that beta and gamma actin are acetylated in vivo, probably at the N-terminus. beta and gamma actins synthesized in vivo contain a N tau-methylhistidine residue, but no methylation of beta and gamma actins synthesized in vitro was detectable, using S-[3H]adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor.", "contents": "Post-translational modification of actins synthesized in vitro. It has been shown in two different ways that beta and gamma actins synthesized in vitro are acetylated and that the minor species of actin, delta and epsilon, are nonacetylated forms of beta and gamma actin, respectively. Firstly, additon of acetyl-CoA to the wheat germ system translating poly(A)-containing RNA from unfused rat L6 myoblasts, resulted in an increase in the synthesis of beta and gamma actins at the expense of delta and epsilon actins. Secondly, beta and gamma actins were labeled when synthesized in vitro in the presence of [3H]acetyl-CoA. No label was detectable in delta and epsilon actins. By extrapolation this indicates that beta and gamma actin are acetylated in vivo, probably at the N-terminus. beta and gamma actins synthesized in vivo contain a N tau-methylhistidine residue, but no methylation of beta and gamma actins synthesized in vitro was detectable, using S-[3H]adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor.", "PMID": 497226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3309", "title": "Identification and characterization of a biosynthetic precursor (preprolactin) of ovine pituitary prolactin.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing mRNA prepared from ovine anterior pituitary glands stimulated the incorporation of radioactivity into protein in a wheat germ cell-free system from 7- to 25-fold over background. Approximately 30% of the total protein synthesized could be precipitated by antiserum to prolactin, indicating that a molecule which shares antigenic determinants with prolactin was being synthesized. Analysis of the immunoprecipitable cell-free translation product, by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate demonstrated the presence of a prolactin-like molecule with a molecular weight greater than that of prolactin itself. Partial N-terminal sequence analysis of the immunoprecipitable translation product showed that it contained one methionine residue at position 1 and several leucine residues within the first 30 amino acids. Experiments with labelled initiator and internal met tRNAMet indicated that the product being synthesized contained the initiating methionine and was probably the initial translation product of prolactin mRNA.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of a biosynthetic precursor (preprolactin) of ovine pituitary prolactin. Poly(A)-containing mRNA prepared from ovine anterior pituitary glands stimulated the incorporation of radioactivity into protein in a wheat germ cell-free system from 7- to 25-fold over background. Approximately 30% of the total protein synthesized could be precipitated by antiserum to prolactin, indicating that a molecule which shares antigenic determinants with prolactin was being synthesized. Analysis of the immunoprecipitable cell-free translation product, by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate demonstrated the presence of a prolactin-like molecule with a molecular weight greater than that of prolactin itself. Partial N-terminal sequence analysis of the immunoprecipitable translation product showed that it contained one methionine residue at position 1 and several leucine residues within the first 30 amino acids. Experiments with labelled initiator and internal met tRNAMet indicated that the product being synthesized contained the initiating methionine and was probably the initial translation product of prolactin mRNA.", "PMID": 497227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3310", "title": "Functional changes associated with the sequential transformation of L'4 into L4 pyruvate kinase.", "content": "The functional changes, associated with the sequential transformation of L'4 into L4 pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) were studied. L'4 enzyme from human erythrocytes shows strong hysteretic behaviour: the initial rate of the enzyme preincubated with an unsaturating concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate is much higher than of the enzyme preincubated with ADP, at the same phosphoenolpyruvate concentration, although the \"final activity\" (the activity of the linear part of the reaction progress curve) was the same in both cases. This phenomenon was observed both in the presence and absence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. High concentrations of both Mg2+free and MgATP2- diminish the difference in initial rate, between the ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate preincubated enzymes: Mg2+free by stabilizing the phosphoenolpyruvate-induced form; ATPMg2- by stabilizing the ADP-induced form. The magnitude of the difference in initial rates of the ADP-or phosphoenolpyruvate-preincubated enzyme is a function of both substrates. L4 pyruvate kinase (either from human liver or trypsin treated L'4 enzyme) does not, or to a very slight extent, show such behaviour. L'2L2 pyruvate kinase shows behaviour intermediate between L'4 and L4 enzymes. A model is proposed to describe the kinetic behaviour of L'4 and L4 enzymes.", "contents": "Functional changes associated with the sequential transformation of L'4 into L4 pyruvate kinase. The functional changes, associated with the sequential transformation of L'4 into L4 pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) were studied. L'4 enzyme from human erythrocytes shows strong hysteretic behaviour: the initial rate of the enzyme preincubated with an unsaturating concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate is much higher than of the enzyme preincubated with ADP, at the same phosphoenolpyruvate concentration, although the \"final activity\" (the activity of the linear part of the reaction progress curve) was the same in both cases. This phenomenon was observed both in the presence and absence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. High concentrations of both Mg2+free and MgATP2- diminish the difference in initial rate, between the ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate preincubated enzymes: Mg2+free by stabilizing the phosphoenolpyruvate-induced form; ATPMg2- by stabilizing the ADP-induced form. The magnitude of the difference in initial rates of the ADP-or phosphoenolpyruvate-preincubated enzyme is a function of both substrates. L4 pyruvate kinase (either from human liver or trypsin treated L'4 enzyme) does not, or to a very slight extent, show such behaviour. L'2L2 pyruvate kinase shows behaviour intermediate between L'4 and L4 enzymes. A model is proposed to describe the kinetic behaviour of L'4 and L4 enzymes.", "PMID": 497228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3311", "title": "Enzymatic and immunological evidence for two forms of carnosinase in the mouse.", "content": "Carnosinase (aminoacyl-L-histidine hydrolase, EC 3.4.13.3) hydrolyzes the dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), which is thought to play a role in cerebral and skeletal muscular function and has been implicated as a neuroaffector in the olfactory bulb. Carnosinase activity is present in many tissues of the mouse including heart, liver and lung, but it is most active in kidney, uterus and nasal olfactory mucosa. Kinetic measurements with 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicate that the enzyme is stereospecific and can hydrolyze L-but not D-carnosine. Anserine is a poorer substrate, while homocarnosine is essentially a non-substrate. However, these two dipeptides are effective inhibitors of the hydrolysis of L-carnosine. Carnosinase activity is unaffected when assayed in 2H2O at 99% isotopic purity. From considerations of the effect of Mn2+ on (1) substrate concentration velocity curves; (2) thermostability, and (3) inhibitor behavior, tissues with carnosinase can be divided into two groups. Kidney, uterus and olfactory mucosa represent one group, while central nervous system, muscle, spleen, etc. represent the second. The validity of this classification is confirmed by immunological evidence. Antiserum prepared against carnosinase purified from kidney cross-reacts with and inhibits the activity of olfactory mucosa, kidney and uterus but not that from central nervous system, heart or liver.", "contents": "Enzymatic and immunological evidence for two forms of carnosinase in the mouse. Carnosinase (aminoacyl-L-histidine hydrolase, EC 3.4.13.3) hydrolyzes the dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), which is thought to play a role in cerebral and skeletal muscular function and has been implicated as a neuroaffector in the olfactory bulb. Carnosinase activity is present in many tissues of the mouse including heart, liver and lung, but it is most active in kidney, uterus and nasal olfactory mucosa. Kinetic measurements with 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicate that the enzyme is stereospecific and can hydrolyze L-but not D-carnosine. Anserine is a poorer substrate, while homocarnosine is essentially a non-substrate. However, these two dipeptides are effective inhibitors of the hydrolysis of L-carnosine. Carnosinase activity is unaffected when assayed in 2H2O at 99% isotopic purity. From considerations of the effect of Mn2+ on (1) substrate concentration velocity curves; (2) thermostability, and (3) inhibitor behavior, tissues with carnosinase can be divided into two groups. Kidney, uterus and olfactory mucosa represent one group, while central nervous system, muscle, spleen, etc. represent the second. The validity of this classification is confirmed by immunological evidence. Antiserum prepared against carnosinase purified from kidney cross-reacts with and inhibits the activity of olfactory mucosa, kidney and uterus but not that from central nervous system, heart or liver.", "PMID": 497229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3312", "title": "Purification and properties of D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from calf liver.", "content": "D-Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1) was purified 760-fold from calf liver by adsorption on DEAE-cellulose, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, chromatography on D-ribose 5-phosphate-Sepharose and gel filtration on Biogel P200. The purified enzyme of specific activity 617 units/mg was obtained in 28% yield and gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of 45 000 and appeared to contain two identical peptide chains of 22 900 daltons. The Km for D-ribulose 5-phosphate was 0.19 +/- 0.07 mM (S.E.). It was inhibited by reagents reacting with sulphydryl groups, by sulphate ion, and by D-deoxyribose 5-phosphate. The pH-stability and pH-activity curves were determined.", "contents": "Purification and properties of D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from calf liver. D-Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1) was purified 760-fold from calf liver by adsorption on DEAE-cellulose, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, chromatography on D-ribose 5-phosphate-Sepharose and gel filtration on Biogel P200. The purified enzyme of specific activity 617 units/mg was obtained in 28% yield and gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of 45 000 and appeared to contain two identical peptide chains of 22 900 daltons. The Km for D-ribulose 5-phosphate was 0.19 +/- 0.07 mM (S.E.). It was inhibited by reagents reacting with sulphydryl groups, by sulphate ion, and by D-deoxyribose 5-phosphate. The pH-stability and pH-activity curves were determined.", "PMID": 497230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3313", "title": "Specificity of sterol-glucosylating enzymes from Sinapis alba and Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. Sinapis alba L. seedlings contain glycosyltransferase catalyzing the synthesis of sterol glucosides in the presence of UDPglucose as sugar donor. The major activity occurs in the membranous fraction sedimenting at 300--9000 x g. Successive treatment of the particulate enzyme fraction with acetone and Triton X-100 affords a soluble glucosyltransferase preparation which can be partly purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Molecular weight of the glucosyltransferase is 1.4 . 10(5). Apparent Km values for UDPglucose and sitosterol are 8.0 . 10(-5) M and 5.0 . 10(-6) M, respectively. 2. Comparison was made of the S. alba glucosyltransferase with a similar sterol-glucosylating enzyme isolated from non-photosynthesizing organism Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes). UDPglucose was the most efficient glucose donor in both cases but the enzyme from Ph. polycephalum can also utilize CDPglucose and TDPglucose. Glucose acceptors are, in case of both enzymes, sterols containing a beta-OH group at C-3 and a planar ring system (5 alpha-H or double bond at C-5). The number and position of double bonds in the ring system and in the side chain, as well as the presence of additional alkyl groups in the side chain at C-24 are of secondary importance. 3. The present results indicate that both enzymes can be regarded as specific UDPglucose:sterol glucosyltransferases. Certain differences in their specificity towards donors and acceptors of the glucosyl moiety suggest, however, a different structure of the active sites in both enzymes.", "contents": "Specificity of sterol-glucosylating enzymes from Sinapis alba and Physarum polycephalum. 1. Sinapis alba L. seedlings contain glycosyltransferase catalyzing the synthesis of sterol glucosides in the presence of UDPglucose as sugar donor. The major activity occurs in the membranous fraction sedimenting at 300--9000 x g. Successive treatment of the particulate enzyme fraction with acetone and Triton X-100 affords a soluble glucosyltransferase preparation which can be partly purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Molecular weight of the glucosyltransferase is 1.4 . 10(5). Apparent Km values for UDPglucose and sitosterol are 8.0 . 10(-5) M and 5.0 . 10(-6) M, respectively. 2. Comparison was made of the S. alba glucosyltransferase with a similar sterol-glucosylating enzyme isolated from non-photosynthesizing organism Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes). UDPglucose was the most efficient glucose donor in both cases but the enzyme from Ph. polycephalum can also utilize CDPglucose and TDPglucose. Glucose acceptors are, in case of both enzymes, sterols containing a beta-OH group at C-3 and a planar ring system (5 alpha-H or double bond at C-5). The number and position of double bonds in the ring system and in the side chain, as well as the presence of additional alkyl groups in the side chain at C-24 are of secondary importance. 3. The present results indicate that both enzymes can be regarded as specific UDPglucose:sterol glucosyltransferases. Certain differences in their specificity towards donors and acceptors of the glucosyl moiety suggest, however, a different structure of the active sites in both enzymes.", "PMID": 497231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3314", "title": "Investigation of the enzymic and electrochemical oxidation of uric acid derivatives.", "content": "The electrochemical oxidation of a number of N-methylated uric acids at the pyrolytic graphite and gold electrodes has been compared to their enzymic oxidation with type VIII peroxidase and H2O2. Spectral, electroanalytical and kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that for all compounds the electrochemical and enzymic reactions proceed by identical mechanisms.", "contents": "Investigation of the enzymic and electrochemical oxidation of uric acid derivatives. The electrochemical oxidation of a number of N-methylated uric acids at the pyrolytic graphite and gold electrodes has been compared to their enzymic oxidation with type VIII peroxidase and H2O2. Spectral, electroanalytical and kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that for all compounds the electrochemical and enzymic reactions proceed by identical mechanisms.", "PMID": 497232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3315", "title": "Regulatory characteristics of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the extreme thermophile, Thermus aquaticus.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus YT-1, exhibits a virtually absolute requirement for acetyl CoA and there is strong positive cooperativity in the interaction of this activator with the enzyme. Several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates inhibit the enzyme. These findings suggest an anaplerotic role for the enzyme and an allosteric modulation of its activity by acetyl CoA and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.", "contents": "Regulatory characteristics of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the extreme thermophile, Thermus aquaticus. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus YT-1, exhibits a virtually absolute requirement for acetyl CoA and there is strong positive cooperativity in the interaction of this activator with the enzyme. Several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates inhibit the enzyme. These findings suggest an anaplerotic role for the enzyme and an allosteric modulation of its activity by acetyl CoA and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.", "PMID": 497233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3316", "title": "Inhibition of NADH-methemoglobin reductase by organic phosphates.", "content": "The organic phosphate allosteric effectors of hemoglobin, inositol hexaphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and ATP, interact with NADH-methemoglobin reductase (NADH-diaphorase). Significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme were found when dichlorophenolindophenol, or ferricyanide were used as electron acceptors in place of methemoglobin. In contrast, apparent stimulation of enzyme activity was observed when adult human methemoglobin was used as the electroganic phosphate on the rate of reaction due to its interaction with the substrate methemoglobin to produce the favored T type of quaternary conformation. The inhibitory effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the enzyme is associated with a perturbation in the reactivity of essential sulfhydryl group(s) on the enzyme. It is suggested that the interaction of the organic phosphate with the enzyme as well as with the substrate is significant in determining the overall rate of methemoglobin reduction.", "contents": "Inhibition of NADH-methemoglobin reductase by organic phosphates. The organic phosphate allosteric effectors of hemoglobin, inositol hexaphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and ATP, interact with NADH-methemoglobin reductase (NADH-diaphorase). Significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme were found when dichlorophenolindophenol, or ferricyanide were used as electron acceptors in place of methemoglobin. In contrast, apparent stimulation of enzyme activity was observed when adult human methemoglobin was used as the electroganic phosphate on the rate of reaction due to its interaction with the substrate methemoglobin to produce the favored T type of quaternary conformation. The inhibitory effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the enzyme is associated with a perturbation in the reactivity of essential sulfhydryl group(s) on the enzyme. It is suggested that the interaction of the organic phosphate with the enzyme as well as with the substrate is significant in determining the overall rate of methemoglobin reduction.", "PMID": 497234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3317", "title": "Isonitrile derivatives of polysaccharides as supports for the covalent fixation of proteins and other ligands.", "content": "A method for the introduction of side chains containing isonitrile (isocyanide, functional group) on the backbone of polysaccharides and other hydroxylic polymers was developed. The method was based on (a) ionization of some of the hydroxyl groups on the polymer by treatment with a strong base (tert-butoxide) in a polar aprotic solvent (dimethylsulfoxide), and (b) introduction of side chains containing isonitrile groups by nucleophilic attack of the polymeric alkoxide ions on a low molecular weight isonitrile containing a good leaving group in the omega-position, (1-tosyl-3-isocyanopropane). By this method, the side chains containing the-NC functional groups are attached to the polymeric backbone via stable ether bonds. The isonitrile derivatives of cellulose, linear and cross-linked dextran and cross-linked agarose utilized for the covalent fixation of high and low molecular weight ligands by four-component reactions carried out in aqueous medium, at neutral pH.", "contents": "Isonitrile derivatives of polysaccharides as supports for the covalent fixation of proteins and other ligands. A method for the introduction of side chains containing isonitrile (isocyanide, functional group) on the backbone of polysaccharides and other hydroxylic polymers was developed. The method was based on (a) ionization of some of the hydroxyl groups on the polymer by treatment with a strong base (tert-butoxide) in a polar aprotic solvent (dimethylsulfoxide), and (b) introduction of side chains containing isonitrile groups by nucleophilic attack of the polymeric alkoxide ions on a low molecular weight isonitrile containing a good leaving group in the omega-position, (1-tosyl-3-isocyanopropane). By this method, the side chains containing the-NC functional groups are attached to the polymeric backbone via stable ether bonds. The isonitrile derivatives of cellulose, linear and cross-linked dextran and cross-linked agarose utilized for the covalent fixation of high and low molecular weight ligands by four-component reactions carried out in aqueous medium, at neutral pH.", "PMID": 497236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3318", "title": "Studies on a Ca2+-dependent nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase in rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "A membrane-bound Ca2+-dependent nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase was solubilized in deoxycholate, separated from inorganic pyrophosphatase, and partially characterized. The Km for a variety of substrates was determined. At 10(-4) M free Ca2+ (pH 8.0) the Km values for ATP and GTP were 0.32 and 2.2 microM, respectively. With ATP as substrate, Mg2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ could only replace Ca2+ to a limited degree. Both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates were hydrolyzed yielding PPi and mononucleotides and similarly AMP and formed from adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate. UDPglucose was hydrolyzed at the pyrophosphate bond. Tripolyphosphate and phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (P-rib-PP) were not hydrolyzed. Substrate competition experiments showed that GTP inhibited pyrophosphohydrolysis of ATP competitively. However, UDP glucase and adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate inhibited ATP pyrophosphohydrolysis in a non-linear manner. Adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate inhibited pyrophosphohydrolysis of UDPglucose non-competitively, whereas UDPglucose inhibition of adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene) triphosphate pyrophosphohydr-lysis was competitive. The molecular weight of ATP pyrophosphohydrolase was estimated at 120 000 and the pI at 5.1 Pyrophosphohydrolysis of adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate was studied in a number of rat organs. Nearly all activity could be sedimented at 50 000 X g. Very high activities were found in liver, kidney and small intestine, whereas low activities were found in brain and blood.", "contents": "Studies on a Ca2+-dependent nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase in rat liver plasma membranes. A membrane-bound Ca2+-dependent nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase was solubilized in deoxycholate, separated from inorganic pyrophosphatase, and partially characterized. The Km for a variety of substrates was determined. At 10(-4) M free Ca2+ (pH 8.0) the Km values for ATP and GTP were 0.32 and 2.2 microM, respectively. With ATP as substrate, Mg2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ could only replace Ca2+ to a limited degree. Both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates were hydrolyzed yielding PPi and mononucleotides and similarly AMP and formed from adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate. UDPglucose was hydrolyzed at the pyrophosphate bond. Tripolyphosphate and phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (P-rib-PP) were not hydrolyzed. Substrate competition experiments showed that GTP inhibited pyrophosphohydrolysis of ATP competitively. However, UDP glucase and adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate inhibited ATP pyrophosphohydrolysis in a non-linear manner. Adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate inhibited pyrophosphohydrolysis of UDPglucose non-competitively, whereas UDPglucose inhibition of adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene) triphosphate pyrophosphohydr-lysis was competitive. The molecular weight of ATP pyrophosphohydrolase was estimated at 120 000 and the pI at 5.1 Pyrophosphohydrolysis of adenosine-(beta gamma-methylene)triphosphate was studied in a number of rat organs. Nearly all activity could be sedimented at 50 000 X g. Very high activities were found in liver, kidney and small intestine, whereas low activities were found in brain and blood.", "PMID": 497237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3319", "title": "Density labelling studies of the photocontrol of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber parenchyme.", "content": "The photocontrol of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity in discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber parenchyme has been investigated by density labelling with 2H from 2H2O. Labelling of enzyme was measured by analysis of the equilibrium distribution of enzyme activity in CsCl density gradients as a function of buoyant density corrected with respect to the distribution of the external marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23). It is demonstrated that the white-light mediated stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity involves stimulation of the rate of de novo production of active enzyme.", "contents": "Density labelling studies of the photocontrol of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber parenchyme. The photocontrol of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity in discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber parenchyme has been investigated by density labelling with 2H from 2H2O. Labelling of enzyme was measured by analysis of the equilibrium distribution of enzyme activity in CsCl density gradients as a function of buoyant density corrected with respect to the distribution of the external marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23). It is demonstrated that the white-light mediated stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity involves stimulation of the rate of de novo production of active enzyme.", "PMID": 497238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3320", "title": "Core tetrasaccharide liberated by endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D from lactosamine-type oligosaccharides of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins.", "content": "[3H]Mannose- and [3H]glucosamine-labeled lactosamine-type glycopeptides of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins were stripped of their fucose, sialic acid, galactose and distal N-acetylglucosamine residues and subsequently digested with endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D from Diplococcus pneumoniae. Two products were obtained, a neutral tetrasaccharide and a residual glycopeptide fraction. The tetrasaccharide appeared to consist of two alpha-mannose residues, one beta-mannose residue and one N-acetylglucosamine residue located at the reducing terminus of the molecule. Results of Smith degradation, beta-elimination and acetolysis were compatible with four structures; (1) Man alpha-1-3[Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc; (2) Man alpha 1-3Man beta 1-4[Man alpha 1-6] GlcNAc; (3) Man alpha 1-3Man alpha 1-4[Man beta 1-6]GlcNAc, or (4) Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-3Man beta-1-4GlcNAc. The reactivity of the viral glycopeptides with endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D and the chromatographic properties of the liberated core tetrasaccharide suggest that its most likely structure was Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha-1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc. The core tetrasaccharide of glycans of membrane protein E3, one of the viral membrane proteins obtained from infected cell, was similar to that of the virion glycans.", "contents": "Core tetrasaccharide liberated by endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D from lactosamine-type oligosaccharides of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins. [3H]Mannose- and [3H]glucosamine-labeled lactosamine-type glycopeptides of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins were stripped of their fucose, sialic acid, galactose and distal N-acetylglucosamine residues and subsequently digested with endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D from Diplococcus pneumoniae. Two products were obtained, a neutral tetrasaccharide and a residual glycopeptide fraction. The tetrasaccharide appeared to consist of two alpha-mannose residues, one beta-mannose residue and one N-acetylglucosamine residue located at the reducing terminus of the molecule. Results of Smith degradation, beta-elimination and acetolysis were compatible with four structures; (1) Man alpha-1-3[Man alpha 1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc; (2) Man alpha 1-3Man beta 1-4[Man alpha 1-6] GlcNAc; (3) Man alpha 1-3Man alpha 1-4[Man beta 1-6]GlcNAc, or (4) Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-3Man beta-1-4GlcNAc. The reactivity of the viral glycopeptides with endo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase D and the chromatographic properties of the liberated core tetrasaccharide suggest that its most likely structure was Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha-1-6]Man beta 1-4GlcNAc. The core tetrasaccharide of glycans of membrane protein E3, one of the viral membrane proteins obtained from infected cell, was similar to that of the virion glycans.", "PMID": 497239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3321", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of proteoglycans from sheep lung parenchyma.", "content": "Greater than 90% of the proteoglycans of sheep lung parenchyma, as measured by uronic acid, were solubilized employing a sequential procedure with guanidine hydrochloride, dithiothreitol and Triton X-100. The amounts solubilized were 68.7%, 16.2% and 5.9%, respectively. The guanidine hydrochloride extract was chromatographed using DEAE-cellulose in urea and eluted with increasing concentrations of NaCl. A major fraction (containing a 6.5-fold enrichment of uronic acid) was obtained with 0.5 M NaCl and further purified by Sepharose Cl-6B chromatography in guanidine hydrochloride. To demonstrate the presence of protein-linked glycosaminoglycans, the void volume peak containing protein and uronic acid was digested with papain and rechromatographed. Evidence for the presence of proteoglycans was obtained by observing an almost complete loss of uronic acid in the void volume and the appearance of a uronic acid peak in the included volume, migrating in the same area as single-chain glycosaminoglycans. Electrophoretic migration and disappearance of bands in electrophoresis after digestion with specific mucopolysaccharide lyases indicated that the small amount of uronic acid remaining in the void volume was hyaluronic acid whereas the included volume contained hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates and/or dermatan sulfate.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of proteoglycans from sheep lung parenchyma. Greater than 90% of the proteoglycans of sheep lung parenchyma, as measured by uronic acid, were solubilized employing a sequential procedure with guanidine hydrochloride, dithiothreitol and Triton X-100. The amounts solubilized were 68.7%, 16.2% and 5.9%, respectively. The guanidine hydrochloride extract was chromatographed using DEAE-cellulose in urea and eluted with increasing concentrations of NaCl. A major fraction (containing a 6.5-fold enrichment of uronic acid) was obtained with 0.5 M NaCl and further purified by Sepharose Cl-6B chromatography in guanidine hydrochloride. To demonstrate the presence of protein-linked glycosaminoglycans, the void volume peak containing protein and uronic acid was digested with papain and rechromatographed. Evidence for the presence of proteoglycans was obtained by observing an almost complete loss of uronic acid in the void volume and the appearance of a uronic acid peak in the included volume, migrating in the same area as single-chain glycosaminoglycans. Electrophoretic migration and disappearance of bands in electrophoresis after digestion with specific mucopolysaccharide lyases indicated that the small amount of uronic acid remaining in the void volume was hyaluronic acid whereas the included volume contained hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates and/or dermatan sulfate.", "PMID": 497241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3322", "title": "Characteristics of the chitin-synthesizing system of insect tissue.", "content": "Results obtained from isotopic dilution experiments are consistent with the operation of the chitin pathway as it has been established in fungal preparations. The last enzyme in this pathway, namely chitin synthase, seems to be accessible to substrate from the cell exterior, indicating its presence in the plasma membrane. It can, however, only be saturated (in a manner that partially excludes reaction with a competing substrate) from the cell side of the membrane.", "contents": "Characteristics of the chitin-synthesizing system of insect tissue. Results obtained from isotopic dilution experiments are consistent with the operation of the chitin pathway as it has been established in fungal preparations. The last enzyme in this pathway, namely chitin synthase, seems to be accessible to substrate from the cell exterior, indicating its presence in the plasma membrane. It can, however, only be saturated (in a manner that partially excludes reaction with a competing substrate) from the cell side of the membrane.", "PMID": 497242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3323", "title": "Effect of lectins on the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminolycans in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "A short exposure of human skin fibroblasts to Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin led to an intra- and extracellular accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The intracellular accumulation was caused by an impaired degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The increase of extracellular and cell surface associated 35S-labeled proteoglycans could be ascribed to a lectin-mediated inhibition of endocytosis of these polysaccharides. Results obtained with mono- and divalent Concanavalin A derivatives were in agreement with the view that lectins inhibit endocytosis of sulfated proteoglycans by binding to the cell surface receptors specific for these polysaccharides. Proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts formed precipitable complexes with Concanavalin A. Complex formation reduced markedly the uptake of the proteoglycan. All effects on glycosaminoglycan metabolism mediated by Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin could be prevented by methyl alpha-D-mannoside and N-acetylglucoseamine, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of lectins on the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminolycans in cultured fibroblasts. A short exposure of human skin fibroblasts to Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin led to an intra- and extracellular accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The intracellular accumulation was caused by an impaired degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The increase of extracellular and cell surface associated 35S-labeled proteoglycans could be ascribed to a lectin-mediated inhibition of endocytosis of these polysaccharides. Results obtained with mono- and divalent Concanavalin A derivatives were in agreement with the view that lectins inhibit endocytosis of sulfated proteoglycans by binding to the cell surface receptors specific for these polysaccharides. Proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts formed precipitable complexes with Concanavalin A. Complex formation reduced markedly the uptake of the proteoglycan. All effects on glycosaminoglycan metabolism mediated by Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin could be prevented by methyl alpha-D-mannoside and N-acetylglucoseamine, respectively.", "PMID": 497243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3324", "title": "Isolation and identification of a fucose-containing ganglioside from bovine thyroid gland.", "content": "Bovine thyroid glands are known to contain a complex array of gandliosides. One of the predominant gangliosides was isolated analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The carbohydrate composition was fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:2:1:1. The structure of the ganglioside was identified as: (Formula: see text).", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a fucose-containing ganglioside from bovine thyroid gland. Bovine thyroid glands are known to contain a complex array of gandliosides. One of the predominant gangliosides was isolated analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The carbohydrate composition was fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:2:1:1. The structure of the ganglioside was identified as: (Formula: see text).", "PMID": 497244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3325", "title": "Cow red blood cells. III. Postnatal adaptation of energy metabolism in the calf red blood cells.", "content": "1. The change in energy metabolism of red blood cells from the newborn calf to adult cow was examined utilizing a number of metabolic substrates including glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, glucose, adenosine and inosine. 2. All of these substrates are utilizes by the newborn calf cells to a varying degree. With glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone or glucose as a substrate, lactate is formed at a rate of 2-3 mumol/ml cells per h. As in other species, ribose utilization depends on substrate concentration, with an optimum of 3 mM ribose yielding lactate 1-1.5 mumol/ml cells per h in the calf cells. 3. In sharp contrast, adult cow red blood cells lost the bulk of the postnatal metabolic substrate affinities except for glyceraldehyde and glucose which are consumed at less than half of the rate at birth. 4. While the transition of the metabolic properties from the newborn to the adult state takes place within 2 to 3 months after birth, the red blood cells produced shortly after birth have already assumed the metabolic machinery characteristic to the adult cells. 5. Even though adenosine in itself is a poor substrate in producing lactate, a net synthesis of ATP from adenosine can take place in both calf and cow cells provided that an alternate carbon source such as glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone or glucose is given. 6. Of the test substrates, glucose is the only substrate for the adult cow cells exhibiting a greater than 50% increase in utilization by exogenously added adenine. By contrast, the calf cell is affected to a much lesser extent. The possible in vivo regulatory metabolic role of certain purine and pyrimidine compounds unique to the adult stage of this species is discussed.", "contents": "Cow red blood cells. III. Postnatal adaptation of energy metabolism in the calf red blood cells. 1. The change in energy metabolism of red blood cells from the newborn calf to adult cow was examined utilizing a number of metabolic substrates including glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, glucose, adenosine and inosine. 2. All of these substrates are utilizes by the newborn calf cells to a varying degree. With glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone or glucose as a substrate, lactate is formed at a rate of 2-3 mumol/ml cells per h. As in other species, ribose utilization depends on substrate concentration, with an optimum of 3 mM ribose yielding lactate 1-1.5 mumol/ml cells per h in the calf cells. 3. In sharp contrast, adult cow red blood cells lost the bulk of the postnatal metabolic substrate affinities except for glyceraldehyde and glucose which are consumed at less than half of the rate at birth. 4. While the transition of the metabolic properties from the newborn to the adult state takes place within 2 to 3 months after birth, the red blood cells produced shortly after birth have already assumed the metabolic machinery characteristic to the adult cells. 5. Even though adenosine in itself is a poor substrate in producing lactate, a net synthesis of ATP from adenosine can take place in both calf and cow cells provided that an alternate carbon source such as glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone or glucose is given. 6. Of the test substrates, glucose is the only substrate for the adult cow cells exhibiting a greater than 50% increase in utilization by exogenously added adenine. By contrast, the calf cell is affected to a much lesser extent. The possible in vivo regulatory metabolic role of certain purine and pyrimidine compounds unique to the adult stage of this species is discussed.", "PMID": 497245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3326", "title": "Studies in the rat on the hepatic subcellular distribution and billary excretion of lithocholic acid.", "content": "1. A compartmental model has been used to derive the in vivo subcellular distribution of lithocholic acid in rat liver. The model is based on the values of the partition coefficients for the distribution of lithocholic acid between subcellular fractions and buffer. It also permits calculation of the amount of lithocholic acid which is in free solution in cytosol. 2. The hypothesis that the rate of biliary excretion of a bile acid depends on the proportion in free solution was investigated by comparing the rates of biliary excretion of lithocholic acid and glycocholic acid. The rate for lithocholic acid was substantially less than for glycocholic acid while the percentages of each bile acid in free solution were 0.8% and 10%, respectively. 3. The validity of the model was supported by the observation that the amounts of lithocholic acid predicted to be present in the nuclear and cytosolic fractions were similar to the amounts found after intravenous injection of the bile acid.", "contents": "Studies in the rat on the hepatic subcellular distribution and billary excretion of lithocholic acid. 1. A compartmental model has been used to derive the in vivo subcellular distribution of lithocholic acid in rat liver. The model is based on the values of the partition coefficients for the distribution of lithocholic acid between subcellular fractions and buffer. It also permits calculation of the amount of lithocholic acid which is in free solution in cytosol. 2. The hypothesis that the rate of biliary excretion of a bile acid depends on the proportion in free solution was investigated by comparing the rates of biliary excretion of lithocholic acid and glycocholic acid. The rate for lithocholic acid was substantially less than for glycocholic acid while the percentages of each bile acid in free solution were 0.8% and 10%, respectively. 3. The validity of the model was supported by the observation that the amounts of lithocholic acid predicted to be present in the nuclear and cytosolic fractions were similar to the amounts found after intravenous injection of the bile acid.", "PMID": 497246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3327", "title": "Interference by methylcobalamin analogues with synthesis of cobalamin coenzymes in human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "1. 72 h uptake of cyano[57Co]cobalamin and formation of 57Co-labelled methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin has been estimated with and without the addition of methylcobalamin analogues in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from healthy human subjects. 2. Difluorochloromethylcobalamin reduced cell uptake of cyanocobalamin and caused a disproportionate reduction in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin. 3. Methylcobalamin-palladium trichloride reduced cell uptake of cyanobalamin more effectively than did difluorochloromethylcobalamin and reduced the formation of methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin in proportion. 4. The results suggest that in addition to inhibiting uptake of cyanocobalamin, one or both compounds may have interfered directly with the mechanism of synthesis of the cobalamin coenzymes.", "contents": "Interference by methylcobalamin analogues with synthesis of cobalamin coenzymes in human lymphocytes in vitro. 1. 72 h uptake of cyano[57Co]cobalamin and formation of 57Co-labelled methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin has been estimated with and without the addition of methylcobalamin analogues in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from healthy human subjects. 2. Difluorochloromethylcobalamin reduced cell uptake of cyanocobalamin and caused a disproportionate reduction in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin. 3. Methylcobalamin-palladium trichloride reduced cell uptake of cyanobalamin more effectively than did difluorochloromethylcobalamin and reduced the formation of methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin in proportion. 4. The results suggest that in addition to inhibiting uptake of cyanocobalamin, one or both compounds may have interfered directly with the mechanism of synthesis of the cobalamin coenzymes.", "PMID": 497247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3328", "title": "Parvalbumins from the lungfish (Protopterus dolloi).", "content": "Five parvalbumins have been isolated from the white muscles of the lungfish. They can be divided into two sub families showing typical amino acid compositions, C-terminal amino acid residues, peptide maps and immuno-reactivity. The red muscles including the cardiac muscle also contain parvalbumins in amounts roughly inversely related to the concentration of myoglobin in the muscle. Parvalbumins have also been detected in the brain and kidney.", "contents": "Parvalbumins from the lungfish (Protopterus dolloi). Five parvalbumins have been isolated from the white muscles of the lungfish. They can be divided into two sub families showing typical amino acid compositions, C-terminal amino acid residues, peptide maps and immuno-reactivity. The red muscles including the cardiac muscle also contain parvalbumins in amounts roughly inversely related to the concentration of myoglobin in the muscle. Parvalbumins have also been detected in the brain and kidney.", "PMID": 497249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3329", "title": "Calcium, magnesium and the conformation of parvalbumin during muscular activity.", "content": "The conformation of perch parvalbumin in the Ca-, Mg- and metal-free state was studied by intrinsic fluorescence, trypsin susceptibility, thiol titration and circular dichroism. The data reveal that Ca-parvalbumin has a more compact structure than the metal-free protein, with a high alpha-helical content and a buried thiol. No difference in conformation could be detected between Mg- and Ca-parvalvumin, indicating that the Ca-Mg exchange that may take place during muscular activity is accompanied by little or no structural changes. Furthermore, recently published kinetic parameters can now be interpreted as meaning that, during the contraction-relaxation cycle, parvalbumin often stays in the Mg-form instead of switching to the Ca-form which is predominant in vitro.", "contents": "Calcium, magnesium and the conformation of parvalbumin during muscular activity. The conformation of perch parvalbumin in the Ca-, Mg- and metal-free state was studied by intrinsic fluorescence, trypsin susceptibility, thiol titration and circular dichroism. The data reveal that Ca-parvalbumin has a more compact structure than the metal-free protein, with a high alpha-helical content and a buried thiol. No difference in conformation could be detected between Mg- and Ca-parvalvumin, indicating that the Ca-Mg exchange that may take place during muscular activity is accompanied by little or no structural changes. Furthermore, recently published kinetic parameters can now be interpreted as meaning that, during the contraction-relaxation cycle, parvalbumin often stays in the Mg-form instead of switching to the Ca-form which is predominant in vitro.", "PMID": 497250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3330", "title": "Conformational studies on muscular parvalbumins cooperative binding of calcium (II) to parvalbumins.", "content": "1H NMR and ORD were used to characterize the respective variations of tertiary structure and secondary structure of parvalbumins with calcium content ((Pa(O), without calcium and PaCa2 calcium saturated) and temperature. It has been observed that the tertiary structure can be lost without significant variation of the helical content. Cooperative binding of calcium to Pa(O) has been shown by NMR spectroscopy under low ionic strength conditions and at neutral pH. The present study shows that the calcium binding affinity of parvalbumin is dependent on the tertiary structure. Calcium binding and calcium release functions of parvalbumins in the muscle may be controlled by their tertiary structure.", "contents": "Conformational studies on muscular parvalbumins cooperative binding of calcium (II) to parvalbumins. 1H NMR and ORD were used to characterize the respective variations of tertiary structure and secondary structure of parvalbumins with calcium content ((Pa(O), without calcium and PaCa2 calcium saturated) and temperature. It has been observed that the tertiary structure can be lost without significant variation of the helical content. Cooperative binding of calcium to Pa(O) has been shown by NMR spectroscopy under low ionic strength conditions and at neutral pH. The present study shows that the calcium binding affinity of parvalbumin is dependent on the tertiary structure. Calcium binding and calcium release functions of parvalbumins in the muscle may be controlled by their tertiary structure.", "PMID": 497251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3331", "title": "The interplay between covalent and non-covalent regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. The role of different effectors of phosphorylase b on the phosphorylase b to a conversion rate.", "content": "Glycogen phosphorylase b is converted to glycogen phosphorylase a, the covalently activated form of the enzyme, by phosphorylase kinase. Glc-6-P, which is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphorylase b, and glycogen, which is a substrate of this enzyme, are already known to have respectively an inhibiting and activating effect upon the rate of conversion from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a by phosphorylase kinase. In the former case, this effect is due to the binding of glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen phosphorylase b. In order to investigate whether or not the rate of conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a depends on the conformational state of the b substrate, we have tested the action of the most specific effectors of glycogen phosphorylase b activity upon the rate of conversion from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a at 0 degrees C and 22 degrees C : AMP and other strong activators, IMP and weak activators, Glc-6-P, glycogen. Glc-1-P and phosphate. AMP and strong activators have a very important inhibitory effect at low temperature, but not at room temperature, whereas the weak activators have always a very weak, if even existing, inhibitory effect at both temperatures. We confirmed the very strong inhibiting effect of Glc-6-P at both temperatures, and the strong activating effect of glycogen. We have shown that phosphate has a very strong inhibitory effect, whereas Glc-1-P has an activating effect only at room temperature and at non-physiological concentrations. The concomitant effects of substrates and nucleotides have also been studied. The observed effects of all these ligands may be either direct ones on phosphorylase kinase, or indirect ones, the ligand modifying the conformation of phosphorylase b and its interaction with phosphorylase kinase. Since we have no control experiments with a peptidic fragment of phosphorylase b, the interpretation of our results remains putative. However, the differential effects observed with different nucleotides are in agreement with the simple conformational scheme proposed earlier. Therefore, it is suggested that phosphorylase kinase recognizes differently the different conformations of glycogen phosphorylase b. In agreement with such an explanation, it is shown that the inhibiting effect of AMP is mediated by a slow isomerisation which has been previously ascribed to a quaternary conformational change of glycogen phosphorylase b. The results presented here (in particular, the important effect of glycogen and phosphate) are also discussed in correlation with the physiological role of the different ligands as regulatory signals in the in vivo situation where phosphorylase is inserted into the glycogen particle.", "contents": "The interplay between covalent and non-covalent regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. The role of different effectors of phosphorylase b on the phosphorylase b to a conversion rate. Glycogen phosphorylase b is converted to glycogen phosphorylase a, the covalently activated form of the enzyme, by phosphorylase kinase. Glc-6-P, which is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphorylase b, and glycogen, which is a substrate of this enzyme, are already known to have respectively an inhibiting and activating effect upon the rate of conversion from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a by phosphorylase kinase. In the former case, this effect is due to the binding of glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen phosphorylase b. In order to investigate whether or not the rate of conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a depends on the conformational state of the b substrate, we have tested the action of the most specific effectors of glycogen phosphorylase b activity upon the rate of conversion from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a at 0 degrees C and 22 degrees C : AMP and other strong activators, IMP and weak activators, Glc-6-P, glycogen. Glc-1-P and phosphate. AMP and strong activators have a very important inhibitory effect at low temperature, but not at room temperature, whereas the weak activators have always a very weak, if even existing, inhibitory effect at both temperatures. We confirmed the very strong inhibiting effect of Glc-6-P at both temperatures, and the strong activating effect of glycogen. We have shown that phosphate has a very strong inhibitory effect, whereas Glc-1-P has an activating effect only at room temperature and at non-physiological concentrations. The concomitant effects of substrates and nucleotides have also been studied. The observed effects of all these ligands may be either direct ones on phosphorylase kinase, or indirect ones, the ligand modifying the conformation of phosphorylase b and its interaction with phosphorylase kinase. Since we have no control experiments with a peptidic fragment of phosphorylase b, the interpretation of our results remains putative. However, the differential effects observed with different nucleotides are in agreement with the simple conformational scheme proposed earlier. Therefore, it is suggested that phosphorylase kinase recognizes differently the different conformations of glycogen phosphorylase b. In agreement with such an explanation, it is shown that the inhibiting effect of AMP is mediated by a slow isomerisation which has been previously ascribed to a quaternary conformational change of glycogen phosphorylase b. The results presented here (in particular, the important effect of glycogen and phosphate) are also discussed in correlation with the physiological role of the different ligands as regulatory signals in the in vivo situation where phosphorylase is inserted into the glycogen particle.", "PMID": 497253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3332", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of an alpha-chymotrypsin-like protease of rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "An alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzyme was isolated from mast cells of the rat peritoneal cavity by extraction with 0.8 M potassium phosphate, 2 per cent protamine sulfate followed by affinity chromatography on hen ovoinhibitor-agarose and adsorption on barium sulfate. This procedure yielded over 9 mg of protease from the peritoneal lavage fluid of 100 rats, equivalent to 44 per cent of the initial activity. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing, and amino-terminal sequence analysis. The protease contains no covalently bound carbohydrate and has a molecular weight of approximately 26,000. The enzyme molecule is a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal sequence homologous to that of the B chain of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, for the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester were determined at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C as 1.1 X 10(-3) M and 84 sec-1, respectively. The value of the second-order rate constant for inactivation of mast cell protease by diisopropylphosphofluoridate was 300 times lower than for bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of an alpha-chymotrypsin-like protease of rat peritoneal mast cells. An alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzyme was isolated from mast cells of the rat peritoneal cavity by extraction with 0.8 M potassium phosphate, 2 per cent protamine sulfate followed by affinity chromatography on hen ovoinhibitor-agarose and adsorption on barium sulfate. This procedure yielded over 9 mg of protease from the peritoneal lavage fluid of 100 rats, equivalent to 44 per cent of the initial activity. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing, and amino-terminal sequence analysis. The protease contains no covalently bound carbohydrate and has a molecular weight of approximately 26,000. The enzyme molecule is a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal sequence homologous to that of the B chain of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, for the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester were determined at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C as 1.1 X 10(-3) M and 84 sec-1, respectively. The value of the second-order rate constant for inactivation of mast cell protease by diisopropylphosphofluoridate was 300 times lower than for bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 497254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3333", "title": "Fast photochemical reactions of cytochrome P450 at subzero temperatures.", "content": "Several reactions of the cytochrome P450 multi-step cycle have been studied by fast light activation combined with subzero temperatures. A flash device was adapted to an Aminco-Chance DW 2 spectrophotometer equipped for subzero temperature thermostatisation. The first electron can be introduced into the cycle by non specific reducing agents such as reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) or methylviologen radical (MV.). This first reduction remains a fast process even at subzero temperatures. The oxy-compound Fe2+-O2 can thus be formed either directly from Fe2+ or via the photodissociation of the carboxy-ferro adduct. Fe2+-O2 is stable at subzero temperatures towards spontaneous autoxidation as well as further reduction by FMNH2 or MW.. In addition, the recombination of CO after flash photodissociation of Fe2+-CO was used to study in more details the specific behaviors of the purified microsomal cytochrome.", "contents": "Fast photochemical reactions of cytochrome P450 at subzero temperatures. Several reactions of the cytochrome P450 multi-step cycle have been studied by fast light activation combined with subzero temperatures. A flash device was adapted to an Aminco-Chance DW 2 spectrophotometer equipped for subzero temperature thermostatisation. The first electron can be introduced into the cycle by non specific reducing agents such as reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) or methylviologen radical (MV.). This first reduction remains a fast process even at subzero temperatures. The oxy-compound Fe2+-O2 can thus be formed either directly from Fe2+ or via the photodissociation of the carboxy-ferro adduct. Fe2+-O2 is stable at subzero temperatures towards spontaneous autoxidation as well as further reduction by FMNH2 or MW.. In addition, the recombination of CO after flash photodissociation of Fe2+-CO was used to study in more details the specific behaviors of the purified microsomal cytochrome.", "PMID": 497255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3334", "title": "Amino acid sequence of a postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus.", "content": "Although 60 percent of the protein in tiger snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus) venom consists of the basic per-synaptically neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipases notexin and Notechis II-5 and other phospholipase homologs such as Notechis II-1, several post-synaptic \"curaremimetic\" neurotoxins are present in small amounts. The major one of these is a typical \"long\" neurotoxin containing 73 amino acids in a single peptide chain cross-linked by five disulfide bridges. The formula weight calculated from the amino acid sequence is 8,051. The LD50 for intravenous injection into mice is 125 micrograms/kg.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of a postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Although 60 percent of the protein in tiger snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus) venom consists of the basic per-synaptically neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipases notexin and Notechis II-5 and other phospholipase homologs such as Notechis II-1, several post-synaptic \"curaremimetic\" neurotoxins are present in small amounts. The major one of these is a typical \"long\" neurotoxin containing 73 amino acids in a single peptide chain cross-linked by five disulfide bridges. The formula weight calculated from the amino acid sequence is 8,051. The LD50 for intravenous injection into mice is 125 micrograms/kg.", "PMID": 497256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3335", "title": "Hemoglobins, XXIX. Sequence analysis of a dimeric hemoglobin (erythrocruorin), CTT-X, of Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera).", "content": "The amino acid sequences of one of the dimeric hemoglobin components, CTT-X, of Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera) are given. The sequences were determined by automatic Edman degradation of tryptic peptides and peptides obtained by specific chemical cleavages. CTT-X has two different polypeptide chains, each with 151 amino acid residues. The two polypeptide chains differ only in one amino acid. The sequences are discussed in the light of the sequences of other related heme-proteins.", "contents": "Hemoglobins, XXIX. Sequence analysis of a dimeric hemoglobin (erythrocruorin), CTT-X, of Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera). The amino acid sequences of one of the dimeric hemoglobin components, CTT-X, of Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera) are given. The sequences were determined by automatic Edman degradation of tryptic peptides and peptides obtained by specific chemical cleavages. CTT-X has two different polypeptide chains, each with 151 amino acid residues. The two polypeptide chains differ only in one amino acid. The sequences are discussed in the light of the sequences of other related heme-proteins.", "PMID": 497257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3336", "title": "Why rods and cones?", "content": "A key problem in vision is to normalize one's lightness scale so that surface reflectances are always assigned the same gray value regardless of the illumination level. The solution requires an assessment of the relation between the strength of the illuminant and the strength of the image signal-information that is not available in the image alone. However, the level of scattered light in the optical system does provide an independent measure of the illuminant strength, and can be used to solve the lightness scale normalization problem. To do this requires a comparison between two imaging systems, each of which respond differently to the internal optical scatter. The rod and cone systems have properties that are ideally suited for such a role.", "contents": "Why rods and cones? A key problem in vision is to normalize one's lightness scale so that surface reflectances are always assigned the same gray value regardless of the illumination level. The solution requires an assessment of the relation between the strength of the illuminant and the strength of the image signal-information that is not available in the image alone. However, the level of scattered light in the optical system does provide an independent measure of the illuminant strength, and can be used to solve the lightness scale normalization problem. To do this requires a comparison between two imaging systems, each of which respond differently to the internal optical scatter. The rod and cone systems have properties that are ideally suited for such a role.", "PMID": 497258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3337", "title": "A nonlinear integral equation for visual impedance.", "content": "The Hartline-Ratliff equation is a linear integral equation of the second kind and is employed in modeling inhibitory networks. Saturation of the inhibiting elements is commonly modeled as a function whose form is sigmoid; however, the resulting integral equation is nonlinear. Whenever the unknown function within the integral is hypothesized to be a nondecreasing nonlinear function, the Hartline-Ratliff equation becomes a nonlinear integral equation of the Hammerstein type. We present existence and uniqueness theorems for a Hammerstein equation which represents a further generalization of the Hartline-Ratliff equation.", "contents": "A nonlinear integral equation for visual impedance. The Hartline-Ratliff equation is a linear integral equation of the second kind and is employed in modeling inhibitory networks. Saturation of the inhibiting elements is commonly modeled as a function whose form is sigmoid; however, the resulting integral equation is nonlinear. Whenever the unknown function within the integral is hypothesized to be a nondecreasing nonlinear function, the Hartline-Ratliff equation becomes a nonlinear integral equation of the Hammerstein type. We present existence and uniqueness theorems for a Hammerstein equation which represents a further generalization of the Hartline-Ratliff equation.", "PMID": 497259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3338", "title": "The structure of two-dimensional scalar fields with applications to vision.", "content": "Two-dimensional scalar fields (e. g. pictures) are often described by way of a linear superposition of simple base functions. It is argued that such decompositions are often unnatural in the sense that the decomposition takes no regard of the structure of the field and it may happen that the parts are more complicated than the whole. Moreover, such decompositions are not invariant with respect to even small topological deformations of the dimensions or the grey scale of the picture, whereas such deformations do not affect the perceptual structure. We present a method to decompose two-dimensional scalar fields in the following way: the whole is a hierarchically structured superposition of parts, such that these parts are featureless (do not contain local extrema or saddle points). The hierarchical structure can be considered a generative grammer for smooth pictures. The concept is extended towards pictures that are sampled with a collection of graded apertures. We introduce the concept of the aperture spectrum, this construct describes the structure of a picture sampled with any aperture. This kind of description is likely to be important for the analysis of visual functions.", "contents": "The structure of two-dimensional scalar fields with applications to vision. Two-dimensional scalar fields (e. g. pictures) are often described by way of a linear superposition of simple base functions. It is argued that such decompositions are often unnatural in the sense that the decomposition takes no regard of the structure of the field and it may happen that the parts are more complicated than the whole. Moreover, such decompositions are not invariant with respect to even small topological deformations of the dimensions or the grey scale of the picture, whereas such deformations do not affect the perceptual structure. We present a method to decompose two-dimensional scalar fields in the following way: the whole is a hierarchically structured superposition of parts, such that these parts are featureless (do not contain local extrema or saddle points). The hierarchical structure can be considered a generative grammer for smooth pictures. The concept is extended towards pictures that are sampled with a collection of graded apertures. We introduce the concept of the aperture spectrum, this construct describes the structure of a picture sampled with any aperture. This kind of description is likely to be important for the analysis of visual functions.", "PMID": 497260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3339", "title": "Geometry of orientation columns in the visual cortex.", "content": "The optimal direction of lines in the visual field to which neurons in the visual cortex respond changes in a regular way when the recording electrode progresses tangentially through the cortex (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). It is possible to reconstruct the field of orientations from long, sometimes multiple parallel penetrations (Hubel and Wiesel, 1974; Albus, 1975) by assuming that the orientations are arranged radially around centers. A method is developed which makes it possible to define uniquely the position of the centers in the vicinity of the electrode track. They turn out to be spaced at distances of about 0.5 mm and may be tentatively identified with the positions of the giant cells of Meynert.", "contents": "Geometry of orientation columns in the visual cortex. The optimal direction of lines in the visual field to which neurons in the visual cortex respond changes in a regular way when the recording electrode progresses tangentially through the cortex (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). It is possible to reconstruct the field of orientations from long, sometimes multiple parallel penetrations (Hubel and Wiesel, 1974; Albus, 1975) by assuming that the orientations are arranged radially around centers. A method is developed which makes it possible to define uniquely the position of the centers in the vicinity of the electrode track. They turn out to be spaced at distances of about 0.5 mm and may be tentatively identified with the positions of the giant cells of Meynert.", "PMID": 497262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3340", "title": "Dynamic properties of cat tenuissimus muscle.", "content": "Some of the factors which influence the development of tension in cat tenuissimus muscle were studied quantitatively. Under isometric conditions, it was shown that the dynamic properties of the relationship between the tension of the muscle and its electrical stimulation depend on the mean rate of stimulation. This non-linear effect cannot be explained on the basis of the dependence of muscle tension on instantaneous rate of stimulation since the tension due to a stimulus following closely a previous stimulus is augmented, but the time course of the twitch response is unaltered. The interaction between the tension due to active contraction and that due to the viscoelastic properties of the muscle was investigated by independently varying muscle length and the rate of stimulation. Within the limits of resolution of the data, it was concluded that these two components of tension are addictive and that muscle stiffness is related to the instantaneous tension of the muscle.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of cat tenuissimus muscle. Some of the factors which influence the development of tension in cat tenuissimus muscle were studied quantitatively. Under isometric conditions, it was shown that the dynamic properties of the relationship between the tension of the muscle and its electrical stimulation depend on the mean rate of stimulation. This non-linear effect cannot be explained on the basis of the dependence of muscle tension on instantaneous rate of stimulation since the tension due to a stimulus following closely a previous stimulus is augmented, but the time course of the twitch response is unaltered. The interaction between the tension due to active contraction and that due to the viscoelastic properties of the muscle was investigated by independently varying muscle length and the rate of stimulation. Within the limits of resolution of the data, it was concluded that these two components of tension are addictive and that muscle stiffness is related to the instantaneous tension of the muscle.", "PMID": 497263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3341", "title": "Studies on human finger tapping neural networks by phase transition curves.", "content": "The human finger tapping was studied psychologically by the phase transition curves. We assumed that some oscillatory neural network controls the tapping. One of our future works on the human finger tapping is to devise a method to change the magnitude of perturbation continuously in phase resetting experiments of a constant tapping interval with a same kind of task. If this is achieved, we can obtain a phase transition surface (i.e. the new phase as a function of the old phase and the magnitude of perturbation). From the shape of a phase transition surface, the intrinsic properties of the oscillatory network which controls the tapping can be studied (Kawato et al., 1978).", "contents": "Studies on human finger tapping neural networks by phase transition curves. The human finger tapping was studied psychologically by the phase transition curves. We assumed that some oscillatory neural network controls the tapping. One of our future works on the human finger tapping is to devise a method to change the magnitude of perturbation continuously in phase resetting experiments of a constant tapping interval with a same kind of task. If this is achieved, we can obtain a phase transition surface (i.e. the new phase as a function of the old phase and the magnitude of perturbation). From the shape of a phase transition surface, the intrinsic properties of the oscillatory network which controls the tapping can be studied (Kawato et al., 1978).", "PMID": 497264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3342", "title": "Pattern generation in the lobster (Panulirus) stomatogastric ganglion. I. Pyloric neuron kinetics and synaptic interactions.", "content": "There are a number of perspectives gained from a quantitative analysis of the pyloric system which may be applicable to other simple pattern generators: 1. The system is organized around a dominant, endogenously-bursting neuron group, and its properties are tailored to that dominance. In particular, synaptic strengths and firing frequencies of that group appear just sufficient to suppress postsynaptic \"follower\" cells if the latter are not too highly excited. 2. Repetitive firing properties of follower neurons are such as to facilitate their switch-like mode of activity. This includes pacemaker response nonlinearities, rebound properties, and \"burstiness\" properties. 3. Proper sequencing of follower cells may be controlled by particular synaptic strengths and time-courses, feedback on the oscillator cells, and functional cellular properties of follower neurons (e.g., rebound; see also next paper). All such properties interact and must be tuned to each other for proper patterns to result.", "contents": "Pattern generation in the lobster (Panulirus) stomatogastric ganglion. I. Pyloric neuron kinetics and synaptic interactions. There are a number of perspectives gained from a quantitative analysis of the pyloric system which may be applicable to other simple pattern generators: 1. The system is organized around a dominant, endogenously-bursting neuron group, and its properties are tailored to that dominance. In particular, synaptic strengths and firing frequencies of that group appear just sufficient to suppress postsynaptic \"follower\" cells if the latter are not too highly excited. 2. Repetitive firing properties of follower neurons are such as to facilitate their switch-like mode of activity. This includes pacemaker response nonlinearities, rebound properties, and \"burstiness\" properties. 3. Proper sequencing of follower cells may be controlled by particular synaptic strengths and time-courses, feedback on the oscillator cells, and functional cellular properties of follower neurons (e.g., rebound; see also next paper). All such properties interact and must be tuned to each other for proper patterns to result.", "PMID": 497265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3343", "title": "[Comparative analysis of cytosolic and solubilized mitochondrial menadione reductases from rat liver].", "content": "The kinetic properties of cytosolic and solubilized mitochondrial menadione reductases (EC 1.6.99.2) from rat liver were compared. The mechanism of the reaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial menadione reductases with NADH and 4-anilino-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQ) as substrates obeys the \"ping-pong\" kinetics. AMOBQ is a competitive inhibitor of cytosolic menadione reductase (Ki = 219 microM). Both menadione reductases have similar or identical values of true and effective kinetic constants and similar electrophoretic mobilities.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of cytosolic and solubilized mitochondrial menadione reductases from rat liver]. The kinetic properties of cytosolic and solubilized mitochondrial menadione reductases (EC 1.6.99.2) from rat liver were compared. The mechanism of the reaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial menadione reductases with NADH and 4-anilino-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQ) as substrates obeys the \"ping-pong\" kinetics. AMOBQ is a competitive inhibitor of cytosolic menadione reductase (Ki = 219 microM). Both menadione reductases have similar or identical values of true and effective kinetic constants and similar electrophoretic mobilities.", "PMID": 497267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3344", "title": "[Optimization of isolation conditions for three types of pigment protein-lipid complexes from chloroplasts during solubilization with Triton X-100].", "content": "The maximal total release of pigment protein-lipid complexes (PPLC) during their isolation from pea chloroplasts was achieved by 1-hr solubilization with Triton X-100, the Triton:chlorophyll (T/Chl) ratio being 50 mg/mg/ml. The total yield of the reaction center complexes (sigma PPLC RC) was 22,3%, whereas that of the auxiliary light-accumulating complex (ALA-PPLC) was approximately 32% with respect to Chl. An increase in the solubilization time and of the T/Chl ratio resulted in dissociation of ALA-PPLC. On the contrary, the reaction center complexes steadily maintained their composition and high photochemical activity within a wide range of T/Chl during 24--28 hrs of solubilization. The purest preparations of PPLC RC of phostosystem I (PS-I) were obtained by 24 hr-incubation (T/Chl = 80); their Chl/P700 ratio after a single fractionation on DEAE-cellulose was equal to 36. A considerable increase of T/Chl and of the solubilization time hampered the chromatographical separation of PPLC RC of PS-I and PPLC RC of PS-II. The optimal conditions for isolation of PPLC RC of PS-I and PPLC RC of PS-II were: solubilization at T/Chl 80--120 and prolongation of incubation time from 5 to 7 hrs. The photochemical activity of the complexes obtained was maximal and correlated with the minimal content of admixture P700 (1 molecule of P700 per 450--500 molecules of Chl.).", "contents": "[Optimization of isolation conditions for three types of pigment protein-lipid complexes from chloroplasts during solubilization with Triton X-100]. The maximal total release of pigment protein-lipid complexes (PPLC) during their isolation from pea chloroplasts was achieved by 1-hr solubilization with Triton X-100, the Triton:chlorophyll (T/Chl) ratio being 50 mg/mg/ml. The total yield of the reaction center complexes (sigma PPLC RC) was 22,3%, whereas that of the auxiliary light-accumulating complex (ALA-PPLC) was approximately 32% with respect to Chl. An increase in the solubilization time and of the T/Chl ratio resulted in dissociation of ALA-PPLC. On the contrary, the reaction center complexes steadily maintained their composition and high photochemical activity within a wide range of T/Chl during 24--28 hrs of solubilization. The purest preparations of PPLC RC of phostosystem I (PS-I) were obtained by 24 hr-incubation (T/Chl = 80); their Chl/P700 ratio after a single fractionation on DEAE-cellulose was equal to 36. A considerable increase of T/Chl and of the solubilization time hampered the chromatographical separation of PPLC RC of PS-I and PPLC RC of PS-II. The optimal conditions for isolation of PPLC RC of PS-I and PPLC RC of PS-II were: solubilization at T/Chl 80--120 and prolongation of incubation time from 5 to 7 hrs. The photochemical activity of the complexes obtained was maximal and correlated with the minimal content of admixture P700 (1 molecule of P700 per 450--500 molecules of Chl.).", "PMID": 497268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3345", "title": "[Use of inhibition by metyrapone in a \"mutual depletion system\" for evaluation of active centres of various arylhydrocarbon hydroxylases].", "content": "It was shown that metyrapone, the inhibitor of arylhydrocarbonhydroxylase, taken at concentrations equimolar to that of cytochrome P-450 non-competitively inhibits the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene in the liver microsomes of inbred mice of the C57BL/6 and AKR strains. In a given \"mutual depletion inhibition system\" the concentration of the catalytically active centres of microsomal cytochrome (Ecac), their turnover number (TNcac) and \"true\" dissociation constant of the enzyme-inhibitor complex were determined in the control and 3-methylcholanthrenetreated mice of both strains. The increased rate of 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation in the liver of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced \"sensitive\" C57BL/6 mice is determined by the increase of Ecac (and, in a lesser degree, of TNcac) per molecule of cytochrome P-448. In the liver microsomes of \"induction-resistant\" AKR mice an injection of 3-methylcholanthrene results in a slight increase of Ecac and a simultaneous decrease of TNcac. It was assumed that contrary to the present-day concepts, an aberrant microsomal hemoprotein with a genetically determined low molecular activity is synthesized in mice of \"resistant\" AKR strain.", "contents": "[Use of inhibition by metyrapone in a \"mutual depletion system\" for evaluation of active centres of various arylhydrocarbon hydroxylases]. It was shown that metyrapone, the inhibitor of arylhydrocarbonhydroxylase, taken at concentrations equimolar to that of cytochrome P-450 non-competitively inhibits the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene in the liver microsomes of inbred mice of the C57BL/6 and AKR strains. In a given \"mutual depletion inhibition system\" the concentration of the catalytically active centres of microsomal cytochrome (Ecac), their turnover number (TNcac) and \"true\" dissociation constant of the enzyme-inhibitor complex were determined in the control and 3-methylcholanthrenetreated mice of both strains. The increased rate of 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation in the liver of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced \"sensitive\" C57BL/6 mice is determined by the increase of Ecac (and, in a lesser degree, of TNcac) per molecule of cytochrome P-448. In the liver microsomes of \"induction-resistant\" AKR mice an injection of 3-methylcholanthrene results in a slight increase of Ecac and a simultaneous decrease of TNcac. It was assumed that contrary to the present-day concepts, an aberrant microsomal hemoprotein with a genetically determined low molecular activity is synthesized in mice of \"resistant\" AKR strain.", "PMID": 497269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3346", "title": "[Effects of specific reagents and urea on the reactivity of non-heme iron and thiol groups of pea and corn ferredoxins].", "content": "The reactivities of the SH-groups of pea and corn ferredoxins were found to be different. One or two SH-groups in the molecule of pea ferredoxin and one SH-group in the molecule of corn ferredoxin are readily available for the thyol group specific reagents. Four SH-groups of both ferredoxins are completely masked, i. e. available for the thyol reagents only after protein denaturation in the presence of urea. The rates of SH-group interaction with the sulfhydryl reagents in corn ferredoxin are lower than those in pea ferredoxin. The non-haem iron of pea ferredoxin interacts with the complex formers far more rapidly as compared to corn ferredoxin. The ferredoxins tested differ in the amount of iron atoms. The latter require the presence of oxygen for their complete interaction with the complex formers.", "contents": "[Effects of specific reagents and urea on the reactivity of non-heme iron and thiol groups of pea and corn ferredoxins]. The reactivities of the SH-groups of pea and corn ferredoxins were found to be different. One or two SH-groups in the molecule of pea ferredoxin and one SH-group in the molecule of corn ferredoxin are readily available for the thyol group specific reagents. Four SH-groups of both ferredoxins are completely masked, i. e. available for the thyol reagents only after protein denaturation in the presence of urea. The rates of SH-group interaction with the sulfhydryl reagents in corn ferredoxin are lower than those in pea ferredoxin. The non-haem iron of pea ferredoxin interacts with the complex formers far more rapidly as compared to corn ferredoxin. The ferredoxins tested differ in the amount of iron atoms. The latter require the presence of oxygen for their complete interaction with the complex formers.", "PMID": 497270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3347", "title": "[Kinetics of low molecular weight substrate hydrolysis by immobilized trypsin].", "content": "The catalytic properties of trypsin immoblized on silochrome were studied in a flow reactor with replacement. The hydrolysis of methyl ester N-n-tosyl-L-arginine obeys the Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The apparent K'm value for the system with immobilized trypsin is considerably lower than for native trypsin. The K'm value was decreased with an increase in the rate of the substrate flow through the reactor or when smaller-sized silochrome granules were used. It is assumed that the apparent K'm value for the immobilized system is due to diffusion. The effects of diffusion on the catalytic properties of the immobilized enzyme were estimated.", "contents": "[Kinetics of low molecular weight substrate hydrolysis by immobilized trypsin]. The catalytic properties of trypsin immoblized on silochrome were studied in a flow reactor with replacement. The hydrolysis of methyl ester N-n-tosyl-L-arginine obeys the Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The apparent K'm value for the system with immobilized trypsin is considerably lower than for native trypsin. The K'm value was decreased with an increase in the rate of the substrate flow through the reactor or when smaller-sized silochrome granules were used. It is assumed that the apparent K'm value for the immobilized system is due to diffusion. The effects of diffusion on the catalytic properties of the immobilized enzyme were estimated.", "PMID": 497271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3348", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of 18S-rRNA from mouse reticulocytes on translation of exogenous and endogenous mRNA in a cell-free system of wheat embryos].", "content": "The effect of 18S-rRNA from mouse reticulocytes on the translation of exogenous and endogenous matrices in a system of wheat embryos was studied. It was found that after addition of 18S-rRNA the translation of exogenous and endogenous mRNAs is strongly inhibited. Treatment of 18S-rRNA with proteinase K prior to the addition did not remove the inhibiting action of rRNA. A RNA hydrolysis by alkali resulted in a considerable decrease of the inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of 18S-rRNA from mouse reticulocytes on translation of exogenous and endogenous mRNA in a cell-free system of wheat embryos]. The effect of 18S-rRNA from mouse reticulocytes on the translation of exogenous and endogenous matrices in a system of wheat embryos was studied. It was found that after addition of 18S-rRNA the translation of exogenous and endogenous mRNAs is strongly inhibited. Treatment of 18S-rRNA with proteinase K prior to the addition did not remove the inhibiting action of rRNA. A RNA hydrolysis by alkali resulted in a considerable decrease of the inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 497272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3349", "title": "[Changes in enzymes during aging of human diploid cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase].", "content": "The thermal inactivation kinetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during ageing of human diploid cells were studied. It was shown that semi-logarithmic anamorphisms of the thermal inactivation kinetic curves may be presented as a total of two rectilinear sites corresponding to the thermolabile and thermostable fractions of the enzyme. In ageing cells the enzyme stability is decreased as compared to the young ones due to the increase in the amount of the thermolabile fraction. It was also found that despite a certain variability in the process of the cell growth at the 22nd passage the thermal stability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is decreased, while the enzyme thermal stability in the cells at the 52nd passage is monotonously increased. Purification of the enzyme from ageing and young human diploid cells results in an increase of the enzyme stability. However, when the enzyme was isolated from young cells, it possessed a higher thermal stability.", "contents": "[Changes in enzymes during aging of human diploid cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]. The thermal inactivation kinetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during ageing of human diploid cells were studied. It was shown that semi-logarithmic anamorphisms of the thermal inactivation kinetic curves may be presented as a total of two rectilinear sites corresponding to the thermolabile and thermostable fractions of the enzyme. In ageing cells the enzyme stability is decreased as compared to the young ones due to the increase in the amount of the thermolabile fraction. It was also found that despite a certain variability in the process of the cell growth at the 22nd passage the thermal stability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is decreased, while the enzyme thermal stability in the cells at the 52nd passage is monotonously increased. Purification of the enzyme from ageing and young human diploid cells results in an increase of the enzyme stability. However, when the enzyme was isolated from young cells, it possessed a higher thermal stability.", "PMID": 497273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3350", "title": "[Effect of UV-light on the structure of soluble deoxyribonucleoprotein-200 A].", "content": "The effects of UV-light (253,7 nm) on the structure of DNP and its protein and nucleic components were studied. The formation of protein-DNA covalent bonds in DNP-200 A at low ionic strength was confirmed. Under certain irradiation conditions more than 80% of protein may be linked to the DNA; all histone fractions were linked to the same extent and at the same rates. The local denaturation of DNA in the region of photo-induced thymine-thymine dimers and other photoadducts dramatically changed the rate and specificity of the effects of staphylococcal nuclease, which directly affected the composition and size of the fragments formed. A possible application of UV-irradiated DNP for various structural investigations is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of UV-light on the structure of soluble deoxyribonucleoprotein-200 A]. The effects of UV-light (253,7 nm) on the structure of DNP and its protein and nucleic components were studied. The formation of protein-DNA covalent bonds in DNP-200 A at low ionic strength was confirmed. Under certain irradiation conditions more than 80% of protein may be linked to the DNA; all histone fractions were linked to the same extent and at the same rates. The local denaturation of DNA in the region of photo-induced thymine-thymine dimers and other photoadducts dramatically changed the rate and specificity of the effects of staphylococcal nuclease, which directly affected the composition and size of the fragments formed. A possible application of UV-irradiated DNP for various structural investigations is discussed.", "PMID": 497274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3351", "title": "[Activation of prekallikrein from human blood serum by different activators].", "content": "It was shown that the activated Hageman factor and its active fragment convert a greater amount of prekallikrein into kallikrein than is observed under the effects of trypsin and kallikrein. The latter two enzymes convert from 30 to 60% of the Hageman factor-activated prekallikrein and its active fragment. A possible existence of two prekallikrein forms is discussed. A mechanism of interaction between individual components of the kininogenase system and their activators is discussed.", "contents": "[Activation of prekallikrein from human blood serum by different activators]. It was shown that the activated Hageman factor and its active fragment convert a greater amount of prekallikrein into kallikrein than is observed under the effects of trypsin and kallikrein. The latter two enzymes convert from 30 to 60% of the Hageman factor-activated prekallikrein and its active fragment. A possible existence of two prekallikrein forms is discussed. A mechanism of interaction between individual components of the kininogenase system and their activators is discussed.", "PMID": 497275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3352", "title": "[Use of liposomes for incorporation of alkylating derivatives of mono- and oligonucleotides into mammalian cells].", "content": "It was shown that within the liposomes mono- and oligonucleotides and their alkylating derivatives penetrate the cells of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma and peritoneal exudate of the mice. Inside the cells the alkylating reagents are mainly utilized for modification of proteins (42--76%), RNA (5--16%) and DNA (3--9%). Presumably DNA modification is largely dependent on the penetration of the reagents into the nuclei. No significant differences in alkylation of the cell components by oligoadenylate derivatives, capable of complementary interactions with nucleic acids and mononucleotide derivatives, incapable of such interactions, were observed.", "contents": "[Use of liposomes for incorporation of alkylating derivatives of mono- and oligonucleotides into mammalian cells]. It was shown that within the liposomes mono- and oligonucleotides and their alkylating derivatives penetrate the cells of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma and peritoneal exudate of the mice. Inside the cells the alkylating reagents are mainly utilized for modification of proteins (42--76%), RNA (5--16%) and DNA (3--9%). Presumably DNA modification is largely dependent on the penetration of the reagents into the nuclei. No significant differences in alkylation of the cell components by oligoadenylate derivatives, capable of complementary interactions with nucleic acids and mononucleotide derivatives, incapable of such interactions, were observed.", "PMID": 497276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3353", "title": "[Tissue specificity of the decrease of cattle lymphocyte DNA methylation during chronic lymphoid leukemia].", "content": "It has been found that the content of m5C in the DNA preparations tested have been revealed. The DNAs from normal and leukemic lymphocytes of blood, lymphonodi and spleen differ in ther acceptor ability in the reaction of heterologous methylation in vitro, induced by DNA-methylase from Enterobacter cloacea in the presence of [3H-methyl]S-adenosyl methionine: the ratio of radioactivities in methylated cytosine and adenine residues (m5C/m6A) in leukemic lymphocyte DNA is much lower than in healthy animals' lymphocytes. The decrease in the methylation of DNAs from various lymphoid organs of animals with chronic lymphoid leukemia is well correlated with the impairment. No significant changes of the m5C level and the acceptor ability of the in vitro reaction of heterologous methylation of cow lymph lymphocyte DNA have been observed. The data obtained may be interpreted in terms of tissue (cell) specificity or differences in the degree of DNA methylation under conditions of chronic lymphoid leukemia. It is assumed that the changes in DNA methylation may underlie the disturbances in the regulation of activity of the leukemic cell genetic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Tissue specificity of the decrease of cattle lymphocyte DNA methylation during chronic lymphoid leukemia]. It has been found that the content of m5C in the DNA preparations tested have been revealed. The DNAs from normal and leukemic lymphocytes of blood, lymphonodi and spleen differ in ther acceptor ability in the reaction of heterologous methylation in vitro, induced by DNA-methylase from Enterobacter cloacea in the presence of [3H-methyl]S-adenosyl methionine: the ratio of radioactivities in methylated cytosine and adenine residues (m5C/m6A) in leukemic lymphocyte DNA is much lower than in healthy animals' lymphocytes. The decrease in the methylation of DNAs from various lymphoid organs of animals with chronic lymphoid leukemia is well correlated with the impairment. No significant changes of the m5C level and the acceptor ability of the in vitro reaction of heterologous methylation of cow lymph lymphocyte DNA have been observed. The data obtained may be interpreted in terms of tissue (cell) specificity or differences in the degree of DNA methylation under conditions of chronic lymphoid leukemia. It is assumed that the changes in DNA methylation may underlie the disturbances in the regulation of activity of the leukemic cell genetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 497277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3354", "title": "[Protein carriers of the electron transport chain of non-photosynthesizing mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardii].", "content": "The amounts of ferredoxin, plastocyanin, ferredoxin-NADP-reductase were determined by electrophoresis and differential spectroscopy. The cytochrome levels in the chloroplasts of non-photosynthesizing mutants Chlamydomonas reinhardii were determined both in active and inactive photosystems. It was shown that the loss of PS-1 activity did not affect the amount and activity of the electron carriers. The disturbances of the donor side of PS-2 in the mutants were accompanied by a loss of the reaction center activity and by a decrease of cytochrome b599. The amounts of other protein components in the mutants with inactive PS-2 remained unchanged. The disturbances in the cytochrome c553 content presumably blocked the electron transfer between the photosystems but did not affect the activity of the reaction centers of PS and the levels of other carriers of the chloroplast electron transport chain.", "contents": "[Protein carriers of the electron transport chain of non-photosynthesizing mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardii]. The amounts of ferredoxin, plastocyanin, ferredoxin-NADP-reductase were determined by electrophoresis and differential spectroscopy. The cytochrome levels in the chloroplasts of non-photosynthesizing mutants Chlamydomonas reinhardii were determined both in active and inactive photosystems. It was shown that the loss of PS-1 activity did not affect the amount and activity of the electron carriers. The disturbances of the donor side of PS-2 in the mutants were accompanied by a loss of the reaction center activity and by a decrease of cytochrome b599. The amounts of other protein components in the mutants with inactive PS-2 remained unchanged. The disturbances in the cytochrome c553 content presumably blocked the electron transfer between the photosystems but did not affect the activity of the reaction centers of PS and the levels of other carriers of the chloroplast electron transport chain.", "PMID": 497278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3355", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase and its endogenous high molecular weight inhibitor in rat pineal gland].", "content": "The biochemical mechanisms involved in circadian variations of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17)--the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis in rat pineal gland were studied. The enzyme was separated from its endogenous high molecular weight inhibitor by gel-filtration of the cytosol fraction from this organ through Sephadex G-100 in the presence of 250 mM NaCl. The inhibitor was similar in its molecular weight (30 000) and activity to ornithine decarboxylase inhibior from rat liver. The amount of the enzyme in the pineal gland undergoes much smaller circadian variations as compared to that of the inhibitor. It is concluded that the circadian variations of the ornithine decarboxylase activity in the pineal gland may be largely due to the changes in the enzyme/inhibitor ratio.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase and its endogenous high molecular weight inhibitor in rat pineal gland]. The biochemical mechanisms involved in circadian variations of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17)--the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis in rat pineal gland were studied. The enzyme was separated from its endogenous high molecular weight inhibitor by gel-filtration of the cytosol fraction from this organ through Sephadex G-100 in the presence of 250 mM NaCl. The inhibitor was similar in its molecular weight (30 000) and activity to ornithine decarboxylase inhibior from rat liver. The amount of the enzyme in the pineal gland undergoes much smaller circadian variations as compared to that of the inhibitor. It is concluded that the circadian variations of the ornithine decarboxylase activity in the pineal gland may be largely due to the changes in the enzyme/inhibitor ratio.", "PMID": 497279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3356", "title": "[Localization of cytochrome b566 at the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane].", "content": "The membrane-impermeable protein reagent p-diazonium benzene sulfonate (DABS) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the cytochromes b-c1 region. It has been shown that DABS-treatment brings about a dramatic change in a low-temperature absorption spectrum of rat liver mictochondria, so that the long-wavelength alpha-band of ferrocytochrome b566 is sharply decreased, which is indicative of this hemoprotein modification. This observation suggest that cytochrome b566 is accessible to DABS at the outer surface of the coupling mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Localization of cytochrome b566 at the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane]. The membrane-impermeable protein reagent p-diazonium benzene sulfonate (DABS) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the cytochromes b-c1 region. It has been shown that DABS-treatment brings about a dramatic change in a low-temperature absorption spectrum of rat liver mictochondria, so that the long-wavelength alpha-band of ferrocytochrome b566 is sharply decreased, which is indicative of this hemoprotein modification. This observation suggest that cytochrome b566 is accessible to DABS at the outer surface of the coupling mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 497280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3357", "title": "[Immobilization of enzymes on globulin].", "content": "Immobilization of lipase and amylosubtilisin on water-insoluble proteins, i. e. globulins, was studied. It was found that immobilization results in the enzyme stabilization. The immobilized enzyme can be transformed from the soluble state into the insoluble one and vice versa by changing the ionic strength of the solution. The advantages of immobilization on globulin in the reactions with water-insoluble substrates are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Immobilization of enzymes on globulin]. Immobilization of lipase and amylosubtilisin on water-insoluble proteins, i. e. globulins, was studied. It was found that immobilization results in the enzyme stabilization. The immobilized enzyme can be transformed from the soluble state into the insoluble one and vice versa by changing the ionic strength of the solution. The advantages of immobilization on globulin in the reactions with water-insoluble substrates are demonstrated.", "PMID": 497281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3358", "title": "[Effect of purified cytochrome P450 incorporation into liposomal membranes on its properties].", "content": "The physico-chemical properties and hydroxylase activity of three forms of cytochrome P450, i. e. purified soluble hemoprotein, purified hemoprotein incorporated into the liposomal membrane and microsomal cytochrome P450, were studied. Soluble cytochrome P450 binds type I substrates in a lesser degree than does its microsomal form. The incorporation of hemoprotein into phosphatidyl choline liposomes restores the ability of purified cytochrome P450 to interact with these substrates. The soluble and lipid-bound forms of cytochrome P450 do not differ in their thermal stabilities and protease digestion. The liposome-bound cytochrome P450 has higher dimethylaniline, aniline and p-nitroanisol hydroxylase activities as compared to its soluble form. The aniline hydroxylase activity of microsomal, proteoliposomal and soluble forms of cytochrome P450 is inhibited by the tyrosinecopper complex with NADPH or cumole hydroperoxide as cosubstrates. The inhibiting effect of the complex on other hydroxylase activities depends on the type of cytochrome P450 and the cosubstrates and substrates used.", "contents": "[Effect of purified cytochrome P450 incorporation into liposomal membranes on its properties]. The physico-chemical properties and hydroxylase activity of three forms of cytochrome P450, i. e. purified soluble hemoprotein, purified hemoprotein incorporated into the liposomal membrane and microsomal cytochrome P450, were studied. Soluble cytochrome P450 binds type I substrates in a lesser degree than does its microsomal form. The incorporation of hemoprotein into phosphatidyl choline liposomes restores the ability of purified cytochrome P450 to interact with these substrates. The soluble and lipid-bound forms of cytochrome P450 do not differ in their thermal stabilities and protease digestion. The liposome-bound cytochrome P450 has higher dimethylaniline, aniline and p-nitroanisol hydroxylase activities as compared to its soluble form. The aniline hydroxylase activity of microsomal, proteoliposomal and soluble forms of cytochrome P450 is inhibited by the tyrosinecopper complex with NADPH or cumole hydroperoxide as cosubstrates. The inhibiting effect of the complex on other hydroxylase activities depends on the type of cytochrome P450 and the cosubstrates and substrates used.", "PMID": 497282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3359", "title": "[Effect of cobalt and copper complexes with o-phenanthroline on the respiratory activity of mitochondria].", "content": "The effects of cobalt and copper complexes with o-phenantroline on the respiratory activity of mitochondria from pea sprouts and submitochondrial particles from bovine heart and on the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria were studied. The catalytic activity of the complexes in several components of the respiratory chain autooxidation reactions was investigated. It was shown that the bis (o-phenantroline) cobalt (II) chloride complex is more active in exidation of NADH. The tris (o-phenantroline) cobolt (III) perchlorate complex stimulates the respiratory activity of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Possible localization of the effect of this complex was postulated. The (o-phenantroline) copper chloride complex completely inhibits the succinate-dependent respiration of submitochondrial particles and causes disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.", "contents": "[Effect of cobalt and copper complexes with o-phenanthroline on the respiratory activity of mitochondria]. The effects of cobalt and copper complexes with o-phenantroline on the respiratory activity of mitochondria from pea sprouts and submitochondrial particles from bovine heart and on the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria were studied. The catalytic activity of the complexes in several components of the respiratory chain autooxidation reactions was investigated. It was shown that the bis (o-phenantroline) cobalt (II) chloride complex is more active in exidation of NADH. The tris (o-phenantroline) cobolt (III) perchlorate complex stimulates the respiratory activity of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Possible localization of the effect of this complex was postulated. The (o-phenantroline) copper chloride complex completely inhibits the succinate-dependent respiration of submitochondrial particles and causes disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.", "PMID": 497283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3360", "title": "[Comparison of reactivities or uridine- and cytidine-2',3'-cyclophosphates as donors and uridine and cytidine as acceptors of phosphate under dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis catalyzed by RNAase A].", "content": "In order to determine the relative activity of pyrimidine nucleoside-2',3'-cyclophosphates as donors and nucleosides as acceptors of phosphate in the reaction of the internucleotide bond formation catalyzed by RNAase A (EC 3.4.1.22), a comparative synthesis of dinucleoside monophosphates UpU, UpC, CpU and CpC at three different enzyme concentrations (20, 40 and 70 mkg/ml) and two temperatures (0 degrees and -15 degrees) was carried out. The conversion rate of donor (U greater than p and C greater than p) during the synthesis and in the competitive reaction of hydrolysis strongly depends on the type of acceptor activity as compared to uridine. Based on the data of synthesis and simultaneous hydrolysis of U greater than p and C greater than p it may be concluded that in the both cases the latter donor is more reactive. The approaches to the determination of the substrate activity of the donors and acceptors for the evaluation of optimal conditions of the dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis depending on the donor--acceptor combination are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of reactivities or uridine- and cytidine-2',3'-cyclophosphates as donors and uridine and cytidine as acceptors of phosphate under dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis catalyzed by RNAase A]. In order to determine the relative activity of pyrimidine nucleoside-2',3'-cyclophosphates as donors and nucleosides as acceptors of phosphate in the reaction of the internucleotide bond formation catalyzed by RNAase A (EC 3.4.1.22), a comparative synthesis of dinucleoside monophosphates UpU, UpC, CpU and CpC at three different enzyme concentrations (20, 40 and 70 mkg/ml) and two temperatures (0 degrees and -15 degrees) was carried out. The conversion rate of donor (U greater than p and C greater than p) during the synthesis and in the competitive reaction of hydrolysis strongly depends on the type of acceptor activity as compared to uridine. Based on the data of synthesis and simultaneous hydrolysis of U greater than p and C greater than p it may be concluded that in the both cases the latter donor is more reactive. The approaches to the determination of the substrate activity of the donors and acceptors for the evaluation of optimal conditions of the dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis depending on the donor--acceptor combination are discussed.", "PMID": 497284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3361", "title": "[Mechanism of interaction between milk xanthine oxidase and p-chloromercuribenzoate. Properties of the purified enzyme].", "content": "Two types of complexes are formed during the interaction of xanthine oxidase with p-chloromercurybenzoate (pCMB). The reversible inactive complex (presumably of absorption nature) is formed practically instantaneously and competitively with regard to the substrate (Ki=6,2 . 10(-8) M) in 0,05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7,8, 25 degrees) and does not involve the fast-reacting SH-groups of the enzyme. Reactivation of xanthine oxidase is observed during prolonged incubation of the inactive complex at 0 degrees; it is associated with the interaction between pCMB and the fact-reacting SH-groups. This interaction results in a dissociation of the inactive complex. The blocking of the slow-reacting SH-groups is accompanied by an irreversible loss of the xanthine oxidase activity. The enzyme modification by blocking of 10 fast-reacting SH-groups does not involve the Fe-S clusters, but results in local changes in the enzyme conformation. This is manifested in a 2-fold increase of Km and the rate constants of proteolysis of the modified xanthine oxidase as compared to the native enzyme. The rate constants of proteolysis by trypsin for the native and modified enzymes in 0,05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7,8; 37 degrees) are 3,7 . 10(-3) min-1 and 7,0 . 10(-3) min-1, respectively; those for chymotrypsin in the same buffer (30 degrees) are 1,5 . 10(-2) min-1 and 6,0 . 10(-2) min-1, respectively.", "contents": "[Mechanism of interaction between milk xanthine oxidase and p-chloromercuribenzoate. Properties of the purified enzyme]. Two types of complexes are formed during the interaction of xanthine oxidase with p-chloromercurybenzoate (pCMB). The reversible inactive complex (presumably of absorption nature) is formed practically instantaneously and competitively with regard to the substrate (Ki=6,2 . 10(-8) M) in 0,05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7,8, 25 degrees) and does not involve the fast-reacting SH-groups of the enzyme. Reactivation of xanthine oxidase is observed during prolonged incubation of the inactive complex at 0 degrees; it is associated with the interaction between pCMB and the fact-reacting SH-groups. This interaction results in a dissociation of the inactive complex. The blocking of the slow-reacting SH-groups is accompanied by an irreversible loss of the xanthine oxidase activity. The enzyme modification by blocking of 10 fast-reacting SH-groups does not involve the Fe-S clusters, but results in local changes in the enzyme conformation. This is manifested in a 2-fold increase of Km and the rate constants of proteolysis of the modified xanthine oxidase as compared to the native enzyme. The rate constants of proteolysis by trypsin for the native and modified enzymes in 0,05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7,8; 37 degrees) are 3,7 . 10(-3) min-1 and 7,0 . 10(-3) min-1, respectively; those for chymotrypsin in the same buffer (30 degrees) are 1,5 . 10(-2) min-1 and 6,0 . 10(-2) min-1, respectively.", "PMID": 497285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3362", "title": "[Secondary structure of RNA secreted by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells].", "content": "The RNA, secreted by the cells of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma stimulates the inoculability and growth of the tumour. It contains double-helical regions, is resistable to the effects of pancreatic RNAse, has a melting point at 74 degrees and is eluted from the hydroxylapatite column by 0,25 M phosphate buffer. During its interaction with ethidium bromide the RNA increases the fluorescence of the dye. The amount of double-helical regions in the RNA makes up to 60%. These double-helical regions are formed in the carcinoma-secreted RNA due to RNA self-supercoiling. This was demonstrated by fluorescence studies of the RNA-ethidium bromide complex under various RNA denaturation and renaturation conditions.", "contents": "[Secondary structure of RNA secreted by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells]. The RNA, secreted by the cells of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma stimulates the inoculability and growth of the tumour. It contains double-helical regions, is resistable to the effects of pancreatic RNAse, has a melting point at 74 degrees and is eluted from the hydroxylapatite column by 0,25 M phosphate buffer. During its interaction with ethidium bromide the RNA increases the fluorescence of the dye. The amount of double-helical regions in the RNA makes up to 60%. These double-helical regions are formed in the carcinoma-secreted RNA due to RNA self-supercoiling. This was demonstrated by fluorescence studies of the RNA-ethidium bromide complex under various RNA denaturation and renaturation conditions.", "PMID": 497286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3363", "title": "[Methylation of newly synthesized DNA in mouse fibroblast culture].", "content": "After a 10 min- or more prolonged incubation of transformed mouse fibroblasts (L.-cells) with [3H]-thymidine or [3H-methyl]-methionine and a subsequent centrifugation of cell lysates in an alkaline sucrose gradient the DNA radioactivity is detected in long (28, 33 and 45S) and short (5, 13 and 18S) fragments. An increase in cell concentration in the cultural layer results in inhibition of 5S fragments linkage rather than in inhibition of their synthesis. The blocking of the Okazaki fragment linkage may be regarded as one of the inhibitory molecular mechanisms of cell depletion. Both in the case of normal and suppressed (by 99%) replication by arabofuranosylcytosine [3H]-thymidine and [3H-5-methyl] cytosine are detected in the Okazaki fragments (5S) as well as in some discrete lower molecular weight fractions (lesser than 5S) of newly synthesized DNA. Thus, replicative methylation of DNA in the fibroblasts occurs in the replicative fork during DNA synthesis and the functioning DNA methylase is an indispensable component of the replicative complex. The methylation of Okazaki fragments is non-chaotic and has a specificity other than that of total DNA. This may be due to the multiplicity and different specificity of nuclear DNA-methylases. Thus, there exist in animal cells replicative and post-replicative methylation of DNA, which may differ in the nature of substrates and enzymes, in specificity of recognizable sequences and in their functional significanse.", "contents": "[Methylation of newly synthesized DNA in mouse fibroblast culture]. After a 10 min- or more prolonged incubation of transformed mouse fibroblasts (L.-cells) with [3H]-thymidine or [3H-methyl]-methionine and a subsequent centrifugation of cell lysates in an alkaline sucrose gradient the DNA radioactivity is detected in long (28, 33 and 45S) and short (5, 13 and 18S) fragments. An increase in cell concentration in the cultural layer results in inhibition of 5S fragments linkage rather than in inhibition of their synthesis. The blocking of the Okazaki fragment linkage may be regarded as one of the inhibitory molecular mechanisms of cell depletion. Both in the case of normal and suppressed (by 99%) replication by arabofuranosylcytosine [3H]-thymidine and [3H-5-methyl] cytosine are detected in the Okazaki fragments (5S) as well as in some discrete lower molecular weight fractions (lesser than 5S) of newly synthesized DNA. Thus, replicative methylation of DNA in the fibroblasts occurs in the replicative fork during DNA synthesis and the functioning DNA methylase is an indispensable component of the replicative complex. The methylation of Okazaki fragments is non-chaotic and has a specificity other than that of total DNA. This may be due to the multiplicity and different specificity of nuclear DNA-methylases. Thus, there exist in animal cells replicative and post-replicative methylation of DNA, which may differ in the nature of substrates and enzymes, in specificity of recognizable sequences and in their functional significanse.", "PMID": 497287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3364", "title": "[Study of heterogeneity of the chromatin endonuclease fragment by free flow electrophoresis].", "content": "The oligomer chromatin fragments relatively uniform in size (8--11 nucleosomes) were prepared by a short-term endonycleolysis. The heterogeneity of these fragments with respect to their electrophoretic mobility was revealed using free flow electrophoresis. The individual fragmentated chromatin subfractions were obtained. These subfractions differed in their protein and RNA content per DNA weight unit, in quantitative ratios of different zones of high molecular weight non-histone proteins and in thermal and alkaline denaturation kinetics. It was also found that the parameters investigated are correlated with electronegativeity of the fragmentated chromatin subfractions.", "contents": "[Study of heterogeneity of the chromatin endonuclease fragment by free flow electrophoresis]. The oligomer chromatin fragments relatively uniform in size (8--11 nucleosomes) were prepared by a short-term endonycleolysis. The heterogeneity of these fragments with respect to their electrophoretic mobility was revealed using free flow electrophoresis. The individual fragmentated chromatin subfractions were obtained. These subfractions differed in their protein and RNA content per DNA weight unit, in quantitative ratios of different zones of high molecular weight non-histone proteins and in thermal and alkaline denaturation kinetics. It was also found that the parameters investigated are correlated with electronegativeity of the fragmentated chromatin subfractions.", "PMID": 497288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3365", "title": "[Activity of enzymes of nucleic acid metabolism in rat liver nuclei under induction of RNA synthesis by electric stimulation of hypothalamus].", "content": "Electrostimulation of hypothalamus results in an increase of RNA synthesis of the AU-type in liver cells of intact and adrenalectomized rats. No such effect is observed in the animals with denervated liver. An increase in RNA synthesis is accompanied by an increase in the activities of RNA-polymerases II and III and histone hydrolase and a decrease in the activities of RNAse and DNAse. The mechanisms of the effect of the nervous system on the activities of the nucleic acid metabolism enzymes are discussed.", "contents": "[Activity of enzymes of nucleic acid metabolism in rat liver nuclei under induction of RNA synthesis by electric stimulation of hypothalamus]. Electrostimulation of hypothalamus results in an increase of RNA synthesis of the AU-type in liver cells of intact and adrenalectomized rats. No such effect is observed in the animals with denervated liver. An increase in RNA synthesis is accompanied by an increase in the activities of RNA-polymerases II and III and histone hydrolase and a decrease in the activities of RNAse and DNAse. The mechanisms of the effect of the nervous system on the activities of the nucleic acid metabolism enzymes are discussed.", "PMID": 497289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3366", "title": "[Inhibitors of cathepsin R (ribosomal proteinase). Polyamines as natural inhibitors of the proteinase].", "content": "The effects of potential inhibitors on the activity of neutral ribosomal proteinase--cathepsis R--were studied. It was found that cathepsin R belongs to the group of serine enzymes. The polyamines spermine and spermidine, which are inherently present in the ribosomes, are natural reversible inhibitors of cathepsin R. Upon separation of the enzyme from the inhibitors the proteinase displays a high activity. The effects of polyamines on the proteinase activity may either be direct or mediated via RNA. The enzyme activity can also be controlled by amino acids. Approximately 2/3 of cathepsis R were found in a latent state.", "contents": "[Inhibitors of cathepsin R (ribosomal proteinase). Polyamines as natural inhibitors of the proteinase]. The effects of potential inhibitors on the activity of neutral ribosomal proteinase--cathepsis R--were studied. It was found that cathepsin R belongs to the group of serine enzymes. The polyamines spermine and spermidine, which are inherently present in the ribosomes, are natural reversible inhibitors of cathepsin R. Upon separation of the enzyme from the inhibitors the proteinase displays a high activity. The effects of polyamines on the proteinase activity may either be direct or mediated via RNA. The enzyme activity can also be controlled by amino acids. Approximately 2/3 of cathepsis R were found in a latent state.", "PMID": 497290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3367", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of insulin modified on phenylalanine of chain B].", "content": "Lysyl and tetralysyl derivatives of insulin on phenylalanine of chain B were synthesized. The effects of modifications on the spatial structure and biological properties of the hormone were studied. It was found that an increase in the length of the modifier leads to a distortion of the hormone spatial structure resulting in a decrease of its biological activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of insulin modified on phenylalanine of chain B]. Lysyl and tetralysyl derivatives of insulin on phenylalanine of chain B were synthesized. The effects of modifications on the spatial structure and biological properties of the hormone were studied. It was found that an increase in the length of the modifier leads to a distortion of the hormone spatial structure resulting in a decrease of its biological activity.", "PMID": 497291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3368", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of products of wall-eyed pollock and bovine rhodopsins fragmented by papain].", "content": "Fragmentation of wall-eyed pollock and bovine rhodopsins by papain in the photoreceptor membrane was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. A scheme of step-wise rhodopsin proteolysis is presented. The molecular weights and localization of the carbohydrate and chromophore components of the fragments formed were determined. The data obtained suggest that the photoreceptor membranes of both rhodopsins contain three sites accessible to water environment and are indicative of topographical similarity of the rhodopsins.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of products of wall-eyed pollock and bovine rhodopsins fragmented by papain]. Fragmentation of wall-eyed pollock and bovine rhodopsins by papain in the photoreceptor membrane was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. A scheme of step-wise rhodopsin proteolysis is presented. The molecular weights and localization of the carbohydrate and chromophore components of the fragments formed were determined. The data obtained suggest that the photoreceptor membranes of both rhodopsins contain three sites accessible to water environment and are indicative of topographical similarity of the rhodopsins.", "PMID": 497292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3369", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the destroying effects of prednisolone and irradiation of lymphoid cells].", "content": "The hormone-induced and post-irradiation changes in the molecular weight of a single-stranded DNA (SSDNA) in alkaline nuclear lysates and the activities of DNAses and pyknotic nuclei from rat thymocytes were studied. It was shown that 1 hr after injection of prednisolone (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) the molecular weight of SSDNA in the lymphoid organs is decreased with a subsequent increase by the 6th hour. The hormone-induced degradation of DNA is not accompanied by any marked increase in the activities of DNAses or by an appearance of pykotic nuclei in the thymocytes. The irradiation of the animals at a dose of 900 R leads to an irreversible decrease of the molecular weight of SSDNA in the lymphoid organs, to a steady increase of the DNAse activity and a sharp increase of the amount of pyknotic nuclei in the thymocytes. Studies on the mechanism of post-hormonal degradation of DNA in rat thymocytes  in vitro demonstrated that prednisolone exerts its effects on the early and late stages of DNA degradation.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the destroying effects of prednisolone and irradiation of lymphoid cells]. The hormone-induced and post-irradiation changes in the molecular weight of a single-stranded DNA (SSDNA) in alkaline nuclear lysates and the activities of DNAses and pyknotic nuclei from rat thymocytes were studied. It was shown that 1 hr after injection of prednisolone (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) the molecular weight of SSDNA in the lymphoid organs is decreased with a subsequent increase by the 6th hour. The hormone-induced degradation of DNA is not accompanied by any marked increase in the activities of DNAses or by an appearance of pykotic nuclei in the thymocytes. The irradiation of the animals at a dose of 900 R leads to an irreversible decrease of the molecular weight of SSDNA in the lymphoid organs, to a steady increase of the DNAse activity and a sharp increase of the amount of pyknotic nuclei in the thymocytes. Studies on the mechanism of post-hormonal degradation of DNA in rat thymocytes  in vitro demonstrated that prednisolone exerts its effects on the early and late stages of DNA degradation.", "PMID": 497293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3370", "title": "[Multi-component system of estrogen binding proteins from the liver: characterization of binding properties of high molecular weight protein from rat liver similar to uterine estradiol receptors].", "content": "A comparative study of the hormonal specificity of the affinity, the equilibrium association constant (Ka) and the kinetics of [3H]-estradiol (3H-E2) interaction with high molecular weight specifically binding E2 proteins from liver cytosol of male and female rats and with uterine estrogen receptors was carried out. The hormonal specificity of the affinity for the E2-binding proteins from the three sources was found to be similar, i.e. only the compounds possessing the estrogen activity competed with 3H-E2 for the binding sites. The values of the apparent equilibrium constants (Ka) for the proteins from male rat liver and female rat liver and uterus were equal to (6,6 +/- 1,2) . 10(9) M-1, (7,4 +/- 0,9) . 10(9) M-1 and (11,2 +/- 2,3) . 10(9) M-1, respectively. The dissociation kinetics of the 3H-E2--protein complexes from the three tissues at 0--4 degrees were two-phase: during the first 8--12 hours the dissociation processes were characterized by the dissociation rate constants (k-1) equal to (4--5) . 10(-5) S-1; then the k-1 values were decreased approximately by one order of magnitude. The kinetics of 3H-E2 association with the three types of proteins are presumably two-phase as well. During the first 10--15 min the association process can be characterized by association rate constants equal to (8--27). .10(5 M-1 S-1; then these values decreased about 4-fold. The data obtained suggest that the high molecular weight estrogen--binding proteins from different tissues are similar in their E2-binding properties on the one hand, and may be interpreted as evidence for the heterogeneity of the populations of E2-binding proteins in various tissues, on the other.", "contents": "[Multi-component system of estrogen binding proteins from the liver: characterization of binding properties of high molecular weight protein from rat liver similar to uterine estradiol receptors]. A comparative study of the hormonal specificity of the affinity, the equilibrium association constant (Ka) and the kinetics of [3H]-estradiol (3H-E2) interaction with high molecular weight specifically binding E2 proteins from liver cytosol of male and female rats and with uterine estrogen receptors was carried out. The hormonal specificity of the affinity for the E2-binding proteins from the three sources was found to be similar, i.e. only the compounds possessing the estrogen activity competed with 3H-E2 for the binding sites. The values of the apparent equilibrium constants (Ka) for the proteins from male rat liver and female rat liver and uterus were equal to (6,6 +/- 1,2) . 10(9) M-1, (7,4 +/- 0,9) . 10(9) M-1 and (11,2 +/- 2,3) . 10(9) M-1, respectively. The dissociation kinetics of the 3H-E2--protein complexes from the three tissues at 0--4 degrees were two-phase: during the first 8--12 hours the dissociation processes were characterized by the dissociation rate constants (k-1) equal to (4--5) . 10(-5) S-1; then the k-1 values were decreased approximately by one order of magnitude. The kinetics of 3H-E2 association with the three types of proteins are presumably two-phase as well. During the first 10--15 min the association process can be characterized by association rate constants equal to (8--27). .10(5 M-1 S-1; then these values decreased about 4-fold. The data obtained suggest that the high molecular weight estrogen--binding proteins from different tissues are similar in their E2-binding properties on the one hand, and may be interpreted as evidence for the heterogeneity of the populations of E2-binding proteins in various tissues, on the other.", "PMID": 497294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3371", "title": "[Biosynthesis of rat hemoglobin fractions under normal and increased erythropoiesis].", "content": "Studies of erythroid elements of hematopoietic organs and peripheric blood and bone marrow cell populations fractionated by precipitation in an albumin density gradient and synchronized by actinomycin D revealed that the rate of synthesis of individual haemoglobin fractions in the course of erythropoiesis is changed. The proliferating cells are characterized by a predominant accumulation of haemoglobin in fractions with beta c-and in the maturing cells--with beta b-chains. The radioactivity in the whole population of hematopoietic organs under phenylhydrazine anemia is mainly increased in the beta c-chains, whereas under the effects of erythropoietic factors (erythropoietin, animal sera)--that of beta b-chains is increased. In early erythroblasts the erythropoietic factors activate the formation of beta c-chains and in late ones--that of beta b-chains. Similar time dependence was observed in case of synthesis and activation of alpha b- and alpha a-chains. The specific cell responses in the erythroid series of bone marrow, spleen and blood to the effects of erythropoietic factors and anemia were established. The molecular mechanisms involved in the switch-over of the synthesis of various haemoglobin chains are discussed.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of rat hemoglobin fractions under normal and increased erythropoiesis]. Studies of erythroid elements of hematopoietic organs and peripheric blood and bone marrow cell populations fractionated by precipitation in an albumin density gradient and synchronized by actinomycin D revealed that the rate of synthesis of individual haemoglobin fractions in the course of erythropoiesis is changed. The proliferating cells are characterized by a predominant accumulation of haemoglobin in fractions with beta c-and in the maturing cells--with beta b-chains. The radioactivity in the whole population of hematopoietic organs under phenylhydrazine anemia is mainly increased in the beta c-chains, whereas under the effects of erythropoietic factors (erythropoietin, animal sera)--that of beta b-chains is increased. In early erythroblasts the erythropoietic factors activate the formation of beta c-chains and in late ones--that of beta b-chains. Similar time dependence was observed in case of synthesis and activation of alpha b- and alpha a-chains. The specific cell responses in the erythroid series of bone marrow, spleen and blood to the effects of erythropoietic factors and anemia were established. The molecular mechanisms involved in the switch-over of the synthesis of various haemoglobin chains are discussed.", "PMID": 497295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3372", "title": "[Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase activity of subcellular fractions of cerebral cortex].", "content": "The total activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of myelin, synaptic membranes, heavy and light synaptosomes, mitochondria and soluble fractions of rat cerebral cortex was studied. It was found that the highest activity of the enzymes is localized in the fractions of synaptic membranes and heavy and light synaptosomes and is practically absent in the myelin fraction. The specific activity of the total aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase fraction in the soluble fraction is 2 times as low as compared to the synaptic membranes and light and heavy synaptosomes.", "contents": "[Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase activity of subcellular fractions of cerebral cortex]. The total activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of myelin, synaptic membranes, heavy and light synaptosomes, mitochondria and soluble fractions of rat cerebral cortex was studied. It was found that the highest activity of the enzymes is localized in the fractions of synaptic membranes and heavy and light synaptosomes and is practically absent in the myelin fraction. The specific activity of the total aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase fraction in the soluble fraction is 2 times as low as compared to the synaptic membranes and light and heavy synaptosomes.", "PMID": 497296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3373", "title": "[Activation of factor XIII by beta-thrombin].", "content": "It was found that similar to alpha-thrombin, beta-thrombin (possessing a high esterase and only a trace coagulating activities) converts plasmic transglutaminase (factor XIII) into its active form, thus promoting stabilization of fibrin. Activation of pure and plasmic preparations of factor XIII after incubation with beta-thrombin was observed in vitro. alpha-Thrombin at concentration corresponding to the trace coagulating activity of beta-thrombin had no activating effects. An intravenous injection of beta-thrombin to animals with aminazine-inhibited anticoagulating system reflectory arc resulted in an increase of factor XIII activity in the same way as was observed in vitro. On the other hand, an intravenous injection of beta-thrombin to intact animals did not increase factor XIII activity, which may be accounted for by a decrease in the level of factor XIII due to activation of the anticoagulating system.", "contents": "[Activation of factor XIII by beta-thrombin]. It was found that similar to alpha-thrombin, beta-thrombin (possessing a high esterase and only a trace coagulating activities) converts plasmic transglutaminase (factor XIII) into its active form, thus promoting stabilization of fibrin. Activation of pure and plasmic preparations of factor XIII after incubation with beta-thrombin was observed in vitro. alpha-Thrombin at concentration corresponding to the trace coagulating activity of beta-thrombin had no activating effects. An intravenous injection of beta-thrombin to animals with aminazine-inhibited anticoagulating system reflectory arc resulted in an increase of factor XIII activity in the same way as was observed in vitro. On the other hand, an intravenous injection of beta-thrombin to intact animals did not increase factor XIII activity, which may be accounted for by a decrease in the level of factor XIII due to activation of the anticoagulating system.", "PMID": 497297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3374", "title": "Differences of cerebral lateralization among schizophrenic and depressed patients.", "content": "Conjugate lateral eye movements (LEMs) have been used as a measure of contralateral frontal hemisphere activation when individuals carry out reflective tasks. In a previous study, schizophrenics were noted to produce significantly more R-LEMs than controls suggesting that they use the left hemisphere in general more often than controls when initiating thought. More specifically, schizophrenics initiated thought on spatial emotional material in their left hemisphere more often than normals. In an effort to replicate these findings, the present study contrasted a new sample of 13 schizophrenics first with the original schizophrenic sample, and then with 13 psychotic depressives, and the original controls. In addition, other group comparisons are reported. The data obtained replicate the original findings of increased R-LEM (i.e., increased left hemisphere activity) and the excessive processing of spatial and to a lesser extent emotional material in the left hemisphere of schizophrenics. Psychotic depressives were found to initiate reflective tasks more often in their right hemisphere than either schizophrenic or the original sample of normal controls. Significant group differences among schizophrenics, normal controls, and psychotically depressed patients were obtained. The data are consistent with emerging concepts of a left hemisphere locus of disturbance in schizophrenia and right hemisphere disturbances in affective disorders.", "contents": "Differences of cerebral lateralization among schizophrenic and depressed patients. Conjugate lateral eye movements (LEMs) have been used as a measure of contralateral frontal hemisphere activation when individuals carry out reflective tasks. In a previous study, schizophrenics were noted to produce significantly more R-LEMs than controls suggesting that they use the left hemisphere in general more often than controls when initiating thought. More specifically, schizophrenics initiated thought on spatial emotional material in their left hemisphere more often than normals. In an effort to replicate these findings, the present study contrasted a new sample of 13 schizophrenics first with the original schizophrenic sample, and then with 13 psychotic depressives, and the original controls. In addition, other group comparisons are reported. The data obtained replicate the original findings of increased R-LEM (i.e., increased left hemisphere activity) and the excessive processing of spatial and to a lesser extent emotional material in the left hemisphere of schizophrenics. Psychotic depressives were found to initiate reflective tasks more often in their right hemisphere than either schizophrenic or the original sample of normal controls. Significant group differences among schizophrenics, normal controls, and psychotically depressed patients were obtained. The data are consistent with emerging concepts of a left hemisphere locus of disturbance in schizophrenia and right hemisphere disturbances in affective disorders.", "PMID": 497301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3375", "title": "Callosal transfer and left-hand anomia in schizophrenia.", "content": "The theory of callosal failure in schizophrenia is examined using the test for left-hand anomia. It is argued that if the corpus callosum is affected in schizophrenia with consequent difficulty of transmission between the two sides of the brain, a greater number of left-hand errors should be found in producing the names of objects held by that hand because the speech area of the left hemisphere is no longer available for the description of the perceptions of the left hand. The findings support this view and they confirm the communication failures of the brain related to callosal disturbance.", "contents": "Callosal transfer and left-hand anomia in schizophrenia. The theory of callosal failure in schizophrenia is examined using the test for left-hand anomia. It is argued that if the corpus callosum is affected in schizophrenia with consequent difficulty of transmission between the two sides of the brain, a greater number of left-hand errors should be found in producing the names of objects held by that hand because the speech area of the left hemisphere is no longer available for the description of the perceptions of the left hand. The findings support this view and they confirm the communication failures of the brain related to callosal disturbance.", "PMID": 497302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3376", "title": "A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate.", "content": "A small sample of six patients with the putative \"hyperkinetic syndrome\" participated in a research protocol comparing administration of pyridoxine, methylphenidate, and placeboes. The children had had low whole blood serotonin levels and a history of previous responsiveness to methylphenidate. The results of the double-blind clinical evaluation showed trends suggesting that both pyridoxine and methylphenidate were more effective than placebo in suppressing the symptoms of hyperkinesis. Pyridoxine elevated whole-blood serotonin levels, methylphenidate did not. Clinical and laboratory evidence indicated that the pyridoxine effects persisted after the 3-week period when the vitamin had been given in this experimental design.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. A small sample of six patients with the putative \"hyperkinetic syndrome\" participated in a research protocol comparing administration of pyridoxine, methylphenidate, and placeboes. The children had had low whole blood serotonin levels and a history of previous responsiveness to methylphenidate. The results of the double-blind clinical evaluation showed trends suggesting that both pyridoxine and methylphenidate were more effective than placebo in suppressing the symptoms of hyperkinesis. Pyridoxine elevated whole-blood serotonin levels, methylphenidate did not. Clinical and laboratory evidence indicated that the pyridoxine effects persisted after the 3-week period when the vitamin had been given in this experimental design.", "PMID": 497303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3377", "title": "Memory complaint after electroconvulsive therapy: assessment with a new self-rating instrument.", "content": "Memory complaints before bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 1 week after ECT, and 6 months after ECT were assessed in 35 patients using a newly developed self-rating scale. Memory complaints that occurred 1 week after ECT differed quantitatively and qualitatively from memory complaints that occurred before ECT. Six months later, memory complaints qualitatively resembled the complaints reported 1 week after ECT and differed sharply from those reported before ECT. It was suggested that a patient's impression of his memory is altered by bilateral ECT and that this altered impression persists in gradually diminishing form for at least 6 months after a typical course of treatment. Since the self-rating instrument used here appeared to differentiate between memory complaints associated with depression (before ECT) and memory complaints associated with amnesia (1 week after ECT), this instrument may be useful in a variety of settings where there is interest in human memory function.", "contents": "Memory complaint after electroconvulsive therapy: assessment with a new self-rating instrument. Memory complaints before bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 1 week after ECT, and 6 months after ECT were assessed in 35 patients using a newly developed self-rating scale. Memory complaints that occurred 1 week after ECT differed quantitatively and qualitatively from memory complaints that occurred before ECT. Six months later, memory complaints qualitatively resembled the complaints reported 1 week after ECT and differed sharply from those reported before ECT. It was suggested that a patient's impression of his memory is altered by bilateral ECT and that this altered impression persists in gradually diminishing form for at least 6 months after a typical course of treatment. Since the self-rating instrument used here appeared to differentiate between memory complaints associated with depression (before ECT) and memory complaints associated with amnesia (1 week after ECT), this instrument may be useful in a variety of settings where there is interest in human memory function.", "PMID": 497304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3378", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of motor neurons in psychotic patients.", "content": "The pattern of distribution of intramuscular nerve twigs was studied in muscle biopsies of peroneus brevis muscle from 62 schizophrenic and affective psychotic patients, and 8 normal control volunteers. Using methylene blue staining, the incidence of abnormally increased collateral branching was significantly greater in the patient population compared with normal controls. Paranoid psychotic patients had significantly higher values for branching than did non-paranoid schizophrenics. Abnormal branching was also correlated with excessive percentages of small angular muscle fibers. There was a significant relationship between increased branching and a positive family history of psychosis. The findings are suggestive of a process of neuronal degeneration followed by compensatory regeneration in some psychotic patients.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of motor neurons in psychotic patients. The pattern of distribution of intramuscular nerve twigs was studied in muscle biopsies of peroneus brevis muscle from 62 schizophrenic and affective psychotic patients, and 8 normal control volunteers. Using methylene blue staining, the incidence of abnormally increased collateral branching was significantly greater in the patient population compared with normal controls. Paranoid psychotic patients had significantly higher values for branching than did non-paranoid schizophrenics. Abnormal branching was also correlated with excessive percentages of small angular muscle fibers. There was a significant relationship between increased branching and a positive family history of psychosis. The findings are suggestive of a process of neuronal degeneration followed by compensatory regeneration in some psychotic patients.", "PMID": 497305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3379", "title": "Lithium-induced hypothyroidism and thyroiditis.", "content": "Patients with a preexisting thyroiditis may be particularly susceptible to a rapid onset of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. The evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed and a case report illustrating this phenomena is presented.", "contents": "Lithium-induced hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. Patients with a preexisting thyroiditis may be particularly susceptible to a rapid onset of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. The evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed and a case report illustrating this phenomena is presented.", "PMID": 497306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3380", "title": "Hyponatremic seizures in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Thirty-four cases of hyponatremic seizures occurring in psychiatric patients as a result of self-induced water intoxication are reviewed. Clinical and pathophysiological correlates of the condition are outlined.", "contents": "Hyponatremic seizures in psychiatric patients. Thirty-four cases of hyponatremic seizures occurring in psychiatric patients as a result of self-induced water intoxication are reviewed. Clinical and pathophysiological correlates of the condition are outlined.", "PMID": 497307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3381", "title": "A factor-analytic examination of the unitary OR concept.", "content": "Recent studies have generated a four-system structure proposed as a replacement for Sokolov's unitary OR concept. This conceptualisation developed from a logical consideration of stimulus--response relationships based upon mean response magnitudes over subjects, and paid no attention to individual response types. It is conceivable that no individual subject exhibited responses compatible with such a formulation. This paper addressed that problem by using factor analysis as a means of descriptively summarising the data of each subject, and examining its compatibility with both unitary and four-system structures. Of 72 subjects, none exhibited a factor structure compatible with Sokolov's unitary concept, while 70 exhibited structures compatible with the four-system structure. These results support the validity of the structure proposed to replace the unitary OR.", "contents": "A factor-analytic examination of the unitary OR concept. Recent studies have generated a four-system structure proposed as a replacement for Sokolov's unitary OR concept. This conceptualisation developed from a logical consideration of stimulus--response relationships based upon mean response magnitudes over subjects, and paid no attention to individual response types. It is conceivable that no individual subject exhibited responses compatible with such a formulation. This paper addressed that problem by using factor analysis as a means of descriptively summarising the data of each subject, and examining its compatibility with both unitary and four-system structures. Of 72 subjects, none exhibited a factor structure compatible with Sokolov's unitary concept, while 70 exhibited structures compatible with the four-system structure. These results support the validity of the structure proposed to replace the unitary OR.", "PMID": 497310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3382", "title": "Plasma glucose and lactic acid alterations in response to a stressful exam.", "content": "Changes in lactic acid and plasma glucose levels as a function of examination stress were measured using a 'pinprick' blood sampling method. Blood samples were obtained from 12 subjects at each of four times, one week prior to the exam, within 15 min pre-exam, within 15 min post-exam, and three weeks after the exam. Glucose was significantly elevated pre-exam over control times and decreased significantly from before to after the exam. Lactic acid was significantly elevated pre-exam over control times and increased significantly before to after the exam. It is suggested that changes in the levels of these metabolites in the blood are indicative of stress levels. Self-ratings of 'nervousness' were not significantly correlated with either pre-exam glucose or pre-exam lactic acid.", "contents": "Plasma glucose and lactic acid alterations in response to a stressful exam. Changes in lactic acid and plasma glucose levels as a function of examination stress were measured using a 'pinprick' blood sampling method. Blood samples were obtained from 12 subjects at each of four times, one week prior to the exam, within 15 min pre-exam, within 15 min post-exam, and three weeks after the exam. Glucose was significantly elevated pre-exam over control times and decreased significantly from before to after the exam. Lactic acid was significantly elevated pre-exam over control times and increased significantly before to after the exam. It is suggested that changes in the levels of these metabolites in the blood are indicative of stress levels. Self-ratings of 'nervousness' were not significantly correlated with either pre-exam glucose or pre-exam lactic acid.", "PMID": 497311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3383", "title": "The influence of visual information on habituation of the electrodermal and the visual orienting reaction.", "content": "In this study the influence of the information value of visual stimuli on habituation of the visual orienting reaction (VOR) and the skin conductance reaction (SCR) was investigated. 28 subjects received two blocks of 14 trials. Half the subjects received the higher information condition first and then the lower information, the other half received the conditions in the reversed order. Subjects fixated the stimuli with the higher information value longer than the stimuli with the lower information value during the 14 trials and habituated slower. This effect of information was absent in the second block and VOR habituation was also faster in this block. There was no difference in SCR amplitudes nor in SCR habituation scores between the two information conditions, neither in block 1 nor in block 2. The results of this study are discussed in relation with a two-stage model of the OR.", "contents": "The influence of visual information on habituation of the electrodermal and the visual orienting reaction. In this study the influence of the information value of visual stimuli on habituation of the visual orienting reaction (VOR) and the skin conductance reaction (SCR) was investigated. 28 subjects received two blocks of 14 trials. Half the subjects received the higher information condition first and then the lower information, the other half received the conditions in the reversed order. Subjects fixated the stimuli with the higher information value longer than the stimuli with the lower information value during the 14 trials and habituated slower. This effect of information was absent in the second block and VOR habituation was also faster in this block. There was no difference in SCR amplitudes nor in SCR habituation scores between the two information conditions, neither in block 1 nor in block 2. The results of this study are discussed in relation with a two-stage model of the OR.", "PMID": 497312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3384", "title": "The discrimination of blood pressure fluctuations.", "content": "Two studies are described in which volunteers were trained to distinguish between displays contingent on or independent of blood pressure fluctuations. The latter were monitored with pulse transit time (TT). In Experiment 1, subjects were required to choose between TV displays that either reflected instantaneous TT or variations recorded a few minutes earlier in the session. Accurate discrimination was rapidly acquired. In Study 2, the choice was between signals dependent on TT or interbeat interval. Only one out of six subjects was successful. In both cases, associations between display fluctuations and respiratory activity were employed by subjects for distinguishing signal origin. The use of contingency discrimination strategies for assessing cardiovascular perception is discussed.", "contents": "The discrimination of blood pressure fluctuations. Two studies are described in which volunteers were trained to distinguish between displays contingent on or independent of blood pressure fluctuations. The latter were monitored with pulse transit time (TT). In Experiment 1, subjects were required to choose between TV displays that either reflected instantaneous TT or variations recorded a few minutes earlier in the session. Accurate discrimination was rapidly acquired. In Study 2, the choice was between signals dependent on TT or interbeat interval. Only one out of six subjects was successful. In both cases, associations between display fluctuations and respiratory activity were employed by subjects for distinguishing signal origin. The use of contingency discrimination strategies for assessing cardiovascular perception is discussed.", "PMID": 497313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3385", "title": "The terminal CNV and stimulus discriminability in motor and sensory tasks.", "content": "Slow EEG potentials were recorded during the foreperiod of a signal detection task which involved different levels of discrimination difficulty. The subject was required to react to S2 as quickly as possible or to delay his response by 1 s. It was found that the contingent negative variation (CNV) was attenuated when no speeded response was required and that larger amplitudes preceded the easy rather than the difficult discrimination. In addition, no differences were found between correct and incorrect detections. On these grounds it is concluded that the CNV is not positively correlated with perceptual sensitivity.", "contents": "The terminal CNV and stimulus discriminability in motor and sensory tasks. Slow EEG potentials were recorded during the foreperiod of a signal detection task which involved different levels of discrimination difficulty. The subject was required to react to S2 as quickly as possible or to delay his response by 1 s. It was found that the contingent negative variation (CNV) was attenuated when no speeded response was required and that larger amplitudes preceded the easy rather than the difficult discrimination. In addition, no differences were found between correct and incorrect detections. On these grounds it is concluded that the CNV is not positively correlated with perceptual sensitivity.", "PMID": 497314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3386", "title": "The return to sleep.", "content": "Six young adult subjects were awakened five to eight times per night from stage 2 sleep in a standardized manner for a series of at least 11 non-consecutive nights. After adaptation to the procedure, subjects received placebo, pentobarbital, or flurazepam on two random nights and caffeine on one night. The latency of the return to sleep after each awakening was measured. On placebo nights a characteristic U-shaped curve of latency as a function of time of night was found. Latencies were long shortly after sleep onset but decreased rapidly to about 50 sec before beginning an approximately linear logarithmic increase throughout the rest of the night. The drugs characteristically altered this time course. Pentobarbital decreased latencies in the first half of the night. Flurazepam decreased latencies throughout the night. Caffeine increased latencies during the first half of the night.", "contents": "The return to sleep. Six young adult subjects were awakened five to eight times per night from stage 2 sleep in a standardized manner for a series of at least 11 non-consecutive nights. After adaptation to the procedure, subjects received placebo, pentobarbital, or flurazepam on two random nights and caffeine on one night. The latency of the return to sleep after each awakening was measured. On placebo nights a characteristic U-shaped curve of latency as a function of time of night was found. Latencies were long shortly after sleep onset but decreased rapidly to about 50 sec before beginning an approximately linear logarithmic increase throughout the rest of the night. The drugs characteristically altered this time course. Pentobarbital decreased latencies in the first half of the night. Flurazepam decreased latencies throughout the night. Caffeine increased latencies during the first half of the night.", "PMID": 497315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3387", "title": "Lambda waves associated with offset of saccades: a subject with large lambda waves.", "content": "The temporal relationship between the lambda wave and the saccade was investigated in a subject with large amplitude lambda waves. The peak latency of the lambda wave from onset of the saccade was increased in proportion to increase of the saccade duration while the latency from offset was constant. The result showed that the lambda wave was associated with offset of the saccade rather than onset of it. It is suggested that the lambda wave might be the evoked response elicited by the afferent inflow beginning a fixation.", "contents": "Lambda waves associated with offset of saccades: a subject with large lambda waves. The temporal relationship between the lambda wave and the saccade was investigated in a subject with large amplitude lambda waves. The peak latency of the lambda wave from onset of the saccade was increased in proportion to increase of the saccade duration while the latency from offset was constant. The result showed that the lambda wave was associated with offset of the saccade rather than onset of it. It is suggested that the lambda wave might be the evoked response elicited by the afferent inflow beginning a fixation.", "PMID": 497316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3388", "title": "Statistical methods for classification of human chromosomes.", "content": "The basic technical facts of human cytogenetics and the laboratory methods employed in chromosome research are explained in simple terms. The main variables used to describe chromosome images are defined and discussed. Three discriminant analysis models for chromosome classification are developed: one in which each chromosome is classified in isolation, a modification in which the cell, if normal, contains 2 chromosomes of each of the 23 kinds, and a final one in which the cell is the unit of analysis instead of the chromosome. Suggestions are made to reduce the calculations involved and to take into account missing chromosomes. The problem of detection and classification of aberrative chromosomes is studied, also in relation to multiple cell analysis. Finally four relevant problems are briefly discussed: selection of metaphase spreads, selection of variables, uncertain reference classification and measurement of performance.", "contents": "Statistical methods for classification of human chromosomes. The basic technical facts of human cytogenetics and the laboratory methods employed in chromosome research are explained in simple terms. The main variables used to describe chromosome images are defined and discussed. Three discriminant analysis models for chromosome classification are developed: one in which each chromosome is classified in isolation, a modification in which the cell, if normal, contains 2 chromosomes of each of the 23 kinds, and a final one in which the cell is the unit of analysis instead of the chromosome. Suggestions are made to reduce the calculations involved and to take into account missing chromosomes. The problem of detection and classification of aberrative chromosomes is studied, also in relation to multiple cell analysis. Finally four relevant problems are briefly discussed: selection of metaphase spreads, selection of variables, uncertain reference classification and measurement of performance.", "PMID": 497330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3389", "title": "Some models of genetic selection.", "content": "This paper begins with a description of the classical theory of viability selection in which probabilities that individuals of various genotypes survive are in proportions that do not change with time and are independent of population structure. Salient features of viability selection with one and two loci are reviewed. This theory is intimately connected with the usual theory of mass selection in quantitative genetics. It is well known that the mean of the relative viabilities does not necessarily increase if there is viability selection at more than one locus. It also turns out that if there is selection for fecundity with one locus, the mean fecundity may steadily decrease or oscillate rather than increase. This and the fact that a Hardy-Weinberg structure may no longer exist at any stage of life may have a bearing on predicting progress from artificial selection on reproductive characters. Classical viability selection theory does not completely describe natural selection. Other possibilities are discussed. Among these is the density and frequency dependent selection induced when the population lives in a limited habitat. Implications in quantitative genetics are discussed.", "contents": "Some models of genetic selection. This paper begins with a description of the classical theory of viability selection in which probabilities that individuals of various genotypes survive are in proportions that do not change with time and are independent of population structure. Salient features of viability selection with one and two loci are reviewed. This theory is intimately connected with the usual theory of mass selection in quantitative genetics. It is well known that the mean of the relative viabilities does not necessarily increase if there is viability selection at more than one locus. It also turns out that if there is selection for fecundity with one locus, the mean fecundity may steadily decrease or oscillate rather than increase. This and the fact that a Hardy-Weinberg structure may no longer exist at any stage of life may have a bearing on predicting progress from artificial selection on reproductive characters. Classical viability selection theory does not completely describe natural selection. Other possibilities are discussed. Among these is the density and frequency dependent selection induced when the population lives in a limited habitat. Implications in quantitative genetics are discussed.", "PMID": 497331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3390", "title": "General right censoring and its impact on the analysis of survival data.", "content": "This paper concerns general right censoring and some of the difficulties it creates in the analysis of survival data. A general formulation of censored-survival processes leads to the partition of all models into those based on noninformative and informative censoring. Nearly all statistical methods for censored data assume that censoring is noninformative. Topics considered within this class include: the relationships between three models for noninformative censoring, the use of likelihood methods for inferences about the distribution of survival time, the effects of censoring on the K-sample problem, and the effects of censoring on model testing. Also considered are several topics which relate to informative censoring models. These include: problems of nonidentifiability that can be encountered when attempting to assess a set of data for the type of censoring in effect, the consequences of falsely assuming that censoring is noninformative, and classes of informative censoring models.", "contents": "General right censoring and its impact on the analysis of survival data. This paper concerns general right censoring and some of the difficulties it creates in the analysis of survival data. A general formulation of censored-survival processes leads to the partition of all models into those based on noninformative and informative censoring. Nearly all statistical methods for censored data assume that censoring is noninformative. Topics considered within this class include: the relationships between three models for noninformative censoring, the use of likelihood methods for inferences about the distribution of survival time, the effects of censoring on the K-sample problem, and the effects of censoring on model testing. Also considered are several topics which relate to informative censoring models. These include: problems of nonidentifiability that can be encountered when attempting to assess a set of data for the type of censoring in effect, the consequences of falsely assuming that censoring is noninformative, and classes of informative censoring models.", "PMID": 497332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3391", "title": "Dose response problems in carcinogenesis.", "content": "The estimation of risks from exposure to carcinogens is an important problem from the viewpoint of protection of human health. It also poses some very difficult dose-response problems. Two dose-response models may fit experimental data about equally well and yet predict responses that differ by many orders of magnitude at low doses. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not sufficiently understood so that the shape of the dose-response curve at low doses can be satisfactorily predicted. Mathematical theories of carcinogenesis and statistical procedures can be of use with dose-reponse problems such as this and, in addition, can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In this paper, mathematical dose-response models of carcinogenesis are considered as well as various proposed dose-response procedures for estimating carcinogenic risks at low doses. Areas are suggested in which further work may be useful. These areas include experimental design problems, statistical procedures for use with time-to-occurrence data, and mathematical models that incorporate such biological features as pharmacokinetics of carcinogens, synergistic effects, DNA repair, susceptible subpopulations, and immune reactions.", "contents": "Dose response problems in carcinogenesis. The estimation of risks from exposure to carcinogens is an important problem from the viewpoint of protection of human health. It also poses some very difficult dose-response problems. Two dose-response models may fit experimental data about equally well and yet predict responses that differ by many orders of magnitude at low doses. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not sufficiently understood so that the shape of the dose-response curve at low doses can be satisfactorily predicted. Mathematical theories of carcinogenesis and statistical procedures can be of use with dose-reponse problems such as this and, in addition, can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In this paper, mathematical dose-response models of carcinogenesis are considered as well as various proposed dose-response procedures for estimating carcinogenic risks at low doses. Areas are suggested in which further work may be useful. These areas include experimental design problems, statistical procedures for use with time-to-occurrence data, and mathematical models that incorporate such biological features as pharmacokinetics of carcinogens, synergistic effects, DNA repair, susceptible subpopulations, and immune reactions.", "PMID": 497333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3392", "title": "Allocation of patients to treatment in clinical trials.", "content": "This article is intended as a practical guide to the various methods of patient assignment in clinical trials. Topics discussed include a critical appraisal of non-randomized studies, methods of restricted randomization such as random permuted blocks and the biased coin technique, the extent to which stratification is necessary and the methods available, the possible benefits of randomization with a greater proportion of patients on a new treatment, factorial designs, crossover designs, randomized consent designs and adaptive assignment procedures. With all this diversity of approach it needs to be remembered that the effective implementation and reliability of a relatively straightforward randomization scheme may be more important than attempting theoretical optimality with more complex designs.", "contents": "Allocation of patients to treatment in clinical trials. This article is intended as a practical guide to the various methods of patient assignment in clinical trials. Topics discussed include a critical appraisal of non-randomized studies, methods of restricted randomization such as random permuted blocks and the biased coin technique, the extent to which stratification is necessary and the methods available, the possible benefits of randomization with a greater proportion of patients on a new treatment, factorial designs, crossover designs, randomized consent designs and adaptive assignment procedures. With all this diversity of approach it needs to be remembered that the effective implementation and reliability of a relatively straightforward randomization scheme may be more important than attempting theoretical optimality with more complex designs.", "PMID": 497334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3393", "title": "Inferences about linkage disequilibrium.", "content": "Existing theory for inferences about linkage disequilibrium is restricted to a measure defined on gametic frequencies. Unless gametic frequencies are directly observable, they are inferred from genotypic frequencies under the assumption of random union of gametes. Primary emphasis in this paper is given to genotypic data, and disequilibrium coefficients are defined for all subsets of two or more of the four genes, two at each of two loci, carried by an individual. Linkage disequilibrium coefficients are defined for genes within and between gametes, and methods of estimating and testing these coefficients are given for gametic data. For genotypic data, when coupling and repulsion double heterozygotes cannot be distinguished. Burrows' composite measure of linkage disequilibrium is discussed. In particular, the estimate for this measure and hypothesis tests based on it are compared to the usual maximum likelihood estimate of gametic linkage disequilibrium, and corresponding likelihood ratio or contingency chi-square tests. General use of the composite measure, whether or not random union of gametes is an appropriate assumption, is recommended. Attention is given to small samples, where the non-normality of gene frequencies will have greatest effect on methods of inference based on normal theory. Even tools such as Fisher's z-transformation for the correlation of gene frequencies are found to perform quite satisfactorily.", "contents": "Inferences about linkage disequilibrium. Existing theory for inferences about linkage disequilibrium is restricted to a measure defined on gametic frequencies. Unless gametic frequencies are directly observable, they are inferred from genotypic frequencies under the assumption of random union of gametes. Primary emphasis in this paper is given to genotypic data, and disequilibrium coefficients are defined for all subsets of two or more of the four genes, two at each of two loci, carried by an individual. Linkage disequilibrium coefficients are defined for genes within and between gametes, and methods of estimating and testing these coefficients are given for gametic data. For genotypic data, when coupling and repulsion double heterozygotes cannot be distinguished. Burrows' composite measure of linkage disequilibrium is discussed. In particular, the estimate for this measure and hypothesis tests based on it are compared to the usual maximum likelihood estimate of gametic linkage disequilibrium, and corresponding likelihood ratio or contingency chi-square tests. General use of the composite measure, whether or not random union of gametes is an appropriate assumption, is recommended. Attention is given to small samples, where the non-normality of gene frequencies will have greatest effect on methods of inference based on normal theory. Even tools such as Fisher's z-transformation for the correlation of gene frequencies are found to perform quite satisfactorily.", "PMID": 497335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3394", "title": "Hazard rate models with covariates.", "content": "Many problems, particularly in medical research, concern the relationship between certain covariates and the time to occurrence of an event. The hazard or failure rate function provides a conceptually simple representation of time to occurrence data that readily adapts to include such generalizations as competing risks and covariates that vary with time. Two partially parametric models for the hazard function are considered. These are the proportional hazards model of Cox (1972) and the class of log-linear or accelerated failure time models. A synthesis of the literature on estimation from these models under prospective sampling indicates that, although important advances have occurred during the past decade, further effort is warranted on such topics as distribution theory, tests of fit, robustness, and the full utilization of a methodology that permits non-standard features. It is further argued that a good deal of fruitful research could be done on applying the same models under a variety of other sampling schemes. A discussion of estimation from case-control studies illustrates this point.", "contents": "Hazard rate models with covariates. Many problems, particularly in medical research, concern the relationship between certain covariates and the time to occurrence of an event. The hazard or failure rate function provides a conceptually simple representation of time to occurrence data that readily adapts to include such generalizations as competing risks and covariates that vary with time. Two partially parametric models for the hazard function are considered. These are the proportional hazards model of Cox (1972) and the class of log-linear or accelerated failure time models. A synthesis of the literature on estimation from these models under prospective sampling indicates that, although important advances have occurred during the past decade, further effort is warranted on such topics as distribution theory, tests of fit, robustness, and the full utilization of a methodology that permits non-standard features. It is further argued that a good deal of fruitful research could be done on applying the same models under a variety of other sampling schemes. A discussion of estimation from case-control studies illustrates this point.", "PMID": 497336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3395", "title": "The uses of epidemic models.", "content": "This paper is concerned with models formulated to describe the spread of infectious diseases through a community. Some standard epidemic models are introduced and an overview of their uses is provided. The paper includes a discussion of the advantages of simple models over complex ones and the advantages of stochastic models over deterministic ones. The role that epidemic models can play in helping us to understand the spread of diseases and to plan control policies for diseases is explained. The paper also contains a review of some major insights gained from a study of epidemic models and from statistical analyses of disease data using epidemic models. Some explicit suggestions for future research projects are made.", "contents": "The uses of epidemic models. This paper is concerned with models formulated to describe the spread of infectious diseases through a community. Some standard epidemic models are introduced and an overview of their uses is provided. The paper includes a discussion of the advantages of simple models over complex ones and the advantages of stochastic models over deterministic ones. The role that epidemic models can play in helping us to understand the spread of diseases and to plan control policies for diseases is explained. The paper also contains a review of some major insights gained from a study of epidemic models and from statistical analyses of disease data using epidemic models. Some explicit suggestions for future research projects are made.", "PMID": 497337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3396", "title": "Multifactorial genetic models for quantitative traits in humans.", "content": "Quantitative traits measured in human families can be analyzed to partition the total population variance into genetic and environmental components, or to elucidate the genetic mechanism involved. We review the estimation of variance components directly from human pedigree data, or in the form of path coefficients from correlations between pairs of relatives. To elucidate genetic mechanisms, a mixed model that allows for segregation at a major locus, a polygenic effect and a sibling environmental correlation is described for nuclear families. In each case appropriate likelihoods are derived as a basis, using numerical maximum likelihood methods, for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. A general model is then described that allows for several familial sources of environmental variation, assortative mating, and both major gene and polygenic effects; and an algorithm for calculating the likelihood of a pedigree under this model is indicated. Finally, some of the remaining problems in this area of biometric analysis are pointed out.", "contents": "Multifactorial genetic models for quantitative traits in humans. Quantitative traits measured in human families can be analyzed to partition the total population variance into genetic and environmental components, or to elucidate the genetic mechanism involved. We review the estimation of variance components directly from human pedigree data, or in the form of path coefficients from correlations between pairs of relatives. To elucidate genetic mechanisms, a mixed model that allows for segregation at a major locus, a polygenic effect and a sibling environmental correlation is described for nuclear families. In each case appropriate likelihoods are derived as a basis, using numerical maximum likelihood methods, for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. A general model is then described that allows for several familial sources of environmental variation, assortative mating, and both major gene and polygenic effects; and an algorithm for calculating the likelihood of a pedigree under this model is indicated. Finally, some of the remaining problems in this area of biometric analysis are pointed out.", "PMID": 497338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3397", "title": "Biocomputational methodology an adjunct to theory and applications.", "content": "The role of \"methodology\", as distinguished from \"theory\" and \"application\", is discussed and illustrated. It is argued that research in the biomedical sciences is moving towards a degree of complexity different in both kind and extent from that usually encountered in other disciplines. Certain biocomputational methodology can be viewed as a bridge between the data forms commonly encountered in biomedicine, and the statistical and computational machinery which had previously been developed to deal with physical science information. Examples are given of three promising research subareas, all of which concern methods for dealing with highly complex forms of health and medical data.", "contents": "Biocomputational methodology an adjunct to theory and applications. The role of \"methodology\", as distinguished from \"theory\" and \"application\", is discussed and illustrated. It is argued that research in the biomedical sciences is moving towards a degree of complexity different in both kind and extent from that usually encountered in other disciplines. Certain biocomputational methodology can be viewed as a bridge between the data forms commonly encountered in biomedicine, and the statistical and computational machinery which had previously been developed to deal with physical science information. Examples are given of three promising research subareas, all of which concern methods for dealing with highly complex forms of health and medical data.", "PMID": 497339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3398", "title": "First passage times as environmental safety indicators: carboxyhemoglobin from cigarette smoke.", "content": "The concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood of a cigarette smoker varies in response to the frequency and dose of CO delivered by the cigarettes he smokes and by the rate at which CO washes out of his blood. Moments of first passage times or exit times above a nominal threshold can be calculated using a stochastic differential equation that takes into account certain random variations in smoking intervals. CO doses, and washout rate. Almost any additional source of variation decreases in length of time a smoker may expect to smoke until a threshold value is exceeded. In particular the methodology proposed by Gori (1976) and Gori and Lynch (1978) for constant intervals, doses and rate may greatly overestimate the length of the \"low-risk\" interval for carbon monoxide concentration. One possible modification that may reduce CO hazards is to smoke less from each cigarette, even when this may be partially compensated by increased frequency of smoking.", "contents": "First passage times as environmental safety indicators: carboxyhemoglobin from cigarette smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood of a cigarette smoker varies in response to the frequency and dose of CO delivered by the cigarettes he smokes and by the rate at which CO washes out of his blood. Moments of first passage times or exit times above a nominal threshold can be calculated using a stochastic differential equation that takes into account certain random variations in smoking intervals. CO doses, and washout rate. Almost any additional source of variation decreases in length of time a smoker may expect to smoke until a threshold value is exceeded. In particular the methodology proposed by Gori (1976) and Gori and Lynch (1978) for constant intervals, doses and rate may greatly overestimate the length of the \"low-risk\" interval for carbon monoxide concentration. One possible modification that may reduce CO hazards is to smoke less from each cigarette, even when this may be partially compensated by increased frequency of smoking.", "PMID": 497340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3399", "title": "A multiple testing procedure for clinical trials.", "content": "A multiple testing procedure is proposed for comparing two treatments when response to treatment is both dichotomous (i.e., success or failure) and immediate. The proposed test statistic for each test is the usual (Pearson) chi-square statistic based on all data collected to that point. The maximum number (N) of tests and the number (m1 + m2) of observations collected between successive tests is fixed in advance. The overall size of the procedure is shown to be controlled with virtually the same accuracy as the single sample chi-square test based on N(m1 + m2) observations. The power is also found to be virtually the same. However, by affording the opportunity to terminate early when one treatment performs markedly better than the other, the multiple testing procedure may eliminate the ethical dilemmas that often accompany clinical trials.", "contents": "A multiple testing procedure for clinical trials. A multiple testing procedure is proposed for comparing two treatments when response to treatment is both dichotomous (i.e., success or failure) and immediate. The proposed test statistic for each test is the usual (Pearson) chi-square statistic based on all data collected to that point. The maximum number (N) of tests and the number (m1 + m2) of observations collected between successive tests is fixed in advance. The overall size of the procedure is shown to be controlled with virtually the same accuracy as the single sample chi-square test based on N(m1 + m2) observations. The power is also found to be virtually the same. However, by affording the opportunity to terminate early when one treatment performs markedly better than the other, the multiple testing procedure may eliminate the ethical dilemmas that often accompany clinical trials.", "PMID": 497341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3400", "title": "The application of robust calibration to radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The minute concentrations of many biochemically and clinically important substances are currently estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Traditionally, the most popular approaches to the statistical analysis of RIA data have been to linearize the data through transformation and fit the calibration curve using least squares or to directly fit a nonlinear calibration curve using least squares. Estimates of the hormone concentration in patients are then obtained using this curve. Unfortunately, the transformation is frequently unsuccessful in linearizing the data. Furthermore, the least squares fit can lead to erroneous results in both approaches since the many sources of error which exist in the RIA process often result in outlier observations. In this paper, an approach to the analysis of RIA data which incorporates robust estimation methods is described. An algorithm is presented for obtaining the M-estimates of nonlinear calibration curves. The curves to be fitted are modified hyperbolae based on 12 to 16 observations. A procedure, based on the application of the Bonferroni Inequality, is presented for obtaining tolerance-like interval estimates of the concentration of the hormone of interest in the patients. Results of simulations are cited to support the method of construction of confidence bands for the fitted calibration curve. Data obtained from the Veteran's Hospital, Buffalo, New York are used to illustrate the application of the algorithm which is presented.", "contents": "The application of robust calibration to radioimmunoassay. The minute concentrations of many biochemically and clinically important substances are currently estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Traditionally, the most popular approaches to the statistical analysis of RIA data have been to linearize the data through transformation and fit the calibration curve using least squares or to directly fit a nonlinear calibration curve using least squares. Estimates of the hormone concentration in patients are then obtained using this curve. Unfortunately, the transformation is frequently unsuccessful in linearizing the data. Furthermore, the least squares fit can lead to erroneous results in both approaches since the many sources of error which exist in the RIA process often result in outlier observations. In this paper, an approach to the analysis of RIA data which incorporates robust estimation methods is described. An algorithm is presented for obtaining the M-estimates of nonlinear calibration curves. The curves to be fitted are modified hyperbolae based on 12 to 16 observations. A procedure, based on the application of the Bonferroni Inequality, is presented for obtaining tolerance-like interval estimates of the concentration of the hormone of interest in the patients. Results of simulations are cited to support the method of construction of confidence bands for the fitted calibration curve. Data obtained from the Veteran's Hospital, Buffalo, New York are used to illustrate the application of the algorithm which is presented.", "PMID": 497342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3401", "title": "Longitudinal analysis of the dynamics and risk of coronary heart disease in the Framingham Study.", "content": "Statistical methods designed specifically for the analysis of chronic disease incidence and progression in longitudinal studies are presented. These method model the risk of acute phases of chronic disease separately from the temporal change in risk variables. This could be accomplished because, under a specific biological model of the disease mechanism, the problems of estimating the risk of an acute event and of predicting the change in risk variables are independent. Specifically, a quadratic equation relating risk variable values to chronic disease risk and a system of linear equations predicting future risk variable values from present values may beestimated separately. Taken together, they utilize the full information available in a longitudinal study on the temporal dimension of chronic disease progression. In addition, the model is found to possess a number of attractive statistical and theoretical properties. These methods are applied to longitudinal data from the Framingham Study on coronary heart disease (CHD) in males. A quadratic function relating the risk of a CHD event to selected risk variables (age, and the natural logarithms of serum cholesterol, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure) was estimated from measurements made at four points equally spaced in time (two years) with a further morbidity follow-up at a fifth point. The risk function was found to predict CHD risk accurately. It showed that, apart from the linear effects of the risk variables, cohort effects, quadratic effects and interaction effects were important predictors of CHD risk. The linear regression equations used to predict future risk variable values showed that there was an intricate network of cross-temporal associations. Study of the two types of equations jointly show that putative risk variables could affect the risk of CHD incidence both directly, by being associated with higher levels of risk, and indirectly, by causing other risk variable values to change with time. The results led us to identify several different roles that risk variables might play in CHD incidence.", "contents": "Longitudinal analysis of the dynamics and risk of coronary heart disease in the Framingham Study. Statistical methods designed specifically for the analysis of chronic disease incidence and progression in longitudinal studies are presented. These method model the risk of acute phases of chronic disease separately from the temporal change in risk variables. This could be accomplished because, under a specific biological model of the disease mechanism, the problems of estimating the risk of an acute event and of predicting the change in risk variables are independent. Specifically, a quadratic equation relating risk variable values to chronic disease risk and a system of linear equations predicting future risk variable values from present values may beestimated separately. Taken together, they utilize the full information available in a longitudinal study on the temporal dimension of chronic disease progression. In addition, the model is found to possess a number of attractive statistical and theoretical properties. These methods are applied to longitudinal data from the Framingham Study on coronary heart disease (CHD) in males. A quadratic function relating the risk of a CHD event to selected risk variables (age, and the natural logarithms of serum cholesterol, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure) was estimated from measurements made at four points equally spaced in time (two years) with a further morbidity follow-up at a fifth point. The risk function was found to predict CHD risk accurately. It showed that, apart from the linear effects of the risk variables, cohort effects, quadratic effects and interaction effects were important predictors of CHD risk. The linear regression equations used to predict future risk variable values showed that there was an intricate network of cross-temporal associations. Study of the two types of equations jointly show that putative risk variables could affect the risk of CHD incidence both directly, by being associated with higher levels of risk, and indirectly, by causing other risk variable values to change with time. The results led us to identify several different roles that risk variables might play in CHD incidence.", "PMID": 497343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3402", "title": "Analysis of life tables with grouping and withdrawals.", "content": "A number of individuals is observed at the beginning of a period. At the end of the period the number is surviving, the number who have died and the number who have withdrawn are noted. From these three numbers it is required to estimate the death rate for the period. All relevant quantities are supposed independent and identically distributed for the individuals. The likelihood is calculated and found to depend on two parameters, other than the death rate, and to be unidenttifiable so that no consistent estimators exist. For large numbers, the posterior distribution of the death rate is approximated by a normal distribution whose mean is the root of a quadratic equation and whose variance is the sum of two terms; the first is proportional to the reciprocal of the number of individuals, as usually happens with a consistent estimator; the second does not tend to zero and depends on initial opinions about one of the nuisance parameters. The paper is a simple exercise in the routine use of coherent, Bayesian methodology. Numerical calucations illustrate the results.", "contents": "Analysis of life tables with grouping and withdrawals. A number of individuals is observed at the beginning of a period. At the end of the period the number is surviving, the number who have died and the number who have withdrawn are noted. From these three numbers it is required to estimate the death rate for the period. All relevant quantities are supposed independent and identically distributed for the individuals. The likelihood is calculated and found to depend on two parameters, other than the death rate, and to be unidenttifiable so that no consistent estimators exist. For large numbers, the posterior distribution of the death rate is approximated by a normal distribution whose mean is the root of a quadratic equation and whose variance is the sum of two terms; the first is proportional to the reciprocal of the number of individuals, as usually happens with a consistent estimator; the second does not tend to zero and depends on initial opinions about one of the nuisance parameters. The paper is a simple exercise in the routine use of coherent, Bayesian methodology. Numerical calucations illustrate the results.", "PMID": 497344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3403", "title": "Testing hypotheses in case-control studies--equivalence of Mantel-Haenszel statistics and logit score tests.", "content": "The two approaches in common use for the analysis of case-control studies are cross-classification by confounding variables, and modeling the logarithm of the odds ratio as a function of exposure and confounding variables. We show here that score statistics derived from the likelihood function in the latter approach are identical to the Mantel-Haenszel test statistics appropriate for the former approach. This identity holds in the most general situation considered, testing for marginal homogeneity in mK tables. This equivalence is demonstrated by a permutational argument which leads to a general likelihood expression in which the exposure variable may be a vector of discrete and/or continuous variables and in which more than two comparison groups may be considered. This likelihood can be used in analyzing studies in which there are multiple controls for each case or in which several disease categories are being compared. The possibility of including continuous variables makes this likelihood useful in situations that cannot be treated using the Mantel-Haenszel cross-classification approach.", "contents": "Testing hypotheses in case-control studies--equivalence of Mantel-Haenszel statistics and logit score tests. The two approaches in common use for the analysis of case-control studies are cross-classification by confounding variables, and modeling the logarithm of the odds ratio as a function of exposure and confounding variables. We show here that score statistics derived from the likelihood function in the latter approach are identical to the Mantel-Haenszel test statistics appropriate for the former approach. This identity holds in the most general situation considered, testing for marginal homogeneity in mK tables. This equivalence is demonstrated by a permutational argument which leads to a general likelihood expression in which the exposure variable may be a vector of discrete and/or continuous variables and in which more than two comparison groups may be considered. This likelihood can be used in analyzing studies in which there are multiple controls for each case or in which several disease categories are being compared. The possibility of including continuous variables makes this likelihood useful in situations that cannot be treated using the Mantel-Haenszel cross-classification approach.", "PMID": 497345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3404", "title": "Detecting systematic errors in multi-clinic observational data.", "content": "In multi-clinic studies it is hard to maintain a uniformly high quality of measurement and coding. Systematic errors almost always occur, in spite of the best of intentions and the most rigid protocols. It is the statistician's responsibility to plan for the detection of these errors, as well as to try to avoid them and not be misled by them. The practice of examining the univariate and multivariate sample frequency distributions of the variables under study, with an eye open for anything that looks puzzling, can be very helpful in detecting and trying to correct systematic errors that would bias the analysis. Examples are given from a 21-clinic study on pregnancy and child development.", "contents": "Detecting systematic errors in multi-clinic observational data. In multi-clinic studies it is hard to maintain a uniformly high quality of measurement and coding. Systematic errors almost always occur, in spite of the best of intentions and the most rigid protocols. It is the statistician's responsibility to plan for the detection of these errors, as well as to try to avoid them and not be misled by them. The practice of examining the univariate and multivariate sample frequency distributions of the variables under study, with an eye open for anything that looks puzzling, can be very helpful in detecting and trying to correct systematic errors that would bias the analysis. Examples are given from a 21-clinic study on pregnancy and child development.", "PMID": 497346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3405", "title": "Protein amino acid analysis by an isotope ratio gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer technique.", "content": "A method for quantitative analysis of protein amino acids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system is described. Amino acids were analysed as their N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl ester derivatives. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple internal standards. The exact composition of a deuterated amino acid mixture was determined against a standard amino acid calibration mixture and in turn the protein amino acid composition was determined against the deuterated amino acid mixture. The amount of protein taken for analysis was 100 micrograms and the procedure, excluding hydrolysis, could be performed with 2 1/2 hours. The introduction of the internal standards prior to protein hydrolysis provides a method with good precision (mean coefficient of variation less than 5%). The method, tested on insulin, gave results which agreed well with the known composition of the protein and with simultaneous analysis on ion exchangers.", "contents": "Protein amino acid analysis by an isotope ratio gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer technique. A method for quantitative analysis of protein amino acids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system is described. Amino acids were analysed as their N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl ester derivatives. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple internal standards. The exact composition of a deuterated amino acid mixture was determined against a standard amino acid calibration mixture and in turn the protein amino acid composition was determined against the deuterated amino acid mixture. The amount of protein taken for analysis was 100 micrograms and the procedure, excluding hydrolysis, could be performed with 2 1/2 hours. The introduction of the internal standards prior to protein hydrolysis provides a method with good precision (mean coefficient of variation less than 5%). The method, tested on insulin, gave results which agreed well with the known composition of the protein and with simultaneous analysis on ion exchangers.", "PMID": 497356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3406", "title": "Determination of carprofen in blood by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A gas chromatographic chemical ionization mass spectrometric assay has been developed to measure carprofen in blood. The method features the addition of either a structural or stable isotope analog internal standard to plasma prior to a simple benzene extraction at pH 4.5. The residue, after removal of the benzene, is methylated with ethereal diazomethane. Following evaporation of the methylating solvents, a portion of the reconstituted residue is analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer is set to monitor in the gas chromatographic effluent the [MH]+ ions of carprofen methyl ester and the methyl ester of the internal standard generated by isobutane chemical ionization. Assay sensitivity is 5 pmol ml-1. When 200 pmol ml-1 samples are analyzed using a stable isotope analog as the internal standard, the precision and accuracy are both 4%. Using a structural analog as the internal standard, the assay was neither as precise nor as accurate.", "contents": "Determination of carprofen in blood by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A gas chromatographic chemical ionization mass spectrometric assay has been developed to measure carprofen in blood. The method features the addition of either a structural or stable isotope analog internal standard to plasma prior to a simple benzene extraction at pH 4.5. The residue, after removal of the benzene, is methylated with ethereal diazomethane. Following evaporation of the methylating solvents, a portion of the reconstituted residue is analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer is set to monitor in the gas chromatographic effluent the [MH]+ ions of carprofen methyl ester and the methyl ester of the internal standard generated by isobutane chemical ionization. Assay sensitivity is 5 pmol ml-1. When 200 pmol ml-1 samples are analyzed using a stable isotope analog as the internal standard, the precision and accuracy are both 4%. Using a structural analog as the internal standard, the assay was neither as precise nor as accurate.", "PMID": 497357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3407", "title": "Simultaneous quantitative estimates of several isotopically labelled substances in the picogram range with selected ion monitoring.", "content": "The use of a model developed by the authors for the simultaneous quantitative determination of several isotopically labelled substances of the same chemical structure is described in detail for a two substance system. A computational flow chart is included. An example using natural estradiol and 4-[14C] labelled estradiol with manifold deuterated estradiol as an internal standard is presented. The basis of the model is discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous quantitative estimates of several isotopically labelled substances in the picogram range with selected ion monitoring. The use of a model developed by the authors for the simultaneous quantitative determination of several isotopically labelled substances of the same chemical structure is described in detail for a two substance system. A computational flow chart is included. An example using natural estradiol and 4-[14C] labelled estradiol with manifold deuterated estradiol as an internal standard is presented. The basis of the model is discussed.", "PMID": 497358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3408", "title": "Isolation and structural analysis by mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy of diverse sidechains from steroids of similar tetracyclic carbon skeletons.", "content": "The technique of mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy has been applied to the structural determination of five different substituent sidechains from five steroids of similar ring anatomy. A mass spectrometer of reversed geometry, which permits ion selection according to its mass-to-charge ratio before the ions enter the electric sector, was used to isolate the ion corresponding to the mass of each particular sidechain. Subsequent mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectra of the selected ion demonstrated daughter ions whose compositions were compatible with the structures of the model compounds. This ability to determine the structure of a specific portion of a large molecule and to permit differentiation of minor structural features in a series of compounds, whose major framework is similar, adds a new dimension to the powerful mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy technique for structural analysis of complex biological molecules.", "contents": "Isolation and structural analysis by mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy of diverse sidechains from steroids of similar tetracyclic carbon skeletons. The technique of mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy has been applied to the structural determination of five different substituent sidechains from five steroids of similar ring anatomy. A mass spectrometer of reversed geometry, which permits ion selection according to its mass-to-charge ratio before the ions enter the electric sector, was used to isolate the ion corresponding to the mass of each particular sidechain. Subsequent mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectra of the selected ion demonstrated daughter ions whose compositions were compatible with the structures of the model compounds. This ability to determine the structure of a specific portion of a large molecule and to permit differentiation of minor structural features in a series of compounds, whose major framework is similar, adds a new dimension to the powerful mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy technique for structural analysis of complex biological molecules.", "PMID": 497359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3409", "title": "Characterization of ethyl substituted fatty acids from lamb subcutaneous triacylglycerols by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Mid-chain ethyl substituted fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from 10 to 16 carbon atoms were identified in a concentrate of branched chain fatty acids isolated from the triacylglycerol fatty acids of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of barley-fed lambs. The acids were identified by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and their mass spectral features are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of ethyl substituted fatty acids from lamb subcutaneous triacylglycerols by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Mid-chain ethyl substituted fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from 10 to 16 carbon atoms were identified in a concentrate of branched chain fatty acids isolated from the triacylglycerol fatty acids of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of barley-fed lambs. The acids were identified by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and their mass spectral features are discussed.", "PMID": 497360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3410", "title": "A microprocessor controlled mass spectrometer for the fully automated purification and isotopic analysis of breath carbon dioxide.", "content": "Breath tests that measure the oxidative utilization of 13C labeled substrates have been shown to be clinically useful, but have failed to gain wide acceptance because of the slow and costly isotopic analysis of the breath samples. Therefore we have developed a fully automated, microprocessor controlled CO2 purification and isotopic analysis system. The breath CO2 is cryogenically purified by passage through cold traps of -94 degrees C and -196 degrees to condense water and CO2, respectively. The CO2 is intorduced into a dual inlet, peak-stepping mass spectrometer and analyzed for isotopic content by comparison with a known standard. Thirty samples can be analyzed without operator intervention. Analysis time average 14 minutes per sample, and the analysis has a precision of 0.3% which corresponds to 3 parts excess 13C per 10(6) parts CO2. The speed of analysis is comparable with scintillation counting and permits next day reporting of clinical breath test results. The precision is sufficient for clinical applications as it is less than 0.7% isotopic variation in basal breath CO2.", "contents": "A microprocessor controlled mass spectrometer for the fully automated purification and isotopic analysis of breath carbon dioxide. Breath tests that measure the oxidative utilization of 13C labeled substrates have been shown to be clinically useful, but have failed to gain wide acceptance because of the slow and costly isotopic analysis of the breath samples. Therefore we have developed a fully automated, microprocessor controlled CO2 purification and isotopic analysis system. The breath CO2 is cryogenically purified by passage through cold traps of -94 degrees C and -196 degrees to condense water and CO2, respectively. The CO2 is intorduced into a dual inlet, peak-stepping mass spectrometer and analyzed for isotopic content by comparison with a known standard. Thirty samples can be analyzed without operator intervention. Analysis time average 14 minutes per sample, and the analysis has a precision of 0.3% which corresponds to 3 parts excess 13C per 10(6) parts CO2. The speed of analysis is comparable with scintillation counting and permits next day reporting of clinical breath test results. The precision is sufficient for clinical applications as it is less than 0.7% isotopic variation in basal breath CO2.", "PMID": 497361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3411", "title": "Thermolysis chemical ionization of a complex polar lipid.", "content": "Vaporization of a ornithine-containing polar lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been accomplished by thermolysis in a chemical ionization source. The thermolysis has been shown to be more extensive than previously thought. It occurs in at least two steps, the first being dehydration of the ornithine to produce a substituted piperidone. This fragment undergoes a facile elimination to produce two neutral lipid components: a long chain fatty acid and piperidone-containing fatty amide. The results demonstrate the utility of chemical ionization for developing an understanding of a thermolysis process.", "contents": "Thermolysis chemical ionization of a complex polar lipid. Vaporization of a ornithine-containing polar lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been accomplished by thermolysis in a chemical ionization source. The thermolysis has been shown to be more extensive than previously thought. It occurs in at least two steps, the first being dehydration of the ornithine to produce a substituted piperidone. This fragment undergoes a facile elimination to produce two neutral lipid components: a long chain fatty acid and piperidone-containing fatty amide. The results demonstrate the utility of chemical ionization for developing an understanding of a thermolysis process.", "PMID": 497362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3412", "title": "Ion cluster techniques in drug metabolism: an example of the use of mixtures of the [12C]:[14C] isotopic forms of the synthetic prostaglandin cloprostenol ('Estrumate') to facilitate metabolite identification.", "content": "The synthetic prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol has been prepared radiolabelled with 14C. The isotopic abundance of 14C at position C-15 was greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum. We have utilizted the high abundance of the 14C isotope for metabolism studies by preparing mixtures of [12C]:[14C]cloprostenol such that fragments detected by mass spectrometry contained characteristic isotope clusters analogous to those often obtained using stable isotopes.", "contents": "Ion cluster techniques in drug metabolism: an example of the use of mixtures of the [12C]:[14C] isotopic forms of the synthetic prostaglandin cloprostenol ('Estrumate') to facilitate metabolite identification. The synthetic prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol has been prepared radiolabelled with 14C. The isotopic abundance of 14C at position C-15 was greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum. We have utilizted the high abundance of the 14C isotope for metabolism studies by preparing mixtures of [12C]:[14C]cloprostenol such that fragments detected by mass spectrometry contained characteristic isotope clusters analogous to those often obtained using stable isotopes.", "PMID": 497363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3413", "title": "Analog-digital molecular cell computer.", "content": "The living cell is controlled by a molecular stochastic computer of parallel-successive action. MCC may be equivalent to the universal computer. MCC operates with molecule-words (DNA, RNA, proteins) according to the programme recorded in DNA and RNA. Operations are produced by molecular devices (RNA- and DNA-polymerases, ligases, proteinases and so on). Molecular devices operating with molecule-words are recorded on molecules themselves, and they are read off by ribosomes. Therefore the programme of the reorganization of the programme itself may be recorded on the molecule-words. MCC operates with molecular words having definite addresses. The words and the operators collide by Brownian movement and combine if the molecular surface of address segment is complementary and properly oriented. It is possible to reproduce not only the programmes but also the operators of MCC. The molecular computer operates with word-molecules according to the programme, recorded in DNA, with the aim of predicting an outer situation in the next time-moment and selecting of a correct answer by synthesis of suitable proteins and other substances and also by macroscopic motion. Each step of directed calculation is needed of the consumption of minimally necessary portion of free energy and search is due to the Brownian movement without free energy loss. Cyclic nucleotides are intraneuron membrane potential controlling systems which can be described as molecular diffusional analog computers, well fitted to solve mathematical physics equations if there are high frequency generators and regulators of cyclic nucleotides sources and sinks. It is suggested that molecular proton channels in an electric field are such generators of 10(11)-10(12) Hz. Biophysics cannot use the ordinary laws of physics and must take into account the influence on the phenomena to be studied, not only of a measurement but also of a calculation process in the real device predicting the future.", "contents": "Analog-digital molecular cell computer. The living cell is controlled by a molecular stochastic computer of parallel-successive action. MCC may be equivalent to the universal computer. MCC operates with molecule-words (DNA, RNA, proteins) according to the programme recorded in DNA and RNA. Operations are produced by molecular devices (RNA- and DNA-polymerases, ligases, proteinases and so on). Molecular devices operating with molecule-words are recorded on molecules themselves, and they are read off by ribosomes. Therefore the programme of the reorganization of the programme itself may be recorded on the molecule-words. MCC operates with molecular words having definite addresses. The words and the operators collide by Brownian movement and combine if the molecular surface of address segment is complementary and properly oriented. It is possible to reproduce not only the programmes but also the operators of MCC. The molecular computer operates with word-molecules according to the programme, recorded in DNA, with the aim of predicting an outer situation in the next time-moment and selecting of a correct answer by synthesis of suitable proteins and other substances and also by macroscopic motion. Each step of directed calculation is needed of the consumption of minimally necessary portion of free energy and search is due to the Brownian movement without free energy loss. Cyclic nucleotides are intraneuron membrane potential controlling systems which can be described as molecular diffusional analog computers, well fitted to solve mathematical physics equations if there are high frequency generators and regulators of cyclic nucleotides sources and sinks. It is suggested that molecular proton channels in an electric field are such generators of 10(11)-10(12) Hz. Biophysics cannot use the ordinary laws of physics and must take into account the influence on the phenomena to be studied, not only of a measurement but also of a calculation process in the real device predicting the future.", "PMID": 497364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3414", "title": "An automaton analogue of unicellularity.", "content": "There is presented in outline form an abstract model of a cell in an evolutionary context. The design is based on an elaboration of John Holland's one-dimensional, abstract universe recently posed for the study of the emergence of self-replicating systems. Eight new ingredients constitute the elaboration. They suggest how compartmentation of a set of \"molecules\" in a one-dimensional universe can be achieved and how a suitable, compartmentalized set of molecules can replicate in a manner analogous to real cell replication, i.e., there is segregation and semi-conservative replication of the genetic material, and there is division of the compartment through the construction of an \"inner membrane\". The approach to self-replication of a spatially delimited entity exemplified by this design differs from the abstract models of replication of the von Neumann or Laing type. In these the replicating entity constructs a copy external to itself and does not undergo any essential replacement of any of its parts. Also, while in these models the concern is primarily with questions of the \"logical\" type, our design has in mind features identifiable with both energy and information considerations. Thus, the rules which define the underlying \"physics and chemistry\" imply that the self-replicating entity is a dissipative structure. A constant flux of energy is required to maintain the system far from thermodynamic equilibrium in order to account for multiple steady states, and hence dynamic structure.", "contents": "An automaton analogue of unicellularity. There is presented in outline form an abstract model of a cell in an evolutionary context. The design is based on an elaboration of John Holland's one-dimensional, abstract universe recently posed for the study of the emergence of self-replicating systems. Eight new ingredients constitute the elaboration. They suggest how compartmentation of a set of \"molecules\" in a one-dimensional universe can be achieved and how a suitable, compartmentalized set of molecules can replicate in a manner analogous to real cell replication, i.e., there is segregation and semi-conservative replication of the genetic material, and there is division of the compartment through the construction of an \"inner membrane\". The approach to self-replication of a spatially delimited entity exemplified by this design differs from the abstract models of replication of the von Neumann or Laing type. In these the replicating entity constructs a copy external to itself and does not undergo any essential replacement of any of its parts. Also, while in these models the concern is primarily with questions of the \"logical\" type, our design has in mind features identifiable with both energy and information considerations. Thus, the rules which define the underlying \"physics and chemistry\" imply that the self-replicating entity is a dissipative structure. A constant flux of energy is required to maintain the system far from thermodynamic equilibrium in order to account for multiple steady states, and hence dynamic structure.", "PMID": 497365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3415", "title": "Bootstrapping on the adaptive landscape.", "content": "Different versions of a gene or of a multigenic system may be essentially equivalent so far as the specific function of the structures which they code for or control is concerned, but very different with respect to their amenability to evolution. The structural features which increase evolutionary amenability are a disadvantage to the organism in terms of energy. Nevertheless, they accumulate in the course of evolution as a consequence of hitchhiking along with the desirable traits whose evolution they make possible. This is the bootstrap principle of evolutionary adaptability. In terms of the adaptive landscape bootstrapping corresponds to populations evolving in such a way that they occupy regions of the landscape which are more amenable to evolutionary hill climbing. The bootstrapping idea has implications for structure-function relations in a number of complex biological information processing systems, including biochemical systems, the immune system, and the brain. Bootstrapping is also discussed in connection with the origin of information processing (the origin of life) and in connection with possible designs for macromolecular computing systems.", "contents": "Bootstrapping on the adaptive landscape. Different versions of a gene or of a multigenic system may be essentially equivalent so far as the specific function of the structures which they code for or control is concerned, but very different with respect to their amenability to evolution. The structural features which increase evolutionary amenability are a disadvantage to the organism in terms of energy. Nevertheless, they accumulate in the course of evolution as a consequence of hitchhiking along with the desirable traits whose evolution they make possible. This is the bootstrap principle of evolutionary adaptability. In terms of the adaptive landscape bootstrapping corresponds to populations evolving in such a way that they occupy regions of the landscape which are more amenable to evolutionary hill climbing. The bootstrapping idea has implications for structure-function relations in a number of complex biological information processing systems, including biochemical systems, the immune system, and the brain. Bootstrapping is also discussed in connection with the origin of information processing (the origin of life) and in connection with possible designs for macromolecular computing systems.", "PMID": 497367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3416", "title": "Recursive evolution.", "content": "In evolutionary systems in which the units (individuals) are generated by a morphogenetic process, unbiased \"mosaic type\" mutability of the phenotype is not possible (Waddington's principle). The question is whether this unavoidable \"channeling\" can itself be made plastic through provision of alternative morphogeneses possessing differing \"hot spots.\" If so, plasticity would not only be reestablished, but be established at a higher level. Plasticity itself would be plastic. The property of ultrasplasticity is evolutionarily necessary and stable, but perhaps not possible. Ultraplastic systems form a subclass of \"temporal brains\" as described in deductive biology. Many of their properties have yet to be discovered.", "contents": "Recursive evolution. In evolutionary systems in which the units (individuals) are generated by a morphogenetic process, unbiased \"mosaic type\" mutability of the phenotype is not possible (Waddington's principle). The question is whether this unavoidable \"channeling\" can itself be made plastic through provision of alternative morphogeneses possessing differing \"hot spots.\" If so, plasticity would not only be reestablished, but be established at a higher level. Plasticity itself would be plastic. The property of ultrasplasticity is evolutionarily necessary and stable, but perhaps not possible. Ultraplastic systems form a subclass of \"temporal brains\" as described in deductive biology. Many of their properties have yet to be discovered.", "PMID": 497369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3417", "title": "Machines as organisms: an exploration of the relevance of recent results.", "content": "The capacity of machines to exhibit organism-like behavior is examined. Some known results on machine description, self-description, construction and self-construction, are reviewed. The basic mechanism of machines and the ways in which they can be combined to form more complex biological-like systems are put forth as a source of explanatory mechanisms in biology. The proven properties can be employed in the design of machines which can repair themselves, and can exhibit a behavior distinguishing between machines which are or are not structurally similar to themselves. It is then argued that in an appropriate setting of variation and competition, such behavior would arise without explicit design.", "contents": "Machines as organisms: an exploration of the relevance of recent results. The capacity of machines to exhibit organism-like behavior is examined. Some known results on machine description, self-description, construction and self-construction, are reviewed. The basic mechanism of machines and the ways in which they can be combined to form more complex biological-like systems are put forth as a source of explanatory mechanisms in biology. The proven properties can be employed in the design of machines which can repair themselves, and can exhibit a behavior distinguishing between machines which are or are not structurally similar to themselves. It is then argued that in an appropriate setting of variation and competition, such behavior would arise without explicit design.", "PMID": 497370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3418", "title": "Dissipation-error tradeoff in proofreading.", "content": "Chemical proofreading systems, of the kind believed responsible for the extremely high fidelity of DNA replication, achieve minimum error probability (equal to the product of the error probabilities of the writing and proofreading stages) only in the limit of infinite energy dissipation. However, a considerable degree of proofreading can be obtained in less strongly driven systems, dissipation only 0.1-1 kT/step.", "contents": "Dissipation-error tradeoff in proofreading. Chemical proofreading systems, of the kind believed responsible for the extremely high fidelity of DNA replication, achieve minimum error probability (equal to the product of the error probabilities of the writing and proofreading stages) only in the limit of infinite energy dissipation. However, a considerable degree of proofreading can be obtained in less strongly driven systems, dissipation only 0.1-1 kT/step.", "PMID": 497372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3419", "title": "Multilayer immobilized-enzyme filter reactors: urease bound to nylon fabric filters.", "content": "Urease was bound to commercially available nonwoven nylon fabric filters. Multilayer immobilized-enzyme filter reactors were constructed by packing varying numbers of urease-nylon filters in a column. Owing to the relatively open structure and high mechanical strength of the filter fabric, compaction and pressure drop effects were minimal. The reactors could be operated in a wide range of substrate concentrations and flow rates under conditions where mass-transfer limitations could be neglected. The kinetic behavior of the immobilized-enzyme filter reactors could be described by a linear form of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation using a model based on the sequential action of the enzyme filters.", "contents": "Multilayer immobilized-enzyme filter reactors: urease bound to nylon fabric filters. Urease was bound to commercially available nonwoven nylon fabric filters. Multilayer immobilized-enzyme filter reactors were constructed by packing varying numbers of urease-nylon filters in a column. Owing to the relatively open structure and high mechanical strength of the filter fabric, compaction and pressure drop effects were minimal. The reactors could be operated in a wide range of substrate concentrations and flow rates under conditions where mass-transfer limitations could be neglected. The kinetic behavior of the immobilized-enzyme filter reactors could be described by a linear form of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation using a model based on the sequential action of the enzyme filters.", "PMID": 497373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3420", "title": "[New evidence of depression of depolarization of primary afferents with ammonium ions].", "content": "Perfusion of the central canal of the lumbar segment of the spinal cord with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supplemented with ammonium ions induced in cats depression of slow negative electrotonic potentials of dorsal roots (PDR). PDR depression developed simultaneously with postsynaptic depression of the inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes, however it was not related to the depression of mono- or polysynaptic reflex discharges. Further perfusion of the central canal with normal CSF resulted in a complete restoration of the PDR as well as inhibition of control reflexes. It is suggested that PDR depression with ammonium ions could be the result of the blocking of the chloric pump acting the afferent terminals and creating electromotive power for outward transmembranous chloric current producing depolarization of the afferent fibres.", "contents": "[New evidence of depression of depolarization of primary afferents with ammonium ions]. Perfusion of the central canal of the lumbar segment of the spinal cord with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supplemented with ammonium ions induced in cats depression of slow negative electrotonic potentials of dorsal roots (PDR). PDR depression developed simultaneously with postsynaptic depression of the inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes, however it was not related to the depression of mono- or polysynaptic reflex discharges. Further perfusion of the central canal with normal CSF resulted in a complete restoration of the PDR as well as inhibition of control reflexes. It is suggested that PDR depression with ammonium ions could be the result of the blocking of the chloric pump acting the afferent terminals and creating electromotive power for outward transmembranous chloric current producing depolarization of the afferent fibres.", "PMID": 497374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3421", "title": "[Brain stem and very late reflex response of the vasoconstrictor neurons to impulses of somatic A-afferents].", "content": "In decerebrated unanesthetized cats single stimuli to the tibial nerve A-afferents apart from the late response, a discharge with a latency of 60--140 ms, elicited another discharge, a \"very late\" response (VLR) with a latency of about 0.35 s. This response was easily detectable, in almost all experiments in \"mesencephalic\" animals, but in different pontine sections including the ponto-bulbar junction and most rostral parts of the medulla oblongata, it was seen only in one out of 18 animals. At slightly more caudal sections of the brain stem (in \"bolfar\" animals) VLR was seen in 10 out of 11 animals. Thus, in the region of the ponto-bulbar junction there exist structures that tonically suppress the activity of the VLR generating system. It was shown that the activity of this system is augmented by summation processes of two types, developing in long (seconds) and short (milliseconds) time periods.", "contents": "[Brain stem and very late reflex response of the vasoconstrictor neurons to impulses of somatic A-afferents]. In decerebrated unanesthetized cats single stimuli to the tibial nerve A-afferents apart from the late response, a discharge with a latency of 60--140 ms, elicited another discharge, a \"very late\" response (VLR) with a latency of about 0.35 s. This response was easily detectable, in almost all experiments in \"mesencephalic\" animals, but in different pontine sections including the ponto-bulbar junction and most rostral parts of the medulla oblongata, it was seen only in one out of 18 animals. At slightly more caudal sections of the brain stem (in \"bolfar\" animals) VLR was seen in 10 out of 11 animals. Thus, in the region of the ponto-bulbar junction there exist structures that tonically suppress the activity of the VLR generating system. It was shown that the activity of this system is augmented by summation processes of two types, developing in long (seconds) and short (milliseconds) time periods.", "PMID": 497375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3422", "title": "[Milk protein digestion and lysosomal proteinases of the ileal mucosa in young rats].", "content": "The proteolytic activity of lysosomal and pancreatic proteinases was studied in the chyme and tissue homogenates of the jejunum and ileum of 12- and 30-day rats in order to elucidate whether lysosomal proteinases of the mucous membrane of the ileum participate in cavitary digestion. During milk feeding the proteolytic activity of acid (lysosomal) proteinases in the ileum was 3 times greater than in the jejunum, which has been demonstrated both for the mucous membrane and the contents of these parts of the small intestine. In rats on definitive nutrition the activity of acid proteinases from the jejunum and ileum remained almost unchanged both in the mucous membrane and in the contents. The data obtained also indicate that pancreatic proteinase absorbed from the chyme of the small intestine may participate in parietal digestion.", "contents": "[Milk protein digestion and lysosomal proteinases of the ileal mucosa in young rats]. The proteolytic activity of lysosomal and pancreatic proteinases was studied in the chyme and tissue homogenates of the jejunum and ileum of 12- and 30-day rats in order to elucidate whether lysosomal proteinases of the mucous membrane of the ileum participate in cavitary digestion. During milk feeding the proteolytic activity of acid (lysosomal) proteinases in the ileum was 3 times greater than in the jejunum, which has been demonstrated both for the mucous membrane and the contents of these parts of the small intestine. In rats on definitive nutrition the activity of acid proteinases from the jejunum and ileum remained almost unchanged both in the mucous membrane and in the contents. The data obtained also indicate that pancreatic proteinase absorbed from the chyme of the small intestine may participate in parietal digestion.", "PMID": 497376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3423", "title": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine on evoked potentials of the neostriatum of rats].", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneal (70 mg/kg) and local (39 ug) administration of beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) on evoked potentials (EP) in the caudate nucleus upon stimulation of substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) and frontal cortex in rats has been studied. beta-PEA, glutamate and haloperidol were injected into the caudate nucleus by means of a system consisting of a pushpull cannule and an electrode for simultaneous registration of EP. Specificity in the effect of the drugs on EP in response to stimulation of the cortex and substantia nigra was revealed. The intraperitoneal injection of beta-PEA induced, comparatively to the application, more rapid and potent decrease in the amplitude of the component (N2-P2) as a result of the substantia nigra stimulation and slightly influenced the EP amplitude in stimulation of the frontal cortex. It was established using haloperidol that the component (N2-P2) of EP in response to the substantia nigra stimulation is of dopaminergic neuron function in the nigro-neostrital system of the rat brain.", "contents": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine on evoked potentials of the neostriatum of rats]. The effect of intraperitoneal (70 mg/kg) and local (39 ug) administration of beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) on evoked potentials (EP) in the caudate nucleus upon stimulation of substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) and frontal cortex in rats has been studied. beta-PEA, glutamate and haloperidol were injected into the caudate nucleus by means of a system consisting of a pushpull cannule and an electrode for simultaneous registration of EP. Specificity in the effect of the drugs on EP in response to stimulation of the cortex and substantia nigra was revealed. The intraperitoneal injection of beta-PEA induced, comparatively to the application, more rapid and potent decrease in the amplitude of the component (N2-P2) as a result of the substantia nigra stimulation and slightly influenced the EP amplitude in stimulation of the frontal cortex. It was established using haloperidol that the component (N2-P2) of EP in response to the substantia nigra stimulation is of dopaminergic neuron function in the nigro-neostrital system of the rat brain.", "PMID": 497377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3424", "title": "[Non-uniformity of the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lungs, and arterial hypoxemia].", "content": "The general analysis of the relationships between the extent of nonuniformity of ventilation-perfusion ratios and blood flow through poorly ventilated protions of the lungs on the one hand and arterial hypoxemia on the other one has been performed. Quantitative evidence on the onset of arterial hypoxemia in disturbances of ventilation-perfusion ratios are obtained.", "contents": "[Non-uniformity of the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lungs, and arterial hypoxemia]. The general analysis of the relationships between the extent of nonuniformity of ventilation-perfusion ratios and blood flow through poorly ventilated protions of the lungs on the one hand and arterial hypoxemia on the other one has been performed. Quantitative evidence on the onset of arterial hypoxemia in disturbances of ventilation-perfusion ratios are obtained.", "PMID": 497378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3425", "title": "[Insulin sensitivity of isolated muscle tissue of rats with manifest alloxan diabetes of different duration].", "content": "Insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue was assessed in 20 control rats and 27 rats with alloxan diabetes from the extent of its effect on C14-glucose incorporation by the diaphragmatic muscular glycogen. In diabetes of 5--8-day standing insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue remained unchanged. In alloxan diabetes of 22--24-day duration insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue diminished. With prolongation of decompensated alloxan diabetes up to 5--8 months a further decrease in incorporation of labelled glucose by the diaphragmatic glycogen was recorded. The data obtained indicate that metabolic disturbances inherent in diabetes mellitus lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue.", "contents": "[Insulin sensitivity of isolated muscle tissue of rats with manifest alloxan diabetes of different duration]. Insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue was assessed in 20 control rats and 27 rats with alloxan diabetes from the extent of its effect on C14-glucose incorporation by the diaphragmatic muscular glycogen. In diabetes of 5--8-day standing insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue remained unchanged. In alloxan diabetes of 22--24-day duration insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue diminished. With prolongation of decompensated alloxan diabetes up to 5--8 months a further decrease in incorporation of labelled glucose by the diaphragmatic glycogen was recorded. The data obtained indicate that metabolic disturbances inherent in diabetes mellitus lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue.", "PMID": 497379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3426", "title": "[Endogenous production of prostaglandins E and F2-alpha in cerebral and extracerebral vessels of cats and its change under the effect of noradrenaline].", "content": "The quantitative determination of prostaglandins (PG) E and F2 alpha has been carried out in isolated cerebral and extracerebral vessels of cats. It has been found that the basal production of PG predominates in cerebral vessels, the content of PGF2 alpha prevailing compared to PGE. The incubation of isolated vessels with noradrenaline causes a decrease in production of vasopressor PGF2 alpha with a simultaneous considerable increase in the content of vasodepressor PGE. The changes indicated are especially clearly seen in the cerebral vessels. It is suggested that the level of endogenic production of PG in the cerebral vessels may play an important role in the local regulation of the vascular tone, while the disbalance of their dynamic correlation may be responsible for cerebrovascular abnormalities.", "contents": "[Endogenous production of prostaglandins E and F2-alpha in cerebral and extracerebral vessels of cats and its change under the effect of noradrenaline]. The quantitative determination of prostaglandins (PG) E and F2 alpha has been carried out in isolated cerebral and extracerebral vessels of cats. It has been found that the basal production of PG predominates in cerebral vessels, the content of PGF2 alpha prevailing compared to PGE. The incubation of isolated vessels with noradrenaline causes a decrease in production of vasopressor PGF2 alpha with a simultaneous considerable increase in the content of vasodepressor PGE. The changes indicated are especially clearly seen in the cerebral vessels. It is suggested that the level of endogenic production of PG in the cerebral vessels may play an important role in the local regulation of the vascular tone, while the disbalance of their dynamic correlation may be responsible for cerebrovascular abnormalities.", "PMID": 497380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3427", "title": "[Formation of hematopoietic colonies of the donor type in the bone marrow of irradiated chickens after transplantation of the cells of the yolk sac and hindlimb of the quail embryo].", "content": "The ability of yolk sac and primary bone marrow cells of the quail to form hemopoietic colonies at 6 hours of incubation (i. e. before establishment of circulation) was studied in the bone marrow of 3-week sublethally irradiated chickens. The experiments were based on the possibility of differentiating between quail and chicken cells from the natural cell marker (Pheulgen-positive nucleolus). The number of hemopoietic colonies produced by cells transplanted from the primary bone marrow was three times greater than that consequent on transplantation of yolk sac cells. With the given dose of irradiation the bone marrow shows about 75% exogenous (quail) and 25% endogenous (chicken) hemopoietic colonies.", "contents": "[Formation of hematopoietic colonies of the donor type in the bone marrow of irradiated chickens after transplantation of the cells of the yolk sac and hindlimb of the quail embryo]. The ability of yolk sac and primary bone marrow cells of the quail to form hemopoietic colonies at 6 hours of incubation (i. e. before establishment of circulation) was studied in the bone marrow of 3-week sublethally irradiated chickens. The experiments were based on the possibility of differentiating between quail and chicken cells from the natural cell marker (Pheulgen-positive nucleolus). The number of hemopoietic colonies produced by cells transplanted from the primary bone marrow was three times greater than that consequent on transplantation of yolk sac cells. With the given dose of irradiation the bone marrow shows about 75% exogenous (quail) and 25% endogenous (chicken) hemopoietic colonies.", "PMID": 497381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3428", "title": "[Study of the nature and mechanism of biosynthesis of nonspecific immunoglobulins].", "content": "Mice were immunized with Vi-antigen. Spleen cells, removed at different time after immunization, were cultivated in Eagle medium, containing glycine-14C. The biosynthesis of antibodies to Vi-antigens, autoantibodies to mouse IgG and antigen-dependent non-specific immunoglobulins (NigG) were determined by means of specific immunosorbents. Immunization of mice with Vi-antigen resulted in a sharp increase in antigen-dependent NIgG formation. Thus, this protein biosynthesis takes place not only during immunization with thymus-dependent antigens, but also in response to the thymus-independent antigen. It is shown that the synthesized antigen-dependent NIgG were not autoantibodies to self mouse IgG.", "contents": "[Study of the nature and mechanism of biosynthesis of nonspecific immunoglobulins]. Mice were immunized with Vi-antigen. Spleen cells, removed at different time after immunization, were cultivated in Eagle medium, containing glycine-14C. The biosynthesis of antibodies to Vi-antigens, autoantibodies to mouse IgG and antigen-dependent non-specific immunoglobulins (NigG) were determined by means of specific immunosorbents. Immunization of mice with Vi-antigen resulted in a sharp increase in antigen-dependent NIgG formation. Thus, this protein biosynthesis takes place not only during immunization with thymus-dependent antigens, but also in response to the thymus-independent antigen. It is shown that the synthesized antigen-dependent NIgG were not autoantibodies to self mouse IgG.", "PMID": 497382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3429", "title": "[Possible role of DNAse I in the development of experimental leukemia].", "content": "An increase in the DNAase 1 activity in the serum and an increase in the DNAase inhibitor activity in the spleen in the development of virus Friend leukemia were demonstrated. Increased activity of the inhibitor in the spleen was also revealed after intravenous injection of exogenous DNAase 1 into mice. A potential role of serum DNAase 1 in the development of experimental leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible role of DNAse I in the development of experimental leukemia]. An increase in the DNAase 1 activity in the serum and an increase in the DNAase inhibitor activity in the spleen in the development of virus Friend leukemia were demonstrated. Increased activity of the inhibitor in the spleen was also revealed after intravenous injection of exogenous DNAase 1 into mice. A potential role of serum DNAase 1 in the development of experimental leukemia is discussed.", "PMID": 497383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3430", "title": "[Cells with fragmented nuclei in ascites hepatoma 22A and their participation in proliferation].", "content": "The number of cells with fragmented nuclei (FN) (mainly, multilobate) increased with aging of ascites hepatoma 22A (AH22A) as follows: 15 +/- 9.3% in the 6-day AH22A, 196 +/- 53% in the 14-day tumor and 453 +/- 51% in the delayed (18-day) AH22A. The basic way of FN formation was amitotic. About 150 and 170% of cells with FN in the 14- and 18-day AH22A were at the reversible resting R1 stage (or at the very long G1 period, more than 4 days). The rest of the cells, 50 and 230%, respectively, quit the mitotic cycle irreversibly and apparently undergo the involution that is faster during passage-stimulated division.", "contents": "[Cells with fragmented nuclei in ascites hepatoma 22A and their participation in proliferation]. The number of cells with fragmented nuclei (FN) (mainly, multilobate) increased with aging of ascites hepatoma 22A (AH22A) as follows: 15 +/- 9.3% in the 6-day AH22A, 196 +/- 53% in the 14-day tumor and 453 +/- 51% in the delayed (18-day) AH22A. The basic way of FN formation was amitotic. About 150 and 170% of cells with FN in the 14- and 18-day AH22A were at the reversible resting R1 stage (or at the very long G1 period, more than 4 days). The rest of the cells, 50 and 230%, respectively, quit the mitotic cycle irreversibly and apparently undergo the involution that is faster during passage-stimulated division.", "PMID": 497384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3431", "title": "[Effect of a carcinogen on the electric activity of the rat stomach].", "content": "Acute experiments on rats showed that the intragastric administration of an aqueous solution of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) elicited depression of the electrical activity of the gastric wall manifested by a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the basic electrical rhythm and by its complete stopping in most cases. MNNG abolished the excitatory reaction caused both by the vagal electric stimulation and administration of carbacholine, but there persists an inhibitory reaction elicited both by the vagal stimulation and infusion of ATP.", "contents": "[Effect of a carcinogen on the electric activity of the rat stomach]. Acute experiments on rats showed that the intragastric administration of an aqueous solution of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) elicited depression of the electrical activity of the gastric wall manifested by a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the basic electrical rhythm and by its complete stopping in most cases. MNNG abolished the excitatory reaction caused both by the vagal electric stimulation and administration of carbacholine, but there persists an inhibitory reaction elicited both by the vagal stimulation and infusion of ATP.", "PMID": 497385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3432", "title": "[Characteristics of wound healing after laser-CO2 injury].", "content": "The studies of the laser-CO2 ray injury to the liver, kidneys and lung tissues showed the absence of the pronounced leukocytic infiltration in the tissues adjacent to the damaged ones. The lack of inflammatory alterations during the healing indicates that the resorption of the damaged tissues, accompanied by inflammation, and the tissue element proliferation are relatively autonomic processes, not forming an entire pathogenetic reparation chain.", "contents": "[Characteristics of wound healing after laser-CO2 injury]. The studies of the laser-CO2 ray injury to the liver, kidneys and lung tissues showed the absence of the pronounced leukocytic infiltration in the tissues adjacent to the damaged ones. The lack of inflammatory alterations during the healing indicates that the resorption of the damaged tissues, accompanied by inflammation, and the tissue element proliferation are relatively autonomic processes, not forming an entire pathogenetic reparation chain.", "PMID": 497386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3433", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2-alpha on the course of pregnancy and 17-beta-estradiol concentration in blood plasma of mice].", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (at a dose of 2 mg/kg, per each stage of development) on the mouse preimplantation development and 17 beta-estradiol concentration in the blood plasma was studied. Prostaglandin F2 alpha caused inhibition of mitoses in the embryo and decreased the percentage of embryos liberated from zona pellucida. Meanwhile blood plasma showed diminution of 17 beta-estradiol level as a result of administering prostaglandin F2 alpha. In physiological conditions a significant rise in 17 beta-estradiol level was recorded at the stage of blastocyst liberated from zona pellucida.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2-alpha on the course of pregnancy and 17-beta-estradiol concentration in blood plasma of mice]. The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (at a dose of 2 mg/kg, per each stage of development) on the mouse preimplantation development and 17 beta-estradiol concentration in the blood plasma was studied. Prostaglandin F2 alpha caused inhibition of mitoses in the embryo and decreased the percentage of embryos liberated from zona pellucida. Meanwhile blood plasma showed diminution of 17 beta-estradiol level as a result of administering prostaglandin F2 alpha. In physiological conditions a significant rise in 17 beta-estradiol level was recorded at the stage of blastocyst liberated from zona pellucida.", "PMID": 497387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3434", "title": "[Detection of heterogenicity of the lymphoid populations by measuring the diameter of the cells and cell nuclei].", "content": "Some parameters of distribution according to the lymphoid cell and its nuclei size in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus and spleen of healthy rats were studied. A comparative assay revealed population homogeneity for the thymus and bone marrow lymphocytes as well as their mean diameter differences. Mixing of these cell types markedly changed the distribution parameters of newly formed population, as shown on the model of the bone marrow lymphoid reaction caused by migration of thymic lymphocytes after 5-fluorouracil use. Preliminary thymectomy excluded migration and homogeneity of the bone marrow lymphocyte size remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Detection of heterogenicity of the lymphoid populations by measuring the diameter of the cells and cell nuclei]. Some parameters of distribution according to the lymphoid cell and its nuclei size in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus and spleen of healthy rats were studied. A comparative assay revealed population homogeneity for the thymus and bone marrow lymphocytes as well as their mean diameter differences. Mixing of these cell types markedly changed the distribution parameters of newly formed population, as shown on the model of the bone marrow lymphoid reaction caused by migration of thymic lymphocytes after 5-fluorouracil use. Preliminary thymectomy excluded migration and homogeneity of the bone marrow lymphocyte size remained unchanged.", "PMID": 497388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3435", "title": "[Effect of transplantation of thymus, bone marrow and spleen cells on the regenerative processes in pathologically changed liver].", "content": "In tests on CBAXC57BL mice with experimental hepatitis, induced by carbon tetrachloride, the transplantation of cells from the lymphoid organs of healthy donors intensified the repairing process in the recipient pathologically changed liver. The most pronounced normalization was seen in the liver of the animals given thymocytes which suggests a deficit of these cells in experimental toxic hepatitis and indicates a definite role of the thymus in the repairing processes of the damaged liver.", "contents": "[Effect of transplantation of thymus, bone marrow and spleen cells on the regenerative processes in pathologically changed liver]. In tests on CBAXC57BL mice with experimental hepatitis, induced by carbon tetrachloride, the transplantation of cells from the lymphoid organs of healthy donors intensified the repairing process in the recipient pathologically changed liver. The most pronounced normalization was seen in the liver of the animals given thymocytes which suggests a deficit of these cells in experimental toxic hepatitis and indicates a definite role of the thymus in the repairing processes of the damaged liver.", "PMID": 497389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3436", "title": "[Electron-microscopic and electron-autoradiographic characteristics of embryonal lung cells in organ cultures].", "content": "Cells of the mouse embryonal lung at early stages of organotypical cultivation were studied by electron microscopy and autoradiography. The electron autoradiography technique allowed the fate of poorly differentiated cells to be elucidated.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic and electron-autoradiographic characteristics of embryonal lung cells in organ cultures]. Cells of the mouse embryonal lung at early stages of organotypical cultivation were studied by electron microscopy and autoradiography. The electron autoradiography technique allowed the fate of poorly differentiated cells to be elucidated.", "PMID": 497390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3437", "title": "[Ultrastructural-morphometric study of cardiac myocytes in the cell culture].", "content": "Ultrastructural-morphometric studies of the right and left heart ventricles of 4-day young rat were carried out during 7-day cultivation to examine morphologic and sterologic parameters of mitochondria and myofibrils. The morphometric data demonstrated a recurrent character of mitochondria and myofibril structural changes. The changes occurred should not be regarded as structural cell differentiations but rather as adaptation to the cultivation conditions.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural-morphometric study of cardiac myocytes in the cell culture]. Ultrastructural-morphometric studies of the right and left heart ventricles of 4-day young rat were carried out during 7-day cultivation to examine morphologic and sterologic parameters of mitochondria and myofibrils. The morphometric data demonstrated a recurrent character of mitochondria and myofibril structural changes. The changes occurred should not be regarded as structural cell differentiations but rather as adaptation to the cultivation conditions.", "PMID": 497391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3438", "title": "[Functional morphology of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system and juxtaglomerular apparatus in acute vascular insufficiency].", "content": "The functional morphology of the hypothalamic neurohypophyseal system (HNHS) and juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were studied in 50 male cate. A rising secretory activity in HNHS and JGA, accompanied by accumulation of hormone-containing granules, was seen in acute vascular insufficiency caused both by the injection of a ganglion-blocking agent and by bloodletting. This factor is qualified by the authors as a specific sign of hypotonic stress, consisting in incomplete use of HNHS and JGA adaptive capacity in acute pressor hormone deficit.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system and juxtaglomerular apparatus in acute vascular insufficiency]. The functional morphology of the hypothalamic neurohypophyseal system (HNHS) and juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were studied in 50 male cate. A rising secretory activity in HNHS and JGA, accompanied by accumulation of hormone-containing granules, was seen in acute vascular insufficiency caused both by the injection of a ganglion-blocking agent and by bloodletting. This factor is qualified by the authors as a specific sign of hypotonic stress, consisting in incomplete use of HNHS and JGA adaptive capacity in acute pressor hormone deficit.", "PMID": 497392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3439", "title": "Deficiency of factor Xa-factor Va binding sites on the platelets of a patient with a bleeding disorder.", "content": "Factor V (Va) is essential for binding of factor Xa to the surface of platelets. After thrombin treatment, normal platelets release at least five times more factor Va activity than is required for maximal factor Xa binding. The concentration of factor V activity obtained after thrombin stimulation of 10(7) normal platelets is sufficient to allow half-maximal factor Xa binding to 10(8) platelets (10% normal, 90% factor-V deficient). Therefore, factor Va activity is not limiting in platelet-surface factor Xa binding and prothrombin activation in normal platelets; some other components limit the number of binding sites. We report studies of a patient (M.S.) with a moderate to severe bleeding abnormality whose platelets are deficient in the platelet-surface component required for the factor Va-factor Xa binding. The patient's platelet factor Va activity released after thrombin treatment is normal, but factor Xa binding is 20%-25% of control values at saturation. Abnormal prothrombin consumption in a patient with normal plasma coagulation factors and platelet function suggests a disorder in platelet-surface thrombin formation.", "contents": "Deficiency of factor Xa-factor Va binding sites on the platelets of a patient with a bleeding disorder. Factor V (Va) is essential for binding of factor Xa to the surface of platelets. After thrombin treatment, normal platelets release at least five times more factor Va activity than is required for maximal factor Xa binding. The concentration of factor V activity obtained after thrombin stimulation of 10(7) normal platelets is sufficient to allow half-maximal factor Xa binding to 10(8) platelets (10% normal, 90% factor-V deficient). Therefore, factor Va activity is not limiting in platelet-surface factor Xa binding and prothrombin activation in normal platelets; some other components limit the number of binding sites. We report studies of a patient (M.S.) with a moderate to severe bleeding abnormality whose platelets are deficient in the platelet-surface component required for the factor Va-factor Xa binding. The patient's platelet factor Va activity released after thrombin treatment is normal, but factor Xa binding is 20%-25% of control values at saturation. Abnormal prothrombin consumption in a patient with normal plasma coagulation factors and platelet function suggests a disorder in platelet-surface thrombin formation.", "PMID": 497393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3440", "title": "Successful transfusion of platelets cryopreserved for more than 3 years.", "content": "To determine the duration of storage for cryopreserved platelets, 14 transfusions of random-donor, pooled platelets, stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen for a mean period of 1157 days (range 1060-1240), were analyzed. Twelve of these transfusions were compared in a paired fashion with fresh, random-donor, pooled platelets given within a few days to the same thrombocytopenic recipients. Platelets had been frozen using 5% dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotective agent either at a controlled rate of -1 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C or by simply placing them in the vapor phase (-120 degrees C) of a liquid nitrogen freezer. The mean freeze-thaw loss for the 14 transfusions was 22%, and the mean corrected 1-hr increment in platelet count was 12,600/microliter. In the 12 paired observations, the mean corrected 1-hr increment for frozen platelets was 11,800/microliter and 25,900 for fresh platelets, giving a frozen/fresh recovery of 46%. Random donor platelets can be cryopreserved by these methods for greater than 3 yr with satisfactory post-transfusion increments. This suggests that a reservoir of frozen platelets, either random-donor for emergency transfusion or of known HLA-type for transfusion to alloimmunized patients, can be established and stored for at least 3 yr.", "contents": "Successful transfusion of platelets cryopreserved for more than 3 years. To determine the duration of storage for cryopreserved platelets, 14 transfusions of random-donor, pooled platelets, stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen for a mean period of 1157 days (range 1060-1240), were analyzed. Twelve of these transfusions were compared in a paired fashion with fresh, random-donor, pooled platelets given within a few days to the same thrombocytopenic recipients. Platelets had been frozen using 5% dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotective agent either at a controlled rate of -1 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C or by simply placing them in the vapor phase (-120 degrees C) of a liquid nitrogen freezer. The mean freeze-thaw loss for the 14 transfusions was 22%, and the mean corrected 1-hr increment in platelet count was 12,600/microliter. In the 12 paired observations, the mean corrected 1-hr increment for frozen platelets was 11,800/microliter and 25,900 for fresh platelets, giving a frozen/fresh recovery of 46%. Random donor platelets can be cryopreserved by these methods for greater than 3 yr with satisfactory post-transfusion increments. This suggests that a reservoir of frozen platelets, either random-donor for emergency transfusion or of known HLA-type for transfusion to alloimmunized patients, can be established and stored for at least 3 yr.", "PMID": 497394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3441", "title": "Activated clotting factors in factor IX concentrates.", "content": "The precise quantitation of activated factors in human factor IX concentrates has been accomplished with the use of recently developed, specific assays for factors IXa, Xa, and thrombin. The assay for factor IXa, which measures the initial rate of 3H-factor-X activation, was shown to be specific for factor IXa in the concentrates. Activated factor IX concentrates contained 1.0-2.3 microgram/ml of factor IXa; whereas the assays of unactivated concentrates were negative (less than 0.2 microgram/ml). The assays of factor Xa and thrombin, which measure the initial rate of p-nitroaniline release from S-2222 and S-2238, respectively, showed similar small amounts of factor Xa (4-34 ng/ml) and thrombin (12-76 ng/ml) in the activated and unactivated concentrates. The nonactivated partial thromboplastin time of the concentrates correlated significantly with the factor IXa content, but not with factor Xa or thrombin. Antithrombin III antigen in 3 of 4 concentrates was several-fold higher than antithrombin III activity, suggesting the presence of antithrombin III complexed with activated factors. These results support the hypothesis that the degree of activation of factor IX concentrates is related primarily to the concentration of factor IXa, which may be responsible for the thrombogenicity of these concentrates in some clinical settings.", "contents": "Activated clotting factors in factor IX concentrates. The precise quantitation of activated factors in human factor IX concentrates has been accomplished with the use of recently developed, specific assays for factors IXa, Xa, and thrombin. The assay for factor IXa, which measures the initial rate of 3H-factor-X activation, was shown to be specific for factor IXa in the concentrates. Activated factor IX concentrates contained 1.0-2.3 microgram/ml of factor IXa; whereas the assays of unactivated concentrates were negative (less than 0.2 microgram/ml). The assays of factor Xa and thrombin, which measure the initial rate of p-nitroaniline release from S-2222 and S-2238, respectively, showed similar small amounts of factor Xa (4-34 ng/ml) and thrombin (12-76 ng/ml) in the activated and unactivated concentrates. The nonactivated partial thromboplastin time of the concentrates correlated significantly with the factor IXa content, but not with factor Xa or thrombin. Antithrombin III antigen in 3 of 4 concentrates was several-fold higher than antithrombin III activity, suggesting the presence of antithrombin III complexed with activated factors. These results support the hypothesis that the degree of activation of factor IX concentrates is related primarily to the concentration of factor IXa, which may be responsible for the thrombogenicity of these concentrates in some clinical settings.", "PMID": 497395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3442", "title": "Human erythroid burst-promoting activity produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated, radioresistant peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "The regulation of erythroid burst-colony formation was studied in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Numbers of erythropoietin-stimulated colonies obtainable from the cells in response to various treatments were compared. One-day preincubation of the cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) doubled the yield of colonies. Irradiation of the cells with 3000 rad eliminated their ability to form erythroid bursts, but did not impair the ability of PHA-treated cells to enhance burst formation when added to a fresh batch of cells. This was due to a humoral factor, since media conditioned by PHA-treated washed cells were as effective as the cells themselves. When cells were separated into subpopulations by an adherence procedure and according to their ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, it was found that the PHA-dependent burst-promoting activity released into the medium originated in a nonadherent, nonrosetting (T-cell depleted) cell population.", "contents": "Human erythroid burst-promoting activity produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated, radioresistant peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The regulation of erythroid burst-colony formation was studied in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Numbers of erythropoietin-stimulated colonies obtainable from the cells in response to various treatments were compared. One-day preincubation of the cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) doubled the yield of colonies. Irradiation of the cells with 3000 rad eliminated their ability to form erythroid bursts, but did not impair the ability of PHA-treated cells to enhance burst formation when added to a fresh batch of cells. This was due to a humoral factor, since media conditioned by PHA-treated washed cells were as effective as the cells themselves. When cells were separated into subpopulations by an adherence procedure and according to their ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, it was found that the PHA-dependent burst-promoting activity released into the medium originated in a nonadherent, nonrosetting (T-cell depleted) cell population.", "PMID": 497396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3443", "title": "Hereditary dyserythropoiesis with abnormal membrane folate transport.", "content": "Dyserythropoiesis, which morphologically and serologically resembles congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III but is not accompanied by anemia, is described in a young man. In addition to striking gigantism and multinuclearity of erythroid precursors, electron microscopy revealed widening of nuclear pores, nuclear clefts, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Membrane transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the patient's red cells was markedly reduced; total uptake, uptake velocity, and maximal velocity of uptake were all significantly less than in controls. In contrast, red cell uptake of pteroylglutamic acid was normal. Bone marrow cells in culture also showed decreased 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake, as well as very low thymidine incorporation. Because folate uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes was normal, the defect apparently does not involve all cell lines. These results suggest that a specific membrane defect, affecting the carrier system for reduced folate compounds, is present in this patient's erythrocytes, and perhaps, their bone marrow precursors.", "contents": "Hereditary dyserythropoiesis with abnormal membrane folate transport. Dyserythropoiesis, which morphologically and serologically resembles congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III but is not accompanied by anemia, is described in a young man. In addition to striking gigantism and multinuclearity of erythroid precursors, electron microscopy revealed widening of nuclear pores, nuclear clefts, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Membrane transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the patient's red cells was markedly reduced; total uptake, uptake velocity, and maximal velocity of uptake were all significantly less than in controls. In contrast, red cell uptake of pteroylglutamic acid was normal. Bone marrow cells in culture also showed decreased 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake, as well as very low thymidine incorporation. Because folate uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes was normal, the defect apparently does not involve all cell lines. These results suggest that a specific membrane defect, affecting the carrier system for reduced folate compounds, is present in this patient's erythrocytes, and perhaps, their bone marrow precursors.", "PMID": 497398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3444", "title": "The G gamma:A gamma composition of fetal hemoglobin in fetuses and newborns.", "content": "To determine whether the G gamma:A gamma HbF switch is coordinated in development with the HbF:HbA switch, hemoglobin F Gly/Ala (G gamma:A gamma) heterogeneity was evaluated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The mean G gamma was 70% in 19 newborns, similar to the published value of 73% obtained by amino acid analysis of the gamma CG-3 peptide. In 29 fetuses at 18-20-wk gestation, G gamma was 71%. The values were similar in normal fetuses and newborns and in those with hemoglobinopathies. The synthetic ratio of 3H-leucine-labeled G gamma:A gamma was identical to the ratio found in the globin protein accumulated by 20 wk. The proportion of G gamma was also identical in 6 paired samples, at 20-wk gestation and at birth. Thus, G gamma production does not decline with respect to A gamma in utero at the time of onset of the HbF:HbA switch.", "contents": "The G gamma:A gamma composition of fetal hemoglobin in fetuses and newborns. To determine whether the G gamma:A gamma HbF switch is coordinated in development with the HbF:HbA switch, hemoglobin F Gly/Ala (G gamma:A gamma) heterogeneity was evaluated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The mean G gamma was 70% in 19 newborns, similar to the published value of 73% obtained by amino acid analysis of the gamma CG-3 peptide. In 29 fetuses at 18-20-wk gestation, G gamma was 71%. The values were similar in normal fetuses and newborns and in those with hemoglobinopathies. The synthetic ratio of 3H-leucine-labeled G gamma:A gamma was identical to the ratio found in the globin protein accumulated by 20 wk. The proportion of G gamma was also identical in 6 paired samples, at 20-wk gestation and at birth. Thus, G gamma production does not decline with respect to A gamma in utero at the time of onset of the HbF:HbA switch.", "PMID": 497401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3445", "title": "Human myeloid precursors forming colonies in diffusion chambers expresses the Ia-like antigen.", "content": "Normal human bone marrow contains cells capable of forming myeloid colonies (CFU-DG) in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers placed in the peritoneal cavity of cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Evidence has accumulated indicating that these colony-forming cells represent an earlier stem cell than the granulocyte-monocyte precursor cell (CFU-C) assayed in soft agar. We provide data showing that these stem cells express the \"Ia-like\" or DR antigen. In the presence of rabbit Ia antiserum at a titer of 1:300, all CFU-DG were inhibited. Cytotoxicity was complement-dependent. Data are also presented that suggest that the megakaryocyte stem cell also expresses the Ia antigen.", "contents": "Human myeloid precursors forming colonies in diffusion chambers expresses the Ia-like antigen. Normal human bone marrow contains cells capable of forming myeloid colonies (CFU-DG) in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers placed in the peritoneal cavity of cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Evidence has accumulated indicating that these colony-forming cells represent an earlier stem cell than the granulocyte-monocyte precursor cell (CFU-C) assayed in soft agar. We provide data showing that these stem cells express the \"Ia-like\" or DR antigen. In the presence of rabbit Ia antiserum at a titer of 1:300, all CFU-DG were inhibited. Cytotoxicity was complement-dependent. Data are also presented that suggest that the megakaryocyte stem cell also expresses the Ia antigen.", "PMID": 497402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3446", "title": "Blood kinetics and in vivo chemotaxis of transfused neutrophils: effect of colllection method, donor corticosteroid treatment, and short-term storage.", "content": "To evaluate effect of collection technique and short-term storage on in vivo cell function, neutrophils were collected from 53 normal subjects by phlebotomy (PB), intermittent flow centrifugation (IFC), or filtration leukopheresis (FL), stored 0 or 1 day, labeled with 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate, reinfused into the donor, and blood kinetics and/or skin chamber accumulation of labeled cells measured. The blood kinetics of unstored PB and IFC cells were similar; the kinetics of unstored FL cells were markedly abnormal. The percent of infused neutrophils localizing to the skin chamber was 0.1, 0.06, and 0.006 for unstored PB, IFC, and FL cells, respectively. One-day storage substantially decreased chamber accumulation of infused neutrophils. Donor steroid pretreatment had no effect on chamber results. Thus, in vivo chemotactic ability of IFC neutrophils is slightly impaired, whereas that of FL cells is severely impaired. One-day storage of either cell concentrate causes further cell damage.", "contents": "Blood kinetics and in vivo chemotaxis of transfused neutrophils: effect of colllection method, donor corticosteroid treatment, and short-term storage. To evaluate effect of collection technique and short-term storage on in vivo cell function, neutrophils were collected from 53 normal subjects by phlebotomy (PB), intermittent flow centrifugation (IFC), or filtration leukopheresis (FL), stored 0 or 1 day, labeled with 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate, reinfused into the donor, and blood kinetics and/or skin chamber accumulation of labeled cells measured. The blood kinetics of unstored PB and IFC cells were similar; the kinetics of unstored FL cells were markedly abnormal. The percent of infused neutrophils localizing to the skin chamber was 0.1, 0.06, and 0.006 for unstored PB, IFC, and FL cells, respectively. One-day storage substantially decreased chamber accumulation of infused neutrophils. Donor steroid pretreatment had no effect on chamber results. Thus, in vivo chemotactic ability of IFC neutrophils is slightly impaired, whereas that of FL cells is severely impaired. One-day storage of either cell concentrate causes further cell damage.", "PMID": 497403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3447", "title": "Comparison of fibrinogen association with normal and thrombasthenic platelets on exposure to ADP or chymotrypsin.", "content": "Although 125I-fibrinogen becomes associated with washed platelets from normal human subjects during ADP-induced shape change and aggregation, 125I-fibrinogen did not become associated with washed plateletes from a thrombasthenic subject during ADP-induced shape change and the platelets did not aggregate. Platelets from control and thrombasthenic subjects were treated with chymotrypsin, which is known to degrade platelet membrane glycoproteins. More 125I-fibrinogen became associated with chymotrypsin-pretreated platelets from normal subejcts than with untreated platelets, and fibrinogen caused the enzyme-treated platelets to aggregate. 125I-fibrinogen did not become associated with chymotrypsin-pretreated thromobasthenic platelets, and fibrinogen did not aggregate them. Thus, there appears to be a defect in thrombasthenic platelets that prevents the association of fibrinogen with them.", "contents": "Comparison of fibrinogen association with normal and thrombasthenic platelets on exposure to ADP or chymotrypsin. Although 125I-fibrinogen becomes associated with washed platelets from normal human subjects during ADP-induced shape change and aggregation, 125I-fibrinogen did not become associated with washed plateletes from a thrombasthenic subject during ADP-induced shape change and the platelets did not aggregate. Platelets from control and thrombasthenic subjects were treated with chymotrypsin, which is known to degrade platelet membrane glycoproteins. More 125I-fibrinogen became associated with chymotrypsin-pretreated platelets from normal subejcts than with untreated platelets, and fibrinogen caused the enzyme-treated platelets to aggregate. 125I-fibrinogen did not become associated with chymotrypsin-pretreated thromobasthenic platelets, and fibrinogen did not aggregate them. Thus, there appears to be a defect in thrombasthenic platelets that prevents the association of fibrinogen with them.", "PMID": 497404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3448", "title": "Normal range of blood colony-forming cells (CFU-C) in humans: influence of experimental conditions, age, sex, and diurnal variations.", "content": "Blood colony-forming cells (CFU-C) and colony-stimulating activity obtained from feeder layers of peripheral blood leucocytes (leucocyte CSA) have been studies in 69 normal subjects by means of semisolid agar culture system. Groups of normal volunteers were selected according to sex and age (20 to 45 and older than 60 years) and the results compared. The mean number of circulating CFU-C was significantly lower  in young women (20-45 years old) than in males over 60 years of age, but no differences were found among the other age and sex groups. Leucocyte CSA did not significantly differ among these groups. In 5 young males the blood CFU-C did not show significant variations at 8 AM and at 4 PM of the same day. When the study was repeated in 18 subjects at longer time intervals, the number of colonies showed a maximum fivefold variation. The amount of plasma and polymorphonuclear granulocytes present in our culture system did not inhibit the colony growth. In most cases, double layer cultures grow a higher number of colonies than single layer, but feeder layers of some normal subject seem to inhibit the colony growth.", "contents": "Normal range of blood colony-forming cells (CFU-C) in humans: influence of experimental conditions, age, sex, and diurnal variations. Blood colony-forming cells (CFU-C) and colony-stimulating activity obtained from feeder layers of peripheral blood leucocytes (leucocyte CSA) have been studies in 69 normal subjects by means of semisolid agar culture system. Groups of normal volunteers were selected according to sex and age (20 to 45 and older than 60 years) and the results compared. The mean number of circulating CFU-C was significantly lower  in young women (20-45 years old) than in males over 60 years of age, but no differences were found among the other age and sex groups. Leucocyte CSA did not significantly differ among these groups. In 5 young males the blood CFU-C did not show significant variations at 8 AM and at 4 PM of the same day. When the study was repeated in 18 subjects at longer time intervals, the number of colonies showed a maximum fivefold variation. The amount of plasma and polymorphonuclear granulocytes present in our culture system did not inhibit the colony growth. In most cases, double layer cultures grow a higher number of colonies than single layer, but feeder layers of some normal subject seem to inhibit the colony growth.", "PMID": 497406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3449", "title": "Lazy leukocyte syndrome.", "content": "A-35-year-old woman with a long-lasting history of neutropenia and recurrent infections was found to have defective neutrophil chemotaxis, random motility, and in vivo migration. Although the bone marrow granulocyte reserve was normal, the patient failed to release an appropriate amount of granulocytes after injection of etiocholanolone. These features are characteristic of the so-called \"Lazy leukocyte syndrome\". The clinical presentation of the five cases of this syndrome so far reported and its pathophysiological aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Lazy leukocyte syndrome. A-35-year-old woman with a long-lasting history of neutropenia and recurrent infections was found to have defective neutrophil chemotaxis, random motility, and in vivo migration. Although the bone marrow granulocyte reserve was normal, the patient failed to release an appropriate amount of granulocytes after injection of etiocholanolone. These features are characteristic of the so-called \"Lazy leukocyte syndrome\". The clinical presentation of the five cases of this syndrome so far reported and its pathophysiological aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 497407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3450", "title": "[In vitro studies of whole blood and buffycoat-free packed cells in CPD-adenine with 1.5-fold glucose concentration and 0.4 mm adenine (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied a new CPD-adenine preservative with 1.5-fold of usual glucose concentration and 0.4 mM adenine during 6 weeks of storage in whole blood and buffycoat-free packed cells. Measurements of ATP and glucose indicated no necessity for increasing the glucose concentration in the standard CPD-adenine.", "contents": "[In vitro studies of whole blood and buffycoat-free packed cells in CPD-adenine with 1.5-fold glucose concentration and 0.4 mm adenine (author's transl)]. We studied a new CPD-adenine preservative with 1.5-fold of usual glucose concentration and 0.4 mM adenine during 6 weeks of storage in whole blood and buffycoat-free packed cells. Measurements of ATP and glucose indicated no necessity for increasing the glucose concentration in the standard CPD-adenine.", "PMID": 497408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3451", "title": "[Detection of development of resistance in the short-term test (author's transl].", "content": "By treatment of the mouse leukemia L 1210 with cytosinarabinoside (120 mg/kg per week) a tumour cell line was developed which was resistant to this cytostatic agent. It is possible, using the short-term test, to follow the development of resistance to cytosinarabinoside.", "contents": "[Detection of development of resistance in the short-term test (author's transl]. By treatment of the mouse leukemia L 1210 with cytosinarabinoside (120 mg/kg per week) a tumour cell line was developed which was resistant to this cytostatic agent. It is possible, using the short-term test, to follow the development of resistance to cytosinarabinoside.", "PMID": 497409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3452", "title": "Effect of milk on mercury absorption and gut retention in rats.", "content": "The retention of 203Hg was studied six days after a single oral or intraperitoneal administration to six week old female albino rats fed rat's diet or milk. After oral administration rats on milk diet had a two times higher retention of mercury in the gut-free carcass and a 23 times higher retention in the gut than animals on rat's diet. Changes in diet had very little influence on mercury retention after intraperitoneal administration. The higher gut and carcass rentions of mercury in animals on milk diet could be prevented or reduced by transferring rats from milk diet to rat's diet several days after an oral dose of mercury. These results might be relevant for interpreting high gut and carcass retention after oral administration of some metals in suckling and changes which occur at weaning.", "contents": "Effect of milk on mercury absorption and gut retention in rats. The retention of 203Hg was studied six days after a single oral or intraperitoneal administration to six week old female albino rats fed rat's diet or milk. After oral administration rats on milk diet had a two times higher retention of mercury in the gut-free carcass and a 23 times higher retention in the gut than animals on rat's diet. Changes in diet had very little influence on mercury retention after intraperitoneal administration. The higher gut and carcass rentions of mercury in animals on milk diet could be prevented or reduced by transferring rats from milk diet to rat's diet several days after an oral dose of mercury. These results might be relevant for interpreting high gut and carcass retention after oral administration of some metals in suckling and changes which occur at weaning.", "PMID": 497464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3453", "title": "Disturbances in pulmonary mechanics during serotonin perfusion.", "content": "The effect of i.v. perfused serotonin (75 microgram.kg-1.min-1) on bronchomotor tone was assessed in dogs by mechanical studies, with the result in an increase in total lung resistance. The increased residual volume (RV), closing capacity (CC) and slope of phase III (nitrogen single-breath washout) as well as the reduction of the helium response at low lung volumes suggest a peripheral action of the drug. Because of the large increase in total lung resistance and the decreased dead space (VD), bronchoconstriction of large airways must also be present. Vagal tone inhibition is incomplete whether by volume history or bilateral vagotomy and could be limited mainly to a segment which is situated between the equal pressure point and the most peripheral airways: maximal flows during partial expiratory flow-volume manoeuvres (PEFV) are lower than during maximal expiratory flow-volume manoeuvres (MEFV) and the volume of isoflow is higher in PEFV than in MEFV manoeuvers, suggesting that full inspiration reduces the bronchoconstriction induced by serotonin. On the other hand, the bilateral vagotomy did not reverse CC, RV, slope of phase III or VD back to control values. Isoproterenol i.v. injection improved all physiological measurements almost to the level of control values: beta-adrenergic stimulating drugs seem to inhibit completely serotonin induced bronchospasm, at all levels of the bronchial tree.", "contents": "Disturbances in pulmonary mechanics during serotonin perfusion. The effect of i.v. perfused serotonin (75 microgram.kg-1.min-1) on bronchomotor tone was assessed in dogs by mechanical studies, with the result in an increase in total lung resistance. The increased residual volume (RV), closing capacity (CC) and slope of phase III (nitrogen single-breath washout) as well as the reduction of the helium response at low lung volumes suggest a peripheral action of the drug. Because of the large increase in total lung resistance and the decreased dead space (VD), bronchoconstriction of large airways must also be present. Vagal tone inhibition is incomplete whether by volume history or bilateral vagotomy and could be limited mainly to a segment which is situated between the equal pressure point and the most peripheral airways: maximal flows during partial expiratory flow-volume manoeuvres (PEFV) are lower than during maximal expiratory flow-volume manoeuvres (MEFV) and the volume of isoflow is higher in PEFV than in MEFV manoeuvers, suggesting that full inspiration reduces the bronchoconstriction induced by serotonin. On the other hand, the bilateral vagotomy did not reverse CC, RV, slope of phase III or VD back to control values. Isoproterenol i.v. injection improved all physiological measurements almost to the level of control values: beta-adrenergic stimulating drugs seem to inhibit completely serotonin induced bronchospasm, at all levels of the bronchial tree.", "PMID": 497488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3454", "title": "The effects of long-term oxygen therapy on the EEG in patients with chronic stable ventilatory failure.", "content": "A homogeneous sample of 14 patients with advanced chronic bronchitis and emphysema complicated by secondary polycythaemia and pulmonary hypertension was examined. Eight patients who were receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTO2) for 15-20 h in the 24 h day showed a significantly faster, that is more normal, frequency of the dominant EEG activity and a higher level of arterial oxygenation when breathing air than six similar patients not receiving LTO2. Acute administration of oxygen (2 1/min) for 15 min did not change the EEG pattern in either group of patients. The frequency of the dominant EEG activity in all 14 patients showed a significant positive correlation with the arterial oxygen saturation and negative correlation with the level of polycythaemia. Occurrence of intermixed EEG show activity theta and delta was positively correlated both with hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. The results suggest that the LTO2 in patients with chronic ventilatory failure has a beneficial effect on cerebral function as measured by EEG.", "contents": "The effects of long-term oxygen therapy on the EEG in patients with chronic stable ventilatory failure. A homogeneous sample of 14 patients with advanced chronic bronchitis and emphysema complicated by secondary polycythaemia and pulmonary hypertension was examined. Eight patients who were receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTO2) for 15-20 h in the 24 h day showed a significantly faster, that is more normal, frequency of the dominant EEG activity and a higher level of arterial oxygenation when breathing air than six similar patients not receiving LTO2. Acute administration of oxygen (2 1/min) for 15 min did not change the EEG pattern in either group of patients. The frequency of the dominant EEG activity in all 14 patients showed a significant positive correlation with the arterial oxygen saturation and negative correlation with the level of polycythaemia. Occurrence of intermixed EEG show activity theta and delta was positively correlated both with hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. The results suggest that the LTO2 in patients with chronic ventilatory failure has a beneficial effect on cerebral function as measured by EEG.", "PMID": 497489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3455", "title": "Lung function abnormalities in cystic fibrosis and changes during growth.", "content": "Static lung volumes (VC, TLC, FRC, RV), elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst(1) at 100, 90, and 60% of TLC), static lung compliance [Cst(1)], specific airway conductance at FRC level (Gaw/TGVex), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximal expiratory flows (Vmax.) at 25 and 50% of VC and at 60% of TLC, and \"upstream\" airway conductance (Gus) at 60% of TLC were studied in 28 patients with cystic fibrosis, 5 to 25 years old, over a period of 1 to 5 years. The data were compared individually with normal values, related to body height in the form of regression equations and expressed in percentage of predicted values. From the indices assessing airway function, Vmax. at low lung volumes, Gus at 60% TLC, RV and RV/TLC were the functional parameters most consistently abnormal. Among the indices characterizing lung elasticity, Pst(1) at 60% TLC was the most abnormal. Generally, the values of the majority of lung function indices [VC, TLC, FRC, Pst(1)] declined during growth. Vmax. at all lung volumes and Gus at 60% TLC did not deteriorate with growth probably due to the great abnormality of these parameters already in young patients. It was also observed that lung function did not change significantly over a period of 1 to 5 years corresponding to a 10 cm increase in body height. However, over that period, lung function improved in some of the subjects, did not change in over 50% of the cases and deteriorated in the others.", "contents": "Lung function abnormalities in cystic fibrosis and changes during growth. Static lung volumes (VC, TLC, FRC, RV), elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst(1) at 100, 90, and 60% of TLC), static lung compliance [Cst(1)], specific airway conductance at FRC level (Gaw/TGVex), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximal expiratory flows (Vmax.) at 25 and 50% of VC and at 60% of TLC, and \"upstream\" airway conductance (Gus) at 60% of TLC were studied in 28 patients with cystic fibrosis, 5 to 25 years old, over a period of 1 to 5 years. The data were compared individually with normal values, related to body height in the form of regression equations and expressed in percentage of predicted values. From the indices assessing airway function, Vmax. at low lung volumes, Gus at 60% TLC, RV and RV/TLC were the functional parameters most consistently abnormal. Among the indices characterizing lung elasticity, Pst(1) at 60% TLC was the most abnormal. Generally, the values of the majority of lung function indices [VC, TLC, FRC, Pst(1)] declined during growth. Vmax. at all lung volumes and Gus at 60% TLC did not deteriorate with growth probably due to the great abnormality of these parameters already in young patients. It was also observed that lung function did not change significantly over a period of 1 to 5 years corresponding to a 10 cm increase in body height. However, over that period, lung function improved in some of the subjects, did not change in over 50% of the cases and deteriorated in the others.", "PMID": 497487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3456", "title": "[Proteins and enzymes in normal human bronchial washing fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Six normal subjects, two of whom were heavy smokers, underwent broncho-alveolar and bronchial washings. The aim of our work was to compare the biochemical composition of these fluids. Quantitative measurements of total protein, IgG AND IgA were made, the percentage of IgA 7S among the IgA population was established, an immunoelectrophoretic study was carried out, and glycosidase and protease activities were determined. In a given subject, the bronchial washing always showed more IgA, 11S and more concentrated glycosidase activities than the broncho-alveolar washing; the latter had higher values for IgG and protease activities, the most important being chymotrypsin-like activity. In both fluids, IgA 11S represented the main part of IgA population.", "contents": "[Proteins and enzymes in normal human bronchial washing fluids (author's transl)]. Six normal subjects, two of whom were heavy smokers, underwent broncho-alveolar and bronchial washings. The aim of our work was to compare the biochemical composition of these fluids. Quantitative measurements of total protein, IgG AND IgA were made, the percentage of IgA 7S among the IgA population was established, an immunoelectrophoretic study was carried out, and glycosidase and protease activities were determined. In a given subject, the bronchial washing always showed more IgA, 11S and more concentrated glycosidase activities than the broncho-alveolar washing; the latter had higher values for IgG and protease activities, the most important being chymotrypsin-like activity. In both fluids, IgA 11S represented the main part of IgA population.", "PMID": 497490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3457", "title": "Effect of CO2 on the systemic and coronary circulations and on coronary sinus blood gas tensions.", "content": "The responses to hypocapnia and to hypercapnia of both the systemic and the coronary circulations have been studied in the dog during intermittent positive pressure ventilation under halothane anaesthesia. In the absence of significant variations of myocardial contractility, the reduction of cardiac output, because of hypocapnia, was determined by the increase of systemic vascular resistance, while the increase of cardiac output because of hypercapnia was determined by an increase of heart rate without change of stroke volume. The alterations of coronary blood flow (reduction following hypocapnia, augmentation following hypercapnia) were considerably larger than the changes of cardiac output and of myocardial oxygen consumption. Such disparity between oxygen supply and demand, together with the effect of pH and PCO2 on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve led to a marked reduction of coronary sinus PO2 in response to hypocapnia and a marked increase of coronary sinus PO2 in response to hypercapnia. The data suggests that PCO2 (or respiratory alterations of pH) may have a direct effect on the regulation of coronary blood flow. The low coronary sinus PO2 observed at hypocapnia may suggest the risk of myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "Effect of CO2 on the systemic and coronary circulations and on coronary sinus blood gas tensions. The responses to hypocapnia and to hypercapnia of both the systemic and the coronary circulations have been studied in the dog during intermittent positive pressure ventilation under halothane anaesthesia. In the absence of significant variations of myocardial contractility, the reduction of cardiac output, because of hypocapnia, was determined by the increase of systemic vascular resistance, while the increase of cardiac output because of hypercapnia was determined by an increase of heart rate without change of stroke volume. The alterations of coronary blood flow (reduction following hypocapnia, augmentation following hypercapnia) were considerably larger than the changes of cardiac output and of myocardial oxygen consumption. Such disparity between oxygen supply and demand, together with the effect of pH and PCO2 on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve led to a marked reduction of coronary sinus PO2 in response to hypocapnia and a marked increase of coronary sinus PO2 in response to hypercapnia. The data suggests that PCO2 (or respiratory alterations of pH) may have a direct effect on the regulation of coronary blood flow. The low coronary sinus PO2 observed at hypocapnia may suggest the risk of myocardial ischaemia.", "PMID": 497491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3458", "title": "Pulmonary function in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without respiratory symptoms.", "content": "Pulmonary function was studied in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without pulmonary clinical symptoms. The most striking features were: a) a restrictive functional pattern with hyperinflation, characterized by a decreased vital capacity and increased residual volume; b) alteration of the elastic properties of the lung, with increased pulmonary elastance; c) impairment of the alveolar-capillary gas transfer capacity, with very significant changes of the CO diffusion and arterio-alveolar gradients for O2 and CO2. No marked differences were found in functional disturbance among patients in the active or inactive phase of the disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function was studied in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without pulmonary clinical symptoms. The most striking features were: a) a restrictive functional pattern with hyperinflation, characterized by a decreased vital capacity and increased residual volume; b) alteration of the elastic properties of the lung, with increased pulmonary elastance; c) impairment of the alveolar-capillary gas transfer capacity, with very significant changes of the CO diffusion and arterio-alveolar gradients for O2 and CO2. No marked differences were found in functional disturbance among patients in the active or inactive phase of the disease.", "PMID": 497493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3459", "title": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine's curse syndrome) in an infant without external arcuate nucleus. Case report.", "content": "A five month old boy suffered from primary alveolar hypoventilation, with attacks of apnea during sleep (Ondine's curse syndrome). The ventilation did not increase when PACO2 was increased. However, it decreased during hyperoxia. This indicates a strong peripheral chemoreceptor drive and a dysfunction of the central chemoreception. The infant died from circulatory failure following an aspiration pneumonia. Autopsy revealed the absence of the external arcuate nucleus, which may be involved in the central chemocreception.", "contents": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation (Ondine's curse syndrome) in an infant without external arcuate nucleus. Case report. A five month old boy suffered from primary alveolar hypoventilation, with attacks of apnea during sleep (Ondine's curse syndrome). The ventilation did not increase when PACO2 was increased. However, it decreased during hyperoxia. This indicates a strong peripheral chemoreceptor drive and a dysfunction of the central chemoreception. The infant died from circulatory failure following an aspiration pneumonia. Autopsy revealed the absence of the external arcuate nucleus, which may be involved in the central chemocreception.", "PMID": 497494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3460", "title": "[A rotative control plate for separation of inspired and expired gases (author's transl)].", "content": "Some drawbacks of the valve chamber are well known: high flow gas resistance, sensitivity to position and to condensation of water vapour, vibrations of the valve especially at high flow rate. To avoid these defects a rotative control valve separating inhaled and exhaled gases is described. A rotative plate shuts off one of two large ports and separates expired and inspired gases. The rotation of the plate is controlled by a sensor signal, which may be delivered by a pneumotachograph and switches on and off the electrical supply of the motor. The major characteristics of this valve are: its small dead space (11 cm3), a negligible error in the volumes which are to be displaced through either of the two ports, a total insensitivity to water condensation, a very low flow resistance and an insensitivity to position and displacement. This device may be adapted to infants and neonates.", "contents": "[A rotative control plate for separation of inspired and expired gases (author's transl)]. Some drawbacks of the valve chamber are well known: high flow gas resistance, sensitivity to position and to condensation of water vapour, vibrations of the valve especially at high flow rate. To avoid these defects a rotative control valve separating inhaled and exhaled gases is described. A rotative plate shuts off one of two large ports and separates expired and inspired gases. The rotation of the plate is controlled by a sensor signal, which may be delivered by a pneumotachograph and switches on and off the electrical supply of the motor. The major characteristics of this valve are: its small dead space (11 cm3), a negligible error in the volumes which are to be displaced through either of the two ports, a total insensitivity to water condensation, a very low flow resistance and an insensitivity to position and displacement. This device may be adapted to infants and neonates.", "PMID": 497496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3461", "title": "[Measurement of binary diffusion coefficients of oxygen and another gas (author's transl)].", "content": "Diffusion coefficients between oxygen and seven other gases (air, N2, He, Ne, Ar, CO2, SF6) have been measured using a set-up derived from Loschmidt's tube. Measurements have been made continously with an electrochemical cell sensitive to oxygen. The causes of errors are reviewed. The influence of gravity is discussed.", "contents": "[Measurement of binary diffusion coefficients of oxygen and another gas (author's transl)]. Diffusion coefficients between oxygen and seven other gases (air, N2, He, Ne, Ar, CO2, SF6) have been measured using a set-up derived from Loschmidt's tube. Measurements have been made continously with an electrochemical cell sensitive to oxygen. The causes of errors are reviewed. The influence of gravity is discussed.", "PMID": 497492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3462", "title": "[Study of mucins of two sinus mucoceles (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycoproteins were isolated in the contents of two sinus mucoceles by ionic exchange and gel filtration chromatography. These glycoproteins are of the mucin-type and characterized by their richness in carbohydrate, a low amino acid content with a strong proportion of hydroxy amino acids. However, they differ largely by their peptide axis, the length of the carbohydrate chain and their acidity, which is in relation with the presence of sialic acid residue and of sulfate groups. The least acidic mucins are the richest in sialic acid residue and in threonine but have the shortest carbohydrate chains while the most acidic are rich in sulfate, richer in serine and have longer carbohydrate chains. The wall of these two mucoceles has only one type of cell capable of synthetizing the glycoproteins: the epithelium goblet cells revealed by the PAS and the alcian blue at different pH. Glandular formations have never been found in the chorion.", "contents": "[Study of mucins of two sinus mucoceles (author's transl)]. Glycoproteins were isolated in the contents of two sinus mucoceles by ionic exchange and gel filtration chromatography. These glycoproteins are of the mucin-type and characterized by their richness in carbohydrate, a low amino acid content with a strong proportion of hydroxy amino acids. However, they differ largely by their peptide axis, the length of the carbohydrate chain and their acidity, which is in relation with the presence of sialic acid residue and of sulfate groups. The least acidic mucins are the richest in sialic acid residue and in threonine but have the shortest carbohydrate chains while the most acidic are rich in sulfate, richer in serine and have longer carbohydrate chains. The wall of these two mucoceles has only one type of cell capable of synthetizing the glycoproteins: the epithelium goblet cells revealed by the PAS and the alcian blue at different pH. Glandular formations have never been found in the chorion.", "PMID": 497495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3463", "title": "Muscimol antagonism of morphine analgesia in rats.", "content": "1 Muscimol, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, when injected intraventricularly antagonizes the antinociceptive effect of morphine given either subcutaneously or intraventricularly. The antagonistic effect of muscimol on morphine analgesia appears to be linearly related. 2 This finding provides support for the view that a GABA-ergic system is involved in morphine analgesia.", "contents": "Muscimol antagonism of morphine analgesia in rats. 1 Muscimol, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, when injected intraventricularly antagonizes the antinociceptive effect of morphine given either subcutaneously or intraventricularly. The antagonistic effect of muscimol on morphine analgesia appears to be linearly related. 2 This finding provides support for the view that a GABA-ergic system is involved in morphine analgesia.", "PMID": 497517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3464", "title": "Electrophysiological actions of mexiletine (K\u00f61173) on canine Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle.", "content": "1 The effects of mexiletine (K\u00f61173) were investigated in canine isolated cardiac Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle with microelectrodes. Some Purkinje fibres were depolarized by mechanical stretch to induce spontaneous activity with slow upstroke velocity. The preparations were stimulated at rates of 1, 2, 3 and 4 Hz. The drug concentrations tested were 0.4, 2 and 10 mug/ml in Tyrode solution (KCl = 5.4 mM).2 The ;therapeutic' drug concentration (2 mug/ml) shortened action potential duration and effective refractory period of Purkinje fibres, the effect being pronounced at lower stimulation rates. In ventricular fibres, action potential duration changes were not consistent while the effective refractory period was prolonged.3 In depolarized Purkinje fibres showing automatic activity, the drug (0.4 or 2 mug/ml) depressed phase 4 depolarization and reduced the firing rate without changing maximum diastolic potential. However, when depolarized Purkinje fibres were electrically driven at a constant rate, the maximum diastolic potential became more negative with a concomitant decrease of pacemaker slope and increase of maximum rate of rise (V(max)) of action potentials.4 Moderate (2 mug/ml) to high (10 mug/ml) concentrations of the drug depressed V(max) in Purkinje fibres stimulated at 2 Hz by 12 and 42% respectively and depressed ;membrane responsiveness'. The decrease in V(max) depended upon the stimulation rate, being minimum at the lowest (1 Hz) and maximum at the highest (4 Hz) stimulation rate.5 The drug (2 mug/ml) improved V(max) of the earliest propagated premature action potentials by shifting the takeoff potential to more negative levels in both Purkinje and ventricular fibres.6 Membrane conductance in fibres mounted in a single sucrose gap chamber was increased by the drug (2 mug/ml) in both fibre types in normal and in Na(+)-deficient solutions. This increase was attributed to an increase in membrane K(+) permeability produced by the drug.7 All these effects are similar to those of lignocaine, diphenylhydantoin or aprindine, and can explain the antiarrhythmic action of mexiletine.", "contents": "Electrophysiological actions of mexiletine (K\u00f61173) on canine Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle. 1 The effects of mexiletine (K\u00f61173) were investigated in canine isolated cardiac Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle with microelectrodes. Some Purkinje fibres were depolarized by mechanical stretch to induce spontaneous activity with slow upstroke velocity. The preparations were stimulated at rates of 1, 2, 3 and 4 Hz. The drug concentrations tested were 0.4, 2 and 10 mug/ml in Tyrode solution (KCl = 5.4 mM).2 The ;therapeutic' drug concentration (2 mug/ml) shortened action potential duration and effective refractory period of Purkinje fibres, the effect being pronounced at lower stimulation rates. In ventricular fibres, action potential duration changes were not consistent while the effective refractory period was prolonged.3 In depolarized Purkinje fibres showing automatic activity, the drug (0.4 or 2 mug/ml) depressed phase 4 depolarization and reduced the firing rate without changing maximum diastolic potential. However, when depolarized Purkinje fibres were electrically driven at a constant rate, the maximum diastolic potential became more negative with a concomitant decrease of pacemaker slope and increase of maximum rate of rise (V(max)) of action potentials.4 Moderate (2 mug/ml) to high (10 mug/ml) concentrations of the drug depressed V(max) in Purkinje fibres stimulated at 2 Hz by 12 and 42% respectively and depressed ;membrane responsiveness'. The decrease in V(max) depended upon the stimulation rate, being minimum at the lowest (1 Hz) and maximum at the highest (4 Hz) stimulation rate.5 The drug (2 mug/ml) improved V(max) of the earliest propagated premature action potentials by shifting the takeoff potential to more negative levels in both Purkinje and ventricular fibres.6 Membrane conductance in fibres mounted in a single sucrose gap chamber was increased by the drug (2 mug/ml) in both fibre types in normal and in Na(+)-deficient solutions. This increase was attributed to an increase in membrane K(+) permeability produced by the drug.7 All these effects are similar to those of lignocaine, diphenylhydantoin or aprindine, and can explain the antiarrhythmic action of mexiletine.", "PMID": 497518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3465", "title": "Relaxation of isolated taenia coli of guinea-pig by enantiomers of 2-azido analogues of adenosine and adenine nucleotides.", "content": "1 2-Azido photoaffinity analogues of adenosine 5'triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine have been synthesized and tested on guinea-pig taenia coli. 2 2-Azido-ATP and 2-azido-ADP were approximately 20 times more potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli, and required prolonged washout times before recovery of the muscle. 3 2-Azido-AMP and 2-azidoadenosine were 2 to 12 times more potent than ATP, but took much longer (up to 100 s) to reach maximal relaxation. This behaviour is different from that of AMP and adenosine which were much less potent than ATP. 4 L-Enantiomers of adenosine and adenine nucleotides were also tested. L-ATP and L-ADP were 3 to 6 times less potent than ATP and ADP, and L-AMP and L-adenosine were inactive. 2-Azido-L-ATP and 2-azido-L-ADP were approximately 120 times less potent than 2-Azido-ATP and 6 times less potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli. 2-Azido-L-AMP and 2-azidio-L-adenosine were almost inactive. 5 2-Azido derivatives are photolysed by u.v. irradiation to reactive intermediates. 2-Azido-ATP and 2-azidoadenosine might be suitable photoaffinity ligands for labelling putative P2 and P1 purine receptors respectively. 2-Azido-L-ATP and 2-azido-L-adenosine could be useful controls for nonspecific labelling.", "contents": "Relaxation of isolated taenia coli of guinea-pig by enantiomers of 2-azido analogues of adenosine and adenine nucleotides. 1 2-Azido photoaffinity analogues of adenosine 5'triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine have been synthesized and tested on guinea-pig taenia coli. 2 2-Azido-ATP and 2-azido-ADP were approximately 20 times more potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli, and required prolonged washout times before recovery of the muscle. 3 2-Azido-AMP and 2-azidoadenosine were 2 to 12 times more potent than ATP, but took much longer (up to 100 s) to reach maximal relaxation. This behaviour is different from that of AMP and adenosine which were much less potent than ATP. 4 L-Enantiomers of adenosine and adenine nucleotides were also tested. L-ATP and L-ADP were 3 to 6 times less potent than ATP and ADP, and L-AMP and L-adenosine were inactive. 2-Azido-L-ATP and 2-azido-L-ADP were approximately 120 times less potent than 2-Azido-ATP and 6 times less potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli. 2-Azido-L-AMP and 2-azidio-L-adenosine were almost inactive. 5 2-Azido derivatives are photolysed by u.v. irradiation to reactive intermediates. 2-Azido-ATP and 2-azidoadenosine might be suitable photoaffinity ligands for labelling putative P2 and P1 purine receptors respectively. 2-Azido-L-ATP and 2-azido-L-adenosine could be useful controls for nonspecific labelling.", "PMID": 497519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3466", "title": "Influence of fasting and cimetidine on the relationship between ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of indomethacin.", "content": "1 Further studies have been carried out on the relationship between ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of indomethacin in the rat. 2 Fasting, which increases gastric and reduces intestinal lesions, enhances the anti-oedema properties of indomethacin. 3 The presence of intestinal lesions, greatly increases the anti-oedema properties of indomethacin through a mechanism(s) unrelated to the specific pharmacological properties of this drug. 4 Studies with cimetidine, have shown that the enhancement of anti-oedema effects produced by fasting are due to specific pharmacological properties of indomethacin rather than to non specific effects related to the presence of gastric ulcers. 5 The greater anti-inflammatory effects of indomethacin in fasted as compared to fed animals must be attributed to the greater amount of indomethacin available for tissue distribution rather than other mechanisms associated with free fatty acid mobilization. 6 In view of ineffectiveness in preventing intestinal lesions, the use of cimetidine for prevention or reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal disturbances in humans is contraindicated.", "contents": "Influence of fasting and cimetidine on the relationship between ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of indomethacin. 1 Further studies have been carried out on the relationship between ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of indomethacin in the rat. 2 Fasting, which increases gastric and reduces intestinal lesions, enhances the anti-oedema properties of indomethacin. 3 The presence of intestinal lesions, greatly increases the anti-oedema properties of indomethacin through a mechanism(s) unrelated to the specific pharmacological properties of this drug. 4 Studies with cimetidine, have shown that the enhancement of anti-oedema effects produced by fasting are due to specific pharmacological properties of indomethacin rather than to non specific effects related to the presence of gastric ulcers. 5 The greater anti-inflammatory effects of indomethacin in fasted as compared to fed animals must be attributed to the greater amount of indomethacin available for tissue distribution rather than other mechanisms associated with free fatty acid mobilization. 6 In view of ineffectiveness in preventing intestinal lesions, the use of cimetidine for prevention or reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal disturbances in humans is contraindicated.", "PMID": 497521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3467", "title": "Analysis of anomalous pKb values for metiamide and atropine in the isolated stomach of the mouse.", "content": "1 In the isolated, lumen-perfused, stomach preparation of the mouse, metiamide was found by kinetic analysis to behave like a simple competitive antagonist of histamine-stimulated acid secretion. However, the pK(B) estimate of 5.08 was significantly lower than that found in guinea-pig atrium (6.0) or rat uterus (6.1) suggesting that H(2)-receptors might not be homogeneous.2 A similar analysis showed that atropine also behaved like a simple competitive antagonist of bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion and the estimated pK(B) (7.65) was significantly lower than the standard estimate of this parameter in guinea-pig ileum (9.0). Either the muscarinic cholinoceptors in mouse stomach were also anomalous or the preparation was introducing a systematic error. Lumen perfusion might distort this type of kinetic analysis by allowing steady-state conditions but not true equilibrium to develop at the receptor compartment due to loss of antagonist into the gastric secretion. Drug interactions at receptors in the muscle layers of the stomach would be expected to be much less sensitive to this error.3 When the atropine-bethanechol interaction was measured on the contraction of the isolated, lumen-perfused, stomach of the mouse the necessary conditions for simple competition were not met even though the sensitivity to atropine was obviously increased. The criteria for the expected simple competition were being obscured by events at low antagonist concentrations. Alterations in agonist or antagonist concentrations could be more or less eliminated so that physiological antagonism, perhaps by release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, was considered. This was supported, to some extent, by finding that, when stomachs from animals pretreated with reserpine were used, the kinetic analysis was normalized and gave a pK(B) of 8.99. Apparently, the muscarinic receptors in mouse stomach are homogeneous with those in other tissues.4 Therefore, we conclude that our results no more point to heterogeneity among histamine receptors than they point to differences in muscarinic cholinoceptors because this type of kinetic analysis can be readily distorted by special features of the measuring system.", "contents": "Analysis of anomalous pKb values for metiamide and atropine in the isolated stomach of the mouse. 1 In the isolated, lumen-perfused, stomach preparation of the mouse, metiamide was found by kinetic analysis to behave like a simple competitive antagonist of histamine-stimulated acid secretion. However, the pK(B) estimate of 5.08 was significantly lower than that found in guinea-pig atrium (6.0) or rat uterus (6.1) suggesting that H(2)-receptors might not be homogeneous.2 A similar analysis showed that atropine also behaved like a simple competitive antagonist of bethanechol-stimulated acid secretion and the estimated pK(B) (7.65) was significantly lower than the standard estimate of this parameter in guinea-pig ileum (9.0). Either the muscarinic cholinoceptors in mouse stomach were also anomalous or the preparation was introducing a systematic error. Lumen perfusion might distort this type of kinetic analysis by allowing steady-state conditions but not true equilibrium to develop at the receptor compartment due to loss of antagonist into the gastric secretion. Drug interactions at receptors in the muscle layers of the stomach would be expected to be much less sensitive to this error.3 When the atropine-bethanechol interaction was measured on the contraction of the isolated, lumen-perfused, stomach of the mouse the necessary conditions for simple competition were not met even though the sensitivity to atropine was obviously increased. The criteria for the expected simple competition were being obscured by events at low antagonist concentrations. Alterations in agonist or antagonist concentrations could be more or less eliminated so that physiological antagonism, perhaps by release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, was considered. This was supported, to some extent, by finding that, when stomachs from animals pretreated with reserpine were used, the kinetic analysis was normalized and gave a pK(B) of 8.99. Apparently, the muscarinic receptors in mouse stomach are homogeneous with those in other tissues.4 Therefore, we conclude that our results no more point to heterogeneity among histamine receptors than they point to differences in muscarinic cholinoceptors because this type of kinetic analysis can be readily distorted by special features of the measuring system.", "PMID": 497522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3468", "title": "Some properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the hindquarters of the rat.", "content": "1 The rat hindquarter preparation, as described, responds with reproducible vasoconstriction to noradrenaline and tryptamines. 2 The receptors involved in these responses are distinct. 3 Evidence of heterogeneity of tryptamine receptors was not obtained. 4 The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, methysergide and cyproheptadine, although very potent, displayed antagonism of a non-competitive type whereas a series of phenothiazines and phentolamine displayed competitive antagonism against 5-HT. 5 For the phenothiazines the order of increasing potency was promazine less than chlorpromazine less than triflupromazine.", "contents": "Some properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the hindquarters of the rat. 1 The rat hindquarter preparation, as described, responds with reproducible vasoconstriction to noradrenaline and tryptamines. 2 The receptors involved in these responses are distinct. 3 Evidence of heterogeneity of tryptamine receptors was not obtained. 4 The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, methysergide and cyproheptadine, although very potent, displayed antagonism of a non-competitive type whereas a series of phenothiazines and phentolamine displayed competitive antagonism against 5-HT. 5 For the phenothiazines the order of increasing potency was promazine less than chlorpromazine less than triflupromazine.", "PMID": 497523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3469", "title": "Development of tolerance to the prolongation of hexobarbitone sleeping time caused by cannabidiol.", "content": "1 The effects of acute and subacute cannabidiol (CBD) administration on hexobarbitone sleeping time and on some constituents of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system were assessed in the mouse.2 Acutely administered CBD prolonged sleeping time; but with subacute treatment, tolerance to the effect rapidly developed.3 Brain hexobarbitone concentration upon awakening was unchanged by either acute or subacute CBD treatment, which suggests that neither the prolongation of sleeping time nor the tolerance is the result of a change in sensitivity of the central nervous system to the barbiturate.4 Acute CBD treatment increased the half-time of hexobarbitone in the brain, which returned toward normal with the development of tolerance.5 Acutely, CBD caused a 30% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 level; with tolerance, the cytochrome concentration returned to normal.6 The evidence suggests that the CBD-induced prolongation of barbiturate sleeping time and the tolerance to this effect are the result of changes in the rate of drug metabolism, which are related to changes in the amount of cytochrome P-450.7 The effects of CBD on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system are different from those attributed to SKF 525-A and piperonyl butoxide because the cannabinoid does not decrease cytochrome P-450 quantitatively by complex formation, it does not produce a recovery overshoot in the cytochrome concentration and, finally, it does not cause an induction of the hexobarbitone-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Development of tolerance to the prolongation of hexobarbitone sleeping time caused by cannabidiol. 1 The effects of acute and subacute cannabidiol (CBD) administration on hexobarbitone sleeping time and on some constituents of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system were assessed in the mouse.2 Acutely administered CBD prolonged sleeping time; but with subacute treatment, tolerance to the effect rapidly developed.3 Brain hexobarbitone concentration upon awakening was unchanged by either acute or subacute CBD treatment, which suggests that neither the prolongation of sleeping time nor the tolerance is the result of a change in sensitivity of the central nervous system to the barbiturate.4 Acute CBD treatment increased the half-time of hexobarbitone in the brain, which returned toward normal with the development of tolerance.5 Acutely, CBD caused a 30% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 level; with tolerance, the cytochrome concentration returned to normal.6 The evidence suggests that the CBD-induced prolongation of barbiturate sleeping time and the tolerance to this effect are the result of changes in the rate of drug metabolism, which are related to changes in the amount of cytochrome P-450.7 The effects of CBD on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system are different from those attributed to SKF 525-A and piperonyl butoxide because the cannabinoid does not decrease cytochrome P-450 quantitatively by complex formation, it does not produce a recovery overshoot in the cytochrome concentration and, finally, it does not cause an induction of the hexobarbitone-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 497524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3470", "title": "Interactions of (+)-amphetamine and chlorpromazine on neurones in the lower brain stem of the rat.", "content": "1 The ability of chlorpromazine to antagonize the effects of iontophoretic application of (+)-amphetamine to single neurones in the medulla and lower pons of anaesthetized rats has been studied. 2 Chlorpromazine, administered systemically or iontophoretically, consistently and specifically antagonized the excitatory actions of (+)-amphetamine, but not those of noradrenaline on the same neurone. 3 It is concluded that chlorpromazine reduces the effect of (+)-amphetamine by a presynaptic mechanism. 4 (+)-Amphetamine did not mimic the prolonged inhibitory response of some neurones to noradrenaline but often excited these neurones and chlorpromazine blocked these excitatory responses to (+)-amphetamine.", "contents": "Interactions of (+)-amphetamine and chlorpromazine on neurones in the lower brain stem of the rat. 1 The ability of chlorpromazine to antagonize the effects of iontophoretic application of (+)-amphetamine to single neurones in the medulla and lower pons of anaesthetized rats has been studied. 2 Chlorpromazine, administered systemically or iontophoretically, consistently and specifically antagonized the excitatory actions of (+)-amphetamine, but not those of noradrenaline on the same neurone. 3 It is concluded that chlorpromazine reduces the effect of (+)-amphetamine by a presynaptic mechanism. 4 (+)-Amphetamine did not mimic the prolonged inhibitory response of some neurones to noradrenaline but often excited these neurones and chlorpromazine blocked these excitatory responses to (+)-amphetamine.", "PMID": 497525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3471", "title": "Coronary anaphylaxis in vitro.", "content": "1 The reactivity of isolated coronary arteries and cardiac veins of the calf to selected chemical mediators of anaphylaxis and to sensitizing antigen (horse plasma) was studied. 2 Both the coronary arteries and cardiac veins contracted to bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2 alpha, histamine and carbachol. 3 Isoprenaline and PGE1 relaxed vessels which had been partially contracted by PGF2 alpha, PGE2, histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, carbachol or antigen. 4 Horse plasma (antigen) contracted coronary vessels obtained from sensitized calves, but not from control calves. Subsequent antigen 'challenge' produced 'densensitization' (tachphylaxis). After 1 or 2 h of rest, the anaphylactic response partially recovered although there was no change in tissue reactivity to the exogenous agonists. 5 Specific doses of atropine, mepyramine (H1-blocker) and methysergide (5-HT antagonist) did not modify the anaphylactic reaction in coronary arteries, suggesting a negligible role for these biogenic amines. 6 Compound PRD-92-EA (a new anti-allergic agent) exhibited non-specific receptor blocking activity towards histamine, 5-HT and carbachol and inhibited the coronary anaphylactic reaction.", "contents": "Coronary anaphylaxis in vitro. 1 The reactivity of isolated coronary arteries and cardiac veins of the calf to selected chemical mediators of anaphylaxis and to sensitizing antigen (horse plasma) was studied. 2 Both the coronary arteries and cardiac veins contracted to bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2 alpha, histamine and carbachol. 3 Isoprenaline and PGE1 relaxed vessels which had been partially contracted by PGF2 alpha, PGE2, histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, carbachol or antigen. 4 Horse plasma (antigen) contracted coronary vessels obtained from sensitized calves, but not from control calves. Subsequent antigen 'challenge' produced 'densensitization' (tachphylaxis). After 1 or 2 h of rest, the anaphylactic response partially recovered although there was no change in tissue reactivity to the exogenous agonists. 5 Specific doses of atropine, mepyramine (H1-blocker) and methysergide (5-HT antagonist) did not modify the anaphylactic reaction in coronary arteries, suggesting a negligible role for these biogenic amines. 6 Compound PRD-92-EA (a new anti-allergic agent) exhibited non-specific receptor blocking activity towards histamine, 5-HT and carbachol and inhibited the coronary anaphylactic reaction.", "PMID": 497526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3472", "title": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of 7-propyl-theo-phylline-dopamine (D4975); comparison with dopamine and dobutamine.", "content": "1 The effects of a newly developed dopamine-xanthine derivative, 7-propyl-theophylline-dopamine (D4975), have been examined in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. When administered intravenously (in doses as low as 0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/kg) it increased systemic arterial pressure, left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax, dP/dt at fixed ventricular isovolumic pressures and cardiac output. Heart rate effects were minimal. 2 D4975 was about 5 times more active than dopamine or dobutamine in elevating LV dP/dtmax or dP/dt at common peak isovolumic pressures (CPIP) and about 10 times more active than dopamine at increasing systemic arterial blood pressure. The effects of D4975 were also more prolonged than those of the other two agents. 3 The effects of D4975 on LV dP/dtmax were greatly reduced by the prior administration of propranolol. D4975 has no effect on peripheral beta 2-adrenoceptors. 4 It is suggested that the effects of D4975 on the myocardium involve both beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation and inhibition of phosphodiesterase and that the marked and prolonged pressor response is due to resistance to enzymatic breakdown by monoamine oxidase. 5 The results suggest that D4975 might prove valuable in the treatment of the hypotension and reduced myocardial contractility of shock, especially as it is possible to select a dose that increases LV dP/dtmax without increasing either heart rate of systemic arterial pressure.", "contents": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of 7-propyl-theo-phylline-dopamine (D4975); comparison with dopamine and dobutamine. 1 The effects of a newly developed dopamine-xanthine derivative, 7-propyl-theophylline-dopamine (D4975), have been examined in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. When administered intravenously (in doses as low as 0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/kg) it increased systemic arterial pressure, left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax, dP/dt at fixed ventricular isovolumic pressures and cardiac output. Heart rate effects were minimal. 2 D4975 was about 5 times more active than dopamine or dobutamine in elevating LV dP/dtmax or dP/dt at common peak isovolumic pressures (CPIP) and about 10 times more active than dopamine at increasing systemic arterial blood pressure. The effects of D4975 were also more prolonged than those of the other two agents. 3 The effects of D4975 on LV dP/dtmax were greatly reduced by the prior administration of propranolol. D4975 has no effect on peripheral beta 2-adrenoceptors. 4 It is suggested that the effects of D4975 on the myocardium involve both beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation and inhibition of phosphodiesterase and that the marked and prolonged pressor response is due to resistance to enzymatic breakdown by monoamine oxidase. 5 The results suggest that D4975 might prove valuable in the treatment of the hypotension and reduced myocardial contractility of shock, especially as it is possible to select a dose that increases LV dP/dtmax without increasing either heart rate of systemic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 497527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3473", "title": "Presynaptic inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in dog isolated saphenous vein.", "content": "1 The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on contractile responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation has been studied in the dog isolated saphenous vein.2 Electrical stimulation (0.1 to 10 Hz) of dog saphenous vein strips produced frequency-dependent contractions. Contractions produced by stimulation at 2 Hz were almost completely blocked by tetrodotoxin (3.1 x 10(-8) mol/l) or phentolamine (5.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) but mecamylamine (5.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) had little effect. This suggests that the contractions were mediated predominantly through noradrenaline release from postganglionic noradrenergic nerves.3 Contractions produced by intermittent electrical stimulation at 2 Hz were inhibited by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l) in a concentration-dependent manner whilst contractions induced by exogenous noradrenaline were not affected.4 The inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine was most marked at low frequencies of stimulation and with low pulse numbers.5 High external calcium concentrations (3.9 and 5.2 x 10(-3) mol/l) reduced the inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine.6 Cyproheptadine (1.0 x 10(-8) mol/l to 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) or morphine (1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l to 1.0 x 10(-5) mol/l) did not antagonize the inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Methysergide (1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l) slightly reduced the contractions produced by electrical stimulation and only weakly antagonized the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine.7 It is suggested that a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor exists presynaptically in the dog isolated saphenous vein strip and that stimulation of this receptor by low concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits the release of noradrenaline from noradrenergic nerves. This receptor type is resistant to blockade by ;classical' 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists.", "contents": "Presynaptic inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in dog isolated saphenous vein. 1 The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on contractile responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation has been studied in the dog isolated saphenous vein.2 Electrical stimulation (0.1 to 10 Hz) of dog saphenous vein strips produced frequency-dependent contractions. Contractions produced by stimulation at 2 Hz were almost completely blocked by tetrodotoxin (3.1 x 10(-8) mol/l) or phentolamine (5.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) but mecamylamine (5.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) had little effect. This suggests that the contractions were mediated predominantly through noradrenaline release from postganglionic noradrenergic nerves.3 Contractions produced by intermittent electrical stimulation at 2 Hz were inhibited by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l) in a concentration-dependent manner whilst contractions induced by exogenous noradrenaline were not affected.4 The inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine was most marked at low frequencies of stimulation and with low pulse numbers.5 High external calcium concentrations (3.9 and 5.2 x 10(-3) mol/l) reduced the inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine.6 Cyproheptadine (1.0 x 10(-8) mol/l to 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/l) or morphine (1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l to 1.0 x 10(-5) mol/l) did not antagonize the inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Methysergide (1.0 x 10(-7) mol/l) slightly reduced the contractions produced by electrical stimulation and only weakly antagonized the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine.7 It is suggested that a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor exists presynaptically in the dog isolated saphenous vein strip and that stimulation of this receptor by low concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits the release of noradrenaline from noradrenergic nerves. This receptor type is resistant to blockade by ;classical' 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists.", "PMID": 497528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3474", "title": "Urethane and contraction of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "1 In vitro studies were undertaken on rat aortic strips and portal vein segments in order to determine whether or not the anaesthetic, urethane, can exert direct actions on vascular smooth muscle. 2 Urethane was found to inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity. This action took place with a urethane concentration as little as one tenth of that found in anaesthetic plasma concentratios, i.e., 10(-3) M. 3 Urethane (10(-3 to 10(-1) M) dose-dependently attenuated contractions induced by adrenaline, angiotensin and KCl. These inhibitory actions were observed with urethane added either before or after the induced contractions. 4 Ca2+-induced contractions of K+-depolarized aortae and portal veins were also attenuated, dose-dependently, by urethane. 5 All of these inhibitory effects were completely, and almost immediately, reversed upon washing out the anaesthetic from the organ baths. 6 A variety of pharmacological antagonists failed to mimic or affect the inhibitory effects induced by urethane. 7 These data suggest that plasma concentrations of urethane commonly associated with induction of surgical anaesthesia can induce, directly, relaxation of vascular muscle.", "contents": "Urethane and contraction of vascular smooth muscle. 1 In vitro studies were undertaken on rat aortic strips and portal vein segments in order to determine whether or not the anaesthetic, urethane, can exert direct actions on vascular smooth muscle. 2 Urethane was found to inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity. This action took place with a urethane concentration as little as one tenth of that found in anaesthetic plasma concentratios, i.e., 10(-3) M. 3 Urethane (10(-3 to 10(-1) M) dose-dependently attenuated contractions induced by adrenaline, angiotensin and KCl. These inhibitory actions were observed with urethane added either before or after the induced contractions. 4 Ca2+-induced contractions of K+-depolarized aortae and portal veins were also attenuated, dose-dependently, by urethane. 5 All of these inhibitory effects were completely, and almost immediately, reversed upon washing out the anaesthetic from the organ baths. 6 A variety of pharmacological antagonists failed to mimic or affect the inhibitory effects induced by urethane. 7 These data suggest that plasma concentrations of urethane commonly associated with induction of surgical anaesthesia can induce, directly, relaxation of vascular muscle.", "PMID": 497529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3475", "title": "Attenuation by bradykinin of adrenergically-induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused kidney of the rabbit: relationship to prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "1 In the isolated kidney of the rabbit perfused with oxygenated Tyrode solution, we studied the effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstriction evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation (3Hz, 1 ms) and by injections of noradrenaline (50 to 75 ng) in the presence and in the absence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandin E(PGE)-like material in the renal effluent was measured by bioassay after extraction with organic solvents and separation by thin layer chromatography. 2 Bradykinin in concentrations of 10 to 100 ng/ml reduced the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to injected noradrenaline. Also, the peptide (1 to 10 ng/ml) increased the basal release of PGE-like material and the release induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. 3 Indomethacin, 1 microgram/ml, diminished the inhibitory effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation, minimized the reduction of the noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction caused by bradykinin (100 ng/ml), and abolished the release of PGE-like material. 4 This study indicates that bradykinin reduces the renal vascular reactivity to adrenergic stimuli and suggests that part of the action of the kinin at the vascular adrenergic neuroeffector junction in the rabbit kidney depends upon the biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins.", "contents": "Attenuation by bradykinin of adrenergically-induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused kidney of the rabbit: relationship to prostaglandin synthesis. 1 In the isolated kidney of the rabbit perfused with oxygenated Tyrode solution, we studied the effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstriction evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation (3Hz, 1 ms) and by injections of noradrenaline (50 to 75 ng) in the presence and in the absence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandin E(PGE)-like material in the renal effluent was measured by bioassay after extraction with organic solvents and separation by thin layer chromatography. 2 Bradykinin in concentrations of 10 to 100 ng/ml reduced the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to injected noradrenaline. Also, the peptide (1 to 10 ng/ml) increased the basal release of PGE-like material and the release induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. 3 Indomethacin, 1 microgram/ml, diminished the inhibitory effect of bradykinin on the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation, minimized the reduction of the noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction caused by bradykinin (100 ng/ml), and abolished the release of PGE-like material. 4 This study indicates that bradykinin reduces the renal vascular reactivity to adrenergic stimuli and suggests that part of the action of the kinin at the vascular adrenergic neuroeffector junction in the rabbit kidney depends upon the biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins.", "PMID": 497530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3476", "title": "Effects of clonidine, prazosin and phentolamine on heart rate and coronary sinus catecholamine concentration during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation in spinal dogs.", "content": "1 In spinal dogs, continuous electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve produced a transient rise in aortic blood pressure and a sustained increase in both heart rate and coronary sinus blood flow. The latter effects were accompanied by a significant elevation in the coronary sinus plasma noradrenaline concentration without significant changes in the levels of dopamine and adrenaline. The concentrations of the three catecholamines in thoracic aorta plasma were not significantly changed by cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation.2 Clonidine (20 mug/kg, i.v.), given during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation, increased both mean aortic blood pressure and coronary sinus blood flow and decreased heart rate and coronary sinus venous plasma noradrenaline overflow.3 Phentolamine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) completely antagonized these effects of clonidine. Prazosin (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited by only 43 and 38% the respective reductions in heart rate and noradrenaline overflow elicited by clonidine.4 On termination of cardioaccelerator stimulation (about 10 min after either prazosin or phentolamine), heart rate and coronary sinus noradrenaline overflow returned to control prestimulation levels.5 Phentolamine or prazosin, administered alone during stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve, increased heart rate and noradrenaline overflow into the coronary sinus plasma. However, intravenous phentolamine and prazosin, in contrast to desipramine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) or tyramine (1.0 mg, i.a.), failed to change the tachycardia resulting from the local administration of noradrenaline into the sinus node artery (i.a.).6 These results show that in spinal dogs the clonidine-induced reduction in heart rate (elevated by electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve) is accompanied by a fall in the quantity of noradrenaline overflowing into the coronary sinus plasma. The latter effect is presumably the result of an action of clonidine on cardiac presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, the activation of which is followed by a reduction in the release of noradrenaline per nerve impulse. Phentolamine and prazosin are both antagonists of cardiac presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in spinal dogs, as suggested by their action against clonidine and by their positive chronotropic effect when administered during stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine, prazosin and phentolamine on heart rate and coronary sinus catecholamine concentration during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation in spinal dogs. 1 In spinal dogs, continuous electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve produced a transient rise in aortic blood pressure and a sustained increase in both heart rate and coronary sinus blood flow. The latter effects were accompanied by a significant elevation in the coronary sinus plasma noradrenaline concentration without significant changes in the levels of dopamine and adrenaline. The concentrations of the three catecholamines in thoracic aorta plasma were not significantly changed by cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation.2 Clonidine (20 mug/kg, i.v.), given during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation, increased both mean aortic blood pressure and coronary sinus blood flow and decreased heart rate and coronary sinus venous plasma noradrenaline overflow.3 Phentolamine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) completely antagonized these effects of clonidine. Prazosin (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited by only 43 and 38% the respective reductions in heart rate and noradrenaline overflow elicited by clonidine.4 On termination of cardioaccelerator stimulation (about 10 min after either prazosin or phentolamine), heart rate and coronary sinus noradrenaline overflow returned to control prestimulation levels.5 Phentolamine or prazosin, administered alone during stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve, increased heart rate and noradrenaline overflow into the coronary sinus plasma. However, intravenous phentolamine and prazosin, in contrast to desipramine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) or tyramine (1.0 mg, i.a.), failed to change the tachycardia resulting from the local administration of noradrenaline into the sinus node artery (i.a.).6 These results show that in spinal dogs the clonidine-induced reduction in heart rate (elevated by electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve) is accompanied by a fall in the quantity of noradrenaline overflowing into the coronary sinus plasma. The latter effect is presumably the result of an action of clonidine on cardiac presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, the activation of which is followed by a reduction in the release of noradrenaline per nerve impulse. Phentolamine and prazosin are both antagonists of cardiac presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in spinal dogs, as suggested by their action against clonidine and by their positive chronotropic effect when administered during stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve.", "PMID": 497531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3477", "title": "Relaxation of guinea-pig fundic strip by adenosine, adenosine triphosphate and electrical stimulation: lack of antagonism by theophylline or ATP treatment.", "content": "1 Theophylline relaxed isolated strips of guinea-pig stomach fundus in a dose-dependent manner; above 50 to 100 microM responses showed no fade for up to 90 min. 2 Relaxant responses to adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline, and to electric field stimulation of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves were not affected in a significant manner in the presence of 50 microM theophylline. 3 In tissues which showed complete fade of initial responses in the continued presence of 50 microM ATP, the effects of stimulation of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves remained unaltered, suggesting that the ATP receptor has no function in non-adrenergic inhibitory transmission in this tissue. 4 These findings are opposite to those of Okwuasaba, Hamilton & Cook (1977), who claimed that 50 microM theophylline almost fully inhibited relaxation induced by adenosine ATP and nerve stimulation and that ATP-induced fade also abolished sensitivity to inhibitory nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Relaxation of guinea-pig fundic strip by adenosine, adenosine triphosphate and electrical stimulation: lack of antagonism by theophylline or ATP treatment. 1 Theophylline relaxed isolated strips of guinea-pig stomach fundus in a dose-dependent manner; above 50 to 100 microM responses showed no fade for up to 90 min. 2 Relaxant responses to adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline, and to electric field stimulation of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves were not affected in a significant manner in the presence of 50 microM theophylline. 3 In tissues which showed complete fade of initial responses in the continued presence of 50 microM ATP, the effects of stimulation of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves remained unaltered, suggesting that the ATP receptor has no function in non-adrenergic inhibitory transmission in this tissue. 4 These findings are opposite to those of Okwuasaba, Hamilton & Cook (1977), who claimed that 50 microM theophylline almost fully inhibited relaxation induced by adenosine ATP and nerve stimulation and that ATP-induced fade also abolished sensitivity to inhibitory nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 497532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3478", "title": "Theophylline antagonizes some effects of purines in the intestine but not those of intramural inhibitory nerve stimulation.", "content": "1 Hyoscine- and guanethidine-treated preparations of longitudinal muscle of rabbit duodenum, guinea-pig taenia caeci and fundic strip relaxed when exposed to noradrenaline, adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or to field stimulation of their intramural nerves. 2 In guinea-pig taenia caeci and fundus, theophylline 100 mumol/l had no effect on responses to noradrenaline, adenosine, ATP and intramural nerve stimulation. 3 In rabbit duodenum, theophylline 100 mumol/l antagonized some responses to adenosine but had no effect on responses to noradrenaline, ATP and intramural nerve stimulation. 4 Theophylline 1 mmol/l itself relaxed the intestinal tissues and in the fundic strip and taenia caeci, these relaxant effects were associated with abolition of spike activity and cellular hyperpolarization. In the taenia caeci, the amplitude of inhibitory post-junctional potentials was reduced. 5 Theophylline 1 mmol/l antagonized the twitch suppression produced by adenosine and ATP in the transmurally-stimulated guinea-pig ileum but not that evoked by noradrenaline. 6 It is concluded that theophylline can selectively antagonize some actions of purines in the intestine but that it does not specifically antagonize the effect of intramural inhibitory nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Theophylline antagonizes some effects of purines in the intestine but not those of intramural inhibitory nerve stimulation. 1 Hyoscine- and guanethidine-treated preparations of longitudinal muscle of rabbit duodenum, guinea-pig taenia caeci and fundic strip relaxed when exposed to noradrenaline, adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or to field stimulation of their intramural nerves. 2 In guinea-pig taenia caeci and fundus, theophylline 100 mumol/l had no effect on responses to noradrenaline, adenosine, ATP and intramural nerve stimulation. 3 In rabbit duodenum, theophylline 100 mumol/l antagonized some responses to adenosine but had no effect on responses to noradrenaline, ATP and intramural nerve stimulation. 4 Theophylline 1 mmol/l itself relaxed the intestinal tissues and in the fundic strip and taenia caeci, these relaxant effects were associated with abolition of spike activity and cellular hyperpolarization. In the taenia caeci, the amplitude of inhibitory post-junctional potentials was reduced. 5 Theophylline 1 mmol/l antagonized the twitch suppression produced by adenosine and ATP in the transmurally-stimulated guinea-pig ileum but not that evoked by noradrenaline. 6 It is concluded that theophylline can selectively antagonize some actions of purines in the intestine but that it does not specifically antagonize the effect of intramural inhibitory nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 497533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3479", "title": "The inhibitory material in extracts from the bovine retractor penis muscle is not an adenine nucleotide.", "content": "Methods are described for the removal of adenosine or purine nucleotides from extracts of bovine retractor penis muscle (BRP). These methods did not interfere with the biological test preparations. Removal of adenosine and purine nucleotides by these methods did not modify the inhibitory action of the extract on the BRP. The effect of the extract on the BRP resembles that of inhibitory nerve stimulation. If the inhibitory substance present in the extract is the inhibitory transmitter, then the results indicate that, in this tissue, the transmitter is neither adenosine nor a purine nucleotide.", "contents": "The inhibitory material in extracts from the bovine retractor penis muscle is not an adenine nucleotide. Methods are described for the removal of adenosine or purine nucleotides from extracts of bovine retractor penis muscle (BRP). These methods did not interfere with the biological test preparations. Removal of adenosine and purine nucleotides by these methods did not modify the inhibitory action of the extract on the BRP. The effect of the extract on the BRP resembles that of inhibitory nerve stimulation. If the inhibitory substance present in the extract is the inhibitory transmitter, then the results indicate that, in this tissue, the transmitter is neither adenosine nor a purine nucleotide.", "PMID": 497534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3480", "title": "Ouabain receptor binding of hydroxyprogesterone derivatives.", "content": "1 A specific and sensitive radioreceptor assay ahs been devised which is based on high affinity, saturable binding of 9 nM [3H]-ouabain to the total particulate fraction isolated from dog heart. Ouabain and other cardiac glycosides, including the aglycones, were about equipotent in their ability to displace [3H]-ouabain from its receptor, the IC50s ranging from 10 to 30 nM. 2 The only other substances found to compete significantly in the assay were derivatives of hydroxyprogesterone having a 17 alpha-acetate substituent: chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate, cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, with IC50s of 2, 7.4, 9 and 21 microM, respectively. Prednisolone-3,20-bisguanyl-hydrazone, reported to have inotropic activity, gave an IC50 of 6.4 microM. Cyproterone-17 alpha-OH was less active (IC50 90 microM) than cyproterone-17 alpha-acetate. 3 A large number of peptide and protein hormones, steroid hormones and their metabolites, amines, and drugs were inactive.", "contents": "Ouabain receptor binding of hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. 1 A specific and sensitive radioreceptor assay ahs been devised which is based on high affinity, saturable binding of 9 nM [3H]-ouabain to the total particulate fraction isolated from dog heart. Ouabain and other cardiac glycosides, including the aglycones, were about equipotent in their ability to displace [3H]-ouabain from its receptor, the IC50s ranging from 10 to 30 nM. 2 The only other substances found to compete significantly in the assay were derivatives of hydroxyprogesterone having a 17 alpha-acetate substituent: chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate, cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, with IC50s of 2, 7.4, 9 and 21 microM, respectively. Prednisolone-3,20-bisguanyl-hydrazone, reported to have inotropic activity, gave an IC50 of 6.4 microM. Cyproterone-17 alpha-OH was less active (IC50 90 microM) than cyproterone-17 alpha-acetate. 3 A large number of peptide and protein hormones, steroid hormones and their metabolites, amines, and drugs were inactive.", "PMID": 497535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3481", "title": "Dopamine agonists and cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat.", "content": "1 Electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings were made from conscious rats which had cortical implants of cobalt. The epileptiform spike activity was then assessed by means of an automated technique, based on peak angle measurements. 2 Apomorphine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg i.p.) and lisuride (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited spike activity in established primary and secondary foci in a dose-dependent manner. Bromocryptine (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) and CF 25-397 (40 mg/kg i.p.) had a similar effect but only after a latent period of several hours. Chronic administration of bromocryptine (20 mg/kg i.p. daily) attenuated the normal development of the foci following implantation. 3 Pimozide (1 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated cortical epileptic activity in cobalt-implanted rats and blocked the antiepileptic effects induced by the dopamine agonists. 4 Intrastriatal administration of dopamine (25 micrograms) or apomorphine (60 micrograms) suppressed epileptiform spikes in the cortex. Destruction of striatal catecholamine terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine increased the spike activity. 5 It is concluded that the striatum may play an essential part in mediating the anti-epileptic effects of dopamine and its agonists in this model of epilepsy.", "contents": "Dopamine agonists and cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. 1 Electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings were made from conscious rats which had cortical implants of cobalt. The epileptiform spike activity was then assessed by means of an automated technique, based on peak angle measurements. 2 Apomorphine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg i.p.) and lisuride (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited spike activity in established primary and secondary foci in a dose-dependent manner. Bromocryptine (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) and CF 25-397 (40 mg/kg i.p.) had a similar effect but only after a latent period of several hours. Chronic administration of bromocryptine (20 mg/kg i.p. daily) attenuated the normal development of the foci following implantation. 3 Pimozide (1 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated cortical epileptic activity in cobalt-implanted rats and blocked the antiepileptic effects induced by the dopamine agonists. 4 Intrastriatal administration of dopamine (25 micrograms) or apomorphine (60 micrograms) suppressed epileptiform spikes in the cortex. Destruction of striatal catecholamine terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine increased the spike activity. 5 It is concluded that the striatum may play an essential part in mediating the anti-epileptic effects of dopamine and its agonists in this model of epilepsy.", "PMID": 497536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3482", "title": "The effects of isoprenaline and bradykinin on capillary filtration in the cat small intestine.", "content": "1 Lymph flow, and both lymph and plasma protein concentrations were measured in isolated, blood-perfused loops of cat ileum. 2 Permeability-surface ares (PS) products and the osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma) of the intestinal capillaries were calculated. 3 Isoprenaline (one dose) or bradykinin (two different doses) was infused into the superior mesenteric artery. 4 Isoprenaline (blood concentration about 50 ng/ml) did not affect PS or sigma. 5 Bradykinin (about 36 ng/ml) increased PS but as a sigma was unaltered, this was primarily due to an increased capillary surface area. 6 Bradykinin (about 680 ng/ml) increased PS and as sigma was reduced, there was an increased capillary permeability. 7 Reasons for the lack of effect of isoprenaline at concentrations which increase capillary filtration coefficient are discussed. 8 These data show that this technique separates drug effects on capillary surface area from effects on capillary permeability.", "contents": "The effects of isoprenaline and bradykinin on capillary filtration in the cat small intestine. 1 Lymph flow, and both lymph and plasma protein concentrations were measured in isolated, blood-perfused loops of cat ileum. 2 Permeability-surface ares (PS) products and the osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma) of the intestinal capillaries were calculated. 3 Isoprenaline (one dose) or bradykinin (two different doses) was infused into the superior mesenteric artery. 4 Isoprenaline (blood concentration about 50 ng/ml) did not affect PS or sigma. 5 Bradykinin (about 36 ng/ml) increased PS but as a sigma was unaltered, this was primarily due to an increased capillary surface area. 6 Bradykinin (about 680 ng/ml) increased PS and as sigma was reduced, there was an increased capillary permeability. 7 Reasons for the lack of effect of isoprenaline at concentrations which increase capillary filtration coefficient are discussed. 8 These data show that this technique separates drug effects on capillary surface area from effects on capillary permeability.", "PMID": 497537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3483", "title": "The effects of ions on the binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic receptors.", "content": "1 There are no selective effects of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ or Cl- on the binding of antagonists or agonists to muscarinic receptors in rat brain. A decrease in affinity related to ionic strength is found for all these ions. 2 Larger effects were produced by T1+, La3+, and some transition metal ions.", "contents": "The effects of ions on the binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic receptors. 1 There are no selective effects of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ or Cl- on the binding of antagonists or agonists to muscarinic receptors in rat brain. A decrease in affinity related to ionic strength is found for all these ions. 2 Larger effects were produced by T1+, La3+, and some transition metal ions.", "PMID": 497538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3484", "title": "Concomitant development of [3H]-dopamine and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake systems in rat brain regions.", "content": "1 Synaptosomal uptake mechanisms of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine were examined in cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and midbrain plus brainstem of developing rats. 2 In all regions, there was generally a parallel biphasic development of both uptake systems; the most rapid increases occurred in the first two weeks postpartum, followed by a slower rate of increase. 3 Kinetic studies with dopamine indicated that the maturation involved increases in maximal uptake without a change in the substrate Km, suggesting that there is a change in the number or terminals but not in the uptake system per se.", "contents": "Concomitant development of [3H]-dopamine and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake systems in rat brain regions. 1 Synaptosomal uptake mechanisms of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine were examined in cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and midbrain plus brainstem of developing rats. 2 In all regions, there was generally a parallel biphasic development of both uptake systems; the most rapid increases occurred in the first two weeks postpartum, followed by a slower rate of increase. 3 Kinetic studies with dopamine indicated that the maturation involved increases in maximal uptake without a change in the substrate Km, suggesting that there is a change in the number or terminals but not in the uptake system per se.", "PMID": 497539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3485", "title": "The effects of glucocorticoids on the distribution and mobilisation of arachidonic acid in fat cell ghosts.", "content": "1 The prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes were found to be present in fat cell ghosts isolated from rabbit adipose tissue. 2 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2, were synthesized by ghosts after stimulation with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). 3 Indomethacin was found to inhibit this synthesis but not the synthesis of lipoxygenase products. 4 When fat cell ghosts were stimulated by ACTH, fatty acid release was observed from both neutral lipids and phospholipids. 5 The arachidonic acid (AA) pool within the ghosts and identified: approximately 90% was present in the phospholipid fraction, 8.5% in the neutral lipids and 1.5% unbound. 6 The glucocorticoids were found to stimulate incorporation of [14C]-AA into neutral lipids and inhibit its incorporation into phospholipids. 7 When fatty acid release was stimulated with ACTH, the glucocorticoids were found to inhibit the mobilisation of [14C]-AA from the phospholipids and enhance its release from the neutral lipids. 8 The glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin formation in fat cell ghosts.", "contents": "The effects of glucocorticoids on the distribution and mobilisation of arachidonic acid in fat cell ghosts. 1 The prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes were found to be present in fat cell ghosts isolated from rabbit adipose tissue. 2 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2, were synthesized by ghosts after stimulation with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). 3 Indomethacin was found to inhibit this synthesis but not the synthesis of lipoxygenase products. 4 When fat cell ghosts were stimulated by ACTH, fatty acid release was observed from both neutral lipids and phospholipids. 5 The arachidonic acid (AA) pool within the ghosts and identified: approximately 90% was present in the phospholipid fraction, 8.5% in the neutral lipids and 1.5% unbound. 6 The glucocorticoids were found to stimulate incorporation of [14C]-AA into neutral lipids and inhibit its incorporation into phospholipids. 7 When fatty acid release was stimulated with ACTH, the glucocorticoids were found to inhibit the mobilisation of [14C]-AA from the phospholipids and enhance its release from the neutral lipids. 8 The glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin formation in fat cell ghosts.", "PMID": 497540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3486", "title": "An examination of the negative feedback function of presynaptic adrenoceptors in a vascular tissue.", "content": "1 The hypothesis was examined that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors exert a negative feedback function regulating noradrenergic transmission.2 Renal artery strips from cattle, pre-incubated with [(3)H]-noradrenaline, were stimulated with 300 pulses at 5 different frequencies, spanning the physiological range, and the efflux of tritium assessed both in the absence and presence of functional presynaptic receptors.3 Considerable variation in the synaptic level of free and active noradrenaline with increasing frequency was apparent from the rates of development and the magnitudes of the mechanical responses but the overflow of tritium was constant at 1, 2, 10 and 15 Hz and slightly elevated at 5 Hz, providing no evidence for presynaptic modulation of release.4 Phenoxybenzamine (3.3 x 10(-5) M) enhanced the overflow of tritium most at the lowest frequency tested and to a similar extent at the other test frequencies, except 10 Hz where its effect was slightly reduced.5 The conditions of the present experiments appeared optimal for the operation of the negative feedback system and the failure to observe an increased effectiveness of the antagonist with increasing frequency indicates that the physiological relevance of such a system is highly questionable and suggests that it may not function at all.", "contents": "An examination of the negative feedback function of presynaptic adrenoceptors in a vascular tissue. 1 The hypothesis was examined that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors exert a negative feedback function regulating noradrenergic transmission.2 Renal artery strips from cattle, pre-incubated with [(3)H]-noradrenaline, were stimulated with 300 pulses at 5 different frequencies, spanning the physiological range, and the efflux of tritium assessed both in the absence and presence of functional presynaptic receptors.3 Considerable variation in the synaptic level of free and active noradrenaline with increasing frequency was apparent from the rates of development and the magnitudes of the mechanical responses but the overflow of tritium was constant at 1, 2, 10 and 15 Hz and slightly elevated at 5 Hz, providing no evidence for presynaptic modulation of release.4 Phenoxybenzamine (3.3 x 10(-5) M) enhanced the overflow of tritium most at the lowest frequency tested and to a similar extent at the other test frequencies, except 10 Hz where its effect was slightly reduced.5 The conditions of the present experiments appeared optimal for the operation of the negative feedback system and the failure to observe an increased effectiveness of the antagonist with increasing frequency indicates that the physiological relevance of such a system is highly questionable and suggests that it may not function at all.", "PMID": 497541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3487", "title": "The psychiatrist in the terminal care unit.", "content": "The types of problems of 49 patients referred to a psychiatrist in a terminal care unit are reported and their management reviewed. The findings suggest that a psychiatrist can play a useful role in such a unit, particularly in supervising medical and nursing staff in the psychological care of patients and in helping more directly in the management of psychiatrically complicated cases.", "contents": "The psychiatrist in the terminal care unit. The types of problems of 49 patients referred to a psychiatrist in a terminal care unit are reported and their management reviewed. The findings suggest that a psychiatrist can play a useful role in such a unit, particularly in supervising medical and nursing staff in the psychological care of patients and in helping more directly in the management of psychiatrically complicated cases.", "PMID": 497612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3488", "title": "Compulsory admission to hospital: an operational review of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960.", "content": "The working of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 is examined by analysis of compulsory admissions both nationally and to one Glasgow hospital. Comparisons are drwn with England and Wales. Despite a six-fold increase in admissions since 1945 the use of compulsory powers has remained almost constant. It is suggested that an annual number of 45 compulsory admissions per 100,000 population may represent an inevitable basic level as foreseen by the Royal Commission in 1957. Section 31 ('Emergency Recommendation') secures 80 per cent of Part IV admissions, and Section 24 ('Full Recommendation') is employed in only 25 per cent. Part V accounts for only 300 admissions per annum, mostly remands for psychiatric report. Two suggestions are made for possible future amendments to the Act.", "contents": "Compulsory admission to hospital: an operational review of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960. The working of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 is examined by analysis of compulsory admissions both nationally and to one Glasgow hospital. Comparisons are drwn with England and Wales. Despite a six-fold increase in admissions since 1945 the use of compulsory powers has remained almost constant. It is suggested that an annual number of 45 compulsory admissions per 100,000 population may represent an inevitable basic level as foreseen by the Royal Commission in 1957. Section 31 ('Emergency Recommendation') secures 80 per cent of Part IV admissions, and Section 24 ('Full Recommendation') is employed in only 25 per cent. Part V accounts for only 300 admissions per annum, mostly remands for psychiatric report. Two suggestions are made for possible future amendments to the Act.", "PMID": 497613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3489", "title": "The psychiatric patient: a voice to be heard.", "content": "Patients' view of psychiatric care and its implications is a neglected area of inquiry, partly due to ideological factors as well as structural aspects of the National Health Service. It is acknowledged that patient satisfaction per se cannot be the major goal of the Health Services, but the path to improved welfare and treatment may be facilitated by patient satisfaction or at least by an awareness of patient opinion. Further exploration of this area is recommended.", "contents": "The psychiatric patient: a voice to be heard. Patients' view of psychiatric care and its implications is a neglected area of inquiry, partly due to ideological factors as well as structural aspects of the National Health Service. It is acknowledged that patient satisfaction per se cannot be the major goal of the Health Services, but the path to improved welfare and treatment may be facilitated by patient satisfaction or at least by an awareness of patient opinion. Further exploration of this area is recommended.", "PMID": 497614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3490", "title": "Psychiatrists' assessments of mental illness. A comparison of some aspects of Thomas Scheff's approach to labelling theory.", "content": "The labelling theory of mental illness and particularly that version formulated by Thomas Scheff has been applied to psychiatry. Studies completed by Scheff have produced considerable evidence to support labelling theory. An attempt is made here to determine to what extent labelling theory applies to a group of British psychiatrists. The results give little support to Scheff's position.", "contents": "Psychiatrists' assessments of mental illness. A comparison of some aspects of Thomas Scheff's approach to labelling theory. The labelling theory of mental illness and particularly that version formulated by Thomas Scheff has been applied to psychiatry. Studies completed by Scheff have produced considerable evidence to support labelling theory. An attempt is made here to determine to what extent labelling theory applies to a group of British psychiatrists. The results give little support to Scheff's position.", "PMID": 497615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3491", "title": "Psychiatric disorders in children in long-term residential care: a follow-up study.", "content": "Ninety-two children who had been examined in a psychiatric study of five to twelve year-olds in long-term residential care were followed up four years later. Three-quarters were still in children's homes, but over half had been moved to different establishments. At both the original study and follow-up, the majority showed evidence of psychiatric disorder. Considerable continuity of behavioural pattern was found, particularly amongst those who originally had antisocial disorders, who were also most likely to have had changes of care-taker during the four years. It is suggested that the persistence of their disorder may be due to a vicious circle of unacceptable behaviour and adult rejection.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorders in children in long-term residential care: a follow-up study. Ninety-two children who had been examined in a psychiatric study of five to twelve year-olds in long-term residential care were followed up four years later. Three-quarters were still in children's homes, but over half had been moved to different establishments. At both the original study and follow-up, the majority showed evidence of psychiatric disorder. Considerable continuity of behavioural pattern was found, particularly amongst those who originally had antisocial disorders, who were also most likely to have had changes of care-taker during the four years. It is suggested that the persistence of their disorder may be due to a vicious circle of unacceptable behaviour and adult rejection.", "PMID": 497616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3492", "title": "Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes.", "content": "The case notes of all 67 manic patients admitted to the psychiatric wing of a District General Hospital over a period of two years were screened for evidence of independent life events during a four week period prior to admission. The nature of such events and of the underlying stresses was examined and the data obtained were compared with data from a control group of acute surgical admissions. Four times as many manic patients had an independent life event closely preceding their admission. It is concluded that stress in the form of loss or threat is a common precipitant of mania. Some surprising findings are focused upon and discussed.", "contents": "Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes. The case notes of all 67 manic patients admitted to the psychiatric wing of a District General Hospital over a period of two years were screened for evidence of independent life events during a four week period prior to admission. The nature of such events and of the underlying stresses was examined and the data obtained were compared with data from a control group of acute surgical admissions. Four times as many manic patients had an independent life event closely preceding their admission. It is concluded that stress in the form of loss or threat is a common precipitant of mania. Some surprising findings are focused upon and discussed.", "PMID": 497617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3493", "title": "The EEG and differential diagnosis in psychogeriatrics.", "content": "A model for differentiating cerebral dysfunction in senile, arteriosclerotic dementia, and depressive states is proposed on the basis of electrocortical topographic measures of EEG coherence. Bipolar EEGs were recorded from central, parietal, occipital and temporal areas in 24 elderly patients with a firm clinical diagnosis of senile dementia, senile arteriosclerosis or depression. Power and coherence spectra were computed on 20 second epochs recorded during eyes open, eyes closed and photic stimulation. Significant group differences were reported in both power and coherence measures. Power results were uniform for all channels but coherence values differed significantly with derivation. The best discriminator between groups was EEG coherence estimates between right parietal and temporal derivation. Correlations between clinical symptomatology and EEG coherence supported the direction of the discrimination between groups. The EEG coherence function is discussed as a potential measure of neuro-functional pathology in psychiatry.", "contents": "The EEG and differential diagnosis in psychogeriatrics. A model for differentiating cerebral dysfunction in senile, arteriosclerotic dementia, and depressive states is proposed on the basis of electrocortical topographic measures of EEG coherence. Bipolar EEGs were recorded from central, parietal, occipital and temporal areas in 24 elderly patients with a firm clinical diagnosis of senile dementia, senile arteriosclerosis or depression. Power and coherence spectra were computed on 20 second epochs recorded during eyes open, eyes closed and photic stimulation. Significant group differences were reported in both power and coherence measures. Power results were uniform for all channels but coherence values differed significantly with derivation. The best discriminator between groups was EEG coherence estimates between right parietal and temporal derivation. Correlations between clinical symptomatology and EEG coherence supported the direction of the discrimination between groups. The EEG coherence function is discussed as a potential measure of neuro-functional pathology in psychiatry.", "PMID": 497618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3494", "title": "Classification of personality disorder.", "content": "An interview schedule was used to record the personality traits of 130 psychiatric patients, 65 with a primary clinical diagnosis of personality disorder and 65 with other diagnoses. The results were analysed by factor analysis and three types of cluster analysis. Factor analysis showed a similar structure of personality variables in both groups of patients, supporting the notion that personality disorders differ only in degree from the personalities of other psychiatric patients. Cluster analysis revealed five discrete categories; sociopathic, passive-dependent, anankastic, schizoid and a non-personality-disordered group. Of all the personality-disordered patients 63 per cent fell into the passive-dependent or sociopathic category. The results suggest that the current classification of personality disorder could be simplified.", "contents": "Classification of personality disorder. An interview schedule was used to record the personality traits of 130 psychiatric patients, 65 with a primary clinical diagnosis of personality disorder and 65 with other diagnoses. The results were analysed by factor analysis and three types of cluster analysis. Factor analysis showed a similar structure of personality variables in both groups of patients, supporting the notion that personality disorders differ only in degree from the personalities of other psychiatric patients. Cluster analysis revealed five discrete categories; sociopathic, passive-dependent, anankastic, schizoid and a non-personality-disordered group. Of all the personality-disordered patients 63 per cent fell into the passive-dependent or sociopathic category. The results suggest that the current classification of personality disorder could be simplified.", "PMID": 497619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3495", "title": "Reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders.", "content": "The inter-situational, inter-rater and temporal reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders is described. In an initial study with a simplified form of the schedule in patients from different wards of a psychiatric hospital inter-situational reliability between raters was higher for patients with personality disorders than with no personality disorder. Using the full schedule, inter-rater reliability, using audiotaped and separate interviews, and temporal reliability at interviews conducted a mean of 12.5 months apart all reached a satisfactory level, suggesting that the schedule may be a useful instrument for measuring deviant personality traits. The interview may be used with a subject or an informant but agreement between ratings made with informants and psychiatric patients during illness was low, and the schedule is not recommended for use with patients alone during acute episodes of illness.", "contents": "Reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders. The inter-situational, inter-rater and temporal reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders is described. In an initial study with a simplified form of the schedule in patients from different wards of a psychiatric hospital inter-situational reliability between raters was higher for patients with personality disorders than with no personality disorder. Using the full schedule, inter-rater reliability, using audiotaped and separate interviews, and temporal reliability at interviews conducted a mean of 12.5 months apart all reached a satisfactory level, suggesting that the schedule may be a useful instrument for measuring deviant personality traits. The interview may be used with a subject or an informant but agreement between ratings made with informants and psychiatric patients during illness was low, and the schedule is not recommended for use with patients alone during acute episodes of illness.", "PMID": 497620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3496", "title": "Evaluation of a detoxification service of habitual drunken offenders.", "content": "The progress of 52 chronic alcoholic habitual drunken offenders who were offered a detoxification, assessment and referral service as an alternative to penal management for their public drunkenness was compared over a year with 48 control subjects, and each group's progress in the experimental year was compared with that in the previous year. The 'detoxification' patients were found not to have benefited as regards their alcoholism or episodes of drunkenness, though their periods of abstinence were longer. There were significant improvements in their accommodation and self-reported quality of life, and it is likely that their physical and perhaps mental health improved.", "contents": "Evaluation of a detoxification service of habitual drunken offenders. The progress of 52 chronic alcoholic habitual drunken offenders who were offered a detoxification, assessment and referral service as an alternative to penal management for their public drunkenness was compared over a year with 48 control subjects, and each group's progress in the experimental year was compared with that in the previous year. The 'detoxification' patients were found not to have benefited as regards their alcoholism or episodes of drunkenness, though their periods of abstinence were longer. There were significant improvements in their accommodation and self-reported quality of life, and it is likely that their physical and perhaps mental health improved.", "PMID": 497623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3497", "title": "Nottingham and the Hospital Plan: a follow-up study of long-stay in-patients.", "content": "The post-war development of psychiatric services in Nottingham, with their reduction in the number of beds and marked increase in in-patient turnover and day patient and out-patient attendances, represents a close approximation to the proposals of the 1962 Hospital Plan. These changes were achieved by redeployment of existing resources. A fifteen-year attrition study of 1960 long-stay in-patients shows a high rate of discharge, especially for males. The reasons for these findings and some implications are discussed.", "contents": "Nottingham and the Hospital Plan: a follow-up study of long-stay in-patients. The post-war development of psychiatric services in Nottingham, with their reduction in the number of beds and marked increase in in-patient turnover and day patient and out-patient attendances, represents a close approximation to the proposals of the 1962 Hospital Plan. These changes were achieved by redeployment of existing resources. A fifteen-year attrition study of 1960 long-stay in-patients shows a high rate of discharge, especially for males. The reasons for these findings and some implications are discussed.", "PMID": 497624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3498", "title": "Hostility and guilt in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "content": "The enquiry relates to the investigation of 30 cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with special reference to the phenomena of hostility and guilt as revealed through Foulds' Five Punitive Scales and the Thematic Apperception Test. Controls consisted of an equal number of subjects suffering from neurotic depression. Analysis reveals acting-out hostility and extrapunitive tendency in the experimental group. No significant difference was found in terms of guilt scores.", "contents": "Hostility and guilt in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The enquiry relates to the investigation of 30 cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with special reference to the phenomena of hostility and guilt as revealed through Foulds' Five Punitive Scales and the Thematic Apperception Test. Controls consisted of an equal number of subjects suffering from neurotic depression. Analysis reveals acting-out hostility and extrapunitive tendency in the experimental group. No significant difference was found in terms of guilt scores.", "PMID": 497625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3499", "title": "Increased serum calcium and phosphorus with the 'switch' into manic or excited psychotic state.", "content": "Small but statistically significant increases in serum total calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus concided with repeated onsets of psychotic agitation or mania in nine psychotic in-patients experiencing rapid cycles of illness. These increases were not accompanied by changes in magnesium or other constituents, which might suggest non-specific haemoconcentration. Similar increases in calcium or phosphorus were not present in patients without the same cycles of psychotic illness. The observed increases could neither be simulated nor altered by stress or activity, and it remains unclear whether they might be accounted for by dietary changes, sleep disruption, circadian phase shifts or by endocrine alterations.", "contents": "Increased serum calcium and phosphorus with the 'switch' into manic or excited psychotic state. Small but statistically significant increases in serum total calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus concided with repeated onsets of psychotic agitation or mania in nine psychotic in-patients experiencing rapid cycles of illness. These increases were not accompanied by changes in magnesium or other constituents, which might suggest non-specific haemoconcentration. Similar increases in calcium or phosphorus were not present in patients without the same cycles of psychotic illness. The observed increases could neither be simulated nor altered by stress or activity, and it remains unclear whether they might be accounted for by dietary changes, sleep disruption, circadian phase shifts or by endocrine alterations.", "PMID": 497626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3500", "title": "The relationship between wrist-monitored motor activity and serum CPK activity in psychiatric in-patients.", "content": "Motor activity, monitored by a wrist motion transducer, was related to serum CPK activity the following morning in a group of psychiatric in-patients. In 4 of 10 patients, studied for periods exceeding one week, total 24-hour activity was significantly correlated with morning serum CPK activity. Motor activity during the night was unrelated to serum CPK activity. In a larger group of 30 patients, studied for one or two-day periods, inter-individual differences in activity level were not related to serum CPK activity, although both sex and race were significantly related to variance between subjects in that activity.", "contents": "The relationship between wrist-monitored motor activity and serum CPK activity in psychiatric in-patients. Motor activity, monitored by a wrist motion transducer, was related to serum CPK activity the following morning in a group of psychiatric in-patients. In 4 of 10 patients, studied for periods exceeding one week, total 24-hour activity was significantly correlated with morning serum CPK activity. Motor activity during the night was unrelated to serum CPK activity. In a larger group of 30 patients, studied for one or two-day periods, inter-individual differences in activity level were not related to serum CPK activity, although both sex and race were significantly related to variance between subjects in that activity.", "PMID": 497627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3501", "title": "The use of screening investigations in psychiatry.", "content": "This is a study of the results of screening tests on all new psychiatric in-patients over a period of one year. Although none of the results indicated definite physical causes for the psychiatric illness, 10 per cent of the tests revealed abnormalities resulting from or co-incidental with the psychiatric illness. Of these abnormal results 61 per cent led to no further investigation or treatment, and the significance of this is discussed.", "contents": "The use of screening investigations in psychiatry. This is a study of the results of screening tests on all new psychiatric in-patients over a period of one year. Although none of the results indicated definite physical causes for the psychiatric illness, 10 per cent of the tests revealed abnormalities resulting from or co-incidental with the psychiatric illness. Of these abnormal results 61 per cent led to no further investigation or treatment, and the significance of this is discussed.", "PMID": 497628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3502", "title": "Psychotherapy of the dying patient.", "content": "The psychotherapeutic aspects of the care of the 49 terminally ill patients described in the preceeding paper are discussed. Their differing ways of coping with the stress of dying and the range of psychotherapeutic strategies used in treatment are described. The work suggests that the therapist's use of psychological insights can improve his understanding of the emotional pain of terminal illness, and well-aimed psychotherapy can contribute to its relief.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of the dying patient. The psychotherapeutic aspects of the care of the 49 terminally ill patients described in the preceeding paper are discussed. Their differing ways of coping with the stress of dying and the range of psychotherapeutic strategies used in treatment are described. The work suggests that the therapist's use of psychological insights can improve his understanding of the emotional pain of terminal illness, and well-aimed psychotherapy can contribute to its relief.", "PMID": 497629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3503", "title": "Amitriptyline: comparison of three different dosage schedules in neurotic depression.", "content": "Three groups of neurotic depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline, one group receiving the customary three daily doses, another a single dose in the morning, and the third a single dose at night. All three groups showed significant decrements of total scores on the Hamilton Scale for Depression and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale without significant differences. Patients taking the drug at night showed a lower incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Amitriptyline: comparison of three different dosage schedules in neurotic depression. Three groups of neurotic depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline, one group receiving the customary three daily doses, another a single dose in the morning, and the third a single dose at night. All three groups showed significant decrements of total scores on the Hamilton Scale for Depression and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale without significant differences. Patients taking the drug at night showed a lower incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 497630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3504", "title": "Post-ECT cognitive defect and elevation of blood pressure.", "content": "There is evidence that ECT causes a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier through the rise of blood pressure it induced. Using the Benton test of cognitive function the day before and three hours after ECT treatment in 27 depressed patients, impairment of function was highly correlated with the maximum rise of systolic BP during the treatment.", "contents": "Post-ECT cognitive defect and elevation of blood pressure. There is evidence that ECT causes a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier through the rise of blood pressure it induced. Using the Benton test of cognitive function the day before and three hours after ECT treatment in 27 depressed patients, impairment of function was highly correlated with the maximum rise of systolic BP during the treatment.", "PMID": 497631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3505", "title": "An XYY man.", "content": "This case report describes a young man with a 47, XYY karyotype who was convicted of arson. He suffered from a cardiac disorder which may well have been part of the XYY syndrome rather than a chance association. His abnormal karyotype was disclosed in court and used by the defence in a plea in mitigation.", "contents": "An XYY man. This case report describes a young man with a 47, XYY karyotype who was convicted of arson. He suffered from a cardiac disorder which may well have been part of the XYY syndrome rather than a chance association. His abnormal karyotype was disclosed in court and used by the defence in a plea in mitigation.", "PMID": 497632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3506", "title": "Artistic productivity and lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Twenty-four manic-depressive artists, in whom prophylactic lithium treatment had attenuated or prevented recurrences to a significant degree, were questioned about their creative power during the treatment. Twelve artists reported increased artistic productivity, six unaltered productivity, and six lowered productivity. The effect of lithium treatment on artistic productivity may depend on the severity and type of the illness, on individual sensitivity, and on habits of utilizing manic episodes productively.", "contents": "Artistic productivity and lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness. Twenty-four manic-depressive artists, in whom prophylactic lithium treatment had attenuated or prevented recurrences to a significant degree, were questioned about their creative power during the treatment. Twelve artists reported increased artistic productivity, six unaltered productivity, and six lowered productivity. The effect of lithium treatment on artistic productivity may depend on the severity and type of the illness, on individual sensitivity, and on habits of utilizing manic episodes productively.", "PMID": 497639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3507", "title": "Rupture of the abdominal oesophagus: a review.", "content": "'Spontaneous' rupture of the oesophagus usually affects the lower third, less commonly the middle third and rarely the cervical oesophagus. Rupture limited to the intra-abdominal oesophagus is rare. Such a case is described here and previously reported cases are reviewed. Vomiting-induced gastro-oesophageal injuries and their aetiology are discussed and the management of spontaneous rupture is reviewed.", "contents": "Rupture of the abdominal oesophagus: a review. 'Spontaneous' rupture of the oesophagus usually affects the lower third, less commonly the middle third and rarely the cervical oesophagus. Rupture limited to the intra-abdominal oesophagus is rare. Such a case is described here and previously reported cases are reviewed. Vomiting-induced gastro-oesophageal injuries and their aetiology are discussed and the management of spontaneous rupture is reviewed.", "PMID": 497641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3508", "title": "Dysphagia following selective vagotomy.", "content": "Progression of dysphagia after vagotomy to the stage of complete obstruction due to a peri-oesophageal fibrotic collar needing operation is a rare event. Review of the 4 such cases previously described, all needing further operation and all after truncal vagotomy, indicates that the oesophageal mucosa was normal on oesophagoscopy and that bouginage appeared to make the condition worse. This paper describes the first patient in whom (a) the vagotomy was selective and (b) no bouginage was carried out before the condition was relieved by a further surgical operation.", "contents": "Dysphagia following selective vagotomy. Progression of dysphagia after vagotomy to the stage of complete obstruction due to a peri-oesophageal fibrotic collar needing operation is a rare event. Review of the 4 such cases previously described, all needing further operation and all after truncal vagotomy, indicates that the oesophageal mucosa was normal on oesophagoscopy and that bouginage appeared to make the condition worse. This paper describes the first patient in whom (a) the vagotomy was selective and (b) no bouginage was carried out before the condition was relieved by a further surgical operation.", "PMID": 497642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3509", "title": "Anastomotic recurrence in the oesophagus complicating gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "Gastric adenocarcinomas often spread to the distal oesophagus. Failure to control the disease in this area during total and proximal subtotal gastrectomy results in recurrence at the oesophageal anastomosis. The incidence of recurrence in a series of 351 such patients was 10 per cent and was influenced by the location of the main lesion, the stage of the disease, the presence of tumour at the margin of resection and the length of clearance of the oesophageal margin. Recurrence were prevented only with in vivo margins greater than 12 cm. Dysphagia combined with radiological signs of oesophageal obstruction was diagnostic of anastomotic recurrence regardless of the results obtained by oesophagoscopy and biopsy. Treatment was seldom effective in patients developing recurrence. Complete excision of the entire recurrent process offered the only hope for a long survival in these patients. Prevention by obtaining adequate oesophageal clearance at the time of gastrectomy is the only reasonable approach to this problem. The adequacy of resection cannot be judged accurately by intraoperative palpation of the oesophagus or by frozen section examination of the surgical margins.", "contents": "Anastomotic recurrence in the oesophagus complicating gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Gastric adenocarcinomas often spread to the distal oesophagus. Failure to control the disease in this area during total and proximal subtotal gastrectomy results in recurrence at the oesophageal anastomosis. The incidence of recurrence in a series of 351 such patients was 10 per cent and was influenced by the location of the main lesion, the stage of the disease, the presence of tumour at the margin of resection and the length of clearance of the oesophageal margin. Recurrence were prevented only with in vivo margins greater than 12 cm. Dysphagia combined with radiological signs of oesophageal obstruction was diagnostic of anastomotic recurrence regardless of the results obtained by oesophagoscopy and biopsy. Treatment was seldom effective in patients developing recurrence. Complete excision of the entire recurrent process offered the only hope for a long survival in these patients. Prevention by obtaining adequate oesophageal clearance at the time of gastrectomy is the only reasonable approach to this problem. The adequacy of resection cannot be judged accurately by intraoperative palpation of the oesophagus or by frozen section examination of the surgical margins.", "PMID": 497643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3510", "title": "Bilio-pancreatic bypass for obesity: 1. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Bilio-pancreatic bypass is a new procedure that tries to obtain a maldigestion syndrome with selective malabsorption of the main high calorie foods. The operation consists of a gastric resection and division of the proximal jejunum just distal to the ligament of Treitz. A gastroentero-anastomosis is then constructed using the distal end of the transected jejunum, while the proximal jejunum is anastomosed to the side of the distal ileum. An experimental study carried out on 12 dogs confirmed that the operation causes a selective malabsorption with loss of weight and no complications. On the basis of this study it is suggested that this procedure has the following advantages over jejuno-ileal bypass: (a) normal absorption of bile salts, water and electrolytes; (b) slow recovery of absorption; (c) absence of a blind loop.", "contents": "Bilio-pancreatic bypass for obesity: 1. An experimental study in dogs. Bilio-pancreatic bypass is a new procedure that tries to obtain a maldigestion syndrome with selective malabsorption of the main high calorie foods. The operation consists of a gastric resection and division of the proximal jejunum just distal to the ligament of Treitz. A gastroentero-anastomosis is then constructed using the distal end of the transected jejunum, while the proximal jejunum is anastomosed to the side of the distal ileum. An experimental study carried out on 12 dogs confirmed that the operation causes a selective malabsorption with loss of weight and no complications. On the basis of this study it is suggested that this procedure has the following advantages over jejuno-ileal bypass: (a) normal absorption of bile salts, water and electrolytes; (b) slow recovery of absorption; (c) absence of a blind loop.", "PMID": 497644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3511", "title": "Bilio-pancreatic bypass for obesity: II. Initial experience in man.", "content": "After a successful trial of bilio-pancreatic bypass in dogs, a clinical study has been completed in 18 patients followed for more than 1 year. The operation has been modified to achieve the best weight reduction, and forming the bilio-pancreatic tract of equal length to the alimentary tract with a short common ileal tract, the average weight loss as a percentage of the preoperative body weight was 24.1 +/- 5.4 per cent (mean +/- s.d.) at 6 months and 33.7 +/- 4.1 per cent at 12 months. The only immediate complication was a wound dehiscence, and there were no late complications. Liver function studies showed the absence of hepatic deterioration and liver biopsies showed improvement of liver morphology 1 year after the operation. It is suggested that this procedure may be an alternative to jejuno-ileal bypass in the management of obesity.", "contents": "Bilio-pancreatic bypass for obesity: II. Initial experience in man. After a successful trial of bilio-pancreatic bypass in dogs, a clinical study has been completed in 18 patients followed for more than 1 year. The operation has been modified to achieve the best weight reduction, and forming the bilio-pancreatic tract of equal length to the alimentary tract with a short common ileal tract, the average weight loss as a percentage of the preoperative body weight was 24.1 +/- 5.4 per cent (mean +/- s.d.) at 6 months and 33.7 +/- 4.1 per cent at 12 months. The only immediate complication was a wound dehiscence, and there were no late complications. Liver function studies showed the absence of hepatic deterioration and liver biopsies showed improvement of liver morphology 1 year after the operation. It is suggested that this procedure may be an alternative to jejuno-ileal bypass in the management of obesity.", "PMID": 497645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3512", "title": "A 10-year survey of large bowel carcinoma at Groote Schuur Hospital with particular reference to patients under 30 years of age.", "content": "In a 10-year survey of large bowel carcinoma at Groote Schuur Hospital 926 cases were studied retrospectively. A marked difference was seen in both the age of presentation and histological differentiation in two different racial groups. All patients who were 29 years of age or less at the time of presentation have been studied in detail. Predisposing factors, symptomatology, treatment, pathology and prognosis are discussed. It is apparent that large bowel carcinoma in the young has a very poor prognosis.", "contents": "A 10-year survey of large bowel carcinoma at Groote Schuur Hospital with particular reference to patients under 30 years of age. In a 10-year survey of large bowel carcinoma at Groote Schuur Hospital 926 cases were studied retrospectively. A marked difference was seen in both the age of presentation and histological differentiation in two different racial groups. All patients who were 29 years of age or less at the time of presentation have been studied in detail. Predisposing factors, symptomatology, treatment, pathology and prognosis are discussed. It is apparent that large bowel carcinoma in the young has a very poor prognosis.", "PMID": 497646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3513", "title": "The results of vaginoplasty in excision of the rectum.", "content": "Vaginoplasty was used in a consecutive series of 45 patients undergoing rectal excision for neoplastic and inflammatory bowel disease. Forty-three patients achieved primary perineal healing and none developed a persistent perineal fistula. One patient with Crohn's disease developed a perianal fistula a year after operation but healing occurred after minor surgery. Another developed a pre-sacral abscess 9 years after operation; spontaneous discharge into the vagina occurred.", "contents": "The results of vaginoplasty in excision of the rectum. Vaginoplasty was used in a consecutive series of 45 patients undergoing rectal excision for neoplastic and inflammatory bowel disease. Forty-three patients achieved primary perineal healing and none developed a persistent perineal fistula. One patient with Crohn's disease developed a perianal fistula a year after operation but healing occurred after minor surgery. Another developed a pre-sacral abscess 9 years after operation; spontaneous discharge into the vagina occurred.", "PMID": 497648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3514", "title": "Bleeding duodenal ulcer: reduction in mortality with a planned approach.", "content": "In a 6-year prospective study from 1972 to 1978 266 patients were admitted to a haematemesis and melaena unit with bleeding duodenal ulcer. There were 13 deaths, a mortality of 5 per cent. A comparison between the three consecutive 2-year periods of study showed an initial mortality of 6 per cent for the first 4 years falling to 2 per cent for the 93 admissions during the final 2 years of experience. Of the 120 patients treated surgically, 10 died in hospital, giving an operative mortality of 8 per cent. The trend in operative mortality was from 13 per cent for the initial 2-year period to 8 per cent for the second period and to 3 per cent for the final 2 years. The operative rate was consecutively 45, 50 and 34 per cent. There was 1 death in conservatively treated patients during each 2-year period of study. Three types of operation were performed: vagotomy, pyloroplasty and oversewing of the ulcer; Polya gastrectomy; and vagotomy and antrectomy. There was no difference in morbidity and mortality between these operations. At a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, 90 per cent of the patients had a good result from their operation. It is concluded that a prospective system of management with an active policy of early endoscopy, surgery and regular audit reduces the mortality from bleeding duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Bleeding duodenal ulcer: reduction in mortality with a planned approach. In a 6-year prospective study from 1972 to 1978 266 patients were admitted to a haematemesis and melaena unit with bleeding duodenal ulcer. There were 13 deaths, a mortality of 5 per cent. A comparison between the three consecutive 2-year periods of study showed an initial mortality of 6 per cent for the first 4 years falling to 2 per cent for the 93 admissions during the final 2 years of experience. Of the 120 patients treated surgically, 10 died in hospital, giving an operative mortality of 8 per cent. The trend in operative mortality was from 13 per cent for the initial 2-year period to 8 per cent for the second period and to 3 per cent for the final 2 years. The operative rate was consecutively 45, 50 and 34 per cent. There was 1 death in conservatively treated patients during each 2-year period of study. Three types of operation were performed: vagotomy, pyloroplasty and oversewing of the ulcer; Polya gastrectomy; and vagotomy and antrectomy. There was no difference in morbidity and mortality between these operations. At a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, 90 per cent of the patients had a good result from their operation. It is concluded that a prospective system of management with an active policy of early endoscopy, surgery and regular audit reduces the mortality from bleeding duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 497650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3515", "title": "Anti-Xa factor as a predictor of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery.", "content": "This study was stimulated by a recent report linking a low preoperative level of an endogenous coagulation inhibitor (anti-Xa factor) with an increased incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (Stamatakis et al., 1977). Preoperative and postoperative levels of anti-Xa were measured and correlated with the postoperative incidence of deep venous thrombosis assessed by the 125I fibrinogen uptake test to determine whether a high risk group could be isolated and a suitable regimen of prophylaxis introduced. In this study of 22 surgical patients the postoperative DVT rate was 41 per cent. However, preoperative measurements of anti-Xa activity failed to show any statistically significant difference between those patients with DVT and the non-DVT groups. The findings do not support the use of anti-Xa levels as a preoperative predictor of postoperative DVT in the individual.", "contents": "Anti-Xa factor as a predictor of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery. This study was stimulated by a recent report linking a low preoperative level of an endogenous coagulation inhibitor (anti-Xa factor) with an increased incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (Stamatakis et al., 1977). Preoperative and postoperative levels of anti-Xa were measured and correlated with the postoperative incidence of deep venous thrombosis assessed by the 125I fibrinogen uptake test to determine whether a high risk group could be isolated and a suitable regimen of prophylaxis introduced. In this study of 22 surgical patients the postoperative DVT rate was 41 per cent. However, preoperative measurements of anti-Xa activity failed to show any statistically significant difference between those patients with DVT and the non-DVT groups. The findings do not support the use of anti-Xa levels as a preoperative predictor of postoperative DVT in the individual.", "PMID": 497651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3516", "title": "The fibrinolytic activity of the vein following venous stasis.", "content": "This animal study investigated the fibrinolytic activity in the vein wall of the pig following venous stasis, which was induced artificially using an intermittently inflated pneumatic cuff. The method used to measure the fibrinolytic activity was modified from Todd's original technique. The area of lysis and the area of the vein wall were measured and expressed as a ratio, called the fibrinolytic index. After 3 h of intermittent venous stasis the fibrinolytic index was reduced by 68 per cent, significantly lower than the control group. The reduction of the fibrinolytic index by venous stasis could play an important part in the development of deep vein thrombosis.", "contents": "The fibrinolytic activity of the vein following venous stasis. This animal study investigated the fibrinolytic activity in the vein wall of the pig following venous stasis, which was induced artificially using an intermittently inflated pneumatic cuff. The method used to measure the fibrinolytic activity was modified from Todd's original technique. The area of lysis and the area of the vein wall were measured and expressed as a ratio, called the fibrinolytic index. After 3 h of intermittent venous stasis the fibrinolytic index was reduced by 68 per cent, significantly lower than the control group. The reduction of the fibrinolytic index by venous stasis could play an important part in the development of deep vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 497652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3517", "title": "The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in Hong Kong Chinese after hip surgery for fracture of the proximal femur.", "content": "Fifty-three Hong Kong Chinese patients with fractures of the proximal femur have been studied after hip surgery using functional ascending phlebograms for evaluating deep vein thrombosis. There was an incidence of deep vein thrombosis of 53.1 per cent in the fractured limbs and 14.3 per cent in the uninjured limbs. The majority of thrombi (84.6 per cent) were located in the calf. No clinical or fatal pulmonary embolism was observed.", "contents": "The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in Hong Kong Chinese after hip surgery for fracture of the proximal femur. Fifty-three Hong Kong Chinese patients with fractures of the proximal femur have been studied after hip surgery using functional ascending phlebograms for evaluating deep vein thrombosis. There was an incidence of deep vein thrombosis of 53.1 per cent in the fractured limbs and 14.3 per cent in the uninjured limbs. The majority of thrombi (84.6 per cent) were located in the calf. No clinical or fatal pulmonary embolism was observed.", "PMID": 497653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3518", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy is uncommon and easily overlooked. It is associated with a complication rate of up to 80 per cent--mainly stillbirths, abortions and neonatal tetany. Surgical treatment during pregnancy offers the best chance for fetal and neonatal survival.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy is uncommon and easily overlooked. It is associated with a complication rate of up to 80 per cent--mainly stillbirths, abortions and neonatal tetany. Surgical treatment during pregnancy offers the best chance for fetal and neonatal survival.", "PMID": 497655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3519", "title": "A safe and effective disposable low pressure suction drain.", "content": "The physical and microbiological properties of a new disposable suction drainage system have been investigated under clinical and laboratory conditions. The system appears to have overcome the disadvantages associated with previous disposable and reusable low pressure suction drainage systems for use after surgical operation in that this system effectively prevents reflex and retrograde contamination.", "contents": "A safe and effective disposable low pressure suction drain. The physical and microbiological properties of a new disposable suction drainage system have been investigated under clinical and laboratory conditions. The system appears to have overcome the disadvantages associated with previous disposable and reusable low pressure suction drainage systems for use after surgical operation in that this system effectively prevents reflex and retrograde contamination.", "PMID": 497657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3520", "title": "Small bowel strictures after blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Two patients with strictures of the small intestine after blunt abdominal trauma are reported. In the first there were multiple severe injuries and the ileal stricture due to a mesenteric tear was not diagnosed until 6 weeks later. In the second an apparently minor injury was responsible for direct damage to the wall of the jejunum and a subsequent stricture.", "contents": "Small bowel strictures after blunt abdominal trauma. Two patients with strictures of the small intestine after blunt abdominal trauma are reported. In the first there were multiple severe injuries and the ileal stricture due to a mesenteric tear was not diagnosed until 6 weeks later. In the second an apparently minor injury was responsible for direct damage to the wall of the jejunum and a subsequent stricture.", "PMID": 497658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3521", "title": "Total small bowel strangulation: a case report.", "content": "A case of strangulation of the entire small intestine caused by an internal incarcerated hernia is presented. At laparotomy the small intestine was severely discoloured, paralytic and the viability of the bowel was questionable. No resection was performed. At a second laparotomy 10 h later the intestine was hyperaemic and exhibited lively motor activity. Recovery was complete. The importance of prolonged conservative management in avoiding extensive resection is stressed.", "contents": "Total small bowel strangulation: a case report. A case of strangulation of the entire small intestine caused by an internal incarcerated hernia is presented. At laparotomy the small intestine was severely discoloured, paralytic and the viability of the bowel was questionable. No resection was performed. At a second laparotomy 10 h later the intestine was hyperaemic and exhibited lively motor activity. Recovery was complete. The importance of prolonged conservative management in avoiding extensive resection is stressed.", "PMID": 497659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3522", "title": "Randomized prospective matched pair study comparing peritoneovenous shunt and conventional therapy in massive ascites.", "content": "A prospective randomized matched pair study was designed to test the efficacy of the peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt as a treatment for massive cirrhotic ascites compared with traditional medical therapy. Patients who failed to lose weight while on a low salt diet and fluids restricted to 1000 ml daily were placed in the study group. Weight loss, decrease in abdominal girth and diuresis were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) for surgical patients than for their medically treated counterparts. The surgical technique is simple, quick and inexpensive. The surgical patients outlived their matched partners in 12 of 14 pairs where a definitive comparison was possible (P less than 0.02). The median stay in hospital after randomization was shortened from 32 days with medical therapy to 15 days for those undergoing the shunt operation. Those treated medically experienced a significant rise in mean blood urea nitrogen and K+ (P less than 0.02). Patients with alcoholic hepatitis, hyperbilirubinaemia (bilirubin greater than 154 mumol/l), peritoneal sepsis, severe coagulopathy and those who had recently bled from oesophageal varices are poor risks for the surgical procedure.", "contents": "Randomized prospective matched pair study comparing peritoneovenous shunt and conventional therapy in massive ascites. A prospective randomized matched pair study was designed to test the efficacy of the peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt as a treatment for massive cirrhotic ascites compared with traditional medical therapy. Patients who failed to lose weight while on a low salt diet and fluids restricted to 1000 ml daily were placed in the study group. Weight loss, decrease in abdominal girth and diuresis were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) for surgical patients than for their medically treated counterparts. The surgical technique is simple, quick and inexpensive. The surgical patients outlived their matched partners in 12 of 14 pairs where a definitive comparison was possible (P less than 0.02). The median stay in hospital after randomization was shortened from 32 days with medical therapy to 15 days for those undergoing the shunt operation. Those treated medically experienced a significant rise in mean blood urea nitrogen and K+ (P less than 0.02). Patients with alcoholic hepatitis, hyperbilirubinaemia (bilirubin greater than 154 mumol/l), peritoneal sepsis, severe coagulopathy and those who had recently bled from oesophageal varices are poor risks for the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 497660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3523", "title": "The use of the Hickman catheter in the management of patients with leukaemia and other malignancies.", "content": "The use of the Hickman right atrial catheter in 25 patients with leukaemia and other malignancies is reported, and it is concluded that with careful selection of patients, the benefits of this semi-permanent catheter outweigh the risks of infection. The catheter may be useful in the intensive care of children or adults with non-malignant conditions.", "contents": "The use of the Hickman catheter in the management of patients with leukaemia and other malignancies. The use of the Hickman right atrial catheter in 25 patients with leukaemia and other malignancies is reported, and it is concluded that with careful selection of patients, the benefits of this semi-permanent catheter outweigh the risks of infection. The catheter may be useful in the intensive care of children or adults with non-malignant conditions.", "PMID": 497661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3524", "title": "Large-bowel obstruction caused by cancer: a prospective study.", "content": "Patients with obstructing large-bowel cancer may be treated by primary tumour resection or the conventional staged tumour resection, and a prospective study comparing these two treatments was carried out. The post-operative outcome in 174 patients (of whom 90 underwent primary and 47 staged tumour resection) showed that the overall mortality was similar in both groups but that the duration of hospital stay in patients who underwent primary tumour resection was half that of those who underwent staged tumour resection. The mortality for primary tumour resection, however, was unexpectedly high for lesions proximal to the splenic flexure and unexpectedly low for lesions distal to this point. Of patients with distal tumours in whom a staged resection was planned, 35% died after a loop colostomy. The most striking result was that the ratio of postoperative death for trainee surgeons compared with fully trained surgeons was 3:1. It is concluded that patients with large-bowel cancer who present with intestinal obstruction should be treated by a fully trained surgeon and that immediate resection of the tumour should be considered for every patient.", "contents": "Large-bowel obstruction caused by cancer: a prospective study. Patients with obstructing large-bowel cancer may be treated by primary tumour resection or the conventional staged tumour resection, and a prospective study comparing these two treatments was carried out. The post-operative outcome in 174 patients (of whom 90 underwent primary and 47 staged tumour resection) showed that the overall mortality was similar in both groups but that the duration of hospital stay in patients who underwent primary tumour resection was half that of those who underwent staged tumour resection. The mortality for primary tumour resection, however, was unexpectedly high for lesions proximal to the splenic flexure and unexpectedly low for lesions distal to this point. Of patients with distal tumours in whom a staged resection was planned, 35% died after a loop colostomy. The most striking result was that the ratio of postoperative death for trainee surgeons compared with fully trained surgeons was 3:1. It is concluded that patients with large-bowel cancer who present with intestinal obstruction should be treated by a fully trained surgeon and that immediate resection of the tumour should be considered for every patient.", "PMID": 497669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3525", "title": "Decreased serum 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in children receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Serum 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations and the ratio between the two were measured in 31 Israeli children and adolescents receiving long-term treatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin and in controls. 24,25 (OH)2D concentrations were significantly depressed in the patients, although the 25-OHD concentrations were similar to those in the healthy controls. In four patients with radiological evidence of osteopenia very low serum 24,25(OH)2D concentrations and serum 24,25(OH)2D: 25-OHD ratios were recorded. The findings suggest that 24,25(OH)2D deficiency may play an important part in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia in patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs and provide further indirect evidence that 24,25(OH)2D is important for normal bone structure.", "contents": "Decreased serum 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in children receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Serum 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations and the ratio between the two were measured in 31 Israeli children and adolescents receiving long-term treatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin and in controls. 24,25 (OH)2D concentrations were significantly depressed in the patients, although the 25-OHD concentrations were similar to those in the healthy controls. In four patients with radiological evidence of osteopenia very low serum 24,25(OH)2D concentrations and serum 24,25(OH)2D: 25-OHD ratios were recorded. The findings suggest that 24,25(OH)2D deficiency may play an important part in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia in patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs and provide further indirect evidence that 24,25(OH)2D is important for normal bone structure.", "PMID": 497670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3526", "title": "High-carbohydrate diets and insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "A high-carbohydrate-(HC)-modified fat diet was compared with a standard low-carbohydrate (LC) diabetic diet in 11 insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal and preprandial plasma glucose concentrations were appreciably lower when the patients received the HC diet derived chiefly from readily available cereal and vegetable sources (mean (+/- SE of mean) basal concentrations 6.7 +/- 1.2 mmol/l (121 +/- 22 mg/100 ml) with the LC diet and 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (77 +/- 13 mg/100 ml) with the HC diet; mean preprandial concentrations 11.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/l (200 +/- 22 mg/100 ml) LC diet and 8.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/l (160 +/- 23 mg/100 ml) HC diet). total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower when patients took the HC diet (mean 4.4 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (189 +/- 8 and 124 +/- 8 mg/100 ml) respectively), and the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol tended to rise. The average percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin did not differ between the two diets. Thus several measures of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism appear to be more satisfactory when patients receive a HC diet, which is an acceptable alternative to that still recommended to most insulin-requiring patients.", "contents": "High-carbohydrate diets and insulin-dependent diabetics. A high-carbohydrate-(HC)-modified fat diet was compared with a standard low-carbohydrate (LC) diabetic diet in 11 insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal and preprandial plasma glucose concentrations were appreciably lower when the patients received the HC diet derived chiefly from readily available cereal and vegetable sources (mean (+/- SE of mean) basal concentrations 6.7 +/- 1.2 mmol/l (121 +/- 22 mg/100 ml) with the LC diet and 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (77 +/- 13 mg/100 ml) with the HC diet; mean preprandial concentrations 11.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/l (200 +/- 22 mg/100 ml) LC diet and 8.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/l (160 +/- 23 mg/100 ml) HC diet). total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower when patients took the HC diet (mean 4.4 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (189 +/- 8 and 124 +/- 8 mg/100 ml) respectively), and the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol tended to rise. The average percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin did not differ between the two diets. Thus several measures of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism appear to be more satisfactory when patients receive a HC diet, which is an acceptable alternative to that still recommended to most insulin-requiring patients.", "PMID": 497671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3527", "title": "Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former Far East prisoners of war.", "content": "Out of 602 consecutive people who had been prisoners of war in the Far East and were screened for tropical diseases, 88 (15%) were found to have Strongyloides stercoralis infection a mean period of 30 years after their return from the tropics. The classical strongyloid creeping eruption was the most common symptom (84%), while gastrointestinal disturbances were rare (5%). Thiabendazole was highly effective in eradicating the infection. Strongyloidiasis is an important condition, as when the host is immunosuppressed fatal hyperinfection may occur. Many undiagnosed cases of strongyloidiasis must exist among former prisoners of war, and it is thus important to identify and treat these patients.", "contents": "Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former Far East prisoners of war. Out of 602 consecutive people who had been prisoners of war in the Far East and were screened for tropical diseases, 88 (15%) were found to have Strongyloides stercoralis infection a mean period of 30 years after their return from the tropics. The classical strongyloid creeping eruption was the most common symptom (84%), while gastrointestinal disturbances were rare (5%). Thiabendazole was highly effective in eradicating the infection. Strongyloidiasis is an important condition, as when the host is immunosuppressed fatal hyperinfection may occur. Many undiagnosed cases of strongyloidiasis must exist among former prisoners of war, and it is thus important to identify and treat these patients.", "PMID": 497706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3528", "title": "Apparent disapperance of hypernatraemic dehydration from infant deaths in Sheffield.", "content": "The death certificates and necropsy reports of the 1115 Sheffield infants who died under 2 years of age in 1969-78 were examined. This study showed the apparent disappearance of deaths with hypernatraemia and in particular deaths presenting as cot deaths. The fall in incidence may be as much the result of an intensive local campaign on child care and infant feeding as of the change in the composition of dried milk for baby feeding.", "contents": "Apparent disapperance of hypernatraemic dehydration from infant deaths in Sheffield. The death certificates and necropsy reports of the 1115 Sheffield infants who died under 2 years of age in 1969-78 were examined. This study showed the apparent disappearance of deaths with hypernatraemia and in particular deaths presenting as cot deaths. The fall in incidence may be as much the result of an intensive local campaign on child care and infant feeding as of the change in the composition of dried milk for baby feeding.", "PMID": 497707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3529", "title": "Diagnosis of multiple pregnancy.", "content": "A study was made of 94 sets of twins born during 1975-8. Nine of these sets had not been diagnosed before labour started. Of the others, 75 were diagnosed as a result of clinical suspicion and 10 were diagnosed unexpectedly during the antenatal period, nine by ultrasonic examination. Thus, while ultrasonic examination has substantially reduced the incidence of undiagnosed twins, a fifth of all patients who had ultrasonography performed in the presence of a twin pregnancy were reported on at least one occasion to have a singleton pregnancy. Ultrasonography must be performed at least twice, therefore, before a multiple pregnancy can be confidently excluded.", "contents": "Diagnosis of multiple pregnancy. A study was made of 94 sets of twins born during 1975-8. Nine of these sets had not been diagnosed before labour started. Of the others, 75 were diagnosed as a result of clinical suspicion and 10 were diagnosed unexpectedly during the antenatal period, nine by ultrasonic examination. Thus, while ultrasonic examination has substantially reduced the incidence of undiagnosed twins, a fifth of all patients who had ultrasonography performed in the presence of a twin pregnancy were reported on at least one occasion to have a singleton pregnancy. Ultrasonography must be performed at least twice, therefore, before a multiple pregnancy can be confidently excluded.", "PMID": 497716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3530", "title": "Seven-year follow-up of heroin addicts: abstinence and continued use compared.", "content": "Data from a seven-year follow-up study of drug addicts were examined to see whether there were any differences between those who had stopped using opiates and those who had continued to use them. Information about the addicts when they first entered the study in 1969 was also reviewed to determine whether any of their characteristics would have predicted whether they would stop using opiates or continue. Those who had stopped using opiates by 1976-7 were more likely than the continuing addicts to have a job and legitimate source of income, to be in good health, and to have a stable address and less likely to have problems with the law or contact with addicts. In 1969, however, there were few differences between those who eventually stopped using drugs and those who continued, though the former group were younger, had a shorter period of heroin use, and had worked less since they became addicted. Over the seven years' follow-up the addicts who stopped taking drugs changed most, while those who stayed on opiates changed their life-style very little.", "contents": "Seven-year follow-up of heroin addicts: abstinence and continued use compared. Data from a seven-year follow-up study of drug addicts were examined to see whether there were any differences between those who had stopped using opiates and those who had continued to use them. Information about the addicts when they first entered the study in 1969 was also reviewed to determine whether any of their characteristics would have predicted whether they would stop using opiates or continue. Those who had stopped using opiates by 1976-7 were more likely than the continuing addicts to have a job and legitimate source of income, to be in good health, and to have a stable address and less likely to have problems with the law or contact with addicts. In 1969, however, there were few differences between those who eventually stopped using drugs and those who continued, though the former group were younger, had a shorter period of heroin use, and had worked less since they became addicted. Over the seven years' follow-up the addicts who stopped taking drugs changed most, while those who stayed on opiates changed their life-style very little.", "PMID": 497749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3531", "title": "New mechanical aid to physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The force of impact and frequency of percussion by physiotherapists and parents of children with cystic fibrosis were analysed on a special test rig and incorporated in a prototype percussor. In adult volunteers and cadavers a maximum intrathoracic pressure could be achieved by a critical frequency of mechanical percussion which was higher than that reached by physiotherapists and parents. Consequently the percussor was redesigned to operate at this optimum frequency. It was then discovered that if the percussor was pressed firmly enough against the chest, this maximum intrathoracic pressure could be indicated by quivering of the voice. In a continuing study of intrathoracic pressures obtained mechanically and manually the Salford percussor's produced higher pressures than the physiotherapists' and maintained them constantly, while the physiotherapists' efforts and results varied from one to another. Hospital and domiciliary use of the percussor have shown it to help in the first stage of the physiotherapy routine for patients with cystic fibrosis. The percussor should enable adolescents and adults to treat themselves and encourage twice-daily and more effective chest treatments. It is easy to apply and its speed and efficiency should enable parents to improve the quality of their chest therapy for younger children at home. Its long-term benefits are difficult to assess because of the nature of the disease.", "contents": "New mechanical aid to physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis. The force of impact and frequency of percussion by physiotherapists and parents of children with cystic fibrosis were analysed on a special test rig and incorporated in a prototype percussor. In adult volunteers and cadavers a maximum intrathoracic pressure could be achieved by a critical frequency of mechanical percussion which was higher than that reached by physiotherapists and parents. Consequently the percussor was redesigned to operate at this optimum frequency. It was then discovered that if the percussor was pressed firmly enough against the chest, this maximum intrathoracic pressure could be indicated by quivering of the voice. In a continuing study of intrathoracic pressures obtained mechanically and manually the Salford percussor's produced higher pressures than the physiotherapists' and maintained them constantly, while the physiotherapists' efforts and results varied from one to another. Hospital and domiciliary use of the percussor have shown it to help in the first stage of the physiotherapy routine for patients with cystic fibrosis. The percussor should enable adolescents and adults to treat themselves and encourage twice-daily and more effective chest treatments. It is easy to apply and its speed and efficiency should enable parents to improve the quality of their chest therapy for younger children at home. Its long-term benefits are difficult to assess because of the nature of the disease.", "PMID": 497750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3532", "title": "Reproductive mortality.", "content": "The transfer from traditional to modern methods of contraception in recent decades has been accompanied by a transfer of deaths from complications of pregnancy to deaths from complications of the modern contraceptive methods. In 1975, for example, it is estimated that there were more deaths at ages 25-44 years in England and Wales from adverse effects of oral contraceptive use than from all complications of pregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium combined. Thus maternal mortality is no longer an adequate indicator of the deaths associated with reproduction in the community. An alternative measure, the reproductive mortality rate should be used, which includes deaths from complications of contraceptive use as well as those from complications of pregnancy or abortion. The reproductive mortality rate in England and Wales seems to have declined continuously since 1950 for women aged 25-34. But after 1960 it increased for women aged 35-44, because of the higher mortality associated with oral contraceptive use in this age group.", "contents": "Reproductive mortality. The transfer from traditional to modern methods of contraception in recent decades has been accompanied by a transfer of deaths from complications of pregnancy to deaths from complications of the modern contraceptive methods. In 1975, for example, it is estimated that there were more deaths at ages 25-44 years in England and Wales from adverse effects of oral contraceptive use than from all complications of pregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium combined. Thus maternal mortality is no longer an adequate indicator of the deaths associated with reproduction in the community. An alternative measure, the reproductive mortality rate should be used, which includes deaths from complications of contraceptive use as well as those from complications of pregnancy or abortion. The reproductive mortality rate in England and Wales seems to have declined continuously since 1950 for women aged 25-34. But after 1960 it increased for women aged 35-44, because of the higher mortality associated with oral contraceptive use in this age group.", "PMID": 497751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3533", "title": "The Manchester regional screening programme: a 10-year exercise in patient and family care.", "content": "Up to the end of 1978 the Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit had screened 506821 babies for metabolic abnormalities over 10 years--98-99% of the children born in the region. Sixty-nine cases of phenylketonuria (PKU), 42 cases of histidinaemia, and six cases of homocystinuria were detected. As well as treating affected children, the staff of the unit have concentrated on providing full support for their families and maintaining good communications with parents, general practitioners, health visitors, and midwives. A clinic liaison sister has provided valuable support for health visitors and an important link between the unit and community services. A study of the costs of screening and treating cases of PKU for the year 1978 showed that this was cheaper, by pound 569000, than the costs of looking after patients with untreated PKU.", "contents": "The Manchester regional screening programme: a 10-year exercise in patient and family care. Up to the end of 1978 the Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit had screened 506821 babies for metabolic abnormalities over 10 years--98-99% of the children born in the region. Sixty-nine cases of phenylketonuria (PKU), 42 cases of histidinaemia, and six cases of homocystinuria were detected. As well as treating affected children, the staff of the unit have concentrated on providing full support for their families and maintaining good communications with parents, general practitioners, health visitors, and midwives. A clinic liaison sister has provided valuable support for health visitors and an important link between the unit and community services. A study of the costs of screening and treating cases of PKU for the year 1978 showed that this was cheaper, by pound 569000, than the costs of looking after patients with untreated PKU.", "PMID": 497752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3534", "title": "Patients' reactions to their investigations: a study of 504 patients.", "content": "Five hundred and four patients who had undergone hospital investigations were interviewed to find out how much information they had been given about the tests; their reactions before, during and after the test; and any after effects. In 74% of cases the tests had been satisfactorily explained. Patients were told more about complicated procedures such as cardiac catherisation than about routine ones such as venepuncture or barium meal examinations. The comments doctors made while performing the investigations were generally reassuring and were only rarely worrying or impatient. About half the patients suffered pain or discomfort during the test and rather more complained of after effects. Only 5% of patients said they would refuse the test again, though 36% said they would agree only reluctantly. Communication lies at the heart of the problem. Hospitals should consider issuing handouts on investigations to back up the doctor's information and to dispel myths. Staff should be more careful in concealing frightening-looking equipment, and if patients have to wait during investigations it may help reduce their anxiety if they are provided with something to occupy their time.", "contents": "Patients' reactions to their investigations: a study of 504 patients. Five hundred and four patients who had undergone hospital investigations were interviewed to find out how much information they had been given about the tests; their reactions before, during and after the test; and any after effects. In 74% of cases the tests had been satisfactorily explained. Patients were told more about complicated procedures such as cardiac catherisation than about routine ones such as venepuncture or barium meal examinations. The comments doctors made while performing the investigations were generally reassuring and were only rarely worrying or impatient. About half the patients suffered pain or discomfort during the test and rather more complained of after effects. Only 5% of patients said they would refuse the test again, though 36% said they would agree only reluctantly. Communication lies at the heart of the problem. Hospitals should consider issuing handouts on investigations to back up the doctor's information and to dispel myths. Staff should be more careful in concealing frightening-looking equipment, and if patients have to wait during investigations it may help reduce their anxiety if they are provided with something to occupy their time.", "PMID": 497753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3535", "title": "Unblocking beds: a geriatric unit's experience with transferred patients.", "content": "A study was made of all patients admitted to a geriatric unit over several years. The admission policy included a high degree of priority to requests for transfer from acute beds, which resulted in transferred patients accounting for 25% of admissions. Unblocking acute beds did not lead to prolonged delay in admitting patients from the community to the geriatric unit. Almost 30% of beds allocated to transferred patients were recovered in 30 days.", "contents": "Unblocking beds: a geriatric unit's experience with transferred patients. A study was made of all patients admitted to a geriatric unit over several years. The admission policy included a high degree of priority to requests for transfer from acute beds, which resulted in transferred patients accounting for 25% of admissions. Unblocking acute beds did not lead to prolonged delay in admitting patients from the community to the geriatric unit. Almost 30% of beds allocated to transferred patients were recovered in 30 days.", "PMID": 497758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3536", "title": "Doctors accept a challenge: self-assessment exercises in continuing medical education.", "content": "A new approach to continuing medical education by distance learning has been implemented. A series of six patient-management problems or challenges were posted to 20 000 doctors throughout Britain. Each doctor had to decide on the diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of the patients described. The challenges covered problems that were important in the doctor's day-to-day work and were designed so that he could obtain immediate feedback about his decisions and compare his own responses with those of a specialist and those of his colleagues. Additional information was available by telephone and by post on request. The series has been well received and is being widely used.", "contents": "Doctors accept a challenge: self-assessment exercises in continuing medical education. A new approach to continuing medical education by distance learning has been implemented. A series of six patient-management problems or challenges were posted to 20 000 doctors throughout Britain. Each doctor had to decide on the diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of the patients described. The challenges covered problems that were important in the doctor's day-to-day work and were designed so that he could obtain immediate feedback about his decisions and compare his own responses with those of a specialist and those of his colleagues. Additional information was available by telephone and by post on request. The series has been well received and is being widely used.", "PMID": 497761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3537", "title": "Altered chromatin conformation in Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Chromatin samples were prepared from forty human brains. Chromatin was separated into a heavy heterochromatin fraction and two euchromatin fractions: intermediate euchromatin and light euchromatin. Employing a bacterial RNA polymerase as probe, only the euchromatin fractions were capable of RNA synthesis. In Control human brains, in brains of patients with dialysis dementia and in brains of elderly individuals without or with dementia of a type other than Alzheimer's disease, the euchromatin fractions accounted for about 75 per cent of the total DNA. In contrast, in brains of patients with advanced senile dementia or presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type, a wide range of euchromatin content was encountered with an average value of 55 per cent. Heterochromatization occurred in both neuron and glia enriched fractions suggesting that a major alteration in protein metabolism occurs in Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "Altered chromatin conformation in Alzheimer's disease. Chromatin samples were prepared from forty human brains. Chromatin was separated into a heavy heterochromatin fraction and two euchromatin fractions: intermediate euchromatin and light euchromatin. Employing a bacterial RNA polymerase as probe, only the euchromatin fractions were capable of RNA synthesis. In Control human brains, in brains of patients with dialysis dementia and in brains of elderly individuals without or with dementia of a type other than Alzheimer's disease, the euchromatin fractions accounted for about 75 per cent of the total DNA. In contrast, in brains of patients with advanced senile dementia or presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type, a wide range of euchromatin content was encountered with an average value of 55 per cent. Heterochromatization occurred in both neuron and glia enriched fractions suggesting that a major alteration in protein metabolism occurs in Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 497801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3538", "title": "Opposed adducting saccades in convergence-retraction nystagmus: a patient with sylvian aqueduct syndrome.", "content": "We report high resolution oculographic recordings on a patient with convergent-retraction nystagmus (Parinaud's Sign). Recordings show opposed adducting saccades which are slightly asynchronous (8 ms), in contrast to the conjugate horizontal saccades which are exactly synchronous (0.3 ms). Normal saccadic velocity of these opposed adductions necessarily implies reciprocal innervation of horizontal and vertical agonist-antagonist pairs. Lateral view cine films show absence of retraction, apparently as a consequence of normal orbital mechanics. We suggest that normal mechanisms for dynamic overshoot saccades are involved in the production of these abnormal opposed adducting saccades.", "contents": "Opposed adducting saccades in convergence-retraction nystagmus: a patient with sylvian aqueduct syndrome. We report high resolution oculographic recordings on a patient with convergent-retraction nystagmus (Parinaud's Sign). Recordings show opposed adducting saccades which are slightly asynchronous (8 ms), in contrast to the conjugate horizontal saccades which are exactly synchronous (0.3 ms). Normal saccadic velocity of these opposed adductions necessarily implies reciprocal innervation of horizontal and vertical agonist-antagonist pairs. Lateral view cine films show absence of retraction, apparently as a consequence of normal orbital mechanics. We suggest that normal mechanisms for dynamic overshoot saccades are involved in the production of these abnormal opposed adducting saccades.", "PMID": 497802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3539", "title": "Participation of the stretch reflex in human physiological tremor.", "content": "Microneurographic studies were made of normal human muscle spindle afferent activity to evaluate the role played by these endings, and by the segmental stretch reflex, in various types of physiological tremor. Primary endings are sufficiently sensitive to respond to the minute tremulous movements normally seen in contracting muscles. Human muscle spindle endings appear to possess the same non-linear sensitivity to small stretches as has been reported for cat muscle spindles. The findings also support the notion that the segmental stretch reflex plays an important role in enhanced physiological tremor, in so far as it tends to synchronize the motor outflow in such a way as to produce rhythmical contractions properly timed to reinforce the mechanical resonant properties of muscle spindle endings, the stretch reflex also serves to damp the larger oscillations of finger or hand which result from a brisk tap or muscle twitch. There is no evidence for alpha-gamma co-activation in these enhanced physiological tremors.", "contents": "Participation of the stretch reflex in human physiological tremor. Microneurographic studies were made of normal human muscle spindle afferent activity to evaluate the role played by these endings, and by the segmental stretch reflex, in various types of physiological tremor. Primary endings are sufficiently sensitive to respond to the minute tremulous movements normally seen in contracting muscles. Human muscle spindle endings appear to possess the same non-linear sensitivity to small stretches as has been reported for cat muscle spindles. The findings also support the notion that the segmental stretch reflex plays an important role in enhanced physiological tremor, in so far as it tends to synchronize the motor outflow in such a way as to produce rhythmical contractions properly timed to reinforce the mechanical resonant properties of muscle spindle endings, the stretch reflex also serves to damp the larger oscillations of finger or hand which result from a brisk tap or muscle twitch. There is no evidence for alpha-gamma co-activation in these enhanced physiological tremors.", "PMID": 497803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3540", "title": "Leber's optic neuropathy: a clinical and visual evoked potential study of affected and asymptomatic members of a six generation family.", "content": "Fourteen clinically affected and 40 asymptomatic members of a six generation family with Leber's optic neuropathy have been studied clinically and by recording pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials. While 12 of the affected members had suffered the typical sequential bilateral failure of vision, in 2 the condition was still monocular after periods of 12 and 14 years. Reduced vascularity of the optic nerve head was found in 11 of these cases, all of whom had some degree of optic atrophy, and showed a significant correlation with the visual acuity. Excessive tortuosity of peripheral retinal vessels was noted in 6 cases and was a prominent feature in the unaffected eye of one of the subjects with monocular visual impairment. In cases with advanced visual impairment the VEP was absent bilaterally, while in those with less severe involvement responses which were delayed, desynchronized and much small than normal could still be recorded. Two subjects with early bilateral clinical involvement had normal or minimally abnormal responses. Repeat studies in 6 subjects after intervals of up to fifteen months showed no change in 4 and a deterioration in 2. It is concluded that the VEP findings in clinically affected subjects are in keeping with a severe demyelinating lesion of the optic nerve with associated nerve fibre loss. Mild impairment of colour vision, pallor or reduced vascularity of the optic nerve head, excessive tortuosity of retinal vessels, a small central scotoma, and/or mild abnormalities or atypical features of the VEP were found in 16 of the 40 asymptomatic family members studied. Such abnormalities were present in 50 per cent of descendants from the female lineage who were at risk of developing the disease, and also in 30 per cent of descendants from male lineages who were not at risk. These findings suggest that there is a stage prior to the onset of visual impairment during which subtle abnormalities may be detected in individuals at risk of developing or transmitting the disease. The finding of asymptomatic abnormalities in descendants from male lineages could be accounted for by transmission of a partial form of the disease by affected or unaffected males, which would be in accord with a cytoplasmic mechanism of transmission for the disease.", "contents": "Leber's optic neuropathy: a clinical and visual evoked potential study of affected and asymptomatic members of a six generation family. Fourteen clinically affected and 40 asymptomatic members of a six generation family with Leber's optic neuropathy have been studied clinically and by recording pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials. While 12 of the affected members had suffered the typical sequential bilateral failure of vision, in 2 the condition was still monocular after periods of 12 and 14 years. Reduced vascularity of the optic nerve head was found in 11 of these cases, all of whom had some degree of optic atrophy, and showed a significant correlation with the visual acuity. Excessive tortuosity of peripheral retinal vessels was noted in 6 cases and was a prominent feature in the unaffected eye of one of the subjects with monocular visual impairment. In cases with advanced visual impairment the VEP was absent bilaterally, while in those with less severe involvement responses which were delayed, desynchronized and much small than normal could still be recorded. Two subjects with early bilateral clinical involvement had normal or minimally abnormal responses. Repeat studies in 6 subjects after intervals of up to fifteen months showed no change in 4 and a deterioration in 2. It is concluded that the VEP findings in clinically affected subjects are in keeping with a severe demyelinating lesion of the optic nerve with associated nerve fibre loss. Mild impairment of colour vision, pallor or reduced vascularity of the optic nerve head, excessive tortuosity of retinal vessels, a small central scotoma, and/or mild abnormalities or atypical features of the VEP were found in 16 of the 40 asymptomatic family members studied. Such abnormalities were present in 50 per cent of descendants from the female lineage who were at risk of developing the disease, and also in 30 per cent of descendants from male lineages who were not at risk. These findings suggest that there is a stage prior to the onset of visual impairment during which subtle abnormalities may be detected in individuals at risk of developing or transmitting the disease. The finding of asymptomatic abnormalities in descendants from male lineages could be accounted for by transmission of a partial form of the disease by affected or unaffected males, which would be in accord with a cytoplasmic mechanism of transmission for the disease.", "PMID": 497804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3541", "title": "Central core disease: clinical and pathological evidence of progression within a family.", "content": "A family is described whose members showed different clinical presentations of central core disease. In 4 members the myopathy was congenital and nonprogressive, but in 2, muscle weakness first developed in adult life. Two further members had raised CPK levels without muscle weakness. Muscle weakness in one of the late-onset cases increased over eighteen months. This was associated with evidence of loss of type 2 fibres and the appearance of type 3 fibres on muscle biopsy. It is suggested that central core disease involves reinnervation of type 2 fibres by type 1 axons, and that the clinical manifestation of the disease depends on the age of onset and rate of progression of this process.", "contents": "Central core disease: clinical and pathological evidence of progression within a family. A family is described whose members showed different clinical presentations of central core disease. In 4 members the myopathy was congenital and nonprogressive, but in 2, muscle weakness first developed in adult life. Two further members had raised CPK levels without muscle weakness. Muscle weakness in one of the late-onset cases increased over eighteen months. This was associated with evidence of loss of type 2 fibres and the appearance of type 3 fibres on muscle biopsy. It is suggested that central core disease involves reinnervation of type 2 fibres by type 1 axons, and that the clinical manifestation of the disease depends on the age of onset and rate of progression of this process.", "PMID": 497805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3542", "title": "Effects of brain-stem and thalamic lesions on the corneal reflex: an electrophysiological and anatomical study.", "content": "In 9 patients with Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome, one patient with a midbrain lesion involving the right side of the tegmentum, and 2 patients with a thalamic lesion, corneal reflexes were investigated by a new electromyographic technique. The electrophysical results were compared with the results obtained by clinical observation. In the lateral medullary lesions the electrophysiologically obtained reflex responses showed four types of abnormality. Type A consisted of a bilateral delay and type B a bilateral absence of the corneal reflex response to stimulation on the affected side in combination with a normal reflex response on both sides when the cornea on the normal side was stimulated. Type C, which was present in one case, and type D which was seen in 3 cases, consisted of a bilateral absence of the corneal reflex upon stimulation on the affected side; stimulation on the unaffected side produced a normal reflex response on the intact side in combination with, respectively, a delay or absence of the corneal reflex response on the affected side. Comparison of the clinical observations with the electrophysiological findings revealed minor discrepancies in type A and B abnormalities. However, the electrophysiological type C and D abnormalities were not detected by clinical observation. These findings demonstrate that electrophysiological recording of the corneal reflex may reveal clinically undetectable abnormalities. From the electrophysiological findings it is concluded that the corneal reflex is conducted along medullary pathways running both ipsilaterally and contralaterally from the stimulated side before connecting, respectively, with the ipsilateral and contralateral facial nucleus. From the anatomical findings it is suggested that the ascending pathways from the spinal fifth nerve complex to the facial nuclei are located in the lateral reticular formation of the lower brain-stem. The normal corneal reflex responses in the presence of thalamic and midbrain lesions involving nociceptive fibres in the trigeminothalamic tract do not support a previously postulated long-loop reflex arc passing through this tract. The suprabulbar influence upon the corneal reflex is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of brain-stem and thalamic lesions on the corneal reflex: an electrophysiological and anatomical study. In 9 patients with Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome, one patient with a midbrain lesion involving the right side of the tegmentum, and 2 patients with a thalamic lesion, corneal reflexes were investigated by a new electromyographic technique. The electrophysical results were compared with the results obtained by clinical observation. In the lateral medullary lesions the electrophysiologically obtained reflex responses showed four types of abnormality. Type A consisted of a bilateral delay and type B a bilateral absence of the corneal reflex response to stimulation on the affected side in combination with a normal reflex response on both sides when the cornea on the normal side was stimulated. Type C, which was present in one case, and type D which was seen in 3 cases, consisted of a bilateral absence of the corneal reflex upon stimulation on the affected side; stimulation on the unaffected side produced a normal reflex response on the intact side in combination with, respectively, a delay or absence of the corneal reflex response on the affected side. Comparison of the clinical observations with the electrophysiological findings revealed minor discrepancies in type A and B abnormalities. However, the electrophysiological type C and D abnormalities were not detected by clinical observation. These findings demonstrate that electrophysiological recording of the corneal reflex may reveal clinically undetectable abnormalities. From the electrophysiological findings it is concluded that the corneal reflex is conducted along medullary pathways running both ipsilaterally and contralaterally from the stimulated side before connecting, respectively, with the ipsilateral and contralateral facial nucleus. From the anatomical findings it is suggested that the ascending pathways from the spinal fifth nerve complex to the facial nuclei are located in the lateral reticular formation of the lower brain-stem. The normal corneal reflex responses in the presence of thalamic and midbrain lesions involving nociceptive fibres in the trigeminothalamic tract do not support a previously postulated long-loop reflex arc passing through this tract. The suprabulbar influence upon the corneal reflex is discussed.", "PMID": 497806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3543", "title": "Unilateral neglect, representational schema and consciousness.", "content": "Right brain-damaged patients with unilateral neglect were asked to detect differences within pairs of patterns moving left- or rightward behind a narrow vertical slit. It was seen that differences occurring on the left side of the mentally reconstructed images were less easily detected; therefore it is suggested that a representational disorder plays a primary role in unilateral neglect. In the light of these findings, it is possible to take into consideration some implications of unilateral neglect for theories of conscious brain activity.", "contents": "Unilateral neglect, representational schema and consciousness. Right brain-damaged patients with unilateral neglect were asked to detect differences within pairs of patterns moving left- or rightward behind a narrow vertical slit. It was seen that differences occurring on the left side of the mentally reconstructed images were less easily detected; therefore it is suggested that a representational disorder plays a primary role in unilateral neglect. In the light of these findings, it is possible to take into consideration some implications of unilateral neglect for theories of conscious brain activity.", "PMID": 497807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3544", "title": "The carpal tunnel syndrome: localization of conduction abnormalities within the distal segment of the median nerve.", "content": "Palmar stimulation was used to assess median nerve conduction across the carpal tunnel in 61 control patients and 105 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. With serial stimulation from midpalm to distal forearm the sensory axons normally showed a predictable latency change of 0.16 to 0.21 ms/cm as the stimulus site was moved proximally in 1 cm increments. In 47 (52 per cent) of 91 affected nerves tested serially, there was a sharply localized latency increase across a 1 cm segment, most commonly 2 to 4 cm distally to the origin of the transverse carpal ligament. In these hands, the focal latency change across the affected 1 cm segment (mean +/- SD: 0.80 +/- 0.22 ms/cm) averaged more than four times that of the adjoining distal (0.19 +/- 0.09 ms/cm) or proximal 1 cm segments (0.19 +/- 0.08 ms/cm). In the remaining 44 (48 per cent) hands, the latency increase was distributed more evenly across the carpal tunnel. Unlike the sensory axons the motor axons were difficult to test serially because of the recurrent course of the thenar nerve, which may be contained in a separate tunnel. The wrist-to-palm latency was significantly greater in the patients with carpal tunnel syndromes than in the controls for sensory (2.18 +/- 0.48 ms v 1.41 +/- 0.18 ms) and motor axons (2.79 +/- 0.93 ms v 1.50 +/- 0.21 ms). Consequently, there was considerable difference between the carpal tunnel syndromes and controls in SNCV (38.5 +/- 7.5 m/s v 57.3 +/- 6.9 m/s), and MNCV (28.2 +/- 4.5 m/s v 49.0 +/- 5.7 m/s). In the remaining distal segment, however, there was only a small difference between the two groups in sensory (1.48 +/- 0.28 ms v 1.41 +/- 0.22 ms) and motor latency (2.15 +/- 0.34 ms v 2.10 +/- 0.31 ms). The exclusion of the relatively normal distal latency made it possible to demonstrate mild slowing across the carpal tunnel in 36 (21 per cent) sensory and 40 (23 per cent) motor axons of 172 affected nerves when the conventional terminal latencies were normal. Sensory or motor conduction abnormalities were found in all but 13 (8 per cent) hands. Without palmar stimulation, however, an additional 32 (19 per cent) hands would have been regarded as normal.", "contents": "The carpal tunnel syndrome: localization of conduction abnormalities within the distal segment of the median nerve. Palmar stimulation was used to assess median nerve conduction across the carpal tunnel in 61 control patients and 105 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. With serial stimulation from midpalm to distal forearm the sensory axons normally showed a predictable latency change of 0.16 to 0.21 ms/cm as the stimulus site was moved proximally in 1 cm increments. In 47 (52 per cent) of 91 affected nerves tested serially, there was a sharply localized latency increase across a 1 cm segment, most commonly 2 to 4 cm distally to the origin of the transverse carpal ligament. In these hands, the focal latency change across the affected 1 cm segment (mean +/- SD: 0.80 +/- 0.22 ms/cm) averaged more than four times that of the adjoining distal (0.19 +/- 0.09 ms/cm) or proximal 1 cm segments (0.19 +/- 0.08 ms/cm). In the remaining 44 (48 per cent) hands, the latency increase was distributed more evenly across the carpal tunnel. Unlike the sensory axons the motor axons were difficult to test serially because of the recurrent course of the thenar nerve, which may be contained in a separate tunnel. The wrist-to-palm latency was significantly greater in the patients with carpal tunnel syndromes than in the controls for sensory (2.18 +/- 0.48 ms v 1.41 +/- 0.18 ms) and motor axons (2.79 +/- 0.93 ms v 1.50 +/- 0.21 ms). Consequently, there was considerable difference between the carpal tunnel syndromes and controls in SNCV (38.5 +/- 7.5 m/s v 57.3 +/- 6.9 m/s), and MNCV (28.2 +/- 4.5 m/s v 49.0 +/- 5.7 m/s). In the remaining distal segment, however, there was only a small difference between the two groups in sensory (1.48 +/- 0.28 ms v 1.41 +/- 0.22 ms) and motor latency (2.15 +/- 0.34 ms v 2.10 +/- 0.31 ms). The exclusion of the relatively normal distal latency made it possible to demonstrate mild slowing across the carpal tunnel in 36 (21 per cent) sensory and 40 (23 per cent) motor axons of 172 affected nerves when the conventional terminal latencies were normal. Sensory or motor conduction abnormalities were found in all but 13 (8 per cent) hands. Without palmar stimulation, however, an additional 32 (19 per cent) hands would have been regarded as normal.", "PMID": 497808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3545", "title": "Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. II. Projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and raphe nuclei.", "content": "The descending projections to the spinal cord arising from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and brain stem raphe nuclei have been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Particular attention was taken to clarify the cells of origin and the funicular trajectory of these spinal projections. After injections of HRP into the spinal cord, a significant of HRP labeled neurons were observed in the following dorsolateral pontine tegmental structures: (1) an area ventral to the nucleus cuneiformis; (2) principal locus coeruleus; (3) locus coeruleus a; (4) locuse subcoeruleus; (5) K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus; and (6) nucleus parabrachialis lateralis. As a rule, the projections are ipsilateral and descendaphe-spinal projections, we have demonstrated that the nucleus raphe dorsalis also sends axons to the cervical segment of the spinal cord. Furthermore, in accord with previous reports, HRP labeled cells were also identified in the nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus, but not in the nucleus raphe centralis superior and pontis. On the whole the present study further clarified the organization of spinal projections from the dorsolateral pons and raphe nuclei and provided some additional anatomical data for the physiology of the tegmentospinal and raphe-spinal projections.", "contents": "Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. II. Projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and raphe nuclei. The descending projections to the spinal cord arising from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and brain stem raphe nuclei have been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Particular attention was taken to clarify the cells of origin and the funicular trajectory of these spinal projections. After injections of HRP into the spinal cord, a significant of HRP labeled neurons were observed in the following dorsolateral pontine tegmental structures: (1) an area ventral to the nucleus cuneiformis; (2) principal locus coeruleus; (3) locus coeruleus a; (4) locuse subcoeruleus; (5) K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus; and (6) nucleus parabrachialis lateralis. As a rule, the projections are ipsilateral and descendaphe-spinal projections, we have demonstrated that the nucleus raphe dorsalis also sends axons to the cervical segment of the spinal cord. Furthermore, in accord with previous reports, HRP labeled cells were also identified in the nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus, but not in the nucleus raphe centralis superior and pontis. On the whole the present study further clarified the organization of spinal projections from the dorsolateral pons and raphe nuclei and provided some additional anatomical data for the physiology of the tegmentospinal and raphe-spinal projections.", "PMID": 497809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3546", "title": "The effects of different photoperiods on circadian 5-HT rhythms in regional brain areas and their modulation by pinealectomy, melatonin and oestradiol.", "content": "Differential circadian rhythms in 5-HT levels were found in the hypothalamus and pineal (but not in the cortex, hippocampus or midbrain) in ferrets kept in either long (14 h light/10 h dark) or short (8 h light/16 h dark) photoperiods. 5-HT decreased during the first 6 h of illumination in all areas examined from animals kept in short photoperiods. In long photoperiods, 5-HT in the hypothalamus (particularly the anterior region) increased during the first 6 h after onset of light and levels in the pineal became arrhythmic. There were no differential effects of light on 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios. Removal of the pineal or the superior cervical ganglia abolished these differential rhythms, as did subcutaneous implants of oestradiol (releasing about 5 micrograms/day). Melatonin (1 mg/day) injected 8 h after the onset of light into animals kept in long photoperiods resulted in circadian 5-HT rhythms resembling those from animals exposed to short photoperiods, whereas melatonin given at 14 h after onset of light did not have this effect. It is suggested that 5-HT containing neural systems may play a role in the way the pineal transmits information about the duration of the photoperiod to the neural structures controlling the pituitary.", "contents": "The effects of different photoperiods on circadian 5-HT rhythms in regional brain areas and their modulation by pinealectomy, melatonin and oestradiol. Differential circadian rhythms in 5-HT levels were found in the hypothalamus and pineal (but not in the cortex, hippocampus or midbrain) in ferrets kept in either long (14 h light/10 h dark) or short (8 h light/16 h dark) photoperiods. 5-HT decreased during the first 6 h of illumination in all areas examined from animals kept in short photoperiods. In long photoperiods, 5-HT in the hypothalamus (particularly the anterior region) increased during the first 6 h after onset of light and levels in the pineal became arrhythmic. There were no differential effects of light on 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios. Removal of the pineal or the superior cervical ganglia abolished these differential rhythms, as did subcutaneous implants of oestradiol (releasing about 5 micrograms/day). Melatonin (1 mg/day) injected 8 h after the onset of light into animals kept in long photoperiods resulted in circadian 5-HT rhythms resembling those from animals exposed to short photoperiods, whereas melatonin given at 14 h after onset of light did not have this effect. It is suggested that 5-HT containing neural systems may play a role in the way the pineal transmits information about the duration of the photoperiod to the neural structures controlling the pituitary.", "PMID": 497810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3547", "title": "The effect of selective lesions of brain noradrenergic systems on the development of barbiturate tolerance in rats.", "content": "A method for chronic infusion of barbiturates into the central nervous system of rats was developed and used to study the importance of noradrenergic systems in the development of barbiturate tolerance. Destruction of noradrenergic neurons by intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or by specific lesions of the dorsal or ventral noradrenergic bundles prevented the development of barbiturate tolerance without altering the animal's response to the acute administration of barbiturate.", "contents": "The effect of selective lesions of brain noradrenergic systems on the development of barbiturate tolerance in rats. A method for chronic infusion of barbiturates into the central nervous system of rats was developed and used to study the importance of noradrenergic systems in the development of barbiturate tolerance. Destruction of noradrenergic neurons by intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or by specific lesions of the dorsal or ventral noradrenergic bundles prevented the development of barbiturate tolerance without altering the animal's response to the acute administration of barbiturate.", "PMID": 497811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3548", "title": "Antiserum induced myelination inhibition in vitro without complement.", "content": "Exposure of neonatal rat cerebellum cultures to antiserum to whole spinal cord or galactocerebroside inhibited myelin formation regardless of whether guinea pig serum was added fresh or after heating to 56 degrees C for 1 h in order to achieve complete removal of hemolytic complement activity. Myelination followed removal of antisera from the culture media. This suggests that the inhibition of primary myelination by anti-CNS tissue antiserum occurs through some mechanism other than as the result of a cytotoxic reaction against oligodendrocytes mediated via the complement system.", "contents": "Antiserum induced myelination inhibition in vitro without complement. Exposure of neonatal rat cerebellum cultures to antiserum to whole spinal cord or galactocerebroside inhibited myelin formation regardless of whether guinea pig serum was added fresh or after heating to 56 degrees C for 1 h in order to achieve complete removal of hemolytic complement activity. Myelination followed removal of antisera from the culture media. This suggests that the inhibition of primary myelination by anti-CNS tissue antiserum occurs through some mechanism other than as the result of a cytotoxic reaction against oligodendrocytes mediated via the complement system.", "PMID": 497816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3549", "title": "Effects of reduced cerebral blood flow upon EEG pattern, cerebral extracellular potassium, and energy metabolism in the rat cortex during bicuculline-induced seizures.", "content": "Progressive cerebral ischemia was induced by blood pressure (BP) reduction in rats during status epilepticus, and the sequence of cerebral functional (EEG, extracellular K+ activity) and metabolic (levels of high energy phosphates, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate) changes were determined. Very moderate reductions of BP were accompanied by tissue lactate accumulation and a decrease of the rate of re-uptake of K+ extruded during discharges. These changes were pronounced at BP about 50 mm Hg, when also the energy state showed some deterioration, and the EEG activity changed from one of bursts and suppressions into single spikes. At BP about 30 mm Hg EEG activity was abolished, but not until a slightly lower BP level was there a severe energy depletion and a massive K+ release, indicating generalized membrane depolarization. The results show an increased susceptibility to ischemia during seizures with changes of membrane pump function, and energy metabolism appearing at moderate reductions of BP. Concomitant decrease of seizure activity delayed to some extent the development of massive energy failure and membrane depolarization.", "contents": "Effects of reduced cerebral blood flow upon EEG pattern, cerebral extracellular potassium, and energy metabolism in the rat cortex during bicuculline-induced seizures. Progressive cerebral ischemia was induced by blood pressure (BP) reduction in rats during status epilepticus, and the sequence of cerebral functional (EEG, extracellular K+ activity) and metabolic (levels of high energy phosphates, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate) changes were determined. Very moderate reductions of BP were accompanied by tissue lactate accumulation and a decrease of the rate of re-uptake of K+ extruded during discharges. These changes were pronounced at BP about 50 mm Hg, when also the energy state showed some deterioration, and the EEG activity changed from one of bursts and suppressions into single spikes. At BP about 30 mm Hg EEG activity was abolished, but not until a slightly lower BP level was there a severe energy depletion and a massive K+ release, indicating generalized membrane depolarization. The results show an increased susceptibility to ischemia during seizures with changes of membrane pump function, and energy metabolism appearing at moderate reductions of BP. Concomitant decrease of seizure activity delayed to some extent the development of massive energy failure and membrane depolarization.", "PMID": 497817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3550", "title": "Early changes in muscle glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity after denervation: locus and dependence on nerve stump length.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of rat diaphragm muscle increased significantly 12 h after intrathoracic ('distal') denervation. Since this change represented one of the earliest known events after loss of innervation, the mechanism of neuronal regulation and the nature of the muscle response were further investigated. When, instead of distal denervation, the motor nerve was cut about 3.5 cm from the diaphragm, G6PD activity slightly decreased 12 h later. Denervations in which part of the same hemidiaphragm had a short nerve stump and another part, a long nerve stump, also showed a differential increase of G6PD activity dependent on length of nerve stump. In biochemical studies of the locus of the early post-denervation elevation of G6PD, enzyme activity was increased both in endplate and non-endplate regions of the muscle. Finally, the histochemical reaction for G6PD was more intense in both muscle fibers and interstitial elements, although the former made the major contribution to the biochemical results. In sum, muscle G6PD enzyme activity is closely regulated by a neurotrophic mechanism partly independent of nerve or muscle electrical activity.", "contents": "Early changes in muscle glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity after denervation: locus and dependence on nerve stump length. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of rat diaphragm muscle increased significantly 12 h after intrathoracic ('distal') denervation. Since this change represented one of the earliest known events after loss of innervation, the mechanism of neuronal regulation and the nature of the muscle response were further investigated. When, instead of distal denervation, the motor nerve was cut about 3.5 cm from the diaphragm, G6PD activity slightly decreased 12 h later. Denervations in which part of the same hemidiaphragm had a short nerve stump and another part, a long nerve stump, also showed a differential increase of G6PD activity dependent on length of nerve stump. In biochemical studies of the locus of the early post-denervation elevation of G6PD, enzyme activity was increased both in endplate and non-endplate regions of the muscle. Finally, the histochemical reaction for G6PD was more intense in both muscle fibers and interstitial elements, although the former made the major contribution to the biochemical results. In sum, muscle G6PD enzyme activity is closely regulated by a neurotrophic mechanism partly independent of nerve or muscle electrical activity.", "PMID": 497818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3551", "title": "Retinal ganglion cell response to axotomy and nerve growth factor antiserum in the regenerating visual system of the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens): an ultrastructural morphometric analysis.", "content": "One 3.0 mg dose of the nerve growth factor antiserum (anti-NGF) injected into the vitreous chamber of the eye at the time of optic nerve transection elicits significant changes in the normal newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) retinal ganglion cell body response to axotomy at 7 and 14 days postaxotomy (DPA). Light microscopic observations indicate that anti-NGF treatment significantly reduces the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating nuclear chromatin reactivity (ie., homogeneous to a more heterogeneous state) from 33.36 +/- 3.02 to 22.82 +/- 2.98%. In addition, the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating prominent nucleoli is dramatically decreased from 32.08 +/- 1.64 to 18.20 +/- 1.79% at 7 DPA. It is also important to note that the number of prominent nucleoli in the 7 DPA group is reduced to such an extent by anti-NGF treatment that the value is not significantly different from that of intact controls. Intact controls will routinely exhibit approximately half the number of prominent nucleoli that are normal for the untreated 7 DPA group. A definite dose-response relationship can be shown to exist between the per cent of nuclear reactive ganglion cells demonstrating prominent nucleoli and various anti-NGF concentrations at 14 DPA. There does not appear to be a dose-response relationship between various anti-NGF concentrations and the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating nuclear reactivity at 14 DPA. However, the degree of nuclear chromatin reactivity appears to be less at the higher anti-NGF concentrations (ie., greater than or equal to 3.0 mg/eye) at 14 DPA. Electron microscopic morphometric analysis reveals that anti-NGF treatment significantly reduces the cell perikaryal area at 7 and 14 DPA while the nuclear area remains unchanged. Therefore, there is a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratios at both 7 and 14 DPA in response to anti-NGF treatment which appears more pronounced by 14 DPA. Anti-NGF treatment also significantly reduces the mitochondrial and nucleolar densities, as well as the nucleolar areas of cells at 7 and 14 DPA. There are no significant changes in Golgi field densities in response to anti-NGF treatment.", "contents": "Retinal ganglion cell response to axotomy and nerve growth factor antiserum in the regenerating visual system of the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens): an ultrastructural morphometric analysis. One 3.0 mg dose of the nerve growth factor antiserum (anti-NGF) injected into the vitreous chamber of the eye at the time of optic nerve transection elicits significant changes in the normal newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) retinal ganglion cell body response to axotomy at 7 and 14 days postaxotomy (DPA). Light microscopic observations indicate that anti-NGF treatment significantly reduces the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating nuclear chromatin reactivity (ie., homogeneous to a more heterogeneous state) from 33.36 +/- 3.02 to 22.82 +/- 2.98%. In addition, the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating prominent nucleoli is dramatically decreased from 32.08 +/- 1.64 to 18.20 +/- 1.79% at 7 DPA. It is also important to note that the number of prominent nucleoli in the 7 DPA group is reduced to such an extent by anti-NGF treatment that the value is not significantly different from that of intact controls. Intact controls will routinely exhibit approximately half the number of prominent nucleoli that are normal for the untreated 7 DPA group. A definite dose-response relationship can be shown to exist between the per cent of nuclear reactive ganglion cells demonstrating prominent nucleoli and various anti-NGF concentrations at 14 DPA. There does not appear to be a dose-response relationship between various anti-NGF concentrations and the per cent of retinal ganglion cells demonstrating nuclear reactivity at 14 DPA. However, the degree of nuclear chromatin reactivity appears to be less at the higher anti-NGF concentrations (ie., greater than or equal to 3.0 mg/eye) at 14 DPA. Electron microscopic morphometric analysis reveals that anti-NGF treatment significantly reduces the cell perikaryal area at 7 and 14 DPA while the nuclear area remains unchanged. Therefore, there is a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratios at both 7 and 14 DPA in response to anti-NGF treatment which appears more pronounced by 14 DPA. Anti-NGF treatment also significantly reduces the mitochondrial and nucleolar densities, as well as the nucleolar areas of cells at 7 and 14 DPA. There are no significant changes in Golgi field densities in response to anti-NGF treatment.", "PMID": 497824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3552", "title": "Conductivity in the somatosensory cortex of the cat -- evidence for cortical anisotropy.", "content": "Orthogonal conductivity components were determined for 3 depths in the somatosensory cortex of cats and relative vertical conductivities were determined for all depths. (2) For cortical layers II--III, the conductivity was nearly twice as large (1.7 times) in the anteroposterior direction as it was in the mediolateral direction, whereas in layer IV the conductivity in the mediolateral direction was about 1.4 times greater than it was in the anteroposterior direction. (3) With the exception of the anteroposterior direction of layers II--III and the mediolateral direction of layer IV, the vertical conductivity of the cortex was always greater than either of the horizontal conductivities. (4) Vertical conductivities varied with cortical depth. The lowest vertical conductivity occurred in layer I. It increased in layers II--III, dropped in layer IV, and increased again in layer VI to a value comparable to layers II--III. (5) Adjacent determinations of conductivity indicated that over short distances (1--2 mm) the cortex was electrically homogeneous. (6) These data suggest that the cellular organization of the somatosensory cortex changes markedly and abruptly with cortical depth. Furthermore, they suggest that a significant portion of the coritcal neuropile in layers II--III and in layer IV is highly polarized. The possible anatomical basis for this polarization is discussed as are the effects of cortical anisotropy upon conductivity measurements.", "contents": "Conductivity in the somatosensory cortex of the cat -- evidence for cortical anisotropy. Orthogonal conductivity components were determined for 3 depths in the somatosensory cortex of cats and relative vertical conductivities were determined for all depths. (2) For cortical layers II--III, the conductivity was nearly twice as large (1.7 times) in the anteroposterior direction as it was in the mediolateral direction, whereas in layer IV the conductivity in the mediolateral direction was about 1.4 times greater than it was in the anteroposterior direction. (3) With the exception of the anteroposterior direction of layers II--III and the mediolateral direction of layer IV, the vertical conductivity of the cortex was always greater than either of the horizontal conductivities. (4) Vertical conductivities varied with cortical depth. The lowest vertical conductivity occurred in layer I. It increased in layers II--III, dropped in layer IV, and increased again in layer VI to a value comparable to layers II--III. (5) Adjacent determinations of conductivity indicated that over short distances (1--2 mm) the cortex was electrically homogeneous. (6) These data suggest that the cellular organization of the somatosensory cortex changes markedly and abruptly with cortical depth. Furthermore, they suggest that a significant portion of the coritcal neuropile in layers II--III and in layer IV is highly polarized. The possible anatomical basis for this polarization is discussed as are the effects of cortical anisotropy upon conductivity measurements.", "PMID": 497825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3553", "title": "The role of locus coeruleus in decapitation convulsions of rats.", "content": "The role of the central norepinephrine (NE) system, especially the locus coeruleus (LC), in the occurrence of decapitation convulsions was investigated in rats. Intraspinal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused a significant inhibition of decapitation convulsions as shown by prolongation of the latency and shortening of the convulsion's duration, as well as decreasing the NE content of the spinal cord to 35% of the control value without affecting the NE content of the various regions in the brain. Chemical lesion of the descending bundle from the LC by treatment with 6-OHDA significantly inhibited decapitation convulsions in a similar manner. Moreover, there was a decrease in the NE content of the spinal cord and hypothalamus to 24% and 47% of the control value, respectively. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the LC also significantly inhibited decapitation convulsions and decreased the NE content of the cortex and spinal cord to 15% and 74% of the control value, respectively. However, lesions of the dorsal and ventral NE bundle by treatment with 6-OHDA, which caused a marked decrease in the NE content of the cortex and hypothalamus, respectively, did not affect the decapitation convulsion. Intraspinal injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine resulted in a decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the spinal cord only; moreover, it did not change the decapitation convulsion. These results suggest that coeruleospinal NE neurons play an important role in the occurrence of decapitation convulsions.", "contents": "The role of locus coeruleus in decapitation convulsions of rats. The role of the central norepinephrine (NE) system, especially the locus coeruleus (LC), in the occurrence of decapitation convulsions was investigated in rats. Intraspinal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused a significant inhibition of decapitation convulsions as shown by prolongation of the latency and shortening of the convulsion's duration, as well as decreasing the NE content of the spinal cord to 35% of the control value without affecting the NE content of the various regions in the brain. Chemical lesion of the descending bundle from the LC by treatment with 6-OHDA significantly inhibited decapitation convulsions in a similar manner. Moreover, there was a decrease in the NE content of the spinal cord and hypothalamus to 24% and 47% of the control value, respectively. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the LC also significantly inhibited decapitation convulsions and decreased the NE content of the cortex and spinal cord to 15% and 74% of the control value, respectively. However, lesions of the dorsal and ventral NE bundle by treatment with 6-OHDA, which caused a marked decrease in the NE content of the cortex and hypothalamus, respectively, did not affect the decapitation convulsion. Intraspinal injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine resulted in a decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the spinal cord only; moreover, it did not change the decapitation convulsion. These results suggest that coeruleospinal NE neurons play an important role in the occurrence of decapitation convulsions.", "PMID": 497826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3554", "title": "Phasically firing neurons in long-term cultures of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic area: pacemaker and follower cells.", "content": "The firing of a proportion of hypothalamic neurons in long-term cultures from the supraoptic nucleus was characterized by a phasic discharge pattern. Burst duration and cycle time varied considerably between different cultures, but were similar in neurons of the same culture. The instantaneous frequency of firing was highest at the onset of bursts. The phasic activity of the majority of cells was synaptic in origin. In these follower cells, current injection through the recording electrode had no effect on burst duration and cycle time, and their activity was abolished by synaptic isolation. In contrast, the activity of bursting pacemaker cells persisted during applications of Co2+ and was a function of membrane potential. In both pacemaker and follower cells, action potentials and slow oscillations of membrane potential were abolished by application of tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "Phasically firing neurons in long-term cultures of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic area: pacemaker and follower cells. The firing of a proportion of hypothalamic neurons in long-term cultures from the supraoptic nucleus was characterized by a phasic discharge pattern. Burst duration and cycle time varied considerably between different cultures, but were similar in neurons of the same culture. The instantaneous frequency of firing was highest at the onset of bursts. The phasic activity of the majority of cells was synaptic in origin. In these follower cells, current injection through the recording electrode had no effect on burst duration and cycle time, and their activity was abolished by synaptic isolation. In contrast, the activity of bursting pacemaker cells persisted during applications of Co2+ and was a function of membrane potential. In both pacemaker and follower cells, action potentials and slow oscillations of membrane potential were abolished by application of tetrodotoxin.", "PMID": 497827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3555", "title": "Studies of human and bovine spinal nerve roots and the outgrowth of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zone.", "content": "The outpouching of CNS tissues into the entering spinal nerve roots was documented by light and electron microscopy of human and bovine tissues. Astrocytic processes containing large bundles of glial filaments were very prominent in the nerve entry zone and extended for short distances into the adjacent endoneurium of the spinal nerve roots. Antiserum raised to glial acidic fibrillary (GFA) protein stained these glial elements, thereby characterizing the dome-shaped evaginations of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zones. Antisera to CNS basic protein showed enhanced staining in the nerve entry zone. Analyses of nerve proteins by SDS gel electrophoresis disclosed a prominent 49,000 MW protein in the bovine and human nerve root entry zone. This protein was also prominent in spinal cord white matter, but was not seen in nerve roots which were not admixed with glial tissues. This finding supported the view that a 49,000 MW protein is a glial filaments but is not a component of bovine or human neurofilaments.", "contents": "Studies of human and bovine spinal nerve roots and the outgrowth of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zone. The outpouching of CNS tissues into the entering spinal nerve roots was documented by light and electron microscopy of human and bovine tissues. Astrocytic processes containing large bundles of glial filaments were very prominent in the nerve entry zone and extended for short distances into the adjacent endoneurium of the spinal nerve roots. Antiserum raised to glial acidic fibrillary (GFA) protein stained these glial elements, thereby characterizing the dome-shaped evaginations of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zones. Antisera to CNS basic protein showed enhanced staining in the nerve entry zone. Analyses of nerve proteins by SDS gel electrophoresis disclosed a prominent 49,000 MW protein in the bovine and human nerve root entry zone. This protein was also prominent in spinal cord white matter, but was not seen in nerve roots which were not admixed with glial tissues. This finding supported the view that a 49,000 MW protein is a glial filaments but is not a component of bovine or human neurofilaments.", "PMID": 497828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3556", "title": "Horizontal canal input to cat extraocular motoneurons.", "content": "Synaptic potentials were recorded in identified extraocular motoneurons in the anesthetized cat, following stimulation of the horizontal canal nerve (HCN). Weak stimulation of the HCN evoked disynaptic EPSPs in ipsilateral medial rectus (i-MR), contralateral lateral rectus (c-LR) and disynaptic IPSPs in i-LR motoneurons. Weak stimulation of the HCN produced longer latency IPSPs (probably trisynaptic) in c-MR motoneurons. It is suggested that the HCN projects to an excitatory interneuron in the vestibular nucleus whose axon in turn projects to a third order inhibitory interneuron in the IIIrd nucleus which finally projects to c-MR motoneurons. Essentially there is no influence of the HCN stimulation on bilateral superior rectus (SR), inferior rectus (IR), superior oblique (SO) and inferior oblique (IO) motoneurons.", "contents": "Horizontal canal input to cat extraocular motoneurons. Synaptic potentials were recorded in identified extraocular motoneurons in the anesthetized cat, following stimulation of the horizontal canal nerve (HCN). Weak stimulation of the HCN evoked disynaptic EPSPs in ipsilateral medial rectus (i-MR), contralateral lateral rectus (c-LR) and disynaptic IPSPs in i-LR motoneurons. Weak stimulation of the HCN produced longer latency IPSPs (probably trisynaptic) in c-MR motoneurons. It is suggested that the HCN projects to an excitatory interneuron in the vestibular nucleus whose axon in turn projects to a third order inhibitory interneuron in the IIIrd nucleus which finally projects to c-MR motoneurons. Essentially there is no influence of the HCN stimulation on bilateral superior rectus (SR), inferior rectus (IR), superior oblique (SO) and inferior oblique (IO) motoneurons.", "PMID": 497829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3557", "title": "Excitability changes in lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by non-noxious mechanical stimuli and by graded electrical stimuli applied to the face.", "content": "The changes in the excitability of lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by activating afferents in the trigeminal nerve using electrical or mechanical stimuli was investigated in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. In most spinothalamic neurons, weak electrical stimuli or step indentations of the skin of the face produced an increase followed by decrease in the excitability of these cells. In experiments in which the effect of activating specific groups of trigeminal afferent fibers on these excitability changes was evaluated, the suppression could be produced by activating only the fastest conducting cutaneous afferent fibers. Step indentations of the facial skin affected the excitability of spinothalamic neurons in a manner similar to electrical stimuli. The duration of the suppression phase appeared to be largely independent of the duration of the step indentation of the facial skin. It was concluded that the descending system mediating the suppression phase is activated largely by cutaneous afferents from rapidly adapting receptors. The effects of subtotal spinal cord lesions on the excitation and suppression phases produced by facial stimulation indicate that the pathways mediating the supppression descend bilaterally in the dorsal part of the lateral fasciculus. The excitation phase appears to be mediated largely by pathways in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral lateral fasciculus.", "contents": "Excitability changes in lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by non-noxious mechanical stimuli and by graded electrical stimuli applied to the face. The changes in the excitability of lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by activating afferents in the trigeminal nerve using electrical or mechanical stimuli was investigated in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. In most spinothalamic neurons, weak electrical stimuli or step indentations of the skin of the face produced an increase followed by decrease in the excitability of these cells. In experiments in which the effect of activating specific groups of trigeminal afferent fibers on these excitability changes was evaluated, the suppression could be produced by activating only the fastest conducting cutaneous afferent fibers. Step indentations of the facial skin affected the excitability of spinothalamic neurons in a manner similar to electrical stimuli. The duration of the suppression phase appeared to be largely independent of the duration of the step indentation of the facial skin. It was concluded that the descending system mediating the suppression phase is activated largely by cutaneous afferents from rapidly adapting receptors. The effects of subtotal spinal cord lesions on the excitation and suppression phases produced by facial stimulation indicate that the pathways mediating the supppression descend bilaterally in the dorsal part of the lateral fasciculus. The excitation phase appears to be mediated largely by pathways in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral lateral fasciculus.", "PMID": 497830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3558", "title": "Autoimmune alterations in the neurohypophysis of rabbits immunized against vasopressin.", "content": "Rabbits immunized against vasopressin developed clinical signs of diabetes insipidus persisting for up to two months after the last boost. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the neurohypophysis demonstrated autoimmune alterations: infiltration by immune cells and extracellular deposits of immunoglobulins. No alterations were observed in the hypothalamic nuclei synthesizing vasopressin nor in hormone-target cells of the kidney. Immunization against vasopressin may provide the first example of an autoimmune disease in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.", "contents": "Autoimmune alterations in the neurohypophysis of rabbits immunized against vasopressin. Rabbits immunized against vasopressin developed clinical signs of diabetes insipidus persisting for up to two months after the last boost. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the neurohypophysis demonstrated autoimmune alterations: infiltration by immune cells and extracellular deposits of immunoglobulins. No alterations were observed in the hypothalamic nuclei synthesizing vasopressin nor in hormone-target cells of the kidney. Immunization against vasopressin may provide the first example of an autoimmune disease in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.", "PMID": 497831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3559", "title": "Repeated electroconvulsive shocks and the brain content of endorphins.", "content": "Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) cause an increase of [met5]-enkephalin (ME) content in hypothalamus and some limbic areas such as n. accumbens, septum and amygdala. The temporal characteristics of this increase resemble the time course of the clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Single shock failed to change the ME content in any part of the brain. After 6 daily shocks ME content increases by 60% in hypothalamus and maximal effect (100% increase) was obtained after 10 daily shocks. The increase of ME content persists 6 days after the termination of ECS. Subconvulsive shocks failed to alter the content of ME in all the brain gions determined. When the seizure induced by ECS was prevented by pretreatment with an anesthetic dose of phenobarbital, the ECS-induced increase in hypothalamic and septal ME content was also blocked. beta-Endorphin content of hypothalamus remained unchanged after repeated ECS despite a two-fold increase in the ME content in the same region. These observations indicate that the time constant for the increase in ME content induced by ECS resembles the time constant for the appearance of the clinical benefits by ECT and may give credence to the possibility that the ME increase may participate in the antidepressive action of ECS.", "contents": "Repeated electroconvulsive shocks and the brain content of endorphins. Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) cause an increase of [met5]-enkephalin (ME) content in hypothalamus and some limbic areas such as n. accumbens, septum and amygdala. The temporal characteristics of this increase resemble the time course of the clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Single shock failed to change the ME content in any part of the brain. After 6 daily shocks ME content increases by 60% in hypothalamus and maximal effect (100% increase) was obtained after 10 daily shocks. The increase of ME content persists 6 days after the termination of ECS. Subconvulsive shocks failed to alter the content of ME in all the brain gions determined. When the seizure induced by ECS was prevented by pretreatment with an anesthetic dose of phenobarbital, the ECS-induced increase in hypothalamic and septal ME content was also blocked. beta-Endorphin content of hypothalamus remained unchanged after repeated ECS despite a two-fold increase in the ME content in the same region. These observations indicate that the time constant for the increase in ME content induced by ECS resembles the time constant for the appearance of the clinical benefits by ECT and may give credence to the possibility that the ME increase may participate in the antidepressive action of ECS.", "PMID": 497832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3560", "title": "Dompamine receptors in the rat frontal cortex: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Literature findings indicated that injection of low doses of [3H]spiperone results in a labelling of dopamine receptors in rat brain, but also in a labelling of serotonin receptors. Administration of pipamperone, a drug with serotonergic properties, to animals treated with [3H]spiperone reduced the serotonergic component of the binding and permitted an easier identification of dopamine receptor binding. At the level of Forceps Minor, there were elevated levels of receptors in the deeper layers of the cingulate cortex, in the region above the rhinal sulcus and in an area dorsal to the accumbens. This distribution is in agreement with the results of other biochemical, histochemical and electrophysiological studies.", "contents": "Dompamine receptors in the rat frontal cortex: an autoradiographic study. Literature findings indicated that injection of low doses of [3H]spiperone results in a labelling of dopamine receptors in rat brain, but also in a labelling of serotonin receptors. Administration of pipamperone, a drug with serotonergic properties, to animals treated with [3H]spiperone reduced the serotonergic component of the binding and permitted an easier identification of dopamine receptor binding. At the level of Forceps Minor, there were elevated levels of receptors in the deeper layers of the cingulate cortex, in the region above the rhinal sulcus and in an area dorsal to the accumbens. This distribution is in agreement with the results of other biochemical, histochemical and electrophysiological studies.", "PMID": 497833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3561", "title": "The distribution and origin of glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase in ventral pallidum and other basal forebrain regions.", "content": "The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase have been studied in the basal forebrain and globus pallidus of unoperated rats and in rats with an electrolytic lesion of the nucleus accumbens. ChAT was highly concentrated in the substriatal region, the neostriatum and the lateral part of the rostral substantia innominata. The strongest intensity of staining for acetylcholinesterase was found in the substriatal grey and the neostriatum. Very high GAD activity was found in the substantia innominata, being even slightly higher than that in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. The lateral preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the globus pallidus also showed high activity of GAD. After lesions of the nucleus accumbens the activity of GAD decreased significantly in the substantia innominata and in a restricted part of the rostroventral globus pallidus, but not in the other regions studied. ChAT activity and acetylcholinesterase staining were unaffected in all regions. The results indicate that a dense GABAergic projection originates in the nucleus accumbens and terminates in the rostral substantia innominata and rostroventral part of the globus pallidus. The study gives neurochemical support to the suggestion that nucleus accumbens may be regarded as a ventral part of the neostriatum and that the rostral substantia innominata may be regarded as a ventral part of the globus pallidus.", "contents": "The distribution and origin of glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase in ventral pallidum and other basal forebrain regions. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase have been studied in the basal forebrain and globus pallidus of unoperated rats and in rats with an electrolytic lesion of the nucleus accumbens. ChAT was highly concentrated in the substriatal region, the neostriatum and the lateral part of the rostral substantia innominata. The strongest intensity of staining for acetylcholinesterase was found in the substriatal grey and the neostriatum. Very high GAD activity was found in the substantia innominata, being even slightly higher than that in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. The lateral preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the globus pallidus also showed high activity of GAD. After lesions of the nucleus accumbens the activity of GAD decreased significantly in the substantia innominata and in a restricted part of the rostroventral globus pallidus, but not in the other regions studied. ChAT activity and acetylcholinesterase staining were unaffected in all regions. The results indicate that a dense GABAergic projection originates in the nucleus accumbens and terminates in the rostral substantia innominata and rostroventral part of the globus pallidus. The study gives neurochemical support to the suggestion that nucleus accumbens may be regarded as a ventral part of the neostriatum and that the rostral substantia innominata may be regarded as a ventral part of the globus pallidus.", "PMID": 497834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3562", "title": "Impeded cerebellar development and reduced serum thyroxine levels associated with fetal alcohol intoxication.", "content": "Pregnant albino rats were placed on a complete liquid diet (Ensure) containing either 9% ethanol or an isocaloric amount of sucrose between the third and twentieth day of gestation. The pups born to these rats were sacrificed either day 11 or day 14 postnatum and morphometrical, histological and biochemical analyses were done on their cerebellums and cerebrums. Pups that were exposed to ethanol in utero had significantly smaller body weights, cerebrums and cerebellums than pair-fed controls. The cerebellar mass was reduced by 10% and the cerebral weight by 3% in the pups exposed to alcohol when body weights were normalized to that of pair-fed controls. Cerebellar aspartyl aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activity was reduced at day 11 and 14 in ethanol treated pups compared with controls. Serum T4 levels were also reduced in the ethanol treated group. Histological analyses revealed that the external granule cell (EGC) layer of ethanol treated pups was significantly thicker at 11 and 14 days postnatum than that of pair-fed control pups. Cerebellar ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity was higher at day 11 in the ethanol treated pups than in controls. The reduced mass, AAT activity, T4 serum levels and the increased thickness of the ECG layer indicate a delayed or impeded maturation of cerebellum in ethanol treated pups. These data are considered from the viewpoint that ethanol, other drugs such as methadone and prenatal stress (malnutrition) may cause delayed cerebellar maturation by reducing serum T4 levels in the early postnatal period (day 5-14).", "contents": "Impeded cerebellar development and reduced serum thyroxine levels associated with fetal alcohol intoxication. Pregnant albino rats were placed on a complete liquid diet (Ensure) containing either 9% ethanol or an isocaloric amount of sucrose between the third and twentieth day of gestation. The pups born to these rats were sacrificed either day 11 or day 14 postnatum and morphometrical, histological and biochemical analyses were done on their cerebellums and cerebrums. Pups that were exposed to ethanol in utero had significantly smaller body weights, cerebrums and cerebellums than pair-fed controls. The cerebellar mass was reduced by 10% and the cerebral weight by 3% in the pups exposed to alcohol when body weights were normalized to that of pair-fed controls. Cerebellar aspartyl aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activity was reduced at day 11 and 14 in ethanol treated pups compared with controls. Serum T4 levels were also reduced in the ethanol treated group. Histological analyses revealed that the external granule cell (EGC) layer of ethanol treated pups was significantly thicker at 11 and 14 days postnatum than that of pair-fed control pups. Cerebellar ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity was higher at day 11 in the ethanol treated pups than in controls. The reduced mass, AAT activity, T4 serum levels and the increased thickness of the ECG layer indicate a delayed or impeded maturation of cerebellum in ethanol treated pups. These data are considered from the viewpoint that ethanol, other drugs such as methadone and prenatal stress (malnutrition) may cause delayed cerebellar maturation by reducing serum T4 levels in the early postnatal period (day 5-14).", "PMID": 497836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3563", "title": "Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic fiber systems of the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain: a moveable electrode mapping study.", "content": "Chronically implanted moveable electrodes were used to map the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain for intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic systems as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. In no area tested was there a consistent correlation between the quality or the presence of self-stimulation and the degree of noradrenergic fiber density or cellular aggregation. Of particular importance was the failure to obtain self-stimulation from the locus coeruleus, despite repeated testing and extensive attempts at behavioral shaping. Those areas supporting self-stimulation included the dorsal raphe nucleus, the superior cerebellar peduncle and the mesencephalic and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. These data appear to rule out activation of the ascending noradrenergic systems as an explanation of the rewarding effects of stimulation in these areas. A gustatory-visceral fiber system is suggested as an alternative possible substrate.", "contents": "Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic fiber systems of the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain: a moveable electrode mapping study. Chronically implanted moveable electrodes were used to map the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain for intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic systems as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. In no area tested was there a consistent correlation between the quality or the presence of self-stimulation and the degree of noradrenergic fiber density or cellular aggregation. Of particular importance was the failure to obtain self-stimulation from the locus coeruleus, despite repeated testing and extensive attempts at behavioral shaping. Those areas supporting self-stimulation included the dorsal raphe nucleus, the superior cerebellar peduncle and the mesencephalic and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. These data appear to rule out activation of the ascending noradrenergic systems as an explanation of the rewarding effects of stimulation in these areas. A gustatory-visceral fiber system is suggested as an alternative possible substrate.", "PMID": 497844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3564", "title": "The influence of electrical stimulation of certain brain regions on the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of either the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra or lateral hypothalamus led to an increase in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cerebrospinal fluid collected from the cisterna magna of the rabbit. This effect was not due to gross cell damage, fluid loss or contamination with blood plasma. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the lateral ventricle contained a lower concentration of acetylcholinesterase than that collected from the cisterna magna; furthermore, stimulation of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus caused no change in the concentration of this enzyme in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. After placing a large lesion in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, the 'resting' concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid was 43% of the value in unoperated rabbits and stimulation of the caudate nucleus no longer led to an increase in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid. The possibility is discussed that when the caudate nucleus is stimulated, acetylcholinesterase is released from the substantia nigra.", "contents": "The influence of electrical stimulation of certain brain regions on the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation of either the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra or lateral hypothalamus led to an increase in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cerebrospinal fluid collected from the cisterna magna of the rabbit. This effect was not due to gross cell damage, fluid loss or contamination with blood plasma. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the lateral ventricle contained a lower concentration of acetylcholinesterase than that collected from the cisterna magna; furthermore, stimulation of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus caused no change in the concentration of this enzyme in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. After placing a large lesion in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, the 'resting' concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid was 43% of the value in unoperated rabbits and stimulation of the caudate nucleus no longer led to an increase in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid. The possibility is discussed that when the caudate nucleus is stimulated, acetylcholinesterase is released from the substantia nigra.", "PMID": 497845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3565", "title": "Visual discrimination impairments after lesions in zona incerta or lateral terminal nucleus of accessory optic tract.", "content": "Possible visual functions of zona incerta (ZI) and lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (LTN) in rats were investigated by comparing the effects of localized lesions on a series of discrimination learning tasks. In Experiment 1 animals with ZI lesions were impaired on a simultaneous black versus white (BW) discrimination but not on a simultaneous horizontal versus vertical (HV) task. Animals with LTN lesions were impaired on HV but not on BW. Rats with ZI lesions were impaired on a successive bright versus dim but not a successive HV discrimination when subsequently tested in Experiment 2. Animals with LTN lesions were impaired on both tasks. The results are related to the possibility that visual intensity information gains access to the motor system through a pathway running from the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus to the basal ganglia via ZI. Since LTN lesions impaired acquisition of a HV discrimination, a task highly susceptible to the effects of geniculostriate ablation, it is suggested that such lesions impair the use of visual information without distroying the sensory channels mediating the discrimination.", "contents": "Visual discrimination impairments after lesions in zona incerta or lateral terminal nucleus of accessory optic tract. Possible visual functions of zona incerta (ZI) and lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (LTN) in rats were investigated by comparing the effects of localized lesions on a series of discrimination learning tasks. In Experiment 1 animals with ZI lesions were impaired on a simultaneous black versus white (BW) discrimination but not on a simultaneous horizontal versus vertical (HV) task. Animals with LTN lesions were impaired on HV but not on BW. Rats with ZI lesions were impaired on a successive bright versus dim but not a successive HV discrimination when subsequently tested in Experiment 2. Animals with LTN lesions were impaired on both tasks. The results are related to the possibility that visual intensity information gains access to the motor system through a pathway running from the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus to the basal ganglia via ZI. Since LTN lesions impaired acquisition of a HV discrimination, a task highly susceptible to the effects of geniculostriate ablation, it is suggested that such lesions impair the use of visual information without distroying the sensory channels mediating the discrimination.", "PMID": 497846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3566", "title": "The intracortical distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the cerebral cortex of the cat.", "content": "The intracortical distribution of the biogenic amines (BA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), was determined for the parietal and occipital cortical areas of the cat. Under microscopic control, slices of each region were dissected out into 4 fractions: (1) an upper gray fraction (G1); (2) a medium gray fraction (G2); (3) a lower gray fraction (G3) and (4) a white-matter fraction (W). The BA were assayed by means of specific and sensitive radioenzymatic techniques; using catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) for the catecholamines (CA), and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) for the 5-HT. In the two cortical regions studied, NE and DA were found to be distributed in an orderly laminar fashion. The highest levels of endogenous CA were measured in the superficial layers (fractions G1 and G2) while the white matter (fraction W) exhibited the lowest content of both NE and DA. DA represented 32--38% of the total CA content of the parietal cortex and 32--41% of the total CA content in the occipital cortex. In the parietal cortex, the distribution of 5-HT was similar in pattern to that of the CA, i.e., a decreasing concentration gradient with the highest endogenous levels in the G1 fraction and the lowest content in the W fraction. In the occipital cortex, the distribution was also found to be laminar for the gray matter but the W fraction showed a higher endogenous content than the lower gray fraction (G3). The release of NE, DA and 5-HT was studied by means of cortical superfusion in an in vivo preparation. The concentrations of BA measured in 30 min interval superfusates was fairly constant in a given experiment under basal conditions but varied widely from experiment to experiment. Variations in the basal overflow of NE were often independent of those found for DA and the basal overflow of 5-HT seemed independent of those of CA. The laminar intracortical distribution of endogenous NE, DA and 5-HT in cerebral cortex demonstrated by microdissection and biochemical assay techniques suggests a definite and structured pattern of aminergic innervation. Furthermore, the fact that these BA are released and a basal overflow can be detected and measured appears compatible with significant roles of NE, DA and 5-HT in synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "The intracortical distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the cerebral cortex of the cat. The intracortical distribution of the biogenic amines (BA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), was determined for the parietal and occipital cortical areas of the cat. Under microscopic control, slices of each region were dissected out into 4 fractions: (1) an upper gray fraction (G1); (2) a medium gray fraction (G2); (3) a lower gray fraction (G3) and (4) a white-matter fraction (W). The BA were assayed by means of specific and sensitive radioenzymatic techniques; using catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) for the catecholamines (CA), and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) for the 5-HT. In the two cortical regions studied, NE and DA were found to be distributed in an orderly laminar fashion. The highest levels of endogenous CA were measured in the superficial layers (fractions G1 and G2) while the white matter (fraction W) exhibited the lowest content of both NE and DA. DA represented 32--38% of the total CA content of the parietal cortex and 32--41% of the total CA content in the occipital cortex. In the parietal cortex, the distribution of 5-HT was similar in pattern to that of the CA, i.e., a decreasing concentration gradient with the highest endogenous levels in the G1 fraction and the lowest content in the W fraction. In the occipital cortex, the distribution was also found to be laminar for the gray matter but the W fraction showed a higher endogenous content than the lower gray fraction (G3). The release of NE, DA and 5-HT was studied by means of cortical superfusion in an in vivo preparation. The concentrations of BA measured in 30 min interval superfusates was fairly constant in a given experiment under basal conditions but varied widely from experiment to experiment. Variations in the basal overflow of NE were often independent of those found for DA and the basal overflow of 5-HT seemed independent of those of CA. The laminar intracortical distribution of endogenous NE, DA and 5-HT in cerebral cortex demonstrated by microdissection and biochemical assay techniques suggests a definite and structured pattern of aminergic innervation. Furthermore, the fact that these BA are released and a basal overflow can be detected and measured appears compatible with significant roles of NE, DA and 5-HT in synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 497848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3567", "title": "Muscarinic cholinergic regulation of epileptic spiking in kindling.", "content": "Electroencephalographic monitoring of spontaneous interictal spiking (SIS) following kindling demonstrated that SIS occurs in both amygdalas and that it declines sharply during the days following kindling. Systemically administered muscarinic antagonists which pass the blood-brain barrier (atropine and scopolamine) activated interictal spiking in kindled rats but not in controls. Interictal spiking activated by atropine was reversed by physostigmine. Both physostigmine and choline, agents which increase brain ACh concentration by different mechanisms, caused a reduction in spontaneous (not drug activated) interictal spiking. The results of these pharmacologic studies indicate that the interaction of endogenous ACh with central muscarinic receptors is capable of suppressing SIS in kindled rats. Whether cholinergic suppression of SIS represents a convulsant or an anticonvulsant action is presently unclear.", "contents": "Muscarinic cholinergic regulation of epileptic spiking in kindling. Electroencephalographic monitoring of spontaneous interictal spiking (SIS) following kindling demonstrated that SIS occurs in both amygdalas and that it declines sharply during the days following kindling. Systemically administered muscarinic antagonists which pass the blood-brain barrier (atropine and scopolamine) activated interictal spiking in kindled rats but not in controls. Interictal spiking activated by atropine was reversed by physostigmine. Both physostigmine and choline, agents which increase brain ACh concentration by different mechanisms, caused a reduction in spontaneous (not drug activated) interictal spiking. The results of these pharmacologic studies indicate that the interaction of endogenous ACh with central muscarinic receptors is capable of suppressing SIS in kindled rats. Whether cholinergic suppression of SIS represents a convulsant or an anticonvulsant action is presently unclear.", "PMID": 497855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3568", "title": "The development of estrogen receptor systems in the rat brain: perinatal development.", "content": "The estrogen receptor system of the rat brain is not detected at 15 and 19 days of gestation, even though estrogen receptors can be measured in the maternal hypothalamus. Estrogen receptors are first detected around the 21st day of gestation after which they increase rapidly in the perinatal period and reach a plateau around postnatal day 6. Estrogen receptors are found predominantly in the limbic brain (hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala) and in the cerebral cortex, and they are present in very low levels in a sample consisting of the midbrain, brain stem and cerebellum. Development of cortical estrogen receptors is retarded by a few days compared to those in the limbic brain, but then is extremely rapid so that cortical receptor levels are equal to those in the limbic block on or about postnatal day 6. As early as estrogen receptors can be detected in the fetus (day 21 of gestation), they are occupied by endogenous estradiol in male but not in female fetuses. This is measured by the occurrence of cell nuclear estrogen receptor complexes which can be detected by an exchange assay. The presence of such complexes in male limbic brain tissue is consistent with the presence of testicular androgen in the circulation and with the existence in the brain of aromatizing enzymes capable of converting testosterone to estradiol. The absence of such complexes from the female limbic brain is consistent with the protective role of alpha-fetoprotein in scavenging circulating maternal estradiol and keeping it from reaching intracellular receptor sites. The results are discussed with respect to the timing of the critical period for brain sexual differentiation and related maturational events.", "contents": "The development of estrogen receptor systems in the rat brain: perinatal development. The estrogen receptor system of the rat brain is not detected at 15 and 19 days of gestation, even though estrogen receptors can be measured in the maternal hypothalamus. Estrogen receptors are first detected around the 21st day of gestation after which they increase rapidly in the perinatal period and reach a plateau around postnatal day 6. Estrogen receptors are found predominantly in the limbic brain (hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala) and in the cerebral cortex, and they are present in very low levels in a sample consisting of the midbrain, brain stem and cerebellum. Development of cortical estrogen receptors is retarded by a few days compared to those in the limbic brain, but then is extremely rapid so that cortical receptor levels are equal to those in the limbic block on or about postnatal day 6. As early as estrogen receptors can be detected in the fetus (day 21 of gestation), they are occupied by endogenous estradiol in male but not in female fetuses. This is measured by the occurrence of cell nuclear estrogen receptor complexes which can be detected by an exchange assay. The presence of such complexes in male limbic brain tissue is consistent with the presence of testicular androgen in the circulation and with the existence in the brain of aromatizing enzymes capable of converting testosterone to estradiol. The absence of such complexes from the female limbic brain is consistent with the protective role of alpha-fetoprotein in scavenging circulating maternal estradiol and keeping it from reaching intracellular receptor sites. The results are discussed with respect to the timing of the critical period for brain sexual differentiation and related maturational events.", "PMID": 497856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3569", "title": "The development of estrogen receptor systems in the rat brain and pituitary: postnatal development.", "content": "The postnatal development of the estrogen receptor system of the rat brain is described by means of data from in vitro cytosol binding assays and from in vivo cell nuclear experiments using 3H-labeled estrogens. Cytosol and nuclear measures give a similar picture of the changes in estrogen receptor levels from day 2--3 up to day 25 of postnatal life. Pituitary receptor levels reach a peak at day 10 and then decline slightly. A similar, though less pronounced, peak was seen in hypothalamus between days 8 and 15. In the amygdala, the concentration of receptors remains relatively constant apart from a slight increase around day 10. In the preoptic area, receptor levels increase throughout the entire period studied. In the cortex receptor levels increase between days 3 and 10 and then decline precipitously and remain low from day 15 onwards. In the midbrain and brain stem receptor levels remain low throughout the entire period. Occupation of estrogen receptors by estradiol in cell nuclei was investigated by means of an exchange assay. No occupation was seen in either cortex or limbic structures (hypothalamus, amygdala, preoptic area) of female pups on postnatal days 2--3; low level occupancy amounting to around 5% of capacity was seen in limbic structures but not in cortex of females on postnatal days 10--11 and 25--26. The possibility is discussed that this estrogen arises from testosterone via aromatization. The apparent absence of receptor occupation by endogenous circulating estradiol is discussed in relation to the presence and progressive disappearance of alpha-fetoprotein in the neonatal period. Data is presented showing that injected estrogens have a longer half-life in newborn rats than in 3-week-old animals and that estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol and moxestrol, which do not bind strongly to alpha-fetoprotein, gain access to brain estrogen receptors at lower doses compared to estradiol-17 beta.", "contents": "The development of estrogen receptor systems in the rat brain and pituitary: postnatal development. The postnatal development of the estrogen receptor system of the rat brain is described by means of data from in vitro cytosol binding assays and from in vivo cell nuclear experiments using 3H-labeled estrogens. Cytosol and nuclear measures give a similar picture of the changes in estrogen receptor levels from day 2--3 up to day 25 of postnatal life. Pituitary receptor levels reach a peak at day 10 and then decline slightly. A similar, though less pronounced, peak was seen in hypothalamus between days 8 and 15. In the amygdala, the concentration of receptors remains relatively constant apart from a slight increase around day 10. In the preoptic area, receptor levels increase throughout the entire period studied. In the cortex receptor levels increase between days 3 and 10 and then decline precipitously and remain low from day 15 onwards. In the midbrain and brain stem receptor levels remain low throughout the entire period. Occupation of estrogen receptors by estradiol in cell nuclei was investigated by means of an exchange assay. No occupation was seen in either cortex or limbic structures (hypothalamus, amygdala, preoptic area) of female pups on postnatal days 2--3; low level occupancy amounting to around 5% of capacity was seen in limbic structures but not in cortex of females on postnatal days 10--11 and 25--26. The possibility is discussed that this estrogen arises from testosterone via aromatization. The apparent absence of receptor occupation by endogenous circulating estradiol is discussed in relation to the presence and progressive disappearance of alpha-fetoprotein in the neonatal period. Data is presented showing that injected estrogens have a longer half-life in newborn rats than in 3-week-old animals and that estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol and moxestrol, which do not bind strongly to alpha-fetoprotein, gain access to brain estrogen receptors at lower doses compared to estradiol-17 beta.", "PMID": 497857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3570", "title": "Role of central catecholamines in the control of blood pressure and drinking behavior.", "content": "The role of central nervous system (CNS) catecholamines in the development of hypertension and the control of drinking behavior was assessed in rats by depleting these amines with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA completely prevented the development of one-kidney renal hypertension and abolished the associated increase in water consumption. 6-OHDA-treated rats showed deficits in drinking behavior when challenged with subcutaneous injections of angiotensin II (AII) and hypertonic sodium chloride. The acute pressor responses produced by intraventricular injections of AII and carbachol were virtually abolished by central catecholamine depletion. However, drinking produced by central cholinergic stimulation remained intact while AII drinking was significantly reduced. These data demonstrate that the integrity of CNS catecholamines is required for the development of one-kidney renal hypertension and the increased drinking which accompanies it. In addition, destruction of central catecholamine-containing neurons allows for a specific dissociation of the pressor and drinking responses produced by central cholinergic but not AII stimulation.", "contents": "Role of central catecholamines in the control of blood pressure and drinking behavior. The role of central nervous system (CNS) catecholamines in the development of hypertension and the control of drinking behavior was assessed in rats by depleting these amines with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA completely prevented the development of one-kidney renal hypertension and abolished the associated increase in water consumption. 6-OHDA-treated rats showed deficits in drinking behavior when challenged with subcutaneous injections of angiotensin II (AII) and hypertonic sodium chloride. The acute pressor responses produced by intraventricular injections of AII and carbachol were virtually abolished by central catecholamine depletion. However, drinking produced by central cholinergic stimulation remained intact while AII drinking was significantly reduced. These data demonstrate that the integrity of CNS catecholamines is required for the development of one-kidney renal hypertension and the increased drinking which accompanies it. In addition, destruction of central catecholamine-containing neurons allows for a specific dissociation of the pressor and drinking responses produced by central cholinergic but not AII stimulation.", "PMID": 497858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3571", "title": "Analysis of short-term plasticity at the perforant path-granule cell synapse.", "content": "Short-term plasticity was investigated at the perforant path-granule cell synapse in the hippocampal slice preparation. A successive decrement in the amplitude of the extracellular EPSP was obtained at all stimulus frequencies above 0.05 Hz. This effect of repetitive stimulation has previously been shown to fulfill the requirements for habituation processes. If each stimulus within an habituation train was followed by a second identical test stimulus the response to the test stimulus was larger than that to the paired conditioning stimulus. This short-term plasticity has been called paired pulse potentiation. The test response potentiated only with respect to the paired conditioning response and not with respect to previous test responses. Neither form of plasticity appeared to result from changes in the amplitude of the afferent fiber volley. Both habituation and paired pulse potentiation result from an interaction of at least three changes in the efficacy of transmission after a conditioning stimulus: (1) an initial depression, (2) an intermediate relative potentiation and (3) a late depression which decays slowly. Paired pulse potentiation could be demonstrated only if the interpair interval corresponded to the period of maximal late depression and the interstimulus interval to the period of relative potentiation. The amplitudes of intermediate relative potentiation and late depression (and inhibition of transmission by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB)) were inversely related to the control response amplitude. This relationship likely derives from nonlinear stimulation of postsynaptic ionic currents at higher stimulus intensities. In contrast, the initial depression increased with response amplitude. This is consistent with a mechanism dependent on the postsynaptic membrane potential, such as refractoriness to succeeding stimuli. When the response amplitudes in the presence and absence of 2.5 mM APB were equalized by adjusting the stimulus intensity, no difference was found in the magnitude of either form of plasticity. Since APB probably inhibits transmission at this site through competitive antagonism at the postsynaptic receptor, this observation suggests that habituation and paired pulse potentiation are generated presynaptically.", "contents": "Analysis of short-term plasticity at the perforant path-granule cell synapse. Short-term plasticity was investigated at the perforant path-granule cell synapse in the hippocampal slice preparation. A successive decrement in the amplitude of the extracellular EPSP was obtained at all stimulus frequencies above 0.05 Hz. This effect of repetitive stimulation has previously been shown to fulfill the requirements for habituation processes. If each stimulus within an habituation train was followed by a second identical test stimulus the response to the test stimulus was larger than that to the paired conditioning stimulus. This short-term plasticity has been called paired pulse potentiation. The test response potentiated only with respect to the paired conditioning response and not with respect to previous test responses. Neither form of plasticity appeared to result from changes in the amplitude of the afferent fiber volley. Both habituation and paired pulse potentiation result from an interaction of at least three changes in the efficacy of transmission after a conditioning stimulus: (1) an initial depression, (2) an intermediate relative potentiation and (3) a late depression which decays slowly. Paired pulse potentiation could be demonstrated only if the interpair interval corresponded to the period of maximal late depression and the interstimulus interval to the period of relative potentiation. The amplitudes of intermediate relative potentiation and late depression (and inhibition of transmission by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB)) were inversely related to the control response amplitude. This relationship likely derives from nonlinear stimulation of postsynaptic ionic currents at higher stimulus intensities. In contrast, the initial depression increased with response amplitude. This is consistent with a mechanism dependent on the postsynaptic membrane potential, such as refractoriness to succeeding stimuli. When the response amplitudes in the presence and absence of 2.5 mM APB were equalized by adjusting the stimulus intensity, no difference was found in the magnitude of either form of plasticity. Since APB probably inhibits transmission at this site through competitive antagonism at the postsynaptic receptor, this observation suggests that habituation and paired pulse potentiation are generated presynaptically.", "PMID": 497863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3572", "title": "Distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the rat brain: evidence that alpha-MSH-containing cells in the arcuate region send projections to extrahypothalamic areas.", "content": "The distribution and concentration of alpha-MSH in the rodent brain has been determined by radioimmunoassay. The limbic system contained substantial quantities of alpha-MSH. Forty per cent of the alpha-MSH present in the brain was localized in the hypothalamus, with the highest concentration of alpha-MSH in the arcuate nucleus. More than 40% of the extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH in the brain was found in the following areas: midbrain (16%), preoptic area (13%), septum (7%), and thalamus (7%). To determine the source of the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH, the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area of the brain was surgically separated from more caudal diencephalic structures, and the arcuate region of the hypothalamus was surgically isolated from the remainder of the brain. Following these deafferentations, no significant reduction in hypothalamic alpha-MSH levels was observed; however, a significant reduction in extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH level was demonstrated. This dramatic decrease of alpha-MSH in extrahypothalamic areas of the rodent brain strongly suggests that the bulk of the extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH arises from neuronal perikarya in the arcuate region. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a population of neuronal cell bodies producing alpha-MSH originate in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus and that they send axonal projections to many areas of the limbic system and brain stem.", "contents": "Distribution of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the rat brain: evidence that alpha-MSH-containing cells in the arcuate region send projections to extrahypothalamic areas. The distribution and concentration of alpha-MSH in the rodent brain has been determined by radioimmunoassay. The limbic system contained substantial quantities of alpha-MSH. Forty per cent of the alpha-MSH present in the brain was localized in the hypothalamus, with the highest concentration of alpha-MSH in the arcuate nucleus. More than 40% of the extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH in the brain was found in the following areas: midbrain (16%), preoptic area (13%), septum (7%), and thalamus (7%). To determine the source of the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH, the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area of the brain was surgically separated from more caudal diencephalic structures, and the arcuate region of the hypothalamus was surgically isolated from the remainder of the brain. Following these deafferentations, no significant reduction in hypothalamic alpha-MSH levels was observed; however, a significant reduction in extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH level was demonstrated. This dramatic decrease of alpha-MSH in extrahypothalamic areas of the rodent brain strongly suggests that the bulk of the extrahypothalamic alpha-MSH arises from neuronal perikarya in the arcuate region. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a population of neuronal cell bodies producing alpha-MSH originate in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus and that they send axonal projections to many areas of the limbic system and brain stem.", "PMID": 497864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3573", "title": "Development of neocortical circuitry: quantitative ultrastructural analysis of putative monoaminergic synapses.", "content": "The distribution, numbers and morphology of presumed monoaminergic (MA) synapses were examined in somatosensory cortex of neonatal rats and mice (newborn to 16 days of age). MA synapses were identified using an ultrastructural cytochemical marker, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA), which results in the appearance of small granular vesicles (SGV) in their presynaptic terminals. From birth to 7 days of age, 20--30% of all synapses sampled in somatosensory cortex contain SGVs. However, few SGV synapses are seen in 8-day-old cortex and by 12 days of age, SGVs are no longer detectable in cortex. A specific laminar distribution for these SGV synapses -- which is distinct from the overall synaptic distribution -- is first seen at 3 days of age and is essentially unchanged until 7 days postnatally. During this entire period, the SGV synapses predominate in the primordium of layer IV, where they account for 50--70% of all synapses. Morphometric analysis of SGV synapses indicates that there are differences in junctional symmetry, vesicle shape and configuration of the contact zone between SGV and non-SGV synapses, as well as between SGV synapses themselves in the various cortical layers. The laminar distribution and morphological characteristics of SGV synapses suggest that the MA projection to neocortex exhibits a high degree of spatial specificity during its ingrowth. Also, the relatively high proportion of SGV synapses in the first postnatal week may reflect a potent influence exerted by the MA inputs on immature neocortex. The decreased numerical density of SGV synapses after 7 days of age is probably due to the development of the blood-brain barrier to 5-OHDA.", "contents": "Development of neocortical circuitry: quantitative ultrastructural analysis of putative monoaminergic synapses. The distribution, numbers and morphology of presumed monoaminergic (MA) synapses were examined in somatosensory cortex of neonatal rats and mice (newborn to 16 days of age). MA synapses were identified using an ultrastructural cytochemical marker, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA), which results in the appearance of small granular vesicles (SGV) in their presynaptic terminals. From birth to 7 days of age, 20--30% of all synapses sampled in somatosensory cortex contain SGVs. However, few SGV synapses are seen in 8-day-old cortex and by 12 days of age, SGVs are no longer detectable in cortex. A specific laminar distribution for these SGV synapses -- which is distinct from the overall synaptic distribution -- is first seen at 3 days of age and is essentially unchanged until 7 days postnatally. During this entire period, the SGV synapses predominate in the primordium of layer IV, where they account for 50--70% of all synapses. Morphometric analysis of SGV synapses indicates that there are differences in junctional symmetry, vesicle shape and configuration of the contact zone between SGV and non-SGV synapses, as well as between SGV synapses themselves in the various cortical layers. The laminar distribution and morphological characteristics of SGV synapses suggest that the MA projection to neocortex exhibits a high degree of spatial specificity during its ingrowth. Also, the relatively high proportion of SGV synapses in the first postnatal week may reflect a potent influence exerted by the MA inputs on immature neocortex. The decreased numerical density of SGV synapses after 7 days of age is probably due to the development of the blood-brain barrier to 5-OHDA.", "PMID": 497865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3574", "title": "Enrichment-isolation, cortex length and the rank order effect.", "content": "In a previous paper we have proposed a developmental theory to account for the neurological changes which result from differntially rearing animals in either enrichment or isolation. On the basis of brain weight measurements we suggested that the primary cause of the differential development could be traced to retarded neurological growth in the isolated animals. The present 9 studies test the generality of this theory by applying it to the cortex length changes induced in rats by differential rearing periods of between 18 and 160 days. In the light of this new data the theory has been revised to the extent that the developmental ceiling for the dependent variable is now considered to change with age instead of being fixed. Two major consequences of this revision are as follows. Firstly that the environmentally induced changes in cortical development are seen as persistent. Secondly that the Rank Order Effect is shown to be transitory phenomenon which exists only when some, but not all of the isolate values have been restricted in their development.", "contents": "Enrichment-isolation, cortex length and the rank order effect. In a previous paper we have proposed a developmental theory to account for the neurological changes which result from differntially rearing animals in either enrichment or isolation. On the basis of brain weight measurements we suggested that the primary cause of the differential development could be traced to retarded neurological growth in the isolated animals. The present 9 studies test the generality of this theory by applying it to the cortex length changes induced in rats by differential rearing periods of between 18 and 160 days. In the light of this new data the theory has been revised to the extent that the developmental ceiling for the dependent variable is now considered to change with age instead of being fixed. Two major consequences of this revision are as follows. Firstly that the environmentally induced changes in cortical development are seen as persistent. Secondly that the Rank Order Effect is shown to be transitory phenomenon which exists only when some, but not all of the isolate values have been restricted in their development.", "PMID": 497866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3575", "title": "Intertectal crossing of optic axons after tectal fusion in neonatal rats.", "content": "Surgically-induced fusion of the superior colliculi along the midline was performed in newborn rats to provide a bridge for optic axons from one eye to cross the tectal midline. The results indicate that although tectal fusion is a necessary condition of optic axons to cross from one side of the midbrain to the other, it is not sufficient by itself to induce crossing unless the optic input from the opposite side is also removed. This finding is discussed in relation to tectal lesion studies and is compared with our previous observations of the corticotectal pathway.", "contents": "Intertectal crossing of optic axons after tectal fusion in neonatal rats. Surgically-induced fusion of the superior colliculi along the midline was performed in newborn rats to provide a bridge for optic axons from one eye to cross the tectal midline. The results indicate that although tectal fusion is a necessary condition of optic axons to cross from one side of the midbrain to the other, it is not sufficient by itself to induce crossing unless the optic input from the opposite side is also removed. This finding is discussed in relation to tectal lesion studies and is compared with our previous observations of the corticotectal pathway.", "PMID": 497867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3576", "title": "Incidence of liver haemorrhage among white leghorn strains fed on diets containing different types of rapeseed meals.", "content": "1. There was a marked strain difference in the incidence of hepatic haemorrhage in White Leghorn hens receiving dietary rapeseed meal (RSM). 2. Tolerance to high dietary contents of RSM also varied between individual birds within a strain. 3. Glucosinolates were implicated in the development of hepatic haemorrhage among hens receiving dietary RMS but the exact relationship was not clear.", "contents": "Incidence of liver haemorrhage among white leghorn strains fed on diets containing different types of rapeseed meals. 1. There was a marked strain difference in the incidence of hepatic haemorrhage in White Leghorn hens receiving dietary rapeseed meal (RSM). 2. Tolerance to high dietary contents of RSM also varied between individual birds within a strain. 3. Glucosinolates were implicated in the development of hepatic haemorrhage among hens receiving dietary RMS but the exact relationship was not clear.", "PMID": 497868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3577", "title": "Heart rate response to egg rotation in the domestic fowl embryo.", "content": "1. In eggs turned about 12 times daily, around the long axis of the egg and through about 180 degrees, significant increases in heart rate occurred during turning on the 15th and 17th, although not on the 16th, d of incubation. 2. On and after the 18th d heart rate increases were more marked and occurred both during and after turning. 3. When a single group of embryos was turned every day for the last 4 d of incubation there were significant increases in heart rate on the last 3 d: this repeated retesting had no effect on the response to turning.", "contents": "Heart rate response to egg rotation in the domestic fowl embryo. 1. In eggs turned about 12 times daily, around the long axis of the egg and through about 180 degrees, significant increases in heart rate occurred during turning on the 15th and 17th, although not on the 16th, d of incubation. 2. On and after the 18th d heart rate increases were more marked and occurred both during and after turning. 3. When a single group of embryos was turned every day for the last 4 d of incubation there were significant increases in heart rate on the last 3 d: this repeated retesting had no effect on the response to turning.", "PMID": 497869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3578", "title": "Blood enzyme activities in different breeds of geese.", "content": "1. Enzyme activities were studied in blood plasma from Rhenish, Italian, Landes and Masseubian geese. 2. Strains used for liver production (Landes, Masseubian) showed higher activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) [EC 2.6.1.1], alanine transaminase (ALT) [EC 2.6.1.2] and fructose aldolase (FRA) [EC 4.1.2.13] while breeds with high egg production (Rhenish, Italian) had higher activities of both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) [EC 3.1.3.1] and acid phosphatase (ACP) [EC 3.1.3.2]", "contents": "Blood enzyme activities in different breeds of geese. 1. Enzyme activities were studied in blood plasma from Rhenish, Italian, Landes and Masseubian geese. 2. Strains used for liver production (Landes, Masseubian) showed higher activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) [EC 2.6.1.1], alanine transaminase (ALT) [EC 2.6.1.2] and fructose aldolase (FRA) [EC 4.1.2.13] while breeds with high egg production (Rhenish, Italian) had higher activities of both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) [EC 3.1.3.1] and acid phosphatase (ACP) [EC 3.1.3.2]", "PMID": 497870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3579", "title": "Effects of storage conditions in vitro on the assay of chick liver glycogen.", "content": "1. The reproducibility of an enzymic method for assaying chick liver glycogen was found to be +/- 1.6%. 2. Storage of liver at either -21 or -70 degrees C for up to 4 weeks, after freezing in liquid nitrogen, had no significant effect on glycogen concentration. However, the concentration of free glucose increased by about 50% during this time. 3. Storage of liver in ice-cold saline for up to 3 h proved unsatisfactory because of a significant loss of glycogen. 4. There was no significant difference in immediate glycogen concentration in liver tissue that was freeze-clamped, frozen in liquid nitrogen or collected into ice-cold saline. The free glucose concentration was higher, when estimated immediately after, with the latter two methods of collection of liver tissue.", "contents": "Effects of storage conditions in vitro on the assay of chick liver glycogen. 1. The reproducibility of an enzymic method for assaying chick liver glycogen was found to be +/- 1.6%. 2. Storage of liver at either -21 or -70 degrees C for up to 4 weeks, after freezing in liquid nitrogen, had no significant effect on glycogen concentration. However, the concentration of free glucose increased by about 50% during this time. 3. Storage of liver in ice-cold saline for up to 3 h proved unsatisfactory because of a significant loss of glycogen. 4. There was no significant difference in immediate glycogen concentration in liver tissue that was freeze-clamped, frozen in liquid nitrogen or collected into ice-cold saline. The free glucose concentration was higher, when estimated immediately after, with the latter two methods of collection of liver tissue.", "PMID": 497871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3580", "title": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations in growth-retarded, cortisone treated chickens.", "content": "1. Weekly variations in body weight, relative body-weight gain and plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined in control and cortisone-treated (5 mg cortisone acetate/bird d) chickens between 3 and 10 weeks of age. 2. Treatment with cortisone between 3 and 5 weeks of age markedly suppressed growth but did not inhibit GH secretion. 3. After the cortisone injections were stopped these birds grew more rapidly than the controls. However, this period of \"catch-up growth\" was not accompanied by alterations in plasma GH concentrations.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations in growth-retarded, cortisone treated chickens. 1. Weekly variations in body weight, relative body-weight gain and plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined in control and cortisone-treated (5 mg cortisone acetate/bird d) chickens between 3 and 10 weeks of age. 2. Treatment with cortisone between 3 and 5 weeks of age markedly suppressed growth but did not inhibit GH secretion. 3. After the cortisone injections were stopped these birds grew more rapidly than the controls. However, this period of \"catch-up growth\" was not accompanied by alterations in plasma GH concentrations.", "PMID": 497872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3581", "title": "Protein requirement of laying Japanese quail.", "content": "1. Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine the crude protein requirement of laying Japanese quail. Birds were fed to provide 293 kJ ME and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 g protein/d. 2. As protein intake increased from 2 to 5 g egg production increased. 3. Quadratic relationships between protein intake and egg production and protein intake and egg weight were derived. 4. To maintain a production of 90 eggs/100 bird d and an egg weight of 9.3 g required 4.9 g protein and approximately 264 kJ ME/d.", "contents": "Protein requirement of laying Japanese quail. 1. Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine the crude protein requirement of laying Japanese quail. Birds were fed to provide 293 kJ ME and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 g protein/d. 2. As protein intake increased from 2 to 5 g egg production increased. 3. Quadratic relationships between protein intake and egg production and protein intake and egg weight were derived. 4. To maintain a production of 90 eggs/100 bird d and an egg weight of 9.3 g required 4.9 g protein and approximately 264 kJ ME/d.", "PMID": 497873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3582", "title": "Effect of deficiencies of single essential amino acids on nitrogen and energy utilisation in chicks.", "content": "1. Diets 50% deficient in single essential amino acids were fed to chicks from day 8 to day 18 after hatching to evaluate body-weight gain, food consumption, body composition, nitrogen (N) and energy utilisation. 2. Body-weight gain was reduced most severely by deficiency of isoleucine followed in decreasing order by threonine, arginine, valine, histidine, tryptophan, methionine plus cystine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine, leucine and lysine, and possible reasons for the differences are discussed. 3. Body-weight gain and food efficiency were highly correlated with food consumption but metabolisable energy value of diets was not affected by single essential amino acid deficiencies. 4. Generally N retention (N retained/N consumed) and energy retention (energy retained/energy consumed) reflected food consumption, except for a lower N retention by chicks fed on the methionine plus cystine-deficient diet and for a lower energy retention by chicks fed on the valine deficient diet. 5. The amino acid deficient in the diet was present at very low concentration in the blood plasma.", "contents": "Effect of deficiencies of single essential amino acids on nitrogen and energy utilisation in chicks. 1. Diets 50% deficient in single essential amino acids were fed to chicks from day 8 to day 18 after hatching to evaluate body-weight gain, food consumption, body composition, nitrogen (N) and energy utilisation. 2. Body-weight gain was reduced most severely by deficiency of isoleucine followed in decreasing order by threonine, arginine, valine, histidine, tryptophan, methionine plus cystine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine, leucine and lysine, and possible reasons for the differences are discussed. 3. Body-weight gain and food efficiency were highly correlated with food consumption but metabolisable energy value of diets was not affected by single essential amino acid deficiencies. 4. Generally N retention (N retained/N consumed) and energy retention (energy retained/energy consumed) reflected food consumption, except for a lower N retention by chicks fed on the methionine plus cystine-deficient diet and for a lower energy retention by chicks fed on the valine deficient diet. 5. The amino acid deficient in the diet was present at very low concentration in the blood plasma.", "PMID": 497874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3583", "title": "Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values.", "content": "Reference hematology and biochemistry values for 53 variables are presented from 51 clinically healthy dogs, 26 female and 25 male, approximately six to 24 months of age and of mixed breed. These dogs were sampled because of their good health status and the opportunity to collect the volume of blood required to complete the variable analysis of interest. Collection of blood specimens and laboratory analysis was done in a standard described manner, the latter including a continuing quality control program. For each variable the data were examined for homogeneity and when present, outliers (n = 9) were excluded. Parametric analysis was used to calculate the reference interval for those variables which had a Gaussian distribution or could be changed to a Gaussian distribution by any of four transformations. For those variables in which Gaussian distribution was not present or attained, nonparametric analysis was used. Due to the small size of the population sample, the uncertainty of breed and the exact age of each dog, breed, age and sex effects were not examined. Reference values should be used to assist interpretation of observations obtained from an animal or animals of comparable origin, i.e. similar subpopulation, and only if the same laboratory techniques are followed. Until each laboratory is able to generate reference values using adequate sample size and current methodology for the numerous subpopulations of interest, reference intervals such as these are useful to clinicians and researchers.", "contents": "Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values. Reference hematology and biochemistry values for 53 variables are presented from 51 clinically healthy dogs, 26 female and 25 male, approximately six to 24 months of age and of mixed breed. These dogs were sampled because of their good health status and the opportunity to collect the volume of blood required to complete the variable analysis of interest. Collection of blood specimens and laboratory analysis was done in a standard described manner, the latter including a continuing quality control program. For each variable the data were examined for homogeneity and when present, outliers (n = 9) were excluded. Parametric analysis was used to calculate the reference interval for those variables which had a Gaussian distribution or could be changed to a Gaussian distribution by any of four transformations. For those variables in which Gaussian distribution was not present or attained, nonparametric analysis was used. Due to the small size of the population sample, the uncertainty of breed and the exact age of each dog, breed, age and sex effects were not examined. Reference values should be used to assist interpretation of observations obtained from an animal or animals of comparable origin, i.e. similar subpopulation, and only if the same laboratory techniques are followed. Until each laboratory is able to generate reference values using adequate sample size and current methodology for the numerous subpopulations of interest, reference intervals such as these are useful to clinicians and researchers.", "PMID": 497885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3584", "title": "Experimental rabies in skunks: oral, nasal, tracheal and intestinal exposure.", "content": "Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were exposed to challenge virus standard rabies virus by feeding infected mouse brain in suspension or as intact brain free choice, by forced feeding of suspension, and by intranasal, intratracheal and intraintestinal instillation of suspension. All of five skunks exposed intranasally, two of five exposed intratracheally and two of ten exposed by forced feeding developed rabies. None of the skunks exposed to challenge virus standard virus, by other methods, became rabid. Most of the survivors, when challenged intramuscularly with street rabies virus at six months, developed rabies. The results indicate that the skunk is much more susceptible to challenge virus standard rabies virus given intranasally than by the other methods used. When disease occurs following oral administration, infection may be associated with prolonged contact with buccal mucosa or accidental contact with nasal mucosa. Survivors had little or no protection when challenged intramuscularly with street rabies virus.", "contents": "Experimental rabies in skunks: oral, nasal, tracheal and intestinal exposure. Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were exposed to challenge virus standard rabies virus by feeding infected mouse brain in suspension or as intact brain free choice, by forced feeding of suspension, and by intranasal, intratracheal and intraintestinal instillation of suspension. All of five skunks exposed intranasally, two of five exposed intratracheally and two of ten exposed by forced feeding developed rabies. None of the skunks exposed to challenge virus standard virus, by other methods, became rabid. Most of the survivors, when challenged intramuscularly with street rabies virus at six months, developed rabies. The results indicate that the skunk is much more susceptible to challenge virus standard rabies virus given intranasally than by the other methods used. When disease occurs following oral administration, infection may be associated with prolonged contact with buccal mucosa or accidental contact with nasal mucosa. Survivors had little or no protection when challenged intramuscularly with street rabies virus.", "PMID": 497886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3585", "title": "Parental and revertant Brucella canis induced changes in the rabbit.", "content": "Chronic brucellosis was produced in the rabbit by parental and penicillin-induced L-phase revertant of Brucella canis. Animals in the experimental groups were injected with 1.2 x 10(8) organisms/ml of appropriate strains by specified routes at intervals. At a maximum of 12 weeks postinfection, animals were killed and samples were taken for bacteriology, serology, histology, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. Results revealed faecal shedding in some animals from 72 hours up to three weeks postinfection. High agglutinating antibody titres of 1:1280 were sustained in all infected animals. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes attributed to the invading organisms were apparent and evidence of mitochrondriopathic changes are provided. The implication and indirect role of L-phase in brucellosis are discussed.", "contents": "Parental and revertant Brucella canis induced changes in the rabbit. Chronic brucellosis was produced in the rabbit by parental and penicillin-induced L-phase revertant of Brucella canis. Animals in the experimental groups were injected with 1.2 x 10(8) organisms/ml of appropriate strains by specified routes at intervals. At a maximum of 12 weeks postinfection, animals were killed and samples were taken for bacteriology, serology, histology, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. Results revealed faecal shedding in some animals from 72 hours up to three weeks postinfection. High agglutinating antibody titres of 1:1280 were sustained in all infected animals. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes attributed to the invading organisms were apparent and evidence of mitochrondriopathic changes are provided. The implication and indirect role of L-phase in brucellosis are discussed.", "PMID": 497887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3586", "title": "The preparation of a polyvalent feline calicivirus antiserum.", "content": "A polyvalent antiserum capable of neutralizing 82 isolates of feline calicivirus made from cats in various parts of North America was produced by the sequential inoculation of SPF cats at three-week intervals with feline calicivirus strains F-9, 68-2024 and FS, followed by a final booster inoculation two weeks after the third inoculation with all three strains combined. Sera raised against the same strains but individually and then pooled failed to show such broad cross-neutralizing capacity. The polyvalent serum should prove useful for the confirmation of an isolation of feline calicivirus.", "contents": "The preparation of a polyvalent feline calicivirus antiserum. A polyvalent antiserum capable of neutralizing 82 isolates of feline calicivirus made from cats in various parts of North America was produced by the sequential inoculation of SPF cats at three-week intervals with feline calicivirus strains F-9, 68-2024 and FS, followed by a final booster inoculation two weeks after the third inoculation with all three strains combined. Sera raised against the same strains but individually and then pooled failed to show such broad cross-neutralizing capacity. The polyvalent serum should prove useful for the confirmation of an isolation of feline calicivirus.", "PMID": 497888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3587", "title": "Oxygen affinity in stored canine blood: the effect of prednisolone.", "content": "Erythrocyte 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels and P450 measurements were made on canine blood stored in acid citrate dextrose solution at weekly intervals for four weeks. A negative correlation (-0.904) was found between weekly DPG and P50 values. The mean P50 measurement of 28.2 mm Hg on day 0 was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than values measured on days 14, 21 and 28. Mean DPG values in the blood at the time of collection of 8.59 micrometers/gHB were only significantly (P less than 0.005) greater compared to values measured on day 28. On day 27, 0.5 mg of prednisolone sodium succinate per ml of blood was added to certain blood samples. This treatment did not result in an increase in P50 and DPG values on day 28.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity in stored canine blood: the effect of prednisolone. Erythrocyte 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels and P450 measurements were made on canine blood stored in acid citrate dextrose solution at weekly intervals for four weeks. A negative correlation (-0.904) was found between weekly DPG and P50 values. The mean P50 measurement of 28.2 mm Hg on day 0 was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than values measured on days 14, 21 and 28. Mean DPG values in the blood at the time of collection of 8.59 micrometers/gHB were only significantly (P less than 0.005) greater compared to values measured on day 28. On day 27, 0.5 mg of prednisolone sodium succinate per ml of blood was added to certain blood samples. This treatment did not result in an increase in P50 and DPG values on day 28.", "PMID": 497889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3588", "title": "Some intestinal parasites of Arctic fox, Banks Island, N. W. T.", "content": "Small intestinal parasitology of 50 trapped Arctic fox taken on Banks Island, The Northwest Territories, showed a prevalence of Taenia crassiceps (78%), Toxascaris leonina (60%), Echinococcus multilocularis (2%) and Coccidia (2%). Attention is drawn to the absence of Toxocara sp. and of Uncinaria sp.", "contents": "Some intestinal parasites of Arctic fox, Banks Island, N. W. T. Small intestinal parasitology of 50 trapped Arctic fox taken on Banks Island, The Northwest Territories, showed a prevalence of Taenia crassiceps (78%), Toxascaris leonina (60%), Echinococcus multilocularis (2%) and Coccidia (2%). Attention is drawn to the absence of Toxocara sp. and of Uncinaria sp.", "PMID": 497890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3589", "title": "The virus neutralizing activity of antibodies specific to the envelope and nucleocapsid of equine herpesvirus type 1.", "content": "Antibodies specific to the envelope or nucleocapsid of the Kentucky-D strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 were isolated from convalescent horse serum by immunoadsorption on cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose conjugated with equine herpesvirus type 1 envelopes or nucleocapsids, with subsequent elution by glycine buffer. In double immunodiffusion and immunolectrophoresis reactions, the eluted proteins appeared to belong to the IgG fraction of horse serum. Antibodies directed against the viral envelope neutralized equine herpesvirus type 1 in a plaque neutralization test, while antibodies against the nucleocapsid showed no virus neutralizing activity.", "contents": "The virus neutralizing activity of antibodies specific to the envelope and nucleocapsid of equine herpesvirus type 1. Antibodies specific to the envelope or nucleocapsid of the Kentucky-D strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 were isolated from convalescent horse serum by immunoadsorption on cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose conjugated with equine herpesvirus type 1 envelopes or nucleocapsids, with subsequent elution by glycine buffer. In double immunodiffusion and immunolectrophoresis reactions, the eluted proteins appeared to belong to the IgG fraction of horse serum. Antibodies directed against the viral envelope neutralized equine herpesvirus type 1 in a plaque neutralization test, while antibodies against the nucleocapsid showed no virus neutralizing activity.", "PMID": 497891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3590", "title": "Release of exogenous gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid during seizure activity in chronically denervated and normal cat cortex.", "content": "The hypothesis that the seizure susceptibility of chronically denervated cortex is due to interruption of recurrent inhibitory pathways was tested by examining the release of 3H-labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) from chronic slabs and normal cortex of cats. Seizure activity was maintained throughout the test periods in both normal and chronically isolated cortex. When methacholine was used to evoke seizure activity, [3H]GABA release was depressed in both normal and epileptic cortex, suggesting that the mechanism of seizure genesis by cholinomimetics involves suppression of inhibitory neuron activity. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures evoked a small, equal increase in [3H]GABA efflux from epileptic and normal cortex. Continuous electrical stimulation evoked a large, and again equal increase in [3H]GABA release. Preseizure efflux of [3H]GABA was the same from chronic slabs and normal cortex in all experiments. Since the interruption of recurrent inhibitory pathways by chronic denervation would result in a decreased resting and seizure-evoked release of [3H]GABA, results obtained do not support the above-mentioned hypothesis.", "contents": "Release of exogenous gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid during seizure activity in chronically denervated and normal cat cortex. The hypothesis that the seizure susceptibility of chronically denervated cortex is due to interruption of recurrent inhibitory pathways was tested by examining the release of 3H-labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) from chronic slabs and normal cortex of cats. Seizure activity was maintained throughout the test periods in both normal and chronically isolated cortex. When methacholine was used to evoke seizure activity, [3H]GABA release was depressed in both normal and epileptic cortex, suggesting that the mechanism of seizure genesis by cholinomimetics involves suppression of inhibitory neuron activity. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures evoked a small, equal increase in [3H]GABA efflux from epileptic and normal cortex. Continuous electrical stimulation evoked a large, and again equal increase in [3H]GABA release. Preseizure efflux of [3H]GABA was the same from chronic slabs and normal cortex in all experiments. Since the interruption of recurrent inhibitory pathways by chronic denervation would result in a decreased resting and seizure-evoked release of [3H]GABA, results obtained do not support the above-mentioned hypothesis.", "PMID": 497893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3591", "title": "Calcium antagonists and contractile responses in rat vas deferens and guinea pig ileal smooth muscle.", "content": "The effect of depletion of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+ext) on the loss of responsiveness of the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle (g.p.i.l.m.) and the rat vas deferens (r.v.d.) to K+ and cis-2-methyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1,3-dioxolane methiodide (CD), and K+ and noradrenaline (NA), has been examined and compared with the effects of a variety of local anesthetics and calcium antagonists. The results indicate that qualitative similarities are apparent with respect to the dependence of agonist-induced activity on Ca2+ext in both the g.p.i.l.m. and r.v.d. Distinct differences, however, in the Ca2+ translocation processes in these two tissues, in response to the different agonists, can be shown by the use of a variety of 'calcium antagonists' thus indicating that such translocation processes are both tissue and agonist selective. It is thus noted that, contrary to the Ca2+ depletion studies, D 600 and the usually more potent BAY-1040 showed no discrimination of action or potency in their ability to inhibit components of the NA response in the r.v.d. In contrast, D 600 and the more potent BAY-1040 selectively inhibited the tonic component of the K+ response. Treatment with SKF 525A and parethoxycaine (PC) in the g.p.i.l.m. and SKF 525A in the r.v.d. resulted in a nonselective inhibition of responses of the tissues to all stimulants. However, in the r.v.d. PC potentiated NA action, and its methobromide (MeBr) derivative potentiated both NA and K+ action and also, like PC, partially shifted to the left the dose-response curve to Ca2+ in NA-depolarizing Ca-free Tyrode's. The quaternary MeBr and the tertiary 2-chloroethyl (2Cl) derivatives of SKF 525A and PC were selectively more effective against CD- than K+ supported contractile activity in the g.p.i.l.m. and the 2Cl derivatives were more effective against NA than K+ responses in the r.v.d. The 2Cl derivative of PC also was more effective in antagonizing the Ca2+ dose-response curve in high-CD or high-NA than in high-K+ Ca2+-free Tyrode's.", "contents": "Calcium antagonists and contractile responses in rat vas deferens and guinea pig ileal smooth muscle. The effect of depletion of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+ext) on the loss of responsiveness of the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle (g.p.i.l.m.) and the rat vas deferens (r.v.d.) to K+ and cis-2-methyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1,3-dioxolane methiodide (CD), and K+ and noradrenaline (NA), has been examined and compared with the effects of a variety of local anesthetics and calcium antagonists. The results indicate that qualitative similarities are apparent with respect to the dependence of agonist-induced activity on Ca2+ext in both the g.p.i.l.m. and r.v.d. Distinct differences, however, in the Ca2+ translocation processes in these two tissues, in response to the different agonists, can be shown by the use of a variety of 'calcium antagonists' thus indicating that such translocation processes are both tissue and agonist selective. It is thus noted that, contrary to the Ca2+ depletion studies, D 600 and the usually more potent BAY-1040 showed no discrimination of action or potency in their ability to inhibit components of the NA response in the r.v.d. In contrast, D 600 and the more potent BAY-1040 selectively inhibited the tonic component of the K+ response. Treatment with SKF 525A and parethoxycaine (PC) in the g.p.i.l.m. and SKF 525A in the r.v.d. resulted in a nonselective inhibition of responses of the tissues to all stimulants. However, in the r.v.d. PC potentiated NA action, and its methobromide (MeBr) derivative potentiated both NA and K+ action and also, like PC, partially shifted to the left the dose-response curve to Ca2+ in NA-depolarizing Ca-free Tyrode's. The quaternary MeBr and the tertiary 2-chloroethyl (2Cl) derivatives of SKF 525A and PC were selectively more effective against CD- than K+ supported contractile activity in the g.p.i.l.m. and the 2Cl derivatives were more effective against NA than K+ responses in the r.v.d. The 2Cl derivative of PC also was more effective in antagonizing the Ca2+ dose-response curve in high-CD or high-NA than in high-K+ Ca2+-free Tyrode's.", "PMID": 497894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3592", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the response of the lamb ductus arteriosus to oxygen and ibuprofen.", "content": "Circular strips of ductus arteriosus from lambs of gestational age between 90 and 144 days (term 147 days) were studied in vitro at low (8--16 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa)) and high (426--622 torr) PO2. Potassium- and oxygen-induced contractions increased with the gestational age and attained a maximum at term. At low PO2, ibuprofen, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, produced a dose-dependent contraction of the ductus at all ages and enhanced the potassium-induced contraction of the immature ductus (90--124 days). Both effects were relatively greater in the 103- to 107-day gestational group. At that age, ibuprofen also potentiated the oxygen-induced contraction. These findings, while confirming that a prostaglandin is involved in ductus patency, indicate that the prostaglandin-relaxing mechanism becomes functional at an early stage of gestation and reaches maximal activity before term. The existence of an active, prostaglandin-mediated relaxation in the preterm ductus may account, in part, for the reduced responsiveness of the vessel to oxygen. It is confirmed that ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are well suited for the management of the premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the response of the lamb ductus arteriosus to oxygen and ibuprofen. Circular strips of ductus arteriosus from lambs of gestational age between 90 and 144 days (term 147 days) were studied in vitro at low (8--16 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa)) and high (426--622 torr) PO2. Potassium- and oxygen-induced contractions increased with the gestational age and attained a maximum at term. At low PO2, ibuprofen, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, produced a dose-dependent contraction of the ductus at all ages and enhanced the potassium-induced contraction of the immature ductus (90--124 days). Both effects were relatively greater in the 103- to 107-day gestational group. At that age, ibuprofen also potentiated the oxygen-induced contraction. These findings, while confirming that a prostaglandin is involved in ductus patency, indicate that the prostaglandin-relaxing mechanism becomes functional at an early stage of gestation and reaches maximal activity before term. The existence of an active, prostaglandin-mediated relaxation in the preterm ductus may account, in part, for the reduced responsiveness of the vessel to oxygen. It is confirmed that ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are well suited for the management of the premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus.", "PMID": 497895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3593", "title": "Improved isolation of villus and crypt cells from rat small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "An enzymic method is described which allows the isolation under comparable conditions of crypt and villus cells from rat jejunum with normal morphologic appearance and high metabolic activity when compared with previous preparations. The method is based on a differential scraping of short lengths of everted small intestine to yield two villus cell fractions and a gut wall residue. The scrapings and the gut tube are incubated for the same length of time in a HEPES-buffered modified Hanks' balanced salt solution containing hyaluronidase, DNase, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. The cells of the crypt region are recovered by a further scraping of the digested gut wall. Cells from all fractions are dispersed by gentle agitation, washed, and harvested by centrifugation. The final crypt and villus cells are 95--99% viable by dye exclusion and exhibit 5--20% cross-contamination on the basis of differential marker enzymes. The isolated crypt and villus cells prepared by the new procedure are suitable for comparative studies of metabolic activity in the absence of chelation-induced structural and metabolic abnormalities.", "contents": "Improved isolation of villus and crypt cells from rat small intestinal mucosa. An enzymic method is described which allows the isolation under comparable conditions of crypt and villus cells from rat jejunum with normal morphologic appearance and high metabolic activity when compared with previous preparations. The method is based on a differential scraping of short lengths of everted small intestine to yield two villus cell fractions and a gut wall residue. The scrapings and the gut tube are incubated for the same length of time in a HEPES-buffered modified Hanks' balanced salt solution containing hyaluronidase, DNase, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. The cells of the crypt region are recovered by a further scraping of the digested gut wall. Cells from all fractions are dispersed by gentle agitation, washed, and harvested by centrifugation. The final crypt and villus cells are 95--99% viable by dye exclusion and exhibit 5--20% cross-contamination on the basis of differential marker enzymes. The isolated crypt and villus cells prepared by the new procedure are suitable for comparative studies of metabolic activity in the absence of chelation-induced structural and metabolic abnormalities.", "PMID": 497896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3594", "title": "Effect of somatostatin suppression of glucagon secretion on glucose production in sheep.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon and insulin secretion was examined in fed and fasted sheep. This was related to changes in glucose production. Infusion of SRIF at 80 micrograms/h caused a marked reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations. However, the insulin response to SRIF infusion was not consistent; its concentrations decreased occasionally, but often did not change. The depression of glucagon was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose concentrations in either fed or fasted sheep, but was associated with a reduction in glucose production by 12--15%. The inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose production was not markedly increased by glucagon deficiency. Infusion of insulin at 1.17 U/h with SRIF decreased glucose production only an additional 10%. Thus, it appears that under basal conditions pancreatic hormonal influences on hepatic glucose production were relatively small in sheep. This implies that under normal conditions in sheep, substrate supply has a much greater impact on hepatic glucogenesis than do hormones.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin suppression of glucagon secretion on glucose production in sheep. The effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon and insulin secretion was examined in fed and fasted sheep. This was related to changes in glucose production. Infusion of SRIF at 80 micrograms/h caused a marked reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations. However, the insulin response to SRIF infusion was not consistent; its concentrations decreased occasionally, but often did not change. The depression of glucagon was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose concentrations in either fed or fasted sheep, but was associated with a reduction in glucose production by 12--15%. The inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose production was not markedly increased by glucagon deficiency. Infusion of insulin at 1.17 U/h with SRIF decreased glucose production only an additional 10%. Thus, it appears that under basal conditions pancreatic hormonal influences on hepatic glucose production were relatively small in sheep. This implies that under normal conditions in sheep, substrate supply has a much greater impact on hepatic glucogenesis than do hormones.", "PMID": 497897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3595", "title": "Interactions of methylxanthines, nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and calcium with morphine in the guinea pig myenteric plexus.", "content": "In an earlier study, theophylline was shown to antagonize the morphine-induced inhibition of electrically induced contractions of the longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation from the guinea pig ileum. In the present study, acetylcholine (ACh) released from the myenteric plexus was measured directly using a radioenzymatic assay. Theophylline antagonized the morphine-induced inhibiton of ACh release. A similar antagonism was also observed with caffeine and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX). All three methylxanthines also increased ACh release. The nonxanthine phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20-1724) and l-ethyl-4-isopropylidenehydrazino-1 H-pyrozolo(3,4-b)-pyridine-5-carboxylate, ethylester, HCl (SQ 20,009) generally did not antagonize the morphine-induced inhibiton of ACh release. The PDE inhibitor SQ 20,009 but not Ro 20-1724, enhanced the release of ACh. Both high calcium concentration and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 antagonized the inhibitory action of morphine on ACh release. These observations suggest that alteration in calcium fluxes rather than the inhibiton of PDE mediate the methylxanthine-induced antagonism of morphine in this preparation.", "contents": "Interactions of methylxanthines, nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and calcium with morphine in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. In an earlier study, theophylline was shown to antagonize the morphine-induced inhibition of electrically induced contractions of the longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation from the guinea pig ileum. In the present study, acetylcholine (ACh) released from the myenteric plexus was measured directly using a radioenzymatic assay. Theophylline antagonized the morphine-induced inhibiton of ACh release. A similar antagonism was also observed with caffeine and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX). All three methylxanthines also increased ACh release. The nonxanthine phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20-1724) and l-ethyl-4-isopropylidenehydrazino-1 H-pyrozolo(3,4-b)-pyridine-5-carboxylate, ethylester, HCl (SQ 20,009) generally did not antagonize the morphine-induced inhibiton of ACh release. The PDE inhibitor SQ 20,009 but not Ro 20-1724, enhanced the release of ACh. Both high calcium concentration and the divalent cation ionophore A23187 antagonized the inhibitory action of morphine on ACh release. These observations suggest that alteration in calcium fluxes rather than the inhibiton of PDE mediate the methylxanthine-induced antagonism of morphine in this preparation.", "PMID": 497898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3596", "title": "Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water.", "content": "The effects of alcohol on core cooling rates (rectal and tympanic), skin temperatures, and metabolic rate were determined for 10 subjects rendered hypothermic by immersion for 45 min in 10 degrees C water. Experiments were duplicated with and without a 20-min period of exercise at the beginning of cold water immersion. Measurements were continued during rewarming in a hot bath. With blood alcohol concentrations averaging 82 mg 100 mL-1, core cooling rates and changes in skin temperatures were insignificantly different from controls, even if the exercise period was imposed. Alcohol reduced shivering metabolic rate by an overall mean of 13%, insufficient to affect cooling rate. Alcohol had no effect on metabolic rate during exercise. During rewarming by hot bath, the amount of 'afterdrop' and rate of increase in core temperature were unaffected by alcohol. It was concluded that alcohol in a moderate dosage does not influence the rate of progress into hypothermia or subsequent, efficient rewarming. This emphasizes that the high incidence of alcohol involvement in water-related fatalities is due to alcohol potentiation of accidents rather than any direct effects on cold water survival, although very high doses of alcohol leading to unconsciousness would increase rate of progress into hypothermia.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water. The effects of alcohol on core cooling rates (rectal and tympanic), skin temperatures, and metabolic rate were determined for 10 subjects rendered hypothermic by immersion for 45 min in 10 degrees C water. Experiments were duplicated with and without a 20-min period of exercise at the beginning of cold water immersion. Measurements were continued during rewarming in a hot bath. With blood alcohol concentrations averaging 82 mg 100 mL-1, core cooling rates and changes in skin temperatures were insignificantly different from controls, even if the exercise period was imposed. Alcohol reduced shivering metabolic rate by an overall mean of 13%, insufficient to affect cooling rate. Alcohol had no effect on metabolic rate during exercise. During rewarming by hot bath, the amount of 'afterdrop' and rate of increase in core temperature were unaffected by alcohol. It was concluded that alcohol in a moderate dosage does not influence the rate of progress into hypothermia or subsequent, efficient rewarming. This emphasizes that the high incidence of alcohol involvement in water-related fatalities is due to alcohol potentiation of accidents rather than any direct effects on cold water survival, although very high doses of alcohol leading to unconsciousness would increase rate of progress into hypothermia.", "PMID": 497899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3597", "title": "The origin of two components in contraction of guinea pig papillary muscle in the presence of noradrenaline.", "content": "In experiments on isolated guinea pig papillary muscles the effects of verapamil (5 mg/L) and caffeine (1 g/L) on the two-component contraction were investigated. The muscles were continuously superfused with normal Tyrode's solution containing 2 mg of noradrenaline/L at 20--22 degrees C. The first derivative of contractile response and transmembrane action potential were simultaneously recorded. Verapamil suppressed the amplitude of the second component and had no influence on the first component of contraction. Caffeine eliminated the first component and increased the second component of contraction. It was suggested that in the activation of two-component contraction calcium ions from two different pools take part: (1) those released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, and (2) those that crossed a cell membrane during the plateau of the action potential.", "contents": "The origin of two components in contraction of guinea pig papillary muscle in the presence of noradrenaline. In experiments on isolated guinea pig papillary muscles the effects of verapamil (5 mg/L) and caffeine (1 g/L) on the two-component contraction were investigated. The muscles were continuously superfused with normal Tyrode's solution containing 2 mg of noradrenaline/L at 20--22 degrees C. The first derivative of contractile response and transmembrane action potential were simultaneously recorded. Verapamil suppressed the amplitude of the second component and had no influence on the first component of contraction. Caffeine eliminated the first component and increased the second component of contraction. It was suggested that in the activation of two-component contraction calcium ions from two different pools take part: (1) those released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, and (2) those that crossed a cell membrane during the plateau of the action potential.", "PMID": 497900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3598", "title": "Activation by adenosine-5'-triphosphate of glutamic decarboxylase from a subcellular fraction of mouse brain.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase from a mouse brain P2 fraction undergoes a twofold activation in the presence of 0.5 mM ATP. No such stimulation by ATP occurs if the enzyme is assayed in the presence of excess pyridoxal phosphate as cofactor. The ATP-induced stimulation is almost completely eliminated if the enzyme is dialysed before its assay. [lambda-32P]ATP present during the enzyme measurement is converted to [32P]pyridoxal phosphate. These results demonstrate that the activation produced by ATP is the result of the generation of cofactor during the course of the assay. This phenomenon may be a reflection of a control mechanism of glutamate decarboxylase activity.", "contents": "Activation by adenosine-5'-triphosphate of glutamic decarboxylase from a subcellular fraction of mouse brain. Glutamate decarboxylase from a mouse brain P2 fraction undergoes a twofold activation in the presence of 0.5 mM ATP. No such stimulation by ATP occurs if the enzyme is assayed in the presence of excess pyridoxal phosphate as cofactor. The ATP-induced stimulation is almost completely eliminated if the enzyme is dialysed before its assay. [lambda-32P]ATP present during the enzyme measurement is converted to [32P]pyridoxal phosphate. These results demonstrate that the activation produced by ATP is the result of the generation of cofactor during the course of the assay. This phenomenon may be a reflection of a control mechanism of glutamate decarboxylase activity.", "PMID": 497901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3599", "title": "Ketamine kinetics: decerebrate vs. intact cats.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic parameters of a ketamine (10 mg/kg, iv) bolus in decerebrate and intact cats were compared. A two-compartment open model best described the data in both groups. The apparent volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment, the apparent volume of distribution of the drug in the body, and the half-life of the postdistributive phase were significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the decerebrate animals. These results emphasize the importance of correlating behavior and neuronal activity with plasma or blood concentrations of drug in animals rather than assuming that, for a given drug dose, blood (and thus tissue) levels of the agent will be similar regardless of how the animal is prepared for study.", "contents": "Ketamine kinetics: decerebrate vs. intact cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of a ketamine (10 mg/kg, iv) bolus in decerebrate and intact cats were compared. A two-compartment open model best described the data in both groups. The apparent volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment, the apparent volume of distribution of the drug in the body, and the half-life of the postdistributive phase were significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the decerebrate animals. These results emphasize the importance of correlating behavior and neuronal activity with plasma or blood concentrations of drug in animals rather than assuming that, for a given drug dose, blood (and thus tissue) levels of the agent will be similar regardless of how the animal is prepared for study.", "PMID": 497902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3600", "title": "Theophylline antagonizes flurazepam-induced depression of cerebral cortical neurons.", "content": "Intravenously administered theophylline (50--100 mg/kg) antagonized the depressant actions of adenosine and flurazepam on rat cerebral cortical neurons. When assessed in conjunction with recent reports that theophylline competes with diazepam for binding sites in brain tissue, this finding suggests that one action of the benzodiazepines may be exerted at a purinergic receptor associated with central neurons.", "contents": "Theophylline antagonizes flurazepam-induced depression of cerebral cortical neurons. Intravenously administered theophylline (50--100 mg/kg) antagonized the depressant actions of adenosine and flurazepam on rat cerebral cortical neurons. When assessed in conjunction with recent reports that theophylline competes with diazepam for binding sites in brain tissue, this finding suggests that one action of the benzodiazepines may be exerted at a purinergic receptor associated with central neurons.", "PMID": 497904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3601", "title": "Results of radical nephrectomy in 178 cases of renal cell adenocarcinoma.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-eight patients with renal cell adenocarcinoma were classified by stage and treated by radical nephrectomy. A transabdominal approach was used in 92% of cases and lymphadenectomy was not performed unless ipsilateral hilar nodes were involved. Survival rates are presented in the form of life-table curves. These curves indicate that survival depends on the stage of the disease at the time of initial treatment; about 80% of patients with stage 1 lesions (tumour confined to the kidney) survived for 10 years compared with only 30% to 35% of stage 2 (involvement of perinephric fat) and stage 3 (involvement of renal vein or regional lymph nodes) patients and less than 10% of stage 4 (metastatic spread) patients. Radical nephrectomy appears to be the best method of treatment for patients with stage 1, 2 or 3 lesions. Simple palliative nephrectomy may be indicated in selected patients with stage 4 lesions.", "contents": "Results of radical nephrectomy in 178 cases of renal cell adenocarcinoma. One hundred and seventy-eight patients with renal cell adenocarcinoma were classified by stage and treated by radical nephrectomy. A transabdominal approach was used in 92% of cases and lymphadenectomy was not performed unless ipsilateral hilar nodes were involved. Survival rates are presented in the form of life-table curves. These curves indicate that survival depends on the stage of the disease at the time of initial treatment; about 80% of patients with stage 1 lesions (tumour confined to the kidney) survived for 10 years compared with only 30% to 35% of stage 2 (involvement of perinephric fat) and stage 3 (involvement of renal vein or regional lymph nodes) patients and less than 10% of stage 4 (metastatic spread) patients. Radical nephrectomy appears to be the best method of treatment for patients with stage 1, 2 or 3 lesions. Simple palliative nephrectomy may be indicated in selected patients with stage 4 lesions.", "PMID": 497907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3602", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma in children.", "content": "The authors reviewed the records of eight children with renal cell carcinoma and correlated the clinical presentation, pathological and radiologic findings, stage and treatment of the disease with patient survival. Angiography revealed tumours of sparse neovascularity, associated with varied histologic patterns. Patient survival was dependent on the stage of the disease at the time of treatment; treatment of localized disease was effective but of metastatic disease was generally poor. Tumour staging appeared to be the only reliable indicator of prognosis. Children with renal cell carcinoma differ from adults in that a palpable mass in a child does not necessarily indicate that there is metastatic disease.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma in children. The authors reviewed the records of eight children with renal cell carcinoma and correlated the clinical presentation, pathological and radiologic findings, stage and treatment of the disease with patient survival. Angiography revealed tumours of sparse neovascularity, associated with varied histologic patterns. Patient survival was dependent on the stage of the disease at the time of treatment; treatment of localized disease was effective but of metastatic disease was generally poor. Tumour staging appeared to be the only reliable indicator of prognosis. Children with renal cell carcinoma differ from adults in that a palpable mass in a child does not necessarily indicate that there is metastatic disease.", "PMID": 497908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3603", "title": "Radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with different stages of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated by external beam therapy. Biopsy results are correlated with stage of disease, original grade of tumour and with the findings on examination. The authors discuss the significance of histologic progression of the disease particularly in relation to prognosis. They review the place of staging lymphadenectomy before radiotherapy and the overall morbidity associated with treatment.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Forty-eight patients with different stages of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated by external beam therapy. Biopsy results are correlated with stage of disease, original grade of tumour and with the findings on examination. The authors discuss the significance of histologic progression of the disease particularly in relation to prognosis. They review the place of staging lymphadenectomy before radiotherapy and the overall morbidity associated with treatment.", "PMID": 497909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3604", "title": "Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma at the Vancouver General Hospital: 20-year review.", "content": "Over a 20-year period 143 patients with renal cell carcinoma were treated surgically at the Vancouver General Hospital. The results of simple nephrectomy are compared to those of radical nephrectomy. The authors conclude that radical nephrectomy (including node dissection) is a useful staging procedure but provides little or no long-term therapeutic benefit over simple nephrectomy. They stress the need for new adjunctive therapy.", "contents": "Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma at the Vancouver General Hospital: 20-year review. Over a 20-year period 143 patients with renal cell carcinoma were treated surgically at the Vancouver General Hospital. The results of simple nephrectomy are compared to those of radical nephrectomy. The authors conclude that radical nephrectomy (including node dissection) is a useful staging procedure but provides little or no long-term therapeutic benefit over simple nephrectomy. They stress the need for new adjunctive therapy.", "PMID": 497910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3605", "title": "Management of primary bladder cancer by a multidisciplinary team.", "content": "Results of management of a closed series of primary bladder carcinoma over a 20-year period by a multidisciplinary team are presented. Patients were classified by the TNM method before treatment. These experiences indicate that stage and grade are relevant to prognosis and treatment. The TNM classification can be precise and practical when used diligently by a treatment team. Although no new methods of treatment are offered, the treatment now available may be utilized to better effect if programmed to allow care of the patients by a team, especially if the team explores the limits of radiation and surgery in their hands.", "contents": "Management of primary bladder cancer by a multidisciplinary team. Results of management of a closed series of primary bladder carcinoma over a 20-year period by a multidisciplinary team are presented. Patients were classified by the TNM method before treatment. These experiences indicate that stage and grade are relevant to prognosis and treatment. The TNM classification can be precise and practical when used diligently by a treatment team. Although no new methods of treatment are offered, the treatment now available may be utilized to better effect if programmed to allow care of the patients by a team, especially if the team explores the limits of radiation and surgery in their hands.", "PMID": 497911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3606", "title": "Trans-sphincteric approach to the rectum.", "content": "In 28 cases the trans-sphincteric approach has been used to remove lesions of the lower and mid-rectum; in 4 cases the combined abdominal and trans-sphincteric approach was used. Complications were minor and were easily treated and the operation was well tolerated by poor-risk patients. No patient had altered anal continence. The author emphasizes the need for careful identification and reconstruction of the anatomical structures. The trans-sphincteric approach gives excellent exposure of the mid- and lower rectum and has been particularly useful in managing large villous adenomas. The trans-sphincteric approach alone is not adequate for the treatment of cancer, but makes possible sphincter-preserving resections of lesions that might otherwise be treated by more radical procedures.", "contents": "Trans-sphincteric approach to the rectum. In 28 cases the trans-sphincteric approach has been used to remove lesions of the lower and mid-rectum; in 4 cases the combined abdominal and trans-sphincteric approach was used. Complications were minor and were easily treated and the operation was well tolerated by poor-risk patients. No patient had altered anal continence. The author emphasizes the need for careful identification and reconstruction of the anatomical structures. The trans-sphincteric approach gives excellent exposure of the mid- and lower rectum and has been particularly useful in managing large villous adenomas. The trans-sphincteric approach alone is not adequate for the treatment of cancer, but makes possible sphincter-preserving resections of lesions that might otherwise be treated by more radical procedures.", "PMID": 497912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3607", "title": "Elastin and granulation tissue.", "content": "The contraction of granulation tissue is an important factor in wound healing. The tract of an abdominal drainage tube closes at the rate of 1 mm/h once the tube is removed. Specialized myofibroblasts are generally believed to be responsible for this process and the presence of elastin in granulation tissue has been debated for many years. A 3-mm polyethylene tube was inserted through the left lobe of the liver in 41 rats. A tube of granulation tissue formed around the plastic. This granulation tissue was isolated, after periods ranging from 8 to 20 days, by removing the left lobe of the liver and scraping away the surrounding liver tissue. Biochemical assay for elastin revealed that normal hepatic tissue does not contain any detectable amount of elastin. All 41 samples of granulation tissue contained elastin with a mean value of 8.5 X 10(-6) g of elastin per milligram of tissue. Normal rat aorta contains 31.4 X 10(-6) g of elastin per milligram of tissue. These tubes of granulation tissue were histologically normal and the presence of elastin was recognized using elastin stains. The exact role of elastin in granulation tissue is uncertain but this experiment clearly demonstrates its generation and presence there.", "contents": "Elastin and granulation tissue. The contraction of granulation tissue is an important factor in wound healing. The tract of an abdominal drainage tube closes at the rate of 1 mm/h once the tube is removed. Specialized myofibroblasts are generally believed to be responsible for this process and the presence of elastin in granulation tissue has been debated for many years. A 3-mm polyethylene tube was inserted through the left lobe of the liver in 41 rats. A tube of granulation tissue formed around the plastic. This granulation tissue was isolated, after periods ranging from 8 to 20 days, by removing the left lobe of the liver and scraping away the surrounding liver tissue. Biochemical assay for elastin revealed that normal hepatic tissue does not contain any detectable amount of elastin. All 41 samples of granulation tissue contained elastin with a mean value of 8.5 X 10(-6) g of elastin per milligram of tissue. Normal rat aorta contains 31.4 X 10(-6) g of elastin per milligram of tissue. These tubes of granulation tissue were histologically normal and the presence of elastin was recognized using elastin stains. The exact role of elastin in granulation tissue is uncertain but this experiment clearly demonstrates its generation and presence there.", "PMID": 497913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3608", "title": "Treatment of carotid cavernous fistula by intravascular occlusion using a balloon catheter.", "content": "The surgical treatment of carotid cavernous fistula gradually evolved into a \"trapping\" technique. This technique includes ligation of the cervical internal carotid artery, clipping of the intracranial portion distal to the fistula and often embolization of the isolated segment. The development of embolization techniques using intravascular balloon catheters greatly simplified this treatment. The authors report a case of spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula in which obliteration was achieved by an intracarotid balloon catheter. This was inserted by direct puncture of the carotid artery, which had been exposed by a simple neck incision. The patient's visual acuity was preserved. The efficacy, ease and safety of this method are emphasized.", "contents": "Treatment of carotid cavernous fistula by intravascular occlusion using a balloon catheter. The surgical treatment of carotid cavernous fistula gradually evolved into a \"trapping\" technique. This technique includes ligation of the cervical internal carotid artery, clipping of the intracranial portion distal to the fistula and often embolization of the isolated segment. The development of embolization techniques using intravascular balloon catheters greatly simplified this treatment. The authors report a case of spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula in which obliteration was achieved by an intracarotid balloon catheter. This was inserted by direct puncture of the carotid artery, which had been exposed by a simple neck incision. The patient's visual acuity was preserved. The efficacy, ease and safety of this method are emphasized.", "PMID": 497914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3609", "title": "Involvement of small intestine in familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Extracolonic intestinal manifestations of familial polyposis coli have been described in recent years, but the exact frequency is still unknown. To date the more common sites of extracolonic polyposis appear to be stomach and duodenum with true adenomas being somewhat rare in jejunum and ileum. The authors report a further two cases of ileal polyposis in siblings from a family with familial polyposis coli and conclude that this condition cannot be considered as a disease exclusively of the large bowel. They emphasize that examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract and small bowel must be included in the investigation and follow-up of patients with familial polyposis coli.", "contents": "Involvement of small intestine in familial polyposis coli. Extracolonic intestinal manifestations of familial polyposis coli have been described in recent years, but the exact frequency is still unknown. To date the more common sites of extracolonic polyposis appear to be stomach and duodenum with true adenomas being somewhat rare in jejunum and ileum. The authors report a further two cases of ileal polyposis in siblings from a family with familial polyposis coli and conclude that this condition cannot be considered as a disease exclusively of the large bowel. They emphasize that examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract and small bowel must be included in the investigation and follow-up of patients with familial polyposis coli.", "PMID": 497915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3610", "title": "Early surgical management of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1977, 361 patients underwent early elective cholecystecomy for acute cholecystitis, and the complications and mortality were studied according to the length of time from admission to operation. A substantially greater proportion of the complications, and the only deaths, occurred in the patients operated upon more than 7 days after admission. The mortality rate was 0.6%. Nine additional high-risk patients underwent cholecystostomy. There were four postoperative deaths in this group, all related to the debilitating underlying conditions. The mortality for the entire series was 1.6%. These results compare favourably with those following delayed elective operations for acute cholecystitis. Early elective operation, using cholecystectomy when possible and cholecystostomy when necessary, is recommended for general use in experienced hands. This practice is safe and sound particularly when the diagnosis is made more certain preoperatively by the use of intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "Early surgical management of acute cholecystitis. Between 1971 and 1977, 361 patients underwent early elective cholecystecomy for acute cholecystitis, and the complications and mortality were studied according to the length of time from admission to operation. A substantially greater proportion of the complications, and the only deaths, occurred in the patients operated upon more than 7 days after admission. The mortality rate was 0.6%. Nine additional high-risk patients underwent cholecystostomy. There were four postoperative deaths in this group, all related to the debilitating underlying conditions. The mortality for the entire series was 1.6%. These results compare favourably with those following delayed elective operations for acute cholecystitis. Early elective operation, using cholecystectomy when possible and cholecystostomy when necessary, is recommended for general use in experienced hands. This practice is safe and sound particularly when the diagnosis is made more certain preoperatively by the use of intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 497916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3611", "title": "Aspirin prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease following fracture of the upper femur.", "content": "In a prospective study of 51 patients with fractures of the femoral neck, aspirin was used as a prophylactic measure against thromboembolic disease. Thrombi were detected by cuff impedence plethysmography, Doppler ultrasonography and ascending venography. Thrombi were identified in 20 (39.2%)  of the patients. There was no significant difference between the frequency with which thrombi occurred in men and in women. Blood salicylate values were the same for patients who had and who did not have thrombi. There were no instances of pulmonary embolism. The frequency of deep vein thrombosis was comparable to that in a previous series of untreated patients from the same centre. It appears from this study that in these cases prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism using aspirin in a dosage of 600 mg bid is ineffective.", "contents": "Aspirin prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease following fracture of the upper femur. In a prospective study of 51 patients with fractures of the femoral neck, aspirin was used as a prophylactic measure against thromboembolic disease. Thrombi were detected by cuff impedence plethysmography, Doppler ultrasonography and ascending venography. Thrombi were identified in 20 (39.2%)  of the patients. There was no significant difference between the frequency with which thrombi occurred in men and in women. Blood salicylate values were the same for patients who had and who did not have thrombi. There were no instances of pulmonary embolism. The frequency of deep vein thrombosis was comparable to that in a previous series of untreated patients from the same centre. It appears from this study that in these cases prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism using aspirin in a dosage of 600 mg bid is ineffective.", "PMID": 497917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3612", "title": "Testicular scanning: its efficacy in diagnosing intrascrotal lesions.", "content": "Radionuclide scanning is a relatively new diagnostic aid for evaluating intrascrotal lesions. The authors present a retrospective analysis of 34 patients who underwent testicular scanning from 1973 to 1978. While the technique may be helpful, misleading results are not uncommon and caution should be exercised in interpreting the results. In this series 22% of scans obtained in cases of testicular torsion and acute epididymitis failed to provide the correct diagnosis. In view of the serious consequence of testicular loss when surgical exploration is delayed, testicular scanning should not be relied upon to the exclusion of other more traditional methods.", "contents": "Testicular scanning: its efficacy in diagnosing intrascrotal lesions. Radionuclide scanning is a relatively new diagnostic aid for evaluating intrascrotal lesions. The authors present a retrospective analysis of 34 patients who underwent testicular scanning from 1973 to 1978. While the technique may be helpful, misleading results are not uncommon and caution should be exercised in interpreting the results. In this series 22% of scans obtained in cases of testicular torsion and acute epididymitis failed to provide the correct diagnosis. In view of the serious consequence of testicular loss when surgical exploration is delayed, testicular scanning should not be relied upon to the exclusion of other more traditional methods.", "PMID": 497918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3613", "title": "Sensory feedback in a myoelectric upper limb prosthesis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Upper limb prostheses are often rejected because they do not provide the sensory feedback available from a normal hand. A system for providing sensory feedback has been developed at the University of New Brunswick for use with the three-state myoelectric controls prepared in the Bioengineering Institute there. Strain gauges mounted on the forefinger of an electric hand provide information which is processed electronically to cause a tingling sensation in the patient's stump, proportional in its intensity to the pinch force in the finger. This system has been used by a patient at the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre in Toronto, since June 1976. She uses it consistently with great satisfaction and enthusiasm. It gives her a sense of competence and confidence she does not have without it.", "contents": "Sensory feedback in a myoelectric upper limb prosthesis: a preliminary report. Upper limb prostheses are often rejected because they do not provide the sensory feedback available from a normal hand. A system for providing sensory feedback has been developed at the University of New Brunswick for use with the three-state myoelectric controls prepared in the Bioengineering Institute there. Strain gauges mounted on the forefinger of an electric hand provide information which is processed electronically to cause a tingling sensation in the patient's stump, proportional in its intensity to the pinch force in the finger. This system has been used by a patient at the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre in Toronto, since June 1976. She uses it consistently with great satisfaction and enthusiasm. It gives her a sense of competence and confidence she does not have without it.", "PMID": 497919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3614", "title": "Colorectal neoplasm: a rare complication of ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman had a rectal neoplasm which occurred 20 years after she had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder. Only 41 cases of bening or malignant tumours of the large bowel developing after ureterosigmoidostomy have previously been reported in the literature. Adenocarcinoma of the colon is most frequently found and can develop even after urine has been diverted away from the colon. The presenting symptoms are either those of ureteral obstruction or of colorectal neoplasm. This rare complication remains intriguing and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Colorectal neoplasm: a rare complication of ureterosigmoidostomy. A 24-year-old woman had a rectal neoplasm which occurred 20 years after she had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder. Only 41 cases of bening or malignant tumours of the large bowel developing after ureterosigmoidostomy have previously been reported in the literature. Adenocarcinoma of the colon is most frequently found and can develop even after urine has been diverted away from the colon. The presenting symptoms are either those of ureteral obstruction or of colorectal neoplasm. This rare complication remains intriguing and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 497920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3615", "title": "Intraoperative transmural myocardial biopsy: a simple technique.", "content": "A Tru-cut disposable biopsy needle was used in 10 pigs, 3 cadavers and 63 humans to obtain transmural ventricular myocardium for diagnostic and research purposes. The technique proved simple and safe. In every case an adequate amount of full-thickness myocardium was obtained which was examined by light and electron microscopy and used for enzyme studies and glycogen measurement.", "contents": "Intraoperative transmural myocardial biopsy: a simple technique. A Tru-cut disposable biopsy needle was used in 10 pigs, 3 cadavers and 63 humans to obtain transmural ventricular myocardium for diagnostic and research purposes. The technique proved simple and safe. In every case an adequate amount of full-thickness myocardium was obtained which was examined by light and electron microscopy and used for enzyme studies and glycogen measurement.", "PMID": 497921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3616", "title": "Electrohydraulic cystolitholapaxy.", "content": "The electrohydraulic lithotrite generates high voltage discharges which, in a liquid medium, are converted to hydraulic shock waves capable of fracturing bladder stones. Electrohydraulic litholapaxy was successful in treating 28 of 30 patients with bladder stones. In nine patients other procedures were performed during the same anesthetic. In one patient, a calculus was removed from within a narrow-necked bladder diverticulum. Compared with conventional mechanical lithotripsy with serrated, jawed instruments, electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, easy to learn and effective technique for treating bladder stones.", "contents": "Electrohydraulic cystolitholapaxy. The electrohydraulic lithotrite generates high voltage discharges which, in a liquid medium, are converted to hydraulic shock waves capable of fracturing bladder stones. Electrohydraulic litholapaxy was successful in treating 28 of 30 patients with bladder stones. In nine patients other procedures were performed during the same anesthetic. In one patient, a calculus was removed from within a narrow-necked bladder diverticulum. Compared with conventional mechanical lithotripsy with serrated, jawed instruments, electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, easy to learn and effective technique for treating bladder stones.", "PMID": 497924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3617", "title": "Studies of crystalluria in recurrent calcium lithiasis.", "content": "The authors have studied the distribution and total volumes of large and small crystals in the urine of healthy individuals and of those who form stones. Studies carried out on randomly obtained specimens were as reliable in identifying differences as were fasting specimens. Stone forming individuals had a greater number of large crystals and a greater total volume of crystals in the urine than had healthy persons. The urine of stone forming patients who had received treatment showed no difference in crystal volume from that of a similar group who had not been treated, and the same was true of a group of stone forming patients studied before and 6 months after the start of treatment.", "contents": "Studies of crystalluria in recurrent calcium lithiasis. The authors have studied the distribution and total volumes of large and small crystals in the urine of healthy individuals and of those who form stones. Studies carried out on randomly obtained specimens were as reliable in identifying differences as were fasting specimens. Stone forming individuals had a greater number of large crystals and a greater total volume of crystals in the urine than had healthy persons. The urine of stone forming patients who had received treatment showed no difference in crystal volume from that of a similar group who had not been treated, and the same was true of a group of stone forming patients studied before and 6 months after the start of treatment.", "PMID": 497925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3618", "title": "The abdominal surgeon and the ureter.", "content": "Iatrogenic ureteral injuries are not common but may occur whenever the retroperitoneum is opened. The best time to treat these injuries is when they occur. The abdominal surgeon is responsible for the immediate treatment of ureteral injuries that he causes and should be able to take care of most of them. The author describes methods for preventing and managing ureteral puncture, crushing injury, kinking and ligation of the ureter, partial and complete transection of ureters, excision of both short and long segments of the ureter and ureteral devascularization.", "contents": "The abdominal surgeon and the ureter. Iatrogenic ureteral injuries are not common but may occur whenever the retroperitoneum is opened. The best time to treat these injuries is when they occur. The abdominal surgeon is responsible for the immediate treatment of ureteral injuries that he causes and should be able to take care of most of them. The author describes methods for preventing and managing ureteral puncture, crushing injury, kinking and ligation of the ureter, partial and complete transection of ureters, excision of both short and long segments of the ureter and ureteral devascularization.", "PMID": 497926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3619", "title": "Symposium on portal hypertension and its complications: current management. Preoperative assessment and predictors of encephalopathy.", "content": "None of the preoperative predictors of encephalopathy proposed so far to evaluate the risk of portacaval shunting in cirrhotic patients has been of value. The authors have found, in preliminary studies, that measurement of the hepatic extraction of indocyanine green (ICG), which correlates highly with the \"functional\" portal blood supply, could be of prognostic value: cirrhotic patients with a near-normal value for ICG extraction often have encephalopathy after portacaval shunting whereas those with a low ICG extraction value seldom have encephalopathy. These preliminary data suggest that cirrhotic patients with markedly decreased ICG extraction have a lesser risk of encephalopathy since their portal blood supply is already shunted away from hepatocytes before the operation because of anatomic changes in the liver microcirculation.", "contents": "Symposium on portal hypertension and its complications: current management. Preoperative assessment and predictors of encephalopathy. None of the preoperative predictors of encephalopathy proposed so far to evaluate the risk of portacaval shunting in cirrhotic patients has been of value. The authors have found, in preliminary studies, that measurement of the hepatic extraction of indocyanine green (ICG), which correlates highly with the \"functional\" portal blood supply, could be of prognostic value: cirrhotic patients with a near-normal value for ICG extraction often have encephalopathy after portacaval shunting whereas those with a low ICG extraction value seldom have encephalopathy. These preliminary data suggest that cirrhotic patients with markedly decreased ICG extraction have a lesser risk of encephalopathy since their portal blood supply is already shunted away from hepatocytes before the operation because of anatomic changes in the liver microcirculation.", "PMID": 497928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3620", "title": "Current status of the peritoneovenous shunt for the management of intractable ascites.", "content": "Renewed interest in the management of intractable ascites has led to the use of a peritoneovenous shunt for its control. Analysis of Canadian experience with this technique in the last 2 years has demonstrated that there are problems associated with it that have not been reported in the surgical literature. A group of 60 patients who underwent peritoneovenous shunting at several Canadian centres was analysed. The operative mortality was 20% but was related to the underlying disease rather than to the operative procedure. Although the initial response to shunting was excellent in 53%, long-term patency (more than 3 months) was achieved in only 43%, but the procedure greatly improved the quality of life in those patients. The indications for shunting, the complications, results and cumulative patency rates are discussed.", "contents": "Current status of the peritoneovenous shunt for the management of intractable ascites. Renewed interest in the management of intractable ascites has led to the use of a peritoneovenous shunt for its control. Analysis of Canadian experience with this technique in the last 2 years has demonstrated that there are problems associated with it that have not been reported in the surgical literature. A group of 60 patients who underwent peritoneovenous shunting at several Canadian centres was analysed. The operative mortality was 20% but was related to the underlying disease rather than to the operative procedure. Although the initial response to shunting was excellent in 53%, long-term patency (more than 3 months) was achieved in only 43%, but the procedure greatly improved the quality of life in those patients. The indications for shunting, the complications, results and cumulative patency rates are discussed.", "PMID": 497929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3621", "title": "Hemoccult test as a routine screening procedure for colorectal disease in the private clinic setting.", "content": "Increased attention is being focused on the earlier detection of malignant and premalignant colorectal lesions in an attempt to increase the survival rate of patients with these diseases. This study evaluates the use of the Hemoccult test as a screening procedure in a private clinic. A protocol for its implementation is presented. Of the 631 patients entered into the study, 514 (81.5%) returned completed slides. In 14 (2.7%) of these 514 patients, the slides gave positive results, and 10 of the 14 patients underwent thorough investigation. No malignant tumours were found as a result of the test. Six (1.2%) of the 514 patients had one or more benign polyps.", "contents": "Hemoccult test as a routine screening procedure for colorectal disease in the private clinic setting. Increased attention is being focused on the earlier detection of malignant and premalignant colorectal lesions in an attempt to increase the survival rate of patients with these diseases. This study evaluates the use of the Hemoccult test as a screening procedure in a private clinic. A protocol for its implementation is presented. Of the 631 patients entered into the study, 514 (81.5%) returned completed slides. In 14 (2.7%) of these 514 patients, the slides gave positive results, and 10 of the 14 patients underwent thorough investigation. No malignant tumours were found as a result of the test. Six (1.2%) of the 514 patients had one or more benign polyps.", "PMID": 497930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3622", "title": "Acute spinal cord injury: analysis of epidemiologic factors.", "content": "The authors studied the epidemiologic aspects of acute spinal cord injury in 358 patients admitted to the Toronto General and Sunnybrook hospitals between 1948 and 1973. The ages of the patients ranged from 14 to 89 years (median 32 years) and the male:female ratio was 4.5:1. The most frequent causes of injury were traffic accidents (34.4%), accidents at work (29.3%), sports-recreational injuries (15.4%) and falls at home (9.8%). Several epidemiologic factors were identified which are important for developing programs to reduce the frequency of cord injury. In particular young persons should be made more aware of the risks they run as automobile drivers and of the hazards of diving in shallow water, middle-aged workers in the construction industry are at risk of spinal cord injury from falls and elderly farmers are at risk of falling from lofts or being crushed by overturned tractors.", "contents": "Acute spinal cord injury: analysis of epidemiologic factors. The authors studied the epidemiologic aspects of acute spinal cord injury in 358 patients admitted to the Toronto General and Sunnybrook hospitals between 1948 and 1973. The ages of the patients ranged from 14 to 89 years (median 32 years) and the male:female ratio was 4.5:1. The most frequent causes of injury were traffic accidents (34.4%), accidents at work (29.3%), sports-recreational injuries (15.4%) and falls at home (9.8%). Several epidemiologic factors were identified which are important for developing programs to reduce the frequency of cord injury. In particular young persons should be made more aware of the risks they run as automobile drivers and of the hazards of diving in shallow water, middle-aged workers in the construction industry are at risk of spinal cord injury from falls and elderly farmers are at risk of falling from lofts or being crushed by overturned tractors.", "PMID": 497931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3623", "title": "Metastatic endometriosis in abdominal scars.", "content": "The author presents two examples of metastatic endometriosis occurring in an abdominal scar. These case reports illustrate the two main theories of the pathogenesis of the condition: transportation and metaplasia. The diagnosis is straightforward in the classic case in which a painful mass fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, but a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis when the history is atypical. The treatment of choice, for those who require treatment, may be hormonal manipulation, surgery or irradiation, or a combination of these.", "contents": "Metastatic endometriosis in abdominal scars. The author presents two examples of metastatic endometriosis occurring in an abdominal scar. These case reports illustrate the two main theories of the pathogenesis of the condition: transportation and metaplasia. The diagnosis is straightforward in the classic case in which a painful mass fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, but a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis when the history is atypical. The treatment of choice, for those who require treatment, may be hormonal manipulation, surgery or irradiation, or a combination of these.", "PMID": 497932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3624", "title": "Solitary pulmonary nodules due to sarcoidosis.", "content": "Two patients, a 67-year-old woman and a 33-year-old man, had asymptomatic solitary nodular masses in the lung detected by roentgenographic examination. The preoperative investigations failed to make a firm diagnosis or to rule out the presence of a malignant lesion. In both patients the lesions were resected and found to contain noncaseating granulomas. Electron microscopy and immunochemical studies for lysozyme supported the diagnosis of solitary nodular sarcoidosis. Such roentgenographic presentations of sarcoid are rare.", "contents": "Solitary pulmonary nodules due to sarcoidosis. Two patients, a 67-year-old woman and a 33-year-old man, had asymptomatic solitary nodular masses in the lung detected by roentgenographic examination. The preoperative investigations failed to make a firm diagnosis or to rule out the presence of a malignant lesion. In both patients the lesions were resected and found to contain noncaseating granulomas. Electron microscopy and immunochemical studies for lysozyme supported the diagnosis of solitary nodular sarcoidosis. Such roentgenographic presentations of sarcoid are rare.", "PMID": 497933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3625", "title": "Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma: experience with three patients and electron microscopic observations in one.", "content": "The clinical features are presented of three patients in whom lymphangiosarcoma developed after radical mastectomy followed by local irradiation. The median time between radical mastectomy and the diagnosis by biopsy of lymphangiosarcoma was 9.9 years. No form of therapy, including high-dose combination chemotherapy, appeared able to control the disease. All three patients died with residual lymphangiosarcoma and in two it was the direct cause of death. These results stress that prevention of postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma is vital. This can be accomplished by avoiding radical mastectomy followed by local irradiation. Ultrastructural observations in one case suggest that the tumour has a primitive vasoformative origin.", "contents": "Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma: experience with three patients and electron microscopic observations in one. The clinical features are presented of three patients in whom lymphangiosarcoma developed after radical mastectomy followed by local irradiation. The median time between radical mastectomy and the diagnosis by biopsy of lymphangiosarcoma was 9.9 years. No form of therapy, including high-dose combination chemotherapy, appeared able to control the disease. All three patients died with residual lymphangiosarcoma and in two it was the direct cause of death. These results stress that prevention of postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma is vital. This can be accomplished by avoiding radical mastectomy followed by local irradiation. Ultrastructural observations in one case suggest that the tumour has a primitive vasoformative origin.", "PMID": 497934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3626", "title": "Follicular carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct.", "content": "The case of a 24-year-old woman with follicular carcinoma arising de novo in a thyroglossal duct is reported. A review of the literature disclosed seven case reports of thyroglossal duct carcinoma with a mixed papillary-follicular pattern. There are three criteria for the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma of a thyroglossal duct: presence of a thyroglossal duct, absence of carcinoma within the thyroid gland and angioinvasion. A plan of treatment, based on the literature survey, should include Sistrunk excision of the tumour if possible, and subtotal thyroidectomy should be performed to eliminate the presence of a primary thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Follicular carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct. The case of a 24-year-old woman with follicular carcinoma arising de novo in a thyroglossal duct is reported. A review of the literature disclosed seven case reports of thyroglossal duct carcinoma with a mixed papillary-follicular pattern. There are three criteria for the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma of a thyroglossal duct: presence of a thyroglossal duct, absence of carcinoma within the thyroid gland and angioinvasion. A plan of treatment, based on the literature survey, should include Sistrunk excision of the tumour if possible, and subtotal thyroidectomy should be performed to eliminate the presence of a primary thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 497935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3627", "title": "Orthopedic surgery today.", "content": "The history of orthopedic surgery in Canada is briefly reviewed. It appears that the problems which were posed in the 1960s and early 1970s have diminished in importance. They related to the shortage of orthopedic manpower and to the lack of a sound scientific base within universities. There appears now to be an adequate number of orthopedic surgeons to handle the needs of the population, and Canadian training programs are providing replacements at an appropriate rate. Future problems will in all probability relate to the interrelationship between society and the medical profession. Academic freedom and mobility of medical manpower must be preserved at all costs and the orthopedic profession must adapt to an ever-changing situation if future developments are to be as satisfying as our very exciting past.", "contents": "Orthopedic surgery today. The history of orthopedic surgery in Canada is briefly reviewed. It appears that the problems which were posed in the 1960s and early 1970s have diminished in importance. They related to the shortage of orthopedic manpower and to the lack of a sound scientific base within universities. There appears now to be an adequate number of orthopedic surgeons to handle the needs of the population, and Canadian training programs are providing replacements at an appropriate rate. Future problems will in all probability relate to the interrelationship between society and the medical profession. Academic freedom and mobility of medical manpower must be preserved at all costs and the orthopedic profession must adapt to an ever-changing situation if future developments are to be as satisfying as our very exciting past.", "PMID": 497936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3628", "title": "Primary malignant tumours associated with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Of 360 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma seen at the Vancouver General Hospital between 1957 and 1976, 33 had associated primary malignant lesions. A review of the 166 patients who had ablative surgery revealed that they were four times more likely to have a synchronous primary malignant tumour than the other patients. The incidence of asynchronous primary malignant tumours was not increased. This may be related to the fact that the patients' full life charts were not available. In 18 patients dying of other causes in whom an incidental renal cell carcinoma was found, 5 (28%) died of other malignant tumours. In a comparable age group from the general population, 19% are at risk of death from malignant disease. The frequency of synchronous contralateral renal cell carcinoma in our series was 50 times greater than the frequency of primary renal cell carcinoma in a corresponding sector of the general population.", "contents": "Primary malignant tumours associated with renal cell carcinoma. Of 360 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma seen at the Vancouver General Hospital between 1957 and 1976, 33 had associated primary malignant lesions. A review of the 166 patients who had ablative surgery revealed that they were four times more likely to have a synchronous primary malignant tumour than the other patients. The incidence of asynchronous primary malignant tumours was not increased. This may be related to the fact that the patients' full life charts were not available. In 18 patients dying of other causes in whom an incidental renal cell carcinoma was found, 5 (28%) died of other malignant tumours. In a comparable age group from the general population, 19% are at risk of death from malignant disease. The frequency of synchronous contralateral renal cell carcinoma in our series was 50 times greater than the frequency of primary renal cell carcinoma in a corresponding sector of the general population.", "PMID": 497937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3629", "title": "Oral fluid therapy: sodium and potassium content and osmolality of some commercial \"clear\" soups, juices and beverages.", "content": "Analysis of nearly 90 commercial \"clear\" fluids, including soups, juices, fruit-flavoured drinks and ices, carbonated beverages and gelatins, showed a range of 0.1 to 251 mmol of sodium and 0.0 to 65 mmol of potassium per litre; the osmolality ranged from 246 to more than 2000 mOsm/kg of water. Knowledge of these values is useful in the home or hospital management of patients for whom control of fluid and electrolyte intake is indicated. The results of the analyses are presented in tabular form for use by physicians and nutritionists when counselling patients to ingest clear-type fluids for various illnesses. Examples are given using these data to show how clear-fluid therapy can be tailored in one such illness--gastroenteritis (infectious diarrhea).", "contents": "Oral fluid therapy: sodium and potassium content and osmolality of some commercial \"clear\" soups, juices and beverages. Analysis of nearly 90 commercial \"clear\" fluids, including soups, juices, fruit-flavoured drinks and ices, carbonated beverages and gelatins, showed a range of 0.1 to 251 mmol of sodium and 0.0 to 65 mmol of potassium per litre; the osmolality ranged from 246 to more than 2000 mOsm/kg of water. Knowledge of these values is useful in the home or hospital management of patients for whom control of fluid and electrolyte intake is indicated. The results of the analyses are presented in tabular form for use by physicians and nutritionists when counselling patients to ingest clear-type fluids for various illnesses. Examples are given using these data to show how clear-fluid therapy can be tailored in one such illness--gastroenteritis (infectious diarrhea).", "PMID": 497946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3630", "title": "Five-year survival of women with breast cancer in northern Alberta.", "content": "Five-year survival rates for all 519 women with breast carcinoma in northern Alberta in 1971 and 1972 were analysed with the use of data from the computerized northern Alberta breast registry and the Alberta cancer registry. The relative 5-year survival was 73%, which is higher than most rates reported from other centres. Lymph node involvement was significant as a prognostic factor, with the relative 5-year survival falling from 92% in the group without lymph node involvement to 58% in the group with three or more involved nodes. The prognosis was also significantly affected by the stage of the disease according to the 1973 TNM classification: the 5-year survival rates ranged from 88% for patients with stage 1 disease to 17% for those with stage IV disease. Women 40 to 59 years of age had a higher survival rate (79%) than those under 40 years (65%) or over 60 years (66%) of age. Analyses by 5-year age groups showed that women 35 to 39 years old had a particularly poor survival rate (59%). Postmenopausal women less than 55 years old had a higher survival rate than did perimenopausal or premenopausal women in the same age group. Further follow-up is indicated to correlate possible high-risk factors with survival.", "contents": "Five-year survival of women with breast cancer in northern Alberta. Five-year survival rates for all 519 women with breast carcinoma in northern Alberta in 1971 and 1972 were analysed with the use of data from the computerized northern Alberta breast registry and the Alberta cancer registry. The relative 5-year survival was 73%, which is higher than most rates reported from other centres. Lymph node involvement was significant as a prognostic factor, with the relative 5-year survival falling from 92% in the group without lymph node involvement to 58% in the group with three or more involved nodes. The prognosis was also significantly affected by the stage of the disease according to the 1973 TNM classification: the 5-year survival rates ranged from 88% for patients with stage 1 disease to 17% for those with stage IV disease. Women 40 to 59 years of age had a higher survival rate (79%) than those under 40 years (65%) or over 60 years (66%) of age. Analyses by 5-year age groups showed that women 35 to 39 years old had a particularly poor survival rate (59%). Postmenopausal women less than 55 years old had a higher survival rate than did perimenopausal or premenopausal women in the same age group. Further follow-up is indicated to correlate possible high-risk factors with survival.", "PMID": 497947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3631", "title": "Physiologic significance of hemodynamic measurements and their derived indices.", "content": "The fundamental value of hemodynamic monitoring is that it provides direct physiological measurements. The appropriate use of these requires an understanding of normal cardiac physiology and its alterations in certain disease states. An appreciation of the determinants of cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption will improve the interpretation and subsequent manipulation of these values when one is confronted with them clinically.", "contents": "Physiologic significance of hemodynamic measurements and their derived indices. The fundamental value of hemodynamic monitoring is that it provides direct physiological measurements. The appropriate use of these requires an understanding of normal cardiac physiology and its alterations in certain disease states. An appreciation of the determinants of cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption will improve the interpretation and subsequent manipulation of these values when one is confronted with them clinically.", "PMID": 497977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3632", "title": "Basic equipment requirements for hemodynamic monitoring.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill patient requires the use of sophisticated electronic devices. To use this equipment one should have a general understanding of the principles involved and the requirements of a reliable system. This communication serves to explain the requirements of the various components of a hemodynamic monitoring system and to demonstrate how they interact to produce accurate and safe electronic signals from mechanical wave forms obtained from the patient.", "contents": "Basic equipment requirements for hemodynamic monitoring. Hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill patient requires the use of sophisticated electronic devices. To use this equipment one should have a general understanding of the principles involved and the requirements of a reliable system. This communication serves to explain the requirements of the various components of a hemodynamic monitoring system and to demonstrate how they interact to produce accurate and safe electronic signals from mechanical wave forms obtained from the patient.", "PMID": 497978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3633", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring: catheter insertion techniques, complications and trouble-shooting.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring is an important aspect of contemporary intensive care of the critically ill patient. The potential problems associated with invasive monitoring fall into two general categories: those related to technical pitfalls and those related to patient complications. An awareness of these problems combined with technical expertise and an understanding of cardiovascular physiology can minimize complications and make hemodynamic monitoring a safe and useful procedure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring: catheter insertion techniques, complications and trouble-shooting. Hemodynamic monitoring is an important aspect of contemporary intensive care of the critically ill patient. The potential problems associated with invasive monitoring fall into two general categories: those related to technical pitfalls and those related to patient complications. An awareness of these problems combined with technical expertise and an understanding of cardiovascular physiology can minimize complications and make hemodynamic monitoring a safe and useful procedure.", "PMID": 497979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3634", "title": "Does hemodynamic monitoring complement conventional methods of assessment in the critically ill cardiac patient?", "content": "Conventional clinical methods give qualitative information about left ventricular function in the critically ill patient. However, the information gathered from the physical examination and noninvasive methods is subject to important pitfalls with respect to both its nonspecificity and interobserver variability. The advent of hemodynamic monitoring has highlighted these difficulties and provided more quantitative information that is relevant in both diagnosis and treatment of the critically ill patient.", "contents": "Does hemodynamic monitoring complement conventional methods of assessment in the critically ill cardiac patient? Conventional clinical methods give qualitative information about left ventricular function in the critically ill patient. However, the information gathered from the physical examination and noninvasive methods is subject to important pitfalls with respect to both its nonspecificity and interobserver variability. The advent of hemodynamic monitoring has highlighted these difficulties and provided more quantitative information that is relevant in both diagnosis and treatment of the critically ill patient.", "PMID": 497980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3635", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The main cause of in-hospital death in patients with acute myocardial infarction is the \"power failure syndrome\". Hemodynamic monitoring provides precise and current data on the filling and output status of the left ventricle and, when indicated, the right ventricle. The information obtained is used to determine the hemodynamic status more precisely than is possible from conventional clinical assessment. It permits categorization of patients by hemodynamic status; the hemodynamic subset classification of Forrester, Diamond and Swan is a powerful tool in guiding therapy and establishing prognosis in individual patients. In addition to guiding the initiation of therapy, hemodynamic monitoring is useful in the continuing assessment of potent and complex treatment. This therapy is directed at resolving hemodynamic derangements without unfavourably altering the myocardial oxygen supply-demand relationship. Specific clinical indications for hemodynamic monitoring may include confusing or complicated clinical situations in which diagnostic problems exist, complicating mechanical derangements, severe congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock and clinical research in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring in acute myocardial infarction. The main cause of in-hospital death in patients with acute myocardial infarction is the \"power failure syndrome\". Hemodynamic monitoring provides precise and current data on the filling and output status of the left ventricle and, when indicated, the right ventricle. The information obtained is used to determine the hemodynamic status more precisely than is possible from conventional clinical assessment. It permits categorization of patients by hemodynamic status; the hemodynamic subset classification of Forrester, Diamond and Swan is a powerful tool in guiding therapy and establishing prognosis in individual patients. In addition to guiding the initiation of therapy, hemodynamic monitoring is useful in the continuing assessment of potent and complex treatment. This therapy is directed at resolving hemodynamic derangements without unfavourably altering the myocardial oxygen supply-demand relationship. Specific clinical indications for hemodynamic monitoring may include confusing or complicated clinical situations in which diagnostic problems exist, complicating mechanical derangements, severe congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock and clinical research in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 497981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3636", "title": "Contributions of hemodynamic monitoring to the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "Optimal therapy for congestive cardiac failure requires identification of correctable factors that aggravate it as well as an understanding of its etiology. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, reduced renal blood flow, and cardiac hypertrophy and dilation are the main compensatory processes that occur in response to cardiac failure. Although they may be of initial benefit in supporting a reduced stroke volume, they may ultimately prove self-defeating. New drugs for the treatment of severe congestive heart failure include dopamine, which has a selective nonadrenergic dilator effect on the renal vascular bed, and dobutamine, which has potent inotropic effects, lowers the left ventricular filling pressure and does not increase the heart rate or the systemic vascular resistance. By reducing both the resistance to left ventricular ejection and the venous return to the right heart, vasodilators result in improved peripheral perfusion and reduced pulmonary congestion. Optimal therapy for refractory cardiac failure can be rationally determined by characterizing the hemodynamic profile through measurement of the mean arterial pressure, the left ventricular filling pressure, the cardiac output and the systemic vascular resistance. The specific therapy can then be effectively and safely delivered by a careful analysis of the dose-response relation as identified by hemodynamic monitoring.", "contents": "Contributions of hemodynamic monitoring to the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Optimal therapy for congestive cardiac failure requires identification of correctable factors that aggravate it as well as an understanding of its etiology. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, reduced renal blood flow, and cardiac hypertrophy and dilation are the main compensatory processes that occur in response to cardiac failure. Although they may be of initial benefit in supporting a reduced stroke volume, they may ultimately prove self-defeating. New drugs for the treatment of severe congestive heart failure include dopamine, which has a selective nonadrenergic dilator effect on the renal vascular bed, and dobutamine, which has potent inotropic effects, lowers the left ventricular filling pressure and does not increase the heart rate or the systemic vascular resistance. By reducing both the resistance to left ventricular ejection and the venous return to the right heart, vasodilators result in improved peripheral perfusion and reduced pulmonary congestion. Optimal therapy for refractory cardiac failure can be rationally determined by characterizing the hemodynamic profile through measurement of the mean arterial pressure, the left ventricular filling pressure, the cardiac output and the systemic vascular resistance. The specific therapy can then be effectively and safely delivered by a careful analysis of the dose-response relation as identified by hemodynamic monitoring.", "PMID": 497982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3637", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring and care of the patient of high risk for anesthesia.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring and care of the patient at high risk for anesthesia require a careful and systematic approach. During preoperative evaluation the patient at increased risk must be identified and correctable problems must be solved. The patient's current medications must be reviewed because they may influence the choice of anesthetic approach and may alter the physiologic response to the stresses commonly associated with anesthesia. In addition to conventional clinical and electrocardiographic monitoring, perioperative hemodynamic monitoring may be desirable for patients at special risk, who are likely to have significant associated medical problems or to undergo complicated surgical procedures. No ideal induction agent exists, and hypotension secondary to peripheral vasodilation or myocardial depression, or both, is a potential problem. Patients with an inordinately high risk may benefit from mechanical circulatory assistance prior to induction of anesthesia. Attention to oxygenation, blood volume replacement and the prevention of hypertensive episodes are particularly important during anesthesia so that optimal cardiac performance is ensured and ischemia avoided. The stresses during emergence from anesthesia contribute to lability of the cardiovascular status and hypoxemia. The period of risk does not conclude with immediate recovery from anesthesia but extends through the postoperative phase. Careful monitoring and attention to the control of pain, prevention of hypotension and hypertension, adequate oxygenation, early mobilization and resumption of the administration of cardiac medications are important factors in a successful outcome.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring and care of the patient of high risk for anesthesia. Hemodynamic monitoring and care of the patient at high risk for anesthesia require a careful and systematic approach. During preoperative evaluation the patient at increased risk must be identified and correctable problems must be solved. The patient's current medications must be reviewed because they may influence the choice of anesthetic approach and may alter the physiologic response to the stresses commonly associated with anesthesia. In addition to conventional clinical and electrocardiographic monitoring, perioperative hemodynamic monitoring may be desirable for patients at special risk, who are likely to have significant associated medical problems or to undergo complicated surgical procedures. No ideal induction agent exists, and hypotension secondary to peripheral vasodilation or myocardial depression, or both, is a potential problem. Patients with an inordinately high risk may benefit from mechanical circulatory assistance prior to induction of anesthesia. Attention to oxygenation, blood volume replacement and the prevention of hypertensive episodes are particularly important during anesthesia so that optimal cardiac performance is ensured and ischemia avoided. The stresses during emergence from anesthesia contribute to lability of the cardiovascular status and hypoxemia. The period of risk does not conclude with immediate recovery from anesthesia but extends through the postoperative phase. Careful monitoring and attention to the control of pain, prevention of hypotension and hypertension, adequate oxygenation, early mobilization and resumption of the administration of cardiac medications are important factors in a successful outcome.", "PMID": 497983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3638", "title": "A possible case of osteodystrophia fibrosa cystica in a horse.", "content": "A case of unilateral front leg lameness with bone changes in the pedal bone suggestive of osteodystrophia fibrosa cystica is reported in an eight year old crossbred gelding. The changes were diagnosed at postmortem examination. The known possible causes are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "A possible case of osteodystrophia fibrosa cystica in a horse. A case of unilateral front leg lameness with bone changes in the pedal bone suggestive of osteodystrophia fibrosa cystica is reported in an eight year old crossbred gelding. The changes were diagnosed at postmortem examination. The known possible causes are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 498005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3639", "title": "Familial glomerulonephritis in Doberman pinscher dogs.", "content": "Progressive renal disease in 13 related Doberman pinscher dogs had the histological criteria of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss were the usual initial abnormalities and were observed at one year of age or less in seven of 11 dogs diagnosed antemortem as having renal disease. There was no sex predilection. All dogs were traced to a common male dog no more than four generations previously.", "contents": "Familial glomerulonephritis in Doberman pinscher dogs. Progressive renal disease in 13 related Doberman pinscher dogs had the histological criteria of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss were the usual initial abnormalities and were observed at one year of age or less in seven of 11 dogs diagnosed antemortem as having renal disease. There was no sex predilection. All dogs were traced to a common male dog no more than four generations previously.", "PMID": 498006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3640", "title": "Treatment of feedlot cattle in Alberta for gastrointestinal nematodes.", "content": "The effects of a single treatment at entry with three anthelmintics on rates of weight gain and feed conversion efficiency over a 70 day period were studied in 200 feedlot steers. None of the anthelmintic treatments used appeared to confer any improvement in the above parameters under the conditions of this experiment. The results are discussed in relation to routine anthelmintic treatment in western Canada.", "contents": "Treatment of feedlot cattle in Alberta for gastrointestinal nematodes. The effects of a single treatment at entry with three anthelmintics on rates of weight gain and feed conversion efficiency over a 70 day period were studied in 200 feedlot steers. None of the anthelmintic treatments used appeared to confer any improvement in the above parameters under the conditions of this experiment. The results are discussed in relation to routine anthelmintic treatment in western Canada.", "PMID": 498007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3641", "title": "Steroid receptor content in human prostatic carcinoma and response to endocrine therapy.", "content": "Biopsy material from primary prostatic carcinoma from 25 patients was analyzed with regard to cytosol content of methyltrienolone (a synthetic androgen) binding sites and the receptor content has been correlated to the clinical response to endocrine therapy. A dextran-coated charcoal technique was used and binding data were calculated from Scatchard plots. In 20 of the tumors detectable levels of methyltrienolone receptor were noted. One of the receptor-positive patients died during radiation therapy before onset of hormonal treatment, and a second patient, who had a highly differentiated carcinoma, so far has not received any endocrine therapy. Of the remaining 18 patients 15 responded well to castration, treatment with estrogens, or Estracyt (approximately 80%). The biopsies from two of the three receptor-positive non-responders contained the lowest measurable receptor levels. Five specimens lacked detectable amounts of methyltrienolone receptor. Four of these patients did not respond to therapy (approximately 80%), but one was \"false\" negative. Our data indicate that steroid receptor analysis may become an important tool in predicting the value of endocrine therapy in human prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Steroid receptor content in human prostatic carcinoma and response to endocrine therapy. Biopsy material from primary prostatic carcinoma from 25 patients was analyzed with regard to cytosol content of methyltrienolone (a synthetic androgen) binding sites and the receptor content has been correlated to the clinical response to endocrine therapy. A dextran-coated charcoal technique was used and binding data were calculated from Scatchard plots. In 20 of the tumors detectable levels of methyltrienolone receptor were noted. One of the receptor-positive patients died during radiation therapy before onset of hormonal treatment, and a second patient, who had a highly differentiated carcinoma, so far has not received any endocrine therapy. Of the remaining 18 patients 15 responded well to castration, treatment with estrogens, or Estracyt (approximately 80%). The biopsies from two of the three receptor-positive non-responders contained the lowest measurable receptor levels. Five specimens lacked detectable amounts of methyltrienolone receptor. Four of these patients did not respond to therapy (approximately 80%), but one was \"false\" negative. Our data indicate that steroid receptor analysis may become an important tool in predicting the value of endocrine therapy in human prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 498008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3642", "title": "High dose cytosine arabinoside (HDARAC) in refractory acute leukemia.", "content": "Thirteen leukemic patients with disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy were treated with 1.0 to 7.5 g/m2 of Cytosine Arabinoside (Ara-C) over 29 drug cycles. Drug infusions were spaced at 12-hour intervals; a maximum of four doses was administered over 36 hours. After single dose tolerance had been established, three or four dose cycles were given at 2- to 30-day intervals. There were three partial remissions (PR) and one complete remission (CR) in a treatment group of four patients with AML, five with ALL, two with lymphoma converted to leukemic phase, one CML in blast crisis, and one promyelocytic leukemia. Five of the patients were septic and considered terminally ill at the time of treatment. All other patients had evidence of drug responsiveness. The nadir of the white count occurred from 3 to 12 days after treatment, with subsequent recovery of the peripheral granulocyte count between days 12 and 28. Toxicity included nausea and vomiting (GI symptoms) in twelve patients, central nervous system (CNS) disturbances in eight patients, one episode of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndromes (SIADH), one of hyperuricemia, and fever in eleven patients. There was no evidence of hepatic or renal dysfunction. These high doses of Ara-C appear useful for treatment of patients with refractory leukemia. Hospitalization is brief and toxicity acceptable.", "contents": "High dose cytosine arabinoside (HDARAC) in refractory acute leukemia. Thirteen leukemic patients with disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy were treated with 1.0 to 7.5 g/m2 of Cytosine Arabinoside (Ara-C) over 29 drug cycles. Drug infusions were spaced at 12-hour intervals; a maximum of four doses was administered over 36 hours. After single dose tolerance had been established, three or four dose cycles were given at 2- to 30-day intervals. There were three partial remissions (PR) and one complete remission (CR) in a treatment group of four patients with AML, five with ALL, two with lymphoma converted to leukemic phase, one CML in blast crisis, and one promyelocytic leukemia. Five of the patients were septic and considered terminally ill at the time of treatment. All other patients had evidence of drug responsiveness. The nadir of the white count occurred from 3 to 12 days after treatment, with subsequent recovery of the peripheral granulocyte count between days 12 and 28. Toxicity included nausea and vomiting (GI symptoms) in twelve patients, central nervous system (CNS) disturbances in eight patients, one episode of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndromes (SIADH), one of hyperuricemia, and fever in eleven patients. There was no evidence of hepatic or renal dysfunction. These high doses of Ara-C appear useful for treatment of patients with refractory leukemia. Hospitalization is brief and toxicity acceptable.", "PMID": 498009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3643", "title": "The value of serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting response rate and survival of patients with gastrointestinal cancer treated with chemotherapy.", "content": "Elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were found in 70% of 141 patients with advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Serial CEA measurements were performed on 70 patients before and during chemotherapy. The majority were treated with 5-FU and Methyl-CCNU (33 patients), 5-FU (19 patients), or 5-FU and mitomycin-C (8 patients). In 49 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had elevated serum CEA prior to chemotherapy, 18 had objective partial tumor remission, 16/18 (89%) showed definite decrease in CEA level, one had no change, and one had an increase CEA titer. Thirty-one patients had either stable disease (10 patients) or increasing disease (21 patients) while on chemotherapy. Of these patients four showed decrease in CEA, eight had no change, and 19 had increase in CEA levels as compared to pretreatment value. The survival of patients with a decrease in CEA during chemotherapy was statistically significant (p = .03) as compared to survival of those with no change or increasing CEA levels. In 21 patients with other GI cancers, the correlation between the clinical response and change in CEA level observed was not as definite as in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "The value of serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting response rate and survival of patients with gastrointestinal cancer treated with chemotherapy. Elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were found in 70% of 141 patients with advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Serial CEA measurements were performed on 70 patients before and during chemotherapy. The majority were treated with 5-FU and Methyl-CCNU (33 patients), 5-FU (19 patients), or 5-FU and mitomycin-C (8 patients). In 49 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had elevated serum CEA prior to chemotherapy, 18 had objective partial tumor remission, 16/18 (89%) showed definite decrease in CEA level, one had no change, and one had an increase CEA titer. Thirty-one patients had either stable disease (10 patients) or increasing disease (21 patients) while on chemotherapy. Of these patients four showed decrease in CEA, eight had no change, and 19 had increase in CEA levels as compared to pretreatment value. The survival of patients with a decrease in CEA during chemotherapy was statistically significant (p = .03) as compared to survival of those with no change or increasing CEA levels. In 21 patients with other GI cancers, the correlation between the clinical response and change in CEA level observed was not as definite as in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 498010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3644", "title": "Septic endarteritis due to intra-arterial catheters for cancer chemotherapy. I. Evaluation of an outbreak. II. Risk factors, clinical features and management, III. Guidelines for prevention.", "content": "A cluster of three cases of staphylococcal septic endarteritis originating from percutaneously inserted brachial artery catheters for regional cancer chemotherapy prompted an epidemiologic and clinical study of bacteremic infections associated with this therapeutic modality. Nine cases were identified over a 3 1/2-year period (1.6% of all catheterizations), all caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The cluster followed discontinuation of hexachlorophene for scrub of the extremity prior to cannulation; phage-typing suggested the three cases were caused by the patients' own strains of Staphylococcus. These infections produced a distinctive clinical syndrome which facilitates implicating the catheter in the genesis of fever occurring in a patient receiving intra-arterial chemotherapy: early localized pain (89%) and hemorrhage (78%), and Osler's nodes distally (44%), later followed by local inflammation (78%), purulence (56%) and signs of systemic sepsis (100%) (each factor, p less than or equal to .005). Duration of cannulation did not influence susceptibility to infection. However, difficult cannulations or need for repositioning the catheter (p = .0096), prior radiation therapy (p = .033), leukopenia (p less than .05) and hypoalbuminemia (p less than .05) were all associated with septicemia. In the 25 months since implementation of specific control measures, there have been no further catheter-related septicemia in 310 catheterization (p less than .001). Guide-lines for prevention and management of these infections are provided.", "contents": "Septic endarteritis due to intra-arterial catheters for cancer chemotherapy. I. Evaluation of an outbreak. II. Risk factors, clinical features and management, III. Guidelines for prevention. A cluster of three cases of staphylococcal septic endarteritis originating from percutaneously inserted brachial artery catheters for regional cancer chemotherapy prompted an epidemiologic and clinical study of bacteremic infections associated with this therapeutic modality. Nine cases were identified over a 3 1/2-year period (1.6% of all catheterizations), all caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The cluster followed discontinuation of hexachlorophene for scrub of the extremity prior to cannulation; phage-typing suggested the three cases were caused by the patients' own strains of Staphylococcus. These infections produced a distinctive clinical syndrome which facilitates implicating the catheter in the genesis of fever occurring in a patient receiving intra-arterial chemotherapy: early localized pain (89%) and hemorrhage (78%), and Osler's nodes distally (44%), later followed by local inflammation (78%), purulence (56%) and signs of systemic sepsis (100%) (each factor, p less than or equal to .005). Duration of cannulation did not influence susceptibility to infection. However, difficult cannulations or need for repositioning the catheter (p = .0096), prior radiation therapy (p = .033), leukopenia (p less than .05) and hypoalbuminemia (p less than .05) were all associated with septicemia. In the 25 months since implementation of specific control measures, there have been no further catheter-related septicemia in 310 catheterization (p less than .001). Guide-lines for prevention and management of these infections are provided.", "PMID": 498011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3645", "title": "The effect of in vitro irradiation on mitogenic responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from six untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation in vitro and thereafter tested for reactivity to PHA and ConA using DNA synthesis as a marker of viability. While the responsiveness of Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes was abolished by moderate radiation doses, the proliferative activity of healthy controls' lymphocytes was reduced in a biphasic fashion suggesting the presence of one relatively radiation-sensitive and one relatively resistant cell population.", "contents": "The effect of in vitro irradiation on mitogenic responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from six untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation in vitro and thereafter tested for reactivity to PHA and ConA using DNA synthesis as a marker of viability. While the responsiveness of Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes was abolished by moderate radiation doses, the proliferative activity of healthy controls' lymphocytes was reduced in a biphasic fashion suggesting the presence of one relatively radiation-sensitive and one relatively resistant cell population.", "PMID": 498012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3646", "title": "Sarcomas in ovarian mucinous tumors: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two sarcomas that appeared as distinct solitary nodules in the walls of ovarian mucinous cystic tumors are described. One of the tumors was a fibrosarcoma associated with a mucinous cystadenoma; the other was an undifferentiated sarcoma in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Both patients died within 1 1/2 years of their operations with distant metastasis; one of them had had metastatic sarcoma in the para-aortic lymph nodes at the time of exploration. These two cases are the only well-documented examples of this unusual combination of tumor types.", "contents": "Sarcomas in ovarian mucinous tumors: a report of two cases. Two sarcomas that appeared as distinct solitary nodules in the walls of ovarian mucinous cystic tumors are described. One of the tumors was a fibrosarcoma associated with a mucinous cystadenoma; the other was an undifferentiated sarcoma in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Both patients died within 1 1/2 years of their operations with distant metastasis; one of them had had metastatic sarcoma in the para-aortic lymph nodes at the time of exploration. These two cases are the only well-documented examples of this unusual combination of tumor types.", "PMID": 498013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3647", "title": "Ovarian mucinous tumors with sarcoma-like mural nodules: a report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven cases of mucinous ovarian tumors with sarcoma-like nodules in their walls are reported. The age of the patients ranged from 18--81 years. Each of them had a large abdominal mass which proved on exploration to be a Stage Ia cystic ovarian tumor. All the specimens contained one or more discrete nodules in their walls, most of which were soft, dark brown, and hemorrhagic. On microscopical examination the epithelial component of four of the tumors was of borderline malignancy and of three was well-differentiated carcinoma. Three patterns were encountered in the nodules: pleomorphic and epulis-like in four cases, pleomorphic and spindle-celled in one case, and giant cell-histiocytic in two cases. These patterns simulated those of malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, spindle cell sarcoma, and well-differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively. Postoperative follow-up ranging from 1 to 11 1/2 years (average 7 1/2 years) revealed no evidence of recurrence. Reports of seven similar tumors were found in the literature. Although follow-up has been less complete in these cases, none of the tumors is known to have spread beyond the ovary. These data suggest that mural nodules of the types described are not sarcomatous but could represent a reactive process that has no effect on the prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "Ovarian mucinous tumors with sarcoma-like mural nodules: a report of seven cases. Seven cases of mucinous ovarian tumors with sarcoma-like nodules in their walls are reported. The age of the patients ranged from 18--81 years. Each of them had a large abdominal mass which proved on exploration to be a Stage Ia cystic ovarian tumor. All the specimens contained one or more discrete nodules in their walls, most of which were soft, dark brown, and hemorrhagic. On microscopical examination the epithelial component of four of the tumors was of borderline malignancy and of three was well-differentiated carcinoma. Three patterns were encountered in the nodules: pleomorphic and epulis-like in four cases, pleomorphic and spindle-celled in one case, and giant cell-histiocytic in two cases. These patterns simulated those of malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, spindle cell sarcoma, and well-differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively. Postoperative follow-up ranging from 1 to 11 1/2 years (average 7 1/2 years) revealed no evidence of recurrence. Reports of seven similar tumors were found in the literature. Although follow-up has been less complete in these cases, none of the tumors is known to have spread beyond the ovary. These data suggest that mural nodules of the types described are not sarcomatous but could represent a reactive process that has no effect on the prognosis of the patient.", "PMID": 498014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3648", "title": "Myelolipoma in a heterotopic adrenal gland: light and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "A symptomatic myelolipoma of the heterotopic adrenal gland was diagnosed as the cause of nephrotic syndrome and was surgically removed. Remission of the nephrotic syndrome promptly ensued. Ultrastructurally, the tumor consisted of well-differentiated cells resembling adrenal cortical cells, bone marrow cells in various stages of differentiation, and lipid cells. Some cells that contained fat were of adrenal cortical origin, but the derivation of most lipid cells and of bone marrow elements could not be deduced from the present ultrastructural findings.", "contents": "Myelolipoma in a heterotopic adrenal gland: light and electron microscopic findings. A symptomatic myelolipoma of the heterotopic adrenal gland was diagnosed as the cause of nephrotic syndrome and was surgically removed. Remission of the nephrotic syndrome promptly ensued. Ultrastructurally, the tumor consisted of well-differentiated cells resembling adrenal cortical cells, bone marrow cells in various stages of differentiation, and lipid cells. Some cells that contained fat were of adrenal cortical origin, but the derivation of most lipid cells and of bone marrow elements could not be deduced from the present ultrastructural findings.", "PMID": 498015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3649", "title": "Cytophotometric studies of the nuclear DNA content in cartilaginous tumors.", "content": "The histopathological differentiation between chondromas and low-grade malignant chondrosarcomas can be difficult. For this reason we studied in 37 different cartilaginous tumors the mitotic index and the Feulgen DNA content using a scanning-integration cytophotometric technique. In 23 chondromas the Feulgen DNA content was diploid and showed a unimodal normal distribution. The number of mitoses was 0--0, 5%. The nuclei of a chondroblastoma were also diploid and the Feulgen DNA content was normally distributed. The mitotic index was 1% and few tetraploid nuclei, which were probably G2 nuclei, were observed. In two chondromyxoid fibromas, the average Feulgen DNA content was diploid and normally distributed. Several tetraploid nuclei were noted. The mitotic index was respectively 0.25% and 1.75%. Recurrence was noted in the first case. The Feulgen DNA content and mitotic index were clearly different in the chondrosarcomas. The distribution of the DNA content was bimodal or unimodal in low-grade chondrosarcomas. The mitotic index was less than 3%. In high-grade malignant chondrosarcomas, the histograms were broad unimodal or aneuploid. The mitotic index was above 5%.", "contents": "Cytophotometric studies of the nuclear DNA content in cartilaginous tumors. The histopathological differentiation between chondromas and low-grade malignant chondrosarcomas can be difficult. For this reason we studied in 37 different cartilaginous tumors the mitotic index and the Feulgen DNA content using a scanning-integration cytophotometric technique. In 23 chondromas the Feulgen DNA content was diploid and showed a unimodal normal distribution. The number of mitoses was 0--0, 5%. The nuclei of a chondroblastoma were also diploid and the Feulgen DNA content was normally distributed. The mitotic index was 1% and few tetraploid nuclei, which were probably G2 nuclei, were observed. In two chondromyxoid fibromas, the average Feulgen DNA content was diploid and normally distributed. Several tetraploid nuclei were noted. The mitotic index was respectively 0.25% and 1.75%. Recurrence was noted in the first case. The Feulgen DNA content and mitotic index were clearly different in the chondrosarcomas. The distribution of the DNA content was bimodal or unimodal in low-grade chondrosarcomas. The mitotic index was less than 3%. In high-grade malignant chondrosarcomas, the histograms were broad unimodal or aneuploid. The mitotic index was above 5%.", "PMID": 498016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3650", "title": "Sebaceous lymphadenoma: ultrastructural observations and lipid analysis.", "content": "Sebaceous lymphadenoma is a rare, benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. In the 18 years since the initial report seven additional cases have been published. None includes ultrastructural studies or lipid analysis. Electron microscopy shows that the epithelial cells undergo a progressive maturation from basal to the typical lipid-laden mature sebaceous cells as in the cutaneous sebaceous glands. No morphologic differences are found between cutaneous sebaceous glands and the sebaceous glands in this parotid neoplasm. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrates the same type of lipids in the subaceous lymphadenoma as well as in cutaneous sebaceous glands. These findings suggest that the parotid salivary gland may be ectodermally rather than endodermally derived.", "contents": "Sebaceous lymphadenoma: ultrastructural observations and lipid analysis. Sebaceous lymphadenoma is a rare, benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. In the 18 years since the initial report seven additional cases have been published. None includes ultrastructural studies or lipid analysis. Electron microscopy shows that the epithelial cells undergo a progressive maturation from basal to the typical lipid-laden mature sebaceous cells as in the cutaneous sebaceous glands. No morphologic differences are found between cutaneous sebaceous glands and the sebaceous glands in this parotid neoplasm. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrates the same type of lipids in the subaceous lymphadenoma as well as in cutaneous sebaceous glands. These findings suggest that the parotid salivary gland may be ectodermally rather than endodermally derived.", "PMID": 498017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3651", "title": "Mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease occurring in the same patient: report of three cases.", "content": "The patients with the typical clinical course and pathology of Mycosis Fungoides (MF) were found also to have Hodgkin's Disease (HD), nodular sclerosing type. In two cases, HD was diagnosed 2 years after the diagnosis of MF; in the third case, both diseases were diagnosed simultaneously. Previous claims of MF transforming into second lymphomas are reviewed. The possible significance of our observed association of MF and HD is discussed.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease occurring in the same patient: report of three cases. The patients with the typical clinical course and pathology of Mycosis Fungoides (MF) were found also to have Hodgkin's Disease (HD), nodular sclerosing type. In two cases, HD was diagnosed 2 years after the diagnosis of MF; in the third case, both diseases were diagnosed simultaneously. Previous claims of MF transforming into second lymphomas are reviewed. The possible significance of our observed association of MF and HD is discussed.", "PMID": 498018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3652", "title": "Melanosis, melanocytic hyperlasia, and primary malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity.", "content": "A primary multifocal intranasal malifnant melanoma is reported in a 54-year-old black female. Diffuse pigmentation (melanosis) of nasal and maxillary sinus mucosa corresponds histologically to hyperplasia of dendritic melanocytes, from which cells the tumor is considered to originate.", "contents": "Melanosis, melanocytic hyperlasia, and primary malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity. A primary multifocal intranasal malifnant melanoma is reported in a 54-year-old black female. Diffuse pigmentation (melanosis) of nasal and maxillary sinus mucosa corresponds histologically to hyperplasia of dendritic melanocytes, from which cells the tumor is considered to originate.", "PMID": 498019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3653", "title": "Acinic cell carcinomas arising in salivary glands: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Fifty-one cases of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) arising in major and minor salivary glands are reported (primary sites: parotid 37, submandibular, six, and oral cavity, eight.) These lesions usually produced painless slowly growing masses. Of 49 patients with follow-up information, 17 (35%) developed local recurrences following original surgical resection, and two (4%) had locally persistent disease. At last follow-up, 27 patients (55%) never had a recurrence, seven (14%) had experienced local recurrences but the tumors were apparently controlled by further surgical excisions, five (10%) were living with persistent disease, and 10 (20%) had died (one due to local tumor and nine due to metastases, usually to bones and lungs). The determinate 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 78%, 63%, and 44%, respectively. Prognostic factors included: demonstrable tumor on lines of surgical excision, involvement of deep lobe of parotid, size of primary lesion, degree of mitotic activity and nuclear atypia, infiltrative rather than circumscribed borders, and lymph node involvement. Local recurrence was associated with an increased incidence of locally uncontrollable and metastatic disease. Type of initial therapy correlated with prognosis. Locally recurrent or persistent tumor was found in 14 of 15 patients treated with limited local excisions (including one biopsy only). Recurrences were seen in only three of 28 patients treated by wide local excisions and in two of six following radical en bloc resections. Seven of 17 patients with local recurrence were apparently cured by further more extensive resection. Radiotherapy did not appear effective in controlling these neoplasms.", "contents": "Acinic cell carcinomas arising in salivary glands: a clinicopathologic study. Fifty-one cases of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) arising in major and minor salivary glands are reported (primary sites: parotid 37, submandibular, six, and oral cavity, eight.) These lesions usually produced painless slowly growing masses. Of 49 patients with follow-up information, 17 (35%) developed local recurrences following original surgical resection, and two (4%) had locally persistent disease. At last follow-up, 27 patients (55%) never had a recurrence, seven (14%) had experienced local recurrences but the tumors were apparently controlled by further surgical excisions, five (10%) were living with persistent disease, and 10 (20%) had died (one due to local tumor and nine due to metastases, usually to bones and lungs). The determinate 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 78%, 63%, and 44%, respectively. Prognostic factors included: demonstrable tumor on lines of surgical excision, involvement of deep lobe of parotid, size of primary lesion, degree of mitotic activity and nuclear atypia, infiltrative rather than circumscribed borders, and lymph node involvement. Local recurrence was associated with an increased incidence of locally uncontrollable and metastatic disease. Type of initial therapy correlated with prognosis. Locally recurrent or persistent tumor was found in 14 of 15 patients treated with limited local excisions (including one biopsy only). Recurrences were seen in only three of 28 patients treated by wide local excisions and in two of six following radical en bloc resections. Seven of 17 patients with local recurrence were apparently cured by further more extensive resection. Radiotherapy did not appear effective in controlling these neoplasms.", "PMID": 498020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3654", "title": "Localized primary tumors of the pleura: an analysis of 40 cases.", "content": "A study of 40 localized primary tumors of the pleura in the files of the Canadian Tumour Reference Centre revealed a considerable diversity in their histologic structure. Collagenized, hemangiopericytoma-like and cellular areas were the main forms of growth pattern, with half of the tumors showing a mixture of two or more of these elements. Inclusions of non-neoplastic bronchioloalveolar epithelium were frequently seen in areas of tumor adjacent to lung substance but in only one tumor was there a neoplastic component of epithelial form. Eight tumors (20%) showed evidence of malignant behavior. All of these were large and cellular at the time of initial surgery and four had mitotic counts of 10 or more/10 H.P.F. in areas. The evidence suggests that the great majority of localized pleural tumors arise from submesothelial mesenchymal elements and it is believed that the term mesothelioma should not be used in reference to these growths.", "contents": "Localized primary tumors of the pleura: an analysis of 40 cases. A study of 40 localized primary tumors of the pleura in the files of the Canadian Tumour Reference Centre revealed a considerable diversity in their histologic structure. Collagenized, hemangiopericytoma-like and cellular areas were the main forms of growth pattern, with half of the tumors showing a mixture of two or more of these elements. Inclusions of non-neoplastic bronchioloalveolar epithelium were frequently seen in areas of tumor adjacent to lung substance but in only one tumor was there a neoplastic component of epithelial form. Eight tumors (20%) showed evidence of malignant behavior. All of these were large and cellular at the time of initial surgery and four had mitotic counts of 10 or more/10 H.P.F. in areas. The evidence suggests that the great majority of localized pleural tumors arise from submesothelial mesenchymal elements and it is believed that the term mesothelioma should not be used in reference to these growths.", "PMID": 498021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3655", "title": "Intraperitoneal free cancer cells and their viability in gastric cancer.", "content": "Free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity of 100 patients with gastric cancer were examined by means of Douglas lavage, and their viability was estimated by 3H-thymidine uptake with autoradiographical technic. Furthermore, the effect of mitomycin-C on the viability of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity was studied. The appearance of intraperitoneal free cancer cells was dependent on the degree of invasion of cancer to the gastric serosa; that is, free cancer cells were not found in cases without serosal invasion, but were found in 48% with serosal invasion. The viability of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity was relatively high, but could be suppressed remarkably by intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg of mitomycin-C.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal free cancer cells and their viability in gastric cancer. Free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity of 100 patients with gastric cancer were examined by means of Douglas lavage, and their viability was estimated by 3H-thymidine uptake with autoradiographical technic. Furthermore, the effect of mitomycin-C on the viability of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity was studied. The appearance of intraperitoneal free cancer cells was dependent on the degree of invasion of cancer to the gastric serosa; that is, free cancer cells were not found in cases without serosal invasion, but were found in 48% with serosal invasion. The viability of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity was relatively high, but could be suppressed remarkably by intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg of mitomycin-C.", "PMID": 498022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3656", "title": "A report of the workshops on the current status of the histologic grading of prostate cancer.", "content": "A national multidisciplinary study of four major systems for the histological grading of primary prostatic cancer was completed during 1978. In a series of workshops culminating in a final review, criteria of grading were critically assessed against the background of patient survival data. The overall consensus was that the Gleason system should tentatively be adopted as the pathologic reference point for classifying patients. This system can be used in conjunction with other systems. It seems definable, reproducible, reasonably simple, and has clinical relevance as judged by correlations with patient survival. Further study may demonstrate advantages from incorporation of the nuclear or cytologic characteristics of tumor cells into the Gleason system. New techniques of acid phosphatase determination, bone scans, and assessment of the regional lymph nodes should provide better staging criteria for correlation with primary tumor histology in the furture. These workshops presented a unique opportunity for representative clinicians and pathologists in the United States to express their viewpoints in a comprehensive fashion on this timely and important topic.", "contents": "A report of the workshops on the current status of the histologic grading of prostate cancer. A national multidisciplinary study of four major systems for the histological grading of primary prostatic cancer was completed during 1978. In a series of workshops culminating in a final review, criteria of grading were critically assessed against the background of patient survival data. The overall consensus was that the Gleason system should tentatively be adopted as the pathologic reference point for classifying patients. This system can be used in conjunction with other systems. It seems definable, reproducible, reasonably simple, and has clinical relevance as judged by correlations with patient survival. Further study may demonstrate advantages from incorporation of the nuclear or cytologic characteristics of tumor cells into the Gleason system. New techniques of acid phosphatase determination, bone scans, and assessment of the regional lymph nodes should provide better staging criteria for correlation with primary tumor histology in the furture. These workshops presented a unique opportunity for representative clinicians and pathologists in the United States to express their viewpoints in a comprehensive fashion on this timely and important topic.", "PMID": 498023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3657", "title": "Primary amyloidosis, pure red cell aplasia, and Kaposi's sarcoma in a single patient.", "content": "A patient who developed primary amyloidosis, pure red cell aplasia, and Kaposi's sarcoma is described. This is the second reported coincidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and pure red cell aplasia and the first coincidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary amyloid, thus enlarging the spectrum of plasma cell and immunoglobulin abnormalities seen in Kaposi's sarcoma. Because immunologic abnormalities have been described in all these diseases, it is felt that some primary immune dysfunction is the underlying cause of the three diseases in this patient.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis, pure red cell aplasia, and Kaposi's sarcoma in a single patient. A patient who developed primary amyloidosis, pure red cell aplasia, and Kaposi's sarcoma is described. This is the second reported coincidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and pure red cell aplasia and the first coincidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary amyloid, thus enlarging the spectrum of plasma cell and immunoglobulin abnormalities seen in Kaposi's sarcoma. Because immunologic abnormalities have been described in all these diseases, it is felt that some primary immune dysfunction is the underlying cause of the three diseases in this patient.", "PMID": 498024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3658", "title": "Modification of muscle-preserving radical mastectomy.", "content": "A technical improvement of the muscle-preserving radical mastectomy for breast cancer is presented. In this procedure, the Sulcus interpectoralis, located between clavicular and sternocostal parts of the pectoralis major muscle, is split bluntly and spread apart. Then, the pectoralis minor muscle is severed near its attachment to the coracoid process and an axillary dissection is thereby easily and thoroughly accomplished. The effectiveness of lymph node dissection by this method was ascertained when the number of the lymph nodes removed by this procedure was compared with that removed by the conventional muscle preserving mastectomy (Madden's operation) and the radical mastectomy. Ninety-three patients treated by this operation have shown a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and a good prognosis when compared with patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy.", "contents": "Modification of muscle-preserving radical mastectomy. A technical improvement of the muscle-preserving radical mastectomy for breast cancer is presented. In this procedure, the Sulcus interpectoralis, located between clavicular and sternocostal parts of the pectoralis major muscle, is split bluntly and spread apart. Then, the pectoralis minor muscle is severed near its attachment to the coracoid process and an axillary dissection is thereby easily and thoroughly accomplished. The effectiveness of lymph node dissection by this method was ascertained when the number of the lymph nodes removed by this procedure was compared with that removed by the conventional muscle preserving mastectomy (Madden's operation) and the radical mastectomy. Ninety-three patients treated by this operation have shown a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and a good prognosis when compared with patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy.", "PMID": 498025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3659", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with intestinal carcinoma: report of the association in one family.", "content": "The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is a rare, genectically inherited disorder. There are insufficient data to establish this syndrome as a precancerous condition, but documented cases of gastrointestinal cancer arising in this syndrome have been reported with an incidence of 2--3%. Since the syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and is associated with cancer, family members so afflicted may show an increased cancer risk. This is the first reported case of a father and son with both Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and colonic carcinoma.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with intestinal carcinoma: report of the association in one family. The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is a rare, genectically inherited disorder. There are insufficient data to establish this syndrome as a precancerous condition, but documented cases of gastrointestinal cancer arising in this syndrome have been reported with an incidence of 2--3%. Since the syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and is associated with cancer, family members so afflicted may show an increased cancer risk. This is the first reported case of a father and son with both Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and colonic carcinoma.", "PMID": 498026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3660", "title": "Ureterosigmoidostomy followed by carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon developing as a late complication or ureterosignoidostomy has been reported with increasing frequency. A patient is presented who developed adenocarcinoma of the colon 28 years after ureterosigmoidostomy for bladder exstrophy and 13 years after conversion of the ureterosigmoidostomy to an ileal conduit. The colonic tumor was documented at postmortem examination to be at the ureterosigmoidostomy site. Because of the potential late development of adenocarcinoma of the colon, careful follow-up of patients with ureterosigmoidostomies, particularly those performed in children many years ago, is indicated.", "contents": "Ureterosigmoidostomy followed by carcinoma of the colon. Adenocarcinoma of the colon developing as a late complication or ureterosignoidostomy has been reported with increasing frequency. A patient is presented who developed adenocarcinoma of the colon 28 years after ureterosigmoidostomy for bladder exstrophy and 13 years after conversion of the ureterosigmoidostomy to an ileal conduit. The colonic tumor was documented at postmortem examination to be at the ureterosigmoidostomy site. Because of the potential late development of adenocarcinoma of the colon, careful follow-up of patients with ureterosigmoidostomies, particularly those performed in children many years ago, is indicated.", "PMID": 498027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3661", "title": "Malignant neoplasms in Saudi Arabia.", "content": "In a sample of 1000 consecutive malignant neoplasms in Saudis resident in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, malignant lymphoma was the commonest of the life-threatening malignancies. The differences between malignant lymphoma in this sample and Western series include the greater frequency of lymphoma; the tendency for reticulum cell and poorly differentiated lymphomas to present as abdominal lesions; the earlier peak of prevalence of Hodgkin's disease, and the dissimilar proportions of its subtypes. The distribution of cancers in the gastrointestinal tract in our sample is almost the reverse of that encountered in the West in that cancer of the mouth and esophagus were more common than cancer of the lower intestinal tract. Lung cancer was relatively uncommon. The smoking habit is not so prevalent in Saudi Arabia as in the West and there is a need to maintain this situation by discouraging smoking. Cancer of the breast was by far the commonest major malignancy in the female, although most Saudi women have their first child early in their reproductive life. Skin cancers proved to be the most prevalent malignancy, and of these squamous cell carcinoma was the most common. The biases that affect studies such as ours in Saudi Arabia are stressed.", "contents": "Malignant neoplasms in Saudi Arabia. In a sample of 1000 consecutive malignant neoplasms in Saudis resident in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, malignant lymphoma was the commonest of the life-threatening malignancies. The differences between malignant lymphoma in this sample and Western series include the greater frequency of lymphoma; the tendency for reticulum cell and poorly differentiated lymphomas to present as abdominal lesions; the earlier peak of prevalence of Hodgkin's disease, and the dissimilar proportions of its subtypes. The distribution of cancers in the gastrointestinal tract in our sample is almost the reverse of that encountered in the West in that cancer of the mouth and esophagus were more common than cancer of the lower intestinal tract. Lung cancer was relatively uncommon. The smoking habit is not so prevalent in Saudi Arabia as in the West and there is a need to maintain this situation by discouraging smoking. Cancer of the breast was by far the commonest major malignancy in the female, although most Saudi women have their first child early in their reproductive life. Skin cancers proved to be the most prevalent malignancy, and of these squamous cell carcinoma was the most common. The biases that affect studies such as ours in Saudi Arabia are stressed.", "PMID": 498028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3662", "title": "A critical analysis of response criteria in patients with prostatic cancer treated with cis-diamminedichloride platinum II.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP), 50--70 mg/m2 iv, q 3w was administered to 25 patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Since the assessment of tumor regression in a disease-oriented phase II study demands a clear end-point of response, case selection was restricted to patients who had objectively measurable lesions, i.e., nodes, skin, lung, and liver metastasis. Partial remission occurred in 3 (12%) and stabilization of disease in 1 patient. Responders lived 53 weeks vs. 20 weeks for non-responders. In the dosage and schedule used in this protocol, DDP was not an active agent in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Various patient characteristics are examined and correlations made between remission rates and survival in this study vs. 4 other response schemata. A critical analysis of patient selection, \"lead time\" -- diagnosis to chemotherapy, and the definitions of the terms \"measurable\" lesions, \"evaluable\" parameters, \"objective response\", stabilization of disease and response criteria employed in the 4 schemata are also discussed.", "contents": "A critical analysis of response criteria in patients with prostatic cancer treated with cis-diamminedichloride platinum II. Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP), 50--70 mg/m2 iv, q 3w was administered to 25 patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Since the assessment of tumor regression in a disease-oriented phase II study demands a clear end-point of response, case selection was restricted to patients who had objectively measurable lesions, i.e., nodes, skin, lung, and liver metastasis. Partial remission occurred in 3 (12%) and stabilization of disease in 1 patient. Responders lived 53 weeks vs. 20 weeks for non-responders. In the dosage and schedule used in this protocol, DDP was not an active agent in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Various patient characteristics are examined and correlations made between remission rates and survival in this study vs. 4 other response schemata. A critical analysis of patient selection, \"lead time\" -- diagnosis to chemotherapy, and the definitions of the terms \"measurable\" lesions, \"evaluable\" parameters, \"objective response\", stabilization of disease and response criteria employed in the 4 schemata are also discussed.", "PMID": 498029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3663", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP) in the treatment of penile carcinoma.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP) was administered to eight patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the penis. Three of six adequately treated patients had an objective response: one patient achieved complete remission of 7 months duration and 2 patients had partial remissions of 8 and 2 months, respectively. DDP appears to be an active agent in the treatment of penile carcinoma.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP) in the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cis-diamminedichloride platinum II (DDP) was administered to eight patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the penis. Three of six adequately treated patients had an objective response: one patient achieved complete remission of 7 months duration and 2 patients had partial remissions of 8 and 2 months, respectively. DDP appears to be an active agent in the treatment of penile carcinoma.", "PMID": 498030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3664", "title": "Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies.", "content": "Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one of malignant myeloproliferative syndrome were identified from a pool of 189 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and CLL treated primarily with extensive radiotherapy at the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health. Four patients also received chemotherapy, two for only short periods. The median time interval from the diagnosis of the primary malignancy to the development of leukemia was 61 months (range 33 to 98 months) and the median survival after the diagnosis of leukemia was two months (0 to 9 months). All eight patients were cytogenetically abnormal and serial chromosome studies revealed that hypodiploidy was the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormality. Abnormalities of chromosome no. 7 were seen in all five patients analyzed by the chromosome banding technique; four of them had monosomy 7. The next most frequently involved chromosome was no. 5. The complexity, extensive nature, and long duration of the cytogenetic abnormalities prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in these patients may be characteristic of secondary leukemia in radiation-treated lymphoma and the presence of such anomalies may predict leukemic transformation.", "contents": "Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies. Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one of malignant myeloproliferative syndrome were identified from a pool of 189 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and CLL treated primarily with extensive radiotherapy at the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health. Four patients also received chemotherapy, two for only short periods. The median time interval from the diagnosis of the primary malignancy to the development of leukemia was 61 months (range 33 to 98 months) and the median survival after the diagnosis of leukemia was two months (0 to 9 months). All eight patients were cytogenetically abnormal and serial chromosome studies revealed that hypodiploidy was the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormality. Abnormalities of chromosome no. 7 were seen in all five patients analyzed by the chromosome banding technique; four of them had monosomy 7. The next most frequently involved chromosome was no. 5. The complexity, extensive nature, and long duration of the cytogenetic abnormalities prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in these patients may be characteristic of secondary leukemia in radiation-treated lymphoma and the presence of such anomalies may predict leukemic transformation.", "PMID": 498031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3665", "title": "Breast carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma after x-ray therapy for hirsutism.", "content": "We report a 60-year-old woman with a history of x-ray therapy for generalized hirsutism at 20 years of age who at the age of 37 years developed the first of numerous basal cell epitheliomas on her trunk, including chest, on a background of radiation damaged skin. At the age of 51 years one of the basal cell epitheliomas was biopsied and an incidental histologic finding was a breast carcinoma. The basal cell epithelioma is clearly linked with x-ray exposure; breast cancer is less so although there is impressive epidemiologic evidence supporting an association between human breast cancer and radiation exposure. In view of an association between thyroid cancer and dermatologic x-ray therapy, further investigation of such an association with breast cancer should be considered. It may be wise to evaluate patients who received dermatologic x-ray exposure to their breasts for possible breast cancer and to consider radiation induced skin damage on or near the skin overlying the thyroid or breasts as a cutaneous marker of internal malignancy or potential internal malignancy.", "contents": "Breast carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma after x-ray therapy for hirsutism. We report a 60-year-old woman with a history of x-ray therapy for generalized hirsutism at 20 years of age who at the age of 37 years developed the first of numerous basal cell epitheliomas on her trunk, including chest, on a background of radiation damaged skin. At the age of 51 years one of the basal cell epitheliomas was biopsied and an incidental histologic finding was a breast carcinoma. The basal cell epithelioma is clearly linked with x-ray exposure; breast cancer is less so although there is impressive epidemiologic evidence supporting an association between human breast cancer and radiation exposure. In view of an association between thyroid cancer and dermatologic x-ray therapy, further investigation of such an association with breast cancer should be considered. It may be wise to evaluate patients who received dermatologic x-ray exposure to their breasts for possible breast cancer and to consider radiation induced skin damage on or near the skin overlying the thyroid or breasts as a cutaneous marker of internal malignancy or potential internal malignancy.", "PMID": 498032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3666", "title": "The use of leukocyte cell line culture supernatant for skin reaction testing in malignant melanoma.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine some of the potential applications of a human leukocyte culture supernatant or \"lymphokine\" preparation in cancer patients. The application evaluated in this study was the use of this preparation as a skin test reagent for evaluation of the inflammatory response following intradermal injection. The preparation was derived from the supernatant of a long-term cultured lymphoblastoid cell line with migration inhibition factor (MIF) and other lymphokine activities. Dose response, histology and toxicity studies were done in 53 patients with malignant melanoma stage IIIB and IV. A dose response curve was observed for both erythema and induration at 12 and 24 hours, but not at 48 hours. An optimal intradermal dose for eliciting inflammation was determined and found to be five units. Histopathological evaluation of biopsy specimens showed a mixed cell reaction including granulocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes differing in lymphocyte content from the classical delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in man. Compared with the response to recall antigens, only a weak correlation with the DTH response to the recall antigens was found. Our results support the conclusion that lymphokines may be used in the future to evaluate the ability to develop nonspecific inflammation in cancer patients, and that this inflammatory response can be obtained in a number of patients no longer capable of responding to recall antigens.", "contents": "The use of leukocyte cell line culture supernatant for skin reaction testing in malignant melanoma. A study was conducted to determine some of the potential applications of a human leukocyte culture supernatant or \"lymphokine\" preparation in cancer patients. The application evaluated in this study was the use of this preparation as a skin test reagent for evaluation of the inflammatory response following intradermal injection. The preparation was derived from the supernatant of a long-term cultured lymphoblastoid cell line with migration inhibition factor (MIF) and other lymphokine activities. Dose response, histology and toxicity studies were done in 53 patients with malignant melanoma stage IIIB and IV. A dose response curve was observed for both erythema and induration at 12 and 24 hours, but not at 48 hours. An optimal intradermal dose for eliciting inflammation was determined and found to be five units. Histopathological evaluation of biopsy specimens showed a mixed cell reaction including granulocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes differing in lymphocyte content from the classical delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in man. Compared with the response to recall antigens, only a weak correlation with the DTH response to the recall antigens was found. Our results support the conclusion that lymphokines may be used in the future to evaluate the ability to develop nonspecific inflammation in cancer patients, and that this inflammatory response can be obtained in a number of patients no longer capable of responding to recall antigens.", "PMID": 498033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3667", "title": "Antibody response to influenza immunization in adult patients with malignant disease.", "content": "Eight-two patients with solid tumors and lymphomas were immunized with New Jersey, Hong Kong, and Victoria influenza vaccines. Patients were divided into groups according to treatment: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or no treatment. Four parameters were examined to assess the response to immunization: seroconversion, protective titer level, geometric mean titer, and response to multiple vaccines. Patients with lymphoma showed the lowest antibody response. Patients with solid tumors had antibody responses which were not significantly different from controls but were superior to lymphoma patients (p less than .01). Timing of chemotherapy, immunoglobulin levels, and lymphocyte counts did not appear to play a major role in determining the antibody response. Patients with neoplastic diseases should be immunized against the prevailing influenza virus. Patients with lymphoma should also receive antiviral prophylactic therapy during influenza epidemics.", "contents": "Antibody response to influenza immunization in adult patients with malignant disease. Eight-two patients with solid tumors and lymphomas were immunized with New Jersey, Hong Kong, and Victoria influenza vaccines. Patients were divided into groups according to treatment: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or no treatment. Four parameters were examined to assess the response to immunization: seroconversion, protective titer level, geometric mean titer, and response to multiple vaccines. Patients with lymphoma showed the lowest antibody response. Patients with solid tumors had antibody responses which were not significantly different from controls but were superior to lymphoma patients (p less than .01). Timing of chemotherapy, immunoglobulin levels, and lymphocyte counts did not appear to play a major role in determining the antibody response. Patients with neoplastic diseases should be immunized against the prevailing influenza virus. Patients with lymphoma should also receive antiviral prophylactic therapy during influenza epidemics.", "PMID": 498034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3668", "title": "Immune complexes in breast cancer patients as detected by C1q binding.", "content": "Levels of Clq binding activity have been measured in the sera of patients with benign and malignant breast disease. Cancer patients showed significantly higher binding activity than patients with gross fibrocystic disease. Clq binding levels were not related to levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or rheumatoid factor. The Clq reactive material was identified as being precipitable with Protein A, and predominantly eluted in gel filtration fractions with a molecular weight of approximately 1 x 10(6). These studies indicate that Clq binding level may be of use in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease.", "contents": "Immune complexes in breast cancer patients as detected by C1q binding. Levels of Clq binding activity have been measured in the sera of patients with benign and malignant breast disease. Cancer patients showed significantly higher binding activity than patients with gross fibrocystic disease. Clq binding levels were not related to levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or rheumatoid factor. The Clq reactive material was identified as being precipitable with Protein A, and predominantly eluted in gel filtration fractions with a molecular weight of approximately 1 x 10(6). These studies indicate that Clq binding level may be of use in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease.", "PMID": 498035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3669", "title": "Serum glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit levels in patients with cancer.", "content": "The serum glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit concentration was measured in 957 nonpregnant patients with benign disorders and 683 patients with unselected malignancies. Postmenopausal women had significantly higher alpha levels than premenopausal women or men. When the patients were subdivided according to age, sex or disease sites, significant population differences were found for women less than 50 years of age and patients with cancers of presumed neural crest origin. However, individual serum alpha levels in patients with benign disorders or malignancies demonstrated considerable overlap. No population differences in serum alpha concentrations were demonstrated between patients grouped according to stage of disease, suggesting that serum alpha were not directly related to tumor burden. Similarly, there was no statistical association between clinical improvement or deterioration and change in the serum alpha subunit concentration. These results indicate that measurement of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit concentration in the serum is not useful for screening patients for cancer or for monitoring the clinical course of patients with the vast majority of cancers.", "contents": "Serum glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit levels in patients with cancer. The serum glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit concentration was measured in 957 nonpregnant patients with benign disorders and 683 patients with unselected malignancies. Postmenopausal women had significantly higher alpha levels than premenopausal women or men. When the patients were subdivided according to age, sex or disease sites, significant population differences were found for women less than 50 years of age and patients with cancers of presumed neural crest origin. However, individual serum alpha levels in patients with benign disorders or malignancies demonstrated considerable overlap. No population differences in serum alpha concentrations were demonstrated between patients grouped according to stage of disease, suggesting that serum alpha were not directly related to tumor burden. Similarly, there was no statistical association between clinical improvement or deterioration and change in the serum alpha subunit concentration. These results indicate that measurement of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit concentration in the serum is not useful for screening patients for cancer or for monitoring the clinical course of patients with the vast majority of cancers.", "PMID": 498036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3670", "title": "Chromosome analysis of primary large bowel tumors: a new method for improving the yield of analyzable metaphases.", "content": "Colon tumors were processed immediately after surgical resection. Using L-Arterenol and sodium citrate in combination with standard chromosome culture techniques, 12 of 17 consecutive tumors (75%) had countable figures ranging from 5 cells to 59 cells. Seven of the 12 cases had over 25 countable cells. Chromosome counts did not vary more than +/- 4 for any one case. Seven tumors were karyotyped, 6 with banding techniques. One of these specimens had mosaic patterns. The chromosome counts varied: 2 were hypodiploid; 1 was pseudodiploid and 4 were hyperdyploid. There were some similarities in the karotypes although no identical karyotypes were seen in this series.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of primary large bowel tumors: a new method for improving the yield of analyzable metaphases. Colon tumors were processed immediately after surgical resection. Using L-Arterenol and sodium citrate in combination with standard chromosome culture techniques, 12 of 17 consecutive tumors (75%) had countable figures ranging from 5 cells to 59 cells. Seven of the 12 cases had over 25 countable cells. Chromosome counts did not vary more than +/- 4 for any one case. Seven tumors were karyotyped, 6 with banding techniques. One of these specimens had mosaic patterns. The chromosome counts varied: 2 were hypodiploid; 1 was pseudodiploid and 4 were hyperdyploid. There were some similarities in the karotypes although no identical karyotypes were seen in this series.", "PMID": 498037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3671", "title": "Relationship between bacterial binding to lymphocytes and clinical features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In previous studies we showed that spontaneous bacterial adherence can be used to identify human lymphocyte subpopulations and to demonstrate variable binding patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, 10 strains of bacteria of different genera and species were used in blood smears from 24 CLL patients to determine the percentages of lymphocytes that bind bacteria. From these percentages, binding indices were calculated. The symptoms and other laboratory tests were independently recorded and the stages determined. When the two sets of data were compared, relatively low binding indices were found in symptomatic patients or in Stages III and IV; relatively high binding indices were found in asymptomatic patients or in Stages I and II. We suggest that with progression of leukemia, lymphocytes with less \"lectin\" recognition potential are selected and escape any control mechanism of proliferation.", "contents": "Relationship between bacterial binding to lymphocytes and clinical features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In previous studies we showed that spontaneous bacterial adherence can be used to identify human lymphocyte subpopulations and to demonstrate variable binding patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, 10 strains of bacteria of different genera and species were used in blood smears from 24 CLL patients to determine the percentages of lymphocytes that bind bacteria. From these percentages, binding indices were calculated. The symptoms and other laboratory tests were independently recorded and the stages determined. When the two sets of data were compared, relatively low binding indices were found in symptomatic patients or in Stages III and IV; relatively high binding indices were found in asymptomatic patients or in Stages I and II. We suggest that with progression of leukemia, lymphocytes with less \"lectin\" recognition potential are selected and escape any control mechanism of proliferation.", "PMID": 498038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3672", "title": "Vascular leiomyosarcoma: the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings of six cases of leiomyosarcoma arising from blood vessels of different caliber are described. The term vascular leiomyosarcoma, having both a topographic and morphologic significance, is proposed for these tumors. The histologic pattern is characterized by a proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells with a large number of intermingled blood vessels. Mitoses were counted per 10 high power field (hpf) and tumors were divided in three groups I, 10 to 20 mitoses, group II, 20 to 35 mitoses, and group III, more than 35 mitoses per 10 hpf. The mitotic index seems to be the most important pathological feature on which a prognostic evaluation for vascular leiomyosarcoma can be based. Tumors in group I had neither local recurrences nor metastases; the one tumor in group II had one local recurrence, but the patient is free of disease 6 years after surgical treatment; the three tumors in group III developed distant metastases and constitutional symptoms. Vascular leiomyoma, bizarre leiomyoma, and hemangiopericytoma are included in the differential diagnosis of vascular leimyosarcoma. The possibility that vascular leiomyosarcoma arising from small vessels represents the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma is proposed.", "contents": "Vascular leiomyosarcoma: the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma. The clinical and pathological findings of six cases of leiomyosarcoma arising from blood vessels of different caliber are described. The term vascular leiomyosarcoma, having both a topographic and morphologic significance, is proposed for these tumors. The histologic pattern is characterized by a proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells with a large number of intermingled blood vessels. Mitoses were counted per 10 high power field (hpf) and tumors were divided in three groups I, 10 to 20 mitoses, group II, 20 to 35 mitoses, and group III, more than 35 mitoses per 10 hpf. The mitotic index seems to be the most important pathological feature on which a prognostic evaluation for vascular leiomyosarcoma can be based. Tumors in group I had neither local recurrences nor metastases; the one tumor in group II had one local recurrence, but the patient is free of disease 6 years after surgical treatment; the three tumors in group III developed distant metastases and constitutional symptoms. Vascular leiomyoma, bizarre leiomyoma, and hemangiopericytoma are included in the differential diagnosis of vascular leimyosarcoma. The possibility that vascular leiomyosarcoma arising from small vessels represents the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma is proposed.", "PMID": 498039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3673", "title": "Pineoblastoma: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of a human pineoblastoma is described. Tumor cells formed nests, palisading row and rosettes. Cells within nests were undifferentiated. Palisade and rosette forming cells had polarized cytoplasms and showed signs of differentiation and surface membrane specialization which included surface end-bulb-like protrusions of the cytoplasm, bulbous cilia with a 9 + 0 microtubular skeleton, and blunted microvilli. In the cytoplasm of tumor cells there were characteristic granular bodies, whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and annulate lamellae. Some of these findings appear to be unique to pineal tumor and are reminiscent of photoreceptor cells in the pineal glands of lower vertebrates and human fetal pineal glands.", "contents": "Pineoblastoma: an electron microscopic study. The ultrastructure of a human pineoblastoma is described. Tumor cells formed nests, palisading row and rosettes. Cells within nests were undifferentiated. Palisade and rosette forming cells had polarized cytoplasms and showed signs of differentiation and surface membrane specialization which included surface end-bulb-like protrusions of the cytoplasm, bulbous cilia with a 9 + 0 microtubular skeleton, and blunted microvilli. In the cytoplasm of tumor cells there were characteristic granular bodies, whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and annulate lamellae. Some of these findings appear to be unique to pineal tumor and are reminiscent of photoreceptor cells in the pineal glands of lower vertebrates and human fetal pineal glands.", "PMID": 498040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3674", "title": "Goblet cell carcinoid of appendix: ultrastructural features and histogenetic aspects.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic examination of a goblet cell carcinoid revealed cells with pleomorphic neurosecretory-type granules, cells containing mucin some of which also contained these granules and less differentiated cells lacking the aforementioned features. Recent embryologic and anatomic studies of developing avian and mammalian gut, respectively, show that intestinal APUD cells are probably of endodermal origin. Therefore, mixed carcinoid tumors such as the goblet cell variant could arise in crypt base stem cells.", "contents": "Goblet cell carcinoid of appendix: ultrastructural features and histogenetic aspects. Light and electron microscopic examination of a goblet cell carcinoid revealed cells with pleomorphic neurosecretory-type granules, cells containing mucin some of which also contained these granules and less differentiated cells lacking the aforementioned features. Recent embryologic and anatomic studies of developing avian and mammalian gut, respectively, show that intestinal APUD cells are probably of endodermal origin. Therefore, mixed carcinoid tumors such as the goblet cell variant could arise in crypt base stem cells.", "PMID": 498041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3675", "title": "Plexiform tumors of the uterus: ultrastructural study.", "content": "Two cases of plexiform tumor of the uterus are presented. Both were incidental microscopic findings in leiomyomatous uteri and had the typical branching cords of small, polygonal cells with scanty cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. Ultrastructurally the cells had features of smooth muscle differentiation such as actin-like filaments, dense bodies, peripheral dense plaques, pinocytotic vesicles, and incomplete basal lamina. Their close relationship to capillaries resembled the structure of glomus tumor and vascular leiomyoma and suggested histogenetic kinship among these neoplasms.", "contents": "Plexiform tumors of the uterus: ultrastructural study. Two cases of plexiform tumor of the uterus are presented. Both were incidental microscopic findings in leiomyomatous uteri and had the typical branching cords of small, polygonal cells with scanty cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. Ultrastructurally the cells had features of smooth muscle differentiation such as actin-like filaments, dense bodies, peripheral dense plaques, pinocytotic vesicles, and incomplete basal lamina. Their close relationship to capillaries resembled the structure of glomus tumor and vascular leiomyoma and suggested histogenetic kinship among these neoplasms.", "PMID": 498042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3676", "title": "Amylase-producing ovarian neoplasm with pseudo-Meigs' syndrome and elevated pleural fluid amylase: case report and ultrastructure.", "content": "Elevated amylase activity was noted in the pleural effusion of a patient who was later found to have a stage I low-grade serous papillary ovarian neoplasm. The effusion resolved spontaneously after resection of the ovarian tumor, which contained large amounts of amylase activity. The ultrastructure of the tumor epithelium resembled that of normal salpinx. Secretory-type cells were present with apical, variably electron-dense secretory granules and cytoplasmic glycogen deposits. Amylase activity in the ovarian neoplasm probably resulted from the presence of functioning endosalpingeal-type epithelium in the tumor. In cases of effusion with unexplained amylase elevations, the possibility of serous ovarian neoplasia should be considered, even in the absence of demonstrable extra-ovarian dissemination.", "contents": "Amylase-producing ovarian neoplasm with pseudo-Meigs' syndrome and elevated pleural fluid amylase: case report and ultrastructure. Elevated amylase activity was noted in the pleural effusion of a patient who was later found to have a stage I low-grade serous papillary ovarian neoplasm. The effusion resolved spontaneously after resection of the ovarian tumor, which contained large amounts of amylase activity. The ultrastructure of the tumor epithelium resembled that of normal salpinx. Secretory-type cells were present with apical, variably electron-dense secretory granules and cytoplasmic glycogen deposits. Amylase activity in the ovarian neoplasm probably resulted from the presence of functioning endosalpingeal-type epithelium in the tumor. In cases of effusion with unexplained amylase elevations, the possibility of serous ovarian neoplasia should be considered, even in the absence of demonstrable extra-ovarian dissemination.", "PMID": 498043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3677", "title": "Gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) induced toxicity in the rat: a pharmacologic, histopathologic and microanalytical investigation.", "content": "Administration of gallium nitrate to rats resulted in the formation of renal precipitates which occluded tubular lumina. When analyzed with a combination of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy spectrometry, these precipitates were found to contain gallium complexed with calcium and phosphate. Injection of gallium nitrate also resulted in hypercalciuria, although serum calcium levels remained unaltered. Administration of an osmotic diuretic, isosorbide, prior to gallium treatment resulted in the formation of fewer renal precipitates and histopathologic changes than in the nondiuresed animals. Diuresis did not alter gallium serum pharmacokinetics, the 24 hour cumulative renal excretion of gallium or the extent of the drug-induced hypercalciuria. However, isosorbide pretreatment significantly reduced the urinary concentrations of both gallium and calcium. The data presented indicate that diuresis reduces the severity of gallium-induced renal lithiasis and subsequent renal accumulation of gallium by diluting the urinary concentration of gallium and calcium thereby lowering the incidence of interaction of these two elements within the kidney tubule.", "contents": "Gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) induced toxicity in the rat: a pharmacologic, histopathologic and microanalytical investigation. Administration of gallium nitrate to rats resulted in the formation of renal precipitates which occluded tubular lumina. When analyzed with a combination of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy spectrometry, these precipitates were found to contain gallium complexed with calcium and phosphate. Injection of gallium nitrate also resulted in hypercalciuria, although serum calcium levels remained unaltered. Administration of an osmotic diuretic, isosorbide, prior to gallium treatment resulted in the formation of fewer renal precipitates and histopathologic changes than in the nondiuresed animals. Diuresis did not alter gallium serum pharmacokinetics, the 24 hour cumulative renal excretion of gallium or the extent of the drug-induced hypercalciuria. However, isosorbide pretreatment significantly reduced the urinary concentrations of both gallium and calcium. The data presented indicate that diuresis reduces the severity of gallium-induced renal lithiasis and subsequent renal accumulation of gallium by diluting the urinary concentration of gallium and calcium thereby lowering the incidence of interaction of these two elements within the kidney tubule.", "PMID": 498044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3678", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with retinitis and drug related exacerbations: a clinicopathological case study.", "content": "A patient with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia was followed over a three year period from diagnosis to death. He presented with arthralgias, uveitis and respiratory insufficiency and developed hyperuricemic renal failure upon institution of treatment. Aggressive combination chemotherapy was required to reverse progressive thrombocytopenia and pulmonary involvement. A complete remission was achieved twice. There was a striking temporal relationship between the administration of antibiotics or allopurinol and exacerbations of the disease. Hypocomplementemia and transient evidence of vasculitis suggested the presence of immunecomplexes. Serial lymph node biopsies showed the progression of this disorder from a pleomorphic immunoblastic proliferation to a lymphocyte-depleted, fibrotic process, in parallel with a decline from hyper- to hypogammaglobulinemia. This case illustrates the broad clinical spectrum of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia and suggests that aggressive treatment is necessary in selected patients.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with retinitis and drug related exacerbations: a clinicopathological case study. A patient with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia was followed over a three year period from diagnosis to death. He presented with arthralgias, uveitis and respiratory insufficiency and developed hyperuricemic renal failure upon institution of treatment. Aggressive combination chemotherapy was required to reverse progressive thrombocytopenia and pulmonary involvement. A complete remission was achieved twice. There was a striking temporal relationship between the administration of antibiotics or allopurinol and exacerbations of the disease. Hypocomplementemia and transient evidence of vasculitis suggested the presence of immunecomplexes. Serial lymph node biopsies showed the progression of this disorder from a pleomorphic immunoblastic proliferation to a lymphocyte-depleted, fibrotic process, in parallel with a decline from hyper- to hypogammaglobulinemia. This case illustrates the broad clinical spectrum of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia and suggests that aggressive treatment is necessary in selected patients.", "PMID": 498045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3679", "title": "Effect of metastatic cancer on platelet monoamine oxidase activity and serotonin metabolism.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), serotonin, tyramine and tryptamine were measured in patients with a variety of metastatic cancers and in healthy control subjects. The patients with cancer had higher platelet MAO activity and lower urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, sertonin and tyramine than the healthy subjects. The urinary tryptamine excretion was not significantly different in the two groups. At the present time it is unclear if the alterations in platelet MAO activity and monoamine excretion are casually related.", "contents": "Effect of metastatic cancer on platelet monoamine oxidase activity and serotonin metabolism. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), serotonin, tyramine and tryptamine were measured in patients with a variety of metastatic cancers and in healthy control subjects. The patients with cancer had higher platelet MAO activity and lower urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, sertonin and tyramine than the healthy subjects. The urinary tryptamine excretion was not significantly different in the two groups. At the present time it is unclear if the alterations in platelet MAO activity and monoamine excretion are casually related.", "PMID": 498046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3680", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with atypical patterns.", "content": "A case of a highly invasive thyroid carcinoma, which occurred in a 68-year-old woman, was studied by light and electron microscopy, and histochemical and biochemical analysis. Light microscopical, histochemical, and biochemical features were consistent with a diagnosis of a calcitonin-producing, amyloid-rich medullary carcinoma; electron microscopical patterns, mainly the presence of lumina, microvilli, and extensively dilated cytoplasmic E.R., were reminiscent of the ultrastructural features of the follicular carcinoma. Electron-dense bodies interpreted as \"secretory granules\" were very scarce. This case appears very similar to the case recently presented by Valenta et al. and interpreted as a microfollicular carcinoma. The atypical features of our case of MCT seem to indicate that this tumor should be included in a group of atypical MCT; these should be kept separate from the typical (differentiated) ones on morphological, functional, and prognostic grounds.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with atypical patterns. A case of a highly invasive thyroid carcinoma, which occurred in a 68-year-old woman, was studied by light and electron microscopy, and histochemical and biochemical analysis. Light microscopical, histochemical, and biochemical features were consistent with a diagnosis of a calcitonin-producing, amyloid-rich medullary carcinoma; electron microscopical patterns, mainly the presence of lumina, microvilli, and extensively dilated cytoplasmic E.R., were reminiscent of the ultrastructural features of the follicular carcinoma. Electron-dense bodies interpreted as \"secretory granules\" were very scarce. This case appears very similar to the case recently presented by Valenta et al. and interpreted as a microfollicular carcinoma. The atypical features of our case of MCT seem to indicate that this tumor should be included in a group of atypical MCT; these should be kept separate from the typical (differentiated) ones on morphological, functional, and prognostic grounds.", "PMID": 498047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3681", "title": "Fibroadenoma in oral contraceptive users: a histopathologic evaluation of epithelial atypia.", "content": "We have reviewed histologically a series of 120 fibroadenomas which formed part of the case material from a previous case-control epidemiological investigation of the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast disease. We evaluated the epithelial component of the fibroadenoma for degree of cytologic atypia. This study indicates that the reduced risk for fibroadenoma among long-term users of oral contraceptives does not vary according to the degree of epithelial atypia present. This is in contrast to our previously reported findings for fibrocystic disease, in which the decreased frequency of occurrence of the disease in long-term users of oral contraceptives was found only for cases with no minimal epithelial atypia.", "contents": "Fibroadenoma in oral contraceptive users: a histopathologic evaluation of epithelial atypia. We have reviewed histologically a series of 120 fibroadenomas which formed part of the case material from a previous case-control epidemiological investigation of the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast disease. We evaluated the epithelial component of the fibroadenoma for degree of cytologic atypia. This study indicates that the reduced risk for fibroadenoma among long-term users of oral contraceptives does not vary according to the degree of epithelial atypia present. This is in contrast to our previously reported findings for fibrocystic disease, in which the decreased frequency of occurrence of the disease in long-term users of oral contraceptives was found only for cases with no minimal epithelial atypia.", "PMID": 498048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3682", "title": "Incidence and histopathology of metastases of mammary carcinoma in biopsies from the posterior iliac crest.", "content": "Bone marrow biopsies were taken from the posterior iliac crest in 532 women with unilateral breast cancer. Metastatic tumors were found in 10% of the biopsies. In a group with negative radiological examinations of the skeleton, the incidence of positive bone marrow biopsies was 1.6%. In a group with radiologically detectable metastases in the skeleton 28% of the biopsies were positive. In the latter group 43 out of 45 individuals with positive biopsies had negative x-rays of the pelvis. Histopathologically, 19% of the metastatic tumors were osteolytic, 65% were osteoblastic and 16% did not influence the bone structure. The fibrous reaction in and around the bone marrow tumors was similar to that found in the primary tumor. In 74% the morphological pattern was consistent throughout the biopsy, whereas in 26% the morphology was different in different parts of the biopsy. No specific histopathology was observed in the individuals with negative radiological examinations of the skeleton. Bone marrow biopsy of the posterior iliac crest does not seem to be helpful as a routine method in the initial staging of mammary carcinoma but may contribute to establish the degree of tumor spread in individuals with positive or suspicious x-ray of the skeleton.", "contents": "Incidence and histopathology of metastases of mammary carcinoma in biopsies from the posterior iliac crest. Bone marrow biopsies were taken from the posterior iliac crest in 532 women with unilateral breast cancer. Metastatic tumors were found in 10% of the biopsies. In a group with negative radiological examinations of the skeleton, the incidence of positive bone marrow biopsies was 1.6%. In a group with radiologically detectable metastases in the skeleton 28% of the biopsies were positive. In the latter group 43 out of 45 individuals with positive biopsies had negative x-rays of the pelvis. Histopathologically, 19% of the metastatic tumors were osteolytic, 65% were osteoblastic and 16% did not influence the bone structure. The fibrous reaction in and around the bone marrow tumors was similar to that found in the primary tumor. In 74% the morphological pattern was consistent throughout the biopsy, whereas in 26% the morphology was different in different parts of the biopsy. No specific histopathology was observed in the individuals with negative radiological examinations of the skeleton. Bone marrow biopsy of the posterior iliac crest does not seem to be helpful as a routine method in the initial staging of mammary carcinoma but may contribute to establish the degree of tumor spread in individuals with positive or suspicious x-ray of the skeleton.", "PMID": 498049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3683", "title": "Estradiol and testosterone levels in the peripheral and ovarian circulations in patients with endometrial cancer.", "content": "Estradiol and testosterone levels in the peripheral and ovarian circulation of patients with endometrial cancer and of postmenopausal women were studied. These levels proved to be the same in the two groups. The ovaries of neither group secreted estradiol. The testosterone level in the ovarian circulation of all examined women was four times higher than that in the peripheral circulation, thus indicating the ovarian origin of testosterone.", "contents": "Estradiol and testosterone levels in the peripheral and ovarian circulations in patients with endometrial cancer. Estradiol and testosterone levels in the peripheral and ovarian circulation of patients with endometrial cancer and of postmenopausal women were studied. These levels proved to be the same in the two groups. The ovaries of neither group secreted estradiol. The testosterone level in the ovarian circulation of all examined women was four times higher than that in the peripheral circulation, thus indicating the ovarian origin of testosterone.", "PMID": 498050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3684", "title": "Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis. A study of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve cases of a distinctive form of supratentorial astrocytoma occurring in young subjects (ages 7 to 25) are reported. The tumors were superficial and involved the leptomeninges extensively. The tumor cells display marked pleomorphism, including bizarre giant cells and a number of mitotic figures, but no necrosis. Many contain large amounts of lipid in their cytoplasm and are surrounded by reticulin fibers, thus simulating a mesenchymal tumor. For these reasons, some examples of this tumor have been previously interpreted to represent meningocerebral fibrous xanthomas. Immunoperoxidase technique performed in nine of the twelve cases has, however, established the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the tumor cells, which are therefore considered to be astrocytic. By electron microscopy many tumor cells are surrounded by basal laminae, accounting for the abundant reticulin network demonstrable in silver preparations. Since subpial astrocytes are known to be partly covered by a basal lamina, it is likely that they are the cells of origin for this neoplasm. In contrast to its pleomorphic cytology, the biological behavior of this tumor appears to be relatively favorable, and long survival times (up to 25 years) have been recorded in some cases. (These tumors are distinct from intracranial fibrous xanthomas of mesenchymal derivation. Cells of the latter are negative on GFAP stain.)", "contents": "Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis. A study of 12 cases. Twelve cases of a distinctive form of supratentorial astrocytoma occurring in young subjects (ages 7 to 25) are reported. The tumors were superficial and involved the leptomeninges extensively. The tumor cells display marked pleomorphism, including bizarre giant cells and a number of mitotic figures, but no necrosis. Many contain large amounts of lipid in their cytoplasm and are surrounded by reticulin fibers, thus simulating a mesenchymal tumor. For these reasons, some examples of this tumor have been previously interpreted to represent meningocerebral fibrous xanthomas. Immunoperoxidase technique performed in nine of the twelve cases has, however, established the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the tumor cells, which are therefore considered to be astrocytic. By electron microscopy many tumor cells are surrounded by basal laminae, accounting for the abundant reticulin network demonstrable in silver preparations. Since subpial astrocytes are known to be partly covered by a basal lamina, it is likely that they are the cells of origin for this neoplasm. In contrast to its pleomorphic cytology, the biological behavior of this tumor appears to be relatively favorable, and long survival times (up to 25 years) have been recorded in some cases. (These tumors are distinct from intracranial fibrous xanthomas of mesenchymal derivation. Cells of the latter are negative on GFAP stain.)", "PMID": 498051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3685", "title": "Endocrine profile in a patient with familial breast cancer: a case-control study.", "content": "Urinary and blood hormonal profiles were studied throughout a monthly cycle in a patient with familial breast cancer. Two comparison cohorts (one high-risk and one low-risk) were studied concurrently. Findings disclosed that our breast cancer-affected patient showed a distinctive hormonal pattern characterized by significant elevation throughout the cycle of plasma estrone, estradiol, and prolactin. Save for a depression in plasma FSH in the early follicular phase, this hormone, as wells as LH and progesterone patterns in our patient, were similar to the comparison cohorts. Urinary estrone and estradiol patterns in our patient were elevated early in the follicular phase. Our patient also showed a depression in urinary estrone, estradiol, and estriol following ovulation, which persisted throughout the luteal phase. Blood and urinary hormone patterns in the high-risk cohort were not demonstrably different from the low-risk cohort, with the exception of plasma prolactin. The results on the latter hormone showed an unexpected significant depression throughout most of the menstrual cycle in this low-risk cohort. We conclude that estrone and estradiol elevations, as clearly evidenced in our breast-cancer-affected patient, may provide clues that ultimately might be used as an etiologic discriminant for breast cancer risk and which may also play a pathogenic role in this disease. Since this involved a single patient, our conclusions must be interpreted cautiously.", "contents": "Endocrine profile in a patient with familial breast cancer: a case-control study. Urinary and blood hormonal profiles were studied throughout a monthly cycle in a patient with familial breast cancer. Two comparison cohorts (one high-risk and one low-risk) were studied concurrently. Findings disclosed that our breast cancer-affected patient showed a distinctive hormonal pattern characterized by significant elevation throughout the cycle of plasma estrone, estradiol, and prolactin. Save for a depression in plasma FSH in the early follicular phase, this hormone, as wells as LH and progesterone patterns in our patient, were similar to the comparison cohorts. Urinary estrone and estradiol patterns in our patient were elevated early in the follicular phase. Our patient also showed a depression in urinary estrone, estradiol, and estriol following ovulation, which persisted throughout the luteal phase. Blood and urinary hormone patterns in the high-risk cohort were not demonstrably different from the low-risk cohort, with the exception of plasma prolactin. The results on the latter hormone showed an unexpected significant depression throughout most of the menstrual cycle in this low-risk cohort. We conclude that estrone and estradiol elevations, as clearly evidenced in our breast-cancer-affected patient, may provide clues that ultimately might be used as an etiologic discriminant for breast cancer risk and which may also play a pathogenic role in this disease. Since this involved a single patient, our conclusions must be interpreted cautiously.", "PMID": 498052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3686", "title": "Genital cancer in wives of penile cancer patients.", "content": "We identified the wives or ex-wives of 227 males of the 256 reported with cancer of the penis to the New York State Cancer Registry from Upstate New York from 1960-64. Utilizing the Registry, death certificates, hospital and physician records, we ascertained those wives who developed cancer at any site from 1951-1975. We generated expected numbers of cases of cancer at each site by applying the age specific incidence rates experienced by women of a specific age in a specific year designated by the age of the wife of the index case in each year, estimating withdrawals from age-specific death rates. Thus, our expected numbers are based on the experience of the women in Upstate New York with traits like those of spouses of the men in the same population with cancer of the penis. We found significantly more cases of cancer of the cervix than expected. This was not true for other sites of cancer.", "contents": "Genital cancer in wives of penile cancer patients. We identified the wives or ex-wives of 227 males of the 256 reported with cancer of the penis to the New York State Cancer Registry from Upstate New York from 1960-64. Utilizing the Registry, death certificates, hospital and physician records, we ascertained those wives who developed cancer at any site from 1951-1975. We generated expected numbers of cases of cancer at each site by applying the age specific incidence rates experienced by women of a specific age in a specific year designated by the age of the wife of the index case in each year, estimating withdrawals from age-specific death rates. Thus, our expected numbers are based on the experience of the women in Upstate New York with traits like those of spouses of the men in the same population with cancer of the penis. We found significantly more cases of cancer of the cervix than expected. This was not true for other sites of cancer.", "PMID": 498053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3687", "title": "Cancer of the genital tract among the Ibo women in Nigeria.", "content": "An analysis of female genital tract cancer among the Ibos of Nigeria has proven to be preponderantly cervical cancer. It is therefore obvious that the practice of ritual circumcision among the Ibo men does not protect the women from cervical cancer. The most important etiological factors contributing to cervical cancer among the Ibo women are early marriage, early age of coitus, and grand multiparity. Corpus cancer is relatively rare among the Ibo women.", "contents": "Cancer of the genital tract among the Ibo women in Nigeria. An analysis of female genital tract cancer among the Ibos of Nigeria has proven to be preponderantly cervical cancer. It is therefore obvious that the practice of ritual circumcision among the Ibo men does not protect the women from cervical cancer. The most important etiological factors contributing to cervical cancer among the Ibo women are early marriage, early age of coitus, and grand multiparity. Corpus cancer is relatively rare among the Ibo women.", "PMID": 498054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3688", "title": "Diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in lung cancer presenting as mediastinal mass(es).", "content": "The diagnostic yields of prebonchoscopy sputum specimens and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (including brushings, washings, and/or biopsies) were determined in 35 patients who presented primarily with middle or anterior mediastinal and/or paratracheal mass(es) on chest radiographs. The diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology of tissue obtained by needle biopsy, mediastinoscopy, thoracotomy, and/or autopsy. Thirty-one of the patients were found to have primary bronchogenic carcinomas. At bronchoscopy, extrinsic compression of trachea and/or bronchi was visualized in 23 (Group I) and the tracheobronchial tree appeared normal in 12 (Group II). Prebronchoscopy sputa gave a positive yield in only three of the 35 (8%) patients; the yield was similar in both groups of patients. One or more of the bronchoscopic modalities were diagnostic in 69% of Group I patients but were not helpful in Group II patients. The diagnostic yield of brushings, washings, and biopsies in Group I patients was 52%, 61%, and 37%, respectively. The addition of biopsies to washings and/or brushings did not significantly alter the yield. Washings and brushings are recommended as useful, non-invasive procedures in diagnosing middle mediastinal masses with extrinsic compression. Sputum cytology gives a very low yield.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in lung cancer presenting as mediastinal mass(es). The diagnostic yields of prebonchoscopy sputum specimens and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (including brushings, washings, and/or biopsies) were determined in 35 patients who presented primarily with middle or anterior mediastinal and/or paratracheal mass(es) on chest radiographs. The diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology of tissue obtained by needle biopsy, mediastinoscopy, thoracotomy, and/or autopsy. Thirty-one of the patients were found to have primary bronchogenic carcinomas. At bronchoscopy, extrinsic compression of trachea and/or bronchi was visualized in 23 (Group I) and the tracheobronchial tree appeared normal in 12 (Group II). Prebronchoscopy sputa gave a positive yield in only three of the 35 (8%) patients; the yield was similar in both groups of patients. One or more of the bronchoscopic modalities were diagnostic in 69% of Group I patients but were not helpful in Group II patients. The diagnostic yield of brushings, washings, and biopsies in Group I patients was 52%, 61%, and 37%, respectively. The addition of biopsies to washings and/or brushings did not significantly alter the yield. Washings and brushings are recommended as useful, non-invasive procedures in diagnosing middle mediastinal masses with extrinsic compression. Sputum cytology gives a very low yield.", "PMID": 498055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3689", "title": "Pulmonary resection for metastatic nonosteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Analysis was made of 112 patients who underwent resection of metastatic pulmonary noldules for nonosteogenic sarcoma at the Mayo Clinic from 1950--76. The 5-year post-thoracotomy survival was 29% with a median survival of 18 months. There has been no substantial change between 1950 and 1976 in post-thoracotomy survival among all patients who received this operation here. Prognosis was especially grim (p less than 0.01) for patients with pre-thoracotomy disease-free intervals of less than 12 months, and for those experiencing extrathoracic recurrences vs. further pulmonary recurrent tumor (p = .01) following thoracotomy. The following discriminants were not significantly associated with postthoracotomy survival: age, sex, histology, number of lesions fully excised, or site of lung lesions. We conclude that the therapeutic value of thoracotomy in the treatment of metastatic nonosteogenic sarcomas has not changed here during the past quarter of a century. Whether the recent more common use of thoracotomy in metastatic disease of this type is therapeutically worthwhile cannot be clearly determined from the data available.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection for metastatic nonosteogenic sarcoma. Analysis was made of 112 patients who underwent resection of metastatic pulmonary noldules for nonosteogenic sarcoma at the Mayo Clinic from 1950--76. The 5-year post-thoracotomy survival was 29% with a median survival of 18 months. There has been no substantial change between 1950 and 1976 in post-thoracotomy survival among all patients who received this operation here. Prognosis was especially grim (p less than 0.01) for patients with pre-thoracotomy disease-free intervals of less than 12 months, and for those experiencing extrathoracic recurrences vs. further pulmonary recurrent tumor (p = .01) following thoracotomy. The following discriminants were not significantly associated with postthoracotomy survival: age, sex, histology, number of lesions fully excised, or site of lung lesions. We conclude that the therapeutic value of thoracotomy in the treatment of metastatic nonosteogenic sarcomas has not changed here during the past quarter of a century. Whether the recent more common use of thoracotomy in metastatic disease of this type is therapeutically worthwhile cannot be clearly determined from the data available.", "PMID": 498056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3690", "title": "The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases.", "content": "One hundred one breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BM) were reviewed. The median survival from BM was 4.0 months. Seventy percent were receiving chemotherapy at the diagnosis of BM and 43% were showing a clinical response. Prolonged survival was seen in patients who underwent surgical resection, those with the brain as site of first metastasis, and those with a long free interval who survived the initial 5 months after BM. Long-term survivors (greater than 18 months from BM) demonstrated indolent disease by all parameters measured.", "contents": "The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases. One hundred one breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BM) were reviewed. The median survival from BM was 4.0 months. Seventy percent were receiving chemotherapy at the diagnosis of BM and 43% were showing a clinical response. Prolonged survival was seen in patients who underwent surgical resection, those with the brain as site of first metastasis, and those with a long free interval who survived the initial 5 months after BM. Long-term survivors (greater than 18 months from BM) demonstrated indolent disease by all parameters measured.", "PMID": 498057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3691", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical studies.", "content": "Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one case of a malignant myeloproliferative syndrome have been seen after extensive radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A myeloproliferative syndrome with abnormalities in granulocytic, erythrocytic, and thrombocytic cell lines was present in all patients and in seven patients preceded ANLL by 2--18 months. The median time to the development of ANLL after primary disease therapy was 61 months (33--98 range). The leukemia was extremely refractory to therapy and median survival after diagnosis of ANLL was two months (range 0--9 months). Leukemia was seen only in those patients who received multiple courses and multiple techniques of radiation therapy.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical studies. Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one case of a malignant myeloproliferative syndrome have been seen after extensive radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A myeloproliferative syndrome with abnormalities in granulocytic, erythrocytic, and thrombocytic cell lines was present in all patients and in seven patients preceded ANLL by 2--18 months. The median time to the development of ANLL after primary disease therapy was 61 months (33--98 range). The leukemia was extremely refractory to therapy and median survival after diagnosis of ANLL was two months (range 0--9 months). Leukemia was seen only in those patients who received multiple courses and multiple techniques of radiation therapy.", "PMID": 498058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3692", "title": "DNA content in human uterine cervical dysplasias.", "content": "The DNA content of nuclei extracted from separate biopsies of normal cervical epithelium and from dysplastic sites in the same patient was determined biochemically. Mean percentage increase in the DNA content of dysplasias (mild: 143.3 +/- 14.9; moderate: 225.8 +/- 51.1; and severe: 359.8 +/- 45.8) was found to be statistically significant (F-Test: p less than 0.001) over the normal values in control cervical tissues.", "contents": "DNA content in human uterine cervical dysplasias. The DNA content of nuclei extracted from separate biopsies of normal cervical epithelium and from dysplastic sites in the same patient was determined biochemically. Mean percentage increase in the DNA content of dysplasias (mild: 143.3 +/- 14.9; moderate: 225.8 +/- 51.1; and severe: 359.8 +/- 45.8) was found to be statistically significant (F-Test: p less than 0.001) over the normal values in control cervical tissues.", "PMID": 498060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3693", "title": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. IV. Effects of heat and spermine on protein synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Protein synthesis is shown to be very heat-sensitive in Chinese hamster cells. It is shut off completely following 15-20 min at 42 degrees C whereas RNA and DNA syntheses are affected only after much longer exposure times. Cells recover from inhibition of protein synthesis upon transfer to 37 degrees C. The degree of recovery is inversely related to the duration of heat exposure and it fits cell survival quantitatively. Cells which become temporarily heat-resistant by prior heat-treatment, are able to recover translational capacity even after a very long exposure to heat (4 h at 42 degrees C). Spermine, which enhances heat-induced cell killing, does not increase the response to heat of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity is lost exponentially following a 20 min lag period during exposure at 42 degrees C. The half-life observed (12 min) is in agreement with the reported values of half-life of decay of ODC in other systems. It is concluded that the loss of activity is due to the shut-off of translation. The activity of ODC is recovered upon transfer to 37 degrees C. The presence of spermine during heating does not affect the loss of enzyme activity but delays its recovery by about 3 h upon transfer to 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. IV. Effects of heat and spermine on protein synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity. Protein synthesis is shown to be very heat-sensitive in Chinese hamster cells. It is shut off completely following 15-20 min at 42 degrees C whereas RNA and DNA syntheses are affected only after much longer exposure times. Cells recover from inhibition of protein synthesis upon transfer to 37 degrees C. The degree of recovery is inversely related to the duration of heat exposure and it fits cell survival quantitatively. Cells which become temporarily heat-resistant by prior heat-treatment, are able to recover translational capacity even after a very long exposure to heat (4 h at 42 degrees C). Spermine, which enhances heat-induced cell killing, does not increase the response to heat of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity is lost exponentially following a 20 min lag period during exposure at 42 degrees C. The half-life observed (12 min) is in agreement with the reported values of half-life of decay of ODC in other systems. It is concluded that the loss of activity is due to the shut-off of translation. The activity of ODC is recovered upon transfer to 37 degrees C. The presence of spermine during heating does not affect the loss of enzyme activity but delays its recovery by about 3 h upon transfer to 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 498061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3694", "title": "Shapes of carcinogenic benz[a]anthracenes: the crystal and molecular structure of 1-methylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "The crystal structure of 1-methylbenz[a]lanthracene, which is weakly carcinogenic, has been determined by application of direct methods to single-crystal X-ray diffractometric data and refined by least squares to R = 0.09 over 845 independent reflections. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with a = 8.491(2), b = 7.138(2), c = 10.500(2)ABEta  = 95.06(01), Z = 2. As in other benz[a]anthracenes, the K-region bond C(5)-C(6) is short [1.34(1)A]. The distinctive bay geometry, with a methyl group opposite to a hydrogen, H(12), peri to another hydrogen, H(11), has a long bond C(13)--C(18) = 1.47(1)A in the bay, and the angular benz-ring is inclined at 16.5 degrees to the mean plane of the anthracene fragment. The methyl carbon atom is 0.79 A out of the mean molecular plane (or 0.19 A out of the plane of the benz-ring) and the 1.50 A long C(1)-methyl bond makes angles of 117 degrees and 125 degrees at C(1).", "contents": "Shapes of carcinogenic benz[a]anthracenes: the crystal and molecular structure of 1-methylbenz[a]anthracene. The crystal structure of 1-methylbenz[a]lanthracene, which is weakly carcinogenic, has been determined by application of direct methods to single-crystal X-ray diffractometric data and refined by least squares to R = 0.09 over 845 independent reflections. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with a = 8.491(2), b = 7.138(2), c = 10.500(2)ABEta  = 95.06(01), Z = 2. As in other benz[a]anthracenes, the K-region bond C(5)-C(6) is short [1.34(1)A]. The distinctive bay geometry, with a methyl group opposite to a hydrogen, H(12), peri to another hydrogen, H(11), has a long bond C(13)--C(18) = 1.47(1)A in the bay, and the angular benz-ring is inclined at 16.5 degrees to the mean plane of the anthracene fragment. The methyl carbon atom is 0.79 A out of the mean molecular plane (or 0.19 A out of the plane of the benz-ring) and the 1.50 A long C(1)-methyl bond makes angles of 117 degrees and 125 degrees at C(1).", "PMID": 498062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3695", "title": "Isolation of a DNA polymerase alpha-associated regulatory protein from calf thymus.", "content": "A regulatory protein for DNA polymerase alpha, responsive to noncomplementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, has been isolated from calf thymus. The regulatory protein was separated from DNA polymerase alpha using Affi-Gel Blue and gel filtration. The regulatory protein had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 as determined by gel filtration, and its activity was nondialyzable, heat labile, and abolished by pronase treatment. In the presence of regulatory protein, DNA polymerase alpha activity, measured by using polydeoxyadenylate-oligodeoxythymidylate as template primer, was inhibited by 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate in a parabolic-competitive fashion [Ki = 15 +/- 1 (S.E.) microM] and by 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate in a linear-competitive manner (Ki = 162 +/- 23 microM). Neither the four natural ribonucleoside triphosphates nor 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate inhibited the DNA polymerase-regulatory protein system to any significant extent. The regulatory protein by itself had no effect on either DNA polymerase alpha activity or the Km for template primer. These results indicate that deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools may be involved in the regulation of cellular DNA synthesis through a direct effect on DNA polymerization.", "contents": "Isolation of a DNA polymerase alpha-associated regulatory protein from calf thymus. A regulatory protein for DNA polymerase alpha, responsive to noncomplementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, has been isolated from calf thymus. The regulatory protein was separated from DNA polymerase alpha using Affi-Gel Blue and gel filtration. The regulatory protein had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 as determined by gel filtration, and its activity was nondialyzable, heat labile, and abolished by pronase treatment. In the presence of regulatory protein, DNA polymerase alpha activity, measured by using polydeoxyadenylate-oligodeoxythymidylate as template primer, was inhibited by 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate in a parabolic-competitive fashion [Ki = 15 +/- 1 (S.E.) microM] and by 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate in a linear-competitive manner (Ki = 162 +/- 23 microM). Neither the four natural ribonucleoside triphosphates nor 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate inhibited the DNA polymerase-regulatory protein system to any significant extent. The regulatory protein by itself had no effect on either DNA polymerase alpha activity or the Km for template primer. These results indicate that deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools may be involved in the regulation of cellular DNA synthesis through a direct effect on DNA polymerization.", "PMID": 498066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3696", "title": "Response of 9L tumor cells in vitro to spirohydantoin mustard.", "content": "The effects of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM), a potential antitumor agent for central nervous system tumors, in the in vitro 9L rat brain tumor model were studied. In cell culture medium at 37 degrees, the drug was totally detoxified within 30 min. Dose-response curves for exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells were similar and indicated that a small fraction of cells were resistant to SHM. When exponentially growing cells were treated with SHM (5 microgram/ml for 1 hr), recovery from potentially lethal damage occurred within 28 hr. When cells were perturbed by SHM, the S, G2, and M phases were prolonged, there was a G2 block, some cells entered mitosis, but few divided, and cells tended to accumulate in mid-S, then moved synchronously to G2-M. The rate at which cells moved was concentration dependent and was much slower at high concentrations. The ability of SHM to both synchronize cells and block DNA synthesis may be useful in multiagent therapy regimens.", "contents": "Response of 9L tumor cells in vitro to spirohydantoin mustard. The effects of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM), a potential antitumor agent for central nervous system tumors, in the in vitro 9L rat brain tumor model were studied. In cell culture medium at 37 degrees, the drug was totally detoxified within 30 min. Dose-response curves for exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells were similar and indicated that a small fraction of cells were resistant to SHM. When exponentially growing cells were treated with SHM (5 microgram/ml for 1 hr), recovery from potentially lethal damage occurred within 28 hr. When cells were perturbed by SHM, the S, G2, and M phases were prolonged, there was a G2 block, some cells entered mitosis, but few divided, and cells tended to accumulate in mid-S, then moved synchronously to G2-M. The rate at which cells moved was concentration dependent and was much slower at high concentrations. The ability of SHM to both synchronize cells and block DNA synthesis may be useful in multiagent therapy regimens.", "PMID": 498067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3697", "title": "In vitro cytokinetic response of human colon cancer cells to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "The cytokinetic response of a human colon carcinoma cell line to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was investigated using flow cytometry of DNA content, autoradiography after pulse and continuous tritiated thymidine exposure, and mitotic accumulation after continuous Colcemid treatment. With increasing concentration and exposure time, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) delayed and then blocked cycle traverse in S and G2 phases. After prolonged treatment with high concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), an additional block in G1 or at the G1-S boundary was established. Irreversibility of cell cycle distribution changes after prolonged observation periods suggests cell death in G2, S, and G1 compartments.", "contents": "In vitro cytokinetic response of human colon cancer cells to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). The cytokinetic response of a human colon carcinoma cell line to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was investigated using flow cytometry of DNA content, autoradiography after pulse and continuous tritiated thymidine exposure, and mitotic accumulation after continuous Colcemid treatment. With increasing concentration and exposure time, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) delayed and then blocked cycle traverse in S and G2 phases. After prolonged treatment with high concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), an additional block in G1 or at the G1-S boundary was established. Irreversibility of cell cycle distribution changes after prolonged observation periods suggests cell death in G2, S, and G1 compartments.", "PMID": 498069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3698", "title": "Cellular accumulation and disposition of aclacinomycin A.", "content": "The cellular accumulation and disposition of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A (ACM) were compared to those of daunorubicin. Although both drugs were avidly accumulated by cells, intracellular concentrations of ACM were two to three times those of daunorubicin. Whereas lowered temperature (0 degrees) reduced intracellular accumulation of both drugs, 10 mM sodium azide had no effect on accumulation of either ACM or daunorubicin. Both drugs exited from cells placed in drug-free medium, a process that was reduced at 0 degrees but not altered by 10 mM sodium azide. Unlike whole cells, isolated nuclei accumulated more daunorubicin than ACM. This process was not altered at 0 degrees. Both drugs were lost from nuclei placed in drug-free buffer, a process that was reduced at 0 degrees. Unlike daunorubicin, which localized in cell nuclei, ACM localized in the cytoplasm with no detectable nuclear fluorescence. Although both drugs produced dose-dependent inhibitions of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine incorporation by L1210 and P388 cells, ACM inhibited both processes at lower concentrations than did daunorubicin. While daunorubicin inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation more effectively than [3H]uridine incorporation, the reverse was observed with ACM.", "contents": "Cellular accumulation and disposition of aclacinomycin A. The cellular accumulation and disposition of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A (ACM) were compared to those of daunorubicin. Although both drugs were avidly accumulated by cells, intracellular concentrations of ACM were two to three times those of daunorubicin. Whereas lowered temperature (0 degrees) reduced intracellular accumulation of both drugs, 10 mM sodium azide had no effect on accumulation of either ACM or daunorubicin. Both drugs exited from cells placed in drug-free medium, a process that was reduced at 0 degrees but not altered by 10 mM sodium azide. Unlike whole cells, isolated nuclei accumulated more daunorubicin than ACM. This process was not altered at 0 degrees. Both drugs were lost from nuclei placed in drug-free buffer, a process that was reduced at 0 degrees. Unlike daunorubicin, which localized in cell nuclei, ACM localized in the cytoplasm with no detectable nuclear fluorescence. Although both drugs produced dose-dependent inhibitions of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine incorporation by L1210 and P388 cells, ACM inhibited both processes at lower concentrations than did daunorubicin. While daunorubicin inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation more effectively than [3H]uridine incorporation, the reverse was observed with ACM.", "PMID": 498071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3699", "title": "In vivo cell cycle synchronization of the murine sarcoma 180 tumor following alternating periods of hydroxyurea blockade and release.", "content": "The durations of the cell cycle intervals of the murine Sarcoma 180 tumor were determined by computer analysis of the fraction-labeled mitosis curve following tritiated thymidine administration. This tumor has a usual total cell cycle duration of 19.6 hr, a DNA synthetic time of 8.3 hr, and a growth fraction of 1. Approximately 38% of cells are in S phase at one time. Hydroxyurea (HU) infusions (i.v.) at 1.17 mg/hr into tumor-bearing mice rapidly inhibit tumor DNA synthesis. Following a 5-hr HU infusion, 58% of all tumor cells are in S phase, and maximal tumor mitotic rates after release of the HU blockade are double control rates. HU was infused for 5 hr, followed by 7 hr of Ringer's solution, and then another 5 hr of HU. Following this 2-cycle blockade, 70% of tumor cells are in S phase, predominantly in early S phase and at the G1-S junction. After release, peak mitotic rates are 2.5 times control. The duration of the intermitotic time of the tumor following HU infusion is less than the total cell cycle time of control tumor. Cycles of HU infusion and release, timed according to the predetermined duration of the cell cycle intervals, will synchronize significant increments of S phase or mitotic cells of the Sarcoma 180 tumor during predictable periods of time.", "contents": "In vivo cell cycle synchronization of the murine sarcoma 180 tumor following alternating periods of hydroxyurea blockade and release. The durations of the cell cycle intervals of the murine Sarcoma 180 tumor were determined by computer analysis of the fraction-labeled mitosis curve following tritiated thymidine administration. This tumor has a usual total cell cycle duration of 19.6 hr, a DNA synthetic time of 8.3 hr, and a growth fraction of 1. Approximately 38% of cells are in S phase at one time. Hydroxyurea (HU) infusions (i.v.) at 1.17 mg/hr into tumor-bearing mice rapidly inhibit tumor DNA synthesis. Following a 5-hr HU infusion, 58% of all tumor cells are in S phase, and maximal tumor mitotic rates after release of the HU blockade are double control rates. HU was infused for 5 hr, followed by 7 hr of Ringer's solution, and then another 5 hr of HU. Following this 2-cycle blockade, 70% of tumor cells are in S phase, predominantly in early S phase and at the G1-S junction. After release, peak mitotic rates are 2.5 times control. The duration of the intermitotic time of the tumor following HU infusion is less than the total cell cycle time of control tumor. Cycles of HU infusion and release, timed according to the predetermined duration of the cell cycle intervals, will synchronize significant increments of S phase or mitotic cells of the Sarcoma 180 tumor during predictable periods of time.", "PMID": 498073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3700", "title": "Failure of rotenone to interfere with 17 beta-estradiol action in the rat uterus.", "content": "The involvement of rotenone in rat mammary carcinogenesis has been suggested to occur through estrogenic effects. This hypothesis was tested by determining the extent of rotenone inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol binding to the estrogen receptor and of the 17 beta-estradiol-induced uterotrophic response in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Estradiol binding to the uterine estrogen receptor in the presence of rotenone was determined by charcoal assay and Scatchard analysis. Additionally, 17 beta-estradiol-receptor interactions were assessed on sucrose density gradients. No inhibition of binding was observed in either assay with ratios of rotenone/17 beta-estradiol in excess of 10,000. Finally, an in vivo approach was used to extend the in vitro data. Silastic capsules containing rotenone or 17 beta-estradiol were implanted in various combinations into eight groups of ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (four rats/group). After five days, uteri were removed and weighed. An analysis of variance revealed that rotenone neither interfered with 17 beta-estradiol-induced uterine weight gain nor displayed any uterotrophic properties by itself. Results from these three procedures demonstrate that rotenone does not act as an estrogen or as an estrogen antagonist. Additionally, there were no other effects attributable to rotenone.", "contents": "Failure of rotenone to interfere with 17 beta-estradiol action in the rat uterus. The involvement of rotenone in rat mammary carcinogenesis has been suggested to occur through estrogenic effects. This hypothesis was tested by determining the extent of rotenone inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol binding to the estrogen receptor and of the 17 beta-estradiol-induced uterotrophic response in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Estradiol binding to the uterine estrogen receptor in the presence of rotenone was determined by charcoal assay and Scatchard analysis. Additionally, 17 beta-estradiol-receptor interactions were assessed on sucrose density gradients. No inhibition of binding was observed in either assay with ratios of rotenone/17 beta-estradiol in excess of 10,000. Finally, an in vivo approach was used to extend the in vitro data. Silastic capsules containing rotenone or 17 beta-estradiol were implanted in various combinations into eight groups of ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (four rats/group). After five days, uteri were removed and weighed. An analysis of variance revealed that rotenone neither interfered with 17 beta-estradiol-induced uterine weight gain nor displayed any uterotrophic properties by itself. Results from these three procedures demonstrate that rotenone does not act as an estrogen or as an estrogen antagonist. Additionally, there were no other effects attributable to rotenone.", "PMID": 498075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3701", "title": "Comparison of four new cell lines from patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "Permanent human tumor cell lines COLO 110, COLO 316, COLO 319, and COLO 330 were established from four patients with serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. COLO 110 was derived from primary tumor tissue; COLO 316, COLO 319, and COLO 330 were derived from cells in malignant effusions. COLO 110 and COLO 316 grew as monolayers of epithelioid cells in culture; COLO 319 and COLO 330 grew as vermiform, floating colonies of epithelioid cells in culture. Epithelial-like morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. All four cell lines had marker chromosomes and double minute chromosomes. Giemsa banding revealed chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7 were involved in markers in all four lines, and chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, and 15 were involved in markers in three of the cell lines. Marker chromosomes with possible homogeneous staining regions were observed in COLO 319. Estrone was elaborated by three of the lines, but neither chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoembryonic antigen, nor estrogen or progesterone receptor proteins were detected. Each cell line demonstrated a distinctive isozyme phenotype. These cell lines are maintained in active culture and in a cell bank for distribution to other investigators.", "contents": "Comparison of four new cell lines from patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Permanent human tumor cell lines COLO 110, COLO 316, COLO 319, and COLO 330 were established from four patients with serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. COLO 110 was derived from primary tumor tissue; COLO 316, COLO 319, and COLO 330 were derived from cells in malignant effusions. COLO 110 and COLO 316 grew as monolayers of epithelioid cells in culture; COLO 319 and COLO 330 grew as vermiform, floating colonies of epithelioid cells in culture. Epithelial-like morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. All four cell lines had marker chromosomes and double minute chromosomes. Giemsa banding revealed chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7 were involved in markers in all four lines, and chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, and 15 were involved in markers in three of the cell lines. Marker chromosomes with possible homogeneous staining regions were observed in COLO 319. Estrone was elaborated by three of the lines, but neither chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoembryonic antigen, nor estrogen or progesterone receptor proteins were detected. Each cell line demonstrated a distinctive isozyme phenotype. These cell lines are maintained in active culture and in a cell bank for distribution to other investigators.", "PMID": 498076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3702", "title": "Effects of combination drug therapy on the subcutaneous and pulmonary growth of a slow and a fast-growing C3H/He mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Changes in susceptibility to treatment with Cytoxan, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and Adriamycin, single or in combination, have been studied during the initial and progressive stages of s.c. and pulmonary (via tail vein injection) growth of two transplanted syngeneic C3H/He mammary carcinomas. One tumor was fast growing, reaching a size of 3 mm from a 1-mm s.c. implant in 7 days; the second tumor would grow to the same size in 30 days. The tumor with the slower growth rate was more susceptible to drug treatment, manifested by delayed growth as well as by prevented growth. The slower-growing tumor also remained susceptible longer, when treatment was delayed, than did the faster-growing tumor. Pulmonary growth was more often prevented by drug treatment than was s.c. growth. Tumor implants s.c. which had reached palpable size could be reduced temporarily to impalpable size by effective drug treatment but were rarely cured. The importance of early treatment relative to the time of tumor implantation was indicated when early treatment with a single drug proved more effective than did delayed treatment with a more potent combination of drugs.", "contents": "Effects of combination drug therapy on the subcutaneous and pulmonary growth of a slow and a fast-growing C3H/He mammary carcinoma. Changes in susceptibility to treatment with Cytoxan, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and Adriamycin, single or in combination, have been studied during the initial and progressive stages of s.c. and pulmonary (via tail vein injection) growth of two transplanted syngeneic C3H/He mammary carcinomas. One tumor was fast growing, reaching a size of 3 mm from a 1-mm s.c. implant in 7 days; the second tumor would grow to the same size in 30 days. The tumor with the slower growth rate was more susceptible to drug treatment, manifested by delayed growth as well as by prevented growth. The slower-growing tumor also remained susceptible longer, when treatment was delayed, than did the faster-growing tumor. Pulmonary growth was more often prevented by drug treatment than was s.c. growth. Tumor implants s.c. which had reached palpable size could be reduced temporarily to impalpable size by effective drug treatment but were rarely cured. The importance of early treatment relative to the time of tumor implantation was indicated when early treatment with a single drug proved more effective than did delayed treatment with a more potent combination of drugs.", "PMID": 498077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3703", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis after treatment of cells in culture with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "The ability of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to induce the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and to stimulate DNA synthesis was studied in four different cell types in vitro. The effects of this agent on each cell type were different: (a) in hamster embryo cells, TPA induced ODC but had no effect on DNA synthesis; (b) TPA induced ODC and stimulated DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells; (c) it did not induce ODC in human fibroblasts but did stimulate DNA synthesis; and (d) it induced neither ODC nor DNA synthesis in rat embryo fibroblasts. In contrast to the effects of TPA, ODC was induced and DNA synthesis was stimulated in all cell types by fresh serum-containing medium. Treatment of the cells with a combination of fresh medium and TPA resulted in an approximate summation of the effects of treatment with each agent alone. These results emphasize the differences in the responses of various cells to TPA. They also show that in some cells, at least, the induction of ODC and stimulation of DNA synthesis following TPA treatment can be regulated independently.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis after treatment of cells in culture with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The ability of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to induce the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and to stimulate DNA synthesis was studied in four different cell types in vitro. The effects of this agent on each cell type were different: (a) in hamster embryo cells, TPA induced ODC but had no effect on DNA synthesis; (b) TPA induced ODC and stimulated DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells; (c) it did not induce ODC in human fibroblasts but did stimulate DNA synthesis; and (d) it induced neither ODC nor DNA synthesis in rat embryo fibroblasts. In contrast to the effects of TPA, ODC was induced and DNA synthesis was stimulated in all cell types by fresh serum-containing medium. Treatment of the cells with a combination of fresh medium and TPA resulted in an approximate summation of the effects of treatment with each agent alone. These results emphasize the differences in the responses of various cells to TPA. They also show that in some cells, at least, the induction of ODC and stimulation of DNA synthesis following TPA treatment can be regulated independently.", "PMID": 498078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3704", "title": "Tumorigenicity and intracisternal A-particle expression of hybrids between murine myeloma and lymphocytes.", "content": "Hybrids of BALB/c lymphocytes and a murine myeloma, a tumor that expresses intracisternal A-particles, were obtained with polyethylene glycol as the fusogen. The karyotype, tumorigenicity, and A-particle expression of the hybrid clones were assessed. All the hybrid clones analyzed were tumorigenic and expressed intracisternal A-particles even when they were the result of a fusion event between two lymphocytes and one myeloma cell in which no loss of chromosomes was detected. The tumors that developed following inoculation of hybrid cells into BALB/c mice (1 x 10(6) cells/mouse) were karyotypically identical to the inoculated cells. It appears that the two myeloma cell phenotypic traits analyzed (tumorigenicity and A-particle expression) are dominant.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity and intracisternal A-particle expression of hybrids between murine myeloma and lymphocytes. Hybrids of BALB/c lymphocytes and a murine myeloma, a tumor that expresses intracisternal A-particles, were obtained with polyethylene glycol as the fusogen. The karyotype, tumorigenicity, and A-particle expression of the hybrid clones were assessed. All the hybrid clones analyzed were tumorigenic and expressed intracisternal A-particles even when they were the result of a fusion event between two lymphocytes and one myeloma cell in which no loss of chromosomes was detected. The tumors that developed following inoculation of hybrid cells into BALB/c mice (1 x 10(6) cells/mouse) were karyotypically identical to the inoculated cells. It appears that the two myeloma cell phenotypic traits analyzed (tumorigenicity and A-particle expression) are dominant.", "PMID": 498079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3705", "title": "Induction of hepatic neoplastic lesions in mice with a single dose of hycanthone methanesulfonate after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine whether hycanthone methanesulfonate (1-([2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino)-4-(hydroxymethyl)thioxanthen-9-one monomethanesulfonate), an antischistosomal drug, and its analog, IA-4-N-oxide (8-chloro-2-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2H-[1]benzothiopyrano[4,3,2-cd]indazole 5-methanol monomethanesulfonate), will induce neoplastic lesions in the livers of mice not infected with Schistosoma mansoni. All the mice received a single i.m. injection of hycanthone methanesulfonate (76 mg/kg), IA-4-N-oxide (80 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of the solvent, 0.9% NaCl solution, 42 hr after partial hepatectomy. Of the mice receiving hycanthone methanesulfonate and living 200 days or longer, hepatocellular carcinoma was seen in 11.5% and liver sarcoma was seen in 4.2%. This type of malignant neoplasm was not seen in the animals receiving either IA-4-N-oxide or 0.9% NaCl solution. In addition, mice receiving hycanthone methanesulfonate showed a significantly higher incidence of both type 1 (43% compared to 21% in controls) and type 2 (21% compared to 12% in controls) hepatocyte neoplasms. Mice receiving IA-4-N-oxide showed no increased incidence of neoplasms.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic neoplastic lesions in mice with a single dose of hycanthone methanesulfonate after partial hepatectomy. Experiments were designed to determine whether hycanthone methanesulfonate (1-([2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino)-4-(hydroxymethyl)thioxanthen-9-one monomethanesulfonate), an antischistosomal drug, and its analog, IA-4-N-oxide (8-chloro-2-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2H-[1]benzothiopyrano[4,3,2-cd]indazole 5-methanol monomethanesulfonate), will induce neoplastic lesions in the livers of mice not infected with Schistosoma mansoni. All the mice received a single i.m. injection of hycanthone methanesulfonate (76 mg/kg), IA-4-N-oxide (80 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of the solvent, 0.9% NaCl solution, 42 hr after partial hepatectomy. Of the mice receiving hycanthone methanesulfonate and living 200 days or longer, hepatocellular carcinoma was seen in 11.5% and liver sarcoma was seen in 4.2%. This type of malignant neoplasm was not seen in the animals receiving either IA-4-N-oxide or 0.9% NaCl solution. In addition, mice receiving hycanthone methanesulfonate showed a significantly higher incidence of both type 1 (43% compared to 21% in controls) and type 2 (21% compared to 12% in controls) hepatocyte neoplasms. Mice receiving IA-4-N-oxide showed no increased incidence of neoplasms.", "PMID": 498081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3706", "title": "Risk factors for nodular sclerosis and other types of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The age-adjusted incidence rates of nodular sclerosis in Los Angeles County from 1972 to 1975 were 58% lower in Mexican-Americans and 42% lower in blacks than in other whites. They were the same for each sex among other whites and the curve of age-specific incidence peaked in young adulthood. The incidence of nodular sclerosis was directly associated with social class. In contrast, the rates for other histological varieties of Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte predominance, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion) were only 12% lower in Mexican-Americans but 34% lower in blacks. In other whites, the rates were 92% higher in men and increased gradually with age while there were no clear trends with social class. These characteristics support the hypothesis that, at least for purposes of etiology, the nodular sclerosis form of this disease should be considered a distinct entity. Self-administered questionnaire were completed by 218 of the 1972 to 1973 Hodgkin's disease patients and 218 individually matched neighbourhood controls. Significantly high risk ratios for Hodgkin's disease were found for prior appendectomy (risk ratios = 1.9, p = 0.01) and for past amphetamine use (risk ratios = 3.0, p = 0.01). The elevated risk associated with amphetamine use had been found in a previous study.", "contents": "Risk factors for nodular sclerosis and other types of Hodgkin's disease. The age-adjusted incidence rates of nodular sclerosis in Los Angeles County from 1972 to 1975 were 58% lower in Mexican-Americans and 42% lower in blacks than in other whites. They were the same for each sex among other whites and the curve of age-specific incidence peaked in young adulthood. The incidence of nodular sclerosis was directly associated with social class. In contrast, the rates for other histological varieties of Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte predominance, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion) were only 12% lower in Mexican-Americans but 34% lower in blacks. In other whites, the rates were 92% higher in men and increased gradually with age while there were no clear trends with social class. These characteristics support the hypothesis that, at least for purposes of etiology, the nodular sclerosis form of this disease should be considered a distinct entity. Self-administered questionnaire were completed by 218 of the 1972 to 1973 Hodgkin's disease patients and 218 individually matched neighbourhood controls. Significantly high risk ratios for Hodgkin's disease were found for prior appendectomy (risk ratios = 1.9, p = 0.01) and for past amphetamine use (risk ratios = 3.0, p = 0.01). The elevated risk associated with amphetamine use had been found in a previous study.", "PMID": 498082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3707", "title": "Effects of local tumor hyperthermia on the growth of solid mouse tumors.", "content": "The sensitivity to local tumor hyperthermia (43 degrees, 60 min) of a spectrum of eight different solid mouse tumors (Lewis lung carcinoma, M5076 ovarian carcinoma, colon carcinoma 38, colon carcinoma 26, mammary adenocarcinoma C3HBA, mammary adenocarcinoma 16C, glioma 26, and B16 melanoma) was investigated. A microwave (2.45-GHz) apparatus produced localized heating of the tumors without generation of whole-body hyperthermia. The temperature at the center of the heated tumors was regulated to within +/- 0.1 degrees while the temperature uniformity within the tumor was +/- 0.5 degrees. The local hyperthermia treatments reduced the size and retarded the growth of the treated tumors compared with control values for each of the tumors tested. The faster-growing Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma were the least responsive to treatment, while the slower-growing colon 38 and M5076 ovarian carcinomas were the most responsive. Multiple treatments resulted in longer grwoth delays and greater tumor growth inhibition than did single treatments. No consistent difference in life span between the control and treated groups was measured, and only five of 188 treated animals were cured.", "contents": "Effects of local tumor hyperthermia on the growth of solid mouse tumors. The sensitivity to local tumor hyperthermia (43 degrees, 60 min) of a spectrum of eight different solid mouse tumors (Lewis lung carcinoma, M5076 ovarian carcinoma, colon carcinoma 38, colon carcinoma 26, mammary adenocarcinoma C3HBA, mammary adenocarcinoma 16C, glioma 26, and B16 melanoma) was investigated. A microwave (2.45-GHz) apparatus produced localized heating of the tumors without generation of whole-body hyperthermia. The temperature at the center of the heated tumors was regulated to within +/- 0.1 degrees while the temperature uniformity within the tumor was +/- 0.5 degrees. The local hyperthermia treatments reduced the size and retarded the growth of the treated tumors compared with control values for each of the tumors tested. The faster-growing Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma were the least responsive to treatment, while the slower-growing colon 38 and M5076 ovarian carcinomas were the most responsive. Multiple treatments resulted in longer grwoth delays and greater tumor growth inhibition than did single treatments. No consistent difference in life span between the control and treated groups was measured, and only five of 188 treated animals were cured.", "PMID": 498085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3708", "title": "Catecholestrogen synthesis and metabolism by human breast tumors in vitro.", "content": "The activities of enzymes which synthesize and metabolize catecholestrogens were studied in biopsy samples of human breast neoplasms. Estrogen 2-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme, was present in both benign and malignant neoplasms but not in normal breast tissue. Catechol O-methyltransferase activity was present in all samples examined and was significantly higher in malignant tumors [549 +/- 31 (S.E.) pmol/20 min/mg protein] than in benign neoplasms (226 +/- 41 pmol/20 min/mg protein) or in normal breast tissue (133 +/- 28 pmol/20 min/mg protein). There was no correlation, however, between estrogen 2-hydroxylase and catechol O-methyltransferase activities. The enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of catecholestrogens are present in some breast tumor specimens, suggesting that in such tissues these metabolites may be formed in vivo.", "contents": "Catecholestrogen synthesis and metabolism by human breast tumors in vitro. The activities of enzymes which synthesize and metabolize catecholestrogens were studied in biopsy samples of human breast neoplasms. Estrogen 2-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme, was present in both benign and malignant neoplasms but not in normal breast tissue. Catechol O-methyltransferase activity was present in all samples examined and was significantly higher in malignant tumors [549 +/- 31 (S.E.) pmol/20 min/mg protein] than in benign neoplasms (226 +/- 41 pmol/20 min/mg protein) or in normal breast tissue (133 +/- 28 pmol/20 min/mg protein). There was no correlation, however, between estrogen 2-hydroxylase and catechol O-methyltransferase activities. The enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of catecholestrogens are present in some breast tumor specimens, suggesting that in such tissues these metabolites may be formed in vivo.", "PMID": 498088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3709", "title": "Specific inhibitors directed at the individual components of ribonucleotide reductase as an approach to combination chemotherapy.", "content": "It had been shown previously that the ribonucleotide reductase from mouse tumor consisted of two nonidentical components (Tris and dye fractions, each prepared from the 20 to 40% (NH/)2SO4 protein fraction containing the ribonucleotide reductase activity by blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography). The individual components either separated or present in the intact enzyme can be specifically and independently inhibited by different compounds. The Tris fraction component was inhibited by 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone while the dye fraction component was inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate:BH4- and the dialdehyde derivative of inosine (Inox) and 5'-deoxyinosine prepared by the periodate oxidation of inosine and 5'-deoxyinosine. The intact enzyme could be completely inhibited by any of these compounds. Reductase activity was restored by reconstitution with the exogenous components. The individual components of the reductase in the intact Ehrlich tumor cell could also be specifically inhibited. Activity in the crude cell-free extracts prepared from 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone- or Inox-treated cells was restored by the addition of the appropriate exogenous component. These data suggest that combinations of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase which specifically inhibit the components may be useful in the treatment of cancer.", "contents": "Specific inhibitors directed at the individual components of ribonucleotide reductase as an approach to combination chemotherapy. It had been shown previously that the ribonucleotide reductase from mouse tumor consisted of two nonidentical components (Tris and dye fractions, each prepared from the 20 to 40% (NH/)2SO4 protein fraction containing the ribonucleotide reductase activity by blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography). The individual components either separated or present in the intact enzyme can be specifically and independently inhibited by different compounds. The Tris fraction component was inhibited by 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone while the dye fraction component was inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate:BH4- and the dialdehyde derivative of inosine (Inox) and 5'-deoxyinosine prepared by the periodate oxidation of inosine and 5'-deoxyinosine. The intact enzyme could be completely inhibited by any of these compounds. Reductase activity was restored by reconstitution with the exogenous components. The individual components of the reductase in the intact Ehrlich tumor cell could also be specifically inhibited. Activity in the crude cell-free extracts prepared from 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone- or Inox-treated cells was restored by the addition of the appropriate exogenous component. These data suggest that combinations of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase which specifically inhibit the components may be useful in the treatment of cancer.", "PMID": 498090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3710", "title": "Thermosensitization by sulfhydryl compounds of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The effect of various sulfhydryl compounds on the survival of exponentially growing monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster cells (HA1) heated to temperatures of 37-43 degrees was examined. Concentrations of cysteamine which were nontoxic or minimally toxic at room temperature or 37 degrees became increasingly toxic at elevated temperatures, greatly potentiating the killing produced by heat alone in the absence of cysteamine. This enhancement of hyperthermia-induced cell killing increased with increasing cysteamine concentration, increasing duration of cysteamine exposure, and increasing temperature. Studies with synchronized Chinese hamster cells heated at 43 degrees for 1 hr in the presence of 16 mM cysteamine demonstrated that the potentiation of heat killing occurred in all phases of the cell cycle. Similarly, enhancement of hyperthermia-induced cell killing was seen for asynchronous cells exposed to 2-amino-ethylisothiourium bromides and cysteine, but the magnitude of the effect differed for the various sulfhydryl compounds.", "contents": "Thermosensitization by sulfhydryl compounds of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells. The effect of various sulfhydryl compounds on the survival of exponentially growing monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster cells (HA1) heated to temperatures of 37-43 degrees was examined. Concentrations of cysteamine which were nontoxic or minimally toxic at room temperature or 37 degrees became increasingly toxic at elevated temperatures, greatly potentiating the killing produced by heat alone in the absence of cysteamine. This enhancement of hyperthermia-induced cell killing increased with increasing cysteamine concentration, increasing duration of cysteamine exposure, and increasing temperature. Studies with synchronized Chinese hamster cells heated at 43 degrees for 1 hr in the presence of 16 mM cysteamine demonstrated that the potentiation of heat killing occurred in all phases of the cell cycle. Similarly, enhancement of hyperthermia-induced cell killing was seen for asynchronous cells exposed to 2-amino-ethylisothiourium bromides and cysteine, but the magnitude of the effect differed for the various sulfhydryl compounds.", "PMID": 498092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3711", "title": "Ontogeny of the rat hepatic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its endocrine indepence.", "content": "The ontogeny of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) receptor was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats by quantitation of the receptor in liver cytosol using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. No differences by sex in the receptor concentration were seen at any of the ages studied. Newborn, 21-day-old, and 42-day-old rats contained significantly more receptor in the liver cytosol than did 56-day-old rats. There was no significant difference in the receptor concentration in liver cytosol from 7-day-old rats compared to that from 56-day-old rats. The maximum receptor concentration was found in cytosol from 21-day-old rats [36.1 +/- 24.0 (S.D.) fmol/mg protein]. Adult rats (56 days old) contained the lowest concentration of receptor (13.3 +/- 6.3 fmol/mg protein). The level of TCDD receptor in liver cytosol from adult rats was not significantly changed by orchiectomy, ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, or hypophysectomy. The maximum for TCDD receptor concentration at puberty corresponds to the reported maximum for the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. However, no further conclusion can as yet be drawn concerning the regulation of the TCDD receptor.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the rat hepatic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its endocrine indepence. The ontogeny of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) receptor was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats by quantitation of the receptor in liver cytosol using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. No differences by sex in the receptor concentration were seen at any of the ages studied. Newborn, 21-day-old, and 42-day-old rats contained significantly more receptor in the liver cytosol than did 56-day-old rats. There was no significant difference in the receptor concentration in liver cytosol from 7-day-old rats compared to that from 56-day-old rats. The maximum receptor concentration was found in cytosol from 21-day-old rats [36.1 +/- 24.0 (S.D.) fmol/mg protein]. Adult rats (56 days old) contained the lowest concentration of receptor (13.3 +/- 6.3 fmol/mg protein). The level of TCDD receptor in liver cytosol from adult rats was not significantly changed by orchiectomy, ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, or hypophysectomy. The maximum for TCDD receptor concentration at puberty corresponds to the reported maximum for the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. However, no further conclusion can as yet be drawn concerning the regulation of the TCDD receptor.", "PMID": 498093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3712", "title": "Protein synthesis in liver tissue under the influence of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma in mice.", "content": "Amino acids are incorporated at increased rates into hepatic proteins in tumor-bearing humans and animals. In this study, we hoped to elucidate whether this is an expression of increased hepatic protein synthesis or altered isotope dilution in the precursor pool(s). Liver tissue from sarcoma-bearing mice (MCG 101) showed increased specific activities of arginine and leucine in hepatic proteins after i.p. injection of these precursors. The specific radioactivity of leucine in the free amino acid incorporation rate into proteins was also found in incubated liver slices and in a cell-free system of incubated free and membrane-attached polysomes. The increased amino acid incorporation was the net result of increased as well as decreased relative turnover of various hepatic proteins. The hepatic content of RNA was increased, but hepatic DNA and protein content was unchanged in tumor-influenced livers. Increased amino acid incorporation into hepatic proteins in tumor-bearing animals and also probably in cancer patients is due to a net increased hepatic protein synthesis, probably not confined to acute-phase reactants only.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in liver tissue under the influence of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma in mice. Amino acids are incorporated at increased rates into hepatic proteins in tumor-bearing humans and animals. In this study, we hoped to elucidate whether this is an expression of increased hepatic protein synthesis or altered isotope dilution in the precursor pool(s). Liver tissue from sarcoma-bearing mice (MCG 101) showed increased specific activities of arginine and leucine in hepatic proteins after i.p. injection of these precursors. The specific radioactivity of leucine in the free amino acid incorporation rate into proteins was also found in incubated liver slices and in a cell-free system of incubated free and membrane-attached polysomes. The increased amino acid incorporation was the net result of increased as well as decreased relative turnover of various hepatic proteins. The hepatic content of RNA was increased, but hepatic DNA and protein content was unchanged in tumor-influenced livers. Increased amino acid incorporation into hepatic proteins in tumor-bearing animals and also probably in cancer patients is due to a net increased hepatic protein synthesis, probably not confined to acute-phase reactants only.", "PMID": 498094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3713", "title": "Disturbance of phospholipid metabolism during the selective destruction of tumor cells induced by alkyl-lysophospholipids.", "content": "Alkyl-lysophospholipids inhibit the growth of Meth A sarcoma cells in vitro. In contrast, murine bone marrow macrophages are not sensitive to the destructive effect of these substances. Since alkyl-lysophospholipids are antimetabolites in the synthesis of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, tumor cell destruction can be correlated with the disturbance of this metabolism. A decreased synthesis of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine is accompanied by an increased degradation of cellular 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine in the presence of alkyl-lysophospholipids. As a consequence, endogeneously formed lysophospholipid accumulates, although the lysophospholipase is found to be stimulated. This accumulation of endogeneous lysophospholipids might be due to the fact that a high percentage of these compounds contain an alkyl bond which cannot be split by a lysophospholipase. On the other hand, the reacylation of the formed lysophospholipids is partially blocked as the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase is inhibited by the added alkyllysophospholipids. An accumulation of potentially cytotoxic lysophospholipids in tumor cells might be an additional factor in the tumor cell destruction by alkyl-lysophospholipids.", "contents": "Disturbance of phospholipid metabolism during the selective destruction of tumor cells induced by alkyl-lysophospholipids. Alkyl-lysophospholipids inhibit the growth of Meth A sarcoma cells in vitro. In contrast, murine bone marrow macrophages are not sensitive to the destructive effect of these substances. Since alkyl-lysophospholipids are antimetabolites in the synthesis of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, tumor cell destruction can be correlated with the disturbance of this metabolism. A decreased synthesis of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine is accompanied by an increased degradation of cellular 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine in the presence of alkyl-lysophospholipids. As a consequence, endogeneously formed lysophospholipid accumulates, although the lysophospholipase is found to be stimulated. This accumulation of endogeneous lysophospholipids might be due to the fact that a high percentage of these compounds contain an alkyl bond which cannot be split by a lysophospholipase. On the other hand, the reacylation of the formed lysophospholipids is partially blocked as the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase is inhibited by the added alkyllysophospholipids. An accumulation of potentially cytotoxic lysophospholipids in tumor cells might be an additional factor in the tumor cell destruction by alkyl-lysophospholipids.", "PMID": 498095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3714", "title": "Association of macrophage activation with antitumor effect on rat syngeneic fibrosarcoma by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton.", "content": "The antitumor activities of the cell wall skeleton (CWS) of Nocardia rubra were demonstrated for syngeneic fibrosarcoma (AMC-60) in ACI/N rats in regard to macrophage activation. In the 24-hr cytolytic test, activated macrophages which were fractionated from peritoneal exudate cells induced by i.p. injection of Nocardia CWS showed significant cytolytic activity for [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells. Activated macrophages also strongly inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into the tumor cells during the 24-hr cytostatic test. When tumor cells were inoculated s.c. with activated macrophages in the Winn-type transfer assay, subsequent tumor growth was significantly inhibited. Repeated i.p. injection of the CWS seemed to enhance these antitumor activities of macrophages. The therapeutic effect of Nocardia CWS was assessed with the ascites tumor and with the solid tumor inoculated i.m. into the hind leg. In the former treatment, repeated i.p. injections completely prevented the accumulation of ascites fluid and resulted in prolongation of the survival period. The peritoneal macrophages harvested from these survivors had a strong cytolytic activity for tumor cells in the cytolytic test. In the latter treatment, repeated intratumoral injections inhibited the growth of primary tumor and prevented metastasis. Furthermore, peritoneal resident macrophages from these tumor-bearing rats treated intratumorally with the CWS were found to be cytolytic for tumor cells in the cytolytic test.", "contents": "Association of macrophage activation with antitumor effect on rat syngeneic fibrosarcoma by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton. The antitumor activities of the cell wall skeleton (CWS) of Nocardia rubra were demonstrated for syngeneic fibrosarcoma (AMC-60) in ACI/N rats in regard to macrophage activation. In the 24-hr cytolytic test, activated macrophages which were fractionated from peritoneal exudate cells induced by i.p. injection of Nocardia CWS showed significant cytolytic activity for [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells. Activated macrophages also strongly inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into the tumor cells during the 24-hr cytostatic test. When tumor cells were inoculated s.c. with activated macrophages in the Winn-type transfer assay, subsequent tumor growth was significantly inhibited. Repeated i.p. injection of the CWS seemed to enhance these antitumor activities of macrophages. The therapeutic effect of Nocardia CWS was assessed with the ascites tumor and with the solid tumor inoculated i.m. into the hind leg. In the former treatment, repeated i.p. injections completely prevented the accumulation of ascites fluid and resulted in prolongation of the survival period. The peritoneal macrophages harvested from these survivors had a strong cytolytic activity for tumor cells in the cytolytic test. In the latter treatment, repeated intratumoral injections inhibited the growth of primary tumor and prevented metastasis. Furthermore, peritoneal resident macrophages from these tumor-bearing rats treated intratumorally with the CWS were found to be cytolytic for tumor cells in the cytolytic test.", "PMID": 498096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3715", "title": "Development of androgen-independent spindle cell tumors from androgen-dependent medullary Shionogi carcinoma 115 in androgen-depleted nude mice.", "content": "When Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115, undifferentiated medullary carcinoma showing compact cell pattern and containing androgen receptor) was transplanted into male and female DS mice, it grew only in males. In contrast to this strict androgen dependency in DS hosts, tumors composed of spindle-shaped cells appeared in more than 80% of cases when SC115 tumor was inoculated into female or castrated male nude athymic (BALB/c-nu/nu) recipients. These spindle cell tumors neither contained cytosol androgen receptor nor showed biologically defined androgen dependency. As spindle cell tumors could be serially transplanted in DS mice but not in BALB/c-+/+ mice and as the original SC115 (medullary carcinoma showing a compact cell pattern) tumor and the spindle cell tumor had many identical chromosome abnormalities, these two types of tumors seem to have a common origin in spite of their morphological, biochemical, and biological differences. Since spindle cells could not be detected histologically in SC115 tumors maintained in intact male DS mice, the present results seem to suggest that SC115 cells may change their morphological, biochemical, and biological characteristics within one passage in androgen-depleted nude athymic mice.", "contents": "Development of androgen-independent spindle cell tumors from androgen-dependent medullary Shionogi carcinoma 115 in androgen-depleted nude mice. When Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115, undifferentiated medullary carcinoma showing compact cell pattern and containing androgen receptor) was transplanted into male and female DS mice, it grew only in males. In contrast to this strict androgen dependency in DS hosts, tumors composed of spindle-shaped cells appeared in more than 80% of cases when SC115 tumor was inoculated into female or castrated male nude athymic (BALB/c-nu/nu) recipients. These spindle cell tumors neither contained cytosol androgen receptor nor showed biologically defined androgen dependency. As spindle cell tumors could be serially transplanted in DS mice but not in BALB/c-+/+ mice and as the original SC115 (medullary carcinoma showing a compact cell pattern) tumor and the spindle cell tumor had many identical chromosome abnormalities, these two types of tumors seem to have a common origin in spite of their morphological, biochemical, and biological differences. Since spindle cells could not be detected histologically in SC115 tumors maintained in intact male DS mice, the present results seem to suggest that SC115 cells may change their morphological, biochemical, and biological characteristics within one passage in androgen-depleted nude athymic mice.", "PMID": 498097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3716", "title": "Enhancement of interferon antitumor action by sodium butyrate.", "content": "Sodium butyrate together with interferon enhances the antitumor effect of interferon in vivo. When Sarcoma 180 TG cells are inoculated in mice, the mean survival time and final survival rate are greatly increased compared to those for treatment with interferon alone. Similarly, a significant delay in the mean survival time is observed when mice inoculated with L1210 cells are treated with sodium butyrate and interferon. This effect could be due at least in part to a potentiation of interferon action on the tumor cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of interferon antitumor action by sodium butyrate. Sodium butyrate together with interferon enhances the antitumor effect of interferon in vivo. When Sarcoma 180 TG cells are inoculated in mice, the mean survival time and final survival rate are greatly increased compared to those for treatment with interferon alone. Similarly, a significant delay in the mean survival time is observed when mice inoculated with L1210 cells are treated with sodium butyrate and interferon. This effect could be due at least in part to a potentiation of interferon action on the tumor cells.", "PMID": 498098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3717", "title": "Characterization of liver-type alkaline phosphatase from human gastric carcinoma cells (KMK-2) in vitro.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase was extracted from human gastric carcinoma cells (KMK-2) under long-term culture, and its biochemical and biological properties were investigated. The enzyme was extremely heat labile and was inhibited significantly by L-homoarginine, but only slightly by L-phenylalanine, so that it was classified as a liver-type alkaline phosphatase. Comparative studies with liver and early placental alkaline phosphatases revealed that the enzymes all showed a similar extent of inhibition by amino acids, heat stability, immunological character, molecular, and other biochemical properties. However, KMK-2 alkaline phosphatase was more similar to early placental enzyme in electrophoretic and gel filtration pattern. This liver-type alkaline phosphatase was found ultrastructurally on microvilli of KMK-2 cells, but not on the lateral structurally on microvilli of KMK-2 cells, but not on the lateral surface with interdigitating folds. Prednisolone markedly decreased the content of the present isozyme. Although the present phenotype was stable during long-term culture in regard to the isozyme properties, the original cancer cells from which the cell line had been derived were L-phenylalanine sensitive and moderately L-homoarginine sensitive. This indicated that phenotypic change occurred on cultivation of cancer cells in vitro.", "contents": "Characterization of liver-type alkaline phosphatase from human gastric carcinoma cells (KMK-2) in vitro. Alkaline phosphatase was extracted from human gastric carcinoma cells (KMK-2) under long-term culture, and its biochemical and biological properties were investigated. The enzyme was extremely heat labile and was inhibited significantly by L-homoarginine, but only slightly by L-phenylalanine, so that it was classified as a liver-type alkaline phosphatase. Comparative studies with liver and early placental alkaline phosphatases revealed that the enzymes all showed a similar extent of inhibition by amino acids, heat stability, immunological character, molecular, and other biochemical properties. However, KMK-2 alkaline phosphatase was more similar to early placental enzyme in electrophoretic and gel filtration pattern. This liver-type alkaline phosphatase was found ultrastructurally on microvilli of KMK-2 cells, but not on the lateral structurally on microvilli of KMK-2 cells, but not on the lateral surface with interdigitating folds. Prednisolone markedly decreased the content of the present isozyme. Although the present phenotype was stable during long-term culture in regard to the isozyme properties, the original cancer cells from which the cell line had been derived were L-phenylalanine sensitive and moderately L-homoarginine sensitive. This indicated that phenotypic change occurred on cultivation of cancer cells in vitro.", "PMID": 498100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3718", "title": "Junctional intercellular communication pattern of cultured human breast cancer cells.", "content": "Junctional intercellular communication between several established human breast cancer cell lines and a variety of mammalian cells has been examined. All the cancer cell lines were found to be either noncommunicators or nonselective communicators. This contrasts with normal human mammary epithelium which shows selectivity in junctional communication. Loss of selectivity in junctional communication appears to be a general feature of cultured human breast cancer cells.", "contents": "Junctional intercellular communication pattern of cultured human breast cancer cells. Junctional intercellular communication between several established human breast cancer cell lines and a variety of mammalian cells has been examined. All the cancer cell lines were found to be either noncommunicators or nonselective communicators. This contrasts with normal human mammary epithelium which shows selectivity in junctional communication. Loss of selectivity in junctional communication appears to be a general feature of cultured human breast cancer cells.", "PMID": 498101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3719", "title": "Correlation between glucocorticoid receptor and cytolytic response of murine lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "By fusion between murine thymoma lines which are either homozygous (r+/r+ or r-/r-) or hemizygous (r+/r-) for the glucocorticoid receptor structural gene r, hybrid clones have been obtained which carry one, two three, or four copies of the r+ allele. These hybrids contain different amounts of normal glucocorticoid receptor as the result of a r+ gene dosage effect. Measurements of the cytolytic response of these hybrids to dexamethasone indicate a tight correlation between receptor content and sensitivity.", "contents": "Correlation between glucocorticoid receptor and cytolytic response of murine lymphoid cell lines. By fusion between murine thymoma lines which are either homozygous (r+/r+ or r-/r-) or hemizygous (r+/r-) for the glucocorticoid receptor structural gene r, hybrid clones have been obtained which carry one, two three, or four copies of the r+ allele. These hybrids contain different amounts of normal glucocorticoid receptor as the result of a r+ gene dosage effect. Measurements of the cytolytic response of these hybrids to dexamethasone indicate a tight correlation between receptor content and sensitivity.", "PMID": 498102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3720", "title": "Increased production of mutagenic metabolites of carcinogens by tissues from senescent rodents.", "content": "Activation of the procarcinogens benzo(a)pyrene and 2-fluorenamine by liver homogenates (S9) prepared from senescent male CFN rats and C57BL/6J mice resulted in an enhanced production of mutagenic metabolites when compared to young rodents, as indicated by an enhancement of the induced reversion frequency in a Salmonella typhimurium bioassay. Similar results were observed when carcinogen activation was mediated by purified hepatic microsomes, indicating that the age-related differences in carcinogen activation did not result from aging changes in carcinogen metabolism involving non-microsomal mechanisms. The metabolites of many procarcinogens are thought to be the ultimate carcinogens in mammals. Therefore, the present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some fraction of the markedly increased of neoplasia observed in senescent mammals is a result of age-related alterations in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Increased production of mutagenic metabolites of carcinogens by tissues from senescent rodents. Activation of the procarcinogens benzo(a)pyrene and 2-fluorenamine by liver homogenates (S9) prepared from senescent male CFN rats and C57BL/6J mice resulted in an enhanced production of mutagenic metabolites when compared to young rodents, as indicated by an enhancement of the induced reversion frequency in a Salmonella typhimurium bioassay. Similar results were observed when carcinogen activation was mediated by purified hepatic microsomes, indicating that the age-related differences in carcinogen activation did not result from aging changes in carcinogen metabolism involving non-microsomal mechanisms. The metabolites of many procarcinogens are thought to be the ultimate carcinogens in mammals. Therefore, the present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some fraction of the markedly increased of neoplasia observed in senescent mammals is a result of age-related alterations in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 498103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3721", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies during phase I trials of high-dose thymidine infusions.", "content": "Thymidine infusions (75 g/sq m/24 hr) were administered to 12 cancer patients as part of a Phase I study. Thymidine and thymine measurements, by high-pressure liquid chromatography, were made on plasma and urine from eight of these patients. Only the pharmacokinetic aspects of these studies are reported in this paper. Millimolar thymidine and thymine concentrations were achieved in all patients and maintained for 120 hr during each of three courses of infusion. The half-life of thymidine was approximately 100 min following cessation of infusion. The half-life of thymine was much longer but could not be accurately determined because it did not decline as a first-order rate function. The cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratios at steady state for thymidine and thymine were 0.29 and 1.03, respectively. Total body clearance of thymidine ranged from 95 to 266 ml/min/sq m, and 41 to 67% was by kidney clearance of intact thymidine. Calculations and comparison to other studies at lower infusion rates (micromolar plasma thymidine) indicate that thymidine is metabolized significantly by organs in addition to the liver and that, at millimolar plasma thymidine, total body metabolic processes of thymidine are saturated as is the secretory portion of kidney clearance.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies during phase I trials of high-dose thymidine infusions. Thymidine infusions (75 g/sq m/24 hr) were administered to 12 cancer patients as part of a Phase I study. Thymidine and thymine measurements, by high-pressure liquid chromatography, were made on plasma and urine from eight of these patients. Only the pharmacokinetic aspects of these studies are reported in this paper. Millimolar thymidine and thymine concentrations were achieved in all patients and maintained for 120 hr during each of three courses of infusion. The half-life of thymidine was approximately 100 min following cessation of infusion. The half-life of thymine was much longer but could not be accurately determined because it did not decline as a first-order rate function. The cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratios at steady state for thymidine and thymine were 0.29 and 1.03, respectively. Total body clearance of thymidine ranged from 95 to 266 ml/min/sq m, and 41 to 67% was by kidney clearance of intact thymidine. Calculations and comparison to other studies at lower infusion rates (micromolar plasma thymidine) indicate that thymidine is metabolized significantly by organs in addition to the liver and that, at millimolar plasma thymidine, total body metabolic processes of thymidine are saturated as is the secretory portion of kidney clearance.", "PMID": 498107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3722", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultured lymphocytes and tumor cells by extracts of betel nut, tobacco, and miang leaf, plant substances associated with cancer of the ororespiratory epithelium.", "content": "The high incidence of oropharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers in certain parts of the world has been ascribed to conjugated tannins found in certain folk medicinal herbs. We extracted miang leaf and betel nut with phosphate-buffered saline (0.14 M NaCl, 0.15 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and found that the extracts inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes and by rat mammary tumor and mouse L-cells in logarithmic growth. Pretreating the lymphocytes for 1 or 4 hr with the extracts inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced thymidine incorporation 72 hr later. At concentrations of 2.5 volumes % or lower, miang and betel nut extracts inhibited thymidine incorporation by 40 to 98% without any apparent signs of toxicity as demonstrated by the 66Rb equilibrium assay. In addition, neither extract inhibited cytotoxicity of rat mammary tumor cells by immune syngeneic spleen cells. The molecular weights of the inhibitory factors were between 1,000 and 10,000 daltons as determined by ultrafiltration and were unaffected by boiling for 3 min or by treatment with alcohol and, therefore, are probably not proteins. This in vitro demonstration of inhibition of DNA synthesis by these plant extracts presumably enriched for conjugated tannins may relate to inhibition of growth of rats and chicks fed conjugated tanin-contaminated sorghum feed. The carcinogenic potential of either these extracts or conjugated tannins is not yet established.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultured lymphocytes and tumor cells by extracts of betel nut, tobacco, and miang leaf, plant substances associated with cancer of the ororespiratory epithelium. The high incidence of oropharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers in certain parts of the world has been ascribed to conjugated tannins found in certain folk medicinal herbs. We extracted miang leaf and betel nut with phosphate-buffered saline (0.14 M NaCl, 0.15 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and found that the extracts inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes and by rat mammary tumor and mouse L-cells in logarithmic growth. Pretreating the lymphocytes for 1 or 4 hr with the extracts inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced thymidine incorporation 72 hr later. At concentrations of 2.5 volumes % or lower, miang and betel nut extracts inhibited thymidine incorporation by 40 to 98% without any apparent signs of toxicity as demonstrated by the 66Rb equilibrium assay. In addition, neither extract inhibited cytotoxicity of rat mammary tumor cells by immune syngeneic spleen cells. The molecular weights of the inhibitory factors were between 1,000 and 10,000 daltons as determined by ultrafiltration and were unaffected by boiling for 3 min or by treatment with alcohol and, therefore, are probably not proteins. This in vitro demonstration of inhibition of DNA synthesis by these plant extracts presumably enriched for conjugated tannins may relate to inhibition of growth of rats and chicks fed conjugated tanin-contaminated sorghum feed. The carcinogenic potential of either these extracts or conjugated tannins is not yet established.", "PMID": 498109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3723", "title": "Comparative antitumor effects of Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, and levamisole alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide in the CaD2 murine mammary adenocarcinoma system.", "content": "The antitumor efficacy of various immune stimulants [Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG)] and levamisole alone or in conjunction with cyclophosphamide (CY) was studied in the CaD2 mammary adenocarcinoma system using schedules developed previously with C. parvum and CY. Weekly systemic treatment with C. parvum, B. pertussis, or BCG was effective in controlling tumor growth and had equivalent antitumor effects, but weekly treatment (or a single treatment) with levamisole was ineffective. Weekly treatment with B. pertussis was better than treatment given only once, but repeated treatment with C. parvum or BCG was not more effective than a single treatment with these agents. When administered as a single systemic injection, C. parvum was superior to B. pertussis in controlling tumor growth, but a single systemic injection of BCG was as effective as C. parvum. Systemic administration of immune stimulants had variable effects on survival, which were sometimes not correlated with effects on tumor size. Combined treatment with BCG and CY was significantly more effective than CY treatment alone in controlling tumor growth in most trials, as was combination treatment with C. parvum and CY. Combination treatment with B. pertussis and CY was not better in prolonging survival than CY alone. Levamisole rarely improved the antitumor effect of CY chemotherapy and had no effect on survival compared to the effect of CY alone.", "contents": "Comparative antitumor effects of Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, and levamisole alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide in the CaD2 murine mammary adenocarcinoma system. The antitumor efficacy of various immune stimulants [Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG)] and levamisole alone or in conjunction with cyclophosphamide (CY) was studied in the CaD2 mammary adenocarcinoma system using schedules developed previously with C. parvum and CY. Weekly systemic treatment with C. parvum, B. pertussis, or BCG was effective in controlling tumor growth and had equivalent antitumor effects, but weekly treatment (or a single treatment) with levamisole was ineffective. Weekly treatment with B. pertussis was better than treatment given only once, but repeated treatment with C. parvum or BCG was not more effective than a single treatment with these agents. When administered as a single systemic injection, C. parvum was superior to B. pertussis in controlling tumor growth, but a single systemic injection of BCG was as effective as C. parvum. Systemic administration of immune stimulants had variable effects on survival, which were sometimes not correlated with effects on tumor size. Combined treatment with BCG and CY was significantly more effective than CY treatment alone in controlling tumor growth in most trials, as was combination treatment with C. parvum and CY. Combination treatment with B. pertussis and CY was not better in prolonging survival than CY alone. Levamisole rarely improved the antitumor effect of CY chemotherapy and had no effect on survival compared to the effect of CY alone.", "PMID": 498111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3724", "title": "Effect of 5-fluorouracil on RNA metabolism in Novikoff hepatoma cells.", "content": "The resistance of a Novikoff hepatoma cell line (N1-S1/FdUrd) to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was reversed by the inclusion of inosine in the culture medium. As the concentration of inosine in the medium was increased, there was a marked increase in the uptake of [14C]FUra and conversion to nucleotides with a corresponding increase in the incorporation into RNA. While FUra alone had no effect on this resistant cell line, the combination of FUra plus inosine altered the levels of ribose 1-phosphate but not 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate, altered the maturation of precursor ribosomal RNA by blocking the formation of 18S RNA, altered the methylation of the ribosomal RNA, and caused inhibition of the growth of these cells. No evidence was obtained that fluorodeoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate was formed in the N1-S1/FdUrd cells as a result of treatment with FUra plus inosine. In addition, the metabolism of [3H]deoxycytidine in the presence of FUra plus inosine in the intact N1-S1/FdUrd cells did not indicate significant inhibition of thymidylate synthetase as evidenced by the levels of deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate or conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate.", "contents": "Effect of 5-fluorouracil on RNA metabolism in Novikoff hepatoma cells. The resistance of a Novikoff hepatoma cell line (N1-S1/FdUrd) to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was reversed by the inclusion of inosine in the culture medium. As the concentration of inosine in the medium was increased, there was a marked increase in the uptake of [14C]FUra and conversion to nucleotides with a corresponding increase in the incorporation into RNA. While FUra alone had no effect on this resistant cell line, the combination of FUra plus inosine altered the levels of ribose 1-phosphate but not 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate, altered the maturation of precursor ribosomal RNA by blocking the formation of 18S RNA, altered the methylation of the ribosomal RNA, and caused inhibition of the growth of these cells. No evidence was obtained that fluorodeoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate was formed in the N1-S1/FdUrd cells as a result of treatment with FUra plus inosine. In addition, the metabolism of [3H]deoxycytidine in the presence of FUra plus inosine in the intact N1-S1/FdUrd cells did not indicate significant inhibition of thymidylate synthetase as evidenced by the levels of deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate or conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate.", "PMID": 498116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3725", "title": "Cell lines from human colon carcinoma with unusual cell products, double minutes, and homogeneously staining regions.", "content": "Two human colon carcinoma cell lines derived from the same tumor specimen were characterized. The cell lines, COLO 320 and COLO 321, have amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell properties, such as ectopic production of norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and parathyroid hormone. The cells were morphologically different from most colon cell lines. Double minutes (DM) were initially present in nearly 100% of the metaphases. In a few subcultures of COLO 320, DM have persisted for 1.5 years. However, in COLO 321 and some subcultures of COLO 320, a loss of DM was observed and new marker chromosomes with homogeneously staining regions were observed. These unusual cell lines should be valuable for studies of apudomas of the colon and the cytogenetic phenomena of DM and homogeneously staining regions.", "contents": "Cell lines from human colon carcinoma with unusual cell products, double minutes, and homogeneously staining regions. Two human colon carcinoma cell lines derived from the same tumor specimen were characterized. The cell lines, COLO 320 and COLO 321, have amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell properties, such as ectopic production of norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and parathyroid hormone. The cells were morphologically different from most colon cell lines. Double minutes (DM) were initially present in nearly 100% of the metaphases. In a few subcultures of COLO 320, DM have persisted for 1.5 years. However, in COLO 321 and some subcultures of COLO 320, a loss of DM was observed and new marker chromosomes with homogeneously staining regions were observed. These unusual cell lines should be valuable for studies of apudomas of the colon and the cytogenetic phenomena of DM and homogeneously staining regions.", "PMID": 498117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3726", "title": "Promotion of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by high-fat diet in rats.", "content": "Promotional properties of a high-fat diet in intestinal cancer were studied by feeding a 30% beef fat diet to 8 groups of rats (25 rats/group) for time periods varying from 1 to 21 weeks after 8 weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM) (8 mg/ kg). Two other groups were fed the high-fat diet, one for 8 weeks prior to and the other during AOM injections. A 5% fat diet was fed to rats when not on the 30% fat diet and to a control group of 25 animals. High fat diet increased intestinal tumor frequency up to 2-fold when given for at least 4 weeks after but not during or prior to AOM injections; this increase occurred even after a prolonged interval (10 weeks) between the last AOM injection and the high-fat diet. In general, tumor frequency increased according to the length of time animals were fed the high-fat diet after AOM. Therefore, the high-fat diet in this model exhibited most of the properties of promoters developed from murine skin cancer, thus adding support to the concept that excess dietary fat acts at the promotional phase of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Promotion of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by high-fat diet in rats. Promotional properties of a high-fat diet in intestinal cancer were studied by feeding a 30% beef fat diet to 8 groups of rats (25 rats/group) for time periods varying from 1 to 21 weeks after 8 weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM) (8 mg/ kg). Two other groups were fed the high-fat diet, one for 8 weeks prior to and the other during AOM injections. A 5% fat diet was fed to rats when not on the 30% fat diet and to a control group of 25 animals. High fat diet increased intestinal tumor frequency up to 2-fold when given for at least 4 weeks after but not during or prior to AOM injections; this increase occurred even after a prolonged interval (10 weeks) between the last AOM injection and the high-fat diet. In general, tumor frequency increased according to the length of time animals were fed the high-fat diet after AOM. Therefore, the high-fat diet in this model exhibited most of the properties of promoters developed from murine skin cancer, thus adding support to the concept that excess dietary fat acts at the promotional phase of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 498120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3727", "title": "Adaptation of Sinclair swine melanoma cells to long-term growth in vitro.", "content": "Sinclair swine melanoma usually regresses in vivo. In the present study, swine melanoma cells were adapted to long-term growth in culture. The morphology of cultured melanoma cells ranged from dendritic to cuboidal, similar to that described for human melanoma cells. Doubling times of the swine melanoma cells were also similar to those of human melanoma cells in vitro. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxidase-positive cells were detected by light microscopy, and melanin and premelanosomes were detected by electron microscopy. Cell cultures could be propagated from progressing, partially regressed, and primary cutaneous lesions, as well as from visceral metastases. Thus, it appears that, under these cell culture conditions, Sinclair swine melanoma cells can be adapted to prolonged growth in vitro.", "contents": "Adaptation of Sinclair swine melanoma cells to long-term growth in vitro. Sinclair swine melanoma usually regresses in vivo. In the present study, swine melanoma cells were adapted to long-term growth in culture. The morphology of cultured melanoma cells ranged from dendritic to cuboidal, similar to that described for human melanoma cells. Doubling times of the swine melanoma cells were also similar to those of human melanoma cells in vitro. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxidase-positive cells were detected by light microscopy, and melanin and premelanosomes were detected by electron microscopy. Cell cultures could be propagated from progressing, partially regressed, and primary cutaneous lesions, as well as from visceral metastases. Thus, it appears that, under these cell culture conditions, Sinclair swine melanoma cells can be adapted to prolonged growth in vitro.", "PMID": 498121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3728", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on 67Ga incorporation into human granulocytes.", "content": "Human granulocytes accumulate 67Ga when incubated under anoxic conditions and exclude the isotope when oxygenated. When incorporated, 67Ga is associated with the lysosomal fraction of the granulocytes. The ability of granulocytes to exclude the isotope except under hypoxic conditions may explain 67Ga localization in abscesses and some tumor masses.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on 67Ga incorporation into human granulocytes. Human granulocytes accumulate 67Ga when incubated under anoxic conditions and exclude the isotope when oxygenated. When incorporated, 67Ga is associated with the lysosomal fraction of the granulocytes. The ability of granulocytes to exclude the isotope except under hypoxic conditions may explain 67Ga localization in abscesses and some tumor masses.", "PMID": 498123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3729", "title": "Effects of caffeine on purine metabolism and ultraviolet light-induced lethality in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Caffeine, at doses which enhance the killing action of ultraviolet light, inhibits both de novo synthesis and the utilization of exogenous purines in cultured CHO-K1, a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. The decrease in synthesis was measured as inhibition by caffeine of the accumulation of phosphoribosylformylglycineamide or of phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide, the fourth and ninth intermediates, respectively, in the de novo biosynthetic pathway. The effect is dose dependent, with a caffeine concentration of 7.5 mM producing a 90% reduction in 15 min. Interference with utilization of exogenous purines was seen as a substantial decrease in the conversion of [14C]hypoxanthine, [14C]adenine, or [14C]guanine into their respective di- and triphosphates in the presence of caffeine. Purine deprivation either by starvation of purine-requiring mutants or by treatment of parental cells with methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside, a known inhibitor of purine synthesis, results in a partial sensitization to killing by ultraviolet light which can be maximized by the addition of caffeine. Thus, one of the ways by which antimetabolites and caffeine act to enhance ultraviolet light killing may be by interference with the supply of purine nucleotides needed for repair.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on purine metabolism and ultraviolet light-induced lethality in cultured mammalian cells. Caffeine, at doses which enhance the killing action of ultraviolet light, inhibits both de novo synthesis and the utilization of exogenous purines in cultured CHO-K1, a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. The decrease in synthesis was measured as inhibition by caffeine of the accumulation of phosphoribosylformylglycineamide or of phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide, the fourth and ninth intermediates, respectively, in the de novo biosynthetic pathway. The effect is dose dependent, with a caffeine concentration of 7.5 mM producing a 90% reduction in 15 min. Interference with utilization of exogenous purines was seen as a substantial decrease in the conversion of [14C]hypoxanthine, [14C]adenine, or [14C]guanine into their respective di- and triphosphates in the presence of caffeine. Purine deprivation either by starvation of purine-requiring mutants or by treatment of parental cells with methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside, a known inhibitor of purine synthesis, results in a partial sensitization to killing by ultraviolet light which can be maximized by the addition of caffeine. Thus, one of the ways by which antimetabolites and caffeine act to enhance ultraviolet light killing may be by interference with the supply of purine nucleotides needed for repair.", "PMID": 498124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3730", "title": "Kidney tumors induced in rats by the antischistosomal drug niridazole.", "content": "An increased incidence of kidney tumors was found in MRC rats fed the antischistosomal drug niridazole at four dose levels in the diet. Histologically, the adenomas and adenocarcinomas were solid papillary, clear cell, and tubular types, with the latter type predominating. Seven mesenchymal tumors were found among the 107 renal epithelial neoplasms. Severe nephrosclerosis occurred in both treated and control rats and has been suggested as important in renal carcinogenesis. Niridazole is considered a potent inducer of epithelial kidney tumors.", "contents": "Kidney tumors induced in rats by the antischistosomal drug niridazole. An increased incidence of kidney tumors was found in MRC rats fed the antischistosomal drug niridazole at four dose levels in the diet. Histologically, the adenomas and adenocarcinomas were solid papillary, clear cell, and tubular types, with the latter type predominating. Seven mesenchymal tumors were found among the 107 renal epithelial neoplasms. Severe nephrosclerosis occurred in both treated and control rats and has been suggested as important in renal carcinogenesis. Niridazole is considered a potent inducer of epithelial kidney tumors.", "PMID": 498126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3731", "title": "Effects of hormones on growth and alpha-lactalbumin activity in the transplantable rat mammary tumor MCCLX.", "content": "We have examined the growth and differentiation properties of the transplantable mammary tumor line of the A X C rat, MCCLX. The MCCLX tumor grows rapidly and exhibits high activity of the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin (alpha LA) (40% of the level in midlactating mammary gland) during serial passage in estrogen-supplemented (E+) intact males. Hypophysectomy of hosts bearing established tumors results in rapid tumor regression and rapid loss of alpha LA protein activity. Treatment with ovine prolactin three times daily (total of 2 mg/day) completely restores alpha LA activity and results in a partial restoration of tumor growth. In females, MCCLX grows only in E+ virgins or in pregnant hosts. During lactation, tumor growth ceases. However, alpha LA activity is equally high in E+, pregnant, and lactating females. Behavior of MCCLX apparently depends on circulating lactogenic hormones. When hormone levels are very high, as in E+ intact males or pregnant females, both growth and alpha LA activity are stimulated. In lactating hosts, having lower serum lactogen, alpha LA activity could be maintained in the absence of growth. In hypophysectomized hosts, even with continuous estrogen supplementation, alpha LA activity disappears and growth ceases, although ovine prolactin can replace the pituitary in restoring these traits. MCCLX  contains prolactin-binding capacity; thus, direct action of the lactogenic hormones on the tumor is possible. Our results indicate that MCCLX is a stably hormone-responsive tumor in terms of growth and differentiation.", "contents": "Effects of hormones on growth and alpha-lactalbumin activity in the transplantable rat mammary tumor MCCLX. We have examined the growth and differentiation properties of the transplantable mammary tumor line of the A X C rat, MCCLX. The MCCLX tumor grows rapidly and exhibits high activity of the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin (alpha LA) (40% of the level in midlactating mammary gland) during serial passage in estrogen-supplemented (E+) intact males. Hypophysectomy of hosts bearing established tumors results in rapid tumor regression and rapid loss of alpha LA protein activity. Treatment with ovine prolactin three times daily (total of 2 mg/day) completely restores alpha LA activity and results in a partial restoration of tumor growth. In females, MCCLX grows only in E+ virgins or in pregnant hosts. During lactation, tumor growth ceases. However, alpha LA activity is equally high in E+, pregnant, and lactating females. Behavior of MCCLX apparently depends on circulating lactogenic hormones. When hormone levels are very high, as in E+ intact males or pregnant females, both growth and alpha LA activity are stimulated. In lactating hosts, having lower serum lactogen, alpha LA activity could be maintained in the absence of growth. In hypophysectomized hosts, even with continuous estrogen supplementation, alpha LA activity disappears and growth ceases, although ovine prolactin can replace the pituitary in restoring these traits. MCCLX  contains prolactin-binding capacity; thus, direct action of the lactogenic hormones on the tumor is possible. Our results indicate that MCCLX is a stably hormone-responsive tumor in terms of growth and differentiation.", "PMID": 498129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3732", "title": "Development of an agar-methyl cellulose clonogenic assay for cells in transitional cell carcinoma of the human bladder.", "content": "We report the development of a clonogenic assay for progenitor cells in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Colony growth has been demonstrated from cells obtained both from surgical biopsies and from bladder barbotages. Electron microscopic and karyotypic evidence supports the contention that these progenitors represent a part of the population maintaining the tumor in vivo. Colony growth occurred in 9 of 11 surgical biopsy samples and in 6 of 6 bladder barbotage samples. Plating efficiency ranged up to 0.7%, and colony size was in some instances greater than 1000 cells. The assay appears potentially useful for analysis of the biology of human transitional cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Development of an agar-methyl cellulose clonogenic assay for cells in transitional cell carcinoma of the human bladder. We report the development of a clonogenic assay for progenitor cells in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Colony growth has been demonstrated from cells obtained both from surgical biopsies and from bladder barbotages. Electron microscopic and karyotypic evidence supports the contention that these progenitors represent a part of the population maintaining the tumor in vivo. Colony growth occurred in 9 of 11 surgical biopsy samples and in 6 of 6 bladder barbotage samples. Plating efficiency ranged up to 0.7%, and colony size was in some instances greater than 1000 cells. The assay appears potentially useful for analysis of the biology of human transitional cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 498131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3733", "title": "Assay for microsomal alpha-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine and determination of the deuterium isotope effect for alpha-hydroxylation.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for microsomal alpha-hydroxylation (2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation) of N'-nitrosonornicotine. N'-Nitrosonornicotine was incubated with rat liver microsomes and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system at 37 degrees. After addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent, the mixtures were analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of 4-hydroxyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanal, which are the products of 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation, were quantified by ultraviolet light detection at 254 nm. Km's for 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine by liver microsomes from Aroclor-treated male F-344 rats were 1.81 and 1.96 mM, while Vmax's were 0.53 and 1.05 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Aroclor pretreatment of rats resulted in a 20-fold induction of 2'-hydroxylation, but only a 1.9-fold induction of 5'-hydroxylation. The deuterium isotope effect for alpha-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine was determined by comparing the rates of 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine, N'-[2',5',5'-D]nitrosonornicotine, N'-[2'-D]nitrosonornicotine, and N'-[5',5'-D]nitrosonornicotine. The deuterium isotope effect (Vmax H/Vmax D) was 2.4 to 2.7 for 5'-hydroxylation and 1.2 for 2'-hydroxylation.", "contents": "Assay for microsomal alpha-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine and determination of the deuterium isotope effect for alpha-hydroxylation. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for microsomal alpha-hydroxylation (2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation) of N'-nitrosonornicotine. N'-Nitrosonornicotine was incubated with rat liver microsomes and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system at 37 degrees. After addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent, the mixtures were analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of 4-hydroxyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanal, which are the products of 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation, were quantified by ultraviolet light detection at 254 nm. Km's for 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine by liver microsomes from Aroclor-treated male F-344 rats were 1.81 and 1.96 mM, while Vmax's were 0.53 and 1.05 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Aroclor pretreatment of rats resulted in a 20-fold induction of 2'-hydroxylation, but only a 1.9-fold induction of 5'-hydroxylation. The deuterium isotope effect for alpha-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine was determined by comparing the rates of 2'-hydroxylation and 5'-hydroxylation of N'-nitrosonornicotine, N'-[2',5',5'-D]nitrosonornicotine, N'-[2'-D]nitrosonornicotine, and N'-[5',5'-D]nitrosonornicotine. The deuterium isotope effect (Vmax H/Vmax D) was 2.4 to 2.7 for 5'-hydroxylation and 1.2 for 2'-hydroxylation.", "PMID": 498132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3734", "title": "Mathematical models and the statistical analyses of cell transformation experiments.", "content": "Statistical methods are developed and applied to the fitting of the one-hit curves to chemically induced transformations in Syrian hamster colonies. Data from several experiments in two laboratories are shown to fit the model well at all but the highest doses of benzo(a)pyrene. The ratio of the estimated parameters of the one-hit curves (\"transformicities\") is proposed as a measure of the enhancement by X-irradiation. Statistical tests for possible nonrandom variation among dishes are developed for the situation where a sample of dishes is used to estimate the total number of surviving cells. The methods of fitting and estimation are also extended to this case. Further analyses exclude selection as an explanation for the observed increase in transformation frequency with increased carcinogen concentration. The reproducibility of the fit of the one-hit model and the radiation enhancement measures is ascribed to the uniqueness of this in vitro system in which the direct target cell-insult interaction is not modulated by host intervention.", "contents": "Mathematical models and the statistical analyses of cell transformation experiments. Statistical methods are developed and applied to the fitting of the one-hit curves to chemically induced transformations in Syrian hamster colonies. Data from several experiments in two laboratories are shown to fit the model well at all but the highest doses of benzo(a)pyrene. The ratio of the estimated parameters of the one-hit curves (\"transformicities\") is proposed as a measure of the enhancement by X-irradiation. Statistical tests for possible nonrandom variation among dishes are developed for the situation where a sample of dishes is used to estimate the total number of surviving cells. The methods of fitting and estimation are also extended to this case. Further analyses exclude selection as an explanation for the observed increase in transformation frequency with increased carcinogen concentration. The reproducibility of the fit of the one-hit model and the radiation enhancement measures is ascribed to the uniqueness of this in vitro system in which the direct target cell-insult interaction is not modulated by host intervention.", "PMID": 498134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3735", "title": "Substrate specificity of human ribonucleotide reductase from Molt-4F cells.", "content": "Nucleoside triphosphates were examined as the activator for various nucleoside diphosphate reductions catalyzed by a highly purified ribonucleotide reductase obtained from Molt-4F cultured human cells. It was found that cytidine 5'-diphosphate and uridine diphosphate reductions are activated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate with apparent Ka's of 0.63 +/- 0.03 (S.E.) and 1.25 +/- 0.10 mM, respectively. Guanosine 5' diphosphate reduction is activated by deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate with an apparent Ka of 1.25 +/- 0.11 microM, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate reduction is activated by guanosine 5'-triphosphate or deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate with an apparent Ka of 1.1 +/- 0.09 or 1.1 +/- 0.08 mM, respectively. In the presence of saturating amounts of their best activating nucleoside triphosphates, the Km's of various nucleotide diphosphates for this purified enzyme were studied. Double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentration were found to be linear for all four substrates in the concentration range tested and yielded apparent Km's of 7 +/- 0.3 microM for cytidine 5'-diphosphate, 80 +/- 6.5 microM for adenosine 5'-diphosphate, 33 +/- 3.1 microM for guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 50 +/- 2.0 microM for uridine 5'-diphosphate. The reduction of one ribonucleoside diphosphate could be inhibited by other ribonucleoside diphosphates in a noncompetitive manner.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of human ribonucleotide reductase from Molt-4F cells. Nucleoside triphosphates were examined as the activator for various nucleoside diphosphate reductions catalyzed by a highly purified ribonucleotide reductase obtained from Molt-4F cultured human cells. It was found that cytidine 5'-diphosphate and uridine diphosphate reductions are activated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate with apparent Ka's of 0.63 +/- 0.03 (S.E.) and 1.25 +/- 0.10 mM, respectively. Guanosine 5' diphosphate reduction is activated by deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate with an apparent Ka of 1.25 +/- 0.11 microM, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate reduction is activated by guanosine 5'-triphosphate or deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate with an apparent Ka of 1.1 +/- 0.09 or 1.1 +/- 0.08 mM, respectively. In the presence of saturating amounts of their best activating nucleoside triphosphates, the Km's of various nucleotide diphosphates for this purified enzyme were studied. Double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentration were found to be linear for all four substrates in the concentration range tested and yielded apparent Km's of 7 +/- 0.3 microM for cytidine 5'-diphosphate, 80 +/- 6.5 microM for adenosine 5'-diphosphate, 33 +/- 3.1 microM for guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 50 +/- 2.0 microM for uridine 5'-diphosphate. The reduction of one ribonucleoside diphosphate could be inhibited by other ribonucleoside diphosphates in a noncompetitive manner.", "PMID": 498135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3736", "title": "Diet and urinary steroids in black and white North American men and black South African men.", "content": "Urinary steroid hormone content was determined in Black and White North American men and in rural Black South African men between 40 and 55 years of age and in Black South African men over 60 years of age when maintained on their customary diets or when transferred to a vegetarian or Western diet, respectively. When eating their customary diets, Black South African men had lower levels of urinary estrogens and androgens than did Black and White North American men. The total androgen content decreased significantly in Black North American men on the vegetarian diet and increased in Black South African men fed a Western diet. Urinary excretion of estrogens was higher in older than in younger rural Black South African men. Data indicated that a vegetarian diet modified androgen and estrogen metabolism in North American men and that a Western diet was associated with higher levels of urinary steroid hormones in young Black South African men. Diet-related changes in steroid metabolism in rural Black South African men were age dependent. The relationship of the increased urinary excretion of steroid hormones in Black South African men, a low-risk group fed a Western diet, and the decreased excretion in Black and White North American men, high-risk groups fed a vegetarian diet, to the development of prostatic cancer remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Diet and urinary steroids in black and white North American men and black South African men. Urinary steroid hormone content was determined in Black and White North American men and in rural Black South African men between 40 and 55 years of age and in Black South African men over 60 years of age when maintained on their customary diets or when transferred to a vegetarian or Western diet, respectively. When eating their customary diets, Black South African men had lower levels of urinary estrogens and androgens than did Black and White North American men. The total androgen content decreased significantly in Black North American men on the vegetarian diet and increased in Black South African men fed a Western diet. Urinary excretion of estrogens was higher in older than in younger rural Black South African men. Data indicated that a vegetarian diet modified androgen and estrogen metabolism in North American men and that a Western diet was associated with higher levels of urinary steroid hormones in young Black South African men. Diet-related changes in steroid metabolism in rural Black South African men were age dependent. The relationship of the increased urinary excretion of steroid hormones in Black South African men, a low-risk group fed a Western diet, and the decreased excretion in Black and White North American men, high-risk groups fed a vegetarian diet, to the development of prostatic cancer remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 498137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3737", "title": "Effect of a bacteriocin produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis on growth of cultured tumor and normal cells.", "content": "Growth-inhibitory effects of a partially purified bacteriocin derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 on various animal cells transformed by tumor viruses, human malignant cells, and normal cells in the same species were studied. A growth-inhibitory effect of the bacteriocin on these cultured cells was determined by counting the residual cells. The bacteriocin inhibited virally transformed animal cells (mKS-A TU-7, 155-4 T2, and XC cells) and human malignant cells (AS-II and HGC-27 cells). The inhibitory effect increased with an increase in the bacteriocin activity. The bacteriocin sensitivities of transformed animal cells were relatively higher than were those of human malignant cells, while normal cells in the same species were practically insensitive to the bacteriocin. Differences in the degree of bacteriocin sensitivity were observed among tumor cell lines. Simian virus (SV) 40-transformed hamster cells (TSV-5 cells), which grow rapidly, were less sensitive to the bacteriocin. The cell membrane of SV40-transformed BALB/c mouse cells (mKS-A TU-7 cells) adsorbed the bacteriocin much more than did the cell membrane of nontransformed BALB/3T3 cells. The results seem to indicate that the inhibitory effect of bacteriocin 14468 on cultured mammalian cells probably depends on the binding sites for the bacteriocin which appear or increase by malignant transformation on cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Effect of a bacteriocin produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis on growth of cultured tumor and normal cells. Growth-inhibitory effects of a partially purified bacteriocin derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 on various animal cells transformed by tumor viruses, human malignant cells, and normal cells in the same species were studied. A growth-inhibitory effect of the bacteriocin on these cultured cells was determined by counting the residual cells. The bacteriocin inhibited virally transformed animal cells (mKS-A TU-7, 155-4 T2, and XC cells) and human malignant cells (AS-II and HGC-27 cells). The inhibitory effect increased with an increase in the bacteriocin activity. The bacteriocin sensitivities of transformed animal cells were relatively higher than were those of human malignant cells, while normal cells in the same species were practically insensitive to the bacteriocin. Differences in the degree of bacteriocin sensitivity were observed among tumor cell lines. Simian virus (SV) 40-transformed hamster cells (TSV-5 cells), which grow rapidly, were less sensitive to the bacteriocin. The cell membrane of SV40-transformed BALB/c mouse cells (mKS-A TU-7 cells) adsorbed the bacteriocin much more than did the cell membrane of nontransformed BALB/3T3 cells. The results seem to indicate that the inhibitory effect of bacteriocin 14468 on cultured mammalian cells probably depends on the binding sites for the bacteriocin which appear or increase by malignant transformation on cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 498138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3738", "title": "A correlation between estrogen sulfotransferase levels and estrogen receptor status in human primary breast carcinoma.", "content": "Estrogen sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.4) activity and estrogen receptor levels were measured in 32 human primary breast cancer cytosol preparations. Two types of tumors were identified: type 1, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels were low (less than 40 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate formed per mg protein per 2 hr) and were independent of [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate production from [35S]sulfate and adenosine triphosphate, and type 2, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels ranged from 50 to 200 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate per mg protein per 2 hr and were correlated with [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate formation (r = 0.70; p less than 0.005). In type 1 tumors, 11 of 16 were estrogen receptor negative; in type 2 tumors, 2 of 16 were receptor negative. Estrogen sulfotransferase levels in receptor-negative tumors were significantly lower than the levels in receptor-positive tumors (p = 0.025).", "contents": "A correlation between estrogen sulfotransferase levels and estrogen receptor status in human primary breast carcinoma. Estrogen sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.4) activity and estrogen receptor levels were measured in 32 human primary breast cancer cytosol preparations. Two types of tumors were identified: type 1, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels were low (less than 40 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate formed per mg protein per 2 hr) and were independent of [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate production from [35S]sulfate and adenosine triphosphate, and type 2, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels ranged from 50 to 200 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate per mg protein per 2 hr and were correlated with [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate formation (r = 0.70; p less than 0.005). In type 1 tumors, 11 of 16 were estrogen receptor negative; in type 2 tumors, 2 of 16 were receptor negative. Estrogen sulfotransferase levels in receptor-negative tumors were significantly lower than the levels in receptor-positive tumors (p = 0.025).", "PMID": 498139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3739", "title": "Alteration in binding of dexamethasone to glucocorticoid receptors in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Changes in binding of dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) to its receptors in regenerating rat liver after 70% hepatectomy were examined. Specific receptors for dexamethasone in the liver remnants of adrenalectomized rats decreased significantly during the period of DNA synthesis after 70% hepatectomy; then, they increased to above the control values between Days 4 and 7 after partial hepatectomy and subsequently returned to the control values. During the period of DNA synthesis, decreased binding was observed in partially hepatectomized rats with or without adrenals, but later enhanced binding was not prominent in rats with adrenals.", "contents": "Alteration in binding of dexamethasone to glucocorticoid receptors in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy. Changes in binding of dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) to its receptors in regenerating rat liver after 70% hepatectomy were examined. Specific receptors for dexamethasone in the liver remnants of adrenalectomized rats decreased significantly during the period of DNA synthesis after 70% hepatectomy; then, they increased to above the control values between Days 4 and 7 after partial hepatectomy and subsequently returned to the control values. During the period of DNA synthesis, decreased binding was observed in partially hepatectomized rats with or without adrenals, but later enhanced binding was not prominent in rats with adrenals.", "PMID": 498140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3740", "title": "Establishment of a cell culture line from a transplantable rat stomach cancer induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "A cell line designated as BV9 was established in culture from a transplantable rat stomach cancer, which was originally induced in the glandular stomach of a Wistar rat by p.o. administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The monolayer cells, which have been subcultured for more than 35 passages, revealed pleomorphic features. Chromosomal analysis showed hypertetraploidy (mode, 95), and marker chromosomes were present. Cultured cells were injected s.c. into cyclophosphamide-conditioned syngeneic rats and produced tubular adenocarcinomas resembling the original tumor.", "contents": "Establishment of a cell culture line from a transplantable rat stomach cancer induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A cell line designated as BV9 was established in culture from a transplantable rat stomach cancer, which was originally induced in the glandular stomach of a Wistar rat by p.o. administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The monolayer cells, which have been subcultured for more than 35 passages, revealed pleomorphic features. Chromosomal analysis showed hypertetraploidy (mode, 95), and marker chromosomes were present. Cultured cells were injected s.c. into cyclophosphamide-conditioned syngeneic rats and produced tubular adenocarcinomas resembling the original tumor.", "PMID": 498142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3741", "title": "Lack of proportionality between rate of cell division and induction of tumors in carcinogen-exposed regenerating livers.", "content": "Although a single pulse of dimethylnitrosamine administered during the regenerative response of liver subsequent to 70% hepatectomy resulted in more primary hepatocellular carcinomas in treated livers than in controls, the response was not proportionate to the level of cell division. Further, the use of 55-g male Sprague-Dawley rats that displayed an extremely active regenerative response did not significantly shorten the lag period before the appearance of tumors. Of additional interest was the finding that the post-S period might be even more susceptible to dimethylnitrosamine than the S phase was. These results support the suggestion that many aspects of the interaction between carcinogens and dividing cells and the requirement for subsequent events for the development remain unclear.", "contents": "Lack of proportionality between rate of cell division and induction of tumors in carcinogen-exposed regenerating livers. Although a single pulse of dimethylnitrosamine administered during the regenerative response of liver subsequent to 70% hepatectomy resulted in more primary hepatocellular carcinomas in treated livers than in controls, the response was not proportionate to the level of cell division. Further, the use of 55-g male Sprague-Dawley rats that displayed an extremely active regenerative response did not significantly shorten the lag period before the appearance of tumors. Of additional interest was the finding that the post-S period might be even more susceptible to dimethylnitrosamine than the S phase was. These results support the suggestion that many aspects of the interaction between carcinogens and dividing cells and the requirement for subsequent events for the development remain unclear.", "PMID": 498144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3742", "title": "Antitumor activity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) has shown good broad-spectrum activity in the current Division of Cancer Treatment (National Cancer Institute) tumor panel. It meets Decision Network criteria for activity in at least five of ten tumor systems (the ip B16 melanoma, the sc CD8F1 mammary carcinoma, the ip colon tumor 26, the ip L1210 leukemia, and the ip P388 leukemia). Activity against the sc colon tumor 38, the iv Lewis lung tumor, the ic ependymoblastoma, and the human breast tumor xenograft (MX-1) was marginal. No activity was detected against the human lung tumor xenograft (LX-1), but good, reproducible activity was observed against the murine M5076 ovarian carcinoma. No schedule-dependency was observed after ip administration against the ip L1210 leukemia. The recently developed subrenal capsule assay offers promise as a rapid way (less than or equal to 11 days) of ranking the sensitivity of a variety of human tumors to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and other chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) has shown good broad-spectrum activity in the current Division of Cancer Treatment (National Cancer Institute) tumor panel. It meets Decision Network criteria for activity in at least five of ten tumor systems (the ip B16 melanoma, the sc CD8F1 mammary carcinoma, the ip colon tumor 26, the ip L1210 leukemia, and the ip P388 leukemia). Activity against the sc colon tumor 38, the iv Lewis lung tumor, the ic ependymoblastoma, and the human breast tumor xenograft (MX-1) was marginal. No activity was detected against the human lung tumor xenograft (LX-1), but good, reproducible activity was observed against the murine M5076 ovarian carcinoma. No schedule-dependency was observed after ip administration against the ip L1210 leukemia. The recently developed subrenal capsule assay offers promise as a rapid way (less than or equal to 11 days) of ranking the sensitivity of a variety of human tumors to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and other chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 498146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3743", "title": "Disposition and distribution of platinum following parenteral administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to animals.", "content": "After iv administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) to animals, plasma levels of platinum decline in a biphasic manner, with a distribution phase (alpha) half-life of minutes and an elimination phase (beta) half-life of days. Urinary excretion of platinum is extensive on the first day after drug administration with a final urinary recovery of 70%--90% of the administered dose. Platinum is initially distributed to nearly all tissues with the highest levels appearing in kidney, liver, ovary, uterus, skin, and bone. There is no preferential uptake of platinum into tumor, although the presence of a tumor may alter the rate of platinum excretion and the extent of whole-body retention. No effect is seen on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after ip administration of cis-platinum to rats. Platinum is excreted more rapidly from hydrated animals than from controls although total urinary recovery of platinum is nearly equal in both groups. Most analogs of cis-platinum appear to follow the same elimination and distribution patterns as cis-platinum itself.", "contents": "Disposition and distribution of platinum following parenteral administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to animals. After iv administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) to animals, plasma levels of platinum decline in a biphasic manner, with a distribution phase (alpha) half-life of minutes and an elimination phase (beta) half-life of days. Urinary excretion of platinum is extensive on the first day after drug administration with a final urinary recovery of 70%--90% of the administered dose. Platinum is initially distributed to nearly all tissues with the highest levels appearing in kidney, liver, ovary, uterus, skin, and bone. There is no preferential uptake of platinum into tumor, although the presence of a tumor may alter the rate of platinum excretion and the extent of whole-body retention. No effect is seen on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after ip administration of cis-platinum to rats. Platinum is excreted more rapidly from hydrated animals than from controls although total urinary recovery of platinum is nearly equal in both groups. Most analogs of cis-platinum appear to follow the same elimination and distribution patterns as cis-platinum itself.", "PMID": 498147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3744", "title": "Rationale for development of platinum analogs.", "content": "There is a great need for clinical trial of new second-generation platinum coordination compounds that might demonstrate greater clinical activity in a broader spectrum of tumors, decreased renal toxicity and emesis, improved solubility, synergism in combination therapy, and lack of cross-resistance to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). Lack of cross-resistance to cis-platinum is shown by certain 1,2-diamino-saturated cyclic platinum derivatives which also have a high degree of activity against transplanted mouse leukemias. cis-Platinum and these cyclic compounds combine synergistically with derivatives of cytosine arabinoside, VP-16-213, and Adriamycin. These 1,2-diamino cyclic compounds appear to have less renal toxicity than cis-platinum. The toxic and therapeutic effects of both cis-platinum and the diamino cyclic compounds can be blocked by massive doses of thiourea. Varying doses and time intervals of thiourea rescue are being studied in the hope of improving the therapeutic index of the platinum derivatives.", "contents": "Rationale for development of platinum analogs. There is a great need for clinical trial of new second-generation platinum coordination compounds that might demonstrate greater clinical activity in a broader spectrum of tumors, decreased renal toxicity and emesis, improved solubility, synergism in combination therapy, and lack of cross-resistance to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). Lack of cross-resistance to cis-platinum is shown by certain 1,2-diamino-saturated cyclic platinum derivatives which also have a high degree of activity against transplanted mouse leukemias. cis-Platinum and these cyclic compounds combine synergistically with derivatives of cytosine arabinoside, VP-16-213, and Adriamycin. These 1,2-diamino cyclic compounds appear to have less renal toxicity than cis-platinum. The toxic and therapeutic effects of both cis-platinum and the diamino cyclic compounds can be blocked by massive doses of thiourea. Varying doses and time intervals of thiourea rescue are being studied in the hope of improving the therapeutic index of the platinum derivatives.", "PMID": 498148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3745", "title": "Antileukemia (L1210) activity and toxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) analogs.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) and 40 of its analogs were evaluated for antitumor activity in BDF1 mice implanted ip with 10(6) L1210 leukemia cells. Several of these analogs were also evaluated for their ability to cause elevation in BUN and to produce leukopenia in normal BDF1 mice. In 11 experiments, cis-platinum given on Day 1 or Days 1--9 after implant produced T/C (treated/control) values between 164% and 214% and 157% and 285% respectively. On the basis of single experiments, 13 analogs were judged to be comparable to cis-platinum in that they produced T/C values greater than or equal to 167% after a single dose or greater than or equal to 200% after daily doses for 9 days. These active compounds included various substituted amine derivatives of dichloroplatinum(II), malonatoplatinum(II), aquasulfatoplatinum(II), and chloroacetatoplatinum(II) and derivatives of dihydroxydichloroplatinum(IV). Twelve of these active analogs and cis-platinum were evaluated for toxicity at doses ranging from near the optimal therapeutic dose to greater than or equal to the LD50. Only five of the 12 analogs and cis-platinum caused an increase in BUN to greater than 30 mg/100 ml, while eight of the analogs produced leukopenia comparable in incidence and severity to that produced by cis-platinum.", "contents": "Antileukemia (L1210) activity and toxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) analogs. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) and 40 of its analogs were evaluated for antitumor activity in BDF1 mice implanted ip with 10(6) L1210 leukemia cells. Several of these analogs were also evaluated for their ability to cause elevation in BUN and to produce leukopenia in normal BDF1 mice. In 11 experiments, cis-platinum given on Day 1 or Days 1--9 after implant produced T/C (treated/control) values between 164% and 214% and 157% and 285% respectively. On the basis of single experiments, 13 analogs were judged to be comparable to cis-platinum in that they produced T/C values greater than or equal to 167% after a single dose or greater than or equal to 200% after daily doses for 9 days. These active compounds included various substituted amine derivatives of dichloroplatinum(II), malonatoplatinum(II), aquasulfatoplatinum(II), and chloroacetatoplatinum(II) and derivatives of dihydroxydichloroplatinum(IV). Twelve of these active analogs and cis-platinum were evaluated for toxicity at doses ranging from near the optimal therapeutic dose to greater than or equal to the LD50. Only five of the 12 analogs and cis-platinum caused an increase in BUN to greater than 30 mg/100 ml, while eight of the analogs produced leukopenia comparable in incidence and severity to that produced by cis-platinum.", "PMID": 498150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3746", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species following administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was studied under a variety of dosing conditions. Following rapid infusions (15-minute) of cis-platinum at 100 mg/m2, the unbound drug declined in a biphasic mode with a mean terminal half-life of 48 minutes. The mean beta-phase half-life after a 6-hour infusion of the same dose of cis-platinum was 26 minutes. Urinary excretion of filterable platinum was substantially greater after a 6-hour infusion than after a 15-minute injection. Concomitant administration of mannitol appeared to result in higher peak plasma concentrations and decreased urinary excretion of unbound platinum species but did not alter the terminal half-life. Renal impairment was associated with extremely high plasma levels of filterable platinum but did not affect other pharmacokinetic parameters. Preliminary data on the distribution of cis-platinum to ascitic fluid are also presented.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species following administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). The pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was studied under a variety of dosing conditions. Following rapid infusions (15-minute) of cis-platinum at 100 mg/m2, the unbound drug declined in a biphasic mode with a mean terminal half-life of 48 minutes. The mean beta-phase half-life after a 6-hour infusion of the same dose of cis-platinum was 26 minutes. Urinary excretion of filterable platinum was substantially greater after a 6-hour infusion than after a 15-minute injection. Concomitant administration of mannitol appeared to result in higher peak plasma concentrations and decreased urinary excretion of unbound platinum species but did not alter the terminal half-life. Renal impairment was associated with extremely high plasma levels of filterable platinum but did not affect other pharmacokinetic parameters. Preliminary data on the distribution of cis-platinum to ascitic fluid are also presented.", "PMID": 498151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3747", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies: phase II trials by the Gynecologic Oncology Group.", "content": "A dose of 50 mg/m2 of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was administered iv every 3 weeks to 25 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and to 34 patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. All patients had advanced or recurrent disease. Eleven of the 25 patients (44%) with cervical carcinoma had an objective response while ten of 34 patients (29%) with ovarian carcinoma demonstrated an objective response. Toxic effects were frequent but tolerable, with no drug-related deaths and only minimal drug-related nephrotoxicity, except in one patient. Myelosuppression was more frequent in the more heavily previously treated ovarian carcinoma patients. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) thus appears to be a highly active single agent in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and adenocarcinoma of the ovary.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies: phase II trials by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. A dose of 50 mg/m2 of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was administered iv every 3 weeks to 25 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and to 34 patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. All patients had advanced or recurrent disease. Eleven of the 25 patients (44%) with cervical carcinoma had an objective response while ten of 34 patients (29%) with ovarian carcinoma demonstrated an objective response. Toxic effects were frequent but tolerable, with no drug-related deaths and only minimal drug-related nephrotoxicity, except in one patient. Myelosuppression was more frequent in the more heavily previously treated ovarian carcinoma patients. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) thus appears to be a highly active single agent in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and adenocarcinoma of the ovary.", "PMID": 498154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3748", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)-based chemotherapy as initial treatment of advanced head and neck cancer.", "content": "During the past 2--3 years, a total of 73 patients with advanced head and neck cancer (mostly stage IV) were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as initial therapy, either alone or in combination with other agents. After chemotherapy, the patients received surgery and/or radiation therapy in standard fashion. Major degrees of tumor regression were seen in 40%--71% of the patients. cis-Platinum and bleomycin given by infusion gave the highest response rate (71%). The addition of high-dose methotrexate to cis-platinum plus bleomycin produced an unacceptable level of toxicity. Similarly, a four-drug regimen in which low-dose methotrexate and vinblastine were added to cis-platinum and bleomycin resulted in increased toxicity without additional therapeutic effect. Initial chemotherapy does not compromise subsequent surgery or increase either the immediate complications of surgery or the acute toxicity of radiation therapy. It seems unlikely that initial chemotherapy has altered the grim prognosis of an advanced, inoperable presentation. The effect of initial chemotherapy on advanced, operable disease will have to be assessed by suitable controlled trials.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)-based chemotherapy as initial treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. During the past 2--3 years, a total of 73 patients with advanced head and neck cancer (mostly stage IV) were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as initial therapy, either alone or in combination with other agents. After chemotherapy, the patients received surgery and/or radiation therapy in standard fashion. Major degrees of tumor regression were seen in 40%--71% of the patients. cis-Platinum and bleomycin given by infusion gave the highest response rate (71%). The addition of high-dose methotrexate to cis-platinum plus bleomycin produced an unacceptable level of toxicity. Similarly, a four-drug regimen in which low-dose methotrexate and vinblastine were added to cis-platinum and bleomycin resulted in increased toxicity without additional therapeutic effect. Initial chemotherapy does not compromise subsequent surgery or increase either the immediate complications of surgery or the acute toxicity of radiation therapy. It seems unlikely that initial chemotherapy has altered the grim prognosis of an advanced, inoperable presentation. The effect of initial chemotherapy on advanced, operable disease will have to be assessed by suitable controlled trials.", "PMID": 498153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3749", "title": "Advanced bladder cancer: therapy with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Nineteen patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer were treated with the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil. One patient died within 2 weeks of therapy and one patient had no measurable disease, leaving 18 patients evaluable for survival and toxicity and 17 patients evaluable for response. Eleven patients (65%) achieved a partial remission with attendant clinical improvement, with a median duration of 25 weeks. All nonresponders have died, with a median survival of 17 weeks. The median survival of responding patients was 40 weeks, with two patients alive at 33+ and 63+ weeks. Of particular interest are three patients who had resections of residual pelvic disease after significant regression with chemotherapy. One of these patients remains disease-free at 63+ weeks. Toxicity was significant but generally manageable.", "contents": "Advanced bladder cancer: therapy with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil. Nineteen patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer were treated with the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil. One patient died within 2 weeks of therapy and one patient had no measurable disease, leaving 18 patients evaluable for survival and toxicity and 17 patients evaluable for response. Eleven patients (65%) achieved a partial remission with attendant clinical improvement, with a median duration of 25 weeks. All nonresponders have died, with a median survival of 17 weeks. The median survival of responding patients was 40 weeks, with two patients alive at 33+ and 63+ weeks. Of particular interest are three patients who had resections of residual pelvic disease after significant regression with chemotherapy. One of these patients remains disease-free at 63+ weeks. Toxicity was significant but generally manageable.", "PMID": 498156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3750", "title": "Phase II evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced malignancies of the genitourinary and gynecologic organs: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven fully and partially evaluable patients with advanced measurable malignancies of the genitourinary and gynecologic organs were given cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of 75 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. Thirty-six patients with testicular neoplasms were studied; five complete responses (13.9%) and seven partial responses (PR) (19.4%) were noted. Thirty-seven patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma were evaluated; five PRs (13.5%) were seen. One complete response (11.1%) and two PRs (22.2%) were obtained among nine patients with urinary bladder cancer. Four PRs (19.0%) were seen among a group of 21 patients with advanced prostate cancer. One PR (4.8%) was noted among 21 patients with renal cell cancer and no responses were seen in eight patients with cervical cancer. There was a highly statistically significant (P less than 0.001) survival advantage for the responding testicular tumor patients. Toxicity was similar to that previously reported, with gastrointestinal side effects and nephrotoxicity most commonly seen. Prospective and sequential analysis of renal function provided strong evidence for cumulative nephrotoxicity in these patients given bolus injections of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) without prehydration or treatment with fuosemide or mannitol.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced malignancies of the genitourinary and gynecologic organs: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. One hundred and forty-seven fully and partially evaluable patients with advanced measurable malignancies of the genitourinary and gynecologic organs were given cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of 75 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. Thirty-six patients with testicular neoplasms were studied; five complete responses (13.9%) and seven partial responses (PR) (19.4%) were noted. Thirty-seven patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma were evaluated; five PRs (13.5%) were seen. One complete response (11.1%) and two PRs (22.2%) were obtained among nine patients with urinary bladder cancer. Four PRs (19.0%) were seen among a group of 21 patients with advanced prostate cancer. One PR (4.8%) was noted among 21 patients with renal cell cancer and no responses were seen in eight patients with cervical cancer. There was a highly statistically significant (P less than 0.001) survival advantage for the responding testicular tumor patients. Toxicity was similar to that previously reported, with gastrointestinal side effects and nephrotoxicity most commonly seen. Prospective and sequential analysis of renal function provided strong evidence for cumulative nephrotoxicity in these patients given bolus injections of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) without prehydration or treatment with fuosemide or mannitol.", "PMID": 498155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3751", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "The role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as a single agent in non-small cell lung cancer has not been clearly defined, and extensive phase II studies have not been conducted. However, objective responses were noted in several early clinical trials. A review of these reports, including combinations with conventional agents, shows 15 partial responses among 100 patients. Results are presented on a new protocol using high-dose cis-platinum with mannitol-induced diuresis combined with cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin. An overall partial response rate of 28% was observed, including a 38% response rate in good performance status patients, with a median survival of 16 months in responding patients. Data from recent combination protocols do not define the activity of cis-platinum as a single agent, but suggest that it may be useful in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. The role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) as a single agent in non-small cell lung cancer has not been clearly defined, and extensive phase II studies have not been conducted. However, objective responses were noted in several early clinical trials. A review of these reports, including combinations with conventional agents, shows 15 partial responses among 100 patients. Results are presented on a new protocol using high-dose cis-platinum with mannitol-induced diuresis combined with cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin. An overall partial response rate of 28% was observed, including a 38% response rate in good performance status patients, with a median survival of 16 months in responding patients. Data from recent combination protocols do not define the activity of cis-platinum as a single agent, but suggest that it may be useful in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.", "PMID": 498158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3752", "title": "Phase II evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group has evaluated the activity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of 75 mg/m2 given as an iv bolus injection every 3 weeks to 25 fully and partially evaluable patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One complete response, two partial responses, and one improvement less than a partial response were noted. Myelosuppression, in the form of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, was identified and seemed to be more prevalent and more severe than in previous studies. We have attributed this to the extensive prior treatments which these patients had received and to the presence of tumor-bearing marrow which was observed in some of them. The anticipated toxic effects which were noted included nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, renal injury, and hyperuricemia. The precise role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the management of human lymphomas awaits elucidation.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. The Southwest Oncology Group has evaluated the activity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of 75 mg/m2 given as an iv bolus injection every 3 weeks to 25 fully and partially evaluable patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One complete response, two partial responses, and one improvement less than a partial response were noted. Myelosuppression, in the form of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, was identified and seemed to be more prevalent and more severe than in previous studies. We have attributed this to the extensive prior treatments which these patients had received and to the presence of tumor-bearing marrow which was observed in some of them. The anticipated toxic effects which were noted included nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, renal injury, and hyperuricemia. The precise role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the management of human lymphomas awaits elucidation.", "PMID": 498159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3753", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiamminepltinum(II) in adult patients: Southwest Oncology Group Studies.", "content": "In addition to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) studies in lymphomas and testicular cancer and a broader phase II study of all genitourinary malignancies, the Southwest Oncology Group is currently conducting eight other studies which examine the effectiveness of this drug in adult patients with a variety of tumor types. This report will give preliminary analyses of the five studies for which there are early data, plus briefly describe the design of the three remaining protocols for which there are no data as yet.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiamminepltinum(II) in adult patients: Southwest Oncology Group Studies. In addition to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) studies in lymphomas and testicular cancer and a broader phase II study of all genitourinary malignancies, the Southwest Oncology Group is currently conducting eight other studies which examine the effectiveness of this drug in adult patients with a variety of tumor types. This report will give preliminary analyses of the five studies for which there are early data, plus briefly describe the design of the three remaining protocols for which there are no data as yet.", "PMID": 498160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3754", "title": "Actin is unevenly distributed in the pituitary gland.", "content": "In view of the suggestion that actin-like proteins might be involved in the final steps leading to hormone secretion, the actin content of pituitary glands of adult rats was determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (for total actin), by the DNAse method (which measures predominantly monomeric actin) and by immunocytochemistry. The amount of actin present in the neural lobe, expressed per mg total protein, was found to be comparable to that of other neural tissues. In contrast, in the anterior lobe, the ratio was significantly lower. The intensity of immunofluorescent staining with anti-actin antibodies was higher in the neural lobe than in either anterior or intermediate lobes. The intensity and distribution of tubulin immunofluorescent staining with anti-tubulin antibodies resembled that of anti-actin antibodies. Thus, three independent methods point to an uneven distribution of actin in the subdivisions of the pituitary gland, although all these subdivisions are believed to secrete their hormones by exocytosis. These data suggest that the bulk of actin present in pituitary cells is unlikely to be involved only in exocytosis, but may be implicated also in the intracellular translocation of secretory products.", "contents": "Actin is unevenly distributed in the pituitary gland. In view of the suggestion that actin-like proteins might be involved in the final steps leading to hormone secretion, the actin content of pituitary glands of adult rats was determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (for total actin), by the DNAse method (which measures predominantly monomeric actin) and by immunocytochemistry. The amount of actin present in the neural lobe, expressed per mg total protein, was found to be comparable to that of other neural tissues. In contrast, in the anterior lobe, the ratio was significantly lower. The intensity of immunofluorescent staining with anti-actin antibodies was higher in the neural lobe than in either anterior or intermediate lobes. The intensity and distribution of tubulin immunofluorescent staining with anti-tubulin antibodies resembled that of anti-actin antibodies. Thus, three independent methods point to an uneven distribution of actin in the subdivisions of the pituitary gland, although all these subdivisions are believed to secrete their hormones by exocytosis. These data suggest that the bulk of actin present in pituitary cells is unlikely to be involved only in exocytosis, but may be implicated also in the intracellular translocation of secretory products.", "PMID": 498249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3755", "title": "Cyto- and synaptogenesis in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus during fetal and early postnatal life.", "content": "Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of ther presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.", "contents": "Cyto- and synaptogenesis in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus during fetal and early postnatal life. Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of ther presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.", "PMID": 498250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3756", "title": "Light- and electron-microscopic structure of cells protruding into the mesencephalic ventricle of Scyllium stellare (Elasmobranchii, Selachii).", "content": "In the elasmobranch fish, Scyllium stellare, a complex group of cells protrudes into the cavity of the mesencephalic ventricle of the optic tectum. It consists of six to seven large spherical perikarya which resemble neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the Vth cranial nerve. The bundled processes of these cells form a stalk connecting the protrusion with the brain tissue. The protrusion is located in the region where the mesencephalic ventricle joins the cerebral aqueduct. This complex was not found in all specimens examined in the present study. The functional role of this peculiar group of cells, which contain dense core granules and are bathed in the cerebrospinal fluid, is open to discussion.", "contents": "Light- and electron-microscopic structure of cells protruding into the mesencephalic ventricle of Scyllium stellare (Elasmobranchii, Selachii). In the elasmobranch fish, Scyllium stellare, a complex group of cells protrudes into the cavity of the mesencephalic ventricle of the optic tectum. It consists of six to seven large spherical perikarya which resemble neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the Vth cranial nerve. The bundled processes of these cells form a stalk connecting the protrusion with the brain tissue. The protrusion is located in the region where the mesencephalic ventricle joins the cerebral aqueduct. This complex was not found in all specimens examined in the present study. The functional role of this peculiar group of cells, which contain dense core granules and are bathed in the cerebrospinal fluid, is open to discussion.", "PMID": 498251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3757", "title": "Observations on the origins of plasma membrane in rat deciduoma.", "content": "An NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity resistant to inactivation by cytochemical procedures was examined during decidualization of rat endometrium. Resistant activity was restricted to plasma membranes, distal elements of the Golgi apparatus, and discoid cisternae and cytoplasmic vesicles of decidual cells of endometrium of the pseudopregnant rat on days 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9, after mating. The procedure reduced or eliminated any evidence of NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity from other cellular components such as endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and mitochondria. The observations of the glutaraldehyde-resistant reductase in both plasma membranes and discoid cisternae may indicate a role for the latter in the biosynthesis of plasm membranes during decidualization when massive cell proliferation and membrane biosynthesis occur. The origin of the discoid cisternae is tentatively ascribed to the mature faces of the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Observations on the origins of plasma membrane in rat deciduoma. An NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity resistant to inactivation by cytochemical procedures was examined during decidualization of rat endometrium. Resistant activity was restricted to plasma membranes, distal elements of the Golgi apparatus, and discoid cisternae and cytoplasmic vesicles of decidual cells of endometrium of the pseudopregnant rat on days 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9, after mating. The procedure reduced or eliminated any evidence of NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity from other cellular components such as endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and mitochondria. The observations of the glutaraldehyde-resistant reductase in both plasma membranes and discoid cisternae may indicate a role for the latter in the biosynthesis of plasm membranes during decidualization when massive cell proliferation and membrane biosynthesis occur. The origin of the discoid cisternae is tentatively ascribed to the mature faces of the Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 498252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3758", "title": "Fine structure of the ependymal cells in the area postrema of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the ependymal cells in the area postrema of the domestic fowl was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependymal surface of the area postrema is covered with many furrows and ridges. These ridges consist of ependymal cells aggregated in a fan-like shape. The ependymal cell lacks clustered cilia, microvilli are few, and a long basal process extends through the parenchymal layer of the area postrema. Within the cytoplasm as well as in the basal process, a spherical body with a diameter ranging from 1.5 to 2 micron is occasionally observed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the ependymal cells in the area postrema of the domestic fowl. The ultrastructure of the ependymal cells in the area postrema of the domestic fowl was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependymal surface of the area postrema is covered with many furrows and ridges. These ridges consist of ependymal cells aggregated in a fan-like shape. The ependymal cell lacks clustered cilia, microvilli are few, and a long basal process extends through the parenchymal layer of the area postrema. Within the cytoplasm as well as in the basal process, a spherical body with a diameter ranging from 1.5 to 2 micron is occasionally observed.", "PMID": 498253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3759", "title": "Development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish Nematocentris maccullochi (Atheriniformes, Melanotaeniidae).", "content": "The development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish, Nematocentris maccullochi, was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy; it was compared with the developmental process in other teleosts, especially in the closely related atherinids and cyprinodonts. The formation of the nares parallels that in atherinids, salmonids, cyprinids and heterosomats, but differs from that found in cyprinodonts. Another ontogenetic feature in which the olfactory organs of the rainbow fish and also of atherinids differ from those of cyprinodonts, is the occurrence of transitory kinociliary cells which disappear during the postlarval period. The divergent evolutionary pathways are discussed with reference to experimental investigations. During development, ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types occur. At the primary larval stage ciliated receptor neurons are exclusively present. At a later stage the microvillous type develops and becomes equal in frequency. Thus, the microvillous receptor represents a separate type of olfactory neuron and is not a progenitor of the ciliated receptor cell.", "contents": "Development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish Nematocentris maccullochi (Atheriniformes, Melanotaeniidae). The development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish, Nematocentris maccullochi, was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy; it was compared with the developmental process in other teleosts, especially in the closely related atherinids and cyprinodonts. The formation of the nares parallels that in atherinids, salmonids, cyprinids and heterosomats, but differs from that found in cyprinodonts. Another ontogenetic feature in which the olfactory organs of the rainbow fish and also of atherinids differ from those of cyprinodonts, is the occurrence of transitory kinociliary cells which disappear during the postlarval period. The divergent evolutionary pathways are discussed with reference to experimental investigations. During development, ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types occur. At the primary larval stage ciliated receptor neurons are exclusively present. At a later stage the microvillous type develops and becomes equal in frequency. Thus, the microvillous receptor represents a separate type of olfactory neuron and is not a progenitor of the ciliated receptor cell.", "PMID": 498254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3760", "title": "Biosynthesis of the basal lamina as a result of interaction between thyroid and mesenchymal cells in culture.", "content": "Porcine thyroid cells were cultured alone or in mixed cultures with mesenchymal cells. The formation of a basal lamina in vitro was investigated ultrastructurally. Follicular reassociation of thyroid cells occurred in both types of culture; however, it was followed by formation of the basal lamina only when mesenchymal cells were present. The present findings suggest an epithelial origin of the basal lamina resulting from an interaction with mesenchymal cells.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the basal lamina as a result of interaction between thyroid and mesenchymal cells in culture. Porcine thyroid cells were cultured alone or in mixed cultures with mesenchymal cells. The formation of a basal lamina in vitro was investigated ultrastructurally. Follicular reassociation of thyroid cells occurred in both types of culture; however, it was followed by formation of the basal lamina only when mesenchymal cells were present. The present findings suggest an epithelial origin of the basal lamina resulting from an interaction with mesenchymal cells.", "PMID": 498255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3761", "title": "Cine-densitometric measurement of coronary arterial stenoses.", "content": "Computer-aided operator-interactive densitometry has been developed and applied to determine the percent stenosis for obstructive lesions in the coronary arterial tree. Phantom experiments performed to assess system linearity, accuracy of densitometric measurements, nonuniformity in image amplified response, and the interference of structure noise in measuring precision have been described. Three observers assessed the reproducibility of the method by repeating analyses on 20 stenoses in man recorded on 35-mm cine angiograms. Calculation of the intra- and interobserver errors found that their values significantly decrease with increasing percent stenosis. The reproducibility of the technique was also tested on stenoses that were exposed at multiple angles. The results agreed with those found for the intra- and interoperator errors. Limitations of the densitometric approach and desirability of further automation of the measurements are also discussed.", "contents": "Cine-densitometric measurement of coronary arterial stenoses. Computer-aided operator-interactive densitometry has been developed and applied to determine the percent stenosis for obstructive lesions in the coronary arterial tree. Phantom experiments performed to assess system linearity, accuracy of densitometric measurements, nonuniformity in image amplified response, and the interference of structure noise in measuring precision have been described. Three observers assessed the reproducibility of the method by repeating analyses on 20 stenoses in man recorded on 35-mm cine angiograms. Calculation of the intra- and interobserver errors found that their values significantly decrease with increasing percent stenosis. The reproducibility of the technique was also tested on stenoses that were exposed at multiple angles. The results agreed with those found for the intra- and interoperator errors. Limitations of the densitometric approach and desirability of further automation of the measurements are also discussed.", "PMID": 498259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3762", "title": "Evaluation of segmental left ventricular wall motion by equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography.", "content": "The ability of equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography to detect segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities was determined in 26 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Multiple gated studies obtained in 30 degrees right anterior oblique and 45 degrees left anterior oblique projections, played back in a movie format, were compared to the corresponding LV ventriculograms. The LV wall in the two projections was divided into eight segments. Each segment was graded as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic, or indeterminate. Thirteen percent of the segments in the gated images were indeterminate; 24 out of 27 of these were proximal or distal inferior wall segments. There was exact agreement in 86% of the remaining segments. The sensitivity of the radionuclide technique for detecting normal versus any abnormal wall motion was 71%, with a specificity of 99%. Equilibrium gated ventriculography is an excellent noninvasive technique for evaluating segmental LV wall motion. It is least reliable in assessing the proximal inferior wall and interventricular septum.", "contents": "Evaluation of segmental left ventricular wall motion by equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography. The ability of equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography to detect segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities was determined in 26 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Multiple gated studies obtained in 30 degrees right anterior oblique and 45 degrees left anterior oblique projections, played back in a movie format, were compared to the corresponding LV ventriculograms. The LV wall in the two projections was divided into eight segments. Each segment was graded as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic, or indeterminate. Thirteen percent of the segments in the gated images were indeterminate; 24 out of 27 of these were proximal or distal inferior wall segments. There was exact agreement in 86% of the remaining segments. The sensitivity of the radionuclide technique for detecting normal versus any abnormal wall motion was 71%, with a specificity of 99%. Equilibrium gated ventriculography is an excellent noninvasive technique for evaluating segmental LV wall motion. It is least reliable in assessing the proximal inferior wall and interventricular septum.", "PMID": 498260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3763", "title": "Pulmonary atresia and suprasternal echocardiography.", "content": "A 54-year-old housewife with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect developed increasing cyanosis, dyspnea, weakness, and myocardial ischemia. Initial cardiac catheterizations with angiography, including subtraction techniques, did not definitely indicate main pulmonary artery or right or left pulmonary arteries that would make her amenable to currently available surgical correction. Single-crystal suprasternal notch echocardiography indicated the presence of a small but definite right pulmonary artery. She subsequently underwent first-stage surgical correction after angiography and selective catheterization of aortopulmonary shunt vessels, which also revealed the presence of small proximal pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "Pulmonary atresia and suprasternal echocardiography. A 54-year-old housewife with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect developed increasing cyanosis, dyspnea, weakness, and myocardial ischemia. Initial cardiac catheterizations with angiography, including subtraction techniques, did not definitely indicate main pulmonary artery or right or left pulmonary arteries that would make her amenable to currently available surgical correction. Single-crystal suprasternal notch echocardiography indicated the presence of a small but definite right pulmonary artery. She subsequently underwent first-stage surgical correction after angiography and selective catheterization of aortopulmonary shunt vessels, which also revealed the presence of small proximal pulmonary arteries.", "PMID": 498261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3764", "title": "Foreign body retrieval from the heart by two catheter technique.", "content": "Foreign bodies that lodge accidentally in the heart or great vessels can be retrieved successfully without thoracotomy. This report describes retrieval of a 15-centimeter-long central venous catheter lodged in the right side of the heart. Two catheters were introduced to effect retrieval, one from the arm and the other from the leg. To our knowledge this approach has not been described previously.", "contents": "Foreign body retrieval from the heart by two catheter technique. Foreign bodies that lodge accidentally in the heart or great vessels can be retrieved successfully without thoracotomy. This report describes retrieval of a 15-centimeter-long central venous catheter lodged in the right side of the heart. Two catheters were introduced to effect retrieval, one from the arm and the other from the leg. To our knowledge this approach has not been described previously.", "PMID": 498262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3765", "title": "Survival with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Significance of the collateral circulation.", "content": "Four patients with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery are described. Angina pectoris was severe (NYHA class 3--4) and had lasted 20 months to seven years. Three patients had experienced a myocardial infarction. All displayed large collaterals arising from a nearly normal right coronary artery and feeding both the left anterior descending and the left circumflex arteries. The left ventricular ejection fractions ranged from 20% to 65%, and all patients had varying degrees of left ventricular asynergy. Coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in a marked improvement in three patients; one patient who underwent an aneurysmectomy died two months after the operation. The data show that total occlusion of the left main coronary artery is compatible with survival if adequate collateral supply develops from the right coronary artery. In this rare angiographic subset collateral circulation is clearly functionally significant.", "contents": "Survival with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Significance of the collateral circulation. Four patients with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery are described. Angina pectoris was severe (NYHA class 3--4) and had lasted 20 months to seven years. Three patients had experienced a myocardial infarction. All displayed large collaterals arising from a nearly normal right coronary artery and feeding both the left anterior descending and the left circumflex arteries. The left ventricular ejection fractions ranged from 20% to 65%, and all patients had varying degrees of left ventricular asynergy. Coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in a marked improvement in three patients; one patient who underwent an aneurysmectomy died two months after the operation. The data show that total occlusion of the left main coronary artery is compatible with survival if adequate collateral supply develops from the right coronary artery. In this rare angiographic subset collateral circulation is clearly functionally significant.", "PMID": 498263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3766", "title": "Chronic oral vasodilator therapy to control heart failure in postinfarction ventricular septal defect.", "content": "This report describes a 70-year-old woman with biventricular failure following an anteroseptal infarction complicated by interventricular septal rupture. Treatment with nitroprusside followed by oral hydralazine eliminated the failure and reduced the shunt from 2.75 to 1 to 1.7 to 1. She is asymptomatic post-discharge. Chronic medical therapy including oral vasodilators may be an acceptable alternative to surgery in a small minority of patients with this complication of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Chronic oral vasodilator therapy to control heart failure in postinfarction ventricular septal defect. This report describes a 70-year-old woman with biventricular failure following an anteroseptal infarction complicated by interventricular septal rupture. Treatment with nitroprusside followed by oral hydralazine eliminated the failure and reduced the shunt from 2.75 to 1 to 1.7 to 1. She is asymptomatic post-discharge. Chronic medical therapy including oral vasodilators may be an acceptable alternative to surgery in a small minority of patients with this complication of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 498264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3767", "title": "Congestive cardiomyopathy with segmental wall motion abnormalities and a non-uniform pattern of fibrosis.", "content": "A case of congestive cardiomyopathy in a 46-year-old smoker with single-vessel right coronary artery disease is presented. Segmental contraction abnormalities were present in the anterior wall. Pathologic analysis showed diffuse fibrosis consistent with a cardiomyopathy in areas of abnormal contraction and normal muscle in areas of normal contractility. Segmental wall motion abnormalities have been reported but none with microscopic studies of areas of both abnormal and normal contractility.", "contents": "Congestive cardiomyopathy with segmental wall motion abnormalities and a non-uniform pattern of fibrosis. A case of congestive cardiomyopathy in a 46-year-old smoker with single-vessel right coronary artery disease is presented. Segmental contraction abnormalities were present in the anterior wall. Pathologic analysis showed diffuse fibrosis consistent with a cardiomyopathy in areas of abnormal contraction and normal muscle in areas of normal contractility. Segmental wall motion abnormalities have been reported but none with microscopic studies of areas of both abnormal and normal contractility.", "PMID": 498265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3768", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in cardiogenic shock due to right ventricular myocardial infarction.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a patient with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute right ventricular myocardial infarction based on typical clinical, electrocardiographic, and hemodynamic features are described. The echocardiogram demonstrated a large RV/LV minor axis ratio caused by a volume overload of the right ventricle and an underfilled left ventricle. The interventricular septum showed abnormal movement, presumably due to right ventricular overload or severe disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Diminished septal systolic thickening, as seen in our patient, may be explained by extension of the infarct from the right ventricle to the adjacent part of the septum. Predominant right ventricular involvement can be a cause for a correctable hypotension in patients with acute myocardial infarction and should therefore be recognized early. The echocardiographic picture demonstrated in our patient, when considered in conjunction with the clinical status, can be useful for early diagnosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in cardiogenic shock due to right ventricular myocardial infarction. The echocardiographic findings in a patient with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute right ventricular myocardial infarction based on typical clinical, electrocardiographic, and hemodynamic features are described. The echocardiogram demonstrated a large RV/LV minor axis ratio caused by a volume overload of the right ventricle and an underfilled left ventricle. The interventricular septum showed abnormal movement, presumably due to right ventricular overload or severe disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Diminished septal systolic thickening, as seen in our patient, may be explained by extension of the infarct from the right ventricle to the adjacent part of the septum. Predominant right ventricular involvement can be a cause for a correctable hypotension in patients with acute myocardial infarction and should therefore be recognized early. The echocardiographic picture demonstrated in our patient, when considered in conjunction with the clinical status, can be useful for early diagnosis.", "PMID": 498266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3769", "title": "Ejection fraction derived by M-mode echocardiography: a table and comments.", "content": "Left ventricular ejection fraction is frequently quantitated by M-mode echocardiography despite limitations, including 1) the ability to measure an accurate left ventricular short axis, 2) the mathematic and geometric assumptions used to derive the volumes from which the ejection fraction is calculated, and 3) the lack of applicability to asynergic ventricles. Nevertheless, using a cubed function or correction formula, ejection fraction can be calculated for symmetrically contracting, normally sized, and enlarged left ventricles. A table and accompanying comments are presented.", "contents": "Ejection fraction derived by M-mode echocardiography: a table and comments. Left ventricular ejection fraction is frequently quantitated by M-mode echocardiography despite limitations, including 1) the ability to measure an accurate left ventricular short axis, 2) the mathematic and geometric assumptions used to derive the volumes from which the ejection fraction is calculated, and 3) the lack of applicability to asynergic ventricles. Nevertheless, using a cubed function or correction formula, ejection fraction can be calculated for symmetrically contracting, normally sized, and enlarged left ventricles. A table and accompanying comments are presented.", "PMID": 498267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3770", "title": "Characterization of Op3, a lysis-defective mutant of bacteriophage f2.", "content": "We have isolated a conditional lethal mutant of bacteriophage 12 which makes plaques only on E. coli strains carrying a UGA suppressor. It grows normally in nonsuppressing hosts but does not lyse such strains. The mutation complements with amber mutations in each of the three known phage cistrons. These observations lead us to postulate the existence of a fourth gene in the RNA phage.", "contents": "Characterization of Op3, a lysis-defective mutant of bacteriophage f2. We have isolated a conditional lethal mutant of bacteriophage 12 which makes plaques only on E. coli strains carrying a UGA suppressor. It grows normally in nonsuppressing hosts but does not lyse such strains. The mutation complements with amber mutations in each of the three known phage cistrons. These observations lead us to postulate the existence of a fourth gene in the RNA phage.", "PMID": 498270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3771", "title": "Binding of mammalian ribosomes to MS2 phage RNA reveals an overlapping gene encoding a lysis function.", "content": "The main binding site for mammalian ribosomes on the single-stranded RNA of bacteriophage MS2 is located nine tenths of the way through the coat protein gene. Translation initiated at an AUG triplet in the +1 frame yields a 75 amino acid polypeptide which terminates within the synthetase gene at a UAA codon, also in the +1 frame. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of the product synthesized in relatively large amounts by mammalian ribosomes confirms this assignment of the overlapping cistron. The same protein is made in an E. coli cell-free system, but only in very small amounts. Analysis of the translation products directed by RNA from op3, a UGA nonsense mutant of phage f2, identifies the overlapping cistron as a lysis gene. In this paper we show that the op3 mutation is a C yield U transition occurring in the second codon of the synthetase cistron, which explains the lowered production of phage replicase (as well as lack of lysis) upon op3 infection of nonpermissive cells. We discuss the properties of the overlapping gene in relation to its lysis function, recognition of the lysis initiator region by E. coli versus eucaryotic ribosomes and op3 as a ribosome binding site mutant for the f2 synthetase cistron.", "contents": "Binding of mammalian ribosomes to MS2 phage RNA reveals an overlapping gene encoding a lysis function. The main binding site for mammalian ribosomes on the single-stranded RNA of bacteriophage MS2 is located nine tenths of the way through the coat protein gene. Translation initiated at an AUG triplet in the +1 frame yields a 75 amino acid polypeptide which terminates within the synthetase gene at a UAA codon, also in the +1 frame. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of the product synthesized in relatively large amounts by mammalian ribosomes confirms this assignment of the overlapping cistron. The same protein is made in an E. coli cell-free system, but only in very small amounts. Analysis of the translation products directed by RNA from op3, a UGA nonsense mutant of phage f2, identifies the overlapping cistron as a lysis gene. In this paper we show that the op3 mutation is a C yield U transition occurring in the second codon of the synthetase cistron, which explains the lowered production of phage replicase (as well as lack of lysis) upon op3 infection of nonpermissive cells. We discuss the properties of the overlapping gene in relation to its lysis function, recognition of the lysis initiator region by E. coli versus eucaryotic ribosomes and op3 as a ribosome binding site mutant for the f2 synthetase cistron.", "PMID": 498271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3772", "title": "Identification of a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell aggregation in D. discoideum.", "content": "Analysis of the composition of cell surface-associated glycoproteins of D. discoideum by lactoper-oxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, followed by isolation by Con A-Sepharose chromatography, revealed that the developmentally regulated cell surface expression of a certain glycoprotein (gp150) parallels the onset of mutual cellular cohesiveness (Geltosky, Siu and Lerner, 1976). We have purified gp150 and raised specific antibodies to it. Through utilization of the specific antibody and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, the expression of gp150 on the cell surface has been studied. Starting from a low level in noncohesive (vegetative) cells, there is a rapid accumulation of gp150 on the surfaces of aggregating cells. A peak level of expression is achieved by 10 hr and maintained at least until the steps of terminal differentiation. Most significantly, monovalent Fa'b derived from anti-gp150, when added to aggregation-competent cells, blocks the cells' ability to reaggregate. Fab's derived from antisera with different specificities were ineffective inhibitors of cell aggregation. These results suggest that gp150 serves an intimate role in cell adhesion.", "contents": "Identification of a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell aggregation in D. discoideum. Analysis of the composition of cell surface-associated glycoproteins of D. discoideum by lactoper-oxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, followed by isolation by Con A-Sepharose chromatography, revealed that the developmentally regulated cell surface expression of a certain glycoprotein (gp150) parallels the onset of mutual cellular cohesiveness (Geltosky, Siu and Lerner, 1976). We have purified gp150 and raised specific antibodies to it. Through utilization of the specific antibody and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, the expression of gp150 on the cell surface has been studied. Starting from a low level in noncohesive (vegetative) cells, there is a rapid accumulation of gp150 on the surfaces of aggregating cells. A peak level of expression is achieved by 10 hr and maintained at least until the steps of terminal differentiation. Most significantly, monovalent Fa'b derived from anti-gp150, when added to aggregation-competent cells, blocks the cells' ability to reaggregate. Fab's derived from antisera with different specificities were ineffective inhibitors of cell aggregation. These results suggest that gp150 serves an intimate role in cell adhesion.", "PMID": 498273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3773", "title": "Gap junctional communication in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "In this study, we examined cell-to-cell communication via gap junctional channels between the cells of the early mouse embryo from the 2-cell stage to the preimplantation blastocyst stage. The extent of communication was examined by monitoring for the presence of ionic coupling, the transfer of injected fluorescein (molecular weight 330) and the transfer of injected horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000). In the 2-cell, 4-cell and precompaction 8-cell embryos, cytoplasmic bridges between sister blastomeres were responsible for ionic coupling and the transfer of injected fluorescein as well as the transfer of injected horseradish peroxidase. In contrast, no communication was observed between blastomeres from different sister pairs. Junction-mediated intercellular communication was unequivocably detected for the first time in the embryo at the early compaction stage (late 8-cell embryo). At that stage, ionic coupling was present and fluorescein injected into one cell spread to all eight cells of the embryo. Injected horseradish peroxidase was passed to only one other cell, however, again indicating the presence of cytoplasmic bridges between sister blastomeres. Junctional communication with respect to both ionic coupling and dye transfer was retained between all the cells throughout compaction. At the blastocyst stage, trophoblast cells of the blastocyst were linked by junctional channels to other trophoblast cells as well as to cells of the inner cell mass, as indicated by the spread of injected fluorescein. In addition, the extent of communication between the cells of the inner cell mass was examined in inner cell masses isolated by immunosurgery; both ionic coupling and the complete spread of injected fluorescein were observed.", "contents": "Gap junctional communication in the preimplantation mouse embryo. In this study, we examined cell-to-cell communication via gap junctional channels between the cells of the early mouse embryo from the 2-cell stage to the preimplantation blastocyst stage. The extent of communication was examined by monitoring for the presence of ionic coupling, the transfer of injected fluorescein (molecular weight 330) and the transfer of injected horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000). In the 2-cell, 4-cell and precompaction 8-cell embryos, cytoplasmic bridges between sister blastomeres were responsible for ionic coupling and the transfer of injected fluorescein as well as the transfer of injected horseradish peroxidase. In contrast, no communication was observed between blastomeres from different sister pairs. Junction-mediated intercellular communication was unequivocably detected for the first time in the embryo at the early compaction stage (late 8-cell embryo). At that stage, ionic coupling was present and fluorescein injected into one cell spread to all eight cells of the embryo. Injected horseradish peroxidase was passed to only one other cell, however, again indicating the presence of cytoplasmic bridges between sister blastomeres. Junctional communication with respect to both ionic coupling and dye transfer was retained between all the cells throughout compaction. At the blastocyst stage, trophoblast cells of the blastocyst were linked by junctional channels to other trophoblast cells as well as to cells of the inner cell mass, as indicated by the spread of injected fluorescein. In addition, the extent of communication between the cells of the inner cell mass was examined in inner cell masses isolated by immunosurgery; both ionic coupling and the complete spread of injected fluorescein were observed.", "PMID": 498274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3774", "title": "Gap junctional communication in the post-implantation mouse embryo.", "content": "We studied the extent of cell-to-cell communication via junctional channels in in vitro-implanted mouse blastocysts by monitoring ionic coupling and the spread of two injected low molecular weight dyes, fluorescein and Lucifer yellow. In the early attached embryos, both trophoblasts and cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) were ionically coupled to one another. Dye injections in either trophoblasts or ICM cells resulted in spread to the entire embryo. As older and more developed embryos were examined, the spread of injected dye was progressively more limited. In the most developed embryos examined, dye injected into a cell in the ICM region resulted in spread throughout the ICM but not into the surrounding trophoblast cells, while dye injected into a trophoblast cell did not spread to any other cell in the embryo. Simultaneous monitoring of ionic coupling and dye injections in embryos of intermediate stages in this transition revealed that the trophoblast and ICM cells were ionically coupled, even across the apparent boundary where no dye was observed to pass. In the latest stage embryos examined in which no injected dye was observed to move out of the ICM, ionic coupling was still observed between the cells of the ICM and the trophoblasts. Furthermore, in the more developed embryos, dye injected into the ICM region frequently was not transferred to all the cells of the ICM, thus suggesting a further compartmentalization of due spread within the ICM. Our observations that ionic coupling is more extensive than the detectable spread of injected dyes may perhaps reflect a reduced number of junctional channels. With fewer channels less dye would pass between cells, so that, together with continuous quenching, the transfer of injected dye would not be detectable. This partial segregation of cell-to-cell communication as indicated by the limited dye spread may parallel specific differentiation processes, in particular that of giant trophoblast, embryonic ectoderm and extraembryonic endoderm differentiation.", "contents": "Gap junctional communication in the post-implantation mouse embryo. We studied the extent of cell-to-cell communication via junctional channels in in vitro-implanted mouse blastocysts by monitoring ionic coupling and the spread of two injected low molecular weight dyes, fluorescein and Lucifer yellow. In the early attached embryos, both trophoblasts and cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) were ionically coupled to one another. Dye injections in either trophoblasts or ICM cells resulted in spread to the entire embryo. As older and more developed embryos were examined, the spread of injected dye was progressively more limited. In the most developed embryos examined, dye injected into a cell in the ICM region resulted in spread throughout the ICM but not into the surrounding trophoblast cells, while dye injected into a trophoblast cell did not spread to any other cell in the embryo. Simultaneous monitoring of ionic coupling and dye injections in embryos of intermediate stages in this transition revealed that the trophoblast and ICM cells were ionically coupled, even across the apparent boundary where no dye was observed to pass. In the latest stage embryos examined in which no injected dye was observed to move out of the ICM, ionic coupling was still observed between the cells of the ICM and the trophoblasts. Furthermore, in the more developed embryos, dye injected into the ICM region frequently was not transferred to all the cells of the ICM, thus suggesting a further compartmentalization of due spread within the ICM. Our observations that ionic coupling is more extensive than the detectable spread of injected dyes may perhaps reflect a reduced number of junctional channels. With fewer channels less dye would pass between cells, so that, together with continuous quenching, the transfer of injected dye would not be detectable. This partial segregation of cell-to-cell communication as indicated by the limited dye spread may parallel specific differentiation processes, in particular that of giant trophoblast, embryonic ectoderm and extraembryonic endoderm differentiation.", "PMID": 498275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3775", "title": "Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with altered colcemid-binding affinity.", "content": "Clones of CHO cells stably resistant to colcemid have been isolated in the presence of the nonionic detergent Tween 80 after mutagen treatment. Successive single-step selections for increasing resistance were performed resulting in lines after three selection steps about 10 fold more resistant to colcemid than the parental cells. Three observations indicate that these colcemid-resistant (CMR) mutants are different from the colchicine-resistant permeability mutants isolated previously. First, their relative resistance to colcemid was not diminished in the presence of detergent which promoted increased drug permeability. Second, the CMR clones displayed limited cross-resistances only to tubulin-binding compounds. Third, the binding affinity of labeled colcemid by cytoplasmic extracts from CMR clones was reduced, and the reduction was greater in the more resistant clones. No reduction in binding of labeled colcemid was observed in the membrane-altered colchicine-resistant mutants. All these observations are consistent with the CMR clones being tubulin-altered mutants. In further support of this conclusion, we observed that tubulin purified from a CMR mutant still possessed reduced colcemid-binding affinity compared with that from parental cells.", "contents": "Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with altered colcemid-binding affinity. Clones of CHO cells stably resistant to colcemid have been isolated in the presence of the nonionic detergent Tween 80 after mutagen treatment. Successive single-step selections for increasing resistance were performed resulting in lines after three selection steps about 10 fold more resistant to colcemid than the parental cells. Three observations indicate that these colcemid-resistant (CMR) mutants are different from the colchicine-resistant permeability mutants isolated previously. First, their relative resistance to colcemid was not diminished in the presence of detergent which promoted increased drug permeability. Second, the CMR clones displayed limited cross-resistances only to tubulin-binding compounds. Third, the binding affinity of labeled colcemid by cytoplasmic extracts from CMR clones was reduced, and the reduction was greater in the more resistant clones. No reduction in binding of labeled colcemid was observed in the membrane-altered colchicine-resistant mutants. All these observations are consistent with the CMR clones being tubulin-altered mutants. In further support of this conclusion, we observed that tubulin purified from a CMR mutant still possessed reduced colcemid-binding affinity compared with that from parental cells.", "PMID": 498276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3776", "title": "Identification with cellular microtubules of one of the co-assemlbing microtubule-associated proteins.", "content": "In this paper we describe a procedure for detecting proteins associated with cytoplasmic microtubules in vivo. Detergent-extracted cytoskeletons of NIL8 hamster cells are prepared under conditions which preserve the microtubules. The cytoskeletons are then extracted in the presence of calcium, which depolymerizes the microtubules and quantitatively extracted cytoskeletons are prepared from cells that have been incubated with colchicine. The cytoskeletons from these cells contain no microtubules or tubulin. Electrophoretic analysis of the calcium extracts of the colchicine-treated and untreated cells reveals several radioactively labeled polypeptides. There is, however, no apparent quantitative or qualitative difference between the two extracts other than the tubulin polypeptides. Each of the extracts is mixed with an excess of unlabeled calf brain microtubule protein and carried through cycles of temperature-dependent microtubule assembly. Distinct species from each extract co-assemble at a constant ratio, but only one polypeptide is uniquely derived from cells containing intact microtubules. The molecular weight of this polypeptide is similar to that proposed for the tau species detected in brain microtubule preparations.", "contents": "Identification with cellular microtubules of one of the co-assemlbing microtubule-associated proteins. In this paper we describe a procedure for detecting proteins associated with cytoplasmic microtubules in vivo. Detergent-extracted cytoskeletons of NIL8 hamster cells are prepared under conditions which preserve the microtubules. The cytoskeletons are then extracted in the presence of calcium, which depolymerizes the microtubules and quantitatively extracted cytoskeletons are prepared from cells that have been incubated with colchicine. The cytoskeletons from these cells contain no microtubules or tubulin. Electrophoretic analysis of the calcium extracts of the colchicine-treated and untreated cells reveals several radioactively labeled polypeptides. There is, however, no apparent quantitative or qualitative difference between the two extracts other than the tubulin polypeptides. Each of the extracts is mixed with an excess of unlabeled calf brain microtubule protein and carried through cycles of temperature-dependent microtubule assembly. Distinct species from each extract co-assemble at a constant ratio, but only one polypeptide is uniquely derived from cells containing intact microtubules. The molecular weight of this polypeptide is similar to that proposed for the tau species detected in brain microtubule preparations.", "PMID": 498277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3777", "title": "Evidence for the formation of nucleosome-like histone complexes on single-stranded DNA.", "content": "Using histones reconstituted with RNA and DNA celluloses, we have shown elsewhere that histones elute identically with salt from single- and double-stranded DNA, but differently from RNA (Palter and Alberts, 1979). In this paper we characterize further the suspected specific binding interactions between histones and single-stranded DNA. Nuclease digestion of complexes of histone reconstituted with single-stranded DNA generates only a small yield of discrete (approximately 9S) particles. We can, however, efficiently obtain such 9S \"nucleosome-like\" complexes when nuclease treatment is avoided and histones are reconstituted directly with short single-stranded DNA pieces. Strikingly, these 9S subunits contain an equimolar composition of the four nucleosomal histones. When these subunits are visualized in the electron microscope, they appear as globular particles which are morphologically indistinguishable from normal mononucleosomes. Based on their sedimentation properties, histone-to-DNA ratio, histone composition and particle diameter, we conclude that they represent an octamer of the four histones (containing two molecules of each histone) associated with single-stranded DNA. These data, viewed in the context of other information concerning chromatin, suggest that nucleosome cores may become transiently bound to single strands of DNA as DNA and RNA polymerases pass.", "contents": "Evidence for the formation of nucleosome-like histone complexes on single-stranded DNA. Using histones reconstituted with RNA and DNA celluloses, we have shown elsewhere that histones elute identically with salt from single- and double-stranded DNA, but differently from RNA (Palter and Alberts, 1979). In this paper we characterize further the suspected specific binding interactions between histones and single-stranded DNA. Nuclease digestion of complexes of histone reconstituted with single-stranded DNA generates only a small yield of discrete (approximately 9S) particles. We can, however, efficiently obtain such 9S \"nucleosome-like\" complexes when nuclease treatment is avoided and histones are reconstituted directly with short single-stranded DNA pieces. Strikingly, these 9S subunits contain an equimolar composition of the four nucleosomal histones. When these subunits are visualized in the electron microscope, they appear as globular particles which are morphologically indistinguishable from normal mononucleosomes. Based on their sedimentation properties, histone-to-DNA ratio, histone composition and particle diameter, we conclude that they represent an octamer of the four histones (containing two molecules of each histone) associated with single-stranded DNA. These data, viewed in the context of other information concerning chromatin, suggest that nucleosome cores may become transiently bound to single strands of DNA as DNA and RNA polymerases pass.", "PMID": 498278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3778", "title": "Selective and accurate initiation of transcription at the Ad2 major late promotor in a soluble system dependent on purified RNA polymerase II and DNA.", "content": "Transcription of Ad2 DNA templates in the presence of crude cellular extracts supplemented with exogenous (purified) RNA polymerase II is selectively and accurately initiated at the major late viral promoter at map position 16.45. Specific initiation has been demonstrated by a combination of hybridization, nuclease S1 mapping, size and partial sequence (fingerprint) analyses of the transcripts generated with various templates. With intact Ad2 DNA, transcription is terminated  ell before the end of the 28 kb transcription unit is reached. With truncated templates (which contain intact promoter regions and several hundred base pair segments of the transcribed region) the expected run-off products are observed, along with a low level of prematurely terminated transcripts. The 560 nucleotide run-off product of the Sma l-f template (coordinates 11.6-18.2) was shown to contain all the large RNAase T1 oligonuc eotides that are characteristic of the corresponding in vivo transcript from this region; in addition, the 5 terminal undecanucleotide appears to be both capped and methylated. We have investigated various parameters (salt, metal ion and template concentrations) that affect the level of specific transcription in the crude system and have found that, under optimal conditions, specific transcription of Ad2 DNA continues for several hours. In addition, specific transcription initiation at the late promoter is observed with extracts derived from either virus-infected or uninfected KB cells and with class II RNA polymerases isolated from either human calf, murine or amphibian cells. RNA polymerase II from wheat germ does not function in this system.", "contents": "Selective and accurate initiation of transcription at the Ad2 major late promotor in a soluble system dependent on purified RNA polymerase II and DNA. Transcription of Ad2 DNA templates in the presence of crude cellular extracts supplemented with exogenous (purified) RNA polymerase II is selectively and accurately initiated at the major late viral promoter at map position 16.45. Specific initiation has been demonstrated by a combination of hybridization, nuclease S1 mapping, size and partial sequence (fingerprint) analyses of the transcripts generated with various templates. With intact Ad2 DNA, transcription is terminated  ell before the end of the 28 kb transcription unit is reached. With truncated templates (which contain intact promoter regions and several hundred base pair segments of the transcribed region) the expected run-off products are observed, along with a low level of prematurely terminated transcripts. The 560 nucleotide run-off product of the Sma l-f template (coordinates 11.6-18.2) was shown to contain all the large RNAase T1 oligonuc eotides that are characteristic of the corresponding in vivo transcript from this region; in addition, the 5 terminal undecanucleotide appears to be both capped and methylated. We have investigated various parameters (salt, metal ion and template concentrations) that affect the level of specific transcription in the crude system and have found that, under optimal conditions, specific transcription of Ad2 DNA continues for several hours. In addition, specific transcription initiation at the late promoter is observed with extracts derived from either virus-infected or uninfected KB cells and with class II RNA polymerases isolated from either human calf, murine or amphibian cells. RNA polymerase II from wheat germ does not function in this system.", "PMID": 498279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3779", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the initiation and termination sites for ribosomal RNA transcription in X. laevis.", "content": "In this study, we have located the sites of transcription initiation and termination on a cloned fragment of ribosomal DNA from X. laevis, and have sequenced the surrounding nucleotides. As reported previously (Reeder, Sollner-Webb and Wahn, 1977), about 25% of the 40S rRNA precursor molecules isolated from oocytes have polyphosphate 5' termini and are therefore presumed to represent primary transcripts. These ends hybridize specifically to the 221 bp DNA fragment and removed the overhanging DNA region with S1 nuclease. In the other, we hybridized 40S RNA to a 221 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA. The nucleotides encoding the 5' end of the 40S RNA were located more precisely by two methods. In one, we hybridized 40S RNA to the 221 bp DNA fragment and removed the overhanging DNA region with S1 nuclease. In the other, we hybridized 40S RNA to a smaller DNA fragment and extended the recessed 3' terminus of the DNA using reverse transcriptase. The resultant DNA fragments were sized on sequencing gels. Both determinations map the 5' end of 40S RNA at the same site in the rDNA, about 2250 bp upstream from the Eco RI site in the 18S rRNA coding sequence. At this site we find a DNA sequence beginning AGGGGAAGAC.... which agrees with partial sequence data from the 5' end of polyphosphorylated and bulk 40S rRNA. Features of this region of the ribosomal DNA will be discussed in this paper. A 227 nucleotide region surrounding the initiation site was also sequenced from an independently derived clone and found to differ in only one nucleotide. In addition, a sequence is found about 1100 nucleotides upstream from the 5' end of the gene that has 90% homology to the sequence from nucleotides minus 125 to +4 in the initiation region. At the termination region, X. laevis ribosomal DNA has a single recognition site for the restriction enzyme Hind III in each repeating unit. Using the S1 nuclease technique, the 3' termini of both the 40S precursor and mature 28S rRNA are seen to map within this recognition sequence. The sequence surrounding the Hind III site has striking homology to termination sites recognized by other RNA polymerase classes. Sequences with similar features are also found upstream from the initiation site.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the initiation and termination sites for ribosomal RNA transcription in X. laevis. In this study, we have located the sites of transcription initiation and termination on a cloned fragment of ribosomal DNA from X. laevis, and have sequenced the surrounding nucleotides. As reported previously (Reeder, Sollner-Webb and Wahn, 1977), about 25% of the 40S rRNA precursor molecules isolated from oocytes have polyphosphate 5' termini and are therefore presumed to represent primary transcripts. These ends hybridize specifically to the 221 bp DNA fragment and removed the overhanging DNA region with S1 nuclease. In the other, we hybridized 40S RNA to a 221 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA. The nucleotides encoding the 5' end of the 40S RNA were located more precisely by two methods. In one, we hybridized 40S RNA to the 221 bp DNA fragment and removed the overhanging DNA region with S1 nuclease. In the other, we hybridized 40S RNA to a smaller DNA fragment and extended the recessed 3' terminus of the DNA using reverse transcriptase. The resultant DNA fragments were sized on sequencing gels. Both determinations map the 5' end of 40S RNA at the same site in the rDNA, about 2250 bp upstream from the Eco RI site in the 18S rRNA coding sequence. At this site we find a DNA sequence beginning AGGGGAAGAC.... which agrees with partial sequence data from the 5' end of polyphosphorylated and bulk 40S rRNA. Features of this region of the ribosomal DNA will be discussed in this paper. A 227 nucleotide region surrounding the initiation site was also sequenced from an independently derived clone and found to differ in only one nucleotide. In addition, a sequence is found about 1100 nucleotides upstream from the 5' end of the gene that has 90% homology to the sequence from nucleotides minus 125 to +4 in the initiation region. At the termination region, X. laevis ribosomal DNA has a single recognition site for the restriction enzyme Hind III in each repeating unit. Using the S1 nuclease technique, the 3' termini of both the 40S precursor and mature 28S rRNA are seen to map within this recognition sequence. The sequence surrounding the Hind III site has striking homology to termination sites recognized by other RNA polymerase classes. Sequences with similar features are also found upstream from the initiation site.", "PMID": 498280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3780", "title": "Expression of the mitochondrial genome in Xenopus laevis: a map of transcripts.", "content": "The twelve most abundant transcripts in X. laevis mitochondria were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by R loop mapping in the electron microscope and by RNA gel transfer hybridization. The transcripts map in nonoverlapping positions with one exception, and they account for about 80% of the coding capacity of mtDNA. Ten of the twelve RNA molecules contain poly(A): the two poly(A)-lacking transcripts are the rRNAs. Analysis withe single-strand-specific nucleases clearly demonstrated the absence of intervening sequences from the coding regions for seven RNAs. For two RNAs, uninterrupted coding sequences are strongly suggested and one RNA could not be analyzed. Eight transcripts of low abundance and high molecular weight were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped approximately. They overlap the coding regions of the abundant mitochondrial RNAs and could be precursors of these RNAs. Most of the RNA molecules characterized were shown to be transcribed from the heavy strand of mtDNA. No abundant discrete light-strand transcript was found.", "contents": "Expression of the mitochondrial genome in Xenopus laevis: a map of transcripts. The twelve most abundant transcripts in X. laevis mitochondria were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by R loop mapping in the electron microscope and by RNA gel transfer hybridization. The transcripts map in nonoverlapping positions with one exception, and they account for about 80% of the coding capacity of mtDNA. Ten of the twelve RNA molecules contain poly(A): the two poly(A)-lacking transcripts are the rRNAs. Analysis withe single-strand-specific nucleases clearly demonstrated the absence of intervening sequences from the coding regions for seven RNAs. For two RNAs, uninterrupted coding sequences are strongly suggested and one RNA could not be analyzed. Eight transcripts of low abundance and high molecular weight were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped approximately. They overlap the coding regions of the abundant mitochondrial RNAs and could be precursors of these RNAs. Most of the RNA molecules characterized were shown to be transcribed from the heavy strand of mtDNA. No abundant discrete light-strand transcript was found.", "PMID": 498281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3781", "title": "The intervening sequence in the 26S rRNA coding region of T. thermophila is transcribed within the largest stable precursor for rRNA.", "content": "We studied the transcription of the intervening sequence in the 26S rRNA coding region of the extrachromosomal rDNA molecules in the macronucleus of T. thermophila by hybridization of purified nuclear rRNA precursors or cytoplasmic 26S rRNA to purified native rDNA or specific rDNA restriction fragments. Examination of R loop hybrids in the electron microscope and analyses of S1-protected rDNA fragments in alkaline agarose gels showed that mature 26S rRNA, nuclear pre-26S rRNA and a fraction of the pre-rRNA molecules containing both the sequences for 17S and 26S rRNA all lack the region corresponding to the intervening sequence. The rest of the pre-rRNA molecules, however, hybridize in a colinear fashion to the whole coding region, and thus must contain the intervening sequence. We can conclude from these results that the intervening sequence is transcribed within the primary transcription product of the rDNA, and that the post-transcriptional removal of the intervening RNA sequence is a very early processing event in the organism.", "contents": "The intervening sequence in the 26S rRNA coding region of T. thermophila is transcribed within the largest stable precursor for rRNA. We studied the transcription of the intervening sequence in the 26S rRNA coding region of the extrachromosomal rDNA molecules in the macronucleus of T. thermophila by hybridization of purified nuclear rRNA precursors or cytoplasmic 26S rRNA to purified native rDNA or specific rDNA restriction fragments. Examination of R loop hybrids in the electron microscope and analyses of S1-protected rDNA fragments in alkaline agarose gels showed that mature 26S rRNA, nuclear pre-26S rRNA and a fraction of the pre-rRNA molecules containing both the sequences for 17S and 26S rRNA all lack the region corresponding to the intervening sequence. The rest of the pre-rRNA molecules, however, hybridize in a colinear fashion to the whole coding region, and thus must contain the intervening sequence. We can conclude from these results that the intervening sequence is transcribed within the primary transcription product of the rDNA, and that the post-transcriptional removal of the intervening RNA sequence is a very early processing event in the organism.", "PMID": 498282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3782", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a cloned rat insulin gene.", "content": "The two nonallelic genes, insulin I and II of the rat, are separated by at least 7 kb of DNA. There is no obvious similarity in the sequence organization surrounding each gene, although the coding regions of the genes themselves share extensive homology. In three strains of rat, the insulin II gene lies predominantly on a 4.0 kb Eco RI restriction fragment, whereas the insulin I gene is located on a 9.4 kb Eco RI fragment in the Hooded strain, on a 7.2 kb Eco RI fragment in the Osborne-Mendel strain, and on both a 9.4 and a 7.2 kb Eco RI fragment in Sprague-Dawley rats. The 9.4 kb Eco RI fragment from Hooded rat DNA was isolated using the lambda cloning system, and the nucleotide sequence of this isolated rat insulin I gene and adjacent regions was determined. A translation in one frame of the sequence of the cloned gene confirms the protein sequence determined for rat pre-proinsulin I. The coding region of this gene lacks intervening sequences, although a presumptive intervening sequence of 119 bp is located in the 5 untranslated region preceding the prehormone sequence. The junctions around the 119 bp segment are identical to those which flank intervening sequences of other eucaryotic genes, AGGT. The site of polyadenylation was determined by direct sequence comparison with rat insulin cDNA clones, and a potential 5 \"capping\" site is proposed. A DNA sequence preceding this 5 \"capping\" site in the rat insulin I gene, TATAAAGC, is homologous to corresponding regions in other eucaryotic genes that have been proposed as putative promoter sites for the initiation of transcription.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a cloned rat insulin gene. The two nonallelic genes, insulin I and II of the rat, are separated by at least 7 kb of DNA. There is no obvious similarity in the sequence organization surrounding each gene, although the coding regions of the genes themselves share extensive homology. In three strains of rat, the insulin II gene lies predominantly on a 4.0 kb Eco RI restriction fragment, whereas the insulin I gene is located on a 9.4 kb Eco RI fragment in the Hooded strain, on a 7.2 kb Eco RI fragment in the Osborne-Mendel strain, and on both a 9.4 and a 7.2 kb Eco RI fragment in Sprague-Dawley rats. The 9.4 kb Eco RI fragment from Hooded rat DNA was isolated using the lambda cloning system, and the nucleotide sequence of this isolated rat insulin I gene and adjacent regions was determined. A translation in one frame of the sequence of the cloned gene confirms the protein sequence determined for rat pre-proinsulin I. The coding region of this gene lacks intervening sequences, although a presumptive intervening sequence of 119 bp is located in the 5 untranslated region preceding the prehormone sequence. The junctions around the 119 bp segment are identical to those which flank intervening sequences of other eucaryotic genes, AGGT. The site of polyadenylation was determined by direct sequence comparison with rat insulin cDNA clones, and a potential 5 \"capping\" site is proposed. A DNA sequence preceding this 5 \"capping\" site in the rat insulin I gene, TATAAAGC, is homologous to corresponding regions in other eucaryotic genes that have been proposed as putative promoter sites for the initiation of transcription.", "PMID": 498283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3783", "title": "The structure and evolution of the two nonallelic rat preproinsulin genes.", "content": "In the rat, there are two nonallelic genes for preproinsulin. The insulin end products are very similar and are equally expressed. We have isolated clones carrying these genes and their flanking sequences, and characterized them by DNA sequencing and electron microscopic analysis. We have established the primary structure of the preproinsulin mRNAs and the signal peptides of these two proteins. One of the genes contains two introns: a 499 bp intron interrupting the region encoding the connecting peptide and a 119 bp intron interrupting the segment encoding the 5 noncoding region of the mRNA. The introns are transcribed and present in a preproinsulin mRNA precursor. The other gene possesses the smaller, but not the larger, of the two introns. Calculations based on the divergence of the two preproinsulin nucleotide and amino acid sequences indicate that these genes are the products of a recent duplication. Thus one of the genes gained or lost an intron since that time.", "contents": "The structure and evolution of the two nonallelic rat preproinsulin genes. In the rat, there are two nonallelic genes for preproinsulin. The insulin end products are very similar and are equally expressed. We have isolated clones carrying these genes and their flanking sequences, and characterized them by DNA sequencing and electron microscopic analysis. We have established the primary structure of the preproinsulin mRNAs and the signal peptides of these two proteins. One of the genes contains two introns: a 499 bp intron interrupting the region encoding the connecting peptide and a 119 bp intron interrupting the segment encoding the 5 noncoding region of the mRNA. The introns are transcribed and present in a preproinsulin mRNA precursor. The other gene possesses the smaller, but not the larger, of the two introns. Calculations based on the divergence of the two preproinsulin nucleotide and amino acid sequences indicate that these genes are the products of a recent duplication. Thus one of the genes gained or lost an intron since that time.", "PMID": 498284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3784", "title": "Effects of Staphylococcus aureus lysozyme on human fibroblasts.", "content": "The purified lysozyme excreted by Staphylococcus aureus strains promotes elongation and spreading on plastic surfaces and stimulates DNA synthesis of human fibroblasts (WI38). This enzyme also raises twofold the saturation density level of cultures of these cells. It is suggested that the primitive and main effect of lysozyme on fibroblasts is the triggering of morphogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of Staphylococcus aureus lysozyme on human fibroblasts. The purified lysozyme excreted by Staphylococcus aureus strains promotes elongation and spreading on plastic surfaces and stimulates DNA synthesis of human fibroblasts (WI38). This enzyme also raises twofold the saturation density level of cultures of these cells. It is suggested that the primitive and main effect of lysozyme on fibroblasts is the triggering of morphogenesis.", "PMID": 498287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3785", "title": "Cellular senescence and the analysis of generation time distributions.", "content": "Generation time analysis by time lapse cinematography is an important method for investigating cellular senescence in culture, but its interpretation is complicated by several types of bias and artifact, including small sample size, cut-off bias, changes in global growth rate, and phase of the population growth cycle. When these factors are considered, interpretation of the data base used by previous investigators changes considerably, and does not reveal any differences in growth behavior between middle and late passage WI-38 cells. Nor does it support the transition probability theory either of cell cycle transit or of culture senescence.", "contents": "Cellular senescence and the analysis of generation time distributions. Generation time analysis by time lapse cinematography is an important method for investigating cellular senescence in culture, but its interpretation is complicated by several types of bias and artifact, including small sample size, cut-off bias, changes in global growth rate, and phase of the population growth cycle. When these factors are considered, interpretation of the data base used by previous investigators changes considerably, and does not reveal any differences in growth behavior between middle and late passage WI-38 cells. Nor does it support the transition probability theory either of cell cycle transit or of culture senescence.", "PMID": 498288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3786", "title": "Cellular uptake of ribonucleic acids entrapped into liposomes.", "content": "Ribonucleic acids were entrapped into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). After incubation of the liposomes containing RNA (L- RNA), the RNA was introduced into the cells. The kinetics of L- RNA uptake by the cells in culture were studied. The uptake of L- RNA is linear over a broad vesicle concentration range depending on temperature, and at 37 degrees C uptake levels reach a plateau after 3 hours. Inhibitors of cellular energy metabolism have little effect on the uptake, and thus fusion, as the main mechanism of uptake, is proposed.", "contents": "Cellular uptake of ribonucleic acids entrapped into liposomes. Ribonucleic acids were entrapped into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). After incubation of the liposomes containing RNA (L- RNA), the RNA was introduced into the cells. The kinetics of L- RNA uptake by the cells in culture were studied. The uptake of L- RNA is linear over a broad vesicle concentration range depending on temperature, and at 37 degrees C uptake levels reach a plateau after 3 hours. Inhibitors of cellular energy metabolism have little effect on the uptake, and thus fusion, as the main mechanism of uptake, is proposed.", "PMID": 498289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3787", "title": "[Morphology of the heart conduction system].", "content": "Using his own experience and literary research, the author gives an outline of the morphology of the conduction systems of normal children's and adult hearts, including its blood supply.", "contents": "[Morphology of the heart conduction system]. Using his own experience and literary research, the author gives an outline of the morphology of the conduction systems of normal children's and adult hearts, including its blood supply.", "PMID": 498339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3788", "title": "[Lipofuscinosis of the liver].", "content": "Liver tissue biopsy performed in a man of 44 and another man of 52, who had for long periods of time been using phenacetin-containing analgesics, revealed accumulations of lipofuscin in hepatocytes, in sinoendothelia and in Kupffer's cells. Apart from more frequent destruction of hepatocytes, there were no microscopic or ultrastructural changes suggesting any major liver tissue damage.", "contents": "[Lipofuscinosis of the liver]. Liver tissue biopsy performed in a man of 44 and another man of 52, who had for long periods of time been using phenacetin-containing analgesics, revealed accumulations of lipofuscin in hepatocytes, in sinoendothelia and in Kupffer's cells. Apart from more frequent destruction of hepatocytes, there were no microscopic or ultrastructural changes suggesting any major liver tissue damage.", "PMID": 498341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3789", "title": "[Papovavirus papillomatosis in beagles].", "content": "Canine papillomatosis was diagnosed in 5 out of 12 dogs of the beagle race, aged three to four months, two weeks after arrival from a breeding station. The histological as well as electronmicroscopical findings were typical of the disease.", "contents": "[Papovavirus papillomatosis in beagles]. Canine papillomatosis was diagnosed in 5 out of 12 dogs of the beagle race, aged three to four months, two weeks after arrival from a breeding station. The histological as well as electronmicroscopical findings were typical of the disease.", "PMID": 498342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3790", "title": "Absolute stereochemistry of the trans-dihydrodiols formed from benzo[a]anthracene by liver microsomes.", "content": "Through application of the exciton chirality method, absolute stereochemistry has been assigned to the (+)-and (-)-enantiomers of four of the five metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols of the polycyclic hydrocarbon benzo[a]anthracene (BA). The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of each of these dihydrodiols can be separated as their diastereomeric bis-esters with (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). BA 3,4-, 5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiol are formed in 38%, 36%, 78% and 66% enantiometric purity, respectively, by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, whereas the liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene(MC)-treated rats form BA 5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols with higher optical purity (62%, 96% and 96%, respectively). BA 3,4-dihydrodiol is formed from (+/-)-BA 3,4-oxide by microsomal epoxide hydrase in very high enantiometric purity (78%). The major enantiomer of the BA dihydrodiols formed by liver enzymes has R,R absolute stereochemistry in each case. In parallel with previous studies on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene, the more tumorigenic (-)-enantiomer is the predominant isomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol formed by liver microsomes from BA.", "contents": "Absolute stereochemistry of the trans-dihydrodiols formed from benzo[a]anthracene by liver microsomes. Through application of the exciton chirality method, absolute stereochemistry has been assigned to the (+)-and (-)-enantiomers of four of the five metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols of the polycyclic hydrocarbon benzo[a]anthracene (BA). The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of each of these dihydrodiols can be separated as their diastereomeric bis-esters with (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). BA 3,4-, 5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiol are formed in 38%, 36%, 78% and 66% enantiometric purity, respectively, by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, whereas the liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene(MC)-treated rats form BA 5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols with higher optical purity (62%, 96% and 96%, respectively). BA 3,4-dihydrodiol is formed from (+/-)-BA 3,4-oxide by microsomal epoxide hydrase in very high enantiometric purity (78%). The major enantiomer of the BA dihydrodiols formed by liver enzymes has R,R absolute stereochemistry in each case. In parallel with previous studies on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene, the more tumorigenic (-)-enantiomer is the predominant isomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol formed by liver microsomes from BA.", "PMID": 498352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3791", "title": "In vivo binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its N-hydroxy derivative to the DNA of fractionated rat liver chromatin.", "content": "The in vivo binding of radioactive N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to the DNA of rat liver chromatin was examined. The chromatin was fractionated into putative transcriptionally active and inactive fractions by hydrodynamic shearing and subsequent glycerol gradient centrifugation, DNAase II digestion followed by MgCl2 aggregation of transcriptionally inactive chromatin, or mild digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Carcinogens were administered for various times prior to sacrifice. Irrespective of the duration of exposure, no preferential binding of either carcinogen to DNA was detected in any of the fractions prepared by hydrodynamic shearing of DNAase II digestion. When micrococcal nuclease was utilized, a 2-fold increase in carcinogen bound to the DNA of that chromatin fraction containing the smallest molecular weight fragments was detected. These small molecular weight fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease have been postulated to be derived from in vivo transcriptional units. Additionally, when DNAase II was used to probe chromatin from rat livers which had been exposed to a carcinogenic regimen of AAF, no preferential binding of radioactive N-OH-AAF to the DNA of any chromatin fraction was detected.", "contents": "In vivo binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its N-hydroxy derivative to the DNA of fractionated rat liver chromatin. The in vivo binding of radioactive N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to the DNA of rat liver chromatin was examined. The chromatin was fractionated into putative transcriptionally active and inactive fractions by hydrodynamic shearing and subsequent glycerol gradient centrifugation, DNAase II digestion followed by MgCl2 aggregation of transcriptionally inactive chromatin, or mild digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Carcinogens were administered for various times prior to sacrifice. Irrespective of the duration of exposure, no preferential binding of either carcinogen to DNA was detected in any of the fractions prepared by hydrodynamic shearing of DNAase II digestion. When micrococcal nuclease was utilized, a 2-fold increase in carcinogen bound to the DNA of that chromatin fraction containing the smallest molecular weight fragments was detected. These small molecular weight fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease have been postulated to be derived from in vivo transcriptional units. Additionally, when DNAase II was used to probe chromatin from rat livers which had been exposed to a carcinogenic regimen of AAF, no preferential binding of radioactive N-OH-AAF to the DNA of any chromatin fraction was detected.", "PMID": 498353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3792", "title": "Metabolic activation of 3-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, a highly mutagenic principle in tryptophan pyrolysate, by rat liver enzymes.", "content": "3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), a mutagenic principle in tryptophan pyrolysates, binds to DNA after metabolic activation by rat liver enzymes. The enzymes for activation of Trp-P-2 were found in both microsomes and the cytosol. The reaction required NADPH and ATP, metabolic and was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone. Considerable binding was observed with only microsomes as enzyme source, but further addition of cytosol enhanced the binding, enhancement depending on the amount of cytosol added. Inducers for microsomal mixed-function oxidases induced activating enzyme(s) for Trp-P-2, 3-methylcholanthrene being most effective, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls and then phenobarbital.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of 3-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, a highly mutagenic principle in tryptophan pyrolysate, by rat liver enzymes. 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), a mutagenic principle in tryptophan pyrolysates, binds to DNA after metabolic activation by rat liver enzymes. The enzymes for activation of Trp-P-2 were found in both microsomes and the cytosol. The reaction required NADPH and ATP, metabolic and was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone. Considerable binding was observed with only microsomes as enzyme source, but further addition of cytosol enhanced the binding, enhancement depending on the amount of cytosol added. Inducers for microsomal mixed-function oxidases induced activating enzyme(s) for Trp-P-2, 3-methylcholanthrene being most effective, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls and then phenobarbital.", "PMID": 498354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3793", "title": "The nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol. II. The effect of metabolic inhibitors and inducers.", "content": "Inducers and inhibitors of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system have no consistent effect upon the nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol, or on binding of the compound in vivo to cell protein. p-[ring-3H]Aminophenol was bound in vitro to kidney microsomal protein and to a lesser extent to liver. The binding was enhanced by preincubation of the p-aminophenol in air and inhibited by ascorbate, GSH, N2 and NADPH. These findings indicate that in contrast to paracetamol hepatoxicity which is dependent upon the mixed function oxidase system, that nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol is dependent upon oxidation to a toxic metabolite by some other pathway. A similar metabolite may be responsible for the nephrotoxic action of phenacetin.", "contents": "The nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol. II. The effect of metabolic inhibitors and inducers. Inducers and inhibitors of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system have no consistent effect upon the nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol, or on binding of the compound in vivo to cell protein. p-[ring-3H]Aminophenol was bound in vitro to kidney microsomal protein and to a lesser extent to liver. The binding was enhanced by preincubation of the p-aminophenol in air and inhibited by ascorbate, GSH, N2 and NADPH. These findings indicate that in contrast to paracetamol hepatoxicity which is dependent upon the mixed function oxidase system, that nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol is dependent upon oxidation to a toxic metabolite by some other pathway. A similar metabolite may be responsible for the nephrotoxic action of phenacetin.", "PMID": 498355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3794", "title": "Interaction of 9-hydroxyellipticine with two forms of partially purified rabbit lung cytochrome P-450. Inhibition of lung microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase.", "content": "9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), a potent inhibitor of rat liver monooxygenase activities, binds to the various forms of partially purified lung cytochromes P-450 from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-treated rabbits. The spectral data (lambda max: 428 nm (ox.), 447 nm (red.), Ks: 10 microM and 5 muM for cytochrome I and cytochrome II from 3-MC-treated rabbits respectively) resemble those obtained with cytochrome P-450 purified from liver of Aroclor 1254-pretreated rats (lambda max: 428 nm (ox.), 445 nm (red.), Ks: 8 microM). 9-OHE has been shown to inhibit the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity of rat and rabbit lung microsomes. The inhibitory effect was higher towards the 3-MC-induced lung microsomes than with the control microsomes. However, the lung microsomes, as well as the liver microsomes of rabbits were less sensitive to inhibition by 9-OHE than the corresponding microsomes from rats. These results suggest that rabbit and rat cytochromes P-450 have subtle structural differences.", "contents": "Interaction of 9-hydroxyellipticine with two forms of partially purified rabbit lung cytochrome P-450. Inhibition of lung microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase. 9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), a potent inhibitor of rat liver monooxygenase activities, binds to the various forms of partially purified lung cytochromes P-450 from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-treated rabbits. The spectral data (lambda max: 428 nm (ox.), 447 nm (red.), Ks: 10 microM and 5 muM for cytochrome I and cytochrome II from 3-MC-treated rabbits respectively) resemble those obtained with cytochrome P-450 purified from liver of Aroclor 1254-pretreated rats (lambda max: 428 nm (ox.), 445 nm (red.), Ks: 8 microM). 9-OHE has been shown to inhibit the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity of rat and rabbit lung microsomes. The inhibitory effect was higher towards the 3-MC-induced lung microsomes than with the control microsomes. However, the lung microsomes, as well as the liver microsomes of rabbits were less sensitive to inhibition by 9-OHE than the corresponding microsomes from rats. These results suggest that rabbit and rat cytochromes P-450 have subtle structural differences.", "PMID": 498356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3795", "title": "Influence of cellular environment on toxicity of nitroheterocycles.", "content": "The preferential sensitivity of hypoxic cells to nitroheteroxycles is thought to result from the actions of toxic intermediates of drug reduction produced under hypoxic conditions. However, a lack of oxygen also alters the biochemical state of the cell and may indirectly enhance the sensitivity, of hypoxic cells to these drugs. This hypothesis was tested by 'conditioning' mouse L-929 cells in oxygen-free buffer, then exposing the cells to nitrofurazone under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After conditioning, the rate of cell inactivation by nitrofurazone was equal in air or nitrogen-equilibrated buffer. Pretreatment of cells in 1 muM rotenone or 0.5 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol for one hour under aerobic conditions increased the sensitivity of the cells to nitrofurazone under aerobic conditions. Similar rates of cell killing were obtained when mouse L-cells were heated in buffer for 30 min at 43 degrees before incubation with nitrofurazone in either air or nitrogen. Also, incubation of cells with nitrofurazone in the presence of 0.1% glucose, or at a cell density less than 10(5) cells/ml significantly enhanced cell killing, especially under aerobic conditions. Thus, the intracellular state of the cell, manipulated by altering the cellular environment, influenced the cellular sensitivity to nitrofurazone. Similar results were not, however, obtained with the nitroimidazoles, dimetronidazole and misonidazole; pretreatment for 2 h in buffer under anaerobic conditions did not increase the sensitivity of L cells to subsequent drug treatment in air-equilibrated buffer.", "contents": "Influence of cellular environment on toxicity of nitroheterocycles. The preferential sensitivity of hypoxic cells to nitroheteroxycles is thought to result from the actions of toxic intermediates of drug reduction produced under hypoxic conditions. However, a lack of oxygen also alters the biochemical state of the cell and may indirectly enhance the sensitivity, of hypoxic cells to these drugs. This hypothesis was tested by 'conditioning' mouse L-929 cells in oxygen-free buffer, then exposing the cells to nitrofurazone under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After conditioning, the rate of cell inactivation by nitrofurazone was equal in air or nitrogen-equilibrated buffer. Pretreatment of cells in 1 muM rotenone or 0.5 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol for one hour under aerobic conditions increased the sensitivity of the cells to nitrofurazone under aerobic conditions. Similar rates of cell killing were obtained when mouse L-cells were heated in buffer for 30 min at 43 degrees before incubation with nitrofurazone in either air or nitrogen. Also, incubation of cells with nitrofurazone in the presence of 0.1% glucose, or at a cell density less than 10(5) cells/ml significantly enhanced cell killing, especially under aerobic conditions. Thus, the intracellular state of the cell, manipulated by altering the cellular environment, influenced the cellular sensitivity to nitrofurazone. Similar results were not, however, obtained with the nitroimidazoles, dimetronidazole and misonidazole; pretreatment for 2 h in buffer under anaerobic conditions did not increase the sensitivity of L cells to subsequent drug treatment in air-equilibrated buffer.", "PMID": 498357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3796", "title": "Isolation and structure determination of enzymatically formed styrene oxide glutathione conjugates.", "content": "When styrene oxide was incubated with glutathione in the presence of rat liver cytosolic fraction, two conjugates were formed. Structural investigation by mass spectrometry (MS), proton magnetic resonance (PMR) analysis and chemical fragmentation showed the presence of two positional isomers, namely S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione and S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione in a ratio of approx. 60 : 40.", "contents": "Isolation and structure determination of enzymatically formed styrene oxide glutathione conjugates. When styrene oxide was incubated with glutathione in the presence of rat liver cytosolic fraction, two conjugates were formed. Structural investigation by mass spectrometry (MS), proton magnetic resonance (PMR) analysis and chemical fragmentation showed the presence of two positional isomers, namely S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione and S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione in a ratio of approx. 60 : 40.", "PMID": 498358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3797", "title": "Identification of some products from the reaction of trans-4-aminostilbene metabolites and nucleic acids in vivo.", "content": "Esters of N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminostilbene react with guanosine, adenosine and cytidine in vitro and yield a number of different reaction products, some of which have been recently identified. We have now demonstrated that Urd-N3,alpha-beta,OH-AABB, Guo-N1,alpha-beta,OH-AABB, AdoN1,alpha-N6,beta-AABB and a Guo-O6 derivative are also formed in vivo, when the precarcinogen trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene is orally administered to female Wistar rats. However, these reaction products constitute only a small fraction of the adducts formed with liver rRNA. N-Acetylaminobibenzyl-alpha,beta-threo-diol is released from liver RNA upon hydrolysis. Comparison of the adduct pattern resulting from the reaction of N-acetoxy-N-acetylaminostilbene with yeast RNA in vitro and that obtained from in vivo rat liver RNA reveals not only quantitative but also qualitative differences. This indicates that reactive metabolites other than hydroxamic acidesters may contribute to the in vivo binding.", "contents": "Identification of some products from the reaction of trans-4-aminostilbene metabolites and nucleic acids in vivo. Esters of N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminostilbene react with guanosine, adenosine and cytidine in vitro and yield a number of different reaction products, some of which have been recently identified. We have now demonstrated that Urd-N3,alpha-beta,OH-AABB, Guo-N1,alpha-beta,OH-AABB, AdoN1,alpha-N6,beta-AABB and a Guo-O6 derivative are also formed in vivo, when the precarcinogen trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene is orally administered to female Wistar rats. However, these reaction products constitute only a small fraction of the adducts formed with liver rRNA. N-Acetylaminobibenzyl-alpha,beta-threo-diol is released from liver RNA upon hydrolysis. Comparison of the adduct pattern resulting from the reaction of N-acetoxy-N-acetylaminostilbene with yeast RNA in vitro and that obtained from in vivo rat liver RNA reveals not only quantitative but also qualitative differences. This indicates that reactive metabolites other than hydroxamic acidesters may contribute to the in vivo binding.", "PMID": 498359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3798", "title": "The tissue disposition and urinary excretion of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron, following repeated parenteral administration of cadmium to rats.", "content": "The effect of repeated parenteral administration of cadmium (0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) on tissue disposition and urinary excretion of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron has been studied in the male rat. Cadmium, zinc and copper accumulated in liver and kidney, but the concentration of iron did not alter significantly. The kidney weight relative to body weight showed a dose-related increase in weight of 25--65%. Excretion of cadmium in the urine increased directly with dosage and the increase was most significant when kidney damage had probably occurred. Administration of cadmium also resulted in dose-related increases in the urinary excretion of zinc, copper and iron. The cadmium concentration of blood increased with dosage of cadmium, and the plasma concentrations of zinc and copper were also raised but plasma iron concentration was diminished.", "contents": "The tissue disposition and urinary excretion of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron, following repeated parenteral administration of cadmium to rats. The effect of repeated parenteral administration of cadmium (0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) on tissue disposition and urinary excretion of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron has been studied in the male rat. Cadmium, zinc and copper accumulated in liver and kidney, but the concentration of iron did not alter significantly. The kidney weight relative to body weight showed a dose-related increase in weight of 25--65%. Excretion of cadmium in the urine increased directly with dosage and the increase was most significant when kidney damage had probably occurred. Administration of cadmium also resulted in dose-related increases in the urinary excretion of zinc, copper and iron. The cadmium concentration of blood increased with dosage of cadmium, and the plasma concentrations of zinc and copper were also raised but plasma iron concentration was diminished.", "PMID": 498360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3799", "title": "A difference between two strains of rats in their liver non-haem iron content and in their response to the porphyrogenic effect of hexachlorobenzene.", "content": "Female Agus rats developed hepatic porphyria at a much faster rate than female Porton-Wistar rats when fed a diet containing 0.01% of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). They also showed a greater inhibition of liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.37] activity and a marked stimulation of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase [EC 2.3.1.37]. The difference between the two strains could not be correlated with differences in the liver concentrations of HCB. However, control Agus rats were found to possess significantly higher levels of total non-haem iron in their livers than the Porton animals. This was particularly apparent after 24 h of starvation and is further evidence for the involvement of iron in the pathogenesis of HCB-induced porphyria. The posterior lobes of the livers from the Agus rats given HCB became porphyric more slowly than the remainder with less severe inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In contrast to their increased susceptibility to HCB, the Agus rats were less susceptible to another prophyrogenic agent, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine.", "contents": "A difference between two strains of rats in their liver non-haem iron content and in their response to the porphyrogenic effect of hexachlorobenzene. Female Agus rats developed hepatic porphyria at a much faster rate than female Porton-Wistar rats when fed a diet containing 0.01% of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). They also showed a greater inhibition of liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.37] activity and a marked stimulation of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase [EC 2.3.1.37]. The difference between the two strains could not be correlated with differences in the liver concentrations of HCB. However, control Agus rats were found to possess significantly higher levels of total non-haem iron in their livers than the Porton animals. This was particularly apparent after 24 h of starvation and is further evidence for the involvement of iron in the pathogenesis of HCB-induced porphyria. The posterior lobes of the livers from the Agus rats given HCB became porphyric more slowly than the remainder with less severe inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In contrast to their increased susceptibility to HCB, the Agus rats were less susceptible to another prophyrogenic agent, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine.", "PMID": 498361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3800", "title": "Role of dimethylnitrosamine-demethylase in the metabolic activation of dimethylinitrosamine.", "content": "In vivo administration to rats of the mixed-function oxidase modifiers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) or beta-naphthoflavnoe (beta-f) inhibits the hepatic microsome-catalyzed in vitro binding of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to DNA. This parallels their effect on DMN-demethylase I, regarded to be the sole activating step in DMN carcinogenesis and fails to account for the previously observed anomaly that MC and PCN inhibit, while beta-NF enhances, the hepatocarcinogenic activity of DMN. The in vitro binding of DMN is clearly dependent on microsomes and NADPH, and is strongly enhanced by soluble cytoplasmic proteins; the presence of the latter has no effect. however, on the relative response to pretreatment by the modifiers. In mice beta-NF enhances and PCN inhibits DMN-demethylase I; beta-NF has no effect on either the cytochrome P-450 level or on the LD50, while PCN strongly increases the cytochrome P-450 level but without influencing the LD50. Neither of the two modifiers has any effect in mice on the host-mediated mutagenicity of DMN in a dose-response study, except for the highest dose of DMN (200 mg/kg) where PCN pretreatment significantly enhanced mutagenicity. To account for the anomalous observations, other potential pathways of DMN metabolism have been explored. Whole rat liver nuclei or isolated nuclear membrane fractions contain no DMN-demethylase or diethylnitrosamine-deethylase activity. In a microsomal mixed-function amine-oxidase assay system neither purified enzyme preparations nor whole microsomes catalyze NADPH oxidation in the presence of DMN as substrate. In addition, the purified enzyme does not catalyze formaldehyde production in the DMN-demethylase assay system. Benzylamine, a typical inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO), is a potent inhibitor of DMN-demethylase activity, but microsomes are devoid of MAO activity. Furthermore, purified MAO has no DMN-demethylase activity. The differential effect of modifiers on the carcinogenicity of DMN probably involves pathways other than DMN metabolism.", "contents": "Role of dimethylnitrosamine-demethylase in the metabolic activation of dimethylinitrosamine. In vivo administration to rats of the mixed-function oxidase modifiers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) or beta-naphthoflavnoe (beta-f) inhibits the hepatic microsome-catalyzed in vitro binding of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to DNA. This parallels their effect on DMN-demethylase I, regarded to be the sole activating step in DMN carcinogenesis and fails to account for the previously observed anomaly that MC and PCN inhibit, while beta-NF enhances, the hepatocarcinogenic activity of DMN. The in vitro binding of DMN is clearly dependent on microsomes and NADPH, and is strongly enhanced by soluble cytoplasmic proteins; the presence of the latter has no effect. however, on the relative response to pretreatment by the modifiers. In mice beta-NF enhances and PCN inhibits DMN-demethylase I; beta-NF has no effect on either the cytochrome P-450 level or on the LD50, while PCN strongly increases the cytochrome P-450 level but without influencing the LD50. Neither of the two modifiers has any effect in mice on the host-mediated mutagenicity of DMN in a dose-response study, except for the highest dose of DMN (200 mg/kg) where PCN pretreatment significantly enhanced mutagenicity. To account for the anomalous observations, other potential pathways of DMN metabolism have been explored. Whole rat liver nuclei or isolated nuclear membrane fractions contain no DMN-demethylase or diethylnitrosamine-deethylase activity. In a microsomal mixed-function amine-oxidase assay system neither purified enzyme preparations nor whole microsomes catalyze NADPH oxidation in the presence of DMN as substrate. In addition, the purified enzyme does not catalyze formaldehyde production in the DMN-demethylase assay system. Benzylamine, a typical inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO), is a potent inhibitor of DMN-demethylase activity, but microsomes are devoid of MAO activity. Furthermore, purified MAO has no DMN-demethylase activity. The differential effect of modifiers on the carcinogenicity of DMN probably involves pathways other than DMN metabolism.", "PMID": 498363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3801", "title": "Toxic action of 2'-chloro-2,4-dinitro-5',6-di(trifluoromethyl) diphenylamine in the rat.", "content": "2'-Chloro-2,4-dinitro-5',6-di(trifluoromethyl)diphenylamine (CDTD) is a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver or brain mitochondria. The concentration of CDTD causing 50% uncoupling in vitro is dependent on the mitochdonrial protein concentration and is 2 nM at 0.9 mg protein/ml for rat liver mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation can be restored to CDTD uncoupled liver mitochondria by the addition of a 10 000-fold molar excess of bovine serum albumin to DCTD. Rats given a lethal dose (7.0 mumol/kg) of CDTD intrapertioneally show signs of toxicity typical of uncoupling agents. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of these rats show almost complete inhibition of ATP synthesis and mitochondria obtained from the livers of rats at various times after a single oral dose show maximal inhibition of ATP synthesis 4 h after dosing with complete recovery by about 24 h. A single oral administration of 58 mumol/kg or above, but not intraperitoneal injection, of CDTD into rats produced an increase in the water content of the brain and spinal cord. The additional fluid has been shown to contain Na+ ions. The increase in cerebral fluid is dose related, no effect being seen at 23 mumol/kg. This extra fluid is thought to be responsible for the hind limb weakness observed in these rats. These observations suggest that there are two facets to CDTD toxicity: early deaths (within 2 h), which appear to be due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and delayed deaths, 2--3 days after dosing which are probably related to an increase in fluid in the brain and spinal cord.", "contents": "Toxic action of 2'-chloro-2,4-dinitro-5',6-di(trifluoromethyl) diphenylamine in the rat. 2'-Chloro-2,4-dinitro-5',6-di(trifluoromethyl)diphenylamine (CDTD) is a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver or brain mitochondria. The concentration of CDTD causing 50% uncoupling in vitro is dependent on the mitochdonrial protein concentration and is 2 nM at 0.9 mg protein/ml for rat liver mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation can be restored to CDTD uncoupled liver mitochondria by the addition of a 10 000-fold molar excess of bovine serum albumin to DCTD. Rats given a lethal dose (7.0 mumol/kg) of CDTD intrapertioneally show signs of toxicity typical of uncoupling agents. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of these rats show almost complete inhibition of ATP synthesis and mitochondria obtained from the livers of rats at various times after a single oral dose show maximal inhibition of ATP synthesis 4 h after dosing with complete recovery by about 24 h. A single oral administration of 58 mumol/kg or above, but not intraperitoneal injection, of CDTD into rats produced an increase in the water content of the brain and spinal cord. The additional fluid has been shown to contain Na+ ions. The increase in cerebral fluid is dose related, no effect being seen at 23 mumol/kg. This extra fluid is thought to be responsible for the hind limb weakness observed in these rats. These observations suggest that there are two facets to CDTD toxicity: early deaths (within 2 h), which appear to be due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and delayed deaths, 2--3 days after dosing which are probably related to an increase in fluid in the brain and spinal cord.", "PMID": 498364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3802", "title": "Comparison of the interaction of tricyclic antidepressants with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes as monitored by the generation of chemiluminescence.", "content": "The interation of imipramine with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in a chemiluminescence (CL) response which has been attributed to the electronic excitation of the imipramine molecule resulting from a reaction of the drug with reactive oxygen species. In order to determine what portion of the tricyclic molecule is involved in this reaction, the interaction of other tricyclics with PMNs was monitored by chemiluminescence. It was observed that tricyclic antidepressants having a carbon atom at position 5 of the ring moiety (amitriptyline, for example) did not yield CL with either resting or zymosan-activated PMNs. In fact this group of compounds inhibited the zymosan-induced CL response. However, CL was observed, with both resting and metabolically-activated PMNs, from several tricyclics having a heterocyclic nitrogen at position 5. These included imipramine, desipramine, opipramol and iprindole. Chlorimipramine, which has a chlorine atom at position 3 of the ring system, failed to yield CL with resting or stimulated cells. Similarly, imipramine N-oxide failed to yield CL with resting cells, but enhanced CL was observed with zymosan-activated PMNs. On the basis of these observations it appears that some aspect of the ring moiety, other than just a heterocyclic nitrogen, facilitates a reaction between these molecules and reactive oxygen which culminates in the generation of CL.", "contents": "Comparison of the interaction of tricyclic antidepressants with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes as monitored by the generation of chemiluminescence. The interation of imipramine with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in a chemiluminescence (CL) response which has been attributed to the electronic excitation of the imipramine molecule resulting from a reaction of the drug with reactive oxygen species. In order to determine what portion of the tricyclic molecule is involved in this reaction, the interaction of other tricyclics with PMNs was monitored by chemiluminescence. It was observed that tricyclic antidepressants having a carbon atom at position 5 of the ring moiety (amitriptyline, for example) did not yield CL with either resting or zymosan-activated PMNs. In fact this group of compounds inhibited the zymosan-induced CL response. However, CL was observed, with both resting and metabolically-activated PMNs, from several tricyclics having a heterocyclic nitrogen at position 5. These included imipramine, desipramine, opipramol and iprindole. Chlorimipramine, which has a chlorine atom at position 3 of the ring system, failed to yield CL with resting or stimulated cells. Similarly, imipramine N-oxide failed to yield CL with resting cells, but enhanced CL was observed with zymosan-activated PMNs. On the basis of these observations it appears that some aspect of the ring moiety, other than just a heterocyclic nitrogen, facilitates a reaction between these molecules and reactive oxygen which culminates in the generation of CL.", "PMID": 498365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3803", "title": "Formation of adducts of parthenin and related sesquiterpene lactones with cysteine and glutathione.", "content": "Parthenin, the major sesquiterpene lactone of Parthenium hysterophorus, a weed responsible for dermatitis in man is primarily restricted to leaf and stem trichomes. Parthenin forms a monoadduct with L-cysteine through the alpha-methylene group of the gamma-lactone and a biadduct with the endocyclic double bond on the cyclopentenone ring. Studies with other sesquiterpene lactones support the view that the types of adducts formed are correlated with the biological activity of the sesquiterpene lactones.", "contents": "Formation of adducts of parthenin and related sesquiterpene lactones with cysteine and glutathione. Parthenin, the major sesquiterpene lactone of Parthenium hysterophorus, a weed responsible for dermatitis in man is primarily restricted to leaf and stem trichomes. Parthenin forms a monoadduct with L-cysteine through the alpha-methylene group of the gamma-lactone and a biadduct with the endocyclic double bond on the cyclopentenone ring. Studies with other sesquiterpene lactones support the view that the types of adducts formed are correlated with the biological activity of the sesquiterpene lactones.", "PMID": 498366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3804", "title": "Metallothionein degradation: metal composition as a controlling factor.", "content": "Degradation of the cadmium (Cd)-induced protein, metallothionein (MT) was studied in rat liver and kidney. The half-times (t1/2s) for degradation of the protein were found to vary according to the concentration of Cd in the tissues. In animals containing high Cd2+ concentrations, the t1/2 of degradation was significantly longer than in low Cd2+ animals. There were no significant differences in degradation times between liver and kidney. Purification of the MT by anion exchange chromatography revealed two species which had, in the liver at least, different degradation times. Since the metal content of the MTs did not vary throughout the time course of the experiment, it is proposed that the rate of degradation and hence the turnover of the protein is influenced by the ratio of Cd2+ to other bound cations (e.g. Zn2+ and Cu2+). Thus, the Cd/Zn ratio in the liver and the Cd/Cu ratio in the kidney determine the respective rates of degradation and hence turnover of the protein.", "contents": "Metallothionein degradation: metal composition as a controlling factor. Degradation of the cadmium (Cd)-induced protein, metallothionein (MT) was studied in rat liver and kidney. The half-times (t1/2s) for degradation of the protein were found to vary according to the concentration of Cd in the tissues. In animals containing high Cd2+ concentrations, the t1/2 of degradation was significantly longer than in low Cd2+ animals. There were no significant differences in degradation times between liver and kidney. Purification of the MT by anion exchange chromatography revealed two species which had, in the liver at least, different degradation times. Since the metal content of the MTs did not vary throughout the time course of the experiment, it is proposed that the rate of degradation and hence the turnover of the protein is influenced by the ratio of Cd2+ to other bound cations (e.g. Zn2+ and Cu2+). Thus, the Cd/Zn ratio in the liver and the Cd/Cu ratio in the kidney determine the respective rates of degradation and hence turnover of the protein.", "PMID": 498367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3805", "title": "Purification of 1-monoacylglycerols containing alpha-branched-beta-hydroxylated fatty acids from lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "A complex mixture of monoacylglycerols, identified as (C30--C36) corynomycoloylglycerols was isolated from the diethyl ether/acetone-soluble lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.", "contents": "Purification of 1-monoacylglycerols containing alpha-branched-beta-hydroxylated fatty acids from lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. A complex mixture of monoacylglycerols, identified as (C30--C36) corynomycoloylglycerols was isolated from the diethyl ether/acetone-soluble lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.", "PMID": 498380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3806", "title": "Labelling of cardiolipin in vitro.", "content": "A method for labelling the polar head groups of cardiolipin is described. Labelling was carried out on sonicated cardiolipin/water suspensions. The free hydroxyl group of cardiolipin was oxidised with an excess of p-(diazonium) benzenesulfonic acid (DABS) and then reduced with NaB3H4. Isopropanol was oxidised in the presence of DABS to test the reactivity of the diazonium salts, and the reaction product was analysed by means of gas-chromatography. Labelled cardiolipin, identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), was chromatographically pure and identical to untreated cardiolipin. The hydrolysis of cardiolipin confirmed that the labelling was at the level of polar head groups.", "contents": "Labelling of cardiolipin in vitro. A method for labelling the polar head groups of cardiolipin is described. Labelling was carried out on sonicated cardiolipin/water suspensions. The free hydroxyl group of cardiolipin was oxidised with an excess of p-(diazonium) benzenesulfonic acid (DABS) and then reduced with NaB3H4. Isopropanol was oxidised in the presence of DABS to test the reactivity of the diazonium salts, and the reaction product was analysed by means of gas-chromatography. Labelled cardiolipin, identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), was chromatographically pure and identical to untreated cardiolipin. The hydrolysis of cardiolipin confirmed that the labelling was at the level of polar head groups.", "PMID": 498381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3807", "title": "Pseudo cord factors: derivatives of alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl (1-1) alpha-D-glucopyranuronoside.", "content": "We describe the synthesis of 6 pseudo cord factors (psi CF), analogs of the natural trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate, but based instead upon the dicarboxylic acid (TDA) that is obtained from trehalose by Pt-catalyzed oxidation. From TDA, several bis-amides ('mirror amide' psi CF) and a diester ('mirror' psi CF) of intermediate to high molecular weight were prepared. These superficially resemble cord facotr, have similar infared spectra and, like the natural product, several have impressive toxicity in mice and tumor-regression activity; but the latter property does not depend upon the former. A curious abrogation of biological activities results from introduction of a hexamethylene diamine 'spacer' between the carbohydrate core and the lipid substituents. The results suggest that (excepting the 'spacer' effect) the type of covalent linkage between the carbohydrate and lipid moieties may be relatively unimportant for expression of some of the biological activities of cord-factor-like glycolipids.", "contents": "Pseudo cord factors: derivatives of alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl (1-1) alpha-D-glucopyranuronoside. We describe the synthesis of 6 pseudo cord factors (psi CF), analogs of the natural trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate, but based instead upon the dicarboxylic acid (TDA) that is obtained from trehalose by Pt-catalyzed oxidation. From TDA, several bis-amides ('mirror amide' psi CF) and a diester ('mirror' psi CF) of intermediate to high molecular weight were prepared. These superficially resemble cord facotr, have similar infared spectra and, like the natural product, several have impressive toxicity in mice and tumor-regression activity; but the latter property does not depend upon the former. A curious abrogation of biological activities results from introduction of a hexamethylene diamine 'spacer' between the carbohydrate core and the lipid substituents. The results suggest that (excepting the 'spacer' effect) the type of covalent linkage between the carbohydrate and lipid moieties may be relatively unimportant for expression of some of the biological activities of cord-factor-like glycolipids.", "PMID": 498382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3808", "title": "A new approach to the study of lipid-protein interactions in the structure of biological membranes.", "content": "The lytic action of a number of N-acyl amino acids on lecithin liposomes was examined. The agents' affinity for lecithin liposome membrane was measured and the results obtained were treated to estimate the interactions of the amino acid residues with the lecithin polar head group at the surface of the liposome membrane. The data were considered in relation to the study of the surfactant effects on the erythrocyte volume. The ability of the suggested approach to obtain information on protein-lipid interactions inaccessible by other techniques is briefly commented on.", "contents": "A new approach to the study of lipid-protein interactions in the structure of biological membranes. The lytic action of a number of N-acyl amino acids on lecithin liposomes was examined. The agents' affinity for lecithin liposome membrane was measured and the results obtained were treated to estimate the interactions of the amino acid residues with the lecithin polar head group at the surface of the liposome membrane. The data were considered in relation to the study of the surfactant effects on the erythrocyte volume. The ability of the suggested approach to obtain information on protein-lipid interactions inaccessible by other techniques is briefly commented on.", "PMID": 498379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3809", "title": "The solubilisation of some steroids by phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles.", "content": "The solubility of the three steroid hormones, progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17 beta in water and phosphatidylcholine vesicles was measured after shaking and ultrasonication. All three steroids have low water solubility, which increases considerably at sonication for testosterone and estradiol-17 beta. The phosphatidylcholine vesicles have a very small solubilising capacity for the steroids; about 20 mumol/mol. This increases at sonication for estradiol-17 beta and decreases for testosterone. The capacity for progesterone is almost unaltered. The incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicles decreased the solubilisation capacity for testosterone and estradiol-17 beta but increased that for progesterone of shaked preparations. For the sonicated systems the cholesterol decreased the solubilising capacity for estradiol-17 beta but increased that for testosterone. The solubilisation experiments indicate that the steroid hormones are solubilised in the hydrocarbon part of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer and also 13CNMR results support this conclusion.", "contents": "The solubilisation of some steroids by phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles. The solubility of the three steroid hormones, progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17 beta in water and phosphatidylcholine vesicles was measured after shaking and ultrasonication. All three steroids have low water solubility, which increases considerably at sonication for testosterone and estradiol-17 beta. The phosphatidylcholine vesicles have a very small solubilising capacity for the steroids; about 20 mumol/mol. This increases at sonication for estradiol-17 beta and decreases for testosterone. The capacity for progesterone is almost unaltered. The incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicles decreased the solubilisation capacity for testosterone and estradiol-17 beta but increased that for progesterone of shaked preparations. For the sonicated systems the cholesterol decreased the solubilising capacity for estradiol-17 beta but increased that for testosterone. The solubilisation experiments indicate that the steroid hormones are solubilised in the hydrocarbon part of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer and also 13CNMR results support this conclusion.", "PMID": 498378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3810", "title": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista county, 1956. Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease.", "content": "Occasional observations on the clinical course of 485 cases of variola minor composing an epidemic are reported. 17% of the cases showed a complication. Otitis was observed in one case. An erythematous rash limited to the upper chest, neck and head appeared, instead of the pock eruption, after the pre-eruptive phase, in a previously vaccinated case. Convulsions, drowsiness, stupor, delusions, dizziness or deafness were observed in 23 patients whose individual characteristics are also presented. One of these cases showed a definite neurologicl syndrome: encephalitis. Neurologic complications were mostly seen in patients with medium to severe variola minor. Neither abortion nor death were seen among 4 pregnant women who developed variola minor, even though one of them delivered, on term, a dead foetus, 4 months after developing variola minor.", "contents": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista county, 1956. Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease. Occasional observations on the clinical course of 485 cases of variola minor composing an epidemic are reported. 17% of the cases showed a complication. Otitis was observed in one case. An erythematous rash limited to the upper chest, neck and head appeared, instead of the pock eruption, after the pre-eruptive phase, in a previously vaccinated case. Convulsions, drowsiness, stupor, delusions, dizziness or deafness were observed in 23 patients whose individual characteristics are also presented. One of these cases showed a definite neurologicl syndrome: encephalitis. Neurologic complications were mostly seen in patients with medium to severe variola minor. Neither abortion nor death were seen among 4 pregnant women who developed variola minor, even though one of them delivered, on term, a dead foetus, 4 months after developing variola minor.", "PMID": 498383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3811", "title": "Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. Part I: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "From June to September 1977, a preliminary epidemiological investigation was carried out in some parts of northern Afghanistan (Aqcha, Mazar-e-Sharif and Paul-e-Khombri). The disease in these areas is of zoonotic type having Rhombomys opimus as reservoir and P. caucasicus and P. papatasi as vectors.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. Part I: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. From June to September 1977, a preliminary epidemiological investigation was carried out in some parts of northern Afghanistan (Aqcha, Mazar-e-Sharif and Paul-e-Khombri). The disease in these areas is of zoonotic type having Rhombomys opimus as reservoir and P. caucasicus and P. papatasi as vectors.", "PMID": 498385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3812", "title": "[Onchocerciasis in the Brazzaville region (Congo). Preliminary note].", "content": "The authors give the results of a global and rapid study, using a simple methodology, of a suburban onchocerciasis focus located in the vicinity of Brazzaville. It follows, from the entomological, parasitological and clinical data, that the transmission is high inside this focus and therefore, it seems necessary to take, all measures in order to eradicate the focus.", "contents": "[Onchocerciasis in the Brazzaville region (Congo). Preliminary note]. The authors give the results of a global and rapid study, using a simple methodology, of a suburban onchocerciasis focus located in the vicinity of Brazzaville. It follows, from the entomological, parasitological and clinical data, that the transmission is high inside this focus and therefore, it seems necessary to take, all measures in order to eradicate the focus.", "PMID": 498386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3813", "title": "[Dynamic characteristics of hockey sticks and efficacy of shooting in ice hockey].", "content": "Previous studies have established that efficiency in shooting is influenced partly by the dynamic characteristics of the stick being used and partly by the morphology of the player. The purpose of the present study was therefore to verify the hypothesis stating that flexible sticks were superior to rigid ones in respect to the proficiency of shooting of pee-wee hockey players. This study has confirmed the superiority of the flexible stick over the rigid one in terms of speed and accuracy of shooting among pee-wee hockey players. Moreover morphological parameters and muscular strength were found to play a determining role in efficiency of shooting. In fact, it was suggested that the smaller and weaker the player the more advantageous is the use of a flexible stick. Through the use of strain gages fixed to the experimental hockey sticks, it was possible to determine that the speed of shooting is directly related to the acceleration imparted to the stick during the forward phase of the movement. It was also possible to demonstrate that for a given speed of the puck the more flexible stick required a smaller force than the rigid one.", "contents": "[Dynamic characteristics of hockey sticks and efficacy of shooting in ice hockey]. Previous studies have established that efficiency in shooting is influenced partly by the dynamic characteristics of the stick being used and partly by the morphology of the player. The purpose of the present study was therefore to verify the hypothesis stating that flexible sticks were superior to rigid ones in respect to the proficiency of shooting of pee-wee hockey players. This study has confirmed the superiority of the flexible stick over the rigid one in terms of speed and accuracy of shooting among pee-wee hockey players. Moreover morphological parameters and muscular strength were found to play a determining role in efficiency of shooting. In fact, it was suggested that the smaller and weaker the player the more advantageous is the use of a flexible stick. Through the use of strain gages fixed to the experimental hockey sticks, it was possible to determine that the speed of shooting is directly related to the acceleration imparted to the stick during the forward phase of the movement. It was also possible to demonstrate that for a given speed of the puck the more flexible stick required a smaller force than the rigid one.", "PMID": 498392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3814", "title": "Fatigue in ice skating: biomechanical considerations.", "content": "This paper attempts to describe how the mechanical patterns in ice skating are affected by muscular fatigue. It reviews several investigations dealing with the effects of muscular fatigue on standing broad jump performance and running. It concludes that fatigue studies dealing with ice skating can be expected to show that the mechanical patterns in ice skating deteriorate as a result of muscular fatigue.", "contents": "Fatigue in ice skating: biomechanical considerations. This paper attempts to describe how the mechanical patterns in ice skating are affected by muscular fatigue. It reviews several investigations dealing with the effects of muscular fatigue on standing broad jump performance and running. It concludes that fatigue studies dealing with ice skating can be expected to show that the mechanical patterns in ice skating deteriorate as a result of muscular fatigue.", "PMID": 498393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3815", "title": "A longitudinal study of ice hockey in boys aged 8--12.", "content": "A group of fifteen boys (experimental or competitive) were studied over a five year period of competitive ice hockey beginning at age 8. The subjects were members of a team which averaged 66 games per year, ranging from 50 at age 8 to 78 at age 12. In addition, they practiced twice a week with heavy stress on skating and individual puck handling skills. A second group of eleven boys (control or less competitive) were studied from age 10 to 12. The latter subjects played an average of 25 games per year and practiced once a week. All subjects were measured each year on skating and puck control skills, fitness-performance tests, grip strength, physical work capacity as well as height and weight. The results demonstrate learning curves for skating and puck control tests which, while typical in nature, show extremely high levels of achievement. Fitness-Performance, grip strength and physical work capacity levels of the competitive group are extremely high in comparison with data from other countries.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of ice hockey in boys aged 8--12. A group of fifteen boys (experimental or competitive) were studied over a five year period of competitive ice hockey beginning at age 8. The subjects were members of a team which averaged 66 games per year, ranging from 50 at age 8 to 78 at age 12. In addition, they practiced twice a week with heavy stress on skating and individual puck handling skills. A second group of eleven boys (control or less competitive) were studied from age 10 to 12. The latter subjects played an average of 25 games per year and practiced once a week. All subjects were measured each year on skating and puck control skills, fitness-performance tests, grip strength, physical work capacity as well as height and weight. The results demonstrate learning curves for skating and puck control tests which, while typical in nature, show extremely high levels of achievement. Fitness-Performance, grip strength and physical work capacity levels of the competitive group are extremely high in comparison with data from other countries.", "PMID": 498394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3816", "title": "[Current means of controlling pediculosis outbreaks in the South of France].", "content": "The authors sum up the principal morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of the human lice. Moreover they recall the therapeutic and prophylactic measures which could be used against them, and they bring to mind their \"in vitro and in vivo\" research technics on comparative effectiveness of certain insecticides against head lice.", "contents": "[Current means of controlling pediculosis outbreaks in the South of France]. The authors sum up the principal morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of the human lice. Moreover they recall the therapeutic and prophylactic measures which could be used against them, and they bring to mind their \"in vitro and in vivo\" research technics on comparative effectiveness of certain insecticides against head lice.", "PMID": 498388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3817", "title": "[Overview of dermatophytes in Mali].", "content": "517 isolations of dermatophytes collected in Mali are reported. The various species are described and the main findings are: --Trichophyton species are more common (85.5% isolated from scalp lesions and 77.5% from skin scrapings) than Microsporum species. --Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum canis have been found found for the first time in Mali. --Ill-defined clinical forms of scalp lesions caused by either T. schonleinii or T. soudanense occur in the subsaharian areas of the country.", "contents": "[Overview of dermatophytes in Mali]. 517 isolations of dermatophytes collected in Mali are reported. The various species are described and the main findings are: --Trichophyton species are more common (85.5% isolated from scalp lesions and 77.5% from skin scrapings) than Microsporum species. --Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum canis have been found found for the first time in Mali. --Ill-defined clinical forms of scalp lesions caused by either T. schonleinii or T. soudanense occur in the subsaharian areas of the country.", "PMID": 498384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3818", "title": "Comparsions among VO2 max values for hockey players and runners.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the specificity of the VO2 max response of runners and hockey players for multistage tests done on the treadmill (RUN) or on the ice, skating a shuttle 20m course with (20m+) or without equipment (20m-) and a 140m oval course (140m-). Hockey players VO2 max in ml.kg-1.min-1 (n=10) were similar for the 4 tests (RUN: X +/- SD = 61.4 +/- 6.3; 140m-: 62.1 +/- 9.4; 20m-: 58.6 +/- 6.4; and 20m+: 59.9 +/- 7.4). VO2 max of runners (n = 10) were superior on the treadmill (68.6 +/- 4.5) as compared to the ice (140m-: 65.6 +/- 5.4). Hockey players as compared to runners, were 15% more efficient on the ice and 7.9% less efficient on the treadmill. The equipment increased the energy cost of skating by 4.8% and decreased the multistage test time by 20.3%. The low temperature arena as compared to the standard temperature laboratory, yielded lower heart rate response with multistage tests. Blood lactates (mg%) were similar for all tests done with hockey players (RUN: 128.3 +/- 19.3; 140m-: 126.8 +/- 14.7; 20m-: 133.0 +/- 17.5; and 20m+: 131.4 +/- 18.5), but lower on the ice (140m-: 87.7 +/- 15.9) as compared to the treadmill (127.2 +/- 26.4) for the runners. Maximal skating speed disclosed a relatively homogenous group of hockey players but their VO2 max scores were more widely distributed.", "contents": "Comparsions among VO2 max values for hockey players and runners. This study was designed to investigate the specificity of the VO2 max response of runners and hockey players for multistage tests done on the treadmill (RUN) or on the ice, skating a shuttle 20m course with (20m+) or without equipment (20m-) and a 140m oval course (140m-). Hockey players VO2 max in ml.kg-1.min-1 (n=10) were similar for the 4 tests (RUN: X +/- SD = 61.4 +/- 6.3; 140m-: 62.1 +/- 9.4; 20m-: 58.6 +/- 6.4; and 20m+: 59.9 +/- 7.4). VO2 max of runners (n = 10) were superior on the treadmill (68.6 +/- 4.5) as compared to the ice (140m-: 65.6 +/- 5.4). Hockey players as compared to runners, were 15% more efficient on the ice and 7.9% less efficient on the treadmill. The equipment increased the energy cost of skating by 4.8% and decreased the multistage test time by 20.3%. The low temperature arena as compared to the standard temperature laboratory, yielded lower heart rate response with multistage tests. Blood lactates (mg%) were similar for all tests done with hockey players (RUN: 128.3 +/- 19.3; 140m-: 126.8 +/- 14.7; 20m-: 133.0 +/- 17.5; and 20m+: 131.4 +/- 18.5), but lower on the ice (140m-: 87.7 +/- 15.9) as compared to the treadmill (127.2 +/- 26.4) for the runners. Maximal skating speed disclosed a relatively homogenous group of hockey players but their VO2 max scores were more widely distributed.", "PMID": 498395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3819", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic observation of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and cercariae].", "content": "The integumental surface of cercaria (Schistosoma mansoni was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 400 to 20,000 magnifications. Cercariae studied by SEM showed clearly the surface topography. The spines have been seen by light microscopists and recognised as an adaptation for penetration of the host.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic observation of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and cercariae]. The integumental surface of cercaria (Schistosoma mansoni was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 400 to 20,000 magnifications. Cercariae studied by SEM showed clearly the surface topography. The spines have been seen by light microscopists and recognised as an adaptation for penetration of the host.", "PMID": 498387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3820", "title": "Respiratory and cardiovascular aspects of intermittent exercise with regard to ice hockey.", "content": "The purpose of this review paper was to analyze the cardiorespiratory demands involved in playing ice hockey. Heart rate (HR) monitoring, by radiotelemetry during actual game performance, has indicated near-maximal cardiorespiratory efforts for the 2 1/2 to 3 minute on-ice shifts. Analyses of the temporal characteristics of the game, and thus the intermittent exercise (IE) schedules involved were also utilized to elucidate the cardiorespiratory demands of the sport. Compared to continuous exercise, at the same average power output, IE performance represents greater demand on both the central circulation and oxidative metabolism in the muscle cell. In IE, of time and intensity components typical of those found in ice hockey, laboratory data, compared to continuous exercise, showed a higher cardiac output, yet widened arterio-venous oxygen difference in the active muscles compensating for a lower muscle blood flow. Further, the literature suggested a reduced efficiency of the thermoregulatory system in IE, placing added demand on the cardiorespiratory system. The analysis suggests that training programs to increase aerobic power would be beneficial for ice hockey players.", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiovascular aspects of intermittent exercise with regard to ice hockey. The purpose of this review paper was to analyze the cardiorespiratory demands involved in playing ice hockey. Heart rate (HR) monitoring, by radiotelemetry during actual game performance, has indicated near-maximal cardiorespiratory efforts for the 2 1/2 to 3 minute on-ice shifts. Analyses of the temporal characteristics of the game, and thus the intermittent exercise (IE) schedules involved were also utilized to elucidate the cardiorespiratory demands of the sport. Compared to continuous exercise, at the same average power output, IE performance represents greater demand on both the central circulation and oxidative metabolism in the muscle cell. In IE, of time and intensity components typical of those found in ice hockey, laboratory data, compared to continuous exercise, showed a higher cardiac output, yet widened arterio-venous oxygen difference in the active muscles compensating for a lower muscle blood flow. Further, the literature suggested a reduced efficiency of the thermoregulatory system in IE, placing added demand on the cardiorespiratory system. The analysis suggests that training programs to increase aerobic power would be beneficial for ice hockey players.", "PMID": 498396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3821", "title": "Metabolic aspects of intermittent work with specific regard to ice hockey.", "content": "The focus of this presentation was to examine the metabolic alterations that occur in muscle during ice hockey performance. An attempt was made to describe the significance of several factors that determine the nature and extent of energy producing processes during work and to relate these specifically to the ice hockey situation. The review concludes with an analysis of potential fatigue mechanisms that might occur with recommendations for their control.", "contents": "Metabolic aspects of intermittent work with specific regard to ice hockey. The focus of this presentation was to examine the metabolic alterations that occur in muscle during ice hockey performance. An attempt was made to describe the significance of several factors that determine the nature and extent of energy producing processes during work and to relate these specifically to the ice hockey situation. The review concludes with an analysis of potential fatigue mechanisms that might occur with recommendations for their control.", "PMID": 498397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3822", "title": "[3 cases of tetradontidae poisoning observed in France].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases of food poisoning, one of them leading to a swift death, which they were able to observe on 1st January 1978 in the Dr\u00f4me (France). They explain how burbot was the suspected food responsible for the auto-intoxication and how the X ray examination of the vertebrae of this fish allowed them to support the diagnosis of \"tetrodonic\" poisoning; the inquest did not allow to state precisely where the fish was caught. With regard to these French cases the authors point out that this type of pathology is made possible by the increasing importing of fish from tropical regions, in powder form or frozen products.", "contents": "[3 cases of tetradontidae poisoning observed in France]. The authors report 3 cases of food poisoning, one of them leading to a swift death, which they were able to observe on 1st January 1978 in the Dr\u00f4me (France). They explain how burbot was the suspected food responsible for the auto-intoxication and how the X ray examination of the vertebrae of this fish allowed them to support the diagnosis of \"tetrodonic\" poisoning; the inquest did not allow to state precisely where the fish was caught. With regard to these French cases the authors point out that this type of pathology is made possible by the increasing importing of fish from tropical regions, in powder form or frozen products.", "PMID": 498391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3823", "title": "Thermoregulatory problems encountered in ice hockey.", "content": "Despite the fact that ice hockey is played in lower than normal ambient air temperatures, its intense intermittent nature is such that the athlete encounters hyperthermal problems similar to those of most team athletes. This presentation discusses these problems and offers recommendations by which performance may be improved.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory problems encountered in ice hockey. Despite the fact that ice hockey is played in lower than normal ambient air temperatures, its intense intermittent nature is such that the athlete encounters hyperthermal problems similar to those of most team athletes. This presentation discusses these problems and offers recommendations by which performance may be improved.", "PMID": 498398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3824", "title": "Characteristics of \"old timer\" hockey play.", "content": "Many Canadian adults play Old Timer hockey to improve and/or maintain their cardiorespiratory fitness. This review examined the intensity and duration of play that characterizes adult noncontact hockey. The exercise intensity was assessed by continuously monitoring the heart rate response via telemetry. The duration of play was studied utilizing time-motion analysis, during the typical Old Timer game, the forwards spent 28 minutes on the ice when the heart rate was at least at 60% KM intensity. The forwards averaged 85% KM intensity during game activity. The mean heart rate response of the goaltenders was 143 beats per minute or 64% KM intensity.", "contents": "Characteristics of \"old timer\" hockey play. Many Canadian adults play Old Timer hockey to improve and/or maintain their cardiorespiratory fitness. This review examined the intensity and duration of play that characterizes adult noncontact hockey. The exercise intensity was assessed by continuously monitoring the heart rate response via telemetry. The duration of play was studied utilizing time-motion analysis, during the typical Old Timer game, the forwards spent 28 minutes on the ice when the heart rate was at least at 60% KM intensity. The forwards averaged 85% KM intensity during game activity. The mean heart rate response of the goaltenders was 143 beats per minute or 64% KM intensity.", "PMID": 498399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3825", "title": "[Tissue distribution of chloroquine in 18 cases of voluntary poisoning].", "content": "Chloroquine has been studied in some tissues of 18 subjects dead after fatal absorption of this drug. The assays have been made by U. V. Spectrophotometry, a simple, rapid and specific method. The found concentrations are highly heterogenous according to individuals and organs; generally, the higher levels are found in the liver, the spleen and the kidneys and the lower levels in the brain.", "contents": "[Tissue distribution of chloroquine in 18 cases of voluntary poisoning]. Chloroquine has been studied in some tissues of 18 subjects dead after fatal absorption of this drug. The assays have been made by U. V. Spectrophotometry, a simple, rapid and specific method. The found concentrations are highly heterogenous according to individuals and organs; generally, the higher levels are found in the liver, the spleen and the kidneys and the lower levels in the brain.", "PMID": 498390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3826", "title": "[2 new phlebotomi from French Guyana : Lutzomyia yuilli pajoti n. s. sp., and Lutzomyia claustrei n. sp].", "content": "The authors describe two new sandflies from Sa\u00fcl and Maripasoula (French Guyana). They give for each of them mensurations, drawings and differential diagnostic with related species or subspecies.", "contents": "[2 new phlebotomi from French Guyana : Lutzomyia yuilli pajoti n. s. sp., and Lutzomyia claustrei n. sp]. The authors describe two new sandflies from Sa\u00fcl and Maripasoula (French Guyana). They give for each of them mensurations, drawings and differential diagnostic with related species or subspecies.", "PMID": 498389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3827", "title": "Glycogen depletion in a game-simulated hockey task.", "content": "A game-simulated hockey task has been developed to closely approximate the actions in a hockey game including forward and backward skating, stops, starts, shooting and passing. As well, the test is similar to game conditions for number of shifts, activity time per shift, activity time per play and total active time on the ice. The purpose of this study was to measure the glycogen depletion during the task and to compare this with laboratory tasks and actual game conditions. The results demonstrate that the simulated tasks resembles on ice conditions during a game for heart rate and glycogen depletion. The preferential glycogen utilization by ST fibres but great depletion in FT fibres as well suggests that the task is strenuous enough to stimulate both FT and ST motor units.", "contents": "Glycogen depletion in a game-simulated hockey task. A game-simulated hockey task has been developed to closely approximate the actions in a hockey game including forward and backward skating, stops, starts, shooting and passing. As well, the test is similar to game conditions for number of shifts, activity time per shift, activity time per play and total active time on the ice. The purpose of this study was to measure the glycogen depletion during the task and to compare this with laboratory tasks and actual game conditions. The results demonstrate that the simulated tasks resembles on ice conditions during a game for heart rate and glycogen depletion. The preferential glycogen utilization by ST fibres but great depletion in FT fibres as well suggests that the task is strenuous enough to stimulate both FT and ST motor units.", "PMID": 498400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3828", "title": "Visual cues in ice hockey goaltending.", "content": "The effect of both the availability and the quality of visual cues preceding stick-puck contact was investigated for an ice hockey goaltending task. Thirty-four young (15.8 years) goaltenders observed filmed sequences of a hockey player approaching the net and directing a shot to one of the four corners. The film sequences were edited so that 2, 4 or 8 images were occluded prior to the impact of the stick with the puck, reflecting durations of 1/12, 1/6, 1/3 of a second, respectively. The subjects' performances for both the wrist and the slap shot were measured as well as the level of response confidence in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The results indicated that performance precision was aided by the increased availability of pre-shot visual cues. It was also evident that the wrist shot provided more cues for the goaltender than did the slap shot. Performances were found to be superior in the horizontal as compared to the vertical plane. In all dimensions, the subjects' perceptions of their success closely followed the actual performance patterns. It appeared that information that could facilitate anticipation in this goaltending task was both available and useable during the period that precedes the shot.", "contents": "Visual cues in ice hockey goaltending. The effect of both the availability and the quality of visual cues preceding stick-puck contact was investigated for an ice hockey goaltending task. Thirty-four young (15.8 years) goaltenders observed filmed sequences of a hockey player approaching the net and directing a shot to one of the four corners. The film sequences were edited so that 2, 4 or 8 images were occluded prior to the impact of the stick with the puck, reflecting durations of 1/12, 1/6, 1/3 of a second, respectively. The subjects' performances for both the wrist and the slap shot were measured as well as the level of response confidence in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The results indicated that performance precision was aided by the increased availability of pre-shot visual cues. It was also evident that the wrist shot provided more cues for the goaltender than did the slap shot. Performances were found to be superior in the horizontal as compared to the vertical plane. In all dimensions, the subjects' perceptions of their success closely followed the actual performance patterns. It appeared that information that could facilitate anticipation in this goaltending task was both available and useable during the period that precedes the shot.", "PMID": 498402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3829", "title": "Speed of response characteristics of goalkeepers: a descriptive and developmental report.", "content": "Photoelectric cells and accelerometers enabled the measurement of reaction, movement and total response times of the limbs of representative goalkeepers (N = 12) from five levels of organized hockey, under simple and choice test conditions. Speed of response characteristics fundamental to success at these levels of competition and the developmental improvement, which must occur annually to permit progress through the goalkeeping hierarchy, were suggested. The point at which the beginner's \"reaction-type\" pattern of goaltending must be augmented with \"anticipation-type\" behavior was explored. The concept that the ability to react and move is specific to the direction of the response was upheld at all levels of investigation. Standard deviation of the RT/MT/TRT's of each group reflected the degree of variability of performance that is tolerable at each level. This variability generally decreased with each ascending level within both testing conditions, with the exception of the CRT measures. Data collected over a two year period, for four subjects, revealed that the most evident longitudinal changes occurred in MT and that the youngest player experienced the greatest degree of overall improvement.", "contents": "Speed of response characteristics of goalkeepers: a descriptive and developmental report. Photoelectric cells and accelerometers enabled the measurement of reaction, movement and total response times of the limbs of representative goalkeepers (N = 12) from five levels of organized hockey, under simple and choice test conditions. Speed of response characteristics fundamental to success at these levels of competition and the developmental improvement, which must occur annually to permit progress through the goalkeeping hierarchy, were suggested. The point at which the beginner's \"reaction-type\" pattern of goaltending must be augmented with \"anticipation-type\" behavior was explored. The concept that the ability to react and move is specific to the direction of the response was upheld at all levels of investigation. Standard deviation of the RT/MT/TRT's of each group reflected the degree of variability of performance that is tolerable at each level. This variability generally decreased with each ascending level within both testing conditions, with the exception of the CRT measures. Data collected over a two year period, for four subjects, revealed that the most evident longitudinal changes occurred in MT and that the youngest player experienced the greatest degree of overall improvement.", "PMID": 498403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3830", "title": "The basic stance of age-group ice hockey goalkeepers.", "content": "Over 300 goalkeepers from the seven age-groups were sampled as part of a larger age-group normative survey. The photographic evidence delineates three basic goalkeeping stances in the younger age-groups. For a variety of reasons, one of the stances becomes dominant to all others and appears to be the one used by NHL, WHA and world international championship goal tenders.", "contents": "The basic stance of age-group ice hockey goalkeepers. Over 300 goalkeepers from the seven age-groups were sampled as part of a larger age-group normative survey. The photographic evidence delineates three basic goalkeeping stances in the younger age-groups. For a variety of reasons, one of the stances becomes dominant to all others and appears to be the one used by NHL, WHA and world international championship goal tenders.", "PMID": 498404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3831", "title": "Academic achievement and involvement in hockey: a post-hoc longitudinal study.", "content": "Academic achievement, absenteeism, and athletic involvement (hockey) data were collected on 484 boys throughout British Columbia. School and minor hockey records were used to obtain longitudinal data for each boy from Grade 1 until high school graduation or school withdrawal. Results indicated that hockey players exhibit less school absenteeism than non hockey players, but are not different with respect to grade point averages. Hockey players, at the juvenile level or lower, tend to attain a slightly higher grade point average during the years they are playing hockey in comparison with their academic achievement during the years they are not playing hockey. Of the hockey players with lower than average I.Q.'s, those who exhibit poor achievement tend to drop out of hockey earlier than those who have average or above average grades.", "contents": "Academic achievement and involvement in hockey: a post-hoc longitudinal study. Academic achievement, absenteeism, and athletic involvement (hockey) data were collected on 484 boys throughout British Columbia. School and minor hockey records were used to obtain longitudinal data for each boy from Grade 1 until high school graduation or school withdrawal. Results indicated that hockey players exhibit less school absenteeism than non hockey players, but are not different with respect to grade point averages. Hockey players, at the juvenile level or lower, tend to attain a slightly higher grade point average during the years they are playing hockey in comparison with their academic achievement during the years they are not playing hockey. Of the hockey players with lower than average I.Q.'s, those who exhibit poor achievement tend to drop out of hockey earlier than those who have average or above average grades.", "PMID": 498405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3832", "title": "Social determinants of violence in hockey: a review.", "content": "Research on the social determinants of hockey violence is organized in this paper under three main headings: (1) the social organization of the hockey \"system\", (2) mass media portrayals of the professional game, and (3) the influence of players' reference others. It appears that these determinants all contribute to a social environment in which hockey performers perceive that the rewards of violence often outweigh the costs.", "contents": "Social determinants of violence in hockey: a review. Research on the social determinants of hockey violence is organized in this paper under three main headings: (1) the social organization of the hockey \"system\", (2) mass media portrayals of the professional game, and (3) the influence of players' reference others. It appears that these determinants all contribute to a social environment in which hockey performers perceive that the rewards of violence often outweigh the costs.", "PMID": 498406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3833", "title": "A comparison of selected hockey skating starts.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of three different methods of initiating forward movement (IFM). Six S's from four levels of Ice Hockey competition were instructed in the methods then were timed for 20 feet of forward skating from a standing start. Selected S's within each group were also analyzed biomechanically, via the cinema-computer process. Both statistical and biomechanical analysis showed a superiority of the rarely taught thrust and glide or \"t\" start over the two conventional techniques, the cross-over and normal standing start facing the direction of movement. Results indicate a need to include the thrust and glide in Ice Hockey instructional programs.", "contents": "A comparison of selected hockey skating starts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of three different methods of initiating forward movement (IFM). Six S's from four levels of Ice Hockey competition were instructed in the methods then were timed for 20 feet of forward skating from a standing start. Selected S's within each group were also analyzed biomechanically, via the cinema-computer process. Both statistical and biomechanical analysis showed a superiority of the rarely taught thrust and glide or \"t\" start over the two conventional techniques, the cross-over and normal standing start facing the direction of movement. Results indicate a need to include the thrust and glide in Ice Hockey instructional programs.", "PMID": 498407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3834", "title": "Institutionalized rule violation and control in organized minor league hockey.", "content": "In minor league hockey, rule violation including the illegitimate use of force is institutionalized behaviour. Illegitimate tactics are among the minimal general criteria for the assessment and selection of players. No formal mechanism operates to socialize players to obey normative rules. The \"official\" control system is ineffective in preventing normative rule violation. However, it regulates the game according to constitutive rules preventing its disorganization, and creates the impression that players actually govern their conduct according to normative rules. An informal control system (combative and aggressive in orientation) legitimizes and regulates the amount and kinds of rule violation occurring, and highlights collective meanings of the occupation. A scheme is presented for reducing institutionalized rule violation. Team success (victory) and rule conformity are considered desirable and are rewarded. What value to assign these two \"things\" remains problematic. To avoid undermining motivation to win the contest, more value must be assigned team success than rule conformity. The question is how much more.", "contents": "Institutionalized rule violation and control in organized minor league hockey. In minor league hockey, rule violation including the illegitimate use of force is institutionalized behaviour. Illegitimate tactics are among the minimal general criteria for the assessment and selection of players. No formal mechanism operates to socialize players to obey normative rules. The \"official\" control system is ineffective in preventing normative rule violation. However, it regulates the game according to constitutive rules preventing its disorganization, and creates the impression that players actually govern their conduct according to normative rules. An informal control system (combative and aggressive in orientation) legitimizes and regulates the amount and kinds of rule violation occurring, and highlights collective meanings of the occupation. A scheme is presented for reducing institutionalized rule violation. Team success (victory) and rule conformity are considered desirable and are rewarded. What value to assign these two \"things\" remains problematic. To avoid undermining motivation to win the contest, more value must be assigned team success than rule conformity. The question is how much more.", "PMID": 498408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3835", "title": "The relationship between aggression and performance outcome in ice hockey.", "content": "This investigation determined if aggression is a means of obtaining success in amateur ice hockey. Two analyses were undertaken. The first examined the relationship between illegitimate tactics (as measured by penalty minutes accumulated) and team success, while the second compared the penalty minutes accumulated by successful individuals (i.e. all stars) with the penalty minutes accumulated by non-all stars. The sample was comprised of the 87 teams and their 1,667 players who participated in the Ontario University Athletic Association from 1971-72 to 1976-77. The relationship between team aggression and team success was analyzed with a Pearson Product Moment Correlation. A t test was used to compare the mean accumulated penalty minutes of all stars with those of non-all stars. The results failed to support the premise that aggression is a means to success for teams or for individuals.", "contents": "The relationship between aggression and performance outcome in ice hockey. This investigation determined if aggression is a means of obtaining success in amateur ice hockey. Two analyses were undertaken. The first examined the relationship between illegitimate tactics (as measured by penalty minutes accumulated) and team success, while the second compared the penalty minutes accumulated by successful individuals (i.e. all stars) with the penalty minutes accumulated by non-all stars. The sample was comprised of the 87 teams and their 1,667 players who participated in the Ontario University Athletic Association from 1971-72 to 1976-77. The relationship between team aggression and team success was analyzed with a Pearson Product Moment Correlation. A t test was used to compare the mean accumulated penalty minutes of all stars with those of non-all stars. The results failed to support the premise that aggression is a means to success for teams or for individuals.", "PMID": 498409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3836", "title": "Three hockey skills tests as predictors of hockey playing ability.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the test result times of 3 different hockey skills with the individual player ratings of coaches. By making these comparisons to the control rating, each test was evaluated as a predictor of hockey ability. The hockey players were all between the ages of 12 and 20 years of age and all 90 players were competitive team players. The three hockey skills tests were: the Illinois Agility Skate, the Finnish Skills Test, and the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. Each player was allowed 3 trials and the best times were recorded in all cases. The preliminary results indicate that the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test was the best predictor (r = .7) with the results of the other two tests showing a coefficient of correlation of approximately 0.5. It was therefore concluded that in a competitive team of hockey, players' ability can best be assessed by using the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. The two other tests were not as successful in their prediction of ability when compared to the criterion variable of coaches' ratings.", "contents": "Three hockey skills tests as predictors of hockey playing ability. The purpose of this study was to compare the test result times of 3 different hockey skills with the individual player ratings of coaches. By making these comparisons to the control rating, each test was evaluated as a predictor of hockey ability. The hockey players were all between the ages of 12 and 20 years of age and all 90 players were competitive team players. The three hockey skills tests were: the Illinois Agility Skate, the Finnish Skills Test, and the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. Each player was allowed 3 trials and the best times were recorded in all cases. The preliminary results indicate that the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test was the best predictor (r = .7) with the results of the other two tests showing a coefficient of correlation of approximately 0.5. It was therefore concluded that in a competitive team of hockey, players' ability can best be assessed by using the Hermiston Hockey Ability Test. The two other tests were not as successful in their prediction of ability when compared to the criterion variable of coaches' ratings.", "PMID": 498410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3837", "title": "Nutrition and ice hockey performance.", "content": "Muscle glycogen is a major fuel for ice hockey. About 60% of the muscle glycogen in quadriceps muscle is utilized during a single game. When hockey games are played on successive days, studies reveal that muscle glycogen utilized during the second game is less than that of the first game. The diet of seven professional hockey players was studied for one week during the playing season to determine whether food selection could pose a problem for hockey performance. The data reveal that most players have a high protein intake, but that vegetables and fruit intakes were low. The problem of fuel supply for young hockey players is examined during tournament situations where up to three or more games may be played in a single day.", "contents": "Nutrition and ice hockey performance. Muscle glycogen is a major fuel for ice hockey. About 60% of the muscle glycogen in quadriceps muscle is utilized during a single game. When hockey games are played on successive days, studies reveal that muscle glycogen utilized during the second game is less than that of the first game. The diet of seven professional hockey players was studied for one week during the playing season to determine whether food selection could pose a problem for hockey performance. The data reveal that most players have a high protein intake, but that vegetables and fruit intakes were low. The problem of fuel supply for young hockey players is examined during tournament situations where up to three or more games may be played in a single day.", "PMID": 498411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3838", "title": "Determination of daunorubicin, doxorubicin and their fluorescent metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography: plasma levels in DBA2 mice.", "content": "A rapid and nondestructive analytic method has been developed to separate and quantitate daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and their metabolites in biological fluids. This method combines the efficiency of high-pressure liquid chromatography and the sensitivity of fluorescence monitoring. The drug plasma levels achieved after IV administration of either daunorubicin or doxorubicin at 7 mg/kg into DBA2 mice were studied. The plasma disappearance curves are biphasic with a half-life of 1 min for the first elimination phase. In urine extracts, 13-hydroxy derivatives represent 80% of the fluorescence after injection of daunorubicin and only 4% after administration of doxorubicin.", "contents": "Determination of daunorubicin, doxorubicin and their fluorescent metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography: plasma levels in DBA2 mice. A rapid and nondestructive analytic method has been developed to separate and quantitate daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and their metabolites in biological fluids. This method combines the efficiency of high-pressure liquid chromatography and the sensitivity of fluorescence monitoring. The drug plasma levels achieved after IV administration of either daunorubicin or doxorubicin at 7 mg/kg into DBA2 mice were studied. The plasma disappearance curves are biphasic with a half-life of 1 min for the first elimination phase. In urine extracts, 13-hydroxy derivatives represent 80% of the fluorescence after injection of daunorubicin and only 4% after administration of doxorubicin.", "PMID": 498412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3839", "title": "Liquid chromatographic monitoring of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in plasma from leukemic patients treated with daunorubicin or the daunorubicin-DNA complex.", "content": "Fifteen patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia have been randomized for treatment with daunorubicin (1.0--1.5 mg/kg) either as the free drug (for 45 min or 4 h) or as the drug bound to a DNA carrier (for 5--6 h). The correlation between plasma kinetics of daunorubicin and its main metabolite daunorubicinol and the different administration schedules of daunorubicin has been studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Plasma concentration kinetics of daunorubicin as well as the daunorubicin-DNA complex was biphasic in character. Maximum plasma level of daunorubicin was found during the infusion period. Its concentration decreased rapidly when the infusion stopped and was below the detection limit of the analytical method 2--4 h later. The data suggests a slower disposition of the duanorubicin-DNA complex compared with the free drug.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic monitoring of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in plasma from leukemic patients treated with daunorubicin or the daunorubicin-DNA complex. Fifteen patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia have been randomized for treatment with daunorubicin (1.0--1.5 mg/kg) either as the free drug (for 45 min or 4 h) or as the drug bound to a DNA carrier (for 5--6 h). The correlation between plasma kinetics of daunorubicin and its main metabolite daunorubicinol and the different administration schedules of daunorubicin has been studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Plasma concentration kinetics of daunorubicin as well as the daunorubicin-DNA complex was biphasic in character. Maximum plasma level of daunorubicin was found during the infusion period. Its concentration decreased rapidly when the infusion stopped and was below the detection limit of the analytical method 2--4 h later. The data suggests a slower disposition of the duanorubicin-DNA complex compared with the free drug.", "PMID": 498413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3840", "title": "Comparative study in mice of the toxicity, pharmacology, and therapeutic activity of daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA complexes.", "content": "We have compared the toxicologic, pharmacologic, and therapeutic properties of the DNA complexes of daunorubicin and doxorubicin, after intravenous (IV) administration into mice. The overall toxicity of doxorubicin is significantly reduced after IV injection as a DNA complex while daunorubicin-DNA is as toxic as free daunorubicin. On hemopoietic stem cells, daunorubicin-DNA was found to be more cytotoxic than daunorubicin, while the opposite was observed with doxorubicin and doxorubicin-DNA. Both complexes are more effective than the corresponding free drugs on the L1210 murine leukemia, when given IV at equitoxic doses. The tissue uptake in mice, after IV administration, is generally lower when the drugs are given bound to DNA. The stability of the two DNA complexes is very different in the bloodstream: daunorubicin-DNA behaves more like a prodrug of daunorubicin, while doxorubicin-DNA, remaining stable in the bloodstream, meets much more the requirements of an ideal drug-macromoleculare carrier entity.", "contents": "Comparative study in mice of the toxicity, pharmacology, and therapeutic activity of daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA complexes. We have compared the toxicologic, pharmacologic, and therapeutic properties of the DNA complexes of daunorubicin and doxorubicin, after intravenous (IV) administration into mice. The overall toxicity of doxorubicin is significantly reduced after IV injection as a DNA complex while daunorubicin-DNA is as toxic as free daunorubicin. On hemopoietic stem cells, daunorubicin-DNA was found to be more cytotoxic than daunorubicin, while the opposite was observed with doxorubicin and doxorubicin-DNA. Both complexes are more effective than the corresponding free drugs on the L1210 murine leukemia, when given IV at equitoxic doses. The tissue uptake in mice, after IV administration, is generally lower when the drugs are given bound to DNA. The stability of the two DNA complexes is very different in the bloodstream: daunorubicin-DNA behaves more like a prodrug of daunorubicin, while doxorubicin-DNA, remaining stable in the bloodstream, meets much more the requirements of an ideal drug-macromoleculare carrier entity.", "PMID": 498415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3841", "title": "Uptake of the daunorubicin-DNA complex in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The uptake and fate of the daunorubicin-DNA complex have been studied in cultured rat embryo fibroblasts. 125I-DNA was digested by the cells and appeared as low molecular weight fragments in the incubation medium. Subcellular fractionation of fibroblasts, previously incubated with the complex, showed that daunorubicin was localized to nuclei and lysosomes. At a high incubation concentration (17.5 microM), the accumulation of the free drug exceeded that of the complex. However, at a lower concentration (1.75 microM), the accumulation of the complex was as high as that of the free drug. The results are consistent with an uptake of the complex into cultured rat embryo fibroblasts by endocytosis. However, it cannot be excluded that the complex partly dissociates in the incubation medium, and that daunorubicin and DNA thereafter enter the cells separately.", "contents": "Uptake of the daunorubicin-DNA complex in cultured fibroblasts. The uptake and fate of the daunorubicin-DNA complex have been studied in cultured rat embryo fibroblasts. 125I-DNA was digested by the cells and appeared as low molecular weight fragments in the incubation medium. Subcellular fractionation of fibroblasts, previously incubated with the complex, showed that daunorubicin was localized to nuclei and lysosomes. At a high incubation concentration (17.5 microM), the accumulation of the free drug exceeded that of the complex. However, at a lower concentration (1.75 microM), the accumulation of the complex was as high as that of the free drug. The results are consistent with an uptake of the complex into cultured rat embryo fibroblasts by endocytosis. However, it cannot be excluded that the complex partly dissociates in the incubation medium, and that daunorubicin and DNA thereafter enter the cells separately.", "PMID": 498416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3842", "title": "Biological activities of rubidazone.", "content": "Rubidazone (benzoylhydrazone daunorubicin) is a semisynthetic compound with a good experimental antitumor activity. Its main interest is its lower toxicity and cardiotoxicity. In human chemotherapy, it is considered a valuable drug.", "contents": "Biological activities of rubidazone. Rubidazone (benzoylhydrazone daunorubicin) is a semisynthetic compound with a good experimental antitumor activity. Its main interest is its lower toxicity and cardiotoxicity. In human chemotherapy, it is considered a valuable drug.", "PMID": 498417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3843", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of rubidazone and daunorubicin in mice.", "content": "A comparative investigation of the distribution and metabolism of rubidazone and daunorubicin was conducted in NMRI mice, after a single IV dose of either rubidazone (8.4 mg/kg) or daunorubicin (7 mg/kg). The anthracyclines were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and fluorometry. Daunorubicin was the main compound found after daunorubicin administration, except in kidney and urine, where daunorubicinol was the main metabolite with trace amounts of aglycone. In contrast, rubidazone undergoes extensive metabolism into daunorubicin, daunorubicinol, and aglycone. The total drug level is significantly lower after rubidazone administration in kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and urine, and the biliary excretion of rubidazone is more important than that of daunorubicin. When compared with daunorubicin, significantly less daunorubicinol is produced after rubidazone administration.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of rubidazone and daunorubicin in mice. A comparative investigation of the distribution and metabolism of rubidazone and daunorubicin was conducted in NMRI mice, after a single IV dose of either rubidazone (8.4 mg/kg) or daunorubicin (7 mg/kg). The anthracyclines were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and fluorometry. Daunorubicin was the main compound found after daunorubicin administration, except in kidney and urine, where daunorubicinol was the main metabolite with trace amounts of aglycone. In contrast, rubidazone undergoes extensive metabolism into daunorubicin, daunorubicinol, and aglycone. The total drug level is significantly lower after rubidazone administration in kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and urine, and the biliary excretion of rubidazone is more important than that of daunorubicin. When compared with daunorubicin, significantly less daunorubicinol is produced after rubidazone administration.", "PMID": 498418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3844", "title": "In vitro and in vivo study of cross resistance between daunorubicin and daunorubicin-DNA complex in Ehrlich ascites tumor.", "content": "The antitumor effect of daunorubicin and of two preparations of daunorubicin-DNA complexes were compared in equitoxic doses against the Ehrlich ascites tumor and in a subline of this tumor resistant to daunorubicin. The therapeutic efficacy of both complexes was significantly better than that of free daunorubicin in the sensitive tumor. The daunorubicin-resistant tumor was found to be cross resistant to both daunorubicin-DNA complexes. In vitro, the steady-state uptake of daunorubicin was considerably lower when the drug was added as a complex compared with addition as free drug. Experiments in which the uptake of daunorubicin and of DNA was determined simultaneously showed no significant uptake of DNA in either cell line. Together, these data indicate that even if daunorubicin is administered as a complex, the membrane transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells takes place solely as free drug.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo study of cross resistance between daunorubicin and daunorubicin-DNA complex in Ehrlich ascites tumor. The antitumor effect of daunorubicin and of two preparations of daunorubicin-DNA complexes were compared in equitoxic doses against the Ehrlich ascites tumor and in a subline of this tumor resistant to daunorubicin. The therapeutic efficacy of both complexes was significantly better than that of free daunorubicin in the sensitive tumor. The daunorubicin-resistant tumor was found to be cross resistant to both daunorubicin-DNA complexes. In vitro, the steady-state uptake of daunorubicin was considerably lower when the drug was added as a complex compared with addition as free drug. Experiments in which the uptake of daunorubicin and of DNA was determined simultaneously showed no significant uptake of DNA in either cell line. Together, these data indicate that even if daunorubicin is administered as a complex, the membrane transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells takes place solely as free drug.", "PMID": 498419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3845", "title": "Uptake of free and DNA-bound daunorubicin and doxorubicin into human leukemic cells.", "content": "Leukemic cells from seven patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and granulocytes, and mononuclear cells from three healthy controls were isolated by centrifugation on metrozoate-dextran. The intracellular accumulation of both the free and DNA-bound forms of daunorubicin and doxorubicin was studied in vitro. The uptake of unbound daunorubicin was higher than that of doxorubicin. At drug concentrations of 1.75 microM and higher the uptake of the free drugs was greater than that of the bound forms, but at lower drug concentrations the uptake was about the same. This could at least partly be explained by a greater dissociation of the DNA-drug complexes at lower drug concentrations. The uptake into normal leukocytes was of the same order of magnitude as that into leukemic cells. There was a great interindividual variation in the accumulation of both free and DNA-bound drugs in the cells from leukemic patients. This variation might be of importance for the prediction of individual sensitivity to the different drugs.", "contents": "Uptake of free and DNA-bound daunorubicin and doxorubicin into human leukemic cells. Leukemic cells from seven patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and granulocytes, and mononuclear cells from three healthy controls were isolated by centrifugation on metrozoate-dextran. The intracellular accumulation of both the free and DNA-bound forms of daunorubicin and doxorubicin was studied in vitro. The uptake of unbound daunorubicin was higher than that of doxorubicin. At drug concentrations of 1.75 microM and higher the uptake of the free drugs was greater than that of the bound forms, but at lower drug concentrations the uptake was about the same. This could at least partly be explained by a greater dissociation of the DNA-drug complexes at lower drug concentrations. The uptake into normal leukocytes was of the same order of magnitude as that into leukemic cells. There was a great interindividual variation in the accumulation of both free and DNA-bound drugs in the cells from leukemic patients. This variation might be of importance for the prediction of individual sensitivity to the different drugs.", "PMID": 498420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3846", "title": "DNA-binding parameters of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in the conditions used for studying the interaction of anthracycline-DNA complexes with cells in vitro.", "content": "Affinity constants of daunorubicin and doxorubicin for DNA at 37 degrees C and in presence of 10% serum were determined by an optical method and calculated from Scatchard plots. Values from 0.10 to 0.12 and from 0.13 to 0.16 X 10(6) M-1 were obtained for daunorubicin and doxorubicin, respectively. According to these affinity constants, the amounts of free drugs were calculated for various concentrations of daunorubicin-DNA or doxorubicin-DNA and for various molar ratios. In a large range of concentrations there is rather stable concentration of both free drugs, and these concentrations are inversely proportional to the nucleotides/drug ratio. The amount of free drug present in the medium is low as long as the concentration of daunorubicin-DNA or doxorubicin-DNA is higher than 1 microgram/ml (expressed as drug concentration). At lower concentrations, however, the percentage of free drug increases very sharply.", "contents": "DNA-binding parameters of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in the conditions used for studying the interaction of anthracycline-DNA complexes with cells in vitro. Affinity constants of daunorubicin and doxorubicin for DNA at 37 degrees C and in presence of 10% serum were determined by an optical method and calculated from Scatchard plots. Values from 0.10 to 0.12 and from 0.13 to 0.16 X 10(6) M-1 were obtained for daunorubicin and doxorubicin, respectively. According to these affinity constants, the amounts of free drugs were calculated for various concentrations of daunorubicin-DNA or doxorubicin-DNA and for various molar ratios. In a large range of concentrations there is rather stable concentration of both free drugs, and these concentrations are inversely proportional to the nucleotides/drug ratio. The amount of free drug present in the medium is low as long as the concentration of daunorubicin-DNA or doxorubicin-DNA is higher than 1 microgram/ml (expressed as drug concentration). At lower concentrations, however, the percentage of free drug increases very sharply.", "PMID": 498422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3847", "title": "Treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in adults with daunorubicin-DNA complex: a preliminary report.", "content": "Forty-four adult patients under 60 years of age with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia were randomized for induction treatment with one of the following three regimens: R 1 = courses of daunorubicin on day 1 + ARA-C on days 1--5; R 2 = courses of daunorubicin on days 1 and 2 + ARA-C on days 4--8; R 3 = courses of daunorubicin-DNA complex on days 1--2 + ARA-C on days 4--8. Out of 14 patients, 9 went into remission on R 1, 6 out of 14 on R 2, and 8 out of 16 on R 3. The preliminary results suggest that daunorubicin-DNA complex has the same efficacy for inducing remission as daunorubicin alone, if the same time intervals and dosages are used.", "contents": "Treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in adults with daunorubicin-DNA complex: a preliminary report. Forty-four adult patients under 60 years of age with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia were randomized for induction treatment with one of the following three regimens: R 1 = courses of daunorubicin on day 1 + ARA-C on days 1--5; R 2 = courses of daunorubicin on days 1 and 2 + ARA-C on days 4--8; R 3 = courses of daunorubicin-DNA complex on days 1--2 + ARA-C on days 4--8. Out of 14 patients, 9 went into remission on R 1, 6 out of 14 on R 2, and 8 out of 16 on R 3. The preliminary results suggest that daunorubicin-DNA complex has the same efficacy for inducing remission as daunorubicin alone, if the same time intervals and dosages are used.", "PMID": 498423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3848", "title": "Daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA. A review of experimental and clinical data.", "content": "Experimental data on the pharmacokinetic, toxic and therapeutic properties of daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA complexes are reviewed and summarized as well as the available reports on clinical trials performed with these anthracycline-DNA complexes. These results are discussed in view of the further development of the drug-carrier concept of cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA. A review of experimental and clinical data. Experimental data on the pharmacokinetic, toxic and therapeutic properties of daunorubicin-DNA and doxorubicin-DNA complexes are reviewed and summarized as well as the available reports on clinical trials performed with these anthracycline-DNA complexes. These results are discussed in view of the further development of the drug-carrier concept of cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 498424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3849", "title": "Myocardial function in feline endotoxin shock: a correlation between myocardial contractility, electrophysiology, and ultrastructure.", "content": "The nature of the myocardial depression observed in patients with septic shock, and in animals late in shock induced by endotoxin, is still under examination. These studies, in cats and kittens administered an LD80 dose of E coli endotoxin, were designed to examine the relationship between changes in myocardial contractility, in cellular electrophysiology and in ultrastructural morphology. There was no difference between tension developed in vitro by cardiac muscle removed from cats five hours after endotoxin administration and from cats not administered endotoxin. There was also no difference in their responses to calcium chloride or to anoxia. The action potential characteristics of ventricular muscle isolated from endotoxin treated cats were also not different from control, and ultrastructural damage was minimal and not extensive. Endotoxin (100 microgram/ml) had no effect on cardiac muscle in vitro, even after a one-hour contact time. It is concluded that the integrity of the myocardium is maintained even late in shock and that endotoxin has no direct effects on the heart.", "contents": "Myocardial function in feline endotoxin shock: a correlation between myocardial contractility, electrophysiology, and ultrastructure. The nature of the myocardial depression observed in patients with septic shock, and in animals late in shock induced by endotoxin, is still under examination. These studies, in cats and kittens administered an LD80 dose of E coli endotoxin, were designed to examine the relationship between changes in myocardial contractility, in cellular electrophysiology and in ultrastructural morphology. There was no difference between tension developed in vitro by cardiac muscle removed from cats five hours after endotoxin administration and from cats not administered endotoxin. There was also no difference in their responses to calcium chloride or to anoxia. The action potential characteristics of ventricular muscle isolated from endotoxin treated cats were also not different from control, and ultrastructural damage was minimal and not extensive. Endotoxin (100 microgram/ml) had no effect on cardiac muscle in vitro, even after a one-hour contact time. It is concluded that the integrity of the myocardium is maintained even late in shock and that endotoxin has no direct effects on the heart.", "PMID": 498426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3850", "title": "The effects of mild normovolemic hemodilution on regional flow, oxygenation, and small vessel blood content in the rabbit heart subjected to acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "The effect of mild hemodilution (hematocrit, 19%) on ischemic and nonischemic regions of myocardium during acute coronary occlusion was studied in 41 pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chest New Zealand white rabbits. Blood flow in the control area determined with radioactive microspheres was unaffected by occlusion and increased 61.8% following hemodilution. The endo/epi ratio remained at about 1.0. Occlusion decreased flow in the affected region to 41% of the control myocardium, and endo/epi ratio decreased significantly to 0.76. Hemodilution raised flow in this area 84.3%. Occlusion increased small vessel blood content (a measure of open capillary density) in the ischemic region significantly. Hemodilution further significantly increased this volume in the occluded area, although the increase in the control region was not significant. Relative tissue pO2, measured polarographically, declined significantly following occlusion in the affected area. Isovolemic hemodilution did not affect relative O2 tension in either area. The data indicate that during mild hemodilution, the O2 supply-demand status of both the occluded and nonoccluded myocardial regions is maintained.", "contents": "The effects of mild normovolemic hemodilution on regional flow, oxygenation, and small vessel blood content in the rabbit heart subjected to acute coronary occlusion. The effect of mild hemodilution (hematocrit, 19%) on ischemic and nonischemic regions of myocardium during acute coronary occlusion was studied in 41 pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chest New Zealand white rabbits. Blood flow in the control area determined with radioactive microspheres was unaffected by occlusion and increased 61.8% following hemodilution. The endo/epi ratio remained at about 1.0. Occlusion decreased flow in the affected region to 41% of the control myocardium, and endo/epi ratio decreased significantly to 0.76. Hemodilution raised flow in this area 84.3%. Occlusion increased small vessel blood content (a measure of open capillary density) in the ischemic region significantly. Hemodilution further significantly increased this volume in the occluded area, although the increase in the control region was not significant. Relative tissue pO2, measured polarographically, declined significantly following occlusion in the affected area. Isovolemic hemodilution did not affect relative O2 tension in either area. The data indicate that during mild hemodilution, the O2 supply-demand status of both the occluded and nonoccluded myocardial regions is maintained.", "PMID": 498427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3851", "title": "Failure of exogenous ATP and creatine phosphate to modify the course of E coli endotoxin shock in the cat.", "content": "Exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (in combination with MgCl2) and also creatine phosphate (CrP), have been administered intravenously to endotoxin-shocked cats. Untreated shocked cats exhibited systemic hypotension during the first hour and again from four hours. Cardiac output fell progressively, and markedly elevated arterial lactate levels were evident within one hour of endotoxin administration. Treatment with ATP (10 mg/kg every 30 minutes) during shock led to rapid hemodynamic deterioration in all cats; most of the cats were dead before completion of dosing (at three hours). Long-lasting systemic hypotension and bradycardia were associated with this ATP administration and marked hypoglycemia developed in the survivors. Neither ATP (62 mg/kg) administered before endotoxin, nor CrP (500 mg/kg; administered either prior to endotoxin, or one hour afterwards) significantly modified the hemodynamic or metabolic changes associated with endotoxin shock in this species. Neither ATP nor CrP increased survival (assessed at five hours). Other workers have demonstrated improved survival from shock with ATP treatment. There may be species differences in the responsiveness to exogenous ATP or, alternatively, a difference in the role of high-energy phosphates in different types of shock.", "contents": "Failure of exogenous ATP and creatine phosphate to modify the course of E coli endotoxin shock in the cat. Exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (in combination with MgCl2) and also creatine phosphate (CrP), have been administered intravenously to endotoxin-shocked cats. Untreated shocked cats exhibited systemic hypotension during the first hour and again from four hours. Cardiac output fell progressively, and markedly elevated arterial lactate levels were evident within one hour of endotoxin administration. Treatment with ATP (10 mg/kg every 30 minutes) during shock led to rapid hemodynamic deterioration in all cats; most of the cats were dead before completion of dosing (at three hours). Long-lasting systemic hypotension and bradycardia were associated with this ATP administration and marked hypoglycemia developed in the survivors. Neither ATP (62 mg/kg) administered before endotoxin, nor CrP (500 mg/kg; administered either prior to endotoxin, or one hour afterwards) significantly modified the hemodynamic or metabolic changes associated with endotoxin shock in this species. Neither ATP nor CrP increased survival (assessed at five hours). Other workers have demonstrated improved survival from shock with ATP treatment. There may be species differences in the responsiveness to exogenous ATP or, alternatively, a difference in the role of high-energy phosphates in different types of shock.", "PMID": 498428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3852", "title": "Effects of vasodilators on mesenteric ischemia and hypoxia induced by hemorrhage.", "content": "We compared the effectiveness of three pharmacologically and chemically dissimilar vasodilators (histamine, glucagon, and perhexiline) in reversing the hemodynamic and metabolic deficits of intestinal ischemia produced by hemorrhage. With intraarterial infusion into the superior mesenteric artery of anesthetized control dogs, all three agents increased mesenteric blood flow and oxygen consumption without altering systemic arterial blood pressure. Similarly, in the ischemic gut following moderate hemorrhage all three vasodilators increased mesenteric flow and oxygen consumption while reducing vascular resistance and not affecting systemic arterial blood pressure. On a molar basis glucagon was the most potent dilator drug. In severely hemorrhaged dogs whose intestinal blood flow had been reduced nearly 80%, glucagon restored oxygen uptake and vascular resistance to control levels. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of three different vasodilators in reversing the mesenteric ischemia and hypoxia produced by hemorrhage.", "contents": "Effects of vasodilators on mesenteric ischemia and hypoxia induced by hemorrhage. We compared the effectiveness of three pharmacologically and chemically dissimilar vasodilators (histamine, glucagon, and perhexiline) in reversing the hemodynamic and metabolic deficits of intestinal ischemia produced by hemorrhage. With intraarterial infusion into the superior mesenteric artery of anesthetized control dogs, all three agents increased mesenteric blood flow and oxygen consumption without altering systemic arterial blood pressure. Similarly, in the ischemic gut following moderate hemorrhage all three vasodilators increased mesenteric flow and oxygen consumption while reducing vascular resistance and not affecting systemic arterial blood pressure. On a molar basis glucagon was the most potent dilator drug. In severely hemorrhaged dogs whose intestinal blood flow had been reduced nearly 80%, glucagon restored oxygen uptake and vascular resistance to control levels. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of three different vasodilators in reversing the mesenteric ischemia and hypoxia produced by hemorrhage.", "PMID": 498429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3853", "title": "Recovery from endotoxin shock after extracorporeal perfusion without anticoagulation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an extracorporeal nonanticoagulated perfusion system on survival from endotoxin shock in anesthetized closed-chest dogs. Dogs weighing approximately 18 kg were perfused four hours or used as nonperfused controls. In the perfused animals, blood was diverted from the distal aorta via plastic tubing at 1,000 ml/min into a reservoir and returned by means of a roller-type pump to the femoral veins. Whole blood clotting times increased from a control value of seven minutes to greater than 24 hours within 45 minutes of perfusion in the absence of exogenous anticoagulation. After blood became incoagulable, animals were infused with 3 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin during a 30-minute period. Systemic pressures declined during the initial period but returned to base-line values; glucose remained at normal levels and all six dogs thus treated remained healthy survivors after seven days. On the other hand, animals infused with endotoxin without extracorporeal perfusion demonstrated hypotension, hypoglycemia, and diarrhea, and five of six dogs died within 36 hours.", "contents": "Recovery from endotoxin shock after extracorporeal perfusion without anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an extracorporeal nonanticoagulated perfusion system on survival from endotoxin shock in anesthetized closed-chest dogs. Dogs weighing approximately 18 kg were perfused four hours or used as nonperfused controls. In the perfused animals, blood was diverted from the distal aorta via plastic tubing at 1,000 ml/min into a reservoir and returned by means of a roller-type pump to the femoral veins. Whole blood clotting times increased from a control value of seven minutes to greater than 24 hours within 45 minutes of perfusion in the absence of exogenous anticoagulation. After blood became incoagulable, animals were infused with 3 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin during a 30-minute period. Systemic pressures declined during the initial period but returned to base-line values; glucose remained at normal levels and all six dogs thus treated remained healthy survivors after seven days. On the other hand, animals infused with endotoxin without extracorporeal perfusion demonstrated hypotension, hypoglycemia, and diarrhea, and five of six dogs died within 36 hours.", "PMID": 498430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3854", "title": "Child health problems and programmes in two underdeveloped areas of the USA.", "content": "There are areas in the USA where the health problems of children a similar to those of children in some developing countries. Traditional US health programmes have contributed to an improvement in the health status of many of these children but there remains much more to be done.", "contents": "Child health problems and programmes in two underdeveloped areas of the USA. There are areas in the USA where the health problems of children a similar to those of children in some developing countries. Traditional US health programmes have contributed to an improvement in the health status of many of these children but there remains much more to be done.", "PMID": 498425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3855", "title": "Renin response to hemorrhage in awake and anesthetized rats.", "content": "Anesthetic agents have been shown to alter survival in animals subjected to hemorrhage. Since survival after hemorrhage is increased by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, we asked whether anesthetic agents altered renin release during hemorrhage. We studied 33 rats which were subjected to one hour of hemorrhagic hypotension at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. Animals were either awake or anesthetized with halothane or ketamine. Anesthesia alone did not alter plasma renin activity (PRA), whereas hemorrhage resulted in approximately a ten-fold increase in PRA in both awake and anesthetized animals. After the shed blood was returned to the animal, intravenous saralasin, an angiotensin II competitive inhibitor, produced a 21-24 mm Hg decrease in blood pressure in all animals, regardless of the severe hemorrhage is unaltered by halothane or ketamine anesthesia, that the renin-angiotensin system provides a similar amount of blood pressure support in both awake and anesthetized animals, and that the anesthetic influence on survival following severe hemorrhage does not result from anesthetic-induced alterations of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Renin response to hemorrhage in awake and anesthetized rats. Anesthetic agents have been shown to alter survival in animals subjected to hemorrhage. Since survival after hemorrhage is increased by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, we asked whether anesthetic agents altered renin release during hemorrhage. We studied 33 rats which were subjected to one hour of hemorrhagic hypotension at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. Animals were either awake or anesthetized with halothane or ketamine. Anesthesia alone did not alter plasma renin activity (PRA), whereas hemorrhage resulted in approximately a ten-fold increase in PRA in both awake and anesthetized animals. After the shed blood was returned to the animal, intravenous saralasin, an angiotensin II competitive inhibitor, produced a 21-24 mm Hg decrease in blood pressure in all animals, regardless of the severe hemorrhage is unaltered by halothane or ketamine anesthesia, that the renin-angiotensin system provides a similar amount of blood pressure support in both awake and anesthetized animals, and that the anesthetic influence on survival following severe hemorrhage does not result from anesthetic-induced alterations of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 498431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3856", "title": "Hypoxanthine in lethal canine endotoxin shock.", "content": "Endotoxin shock was induced in Labrador retriever dogs by intravenous infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin (2 mg/kg body weight) over a three-hour period in order to study plasma hypoxanthine concentrations. The animals succumbed within 14 hours after start of the infusion. Terminally when aortic blood pressure dropped below 30 mm Hg and bradycardia had developed, the animals were resuscitated by external cardiac massage, artificial ventilation, and volume therapy. During shock no significant alteration of plasma hypoxanthine concentrations occurred. During the 12-minute period of resuscitation, however, hypoxanthine concentrations of both arterial and venous plasma increased rapidly compared to the initial values. The changes of the hypoxanthine concentration revealed an exponential pattern. The likely explanation for this phenomenon is is that during shock bypoxanthine was accumlated in the tissues due to tissue hypoxia and that the metabolite was washed out into the circulation during resuscitation.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine in lethal canine endotoxin shock. Endotoxin shock was induced in Labrador retriever dogs by intravenous infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin (2 mg/kg body weight) over a three-hour period in order to study plasma hypoxanthine concentrations. The animals succumbed within 14 hours after start of the infusion. Terminally when aortic blood pressure dropped below 30 mm Hg and bradycardia had developed, the animals were resuscitated by external cardiac massage, artificial ventilation, and volume therapy. During shock no significant alteration of plasma hypoxanthine concentrations occurred. During the 12-minute period of resuscitation, however, hypoxanthine concentrations of both arterial and venous plasma increased rapidly compared to the initial values. The changes of the hypoxanthine concentration revealed an exponential pattern. The likely explanation for this phenomenon is is that during shock bypoxanthine was accumlated in the tissues due to tissue hypoxia and that the metabolite was washed out into the circulation during resuscitation.", "PMID": 498432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3857", "title": "Effect of traumatic injury on sensitivity to insulin.", "content": "Disturbances in carbohydrate homeostasis are metabolic hallmarks in the host response to trauma. Since alterations in insulin responsiveness, especially insulin resistance, have been related to the metabolic sequelae of shock, the present study evaluated insulin responsiveness in traumatic shock. Injury (LD50) of fasted, male Holtzman rats (115 plus or minus 20 gm) by tumbling in the Noble-Collip drum resulted in hyperglycemia in spite of a concomitant hyperinsulinemia. The ability of insulin to lower plasma glucose was evaluated at either three hours or 24 hours post-trauma by means of glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The injured rats showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia three hours after injury but showed a normal glucose tolerance and hypoinsulinemia on the day after injury. Insulin was ineffective in lowering plasma glucose at both of these times. Noble-Collip tumbling trauma induced no systemic changes in insulin responsiveness in vitro at either time as evaluated by 1) epididymal fat pad glucose oxidation of U-D-14C-glucose to 14CO2 or 2) hemidiaphragm incorporation of U-D-14C-glucose into glycogen. The data suggest that insulin resistance is not due to a decreased capacity of various tissues to respond to insulin.", "contents": "Effect of traumatic injury on sensitivity to insulin. Disturbances in carbohydrate homeostasis are metabolic hallmarks in the host response to trauma. Since alterations in insulin responsiveness, especially insulin resistance, have been related to the metabolic sequelae of shock, the present study evaluated insulin responsiveness in traumatic shock. Injury (LD50) of fasted, male Holtzman rats (115 plus or minus 20 gm) by tumbling in the Noble-Collip drum resulted in hyperglycemia in spite of a concomitant hyperinsulinemia. The ability of insulin to lower plasma glucose was evaluated at either three hours or 24 hours post-trauma by means of glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The injured rats showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia three hours after injury but showed a normal glucose tolerance and hypoinsulinemia on the day after injury. Insulin was ineffective in lowering plasma glucose at both of these times. Noble-Collip tumbling trauma induced no systemic changes in insulin responsiveness in vitro at either time as evaluated by 1) epididymal fat pad glucose oxidation of U-D-14C-glucose to 14CO2 or 2) hemidiaphragm incorporation of U-D-14C-glucose into glycogen. The data suggest that insulin resistance is not due to a decreased capacity of various tissues to respond to insulin.", "PMID": 498433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3858", "title": "Effects of spontaneous respiration on canine left ventricular function.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of the decrease in left ventricular stroke volume during spontaneous inspiration. We determined the transmural pressures of the left heart by measuring left atrial and diastolic left ventricular pressures relative to esophageal pressure. We estimated the directional changes in end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes of the left ventricle by determining the transit time of sound transmission between two ultrasonic crystals facing each other across the minor axis of the left ventricle. Left ventricular stroke volume decreased with spontaneous inspiratory effort as pleural pressure fell, regardless of whether lung volume increased or remained constant. The stroke volume was decreased during the fall in pleural pressure because of an increase in end-systolic volume with an essentially unchanged diastolic volume. Thus, the decrease in stroke volume was due to a decrease in ejection, rather than a decrease in filling of the left ventricle. We believe that left ventricular ejection was impeded by the fall in pressure around the heart relative to the pressure in the aorta. In spite of the essentially constant diastolic volume, diastolic left ventricular transmural pressure rose, suggesting that spontaneous inspiration decreases the diastolic compliance of the left ventricle. The change in diastolic compliance contributed to the decrease in stroke volume but was not the primary cause.", "contents": "Effects of spontaneous respiration on canine left ventricular function. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of the decrease in left ventricular stroke volume during spontaneous inspiration. We determined the transmural pressures of the left heart by measuring left atrial and diastolic left ventricular pressures relative to esophageal pressure. We estimated the directional changes in end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes of the left ventricle by determining the transit time of sound transmission between two ultrasonic crystals facing each other across the minor axis of the left ventricle. Left ventricular stroke volume decreased with spontaneous inspiratory effort as pleural pressure fell, regardless of whether lung volume increased or remained constant. The stroke volume was decreased during the fall in pleural pressure because of an increase in end-systolic volume with an essentially unchanged diastolic volume. Thus, the decrease in stroke volume was due to a decrease in ejection, rather than a decrease in filling of the left ventricle. We believe that left ventricular ejection was impeded by the fall in pressure around the heart relative to the pressure in the aorta. In spite of the essentially constant diastolic volume, diastolic left ventricular transmural pressure rose, suggesting that spontaneous inspiration decreases the diastolic compliance of the left ventricle. The change in diastolic compliance contributed to the decrease in stroke volume but was not the primary cause.", "PMID": 498435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3859", "title": "Relationship between changes in left ventricular bipolar electrograms and regional myocardial blood flow during acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether a quantitative relationship existed between a reduction in regional myocardial blood flow, measured by radiolabeled microspheres, and the degree and type of changes in myocardial activation recorded in bipolar left ventricular subepicardial and subendocardial electrograms, in open-chest dogs following acute coronary artery occlusion. We found that the degree of regional myocardial ischemia was related quantitatively to the reduction in amplitude recorded with bipolar electrograms in the subepicardium and subendocardium, and to the increase in duration of subepicardial electrograms. Other characteristics measured in electrograms did not relate to the degree of ischemia. Despite a comparable reduction in regional myocardial blood flow, subepicardial conduction delay exceeded that recorded in the subendocardium, which often exhibited accelerated conduction.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in left ventricular bipolar electrograms and regional myocardial blood flow during acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a quantitative relationship existed between a reduction in regional myocardial blood flow, measured by radiolabeled microspheres, and the degree and type of changes in myocardial activation recorded in bipolar left ventricular subepicardial and subendocardial electrograms, in open-chest dogs following acute coronary artery occlusion. We found that the degree of regional myocardial ischemia was related quantitatively to the reduction in amplitude recorded with bipolar electrograms in the subepicardium and subendocardium, and to the increase in duration of subepicardial electrograms. Other characteristics measured in electrograms did not relate to the degree of ischemia. Despite a comparable reduction in regional myocardial blood flow, subepicardial conduction delay exceeded that recorded in the subendocardium, which often exhibited accelerated conduction.", "PMID": 498440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3860", "title": "Sympathetic modulation of hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation in dogs.", "content": "We measured cerebral blood flow using both the radioactive microsphere technique and the cerebral venous outflow technique in dogs anesthetized with chloralase. The effect of sympathetic stimulation on cerebral blood flow was observed during both normocapnia and prolonged hypercapnia using both blood flow techniques. The increase in blood flow with hypercapnia was the same with both methods. During hypercapnia the venous outflow method showed a 38% decrease and microspheres an 18% decrease in cerebral blood flow with sympathetic stimulation. At normal CO2, stimulation caused a decrease in cerebral venous flow: no change was observed with the microsphere method. Analysis of the blood flow patterns to extracerebral tissues and evaluation of extracerebral arterial reference samples failed to prove the existence of axial streaming and subsequent skimming of microspheres within the cephalic circulation. It is concluded that direct electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of the cerebral vessels is capable of reducing cerebral blood flow even during a profound hypercapnic vasodilation.", "contents": "Sympathetic modulation of hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation in dogs. We measured cerebral blood flow using both the radioactive microsphere technique and the cerebral venous outflow technique in dogs anesthetized with chloralase. The effect of sympathetic stimulation on cerebral blood flow was observed during both normocapnia and prolonged hypercapnia using both blood flow techniques. The increase in blood flow with hypercapnia was the same with both methods. During hypercapnia the venous outflow method showed a 38% decrease and microspheres an 18% decrease in cerebral blood flow with sympathetic stimulation. At normal CO2, stimulation caused a decrease in cerebral venous flow: no change was observed with the microsphere method. Analysis of the blood flow patterns to extracerebral tissues and evaluation of extracerebral arterial reference samples failed to prove the existence of axial streaming and subsequent skimming of microspheres within the cephalic circulation. It is concluded that direct electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation of the cerebral vessels is capable of reducing cerebral blood flow even during a profound hypercapnic vasodilation.", "PMID": 498441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3861", "title": "Calcium and magnesium sensitivity of the carotid baroreceptor reflex in cats.", "content": "The systemic blood pressure response to changes in carotid sinus pressure has been examined during variations in the calcium and magnesium concentration of the perfusate of the isolated sinus. The threshold for the blood pressure response was increased by 16 +/- 0.8% when calcium was raised from 1.1 mM (control) to 2.2 mM and increased by 27 +/- 1.8% when calcium was raised to 3.3 mM. The threshold was reduced by 21 +/- 0.7% in zero calcium and 13 +/- 0.8% in 0.55 mM Ca2+. The sensitivity (slope of the linear portion of the pressure response curve) of the reflex was not significantly changed except at 3.3 mM Ca2+ where it was reduced by 16 +/- 2.9%. Magnesium had directionally similar effects of a lesser magnitude. Earlier work described the reduced sensitivity and threshold of the baroreceptor reflex when sodium concentration in the carotid perfusate was reduced. The present study shows that reducing calcium attenuates the effect of lowered sodium and increasing calcium augments it. These results are discussed in terms of possible ionic influences on the receptor potential and spike generation.", "contents": "Calcium and magnesium sensitivity of the carotid baroreceptor reflex in cats. The systemic blood pressure response to changes in carotid sinus pressure has been examined during variations in the calcium and magnesium concentration of the perfusate of the isolated sinus. The threshold for the blood pressure response was increased by 16 +/- 0.8% when calcium was raised from 1.1 mM (control) to 2.2 mM and increased by 27 +/- 1.8% when calcium was raised to 3.3 mM. The threshold was reduced by 21 +/- 0.7% in zero calcium and 13 +/- 0.8% in 0.55 mM Ca2+. The sensitivity (slope of the linear portion of the pressure response curve) of the reflex was not significantly changed except at 3.3 mM Ca2+ where it was reduced by 16 +/- 2.9%. Magnesium had directionally similar effects of a lesser magnitude. Earlier work described the reduced sensitivity and threshold of the baroreceptor reflex when sodium concentration in the carotid perfusate was reduced. The present study shows that reducing calcium attenuates the effect of lowered sodium and increasing calcium augments it. These results are discussed in terms of possible ionic influences on the receptor potential and spike generation.", "PMID": 498445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3862", "title": "The prognostic significance of serial exercise testing after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial treadmill exercise testing (mean 5.5 tests/patient) was used to evaluate the prognosis of 200 males (mean age 53 years) without clinical heart failure or unstable angina pectoris 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.2 mV 3 weeks after MI was significantly more prevalent in patients with subsequent cardiac arrest (100%) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (64%) than in patients without subsequent events within 2 years of infarction (35%) (p less than 0.05). Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on multiple tests 5-52 weeks after MI was more prevalent in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction (90%) than in patients without subsequent events (47%) (p less than 0.001). By contrast, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on a single test at 3 weeks was a less powerful predictor of subsequent cardiac events. Exercise-induced ischemia 3 weeks after MI predicted early fatal events, while ventricular arrhythmia on serial testing predicted later nonfatal events.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of serial exercise testing after myocardial infarction. Serial treadmill exercise testing (mean 5.5 tests/patient) was used to evaluate the prognosis of 200 males (mean age 53 years) without clinical heart failure or unstable angina pectoris 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.2 mV 3 weeks after MI was significantly more prevalent in patients with subsequent cardiac arrest (100%) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (64%) than in patients without subsequent events within 2 years of infarction (35%) (p less than 0.05). Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on multiple tests 5-52 weeks after MI was more prevalent in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction (90%) than in patients without subsequent events (47%) (p less than 0.001). By contrast, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on a single test at 3 weeks was a less powerful predictor of subsequent cardiac events. Exercise-induced ischemia 3 weeks after MI predicted early fatal events, while ventricular arrhythmia on serial testing predicted later nonfatal events.", "PMID": 498448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3863", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to repeated treadmill exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction.", "content": "To determine the response to repeated treadmill exercise testing soon after uncomplicated myocardial infarction, 24 males (mean age 54 +/- 6 years) performed two symptom-limited tests several days apart 3, 7 and 11 weeks after the acute event. Significant within-week differences were noted for peak exercise tolerance (mets) and peak heart rate at 7 weeks (p less than 0.05). Significant within-week differences in these variables were not noted for other weeks or for systolic blood pressure or heart rate-systolic blood pressure product for any of the three test periods. No significant within-week differences were noted for any variable recorded at a submaximal work load of 4 mets. The frequency of exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression, angina pectoris and premature ventricular complexes did not change from visit to visit and was highly reproducible (p less than 0.01). All test variables measured at peak exercise increased significantly between 3 and 11 weeks after infarction. We conclude that cardiovascular responses to symptom-limited exercise testing are highly reproducible in the 3 months after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Changes in the response to treadmill exercise tests performed several weeks apart reflect alterations in cardiovascular performance.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to repeated treadmill exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. To determine the response to repeated treadmill exercise testing soon after uncomplicated myocardial infarction, 24 males (mean age 54 +/- 6 years) performed two symptom-limited tests several days apart 3, 7 and 11 weeks after the acute event. Significant within-week differences were noted for peak exercise tolerance (mets) and peak heart rate at 7 weeks (p less than 0.05). Significant within-week differences in these variables were not noted for other weeks or for systolic blood pressure or heart rate-systolic blood pressure product for any of the three test periods. No significant within-week differences were noted for any variable recorded at a submaximal work load of 4 mets. The frequency of exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression, angina pectoris and premature ventricular complexes did not change from visit to visit and was highly reproducible (p less than 0.01). All test variables measured at peak exercise increased significantly between 3 and 11 weeks after infarction. We conclude that cardiovascular responses to symptom-limited exercise testing are highly reproducible in the 3 months after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Changes in the response to treadmill exercise tests performed several weeks apart reflect alterations in cardiovascular performance.", "PMID": 498449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3864", "title": "Analysis of regional ischemic left ventricular dysfunction by quantitative cineangiography.", "content": "The ability of left ventricular angiography to detect regional ischemic dysfunction was assessed in 10 closed-chest dogs during the course of acute balloon occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery. During the 2-minute period of occlusion, serial cineangiography revealed a sequence of wall motion abnormalities over the anteroapical region almost identical to that observed using directly implanted gauges. This sequence consisted of progressive reduction in regional systolic shortening with eventual replacement by systolic expansion. These changes preceded both electrocardiographic ST-segment and hemodynamic alterations, and were readily observed by gross subjective inspection of the cineangiograms, but with an intraobserver variability of 22%. Frame-by-frame motional analysis of the ventricular perimeter relative to its centroid of mass allowed more precise characterization of regional dysfunction. These data are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that regional wall motion abnormalities are both sensitive and specific markers of acute ischemia, and support the use of computerized left ventricular angiography for the quantitative assessment of clinical ischemic dysfunction.", "contents": "Analysis of regional ischemic left ventricular dysfunction by quantitative cineangiography. The ability of left ventricular angiography to detect regional ischemic dysfunction was assessed in 10 closed-chest dogs during the course of acute balloon occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery. During the 2-minute period of occlusion, serial cineangiography revealed a sequence of wall motion abnormalities over the anteroapical region almost identical to that observed using directly implanted gauges. This sequence consisted of progressive reduction in regional systolic shortening with eventual replacement by systolic expansion. These changes preceded both electrocardiographic ST-segment and hemodynamic alterations, and were readily observed by gross subjective inspection of the cineangiograms, but with an intraobserver variability of 22%. Frame-by-frame motional analysis of the ventricular perimeter relative to its centroid of mass allowed more precise characterization of regional dysfunction. These data are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that regional wall motion abnormalities are both sensitive and specific markers of acute ischemia, and support the use of computerized left ventricular angiography for the quantitative assessment of clinical ischemic dysfunction.", "PMID": 498453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3865", "title": "Response of right ventricular ejection fraction to upright bicycle exercise in coronary artery disease.", "content": "The right ventricular (RV) response to exercise was assessed in 32 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease and in 14 normal controls without cardiopulmonary disease. The relationships between exercise RV reserve, exercise left ventricular (LV) reserve, and the presence of proximal right coronary stenosis were also evaluated. RV and LV ejection fractions were determined using first-pass radionuclide angiocardiograms. The normal response to exercise was at least a 5% absolute increase in RV and LV ejection fractions. In the group with coronary artery disease, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve) in 19 of 32 patients. LV exercise reserve was abnormal in 26 of 32 patients. All 19 patients with abnormal exercise RV reserve had abnormal exercise LV reserve, and all six patients with normal LV reserve had normal RV reserve. There was a significant linear relationship between the direction and magnitude of change from rest to exercise of LV ejection fraction and RV ejection fraction (r = 0.77). In contrast, the RV response to exercise was not primarily dependent upon the presence or absence of proximal right coronary stenosis. These data suggest that abnormal exercise RV reserve occurs frequently in coronary artery disease and that the concomitant LV response to exercise appears to be its major determinant.", "contents": "Response of right ventricular ejection fraction to upright bicycle exercise in coronary artery disease. The right ventricular (RV) response to exercise was assessed in 32 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease and in 14 normal controls without cardiopulmonary disease. The relationships between exercise RV reserve, exercise left ventricular (LV) reserve, and the presence of proximal right coronary stenosis were also evaluated. RV and LV ejection fractions were determined using first-pass radionuclide angiocardiograms. The normal response to exercise was at least a 5% absolute increase in RV and LV ejection fractions. In the group with coronary artery disease, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve) in 19 of 32 patients. LV exercise reserve was abnormal in 26 of 32 patients. All 19 patients with abnormal exercise RV reserve had abnormal exercise LV reserve, and all six patients with normal LV reserve had normal RV reserve. There was a significant linear relationship between the direction and magnitude of change from rest to exercise of LV ejection fraction and RV ejection fraction (r = 0.77). In contrast, the RV response to exercise was not primarily dependent upon the presence or absence of proximal right coronary stenosis. These data suggest that abnormal exercise RV reserve occurs frequently in coronary artery disease and that the concomitant LV response to exercise appears to be its major determinant.", "PMID": 498455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3866", "title": "Comparative value of eight M-mode echocardiographic formulas for determining left ventricular stroke volume. A correlative study with thermodilution and left ventricular single-plane cineangiography.", "content": "Sixty-six consecutive patients without left ventricular volume overload, significant arrhythmia or significant pericardial effusion were examined by M-mode echocardiography immediately before diagnostic left- and right-heart catheterization. Using various echocardiographic measurements, left ventricular stroke volume (SV) was calculated according to eight different echocardiographic formulas (SVE) that have been proposed previously. At catheterization SV was also determined by thermodilution (SVT) and by single-plane left ventricular cineangiography in the right anterior oblique projection (SVA). When comparing SVE with SVT, the four formulas developed to calculate mitral or aortic flow failed (r = 0.10 to 0.54). As expected, poor correlations (r = 0.22 to 0.47) were also found when formulas used to calculate ventricular volumes from the ventricular diameter or SV from the change in diameter (left ventricular formulas) were used in coronary patients with grossly asymmetrical ventricular contraction patterns. When the use of the left ventricular formulas was confined to patients with symmetrical or almost symmetrical contraction, two formulas yielded favorable correlations of r = 0.84, SEE = 12.7 ml and r = 0.86, SEE = 12.2 ml, respectively. These correlations were comparable to the correlation between our two invasive reference techniques (r = 0.81; SEE = 12.2 ml). The comparison between SVE and SVA confirmed the results of the thermodilution study, though the correlations were generally weaker. We conclude that the formula of Teichholz et al., which was the best of all tested formulas, may be used to obtain a clinically useful estimate of SV in patients in whom symmetrical or almost symmetrical left ventricular contraction can be anticipated.", "contents": "Comparative value of eight M-mode echocardiographic formulas for determining left ventricular stroke volume. A correlative study with thermodilution and left ventricular single-plane cineangiography. Sixty-six consecutive patients without left ventricular volume overload, significant arrhythmia or significant pericardial effusion were examined by M-mode echocardiography immediately before diagnostic left- and right-heart catheterization. Using various echocardiographic measurements, left ventricular stroke volume (SV) was calculated according to eight different echocardiographic formulas (SVE) that have been proposed previously. At catheterization SV was also determined by thermodilution (SVT) and by single-plane left ventricular cineangiography in the right anterior oblique projection (SVA). When comparing SVE with SVT, the four formulas developed to calculate mitral or aortic flow failed (r = 0.10 to 0.54). As expected, poor correlations (r = 0.22 to 0.47) were also found when formulas used to calculate ventricular volumes from the ventricular diameter or SV from the change in diameter (left ventricular formulas) were used in coronary patients with grossly asymmetrical ventricular contraction patterns. When the use of the left ventricular formulas was confined to patients with symmetrical or almost symmetrical contraction, two formulas yielded favorable correlations of r = 0.84, SEE = 12.7 ml and r = 0.86, SEE = 12.2 ml, respectively. These correlations were comparable to the correlation between our two invasive reference techniques (r = 0.81; SEE = 12.2 ml). The comparison between SVE and SVA confirmed the results of the thermodilution study, though the correlations were generally weaker. We conclude that the formula of Teichholz et al., which was the best of all tested formulas, may be used to obtain a clinically useful estimate of SV in patients in whom symmetrical or almost symmetrical left ventricular contraction can be anticipated.", "PMID": 498456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3867", "title": "Angiographic study of univentricular heart of right ventricular type.", "content": "An angiographic analysis of 10 cases of univentricular heart of the right ventricular type is reported. This congenital malformation is characterized by a large chamber with right ventricular morphology that receives both atrioventricular valves, and a second, smaller chamber, a trabecular pouch, with left ventricular morphology. These chambers are separated by a posterior septum but are connected by an inlet septal defect. The angiographic studies were done using the angled angiographic techniques in three patients and the standard frontal and lateral angiographic views in seven cases. The atrial situs in seven patients was solitus, in one inversus, and in two it was ambiguus with left isomerism. In seven patients the usually large right ventricular chamber received two atrioventricular valves and in four patients, one atrioventricular valve was straddling. Three patients had atresia of one atrioventricular valve. The trabecular pouch was small in seven patients but relatively large in three. In six patients the trabecular pouch was located posterior and to the left of the right ventricular chamber and in four anterior and to the right. Double outlet right ventricle was present in all cases. The aorta arose anteriorly to the pulmonary artery in nine patients and posteriorly in one. An autopsy was performed in one case and its correlation with the angiographic findings was remarkable. The angiographic demonstration of the anatomicaly details of this entity and its associated anomalies was facilitated by angled angiography.", "contents": "Angiographic study of univentricular heart of right ventricular type. An angiographic analysis of 10 cases of univentricular heart of the right ventricular type is reported. This congenital malformation is characterized by a large chamber with right ventricular morphology that receives both atrioventricular valves, and a second, smaller chamber, a trabecular pouch, with left ventricular morphology. These chambers are separated by a posterior septum but are connected by an inlet septal defect. The angiographic studies were done using the angled angiographic techniques in three patients and the standard frontal and lateral angiographic views in seven cases. The atrial situs in seven patients was solitus, in one inversus, and in two it was ambiguus with left isomerism. In seven patients the usually large right ventricular chamber received two atrioventricular valves and in four patients, one atrioventricular valve was straddling. Three patients had atresia of one atrioventricular valve. The trabecular pouch was small in seven patients but relatively large in three. In six patients the trabecular pouch was located posterior and to the left of the right ventricular chamber and in four anterior and to the right. Double outlet right ventricle was present in all cases. The aorta arose anteriorly to the pulmonary artery in nine patients and posteriorly in one. An autopsy was performed in one case and its correlation with the angiographic findings was remarkable. The angiographic demonstration of the anatomicaly details of this entity and its associated anomalies was facilitated by angled angiography.", "PMID": 498458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3868", "title": "Performance of conventional orthogonal and multiple-dipole electrocardiograms in estimating left ventricular muscle mass.", "content": "For estimating left ventricular mass (LVM), ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were selected from conventional 12-lead ECGs, orthogonal three-lead ECGs, and multiple-dipole ECGs (MDECG). The three cardiograms were recorded in 139 patients for whom the degree of LVH was independently determined from biplane ventriculograms. Tested ECG criteria included Sokolow-Lyon measurements for the 12-lead ECG; for the orthogonal ECG, maximal QRS magnitude in the horizontal plane, R duration in the z-lead and Jxyz (spatial magnitude of point J); and for the 126 leads of the MDECG, the dipole activity (DA) of the septum and the free left ventricular wall. Correlation coefficients between LVM and the 12-lead ECG, three-lead ECG and MDECG were 0.61, 0.78 and 0.89, respectively, with corresponding errors of estimated LVM of 103, 82 and 60 g. More complex recording and analytic methods clearly led to increased accuracy in LVM estimates. However, the large error of estimate may limit practical applicability of such correlations. For classification of subjects into normal and above-normal categories, a likelihood ratio was also used and led to a maximum performance index of 86% with MDECG measurements.", "contents": "Performance of conventional orthogonal and multiple-dipole electrocardiograms in estimating left ventricular muscle mass. For estimating left ventricular mass (LVM), ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were selected from conventional 12-lead ECGs, orthogonal three-lead ECGs, and multiple-dipole ECGs (MDECG). The three cardiograms were recorded in 139 patients for whom the degree of LVH was independently determined from biplane ventriculograms. Tested ECG criteria included Sokolow-Lyon measurements for the 12-lead ECG; for the orthogonal ECG, maximal QRS magnitude in the horizontal plane, R duration in the z-lead and Jxyz (spatial magnitude of point J); and for the 126 leads of the MDECG, the dipole activity (DA) of the septum and the free left ventricular wall. Correlation coefficients between LVM and the 12-lead ECG, three-lead ECG and MDECG were 0.61, 0.78 and 0.89, respectively, with corresponding errors of estimated LVM of 103, 82 and 60 g. More complex recording and analytic methods clearly led to increased accuracy in LVM estimates. However, the large error of estimate may limit practical applicability of such correlations. For classification of subjects into normal and above-normal categories, a likelihood ratio was also used and led to a maximum performance index of 86% with MDECG measurements.", "PMID": 498460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3869", "title": "Distinguising features of left anterior fascicular block and inferior myocardial infarction as presented by body surface potential mapping.", "content": "Total body surface maps obtained from 19 patients with previous inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) were compared with maps obtained from 19 patients with left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) and six more patients in whom electrocardiographic changes were indistinguishable between IMI and LAFB. Three distinguishing features were detected: 1) abnormal high anterior positivity developed both in IMI and LAFB, but its onset was earlier in LAFB; 2) a broad rim of abnormal right lower negativity was seen in both groups, but in IMI it was within the first 40 msec, whereas in LAFB it was found in the middle and later parts of depolarization; 3) abnormal left lower negativity was seen in all the patients with LAFB, but was absent in IMI. Thus, despite similarities in the abnormalities detected, we found definite temporal and topographical differences that should aid in differentiating between IMI and LAFB in ambiguous cases.", "contents": "Distinguising features of left anterior fascicular block and inferior myocardial infarction as presented by body surface potential mapping. Total body surface maps obtained from 19 patients with previous inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) were compared with maps obtained from 19 patients with left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) and six more patients in whom electrocardiographic changes were indistinguishable between IMI and LAFB. Three distinguishing features were detected: 1) abnormal high anterior positivity developed both in IMI and LAFB, but its onset was earlier in LAFB; 2) a broad rim of abnormal right lower negativity was seen in both groups, but in IMI it was within the first 40 msec, whereas in LAFB it was found in the middle and later parts of depolarization; 3) abnormal left lower negativity was seen in all the patients with LAFB, but was absent in IMI. Thus, despite similarities in the abnormalities detected, we found definite temporal and topographical differences that should aid in differentiating between IMI and LAFB in ambiguous cases.", "PMID": 498461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3870", "title": "The natural history of conduction system disease in myotonic muscular dystrophy as determined by serial electrophysiologic studies.", "content": "To evaluate the progression of conduction system disease in myotonic muscular dystrophy, nine patients underwent serial electrophysiologic studies at a mean of 35 months apart. At the initial study, seven patients had first-degree atrioventricular block and three of these seven had disease in the His-Purkinje system (HV greater than 55 msec). At the second study, seven patients had prolonged HV intervals, and during the almost 3-year period, HV intervals increased by at least 5 msec in all seven patients. No electrophysiologic or electrocardiographic measures could be found that correlated with progression of conduction disease in these patients. Because of the failure of electrophysiologic measures to predict progression of conduction disease in these patients, electrophysiologic studies are recommended only for symptomatic patients. If significant disease is found in either impulse formation or conduction, permanent pacemaker therapy is warranted.", "contents": "The natural history of conduction system disease in myotonic muscular dystrophy as determined by serial electrophysiologic studies. To evaluate the progression of conduction system disease in myotonic muscular dystrophy, nine patients underwent serial electrophysiologic studies at a mean of 35 months apart. At the initial study, seven patients had first-degree atrioventricular block and three of these seven had disease in the His-Purkinje system (HV greater than 55 msec). At the second study, seven patients had prolonged HV intervals, and during the almost 3-year period, HV intervals increased by at least 5 msec in all seven patients. No electrophysiologic or electrocardiographic measures could be found that correlated with progression of conduction disease in these patients. Because of the failure of electrophysiologic measures to predict progression of conduction disease in these patients, electrophysiologic studies are recommended only for symptomatic patients. If significant disease is found in either impulse formation or conduction, permanent pacemaker therapy is warranted.", "PMID": 498462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3871", "title": "Atrioventricular block and supraventricular arrhythmias with X-linked muscular dystrophy.", "content": "This report describes a family showing muscular dystrophy and atrioventricular block with an x-linked hereditary transmission. Among a known pedigree of 101 family members, 12 males were found to have skeletal muscle involvement and six needed pacemakers around age 30 years. Unlike the x-linked muscular dystrophies of Duchenne and of Becker, the predominant skeletal involvement was in humeral muscles, was usually very mild, and did not produce incapacitation. Cardiac involvement consisted of various atrial arrhythmias and atrioventricular block. The few sporadic reports of other families that describe the same disease under different names are briefly reviewed. Recognition of this subtle muscular dystrophy is important for early detection of incipient complete atrioventricular block to prevent fatal complications by pacemaker insertion.", "contents": "Atrioventricular block and supraventricular arrhythmias with X-linked muscular dystrophy. This report describes a family showing muscular dystrophy and atrioventricular block with an x-linked hereditary transmission. Among a known pedigree of 101 family members, 12 males were found to have skeletal muscle involvement and six needed pacemakers around age 30 years. Unlike the x-linked muscular dystrophies of Duchenne and of Becker, the predominant skeletal involvement was in humeral muscles, was usually very mild, and did not produce incapacitation. Cardiac involvement consisted of various atrial arrhythmias and atrioventricular block. The few sporadic reports of other families that describe the same disease under different names are briefly reviewed. Recognition of this subtle muscular dystrophy is important for early detection of incipient complete atrioventricular block to prevent fatal complications by pacemaker insertion.", "PMID": 498463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3872", "title": "Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways: a common electrophysiologic response in children.", "content": "Electrophysiologic investigation was performed on 61 children and young adults during evaluation of either cardiac dysrhythmia or pre- or postoperative congenital heart disease. The results of these studies were reviewed retrospectively to determine if longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node (AVN) was present. Dual AVN pathways were detected by the atrial extrastimulus technique, using His bundle electrograms. A discontinuous H1H2 response curve indicated the presence of dual AVN pathways. There was a higher incidence of dual AVN pathways in patients with clinically evident paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) than in those without PSVT. Dual AVN pathways were equally prevalent in children with corrected and uncorrected congenital cardiac defects.", "contents": "Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways: a common electrophysiologic response in children. Electrophysiologic investigation was performed on 61 children and young adults during evaluation of either cardiac dysrhythmia or pre- or postoperative congenital heart disease. The results of these studies were reviewed retrospectively to determine if longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node (AVN) was present. Dual AVN pathways were detected by the atrial extrastimulus technique, using His bundle electrograms. A discontinuous H1H2 response curve indicated the presence of dual AVN pathways. There was a higher incidence of dual AVN pathways in patients with clinically evident paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) than in those without PSVT. Dual AVN pathways were equally prevalent in children with corrected and uncorrected congenital cardiac defects.", "PMID": 498464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3873", "title": "Epicardial mapping of the onset of ventricular tachycardia initiated by programmed stimulation in the canine heart with chronic infarction.", "content": "The initial beats of ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed stimulation (PS) of the heart have frequently been observed to differ in QRS configuration from the subsequent uniform QRS complexes of tachycardia. The transient nature of these initial beats has made their study difficult during epicardial mapping with conventional, hand-held recording electrodes. Twenty-four dogs were studied with PS 1-10 months after coronary ligation. Twenty-six epicardial electrograms were recorded simultaneously during PS. The data were digitized for computer generation of isochronic maps for any desired beat. Three patterns of initiation were observed in episodes of tachycardia in which the initial beats differed from the subsequent beats of VT (11 of 18 runs of VT). Most frequently, the initial beats of VT originated near the pacing electrode before moving to a stable infarction zone location. Less frequently, the initial beats were due to transient reentry in the bundle branches or a transient shifting of early breakthrough sites in the infarction zone.", "contents": "Epicardial mapping of the onset of ventricular tachycardia initiated by programmed stimulation in the canine heart with chronic infarction. The initial beats of ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed stimulation (PS) of the heart have frequently been observed to differ in QRS configuration from the subsequent uniform QRS complexes of tachycardia. The transient nature of these initial beats has made their study difficult during epicardial mapping with conventional, hand-held recording electrodes. Twenty-four dogs were studied with PS 1-10 months after coronary ligation. Twenty-six epicardial electrograms were recorded simultaneously during PS. The data were digitized for computer generation of isochronic maps for any desired beat. Three patterns of initiation were observed in episodes of tachycardia in which the initial beats differed from the subsequent beats of VT (11 of 18 runs of VT). Most frequently, the initial beats of VT originated near the pacing electrode before moving to a stable infarction zone location. Less frequently, the initial beats were due to transient reentry in the bundle branches or a transient shifting of early breakthrough sites in the infarction zone.", "PMID": 498465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3874", "title": "Endocardial excision: a new surgical technique for the treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Twelve patients with medically refractory ventricular tachycardia secondary to ischemic heart disease underwent surgery for cure of their arrhythmia. Preoperatively, the tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated and terminated in each patient by programmed stimulation. In all instances, intraoperative mapping localized the tachycardia to the border of the aneurysm, a site not routinely resected during aneurysmectomy. In nine instances, the area of origin involved the septum. During bypass the tachycardia could still be induced after standard aneurysmectomy or ventriculotomy in 11 of 12 patients. On the basis of intraoperative mapping, resection of endocardium in the area of origin (25--40% the circumference of the aneurysmectomy) up to normal muscle was performed. In one patient without a discrete aneurysm, endocardial excision alone through a ventriculotomy was performed. There was one operative death due to cardiogenic shock (preoperative ejection fraction 5%) and one late death due to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm in the pulmonary artery. Before discharge, all patients underwent a repeat relectrophysiologic study off antiarrhythmic agents and in none could ventricular tachycardia be initiated. Hemodynamic and angiographic catheterization showed improved hemodynamics and ejection fractions in all. The 10 survivors remained free of sustained ventricular tachycardia for 9--20 months, with one late nonarrhythmic death.", "contents": "Endocardial excision: a new surgical technique for the treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Twelve patients with medically refractory ventricular tachycardia secondary to ischemic heart disease underwent surgery for cure of their arrhythmia. Preoperatively, the tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated and terminated in each patient by programmed stimulation. In all instances, intraoperative mapping localized the tachycardia to the border of the aneurysm, a site not routinely resected during aneurysmectomy. In nine instances, the area of origin involved the septum. During bypass the tachycardia could still be induced after standard aneurysmectomy or ventriculotomy in 11 of 12 patients. On the basis of intraoperative mapping, resection of endocardium in the area of origin (25--40% the circumference of the aneurysmectomy) up to normal muscle was performed. In one patient without a discrete aneurysm, endocardial excision alone through a ventriculotomy was performed. There was one operative death due to cardiogenic shock (preoperative ejection fraction 5%) and one late death due to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm in the pulmonary artery. Before discharge, all patients underwent a repeat relectrophysiologic study off antiarrhythmic agents and in none could ventricular tachycardia be initiated. Hemodynamic and angiographic catheterization showed improved hemodynamics and ejection fractions in all. The 10 survivors remained free of sustained ventricular tachycardia for 9--20 months, with one late nonarrhythmic death.", "PMID": 498470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3875", "title": "Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block.", "content": "Twenty-one of 496 (4%) patients with chronic bifascicular block, studied and followed prospectively, had block distal to the His bundle (BDH) induced by atrial pacing during initial electrophysiologic studies. In six, BDH was noted during pacing-induced atrioventricular (AV) nodal Wenckebach periods (at paced rates of 150--190 beats/min), with BDH in the short HH cycles after the AV nodal blocked P (lond cycle). The AH interval was normal in all six patients and HV was normal in four. None of the six patients has developed AV block during a mean follow-up of 5.33 +/- 0.48 years. In 15 patients, pacing-induced BDH was noted during intact AV nodal conduction (paced rate of 80--200 beats/min). The AH interval was prolonged in one, and HV was prolonged in 10 of the 15 patients. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 +/- 0.59 years, seven of these patients developed AV block, one had treadmill-provoked AV block, and two died suddenly (major morbid event in 10 of 15 patients). In conclusion, BDH induced by atrial pacing is an infrequent finding in patients with bifascicular block, and can be a functional as well as a pathologic response. The latter is associated with a high risk of major morbid events (AV block and sudden death).", "contents": "Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Twenty-one of 496 (4%) patients with chronic bifascicular block, studied and followed prospectively, had block distal to the His bundle (BDH) induced by atrial pacing during initial electrophysiologic studies. In six, BDH was noted during pacing-induced atrioventricular (AV) nodal Wenckebach periods (at paced rates of 150--190 beats/min), with BDH in the short HH cycles after the AV nodal blocked P (lond cycle). The AH interval was normal in all six patients and HV was normal in four. None of the six patients has developed AV block during a mean follow-up of 5.33 +/- 0.48 years. In 15 patients, pacing-induced BDH was noted during intact AV nodal conduction (paced rate of 80--200 beats/min). The AH interval was prolonged in one, and HV was prolonged in 10 of the 15 patients. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 +/- 0.59 years, seven of these patients developed AV block, one had treadmill-provoked AV block, and two died suddenly (major morbid event in 10 of 15 patients). In conclusion, BDH induced by atrial pacing is an infrequent finding in patients with bifascicular block, and can be a functional as well as a pathologic response. The latter is associated with a high risk of major morbid events (AV block and sudden death).", "PMID": 498473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3876", "title": "Atypical patterns of retrograde conduction over accessory atrioventricular pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Patterns of ventriculoatrial conduction have been used to distinguish retrograde conduction over an accessory atrioventricular pathway from that over the normal atrioventricular conduction system. Ventriculoatrial conduction at a constant interval during incremental ventricular pacing and during progressive prematurity of ventricular extrastimuli has been considered characteristic of conduction over an accessory pathway. We describe three patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who had progressive or sudden increments in ventriculoatrial conduction over an accessory pathway during fixed-rate ventricular pacing or during introduction of ventricular extrastimuli. Such properties have been considered characteristic of conduction over the normal atrioventricular conduction system. We conclude that retrograde conduction over accessory pathways may resemble conduction over the normal atrioventricular conduction system.", "contents": "Atypical patterns of retrograde conduction over accessory atrioventricular pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Patterns of ventriculoatrial conduction have been used to distinguish retrograde conduction over an accessory atrioventricular pathway from that over the normal atrioventricular conduction system. Ventriculoatrial conduction at a constant interval during incremental ventricular pacing and during progressive prematurity of ventricular extrastimuli has been considered characteristic of conduction over an accessory pathway. We describe three patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who had progressive or sudden increments in ventriculoatrial conduction over an accessory pathway during fixed-rate ventricular pacing or during introduction of ventricular extrastimuli. Such properties have been considered characteristic of conduction over the normal atrioventricular conduction system. We conclude that retrograde conduction over accessory pathways may resemble conduction over the normal atrioventricular conduction system.", "PMID": 498475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3877", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: electrophysiologic and pharmacologic characteristics.", "content": "Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were performed on 28 infants and children, ages 1 month to 18 years, with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to try to determine 1) the electrophysiologic characteristics of the accessory connection and 2) the mechanisms of associated supraventricular dysrhythmias. Although the antegrade refractory periods of the normal conduction system were shorter than those found in adults, those of the accessory connection were slightly longer. Reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which had been a clinical problem in 26 of 28, could be induced in the laboratory in all 26 subjects. The mechanism involved reentry with antegrade conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node and retrograde through the accessory connection in 22. Eleven of these 22 had a wide QRS during tachycardia due to a bundle branch block. Three other subjects had wide QRS tachycardia, but the mechanism involved antegrade conduction through the accessory connection and retrograde through the AV node. The other patient had AV node reentry tachycardia. Two patients did not have clinical SVT, and in these two, SVT could not be induced. Neither patient had retrograde conduction through the accessory connection. The site of the accessory connection could be identified in 26 subjects by the sequence of retrograde activation of the atrium during SVT or ventricular pacing. Digitalis shortened the refractory period of the accessory connection in five of the eight patients studied.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: electrophysiologic and pharmacologic characteristics. Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were performed on 28 infants and children, ages 1 month to 18 years, with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to try to determine 1) the electrophysiologic characteristics of the accessory connection and 2) the mechanisms of associated supraventricular dysrhythmias. Although the antegrade refractory periods of the normal conduction system were shorter than those found in adults, those of the accessory connection were slightly longer. Reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which had been a clinical problem in 26 of 28, could be induced in the laboratory in all 26 subjects. The mechanism involved reentry with antegrade conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node and retrograde through the accessory connection in 22. Eleven of these 22 had a wide QRS during tachycardia due to a bundle branch block. Three other subjects had wide QRS tachycardia, but the mechanism involved antegrade conduction through the accessory connection and retrograde through the AV node. The other patient had AV node reentry tachycardia. Two patients did not have clinical SVT, and in these two, SVT could not be induced. Neither patient had retrograde conduction through the accessory connection. The site of the accessory connection could be identified in 26 subjects by the sequence of retrograde activation of the atrium during SVT or ventricular pacing. Digitalis shortened the refractory period of the accessory connection in five of the eight patients studied.", "PMID": 498476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3878", "title": "Prospective diagnosis of d-transposition of the great arteries in neonates by subxiphoid, two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "Subxiphoid, two-dimensional echocardiograms (S2DE) were performed and interpreted before diagnostic cardiac catheterization on 59 neonates who weighed 1.3--6.0 kg (median 3.3 kg) and were 1--35 days old (median 4.5 days). The echocardiographic studies were successfully performed on 58 of 59 infants. Using appropriate longitudinal and transverse projections, S2DE permitted simultaneous visualization of the branch pulmonary arteries, proximal thoracic aorta and ventriculoarterial attachments. D-transposition of the great arteries was correctly predicted in all 16 infants with levocardia, situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance. In these patients, the standard left ventricular longitudinal projection demonstrated the bifurcating main pulmonary artery attached to the posterior ventricle; the transverse projection displayed the relationship of the proximal thoracic aorta to the anterior ventricle. The broad acoustical window using the subxiphoid approach in conjunction with a high-frequency focused transducer and a large active-element diameter permitted detailed imaging of intra- and supracardiac structures.", "contents": "Prospective diagnosis of d-transposition of the great arteries in neonates by subxiphoid, two-dimensional echocardiography. Subxiphoid, two-dimensional echocardiograms (S2DE) were performed and interpreted before diagnostic cardiac catheterization on 59 neonates who weighed 1.3--6.0 kg (median 3.3 kg) and were 1--35 days old (median 4.5 days). The echocardiographic studies were successfully performed on 58 of 59 infants. Using appropriate longitudinal and transverse projections, S2DE permitted simultaneous visualization of the branch pulmonary arteries, proximal thoracic aorta and ventriculoarterial attachments. D-transposition of the great arteries was correctly predicted in all 16 infants with levocardia, situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance. In these patients, the standard left ventricular longitudinal projection demonstrated the bifurcating main pulmonary artery attached to the posterior ventricle; the transverse projection displayed the relationship of the proximal thoracic aorta to the anterior ventricle. The broad acoustical window using the subxiphoid approach in conjunction with a high-frequency focused transducer and a large active-element diameter permitted detailed imaging of intra- and supracardiac structures.", "PMID": 498477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3879", "title": "Increased circulating bradykinin during hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass in children.", "content": "To determine whether cold could activate the kallikrein-kinin system in vivo as it does in vitro, the circulating systemic concentrations of bradykinin were serially measured in 10 cyildren with congenital diseases of the heart undergoing corrective cardiac surgery. Bradykinin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained before, during and after profound hypothermia (to 18 degrees C) and cardiopulmonary bypass. The circulating concentrations of bradykinin increased significantly as body temperature decreased during surface cooling. The increase in circulating bradykinin was associated with a decrease in the circulating level of bradykininogen, the precursor of bradykinin. With the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass and hence, removal of the lung and pulmonary converting enzyme from the circulation, there was a further rise in the already elevated concentrations of bradykinin. This is the first in vivo demonstration that hypothermia leads to an increase in the circulating concentrations of bradykinin.", "contents": "Increased circulating bradykinin during hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass in children. To determine whether cold could activate the kallikrein-kinin system in vivo as it does in vitro, the circulating systemic concentrations of bradykinin were serially measured in 10 cyildren with congenital diseases of the heart undergoing corrective cardiac surgery. Bradykinin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained before, during and after profound hypothermia (to 18 degrees C) and cardiopulmonary bypass. The circulating concentrations of bradykinin increased significantly as body temperature decreased during surface cooling. The increase in circulating bradykinin was associated with a decrease in the circulating level of bradykininogen, the precursor of bradykinin. With the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass and hence, removal of the lung and pulmonary converting enzyme from the circulation, there was a further rise in the already elevated concentrations of bradykinin. This is the first in vivo demonstration that hypothermia leads to an increase in the circulating concentrations of bradykinin.", "PMID": 498478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3880", "title": "Exercise can promote coronary collateral development without improving perfusion of ischemic myocardium.", "content": "We studied the effect of exercise training on the coronary collaterals that developed in response to gradual coronary occlusion in dogs. After their proximal left circumflex coronary artery occlusion, 33 dogs were randomly assigned to exercise or sedentary groups. Coronary collateral function was evaluted 5 weeks or 8 weeks later. The exercised dogs developed better epicardial collateral connections to the occluded left circumflex as judged by higher retrograde blood flow from the distal left circumflex and lower pressure drop across the collaterals. No difference in collaterals was apparent angiographically. Microsphere data indicated that exercise dogs were not better protected against tachycardia provoked subendocardial ischenia in the myocardium supplied by the collaterals.", "contents": "Exercise can promote coronary collateral development without improving perfusion of ischemic myocardium. We studied the effect of exercise training on the coronary collaterals that developed in response to gradual coronary occlusion in dogs. After their proximal left circumflex coronary artery occlusion, 33 dogs were randomly assigned to exercise or sedentary groups. Coronary collateral function was evaluted 5 weeks or 8 weeks later. The exercised dogs developed better epicardial collateral connections to the occluded left circumflex as judged by higher retrograde blood flow from the distal left circumflex and lower pressure drop across the collaterals. No difference in collaterals was apparent angiographically. Microsphere data indicated that exercise dogs were not better protected against tachycardia provoked subendocardial ischenia in the myocardium supplied by the collaterals.", "PMID": 498479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3881", "title": "Diagnosis and management of postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis.", "content": "In this paper we discuss two infants and one child who experienced a previously unreported complication after complete correction of a large, unrestrictive ventricular septal defect. Two patients had documented pulmonary hypertensive crises and severe right-heart failure secondary to hypoxia and pulmonary vasoconstriction. These crises were associated with significantly increased right ventricular (RV) peak systolic and end-diastolic pressures and right-to-left shunting via a foramen ovale which, in turn, exaggerated the hypoxis. The crises were treated successfully with tolazoline in the second and third patients. RV pressure returned to normal values and have remained normal up to 12 months postoperatively in the second patient. Although the RV pressures decreased with tolazoline in the third patient, they never reached normal values. Postoperative monitoring of pulmonary artery and RV pressures in infants with large ventricular septal defects is essential when unexplained complications are encountered. Tolazoline proved to be very effective in the treatment of two patients with pulmonary vasoconstriction secondary to hypoxia.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis. In this paper we discuss two infants and one child who experienced a previously unreported complication after complete correction of a large, unrestrictive ventricular septal defect. Two patients had documented pulmonary hypertensive crises and severe right-heart failure secondary to hypoxia and pulmonary vasoconstriction. These crises were associated with significantly increased right ventricular (RV) peak systolic and end-diastolic pressures and right-to-left shunting via a foramen ovale which, in turn, exaggerated the hypoxis. The crises were treated successfully with tolazoline in the second and third patients. RV pressure returned to normal values and have remained normal up to 12 months postoperatively in the second patient. Although the RV pressures decreased with tolazoline in the third patient, they never reached normal values. Postoperative monitoring of pulmonary artery and RV pressures in infants with large ventricular septal defects is essential when unexplained complications are encountered. Tolazoline proved to be very effective in the treatment of two patients with pulmonary vasoconstriction secondary to hypoxia.", "PMID": 498483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3882", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiography and B-mode ultrasonography for the diagnosis of loculated pericardial effusion.", "content": "Two cases of loculated pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade are presented. The loculated nature and extent of the effusion was best defined by two-dimensional echocardiography or B- mode ultrasonography. Cross-sectional images should probably be obtained in all cases of suspected loculated pericardial effusion and in patients in whom the interpretation of the M-mode echocardiogram is equivocal as to the presence or absence of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiography and B-mode ultrasonography for the diagnosis of loculated pericardial effusion. Two cases of loculated pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade are presented. The loculated nature and extent of the effusion was best defined by two-dimensional echocardiography or B- mode ultrasonography. Cross-sectional images should probably be obtained in all cases of suspected loculated pericardial effusion and in patients in whom the interpretation of the M-mode echocardiogram is equivocal as to the presence or absence of pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 498484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3883", "title": "HLA haplotypes and hayfever: a possible protective role.", "content": "The HLA haplotype frequencies of European asthmatic children and their immediate families were studied, and a disassociation between haplotype A1-B8 and skin sensitivity to grass pollens was found, suggesting that within this allergic population, possession of the haplotype A1-B8 conferred possible protection against grass pollinosis. There was no association between A1-B8 and clinical asthma or between it and skin sensitivity to the house dust mite.", "contents": "HLA haplotypes and hayfever: a possible protective role. The HLA haplotype frequencies of European asthmatic children and their immediate families were studied, and a disassociation between haplotype A1-B8 and skin sensitivity to grass pollens was found, suggesting that within this allergic population, possession of the haplotype A1-B8 conferred possible protection against grass pollinosis. There was no association between A1-B8 and clinical asthma or between it and skin sensitivity to the house dust mite.", "PMID": 498485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3884", "title": "Allergic reactions, including asthma, to the pineapple protease bromelain following occupational exposure.", "content": "A 58-year-old pharmaceutical worker regularly developed asthma and rhinitis when handling bromelain, a purified protease of pineapple (Ananas comosus), at her work-place, where she had been employed for about 10 years. RAST and prick test showed strong positive reactions to bromelain. Both inhalation test with 0.03 mg bromelain and peroral challenge by ingestion of 190 g pineapple resulted in asthmatic reactions; the latter challenge was accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Five of six workers sensitized to papain, showed positive RAST and skin test results to bromelain, two of them also showed immediate asthmatic reactions after bronchial challenge with bromelain. Out of sixty asthmatics not exposed to airborne proteases but probably to these as constituents of foods, two had positive skin test results and eight had positive RAST results to bromelain; but in no case was there clear evidence for clinical sensitization. The presented data prove conclusively that bromelain is capable of inducing IgE mediated respiratory and gastrointestinal allergic reactions. Furthermore, there is evidence for immunological cross-reaction between the two plant proteases bromelain and papain in human subjects.", "contents": "Allergic reactions, including asthma, to the pineapple protease bromelain following occupational exposure. A 58-year-old pharmaceutical worker regularly developed asthma and rhinitis when handling bromelain, a purified protease of pineapple (Ananas comosus), at her work-place, where she had been employed for about 10 years. RAST and prick test showed strong positive reactions to bromelain. Both inhalation test with 0.03 mg bromelain and peroral challenge by ingestion of 190 g pineapple resulted in asthmatic reactions; the latter challenge was accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Five of six workers sensitized to papain, showed positive RAST and skin test results to bromelain, two of them also showed immediate asthmatic reactions after bronchial challenge with bromelain. Out of sixty asthmatics not exposed to airborne proteases but probably to these as constituents of foods, two had positive skin test results and eight had positive RAST results to bromelain; but in no case was there clear evidence for clinical sensitization. The presented data prove conclusively that bromelain is capable of inducing IgE mediated respiratory and gastrointestinal allergic reactions. Furthermore, there is evidence for immunological cross-reaction between the two plant proteases bromelain and papain in human subjects.", "PMID": 498486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3885", "title": "Studies on the specificity of human IgE-antibodies to the plant proteases papain and bromelain.", "content": "The sera of seven patients clinically hypersensitive to papain--in one case also to baromelain--and the sera of sixty asthmatic patients with allergies to other inhalant and food allergens were investigated for IgE antibody activity to the plant proteases papain and bromelain and to common allergens by RAST, confirmed in some sera by RAST inhibition. There seems to be a relation between the antibody reactions to papain and bromelain, in several cases also between the reactions to these proteases and to grass pollen and flour. Studies by RAST inhibition showed that papain, bromelain, wheat flour, rye flour, grass pollen and birch pollen mutually inhibit IgE antibody to each antigen; but the degree of inhibition varies among the different sera and allergens. Our results suggest that these allergens from various plants, besides having specific antigenic determinants, also possess similar or even identical antigenically active regions, leading to immunological cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of human IgE-antibodies to the plant proteases papain and bromelain. The sera of seven patients clinically hypersensitive to papain--in one case also to baromelain--and the sera of sixty asthmatic patients with allergies to other inhalant and food allergens were investigated for IgE antibody activity to the plant proteases papain and bromelain and to common allergens by RAST, confirmed in some sera by RAST inhibition. There seems to be a relation between the antibody reactions to papain and bromelain, in several cases also between the reactions to these proteases and to grass pollen and flour. Studies by RAST inhibition showed that papain, bromelain, wheat flour, rye flour, grass pollen and birch pollen mutually inhibit IgE antibody to each antigen; but the degree of inhibition varies among the different sera and allergens. Our results suggest that these allergens from various plants, besides having specific antigenic determinants, also possess similar or even identical antigenically active regions, leading to immunological cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 498487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3886", "title": "Intradermal skin tests with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in asthmatic children: correlation with specific IgE and bronchial provocation tests.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to compare the results of the skin tests, the specific IgE levels and bronchial provocation tests in a group of sensitive asthmatic children with a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract standardized by the RAST inhibition method. Skin tests showed a positive 'end point' in twelve children of 0.5 U/ml antigen; in eleven 5 U/ml; seven of 50 U/ml; six of 500 U/ml. Specific IgE was present in thirty-three children (92%). A close relationship between positive skin tests and serum IgE levels was found. Bronchial provocation tests were positive in twenty-eight children (78%): eight children with both positive RAST and positive skin tests had negative bronchial provocation tests.", "contents": "Intradermal skin tests with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in asthmatic children: correlation with specific IgE and bronchial provocation tests. The purpose of the present study was to compare the results of the skin tests, the specific IgE levels and bronchial provocation tests in a group of sensitive asthmatic children with a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract standardized by the RAST inhibition method. Skin tests showed a positive 'end point' in twelve children of 0.5 U/ml antigen; in eleven 5 U/ml; seven of 50 U/ml; six of 500 U/ml. Specific IgE was present in thirty-three children (92%). A close relationship between positive skin tests and serum IgE levels was found. Bronchial provocation tests were positive in twenty-eight children (78%): eight children with both positive RAST and positive skin tests had negative bronchial provocation tests.", "PMID": 498488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3887", "title": "Species specific grass pollen sensitivity: diagnosis and treatment with single grass species Allpyral vaccines.", "content": "Skin test titrations and nasal provocation tests in sixty patients with hay fever showed specific reactions to extracts of individual grass species. There was, however, no correlation between skin and nasal sensitivity. Repeat testing after treatment with Allpyral vaccines consisting of only the grass species to which the nasal reaction was most severe, or only one of several pollens to which reactions were equally severe, showed marked diminution of skin and nasal sensitivity not only to the single pollen used for immuno-therapy but to all five common pollens used in the Allpyral grass mix. Clinical results seemed much improved as compared with results in the same year for Allpyral five grass mix vaccines, especially in the case of patients treated with Timothy, rye, or cocksfoot. It was concluded that these three grassees were to be preferred for treatment in England, and that these grasses contain common allergens.", "contents": "Species specific grass pollen sensitivity: diagnosis and treatment with single grass species Allpyral vaccines. Skin test titrations and nasal provocation tests in sixty patients with hay fever showed specific reactions to extracts of individual grass species. There was, however, no correlation between skin and nasal sensitivity. Repeat testing after treatment with Allpyral vaccines consisting of only the grass species to which the nasal reaction was most severe, or only one of several pollens to which reactions were equally severe, showed marked diminution of skin and nasal sensitivity not only to the single pollen used for immuno-therapy but to all five common pollens used in the Allpyral grass mix. Clinical results seemed much improved as compared with results in the same year for Allpyral five grass mix vaccines, especially in the case of patients treated with Timothy, rye, or cocksfoot. It was concluded that these three grassees were to be preferred for treatment in England, and that these grasses contain common allergens.", "PMID": 498489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3888", "title": "Failure to detect circulating immune complexes in allergic patients on injection therapy.", "content": "Injection therapy for allergic diseases may create an environment conducive to circulating immune complex formation. Therefore, we examined the sera of eleven patients receiving injection therapy for the presence of circulating immune complexes. A sensitive Raji cell radioimmune assay was used to examine the sera prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after allergenic injection. Levels measured in these sera were compared to values obtained from forty-two healthy controls. Ten of eleven allergic patients receiving injection therapy had values within the normal range prior to maintenance injection. These ten patients also had normal values for circulating immune complexes at each interval after maintenance injection. The data suggest that circulating immune complexes are not a routine consequence of injection therapy for allergic disease.", "contents": "Failure to detect circulating immune complexes in allergic patients on injection therapy. Injection therapy for allergic diseases may create an environment conducive to circulating immune complex formation. Therefore, we examined the sera of eleven patients receiving injection therapy for the presence of circulating immune complexes. A sensitive Raji cell radioimmune assay was used to examine the sera prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after allergenic injection. Levels measured in these sera were compared to values obtained from forty-two healthy controls. Ten of eleven allergic patients receiving injection therapy had values within the normal range prior to maintenance injection. These ten patients also had normal values for circulating immune complexes at each interval after maintenance injection. The data suggest that circulating immune complexes are not a routine consequence of injection therapy for allergic disease.", "PMID": 498490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3889", "title": "Airflow obstruction in asthma induced by inhalation of small minimum doses of allergen.", "content": "In order to define allergen-induced bronchial responses, sixteen asthmatics, assessed as mild (twelve cases) and moderate (four cases) were tested by inhalation of small doses of house dust allergen. The minimum dose was first determined in each patient. It caused no abnormal respiratory sensation, while a fall of Vmax50 air with no change or slight decrease of Vmax50 He-O2 and a rise of density dependence ratio were observed. Inhalation tests with multiples of the minimum dose were made and showed that the minimum dose was dependent on the individual, his condition and induced airflow obstruction in a dose-related fashion.", "contents": "Airflow obstruction in asthma induced by inhalation of small minimum doses of allergen. In order to define allergen-induced bronchial responses, sixteen asthmatics, assessed as mild (twelve cases) and moderate (four cases) were tested by inhalation of small doses of house dust allergen. The minimum dose was first determined in each patient. It caused no abnormal respiratory sensation, while a fall of Vmax50 air with no change or slight decrease of Vmax50 He-O2 and a rise of density dependence ratio were observed. Inhalation tests with multiples of the minimum dose were made and showed that the minimum dose was dependent on the individual, his condition and induced airflow obstruction in a dose-related fashion.", "PMID": 498491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3890", "title": "Asthma in Asian immigrants.", "content": "Adult Asian immigrants to the United Kingdom attending an asthma clinic have been compared with a control group of non-immigrant Caucasian asthmatic patients of similar age distribution. The Asian immigrants had a later age of onset of asthma than their non-immigrant controls. Comparison with studies of asthmatic patients in India suggests that this may be an intrinsic ethnic difference but an effect of migration in early adult life is not excluded. Despite a later age of onset, the frequency of positive skin prick tests to common allergens was similar in the immigrant and control groups and 71% of the Asians had positive reactions to the house dust mite. Most other clinical features, the variability of airways obstruction and the requirements for treatment showed no significant differences between the two groups.", "contents": "Asthma in Asian immigrants. Adult Asian immigrants to the United Kingdom attending an asthma clinic have been compared with a control group of non-immigrant Caucasian asthmatic patients of similar age distribution. The Asian immigrants had a later age of onset of asthma than their non-immigrant controls. Comparison with studies of asthmatic patients in India suggests that this may be an intrinsic ethnic difference but an effect of migration in early adult life is not excluded. Despite a later age of onset, the frequency of positive skin prick tests to common allergens was similar in the immigrant and control groups and 71% of the Asians had positive reactions to the house dust mite. Most other clinical features, the variability of airways obstruction and the requirements for treatment showed no significant differences between the two groups.", "PMID": 498492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3891", "title": "Hereditary angio-oedema and C3 nephritic factor--HL-A study.", "content": "In one family of twenty-four members hereditary angio-oedema was present in the family for six generations. The protein C1 esterase inactivator found in nine patients proved to be non-active in a functional test. Another anomaly found in the complementary system was labelled C3 nephritic factor without any renal, or other clinical symptoms. Study of HL-A haplotypes did not show any linkage with the loci A, B and C. Hereditary angio-oedema is a disease arising from a specific defect in the inactivator of the C1 esterase (C1 INA) which is a regulating component of the complement system (Donaldson & Evans, 1963). This system is of current interest because of its interaction with other mechanisms of inflammation. Moreover, some links have been discovered recently between HL-A and hereditary defects of complement. This paper reports new findings in a family with hereditary angio-oedema.", "contents": "Hereditary angio-oedema and C3 nephritic factor--HL-A study. In one family of twenty-four members hereditary angio-oedema was present in the family for six generations. The protein C1 esterase inactivator found in nine patients proved to be non-active in a functional test. Another anomaly found in the complementary system was labelled C3 nephritic factor without any renal, or other clinical symptoms. Study of HL-A haplotypes did not show any linkage with the loci A, B and C. Hereditary angio-oedema is a disease arising from a specific defect in the inactivator of the C1 esterase (C1 INA) which is a regulating component of the complement system (Donaldson & Evans, 1963). This system is of current interest because of its interaction with other mechanisms of inflammation. Moreover, some links have been discovered recently between HL-A and hereditary defects of complement. This paper reports new findings in a family with hereditary angio-oedema.", "PMID": 498493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3892", "title": "IgE antibodies to bee venom, phospholipase A, melittin and wasp venom.", "content": "Specific IgE antibodies against bee venom, phospholipase A, melittin and wasp venom have been examined in fifty patients with an unusually severe reaction after bee or wasp sting. Two thirds of the bee venom-sensitive patients also have detectable IgE antibodies to wasp venom. More than 50% of the wasp venom-sensitive patients are also allergic to bee venom. Phospholipase A and melittin IgE antibodies were found, respectively, in two thirds and one third of the bee venom-sensitive cases. Specific IgE antibody determinations by the Radioallergosorbent test play an essential role in the diagnostic work. After a reaction to hymenoptera stings both bee and wasp venom tests are necessary due to the high incidence of a false or incomplete identification of the stinging insect. Melittin, known for its potent pharmacological activity and possibly responsible for most of the side effects in bee venom immunotherapy, can probably not be excluded from therapeutic venom preparations since IgE antibodies to the melittin preparation were detected in one third of the cases.", "contents": "IgE antibodies to bee venom, phospholipase A, melittin and wasp venom. Specific IgE antibodies against bee venom, phospholipase A, melittin and wasp venom have been examined in fifty patients with an unusually severe reaction after bee or wasp sting. Two thirds of the bee venom-sensitive patients also have detectable IgE antibodies to wasp venom. More than 50% of the wasp venom-sensitive patients are also allergic to bee venom. Phospholipase A and melittin IgE antibodies were found, respectively, in two thirds and one third of the bee venom-sensitive cases. Specific IgE antibody determinations by the Radioallergosorbent test play an essential role in the diagnostic work. After a reaction to hymenoptera stings both bee and wasp venom tests are necessary due to the high incidence of a false or incomplete identification of the stinging insect. Melittin, known for its potent pharmacological activity and possibly responsible for most of the side effects in bee venom immunotherapy, can probably not be excluded from therapeutic venom preparations since IgE antibodies to the melittin preparation were detected in one third of the cases.", "PMID": 498494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3893", "title": "Muscle protein analysis. I. High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of skeletal muscle proteins for analysis of small biopsy samples.", "content": "We have been developing a clinically useful method for high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of small (5--10 mg) human muscle biopsy samples with sufficient resolution to resolve the major contractile proteins and enzymes. Using rabbit psoas muscle as a model, we describe methods for sample preparation and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Basic proteins, which appear as streaks when conventional isoelectric focusing is used in the first dimension, are resolved through a modification of the nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis method [Cell 12, 1133 (1977)]. In the two-dimensional patterns obtained from rabbit muscle, we identify the components of 10 enzymes and of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. These patterns indicate charge heterogeneity in a large fraction of the proteins. Comparison of rabbit and normal human muscle patterns shows many similarities, but much additional work is required to confirm identifications. We conclude that analysis of small biopsy samples is feasible, but that all aspects of human sample acquisition, storage (when necessary), and preparation require thorough study before the method becomes routine in human muscle research and, ultimately, in the diagnosis of some muscle diseases.", "contents": "Muscle protein analysis. I. High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of skeletal muscle proteins for analysis of small biopsy samples. We have been developing a clinically useful method for high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of small (5--10 mg) human muscle biopsy samples with sufficient resolution to resolve the major contractile proteins and enzymes. Using rabbit psoas muscle as a model, we describe methods for sample preparation and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Basic proteins, which appear as streaks when conventional isoelectric focusing is used in the first dimension, are resolved through a modification of the nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis method [Cell 12, 1133 (1977)]. In the two-dimensional patterns obtained from rabbit muscle, we identify the components of 10 enzymes and of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. These patterns indicate charge heterogeneity in a large fraction of the proteins. Comparison of rabbit and normal human muscle patterns shows many similarities, but much additional work is required to confirm identifications. We conclude that analysis of small biopsy samples is feasible, but that all aspects of human sample acquisition, storage (when necessary), and preparation require thorough study before the method becomes routine in human muscle research and, ultimately, in the diagnosis of some muscle diseases.", "PMID": 498496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3894", "title": "Abrnomal lipoprotein patterns in human serum as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Two groups of abnormal electrophoretic patterns of serum lipoproteins are reported here. One demonstrates a deficiency or absence of lipoprotein fractions, which is characteristic of patients with abeta-lipoproteinemia, hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia, or Tangier disease. The other shows the presence of extra lipoprotein fractions, as found in cholestasis and multiple myeloma. These patterns, together with those of hyperlipoproteinemia phenotypes previously reported (Clin. Chem. 24:227, 1978), form a reference record and a basis for the detection and evaluation of lipoprotein abnormalities in normal and dyslipoproteinemic subjects, as determined by a sensitive, accurate, rapid, and inexpensive electrophoretic technique.", "contents": "Abrnomal lipoprotein patterns in human serum as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two groups of abnormal electrophoretic patterns of serum lipoproteins are reported here. One demonstrates a deficiency or absence of lipoprotein fractions, which is characteristic of patients with abeta-lipoproteinemia, hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia, or Tangier disease. The other shows the presence of extra lipoprotein fractions, as found in cholestasis and multiple myeloma. These patterns, together with those of hyperlipoproteinemia phenotypes previously reported (Clin. Chem. 24:227, 1978), form a reference record and a basis for the detection and evaluation of lipoprotein abnormalities in normal and dyslipoproteinemic subjects, as determined by a sensitive, accurate, rapid, and inexpensive electrophoretic technique.", "PMID": 498497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3895", "title": "Determination of ammonia and urea in urine and of urea in blood by use of an ammonia-selective electrode.", "content": "I propose a single, quick method for measuring ammonia in urine and urea in plasma and urine. An ammonia-selective electrodie is used, set up on a microcell, which allows use of small sample volumes. Ammonia is measured directly after partial conversion of ammonium ions to NH3. Urea is measured after its hydrolysis by urease. With urine, the two procedures can be carried out successively in the same cell and on the same sample without changing the procedural conditions. Linear electrode response and accuracy have been checked for concentrations in the expected (normal) range.", "contents": "Determination of ammonia and urea in urine and of urea in blood by use of an ammonia-selective electrode. I propose a single, quick method for measuring ammonia in urine and urea in plasma and urine. An ammonia-selective electrodie is used, set up on a microcell, which allows use of small sample volumes. Ammonia is measured directly after partial conversion of ammonium ions to NH3. Urea is measured after its hydrolysis by urease. With urine, the two procedures can be carried out successively in the same cell and on the same sample without changing the procedural conditions. Linear electrode response and accuracy have been checked for concentrations in the expected (normal) range.", "PMID": 498498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3896", "title": "Disopyramide determination by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "content": "Disopyramide is determined in serum by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector, by liquid chromatography, and by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Comparable results are obtained with the three techniques, with a within-run and between-run precision of 5 to 10% (coefficient of variation). Least-squares analysis of data on patients' sera, analyzed first by gas chromatography (y) and then liquid chromatography (x), gave a slope of 1.12; y-intercept, -0.31; standard error of estimate, 0.46; and correlation coefficient, 0.94. Comparison of patients' sera by gas chromatography (y) and then by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (x) gave a slope of 0.94; y-intercept, 0.42; standard error of estimate, 0.38; and correlation coefficient, 0.97. Interferences observed when using one technique--for example, gas chromatography--can be eliminated by analyzing the sample extract with one of the other techniques.", "contents": "Disopyramide determination by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Disopyramide is determined in serum by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector, by liquid chromatography, and by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Comparable results are obtained with the three techniques, with a within-run and between-run precision of 5 to 10% (coefficient of variation). Least-squares analysis of data on patients' sera, analyzed first by gas chromatography (y) and then liquid chromatography (x), gave a slope of 1.12; y-intercept, -0.31; standard error of estimate, 0.46; and correlation coefficient, 0.94. Comparison of patients' sera by gas chromatography (y) and then by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (x) gave a slope of 0.94; y-intercept, 0.42; standard error of estimate, 0.38; and correlation coefficient, 0.97. Interferences observed when using one technique--for example, gas chromatography--can be eliminated by analyzing the sample extract with one of the other techniques.", "PMID": 498499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3897", "title": "Rate nephelometric measurement of rheumatoid factor in serum.", "content": "We describe the measurement of rheumatoid factor in human sera with a rate nephelometer. The National Reference Preparation for Rheumatoid Factors is used to calibrate the assay in International Units. We used Hyland Positive Control, Level I, as a secondary standard. The standard curve is exponential, but is linear when plotted on log-log graph paper. Aggregated immune globulin (IgG) is the antigen used to detect rheumatoid factor (IgM-class antibody to IgG). The rate reaction measures the rate of increase in light-scatter by the antigen-antibody complexes; the reaction takes place in 17 to 20 s. Precision, linearity, and accuracy are excellent. Results agree well with those for a commonly used latex precipitation test. The advantages of speed, quantification in International Units, and superior discrimination of concentration as compared to serological titration provide a more reliable test for use in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Rate nephelometric measurement of rheumatoid factor in serum. We describe the measurement of rheumatoid factor in human sera with a rate nephelometer. The National Reference Preparation for Rheumatoid Factors is used to calibrate the assay in International Units. We used Hyland Positive Control, Level I, as a secondary standard. The standard curve is exponential, but is linear when plotted on log-log graph paper. Aggregated immune globulin (IgG) is the antigen used to detect rheumatoid factor (IgM-class antibody to IgG). The rate reaction measures the rate of increase in light-scatter by the antigen-antibody complexes; the reaction takes place in 17 to 20 s. Precision, linearity, and accuracy are excellent. Results agree well with those for a commonly used latex precipitation test. The advantages of speed, quantification in International Units, and superior discrimination of concentration as compared to serological titration provide a more reliable test for use in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 498500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3898", "title": "Determination of manganese in whole blood and serum.", "content": "We describe methods for determination of manganese in whole blood and serum with Zeeman-effect flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. These analyses are performed on a twofold or fourfold dilution of the specimen in Triton X-100, 1 g/L. No predigestion or extraction procedures are required. The method of standard additions was used for quantitation. Within-run coefficients of variation for whole-blood manganese were 7.0 and 5.5% for 2.29 and 5.67 micrograms/L, respectively. For determination of serum manganese, coefficients of variation were 10.3 and 5.3% for 0.97 and 3.01 micrograms/L, respectively. Manganese detection limits for the assays were 3.0 pg. Whole-blood manganese concentrations, determined for 60 subjects, yielded a mean (+/- SD) of 9.03 (+/- 2.25) micrograms/L. Mean serum manganese concentration, determined for 20 subjects, was 1.82 (+/- 0.64) microgram/L. No correlation was found between blood manganese concentrations and age, sex, or smoking status.", "contents": "Determination of manganese in whole blood and serum. We describe methods for determination of manganese in whole blood and serum with Zeeman-effect flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. These analyses are performed on a twofold or fourfold dilution of the specimen in Triton X-100, 1 g/L. No predigestion or extraction procedures are required. The method of standard additions was used for quantitation. Within-run coefficients of variation for whole-blood manganese were 7.0 and 5.5% for 2.29 and 5.67 micrograms/L, respectively. For determination of serum manganese, coefficients of variation were 10.3 and 5.3% for 0.97 and 3.01 micrograms/L, respectively. Manganese detection limits for the assays were 3.0 pg. Whole-blood manganese concentrations, determined for 60 subjects, yielded a mean (+/- SD) of 9.03 (+/- 2.25) micrograms/L. Mean serum manganese concentration, determined for 20 subjects, was 1.82 (+/- 0.64) microgram/L. No correlation was found between blood manganese concentrations and age, sex, or smoking status.", "PMID": 498501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3899", "title": "Quantitative gel-electrophoretic determination of serum amylase isoenzyme distributions.", "content": "I report a direct, sensitive, quantitative method for determining serum amylase isoenzyme activity with commercially available reagents. Day-to-day reproducibility (CV) was 3--4% for the isoenzymes in normal serum; within-run precision was 8, 3, and 2% for low, normal and high isoenzyme activities. Amylase isoenzymes, separated into the pancreatic and salivary types by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, are then quantified by directly incubating the gels in soluble-starch solution, staining with iodine, and densitometry. The proportion of pancreatic isoenzyme (47 normal sera) was 43 +/- 8% (mean +/- SD). Isoenzyme activities as low as 2% of normal can be measured accurately in 10 micro L of serum. The reproducibility, precision, and sensitivity indicate that the method is applicable to differential diagnosis of hyperamylasemia or hypoamylasemia, and is suited for monitoring the subtle changes in serum amylase isoenzyme distribution that may accompany disease progression or therapy.", "contents": "Quantitative gel-electrophoretic determination of serum amylase isoenzyme distributions. I report a direct, sensitive, quantitative method for determining serum amylase isoenzyme activity with commercially available reagents. Day-to-day reproducibility (CV) was 3--4% for the isoenzymes in normal serum; within-run precision was 8, 3, and 2% for low, normal and high isoenzyme activities. Amylase isoenzymes, separated into the pancreatic and salivary types by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, are then quantified by directly incubating the gels in soluble-starch solution, staining with iodine, and densitometry. The proportion of pancreatic isoenzyme (47 normal sera) was 43 +/- 8% (mean +/- SD). Isoenzyme activities as low as 2% of normal can be measured accurately in 10 micro L of serum. The reproducibility, precision, and sensitivity indicate that the method is applicable to differential diagnosis of hyperamylasemia or hypoamylasemia, and is suited for monitoring the subtle changes in serum amylase isoenzyme distribution that may accompany disease progression or therapy.", "PMID": 498502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3900", "title": "Liquid-chromatographic measurement of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids in plasma.", "content": "The therapeutic response to and side effects of glucocorticoids will be better recognized and the recovery of the adrenals during the tapering of therapy with steroids better evaluated if endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids are separately assessed. We describe a specific method for simultaneously measuring the concentrations of cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone in plasma by \"high-pressure\" liquid chromatography. The steroids, together with an internal standard, dexamethasone, are extracted from 1 mL of plasma with methylene chloride-ether, washed with acid and base, and separated isocratically on a normal-phase silica column with a mobile phase consisting of methylene chloride/tetrahydrofuran/methanol/glacial acetic acid (96.85/1/2.1/0.05 by vol) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The steroids are detected at 254 nm and quantitated by peak-height measurements; their retention times range from 6 to 20 min. The lower limits for routine detection of all four compounds is 10 microgram/L. The analytical recoveries are about 75%; the intra-day variability (CV) is 1 to 9%, and the inter-day variability 2 to 11%. Of 26 drugs and 20 steroids tested, only theophylline presents an interference problem.", "contents": "Liquid-chromatographic measurement of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids in plasma. The therapeutic response to and side effects of glucocorticoids will be better recognized and the recovery of the adrenals during the tapering of therapy with steroids better evaluated if endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids are separately assessed. We describe a specific method for simultaneously measuring the concentrations of cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone in plasma by \"high-pressure\" liquid chromatography. The steroids, together with an internal standard, dexamethasone, are extracted from 1 mL of plasma with methylene chloride-ether, washed with acid and base, and separated isocratically on a normal-phase silica column with a mobile phase consisting of methylene chloride/tetrahydrofuran/methanol/glacial acetic acid (96.85/1/2.1/0.05 by vol) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The steroids are detected at 254 nm and quantitated by peak-height measurements; their retention times range from 6 to 20 min. The lower limits for routine detection of all four compounds is 10 microgram/L. The analytical recoveries are about 75%; the intra-day variability (CV) is 1 to 9%, and the inter-day variability 2 to 11%. Of 26 drugs and 20 steroids tested, only theophylline presents an interference problem.", "PMID": 498504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3901", "title": "Direct determination of lead and cadmium in blood and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "We describe procedures for direct determination of lead and cadmium in blood and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Before analysis, the samples are pre-ashed in microboats in an ordinary laboratory oven. In this way, many samples can be prepared and pre-ashed simultaneously. We find the procedures presented in this work to be rapid, accurate, and precise.", "contents": "Direct determination of lead and cadmium in blood and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We describe procedures for direct determination of lead and cadmium in blood and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Before analysis, the samples are pre-ashed in microboats in an ordinary laboratory oven. In this way, many samples can be prepared and pre-ashed simultaneously. We find the procedures presented in this work to be rapid, accurate, and precise.", "PMID": 498505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3902", "title": "Response-surface co-optimization of reaction conditions in clinical chemical methods.", "content": "We describe the theory and applications of the response-surface approach to simultaneous optimization (co-optimization of multiple interdependent variables. The co-optimization experiments are designed according to a selected response-surface model. Computer-assisted analysis includes fitting the data to the model, testing the resulting fit for statistical validity, and plotting contour maps of the model for simple interpretation. Co-optimizations of the reaction parameters of three methods--creatine kinase, lipase, and aspartate aminotransfrease--are discussed to illustrate the application of the approach. In contrast to the commonly used optimization strategies in which each factor is varied in turn while the others are kept constant, the response-surface approach allows study of several responses (reaction rates, sensitivities) and effects (linear, curvature, interaction) at the same time. It also allows determination of accurate optima, which is necessary for the formulation of analytically reliable clinical methods.", "contents": "Response-surface co-optimization of reaction conditions in clinical chemical methods. We describe the theory and applications of the response-surface approach to simultaneous optimization (co-optimization of multiple interdependent variables. The co-optimization experiments are designed according to a selected response-surface model. Computer-assisted analysis includes fitting the data to the model, testing the resulting fit for statistical validity, and plotting contour maps of the model for simple interpretation. Co-optimizations of the reaction parameters of three methods--creatine kinase, lipase, and aspartate aminotransfrease--are discussed to illustrate the application of the approach. In contrast to the commonly used optimization strategies in which each factor is varied in turn while the others are kept constant, the response-surface approach allows study of several responses (reaction rates, sensitivities) and effects (linear, curvature, interaction) at the same time. It also allows determination of accurate optima, which is necessary for the formulation of analytically reliable clinical methods.", "PMID": 498506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3903", "title": "Quantitation of hemoglobin A1a+b and hemoglobin A1c by automated \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography.", "content": "The glycosylated hemoglobins A1a+b and A1c have been rapidly and precisely quantitated in 5-micro L samples of human blood hemolysate (approximately 240 micrograms of hemoglobin) by cation-exchange column chromatography. Total chromatographic is 22.0 min. Proportions of Hb A1c range from 3.85 to 6.71% in normal individuals and from 4.23 to 19.90% in diabetic subjects. Within-day variation was 1.58 and 1.10% for mean Hb A1c proportions of 4.92 and 10.32%, respectively. Hb A1c and Hb A1 are stable in hemolysates stored at 4 degrees C for as long as seven days, and indefinitely under liquid nitrogen.", "contents": "Quantitation of hemoglobin A1a+b and hemoglobin A1c by automated \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography. The glycosylated hemoglobins A1a+b and A1c have been rapidly and precisely quantitated in 5-micro L samples of human blood hemolysate (approximately 240 micrograms of hemoglobin) by cation-exchange column chromatography. Total chromatographic is 22.0 min. Proportions of Hb A1c range from 3.85 to 6.71% in normal individuals and from 4.23 to 19.90% in diabetic subjects. Within-day variation was 1.58 and 1.10% for mean Hb A1c proportions of 4.92 and 10.32%, respectively. Hb A1c and Hb A1 are stable in hemolysates stored at 4 degrees C for as long as seven days, and indefinitely under liquid nitrogen.", "PMID": 498507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3904", "title": "Cryoactivation of renin in plasma from pregnant and nonpregnant subjects, and its control.", "content": "Plasma renin activity increased by a mean of 7% from baseline values when blood from nonpregnant persons was kept at 0 degrees C for 5 h before incubation. Freezing chilled plasma and thawing it before incubation resulted in a mean increase of 11%. The same procedures used on plasma from normal pregnant women produced mean increases in plasma renin activity of 44 and 89%, respectively. If blood from pregnant women was kept at 0 degrees C for 5 h, and the plasma then separated, frozen, and thawed before incubation, the resulting mean increase in plasma renin activity from baseline values was 160%. We conclude that plasma from pregnant women should be handled at room temperature, or, if samples must be stored, they must be rapidly frozen, then thawed as rapidly as possible before incubation and assay if results are to be reproducible.", "contents": "Cryoactivation of renin in plasma from pregnant and nonpregnant subjects, and its control. Plasma renin activity increased by a mean of 7% from baseline values when blood from nonpregnant persons was kept at 0 degrees C for 5 h before incubation. Freezing chilled plasma and thawing it before incubation resulted in a mean increase of 11%. The same procedures used on plasma from normal pregnant women produced mean increases in plasma renin activity of 44 and 89%, respectively. If blood from pregnant women was kept at 0 degrees C for 5 h, and the plasma then separated, frozen, and thawed before incubation, the resulting mean increase in plasma renin activity from baseline values was 160%. We conclude that plasma from pregnant women should be handled at room temperature, or, if samples must be stored, they must be rapidly frozen, then thawed as rapidly as possible before incubation and assay if results are to be reproducible.", "PMID": 498508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3905", "title": "Effects of contaminant radioactivity on results of 125I-radioligand assay.", "content": "Diagnostic radionuclide imaging procedures are often used in patients whose sera are later assayed by use of 125I-labeled radioligands; thus, it is important to identify those assays that potentially may be affected by contaminating radioactivity. Results obtained with assays in which specific separation methods (solid-phase primary antibody, second antibody) or small (10--25 micdo L) sample volumes are used are little affected by the presence of such contaminating radioactivity. Less-specific techniques (polyethylene glycol, charcoal, ion-exchange resin) segregate some of the contaminant activity into the bound fraction. The degree to which such activity is protein bound and the concentration of endogenous ligand then contribute to the resulting error in dose estimation. Samples for these assays should be screened for radioactivity before the assay is begun. Inclusion of nonspecific binding tubes for patients' samples when contamination is present permits the contaminating radioactivity to be evaluated and the patient's dose concentration to be more accurately estimated.", "contents": "Effects of contaminant radioactivity on results of 125I-radioligand assay. Diagnostic radionuclide imaging procedures are often used in patients whose sera are later assayed by use of 125I-labeled radioligands; thus, it is important to identify those assays that potentially may be affected by contaminating radioactivity. Results obtained with assays in which specific separation methods (solid-phase primary antibody, second antibody) or small (10--25 micdo L) sample volumes are used are little affected by the presence of such contaminating radioactivity. Less-specific techniques (polyethylene glycol, charcoal, ion-exchange resin) segregate some of the contaminant activity into the bound fraction. The degree to which such activity is protein bound and the concentration of endogenous ligand then contribute to the resulting error in dose estimation. Samples for these assays should be screened for radioactivity before the assay is begun. Inclusion of nonspecific binding tubes for patients' samples when contamination is present permits the contaminating radioactivity to be evaluated and the patient's dose concentration to be more accurately estimated.", "PMID": 498509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3906", "title": "Pre-renal azotemia mimicking chronic renal failure in a hypotensive patient.", "content": "A 56-year-old Samoan man with a documented history of hypertension, who presented with atrial fibrillation and hypotension, quickly developed renal failure with a serum urea nitrogen of 1.370 g/L and a serum creatinine of 92 mg/L. After hydration of the patient, the creatinine value became normal in two days, the urea nitrogen in four days. The urinary creatinine output during the first 24 h of hospitalization was 3.7 g. This case illustrates the rapidity with which unusually large amounts of creatinine (more commonly seen in chronic renal failure) can accumulate and be excreted in pre-renal failure. It also reaffirms the usefulness of the urea nitrogen/creatnine ratio in evaluating the causes of azotemia.", "contents": "Pre-renal azotemia mimicking chronic renal failure in a hypotensive patient. A 56-year-old Samoan man with a documented history of hypertension, who presented with atrial fibrillation and hypotension, quickly developed renal failure with a serum urea nitrogen of 1.370 g/L and a serum creatinine of 92 mg/L. After hydration of the patient, the creatinine value became normal in two days, the urea nitrogen in four days. The urinary creatinine output during the first 24 h of hospitalization was 3.7 g. This case illustrates the rapidity with which unusually large amounts of creatinine (more commonly seen in chronic renal failure) can accumulate and be excreted in pre-renal failure. It also reaffirms the usefulness of the urea nitrogen/creatnine ratio in evaluating the causes of azotemia.", "PMID": 498510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3907", "title": "Mass spectrometry of a volatile Mg chelate in the measurement of stable 26Mg when used as a tracer.", "content": "A method for the detection of 26Mg enrichment of natural Mg was developed based on mass spectrometry (MS) of a Mg chelate made by complexing Mg to 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylheptanedione (THD). The chelate [Mg(THD)2] was extracted at pH greater than 9 from dilute aqueous solutions into ethyl ether, recovered by sublimation at room temperature, and introduced by solid probe into a Finnigan 3300 mass spectrometer. The chelate was ionized by electron impact. Samples were heated to a maximum temperature of 200 degrees C at a rate of 700 degrees C/h. Each analysis required 1--5 micrograms Mg(THD)2. Enrichment levels as low as 5% above natural abundance could be detected satisfactorily. Precision was best at 26Mg enrichment levels of 8--40% above natural abundance, the levels most likely to be encountered in analysis of plasma, urine and fecal samples from experimental subjects who had received 26Mg as a tracer. The method was compared to neutron activation (NA) analysis and judged superior.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of a volatile Mg chelate in the measurement of stable 26Mg when used as a tracer. A method for the detection of 26Mg enrichment of natural Mg was developed based on mass spectrometry (MS) of a Mg chelate made by complexing Mg to 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylheptanedione (THD). The chelate [Mg(THD)2] was extracted at pH greater than 9 from dilute aqueous solutions into ethyl ether, recovered by sublimation at room temperature, and introduced by solid probe into a Finnigan 3300 mass spectrometer. The chelate was ionized by electron impact. Samples were heated to a maximum temperature of 200 degrees C at a rate of 700 degrees C/h. Each analysis required 1--5 micrograms Mg(THD)2. Enrichment levels as low as 5% above natural abundance could be detected satisfactorily. Precision was best at 26Mg enrichment levels of 8--40% above natural abundance, the levels most likely to be encountered in analysis of plasma, urine and fecal samples from experimental subjects who had received 26Mg as a tracer. The method was compared to neutron activation (NA) analysis and judged superior.", "PMID": 498517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3908", "title": "Comparison between immunofixation and crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of C3 activation products.", "content": "C3 breakdown products were measured in 51 fresh and stored sera and/or EDTA plasma samples from 18 healthy subjects, 8 patients affected by essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia, and 15 patients with miscellaneous glomerulonephritis, by simultaneous crossed immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation. C3 splitting products, as determined by both methods compared well, and showed a highly significant correlation. The advantages and reliability of these two methods are discussed. Immunofixation seems to be the most suitable for routine use in clinical practice, being less expensive and more rapid to perform.", "contents": "Comparison between immunofixation and crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of C3 activation products. C3 breakdown products were measured in 51 fresh and stored sera and/or EDTA plasma samples from 18 healthy subjects, 8 patients affected by essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia, and 15 patients with miscellaneous glomerulonephritis, by simultaneous crossed immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation. C3 splitting products, as determined by both methods compared well, and showed a highly significant correlation. The advantages and reliability of these two methods are discussed. Immunofixation seems to be the most suitable for routine use in clinical practice, being less expensive and more rapid to perform.", "PMID": 498518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3909", "title": "Prediction of infarct size from serial CK determinations: evaluation by clinical studies and computer simulation.", "content": "To assess reduction of infarct size by therapeutic intervention, a high predictive accuracy is mandatory. The CK release in the circulation (CKr) was studied in 12 consecutive patients after uncomplicated myocardial infarction, admitted within 5 h after onset of symptoms. Despite improvement of existing methods, such as a more frequent sampling, CK-MB determination instead of total CK determination and use of a gamma-exponential instead of a log-normal curve-fitting technique, the correlation between CKr predicted from measurements within 7 h after the start of CK rise and CKr calculated after completion of the CK curve remained poor. Computer simulations were done to investigate measurement errors as a cause of this failure. Normally distributed noise, with standard deviations ranging from 0.2% to 8.0% of peak CK-MB, was added to the first points of an ideal gamma-exponential CK-MB curve and predictions were made from these \"noisy\" points. A small noise already produced a great variation in prediction: 0.8% noise resulted in a deviation of predicted CKr from calculated CKr ranging from --20 to +6%. It is concluded that adequate prediction of infarct size from serial CK determinations in the first 7 h after onset of the CK rise must fail if the precision of the biochemical determination is not less than 0.4%.", "contents": "Prediction of infarct size from serial CK determinations: evaluation by clinical studies and computer simulation. To assess reduction of infarct size by therapeutic intervention, a high predictive accuracy is mandatory. The CK release in the circulation (CKr) was studied in 12 consecutive patients after uncomplicated myocardial infarction, admitted within 5 h after onset of symptoms. Despite improvement of existing methods, such as a more frequent sampling, CK-MB determination instead of total CK determination and use of a gamma-exponential instead of a log-normal curve-fitting technique, the correlation between CKr predicted from measurements within 7 h after the start of CK rise and CKr calculated after completion of the CK curve remained poor. Computer simulations were done to investigate measurement errors as a cause of this failure. Normally distributed noise, with standard deviations ranging from 0.2% to 8.0% of peak CK-MB, was added to the first points of an ideal gamma-exponential CK-MB curve and predictions were made from these \"noisy\" points. A small noise already produced a great variation in prediction: 0.8% noise resulted in a deviation of predicted CKr from calculated CKr ranging from --20 to +6%. It is concluded that adequate prediction of infarct size from serial CK determinations in the first 7 h after onset of the CK rise must fail if the precision of the biochemical determination is not less than 0.4%.", "PMID": 498519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3910", "title": "Gross errors made by routine blood sampling from two sites using a tourniquet applied at different positions.", "content": "Tourniquet application in routine blood sampling procedures may induce considerable haemoconcentration and thereby augment the concentration of serum protein and protein-bound substances. To evaluate this effect serum protein, calcium and magnesium were measured in 31 healthy persons before and after 3-min venous stasis induced by a standardized tourniquet. Four sites of tourniquet and two sampling sites on the arm were compared. The concentration of measured serum constituents rose after the stasis period (5--13% rise in serum protein), the changes being similar at all tourniquet positions. However, blood sampled from a cubital arm vein showed significantly larger haemoconcentration than samples obtained simultaneously more distally on the arm. Taking three samples in a series, the serum concentration of protein, calcium and magnesium rose from tube to tube (5--10% change). The study demonstrates that neither use of a standardized tourniquet nor release of the tourniquet before blood sampling eliminates the errors inherent in routine venepuncture. Adjustment to a constant serum protein level minimizes these errors.", "contents": "Gross errors made by routine blood sampling from two sites using a tourniquet applied at different positions. Tourniquet application in routine blood sampling procedures may induce considerable haemoconcentration and thereby augment the concentration of serum protein and protein-bound substances. To evaluate this effect serum protein, calcium and magnesium were measured in 31 healthy persons before and after 3-min venous stasis induced by a standardized tourniquet. Four sites of tourniquet and two sampling sites on the arm were compared. The concentration of measured serum constituents rose after the stasis period (5--13% rise in serum protein), the changes being similar at all tourniquet positions. However, blood sampled from a cubital arm vein showed significantly larger haemoconcentration than samples obtained simultaneously more distally on the arm. Taking three samples in a series, the serum concentration of protein, calcium and magnesium rose from tube to tube (5--10% change). The study demonstrates that neither use of a standardized tourniquet nor release of the tourniquet before blood sampling eliminates the errors inherent in routine venepuncture. Adjustment to a constant serum protein level minimizes these errors.", "PMID": 498522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3911", "title": "Human erythrocyte fraction in \"Percoll\" density gradients.", "content": "A new rapid method for the age fractionation of human erythrocytes by centrifugation through a \"Percoll\" density gradient is described. The fractionation is demonstrated by density-related changes in the volume, haemoglobin concentration, pyruvate kinase and acetylcholine esterase activities and potassium contents of the erythrocytes, and the distribution of reticulocytes on the gradients.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte fraction in \"Percoll\" density gradients. A new rapid method for the age fractionation of human erythrocytes by centrifugation through a \"Percoll\" density gradient is described. The fractionation is demonstrated by density-related changes in the volume, haemoglobin concentration, pyruvate kinase and acetylcholine esterase activities and potassium contents of the erythrocytes, and the distribution of reticulocytes on the gradients.", "PMID": 498523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3912", "title": "Excretion of alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid and its cyclic form in patients with hyperargininemia.", "content": "alpha-Keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid, in equilibrium with its cyclic form, has been identified in the urines of three sisters affected with hyperargininemia. Identification was achieved on the basis of its similarity with the enzymatically synthesized compounds.", "contents": "Excretion of alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid and its cyclic form in patients with hyperargininemia. alpha-Keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid, in equilibrium with its cyclic form, has been identified in the urines of three sisters affected with hyperargininemia. Identification was achieved on the basis of its similarity with the enzymatically synthesized compounds.", "PMID": 498528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3913", "title": "Separation and assay of iron proteins in needle biopsy specimens of human liver.", "content": "A micro method has been developed for the separation of the principal classes of iron proteins in needle biopsy specimens of human liver. The iron content of the fractions was determined by automated flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a one step procedure. The levels of total iron, transferrin-, ferritin-, haemprotein- and haemosiderin-iron are reported for control tissue.", "contents": "Separation and assay of iron proteins in needle biopsy specimens of human liver. A micro method has been developed for the separation of the principal classes of iron proteins in needle biopsy specimens of human liver. The iron content of the fractions was determined by automated flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a one step procedure. The levels of total iron, transferrin-, ferritin-, haemprotein- and haemosiderin-iron are reported for control tissue.", "PMID": 498529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3914", "title": "The combined radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine and thyroxine.", "content": "An RIA method for the concurrent determination of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) is described. The extraction of the hormones from serum and competitive binding reactions using specific T3 and T4 antisera were conducted in sequence in a single Sephadex column. Precision studies resulted in average interassay relative standard deviations for T3 and T4 of 17 and 9.5%, respectively. The assay also exhibited satisfactory recovery and correlation with reference procedures (T3: y = 0.84x -- 36, r = 0.98; T4: y = 0.96x + 0.06, r = 0.98, where y is the value obtained by the combined method and x is the value obtained by the reference method.", "contents": "The combined radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. An RIA method for the concurrent determination of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) is described. The extraction of the hormones from serum and competitive binding reactions using specific T3 and T4 antisera were conducted in sequence in a single Sephadex column. Precision studies resulted in average interassay relative standard deviations for T3 and T4 of 17 and 9.5%, respectively. The assay also exhibited satisfactory recovery and correlation with reference procedures (T3: y = 0.84x -- 36, r = 0.98; T4: y = 0.96x + 0.06, r = 0.98, where y is the value obtained by the combined method and x is the value obtained by the reference method.", "PMID": 498530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3915", "title": "A semi-automated method for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin.", "content": "A new routine, automated method for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin is presented. The method offers improvements in analytical capacity, and precision, together with reduced running costs over existing methods, which should assist in making the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin more readily available to the clinician treating diabetes.", "contents": "A semi-automated method for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin. A new routine, automated method for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin is presented. The method offers improvements in analytical capacity, and precision, together with reduced running costs over existing methods, which should assist in making the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin more readily available to the clinician treating diabetes.", "PMID": 498531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3916", "title": "Influence of zinc ions addition to different lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) buffer on the alkaline phosphatase activities.", "content": "The influence of Zn2+ on the inactivation of alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1 3.1] in serum during preincubation with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) buffers was investigated. Addition of Zn2+ to the buffer before preincubation increases the enzyme activity. An optimum Zn2+ concentration different for each lot of AMP buffer can be found, at which the enzyme activities are restored to a level equal to activities measured without preincubation. There is a relation between the inactivating properties of the different AMP buffers and the amount of Zn2+ needed to prevent this inactivation. Since Zn2+ chelating substituted diamines are held responsible for the inactivation by removing Zn2+ from the enzyme, we assume that the addition of Zn2+ to the buffer prevents this removal. As Zn2+ itself is an inhibitor of the enzyme, the addition of both too much or too little Zn2+ results in lower enzyme activities after preincubation with AMP buffer.", "contents": "Influence of zinc ions addition to different lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) buffer on the alkaline phosphatase activities. The influence of Zn2+ on the inactivation of alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1 3.1] in serum during preincubation with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) buffers was investigated. Addition of Zn2+ to the buffer before preincubation increases the enzyme activity. An optimum Zn2+ concentration different for each lot of AMP buffer can be found, at which the enzyme activities are restored to a level equal to activities measured without preincubation. There is a relation between the inactivating properties of the different AMP buffers and the amount of Zn2+ needed to prevent this inactivation. Since Zn2+ chelating substituted diamines are held responsible for the inactivation by removing Zn2+ from the enzyme, we assume that the addition of Zn2+ to the buffer prevents this removal. As Zn2+ itself is an inhibitor of the enzyme, the addition of both too much or too little Zn2+ results in lower enzyme activities after preincubation with AMP buffer.", "PMID": 498532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3917", "title": "Rapid development of immunoprecipitins in agarose gel.", "content": "A procedure for the rapid development of immunoprecipitins in agarose gels has been developed using polyanion precipitation after immunoelectrophoretical separations. Excellent results are obtained for serum apolipoproteins, immunoglobulins and other proteins. It is shown that quantitative determination of apolipoprotein B in hyperlipemic serum and isolated lipoproteins is affected by immunoprecipitated complexes when rocket immunoelectrophoresis is used. This effect can be avoided by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone.", "contents": "Rapid development of immunoprecipitins in agarose gel. A procedure for the rapid development of immunoprecipitins in agarose gels has been developed using polyanion precipitation after immunoelectrophoretical separations. Excellent results are obtained for serum apolipoproteins, immunoglobulins and other proteins. It is shown that quantitative determination of apolipoprotein B in hyperlipemic serum and isolated lipoproteins is affected by immunoprecipitated complexes when rocket immunoelectrophoresis is used. This effect can be avoided by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone.", "PMID": 498533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3918", "title": "Gas chromatographic chemical ionization-mass fragmentometric assay of catecholamines in the brain.", "content": "A method for gas chromatographic chemical ionization-mass fragmentometric assay of tissue catecholamines is described. Catecholamines were extracted by HClO4, absorbed to aluminum oxide and eluted by acetic acid. Pentafluoropropionic derivatives were made and injected into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a chemical ionization device. The method was found to be very sensitive and results were reproducible. Epinephrine and norepinephrine could be assayed without interference from each other because of the differences of m/e numbers. Results of dopamine and norepinephrine analyses on human autopsy brain specimens were consistent with those reported in the literature using different methods. Epinephrine in small amounts could be detected in most of the cases analyzed, being highest in amount in the hypothalamus. The results suggest that epinephrine may be acting as a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the human brain.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic chemical ionization-mass fragmentometric assay of catecholamines in the brain. A method for gas chromatographic chemical ionization-mass fragmentometric assay of tissue catecholamines is described. Catecholamines were extracted by HClO4, absorbed to aluminum oxide and eluted by acetic acid. Pentafluoropropionic derivatives were made and injected into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a chemical ionization device. The method was found to be very sensitive and results were reproducible. Epinephrine and norepinephrine could be assayed without interference from each other because of the differences of m/e numbers. Results of dopamine and norepinephrine analyses on human autopsy brain specimens were consistent with those reported in the literature using different methods. Epinephrine in small amounts could be detected in most of the cases analyzed, being highest in amount in the hypothalamus. The results suggest that epinephrine may be acting as a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the human brain.", "PMID": 498535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3919", "title": "Investigation of pregnancy-related changes in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.", "content": "Significant gestational changes in red cell 2,3-DPG were found. No significant correlation was found between these pregnancy-related changes and alterations in the parameters of iron metabolism or red cell enzymes during the same gestational period. Possible reasons for the high concentration found at 21--24 weeks gestation are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of pregnancy-related changes in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Significant gestational changes in red cell 2,3-DPG were found. No significant correlation was found between these pregnancy-related changes and alterations in the parameters of iron metabolism or red cell enzymes during the same gestational period. Possible reasons for the high concentration found at 21--24 weeks gestation are discussed.", "PMID": 498536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3920", "title": "The application of high pressure liquid chromatography to the analysis of bile salts in human bile.", "content": "Two high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems have been evaluated for the separation of conjugated bile salts from human bile. Partisil-10 ODS with mobile phase of methanol/water pH 2 (55 : 45) at 200 nm, 0.1 AUF UV detection gave only partial separation of bile salts. However, a mu Bondapak fatty acid analysis column using isopropanol/8.8 mmol/l potassium phosphate pH 2.5 (32 : 68) as the mobile phase and 193 nm, 0.1 AUF UV detection separated all the six conjugated bile salts in bile. The limit of detection ranged from 0.1 microgram for sodium taurocholate to 0.2 microgram for sodium glycodeoxycholate. The reproducibility and the application of the method to the analysis of conjugated bile salts was demonstrated using bile from five patients. Its application to the studies of hepato-biliary disease is discussed.", "contents": "The application of high pressure liquid chromatography to the analysis of bile salts in human bile. Two high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems have been evaluated for the separation of conjugated bile salts from human bile. Partisil-10 ODS with mobile phase of methanol/water pH 2 (55 : 45) at 200 nm, 0.1 AUF UV detection gave only partial separation of bile salts. However, a mu Bondapak fatty acid analysis column using isopropanol/8.8 mmol/l potassium phosphate pH 2.5 (32 : 68) as the mobile phase and 193 nm, 0.1 AUF UV detection separated all the six conjugated bile salts in bile. The limit of detection ranged from 0.1 microgram for sodium taurocholate to 0.2 microgram for sodium glycodeoxycholate. The reproducibility and the application of the method to the analysis of conjugated bile salts was demonstrated using bile from five patients. Its application to the studies of hepato-biliary disease is discussed.", "PMID": 498537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3921", "title": "An ion-exchange assay for high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "An ion-exchange method for the measurement of a high molecular weight form of alkaline phosphatase in serum is described. The method is simple, rapid, precise and suitable for processing small batches of samples. Other forms of alkaline phosphatase commonly encountered in serum do not interfere. The correlation between results obtained by this method and those obtained by Sephadex 6B chromatography is discussed. Electrophoretic methods of measurement were also investigated but were found to be both imprecise and inaccurate.", "contents": "An ion-exchange assay for high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase. An ion-exchange method for the measurement of a high molecular weight form of alkaline phosphatase in serum is described. The method is simple, rapid, precise and suitable for processing small batches of samples. Other forms of alkaline phosphatase commonly encountered in serum do not interfere. The correlation between results obtained by this method and those obtained by Sephadex 6B chromatography is discussed. Electrophoretic methods of measurement were also investigated but were found to be both imprecise and inaccurate.", "PMID": 498538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3922", "title": "Is immunochemical determination of haptoglobin phenotype dependent?", "content": "Immunochemical methods have been used to determine the concentration of haptoglobins. The dependence on the phenotype was tested with highly purified Hp 2-1, Hp 2-2 and Hp 1-1, by immunonephelometry and radial immunodiffusion (RID). Measurements with three different instruments: automated immunonephelometer (AIP, Technicon), laser nephelometer (LN, Behring) and immunochemistry system (ICS, Beckman) were performed. For each type of apparatus antisera against a pool of haptoglobins were provided by the respective manufacturers. Some experiments were done with an antiserum to the haptoglobin heavy chain prepared in the laboratory. This study shows that haptoglobin determination depends neither on the physical geometry of the instruments or on the type of antiserum used in this work. In contrast, the data display a dependence on haptoglobin phenotype. When Hp 2-1, the most common phenotype, is taken as a standard, thd values obtained for Hp 2-2 are in good agreement with those obtained for Hp 2-1. However, the values obtained for Hp 1-1 are overestimated unless they are corrected by an experimental factor which has been determined in this study.", "contents": "Is immunochemical determination of haptoglobin phenotype dependent? Immunochemical methods have been used to determine the concentration of haptoglobins. The dependence on the phenotype was tested with highly purified Hp 2-1, Hp 2-2 and Hp 1-1, by immunonephelometry and radial immunodiffusion (RID). Measurements with three different instruments: automated immunonephelometer (AIP, Technicon), laser nephelometer (LN, Behring) and immunochemistry system (ICS, Beckman) were performed. For each type of apparatus antisera against a pool of haptoglobins were provided by the respective manufacturers. Some experiments were done with an antiserum to the haptoglobin heavy chain prepared in the laboratory. This study shows that haptoglobin determination depends neither on the physical geometry of the instruments or on the type of antiserum used in this work. In contrast, the data display a dependence on haptoglobin phenotype. When Hp 2-1, the most common phenotype, is taken as a standard, thd values obtained for Hp 2-2 are in good agreement with those obtained for Hp 2-1. However, the values obtained for Hp 1-1 are overestimated unless they are corrected by an experimental factor which has been determined in this study.", "PMID": 498540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3923", "title": "Trace metal determinations in blood obtained in evacuated collection tubes.", "content": "Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, we determined levels of iron, copper and zinc in serum or plasma samples collected in acid-washed containers and in commercially available evacuated tubes including one model equipped with rubber stoppers prepared by a process which reduces zinc contamination of the rubber. Serum or plasma from all evacuated tubes yielded iron and copper values which were comparable to those from serum obtained in acid-washed glass. Zinc values were higher from all evacuated tubes than from acid-washed glassware. Values obtained from samples collected in the specially-prepared tubes were 10% higher than values obtained from samples collected in acid-washed glassware. Thus, the specially-prepared evacuated tubes may only be useful in large-scale clinical screening studies. Traditional blood collection methods for zinc determination should be used when accuracy is required.", "contents": "Trace metal determinations in blood obtained in evacuated collection tubes. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, we determined levels of iron, copper and zinc in serum or plasma samples collected in acid-washed containers and in commercially available evacuated tubes including one model equipped with rubber stoppers prepared by a process which reduces zinc contamination of the rubber. Serum or plasma from all evacuated tubes yielded iron and copper values which were comparable to those from serum obtained in acid-washed glass. Zinc values were higher from all evacuated tubes than from acid-washed glassware. Values obtained from samples collected in the specially-prepared tubes were 10% higher than values obtained from samples collected in acid-washed glassware. Thus, the specially-prepared evacuated tubes may only be useful in large-scale clinical screening studies. Traditional blood collection methods for zinc determination should be used when accuracy is required.", "PMID": 498541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3924", "title": "Effects of sample-diluent interactions on surface tension and pressures in continuous flow manifolds.", "content": "When a plasma sample is aspirated into a continuous flow analyser the internal pressure of the manifold increases. The pressure change is the result of insufficient detergent present to bind all the protein in the sample, and is a potential source of inaccuracy and imprecision in the assay. It is recommended that Brij 35 be used at a concentration 10 times above the binding capacity of the albumin in the sample, to minimise changes in pressure between samples.", "contents": "Effects of sample-diluent interactions on surface tension and pressures in continuous flow manifolds. When a plasma sample is aspirated into a continuous flow analyser the internal pressure of the manifold increases. The pressure change is the result of insufficient detergent present to bind all the protein in the sample, and is a potential source of inaccuracy and imprecision in the assay. It is recommended that Brij 35 be used at a concentration 10 times above the binding capacity of the albumin in the sample, to minimise changes in pressure between samples.", "PMID": 498542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3925", "title": "Electrophoretic separation of A gamma and G gamma human globin chains in Nonidet P-40.", "content": "Electrophoresis in cellulose acetate in the presence of 3% Nonidet P-40 can resolve two neutral genetic variants, A gamma and G gamma human fetal globin chains. The ratio of these two chains, determined by densitometry of the electrophoretic strips, is in excellent agreement with the Gly-Ala ratio obtained by chemical analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragment gamma CB3. It is suggested that the detergent binds preferentially to the hydrophobic amino acid segment 133-141 in the A gamma chain, thus masking either a Lys or an Arg residue at the two extremes.", "contents": "Electrophoretic separation of A gamma and G gamma human globin chains in Nonidet P-40. Electrophoresis in cellulose acetate in the presence of 3% Nonidet P-40 can resolve two neutral genetic variants, A gamma and G gamma human fetal globin chains. The ratio of these two chains, determined by densitometry of the electrophoretic strips, is in excellent agreement with the Gly-Ala ratio obtained by chemical analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragment gamma CB3. It is suggested that the detergent binds preferentially to the hydrophobic amino acid segment 133-141 in the A gamma chain, thus masking either a Lys or an Arg residue at the two extremes.", "PMID": 498543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3926", "title": "Pattern of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in uremic serum including a new organic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid.", "content": "(1) 2,4-Dimethyladipic acid was first identified in normal human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary excretion of 2,4-dimethyladipic acid in 7 healthy adults ranged from 4.9 mumol to 14 mumol per 24 h. (2) Succinic acid, adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid were identified in the ultrafiltrate of the blood obtained from a chronic uremic patient using a hemodialyzer. (3) Levels of succinic acid, adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid in uremic serum were determined using a mass fragmentographic technique. Concentration of succinic acid in uremic serum was comparable to that in normal serum, whereas concentrations of adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid were highly elevated in uremic serum.", "contents": "Pattern of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in uremic serum including a new organic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid. (1) 2,4-Dimethyladipic acid was first identified in normal human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary excretion of 2,4-dimethyladipic acid in 7 healthy adults ranged from 4.9 mumol to 14 mumol per 24 h. (2) Succinic acid, adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid were identified in the ultrafiltrate of the blood obtained from a chronic uremic patient using a hemodialyzer. (3) Levels of succinic acid, adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid in uremic serum were determined using a mass fragmentographic technique. Concentration of succinic acid in uremic serum was comparable to that in normal serum, whereas concentrations of adipic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid and azelaic acid were highly elevated in uremic serum.", "PMID": 498544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3927", "title": "Micro determination of plasma renin activity in normal infants and children of capillary and venous blood.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) has been measured by microassay on capillary and venous blood sampled simultaneously in 21 subjects; there is no significant difference between these two groups of PRA values. PRA values in normal infants, children and adults have been measured with this microassay and the results are similar to those previously published by authors using different radioimmunological assays.", "contents": "Micro determination of plasma renin activity in normal infants and children of capillary and venous blood. Plasma renin activity (PRA) has been measured by microassay on capillary and venous blood sampled simultaneously in 21 subjects; there is no significant difference between these two groups of PRA values. PRA values in normal infants, children and adults have been measured with this microassay and the results are similar to those previously published by authors using different radioimmunological assays.", "PMID": 498545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3928", "title": "Electroencephalographic correlates of compulsive eating.", "content": "Fifty-nine compulsive eaters were interviewed, had a complete waking and sleep EEG tracing, and were offered a trial with phenytoin. Forty-seven patients had an adequate pharmacological intervention. Analyses of the EEGs showed a disproportionately higher percentage of abnormal EEGs and of paroxysmal EEGs in particular among compulsive eaters as contrasted with unselected psychiatric patients and normal controls. Patients with abnormal EEGs responded to phenytoin treatment statistically more frequently than those with normal EEGs--even after conservatively classifying \"uncertain\" patients as non-responders. Patients with 14 & 6/sec. positive spikes alone showed a phenytoin improvement significantly greater than that seen with either normal EEG subjects or other EEG abnormalities. There are suggestions of a weight by EEG interaction in that the combination of weight deviance (viz: emaciated or obese) plus abnormal EEG seems especially highly predictive of good phenytoin response. The EEG results combined with phenytoin response suggest that neurophysiological etiological hypotheses may have merit for some compulsive eating disorders. Suggestions for additional research are made and the need for controlled replication of these data results is stressed.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic correlates of compulsive eating. Fifty-nine compulsive eaters were interviewed, had a complete waking and sleep EEG tracing, and were offered a trial with phenytoin. Forty-seven patients had an adequate pharmacological intervention. Analyses of the EEGs showed a disproportionately higher percentage of abnormal EEGs and of paroxysmal EEGs in particular among compulsive eaters as contrasted with unselected psychiatric patients and normal controls. Patients with abnormal EEGs responded to phenytoin treatment statistically more frequently than those with normal EEGs--even after conservatively classifying \"uncertain\" patients as non-responders. Patients with 14 & 6/sec. positive spikes alone showed a phenytoin improvement significantly greater than that seen with either normal EEG subjects or other EEG abnormalities. There are suggestions of a weight by EEG interaction in that the combination of weight deviance (viz: emaciated or obese) plus abnormal EEG seems especially highly predictive of good phenytoin response. The EEG results combined with phenytoin response suggest that neurophysiological etiological hypotheses may have merit for some compulsive eating disorders. Suggestions for additional research are made and the need for controlled replication of these data results is stressed.", "PMID": 498547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3929", "title": "Prognostic value of EEG in acute vascular aphasia: a long term clinical-EEG study of 53 patients.", "content": "A group of 53 patients rendered acutely aphasic by occlusive cerebrovascular disease were studied by serial EEG's, repeated neurologic examinations and speech evaluations (Porch Index of Communicative Ability) over a period of eight to twenty-four months, in order to correlate EEG findings with the degree of language disorder and prognosis for language recovery. Normal and mildly abnormal EEG's, posterior slow foci, focal slowing of semirhythmic type and higher alpha frequencies over the intact hemisphere correlated with good language recovery. In the majority of the patients, the curves of \"EEG Improvement\" and \"Language Recovery\" closely paralleled each other. These data indicate that the EEG is of prognostic value as to recovery from aphasia in patients suffering from acute occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Despite the advent of newer diagnostic tests, such as CAT scan, which has established its value in evaluation of the anatomy of aphasia, (9) EEG remains to be useful as a tool that could predict the outcome of aphasia in stroke patients.", "contents": "Prognostic value of EEG in acute vascular aphasia: a long term clinical-EEG study of 53 patients. A group of 53 patients rendered acutely aphasic by occlusive cerebrovascular disease were studied by serial EEG's, repeated neurologic examinations and speech evaluations (Porch Index of Communicative Ability) over a period of eight to twenty-four months, in order to correlate EEG findings with the degree of language disorder and prognosis for language recovery. Normal and mildly abnormal EEG's, posterior slow foci, focal slowing of semirhythmic type and higher alpha frequencies over the intact hemisphere correlated with good language recovery. In the majority of the patients, the curves of \"EEG Improvement\" and \"Language Recovery\" closely paralleled each other. These data indicate that the EEG is of prognostic value as to recovery from aphasia in patients suffering from acute occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Despite the advent of newer diagnostic tests, such as CAT scan, which has established its value in evaluation of the anatomy of aphasia, (9) EEG remains to be useful as a tool that could predict the outcome of aphasia in stroke patients.", "PMID": 498548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3930", "title": "Patterns resembling trac\u00e9 alternant in quiet sleep of an adult.", "content": "An 18-year-old man with lymphoma and Listeria meningitis developed a pattern similar to trac\u00e9 alternant during quiet sleep. This is a pattern normally seen in the neonate during quiet sleep and probably represents diffuse brain disturbance of both cortical and deep gray matter if occurring in the adult, as with other discontinuous or burst-suppression patterns.", "contents": "Patterns resembling trac\u00e9 alternant in quiet sleep of an adult. An 18-year-old man with lymphoma and Listeria meningitis developed a pattern similar to trac\u00e9 alternant during quiet sleep. This is a pattern normally seen in the neonate during quiet sleep and probably represents diffuse brain disturbance of both cortical and deep gray matter if occurring in the adult, as with other discontinuous or burst-suppression patterns.", "PMID": 498550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3931", "title": "Equivocation in EEG reporting: the clinician's response.", "content": "Evidence is presented that about 29% of the time that an electroencephalographer feels he needs to equivocate about the findings in an EEG, the clinician interprets, or at least recalls, the EEG without this equivocation. When there is a lack of recall of an equivocal report, the clinician's error is usually in the direction of considering that the record has been interpreted by the electroencephalographer as being abnormal.", "contents": "Equivocation in EEG reporting: the clinician's response. Evidence is presented that about 29% of the time that an electroencephalographer feels he needs to equivocate about the findings in an EEG, the clinician interprets, or at least recalls, the EEG without this equivocation. When there is a lack of recall of an equivocal report, the clinician's error is usually in the direction of considering that the record has been interpreted by the electroencephalographer as being abnormal.", "PMID": 498551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3932", "title": "LM-Ag and LSP--two different target antigens involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis?", "content": "Two different types of immune reactions against liver membrane antigens have been described: firstly, cell-mediated immunity and autoantibodies against the liver-specific protein (LSP) in HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and secondly, a liver membrane autoantibody (LMA) in HBsAg-negative CAH. Using 100,000 g supernatants of human and rabbit liver homogenates, the corresponding antigen of LMA could be separated by affinity chromatography on insolubilized LMA-positive sera from patients with HBsAg-negative CAH. A further characterization by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that LMA is directed against a soluble liver membrane antigen (LM-Ag) that is not a constituent of the purified LSP. LM-Ag seems to be species-unspecific and moves faster than LSP and serum albumin in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. While LSP is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, LM-Ag may be a target antigen only in cases of HBsAg-negative autoimmune CAH.", "contents": "LM-Ag and LSP--two different target antigens involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis? Two different types of immune reactions against liver membrane antigens have been described: firstly, cell-mediated immunity and autoantibodies against the liver-specific protein (LSP) in HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and secondly, a liver membrane autoantibody (LMA) in HBsAg-negative CAH. Using 100,000 g supernatants of human and rabbit liver homogenates, the corresponding antigen of LMA could be separated by affinity chromatography on insolubilized LMA-positive sera from patients with HBsAg-negative CAH. A further characterization by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that LMA is directed against a soluble liver membrane antigen (LM-Ag) that is not a constituent of the purified LSP. LM-Ag seems to be species-unspecific and moves faster than LSP and serum albumin in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. While LSP is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, LM-Ag may be a target antigen only in cases of HBsAg-negative autoimmune CAH.", "PMID": 498582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3933", "title": "Autoimmune implications of immune complexes in clinical variants of hepatitis B.", "content": "Immune complexes (IC) were investigated in sera from 208 individuals with various clinical types of viral hepatitis diagnosed by clinical and laboratory criteria, including liver biopsy. Immune complexes were assessed by platelet aggregation (PI A) and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The data were related to autoimmune phenomena (especially rheumatoid factors) and to the role that the IgM class of hepatitis B (HB) antibody might have in IC formation. Although the highest frequency of P1 A was in the few sera from patients with cirrhosis or hepatoma, the next highest was in sera from acute hepatitis patients (71%), and the lowest in sera from chronic active (57%) and chronic persistent (46%) hepatitis patients. A proportional number of patients with IC's were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs). A parallel prevalence was noted between P1 A and autoantibodies, with anti-Ig's being found more frequently in sera from acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis patients. The relationship between RIA results for complexes and RIA results for anti-IgG was inverse, as though anti-IgG interfered with IC reactivity by RIA. Anti-IgM pre-incubated with sera increased the amount of P1 A in sera from patients with acute hepatitis as well as in those from patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, suggesting a more frequent IgM involvement in IC's in these diseases than in chronic active hepatitis. Whereas liver cell damage in acute and active hepatitis may reflect elevated autoantibodies, the IgM class of HBs antibody may be involved in acute as well as chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "Autoimmune implications of immune complexes in clinical variants of hepatitis B. Immune complexes (IC) were investigated in sera from 208 individuals with various clinical types of viral hepatitis diagnosed by clinical and laboratory criteria, including liver biopsy. Immune complexes were assessed by platelet aggregation (PI A) and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The data were related to autoimmune phenomena (especially rheumatoid factors) and to the role that the IgM class of hepatitis B (HB) antibody might have in IC formation. Although the highest frequency of P1 A was in the few sera from patients with cirrhosis or hepatoma, the next highest was in sera from acute hepatitis patients (71%), and the lowest in sera from chronic active (57%) and chronic persistent (46%) hepatitis patients. A proportional number of patients with IC's were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs). A parallel prevalence was noted between P1 A and autoantibodies, with anti-Ig's being found more frequently in sera from acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis patients. The relationship between RIA results for complexes and RIA results for anti-IgG was inverse, as though anti-IgG interfered with IC reactivity by RIA. Anti-IgM pre-incubated with sera increased the amount of P1 A in sera from patients with acute hepatitis as well as in those from patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, suggesting a more frequent IgM involvement in IC's in these diseases than in chronic active hepatitis. Whereas liver cell damage in acute and active hepatitis may reflect elevated autoantibodies, the IgM class of HBs antibody may be involved in acute as well as chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 498583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3934", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in acute schistosomiasis.", "content": "The sera of patients with acute and chronic schistosomasis were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes with the 125I-Clq binding assay. Fourteen out of fifteen (93%) patients with acute schistosomiasis had elevated 125I-Clq binding activity, while only two out of eleven (18%) patients with chronic disease had C1q binding complexes. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001) and paralleled the degree of clinical didsease activity between the two groups of patients. IgG and IgM were readily detected in all of these circulating complexes but the specific parasite antigens initiating their formation could not be defined. The level of circulating immune complexes was inversely correlated with the absolute eosinophil counts for individuals in the acutely infected group, an observation compatible wiht the hypothesis that a functional role for the eosinophil is the destruction and elimination of immune complexes.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in acute schistosomiasis. The sera of patients with acute and chronic schistosomasis were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes with the 125I-Clq binding assay. Fourteen out of fifteen (93%) patients with acute schistosomiasis had elevated 125I-Clq binding activity, while only two out of eleven (18%) patients with chronic disease had C1q binding complexes. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001) and paralleled the degree of clinical didsease activity between the two groups of patients. IgG and IgM were readily detected in all of these circulating complexes but the specific parasite antigens initiating their formation could not be defined. The level of circulating immune complexes was inversely correlated with the absolute eosinophil counts for individuals in the acutely infected group, an observation compatible wiht the hypothesis that a functional role for the eosinophil is the destruction and elimination of immune complexes.", "PMID": 498584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3935", "title": "Predominance of immunoglobulin G sub-class 3 among the complement-fixing antibodies to streptococcal M-associated protein.", "content": "During investigation of the absorption of group-A streptococcal antibodies from human sera by a protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus strain, we found that the complement-fixing antibodies to M-associated protein (MAP) were only partially absorbed from the majority of sera tested, although they were shown to belong to the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class by density gradient centrifugation. In contrast, other streptococcal antibodies: anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAase B), 'bactericidal' M antibody and anti-opacity factor (anti-OF), were completely absorbed from all but a minority of sera. We suggest that the complement-fixing antibodies to MAP may be of restricted heterogeneity and have an abnormal IgG sub-class distribution, with a marked predominance of IgG3 (the only sub-class that does not interact with protein A) over the IgG1 and IgG2 sub-class; IgG4 does not participate in complement fixation. The concentration and relative porportions of IgG sub-classes are believed to be genetically influenced, so our findings may have some bearing on the immune responsiveness of different individuals to streptococcal infection, and possibly have important implications in the development of the secondary sequelae.", "contents": "Predominance of immunoglobulin G sub-class 3 among the complement-fixing antibodies to streptococcal M-associated protein. During investigation of the absorption of group-A streptococcal antibodies from human sera by a protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus strain, we found that the complement-fixing antibodies to M-associated protein (MAP) were only partially absorbed from the majority of sera tested, although they were shown to belong to the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class by density gradient centrifugation. In contrast, other streptococcal antibodies: anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAase B), 'bactericidal' M antibody and anti-opacity factor (anti-OF), were completely absorbed from all but a minority of sera. We suggest that the complement-fixing antibodies to MAP may be of restricted heterogeneity and have an abnormal IgG sub-class distribution, with a marked predominance of IgG3 (the only sub-class that does not interact with protein A) over the IgG1 and IgG2 sub-class; IgG4 does not participate in complement fixation. The concentration and relative porportions of IgG sub-classes are believed to be genetically influenced, so our findings may have some bearing on the immune responsiveness of different individuals to streptococcal infection, and possibly have important implications in the development of the secondary sequelae.", "PMID": 498585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3936", "title": "Lack of immunoglobulin E response to longstanding strongyloidiasis.", "content": "Patients harbouring worm infections usually have very marked elevations of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration. However, in a group of twenty ex-Far East prisoners of war with strongyloidiasis only two (10%) had raised levels due to the worm, and these were only moderately elevated. This poor IgE response may be related to the very longstanding nature of the infection (at least 30 years). The patients may have a form of immunological incompetence, or may have become immunologically tolerant to the parasite.", "contents": "Lack of immunoglobulin E response to longstanding strongyloidiasis. Patients harbouring worm infections usually have very marked elevations of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration. However, in a group of twenty ex-Far East prisoners of war with strongyloidiasis only two (10%) had raised levels due to the worm, and these were only moderately elevated. This poor IgE response may be related to the very longstanding nature of the infection (at least 30 years). The patients may have a form of immunological incompetence, or may have become immunologically tolerant to the parasite.", "PMID": 498586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3937", "title": "Purification of soluble immune complexes from serum using polymethylmetacrylate beads coated with conglutinin or C1q. Application to the analysis of the components of in vitro formed immune complexes and of immune complexes occurring in vivo during leishmaniasis.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation of immune complexes from human sera has been developed. Two steps are involved: (1) lipid-free serum is precipitated by polyethylene glycol; (2) the solubilized precipitate is absorbed on a column of polymethylmethacrylate beads coated with conglutinin (K) or C1q; the column is washed, the complexes are then eluted, using 0.02 M EDTA (for K column) or 0.5 M NaCl (for C1q column). This procedure permitted the purification and the characterization of soluble 125I-BSA-anti-BSA, 125 I-tetanus toxoid-anti-tetanus toxoid, and 125-I-HBsAg-anti-HBsAg complexes made in vitro in the presence of fresh human serum. The isolated complexes were shown to contain antigen, antibody, C1q, C1r, C1s and C3. When normal human serum was submitted to such a procedure, no detectable amount of protein was present in the final eluted fraction. Immune complexes formed in vivo were also purified by conglutinin column from the serum of a patient with disseminated leishmaniasis. The isolated material was found to contain IgM, IgG, C1q, C1r, C1s, C3c and C3d. The purified complexes dissociated at acid pH were found to contain anti-IgG and anti-leishmania antibodies.", "contents": "Purification of soluble immune complexes from serum using polymethylmetacrylate beads coated with conglutinin or C1q. Application to the analysis of the components of in vitro formed immune complexes and of immune complexes occurring in vivo during leishmaniasis. A procedure for the isolation of immune complexes from human sera has been developed. Two steps are involved: (1) lipid-free serum is precipitated by polyethylene glycol; (2) the solubilized precipitate is absorbed on a column of polymethylmethacrylate beads coated with conglutinin (K) or C1q; the column is washed, the complexes are then eluted, using 0.02 M EDTA (for K column) or 0.5 M NaCl (for C1q column). This procedure permitted the purification and the characterization of soluble 125I-BSA-anti-BSA, 125 I-tetanus toxoid-anti-tetanus toxoid, and 125-I-HBsAg-anti-HBsAg complexes made in vitro in the presence of fresh human serum. The isolated complexes were shown to contain antigen, antibody, C1q, C1r, C1s and C3. When normal human serum was submitted to such a procedure, no detectable amount of protein was present in the final eluted fraction. Immune complexes formed in vivo were also purified by conglutinin column from the serum of a patient with disseminated leishmaniasis. The isolated material was found to contain IgM, IgG, C1q, C1r, C1s, C3c and C3d. The purified complexes dissociated at acid pH were found to contain anti-IgG and anti-leishmania antibodies.", "PMID": 498587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3938", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin and delayed hypersensitivity related to age and previous cancer history.", "content": "Declining immunosurveillance in old age has been considered one possible explanation for the increased incidence of cancer in the elderly. This study was set up to search for evidence of persistent immunodeficiency in patients with a past history of cancer. Lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin and cutaneous delayed hypersensivity were assessed in fifty-seven elderly subjects who had successfully completed treatment for cancer more than 18 months previously and compared with those of forty-three healthy controls matched for age and sex. Although a significant difference between mean tritiated thymidine uptake was observed in the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (cancer patients 1859 cpm, control 2502 cpm), this could be explained by an unexpectedly prolonged effect of radiotherapy. Mean counts for those twenty-six cancer patients receiving radiotherapy within the period 18 months to 4 years were low (1257 cpm), but were normal (2366 cpm) for the remainder. A significant negative correlation of lymphocyte transformation with age was confirmed in both groups. There was no significant difference in cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response to commonly encountered antigens. Whilst recognising that these tests do not comprehensively assess immune function, the present results provide no support for the theory that an age-related decline in immune function contributes to the heightened incidence of cancer in the elderly.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin and delayed hypersensitivity related to age and previous cancer history. Declining immunosurveillance in old age has been considered one possible explanation for the increased incidence of cancer in the elderly. This study was set up to search for evidence of persistent immunodeficiency in patients with a past history of cancer. Lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin and cutaneous delayed hypersensivity were assessed in fifty-seven elderly subjects who had successfully completed treatment for cancer more than 18 months previously and compared with those of forty-three healthy controls matched for age and sex. Although a significant difference between mean tritiated thymidine uptake was observed in the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (cancer patients 1859 cpm, control 2502 cpm), this could be explained by an unexpectedly prolonged effect of radiotherapy. Mean counts for those twenty-six cancer patients receiving radiotherapy within the period 18 months to 4 years were low (1257 cpm), but were normal (2366 cpm) for the remainder. A significant negative correlation of lymphocyte transformation with age was confirmed in both groups. There was no significant difference in cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response to commonly encountered antigens. Whilst recognising that these tests do not comprehensively assess immune function, the present results provide no support for the theory that an age-related decline in immune function contributes to the heightened incidence of cancer in the elderly.", "PMID": 498588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3939", "title": "Extracellular fluid distribution in rats with chronic one- and two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension.", "content": "1. The influence of the intact kidney on blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume (ECF, ferrocyanide space) and ECF volume distribution was studied in rats 60 days after constriction of the contralateral renal artery. 2. Renal artery constriction increased both blood pressure and ECF levels. The rise of both variables was more pronounced in rats with the contralateral kidney removed (one-kidney rats) than with the contralateral kidney intact (two-kidney rats). 3. The interstitial fluid volume increased similarly in both experimental groups, the more pronounced ECF increase in the more severly hypertensive one-kidney rats being due to increased plasma volume. In the less hypertensive two-kidney group the plasma volume was not increased significantly but correlated positively with the blood pressure levels. 4. The plasma volume/interstitial fluid volume ratio was decreased in the two-kidney group but did not differ from control values in the one-kidney group thus resembling the ECF partition reported in the hypo-and hypervolaemic type of essential hypertension, respectively. 5. It is suggested that the antihypertensive influence of the intact kidney may be partly due to its ability to escape from the sodium-retaining mechanism activated by renal artery stenosis, which determines the degree of plasma volume expansion and, in connection with this, also the degree of blood pressure elevation.", "contents": "Extracellular fluid distribution in rats with chronic one- and two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. 1. The influence of the intact kidney on blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume (ECF, ferrocyanide space) and ECF volume distribution was studied in rats 60 days after constriction of the contralateral renal artery. 2. Renal artery constriction increased both blood pressure and ECF levels. The rise of both variables was more pronounced in rats with the contralateral kidney removed (one-kidney rats) than with the contralateral kidney intact (two-kidney rats). 3. The interstitial fluid volume increased similarly in both experimental groups, the more pronounced ECF increase in the more severly hypertensive one-kidney rats being due to increased plasma volume. In the less hypertensive two-kidney group the plasma volume was not increased significantly but correlated positively with the blood pressure levels. 4. The plasma volume/interstitial fluid volume ratio was decreased in the two-kidney group but did not differ from control values in the one-kidney group thus resembling the ECF partition reported in the hypo-and hypervolaemic type of essential hypertension, respectively. 5. It is suggested that the antihypertensive influence of the intact kidney may be partly due to its ability to escape from the sodium-retaining mechanism activated by renal artery stenosis, which determines the degree of plasma volume expansion and, in connection with this, also the degree of blood pressure elevation.", "PMID": 498590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3940", "title": "Comparison of the bronchodilator and vasodilator activity of sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside in the guinea-pig.", "content": "1. Sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside are potent dilators of the intact guinea-pig tracheal preparation in vitro. 2. Both substances are bronchodilators in the anaesthetized guinea-pig in vivo when administered intravenously or by aerosol inhalation. 3. Sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside are also potent vasodilators in the guinea pig. 4. At all doses and by route of administration, including aerosol inhalation, the hypotensive effect predominates over bronchodilatation.", "contents": "Comparison of the bronchodilator and vasodilator activity of sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside in the guinea-pig. 1. Sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside are potent dilators of the intact guinea-pig tracheal preparation in vitro. 2. Both substances are bronchodilators in the anaesthetized guinea-pig in vivo when administered intravenously or by aerosol inhalation. 3. Sodium azide and sodium nitroprusside are also potent vasodilators in the guinea pig. 4. At all doses and by route of administration, including aerosol inhalation, the hypotensive effect predominates over bronchodilatation.", "PMID": 498591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3941", "title": "The interaction of cigarette smoking and chronic drug ingestion on human drug metabolism.", "content": "1. Drug metabolism was assessed by the disappearance rate of antipyrine as measured in saliva. Results were expressed in terms of both clearance and half life. 2. Basal measurements of antipyrine disappearance rate were performed in seven non-smokers and six smokers. After administration of glutethimide 250 mg daily for 7 days a second measurement of antipyrine disappearance rate was made. 3. Glutethimide enhanced antipyrine metabolism in both smokers and non-smokers. The degree of change in both groups was similar. 4. A similar study was carried out with a smaller dose (125 mg) of glutethimide. There was no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers.5. The data are consistent with smoking and chronic drug ingestion having additive effects on enhancement of hepatic drug metabolism.", "contents": "The interaction of cigarette smoking and chronic drug ingestion on human drug metabolism. 1. Drug metabolism was assessed by the disappearance rate of antipyrine as measured in saliva. Results were expressed in terms of both clearance and half life. 2. Basal measurements of antipyrine disappearance rate were performed in seven non-smokers and six smokers. After administration of glutethimide 250 mg daily for 7 days a second measurement of antipyrine disappearance rate was made. 3. Glutethimide enhanced antipyrine metabolism in both smokers and non-smokers. The degree of change in both groups was similar. 4. A similar study was carried out with a smaller dose (125 mg) of glutethimide. There was no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers.5. The data are consistent with smoking and chronic drug ingestion having additive effects on enhancement of hepatic drug metabolism.", "PMID": 498592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3942", "title": "Hepatic microvascular effects of terbutaline in experimental cardiogenic shock in rats.", "content": "1. Experimental myocardial infarction was produced in rats by direct electrical cauterization of the myocardium of left ventricle. This produced cardiogenic shock with the accompanying haemodynamic changes of low cardiac output, low mean arterial pressure, raised central venous pressure and an absence of cardiac arrhythmias. 2. The liver microcirculation was observed using in vivo television microscope method. The diameter and erythrocyte flow velocity in the liver sinusoids were measured quantitatively. 3. During experimental cardiogenic shock 80% of the liver sinusoids were constricted; the remaining 20% showed dilatation. In all these liver sinusoids the erythrocyte flow velocity was only 50% of the pre-shock level. 4. Intravenous injection of the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline (0.15 mg/kg) restored the systemic arterial pressure to pre-shcok levels and partially raised the cardiac output. In the liver microcirculation terbutaline restored both constricted and dilated liver sinusoids to pre-shock calibres, but only partially raised erythrocyte flow velocity. 5. It is proposed that during experimental cardiogenic shock, terbutaline produces dilatation in the terminal liver microcirculation by opening sphincters of liver sinusoids and restores sinusoid diameters to pre-shock calibres. Therefore, terbutaline has the capacity to decrease peripheral resistance and unload the circulation during cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Hepatic microvascular effects of terbutaline in experimental cardiogenic shock in rats. 1. Experimental myocardial infarction was produced in rats by direct electrical cauterization of the myocardium of left ventricle. This produced cardiogenic shock with the accompanying haemodynamic changes of low cardiac output, low mean arterial pressure, raised central venous pressure and an absence of cardiac arrhythmias. 2. The liver microcirculation was observed using in vivo television microscope method. The diameter and erythrocyte flow velocity in the liver sinusoids were measured quantitatively. 3. During experimental cardiogenic shock 80% of the liver sinusoids were constricted; the remaining 20% showed dilatation. In all these liver sinusoids the erythrocyte flow velocity was only 50% of the pre-shock level. 4. Intravenous injection of the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline (0.15 mg/kg) restored the systemic arterial pressure to pre-shcok levels and partially raised the cardiac output. In the liver microcirculation terbutaline restored both constricted and dilated liver sinusoids to pre-shock calibres, but only partially raised erythrocyte flow velocity. 5. It is proposed that during experimental cardiogenic shock, terbutaline produces dilatation in the terminal liver microcirculation by opening sphincters of liver sinusoids and restores sinusoid diameters to pre-shock calibres. Therefore, terbutaline has the capacity to decrease peripheral resistance and unload the circulation during cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 498589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3943", "title": "The effect of (-)-trans-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on regional brain levels and subcellular distribution of monoamines in the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of intravenously injected delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC, 2 mg/kg) on subcellular distribution in the whole brain and the regional brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined in the rat. 2. The levels of noradrenaline and dopamine were not altered by delta 9-THC in the hypothalamic, medullary and rest of brain areas, whereas those of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were elevated in the medullary and hypothalalmic areas, respectively. 3. delta 9-THC did not alter the levels of these monoamines and the metabolite 10 min after injection; however, there was a shift of dopamine from the bound to the free fraction. On the other hand, there was a shift of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from the free to the bound fraction. 4. After 1 h, there was no difference in the subcellular ratios of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were increased. 5. It is suggested that the effects of delta 9-THC may be mediated by modification of the subcellular distribution of dopamine and serotonin.", "contents": "The effect of (-)-trans-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on regional brain levels and subcellular distribution of monoamines in the rat. 1. The effect of intravenously injected delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC, 2 mg/kg) on subcellular distribution in the whole brain and the regional brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined in the rat. 2. The levels of noradrenaline and dopamine were not altered by delta 9-THC in the hypothalamic, medullary and rest of brain areas, whereas those of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were elevated in the medullary and hypothalalmic areas, respectively. 3. delta 9-THC did not alter the levels of these monoamines and the metabolite 10 min after injection; however, there was a shift of dopamine from the bound to the free fraction. On the other hand, there was a shift of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from the free to the bound fraction. 4. After 1 h, there was no difference in the subcellular ratios of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were increased. 5. It is suggested that the effects of delta 9-THC may be mediated by modification of the subcellular distribution of dopamine and serotonin.", "PMID": 498594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3944", "title": "The inhibitory innervation of the guinea-pig trachea: a study of its adrenergic and non-adrenergic components.", "content": "(1) Inhibitory responses to field stimulation have been determined in strip preparations from the thoracic, middle and cervical regions of the trachea and in the tracheal tube preparation. (2) The adrenergic neurone blocking drug guanethidine was found to cause a partial reduction of the amplitudes of the responses in all preparations. (3) The guanethidine-resistant inhibitory responses were resistant to pentolinium but were abolished by tetrodotoxin. The data favours the existence of non-adrenergic inhibitory intramural nerves in the guinea-pig trachea. (4) Inhibitory responses have been determined in the presence and absence of guanethidine at frequencies ranging from 2 to 60 Hz. This has enabled the combined responses to stimulation of both adrenergic and non-adrenergic nerves to be compared with the response to stimulation of non-adrenergic nerves alone at each frequency and in each preparation. (5) The contribution of each innervation to the combined inhibitory response was frequency dependent. The adrenergic innervation was more effective at lower frequencies and the non-adrenaration is discussed. Its origin is considered.", "contents": "The inhibitory innervation of the guinea-pig trachea: a study of its adrenergic and non-adrenergic components. (1) Inhibitory responses to field stimulation have been determined in strip preparations from the thoracic, middle and cervical regions of the trachea and in the tracheal tube preparation. (2) The adrenergic neurone blocking drug guanethidine was found to cause a partial reduction of the amplitudes of the responses in all preparations. (3) The guanethidine-resistant inhibitory responses were resistant to pentolinium but were abolished by tetrodotoxin. The data favours the existence of non-adrenergic inhibitory intramural nerves in the guinea-pig trachea. (4) Inhibitory responses have been determined in the presence and absence of guanethidine at frequencies ranging from 2 to 60 Hz. This has enabled the combined responses to stimulation of both adrenergic and non-adrenergic nerves to be compared with the response to stimulation of non-adrenergic nerves alone at each frequency and in each preparation. (5) The contribution of each innervation to the combined inhibitory response was frequency dependent. The adrenergic innervation was more effective at lower frequencies and the non-adrenaration is discussed. Its origin is considered.", "PMID": 498595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3945", "title": "Chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing.", "content": "Patients with chronotropic incompetence, defined as a failure of the heart rate response to exercise to rise to within two standard deviations of the expected increase with exercise, where studied and compared to patients with known coronary disease by angiogram with and without ST segment depression. 72% of the patients with chronotropic incompetence but without ST depression had significant coronary heart disease. The demonstration of chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing has important predictive implications and should be looked upon as carefully as ST segment changes. There was no evidence of SA node ischemia in these patients. Intrinsic heart rate measurements done in this study suggest autonomic dysfunction as a possible pathophysiologic mechanism for chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate response to exercise may be a useful predictor of the presence and severity of coronary disease. Therefore, a predicted heart rate response with standard deviation for age and sex should be included as part of the stress test protocol.", "contents": "Chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing. Patients with chronotropic incompetence, defined as a failure of the heart rate response to exercise to rise to within two standard deviations of the expected increase with exercise, where studied and compared to patients with known coronary disease by angiogram with and without ST segment depression. 72% of the patients with chronotropic incompetence but without ST depression had significant coronary heart disease. The demonstration of chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing has important predictive implications and should be looked upon as carefully as ST segment changes. There was no evidence of SA node ischemia in these patients. Intrinsic heart rate measurements done in this study suggest autonomic dysfunction as a possible pathophysiologic mechanism for chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate response to exercise may be a useful predictor of the presence and severity of coronary disease. Therefore, a predicted heart rate response with standard deviation for age and sex should be included as part of the stress test protocol.", "PMID": 498601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3946", "title": "Angina, aortic stenosis and coronary heart disease.", "content": "The pre-operative clinical and haemodynamic findings of 139 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis were analysed in an attempt to determine the incidence and influence of coronary heart disease on the mode of presentation of patients with aortic stenosis. The overall incidence of coronary heart disease was 32%. 105 patients (76%) presented with angina and of these, 41 patients (39%) had significant coronary heart disease as compared to 4 (13%) of the remaining 34 patients who did not present with angina. Clinical parameters including age, sex, severity of angina together with the presence of associated symptoms and precipitating factors were unhelpful in distinguishing those patients with coronary heart disease. Evidence of previous transmural myocardial infarction or the presence of ST-T abnormalities in the absence of digitalis and the changes of left ventricular hypertrophy were reliable electrocardiographic signs of coronary heart disease. Although peak systolic aortic valve gradient tended to decrease with increasing severity of coronary heart disease, the severity of aortic stenosis was not a reliable indicator of the presence of coronary disease. Patients with coronary heart disease in the absence of angina all had a combination of moderate aortic stenosis and single vessel disease. It is concluded that coronary heart disease cannot be predicted in patients with angina and, in the absence of angina occurs with an incidence sufficiently high to advocate the use of coronary angiography as part of the investigation of all patients with aortic stenosis being considered for valve replacement.", "contents": "Angina, aortic stenosis and coronary heart disease. The pre-operative clinical and haemodynamic findings of 139 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis were analysed in an attempt to determine the incidence and influence of coronary heart disease on the mode of presentation of patients with aortic stenosis. The overall incidence of coronary heart disease was 32%. 105 patients (76%) presented with angina and of these, 41 patients (39%) had significant coronary heart disease as compared to 4 (13%) of the remaining 34 patients who did not present with angina. Clinical parameters including age, sex, severity of angina together with the presence of associated symptoms and precipitating factors were unhelpful in distinguishing those patients with coronary heart disease. Evidence of previous transmural myocardial infarction or the presence of ST-T abnormalities in the absence of digitalis and the changes of left ventricular hypertrophy were reliable electrocardiographic signs of coronary heart disease. Although peak systolic aortic valve gradient tended to decrease with increasing severity of coronary heart disease, the severity of aortic stenosis was not a reliable indicator of the presence of coronary disease. Patients with coronary heart disease in the absence of angina all had a combination of moderate aortic stenosis and single vessel disease. It is concluded that coronary heart disease cannot be predicted in patients with angina and, in the absence of angina occurs with an incidence sufficiently high to advocate the use of coronary angiography as part of the investigation of all patients with aortic stenosis being considered for valve replacement.", "PMID": 498602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3947", "title": "Indication and clinical significance of exercise surface mapping.", "content": "A technique of recording electrocardiographic maps after exercise is described. This technique allows a measurement to be made of the area of ST segment changes that are projected onto the front of the chest after exercise. A comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of this technique with the orthogonal lead system and a single chest lead showed that praecordial exercise mapping was significantly superior to the other two lead systems in the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and may help in identifying patients with extensive disease. In addition information obtained from praecordial exercise mapping can be used to increase the data that are obtained from Holter monitoring of ST segments. The place of the technique in the management of medical and surgical treatment remains to be evaluated.", "contents": "Indication and clinical significance of exercise surface mapping. A technique of recording electrocardiographic maps after exercise is described. This technique allows a measurement to be made of the area of ST segment changes that are projected onto the front of the chest after exercise. A comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of this technique with the orthogonal lead system and a single chest lead showed that praecordial exercise mapping was significantly superior to the other two lead systems in the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and may help in identifying patients with extensive disease. In addition information obtained from praecordial exercise mapping can be used to increase the data that are obtained from Holter monitoring of ST segments. The place of the technique in the management of medical and surgical treatment remains to be evaluated.", "PMID": 498603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3948", "title": "Electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects of a new inotropic agent (UK14275) in the dog.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects after intravenous administration of a new inotropic agent (UK14275) have been examined in open-chest dogs under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. 2. UK14275 produced slight shortening of QT interval, ventricular functional refractory period and atrio-ventricular conduction time but did not affect action potential duration or endocardial-epicardial conduction time. 3. Cardiac output and left ventricular dP/dt increased, and systemic vascular resistance fell. 4. An end-systolic pressure gradient developed between left ventricle and aorta attributable to left ventricular cavity obliteration.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects of a new inotropic agent (UK14275) in the dog. 1. Electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects after intravenous administration of a new inotropic agent (UK14275) have been examined in open-chest dogs under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. 2. UK14275 produced slight shortening of QT interval, ventricular functional refractory period and atrio-ventricular conduction time but did not affect action potential duration or endocardial-epicardial conduction time. 3. Cardiac output and left ventricular dP/dt increased, and systemic vascular resistance fell. 4. An end-systolic pressure gradient developed between left ventricle and aorta attributable to left ventricular cavity obliteration.", "PMID": 498597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3949", "title": "Reversibility of the toxicity of methotrexate by dihydrofolate in mice.", "content": "1. Dihydrofolate in mice can reverse the toxicity of a lethal dose of methotrexate. 2. The 'rescue' of mice after a lethal dose of methotrexate suggests that dihydrofolate could have a clinical use as an antidote in treating methotrexate-induced toxicity.", "contents": "Reversibility of the toxicity of methotrexate by dihydrofolate in mice. 1. Dihydrofolate in mice can reverse the toxicity of a lethal dose of methotrexate. 2. The 'rescue' of mice after a lethal dose of methotrexate suggests that dihydrofolate could have a clinical use as an antidote in treating methotrexate-induced toxicity.", "PMID": 498596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3950", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of met5- and leu5-enkephalin analogues.", "content": "1. The effect of various analogues of met5- and leu5-enkephalin were determined on the reduction in twitch height of the electrically-stimulated longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum and of the isolated mouse vas deferens. 2. In the guinea-pig ileum, D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin was the most potent whereas leu5-enkephalin was the most potent in the mouse vas deferens. 3. The met5-enkephalin analogues were more effective in reducing the twitch height of the ileum than they were in depressing that of the vas deferens preparation. The leu5-enkephalin analogues were more potent in their effects on the mouse vas deferens than they were on the guinea-pig ileum. 4. When a peptide bond is replaced by a glycol bond as in glycol2-3-leu5-enkephalin there is a marked reduction in opiate-like activity. 5. Substitution of a D-alanine residue for the glycine2 residue, as in D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin, increases the duration and potency of opiate-like activity. 6. These results confirm that modification of either met5- or leu5-enkephalin can alter the opiate-like potency of the resulting analogues. It appears that an intact tyrosyl residue of leu5-enkephalin is essential for such activity and that substitution of a D-alanine2 residue for the glycine2 residue confers resistance to enzymatic degradation on the met5-enkephalin peptide. In addition, the glycine2-3 peptide bond is essential for opiate-like activity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of met5- and leu5-enkephalin analogues. 1. The effect of various analogues of met5- and leu5-enkephalin were determined on the reduction in twitch height of the electrically-stimulated longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum and of the isolated mouse vas deferens. 2. In the guinea-pig ileum, D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin was the most potent whereas leu5-enkephalin was the most potent in the mouse vas deferens. 3. The met5-enkephalin analogues were more effective in reducing the twitch height of the ileum than they were in depressing that of the vas deferens preparation. The leu5-enkephalin analogues were more potent in their effects on the mouse vas deferens than they were on the guinea-pig ileum. 4. When a peptide bond is replaced by a glycol bond as in glycol2-3-leu5-enkephalin there is a marked reduction in opiate-like activity. 5. Substitution of a D-alanine residue for the glycine2 residue, as in D-alanine2-met5-enkephalin, increases the duration and potency of opiate-like activity. 6. These results confirm that modification of either met5- or leu5-enkephalin can alter the opiate-like potency of the resulting analogues. It appears that an intact tyrosyl residue of leu5-enkephalin is essential for such activity and that substitution of a D-alanine2 residue for the glycine2 residue confers resistance to enzymatic degradation on the met5-enkephalin peptide. In addition, the glycine2-3 peptide bond is essential for opiate-like activity.", "PMID": 498593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3951", "title": "Prodromal characteristics as indicators of cardiac events in patients hospitalized for chest pain.", "content": "In an effort to determine the usefulness of prodromata for predicting a myocardial infarction, a prospective analysis was made of 211 consecutive patients with chest pain who were admitted to the Stanford University Medical Center Coronary Care Unit. In their subsequent course, 91 patients had a myocardial infarction, 102 had a myocardial infarction ruled-out, and 18 had a noncardiac etiology for their chest pain. Prodromal chest pain in the previous six months had occurred in 65% of patients and unstable angina in 61%. Infarction versus noninfarction patient groups could not be identified on the basis of prodromal ill health, chest pain, unstable angina, typical versus atypical nature of the chest pain, or activity at the onset of pain. Complaints of preceding fatigue and increased perceived stress were common in both groups. Activity at the onset of the admission chest pain was strenuous in 15% of the infarction patients and 12% of the noninfarction patients. We conclude that prodromal symptoms are common in both infarction and noninfarction patients. Although chest pain probably remains the single most frequent identifier of a new cardiac event, it is common in noninfarction patients and cannot be used alone to predict infarction or death.", "contents": "Prodromal characteristics as indicators of cardiac events in patients hospitalized for chest pain. In an effort to determine the usefulness of prodromata for predicting a myocardial infarction, a prospective analysis was made of 211 consecutive patients with chest pain who were admitted to the Stanford University Medical Center Coronary Care Unit. In their subsequent course, 91 patients had a myocardial infarction, 102 had a myocardial infarction ruled-out, and 18 had a noncardiac etiology for their chest pain. Prodromal chest pain in the previous six months had occurred in 65% of patients and unstable angina in 61%. Infarction versus noninfarction patient groups could not be identified on the basis of prodromal ill health, chest pain, unstable angina, typical versus atypical nature of the chest pain, or activity at the onset of pain. Complaints of preceding fatigue and increased perceived stress were common in both groups. Activity at the onset of the admission chest pain was strenuous in 15% of the infarction patients and 12% of the noninfarction patients. We conclude that prodromal symptoms are common in both infarction and noninfarction patients. Although chest pain probably remains the single most frequent identifier of a new cardiac event, it is common in noninfarction patients and cannot be used alone to predict infarction or death.", "PMID": 498604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3952", "title": "A previously unrecognized drug interaction between quinidine and digoxin.", "content": "Following the development of digoxin radioimmunoassay, we noted that serum digoxin concentrations appeared to rise in patients given quinidine. To further evaluate this important possible interaction between digoxin and quinidine, charts from 863 cardiology patients were reviewed. Ninety two patients received both drugs after having been on digoxin alone; 38 were ineligible for the study because of insufficient data and 27 were excluded because of changing renal function and/or concomitant antiarrhythmic drug therapy, leaving 27. Serum digoxin increased in 25 of the 27 study patients (93%) during quinidine therapy; mean serum digoxin rose from 1.4 ng/ml before quinidine to 3.2 ng/ml during quinidine. Anorexia, nausea and/or vomiting developed in 16 patients (59%) during quinidine therapy, but disappeared in all 10 patients in whom digoxin alone was reduced in dose, suggesting that digoxin had a causative role in the appearance of these symptoms although they developed only after quinidine had begun. Three of thirteen patients with only atrial arrhythmias on digoxin prior to quinidine developed new ventricular premature depolarizations (VPD) after starting quinidine; two of these three as well as four patients with prior VPDs developed new ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole, or sudden death. When starting quinidine in patients who are taking digoxin, the clinical course, ECG and serum digoxin should be followed closely.", "contents": "A previously unrecognized drug interaction between quinidine and digoxin. Following the development of digoxin radioimmunoassay, we noted that serum digoxin concentrations appeared to rise in patients given quinidine. To further evaluate this important possible interaction between digoxin and quinidine, charts from 863 cardiology patients were reviewed. Ninety two patients received both drugs after having been on digoxin alone; 38 were ineligible for the study because of insufficient data and 27 were excluded because of changing renal function and/or concomitant antiarrhythmic drug therapy, leaving 27. Serum digoxin increased in 25 of the 27 study patients (93%) during quinidine therapy; mean serum digoxin rose from 1.4 ng/ml before quinidine to 3.2 ng/ml during quinidine. Anorexia, nausea and/or vomiting developed in 16 patients (59%) during quinidine therapy, but disappeared in all 10 patients in whom digoxin alone was reduced in dose, suggesting that digoxin had a causative role in the appearance of these symptoms although they developed only after quinidine had begun. Three of thirteen patients with only atrial arrhythmias on digoxin prior to quinidine developed new ventricular premature depolarizations (VPD) after starting quinidine; two of these three as well as four patients with prior VPDs developed new ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole, or sudden death. When starting quinidine in patients who are taking digoxin, the clinical course, ECG and serum digoxin should be followed closely.", "PMID": 498605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3953", "title": "Coronary ostial embolus and mitral vegetation simulating a left atrial myxoma: a case of probable cryptococcal valvulitis.", "content": "A 56 year old man died with disseminated cryptococcosis after immunosuppressive therapy for a hematologic disorder of unknown etiology. The immediate cause of death was cardiogenic shock, probably resulting from a large right coronary ostial embolus and subsequent ischemic myocardial injury. The embolus originated from a bulky mitral vegetation (possibly cryptococcal) demonstrated ante mortem by echocardiography and cardiac angiography, and at autopsy. The differential diagnosis of such an echocardiographic pattern is discussed.", "contents": "Coronary ostial embolus and mitral vegetation simulating a left atrial myxoma: a case of probable cryptococcal valvulitis. A 56 year old man died with disseminated cryptococcosis after immunosuppressive therapy for a hematologic disorder of unknown etiology. The immediate cause of death was cardiogenic shock, probably resulting from a large right coronary ostial embolus and subsequent ischemic myocardial injury. The embolus originated from a bulky mitral vegetation (possibly cryptococcal) demonstrated ante mortem by echocardiography and cardiac angiography, and at autopsy. The differential diagnosis of such an echocardiographic pattern is discussed.", "PMID": 498606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3954", "title": "Aneurysm of the left atrial appendage.", "content": "A 2-year old asymptomatic girl is presented in whom the chest x-ray film led to the discovery of a grossly distorted cardiac shadow. Angiocardiography showed a giant aneurysm originating from the left atrium. At operation an intrapericardial aneurysm of the left atrial appendage, measuring 12 X 4 X 4 cm, was found. It communicated with the left atrium through an orifice measuring 3 cm. The aneurysm was excised.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the left atrial appendage. A 2-year old asymptomatic girl is presented in whom the chest x-ray film led to the discovery of a grossly distorted cardiac shadow. Angiocardiography showed a giant aneurysm originating from the left atrium. At operation an intrapericardial aneurysm of the left atrial appendage, measuring 12 X 4 X 4 cm, was found. It communicated with the left atrium through an orifice measuring 3 cm. The aneurysm was excised.", "PMID": 498607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3955", "title": "Systolic honk in heart failure: its origin and mechanism of production.", "content": "Systolic honks have so far been synonymous with prolapse of the mitral valve leaflet. Evidence of tricuspid valve involvement in two cases is presented. These patients developed systolic honk during the deterioration of their congestive heart failure. Simultaneous recordings of echocardiograms and phonocardiograms showed fluttering of the tricuspid valve, coinciding with the systolic honk. This fluttering was not seen when honk was absent. The mechanism of production of this honk is discussed.", "contents": "Systolic honk in heart failure: its origin and mechanism of production. Systolic honks have so far been synonymous with prolapse of the mitral valve leaflet. Evidence of tricuspid valve involvement in two cases is presented. These patients developed systolic honk during the deterioration of their congestive heart failure. Simultaneous recordings of echocardiograms and phonocardiograms showed fluttering of the tricuspid valve, coinciding with the systolic honk. This fluttering was not seen when honk was absent. The mechanism of production of this honk is discussed.", "PMID": 498608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3956", "title": "Anatomy of the forefoot, normal and pathologic.", "content": "The metatarsophalangeal joints divide the forefoot as a lever for the push-off into two segments. The proximal segment is used for the first antigravitational phase, and the distal is added when the foot has gained speed. The ligaments of the ball of the foot are tied to the distal segment and are in their function dependent on free mobility of this segment. Thus, for the kinematics of the foot, for the stability of the arches, and for the ability of the skin to withstand shear forces, it is important to select a shoe that does not compress the toes, restrict their movements unnecessarily or expose the metatarsal heads to uneven pressure.", "contents": "Anatomy of the forefoot, normal and pathologic. The metatarsophalangeal joints divide the forefoot as a lever for the push-off into two segments. The proximal segment is used for the first antigravitational phase, and the distal is added when the foot has gained speed. The ligaments of the ball of the foot are tied to the distal segment and are in their function dependent on free mobility of this segment. Thus, for the kinematics of the foot, for the stability of the arches, and for the ability of the skin to withstand shear forces, it is important to select a shoe that does not compress the toes, restrict their movements unnecessarily or expose the metatarsal heads to uneven pressure.", "PMID": 498621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3957", "title": "Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound in the prediction of healing and the selection of surgical level for dysvascular lesions of the toes and forefoot.", "content": "Dysvascular lesions of the toes and forefoot are divided into 5 grades and matched with appropriate treatment programs. Patients with diabetes mellitus and arterosclerosis obliterans make up the greatest number presenting with such problems. Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound has been added to clinical criteria as an aid in the prediction of healing. Systolic blood pressures are taken at the thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot and toes using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound as a sensitive stethoscope. Systolic blood pressure taken at the antecubital fossa is divided into the lower extremity pressures to obtain an ischemic index. Healing can be predicted with 90% or better accuracy where the ischemic index is above 0.35 in the arteriosclerotic foot and above 0.45 in the diabetic foot.", "contents": "Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound in the prediction of healing and the selection of surgical level for dysvascular lesions of the toes and forefoot. Dysvascular lesions of the toes and forefoot are divided into 5 grades and matched with appropriate treatment programs. Patients with diabetes mellitus and arterosclerosis obliterans make up the greatest number presenting with such problems. Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound has been added to clinical criteria as an aid in the prediction of healing. Systolic blood pressures are taken at the thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot and toes using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound as a sensitive stethoscope. Systolic blood pressure taken at the antecubital fossa is divided into the lower extremity pressures to obtain an ischemic index. Healing can be predicted with 90% or better accuracy where the ischemic index is above 0.35 in the arteriosclerotic foot and above 0.45 in the diabetic foot.", "PMID": 498622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3958", "title": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia treated in a quadrilateral cast brace.", "content": "In 15 patients traction followed by cast brace was an acceptable method of treatment for ipsilateral fractures of the tibia and femur. Prolonged healing times and limited range of motion of the knee were not significant problems. This method of treatment is especially indicated in patients with severe open injuries or comminution of femoral shaft fractures which do not safely lend themselves to rigid internal fixation. The hospitalization time, 5 weeks, is considerably less than for spica cast treatment of femoral shaft fractures and is comparable to that reported for open reduction and rigid fixation of femoral shaft fractures.", "contents": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia treated in a quadrilateral cast brace. In 15 patients traction followed by cast brace was an acceptable method of treatment for ipsilateral fractures of the tibia and femur. Prolonged healing times and limited range of motion of the knee were not significant problems. This method of treatment is especially indicated in patients with severe open injuries or comminution of femoral shaft fractures which do not safely lend themselves to rigid internal fixation. The hospitalization time, 5 weeks, is considerably less than for spica cast treatment of femoral shaft fractures and is comparable to that reported for open reduction and rigid fixation of femoral shaft fractures.", "PMID": 498623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3959", "title": "Chronic anteromedial instability of the knee.", "content": "This is a review of 26 patients with 2 or more years of knee pain or giving way or both in whom the most striking clinical finding was moderate or marked anteromedial instability. Of 27 knees, more than 15 responded favorably to a thigh-muscle-strengthening program. The Lenox Hill brace proved to be a useful adjunct in 9 patients.", "contents": "Chronic anteromedial instability of the knee. This is a review of 26 patients with 2 or more years of knee pain or giving way or both in whom the most striking clinical finding was moderate or marked anteromedial instability. Of 27 knees, more than 15 responded favorably to a thigh-muscle-strengthening program. The Lenox Hill brace proved to be a useful adjunct in 9 patients.", "PMID": 498624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3960", "title": "Bilateral traumatic rupture of the infrapatellar tendon.", "content": "This is a case report and discussion of the traumatic lesion of bilateral rupture of the infrapatellar tendon in a 52-year-old man. This injury is very rare and seems not to have been previously documented. The treatment consists of surgical repair and cast immobilization. Bilateral rupture of the infrapatellar tendon should be suspected when after injury a patient is unable to actively extend his knee.", "contents": "Bilateral traumatic rupture of the infrapatellar tendon. This is a case report and discussion of the traumatic lesion of bilateral rupture of the infrapatellar tendon in a 52-year-old man. This injury is very rare and seems not to have been previously documented. The treatment consists of surgical repair and cast immobilization. Bilateral rupture of the infrapatellar tendon should be suspected when after injury a patient is unable to actively extend his knee.", "PMID": 498625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3961", "title": "The Synovial shelf syndrome.", "content": "A syndrome complex mimicking a tear of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus consists of absence of effusion with negative arthrographic and arthroscopic examinations. Because of a thickened band of the medial synovial shelf this entity is termed the \"medial synovial shelf syndrome.\"", "contents": "The Synovial shelf syndrome. A syndrome complex mimicking a tear of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus consists of absence of effusion with negative arthrographic and arthroscopic examinations. Because of a thickened band of the medial synovial shelf this entity is termed the \"medial synovial shelf syndrome.\"", "PMID": 498626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3962", "title": "Paget's disease of the patella.", "content": "Isolated Paget's disease of the patella occurred in a 44-year-old man, and included previously unreported complications of this disorder such as patellofemoral arthritis and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Paget's disease of the patella. Isolated Paget's disease of the patella occurred in a 44-year-old man, and included previously unreported complications of this disorder such as patellofemoral arthritis and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 498627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3963", "title": "An artificial ankle joint.", "content": "Ankle fusion has been the time-honored treatment for painful debilitating conditions of the ankle due to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is not a uniformly successful operation and has a high complication rate. If there is pre-existing disease in the knee or midtarsal joints, the pain is frequently made worse by ankle fusion. If there is no pre-existing disease, then painful degenerative changes frequently occur in the midtarsal joints subsequently. An artificial ankle joint has been used successfully since 1973 in patients who otherwise would require ankle fusion. The design of the prosthesis allows unrestricted motion in all planes. It also allows imperfect placement of the device without compromising results. The dome of the talus is not resected during insertion of the prosthesis. Only 1 cm of distal tibia is resected, thus allowing fusion without difficulty should it later become necessary. The superior position of the polyethylene device decreases wear from particulate matter which might settle by gravity. Study of 50 total ankle arthroplasty cases shows that predictably good results can be obtained in ankles with good stability, reasonably normal anatomy, and rheumatoids who are not on long-term steroid therapy.", "contents": "An artificial ankle joint. Ankle fusion has been the time-honored treatment for painful debilitating conditions of the ankle due to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is not a uniformly successful operation and has a high complication rate. If there is pre-existing disease in the knee or midtarsal joints, the pain is frequently made worse by ankle fusion. If there is no pre-existing disease, then painful degenerative changes frequently occur in the midtarsal joints subsequently. An artificial ankle joint has been used successfully since 1973 in patients who otherwise would require ankle fusion. The design of the prosthesis allows unrestricted motion in all planes. It also allows imperfect placement of the device without compromising results. The dome of the talus is not resected during insertion of the prosthesis. Only 1 cm of distal tibia is resected, thus allowing fusion without difficulty should it later become necessary. The superior position of the polyethylene device decreases wear from particulate matter which might settle by gravity. Study of 50 total ankle arthroplasty cases shows that predictably good results can be obtained in ankles with good stability, reasonably normal anatomy, and rheumatoids who are not on long-term steroid therapy.", "PMID": 498628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3964", "title": "Surgery of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "One hundred four patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist were evaluated a minimum of 12 months post-operatively (average of 34 months). Seventy patients had 87 arthroplasties and 34 patients had 41 arthrodeses performed on the Arthritis Service of Rancho Los Amigos Hospital (Downey, California), from 1962 to 1975. Seventy-eight per cent of the arthrodeses fused, yet only 69% were painfree. Of the 22% that did not fuse, 67% were pain-free. Carpal and/or intercarpal synovitis recurred in 16% of the fused group and 33% of the nonfused group. Eighty-three per cent of the arthroplasties were pain-free, 91% were stable, and all lost motion which averaged 40 degrees (55%). Spontaneous fusion occurred in 16%). Synovitis recurred in 8.0%.", "contents": "Surgery of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. One hundred four patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist were evaluated a minimum of 12 months post-operatively (average of 34 months). Seventy patients had 87 arthroplasties and 34 patients had 41 arthrodeses performed on the Arthritis Service of Rancho Los Amigos Hospital (Downey, California), from 1962 to 1975. Seventy-eight per cent of the arthrodeses fused, yet only 69% were painfree. Of the 22% that did not fuse, 67% were pain-free. Carpal and/or intercarpal synovitis recurred in 16% of the fused group and 33% of the nonfused group. Eighty-three per cent of the arthroplasties were pain-free, 91% were stable, and all lost motion which averaged 40 degrees (55%). Spontaneous fusion occurred in 16%). Synovitis recurred in 8.0%.", "PMID": 498630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3965", "title": "Wrist arthrodesis.", "content": "Arthrodesis of the wrist is an excellent procedure indicated only in carefully selected and evaluated cases. Eleven patients with various pathological lesions were treated by a modification of standard surgical techniques. Good stability and bone graft placement was secured by an easily removed internal fixation device. External immobilization was required for minimal periods of time. The end results were satisfactory.", "contents": "Wrist arthrodesis. Arthrodesis of the wrist is an excellent procedure indicated only in carefully selected and evaluated cases. Eleven patients with various pathological lesions were treated by a modification of standard surgical techniques. Good stability and bone graft placement was secured by an easily removed internal fixation device. External immobilization was required for minimal periods of time. The end results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 498631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3966", "title": "The treatment of fracture dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine with halofemoral traction and Harrington rod instrumentation.", "content": "Although function does not return after complete spinal cord injuries, partial recovery is possible after incomplete lesions Halofemoral traction may produce early decompression of injured neural elements in the spinal canal by anatomic realignment of the spinal column. It also acts to stabilize the very unstable thoracolumbar fracture dislocation and prevent displacement as well as further neurologic trauma. The body jacket is easy to make and apply. It allows early mobilization of patients when utilized in conjunction with the posterior spinal fusion and Harrington rod fixation.", "contents": "The treatment of fracture dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine with halofemoral traction and Harrington rod instrumentation. Although function does not return after complete spinal cord injuries, partial recovery is possible after incomplete lesions Halofemoral traction may produce early decompression of injured neural elements in the spinal canal by anatomic realignment of the spinal column. It also acts to stabilize the very unstable thoracolumbar fracture dislocation and prevent displacement as well as further neurologic trauma. The body jacket is easy to make and apply. It allows early mobilization of patients when utilized in conjunction with the posterior spinal fusion and Harrington rod fixation.", "PMID": 498632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3967", "title": "Anterior interosseous nerve entrapment: (Kiloh-Nevin syndrome) report of seven cases.", "content": "Pain may be the earliest symptom of anterior interosseous nerve entrapment (Kiloh-Nevin syndrome), and seems not to have been described before. The arcuate ligament of Fearn and Goodfellow may entrap the median as well as the anterior interosseous nerves, in which case a patient may have numbness as well as pain. Rheumatoid disease and gouty arthritis may be a predisposing factor in anterior interosseous nerve entrapment.", "contents": "Anterior interosseous nerve entrapment: (Kiloh-Nevin syndrome) report of seven cases. Pain may be the earliest symptom of anterior interosseous nerve entrapment (Kiloh-Nevin syndrome), and seems not to have been described before. The arcuate ligament of Fearn and Goodfellow may entrap the median as well as the anterior interosseous nerves, in which case a patient may have numbness as well as pain. Rheumatoid disease and gouty arthritis may be a predisposing factor in anterior interosseous nerve entrapment.", "PMID": 498633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3968", "title": "Fatigue fracture ossa pubes due to obesity. Report of a case.", "content": "A 60-year-old menopausal woman, who was in otherwise good health, save for morbid obesity, developed fatigue fractures of her ossa pubes, bilaterally, superiority and inferiorly. This type of pathologic fracture seems not to have been reported previously.", "contents": "Fatigue fracture ossa pubes due to obesity. Report of a case. A 60-year-old menopausal woman, who was in otherwise good health, save for morbid obesity, developed fatigue fractures of her ossa pubes, bilaterally, superiority and inferiorly. This type of pathologic fracture seems not to have been reported previously.", "PMID": 498634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3969", "title": "Evaluation of the adult forefoot.", "content": "The evaluation of the forefoot consists of a brief history, a detailed examination, and supplementary tests. Foremost in the history is the chief complaint. The examination includes attention to gait, wear pattern of the shoes, location of tenderness, distribution of calluses, presence of swelling and masses, joint range of motion, changes in the circulatory and neurological systems, and status of the skin and nails. Supplementary studies include standing roentgenograms, blood tests, ankle blood pressure measurement using a Doppler instrument, photographs and footprint impression.", "contents": "Evaluation of the adult forefoot. The evaluation of the forefoot consists of a brief history, a detailed examination, and supplementary tests. Foremost in the history is the chief complaint. The examination includes attention to gait, wear pattern of the shoes, location of tenderness, distribution of calluses, presence of swelling and masses, joint range of motion, changes in the circulatory and neurological systems, and status of the skin and nails. Supplementary studies include standing roentgenograms, blood tests, ankle blood pressure measurement using a Doppler instrument, photographs and footprint impression.", "PMID": 498635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3970", "title": "Coagulolysis assay in the detection of deep vein thrombosis in the orthopedic patient. A preliminary report.", "content": "The recently developed coagulolysis assay was utilized in conjuction with fibrinogen uptake scanning to monitor 91 of 111 consecutive orthopedic patients scheduled for hip surgery or total knee replacement. Sixteen patients had abnormal coagulolysis assays and positive scans. Venography was performed in 15 of these patients, and deep vein thrombosis was documented in 12. Five patients developed pulmonary emboli, including one with negative venogram. Thus, over 80% of the patients in which both the coagulolysis assay and the fibrinogen scan were abnormal had additional documentation of deep vein thrombosis. In 41 patients, the coagulolysis assay was negative. Venograms were not routinely performed in this group. However, 3 patients developed pulmonary emboli indicating that deep vein thrombosis developed in this group. Only one patient had a normal coagulolysis with a positive fibrinogen scan. Venography documented a deep vein thrombosis. Thirty-three patients who had normal coagulolysis assays and negative fibrinogen scans also had no evidence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The coagulolysis assay appears to be a safe, noninvasive study for the detection of deep vein thrombosis. There was only a one per cent false-negative incidence.", "contents": "Coagulolysis assay in the detection of deep vein thrombosis in the orthopedic patient. A preliminary report. The recently developed coagulolysis assay was utilized in conjuction with fibrinogen uptake scanning to monitor 91 of 111 consecutive orthopedic patients scheduled for hip surgery or total knee replacement. Sixteen patients had abnormal coagulolysis assays and positive scans. Venography was performed in 15 of these patients, and deep vein thrombosis was documented in 12. Five patients developed pulmonary emboli, including one with negative venogram. Thus, over 80% of the patients in which both the coagulolysis assay and the fibrinogen scan were abnormal had additional documentation of deep vein thrombosis. In 41 patients, the coagulolysis assay was negative. Venograms were not routinely performed in this group. However, 3 patients developed pulmonary emboli indicating that deep vein thrombosis developed in this group. Only one patient had a normal coagulolysis with a positive fibrinogen scan. Venography documented a deep vein thrombosis. Thirty-three patients who had normal coagulolysis assays and negative fibrinogen scans also had no evidence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The coagulolysis assay appears to be a safe, noninvasive study for the detection of deep vein thrombosis. There was only a one per cent false-negative incidence.", "PMID": 498636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3971", "title": "Autoimmunity in degenerative disk disease. A histopathologic study.", "content": "Recently, on the basis of in vitro experiments, a number of workers have suggested that degenerative disk desease may have an autoimmune basis. In order to corroborate these findings, a histopathologic study was undertaken on 218 specimens. A series of 108 Schmorl's nodes and 110 intervertebral disks obtained at laminectomy were examined for an immune-reaction type of inflammatory cellular infiltrate. While no inflammatory cellular infiltrates were found in any of the specimens, there were granulation tissue ingrowths and vascular invasion. these pathologic findings may represent the body's response to mechanical injury rather than in inflammatory response to a thus far undefined antigen.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in degenerative disk disease. A histopathologic study. Recently, on the basis of in vitro experiments, a number of workers have suggested that degenerative disk desease may have an autoimmune basis. In order to corroborate these findings, a histopathologic study was undertaken on 218 specimens. A series of 108 Schmorl's nodes and 110 intervertebral disks obtained at laminectomy were examined for an immune-reaction type of inflammatory cellular infiltrate. While no inflammatory cellular infiltrates were found in any of the specimens, there were granulation tissue ingrowths and vascular invasion. these pathologic findings may represent the body's response to mechanical injury rather than in inflammatory response to a thus far undefined antigen.", "PMID": 498638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3972", "title": "X-ray diagnosis of healing fractures in rabbits.", "content": "Do X-rays adequately reflect the strength of callus post fracture? Eleven rabbit tibiae were manually fractured and allowed to heal in plaster. At varying times post fracture, the rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae were removed. AP and lateral X-rays of each tibia were obtained and shown to 27 orthopedists and radiologists who were asked to rank the bones in order of strength. The valid ranking was done using data obtained by loading the bones axially to failure in an Instron machine. Each physician's ranking was compared with that obtained from the Instron with a median correlation level p=0.0668. This implies that a physician, whether an orthopedist or radiologist, is not very reliable at determining early osseous union.", "contents": "X-ray diagnosis of healing fractures in rabbits. Do X-rays adequately reflect the strength of callus post fracture? Eleven rabbit tibiae were manually fractured and allowed to heal in plaster. At varying times post fracture, the rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae were removed. AP and lateral X-rays of each tibia were obtained and shown to 27 orthopedists and radiologists who were asked to rank the bones in order of strength. The valid ranking was done using data obtained by loading the bones axially to failure in an Instron machine. Each physician's ranking was compared with that obtained from the Instron with a median correlation level p=0.0668. This implies that a physician, whether an orthopedist or radiologist, is not very reliable at determining early osseous union.", "PMID": 498640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3973", "title": "The function of the toes in walking, jogging and running.", "content": "The foot has been studied in walking, running and jogging using high speed cinema photography in the laboratory for gait analysis in the Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, San Francisco. During running, as well as in walking, the extrinsic toe flexors restrain progression of the tibia. The extrinsic extensors accelerate the tibia over the fixed foot. The intrinsic toe muscles function from mid-stance to lift-off when the subject runs on his toes. In sprinting, the intrinsics are active throughout the weight-bearing phase.", "contents": "The function of the toes in walking, jogging and running. The foot has been studied in walking, running and jogging using high speed cinema photography in the laboratory for gait analysis in the Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, San Francisco. During running, as well as in walking, the extrinsic toe flexors restrain progression of the tibia. The extrinsic extensors accelerate the tibia over the fixed foot. The intrinsic toe muscles function from mid-stance to lift-off when the subject runs on his toes. In sprinting, the intrinsics are active throughout the weight-bearing phase.", "PMID": 498642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3974", "title": "The effect of a constant direct current on the repair of an experimental osseous defect.", "content": "To investigate the effect of a constant direct electrical current on the mineral deposition in an experimental osseous defect, 8 microamperes of current were applied across a circular osteotomy placed in the lateral cortex of an avian metatarsus. Mineral deposition was measured to quantitate bone formation in vivo using iodine-125 absorptiometry. The electrical current had no effect either on the initiation or the rate of mineral deposition. However, the quantity of mineralized callus was significantly greater in the treated than untreated bones.", "contents": "The effect of a constant direct current on the repair of an experimental osseous defect. To investigate the effect of a constant direct electrical current on the mineral deposition in an experimental osseous defect, 8 microamperes of current were applied across a circular osteotomy placed in the lateral cortex of an avian metatarsus. Mineral deposition was measured to quantitate bone formation in vivo using iodine-125 absorptiometry. The electrical current had no effect either on the initiation or the rate of mineral deposition. However, the quantity of mineralized callus was significantly greater in the treated than untreated bones.", "PMID": 498639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3975", "title": "Experimental study on healing of bone fractures using L-dopa.", "content": "Internal fixation with plate and screws was combined with administration of L-Dopa, which presumably operates by stimulating release of growth hormone. The combination induces osteogenesis, callus formation and complete union in the experimental femur osteotomy gap (10-20 mm long). Complete clinical and radiologic union was achieved in dogs treated for 3-6 weeks, thus achieving healing of a bone gap which otherwise would have formed a pseudarthrosis.", "contents": "Experimental study on healing of bone fractures using L-dopa. Internal fixation with plate and screws was combined with administration of L-Dopa, which presumably operates by stimulating release of growth hormone. The combination induces osteogenesis, callus formation and complete union in the experimental femur osteotomy gap (10-20 mm long). Complete clinical and radiologic union was achieved in dogs treated for 3-6 weeks, thus achieving healing of a bone gap which otherwise would have formed a pseudarthrosis.", "PMID": 498643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3976", "title": "Bioelectric potentials associated with the growing deer antler.", "content": "Bioelectric potentials associated with the developing deer antler throughout its growth cycle can be correlated with the rate of longitudinal bone growth. Electrodes were connected to a high input impediance microvoltmeter, and potentials on the surface of antlers of mature deer were measured during the antler growth cycle. The reference electrode was placed at the base of the antler, while the recording electrode was placed at the antler tip or along the antler shaft. Antler length measurements were made during the growth cycle and longitudinal growth rates were determined. Growth rates and bioelectric potentials were compared for three specified periods during the antler growth cycle. The most negative potential was recorded from the antler tip. Furthermore, electronegativity increased as the rate of growth in length increased and decreased as the rate of growth in length decreased. The potentials reached isopolarity at the end of antler growth.", "contents": "Bioelectric potentials associated with the growing deer antler. Bioelectric potentials associated with the developing deer antler throughout its growth cycle can be correlated with the rate of longitudinal bone growth. Electrodes were connected to a high input impediance microvoltmeter, and potentials on the surface of antlers of mature deer were measured during the antler growth cycle. The reference electrode was placed at the base of the antler, while the recording electrode was placed at the antler tip or along the antler shaft. Antler length measurements were made during the growth cycle and longitudinal growth rates were determined. Growth rates and bioelectric potentials were compared for three specified periods during the antler growth cycle. The most negative potential was recorded from the antler tip. Furthermore, electronegativity increased as the rate of growth in length increased and decreased as the rate of growth in length decreased. The potentials reached isopolarity at the end of antler growth.", "PMID": 498641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3977", "title": "Chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus.", "content": "The chevron osteotomy for realignment of the first metatarsal head in metatarsus primus varus deformity has been utilized at the Mayo Clinic since 1976 on 26 feet (18 patients). Follow-up evaluation disclosed excellent relief of pain, good cosmetic correction, and overall patient satisfaction. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated reduction in the angle between the phalanx and the metatarsal bone of the great toe as well as narrowing of the forefoot with a decreased angle between the first and the second metatarsal bones. The stability of the osteotomy, the technical ease, and the absence of secondary difficulties such as transfer metatarsalgia make this procedure preferable when osteotomy of the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone is used for correction of moderate deformity.", "contents": "Chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus. The chevron osteotomy for realignment of the first metatarsal head in metatarsus primus varus deformity has been utilized at the Mayo Clinic since 1976 on 26 feet (18 patients). Follow-up evaluation disclosed excellent relief of pain, good cosmetic correction, and overall patient satisfaction. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated reduction in the angle between the phalanx and the metatarsal bone of the great toe as well as narrowing of the forefoot with a decreased angle between the first and the second metatarsal bones. The stability of the osteotomy, the technical ease, and the absence of secondary difficulties such as transfer metatarsalgia make this procedure preferable when osteotomy of the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone is used for correction of moderate deformity.", "PMID": 498646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3978", "title": "A simple operation for hallux rigidus.", "content": "Dissatisfaction with the Keller-type operation and the arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in hallux rigidus led to the use of a wedge osteotomy method at the base of the proximal phalanx. Short-term results in 8 patients suggest that further testing of this method should be worthwhile.", "contents": "A simple operation for hallux rigidus. Dissatisfaction with the Keller-type operation and the arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in hallux rigidus led to the use of a wedge osteotomy method at the base of the proximal phalanx. Short-term results in 8 patients suggest that further testing of this method should be worthwhile.", "PMID": 498648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3979", "title": "Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for severe bunions and hallux rigidus.", "content": "Compression arthrodesis of the first metararsophalangeal joint using a modification of the technique of McKeever is described. This operation consistently produces the best results for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus of the great toe. The operation has been found to be applicable where there have been previous attempts at surgical correction. It also produces good results in patients having rheumatoid arthritis when there is minimal involvement of the interphalangeal joint.", "contents": "Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for severe bunions and hallux rigidus. Compression arthrodesis of the first metararsophalangeal joint using a modification of the technique of McKeever is described. This operation consistently produces the best results for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus of the great toe. The operation has been found to be applicable where there have been previous attempts at surgical correction. It also produces good results in patients having rheumatoid arthritis when there is minimal involvement of the interphalangeal joint.", "PMID": 498647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3980", "title": "Hallux rigidus: A review of the literature and a method of treatment.", "content": "Twenty patients with hallux rigidus were evaluated following cheilectomy. The surgical procedure involved resection of proliferative bone at the metatarsophalangeal joint to allow at least 45 degrees of passive dorsiflexion. The follow-up ranged from 7 months to 156 months. Postoperatively, there was minimal progression of the degenrative process. Subjectively, there was uniform patient satisfaction with the procedure.", "contents": "Hallux rigidus: A review of the literature and a method of treatment. Twenty patients with hallux rigidus were evaluated following cheilectomy. The surgical procedure involved resection of proliferative bone at the metatarsophalangeal joint to allow at least 45 degrees of passive dorsiflexion. The follow-up ranged from 7 months to 156 months. Postoperatively, there was minimal progression of the degenrative process. Subjectively, there was uniform patient satisfaction with the procedure.", "PMID": 498649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3981", "title": "Morton's metatarsalgia in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Findings in a follow-up study of 66 operations Morton's metatarsalgia performed on 52 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis during the years 1954-1977 were in many respects different from those described as \"classic\" Morton's neuroma. The incidence was one to 520 in rheumatoid patients. The ratio of females to males was 9.4 to one. Histology revealed inflammatory or degenerative changes of the walls of synovial cavities often in connection with typical rheumatoid nudules. The changes of the nerves were non-specific alterations caused by chronic compression. Surgical removal of the tumor-like formations gave uniformly good results. Early metatarsophalangeal synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis decreased in need of operations for Morton's metatarsalgia from 4.5 to 0.6 operations per year and can be recommended as a prophylactic procedure.", "contents": "Morton's metatarsalgia in rheumatoid arthritis. Findings in a follow-up study of 66 operations Morton's metatarsalgia performed on 52 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis during the years 1954-1977 were in many respects different from those described as \"classic\" Morton's neuroma. The incidence was one to 520 in rheumatoid patients. The ratio of females to males was 9.4 to one. Histology revealed inflammatory or degenerative changes of the walls of synovial cavities often in connection with typical rheumatoid nudules. The changes of the nerves were non-specific alterations caused by chronic compression. Surgical removal of the tumor-like formations gave uniformly good results. Early metatarsophalangeal synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis decreased in need of operations for Morton's metatarsalgia from 4.5 to 0.6 operations per year and can be recommended as a prophylactic procedure.", "PMID": 498652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3982", "title": "Forces under the hallux valgus foot before and after surgery.", "content": "Abnormalities in the hallux valgus foot and changes after surgery were investigated by measuring the distribuiion of load on the foot in walking. Hallux valgus was associated with reduced load imposed on the toes, and on the medial side of the forefoot, compared with a large sample of healthy feet. Abnormalities correlated with the degree of the deformity. Both Keller's operation and a wedge displacement osteotomy of the first metatarsal not only failed to restore normal loading but increased the abnormalities of loading seen preoperatively. A large decrease in the angle between first and second metatarsals as a result of surgery minimized this increase. A silastic arthroplasty did not carry high loads when used to treat hallux valgus, but near normal loads were imposed on it when used for hallux rigidus. Considerable variability was found in the loading distribution on the healthy feet. The distribution between first and second metatarsal heads was partially dependent upon their protrusions, relative to the direction of walking. The changes in the relationships between the loadings on the forefoot and skeletal shape in response to surgical operations are important for our understanding of treatment of the hallux valgus foot.", "contents": "Forces under the hallux valgus foot before and after surgery. Abnormalities in the hallux valgus foot and changes after surgery were investigated by measuring the distribuiion of load on the foot in walking. Hallux valgus was associated with reduced load imposed on the toes, and on the medial side of the forefoot, compared with a large sample of healthy feet. Abnormalities correlated with the degree of the deformity. Both Keller's operation and a wedge displacement osteotomy of the first metatarsal not only failed to restore normal loading but increased the abnormalities of loading seen preoperatively. A large decrease in the angle between first and second metatarsals as a result of surgery minimized this increase. A silastic arthroplasty did not carry high loads when used to treat hallux valgus, but near normal loads were imposed on it when used for hallux rigidus. Considerable variability was found in the loading distribution on the healthy feet. The distribution between first and second metatarsal heads was partially dependent upon their protrusions, relative to the direction of walking. The changes in the relationships between the loadings on the forefoot and skeletal shape in response to surgical operations are important for our understanding of treatment of the hallux valgus foot.", "PMID": 498650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3983", "title": "Onychocryptosis: principles of non-operative and operative care.", "content": "Onychocryptosis has many causal factors which contribute to the impingement of the nail edge with the soft tissue nail wall. The treatment protocol for ingrown toenail includes a regimen of conservative care, nail plate avulsion and nail bed ablation.", "contents": "Onychocryptosis: principles of non-operative and operative care. Onychocryptosis has many causal factors which contribute to the impingement of the nail edge with the soft tissue nail wall. The treatment protocol for ingrown toenail includes a regimen of conservative care, nail plate avulsion and nail bed ablation.", "PMID": 498655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3984", "title": "Freiberg's infraction: a subchondral bone fatigue fracture. A new surgical treatment.", "content": "Observations on plantar pressure points suggest that Freiberg's infraction is osteonecrosis of the second or third metatarsal head resulting from a subchrondral bone fatique fracture. A series of 53 cases were successfully treated by deflexion osteotomy of the involved metatarsal head.", "contents": "Freiberg's infraction: a subchondral bone fatigue fracture. A new surgical treatment. Observations on plantar pressure points suggest that Freiberg's infraction is osteonecrosis of the second or third metatarsal head resulting from a subchrondral bone fatique fracture. A series of 53 cases were successfully treated by deflexion osteotomy of the involved metatarsal head.", "PMID": 498654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3985", "title": "Thomas Morton's disease: a nerve entrapment syndrome. A new surgical technique.", "content": "A new interpretation of the surgical treatment of Morton's neuroma consists of release of the anterior edge of the deep plantar fascia (deep intermetacarpal ligament) without resection of the neuroma. In 206 patients treated with this technique, 83% had rapid and stable improvement. An additional 15% were improved but with some persistence of pain. Division of the ligament without excision of the neuroma provides good pain relief in most patients without the hazards of loss of sensation, loss of sweat production, or neuroma development in the nerve stump.", "contents": "Thomas Morton's disease: a nerve entrapment syndrome. A new surgical technique. A new interpretation of the surgical treatment of Morton's neuroma consists of release of the anterior edge of the deep plantar fascia (deep intermetacarpal ligament) without resection of the neuroma. In 206 patients treated with this technique, 83% had rapid and stable improvement. An additional 15% were improved but with some persistence of pain. Division of the ligament without excision of the neuroma provides good pain relief in most patients without the hazards of loss of sensation, loss of sweat production, or neuroma development in the nerve stump.", "PMID": 498653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3986", "title": "Splenic visualization in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "A case of splenic visualization of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in a patient with G-6PD deficiency who did not show radiographic evidence of splenic calcification is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Splenic visualization in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A case of splenic visualization of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in a patient with G-6PD deficiency who did not show radiographic evidence of splenic calcification is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 498666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3987", "title": "Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction by EKG-gated radionuclide techniques and contrast angiography using a microcomputer system.", "content": "The left ventricular ejection fractions of 53 patients were determined from multi-image cardiac blood pool scintigrams in the left anterior oblique position utilizing a microcomputer and floppy disc. These data were compared to ejection fractions obtained at cardiac catheterization in the right anterior oblique position. The ejection fraction obtained by radionuclide technique was comparable to that obtained by contrast angiography in the 53 patients with an r = 0.93. Forty-five patients with coronary artery disease showed an r = 0.92. In the coronary artery group with regional wall dysfunction, the correlation was r = 0.89.", "contents": "Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction by EKG-gated radionuclide techniques and contrast angiography using a microcomputer system. The left ventricular ejection fractions of 53 patients were determined from multi-image cardiac blood pool scintigrams in the left anterior oblique position utilizing a microcomputer and floppy disc. These data were compared to ejection fractions obtained at cardiac catheterization in the right anterior oblique position. The ejection fraction obtained by radionuclide technique was comparable to that obtained by contrast angiography in the 53 patients with an r = 0.93. Forty-five patients with coronary artery disease showed an r = 0.92. In the coronary artery group with regional wall dysfunction, the correlation was r = 0.89.", "PMID": 498667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3988", "title": "Radionuclide blood flow studies before and after gelfoam embolization of intracranial meningiomas.", "content": "Radionuclide blood flow studies were employed to evaluate the success or failure of preoperative Gelfoam embolization in two patients with intracranial meningiomas. In both cases, the initial radionuclide blood flow study showed tumor visualization during the arterial phase. Immediately following the embolization procedure, the radionuclide blood flow study showed no visualization of the meningioma during the arterial phase, indicating a successful embolization procedure in preparation for removal of the tumor in a relatively bloodless field.", "contents": "Radionuclide blood flow studies before and after gelfoam embolization of intracranial meningiomas. Radionuclide blood flow studies were employed to evaluate the success or failure of preoperative Gelfoam embolization in two patients with intracranial meningiomas. In both cases, the initial radionuclide blood flow study showed tumor visualization during the arterial phase. Immediately following the embolization procedure, the radionuclide blood flow study showed no visualization of the meningioma during the arterial phase, indicating a successful embolization procedure in preparation for removal of the tumor in a relatively bloodless field.", "PMID": 498668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3989", "title": "False-positive lung imaging: inadvertent injection into a pulmonary artery catheter.", "content": "A case of a ventilation-perfusion mismatch seen post-operatively in a patient with chest pain is reported. There was absence of perfusion to the right lung, with relatively normal ventilation. The study was initially interpreted as indicating a high probability of pulmonary embolus. It was then discovered that the injection had been inadvertently made into a Swan-Ganz catheter, with its tip in the left main pulmonary artery. The mismatch was therefore iatrogenic and not related to pulmonary embolus. The false-positive lung imaging which resulted has not been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "False-positive lung imaging: inadvertent injection into a pulmonary artery catheter. A case of a ventilation-perfusion mismatch seen post-operatively in a patient with chest pain is reported. There was absence of perfusion to the right lung, with relatively normal ventilation. The study was initially interpreted as indicating a high probability of pulmonary embolus. It was then discovered that the injection had been inadvertently made into a Swan-Ganz catheter, with its tip in the left main pulmonary artery. The mismatch was therefore iatrogenic and not related to pulmonary embolus. The false-positive lung imaging which resulted has not been previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 498669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3990", "title": "Pediatric radionuclide ventriculography.", "content": "Computed tomography is the standard diagnostic examination employed to identify the morbid anatomy of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children. This noninvasive technique provides excellent anatomic information. However, CT only indirectly characterizes the cerebral spinal fluid pathways. When it is necessary to determine precise bulk cerebrospinal fluid flow for surgical correction, then radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) is a useful adjunctive procedure.", "contents": "Pediatric radionuclide ventriculography. Computed tomography is the standard diagnostic examination employed to identify the morbid anatomy of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children. This noninvasive technique provides excellent anatomic information. However, CT only indirectly characterizes the cerebral spinal fluid pathways. When it is necessary to determine precise bulk cerebrospinal fluid flow for surgical correction, then radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) is a useful adjunctive procedure.", "PMID": 498670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3991", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery diagnosed on angiographic phase of bone scan.", "content": "A case of post-traumatic aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery following self-administration of an intramuscular injection is reported. The diagnosis was made prior to contrast arteriography on the basis of a radionuclide angiogram performed as part of a bone scan. Additional confirmation was obtained by ultrasound examination.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery diagnosed on angiographic phase of bone scan. A case of post-traumatic aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery following self-administration of an intramuscular injection is reported. The diagnosis was made prior to contrast arteriography on the basis of a radionuclide angiogram performed as part of a bone scan. Additional confirmation was obtained by ultrasound examination.", "PMID": 498671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3992", "title": "Right-sided spleen with partial situs inversus of the abdominal viscera: visualization of the spleen by dynamic and static 99mTc-sulfur colloid imaging and 51Cr-labeled red blood cell sequestration imaging.", "content": "In a patient with right-sided stomach and malrotation of the small bowel and cecum visualized by gastrointestinal x-ray studies using barium, a right-sided spleen was demonstrated by 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 51Cr-labeled red blood cell imaging. The sulfur colloid study also demonstrated that the liver was in its usual right upper quadrant location.", "contents": "Right-sided spleen with partial situs inversus of the abdominal viscera: visualization of the spleen by dynamic and static 99mTc-sulfur colloid imaging and 51Cr-labeled red blood cell sequestration imaging. In a patient with right-sided stomach and malrotation of the small bowel and cecum visualized by gastrointestinal x-ray studies using barium, a right-sided spleen was demonstrated by 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 51Cr-labeled red blood cell imaging. The sulfur colloid study also demonstrated that the liver was in its usual right upper quadrant location.", "PMID": 498672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3993", "title": "Probe radiocardiography: validation of a technique to routinely determine left ventricular ejection fraction.", "content": "We investigated the probability of obtaining a valid radiocardiogram with the first commercially available cardiac probe and a peripheral injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were obtained in a series of 15 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Probe LVEF determinations using central, peripheral and rapid sequential injections correlated well with each other and with ventriculography (r = .88--.98). By documenting its accuracy and precision, this study confirms the validity of a new technique for measuring LVEF.", "contents": "Probe radiocardiography: validation of a technique to routinely determine left ventricular ejection fraction. We investigated the probability of obtaining a valid radiocardiogram with the first commercially available cardiac probe and a peripheral injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were obtained in a series of 15 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Probe LVEF determinations using central, peripheral and rapid sequential injections correlated well with each other and with ventriculography (r = .88--.98). By documenting its accuracy and precision, this study confirms the validity of a new technique for measuring LVEF.", "PMID": 498674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3994", "title": "Maternal transport.", "content": "Maternal transport offers the following distinct advantages over newborn transport: 1. The mother at risk may receive the highest level of obstetric expertise and technology available in the area. 2. The newborn is assured of immediate intensive paediatric evaluation and support. 3. The reduced equipment needs increase the speed and efficiency of the transport operation. 4. Mother-infant bonding may be enhanced. Maternal transport can never replace newborn transport for there will always be unexpected deliveries of compromised or malformed infants. Thus, in an effective regional perinatal care system, obstetric and neonatal transport programmes should complement each other. Experience to date would indicate that, when such efforts are co-ordinated, one can expect a further decline in perinatal morbidity and mortality for the region.", "contents": "Maternal transport. Maternal transport offers the following distinct advantages over newborn transport: 1. The mother at risk may receive the highest level of obstetric expertise and technology available in the area. 2. The newborn is assured of immediate intensive paediatric evaluation and support. 3. The reduced equipment needs increase the speed and efficiency of the transport operation. 4. Mother-infant bonding may be enhanced. Maternal transport can never replace newborn transport for there will always be unexpected deliveries of compromised or malformed infants. Thus, in an effective regional perinatal care system, obstetric and neonatal transport programmes should complement each other. Experience to date would indicate that, when such efforts are co-ordinated, one can expect a further decline in perinatal morbidity and mortality for the region.", "PMID": 498677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3995", "title": "Electromechanical intervals of the fetal cardiac cycle.", "content": "The measurement of electromechanical intervals of the fetal cardiac cycle may be useful in the evaluation of cardiac status, since they are based upon sound physiological principles. Studies of EMIs in the human fetus are currently in their infancy and clinical evaluation of their usefulness awaits the development of adequate data acquisition, reduction and analysis techniques.", "contents": "Electromechanical intervals of the fetal cardiac cycle. The measurement of electromechanical intervals of the fetal cardiac cycle may be useful in the evaluation of cardiac status, since they are based upon sound physiological principles. Studies of EMIs in the human fetus are currently in their infancy and clinical evaluation of their usefulness awaits the development of adequate data acquisition, reduction and analysis techniques.", "PMID": 498678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3996", "title": "Monitoring of uterine activity.", "content": "The aim of modern obstetrics is to deliver a healthy, undamaged infant to a healthy, happy mother. The ability to classify and treat abnormalities of uterine activity safely with the plotting of cervical progress against time and to quantitate uterine activity as adequate or inadequate allows for more specific and rapid treatment. Treatment may be instituted more rapidly with monitoring and thus avoid prolonged labours with maternal exhaustion and dehydration. With normal fetal heart rate and variability Schifrin (1974) has stated that the differences in fetal outcome associated with various patterns of abnormal labour essentially disappear if mid-forceps procedures are abandoned and only spontaneous vaginal delivery or caesarean section is used.", "contents": "Monitoring of uterine activity. The aim of modern obstetrics is to deliver a healthy, undamaged infant to a healthy, happy mother. The ability to classify and treat abnormalities of uterine activity safely with the plotting of cervical progress against time and to quantitate uterine activity as adequate or inadequate allows for more specific and rapid treatment. Treatment may be instituted more rapidly with monitoring and thus avoid prolonged labours with maternal exhaustion and dehydration. With normal fetal heart rate and variability Schifrin (1974) has stated that the differences in fetal outcome associated with various patterns of abnormal labour essentially disappear if mid-forceps procedures are abandoned and only spontaneous vaginal delivery or caesarean section is used.", "PMID": 498682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3997", "title": "Fetal breathing movements: antepartum monitoring of fetal condition.", "content": "Until recently, the relative inaccessibility of the human fetus to physical assessment has made antepartum assessment of its condition difficult. The development of methods for accurate antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring and the subsequent study of heart rate responses to various stimuli have resulted in a significant improvement in accuracy of antepartum fetal surveillance. The development of real time B-mode ultrasound enables the clinician to assess many additional fetal biophysical variables including fetal breathing movements. In our observations, the combination of heart rate and fetal breathing assessment has produced a significant improvement in differentiating the normal from the compromised fetus. The addition of other biophysical variables (tone, movements and amniotic fluid volume) have further refined the ability to identify the fetus at risk. At this point, we have evaluated only a few of many possible variables. It seems probable that, as other fetal biophysical variables are included with the overall assessment, for example fetal reflexes or fetal biophysical response to exogenous stimuli, the identification of the fetus at risk and the quantitation of the magnitude of risk will become increasingly more precise.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements: antepartum monitoring of fetal condition. Until recently, the relative inaccessibility of the human fetus to physical assessment has made antepartum assessment of its condition difficult. The development of methods for accurate antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring and the subsequent study of heart rate responses to various stimuli have resulted in a significant improvement in accuracy of antepartum fetal surveillance. The development of real time B-mode ultrasound enables the clinician to assess many additional fetal biophysical variables including fetal breathing movements. In our observations, the combination of heart rate and fetal breathing assessment has produced a significant improvement in differentiating the normal from the compromised fetus. The addition of other biophysical variables (tone, movements and amniotic fluid volume) have further refined the ability to identify the fetus at risk. At this point, we have evaluated only a few of many possible variables. It seems probable that, as other fetal biophysical variables are included with the overall assessment, for example fetal reflexes or fetal biophysical response to exogenous stimuli, the identification of the fetus at risk and the quantitation of the magnitude of risk will become increasingly more precise.", "PMID": 498684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3998", "title": "Effect of Position on Blood Pressure in Infants.", "content": "In order to estimate the effect of position on blood pressure measurements during the first year of life, pressures were recorded for 71 infants at one, three, six and twelve months of age in both the propped and lying positions. The position of the infant appeared to have little effect on mean values or upon the correlation of measurements over time. These results favor the use of a position for blood pressure measurement during infancy which places primary importance upon the comfort of the child.", "contents": "Effect of Position on Blood Pressure in Infants. In order to estimate the effect of position on blood pressure measurements during the first year of life, pressures were recorded for 71 infants at one, three, six and twelve months of age in both the propped and lying positions. The position of the infant appeared to have little effect on mean values or upon the correlation of measurements over time. These results favor the use of a position for blood pressure measurement during infancy which places primary importance upon the comfort of the child.", "PMID": 498688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_3999", "title": "Safety of intravenous diazoxide in children with severe hypertension.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of diazoxide administered intravenously in the treatment of children with acute severe hypertension have been evaluated by a collaborative study. Observations of the response of blood pressure in 36 patients, ranging in age from two months to 18 years, during the initial episode of hospitalization reveal diazoxide treatment to be effective in lowering blood pressure in 94 per cent of the cases. No serious adverse circulatory, fluid and electrolyte, metabolic or hematologic effects were observed. Symptomatic and subjective reactions observed with diazoxide administered intravenously to children were identical with those described in adults. Reinstitution of other means of antihypertensive therapy is safe and effective when delayed until the transiently induced period of hypotension has passed. Repeated use of diazoxide for subsequent recurrence of severe hypertension was equally effective and safe in 93 per cent of the instances. The results lead us to recommend the use of intravenous diazoxide for treatment of children with severe symptomatic hypertension especially when it is refractory to control by other hypertensive agents.", "contents": "Safety of intravenous diazoxide in children with severe hypertension. The safety and efficacy of diazoxide administered intravenously in the treatment of children with acute severe hypertension have been evaluated by a collaborative study. Observations of the response of blood pressure in 36 patients, ranging in age from two months to 18 years, during the initial episode of hospitalization reveal diazoxide treatment to be effective in lowering blood pressure in 94 per cent of the cases. No serious adverse circulatory, fluid and electrolyte, metabolic or hematologic effects were observed. Symptomatic and subjective reactions observed with diazoxide administered intravenously to children were identical with those described in adults. Reinstitution of other means of antihypertensive therapy is safe and effective when delayed until the transiently induced period of hypotension has passed. Repeated use of diazoxide for subsequent recurrence of severe hypertension was equally effective and safe in 93 per cent of the instances. The results lead us to recommend the use of intravenous diazoxide for treatment of children with severe symptomatic hypertension especially when it is refractory to control by other hypertensive agents.", "PMID": 498689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4000", "title": "Chronic and occult stool retention: a clinical tool for its evaluation in school-aged children.", "content": "A scoring method was developed to assess severity of stool retention using plain abdominal radiographs. To determine whether the technique was clinically valid in identifying chronic stool retention, the method was used to evaluate films taken of children with known stool retention before and after therapy. The method showed significant statistical differences between symptomatic pre-therapy films and controls and between pre- and post-therapy films of treatment \"successes.\" No significant differences were found between pre- and post-therapy \"failures.\" Use of radiographs is not a substitute for careful history taking and examination, but this scoring method for evaluating stool retention can be recommended prior to more extensive, invasive investigations in children presenting with functional abdominal complaints.", "contents": "Chronic and occult stool retention: a clinical tool for its evaluation in school-aged children. A scoring method was developed to assess severity of stool retention using plain abdominal radiographs. To determine whether the technique was clinically valid in identifying chronic stool retention, the method was used to evaluate films taken of children with known stool retention before and after therapy. The method showed significant statistical differences between symptomatic pre-therapy films and controls and between pre- and post-therapy films of treatment \"successes.\" No significant differences were found between pre- and post-therapy \"failures.\" Use of radiographs is not a substitute for careful history taking and examination, but this scoring method for evaluating stool retention can be recommended prior to more extensive, invasive investigations in children presenting with functional abdominal complaints.", "PMID": 498690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4001", "title": "Shwachman-Diamond sydnrome and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Clinically inapparent persistent chronic liver disease in a 15-month-old male patient with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is presented. Cryptic hepatic involvement may be an unrecognized feature of the syndrome and should be evaluated in all cases.", "contents": "Shwachman-Diamond sydnrome and chronic liver disease. Clinically inapparent persistent chronic liver disease in a 15-month-old male patient with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is presented. Cryptic hepatic involvement may be an unrecognized feature of the syndrome and should be evaluated in all cases.", "PMID": 498691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4002", "title": "Estimation of kinetic parameters from a two-point determination of the drug cumulation factor.", "content": "A method is described which allows the calculation of kinetic parameters of drugs from two data points, involving a set of simple algebraic equations. This method is based on cumulation characteristics of drugs during multiple dosing. The necessary two blood samples are collected at the end of the first dosing interval and before a succeeding dose after steady state has been reached. The method is applicable for drugs which exhibit linear kinetic characteristics not subject to concentration or time-dependent phenomena. The estimates of the kinetic parameters are associated with different ranges of possible errors, with total clearance being the most reliable estimate. The potential clinical utility of this method is discussed.", "contents": "Estimation of kinetic parameters from a two-point determination of the drug cumulation factor. A method is described which allows the calculation of kinetic parameters of drugs from two data points, involving a set of simple algebraic equations. This method is based on cumulation characteristics of drugs during multiple dosing. The necessary two blood samples are collected at the end of the first dosing interval and before a succeeding dose after steady state has been reached. The method is applicable for drugs which exhibit linear kinetic characteristics not subject to concentration or time-dependent phenomena. The estimates of the kinetic parameters are associated with different ranges of possible errors, with total clearance being the most reliable estimate. The potential clinical utility of this method is discussed.", "PMID": 498694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4003", "title": "Effects of metoprolol on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in thiazide-resistant hypertensive patients.", "content": "Twenty patients with mild to moderate hypertension whose blood pressures were not adequately controlled by a thiazide diuretic were treated for 4 wk with metropolol. Normotension (diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg) or reduction in diastolic pressure of at least 10 mm Hg was achieved in 12 of the patients 1 wk after metoprolol (200 mg/day) was added to the hydrochlorothiazide (100 mg/day) regimen. In  the other 8 patients, pressure reduction was attained with larger doses (300 to 400 mg/day) of metoprolol. After 1 wk of combined therapy, heart rate decreased by 11% (p less than 0.001) and plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased 48% (p less than 0.001). The individual changes in mean blood pressure did not correlate with either the premetoprolol PRA level (r = 0.14) or the changes in PRA after metoprolol (r = 0.03) but did correlate with steady-state metoprolol plasma levels (r = 0.61, p less than 0.01). Pressure and heart rate reductions were sustained during the last 3 wk of combined therapy but the PRA decrease did not persist; levels gradually rose to near control by the fourth week. Urinary sodium excretion was not consistently changed on metoprolol therapy.", "contents": "Effects of metoprolol on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in thiazide-resistant hypertensive patients. Twenty patients with mild to moderate hypertension whose blood pressures were not adequately controlled by a thiazide diuretic were treated for 4 wk with metropolol. Normotension (diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg) or reduction in diastolic pressure of at least 10 mm Hg was achieved in 12 of the patients 1 wk after metoprolol (200 mg/day) was added to the hydrochlorothiazide (100 mg/day) regimen. In  the other 8 patients, pressure reduction was attained with larger doses (300 to 400 mg/day) of metoprolol. After 1 wk of combined therapy, heart rate decreased by 11% (p less than 0.001) and plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased 48% (p less than 0.001). The individual changes in mean blood pressure did not correlate with either the premetoprolol PRA level (r = 0.14) or the changes in PRA after metoprolol (r = 0.03) but did correlate with steady-state metoprolol plasma levels (r = 0.61, p less than 0.01). Pressure and heart rate reductions were sustained during the last 3 wk of combined therapy but the PRA decrease did not persist; levels gradually rose to near control by the fourth week. Urinary sodium excretion was not consistently changed on metoprolol therapy.", "PMID": 498696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4004", "title": "Effects of beta blockade with acebutolol on hypertension, hemodynamics, and fluid volume.", "content": "Eleven patients with essential hypertension were treated with the beta adrenergic blocker, acebutolol. Clinical, systemic, and regional hemodynamic and biochemical studies were performed before and after 4 wk of acebutolol therapy (average doses, 1,200 mg/day.) In 4 patients there was a reduction in mean arterial pressure greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg; there was none in the remainder. Regardless of the blood pressure response, the renin secretory index did not change. Although cardiac output did not change, renal blood flow fell (p less than 0.005) without relation to response of arterial pressure. Supine heart rate decreased (p less than 0.05), so also the responses to upright tilt (p less than 0.01) and isometric exercise (p less than 0.02). These results demonstrate that in those patients with a hypotensive response to acebutolol, the clinical effect was not related to reduced cardiac output or plasma renin activity, further adding to confusion on the mechanism of the lowering of elevated blood pressure by beta adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Effects of beta blockade with acebutolol on hypertension, hemodynamics, and fluid volume. Eleven patients with essential hypertension were treated with the beta adrenergic blocker, acebutolol. Clinical, systemic, and regional hemodynamic and biochemical studies were performed before and after 4 wk of acebutolol therapy (average doses, 1,200 mg/day.) In 4 patients there was a reduction in mean arterial pressure greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg; there was none in the remainder. Regardless of the blood pressure response, the renin secretory index did not change. Although cardiac output did not change, renal blood flow fell (p less than 0.005) without relation to response of arterial pressure. Supine heart rate decreased (p less than 0.05), so also the responses to upright tilt (p less than 0.01) and isometric exercise (p less than 0.02). These results demonstrate that in those patients with a hypotensive response to acebutolol, the clinical effect was not related to reduced cardiac output or plasma renin activity, further adding to confusion on the mechanism of the lowering of elevated blood pressure by beta adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 498697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4005", "title": "Metabolic changes in muscle on long-term alprenolol therapy.", "content": "Muscle biopsies from the vastus muscle were taken at rest and immediately after upright bicycle exercise at 50% of the individual VO2max, before and during 6 wk of alprenolol treatment (200 to 400 mg twice daily) in 6 untrained patients with essential hypertension. Resting muscle concentrations (mmole - kg-1 - wet weight) of glycogen, glucose, lactate, and high-energy phosphates [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP)] were not affected by alprenolol treatment, but after 10 min after  exercise the glycogenolysis increased and depletion of ATP and CP was enhanced. The relationship between blood and muscle lactate was altered by alprenolol, indicating that alprenolol prevents lactate translocation from the muscle to the blood. The results show that during moderate exercise, leg muscle metabolism is influenced by long-term antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in muscle on long-term alprenolol therapy. Muscle biopsies from the vastus muscle were taken at rest and immediately after upright bicycle exercise at 50% of the individual VO2max, before and during 6 wk of alprenolol treatment (200 to 400 mg twice daily) in 6 untrained patients with essential hypertension. Resting muscle concentrations (mmole - kg-1 - wet weight) of glycogen, glucose, lactate, and high-energy phosphates [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP)] were not affected by alprenolol treatment, but after 10 min after  exercise the glycogenolysis increased and depletion of ATP and CP was enhanced. The relationship between blood and muscle lactate was altered by alprenolol, indicating that alprenolol prevents lactate translocation from the muscle to the blood. The results show that during moderate exercise, leg muscle metabolism is influenced by long-term antihypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 498698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4006", "title": "Reduced renovascular resistance by clonidine.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of clonidine has been attributed to acute inhibition of sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. This conclusion is derived from experiments with single doses of clonidine. The mechanism of the long-term blood pressure-lowering effect of clonidine has been less well characterized. Antihypertensive therapy may alter renal hemodynamics and these changes may ultimately affect systemic blood pressure. We studied the effect of long-term clonidine therapy on intrarenal hemodynamics, the renin-angiotensin system, and selected indices of sympathetic nervous system activity in 13 patients with essential hypertension to further elucidate its action. Long-term clonidine therapy resulted in decreased MAP and RVR associated with the suppression of supine but not upright PRA. RPF, RBF, FF, and WBV did not change. UKA, on index of the the putative vasodilating renal kallikrein-kinin system, was also not changed. Our findings suggest a role for PRA in modulating RVR during long-term clonidine therapy. This was associated with the reduction observed in MAP.", "contents": "Reduced renovascular resistance by clonidine. The antihypertensive effect of clonidine has been attributed to acute inhibition of sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. This conclusion is derived from experiments with single doses of clonidine. The mechanism of the long-term blood pressure-lowering effect of clonidine has been less well characterized. Antihypertensive therapy may alter renal hemodynamics and these changes may ultimately affect systemic blood pressure. We studied the effect of long-term clonidine therapy on intrarenal hemodynamics, the renin-angiotensin system, and selected indices of sympathetic nervous system activity in 13 patients with essential hypertension to further elucidate its action. Long-term clonidine therapy resulted in decreased MAP and RVR associated with the suppression of supine but not upright PRA. RPF, RBF, FF, and WBV did not change. UKA, on index of the the putative vasodilating renal kallikrein-kinin system, was also not changed. Our findings suggest a role for PRA in modulating RVR during long-term clonidine therapy. This was associated with the reduction observed in MAP.", "PMID": 498699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4007", "title": "Verapamil in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.", "content": "A double-blind randomized study was performed to compare the efficacy of intravenous verapamil with saline in 28 patients with a rapid ventricular rate and atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm occurred in none of 14 patients after saline and in 3 of 20 patients (15%) 7 to 160 min after verapamil. The ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation was slowed greater than or equal to 15% in 2 of 14 patients (14%) by saline, in 17 of 20 patients (85%) by 1 dose of verapamil (p less than 0.001), and in 19 of 20 patients (95%) by 1 or 2 doses of verapamil (p less than 0.001). Conversion of atrial flutter to sinus rhythm occurred in none of 4 patients after saline and in 1 of 7 patients (14%) 105 min after verapamil. The ventricular rate in atrial flutter was slowed greater than or equal to 15% in none of 4 patients by saline, in 4 of 7 patients (57%) by 1 dose of verapamil, and in 7 of 7 patients (100%) by 1 or 2 doses of verapamil (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Verapamil in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. A double-blind randomized study was performed to compare the efficacy of intravenous verapamil with saline in 28 patients with a rapid ventricular rate and atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm occurred in none of 14 patients after saline and in 3 of 20 patients (15%) 7 to 160 min after verapamil. The ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation was slowed greater than or equal to 15% in 2 of 14 patients (14%) by saline, in 17 of 20 patients (85%) by 1 dose of verapamil (p less than 0.001), and in 19 of 20 patients (95%) by 1 or 2 doses of verapamil (p less than 0.001). Conversion of atrial flutter to sinus rhythm occurred in none of 4 patients after saline and in 1 of 7 patients (14%) 105 min after verapamil. The ventricular rate in atrial flutter was slowed greater than or equal to 15% in none of 4 patients by saline, in 4 of 7 patients (57%) by 1 dose of verapamil, and in 7 of 7 patients (100%) by 1 or 2 doses of verapamil (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 498700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4008", "title": "Debrisoquin hydroxylation polymorphism among Ghanaians and Caucasians.", "content": "The alicyclic and aromatic hydroxylation of debrisoquin was studied in Ghanaians. As in a previously studied Caucasian population, the alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquin in Ghanaians was polymorphic. Three phenotypes were observed: homozygous extensive metabolizers (58%), heterozygous extensive metabolizers (36%), and homozygous poor metabolizers (6%). In contrast, British Caucasians are primarily monomorphic extensive metabolizers (92%) and homozygous poor metabolizers comprise 8% of the population. Urinary recovery of the drug and its hydroxylated metabolites was significantly less in the Ghanaian subjects. In both Ghanaian and British populations, aromatic hydroxylation producing 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxydebrisoquin was shown to parallel the alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquin, and thus to be controlled by the same gene locus. Debrisoquin is advocated as a tool for uncovering polymorphism in drug oxidation and its interethnic variations.", "contents": "Debrisoquin hydroxylation polymorphism among Ghanaians and Caucasians. The alicyclic and aromatic hydroxylation of debrisoquin was studied in Ghanaians. As in a previously studied Caucasian population, the alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquin in Ghanaians was polymorphic. Three phenotypes were observed: homozygous extensive metabolizers (58%), heterozygous extensive metabolizers (36%), and homozygous poor metabolizers (6%). In contrast, British Caucasians are primarily monomorphic extensive metabolizers (92%) and homozygous poor metabolizers comprise 8% of the population. Urinary recovery of the drug and its hydroxylated metabolites was significantly less in the Ghanaian subjects. In both Ghanaian and British populations, aromatic hydroxylation producing 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxydebrisoquin was shown to parallel the alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquin, and thus to be controlled by the same gene locus. Debrisoquin is advocated as a tool for uncovering polymorphism in drug oxidation and its interethnic variations.", "PMID": 498701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4009", "title": "Cefamandole kinetics in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "A single intravenous 15 mg/kg dose of cefamandole was given to 6 patients in chronic renal failure before hemodialysis, and 3 were examined during an interdialysis period. Mean cefamandole clearance by hemodialysis was 24 +/- 12 ml/min; 35 +/- 15% of the dose was recovered in the dialysate. The cefamandole half-life (1 1/2) on dialysis was 4.0 +/- 0.29 hr; off dialysis it was 13.9 +/- 4.2 hr. High urine concentrations of cefamandole in these patients suggests usefulness in urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Cefamandole kinetics in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. A single intravenous 15 mg/kg dose of cefamandole was given to 6 patients in chronic renal failure before hemodialysis, and 3 were examined during an interdialysis period. Mean cefamandole clearance by hemodialysis was 24 +/- 12 ml/min; 35 +/- 15% of the dose was recovered in the dialysate. The cefamandole half-life (1 1/2) on dialysis was 4.0 +/- 0.29 hr; off dialysis it was 13.9 +/- 4.2 hr. High urine concentrations of cefamandole in these patients suggests usefulness in urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 498702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4010", "title": "Sulfinpyrazone kinetics after intravenous and oral administration.", "content": "Sulfinpyrazone kinetics has been investigated after intravenous and oral doses. They may be described by a 3-compartment open model. In the body about half the drug is in the plasma or in interstitial fluids, which equilibrated with plasma. Most of the rest is in an extravascular compartment, from which it easily diffuses back to the plasma. About 3% of the dose is still in the body after 24 hr and is located mainly in a deep compartment. After oral administration, sulfinpyrazone is quickly absorbed, largely from the stomach.", "contents": "Sulfinpyrazone kinetics after intravenous and oral administration. Sulfinpyrazone kinetics has been investigated after intravenous and oral doses. They may be described by a 3-compartment open model. In the body about half the drug is in the plasma or in interstitial fluids, which equilibrated with plasma. Most of the rest is in an extravascular compartment, from which it easily diffuses back to the plasma. About 3% of the dose is still in the body after 24 hr and is located mainly in a deep compartment. After oral administration, sulfinpyrazone is quickly absorbed, largely from the stomach.", "PMID": 498704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4011", "title": "Multiple-dose amikacin kinetics in pediatric oncology patients.", "content": "Amikacin kinetics was studied in 8 pediatric oncology patients who received the drug by intravenous infusion over 30 or 60 min at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 6 or 8 hr. This regimen is recommended but, due to patient variability, patients should be monitored. Dosing intervals during 1 or 2 and 3 or 4 days of therapy were studied with serum samples collected before and at the end of the infusion and serially to the end of the dosing interval. The data appeared consistent with and were analyzed according to 1-compartment model. An equation describing serum concentration with time for the multiple-dose case was fit to each patient's multiple-interval data with nonlinear regression. Half-life averaged 1.2 hr. volume of distribution 0.24 l/kg, and total body clearance 109 ml/min/1.73 m2 or 2.51 ml/min/kg. The volume of distribution and the clearance are greater than reported for adults and probably account for the larger dose needed to achieve and maintain therapeutic levels. Although the total daily dose was greater than previously reported, there were no signs of toxicity, although therapuetic concentrations were maintained.", "contents": "Multiple-dose amikacin kinetics in pediatric oncology patients. Amikacin kinetics was studied in 8 pediatric oncology patients who received the drug by intravenous infusion over 30 or 60 min at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 6 or 8 hr. This regimen is recommended but, due to patient variability, patients should be monitored. Dosing intervals during 1 or 2 and 3 or 4 days of therapy were studied with serum samples collected before and at the end of the infusion and serially to the end of the dosing interval. The data appeared consistent with and were analyzed according to 1-compartment model. An equation describing serum concentration with time for the multiple-dose case was fit to each patient's multiple-interval data with nonlinear regression. Half-life averaged 1.2 hr. volume of distribution 0.24 l/kg, and total body clearance 109 ml/min/1.73 m2 or 2.51 ml/min/kg. The volume of distribution and the clearance are greater than reported for adults and probably account for the larger dose needed to achieve and maintain therapeutic levels. Although the total daily dose was greater than previously reported, there were no signs of toxicity, although therapuetic concentrations were maintained.", "PMID": 498705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4012", "title": "Effect of probenecid on cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate kinetics.", "content": "The effect of probenecid (PBC) on methotrexate (MTX) kinetics in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum was studied in 4 patients on high-dose MTX with leucovorin rescue to determine whether addition of PBC could prolong effective CSF MTX levels. Each patient received 2 courses of MTX, 1 with and 1 without PBC. PBC caused a 2.8 to 4.2-fold increase in CSF MTX concentrations but failed to prolong the CSF half-life (1 1/2). PBC prolonged the initial MTX elimination t 1/2 in the blood from 2.7 to 4.1 hr, but had little effect on subsequent t 1/2s. No effect of MTX on PBC clearance was detected. Our data suggest that in man PBC in concentrations that were high enough to inhibit the renal clearance of MTX failed to alter the clearance of MTX from the CSF when both drugs were administered systemically.", "contents": "Effect of probenecid on cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate kinetics. The effect of probenecid (PBC) on methotrexate (MTX) kinetics in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum was studied in 4 patients on high-dose MTX with leucovorin rescue to determine whether addition of PBC could prolong effective CSF MTX levels. Each patient received 2 courses of MTX, 1 with and 1 without PBC. PBC caused a 2.8 to 4.2-fold increase in CSF MTX concentrations but failed to prolong the CSF half-life (1 1/2). PBC prolonged the initial MTX elimination t 1/2 in the blood from 2.7 to 4.1 hr, but had little effect on subsequent t 1/2s. No effect of MTX on PBC clearance was detected. Our data suggest that in man PBC in concentrations that were high enough to inhibit the renal clearance of MTX failed to alter the clearance of MTX from the CSF when both drugs were administered systemically.", "PMID": 498706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4013", "title": "Plasma theophylline levels after sustained-release aminophylline.", "content": "Healthy adult subjects were given oral sustained-release (SR) aminophylline tablets 225 mg 12-hourly (n = 12) or 450 mg 12-hourly (n = 6) for 5 doses, and all were given aminophylline 225 mg intravenously on a separate occasion to determine individual kinetic parameters. The mean plasma theophylline half-life ( 1 1/2) from the intravenous study was 5.8 hr (SD +/- 1.9). During the 12 hr after the fifth dose of SR aminophylline, the maximum and minimum mean (SD) plasma theophylline levels were 9.7 (3.2) mug/ml and 4.9 (2.0) mug/ml for the 225-mg dose, and 21.1 (2.2) mug/ml and 11.6 (4.4) mug/ml for the 450-mg dose. Side effects were generally mild in the low-dose study, but in the high-dose study 3 subjects reported headache and 1 was withdrawn after 3 doses. Two subjects also noted nausea, and 3 reported insomnia and anxiety in the high-dose study. It was concluded that there was a considerable range of doses needed to achieve adequate plasma levels, and that the formulation studied was capable of producing reasonably stable and satisfactory plasma theophylline levels once individual dose requirements had been established.", "contents": "Plasma theophylline levels after sustained-release aminophylline. Healthy adult subjects were given oral sustained-release (SR) aminophylline tablets 225 mg 12-hourly (n = 12) or 450 mg 12-hourly (n = 6) for 5 doses, and all were given aminophylline 225 mg intravenously on a separate occasion to determine individual kinetic parameters. The mean plasma theophylline half-life ( 1 1/2) from the intravenous study was 5.8 hr (SD +/- 1.9). During the 12 hr after the fifth dose of SR aminophylline, the maximum and minimum mean (SD) plasma theophylline levels were 9.7 (3.2) mug/ml and 4.9 (2.0) mug/ml for the 225-mg dose, and 21.1 (2.2) mug/ml and 11.6 (4.4) mug/ml for the 450-mg dose. Side effects were generally mild in the low-dose study, but in the high-dose study 3 subjects reported headache and 1 was withdrawn after 3 doses. Two subjects also noted nausea, and 3 reported insomnia and anxiety in the high-dose study. It was concluded that there was a considerable range of doses needed to achieve adequate plasma levels, and that the formulation studied was capable of producing reasonably stable and satisfactory plasma theophylline levels once individual dose requirements had been established.", "PMID": 498707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4014", "title": "Effects of allopurinol on theophylline metabolism and clearance.", "content": "The effects of allopurinol on the plasma clearance and metabolism of theophylline in man were investigated under single-dose and multiple-dosing conditions. No change in theophylline clearance was found with the concomitant use of allopurinol but 1-methylxanthine (1MX), a theophylline metabolite not previously described in man, was detected in urine during control and allopurinol treatment phases under both single- and multiple-dosing conditions. 1MX excretion increased at the expense of 1-methyluric acid (1MU) during the allopurinol treatment phase. It is proposed that the secondary biotransformation of 1MX to 1MU is mediated by xanthine oxidase.", "contents": "Effects of allopurinol on theophylline metabolism and clearance. The effects of allopurinol on the plasma clearance and metabolism of theophylline in man were investigated under single-dose and multiple-dosing conditions. No change in theophylline clearance was found with the concomitant use of allopurinol but 1-methylxanthine (1MX), a theophylline metabolite not previously described in man, was detected in urine during control and allopurinol treatment phases under both single- and multiple-dosing conditions. 1MX excretion increased at the expense of 1-methyluric acid (1MU) during the allopurinol treatment phase. It is proposed that the secondary biotransformation of 1MX to 1MU is mediated by xanthine oxidase.", "PMID": 498708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4015", "title": "Interindividual variation in kinetics of infused epinephrine.", "content": "1-Norepinephrine was infused continuously for 10 hr into 5 normotensive, male laboratory subjects (mean age, 32.4 +/- 1.9 yr) at a mean rate of 0.06 microgram/kg/min. Mean plasma norepinephrine (NE) rose from the preinfusion level of 0.19 +/- 0.02 microgram/l to a steady state level of 1.22 +/- 0.29 microgram/l. The mean increase in blood pressure was 21.8 +/- 0.9 mm Hg systolic and 14.1 +/- 1.0 mm Hg diastolic. The mean depression in heart rate was 12.7 +/- 1.7 beats/min. The clearance of norepinephrine ranged from 27.9 to 100.0 ml/kg/min (mean. 58.0 +/- 13.8) and was little influenced by acute hemodynamic changes. The volume of distribution ranged widely (0.09 to 0.40 l/kg), the mean value being 13.51 1. The mean norepinephrine half-life was brief, ranging from 1.45 to 2.9 min (mean, 2.09 +/- 0.34 min). There was no evidence of a slowly accumulating high-capacity low-affinity pool of norepinephrine. These results support the use of plasma norepinephrine as an index of sympathetic activity within an individual but not its validity in interindividual comparisons.", "contents": "Interindividual variation in kinetics of infused epinephrine. 1-Norepinephrine was infused continuously for 10 hr into 5 normotensive, male laboratory subjects (mean age, 32.4 +/- 1.9 yr) at a mean rate of 0.06 microgram/kg/min. Mean plasma norepinephrine (NE) rose from the preinfusion level of 0.19 +/- 0.02 microgram/l to a steady state level of 1.22 +/- 0.29 microgram/l. The mean increase in blood pressure was 21.8 +/- 0.9 mm Hg systolic and 14.1 +/- 1.0 mm Hg diastolic. The mean depression in heart rate was 12.7 +/- 1.7 beats/min. The clearance of norepinephrine ranged from 27.9 to 100.0 ml/kg/min (mean. 58.0 +/- 13.8) and was little influenced by acute hemodynamic changes. The volume of distribution ranged widely (0.09 to 0.40 l/kg), the mean value being 13.51 1. The mean norepinephrine half-life was brief, ranging from 1.45 to 2.9 min (mean, 2.09 +/- 0.34 min). There was no evidence of a slowly accumulating high-capacity low-affinity pool of norepinephrine. These results support the use of plasma norepinephrine as an index of sympathetic activity within an individual but not its validity in interindividual comparisons.", "PMID": 498709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4016", "title": "Propranolol glucuronide cumulation during long-term propranolol therapy: a proposed storage mechanism for propranolol.", "content": "The comparative disposition of propranolol glucuronide (PG) and propranolol was determined in 35 patients with hypertension or coronary artery disease during initiation of propranolol therapy, during steady-state conditions, and after discontinuation of propranolol (dose range, 40 to 960 mg daily, every 6 hr). The 2.3-fold PG cumulation in plasma was identical to propranolol cumulation. PG plasma levels were about 4 times as high as propranolol levels over the whole dose range. Unexpectedly slow terminal elimination rate of propranolol (t1/2 approximately 16 to 24 hr) on discontinuation of propranolol appeared to be related to equally slow PG elimination. PG and propranolol could be detected in plasma and urine up to 3 to 5 days after propranolol discontinuation. The PG formed in man was deconjugated to propranolol in the dog after intravenous administration, suggesting that PG may serve as a storage pool for propranolol. Observations consistent with systemic and enteric deconjugation of PG, including enterohepatic recirculation, may, at least in part, explain the observed propranolol cumulation as well as the slow elimination of propranolol after its discontinuation. PG renal clearance (29 to 70 ml/min) and PG plasma levels were highly dependent on glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that PG may cumulate abnormally in patients with severe renal disease.", "contents": "Propranolol glucuronide cumulation during long-term propranolol therapy: a proposed storage mechanism for propranolol. The comparative disposition of propranolol glucuronide (PG) and propranolol was determined in 35 patients with hypertension or coronary artery disease during initiation of propranolol therapy, during steady-state conditions, and after discontinuation of propranolol (dose range, 40 to 960 mg daily, every 6 hr). The 2.3-fold PG cumulation in plasma was identical to propranolol cumulation. PG plasma levels were about 4 times as high as propranolol levels over the whole dose range. Unexpectedly slow terminal elimination rate of propranolol (t1/2 approximately 16 to 24 hr) on discontinuation of propranolol appeared to be related to equally slow PG elimination. PG and propranolol could be detected in plasma and urine up to 3 to 5 days after propranolol discontinuation. The PG formed in man was deconjugated to propranolol in the dog after intravenous administration, suggesting that PG may serve as a storage pool for propranolol. Observations consistent with systemic and enteric deconjugation of PG, including enterohepatic recirculation, may, at least in part, explain the observed propranolol cumulation as well as the slow elimination of propranolol after its discontinuation. PG renal clearance (29 to 70 ml/min) and PG plasma levels were highly dependent on glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that PG may cumulate abnormally in patients with severe renal disease.", "PMID": 498710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4017", "title": "Rectal bioavailability of lidocaine in man: partial avoidance of \"first-pass\" metabolism.", "content": "It is often speculated that after rectal administration drugs will enter the systemic circulation without first passing through the liver, because at least the lower hemorrhoidal veins are not connected to the portal system. To test this hypothesis, the systemic availability of the high-clearance drug lidocaine was investigated in 6 healthy subjects following administration of 200 mg intravenous, 300 mg oral, and 300 mg rectal lidocaine in a balanced crossover design. Plasma and whole blood concentrations of lidocaine were measured by capillary gas chromatography. The mean rectal systemic availability was higher than the oral: 63% vs 31% (whole blood) and 71% vs 34% (plasma). The elimination half-lifes (t1/2els) lidocaine were about the same intravenously and orally, whereas these were slightly longer after rectal administration. The oral and rectal investigations were repeated in the same panel of volunteers about 6 mo later. The mean rectal systemic availability, based on plasma concentrations, was then 67% vs 27% orally. Intraindividual variability was rather small, indicating that oral and rectal bioavailability of lidocaine is reproducible in individuals. An equation was derived for the calculation of the fraction of the dose given rectally that bypasses the liver after absorption which is slightly more than half the dose, assuming that dose is 100% absorbed. This investigation indicates that in principle it is possible to avoid, at least partly, drug loss caused by \"first-pass\" metabolism by giving the drug rectally.", "contents": "Rectal bioavailability of lidocaine in man: partial avoidance of \"first-pass\" metabolism. It is often speculated that after rectal administration drugs will enter the systemic circulation without first passing through the liver, because at least the lower hemorrhoidal veins are not connected to the portal system. To test this hypothesis, the systemic availability of the high-clearance drug lidocaine was investigated in 6 healthy subjects following administration of 200 mg intravenous, 300 mg oral, and 300 mg rectal lidocaine in a balanced crossover design. Plasma and whole blood concentrations of lidocaine were measured by capillary gas chromatography. The mean rectal systemic availability was higher than the oral: 63% vs 31% (whole blood) and 71% vs 34% (plasma). The elimination half-lifes (t1/2els) lidocaine were about the same intravenously and orally, whereas these were slightly longer after rectal administration. The oral and rectal investigations were repeated in the same panel of volunteers about 6 mo later. The mean rectal systemic availability, based on plasma concentrations, was then 67% vs 27% orally. Intraindividual variability was rather small, indicating that oral and rectal bioavailability of lidocaine is reproducible in individuals. An equation was derived for the calculation of the fraction of the dose given rectally that bypasses the liver after absorption which is slightly more than half the dose, assuming that dose is 100% absorbed. This investigation indicates that in principle it is possible to avoid, at least partly, drug loss caused by \"first-pass\" metabolism by giving the drug rectally.", "PMID": 498711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4018", "title": "Verapamil plasma levels and ventricular rate response in patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter.", "content": "The acute effect of verapamil on the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and flutter was studied in 15 patients, 13 of whom had heart rate inadequately controlled with digitalis. Plasma concentrations were measured 5 and 10 min after intravenous doses of 0.075 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg verapamil. In 9 patients who were clinically compensated, the 0.075-mg dose alone decreased the ventricular rate to under 100/min (responders); in the remaining 6, who had acute congestive heart failure manifested by orthopnea, rales, and pulmonary congestion, ventricular rates were above 100/min after the 0.075-mg dose (nonresponders). The 6 nonresponders received the 0.15-mg dose 30 min later. In all, the response was greater when plasma drug concentration rose after the high dose, although the rate decrease was smaller than in the 9 compensated patients who received the low dose. These results can be explained by assuming an antagonism of the verapamil effect by sympathetic stimulation in nonresponders.", "contents": "Verapamil plasma levels and ventricular rate response in patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter. The acute effect of verapamil on the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and flutter was studied in 15 patients, 13 of whom had heart rate inadequately controlled with digitalis. Plasma concentrations were measured 5 and 10 min after intravenous doses of 0.075 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg verapamil. In 9 patients who were clinically compensated, the 0.075-mg dose alone decreased the ventricular rate to under 100/min (responders); in the remaining 6, who had acute congestive heart failure manifested by orthopnea, rales, and pulmonary congestion, ventricular rates were above 100/min after the 0.075-mg dose (nonresponders). The 6 nonresponders received the 0.15-mg dose 30 min later. In all, the response was greater when plasma drug concentration rose after the high dose, although the rate decrease was smaller than in the 9 compensated patients who received the low dose. These results can be explained by assuming an antagonism of the verapamil effect by sympathetic stimulation in nonresponders.", "PMID": 498712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4019", "title": "Plasma renin concentration and phenobarbital levels in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "Plasma renin activity, renin concentration, and renin substrate were measured in patients on long-term anticonvulsant medication. An inverse correlation was observed between phenobarbital levels and renin activity or concentration. There was a positive correlation between phenobarbital and renin substrate. Since elevation of renin substrate should have resulted in increased renin activity, it is possible that phenobarbital exerts 2 effects on the renin system: induction of renin substrate synthesis and suppression of renin release.", "contents": "Plasma renin concentration and phenobarbital levels in patients with epilepsy. Plasma renin activity, renin concentration, and renin substrate were measured in patients on long-term anticonvulsant medication. An inverse correlation was observed between phenobarbital levels and renin activity or concentration. There was a positive correlation between phenobarbital and renin substrate. Since elevation of renin substrate should have resulted in increased renin activity, it is possible that phenobarbital exerts 2 effects on the renin system: induction of renin substrate synthesis and suppression of renin release.", "PMID": 498713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4020", "title": "Amantadine kinetics in healthy young subjects after long-term dosing.", "content": "We investigated the disposition of amantadine in 13 healthy, young adults after long-term dosage. Doses of 25, 100, or 150 mg, randomly allocated, were taken at 12-hr intervals in syrup for 31 doses. A 1-compartment open model and complete bioavailability were assumed. Absorption rate was variable with peak concentrations in plasma occurring at 1 to 12 hr. Since the calculated area under the plasma concentration against time curve was proprotional to it, relative bioavailability was independent of dose at steady state. As the dose increased, the apparent volume of distribution decreased. Intra- and intersubject variations in trough plasma drug concentrations at steady state were less than triple for equivalent doses. Elimination of drug from plasma was consistent with a first-order process. Plasma half-lifes (t1/2s) ranged from 10.2 to 31.4 hr and were independent of dose or creatinine clearance. The ratio of renal drug clearance to creatinine clearance ranged from 1.26 to 14.97, suggesting substantial renal tubular secretion. The median ratio of plasma drug clearance to renal drug clearance approached unity.", "contents": "Amantadine kinetics in healthy young subjects after long-term dosing. We investigated the disposition of amantadine in 13 healthy, young adults after long-term dosage. Doses of 25, 100, or 150 mg, randomly allocated, were taken at 12-hr intervals in syrup for 31 doses. A 1-compartment open model and complete bioavailability were assumed. Absorption rate was variable with peak concentrations in plasma occurring at 1 to 12 hr. Since the calculated area under the plasma concentration against time curve was proprotional to it, relative bioavailability was independent of dose at steady state. As the dose increased, the apparent volume of distribution decreased. Intra- and intersubject variations in trough plasma drug concentrations at steady state were less than triple for equivalent doses. Elimination of drug from plasma was consistent with a first-order process. Plasma half-lifes (t1/2s) ranged from 10.2 to 31.4 hr and were independent of dose or creatinine clearance. The ratio of renal drug clearance to creatinine clearance ranged from 1.26 to 14.97, suggesting substantial renal tubular secretion. The median ratio of plasma drug clearance to renal drug clearance approached unity.", "PMID": 498714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4021", "title": "Oral melphalan kinetics.", "content": "The systemic availability of melphalan after oral administration is not well known. Most patients are put on a fixed oral dosage regimen. We have studied the disposition of melphalan in 14 patients after single oral doses. Five were also studied after receiving the same dose intravenously. Oral melphalan had a mean plasma terminal phase half-life (t1/2) of 90 +/- 17 min. The mean area under the plasma concentration:time curve (CXT) was 53 +/- 33 micrograms . min/ml. Urinary excretion of oral melphalan averaged 10.9 +/- 4.9% during the first 24 hr. The CXT ratio (oral:intravenous) for the 5 patients studied after both oral and intravenous melphalal (0.6 mg/kg) ranged between 0.25 and 0.89 and averaged 0.56. After oral dosing in 14 fasting patients, the time at which melphalan first appeared in the plasma varied between 15 min and 6 hr. In a myeloma patient who took oral melphalan, no melphalan was found in plasma or urine up to 24 hr. Some instances of failure of tumor response to oral melphalan may be due to inadequate bioavailability rather than inherent tumor resistance.", "contents": "Oral melphalan kinetics. The systemic availability of melphalan after oral administration is not well known. Most patients are put on a fixed oral dosage regimen. We have studied the disposition of melphalan in 14 patients after single oral doses. Five were also studied after receiving the same dose intravenously. Oral melphalan had a mean plasma terminal phase half-life (t1/2) of 90 +/- 17 min. The mean area under the plasma concentration:time curve (CXT) was 53 +/- 33 micrograms . min/ml. Urinary excretion of oral melphalan averaged 10.9 +/- 4.9% during the first 24 hr. The CXT ratio (oral:intravenous) for the 5 patients studied after both oral and intravenous melphalal (0.6 mg/kg) ranged between 0.25 and 0.89 and averaged 0.56. After oral dosing in 14 fasting patients, the time at which melphalan first appeared in the plasma varied between 15 min and 6 hr. In a myeloma patient who took oral melphalan, no melphalan was found in plasma or urine up to 24 hr. Some instances of failure of tumor response to oral melphalan may be due to inadequate bioavailability rather than inherent tumor resistance.", "PMID": 498715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4022", "title": "Gestational age and indomethacin elimination in the neonate.", "content": "The disposition of oral indomethacin was studied in 9 premature infants with significant patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA) with birth weights ranging from 800 to 1,960 gm and gestational ages of 28 to 36 wk. Peak plasma concentrations in most of the subjects were not observed until 3 to 4 hr after administration and ranged from 0.027 to 0.31 microgram/ml. Plasma half-life (t1/2) of indomethacin ranged from 11 to 20 hr and correlated with gestational age. Plasma protein binding studies, in samples from the premature infant using radiolabeled indomethacin, showed no difference in binding from values obtained with adult plasma (greater than 98%). Absorption of orally administered indomethacin appears to be incomplete and plasma clearance much longer than in the adult.", "contents": "Gestational age and indomethacin elimination in the neonate. The disposition of oral indomethacin was studied in 9 premature infants with significant patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA) with birth weights ranging from 800 to 1,960 gm and gestational ages of 28 to 36 wk. Peak plasma concentrations in most of the subjects were not observed until 3 to 4 hr after administration and ranged from 0.027 to 0.31 microgram/ml. Plasma half-life (t1/2) of indomethacin ranged from 11 to 20 hr and correlated with gestational age. Plasma protein binding studies, in samples from the premature infant using radiolabeled indomethacin, showed no difference in binding from values obtained with adult plasma (greater than 98%). Absorption of orally administered indomethacin appears to be incomplete and plasma clearance much longer than in the adult.", "PMID": 498716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4023", "title": "Changes in calcium excretion after prolonged metolazone therapy in recurrent stone formers.", "content": "The handling of an acute oral calcium load in 22 men with recurrent calcium stone disease was studied before and after diuretic therapy. As a group, the patients had marginal hypercalciuria (150 mg calcium per gram of creatinine in a 24-hr urine collection). Metolazone, a diuretic with an action in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, was given in oral daily doses of 5.0 mg for periods of 9 to 34 mo. An oral calcium load induced a rapid rise in urine calcium exeretion, which was blunted markedly by metolazone. Further analysis of the subjects revealed that one group (11 subjects) had higher baseline 24-hr calcium excretion levels and higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) than the others. The effect of metolazone in reducing the calciuric response was significant only in this group. Thus, while long-term treatment with metolazone inhibited the rise in urinary calcium excretion elicited by an oral calcium load, the effect was significant only in patients who had high baseline urinary calcium and PTH values. The reduction in calcium excretion in response to an acute calcium challenge may explain in part the beneficial effects of cortical diluting segment diuretics in recurrent stone formers.", "contents": "Changes in calcium excretion after prolonged metolazone therapy in recurrent stone formers. The handling of an acute oral calcium load in 22 men with recurrent calcium stone disease was studied before and after diuretic therapy. As a group, the patients had marginal hypercalciuria (150 mg calcium per gram of creatinine in a 24-hr urine collection). Metolazone, a diuretic with an action in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, was given in oral daily doses of 5.0 mg for periods of 9 to 34 mo. An oral calcium load induced a rapid rise in urine calcium exeretion, which was blunted markedly by metolazone. Further analysis of the subjects revealed that one group (11 subjects) had higher baseline 24-hr calcium excretion levels and higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) than the others. The effect of metolazone in reducing the calciuric response was significant only in this group. Thus, while long-term treatment with metolazone inhibited the rise in urinary calcium excretion elicited by an oral calcium load, the effect was significant only in patients who had high baseline urinary calcium and PTH values. The reduction in calcium excretion in response to an acute calcium challenge may explain in part the beneficial effects of cortical diluting segment diuretics in recurrent stone formers.", "PMID": 498717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4024", "title": "Screening methods using sulfamethazine for determining acetylator phenotype.", "content": "Analysis of sulfamethazine (SMZ) kinetics in man has revealed complexities including wide intersubject variability. In our study, an attempt was made to assess the potential influence of changes in nonmetabolic parameters (absorption and urinary elimination rate constants) on the markers of acetylation capacity normally used in clinical screening procedures to determine phenotype. Seven normal subjects were classified as slow (SA) or fast acetylators (FA) according to their metabolic rate constant for SMZ (Km), plasma SMZ half-life, and percentage of N-acetyl SMZ in a 6-hr blood sample (PI6), a 5- to 6-hr urine collection (UI5--6), or a 6-hr total urine collection (UI6). Computer simulations were applied to baseline SMZ kinetic data from these subjects, varying nonmetabolic kinetic parameters over experimentally defined ranges singly, or in parallel with 1 or more of the other parameters. The simulations indicate that all the usual phenotyping procedures were sensitive to changes in absorption and urinary elimination rate constants. While these predictions require experimental confirmation, results show that the PI6 method is least sensitive to such changes, suggesting this method may minimize errors in phenotyping screening.", "contents": "Screening methods using sulfamethazine for determining acetylator phenotype. Analysis of sulfamethazine (SMZ) kinetics in man has revealed complexities including wide intersubject variability. In our study, an attempt was made to assess the potential influence of changes in nonmetabolic parameters (absorption and urinary elimination rate constants) on the markers of acetylation capacity normally used in clinical screening procedures to determine phenotype. Seven normal subjects were classified as slow (SA) or fast acetylators (FA) according to their metabolic rate constant for SMZ (Km), plasma SMZ half-life, and percentage of N-acetyl SMZ in a 6-hr blood sample (PI6), a 5- to 6-hr urine collection (UI5--6), or a 6-hr total urine collection (UI6). Computer simulations were applied to baseline SMZ kinetic data from these subjects, varying nonmetabolic kinetic parameters over experimentally defined ranges singly, or in parallel with 1 or more of the other parameters. The simulations indicate that all the usual phenotyping procedures were sensitive to changes in absorption and urinary elimination rate constants. While these predictions require experimental confirmation, results show that the PI6 method is least sensitive to such changes, suggesting this method may minimize errors in phenotyping screening.", "PMID": 498718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4025", "title": "A method for studying drug metabolism in populations: racial differences in amobarbital metabolism.", "content": "The two main metabolites of amobarbital excreted in urine are 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (C-OH) and 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) amobarbital (N-glu). When testing the metabolite ratio in small single samples of urine, it was found that the urine in a Caucasian population contained about one-third glucose conjugation and two-thirds hydroxylation product, while an Oriental population excreted both metabolites in equal proportion. Attempts to learn the causes for the different metabolite ratios led to an investigation of metabolite concentrations in urine. The sums of the average urinary concentration of C-OH was greater in Caucasians than in Orientals, no matter how the data were expressed; the reverse was true for the N-glu metabolite. C-OH data was scattered more widely among Orientals than Caucasians; this might indicate bimodality of the distribution curves. There also was a trend toward more N-glu metabolite in urine of females than of males. Measuring the metabolite/creatinine ratios narrowed the distribution range of the data, particularly after correction for sex difference in creatinine, but population differences were not changed. Expected relationships between metabolite content of urine, sampling times, and plasma half-life (t1/2) were established by calculation. A Caucasian female with no capacity for N-glucosidation was found during the first part of this population survey. An Oriental male with only trace capacity for amobarbital hydroxylation was found in the second part.", "contents": "A method for studying drug metabolism in populations: racial differences in amobarbital metabolism. The two main metabolites of amobarbital excreted in urine are 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (C-OH) and 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) amobarbital (N-glu). When testing the metabolite ratio in small single samples of urine, it was found that the urine in a Caucasian population contained about one-third glucose conjugation and two-thirds hydroxylation product, while an Oriental population excreted both metabolites in equal proportion. Attempts to learn the causes for the different metabolite ratios led to an investigation of metabolite concentrations in urine. The sums of the average urinary concentration of C-OH was greater in Caucasians than in Orientals, no matter how the data were expressed; the reverse was true for the N-glu metabolite. C-OH data was scattered more widely among Orientals than Caucasians; this might indicate bimodality of the distribution curves. There also was a trend toward more N-glu metabolite in urine of females than of males. Measuring the metabolite/creatinine ratios narrowed the distribution range of the data, particularly after correction for sex difference in creatinine, but population differences were not changed. Expected relationships between metabolite content of urine, sampling times, and plasma half-life (t1/2) were established by calculation. A Caucasian female with no capacity for N-glucosidation was found during the first part of this population survey. An Oriental male with only trace capacity for amobarbital hydroxylation was found in the second part.", "PMID": 498719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4026", "title": "Effect of marihuana on cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal exercise.", "content": "Six male chronic marihuana (MH) users exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 15 min at approximately 50% VO2max under 3 conditions: (1) not smoking (control), (2) after smoking MH containing 7.5 mg (-) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and (3) after smoking placebo marihuana (PL). The MH was administered double-blind in a counterbalanced repeated-measures design. Heart rates (HRs), arterial blood pressures (BPs), pulmonary ventilation (VE), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during exercise and 15 min recovery. PL had no effect on any of the physiologic variables. Smoking MH had no effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), VE, or VO2, but did induce a marked increase in heart rate which persisted throughout exercise and recovery periods, averaging 34% higher than control values at rest, 18% higher during exercise, and up to 50% higher during recovery. MH smoking increased the product of HR x SBP in all circumstances.", "contents": "Effect of marihuana on cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal exercise. Six male chronic marihuana (MH) users exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 15 min at approximately 50% VO2max under 3 conditions: (1) not smoking (control), (2) after smoking MH containing 7.5 mg (-) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and (3) after smoking placebo marihuana (PL). The MH was administered double-blind in a counterbalanced repeated-measures design. Heart rates (HRs), arterial blood pressures (BPs), pulmonary ventilation (VE), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during exercise and 15 min recovery. PL had no effect on any of the physiologic variables. Smoking MH had no effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), VE, or VO2, but did induce a marked increase in heart rate which persisted throughout exercise and recovery periods, averaging 34% higher than control values at rest, 18% higher during exercise, and up to 50% higher during recovery. MH smoking increased the product of HR x SBP in all circumstances.", "PMID": 498720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4027", "title": "The nasopharyngeal soft tissue sign: a reappraisal.", "content": "An increase in the thickness of the soft tissues of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall has been described in patients with a fracture of the skull base (Andrew, 1978). Measurements of this soft tissue layer made in the same way, in Southampton, have shown a striking difference in the mean and in the normal range both in adolescents and adults. The normal measurements overlap those found in patients with a fracture of the skull base and the sign is not therefore a reliable indication of the presence of such a fracture.", "contents": "The nasopharyngeal soft tissue sign: a reappraisal. An increase in the thickness of the soft tissues of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall has been described in patients with a fracture of the skull base (Andrew, 1978). Measurements of this soft tissue layer made in the same way, in Southampton, have shown a striking difference in the mean and in the normal range both in adolescents and adults. The normal measurements overlap those found in patients with a fracture of the skull base and the sign is not therefore a reliable indication of the presence of such a fracture.", "PMID": 498721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4028", "title": "Pseudotumours of the oropharynx due to muscular contraction.", "content": "Normal filling defects in the barium-filled oropharynx are described. These pseudotumours result from the contraction, elevation and backward pulling of the soft palate assisted by the rounded ridge (of Passavant) in the pharyngeal wall produced by contraction of the palatopharyngeal sphincter, and the action of the palatopharyngei during swallowing. Other anatomical explanations for these filling defects are mentioned. The importance of recognising the changing pattern of these defects as being normal, and their differentiation from space occupying lesions in the oropharynx is emphasised.", "contents": "Pseudotumours of the oropharynx due to muscular contraction. Normal filling defects in the barium-filled oropharynx are described. These pseudotumours result from the contraction, elevation and backward pulling of the soft palate assisted by the rounded ridge (of Passavant) in the pharyngeal wall produced by contraction of the palatopharyngeal sphincter, and the action of the palatopharyngei during swallowing. Other anatomical explanations for these filling defects are mentioned. The importance of recognising the changing pattern of these defects as being normal, and their differentiation from space occupying lesions in the oropharynx is emphasised.", "PMID": 498722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4029", "title": "Acetaminophen overdose: a growing health care hazard.", "content": "Clinical reports support acetylcysteine as an effective agent in the prevention of severe hepatic necrosis and mortality in acetaminophen toxicity [2, 8, 13]. The agent is safe and easily administered to the patient. Further studies are needed before acetylcysteine is considered the agent of choice in the management of acetaminophen overdosage in this country.", "contents": "Acetaminophen overdose: a growing health care hazard. Clinical reports support acetylcysteine as an effective agent in the prevention of severe hepatic necrosis and mortality in acetaminophen toxicity [2, 8, 13]. The agent is safe and easily administered to the patient. Further studies are needed before acetylcysteine is considered the agent of choice in the management of acetaminophen overdosage in this country.", "PMID": 498723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4030", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis of theophylline.", "content": "The use of peritoneal dialysis as an adjunct to management of theophylline intoxication is presented. Due to the nature of the case, detailed pharmacokinetic explanation was not possible. The data indicate that appreciable quantities of theophylline can be removed using peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis of theophylline. The use of peritoneal dialysis as an adjunct to management of theophylline intoxication is presented. Due to the nature of the case, detailed pharmacokinetic explanation was not possible. The data indicate that appreciable quantities of theophylline can be removed using peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 498724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4031", "title": "A compendium of antidepressants.", "content": "This compendium provides a quick reference to available tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium carbonate, and stimulants. The charts include adult dosages, drug precautions, side effects, interactions with other drugs, and effects on clinical laboratory tests. Basic information on the prevention and management of overdose with these agents is also covered. Although the guide alone is no substitute for a thorough review, it can serve as a reminder of how these drugs are used in various clinical settings and of the problems associated with their use.", "contents": "A compendium of antidepressants. This compendium provides a quick reference to available tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium carbonate, and stimulants. The charts include adult dosages, drug precautions, side effects, interactions with other drugs, and effects on clinical laboratory tests. Basic information on the prevention and management of overdose with these agents is also covered. Although the guide alone is no substitute for a thorough review, it can serve as a reminder of how these drugs are used in various clinical settings and of the problems associated with their use.", "PMID": 498725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4032", "title": "Atempted homicide with arsenic.", "content": "An unusual method of introducing arsenic to water with homicidal intentions, where five members of the same family were poisoned, is reported. The obvious initial diagnosis of food poisoning or food allergy was reviewed when the story of noticing an unusual substance in the well was revealed. The patients recovered fully after conventional intramuscular dimercaprol.", "contents": "Atempted homicide with arsenic. An unusual method of introducing arsenic to water with homicidal intentions, where five members of the same family were poisoned, is reported. The obvious initial diagnosis of food poisoning or food allergy was reviewed when the story of noticing an unusual substance in the well was revealed. The patients recovered fully after conventional intramuscular dimercaprol.", "PMID": 498726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4033", "title": "Quantitative high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for determining disopyramide (Norpace) in serum.", "content": "We report a high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for measuring disopyramide (Norpace, Searle) in serum. The drug is extracted from 0.5 ml of serum into chloroform containing the internal standard p-chlorodisopyramide, separated on a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl column at room temperature, and detected at 254 nm. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mg of disopyramide per liter, with a linear response to at least 10 mg/liter. Within-day precision (CV) for frozen serum pools is 8.3 (n = 21) and (n = 22) at mean concentrations of 2.6 and 5.9 mg/liter, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) is 9.4 (n = 80) and 9.3 (n = 29) at mean concentrations of 2.8 and 6.7 mg/liter, respectively. Recoveries for disopyramide in serum averaged 98% over the linear range when compared against an aqueous standard taken through the entire analytical procedure. The method is relatively specific, as evidenced by interference studies with over 85 drugs.", "contents": "Quantitative high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for determining disopyramide (Norpace) in serum. We report a high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for measuring disopyramide (Norpace, Searle) in serum. The drug is extracted from 0.5 ml of serum into chloroform containing the internal standard p-chlorodisopyramide, separated on a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl column at room temperature, and detected at 254 nm. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mg of disopyramide per liter, with a linear response to at least 10 mg/liter. Within-day precision (CV) for frozen serum pools is 8.3 (n = 21) and (n = 22) at mean concentrations of 2.6 and 5.9 mg/liter, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) is 9.4 (n = 80) and 9.3 (n = 29) at mean concentrations of 2.8 and 6.7 mg/liter, respectively. Recoveries for disopyramide in serum averaged 98% over the linear range when compared against an aqueous standard taken through the entire analytical procedure. The method is relatively specific, as evidenced by interference studies with over 85 drugs.", "PMID": 498727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4034", "title": "The detection of some basic drugs and their major metabolites using gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid method is described for the extraction and identification of a number of basis drugs and their metabolites in urine. Gas chromatography is used as the primary source of identification, and characteristic chromatograms and retention times for a number of drug metabolites are outlined.", "contents": "The detection of some basic drugs and their major metabolites using gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid method is described for the extraction and identification of a number of basis drugs and their metabolites in urine. Gas chromatography is used as the primary source of identification, and characteristic chromatograms and retention times for a number of drug metabolites are outlined.", "PMID": 498728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4035", "title": "The practice of medical toxicology.", "content": "Two hundred twelve consecutive cases presenting to a medical toxicologist related to chronic occupational exposure (49%), acute occupational exposure (24%), and nonoccupational exposure (27%). Chief complaints were respiratory (36%), behavioral (28%), neuropathy (17%), and organic brain syndrome (10%). In 90% of patients, litigation was in process or under consideration. Referrals were from plaintiff attorneys (37%), from employers, insurance compounds, and defense attorneys (26%), and from physicians (24%). Outcome of assessment revealed 55% to be unrelated to toxic substances, 39% probably related, and 6% positively related.", "contents": "The practice of medical toxicology. Two hundred twelve consecutive cases presenting to a medical toxicologist related to chronic occupational exposure (49%), acute occupational exposure (24%), and nonoccupational exposure (27%). Chief complaints were respiratory (36%), behavioral (28%), neuropathy (17%), and organic brain syndrome (10%). In 90% of patients, litigation was in process or under consideration. Referrals were from plaintiff attorneys (37%), from employers, insurance compounds, and defense attorneys (26%), and from physicians (24%). Outcome of assessment revealed 55% to be unrelated to toxic substances, 39% probably related, and 6% positively related.", "PMID": 498731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4036", "title": "Dose-response studies on tolerance to multiple doses of secobarbital and methaqualone in a polydrug abuse population.", "content": "Patients from a polydrug abuse treatment program were titrated with either secobarbital or methaqualone, their primary drug of abuse, to a state of mild intoxication, consisting of lateral and vertical nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, and drownsiness. The mean dose required to produce each sign was compared to that determined in a similarly treated control group. Tolerance to secobarbital was more easily demonstrated than tolerance to methaqualone, and nystagmus was the least sensitive indicator of patient tolerance. The individual signs were also cumulated into a graded rating scale of central nervous system depression which would be related to the dose administered. Tolerence was easily demonstrated at the higher stages of toxicity for secobarbital in the overall patient population, but tolerance to methaqualone was only unequivocal in the subjects indicating a relatively high frequency of abuse. Tolerance to methaqualone occurred at the lower stages of toxicity, suggesting that there is a difference between tolerance to secobarbital and tolerance to methaqualone. There was no indication that patients who also abuse alcohol are more tolerant than their patient counterparts. The patients who also had a history of amphetamine abuse, however, were less tolerant than the nonusers of these drugs.", "contents": "Dose-response studies on tolerance to multiple doses of secobarbital and methaqualone in a polydrug abuse population. Patients from a polydrug abuse treatment program were titrated with either secobarbital or methaqualone, their primary drug of abuse, to a state of mild intoxication, consisting of lateral and vertical nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, and drownsiness. The mean dose required to produce each sign was compared to that determined in a similarly treated control group. Tolerance to secobarbital was more easily demonstrated than tolerance to methaqualone, and nystagmus was the least sensitive indicator of patient tolerance. The individual signs were also cumulated into a graded rating scale of central nervous system depression which would be related to the dose administered. Tolerence was easily demonstrated at the higher stages of toxicity for secobarbital in the overall patient population, but tolerance to methaqualone was only unequivocal in the subjects indicating a relatively high frequency of abuse. Tolerance to methaqualone occurred at the lower stages of toxicity, suggesting that there is a difference between tolerance to secobarbital and tolerance to methaqualone. There was no indication that patients who also abuse alcohol are more tolerant than their patient counterparts. The patients who also had a history of amphetamine abuse, however, were less tolerant than the nonusers of these drugs.", "PMID": 498734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4037", "title": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol levels in street samples of marijuana and hashish: correlation to user reactions.", "content": "In a 6-year period, 435 alleged cannabis samples were accessioned by an urban street drug analysis program, and clinical histories were correlated with laboratory results. The most common reason for submission of a sample was suspicion of adulteration; however, such samples were usually unadulterated but had high potency as measured by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentration. Adverse reactions occurring in nonadulterated samples were not associated with high potencies. The validity of cannabis products distributed illicitly and analyzed was over 94%. Exotic varieties were more potent than less expensive cannabis. The absolute amount of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ranged from 1.5 to 144.9 mg.", "contents": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol levels in street samples of marijuana and hashish: correlation to user reactions. In a 6-year period, 435 alleged cannabis samples were accessioned by an urban street drug analysis program, and clinical histories were correlated with laboratory results. The most common reason for submission of a sample was suspicion of adulteration; however, such samples were usually unadulterated but had high potency as measured by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentration. Adverse reactions occurring in nonadulterated samples were not associated with high potencies. The validity of cannabis products distributed illicitly and analyzed was over 94%. Exotic varieties were more potent than less expensive cannabis. The absolute amount of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ranged from 1.5 to 144.9 mg.", "PMID": 498736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4038", "title": "Colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of acetaminophen in serum.", "content": "A colorimetric method for quantitatively determining acetaminophen in serum is presented. The procedure involves preparing a protein-free filtrate by the addition of trichloroacetic acid, hydrolyzing the acetaminophen in the filtrate to p-aminophenol, and subsequent reaction of p-aminophenol with phenol and NH4OH to form an indophenol blue chromogen. The absorbance at 620 nm of this chromogen follows Beer's law up to acetaminophen concentrations of greater than 50 mg/1. The recovery of acetaminophen from serum is essentially 100% when compared with appropriately prepared standards. Serum acetaminophen concentrations as low as 1 mg/1 can be detected. Seventy drugs were tested for possible interference and none was found to interfere with the method. The coefficient of variation (day-to-day) is 4%. This new quantitative method provides the necessary sensitivity to quantitate therapeutic as well as toxic serum concentrations of acetaminophen.", "contents": "Colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of acetaminophen in serum. A colorimetric method for quantitatively determining acetaminophen in serum is presented. The procedure involves preparing a protein-free filtrate by the addition of trichloroacetic acid, hydrolyzing the acetaminophen in the filtrate to p-aminophenol, and subsequent reaction of p-aminophenol with phenol and NH4OH to form an indophenol blue chromogen. The absorbance at 620 nm of this chromogen follows Beer's law up to acetaminophen concentrations of greater than 50 mg/1. The recovery of acetaminophen from serum is essentially 100% when compared with appropriately prepared standards. Serum acetaminophen concentrations as low as 1 mg/1 can be detected. Seventy drugs were tested for possible interference and none was found to interfere with the method. The coefficient of variation (day-to-day) is 4%. This new quantitative method provides the necessary sensitivity to quantitate therapeutic as well as toxic serum concentrations of acetaminophen.", "PMID": 498739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4039", "title": "[Detachment of man from life].", "content": "As an instrument and a weapon in the struggle for existence man has at his disposal the intellect which enables him, by means of language, to make use of conceptional thinking. But if he uses the intellect in order to manage the interactions with his equals, he unaffectedly has to observe and to manipulate the behaviour of his fellow-men as well as his own psychic processes like functions of intricate technical apparatuses, disregarding or violating the incalculable 'endothymic' part (strivings and feelings) of human being. Innate dispositions of behaviour, urges, moods, and  emotions, however, constitute real life. Suppression of vital powers by the laws of rationality makes civilized people suffer.", "contents": "[Detachment of man from life]. As an instrument and a weapon in the struggle for existence man has at his disposal the intellect which enables him, by means of language, to make use of conceptional thinking. But if he uses the intellect in order to manage the interactions with his equals, he unaffectedly has to observe and to manipulate the behaviour of his fellow-men as well as his own psychic processes like functions of intricate technical apparatuses, disregarding or violating the incalculable 'endothymic' part (strivings and feelings) of human being. Innate dispositions of behaviour, urges, moods, and  emotions, however, constitute real life. Suppression of vital powers by the laws of rationality makes civilized people suffer.", "PMID": 498757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4040", "title": "Dostoevsky and suicide.", "content": "Fyodor Dostoevsky has continued to grow in stature and influence among modern writers. His modernity is based, among other things, upon his psychological penetration of character and motive. Suicide received considerable attention and analysis in his novels and stories. Although dynamic psychiatry has always held Dostoevsky in high regard, practically all psychiatrists have tended to ignore Dostoevsky's valuable insights into the subject of suicide. This paper offers a total view of the author's contributions to suicidology, through a study of suicidal behavior in his fiction, journalism and in his own life experiences. Dostoevsky's writings are testimony to the continuous and brilliant interrelations between his fictional and journalistic narratives, his understanding of individual, family and group dynamics, his intellectual search for the roots of ideology, and the authentic experience and spiritual quest of his life.", "contents": "Dostoevsky and suicide. Fyodor Dostoevsky has continued to grow in stature and influence among modern writers. His modernity is based, among other things, upon his psychological penetration of character and motive. Suicide received considerable attention and analysis in his novels and stories. Although dynamic psychiatry has always held Dostoevsky in high regard, practically all psychiatrists have tended to ignore Dostoevsky's valuable insights into the subject of suicide. This paper offers a total view of the author's contributions to suicidology, through a study of suicidal behavior in his fiction, journalism and in his own life experiences. Dostoevsky's writings are testimony to the continuous and brilliant interrelations between his fictional and journalistic narratives, his understanding of individual, family and group dynamics, his intellectual search for the roots of ideology, and the authentic experience and spiritual quest of his life.", "PMID": 498758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4041", "title": "[Normative behavior and the health of the individual. An example from an Islamic community].", "content": "The problems of individuality are demonstrated in the traditional Punjabi-Muslim society. The individual, as an independent social unit with its needs and reactions, does not exist. Hence the idea of health and disease in an individual is expressed only as in pars familiae. In spite of this the individual resists the oppression. This is demonstrated by the example of the female individual.", "contents": "[Normative behavior and the health of the individual. An example from an Islamic community]. The problems of individuality are demonstrated in the traditional Punjabi-Muslim society. The individual, as an independent social unit with its needs and reactions, does not exist. Hence the idea of health and disease in an individual is expressed only as in pars familiae. In spite of this the individual resists the oppression. This is demonstrated by the example of the female individual.", "PMID": 498759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4042", "title": "[The anthropology of guilt and guilt feelings].", "content": "Considering the sociological and historical relativeness of 'objective' guilt and the relativeness of guilt feelings in the light of 'objective guilt' the authors delve into the problem of whether there exists such a thing as 'objective guilt'. This is particularly relevant after considering recent American investigations by Kohlberg et al. on children's development. They show the importance of guilt feelings that are aroused quite independently of the moral status of a society or a supposed 'super-ego'. Such feelings are the individual's response to some sort of interactional annihilation of communication. Highly dependent and variable, because of their dispositional and situative connections, guilt feelings seem to represent an anthropological, universally existing factor acting as an individual response to the destruction of communication but not necessarily being related to any kind of 'objective' guilt.", "contents": "[The anthropology of guilt and guilt feelings]. Considering the sociological and historical relativeness of 'objective' guilt and the relativeness of guilt feelings in the light of 'objective guilt' the authors delve into the problem of whether there exists such a thing as 'objective guilt'. This is particularly relevant after considering recent American investigations by Kohlberg et al. on children's development. They show the importance of guilt feelings that are aroused quite independently of the moral status of a society or a supposed 'super-ego'. Such feelings are the individual's response to some sort of interactional annihilation of communication. Highly dependent and variable, because of their dispositional and situative connections, guilt feelings seem to represent an anthropological, universally existing factor acting as an individual response to the destruction of communication but not necessarily being related to any kind of 'objective' guilt.", "PMID": 498760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4043", "title": "[Understanding language and transference in Beckett's \"Endgame\"].", "content": "In the article a psychoanalytic and pragmalinguistic oriented interpretation of 'Endgame' by S. Beckett is offered. This method obviously demonstrates the necessity of interpreting 'Endgame' in connection with the communicational situation between author/text and reader/interpreter. The conclusion is that the meaning of 'Endgame' is not offered by the text alone, but lies in the process of irritation of reader and interpreter, induced by specific reactions (transferences and counter-transferences) on the text presented.", "contents": "[Understanding language and transference in Beckett's \"Endgame\"]. In the article a psychoanalytic and pragmalinguistic oriented interpretation of 'Endgame' by S. Beckett is offered. This method obviously demonstrates the necessity of interpreting 'Endgame' in connection with the communicational situation between author/text and reader/interpreter. The conclusion is that the meaning of 'Endgame' is not offered by the text alone, but lies in the process of irritation of reader and interpreter, induced by specific reactions (transferences and counter-transferences) on the text presented.", "PMID": 498761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4044", "title": "[Present day Marxist sociology and psychoanalysis].", "content": "The main common theme in psychoanalysis and Marxist sociology is the understanding that it is not consciousness that determines being, but being (spiritual, social) that determines consciousness. The different variations of Marxist movements today are in fact distant from Marx's theory of sociology. They have become representatives of utopian socialism, using anarchistic methods to achieve that aim. This development can only be understood as a social neurosis, with the narcistic frustation of the intellectual class as its cause, and grandiose claims, intolerance, dogmatic thinking and destructive behaviour as its symptoms. The only justified criticism of psychoanalysis from the pseudo-Marxist side is based on the imperfection and error in the analytical doctrine of superego. This should be replaced by the idea of conscious, subjective, emotional morality which clearly explains the aggression contained in social structures.", "contents": "[Present day Marxist sociology and psychoanalysis]. The main common theme in psychoanalysis and Marxist sociology is the understanding that it is not consciousness that determines being, but being (spiritual, social) that determines consciousness. The different variations of Marxist movements today are in fact distant from Marx's theory of sociology. They have become representatives of utopian socialism, using anarchistic methods to achieve that aim. This development can only be understood as a social neurosis, with the narcistic frustation of the intellectual class as its cause, and grandiose claims, intolerance, dogmatic thinking and destructive behaviour as its symptoms. The only justified criticism of psychoanalysis from the pseudo-Marxist side is based on the imperfection and error in the analytical doctrine of superego. This should be replaced by the idea of conscious, subjective, emotional morality which clearly explains the aggression contained in social structures.", "PMID": 498762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4045", "title": "The element of the irrational at the beginning and during the course of delusion.", "content": "Delusion is described from a phenomenological point of view. Based on the observation of 15 cases of delusion over a period of several years and 3 cases described by Japanese and American authors, I have concluded that delusion cannot be understood from a genetic, psychological or sociological standpoint alone. My aim was to discover symptoms which could not be explained by psychodynamic, sociological or other causes. Such symptoms may be called irrational (incomprehensible) symptoms. Their irrationality is analogous to the same symptoms which are described in their autobiographies by two great mystics about their ecstasy. We can see these symptoms in the accounts of Zen Buddhists. These symptoms represent experience of evidence, pseudohallucination, suffering in delusion, a message to do something, loss of awareness of time and space, the polarity of guilt and blessedness following each other in close succession and the feeling of shame. We will better understand delusion if we bear in mind the irrational factor.", "contents": "The element of the irrational at the beginning and during the course of delusion. Delusion is described from a phenomenological point of view. Based on the observation of 15 cases of delusion over a period of several years and 3 cases described by Japanese and American authors, I have concluded that delusion cannot be understood from a genetic, psychological or sociological standpoint alone. My aim was to discover symptoms which could not be explained by psychodynamic, sociological or other causes. Such symptoms may be called irrational (incomprehensible) symptoms. Their irrationality is analogous to the same symptoms which are described in their autobiographies by two great mystics about their ecstasy. We can see these symptoms in the accounts of Zen Buddhists. These symptoms represent experience of evidence, pseudohallucination, suffering in delusion, a message to do something, loss of awareness of time and space, the polarity of guilt and blessedness following each other in close succession and the feeling of shame. We will better understand delusion if we bear in mind the irrational factor.", "PMID": 498763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4046", "title": "2-Hydroxy- ethyl-methacrylate and di- and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate: contact sensitizers in a photoprepolymer printing plate procedure.", "content": "In a platemaking procedure differing from Nyloprint and Letterflex, contact sensitizations to 2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate, di- and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate and nicotinic acid were found. Preoperational testing of the complete mixture gave a false impression of safety. Preventive measures and enumeration of acrylic substances so far recognized as sensitizers or cross-sensitizers are discussed.", "contents": "2-Hydroxy- ethyl-methacrylate and di- and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate: contact sensitizers in a photoprepolymer printing plate procedure. In a platemaking procedure differing from Nyloprint and Letterflex, contact sensitizations to 2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate, di- and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate and nicotinic acid were found. Preoperational testing of the complete mixture gave a false impression of safety. Preventive measures and enumeration of acrylic substances so far recognized as sensitizers or cross-sensitizers are discussed.", "PMID": 498764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4047", "title": "Antabuse treatment of nickel dermatitis. Chelation--a new principle in the treatment of nickel dermatitis.", "content": "Eleven nickel-hypersensitive patients with chronic, dyshidrotic hand eczema aggravated by oral challenge with 0.6-2.5 mg nickel were treated with 100 mg tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (Antabuse) two to four times daily for 4-10 weeks. Nine of the patients experienced a flare of the dermatitis shortly after initiation of the treatment. During the course of treatment the dermatitis of seven patients cleared, improvement was seen in two patients, and in two the dermatitis remained unchanged. Flare was seen in six patients when the treatment was discontinued. Seven patients experienced side effects such as fatigue, headache and dizziness. The treatment of four patients was discontinued due to side effects. During the treatment high levels of nickel were found in the serum and urine.", "contents": "Antabuse treatment of nickel dermatitis. Chelation--a new principle in the treatment of nickel dermatitis. Eleven nickel-hypersensitive patients with chronic, dyshidrotic hand eczema aggravated by oral challenge with 0.6-2.5 mg nickel were treated with 100 mg tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (Antabuse) two to four times daily for 4-10 weeks. Nine of the patients experienced a flare of the dermatitis shortly after initiation of the treatment. During the course of treatment the dermatitis of seven patients cleared, improvement was seen in two patients, and in two the dermatitis remained unchanged. Flare was seen in six patients when the treatment was discontinued. Seven patients experienced side effects such as fatigue, headache and dizziness. The treatment of four patients was discontinued due to side effects. During the treatment high levels of nickel were found in the serum and urine.", "PMID": 498765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4048", "title": "A postal survey of patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis.", "content": "A postal survey was made of 75 patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis who had been discharged from the clinic; 69% of patients replied to the questionnaire and in 81% of these the dermatitis was still active. In many patients (48%) this was causing significant disability long after initial presentation to the clinic (average of 56.5 months). All patients had patch tests performed and the relevance of this is discussed with reference to nickel dermatitis.", "contents": "A postal survey of patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis. A postal survey was made of 75 patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis who had been discharged from the clinic; 69% of patients replied to the questionnaire and in 81% of these the dermatitis was still active. In many patients (48%) this was causing significant disability long after initial presentation to the clinic (average of 56.5 months). All patients had patch tests performed and the relevance of this is discussed with reference to nickel dermatitis.", "PMID": 498766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4049", "title": "Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt.", "content": "During a 5-year period, 286 of 4,034 (7.1%) standard tested eczema patients reacted to cobalt. Fifty (1.2%) showed \"isolated\" cobalt reactions (i.e. without simultaneous reaction to chromium and/or nickel). A follow-up study of 36 of these patients included a serial dilution test (SDT). Eleven of 15 patients with negative reactions in the SDT had demonstrated weak reactions in the previous standard test, whereas stronger initial reactions had been noted in 19 of 21 patients who reacted positively. Sixteen SDT-positive and six SDT-negative patients were definitely or probably exposed to cobalt in their working or home environments. The majority of patients with \"isolated\" cobalt sensitivity also had other contact sensitivities (especially to rubber chemicals) or atopic dermatitis. Therefore in some cases of \"isolated\" cobalt reactions another contact sensitivity or skin disease may be a prerequisite for the development of cobalt allergy. It is however possible that the simultaneous presence of reactivities to different test substances is only a reflection of general skin vulnerability. An uncertainty in testing methodology must also be considered when evaluating test reactions to cobalt. Finally, present results show that cobalt allergy unassociated with contact sensitivity to other substances or other skin diseases is rare.", "contents": "Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt. During a 5-year period, 286 of 4,034 (7.1%) standard tested eczema patients reacted to cobalt. Fifty (1.2%) showed \"isolated\" cobalt reactions (i.e. without simultaneous reaction to chromium and/or nickel). A follow-up study of 36 of these patients included a serial dilution test (SDT). Eleven of 15 patients with negative reactions in the SDT had demonstrated weak reactions in the previous standard test, whereas stronger initial reactions had been noted in 19 of 21 patients who reacted positively. Sixteen SDT-positive and six SDT-negative patients were definitely or probably exposed to cobalt in their working or home environments. The majority of patients with \"isolated\" cobalt sensitivity also had other contact sensitivities (especially to rubber chemicals) or atopic dermatitis. Therefore in some cases of \"isolated\" cobalt reactions another contact sensitivity or skin disease may be a prerequisite for the development of cobalt allergy. It is however possible that the simultaneous presence of reactivities to different test substances is only a reflection of general skin vulnerability. An uncertainty in testing methodology must also be considered when evaluating test reactions to cobalt. Finally, present results show that cobalt allergy unassociated with contact sensitivity to other substances or other skin diseases is rare.", "PMID": 498767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4050", "title": "Effect on growth and nickel content of cabbage plants watered with nickel solutions.", "content": "Chinese cabbage plants were watered with different concentrations of NiCl2 solutions and the effect on growth and uptake of nickel in the plants were studied. No toxic effect on plant growth was observed. A higher content of nickel was found in the plants exposed to more concentrated nickel solutions. Nickel contamination and its clinical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "Effect on growth and nickel content of cabbage plants watered with nickel solutions. Chinese cabbage plants were watered with different concentrations of NiCl2 solutions and the effect on growth and uptake of nickel in the plants were studied. No toxic effect on plant growth was observed. A higher content of nickel was found in the plants exposed to more concentrated nickel solutions. Nickel contamination and its clinical consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 498768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4051", "title": "Epidemiological survey of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands in Belgium.", "content": "A total of 400 patients suffering from hand eczema were patch tested to 25 chemicals (20 from the standard series of the ICDRG plus five from the Tri-Contact of Belgium); 197 (49.2%) had a positive patch test to one or more substances, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence between males and females. Potassium dichromate and PPD mix were statistically more frequently involved as skin allergens in males than in females, whereas nickel sulphate, thiuram mix and neomycin sulphate gave a significantly higher number of positive responses in women than in men. Results of this epidemiological survey are discussed in the light of similar studies from the literature.", "contents": "Epidemiological survey of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands in Belgium. A total of 400 patients suffering from hand eczema were patch tested to 25 chemicals (20 from the standard series of the ICDRG plus five from the Tri-Contact of Belgium); 197 (49.2%) had a positive patch test to one or more substances, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence between males and females. Potassium dichromate and PPD mix were statistically more frequently involved as skin allergens in males than in females, whereas nickel sulphate, thiuram mix and neomycin sulphate gave a significantly higher number of positive responses in women than in men. Results of this epidemiological survey are discussed in the light of similar studies from the literature.", "PMID": 498769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4052", "title": "Polyvinyl chloride work boots in the management of shoe dermatitis in industrial workers.", "content": "A sugar refinery worker developed allergic contact dermatitis of his feet secondary to rubber accelerators in his work boots. The dermatitis resolved when polyvinyl chloride work boots were substituted. The importance of controlling hyperhidrosis in the management of foot dermatitis in workers is discussed.", "contents": "Polyvinyl chloride work boots in the management of shoe dermatitis in industrial workers. A sugar refinery worker developed allergic contact dermatitis of his feet secondary to rubber accelerators in his work boots. The dermatitis resolved when polyvinyl chloride work boots were substituted. The importance of controlling hyperhidrosis in the management of foot dermatitis in workers is discussed.", "PMID": 498770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4053", "title": "Photoallergic contact dermatitis to men's perfumes.", "content": "Three patients with photosensitive eruptions related to the use of different men's perfumes were evaluated. We found that they were photoallergic to musk ambrette, an inexpensive, readily available synthetic perfume ingredient. Studies of cross-reactivity with other perfumed colognes and after-shave lotions suggest that musk ambrette is present in clinically significant concentration in large numbers of other cosmetic products.", "contents": "Photoallergic contact dermatitis to men's perfumes. Three patients with photosensitive eruptions related to the use of different men's perfumes were evaluated. We found that they were photoallergic to musk ambrette, an inexpensive, readily available synthetic perfume ingredient. Studies of cross-reactivity with other perfumed colognes and after-shave lotions suggest that musk ambrette is present in clinically significant concentration in large numbers of other cosmetic products.", "PMID": 498771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4054", "title": "Persistence of contact allergy to chromium.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with a positive patch test to potassium dichromate 0.5% were retested after 4-7 years; 38 patients (79%) still had a positive patch test. Chromate allergy seems to be persistent. In 72% of the cases a history of occupational exposure to chromates could be proved.", "contents": "Persistence of contact allergy to chromium. Forty-eight patients with a positive patch test to potassium dichromate 0.5% were retested after 4-7 years; 38 patients (79%) still had a positive patch test. Chromate allergy seems to be persistent. In 72% of the cases a history of occupational exposure to chromates could be proved.", "PMID": 498772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4055", "title": "Speculations on the evolution of sterol structure and function.", "content": "The essential oxygen requirement for sterol biosynthesis dates this molecule as a relative latecomer in cellular evolution. Structural details of the cholesterol molecule and related sterols can be rationalized in terms of optimal hydrophobic interactions between the planar sterol ring system and phospholipid acyl chains in the membrane bilayer. The prediction that the cholesterol precursor lanosterol (4,4',14 trimethyl cholastadienol) is incompetent for membrane function is verified by in vivo experiments with eucaryotic sterol auxotrophs and microviscosity measurements of sterol-containing artificial membranes. For procaryotic cells the sterol specificity is very much broader. Methylococcus capsulatus produces 4,4-dimethyl- and 4-monomethyl sterols, but not sterols of the cholesterol type. Similarly lanosterol and its partially demethylated derivatives satisfy the sterol requirement of Mycoplasma capricolum. A more primitive but unspecified role of cyclized squalene derivatives is therefore postulated for procaryotic membranes. The finding that cholesterylmethyl ether satisfies the sterol requirement of certain microbial systems is at variance with current views on the role played by the sterol hydroxyl group in membrane organization and function.", "contents": "Speculations on the evolution of sterol structure and function. The essential oxygen requirement for sterol biosynthesis dates this molecule as a relative latecomer in cellular evolution. Structural details of the cholesterol molecule and related sterols can be rationalized in terms of optimal hydrophobic interactions between the planar sterol ring system and phospholipid acyl chains in the membrane bilayer. The prediction that the cholesterol precursor lanosterol (4,4',14 trimethyl cholastadienol) is incompetent for membrane function is verified by in vivo experiments with eucaryotic sterol auxotrophs and microviscosity measurements of sterol-containing artificial membranes. For procaryotic cells the sterol specificity is very much broader. Methylococcus capsulatus produces 4,4-dimethyl- and 4-monomethyl sterols, but not sterols of the cholesterol type. Similarly lanosterol and its partially demethylated derivatives satisfy the sterol requirement of Mycoplasma capricolum. A more primitive but unspecified role of cyclized squalene derivatives is therefore postulated for procaryotic membranes. The finding that cholesterylmethyl ether satisfies the sterol requirement of certain microbial systems is at variance with current views on the role played by the sterol hydroxyl group in membrane organization and function.", "PMID": 498798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4056", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis.", "content": "Synthesis of globin in reticulocyte lysates depends on the presence of heme, the prosthetic group of hemoglobin. In the absence of heme, an inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation is activated. The inhibitor is a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation by ATP of the small subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2. This blocks the interaction of eIF-2 with eIF-2-stimulating protein (ESP) that is essential for initiation. Our observations are consistent with the view that the inhibitor is activated by phosphorylation catalyzed by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Heme inhibits this enzyme and, in this way, prevents activation of the inhibitor of chain initiation.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis. Synthesis of globin in reticulocyte lysates depends on the presence of heme, the prosthetic group of hemoglobin. In the absence of heme, an inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation is activated. The inhibitor is a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation by ATP of the small subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2. This blocks the interaction of eIF-2 with eIF-2-stimulating protein (ESP) that is essential for initiation. Our observations are consistent with the view that the inhibitor is activated by phosphorylation catalyzed by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Heme inhibits this enzyme and, in this way, prevents activation of the inhibitor of chain initiation.", "PMID": 498799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4057", "title": "Spirit possession and spirit mediumship from the perspective of Tulu oral traditions.", "content": "The phenomenon of spirit possession is looked at in relationship to the broad cultural context in which it is found to exist in a region of southern India. The author critically reviews various attempts to explain spirit possession as solely a psychological or sociological event. Instead, he turns to the region's spirit possession and mediumship cults, oral traditions and social ideology for an ethnographically relevant interpretation of spirit possession.", "contents": "Spirit possession and spirit mediumship from the perspective of Tulu oral traditions. The phenomenon of spirit possession is looked at in relationship to the broad cultural context in which it is found to exist in a region of southern India. The author critically reviews various attempts to explain spirit possession as solely a psychological or sociological event. Instead, he turns to the region's spirit possession and mediumship cults, oral traditions and social ideology for an ethnographically relevant interpretation of spirit possession.", "PMID": 498800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4058", "title": "Self-care in rural areas of India and Nepal.", "content": "Self-care during illness and pregnancies by individuals and their families is a ubiquitous and integral part of societies throughout the world. This paper reports findings about self-care practices identified during four studies carried out over a ten-year period involving about 14,000 interviews in 7,400 households comprising over 48,000 people in three Indian states and three districts of Nepal. The proportion of ill individuals using self-care over a two-week period in the different study areas ranged from 19 to 42 percent. This involved 5 to 9 percent of the total population in self-care activities during these two weeks. Much larger differences were found between India and Nepal in the use of self-care during pregnancies. Self-care or care by relatives and friends was the predominant source of maternity care in Nepal, including deliveries, while Indian maternal care was dominated by traditional birth attendants. Comparisons also were made between self-care and the use of professional healers or health care services during the same time period. Differences in the use of self-care by age, sex, caste, access to government or special project services, type of illness, and duration and severity of illness have also been shown. The need for similar, better standardized surveys in combination with intensive studies examining the details and rationale behind self-care practices in different societies has been stressed as an essential step in developing programs to expand or modify self-care practices of individuals and their families.", "contents": "Self-care in rural areas of India and Nepal. Self-care during illness and pregnancies by individuals and their families is a ubiquitous and integral part of societies throughout the world. This paper reports findings about self-care practices identified during four studies carried out over a ten-year period involving about 14,000 interviews in 7,400 households comprising over 48,000 people in three Indian states and three districts of Nepal. The proportion of ill individuals using self-care over a two-week period in the different study areas ranged from 19 to 42 percent. This involved 5 to 9 percent of the total population in self-care activities during these two weeks. Much larger differences were found between India and Nepal in the use of self-care during pregnancies. Self-care or care by relatives and friends was the predominant source of maternity care in Nepal, including deliveries, while Indian maternal care was dominated by traditional birth attendants. Comparisons also were made between self-care and the use of professional healers or health care services during the same time period. Differences in the use of self-care by age, sex, caste, access to government or special project services, type of illness, and duration and severity of illness have also been shown. The need for similar, better standardized surveys in combination with intensive studies examining the details and rationale behind self-care practices in different societies has been stressed as an essential step in developing programs to expand or modify self-care practices of individuals and their families.", "PMID": 498801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4059", "title": "Potential and effective meaning in therapeutic ritual.", "content": "Anthropologists who accept the functionalist dogma that everything in a culture is related to everything else can easily demonstrate from their own point of view that any ritual is richly meaningful. If, then, the healing power of therapeutic ritual depends on making illness meaningful, any ritual, if seen from this perspective, should be efficacious. We must distinguish, however, between potential and effective meaning, i.e. what a ritual might mean and what it does mean to participants in it who generally lack an anthropologist's global view of their culture. Effective meaning can be assessed by examining a ritual's relevance to the situation in which it occurs and factors which facilitate or hinder communication of what it might mean to particular persons. This argument is illustrated by analyzing the meaning of a Chinese healing ritual in two different situations in which it occurs.", "contents": "Potential and effective meaning in therapeutic ritual. Anthropologists who accept the functionalist dogma that everything in a culture is related to everything else can easily demonstrate from their own point of view that any ritual is richly meaningful. If, then, the healing power of therapeutic ritual depends on making illness meaningful, any ritual, if seen from this perspective, should be efficacious. We must distinguish, however, between potential and effective meaning, i.e. what a ritual might mean and what it does mean to participants in it who generally lack an anthropologist's global view of their culture. Effective meaning can be assessed by examining a ritual's relevance to the situation in which it occurs and factors which facilitate or hinder communication of what it might mean to particular persons. This argument is illustrated by analyzing the meaning of a Chinese healing ritual in two different situations in which it occurs.", "PMID": 498802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4060", "title": "Lexemic change and semantic shift in disease names.", "content": "The lexicon of illness terms used by Mexican American women is affected by the practice of speaking both Spanish and English and by the coexistence of several health systems. When there is changning participation in various health systems, with increasing interference and code switching, linguistic evidence for these changes may be found. In some cases an English disease name is borrowed. In others, a cognate is coined from an English disease name. Some terms, now no longer useful, are dropped. Finally, some Spanish disease names which do not have equivalents in English or in scientific medical theory may be retained, but there is a shift in the meaning of the words themselves. The direction of the shift is towards semantic correspondence with the concepts of scientific medicine. In these ways the medical lexicon is changed, with the changes reflecting a new medical culture.", "contents": "Lexemic change and semantic shift in disease names. The lexicon of illness terms used by Mexican American women is affected by the practice of speaking both Spanish and English and by the coexistence of several health systems. When there is changning participation in various health systems, with increasing interference and code switching, linguistic evidence for these changes may be found. In some cases an English disease name is borrowed. In others, a cognate is coined from an English disease name. Some terms, now no longer useful, are dropped. Finally, some Spanish disease names which do not have equivalents in English or in scientific medical theory may be retained, but there is a shift in the meaning of the words themselves. The direction of the shift is towards semantic correspondence with the concepts of scientific medicine. In these ways the medical lexicon is changed, with the changes reflecting a new medical culture.", "PMID": 498803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4061", "title": "Anthropology and mental health: reflections on interdisciplinary growth.", "content": "The publication of Joseph Westermeyer, ed., Anthropology and Mental Health: Setting a New Course, is the departure point for taking stock of past and present links between anthropology and psychiatry. These reflections relate historical trends to the conference volume which contains examples of recent interdisciplinary research. The article critically reviews some of these and then suggests other recent or current work, not mentioned, which the author considers representative of some of the promising results of anthropological contributions to psychiatric interests. Questions are raised, but left unanswered, which might be further examined in attempts to continue long established interdisciplinary collaboration.", "contents": "Anthropology and mental health: reflections on interdisciplinary growth. The publication of Joseph Westermeyer, ed., Anthropology and Mental Health: Setting a New Course, is the departure point for taking stock of past and present links between anthropology and psychiatry. These reflections relate historical trends to the conference volume which contains examples of recent interdisciplinary research. The article critically reviews some of these and then suggests other recent or current work, not mentioned, which the author considers representative of some of the promising results of anthropological contributions to psychiatric interests. Questions are raised, but left unanswered, which might be further examined in attempts to continue long established interdisciplinary collaboration.", "PMID": 498804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4062", "title": "Sociocultural stress and the American native in Alaska: an analysis of changing patterns of psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse among Alaska natives.", "content": "This paper presents selected morbidity and mortality statistics to outline developing trends and the current status of psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse among the Aleut, Athabascan, Yupik, Inupiat, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimpshian people of Alaska. Analysis of the records of the Indian Health Service, the Community Mental Health Centers and the Alaska Psychiatric Institute, the providers of care for Alaska Natives, shows that the number of individuals treated as inpatients and outpatients for psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse has been rising steadily. Accidental injury and suicidal behavior are common. The treated prevalence rates for these diagnoses exceed recorded rates for other American Native and non-Native groups. For each category of violent death, suicide, homicide, accidents and alcohol, rates for Alaska Natives are higher than rates for Alaska non-Natives, American Indians and the U.S. (all races) and are rising. The data suggest a public health problem in which the primary elements are behavioral disturbance and violent death.", "contents": "Sociocultural stress and the American native in Alaska: an analysis of changing patterns of psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse among Alaska natives. This paper presents selected morbidity and mortality statistics to outline developing trends and the current status of psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse among the Aleut, Athabascan, Yupik, Inupiat, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimpshian people of Alaska. Analysis of the records of the Indian Health Service, the Community Mental Health Centers and the Alaska Psychiatric Institute, the providers of care for Alaska Natives, shows that the number of individuals treated as inpatients and outpatients for psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse has been rising steadily. Accidental injury and suicidal behavior are common. The treated prevalence rates for these diagnoses exceed recorded rates for other American Native and non-Native groups. For each category of violent death, suicide, homicide, accidents and alcohol, rates for Alaska Natives are higher than rates for Alaska non-Natives, American Indians and the U.S. (all races) and are rising. The data suggest a public health problem in which the primary elements are behavioral disturbance and violent death.", "PMID": 498805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4063", "title": "Variations regarding susto causality among the Cakchiquel of Guatemala.", "content": "George Foster's model of 'personalistic' and 'naturalistic' disease theories is employed in the present analysis of fright-sickness among Cakchiquel villagers in highland Guatemala. Field data from Panajachel and San Antonio Aguas Calientes suggest that pronounced intrasocietal competition favors personalistic interpretation, with sorcery cited as the ultimate source, rather than naturalistic interpretation, which emphasizes chance or destiny. Village differences in subsistence echology and internal competition apparently underlie variations in both the social function and assumed etiology of fright-sickness.", "contents": "Variations regarding susto causality among the Cakchiquel of Guatemala. George Foster's model of 'personalistic' and 'naturalistic' disease theories is employed in the present analysis of fright-sickness among Cakchiquel villagers in highland Guatemala. Field data from Panajachel and San Antonio Aguas Calientes suggest that pronounced intrasocietal competition favors personalistic interpretation, with sorcery cited as the ultimate source, rather than naturalistic interpretation, which emphasizes chance or destiny. Village differences in subsistence echology and internal competition apparently underlie variations in both the social function and assumed etiology of fright-sickness.", "PMID": 498806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4064", "title": "Elementary systems of medicine.", "content": "The beliefs about causes of disease, orientations to medical problems, and the treatment practices of relatively small and elementary societies are reviewed and analyzed. Selected published reports of this problem area of ethnomedicine serve as source material. An attempt is made to induce generalizations which will serve as a possible baseline for studies dealing with related material pertaining to more advanced societies.", "contents": "Elementary systems of medicine. The beliefs about causes of disease, orientations to medical problems, and the treatment practices of relatively small and elementary societies are reviewed and analyzed. Selected published reports of this problem area of ethnomedicine serve as source material. An attempt is made to induce generalizations which will serve as a possible baseline for studies dealing with related material pertaining to more advanced societies.", "PMID": 498807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4065", "title": "Enhanced responses to aerosolized bronchodilator therapy in asthma using respiratory maneuvers.", "content": "To determine if respiratory maneuvers may enhance the response to inhaled bronchodilator drugs, we evaluated the bronchodilator responses when isoproterenol was: inhaled as a bolus high (80 percent VC) compared to low (20 percent VC) lung volumes, and inhaled as a single 800 microgram dose compared to four 200 microgram doses given 20 min apart. Nine asthmatic subjects inhaled isoproterenol sequentially at high and low lung volumes on two separate days; 15 others inhaled single doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 microgram isoproterenol on four separate days. FEV1, specific conductance (Gaw/VL), Vmax50%, and the slope of phase 3 of the single-breath nitrogen test (deltaN2/L) were measured 10 min after each dose. FEV1 and Gaw/VL increased and deltaN2/L decreased more following inhalation at high compared to low lung volume (P less than 0.05). Gaw/VL increased more in the group given 800 microgram in divided doses than the group given a single dose (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that the bronchodilator response to isoproterenol may be enhanced by inhaling the drug in divided doses sequentially and by delivering the drug near maximal inspiration. An enhanced response after the latter maneuver may be due to more uniform distribution of the drug to airway receptor sites.", "contents": "Enhanced responses to aerosolized bronchodilator therapy in asthma using respiratory maneuvers. To determine if respiratory maneuvers may enhance the response to inhaled bronchodilator drugs, we evaluated the bronchodilator responses when isoproterenol was: inhaled as a bolus high (80 percent VC) compared to low (20 percent VC) lung volumes, and inhaled as a single 800 microgram dose compared to four 200 microgram doses given 20 min apart. Nine asthmatic subjects inhaled isoproterenol sequentially at high and low lung volumes on two separate days; 15 others inhaled single doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 microgram isoproterenol on four separate days. FEV1, specific conductance (Gaw/VL), Vmax50%, and the slope of phase 3 of the single-breath nitrogen test (deltaN2/L) were measured 10 min after each dose. FEV1 and Gaw/VL increased and deltaN2/L decreased more following inhalation at high compared to low lung volume (P less than 0.05). Gaw/VL increased more in the group given 800 microgram in divided doses than the group given a single dose (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that the bronchodilator response to isoproterenol may be enhanced by inhaling the drug in divided doses sequentially and by delivering the drug near maximal inspiration. An enhanced response after the latter maneuver may be due to more uniform distribution of the drug to airway receptor sites.", "PMID": 498820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4066", "title": "Diagnostic value of bronchial aspirate and postbronchoscopic sputum in fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "The contribution of the bronchial aspirate and postbronchoscopic sputum toward the establishment of a correct diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma was evaluated. A total of 273 patients underwent diagnostic bronchoscopic procedures during a 27-month period. One hundred four of these 273 patients were eventually found to have bronchogenic carcinoma. The combination of biopsies by forceps and brushings yielded the diagnosis in 61 (97 percent) of 63 endoscopically visible tumors. Neither bronchial aspirates nor postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum produced an additional diagnosis. The same combination yielded a diagnosis in 17 (41 percent) of 41 endoscopically nonvisible tumors. In these endoscopically nonvisible tumors, unlike tumors, a combination of bronchial aspirates and postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum produced a total of eight additional diagnosis. Thus, the overall diagnosis of endoscopically nonvisible tumors was improved from 41 percent (17/41) to 61 percent (25/41). Both bronchial aspirates and postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum were therefore important sources of diagnosis in endoscopically nonvisible tumors.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of bronchial aspirate and postbronchoscopic sputum in fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The contribution of the bronchial aspirate and postbronchoscopic sputum toward the establishment of a correct diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma was evaluated. A total of 273 patients underwent diagnostic bronchoscopic procedures during a 27-month period. One hundred four of these 273 patients were eventually found to have bronchogenic carcinoma. The combination of biopsies by forceps and brushings yielded the diagnosis in 61 (97 percent) of 63 endoscopically visible tumors. Neither bronchial aspirates nor postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum produced an additional diagnosis. The same combination yielded a diagnosis in 17 (41 percent) of 41 endoscopically nonvisible tumors. In these endoscopically nonvisible tumors, unlike tumors, a combination of bronchial aspirates and postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum produced a total of eight additional diagnosis. Thus, the overall diagnosis of endoscopically nonvisible tumors was improved from 41 percent (17/41) to 61 percent (25/41). Both bronchial aspirates and postbronchoscopic specimens of sputum were therefore important sources of diagnosis in endoscopically nonvisible tumors.", "PMID": 498821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4067", "title": "Transtracheal aspiration. Guidelines for safety.", "content": "A four-year experience with transtracheal aspiration was reviewed in order to determine those patients at risk for developing life-threatening complications. One hundred procedures were performed by at least 20 different physicians trained according to an established protocol. Complications were limited to minimal subcutaneous emphysema in 19 percent (10/52), pneumomediastinum in 3 percent (3/93), and gross but self-limited hemoptysis in 1 percent (one patient); occasional unifocal premature ventricular contractions were noted in one patient. We conclude that patients not at risk of developing life-threatening complications from transtracheal aspiration can be identified. They (1) are able to cooperate and have a clearly identifiable and normal cricothyroid membrane, (2) have the procedure performed only by well-trained or supervised physicians, (3) have an arterial oxygen pressure of at least 70 mm Hg with administration of supplemental oxygen, and (4) have a prothrombin activity of at least 65 percent of the control value or a normal bleeding time or a platelet count of at least 100,000/cu mm. To minimize subcutaneous emphysema or pneumomediastinum, no patient should have therapy with intermittent positive-pressure breathing or any other procedure that might induce coughing for the subsequent 24 hours.", "contents": "Transtracheal aspiration. Guidelines for safety. A four-year experience with transtracheal aspiration was reviewed in order to determine those patients at risk for developing life-threatening complications. One hundred procedures were performed by at least 20 different physicians trained according to an established protocol. Complications were limited to minimal subcutaneous emphysema in 19 percent (10/52), pneumomediastinum in 3 percent (3/93), and gross but self-limited hemoptysis in 1 percent (one patient); occasional unifocal premature ventricular contractions were noted in one patient. We conclude that patients not at risk of developing life-threatening complications from transtracheal aspiration can be identified. They (1) are able to cooperate and have a clearly identifiable and normal cricothyroid membrane, (2) have the procedure performed only by well-trained or supervised physicians, (3) have an arterial oxygen pressure of at least 70 mm Hg with administration of supplemental oxygen, and (4) have a prothrombin activity of at least 65 percent of the control value or a normal bleeding time or a platelet count of at least 100,000/cu mm. To minimize subcutaneous emphysema or pneumomediastinum, no patient should have therapy with intermittent positive-pressure breathing or any other procedure that might induce coughing for the subsequent 24 hours.", "PMID": 498822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4068", "title": "Hemodynamics and echocardiograms before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm.", "content": "Hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 15 patients prior to cardioversion and immediately, one, three, and five hours after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. At five hours after cardioversion, there was improvement in cardiac index (P less than 0.005), in stroke index (P less than 0.005), and in stroke work index (P less than 0.025), but no significant change in heart rate, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left atrial dimemsions (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (LVEDD), or left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD). At follow-up one week to nine months after cardioversion, 10 of the 15 patients (67 percent) remained in normal sinus rhythm. Neither the size of the left atrium, changes in hemodynamics, LAD, LVEDD, or LVESD, nor the presence or amplitude of the A-wave on the mitral valve echogram correlated with the persistence or normal sinus rhythm.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and echocardiograms before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 15 patients prior to cardioversion and immediately, one, three, and five hours after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. At five hours after cardioversion, there was improvement in cardiac index (P less than 0.005), in stroke index (P less than 0.005), and in stroke work index (P less than 0.025), but no significant change in heart rate, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left atrial dimemsions (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (LVEDD), or left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD). At follow-up one week to nine months after cardioversion, 10 of the 15 patients (67 percent) remained in normal sinus rhythm. Neither the size of the left atrium, changes in hemodynamics, LAD, LVEDD, or LVESD, nor the presence or amplitude of the A-wave on the mitral valve echogram correlated with the persistence or normal sinus rhythm.", "PMID": 498823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4069", "title": "Breathlessness and mouth occlusion pressure in patients with chronic obstruction of the airways.", "content": "In order to evaluate the hypothesis that the sensation of dyspnea is due to an \"inappropriate relationship between length and tension\" in the respiratory musculature, studies were performed in 24 patients with chronic obstruction of the airways. They were divided into two groups solely on the basis of subjective and objective presence or absence of breathlessness and dyspnea at rest. Spirometric tests and body plethysmography were performed in each patient. The ventilatory pattern at rest was recorded and repeated measurements of mouth occlusion pressure were made. It is concluded that breathlessness in patients with airways obstruction is not associated with major differences in arterial blood gases or in VO2, VE, f or the pattern of individual breaths; there is a greater degree of airway obstruction and increased inspiratory neuromuscular drive. The minute ventilation achieved for a given inspiratory neuromuscular output, which may be considered analogous to the length-tension relationship of the respiratory musculature, is significantly decreased. These results are in accordance with the theory of mechanical inappropriateness as a cause of dyspnea.", "contents": "Breathlessness and mouth occlusion pressure in patients with chronic obstruction of the airways. In order to evaluate the hypothesis that the sensation of dyspnea is due to an \"inappropriate relationship between length and tension\" in the respiratory musculature, studies were performed in 24 patients with chronic obstruction of the airways. They were divided into two groups solely on the basis of subjective and objective presence or absence of breathlessness and dyspnea at rest. Spirometric tests and body plethysmography were performed in each patient. The ventilatory pattern at rest was recorded and repeated measurements of mouth occlusion pressure were made. It is concluded that breathlessness in patients with airways obstruction is not associated with major differences in arterial blood gases or in VO2, VE, f or the pattern of individual breaths; there is a greater degree of airway obstruction and increased inspiratory neuromuscular drive. The minute ventilation achieved for a given inspiratory neuromuscular output, which may be considered analogous to the length-tension relationship of the respiratory musculature, is significantly decreased. These results are in accordance with the theory of mechanical inappropriateness as a cause of dyspnea.", "PMID": 498824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4070", "title": "Safety and effectiveness of terbutaline in children with chronic asthma.", "content": "The bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of orally administered tablets containing 2.5 mg of terbutaline and 25 mg of ephedrine were compared in a double-blind parallel manner in children (ages, 7 to 14 years) weighing 25 to 50 kg (44 to 110 lb). Both drugs produced bronchodilation within one-half hour, and this effect was maintained up to six hours, with a peak between two and three hours. Small increases in the pulse rate were measured within an hour following administration of both drugs. No significant variation was noted in blood pressure. No adverse effects (including tachyphylaxis and tremor) were observed for either drug during a three-month period. Both bronchodilator agents were shown to be equally effective in the dosages used. Terbutaline is a safe bronchodilator drug when administered orally in 2.5-mg doses for children with chronic asthma in this range of ages and weights, with minimal cardiovascular side effects and effective bronchodilation.", "contents": "Safety and effectiveness of terbutaline in children with chronic asthma. The bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of orally administered tablets containing 2.5 mg of terbutaline and 25 mg of ephedrine were compared in a double-blind parallel manner in children (ages, 7 to 14 years) weighing 25 to 50 kg (44 to 110 lb). Both drugs produced bronchodilation within one-half hour, and this effect was maintained up to six hours, with a peak between two and three hours. Small increases in the pulse rate were measured within an hour following administration of both drugs. No significant variation was noted in blood pressure. No adverse effects (including tachyphylaxis and tremor) were observed for either drug during a three-month period. Both bronchodilator agents were shown to be equally effective in the dosages used. Terbutaline is a safe bronchodilator drug when administered orally in 2.5-mg doses for children with chronic asthma in this range of ages and weights, with minimal cardiovascular side effects and effective bronchodilation.", "PMID": 498825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4071", "title": "Nocturnal pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Oxygen desaturation occurs during sleep in some patients with COPD. To investigate the effects of these hypoxemic episodes on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied four patients with our routine polysomnographic techniques and simultaneously recorded pulmonary artery pressure. In all four subjects, nocturnal episodes of desaturation were accompanied by elevations in the pulmonary artery pressure. Low flow oxygen abolished the drops in arterial oxygen saturation (but not the breathing abnormalities) and no elevations in the PA pressure were observed. We postulate that in some COPD patients these initially transient events may lead to sustained pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be indicated in more patients than previously suspected and may prevent the development of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Nocturnal pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxygen desaturation occurs during sleep in some patients with COPD. To investigate the effects of these hypoxemic episodes on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied four patients with our routine polysomnographic techniques and simultaneously recorded pulmonary artery pressure. In all four subjects, nocturnal episodes of desaturation were accompanied by elevations in the pulmonary artery pressure. Low flow oxygen abolished the drops in arterial oxygen saturation (but not the breathing abnormalities) and no elevations in the PA pressure were observed. We postulate that in some COPD patients these initially transient events may lead to sustained pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be indicated in more patients than previously suspected and may prevent the development of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 498826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4072", "title": "Pulmonary hemorrhage and edema due to inhalation of resins containing tri-mellitic anhydride.", "content": "Seven young men developed acute pulmonary hemorrhage and edema from the inhalation of powder or fumes of a bisphenol epoxy resin containing tri-mellitic anhydride (TMA) while working in a steel pipe-coating plant. The illness was characterized by cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, fever, weakness and nausea or vomiting. Chest roentgenograms showed either a bilateral or unilateral pulmonary infiltrate. All patients had a normochromic type of anemia. Pulmonary function studies demonstrated a restrictive defect, hypoxemia, and increased A-a DO2 gradients. Light and electron microscopic studies of lung tissue revealed extensive bleeding into alveoli but no basement membrane deposits were seen and no antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were detected. The patients improved quickly without treatment. Follow-up studies of six patients three weeks to one year after their illness revealed apparent recovery. A detailed medical survey carried out on all 29 workers currently employed in the plant revealed five additional men had experienced severe recurrent pulmonary problems.", "contents": "Pulmonary hemorrhage and edema due to inhalation of resins containing tri-mellitic anhydride. Seven young men developed acute pulmonary hemorrhage and edema from the inhalation of powder or fumes of a bisphenol epoxy resin containing tri-mellitic anhydride (TMA) while working in a steel pipe-coating plant. The illness was characterized by cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, fever, weakness and nausea or vomiting. Chest roentgenograms showed either a bilateral or unilateral pulmonary infiltrate. All patients had a normochromic type of anemia. Pulmonary function studies demonstrated a restrictive defect, hypoxemia, and increased A-a DO2 gradients. Light and electron microscopic studies of lung tissue revealed extensive bleeding into alveoli but no basement membrane deposits were seen and no antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were detected. The patients improved quickly without treatment. Follow-up studies of six patients three weeks to one year after their illness revealed apparent recovery. A detailed medical survey carried out on all 29 workers currently employed in the plant revealed five additional men had experienced severe recurrent pulmonary problems.", "PMID": 498827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4073", "title": "Myocardial contractility in patients with ischemic heart disease during long-term administration of quinidine and procainamide. Direct measurement of segmental shortening with radiopaque epicardial markers.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether long-term oral administration of commonly prescribed doses of quinidine sulfate and procainamide hydrochloride to patients with ischemic heart disease affects myocardial contractility. Segmental contractility, assessed by the systolic shortening fraction, the relative change in interclip distance from diastole to systole, was measured by cineradiography of metal clips that had been sutured to the epicardium at the time of coronary artery bypass surgery. Global contractility was assessed by gated blood-pool scintigraphy. Systolic shortening fraction determinations and scintigraphy were obtained following five to seven days' administration of procainamide (500 mg every four hours), quinidine (200 mg every six hours), or neither drug in a random sequence. Serum drug levels (milligrams per liter) were 1.8 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- 1 SD) for quinidine and 3.7 +/- 1.1 for procainamide, when measured one hour before the next dose. During quinidine administration, mean segment shortening fraction decreased only slightly, but significantly (P less than 0.02), from 12.4 percent to 10.6 percent. The clinical importance of so small a change is questionable. During procainamide administration, there was a very small, insignificant (P greater than 0.9), decrease in segmental shortening. Global left ventricular function was not significantly changed by either drug. It appears that both drugs can be used over long periods in commonly prescribed doses in patients with ischemic heart disease without a major overall deleterious effect on cardiac performance.", "contents": "Myocardial contractility in patients with ischemic heart disease during long-term administration of quinidine and procainamide. Direct measurement of segmental shortening with radiopaque epicardial markers. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether long-term oral administration of commonly prescribed doses of quinidine sulfate and procainamide hydrochloride to patients with ischemic heart disease affects myocardial contractility. Segmental contractility, assessed by the systolic shortening fraction, the relative change in interclip distance from diastole to systole, was measured by cineradiography of metal clips that had been sutured to the epicardium at the time of coronary artery bypass surgery. Global contractility was assessed by gated blood-pool scintigraphy. Systolic shortening fraction determinations and scintigraphy were obtained following five to seven days' administration of procainamide (500 mg every four hours), quinidine (200 mg every six hours), or neither drug in a random sequence. Serum drug levels (milligrams per liter) were 1.8 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- 1 SD) for quinidine and 3.7 +/- 1.1 for procainamide, when measured one hour before the next dose. During quinidine administration, mean segment shortening fraction decreased only slightly, but significantly (P less than 0.02), from 12.4 percent to 10.6 percent. The clinical importance of so small a change is questionable. During procainamide administration, there was a very small, insignificant (P greater than 0.9), decrease in segmental shortening. Global left ventricular function was not significantly changed by either drug. It appears that both drugs can be used over long periods in commonly prescribed doses in patients with ischemic heart disease without a major overall deleterious effect on cardiac performance.", "PMID": 498828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4074", "title": "Radiographic features of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "Serial chest radiographs of 35 patients with confirmed Legionnaires' disease were evaluated. A unilateral, unilobar alveolar infiltrate was, in general, the initial radiographic finding. Progression to consolidation or to new areas of involvement was typical. Every lobe was involved, but lower lobe involvement was most common. Pleural effusion was often present. Cavitation was not seen. Radiographic progression for several days following institution of therapy, and despite clinical response, was noted. In patients who survived, radiographic improvement of abnormalities was usually apparent within two weeks of therapy. Aradiographic spectrum exists and, although many features are typical, no single feature is pathognomonic.", "contents": "Radiographic features of Legionnaires' disease. Serial chest radiographs of 35 patients with confirmed Legionnaires' disease were evaluated. A unilateral, unilobar alveolar infiltrate was, in general, the initial radiographic finding. Progression to consolidation or to new areas of involvement was typical. Every lobe was involved, but lower lobe involvement was most common. Pleural effusion was often present. Cavitation was not seen. Radiographic progression for several days following institution of therapy, and despite clinical response, was noted. In patients who survived, radiographic improvement of abnormalities was usually apparent within two weeks of therapy. Aradiographic spectrum exists and, although many features are typical, no single feature is pathognomonic.", "PMID": 498829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4075", "title": "Symptomatic coccidioidomycosis following a severe natural dust storm. An outbreak at the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, Calif.", "content": "Eighteen newly diagnosed cases of symptomatic cocidioidomycosis developed two to four weeks following exposure to a severe natural dust storm. The population at risk consisted of 26,000 residents of the San Joaquin Valley with access to health care at the Naval Hospital, Lemoore, Calif. Eight patients were white, and ten were nonwhite. The number of cases per 100,000 was estimated to be 36 for the white group and 254 for the nonwhite group. The disease was disseminated in four patients, and all were from the nonwhite group. One patient with disseminated disease, a black man, died. These data suggest that nonwhites may be relatively more susceptible to acquiring primary disease, in addition to developing disseminated disease. Dust storms of this magnitude must be considered a threat to health for populations living within areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis.", "contents": "Symptomatic coccidioidomycosis following a severe natural dust storm. An outbreak at the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, Calif. Eighteen newly diagnosed cases of symptomatic cocidioidomycosis developed two to four weeks following exposure to a severe natural dust storm. The population at risk consisted of 26,000 residents of the San Joaquin Valley with access to health care at the Naval Hospital, Lemoore, Calif. Eight patients were white, and ten were nonwhite. The number of cases per 100,000 was estimated to be 36 for the white group and 254 for the nonwhite group. The disease was disseminated in four patients, and all were from the nonwhite group. One patient with disseminated disease, a black man, died. These data suggest that nonwhites may be relatively more susceptible to acquiring primary disease, in addition to developing disseminated disease. Dust storms of this magnitude must be considered a threat to health for populations living within areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis.", "PMID": 498830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4076", "title": "Hemodynamic improvement following a single dose of oral phentolamine. Administration in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure.", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were made in 15 patients with chronic low output cardiac failure before and following a single dose of oral phentolamine (150 mg). After two hours significant (P less than .05) reduction occurred in mean pulmonary, wedge and right atrial pressures and increases in cardiac index and heart rate. In ten patients studied at four hours, wedge pressure remained significantly reduced (-18 percent) and cardiac index significantly increased (+19 percent) from control values. Oral phentolamine results in significant hemodynamic improvement in patients with severe heart failure. Duration of effect for at least four hours after a single dose suggests that intermittent oral therapy may be useful in the management of such patients.", "contents": "Hemodynamic improvement following a single dose of oral phentolamine. Administration in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure. Hemodynamic studies were made in 15 patients with chronic low output cardiac failure before and following a single dose of oral phentolamine (150 mg). After two hours significant (P less than .05) reduction occurred in mean pulmonary, wedge and right atrial pressures and increases in cardiac index and heart rate. In ten patients studied at four hours, wedge pressure remained significantly reduced (-18 percent) and cardiac index significantly increased (+19 percent) from control values. Oral phentolamine results in significant hemodynamic improvement in patients with severe heart failure. Duration of effect for at least four hours after a single dose suggests that intermittent oral therapy may be useful in the management of such patients.", "PMID": 498831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4077", "title": "Ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus of Valsalva into right ventricle.", "content": "We report a patient with ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle, whose heart murmur represented only a diastolic element without aortic regurgitation. Surgery revealed a small opening through myocardium of the ventricular septum without ventricular septal defect. During systole, the opening was constricted and presumably closed with myocardial contraction, and left-to-right shunt might have occurred only in diastole. This might lead to only a diastolic murmur.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus of Valsalva into right ventricle. We report a patient with ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle, whose heart murmur represented only a diastolic element without aortic regurgitation. Surgery revealed a small opening through myocardium of the ventricular septum without ventricular septal defect. During systole, the opening was constricted and presumably closed with myocardial contraction, and left-to-right shunt might have occurred only in diastole. This might lead to only a diastolic murmur.", "PMID": 498834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4078", "title": "Echocardiographic changes in pheochromocytoma.", "content": "M-mode echocardiography proved to be a useful method in the diagnosis of cardiac changes produced by pheochromocytoma. Findings recorded during a hypertensive crisis included systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet, paradoxical septal motion, and prominent excursion of the posterior wall. After surgery, early regression of the chronic effects of hypertension was observed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic changes in pheochromocytoma. M-mode echocardiography proved to be a useful method in the diagnosis of cardiac changes produced by pheochromocytoma. Findings recorded during a hypertensive crisis included systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet, paradoxical septal motion, and prominent excursion of the posterior wall. After surgery, early regression of the chronic effects of hypertension was observed.", "PMID": 498835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4079", "title": "Primary pulmonary hypertension. Responses to indomethacin, terbutaline, and isoproterenol.", "content": "Primary pulmonary hypertension remains a difficult therapeutic problem. Sublingual isoproterenol (Isuprel) has been effective in a few cases but the every-two-hour dosage schedule is inconvenient on a long-term basis. A case of primary pulmonary hypertension is described in which terbutaline sulfate and indomethacin were given a trial. There was no sustained response to terbutaline but there seemed to be a response to indomethacin and isoproterenol.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary hypertension. Responses to indomethacin, terbutaline, and isoproterenol. Primary pulmonary hypertension remains a difficult therapeutic problem. Sublingual isoproterenol (Isuprel) has been effective in a few cases but the every-two-hour dosage schedule is inconvenient on a long-term basis. A case of primary pulmonary hypertension is described in which terbutaline sulfate and indomethacin were given a trial. There was no sustained response to terbutaline but there seemed to be a response to indomethacin and isoproterenol.", "PMID": 498836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4080", "title": "Longitudinal evaluation of a patient with arteriovenous fistulas. Use of FRC-TLC shunt technique.", "content": "A patient with a brain abscess was found to have multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Differences in arterial blood gas levels at low and high lung volumes were used to quantify shunting. Using this technique one can objectively follow progression, remission, or stabilzation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas.", "contents": "Longitudinal evaluation of a patient with arteriovenous fistulas. Use of FRC-TLC shunt technique. A patient with a brain abscess was found to have multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Differences in arterial blood gas levels at low and high lung volumes were used to quantify shunting. Using this technique one can objectively follow progression, remission, or stabilzation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas.", "PMID": 498837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4081", "title": "Bloody pleural effusion in a patient with sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 50-year old man was evaluated for pleuritic pain.. Chest roentgenogram showed diffuse parenchymal infiltrates and bilateral effusion that, on thoracocentesis, was found to be a bloody fluid. Biopsy of paratracheal nodes demonstrated abundant noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. Prednisone therapy resulted in rapid disappearance of the pleural effusion, progressive clearing of parenchymal infiltrates, and marked improvement of pulmonary function tests. Sarcoidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of bloody pleural effusion.", "contents": "Bloody pleural effusion in a patient with sarcoidosis. A 50-year old man was evaluated for pleuritic pain.. Chest roentgenogram showed diffuse parenchymal infiltrates and bilateral effusion that, on thoracocentesis, was found to be a bloody fluid. Biopsy of paratracheal nodes demonstrated abundant noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. Prednisone therapy resulted in rapid disappearance of the pleural effusion, progressive clearing of parenchymal infiltrates, and marked improvement of pulmonary function tests. Sarcoidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of bloody pleural effusion.", "PMID": 498838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4082", "title": "Concentrations of sex hormones in umbilical-cord blood: their relation to sex and birth order of infants.", "content": "In 3 groups of human newborns, 5 sex hormones were assayed from samples of umbilical-cord blood, and concentrations were analyzed by the sex and birth order of the infants. The 5 hormones assayed were testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, and progesterone. Concentrations of testosterone were significantly greater in males than females. The other 4 hormones did not differ significantly by sex. In both sexes, firstborns had significantly more progesterone and estrogens, with progesterone showing the largest birth-order effects. Among male infants, firstborns had higher concentrations of testosterone. The higher concentrations of progesterone in firstborns of both sexes, and of testosterone in firstborn boys, were found not to be due to length of labor, birth weight, or maternal age. However, they were a function of temporal spacing of childbirths. Later borns who were closely spaced in relation to their next-older siblings had lower concentrations of hormones. The effect of temporal separation was greater on male than female infants for each of the 5 hormones studied. The results are discussed in terms of the possible effects of hormone \"depletion\" on the psychological development of closely spaced later borns.", "contents": "Concentrations of sex hormones in umbilical-cord blood: their relation to sex and birth order of infants. In 3 groups of human newborns, 5 sex hormones were assayed from samples of umbilical-cord blood, and concentrations were analyzed by the sex and birth order of the infants. The 5 hormones assayed were testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, and progesterone. Concentrations of testosterone were significantly greater in males than females. The other 4 hormones did not differ significantly by sex. In both sexes, firstborns had significantly more progesterone and estrogens, with progesterone showing the largest birth-order effects. Among male infants, firstborns had higher concentrations of testosterone. The higher concentrations of progesterone in firstborns of both sexes, and of testosterone in firstborn boys, were found not to be due to length of labor, birth weight, or maternal age. However, they were a function of temporal spacing of childbirths. Later borns who were closely spaced in relation to their next-older siblings had lower concentrations of hormones. The effect of temporal separation was greater on male than female infants for each of the 5 hormones studied. The results are discussed in terms of the possible effects of hormone \"depletion\" on the psychological development of closely spaced later borns.", "PMID": 498842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4083", "title": "Realizing that you don't understand: elementary school children's awareness of inconsistencies.", "content": "2 factors were proposed to affect awareness of one's comprehension failure: the inferential processing requirements, and the kind of standards against which comprehension is evaluated. These studies investigated elementary school children's awareness of their own comprehension failure when presented with inconsistent information. Study 1 showed that children were more likely to notice explicit than implicit contradictions. However, even 12-year-olds judged as comprehensible a sizable proportion of essays with seemingly obvious inconsistencies. Yet, the children had good probed recall of the information, the logical capacity to draw the inferences, and were not generally reluctant to question the experimenter. In subsequent studies children were (a) asked to repeat sentences in order to guarantee that the 2 inconsistent propositions were concurrently activated in working memory, and (b) warned about the existence of a problem in order to promote more careful evaluation. Taken together, the results suggest that to notice inconsistencies children have to encode and store the information, draw the relevant inferences, retrieve and maintain the (inferred) propositions in working memory, and compare them. Third through sixth graders do not spontaneously carry out those processes that they are capable of carrying out.", "contents": "Realizing that you don't understand: elementary school children's awareness of inconsistencies. 2 factors were proposed to affect awareness of one's comprehension failure: the inferential processing requirements, and the kind of standards against which comprehension is evaluated. These studies investigated elementary school children's awareness of their own comprehension failure when presented with inconsistent information. Study 1 showed that children were more likely to notice explicit than implicit contradictions. However, even 12-year-olds judged as comprehensible a sizable proportion of essays with seemingly obvious inconsistencies. Yet, the children had good probed recall of the information, the logical capacity to draw the inferences, and were not generally reluctant to question the experimenter. In subsequent studies children were (a) asked to repeat sentences in order to guarantee that the 2 inconsistent propositions were concurrently activated in working memory, and (b) warned about the existence of a problem in order to promote more careful evaluation. Taken together, the results suggest that to notice inconsistencies children have to encode and store the information, draw the relevant inferences, retrieve and maintain the (inferred) propositions in working memory, and compare them. Third through sixth graders do not spontaneously carry out those processes that they are capable of carrying out.", "PMID": 498843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4084", "title": "Acceptance of lack of closure: is it an index of advanced reasoning?", "content": "Lunzer reported data suggestive of a stage of cognitive development manifest between 9 and 11 years of age characterized by the ability to avoid drawing premature inferences when faced with ambiguity (i.e., accept lack of closure [ALC]). The present study sought to test this hypothesis. Inference tasks emphasizing ALC, memory, and hypothetico-deductive reasoning were administered to 67 males and 74 females (5-12 years in age). Although use of ALC increased with age, considerable use was evidenced on a simple task among 7-8-year-olds. On tasks hypothesized to place increasing demands on working memory, longer tasks were found to be more difficult. Marked improvement due to memory aids suggested that task difficulty results from limitations in working memory as predicted by Pascual-Leone's theory. Tasks requiring hypothetico-deductive reasoning were found to be most difficult. Performance was related to subject's spontaneous use of ALC. Lack of appropriate strategies was hypothesized to prevent solution rather than lack of logical competence. In conclusion, the relationship of ALC to age appears to be mediated by memory development rather than logical development.", "contents": "Acceptance of lack of closure: is it an index of advanced reasoning? Lunzer reported data suggestive of a stage of cognitive development manifest between 9 and 11 years of age characterized by the ability to avoid drawing premature inferences when faced with ambiguity (i.e., accept lack of closure [ALC]). The present study sought to test this hypothesis. Inference tasks emphasizing ALC, memory, and hypothetico-deductive reasoning were administered to 67 males and 74 females (5-12 years in age). Although use of ALC increased with age, considerable use was evidenced on a simple task among 7-8-year-olds. On tasks hypothesized to place increasing demands on working memory, longer tasks were found to be more difficult. Marked improvement due to memory aids suggested that task difficulty results from limitations in working memory as predicted by Pascual-Leone's theory. Tasks requiring hypothetico-deductive reasoning were found to be most difficult. Performance was related to subject's spontaneous use of ALC. Lack of appropriate strategies was hypothesized to prevent solution rather than lack of logical competence. In conclusion, the relationship of ALC to age appears to be mediated by memory development rather than logical development.", "PMID": 498844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4085", "title": "The developmental relation between cognitive stage and the comprehension of speaker uncertainty.", "content": "3 hypotheses were tested concerning the developmental relation between children's concepts of physical uncertainty and their comprehension of a speaker's uncertainty. 2 cognitive tasks of physical uncertainty were used to assign 56 subjects (aged 5-4 to 17-11) to 1 of 3 cognitive stages. 2 tests for comprehension of speaker uncertainty were administered to all participants. The results indicated that cognitive stage was related to (a) comprehension that a speaker could be uncertain, (b) comprehension that uncertainty could be expressed in different degrees or magnitudes, and (c) the internal consistency of judgments made about the relative degree of uncertainty conveyed by an utterance. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the position that development of cognitive stages is structurally related to comprehension of speech act uncertainty.", "contents": "The developmental relation between cognitive stage and the comprehension of speaker uncertainty. 3 hypotheses were tested concerning the developmental relation between children's concepts of physical uncertainty and their comprehension of a speaker's uncertainty. 2 cognitive tasks of physical uncertainty were used to assign 56 subjects (aged 5-4 to 17-11) to 1 of 3 cognitive stages. 2 tests for comprehension of speaker uncertainty were administered to all participants. The results indicated that cognitive stage was related to (a) comprehension that a speaker could be uncertain, (b) comprehension that uncertainty could be expressed in different degrees or magnitudes, and (c) the internal consistency of judgments made about the relative degree of uncertainty conveyed by an utterance. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the position that development of cognitive stages is structurally related to comprehension of speech act uncertainty.", "PMID": 498845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4086", "title": "The effect of active versus passive exploration on memory for spatial location in children.", "content": "The effect of active exploration upon memory for spatial location of an event was assessed for children at 2 age levels. Each child took a walk through the same unfamiliar hallway in search of a hidden object which he was later asked to relocate. Half the children were accompanied by an adult holding their hand (passive condition), while the other half proceeded on their own with an adult following behind (active condition). An age x condition interaction revealed that active exploration significantly improved performance of the 3- and 4-year-old group while not affecting the performance of the 9- and 10-year-olds. The 3- and 4-year-olds in the active condition, however, were still significantly less accurate than the older children, despite their experience of self-directed exploration. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that self-directed activity serves to increase attention of preoperational children to relevant topological cues in the environment, whereas concrete operational children, due to their knowledge of projective and Euclidean space, demonstrate increased capacity to efficiently encode spatial information regardless of the mode of exploration.", "contents": "The effect of active versus passive exploration on memory for spatial location in children. The effect of active exploration upon memory for spatial location of an event was assessed for children at 2 age levels. Each child took a walk through the same unfamiliar hallway in search of a hidden object which he was later asked to relocate. Half the children were accompanied by an adult holding their hand (passive condition), while the other half proceeded on their own with an adult following behind (active condition). An age x condition interaction revealed that active exploration significantly improved performance of the 3- and 4-year-old group while not affecting the performance of the 9- and 10-year-olds. The 3- and 4-year-olds in the active condition, however, were still significantly less accurate than the older children, despite their experience of self-directed exploration. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that self-directed activity serves to increase attention of preoperational children to relevant topological cues in the environment, whereas concrete operational children, due to their knowledge of projective and Euclidean space, demonstrate increased capacity to efficiently encode spatial information regardless of the mode of exploration.", "PMID": 498846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4087", "title": "Perceptual development and category generalization.", "content": "This work is concerned with developmental changes in the structure of classifications. The central claim is that young children's undifferentiated perceptions of complex stimuli are highly structured by wholistic similarity whereas older children's perceptions are structured by component dimensions. It is shown in 2 experiments that young children systematically and spontaneously generalize a category if it is well organized by overall similarity but not if it is organized by a criterial dimension. Older children, on the other hand, spontaneously apprehend and extend a category by its dimensional structure. The third experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that criterial property categories are preferred in classification tasks requiring the explicit discovery of a general rule. It was found that younger children's attention to the dimensional relations within a category increases under rule-discovery instructions, although they still have difficulty ignoring wholistic similarity relations. The trend from similarity to dimensional classification is discussed in the context of Piagetian classification tasks and family-resemblance accounts of natural categories.", "contents": "Perceptual development and category generalization. This work is concerned with developmental changes in the structure of classifications. The central claim is that young children's undifferentiated perceptions of complex stimuli are highly structured by wholistic similarity whereas older children's perceptions are structured by component dimensions. It is shown in 2 experiments that young children systematically and spontaneously generalize a category if it is well organized by overall similarity but not if it is organized by a criterial dimension. Older children, on the other hand, spontaneously apprehend and extend a category by its dimensional structure. The third experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that criterial property categories are preferred in classification tasks requiring the explicit discovery of a general rule. It was found that younger children's attention to the dimensional relations within a category increases under rule-discovery instructions, although they still have difficulty ignoring wholistic similarity relations. The trend from similarity to dimensional classification is discussed in the context of Piagetian classification tasks and family-resemblance accounts of natural categories.", "PMID": 498847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4088", "title": "Infant perception of the invariant shape of objects varying in slant.", "content": "In a previous study employing habituation-recovery techniques, partial confirmation for shape constancy in 12-week-old infants was found. The infants may have been responding to changes in slant or slant-related cues, leaving unresolved the question of whether shape perception should be considered proximal (retinal) or distal (objective). In the present experiment 12-week-old infants were desensitized to changes in slant prior to test. Following habituation to a shape exposed at varying slants, magnitude of recovery was overwhelmingly greater for a different shape than for the same shape, indicating that the constant real shape of the habituated figure had been perceived across rotational transformations.", "contents": "Infant perception of the invariant shape of objects varying in slant. In a previous study employing habituation-recovery techniques, partial confirmation for shape constancy in 12-week-old infants was found. The infants may have been responding to changes in slant or slant-related cues, leaving unresolved the question of whether shape perception should be considered proximal (retinal) or distal (objective). In the present experiment 12-week-old infants were desensitized to changes in slant prior to test. Following habituation to a shape exposed at varying slants, magnitude of recovery was overwhelmingly greater for a different shape than for the same shape, indicating that the constant real shape of the habituated figure had been perceived across rotational transformations.", "PMID": 498848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4089", "title": "The relationship of visual attention to children's comprehension of television.", "content": "The study experimentally tested the relationship between visual attention and comprehension of a TV program. 72 5-year-old children watched a 40-min version of the TV program \"Sesame Street.\" Half the children viewed the program in the presence of a variety of toys and half viewed without toys. The children were then tested for their comprehension of the program. Although visual attention to the TV in the no-toys group was nearly twice that in the toys group, there was no difference between the groups in comprehension. There were, nevertheless, significant within-group correlations between visual attention and comprehension even for questions concerning only auditorily presented material. The results were interpreted as indicating that in a normal TV viewing setting, variations in the comprehensibility of the TV program may determine variations in children's attention to the TV.", "contents": "The relationship of visual attention to children's comprehension of television. The study experimentally tested the relationship between visual attention and comprehension of a TV program. 72 5-year-old children watched a 40-min version of the TV program \"Sesame Street.\" Half the children viewed the program in the presence of a variety of toys and half viewed without toys. The children were then tested for their comprehension of the program. Although visual attention to the TV in the no-toys group was nearly twice that in the toys group, there was no difference between the groups in comprehension. There were, nevertheless, significant within-group correlations between visual attention and comprehension even for questions concerning only auditorily presented material. The results were interpreted as indicating that in a normal TV viewing setting, variations in the comprehensibility of the TV program may determine variations in children's attention to the TV.", "PMID": 498849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4090", "title": "On the development of the augmentation principle: a perceptual approach.", "content": "Previous research in the development of causal schemata has relied upon verbal descriptions of behavior to convey causally relevant information. In the present study, however, a perceptual analogue of Kelley's augmentation principle was created in animated films depicting the movements of 2 objects toward a goal--1 which overcame an obstacle (inhibitory cause present) and 1 which did not (inhibitory cause absent). Both forced-choice and scalar measures indicated that kindergarten, second, and fourth graders all perceived greater motivation (internal facilitative cause) in the inhibited than noninhibited object, but that age differences emerged in the ability to explain these responses. In a second experiment, the 2 target objects were inhibited by obstacles of different sizes. For this quantitative version of the principle, age differences emerged for all measures; fourth graders and most second graders responded in accord with augmentation-principle predictions. These results were compared with the earlier findings that kindergarten and fourth-grade children did not understand this principle. The contrasting methods of stimulus presentation were discussed and implications of this technique for attribution research were noted.", "contents": "On the development of the augmentation principle: a perceptual approach. Previous research in the development of causal schemata has relied upon verbal descriptions of behavior to convey causally relevant information. In the present study, however, a perceptual analogue of Kelley's augmentation principle was created in animated films depicting the movements of 2 objects toward a goal--1 which overcame an obstacle (inhibitory cause present) and 1 which did not (inhibitory cause absent). Both forced-choice and scalar measures indicated that kindergarten, second, and fourth graders all perceived greater motivation (internal facilitative cause) in the inhibited than noninhibited object, but that age differences emerged in the ability to explain these responses. In a second experiment, the 2 target objects were inhibited by obstacles of different sizes. For this quantitative version of the principle, age differences emerged for all measures; fourth graders and most second graders responded in accord with augmentation-principle predictions. These results were compared with the earlier findings that kindergarten and fourth-grade children did not understand this principle. The contrasting methods of stimulus presentation were discussed and implications of this technique for attribution research were noted.", "PMID": 498850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4091", "title": "The effect of delayed feedback on infant learning reexamined.", "content": "The study reexamines the effect of delayed reinforcement upon contingency behavior in 6- to 8-month-old infants and attempts to account for the temporal discrepancy between span of integration and contingency memory. A modified delayed-reinforcement scheduling procedure enabled a previous methodological criticism to be discounted. The findings confirmed that whereas infants revealed reliable acquisition under immediate reinforcement, a 3-sec delay (whether reset or nonreset) precluded response acquisition, as did 6-sec and 10-sec delay of reinforcement. The findings are interpreted in terms of an informational-load hypothesis which relates short-term memory to the integration and/or segregation of multimodal input.", "contents": "The effect of delayed feedback on infant learning reexamined. The study reexamines the effect of delayed reinforcement upon contingency behavior in 6- to 8-month-old infants and attempts to account for the temporal discrepancy between span of integration and contingency memory. A modified delayed-reinforcement scheduling procedure enabled a previous methodological criticism to be discounted. The findings confirmed that whereas infants revealed reliable acquisition under immediate reinforcement, a 3-sec delay (whether reset or nonreset) precluded response acquisition, as did 6-sec and 10-sec delay of reinforcement. The findings are interpreted in terms of an informational-load hypothesis which relates short-term memory to the integration and/or segregation of multimodal input.", "PMID": 498851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4092", "title": "The relation of conceptual tempo to aggression and its control.", "content": "The relationship of conceptual tempo to fantasy and overt aggression and its control was examined in order to test the generalizability of this cognitive style to domains of social and personality functioning. Fifth-grade boys and girls were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and a projective measure of fantasy aggression and its control and were rated sociometrically by peers and teachers on physical, verbal, and indirect forms of overt aggression. While reflective and impulsive children did not differ in degree of fantasy aggression expressed, impulsive children, especially boys, were found to exercise less control over their aggressive thoughts than the other 3 conceptual tempo groups. Impulsive and slow-inaccurate children were also more overtly aggressive, especially in comparison with fast-accurates. In addition, fantasy aggression predicted overt aggression in impulsives but not in reflectives. This study presents new evidence that conceptual tempo relates to areas beyond problem solving involving the child's social-emotional makeup.", "contents": "The relation of conceptual tempo to aggression and its control. The relationship of conceptual tempo to fantasy and overt aggression and its control was examined in order to test the generalizability of this cognitive style to domains of social and personality functioning. Fifth-grade boys and girls were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and a projective measure of fantasy aggression and its control and were rated sociometrically by peers and teachers on physical, verbal, and indirect forms of overt aggression. While reflective and impulsive children did not differ in degree of fantasy aggression expressed, impulsive children, especially boys, were found to exercise less control over their aggressive thoughts than the other 3 conceptual tempo groups. Impulsive and slow-inaccurate children were also more overtly aggressive, especially in comparison with fast-accurates. In addition, fantasy aggression predicted overt aggression in impulsives but not in reflectives. This study presents new evidence that conceptual tempo relates to areas beyond problem solving involving the child's social-emotional makeup.", "PMID": 498852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4093", "title": "Preterm infant interaction with the caregiver in the first year of life and competence at age two.", "content": "Caregiver-infant interactions were studied for 50 preterm infants and their primary caregivers. Naturalistic observations in the home were made when the infants were 1, 3, and 8 months of age. The social transactions in the first year were related to competence at age 2, thereby extending a previous report showing a moderate association between caregiver-infant interaction and competence at 9 months. The frequency of early social transactions was predictive of the infant's competence at age 2 on the Gesell Developmental Schedules, a sensorimotor scale, a measure of receptive language, and the Bayley Mental Scale. Early social transactions were as predictive of 2-year competence as were caregiver-child transactions at age 2. The study suggests that social transactions as early as 1 month reflect some quality of the relationship between the caregiver and the infant that is important to the child's later mental performance.", "contents": "Preterm infant interaction with the caregiver in the first year of life and competence at age two. Caregiver-infant interactions were studied for 50 preterm infants and their primary caregivers. Naturalistic observations in the home were made when the infants were 1, 3, and 8 months of age. The social transactions in the first year were related to competence at age 2, thereby extending a previous report showing a moderate association between caregiver-infant interaction and competence at 9 months. The frequency of early social transactions was predictive of the infant's competence at age 2 on the Gesell Developmental Schedules, a sensorimotor scale, a measure of receptive language, and the Bayley Mental Scale. Early social transactions were as predictive of 2-year competence as were caregiver-child transactions at age 2. The study suggests that social transactions as early as 1 month reflect some quality of the relationship between the caregiver and the infant that is important to the child's later mental performance.", "PMID": 498853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4094", "title": "Measurement of infant difficultness.", "content": "The Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ) was developed as a short, factor-analytic screening device for difficultness. Responses of 322 mothers of 4-6-month-old infants suggested that they regard the fussy, hard-to-soothe, labile infant as difficult. Mother report on the ICQ, particularly on the main fussy-difficult factor was found to have adequate reliability over time and convergence with the Carey Survey of Temperamental Characteristics, with father report on the ICQ, and, to a lower degree, with home data collected by independent observers. It was also found that mother characteristics may affect perceptions of infant difficultness: multiparous, extraverted mothers tended to rate their infants as easy.", "contents": "Measurement of infant difficultness. The Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ) was developed as a short, factor-analytic screening device for difficultness. Responses of 322 mothers of 4-6-month-old infants suggested that they regard the fussy, hard-to-soothe, labile infant as difficult. Mother report on the ICQ, particularly on the main fussy-difficult factor was found to have adequate reliability over time and convergence with the Carey Survey of Temperamental Characteristics, with father report on the ICQ, and, to a lower degree, with home data collected by independent observers. It was also found that mother characteristics may affect perceptions of infant difficultness: multiparous, extraverted mothers tended to rate their infants as easy.", "PMID": 498854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4095", "title": "Predicting IQ from mother-infant interactions.", "content": "Longitudinal observations of maternal and infant characteristics were used to investigate the consequences of early day-care intervention for infants at high risk for intellectual retardation due to sociocultural factors. High-risk infants and their mothers were compared on social and intellectual characteristics with a control group not enrolled in an intervention program and with a random sample of mother-child dyads from the general population. Results from group comparisons indicated that mothers of high-risk infants in a day-care intervention group interacted with their infants in ways quite similar to mother of high-risk infants who were not enrolled in the intervention program. Both high-risk groups differed from the general population of mothers on interaction and attitudinal measures. Changes across time on the measures taken were roughly parallel from all three groups. Multiple regression analyses using maternal variables and mother-infant interactional variables to predict 36-month Stanford-Binet scores for the high-risk samples indicated that children's intelligence was predictable from previous maternal behaviors and attitudes, particularly for the control group, and that early day-care intervention apparently had altered the predictiveness of some maternal factors.", "contents": "Predicting IQ from mother-infant interactions. Longitudinal observations of maternal and infant characteristics were used to investigate the consequences of early day-care intervention for infants at high risk for intellectual retardation due to sociocultural factors. High-risk infants and their mothers were compared on social and intellectual characteristics with a control group not enrolled in an intervention program and with a random sample of mother-child dyads from the general population. Results from group comparisons indicated that mothers of high-risk infants in a day-care intervention group interacted with their infants in ways quite similar to mother of high-risk infants who were not enrolled in the intervention program. Both high-risk groups differed from the general population of mothers on interaction and attitudinal measures. Changes across time on the measures taken were roughly parallel from all three groups. Multiple regression analyses using maternal variables and mother-infant interactional variables to predict 36-month Stanford-Binet scores for the high-risk samples indicated that children's intelligence was predictable from previous maternal behaviors and attitudes, particularly for the control group, and that early day-care intervention apparently had altered the predictiveness of some maternal factors.", "PMID": 498855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4096", "title": "Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: two studies in construct validation.", "content": "2 studies were undertaken to assess the positive affective correlates of secure attachment in infancy and to assess the relation between secure attachment in infancy and competence in the peer group at age 3 1/2 years. In study 1, smiling and smiling combined with vocalizing and/or showing toys distinguished securely from anxiously attached infants during free play at age 18 months. Rated quality of affective sharing distinguished securely from anxiously attached infants during free play at 18 months and 24 months. Thus, secure attachment involves more than the absence of negative or maladaptive behavior directed toward a caregiver. Study 2 assessed cross-age, cross-situational, and cross-behavioral consistency in quality of social adaptation. Quality of infant-mother attachment relationships at age 15 months was related to Q-sort assessments of personal and interpersonal competence in the preschool play-group at age 3 1/2 years. The results contribute to the validation of attachment as an important developmental construct. They also suggest that age appropriate assessment of developmental social competence constructs can be a useful alternative to the study of homotypic behavioral continuity.", "contents": "Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: two studies in construct validation. 2 studies were undertaken to assess the positive affective correlates of secure attachment in infancy and to assess the relation between secure attachment in infancy and competence in the peer group at age 3 1/2 years. In study 1, smiling and smiling combined with vocalizing and/or showing toys distinguished securely from anxiously attached infants during free play at age 18 months. Rated quality of affective sharing distinguished securely from anxiously attached infants during free play at 18 months and 24 months. Thus, secure attachment involves more than the absence of negative or maladaptive behavior directed toward a caregiver. Study 2 assessed cross-age, cross-situational, and cross-behavioral consistency in quality of social adaptation. Quality of infant-mother attachment relationships at age 15 months was related to Q-sort assessments of personal and interpersonal competence in the preschool play-group at age 3 1/2 years. The results contribute to the validation of attachment as an important developmental construct. They also suggest that age appropriate assessment of developmental social competence constructs can be a useful alternative to the study of homotypic behavioral continuity.", "PMID": 498856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4097", "title": "Efforts to control by children and adults with the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "Glass and his colleagues have suggested that the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern, which is characterized by competitiveness, aggressiveness, and impatience, is a response style aimed at maintaining and asserting control over poentially uncontrollable events. The present investigation examined the initial reactions of type A and type B boys and men to uncontrollable events. Children and adults pressed a button to earn nickels on one of the following schedules of reinforcement: a variable ratio of 7 or a fixed ratio of 7. The variable ratio schedule was assumed to appear less controllable than the fixed ratio schedule. The task was either of high or low salience (prominence). Results replicated previous research that type A's initially respond to highly salient uncontrollable events with more vigorous efforts to assert control than type B's. More importantly, the findings provided the first evidence that (1) the initial response to loss of control of type A and type B boys parallels that of their adult counterparts; and (2) the boys' response to the salience of the task is similar to that of their adult counterparts. Implications of the children's responses to uncontrollable events for the maintenance of type A behavior into adulthood and for the etiology of heart disease are discussed.", "contents": "Efforts to control by children and adults with the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Glass and his colleagues have suggested that the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern, which is characterized by competitiveness, aggressiveness, and impatience, is a response style aimed at maintaining and asserting control over poentially uncontrollable events. The present investigation examined the initial reactions of type A and type B boys and men to uncontrollable events. Children and adults pressed a button to earn nickels on one of the following schedules of reinforcement: a variable ratio of 7 or a fixed ratio of 7. The variable ratio schedule was assumed to appear less controllable than the fixed ratio schedule. The task was either of high or low salience (prominence). Results replicated previous research that type A's initially respond to highly salient uncontrollable events with more vigorous efforts to assert control than type B's. More importantly, the findings provided the first evidence that (1) the initial response to loss of control of type A and type B boys parallels that of their adult counterparts; and (2) the boys' response to the salience of the task is similar to that of their adult counterparts. Implications of the children's responses to uncontrollable events for the maintenance of type A behavior into adulthood and for the etiology of heart disease are discussed.", "PMID": 498857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4098", "title": "Sex and age differences in young children's reactions to frustration: a further look at the Goldberg and Lewis subjects.", "content": "This study reports 1-year follow-up data on the children originally observed by Goldberg and Lewis in a barrier frustration situation. Changes in reactions to frustration over a 2-year time span were examined for age and sex differences. Regardless of sex, over the first 2 years of life, barrier frustration was responded to with a decrease in stress and an increase in problem-solving behavior. The data suggest that sex differences in success at coping with the frustration may change with age and may be dependent on what behaviors are considered to be more instrumental in solving the frustration. Sex differences related to behavior in the barrier frustration were highly age specific. As previously reported in Goldberg and Lewis, at 1 year of age boys cried less and made more active attempts to get around the barrier than girls. However, at 2 years of age, girls vocalized more for help from the mother and made more attempts at problem solving than boys.", "contents": "Sex and age differences in young children's reactions to frustration: a further look at the Goldberg and Lewis subjects. This study reports 1-year follow-up data on the children originally observed by Goldberg and Lewis in a barrier frustration situation. Changes in reactions to frustration over a 2-year time span were examined for age and sex differences. Regardless of sex, over the first 2 years of life, barrier frustration was responded to with a decrease in stress and an increase in problem-solving behavior. The data suggest that sex differences in success at coping with the frustration may change with age and may be dependent on what behaviors are considered to be more instrumental in solving the frustration. Sex differences related to behavior in the barrier frustration were highly age specific. As previously reported in Goldberg and Lewis, at 1 year of age boys cried less and made more active attempts to get around the barrier than girls. However, at 2 years of age, girls vocalized more for help from the mother and made more attempts at problem solving than boys.", "PMID": 498858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4099", "title": "Environmental influences on vocational interest development in adolescents from adoptive and biological families.", "content": "Family influences on vocational interest development were studied by hypothesizing that parents with similar interests are more likely to have adolescents who also develop those interests than are parents whose interests are very divergent. In order to unconfound genetic and environmental influences, the 844 parents and adolescent children in 114 biologically related and 101 adoptive families completed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. Parent-child interest difference scores were regressed on parent-parent difference scores (PPDIF), a dummy variable for family type, and the interaction between family type and PPDIF. For all parent-child pairs except mother-son, greater PPDIF scores predicted greater parent-child difference scores (indicating influence of family environment), and there was no family type X PPDIF interaction (indicating that the environmental influence was operating in both biological and adoptive families). Evidence of genetic variance in interest sytyes was also confirmed.", "contents": "Environmental influences on vocational interest development in adolescents from adoptive and biological families. Family influences on vocational interest development were studied by hypothesizing that parents with similar interests are more likely to have adolescents who also develop those interests than are parents whose interests are very divergent. In order to unconfound genetic and environmental influences, the 844 parents and adolescent children in 114 biologically related and 101 adoptive families completed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. Parent-child interest difference scores were regressed on parent-parent difference scores (PPDIF), a dummy variable for family type, and the interaction between family type and PPDIF. For all parent-child pairs except mother-son, greater PPDIF scores predicted greater parent-child difference scores (indicating influence of family environment), and there was no family type X PPDIF interaction (indicating that the environmental influence was operating in both biological and adoptive families). Evidence of genetic variance in interest sytyes was also confirmed.", "PMID": 498859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4100", "title": "Synchrony in mother-infant interactions.", "content": "A measure of mother-infant synchrony was developed and used to compare the interactions of mothers with preterm and mothers with full-term infants. Each mother-infant dyad was observed during a standard bottle-feeding session on 3 separate occasions: once prior to hospital discharge and 1 and 3 months after discharge. Synchrony, defined by the correlation between mother and infant behavioral rates during corresponding segments of the observation session, was found to (1) distinguish between preterm and full-term groups at 3 months and (2) successfully predict below-average Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores at 9 months for dyads in which mother and infant behavioral rates were inversely related. Further analysis identified certain interaction characteristics related to synchromy.", "contents": "Synchrony in mother-infant interactions. A measure of mother-infant synchrony was developed and used to compare the interactions of mothers with preterm and mothers with full-term infants. Each mother-infant dyad was observed during a standard bottle-feeding session on 3 separate occasions: once prior to hospital discharge and 1 and 3 months after discharge. Synchrony, defined by the correlation between mother and infant behavioral rates during corresponding segments of the observation session, was found to (1) distinguish between preterm and full-term groups at 3 months and (2) successfully predict below-average Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores at 9 months for dyads in which mother and infant behavioral rates were inversely related. Further analysis identified certain interaction characteristics related to synchromy.", "PMID": 498860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4101", "title": "A developmental study of automatic word processing in a picture classification task.", "content": "Second-grade children, third-grade children, and adults judged whether pictures were members of a positive or negative memory set while trying to ignore irrelevant words printed inside the pictures. There were 3 types of picture-word relation. In 1 condition, the words corresponded to the pictures. In a second condition, the pictures and words were incongruent, but the words corresponded to the correct response (e.g., with dog and horse the positive set pictures, a picture of a dog containing the word \"horse\"). In the third condition, the pictures and words were incongruent and corresponded to conflicting responses. For all 3 subject groups, the type of picture-word relation reliably affected response latencies, indicating that subjects automatically processed the irrelevant printed words.", "contents": "A developmental study of automatic word processing in a picture classification task. Second-grade children, third-grade children, and adults judged whether pictures were members of a positive or negative memory set while trying to ignore irrelevant words printed inside the pictures. There were 3 types of picture-word relation. In 1 condition, the words corresponded to the pictures. In a second condition, the pictures and words were incongruent, but the words corresponded to the correct response (e.g., with dog and horse the positive set pictures, a picture of a dog containing the word \"horse\"). In the third condition, the pictures and words were incongruent and corresponded to conflicting responses. For all 3 subject groups, the type of picture-word relation reliably affected response latencies, indicating that subjects automatically processed the irrelevant printed words.", "PMID": 498861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4102", "title": "Performance on a stage IV object-permanence task with standard and nonstandard covers.", "content": "Piaget's description of object concept development is based on success in performing a series of search tasks. However, failure to perform successfully may result from undeveloped aspects of the cognitive or motor system unrelated to a concept of objects. This study examined the role of perceptual-motor development in a typical Stage IV task by comparing performance given a standard cloth cover or a small card cover. Subjects were 10 infants 147--187 days old (median age = 160 days). A pass was defined as the retrieval of the toy within 30 sec on 2 out of 3 trials. The difference in performance between the 2 cover conditions was significant (p = .032). These results advise caution in interpreting Stage IV performance in terms of a developing object concept.", "contents": "Performance on a stage IV object-permanence task with standard and nonstandard covers. Piaget's description of object concept development is based on success in performing a series of search tasks. However, failure to perform successfully may result from undeveloped aspects of the cognitive or motor system unrelated to a concept of objects. This study examined the role of perceptual-motor development in a typical Stage IV task by comparing performance given a standard cloth cover or a small card cover. Subjects were 10 infants 147--187 days old (median age = 160 days). A pass was defined as the retrieval of the toy within 30 sec on 2 out of 3 trials. The difference in performance between the 2 cover conditions was significant (p = .032). These results advise caution in interpreting Stage IV performance in terms of a developing object concept.", "PMID": 498862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4103", "title": "Adjustment of reaching to change in object position by young infants.", "content": "4-month-old infants manipulated and fixated an object less when it was presented in a new rather than a familiar place. Evidence was also found for persistence of manipulation and fixation at the empty place previously occupied by the object. At 5 months, changing the position of an object had no effect on the manipulation and fixation of the same infants, and there were no signs of persistence of manipulation and fixation at the object's original place. A comparison is made between these changes in reaching and changes in tracking behavior. 2 hypotheses are considered to account for these changes, 1 based on the development of an object concept and the other on improvement of motor skill.", "contents": "Adjustment of reaching to change in object position by young infants. 4-month-old infants manipulated and fixated an object less when it was presented in a new rather than a familiar place. Evidence was also found for persistence of manipulation and fixation at the empty place previously occupied by the object. At 5 months, changing the position of an object had no effect on the manipulation and fixation of the same infants, and there were no signs of persistence of manipulation and fixation at the object's original place. A comparison is made between these changes in reaching and changes in tracking behavior. 2 hypotheses are considered to account for these changes, 1 based on the development of an object concept and the other on improvement of motor skill.", "PMID": 498863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4104", "title": "Internal radiation therapy of hepatic cancer.", "content": "Established cancer in the liver can, in selected patients who have a good arterial circulation in these tumors, be effectively treated by intrahepatic artery radioactive yttrium-90 resin microspheres. Even in unselected patients treated in the last five years by the author, 17 of 25 patients treated have had good objective regression of cancers, improvement of symptoms and prolongation of life. Treatment is relatively simple and associated with few side effects. For adjuvant therapy of colon cancer having positive nodes (Dukes C), internal radiation therapy of the liver is best done with Phosphorus-32 Colloid passed through the circulation of the gut to be effectively and homogeneously trapped by the Kupffer cells of the liver. Four such patients have been subjected to a pilot study--three of the four are doing well without significant side effects and no evidence of liver cancer after two years. When the fourth died of brain metastases, he too had less liver cancer than would be expected.", "contents": "Internal radiation therapy of hepatic cancer. Established cancer in the liver can, in selected patients who have a good arterial circulation in these tumors, be effectively treated by intrahepatic artery radioactive yttrium-90 resin microspheres. Even in unselected patients treated in the last five years by the author, 17 of 25 patients treated have had good objective regression of cancers, improvement of symptoms and prolongation of life. Treatment is relatively simple and associated with few side effects. For adjuvant therapy of colon cancer having positive nodes (Dukes C), internal radiation therapy of the liver is best done with Phosphorus-32 Colloid passed through the circulation of the gut to be effectively and homogeneously trapped by the Kupffer cells of the liver. Four such patients have been subjected to a pilot study--three of the four are doing well without significant side effects and no evidence of liver cancer after two years. When the fourth died of brain metastases, he too had less liver cancer than would be expected.", "PMID": 498890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4105", "title": "Colorectal schistosomiasis: clinicopathologic study and management.", "content": "Forty patients with colorectal schistosomiasis who failed to respond to medical therapy were studied. They had dysentery with bloody mucus and anemia, polyps, pericolic masses, and schistosomal ulcers. Two patients had cecal masses which appeared to be intussusception and appendicitis. Three patients had chronic intestinal obstruction. Diverting transverse colostomy, followed by other surgical procedures, is the safest method of management.", "contents": "Colorectal schistosomiasis: clinicopathologic study and management. Forty patients with colorectal schistosomiasis who failed to respond to medical therapy were studied. They had dysentery with bloody mucus and anemia, polyps, pericolic masses, and schistosomal ulcers. Two patients had cecal masses which appeared to be intussusception and appendicitis. Three patients had chronic intestinal obstruction. Diverting transverse colostomy, followed by other surgical procedures, is the safest method of management.", "PMID": 498894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4106", "title": "Left-sided colonoscopy in the office: a practical procedure.", "content": "Routine left-sided colonoscopy, instead of sigmoidoscopy, is a practical office measure. However, details of preparation and positioning of the patient are critical. The procedure has high productivity worth the added cost and effort. Cancer prevention is enhanced. Barium-enema examinations were found to have limited accuracy in polyp discovery, to a degree not previously appreciated.", "contents": "Left-sided colonoscopy in the office: a practical procedure. Routine left-sided colonoscopy, instead of sigmoidoscopy, is a practical office measure. However, details of preparation and positioning of the patient are critical. The procedure has high productivity worth the added cost and effort. Cancer prevention is enhanced. Barium-enema examinations were found to have limited accuracy in polyp discovery, to a degree not previously appreciated.", "PMID": 498895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4107", "title": "Ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease: 15-year follow-up.", "content": "A personal series (E.S.R.H.) of 37 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, treated by colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis 15 years or more ago, is reviewed. Twenty-one patients (57 per cent) continue to be in satisfactory condition. Patients subjected to the two-stage operation have a notably lower rate of conversion to ileostomy than those treated by one-stage colectomy. One patient developed a carcinoma of the rectal stump. This 15-year review leads support to the opinion that ileorectal anastomosis has an important place in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease: 15-year follow-up. A personal series (E.S.R.H.) of 37 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, treated by colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis 15 years or more ago, is reviewed. Twenty-one patients (57 per cent) continue to be in satisfactory condition. Patients subjected to the two-stage operation have a notably lower rate of conversion to ileostomy than those treated by one-stage colectomy. One patient developed a carcinoma of the rectal stump. This 15-year review leads support to the opinion that ileorectal anastomosis has an important place in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 498896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4108", "title": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. VII. Anal fistula: a simplified classification.", "content": "The pathology of anal fistulas was studied in 300 patients and a simple classification is put forward. Two main types of fistula are recognized: intrasphincteric and extrasphincteric, according to the relation of the track to the external sphincter. All fistulas start as a central space infection which either remains confined to the intrasphincteric compartment or spreads extrasphincterically. Intrasphincteric fistulas include both central and intersphincteric fistulas. The latter fistula, as well as the extrasphincteric, are either low or high according to the relation of the track to the levator plate. The classification is simple and practical. It clearly demonstrates the precise anatomic position of fistulas as related to anal musculature so proper planning for the treatment can be safely achieved.", "contents": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. VII. Anal fistula: a simplified classification. The pathology of anal fistulas was studied in 300 patients and a simple classification is put forward. Two main types of fistula are recognized: intrasphincteric and extrasphincteric, according to the relation of the track to the external sphincter. All fistulas start as a central space infection which either remains confined to the intrasphincteric compartment or spreads extrasphincterically. Intrasphincteric fistulas include both central and intersphincteric fistulas. The latter fistula, as well as the extrasphincteric, are either low or high according to the relation of the track to the levator plate. The classification is simple and practical. It clearly demonstrates the precise anatomic position of fistulas as related to anal musculature so proper planning for the treatment can be safely achieved.", "PMID": 498899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4109", "title": "Method for determining individual contributions of voluntary and involuntary anal sphincters to resting tone.", "content": "With simultaneous recordings of the external anal sphincter EMG activity and the anal resting pressure, it is possible to estimate the isolated part played by the internal anal sphincter on the resting pressure by means of a correlation calculation with extrapolation to zero EMG amplitude. The value of the method was proven by comparative investigations in conscious and curarized patients under general anesthesia. In a group of 20 normal people we found that the part the internal sphincter has in the total resting pressure was 75 per cent. Because of the very low standard deviation of +/- 5.5 per cent the method is superior to others for comparing various anal disorders.", "contents": "Method for determining individual contributions of voluntary and involuntary anal sphincters to resting tone. With simultaneous recordings of the external anal sphincter EMG activity and the anal resting pressure, it is possible to estimate the isolated part played by the internal anal sphincter on the resting pressure by means of a correlation calculation with extrapolation to zero EMG amplitude. The value of the method was proven by comparative investigations in conscious and curarized patients under general anesthesia. In a group of 20 normal people we found that the part the internal sphincter has in the total resting pressure was 75 per cent. Because of the very low standard deviation of +/- 5.5 per cent the method is superior to others for comparing various anal disorders.", "PMID": 498900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4110", "title": "Recurrence of volvulus after sigmoidectomy.", "content": "Three patients had recurrences of left-sided colonic volvulus after allegedly total resections of redundant sigmoid loops. All three patients had chronic, acquired megacolon. Other instances of late recurrence of volvulus after sigmoidectomy are documented in the literature. Sigmoidectomy may be an inadequate operation for sigmoid volvulus in younger patients and/or in patients with severe chronic megacolon. The decision to perform an interval operation and the selection of the type of operation must take this into account.", "contents": "Recurrence of volvulus after sigmoidectomy. Three patients had recurrences of left-sided colonic volvulus after allegedly total resections of redundant sigmoid loops. All three patients had chronic, acquired megacolon. Other instances of late recurrence of volvulus after sigmoidectomy are documented in the literature. Sigmoidectomy may be an inadequate operation for sigmoid volvulus in younger patients and/or in patients with severe chronic megacolon. The decision to perform an interval operation and the selection of the type of operation must take this into account.", "PMID": 498902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4111", "title": "A short survey on experimental studies with relevance to vascular use of metrizamide.", "content": "Metrizamide was originally developed for application in the subarachnoid space. Later the contrast medium was tested for angiographic possibilities in extensive animal experiments. The effects of metrizamide, as examined successively on the kidneys, liver, lungs and heart, were compared with those of ionizing contrast media. The effect of metrizamide on the kidneys and liver proved similar to those of the ionizing contrast media but the toxic action of metrizamide on the remaining organs was found to be smaller.", "contents": "A short survey on experimental studies with relevance to vascular use of metrizamide. Metrizamide was originally developed for application in the subarachnoid space. Later the contrast medium was tested for angiographic possibilities in extensive animal experiments. The effects of metrizamide, as examined successively on the kidneys, liver, lungs and heart, were compared with those of ionizing contrast media. The effect of metrizamide on the kidneys and liver proved similar to those of the ionizing contrast media but the toxic action of metrizamide on the remaining organs was found to be smaller.", "PMID": 498907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4112", "title": "Risk-decreasing factors in the angiographic examination of intracranial haemorrhage.", "content": "The neuroradiological examination in patients with clinical symptoms of intracranial bleeding is indicated in a high percentage of cases, especially since large series of CT examinations have proven that in many cases the false clinical diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident is made with patients actually bleeding out of arterial lesions. In a large number of cases angiography will be necessary in addition to CT examination. Naturally the complications which may occur with these angiographic procedures should be avoided as much as possible. Measures to minimalize the haemodynamic effect of catheterization or puncture and the following contrast injection in the brachiocephalic vessels are discussed. The application of metrizamide as a contrast medium with these angiographic analyses is explained.", "contents": "Risk-decreasing factors in the angiographic examination of intracranial haemorrhage. The neuroradiological examination in patients with clinical symptoms of intracranial bleeding is indicated in a high percentage of cases, especially since large series of CT examinations have proven that in many cases the false clinical diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident is made with patients actually bleeding out of arterial lesions. In a large number of cases angiography will be necessary in addition to CT examination. Naturally the complications which may occur with these angiographic procedures should be avoided as much as possible. Measures to minimalize the haemodynamic effect of catheterization or puncture and the following contrast injection in the brachiocephalic vessels are discussed. The application of metrizamide as a contrast medium with these angiographic analyses is explained.", "PMID": 498908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4113", "title": "Patient reactions in angiography of the head and neck using an ionic and a non-ionic contrast medium.", "content": "In a group of 51 patients metrizamide was compared in a double-blind fashion to meglumine ioxithalamate, the contrast medium currently in use at our department, with regard to sensations of warmth or pain elicited by the intra-arterial contrast injection. In all arteries of the head and neck metrizamide injections produce less painful reactions than injections of meglumine ioxithalamate. This difference, however, is statistically significant only for the external carotid and for the vertebral arteries, as pain reactions are much less often elicited in other vessels. It is concluded that in neuroradiology the favourable properties of metrizamide with respect to pain responses can best be utilized in 'sensitive' vascular areas (superselective external carotid angiography, spinal angiography, vertebral angiography).", "contents": "Patient reactions in angiography of the head and neck using an ionic and a non-ionic contrast medium. In a group of 51 patients metrizamide was compared in a double-blind fashion to meglumine ioxithalamate, the contrast medium currently in use at our department, with regard to sensations of warmth or pain elicited by the intra-arterial contrast injection. In all arteries of the head and neck metrizamide injections produce less painful reactions than injections of meglumine ioxithalamate. This difference, however, is statistically significant only for the external carotid and for the vertebral arteries, as pain reactions are much less often elicited in other vessels. It is concluded that in neuroradiology the favourable properties of metrizamide with respect to pain responses can best be utilized in 'sensitive' vascular areas (superselective external carotid angiography, spinal angiography, vertebral angiography).", "PMID": 498909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4114", "title": "Angiography with metrizamide in neuroradiological examinations.", "content": "A summary is given of the results of vascular studies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in four territories: four-vessel studies in children under 1 year of age, vertebral angiography in adults at risk, spinal angiography and superselective studies in the external carotid territory. A comparison is made with the results obtained with meglumine iothalamate and meglumine ioxithalamate.", "contents": "Angiography with metrizamide in neuroradiological examinations. A summary is given of the results of vascular studies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in four territories: four-vessel studies in children under 1 year of age, vertebral angiography in adults at risk, spinal angiography and superselective studies in the external carotid territory. A comparison is made with the results obtained with meglumine iothalamate and meglumine ioxithalamate.", "PMID": 498910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4115", "title": "Peripheral angiography with metrizamide.", "content": "Metrizamide, tested in 41 patients, caused less discomfort than injection of Isopaque Cerebral, when injected into the abdominal artery. In view of the high price of metrizamide, it is indicated for what angiographic studies the Malm\u00f6 General Hospital employs this contrast medium.", "contents": "Peripheral angiography with metrizamide. Metrizamide, tested in 41 patients, caused less discomfort than injection of Isopaque Cerebral, when injected into the abdominal artery. In view of the high price of metrizamide, it is indicated for what angiographic studies the Malm\u00f6 General Hospital employs this contrast medium.", "PMID": 498912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4116", "title": "New low osmolality water-soluble contrast compounds in selective arteriography of the peripheral limbs. A comparative study.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) and ioxaglate (Hexabrix), both new low osmolality contrast agents, were evaluated in a comparative study of 50 patients with peripheral arterial diseases undergoing in total 118 angiograms. The degree of discomfort caused by the highly selective injection of these compounds and the normal available water-soluble media was estimated. Metrizamide resulted as the optimal contrast medium and Hexabrix is second best. Intra-arterial lidocaine reduced serious discomfort from 70 to 15% in conventional media. None of the evaluated contrast compounds was changing blood flow in this group of patients. But pharmacoangiography with high dosages of tolazoline could provide additional information on vascular pathophysiology.", "contents": "New low osmolality water-soluble contrast compounds in selective arteriography of the peripheral limbs. A comparative study. Metrizamide (Amipaque) and ioxaglate (Hexabrix), both new low osmolality contrast agents, were evaluated in a comparative study of 50 patients with peripheral arterial diseases undergoing in total 118 angiograms. The degree of discomfort caused by the highly selective injection of these compounds and the normal available water-soluble media was estimated. Metrizamide resulted as the optimal contrast medium and Hexabrix is second best. Intra-arterial lidocaine reduced serious discomfort from 70 to 15% in conventional media. None of the evaluated contrast compounds was changing blood flow in this group of patients. But pharmacoangiography with high dosages of tolazoline could provide additional information on vascular pathophysiology.", "PMID": 498913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4117", "title": "The venous phase in hand angiography.", "content": "It has been found that the venous phase of hand angiography can be reliably visualized with metrizamide. There are indications that the venous phase can provide important information on the validity of fingers with arterial occlusion.", "contents": "The venous phase in hand angiography. It has been found that the venous phase of hand angiography can be reliably visualized with metrizamide. There are indications that the venous phase can provide important information on the validity of fingers with arterial occlusion.", "PMID": 498914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4118", "title": "Amipaque in coronary angiography.", "content": "Comparative studies between Isopaque Coronar and Amipaque with equal concentration of iodine (370 mg I/ml), have been carried out in more than 130 patients. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic registrations before, during and after selective coronary angiography showed that the diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased significantly less with Amipaque, while no significant differences were observed in various ECG parameters. Interestingly, it was observed that the left coronary artery contrast transit time was longer when using Amipaque. This phenomenon may reflect a difference between ionic and nonionic contrast media, but also a difference in viscosity. The quality of the angiograms was the same irrespectively of the contrast medium used.", "contents": "Amipaque in coronary angiography. Comparative studies between Isopaque Coronar and Amipaque with equal concentration of iodine (370 mg I/ml), have been carried out in more than 130 patients. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic registrations before, during and after selective coronary angiography showed that the diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased significantly less with Amipaque, while no significant differences were observed in various ECG parameters. Interestingly, it was observed that the left coronary artery contrast transit time was longer when using Amipaque. This phenomenon may reflect a difference between ionic and nonionic contrast media, but also a difference in viscosity. The quality of the angiograms was the same irrespectively of the contrast medium used.", "PMID": 498915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4119", "title": "Use of metrizamide in coronary arteriography.", "content": "In the investigation of the arteriae coronariae by means of angiography, a comparative study has been done of two contrast media in the same patients, by injecting these media in a randomized order. The contrast media are sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate (10:66) and metrizamide, both used in a concentration of 370 mg I/ml. The reaction of the heart was registered in different ways with which also the influence on the blood pressure was measured. The quality of the films was judged by persons who were not acquainted with the sequence of the injections.", "contents": "Use of metrizamide in coronary arteriography. In the investigation of the arteriae coronariae by means of angiography, a comparative study has been done of two contrast media in the same patients, by injecting these media in a randomized order. The contrast media are sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate (10:66) and metrizamide, both used in a concentration of 370 mg I/ml. The reaction of the heart was registered in different ways with which also the influence on the blood pressure was measured. The quality of the films was judged by persons who were not acquainted with the sequence of the injections.", "PMID": 498916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4120", "title": "A comparison of Isopaque Coronar 370 and Amipaque in angiocardiography in infants.", "content": "Experimental studies and some clinical investigations have indicated that Amipaque (metrizamide) is less cardiotoxic than other contrast media in common use for angiocardiography. It, therefore, seemed motivated to find out whether these findings are valid in the high-risk group of neonates and small infants subjected to angiocardiography.", "contents": "A comparison of Isopaque Coronar 370 and Amipaque in angiocardiography in infants. Experimental studies and some clinical investigations have indicated that Amipaque (metrizamide) is less cardiotoxic than other contrast media in common use for angiocardiography. It, therefore, seemed motivated to find out whether these findings are valid in the high-risk group of neonates and small infants subjected to angiocardiography.", "PMID": 498917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4121", "title": "Comparative study in angiocardiography in children, evaluating the side-effects of non-ionic and ionic contrast media.", "content": "The study concerns 127 consecutive patients, presenting congenital heart disease, with an age distribution from neonatal to 15 years (mean 5 years). With non-ionic Amipaque, 164 injections were performed, with ionic Isopaque Coronar 81. Isopaque Coronar caused in 51% of the cases a clear discomfort for the patient; with Amipaque the side-effects were reduced to 9% (p less than 0.001). The mean body temperature rise with Amipaque was only 0.09 degrees C, against 0.28 degrees C with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.001). The changes in the heart rate reached 8.35% with Amipaque and 15.2% with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.001). Amipaque caused a mean of 1.8 extrasystoles per injection; Isopaque Coronar 2.2 (p less than 0.05). The quality of the angiogram with Amipaque was quite better than with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.0025). The non-ionic Amipaque is a much safer and better tolerated compound that the ionic Isopaque Coronar for paediatric angiocardiography.", "contents": "Comparative study in angiocardiography in children, evaluating the side-effects of non-ionic and ionic contrast media. The study concerns 127 consecutive patients, presenting congenital heart disease, with an age distribution from neonatal to 15 years (mean 5 years). With non-ionic Amipaque, 164 injections were performed, with ionic Isopaque Coronar 81. Isopaque Coronar caused in 51% of the cases a clear discomfort for the patient; with Amipaque the side-effects were reduced to 9% (p less than 0.001). The mean body temperature rise with Amipaque was only 0.09 degrees C, against 0.28 degrees C with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.001). The changes in the heart rate reached 8.35% with Amipaque and 15.2% with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.001). Amipaque caused a mean of 1.8 extrasystoles per injection; Isopaque Coronar 2.2 (p less than 0.05). The quality of the angiogram with Amipaque was quite better than with Isopaque Coronar (p less than 0.0025). The non-ionic Amipaque is a much safer and better tolerated compound that the ionic Isopaque Coronar for paediatric angiocardiography.", "PMID": 498918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4122", "title": "Side-effects at phlebography with ionized and non-ionized contrast medium.", "content": "In two studies 267 consecutive patients with suspected venous thrombosis were examined 125I-fibrinogen uptake test at phebography. In 161 patients meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) and in 106 patients metrizamide (Amipaque) was used as contrast medium. The quality of the examinations was equal in the two groups. During the examinations most of the patients examined with meglumine metrizoate had symptoms from the calf described as a cramp-like pain. Only few of the patients examined with metrizamide had such symptoms. In the two groups 47 patients examined with meglumine metrizoate and 41 examined with metrizamide had normal phlebography as well as initially normal 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. After phlebography, 29 of the patients in the first group had a significant rise in fibrinogen uptake while such a rise was not found in patients from the second group. Rephlebography showed fresh deep vein thrombosis in 7 out of 9 patients examined with meglumine metrizoate indicating that thrombosis could be provoked in as many as about half the patients with this high osmolar contrast medium. We have now used metrizamide in about 400 patients without any side-effects.", "contents": "Side-effects at phlebography with ionized and non-ionized contrast medium. In two studies 267 consecutive patients with suspected venous thrombosis were examined 125I-fibrinogen uptake test at phebography. In 161 patients meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) and in 106 patients metrizamide (Amipaque) was used as contrast medium. The quality of the examinations was equal in the two groups. During the examinations most of the patients examined with meglumine metrizoate had symptoms from the calf described as a cramp-like pain. Only few of the patients examined with metrizamide had such symptoms. In the two groups 47 patients examined with meglumine metrizoate and 41 examined with metrizamide had normal phlebography as well as initially normal 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. After phlebography, 29 of the patients in the first group had a significant rise in fibrinogen uptake while such a rise was not found in patients from the second group. Rephlebography showed fresh deep vein thrombosis in 7 out of 9 patients examined with meglumine metrizoate indicating that thrombosis could be provoked in as many as about half the patients with this high osmolar contrast medium. We have now used metrizamide in about 400 patients without any side-effects.", "PMID": 498920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4123", "title": "Thrombosis after phlebography?", "content": "In contrast to the report by Albrechtsson, we have never seen clinically manifest thrombosis in more than 20,000 phlebographies; only small, clinically insignificant thrombi in a very few cases. The reason is because we have used only 40 cm3 of a 45% contrast medium in connection with heparin precaution. However, there is the possibility that the deep venous valves are damaged. Therefore Amipaque is important for the phlebography. Our test, 20 cm3 45% conventional contrast medium injected directly into varicose veins, always gives a venous thrombosis of about 20 cm. The same amount of Amipaque has never shown a reaction.", "contents": "Thrombosis after phlebography? In contrast to the report by Albrechtsson, we have never seen clinically manifest thrombosis in more than 20,000 phlebographies; only small, clinically insignificant thrombi in a very few cases. The reason is because we have used only 40 cm3 of a 45% contrast medium in connection with heparin precaution. However, there is the possibility that the deep venous valves are damaged. Therefore Amipaque is important for the phlebography. Our test, 20 cm3 45% conventional contrast medium injected directly into varicose veins, always gives a venous thrombosis of about 20 cm. The same amount of Amipaque has never shown a reaction.", "PMID": 498921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4124", "title": "Lumbar epidural double-catheter venography with metrizamide (Amipaque).", "content": "Epidural double-catheter venography may be considered as a most reliable method of demonstrating lumbar disc herniation. In our case material the diagnostic results proved to be more accurate than the results of lumbar myelography, especially when very lateral disc herniations are concerned. In the operated patients the diagnostic accuracy of the venograms was 94% versus a myelographic accuracy of 85%. Systematic use of two catheters and simultaneous contrast injection provides the possibility to obtain homogeneous filling and excellent opacification of the anterior epidural veins at any lumbar level. During the procedure a choice can be made out of over 20 catheter position combinations to obtain good quality venograms. In 40 patients metrizamide (Amipaque) is used as a contrast agent in an iodine concentration of 350--370 mg/ml. This concentration does improve the opacification of the epidural venous plexus, providing better diagnostic information. Metrizamide causes hardly any discomfort to the patient, even when 50--70 ml are injected within 5 sec.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural double-catheter venography with metrizamide (Amipaque). Epidural double-catheter venography may be considered as a most reliable method of demonstrating lumbar disc herniation. In our case material the diagnostic results proved to be more accurate than the results of lumbar myelography, especially when very lateral disc herniations are concerned. In the operated patients the diagnostic accuracy of the venograms was 94% versus a myelographic accuracy of 85%. Systematic use of two catheters and simultaneous contrast injection provides the possibility to obtain homogeneous filling and excellent opacification of the anterior epidural veins at any lumbar level. During the procedure a choice can be made out of over 20 catheter position combinations to obtain good quality venograms. In 40 patients metrizamide (Amipaque) is used as a contrast agent in an iodine concentration of 350--370 mg/ml. This concentration does improve the opacification of the epidural venous plexus, providing better diagnostic information. Metrizamide causes hardly any discomfort to the patient, even when 50--70 ml are injected within 5 sec.", "PMID": 498922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4125", "title": "Angiographic and microradiographic demonstration of the linear vascular pattern in renal neoplasms.", "content": "The linear striated vascular pattern in the kidney is discussed in the light of nine new examples. Based on the histomicroangiographic findings in 2 cases, the pathogenic mechanism underlying this phenomenon is discussed, and the pattern is considered a sure sign of venous tumor infiltration.", "contents": "Angiographic and microradiographic demonstration of the linear vascular pattern in renal neoplasms. The linear striated vascular pattern in the kidney is discussed in the light of nine new examples. Based on the histomicroangiographic findings in 2 cases, the pathogenic mechanism underlying this phenomenon is discussed, and the pattern is considered a sure sign of venous tumor infiltration.", "PMID": 498924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4126", "title": "Angiographic appearance of benign retroperitoneal lymphoma.", "content": "The authors report on a quite unusual case of the very rare angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's tumor). This one appeared as a large retroperitoneal mass. According to the anatomical structure, the X-ray showed it as being obviously malignant.", "contents": "Angiographic appearance of benign retroperitoneal lymphoma. The authors report on a quite unusual case of the very rare angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's tumor). This one appeared as a large retroperitoneal mass. According to the anatomical structure, the X-ray showed it as being obviously malignant.", "PMID": 498925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4127", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation involving the galenic system. A chance finding in an elderly female.", "content": "An elderly female being treated for an unrelated medical condition was found to have an arteriovenous malformation involving the vein of Galen. The florid radiological features are described, including the computed tomogram (CT) appearances. The pathology and usual modes of clinical presentation are reviewed. This patient is the oldest yet described with an arteriovenous malformation involving the Galenic system. It is suggested that the condition is more common in adults than previously thought.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation involving the galenic system. A chance finding in an elderly female. An elderly female being treated for an unrelated medical condition was found to have an arteriovenous malformation involving the vein of Galen. The florid radiological features are described, including the computed tomogram (CT) appearances. The pathology and usual modes of clinical presentation are reviewed. This patient is the oldest yet described with an arteriovenous malformation involving the Galenic system. It is suggested that the condition is more common in adults than previously thought.", "PMID": 498926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4128", "title": "Embolization of the arteria iliaca interna as treatment of life-endangering haemorrhages caused by intrapelvic malignant tumours.", "content": "Embolization of the arteria iliaca interna was employed to treat the severe, life-endangering haemorrhage in 8 patients with inoperable bladder tumour, 3 patients with uterine cancer (2 carcinoma colli uteri stage IIIb, 1 carcinoma corporis uteri stage III), and 1 patient with richly vascularized sarcoma, infiltrating the walls of the rectum and the vagina. Percutaneous catheteral embolization of the arteries of the haemorrhagic pelvic tumours is considered an intervention with little risk and accompanied by moderate general stress. In the treatment of tumourous patients under appropriate technical conditions, it is a suitable procedure for the prevention of fatal haemorrhage.", "contents": "Embolization of the arteria iliaca interna as treatment of life-endangering haemorrhages caused by intrapelvic malignant tumours. Embolization of the arteria iliaca interna was employed to treat the severe, life-endangering haemorrhage in 8 patients with inoperable bladder tumour, 3 patients with uterine cancer (2 carcinoma colli uteri stage IIIb, 1 carcinoma corporis uteri stage III), and 1 patient with richly vascularized sarcoma, infiltrating the walls of the rectum and the vagina. Percutaneous catheteral embolization of the arteries of the haemorrhagic pelvic tumours is considered an intervention with little risk and accompanied by moderate general stress. In the treatment of tumourous patients under appropriate technical conditions, it is a suitable procedure for the prevention of fatal haemorrhage.", "PMID": 498927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4129", "title": "The feet in diabetes. Roentgenologic observation in 1501 cases.", "content": "The manifestations of diabetic osteoarthropathy are described. Computerized analysis of the films of the feet of 1501 diabetic patients showed one or more lesions in 55% of patients. Exostosis (36%), vascular calcifications (25%) and osteoporosis (12.2%) are by far the most frequent symptoms. Geodes (3.7%), destructive lesions (3.9%), sclerosis (4%) and articular lesions (5.1%) are second in frequency. Osteolytic lesions and reconstruction showed a high female predominance, whereas sclerosis is predominant in males (61.6--38.4%).", "contents": "The feet in diabetes. Roentgenologic observation in 1501 cases. The manifestations of diabetic osteoarthropathy are described. Computerized analysis of the films of the feet of 1501 diabetic patients showed one or more lesions in 55% of patients. Exostosis (36%), vascular calcifications (25%) and osteoporosis (12.2%) are by far the most frequent symptoms. Geodes (3.7%), destructive lesions (3.9%), sclerosis (4%) and articular lesions (5.1%) are second in frequency. Osteolytic lesions and reconstruction showed a high female predominance, whereas sclerosis is predominant in males (61.6--38.4%).", "PMID": 498928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4130", "title": "[Recanalization by catheter of the occluded artery after acute myocardial infarction (transluminal recanalization (author's transl)].", "content": "Using guide-wires and special catheters the occluded infarct-related coronary artery was recanalized in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction 6.6 +/- 7.1 hours after the onset of symptoms. There were no complications. Immediately after recanalization there were 80-95% lesions at the site of the previous occlusion. Angiography, performed in 9 patients in the chronic stage of myocardial infarction, revealed patency of the recanalized vessel in all instances. There was a marked decrease in the narrowing at the time of the second angiogram in 6 patients. Changes in left ventricular function from the acute to the chronic stage were assessed in 8 patients: the ejection fraction increased in 6. The results of this pilot study indicate that transluminal recanalization of acutely occluded coronary arteries is possible without harmful side-effects. Early restoration of flow may salvage the jeopardized myocardium. Further application of this method of treatment in selected patients and efforts to improve the technique seem to be justified.", "contents": "[Recanalization by catheter of the occluded artery after acute myocardial infarction (transluminal recanalization (author's transl)]. Using guide-wires and special catheters the occluded infarct-related coronary artery was recanalized in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction 6.6 +/- 7.1 hours after the onset of symptoms. There were no complications. Immediately after recanalization there were 80-95% lesions at the site of the previous occlusion. Angiography, performed in 9 patients in the chronic stage of myocardial infarction, revealed patency of the recanalized vessel in all instances. There was a marked decrease in the narrowing at the time of the second angiogram in 6 patients. Changes in left ventricular function from the acute to the chronic stage were assessed in 8 patients: the ejection fraction increased in 6. The results of this pilot study indicate that transluminal recanalization of acutely occluded coronary arteries is possible without harmful side-effects. Early restoration of flow may salvage the jeopardized myocardium. Further application of this method of treatment in selected patients and efforts to improve the technique seem to be justified.", "PMID": 498954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4131", "title": "[Possibilities of treatment reduction in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy was performed before or after multiple chemotherapy in 182 patients with clinically localised Hodgkin's disease in clinical stages IB, II3A, IIB, III A and III B. There was a 50% probability of clinically not diagnosed infradiaphragmatic involvement in patients with clinically localised stage IB, II B or II3A. Restaging was necessary in 20% of patients with clinical stage III, because infradiphragmatic involvement was histologically not demonstrable. Infradiaphragmatic involvement occurred in 12% of patients who had received six chemotherapy cycles according to the MOPP scheme, before exploratory splenectomy. When chemotherapy produced complete clinical remission, only 2.7% patients had any infradiaphragmatic involvements. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy is not required, therefore, in such patients.", "contents": "[Possibilities of treatment reduction in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy was performed before or after multiple chemotherapy in 182 patients with clinically localised Hodgkin's disease in clinical stages IB, II3A, IIB, III A and III B. There was a 50% probability of clinically not diagnosed infradiaphragmatic involvement in patients with clinically localised stage IB, II B or II3A. Restaging was necessary in 20% of patients with clinical stage III, because infradiphragmatic involvement was histologically not demonstrable. Infradiaphragmatic involvement occurred in 12% of patients who had received six chemotherapy cycles according to the MOPP scheme, before exploratory splenectomy. When chemotherapy produced complete clinical remission, only 2.7% patients had any infradiaphragmatic involvements. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy is not required, therefore, in such patients.", "PMID": 498955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4132", "title": "[Tetanus antibody determinations in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Tetanus antibody determinations in 109 children aged 1 1/2 to 15 1/2 years showed that 98.2% had a sufficiently protective tetanus antitoxin titre. There were no significant differences between completely and incompletely first immunised children. Increased titres of up to 25 IU/ml serum were found shortly after multiple boostering. According to the observed titres boostering after trauma is at the earliest necessary after 5 years in complete or incomplete primary immunisation or after the last boostering. Passive immunisation is only indicated in the traumatised non-immunised and in patients with wounds of larger standing who have not been immunised for more than 5 years.", "contents": "[Tetanus antibody determinations in children (author's transl)]. Tetanus antibody determinations in 109 children aged 1 1/2 to 15 1/2 years showed that 98.2% had a sufficiently protective tetanus antitoxin titre. There were no significant differences between completely and incompletely first immunised children. Increased titres of up to 25 IU/ml serum were found shortly after multiple boostering. According to the observed titres boostering after trauma is at the earliest necessary after 5 years in complete or incomplete primary immunisation or after the last boostering. Passive immunisation is only indicated in the traumatised non-immunised and in patients with wounds of larger standing who have not been immunised for more than 5 years.", "PMID": 498956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4133", "title": "[Total and free testosterone in the male depending on body weight (author's transl)].", "content": "Total testosterone, the fraction of unbound testosterone and free testosterone were measured in 116 males of varying body weight in the range of 80 to 256% of the ideal weight. There are 3 groups for the establishment of normal ranges of testosterone. Testosterone and the fraction of unbound testosterone were fairly constant in group I (80--160% of the ideal weight). In group II (160--200% of ideal weight) there was a tendency towards lower values. The relatively wide normal range for testosterone was not reached in only 5 of these 20 patients. In contrast, in group III (more than 200% of ideal weight) clear-cut changes of total testosterone were demonstable reaching only 38% (P less than 0.001) of control values. Changes were also clear for unbound testosterone which increased from 2.24 to 3.9% (P less than 0.001). The concentration of free testosterone decreased to a lesser extent (P less than 0.01). Despite the low total testosterone hypogaonadism was not demonstable clinically in the extremely obsese patients. According to these results \"normal values\" for total testosterone, the fraction of unbound testosterone and free testosterone could be established depending on body weight.", "contents": "[Total and free testosterone in the male depending on body weight (author's transl)]. Total testosterone, the fraction of unbound testosterone and free testosterone were measured in 116 males of varying body weight in the range of 80 to 256% of the ideal weight. There are 3 groups for the establishment of normal ranges of testosterone. Testosterone and the fraction of unbound testosterone were fairly constant in group I (80--160% of the ideal weight). In group II (160--200% of ideal weight) there was a tendency towards lower values. The relatively wide normal range for testosterone was not reached in only 5 of these 20 patients. In contrast, in group III (more than 200% of ideal weight) clear-cut changes of total testosterone were demonstable reaching only 38% (P less than 0.001) of control values. Changes were also clear for unbound testosterone which increased from 2.24 to 3.9% (P less than 0.001). The concentration of free testosterone decreased to a lesser extent (P less than 0.01). Despite the low total testosterone hypogaonadism was not demonstable clinically in the extremely obsese patients. According to these results \"normal values\" for total testosterone, the fraction of unbound testosterone and free testosterone could be established depending on body weight.", "PMID": 498964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4134", "title": "[Massive obesity with disturbance of glucose tolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "A long-term study of 63 extremely obese persons with disturbed glucose tolerance showed a further deterioration of glucose tolerance over 10 years. In 9 out of 23 patients manifest diabetes mellitus developed despite partial weight reduction (greater than or equal to 10% of the initial weight excess). Out of 14 patients who did not lose weight during this time even 11 developed manifestations of diabetes. All patients who were in different weight groups at the 5- and 10-year follow-up showed a deterioration in glucose tolerance after 10 years. In the individual groups there were only minimal differences in other characteristics apart from the different weight behaviour.", "contents": "[Massive obesity with disturbance of glucose tolerance (author's transl)]. A long-term study of 63 extremely obese persons with disturbed glucose tolerance showed a further deterioration of glucose tolerance over 10 years. In 9 out of 23 patients manifest diabetes mellitus developed despite partial weight reduction (greater than or equal to 10% of the initial weight excess). Out of 14 patients who did not lose weight during this time even 11 developed manifestations of diabetes. All patients who were in different weight groups at the 5- and 10-year follow-up showed a deterioration in glucose tolerance after 10 years. In the individual groups there were only minimal differences in other characteristics apart from the different weight behaviour.", "PMID": 498973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4135", "title": "[Interaction of quinidine and digoxin in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "After full digitalisation, 11 healthy subjects received 0.375 mg digoxin daily as maintenance dose. Under steady-state conditions and determination of serum concentration and renal clearance of digoxin, they were then given 500 or 1000 mg quinidine daily in addition to the digoxin. While serum concentration of digoxin rose significantly from 0.75 +/- 0.2 ng/ml after one week on 500 mg quinidine, and to 1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml after 1000 mg of quinidine, renal digoxin clearance fell from 186.2 +/- 67.4 to 125.4 +/- 61.8 ml/min after 500 mg of quinidine. Raising quinidine dosage to 1000 mg daily caused no further digoxin clearance reduction. During the total experimental period endogenous creatinine clearance remained unchanged. The results indicate that the rise in serum digoxin concentration on simultaneous quinidine administration is largely due to reduction in renal digoxin clearance. A clinical observation confirms the considerable practical importance of this interaction.", "contents": "[Interaction of quinidine and digoxin in humans (author's transl)]. After full digitalisation, 11 healthy subjects received 0.375 mg digoxin daily as maintenance dose. Under steady-state conditions and determination of serum concentration and renal clearance of digoxin, they were then given 500 or 1000 mg quinidine daily in addition to the digoxin. While serum concentration of digoxin rose significantly from 0.75 +/- 0.2 ng/ml after one week on 500 mg quinidine, and to 1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml after 1000 mg of quinidine, renal digoxin clearance fell from 186.2 +/- 67.4 to 125.4 +/- 61.8 ml/min after 500 mg of quinidine. Raising quinidine dosage to 1000 mg daily caused no further digoxin clearance reduction. During the total experimental period endogenous creatinine clearance remained unchanged. The results indicate that the rise in serum digoxin concentration on simultaneous quinidine administration is largely due to reduction in renal digoxin clearance. A clinical observation confirms the considerable practical importance of this interaction.", "PMID": 498974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4136", "title": "[Nosocomial infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Within 3 years 2546 nosocomial infections were registered among 18 897 hospitalised patients of a gynaecological-obstetric university hospital, Results were obtained in a prospective study on the use of nurses specially trained in hygiene. The incidence of nosocomial infections was 13.5% including predominantly asymptomatic bacteriurias and 3.9% without bacteriurias. It was higher after major surgical intervention and lowest in pregnant women, postnatal patients, vaginal deliveries and minor operations. Bacteriurias were the most common infection in all patient groups. They made up 71% of the total, followed by postoperative pelvic infections (7.3%), phlebitis at the site of infusion (6.5%) and abdominal wound infection (4.2%). During the control programme, introduction and reinforcement of various hygienic measures and continuous instruction and control of the wards and treatment rooms by the specially trained nurses the incidence of all nosocomial infections decreased by 48.1% and of urinary tract infections by 42.7%.", "contents": "[Nosocomial infections (author's transl)]. Within 3 years 2546 nosocomial infections were registered among 18 897 hospitalised patients of a gynaecological-obstetric university hospital, Results were obtained in a prospective study on the use of nurses specially trained in hygiene. The incidence of nosocomial infections was 13.5% including predominantly asymptomatic bacteriurias and 3.9% without bacteriurias. It was higher after major surgical intervention and lowest in pregnant women, postnatal patients, vaginal deliveries and minor operations. Bacteriurias were the most common infection in all patient groups. They made up 71% of the total, followed by postoperative pelvic infections (7.3%), phlebitis at the site of infusion (6.5%) and abdominal wound infection (4.2%). During the control programme, introduction and reinforcement of various hygienic measures and continuous instruction and control of the wards and treatment rooms by the specially trained nurses the incidence of all nosocomial infections decreased by 48.1% and of urinary tract infections by 42.7%.", "PMID": 498980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4137", "title": "[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine EEG investigations and observance of discrete neurological and psychological symptoms in 13 children in the acute phase of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura showed that involvement of the central nervous system in this disease is the rule rather than the exception. Capillary resistance was reduced in 51 out of 76 investigated children. On the other hand a reduction in factor XIII activity was much less commonly found (n =6). Immune complex determination in 28 children, together with antibody studies, showed that in 13 of them the Henoch-Schoenlein purpura was triggered off by an influenza-A-virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. Two thirds of the patients had markedly raised levels of total serum complement which fell weeks within several.", "contents": "[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (author's transl)]. Routine EEG investigations and observance of discrete neurological and psychological symptoms in 13 children in the acute phase of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura showed that involvement of the central nervous system in this disease is the rule rather than the exception. Capillary resistance was reduced in 51 out of 76 investigated children. On the other hand a reduction in factor XIII activity was much less commonly found (n =6). Immune complex determination in 28 children, together with antibody studies, showed that in 13 of them the Henoch-Schoenlein purpura was triggered off by an influenza-A-virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. Two thirds of the patients had markedly raised levels of total serum complement which fell weeks within several.", "PMID": 498981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4138", "title": "[Results of treating acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Between July 1974 and December 1976 a total of 69 patients were treated for acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia. The mean age was 42 years. Seven had been previously treated. Induction treatment with daunoblastin and cytarabine was given to 67 patients. It produced complete remission in 37 (55.2%) and partial remission in two. Twelve patients received a minimum of two courses of induction treatment without remission (definite treatment failures). Sixteen patients died during the first 30 days after onset of treatment. Treatment to maintain remission consisted of cytarabine and alternating 6-thioguanine, cyclophosphamide, lomustin and daunoblastin. Treatment could be continued as planned in only a quarter of the patients, because of serious side effects in the others. One year after conclusion of the study (31. 12.77) the median remission period was 42, median survival time for all patients 33 weeks (73.5 weeks for those responding and 8 weeks for those not responding to treatment). Age, fever, and chromosomal status of bone-marrow cells had an effect on prognosis.", "contents": "[Results of treating acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia in adults (author's transl)]. Between July 1974 and December 1976 a total of 69 patients were treated for acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia. The mean age was 42 years. Seven had been previously treated. Induction treatment with daunoblastin and cytarabine was given to 67 patients. It produced complete remission in 37 (55.2%) and partial remission in two. Twelve patients received a minimum of two courses of induction treatment without remission (definite treatment failures). Sixteen patients died during the first 30 days after onset of treatment. Treatment to maintain remission consisted of cytarabine and alternating 6-thioguanine, cyclophosphamide, lomustin and daunoblastin. Treatment could be continued as planned in only a quarter of the patients, because of serious side effects in the others. One year after conclusion of the study (31. 12.77) the median remission period was 42, median survival time for all patients 33 weeks (73.5 weeks for those responding and 8 weeks for those not responding to treatment). Age, fever, and chromosomal status of bone-marrow cells had an effect on prognosis.", "PMID": 498989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4139", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia by measurement of renal calcium excretion during parathormone administration (author's transl)].", "content": "Rapid differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy with or without bone metastases may be life saving. A parathormone infusion test (6 USP units/kg body wt X 20 min) enables a differential diagnosis within three hours by means of measurement of renal calcium excretion. In normal persons calcium excretion decreased from 147 +/- 90 to 79 +/- 54 mumol/h (x +/- s, n = 10). In primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcaemia the high calcium excretion remained unchanged: 716 +/- 162 mumol/h before and 804 +/- 130 mumul/h 120 minutes after the PTH infusion (n = 12). In patients with hypercalcaemia caused by bronchial carcinoma with (n = 5) and without (n = 1) bone metastases calcium excretion decreased from 552 +/- 182 to 163 +/- 114 mumol/h. As a consequence of these data this test is advisable when the indication for operation in cases with hypercalcaemia has to be reached within a few hours.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia by measurement of renal calcium excretion during parathormone administration (author's transl)]. Rapid differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy with or without bone metastases may be life saving. A parathormone infusion test (6 USP units/kg body wt X 20 min) enables a differential diagnosis within three hours by means of measurement of renal calcium excretion. In normal persons calcium excretion decreased from 147 +/- 90 to 79 +/- 54 mumol/h (x +/- s, n = 10). In primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcaemia the high calcium excretion remained unchanged: 716 +/- 162 mumol/h before and 804 +/- 130 mumul/h 120 minutes after the PTH infusion (n = 12). In patients with hypercalcaemia caused by bronchial carcinoma with (n = 5) and without (n = 1) bone metastases calcium excretion decreased from 552 +/- 182 to 163 +/- 114 mumol/h. As a consequence of these data this test is advisable when the indication for operation in cases with hypercalcaemia has to be reached within a few hours.", "PMID": 498990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4140", "title": "[Frequency of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients with coronary heart disease with and without infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 107 consecutive patients the frequency of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in coronary heart disease was assessed by selective coronary angiography and sonographic Doppler pressure estimation. Among 75 patients with coronary heart disease 21 (28%) had arterial occlusive disease, among 32 patients without coronary heart disease only one (3%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of both diseases. 40 out of 75 patients with coronary heart disease had suffered from cardiac infarction. Infarction frequency showed a highly significant correlation with increasing severity of the coronary heart disease, but none with increasing severity or frequency of arterial occlusive disease. When there was no arterial occlusive disease all degrees of severity of coronary heart disease were found. Analysing the literature it becomes evident that coronary heart disease is frequently an isolated or premature manifestation of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Frequency of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients with coronary heart disease with and without infarction (author's transl)]. In 107 consecutive patients the frequency of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in coronary heart disease was assessed by selective coronary angiography and sonographic Doppler pressure estimation. Among 75 patients with coronary heart disease 21 (28%) had arterial occlusive disease, among 32 patients without coronary heart disease only one (3%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of both diseases. 40 out of 75 patients with coronary heart disease had suffered from cardiac infarction. Infarction frequency showed a highly significant correlation with increasing severity of the coronary heart disease, but none with increasing severity or frequency of arterial occlusive disease. When there was no arterial occlusive disease all degrees of severity of coronary heart disease were found. Analysing the literature it becomes evident that coronary heart disease is frequently an isolated or premature manifestation of arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 498991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4141", "title": "[Thoracic actinomycosis with superior vena cava obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 40-year-old farmer's wife presenting with fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion and occasional extrasystoles a space-occupying lesion of the mediastinum leading to obstruction of venous return in the superior vena cava was found. Prior to intended surgery the patient suddenly died following cerebral haemorrhage. Actinomycosis of the mediastinum leading to almost complete stenosis of the superior vena cava was found at necropsy.", "contents": "[Thoracic actinomycosis with superior vena cava obstruction (author's transl)]. In a 40-year-old farmer's wife presenting with fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion and occasional extrasystoles a space-occupying lesion of the mediastinum leading to obstruction of venous return in the superior vena cava was found. Prior to intended surgery the patient suddenly died following cerebral haemorrhage. Actinomycosis of the mediastinum leading to almost complete stenosis of the superior vena cava was found at necropsy.", "PMID": 498992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4142", "title": "[Ultrasonographic diagnosis in disturbances of early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonography using high-magnification, modern ultrasonographs enables information on intactness of pregnancy in early disturbed pregnancy. The ultrasound findings can be correlated with the clinical diagnoses, such as incomplete abortion. A final diagnosis, such as missed abortion, can frequently only be made after exact ultrasonographic investigation. The failure rate depends on the equipment and the experience of the investigator. Exact knowledge of the gestational age clearly influences the accuracy of an ultrasonographic diagnosis in early pregnancy. A gestational age earlier than the calculated one may be mistaken for a pregnancy that is no longer intact.", "contents": "[Ultrasonographic diagnosis in disturbances of early pregnancy (author's transl)]. Ultrasonography using high-magnification, modern ultrasonographs enables information on intactness of pregnancy in early disturbed pregnancy. The ultrasound findings can be correlated with the clinical diagnoses, such as incomplete abortion. A final diagnosis, such as missed abortion, can frequently only be made after exact ultrasonographic investigation. The failure rate depends on the equipment and the experience of the investigator. Exact knowledge of the gestational age clearly influences the accuracy of an ultrasonographic diagnosis in early pregnancy. A gestational age earlier than the calculated one may be mistaken for a pregnancy that is no longer intact.", "PMID": 498999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4143", "title": "[Goitres with \"cold\" nodules in an endemic goitre area (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 339 goitres with \"cold\" nodules 17.7% were histologically malignant. Related to all cold nodules which were examined, this suggest a \"true\" malignancy rate of nodules of about 0.4%. The risk of malignancy is highest in patients over 60 years of age. The malignancy rate was high, at 23%, in cold nodules of recurrent goitres. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy pre-operatively will correctly diagnose over 90% of malignant nodules.", "contents": "[Goitres with \"cold\" nodules in an endemic goitre area (author's transl)]. Of 339 goitres with \"cold\" nodules 17.7% were histologically malignant. Related to all cold nodules which were examined, this suggest a \"true\" malignancy rate of nodules of about 0.4%. The risk of malignancy is highest in patients over 60 years of age. The malignancy rate was high, at 23%, in cold nodules of recurrent goitres. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy pre-operatively will correctly diagnose over 90% of malignant nodules.", "PMID": 499000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4144", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic patients with insulin resistance and allergy using des-phe-insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven patients were treated with pure porcine des-phe-insulin (Insulin 02S Hoechst). In seven patients insulin 02S was used because of high insulin requirements. Three cases were treated successfully, one case moderately successfully, there was no success in two cases and in one case the result remains to be seen. In more than half of the patients a considerable decrease of  insulin requirement could thus be achieved. Four patients received insulin 02S because of allergy. Success was evident in three cases and at least probable in the fourth case. Results up to now showing less immunogenicity and antigenicity of des-phe-insulin seem to be confirmed clinically.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic patients with insulin resistance and allergy using des-phe-insulin (author's transl)]. Eleven patients were treated with pure porcine des-phe-insulin (Insulin 02S Hoechst). In seven patients insulin 02S was used because of high insulin requirements. Three cases were treated successfully, one case moderately successfully, there was no success in two cases and in one case the result remains to be seen. In more than half of the patients a considerable decrease of  insulin requirement could thus be achieved. Four patients received insulin 02S because of allergy. Success was evident in three cases and at least probable in the fourth case. Results up to now showing less immunogenicity and antigenicity of des-phe-insulin seem to be confirmed clinically.", "PMID": 499001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4145", "title": "[Correlation between genome mutations and the cell division types in immunological sensitization states].", "content": "The authors examined the frequency of cells with polyploidy-P, with amitot division-AD and with mitotic division-MD in 25 patients with schizophrenia and proven anticerebral autoimmune sensibilization by means of blast-transformation test-BS, in 20 partners of marriages with multiple spontaneous abortions and suspected isoimmunization-PCA as well as control group of 63 healthy adults and newborn infants. Simultaneous increase of the frequency of cells with polyploidy and amitotic division was established in patients with schizophrenia--1,16% of P and 0.40% AD in 4 women with spontaneous abortiosn -- 1.5% of P and 0.80% of AD compared with the control values of 0.54% of P and 0.17% of AD. The highest percentage P -- 1.12 and AD -- 2.1 was found in BS with chronic process, in whom the blast-transformation reaction to brain antigen --34% was mostly manifested. In the cultures of BS, treated with brain antigen, AD reached up to 1.38%. The increase of AD was accompanied with lowering of mitotic index: BS -- 1.2% of MD and 0.40 of AD; PSA -- 2,04% of MD and 0.50 of AD compared with the control values of 4% of MD and 0.17% of AD. The results showed that immunologic sensibilization was accompanied by an increase of genome mutations and amitotic division and with lowering of mitotic index; they revealed polyploidy and amitotic division as compensatory mechanisms of the organisms under certain conditions.", "contents": "[Correlation between genome mutations and the cell division types in immunological sensitization states]. The authors examined the frequency of cells with polyploidy-P, with amitot division-AD and with mitotic division-MD in 25 patients with schizophrenia and proven anticerebral autoimmune sensibilization by means of blast-transformation test-BS, in 20 partners of marriages with multiple spontaneous abortions and suspected isoimmunization-PCA as well as control group of 63 healthy adults and newborn infants. Simultaneous increase of the frequency of cells with polyploidy and amitotic division was established in patients with schizophrenia--1,16% of P and 0.40% AD in 4 women with spontaneous abortiosn -- 1.5% of P and 0.80% of AD compared with the control values of 0.54% of P and 0.17% of AD. The highest percentage P -- 1.12 and AD -- 2.1 was found in BS with chronic process, in whom the blast-transformation reaction to brain antigen --34% was mostly manifested. In the cultures of BS, treated with brain antigen, AD reached up to 1.38%. The increase of AD was accompanied with lowering of mitotic index: BS -- 1.2% of MD and 0.40 of AD; PSA -- 2,04% of MD and 0.50 of AD compared with the control values of 4% of MD and 0.17% of AD. The results showed that immunologic sensibilization was accompanied by an increase of genome mutations and amitotic division and with lowering of mitotic index; they revealed polyploidy and amitotic division as compensatory mechanisms of the organisms under certain conditions.", "PMID": 499037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4146", "title": "[Sulfhydryl and amino groups in the cell fractions of white rat tissues: ontogenetic characteristics].", "content": "The author investigated total protein, percentage of protein sulfhydril and amino-groups of those in the cytoplasm and total sulfhydril groups in mitochondria, lysosomes and cytoplasm in liver, kidney and spleen of rats. There was a tendency to an increase of total protein in single tissue components with the advancement of age. The amount of sulfhydril groups was altered with advancement of age as well. Their maximal value was in animals, aged 5 days. In all examined cell fractions there was a statisticaly significant lowering in the subsequent age group, which tendency continued till the end of the examined period (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 -- day rats). The changes, observed in amino-groups were statisticaly significant and reflected the specificity in the metabolism of the three examined organs in accordance with their functions. Statistificaly significant lowering of the present sulfhydril groups, determined by DYNB, and nonsignificant changes of amino-groups showed that proteins in the examined tissues exposed various amount of sulfhydril groups probably due to the various water content of the tissues at different age periods. Perhaps there could be an effect of other factors as well, having connection with oxidation and reduction of sulfhydril groups.", "contents": "[Sulfhydryl and amino groups in the cell fractions of white rat tissues: ontogenetic characteristics]. The author investigated total protein, percentage of protein sulfhydril and amino-groups of those in the cytoplasm and total sulfhydril groups in mitochondria, lysosomes and cytoplasm in liver, kidney and spleen of rats. There was a tendency to an increase of total protein in single tissue components with the advancement of age. The amount of sulfhydril groups was altered with advancement of age as well. Their maximal value was in animals, aged 5 days. In all examined cell fractions there was a statisticaly significant lowering in the subsequent age group, which tendency continued till the end of the examined period (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 -- day rats). The changes, observed in amino-groups were statisticaly significant and reflected the specificity in the metabolism of the three examined organs in accordance with their functions. Statistificaly significant lowering of the present sulfhydril groups, determined by DYNB, and nonsignificant changes of amino-groups showed that proteins in the examined tissues exposed various amount of sulfhydril groups probably due to the various water content of the tissues at different age periods. Perhaps there could be an effect of other factors as well, having connection with oxidation and reduction of sulfhydril groups.", "PMID": 499038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4147", "title": "[Effect of bee venom and its low- and high-molecular fractions on embryogenesis in rats].", "content": "The authors injected 3 groups of pregnant rats with 1/5 of LD50 of whole bee venom and its low and high weight molecular fractions daily between the 6th and 14th day of gestation. The embryos of the treated animals, aged 20 days, showed a reduction of the weight and dimunution of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in their liver homogenate. There were autolisis and dead rats in the uterus of the treated animals (embryotoxic effect). There were no teratogenic alterations. The low weight molecular fraction of the bee venom revealed more manifested embryotoxic effect.", "contents": "[Effect of bee venom and its low- and high-molecular fractions on embryogenesis in rats]. The authors injected 3 groups of pregnant rats with 1/5 of LD50 of whole bee venom and its low and high weight molecular fractions daily between the 6th and 14th day of gestation. The embryos of the treated animals, aged 20 days, showed a reduction of the weight and dimunution of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in their liver homogenate. There were autolisis and dead rats in the uterus of the treated animals (embryotoxic effect). There were no teratogenic alterations. The low weight molecular fraction of the bee venom revealed more manifested embryotoxic effect.", "PMID": 499041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4148", "title": "[Comparison of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine hydrochlorides and iodomethylates by the degree of decrease in curare toxicity].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on rats with apnoea, indiced by (+)-tubucurarine and found protective action, due to galantamine, neostigmine, hydrochlorides and jodometilates of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine. Jodmethylates had protective action in larger doses in comparison with the respective hydrochlorides of nonsubstituted pyridilamines. The authors proposed a method for determination and comparison of the effect of compounds, eliminating the action of antidepolarizating myorelaxants, on tubocurarine toxicity.", "contents": "[Comparison of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine hydrochlorides and iodomethylates by the degree of decrease in curare toxicity]. The authors carried out studies on rats with apnoea, indiced by (+)-tubucurarine and found protective action, due to galantamine, neostigmine, hydrochlorides and jodometilates of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine. Jodmethylates had protective action in larger doses in comparison with the respective hydrochlorides of nonsubstituted pyridilamines. The authors proposed a method for determination and comparison of the effect of compounds, eliminating the action of antidepolarizating myorelaxants, on tubocurarine toxicity.", "PMID": 499040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4149", "title": "[Mechanisms of hexobarbital anesthesia potentiation by hydrocortisone].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on white rats of Wistar strain and investigated some of the mechanisms, metabolic and central, by means of which hydrocortisone affected hexobartital sleep. They established that hydrocortisone in dose of 25 and 50 mg, administered singly, together with hexobarbital or after a 30-minute interval, potentiated hexobarbital sleep significantly. The concentrations of hexobarbital in blood serum and in brain on the 30th minute after its administration were higher in the experimental animals, treated with hexobarbital in comparison with the controls of both sexes. The experiments with determination of the activity of liver microsomal hexobarbital enzymic system showed convincingly a considerable inhibition of enzymic activity (with 53%) of hydrocortisone after 20 minutes after its application in vivo. Subthreshold sreep dose of hexobarbital, determined by the method of Lewy, was lowered than that of the experimental group and higher in the control rats. Hexobarbital concentrations in blood serum and in brain at the moment of waking were lower in experimental animals, treated with hydrocortisone, and higher in the control animals. The obtained results gave foundations to the authors to assume that metabolic and central nervous mechanisms participated in potentiation of hexobarbital sleep.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of hexobarbital anesthesia potentiation by hydrocortisone]. The authors carried out studies on white rats of Wistar strain and investigated some of the mechanisms, metabolic and central, by means of which hydrocortisone affected hexobartital sleep. They established that hydrocortisone in dose of 25 and 50 mg, administered singly, together with hexobarbital or after a 30-minute interval, potentiated hexobarbital sleep significantly. The concentrations of hexobarbital in blood serum and in brain on the 30th minute after its administration were higher in the experimental animals, treated with hexobarbital in comparison with the controls of both sexes. The experiments with determination of the activity of liver microsomal hexobarbital enzymic system showed convincingly a considerable inhibition of enzymic activity (with 53%) of hydrocortisone after 20 minutes after its application in vivo. Subthreshold sreep dose of hexobarbital, determined by the method of Lewy, was lowered than that of the experimental group and higher in the control rats. Hexobarbital concentrations in blood serum and in brain at the moment of waking were lower in experimental animals, treated with hydrocortisone, and higher in the control animals. The obtained results gave foundations to the authors to assume that metabolic and central nervous mechanisms participated in potentiation of hexobarbital sleep.", "PMID": 499039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4150", "title": "[Ultrastructural manifestations of the secretory function of the chondrocytes in elastic cartilage].", "content": "The authors examined ultrastructural manifestations of the secretory function of chondrocyetes in the auricular tendon of rats. They found that chondrocyetes were active secretorily in the prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis; in later age such activity possessed mainly those chondrocytes located subperichondricaly. The existance of direct communications of cysternas of the granulated endoplasmic reticulum with extracellular area was interpreted as a possibility for direct release of the secretory products. Small coated vesicules with dense content were followed-up from the Goldi's organs till their openings on the cellular surface. Two types of vacuoles were differentiated-some with optically dense content, localized in the Goldi's organs, and others-optically empty, which were encountered in their boundaries as well. A concept was given that the first type originates from the granulated endoplasmic reticulum and transported protein product, but the second type-from the Goldgi's complex and transported probably polysaccharides.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural manifestations of the secretory function of the chondrocytes in elastic cartilage]. The authors examined ultrastructural manifestations of the secretory function of chondrocyetes in the auricular tendon of rats. They found that chondrocyetes were active secretorily in the prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis; in later age such activity possessed mainly those chondrocytes located subperichondricaly. The existance of direct communications of cysternas of the granulated endoplasmic reticulum with extracellular area was interpreted as a possibility for direct release of the secretory products. Small coated vesicules with dense content were followed-up from the Goldi's organs till their openings on the cellular surface. Two types of vacuoles were differentiated-some with optically dense content, localized in the Goldi's organs, and others-optically empty, which were encountered in their boundaries as well. A concept was given that the first type originates from the granulated endoplasmic reticulum and transported protein product, but the second type-from the Goldgi's complex and transported probably polysaccharides.", "PMID": 499042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4151", "title": "[Dynamics of the restorative processes in the liver in chronic poisoning with zolon].", "content": "The authors examined the dynamics of the repairing processes in liver of rats after 2 and 4-month intoxication, caused by the phosphor-organic preparation ZOLON. They found that the changes in liver were reversible at this length of intoxication. Glycogen and RNA storage recovered almost to their initial values. Kupffer's cells were hyperplastic and the number of two-nuclear liver cells was increased diffusely in the lobule. The changes in the vascular walls of the periportal areas persisted. The degree of the repairing processes in liver depended on the dose used and the duration of the action. The obtained data could be taken into consideration in preparing hygienic and prophylactic measures for the individuals working with this preparation.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the restorative processes in the liver in chronic poisoning with zolon]. The authors examined the dynamics of the repairing processes in liver of rats after 2 and 4-month intoxication, caused by the phosphor-organic preparation ZOLON. They found that the changes in liver were reversible at this length of intoxication. Glycogen and RNA storage recovered almost to their initial values. Kupffer's cells were hyperplastic and the number of two-nuclear liver cells was increased diffusely in the lobule. The changes in the vascular walls of the periportal areas persisted. The degree of the repairing processes in liver depended on the dose used and the duration of the action. The obtained data could be taken into consideration in preparing hygienic and prophylactic measures for the individuals working with this preparation.", "PMID": 499043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4152", "title": "[Appropriate and inappropriate use of foreign words in the language of Bulgarian experimental medical disciplines].", "content": "The authors make an attempt to indicate inappropriate usage of some frequently used words and expressions in the medical literature, adopted in the Bulgarian language most frequently from the English language. They stress to keep close to the classical languages-Greek and Latin, which are at the base of the medical terminology. The authors present examples of words from contemporary languages, which are universally accepted and in which the semantic purity of the native language could lead to pedantry and vagueness. They point out that the concepts with smaller volume could be expressed by the most suitable words from the Bulgarian language, for example the names of methods or concepts, describing private regularities.", "contents": "[Appropriate and inappropriate use of foreign words in the language of Bulgarian experimental medical disciplines]. The authors make an attempt to indicate inappropriate usage of some frequently used words and expressions in the medical literature, adopted in the Bulgarian language most frequently from the English language. They stress to keep close to the classical languages-Greek and Latin, which are at the base of the medical terminology. The authors present examples of words from contemporary languages, which are universally accepted and in which the semantic purity of the native language could lead to pedantry and vagueness. They point out that the concepts with smaller volume could be expressed by the most suitable words from the Bulgarian language, for example the names of methods or concepts, describing private regularities.", "PMID": 499045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4153", "title": "[Irrigation of the internal organs and the effect of the protein hydrolysate, Hydroport, in deep burns in rats].", "content": "The authors caused buring of III to IV degree, 10--15% in rats of the Wistar strain. The animals were divided into 4 groups: 1) healthy; 2) burned-nontreated; 3) burned-treated with saline; and 4) burned-treated with hydrolysate. Saline and hydrolysate were administered immediately after thermic trauma, and vascularization was examined by means of radioisotopic methods (86Rb) six hours after burning. Increased blood flow in the internal organs was found 6 hours after inducing the thermic trauma, excluding the pancreas. Saline revealed a certain tendency to normalization of the circulation, but this effect was insignificant and could not be referred to all organs. The protein hydrolysate most sensitively and significantly corrected deviations as in almost all organs they reached practically the norm.", "contents": "[Irrigation of the internal organs and the effect of the protein hydrolysate, Hydroport, in deep burns in rats]. The authors caused buring of III to IV degree, 10--15% in rats of the Wistar strain. The animals were divided into 4 groups: 1) healthy; 2) burned-nontreated; 3) burned-treated with saline; and 4) burned-treated with hydrolysate. Saline and hydrolysate were administered immediately after thermic trauma, and vascularization was examined by means of radioisotopic methods (86Rb) six hours after burning. Increased blood flow in the internal organs was found 6 hours after inducing the thermic trauma, excluding the pancreas. Saline revealed a certain tendency to normalization of the circulation, but this effect was insignificant and could not be referred to all organs. The protein hydrolysate most sensitively and significantly corrected deviations as in almost all organs they reached practically the norm.", "PMID": 499044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4154", "title": "Impact of continuously administered catechol estrogens on uterine growth and luteinizing hormone secretion.", "content": "The biological activity of a series of natural catechol estrogens was examined under conditions of continuous administration. 2-Hydroxyestradiol (2OH-E2), 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OH-E1), 4-methoxyestradiol (4MeOE2), 2-hydroxyestrone (2OH-E1), and 4-methoxyestrone (4MeOE1) were delivered at the rate of 1 microgram/h from osmotic pumps implanted in ovariectomized rats. Uterine growth and plasma LH concentrations were measured 24, 48, and 72 h after implantation. Little or no uterotropic activity was exhibited by the 2-hydroxylated metabolites 2OH-E1 and 2MeOE2 at any interval, while 2OH-E2 exhibited anomalous uterotropic activity, which terminated at 48 h. The 4-hydroxylated compounds 4MeOE2, 4OH-E1, and 4MeOE1 all produced substantial and progressive uterine growth. Tonic LH secretion was suppressed by 2OH-E2, 4OH-E1, and 4MeOE1 in proportion to their uterotropic activity. 2OH-E1 was the only substance which increased plasma LH concentrations. The nuclear receptor occupancy by 2OH-E2 was substantially shorter than that of E2. Binding studies of the test and other related estrogens to the uterine cytosol estradiol receptor showed that their relative binding affinities in many instances did not correlate with their biological activities.", "contents": "Impact of continuously administered catechol estrogens on uterine growth and luteinizing hormone secretion. The biological activity of a series of natural catechol estrogens was examined under conditions of continuous administration. 2-Hydroxyestradiol (2OH-E2), 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OH-E1), 4-methoxyestradiol (4MeOE2), 2-hydroxyestrone (2OH-E1), and 4-methoxyestrone (4MeOE1) were delivered at the rate of 1 microgram/h from osmotic pumps implanted in ovariectomized rats. Uterine growth and plasma LH concentrations were measured 24, 48, and 72 h after implantation. Little or no uterotropic activity was exhibited by the 2-hydroxylated metabolites 2OH-E1 and 2MeOE2 at any interval, while 2OH-E2 exhibited anomalous uterotropic activity, which terminated at 48 h. The 4-hydroxylated compounds 4MeOE2, 4OH-E1, and 4MeOE1 all produced substantial and progressive uterine growth. Tonic LH secretion was suppressed by 2OH-E2, 4OH-E1, and 4MeOE1 in proportion to their uterotropic activity. 2OH-E1 was the only substance which increased plasma LH concentrations. The nuclear receptor occupancy by 2OH-E2 was substantially shorter than that of E2. Binding studies of the test and other related estrogens to the uterine cytosol estradiol receptor showed that their relative binding affinities in many instances did not correlate with their biological activities.", "PMID": 499073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4155", "title": "The insulin receptor of embryonic chicken cartilage.", "content": "Highly purified plasma membranes have been obtained from embryonic chicken cartilage by physical means rather than enzymatic digestion. Rapid and reversible binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to these membranes is demonstrated. Similar to the insulin-binding properties of rat liver and adipocytes and human mononuclear cells, optimal specific binding of insulin to chondrocyte plasma membranes has a sharp pH optimum at 8.0, and maximal binding occurs at 2--4 C. Analysis of equilibrium binding reveals a curvilinear Scatchard plot, whose high affinity segment generates a maximum affinity of 1.0 X 10(9) M-1, and a receptor concentration of 0.4 pmol/mg membrane protein. This affinity constant is similar to those generated for insulin binding to membranes prepared from embryonic chicken liver (2.5 X 10(9) M-1), rat liver (1.4 X 10(9) M-1), and mouse liver (0.6 X 10(9) M-1), whereas the receptor concentration is less than that of embryonic chicken liver membranes (1.1 pmol/mg), which in turn was less than those of rat liver membranes (2.8 pmol/mg) and mouse liver membranes (3.5 pmol/mg). Kinetic studies show augmentation of insulin-receptor dissociation by excess insulin when initial receptor occupancy, is low, suggesting that negative cooperativity is present. There is little or no interaction of other hormones with the chondrocyte insulin receptor, with the exception of proinsulin and the insulin-like growth factors. Porcine proinsulin, bovine proinsulin, somatomedin C, and nonsuppressible insulin-like protein prevent [125I]iodoinsulin binding to chondrocyte plasma membranes with dose-response curves which are parallel to that of unlabeled porcine insulin itself, but with molar potencies relative to porcine insulin of 15%, 9%, 2.5%, and 1.4%, respectively. Porcine insulin and proinsulin both prevent binding of [125I]iodosomatomedin C to chondrocyte plasma membranes but with molar potencies less than 1% that of unlabeled somatomedin C. These observations are consistent with the presence of a specific independent insulin receptor in embryonic chicken cartilage which is similar in its characteristics to the insulin receptor in previously described tissues. Insulin has a weak interaction with the chondrocyte receptor for somatomedin C. Interaction with the somatomedin receptor may be the mechanism by which insulin exerts anabolic effects on cartilage when used in pharmacological amounts.", "contents": "The insulin receptor of embryonic chicken cartilage. Highly purified plasma membranes have been obtained from embryonic chicken cartilage by physical means rather than enzymatic digestion. Rapid and reversible binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to these membranes is demonstrated. Similar to the insulin-binding properties of rat liver and adipocytes and human mononuclear cells, optimal specific binding of insulin to chondrocyte plasma membranes has a sharp pH optimum at 8.0, and maximal binding occurs at 2--4 C. Analysis of equilibrium binding reveals a curvilinear Scatchard plot, whose high affinity segment generates a maximum affinity of 1.0 X 10(9) M-1, and a receptor concentration of 0.4 pmol/mg membrane protein. This affinity constant is similar to those generated for insulin binding to membranes prepared from embryonic chicken liver (2.5 X 10(9) M-1), rat liver (1.4 X 10(9) M-1), and mouse liver (0.6 X 10(9) M-1), whereas the receptor concentration is less than that of embryonic chicken liver membranes (1.1 pmol/mg), which in turn was less than those of rat liver membranes (2.8 pmol/mg) and mouse liver membranes (3.5 pmol/mg). Kinetic studies show augmentation of insulin-receptor dissociation by excess insulin when initial receptor occupancy, is low, suggesting that negative cooperativity is present. There is little or no interaction of other hormones with the chondrocyte insulin receptor, with the exception of proinsulin and the insulin-like growth factors. Porcine proinsulin, bovine proinsulin, somatomedin C, and nonsuppressible insulin-like protein prevent [125I]iodoinsulin binding to chondrocyte plasma membranes with dose-response curves which are parallel to that of unlabeled porcine insulin itself, but with molar potencies relative to porcine insulin of 15%, 9%, 2.5%, and 1.4%, respectively. Porcine insulin and proinsulin both prevent binding of [125I]iodosomatomedin C to chondrocyte plasma membranes but with molar potencies less than 1% that of unlabeled somatomedin C. These observations are consistent with the presence of a specific independent insulin receptor in embryonic chicken cartilage which is similar in its characteristics to the insulin receptor in previously described tissues. Insulin has a weak interaction with the chondrocyte receptor for somatomedin C. Interaction with the somatomedin receptor may be the mechanism by which insulin exerts anabolic effects on cartilage when used in pharmacological amounts.", "PMID": 499074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4156", "title": "Phylogenetic and anatomical distribution of somatostatin in vertebrates.", "content": "Immunoreactive GH release-inhibiting factor [somatostatin (SRIF)] was detected in hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, pancreas, and stomach extracts of the rat, pigeon, tortoise, frog, teleost (cichlid), and elasmobranch (dogfish) and in the whole brain of the cyclostome (hagfish). The SRIF concentration was higher in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract than in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain in most species. Extracts of the various tissues from the different species assayed in serial dilutions gave displacement curves parallel to those of synthetic mammalian SRIF. Cation exchange chromatography of hypothalamic extracts from the various species revealed two major immunoreactive peaks, one of which correpsonds to synthetic SRIF in elution volume, the other being less basic. Affinity chromatography-purified immunoreactive SRIF from frog brain, pancreas, and stomach extracts coeluted with synthetic SRIF in high pressure liquid chromatography. The results indicate that immunoreactive SRIF in various tissues and in different vertebrates is indistinguishable and suggest that there has been no change in the molecule during at least 400 million yr of evolution.", "contents": "Phylogenetic and anatomical distribution of somatostatin in vertebrates. Immunoreactive GH release-inhibiting factor [somatostatin (SRIF)] was detected in hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain, pancreas, and stomach extracts of the rat, pigeon, tortoise, frog, teleost (cichlid), and elasmobranch (dogfish) and in the whole brain of the cyclostome (hagfish). The SRIF concentration was higher in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract than in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain in most species. Extracts of the various tissues from the different species assayed in serial dilutions gave displacement curves parallel to those of synthetic mammalian SRIF. Cation exchange chromatography of hypothalamic extracts from the various species revealed two major immunoreactive peaks, one of which correpsonds to synthetic SRIF in elution volume, the other being less basic. Affinity chromatography-purified immunoreactive SRIF from frog brain, pancreas, and stomach extracts coeluted with synthetic SRIF in high pressure liquid chromatography. The results indicate that immunoreactive SRIF in various tissues and in different vertebrates is indistinguishable and suggest that there has been no change in the molecule during at least 400 million yr of evolution.", "PMID": 499075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4157", "title": "A new perspective on the mechanism of corpus luteum regression.", "content": "Wide angle x-ray diffraction has been used to examine the phase behavior of microsomal membranes from regressing corpora lutea of prepubertal pseudopregnant rats. During periods of optimal progesterone secretion, all of the membrane lipid was in the liquid-crystalline phase at physiological temperature and, therefore, was fluid. However, mixtures of liquid-crystalline and gel phase lipid were observed under identical conditions in microsomal membrane preparations from animals undergoing spontaneous or prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced regression. This was accompanied by a parallel rise in the lipid phase transition temperature. In addition, the proportion of lipid in the gel phase increased with time after prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment. These results indicate that the mechanism of corpus luteum regression may involve phase changes in the phospholipid bilayer of cellular membranes. The resulting presence of gel phase lipid in the membrane matrices could contribute to the loss of tissue function.", "contents": "A new perspective on the mechanism of corpus luteum regression. Wide angle x-ray diffraction has been used to examine the phase behavior of microsomal membranes from regressing corpora lutea of prepubertal pseudopregnant rats. During periods of optimal progesterone secretion, all of the membrane lipid was in the liquid-crystalline phase at physiological temperature and, therefore, was fluid. However, mixtures of liquid-crystalline and gel phase lipid were observed under identical conditions in microsomal membrane preparations from animals undergoing spontaneous or prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced regression. This was accompanied by a parallel rise in the lipid phase transition temperature. In addition, the proportion of lipid in the gel phase increased with time after prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment. These results indicate that the mechanism of corpus luteum regression may involve phase changes in the phospholipid bilayer of cellular membranes. The resulting presence of gel phase lipid in the membrane matrices could contribute to the loss of tissue function.", "PMID": 499076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4158", "title": "Effects of estradiol and the antiestrogen tamoxifen on steroid hormone receptor concentration and nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activities in rat uteri.", "content": "The antiestrogen tamoxifen has been used successfully in the treatment of breast cancer. In an attempt to elucidate its mode of action, its effects on steroid hormone receptor concentration and RNA polymerase activities in the uteri of ovariectomized rats have been compared with those of estradiol. A single dose of estradiol and tamoxifen, separately or in combination, produced slight increases in uterine wet weight 12 h after injection. Whereas both estradiol and tamoxifen could promote translocation of the estrogen receptor, only estradiol caused cytoplasmic replenishment of the receptor. Both compounds, separately and in combination, stimulated the production of cytoplasmic progesterone receptor 12 h after treatment. Estradiol produced and maintained significant elevations in RNA polymerase I activity, whereas the effects on this enzyme brought about by taxoxifen were less and transitory. However, estrogen and antiestrogen caused equal increases in RNA polymerase II activity, but, again, the effects of taxoxifen were shortlived when compared to those brought about by estradiol. Stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity was due to the availability of increased numbers of apparent initiation sites. These results point to a basic inefficacy in the antiestrogen-receptor complex; although it is able to promote early tissue responses characteristic of an estrogen, these cannot be sufficiently maintained.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol and the antiestrogen tamoxifen on steroid hormone receptor concentration and nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activities in rat uteri. The antiestrogen tamoxifen has been used successfully in the treatment of breast cancer. In an attempt to elucidate its mode of action, its effects on steroid hormone receptor concentration and RNA polymerase activities in the uteri of ovariectomized rats have been compared with those of estradiol. A single dose of estradiol and tamoxifen, separately or in combination, produced slight increases in uterine wet weight 12 h after injection. Whereas both estradiol and tamoxifen could promote translocation of the estrogen receptor, only estradiol caused cytoplasmic replenishment of the receptor. Both compounds, separately and in combination, stimulated the production of cytoplasmic progesterone receptor 12 h after treatment. Estradiol produced and maintained significant elevations in RNA polymerase I activity, whereas the effects on this enzyme brought about by taxoxifen were less and transitory. However, estrogen and antiestrogen caused equal increases in RNA polymerase II activity, but, again, the effects of taxoxifen were shortlived when compared to those brought about by estradiol. Stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity was due to the availability of increased numbers of apparent initiation sites. These results point to a basic inefficacy in the antiestrogen-receptor complex; although it is able to promote early tissue responses characteristic of an estrogen, these cannot be sufficiently maintained.", "PMID": 499077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4159", "title": "Characterization of different forms of the androgen receptor.", "content": "Three forms of the androgen receptor have been characterized at high ionic strength in partially purified cytosol and nuclear fractions of rat ventral prostate, epididymis, testis, and seminal vesicle by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose, gel filtration in Sephadex G-200, and sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The three forms have the following properties, respectively: elution from phosphocellulose at 0.15--0.20, 0.3--0.5, and 0.20--0.32 M KCl; gel filtration radii of 53, 36, and 22 A; sedimentation coefficients of 5.0S, 3.6S, and 3.0S; frictional ratios of 1.65, 1.4, and 1.0; and molecular weights of 115,000, 55,000, and 29,000. In testis and epididymis cytosol, the 53 A, 5S form was more abundant than the 36 A, 3.6S form. In ventral prostate, the 36 A, 3.6S receptor was the predominant form. Variable amounts of all three forms were observed in seminal vesicles. Conversion from 36 A, 3.6S to 22 A, 3.0S was induced by heating ventral prostate cytosol and could be blocked by serine protease inhibitors. The 22 A, 3.0S receptor fragment from heated prostate cytosol was similar in size and symmetry to receptor extracted in 0.5 M KCl from prostate nuclei labeled in vivo. Extracts of epididymis and seminal vesicle nuclei contained both 36 and 22 A forms.", "contents": "Characterization of different forms of the androgen receptor. Three forms of the androgen receptor have been characterized at high ionic strength in partially purified cytosol and nuclear fractions of rat ventral prostate, epididymis, testis, and seminal vesicle by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose, gel filtration in Sephadex G-200, and sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The three forms have the following properties, respectively: elution from phosphocellulose at 0.15--0.20, 0.3--0.5, and 0.20--0.32 M KCl; gel filtration radii of 53, 36, and 22 A; sedimentation coefficients of 5.0S, 3.6S, and 3.0S; frictional ratios of 1.65, 1.4, and 1.0; and molecular weights of 115,000, 55,000, and 29,000. In testis and epididymis cytosol, the 53 A, 5S form was more abundant than the 36 A, 3.6S form. In ventral prostate, the 36 A, 3.6S receptor was the predominant form. Variable amounts of all three forms were observed in seminal vesicles. Conversion from 36 A, 3.6S to 22 A, 3.0S was induced by heating ventral prostate cytosol and could be blocked by serine protease inhibitors. The 22 A, 3.0S receptor fragment from heated prostate cytosol was similar in size and symmetry to receptor extracted in 0.5 M KCl from prostate nuclei labeled in vivo. Extracts of epididymis and seminal vesicle nuclei contained both 36 and 22 A forms.", "PMID": 499078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4160", "title": "Estrogen-binding proteins in the oviduct of the turtle, Chrysemys picta: evidence for a receptor species.", "content": "Estradiol-binding proteins in the reproductive tract of the turtle, Chrysemys picta, were characterized. Cytosol was prepared from the oviducts of mature female turtles, and estradiol binding was measured using charcoal adsorption and glycerol density gradient centrifugation. A sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) similar to that found in turtle plasma was demonstrated in oviduct cytosol. The characteristics of this SBP-like binding were as follows: Ka = 10(8) M-1; capacity, 10(-12) mol/mg protein; and sedimentation coefficient, 6--7S in low salt gradients. The SBP-like protein binds testosterone and progesterone as well as 17 beta-estradiol but does not bind diethylstilbestrol. No receptor-like binding activity could be demonstrated using these techniques. Explant culture and DNA cellulose affinity chromatography were used to remove the SBP-like material before assay of [3H]estradiol binding. Using these techniques, a high affinity (Ka = 10(9) M-1), low capacity (n = 10(-14) mol/mg cytosol protein) estradiol receptor was demonstrated. The putative turtle receptor exhibits steroid specificity and sedimentation profiles (6S and 8S in low salt, 4S and 5S in high salt) comparable to those of estrogen receptors in mammalian species. These results suggest a certain degree of physiochemical similarity between putative estrogen receptors in mammalian and turtle reproductive tracts.", "contents": "Estrogen-binding proteins in the oviduct of the turtle, Chrysemys picta: evidence for a receptor species. Estradiol-binding proteins in the reproductive tract of the turtle, Chrysemys picta, were characterized. Cytosol was prepared from the oviducts of mature female turtles, and estradiol binding was measured using charcoal adsorption and glycerol density gradient centrifugation. A sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) similar to that found in turtle plasma was demonstrated in oviduct cytosol. The characteristics of this SBP-like binding were as follows: Ka = 10(8) M-1; capacity, 10(-12) mol/mg protein; and sedimentation coefficient, 6--7S in low salt gradients. The SBP-like protein binds testosterone and progesterone as well as 17 beta-estradiol but does not bind diethylstilbestrol. No receptor-like binding activity could be demonstrated using these techniques. Explant culture and DNA cellulose affinity chromatography were used to remove the SBP-like material before assay of [3H]estradiol binding. Using these techniques, a high affinity (Ka = 10(9) M-1), low capacity (n = 10(-14) mol/mg cytosol protein) estradiol receptor was demonstrated. The putative turtle receptor exhibits steroid specificity and sedimentation profiles (6S and 8S in low salt, 4S and 5S in high salt) comparable to those of estrogen receptors in mammalian species. These results suggest a certain degree of physiochemical similarity between putative estrogen receptors in mammalian and turtle reproductive tracts.", "PMID": 499079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4161", "title": "Enhancement of immunoreactive somatostatin release into hypophysial portal blood by electrical stimulation of the preoptic area in the rat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area resulted in a significant increase in the secretion rate of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) and its concentration in the hypophysial portal blood of urethane-anesthetized rats. In contrast, stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus did not cause any changes in portal immunoreactive somatostatin. The flow rate of portal blood also increased significantly by electrical stimuli to the preoptic area but not to the ventromedial hypothalamus. These findings support the view that the preoptic area plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of GH secretion by increasing the release of somatostatin into hypophysial portal vessels in the rat.", "contents": "Enhancement of immunoreactive somatostatin release into hypophysial portal blood by electrical stimulation of the preoptic area in the rat. Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area resulted in a significant increase in the secretion rate of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) and its concentration in the hypophysial portal blood of urethane-anesthetized rats. In contrast, stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus did not cause any changes in portal immunoreactive somatostatin. The flow rate of portal blood also increased significantly by electrical stimuli to the preoptic area but not to the ventromedial hypothalamus. These findings support the view that the preoptic area plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of GH secretion by increasing the release of somatostatin into hypophysial portal vessels in the rat.", "PMID": 499080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4162", "title": "Properties of somatostatin-like immunoreactive polypeptides in the canine extrahypothalamic brain and stomach.", "content": "Polypeptides with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and approximate molecular weights of 12,000, 3,000, and 1,600 were isolated from acid extracts of the canine extrahypothalamic brain and stomach by affinity chromatography, ion exchange, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. The 12,000-dalton SLI was acidic, whereas the 3,000- and 1,600-dalton forms were basic molecules. All SLI fractions diluted proportionally in a RIA employing an antibody directed toward the central region of somatostatin. Like synthetic somatostatin, the 1,600-dalton SLI inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats. Neither of the two larger forms of SLI were dissociated by 6 M guanidinium HCl. However, treatment with dithiothreitol, which reduces disulfide bonds, resulted in the conversion of a large portion of the 12,000-dalton SLI to the 1,600-dalton form. These data are compatible with a model of a 12,000-dalton SLI consisting of somatostatin bound to an acidic polypeptide by a peptide bond and a disulfide bond. Variations in the relative rates of hydrolysis of the peptide bonds and reduction of the disulfide bonds in different tissues may result in three forms of the 12,000-dalton polypeptide in which both bonds are intact or one of the two bonds is cleaved.", "contents": "Properties of somatostatin-like immunoreactive polypeptides in the canine extrahypothalamic brain and stomach. Polypeptides with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and approximate molecular weights of 12,000, 3,000, and 1,600 were isolated from acid extracts of the canine extrahypothalamic brain and stomach by affinity chromatography, ion exchange, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. The 12,000-dalton SLI was acidic, whereas the 3,000- and 1,600-dalton forms were basic molecules. All SLI fractions diluted proportionally in a RIA employing an antibody directed toward the central region of somatostatin. Like synthetic somatostatin, the 1,600-dalton SLI inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats. Neither of the two larger forms of SLI were dissociated by 6 M guanidinium HCl. However, treatment with dithiothreitol, which reduces disulfide bonds, resulted in the conversion of a large portion of the 12,000-dalton SLI to the 1,600-dalton form. These data are compatible with a model of a 12,000-dalton SLI consisting of somatostatin bound to an acidic polypeptide by a peptide bond and a disulfide bond. Variations in the relative rates of hydrolysis of the peptide bonds and reduction of the disulfide bonds in different tissues may result in three forms of the 12,000-dalton polypeptide in which both bonds are intact or one of the two bonds is cleaved.", "PMID": 499081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4163", "title": "Protein carboxyl-methylation in rat testes: a study of inherited and X-ray-induced seminiferous tubule failure.", "content": "Protein carboxyl-methylase (PCM), the enzyme that transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl-methionine to free carboxyl groups on proteins, is highly localized in testes. The cellular distribution of PCM and its substrates, the methyl acceptor proteins, was investigated. Separation of testicular cells on an albumin gravity gradient revealed the preferential localization of both enzyme and substrates in spermatids. In young rats, PCM activity increases with age coincidently with germ cell maturation. Rats which are heterozygous for the Hre gene (Hre/+) are infertile as a result of germ cell depletion. In these animals, testicular PCM specific activity and total activity were, respectively, 4--6 and 40--50 times lower than in normal testes. Enzyme activity in testes from animals with x-ray-induced germ cell depletion was also very low. These observations suggest that PCM is located in germ cells.", "contents": "Protein carboxyl-methylation in rat testes: a study of inherited and X-ray-induced seminiferous tubule failure. Protein carboxyl-methylase (PCM), the enzyme that transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl-methionine to free carboxyl groups on proteins, is highly localized in testes. The cellular distribution of PCM and its substrates, the methyl acceptor proteins, was investigated. Separation of testicular cells on an albumin gravity gradient revealed the preferential localization of both enzyme and substrates in spermatids. In young rats, PCM activity increases with age coincidently with germ cell maturation. Rats which are heterozygous for the Hre gene (Hre/+) are infertile as a result of germ cell depletion. In these animals, testicular PCM specific activity and total activity were, respectively, 4--6 and 40--50 times lower than in normal testes. Enzyme activity in testes from animals with x-ray-induced germ cell depletion was also very low. These observations suggest that PCM is located in germ cells.", "PMID": 499082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4164", "title": "Central nervous system insulin receptors in normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "The presence of specific insulin receptors in homogenates of various parts of the rat brain was demonstrated. Hypothalamic preparations exhibited the greatest insulin binding. Scatchard plots of the binding data were typically curvilinear. Insulin binding to the brain homogenates was influenced by pH, incubation time, temperature, and ionic milieu. The specificity of insulin binding to the brain homogenates was demonstrated by partial displacement of labeled insulin by insulin analogs according to their biological activities and by inhibition of insulin binding by serum containing an antibody to insulin receptors. Insulin binding to brain homogenates from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was similar to that from control animals and failed to indicate up-regulation of these receptors.", "contents": "Central nervous system insulin receptors in normal and diabetic rats. The presence of specific insulin receptors in homogenates of various parts of the rat brain was demonstrated. Hypothalamic preparations exhibited the greatest insulin binding. Scatchard plots of the binding data were typically curvilinear. Insulin binding to the brain homogenates was influenced by pH, incubation time, temperature, and ionic milieu. The specificity of insulin binding to the brain homogenates was demonstrated by partial displacement of labeled insulin by insulin analogs according to their biological activities and by inhibition of insulin binding by serum containing an antibody to insulin receptors. Insulin binding to brain homogenates from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was similar to that from control animals and failed to indicate up-regulation of these receptors.", "PMID": 499083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4165", "title": "The influence of calcium on the basal and acetylcholine-stimulated secretion of pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "The influence of calcium on basal and acetylcholine-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion was investigated in an isolated pancreatico-duodenal preparation and compared to the secretion of glucagon and insulin. The stimulatory effect of 5 mmol/liter calcium on PP release was of the same magnitude as that obtained by 5 mmol/liter arginine or 10 nmol/liter isoproterenol but only one fifth of the PP response to acetycholine (1 mumol/liter). All stimuli were equipotent with respect to insulin and glucagon release. The acetylcholine (1 mumol/liter)-stimulated PP release was almost identical at calcium concentrations of 1.3 and 6.3 mmol/liter, whereas glucagon release was calcium dependent, with higher responses at high (6.3 mmol/liter) than at normal (1.3 mmol/liter) calcium concentrations. In a calcium-depleted medium, acetylcholine induced a prompt, short-lived, but repeatable PP response, whereas no increase in glucagon or insulin was found. Further, when calcium influx into cells was blocked by excess magnesium (5.0 mmol/liter), the basal and acetylcholine (1 mumol/liter)-stimulated PP secretion was only inhibited by 12% (P = NS) and 42% (2P less than 0.05), respectively, whereas glucagon release was inhibited 56% (2P less than 0.001) and 76% (2P less than 0.01), respectively. It is concluded that the secretion of PP is influenced by calcium ions; however, the PP release is much less dependent on extracellular calcium ions than are insulin and glucagon secretions.", "contents": "The influence of calcium on the basal and acetylcholine-stimulated secretion of pancreatic polypeptide. The influence of calcium on basal and acetylcholine-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion was investigated in an isolated pancreatico-duodenal preparation and compared to the secretion of glucagon and insulin. The stimulatory effect of 5 mmol/liter calcium on PP release was of the same magnitude as that obtained by 5 mmol/liter arginine or 10 nmol/liter isoproterenol but only one fifth of the PP response to acetycholine (1 mumol/liter). All stimuli were equipotent with respect to insulin and glucagon release. The acetylcholine (1 mumol/liter)-stimulated PP release was almost identical at calcium concentrations of 1.3 and 6.3 mmol/liter, whereas glucagon release was calcium dependent, with higher responses at high (6.3 mmol/liter) than at normal (1.3 mmol/liter) calcium concentrations. In a calcium-depleted medium, acetylcholine induced a prompt, short-lived, but repeatable PP response, whereas no increase in glucagon or insulin was found. Further, when calcium influx into cells was blocked by excess magnesium (5.0 mmol/liter), the basal and acetylcholine (1 mumol/liter)-stimulated PP secretion was only inhibited by 12% (P = NS) and 42% (2P less than 0.05), respectively, whereas glucagon release was inhibited 56% (2P less than 0.001) and 76% (2P less than 0.01), respectively. It is concluded that the secretion of PP is influenced by calcium ions; however, the PP release is much less dependent on extracellular calcium ions than are insulin and glucagon secretions.", "PMID": 499084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4166", "title": "Prolonged stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity and testosterone production by cholera enterotoxin with suppression of gonadotropin release in rats.", "content": "Endocrine effects of cholera enterotoxin (CET) on male gonads were investigated in normal and hypophysectomized rats. After intratesticular injection of 5 micrograms of CET in the bilateral testes of normal rats, serum testosterone concentration remarkably increased after 24 hr, remained significantly elevated for at least 3 days and returned to the control level in 7 days. Serum LH level decreased in the undetectable range after 1--3 days; serum FSH level also significantly decreased after 3 days. Both gonadotropin levels increased 28 days after the injection, when the CET-injected testis decreased in weight and was accompanied by marked loss of germinal cells. When 5 micrograms of CET was injected intratesticularly in the bilateral testes of hypophysectomized rats, adenylate cyclase activity of a CET-injected testis was remarkably stimulated after 6 hr, remained four times elevated for at least 3 days and returned to the control level in 7 days. In relatively good accordance with the increase in adenylate cyclase activity, testosterone content remarkably enhanced in the CET-injected testis. These in vivo data indicate that the intratesticular injection of CET prolongedly stimulates the adenylate cyclase activity of testicular cells including Leydig cells and increases testosterone production, and suggest that the prolonged enzyme stimulation results in the sustained elevation of serum testosterone concentration for at least 3 days, causing the stimulation of the negative feedback mechanism of hypophysealtesticular axis to decrease serum LH levels in the undetectable range.", "contents": "Prolonged stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity and testosterone production by cholera enterotoxin with suppression of gonadotropin release in rats. Endocrine effects of cholera enterotoxin (CET) on male gonads were investigated in normal and hypophysectomized rats. After intratesticular injection of 5 micrograms of CET in the bilateral testes of normal rats, serum testosterone concentration remarkably increased after 24 hr, remained significantly elevated for at least 3 days and returned to the control level in 7 days. Serum LH level decreased in the undetectable range after 1--3 days; serum FSH level also significantly decreased after 3 days. Both gonadotropin levels increased 28 days after the injection, when the CET-injected testis decreased in weight and was accompanied by marked loss of germinal cells. When 5 micrograms of CET was injected intratesticularly in the bilateral testes of hypophysectomized rats, adenylate cyclase activity of a CET-injected testis was remarkably stimulated after 6 hr, remained four times elevated for at least 3 days and returned to the control level in 7 days. In relatively good accordance with the increase in adenylate cyclase activity, testosterone content remarkably enhanced in the CET-injected testis. These in vivo data indicate that the intratesticular injection of CET prolongedly stimulates the adenylate cyclase activity of testicular cells including Leydig cells and increases testosterone production, and suggest that the prolonged enzyme stimulation results in the sustained elevation of serum testosterone concentration for at least 3 days, causing the stimulation of the negative feedback mechanism of hypophysealtesticular axis to decrease serum LH levels in the undetectable range.", "PMID": 499086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4167", "title": "Studies on the translocation inhibitor of 3H-dexamethasone-receptor complex.", "content": "Recent reports on the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes to rat liver nuclei suggested the presence of components which inhibited the binding. The inhibitory component(s) of the receptor translocation was observed not only in the cytosol of the liver but also in cytosols of the kidney, the spleen and the thymus. The cytoplasmic levels of the inhibitor in these tissues were not modified by the administration of Dexamthasone (DEX). The liver inhibitor was macromolecular and clearly separated from the DEX-receptor complex on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The mechanism of the inhibition seemed to be an interaction between the inhibitor and the steroid-receptor complex. In addition, the inhibition seemed to be less specific for the bindings of different steroid-receptor complexes to nuclei. The bindings of hepatic 3H-DEX-receptor complex by nuclei derived from livers of adrenalectomized and DEX-treated rats, in the presence or absence of the translocation inhibitor, were similar.", "contents": "Studies on the translocation inhibitor of 3H-dexamethasone-receptor complex. Recent reports on the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes to rat liver nuclei suggested the presence of components which inhibited the binding. The inhibitory component(s) of the receptor translocation was observed not only in the cytosol of the liver but also in cytosols of the kidney, the spleen and the thymus. The cytoplasmic levels of the inhibitor in these tissues were not modified by the administration of Dexamthasone (DEX). The liver inhibitor was macromolecular and clearly separated from the DEX-receptor complex on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The mechanism of the inhibition seemed to be an interaction between the inhibitor and the steroid-receptor complex. In addition, the inhibition seemed to be less specific for the bindings of different steroid-receptor complexes to nuclei. The bindings of hepatic 3H-DEX-receptor complex by nuclei derived from livers of adrenalectomized and DEX-treated rats, in the presence or absence of the translocation inhibitor, were similar.", "PMID": 499087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4168", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E1 on renin and aldosterone in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was studied in the hypertensive subjects treated with or without 75 mg indomethacin or 60 mg propranolol for a week. Subsequent to the treatment with indomethacin for a week, PRA and PAC levels were decreased as compared to the control, without changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. During the infusion of PGE1, the blood pressure was decreased and the pulse rate was increased. PRA and PAC levels were also elevated. These changes of parameters were not different between the control and the indomethacin-treated subjects. PRA and PAC were suppressed after the treatment with propranolol. With the infusion of PGE1, the level of PRA was not significantly elevated, while, PAC was significantly increased by the infusion of 100 ng/Kg/min of PGE1. During the infusion of PGE1, the blood pressure was decreased while the pulse rate was increased in the subjects treated with propranolol. However, the elevation of the pulse rate was less remarkable than the control. These data indicate that PGE1 have important roles in the regulation of the release of renin and aldosterone. These findings also suggest that PGE1 may act to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone in man.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E1 on renin and aldosterone in hypertensive patients. The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was studied in the hypertensive subjects treated with or without 75 mg indomethacin or 60 mg propranolol for a week. Subsequent to the treatment with indomethacin for a week, PRA and PAC levels were decreased as compared to the control, without changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. During the infusion of PGE1, the blood pressure was decreased and the pulse rate was increased. PRA and PAC levels were also elevated. These changes of parameters were not different between the control and the indomethacin-treated subjects. PRA and PAC were suppressed after the treatment with propranolol. With the infusion of PGE1, the level of PRA was not significantly elevated, while, PAC was significantly increased by the infusion of 100 ng/Kg/min of PGE1. During the infusion of PGE1, the blood pressure was decreased while the pulse rate was increased in the subjects treated with propranolol. However, the elevation of the pulse rate was less remarkable than the control. These data indicate that PGE1 have important roles in the regulation of the release of renin and aldosterone. These findings also suggest that PGE1 may act to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone in man.", "PMID": 499089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4169", "title": "Hyperglycemic factor in submandibular glands and its etiological relations to diabetes mellitus in mice.", "content": "Bilateral ligation of both the submandibular and parotid ducts of adult normal and mutant hyperinsulinemic diabetic mice resulted in a significant hypoglycemic effect. Therefore, we postulated that duct ligation may result in the removal of hyperglycemic factor (Hoshino et al., 1976) rather than a change in insulin sensitivity. Indeed, no change in specific binding of 125I-insulin was observed in membrane fractions from several tissues obtained from mice of either sex or strains before and after duct ligation. After slices of the submandibular gland were incubated for 4 hr in Eagle's medium, an aliquot of the culture medium was injected i.p. into normal adult mice. A signigicant hyperglycemic effect was observed in 30 min in the injected animals. Eluates obtained by gel filtration of the crude extract of the submandibular gland were injected into normal adult mice, and hyperglycemia ensued. Thus, it is postulated that ligation of salivary ducts results in glandular atrophy and disappearance of the hyperglycemic factor which in turn leads to hypoglycemia and amelioration of diabetes mellitus, particularly of hyperinsulinemic type.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic factor in submandibular glands and its etiological relations to diabetes mellitus in mice. Bilateral ligation of both the submandibular and parotid ducts of adult normal and mutant hyperinsulinemic diabetic mice resulted in a significant hypoglycemic effect. Therefore, we postulated that duct ligation may result in the removal of hyperglycemic factor (Hoshino et al., 1976) rather than a change in insulin sensitivity. Indeed, no change in specific binding of 125I-insulin was observed in membrane fractions from several tissues obtained from mice of either sex or strains before and after duct ligation. After slices of the submandibular gland were incubated for 4 hr in Eagle's medium, an aliquot of the culture medium was injected i.p. into normal adult mice. A signigicant hyperglycemic effect was observed in 30 min in the injected animals. Eluates obtained by gel filtration of the crude extract of the submandibular gland were injected into normal adult mice, and hyperglycemia ensued. Thus, it is postulated that ligation of salivary ducts results in glandular atrophy and disappearance of the hyperglycemic factor which in turn leads to hypoglycemia and amelioration of diabetes mellitus, particularly of hyperinsulinemic type.", "PMID": 499090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4170", "title": "Nuclear progesterone receptor in the hen pituitary and hypothalamus.", "content": "The existence of specific progesterone-binding sites with a high affinity and a limited capacity was demonstrated by [3H]progesterone exchange in the nuclear fractions of the pituitary and hypothalamus as well as in those of the oviduct magnum in the hen.", "contents": "Nuclear progesterone receptor in the hen pituitary and hypothalamus. The existence of specific progesterone-binding sites with a high affinity and a limited capacity was demonstrated by [3H]progesterone exchange in the nuclear fractions of the pituitary and hypothalamus as well as in those of the oviduct magnum in the hen.", "PMID": 499091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4171", "title": "Presence of triiodothyronine, no detectable thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine in human milk.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triodothyronine (rT3) concentrations in human milk were measured by radioimmunoassay in 114 samples obtained from 1 week to 8 months postpartum. Several assay systems applied for the determination of serum thyroid hormone concentration were proved to be unsuitable for human milk, and the method of separating free and antibody-bound hormone by polyethylene glycol was also inappropriate for milk specimens, which tended to give a falsely high value. The binding of finity  of T4 to milk was lower than that to serum protein, on which 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid showed no remarkable effect. In spite of the high sensitivity of 100 pg/tub in T4 assay system, no immunoassayable T4 was detected in all samples with or without ethanol extraction and trypsin hydrolysates of milk. In contrast, T3 was present in a measurable amount in most of the samples, the mean +/- SD value of which was 10 +/- 9 ng/100 ml, and those in colostrum were significantly higher than those in matured milk (P less than 0.01), whereas rT3 was not detectable in 76 samples tested. These results indicate that permeability of thyroid hormones through the mammary gland is different between T4 and T3 as well as in placental transport, and human milk can not be a source of thyroxine supply for the breast-fed infant.", "contents": "Presence of triiodothyronine, no detectable thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine in human milk. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triodothyronine (rT3) concentrations in human milk were measured by radioimmunoassay in 114 samples obtained from 1 week to 8 months postpartum. Several assay systems applied for the determination of serum thyroid hormone concentration were proved to be unsuitable for human milk, and the method of separating free and antibody-bound hormone by polyethylene glycol was also inappropriate for milk specimens, which tended to give a falsely high value. The binding of finity  of T4 to milk was lower than that to serum protein, on which 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid showed no remarkable effect. In spite of the high sensitivity of 100 pg/tub in T4 assay system, no immunoassayable T4 was detected in all samples with or without ethanol extraction and trypsin hydrolysates of milk. In contrast, T3 was present in a measurable amount in most of the samples, the mean +/- SD value of which was 10 +/- 9 ng/100 ml, and those in colostrum were significantly higher than those in matured milk (P less than 0.01), whereas rT3 was not detectable in 76 samples tested. These results indicate that permeability of thyroid hormones through the mammary gland is different between T4 and T3 as well as in placental transport, and human milk can not be a source of thyroxine supply for the breast-fed infant.", "PMID": 499092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4172", "title": "Quantitative protein changes in the hypothalamic neurons of pubertal male rats, castrated neonatally.", "content": "The effect of neonatal castration of male rats on the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus at puberty was studied. Male rats were castrated on days 1, 5 and 7 after birth. Their brains were processed for study on days 83-85. The neurons and cell nuclei of the preoptic area, mediobasal and ventromedial nuclei were assessed for changes in cell and nuclear sizes and dry weight (calculated using interferometric methods). Neonatal castration resulted in size as well as dry weight increase in the neurons of the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus. The dry weight increased by 34% (P less than 0.001) in the medial preoptic area, by 25% (P less than 0.001) in the arcuate neurons and by 22% (P less than 0.001) in the ventromedial nucleus. The cell nuclei exhibited perceptible weight increase too--in the medial preoptic area 68% (P less than 0.001); 55% in the arcuate neurons (P less than 0.001), and 39% in the ventromedial region. The weight and size increases in neonatally castrated males were equal to those of females of the same age. In rats castrated on day 7, the cell sizes and dry weights of the ventromedial nucleus increased but the cell nuclei exhibited only little change. It is assumed that the changes in the dry weight may be the result of increased synthetic processes in these groups of neurons which are connected with the tonic and cyclic release of gonadotropins. These changes also point to the hypothalamic differentiation shifting to the female type in the absence of the inducing effect of androgens.", "contents": "Quantitative protein changes in the hypothalamic neurons of pubertal male rats, castrated neonatally. The effect of neonatal castration of male rats on the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus at puberty was studied. Male rats were castrated on days 1, 5 and 7 after birth. Their brains were processed for study on days 83-85. The neurons and cell nuclei of the preoptic area, mediobasal and ventromedial nuclei were assessed for changes in cell and nuclear sizes and dry weight (calculated using interferometric methods). Neonatal castration resulted in size as well as dry weight increase in the neurons of the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus. The dry weight increased by 34% (P less than 0.001) in the medial preoptic area, by 25% (P less than 0.001) in the arcuate neurons and by 22% (P less than 0.001) in the ventromedial nucleus. The cell nuclei exhibited perceptible weight increase too--in the medial preoptic area 68% (P less than 0.001); 55% in the arcuate neurons (P less than 0.001), and 39% in the ventromedial region. The weight and size increases in neonatally castrated males were equal to those of females of the same age. In rats castrated on day 7, the cell sizes and dry weights of the ventromedial nucleus increased but the cell nuclei exhibited only little change. It is assumed that the changes in the dry weight may be the result of increased synthetic processes in these groups of neurons which are connected with the tonic and cyclic release of gonadotropins. These changes also point to the hypothalamic differentiation shifting to the female type in the absence of the inducing effect of androgens.", "PMID": 499093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4173", "title": "Effect of maternal thyroparathyroidectomy before gestation on fetal development in rats.", "content": "Female rats were thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) at 24 (immature), 40 (pubertal) and 75 (matured) days of age, at least 21 days before mating. Thyroxine (2.5 microgram/kg) or parathyroid hormone (150 USP units/kg x 2) was replaced in two TPTX groups. Thyroxine deficient groups of all ages had reduced body weight, litter size and serum thyroxine and calcium level. Fetal weights at 20 days of gestation in all thyroxine deficient groups were significantly reduced but placental weight was generally increased. Maternal serum thyroxine and fetal weight was positively related when all groups were taken together, but maternal serum calcium and fetal weight was not related. There were no significant differences in gross, visceral or skeletal anomalies in the fetuses in any group.", "contents": "Effect of maternal thyroparathyroidectomy before gestation on fetal development in rats. Female rats were thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) at 24 (immature), 40 (pubertal) and 75 (matured) days of age, at least 21 days before mating. Thyroxine (2.5 microgram/kg) or parathyroid hormone (150 USP units/kg x 2) was replaced in two TPTX groups. Thyroxine deficient groups of all ages had reduced body weight, litter size and serum thyroxine and calcium level. Fetal weights at 20 days of gestation in all thyroxine deficient groups were significantly reduced but placental weight was generally increased. Maternal serum thyroxine and fetal weight was positively related when all groups were taken together, but maternal serum calcium and fetal weight was not related. There were no significant differences in gross, visceral or skeletal anomalies in the fetuses in any group.", "PMID": 499094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4174", "title": "Effect of deuterium oxide on the pituitary gonadotrophs of the brown spiny mouse. Mus platythrix Bennett.", "content": "Adult individuals of M. platythrix were maintained on 30 per cent D2O by volume in drinking water at varying periods of time. Qualitative and quantitative changes in pituitary FSH and LH cells were observed. The former revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophy by 10 days attaining their peak of activity and hyalinization by 20 days. In contrast response in the LH cells was rather slow. They showed a significant increase in number after 30 days and hyalinization by 50 days. FSH cells revealed decline in activity by 50 days whereas LH cells attained their peak numerically by 40 days and underwent no change thereafter. These observations suggest that in the adult male D2O reveals: 1. hyperactive influence on the gonadotrophs, and 2. differential in FSH and LH secreting cells.", "contents": "Effect of deuterium oxide on the pituitary gonadotrophs of the brown spiny mouse. Mus platythrix Bennett. Adult individuals of M. platythrix were maintained on 30 per cent D2O by volume in drinking water at varying periods of time. Qualitative and quantitative changes in pituitary FSH and LH cells were observed. The former revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophy by 10 days attaining their peak of activity and hyalinization by 20 days. In contrast response in the LH cells was rather slow. They showed a significant increase in number after 30 days and hyalinization by 50 days. FSH cells revealed decline in activity by 50 days whereas LH cells attained their peak numerically by 40 days and underwent no change thereafter. These observations suggest that in the adult male D2O reveals: 1. hyperactive influence on the gonadotrophs, and 2. differential in FSH and LH secreting cells.", "PMID": 499095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4175", "title": "Inhibition of testicular androgenesis by urinary antigonadotropins and melatonin in rats.", "content": "Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances and melatonin on the androgenesis in rat testicular homogenates were performed. When the urinary extract containing the inhibiting substances or melatonin was added directly to the incubation medium, and was also injected into rats 24 and 48 hrs prior to sacrifice, either one was effective in suppressing the conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone and/or androstenedione in testicular tissues. The urinary extract exerted the inhibitory effect on the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in vitro and in vivo, whereas melatonin did not have this effect in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that the antigonadotropic substances are different from melatonin in their action on androgenesis in the rat testes.", "contents": "Inhibition of testicular androgenesis by urinary antigonadotropins and melatonin in rats. Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances and melatonin on the androgenesis in rat testicular homogenates were performed. When the urinary extract containing the inhibiting substances or melatonin was added directly to the incubation medium, and was also injected into rats 24 and 48 hrs prior to sacrifice, either one was effective in suppressing the conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone and/or androstenedione in testicular tissues. The urinary extract exerted the inhibitory effect on the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in vitro and in vivo, whereas melatonin did not have this effect in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that the antigonadotropic substances are different from melatonin in their action on androgenesis in the rat testes.", "PMID": 499096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4176", "title": "Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone excretions in women with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone were determined in 90 normal healthy women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism, both groups aged between 16 and 46 years. Testosterone and epitestosterone excretion values were above the normal range in 27 of the 90 hirsute women (30%), and these 27 women had much more prominent hair growth than the others. When these results were statistically analysed according to the age groups or for all ages as a whole, they were found to be highly significant (P less than 0.0005). Therefore, it is concluded that the estimation of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone could be meaningfully applied to study the androgen status of hirsute women.", "contents": "Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone excretions in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone were determined in 90 normal healthy women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism, both groups aged between 16 and 46 years. Testosterone and epitestosterone excretion values were above the normal range in 27 of the 90 hirsute women (30%), and these 27 women had much more prominent hair growth than the others. When these results were statistically analysed according to the age groups or for all ages as a whole, they were found to be highly significant (P less than 0.0005). Therefore, it is concluded that the estimation of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone could be meaningfully applied to study the androgen status of hirsute women.", "PMID": 499097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4177", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone in women with hirsutism.", "content": "Thirty sexually mature women with hirsutism were treated with 3 x 1.5 mg dexamethasone per day over a period of three days. Before and after treatment, plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were determined. While an effect of dexamethasone on LH plasma levels could not be established statistically, FSH and testosterone plasma concentrations decreased significantly in comparison to their initial values (p less than 0.01). Special attention is directed to the different effects of dexamethasone on LH and FSH plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone in women with hirsutism. Thirty sexually mature women with hirsutism were treated with 3 x 1.5 mg dexamethasone per day over a period of three days. Before and after treatment, plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were determined. While an effect of dexamethasone on LH plasma levels could not be established statistically, FSH and testosterone plasma concentrations decreased significantly in comparison to their initial values (p less than 0.01). Special attention is directed to the different effects of dexamethasone on LH and FSH plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 499098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4178", "title": "Pilocarpine and atropine effects on the mitotic activity of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "Because of the postulated presence of direct nervous cholinergic connections between the adrenal cortex and the hypothalamic centers, effects of pilocarpine and atropine on the adrenal cortex mitotic activity were examined. The obtained results show that pilocarpine stimulates and atropine inhibits the proliferation of cells in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It seems that the stimulating effect of pilocarpine may be related to the muscarinic receptor activation on the level of the cholinergic nervous terminals in the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Pilocarpine and atropine effects on the mitotic activity of the adrenal cortex. Because of the postulated presence of direct nervous cholinergic connections between the adrenal cortex and the hypothalamic centers, effects of pilocarpine and atropine on the adrenal cortex mitotic activity were examined. The obtained results show that pilocarpine stimulates and atropine inhibits the proliferation of cells in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It seems that the stimulating effect of pilocarpine may be related to the muscarinic receptor activation on the level of the cholinergic nervous terminals in the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 499099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4179", "title": "Increase by somatostatin of the arginine induced rise in blood glucose in untreated insulin requiring diabetics.", "content": "We have demonstrated previously that cyclic somatostatin (GH-RIH) exerts a diabetogenic action in healthy subjects. To further examine the impact of this phenomenon studies of blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG) and growth hormone (GH) were performed in insulin requiring diabetics (n = 6) receiving i.v. arginine (0.5 g/kg) both in the absence and presence of i.v. GH-RIH (500 microgram/h). The infusion of GH-RIH-resulted in a persistent diminution in plasma IRI, IRG and GH. BG fell during i.v. GH-RIH during the initial 30 min and was below control values up to 45 min after initiation of i.v. arginine, but subsequently exceeded control levels (p less than 0.05 - less than 0.025). The excess rise in BG occurred in spite of suppression by somatostatin of the ariginine induced release of IRG, IRI and GH. A fall in BG was seen following cessation of i.v. GH-RIH and during a rebound of insulin release with glucagon levels remaining in the basal range. These findings indicate a diabetogenic action of somatostatin also in insulin requiring diabetics as long as some residual capacity for insulin release is retained.", "contents": "Increase by somatostatin of the arginine induced rise in blood glucose in untreated insulin requiring diabetics. We have demonstrated previously that cyclic somatostatin (GH-RIH) exerts a diabetogenic action in healthy subjects. To further examine the impact of this phenomenon studies of blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG) and growth hormone (GH) were performed in insulin requiring diabetics (n = 6) receiving i.v. arginine (0.5 g/kg) both in the absence and presence of i.v. GH-RIH (500 microgram/h). The infusion of GH-RIH-resulted in a persistent diminution in plasma IRI, IRG and GH. BG fell during i.v. GH-RIH during the initial 30 min and was below control values up to 45 min after initiation of i.v. arginine, but subsequently exceeded control levels (p less than 0.05 - less than 0.025). The excess rise in BG occurred in spite of suppression by somatostatin of the ariginine induced release of IRG, IRI and GH. A fall in BG was seen following cessation of i.v. GH-RIH and during a rebound of insulin release with glucagon levels remaining in the basal range. These findings indicate a diabetogenic action of somatostatin also in insulin requiring diabetics as long as some residual capacity for insulin release is retained.", "PMID": 499100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4180", "title": "The effect of hyperosmotic mannitol and glucose on heart function.", "content": "In the dog heart-lung preparation the effects of glucose and mannitol induced hyperosmolality were examined on left ventricular water content, ventricular compliance, cardiac performance, and coronary blood flow. Glucose-induced increase of serum osmolality by more than 20% resulted in a decrease of myocardial water content and an increase of left ventricular diastolic stiffness if insulin was absent, but the changes did not develop if it was present. Insulin failed to prevent the alterations if hyperosmolality was induced with the nonmetabolizable sugar, mannitol. Coronary blood flow increased in each type of experiments. It is concluded that diagnostic and clinical treatment with hyperosmotic solutions of nonmetabolizable agents can account for disturbed left ventricular compliance and decreased cardiac performance, as it may occur in hyperosmolar diabetic coma.", "contents": "The effect of hyperosmotic mannitol and glucose on heart function. In the dog heart-lung preparation the effects of glucose and mannitol induced hyperosmolality were examined on left ventricular water content, ventricular compliance, cardiac performance, and coronary blood flow. Glucose-induced increase of serum osmolality by more than 20% resulted in a decrease of myocardial water content and an increase of left ventricular diastolic stiffness if insulin was absent, but the changes did not develop if it was present. Insulin failed to prevent the alterations if hyperosmolality was induced with the nonmetabolizable sugar, mannitol. Coronary blood flow increased in each type of experiments. It is concluded that diagnostic and clinical treatment with hyperosmotic solutions of nonmetabolizable agents can account for disturbed left ventricular compliance and decreased cardiac performance, as it may occur in hyperosmolar diabetic coma.", "PMID": 499101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4181", "title": "Presence of sex steroid receptors in normal breast of human females.", "content": "Receptors for estradiol, progesterone and dihydrotestosterone have been demonstrated in normal growing breasts of young females below 25 years.", "contents": "Presence of sex steroid receptors in normal breast of human females. Receptors for estradiol, progesterone and dihydrotestosterone have been demonstrated in normal growing breasts of young females below 25 years.", "PMID": 499102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4182", "title": "Inhibition of thyroid monoamineoxidase by thyroxine and some specific inhibitors.", "content": "Rat thyroid monoamine oxidase (MAO) was inhibited by the non-hydrazine derivatives paragyline and tranylcypromine to a higher degree than the hydrazine derivative iproniazide. MAO was also inhibited by monoiodotyrosine and thyroxine. These results indicate that MAO may be an important enzyme in the metabolism of biogenic amines, iodotyrosines and tyronines in the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyroid monoamineoxidase by thyroxine and some specific inhibitors. Rat thyroid monoamine oxidase (MAO) was inhibited by the non-hydrazine derivatives paragyline and tranylcypromine to a higher degree than the hydrazine derivative iproniazide. MAO was also inhibited by monoiodotyrosine and thyroxine. These results indicate that MAO may be an important enzyme in the metabolism of biogenic amines, iodotyrosines and tyronines in the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 499103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4183", "title": "The triiodothyronine antagonistic effect of gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine (litoralon).", "content": "A recently recognized bioactive substance of the parathyroid glands, gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine antagonises the metamorphosis enhancing effect of triiodothyronine. Shortening of the body-length of tadpoles is significantly delayed by the substance. The experimental results imply that it fulfills the role of a balance hormone.", "contents": "The triiodothyronine antagonistic effect of gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine (litoralon). A recently recognized bioactive substance of the parathyroid glands, gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine antagonises the metamorphosis enhancing effect of triiodothyronine. Shortening of the body-length of tadpoles is significantly delayed by the substance. The experimental results imply that it fulfills the role of a balance hormone.", "PMID": 499104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4184", "title": "Observations on the electroencephalogram and photosensitivity of South African Black albinos.", "content": "An EEG survey of 70 normal South African black albinos was carried out to determine whether the lack of pigment in the retinae and eyelids would have any effect on the photoconvulsive response during intermittent photic stimulation. Only 2 out of the 70 (2.85%) showed photosensitivity on intermittent photic stimulation. The results do not confirm the \"pigmentary protection theory.\" Other intrinsic inhibitory factors must be responsible for the level of the photoconvulsive threshold.", "contents": "Observations on the electroencephalogram and photosensitivity of South African Black albinos. An EEG survey of 70 normal South African black albinos was carried out to determine whether the lack of pigment in the retinae and eyelids would have any effect on the photoconvulsive response during intermittent photic stimulation. Only 2 out of the 70 (2.85%) showed photosensitivity on intermittent photic stimulation. The results do not confirm the \"pigmentary protection theory.\" Other intrinsic inhibitory factors must be responsible for the level of the photoconvulsive threshold.", "PMID": 499112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4185", "title": "Antipyretic effect and plasma concentrations of rectal acetaminophen and diazepam in children.", "content": "Plasma levels of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and diazepam were measured in 9 children by gas chromatography after administering these drugs simultaneously in separate suppositories. The antipyretic effects of oral and rectal acetaminophen-diazepam combinations were also studied and compared with that of oral or rectal acetaminophen alone. Diazepam at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg did not increase the antipyretic action of acetaminophen. Acetaminophen and diazepam seemed to be well absorbed from the rectal suppositories, the maximal plasma concentration of diazepam after a rectal dose of 0.5 mg/kg just reaching the assumed anticonvulsant level in about 2 hr. In light of this study, an acetaminophen-diazepam combination in separate suppositories may be suitable for the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions in susceptible children, but its practical value and efficacy require evaluation in clinical experiments.", "contents": "Antipyretic effect and plasma concentrations of rectal acetaminophen and diazepam in children. Plasma levels of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and diazepam were measured in 9 children by gas chromatography after administering these drugs simultaneously in separate suppositories. The antipyretic effects of oral and rectal acetaminophen-diazepam combinations were also studied and compared with that of oral or rectal acetaminophen alone. Diazepam at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg did not increase the antipyretic action of acetaminophen. Acetaminophen and diazepam seemed to be well absorbed from the rectal suppositories, the maximal plasma concentration of diazepam after a rectal dose of 0.5 mg/kg just reaching the assumed anticonvulsant level in about 2 hr. In light of this study, an acetaminophen-diazepam combination in separate suppositories may be suitable for the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions in susceptible children, but its practical value and efficacy require evaluation in clinical experiments.", "PMID": 499113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4186", "title": "Tears as the best practical indicator of the unbound fraction of an anticonvulsant drug.", "content": "Phenobarbital and carbamazepine concentrations were determined by the EMIT technique in tears, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma of patients with epilepsy. Closer correlation was shown between tear/plasma and tear/CSF ratios than between saliva/plasma and saliva/CSF ratios for the two agents. The phenobarbital CSF/serum ratio was in good agreement with data in the literature, and the higher ratio found for carbamazepine may be caused by an EMIT assay cross-reaction for the free fraction of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. In our hands, tears seem to represent the best practical indicator of the unbound fraction of an anticonvulsant drug, and the noninvasiveness of the method makes it specifically useful in pediatric neurology.", "contents": "Tears as the best practical indicator of the unbound fraction of an anticonvulsant drug. Phenobarbital and carbamazepine concentrations were determined by the EMIT technique in tears, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma of patients with epilepsy. Closer correlation was shown between tear/plasma and tear/CSF ratios than between saliva/plasma and saliva/CSF ratios for the two agents. The phenobarbital CSF/serum ratio was in good agreement with data in the literature, and the higher ratio found for carbamazepine may be caused by an EMIT assay cross-reaction for the free fraction of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. In our hands, tears seem to represent the best practical indicator of the unbound fraction of an anticonvulsant drug, and the noninvasiveness of the method makes it specifically useful in pediatric neurology.", "PMID": 499116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4187", "title": "Fluorescent lighting and epilepsy.", "content": "Fluorescent tubes flash at twice the mains frequency (100 Hz in Europe). With aging, 50-Hz brightness modulation appears. A survey of tubes used in our institute showed that 42% exhibited brightness modulation up to a depth of 20% or occasionally 30%. The effects of fluorescent lighting on the EEGs of 20 patients with photosensitive epilepsy have been studied. In no patient did the 100-Hz flicker of normally functioning tubes elicit paroxysmal activity. In 8 of 13 subjects sensitive to 50 Hz, IPS paroxysmal discharges were evoked by 50-Hz brightness modulation, but only at modulation depths of 50% or more. It is concluded that as paroxysmal activity could not be elicited by normally functioning tubes nor at those depths of modulation occurring in practice, fluorescent lighting is unlikely to present a hazard to photosensitive patients.", "contents": "Fluorescent lighting and epilepsy. Fluorescent tubes flash at twice the mains frequency (100 Hz in Europe). With aging, 50-Hz brightness modulation appears. A survey of tubes used in our institute showed that 42% exhibited brightness modulation up to a depth of 20% or occasionally 30%. The effects of fluorescent lighting on the EEGs of 20 patients with photosensitive epilepsy have been studied. In no patient did the 100-Hz flicker of normally functioning tubes elicit paroxysmal activity. In 8 of 13 subjects sensitive to 50 Hz, IPS paroxysmal discharges were evoked by 50-Hz brightness modulation, but only at modulation depths of 50% or more. It is concluded that as paroxysmal activity could not be elicited by normally functioning tubes nor at those depths of modulation occurring in practice, fluorescent lighting is unlikely to present a hazard to photosensitive patients.", "PMID": 499117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4188", "title": "Remission of seizures and relapse in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "In a longitudinal study of patients with epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, we found that the probability of being in remission (at least 5 consecutive years seizure-free, and continuing) at 20 years after diagnosis was 70%. The rates for remission we encountered were generally higher than those previously reported. We believe that the better prognosis in our series results from inclusion of all incidence cases in a defined population, beginning at the initial diagnosis of epilepsy. Prognosis for remission of epilepsy is poor in patients with associated neurologic dysfunction identified from birth. Patients with idiopathic seizures and survivors of postnatally acquired epilepsy have better prospects for eventual remission. The probability of remission is highest in patients with generalized-onset seizures diagnosed before 10 years of age. Prognosis is less favorable for those with partial complex seizures and adult-onset epilepsy.", "contents": "Remission of seizures and relapse in patients with epilepsy. In a longitudinal study of patients with epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, we found that the probability of being in remission (at least 5 consecutive years seizure-free, and continuing) at 20 years after diagnosis was 70%. The rates for remission we encountered were generally higher than those previously reported. We believe that the better prognosis in our series results from inclusion of all incidence cases in a defined population, beginning at the initial diagnosis of epilepsy. Prognosis for remission of epilepsy is poor in patients with associated neurologic dysfunction identified from birth. Patients with idiopathic seizures and survivors of postnatally acquired epilepsy have better prospects for eventual remission. The probability of remission is highest in patients with generalized-onset seizures diagnosed before 10 years of age. Prognosis is less favorable for those with partial complex seizures and adult-onset epilepsy.", "PMID": 499118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4189", "title": "Radiation-induced nondisjunction.", "content": "The methodology and results of epidemiological studies of the effects of preconception diagnostic x-rays of the abdomen on chromosome segregation in humans are described. Many studies have been conducted in a number of different countries. The vast majority show the same positive, though not significant, trend to increased nondisjunction among the offspring of irradiated women. The results of the various studies, however, cannot be pooled because of differing methodologies used. A worldwide co-operative project with standardized methodology is recommended. Such a study should identify the parental origin of the nondisjunctional event before etiological factors are investigated. Abnormal chromosome segregation during mitotic division has been inducted experimentally by the in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to a low dose of 50 R gamma irradiation. First meiotic nondisjunction has been successfully induced by whole body exposure of female mice to a low dose of radiation. Further experiments are being conducted to try to induce abnormal segregation during second meiotic division. Because of difficulties encountered in trying to estimate total gonad doses resulting from differing techniques employed by radiologists and other health personnel, no attempt has been made to estimate the doubling dose nor minimum safe dose regarding the effects of radiation on chromosome segregation in humans. The question of time-related repair of the mechanism involved in chromosome segregation is raised.", "contents": "Radiation-induced nondisjunction. The methodology and results of epidemiological studies of the effects of preconception diagnostic x-rays of the abdomen on chromosome segregation in humans are described. Many studies have been conducted in a number of different countries. The vast majority show the same positive, though not significant, trend to increased nondisjunction among the offspring of irradiated women. The results of the various studies, however, cannot be pooled because of differing methodologies used. A worldwide co-operative project with standardized methodology is recommended. Such a study should identify the parental origin of the nondisjunctional event before etiological factors are investigated. Abnormal chromosome segregation during mitotic division has been inducted experimentally by the in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to a low dose of 50 R gamma irradiation. First meiotic nondisjunction has been successfully induced by whole body exposure of female mice to a low dose of radiation. Further experiments are being conducted to try to induce abnormal segregation during second meiotic division. Because of difficulties encountered in trying to estimate total gonad doses resulting from differing techniques employed by radiologists and other health personnel, no attempt has been made to estimate the doubling dose nor minimum safe dose regarding the effects of radiation on chromosome segregation in humans. The question of time-related repair of the mechanism involved in chromosome segregation is raised.", "PMID": 499121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4190", "title": "Proximal chiasma localization within an interstitial chromosome segment, a likely correlate of adjacent-2 segregation of translocation causing multivalents in the mouse.", "content": "Two T7OH/+ translocation-carrying male mice were used in an investigation into the relation between the segregation pattern of the translocation caused multivalent at anaphase I and the position of the only chiasma in a long interstitial segment. Moreover, the relation between meiotic stage (from early diakinesis to metaphase I) and chiasma movement was assessed. It appeared that pronounced movement of a chiasma within the multivalent was linked with chiasma terminalization in an adjacent segment, either on the same side of the translocation breakpoint or on the other side. On summing the CIV and CIII+I configurations (making up 97.9% of all configurations found) and focusing on the multivalents from late meiotic cells, 41.3% had a proximal chiasma in the long interstitial segment of the multivalent. In total, a percentage of 33.5% of all secondary spermatocytes were characteristic of adjacent-2 segregation (i.e., homologous centromeres move to the same pole at anaphase I). Results obtained with T7OH translocation trisomics, which are briefly discussed in this paper, confirm the tendency of proximal chiasma frequencies in late meiotic cells to coincide with the frequency of absence of homologous centromere separation within the T7OH translocation multivalent. The importance of this phenomenon for normal bivalent behavior during anaphase I is considered.", "contents": "Proximal chiasma localization within an interstitial chromosome segment, a likely correlate of adjacent-2 segregation of translocation causing multivalents in the mouse. Two T7OH/+ translocation-carrying male mice were used in an investigation into the relation between the segregation pattern of the translocation caused multivalent at anaphase I and the position of the only chiasma in a long interstitial segment. Moreover, the relation between meiotic stage (from early diakinesis to metaphase I) and chiasma movement was assessed. It appeared that pronounced movement of a chiasma within the multivalent was linked with chiasma terminalization in an adjacent segment, either on the same side of the translocation breakpoint or on the other side. On summing the CIV and CIII+I configurations (making up 97.9% of all configurations found) and focusing on the multivalents from late meiotic cells, 41.3% had a proximal chiasma in the long interstitial segment of the multivalent. In total, a percentage of 33.5% of all secondary spermatocytes were characteristic of adjacent-2 segregation (i.e., homologous centromeres move to the same pole at anaphase I). Results obtained with T7OH translocation trisomics, which are briefly discussed in this paper, confirm the tendency of proximal chiasma frequencies in late meiotic cells to coincide with the frequency of absence of homologous centromere separation within the T7OH translocation multivalent. The importance of this phenomenon for normal bivalent behavior during anaphase I is considered.", "PMID": 499122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4191", "title": "Analysis of pediatric blood lead levels in New York City for 1970-1976.", "content": "A study was completed of more than 170,000 records of pediatric venous blood levels and supporting demographic information collected in New York City during 1970-1976. The geometric mean (GM) blood lead level shows a consistent cyclical variation superimposed on an overall decreasing trend with time for all ages and ethnic groups studied. The GM blood lead levels for blacks are significantly greater than those for either Hispanics or whites. Regression analysis indicates a significant statistical association between GM blood lead level and ambient air lead level, after appropriate adjustments are made for age and ethnic group. These highly significant statistical relationships provide extremely strong incentives and directions for research into casual factors related to blood lead levels in children.", "contents": "Analysis of pediatric blood lead levels in New York City for 1970-1976. A study was completed of more than 170,000 records of pediatric venous blood levels and supporting demographic information collected in New York City during 1970-1976. The geometric mean (GM) blood lead level shows a consistent cyclical variation superimposed on an overall decreasing trend with time for all ages and ethnic groups studied. The GM blood lead levels for blacks are significantly greater than those for either Hispanics or whites. Regression analysis indicates a significant statistical association between GM blood lead level and ambient air lead level, after appropriate adjustments are made for age and ethnic group. These highly significant statistical relationships provide extremely strong incentives and directions for research into casual factors related to blood lead levels in children.", "PMID": 499123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4192", "title": "New translocations in human lymphocytes: a mutagen monitoring system.", "content": "The human lymphocyte is a premier cell for monitoring chromosome aneuploidy. The lymphocyte is easily obtained, can be studied before and after culture, and has been extensively investigated. Assays available for lymphocytes include the scoring of chromosome breaks (subjective and laborious), the analysis of chromosome abnormalities such as increase or decrease in number (versus normal background), dicentrics etc., and the micronucleus test (presumable end-state phenomena). We propose the monitoring of somatic chromosome translocations in human lymphocytes. Background data available from North America indicate that the frequency of de novo chromosome translocations in Halifax, Portland, Denver, and Atlanta is about 1.7 x 10(-3). The most common translocation arising in lymphocytes is between chromosomes 7 and 14 (with a frequency of 4 x 10(-4). All translocations occurring de novo in human lymphocytes tend to appear balanced with no evidence for loss or gain of chromosome material. Cytogenetic laboratories are processing lymphocytes daily. The resultant photographs and karyotypes are all scorable for de novo translocations. Suitable data on exposure to possible mutagenic agents could be collected in advance of these chromosome studies. This would provide a new method for monitoring chromosome changes in the population. The cost of monitoring lymphocyte chromosomes for somatic translocations would be small, since numerous laboratories study lymphocytes rountinely for clinical diagnostic purposes. There may be merit in availing ourselves of easily available data from a very available species: man.", "contents": "New translocations in human lymphocytes: a mutagen monitoring system. The human lymphocyte is a premier cell for monitoring chromosome aneuploidy. The lymphocyte is easily obtained, can be studied before and after culture, and has been extensively investigated. Assays available for lymphocytes include the scoring of chromosome breaks (subjective and laborious), the analysis of chromosome abnormalities such as increase or decrease in number (versus normal background), dicentrics etc., and the micronucleus test (presumable end-state phenomena). We propose the monitoring of somatic chromosome translocations in human lymphocytes. Background data available from North America indicate that the frequency of de novo chromosome translocations in Halifax, Portland, Denver, and Atlanta is about 1.7 x 10(-3). The most common translocation arising in lymphocytes is between chromosomes 7 and 14 (with a frequency of 4 x 10(-4). All translocations occurring de novo in human lymphocytes tend to appear balanced with no evidence for loss or gain of chromosome material. Cytogenetic laboratories are processing lymphocytes daily. The resultant photographs and karyotypes are all scorable for de novo translocations. Suitable data on exposure to possible mutagenic agents could be collected in advance of these chromosome studies. This would provide a new method for monitoring chromosome changes in the population. The cost of monitoring lymphocyte chromosomes for somatic translocations would be small, since numerous laboratories study lymphocytes rountinely for clinical diagnostic purposes. There may be merit in availing ourselves of easily available data from a very available species: man.", "PMID": 499124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4193", "title": "Measuring the public health impact of the aneuploidies.", "content": "If the protection of man against mutagenic agents in general, and against those that cause aneuploidies in particular, is to have an increasingly rational basis with the passage of time, quantitative or at least semiquantitative assessments of risks are needed. These should take into account both the likely numbers of induced cases and the likely severities of the different conditions. In the past, quantitative data relating to severity have been limited or nonexistent, but the data sources exist by which follow-up studies may be carried out to determine age-specific and cumulative risks of hospitalization and death, the durations of hospital stays, and the economic burden to society which these represent. To illustrate the use of such sources, the cumulative risks of death in children with anomalies of the autosomes and of the sex chromosomes, over the first 19 years of life, are compared with those for other kinds of hereditary and environmentally caused handicaps that are reported in that age group.", "contents": "Measuring the public health impact of the aneuploidies. If the protection of man against mutagenic agents in general, and against those that cause aneuploidies in particular, is to have an increasingly rational basis with the passage of time, quantitative or at least semiquantitative assessments of risks are needed. These should take into account both the likely numbers of induced cases and the likely severities of the different conditions. In the past, quantitative data relating to severity have been limited or nonexistent, but the data sources exist by which follow-up studies may be carried out to determine age-specific and cumulative risks of hospitalization and death, the durations of hospital stays, and the economic burden to society which these represent. To illustrate the use of such sources, the cumulative risks of death in children with anomalies of the autosomes and of the sex chromosomes, over the first 19 years of life, are compared with those for other kinds of hereditary and environmentally caused handicaps that are reported in that age group.", "PMID": 499125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4194", "title": "Origin of meiotic nondisjunction in Drosophila females.", "content": "Meiotic nondisjunction can be induced by external agents, such as heat, radiation, and chemicals, and by internal genotypic alterations, namely, point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. In many cases, nondisjunction arises from a reduction or elimination of crossing over, leading to the production of homologous univalents which fail to co-orient on the metaphase plate and to disjoin properly. In some organisms, e.g., Drosophila and perhaps man, distributive pairing (i.e., a psot-exchange, size-dependent pairing) ensures the regular segregation of such homologous univalents. When a nonhomologous univalent is present, which falls within a size range permitting nonhomologous recognition and pairing, distributive nondisjunction of the homologues may follow. Examples of nondisjunction induced by inversion heterozygosity, translocation heterozygosity, chromosome fragments, radiation, heat, and recombination-defective mutants are presented.", "contents": "Origin of meiotic nondisjunction in Drosophila females. Meiotic nondisjunction can be induced by external agents, such as heat, radiation, and chemicals, and by internal genotypic alterations, namely, point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. In many cases, nondisjunction arises from a reduction or elimination of crossing over, leading to the production of homologous univalents which fail to co-orient on the metaphase plate and to disjoin properly. In some organisms, e.g., Drosophila and perhaps man, distributive pairing (i.e., a psot-exchange, size-dependent pairing) ensures the regular segregation of such homologous univalents. When a nonhomologous univalent is present, which falls within a size range permitting nonhomologous recognition and pairing, distributive nondisjunction of the homologues may follow. Examples of nondisjunction induced by inversion heterozygosity, translocation heterozygosity, chromosome fragments, radiation, heat, and recombination-defective mutants are presented.", "PMID": 499126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4195", "title": "Mechanisms of nondisjunction induction in drosophila oocytes.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative studies on the induction of no-disjunction and related phenomena can be carried out using the germ cells of Drosophila. X-Irradiation breaks chromosomes and cold-shock disrupts spindles, these two treatments producing different spectra of nondisjunction in oocytes.", "contents": "Mechanisms of nondisjunction induction in drosophila oocytes. Quantitative and qualitative studies on the induction of no-disjunction and related phenomena can be carried out using the germ cells of Drosophila. X-Irradiation breaks chromosomes and cold-shock disrupts spindles, these two treatments producing different spectra of nondisjunction in oocytes.", "PMID": 499127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4196", "title": "Chemical induction of nondisjunction in drosophila.", "content": "Tests for chemically induced nondisjunction and loss of the sex chromosomes in Drosophila were performed. Of 31 compounds tested four gave rise only to an increase of XO exceptions, indicating the induction of chromosome loss. Six compounds, all known spindle inhibitors (colchicine, organic mercury, lead, and tin compounds) gave rise to an increase both of XXY and XO or of only XXY. The effect by metalloorganic compounds of which methylmercury was studied particularly closely, follows a peculiar pattern. In females with structurally normal X chromosomes only an increase of XX gametes is obtained, while with X chromosomes heterozygous for long inversions only O gametes are increased. The data indicates that the effect of the metal compounds occurs at first meiosis and that the process is connected with a meiotic drive, giving rise to a preferential segregation of the two X chromosomes to the functioning pole. The increase only of O gametes with structurally heterozygous X chromosomes can tentatively be explained by a loss due to crossing over within the inversion. An increase of the effect of methyl mercury was obtained where the normal pairing of the X chromosomes was interfered with by means of autosomal inversions. Likewise a synergistic increase of nondisjunction was obtained when a temperature chock of 10 degrees C was applied together with treatment with methylmercury. It is concluded that chemical induction of nondisjunction can be studied in Drosophila, but the sensitivity of the test is rather low and large amount of material is required.", "contents": "Chemical induction of nondisjunction in drosophila. Tests for chemically induced nondisjunction and loss of the sex chromosomes in Drosophila were performed. Of 31 compounds tested four gave rise only to an increase of XO exceptions, indicating the induction of chromosome loss. Six compounds, all known spindle inhibitors (colchicine, organic mercury, lead, and tin compounds) gave rise to an increase both of XXY and XO or of only XXY. The effect by metalloorganic compounds of which methylmercury was studied particularly closely, follows a peculiar pattern. In females with structurally normal X chromosomes only an increase of XX gametes is obtained, while with X chromosomes heterozygous for long inversions only O gametes are increased. The data indicates that the effect of the metal compounds occurs at first meiosis and that the process is connected with a meiotic drive, giving rise to a preferential segregation of the two X chromosomes to the functioning pole. The increase only of O gametes with structurally heterozygous X chromosomes can tentatively be explained by a loss due to crossing over within the inversion. An increase of the effect of methyl mercury was obtained where the normal pairing of the X chromosomes was interfered with by means of autosomal inversions. Likewise a synergistic increase of nondisjunction was obtained when a temperature chock of 10 degrees C was applied together with treatment with methylmercury. It is concluded that chemical induction of nondisjunction can be studied in Drosophila, but the sensitivity of the test is rather low and large amount of material is required.", "PMID": 499128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4197", "title": "Activities of hepatic enzymes related to ethanol oxidation and effects of ethanol on hepatic metabolites in rats with chronic liver injury.", "content": "To study the effects of ethanol on liver chronically injured by CCl4, activities of hepatic enzymes related to ethanol oxidation, influences of ethanol on hepatic metabolites, and blood ethanol disappearance were observed. (1) Activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, low- and high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and drug-metabolizing enzyme were remarkably decreased in the injured liver. (2) Increases in lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetacetate ratios were shown in control liver 2 h after ethanol ingestion. Similar but less pronounced effects of ethanol on the 'redox state' were also seen in rats with chronic liver injury. (3) Delay in ethanol disappearance was not observed until 12 h after ethanol ingestion. The ethanol-induced changes in the redox state in the injured liver were similar to those in controls. Higher ethanol concentrations in blood from rats with chronic liver injury could be related to potentiate the injured liver.", "contents": "Activities of hepatic enzymes related to ethanol oxidation and effects of ethanol on hepatic metabolites in rats with chronic liver injury. To study the effects of ethanol on liver chronically injured by CCl4, activities of hepatic enzymes related to ethanol oxidation, influences of ethanol on hepatic metabolites, and blood ethanol disappearance were observed. (1) Activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, low- and high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and drug-metabolizing enzyme were remarkably decreased in the injured liver. (2) Increases in lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetacetate ratios were shown in control liver 2 h after ethanol ingestion. Similar but less pronounced effects of ethanol on the 'redox state' were also seen in rats with chronic liver injury. (3) Delay in ethanol disappearance was not observed until 12 h after ethanol ingestion. The ethanol-induced changes in the redox state in the injured liver were similar to those in controls. Higher ethanol concentrations in blood from rats with chronic liver injury could be related to potentiate the injured liver.", "PMID": 499175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4198", "title": "Isatin inhibition of rat testicular alkaline phosphatase. A non-allosteric phenomenon.", "content": "Isatin has been found to inhibit rat testicular alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) uncompetitively. The hyperbolic curve relating inhibition as a function of substrate concentration; the persistence of inhibition after the tertiary structure of the enzyme has been altered by heat denaturation, exposure to urea or papain digestion; the small changes in entropy, free energy and enthalpy in the presence of isatin, and the number of isatin molecules (n = 1.29) combining with one molecule of enzyme indicate the non-allosteric nature of inhibition.", "contents": "Isatin inhibition of rat testicular alkaline phosphatase. A non-allosteric phenomenon. Isatin has been found to inhibit rat testicular alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) uncompetitively. The hyperbolic curve relating inhibition as a function of substrate concentration; the persistence of inhibition after the tertiary structure of the enzyme has been altered by heat denaturation, exposure to urea or papain digestion; the small changes in entropy, free energy and enthalpy in the presence of isatin, and the number of isatin molecules (n = 1.29) combining with one molecule of enzyme indicate the non-allosteric nature of inhibition.", "PMID": 499176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4199", "title": "Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in human red blood cells by lead and activation by zinc or cysteine.", "content": "Inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase(ALA-D) activity by lead was studied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, a negative linear correlation (r = -0.85) was found between the logarithmic values of ALA-D activity and blood lead levels. In vitro the inhibitory effect of lead on blood ALA-D activity increased both with contact time and contact temperature of lead with blood before ALA-D assay. Maximum enzyme inhibition occurred after 14 h of contact at 25 degrees C. Inhibition of ALA-D activity by lead, in vivo as well as in vitro, is suppressed by the addition of zinc or cysteine. The logarithmic values of the activity ratios increase linearly with blood lead concentrations. The increase in ALA-D activity brought about by the addition of zinc or cysteine can be used to identify cases of low enzyme activity with no lead intoxication involved. The same technique can also detect cases in which ALA-D inhibition may be concealed by a presumably high initial enzyme activity as observed in some patients.", "contents": "Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in human red blood cells by lead and activation by zinc or cysteine. Inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase(ALA-D) activity by lead was studied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, a negative linear correlation (r = -0.85) was found between the logarithmic values of ALA-D activity and blood lead levels. In vitro the inhibitory effect of lead on blood ALA-D activity increased both with contact time and contact temperature of lead with blood before ALA-D assay. Maximum enzyme inhibition occurred after 14 h of contact at 25 degrees C. Inhibition of ALA-D activity by lead, in vivo as well as in vitro, is suppressed by the addition of zinc or cysteine. The logarithmic values of the activity ratios increase linearly with blood lead concentrations. The increase in ALA-D activity brought about by the addition of zinc or cysteine can be used to identify cases of low enzyme activity with no lead intoxication involved. The same technique can also detect cases in which ALA-D inhibition may be concealed by a presumably high initial enzyme activity as observed in some patients.", "PMID": 499177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4200", "title": "The presence of serum creatine kinase 2 (MB) in hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis.", "content": "We recently found 17 U/l of isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK) 2 (MB), or 3.2% of total 533 U/l CK activity, in a patient with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis who did not show clinical or EKG evidence of acute myocardial necrosis. The myopathy associated with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis is thus another cause for the presence of CK 2 (MB). CK 2 (MB) is not a specific isoenzyme for myocardial damage since it may be identified in the serum of patients with skeletal muscle conditions.", "contents": "The presence of serum creatine kinase 2 (MB) in hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. We recently found 17 U/l of isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK) 2 (MB), or 3.2% of total 533 U/l CK activity, in a patient with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis who did not show clinical or EKG evidence of acute myocardial necrosis. The myopathy associated with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis is thus another cause for the presence of CK 2 (MB). CK 2 (MB) is not a specific isoenzyme for myocardial damage since it may be identified in the serum of patients with skeletal muscle conditions.", "PMID": 499178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4201", "title": "Long-term effect of glucagon administration on rat liver L-type pyruvate kinase.", "content": "After 5 h of treatment with glucagon, liver L-type pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-0-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.40) showed a significant decrease of K0.5 and the Hill coefficient (nH) in the absence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. However, in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, liver enzymes from treated rats showed a slight decrease of K0.5 but nH remained unchanged. In both circumstances, no changes of Vmax were observed after treatment. These changes in the kinetic properties of liver L-type pyruvate kinase are consistent with the dephosphorylation of the enzyme caused by insulin release in response to treatment with glucagon.", "contents": "Long-term effect of glucagon administration on rat liver L-type pyruvate kinase. After 5 h of treatment with glucagon, liver L-type pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-0-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.40) showed a significant decrease of K0.5 and the Hill coefficient (nH) in the absence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. However, in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, liver enzymes from treated rats showed a slight decrease of K0.5 but nH remained unchanged. In both circumstances, no changes of Vmax were observed after treatment. These changes in the kinetic properties of liver L-type pyruvate kinase are consistent with the dephosphorylation of the enzyme caused by insulin release in response to treatment with glucagon.", "PMID": 499179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4202", "title": "Particle-bound glutathione-S-transferases.", "content": "The incubation of liver microsomes or mitochondria with glutathione, in the presence of electrophilic compounds, decreased the glutathione concentration in the incubation medium. Product analysis revealed that glutathione conjugates were formed.", "contents": "Particle-bound glutathione-S-transferases. The incubation of liver microsomes or mitochondria with glutathione, in the presence of electrophilic compounds, decreased the glutathione concentration in the incubation medium. Product analysis revealed that glutathione conjugates were formed.", "PMID": 499180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4203", "title": "Crabtree effect induced by fructose in hepatocytes isolated from developing rats.", "content": "The inhibition of respiration caused by fructose is investigated in hepatocytes isolated from fetal and developing rats. The respiration rate of the hepatocytes increases in the early days after birth. Adult values for oxygen uptake are reached by hepatocytes isolated from 14-day-old rats. After weaning, the Crabtree effect induced by fructose appears simultaneously with changes in energy metabolism.", "contents": "Crabtree effect induced by fructose in hepatocytes isolated from developing rats. The inhibition of respiration caused by fructose is investigated in hepatocytes isolated from fetal and developing rats. The respiration rate of the hepatocytes increases in the early days after birth. Adult values for oxygen uptake are reached by hepatocytes isolated from 14-day-old rats. After weaning, the Crabtree effect induced by fructose appears simultaneously with changes in energy metabolism.", "PMID": 499181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4204", "title": "Time course of O2-pulse during various tests of aerobic power.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that oxygen pulse typically reaches a maximum before maximal oxygen consumption by observing the time course of oxygen pulse throughout exercise to maximal stress and to discern those physiologic variables which might predispose an individual to reach a peak in oxygen pulse before achieving maximal oxygen consumption. Thirty male volunteers ranging in age from 18-25 (X = 20.5) years were recruited for this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed on both bicycle ergometer and treadmill. Based upon the results of the exercise tests, subjects were classified into subgroups as a consequence of whether or not a maximal oxygen pulse or a plateau in oxygen pulse was demonstrated during submaximal exercise. The results indicate that submaximal peaking or at least the achieving of plateau values of oxygen pulse does in fact occur in some but not all indivuals. It was observed that this phenomenon occurs at a relatively high percentage of maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption. It appeared that individuals who demonstrate low heart rates at low-work intensities, high maximal heart rates, and a disproportionate increase in R for a given ventilation are most likely to reach a submaximal peak in oxygen pulse. Oxygen pulse during submaximal exercise appears to provide a good indication of cardiorespiratory fitness.", "contents": "Time course of O2-pulse during various tests of aerobic power. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that oxygen pulse typically reaches a maximum before maximal oxygen consumption by observing the time course of oxygen pulse throughout exercise to maximal stress and to discern those physiologic variables which might predispose an individual to reach a peak in oxygen pulse before achieving maximal oxygen consumption. Thirty male volunteers ranging in age from 18-25 (X = 20.5) years were recruited for this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed on both bicycle ergometer and treadmill. Based upon the results of the exercise tests, subjects were classified into subgroups as a consequence of whether or not a maximal oxygen pulse or a plateau in oxygen pulse was demonstrated during submaximal exercise. The results indicate that submaximal peaking or at least the achieving of plateau values of oxygen pulse does in fact occur in some but not all indivuals. It was observed that this phenomenon occurs at a relatively high percentage of maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption. It appeared that individuals who demonstrate low heart rates at low-work intensities, high maximal heart rates, and a disproportionate increase in R for a given ventilation are most likely to reach a submaximal peak in oxygen pulse. Oxygen pulse during submaximal exercise appears to provide a good indication of cardiorespiratory fitness.", "PMID": 499186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4205", "title": "Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes.", "content": "The aerobic performance of thirteen male ultramarathon and nine female marathon runners were studied in the laboratory and their results were related to their times in events ranging in distance from 5 km to 84.64 km. The mean maximal aerobic power output (VO2 max) of the men was 72.5 ml/kg . min compared with 58.2 ml/kg . min (p less than 0.001) in the women but the O2 cost (VO2) for a given speed or distance of running was the same in both sexes. The 5 km time of the male athletes was closely related to their VO2 max (r = -0.85) during uphill running but was independent of relative power output (%VO2 max). However, with increasing distance the association of VO2 max with male athletic performance diminished (but nevertheless remained significant even at 84.64 km), and the relationship between %VO2 max and time increased. Thus, using multiple regression analysis of the form: 42.2 km (marathon) time (h) = 7.445 - 0.0338 VO2 max (ml/kg . min) - 0.0303% VO2 max (r = 0.993) and 84.64 km (London-Brighton) time (h) = 16.998 - 0.0735 VO2 max (ml/kg . min) - 0.0844% VO2 max (r = 0.996) approximately 98% of the total variance of performance times could be accounted for in the marathon and ultramarathon events. This suggests that other factors such as footwear, clothing, and running technique (Costill, 1972) play a relatively minor role in this group of male distance runners. In the female athletes the intermediate times were not available and they did not compete beyond 42.2 km (marathon) distance but for this event a similar association though less in magnitude was found with VO2 max (r = -0.43) and %VO2 max (= -0.49). The male athletes were able to sustain 82% VO2 max (range 80--87%) in 42.2 km and 67% VO2 max (range 53--76%) in 84.64 km event. The comparable figure for the firls in the marathon was 79% VO2 max (ranges 68--86%). Our data suggests that success at the marathon and ultramarathon distances is crucially and (possibly) solely dependent on the development and utilisation of a large VO2 max.", "contents": "Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes. The aerobic performance of thirteen male ultramarathon and nine female marathon runners were studied in the laboratory and their results were related to their times in events ranging in distance from 5 km to 84.64 km. The mean maximal aerobic power output (VO2 max) of the men was 72.5 ml/kg . min compared with 58.2 ml/kg . min (p less than 0.001) in the women but the O2 cost (VO2) for a given speed or distance of running was the same in both sexes. The 5 km time of the male athletes was closely related to their VO2 max (r = -0.85) during uphill running but was independent of relative power output (%VO2 max). However, with increasing distance the association of VO2 max with male athletic performance diminished (but nevertheless remained significant even at 84.64 km), and the relationship between %VO2 max and time increased. Thus, using multiple regression analysis of the form: 42.2 km (marathon) time (h) = 7.445 - 0.0338 VO2 max (ml/kg . min) - 0.0303% VO2 max (r = 0.993) and 84.64 km (London-Brighton) time (h) = 16.998 - 0.0735 VO2 max (ml/kg . min) - 0.0844% VO2 max (r = 0.996) approximately 98% of the total variance of performance times could be accounted for in the marathon and ultramarathon events. This suggests that other factors such as footwear, clothing, and running technique (Costill, 1972) play a relatively minor role in this group of male distance runners. In the female athletes the intermediate times were not available and they did not compete beyond 42.2 km (marathon) distance but for this event a similar association though less in magnitude was found with VO2 max (r = -0.43) and %VO2 max (= -0.49). The male athletes were able to sustain 82% VO2 max (range 80--87%) in 42.2 km and 67% VO2 max (range 53--76%) in 84.64 km event. The comparable figure for the firls in the marathon was 79% VO2 max (ranges 68--86%). Our data suggests that success at the marathon and ultramarathon distances is crucially and (possibly) solely dependent on the development and utilisation of a large VO2 max.", "PMID": 499187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4206", "title": "Electrophysiological correlates of local muscular fatigue effects upon human visual reaction time.", "content": "A study of the neurophysiological basis of reaction time change was undertaken as a means of exploring the physiological mechanisms of local muscular fatigue effects upon sensorimotor performance. The identification of electrophysiological indices of central and peripheral processes within the human electroencephalogram and electromyogram, enabled a fractionation of total reaction time into component latencies measuring sensory reception time, sensorimotor integration time, central motor outflow time and peripheral motor contraction time. Simple foot dorsiflexion reactions to visual stimuli were observed in 18 male college students. Foot responses under one condition were performed against a resistance which necessitated a moderate degree of muscular tension before movement could occur while a second condition required normal unresisted responses. Two intensities of serial isometric work resulting in the order of a 38% decrement in maximum voluntary contractile capability (MVC) were performed by each subject. While the rate and extent of MVC decrement varied with the inherent strength of the subject and the intensity of the exercise performed, unconditional changes were observed in the spatiotemporal dimensions of reaction time performance following exercise-induced fatigue. The quality of total reaction time was found to deteriorate, particularly when responses were resisted. Peripheral deficiencies, suggestive of a decreased rate of tension development, were evidenced by a marked elongation of resisted motor times, and less vigorous and extensive unresisted responses. Insofar as the energy of response electromyograms was also diminished, central mechanisms were implicated, possible due to a shift in motor unit recruitment. Concomitant changes were also observed in central processing.", "contents": "Electrophysiological correlates of local muscular fatigue effects upon human visual reaction time. A study of the neurophysiological basis of reaction time change was undertaken as a means of exploring the physiological mechanisms of local muscular fatigue effects upon sensorimotor performance. The identification of electrophysiological indices of central and peripheral processes within the human electroencephalogram and electromyogram, enabled a fractionation of total reaction time into component latencies measuring sensory reception time, sensorimotor integration time, central motor outflow time and peripheral motor contraction time. Simple foot dorsiflexion reactions to visual stimuli were observed in 18 male college students. Foot responses under one condition were performed against a resistance which necessitated a moderate degree of muscular tension before movement could occur while a second condition required normal unresisted responses. Two intensities of serial isometric work resulting in the order of a 38% decrement in maximum voluntary contractile capability (MVC) were performed by each subject. While the rate and extent of MVC decrement varied with the inherent strength of the subject and the intensity of the exercise performed, unconditional changes were observed in the spatiotemporal dimensions of reaction time performance following exercise-induced fatigue. The quality of total reaction time was found to deteriorate, particularly when responses were resisted. Peripheral deficiencies, suggestive of a decreased rate of tension development, were evidenced by a marked elongation of resisted motor times, and less vigorous and extensive unresisted responses. Insofar as the energy of response electromyograms was also diminished, central mechanisms were implicated, possible due to a shift in motor unit recruitment. Concomitant changes were also observed in central processing.", "PMID": 499188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4207", "title": "Physiological effects of dynamic work on a bicycle ergometer combined with different types of static contraction.", "content": "The effects on heart rate, oxygen uptake, and pulmonary ventilation of muscular exercises, including both dynamic contractions, either simple or combined, were studied in 4 male subjects, aged 21 to 23 years. The dynamic work consisted in cycling on an ergometric bicycle at three power levels: 40, 80, and 100 W. The static work consisted in pushing against, pulling and holding with the arms a 6, 9, 12, or 18 kg load. The physiological effects are expressed as cardiac cost (delta HR), oxygen cost (delta VO2) and ventilation cost (delta V). The physiological cost of the combined work increases according to the cycling power and to the isometric load developed. A statistical analysis shows that the costs of combined work are not different from the sum of the costs of the static and dynamic contractions measured separately. Thus, the physiological responses to the combinations investigated are of an additive type.", "contents": "Physiological effects of dynamic work on a bicycle ergometer combined with different types of static contraction. The effects on heart rate, oxygen uptake, and pulmonary ventilation of muscular exercises, including both dynamic contractions, either simple or combined, were studied in 4 male subjects, aged 21 to 23 years. The dynamic work consisted in cycling on an ergometric bicycle at three power levels: 40, 80, and 100 W. The static work consisted in pushing against, pulling and holding with the arms a 6, 9, 12, or 18 kg load. The physiological effects are expressed as cardiac cost (delta HR), oxygen cost (delta VO2) and ventilation cost (delta V). The physiological cost of the combined work increases according to the cycling power and to the isometric load developed. A statistical analysis shows that the costs of combined work are not different from the sum of the costs of the static and dynamic contractions measured separately. Thus, the physiological responses to the combinations investigated are of an additive type.", "PMID": 499189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4208", "title": "Mechanical power and segmental contribution to force impulses in long jump take-off.", "content": "Changes in total mechanical work, its partitioning into different energy states, mechanical power, force-time characteristics, force impulses of body segments and mass center's pathway characteristics during long jump take-off were investigated on four national and six ordinary level athletes. Both cinematographic and force-platform techniques were used. The data showed that the national level jumpers had higher run-up and higher take-off (release) velocities in horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, they were able to utilize efficiently the elastic energy stored in the leg extensor muscles at take-off impact. This was seen in high support leg eccentric and concentric forces, which were produced in short contact times. The ordinary level athletes had greater variability in the investigated attributes, and they reached their maximum length of jumps in many different ways. Cinematically the greatest difference between the subject groups was observed in the timing of the various body segment movements. In better athletes all the body parts (arms, trunk, and legs) had decelerating horizontal impulses, but in all ordinary level athletes the horizontal impulse of the swing leg was accelerating during take-off.", "contents": "Mechanical power and segmental contribution to force impulses in long jump take-off. Changes in total mechanical work, its partitioning into different energy states, mechanical power, force-time characteristics, force impulses of body segments and mass center's pathway characteristics during long jump take-off were investigated on four national and six ordinary level athletes. Both cinematographic and force-platform techniques were used. The data showed that the national level jumpers had higher run-up and higher take-off (release) velocities in horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, they were able to utilize efficiently the elastic energy stored in the leg extensor muscles at take-off impact. This was seen in high support leg eccentric and concentric forces, which were produced in short contact times. The ordinary level athletes had greater variability in the investigated attributes, and they reached their maximum length of jumps in many different ways. Cinematically the greatest difference between the subject groups was observed in the timing of the various body segment movements. In better athletes all the body parts (arms, trunk, and legs) had decelerating horizontal impulses, but in all ordinary level athletes the horizontal impulse of the swing leg was accelerating during take-off.", "PMID": 499190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4209", "title": "Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles.", "content": "To investigate the influence of skeletal muscle fiber composition on the mechanical performance of human skeletal muscle under dynamic conditions, 34 physical education students with differing muscle fiber composition (M. vastus lateralis) were used as subjects to perform maximal vertical jumps on the force-platform. Two kinds of jumps were performed: one from a static starting position (SJ), the other with a preliminary counter-movement (CMJ). The calculated mechanical parameters included height of rise of center of gravity (h), average force (F), net impulse (NI) and average mechanical power (W). It was observed that the percentage of fast twitch fibers was significantly related (p less than 0.05--0.01) to these variables in SJ condition and also to h and NI of the positive work phase in CMJ. It is concluded that skeletal muscle fiber composition also determines performance in a multijoint movement. The result is explainable through the differences in the mechanical characteristics of the motor units and their respective muscle fibers.", "contents": "Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. To investigate the influence of skeletal muscle fiber composition on the mechanical performance of human skeletal muscle under dynamic conditions, 34 physical education students with differing muscle fiber composition (M. vastus lateralis) were used as subjects to perform maximal vertical jumps on the force-platform. Two kinds of jumps were performed: one from a static starting position (SJ), the other with a preliminary counter-movement (CMJ). The calculated mechanical parameters included height of rise of center of gravity (h), average force (F), net impulse (NI) and average mechanical power (W). It was observed that the percentage of fast twitch fibers was significantly related (p less than 0.05--0.01) to these variables in SJ condition and also to h and NI of the positive work phase in CMJ. It is concluded that skeletal muscle fiber composition also determines performance in a multijoint movement. The result is explainable through the differences in the mechanical characteristics of the motor units and their respective muscle fibers.", "PMID": 499191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4210", "title": "ADH and thermal sweating.", "content": "Sweating responses to heat exposure were compared in healthy subjects pretreated with pitressin or alcohol and in the control group. Between the three groups, there were no consistent differences in the rate of sweating expressed both as a total body weight loss during 2-h heat exposure and in mg of sweat per skin area covered by a paper disc. Likewise, there were no differences in the sweat osmolality or electrolyte concentration. There was also no evidence of inverse correlation between plasma ADH level and rate of sweat secretion or its concentration when pooled data of all subjects were analyzed. It was concluded that ADH did not substantially affect thermal sweating in men.", "contents": "ADH and thermal sweating. Sweating responses to heat exposure were compared in healthy subjects pretreated with pitressin or alcohol and in the control group. Between the three groups, there were no consistent differences in the rate of sweating expressed both as a total body weight loss during 2-h heat exposure and in mg of sweat per skin area covered by a paper disc. Likewise, there were no differences in the sweat osmolality or electrolyte concentration. There was also no evidence of inverse correlation between plasma ADH level and rate of sweat secretion or its concentration when pooled data of all subjects were analyzed. It was concluded that ADH did not substantially affect thermal sweating in men.", "PMID": 499192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4211", "title": "Effects of exercise on the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, and estradiol.", "content": "The effects of 30 min of exercise (74.1 +/- 3.0% (VO2), on the responses of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 10 women. With such exercise significant increments occurred in P (37.6 +/- 9.5%) and E2 (13.5 +/- 7.5%) (P less than 0.05), whereas no changes were observed in FSH and LH (p greater than 0.05). Exercise in the luteal phase and during menses provoked similar changes in P, but E2 concentrations remained unchanged when exercise occurred during menses (p greater than 0.05). With 8-11 weeks of training the menstrual cycles were quite irregular and retesting of subjects in the same phase of the cycle was not possible. Yet, when subjects were retested after training, no changes occurred in P, E2 or LH (p greater than 0.05) but a decrement did occur in FSH (p less than 0.10). Thus, heavy exercise in untrained subjects provokes significant increments in ovarian hormones, whereas no such increments are observed in trained subjects exercising at the same absolute workload.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, and estradiol. The effects of 30 min of exercise (74.1 +/- 3.0% (VO2), on the responses of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 10 women. With such exercise significant increments occurred in P (37.6 +/- 9.5%) and E2 (13.5 +/- 7.5%) (P less than 0.05), whereas no changes were observed in FSH and LH (p greater than 0.05). Exercise in the luteal phase and during menses provoked similar changes in P, but E2 concentrations remained unchanged when exercise occurred during menses (p greater than 0.05). With 8-11 weeks of training the menstrual cycles were quite irregular and retesting of subjects in the same phase of the cycle was not possible. Yet, when subjects were retested after training, no changes occurred in P, E2 or LH (p greater than 0.05) but a decrement did occur in FSH (p less than 0.10). Thus, heavy exercise in untrained subjects provokes significant increments in ovarian hormones, whereas no such increments are observed in trained subjects exercising at the same absolute workload.", "PMID": 499193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4212", "title": "The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training.", "content": "Anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic threshold (4 mmol/l lactate), as well as maximal capacity, were determined in seven cross country skiers of national level. All of them ran in a treadmill exercise for at least 30 min at constant heart rates as well as at constant running speed, both as previously determined for the aerobic-anaerobic threshold. During the exercise performed with a constant speed, lactate concentration initially rose to values of nearly 4 mmol/l and then remained essentially constant during the rest of the exercise. Heart rate displayed a slight but permanent increase and was on the average above 170 beats/min. A new arrangement of concepts for the anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic threshold (as derived from energy metabolism) is suggested, that will make possible the determination of optimal work load intensities during endurance training by regulating heart rate.", "contents": "The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic threshold (4 mmol/l lactate), as well as maximal capacity, were determined in seven cross country skiers of national level. All of them ran in a treadmill exercise for at least 30 min at constant heart rates as well as at constant running speed, both as previously determined for the aerobic-anaerobic threshold. During the exercise performed with a constant speed, lactate concentration initially rose to values of nearly 4 mmol/l and then remained essentially constant during the rest of the exercise. Heart rate displayed a slight but permanent increase and was on the average above 170 beats/min. A new arrangement of concepts for the anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic threshold (as derived from energy metabolism) is suggested, that will make possible the determination of optimal work load intensities during endurance training by regulating heart rate.", "PMID": 499194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4213", "title": "Age-related differences in lactate distribution kinetics following maximal exercise.", "content": "Lactate concentrations were determined at 3, 5, and 7 min of recovery following maximal, continuous, multi-stage treadmill work in 180 men, aged 20-80 years, who were participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Each subject was placed into one of six age groups, e.g., 20-29, 30-39, etc. As expected, average concentrations decreased consistently with age. All three sampling times were similar in characterizing maximal lactates for the youngest men. For each older group, except for the oldest, the later values were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than the 3-min values. For subjects in their 50's and 60's mean concentrations continued to rise through the 7th min. These data suggest that in man there is a progressive, age-related diminution of ability to diffuse lactate from muscle and/or distribute it into its space. This may result in decreased endurance and work capacity and a prolongation of recovery. As an alternative to multiple sampling and analyses for maximal lactate, single blood samples should be obtained no sooner than 5 min of recovery for men up to age 50, and at 7 min for those between 50 and 70 years. Variability among the men over 70 years of age was large enough to preclude single-sample alternatives.", "contents": "Age-related differences in lactate distribution kinetics following maximal exercise. Lactate concentrations were determined at 3, 5, and 7 min of recovery following maximal, continuous, multi-stage treadmill work in 180 men, aged 20-80 years, who were participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Each subject was placed into one of six age groups, e.g., 20-29, 30-39, etc. As expected, average concentrations decreased consistently with age. All three sampling times were similar in characterizing maximal lactates for the youngest men. For each older group, except for the oldest, the later values were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than the 3-min values. For subjects in their 50's and 60's mean concentrations continued to rise through the 7th min. These data suggest that in man there is a progressive, age-related diminution of ability to diffuse lactate from muscle and/or distribute it into its space. This may result in decreased endurance and work capacity and a prolongation of recovery. As an alternative to multiple sampling and analyses for maximal lactate, single blood samples should be obtained no sooner than 5 min of recovery for men up to age 50, and at 7 min for those between 50 and 70 years. Variability among the men over 70 years of age was large enough to preclude single-sample alternatives.", "PMID": 499195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4214", "title": "EMG frequency spectrum, muscle structure, and fatigue during dynamic contractions in man.", "content": "Fatigue of the vastus lateralis muscle was studied in healthy well-conditioned students, who differed considerable regarding their muscle fibre type distribution. Muscle force decline during repeated maximum voluntary knee extensions at a constant angular velocity (180 degree X s-1 or rad X s-1), using isokinetic equipment, was taken as the criterion for the degree of fatigue. In an attempt to study quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the EMG pattern, integrated EMG (IEMG) and the frequency of the mean power (MPF), computed from the power spectral density function (PSDF), were analysed. It was found that individuals with muscles made up of a high proportion of fast twitch (FT) muscle fibres demonstrated higher peak knee extension torque, and a greater susceptibility to fatigue than did individuals with muscles mainly composed of slow twitch (ST) muscle fibres. An IEMG decline (p less than 0.01) was demonstrated during 100 contractions in individuals rich in FT fibres. Only a slight, but not significant, reduction in IEMG occurred in individuals with high percentage of ST fibres. Concomitantly, MPF decreased (p less than 0.001) in individuals with a high percentage of FT fibres, while their opposites demonstrated only a slight decrease (non-significant). It is suggested that muscle conctraction failure might also be related to qualitative changes in the motor unit recruitment pattern, and that these changes occur more rapidly in muscles composed of a high proportion of FT muscle fibres than in muscles composed to a high proportion of ST fibres.", "contents": "EMG frequency spectrum, muscle structure, and fatigue during dynamic contractions in man. Fatigue of the vastus lateralis muscle was studied in healthy well-conditioned students, who differed considerable regarding their muscle fibre type distribution. Muscle force decline during repeated maximum voluntary knee extensions at a constant angular velocity (180 degree X s-1 or rad X s-1), using isokinetic equipment, was taken as the criterion for the degree of fatigue. In an attempt to study quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the EMG pattern, integrated EMG (IEMG) and the frequency of the mean power (MPF), computed from the power spectral density function (PSDF), were analysed. It was found that individuals with muscles made up of a high proportion of fast twitch (FT) muscle fibres demonstrated higher peak knee extension torque, and a greater susceptibility to fatigue than did individuals with muscles mainly composed of slow twitch (ST) muscle fibres. An IEMG decline (p less than 0.01) was demonstrated during 100 contractions in individuals rich in FT fibres. Only a slight, but not significant, reduction in IEMG occurred in individuals with high percentage of ST fibres. Concomitantly, MPF decreased (p less than 0.001) in individuals with a high percentage of FT fibres, while their opposites demonstrated only a slight decrease (non-significant). It is suggested that muscle conctraction failure might also be related to qualitative changes in the motor unit recruitment pattern, and that these changes occur more rapidly in muscles composed of a high proportion of FT muscle fibres than in muscles composed to a high proportion of ST fibres.", "PMID": 499196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4215", "title": "Oxygen dissociation curves in trained and untrained subjects.", "content": "Oxygen dissociation curves (ODC) in whole blood and organic phosphate concentrations in red cells were determined in 10 highly trained male athletes (TR), 6 semitrained subjects (ST) who played sports regularly at low intensities and 8 untrained people (UT). In all groups standard ODCs (37 degrees C, pH 7.40, PCO2 approximately 43 Torr) at rest and after a short exhaustive exercise were nearly identical, but PO2 values measured immediately after blood sampling and corrected to standard conditions tended to fall to the right of the in vitro ODC. Elevated P50 in the physically active [28.65 +/- 1.4 Torr (3.81 +/- 0.18 kPa) in ST, 28.0 +/- 1.1 Torr (3.73 +/- 0.15 kPa) in TR, but 26.5 +/- 1.1 Torr (3.53 +/- 0.15 kPa) in UT] were partly caused by different [DPG] (11.9 +/- 1.3 mumol/GHb in UT, 13.3 +/- 1.5 mumol/GHb in TR, 13.8 +/- 2.2 mumol/gHb in ST). There were remarkable differences in the shape of the curves between the groups. The slope \"n\" in the Hill plot amounted to 2.65 +/- 0.12 in UT, 2.74 +/- in ST and 2.90 +/- 0.11 in the TR (2 p against UT less than 0.001), leading to an elevated oxygen pressure of about 2 Torr (0.27 kPa) at 20% saturation and an augmented oxygen extraction of 5--7 SO2 at a PO2 of about 15 Torr (2kPa), which might be favorable at high workloads. The reason for the phenomenon could be an increased amount of young red cells in the blood of TR, caused by exercise induced hemolysis.", "contents": "Oxygen dissociation curves in trained and untrained subjects. Oxygen dissociation curves (ODC) in whole blood and organic phosphate concentrations in red cells were determined in 10 highly trained male athletes (TR), 6 semitrained subjects (ST) who played sports regularly at low intensities and 8 untrained people (UT). In all groups standard ODCs (37 degrees C, pH 7.40, PCO2 approximately 43 Torr) at rest and after a short exhaustive exercise were nearly identical, but PO2 values measured immediately after blood sampling and corrected to standard conditions tended to fall to the right of the in vitro ODC. Elevated P50 in the physically active [28.65 +/- 1.4 Torr (3.81 +/- 0.18 kPa) in ST, 28.0 +/- 1.1 Torr (3.73 +/- 0.15 kPa) in TR, but 26.5 +/- 1.1 Torr (3.53 +/- 0.15 kPa) in UT] were partly caused by different [DPG] (11.9 +/- 1.3 mumol/GHb in UT, 13.3 +/- 1.5 mumol/GHb in TR, 13.8 +/- 2.2 mumol/gHb in ST). There were remarkable differences in the shape of the curves between the groups. The slope \"n\" in the Hill plot amounted to 2.65 +/- 0.12 in UT, 2.74 +/- in ST and 2.90 +/- 0.11 in the TR (2 p against UT less than 0.001), leading to an elevated oxygen pressure of about 2 Torr (0.27 kPa) at 20% saturation and an augmented oxygen extraction of 5--7 SO2 at a PO2 of about 15 Torr (2kPa), which might be favorable at high workloads. The reason for the phenomenon could be an increased amount of young red cells in the blood of TR, caused by exercise induced hemolysis.", "PMID": 499197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4216", "title": "Resting heart rate in apparently healthy middle-aged men.", "content": "Resting heart rate (fcrest) was measured by a standardized technique in 2,014 men aged 40-59 years during a cardiovascular survey. All men were thought to be healthy prior to the survey examination. According to the survey findings, the material was subdivided into 5 clinical subgroups, according to survey findings of coronary heart disease (CHD), or suspect symptoms, or signs. Coronary angiography was performed in 105 subjects with particularly strong suspicions of CHD. FCrest varied between 61-63 among the 5 groups (p greater than 0.10). In 1832/2014 defined as \"normals\" the following findings were made: 1. Mean fcrest 61 (SD 9.7), and almost identical values obtained by auscultation and from resting ECGs in the same persons. 2. Linear drop in fcrest by age (-0.126 beats/year, p less than 0.001). 3. Increase in fcrest with increasing systolic blood pressure. Since there is no generally accepted technique for measuring fcrest it is suggested that the wide variation in fcrest reported in the literature at least in part may be due to differences in techniques.", "contents": "Resting heart rate in apparently healthy middle-aged men. Resting heart rate (fcrest) was measured by a standardized technique in 2,014 men aged 40-59 years during a cardiovascular survey. All men were thought to be healthy prior to the survey examination. According to the survey findings, the material was subdivided into 5 clinical subgroups, according to survey findings of coronary heart disease (CHD), or suspect symptoms, or signs. Coronary angiography was performed in 105 subjects with particularly strong suspicions of CHD. FCrest varied between 61-63 among the 5 groups (p greater than 0.10). In 1832/2014 defined as \"normals\" the following findings were made: 1. Mean fcrest 61 (SD 9.7), and almost identical values obtained by auscultation and from resting ECGs in the same persons. 2. Linear drop in fcrest by age (-0.126 beats/year, p less than 0.001). 3. Increase in fcrest with increasing systolic blood pressure. Since there is no generally accepted technique for measuring fcrest it is suggested that the wide variation in fcrest reported in the literature at least in part may be due to differences in techniques.", "PMID": 499198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4217", "title": "Protein synthesis in imbibing wheat embryos.", "content": "Polypeptides synthesized by imbibing wheat embryos have been compared with those made by cell-free extracts programmed with bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos. Newly synthesized polypeptides, labeled with [35S]methionine, were resolved by one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoresis and then records of the separations were prepared by fluorography. When programmed by bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos, a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate synthesizes an array of polypeptides which is broadly similar to that formed when a wheat germ extract is programmed with the same RNA. Polypeptides made in both homologous and heterologous cell-free systems, under the direction of bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos, are broadly similar to those formed during early (0--40 min) imbibition of dry wheat embryos. As imbibition progresses beyond 40 min, there are profound changes in the one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoretic distributions of newly made polypeptides present in the 23 000 x g supernatant fraction of cell-free homogenates; characteristically, low-molecular-weight and basic polypeptides comprise a diminishing proportion of the total polypeptides as imbibition progresses beyond 40 min. Ribosomal proteins are conspicuous among the proteins formed during early imbibition and especially prominent among the products formed when homologous cell-free polypeptide synthesis is programmed by bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in imbibing wheat embryos. Polypeptides synthesized by imbibing wheat embryos have been compared with those made by cell-free extracts programmed with bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos. Newly synthesized polypeptides, labeled with [35S]methionine, were resolved by one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoresis and then records of the separations were prepared by fluorography. When programmed by bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos, a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate synthesizes an array of polypeptides which is broadly similar to that formed when a wheat germ extract is programmed with the same RNA. Polypeptides made in both homologous and heterologous cell-free systems, under the direction of bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos, are broadly similar to those formed during early (0--40 min) imbibition of dry wheat embryos. As imbibition progresses beyond 40 min, there are profound changes in the one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoretic distributions of newly made polypeptides present in the 23 000 x g supernatant fraction of cell-free homogenates; characteristically, low-molecular-weight and basic polypeptides comprise a diminishing proportion of the total polypeptides as imbibition progresses beyond 40 min. Ribosomal proteins are conspicuous among the proteins formed during early imbibition and especially prominent among the products formed when homologous cell-free polypeptide synthesis is programmed by bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos.", "PMID": 499199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4218", "title": "Characterization of pre-messenger-RNA-containing nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from avian erythroblasts.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein particles have been isolated from duck erythroblast nuclei using a procedure designed to produce maximal cytoplasmic dispersion with minimal release of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes. The RNA extracted from the purified nuclear ribonucleoprotein fraction is shown to contain globin messenger RNA sequences at a concentration comparable to that present in total nuclear RNA. The polypeptide composition of this fraction revealed by electrophoresis in two dimensions is complex, consisting of at least 65 acidic species and 21 basic species. Several lines of evidence suggest that these are authentic components of nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The so-called 'core' proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein which were previously shown to migrate as a single band on low-pH urea gels, and as six bands on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels are here shown to be considerably more complex being resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis into a group of 15 basic and 6 more and less neutral polypeptides. Isoelectric focusing of nuclear ribonucleoprotein under non-denaturing conditions suggests that these latter species are not uniformly distributed along the pre-messenger RNA molecule.", "contents": "Characterization of pre-messenger-RNA-containing nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from avian erythroblasts. Ribonucleoprotein particles have been isolated from duck erythroblast nuclei using a procedure designed to produce maximal cytoplasmic dispersion with minimal release of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes. The RNA extracted from the purified nuclear ribonucleoprotein fraction is shown to contain globin messenger RNA sequences at a concentration comparable to that present in total nuclear RNA. The polypeptide composition of this fraction revealed by electrophoresis in two dimensions is complex, consisting of at least 65 acidic species and 21 basic species. Several lines of evidence suggest that these are authentic components of nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The so-called 'core' proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein which were previously shown to migrate as a single band on low-pH urea gels, and as six bands on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels are here shown to be considerably more complex being resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis into a group of 15 basic and 6 more and less neutral polypeptides. Isoelectric focusing of nuclear ribonucleoprotein under non-denaturing conditions suggests that these latter species are not uniformly distributed along the pre-messenger RNA molecule.", "PMID": 499200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4219", "title": "Two-dimensional analysis of proteins associated with heterogenous nuclear RNA in various animal cell lines.", "content": "The protein complement of heterogenous nuclear RNA . protein particles from human HeLA, mouse L and Chinese hamster (CHO) cells has been analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using the two techniques described by O'Farrell [J. Biol. Chem. (1975) 250, 4007--4021 and Cell (1977) 12, 1133--1142]. Over a hundred individual spots habe been reproducibly detected both L-[35S]methionine. Large similarities, especially in the 25 000--40 000 Mr cluster of basic protein, were found among these three mammalian species. As far as phosphoproteins are concerned, it was observed that the bands already described by one-dimensional gels [Eur. J. Biochem. (1978) 86, 301--310] with Mr values of 28 000, 30 000, 37 000 and 52 000 are resolved into about 15 individual spots, suggesting a corresponding number of distinct states of phosphorylation. It was also clearly demonstrated that phosphoproteins are unrelated to the major basic protein species. Particles of different size classes were analysed with respect to their content of individual proteins, both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated. The most salient feature observed was that phosphoproteins become progressively more abundant with particles of increasing size. This raises the possibility that at least some of these phosphoproteins might belong to a nuclear structure to which hnRNA is normally bound.", "contents": "Two-dimensional analysis of proteins associated with heterogenous nuclear RNA in various animal cell lines. The protein complement of heterogenous nuclear RNA . protein particles from human HeLA, mouse L and Chinese hamster (CHO) cells has been analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using the two techniques described by O'Farrell [J. Biol. Chem. (1975) 250, 4007--4021 and Cell (1977) 12, 1133--1142]. Over a hundred individual spots habe been reproducibly detected both L-[35S]methionine. Large similarities, especially in the 25 000--40 000 Mr cluster of basic protein, were found among these three mammalian species. As far as phosphoproteins are concerned, it was observed that the bands already described by one-dimensional gels [Eur. J. Biochem. (1978) 86, 301--310] with Mr values of 28 000, 30 000, 37 000 and 52 000 are resolved into about 15 individual spots, suggesting a corresponding number of distinct states of phosphorylation. It was also clearly demonstrated that phosphoproteins are unrelated to the major basic protein species. Particles of different size classes were analysed with respect to their content of individual proteins, both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated. The most salient feature observed was that phosphoproteins become progressively more abundant with particles of increasing size. This raises the possibility that at least some of these phosphoproteins might belong to a nuclear structure to which hnRNA is normally bound.", "PMID": 499201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4220", "title": "The primary structure of the ovine beta-caseins.", "content": "Ovine whole casein contains 2 multiphosphorylated beta-casein components designated as beta 1 and beta 2-caseins. The complete sequence of beta 1-casein and the partial sequence of beta 2-casein have been determined from cyanogen bromide and tryptic digests. The ovine beta 1 and beta 2-caseins have the same polypeptide chain and appear to differ only in that they contain 6 and 5 phosphates respectively. The amino acid composition of ovine beta 1-casein can be written as: Asp4, Asn4, Thr10, ThrP1, Ser9, SerP5, Glu19, Gn21, Pro34, Gly5, Ala4, Val21, Met6, Ile9, Leu22, Tyr3, Phe9, Trp1, Lys12, His5, Arg3. Compared to bovine beta-casein A2, which is made up of 209 residues, ovine beta 1-casein has a deletion of 2 residues (either Pro-179--Tyr-180 or Tyr-180--Pro-181) and 20 largely conservative amino acid substitutions. Although 20% of the substitutions involve proline residues, the proline contents of ovine beta 1 and bovine beta A2-caseins are very similar, around 16%. The average hydrophobicity, calculated according to Bigelow, is 5.51 kJ/residue, which is similar to that calculated for bovine beta-casein A2. The cluster of 4 phosphorylated serine residues and the highly charged nature of the amino terminal region observed for bovine beta-casein are conserved in the ovine beta-caseins. The substitution from Ile-12 (bovine) to Thr-12 (ovine) results in a new phosphorylation site, according to the phosphorylation code proposed for caseins. This site is only partially phosphorylated hence the occurrence of both beta 1 and beta 2-caseins in ovine milk.", "contents": "The primary structure of the ovine beta-caseins. Ovine whole casein contains 2 multiphosphorylated beta-casein components designated as beta 1 and beta 2-caseins. The complete sequence of beta 1-casein and the partial sequence of beta 2-casein have been determined from cyanogen bromide and tryptic digests. The ovine beta 1 and beta 2-caseins have the same polypeptide chain and appear to differ only in that they contain 6 and 5 phosphates respectively. The amino acid composition of ovine beta 1-casein can be written as: Asp4, Asn4, Thr10, ThrP1, Ser9, SerP5, Glu19, Gn21, Pro34, Gly5, Ala4, Val21, Met6, Ile9, Leu22, Tyr3, Phe9, Trp1, Lys12, His5, Arg3. Compared to bovine beta-casein A2, which is made up of 209 residues, ovine beta 1-casein has a deletion of 2 residues (either Pro-179--Tyr-180 or Tyr-180--Pro-181) and 20 largely conservative amino acid substitutions. Although 20% of the substitutions involve proline residues, the proline contents of ovine beta 1 and bovine beta A2-caseins are very similar, around 16%. The average hydrophobicity, calculated according to Bigelow, is 5.51 kJ/residue, which is similar to that calculated for bovine beta-casein A2. The cluster of 4 phosphorylated serine residues and the highly charged nature of the amino terminal region observed for bovine beta-casein are conserved in the ovine beta-caseins. The substitution from Ile-12 (bovine) to Thr-12 (ovine) results in a new phosphorylation site, according to the phosphorylation code proposed for caseins. This site is only partially phosphorylated hence the occurrence of both beta 1 and beta 2-caseins in ovine milk.", "PMID": 499202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4221", "title": "Identification of the C-1-phosphate-binding arginine residue of rabbit-muscle aldolase. Isolation of 1,2-cyclohexanedione-labeled peptide by chemisorption chromatography.", "content": "The arginine-specific reagent 1,2-cyclohexanedione reacts selectively with the arginine residue of the C-1-phosphate-binding site of aldolase and inactivates the enzyme. The labeled peptide isolated from tryptic digests of inactivated aldolase was found to correspond to the sequence Leu-43 to Arg-56, the residue modified by cyclohexanedione being Arg-55. This peptide was absent form digests of aldolase treated in the same way but protected from inactivation by the presence of substrate, thus correlating modification of Arg-55 with loss of activity. Selective isolation ofthe peptide containing the modified arginine residue was effected by chemisorption chromatography on boric acid gel, a procedure exploiting the specific interaction of matrix-bound boric acid groups with vicinal cis-hxdroxyl groups of cyclohexanedione-modified arginine side chains.", "contents": "Identification of the C-1-phosphate-binding arginine residue of rabbit-muscle aldolase. Isolation of 1,2-cyclohexanedione-labeled peptide by chemisorption chromatography. The arginine-specific reagent 1,2-cyclohexanedione reacts selectively with the arginine residue of the C-1-phosphate-binding site of aldolase and inactivates the enzyme. The labeled peptide isolated from tryptic digests of inactivated aldolase was found to correspond to the sequence Leu-43 to Arg-56, the residue modified by cyclohexanedione being Arg-55. This peptide was absent form digests of aldolase treated in the same way but protected from inactivation by the presence of substrate, thus correlating modification of Arg-55 with loss of activity. Selective isolation ofthe peptide containing the modified arginine residue was effected by chemisorption chromatography on boric acid gel, a procedure exploiting the specific interaction of matrix-bound boric acid groups with vicinal cis-hxdroxyl groups of cyclohexanedione-modified arginine side chains.", "PMID": 499203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4222", "title": "Fluorescently labelled histones as probes of nucleosome structure. Preparation and general properties of methionine-labelled histone H4.", "content": "A fluorescent derivative of calf thymus histone H4 has been prepared by the reaction of methionine-84 with N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)8-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid at pH 2.4 in 8 M urea. The preparation and characterization of this labelled histone is described. Fluorescence emission measurements indicate that the label on H4 undergoes a 3--5-fold increase in emission intensity when H4 self-interacts or binds to DNA alone or is incorporated in a synthetic nucleosome. The changes observed are consistent with the formation of varied apolar environments around methionine-84, due most likely to histone-histone rather than histone-DNA interactions. Preliminary experiments indicate that the precise emission intensity of labelled H4 in the nucleosome is quite sensitive to conditions of ionic strength and histone integrity.", "contents": "Fluorescently labelled histones as probes of nucleosome structure. Preparation and general properties of methionine-labelled histone H4. A fluorescent derivative of calf thymus histone H4 has been prepared by the reaction of methionine-84 with N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)8-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid at pH 2.4 in 8 M urea. The preparation and characterization of this labelled histone is described. Fluorescence emission measurements indicate that the label on H4 undergoes a 3--5-fold increase in emission intensity when H4 self-interacts or binds to DNA alone or is incorporated in a synthetic nucleosome. The changes observed are consistent with the formation of varied apolar environments around methionine-84, due most likely to histone-histone rather than histone-DNA interactions. Preliminary experiments indicate that the precise emission intensity of labelled H4 in the nucleosome is quite sensitive to conditions of ionic strength and histone integrity.", "PMID": 499204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4223", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of a DNA complementary to pre-uteroglobin mRNA.", "content": "Uteroglobin, a progesterone-induced uterine protein of the rabbit, is synthesized in cell-free systems as a precursor containing 21 additional amino-acids at its N-terminal end. The mRNA for pre-uteroglobin has been purified from the membrane-bound polysomes of induced endometrium and used as template for the synthesis of a full copy complementary DNA. Final purification of the cDNA was based on hybridization to the template mRNA up to a low value of r0t (0.01 M . s) and digestion of the non-hybridized cDNA by S1 nuclease. A comparison of the hybridization kinetics of the pre-uteroglobin cDNA and rabbit globin cDNA to their respective templates indicates a nucleotide sequence complexity of 650 for pre-uteroglobin mRNA, in agreement with the values obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamaide. The melting temperature of the hybrids of pre-uteroglobin cDNA to its template reflects the absence of mismatched sequences. This cDNA has been used to quantify pre-uteroglobin mRNA sequences in the endometrial RNA from control animals and from animals treated sequentially with estradiol and progesterone. In agreement with the induction of uteroglobin-synthesizing activity, there is a dramatic increase in the uterine content of pre-uteroglobin mRNA after hormonal treatment. Part of this effect can be accounted for by hormonally induced cell proliferation. When expressed on a DNA basis there is a 50--100-fold increase in the cellular content of pre-uteroglobin mRNA following hormonal treatment.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of a DNA complementary to pre-uteroglobin mRNA. Uteroglobin, a progesterone-induced uterine protein of the rabbit, is synthesized in cell-free systems as a precursor containing 21 additional amino-acids at its N-terminal end. The mRNA for pre-uteroglobin has been purified from the membrane-bound polysomes of induced endometrium and used as template for the synthesis of a full copy complementary DNA. Final purification of the cDNA was based on hybridization to the template mRNA up to a low value of r0t (0.01 M . s) and digestion of the non-hybridized cDNA by S1 nuclease. A comparison of the hybridization kinetics of the pre-uteroglobin cDNA and rabbit globin cDNA to their respective templates indicates a nucleotide sequence complexity of 650 for pre-uteroglobin mRNA, in agreement with the values obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamaide. The melting temperature of the hybrids of pre-uteroglobin cDNA to its template reflects the absence of mismatched sequences. This cDNA has been used to quantify pre-uteroglobin mRNA sequences in the endometrial RNA from control animals and from animals treated sequentially with estradiol and progesterone. In agreement with the induction of uteroglobin-synthesizing activity, there is a dramatic increase in the uterine content of pre-uteroglobin mRNA after hormonal treatment. Part of this effect can be accounted for by hormonally induced cell proliferation. When expressed on a DNA basis there is a 50--100-fold increase in the cellular content of pre-uteroglobin mRNA following hormonal treatment.", "PMID": 499205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4224", "title": "Netropsin . dG-dG-dA-dA-dT-dT-dC-dC complex. Antibiotic binding at adenine . thymine base pairs in the minor groove of the self-complementary octanucleotide duplex.", "content": "The structure of the netropsin . dG-dG-dA-dA-dT-dT-dC-dC complex (one antibiotic molecule/self-complementary octanucleodide duplex) and its dynamics as a function of temperature have been monitored by the nuclear magnetic resonances of the Watson-Crick protons, the nonexchangeable base and sugar protons and the backbone phosphates. The antibiotic forms a complex with the nucleic acid duplex at the dA . dT-containing tetranucleotide segment dA-dA-dT-dT, with slow migration amongst potential binding sites at low temperature. The downfield shifts in the exchangeable protons of netropsin on complex formation demonstrate the contributions of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the antibiotic and the nucleic acid to the stability of the complex. Complex formation results in changes in the glycosidic torsion angles of both thymidine residues and one deoxyadenosine residue as monitored by chemical shift changes in the thymine C-6 and adenine C-8 protons. The close proximity of the pyrrole rings of the antibiotic and the base-pair edges in the minor groove is manifested in the downfield shifts (0.3--0.5 ppm) of the pyrrole C-3 protons of netropsin and one adenine C-2 proton and one thymine N-3 base-pair proton on complex formation. The internucleotide phosphates of the octanucleotide undergo 31P chemical shift changes on addition of netropsin and these may reflect, in part, contributions from electrostatic interactions between the charged ends of the antibiotic and the backbone phosphates of the nucleic acid.", "contents": "Netropsin . dG-dG-dA-dA-dT-dT-dC-dC complex. Antibiotic binding at adenine . thymine base pairs in the minor groove of the self-complementary octanucleotide duplex. The structure of the netropsin . dG-dG-dA-dA-dT-dT-dC-dC complex (one antibiotic molecule/self-complementary octanucleodide duplex) and its dynamics as a function of temperature have been monitored by the nuclear magnetic resonances of the Watson-Crick protons, the nonexchangeable base and sugar protons and the backbone phosphates. The antibiotic forms a complex with the nucleic acid duplex at the dA . dT-containing tetranucleotide segment dA-dA-dT-dT, with slow migration amongst potential binding sites at low temperature. The downfield shifts in the exchangeable protons of netropsin on complex formation demonstrate the contributions of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the antibiotic and the nucleic acid to the stability of the complex. Complex formation results in changes in the glycosidic torsion angles of both thymidine residues and one deoxyadenosine residue as monitored by chemical shift changes in the thymine C-6 and adenine C-8 protons. The close proximity of the pyrrole rings of the antibiotic and the base-pair edges in the minor groove is manifested in the downfield shifts (0.3--0.5 ppm) of the pyrrole C-3 protons of netropsin and one adenine C-2 proton and one thymine N-3 base-pair proton on complex formation. The internucleotide phosphates of the octanucleotide undergo 31P chemical shift changes on addition of netropsin and these may reflect, in part, contributions from electrostatic interactions between the charged ends of the antibiotic and the backbone phosphates of the nucleic acid.", "PMID": 499206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4225", "title": "A membrane glycoprotein of aggregating Dictyostelium cells with the properties of contact sites.", "content": "Aggregating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum form EDTA-stable contacts which are blocked by a Fab (antigen-binding fragment) preparation from antisera raised against membranes. The target site of the blocking Fab fragments has been identified as a specific glycoprotein. In this paper its purification, carbohydrate and amino acid composition are described. Purification was 800-fold, starting with cells lysed by digitonin. The plasma membranes, preserved as ghosts by this treatment, were purified in a two-phase system and extracted with butan-1-ol. The water phase contained predominantly concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins and was particularly rich in contact sites A. These were further purified on DE-cellulose and sucrose gradients. Sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified material revealed one major glycoprotein band in the molecular weight region of 80 000 to 90 000, depending on the acrylamide concentration. The sugars found in contact sites A were mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and possibly glucose. The protein moeity contained 8% proline and was particularly rich in hydroxy amino acids.", "contents": "A membrane glycoprotein of aggregating Dictyostelium cells with the properties of contact sites. Aggregating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum form EDTA-stable contacts which are blocked by a Fab (antigen-binding fragment) preparation from antisera raised against membranes. The target site of the blocking Fab fragments has been identified as a specific glycoprotein. In this paper its purification, carbohydrate and amino acid composition are described. Purification was 800-fold, starting with cells lysed by digitonin. The plasma membranes, preserved as ghosts by this treatment, were purified in a two-phase system and extracted with butan-1-ol. The water phase contained predominantly concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins and was particularly rich in contact sites A. These were further purified on DE-cellulose and sucrose gradients. Sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified material revealed one major glycoprotein band in the molecular weight region of 80 000 to 90 000, depending on the acrylamide concentration. The sugars found in contact sites A were mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and possibly glucose. The protein moeity contained 8% proline and was particularly rich in hydroxy amino acids.", "PMID": 499207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4226", "title": "Determination of the hydrophobic binding site of phosphatidylcholine exchange protein with photosensitive phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "1-Acyl-2-(7-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-[1-14C]heptanoly)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was synthesized in order to study the lipid-binding site of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. Photosensitive phosphatidylcholine was incorporated into the protein by incubation with vesicles of this phosphatidylcholine derivative. The lipid-protein complex was separated from the vesicles by chromatography on Biogel A-0.5m. Photolysis of the complex by irradiation with light of a high pressure mercury lamp at a wavelength above 340 nm generated the highly reactive nitrene. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the photolysed complex indicated that 30% of the endogenous 14C-labeled phosphatidylcholine was covalently linked to the protein. Peptides were isolated after digestion of the photolysed complex with protease from Staphylococcus aureus and trypsin. It was determined that the 2-acyl chain of the phosphatidylcholine molecule was linked to the peptide segment -Gly-Ser-Lys-Val-Phe-Met-Tyr-Tyr-. This segment was part of a protease peptide of about 65 residues of which the sequence was determined by Edman degradation for the first 38 residues. This peptide contains a cluster of apolar residues -Val-Phe-Met-Tyr-Tyr-Phe with an extremely high hydrophobicity index and with a predicted beta-sheet conformation. It is concluded that this hydrophobic cluster forms part of the binding site.", "contents": "Determination of the hydrophobic binding site of phosphatidylcholine exchange protein with photosensitive phosphatidylcholine. 1-Acyl-2-(7-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-[1-14C]heptanoly)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was synthesized in order to study the lipid-binding site of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. Photosensitive phosphatidylcholine was incorporated into the protein by incubation with vesicles of this phosphatidylcholine derivative. The lipid-protein complex was separated from the vesicles by chromatography on Biogel A-0.5m. Photolysis of the complex by irradiation with light of a high pressure mercury lamp at a wavelength above 340 nm generated the highly reactive nitrene. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the photolysed complex indicated that 30% of the endogenous 14C-labeled phosphatidylcholine was covalently linked to the protein. Peptides were isolated after digestion of the photolysed complex with protease from Staphylococcus aureus and trypsin. It was determined that the 2-acyl chain of the phosphatidylcholine molecule was linked to the peptide segment -Gly-Ser-Lys-Val-Phe-Met-Tyr-Tyr-. This segment was part of a protease peptide of about 65 residues of which the sequence was determined by Edman degradation for the first 38 residues. This peptide contains a cluster of apolar residues -Val-Phe-Met-Tyr-Tyr-Phe with an extremely high hydrophobicity index and with a predicted beta-sheet conformation. It is concluded that this hydrophobic cluster forms part of the binding site.", "PMID": 499208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4227", "title": "Postsynaptic effects of crotoxin and of its isolated subunits.", "content": "Crotoxin is a potent neurotoxin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is composed of two subunits: a basic phospholipase A2 with low toxicity (component B) and an acidic protein seemingly devoid of intrinsic biological activity (component A). Crotoxin and its isolated phospholipase subunit block the depolarisation caused by cholinergic agonists on the isolated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus. The other component, which is inactive when applied alone, enhances the pharmacological activity of the phospholipase when the two components are used together. Crotoxin also blocks the increase of 22Na+ efflux caused by carbamylcholine from excitable microsacs prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. Crotoxin therefore acts postsynaptically, but does not interfere with the binding of alpha-toxin from Naja nigricollis to the nicotinic cholinergic receptor site. Instead, like local anesthetics, it stabilizes a desensitized form of the acetylcholine receptor characterized by its high affinity for agonists. The phospholipase component B binds in a non-saturable manner to receptor-rich membranes. In contrast, component A does not bind to acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes, but completely prevents the non-saturable binding of component B. When the two components are applied together, a saturable binding of the latter is observed with the acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes.", "contents": "Postsynaptic effects of crotoxin and of its isolated subunits. Crotoxin is a potent neurotoxin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is composed of two subunits: a basic phospholipase A2 with low toxicity (component B) and an acidic protein seemingly devoid of intrinsic biological activity (component A). Crotoxin and its isolated phospholipase subunit block the depolarisation caused by cholinergic agonists on the isolated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus. The other component, which is inactive when applied alone, enhances the pharmacological activity of the phospholipase when the two components are used together. Crotoxin also blocks the increase of 22Na+ efflux caused by carbamylcholine from excitable microsacs prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. Crotoxin therefore acts postsynaptically, but does not interfere with the binding of alpha-toxin from Naja nigricollis to the nicotinic cholinergic receptor site. Instead, like local anesthetics, it stabilizes a desensitized form of the acetylcholine receptor characterized by its high affinity for agonists. The phospholipase component B binds in a non-saturable manner to receptor-rich membranes. In contrast, component A does not bind to acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes, but completely prevents the non-saturable binding of component B. When the two components are applied together, a saturable binding of the latter is observed with the acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes.", "PMID": 499210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4228", "title": "Role of the mitochondrial anion transporters in the regulation of ammoniagenesis in renal cortex mitochondria of the rabbit and rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which may regulate ammoniagenesis in the kidney cortex. Emphasis was placed on the segment of the pathway by which the carbons derived from glutamine must exit from the mitochondrion. These pathways were compared in the rat with high rates of ammoniagenesis and the rabbit which has a low rate of ammoniagenesis. The dicarboxylate transporter, which is essential for ammoniagenesis, has a maximum velocity which was much lower in the rabbit. The malate concentration required for half-maximal rates of transport was 14 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein and similar in both species. There was no effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on dicarboxylate transporter activity. The tricarboxylate transporter activity with phosphoenol pyruvate as substrate also had a low activity in the rabbit kidney-cortex mitochondria. The maximum velocity of phosphate dependent glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were all much greater than the maximal rate of ammoniagenesis observed in vivo in the rabbit. Therefore, the low rates of ammoniagenesis and the failure to adapt to acidosis in the rabbit are best explained by factors influencing the dicarboxylate transporter.", "contents": "Role of the mitochondrial anion transporters in the regulation of ammoniagenesis in renal cortex mitochondria of the rabbit and rat. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which may regulate ammoniagenesis in the kidney cortex. Emphasis was placed on the segment of the pathway by which the carbons derived from glutamine must exit from the mitochondrion. These pathways were compared in the rat with high rates of ammoniagenesis and the rabbit which has a low rate of ammoniagenesis. The dicarboxylate transporter, which is essential for ammoniagenesis, has a maximum velocity which was much lower in the rabbit. The malate concentration required for half-maximal rates of transport was 14 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein and similar in both species. There was no effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on dicarboxylate transporter activity. The tricarboxylate transporter activity with phosphoenol pyruvate as substrate also had a low activity in the rabbit kidney-cortex mitochondria. The maximum velocity of phosphate dependent glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were all much greater than the maximal rate of ammoniagenesis observed in vivo in the rabbit. Therefore, the low rates of ammoniagenesis and the failure to adapt to acidosis in the rabbit are best explained by factors influencing the dicarboxylate transporter.", "PMID": 499211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4229", "title": "Interaction of non-histone proteins with DNA and chromatin from Drosophila and mouse cells. Specificity, isolation and analysis of complexes.", "content": "The specificity of the binding of purified non-histone proteins to DNA has been investigated through two types of experiments. Using a nitrocellulose filter assay at a low protein/DNA ratio, the binding of mouse non-histone proteins to mouse DNA was twice as great as the binding of mouse non histone protein to Drosophila DNA. The reverse experiment using Drosophila non-histone protein confirmed the interpretation that some protein . DNA complexes were specific. Protein . DNA complexes isolated by gel filtration chromatography indicated that 20% or 10% of the non-histone protein was bound to homologous or heterologous DNA respectively. Purified non-histone proteins bound with lower efficiency (15%) than unpurified but with higher specificity to soluble chromatin than to naked DNA. This binding did not result from an exchange between chromatin non-histone proteins and purified non-histone proteins added in excess. DNA-bound and chromatin-bound proteins were analysed on polyacrylamide gels. Whereas no major qualitative differences were observed with DNA-bound proteins, some proteins bound to homologous mouse chromatin were different from those bound to heterologous Drosophila chromatin. These results suggest a possible role of DNA-bound non-histone proteins in the regulation of gene expression.", "contents": "Interaction of non-histone proteins with DNA and chromatin from Drosophila and mouse cells. Specificity, isolation and analysis of complexes. The specificity of the binding of purified non-histone proteins to DNA has been investigated through two types of experiments. Using a nitrocellulose filter assay at a low protein/DNA ratio, the binding of mouse non-histone proteins to mouse DNA was twice as great as the binding of mouse non histone protein to Drosophila DNA. The reverse experiment using Drosophila non-histone protein confirmed the interpretation that some protein . DNA complexes were specific. Protein . DNA complexes isolated by gel filtration chromatography indicated that 20% or 10% of the non-histone protein was bound to homologous or heterologous DNA respectively. Purified non-histone proteins bound with lower efficiency (15%) than unpurified but with higher specificity to soluble chromatin than to naked DNA. This binding did not result from an exchange between chromatin non-histone proteins and purified non-histone proteins added in excess. DNA-bound and chromatin-bound proteins were analysed on polyacrylamide gels. Whereas no major qualitative differences were observed with DNA-bound proteins, some proteins bound to homologous mouse chromatin were different from those bound to heterologous Drosophila chromatin. These results suggest a possible role of DNA-bound non-histone proteins in the regulation of gene expression.", "PMID": 499212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4230", "title": "Macromolecular complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from eukaryotes. 1. Extensive purification and characterization of the high-molecular-weight  complex(es) of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from sheep liver.", "content": "Starting from homogenates of sheep liver, extensive co-purification of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to high specific activities was achieved by a three-step procedure involving fractional precipitation by poly(ethylene glycol) 6000, gel filtration on 6% agarose and chromatography on Sepharose-bound tRNA. The purified material is composed of nine major protein components as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and has an apparent molecular weight of about 10(6) estimated by gel filtration on 6% agarose. It contains aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities specific for methionine, lysine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine and glutamic acid. The rigorous co-elution of these seven enzymes at each chromatographic step suggests, but does not conclusively prove, that they are physically associated within the same complex. The enzyme composition of the high-molecular-weight complex purified from sheep liver is identical to that of the complex previously isolated from human placenta by Denney in 1977 (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 183, 156--167).", "contents": "Macromolecular complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from eukaryotes. 1. Extensive purification and characterization of the high-molecular-weight  complex(es) of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from sheep liver. Starting from homogenates of sheep liver, extensive co-purification of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to high specific activities was achieved by a three-step procedure involving fractional precipitation by poly(ethylene glycol) 6000, gel filtration on 6% agarose and chromatography on Sepharose-bound tRNA. The purified material is composed of nine major protein components as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and has an apparent molecular weight of about 10(6) estimated by gel filtration on 6% agarose. It contains aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities specific for methionine, lysine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine and glutamic acid. The rigorous co-elution of these seven enzymes at each chromatographic step suggests, but does not conclusively prove, that they are physically associated within the same complex. The enzyme composition of the high-molecular-weight complex purified from sheep liver is identical to that of the complex previously isolated from human placenta by Denney in 1977 (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 183, 156--167).", "PMID": 499214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4231", "title": "Metabolism of isolated kidney tubules. Interactions between lactate, glutamine and oleate metabolism.", "content": "Kidney-cortex tubule suspensions were prepared by collagenase treatment of kidney cortex from fed and starved rats. This preparation, consisting mainly of proximal convoluted tubules was incubated with three major renal substrates, L-lactate, glutamine and oleate to study the dose dependence of substrate uptake rates from medium substrate combinations. All three substances, when added at near physiological concentrations, modified the uptake rate and fate of the other substrates. In accordance with previous observations, oleate inhibited lactate uptake, and lactate decreased glutamine metabolism. Glutamine on the other hand led to a marked increase in lactate uptake. Both, glutamine and lactate increased oleate metabolism. Glucose was the main product of lactate and glutamine metabolism, lactate being preferentially taken up for this process. Oleate led to a net synthesis of triglycerides in the tubules, which was stimulated by the addition of lactate and glutamine. More than 75% of the oleate taken up was recovered as triglycerides. In the absence of fatty acids, triglyceride content of tubules decreased. The results indicate that oleate is taken up in preference to lactate and glutamine when all three substrates are offered to the tubule. Glucose and triglycerides are the main metabolic products of tubular substrate metabolism. Whereas glucose is released into the medium, triglycerides are stored in the tubule cell.", "contents": "Metabolism of isolated kidney tubules. Interactions between lactate, glutamine and oleate metabolism. Kidney-cortex tubule suspensions were prepared by collagenase treatment of kidney cortex from fed and starved rats. This preparation, consisting mainly of proximal convoluted tubules was incubated with three major renal substrates, L-lactate, glutamine and oleate to study the dose dependence of substrate uptake rates from medium substrate combinations. All three substances, when added at near physiological concentrations, modified the uptake rate and fate of the other substrates. In accordance with previous observations, oleate inhibited lactate uptake, and lactate decreased glutamine metabolism. Glutamine on the other hand led to a marked increase in lactate uptake. Both, glutamine and lactate increased oleate metabolism. Glucose was the main product of lactate and glutamine metabolism, lactate being preferentially taken up for this process. Oleate led to a net synthesis of triglycerides in the tubules, which was stimulated by the addition of lactate and glutamine. More than 75% of the oleate taken up was recovered as triglycerides. In the absence of fatty acids, triglyceride content of tubules decreased. The results indicate that oleate is taken up in preference to lactate and glutamine when all three substrates are offered to the tubule. Glucose and triglycerides are the main metabolic products of tubular substrate metabolism. Whereas glucose is released into the medium, triglycerides are stored in the tubule cell.", "PMID": 499217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4232", "title": "Cleavage of elongation factor G into compact domains.", "content": "A limited trypsinolysis of native elongation factor G results in the formation of two large fragments resistant to further proteolysis. The fragments were isolated in homogeneous state in conditions when their native structure is retained. According to circular dichroism and scanning calorimetry data the formed fragments retain the stability and compact structure that they had in the whole protein.", "contents": "Cleavage of elongation factor G into compact domains. A limited trypsinolysis of native elongation factor G results in the formation of two large fragments resistant to further proteolysis. The fragments were isolated in homogeneous state in conditions when their native structure is retained. According to circular dichroism and scanning calorimetry data the formed fragments retain the stability and compact structure that they had in the whole protein.", "PMID": 499218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4233", "title": "Mechanistic and stereochemical studies on the glycine reductase of Clostridium sticklandii.", "content": "Clostridial glycine reductase multienzyme complex which catalyses the reaction: Glycine + ADP + Pi + 2H leads to Acetate + ATP + NH3 was solubilised and fractionated essentially according to the method of Stadtman [T.C. Stadtman (1970) Methods Enzymol. 17A, 956--966] into two components: protein A and 'glycine reductase' fraction. A reconstituted system obtained by combining the two components in the presence of dithiothreitol catalysed the conversion of glycine into acetate concomitant with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Using the reconstituted system, in which the unwanted enzyme activity catalyzing an exchange of the alpha hydrogen atoms of glycine with the protons of the medium had been greatly reduced, it was found that the conversion of (2RS)-[2-14C, 2-3H1]glycine (3H/14C = 7.16) into acetate (3H/14C = 7.03) was attended by the retention of both the C-2 hydrogen atoms of glycine. Conversion of (2S)-[2-2H1, 2-3H1]glycine and (2R)-[2-2H1, 2-3H1]glycine by the reconstituted system gave (2S)-acetate and (2R)-acetate respectively showing that the reductive deamination of glycine occurs through an inversion of configuration. The cumulative information available on the glycine reductase reaction is embodied in a hypothetical mechanism of action for the enzyme.", "contents": "Mechanistic and stereochemical studies on the glycine reductase of Clostridium sticklandii. Clostridial glycine reductase multienzyme complex which catalyses the reaction: Glycine + ADP + Pi + 2H leads to Acetate + ATP + NH3 was solubilised and fractionated essentially according to the method of Stadtman [T.C. Stadtman (1970) Methods Enzymol. 17A, 956--966] into two components: protein A and 'glycine reductase' fraction. A reconstituted system obtained by combining the two components in the presence of dithiothreitol catalysed the conversion of glycine into acetate concomitant with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Using the reconstituted system, in which the unwanted enzyme activity catalyzing an exchange of the alpha hydrogen atoms of glycine with the protons of the medium had been greatly reduced, it was found that the conversion of (2RS)-[2-14C, 2-3H1]glycine (3H/14C = 7.16) into acetate (3H/14C = 7.03) was attended by the retention of both the C-2 hydrogen atoms of glycine. Conversion of (2S)-[2-2H1, 2-3H1]glycine and (2R)-[2-2H1, 2-3H1]glycine by the reconstituted system gave (2S)-acetate and (2R)-acetate respectively showing that the reductive deamination of glycine occurs through an inversion of configuration. The cumulative information available on the glycine reductase reaction is embodied in a hypothetical mechanism of action for the enzyme.", "PMID": 499219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4234", "title": "Measurement of colloid clearance rate as an adjunct to static liver imaging.", "content": "A technique for the measurement of the rate of uptake of 99mTc labelled sulphur colloid in the liver using a gamma camera and computer is described. The mathematical model showing the factors affecting the rate of uptake, and the results of the measurements in a series of normals and patients with a variety of liver diseases are presented. The range in cirrhosis was found to be significantly lower than normal and the range in acute liver injury significantly higher. The technique can easily be incorporated into a standard colloid liver imaging procedure and is considered to be a valuable adjunct to diagnosis using the static images.", "contents": "Measurement of colloid clearance rate as an adjunct to static liver imaging. A technique for the measurement of the rate of uptake of 99mTc labelled sulphur colloid in the liver using a gamma camera and computer is described. The mathematical model showing the factors affecting the rate of uptake, and the results of the measurements in a series of normals and patients with a variety of liver diseases are presented. The range in cirrhosis was found to be significantly lower than normal and the range in acute liver injury significantly higher. The technique can easily be incorporated into a standard colloid liver imaging procedure and is considered to be a valuable adjunct to diagnosis using the static images.", "PMID": 499220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4235", "title": "Assessment of the extent of bone marrow haemopoietic activity in normal subjects.", "content": "A method, introduced by the authors, for assessment of the extent of bone marrow haemopoietic activity in normal subjects is reported. 99mTc-sulfur colloid is injected, and the bone marrow visualized on gamma camera, type Phogamma-HP, which is equipped with 4096 channel analyzer (Nuclear Chicago). By use of a standard and by registering the activity in \"zones of interest\" from the arm, forearm, thigh and lower leg bones, indices and mean normal values in 26 normal subjects were calculated and reported.", "contents": "Assessment of the extent of bone marrow haemopoietic activity in normal subjects. A method, introduced by the authors, for assessment of the extent of bone marrow haemopoietic activity in normal subjects is reported. 99mTc-sulfur colloid is injected, and the bone marrow visualized on gamma camera, type Phogamma-HP, which is equipped with 4096 channel analyzer (Nuclear Chicago). By use of a standard and by registering the activity in \"zones of interest\" from the arm, forearm, thigh and lower leg bones, indices and mean normal values in 26 normal subjects were calculated and reported.", "PMID": 499221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4236", "title": "Application of ferrokinetic investigation for differential diagnosis in bone marrow hypoplasia and their clinical relevance.", "content": "In this study, erythropoietic activity of bone marrow has been evaluated by ferrokinetics. For that purpose, the data of radioiron disappearance from plasma and its ultimate incorporation in red blood cells after the injection of about 10 muCi of 59Fe tagged autologous plasma, were analysed and fitted to the sum of three exponentials, using a non-linear least square SAAM-25 program on UNIVAC-1108 computer. A function representing time-activity relationship, was constructed. The functional physiological model of iron metabolism, proposed by Cavill and Ricketts, was used to calculate various ferrokinetic parameters in terms of coefficients and exponents of the time-activity function. After identifying the parameters that could be used as indices of erythropoietic activity of bone marrow, the study was repeated in six patients after they had undergone myelostimulative therapy. A distinct correlation was found between ferrokinetic observations and clinical and biochemical findings. It has been demonstrated that in histologically diagnosed cases with bone marrow hypoplasia, a further differentiation between pure aplasia and those with hypoplasia together with ineffective erythropoiesis was possible. This discrimination which is clinically very important, is only possible by means of kinetic investigations.", "contents": "Application of ferrokinetic investigation for differential diagnosis in bone marrow hypoplasia and their clinical relevance. In this study, erythropoietic activity of bone marrow has been evaluated by ferrokinetics. For that purpose, the data of radioiron disappearance from plasma and its ultimate incorporation in red blood cells after the injection of about 10 muCi of 59Fe tagged autologous plasma, were analysed and fitted to the sum of three exponentials, using a non-linear least square SAAM-25 program on UNIVAC-1108 computer. A function representing time-activity relationship, was constructed. The functional physiological model of iron metabolism, proposed by Cavill and Ricketts, was used to calculate various ferrokinetic parameters in terms of coefficients and exponents of the time-activity function. After identifying the parameters that could be used as indices of erythropoietic activity of bone marrow, the study was repeated in six patients after they had undergone myelostimulative therapy. A distinct correlation was found between ferrokinetic observations and clinical and biochemical findings. It has been demonstrated that in histologically diagnosed cases with bone marrow hypoplasia, a further differentiation between pure aplasia and those with hypoplasia together with ineffective erythropoiesis was possible. This discrimination which is clinically very important, is only possible by means of kinetic investigations.", "PMID": 499222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4237", "title": "Value of additional lateral scans in renal scintigraphy.", "content": "Although it is common to perform scintigrams in multiple projections this technique has not yet been generally accepted for kidney scintigraphy. By performing additional lateral scans using an Anger camera and with patients sitting we found at least three advantages: 1. Better Visualisation of Kidney Lesions: 7 (13,5%) of 52 cases with lesions could be detected in lateral projection only, in all other cases we obtained better information concerning location and size of lesions. 2. Determination of Real Kidney Size: Of 62 patients with kidneys appearing reduced unilaterally in the dorsal projection, additional lateral recordings demonstrated that 24 (39%) seemed diminished because of tilting. 3. Better Interpretation of Renograms: Demonstration of different depths of kidneys facilitates interpretation of renograms with different peak heights. Additional lateral scans thus can provide--at least if dorsal recordings are inconclusive--further information.", "contents": "Value of additional lateral scans in renal scintigraphy. Although it is common to perform scintigrams in multiple projections this technique has not yet been generally accepted for kidney scintigraphy. By performing additional lateral scans using an Anger camera and with patients sitting we found at least three advantages: 1. Better Visualisation of Kidney Lesions: 7 (13,5%) of 52 cases with lesions could be detected in lateral projection only, in all other cases we obtained better information concerning location and size of lesions. 2. Determination of Real Kidney Size: Of 62 patients with kidneys appearing reduced unilaterally in the dorsal projection, additional lateral recordings demonstrated that 24 (39%) seemed diminished because of tilting. 3. Better Interpretation of Renograms: Demonstration of different depths of kidneys facilitates interpretation of renograms with different peak heights. Additional lateral scans thus can provide--at least if dorsal recordings are inconclusive--further information.", "PMID": 499223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4238", "title": "I-125 photon absorptiometric analysis of bone density in patients with regular dialysis treatment.", "content": "The density of bone in the distal third of the radius is measured by I-125 photon absorptiometry in 38 RDT (Regular Dialysis Treatment) patients (19 mean and 19 women, age range from 17 to 65 years). In the majority of patients the bone density (BMC/W) is reduced. The clinical follow-up of dialysis patients demonstrates that the incidence and severity of clinical symtpoms do not always correlate closely with the bone density values, nor with the biochemistry and histopathological findings of bone disease associated with dialysis. Despite control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, decreased mineralization of the appendicular skeleton persists. The advantages as well as disadvantages of bone density measurements in RDT patients are discussed.", "contents": "I-125 photon absorptiometric analysis of bone density in patients with regular dialysis treatment. The density of bone in the distal third of the radius is measured by I-125 photon absorptiometry in 38 RDT (Regular Dialysis Treatment) patients (19 mean and 19 women, age range from 17 to 65 years). In the majority of patients the bone density (BMC/W) is reduced. The clinical follow-up of dialysis patients demonstrates that the incidence and severity of clinical symtpoms do not always correlate closely with the bone density values, nor with the biochemistry and histopathological findings of bone disease associated with dialysis. Despite control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, decreased mineralization of the appendicular skeleton persists. The advantages as well as disadvantages of bone density measurements in RDT patients are discussed.", "PMID": 499224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4239", "title": "89Strontium therapy of bone metastases of carcinoma of the prostatic gland.", "content": "Following a firm diagnostic and therapeutic schedule for patients with prostatic carcinoma. 89Strontium therapy was introduced for multiple metastases. Positive skeletal scintigraphy with 99mTc-EHDP induced check for affinity to Sr using 85Sr scintigraphy. Of 80 patients, multiple metastases were found in 26. Therapy with 1 mCi of 89Sr-chloride was started in 20 cases. In 8 patients, relief from severe pain appeared shortly afterward, and a further 8 it was possible to prevent the development of pain. Moderate success in 3 cases and a failure to provide relief in 1 were observed.", "contents": "89Strontium therapy of bone metastases of carcinoma of the prostatic gland. Following a firm diagnostic and therapeutic schedule for patients with prostatic carcinoma. 89Strontium therapy was introduced for multiple metastases. Positive skeletal scintigraphy with 99mTc-EHDP induced check for affinity to Sr using 85Sr scintigraphy. Of 80 patients, multiple metastases were found in 26. Therapy with 1 mCi of 89Sr-chloride was started in 20 cases. In 8 patients, relief from severe pain appeared shortly afterward, and a further 8 it was possible to prevent the development of pain. Moderate success in 3 cases and a failure to provide relief in 1 were observed.", "PMID": 499225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4240", "title": "Thyroid imaging with iodine-125 and technetium-99m.", "content": "Eighty-eight patients referred consecutively for thyroid imaging were studied. Each patient was scanned with a 3'' rectilinear scanner using both 125I and 99mTc. The paired scans were evaluated independently by two physicians experienced in thyroid evaluation and image analysis. The images were ranked on a scale from 1 to 5 as follows: 1) 125I scan much better than the 99mTc scan, 2) ..., 3) 125I scan and 99mTc scan the same, 4) ..., 5) 99mTc scan much better than 125I scan. The scores were statistically analyzed by the sign test and transformed normal score methods. Categories analyzed were: A. Hypothyroid, B. Euthyroid, C. Hyperthroid, (A-C based upon RAIU measurements), D. Cold Nodules, E. Graves Disease, F. Hot-Nodules, G. Multinodular Nontoxic Goiter, H. Miscellaneous and I. Normal. The significance of this study is that regardless of the classification we used, in no category was the 99mTc scan considered better than the 125I scan. This finding is at variance with the observations of some others comparing 99mTc with other iodine radioisotopes. 99mTc may have some procedural advantages and does deliver a lower radidation dose to the thyroid.", "contents": "Thyroid imaging with iodine-125 and technetium-99m. Eighty-eight patients referred consecutively for thyroid imaging were studied. Each patient was scanned with a 3'' rectilinear scanner using both 125I and 99mTc. The paired scans were evaluated independently by two physicians experienced in thyroid evaluation and image analysis. The images were ranked on a scale from 1 to 5 as follows: 1) 125I scan much better than the 99mTc scan, 2) ..., 3) 125I scan and 99mTc scan the same, 4) ..., 5) 99mTc scan much better than 125I scan. The scores were statistically analyzed by the sign test and transformed normal score methods. Categories analyzed were: A. Hypothyroid, B. Euthyroid, C. Hyperthroid, (A-C based upon RAIU measurements), D. Cold Nodules, E. Graves Disease, F. Hot-Nodules, G. Multinodular Nontoxic Goiter, H. Miscellaneous and I. Normal. The significance of this study is that regardless of the classification we used, in no category was the 99mTc scan considered better than the 125I scan. This finding is at variance with the observations of some others comparing 99mTc with other iodine radioisotopes. 99mTc may have some procedural advantages and does deliver a lower radidation dose to the thyroid.", "PMID": 499226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4241", "title": "The indeterminate lung scan: its characteristics and its association with pulmonary embolism.", "content": "In an unselected series of patients whose only perfusion abnormalities on lung scan matched abnormalities on chest radiograph, the prevalence of pulmonary embolism ranged from 8 to 15%. These estimates depended upon whether only angiographic and autopsy-proven diagnoses were allowed or whether clinical diagnoses were also considered correct. Physical findings and laboratory data, in general, did not contribute to an elucidation of the cause of an indeterminate lung scan. Several radiographic findings with associated perfusion abnormalities (atelectasis alone, multiple infiltrates, bilateral effusions) were not seen in patients with pulmonary embolism. The probability of pulmonary embolism in patients with subsegmental defects alone and matching radiographic findings is about 9%; angiography in these patients would require that nearly two-thirds of the initial patient population undergo this procedure. Patients with larger defects (segmental or lobar) had a higher probability for pulmonary embolism (20--30%) and in these patients angiography is recommended.", "contents": "The indeterminate lung scan: its characteristics and its association with pulmonary embolism. In an unselected series of patients whose only perfusion abnormalities on lung scan matched abnormalities on chest radiograph, the prevalence of pulmonary embolism ranged from 8 to 15%. These estimates depended upon whether only angiographic and autopsy-proven diagnoses were allowed or whether clinical diagnoses were also considered correct. Physical findings and laboratory data, in general, did not contribute to an elucidation of the cause of an indeterminate lung scan. Several radiographic findings with associated perfusion abnormalities (atelectasis alone, multiple infiltrates, bilateral effusions) were not seen in patients with pulmonary embolism. The probability of pulmonary embolism in patients with subsegmental defects alone and matching radiographic findings is about 9%; angiography in these patients would require that nearly two-thirds of the initial patient population undergo this procedure. Patients with larger defects (segmental or lobar) had a higher probability for pulmonary embolism (20--30%) and in these patients angiography is recommended.", "PMID": 499227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4242", "title": "Localization of 99mTc-diphosphonate in a surgical scar: a speculative case report and a review of the literature.", "content": "This communication reports a presumed increased localization of 99mTc-diphosphonate in a surgical scar 5 months post-op at the site of a medium sternotomy incision. The possible mechanisms for this observation are commented on and a brief review of the observed sites of soft-tissue uptake of 99mTc-labeled bone imaging agents is given.", "contents": "Localization of 99mTc-diphosphonate in a surgical scar: a speculative case report and a review of the literature. This communication reports a presumed increased localization of 99mTc-diphosphonate in a surgical scar 5 months post-op at the site of a medium sternotomy incision. The possible mechanisms for this observation are commented on and a brief review of the observed sites of soft-tissue uptake of 99mTc-labeled bone imaging agents is given.", "PMID": 499228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4243", "title": "Iodine 131 labelled ioglycamic acid (Biligram) for scintiscanning in hepatobiliary disorders.", "content": "Iodine-131 labelled Biligram has been evaluated as a radiopharmaceutical for dynamic scintiscanning of the liver and biliary tract. In 10 normal subjects there was good visualisation of the liver and gallbladder. In 18 patients 131I Biligram was found to be unsatifactory for differentiating parenchymal liver disease from biliary tract obstruction owing to inability to demonstrate the gallbladder when liver function was more than mildly deranged. Quantitative analyses of blood clearance and hepatic activity curves for 131I Biligram were not clinically helpful. Urinary excretion of 131I Biligram increased with the degree of hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Iodine 131 labelled ioglycamic acid (Biligram) for scintiscanning in hepatobiliary disorders. Iodine-131 labelled Biligram has been evaluated as a radiopharmaceutical for dynamic scintiscanning of the liver and biliary tract. In 10 normal subjects there was good visualisation of the liver and gallbladder. In 18 patients 131I Biligram was found to be unsatifactory for differentiating parenchymal liver disease from biliary tract obstruction owing to inability to demonstrate the gallbladder when liver function was more than mildly deranged. Quantitative analyses of blood clearance and hepatic activity curves for 131I Biligram were not clinically helpful. Urinary excretion of 131I Biligram increased with the degree of hepatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 499229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4244", "title": "Liver scanning for amyloid.", "content": "Subsequent liver scans with both 99mTc-colloid and 99mTc-diphosphonate in a patient with biopsy proven liver amyloidosis are described. The colloid liver scans demonstrated the variable pattern which can be obtained at different stages of the disease, whereas, the absence of Tc-diphosphonate uptake, by the infiltrated liver, did not confirm previous suggestions about the amyloid seeking properties of this material.", "contents": "Liver scanning for amyloid. Subsequent liver scans with both 99mTc-colloid and 99mTc-diphosphonate in a patient with biopsy proven liver amyloidosis are described. The colloid liver scans demonstrated the variable pattern which can be obtained at different stages of the disease, whereas, the absence of Tc-diphosphonate uptake, by the infiltrated liver, did not confirm previous suggestions about the amyloid seeking properties of this material.", "PMID": 499230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4245", "title": "The distribution of 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine in the rat with observations on its potential as a prostate scanning agent.", "content": "The preparation of 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine is described. Following injection into male rats 63% of the administered label was excreted in 24 h, predominantly in the urine. The remaining activity appeared to have joined the S-adenosyl methionine pool residing mainly in the liver and kidney. The maximum incorporation into the ventral prostate was 2 to 4 h after injection at 0.7% injected dose/g wet weight. These results indicate that 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine is not a suitable radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic scanning of the prostate.", "contents": "The distribution of 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine in the rat with observations on its potential as a prostate scanning agent. The preparation of 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine is described. Following injection into male rats 63% of the administered label was excreted in 24 h, predominantly in the urine. The remaining activity appeared to have joined the S-adenosyl methionine pool residing mainly in the liver and kidney. The maximum incorporation into the ventral prostate was 2 to 4 h after injection at 0.7% injected dose/g wet weight. These results indicate that 75Se-adenosyl selenomethionine is not a suitable radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic scanning of the prostate.", "PMID": 499233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4246", "title": "Radionuclide fetal imaging: radio-activity in the fetal bladder confirmed by ultrasound after maternal hepato-biliary scanning.", "content": "Hepato-biliary scanning with 99mTc-P.G. demonstrated in a jaundiced patient at 31 weeks pregnancy the filling of the fetal bladder 6 h after injection. This finding was confirmed by ultrasound. Fetal urinary bladder activity was seen until 33 h after injection. Fetal hepatic radio-activity could not be displayed although the localisation of the fetal liver was marked by ultrasound.", "contents": "Radionuclide fetal imaging: radio-activity in the fetal bladder confirmed by ultrasound after maternal hepato-biliary scanning. Hepato-biliary scanning with 99mTc-P.G. demonstrated in a jaundiced patient at 31 weeks pregnancy the filling of the fetal bladder 6 h after injection. This finding was confirmed by ultrasound. Fetal urinary bladder activity was seen until 33 h after injection. Fetal hepatic radio-activity could not be displayed although the localisation of the fetal liver was marked by ultrasound.", "PMID": 499234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4247", "title": "The significance of the abnormal rest thallium-201 myocardial image in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Rest Thallium-201 myocardial images were abnormal in 20 out of 40 patients with arteriographically proven coronary artery disease. The myocardial image appearances did not accurately reflect the extent of coronary artery disease present. However, in 35 of the 40 patients (88%) the presence or absence of abnormalities on the rest myocardial image correleted respectively with the presence or absence of abnormal wall motion at left ventriculography. Most rest image abnormalities could be attributed to previous myocardial infarction, but in six patients myocardial ischaemia was possibly the cause. These results suggest that though myocardial fibrosis is usually the cause of rest myocardial image abnormalities in coronary artery disease, this is not invariably so. The possible therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of the abnormal rest thallium-201 myocardial image in coronary artery disease. Rest Thallium-201 myocardial images were abnormal in 20 out of 40 patients with arteriographically proven coronary artery disease. The myocardial image appearances did not accurately reflect the extent of coronary artery disease present. However, in 35 of the 40 patients (88%) the presence or absence of abnormalities on the rest myocardial image correleted respectively with the presence or absence of abnormal wall motion at left ventriculography. Most rest image abnormalities could be attributed to previous myocardial infarction, but in six patients myocardial ischaemia was possibly the cause. These results suggest that though myocardial fibrosis is usually the cause of rest myocardial image abnormalities in coronary artery disease, this is not invariably so. The possible therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 499235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4248", "title": "An evaluation of six kits of technetium 99m human serum albumin injection for cardiac blood pool imaging.", "content": "We have investigated the suitability of five different commercially available kits which provide human serum albumin (HSA) labelled with technetium 99m (99mTc) for cardiac blood pool imaging. Four of these products were one-step processes using stannous chloride as the reducing agent; the fifth was based on an electrolytic reduction. In addition, we also assessed our own modification of the electrolytic method. We measured the radiochemical purity by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and by gel filtration on a Biogel P4 column. In addition, we measured the clearance of radioactivity from the blood at frequent time intervals after intravenous injection. Each product was assessed in separate groups of six patients. The labelling efficiency of the one-step kits varied between 73 and 93% compared with 94 and 98% for the electrolytically labelled albumin. The blood clearance for all one-step kits was significantly faster than that obtained for the radiopharmaceuticals prepared by the electrolytic method. We conclude that HSA labelled with 99mTc by the electrolytic method is to be preferred.", "contents": "An evaluation of six kits of technetium 99m human serum albumin injection for cardiac blood pool imaging. We have investigated the suitability of five different commercially available kits which provide human serum albumin (HSA) labelled with technetium 99m (99mTc) for cardiac blood pool imaging. Four of these products were one-step processes using stannous chloride as the reducing agent; the fifth was based on an electrolytic reduction. In addition, we also assessed our own modification of the electrolytic method. We measured the radiochemical purity by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and by gel filtration on a Biogel P4 column. In addition, we measured the clearance of radioactivity from the blood at frequent time intervals after intravenous injection. Each product was assessed in separate groups of six patients. The labelling efficiency of the one-step kits varied between 73 and 93% compared with 94 and 98% for the electrolytically labelled albumin. The blood clearance for all one-step kits was significantly faster than that obtained for the radiopharmaceuticals prepared by the electrolytic method. We conclude that HSA labelled with 99mTc by the electrolytic method is to be preferred.", "PMID": 499236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4249", "title": "Specificity of immunoassays. II. Heterogeneity of specificity of antibodies in antisera used for steroid immunoassay and the selective blocking of less specific antibodies, including a new method for the measurement of immunoassay specificity.", "content": "Practical aspects of the measurement of the specificity of immunoassay are reviewed. Antibody heterogeneity in an antiserum makes a pragmatic rather than a theoretical approach necessary. A new method for the measurement of immunoassay specificity is described. This method is based on the errors caused by the cross-reacting antigens and is directly relevant to the validity of results obtained by immunoassay methods. The effect of selectively blocking the least specific antibodies in antisera raised against steroid haptens is tested. The practical consequences of these considerations are tested using steroid radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay.", "contents": "Specificity of immunoassays. II. Heterogeneity of specificity of antibodies in antisera used for steroid immunoassay and the selective blocking of less specific antibodies, including a new method for the measurement of immunoassay specificity. Practical aspects of the measurement of the specificity of immunoassay are reviewed. Antibody heterogeneity in an antiserum makes a pragmatic rather than a theoretical approach necessary. A new method for the measurement of immunoassay specificity is described. This method is based on the errors caused by the cross-reacting antigens and is directly relevant to the validity of results obtained by immunoassay methods. The effect of selectively blocking the least specific antibodies in antisera raised against steroid haptens is tested. The practical consequences of these considerations are tested using steroid radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay.", "PMID": 499237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4250", "title": "Specificity of immunoassays. III. Use of two antisera of differing specificities to improve the specificity of steroid immunoassay.", "content": "The specificity of immunoassays can be improved by using a second antiserum to bind substances that cross-react. Both theory and practice show that the effectiveness of the procedure is dependent of the complex interplay of the concentrations of the two antibodies, the concentrations of the three antigens involved (the labelled tracer, the antigen whose concentration is to be measured and the substance that cross reacts) and the affinities of the antibodies for these antigens. Measured cross-reactions can frequently be reduced to zero in the most important concentration ranges thereby enabling one to perform assays upon unpurified materials which other wise would not be possible. Limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Specificity of immunoassays. III. Use of two antisera of differing specificities to improve the specificity of steroid immunoassay. The specificity of immunoassays can be improved by using a second antiserum to bind substances that cross-react. Both theory and practice show that the effectiveness of the procedure is dependent of the complex interplay of the concentrations of the two antibodies, the concentrations of the three antigens involved (the labelled tracer, the antigen whose concentration is to be measured and the substance that cross reacts) and the affinities of the antibodies for these antigens. Measured cross-reactions can frequently be reduced to zero in the most important concentration ranges thereby enabling one to perform assays upon unpurified materials which other wise would not be possible. Limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 499238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4251", "title": "Accumulation of radioiodinated tyrosine derivatives in the adrenal medulla and in melanomas.", "content": "Because tyrosine and dopa can be regarded as precursors of adrenomedullary hormones and melanin, radioiodinated derivatives of these compounds were tested for their accumulation in the adrenal medulla and in melanomas of various animal species. The highest level of accumulation in the adrenal medulla was attained in mice and rats with iodinated beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyltyramine, and in melanomas of mice with iodinated alpha-methyltyrosine. The results could not be reproduced to the same extent in other species.", "contents": "Accumulation of radioiodinated tyrosine derivatives in the adrenal medulla and in melanomas. Because tyrosine and dopa can be regarded as precursors of adrenomedullary hormones and melanin, radioiodinated derivatives of these compounds were tested for their accumulation in the adrenal medulla and in melanomas of various animal species. The highest level of accumulation in the adrenal medulla was attained in mice and rats with iodinated beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyltyramine, and in melanomas of mice with iodinated alpha-methyltyrosine. The results could not be reproduced to the same extent in other species.", "PMID": 499239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4252", "title": "An ultrafiltration technique for labeling red blood cells with Tc-99m.", "content": "This method automates the preparation of autologous Tc-99m labeled red blood cells utilizing the Amicon on-line column eluate concentrator to separate the plasma from the red blood cells. The red blood cells were pre-tinned with stannous diphosphonate and continuously recirculated over a 0.6 mu filter until all of the plasma was removed and the red blood cells remained suspended in a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride. Once the plasma has been removed the red blood cells are incubated with Tc-99m pertechnetate. The above Tc-99m red blood cells were compared to Tc-99m red blood cells produced in a similar manner except that centrifugation was used to separate the red blood cells from the plasma. Both preparations had a tagging efficiency of 98% or greater and rat distribution studies demonstrate that both preparations are equally stable as an in vivo intravascular agent.", "contents": "An ultrafiltration technique for labeling red blood cells with Tc-99m. This method automates the preparation of autologous Tc-99m labeled red blood cells utilizing the Amicon on-line column eluate concentrator to separate the plasma from the red blood cells. The red blood cells were pre-tinned with stannous diphosphonate and continuously recirculated over a 0.6 mu filter until all of the plasma was removed and the red blood cells remained suspended in a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride. Once the plasma has been removed the red blood cells are incubated with Tc-99m pertechnetate. The above Tc-99m red blood cells were compared to Tc-99m red blood cells produced in a similar manner except that centrifugation was used to separate the red blood cells from the plasma. Both preparations had a tagging efficiency of 98% or greater and rat distribution studies demonstrate that both preparations are equally stable as an in vivo intravascular agent.", "PMID": 499240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4253", "title": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial function in the sub-totally nephrectomized rat model of chronic uremia.", "content": "The chronic uremic condition was induced in male Wistar rats by long term maintenance of the animals following sequential sub-total and contralateral nephrectomies. Hepatic reticuloendothelial (RES) activity was estimated by non-invasive measurement of blood clearance rates and hepatic uptake of 99Tcm sulfur colloid administered intravenously. The blood half-time, and the blood clearance rate constants for normals and chronic uremics were 78 +/- 10 s and 49.5 +/- 5 s, and 7.51 +/- 1.04 x 10(-3) s-1 and 10.81 +/- 1.17 x 10(-3) s-1 respectively. The normal hepatic uptake rate constant was 9.03 +/- 1.25 x 10(-3) s-1, compared with a uremic uptake rate constant of 14.34 +/- 1.51 s-1. Measurement of total liver radioactivity upon termination, 15 min after injection, showed significantly increased total uptake in uremia, whereas no change in spleen radioactivity was observed. The clinical implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial function in the sub-totally nephrectomized rat model of chronic uremia. The chronic uremic condition was induced in male Wistar rats by long term maintenance of the animals following sequential sub-total and contralateral nephrectomies. Hepatic reticuloendothelial (RES) activity was estimated by non-invasive measurement of blood clearance rates and hepatic uptake of 99Tcm sulfur colloid administered intravenously. The blood half-time, and the blood clearance rate constants for normals and chronic uremics were 78 +/- 10 s and 49.5 +/- 5 s, and 7.51 +/- 1.04 x 10(-3) s-1 and 10.81 +/- 1.17 x 10(-3) s-1 respectively. The normal hepatic uptake rate constant was 9.03 +/- 1.25 x 10(-3) s-1, compared with a uremic uptake rate constant of 14.34 +/- 1.51 s-1. Measurement of total liver radioactivity upon termination, 15 min after injection, showed significantly increased total uptake in uremia, whereas no change in spleen radioactivity was observed. The clinical implications of these data are discussed.", "PMID": 499241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4254", "title": "Uptake of 67Ga-6-mercaptopurines in Morris hepatoma-3924 A.", "content": "67Ga-chloro-6-mercaptopurine and 67Ga-citrato-6-mercaptopurine complexes have been prepared and their distribution in Morris-hepatoma-3924 A-bearing rats studied. The tumour affinity of the gallium-67 compounds varies in the order: 67Ga-chloro-6-mercaptopurine greater than 67Ga-citrato-6-mercaptopurine greater than 67Ga-citrate greater than 67Ga-chloride.", "contents": "Uptake of 67Ga-6-mercaptopurines in Morris hepatoma-3924 A. 67Ga-chloro-6-mercaptopurine and 67Ga-citrato-6-mercaptopurine complexes have been prepared and their distribution in Morris-hepatoma-3924 A-bearing rats studied. The tumour affinity of the gallium-67 compounds varies in the order: 67Ga-chloro-6-mercaptopurine greater than 67Ga-citrato-6-mercaptopurine greater than 67Ga-citrate greater than 67Ga-chloride.", "PMID": 499242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4255", "title": "Quantitative organ-uptake measurement with a gamma camera.", "content": "A study was carried out to investigate the use of a gamma camera for quantitative measurement of the absolute radioactivity in internal organs. Phantoms simulating different patient conditions were used to derive the attenuation correction factor and the conversion factor which relates a known radioactive dose to organ activity. The delimitation of the source image was established by means of an isocontour of maximum count rate. A mathematical approach was used for achievement of isosensitivity with depth of the organ and for correction for background. The accuracy of the procedure was proven by the recovery over the stomach area of the ingested activity. The method is applied to the quantitative assessment of the splenic red-cell volume.", "contents": "Quantitative organ-uptake measurement with a gamma camera. A study was carried out to investigate the use of a gamma camera for quantitative measurement of the absolute radioactivity in internal organs. Phantoms simulating different patient conditions were used to derive the attenuation correction factor and the conversion factor which relates a known radioactive dose to organ activity. The delimitation of the source image was established by means of an isocontour of maximum count rate. A mathematical approach was used for achievement of isosensitivity with depth of the organ and for correction for background. The accuracy of the procedure was proven by the recovery over the stomach area of the ingested activity. The method is applied to the quantitative assessment of the splenic red-cell volume.", "PMID": 499244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4256", "title": "The role of lysosomal enzyme activity in the localization of 67 gallium citrate.", "content": "The distribution of 67Ga citrate at 24 h post injection has been studied in the normal tissues of the mouse, rat and dog; 13 transplantable mouse tumours and 7 rat tumours have also been examined. The total activities of four lysosomal enzymes, aryl sulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin-D were measured as well as the incorporation of thymidine-3H and leucine-14C ad indicators of DNA and protein synthesis. The results show a close correlation between 67Ga uptake and lysosomal enzyme activity in the tumours studied, which is an extension of the same relationship for normal tissues. It is suggested that the reported correlation between the uptake of 67Ga and the rate of cellular proliferation is secondary to the primary function of the lysosome in the localisation of the nuclide, lysosomal enzyme activity also being enhanced in situations of increased metabolic activity. A similar relationship appears to occur following administration of 111IN-Bleomycin and 99mTc-Citrate.", "contents": "The role of lysosomal enzyme activity in the localization of 67 gallium citrate. The distribution of 67Ga citrate at 24 h post injection has been studied in the normal tissues of the mouse, rat and dog; 13 transplantable mouse tumours and 7 rat tumours have also been examined. The total activities of four lysosomal enzymes, aryl sulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin-D were measured as well as the incorporation of thymidine-3H and leucine-14C ad indicators of DNA and protein synthesis. The results show a close correlation between 67Ga uptake and lysosomal enzyme activity in the tumours studied, which is an extension of the same relationship for normal tissues. It is suggested that the reported correlation between the uptake of 67Ga and the rate of cellular proliferation is secondary to the primary function of the lysosome in the localisation of the nuclide, lysosomal enzyme activity also being enhanced in situations of increased metabolic activity. A similar relationship appears to occur following administration of 111IN-Bleomycin and 99mTc-Citrate.", "PMID": 499245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4257", "title": "The mechanism of the localization of 67gallium citrate in experimental abscesses.", "content": "67Ga accumulation in turpentine-induced abscesses, from 5 h to 20 days old, in the rat has been investigated, and the results indicate that this is dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration of the inflamed site. 67Ga concentration 24 h after injection correlates well with the activities of the lysosomal enzymes, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase, P less than 0.001, and with the DNA content of the tissue. There is no direct relationship with the rate of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of lysosomal incorporation into PMNs is consistent with the factors involved in 67Ga uptake into tumours and normal tissues.", "contents": "The mechanism of the localization of 67gallium citrate in experimental abscesses. 67Ga accumulation in turpentine-induced abscesses, from 5 h to 20 days old, in the rat has been investigated, and the results indicate that this is dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration of the inflamed site. 67Ga concentration 24 h after injection correlates well with the activities of the lysosomal enzymes, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase, P less than 0.001, and with the DNA content of the tissue. There is no direct relationship with the rate of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of lysosomal incorporation into PMNs is consistent with the factors involved in 67Ga uptake into tumours and normal tissues.", "PMID": 499246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4258", "title": "The urinary excretion of gallium-67 citrate in patients with neoplastic disease.", "content": "The urinary excretion of gallium-67 has been studied in twenty-nine patients with considerable variation, ranging from 2.71 to 35.21 per cent of the injected dose in the first twenty-four hours. The data was analyzed to determine whether differences in excretion could be related to sex, age, plasma level, site or extent of disease but no significant relation could be found. While chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been shown to affect both the plasma clearance and protein binding they have no influence upon the urinary excretion of the isotope in this study. This study shows that all patients with high urinary excretion had bone metastasis from various types of primary tumour. Not all patients with bone metastasis have high urinary excretion of gallium-67. It would appear, however, from our limited series that patients with bone metastasis and normal urinary excretion of gallium-67 show a good response to treatment.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of gallium-67 citrate in patients with neoplastic disease. The urinary excretion of gallium-67 has been studied in twenty-nine patients with considerable variation, ranging from 2.71 to 35.21 per cent of the injected dose in the first twenty-four hours. The data was analyzed to determine whether differences in excretion could be related to sex, age, plasma level, site or extent of disease but no significant relation could be found. While chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been shown to affect both the plasma clearance and protein binding they have no influence upon the urinary excretion of the isotope in this study. This study shows that all patients with high urinary excretion had bone metastasis from various types of primary tumour. Not all patients with bone metastasis have high urinary excretion of gallium-67. It would appear, however, from our limited series that patients with bone metastasis and normal urinary excretion of gallium-67 show a good response to treatment.", "PMID": 499247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4259", "title": "Tumour uptake of thallium-201 chloride.", "content": "The uptake of 201Tl-chloride in tumours has recently been investigated in several authors' laboratories. We are reporting studies on the uptake in malignant melanoma in mice. Generally, we confirm the published data qualitatively in finding higher uptake in tumour than in muscles. We confirm the rapid blood clearance and high kidney concentration, but we did not measure the myocardial uptake. We observed the concentrations in kidney muscle and tumour to rise during the first four hours while that in the liver fell from one hour onwards. We did not observe markedly higher uptake in melanin rich tumour than in other tumours.", "contents": "Tumour uptake of thallium-201 chloride. The uptake of 201Tl-chloride in tumours has recently been investigated in several authors' laboratories. We are reporting studies on the uptake in malignant melanoma in mice. Generally, we confirm the published data qualitatively in finding higher uptake in tumour than in muscles. We confirm the rapid blood clearance and high kidney concentration, but we did not measure the myocardial uptake. We observed the concentrations in kidney muscle and tumour to rise during the first four hours while that in the liver fell from one hour onwards. We did not observe markedly higher uptake in melanin rich tumour than in other tumours.", "PMID": 499248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4260", "title": "Semi-quantitative interpretation of the bone scan in metabolic bone disease: definition and validation of the metabolic index.", "content": "Certain easily recognisable features are commonly seen in the bone scans of patients with metabolic bone disorders. Seven such features have been numerically graded by three independent observers in the scans of 100 patients with metabolic bone disease and of 50 control subjects. The total score for each patient is defined as the metabolic index. The mean metabolic index for each group of patients with metabolic bone disease is significantly greater than that for the control group (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Semi-quantitative interpretation of the bone scan in metabolic bone disease: definition and validation of the metabolic index. Certain easily recognisable features are commonly seen in the bone scans of patients with metabolic bone disorders. Seven such features have been numerically graded by three independent observers in the scans of 100 patients with metabolic bone disease and of 50 control subjects. The total score for each patient is defined as the metabolic index. The mean metabolic index for each group of patients with metabolic bone disease is significantly greater than that for the control group (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 499249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4261", "title": "Radioisotope X-ray fluorescence technique in the study of joint inflammation.", "content": "An X-ray fluorescence technique was employed to study the clearance rate from the knee joint of an intraarticularly injected stable tracer. Clearance curves, determined in two normal volunteers and in three patients with various articular diseases, were found to be of the monoexponential type in agreement with results obtained by authors employing radioactive tracers. Clearance half-time values in basal conditions were higher in the normal knee joint than in the inflamed knee joint. The effect of a corticosteroid suspension injected into the knee joint was also studied. Preliminary results obtained indicate that the X-ray fluorescence technique can be employed, with some advantages compared with the radiotracer technique, for quantitative determination of spontaneous or pharmacologically induced changes in joint inflammation.", "contents": "Radioisotope X-ray fluorescence technique in the study of joint inflammation. An X-ray fluorescence technique was employed to study the clearance rate from the knee joint of an intraarticularly injected stable tracer. Clearance curves, determined in two normal volunteers and in three patients with various articular diseases, were found to be of the monoexponential type in agreement with results obtained by authors employing radioactive tracers. Clearance half-time values in basal conditions were higher in the normal knee joint than in the inflamed knee joint. The effect of a corticosteroid suspension injected into the knee joint was also studied. Preliminary results obtained indicate that the X-ray fluorescence technique can be employed, with some advantages compared with the radiotracer technique, for quantitative determination of spontaneous or pharmacologically induced changes in joint inflammation.", "PMID": 499250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4262", "title": "Principal components analysis as an aid to classification of renal dynamic studies.", "content": "Four hundred renal dynamic studies obtained using 99mTc-(Sn) DTPA were classified clinically into four classes (normal, pre-renal lesion, intrarenal lesion and urinary tract obstruction). Principal components analysis was then applied to the kidney activity/time curves and yielded good class separation using only three components. The separation of normal and obstructed or damaged kidneys using only the first component was better than that obtained using the calculated mean transit time.", "contents": "Principal components analysis as an aid to classification of renal dynamic studies. Four hundred renal dynamic studies obtained using 99mTc-(Sn) DTPA were classified clinically into four classes (normal, pre-renal lesion, intrarenal lesion and urinary tract obstruction). Principal components analysis was then applied to the kidney activity/time curves and yielded good class separation using only three components. The separation of normal and obstructed or damaged kidneys using only the first component was better than that obtained using the calculated mean transit time.", "PMID": 499251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4263", "title": "Iatrogenic and transient hyperglycinemia in patients with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Two patients with phenylketonuria detected by newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism were treated with low phenylanine formulae. Serum phenylalanine levels were well controlled, but serum glycine levels were elevated until 4 or 5 months of age. This was probable due to the high content of glycine in the formulae. Glycine level returned to be normal in these patients, even though they were kept on the same formula, suggesting, immature metabolism of glycine during this period. No clinical problems were encountered in either patient.", "contents": "Iatrogenic and transient hyperglycinemia in patients with phenylketonuria. Two patients with phenylketonuria detected by newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism were treated with low phenylanine formulae. Serum phenylalanine levels were well controlled, but serum glycine levels were elevated until 4 or 5 months of age. This was probable due to the high content of glycine in the formulae. Glycine level returned to be normal in these patients, even though they were kept on the same formula, suggesting, immature metabolism of glycine during this period. No clinical problems were encountered in either patient.", "PMID": 499253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4264", "title": "Reduction of adult height in tall girls.", "content": "Assessment of the results of treatment of tall girls with estrogens by comparing actual mature height with predicted mature height is unreliable, unless the accuracy of prediction has been tested in untreated tall girls. We report such an investigation in 14 tall girls who were treated with estrogens and in 14 untreated tall girls. Of the three prediction methods, those of Bayley and Tanner were reliable in our hands, whereas the method of Roche was less adequate. The mean reduction of height by treatment was about 7 cm using Tanner's method of prediction, 10 cm when Bayley's method was used. The standard deviation of the difference between actual and predicted height as found in untreated girls makes it hazardous to assess the amount of height reduction in the individual treated case with any certainty.", "contents": "Reduction of adult height in tall girls. Assessment of the results of treatment of tall girls with estrogens by comparing actual mature height with predicted mature height is unreliable, unless the accuracy of prediction has been tested in untreated tall girls. We report such an investigation in 14 tall girls who were treated with estrogens and in 14 untreated tall girls. Of the three prediction methods, those of Bayley and Tanner were reliable in our hands, whereas the method of Roche was less adequate. The mean reduction of height by treatment was about 7 cm using Tanner's method of prediction, 10 cm when Bayley's method was used. The standard deviation of the difference between actual and predicted height as found in untreated girls makes it hazardous to assess the amount of height reduction in the individual treated case with any certainty.", "PMID": 499254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4265", "title": "Neuroblastoma with a fulminant clinical course caused by tumor embolism.", "content": "The case of a 2 1/2-year-old girl with a well-nigh asymptomatic neuroblastoma of the left adrenal is described. In the final stage it gave rise to unusual clinical signs. The tumor had grown into the inferior vena cava via the left suprarenal and renal veins. Dissolution of the soft tumor mass in the vena cava caused fatal massive embolism of lungs and brain.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma with a fulminant clinical course caused by tumor embolism. The case of a 2 1/2-year-old girl with a well-nigh asymptomatic neuroblastoma of the left adrenal is described. In the final stage it gave rise to unusual clinical signs. The tumor had grown into the inferior vena cava via the left suprarenal and renal veins. Dissolution of the soft tumor mass in the vena cava caused fatal massive embolism of lungs and brain.", "PMID": 499255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4266", "title": "Plasma progesterone in the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Seventeen newborns suffering from RDS (verified by X-ray and clinical parameters) had a mean plasma progesterone of 13.9 +/- 1.2 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.) at 24h of age. This is only 62% of the normal level (22.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml).", "contents": "Plasma progesterone in the respiratory distress syndrome. Seventeen newborns suffering from RDS (verified by X-ray and clinical parameters) had a mean plasma progesterone of 13.9 +/- 1.2 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.) at 24h of age. This is only 62% of the normal level (22.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml).", "PMID": 499257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4267", "title": "A case of biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycin- and 3-hydroxyisovaleric aciduria.", "content": "During selective screening for organic acidurias, a 10-week-old girl with muscular hypotonia and recurrent fits was shown to be excreting 3-methylcrotonylglycin and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Besides these metabolites of leucine the presence of small but pathological amounts of propionic and methylcitric acids were demonstrable in her urine, pointing to a defect in the metabolism of biotin. On treatment with biotin (2 x 5 mg/day) the convulsions stopped at once, her clinical condition improved gradually, and the abnormal metabolites disappeared from the urine. Within 6 weeks the child was discharged in a good general condition without apparent signs of neurological damage.", "contents": "A case of biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycin- and 3-hydroxyisovaleric aciduria. During selective screening for organic acidurias, a 10-week-old girl with muscular hypotonia and recurrent fits was shown to be excreting 3-methylcrotonylglycin and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Besides these metabolites of leucine the presence of small but pathological amounts of propionic and methylcitric acids were demonstrable in her urine, pointing to a defect in the metabolism of biotin. On treatment with biotin (2 x 5 mg/day) the convulsions stopped at once, her clinical condition improved gradually, and the abnormal metabolites disappeared from the urine. Within 6 weeks the child was discharged in a good general condition without apparent signs of neurological damage.", "PMID": 499258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4268", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis during the first year of life. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 20-week-old female, first examined at 14 weeks of age for daily \"spiking\" fever and skin rash, subsequently developed signs of rheumatoid arthritis. The onset of rheumatoid arthritis during the first weeks of life is rare and its diagnosis may be difficult. It seems that onset during the later months of the first year is more frequently encountered. A review of the relevant publications in English disclosed that onset during first year was noticed in 1.02 percent of the patients, while in a study from Germany 6 to 9.9 percent of cases started during their first year.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis during the first year of life. A case report and review of the literature. A 20-week-old female, first examined at 14 weeks of age for daily \"spiking\" fever and skin rash, subsequently developed signs of rheumatoid arthritis. The onset of rheumatoid arthritis during the first weeks of life is rare and its diagnosis may be difficult. It seems that onset during the later months of the first year is more frequently encountered. A review of the relevant publications in English disclosed that onset during first year was noticed in 1.02 percent of the patients, while in a study from Germany 6 to 9.9 percent of cases started during their first year.", "PMID": 499259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4269", "title": "Unusual roentgenographic presentation of a congenital cystic malformation of the lung.", "content": "We describe here an infant with a large, solitary, fluid-filled lung cyst and hyperinflation of adjacent lung tissue in the same lobe. The combination of a fluid-filled cyst and ectatic emphysema in the same lobe suggests bronchial collapse and airway obstruction as a contributory mechanism for this unusual roentgenographic presentation of a congenital cystic malformation of the lung.", "contents": "Unusual roentgenographic presentation of a congenital cystic malformation of the lung. We describe here an infant with a large, solitary, fluid-filled lung cyst and hyperinflation of adjacent lung tissue in the same lobe. The combination of a fluid-filled cyst and ectatic emphysema in the same lobe suggests bronchial collapse and airway obstruction as a contributory mechanism for this unusual roentgenographic presentation of a congenital cystic malformation of the lung.", "PMID": 499260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4270", "title": "Gastric function and absorption of vitamin B12 in children with celiac disease.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion in nineteen children with celiac disease remained almost unchanged and the level of fasting serum gastrin was comparable with that of a control group of the same age. The absorption of vitamin B12 was significantly decreased, most clearly in the infants with celiac disease as compared with their controls. The serum B12 level, however, was decreased only in the oldest children. The results suggest that the mucosal lesion in the small intestine is most extensive in the youngest children, but the absorption defect of vitamin B12 becomes clinically significant only after a long duration of the disease and not in childhood.", "contents": "Gastric function and absorption of vitamin B12 in children with celiac disease. Gastric acid secretion in nineteen children with celiac disease remained almost unchanged and the level of fasting serum gastrin was comparable with that of a control group of the same age. The absorption of vitamin B12 was significantly decreased, most clearly in the infants with celiac disease as compared with their controls. The serum B12 level, however, was decreased only in the oldest children. The results suggest that the mucosal lesion in the small intestine is most extensive in the youngest children, but the absorption defect of vitamin B12 becomes clinically significant only after a long duration of the disease and not in childhood.", "PMID": 499261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4271", "title": "Oculo-neural involvement in an enzymatically proven case of Niemann-Pick disease type B.", "content": "Niemann-Pick disease type B was diagnosed clinically and enzymatically in a 4 years old girl presenting with hepatosplenomegaly, diffuse interstitial infiltrations of both lungs on chest roentgenograms, and foam cells in the bone marrow aspirate. Intelligence and neurological examinations were normal. Spingomyelinase activity was almost totally deficient in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, fundoscopy revealed oculo-neural involvement with a reddish-brown spot of the macula comparable to but differing in some respects from the classic cherry-red spot found in neurolipidoses. By definition patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease should have no cerebral or oculo-neural involvement. Two comparable cases have been described in the literature. The prognosis of this special type is not yet known. For classification--and especially for genetic counselling--it seems important to include the possibility of oculo-neural involvement in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type B.", "contents": "Oculo-neural involvement in an enzymatically proven case of Niemann-Pick disease type B. Niemann-Pick disease type B was diagnosed clinically and enzymatically in a 4 years old girl presenting with hepatosplenomegaly, diffuse interstitial infiltrations of both lungs on chest roentgenograms, and foam cells in the bone marrow aspirate. Intelligence and neurological examinations were normal. Spingomyelinase activity was almost totally deficient in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, fundoscopy revealed oculo-neural involvement with a reddish-brown spot of the macula comparable to but differing in some respects from the classic cherry-red spot found in neurolipidoses. By definition patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease should have no cerebral or oculo-neural involvement. Two comparable cases have been described in the literature. The prognosis of this special type is not yet known. For classification--and especially for genetic counselling--it seems important to include the possibility of oculo-neural involvement in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type B.", "PMID": 499262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4272", "title": "Transient hypothyroidism associated with prematurity, sepsis, and respiratory distress.", "content": "Serial TSH and T4 determinations were performed in sixty neonates admitted to our hospital for neonatal intensive care within a period of three months. Seven patients (12%) showed transient hypothyroidism on the basis of low T4 and high TSH values. Only one of these patients, who had meconium aspiration and pneumonia, did not have the respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, 4 of these patients had sepsis. All of the patients were born before 37 gestational weeks and had birth weights under 2200 g. In addition, two patients of this gestational age and birth weight group had a progressive fall of T4 to extremely hypothyroid values without simultaneous elevation of TSH. Two of the 5 patients who died had histological studies of their thyroids. These revealed colloid-depleted vesicles, desquamated epithelium, and prominent vascularisation of the thyroid. The results of this study show that early recognition and therapy of transient hypothyroidism may be live saving.", "contents": "Transient hypothyroidism associated with prematurity, sepsis, and respiratory distress. Serial TSH and T4 determinations were performed in sixty neonates admitted to our hospital for neonatal intensive care within a period of three months. Seven patients (12%) showed transient hypothyroidism on the basis of low T4 and high TSH values. Only one of these patients, who had meconium aspiration and pneumonia, did not have the respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, 4 of these patients had sepsis. All of the patients were born before 37 gestational weeks and had birth weights under 2200 g. In addition, two patients of this gestational age and birth weight group had a progressive fall of T4 to extremely hypothyroid values without simultaneous elevation of TSH. Two of the 5 patients who died had histological studies of their thyroids. These revealed colloid-depleted vesicles, desquamated epithelium, and prominent vascularisation of the thyroid. The results of this study show that early recognition and therapy of transient hypothyroidism may be live saving.", "PMID": 499263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4273", "title": "Pathological and immunological observations in a case of Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome.", "content": "A patient with clearly developed features of the full Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and complete lack of activity of hypoxynthine-phosphoribosyltransferase is described. The clinical picture was characterized by absence of spasticity, good control of autoaggression by behavior therapy, and no signs of renal insufficiency. After death, which was caused by a viral infection, pathological examination and a search for material immunologically cross-reacting with hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase were possible. In spite of increased serum urate levels and raised urinary uric acid excretion there were no signs of urate deposits or damage in the internal organs, including the kidneys. Crossreactive material was found in the liver, kidneys and spleen, a relatively rare finding in the full Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome. The absence of any specific pathological changes in the brain of this patient is in agreement with earlier reports.", "contents": "Pathological and immunological observations in a case of Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome. A patient with clearly developed features of the full Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and complete lack of activity of hypoxynthine-phosphoribosyltransferase is described. The clinical picture was characterized by absence of spasticity, good control of autoaggression by behavior therapy, and no signs of renal insufficiency. After death, which was caused by a viral infection, pathological examination and a search for material immunologically cross-reacting with hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase were possible. In spite of increased serum urate levels and raised urinary uric acid excretion there were no signs of urate deposits or damage in the internal organs, including the kidneys. Crossreactive material was found in the liver, kidneys and spleen, a relatively rare finding in the full Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome. The absence of any specific pathological changes in the brain of this patient is in agreement with earlier reports.", "PMID": 499264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4274", "title": "Amylase isoenzymes in mumps.", "content": "The amylase isoenzymes activities in serum and urine from 75 children treated for complications of mumps were evaluated. The clinical observations, especially in cases with suspected pancreatitis, were compared with the P- and S-type amylase activities. Increased total activity of serum amylase in 79% of patients was due to increased S-type amylase. However, in 39% of patients there was also a markedly increased P-type serum amylase. Amylase isoenzymes may offer a new insights into the relationship between the pancreas and the parotid glands in mumps.", "contents": "Amylase isoenzymes in mumps. The amylase isoenzymes activities in serum and urine from 75 children treated for complications of mumps were evaluated. The clinical observations, especially in cases with suspected pancreatitis, were compared with the P- and S-type amylase activities. Increased total activity of serum amylase in 79% of patients was due to increased S-type amylase. However, in 39% of patients there was also a markedly increased P-type serum amylase. Amylase isoenzymes may offer a new insights into the relationship between the pancreas and the parotid glands in mumps.", "PMID": 499265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4275", "title": "Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve associated with imperforate membrane type of tricuspid atresia, right ventricular tensor apparatus and intact ventricular septum: a curious developmental complex.", "content": "We have presented the unique clinical and morphological features of 3 patients with an imperforate tricuspid valve and right ventricular tensor apparatus. Thus, despite valve tissue and apparatus, there was not a perforate atrioventricular connection. This most uncommon type of tricuspid atresia' was associated in all 3 cases with a congenitally absent pulmonary valve, an underdeveloped right ventricle, and a curious distortion of the ventricular septum. Indeed, 2 of these patients demonstrated severe disproportionate ventricular septal thickening, although histopathologic examination did not substantiate those features usually associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Rather, microscopic examination revealed a sinusoidal malformation consisting of normal myocardial cells separated by branching ethothelial-lined channels which communicated with the right ventricular cavity. In addition, gross examination of these 3 specimens revealed an abnormally persistent right venous valve in 2, which subdivided the right atrium. Finally, these cases provide further evidence that the term 'tricuspid atresia' oversimplifies the observed morphological features.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve associated with imperforate membrane type of tricuspid atresia, right ventricular tensor apparatus and intact ventricular septum: a curious developmental complex. We have presented the unique clinical and morphological features of 3 patients with an imperforate tricuspid valve and right ventricular tensor apparatus. Thus, despite valve tissue and apparatus, there was not a perforate atrioventricular connection. This most uncommon type of tricuspid atresia' was associated in all 3 cases with a congenitally absent pulmonary valve, an underdeveloped right ventricle, and a curious distortion of the ventricular septum. Indeed, 2 of these patients demonstrated severe disproportionate ventricular septal thickening, although histopathologic examination did not substantiate those features usually associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Rather, microscopic examination revealed a sinusoidal malformation consisting of normal myocardial cells separated by branching ethothelial-lined channels which communicated with the right ventricular cavity. In addition, gross examination of these 3 specimens revealed an abnormally persistent right venous valve in 2, which subdivided the right atrium. Finally, these cases provide further evidence that the term 'tricuspid atresia' oversimplifies the observed morphological features.", "PMID": 499279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4276", "title": "2:1 and phase 4 peri-infarction block.", "content": "A patient with acute inferior and anteroseptal myocardial infarction initially developed a 2 : 1 AV block with alternate conducted ventricular complexes showing aberrancy, and later Wenckebach-type, 2nd-degree AV block with aberrancy of the beats following a long diastolic pause. Intracavitary recording suggested that aberrancy was related to an intraventricular block. ECG and VCG recordings excluded the site of block as being in the main bundles or in the fascicles of the left bundle. The patient therefore showed evidence for a 2 : 1 and later a phase 4 peripheral block, defined also as a peri-infarction block because of the underlying etiology of the block. The block could be localized in the posterior wall of the right ventricle, by the marked rightward and posterior orientation of the middle and terminal electrical forces evident in the vectorcardiogram.", "contents": "2:1 and phase 4 peri-infarction block. A patient with acute inferior and anteroseptal myocardial infarction initially developed a 2 : 1 AV block with alternate conducted ventricular complexes showing aberrancy, and later Wenckebach-type, 2nd-degree AV block with aberrancy of the beats following a long diastolic pause. Intracavitary recording suggested that aberrancy was related to an intraventricular block. ECG and VCG recordings excluded the site of block as being in the main bundles or in the fascicles of the left bundle. The patient therefore showed evidence for a 2 : 1 and later a phase 4 peripheral block, defined also as a peri-infarction block because of the underlying etiology of the block. The block could be localized in the posterior wall of the right ventricle, by the marked rightward and posterior orientation of the middle and terminal electrical forces evident in the vectorcardiogram.", "PMID": 499280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4277", "title": "Case report: left ventricular echinococcosis diagnosed by coronary cineangiography.", "content": "This report presents a case of echinococcosis of the left ventricle treated surgically with success. Coronary cineangiography showed a circular capillary blush. This supports the view that this sign might well prove to be pathognomonic of this condition, as has been recently pointed out in another similar case. The diagnostic value of coronary cineangiography in left ventricular echinococcosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Case report: left ventricular echinococcosis diagnosed by coronary cineangiography. This report presents a case of echinococcosis of the left ventricle treated surgically with success. Coronary cineangiography showed a circular capillary blush. This supports the view that this sign might well prove to be pathognomonic of this condition, as has been recently pointed out in another similar case. The diagnostic value of coronary cineangiography in left ventricular echinococcosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 499281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4278", "title": "The therapeutic value of clonidine in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "11 coronary patients, 8 with mild hypertension, were treated with clonidine, at a dose of 75 micrograms b.i.d. per os for a week. The effect of the drug on coronary heart disease was assessed by means of a symptom-limited multistage exercise test on the cycloergometer. Clonidine was effective in reducing the exercise-induced increases in blood pressure (by 15.5 +/- 6.1%), the double product (by 34.8 +/- 20.8%) and the electrocardiographic ischemic changes. In 2/4 patients, effort related ventricular extrasystoles were reduced by greater than 50% after clonidine. The drug worsened the anginal pain in 3 and relieved the pain in 3 patients. However, it reduced the exercise-induced ST-T segment downsloping in 7 patients. The tolerance was good, since only 3/11 patients reported slight dry mouth, sedation and pyrosis. In view of the electrocardiographic effect, further studies with clonidine on myocardial ischemia should be performed.", "contents": "The therapeutic value of clonidine in patients with coronary heart disease. 11 coronary patients, 8 with mild hypertension, were treated with clonidine, at a dose of 75 micrograms b.i.d. per os for a week. The effect of the drug on coronary heart disease was assessed by means of a symptom-limited multistage exercise test on the cycloergometer. Clonidine was effective in reducing the exercise-induced increases in blood pressure (by 15.5 +/- 6.1%), the double product (by 34.8 +/- 20.8%) and the electrocardiographic ischemic changes. In 2/4 patients, effort related ventricular extrasystoles were reduced by greater than 50% after clonidine. The drug worsened the anginal pain in 3 and relieved the pain in 3 patients. However, it reduced the exercise-induced ST-T segment downsloping in 7 patients. The tolerance was good, since only 3/11 patients reported slight dry mouth, sedation and pyrosis. In view of the electrocardiographic effect, further studies with clonidine on myocardial ischemia should be performed.", "PMID": 499282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4279", "title": "Echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Lack of specificity in patients with valvular pathology.", "content": "59 patients with suspected infective endocarditis on a natural valve were studied by M-Mode echocardiography to determine the specificity of the ultrasonic technique in detecting valvular vegetations. All echocardiograms were read independently by two observers who were unaware of the final diagnosis. Among 40 patients who later proved not to have infective endocarditis, two (5%) were diagnosed by echocardiography as having either possible or probably vegetation by at least one observer. Both patients with a false positive diagnosis of vegetation had pre-existing valvular pathology, the presence of which greatly complicated the interpretation of the echocardiogram. Inter-observer disagreement occurred in 5 of the 59 studies (8.5%). The results of this study suggest that caution should be exerted in the echocardiographic diagnosis of vegetation in patients with pre-existing valvular pathology.", "contents": "Echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Lack of specificity in patients with valvular pathology. 59 patients with suspected infective endocarditis on a natural valve were studied by M-Mode echocardiography to determine the specificity of the ultrasonic technique in detecting valvular vegetations. All echocardiograms were read independently by two observers who were unaware of the final diagnosis. Among 40 patients who later proved not to have infective endocarditis, two (5%) were diagnosed by echocardiography as having either possible or probably vegetation by at least one observer. Both patients with a false positive diagnosis of vegetation had pre-existing valvular pathology, the presence of which greatly complicated the interpretation of the echocardiogram. Inter-observer disagreement occurred in 5 of the 59 studies (8.5%). The results of this study suggest that caution should be exerted in the echocardiographic diagnosis of vegetation in patients with pre-existing valvular pathology.", "PMID": 499283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4280", "title": "The interpretation of gross left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram.", "content": "In 94 patients with prominent left axis deviation, there was a marked disparity in the mean angles determined by the maximum magnitude of the deflections and that determined by areas. There was also considerable variation in the angle of the maximum vector in the frontal plane (frontal plane angle) and the angle of 50 msec vector in the frontal plane. Similar results were observed in 17 cases of ostium primum atrial septal defect. These differences contrasted with the findings in a normal group of 50 subjects where a close correlation was found. The initial vector was directed to the right in approximately 80% of normals and 60% of the patients with LAD indicative of conduction defects in the left anterior fascicular or its distal ramifications. We conclude that a rightward orientation of the 5--10 msec vector (i.e. causing a Q wave in lead 1) should not be required for diagnosis of left anterior fascicular block. The spatial orientation of the initial vector was always anterior in the control subjects. In these 'normals', as well as in the patients with left axis deviation, the initial vector varied markedly in its azimuth direction (right or left) when superiorly directed; but when inferiorly directed in the normal subjects it was virtually always directed rightward. From these data we were unable to construct rigid criteria which would reliably distinguish aberrant excitation patterns manifested by gross left axis deviation in the electrocardiograms of patients with established heart disease from subjects without defined heart disease. Old infarction patterns, anterior, inferior, and lateral were not obscured by the associated anterior fascicular block.", "contents": "The interpretation of gross left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram. In 94 patients with prominent left axis deviation, there was a marked disparity in the mean angles determined by the maximum magnitude of the deflections and that determined by areas. There was also considerable variation in the angle of the maximum vector in the frontal plane (frontal plane angle) and the angle of 50 msec vector in the frontal plane. Similar results were observed in 17 cases of ostium primum atrial septal defect. These differences contrasted with the findings in a normal group of 50 subjects where a close correlation was found. The initial vector was directed to the right in approximately 80% of normals and 60% of the patients with LAD indicative of conduction defects in the left anterior fascicular or its distal ramifications. We conclude that a rightward orientation of the 5--10 msec vector (i.e. causing a Q wave in lead 1) should not be required for diagnosis of left anterior fascicular block. The spatial orientation of the initial vector was always anterior in the control subjects. In these 'normals', as well as in the patients with left axis deviation, the initial vector varied markedly in its azimuth direction (right or left) when superiorly directed; but when inferiorly directed in the normal subjects it was virtually always directed rightward. From these data we were unable to construct rigid criteria which would reliably distinguish aberrant excitation patterns manifested by gross left axis deviation in the electrocardiograms of patients with established heart disease from subjects without defined heart disease. Old infarction patterns, anterior, inferior, and lateral were not obscured by the associated anterior fascicular block.", "PMID": 499284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4281", "title": "Anomalous origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk.", "content": "An extremely rare congenital abnormality is reported in which the anterior descending branch of the left main coronary artery arises independently from the pulmonary trunk in a young patient who presented with unstable angina. Its clinical presentation, angiographic identification and surgical treatment are described. It appears to be a distinct entity with few of the features of the classical form of anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. An extremely rare congenital abnormality is reported in which the anterior descending branch of the left main coronary artery arises independently from the pulmonary trunk in a young patient who presented with unstable angina. Its clinical presentation, angiographic identification and surgical treatment are described. It appears to be a distinct entity with few of the features of the classical form of anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery.", "PMID": 499285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4282", "title": "Improved oral glucose tolerance following antiserotonin treatment in patients with chemical diabetes.", "content": "The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.", "contents": "Improved oral glucose tolerance following antiserotonin treatment in patients with chemical diabetes. The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.", "PMID": 499287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4283", "title": "Plasma theophylline level and effect on lung function after oral and rectal administration of aminophylline.", "content": "Twelve patients with partly reversible, chronic airway obstruction, according to a double blind randomized cross-over design, received on three consecutive days oral aminophylline 500 mg, a 500 mg aminophylline suppository and a placebo. The effects on ventilatory function were studied and the plasma concentration of theophylline was measured. After rectal administration, the plasma concentration of theophylline rose to 5 to 10 microgram/ml, and after oral ingestion the plasma level in most patients exceeded 10 microgram/ml. Administration of the aminophylline suppository resulted in moderate improvement in ventilatory function, and although the improvement was less pronounced than after oral administration, the use of a suppository in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease should not be rejected.", "contents": "Plasma theophylline level and effect on lung function after oral and rectal administration of aminophylline. Twelve patients with partly reversible, chronic airway obstruction, according to a double blind randomized cross-over design, received on three consecutive days oral aminophylline 500 mg, a 500 mg aminophylline suppository and a placebo. The effects on ventilatory function were studied and the plasma concentration of theophylline was measured. After rectal administration, the plasma concentration of theophylline rose to 5 to 10 microgram/ml, and after oral ingestion the plasma level in most patients exceeded 10 microgram/ml. Administration of the aminophylline suppository resulted in moderate improvement in ventilatory function, and although the improvement was less pronounced than after oral administration, the use of a suppository in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease should not be rejected.", "PMID": 499288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4284", "title": "Biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in Finland.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with biguanide-induced lactic acidosis were reported to the Adverse Drug Reaction Register of the Finnish National Board of Health from 1974-1977. Of them, 23 had been treated with phenformin and one with metformin. The mean age of the patients was 71 years, and all but one were more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate was 63%. One patient had cirrhosis of the liver and one was already known tohave had impaired renal function. Fourteen of the patients had a normal serum creatinine concentration either before or after the development of lactic acidosis. Thus, in most patients it had not been possible to prevent development of lactic acidosis by observing the contraindications to biguanide therapy. Most patients had some form of co-existing cardiovascular disease. Tetracycline therapy was a probable precipitating factor in three cases. Based on the statistics of biguanide consumption in Finland, the annual incidence of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in 1976 and 1977 was between 1/2000 and 1/3000 and that of fatal lactic acidosis was 1/4000.", "contents": "Biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in Finland. Twenty-four patients with biguanide-induced lactic acidosis were reported to the Adverse Drug Reaction Register of the Finnish National Board of Health from 1974-1977. Of them, 23 had been treated with phenformin and one with metformin. The mean age of the patients was 71 years, and all but one were more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate was 63%. One patient had cirrhosis of the liver and one was already known tohave had impaired renal function. Fourteen of the patients had a normal serum creatinine concentration either before or after the development of lactic acidosis. Thus, in most patients it had not been possible to prevent development of lactic acidosis by observing the contraindications to biguanide therapy. Most patients had some form of co-existing cardiovascular disease. Tetracycline therapy was a probable precipitating factor in three cases. Based on the statistics of biguanide consumption in Finland, the annual incidence of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis in 1976 and 1977 was between 1/2000 and 1/3000 and that of fatal lactic acidosis was 1/4000.", "PMID": 499289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4285", "title": "One hundred digitalis blood levels. A utilization review.", "content": "One hundred consecutive digitalis serum level determination requests and results were analyzed to evaluate the rational of ordering the test and utilizing the results at his hospital. Sixty-six percent of the reasons given for ordering the test were categorized as \"acceptable\". As many as 25% of physicians requesting the test considered digitalis levels as \"routine\" diagnostic tests in a patient taking these drugs. There were 12 levels within the potentially toxic range, 19 below the usual therapeutic range. The physicians modified their therapeutic management in 38 patients as a result of their knowledge of the digitalis level in blood. It is concluded that digitalis level determinations at this hospital are reasonably well utilized and that knowledge of the digitalis levels improve the accuracy of digitalis utilization in at least one third of the patients in whom this test is done.", "contents": "One hundred digitalis blood levels. A utilization review. One hundred consecutive digitalis serum level determination requests and results were analyzed to evaluate the rational of ordering the test and utilizing the results at his hospital. Sixty-six percent of the reasons given for ordering the test were categorized as \"acceptable\". As many as 25% of physicians requesting the test considered digitalis levels as \"routine\" diagnostic tests in a patient taking these drugs. There were 12 levels within the potentially toxic range, 19 below the usual therapeutic range. The physicians modified their therapeutic management in 38 patients as a result of their knowledge of the digitalis level in blood. It is concluded that digitalis level determinations at this hospital are reasonably well utilized and that knowledge of the digitalis levels improve the accuracy of digitalis utilization in at least one third of the patients in whom this test is done.", "PMID": 499290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4286", "title": "Absorption of boron after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept.", "content": "Healthy volunteers and patients with gingivitis were treated locally with the boron-containing bacteriostatic agent, Bocosept. Blood levels and urinary excretion of boron were examined by a spectrophotometric method. Blood concentrations after a single mouthwash with Bocosept slightly exceeded those after intake of 200 g raisins or a bottle of red wine. The blood levels during a one-week course of treatment showed a low rate of boron accumulation. The highest concentration was about 0.3 microgram B/ml, a level which does not seem to involve any risk of boron poisoning. The small amount taken up after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept does not appear to represent absorption by the oral mucosa. It seems more likely that the uptake of boron takes place in the intestine after ingestion of residual amounts from the mouth.", "contents": "Absorption of boron after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept. Healthy volunteers and patients with gingivitis were treated locally with the boron-containing bacteriostatic agent, Bocosept. Blood levels and urinary excretion of boron were examined by a spectrophotometric method. Blood concentrations after a single mouthwash with Bocosept slightly exceeded those after intake of 200 g raisins or a bottle of red wine. The blood levels during a one-week course of treatment showed a low rate of boron accumulation. The highest concentration was about 0.3 microgram B/ml, a level which does not seem to involve any risk of boron poisoning. The small amount taken up after mouthwash treatment with Bocosept does not appear to represent absorption by the oral mucosa. It seems more likely that the uptake of boron takes place in the intestine after ingestion of residual amounts from the mouth.", "PMID": 499291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4287", "title": "Paracetamol metabolism in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were measured in eight normal subjects, eight patients with mild liver disease and seven patients with severe liver disease following an oral dose of 1.5 g of paracetamol. The mean plasma paracetamol half-life was similar in normal subjects (2.43 h +/- 0.19) but was significantly prolonged in all patients with severe liver disease (4.25 h +/- 1.15:p = less than 0.001). Prolongation of the paracetamol half-life was related to reduced plasma albumin and increased prothrombin time. The mean ratios of plasma concentrations of unchanged paracetamol to paracetamol glucoronide and sulphate were significantly greater in patients with sever liver disease than the normal subjects. There were no significant differences in the overall 24-h urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the three groups. The glutathione conjugation of paracetamol did not seem to be impaired in patients with severe liver disease as evidence by the production of normal amounts of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. There is thus no evidence that they are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity when given a single therapeutic dose of paracetamol.", "contents": "Paracetamol metabolism in chronic liver disease. The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates were measured in eight normal subjects, eight patients with mild liver disease and seven patients with severe liver disease following an oral dose of 1.5 g of paracetamol. The mean plasma paracetamol half-life was similar in normal subjects (2.43 h +/- 0.19) but was significantly prolonged in all patients with severe liver disease (4.25 h +/- 1.15:p = less than 0.001). Prolongation of the paracetamol half-life was related to reduced plasma albumin and increased prothrombin time. The mean ratios of plasma concentrations of unchanged paracetamol to paracetamol glucoronide and sulphate were significantly greater in patients with sever liver disease than the normal subjects. There were no significant differences in the overall 24-h urinary excretion of paracetamol and its glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the three groups. The glutathione conjugation of paracetamol did not seem to be impaired in patients with severe liver disease as evidence by the production of normal amounts of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. There is thus no evidence that they are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity when given a single therapeutic dose of paracetamol.", "PMID": 499292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4288", "title": "Placental transfer of atropine at the end of pregnancy.", "content": "In a first study, 28 pregnant women received a fast intravenous injection of atropine sulphate 12.5 microgram/kg, as in a classical atropine test. Fetal tachycardia resulted. The maternal venous blood concentration of atropine, determined by bioassay on guinea pig ileum, decreased rapidly in the first 3--5 min and very slowly therafter. In a second study, 45 women in labour received the same dose i.v., and at birth atropine was measured both in maternal and cord blood. Placental transfer of atropine had occurred in every case and was highly variable, depending on the maternal blood concentration of the drug. This suggests that the atropine test is not mainly dependent on placental function.", "contents": "Placental transfer of atropine at the end of pregnancy. In a first study, 28 pregnant women received a fast intravenous injection of atropine sulphate 12.5 microgram/kg, as in a classical atropine test. Fetal tachycardia resulted. The maternal venous blood concentration of atropine, determined by bioassay on guinea pig ileum, decreased rapidly in the first 3--5 min and very slowly therafter. In a second study, 45 women in labour received the same dose i.v., and at birth atropine was measured both in maternal and cord blood. Placental transfer of atropine had occurred in every case and was highly variable, depending on the maternal blood concentration of the drug. This suggests that the atropine test is not mainly dependent on placental function.", "PMID": 499293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4289", "title": "Nocturnal inhibition of lipolysis in man by nicotinic acid and derivatives.", "content": "The effect of nicotinic acid and several derivatives on the nocturnal level of free fatty acids was studied in 12 healthy young women and men. Free fatty acids are an important precursor of plasma triglycerides and their concentration is highest at night. The drugs used were nictinic acid, beta-pyridyl-carbinol, mesoinositol hexanicotinate and xantinol nicotinate. The highest plasma nicotinic acid level was observed with beta-pyridyl-carbinol, but significant reduction in free fatty acids during the entire night was only achieved with inositolhexanicotinate and xantinol nicotinate. There was no correlation between the plasm levels of free fatty acids and nicotinic acid at any sampling time. If prolonged reduction in free fatty acid concentration is desired in the therapy of hyperlipidemias, the inositol and xantinol esters of nicotinic acid appear to be superior to the other preparations.", "contents": "Nocturnal inhibition of lipolysis in man by nicotinic acid and derivatives. The effect of nicotinic acid and several derivatives on the nocturnal level of free fatty acids was studied in 12 healthy young women and men. Free fatty acids are an important precursor of plasma triglycerides and their concentration is highest at night. The drugs used were nictinic acid, beta-pyridyl-carbinol, mesoinositol hexanicotinate and xantinol nicotinate. The highest plasma nicotinic acid level was observed with beta-pyridyl-carbinol, but significant reduction in free fatty acids during the entire night was only achieved with inositolhexanicotinate and xantinol nicotinate. There was no correlation between the plasm levels of free fatty acids and nicotinic acid at any sampling time. If prolonged reduction in free fatty acid concentration is desired in the therapy of hyperlipidemias, the inositol and xantinol esters of nicotinic acid appear to be superior to the other preparations.", "PMID": 499296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4290", "title": "Plasma and urinary levels of triamterene and certain metabolites after oral administration to man.", "content": "The plasma and urinary levels of triamterene and two metabolites were measured using a specific method of analysis. Urinary excretion was completed after 48 h, which permitted a rough estimate of its half-life as longer than two hours. The areas under the curve were 672.5 +/- 160.3 and 1.311.3 +/- 399.1 micrograms/ml X h after the triamterene 150 mg and 300 mg p.o., respectively and correspondingly 4.2 +/- 1.4% and 3.7 +/- 0.6% of the dose were excreted as unchanged drug. The principal metabolite of triamterene found was the sulfate conjugate. The area under the curve of this metabolite amounted to 6.672 +/- 2.120 and 11.941 +/- 5.005 micrograms/ml X h after the of 150 mg and 300 mg triamterene doses, respectively. The urinary excretion of the metabolite varied between 25.0 +/- 4.0% and 17.5 +/- 3.5% of the dose after either dose. In healthy subjects an effect on sodium excretion was observed after a dose of 150 mg, whereas the potassium-retaining effect was observed only after the dose of 300 mg.", "contents": "Plasma and urinary levels of triamterene and certain metabolites after oral administration to man. The plasma and urinary levels of triamterene and two metabolites were measured using a specific method of analysis. Urinary excretion was completed after 48 h, which permitted a rough estimate of its half-life as longer than two hours. The areas under the curve were 672.5 +/- 160.3 and 1.311.3 +/- 399.1 micrograms/ml X h after the triamterene 150 mg and 300 mg p.o., respectively and correspondingly 4.2 +/- 1.4% and 3.7 +/- 0.6% of the dose were excreted as unchanged drug. The principal metabolite of triamterene found was the sulfate conjugate. The area under the curve of this metabolite amounted to 6.672 +/- 2.120 and 11.941 +/- 5.005 micrograms/ml X h after the of 150 mg and 300 mg triamterene doses, respectively. The urinary excretion of the metabolite varied between 25.0 +/- 4.0% and 17.5 +/- 3.5% of the dose after either dose. In healthy subjects an effect on sodium excretion was observed after a dose of 150 mg, whereas the potassium-retaining effect was observed only after the dose of 300 mg.", "PMID": 499298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4291", "title": "Absolute bioavailability of quinidine in two sustained release preparations.", "content": "The bioavailability of quinidine in two sustained release preparations A and B has been compared in three females and three males with i.v. administration of quinidine. The initial rate of oral absorption did not differ between the two drug preparations; the peak concentration was observed after 4 h both for A and B, but was significantly higher after B. A slower decrease in plasma concentration was observed after preparation A than B. Absolute bioavailability did not differ significantly between A (median values 78.4%) and B (median 87.1%). Drug absorption in vivo was in good agreement with the results of in vitro dissolution tests on both preparations. The slower decrease in plasma concentration found for the new sustained release form of quinidine should be of clinical advantage.", "contents": "Absolute bioavailability of quinidine in two sustained release preparations. The bioavailability of quinidine in two sustained release preparations A and B has been compared in three females and three males with i.v. administration of quinidine. The initial rate of oral absorption did not differ between the two drug preparations; the peak concentration was observed after 4 h both for A and B, but was significantly higher after B. A slower decrease in plasma concentration was observed after preparation A than B. Absolute bioavailability did not differ significantly between A (median values 78.4%) and B (median 87.1%). Drug absorption in vivo was in good agreement with the results of in vitro dissolution tests on both preparations. The slower decrease in plasma concentration found for the new sustained release form of quinidine should be of clinical advantage.", "PMID": 499299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4292", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cephacetrile in patients undergoing haemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cephacetrile were studied after its administration as a single i.v. bolus injection of 15 mg/kg body weight to 11 patients with terminal renal inpairment undergoing haemodialysis for 6 h. A two-compartment kinetic model was used to describe the biphasic decrease in plasma concentration. The quantities of antibiotic in the central and peripheral compartments, and the amounts eliminated, were calculated for different times. During haemodialysis sessions, the average pharmacokinetic parameters of cephacetrile determined at the dialyser input were: a = 5.03 h-1, beta = 0.458 h-1, K12 = 2.337 h-1, K21 = 1.996 h-1 K13 = 1.154 h-1, Vc = 5.5081, Vp = 6.4481, Vdss = 11.9561. As a function of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cephacetrile, a regimen of multiple doses was established for patients with terminal renal impairment, which will guarantee safe and effective concentrations of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cephacetrile in patients undergoing haemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of cephacetrile were studied after its administration as a single i.v. bolus injection of 15 mg/kg body weight to 11 patients with terminal renal inpairment undergoing haemodialysis for 6 h. A two-compartment kinetic model was used to describe the biphasic decrease in plasma concentration. The quantities of antibiotic in the central and peripheral compartments, and the amounts eliminated, were calculated for different times. During haemodialysis sessions, the average pharmacokinetic parameters of cephacetrile determined at the dialyser input were: a = 5.03 h-1, beta = 0.458 h-1, K12 = 2.337 h-1, K21 = 1.996 h-1 K13 = 1.154 h-1, Vc = 5.5081, Vp = 6.4481, Vdss = 11.9561. As a function of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cephacetrile, a regimen of multiple doses was established for patients with terminal renal impairment, which will guarantee safe and effective concentrations of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 499300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4293", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methadone during maintenance therapy: pulse labeling with deuterated methadone in the steady state.", "content": "A technique is presented for study of steady state kinetics of methadone using pulse labeling with deuterated methadone (d3) and mass fragmentography to measure both unlabeled and labeled methadone in blood. Seven subjects maintained on methadone for at least 10 months were admitted to a closed metabolic ward. The daily dose of unlabeled methadone (d0) was substituted by one dose of methoadone-d3 and plasma levels of methadone-d0 and methadone-d3 were followed for 48 h using a precise (SD +/- 5%) and sensitive (30 pmol/ml) mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma half-lives (T1/2) for both methadone-do and methadone-d3 were calculated from samples obtained 8--24 H following the dose of methadone-d3. The t1/2 of oral methadone-d3 was shorter (22 +/- 2 h) than that of methadone-d0 (52 +/- 20 h). The same pattern was observed after intravenous administration. The results indicate multiple pools of methadone in the body.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methadone during maintenance therapy: pulse labeling with deuterated methadone in the steady state. A technique is presented for study of steady state kinetics of methadone using pulse labeling with deuterated methadone (d3) and mass fragmentography to measure both unlabeled and labeled methadone in blood. Seven subjects maintained on methadone for at least 10 months were admitted to a closed metabolic ward. The daily dose of unlabeled methadone (d0) was substituted by one dose of methoadone-d3 and plasma levels of methadone-d0 and methadone-d3 were followed for 48 h using a precise (SD +/- 5%) and sensitive (30 pmol/ml) mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma half-lives (T1/2) for both methadone-do and methadone-d3 were calculated from samples obtained 8--24 H following the dose of methadone-d3. The t1/2 of oral methadone-d3 was shorter (22 +/- 2 h) than that of methadone-d0 (52 +/- 20 h). The same pattern was observed after intravenous administration. The results indicate multiple pools of methadone in the body.", "PMID": 499301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4294", "title": "Effect of verapamil on ionized calcium excretion in human parotid saliva.", "content": "The effect of Verapamil on ionized calcium transport in the parotid gland and duct system was investigated in eight male volunteers. Transepithelial Ca++-transport was inhibited, as shown by markedly enhanced excretion of calcium in parotid saliva.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on ionized calcium excretion in human parotid saliva. The effect of Verapamil on ionized calcium transport in the parotid gland and duct system was investigated in eight male volunteers. Transepithelial Ca++-transport was inhibited, as shown by markedly enhanced excretion of calcium in parotid saliva.", "PMID": 499303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4295", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of dihydroquinidine in congestive heart failure patients after intravenous quinidine administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of dihydroquinidine were studied in 8 patients with congestive heart failure following a 22 min intravenous infusion of a quinidine preparation that contained 5.9% dihydroquinidine as an impurity. Using a thin layer chromatography-fluorometric assay procedure for dihydroquinidine, the post-infusion plasma dihydroquinidine concentrations declined biexponentially. The half-life of the fast and slow dispositional processes was 4.42 +/- 1.81 min and 6.52 +/- 2.40 h, respectively. The central compartment volume for dihydroquinidine in these patients was 0.44 +/- 0.11 l/kg with an overall apparent volume of distribution of 1.14 +/- 0.38 l/kg. The computed values of total body plasma clearance of dihydroquinidine ranged from 1.29 to 2.69 ml/min/kg with a mean value of 1.94 +/- 0.60 ml/min/kg. In these patients, approximately 16% of the administered dihydroquinidine dose was excreted intact into the urine in 48 h. The estimated value of renal clearance was 0.314 +/- 0.129 ml/min/kg. When compared to control cardiac patients, the data showed that the apparent volume of distribution for dihydroquinidine is smaller in patients with congestive heart failure and as a result of this diminished volume, the clearance rate of dihydroquinidine was slower. The net effect of these differences was the production of higher plasma concentrations of dihydroquinidine in the heart failure group.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of dihydroquinidine in congestive heart failure patients after intravenous quinidine administration. The pharmacokinetics of dihydroquinidine were studied in 8 patients with congestive heart failure following a 22 min intravenous infusion of a quinidine preparation that contained 5.9% dihydroquinidine as an impurity. Using a thin layer chromatography-fluorometric assay procedure for dihydroquinidine, the post-infusion plasma dihydroquinidine concentrations declined biexponentially. The half-life of the fast and slow dispositional processes was 4.42 +/- 1.81 min and 6.52 +/- 2.40 h, respectively. The central compartment volume for dihydroquinidine in these patients was 0.44 +/- 0.11 l/kg with an overall apparent volume of distribution of 1.14 +/- 0.38 l/kg. The computed values of total body plasma clearance of dihydroquinidine ranged from 1.29 to 2.69 ml/min/kg with a mean value of 1.94 +/- 0.60 ml/min/kg. In these patients, approximately 16% of the administered dihydroquinidine dose was excreted intact into the urine in 48 h. The estimated value of renal clearance was 0.314 +/- 0.129 ml/min/kg. When compared to control cardiac patients, the data showed that the apparent volume of distribution for dihydroquinidine is smaller in patients with congestive heart failure and as a result of this diminished volume, the clearance rate of dihydroquinidine was slower. The net effect of these differences was the production of higher plasma concentrations of dihydroquinidine in the heart failure group.", "PMID": 499305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4296", "title": "Absorption of quinidine from an enteric-coated preparation.", "content": "The absorption of quinidine from single and multiple doses of an enteric-coated preparation (Systodin) was studied in seven healthy subjects, and was compared with the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered quinidine and the results of in vitro dissolution tests of the tablets. Absorption of quinidine began after a variable delay, 2-8 h (mean 4.8) after fasting and 3-10 h (mean 6.1) after food. The rate of absorption varied both in and between individuals. It appeared to be lower when the drug was administered after food. Multiple doses after food gave a pattern of plasma concentration-time curves similar to that found on administration of single doses after food. The delay prior to absorption was prolonged at night. The ratio between the maximum and minimum concentration of quinidine during a dose interval varied from 1.3 to 3.2 (mean 2.0). Bioavailability of quinidine in fasting subjects ranged from 69 to 95% (mean 83); variation was greater when doses were administered after food. The release of quinidine from the enteric-coated preparation was pH dependent and was sustained at low pHs as may be found in the intestines. The results indicate that the absorption of quinidine from the enteric-coated formulation was dependent on the highly variable rate of gastric emptying and the pH of intestinal fluid, and it varied greatly both within and between individuals.", "contents": "Absorption of quinidine from an enteric-coated preparation. The absorption of quinidine from single and multiple doses of an enteric-coated preparation (Systodin) was studied in seven healthy subjects, and was compared with the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered quinidine and the results of in vitro dissolution tests of the tablets. Absorption of quinidine began after a variable delay, 2-8 h (mean 4.8) after fasting and 3-10 h (mean 6.1) after food. The rate of absorption varied both in and between individuals. It appeared to be lower when the drug was administered after food. Multiple doses after food gave a pattern of plasma concentration-time curves similar to that found on administration of single doses after food. The delay prior to absorption was prolonged at night. The ratio between the maximum and minimum concentration of quinidine during a dose interval varied from 1.3 to 3.2 (mean 2.0). Bioavailability of quinidine in fasting subjects ranged from 69 to 95% (mean 83); variation was greater when doses were administered after food. The release of quinidine from the enteric-coated preparation was pH dependent and was sustained at low pHs as may be found in the intestines. The results indicate that the absorption of quinidine from the enteric-coated formulation was dependent on the highly variable rate of gastric emptying and the pH of intestinal fluid, and it varied greatly both within and between individuals.", "PMID": 499306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4297", "title": "Enhancement of hepatic drug metabolism by glutethimide in patients with liver disease.", "content": "A controlled study of the effects of glutethimide on antipyrine metabolism was performed to ascertain how patients with varying degrees of liver damage responded to microsomal enzyme inducing agents. The administration of 250mg glutethimide daily for one week resulted in significant enhancement of antipyrine metabolism in 4 patients with compensated cirrhosis and 5 patients with features of hepatic failure as well as 7 control subjects without liver disease. Even patients with very severe liver disease did undergo microsomal enzyme induction. Changes in antipyrine half-life after glutethimide were directly proportional to the original antipyrine half-life so that the greatest absolute alterations due to enzyme induction occurred in patients with the most severely impaired hepatic function. These results indicate that not only is antipyrine metabolism severely impaired in patients with liver failure, but elimination rates are markedly altered by enzyme inducing agents. Thus, although these results cannot be extrapolated to all inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes nor to all drugs metabolized by microsomal oxidases, it is suggested that safe and effective management of drug therapy in these patients requires measurement of plasma levels.", "contents": "Enhancement of hepatic drug metabolism by glutethimide in patients with liver disease. A controlled study of the effects of glutethimide on antipyrine metabolism was performed to ascertain how patients with varying degrees of liver damage responded to microsomal enzyme inducing agents. The administration of 250mg glutethimide daily for one week resulted in significant enhancement of antipyrine metabolism in 4 patients with compensated cirrhosis and 5 patients with features of hepatic failure as well as 7 control subjects without liver disease. Even patients with very severe liver disease did undergo microsomal enzyme induction. Changes in antipyrine half-life after glutethimide were directly proportional to the original antipyrine half-life so that the greatest absolute alterations due to enzyme induction occurred in patients with the most severely impaired hepatic function. These results indicate that not only is antipyrine metabolism severely impaired in patients with liver failure, but elimination rates are markedly altered by enzyme inducing agents. Thus, although these results cannot be extrapolated to all inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes nor to all drugs metabolized by microsomal oxidases, it is suggested that safe and effective management of drug therapy in these patients requires measurement of plasma levels.", "PMID": 499307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4298", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with normal or impaired renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin have been determined after a single i.v. injection of 15 mg/kg body weight in 10 patients with normal renal function and 20 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The kinetics of the antibiotic followed an open two-compartment model. In patients with normal renal function the following pharmacokinetic parameters were found: alpha = 8.66 h-1 beta = 1.21 h-1 K12 = 3.47 h-1 K21 = 3.17 h-1 K13 = 3.15 h-1 Vc = 4.24 l. Vp = 4.87 l. Vdss = 9.11 l. In the patients with renal impairment there was a significant decrease in alpha, beta, K12, K21 and K13, and an increase in the apparent volume of distribution. The degree of plasma protein binding in patients with normal renal function was 73.6% and this was diminished in patients with renal impairment. A linear relationship between K13 of cefoxitin and creatinine clearance was demonstrated. The dosage regimen for patients with renal impairment should be adjusted by modifying the dosage interval whilst maintaining the amount administered.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with normal or impaired renal function. The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin have been determined after a single i.v. injection of 15 mg/kg body weight in 10 patients with normal renal function and 20 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The kinetics of the antibiotic followed an open two-compartment model. In patients with normal renal function the following pharmacokinetic parameters were found: alpha = 8.66 h-1 beta = 1.21 h-1 K12 = 3.47 h-1 K21 = 3.17 h-1 K13 = 3.15 h-1 Vc = 4.24 l. Vp = 4.87 l. Vdss = 9.11 l. In the patients with renal impairment there was a significant decrease in alpha, beta, K12, K21 and K13, and an increase in the apparent volume of distribution. The degree of plasma protein binding in patients with normal renal function was 73.6% and this was diminished in patients with renal impairment. A linear relationship between K13 of cefoxitin and creatinine clearance was demonstrated. The dosage regimen for patients with renal impairment should be adjusted by modifying the dosage interval whilst maintaining the amount administered.", "PMID": 499308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4299", "title": "Distribution of elimination of hydroflumethiazide in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of hydroflumethiazide (HFT) were investigated after intravenous and oral administration to healthy subjects. After intravenous infusion, HFT behaved according to a three-compartment model. Two distribution phases were observed, with mean half-lives of 0.26 and 0.85 h, reflecting distribution to red blood cells and tissues. Mean biological half-life (t 1/2 beta) after infusion was 5.2 h. Renal blood and plasma clearance of HFT, as well as the ratio renal blood clearance/renal plasma clearance of HFT, were lower after infusion than during the infusion, due to the distribution characteristics of HFT. After a single oral dose of 2 micronmol/kg, t 1/2 beta was significantly shorter in all subjects than after a single oral dose of 6 micronmol/kg, with mean t 1/2 beta of 8.7 and 17.9 h, respectively. Due to lack of a sufficiently sensitive method for determination of HFT in plasma, it could not be established whether the observed dose-dependent difference in biological half-life of HFT was caused by variation in renal clearance and/or the volume of distribution.", "contents": "Distribution of elimination of hydroflumethiazide in man. The pharmacokinetics of hydroflumethiazide (HFT) were investigated after intravenous and oral administration to healthy subjects. After intravenous infusion, HFT behaved according to a three-compartment model. Two distribution phases were observed, with mean half-lives of 0.26 and 0.85 h, reflecting distribution to red blood cells and tissues. Mean biological half-life (t 1/2 beta) after infusion was 5.2 h. Renal blood and plasma clearance of HFT, as well as the ratio renal blood clearance/renal plasma clearance of HFT, were lower after infusion than during the infusion, due to the distribution characteristics of HFT. After a single oral dose of 2 micronmol/kg, t 1/2 beta was significantly shorter in all subjects than after a single oral dose of 6 micronmol/kg, with mean t 1/2 beta of 8.7 and 17.9 h, respectively. Due to lack of a sufficiently sensitive method for determination of HFT in plasma, it could not be established whether the observed dose-dependent difference in biological half-life of HFT was caused by variation in renal clearance and/or the volume of distribution.", "PMID": 499309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4300", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in young children with asthma: comparison of rectal enema and suppositories.", "content": "Six children, aged 2 months - 4 years, received theophylline 5-6 mg/kg intravenously. Its disposition could be described by a two-compartment open model, the mean serum half life (t 1/2 beta) was 3.75 h, i.e., shorter than in adults, but there was a considerable interindividual variation (1.8-7.0 h, in one patient 13.3 h). Thirteen children (2 months - 4 years) received theophylline suppositories in a dose of 3.8-5.0 mg/kg, and ten (6 months - 4 years) in a dose of 8.4-14.5 mg/kg. Absorption was slow (mean half-time 43 min), incomplete and variable (biological availability 8-100%, mean 80%). Only four of the patients given the higher dose and none given the lower dose reached a therapeutic serum concentration (10-20 microgram/ml). Nine children (6 months - 4 years) received rectal enemas of theophylline 4.1-9.2 mg/kg. Absorbtion was rapid (mean half-time 5.5 min) and biological availability averaged 100%. Six patients reached a serum concentration within the therapeutic range. Using the mean values of the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, rectal enemas providing a dose of theophylline of 6-8 mg/kg t.i.d. were computed to give serum concentrations between 8-20 microgram/ml, without producing too high a level during the absorption phase.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in young children with asthma: comparison of rectal enema and suppositories. Six children, aged 2 months - 4 years, received theophylline 5-6 mg/kg intravenously. Its disposition could be described by a two-compartment open model, the mean serum half life (t 1/2 beta) was 3.75 h, i.e., shorter than in adults, but there was a considerable interindividual variation (1.8-7.0 h, in one patient 13.3 h). Thirteen children (2 months - 4 years) received theophylline suppositories in a dose of 3.8-5.0 mg/kg, and ten (6 months - 4 years) in a dose of 8.4-14.5 mg/kg. Absorption was slow (mean half-time 43 min), incomplete and variable (biological availability 8-100%, mean 80%). Only four of the patients given the higher dose and none given the lower dose reached a therapeutic serum concentration (10-20 microgram/ml). Nine children (6 months - 4 years) received rectal enemas of theophylline 4.1-9.2 mg/kg. Absorbtion was rapid (mean half-time 5.5 min) and biological availability averaged 100%. Six patients reached a serum concentration within the therapeutic range. Using the mean values of the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, rectal enemas providing a dose of theophylline of 6-8 mg/kg t.i.d. were computed to give serum concentrations between 8-20 microgram/ml, without producing too high a level during the absorption phase.", "PMID": 499310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4301", "title": "The effects of desmethylimipramine on the pharmacological actions of alpha methyldopa in man.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with the tricyclic antidepressant desmethylimipramine (DMI) 75 mg daily for 3 days on the action of oral methyldopa 750 mg was investigated in a double blind crossover design in volunteers. DMI pretreatment caused a small but not significant increase in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. However, the effects of methyldopa on lying and standing blood pressure and heart rate were not markedly altered by pretreatment. In particular, the fall in standing blood pressure after methyldopa was present with and without DMI and the sedative action of methyldopa was similar. DMI alone reduced saliva production. No evidence was found that tricyclic antidepressant drugs significantly modify the hypotensive effect of methyldopa in man.", "contents": "The effects of desmethylimipramine on the pharmacological actions of alpha methyldopa in man. The effect of pretreatment with the tricyclic antidepressant desmethylimipramine (DMI) 75 mg daily for 3 days on the action of oral methyldopa 750 mg was investigated in a double blind crossover design in volunteers. DMI pretreatment caused a small but not significant increase in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. However, the effects of methyldopa on lying and standing blood pressure and heart rate were not markedly altered by pretreatment. In particular, the fall in standing blood pressure after methyldopa was present with and without DMI and the sedative action of methyldopa was similar. DMI alone reduced saliva production. No evidence was found that tricyclic antidepressant drugs significantly modify the hypotensive effect of methyldopa in man.", "PMID": 499311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4302", "title": "Dissociation of biochemical and hypotensive effects of debrisoquine in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, metadrenaline, normetadrenaline and vanillylmandelic acid, plasma renin activity and plasma and urinary debrisoquine were measured before and during chronic treatment with oral debrisoquine in 14 in-patients with essential hypertension. There was a significant fall (mean +/- SD) in the 24 h urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (15.3 +/- 2.8 to 6.7 +/- 1.9 micronmol) noradrenaline (199.0 +/- 105.8 to 125.2 +/- 43.3 nmol) and plasma renin activity (0.71 +/- 0.47 to 0.40 +/- 0.20 pmol Angio I ml-1 h-1) while the urinary normetadrenaline/noradrenaline ratio increased (10.4 +/- 6.1 to 17.1 +/- 5.1). No significant change was seen in the output of adrenaline or of O-methylated metabolites. Debrisoquine produces extensive noncompetitive inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase in vivo at low therapeutic plasma concentrations. These changes support the view that treatment with debrisoquine produces intraneuronal inhibition of monoamine oxidase and post-ganglionic blockage. There was a significant correlation between the change in standing diastolic blood pressure and the daily dose (rs = -0.52), pre-dose plasma concentration (rs = -0.85) and mean daily urinary recovery (rs = -0.80), of debrisoquine. The full extent of the biochemical changes were seen at low dose and low plasma concentration and were not directly correlated with the fall in standing or supine blood pressure.", "contents": "Dissociation of biochemical and hypotensive effects of debrisoquine in hypertensive patients. The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, metadrenaline, normetadrenaline and vanillylmandelic acid, plasma renin activity and plasma and urinary debrisoquine were measured before and during chronic treatment with oral debrisoquine in 14 in-patients with essential hypertension. There was a significant fall (mean +/- SD) in the 24 h urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (15.3 +/- 2.8 to 6.7 +/- 1.9 micronmol) noradrenaline (199.0 +/- 105.8 to 125.2 +/- 43.3 nmol) and plasma renin activity (0.71 +/- 0.47 to 0.40 +/- 0.20 pmol Angio I ml-1 h-1) while the urinary normetadrenaline/noradrenaline ratio increased (10.4 +/- 6.1 to 17.1 +/- 5.1). No significant change was seen in the output of adrenaline or of O-methylated metabolites. Debrisoquine produces extensive noncompetitive inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase in vivo at low therapeutic plasma concentrations. These changes support the view that treatment with debrisoquine produces intraneuronal inhibition of monoamine oxidase and post-ganglionic blockage. There was a significant correlation between the change in standing diastolic blood pressure and the daily dose (rs = -0.52), pre-dose plasma concentration (rs = -0.85) and mean daily urinary recovery (rs = -0.80), of debrisoquine. The full extent of the biochemical changes were seen at low dose and low plasma concentration and were not directly correlated with the fall in standing or supine blood pressure.", "PMID": 499312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4303", "title": "Sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal activation during ketamine anesthesia.", "content": "The effects of ketamine anesthesia (3 mg/kg i.v.) on cardiovascular parameters and noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in plasma were studied in 12 patients. At 3, 6 and 10 min after induction of anesthesia, a pronounced increase in heart rate (+28%) and in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (+28% and 17% resp.) was observed. Concomitantly noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations increased significantly from 187 to 415 ng/l and from 97 to 271 ng/l, respectively. DBH-activity in plasma remained almost unchanged. From these results it can be concluded that the well known cardiovascular stimulant effect of ketamine is due to greatly enhanced sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal activity, presumably brought about by a central mechanism of action of the drug. Furthermore, DBH-activity in plasma appeared not to be a reliable index of sympathetic activity in man.", "contents": "Sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal activation during ketamine anesthesia. The effects of ketamine anesthesia (3 mg/kg i.v.) on cardiovascular parameters and noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in plasma were studied in 12 patients. At 3, 6 and 10 min after induction of anesthesia, a pronounced increase in heart rate (+28%) and in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (+28% and 17% resp.) was observed. Concomitantly noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations increased significantly from 187 to 415 ng/l and from 97 to 271 ng/l, respectively. DBH-activity in plasma remained almost unchanged. From these results it can be concluded that the well known cardiovascular stimulant effect of ketamine is due to greatly enhanced sympatho-neuronal and sympatho-adrenal activity, presumably brought about by a central mechanism of action of the drug. Furthermore, DBH-activity in plasma appeared not to be a reliable index of sympathetic activity in man.", "PMID": 499313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4304", "title": "Effect on paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia of a drug affecting calcium transport (Ro 11-1781).", "content": "The effect of Ro 11-1781, a drug that affects calcium transport, in 10 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), was studied by intracardiac recording and stimulation. The re-entry circuit involved an accessory pathway that conducted only in the ventriculo-atrial direction in 5 patients, and was confined to the A-V node in 5 cases. Prior to administration of Ro 11-1781 tachycardia could be initiated in all patients. An intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg during PSVT terminated the tachycardia in all cases by blockade in the A-V node. Ro 11-1781 lengthened the A-V nodal conduction time as well as the functional and effective refractory period of the A-V node. The effective refractory period of the \"fast\" pathway was variably changed. After Ro 11-1781 the tachycardia zone was abolished in 3 cases, reduced in 3, increased in 3 and was converted to an echo zone in 1. The ability to sustain the PSVT was lost in one subject. The heart rate during PSVT was slowed following Ro 11-1781. Ro 11-1781 appears to be useful for the termination of PSVT, but its ability to prevent PSVT varies. Beneficial effects include abolition or narrowing of the tachycardia zone, loss of the ability to sustain PSVT and a reduction in heart rate during PSVT. The widening of the tachycardia zone may be harmful.", "contents": "Effect on paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia of a drug affecting calcium transport (Ro 11-1781). The effect of Ro 11-1781, a drug that affects calcium transport, in 10 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), was studied by intracardiac recording and stimulation. The re-entry circuit involved an accessory pathway that conducted only in the ventriculo-atrial direction in 5 patients, and was confined to the A-V node in 5 cases. Prior to administration of Ro 11-1781 tachycardia could be initiated in all patients. An intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg during PSVT terminated the tachycardia in all cases by blockade in the A-V node. Ro 11-1781 lengthened the A-V nodal conduction time as well as the functional and effective refractory period of the A-V node. The effective refractory period of the \"fast\" pathway was variably changed. After Ro 11-1781 the tachycardia zone was abolished in 3 cases, reduced in 3, increased in 3 and was converted to an echo zone in 1. The ability to sustain the PSVT was lost in one subject. The heart rate during PSVT was slowed following Ro 11-1781. Ro 11-1781 appears to be useful for the termination of PSVT, but its ability to prevent PSVT varies. Beneficial effects include abolition or narrowing of the tachycardia zone, loss of the ability to sustain PSVT and a reduction in heart rate during PSVT. The widening of the tachycardia zone may be harmful.", "PMID": 499315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4305", "title": "Standardized mental stress in healthy volunteers induced by delayed auditory feedback (DAF).", "content": "Using delayed auditory feedback (delay 0.175 s) a standardized form of mental stress was investigated in 8 healthy male volunteers. After a resting period and a period of undelayed reading, the volunteers were exposed for 5 min to the DAF stress. During the DAF period heart rate increased by 10% and systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 9% and 18%, respectively. As a measure of acute sympathetic activation, plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine rose by 68% and 49%, respectively. The activity od dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in plasma was increased by 25%. From these results it can be concluded that the DAF procedure provides a suitable method for inducing a standardized mental stress in normal subjects, which can be measured as changes in biochemical and cardiovascular variables.", "contents": "Standardized mental stress in healthy volunteers induced by delayed auditory feedback (DAF). Using delayed auditory feedback (delay 0.175 s) a standardized form of mental stress was investigated in 8 healthy male volunteers. After a resting period and a period of undelayed reading, the volunteers were exposed for 5 min to the DAF stress. During the DAF period heart rate increased by 10% and systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 9% and 18%, respectively. As a measure of acute sympathetic activation, plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine rose by 68% and 49%, respectively. The activity od dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in plasma was increased by 25%. From these results it can be concluded that the DAF procedure provides a suitable method for inducing a standardized mental stress in normal subjects, which can be measured as changes in biochemical and cardiovascular variables.", "PMID": 499316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4306", "title": "Prazosin, pharmacokinetics and concentration effect.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and effects of prazosin have been studied after intravenous and oral dosing (1 mg) to 6 normal male volunteers. The mean terminal (beta) half-life was 2.9 h after intravenous and oral routes. Oral bioavailability was 56.9%. The effects of prazosin on blood pressure were more pronounced after intravenous than oral administration, and the hypotensive effect greater on erect blood pressure. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.02) between the fall in blood pressure and the plasma drug concentration after intravenous prazosin.", "contents": "Prazosin, pharmacokinetics and concentration effect. The pharmacokinetics and effects of prazosin have been studied after intravenous and oral dosing (1 mg) to 6 normal male volunteers. The mean terminal (beta) half-life was 2.9 h after intravenous and oral routes. Oral bioavailability was 56.9%. The effects of prazosin on blood pressure were more pronounced after intravenous than oral administration, and the hypotensive effect greater on erect blood pressure. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.02) between the fall in blood pressure and the plasma drug concentration after intravenous prazosin.", "PMID": 499317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4307", "title": "Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man: a new pharmacogenetic defect.", "content": "Sparteine, an antiarrhythmic and oxytocic drug, is metabolised by N1-oxidation. The sparteine-N1-oxide rearranges with loss of water to 2- and 5-dehydrosparteine. 18 (i.e., 5%) out of 360 subjects were unable to metabolise the drug. These persons, who were designated as nonmetabolisers, excreted almost 100% of the administered dose in urine as unchanged drug. The defective metabolism of sparteine was found to have a genetic basis. Sparteine-N1-oxidation appears to be determined by two allelic genes at a single locus where nonmetabolisers are homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene.", "contents": "Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man: a new pharmacogenetic defect. Sparteine, an antiarrhythmic and oxytocic drug, is metabolised by N1-oxidation. The sparteine-N1-oxide rearranges with loss of water to 2- and 5-dehydrosparteine. 18 (i.e., 5%) out of 360 subjects were unable to metabolise the drug. These persons, who were designated as nonmetabolisers, excreted almost 100% of the administered dose in urine as unchanged drug. The defective metabolism of sparteine was found to have a genetic basis. Sparteine-N1-oxidation appears to be determined by two allelic genes at a single locus where nonmetabolisers are homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene.", "PMID": 499318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4308", "title": "Influence of the defective metabolism of sparteine on its pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Sparteine is metabolized by N1-oxidation, which in some subjects is defective. The defect has a pronounced effect on the kinetics of the drug. In nonmetabolisers elimination of sparteine proceeds entirely via renal excretion by a capacity-limited process, 99,9% of the dose being excreted as unchanged drug. In metabolisers the drug is mainly eliminated by metabolic degradation. Pronounced differences in beta-phase half-life and total plasma clearance were observed between metabolisers (156 min; 535 ml . min-1) and nonmetabolisers (409 min; 180 ml . min-1).", "contents": "Influence of the defective metabolism of sparteine on its pharmacokinetics. Sparteine is metabolized by N1-oxidation, which in some subjects is defective. The defect has a pronounced effect on the kinetics of the drug. In nonmetabolisers elimination of sparteine proceeds entirely via renal excretion by a capacity-limited process, 99,9% of the dose being excreted as unchanged drug. In metabolisers the drug is mainly eliminated by metabolic degradation. Pronounced differences in beta-phase half-life and total plasma clearance were observed between metabolisers (156 min; 535 ml . min-1) and nonmetabolisers (409 min; 180 ml . min-1).", "PMID": 499319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4309", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of metformin after intravenous and oral administration to man.", "content": "The kinetics of 14C-metformin have been studied in five healthy subjects after oral and intravenous administration. The intravenous dose was distributed to a small central compartment of 9.9 +/- 1.61 (X +/- SE), from which its elimination could be described using three-compartment open model. The elimination half-life from plasma was 1.7 +/- 0.1 h. Urinary excretion data revealed a quantitatively minor terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 8.9 +/- 0.7 h. After the intravenous dose, metformin was completely excreted unchanged in urine with a renal clearance of 454 +/- 47 ml/min. Metformin was not bound to plasma proteins. The concentration of metformin in saliva was considerably lower than in plasma and declined more slowly. The bioavailability of metformin tablets averaged 50--60%. The rate of absorption was slower than that of elimination, which resulted in a plasma concentration profile of \"flip-flop\" type for oral metformin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of metformin after intravenous and oral administration to man. The kinetics of 14C-metformin have been studied in five healthy subjects after oral and intravenous administration. The intravenous dose was distributed to a small central compartment of 9.9 +/- 1.61 (X +/- SE), from which its elimination could be described using three-compartment open model. The elimination half-life from plasma was 1.7 +/- 0.1 h. Urinary excretion data revealed a quantitatively minor terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 8.9 +/- 0.7 h. After the intravenous dose, metformin was completely excreted unchanged in urine with a renal clearance of 454 +/- 47 ml/min. Metformin was not bound to plasma proteins. The concentration of metformin in saliva was considerably lower than in plasma and declined more slowly. The bioavailability of metformin tablets averaged 50--60%. The rate of absorption was slower than that of elimination, which resulted in a plasma concentration profile of \"flip-flop\" type for oral metformin.", "PMID": 499320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4310", "title": "Relationship between plasma concentration and effect of dantrolene sodium in man.", "content": "Dantrolen sodium is a muscle relaxant, which is used in the treatment of spasticity. Although it is given chronically, little is known about its pharmacokinetic behaviour. The relationship between the effect of a single oral dose of dantrolene sodium and its plasma concentration in healthy volunteers was studied by measuring the effect on the twitch tension, and in spastic patients on the decrease in muscle hypertonia. On the twitch tension dantrolene gave a depression of 49.1 +/- 9.4% (+/- DS) within 1.15 and 3.45 h after ingestion of 100 mg. The mean maximal plasma concentration was 1.24 +/- 0.32 microgram/ml (+/- SD). The effect and the plasma concentration were correlated. No relationship between the plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium and its effect could be established in patients, although definite activity in 6 out of 7 patients was observed after a single oral dose of 100 mg, and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium greater than 0.3 microgram/ml were consistenly associated with better results than placebo treatment in 6 out of 7 patients.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma concentration and effect of dantrolene sodium in man. Dantrolen sodium is a muscle relaxant, which is used in the treatment of spasticity. Although it is given chronically, little is known about its pharmacokinetic behaviour. The relationship between the effect of a single oral dose of dantrolene sodium and its plasma concentration in healthy volunteers was studied by measuring the effect on the twitch tension, and in spastic patients on the decrease in muscle hypertonia. On the twitch tension dantrolene gave a depression of 49.1 +/- 9.4% (+/- DS) within 1.15 and 3.45 h after ingestion of 100 mg. The mean maximal plasma concentration was 1.24 +/- 0.32 microgram/ml (+/- SD). The effect and the plasma concentration were correlated. No relationship between the plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium and its effect could be established in patients, although definite activity in 6 out of 7 patients was observed after a single oral dose of 100 mg, and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium greater than 0.3 microgram/ml were consistenly associated with better results than placebo treatment in 6 out of 7 patients.", "PMID": 499321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4311", "title": "Influence of milk products on fluoride bioavailability in man.", "content": "The effect of milk products on the gastrointestinal absorption of fluoride from sodium fluoride tablets was studied in five healthy subjects. Two different diets were tested: (1) 250 ml standardized milk (3% fat) and (2) 500 ml of milk, 3 pieces of white bread with cheese and 150 ml of yoghurt. The 100% bioavailability of sodium fluoride tablets during fasting was greatly decreased by coadministration of milk products: with Diet 1 the absolute bioavailability calculated from combined plasma and urine data was in the range 50--79% and with Diet 2 it ranged from 50--71%. It is suggested that the decreased bioavailability produced by dairy products should be taken into account when establishing flouride dosage regimens for prophylaxis of caries.", "contents": "Influence of milk products on fluoride bioavailability in man. The effect of milk products on the gastrointestinal absorption of fluoride from sodium fluoride tablets was studied in five healthy subjects. Two different diets were tested: (1) 250 ml standardized milk (3% fat) and (2) 500 ml of milk, 3 pieces of white bread with cheese and 150 ml of yoghurt. The 100% bioavailability of sodium fluoride tablets during fasting was greatly decreased by coadministration of milk products: with Diet 1 the absolute bioavailability calculated from combined plasma and urine data was in the range 50--79% and with Diet 2 it ranged from 50--71%. It is suggested that the decreased bioavailability produced by dairy products should be taken into account when establishing flouride dosage regimens for prophylaxis of caries.", "PMID": 499322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4312", "title": "Initiation of the blastogenic response of lymphocytes by hyperoptimal concentrations of concanavalin A.", "content": "The blastogenic response of human lymphocytes in vitro to hyperoptimal concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied by means of volume spectroscopy (measuring cellular and nuclear volume), flow cytofluorometry (measuring cellular DNA content) and incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]dThd). The optimal Con A dose with respect to [3H]dThd incorporation was about 30 micrograms/ml. In cultures given hyperoptimal doses, e.g. 100 micrograms/ml, [3H]dThd incorporation was strongly inhibited, whereas the number of cells entering S-phase and significantly increasing their cellular and nuclear volume was considerably larger than with 30 micrograms/ml. With 200 micrograms/ml Con A, which induced negligible [3H]dThd incorporation, the percentage of responding cells was even larger. Hence, doses of Con A, which were hyperoptimal with regard to [3H]dThd incorporation, induced blastogenic response, including DNA synthesis, in a larger percentage of the cells than did the optimal dose. However, in cultures with hyperoptimal Con A doses, the progression of the cell cycle stagnated mainly during S- and G2-phase and few cells completed mitosis. Thus, the blocking effect of hyperoptimal doses was not confined to any particular point of the cell cycle. The reduced [3H]dTd incorporation, seen with hyperoptimal doses, is attributed partly to a failure of this assay under such conditions.", "contents": "Initiation of the blastogenic response of lymphocytes by hyperoptimal concentrations of concanavalin A. The blastogenic response of human lymphocytes in vitro to hyperoptimal concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied by means of volume spectroscopy (measuring cellular and nuclear volume), flow cytofluorometry (measuring cellular DNA content) and incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]dThd). The optimal Con A dose with respect to [3H]dThd incorporation was about 30 micrograms/ml. In cultures given hyperoptimal doses, e.g. 100 micrograms/ml, [3H]dThd incorporation was strongly inhibited, whereas the number of cells entering S-phase and significantly increasing their cellular and nuclear volume was considerably larger than with 30 micrograms/ml. With 200 micrograms/ml Con A, which induced negligible [3H]dThd incorporation, the percentage of responding cells was even larger. Hence, doses of Con A, which were hyperoptimal with regard to [3H]dThd incorporation, induced blastogenic response, including DNA synthesis, in a larger percentage of the cells than did the optimal dose. However, in cultures with hyperoptimal Con A doses, the progression of the cell cycle stagnated mainly during S- and G2-phase and few cells completed mitosis. Thus, the blocking effect of hyperoptimal doses was not confined to any particular point of the cell cycle. The reduced [3H]dTd incorporation, seen with hyperoptimal doses, is attributed partly to a failure of this assay under such conditions.", "PMID": 499325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4313", "title": "Identification of autoanti-Thi-1 antibody in the sera of BALB/c mice immune to P1798 lymphoma.", "content": "The specificity was established for the anti-thymocyte autoantibody which appeared in BALB/c mice (BAA) during immunization to the P 1798 lymphoma. The results indicate that BAA is specific for the Thy-1 alloantigen of murine T cells. By immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled A/J thymocyte surface antigens from freeze-thaw lysates and electrophoretic resolution of the immunoprecipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the BAA and congenic anti-Thy-1.1 or 1.2 were shown to be specific for determinants on the same antigens. Specificity of BAA for Thy-1.2 was shown also quantitative absorption studies. Coating P 1798 lymphoma cells with either BAA or anti-Thy-1.2 reduced the absorptive capacity of these cells for the same or the reciprocal antiserum. Coating P 1798 with an antiserum to P 1798 which was indifferent to the Thy-1.2 alloantigen did not diminish the absorptive capacity of these cells for either BAA or anti-Thy-1.2. These studies have provided firm evidence that BAA is specific for determinants on the Thy-1 alloantigen.", "contents": "Identification of autoanti-Thi-1 antibody in the sera of BALB/c mice immune to P1798 lymphoma. The specificity was established for the anti-thymocyte autoantibody which appeared in BALB/c mice (BAA) during immunization to the P 1798 lymphoma. The results indicate that BAA is specific for the Thy-1 alloantigen of murine T cells. By immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled A/J thymocyte surface antigens from freeze-thaw lysates and electrophoretic resolution of the immunoprecipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the BAA and congenic anti-Thy-1.1 or 1.2 were shown to be specific for determinants on the same antigens. Specificity of BAA for Thy-1.2 was shown also quantitative absorption studies. Coating P 1798 lymphoma cells with either BAA or anti-Thy-1.2 reduced the absorptive capacity of these cells for the same or the reciprocal antiserum. Coating P 1798 with an antiserum to P 1798 which was indifferent to the Thy-1.2 alloantigen did not diminish the absorptive capacity of these cells for either BAA or anti-Thy-1.2. These studies have provided firm evidence that BAA is specific for determinants on the Thy-1 alloantigen.", "PMID": 499326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4314", "title": "Investigation of the human macrophage. I. Collection and in vitro cultivation.", "content": "By means of blister formation produced by cantharidin, a certain number of human macrophages could be readily obtained from the blister exudate. In the presence of 50% cell-free exudate, these cells were found to proliferate in vitro. The proliferating cells possessed the morphology and functional characteristics of macrophages.", "contents": "Investigation of the human macrophage. I. Collection and in vitro cultivation. By means of blister formation produced by cantharidin, a certain number of human macrophages could be readily obtained from the blister exudate. In the presence of 50% cell-free exudate, these cells were found to proliferate in vitro. The proliferating cells possessed the morphology and functional characteristics of macrophages.", "PMID": 499327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4315", "title": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies of IgM-type produced in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "Carp synthesize highly specific anti-idiotypic antibodies of the IgM class. Ant-idiotypic antibodies could be elicited in these animals by a human IgM myeloma protein and were detected in a passive hemagglutination assay. The agglutination was completely inhibited by approximately 0.15 microgram homologous antigen, whereas a 100 000-fold excess of a heterologous IgM myeloma protein of the same L chain type did not produce any inhibition. A possible subgroup specificity of carp anti-idiotypic antisera can be excluded.", "contents": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies of IgM-type produced in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Carp synthesize highly specific anti-idiotypic antibodies of the IgM class. Ant-idiotypic antibodies could be elicited in these animals by a human IgM myeloma protein and were detected in a passive hemagglutination assay. The agglutination was completely inhibited by approximately 0.15 microgram homologous antigen, whereas a 100 000-fold excess of a heterologous IgM myeloma protein of the same L chain type did not produce any inhibition. A possible subgroup specificity of carp anti-idiotypic antisera can be excluded.", "PMID": 499328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4316", "title": "Sequential study of C 1 q-binding substances and of anti-DNA antibodies in (NZB X NZW)F1 mice: evidence for an acute phase of the lupus disease in 2-month-old mice.", "content": "Longitudinal studies of C 1 q and DNA-binding substances were performed in sera from 38 (NZB X NZW)F1 female mice between days 39 and 150 of life. Results suggest a two-phase evolution of circulating immune complexes and anti-DNA antibodies in young (NZB X NZW)F1 mice and show the existence of an acute phase of the disease during the second month of life of these mice.", "contents": "Sequential study of C 1 q-binding substances and of anti-DNA antibodies in (NZB X NZW)F1 mice: evidence for an acute phase of the lupus disease in 2-month-old mice. Longitudinal studies of C 1 q and DNA-binding substances were performed in sera from 38 (NZB X NZW)F1 female mice between days 39 and 150 of life. Results suggest a two-phase evolution of circulating immune complexes and anti-DNA antibodies in young (NZB X NZW)F1 mice and show the existence of an acute phase of the disease during the second month of life of these mice.", "PMID": 499331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4317", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies in cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human melanoma and colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Hybridoma-derived monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies and anti-colorectal carcinoma antibodies were found to mediate in vitro antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions against melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells, respectively. The antigen(s) detected in ADCC on melanoma cells maintained for more than one hundred passages in tissue culture were also found on two recently established melanoma cell lines. These antigens were not detected on skin fibroblasts of the same patients from whom the melanomas were obtained. The ADCC reactivities of anti-melanoma and anti-colorectal carcinoma antibodies were found to be specific for melanoma cells and colorectal carcinoma cells, respectively.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies in cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human melanoma and colorectal carcinoma. Hybridoma-derived monoclonal anti-melanoma antibodies and anti-colorectal carcinoma antibodies were found to mediate in vitro antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions against melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells, respectively. The antigen(s) detected in ADCC on melanoma cells maintained for more than one hundred passages in tissue culture were also found on two recently established melanoma cell lines. These antigens were not detected on skin fibroblasts of the same patients from whom the melanomas were obtained. The ADCC reactivities of anti-melanoma and anti-colorectal carcinoma antibodies were found to be specific for melanoma cells and colorectal carcinoma cells, respectively.", "PMID": 499332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4318", "title": "Opioid activities of fragments of beta-endorphin and of its leucine65-analogue. Comparison of the binding properties of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin.", "content": "For characterisation in vitro, four parallel assays were used: the guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens as pharmacological models at 36 degrees C and the inhibition of binding of [3H]-naltrexone, [3H]-leucine-enkephalin and [3H]-methione-enkephalin at 0 degrees C. The Leu65-analogue of beta-andorphin and its fragments (61-65, 61-76 and 61-77) have a lower affinity to the [3H]-naltrexone binding site of mu-receptors than the corresponding Met65-peptides wereheas no such difference was found for the [3H]leucine-enkephalin binding sites or delta-receptors. When the binding of [3H]-methionine-enkephalin or [3H]-leucine-enkephalin was inhibited by cold ligands interacting with delta-, mu-, or kappa-receptors, no evidence was obtained for more than one type of delta-binding site.", "contents": "Opioid activities of fragments of beta-endorphin and of its leucine65-analogue. Comparison of the binding properties of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. For characterisation in vitro, four parallel assays were used: the guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens as pharmacological models at 36 degrees C and the inhibition of binding of [3H]-naltrexone, [3H]-leucine-enkephalin and [3H]-methione-enkephalin at 0 degrees C. The Leu65-analogue of beta-andorphin and its fragments (61-65, 61-76 and 61-77) have a lower affinity to the [3H]-naltrexone binding site of mu-receptors than the corresponding Met65-peptides wereheas no such difference was found for the [3H]leucine-enkephalin binding sites or delta-receptors. When the binding of [3H]-methionine-enkephalin or [3H]-leucine-enkephalin was inhibited by cold ligands interacting with delta-, mu-, or kappa-receptors, no evidence was obtained for more than one type of delta-binding site.", "PMID": 499333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4319", "title": "Antinociceptive activity of clonidine and its potentiation of morphine analgesia.", "content": "The activity of clonidine and its interaction with morphine was assessed in the mouse tail flick assay. In this assay, clonidine was found to be 10 times more potent than morphine. Clonidine potentiated morphine antinociceptive activity approximately five-fold and morphine potentiated clonidine activity four-fold. Clonidine's agonstic activity was not reversed by naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) while the potentiating effect of clonidine by morphine was. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine was observed in morphine pellet-implanted mice but no cross tolerance was observed for clonidine. These data indicate that clonidine-induced analgesia is not a result of an interaction at morphine receptors; but rather, common pathway(s) are present which appear to complement the agonistic interaction of each.", "contents": "Antinociceptive activity of clonidine and its potentiation of morphine analgesia. The activity of clonidine and its interaction with morphine was assessed in the mouse tail flick assay. In this assay, clonidine was found to be 10 times more potent than morphine. Clonidine potentiated morphine antinociceptive activity approximately five-fold and morphine potentiated clonidine activity four-fold. Clonidine's agonstic activity was not reversed by naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) while the potentiating effect of clonidine by morphine was. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine was observed in morphine pellet-implanted mice but no cross tolerance was observed for clonidine. These data indicate that clonidine-induced analgesia is not a result of an interaction at morphine receptors; but rather, common pathway(s) are present which appear to complement the agonistic interaction of each.", "PMID": 499334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4320", "title": "Gastric emptying effect of d,1-tranylcypromine and its stereoisomers.", "content": "The effect of d,1-, d- and 1-tranylcypromine (Tc) on gastric emptying of rats trained to eat once a day during a 2-h period under conditions of normal or depleted catecholamine stores was studied. d,1-Tc and d-Tc reduced gastric emptying intensely and almost similarly whereas 1-Tc produced a qualitatively less intense effect. Reserpine did not modify this effect of d,1-Tc. It is concluded that d,1-Tc is the most effective form for delaying gastric emptying, this effect being mainly due to the d-isomer. Catecholamines are not involved in the gastric inhibiting effect of these drugs.", "contents": "Gastric emptying effect of d,1-tranylcypromine and its stereoisomers. The effect of d,1-, d- and 1-tranylcypromine (Tc) on gastric emptying of rats trained to eat once a day during a 2-h period under conditions of normal or depleted catecholamine stores was studied. d,1-Tc and d-Tc reduced gastric emptying intensely and almost similarly whereas 1-Tc produced a qualitatively less intense effect. Reserpine did not modify this effect of d,1-Tc. It is concluded that d,1-Tc is the most effective form for delaying gastric emptying, this effect being mainly due to the d-isomer. Catecholamines are not involved in the gastric inhibiting effect of these drugs.", "PMID": 499335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4321", "title": "Effects of pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or noradrenergic receptor blockers on the clonidine-induced distruption of conditioned avoidance responding.", "content": "The effects of clonidine were assessed on conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) in control, 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)- and vehicle-treated rats, using a shuttle box device. Clonidine (100--400 micrograms/kg) produced a significant decrease of CAR in control and vehicle-treated animals. On the other hand, avoidance responding was only slightly inhibited in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Pretreatment with the alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs yohimbine or phentolamine (1--8 mg/kg) prevented the CAR disrupting effects of clonidine. When animals were pretreated with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol (1--8 mg/kg) the ensuing injection of clonidine caused a greater CAR depression. Our results further support the hypothesis relating the conditioned performance depression observed after clonidine to the activation of a presynaptic negative feedback mechanism mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors. It is also suggested that propranolol increases the clonidine inhibition through the blockade of a positive feedback mechanism dependent on the activation of presynaptic beta-receptors.", "contents": "Effects of pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or noradrenergic receptor blockers on the clonidine-induced distruption of conditioned avoidance responding. The effects of clonidine were assessed on conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) in control, 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)- and vehicle-treated rats, using a shuttle box device. Clonidine (100--400 micrograms/kg) produced a significant decrease of CAR in control and vehicle-treated animals. On the other hand, avoidance responding was only slightly inhibited in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Pretreatment with the alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs yohimbine or phentolamine (1--8 mg/kg) prevented the CAR disrupting effects of clonidine. When animals were pretreated with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol (1--8 mg/kg) the ensuing injection of clonidine caused a greater CAR depression. Our results further support the hypothesis relating the conditioned performance depression observed after clonidine to the activation of a presynaptic negative feedback mechanism mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors. It is also suggested that propranolol increases the clonidine inhibition through the blockade of a positive feedback mechanism dependent on the activation of presynaptic beta-receptors.", "PMID": 499336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4322", "title": "Effects of the unilateral nigral application of baclofen on dopamine release in the two caudate nuclei of the cat.", "content": "\"Enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats were implanted with three push-pull cannulae. The two caudate nuclei (CN) were superfused continuously with 3H-tyrosine to measure the release of 3H-DA in serially collected fractions. Three hours after the beginning of the experiment, d,l-baclofen, d- or l-baclofen or gamma-hydroxybaclofen were introduced for 15 min in the medium used to superfuse the left substantia nigra. d,l-Baclofen (10(-6) M) stimulated 3H-DA release in the ipsilateral as well as in the contralateral CN but the effect was more pronounced in the ipsilateral CN. Similar effects were observed with l-baclofen. d-Baclofen and gamma-hydroxybaclofen were inactive. The results obtained are discussed in the light of effects previously observed during the nigral application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and related compounds.", "contents": "Effects of the unilateral nigral application of baclofen on dopamine release in the two caudate nuclei of the cat. \"Enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats were implanted with three push-pull cannulae. The two caudate nuclei (CN) were superfused continuously with 3H-tyrosine to measure the release of 3H-DA in serially collected fractions. Three hours after the beginning of the experiment, d,l-baclofen, d- or l-baclofen or gamma-hydroxybaclofen were introduced for 15 min in the medium used to superfuse the left substantia nigra. d,l-Baclofen (10(-6) M) stimulated 3H-DA release in the ipsilateral as well as in the contralateral CN but the effect was more pronounced in the ipsilateral CN. Similar effects were observed with l-baclofen. d-Baclofen and gamma-hydroxybaclofen were inactive. The results obtained are discussed in the light of effects previously observed during the nigral application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and related compounds.", "PMID": 499343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4323", "title": "The effect of apamin on the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "The polypeptide apamin caused a small depolarization of the muscle cell membrane of the guinea-pig taenia coli accompanied by enhancement of spike activity and a concomitant muscle contration. The membrane hyperpolarization evoked by intramural stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves (inhibitory junction potential) was reduced by apamin; the antagonism being non-competitive in nature. The rebound depolarization and contraction following the inhibitory junction potential was enhanced by apamin. The membrane hyperpolarization induced by the purinergic compound ATP and by the sympathomimetic adrenaline was converted to a depolarization in the presence of apamin. This depolarization resulted in an increased spike activity and muscle contraction. This was followed by membrane hyperpolarization and muscle relaxation after washout of the drugs. These findings indicate that apamin is a non-competitive, non-specific antagonist of the non-adrenergic inhibitory transmitter and that the inhibitory junction potential and the rebound are mutually independent phenomena.", "contents": "The effect of apamin on the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli. The polypeptide apamin caused a small depolarization of the muscle cell membrane of the guinea-pig taenia coli accompanied by enhancement of spike activity and a concomitant muscle contration. The membrane hyperpolarization evoked by intramural stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves (inhibitory junction potential) was reduced by apamin; the antagonism being non-competitive in nature. The rebound depolarization and contraction following the inhibitory junction potential was enhanced by apamin. The membrane hyperpolarization induced by the purinergic compound ATP and by the sympathomimetic adrenaline was converted to a depolarization in the presence of apamin. This depolarization resulted in an increased spike activity and muscle contraction. This was followed by membrane hyperpolarization and muscle relaxation after washout of the drugs. These findings indicate that apamin is a non-competitive, non-specific antagonist of the non-adrenergic inhibitory transmitter and that the inhibitory junction potential and the rebound are mutually independent phenomena.", "PMID": 499345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4324", "title": "Analysis of the contractile responses of the ileal segment of the isolated blood-perfused small intestine of rats to adenosine triphosphate and related compounds.", "content": "For close-arterial injection the isolated small intestine of the rat was perfused by a cross-circulation technique at a fixed flow rate through the superior mesenteric artery with arterial blood from a donor. Single intra-arterial injections of purine derivatives elicited a monophasic fast contraction of the ileum. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the fast contraction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was chosen for further investigations. The ileal response to ATP was abolished by tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium or morphine, but was resistant to blockade by atropine, methysergide or mepyramine. These results definitely indicate that ATP causes the fast contraction of the ileum by a stimulation of neuronal elements in the myenteric plexus involving cholinergic interneurons.", "contents": "Analysis of the contractile responses of the ileal segment of the isolated blood-perfused small intestine of rats to adenosine triphosphate and related compounds. For close-arterial injection the isolated small intestine of the rat was perfused by a cross-circulation technique at a fixed flow rate through the superior mesenteric artery with arterial blood from a donor. Single intra-arterial injections of purine derivatives elicited a monophasic fast contraction of the ileum. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the fast contraction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was chosen for further investigations. The ileal response to ATP was abolished by tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium or morphine, but was resistant to blockade by atropine, methysergide or mepyramine. These results definitely indicate that ATP causes the fast contraction of the ileum by a stimulation of neuronal elements in the myenteric plexus involving cholinergic interneurons.", "PMID": 499346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4325", "title": "Action of parathyroid extract on arterial blood pressure and on contraction and 45Ca exchange in isolated aorta of the rat.", "content": "The acute effects of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the cardiovascular system were the object of the study. PTE injected at concentrations of 10--100 U USP/kg into conscious rats induced a rapid, transitory fall in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. Since the cardiac output was unchanged, PTE must act on vascular smooth muscle. In vitro, PTE (2--16 U USP/ml) inhibited the tonic phase (which requires the presence of extracellular calcium) of the contraction of the thoracic aorta in response to phenylephrine or noradrenaline. 45Ca fluxes in the isolated aorta, measured by the lanthanum method, changed in the presence of a high concentration of PTE (1.0 U USP/ml). After 2 min, the influx was lowered and the efflux was enhanced. These effects may have been specific, since they did not appear when PTE had been previously inactivated. Our results suggest that the vasodilator effect of PTE in the rat is due to an action on Ca exchange in vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Action of parathyroid extract on arterial blood pressure and on contraction and 45Ca exchange in isolated aorta of the rat. The acute effects of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the cardiovascular system were the object of the study. PTE injected at concentrations of 10--100 U USP/kg into conscious rats induced a rapid, transitory fall in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. Since the cardiac output was unchanged, PTE must act on vascular smooth muscle. In vitro, PTE (2--16 U USP/ml) inhibited the tonic phase (which requires the presence of extracellular calcium) of the contraction of the thoracic aorta in response to phenylephrine or noradrenaline. 45Ca fluxes in the isolated aorta, measured by the lanthanum method, changed in the presence of a high concentration of PTE (1.0 U USP/ml). After 2 min, the influx was lowered and the efflux was enhanced. These effects may have been specific, since they did not appear when PTE had been previously inactivated. Our results suggest that the vasodilator effect of PTE in the rat is due to an action on Ca exchange in vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 499347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4326", "title": "Peripheral stimulation in mice induces short-duration analgesia preventable by naloxone.", "content": "Peripheral stimulation was applied to mice by mild caudal electrostimulation, by mechanical pressure or by footshock for 30 sec, before testing on a 52 degrees C hot plate. Reaction times to paw lick and to escape from the hot plate were recorded. Analgesia could be elicited and measured by these procedures. It was of short duration, declining in a minute, and was antagonized by low doses of naloxone. The analgesia measured by the escape reaction time could be elicited after multiple caudal electrostimulation as well as in morphine-tolerant mice, and it could still be reversed by naloxone. An opioid link is thus involved in this phenomenon, which also supports the notion of more than one opioid pathway existing in the brain. The short period of analgesic cover afforded in the face of noxious stimuli would permit aversive action to be taken in nature and thus might represent the prime functional role of enkephalins in the brain.", "contents": "Peripheral stimulation in mice induces short-duration analgesia preventable by naloxone. Peripheral stimulation was applied to mice by mild caudal electrostimulation, by mechanical pressure or by footshock for 30 sec, before testing on a 52 degrees C hot plate. Reaction times to paw lick and to escape from the hot plate were recorded. Analgesia could be elicited and measured by these procedures. It was of short duration, declining in a minute, and was antagonized by low doses of naloxone. The analgesia measured by the escape reaction time could be elicited after multiple caudal electrostimulation as well as in morphine-tolerant mice, and it could still be reversed by naloxone. An opioid link is thus involved in this phenomenon, which also supports the notion of more than one opioid pathway existing in the brain. The short period of analgesic cover afforded in the face of noxious stimuli would permit aversive action to be taken in nature and thus might represent the prime functional role of enkephalins in the brain.", "PMID": 499348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4327", "title": "Skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in porcine malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "To examine the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in malignant hyperthermia, SR was isolated from semitendinosus muscle of normal and genetically susceptible Poland China swine. Determinations included rate of calcium binding (oxalate absent), rate and capacity of calcium uptake (oxalate present), and spontaneous calcium release (in the absence of ionic depolarization or calcium) with and without halothane, using the millipore filtration technique. Rate of calcium binding, and rate and capacity of calcium uptake were decreased, and spontaneous calcium release was greater in SR fragments from susceptible swine as compared to those from normal swine. Halothane 0.5% slightly increased the rate of calcium binding in susceptible and normal SR. Above 1%, halothane decreased calcium binding rate, and uptake rate and capacity, and increased calcium release similarly in susceptible and normal SR. These differences in SR function were insufficient to explain the etiology of malignant hyperthemia, nor did the effect of halothane account for its triggering action.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in porcine malignant hyperthermia. To examine the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in malignant hyperthermia, SR was isolated from semitendinosus muscle of normal and genetically susceptible Poland China swine. Determinations included rate of calcium binding (oxalate absent), rate and capacity of calcium uptake (oxalate present), and spontaneous calcium release (in the absence of ionic depolarization or calcium) with and without halothane, using the millipore filtration technique. Rate of calcium binding, and rate and capacity of calcium uptake were decreased, and spontaneous calcium release was greater in SR fragments from susceptible swine as compared to those from normal swine. Halothane 0.5% slightly increased the rate of calcium binding in susceptible and normal SR. Above 1%, halothane decreased calcium binding rate, and uptake rate and capacity, and increased calcium release similarly in susceptible and normal SR. These differences in SR function were insufficient to explain the etiology of malignant hyperthemia, nor did the effect of halothane account for its triggering action.", "PMID": 499349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4328", "title": "On the ability of choline and its analogues to interact with muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat brain.", "content": "Choline displaced [3H]QNB binding from rat brain muscarinic receptors competitively, (Ki = 460 microM) but it was only 1/1000th as potent as ACh. Deanol was an extremely weak displacer of [3H]QNB binding while hemicholinium-3 was 50 times more potent than choline. Although brain levels of choline are well below its Ki value for muscarinic receptors, choline may directly interact with rat brain muscarinic receptors in some circumstances.", "contents": "On the ability of choline and its analogues to interact with muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat brain. Choline displaced [3H]QNB binding from rat brain muscarinic receptors competitively, (Ki = 460 microM) but it was only 1/1000th as potent as ACh. Deanol was an extremely weak displacer of [3H]QNB binding while hemicholinium-3 was 50 times more potent than choline. Although brain levels of choline are well below its Ki value for muscarinic receptors, choline may directly interact with rat brain muscarinic receptors in some circumstances.", "PMID": 499350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4329", "title": "Relation of the centrally evoked pressor effect of angiotensin II to central noradrenaline in the rabbit.", "content": "Experiments were performed in urethane-anaesthetized rabbits using ventriculo-cisternol perfusion. Central infusion of angiotensin II (50 ng/kg/min) induced a rise in blood pressure which was accompanied by an increase in the noradrenaline concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid. Both effects were highly correlated. Conversely, an i.v. infusion of noradrenaline (5 micrograms/kg/min) which caused a similar increase in arterial pressure did not affect the cerebrospinal fluid catecholamine levels. These results suggest that peripheral cardiovascular effects of centrally administered angiotensin II are related to the activation of noradrenaline structures in the brain.", "contents": "Relation of the centrally evoked pressor effect of angiotensin II to central noradrenaline in the rabbit. Experiments were performed in urethane-anaesthetized rabbits using ventriculo-cisternol perfusion. Central infusion of angiotensin II (50 ng/kg/min) induced a rise in blood pressure which was accompanied by an increase in the noradrenaline concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid. Both effects were highly correlated. Conversely, an i.v. infusion of noradrenaline (5 micrograms/kg/min) which caused a similar increase in arterial pressure did not affect the cerebrospinal fluid catecholamine levels. These results suggest that peripheral cardiovascular effects of centrally administered angiotensin II are related to the activation of noradrenaline structures in the brain.", "PMID": 499351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4330", "title": "Dihydralazine and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "Dihydralazine treatment which lowered blood pressure in young rats from the Lyon Hypertensive Strain (LHS), did not change phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity, but decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in the C2 medullary region. These data suggest that the increase in PNMT activity, previously described for this strain, is not a consequence of the developing hypertension and that hypotensive treatment could inactivate some catecholaminergic neurons of the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "Dihydralazine and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in spontaneous hypertension. Dihydralazine treatment which lowered blood pressure in young rats from the Lyon Hypertensive Strain (LHS), did not change phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity, but decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in the C2 medullary region. These data suggest that the increase in PNMT activity, previously described for this strain, is not a consequence of the developing hypertension and that hypotensive treatment could inactivate some catecholaminergic neurons of the medulla oblongata.", "PMID": 499352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4331", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on coronary flow rate and left ventricular work in isolated rat heart.", "content": "In isolated rat hearts PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGI2 increased coronary flow rate at concentrations of about 23, 1.4, 0.4, 2.5 and 0.6 nmol per l respectively. PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 did not affect left ventricular work (W 1v). PGE1 (14 nmol/l) lowered W 1v (12% and PGF2 alpha (9 nmol/l) increased W 1v (10%). It is concluded that endogenously released PGI2 can probably affect coronary flow rate.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on coronary flow rate and left ventricular work in isolated rat heart. In isolated rat hearts PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGI2 increased coronary flow rate at concentrations of about 23, 1.4, 0.4, 2.5 and 0.6 nmol per l respectively. PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 did not affect left ventricular work (W 1v). PGE1 (14 nmol/l) lowered W 1v (12% and PGF2 alpha (9 nmol/l) increased W 1v (10%). It is concluded that endogenously released PGI2 can probably affect coronary flow rate.", "PMID": 499353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4332", "title": "Responsiveness of cells in the cat's superior colliculus to textured visual stimuli.", "content": "Responses to texture motion (visual noise) were investigated in the superior colliculus of paralysed cats, lightly anaesthetized with N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin. Within the superficial layers two classes of texture-sensitive neurones were found: Type I units with weak responses to noise, often related to specific elements in the texture and Type II units which were driven independently of the texture structure, and tended to be recorded deep to the Type I units. Type III units recorded from the deep collicular layers were insensitive to texture. Anatomical bases for this differential sensitivity and the notion of two collicular subsystems are discussed.", "contents": "Responsiveness of cells in the cat's superior colliculus to textured visual stimuli. Responses to texture motion (visual noise) were investigated in the superior colliculus of paralysed cats, lightly anaesthetized with N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin. Within the superficial layers two classes of texture-sensitive neurones were found: Type I units with weak responses to noise, often related to specific elements in the texture and Type II units which were driven independently of the texture structure, and tended to be recorded deep to the Type I units. Type III units recorded from the deep collicular layers were insensitive to texture. Anatomical bases for this differential sensitivity and the notion of two collicular subsystems are discussed.", "PMID": 499388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4333", "title": "Anisotropic receptive field structure of cat horizontal cells.", "content": "Horizontal (H-)cells were recorded intracellularly in the retinae of optically intact feline eyes in vivo. A small light spot orbiting slowly around the receptive field centers was used to quantify the fine structure and diameter of the receptive fields. Receptive field diameters measured in this way were larger than those measured with centered spots of increasing diameter. All H-units studied showed clearly anisotropic receptive field structures. These results are summarized in polar plots representing the local response generating sites with their corresponding \"response plus transport\" latencies. It is shown that the anisotropic receptive field properties are not incompatible with the approximately homogenous spatial distribution of H-cell somata reported by W\u00e4ssle and Rieman (1978) for the axonless type of horizontal cell. Finally it is concluded that each H-cell might be involved in many different locally specialized signal processing activities.", "contents": "Anisotropic receptive field structure of cat horizontal cells. Horizontal (H-)cells were recorded intracellularly in the retinae of optically intact feline eyes in vivo. A small light spot orbiting slowly around the receptive field centers was used to quantify the fine structure and diameter of the receptive fields. Receptive field diameters measured in this way were larger than those measured with centered spots of increasing diameter. All H-units studied showed clearly anisotropic receptive field structures. These results are summarized in polar plots representing the local response generating sites with their corresponding \"response plus transport\" latencies. It is shown that the anisotropic receptive field properties are not incompatible with the approximately homogenous spatial distribution of H-cell somata reported by W\u00e4ssle and Rieman (1978) for the axonless type of horizontal cell. Finally it is concluded that each H-cell might be involved in many different locally specialized signal processing activities.", "PMID": 499389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4334", "title": "The placing reaction in the standing cat: a model for the study of posture and movement.", "content": "By measuring the forces applied by each limb supporting the weight of the standing quadruped (cat), before and during elicitation of the placing reaction, it was possible to examine quantitatively and qualitatively the postural events which preceded and accompanied forelimb displacement. The findings are summarized as follows: 1. Postural adjustment consists of a shift from quadrupedal stance to a tripodal stance to permit withdrawal of weight from one forelimb without loss of equilibrium. The animal's weight is not equally distributed between the three supporting limbs but the majority of the weight is supported by the diagonally opposing limb pair. 2. During the isometric phase of the placing reaction, the animal's projected center of gravity moves contralaterally, across the diagonal line between the contralateral forepaw and the ipsilateral hindpaw, and comes to rest within the triangular zone outlined by the three supporting limbs. 3. The diagonal supporting stance is a maneuver of an anticipatory nature which precedes and accompanies the placing reaction. 4. The force changes exhibited by each limb to bring the animal to the stereotyped diagonal supporting stance illustrated that the way to achieve this is consistent within a given animal, but differs from one animal to another. The pattern in the same animal is generally symmetrical when lifting the right or left forepaw. 5. The data from the cat are compared to observations in other quadrupeds and man.", "contents": "The placing reaction in the standing cat: a model for the study of posture and movement. By measuring the forces applied by each limb supporting the weight of the standing quadruped (cat), before and during elicitation of the placing reaction, it was possible to examine quantitatively and qualitatively the postural events which preceded and accompanied forelimb displacement. The findings are summarized as follows: 1. Postural adjustment consists of a shift from quadrupedal stance to a tripodal stance to permit withdrawal of weight from one forelimb without loss of equilibrium. The animal's weight is not equally distributed between the three supporting limbs but the majority of the weight is supported by the diagonally opposing limb pair. 2. During the isometric phase of the placing reaction, the animal's projected center of gravity moves contralaterally, across the diagonal line between the contralateral forepaw and the ipsilateral hindpaw, and comes to rest within the triangular zone outlined by the three supporting limbs. 3. The diagonal supporting stance is a maneuver of an anticipatory nature which precedes and accompanies the placing reaction. 4. The force changes exhibited by each limb to bring the animal to the stereotyped diagonal supporting stance illustrated that the way to achieve this is consistent within a given animal, but differs from one animal to another. The pattern in the same animal is generally symmetrical when lifting the right or left forepaw. 5. The data from the cat are compared to observations in other quadrupeds and man.", "PMID": 499390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4335", "title": "Smooth pursuit eye movements and optokinetic nystagmus elicited by intermittently illuminated stationary patterns.", "content": "Stationary periodic visual patterns (row of equally spaced dots or black-white stripes) of the period Ps illuminated stroboscopically with a flash frequency fs induce an apparent movement perception (sigma-movement) when slow eye movements are performed across the periodic pattern. The movement appears in the direction of the eye movements when the angular speed VE of the eyes corresponds to the following condition: Ve = k . Ps . fs [deg . s-1] (1) k is a constant and equals 1 (or exceptionally 2 or 3). The sigma-movement induces a sigma-OKN with an average angular speed of its slow phases corresponding to Eq.(1). sigma-OKN can be elicited when identical foveal or identical extrafoveal stimulus patterns are applied from flash to flash. A considerable random variability of the flash sequence does not interrupt the sigma-movement and the sigma-OKN. Both phenomena can also be elicited by a stimulus pattern with its periodicity hidden in spatial noise and this periodic pattern only becomes visible during the eye movements. It is argued that the sigma-phenomena are caused by efference copy signals of the gaze control system, which interact with the afferent signals (displacement of visual stimuli on the retina) at different levels of the afferent visual system. One interaction is supposed at a cortical level where the extrapersonal visual space is represented.", "contents": "Smooth pursuit eye movements and optokinetic nystagmus elicited by intermittently illuminated stationary patterns. Stationary periodic visual patterns (row of equally spaced dots or black-white stripes) of the period Ps illuminated stroboscopically with a flash frequency fs induce an apparent movement perception (sigma-movement) when slow eye movements are performed across the periodic pattern. The movement appears in the direction of the eye movements when the angular speed VE of the eyes corresponds to the following condition: Ve = k . Ps . fs [deg . s-1] (1) k is a constant and equals 1 (or exceptionally 2 or 3). The sigma-movement induces a sigma-OKN with an average angular speed of its slow phases corresponding to Eq.(1). sigma-OKN can be elicited when identical foveal or identical extrafoveal stimulus patterns are applied from flash to flash. A considerable random variability of the flash sequence does not interrupt the sigma-movement and the sigma-OKN. Both phenomena can also be elicited by a stimulus pattern with its periodicity hidden in spatial noise and this periodic pattern only becomes visible during the eye movements. It is argued that the sigma-phenomena are caused by efference copy signals of the gaze control system, which interact with the afferent signals (displacement of visual stimuli on the retina) at different levels of the afferent visual system. One interaction is supposed at a cortical level where the extrapersonal visual space is represented.", "PMID": 499391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4336", "title": "Evidence that the different classes of relay cells of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus terminate in different layers of the striate cortex.", "content": "Small electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made with recording microelectrodes in different layers of area 17 of the cat. The sizes and locations of labeled relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were then studied. Layer I was found to receive inputs mainly from small LGNd cells (13--21 micrometer). These cells were located in the parvocellular C laminae and the MIN. Layer II and the upper portion of layer III were not found to receive LGNd afferents. Lower layer III was found to receive inputs mainly from small to medium-sized relay cells. These cells were located in the A laminae and the parvocellular C laminae. Layer IVab and the layer III--IV border region were found to receive afferents from predominantly large LGNd neurons (greater than 20 micrometers). These cells were located in alminae A, A1, C, and the MIN. Layer IVc was found to receive inputs from mostly small to medium-sized cells (15--23 micrometer). Nearly all of these cells were in the A laminae although some small cells in laminae C were observed following layer IVc injections which involved the layer IV--V border region. Layer V, away from the layer IV--V border region, was not found to receive LGNd afferents. Finally, layer VI was found to receive inputs from both large and small relay cells. These cells were all located in the A laminae. In the light of previous findings, these results suggest that the terminals of W, X, and Y cell axons are segregated within the cat's striate cortex: W cells projecting to layer 1, the deeper portion of layer III and the layer IV--V border region; X cells projecting heavily to layer IVc with a minor projection to layer VI and possibly also to lower layer III; Y cells projecting heavily to layer IVab and the layer III-IV border region with a smaller projection to layer VI.", "contents": "Evidence that the different classes of relay cells of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus terminate in different layers of the striate cortex. Small electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made with recording microelectrodes in different layers of area 17 of the cat. The sizes and locations of labeled relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were then studied. Layer I was found to receive inputs mainly from small LGNd cells (13--21 micrometer). These cells were located in the parvocellular C laminae and the MIN. Layer II and the upper portion of layer III were not found to receive LGNd afferents. Lower layer III was found to receive inputs mainly from small to medium-sized relay cells. These cells were located in the A laminae and the parvocellular C laminae. Layer IVab and the layer III--IV border region were found to receive afferents from predominantly large LGNd neurons (greater than 20 micrometers). These cells were located in alminae A, A1, C, and the MIN. Layer IVc was found to receive inputs from mostly small to medium-sized cells (15--23 micrometer). Nearly all of these cells were in the A laminae although some small cells in laminae C were observed following layer IVc injections which involved the layer IV--V border region. Layer V, away from the layer IV--V border region, was not found to receive LGNd afferents. Finally, layer VI was found to receive inputs from both large and small relay cells. These cells were all located in the A laminae. In the light of previous findings, these results suggest that the terminals of W, X, and Y cell axons are segregated within the cat's striate cortex: W cells projecting to layer 1, the deeper portion of layer III and the layer IV--V border region; X cells projecting heavily to layer IVc with a minor projection to layer VI and possibly also to lower layer III; Y cells projecting heavily to layer IVab and the layer III-IV border region with a smaller projection to layer VI.", "PMID": 499392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4337", "title": "Development of inferior colliculus response properties in C57BL/6J mouse pups.", "content": "Response properties of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons were studied in traquilized C57BL/6J mice during a period of rapid auditory system development between 12 and 17 days of age. In IC units of the youngest mice, spontaneous activity was absent, a disproportionate number of onset responses was observed, and many units were not securely driven by sound. Frequency response ranges were restricted to relatively low frequencies, sharpness of tuning was poor, and thresholds at best frequencies (BFs) were quite high. Dynamic intensity ranges were restricted, but nonmonotonic functions were observed. By 15--17 days of age, spontaneous activity was appreciable, incidences of response patterns were near adult proportions, and most units in the ventrolateral nucleus were securely driven by tones. Response ranges had expanded markedly to include high frequencies, sharpness of tuning increased, and thresholds had decreased. Dynamic intensity ranges and intensity functions were similar to those observed in adult mice.", "contents": "Development of inferior colliculus response properties in C57BL/6J mouse pups. Response properties of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons were studied in traquilized C57BL/6J mice during a period of rapid auditory system development between 12 and 17 days of age. In IC units of the youngest mice, spontaneous activity was absent, a disproportionate number of onset responses was observed, and many units were not securely driven by sound. Frequency response ranges were restricted to relatively low frequencies, sharpness of tuning was poor, and thresholds at best frequencies (BFs) were quite high. Dynamic intensity ranges were restricted, but nonmonotonic functions were observed. By 15--17 days of age, spontaneous activity was appreciable, incidences of response patterns were near adult proportions, and most units in the ventrolateral nucleus were securely driven by tones. Response ranges had expanded markedly to include high frequencies, sharpness of tuning increased, and thresholds had decreased. Dynamic intensity ranges and intensity functions were similar to those observed in adult mice.", "PMID": 499393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4338", "title": "Dendritic spikes in Purkinje cells of the guinea pig cerebellum studied in vitro.", "content": "Extracellular spikes were recorded simultaneously from dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells in thin cerebellar sections. Spontaneously occurring dendritic spikes were biphasic with the initial phase positive. Triphasic dendritic spikes with a large negative phase appeared during electrophoretic application of glutamate. In media containing procaine, tetrodotoxin, or high concentrations of KCl, negative dendritic spikes occurred whereas soma spikes were abolished. The negative dendritic spikes were suppressed by CoCl2 or MnCl2. Electrical stimulation elicited climbing fibre responses in somata and large negative waves in dendrites. Spikes of dendritic origin were different from those reflecting electrotonic spread of soma spikes. The relation between soma spikes and active dendritic spikes is discussed.", "contents": "Dendritic spikes in Purkinje cells of the guinea pig cerebellum studied in vitro. Extracellular spikes were recorded simultaneously from dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells in thin cerebellar sections. Spontaneously occurring dendritic spikes were biphasic with the initial phase positive. Triphasic dendritic spikes with a large negative phase appeared during electrophoretic application of glutamate. In media containing procaine, tetrodotoxin, or high concentrations of KCl, negative dendritic spikes occurred whereas soma spikes were abolished. The negative dendritic spikes were suppressed by CoCl2 or MnCl2. Electrical stimulation elicited climbing fibre responses in somata and large negative waves in dendrites. Spikes of dendritic origin were different from those reflecting electrotonic spread of soma spikes. The relation between soma spikes and active dendritic spikes is discussed.", "PMID": 499394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4339", "title": "On the function of recurrent inhibition in the spinal cord.", "content": "Recurrent inhibition of alpha-motoneurons, via motor axon collaterals and Renshaw cells, obviously reduces the response (output) from a motor nucleus to a given synaptic input. It is proposed that the supraspinal covergence on Renshaw cells allows recurrent inhibition to serve as a variable gain regulator at motoneuronal level. This would allow for an optimal resolution in the force control during weak as well as strong contractions. Renshaw cells are not only inhibiting alpha-motoneurons but also gamma-motoneurons and IA inhibitory interneurons. It is argued that this distribution is meaningful since all these receptive neurons act together as a functional unit, forming an \"output stage\" of the motor system.", "contents": "On the function of recurrent inhibition in the spinal cord. Recurrent inhibition of alpha-motoneurons, via motor axon collaterals and Renshaw cells, obviously reduces the response (output) from a motor nucleus to a given synaptic input. It is proposed that the supraspinal covergence on Renshaw cells allows recurrent inhibition to serve as a variable gain regulator at motoneuronal level. This would allow for an optimal resolution in the force control during weak as well as strong contractions. Renshaw cells are not only inhibiting alpha-motoneurons but also gamma-motoneurons and IA inhibitory interneurons. It is argued that this distribution is meaningful since all these receptive neurons act together as a functional unit, forming an \"output stage\" of the motor system.", "PMID": 499395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4340", "title": "Chemical defense of crinoids by polyketide sulphates.", "content": "The range of (presumed) polyketide constituents in comatalid crinoids has been extended to include bianthronyls, meso-naphthodianthrones and sulphate esters of various of the polyketides. Several species of fish are deterred from eating food by the inclusion in it of these sulphates at the concentration found in crinoids. Sodium 2-hydroxy-anthraquinone sulphate and anthraquinone-2-suphonate were also active as antifeedants for the species tested.", "contents": "Chemical defense of crinoids by polyketide sulphates. The range of (presumed) polyketide constituents in comatalid crinoids has been extended to include bianthronyls, meso-naphthodianthrones and sulphate esters of various of the polyketides. Several species of fish are deterred from eating food by the inclusion in it of these sulphates at the concentration found in crinoids. Sodium 2-hydroxy-anthraquinone sulphate and anthraquinone-2-suphonate were also active as antifeedants for the species tested.", "PMID": 499396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4341", "title": "Cannabiripsol: a novel Cannabis constituent.", "content": "Cannabiripsol [(-) (6aR, 9S, 10S, 10aR)9,10-dihydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol] (1), a new cannabinoid was isolated from a South African Cannabis variant. The structure was determined by spectral means and by synthesis.", "contents": "Cannabiripsol: a novel Cannabis constituent. Cannabiripsol [(-) (6aR, 9S, 10S, 10aR)9,10-dihydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol] (1), a new cannabinoid was isolated from a South African Cannabis variant. The structure was determined by spectral means and by synthesis.", "PMID": 499397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4342", "title": "Oxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase.", "content": "Synephrine (SP) was found to be a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) in rat brain mitochondria, showing the Km and Vmax values of 250 microM and 32.6 nmoles/mg of protein/30 min respectively. The inhibition studies showed that the SP oxidation was carried out by both type A and type B MAO and a major part of the activity was due to type A MAO.", "contents": "Oxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase. Synephrine (SP) was found to be a substrate for monoamine oxidase (MAO) in rat brain mitochondria, showing the Km and Vmax values of 250 microM and 32.6 nmoles/mg of protein/30 min respectively. The inhibition studies showed that the SP oxidation was carried out by both type A and type B MAO and a major part of the activity was due to type A MAO.", "PMID": 499398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4343", "title": "Brain adenylate cyclase activation in the jaundiced rat.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase responses of brain cortex and neostriatum to noradrenaline and dopamine are increased in rats with jaundice in proportion to its severity. In comparing the situation with uraemia, the relevance of phenols has to be considered.", "contents": "Brain adenylate cyclase activation in the jaundiced rat. Adenylate cyclase responses of brain cortex and neostriatum to noradrenaline and dopamine are increased in rats with jaundice in proportion to its severity. In comparing the situation with uraemia, the relevance of phenols has to be considered.", "PMID": 499399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4344", "title": "Occurrence of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase in human semen.", "content": "Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) was found in human semen, showing its Km and Vmax values of 91.7 microM and 290 pmoles/mg of protein/60 min, respectively, with kynuramine as substrate. A major part of the activity was due to type A MAO.", "contents": "Occurrence of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase in human semen. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) was found in human semen, showing its Km and Vmax values of 91.7 microM and 290 pmoles/mg of protein/60 min, respectively, with kynuramine as substrate. A major part of the activity was due to type A MAO.", "PMID": 499400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4345", "title": "Female sex hormones and lysosomal stability in gingival polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "In a group of 5 women taking oral contraceptives, the concentration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes along the gingival margin and the activities of cathepsin D, beta-glucuronidase and elastase were found to increase significantly during the intermenstrual phases.", "contents": "Female sex hormones and lysosomal stability in gingival polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In a group of 5 women taking oral contraceptives, the concentration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes along the gingival margin and the activities of cathepsin D, beta-glucuronidase and elastase were found to increase significantly during the intermenstrual phases.", "PMID": 499401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4346", "title": "Purification of 2-deoxy-2-dansylamido-D-glucose by affinity chromatography on a lectin-loaded agarose column.", "content": "A method is demonstrated to purify 2-substituted derivatives of glucose and sterically related sugars by affinity chromatography on Con A-sepharose. The method seems to be of rather general applicability.", "contents": "Purification of 2-deoxy-2-dansylamido-D-glucose by affinity chromatography on a lectin-loaded agarose column. A method is demonstrated to purify 2-substituted derivatives of glucose and sterically related sugars by affinity chromatography on Con A-sepharose. The method seems to be of rather general applicability.", "PMID": 499402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4347", "title": "Inhibition of paraquat phytotoxicity by a novel copper chelate with superoxide dismutating activity.", "content": "A chelate with superoxide dismutase activity, D-penicillamine copper complex, was shown to inhibit paraquat toxicity in flax cotyledons (Linum usitatissimum var. Reina). Paraquat-stimulated chlorophyll loss and ethane production were markedly reduced by this complex. The role of superoxide in the action of paraquat is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of paraquat phytotoxicity by a novel copper chelate with superoxide dismutating activity. A chelate with superoxide dismutase activity, D-penicillamine copper complex, was shown to inhibit paraquat toxicity in flax cotyledons (Linum usitatissimum var. Reina). Paraquat-stimulated chlorophyll loss and ethane production were markedly reduced by this complex. The role of superoxide in the action of paraquat is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 499403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4348", "title": "Effect of insulin on lateral diffusion of pyrene in rat liver plasma membrane.", "content": "The yield of excimer formation by pyrene molecules inserted in rat liver plasma membranes in sensibly decreased in the presence of 1 nM insulin. This effect can be interpreted as indicating a decrease of the value of the translational diffusion coefficient of the dye within the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on lateral diffusion of pyrene in rat liver plasma membrane. The yield of excimer formation by pyrene molecules inserted in rat liver plasma membranes in sensibly decreased in the presence of 1 nM insulin. This effect can be interpreted as indicating a decrease of the value of the translational diffusion coefficient of the dye within the membrane.", "PMID": 499404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4349", "title": "Microorganisms seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in Legionnaires' disease from human lung.", "content": "In addition to several anomalous structures, other general forms of definitely rod-shaped microorganisms have been found by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in the lung tissue taken at autopsy from a patient who succumbed to confirmed Legionnaires' disease with extensive necrotizing lobar pneumonia. The microorganisms were greatly varied in size and shape. They were micrographed in the act of fission. These forms have been found to some extent throughout the tissue. No nickel was demonstrated, either in the lung tissue or in the microorganisms.", "contents": "Microorganisms seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in Legionnaires' disease from human lung. In addition to several anomalous structures, other general forms of definitely rod-shaped microorganisms have been found by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in the lung tissue taken at autopsy from a patient who succumbed to confirmed Legionnaires' disease with extensive necrotizing lobar pneumonia. The microorganisms were greatly varied in size and shape. They were micrographed in the act of fission. These forms have been found to some extent throughout the tissue. No nickel was demonstrated, either in the lung tissue or in the microorganisms.", "PMID": 499405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4350", "title": "Reassociation of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits by a factor from rat ascites hepatoma cytosol.", "content": "Post-ribosomal supernatant extracts from Yoshida AH 130 ascites hepatoma cells promote the in vitro association of ribosomal subunits at low Mg2+ concentration. Comparable extracts from rat liver show, on the contrary, dissociation factor activity on ribosome monomers.", "contents": "Reassociation of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits by a factor from rat ascites hepatoma cytosol. Post-ribosomal supernatant extracts from Yoshida AH 130 ascites hepatoma cells promote the in vitro association of ribosomal subunits at low Mg2+ concentration. Comparable extracts from rat liver show, on the contrary, dissociation factor activity on ribosome monomers.", "PMID": 499406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4351", "title": "The effects of two neutral polymers on the geometry and deformability of the human erythrocyte.", "content": "Polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran decrease cellular deformability. Changes in volume do not wholly account for the changes which imply a stiffening of the plasma membrane. The effects differ from those induced by charged macromolecules.", "contents": "The effects of two neutral polymers on the geometry and deformability of the human erythrocyte. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran decrease cellular deformability. Changes in volume do not wholly account for the changes which imply a stiffening of the plasma membrane. The effects differ from those induced by charged macromolecules.", "PMID": 499407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4352", "title": "Immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis by adult peripheral blood and cord blood lymphocytes incubated alone and with pokeweed mitogen was quantitated. The cord blood lymphocytes produced no immunoglobulin even with mitogen stimulation while the adult peripheral blood lymphocytes responded to the mitogen with a significant (p less than 0.04) increase in immunoglobulin production.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood lymphocytes. The IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis by adult peripheral blood and cord blood lymphocytes incubated alone and with pokeweed mitogen was quantitated. The cord blood lymphocytes produced no immunoglobulin even with mitogen stimulation while the adult peripheral blood lymphocytes responded to the mitogen with a significant (p less than 0.04) increase in immunoglobulin production.", "PMID": 499408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4353", "title": "Gibberellins and the break of bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima.", "content": "Break in bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima occurs because of the higher quantity of gibberellins present in them than in healthy cuttings in the dormant period of the plant.", "contents": "Gibberellins and the break of bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Break in bud dormancy in virus-infected stem cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima occurs because of the higher quantity of gibberellins present in them than in healthy cuttings in the dormant period of the plant.", "PMID": 499409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4354", "title": "Changes of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in developing rat brain.", "content": "We found X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in rat brain and examined the developmental changes at various ages. The total enzyme activity per brain increased until 4 weeks of age, and then decreased during maturation. Specific activity in young rat brain was higher than that in adult rat brain. The properties of the brain enzyme were different from those of pituitary and other tissues.", "contents": "Changes of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in developing rat brain. We found X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in rat brain and examined the developmental changes at various ages. The total enzyme activity per brain increased until 4 weeks of age, and then decreased during maturation. Specific activity in young rat brain was higher than that in adult rat brain. The properties of the brain enzyme were different from those of pituitary and other tissues.", "PMID": 499410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4355", "title": "Registration of feeding behaviour in rats by recording food approach behaviour.", "content": "A method is described in which food approach behaviour of rats is recorded to study feeding behaviour. Between rats, differences in food approach behaviour were observed. For each rat, food approach behaviour was constant over a long period of time. This allows conversion of approach behaviour data into quantified feeding behaviour. Examples of long-term feeding behaviour and of reproducibility of food intake are given.", "contents": "Registration of feeding behaviour in rats by recording food approach behaviour. A method is described in which food approach behaviour of rats is recorded to study feeding behaviour. Between rats, differences in food approach behaviour were observed. For each rat, food approach behaviour was constant over a long period of time. This allows conversion of approach behaviour data into quantified feeding behaviour. Examples of long-term feeding behaviour and of reproducibility of food intake are given.", "PMID": 499411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4356", "title": "Amylase secretion from rat parotid glands as dependent on co-operation between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.", "content": "A slow, long-lasting 'degeneration secretion' from the parotid gland was brought about in anaesthetized rats by section of the auriculo-temporal nerve 16--19 h in advance. This parasympathetic background activity greatly increased the secretion of amylase elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Amylase secretion from rat parotid glands as dependent on co-operation between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. A slow, long-lasting 'degeneration secretion' from the parotid gland was brought about in anaesthetized rats by section of the auriculo-temporal nerve 16--19 h in advance. This parasympathetic background activity greatly increased the secretion of amylase elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 499412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4357", "title": "Naloxone selectively blocks dopamine response of Br-type neuron in Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that the potent opiate antagonist, naloxone can selectively block the DA induced inhibition of the bursting activity pattern of the RPal or Br-type neuron. The dopamine inhibitory affect can also be blocked by haloperidol, a established dopamine receptor blocker.", "contents": "Naloxone selectively blocks dopamine response of Br-type neuron in Helix pomatia L. The present study demonstrates that the potent opiate antagonist, naloxone can selectively block the DA induced inhibition of the bursting activity pattern of the RPal or Br-type neuron. The dopamine inhibitory affect can also be blocked by haloperidol, a established dopamine receptor blocker.", "PMID": 499413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4358", "title": "Central nervous system control of mucous gland secretion from frog skin.", "content": "Surface electrical stimulation of the diencephalic roof of the frog. Rana berlandieri forreri, brain initiates integumental mucous gland secretion which is abolished by pithing.", "contents": "Central nervous system control of mucous gland secretion from frog skin. Surface electrical stimulation of the diencephalic roof of the frog. Rana berlandieri forreri, brain initiates integumental mucous gland secretion which is abolished by pithing.", "PMID": 499414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4359", "title": "Methods of analyzing dynamic responses of temperature-sensitive neurones.", "content": "Methods are described for analyzing the dynamic responses of temperature-sensitive neurones or receptors using a computer facility. The methods allow correlation of impulse frequency with temperature changes or with the rate of temperature changes independent of the time course of the temperature change. Different types of dynamics responses and different thermal sensitivities could be distinguished.", "contents": "Methods of analyzing dynamic responses of temperature-sensitive neurones. Methods are described for analyzing the dynamic responses of temperature-sensitive neurones or receptors using a computer facility. The methods allow correlation of impulse frequency with temperature changes or with the rate of temperature changes independent of the time course of the temperature change. Different types of dynamics responses and different thermal sensitivities could be distinguished.", "PMID": 499415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4360", "title": "A possible preferential inhibition of chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils by a chemical modification.", "content": "The modification of neutrophils with amino group blocking reagents of different chemical specificities showed that dansyl chloride caused inhibition of chemotaxis without suppression of random movement. Dansylated neutrophils, like control cells, ingested bacteria. Neither the stimulated cyanide-insensitive respiration, nor lactate production during phagocytosis, was affected significantly by dansylation as compared with the inhibition of directed movement.", "contents": "A possible preferential inhibition of chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils by a chemical modification. The modification of neutrophils with amino group blocking reagents of different chemical specificities showed that dansyl chloride caused inhibition of chemotaxis without suppression of random movement. Dansylated neutrophils, like control cells, ingested bacteria. Neither the stimulated cyanide-insensitive respiration, nor lactate production during phagocytosis, was affected significantly by dansylation as compared with the inhibition of directed movement.", "PMID": 499416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4361", "title": "Effect of adapting target size on the gain of the surround response mechanism in X- and Y-cells in cat retina.", "content": "The adaptation field of the surround mechanism of X and Y retinal ganglion cells in the cat was assessed with variable size, unmodulated adapting spots. Both an on-inhibition measure and an off-discharge measure of surround gain was used. Results suggest that the surround mechanism in Y-cells is strongest in the receptive field middle but weak or nonexistent in the middle of X-cell receptive fields.", "contents": "Effect of adapting target size on the gain of the surround response mechanism in X- and Y-cells in cat retina. The adaptation field of the surround mechanism of X and Y retinal ganglion cells in the cat was assessed with variable size, unmodulated adapting spots. Both an on-inhibition measure and an off-discharge measure of surround gain was used. Results suggest that the surround mechanism in Y-cells is strongest in the receptive field middle but weak or nonexistent in the middle of X-cell receptive fields.", "PMID": 499417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4362", "title": "Recurrent inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in the upper caudal cord of the cat.", "content": "In spinal cats both ipsi- and contralateral antidromic volleys in the 3rd sacral ventral roots produce recurrent inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex evoked by stimulation of the 1st caudal dorsal root and recorded from the corresponding ventral root.", "contents": "Recurrent inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in the upper caudal cord of the cat. In spinal cats both ipsi- and contralateral antidromic volleys in the 3rd sacral ventral roots produce recurrent inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex evoked by stimulation of the 1st caudal dorsal root and recorded from the corresponding ventral root.", "PMID": 499418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4363", "title": "Cellularity and composition of epididymal adipose tissue from cold-acclimatized rats.", "content": "Cold acclimatization induces morphological and compositional modifications of rat epididymal adipose tissue: a decrease in fat cell size, an increase of fat cell number per g of tissue, but no significant increase in total fat cell number in the tissue; finally, an increase in protein content and a decrease in triglyceride content.", "contents": "Cellularity and composition of epididymal adipose tissue from cold-acclimatized rats. Cold acclimatization induces morphological and compositional modifications of rat epididymal adipose tissue: a decrease in fat cell size, an increase of fat cell number per g of tissue, but no significant increase in total fat cell number in the tissue; finally, an increase in protein content and a decrease in triglyceride content.", "PMID": 499419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4364", "title": "Postnatal variations of extracellular free calcium levels in the rat. Influence of undernutrition.", "content": "Ontogenetic changes in calcium activity were directly measured using an ion-selective micropipette in rat blood plasma and olfactory bulb extracellular fluid. Significant differences were observed according to the age and the nutritional state of the animal.", "contents": "Postnatal variations of extracellular free calcium levels in the rat. Influence of undernutrition. Ontogenetic changes in calcium activity were directly measured using an ion-selective micropipette in rat blood plasma and olfactory bulb extracellular fluid. Significant differences were observed according to the age and the nutritional state of the animal.", "PMID": 499420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4365", "title": "The interaction of warfarin with antacid constituents in the gut.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of 4 constituents of antacid preparations on the absorption of the coumarin derivate warfarin sodium using an in vitro experimental model. The constituents tested were activated dimethiocone (a silicone) magnesium trisilicate, bismuth carbonate and the adsorbant, kaolin. Slight decreased intestinal absorption was shown by magnesium trisilicate (19%) and bismuth carbonate (7%), the other 2 components showing no effects.", "contents": "The interaction of warfarin with antacid constituents in the gut. A study was made of the effect of 4 constituents of antacid preparations on the absorption of the coumarin derivate warfarin sodium using an in vitro experimental model. The constituents tested were activated dimethiocone (a silicone) magnesium trisilicate, bismuth carbonate and the adsorbant, kaolin. Slight decreased intestinal absorption was shown by magnesium trisilicate (19%) and bismuth carbonate (7%), the other 2 components showing no effects.", "PMID": 499421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4366", "title": "Protective effect of selenite on nitrite toxicity.", "content": "Selenite was found to decrease nitrite-induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect seems to be due to its action in reducing methemoglobin formed by nitrite.", "contents": "Protective effect of selenite on nitrite toxicity. Selenite was found to decrease nitrite-induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect seems to be due to its action in reducing methemoglobin formed by nitrite.", "PMID": 499422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4367", "title": "Reduction of acute toxicity of cyclophosphamide and X-rays by the new immunomodulating compound BM 12.531.", "content": "BM 12.531, the 2-[2-cyanaziridinyl-(1)]-2-[2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane, (prop. INN Azimexon), reduces significantly the acute toxicity of cyclophosphamide and X-rays in rats and mice, respectively. The leucopenia induced by X-rays was partially compensated by BM 12.531 in rats.", "contents": "Reduction of acute toxicity of cyclophosphamide and X-rays by the new immunomodulating compound BM 12.531. BM 12.531, the 2-[2-cyanaziridinyl-(1)]-2-[2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane, (prop. INN Azimexon), reduces significantly the acute toxicity of cyclophosphamide and X-rays in rats and mice, respectively. The leucopenia induced by X-rays was partially compensated by BM 12.531 in rats.", "PMID": 499423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4368", "title": "Possible mutagenic activity of saccharin.", "content": "A mutagenic effect of saccharin in Chinese hamsters, using the in vivo SCE test, was observed when massive overdoses were administered; cyclamate was not mutagenic.", "contents": "Possible mutagenic activity of saccharin. A mutagenic effect of saccharin in Chinese hamsters, using the in vivo SCE test, was observed when massive overdoses were administered; cyclamate was not mutagenic.", "PMID": 499424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4369", "title": "50ppm MnBK subclinical neuropathy in rats.", "content": "40 rats were subjected daily for 6 months to an atmosphere containing 50ppm MnBK. 32 of the rats presented with demyelination of the sciatic nerve and 2 of these with axonal hypertrophy.", "contents": "50ppm MnBK subclinical neuropathy in rats. 40 rats were subjected daily for 6 months to an atmosphere containing 50ppm MnBK. 32 of the rats presented with demyelination of the sciatic nerve and 2 of these with axonal hypertrophy.", "PMID": 499425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4370", "title": "The principal toxin of Delphinium brownii Rydb., and its mode of action.", "content": "Examination of D. brownii, a stock-poison of Western Canada, revealed that the principal toxin was methyllycaconitine: a potent neuromuscular blocking agent which appears to act competitively at nicotinic receptors.", "contents": "The principal toxin of Delphinium brownii Rydb., and its mode of action. Examination of D. brownii, a stock-poison of Western Canada, revealed that the principal toxin was methyllycaconitine: a potent neuromuscular blocking agent which appears to act competitively at nicotinic receptors.", "PMID": 499426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4371", "title": "A prostaglandin-like activity in small intestine and postirradiation gastrointestional syndrome.", "content": "A correlation between the postirradiation increase of the small intestine motility and the prostaglandin-like activity in this organ during gastrointestional syndrome was observed. Indomethacin decreased the elevated motility of intestine and reduced the prostaglandin-like activity in this syndrome.", "contents": "A prostaglandin-like activity in small intestine and postirradiation gastrointestional syndrome. A correlation between the postirradiation increase of the small intestine motility and the prostaglandin-like activity in this organ during gastrointestional syndrome was observed. Indomethacin decreased the elevated motility of intestine and reduced the prostaglandin-like activity in this syndrome.", "PMID": 499427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4372", "title": "Effects of various media on tissular and cellular structures of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.", "content": "The superior cervical ganglia of the rat have been incubated in vitro for 1 h in basal medium Eagle (BME) with Hanks' salts, BME with Earle's salts, Kreb's solution and NCTC 109 medium. Comparison of the cell areas, established by a semi-automatic quantitative method, shows that the three former induce a 30--35% neuronal retraction, whereas NCTC 109 has no effect. Thus this latter medium seems the best one for studies using incubation of these cells.", "contents": "Effects of various media on tissular and cellular structures of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. The superior cervical ganglia of the rat have been incubated in vitro for 1 h in basal medium Eagle (BME) with Hanks' salts, BME with Earle's salts, Kreb's solution and NCTC 109 medium. Comparison of the cell areas, established by a semi-automatic quantitative method, shows that the three former induce a 30--35% neuronal retraction, whereas NCTC 109 has no effect. Thus this latter medium seems the best one for studies using incubation of these cells.", "PMID": 499428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4373", "title": "Formation of lung colonies by mouse ascitic teratocarcinomas.", "content": "Intravenous transplantation of teratocarcinomas resulted in the formation of colonies only in the lung. The lung colony system would be advantageous for the quantitative studies of differentiation of teratocarcinoma stem cells.", "contents": "Formation of lung colonies by mouse ascitic teratocarcinomas. Intravenous transplantation of teratocarcinomas resulted in the formation of colonies only in the lung. The lung colony system would be advantageous for the quantitative studies of differentiation of teratocarcinoma stem cells.", "PMID": 499429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4374", "title": "Histochemistry of some trout respiratory muscles.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of the main cranial muscles which produce ventilation movements of the rainbow trout. It is shown that a greater proportion of red(aerobic) fibres is present in those muscles known to be active during shallow ventilation than those which become active at greater ventilation volumes. An ordered recruitment of red, pink and white fibres within these muscles is also likely.", "contents": "Histochemistry of some trout respiratory muscles. A histochemical study has been made of the main cranial muscles which produce ventilation movements of the rainbow trout. It is shown that a greater proportion of red(aerobic) fibres is present in those muscles known to be active during shallow ventilation than those which become active at greater ventilation volumes. An ordered recruitment of red, pink and white fibres within these muscles is also likely.", "PMID": 499430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4375", "title": "Differentiating abilities of avian somatopleural mesoderm.", "content": "Quail-to-chick grafting experiments were performed on 2-day embryos in order to test the differentiating abilities of the somatopleure. After orthotopic and heterotopic transplatations of different parts of quail somatopleural mesoderm into chick embryos it is demonstrated that avian somatopleural cells differentiate into skeletal elements, smooth muscles, tendons and connective tissues. However, skeletal muscle fibres do not originate from somatopleural cells.", "contents": "Differentiating abilities of avian somatopleural mesoderm. Quail-to-chick grafting experiments were performed on 2-day embryos in order to test the differentiating abilities of the somatopleure. After orthotopic and heterotopic transplatations of different parts of quail somatopleural mesoderm into chick embryos it is demonstrated that avian somatopleural cells differentiate into skeletal elements, smooth muscles, tendons and connective tissues. However, skeletal muscle fibres do not originate from somatopleural cells.", "PMID": 499431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4376", "title": "Cell division and cell death during regression of the chick embryo M\u00fcllerian ducts.", "content": "In 9-day-old chick embryos, decreased DNA synthesis and enhanced necrosis were observed in a defined area of the right female M\u00fcllerian ducts, supporting the idea of the existence of a regression process in this organ. In the male ducts, decreased DNA synthesis and a low level of necrosis were present all over the studied portion of the organ.", "contents": "Cell division and cell death during regression of the chick embryo M\u00fcllerian ducts. In 9-day-old chick embryos, decreased DNA synthesis and enhanced necrosis were observed in a defined area of the right female M\u00fcllerian ducts, supporting the idea of the existence of a regression process in this organ. In the male ducts, decreased DNA synthesis and a low level of necrosis were present all over the studied portion of the organ.", "PMID": 499432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4377", "title": "Synapse-like profiles in regenerating sensory nerve fibres of Herbst corpuscles.", "content": "During regeneration sequences of Herbst corpuscles, the synapse-like structures are described between pairs of non-myelinated sensory profiles. The probable significance of this unusual for sensory corpuscles finding is discussed.", "contents": "Synapse-like profiles in regenerating sensory nerve fibres of Herbst corpuscles. During regeneration sequences of Herbst corpuscles, the synapse-like structures are described between pairs of non-myelinated sensory profiles. The probable significance of this unusual for sensory corpuscles finding is discussed.", "PMID": 499433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4378", "title": "Experimental desquamation of intestinal epithelium for in vivo studies of regeneration.", "content": "Complete removal of villous as well as upper-crypt epithelium was achieved in vivo by vibration of an intestinal segment using tetraphenylboron sodium (TPB) as a disassociation agent.", "contents": "Experimental desquamation of intestinal epithelium for in vivo studies of regeneration. Complete removal of villous as well as upper-crypt epithelium was achieved in vivo by vibration of an intestinal segment using tetraphenylboron sodium (TPB) as a disassociation agent.", "PMID": 499434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4379", "title": "The pattern of endothelial cell boundaries in regenerated aortae.", "content": "The pattern of endothelial cell boundaries in the regenerated aorta was shown to differ greatly from that of control specimens as seen in silver stained preparations under the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "The pattern of endothelial cell boundaries in regenerated aortae. The pattern of endothelial cell boundaries in the regenerated aorta was shown to differ greatly from that of control specimens as seen in silver stained preparations under the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 499435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4380", "title": "Sterilization of solanaceous hadda, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata F. by irradiating pupae using gamma radiation.", "content": "Sterility in males and females was observed in the resulting adults when 3--4-day-old pupae of solanaceous hadda, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata F. were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 2000 rad and 2500 rad. However, at 2500 rad longevity of treated insects was adversely affected.", "contents": "Sterilization of solanaceous hadda, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata F. by irradiating pupae using gamma radiation. Sterility in males and females was observed in the resulting adults when 3--4-day-old pupae of solanaceous hadda, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata F. were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 2000 rad and 2500 rad. However, at 2500 rad longevity of treated insects was adversely affected.", "PMID": 499436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4381", "title": "Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin in breast carcinoma.", "content": "Immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was found in 9 of 65 surgically removed malignant breast tumors. Concentrations ranged from 5 to greater than 500 mIU hCG/g tumor. hCG was measured by a beta-chain specific readiommunoassay. In further study of these specimens, an immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to stain for hCG in formalin-fixed sections. The hCG was shown to be localized within the cytoplasm and on the surface of the malignant cells.", "contents": "Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin in breast carcinoma. Immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was found in 9 of 65 surgically removed malignant breast tumors. Concentrations ranged from 5 to greater than 500 mIU hCG/g tumor. hCG was measured by a beta-chain specific readiommunoassay. In further study of these specimens, an immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to stain for hCG in formalin-fixed sections. The hCG was shown to be localized within the cytoplasm and on the surface of the malignant cells.", "PMID": 499437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4382", "title": "Passive transfer of resistance in rabbits infested with adult Ixodes ricinus L: humoral factors influence feeding and egg laying.", "content": "Parital immunity against the bites of female I. ricinus was transferred to normal rabbits by inoculating immune serum from resistant animals. Transferred humoral factors diminished the weight of the ticks' blood meal by 29% and increased the feeding period by about 1 day in comparison with ectoparasites engorged on controls. They provoked also the failure of egg laying by female I. ricinus. Only 55% of ticks fed on treated rabbits laid eggs (94% on controls). The immunological state of immune serum donors or recipients was studied and the IgG and homocytotropic specific anti-I. ricinus antibodies were identified. The immediate hypersensitivity of rabbits' skin was also controlled.", "contents": "Passive transfer of resistance in rabbits infested with adult Ixodes ricinus L: humoral factors influence feeding and egg laying. Parital immunity against the bites of female I. ricinus was transferred to normal rabbits by inoculating immune serum from resistant animals. Transferred humoral factors diminished the weight of the ticks' blood meal by 29% and increased the feeding period by about 1 day in comparison with ectoparasites engorged on controls. They provoked also the failure of egg laying by female I. ricinus. Only 55% of ticks fed on treated rabbits laid eggs (94% on controls). The immunological state of immune serum donors or recipients was studied and the IgG and homocytotropic specific anti-I. ricinus antibodies were identified. The immediate hypersensitivity of rabbits' skin was also controlled.", "PMID": 499438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4383", "title": "Structure specificity of some immunoadjuvant synthetic glycopeptides.", "content": "The immunoadjuvant activity of muramyl dipeptide seems to be critically dependent on the type of substitution of the gamma-carboxyl group of the D-isoglutamine residue. Moreover the nonapeptide L-Ala-D-isoGlu-L-lys-D-Ala-(Gly)5-OME also shows a definite effect.", "contents": "Structure specificity of some immunoadjuvant synthetic glycopeptides. The immunoadjuvant activity of muramyl dipeptide seems to be critically dependent on the type of substitution of the gamma-carboxyl group of the D-isoglutamine residue. Moreover the nonapeptide L-Ala-D-isoGlu-L-lys-D-Ala-(Gly)5-OME also shows a definite effect.", "PMID": 499439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4384", "title": "Dose-related enhancement of erythropoiesis by sulfhydryl compounds and its reversal with a thiol inhibitor.", "content": "Erythropoietin-mediated erythrocyte development from bone marrow of hypertransfused rats was significantly greater when the culture medium contained an optimal dose of certain sulfhydryls. This stimulatory action was attributed to the presence of SH groups because erythroblast numbers fell to control levels when the culture contained the thiol inhibitor, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.", "contents": "Dose-related enhancement of erythropoiesis by sulfhydryl compounds and its reversal with a thiol inhibitor. Erythropoietin-mediated erythrocyte development from bone marrow of hypertransfused rats was significantly greater when the culture medium contained an optimal dose of certain sulfhydryls. This stimulatory action was attributed to the presence of SH groups because erythroblast numbers fell to control levels when the culture contained the thiol inhibitor, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.", "PMID": 499440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4385", "title": "Alterations in bone-marrow cellularity following thymectomy in rats.", "content": "The number of nucleated marrow cells was decreased following neonatal thymectomy in rats, and was corrected by administration of syngeneic lymphoid cells, or by implantation of a syngeneic testis. These results suggest that, in the rat, as has been shown previously in the mouse, lymphoid cells exert parital control over bone marrow cellularity and this effect may be further modulated by sex steroids.", "contents": "Alterations in bone-marrow cellularity following thymectomy in rats. The number of nucleated marrow cells was decreased following neonatal thymectomy in rats, and was corrected by administration of syngeneic lymphoid cells, or by implantation of a syngeneic testis. These results suggest that, in the rat, as has been shown previously in the mouse, lymphoid cells exert parital control over bone marrow cellularity and this effect may be further modulated by sex steroids.", "PMID": 499441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4386", "title": "The adenohypophysial hormone content of the rat pars tuberalis.", "content": "The pars tuberalis of the hypophysis was shown to contain LH, which increases after castration, TSH and a very low amount of PRL. FSH was found after castration.", "contents": "The adenohypophysial hormone content of the rat pars tuberalis. The pars tuberalis of the hypophysis was shown to contain LH, which increases after castration, TSH and a very low amount of PRL. FSH was found after castration.", "PMID": 499442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4387", "title": "Effect of removal of the Harderian glands on pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Peak melatonin levels which are normally present in male Syrian hamsters at 8 h after the onset of darkness in animals maintained under a light:dark cycle of 14:10, were significantly decreased following the removal of the Harderian glands.", "contents": "Effect of removal of the Harderian glands on pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster. Peak melatonin levels which are normally present in male Syrian hamsters at 8 h after the onset of darkness in animals maintained under a light:dark cycle of 14:10, were significantly decreased following the removal of the Harderian glands.", "PMID": 499443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4388", "title": "An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural comparison of the effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on intrasellar and transplanted rat pituitaries.", "content": "Following 2 weeks of administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a marked decrease was observed in prolactin immunoreactivity of the grafted pituitaries, whereas no reduction was noted in the intrasellar pituitaries. No evidence of crinophagy was revealed by electron microscopy in prolactin cells of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine-treated rats.", "contents": "An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural comparison of the effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on intrasellar and transplanted rat pituitaries. Following 2 weeks of administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a marked decrease was observed in prolactin immunoreactivity of the grafted pituitaries, whereas no reduction was noted in the intrasellar pituitaries. No evidence of crinophagy was revealed by electron microscopy in prolactin cells of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine-treated rats.", "PMID": 499444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4389", "title": "Plasma testosterone concentration in control and testosterone-treated chick embryos.", "content": "After testosterone propionate treatment (1 or 2 mg per embryo), plasma testosterone in chick embryos rises to 500 times higher than in control animals, and then progressively diminishes during the following days of incubation. These drastic changes in hormonal status after the TP treatment entails consequences that may be considered pharmacological rather than physiological.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone concentration in control and testosterone-treated chick embryos. After testosterone propionate treatment (1 or 2 mg per embryo), plasma testosterone in chick embryos rises to 500 times higher than in control animals, and then progressively diminishes during the following days of incubation. These drastic changes in hormonal status after the TP treatment entails consequences that may be considered pharmacological rather than physiological.", "PMID": 499445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4390", "title": "Commercially available equipment suitable for post-implantation embryo culture.", "content": "There is a need for commercially manufactured equipment for use in post-implantation embryo culture techniques. A simple, inexpensive modification to an existing device is described that enables such an apparatus to be used for the roller-tube technique.", "contents": "Commercially available equipment suitable for post-implantation embryo culture. There is a need for commercially manufactured equipment for use in post-implantation embryo culture techniques. A simple, inexpensive modification to an existing device is described that enables such an apparatus to be used for the roller-tube technique.", "PMID": 499446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4391", "title": "[Role of serotoninergic mechanisms in realizing the influence of diazepam on the effect of self-stimulation].", "content": "It has been shown in experiments on rats that diazepam (I mg/kg) abolishes an inhibitory action of cytalopram, the serotonine reverse uptake inhibitor (10 mg/kg) on the self-stimulation effect. Activation of self-stimulation was observed during diazepam action and in the presence of a decrease in the activity of serotoninergic processes, that was achieved by parachloramphetamine administration in doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg. It is concluded that the activating effect of diazepam is not mediated through the serotoninergic systems of the brain.", "contents": "[Role of serotoninergic mechanisms in realizing the influence of diazepam on the effect of self-stimulation]. It has been shown in experiments on rats that diazepam (I mg/kg) abolishes an inhibitory action of cytalopram, the serotonine reverse uptake inhibitor (10 mg/kg) on the self-stimulation effect. Activation of self-stimulation was observed during diazepam action and in the presence of a decrease in the activity of serotoninergic processes, that was achieved by parachloramphetamine administration in doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg. It is concluded that the activating effect of diazepam is not mediated through the serotoninergic systems of the brain.", "PMID": 499465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4392", "title": "[Dopaminergic component in the mechanism of action of gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives and structural analogs].", "content": "In experiments on rats and male mice the GABA derivatives fenibut, fepiron and the organosilicon compound N-methyl (3-trimethylsilil)pyrrolidone (IA) antagonized apomorphine sterotypy and aggressiveness. Fenibut and IA potentiated haloperidol catalepsy. Fenibut, fepiron, sodium hydroxybutyrate and IA also antagonized the effects of phenamine. The biochemical investigations have shown that fenibut and IA produce acceleration of the intraneuronal synthesis and catabolism of DA. It is suggested that the behavioral effects of the GABA derivatives are partly relative to inhibition of the dopamin--ergic system.", "contents": "[Dopaminergic component in the mechanism of action of gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives and structural analogs]. In experiments on rats and male mice the GABA derivatives fenibut, fepiron and the organosilicon compound N-methyl (3-trimethylsilil)pyrrolidone (IA) antagonized apomorphine sterotypy and aggressiveness. Fenibut and IA potentiated haloperidol catalepsy. Fenibut, fepiron, sodium hydroxybutyrate and IA also antagonized the effects of phenamine. The biochemical investigations have shown that fenibut and IA produce acceleration of the intraneuronal synthesis and catabolism of DA. It is suggested that the behavioral effects of the GABA derivatives are partly relative to inhibition of the dopamin--ergic system.", "PMID": 499466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4393", "title": "[Morphine and promedol interaction with the plasma proteins of allergized rabbits].", "content": "It has been established that morphine interacts with albumins, alpha 2- and beta-globulins, while promedol with all globulin fractions and to a less measure with plasma albumins of the intact rabbit. Interaction of morphine and especially that of promedol with the same protein fractions of allergizated animals proceeds more actively and is characterized by a more pronounced formation of biological complexes with alpha 1-globulins. Decreased pharmacological activity of morphine and promedol coincides with intensification of their interaction with proteins.", "contents": "[Morphine and promedol interaction with the plasma proteins of allergized rabbits]. It has been established that morphine interacts with albumins, alpha 2- and beta-globulins, while promedol with all globulin fractions and to a less measure with plasma albumins of the intact rabbit. Interaction of morphine and especially that of promedol with the same protein fractions of allergizated animals proceeds more actively and is characterized by a more pronounced formation of biological complexes with alpha 1-globulins. Decreased pharmacological activity of morphine and promedol coincides with intensification of their interaction with proteins.", "PMID": 499467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4394", "title": "[Attenuation of the action of morphine in rats immunized with a conjugated morphine-protein antigen].", "content": "The effect of immunization of rats with the conjugated antigen morphine-bovine serum albumin synthetized by the authors on the analgetic activity of morphine hydrochloride has been investigated. Morphine binding antibodies were shown to appear in the blood of rats during immunization. The spleen demonstrated mononuclear cells also capable of morphine binding. It has been established that immunization of rats with the above synthetic antigen makes them tolerate the pharmacological effects of the narcotic. Morphine at a dose of 5 mg/kg is not capable of inducing an inherent increase in the threshold of pain sensitivity in immunized rats. Immunization also slightly diminishes the morphine effect at a dose of 20 mg/kg on the EEC. Prolonged daily administration of morphine does not remove morphine tolerance due to immunization.", "contents": "[Attenuation of the action of morphine in rats immunized with a conjugated morphine-protein antigen]. The effect of immunization of rats with the conjugated antigen morphine-bovine serum albumin synthetized by the authors on the analgetic activity of morphine hydrochloride has been investigated. Morphine binding antibodies were shown to appear in the blood of rats during immunization. The spleen demonstrated mononuclear cells also capable of morphine binding. It has been established that immunization of rats with the above synthetic antigen makes them tolerate the pharmacological effects of the narcotic. Morphine at a dose of 5 mg/kg is not capable of inducing an inherent increase in the threshold of pain sensitivity in immunized rats. Immunization also slightly diminishes the morphine effect at a dose of 20 mg/kg on the EEC. Prolonged daily administration of morphine does not remove morphine tolerance due to immunization.", "PMID": 499468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4395", "title": "[Effect of etimizol on the noradrenaline content and energy metabolism in the rat central nervous system and myocardium].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that ethimizol (25 mg/kg) produces the decreasing of noradrenaline in the brain tissue 20 min after intraperitoneal injection. The noradrenaline content is restored in 3 hours. The changes in the balance of tissue noradrenaline were accompanied by phosphorylase activation, decline of the glycogen level and by increasing of glucose and creatine phosphate concentrations. Ethimizol in the same dose did not produce any influence on the tested metabolic parameters in the myocardium of normal rats.", "contents": "[Effect of etimizol on the noradrenaline content and energy metabolism in the rat central nervous system and myocardium]. It was shown in experiments on rats that ethimizol (25 mg/kg) produces the decreasing of noradrenaline in the brain tissue 20 min after intraperitoneal injection. The noradrenaline content is restored in 3 hours. The changes in the balance of tissue noradrenaline were accompanied by phosphorylase activation, decline of the glycogen level and by increasing of glucose and creatine phosphate concentrations. Ethimizol in the same dose did not produce any influence on the tested metabolic parameters in the myocardium of normal rats.", "PMID": 499470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4396", "title": "[Effect of dipidolor, seduxen, pipolphen and their combinations on the pain sensitivity of animals].", "content": "The analgetic activity of dipidolor and diazepam as well as absence of such an effect in pipolfen were established in experiments on 200 albino rats of both sexes. The combined action of the drugs is manifested in the form of potentiated sinergism shown by increased potency and duration of analgesia.", "contents": "[Effect of dipidolor, seduxen, pipolphen and their combinations on the pain sensitivity of animals]. The analgetic activity of dipidolor and diazepam as well as absence of such an effect in pipolfen were established in experiments on 200 albino rats of both sexes. The combined action of the drugs is manifested in the form of potentiated sinergism shown by increased potency and duration of analgesia.", "PMID": 499469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4397", "title": "[Experimental hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activity of bisanions].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits with experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis have shown bisanions :formula: see text.", "contents": "[Experimental hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activity of bisanions]. Experiments on rabbits with experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis have shown bisanions :formula: see text.", "PMID": 499472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4398", "title": "[Antiheparin activity of polymers based on the alkaloid, lupinine].", "content": "Antiheparin activity and acute toxicity of a monomer and polymer quaternary ammonium salts obtained on the basis of the alkaloid lupinine were investigated. The monomer was shown to have no antiheparin activity even when administered in high doses. Lupinine polymetakryloyl iodoethylate is a selective heparin antagonist. This activity of polymers is relative to the extent of polymerization. A compound with a molecular weight of 20 000 turned out the most effective in the tested series of ready-made polymers. Acute toxicity of polycations is considerably less than that elicited by the monomer. The effect of heparin complete neutralization is accompanied by transitory thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "[Antiheparin activity of polymers based on the alkaloid, lupinine]. Antiheparin activity and acute toxicity of a monomer and polymer quaternary ammonium salts obtained on the basis of the alkaloid lupinine were investigated. The monomer was shown to have no antiheparin activity even when administered in high doses. Lupinine polymetakryloyl iodoethylate is a selective heparin antagonist. This activity of polymers is relative to the extent of polymerization. A compound with a molecular weight of 20 000 turned out the most effective in the tested series of ready-made polymers. Acute toxicity of polycations is considerably less than that elicited by the monomer. The effect of heparin complete neutralization is accompanied by transitory thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 499471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4399", "title": "[Toxicity and radioprotective properties of 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine derivatives].", "content": "Toxicity and radioprotective properties of 18 derivatives of oxazine and thiazine with a varying degree of the cycle saturation were studied in experiments on mice. Monotypic regularity in variations of their toxic properties relative to the chemical structure was noted. 4,4,6-Trimethyl-2-dimethylamino-4H-1,3-oxazine exerted a pronounced radioprotective action.", "contents": "[Toxicity and radioprotective properties of 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine derivatives]. Toxicity and radioprotective properties of 18 derivatives of oxazine and thiazine with a varying degree of the cycle saturation were studied in experiments on mice. Monotypic regularity in variations of their toxic properties relative to the chemical structure was noted. 4,4,6-Trimethyl-2-dimethylamino-4H-1,3-oxazine exerted a pronounced radioprotective action.", "PMID": 499473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4400", "title": "[Effect of the preliminary administration of dextran sulfate on the development of an acute radiation lesion].", "content": "Single intraperitoneal administration of dextran sulfate to noninbred mice at a dose of 60 mg/kg 3--24 and 48 hours prior to irradiation in lethal and sublethal doses exerts no radioprotective action. Administration of the drug 24 hours before irradiation increases the intensity of postradiation leukopenia. During irradiation of the animals in a dose of 650 rad dextran sulfate accelerates the recovery of hemopoiesis. With the dose of irradiation being increased up to 750 rad, the drug produces no effect on this parameter.", "contents": "[Effect of the preliminary administration of dextran sulfate on the development of an acute radiation lesion]. Single intraperitoneal administration of dextran sulfate to noninbred mice at a dose of 60 mg/kg 3--24 and 48 hours prior to irradiation in lethal and sublethal doses exerts no radioprotective action. Administration of the drug 24 hours before irradiation increases the intensity of postradiation leukopenia. During irradiation of the animals in a dose of 650 rad dextran sulfate accelerates the recovery of hemopoiesis. With the dose of irradiation being increased up to 750 rad, the drug produces no effect on this parameter.", "PMID": 499474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4401", "title": "[Effect of preparations on the capacity of thyroxine to suppress compensatory thyroid hypertrophy in rats].", "content": "It has been shown in compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland of male rats weighing 180--240 g that of 18 compounds tested five drugs (cyclic AMP, theophylline, phenformin, tryptophan and disulfiram) reduce an inhibitory effect of thyroxin and are likely to raise the threshold of homeostatic inhibition in the hypothalamohypophyseal and thyroid system.", "contents": "[Effect of preparations on the capacity of thyroxine to suppress compensatory thyroid hypertrophy in rats]. It has been shown in compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland of male rats weighing 180--240 g that of 18 compounds tested five drugs (cyclic AMP, theophylline, phenformin, tryptophan and disulfiram) reduce an inhibitory effect of thyroxin and are likely to raise the threshold of homeostatic inhibition in the hypothalamohypophyseal and thyroid system.", "PMID": 499475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4402", "title": "[Poison content in the blood and tissues of mammals after the inhalational uptake of carbon monoxide and benzene and cyanide vapors].", "content": "The time of retention in the body of albino mice, hamsters, albino rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs of carbon oxide benzene and methylcyanide was analyzed. The amount of poison was determined by spectrophotometry and gas chromatography every 4 and 24 hours following inhalation. Conclusions are drawn about constancy of the poison half life for each animal species. Two phases of the poison elimination were determined: rapid (up to 5 hours) and slow (up to several days). The poison elimination rate directly correlated with the pulse rate, respiration and oxygen consumption per unit body weight in all animals, reverse dependence on the body weight being recorded only in albino mice, hamsters, albino rats and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Poison content in the blood and tissues of mammals after the inhalational uptake of carbon monoxide and benzene and cyanide vapors]. The time of retention in the body of albino mice, hamsters, albino rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs of carbon oxide benzene and methylcyanide was analyzed. The amount of poison was determined by spectrophotometry and gas chromatography every 4 and 24 hours following inhalation. Conclusions are drawn about constancy of the poison half life for each animal species. Two phases of the poison elimination were determined: rapid (up to 5 hours) and slow (up to several days). The poison elimination rate directly correlated with the pulse rate, respiration and oxygen consumption per unit body weight in all animals, reverse dependence on the body weight being recorded only in albino mice, hamsters, albino rats and guinea pigs.", "PMID": 499479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4403", "title": "[Relationship of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone to the sequence of their administration and to the intervals between administrations in methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in mice].", "content": "The relationship of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide combined with prednisolone and sequence of and intervals between administrations was studied in C57Bl/bj mice at methylcholanthrene cancerogenesis. Administrations of the drugs was started from the 50th day of cancerogenesis. The best results were obtained in an experiment where the first cycloion of prednisolone. Under these circumstances half of the animals did not develop tumours. Meanwhile the tumours that arose had low tempoes of the growth and tumour-bearing animals showed the longest life span. With an increase in the interval between prednisolone treatment onset and cyclophosphamide injection, the therapeutic effect of the combination declined that was manifested by all the parameters. An opposite effect was recorded in chronic administration of prednisolone following preliminary injections of cyclophosphamide. An increase in the interval between administration of the drugs enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the combination.", "contents": "[Relationship of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone to the sequence of their administration and to the intervals between administrations in methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in mice]. The relationship of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide combined with prednisolone and sequence of and intervals between administrations was studied in C57Bl/bj mice at methylcholanthrene cancerogenesis. Administrations of the drugs was started from the 50th day of cancerogenesis. The best results were obtained in an experiment where the first cycloion of prednisolone. Under these circumstances half of the animals did not develop tumours. Meanwhile the tumours that arose had low tempoes of the growth and tumour-bearing animals showed the longest life span. With an increase in the interval between prednisolone treatment onset and cyclophosphamide injection, the therapeutic effect of the combination declined that was manifested by all the parameters. An opposite effect was recorded in chronic administration of prednisolone following preliminary injections of cyclophosphamide. An increase in the interval between administration of the drugs enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the combination.", "PMID": 499478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4404", "title": "[Effect of pentazocine on the catecholamine content, phosphorylase activity and carbohydrate metabolism in tissues].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on white rats that pentazocin (3 mg/kg) reduces the adrenalin content in cardiac and hepatic tissues, the aerobic pathway of carbohydrate oxygenation being predominant. The action of pentazocin on the biochemical processes in tissues was compared to that of morphine and nalorphine in equianalgetic doses (3, 1 and 0.57 mg/kg, respectively).", "contents": "[Effect of pentazocine on the catecholamine content, phosphorylase activity and carbohydrate metabolism in tissues]. It was shown in experiments on white rats that pentazocin (3 mg/kg) reduces the adrenalin content in cardiac and hepatic tissues, the aerobic pathway of carbohydrate oxygenation being predominant. The action of pentazocin on the biochemical processes in tissues was compared to that of morphine and nalorphine in equianalgetic doses (3, 1 and 0.57 mg/kg, respectively).", "PMID": 499476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4405", "title": "[Pyrrolo(3,2-d)pyrimidines as potential antitumor agents].", "content": "Antibacterial and antitumor properties of pyrrolo (3,2-d) pyrimidines having diverse substituents in the second, fourth and sixth position were investigated. Forty-four compounds were examined in vitro and 20 in vivo. A number of the derivatives were shown to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei 7469. Antibacterial activity depends on the character of the substituents in positions 2, 4 and 6. The tested compounds when administered per os to mice with sarcoma 180 (a solid variety) proved several dozen times less toxic than 6-mercaptopurine. Some of them inhibited the tumour growth up to 50%. The data obtained in vitro experiments indicate that the mechanism of the antitumour action of pyrrolo (3,2-d) yrimidines from that of 6-mercaptopurine.", "contents": "[Pyrrolo(3,2-d)pyrimidines as potential antitumor agents]. Antibacterial and antitumor properties of pyrrolo (3,2-d) pyrimidines having diverse substituents in the second, fourth and sixth position were investigated. Forty-four compounds were examined in vitro and 20 in vivo. A number of the derivatives were shown to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei 7469. Antibacterial activity depends on the character of the substituents in positions 2, 4 and 6. The tested compounds when administered per os to mice with sarcoma 180 (a solid variety) proved several dozen times less toxic than 6-mercaptopurine. Some of them inhibited the tumour growth up to 50%. The data obtained in vitro experiments indicate that the mechanism of the antitumour action of pyrrolo (3,2-d) yrimidines from that of 6-mercaptopurine.", "PMID": 499477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4406", "title": "On knowledge, policy, practice, and fate.", "content": "Knowledge of the nation's health and nutritional status is dated, uncertain, incomplete, and complex, whereas politicans demand simplicity and administrators, practicability, and everyone wants more and better information. Rational policy, the unicorn intellectuals hunt, should combine clarity, realism, and conviction, which calls for a touch of passion. Attempts to reconcile these contradictory elements can lead to dangerous political pressures on research; the simplification, exaggeration, and over-generalization of findings; and excessive expectations for humdrum programs that often bear little resemblance to their glorified goals. Inadequate knowledge can justify both action and inaction, which are merely different lays of meeting our fate. The ultimate goal of health and nutrition policy, it may be said, is a long and healthy life and a quick and happy death. That may be desirable, but is it attainable.", "contents": "On knowledge, policy, practice, and fate. Knowledge of the nation's health and nutritional status is dated, uncertain, incomplete, and complex, whereas politicans demand simplicity and administrators, practicability, and everyone wants more and better information. Rational policy, the unicorn intellectuals hunt, should combine clarity, realism, and conviction, which calls for a touch of passion. Attempts to reconcile these contradictory elements can lead to dangerous political pressures on research; the simplification, exaggeration, and over-generalization of findings; and excessive expectations for humdrum programs that often bear little resemblance to their glorified goals. Inadequate knowledge can justify both action and inaction, which are merely different lays of meeting our fate. The ultimate goal of health and nutrition policy, it may be said, is a long and healthy life and a quick and happy death. That may be desirable, but is it attainable.", "PMID": 499567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4407", "title": "The use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition.", "content": "There are broad requirements for translation of scientific knowledge in nutrition to public policy through the legislative process. First, it requires an ability to take highly objective, highly specific, scientifically derived facts--the stuff of scientific knowledge--and translate them into legislation based on highly subjective, quite general, broadly perceived values. Another requirement is to keep the level of uncertainty to tolerable levels during consideration of a legislative proposal. Finally, the governmental action proposed must conform to the perception held at that particular time of the role of government in carrying out the law. Three examples of the use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition are given. They illustrate very well the trials and tribulations of the untidy process of translating scientific knowledge in nutrition to public policy. Governmental action to improve the health of the general public through dietary means has been much a part of this country's policies. The augmentation of purchasing power of the poor, the distribution of surplus commodities to the indigent, the provision of meals to school children and the elderly, etc., are examples of govermental action. There will be further use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition. A basic requirement is further understanding of the relationship between nutrients and health through good scientific work.", "contents": "The use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition. There are broad requirements for translation of scientific knowledge in nutrition to public policy through the legislative process. First, it requires an ability to take highly objective, highly specific, scientifically derived facts--the stuff of scientific knowledge--and translate them into legislation based on highly subjective, quite general, broadly perceived values. Another requirement is to keep the level of uncertainty to tolerable levels during consideration of a legislative proposal. Finally, the governmental action proposed must conform to the perception held at that particular time of the role of government in carrying out the law. Three examples of the use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition are given. They illustrate very well the trials and tribulations of the untidy process of translating scientific knowledge in nutrition to public policy. Governmental action to improve the health of the general public through dietary means has been much a part of this country's policies. The augmentation of purchasing power of the poor, the distribution of surplus commodities to the indigent, the provision of meals to school children and the elderly, etc., are examples of govermental action. There will be further use of government to protect and promote the health of the public through nutrition. A basic requirement is further understanding of the relationship between nutrients and health through good scientific work.", "PMID": 499568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4408", "title": "Evidence and proof in making policy decisions.", "content": "General dietary guidelines for the public are established to minimize risk. Recommended intakes of essential nutrients--the RDAs--are established at levels believed to be substantially above those required by most individuals in order to minimize the risk of deficiency of those with highest requirement. Such levels of intake do not benefit most individuals, cannot be proved to be correct since few individuals benefit, may mislead some individuals as to the benefits to be derived from such diets, but are defensible on the basis that they are probably helpful for a few and impose no health risk. They do impose unnecessary food selection for most people. Recommended intakes of fat, cholesterol, sugar, salt, toxic materials, etc.--food constituents that impose risks at higher intakes--must also be developed to minimize risk. No advantages are claimed for high intakes of the above. Abundant evidence, epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental, identifies high intakes as imposing substantial risk. The nature of chronic diseases associated with excessive intake, which may require 10-30 years before effects are manifest, precludes adequate experiments to definite the results associated with dietary change. The only rational position that can be taken is to recommend reduced intakes consistent with various practical restraints.", "contents": "Evidence and proof in making policy decisions. General dietary guidelines for the public are established to minimize risk. Recommended intakes of essential nutrients--the RDAs--are established at levels believed to be substantially above those required by most individuals in order to minimize the risk of deficiency of those with highest requirement. Such levels of intake do not benefit most individuals, cannot be proved to be correct since few individuals benefit, may mislead some individuals as to the benefits to be derived from such diets, but are defensible on the basis that they are probably helpful for a few and impose no health risk. They do impose unnecessary food selection for most people. Recommended intakes of fat, cholesterol, sugar, salt, toxic materials, etc.--food constituents that impose risks at higher intakes--must also be developed to minimize risk. No advantages are claimed for high intakes of the above. Abundant evidence, epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental, identifies high intakes as imposing substantial risk. The nature of chronic diseases associated with excessive intake, which may require 10-30 years before effects are manifest, precludes adequate experiments to definite the results associated with dietary change. The only rational position that can be taken is to recommend reduced intakes consistent with various practical restraints.", "PMID": 499569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4409", "title": "Science, senators, and uncertainty.", "content": "Members of Congress consider value judgments and the likelihood of successful enactment as well as scientific facts in formulating policy. If scientists would provide a range of scientifically acceptable options at the same time as they recommend the scientifically optimal solutions, politicans could choose the best scientific option that is also politically acceptable. In the context of research funding Congress needs to be presented with more realistic expectations about the time it takes for different levels of research to result in practical applications, so as to provide better continuity in research funding.", "contents": "Science, senators, and uncertainty. Members of Congress consider value judgments and the likelihood of successful enactment as well as scientific facts in formulating policy. If scientists would provide a range of scientifically acceptable options at the same time as they recommend the scientifically optimal solutions, politicans could choose the best scientific option that is also politically acceptable. In the context of research funding Congress needs to be presented with more realistic expectations about the time it takes for different levels of research to result in practical applications, so as to provide better continuity in research funding.", "PMID": 499570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4410", "title": "Science, politics, and public policy: a legislator's perspective.", "content": "Making judgments on priorities in funding is a politican's most difficult task. Scientific information is often necessary to make those judgments, so that good communication between scientist and politican is important. This is, however, difficult because the politician's usual training and working habits are different from those of the scientist. Messages to politicans must therefore be couched differently than in communications between scientists. These messages are more effective when they are concerned with the public need than when they plead for special interests. These messages are most effective when directed to those politicians serving on committees that must deal with the specified issue because Congress makes most political decisions through these committees. Committee members and committee staff members turn to scientists whom they know personally, so that getting to know the members of Congress and the key staff members of committees facilitates communication between science and public policy.", "contents": "Science, politics, and public policy: a legislator's perspective. Making judgments on priorities in funding is a politican's most difficult task. Scientific information is often necessary to make those judgments, so that good communication between scientist and politican is important. This is, however, difficult because the politician's usual training and working habits are different from those of the scientist. Messages to politicans must therefore be couched differently than in communications between scientists. These messages are more effective when they are concerned with the public need than when they plead for special interests. These messages are most effective when directed to those politicians serving on committees that must deal with the specified issue because Congress makes most political decisions through these committees. Committee members and committee staff members turn to scientists whom they know personally, so that getting to know the members of Congress and the key staff members of committees facilitates communication between science and public policy.", "PMID": 499571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4411", "title": "Circadian organization in Aplysia californica.", "content": "Substantial progress has been made in unraveling the organization of the circadian system of Aplysia californica. There are at least three circadian pacemakers in Aplysia. One has been localized in each eye and a third lies outside the eyes. Removal of the eyes disrupts the free-running locomotor activity rhythm; however, an extraocular oscillator can mediate a free-running rhythm in some eyeless animals. Although photoreceptors sufficient for entrainment of the ocular oscillator have been localized in the retina, photoreceptors outside the eyes are capable of \"driving\" a diurnal rhythm of locomotor activity and may also influence entrainment of ocular pacemakers. Finally, attention has been focused on the optic nerve as a coupling pathway between various parts of the system. The evidence suggests that information transmitted in the optic nerves is involved in entrainment of the ocular pacemaker by light, and in ocular control of the locomotor activity rhythm.", "contents": "Circadian organization in Aplysia californica. Substantial progress has been made in unraveling the organization of the circadian system of Aplysia californica. There are at least three circadian pacemakers in Aplysia. One has been localized in each eye and a third lies outside the eyes. Removal of the eyes disrupts the free-running locomotor activity rhythm; however, an extraocular oscillator can mediate a free-running rhythm in some eyeless animals. Although photoreceptors sufficient for entrainment of the ocular oscillator have been localized in the retina, photoreceptors outside the eyes are capable of \"driving\" a diurnal rhythm of locomotor activity and may also influence entrainment of ocular pacemakers. Finally, attention has been focused on the optic nerve as a coupling pathway between various parts of the system. The evidence suggests that information transmitted in the optic nerves is involved in entrainment of the ocular pacemaker by light, and in ocular control of the locomotor activity rhythm.", "PMID": 499573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4412", "title": "Physiology of avian circadian pacemakers.", "content": "The pineal gland plays a cental role in the circadian organization of birds, although it is clearly only one component in a system with other components that have not yet been positively identified. The relative importance of the pineal and other components may vary from one group of birds to another. In the most thoroughly studied species, the house sparrow, pineal removal abolishes circadian rhythmicity; rhythmicity is restored by transplantation of a donor bird's pineal and the restored rhythm has the phase of the donor. This, and other evidence, argues convincingly that the pineal is a pacemaker in the sparrow circadian system. The pineal of the chicken has circadian rhythms in several biochemical parameters that result in the rhythmic synthesis of melatonin. The activity of one enzyme in this pathway is rhythmic for at least two cycles in organ culture. In view of this result it is interesting that pineal removal does not abolish circadian rhythmicity in chickens. The fact that lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish circadian rhythms in sparrows, several mammalian species, and perhaps Japanese quail and reptiles, suggests that vertebrate circadian organization may be based on differentially weighted interactions between the pineal, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and perhaps other brain regions.", "contents": "Physiology of avian circadian pacemakers. The pineal gland plays a cental role in the circadian organization of birds, although it is clearly only one component in a system with other components that have not yet been positively identified. The relative importance of the pineal and other components may vary from one group of birds to another. In the most thoroughly studied species, the house sparrow, pineal removal abolishes circadian rhythmicity; rhythmicity is restored by transplantation of a donor bird's pineal and the restored rhythm has the phase of the donor. This, and other evidence, argues convincingly that the pineal is a pacemaker in the sparrow circadian system. The pineal of the chicken has circadian rhythms in several biochemical parameters that result in the rhythmic synthesis of melatonin. The activity of one enzyme in this pathway is rhythmic for at least two cycles in organ culture. In view of this result it is interesting that pineal removal does not abolish circadian rhythmicity in chickens. The fact that lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish circadian rhythms in sparrows, several mammalian species, and perhaps Japanese quail and reptiles, suggests that vertebrate circadian organization may be based on differentially weighted interactions between the pineal, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and perhaps other brain regions.", "PMID": 499574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4413", "title": "Neural mechanisms for entrainment and generation of mammalian circadian rhythms.", "content": "The identification of a direct retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) terminating in the supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN) has focused attention on the role of these structures in the entrainment and generation of circadian rhythms in mammals. Light effects on circadian rhythms are mediated by both the RHT and portions of the classical visual system. The complex interactions of these systems are reflected both in their direct anatomical connections and in the functional changes in entrainment produced by interruption of either set of projections. Destruction of the RHT/SCN eliminated both normal entrainment and normal free-running circadian rhythms. No circadian rhythms has survived SCN ablation in rodents, but a variety of non-circadian cycles can be generated by lesioned animals. The complex behavioral patterns produced by SCN-lesioned hamsters suggest that circadian oscillators continue to function in these animals, but that their activity is no longer integrated into a single circadian framework. The available evidence indicates that the mammalian pacemaking system comprises a set of independent oscillators normally regulated by the SCN and by light information that is transmitted via several retinofugal pathways.", "contents": "Neural mechanisms for entrainment and generation of mammalian circadian rhythms. The identification of a direct retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) terminating in the supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN) has focused attention on the role of these structures in the entrainment and generation of circadian rhythms in mammals. Light effects on circadian rhythms are mediated by both the RHT and portions of the classical visual system. The complex interactions of these systems are reflected both in their direct anatomical connections and in the functional changes in entrainment produced by interruption of either set of projections. Destruction of the RHT/SCN eliminated both normal entrainment and normal free-running circadian rhythms. No circadian rhythms has survived SCN ablation in rodents, but a variety of non-circadian cycles can be generated by lesioned animals. The complex behavioral patterns produced by SCN-lesioned hamsters suggest that circadian oscillators continue to function in these animals, but that their activity is no longer integrated into a single circadian framework. The available evidence indicates that the mammalian pacemaking system comprises a set of independent oscillators normally regulated by the SCN and by light information that is transmitted via several retinofugal pathways.", "PMID": 499575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4414", "title": "Photoentrainment, pharmacology, and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm in the rat pineal.", "content": "Photoentrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals is mediated by the retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It should therefore be possible to mimic or block the effects of light on the circadian pacemaker with appropriate pharmacological agents. Such agents and their effects should be useful in identifying the neurotransmitters involved in photoentrainment and their mechanisms of action on the circadian pacemaker. The effects of light on the circadian rhythm in rat pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity are described. Carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, was found to mimic the effects of light on this rhythm, including the acute reduction of nocturnal activity and phase-shifting of the free-running rhythm. These results raise the possibility that acetylcholine is involved in the photoentrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms.", "contents": "Photoentrainment, pharmacology, and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm in the rat pineal. Photoentrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals is mediated by the retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It should therefore be possible to mimic or block the effects of light on the circadian pacemaker with appropriate pharmacological agents. Such agents and their effects should be useful in identifying the neurotransmitters involved in photoentrainment and their mechanisms of action on the circadian pacemaker. The effects of light on the circadian rhythm in rat pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity are described. Carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, was found to mimic the effects of light on this rhythm, including the acute reduction of nocturnal activity and phase-shifting of the free-running rhythm. These results raise the possibility that acetylcholine is involved in the photoentrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms.", "PMID": 499576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4415", "title": "Nutritional factors affecting quantity and quality of carcass fat in chickens.", "content": "Nonpathological fattening of a bird occurs when the amount of energy consumed exceeds its requirements for maintenance and growth. Dietary energy and protein levels, particularly the ratio of these two, are the main dietary factors affecting fatness. Consumption of diets low in protein results in excess energy intake and an increased hepatic lipogenesis. Excess protein has the opposite effect. It also increases the energy expenditure required to dispose of excess amino acids in the body. Severe deficiency of a specific amino acid does not increase fattening. The degree of fattening, particularly of the liver, induced by corticosterone injection is greater in birds fed diets containing a wide energy-to-protein ratio in comparison to a narrow ratio. The content of dietary fat per se does not affect carcass fat concentration although it alters the rate of liver fatty acid synthesis. The dietary fatty acid composition affects the composition of tissue fatty acids. Consumption of diets containing vegetable oils or high in protein increases the degree of unsaturation of tissue fat and thereby its susceptibility to oxidation. Dietary dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate increases the stability of the lipids of adipose and muscle tissue of chicks with relatively saturated body fat, but the dietary effectiveness of this vitamin in improving the stability of tissues of birds having relatively unsaturated fat is limited.", "contents": "Nutritional factors affecting quantity and quality of carcass fat in chickens. Nonpathological fattening of a bird occurs when the amount of energy consumed exceeds its requirements for maintenance and growth. Dietary energy and protein levels, particularly the ratio of these two, are the main dietary factors affecting fatness. Consumption of diets low in protein results in excess energy intake and an increased hepatic lipogenesis. Excess protein has the opposite effect. It also increases the energy expenditure required to dispose of excess amino acids in the body. Severe deficiency of a specific amino acid does not increase fattening. The degree of fattening, particularly of the liver, induced by corticosterone injection is greater in birds fed diets containing a wide energy-to-protein ratio in comparison to a narrow ratio. The content of dietary fat per se does not affect carcass fat concentration although it alters the rate of liver fatty acid synthesis. The dietary fatty acid composition affects the composition of tissue fatty acids. Consumption of diets containing vegetable oils or high in protein increases the degree of unsaturation of tissue fat and thereby its susceptibility to oxidation. Dietary dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate increases the stability of the lipids of adipose and muscle tissue of chicks with relatively saturated body fat, but the dietary effectiveness of this vitamin in improving the stability of tissues of birds having relatively unsaturated fat is limited.", "PMID": 499578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4416", "title": "Danazol treatment of endometriosis: long-term follow-up.", "content": "Forty-nine women diagnosed as having pelvic endometriosis were treated with 800 mg of danazol/day for a mean duration of 6 months. The average length of the follow-up period was 78 months. Side effects were minimal, and regular ovulatory menses returned within 25 to 90 days (average 42 days). Forty-two (85.7% of these women had associated infertility. Recurrence of symptoms was reported in 33% but in no patient were the symptoms worse than before entering the study. Of 30 patients desirous of pregnancy, 20 were potentially fertile; of these, 10 conceived within 6 months of discontinuing therapy, for a conception rate of 50%. Nine of the remaining ten patients required additional therapeutic procedures (surgery and/or danazol), and four of these conceived within 12 months. These results compare favorably with those of other investigations, since most of our patients were referred to us after being subjected to a variety of regimens, both hormonal and surgical.", "contents": "Danazol treatment of endometriosis: long-term follow-up. Forty-nine women diagnosed as having pelvic endometriosis were treated with 800 mg of danazol/day for a mean duration of 6 months. The average length of the follow-up period was 78 months. Side effects were minimal, and regular ovulatory menses returned within 25 to 90 days (average 42 days). Forty-two (85.7% of these women had associated infertility. Recurrence of symptoms was reported in 33% but in no patient were the symptoms worse than before entering the study. Of 30 patients desirous of pregnancy, 20 were potentially fertile; of these, 10 conceived within 6 months of discontinuing therapy, for a conception rate of 50%. Nine of the remaining ten patients required additional therapeutic procedures (surgery and/or danazol), and four of these conceived within 12 months. These results compare favorably with those of other investigations, since most of our patients were referred to us after being subjected to a variety of regimens, both hormonal and surgical.", "PMID": 499581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4417", "title": "Accumulation of ethinylestradiol in blood and endometrium of women taking oral contraceptives: the sequential therapy.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay to quantitate ethinylestradiol (EE-2) in both plasma and endometrium is described. In 29 women under sequential oral contraceptive therapy (chlormadinone acetate, 2 mg, plus mestranol, 80 microgram) for 6 to 84 months, a single blood sample and a single endometrial sample were simultaneously obtained on different days of the pseudomenstrual cycle. In 24 women under 40 years of age the mean plasma EE-2 concentrations were similar during the first (989 +/- 94 pg/ml) and the second half of the cycle (1053 +/- 186 pg/ml) (P greater than 0.05). A similar finding was observed with regard to mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations (3.55 +/- 2.1 and 5.89 +/- 1.7 microgram/gm of wet tissue, respectively). On the other hand, five women over 40 years of age had plasma EE-2 concentrations similar to those of the previous group, but the mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations was 0.9 +/- 0.6 microgram/gm of wet tissue (P less than 0.05). Although plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone did not show midcycle peak values, complete suppression of both gonadotropins was not observed. These results show that endometrium has a great ability to concentrate EE-2, and this ability seems to be greater in women below age 40 than above. Whether or not this observation might be related to the known higher incidence of endometrial cancer in women less than 40 years old who have been under chronic sequential oral contraceptive therapy cannot be disclosed from this limited number of determinations.", "contents": "Accumulation of ethinylestradiol in blood and endometrium of women taking oral contraceptives: the sequential therapy. A radioimmunoassay to quantitate ethinylestradiol (EE-2) in both plasma and endometrium is described. In 29 women under sequential oral contraceptive therapy (chlormadinone acetate, 2 mg, plus mestranol, 80 microgram) for 6 to 84 months, a single blood sample and a single endometrial sample were simultaneously obtained on different days of the pseudomenstrual cycle. In 24 women under 40 years of age the mean plasma EE-2 concentrations were similar during the first (989 +/- 94 pg/ml) and the second half of the cycle (1053 +/- 186 pg/ml) (P greater than 0.05). A similar finding was observed with regard to mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations (3.55 +/- 2.1 and 5.89 +/- 1.7 microgram/gm of wet tissue, respectively). On the other hand, five women over 40 years of age had plasma EE-2 concentrations similar to those of the previous group, but the mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations was 0.9 +/- 0.6 microgram/gm of wet tissue (P less than 0.05). Although plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone did not show midcycle peak values, complete suppression of both gonadotropins was not observed. These results show that endometrium has a great ability to concentrate EE-2, and this ability seems to be greater in women below age 40 than above. Whether or not this observation might be related to the known higher incidence of endometrial cancer in women less than 40 years old who have been under chronic sequential oral contraceptive therapy cannot be disclosed from this limited number of determinations.", "PMID": 499582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4418", "title": "Three siblings with premature gonadal failure.", "content": "Of a brother and two sisters with infertility, one female sibling was found to be mosaic for Turner's syndrome. The brother and the other sister, of average intelligence, were phenotypically normal, with no dysmorphic features or ambiguous genitalia, but both showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. It is suggested that the basic defect in these two siblings is the same and is of genetic origin. As the parents were consanguineous, the defect is most likely due to an autosomal recessive gene.", "contents": "Three siblings with premature gonadal failure. Of a brother and two sisters with infertility, one female sibling was found to be mosaic for Turner's syndrome. The brother and the other sister, of average intelligence, were phenotypically normal, with no dysmorphic features or ambiguous genitalia, but both showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. It is suggested that the basic defect in these two siblings is the same and is of genetic origin. As the parents were consanguineous, the defect is most likely due to an autosomal recessive gene.", "PMID": 499583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4419", "title": "The effect of copper in vivo on specific progesterone binding by human endometrial cytosol.", "content": "Copper has been shown to interfere with specific progesterone binding by human endometrial and myometrial cytosol in vitro. These results suggested that one possible mode of action of the copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) is through interference with the action of progesterone at its target sites. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether the proposed mode of action of copper-bearing IUDs could be demonstrated in vivo. The results of this study revealed a significant difference in specific progesterone-binding capacity between proliferative and secretory endometria (P less than 0.001). However, when secretory endometria of the controlled subjects were compared with those of the copper-bearing IUD wearers, no significant difference was observed in the specific progesterone-binding capacity (P greater than 0.2). These data suggested that copper released from copper-bearing IUDs in vivo may not interfere with the binding of progesterone to its receptors in vitro. It is doubtful that the contraceptive effectiveness of copper-bearing IUDs could be due to the ability of copper to prevent progesterone from exerting its full effects on the endometrium.", "contents": "The effect of copper in vivo on specific progesterone binding by human endometrial cytosol. Copper has been shown to interfere with specific progesterone binding by human endometrial and myometrial cytosol in vitro. These results suggested that one possible mode of action of the copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) is through interference with the action of progesterone at its target sites. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether the proposed mode of action of copper-bearing IUDs could be demonstrated in vivo. The results of this study revealed a significant difference in specific progesterone-binding capacity between proliferative and secretory endometria (P less than 0.001). However, when secretory endometria of the controlled subjects were compared with those of the copper-bearing IUD wearers, no significant difference was observed in the specific progesterone-binding capacity (P greater than 0.2). These data suggested that copper released from copper-bearing IUDs in vivo may not interfere with the binding of progesterone to its receptors in vitro. It is doubtful that the contraceptive effectiveness of copper-bearing IUDs could be due to the ability of copper to prevent progesterone from exerting its full effects on the endometrium.", "PMID": 499584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4420", "title": "Open-ended vasectomy, sperm granuloma, and postvasectomy orchialgia.", "content": "The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus enhances reversibility of the vasectomy and lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort. In two prospective vasectomy series, a sperm granuloma was intentionally allowed to form by not sealing the testicular end of the vas. The sperm granuloma resulted in no instance of orchialgia, but created a greater risk of spontaneous recanalization. This latter problem could only be solved by more careful sealing of the upper end of the vas. In a separate series of nine patients vasectomized elsewhere and specifically referred to us for chronic and persistent postvasectomy orchialgia, seven had no sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site. Pain in these cases was localized in the epididymis and was relieved by vasovasotomy. Any technique of vasectomy carries a very small risk of orchialgia, whether due to the presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site or to increased epididymal pressure.", "contents": "Open-ended vasectomy, sperm granuloma, and postvasectomy orchialgia. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus enhances reversibility of the vasectomy and lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort. In two prospective vasectomy series, a sperm granuloma was intentionally allowed to form by not sealing the testicular end of the vas. The sperm granuloma resulted in no instance of orchialgia, but created a greater risk of spontaneous recanalization. This latter problem could only be solved by more careful sealing of the upper end of the vas. In a separate series of nine patients vasectomized elsewhere and specifically referred to us for chronic and persistent postvasectomy orchialgia, seven had no sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site. Pain in these cases was localized in the epididymis and was relieved by vasovasotomy. Any technique of vasectomy carries a very small risk of orchialgia, whether due to the presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site or to increased epididymal pressure.", "PMID": 499585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4421", "title": "Clomiphene therapy in male infertility: a negative report.", "content": "The enthusiastic acceptance of the use of clomiphene citrate in the treatment of the subfertile male prompts the issuance of this report. Fifty-four subfertile males were treated following recommended guidelines. In addition, testicular biopsy was performed in each patient. Analysis of the results, even excluding those with elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels (which everyone concedes spells a poor prognosis), shows only a small percentage of improvement.", "contents": "Clomiphene therapy in male infertility: a negative report. The enthusiastic acceptance of the use of clomiphene citrate in the treatment of the subfertile male prompts the issuance of this report. Fifty-four subfertile males were treated following recommended guidelines. In addition, testicular biopsy was performed in each patient. Analysis of the results, even excluding those with elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels (which everyone concedes spells a poor prognosis), shows only a small percentage of improvement.", "PMID": 499586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4422", "title": "Male hyperprolactinemia:effects on fertility.", "content": "Male hyperprolactinemia was detected in 4% (7 of 171) of infertile men. In seven patients with excessive serum prolactin concentrations, the clinical manifestations were infertility, hypogonadism, impotence, and galactorrhea and the etiologic factors were pituitary adenoma, hypothalamic dysfunction, drug use, and idiopathic. The testes and prostate were small or normal and the semen analysis revealed low semen volume, normal or low sperm count, and normal or impaired sperm motility. The testicular biopsy showed normally preserved seminiferous tubules with normal or decreased spermatogenesis and damaged or fibrotic seminiferous tubules among normal ones. Patients with hyperprolactinemia were investigated by sellar polytomography, visual field examinations, and hormone assays. Treatment with bromocriptine (Parlodel) gave satisfactory results in all patients. The use of bromocriptine with human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin was beneficial in treating hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Male hyperprolactinemia:effects on fertility. Male hyperprolactinemia was detected in 4% (7 of 171) of infertile men. In seven patients with excessive serum prolactin concentrations, the clinical manifestations were infertility, hypogonadism, impotence, and galactorrhea and the etiologic factors were pituitary adenoma, hypothalamic dysfunction, drug use, and idiopathic. The testes and prostate were small or normal and the semen analysis revealed low semen volume, normal or low sperm count, and normal or impaired sperm motility. The testicular biopsy showed normally preserved seminiferous tubules with normal or decreased spermatogenesis and damaged or fibrotic seminiferous tubules among normal ones. Patients with hyperprolactinemia were investigated by sellar polytomography, visual field examinations, and hormone assays. Treatment with bromocriptine (Parlodel) gave satisfactory results in all patients. The use of bromocriptine with human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin was beneficial in treating hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 499587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4423", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism and the semen profile: glucose, insulin, and sperm studies.", "content": "Twenty-seven men attending an infertility clinic received detailed studies of their ejaculate and carbohydrate metabolism. The latter was done using a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a 100-gm glucose load and measuring both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. There was no significant difference in either the blood glucose or the plasma insulin values between the men with normal sperm counts and those with abnormal sperm counts. These data suggest that mild subclinical states of carbohydrate abnormalities do not routinely alter male fertility.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism and the semen profile: glucose, insulin, and sperm studies. Twenty-seven men attending an infertility clinic received detailed studies of their ejaculate and carbohydrate metabolism. The latter was done using a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a 100-gm glucose load and measuring both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. There was no significant difference in either the blood glucose or the plasma insulin values between the men with normal sperm counts and those with abnormal sperm counts. These data suggest that mild subclinical states of carbohydrate abnormalities do not routinely alter male fertility.", "PMID": 499588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4424", "title": "The effect of steroids on the in vitro migration of washed human spermatozoa in modified Tyrode's solution or in fasting human blood serum.", "content": "In modified Tyrode's solution, 17 beta-estradiol at concentrations between 0.1 microgram/ml and 320 nmoles/ml was effective in increasing human spermatozoal forward migration. 17 alpha-Estradiol, although structurally similar to 17 beta-estradiol, had no effect on human spermatozoal motility. DL-Norgestrel at concentrations between 0.1 migrogram/ml and 320 nmoles/ml inhibited spermatozoal motility. These stimulatory and inhibitory effects were not observed when fasting human blood serum was used as a penetration medium in place of the modified Tyrode's solution. Also, the motility of spermatozoa suspended in fasting human blood serum was better than that of spermatozoa suspended in modified Tyrode's solution or in seminal plasma. These observations indicated that there is a component(s) of fasting human blood serum which increases spermatozoal motility and can counteract the activation or inhibition of spermatozoal motility by 17 beta-estradiol or DL-norgestrel at the concentrations used here.", "contents": "The effect of steroids on the in vitro migration of washed human spermatozoa in modified Tyrode's solution or in fasting human blood serum. In modified Tyrode's solution, 17 beta-estradiol at concentrations between 0.1 microgram/ml and 320 nmoles/ml was effective in increasing human spermatozoal forward migration. 17 alpha-Estradiol, although structurally similar to 17 beta-estradiol, had no effect on human spermatozoal motility. DL-Norgestrel at concentrations between 0.1 migrogram/ml and 320 nmoles/ml inhibited spermatozoal motility. These stimulatory and inhibitory effects were not observed when fasting human blood serum was used as a penetration medium in place of the modified Tyrode's solution. Also, the motility of spermatozoa suspended in fasting human blood serum was better than that of spermatozoa suspended in modified Tyrode's solution or in seminal plasma. These observations indicated that there is a component(s) of fasting human blood serum which increases spermatozoal motility and can counteract the activation or inhibition of spermatozoal motility by 17 beta-estradiol or DL-norgestrel at the concentrations used here.", "PMID": 499589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4425", "title": "The effect of a single lethal x-irradiation exposure on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the tissues of the rat.", "content": "Wistar male rats, both fed and fasting for 16 h prior to irradiation, were exposed to a single lethal X-ray dose of 387 mC X kg-1 (1 500R). The activity of lipoprotein lipase in white adipose (epididymal) tissue and heart muscle and the concentration of serum triglycerides were determined at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after radiation exposure. In the early time periods, at 1 and 6 h after exposure, the activity of lipoprotein lipase was decreased in adipose tissue and increased in heart muscle of the irradiated fed rats; in fasting rats it was decreased in heart muscle at 1 h after exposure. The concentration of serum triglycerides was increased at 1 h and decreased at 6 h after exposure in fed rats. In these rats, alterations in serum triglycerides correlated with changes in lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue. Alterations observed at the later time periods were more dependent on the time interval between radiation exposure and the analysis. Lipoprotein lipase activity increased with time after radiation exposure up to the maximal values at 72 h. Fasting prior to and after irradiation substantially modified the response of animals to radiation.", "contents": "The effect of a single lethal x-irradiation exposure on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the tissues of the rat. Wistar male rats, both fed and fasting for 16 h prior to irradiation, were exposed to a single lethal X-ray dose of 387 mC X kg-1 (1 500R). The activity of lipoprotein lipase in white adipose (epididymal) tissue and heart muscle and the concentration of serum triglycerides were determined at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after radiation exposure. In the early time periods, at 1 and 6 h after exposure, the activity of lipoprotein lipase was decreased in adipose tissue and increased in heart muscle of the irradiated fed rats; in fasting rats it was decreased in heart muscle at 1 h after exposure. The concentration of serum triglycerides was increased at 1 h and decreased at 6 h after exposure in fed rats. In these rats, alterations in serum triglycerides correlated with changes in lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue. Alterations observed at the later time periods were more dependent on the time interval between radiation exposure and the analysis. Lipoprotein lipase activity increased with time after radiation exposure up to the maximal values at 72 h. Fasting prior to and after irradiation substantially modified the response of animals to radiation.", "PMID": 499596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4426", "title": "Syngeneic lines of chickens. VI. Immunoglobulin allotypes.", "content": "In the course of study of alloantigenic immunoglobulin polymorphisms in 10 inbred chicken lines we detected 7 IgG allotypic specificities and 3 IgM allotypes. All birds in a given line possessed a unique combination of several IgG alloantigenic specificities (forming the phenogroup) which is presumably controlled by one allele at the locus designated a. We found five such phenogroups and five corresponding alleles (allele ac in three C lines, aI in three I lines,  aW in two W lines, aM in line M, and aF in line F) in inbred lines tested. Furthermore, it could be inferred that each IgM allotype is the marker of one allele at the locus D. The distribution of these alleles among inbred lines was determined (allele dC was present in lines C and F, allele dI in lines I and M, and allele dW in lines W). A 2.8% recombination between loci a and d that are linked was found. The study of linkage between immunoglobulin allotype loci and blood group loci A, E, B, C, D, and I revealed no deviation from independent assortment of thse loci.", "contents": "Syngeneic lines of chickens. VI. Immunoglobulin allotypes. In the course of study of alloantigenic immunoglobulin polymorphisms in 10 inbred chicken lines we detected 7 IgG allotypic specificities and 3 IgM allotypes. All birds in a given line possessed a unique combination of several IgG alloantigenic specificities (forming the phenogroup) which is presumably controlled by one allele at the locus designated a. We found five such phenogroups and five corresponding alleles (allele ac in three C lines, aI in three I lines,  aW in two W lines, aM in line M, and aF in line F) in inbred lines tested. Furthermore, it could be inferred that each IgM allotype is the marker of one allele at the locus D. The distribution of these alleles among inbred lines was determined (allele dC was present in lines C and F, allele dI in lines I and M, and allele dW in lines W). A 2.8% recombination between loci a and d that are linked was found. The study of linkage between immunoglobulin allotype loci and blood group loci A, E, B, C, D, and I revealed no deviation from independent assortment of thse loci.", "PMID": 499597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4427", "title": "[The incidence of antithyroid antibodies in relatives of patients with thyroid disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to elucidate a predisposition for so-called autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Graves' disease, chronic thyroiditis and myxedema, the incidence of thyroid antibodies was studied in relatives of patients with thyroid disorders. The relatives studied were all limited within a two degree relationship of the patients. Serum antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome were determined by susing the method of a hemagglutination test. The following results were obtained; 1) Thirty six of 103 relatives (35%) were found to have such antibodies, and sixteen (7.0%) of 230 hospital controls were positive. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001). 2) There was no difference in the incidence among relatives of patients with Graves' disease and those chronic thyroiditis. 3) With regard to age, the incidence in the more than 20 years old group was significantly greater than that in the under 19 years old group. 4) There was no difference in the incidence between male and female. These results suggested that the relatives of patients with so-called autoimmune thyroid disorders may have a predisposition for thyroid disorders.", "contents": "[The incidence of antithyroid antibodies in relatives of patients with thyroid disorders (author's transl)]. In order to elucidate a predisposition for so-called autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Graves' disease, chronic thyroiditis and myxedema, the incidence of thyroid antibodies was studied in relatives of patients with thyroid disorders. The relatives studied were all limited within a two degree relationship of the patients. Serum antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome were determined by susing the method of a hemagglutination test. The following results were obtained; 1) Thirty six of 103 relatives (35%) were found to have such antibodies, and sixteen (7.0%) of 230 hospital controls were positive. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001). 2) There was no difference in the incidence among relatives of patients with Graves' disease and those chronic thyroiditis. 3) With regard to age, the incidence in the more than 20 years old group was significantly greater than that in the under 19 years old group. 4) There was no difference in the incidence between male and female. These results suggested that the relatives of patients with so-called autoimmune thyroid disorders may have a predisposition for thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 499615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4428", "title": "[The vasopressor role of ADH in the maintenance of blood pressure in experimentally hypertensive rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the vasopressor role of ADH in the regulation of blood pressure, passive immunization experiments with an antibody to AVP were carried out in experimentally hypertensive rats. In hypertensive rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHR-sp), the intravenous injection of a specific vasopressin antibody resulted in a transient fall of blood pressure of 11 approximately 25mmHg, while in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension and normal rats, the blood pressure was not affected. This strongly suggests that ADH contributed to systemic vaso-constriction in DOCA hypertension and spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "contents": "[The vasopressor role of ADH in the maintenance of blood pressure in experimentally hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the vasopressor role of ADH in the regulation of blood pressure, passive immunization experiments with an antibody to AVP were carried out in experimentally hypertensive rats. In hypertensive rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHR-sp), the intravenous injection of a specific vasopressin antibody resulted in a transient fall of blood pressure of 11 approximately 25mmHg, while in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension and normal rats, the blood pressure was not affected. This strongly suggests that ADH contributed to systemic vaso-constriction in DOCA hypertension and spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "PMID": 499616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4429", "title": "Effect of oleic and octanoic acids on glucose-induced insulin release in vitro.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat pancreas was utilized to characterize the effect of 1.5 mM oleic acid and 1.5 mM octanoic acid on insulin release in response to glucose (4.4, 8.3, 11.1, 16.7 and 27.7 mM). Both oleic and octanoic acids potentiated glucose-induced insulin release without modification of the pattern of secretion. At 4.4 mM glucose, the potentiation of insulin release by fatty acids was clearcut for the first phase but not significant with respect to the total amount of insulin released during the stimulation period. Maximal potentiation was observed at 11.1 mM glucose both with oleic and octanoic acids. At all glucose concentrations, octanoic acid was more effective than oleic acid in the potentiation of the insulin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of oleic and octanoic acids on glucose-induced insulin release in vitro. The isolated perfused rat pancreas was utilized to characterize the effect of 1.5 mM oleic acid and 1.5 mM octanoic acid on insulin release in response to glucose (4.4, 8.3, 11.1, 16.7 and 27.7 mM). Both oleic and octanoic acids potentiated glucose-induced insulin release without modification of the pattern of secretion. At 4.4 mM glucose, the potentiation of insulin release by fatty acids was clearcut for the first phase but not significant with respect to the total amount of insulin released during the stimulation period. Maximal potentiation was observed at 11.1 mM glucose both with oleic and octanoic acids. At all glucose concentrations, octanoic acid was more effective than oleic acid in the potentiation of the insulin secretion.", "PMID": 499632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4430", "title": "Mauriac syndrome: three cases with retinal angiofluorescein study.", "content": "Three children with features of the Mauriac syndrome have been studied. Ocular complications, mainly characterized by increased capillary permeability have been demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. A decreased proximal tubular beta 2-microglobulin reabsorption has been found in one patient, and in another one, there was a slowed sensory nerve condition velocity. A liver biopsy, performed in one patient, has shown numerous fat filled cells and intralysosomal lipofuscin storage. No hormonal disturbance, which could explain the growth reardation, has been found. Bad metabolic control of diabetes could be responsible for all the anomalies of Mauriac syndrome.", "contents": "Mauriac syndrome: three cases with retinal angiofluorescein study. Three children with features of the Mauriac syndrome have been studied. Ocular complications, mainly characterized by increased capillary permeability have been demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. A decreased proximal tubular beta 2-microglobulin reabsorption has been found in one patient, and in another one, there was a slowed sensory nerve condition velocity. A liver biopsy, performed in one patient, has shown numerous fat filled cells and intralysosomal lipofuscin storage. No hormonal disturbance, which could explain the growth reardation, has been found. Bad metabolic control of diabetes could be responsible for all the anomalies of Mauriac syndrome.", "PMID": 499634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4431", "title": "Plasma fibrinogen in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma fibrinogen was measured in 285 diabetics (age range 15-85 years) and 209 controls (age range 23-74 years). Plasma fibrinogen concentration showed a positive skew distribution and an approximate normal distribution was obtained by log transformation. The mean log plasma fibrinogen in the diabetics was significantly increased (p less than 0.0001). Patients treated with a sulphonylurea (n = 81) had the highest mean log plasma fibrinogen concentration and this was significantly higher than in patients treated with insulin (n = 76; p less than 0.01), biguanides (n = 28; p less than 0.01) or sulphonyluera plus biguanides (n = 38; p less than 0.05). The biganide treated group had the lowest mean log plasma fibrinogen concentrations. No correlation was found between plasma fibrinogen and blood glucose, duration of diabetes or the presence of complications. Subjects with proliferative retinopathy (n = 38) had a similar mean plasma fibrinogen to those with background retinopathy (n = 55). Twenty-two maturity onset diabetics treated with a sulphonylurea and followed prospectively showed a significant increase in plasma fibrinogen after five months (p less than 0.0001), while a control diet treated group showed no alteration in plasma fibrinogen. It is concluded that plasma fibrinogen is significantly increased in diabetics and apart from age, the main factor related to the increase is treatment with sulphonylureas. It remains speculative whether this association has any correlation with long term cardiovascular morbidity.", "contents": "Plasma fibrinogen in diabetes mellitus. Plasma fibrinogen was measured in 285 diabetics (age range 15-85 years) and 209 controls (age range 23-74 years). Plasma fibrinogen concentration showed a positive skew distribution and an approximate normal distribution was obtained by log transformation. The mean log plasma fibrinogen in the diabetics was significantly increased (p less than 0.0001). Patients treated with a sulphonylurea (n = 81) had the highest mean log plasma fibrinogen concentration and this was significantly higher than in patients treated with insulin (n = 76; p less than 0.01), biguanides (n = 28; p less than 0.01) or sulphonyluera plus biguanides (n = 38; p less than 0.05). The biganide treated group had the lowest mean log plasma fibrinogen concentrations. No correlation was found between plasma fibrinogen and blood glucose, duration of diabetes or the presence of complications. Subjects with proliferative retinopathy (n = 38) had a similar mean plasma fibrinogen to those with background retinopathy (n = 55). Twenty-two maturity onset diabetics treated with a sulphonylurea and followed prospectively showed a significant increase in plasma fibrinogen after five months (p less than 0.0001), while a control diet treated group showed no alteration in plasma fibrinogen. It is concluded that plasma fibrinogen is significantly increased in diabetics and apart from age, the main factor related to the increase is treatment with sulphonylureas. It remains speculative whether this association has any correlation with long term cardiovascular morbidity.", "PMID": 499635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4432", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on insulin response to arginine in man.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcitonin on insulin response to intravenous arginine in normal humans. For this purpose, eight normal subjects were submitted to an iv arginine tolerance test twice, under basal conditions and during the simultaneous infusion of calcitonin plus arginine. Calcitonin caused a clear inhibition of the insulin response to arginine (p less than 0.01) and also exaggerated the rise in plasma glucose seen with iv arginine (p less than 0.01). Theophylline (250 mg as iv bolus, followed by an iv infusion of 500 mg/h) failed to overcome the inhibitory effect of calcitonin on insulin secretion. It is hypothesized that calcitonin inhibits insulin secretion by changing calcium distribution in the pancreatic beta-cell.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on insulin response to arginine in man. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcitonin on insulin response to intravenous arginine in normal humans. For this purpose, eight normal subjects were submitted to an iv arginine tolerance test twice, under basal conditions and during the simultaneous infusion of calcitonin plus arginine. Calcitonin caused a clear inhibition of the insulin response to arginine (p less than 0.01) and also exaggerated the rise in plasma glucose seen with iv arginine (p less than 0.01). Theophylline (250 mg as iv bolus, followed by an iv infusion of 500 mg/h) failed to overcome the inhibitory effect of calcitonin on insulin secretion. It is hypothesized that calcitonin inhibits insulin secretion by changing calcium distribution in the pancreatic beta-cell.", "PMID": 499636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4433", "title": "Ketoprofen (Orudis) twice daily dosage in arthritis and tissue injuries: a general practice study.", "content": "In a general practice study using ketoprofen (Orudis) in a twice-daily dosage regimen for the treatment of patients with articular and non-articular rheumatic conditions, data were collected on 2,644 patients, over one-third of whom had been previously treated with other anti-rheumatic preparations. More than 80% showed a clinical improvement and the overall incidence of side-effects was relatively low. Three patients suffered a haematemesis--the most serious side-effect encountered. It was concluded that 50 mg or 100 mg twice-daily therapy was equally as effective as the 50 mg thrice daily regimen previously recommended and that the tolerability of ketoprofen was not adversely affected by this concentration of the daily requirement.", "contents": "Ketoprofen (Orudis) twice daily dosage in arthritis and tissue injuries: a general practice study. In a general practice study using ketoprofen (Orudis) in a twice-daily dosage regimen for the treatment of patients with articular and non-articular rheumatic conditions, data were collected on 2,644 patients, over one-third of whom had been previously treated with other anti-rheumatic preparations. More than 80% showed a clinical improvement and the overall incidence of side-effects was relatively low. Three patients suffered a haematemesis--the most serious side-effect encountered. It was concluded that 50 mg or 100 mg twice-daily therapy was equally as effective as the 50 mg thrice daily regimen previously recommended and that the tolerability of ketoprofen was not adversely affected by this concentration of the daily requirement.", "PMID": 499641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4434", "title": "Tolmetin and G-6-PD erythrocyte deficiency: research in vitro.", "content": "In thirty-two patients, divided into four groups: normal, G-6-PD deficient, beta-thalaxemic heterozygote and carriers of both anomalies, the variations in erythrocyte GSH were studied after incubation with APH and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: tolmetin sodium. The results obtained show a considerable fall in GSH after incubation with APH above all in the G-6-PD deficient patients and in the carriers of both anomalies. On the other hand, after incubation with the drug under examination there were no significant variations in the erythrocyte GSH.", "contents": "Tolmetin and G-6-PD erythrocyte deficiency: research in vitro. In thirty-two patients, divided into four groups: normal, G-6-PD deficient, beta-thalaxemic heterozygote and carriers of both anomalies, the variations in erythrocyte GSH were studied after incubation with APH and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: tolmetin sodium. The results obtained show a considerable fall in GSH after incubation with APH above all in the G-6-PD deficient patients and in the carriers of both anomalies. On the other hand, after incubation with the drug under examination there were no significant variations in the erythrocyte GSH.", "PMID": 499642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4435", "title": "The effect on plasma potassium of a combined preparation of frusemide and slow-release potassium chloride (Diumide-K Continus tablets).", "content": "An open trial was carried out on ten middle-aged and elderly patients in cardiac failure to assess the effect on plasma potassium levels of one or more tablets containing 40 mg frusemide and a controlled-release formulation containing 600 mg potassium chloride. Patients had previously been maintained on frusemide and potassium supplements given as separate tablets. No significant rise or fall was observed when treatment was changed to the combined tablet.", "contents": "The effect on plasma potassium of a combined preparation of frusemide and slow-release potassium chloride (Diumide-K Continus tablets). An open trial was carried out on ten middle-aged and elderly patients in cardiac failure to assess the effect on plasma potassium levels of one or more tablets containing 40 mg frusemide and a controlled-release formulation containing 600 mg potassium chloride. Patients had previously been maintained on frusemide and potassium supplements given as separate tablets. No significant rise or fall was observed when treatment was changed to the combined tablet.", "PMID": 499643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4436", "title": "A retrospective evaluation of nifedipine therapy in Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "A retrosepctive evaluation has been made of blood pressure, pulse rate, and number of anginal attacks per day in twenty-one patients diagnosed as Prinzmetal's Angina and treated with the investigational drug nifedipine. The effect of combining nifedipine with short- and long-acting nitrates or with propranolol was also evaluated. In consideration of the statisically significant reduction in the number of anginal attacks per day, p less than 0.001, together with the non-significant mean changes in blood pressure and pulse rate as well as the compatibility with the other drugs, it is concluded that nifedipine is a very useful drug, in a dose range of 30--120 mg per day, for the treatment of Prinzmetal's Angina. Recorded side-effects were of minimal severity and in no case caused nifedipine therapy to be discontinued.", "contents": "A retrospective evaluation of nifedipine therapy in Prinzmetal's angina. A retrosepctive evaluation has been made of blood pressure, pulse rate, and number of anginal attacks per day in twenty-one patients diagnosed as Prinzmetal's Angina and treated with the investigational drug nifedipine. The effect of combining nifedipine with short- and long-acting nitrates or with propranolol was also evaluated. In consideration of the statisically significant reduction in the number of anginal attacks per day, p less than 0.001, together with the non-significant mean changes in blood pressure and pulse rate as well as the compatibility with the other drugs, it is concluded that nifedipine is a very useful drug, in a dose range of 30--120 mg per day, for the treatment of Prinzmetal's Angina. Recorded side-effects were of minimal severity and in no case caused nifedipine therapy to be discontinued.", "PMID": 499644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4437", "title": "Comparison of multiple-dose regimens of netilmicin in patients with urinary tract infections.", "content": "A clinical trial involving forty hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections was conducted to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of four dosage regimens of netilmicin: 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg administered twice daily for 7 or 8 days. Each of the dosages was effective and the first three were equally well tolerated. At 4 mg/kg there was one case of renal dysfunction possibly related to netilmicin therapy. Serum concentrations of the drug measured 1 hour after injection were dose-related, as were those measured 1 hour before administration; no appreciable accumulation occurred with any of the regimens.", "contents": "Comparison of multiple-dose regimens of netilmicin in patients with urinary tract infections. A clinical trial involving forty hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections was conducted to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of four dosage regimens of netilmicin: 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg administered twice daily for 7 or 8 days. Each of the dosages was effective and the first three were equally well tolerated. At 4 mg/kg there was one case of renal dysfunction possibly related to netilmicin therapy. Serum concentrations of the drug measured 1 hour after injection were dose-related, as were those measured 1 hour before administration; no appreciable accumulation occurred with any of the regimens.", "PMID": 499645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4438", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of asthma in steroid-independent children.", "content": "Sixty-eight steroid-independent children, whose asthma was poorly controlled by bronchodilators and other anti-asthmatic drugs, were treated for six weeks with 200 to 400 mcg per day of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Symptoms of wheezing, blockage, and cough, reported by the children in a daily diary, improved in 80% of cases. Use of other anti-asthmatic medications, which the children were free to modify as they wished, decreased. Objective measurements of pulmonary function, VC, FEV1, and FEV%, evaluated by weekly spirometry, also improved in almost 80% of cases. The dosages used here had no effect on early morning plasma cortisol levels and none of the children developed signs of oral candidiasis.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of asthma in steroid-independent children. Sixty-eight steroid-independent children, whose asthma was poorly controlled by bronchodilators and other anti-asthmatic drugs, were treated for six weeks with 200 to 400 mcg per day of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Symptoms of wheezing, blockage, and cough, reported by the children in a daily diary, improved in 80% of cases. Use of other anti-asthmatic medications, which the children were free to modify as they wished, decreased. Objective measurements of pulmonary function, VC, FEV1, and FEV%, evaluated by weekly spirometry, also improved in almost 80% of cases. The dosages used here had no effect on early morning plasma cortisol levels and none of the children developed signs of oral candidiasis.", "PMID": 499646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4439", "title": "Crotamiton cream and lotion in the treatment of infants and young children with scabies.", "content": "Fifty hospitalized infants and small children in the age-group of 3 months to 2 years admitted with scabies were treated with 5 applications of either 10% crotamiton cream or lotion on consecutive days. In this trial, the second to be performed exclusively in infants and young children, an improvement in itching was observed in all patients within 3 days of starting the treatment and the examination on Day 7 showed absence of skin lesions in all patients. Crotamiton cream as well as lotion rendered a 100% cure rate. All patients, including those having secondary pyoderma and/or eczematization tolerated the treatment with crotamiton cream and lotion well and no adverse reactions, either due to the topical application or to the transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton, were reported. Post-treatment laboratory investigations did not reveal any unwanted effect due to transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton on the blood, kidneys or liver. Crotamiton is the only scabicide available today which displays not only antiprurtic but also marked antibacterial properties. It is especially indicated in the treatment of scabies in children as they are very prone to secondary bacterial infection following scratching. In view of its good efficacy and excellent tolerability the 5-application treatment schedule, with crotamiton cream applied to the whole body from the chin downward, can therefore be recommended as an optimum form of treatment for scabies in infants and young children.", "contents": "Crotamiton cream and lotion in the treatment of infants and young children with scabies. Fifty hospitalized infants and small children in the age-group of 3 months to 2 years admitted with scabies were treated with 5 applications of either 10% crotamiton cream or lotion on consecutive days. In this trial, the second to be performed exclusively in infants and young children, an improvement in itching was observed in all patients within 3 days of starting the treatment and the examination on Day 7 showed absence of skin lesions in all patients. Crotamiton cream as well as lotion rendered a 100% cure rate. All patients, including those having secondary pyoderma and/or eczematization tolerated the treatment with crotamiton cream and lotion well and no adverse reactions, either due to the topical application or to the transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton, were reported. Post-treatment laboratory investigations did not reveal any unwanted effect due to transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton on the blood, kidneys or liver. Crotamiton is the only scabicide available today which displays not only antiprurtic but also marked antibacterial properties. It is especially indicated in the treatment of scabies in children as they are very prone to secondary bacterial infection following scratching. In view of its good efficacy and excellent tolerability the 5-application treatment schedule, with crotamiton cream applied to the whole body from the chin downward, can therefore be recommended as an optimum form of treatment for scabies in infants and young children.", "PMID": 499647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4440", "title": "An evaluation of Debrisan in chronic leg ulcers and pressure sores.", "content": "Debrisan (Dextranomer) was subjected to a simple open assessment in the treatment of fifty-three chronic leg ulcers and thirty pressure sores in eight hospitals. It was found that 70% of leg ulcers and 76% of pressure sores improved, with a noticeable cleansing effect being evident in 79% and 83% respectively. No side-effects were recorded.", "contents": "An evaluation of Debrisan in chronic leg ulcers and pressure sores. Debrisan (Dextranomer) was subjected to a simple open assessment in the treatment of fifty-three chronic leg ulcers and thirty pressure sores in eight hospitals. It was found that 70% of leg ulcers and 76% of pressure sores improved, with a noticeable cleansing effect being evident in 79% and 83% respectively. No side-effects were recorded.", "PMID": 499648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4441", "title": "Three methods of application of econazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.", "content": "Pointing out the fact that there is a generalized increase in the incidence of vaginal candidiasis the authors describe a study involving a total of sixty-one patients to evaluate econazole in the treatment of the condition.", "contents": "Three methods of application of econazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Pointing out the fact that there is a generalized increase in the incidence of vaginal candidiasis the authors describe a study involving a total of sixty-one patients to evaluate econazole in the treatment of the condition.", "PMID": 499649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4442", "title": "The control of liver regeneration by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Removal of the thyroid in normocalcemic rats with functional parathyroid transplants was found to reduce the hepatocyte DNA synthetic activity which normally follows partial hepatectomy. This proliferative incapacitation of hepatocytes appeared to be due specifically to a calcitonin deficiency since it was overcome by a single injection of pure synthetic salmon calcitonin shortly after partial hepatectomy. Salmon calcitonin and bovine parathyroid hormone were equally able to reverse the similar proliferative incapacitation of hepatocytes in hypocalcemic rats which had both their parathyroid and thyroid glands removed one day before partial hepatectomy. However, these two hormones (individually or together) could not reverse the proliferative incapacity resulting from a more prolonged (3-day) exposure to the hypocalcemic conditions in thyroparathyroidectomized rats, but the proliferative incapacity could be reversed by simultaneous treatment with the vitamin D3 metabolite, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. We suggest that extracellular calcium ions are the actual regulators of this hormonally-controlled hepatocyte proliferative development and that parathyroid hormone and the vitamin D3 metabolite affect proliferation indirectly by determining the extracellular calcium concentration, while calcitonin directly, or indirectly, sensitizes hepatocytes to the action of calcium.", "contents": "The control of liver regeneration by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Removal of the thyroid in normocalcemic rats with functional parathyroid transplants was found to reduce the hepatocyte DNA synthetic activity which normally follows partial hepatectomy. This proliferative incapacitation of hepatocytes appeared to be due specifically to a calcitonin deficiency since it was overcome by a single injection of pure synthetic salmon calcitonin shortly after partial hepatectomy. Salmon calcitonin and bovine parathyroid hormone were equally able to reverse the similar proliferative incapacitation of hepatocytes in hypocalcemic rats which had both their parathyroid and thyroid glands removed one day before partial hepatectomy. However, these two hormones (individually or together) could not reverse the proliferative incapacity resulting from a more prolonged (3-day) exposure to the hypocalcemic conditions in thyroparathyroidectomized rats, but the proliferative incapacity could be reversed by simultaneous treatment with the vitamin D3 metabolite, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. We suggest that extracellular calcium ions are the actual regulators of this hormonally-controlled hepatocyte proliferative development and that parathyroid hormone and the vitamin D3 metabolite affect proliferation indirectly by determining the extracellular calcium concentration, while calcitonin directly, or indirectly, sensitizes hepatocytes to the action of calcium.", "PMID": 499650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4443", "title": "Androgen-uterine interactions: an assessment of androgen interaction with the testosterone- and estrogen-receptor systems and stimulation of uterine growth and progesterone-receptor synthesis.", "content": "This study investigates growth and the induction of progesterone-receptor synthesis in the immature (day 20--23) rat uterus after injection of different doses of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) in long- and short acting injection vehicles. Moderate doses of T (300 microgram/day in saline for 3 days) elicit uterine growth (ca. 250% of control) that is abolished by concomitant injections of antiandrogen (1 mg flutamide/day or 8 mg DIMP/day) but is unaffected by injections of antiestrogens (60 microgram CI-628 or U11,100A/day). Uterine growth evoked by 17 beta-estradiol (3 microgram/day for 3 days) is, however, only antagonized with the antiestrogens but not antiandrogens. Experiments employing whole uteri in vitro indicate that the specific nuclear uptake of 10(-8) M [3H]T is markedly inhibited by the antiandrogens DIMP, flutamide, and the hydroxylated flutamide metabolite (LACT) [LACT greater than DIMP greater than FLUT] while the antiestrogens CI-628 and U11,100A are ineffective. In contrast, the specific nuclear uptake of 10(-8) M [3H]-estradiol is inhibited by only the antiestrogens and not antiandrogens. When very high (5 or 10 mg) doses of DHT Are administered in an oil-containing injection vehicle, nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic depletion of the estrogen receptor does occur and a uterotrophic response is elicited which is resistant to antagonism by antiandrogen. Likewise, the DHT-stimulated increase in progesterone-receptor content is not decreased by concomitant antiandrogen. Similar 5 or 10 mg doses of DHT, administered in a water-soluble dimethylsulfoxide vehicle, show little estrogen-receptor movement and the DHT-induced uterine growth and induction of progesterone-receptor synthesis is almost completely eliminated with antiandrogen. Regardless of the degree of uterine growth stimulation, however, the androgens are poor stimulators of uterine progesterone-receptor synthesis compared with estradiol. These results indicate that androgens may interact with both the androgen- and estrogen-receptor systems in the uterus in inducing uterine growth and that the nature of the cellular mechanism, i.e., whether the androgen- and/or estrogen-receptor system is involved, is dependent critically upon the in vivo dose of androgen and the mode of hormone administration.", "contents": "Androgen-uterine interactions: an assessment of androgen interaction with the testosterone- and estrogen-receptor systems and stimulation of uterine growth and progesterone-receptor synthesis. This study investigates growth and the induction of progesterone-receptor synthesis in the immature (day 20--23) rat uterus after injection of different doses of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) in long- and short acting injection vehicles. Moderate doses of T (300 microgram/day in saline for 3 days) elicit uterine growth (ca. 250% of control) that is abolished by concomitant injections of antiandrogen (1 mg flutamide/day or 8 mg DIMP/day) but is unaffected by injections of antiestrogens (60 microgram CI-628 or U11,100A/day). Uterine growth evoked by 17 beta-estradiol (3 microgram/day for 3 days) is, however, only antagonized with the antiestrogens but not antiandrogens. Experiments employing whole uteri in vitro indicate that the specific nuclear uptake of 10(-8) M [3H]T is markedly inhibited by the antiandrogens DIMP, flutamide, and the hydroxylated flutamide metabolite (LACT) [LACT greater than DIMP greater than FLUT] while the antiestrogens CI-628 and U11,100A are ineffective. In contrast, the specific nuclear uptake of 10(-8) M [3H]-estradiol is inhibited by only the antiestrogens and not antiandrogens. When very high (5 or 10 mg) doses of DHT Are administered in an oil-containing injection vehicle, nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic depletion of the estrogen receptor does occur and a uterotrophic response is elicited which is resistant to antagonism by antiandrogen. Likewise, the DHT-stimulated increase in progesterone-receptor content is not decreased by concomitant antiandrogen. Similar 5 or 10 mg doses of DHT, administered in a water-soluble dimethylsulfoxide vehicle, show little estrogen-receptor movement and the DHT-induced uterine growth and induction of progesterone-receptor synthesis is almost completely eliminated with antiandrogen. Regardless of the degree of uterine growth stimulation, however, the androgens are poor stimulators of uterine progesterone-receptor synthesis compared with estradiol. These results indicate that androgens may interact with both the androgen- and estrogen-receptor systems in the uterus in inducing uterine growth and that the nature of the cellular mechanism, i.e., whether the androgen- and/or estrogen-receptor system is involved, is dependent critically upon the in vivo dose of androgen and the mode of hormone administration.", "PMID": 499651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4444", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis of juvenile hormone by the larval corpora allata of Manduca sexta: quantificationby radioimmunoassay.", "content": "An in vitro method has been developed for the investigation of the regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by insect corpora allata. Glands were maintained in Marks medium 19AB and JH synthesis quantified by a modified radioimmunoassay for juvenile hormone I. The radioimmunoassay is specific for JH I and exhibits approximately 12.6% cross reactivity with JH II and no cross reactivity with JH III. The assay directly measures the JH present in culture medium and has a maximum sensitivity of 50 pg JH I equivalents. Corpora allata from day 5 last instar Manduca sexta larvae were used to define the kinetics parameters of the in vitro system, including a demonstration that small groups of right and left glands synthesize equivalent amounts of juvenile hormone. The juvenile hormones synthesized were identified as juvenile hormones I and II in a ratio of 1:4, respectively. Juvenile hormone III could not be excluded as a product of the corpora allata owing to the low cross reactivity of this homolog (1.7%) in the radioimmunoassay. Corpora allata from different developmental stages exhibited synthesis rates generally consistent with predicted activity based on in vivo hormone titers with the exception of day 5 of the last instar. The variation in gland activity relative to the control of juvenile hormone titer in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis of juvenile hormone by the larval corpora allata of Manduca sexta: quantificationby radioimmunoassay. An in vitro method has been developed for the investigation of the regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by insect corpora allata. Glands were maintained in Marks medium 19AB and JH synthesis quantified by a modified radioimmunoassay for juvenile hormone I. The radioimmunoassay is specific for JH I and exhibits approximately 12.6% cross reactivity with JH II and no cross reactivity with JH III. The assay directly measures the JH present in culture medium and has a maximum sensitivity of 50 pg JH I equivalents. Corpora allata from day 5 last instar Manduca sexta larvae were used to define the kinetics parameters of the in vitro system, including a demonstration that small groups of right and left glands synthesize equivalent amounts of juvenile hormone. The juvenile hormones synthesized were identified as juvenile hormones I and II in a ratio of 1:4, respectively. Juvenile hormone III could not be excluded as a product of the corpora allata owing to the low cross reactivity of this homolog (1.7%) in the radioimmunoassay. Corpora allata from different developmental stages exhibited synthesis rates generally consistent with predicted activity based on in vivo hormone titers with the exception of day 5 of the last instar. The variation in gland activity relative to the control of juvenile hormone titer in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 499652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4445", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis by isolated rat renal glomeruli.", "content": "The PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha contents of the incubation medium of glomeruli isolated from rat kidney were measured at different times with or without addition of arachidonic acid. These prostaglandins accumulated progressively with time and reached equilibrium after 60--120 min incubation. Synthesis of the 3 prostaglandins was inhibited when indomethacin was added whereas it was markedly enhanced, mainly for PGE2, at increasing doses of arachidonic acid. Plateaus were reached above 5 micrograms/ml and concentrations corresponding to 50% of the maximum values were 2 micrograms/ml for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and 0.8 microgram/ml for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. There were strictly linear relationships between PGE2 or PGF2 alpha productions and the concentration of glomerular protein. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha synthesis with or without arachidonic acid were maximum at 30--37 degrees C. PGE2 glomerular content was almost undetectable initially and increased with time. These data demonstrate that PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGI2, in order of decreasing abundance, are synthesized by the glomerular cells and suggest that PGE2 and PGI2-sensitive glomerular adenylate cyclase activities and PGE2-sensitive renin synthesis may be stimulated by prostaglandins formed in the glomeruli themselves.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis by isolated rat renal glomeruli. The PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha contents of the incubation medium of glomeruli isolated from rat kidney were measured at different times with or without addition of arachidonic acid. These prostaglandins accumulated progressively with time and reached equilibrium after 60--120 min incubation. Synthesis of the 3 prostaglandins was inhibited when indomethacin was added whereas it was markedly enhanced, mainly for PGE2, at increasing doses of arachidonic acid. Plateaus were reached above 5 micrograms/ml and concentrations corresponding to 50% of the maximum values were 2 micrograms/ml for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and 0.8 microgram/ml for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. There were strictly linear relationships between PGE2 or PGF2 alpha productions and the concentration of glomerular protein. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha synthesis with or without arachidonic acid were maximum at 30--37 degrees C. PGE2 glomerular content was almost undetectable initially and increased with time. These data demonstrate that PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGI2, in order of decreasing abundance, are synthesized by the glomerular cells and suggest that PGE2 and PGI2-sensitive glomerular adenylate cyclase activities and PGE2-sensitive renin synthesis may be stimulated by prostaglandins formed in the glomeruli themselves.", "PMID": 499653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4446", "title": "Search for progesterone receptors in testes from various animal species.", "content": "Using [3H]R5020 as binding probe, we have looked for the presence of progesterone receptors in testis cytosol from a few vertebrate species ranging from the turtles to the humans. In addition, we have tested in the rat several experimental conditions potentially susceptible to induce progesterone receptors. With the exception of chicken, tfm patients and possibly the frogs, progesterone receptors could not be conclusively demonstrated in any of the other animal species tested nor could they be induced in the rat. Surprisingly, they were not present in Stanley-Grumbeck pseudohermaphrodite rats. In chicken testes, the levels of progesterone receptor were variable (3--45 fmol per mg prot.) in the adults and high (87 fmol per mg prot.) in one-day-old animals. The presence of progesterone receptor, a marker of estradiol action in many estrogen-target tissues, seems to be parallel to the capacity of chicken testes for sex reversal under the influence of estrogens. In human tfm, the presence of these receptors could also indicate that the gonads are estrogen-sensitive or that they were so during embryonic life although the nature of estrogenic action is not known.", "contents": "Search for progesterone receptors in testes from various animal species. Using [3H]R5020 as binding probe, we have looked for the presence of progesterone receptors in testis cytosol from a few vertebrate species ranging from the turtles to the humans. In addition, we have tested in the rat several experimental conditions potentially susceptible to induce progesterone receptors. With the exception of chicken, tfm patients and possibly the frogs, progesterone receptors could not be conclusively demonstrated in any of the other animal species tested nor could they be induced in the rat. Surprisingly, they were not present in Stanley-Grumbeck pseudohermaphrodite rats. In chicken testes, the levels of progesterone receptor were variable (3--45 fmol per mg prot.) in the adults and high (87 fmol per mg prot.) in one-day-old animals. The presence of progesterone receptor, a marker of estradiol action in many estrogen-target tissues, seems to be parallel to the capacity of chicken testes for sex reversal under the influence of estrogens. In human tfm, the presence of these receptors could also indicate that the gonads are estrogen-sensitive or that they were so during embryonic life although the nature of estrogenic action is not known.", "PMID": 499654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4447", "title": "Insulin production rate following glucose ingestion estimated by splanchnic C-peptide output in normal man.", "content": "Insulin production rate has been estimated in healthy male volunteers (n = 16), and evaluated with respect to splanchnic glucose exchange. Insulin production rate was calculated from splanchnic immunoreactive C-peptide output. C-peptide secretion was estimated by the hepatic venous catheter technique both in the basal state and for 2 h following ingestion of various glucose loads (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g). The results demonstrate a basal insulin production rate of 0.017 +/- 0.002 U/min (mean +/- SEM) or 2.04 U/2 h. Values rose in a dose dependent manner from 2.6 +/- 1.1 U/2 h after ingestion of 12.5 g of glucose to 10.8 +/- 1.1 U/2 h following a glucose load of 100 g. Insulin retention by the liver was estimated at 0.012 +/- 0.001 U/min in the basal state, and ranged from 47-85% (70 +/- 2%) of production following an oral glucose load. It was also demonstrated 1) that the relative splanchnic glucose output was inversely related to the amount of ingested glucose, and reached a minimum when glucose in excess of 50 g was ingested; and 2) that hepatic glucose retention was directly proportional to insulin production rate (r = 0.83; p less than 0.001; n = 15). It is suggested that the adaptive capacity of the splanchnic bed to retain glucose depending on the amount of ingested glucose guarantees that splanchnic glucose output fluctuates in healthy man only within a narrow range.", "contents": "Insulin production rate following glucose ingestion estimated by splanchnic C-peptide output in normal man. Insulin production rate has been estimated in healthy male volunteers (n = 16), and evaluated with respect to splanchnic glucose exchange. Insulin production rate was calculated from splanchnic immunoreactive C-peptide output. C-peptide secretion was estimated by the hepatic venous catheter technique both in the basal state and for 2 h following ingestion of various glucose loads (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g). The results demonstrate a basal insulin production rate of 0.017 +/- 0.002 U/min (mean +/- SEM) or 2.04 U/2 h. Values rose in a dose dependent manner from 2.6 +/- 1.1 U/2 h after ingestion of 12.5 g of glucose to 10.8 +/- 1.1 U/2 h following a glucose load of 100 g. Insulin retention by the liver was estimated at 0.012 +/- 0.001 U/min in the basal state, and ranged from 47-85% (70 +/- 2%) of production following an oral glucose load. It was also demonstrated 1) that the relative splanchnic glucose output was inversely related to the amount of ingested glucose, and reached a minimum when glucose in excess of 50 g was ingested; and 2) that hepatic glucose retention was directly proportional to insulin production rate (r = 0.83; p less than 0.001; n = 15). It is suggested that the adaptive capacity of the splanchnic bed to retain glucose depending on the amount of ingested glucose guarantees that splanchnic glucose output fluctuates in healthy man only within a narrow range.", "PMID": 499682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4448", "title": "Variation in 125I-insulin absorption and blood glucose concentration.", "content": "The absorption of monocomponent porcine 125I-insulin Monotard and Isophane was studied in six insulin dependent diabetic patients over a period of 12 days. The absorption of insulin was measured as the disappearance of radioactivity from sites of injection. The daily 125I-insulin doses ranged from 20 to 48 IU between patients. The insulin absorbed varied considerably within and between patients. The range of individual daily absorbed insulin varied from 19 to 104 per cent of the 125I-insulin dose. A significant correlation (p less than 0.05) was found between insulin absorption and blood glucose concentration. Insulin absorption rates were relatively high before all hypoglycaemic episodes and reactive hyperglycaemia was only observed when relatively low insulin absorption rates followed the hypoglycaemic attack. The results show that lability in some insulin dependent diabetics is explained by variation in insulin absorption.", "contents": "Variation in 125I-insulin absorption and blood glucose concentration. The absorption of monocomponent porcine 125I-insulin Monotard and Isophane was studied in six insulin dependent diabetic patients over a period of 12 days. The absorption of insulin was measured as the disappearance of radioactivity from sites of injection. The daily 125I-insulin doses ranged from 20 to 48 IU between patients. The insulin absorbed varied considerably within and between patients. The range of individual daily absorbed insulin varied from 19 to 104 per cent of the 125I-insulin dose. A significant correlation (p less than 0.05) was found between insulin absorption and blood glucose concentration. Insulin absorption rates were relatively high before all hypoglycaemic episodes and reactive hyperglycaemia was only observed when relatively low insulin absorption rates followed the hypoglycaemic attack. The results show that lability in some insulin dependent diabetics is explained by variation in insulin absorption.", "PMID": 499686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4449", "title": "Solubilization of insulin binding and degrading activity from guinea pig kidneys.", "content": "Insulin binding and degrading activities were solubilized by a nonionic detergent. Triton X-100, from guinea pig kidney particulate fractions (100,000 x g pellet). The solubilized insulin binding activity appeared as a single peak on Sepharose 6B gel filtration with a Stokes radius of 73 A. The pI of the solubilized insulin binding activity determined by flat-bed isoelectric focusing was 5.6. On the other hand, the Stokes radius of the solubilized moelcule with insulin degrading activity was 54 A by the same column with a pI of 5.2. More than 98% of the insulin binding activity could be adsorbed to a column of concanavalin A-agarose, while about 94% of the insulin degrading activity could not be adsorbed to this column. These results strongly suggest that the macromolecule for the insulin binding activity is not identical to that for the insulin degrading activity.", "contents": "Solubilization of insulin binding and degrading activity from guinea pig kidneys. Insulin binding and degrading activities were solubilized by a nonionic detergent. Triton X-100, from guinea pig kidney particulate fractions (100,000 x g pellet). The solubilized insulin binding activity appeared as a single peak on Sepharose 6B gel filtration with a Stokes radius of 73 A. The pI of the solubilized insulin binding activity determined by flat-bed isoelectric focusing was 5.6. On the other hand, the Stokes radius of the solubilized moelcule with insulin degrading activity was 54 A by the same column with a pI of 5.2. More than 98% of the insulin binding activity could be adsorbed to a column of concanavalin A-agarose, while about 94% of the insulin degrading activity could not be adsorbed to this column. These results strongly suggest that the macromolecule for the insulin binding activity is not identical to that for the insulin degrading activity.", "PMID": 499687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4450", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of actins from bovine aorta, bovine heart, bovine fast skeletal muscle, and rabbit slow skeletal muscle. A protein-chemical analysis of muscle actin differentiation.", "content": "Complete amino acid sequences for four mammalian muscle actins are reported: bovine skeletal muscle actin, bovine cardiac actin, the major component of bovine aorta actin, and rabbit slow skeletal muscle actin. The number of different actins in a higher mammal for which full amino acid sequences are now available is therefore increased from two to five. Screening of different smooth muscle tissues revealed in addition to the aorta type actin a second smooth muscle actin, which appears very similar if not identical to chicken gizzard actin. Since the sequence of chicken gizzard actin is known, six different actins are presently characterized in a higher mammal. The two smooth muscle actins--bovine aorta actin and chicken gizzard actin--differ by only three amino acid substitutions, all located in the amino-terminal end. In the rest of their sequences both smooth muscle actins share the same four amino acid substitutions, which distinguish them from skeletal muscle actin. Cardiac muscle actin differs from skeletal muscle actin by only four amino acid exchanges. No amino acid substitutions were found when actins from rabbit fast and slow skeletal muscle were compared. In addition we summarize the amino acid substitution patterns of the six different mammalian actins and discuss their tissue specificity. The results show a very close relationship between the four muscle actins in comparison to the nonmuscle actins. The amino substitution patterns indicate that skeletal muscle actin is the highest differentiated actin form, whereas smooth muscle actins show a noticeably cloer relation to nonmuscle actins. By these criteria cardiac muscle actin lies between skeletal muscle actin and smooth muscle actins.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of actins from bovine aorta, bovine heart, bovine fast skeletal muscle, and rabbit slow skeletal muscle. A protein-chemical analysis of muscle actin differentiation. Complete amino acid sequences for four mammalian muscle actins are reported: bovine skeletal muscle actin, bovine cardiac actin, the major component of bovine aorta actin, and rabbit slow skeletal muscle actin. The number of different actins in a higher mammal for which full amino acid sequences are now available is therefore increased from two to five. Screening of different smooth muscle tissues revealed in addition to the aorta type actin a second smooth muscle actin, which appears very similar if not identical to chicken gizzard actin. Since the sequence of chicken gizzard actin is known, six different actins are presently characterized in a higher mammal. The two smooth muscle actins--bovine aorta actin and chicken gizzard actin--differ by only three amino acid substitutions, all located in the amino-terminal end. In the rest of their sequences both smooth muscle actins share the same four amino acid substitutions, which distinguish them from skeletal muscle actin. Cardiac muscle actin differs from skeletal muscle actin by only four amino acid exchanges. No amino acid substitutions were found when actins from rabbit fast and slow skeletal muscle were compared. In addition we summarize the amino acid substitution patterns of the six different mammalian actins and discuss their tissue specificity. The results show a very close relationship between the four muscle actins in comparison to the nonmuscle actins. The amino substitution patterns indicate that skeletal muscle actin is the highest differentiated actin form, whereas smooth muscle actins show a noticeably cloer relation to nonmuscle actins. By these criteria cardiac muscle actin lies between skeletal muscle actin and smooth muscle actins.", "PMID": 499690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4451", "title": "The effect of vitamin A on cellular differentiation and mucous glycoprotein synthesis in long-term rat tracheal organ cultures.", "content": "Rat tracheal explants maintained as organ cultures exhibited a normal mucocillary epithelium for at least 46 days in the presence of retinyl acetate. In the absence of vitamin A the explant epithelium became quiescent or underwent a metaplastic change to a keratinizing squamous epithelium. This process was accelerated if explants were derived from vitamin A-deficient animals. Autoradiographic examination showed that [3H]glucosamine label accumulated in various cell types in the explant, but especially in the epithelium. It was found that the explants secreted mucous glycoproteins into the medium and that the production and biochemical characteristics of a specific mucin fraction were dependent upon the vitamin A status of the explant.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin A on cellular differentiation and mucous glycoprotein synthesis in long-term rat tracheal organ cultures. Rat tracheal explants maintained as organ cultures exhibited a normal mucocillary epithelium for at least 46 days in the presence of retinyl acetate. In the absence of vitamin A the explant epithelium became quiescent or underwent a metaplastic change to a keratinizing squamous epithelium. This process was accelerated if explants were derived from vitamin A-deficient animals. Autoradiographic examination showed that [3H]glucosamine label accumulated in various cell types in the explant, but especially in the epithelium. It was found that the explants secreted mucous glycoproteins into the medium and that the production and biochemical characteristics of a specific mucin fraction were dependent upon the vitamin A status of the explant.", "PMID": 499692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4452", "title": "Cross-reactivity to mammalian anti-H-Y antiserum in teleostean fish.", "content": "Anti-H-Y antiserum, raised in highly inbred rats, is absorbed by gonadal cells of various species of fish. This cross-reactivity proved to be restricted to the male sex in the cyprinodont species Lebistes and Xiphophorus, known to have the XX/XY mechanism of sex determination. In members of the more primitive fish orders Isospondyli and Ostariophysi, cross-reactivity was shown to occur as well, but the amount of antiserum absorbed was very similar in both sexes. An antigen cross-reacting with mammalian anti-H-Y antiserum is assumed to exist in fish similar to that found in higher vertebrates. If this is true, this antigen may have been shared originally by both sexes. However, during evolution, its expression has become restricted to the heterogametic sex.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity to mammalian anti-H-Y antiserum in teleostean fish. Anti-H-Y antiserum, raised in highly inbred rats, is absorbed by gonadal cells of various species of fish. This cross-reactivity proved to be restricted to the male sex in the cyprinodont species Lebistes and Xiphophorus, known to have the XX/XY mechanism of sex determination. In members of the more primitive fish orders Isospondyli and Ostariophysi, cross-reactivity was shown to occur as well, but the amount of antiserum absorbed was very similar in both sexes. An antigen cross-reacting with mammalian anti-H-Y antiserum is assumed to exist in fish similar to that found in higher vertebrates. If this is true, this antigen may have been shared originally by both sexes. However, during evolution, its expression has become restricted to the heterogametic sex.", "PMID": 499693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4453", "title": "Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in moderately advanced, stable cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "We have selected for this study a well-defined group of patients with moderately advanced but compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. They were well-nourished and had no ascites, varices, azotemia, or encephalopathy. Liver biopsy showed little or no necrosis and inflammation despite wide-spread fibrosis. Serum bilirubin, transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and globulins were essentially normal. Biochemical evidence for liver disease was restricted to modest elevation of BSP retention, gamma GTP, serum bile acid concentrations, and urinary bile acid excretion. Except for changes in the interrelationships among the three biliary lipids, they were generally spared the abnormalities of sterol metabolism described in other patients with more advanced, more active liver disease. Thus, striking abnormalities in the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids probably require severe reductions in functioning hepatocellular mass, major portal-systemic shunting, high disease activity, or all three to become manifest.", "contents": "Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in moderately advanced, stable cirrhosis of the liver. We have selected for this study a well-defined group of patients with moderately advanced but compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. They were well-nourished and had no ascites, varices, azotemia, or encephalopathy. Liver biopsy showed little or no necrosis and inflammation despite wide-spread fibrosis. Serum bilirubin, transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and globulins were essentially normal. Biochemical evidence for liver disease was restricted to modest elevation of BSP retention, gamma GTP, serum bile acid concentrations, and urinary bile acid excretion. Except for changes in the interrelationships among the three biliary lipids, they were generally spared the abnormalities of sterol metabolism described in other patients with more advanced, more active liver disease. Thus, striking abnormalities in the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids probably require severe reductions in functioning hepatocellular mass, major portal-systemic shunting, high disease activity, or all three to become manifest.", "PMID": 499706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4454", "title": "Idiopathic familial cirrhosis and steatosis in adults.", "content": "A family was studied in which three middle-aged siblings had unexplained cirrhosis and steatosis. Five of nine additional family members had abnormalities of liver function. Liver biopsy in those 5 revealed steatosis in 3, steatosis and fibrosis in 1, and increase in lipofuchsin pigment in another. Detailed investigation revealed no known metabolic defect, adverse environmental exposure, or alcohol abuse. We postulate that this family represents a unique type of idiopathic familial cirrhosis. The role of steatosis in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis in this family remains unsettled. The HLA haplotype A24, B18, DRW 4 X 7 was found in several family members, but the association of the disease with the HLA system remains to be established.", "contents": "Idiopathic familial cirrhosis and steatosis in adults. A family was studied in which three middle-aged siblings had unexplained cirrhosis and steatosis. Five of nine additional family members had abnormalities of liver function. Liver biopsy in those 5 revealed steatosis in 3, steatosis and fibrosis in 1, and increase in lipofuchsin pigment in another. Detailed investigation revealed no known metabolic defect, adverse environmental exposure, or alcohol abuse. We postulate that this family represents a unique type of idiopathic familial cirrhosis. The role of steatosis in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis in this family remains unsettled. The HLA haplotype A24, B18, DRW 4 X 7 was found in several family members, but the association of the disease with the HLA system remains to be established.", "PMID": 499708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4455", "title": "A single scan technique for estimating acid output.", "content": "A single scan technique using 99mTc has been developed for the measurement of gastric acid output. After an overnight fast, pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg S.C.) was given 15 min before 99mTc (1 mCi i.v.), and a scan of the abdomen was performed 15 min later using a double-headed scanner. Accumulation of isotope within the stomach was then calculated from the scan and expressed as a percentage of the injected dose. Pentagastrin-stimulated intragastric activity correlated with acid output measured conventionally on a separate occasion (r = 0.87, P less than 0.0001). The test is rapidly performed with minimal inconvenience and discomfort to the patient, and the dose of irradiation used is small. The advantages of the method compared with intubation and gastric aspiration are discussed.", "contents": "A single scan technique for estimating acid output. A single scan technique using 99mTc has been developed for the measurement of gastric acid output. After an overnight fast, pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg S.C.) was given 15 min before 99mTc (1 mCi i.v.), and a scan of the abdomen was performed 15 min later using a double-headed scanner. Accumulation of isotope within the stomach was then calculated from the scan and expressed as a percentage of the injected dose. Pentagastrin-stimulated intragastric activity correlated with acid output measured conventionally on a separate occasion (r = 0.87, P less than 0.0001). The test is rapidly performed with minimal inconvenience and discomfort to the patient, and the dose of irradiation used is small. The advantages of the method compared with intubation and gastric aspiration are discussed.", "PMID": 499711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4456", "title": "Ileal adenomas after colectomy in nine patients with adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Adenomas of the ileal mucosa are an uncommon finding in adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome. We report 9 patients who were found to have ileal adenomas 1 yr 11 mo to 25 yr 11 mo after colectomy. The ileal adenomas occurred proximal to an ileorectal anastomosis in 7 patients, both proximal to a cecoproctostomy and later proximal to an ileostomy in 1 patient, and in an ileostomy in 1 patient. The cases confirm that ileal mucosa is susceptible to adenoma formation in adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome and thus provide additional evidence that adenomas are not confined to the colon in these patients. In addition, the findings in the cases suggest that the ileal adenomas developed after colectomy. Thus, our cases suggest that the small intestine should be studied for the presence of adenomas after colectomy with either ileoproctostomy or ileostomy, as well as before resection. On the other hand, aggressive management does not seem warranted as carcinoma of the jejunum and ileum has been reported only rarely.", "contents": "Ileal adenomas after colectomy in nine patients with adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome. Adenomas of the ileal mucosa are an uncommon finding in adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome. We report 9 patients who were found to have ileal adenomas 1 yr 11 mo to 25 yr 11 mo after colectomy. The ileal adenomas occurred proximal to an ileorectal anastomosis in 7 patients, both proximal to a cecoproctostomy and later proximal to an ileostomy in 1 patient, and in an ileostomy in 1 patient. The cases confirm that ileal mucosa is susceptible to adenoma formation in adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner's syndrome and thus provide additional evidence that adenomas are not confined to the colon in these patients. In addition, the findings in the cases suggest that the ileal adenomas developed after colectomy. Thus, our cases suggest that the small intestine should be studied for the presence of adenomas after colectomy with either ileoproctostomy or ileostomy, as well as before resection. On the other hand, aggressive management does not seem warranted as carcinoma of the jejunum and ileum has been reported only rarely.", "PMID": 499712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4457", "title": "Traumatic constipation.", "content": "In 4 patients, trauma to the lumbosacral area produced abnormalities similar to those seen after resection of the nervi erigentes. Mechanisms of the resulting constipation and fecal incontinence for liquid stools included a prolonged transit time through the entire colon, a low rectal pressure, spasticity of the anal canal, and abnormal anal reflexes. Previous trauma to the lower spine must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic constipation.", "contents": "Traumatic constipation. In 4 patients, trauma to the lumbosacral area produced abnormalities similar to those seen after resection of the nervi erigentes. Mechanisms of the resulting constipation and fecal incontinence for liquid stools included a prolonged transit time through the entire colon, a low rectal pressure, spasticity of the anal canal, and abnormal anal reflexes. Previous trauma to the lower spine must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic constipation.", "PMID": 499713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4458", "title": "Alterations in serum and antral gastrin levels in genetically diabetic mice.", "content": "Many gastrointestinal structural and functional properties are known to be altered in diabetes. In this study, we investigated whether serum and tissue gastrin levels are abnormally altered in a strain of genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KSJ). Both serum and antral gastrin concentration were found to be significantly increased 3.4- and 2-fold above normal values in diabetic mice fed ad libitum. The increase in tissue gastrin concentration is most probably due to an increase in both cellular gastrin content and G-cell number, since the latter property is increased 130% in diabetic animals. Pair feeding studies demonstrated that diabetes associated hyperphagia is not a major factor in inducing these endocrine changes, since antral and serum gastrin are still significantly elevated above normal in diabetic animals fed a restricted diet. G-cell number, however, is not significantly increased above normal values in pair fed diabetic mice. The peak serum gastrin concentration after a meal and the duration of postprandial hypergastrinemia are also significantly increased above normal in diabetic animals. Gel filtration chromatography studies indicate that the antral nucosae of normal and diabetic mice have identical molecular forms of the hormone. It is therefore concluded that antral and serum gastrin concentration are increased in genetically diabetic mice due to both dietary alterations and other, as yet undefined, factors specific for the disease, and that the resultant hypergastrinemia may contribute to some of the gastrointestinal alterations seen in diabetes.", "contents": "Alterations in serum and antral gastrin levels in genetically diabetic mice. Many gastrointestinal structural and functional properties are known to be altered in diabetes. In this study, we investigated whether serum and tissue gastrin levels are abnormally altered in a strain of genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KSJ). Both serum and antral gastrin concentration were found to be significantly increased 3.4- and 2-fold above normal values in diabetic mice fed ad libitum. The increase in tissue gastrin concentration is most probably due to an increase in both cellular gastrin content and G-cell number, since the latter property is increased 130% in diabetic animals. Pair feeding studies demonstrated that diabetes associated hyperphagia is not a major factor in inducing these endocrine changes, since antral and serum gastrin are still significantly elevated above normal in diabetic animals fed a restricted diet. G-cell number, however, is not significantly increased above normal values in pair fed diabetic mice. The peak serum gastrin concentration after a meal and the duration of postprandial hypergastrinemia are also significantly increased above normal in diabetic animals. Gel filtration chromatography studies indicate that the antral nucosae of normal and diabetic mice have identical molecular forms of the hormone. It is therefore concluded that antral and serum gastrin concentration are increased in genetically diabetic mice due to both dietary alterations and other, as yet undefined, factors specific for the disease, and that the resultant hypergastrinemia may contribute to some of the gastrointestinal alterations seen in diabetes.", "PMID": 499715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4459", "title": "Fatal colonic explosion during colonoscopic polypectomy.", "content": "A patient is described who sustained the first reported colonic explosion during colonoscopic polypectomy. Mannitol solution was used for bowel preparation, and the colon was completely clean. During snare removal of a cecal polyp using high-frequency current a loud explosion occurred. In spite of emergency surgery with transfusion of 45 units of blood, uncontrollable hemorrhage persisted from multiple bleeding points, and the patient died. This occurrence seems to us to justify the routine use of carbon dioxide insufflation during polypectomy and the avoidance of mannitol for bowel preparation.", "contents": "Fatal colonic explosion during colonoscopic polypectomy. A patient is described who sustained the first reported colonic explosion during colonoscopic polypectomy. Mannitol solution was used for bowel preparation, and the colon was completely clean. During snare removal of a cecal polyp using high-frequency current a loud explosion occurred. In spite of emergency surgery with transfusion of 45 units of blood, uncontrollable hemorrhage persisted from multiple bleeding points, and the patient died. This occurrence seems to us to justify the routine use of carbon dioxide insufflation during polypectomy and the avoidance of mannitol for bowel preparation.", "PMID": 499716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4460", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with metastasizing carcinoma arising from a jejunal hamartoma.", "content": "The association of Peutz-Jeghers (P-J) syndrome and gastrointestinal carcinoma is well documented, but an unequivocal histologic demonstration that malignancy may originate in a hamartomatous polyp has been very rarely given. A patient with the P-J syndome is described, in whom a definite intestinal adenocarcinoma with metastases to omentum and celiac lymph nodes was shown to originate in a jejunal hamartoma. Evidence that malignancy was derived from hamartomatous structures was given by the following observations: (a) Adenocarcinoma was intimately intricated with smooth muscle bands, and well-defined transitional zone of malignant cells could be observed in several glands of the degenerated P-J polyp; and (b) close to malignant areas, glands of this polyp exhibited a less-differentiated epithelium, but were still intermixed with nonstriated muscle bundles, which strongly suggest dedifferentiation of hamartomatous structures.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with metastasizing carcinoma arising from a jejunal hamartoma. The association of Peutz-Jeghers (P-J) syndrome and gastrointestinal carcinoma is well documented, but an unequivocal histologic demonstration that malignancy may originate in a hamartomatous polyp has been very rarely given. A patient with the P-J syndome is described, in whom a definite intestinal adenocarcinoma with metastases to omentum and celiac lymph nodes was shown to originate in a jejunal hamartoma. Evidence that malignancy was derived from hamartomatous structures was given by the following observations: (a) Adenocarcinoma was intimately intricated with smooth muscle bands, and well-defined transitional zone of malignant cells could be observed in several glands of the degenerated P-J polyp; and (b) close to malignant areas, glands of this polyp exhibited a less-differentiated epithelium, but were still intermixed with nonstriated muscle bundles, which strongly suggest dedifferentiation of hamartomatous structures.", "PMID": 499717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4461", "title": "Progressive enlargement of an hepatic cell adenoma.", "content": "Over a 5-mo period, an hepatic cell adenoma was noted to increase considerably in size, despite discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Progressive tumor enlargement was documented by hepatic angiography, computed tomographic scan (CT scan) of the liver and 99mTc liver scan. The repeat hepatic angiogram also revealed that the tumor had become more vascular. Multiple adenomas were in fact seen by all three techniques mentioned above. At surgery, seven hepatic cell adenomas were demonstrated, of which four were resected.", "contents": "Progressive enlargement of an hepatic cell adenoma. Over a 5-mo period, an hepatic cell adenoma was noted to increase considerably in size, despite discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Progressive tumor enlargement was documented by hepatic angiography, computed tomographic scan (CT scan) of the liver and 99mTc liver scan. The repeat hepatic angiogram also revealed that the tumor had become more vascular. Multiple adenomas were in fact seen by all three techniques mentioned above. At surgery, seven hepatic cell adenomas were demonstrated, of which four were resected.", "PMID": 499719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4462", "title": "Reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence in sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta).", "content": "Two reproductively isolated demes of brown trout coexist in a small Swedish mountain lake, Lake Bunnersj\u00f6rna. We electrophoretically examined 102 specimens from that lake for 27 enzymes encoded by 54 loci. The two demes are fixed for different alleles at a lactate dehydrogenase locus (LDH-1); statistically significant allele frequency differences at five other loci further support the complete lack of gene flow between these demes. There are significant differences in growth rates between fish in the two demes, but no further morphological differentiation h-s been detected.--In light of these findings, the genetic distance between these populations is surprisingly small (Nei's I = 0.975). These demes represent one of the least genetically divergent, reproductively isolated sympatric pair of vertebrate populations that have been identified. The results are discussed from both an evolutionary and ecological perspective.", "contents": "Reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence in sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Two reproductively isolated demes of brown trout coexist in a small Swedish mountain lake, Lake Bunnersj\u00f6rna. We electrophoretically examined 102 specimens from that lake for 27 enzymes encoded by 54 loci. The two demes are fixed for different alleles at a lactate dehydrogenase locus (LDH-1); statistically significant allele frequency differences at five other loci further support the complete lack of gene flow between these demes. There are significant differences in growth rates between fish in the two demes, but no further morphological differentiation h-s been detected.--In light of these findings, the genetic distance between these populations is surprisingly small (Nei's I = 0.975). These demes represent one of the least genetically divergent, reproductively isolated sympatric pair of vertebrate populations that have been identified. The results are discussed from both an evolutionary and ecological perspective.", "PMID": 499765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4463", "title": "Genetic variability and divergence in grayling, Thymallus arcticus.", "content": "In North America there are two disjunct forms of grayling, Montana and arctic, which have been separated for approximately 75,000 to 100,000 years. Electrophoretic analysis of thirty-six protein loci in these forms has revealed: (1) levels of gene duplication comparable to other salmonids, (2) a level of heterozygosity similar to other salmonids, (3) a fast and a slow evolving set of proteins, and (4) no obvious relationship between genetic variability and enzyme function. The genetic divergence between these populations may warrant subspecific designations for these two forms.", "contents": "Genetic variability and divergence in grayling, Thymallus arcticus. In North America there are two disjunct forms of grayling, Montana and arctic, which have been separated for approximately 75,000 to 100,000 years. Electrophoretic analysis of thirty-six protein loci in these forms has revealed: (1) levels of gene duplication comparable to other salmonids, (2) a level of heterozygosity similar to other salmonids, (3) a fast and a slow evolving set of proteins, and (4) no obvious relationship between genetic variability and enzyme function. The genetic divergence between these populations may warrant subspecific designations for these two forms.", "PMID": 499766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4464", "title": "The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence relatedness in natural populations. I. Population structure and evolution in the genus Peromyscus.", "content": "In this study we introduce to natural population analysis a molecular technique that involves the use of restriction endonucleases to compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. We have examined the fragment patterns produced by six restriction endonucleases acting upon mtDNA isolated from 23 samples of three species of the rodent Peromyscus. Our observations confirm the following conclusions derived from previous experiments with laboratory animals: (1) mtDNA within an individual homogeneous; (2) at least the majority of mtDNA present in an individual is inherited from the female parent. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that there is detectable heterogeneity in mtDNA sequences within and among natural geographic populations of a species and that this heterogeneity can readily be used to estimate relatedness between individuals and populations. Individuals collected within a single locale show less than 0.5% sequence divergence, while those collected from conspecific populations separated by 50 ti 500 miles differ by approximately 1.5%. The mtDNAs of the closely related sibling species P. polionotus and P. maniculatus differ from each other by 13 to 17%; nonsibling species differ by more than 20%. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to analysis of digestion patterns are suggested. The results indicate that restriction analysis of mtNDA may become the most sensitive and powerful technique yet available for reconstructing evolutionary relationships among conspecific organisms.", "contents": "The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence relatedness in natural populations. I. Population structure and evolution in the genus Peromyscus. In this study we introduce to natural population analysis a molecular technique that involves the use of restriction endonucleases to compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. We have examined the fragment patterns produced by six restriction endonucleases acting upon mtDNA isolated from 23 samples of three species of the rodent Peromyscus. Our observations confirm the following conclusions derived from previous experiments with laboratory animals: (1) mtDNA within an individual homogeneous; (2) at least the majority of mtDNA present in an individual is inherited from the female parent. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that there is detectable heterogeneity in mtDNA sequences within and among natural geographic populations of a species and that this heterogeneity can readily be used to estimate relatedness between individuals and populations. Individuals collected within a single locale show less than 0.5% sequence divergence, while those collected from conspecific populations separated by 50 ti 500 miles differ by approximately 1.5%. The mtDNAs of the closely related sibling species P. polionotus and P. maniculatus differ from each other by 13 to 17%; nonsibling species differ by more than 20%. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to analysis of digestion patterns are suggested. The results indicate that restriction analysis of mtNDA may become the most sensitive and powerful technique yet available for reconstructing evolutionary relationships among conspecific organisms.", "PMID": 499767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4465", "title": "The Munchausen spectrum: borderline character features.", "content": "In this paper the author presents a continuum of disease simulation that ranges from hysteria to malingering, with a range of relative unawareness to awareness of producing such deception. Focus is on the particular group of patients who consciously and repeatedly simulate disease. The frequency and form of such disease mimicry vary within such a group. A continuum in terms of frequency ranges from occasional adventures to the simulation of disease as the center of a person's life. Two groups of patients designated as exhibiting Munchausen Syndrome are defined within this continuum: (a) those who work (mostly as nurses or in other medical professions) and (b) those called \"hospital hobos\" --the more prototypical Munchausen patient. The author takes a somewhat different approach to Munchausen Syndrome in that it is viewed as a subgroup of the borderline character. Further, the often found exhortation for psychiatric treatment of Munchausen patients is reexamined, and caution regarding such zeal and its potential negative effects is registered.", "contents": "The Munchausen spectrum: borderline character features. In this paper the author presents a continuum of disease simulation that ranges from hysteria to malingering, with a range of relative unawareness to awareness of producing such deception. Focus is on the particular group of patients who consciously and repeatedly simulate disease. The frequency and form of such disease mimicry vary within such a group. A continuum in terms of frequency ranges from occasional adventures to the simulation of disease as the center of a person's life. Two groups of patients designated as exhibiting Munchausen Syndrome are defined within this continuum: (a) those who work (mostly as nurses or in other medical professions) and (b) those called \"hospital hobos\" --the more prototypical Munchausen patient. The author takes a somewhat different approach to Munchausen Syndrome in that it is viewed as a subgroup of the borderline character. Further, the often found exhortation for psychiatric treatment of Munchausen patients is reexamined, and caution regarding such zeal and its potential negative effects is registered.", "PMID": 499769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4466", "title": "Psychological intervention in coronary heart disease: a review.", "content": "Psychological intervention studies designed to reduce cardiac morbidity are reviewed. Preliminary findings suggest that various psychotherapeutic modalities may be effective. Such studies also provide an avenue through which the physical and psychological mechanisms involved in coronary heart disease and their interactions may be clarified. Implications for clinical interventions are also discussed.", "contents": "Psychological intervention in coronary heart disease: a review. Psychological intervention studies designed to reduce cardiac morbidity are reviewed. Preliminary findings suggest that various psychotherapeutic modalities may be effective. Such studies also provide an avenue through which the physical and psychological mechanisms involved in coronary heart disease and their interactions may be clarified. Implications for clinical interventions are also discussed.", "PMID": 499770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4467", "title": "The consultee-attended interview: an approach to liaison psychiatry.", "content": "The consultee-attended (C-A) interview, a format in which the liaison psychiatrist interviews the patient in the consultees' presence, is described. The background, strategy, concepts and methods, obstacles and resistances, and countertransference difficulties of C-A interview are discussed. The C-A interview is an experiential teaching instrument with which to facilitate consultees' \"participant-observation,\" a clinical posture that complements other approaches to the care of sick people.", "contents": "The consultee-attended interview: an approach to liaison psychiatry. The consultee-attended (C-A) interview, a format in which the liaison psychiatrist interviews the patient in the consultees' presence, is described. The background, strategy, concepts and methods, obstacles and resistances, and countertransference difficulties of C-A interview are discussed. The C-A interview is an experiential teaching instrument with which to facilitate consultees' \"participant-observation,\" a clinical posture that complements other approaches to the care of sick people.", "PMID": 499771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4468", "title": "Consultation-liaison psychiatry: past failures and new opportunities.", "content": "Although the concept of liaison psychiatry is not new, progress in its development has been slow. Obstacles to its development are examined and new prospects discussed in light of combined economic, political, and social forces which provide the opportunity for an expanded scope of clinical, teaching, and research activities.", "contents": "Consultation-liaison psychiatry: past failures and new opportunities. Although the concept of liaison psychiatry is not new, progress in its development has been slow. Obstacles to its development are examined and new prospects discussed in light of combined economic, political, and social forces which provide the opportunity for an expanded scope of clinical, teaching, and research activities.", "PMID": 499772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4469", "title": "Into the breach: emergency psychiatry in the general hospital.", "content": "In its position at the interface between the community and the general hospital, the emergency ward (EW) serves to reconcile the complex needs of the local population with the traditional organizational structure of the hospital. In recent years, the EW has been faced with the dilemma of managing increasing numbers of psychotic patients with chronic illness and psychosocial problems. In response to this impressive growth in the utilization of psychiatric emergency services, a variety of general hospitals have developed model programs of service delivery and methods for the evaluation of their effectiveness. This paper is an overview of utilization patterns, organization of services, and assessment of the evaluation and referral model. This issues facing general hospitals in the development of emergency care are clarified. The need for further research, program development, and clinical implementation is discussed.", "contents": "Into the breach: emergency psychiatry in the general hospital. In its position at the interface between the community and the general hospital, the emergency ward (EW) serves to reconcile the complex needs of the local population with the traditional organizational structure of the hospital. In recent years, the EW has been faced with the dilemma of managing increasing numbers of psychotic patients with chronic illness and psychosocial problems. In response to this impressive growth in the utilization of psychiatric emergency services, a variety of general hospitals have developed model programs of service delivery and methods for the evaluation of their effectiveness. This paper is an overview of utilization patterns, organization of services, and assessment of the evaluation and referral model. This issues facing general hospitals in the development of emergency care are clarified. The need for further research, program development, and clinical implementation is discussed.", "PMID": 499773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4470", "title": "Implementing a consultation-liaison service in a psychiatrically underserved area.", "content": "Most multidisciplinary consultation-liaison services are developed in settings where there are both psychiatric residents and an adequate psychiatric liaison faculty. In this paper, the authors report some of the obstacles and attempts at overcoming them in the implementation of such services in an underserved area in which there is a scarcity of both residents in training and psychiatric liaison faculty. The process of collaboration between a primary-care-oriented medical school and a community general hospital is described, and roles of program participants are defined. Special attention is paid to funding problems.", "contents": "Implementing a consultation-liaison service in a psychiatrically underserved area. Most multidisciplinary consultation-liaison services are developed in settings where there are both psychiatric residents and an adequate psychiatric liaison faculty. In this paper, the authors report some of the obstacles and attempts at overcoming them in the implementation of such services in an underserved area in which there is a scarcity of both residents in training and psychiatric liaison faculty. The process of collaboration between a primary-care-oriented medical school and a community general hospital is described, and roles of program participants are defined. Special attention is paid to funding problems.", "PMID": 499774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4471", "title": "The psychiatric liaison nurse in the general hospital: three models of practice.", "content": "The creation and implementation of the role of the psychiatric liaison nurse in three general hospitals are described. The historical evolution and theoretical bases of the role are reviewed, as well as the specific reasons for creation of such a role in each of the three hospitals. Three typical patient consultations by liaison nurses illustrate the need for provision of such services within the general hospital. Similarities in the implementation of the role of liaison nurse in the three hospitals are discussed.", "contents": "The psychiatric liaison nurse in the general hospital: three models of practice. The creation and implementation of the role of the psychiatric liaison nurse in three general hospitals are described. The historical evolution and theoretical bases of the role are reviewed, as well as the specific reasons for creation of such a role in each of the three hospitals. Three typical patient consultations by liaison nurses illustrate the need for provision of such services within the general hospital. Similarities in the implementation of the role of liaison nurse in the three hospitals are discussed.", "PMID": 499776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4472", "title": "Psychological reaction to chronic skin disorders: a study of patients with vitiligo.", "content": "Diseases that cause physical handicaps can seriously interfere with the life of a patient. Some disorders such as vitiligo cosmetically disfigure patients without producing any physical disabilities. The effects of such diseases as vitiligo on the life of a patient have not been widely investigated. The investigation reported here utilized a questionnaire survey to focus on emotional disturbances caused by vitiligo and on the factors that differentiated patients who cope well from those who cope poorly with this stress. The results indicate that the cosmetic disfigurement of a seemingly inconsequential skin disease also can seriously disrupt the lives of a large number of patients. Those who cope well with their disfigurement have higher self-esteem than a matched control group without the disorder. Those who cope poorly have significantly lower self-esteem, which suggests that response to disfiguring diseases is affected by basic ego strength. Younger patients and those individuals in the lower socioeconomic groups show especially poor adjustment. A number of suggestions for better patient care are offered.", "contents": "Psychological reaction to chronic skin disorders: a study of patients with vitiligo. Diseases that cause physical handicaps can seriously interfere with the life of a patient. Some disorders such as vitiligo cosmetically disfigure patients without producing any physical disabilities. The effects of such diseases as vitiligo on the life of a patient have not been widely investigated. The investigation reported here utilized a questionnaire survey to focus on emotional disturbances caused by vitiligo and on the factors that differentiated patients who cope well from those who cope poorly with this stress. The results indicate that the cosmetic disfigurement of a seemingly inconsequential skin disease also can seriously disrupt the lives of a large number of patients. Those who cope well with their disfigurement have higher self-esteem than a matched control group without the disorder. Those who cope poorly have significantly lower self-esteem, which suggests that response to disfiguring diseases is affected by basic ego strength. Younger patients and those individuals in the lower socioeconomic groups show especially poor adjustment. A number of suggestions for better patient care are offered.", "PMID": 499777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4473", "title": "Phobic symptoms in an elderly woman: a multidisciplinary case conference.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman, previously self-sufficient, became housebound by phobic symptoms. During the patient's hospitalization for treatment of these disabling symptoms, a multidisciplinary case conference served to identify the underlying psychodynamic issues, which were related to separation anxiety. Treatment included helping the patient understand her relationships with her daughter and her own mother, and behavior modification to reduce the secondary gains of her symptoms. After treatment, the patient successfully returned to self-care.", "contents": "Phobic symptoms in an elderly woman: a multidisciplinary case conference. A 67-year-old woman, previously self-sufficient, became housebound by phobic symptoms. During the patient's hospitalization for treatment of these disabling symptoms, a multidisciplinary case conference served to identify the underlying psychodynamic issues, which were related to separation anxiety. Treatment included helping the patient understand her relationships with her daughter and her own mother, and behavior modification to reduce the secondary gains of her symptoms. After treatment, the patient successfully returned to self-care.", "PMID": 499778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4474", "title": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: I. An overview.", "content": "In this paper two useful models are introduced for evaluation of teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: decision-oriented and conclusion-oriented research. These models, based on previous studies of educational evaluation, are defined here in terms of their purpose for liaison psychiatry. To clarify the models' usefulness, the methodologic requirements for each model are presented while the unique characteristics of the liaison environment are described in terms of their effect on conclusion-oriented evaluation.", "contents": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: I. An overview. In this paper two useful models are introduced for evaluation of teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: decision-oriented and conclusion-oriented research. These models, based on previous studies of educational evaluation, are defined here in terms of their purpose for liaison psychiatry. To clarify the models' usefulness, the methodologic requirements for each model are presented while the unique characteristics of the liaison environment are described in terms of their effect on conclusion-oriented evaluation.", "PMID": 499779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4475", "title": "Cancer and suicide.", "content": "Issues of suicidal ideation, life-threatening behavior, and vulnerability in cancer patients are addressed. A review of pertinent literature is presented, including the areas of: suicide as a taboo topic; incidence of suicide in cancer patients; identifying patients' suicide potential; and suicide as coping behavior. Case examples are offered that illustrate psychiatric intervention with and psychodynamics of cancer patients demonstrating suicidal tendencies.", "contents": "Cancer and suicide. Issues of suicidal ideation, life-threatening behavior, and vulnerability in cancer patients are addressed. A review of pertinent literature is presented, including the areas of: suicide as a taboo topic; incidence of suicide in cancer patients; identifying patients' suicide potential; and suicide as coping behavior. Case examples are offered that illustrate psychiatric intervention with and psychodynamics of cancer patients demonstrating suicidal tendencies.", "PMID": 499780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4476", "title": "Body image and perfectionism of ballerinas: comparison and contrast with anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The authors studied a group of young ballerinas through responses to a questionnaire and intensive interviews. The young women described a life characterized by complete dedication in which academics, social life, and pleasures were sacrificed and a program of intensive exercise and practice became their main activity. They tended to feel overweight in spite of being thin and continued to diet or to employ other means to become even thinner. Two heuristic conclusions were reached: (a) the goal of thinness was in part a flight from conflicts about adult sexuality that arose at puberty; and (b) repetitive practice was engaged in for its own sake, not for career advancement, in an attempt to lose themselves in a transcendental quest for perfection. A comparison was made between this group and girls of the same age with anorexia nervosa. Several similarities but many more differences were found. Findings are based on a very small sample and must be interpreted cautiously, but directions for further studies are implied.", "contents": "Body image and perfectionism of ballerinas: comparison and contrast with anorexia nervosa. The authors studied a group of young ballerinas through responses to a questionnaire and intensive interviews. The young women described a life characterized by complete dedication in which academics, social life, and pleasures were sacrificed and a program of intensive exercise and practice became their main activity. They tended to feel overweight in spite of being thin and continued to diet or to employ other means to become even thinner. Two heuristic conclusions were reached: (a) the goal of thinness was in part a flight from conflicts about adult sexuality that arose at puberty; and (b) repetitive practice was engaged in for its own sake, not for career advancement, in an attempt to lose themselves in a transcendental quest for perfection. A comparison was made between this group and girls of the same age with anorexia nervosa. Several similarities but many more differences were found. Findings are based on a very small sample and must be interpreted cautiously, but directions for further studies are implied.", "PMID": 499781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4477", "title": "The effects of a psychiatric liaison program on the utilization of psychiatric consultations: an evaluation by chart audit.", "content": "The effects of a psychiatric liaison program were studied by a chart audit examination of psychiatric consultations on a medical service. A comparison of the full liaison ward with the other wards revealed significant differences in the use of emergency consultation and psychiatric follow-up treatment. The results indicated improved psychologic management of medical patients on wards with intense liaison involvement but no measurable change in attitude toward the psychiatrist. Evaluation methodology and implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of a psychiatric liaison program on the utilization of psychiatric consultations: an evaluation by chart audit. The effects of a psychiatric liaison program were studied by a chart audit examination of psychiatric consultations on a medical service. A comparison of the full liaison ward with the other wards revealed significant differences in the use of emergency consultation and psychiatric follow-up treatment. The results indicated improved psychologic management of medical patients on wards with intense liaison involvement but no measurable change in attitude toward the psychiatrist. Evaluation methodology and implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 499782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4478", "title": "A questionnaire for the examination of psychiatric liaison-consultation programs.", "content": "Liaison-consultation services have become an integral part of departments of psychiatry in medical schools and general hospitals. The evaluation of such services has focused most closely, thus far, on the efficacy of their educational programs. The author provides an extensive questionnaire which may be used for a global examination of the working structure of liaison-consultation services and recommends that liaison psychiatrists and personnel from the programs of other institutions be enlisted to participate in the process of evaluating programs.", "contents": "A questionnaire for the examination of psychiatric liaison-consultation programs. Liaison-consultation services have become an integral part of departments of psychiatry in medical schools and general hospitals. The evaluation of such services has focused most closely, thus far, on the efficacy of their educational programs. The author provides an extensive questionnaire which may be used for a global examination of the working structure of liaison-consultation services and recommends that liaison psychiatrists and personnel from the programs of other institutions be enlisted to participate in the process of evaluating programs.", "PMID": 499783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4479", "title": "A health care program for hospital staff.", "content": "This paper illustrates the significance of one aspect of psychiatric consultation to questions of general hospital health care delivery. The contractual arrangements, implementation, and evaluation of a health care delivery program for nonprofessional hospital employees are presented. Changes in patients' perception of treatment were evaluated by random surveys of representative clinic and ward populations before and after this program was implemented. The program was evaluated by precourse-postcourse questionnaires completed anonymously by the hospital personnel group. The program was found to be successful in generating lists of major health care delivery problems and some possible solutions. The majority of personnel enjoyed and benefited from this program. A conceptual framework and implications of psychiatric consultation for problems of general health care delivery are discussed.", "contents": "A health care program for hospital staff. This paper illustrates the significance of one aspect of psychiatric consultation to questions of general hospital health care delivery. The contractual arrangements, implementation, and evaluation of a health care delivery program for nonprofessional hospital employees are presented. Changes in patients' perception of treatment were evaluated by random surveys of representative clinic and ward populations before and after this program was implemented. The program was evaluated by precourse-postcourse questionnaires completed anonymously by the hospital personnel group. The program was found to be successful in generating lists of major health care delivery problems and some possible solutions. The majority of personnel enjoyed and benefited from this program. A conceptual framework and implications of psychiatric consultation for problems of general health care delivery are discussed.", "PMID": 499784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4480", "title": "Psychotherapeutic intervention in acute medical situations.", "content": "Psychotherapy in the extreme medical situation is an extension of the interviewing process. The interviewer must expeditiously and sometimes briefly assist the patient in elaborating his complaint, obtain information about the development of the complaint, and assess the patient's reactions to it. Past history, developmental patterns, reactions to previous illness and crises, the patient's present life situation, and past and present relationships may all be relevant and require evaluation. The interactive process requires that the therapist call upon specific knowledge as he engages with the patient, facilitates the expression of concern, appropriately reassures, instructs, and prepares, clarifies, and leads the patient to some insight about his altered state. Attention to the affective correlates of acute illness can enhance convalescence and the rehabilitative process.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic intervention in acute medical situations. Psychotherapy in the extreme medical situation is an extension of the interviewing process. The interviewer must expeditiously and sometimes briefly assist the patient in elaborating his complaint, obtain information about the development of the complaint, and assess the patient's reactions to it. Past history, developmental patterns, reactions to previous illness and crises, the patient's present life situation, and past and present relationships may all be relevant and require evaluation. The interactive process requires that the therapist call upon specific knowledge as he engages with the patient, facilitates the expression of concern, appropriately reassures, instructs, and prepares, clarifies, and leads the patient to some insight about his altered state. Attention to the affective correlates of acute illness can enhance convalescence and the rehabilitative process.", "PMID": 499785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4481", "title": "Psychiatry's identity crisis: a critical rational remedy.", "content": "Psychiatry has several partial identities reflecting its biologic, psychoanalytic, and social subspecialities. It has, however, no encompassing professional identity. This identity requires three features: (a) a common language and procedure for assessing psychopathology, (b) a common method for evaluation and use of knowledge from outside psychiatry, and (c) a common set of values regarding clinical and research activities. The authors discuss the clinical, biologic, and sociocultural psychiatric traditions to identify the roots and consequences of psychiatry's fragmented state. Psychiatry's identity problems cannot be solved by ignoring them or simply becoming more \"medical.\" Rather, the authors propose a remedy--critical rationality--to help resolve the crisis. Critical rationality requires a discimplined approach to psychiatric knowledge that underscores the necessity of methodologic rigor, practicality, and mid-range theorizing (rationality); and the equal necessity for systematic self-criticism, reform, self-awareness, and attention to the ethical dimensions in teaching, practice, and research (critical).", "contents": "Psychiatry's identity crisis: a critical rational remedy. Psychiatry has several partial identities reflecting its biologic, psychoanalytic, and social subspecialities. It has, however, no encompassing professional identity. This identity requires three features: (a) a common language and procedure for assessing psychopathology, (b) a common method for evaluation and use of knowledge from outside psychiatry, and (c) a common set of values regarding clinical and research activities. The authors discuss the clinical, biologic, and sociocultural psychiatric traditions to identify the roots and consequences of psychiatry's fragmented state. Psychiatry's identity problems cannot be solved by ignoring them or simply becoming more \"medical.\" Rather, the authors propose a remedy--critical rationality--to help resolve the crisis. Critical rationality requires a discimplined approach to psychiatric knowledge that underscores the necessity of methodologic rigor, practicality, and mid-range theorizing (rationality); and the equal necessity for systematic self-criticism, reform, self-awareness, and attention to the ethical dimensions in teaching, practice, and research (critical).", "PMID": 499787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4482", "title": "Coping with illness by a concentration camp survivor.", "content": "A 54-year-old concentration camp survivor was observed during her third medical hospitalization in the past 3 months. The meaning of her illness leads to a symbolic reexperience of her traumatic past. Typical features of the Survivor Syndrome are reviewed and compared with the patient's symptoms. Coping mechanisms and management are discussed.", "contents": "Coping with illness by a concentration camp survivor. A 54-year-old concentration camp survivor was observed during her third medical hospitalization in the past 3 months. The meaning of her illness leads to a symbolic reexperience of her traumatic past. Typical features of the Survivor Syndrome are reviewed and compared with the patient's symptoms. Coping mechanisms and management are discussed.", "PMID": 499788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4483", "title": "Interdiscimplinary differences on a general hospital psychiatry unit.", "content": "A questionnaire was distributed to staff members of a 28-bed general hospital psychiatry unit to determine and compare staff perceptions of the value of psychotherapies and the role of the disciplines in conducting treatments. Marked interdisciplinary differences were reported in attitudes toward the use of psychopharmacologic agents, the importance of diagnostic evaluation, the value of psychotherapy in the treatment program, the role of various disciplines in the program, and the therapeutic community approach. Clinical implications of the magnitude of interdisciplinary differences are discussed, and recommendations are made for resolving intergroup conflict.", "contents": "Interdiscimplinary differences on a general hospital psychiatry unit. A questionnaire was distributed to staff members of a 28-bed general hospital psychiatry unit to determine and compare staff perceptions of the value of psychotherapies and the role of the disciplines in conducting treatments. Marked interdisciplinary differences were reported in attitudes toward the use of psychopharmacologic agents, the importance of diagnostic evaluation, the value of psychotherapy in the treatment program, the role of various disciplines in the program, and the therapeutic community approach. Clinical implications of the magnitude of interdisciplinary differences are discussed, and recommendations are made for resolving intergroup conflict.", "PMID": 499789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4484", "title": "Student attitude changes during \"psychiatric medicine\" clerkships.", "content": "Whether psychiatrists can provide effective training of medical students in the psychosocial aspects of patient care should be questioned seriously in view of numerous reports showing that psychiatric education of student physicians had often been inadequate and unpopular. Consequently, objective evidence of psychiatry's ability to enhance knowledge, and especially to change attitudes, is needed in order to substantiate its claim to a significant role in the psychosocial training of doctors. A survey of 111 medical students who completed a \"Psychiatric Medicine\" clerkship reveals that they developed more favorable attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatrists, as well as toward the treatability and likability of psychiatric patients. The meaning and implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Student attitude changes during \"psychiatric medicine\" clerkships. Whether psychiatrists can provide effective training of medical students in the psychosocial aspects of patient care should be questioned seriously in view of numerous reports showing that psychiatric education of student physicians had often been inadequate and unpopular. Consequently, objective evidence of psychiatry's ability to enhance knowledge, and especially to change attitudes, is needed in order to substantiate its claim to a significant role in the psychosocial training of doctors. A survey of 111 medical students who completed a \"Psychiatric Medicine\" clerkship reveals that they developed more favorable attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatrists, as well as toward the treatability and likability of psychiatric patients. The meaning and implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 499790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4485", "title": "A model for psychosocial phasing in cancer.", "content": "The way in which patients cope with cancer throughout the course of treatment and illness can be demonstrated by correlating levels and types of vulnerability with different psychosocial phases. The concept of psychosocial phasing is a hypothesis, the aim of which is to integrate typical problems, concerns, and distress with clinical staging, treatment, and disease progression. Expectations differ at each phase. Accordingly, different problems may arise which clinicians can anticipate and relieve through appropriate interventions.", "contents": "A model for psychosocial phasing in cancer. The way in which patients cope with cancer throughout the course of treatment and illness can be demonstrated by correlating levels and types of vulnerability with different psychosocial phases. The concept of psychosocial phasing is a hypothesis, the aim of which is to integrate typical problems, concerns, and distress with clinical staging, treatment, and disease progression. Expectations differ at each phase. Accordingly, different problems may arise which clinicians can anticipate and relieve through appropriate interventions.", "PMID": 499791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4486", "title": "The current status of placebo in hospital practice.", "content": "Despite a voluminous literature on the topic of placebo, there has been little documentation of either actual clinical practice of prescribing placebo or the attitudes that surround it. Through a questionnaire survey of all head nurses of clinical units in one health services area of Connecticut, data were obtained on current practices regarding placebo use in the natural hospital setting. Multiple reasons for placebo use in the natural hospital setting. Multiple reasons for placebo use were given, and it was noted that patients receiving placebo tended to be viewed in certain ways. The effectiveness of placebo in symptom relief was reported as nearly double that reported in the experimental literature. Methodologic issues of the study and of placebo investigation, in general, are discussed. Because common clinical problems appear to generate most instances of placebo use, several issues pertinent to medical education are raised. Some future directions for placebo research are proposed.", "contents": "The current status of placebo in hospital practice. Despite a voluminous literature on the topic of placebo, there has been little documentation of either actual clinical practice of prescribing placebo or the attitudes that surround it. Through a questionnaire survey of all head nurses of clinical units in one health services area of Connecticut, data were obtained on current practices regarding placebo use in the natural hospital setting. Multiple reasons for placebo use in the natural hospital setting. Multiple reasons for placebo use were given, and it was noted that patients receiving placebo tended to be viewed in certain ways. The effectiveness of placebo in symptom relief was reported as nearly double that reported in the experimental literature. Methodologic issues of the study and of placebo investigation, in general, are discussed. Because common clinical problems appear to generate most instances of placebo use, several issues pertinent to medical education are raised. Some future directions for placebo research are proposed.", "PMID": 499792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4487", "title": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: II. Decision-oriented research.", "content": "The authors present a Program Audit Form (PAF), which can be used to evaluate liaison programs. Use of PAF illustrates the decision-oriented approach to evaluative research defined in Part I of this paper. The PAF includes three categories of information about the liaison program: (a) administrative arrangements, (b) program description, and (c) program feed-back. The information will provide the user with an overall picture of a Program's weaknesses and strengths, and a basis for making decisions about program change. The form is short and represents the minimal data program directors should have readily available without requiring technician time or research expense. Finally, it can be used to compare programs across institutions, because it includes descriptors of administrative arrangements.", "contents": "Models for evaluating teaching in consultation-liaison psychiatry: II. Decision-oriented research. The authors present a Program Audit Form (PAF), which can be used to evaluate liaison programs. Use of PAF illustrates the decision-oriented approach to evaluative research defined in Part I of this paper. The PAF includes three categories of information about the liaison program: (a) administrative arrangements, (b) program description, and (c) program feed-back. The information will provide the user with an overall picture of a Program's weaknesses and strengths, and a basis for making decisions about program change. The form is short and represents the minimal data program directors should have readily available without requiring technician time or research expense. Finally, it can be used to compare programs across institutions, because it includes descriptors of administrative arrangements.", "PMID": 499793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4488", "title": "Patient suicide: model for medical student teaching and mourning.", "content": "The molding of the physician's role and identity takes place during crucial clinical years in medical training. This professional identity is influenced by experiences and models. The suicide of a medical student's patient provides a natural experiment for observing and working with important aspects of the developmental process of physicians in integrating the affective component of clinical work and learning. The facilitation of grief and mourning in a medical student and his five colleagues assigned to the same outpatient psychiatric rotation are important aspects of the clinical, educational, and professional developmental issues raised by the patient's death.", "contents": "Patient suicide: model for medical student teaching and mourning. The molding of the physician's role and identity takes place during crucial clinical years in medical training. This professional identity is influenced by experiences and models. The suicide of a medical student's patient provides a natural experiment for observing and working with important aspects of the developmental process of physicians in integrating the affective component of clinical work and learning. The facilitation of grief and mourning in a medical student and his five colleagues assigned to the same outpatient psychiatric rotation are important aspects of the clinical, educational, and professional developmental issues raised by the patient's death.", "PMID": 499794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4489", "title": "The psychiatrist's role in behavioral pediatrics training programs.", "content": "Behavioral pediatric fellowships are available in 15 major medical institutions in the United States. In general, these programs focus on the psychologic, social, and biologic determinants of behavior and learning disabilities in children. Child psychiatry's participation in the formulative stages of these programs is considered vital. The authors caution psychiatry to avoid concentrating its energies upon these socially and developmentally inclined behavioral pediatricians to the detriment of all pediatric house staff.", "contents": "The psychiatrist's role in behavioral pediatrics training programs. Behavioral pediatric fellowships are available in 15 major medical institutions in the United States. In general, these programs focus on the psychologic, social, and biologic determinants of behavior and learning disabilities in children. Child psychiatry's participation in the formulative stages of these programs is considered vital. The authors caution psychiatry to avoid concentrating its energies upon these socially and developmentally inclined behavioral pediatricians to the detriment of all pediatric house staff.", "PMID": 499795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4490", "title": "Emergency use of intravenous haloperidol.", "content": "Experience is reviewed with intravenous haloperidol in 20 cases in which the mental state was gravely impaired, prohibiting necessary investigation and treatment of physical disabilities. This use of haloperidol was efficacious and uncomplicated, although not specifically FDA approved.", "contents": "Emergency use of intravenous haloperidol. Experience is reviewed with intravenous haloperidol in 20 cases in which the mental state was gravely impaired, prohibiting necessary investigation and treatment of physical disabilities. This use of haloperidol was efficacious and uncomplicated, although not specifically FDA approved.", "PMID": 499796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4491", "title": "Detection of cognitive deficits by a brief mental status examination: the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination, a reappraisal and a review.", "content": "Results of a brief mental status questionnaire, the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE), were compared with the clinical evaluations of 59 patients on a neurology service. In 71% of the cases, the CCSE scores correctly indicated a cognitive deficit (true-positive) or the absence of one (true-negative); false-negative results were observed in 15% and questionable negative results were found in 10%. Abnormal neurologic physical signs were present in 90% of all patients with cognitive deficits. In this population, although positive CCSE scores were reliable, negative scores were often misleading. Mild diffuse intellectual dysfunction (dementia) and some discrete intellectual deficits (aphasia and anosognosia) went undetected. Cognitive deficits associated with major cerebral disease were unappreciated in nine patients. Caution is recommended in interpreting negative CCSE scores. Abbreviated screening devices are only a preliminary approach to mental status evaluation; this test requires further refinement.", "contents": "Detection of cognitive deficits by a brief mental status examination: the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination, a reappraisal and a review. Results of a brief mental status questionnaire, the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE), were compared with the clinical evaluations of 59 patients on a neurology service. In 71% of the cases, the CCSE scores correctly indicated a cognitive deficit (true-positive) or the absence of one (true-negative); false-negative results were observed in 15% and questionable negative results were found in 10%. Abnormal neurologic physical signs were present in 90% of all patients with cognitive deficits. In this population, although positive CCSE scores were reliable, negative scores were often misleading. Mild diffuse intellectual dysfunction (dementia) and some discrete intellectual deficits (aphasia and anosognosia) went undetected. Cognitive deficits associated with major cerebral disease were unappreciated in nine patients. Caution is recommended in interpreting negative CCSE scores. Abbreviated screening devices are only a preliminary approach to mental status evaluation; this test requires further refinement.", "PMID": 499797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4492", "title": "Alexithymia in somatizing patients.", "content": "Aexithymia is a clinical concept referring to the difficulty some people have in verbalizing their feeling states. It is prevalent in patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic illnesses. The authors conduced a controlled study to investigate the presence of this trait among patients attending a psychosomatic clinic and those attending a traditional outpatient psychiatric clinic in a county general hospital. The results indicate that, in this lower socioeconomic population, alexithymia is equally present in both clinics. The discrepancy between these results and those previously reported are discussed, as are the ramifications of the findings.", "contents": "Alexithymia in somatizing patients. Aexithymia is a clinical concept referring to the difficulty some people have in verbalizing their feeling states. It is prevalent in patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic illnesses. The authors conduced a controlled study to investigate the presence of this trait among patients attending a psychosomatic clinic and those attending a traditional outpatient psychiatric clinic in a county general hospital. The results indicate that, in this lower socioeconomic population, alexithymia is equally present in both clinics. The discrepancy between these results and those previously reported are discussed, as are the ramifications of the findings.", "PMID": 499798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4493", "title": "Reactions of families to children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Twenty-five families were interviewed to examine their adjustments to having a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Chronic emotional stress experienced by families of DMD children was found to be a significant problem in the overall management of the illness. Based on information obtained from the assessment of families' adaptation to their child's illness, recommendations are made concerning parent education, school placement, facilitation of marital harmony, informing the child about his illness, and sensitivity to the responses of other family members.", "contents": "Reactions of families to children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Twenty-five families were interviewed to examine their adjustments to having a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Chronic emotional stress experienced by families of DMD children was found to be a significant problem in the overall management of the illness. Based on information obtained from the assessment of families' adaptation to their child's illness, recommendations are made concerning parent education, school placement, facilitation of marital harmony, informing the child about his illness, and sensitivity to the responses of other family members.", "PMID": 499799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4494", "title": "General psychiatry, primary care, and medical primacy.", "content": "Nonmedical psychotherapists are able to present themselves to the public as psychiatrist-equivalents, except for prescribing drugs, because psychiatrists have neglected to emphasize the nature of medical responsibility, here called \"medical primacy.\" Psychiatric identification with the psychoanalytic and public relations models is criticized. Three cases are presented to illustrate the functioning of the general psychiatrist as a primary care specialist. It is acknowledged that all psychiatrists may not be attracted to this role, which intersects certain transference and countertransference vectors.", "contents": "General psychiatry, primary care, and medical primacy. Nonmedical psychotherapists are able to present themselves to the public as psychiatrist-equivalents, except for prescribing drugs, because psychiatrists have neglected to emphasize the nature of medical responsibility, here called \"medical primacy.\" Psychiatric identification with the psychoanalytic and public relations models is criticized. Three cases are presented to illustrate the functioning of the general psychiatrist as a primary care specialist. It is acknowledged that all psychiatrists may not be attracted to this role, which intersects certain transference and countertransference vectors.", "PMID": 499800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4495", "title": "[New series of thermostable phage T5 mutants carrying deletions in the region of the tRNA genes].", "content": "Six mutants of phage T5 have been selected by temperature inactivation in the presence of chelate-forming agents. Hybridization of DNA of the mutants with 4S RNA of phage T5+ has shown that all mutants have the deletions affecting tRNA genes. The size of the deletions and their location about the sites of DNA clevage with endonucleases EcoR1, Hind III, PstI and the nicks have been determined.", "contents": "[New series of thermostable phage T5 mutants carrying deletions in the region of the tRNA genes]. Six mutants of phage T5 have been selected by temperature inactivation in the presence of chelate-forming agents. Hybridization of DNA of the mutants with 4S RNA of phage T5+ has shown that all mutants have the deletions affecting tRNA genes. The size of the deletions and their location about the sites of DNA clevage with endonucleases EcoR1, Hind III, PstI and the nicks have been determined.", "PMID": 499801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4496", "title": "[Effect of mouse genotype on the hematopoietic stem cell count. II. The number of hematopietic stem cells in BALB/c and CC57BR strain mice differing by the level of endogenous colony formation].", "content": "The number of stem hematopoietic cells in the hematopoietic organs of mice of BALB/c and CC57BR strains and (CC57BRXBALB/c)F1 hybrids was studied by the method of exogenous colony-forming units. The assay of migration of stem cells from the bone marrow to the spleen was carried out. It was found that the spleen and the bone marrow of mice of the studied genotypes contain approximately the same relative number of hematopoietic stem cells. The number of stem cells which migrate from the bone marrow to the spleen is greater in the mice of BALB/c strain than in the CC57BR mice.", "contents": "[Effect of mouse genotype on the hematopoietic stem cell count. II. The number of hematopietic stem cells in BALB/c and CC57BR strain mice differing by the level of endogenous colony formation]. The number of stem hematopoietic cells in the hematopoietic organs of mice of BALB/c and CC57BR strains and (CC57BRXBALB/c)F1 hybrids was studied by the method of exogenous colony-forming units. The assay of migration of stem cells from the bone marrow to the spleen was carried out. It was found that the spleen and the bone marrow of mice of the studied genotypes contain approximately the same relative number of hematopoietic stem cells. The number of stem cells which migrate from the bone marrow to the spleen is greater in the mice of BALB/c strain than in the CC57BR mice.", "PMID": 499802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4497", "title": "[Survival of the mutant clone. III. Catastrophic selection. The inadequacy of the selection coefficient for assessing clone fate].", "content": "Majorant estimations of the probabilities pr for the surviving of the clone of the dividing cells have been obtained in the catastrophic situation (monotonous diminishing of the clone almost to zero during the period of time from t=0 to t=T, T approximately 100 generation). At t=0 the clone consisted of 10(6) individuals. Average selection coefficient (s) was found to determine pr only roughly, that is the clone with s greater than --0.09 survives almost in all cases, whereas the clone with s greater than --0.13 becomes extinct practically always. Within this interval ps-inversion can be observed, i.e. preferential surviving of the clone with a worse s value. Results of three communications lead to the conclusion that the mutants with small selective advantage practically cannot be selected.", "contents": "[Survival of the mutant clone. III. Catastrophic selection. The inadequacy of the selection coefficient for assessing clone fate]. Majorant estimations of the probabilities pr for the surviving of the clone of the dividing cells have been obtained in the catastrophic situation (monotonous diminishing of the clone almost to zero during the period of time from t=0 to t=T, T approximately 100 generation). At t=0 the clone consisted of 10(6) individuals. Average selection coefficient (s) was found to determine pr only roughly, that is the clone with s greater than --0.09 survives almost in all cases, whereas the clone with s greater than --0.13 becomes extinct practically always. Within this interval ps-inversion can be observed, i.e. preferential surviving of the clone with a worse s value. Results of three communications lead to the conclusion that the mutants with small selective advantage practically cannot be selected.", "PMID": 499803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4498", "title": "[Human chromosome polymorphism and disordered reproductive function. I. Routine chromosome variants].", "content": "Routine polymorphic variants of chromosomes of 58 married couples with reproductive failure (two or more spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and malformed children) and 48 control couples, having two or more normal children and no spontaneous abortions and stillbirths, were investigated by conventional staining technique. Extreme variants of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, 17, 13--15, 21--22 and Y were found in 17.2% of subjects with reproductive loss and in 15.6% of control individuals. No significant differences in frequencies of scored routine variants were noted between married couples with reproductive failure and couples with normal reproduction.", "contents": "[Human chromosome polymorphism and disordered reproductive function. I. Routine chromosome variants]. Routine polymorphic variants of chromosomes of 58 married couples with reproductive failure (two or more spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and malformed children) and 48 control couples, having two or more normal children and no spontaneous abortions and stillbirths, were investigated by conventional staining technique. Extreme variants of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, 17, 13--15, 21--22 and Y were found in 17.2% of subjects with reproductive loss and in 15.6% of control individuals. No significant differences in frequencies of scored routine variants were noted between married couples with reproductive failure and couples with normal reproduction.", "PMID": 499804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4499", "title": "[Antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the gene mutation frequency in Salmonella].", "content": "The work presents the data on the antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the frequency of N-nitroso-N-methyl urea induced gene mutations in Salmonella in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests have revealed the dependence of decreasing the rate of induced mutations both on combination of treatments with mutagen/antimutagen and on the dose of the mutagen. In vivo tests have demonstrated that the mutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol depends on the duration of its action on organisms.", "contents": "[Antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the gene mutation frequency in Salmonella]. The work presents the data on the antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the frequency of N-nitroso-N-methyl urea induced gene mutations in Salmonella in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests have revealed the dependence of decreasing the rate of induced mutations both on combination of treatments with mutagen/antimutagen and on the dose of the mutagen. In vivo tests have demonstrated that the mutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol depends on the duration of its action on organisms.", "PMID": 499805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4500", "title": "Fractionation and identification of spinach chloroplast transfer RNAs and mapping of their genes on the restriction map of chloroplast DNA.", "content": "Spinach chloroplast 4S RNAs has been separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into about 35 species. After extraction from the gel, 27 of these RNA species were identified by aminoacylation as tRNAs specific for 16 amino acids. Individual tRNAs were labeled in vitro with 125I and hybridized to DNA fragments obtained by digestion of spinach chloroplast DNA with KpnI, PstI, SalI and XmaI restriction endonucleases. A minimum of 21 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 14 different amino acids have been localized on the restriction endonuclease cleavage site map of the DNA molecule. Of these, 15 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 12 amino acids are located in the larger of the two single-copy regions which separate the two inverted copies of the repeat region. Each copy of this repeat region contains a set of genes for the ribosomal RNAs and a gene for tRNA2Ile in the \"spacer\" sequence between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs. The genes for tRNA1Ile, tRNA2Leu and tRNA3Leu also map in the repeat region, but outside the ribosomal DNA unit. At present, two more chloroplast tRNAs (for Pro and Lys) have been identified, but not mapped, while 4 unidentified 4S RNAs have been mapped in the large single-copy region of the DNA molecule. Evidence is presented that isoaccepting tRNA species can be transcripts from different loci.", "contents": "Fractionation and identification of spinach chloroplast transfer RNAs and mapping of their genes on the restriction map of chloroplast DNA. Spinach chloroplast 4S RNAs has been separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into about 35 species. After extraction from the gel, 27 of these RNA species were identified by aminoacylation as tRNAs specific for 16 amino acids. Individual tRNAs were labeled in vitro with 125I and hybridized to DNA fragments obtained by digestion of spinach chloroplast DNA with KpnI, PstI, SalI and XmaI restriction endonucleases. A minimum of 21 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 14 different amino acids have been localized on the restriction endonuclease cleavage site map of the DNA molecule. Of these, 15 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 12 amino acids are located in the larger of the two single-copy regions which separate the two inverted copies of the repeat region. Each copy of this repeat region contains a set of genes for the ribosomal RNAs and a gene for tRNA2Ile in the \"spacer\" sequence between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs. The genes for tRNA1Ile, tRNA2Leu and tRNA3Leu also map in the repeat region, but outside the ribosomal DNA unit. At present, two more chloroplast tRNAs (for Pro and Lys) have been identified, but not mapped, while 4 unidentified 4S RNAs have been mapped in the large single-copy region of the DNA molecule. Evidence is presented that isoaccepting tRNA species can be transcripts from different loci.", "PMID": 499808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4501", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of restriction sites on DNA molecules.", "content": "DNA molecules were adsorbed to a polylysine-treated carbon film and digested directly on the film by restriction enzymes. After washing the film with 1 M NaCl, 0.4% Kodak Photo-Flo and 9% formamide, each cleavage site introduced was visualized as a gap under the electron microscope. By measuring the gapped positions on linear DNA molecules induced by other enzymes, a single EcoRI site on a lambda dv1 molecule and three HinHI sites on an fd1RF molecule were mapped at the positions expected from the cleavage maps, respectively. This electron-microscopic procedure may be useful for the construction of a cleavage map.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of restriction sites on DNA molecules. DNA molecules were adsorbed to a polylysine-treated carbon film and digested directly on the film by restriction enzymes. After washing the film with 1 M NaCl, 0.4% Kodak Photo-Flo and 9% formamide, each cleavage site introduced was visualized as a gap under the electron microscope. By measuring the gapped positions on linear DNA molecules induced by other enzymes, a single EcoRI site on a lambda dv1 molecule and three HinHI sites on an fd1RF molecule were mapped at the positions expected from the cleavage maps, respectively. This electron-microscopic procedure may be useful for the construction of a cleavage map.", "PMID": 499809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4502", "title": "Reintroduction of gluten in adults and children with treated coeliac disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients, thought to have coeliac disease and on gluten free diets, were put on a normal diet to confirm their diagnoses. Nineteen had been diagnosed in adult life (ACD) and nine in childhood (CCD). Patients were assessed on jejunal, morphological, and symptomatic parameters. Eighteen patients with ACD relapsed within seven weeks. Nine patients with CCD relapsed at variable times but five took longer than seven weeks, the longest period beint 10 months. Seven patients had no symptoms despite morphological deterioration during challenge and one patient, with ACD, did not relapse and was HLA B8 negative. This patient with ACD had subtotal villous atrophy on two jejunal biopsies and later showed morphological improvement on a gluten free diet. There was no correlation between the relapse time and time spent on a gluten free diet.", "contents": "Reintroduction of gluten in adults and children with treated coeliac disease. Twenty-eight patients, thought to have coeliac disease and on gluten free diets, were put on a normal diet to confirm their diagnoses. Nineteen had been diagnosed in adult life (ACD) and nine in childhood (CCD). Patients were assessed on jejunal, morphological, and symptomatic parameters. Eighteen patients with ACD relapsed within seven weeks. Nine patients with CCD relapsed at variable times but five took longer than seven weeks, the longest period beint 10 months. Seven patients had no symptoms despite morphological deterioration during challenge and one patient, with ACD, did not relapse and was HLA B8 negative. This patient with ACD had subtotal villous atrophy on two jejunal biopsies and later showed morphological improvement on a gluten free diet. There was no correlation between the relapse time and time spent on a gluten free diet.", "PMID": 499912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4503", "title": "Effect of gastrin heptadecapeptide (G17) on oesophageal contractions in patients with diffuse oesophageal spasm.", "content": "An intravenous bolus of pentagastrin significantly increased the amplitude and duration of oesophageal body contractions in seven patients with diffuse oesophageal spasm (DES) when compared with five normal subjects (P greater than 0.05). In order to determine whether this stimulation also occurred at physiological gastrin concentrations, the effect of an intravenous infusion of gastrin heptadecapeptide (G17), 25 pmol/kg-h, on oesophageal contractions was studied in DES patients. G17 had no significant effect on the amplitude and duration of oesophageal contractions compared with a saline control. This dose of G17 was near the D50 for gastric acid secretion and produced a rise in serum gastrin concentration comparable with a meal. G17 infusions at doses of 100 and 200 pmol/kg-h increased the amplitude and duration of oesophageal contractions, but the corresponding serum gastrin concentrations were higher than postprandial levels. Thus, endogenous fluctuations in serum gastrin heptadecapeptide, alone, are unlikely to alter oesophageal contractions in DES patients.", "contents": "Effect of gastrin heptadecapeptide (G17) on oesophageal contractions in patients with diffuse oesophageal spasm. An intravenous bolus of pentagastrin significantly increased the amplitude and duration of oesophageal body contractions in seven patients with diffuse oesophageal spasm (DES) when compared with five normal subjects (P greater than 0.05). In order to determine whether this stimulation also occurred at physiological gastrin concentrations, the effect of an intravenous infusion of gastrin heptadecapeptide (G17), 25 pmol/kg-h, on oesophageal contractions was studied in DES patients. G17 had no significant effect on the amplitude and duration of oesophageal contractions compared with a saline control. This dose of G17 was near the D50 for gastric acid secretion and produced a rise in serum gastrin concentration comparable with a meal. G17 infusions at doses of 100 and 200 pmol/kg-h increased the amplitude and duration of oesophageal contractions, but the corresponding serum gastrin concentrations were higher than postprandial levels. Thus, endogenous fluctuations in serum gastrin heptadecapeptide, alone, are unlikely to alter oesophageal contractions in DES patients.", "PMID": 499913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4504", "title": "HLA and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "One hundred and one white patients, consisting of 78 men and 23 women, with duodenal ulcer were HLA typed. An association was found between duodenal ulcer and HLA-B12.", "contents": "HLA and duodenal ulcer. One hundred and one white patients, consisting of 78 men and 23 women, with duodenal ulcer were HLA typed. An association was found between duodenal ulcer and HLA-B12.", "PMID": 499914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4505", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in uraemia and circulating levels of gastrin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "Basal circulating levels of gastrin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide were measured in 30 chronic haemodialysis patients. Five patients had considerably raised serum gastrin (greater than 400 pmol/1) and also gastric achlorhydria while 75% of the patients who had normal (less than 55 pmol/1) or moderately increased (less than 400 pmol/1) serum gastrin had raised maximal acid outputs. Patients with serum gastrin greater than 400 pmol/1 had significantly lower plasma concentrations of somatostatin compared with both healthy individuals and uaremic patients with normal gastrin levels. Raised serum concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide were observed in the majority of the patients but no correlation was found between this peptide and gastric acid secretion or circulating levels of gastrin and somatostatin, respectively. Prolonged circulation time for gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide was demonstrated after food stimulation. Prolonged gastrin stimulation of the parietal cell mass may lead to work hypertrophy and gastric acid hypersecretion. Whether long-standing over-stimulation by gastrin also may induce atrophy of the cells remains to be studied.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in uraemia and circulating levels of gastrin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Basal circulating levels of gastrin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide were measured in 30 chronic haemodialysis patients. Five patients had considerably raised serum gastrin (greater than 400 pmol/1) and also gastric achlorhydria while 75% of the patients who had normal (less than 55 pmol/1) or moderately increased (less than 400 pmol/1) serum gastrin had raised maximal acid outputs. Patients with serum gastrin greater than 400 pmol/1 had significantly lower plasma concentrations of somatostatin compared with both healthy individuals and uaremic patients with normal gastrin levels. Raised serum concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide were observed in the majority of the patients but no correlation was found between this peptide and gastric acid secretion or circulating levels of gastrin and somatostatin, respectively. Prolonged circulation time for gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide was demonstrated after food stimulation. Prolonged gastrin stimulation of the parietal cell mass may lead to work hypertrophy and gastric acid hypersecretion. Whether long-standing over-stimulation by gastrin also may induce atrophy of the cells remains to be studied.", "PMID": 499915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4506", "title": "Changes in enzyme activity in normal and histologically inflamed oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "Oesophageal biopsies were obtained from 74 patinets undergoing upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopy. Thirteen patients with histological evidence of inflammation had a raised alkaline phosphatase activity (2.7 +/- 1.6 nmol/mg protein/min) compared with 49 normal controls (1.2 +/- 0.68  nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001). The acid phosphatase level was lower (8.4+/- 4.0 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.2 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.05) and the glucuronidase activity raised (0.44 +/- 0.17 vs 0.81 +/- 0.32 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001) and their ratio declined (24.0 +/- 1.9 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001) in patients with oesophagitis. This may be due to differential secretion of membrane coating granules, a form of lysosome found isophagitis--was assessed by point counting. The volume density rose from 10.9 +/- 4.25% in normal biopsies to 46.4+/-12.5% (P less than 0.001) in oesophagitis. These results show a consistent pattern that possibly indicates an intermediate stage between the clinically, histologically, and biochemically normal oesophagus and one that is inflamed on endoscopy.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme activity in normal and histologically inflamed oesophageal epithelium. Oesophageal biopsies were obtained from 74 patinets undergoing upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopy. Thirteen patients with histological evidence of inflammation had a raised alkaline phosphatase activity (2.7 +/- 1.6 nmol/mg protein/min) compared with 49 normal controls (1.2 +/- 0.68  nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001). The acid phosphatase level was lower (8.4+/- 4.0 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.2 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.05) and the glucuronidase activity raised (0.44 +/- 0.17 vs 0.81 +/- 0.32 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001) and their ratio declined (24.0 +/- 1.9 nmol/mg protein/min: P less than 0.001) in patients with oesophagitis. This may be due to differential secretion of membrane coating granules, a form of lysosome found isophagitis--was assessed by point counting. The volume density rose from 10.9 +/- 4.25% in normal biopsies to 46.4+/-12.5% (P less than 0.001) in oesophagitis. These results show a consistent pattern that possibly indicates an intermediate stage between the clinically, histologically, and biochemically normal oesophagus and one that is inflamed on endoscopy.", "PMID": 499916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4507", "title": "Cell proliferation of pericryptal fibroblasts in the rat colon mucosa.", "content": "The turnover of pericryptal fibroblasts in the rat colon mucosa was analysed after in vivo incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Thirty-six rats were serially killed one hour to 21 days after intraperitoneal injection of the radionuclide. At one hour, the labelling index of pericryptal fibroblasts was only 2.44%; labelled fibroblasts were slightly predominant along the lower two-thirds of the crypts. Within 24 hours, most underwent at least one cell division. No migration was observed and a significant proportion of labelled fibroblasts was still present after three weeks. It is concluded that those fibroblasts constitute a slowly renewing cell population. The data failed to confirm the hypothesis of an 'en bloc' migration of fibroblasts in synchrony with the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Cell proliferation of pericryptal fibroblasts in the rat colon mucosa. The turnover of pericryptal fibroblasts in the rat colon mucosa was analysed after in vivo incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Thirty-six rats were serially killed one hour to 21 days after intraperitoneal injection of the radionuclide. At one hour, the labelling index of pericryptal fibroblasts was only 2.44%; labelled fibroblasts were slightly predominant along the lower two-thirds of the crypts. Within 24 hours, most underwent at least one cell division. No migration was observed and a significant proportion of labelled fibroblasts was still present after three weeks. It is concluded that those fibroblasts constitute a slowly renewing cell population. The data failed to confirm the hypothesis of an 'en bloc' migration of fibroblasts in synchrony with the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 499917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4508", "title": "In vitro electrical activity in canine colon.", "content": "In vitro slow wave activity was studied in strips of right and left canine colon with silver/silver chloride electrodes. Using visual and computer analysis, slow wave frequency and coupling was assessed between different recording sites and the effect of a cholinergic agonist on coupling and frequency was determined. A regular slow wave was always found to be present. Frequency in the left colon was slightly higher than in the right with a slight decline noted with time. Spike activity was rarely seen in unstimulated specimens. Administration of a cholinergic agonist produced a decrease in frequency with no improvement in coupling. Coupling was usually better in a circular than in a longitudinal direction. It was concluded that if electrical activity is important in the control of colon contractions, it is more likely to be involved in the control of segmentation than in propagated contractions.", "contents": "In vitro electrical activity in canine colon. In vitro slow wave activity was studied in strips of right and left canine colon with silver/silver chloride electrodes. Using visual and computer analysis, slow wave frequency and coupling was assessed between different recording sites and the effect of a cholinergic agonist on coupling and frequency was determined. A regular slow wave was always found to be present. Frequency in the left colon was slightly higher than in the right with a slight decline noted with time. Spike activity was rarely seen in unstimulated specimens. Administration of a cholinergic agonist produced a decrease in frequency with no improvement in coupling. Coupling was usually better in a circular than in a longitudinal direction. It was concluded that if electrical activity is important in the control of colon contractions, it is more likely to be involved in the control of segmentation than in propagated contractions.", "PMID": 499918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4509", "title": "Eosinophils in the rectal mucosa. A simple method of predicting the outcome of ulcerative proctocolitis?", "content": "One-hundred-and-thirteen rectal biopsies and 17 total colectomy specimens from 50 patients with ulcerative proctocolitis were examined. These patients had been followed for periods up to 220 months, mean 70 months. The histological changes were compared with the clinical features of the disease. Patients with relatively benign disease which responded to treatment had significantly raised eosinophil counts in the mucosa examined, compared with patients who had aggressive disease which failed to respond to medical treatment (P less than 0.001). Tissue eosinophilia in the rectal mucosa may provide a simple method for predicting the clinical course of patients with ulcerative proctocolitis.", "contents": "Eosinophils in the rectal mucosa. A simple method of predicting the outcome of ulcerative proctocolitis? One-hundred-and-thirteen rectal biopsies and 17 total colectomy specimens from 50 patients with ulcerative proctocolitis were examined. These patients had been followed for periods up to 220 months, mean 70 months. The histological changes were compared with the clinical features of the disease. Patients with relatively benign disease which responded to treatment had significantly raised eosinophil counts in the mucosa examined, compared with patients who had aggressive disease which failed to respond to medical treatment (P less than 0.001). Tissue eosinophilia in the rectal mucosa may provide a simple method for predicting the clinical course of patients with ulcerative proctocolitis.", "PMID": 499919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4510", "title": "Achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm in siblings.", "content": "We report the occurrence of achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm in brother and sister. The familial occurrence of these unusual disorders is consistent with the possibility that they share a common aetiology and indicates the potential importance of genetic predisposition.", "contents": "Achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm in siblings. We report the occurrence of achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm in brother and sister. The familial occurrence of these unusual disorders is consistent with the possibility that they share a common aetiology and indicates the potential importance of genetic predisposition.", "PMID": 499920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4511", "title": "Absorption of factor VIII by aluminium hydroxide.", "content": "The absorption of factor VIII from gel filtration fractions, concentrates and plasma by aluminium hydroxide has been studied. Significant quantities of factor VIII could be removed when the protein concentration was low; the percentage absorbed increased with decreasing initial protein concentration. Factor VIII R:Ag and VIII:C were removed in parallel, but absorption of a high purity concentrate resulted in selective absorption of the lower molecular weight forms of factor VIII. Elution of the absorbed proteins gave a poor yield of VIII R:Ag, with no detectable VIII:C. Absorption of plasma showed no detectable loss of VIII R:Ag, but an apparent decrease of VIII:C of about 10%.", "contents": "Absorption of factor VIII by aluminium hydroxide. The absorption of factor VIII from gel filtration fractions, concentrates and plasma by aluminium hydroxide has been studied. Significant quantities of factor VIII could be removed when the protein concentration was low; the percentage absorbed increased with decreasing initial protein concentration. Factor VIII R:Ag and VIII:C were removed in parallel, but absorption of a high purity concentrate resulted in selective absorption of the lower molecular weight forms of factor VIII. Elution of the absorbed proteins gave a poor yield of VIII R:Ag, with no detectable VIII:C. Absorption of plasma showed no detectable loss of VIII R:Ag, but an apparent decrease of VIII:C of about 10%.", "PMID": 499928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4512", "title": "Influence of a hypolipemic drug (procetofene) on platelet functions and lipid composition in type II B hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Platelet function was evaluated in platelet-rich plasma and in washed platelets in relation to their lipid composition, in 18 type II B hyperlipoproteinemic men treated with procetofene. The results were compared to those obtained in 15 young, healthy normolipemic controls and in 22 untreated male subjects with type II B hyperlipoproteinemia. In addition to completely normalizing platelet functions, procetofene was able to induce a 28-53% decrease in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Solely, the aggregation to ADP (secondary), arachidonic acid and epinephrine was higher in the untreated hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. This increased susceptibility to aggregation does not appear to be related to the cholesterol or cholesterol-phospholipid content of platelets.", "contents": "Influence of a hypolipemic drug (procetofene) on platelet functions and lipid composition in type II B hyperlipoproteinemia. Platelet function was evaluated in platelet-rich plasma and in washed platelets in relation to their lipid composition, in 18 type II B hyperlipoproteinemic men treated with procetofene. The results were compared to those obtained in 15 young, healthy normolipemic controls and in 22 untreated male subjects with type II B hyperlipoproteinemia. In addition to completely normalizing platelet functions, procetofene was able to induce a 28-53% decrease in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Solely, the aggregation to ADP (secondary), arachidonic acid and epinephrine was higher in the untreated hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. This increased susceptibility to aggregation does not appear to be related to the cholesterol or cholesterol-phospholipid content of platelets.", "PMID": 499929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4513", "title": "Warfarin treatment during pregnancy: a clinical note.", "content": "The case history is presented of a woman aged 38 who received warfarin treatment because of a mitral valve replacement. During the first trimester of pregnancy, her prothrombin time was 20% of normal and kept at 40% until the 38th week of gestation. Then the patient received heparin until a few days after delivery of a normal child.", "contents": "Warfarin treatment during pregnancy: a clinical note. The case history is presented of a woman aged 38 who received warfarin treatment because of a mitral valve replacement. During the first trimester of pregnancy, her prothrombin time was 20% of normal and kept at 40% until the 38th week of gestation. Then the patient received heparin until a few days after delivery of a normal child.", "PMID": 499930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4514", "title": "Deposition of human labeled platelets on damaged rabbit aorta before and after ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "Human blood platelets were labeled with 51Cr and whole blood was reconstituted. The endothelium of rabbit abdominal aorta was removed with a balloon catheter and the inverted aorta was placed on a Plexiglas rod in a perfusion chamber. The reconstituted blood was perfused through the chamber of 10 min. Radioactivity of the aorta was measured and found to be mainly caused by the labeled platelets. The platelet deposition on the damaged aorta was measured before and after ingestion of 0.5 g acetylsalicylic acid twice a day for 1 week, and was found to be reduced after the use of this drug.", "contents": "Deposition of human labeled platelets on damaged rabbit aorta before and after ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid. Human blood platelets were labeled with 51Cr and whole blood was reconstituted. The endothelium of rabbit abdominal aorta was removed with a balloon catheter and the inverted aorta was placed on a Plexiglas rod in a perfusion chamber. The reconstituted blood was perfused through the chamber of 10 min. Radioactivity of the aorta was measured and found to be mainly caused by the labeled platelets. The platelet deposition on the damaged aorta was measured before and after ingestion of 0.5 g acetylsalicylic acid twice a day for 1 week, and was found to be reduced after the use of this drug.", "PMID": 499931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4515", "title": "[Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and tolerance of vibramycin dry fill infusions].", "content": "In a study including a limited number of 33 patients with bacterial infections the use of doxycycline as a drip infusion of Vibramycin dry fill proved to have a good clinical effect. The bacteriological tests showed that 58% of the tetracycline-sensitive germs demonstrated before therapy had been eliminated and another 6% markedly reduced. Clinically very good or good results were achieved in 76% of the patients. Toleration was excellent in all cases.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and tolerance of vibramycin dry fill infusions]. In a study including a limited number of 33 patients with bacterial infections the use of doxycycline as a drip infusion of Vibramycin dry fill proved to have a good clinical effect. The bacteriological tests showed that 58% of the tetracycline-sensitive germs demonstrated before therapy had been eliminated and another 6% markedly reduced. Clinically very good or good results were achieved in 76% of the patients. Toleration was excellent in all cases.", "PMID": 499954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4516", "title": "[The obese child and its nutrition].", "content": "Obesity in infancy is accompanied by an increase in number and size of adipose cells. These changes in adipose tissue are due to a false relation of nutrient intake to physical activity. Obesity is not caused by an increased nutrient intake alone, since our long-term investigations have shown obese children to take in 300 kcal per day more than normal children. Fat intake of obese children is slightly enhanced. An exact method for estimation of obesity is the measurement of triceps, subscapular and suprailiacal skinfold. With this method used in 12,000 children during the period 1970--1977 we could detect a frequency of obesity of 15% in children 3--6 years old and of 25% in children aged 6--14 years. Extreme obesity is recommended for treatment in a hospital. The moderate forms of obesity should be treated by the paediatrician with a reduction of calories, clear recommendations of the nutrient amount and education to regularity.", "contents": "[The obese child and its nutrition]. Obesity in infancy is accompanied by an increase in number and size of adipose cells. These changes in adipose tissue are due to a false relation of nutrient intake to physical activity. Obesity is not caused by an increased nutrient intake alone, since our long-term investigations have shown obese children to take in 300 kcal per day more than normal children. Fat intake of obese children is slightly enhanced. An exact method for estimation of obesity is the measurement of triceps, subscapular and suprailiacal skinfold. With this method used in 12,000 children during the period 1970--1977 we could detect a frequency of obesity of 15% in children 3--6 years old and of 25% in children aged 6--14 years. Extreme obesity is recommended for treatment in a hospital. The moderate forms of obesity should be treated by the paediatrician with a reduction of calories, clear recommendations of the nutrient amount and education to regularity.", "PMID": 499955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4517", "title": "[Genetic and biochemical studies on familial neuroblastoma].", "content": "The diagnosis of bilateral neuroblastoma in the adrenal glands in a newborn led to the discovery of a family with clustering of tumors of neural crest origin. According to the two-mutation model of neuroblastoma development we searched for individuals with the first mutation, who are predisposed to neuroblastoma. Neither chromosomal analysis of the peripheral blood nor the examination of catecholamines nor of gm-phenotypes could mark the first step to neuroblastoma. However, it was possible to detect cystationinuria in familial neuroblastoma for the first time. Cystationinuria could be calssified as secondary to vitamin B6-deficiency. Since cystathioninuria and vitamin B6-deficiency were not only seen in blood-relations but also in relatives by marriage there was no fixed correlation to individuals with tumor or their relatives.", "contents": "[Genetic and biochemical studies on familial neuroblastoma]. The diagnosis of bilateral neuroblastoma in the adrenal glands in a newborn led to the discovery of a family with clustering of tumors of neural crest origin. According to the two-mutation model of neuroblastoma development we searched for individuals with the first mutation, who are predisposed to neuroblastoma. Neither chromosomal analysis of the peripheral blood nor the examination of catecholamines nor of gm-phenotypes could mark the first step to neuroblastoma. However, it was possible to detect cystationinuria in familial neuroblastoma for the first time. Cystationinuria could be calssified as secondary to vitamin B6-deficiency. Since cystathioninuria and vitamin B6-deficiency were not only seen in blood-relations but also in relatives by marriage there was no fixed correlation to individuals with tumor or their relatives.", "PMID": 499957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4518", "title": "[Biological availability of digoxin from a combination drug].", "content": "In a randomized cross-over study with 14 voluntary test persons the absolute biological availability of digoxin in Card-Dusodril 1/8 and 1/4 respectively was investigated. 6 test persons received 4 drag. Card-Dusodril 1/8 (= 0.5 mg digoxin), 8 test persons 4 drag. Card-Dusodril 1/4 (= 1 mg digoxin) orally, in comparison to the corresponding group with intravenously applied digoxin as standard. Based on the cumulative digoxin excretion in the urine an absolute biological availability of Card-Dusodril 1/8 of 79%, of Card-Dusodril 1/4 of 76% could be demonstrated. With regard to an average resorption of oral digoxin preparations of approx. 70%, the present values, which correspond in direct comparison to those of acetyl digoxin, can be considered good. Maximum serum levels were achieved after 86 +/- 6.8 minutes which also indicates a quick resorption.", "contents": "[Biological availability of digoxin from a combination drug]. In a randomized cross-over study with 14 voluntary test persons the absolute biological availability of digoxin in Card-Dusodril 1/8 and 1/4 respectively was investigated. 6 test persons received 4 drag. Card-Dusodril 1/8 (= 0.5 mg digoxin), 8 test persons 4 drag. Card-Dusodril 1/4 (= 1 mg digoxin) orally, in comparison to the corresponding group with intravenously applied digoxin as standard. Based on the cumulative digoxin excretion in the urine an absolute biological availability of Card-Dusodril 1/8 of 79%, of Card-Dusodril 1/4 of 76% could be demonstrated. With regard to an average resorption of oral digoxin preparations of approx. 70%, the present values, which correspond in direct comparison to those of acetyl digoxin, can be considered good. Maximum serum levels were achieved after 86 +/- 6.8 minutes which also indicates a quick resorption.", "PMID": 499960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4519", "title": "[Chest pain: differential diagnosis in general practice].", "content": "In patients with chest pain somatic pain (thoracic wall pain) has to be differentiated from visceral pain (organ pain). History and careful physical examination are diagnostic in most cases. Presented are rare and not well-known diseases like valvular aortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Not seldom they are masked by angina pectoris-like symptoms, although in general the coronary arteries are normal. In acute chest pain differential diagnostic considerations have to include lung embolism, acute pericarditis, spontaneous pneumothorax, acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as well. Only after exclusion of any organic cause the diagnosis of \"effort syndrome\" may be made.", "contents": "[Chest pain: differential diagnosis in general practice]. In patients with chest pain somatic pain (thoracic wall pain) has to be differentiated from visceral pain (organ pain). History and careful physical examination are diagnostic in most cases. Presented are rare and not well-known diseases like valvular aortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Not seldom they are masked by angina pectoris-like symptoms, although in general the coronary arteries are normal. In acute chest pain differential diagnostic considerations have to include lung embolism, acute pericarditis, spontaneous pneumothorax, acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as well. Only after exclusion of any organic cause the diagnosis of \"effort syndrome\" may be made.", "PMID": 499963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4520", "title": "[Psychotic depression: therapy, prevention, side effects, patient information and prognosis].", "content": "Depressive syndromes are common disorders. They can be severely disabling and, too often, may lead to suicide. Pharmacological attempts to relieve depression have a long history. However, it was the development of monoaminooxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants which first provided truly effective antidepressants for medical use. Antidepressants, coupled with supportive therapy can usually accelerate improvement, diminish the intensity of symptoms and reduce the danger of suicide. The lithium salts lead to a better prognosis of many patients suffering from psychotic depression and promote social adjustment and occupational rehabilitation. Especially the tricyclic antidepressants are anything but ideal. They are slow-acting, have side effects, can cause fatal overdoses, and do not help every patient. In the course of an ideal antidepressant therapy a more immediate onset of drug action could decrease the risk of suicide and diminish the severe life disruptions that long illnesses can cause. Less toxic medications could also decrease their utilization for suicide attempts.", "contents": "[Psychotic depression: therapy, prevention, side effects, patient information and prognosis]. Depressive syndromes are common disorders. They can be severely disabling and, too often, may lead to suicide. Pharmacological attempts to relieve depression have a long history. However, it was the development of monoaminooxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants which first provided truly effective antidepressants for medical use. Antidepressants, coupled with supportive therapy can usually accelerate improvement, diminish the intensity of symptoms and reduce the danger of suicide. The lithium salts lead to a better prognosis of many patients suffering from psychotic depression and promote social adjustment and occupational rehabilitation. Especially the tricyclic antidepressants are anything but ideal. They are slow-acting, have side effects, can cause fatal overdoses, and do not help every patient. In the course of an ideal antidepressant therapy a more immediate onset of drug action could decrease the risk of suicide and diminish the severe life disruptions that long illnesses can cause. Less toxic medications could also decrease their utilization for suicide attempts.", "PMID": 499965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4521", "title": "[Experiences with selective proximal vagotomy in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcers].", "content": "After 138 selective proximal vagotomies--130 of which were performed because of chronic duodenal ulcer--the rate of the postoperative complications was 3,8%, which is very low; the primary lethality was 0,76%. At re-examination 68% of the patients were without complaints; 8% had a recurrent ulcer. Epigastric fulness (6%), dumping (1%) and diarrhea (1%) were rare. Because of our results we believe, that selective proximal vagotomy is the optimal method for the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Experiences with selective proximal vagotomy in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcers]. After 138 selective proximal vagotomies--130 of which were performed because of chronic duodenal ulcer--the rate of the postoperative complications was 3,8%, which is very low; the primary lethality was 0,76%. At re-examination 68% of the patients were without complaints; 8% had a recurrent ulcer. Epigastric fulness (6%), dumping (1%) and diarrhea (1%) were rare. Because of our results we believe, that selective proximal vagotomy is the optimal method for the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 499966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4522", "title": "[Contact lenses: indications and limits].", "content": "Contact lens wear may be indicated for cosmetic, professional, optical or therapeutic reasons. For each of these indications the arguments are given, why and when contact lenses are better than spectacle correction and which possibilities there are. Contact lens wear is contraindicated in certain eye diseases and in the case of problems of handling and hygiene. The author's preferences concerning the different contact lens materials are summarized briefly.", "contents": "[Contact lenses: indications and limits]. Contact lens wear may be indicated for cosmetic, professional, optical or therapeutic reasons. For each of these indications the arguments are given, why and when contact lenses are better than spectacle correction and which possibilities there are. Contact lens wear is contraindicated in certain eye diseases and in the case of problems of handling and hygiene. The author's preferences concerning the different contact lens materials are summarized briefly.", "PMID": 499967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4523", "title": "[B-scan echography in eye and orbital diseases].", "content": "After a short description of ultrasound A- and B-scan-techniques, the ultrasonic findings in the different diseases of the eye and orbit are discussed. The results, as presented in this paper, show that ultrasound proves to be a useful aid in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of ocular pathology.", "contents": "[B-scan echography in eye and orbital diseases]. After a short description of ultrasound A- and B-scan-techniques, the ultrasonic findings in the different diseases of the eye and orbit are discussed. The results, as presented in this paper, show that ultrasound proves to be a useful aid in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of ocular pathology.", "PMID": 499968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4524", "title": "[Metabolic changes in the multiply injured. Biochemical studies in multiply injured patients with reference to the severity of the injury].", "content": "Leading physical sign of \"trauma-disease\" in polytraumatized patients is hypovolemic shock. Changes in metabolism have been described previously. At present there are no reports concerning the time at which these changes occur. The early posttraumatic phase is characterized by normosodiemia and initial transient hypopotassemia, which is based on the renin-angiotensin-mechanism. The metabolic acidosis depending on trauma causes decreased oxygen perfusion of tissue, which possibly is found even before alterations of circulation are detected. Already at the site of the accident hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia with normal values of insulin were found. The increase of blood glucose was correlated to the values of adrenalin and to the insulin antagonist glucagon. The catabolism of proteins closely related to the degree of trauma continued as long as 5 days after injury. Analysis of the blood clotting system showed that in the early phase after trauma there are changes in hemostatic potential consisting in hemostatic defect. In several essential points the early posttraumatic phase of metabolism is different from that in a later phase. These facts should be kept in mind if planning therapy.", "contents": "[Metabolic changes in the multiply injured. Biochemical studies in multiply injured patients with reference to the severity of the injury]. Leading physical sign of \"trauma-disease\" in polytraumatized patients is hypovolemic shock. Changes in metabolism have been described previously. At present there are no reports concerning the time at which these changes occur. The early posttraumatic phase is characterized by normosodiemia and initial transient hypopotassemia, which is based on the renin-angiotensin-mechanism. The metabolic acidosis depending on trauma causes decreased oxygen perfusion of tissue, which possibly is found even before alterations of circulation are detected. Already at the site of the accident hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia with normal values of insulin were found. The increase of blood glucose was correlated to the values of adrenalin and to the insulin antagonist glucagon. The catabolism of proteins closely related to the degree of trauma continued as long as 5 days after injury. Analysis of the blood clotting system showed that in the early phase after trauma there are changes in hemostatic potential consisting in hemostatic defect. In several essential points the early posttraumatic phase of metabolism is different from that in a later phase. These facts should be kept in mind if planning therapy.", "PMID": 499970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4525", "title": "[Erythropoietic protoporphyria].", "content": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EEP) is the most frequently found erythropoietic porphyria in men. This inborn error of heme metabolism with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is based on a deficiency of ferrochelatase. This defect leads to an increase for protoporphyrins predominantly in the red cells. Under the influence of sun light, especially UV-A, photohemolysis occurs and the content of protoporphyrin in the tissue increases. This is associated with acute sun burn like skin lesions, which usually clear up completely. Persistent skin lesions are seen in form of hyalinosis like infiltrations of the most intensively light exposed skin areas in some patients. Associated symptoms might be: gallstones or rarely a cirrhosis of the liver. Treatment with photoprotective ointments and especially carotinoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthine) is very effective and only in some rare cases this symptomatic therapy fails. Prognosis of the disease is good. Only a few patients died of the associated hepatic failure.", "contents": "[Erythropoietic protoporphyria]. Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EEP) is the most frequently found erythropoietic porphyria in men. This inborn error of heme metabolism with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is based on a deficiency of ferrochelatase. This defect leads to an increase for protoporphyrins predominantly in the red cells. Under the influence of sun light, especially UV-A, photohemolysis occurs and the content of protoporphyrin in the tissue increases. This is associated with acute sun burn like skin lesions, which usually clear up completely. Persistent skin lesions are seen in form of hyalinosis like infiltrations of the most intensively light exposed skin areas in some patients. Associated symptoms might be: gallstones or rarely a cirrhosis of the liver. Treatment with photoprotective ointments and especially carotinoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthine) is very effective and only in some rare cases this symptomatic therapy fails. Prognosis of the disease is good. Only a few patients died of the associated hepatic failure.", "PMID": 499971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4526", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative clearance studies in the individual kidneys in juvenile kidney surgery].", "content": "In 1978 43 patients have been operated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Krankenhaus M\u00fcnchen-Schwabing, because of recurrent urinary-tract infections with ureterovesical reflux or obstructive urinary-tract diseases. In all patients a split whole body clearance-study with a method modified after the method of M\u00fchle with 131J-Hippuran was carried out pre- or postoperatively, respectively. In 78,5% of these cases the clearance-results were corresponding to the results of x-ray examination; 6 of the remaining patients had a worse clearance result and 3 had a better result than the x-ray findings would have suggested.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative clearance studies in the individual kidneys in juvenile kidney surgery]. In 1978 43 patients have been operated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Krankenhaus M\u00fcnchen-Schwabing, because of recurrent urinary-tract infections with ureterovesical reflux or obstructive urinary-tract diseases. In all patients a split whole body clearance-study with a method modified after the method of M\u00fchle with 131J-Hippuran was carried out pre- or postoperatively, respectively. In 78,5% of these cases the clearance-results were corresponding to the results of x-ray examination; 6 of the remaining patients had a worse clearance result and 3 had a better result than the x-ray findings would have suggested.", "PMID": 499972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4527", "title": "Response of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity to the administration of alloxan in dogs.", "content": "The present study was designed to examine the effects of intravenously injected alloxan (75 mg/kg) upon plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI), glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI) and glucose levels in 6 dogs. Within 2 hours of the injection of alloxan, SLI and IRI levels decreased significantly below their respective baselines, while IRG and plasma glucose concentrations increased. At 8 hours SLI levels had increased significantly by 55 pg/ml, together with a rise in IRI and a decrease in IRG and glucose concentrations. After 24 hours, marked hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia had developed whereas SLI levels were not different from preinjection values.", "contents": "Response of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity to the administration of alloxan in dogs. The present study was designed to examine the effects of intravenously injected alloxan (75 mg/kg) upon plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI), glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI) and glucose levels in 6 dogs. Within 2 hours of the injection of alloxan, SLI and IRI levels decreased significantly below their respective baselines, while IRG and plasma glucose concentrations increased. At 8 hours SLI levels had increased significantly by 55 pg/ml, together with a rise in IRI and a decrease in IRG and glucose concentrations. After 24 hours, marked hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia had developed whereas SLI levels were not different from preinjection values.", "PMID": 499995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4528", "title": "In vitro effects of fatty acids on the actions of serum on rat and pig cartilage.", "content": "It has been reported that fatty acids preferentially inhibit serum-stimulated incorporation of sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage, suggesting that they may interfere with the effects of a proposed mediator (serum somatomedin) of the actions of growth hormone (GH). This was studied further in mammalian cartilage. Butyrate and octanoate at concentrations of 0.5 to 5 mM produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of both basal and serum-stimulated sulfate and thymidine incorporation by costal cartilage from hypophysectomized rats. Butyrate also inhibited basal and serum-stimulated sulfate incorporation in cartilage from normal pigs and normal sucklings rats. In all 3 test systems, oleate (0.2--5 mM) bound to serum albumin (4 g/dl) was ineffective. There was no evidence that fatty acids preferentially inhibited the stimulation of sulfate incorporation produced by serum.", "contents": "In vitro effects of fatty acids on the actions of serum on rat and pig cartilage. It has been reported that fatty acids preferentially inhibit serum-stimulated incorporation of sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage, suggesting that they may interfere with the effects of a proposed mediator (serum somatomedin) of the actions of growth hormone (GH). This was studied further in mammalian cartilage. Butyrate and octanoate at concentrations of 0.5 to 5 mM produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of both basal and serum-stimulated sulfate and thymidine incorporation by costal cartilage from hypophysectomized rats. Butyrate also inhibited basal and serum-stimulated sulfate incorporation in cartilage from normal pigs and normal sucklings rats. In all 3 test systems, oleate (0.2--5 mM) bound to serum albumin (4 g/dl) was ineffective. There was no evidence that fatty acids preferentially inhibited the stimulation of sulfate incorporation produced by serum.", "PMID": 499996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4529", "title": "Effect of metabolic control on urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in diabetics.", "content": "Urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines were determined in 20 normal and 39 diabetic subjects to evaluate the sympathetic activity. Diabetic patients were divided into 4 groups according to the metabolic control. Sympathetic activity showed no differences between normal and subjects with chemical diabetes (group I, n = 5). In insulin-treated diabetics in good metabolic control (group II, n = 11) only urinary excretion of free norepinephrine was significantly higher than normals (p less than .05). In insulin-treated diabetics in poor metabolic control (group III, n = 16) urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine showed a marked increase over groups I and II (p less than .001). In insulin-treated diabetics with ketosis (group IV, n = 7) urinary excretion and plasma levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine showed the highest values (p less than .001 and less than .1). Finally, in groups III and IV, after achieving improved metabolic control, a significant decrease of urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines was observed. The results confirm that there is an increased rate of catecholamine release in poorly controlled diabeties and suggest a close correlation between sympathetic activity and metabolic derangement in diabetes.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic control on urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in diabetics. Urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines were determined in 20 normal and 39 diabetic subjects to evaluate the sympathetic activity. Diabetic patients were divided into 4 groups according to the metabolic control. Sympathetic activity showed no differences between normal and subjects with chemical diabetes (group I, n = 5). In insulin-treated diabetics in good metabolic control (group II, n = 11) only urinary excretion of free norepinephrine was significantly higher than normals (p less than .05). In insulin-treated diabetics in poor metabolic control (group III, n = 16) urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine showed a marked increase over groups I and II (p less than .001). In insulin-treated diabetics with ketosis (group IV, n = 7) urinary excretion and plasma levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine showed the highest values (p less than .001 and less than .1). Finally, in groups III and IV, after achieving improved metabolic control, a significant decrease of urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines was observed. The results confirm that there is an increased rate of catecholamine release in poorly controlled diabeties and suggest a close correlation between sympathetic activity and metabolic derangement in diabetes.", "PMID": 499999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4530", "title": "Cholesterol and triglycerides of the liver after administration of a chromatographic fraction of thymus: variations in tissue and blood.", "content": "In rats fed on a fat diet and injected with a chromatographic thymus fraction, intrahepatic distribution of cholesterol and triglycerides have been studied. The results show that the hematic decrease of these compounds, always observed in previous works, is accompanied by a smaller infiltration in hepatocytes and the lipidic drops are more finely dispersed. These results lead us to suppose that liver is a target organ of the thymus fraction.", "contents": "Cholesterol and triglycerides of the liver after administration of a chromatographic fraction of thymus: variations in tissue and blood. In rats fed on a fat diet and injected with a chromatographic thymus fraction, intrahepatic distribution of cholesterol and triglycerides have been studied. The results show that the hematic decrease of these compounds, always observed in previous works, is accompanied by a smaller infiltration in hepatocytes and the lipidic drops are more finely dispersed. These results lead us to suppose that liver is a target organ of the thymus fraction.", "PMID": 500001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4531", "title": "rT3 production in normal man, assessed from variations in serum rT3 during short-term rT3 infusion.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was estimated in normal human subjects by a modified noncompartmental method using the integrated increase in serum rT3 following intravenous infusion of 0.10 nmol/min rT3 for 4 hr. The MCR-rT3 was calculated to be 102.8 +/- 17.01/day and the daily rT3 disposal to be 33.0 +/- 9.5 nmol (mean +/- SD, n = 6). The MCR-rT3 compares well to that of previous studies employing tracer kinetic methods. The disposal rate of rT3 estimated in the present study is considerably lower than found in some previous studies. The discrepancy is due to differences in the measured levels of serum rT3 in normal subjects.", "contents": "rT3 production in normal man, assessed from variations in serum rT3 during short-term rT3 infusion. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was estimated in normal human subjects by a modified noncompartmental method using the integrated increase in serum rT3 following intravenous infusion of 0.10 nmol/min rT3 for 4 hr. The MCR-rT3 was calculated to be 102.8 +/- 17.01/day and the daily rT3 disposal to be 33.0 +/- 9.5 nmol (mean +/- SD, n = 6). The MCR-rT3 compares well to that of previous studies employing tracer kinetic methods. The disposal rate of rT3 estimated in the present study is considerably lower than found in some previous studies. The discrepancy is due to differences in the measured levels of serum rT3 in normal subjects.", "PMID": 500002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4532", "title": "Effect of glomerulopressin on ovarian blood flow in dogs.", "content": "The present study showed that glomerulopressin decreased ovarian blood flow in normal dogs and that this effect could be inhibited by treatment with indomethacin. In addition diabetic dogs had a high plasma level of glomerulopressin and a low ovarian blood flow that was shown to increase after treatment with indomethacin. This suggests that the low ovarian blood flow in diabetis might be due to a prostaglandin synthesizing effect of glomerulopressin.", "contents": "Effect of glomerulopressin on ovarian blood flow in dogs. The present study showed that glomerulopressin decreased ovarian blood flow in normal dogs and that this effect could be inhibited by treatment with indomethacin. In addition diabetic dogs had a high plasma level of glomerulopressin and a low ovarian blood flow that was shown to increase after treatment with indomethacin. This suggests that the low ovarian blood flow in diabetis might be due to a prostaglandin synthesizing effect of glomerulopressin.", "PMID": 500003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4533", "title": "Effects of calcium deprivation and orchidectomy on bone composition in the rat.", "content": "The effects of calcium deprivation and of orchidectomy, separately and combined, on body growth and bone composition have been examined in mature male rats. Calcium deprivation had no significant effect on the rate of body growth but femoral bone weight, bone ash weight and total calcium and phosphorus contents of the femora were reduced while the water content increased. However, there were no significant changes in the ratio of bone weight to body weight, in the amounts of calcium or phosphorus per unit weight of bone, or in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the bone. Orchidectomy reduced the rate of body growth, the mean weight of the femora and the ratio of bone weight to body weight. There was a 60% decrease in bone water and a 30--35% reduction in the calcium and phosphorus content of the femora but the amounts of ash, calcium and phosphorus per unit weight of bone fell by only 6--10%. The combination of orchidectomy and calcium deprivation had no greater effect on body weight, bone weight or bone composition than had orchidectomy alone. It is concluded that calcium deprivation and orchidectomy both cause osteoporosis in mature rats but the effects of orchidectomy are more severe than those of calcium deprivation and there appears to be some demineralization of the bone remaining after orchidectomy.", "contents": "Effects of calcium deprivation and orchidectomy on bone composition in the rat. The effects of calcium deprivation and of orchidectomy, separately and combined, on body growth and bone composition have been examined in mature male rats. Calcium deprivation had no significant effect on the rate of body growth but femoral bone weight, bone ash weight and total calcium and phosphorus contents of the femora were reduced while the water content increased. However, there were no significant changes in the ratio of bone weight to body weight, in the amounts of calcium or phosphorus per unit weight of bone, or in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the bone. Orchidectomy reduced the rate of body growth, the mean weight of the femora and the ratio of bone weight to body weight. There was a 60% decrease in bone water and a 30--35% reduction in the calcium and phosphorus content of the femora but the amounts of ash, calcium and phosphorus per unit weight of bone fell by only 6--10%. The combination of orchidectomy and calcium deprivation had no greater effect on body weight, bone weight or bone composition than had orchidectomy alone. It is concluded that calcium deprivation and orchidectomy both cause osteoporosis in mature rats but the effects of orchidectomy are more severe than those of calcium deprivation and there appears to be some demineralization of the bone remaining after orchidectomy.", "PMID": 500004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4534", "title": "Elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine content in mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "content": "There is evidence that hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) plays a role in the control of appetite in the rat. Using specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assays, we determined if there was a difference in the tissue (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and kidney) concentration of NE or of dopamine (DA) in mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (ob/ob) and their normal weight littermates, both when they were in the rapid growth phase (2--3 months of age) and when they were mature (6--7 months of age). The concentration of NE was similar in the cerebral cortex of obese and normal mice and in the kidneys of obese and normal mice. The concentration of DA was similar in the hypothalamus of obese and normal mice. The concentration of DA was similar in the hypothalamus of obese and normal mice and in the cerebral cortex of obese and normal mice. These observations support the concept that alterations in hypothalamic NE may play a role in the obesity of ob/ob mice.", "contents": "Elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine content in mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. There is evidence that hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) plays a role in the control of appetite in the rat. Using specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assays, we determined if there was a difference in the tissue (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and kidney) concentration of NE or of dopamine (DA) in mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (ob/ob) and their normal weight littermates, both when they were in the rapid growth phase (2--3 months of age) and when they were mature (6--7 months of age). The concentration of NE was similar in the cerebral cortex of obese and normal mice and in the kidneys of obese and normal mice. The concentration of DA was similar in the hypothalamus of obese and normal mice. The concentration of DA was similar in the hypothalamus of obese and normal mice and in the cerebral cortex of obese and normal mice. These observations support the concept that alterations in hypothalamic NE may play a role in the obesity of ob/ob mice.", "PMID": 500010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4535", "title": "The fluorescence scanning of microgels stained for glycoproteins with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled concanavalin A.", "content": "A technique is presented which allows one to label and quantitate glycoproteins. Small amounts of protein from biological samples (0.5-2.5 microgram for mixtures and less for individual proteins) are separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis on 1-30% polyacrylamide gradient microgels. The gels are stained with Co-omassie Brillant Blue R250 to evaluate relative migration or fixed in 2-propanol/acetic acid and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled concanavalin A. The microgels are then scanned using a fluorescence microscope controlled by a computer, although simpler configurations are possible. Standards of known carbohydrate composition (e.g., glucose oxidase) are used for comparative purposes. Glycoproteins in the order of 5-30 ng protein (or 1-5 ng carbohydrate) can be detected without difficulty. This technique may prove valuable in evaluating glycoproteins when the available material is limited.", "contents": "The fluorescence scanning of microgels stained for glycoproteins with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled concanavalin A. A technique is presented which allows one to label and quantitate glycoproteins. Small amounts of protein from biological samples (0.5-2.5 microgram for mixtures and less for individual proteins) are separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis on 1-30% polyacrylamide gradient microgels. The gels are stained with Co-omassie Brillant Blue R250 to evaluate relative migration or fixed in 2-propanol/acetic acid and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled concanavalin A. The microgels are then scanned using a fluorescence microscope controlled by a computer, although simpler configurations are possible. Standards of known carbohydrate composition (e.g., glucose oxidase) are used for comparative purposes. Glycoproteins in the order of 5-30 ng protein (or 1-5 ng carbohydrate) can be detected without difficulty. This technique may prove valuable in evaluating glycoproteins when the available material is limited.", "PMID": 500012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4536", "title": "Separation of the gonadotropic activity of crude choriogonadotropin from the inhibitory effect on lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The effect of choriogonadotropin of different purities on the transformation of peripheral human lymphocytes was studied. Various crude hormone batches inhibited lymphocyte transformation in a dose-dependent manner, both in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and in the phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation. The inhibitory activity, however, was found not to be correlated with the gonadotropic activity of the crude hormone batches (2660-4300 IU/mg). Choriogonadotropin (13 000 IU/mg), which was purified in 3 steps, showed no inhibitory effect except at high doses (greater than 5000 IU/ml final dilution). More detailed investigations provided evidence that in the first step of the choriogonadotropin purification procedure (batch adsorption of crude choriogonadotropin on SP-Sephadex C-50), the inhibitory activity can be enriched in a fraction (Fract. I) which displays a very low gonadotropic activity (less than 500 IU/mg). A further separation of Fract. I was achieved by isoelectric focusing as well as by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. By these means, the inhibitory potency could be enriched more than 100-fold. The substances which display inhibition of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes were proven to act in a nontoxic way. A preliminary characterization of the strongly inhibiting substances which show a dose-dependent suppression of lymphocyte transformation by about 99%, showed that this effect is probably exerted via non-dialysable sialoglycoproteins. By a fourth purification step entailing a chromatography of purified choriogonadotropin (13 000 IU/mg) on SP-Sephadex C-50, a highly purified choriogonadotropin (14000 IU/mg) could be obtained which showed no inhibitory effect on lymphocyte transformation (in both mixed lymphocyte reaction and in phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation) up to a dose of 43 000 IU/ml. The components which were removed from choriogonadotropin in this step seem to be immunologically identical with the strongly inhibiting substances isolated by isoelectric focusing. These investigations demonstrate that biologically active, highly purified choriogonadotropin is unable to inhibit lymphocyte transformation. The inhibitory activity of crude hormone can be enriched in choriogonadotropin-free fractions. Therefore, it is concluded that the inhibitory activity of crude hormone is not a property of choriogonadotropin itself.", "contents": "Separation of the gonadotropic activity of crude choriogonadotropin from the inhibitory effect on lymphocyte transformation. The effect of choriogonadotropin of different purities on the transformation of peripheral human lymphocytes was studied. Various crude hormone batches inhibited lymphocyte transformation in a dose-dependent manner, both in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and in the phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation. The inhibitory activity, however, was found not to be correlated with the gonadotropic activity of the crude hormone batches (2660-4300 IU/mg). Choriogonadotropin (13 000 IU/mg), which was purified in 3 steps, showed no inhibitory effect except at high doses (greater than 5000 IU/ml final dilution). More detailed investigations provided evidence that in the first step of the choriogonadotropin purification procedure (batch adsorption of crude choriogonadotropin on SP-Sephadex C-50), the inhibitory activity can be enriched in a fraction (Fract. I) which displays a very low gonadotropic activity (less than 500 IU/mg). A further separation of Fract. I was achieved by isoelectric focusing as well as by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. By these means, the inhibitory potency could be enriched more than 100-fold. The substances which display inhibition of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes were proven to act in a nontoxic way. A preliminary characterization of the strongly inhibiting substances which show a dose-dependent suppression of lymphocyte transformation by about 99%, showed that this effect is probably exerted via non-dialysable sialoglycoproteins. By a fourth purification step entailing a chromatography of purified choriogonadotropin (13 000 IU/mg) on SP-Sephadex C-50, a highly purified choriogonadotropin (14000 IU/mg) could be obtained which showed no inhibitory effect on lymphocyte transformation (in both mixed lymphocyte reaction and in phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation) up to a dose of 43 000 IU/ml. The components which were removed from choriogonadotropin in this step seem to be immunologically identical with the strongly inhibiting substances isolated by isoelectric focusing. These investigations demonstrate that biologically active, highly purified choriogonadotropin is unable to inhibit lymphocyte transformation. The inhibitory activity of crude hormone can be enriched in choriogonadotropin-free fractions. Therefore, it is concluded that the inhibitory activity of crude hormone is not a property of choriogonadotropin itself.", "PMID": 500013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4537", "title": "ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase in the rat; two-step purification procedure, properties, organ distribution.", "content": "A simple two-step procedure is described for the purification of rat liver ATP citrate lyase with an overall yield of upt to 70%. In binding experiments on Blue Sepharose CL-6B (an affinity gel for nucleotide-specific enzymes) it is observed that ATP citrate lyase recognizes ATP and CoA as well as ADP, 3'-AMP, and NADP, but not 5'-AMP, NAD, or adenosine. It is further demonstrated that ATP citrate lyase is activated by various anions including chloride, hydrogen carbonate, and acetate. The highest specific activity of the enzyme is found in adipose tissue of various origins. Activities are also present in the adrenals, in liver, and intestine, in brain, and in lung. No measurable enzyme activity is found in heart, skeletal muscle, and in the kidneys.", "contents": "ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase in the rat; two-step purification procedure, properties, organ distribution. A simple two-step procedure is described for the purification of rat liver ATP citrate lyase with an overall yield of upt to 70%. In binding experiments on Blue Sepharose CL-6B (an affinity gel for nucleotide-specific enzymes) it is observed that ATP citrate lyase recognizes ATP and CoA as well as ADP, 3'-AMP, and NADP, but not 5'-AMP, NAD, or adenosine. It is further demonstrated that ATP citrate lyase is activated by various anions including chloride, hydrogen carbonate, and acetate. The highest specific activity of the enzyme is found in adipose tissue of various origins. Activities are also present in the adrenals, in liver, and intestine, in brain, and in lung. No measurable enzyme activity is found in heart, skeletal muscle, and in the kidneys.", "PMID": 500014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4538", "title": "Preparation and characteristics of porcine growth hormone.", "content": "A recently published method for preparation of porcine growth hormone resulted in a highly purified protein with good biological activity. However, after storing for some months the originally homogeneous hormone separated again into several fractions when rechromatographed on ion exchange columns. The biological activity, found in one of these fractions, was clearly diminished compared with the activity of a freshly prepared hormone. In the present paper a modified procedure is described for the isolation of a more stable porcine growth hormone. The influence of ions, involved in buffers of the same molarity and the same pH, upon ion exchange chromatography of porcine growth hormone is discussed. The purified hormone shows high biological activity in the tibia test and is free of activities of other pituitary hormones. The molecular weight is about 20 000; only phenylalanine is found as N-terminal as well as C-terminal amino acid; the amino acid composition resembles neither that of porcine growth hormone described in literature nor that of human growth hormone.", "contents": "Preparation and characteristics of porcine growth hormone. A recently published method for preparation of porcine growth hormone resulted in a highly purified protein with good biological activity. However, after storing for some months the originally homogeneous hormone separated again into several fractions when rechromatographed on ion exchange columns. The biological activity, found in one of these fractions, was clearly diminished compared with the activity of a freshly prepared hormone. In the present paper a modified procedure is described for the isolation of a more stable porcine growth hormone. The influence of ions, involved in buffers of the same molarity and the same pH, upon ion exchange chromatography of porcine growth hormone is discussed. The purified hormone shows high biological activity in the tibia test and is free of activities of other pituitary hormones. The molecular weight is about 20 000; only phenylalanine is found as N-terminal as well as C-terminal amino acid; the amino acid composition resembles neither that of porcine growth hormone described in literature nor that of human growth hormone.", "PMID": 500015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4539", "title": "[The primary structure of a dimeric hemoglobin (erythrocruorin); component CTT VI of Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera (author's transl)].", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of 147 residues was determined automatically for a major dimeric component (CTT VI) of the insect larva Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera). The molweight was found to be 32411. All tryptic, maleylated tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated. The handling of some large fragments was facilitated by maleylation and subsequent ion exchange chromatography. Some details of the primary structure are discussed. The alignment of the amino acid sequence with that of human alpha-chains shows only 29 identical positions.", "contents": "[The primary structure of a dimeric hemoglobin (erythrocruorin); component CTT VI of Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera (author's transl)]. The complete amino acid sequence of 147 residues was determined automatically for a major dimeric component (CTT VI) of the insect larva Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera). The molweight was found to be 32411. All tryptic, maleylated tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated. The handling of some large fragments was facilitated by maleylation and subsequent ion exchange chromatography. Some details of the primary structure are discussed. The alignment of the amino acid sequence with that of human alpha-chains shows only 29 identical positions.", "PMID": 500018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4540", "title": "The myth of advocacy.", "content": "In an era in which advocacy has become a buzzword, both psychiatry and the legal profession have climbed aboard the advocacy bandwagon. Yet the American Psychiatric Association's notion of advocacy--championing the medical needs of patients--is often in direct conflict with the lawyers' notion of advocacy--championing the legal rights of their clients. The author observes that psychiatry has proved to be a weak adversary for patients' legal advocates; the result has been a one-sided advocacy system that has advanced patients' rights at the expense of their needs. He believes that if the APA is to become an effective advocate for patients, it must hire lawyers and work with them to reverse the trend of turning rights into needs.", "contents": "The myth of advocacy. In an era in which advocacy has become a buzzword, both psychiatry and the legal profession have climbed aboard the advocacy bandwagon. Yet the American Psychiatric Association's notion of advocacy--championing the medical needs of patients--is often in direct conflict with the lawyers' notion of advocacy--championing the legal rights of their clients. The author observes that psychiatry has proved to be a weak adversary for patients' legal advocates; the result has been a one-sided advocacy system that has advanced patients' rights at the expense of their needs. He believes that if the APA is to become an effective advocate for patients, it must hire lawyers and work with them to reverse the trend of turning rights into needs.", "PMID": 500019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4541", "title": "The creative arts therapies as \"real therapies\".", "content": "Elements of a standard definition of psychotherapy are used to support the argument that the creative arts therapies should not be characterized as adjunctive therapies, or discredited as not being \"real therapies.\" Two concepts widely acknowledged as important in the application of the creative arts therapies are discussed: first, that the nonverbal media employed by creative arts therapists tap emotional rather than cognitive processes and evoke responses more directly and immediately than traditional verbal therapies, and, second, that creative arts therapies are reality-based and provide a more immediate and real link to a patient's experience than something he can portray only verbally.", "contents": "The creative arts therapies as \"real therapies\". Elements of a standard definition of psychotherapy are used to support the argument that the creative arts therapies should not be characterized as adjunctive therapies, or discredited as not being \"real therapies.\" Two concepts widely acknowledged as important in the application of the creative arts therapies are discussed: first, that the nonverbal media employed by creative arts therapists tap emotional rather than cognitive processes and evoke responses more directly and immediately than traditional verbal therapies, and, second, that creative arts therapies are reality-based and provide a more immediate and real link to a patient's experience than something he can portray only verbally.", "PMID": 500020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4542", "title": "Strategic planning has market orientation.", "content": "A key element in the strategic planning process is active involvement of the hospital's key personnel so that each has a commitment to the ultimate plan.", "contents": "Strategic planning has market orientation. A key element in the strategic planning process is active involvement of the hospital's key personnel so that each has a commitment to the ultimate plan.", "PMID": 500039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4543", "title": "Accounting principles, reporting rules, and payment practices.", "content": "Misconceptions concerning the distinction between accounting principles, reporting rules, and payment practices and how they interrelate can lessen the effectiveness of hospital financial managers in these areas/clarification and recommendations are offered.", "contents": "Accounting principles, reporting rules, and payment practices. Misconceptions concerning the distinction between accounting principles, reporting rules, and payment practices and how they interrelate can lessen the effectiveness of hospital financial managers in these areas/clarification and recommendations are offered.", "PMID": 500040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4544", "title": "On call is not enough: social workers in ED.", "content": "A study indicates that ED staff would refer to hospital social workers the increasing numbers of patients who need their services if, and only if, they are on duty in the ED itself.", "contents": "On call is not enough: social workers in ED. A study indicates that ED staff would refer to hospital social workers the increasing numbers of patients who need their services if, and only if, they are on duty in the ED itself.", "PMID": 500042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4545", "title": "New CHA head charts assertive future course. Interview by Alan L. Appelbaum.", "content": "John E. Curley Jr. is determined that the Catholic Health Association will be a strong advocate in the defense and expansion of the work of Catholic health care institutions.", "contents": "New CHA head charts assertive future course. Interview by Alan L. Appelbaum. John E. Curley Jr. is determined that the Catholic Health Association will be a strong advocate in the defense and expansion of the work of Catholic health care institutions.", "PMID": 500043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4546", "title": "It's a question of ethics.", "content": "Ethical considerations must be taken into account whenever a merger of the closing of a facility or service is contemplated/Some guiding principles that can help in making decisions.", "contents": "It's a question of ethics. Ethical considerations must be taken into account whenever a merger of the closing of a facility or service is contemplated/Some guiding principles that can help in making decisions.", "PMID": 500044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4547", "title": "Sharing management skills.", "content": "The SHARE program brings administrators, state hospital association officers, and others together in an effort to strengthen association work.", "contents": "Sharing management skills. The SHARE program brings administrators, state hospital association officers, and others together in an effort to strengthen association work.", "PMID": 500045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4548", "title": "Independent congressman makes waves. Interview by Karen Rittinger.", "content": "Representative Gramm's opposition to the Administration's Hospital Cost Containment bill and the National Health Plan Act reflect his independence of Democratic Party politics.", "contents": "Independent congressman makes waves. Interview by Karen Rittinger. Representative Gramm's opposition to the Administration's Hospital Cost Containment bill and the National Health Plan Act reflect his independence of Democratic Party politics.", "PMID": 500046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4549", "title": "Metabolic support: how to form a service.", "content": "Organizing a metabolic and nutritional support service requires consideration of issues such as departmental affiliation, staffing, and budgeting.", "contents": "Metabolic support: how to form a service. Organizing a metabolic and nutritional support service requires consideration of issues such as departmental affiliation, staffing, and budgeting.", "PMID": 500047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4550", "title": "How to evaluate a PR program.", "content": "A missing element in public relations programs is evaluation. This article describes how to evaluate the effectiveness of a program by developing measurable goals and objectives.", "contents": "How to evaluate a PR program. A missing element in public relations programs is evaluation. This article describes how to evaluate the effectiveness of a program by developing measurable goals and objectives.", "PMID": 500048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4551", "title": "Cost cap bill topped agenda in first session of 96th Congress.", "content": "Congress took up amendments to Medicare and Medicaid programs, extension of health planning law, funding for nurse training, and other issues during its first session.", "contents": "Cost cap bill topped agenda in first session of 96th Congress. Congress took up amendments to Medicare and Medicaid programs, extension of health planning law, funding for nurse training, and other issues during its first session.", "PMID": 500055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4552", "title": "Public press highlights clinical innovations.", "content": "After years of what seemed to be a single minded concentration on cost issues, the public press in 1979 showed interest in clinical innovations and advances in hospital care.", "contents": "Public press highlights clinical innovations. After years of what seemed to be a single minded concentration on cost issues, the public press in 1979 showed interest in clinical innovations and advances in hospital care.", "PMID": 500057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4553", "title": "Creativity in planning: prerequisite for success and survival.", "content": "For successful planning, an organization and its planners must recognize and accept inevitable changes; eliminate unnecessary self-imposed restrictions that limit options in seeking solutions to problems; and take risks to promote future development.", "contents": "Creativity in planning: prerequisite for success and survival. For successful planning, an organization and its planners must recognize and accept inevitable changes; eliminate unnecessary self-imposed restrictions that limit options in seeking solutions to problems; and take risks to promote future development.", "PMID": 500058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4554", "title": "Many benefits possible with vertical system.", "content": "Although legal and practical barriers still remain before vertical integration of health care facilities can reach full potential, this kind of multi-institutional arrangement deserves greater attention.", "contents": "Many benefits possible with vertical system. Although legal and practical barriers still remain before vertical integration of health care facilities can reach full potential, this kind of multi-institutional arrangement deserves greater attention.", "PMID": 500059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4555", "title": "Regionalized health systems in five nations.", "content": "As shown by the health care systems in five industrialized nations, the method of national medical care financing determines the extent of regionalization and the degree of hospital's autonomy.", "contents": "Regionalized health systems in five nations. As shown by the health care systems in five industrialized nations, the method of national medical care financing determines the extent of regionalization and the degree of hospital's autonomy.", "PMID": 500060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4556", "title": "What to do when organized labor comes calling.", "content": "Many hospitals are finding that personnel management skills per se are not enough to successfully manage their employee relations functions.", "contents": "What to do when organized labor comes calling. Many hospitals are finding that personnel management skills per se are not enough to successfully manage their employee relations functions.", "PMID": 500061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4557", "title": "Workshops enhance role of volunteers.", "content": "Educational workshops were developed to enrich volunteers' services to a large metropolitan hospital. Staff also benefit by acquiring useful input from the volunteers.", "contents": "Workshops enhance role of volunteers. Educational workshops were developed to enrich volunteers' services to a large metropolitan hospital. Staff also benefit by acquiring useful input from the volunteers.", "PMID": 500062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4558", "title": "Staff training vital for risk management.", "content": "To ensure an effective risk management program, a hospital's staff must be trained to deal with a variety of continuous and special risks.", "contents": "Staff training vital for risk management. To ensure an effective risk management program, a hospital's staff must be trained to deal with a variety of continuous and special risks.", "PMID": 500063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4559", "title": "Using financial ratio analysis to compare hospitals' performance.", "content": "Financial ratio analysis allows a hospital to evaluate its own performance over time and to compare itself with other hospitals. Through reclassification procedures, potential distortions are reduced, and administrative decisions can be based on more reliable rations. Step 1 reclassifies financial statements for analysis, step 2 computes and explains ratios, and step 3 combines ratios into patterns for interpretations. Step 4 describes the 209-hospital sample, step 5 compares three individual hospitals' ratios to industry ratios, and step 6 discusses behavior of two hospitals' ratios and industry ratios over time.", "contents": "Using financial ratio analysis to compare hospitals' performance. Financial ratio analysis allows a hospital to evaluate its own performance over time and to compare itself with other hospitals. Through reclassification procedures, potential distortions are reduced, and administrative decisions can be based on more reliable rations. Step 1 reclassifies financial statements for analysis, step 2 computes and explains ratios, and step 3 combines ratios into patterns for interpretations. Step 4 describes the 209-hospital sample, step 5 compares three individual hospitals' ratios to industry ratios, and step 6 discusses behavior of two hospitals' ratios and industry ratios over time.", "PMID": 500069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4560", "title": "Holy Cross Hospital, Chicago: cost variance analysis in a health care setting.", "content": "By knowing and understanding basic cost accounting techniques, administrators are better equipped to keenly judge their own institution's health care expenses. Managers who implement cost variance analysis are less likely to be forced into a defensive position with either board members or the general public.", "contents": "Holy Cross Hospital, Chicago: cost variance analysis in a health care setting. By knowing and understanding basic cost accounting techniques, administrators are better equipped to keenly judge their own institution's health care expenses. Managers who implement cost variance analysis are less likely to be forced into a defensive position with either board members or the general public.", "PMID": 500071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4561", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of a de novo reciprocal translocation 46,XX,t(3;7)(q21;q11).", "content": "A de novo reciprocal translocation 46,XX,t(3;7)(q21;q11), detected at amniocentesis performed because of advanced maternal age, is presented. Both parents showed a normal karyotype. The girl was delivered and has shown no phenotypic abnormality in the first year after birth. Problems encountered with the prediction of the fetal outcome in balanced structural rearrangements are discussed.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of a de novo reciprocal translocation 46,XX,t(3;7)(q21;q11). A de novo reciprocal translocation 46,XX,t(3;7)(q21;q11), detected at amniocentesis performed because of advanced maternal age, is presented. Both parents showed a normal karyotype. The girl was delivered and has shown no phenotypic abnormality in the first year after birth. Problems encountered with the prediction of the fetal outcome in balanced structural rearrangements are discussed.", "PMID": 500088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4562", "title": "Partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5: a case due to balanced paternal translocation and review of the literature.", "content": "A partial duplication of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 5 (q31 leads to qter) was observed in an infant with congenital malformations and dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal father had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome 5 and the short arm of chromosome 9: 46,XY,t(5;9)(q31;p24). The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from six patients with partial duplications of two different long arm segments of chromosome 5 suggest that partial duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 5 is associated with microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, strabismus, large upper lip, low-set, dysplastic ears, in addition to growth and psychomotor retardation. Partial duplication of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 5, on the other hand, is associated mainly with musculoskeletal abnormalities including muscle hypotrophy and hypotonia, scoliosis, lordosis, pectus carinatum, cubitus valgus, and genu valgum, in addition to psychomotor retardation. The dysmorphic features in this latter group include a bulging forehead, short nose, thick upper lip, low-set protruding ears and tapering, thin fingers.", "contents": "Partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5: a case due to balanced paternal translocation and review of the literature. A partial duplication of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 5 (q31 leads to qter) was observed in an infant with congenital malformations and dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal father had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome 5 and the short arm of chromosome 9: 46,XY,t(5;9)(q31;p24). The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from six patients with partial duplications of two different long arm segments of chromosome 5 suggest that partial duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 5 is associated with microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, strabismus, large upper lip, low-set, dysplastic ears, in addition to growth and psychomotor retardation. Partial duplication of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 5, on the other hand, is associated mainly with musculoskeletal abnormalities including muscle hypotrophy and hypotonia, scoliosis, lordosis, pectus carinatum, cubitus valgus, and genu valgum, in addition to psychomotor retardation. The dysmorphic features in this latter group include a bulging forehead, short nose, thick upper lip, low-set protruding ears and tapering, thin fingers.", "PMID": 500089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4563", "title": "Ring chromosome 15 syndrome.", "content": "Two new cases of ring chromosome 15 are reported. A review of the nine cases described in the literature shows that ring chromosomes 15 are associated with a rather uniform phenotype characterized by slight to moderate mental retardation, marked pre- and postnatal growth failure, triangular face, and short hands and feet.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 15 syndrome. Two new cases of ring chromosome 15 are reported. A review of the nine cases described in the literature shows that ring chromosomes 15 are associated with a rather uniform phenotype characterized by slight to moderate mental retardation, marked pre- and postnatal growth failure, triangular face, and short hands and feet.", "PMID": 500090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4564", "title": "Presumptive long arm deletion of chromosome 8: a new syndrome?", "content": "This communication describes an infant with growth and psychomotor retardation and severe congenital malformations, who was found to have an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8: 46,XY,del(8) (q13q22). Comparison with the only other previously reported patient with a deletion of a similar chromosomal segment suggested that deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 may constitute a clinically recognizable syndrome.", "contents": "Presumptive long arm deletion of chromosome 8: a new syndrome? This communication describes an infant with growth and psychomotor retardation and severe congenital malformations, who was found to have an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8: 46,XY,del(8) (q13q22). Comparison with the only other previously reported patient with a deletion of a similar chromosomal segment suggested that deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 may constitute a clinically recognizable syndrome.", "PMID": 500091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4565", "title": "Partial trisomy 4 resulting from a complex maternal rearrangement of chromosomes 2, 4, and 18 with interstitial translocation.", "content": "A woman presented a complex chromosome rearrangement with translocation between chromosome 2 and 4 in addition to an insertion of the band 4q12 leads to q13 in the long arm of chromosome 18. The authors present a case study of the daughter who displayed the abnormal chromosome 18 and trisomy of band 4q12 leads to q13.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 4 resulting from a complex maternal rearrangement of chromosomes 2, 4, and 18 with interstitial translocation. A woman presented a complex chromosome rearrangement with translocation between chromosome 2 and 4 in addition to an insertion of the band 4q12 leads to q13 in the long arm of chromosome 18. The authors present a case study of the daughter who displayed the abnormal chromosome 18 and trisomy of band 4q12 leads to q13.", "PMID": 500092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4566", "title": "Partial trisomy 11q as the result of sporadic translocation.", "content": "Partial trisomy 11q due to a sporadic translocation was found in a mentally retarded girl with multiple abnormalities. The proportion of sporadic translocations involved in the total incidence of partial trisomies is discussed.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 11q as the result of sporadic translocation. Partial trisomy 11q due to a sporadic translocation was found in a mentally retarded girl with multiple abnormalities. The proportion of sporadic translocations involved in the total incidence of partial trisomies is discussed.", "PMID": 500093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4567", "title": "Trisomy 6p22 leads to 6pter due to familial t(6;13)(p22;q34 or 33) translocation.", "content": "A newborn with a 46,XY,der(13),t(6;13)(p22;q34 or 33)pat karyotype, trisomic for the 6p22 leads to 6pter segment and, perhaps, monosomic for the 13q telomere, is reported. The balanced translocation is familial and was also encountered in the sister and paternal grandmother. The infant's phenotype was similar to that described in seven previously reported cases of partial trisomy 6p and further supports a partial trisomy 6p syndrome as proposed by Breuning et al.", "contents": "Trisomy 6p22 leads to 6pter due to familial t(6;13)(p22;q34 or 33) translocation. A newborn with a 46,XY,der(13),t(6;13)(p22;q34 or 33)pat karyotype, trisomic for the 6p22 leads to 6pter segment and, perhaps, monosomic for the 13q telomere, is reported. The balanced translocation is familial and was also encountered in the sister and paternal grandmother. The infant's phenotype was similar to that described in seven previously reported cases of partial trisomy 6p and further supports a partial trisomy 6p syndrome as proposed by Breuning et al.", "PMID": 500094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4568", "title": "Absence of chromosome breakage in patients with retinoblastoma.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte cultures were employed to assess the degree of spontaneous chromosome fragility in patients with retinoblastoma. There was no difference between the patients and their controls. If chromosome instability plays a role in the inherited tumour, more sensitive methods need be employed to elucidate it.", "contents": "Absence of chromosome breakage in patients with retinoblastoma. Mixed lymphocyte cultures were employed to assess the degree of spontaneous chromosome fragility in patients with retinoblastoma. There was no difference between the patients and their controls. If chromosome instability plays a role in the inherited tumour, more sensitive methods need be employed to elucidate it.", "PMID": 500095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4569", "title": "Detection of rare major genes in lipid levels.", "content": "A statistical test of polygenic inheritance (TPI) against the alternative of a rare major gene is presented. It is designed for a random sample of quantitative observations on index cases and siblings of those index cases (probands) selected on the basis of the observed measurements of these probands. The test focuses on an increase of the variance of siblings of probands over its value under polygenic inheritance, such an increase being expected in the presence of a major gene producing a shift of the quantitative observations. Certain data on lipids are then analyzed by this test. A major gene can tentatively be confirmed for triglycerides but not for cholesterol. In addition, the values of all index cases are subjected to an analysis of a mixture of normal distributions (NOCOMP computer program), resulting in a significant second component for triglycerides but not for cholesterol. For both TPI and NOCOMP, the exponent in a power transformation is estimated by maximum likelihood simultaneously with all other parameters, so that these analysis methods are robust against a wide range of skewness in the data, which is demonstrated by manipulation of the observations and their reanalysis.", "contents": "Detection of rare major genes in lipid levels. A statistical test of polygenic inheritance (TPI) against the alternative of a rare major gene is presented. It is designed for a random sample of quantitative observations on index cases and siblings of those index cases (probands) selected on the basis of the observed measurements of these probands. The test focuses on an increase of the variance of siblings of probands over its value under polygenic inheritance, such an increase being expected in the presence of a major gene producing a shift of the quantitative observations. Certain data on lipids are then analyzed by this test. A major gene can tentatively be confirmed for triglycerides but not for cholesterol. In addition, the values of all index cases are subjected to an analysis of a mixture of normal distributions (NOCOMP computer program), resulting in a significant second component for triglycerides but not for cholesterol. For both TPI and NOCOMP, the exponent in a power transformation is estimated by maximum likelihood simultaneously with all other parameters, so that these analysis methods are robust against a wide range of skewness in the data, which is demonstrated by manipulation of the observations and their reanalysis.", "PMID": 500096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4570", "title": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in a balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the centromere of chromosomes involved in a whole-arm translocation t(1:19) was evaluated in altogether 911 metaphases of translocation carriers (n = 5) and of normal controls (n = 6). Comparison of the two groups reveals no significant differences in the SCE rate (x2 = 3.06, nf = 1). The question as to whether the possible increase of the SCE rate at the translocation point could be detected by light microscopy is discussed. Parameters included in the discussion are the ratio of the SCE frequency at the translocation point to the SCE frequency at any of the possible breakage points in the centromeric region and the number of possible breakage points in the centromeric region.", "contents": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in a balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the centromere of chromosomes involved in a whole-arm translocation t(1:19) was evaluated in altogether 911 metaphases of translocation carriers (n = 5) and of normal controls (n = 6). Comparison of the two groups reveals no significant differences in the SCE rate (x2 = 3.06, nf = 1). The question as to whether the possible increase of the SCE rate at the translocation point could be detected by light microscopy is discussed. Parameters included in the discussion are the ratio of the SCE frequency at the translocation point to the SCE frequency at any of the possible breakage points in the centromeric region and the number of possible breakage points in the centromeric region.", "PMID": 500097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4571", "title": "Condensation of all human chromosomes in phase G2 and early mitosis can be drastically inhibited by 33258-Hoechst treatment.", "content": "Condensation of human chromosomes in phase G2 and early mitosis is inhibited by the fluorochrome 33258-Hoechst. This inhibitory effect is most apparent in primary diploid fibroblasts and lymphoblasts and least pronounced in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Condensation of the human Y chromosome, which contains a large heterochromatic region rich in A-T base pairs, is drastically inhibited by 33258-Hoechst treatment of fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. The difference in sensitivity of human chromosomes in different cell types to 33258-Hoechst probably reflects differences in the cell-membrane permeabilities to 33258-Hoechst.", "contents": "Condensation of all human chromosomes in phase G2 and early mitosis can be drastically inhibited by 33258-Hoechst treatment. Condensation of human chromosomes in phase G2 and early mitosis is inhibited by the fluorochrome 33258-Hoechst. This inhibitory effect is most apparent in primary diploid fibroblasts and lymphoblasts and least pronounced in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Condensation of the human Y chromosome, which contains a large heterochromatic region rich in A-T base pairs, is drastically inhibited by 33258-Hoechst treatment of fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. The difference in sensitivity of human chromosomes in different cell types to 33258-Hoechst probably reflects differences in the cell-membrane permeabilities to 33258-Hoechst.", "PMID": 500098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4572", "title": "Loss of adjuvanticity in rats for the hyperacute form of allergic encephalomyelitis and for reaginic antibody production in mice of a phenotypic variant of Bordetella pertussis.", "content": "The adjuvanticity of a phenotypic (C-mode) variant of B. pertussis, known to be deficient in certain immunological and physiopathological properties, was compared to that of the normal (X-mode) strain. The X-mode vaccine was a potent adjuvant for induction of hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to guinea-pig spinal cord in Lewis rats whereas C-mode vaccine was inactive. X-mode vaccine was also highly active in the induction of reaginic (both IgE and IgGl) antibodies to ovalbumin in mice while C-mode vaccine caused only a transitory increase in the IgE level. These data support the view that an adjuvant component of B. pertussis, which is probably identical with the histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis promoting factor, is much diminished in C-mode cells while the lipopolysaccharide adjuvant remains unchanged.", "contents": "Loss of adjuvanticity in rats for the hyperacute form of allergic encephalomyelitis and for reaginic antibody production in mice of a phenotypic variant of Bordetella pertussis. The adjuvanticity of a phenotypic (C-mode) variant of B. pertussis, known to be deficient in certain immunological and physiopathological properties, was compared to that of the normal (X-mode) strain. The X-mode vaccine was a potent adjuvant for induction of hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to guinea-pig spinal cord in Lewis rats whereas C-mode vaccine was inactive. X-mode vaccine was also highly active in the induction of reaginic (both IgE and IgGl) antibodies to ovalbumin in mice while C-mode vaccine caused only a transitory increase in the IgE level. These data support the view that an adjuvant component of B. pertussis, which is probably identical with the histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis promoting factor, is much diminished in C-mode cells while the lipopolysaccharide adjuvant remains unchanged.", "PMID": 500113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4573", "title": "A new approach to the thermodynamic study of ABO antibodies.", "content": "Enthalpy change was determined for natural anti-A (B, O subjects) and anti-B (A1, A2, O subjects). Entropy change, free energy change and association constant were calculated according to the law of mass action and the Wurmser method. The concentrations of allohaemagglutinins were measured by the Wilkie and Becker method using an autoanalyser. 2-Mercaptoethanol was used to estimate the proportions of IgG and IgM and their respective contribution to the thermodynamic properties. The following results and conclusions were obtained. Individual enthalpy and entrophy changes are different for each subject so that only the average values of these thermodynamic parameters represent a characteristic of the phenotype. There is a correlation between enthalpy and entropy changes and the relative proportion of anti-A or anti-B IgG. There is heterogeneity of the values of association constant. Free energy change is about 10 kcal mol-1 for all anti-A and anti-B; this result confirms the low energy binding between antigen and antibody. All these results confirm the role of environment and red-cell phenotype in the synthesis of allohaemagglutinins.", "contents": "A new approach to the thermodynamic study of ABO antibodies. Enthalpy change was determined for natural anti-A (B, O subjects) and anti-B (A1, A2, O subjects). Entropy change, free energy change and association constant were calculated according to the law of mass action and the Wurmser method. The concentrations of allohaemagglutinins were measured by the Wilkie and Becker method using an autoanalyser. 2-Mercaptoethanol was used to estimate the proportions of IgG and IgM and their respective contribution to the thermodynamic properties. The following results and conclusions were obtained. Individual enthalpy and entrophy changes are different for each subject so that only the average values of these thermodynamic parameters represent a characteristic of the phenotype. There is a correlation between enthalpy and entropy changes and the relative proportion of anti-A or anti-B IgG. There is heterogeneity of the values of association constant. Free energy change is about 10 kcal mol-1 for all anti-A and anti-B; this result confirms the low energy binding between antigen and antibody. All these results confirm the role of environment and red-cell phenotype in the synthesis of allohaemagglutinins.", "PMID": 500114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4574", "title": "Cell electrophoretic studies on mouse lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A: possible existence of two types of receptors on cell surface.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) induced biphasic changes in the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of splenic lymphocytes of AKR mice. At low concentrations of Con A (2-12.5 mug/ml) there was a significant increase in there was a significant increase in the EPM which could be attributed to the redistribution and endocytosis of Con A receptors. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 15.0 mug/ml) a reduction in EPM below that of untreated cells was possibly due to the binding of excess Con A after redistribution. The biphasic profile of EPM was observed only in respect of Con A-treated T lymphocytes. The EPM of B lymphocytes, despite binding of Con A, remained unaltered at all concentrations of Con A. On the basis of these data, the existence of two types of Con A receptors on the cell surface is proposed and their status vis-a-vis the redistribution is discussed.", "contents": "Cell electrophoretic studies on mouse lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A: possible existence of two types of receptors on cell surface. Concanavalin A (Con A) induced biphasic changes in the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of splenic lymphocytes of AKR mice. At low concentrations of Con A (2-12.5 mug/ml) there was a significant increase in there was a significant increase in the EPM which could be attributed to the redistribution and endocytosis of Con A receptors. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 15.0 mug/ml) a reduction in EPM below that of untreated cells was possibly due to the binding of excess Con A after redistribution. The biphasic profile of EPM was observed only in respect of Con A-treated T lymphocytes. The EPM of B lymphocytes, despite binding of Con A, remained unaltered at all concentrations of Con A. On the basis of these data, the existence of two types of Con A receptors on the cell surface is proposed and their status vis-a-vis the redistribution is discussed.", "PMID": 500115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4575", "title": "Time kinetics of the interaction of concanavalin A with splenic lymphocytes of normal AKR mice.", "content": "Interaction of concanavalin A (Con A) with splenic lymphocytes of normal AKR mice led to concentration-dependent biphasic changes in electrophoretic mobility. Kinetics of this interaction suggested that at high concentration Con A interacted in two steps. The first step led to redistribution of Con A receptors and increased EPM. In the second step additional receptors to Con A became accessible and their interaction with Con A reduced surface charge density. The kinetic data thus provide additional evidence for the existence of two sets of qualitatively different receptors for Con A on AKR lymphocytes.", "contents": "Time kinetics of the interaction of concanavalin A with splenic lymphocytes of normal AKR mice. Interaction of concanavalin A (Con A) with splenic lymphocytes of normal AKR mice led to concentration-dependent biphasic changes in electrophoretic mobility. Kinetics of this interaction suggested that at high concentration Con A interacted in two steps. The first step led to redistribution of Con A receptors and increased EPM. In the second step additional receptors to Con A became accessible and their interaction with Con A reduced surface charge density. The kinetic data thus provide additional evidence for the existence of two sets of qualitatively different receptors for Con A on AKR lymphocytes.", "PMID": 500116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4576", "title": "Viral protein sythesis by tissues from avian leukosis virus-infected chickens. II. Effect of passive neutralizing antibody in normal and agammaglobulinaemic chickens.", "content": "Synthesis in vitro of avian leukosis virus (ALV) group (gs proteins, p27 and p12, by various tissues from chickens infected within a few days after hatching was studied by means of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Viral protein was synthesized in all tissues of chicks examined between days 18 and 50 of age after which time liver, kidney, bursa, thymus, and spleen became negative. The lung and genital organs of the chicks, however, continued to synthesize viral protein up to 100 days of age, when the experiment was ended. Repeated injections of neutralizing chicken antibody to ALV (Ab) starting on day 26 or 37 caused gs protein to decrease in spleen, liver, and thymus within 5 days but not in bursa, lung, and genital organs. Agammaglobulinaemic (Agamma) chickens showed prolonged persistence of gs protein synthesis in the spleen and liver; this synthesis was abrogated by passive Ab. Liver from Agamma chickens, however, also became negative without Ab treatment. The relative roles of antibody and cellular immunity in influencing ALV replication during the initial phase of infection before lymphoma development are discussed.", "contents": "Viral protein sythesis by tissues from avian leukosis virus-infected chickens. II. Effect of passive neutralizing antibody in normal and agammaglobulinaemic chickens. Synthesis in vitro of avian leukosis virus (ALV) group (gs proteins, p27 and p12, by various tissues from chickens infected within a few days after hatching was studied by means of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Viral protein was synthesized in all tissues of chicks examined between days 18 and 50 of age after which time liver, kidney, bursa, thymus, and spleen became negative. The lung and genital organs of the chicks, however, continued to synthesize viral protein up to 100 days of age, when the experiment was ended. Repeated injections of neutralizing chicken antibody to ALV (Ab) starting on day 26 or 37 caused gs protein to decrease in spleen, liver, and thymus within 5 days but not in bursa, lung, and genital organs. Agammaglobulinaemic (Agamma) chickens showed prolonged persistence of gs protein synthesis in the spleen and liver; this synthesis was abrogated by passive Ab. Liver from Agamma chickens, however, also became negative without Ab treatment. The relative roles of antibody and cellular immunity in influencing ALV replication during the initial phase of infection before lymphoma development are discussed.", "PMID": 500117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4577", "title": "Effect of Ascaris suum and other adjuvants on the potentiation of the IgE response in guinea-pigs.", "content": "The potentiation effect of various adjuvants on the production of guinea-pig IgE was investigated using Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant, the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa, Bordetella pertussis, and the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaris suum. While all the antigens had a variable effect on the potential of the IgG response, only infection with A. suum resulted in an enhanced IgE response to the antigen, egg albumin. Maximum potentiation occurred when primary immunization and nematode infection were accomplished simultaneously.", "contents": "Effect of Ascaris suum and other adjuvants on the potentiation of the IgE response in guinea-pigs. The potentiation effect of various adjuvants on the production of guinea-pig IgE was investigated using Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant, the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa, Bordetella pertussis, and the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaris suum. While all the antigens had a variable effect on the potential of the IgG response, only infection with A. suum resulted in an enhanced IgE response to the antigen, egg albumin. Maximum potentiation occurred when primary immunization and nematode infection were accomplished simultaneously.", "PMID": 500118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4578", "title": "The role of Staphylococcus aureus cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of complement activation and opsonization.", "content": "The role of cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of Staphylococcus aureus complement activation and opsonization was investigated. CH50 consumption studies reveal that, although all cell-surface fractions were capable of activating the classical C pathway, only peptidoglycan consumed C via the alternative pathway. Using a quantitative immunofluorescence assay, peptidoglycan was shown to bind C3 molecules via the classical as well as via the alternative C pathway and in the absence of IgG and IgA class antibodies. C activation via the classical and the alternative pathway could be distinguished by kinetic analysis. By comparing the rates of staphylococcal C consumption, C3 fixation and opsonization it was found that the CH50 consumption assay is a relatively insensitive method and may yield results that do not necessarily reflect the process of bacterial opsonization.", "contents": "The role of Staphylococcus aureus cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of complement activation and opsonization. The role of cell-wall peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A in the processes of Staphylococcus aureus complement activation and opsonization was investigated. CH50 consumption studies reveal that, although all cell-surface fractions were capable of activating the classical C pathway, only peptidoglycan consumed C via the alternative pathway. Using a quantitative immunofluorescence assay, peptidoglycan was shown to bind C3 molecules via the classical as well as via the alternative C pathway and in the absence of IgG and IgA class antibodies. C activation via the classical and the alternative pathway could be distinguished by kinetic analysis. By comparing the rates of staphylococcal C consumption, C3 fixation and opsonization it was found that the CH50 consumption assay is a relatively insensitive method and may yield results that do not necessarily reflect the process of bacterial opsonization.", "PMID": 500119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4579", "title": "Isolation of serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) in the mouse.", "content": "Serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) was associated from mouse serum and ascitic fluids by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia) followed by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44 (LKB) in the presence of EDTA. It was homogenous on gradient polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and induced a monospecific antiserum in the rabbit. The related protein, C-reactive protein (CRP) was present in only trace amounts not exceeding 2 mug/ml of serum even during acute phase reactions. It was isolated by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on insolubilized pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. The availability of these isolated mouse proteins and their respective antisera will facilitate investigation of their function.", "contents": "Isolation of serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) in the mouse. Serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) was associated from mouse serum and ascitic fluids by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia) followed by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44 (LKB) in the presence of EDTA. It was homogenous on gradient polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and induced a monospecific antiserum in the rabbit. The related protein, C-reactive protein (CRP) was present in only trace amounts not exceeding 2 mug/ml of serum even during acute phase reactions. It was isolated by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on insolubilized pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. The availability of these isolated mouse proteins and their respective antisera will facilitate investigation of their function.", "PMID": 500121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4580", "title": "A quantitative method for measuring in vitro synthesis of IgA and IgG by human rectal mucosa: studies on normal controls and patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "A quantitative technique has been developed for measurement of immunoglobulin production by human rectal mucosa in vitro. The technique overcomes the problem of serum proteins trapped in the tissue by parallel measurements of Ig and human serum albumin (HSA) over a 6 day period. IgG, IgA, IgM and HSA were measured in supernatant fluids using sensitive radioimmunoassays. The technique has demonstrated IgG and IgA synthesis by rectal mucosa in vitro. The conclusion that the observed IgA and IgG was synthesized in vitro was supported by the demonstration that the production could be increased by pokeweed mitogen and blocked by emetine. This culture system has been applied to measure Ig synthesis by the rectal mucosa of immunodeficient patients.", "contents": "A quantitative method for measuring in vitro synthesis of IgA and IgG by human rectal mucosa: studies on normal controls and patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. A quantitative technique has been developed for measurement of immunoglobulin production by human rectal mucosa in vitro. The technique overcomes the problem of serum proteins trapped in the tissue by parallel measurements of Ig and human serum albumin (HSA) over a 6 day period. IgG, IgA, IgM and HSA were measured in supernatant fluids using sensitive radioimmunoassays. The technique has demonstrated IgG and IgA synthesis by rectal mucosa in vitro. The conclusion that the observed IgA and IgG was synthesized in vitro was supported by the demonstration that the production could be increased by pokeweed mitogen and blocked by emetine. This culture system has been applied to measure Ig synthesis by the rectal mucosa of immunodeficient patients.", "PMID": 500122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4581", "title": "The genetic control of antibody affinity. Evidence from breeding studies with mice selectively bred for either high or low affinity antibody production.", "content": "The genetic control of antibody affinity has been studied in mice selectively bred on the basis of the affinity of antibody they produce to protein antigens injected in saline. Two lines of mice have been obtained, one producing predominantly high and the other predominantly low affinity antibody. Breeding experiments have been performed with these two lines after ten generations of selection and the level and affinity of antibody to protein measured in parents, F1 hybrids and backcross offspring. The results indicate that antibody affinity is a genetically controlled parameter of the immune response and that this control is exerted independently of that controlling antibody levels. Furthermore, high and low affinity line mice have been typed for major histocompatibility complex antigens and the results show that the two lines are not significantly different. This therefore suggests that genes controlling antibody affinity are not linked to the major histocompatibility locus.", "contents": "The genetic control of antibody affinity. Evidence from breeding studies with mice selectively bred for either high or low affinity antibody production. The genetic control of antibody affinity has been studied in mice selectively bred on the basis of the affinity of antibody they produce to protein antigens injected in saline. Two lines of mice have been obtained, one producing predominantly high and the other predominantly low affinity antibody. Breeding experiments have been performed with these two lines after ten generations of selection and the level and affinity of antibody to protein measured in parents, F1 hybrids and backcross offspring. The results indicate that antibody affinity is a genetically controlled parameter of the immune response and that this control is exerted independently of that controlling antibody levels. Furthermore, high and low affinity line mice have been typed for major histocompatibility complex antigens and the results show that the two lines are not significantly different. This therefore suggests that genes controlling antibody affinity are not linked to the major histocompatibility locus.", "PMID": 500124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4582", "title": "Reactivity of smooth-muscle antibodies with F- and G-actin.", "content": "The reactivity of human smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) with F- and G-actin was investigated by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polystyrene tubes were coated with F-actin, G-actin and tropomyosin. The optimal reactivity of SMA with F-actin was achieved with tubes coated with actin concentrations in the range of 10-100 mug/ml, while both lower and higher amounts yielded lower reactivity. The reactivity with G-actin was low and only a little higher than the reactivity with tropomyosin or uncoated tubes, but much lower than the reactivity with F-actin. The differences in reactivity of SMA with F- and G-actin could not be explained by differences in binding of the two forms of actin to the tubes, although 1.7-2.5 times more F-actin than G-actin bound to the polystyrene surface after coating with equivalent amounts of protein. SMA-negative sera did not react with F-actin coated tubes indicating that the binding of antibody was not due to non-immunological binding of immunoglobulins. Human SMA thus react better with F- than with G-actin.", "contents": "Reactivity of smooth-muscle antibodies with F- and G-actin. The reactivity of human smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) with F- and G-actin was investigated by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polystyrene tubes were coated with F-actin, G-actin and tropomyosin. The optimal reactivity of SMA with F-actin was achieved with tubes coated with actin concentrations in the range of 10-100 mug/ml, while both lower and higher amounts yielded lower reactivity. The reactivity with G-actin was low and only a little higher than the reactivity with tropomyosin or uncoated tubes, but much lower than the reactivity with F-actin. The differences in reactivity of SMA with F- and G-actin could not be explained by differences in binding of the two forms of actin to the tubes, although 1.7-2.5 times more F-actin than G-actin bound to the polystyrene surface after coating with equivalent amounts of protein. SMA-negative sera did not react with F-actin coated tubes indicating that the binding of antibody was not due to non-immunological binding of immunoglobulins. Human SMA thus react better with F- than with G-actin.", "PMID": 500125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4583", "title": "Information carried by the DNA released by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Both antigen-stimulated and non-stimulated human blood lymphocytes release in vitro a DNA-containing complex which is not the product of dying or disintegrating cells. Lymphocytes obtained from different PPD or HBs positive or negative donors were incubated with one of these antigens and the DNA released in the culture medium was tested for its information content using, successively, two cell-free systems. The ability of the resulting protein product to bind specifically to the stimulating antigen was examined by immunoadsorption chromatography. Results show that DNA excreted by stimulated lymphocytes was transcribed into an RNA which coded for an antigen-binding protein, whereas DNA released by unstimulated lymphocytes did not. The protein produced in this system, using as template the DNA released after cell stimulation, bound specifically to PPD or HBs Sepharose 4B coated columns, depending on the stimulating antigen and on the cell response to this antigen. After elution from the column the protein sedimented at 19S in a linear sucrose gradient.", "contents": "Information carried by the DNA released by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Both antigen-stimulated and non-stimulated human blood lymphocytes release in vitro a DNA-containing complex which is not the product of dying or disintegrating cells. Lymphocytes obtained from different PPD or HBs positive or negative donors were incubated with one of these antigens and the DNA released in the culture medium was tested for its information content using, successively, two cell-free systems. The ability of the resulting protein product to bind specifically to the stimulating antigen was examined by immunoadsorption chromatography. Results show that DNA excreted by stimulated lymphocytes was transcribed into an RNA which coded for an antigen-binding protein, whereas DNA released by unstimulated lymphocytes did not. The protein produced in this system, using as template the DNA released after cell stimulation, bound specifically to PPD or HBs Sepharose 4B coated columns, depending on the stimulating antigen and on the cell response to this antigen. After elution from the column the protein sedimented at 19S in a linear sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 500126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4584", "title": "Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenic dogs.", "content": "Antibodies to the AChR and anti-striational antibodies have been detected in dogs suffering from myasthenia gravis. The detection of these antibodies adds to the known similarities between the human and canine disease. This animal model will facilitate investigation of agents involved in the induction of spontaneous myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenic dogs. Antibodies to the AChR and anti-striational antibodies have been detected in dogs suffering from myasthenia gravis. The detection of these antibodies adds to the known similarities between the human and canine disease. This animal model will facilitate investigation of agents involved in the induction of spontaneous myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 500127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4585", "title": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. III. Degrees of radiosensitivity and cross-reactivity of cytotoxicity, delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production.", "content": "Exposure to 600 rad of X-irradiation 3 h after primary immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) abolished the production of antibodies and the generation of killer T cells, but scarcely affected the induction of delayed footpad reactions. Exposure to irradiation 3 h after secondary immunization reduced only slightly the generation of killer T cells and reduced slightly or substantially the production of antibodies. Delayed reactions persisted for long periods after elicitation in irradiated, boosted mice. Cross-reactivity between CRBC and quail erythrocytes (QRBC) was very weak with respect to the cytotoxicity, antibody and delayed reaction raised after primary immunization. Those raised after secondary immunization with the homologous antigen showed some degrees of cross-reactivity to another antigen. The booster with QRBC in CRBC-primed mice augmented the response to CRBC with respsect to the induction of cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction, but only weakly affected the response with respect to the production of antibody. Therefore, effector cells of cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction showed greater degrees of cross-reactivity than antibody-producing cells during an anamnestic response. The cross-reactive response raised after secondary immunization was radioresistant with respect to cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction but radiosensitive with respect to antibody production. Cytoxicity to immunizing antigen was inhibited by the unlabelled homologous antigen. Cytotoxicity to a cross-reacting antigen was inhibited by the same cross-reacting antigen and also by an immunizing antigen. There may exist heterogeneous populations of cytotoxic lymphocytes with different abilities to recognize antigens.", "contents": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. III. Degrees of radiosensitivity and cross-reactivity of cytotoxicity, delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production. Exposure to 600 rad of X-irradiation 3 h after primary immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) abolished the production of antibodies and the generation of killer T cells, but scarcely affected the induction of delayed footpad reactions. Exposure to irradiation 3 h after secondary immunization reduced only slightly the generation of killer T cells and reduced slightly or substantially the production of antibodies. Delayed reactions persisted for long periods after elicitation in irradiated, boosted mice. Cross-reactivity between CRBC and quail erythrocytes (QRBC) was very weak with respect to the cytotoxicity, antibody and delayed reaction raised after primary immunization. Those raised after secondary immunization with the homologous antigen showed some degrees of cross-reactivity to another antigen. The booster with QRBC in CRBC-primed mice augmented the response to CRBC with respsect to the induction of cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction, but only weakly affected the response with respect to the production of antibody. Therefore, effector cells of cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction showed greater degrees of cross-reactivity than antibody-producing cells during an anamnestic response. The cross-reactive response raised after secondary immunization was radioresistant with respect to cytotoxicity and delayed footpad reaction but radiosensitive with respect to antibody production. Cytoxicity to immunizing antigen was inhibited by the unlabelled homologous antigen. Cytotoxicity to a cross-reacting antigen was inhibited by the same cross-reacting antigen and also by an immunizing antigen. There may exist heterogeneous populations of cytotoxic lymphocytes with different abilities to recognize antigens.", "PMID": 500128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4586", "title": "Species specificity in the binding of IgG to macrophages.", "content": "The binding of human IgG1 and IgG3 and rabbit IgG to guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages was examined, and differences between the species, in terms of their binding mechanisms, were characterized. Rabbit IgG bound with high affinity (Kass = 3.11 +/- 0.45 x 10(6) M-1) to a finite number of receptor sites per cell (1.26 +/- 0.29 x 10(6)) and competitively inhibited the binding of guinea-pig IgG2. Heterogeneity in binding, with distinct high and low affinity components, was observed when human IgG3 was reacted with guinea-pig macrophages, while human IgG1 exhibited only low affinity binding. Neither human IgG subclass competed effectively with guinea-pig IgG2 for its cell receptor. Thus, rabbit IgG appeared to cross-react with a macrophage receptor for guinea-pig immunoglobulin, whereas the human IgG subclasses bound to macrophage membrane components that remained undefined.", "contents": "Species specificity in the binding of IgG to macrophages. The binding of human IgG1 and IgG3 and rabbit IgG to guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages was examined, and differences between the species, in terms of their binding mechanisms, were characterized. Rabbit IgG bound with high affinity (Kass = 3.11 +/- 0.45 x 10(6) M-1) to a finite number of receptor sites per cell (1.26 +/- 0.29 x 10(6)) and competitively inhibited the binding of guinea-pig IgG2. Heterogeneity in binding, with distinct high and low affinity components, was observed when human IgG3 was reacted with guinea-pig macrophages, while human IgG1 exhibited only low affinity binding. Neither human IgG subclass competed effectively with guinea-pig IgG2 for its cell receptor. Thus, rabbit IgG appeared to cross-react with a macrophage receptor for guinea-pig immunoglobulin, whereas the human IgG subclasses bound to macrophage membrane components that remained undefined.", "PMID": 500129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4587", "title": "Ontogeny of spontaneous antigen-binding cells in developing chick embryos.", "content": "Bursal and splenic lymphocytes in developing chick embryos were examined for the number of antigen binding cells (ABC) which could form rosettes with red blood cells from sheep, guinea-pig, rabbit or dinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (DNP-SRBC). The kinetics of the development of bursal ABC to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) did not vary significantly with age of embryo examined, and its frequency was constantly high. The number of cells which bind to SRBC, guinea-pig red blood cells (GPRBC) or DNP-SRBC was low in the bursa and increased in an approximately linear fashion with the age of embryo. With the exception of RRBC-ABC, similar results were obtained with splenic ABC. Furthermore, the frequencies of ABC were higher in the spleen than in the bursa. These events suggest the antigen-independent generation of clonal diversity during the developmental stage of chick embryos.", "contents": "Ontogeny of spontaneous antigen-binding cells in developing chick embryos. Bursal and splenic lymphocytes in developing chick embryos were examined for the number of antigen binding cells (ABC) which could form rosettes with red blood cells from sheep, guinea-pig, rabbit or dinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (DNP-SRBC). The kinetics of the development of bursal ABC to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) did not vary significantly with age of embryo examined, and its frequency was constantly high. The number of cells which bind to SRBC, guinea-pig red blood cells (GPRBC) or DNP-SRBC was low in the bursa and increased in an approximately linear fashion with the age of embryo. With the exception of RRBC-ABC, similar results were obtained with splenic ABC. Furthermore, the frequencies of ABC were higher in the spleen than in the bursa. These events suggest the antigen-independent generation of clonal diversity during the developmental stage of chick embryos.", "PMID": 500130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4588", "title": "Regulation of delayed-hypersensitivity response by the submandibular gland of male mice.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether the removal of submandibular gland (SG) of mice influences the delayed-hypersensitivity (DH) response. The removal of the SG increased the weights of thymus and spleen and enhanced DH response, only in males and not in females. The injection of crude extract of male mouse SG returned the enhanced DH response of SG-ectomized males to the normal level whereas the injections of crude extracts of female or castrated male mouse SG was not affected. These results suggested that SG of male mice contains an endocrine factor(s) to regulate DH response.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-hypersensitivity response by the submandibular gland of male mice. This study was performed to determine whether the removal of submandibular gland (SG) of mice influences the delayed-hypersensitivity (DH) response. The removal of the SG increased the weights of thymus and spleen and enhanced DH response, only in males and not in females. The injection of crude extract of male mouse SG returned the enhanced DH response of SG-ectomized males to the normal level whereas the injections of crude extracts of female or castrated male mouse SG was not affected. These results suggested that SG of male mice contains an endocrine factor(s) to regulate DH response.", "PMID": 500131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4589", "title": "The effect of antiserum to eosinophils and susceptibility and acquired immunity of the guinea-pig to trichostronglyus colubriformis.", "content": "There is much experimental evidence to suggest that eosinophils are important in resistance to parasitic infection. We tested this hypothesis by treating guinea-pigs with rabbit anti-eosinophil serum (AES) and determining the effect of treatment on susceptibility and acquired immunity to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The treatment markedly reduced the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood and in the small intestine. The number of T. colubriformis present after initial infection and after a second infection was determined in animals treated with AES and in control animals. Administration of AES to guinea-pigs significantly increased the susceptibility of the animals to initial infection with T. colubriformis larvae; the number of worms recovered was nearly doubled. Similarly- administration of AES resulted in a significant diminution of acquired immunity to a secondary infection. These results are consistent with the view that eoxinophils are important in susceptibility and acquired immunity to infection with T. colubriformis in the guinea-pig. Because T. colubriformis infection is confined to the intestinal tract, our results also suggest that eosinophils may be involved in resistance to parasites at the level of the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of antiserum to eosinophils and susceptibility and acquired immunity of the guinea-pig to trichostronglyus colubriformis. There is much experimental evidence to suggest that eosinophils are important in resistance to parasitic infection. We tested this hypothesis by treating guinea-pigs with rabbit anti-eosinophil serum (AES) and determining the effect of treatment on susceptibility and acquired immunity to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The treatment markedly reduced the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood and in the small intestine. The number of T. colubriformis present after initial infection and after a second infection was determined in animals treated with AES and in control animals. Administration of AES to guinea-pigs significantly increased the susceptibility of the animals to initial infection with T. colubriformis larvae; the number of worms recovered was nearly doubled. Similarly- administration of AES resulted in a significant diminution of acquired immunity to a secondary infection. These results are consistent with the view that eoxinophils are important in susceptibility and acquired immunity to infection with T. colubriformis in the guinea-pig. Because T. colubriformis infection is confined to the intestinal tract, our results also suggest that eosinophils may be involved in resistance to parasites at the level of the intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 500132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4590", "title": "Complement activation by aluminium and zirconium compounds.", "content": "The activation of complement by a number of metal compounds, previously found to induce chronic inflammation, was investigated. Results obtained were compared with complement activation by inulin and zymosan. It was shown that complement activation by these metal compounds did not necessarily involve either the classical or the alternative pathways. Some of these compounds were unable to activate complement in the absence of detectable plasminogen. The results obtained indicate a relationship between the ability of these compounds to induce chronic inflammation in the guinea-pig and to activate complement.", "contents": "Complement activation by aluminium and zirconium compounds. The activation of complement by a number of metal compounds, previously found to induce chronic inflammation, was investigated. Results obtained were compared with complement activation by inulin and zymosan. It was shown that complement activation by these metal compounds did not necessarily involve either the classical or the alternative pathways. Some of these compounds were unable to activate complement in the absence of detectable plasminogen. The results obtained indicate a relationship between the ability of these compounds to induce chronic inflammation in the guinea-pig and to activate complement.", "PMID": 500133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4591", "title": "An immunogenetic basis for the tissue involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "The multifocal involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome was grouped into a spectrum of four types, three of which appeared to have an immunogenetic basis. HLA-B5 was related to the ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (relative risk 7.3), HLA-B27 to the arthritic type (relative risk 12.1) and HLA-B12 to the muco-cutaneous type (relative risk 3.9). The concept that recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome may belong to a disease spectrum is substantiated by the natural course of the disease. Furthermore, patients with recurrent oral ulcers share with the muco-cutaneous type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome a significantly increased frequency of HLA-B12 (relative risk 2.6). The HLA markers may also prove to be significant in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of a disease which may present under a confusing variety of clinical manifestations.", "contents": "An immunogenetic basis for the tissue involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. The multifocal involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome was grouped into a spectrum of four types, three of which appeared to have an immunogenetic basis. HLA-B5 was related to the ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (relative risk 7.3), HLA-B27 to the arthritic type (relative risk 12.1) and HLA-B12 to the muco-cutaneous type (relative risk 3.9). The concept that recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome may belong to a disease spectrum is substantiated by the natural course of the disease. Furthermore, patients with recurrent oral ulcers share with the muco-cutaneous type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome a significantly increased frequency of HLA-B12 (relative risk 2.6). The HLA markers may also prove to be significant in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of a disease which may present under a confusing variety of clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 500134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4592", "title": "Vaccinia virus infection of the central nervous system in X-irradiated mice.", "content": "The effect of X-irradiation on experimental vaccinia infection of BALB/c mice was studied. As compared with nonirradiated controls, the X-irradiated animals exhibited (i) a time lag in virus replication (delayed, but protracted replication); (ii) a delayed and repressed immune response: (iii) more severe acute cytocidal infection of leptomeninges, choroid plexus, ependyma, and vessels, with extensive damage to the brain-barrier system; and (iv) noncytocidal, latent infection of glial cells and neurons. Several animals developed acute or subacute demyelination disease, resembling experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus infection of the central nervous system in X-irradiated mice. The effect of X-irradiation on experimental vaccinia infection of BALB/c mice was studied. As compared with nonirradiated controls, the X-irradiated animals exhibited (i) a time lag in virus replication (delayed, but protracted replication); (ii) a delayed and repressed immune response: (iii) more severe acute cytocidal infection of leptomeninges, choroid plexus, ependyma, and vessels, with extensive damage to the brain-barrier system; and (iv) noncytocidal, latent infection of glial cells and neurons. Several animals developed acute or subacute demyelination disease, resembling experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis.", "PMID": 500184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4593", "title": "Adherence of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV to hydroxyapatite surfaces in vitro and human teeth in vivo.", "content": "Adsorption of Actinomyces viscosus strains T14V and T14AV to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces was studied, using an adsorption model based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Data generally followed the adsorption model as judged by high correlation coefficients obtained for both strains to most of the treated surfaces studied. The number of binding sites for strains T14V and T14AV cells to human saliva-treated HA was similar to that for untreated HA. The affinity of strain T14V for saliva-treated HA was tenfold greater than the affinity of strain T14AV for that surface. To approximate the pellicle of the gingival crevice and margin and to determine whether adherence by strain T14V was to specific saliva or serum receptors, experimental pellicles were formed on HA by saliva/serum mixtures. The number of binding sites on the saliva/serum-treated HA remained the same as for the saliva-treated surface. Although the affinity of strain T14V cells for the saliva/serum HA surface remained generally the same as the affinity for the HA treated with saliva alone, the affinity of strain T14AV cells decreased further as the serum content increased. Strain T14V cell numbers adsorbed to serum-treated HA, and albumin-treated HA were less than those adsorbed to saliva-treated HA, indicating that the adherence by strain T14V was to specific saliva receptors. In vivo results from streptomycin-resistant mutants of both strains T14V and T14AV confirmed in vitro results using saliva-serum pellicles. Pretreatment of strain T14V with proteolytic enzymes and heat inhibited adherence to saliva-treated HA, suggesting that the adherence receptor(s) on the cell surface of strain T14V is protein in nature.", "contents": "Adherence of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV to hydroxyapatite surfaces in vitro and human teeth in vivo. Adsorption of Actinomyces viscosus strains T14V and T14AV to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces was studied, using an adsorption model based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Data generally followed the adsorption model as judged by high correlation coefficients obtained for both strains to most of the treated surfaces studied. The number of binding sites for strains T14V and T14AV cells to human saliva-treated HA was similar to that for untreated HA. The affinity of strain T14V for saliva-treated HA was tenfold greater than the affinity of strain T14AV for that surface. To approximate the pellicle of the gingival crevice and margin and to determine whether adherence by strain T14V was to specific saliva or serum receptors, experimental pellicles were formed on HA by saliva/serum mixtures. The number of binding sites on the saliva/serum-treated HA remained the same as for the saliva-treated surface. Although the affinity of strain T14V cells for the saliva/serum HA surface remained generally the same as the affinity for the HA treated with saliva alone, the affinity of strain T14AV cells decreased further as the serum content increased. Strain T14V cell numbers adsorbed to serum-treated HA, and albumin-treated HA were less than those adsorbed to saliva-treated HA, indicating that the adherence by strain T14V was to specific saliva receptors. In vivo results from streptomycin-resistant mutants of both strains T14V and T14AV confirmed in vitro results using saliva-serum pellicles. Pretreatment of strain T14V with proteolytic enzymes and heat inhibited adherence to saliva-treated HA, suggesting that the adherence receptor(s) on the cell surface of strain T14V is protein in nature.", "PMID": 500185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4594", "title": "Demonstration of lanthionine as a natural constituent of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum.", "content": "Peptidoglycan was purified from the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain Fev 1, using boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The composition of this peptidoglycan was found to be similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria, except that it lacked diaminopimelic acid. Lanthionine, the monosulfur analog of diaminopimelic acid, was identified as the diaminodicarboxylic acid of this peptidoglycan. It is assumed that lanthionine replaced diaminopimelic acid. Thus, the peptidoglycan of F. nucleatum Fev 1 is one of the few known sources of naturally occurring lanthionine.", "contents": "Demonstration of lanthionine as a natural constituent of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Peptidoglycan was purified from the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain Fev 1, using boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The composition of this peptidoglycan was found to be similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria, except that it lacked diaminopimelic acid. Lanthionine, the monosulfur analog of diaminopimelic acid, was identified as the diaminodicarboxylic acid of this peptidoglycan. It is assumed that lanthionine replaced diaminopimelic acid. Thus, the peptidoglycan of F. nucleatum Fev 1 is one of the few known sources of naturally occurring lanthionine.", "PMID": 500186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4595", "title": "Influence of preformed antibody on experimental Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis.", "content": "The influence of preformed, anti-whole organism antibody on the development of Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis was examined in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Antibody prevented, rather than potentiated, endocarditis in rabbits. The infectious dose in 30 control animals was 10(6.5) +/- 0.33 (mean +/- standard deviation); this increased to 10(7.71 +/- 0.05 in 36 immunized animals (P less than 0.01). No differences in bacterial clearance mechanisms were apparent between groups. Antibody also prevented the adherence of S. sanguis to the constituents of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (fibrin and platelets) in vitro. When preincubated in high-titer antisera, adherence of S. sanguis was reduced compared with controls (adherence ratio mean +/- standard error of the mean, X 10(4): 174 +/- 5 versus 427 +/- 10, P less than 0.001). Preadsorption of immune sera with intact S. sanguis restored adherence to normal values, whereas preadsorption with dextran was partially effective. These studies demonstrate that preformed antibody had a protective role in vivo and suggest that a possible mechanism is blockade of adherence, a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of endocarditis.", "contents": "Influence of preformed antibody on experimental Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis. The influence of preformed, anti-whole organism antibody on the development of Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis was examined in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Antibody prevented, rather than potentiated, endocarditis in rabbits. The infectious dose in 30 control animals was 10(6.5) +/- 0.33 (mean +/- standard deviation); this increased to 10(7.71 +/- 0.05 in 36 immunized animals (P less than 0.01). No differences in bacterial clearance mechanisms were apparent between groups. Antibody also prevented the adherence of S. sanguis to the constituents of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (fibrin and platelets) in vitro. When preincubated in high-titer antisera, adherence of S. sanguis was reduced compared with controls (adherence ratio mean +/- standard error of the mean, X 10(4): 174 +/- 5 versus 427 +/- 10, P less than 0.001). Preadsorption of immune sera with intact S. sanguis restored adherence to normal values, whereas preadsorption with dextran was partially effective. These studies demonstrate that preformed antibody had a protective role in vivo and suggest that a possible mechanism is blockade of adherence, a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of endocarditis.", "PMID": 500187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4596", "title": "Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in experimental rat burn wound sepsis.", "content": "The search for methods to achieve control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues with the introduction of aluminum-absorbed toxoid developed from P. aeruginosa exotoxin. This toxoid induces significant titers of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies for toxin A when given with appropriate adjuvants. These experiments show that immunization with aluminum phosphate-absorbed toxoid failed to protect burned rats infected with P. aeruginosa. These and previous experiments show that active immunization with live P. aeruginosa provides good strain-specific protection in the same model. No cross-protection was demonstrated between strains of P. aeruginosa in these experiments.", "contents": "Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in experimental rat burn wound sepsis. The search for methods to achieve control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues with the introduction of aluminum-absorbed toxoid developed from P. aeruginosa exotoxin. This toxoid induces significant titers of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies for toxin A when given with appropriate adjuvants. These experiments show that immunization with aluminum phosphate-absorbed toxoid failed to protect burned rats infected with P. aeruginosa. These and previous experiments show that active immunization with live P. aeruginosa provides good strain-specific protection in the same model. No cross-protection was demonstrated between strains of P. aeruginosa in these experiments.", "PMID": 500188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4597", "title": "Modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex: sustained interferonemia and its physiological associates in humans.", "content": "Fourteen patients with severe viral illnesses were given intravenous infusions of a modified interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine complexed with carboxymethylcellulose [poly)I:C.LC)], during a phase 1 clinical trial. The first eight patients received 0.15 to 0.30 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg of body weight daily for 5 consecutive days, and another received two courses separated by 1 week. A second group of five patients was given single intravenous infusions of 0.10 to 0.15 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg. Interferon was detectable in the serum 8 to 16 h after injection. Titers ranged from 15 to 800 U/ml and varied directly with the dose of poly(I:C.LC). Interferonemias persisted for 12 to 48 h. In patients receiving 5-day courses of poly(I:C.LC), lower levels of serum interferon (0 to 160 U/ml) occurred on days 2 through 5, characteristic of a hyporesponsive state. An exception was a 69-year-old patient with disseminated varicella zoster, multiple myeloma, and renal insufficiency whose serum contained 3,150 U of interferon per ml on day 3 of 0.3 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg. Fever (39 to 40.5 degrees C, rectally; 13 of the 14 patients) peaked 3 to 8 h after completion of infusions. Other toxic effects included lymphopenia (10 of the 14 patients), hypotensive episodes (7 of the 14 patients), and minor elevations of serum glutamicoxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex: sustained interferonemia and its physiological associates in humans. Fourteen patients with severe viral illnesses were given intravenous infusions of a modified interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine complexed with carboxymethylcellulose [poly)I:C.LC)], during a phase 1 clinical trial. The first eight patients received 0.15 to 0.30 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg of body weight daily for 5 consecutive days, and another received two courses separated by 1 week. A second group of five patients was given single intravenous infusions of 0.10 to 0.15 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg. Interferon was detectable in the serum 8 to 16 h after injection. Titers ranged from 15 to 800 U/ml and varied directly with the dose of poly(I:C.LC). Interferonemias persisted for 12 to 48 h. In patients receiving 5-day courses of poly(I:C.LC), lower levels of serum interferon (0 to 160 U/ml) occurred on days 2 through 5, characteristic of a hyporesponsive state. An exception was a 69-year-old patient with disseminated varicella zoster, multiple myeloma, and renal insufficiency whose serum contained 3,150 U of interferon per ml on day 3 of 0.3 mg of poly(I:C.LC) per kg. Fever (39 to 40.5 degrees C, rectally; 13 of the 14 patients) peaked 3 to 8 h after completion of infusions. Other toxic effects included lymphopenia (10 of the 14 patients), hypotensive episodes (7 of the 14 patients), and minor elevations of serum glutamicoxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 500189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4598", "title": "A hamster-attenuated, temperature-sensitive mutant of Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "content": "Pathogenicities of 10 temperature-sensitive mutants of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were studied using the hamster model of human virulence. The parental strain and nine of the temperature-sensitive mutants produced lethal infections in hamsters. Strain ts 126 showed reduced hamster virulence. Deaths with the lethal mutants usually occurred 1 to 3 days later than with parental virus. Nine mutants produced lower levels of viremia than parental virus. Attenuation of ts 126 was related to restriction of viral growth in spleen and probably bone marrow and to absence of the usual pathological lesions in hemopoietic tissues and brain, but was functionally unrelated to temperature sensitivity since temperatures of both normal and infected hamsters remained within the permissive range of the mutant. Deaths did not correlate with titers of the 10 mutants in blood at permissive temperatures or with reversions of four temperature-sensitive mutants to non-temperature-sensitive virus in hamsters.", "contents": "A hamster-attenuated, temperature-sensitive mutant of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Pathogenicities of 10 temperature-sensitive mutants of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were studied using the hamster model of human virulence. The parental strain and nine of the temperature-sensitive mutants produced lethal infections in hamsters. Strain ts 126 showed reduced hamster virulence. Deaths with the lethal mutants usually occurred 1 to 3 days later than with parental virus. Nine mutants produced lower levels of viremia than parental virus. Attenuation of ts 126 was related to restriction of viral growth in spleen and probably bone marrow and to absence of the usual pathological lesions in hemopoietic tissues and brain, but was functionally unrelated to temperature sensitivity since temperatures of both normal and infected hamsters remained within the permissive range of the mutant. Deaths did not correlate with titers of the 10 mutants in blood at permissive temperatures or with reversions of four temperature-sensitive mutants to non-temperature-sensitive virus in hamsters.", "PMID": 500190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4599", "title": "In vitro synthesis of humoral factors (immunoglobulins and complement) in lesional skin of leprosy patients.", "content": "An in vitro culture technique was used to demonstrate the synthesis of immunoglobulins and complement in lesional skin of patients representing the entire clinico-histopathological spectrum of leprosy. The results indicate that immunoglobulin G is produced in different amounts in the various forms of leprosy. Classification of the patients according to the three main groups shows that a small amount of immunoglobulin G synthesis occurred in tuberculoid leprosy, a distinct amount occurred in borderline leprosy, and large amount occurred in lepromatous leprosy. Contrary to expectation, synthesis of C3 was found only in some of the cultures of these three forms of leprosy. The function of the locally synthesized immunoglobulin G and the findings concerning C3 synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of humoral factors (immunoglobulins and complement) in lesional skin of leprosy patients. An in vitro culture technique was used to demonstrate the synthesis of immunoglobulins and complement in lesional skin of patients representing the entire clinico-histopathological spectrum of leprosy. The results indicate that immunoglobulin G is produced in different amounts in the various forms of leprosy. Classification of the patients according to the three main groups shows that a small amount of immunoglobulin G synthesis occurred in tuberculoid leprosy, a distinct amount occurred in borderline leprosy, and large amount occurred in lepromatous leprosy. Contrary to expectation, synthesis of C3 was found only in some of the cultures of these three forms of leprosy. The function of the locally synthesized immunoglobulin G and the findings concerning C3 synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 500191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4600", "title": "Fractionation and properties of glucans produced by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Water-insoluble (ISG) and water-soluble (SG) fractions of glucans produced by cell-free glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans AHT (serotype g) were isolated by centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 15 min. No further resolution of slightly sonicated ISG was observed with gel filtrations on any Bio-Gel beads, including A-50m. Bio-Gel P-100 filtration subdivided SG into two fractions with higher and lower molecular weights (designated SG-A and SG-B, respectively). SG-A was further resolved into two subfractions, SG-A-I and SG-A-II, by 10 to 40% and 50 to 80% ethanol precipitation, respectively. Relative amounts of ISG, SG-A-I, SG-A-II, and SG-B were 66.3:9.4:4.4:19.9. The molecular sizes of these fractions were >1.5 x 10(7), >==1.5 x 10(7), <==5 x 10(6) (>1 x 10(5)), and <==1 x 10(4) daltons, and their alpha-1,3 glucosidic linkage contents were approximately 35, 35, 16, and 4% for fractions ISG, SG-A-I, SG-A-II, and SG-B, respectively. Both ISG and SG-A-I were resistant to hydrolysis by dextranase and possessed the ability to aggregate with concanavalin A and to agglutinate S. mutans cells. SG-A-II had extremely low dextranase susceptibility and significant agglutinating activities, whereas SG-B showed high dextranase sensitivity and neither aggregating nor agglutinating activity. These results indicate that SG of S. mutans AHT consists of three types of glucans with distinctly different molecular sizes and chemical structures and strongly suggest that the ISG and SG-A-I fractions are different physical states of an inherently identical glucan. Preliminary observations suggest that the glucans produced by other S. mutans strains of several serotypes may be similarly classified.", "contents": "Fractionation and properties of glucans produced by Streptococcus mutans. Water-insoluble (ISG) and water-soluble (SG) fractions of glucans produced by cell-free glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans AHT (serotype g) were isolated by centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 15 min. No further resolution of slightly sonicated ISG was observed with gel filtrations on any Bio-Gel beads, including A-50m. Bio-Gel P-100 filtration subdivided SG into two fractions with higher and lower molecular weights (designated SG-A and SG-B, respectively). SG-A was further resolved into two subfractions, SG-A-I and SG-A-II, by 10 to 40% and 50 to 80% ethanol precipitation, respectively. Relative amounts of ISG, SG-A-I, SG-A-II, and SG-B were 66.3:9.4:4.4:19.9. The molecular sizes of these fractions were >1.5 x 10(7), >==1.5 x 10(7), <==5 x 10(6) (>1 x 10(5)), and <==1 x 10(4) daltons, and their alpha-1,3 glucosidic linkage contents were approximately 35, 35, 16, and 4% for fractions ISG, SG-A-I, SG-A-II, and SG-B, respectively. Both ISG and SG-A-I were resistant to hydrolysis by dextranase and possessed the ability to aggregate with concanavalin A and to agglutinate S. mutans cells. SG-A-II had extremely low dextranase susceptibility and significant agglutinating activities, whereas SG-B showed high dextranase sensitivity and neither aggregating nor agglutinating activity. These results indicate that SG of S. mutans AHT consists of three types of glucans with distinctly different molecular sizes and chemical structures and strongly suggest that the ISG and SG-A-I fractions are different physical states of an inherently identical glucan. Preliminary observations suggest that the glucans produced by other S. mutans strains of several serotypes may be similarly classified.", "PMID": 500192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4601", "title": "Cross-reactivity between antigens of Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis in lymphocyte transformation assays.", "content": "The cross-reactivity of four Coccidioides antigens, three Histoplasma antigens, and two Blastomyces antigens were determined in lymphocyte transformation assays of 11 coccidioidin-reactive, histoplasmin-nonreactive subjects (group I), 13 coccidioidin-nonreactive, histoplasmin-reactive persons (group II), and 13 subjects who were skin test negative to both antigens (group III). Mycelial and yeast (or spherule)-phase antigens of the three fungi were included. Significant cross-reactivity was obtained with both coccidioidins, spherulin, and the alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of C. immitis, to the extent that the responses of histoplasmin-reactive persons were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those of coccidioidin-reactive persons. In contrast, optimal dilutions of Histoplasma mycelial and yeast-phase lysates effectively distinguished (P < 0.01) responses of histoplasmin- and coccidioidin-reactive persons. The alkali-soluble cell wall antigen of H. capsulatum showed extensive cross-reactivity at most concentrations and was markedly stimulatory to lymphocytes of skin test-negative persons. Blastomycin elicited significant cross-reactions in histoplasmin-sensitive subjects and to a lesser extent in coccidioidin-sensitive subjects. The alkali-soluble cell wall antigen cross-reacted in cultures of histoplasmin-reactive persons but not in those of coccidioidin-reactive persons. All antigens effectively distinguished (P < 0.001) homologous responses of skin test-positive persons (groups I and II) from those of skin test-negative persons (group III). The extensive cross-reactivity in lymphocyte transformation assays in the absence of cross-reactivity in skin tests suggests that these two immune responses may be mediated by different T lymphocyte populations, may be elicited by different antigenic components, or both.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity between antigens of Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis in lymphocyte transformation assays. The cross-reactivity of four Coccidioides antigens, three Histoplasma antigens, and two Blastomyces antigens were determined in lymphocyte transformation assays of 11 coccidioidin-reactive, histoplasmin-nonreactive subjects (group I), 13 coccidioidin-nonreactive, histoplasmin-reactive persons (group II), and 13 subjects who were skin test negative to both antigens (group III). Mycelial and yeast (or spherule)-phase antigens of the three fungi were included. Significant cross-reactivity was obtained with both coccidioidins, spherulin, and the alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of C. immitis, to the extent that the responses of histoplasmin-reactive persons were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those of coccidioidin-reactive persons. In contrast, optimal dilutions of Histoplasma mycelial and yeast-phase lysates effectively distinguished (P < 0.01) responses of histoplasmin- and coccidioidin-reactive persons. The alkali-soluble cell wall antigen of H. capsulatum showed extensive cross-reactivity at most concentrations and was markedly stimulatory to lymphocytes of skin test-negative persons. Blastomycin elicited significant cross-reactions in histoplasmin-sensitive subjects and to a lesser extent in coccidioidin-sensitive subjects. The alkali-soluble cell wall antigen cross-reacted in cultures of histoplasmin-reactive persons but not in those of coccidioidin-reactive persons. All antigens effectively distinguished (P < 0.001) homologous responses of skin test-positive persons (groups I and II) from those of skin test-negative persons (group III). The extensive cross-reactivity in lymphocyte transformation assays in the absence of cross-reactivity in skin tests suggests that these two immune responses may be mediated by different T lymphocyte populations, may be elicited by different antigenic components, or both.", "PMID": 500193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4602", "title": "Production of indirect hemolysin by Yersinia enterocolitica and its properties.", "content": "Hemolysis was demonstrated on blood agar by adding lecithin from strains of biovar 1 Yersinia enterocolitica. Hemolytic activity was also observed in culture filtrates containing lecithin. No hemolytic activity was detected from any blood agar or culture filtrate without lecithin or after incubation at 37 degrees C. Crude indirect hemolysin was prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation from culture filtrates, and two enzymes, phospholipase A and lipase, were fractionated by gel filtration. Hemolytic substances were recognized as lysolecithin and fatty acid when lecithin wad decomposed by phospholipase A and lipase, respectively.", "contents": "Production of indirect hemolysin by Yersinia enterocolitica and its properties. Hemolysis was demonstrated on blood agar by adding lecithin from strains of biovar 1 Yersinia enterocolitica. Hemolytic activity was also observed in culture filtrates containing lecithin. No hemolytic activity was detected from any blood agar or culture filtrate without lecithin or after incubation at 37 degrees C. Crude indirect hemolysin was prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation from culture filtrates, and two enzymes, phospholipase A and lipase, were fractionated by gel filtration. Hemolytic substances were recognized as lysolecithin and fatty acid when lecithin wad decomposed by phospholipase A and lipase, respectively.", "PMID": 500194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4603", "title": "Wheat germ agglutinin blockage of chlamydial attachment sites: antagonism by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.", "content": "Addition of 2 to 10 micrograms of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin from Triticum vulgaris specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, per ml to suspensions of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) blocked the attachment of 14C-labeled Chlamydia psittaci 6BC to the L-cell surface. WGA and strain 6BC competed for similar sites on L cells, but once bound, one was not replaced by the other. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, but not other monosaccharides of related structure, antagonized the blocking action of WGA. Lectins with specificities other than that of WGA prevented chlamydial attachment only at much higher concentrations or not at all. Exposure of L cells to trypsin and to high multiplicities of strain 6BC decreased the amount of subsequently added 3H-labeled WGA that was bound by these cells. WGA also blocked the attachment of strain 6BC to other established cell lines of murine, simian, and human origin. A lymphogranuloma venereum strain (440L) of C. trachomatis was just as sensitive to the blocking action of WGA as was strain 6BC. It appears that the attachment of both C. psittaci and C. trachomatis to host cells of diverse origin involves an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-containing entity that binds WGA with high affinity.", "contents": "Wheat germ agglutinin blockage of chlamydial attachment sites: antagonism by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Addition of 2 to 10 micrograms of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin from Triticum vulgaris specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, per ml to suspensions of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) blocked the attachment of 14C-labeled Chlamydia psittaci 6BC to the L-cell surface. WGA and strain 6BC competed for similar sites on L cells, but once bound, one was not replaced by the other. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, but not other monosaccharides of related structure, antagonized the blocking action of WGA. Lectins with specificities other than that of WGA prevented chlamydial attachment only at much higher concentrations or not at all. Exposure of L cells to trypsin and to high multiplicities of strain 6BC decreased the amount of subsequently added 3H-labeled WGA that was bound by these cells. WGA also blocked the attachment of strain 6BC to other established cell lines of murine, simian, and human origin. A lymphogranuloma venereum strain (440L) of C. trachomatis was just as sensitive to the blocking action of WGA as was strain 6BC. It appears that the attachment of both C. psittaci and C. trachomatis to host cells of diverse origin involves an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-containing entity that binds WGA with high affinity.", "PMID": 500195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4604", "title": "Appearance of rosette-forming macrophages in the lungs of influenza virus-infected mice.", "content": "Approximately one fifth of the macrophages obtained from the lungs of mice infected 2 to 5 days with influenza A/HK virus were found to rosette well with either unmodified human, chicken, or guinea pig erythrocytes, but not with erythrocytes from hamsters, sheep, or mice. Rosette-forming macrophages were seldom seen in suspensions from uninfected mice (3+/-3%) or mice infected 24 h previously (3+/-3%). Rosette formation was not due to virus hemadsorption, as indicated by the failure of specific antiserum to influenza virus to block rosette formation; by the induction of comparable levels of rosette-forming macrophages in the lungs of mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 2, a nonhemadsorbing virus; and by the inhibition of rosette formation at 4 degrees C. Instead, rosette formation appeared to be directly related to macrophage elicitation or activation since nonstimulated macrophage populations such as peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages from uninfected lungs, or noninduced peritoneal macrophages were not observed to rosette to any significant extent. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages induced with filter-sterilized normal horse serum rosetted at levels comparable to that observed with cells from infected lungs. These results indicate that hemadsorption alone can not be used as a criterion of virus infection of macrophages. However, rosette formation may serve to identify macrophage subpopulations which are active in host defense against viral infections.", "contents": "Appearance of rosette-forming macrophages in the lungs of influenza virus-infected mice. Approximately one fifth of the macrophages obtained from the lungs of mice infected 2 to 5 days with influenza A/HK virus were found to rosette well with either unmodified human, chicken, or guinea pig erythrocytes, but not with erythrocytes from hamsters, sheep, or mice. Rosette-forming macrophages were seldom seen in suspensions from uninfected mice (3+/-3%) or mice infected 24 h previously (3+/-3%). Rosette formation was not due to virus hemadsorption, as indicated by the failure of specific antiserum to influenza virus to block rosette formation; by the induction of comparable levels of rosette-forming macrophages in the lungs of mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 2, a nonhemadsorbing virus; and by the inhibition of rosette formation at 4 degrees C. Instead, rosette formation appeared to be directly related to macrophage elicitation or activation since nonstimulated macrophage populations such as peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages from uninfected lungs, or noninduced peritoneal macrophages were not observed to rosette to any significant extent. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages induced with filter-sterilized normal horse serum rosetted at levels comparable to that observed with cells from infected lungs. These results indicate that hemadsorption alone can not be used as a criterion of virus infection of macrophages. However, rosette formation may serve to identify macrophage subpopulations which are active in host defense against viral infections.", "PMID": 500196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4605", "title": "Serum antibody prevents lethal murine influenza pneumonitis but not tracheitis.", "content": "This paper reports studies showing the effects of serum antibody upon influenza infection at two different sites: the trachea and lung. Tracheal desquamation, pulmonary consolidation, death, and virus shedding were examined after infection of mice with a lethal A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) influenza virus. Immune serum administered intraperitoneally before infection prevented death and pulmonary consolidation and also significantly lowered lung virus shedding as compared with controls receiving normal serum. However, this protection did not extend to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea because serum antibody did not prevent desquamation of the trachea or significantly decrease viral yield from the trachea. These results indicate that serum antibody is protective against severe pulmonary parenchymal disease but not for disease of the ciliated epithelium.", "contents": "Serum antibody prevents lethal murine influenza pneumonitis but not tracheitis. This paper reports studies showing the effects of serum antibody upon influenza infection at two different sites: the trachea and lung. Tracheal desquamation, pulmonary consolidation, death, and virus shedding were examined after infection of mice with a lethal A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) influenza virus. Immune serum administered intraperitoneally before infection prevented death and pulmonary consolidation and also significantly lowered lung virus shedding as compared with controls receiving normal serum. However, this protection did not extend to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea because serum antibody did not prevent desquamation of the trachea or significantly decrease viral yield from the trachea. These results indicate that serum antibody is protective against severe pulmonary parenchymal disease but not for disease of the ciliated epithelium.", "PMID": 500197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4606", "title": "Human neutrophil migratory function: modulatory effect of interactions with opsonized particles.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils preexposed to cytotaxin or to phagocytizable particles exhibited reduced spontaneous and chemotactic migratory responses. This influence of cytotaxin appears to be related to toxic effects of by-products of hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation. To determine whether a phagocytic stimulus may inhibit subsequent neutrophil migratory functions by the same mechanism, we assessed spontaneous and chemotactic migratory functions of neutrophils from individuals with chronic granulomatous disease exposed to antibody-opsonized sheep erythrocytes. Our results showed that phagocytosis of such particles did not alter these migratory responses of chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils and suggest that phagocytic stimulation of normal neutrophils may modulate migratory function by some mechanism dependent upon hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation.", "contents": "Human neutrophil migratory function: modulatory effect of interactions with opsonized particles. Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils preexposed to cytotaxin or to phagocytizable particles exhibited reduced spontaneous and chemotactic migratory responses. This influence of cytotaxin appears to be related to toxic effects of by-products of hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation. To determine whether a phagocytic stimulus may inhibit subsequent neutrophil migratory functions by the same mechanism, we assessed spontaneous and chemotactic migratory functions of neutrophils from individuals with chronic granulomatous disease exposed to antibody-opsonized sheep erythrocytes. Our results showed that phagocytosis of such particles did not alter these migratory responses of chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils and suggest that phagocytic stimulation of normal neutrophils may modulate migratory function by some mechanism dependent upon hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation.", "PMID": 500198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4607", "title": "Sites that bind polymerized albumin on hepatitis B surface antigen particles: detection by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antibodies to polymerized human albumin (poly-HSA) could not be detected by using sensitive methods (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoprecipitation) in sera from chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or in serial bleedings from one chimpanzee infected with type A hepatitis virus and one infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis virus. By a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, receptor sites for poly-HSA could be detected on HBsAg particles from sera containing either hepatitis B \"e\" antigen (HBeAg) or anti-HBe. Blocking experiments showed that monomeric HSA did not bind to this receptor. In general, the HBsAg particles from sera with HBeAg had more poly-HSA receptor sites or relatively more particles carrying this receptor compared with HBsAg from sera with anti-HBe. Microtiter plates coated with poly-HSA bound HBsAg from sera containing HBeAg with greater efficiency than did anti-HBs coupled to a solid phase (Ausria II beads), whereas with sera positive for anti-HBe, the two assays were equally sensitive. Decreased ability of HBsAg to bind to poly-HSA was seen in some sera which had been stored for a few years at 4 degrees C, whereas the binding to anti-HBs was unaffected. It is possible that polymers of albumin on the surface of hepatocytes could function as receptors for hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Sites that bind polymerized albumin on hepatitis B surface antigen particles: detection by radioimmunoassay. Antibodies to polymerized human albumin (poly-HSA) could not be detected by using sensitive methods (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoprecipitation) in sera from chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or in serial bleedings from one chimpanzee infected with type A hepatitis virus and one infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis virus. By a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, receptor sites for poly-HSA could be detected on HBsAg particles from sera containing either hepatitis B \"e\" antigen (HBeAg) or anti-HBe. Blocking experiments showed that monomeric HSA did not bind to this receptor. In general, the HBsAg particles from sera with HBeAg had more poly-HSA receptor sites or relatively more particles carrying this receptor compared with HBsAg from sera with anti-HBe. Microtiter plates coated with poly-HSA bound HBsAg from sera containing HBeAg with greater efficiency than did anti-HBs coupled to a solid phase (Ausria II beads), whereas with sera positive for anti-HBe, the two assays were equally sensitive. Decreased ability of HBsAg to bind to poly-HSA was seen in some sera which had been stored for a few years at 4 degrees C, whereas the binding to anti-HBs was unaffected. It is possible that polymers of albumin on the surface of hepatocytes could function as receptors for hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 500199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4608", "title": "Colonization of the cementum surface of teeth by oral Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "By using in vitro assays, a group of related, filamentous gram-negative bacteria isolated from subgingival plaque deposits of patients with periodontal disease were found to colonize intact teeth. Tentatively identified as members of the genus Cytophaga, these isolates exhibited a preference for colonizing the cementum surface of the root. Examination of intact teeth after several weeks of colonization revealed that the root substructure had been extensively demineralized.", "contents": "Colonization of the cementum surface of teeth by oral Gram-negative bacteria. By using in vitro assays, a group of related, filamentous gram-negative bacteria isolated from subgingival plaque deposits of patients with periodontal disease were found to colonize intact teeth. Tentatively identified as members of the genus Cytophaga, these isolates exhibited a preference for colonizing the cementum surface of the root. Examination of intact teeth after several weeks of colonization revealed that the root substructure had been extensively demineralized.", "PMID": 500200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4609", "title": "Thymosin restoration of cellular immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis in T-cell-depleted mice.", "content": "The immunopotentiating properties of thymosin in thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice (ThyXBM) were characterized, using footpad sensitivity to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Normal mice were shown to exhibit increasing delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to killed yeast cells of B. dermatitidis after injections of the organism on days 0 and 7, as measured by footpad swelling tests. The footpad response of normal thymosin-treated mice was similar to that of normal, non-thymosin-treated mice. ThyXBM mice were unable to elicit a footpad response when similarly injected and footpad tested with B. dermatitidis. Thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice responded to footpad testing at a level that was 62% greater than the response seen in non-thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice. This peak response occurred on day 12. The results indicated that thymosin was unable to enhance immune responses of normal intact  mice but could restore immunocompetence in a T-cell-depleted host, as measured by footpad sensitivity to B. dermatitidis.", "contents": "Thymosin restoration of cellular immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis in T-cell-depleted mice. The immunopotentiating properties of thymosin in thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice (ThyXBM) were characterized, using footpad sensitivity to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Normal mice were shown to exhibit increasing delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to killed yeast cells of B. dermatitidis after injections of the organism on days 0 and 7, as measured by footpad swelling tests. The footpad response of normal thymosin-treated mice was similar to that of normal, non-thymosin-treated mice. ThyXBM mice were unable to elicit a footpad response when similarly injected and footpad tested with B. dermatitidis. Thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice responded to footpad testing at a level that was 62% greater than the response seen in non-thymosin-treated ThyXBM mice. This peak response occurred on day 12. The results indicated that thymosin was unable to enhance immune responses of normal intact  mice but could restore immunocompetence in a T-cell-depleted host, as measured by footpad sensitivity to B. dermatitidis.", "PMID": 500201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4610", "title": "Behavior of vaccine revertants of temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus in ferret tracheal organ culture.", "content": "A live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate was not genetically stable when administered to some children who lacked antibody to surface proteins of the virus. To obtain additional biological information about these revertants, the vaccine strain, the wild-type parental strain, and isolates recovered from inoculated children during a vaccine trial were evaluated in ferret tracheal organ culture for effects on the ciliated epithelium and replication at both permissive and restrictive temperatures. The studies revealed that the vaccine strain destroyed cilia and replicated to high titer at its permissive temperature (33 degrees ) but caused minimal damage and replicated to very low titer at its restrictive temperature (37 degrees C). The wild-type parent destroyed cilia at both 33 and 37 degrees C. Isolates which were no longer temperature sensitive (ts(+)) destroyed cilia at both restrictive and permissive temperatures and grew to high titer. Isolates which retained the ts phenotype behaved as the vaccine strain in this system. The ts(+) virus recovered from volunteers behaved like the wild-type parent, which suggests that these viruses had not merely lost their ts phenotype, but had undergone reversion to wild type. Important information about the genetic stability of temperature-sensitive influenza vaccine strains recovered from volunteers can be obtained by evaluating them in ferret tracheal organ culture.", "contents": "Behavior of vaccine revertants of temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus in ferret tracheal organ culture. A live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate was not genetically stable when administered to some children who lacked antibody to surface proteins of the virus. To obtain additional biological information about these revertants, the vaccine strain, the wild-type parental strain, and isolates recovered from inoculated children during a vaccine trial were evaluated in ferret tracheal organ culture for effects on the ciliated epithelium and replication at both permissive and restrictive temperatures. The studies revealed that the vaccine strain destroyed cilia and replicated to high titer at its permissive temperature (33 degrees ) but caused minimal damage and replicated to very low titer at its restrictive temperature (37 degrees C). The wild-type parent destroyed cilia at both 33 and 37 degrees C. Isolates which were no longer temperature sensitive (ts(+)) destroyed cilia at both restrictive and permissive temperatures and grew to high titer. Isolates which retained the ts phenotype behaved as the vaccine strain in this system. The ts(+) virus recovered from volunteers behaved like the wild-type parent, which suggests that these viruses had not merely lost their ts phenotype, but had undergone reversion to wild type. Important information about the genetic stability of temperature-sensitive influenza vaccine strains recovered from volunteers can be obtained by evaluating them in ferret tracheal organ culture.", "PMID": 500202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4611", "title": "Baculovirus replication in a mosquito (dipteran) cell line.", "content": "The baculovirus from the lepidopteran host Autographa californica (alfalfa looper) was shown to replicate in a dipteran cell line without the production of characteristic polyhedral inclusion bodies. The low level of replication could not be detected by 50% tissue culture infective dose titrations, but was apparent by [3H]thymidine labeling of the viral genome. Immunoprecipitation of the radioactive product confirmed baculovirus production.", "contents": "Baculovirus replication in a mosquito (dipteran) cell line. The baculovirus from the lepidopteran host Autographa californica (alfalfa looper) was shown to replicate in a dipteran cell line without the production of characteristic polyhedral inclusion bodies. The low level of replication could not be detected by 50% tissue culture infective dose titrations, but was apparent by [3H]thymidine labeling of the viral genome. Immunoprecipitation of the radioactive product confirmed baculovirus production.", "PMID": 500203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4612", "title": "Live Victoria/75-ts-1[E] influenza A virus vaccines in adult volunteers: role of hemagglutinin immunity in protection against illness and infection caused by influenza A virus.", "content": "To explore the relationship between neuraminidase immunity and the degree of attenuat\u00edon of live influenza A virus vaccines, a comparative evaluation of three Victoria/75-ts-1[E] (Vic/75-ts-1[E]) recombinant viruses in serum hemagglutination-inhibiting-negative (titer, </=1:8) adult volunteers was performed. These three ts-1[E] viruses had a similar restriction of replication at 38 degrees C in vitro, and each possessed the two attenuating genes of the ts-1[E] donor strain (13). However, Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants 81 and 113 possessed both Vic/75 hemagglutinin (H3(75)) and Vic/75 neuraminidase (N2(75)), whereas Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant 67 had Vic/75 hemagglutinin but the N2(65) neuraminidase. Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant 67 was significantly more attenuated than Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants 81 and 113 in that fewer local and systemic signs and symptoms of illness were observed in those volunteers who received clone 67. These findings were consistent with our previous observations which suggested that the following two factors contribute to the attenuation of ts-1[E] vaccine strains in adults: (i) the attenuating effect of the two ts-1[E] genes and (ii) the neuraminidase immunity of the host. Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant clone 67 vaccinees developed an immunological response to the H3(75) hemagglutinin in the absence of a response to the N2(75) neuraminidase. To assess the role that anti-hemagglutinin immunity induced by an attenuated live virus vaccine plays in resistance to influenza A virus, vaccinees who received recombinant 67 were challenged with Vic/75 wild-type virus, and their responses were compared with those of Vic/75-ts-1[E] vaccinees who received recombinant 81 or 113. Each of the three groups of ts-1[E] vaccinees was significantly protected against illness induced by wild-type virus infection, although resistance was not complete. However, the clone 67 vaccinees were protected less against infection. The infection-permissive resistance induced by clone 67 resembled that previously described for inactivated neuraminidase-specific vaccines. These results suggested that a ts-1[E] recombinant that possessed the hemagglutinin of a new pandemic variant, the neuraminidase of the preceding subtype, and the two ts-1[E] ts genes would be satisfactorily attenuated for children and adults with neuraminidase immunity and could induce resistance to illness caused by the new pandemic wild-type influenza A virus.", "contents": "Live Victoria/75-ts-1[E] influenza A virus vaccines in adult volunteers: role of hemagglutinin immunity in protection against illness and infection caused by influenza A virus. To explore the relationship between neuraminidase immunity and the degree of attenuat\u00edon of live influenza A virus vaccines, a comparative evaluation of three Victoria/75-ts-1[E] (Vic/75-ts-1[E]) recombinant viruses in serum hemagglutination-inhibiting-negative (titer, </=1:8) adult volunteers was performed. These three ts-1[E] viruses had a similar restriction of replication at 38 degrees C in vitro, and each possessed the two attenuating genes of the ts-1[E] donor strain (13). However, Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants 81 and 113 possessed both Vic/75 hemagglutinin (H3(75)) and Vic/75 neuraminidase (N2(75)), whereas Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant 67 had Vic/75 hemagglutinin but the N2(65) neuraminidase. Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant 67 was significantly more attenuated than Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants 81 and 113 in that fewer local and systemic signs and symptoms of illness were observed in those volunteers who received clone 67. These findings were consistent with our previous observations which suggested that the following two factors contribute to the attenuation of ts-1[E] vaccine strains in adults: (i) the attenuating effect of the two ts-1[E] genes and (ii) the neuraminidase immunity of the host. Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant clone 67 vaccinees developed an immunological response to the H3(75) hemagglutinin in the absence of a response to the N2(75) neuraminidase. To assess the role that anti-hemagglutinin immunity induced by an attenuated live virus vaccine plays in resistance to influenza A virus, vaccinees who received recombinant 67 were challenged with Vic/75 wild-type virus, and their responses were compared with those of Vic/75-ts-1[E] vaccinees who received recombinant 81 or 113. Each of the three groups of ts-1[E] vaccinees was significantly protected against illness induced by wild-type virus infection, although resistance was not complete. However, the clone 67 vaccinees were protected less against infection. The infection-permissive resistance induced by clone 67 resembled that previously described for inactivated neuraminidase-specific vaccines. These results suggested that a ts-1[E] recombinant that possessed the hemagglutinin of a new pandemic variant, the neuraminidase of the preceding subtype, and the two ts-1[E] ts genes would be satisfactorily attenuated for children and adults with neuraminidase immunity and could induce resistance to illness caused by the new pandemic wild-type influenza A virus.", "PMID": 500204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4613", "title": "Relationship of genotype of recombinants of influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E]virus used as live virus vaccines to virulence in humans.", "content": "Influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus is a temperature-sensitive mutant developed for use as a live virus vaccine (B. R. Murphy, E. G. Chalhub, S. R. Nusinoff, J. Kasel, and R. M. Chanock, J. Infect. Dis. 128:479--487, 1973). This virus and temperature-sensitive recombinants derived by mating it with A/Udorn/72, A/Georgia/74, or A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus have been administered to volunteers in clinical trials on the assumption that the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genetic lesions on a polymerase gene (P3) and on the nucleoprotein gene (NP) would determine a satisfactory and reproducible level of attentuation regardless of the genetic constitution of ts-1[E] recombinants at other loci (B. R. Murphy, D. D. Richman, S. B. Spring, and R. M. Chanock, Postgrad. Med. 52:381--388, 1976). In this paper, the parental origin of genes in the ts-1[E] recombinants was determined by using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion ribonucleic acid segments in the presence of a denaturing agent (urea). When tested in individuals who lacked immunity to hemagglutinin antigen, attenuation of the ts-1[E] recombinants appeared to correlate with inheritance of the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genes at the P3 and NP loci and with the level of preinfection neuraminidase immunity. There was no evidence that other genes from the ts-1[E] donor virus played a role in attenuation.", "contents": "Relationship of genotype of recombinants of influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E]virus used as live virus vaccines to virulence in humans. Influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus is a temperature-sensitive mutant developed for use as a live virus vaccine (B. R. Murphy, E. G. Chalhub, S. R. Nusinoff, J. Kasel, and R. M. Chanock, J. Infect. Dis. 128:479--487, 1973). This virus and temperature-sensitive recombinants derived by mating it with A/Udorn/72, A/Georgia/74, or A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus have been administered to volunteers in clinical trials on the assumption that the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genetic lesions on a polymerase gene (P3) and on the nucleoprotein gene (NP) would determine a satisfactory and reproducible level of attentuation regardless of the genetic constitution of ts-1[E] recombinants at other loci (B. R. Murphy, D. D. Richman, S. B. Spring, and R. M. Chanock, Postgrad. Med. 52:381--388, 1976). In this paper, the parental origin of genes in the ts-1[E] recombinants was determined by using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion ribonucleic acid segments in the presence of a denaturing agent (urea). When tested in individuals who lacked immunity to hemagglutinin antigen, attenuation of the ts-1[E] recombinants appeared to correlate with inheritance of the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genes at the P3 and NP loci and with the level of preinfection neuraminidase immunity. There was no evidence that other genes from the ts-1[E] donor virus played a role in attenuation.", "PMID": 500205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4614", "title": "Arabinosylthymine: inhibitor of splenic lymphocyte macromolecular synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of arabinosylthymine on lymphocyte transformation was investigated. Arabinosylthymine was demonstrated not to be cytotoxic for hamster spleen lymphocytes but was found to inhibit the increase in deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis usually observed as a result of mitogen stimulation. These findings suggest that, in addition to being a potent anti-herpesvirus inhibitor, arabinosylthymine is also an immunosuppressive agent.", "contents": "Arabinosylthymine: inhibitor of splenic lymphocyte macromolecular synthesis in vitro. The effect of arabinosylthymine on lymphocyte transformation was investigated. Arabinosylthymine was demonstrated not to be cytotoxic for hamster spleen lymphocytes but was found to inhibit the increase in deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis usually observed as a result of mitogen stimulation. These findings suggest that, in addition to being a potent anti-herpesvirus inhibitor, arabinosylthymine is also an immunosuppressive agent.", "PMID": 500206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4615", "title": "Fatty acid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga.", "content": "The extractable and bound lipids and cellular fatty acids of the gram-negative gliding bacteria, Capnocytophaga sputigena, C. gingivalis, and C. ochracea were compared to the non-host-related gliding bacterium Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The extractable lipids represented between 17 and 28% of the cell dry weight, whereas only 2 to 4% of the lipids were in the bound fraction. The methyl esters of the cellular fatty acids were mainly aC15:0, which accounted for 69 to 73% of the total extractable fatty acids; S. myxococcoides had a similar distribution of branched-chain fatty acids; however, aC17:0 was the predominant fatty acid in this free-living gliding organism.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga. The extractable and bound lipids and cellular fatty acids of the gram-negative gliding bacteria, Capnocytophaga sputigena, C. gingivalis, and C. ochracea were compared to the non-host-related gliding bacterium Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The extractable lipids represented between 17 and 28% of the cell dry weight, whereas only 2 to 4% of the lipids were in the bound fraction. The methyl esters of the cellular fatty acids were mainly aC15:0, which accounted for 69 to 73% of the total extractable fatty acids; S. myxococcoides had a similar distribution of branched-chain fatty acids; however, aC17:0 was the predominant fatty acid in this free-living gliding organism.", "PMID": 500207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4616", "title": "Reduction of contact sensitivity reactions to oxazolone in mite-infested mice.", "content": "Oxazolone-sensitized mite-infested (SWR-M) and mite-free (SWR-J) mice were challenged with oxazolone on the skin of the neck and shoulder. The migration of radioactively labeled cells to the site of contact sensitivity reaction to oxazolone was significantly less in SWR-M than in SWR-J mice. Serum obtained from SWR-M mice suppressed the extravasation of cells into the skin site of SWR-J mice challenged with oxazolone. The decrease in cellular influx in SWR-M mice occurred in areas of mite infestation (skin of neck and shoulder) as well as in areas not infested with mites (the ears). SWR-M mice also gave evidence of enhanced vascular permeability. A possible role for histamine in the inhibition of contact sensitivity in mite-infested mice is discussed.", "contents": "Reduction of contact sensitivity reactions to oxazolone in mite-infested mice. Oxazolone-sensitized mite-infested (SWR-M) and mite-free (SWR-J) mice were challenged with oxazolone on the skin of the neck and shoulder. The migration of radioactively labeled cells to the site of contact sensitivity reaction to oxazolone was significantly less in SWR-M than in SWR-J mice. Serum obtained from SWR-M mice suppressed the extravasation of cells into the skin site of SWR-J mice challenged with oxazolone. The decrease in cellular influx in SWR-M mice occurred in areas of mite infestation (skin of neck and shoulder) as well as in areas not infested with mites (the ears). SWR-M mice also gave evidence of enhanced vascular permeability. A possible role for histamine in the inhibition of contact sensitivity in mite-infested mice is discussed.", "PMID": 500208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4617", "title": "Phospholipid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga.", "content": "The distribution of acetone-soluble (neutral glycolipid) and acetone-insoluble (phospholipid isoprenoids) lipids in oral isolates of gram-negative gliding bacteria of the genus Capnocytophaga was compared with those in a non-host-related gliding bacterium, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The acetone-soluble material accounted for 34 to 55% of the extracted lipids; the remainder was acetone-insoluble material. The major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (67%), with lesser amounts of lysophosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified phosphate-containing compounds. Capnocytophaga also contained significant amounts of an ornithine-amino lipid.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga. The distribution of acetone-soluble (neutral glycolipid) and acetone-insoluble (phospholipid isoprenoids) lipids in oral isolates of gram-negative gliding bacteria of the genus Capnocytophaga was compared with those in a non-host-related gliding bacterium, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The acetone-soluble material accounted for 34 to 55% of the extracted lipids; the remainder was acetone-insoluble material. The major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (67%), with lesser amounts of lysophosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified phosphate-containing compounds. Capnocytophaga also contained significant amounts of an ornithine-amino lipid.", "PMID": 500209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4618", "title": "Abortive replication of vaccinia virus in activated rabbit macrophages.", "content": "During the course of infection of rabbits with vaccinia virus, macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity develop bactericidal activity and the replication of vaccinia virus becomes restricted in these cells. The abortive replication of vaccinia virus in the activated macrophages was characterized in the present study. The virus adsorbed to and was uncoated equally well in macrophages from both normal and infected rabbits. A burst of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of comparable magnitude took place 3 to 6 h after infection in both normal and activated macrophages. Although the production of viral antigens, as detected by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence, was the same in both types of cells, very few virus particles were formed in activated as compared with normal macrophages. We conclude that a block in a late step of the virus replication cycle occurred in the activated macrophages.", "contents": "Abortive replication of vaccinia virus in activated rabbit macrophages. During the course of infection of rabbits with vaccinia virus, macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity develop bactericidal activity and the replication of vaccinia virus becomes restricted in these cells. The abortive replication of vaccinia virus in the activated macrophages was characterized in the present study. The virus adsorbed to and was uncoated equally well in macrophages from both normal and infected rabbits. A burst of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of comparable magnitude took place 3 to 6 h after infection in both normal and activated macrophages. Although the production of viral antigens, as detected by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence, was the same in both types of cells, very few virus particles were formed in activated as compared with normal macrophages. We conclude that a block in a late step of the virus replication cycle occurred in the activated macrophages.", "PMID": 500210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4619", "title": "Susceptibility of inbred mice to chronic central nervous system infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "The present study demonstrated that the clinicopathological expression of the late demyelinating disease due to chronic central nervous system infection by Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus was dependent, at least in part, on the strain of mouse used as host. A range of involvement was observed, with late disease being most severe in the SJL strain, intermediate in the CBA and C3H/He strains, and least in C57BL/6 mice. The lack of clinical signs in seven other inbred strains of mice indicates that their response to chronic infection was similar to C57BL/6 mice. SJL, CBA, C3H/He, and C57BL/6 mice all generated similar levels of neutralizing antibody. A correlation between the severity of late disease and central nervous system virus content was not demonstrated, which indirectly suggests an immunopathological rather than a cytolytic mechanism of myelin injury during the late disease period. Finally, in addition to being more extensive, SJL demyelinating lesions contained a disproportionately large number of macrophages compared with those of similar lesions in CBA and C3H/He mice.", "contents": "Susceptibility of inbred mice to chronic central nervous system infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. The present study demonstrated that the clinicopathological expression of the late demyelinating disease due to chronic central nervous system infection by Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus was dependent, at least in part, on the strain of mouse used as host. A range of involvement was observed, with late disease being most severe in the SJL strain, intermediate in the CBA and C3H/He strains, and least in C57BL/6 mice. The lack of clinical signs in seven other inbred strains of mice indicates that their response to chronic infection was similar to C57BL/6 mice. SJL, CBA, C3H/He, and C57BL/6 mice all generated similar levels of neutralizing antibody. A correlation between the severity of late disease and central nervous system virus content was not demonstrated, which indirectly suggests an immunopathological rather than a cytolytic mechanism of myelin injury during the late disease period. Finally, in addition to being more extensive, SJL demyelinating lesions contained a disproportionately large number of macrophages compared with those of similar lesions in CBA and C3H/He mice.", "PMID": 500211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4620", "title": "Multiplication of Leishmania in human macrophages in vitro.", "content": "To facilitate in vitro studies of the immunology of human leishmaniasis, we developed a method of growing pathogenic Leishmania in human monocyte-derived macrophages. After 6 days of incubation, adherent mononuclear cells were infected with Leishmania donovani amastigotes obtained from infected hamster spleen cells or with L. tropica amastigotes obtained from infected BALB/c tissue mouse footpad. Forty-eight percent of the macrophages were initially infected, with a mean of 3.0 amastigotes per infected macrophage. After 6 days of incubation, 59% of macrophages were infected and contained 8.8 amastigotes per infected macrophage, representing 2.9-fold multiplication. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of dividing parasites within phagolysosomes. These observations indicate that Leishmania survive and multiply within human monocyte-derived macrophages despite fusion of secondary lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuole.", "contents": "Multiplication of Leishmania in human macrophages in vitro. To facilitate in vitro studies of the immunology of human leishmaniasis, we developed a method of growing pathogenic Leishmania in human monocyte-derived macrophages. After 6 days of incubation, adherent mononuclear cells were infected with Leishmania donovani amastigotes obtained from infected hamster spleen cells or with L. tropica amastigotes obtained from infected BALB/c tissue mouse footpad. Forty-eight percent of the macrophages were initially infected, with a mean of 3.0 amastigotes per infected macrophage. After 6 days of incubation, 59% of macrophages were infected and contained 8.8 amastigotes per infected macrophage, representing 2.9-fold multiplication. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of dividing parasites within phagolysosomes. These observations indicate that Leishmania survive and multiply within human monocyte-derived macrophages despite fusion of secondary lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuole.", "PMID": 500212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4621", "title": "Significance of abnormal rabbit ileal histology in the pathogenesis of diarrhea.", "content": "In spite of several macroscopic criteria for predicting the presence of histological abnormalities in rabbit ileum, microscopic ileal abnormalities still can escape detection. The effect of histologically abnormal rabbit ileum was evaluated on basal intestinal absorption, on basal absorption, on basal adenylate cyclase activity, and on cholera toxin-induced secretion and cholera toxin-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Compared to histologically normal rabbit ileum, the presence of histological abnormalities was associated with decreased basal intestinal water, Na, Cl, and glucose absorption, absent glucose-dependent water absorption, and elevated basal adenylate cyclase activities. However, histologically abnormal rabbit ileum responded to inoculation of purified cholera toxin with stimulation of intestinal water secretion and adenylate cyclase activity similar to that in histologically normal ileum. These data have implications concerning the design of experiments that attempt to study the pathogenesis of diarrheal diseases by correlating changes in ileal transport with changes in ileal mucosal adenylate cyclase activity. In spite of abnormal ileal histology, studies of intestinal secretory states which attempt to define the role of adenylate cyclase in secretory processes can be performed provided animals are used as their own controls. However, when groups of animals are compared, the presence of an histologically abnormal ileum can cause changes in basal and intestinal secretagogue-stimulated ileal water and electrolyte transport and in basal and intestinal secretagogue-stimulated mucosal adenylate cyclase activity which can lead to erroneous conclusions if the presence of the abnormal ileal histology is not considered.", "contents": "Significance of abnormal rabbit ileal histology in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. In spite of several macroscopic criteria for predicting the presence of histological abnormalities in rabbit ileum, microscopic ileal abnormalities still can escape detection. The effect of histologically abnormal rabbit ileum was evaluated on basal intestinal absorption, on basal absorption, on basal adenylate cyclase activity, and on cholera toxin-induced secretion and cholera toxin-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Compared to histologically normal rabbit ileum, the presence of histological abnormalities was associated with decreased basal intestinal water, Na, Cl, and glucose absorption, absent glucose-dependent water absorption, and elevated basal adenylate cyclase activities. However, histologically abnormal rabbit ileum responded to inoculation of purified cholera toxin with stimulation of intestinal water secretion and adenylate cyclase activity similar to that in histologically normal ileum. These data have implications concerning the design of experiments that attempt to study the pathogenesis of diarrheal diseases by correlating changes in ileal transport with changes in ileal mucosal adenylate cyclase activity. In spite of abnormal ileal histology, studies of intestinal secretory states which attempt to define the role of adenylate cyclase in secretory processes can be performed provided animals are used as their own controls. However, when groups of animals are compared, the presence of an histologically abnormal ileum can cause changes in basal and intestinal secretagogue-stimulated ileal water and electrolyte transport and in basal and intestinal secretagogue-stimulated mucosal adenylate cyclase activity which can lead to erroneous conclusions if the presence of the abnormal ileal histology is not considered.", "PMID": 500213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4622", "title": "Nature of the fructan of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176.", "content": "The fructan of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 was shown to have a levan structure by comparing the chromatographic mobilities of the saccharides produced by partial acid hydrolysis of ghe fructan and known levan and inulin. This was confirmed by using concanavalin A as a lectin in a double-diffusion gel technique.", "contents": "Nature of the fructan of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176. The fructan of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 was shown to have a levan structure by comparing the chromatographic mobilities of the saccharides produced by partial acid hydrolysis of ghe fructan and known levan and inulin. This was confirmed by using concanavalin A as a lectin in a double-diffusion gel technique.", "PMID": 500214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4623", "title": "Chemotaxigenesis by cell surface components of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "In an attempt to delineate the staphylococcal cell surface components of importance in chemotaxigenesis, we incubated intact Staphylococcus aureus H, crude cell walls, purified cell walls, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and cell membranes with human sera. The results reported indicate that both crude cell walls and purified cell walls, as well as peptidoglycan, were potent chemotaxigens. These particles led to the generation in normal human serum of a factor that was chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acid both appeared to play a role in chemotaxigenesis. Kinetic studies employing C2-deficient serum and immunoglobulin-deficient serum revealed that optimal chemotaxigenesis required the presence of an intact classical complement pathway, as well as antibody. Granulocyte aggregometry studies showed that significant levels of C5a were generated in normal serum and that this activated complement component appears to be a major chemotactic factor produced in serum upon interaction with staphylococcal cell wall components.", "contents": "Chemotaxigenesis by cell surface components of Staphylococcus aureus. In an attempt to delineate the staphylococcal cell surface components of importance in chemotaxigenesis, we incubated intact Staphylococcus aureus H, crude cell walls, purified cell walls, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and cell membranes with human sera. The results reported indicate that both crude cell walls and purified cell walls, as well as peptidoglycan, were potent chemotaxigens. These particles led to the generation in normal human serum of a factor that was chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acid both appeared to play a role in chemotaxigenesis. Kinetic studies employing C2-deficient serum and immunoglobulin-deficient serum revealed that optimal chemotaxigenesis required the presence of an intact classical complement pathway, as well as antibody. Granulocyte aggregometry studies showed that significant levels of C5a were generated in normal serum and that this activated complement component appears to be a major chemotactic factor produced in serum upon interaction with staphylococcal cell wall components.", "PMID": 500215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4624", "title": "Effect of oral administration of glucosyltransferase antigens on experimental dental caries.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of soluble antigen preparations containing glucosyltransferase on dental caries in hamsters was studied. Immunization was accomplished by feeding glucosyltransferase for 21 to 27 consecutive days. This immunization regimen resulted in the formation of salivary antibody, which was detected by functional inhibition of enzymatic activity and by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A serum response also occurred in two of the three experiments performed. After infection with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans strain 6715, glucosyltransferase-fed hamsters had significantly fewer S. mutans cells recoverable from molar surfaces on six of nine occasions, compared with buffer-fed control groups. Hamsters orally immunized with glucosyltransferase also always had lower mean caries scores and mean numbers of lesions than comparably infected sham-immunized groups. The results of this study suggest that significant protection from experimental dental caries can be accomplished by oral administration of soluble antigen preparations containing glucosyltransferase.", "contents": "Effect of oral administration of glucosyltransferase antigens on experimental dental caries. The effect of oral administration of soluble antigen preparations containing glucosyltransferase on dental caries in hamsters was studied. Immunization was accomplished by feeding glucosyltransferase for 21 to 27 consecutive days. This immunization regimen resulted in the formation of salivary antibody, which was detected by functional inhibition of enzymatic activity and by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A serum response also occurred in two of the three experiments performed. After infection with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans strain 6715, glucosyltransferase-fed hamsters had significantly fewer S. mutans cells recoverable from molar surfaces on six of nine occasions, compared with buffer-fed control groups. Hamsters orally immunized with glucosyltransferase also always had lower mean caries scores and mean numbers of lesions than comparably infected sham-immunized groups. The results of this study suggest that significant protection from experimental dental caries can be accomplished by oral administration of soluble antigen preparations containing glucosyltransferase.", "PMID": 500216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4625", "title": "Kinetics and cell killing in dividing and nondividing leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo by natural splenic cytotoxic factor.", "content": "Ultrafiltered splenic extracts (30,000-50,000 daltons) were specifically cytotoxic in crowded cultures of murine leukemic lymphoblasts but were only inhibitory toward normal lymphocytes or sparse cultures of leukemic cells. This expression of cytotoxicity was quantitated by (i) vital dye exclusion, (ii) cytochemical metods, and (iii) the increased survival time of mice injected with L-1210 leukemic cells incubated in vitro with splenic extract. Selective cytotoxicity of splenic extract was not due to medium depletion or to complement-mediated cytolysis and could not be replicated using similar extracts of other lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. The selective effect of splenic extract on leukemic cells was characterized by the progressive shedding of cytochemically demonstrable RNA and the corresponding inhibition of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation. The comparison of progressive and gradual expression of cytotoxicity by splenic extract with the S phase specific inhibitor cytosine arabinoside suggests that the former is cytotoxic against leukemic cells predominantly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Kinetics and cell killing in dividing and nondividing leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo by natural splenic cytotoxic factor. Ultrafiltered splenic extracts (30,000-50,000 daltons) were specifically cytotoxic in crowded cultures of murine leukemic lymphoblasts but were only inhibitory toward normal lymphocytes or sparse cultures of leukemic cells. This expression of cytotoxicity was quantitated by (i) vital dye exclusion, (ii) cytochemical metods, and (iii) the increased survival time of mice injected with L-1210 leukemic cells incubated in vitro with splenic extract. Selective cytotoxicity of splenic extract was not due to medium depletion or to complement-mediated cytolysis and could not be replicated using similar extracts of other lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. The selective effect of splenic extract on leukemic cells was characterized by the progressive shedding of cytochemically demonstrable RNA and the corresponding inhibition of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation. The comparison of progressive and gradual expression of cytotoxicity by splenic extract with the S phase specific inhibitor cytosine arabinoside suggests that the former is cytotoxic against leukemic cells predominantly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 500228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4626", "title": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural alteration of leukemic cells by a naturally cytotoxic factor from spleen.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to delineate the differences in cytocidal modality of natural splenic cytotoxic factor (30,000-50,000 daltons) and cyto-A against normal and human leukemic lymphocytes in vitro. It was found that the differences in the cytocidal action effected by cyto-A and splenic isolate were as follows: (1) the killing effect of cyto-A against leukemic cells was very rapid in contrast to the slowly acting spleen factor as evaluated by cytochemical and ultrastructural studies; (2) spleen factor was not cytotoxic against normal lymphocytes in contrast to the indiscriminatory cytotoxic cyto-A.", "contents": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural alteration of leukemic cells by a naturally cytotoxic factor from spleen. Experiments were carried out to delineate the differences in cytocidal modality of natural splenic cytotoxic factor (30,000-50,000 daltons) and cyto-A against normal and human leukemic lymphocytes in vitro. It was found that the differences in the cytocidal action effected by cyto-A and splenic isolate were as follows: (1) the killing effect of cyto-A against leukemic cells was very rapid in contrast to the slowly acting spleen factor as evaluated by cytochemical and ultrastructural studies; (2) spleen factor was not cytotoxic against normal lymphocytes in contrast to the indiscriminatory cytotoxic cyto-A.", "PMID": 500229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4627", "title": "Ultrastructure of basophilic leukocytes and mast cells in normal and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity-reacted guinea pig dermis.", "content": "Basophilic leukocytes and mast cells in guinea pig dermis in normal and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reaction were examined by light and electron microscopy. Basophils were rare in the normal dermis and predominantly revealed in the CBH-reacted skin. Some infiltrating basophils of the reacted displayed an immediate attachment to mast cells. Cytoplasmic continuities were partially seen between them. They were most plentiful at 48 h after phytohemagglutinin injection and decreased in number thereafter. The basophils contained three types of granule. The vast majority of granules were Type I granules, basophil-specific granules. Type II granules were less frequently encountered and resembled a mast cell granule in the fine structure. Type III granules were scant and small-cored vesicles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of basophilic leukocytes and mast cells in normal and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity-reacted guinea pig dermis. Basophilic leukocytes and mast cells in guinea pig dermis in normal and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reaction were examined by light and electron microscopy. Basophils were rare in the normal dermis and predominantly revealed in the CBH-reacted skin. Some infiltrating basophils of the reacted displayed an immediate attachment to mast cells. Cytoplasmic continuities were partially seen between them. They were most plentiful at 48 h after phytohemagglutinin injection and decreased in number thereafter. The basophils contained three types of granule. The vast majority of granules were Type I granules, basophil-specific granules. Type II granules were less frequently encountered and resembled a mast cell granule in the fine structure. Type III granules were scant and small-cored vesicles.", "PMID": 500230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4628", "title": "Heterotoxicity of human serum. IV. Role of the alternative complement pathway and natural antibody in the lethal toxicity of human serum for mice.", "content": "The toxic and often lethal reaction caused by intravascular injection of fresh human serum (FHS) was studied in mice. Decomplementation experiments indicated that the alternative complement pathway plays an essential role in the production of 'serum shock'. In vivo activation of human factor B and C3, following the administration of FHS into mice, was detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption experiments suggested that natural antibodies were not required for toxicity, although they may amplify the lethal potential of normal sera by feedback mechanisms of C activation. Injections of FHS caused intravascular hemolysis of mouse erythrocytes and platelet aggregation in mice. The relationship of these observations to the mechanism(s) underlying lethality will be discussed in the following article.", "contents": "Heterotoxicity of human serum. IV. Role of the alternative complement pathway and natural antibody in the lethal toxicity of human serum for mice. The toxic and often lethal reaction caused by intravascular injection of fresh human serum (FHS) was studied in mice. Decomplementation experiments indicated that the alternative complement pathway plays an essential role in the production of 'serum shock'. In vivo activation of human factor B and C3, following the administration of FHS into mice, was detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption experiments suggested that natural antibodies were not required for toxicity, although they may amplify the lethal potential of normal sera by feedback mechanisms of C activation. Injections of FHS caused intravascular hemolysis of mouse erythrocytes and platelet aggregation in mice. The relationship of these observations to the mechanism(s) underlying lethality will be discussed in the following article.", "PMID": 500231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4629", "title": "Comparison of three hemodialysis procedures with unipuncture.", "content": "Dialysis efficiency estimated by the decrease in urea, creatinine and phosphorus serum concentrations is higher with the double-lumen single-needle method, compared to the single-lumen needle unipuncture methods. This increased efficiency is related to a higher blood flow rate through the dialyser. Provided the superficial veins are not too small and/or tortuous, the double-lumen needle appears as a safe, simple and rewarding device and may be used in most patients on regular dialysis treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of three hemodialysis procedures with unipuncture. Dialysis efficiency estimated by the decrease in urea, creatinine and phosphorus serum concentrations is higher with the double-lumen single-needle method, compared to the single-lumen needle unipuncture methods. This increased efficiency is related to a higher blood flow rate through the dialyser. Provided the superficial veins are not too small and/or tortuous, the double-lumen needle appears as a safe, simple and rewarding device and may be used in most patients on regular dialysis treatment.", "PMID": 500235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4630", "title": "Blood gas changes during carbon haemoperfusion.", "content": "Treatment of experiment poisoning in dogs with haemoperfusion over activated carbon is reported. The blood gas concentrations were monitored and their changes during haemoperfusion considered with respect to their clinical significance.", "contents": "Blood gas changes during carbon haemoperfusion. Treatment of experiment poisoning in dogs with haemoperfusion over activated carbon is reported. The blood gas concentrations were monitored and their changes during haemoperfusion considered with respect to their clinical significance.", "PMID": 500237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4631", "title": "The behavior of three different types of materials in vitro and in the dynamic physiological environment: review and analyses of critical parameters.", "content": "A comparative analysis of smooth-surfaced synthetic materials, gels, especially those based on polyacrylamide, and polyester flocked surfaces indicate profound differences between these three types of materials when in contact with blood. Although many smooth-surface materials adsorb fibrinogen in vitro, several of these perform well in vivo without polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin leading to clot-formation apparently because of enzymatic reactions in the physiological environment. Polyacrylamide hydrogels adsorb little plasma proteins, show negligible platelet adhesion and activation. In contrast, polyester flocked (fibril) surface deposit large quantites of fibrinogen that polymerizes to fibrin with entrapped formed blood elements (clot). The thickness of this layer is difficult to control and the build-up continues to a thickness up to approximately 400 to 600 micron depending on the species. The danger of clot-fragmentation and flock-detachment especially during flexing makes these rough surfaces inferior in blood-contacting application, in comparison to the best current synthetic smooth-surfaced biomaterials, hydrogels, and chemically modified natural tissue components.", "contents": "The behavior of three different types of materials in vitro and in the dynamic physiological environment: review and analyses of critical parameters. A comparative analysis of smooth-surfaced synthetic materials, gels, especially those based on polyacrylamide, and polyester flocked surfaces indicate profound differences between these three types of materials when in contact with blood. Although many smooth-surface materials adsorb fibrinogen in vitro, several of these perform well in vivo without polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin leading to clot-formation apparently because of enzymatic reactions in the physiological environment. Polyacrylamide hydrogels adsorb little plasma proteins, show negligible platelet adhesion and activation. In contrast, polyester flocked (fibril) surface deposit large quantites of fibrinogen that polymerizes to fibrin with entrapped formed blood elements (clot). The thickness of this layer is difficult to control and the build-up continues to a thickness up to approximately 400 to 600 micron depending on the species. The danger of clot-fragmentation and flock-detachment especially during flexing makes these rough surfaces inferior in blood-contacting application, in comparison to the best current synthetic smooth-surfaced biomaterials, hydrogels, and chemically modified natural tissue components.", "PMID": 500239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4632", "title": "Improvement of the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma.", "content": "An improvement in the extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma is described. The advantages are: 1. the time involved in the extraction procedure is only 1/3 of that in the original method allowing the extraction of 100 samples in a working day. 2. increased mean recovery from 67% to 85% over the range of 3--90 ng verapamil/ml plasma. 3. less expenditure a) use of cheap plastic tubes instead of stoppered glass tubes. b) 1/2 the amount of heptane required as compared to the original procedure. c) use of air instead of N2 for evaporation. The lower limit of detection is 3 ng/ml which is comparable to that for the original extraction procedure. Within-batch precision over the range of 9--90 ng/ml averages 5.8% and at the lower limit of detection 17.3%. Between-batch precision over the range of 9--90 ng/ml averages 8.5% and at the lower limit of detection 19.7%. No significant difference could be found in the quantitative determination of verapamil in 27 plasma samples from patients undergoing verapamil treatment using the original and modified extraction procedures. This improvement of the extraction procedures simplifies the determination of verapamil and the only additional material required is liquid nitrogen or a suitable solvent cooled with dry ice.", "contents": "Improvement of the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma. An improvement in the extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma is described. The advantages are: 1. the time involved in the extraction procedure is only 1/3 of that in the original method allowing the extraction of 100 samples in a working day. 2. increased mean recovery from 67% to 85% over the range of 3--90 ng verapamil/ml plasma. 3. less expenditure a) use of cheap plastic tubes instead of stoppered glass tubes. b) 1/2 the amount of heptane required as compared to the original procedure. c) use of air instead of N2 for evaporation. The lower limit of detection is 3 ng/ml which is comparable to that for the original extraction procedure. Within-batch precision over the range of 9--90 ng/ml averages 5.8% and at the lower limit of detection 17.3%. Between-batch precision over the range of 9--90 ng/ml averages 8.5% and at the lower limit of detection 19.7%. No significant difference could be found in the quantitative determination of verapamil in 27 plasma samples from patients undergoing verapamil treatment using the original and modified extraction procedures. This improvement of the extraction procedures simplifies the determination of verapamil and the only additional material required is liquid nitrogen or a suitable solvent cooled with dry ice.", "PMID": 500252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4633", "title": "Interindividual differences of protein binding in man.", "content": "Using equilibrium dialysis protein unbound fractions of phenytoin (390 patients) and phenobarbital (220 patients) revealed serum protein bindings of 8 to 40 per cent and 25 to 80 per cent, respectively. For the purpose of therapy service, this pronounced interindividual variability required in the case of a great number of patients the determination of the extent of protein binding so as to exactly evaluate therapeutical failures or occurrence of undesirable effects.", "contents": "Interindividual differences of protein binding in man. Using equilibrium dialysis protein unbound fractions of phenytoin (390 patients) and phenobarbital (220 patients) revealed serum protein bindings of 8 to 40 per cent and 25 to 80 per cent, respectively. For the purpose of therapy service, this pronounced interindividual variability required in the case of a great number of patients the determination of the extent of protein binding so as to exactly evaluate therapeutical failures or occurrence of undesirable effects.", "PMID": 500253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4634", "title": "Evaluation of clinical efficacy and plasma levels of aprindine.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of Aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent was tested in 37 patients with ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The drug was shown to be effective - disappearance or prevention of relapse of the arrhythmia - in 80% of the cases with ventricular tachycardia, and in 67.7% of the cases with premature ventricular beats. No judgement was possible for supraventricular tachycardia due to the small number of patients. Effectivness of Aprindine was found to be related more closely to the administered dose expressed in mg/kg body weight than to plasma level in steady-state. Discontinuation of therapy was necessary in 5 cases due to the appearance of side effects (tremor and dizziness). Side effects were not found to be in relation with plasma levels or administered dose. In the period of observation (2 months) no effects on blood cells were noticed.", "contents": "Evaluation of clinical efficacy and plasma levels of aprindine. The clinical efficacy of Aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent was tested in 37 patients with ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The drug was shown to be effective - disappearance or prevention of relapse of the arrhythmia - in 80% of the cases with ventricular tachycardia, and in 67.7% of the cases with premature ventricular beats. No judgement was possible for supraventricular tachycardia due to the small number of patients. Effectivness of Aprindine was found to be related more closely to the administered dose expressed in mg/kg body weight than to plasma level in steady-state. Discontinuation of therapy was necessary in 5 cases due to the appearance of side effects (tremor and dizziness). Side effects were not found to be in relation with plasma levels or administered dose. In the period of observation (2 months) no effects on blood cells were noticed.", "PMID": 500254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4635", "title": "Total body potassium and long-term treatment with amiloride HCL and/or hydrochlorothiazide.", "content": "The potassium sparing effect of 5 mg of amiloride (A) given either alone, or in combination with 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTH) was evaluated in 23 patients with essential hypertension on a daily diet containing 70 mEq of K and 130 mEq of Na. Two studies were carried out. In the first, patients received HCTH alone (2 months) followed by A alone (2 months) and the two combined (6 months). The results of this study demonstrate that A is capable of correcting and preventing the loss of serum and total body potassium (TBK) and of reducing the increase of serum uric acid induced by HCTH. In the second study, each patient received from the beginning A + HCTH for 12 months; no statistically significant changes for serum and total body potassium and for serum uric acid appeared in any patient after six and twelve months. This study proves that A is capable of clinical potassium sparing effect in hypertensives and that this effect is a long lasting one.", "contents": "Total body potassium and long-term treatment with amiloride HCL and/or hydrochlorothiazide. The potassium sparing effect of 5 mg of amiloride (A) given either alone, or in combination with 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTH) was evaluated in 23 patients with essential hypertension on a daily diet containing 70 mEq of K and 130 mEq of Na. Two studies were carried out. In the first, patients received HCTH alone (2 months) followed by A alone (2 months) and the two combined (6 months). The results of this study demonstrate that A is capable of correcting and preventing the loss of serum and total body potassium (TBK) and of reducing the increase of serum uric acid induced by HCTH. In the second study, each patient received from the beginning A + HCTH for 12 months; no statistically significant changes for serum and total body potassium and for serum uric acid appeared in any patient after six and twelve months. This study proves that A is capable of clinical potassium sparing effect in hypertensives and that this effect is a long lasting one.", "PMID": 500255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4636", "title": "Comparison of hemodynamic effects induced by pentaformilgitoxin and deslanoside in patients with heart failure.", "content": "The effect of pentaformilgitoxin and deslanoside on heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output was compared in six patients with heart failure. Pentaformilgitoxin caused an increase of cardiac output from 3361 ml/min to 4183 ml/min (p less than 0.01). Deslanoside induced a non significant increase of cardiac output from 3617 to 3848 ml/min. Heart rate decreased significantly by both drugs: the reduction was greater after deslanoside (from 93.7 to 77.5 beats/min) than after pentaformilgitoxin (from 92 to 85 beats/min). Both drugs caused a comparable increase in stroke volume.", "contents": "Comparison of hemodynamic effects induced by pentaformilgitoxin and deslanoside in patients with heart failure. The effect of pentaformilgitoxin and deslanoside on heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output was compared in six patients with heart failure. Pentaformilgitoxin caused an increase of cardiac output from 3361 ml/min to 4183 ml/min (p less than 0.01). Deslanoside induced a non significant increase of cardiac output from 3617 to 3848 ml/min. Heart rate decreased significantly by both drugs: the reduction was greater after deslanoside (from 93.7 to 77.5 beats/min) than after pentaformilgitoxin (from 92 to 85 beats/min). Both drugs caused a comparable increase in stroke volume.", "PMID": 500257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4637", "title": "Absorption of sustained-release and plain papaverine in man.", "content": "The concentrations of papaverine in the plasma of healthy volunteers were determined by a GLC-method both after single and repeated oral doses of plain and sustained-release drug formulation. In both experiments the AUC-value after the sustained-release drug form was significantly lower than after the plain papaverine and no maintenance of plasma levels for 12 hours after the sustained-release drug form was observed. Our work demonstrates that the systemic availability or papaverine can be markedly affected by product formulation.", "contents": "Absorption of sustained-release and plain papaverine in man. The concentrations of papaverine in the plasma of healthy volunteers were determined by a GLC-method both after single and repeated oral doses of plain and sustained-release drug formulation. In both experiments the AUC-value after the sustained-release drug form was significantly lower than after the plain papaverine and no maintenance of plasma levels for 12 hours after the sustained-release drug form was observed. Our work demonstrates that the systemic availability or papaverine can be markedly affected by product formulation.", "PMID": 500258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4638", "title": "Effects of metoprolol and propranolol on lipid metabolism.", "content": "Treatment of five hypertriglyceridemic and one normolipemic patients with propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocking agent, and metoprolol, which is generally considered to be a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, was observed to produce a further elevation in their triglyceride levels. The subjects were followed for 20 weeks, during which they received propranolol for eight weeks, a placebo for four weeks and metoprolol for eight weeks in a crossover design. The analysis suggested that the increase in triglyceride levels was less pronounced with the more cardioselective agent. Moreover, alpha-cholesterol decreased significantly after propranolol but remained constant while on metoprolol. Both drugs decreased beta-cholesterol whereas chylo- and pre- beta-cholesterol increased, particularly with propranolol. Considering the contradictory evidence regarding the clinical importance of chronic elevation of plasma triglyceride and decreased alpha- und beta-cholesterol concentrations, it is suggested that a cardioselective drug would be presently preferable in hyperlipidemic subjects.", "contents": "Effects of metoprolol and propranolol on lipid metabolism. Treatment of five hypertriglyceridemic and one normolipemic patients with propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocking agent, and metoprolol, which is generally considered to be a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, was observed to produce a further elevation in their triglyceride levels. The subjects were followed for 20 weeks, during which they received propranolol for eight weeks, a placebo for four weeks and metoprolol for eight weeks in a crossover design. The analysis suggested that the increase in triglyceride levels was less pronounced with the more cardioselective agent. Moreover, alpha-cholesterol decreased significantly after propranolol but remained constant while on metoprolol. Both drugs decreased beta-cholesterol whereas chylo- and pre- beta-cholesterol increased, particularly with propranolol. Considering the contradictory evidence regarding the clinical importance of chronic elevation of plasma triglyceride and decreased alpha- und beta-cholesterol concentrations, it is suggested that a cardioselective drug would be presently preferable in hyperlipidemic subjects.", "PMID": 500259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4639", "title": "Monitoring adverse drug reactions-the problem of integration of heterogeneous data.", "content": "Effective systems for a meaningful integration and interpretation of data of heterogeneous origin are essential for successful monitoring of adverse drug reactions internationally or in multicenter programs. Particular difficulties are encountered in the area of suspected drug adverse reactions and in the area of drugs. Both problem areas are discussed in the paper.", "contents": "Monitoring adverse drug reactions-the problem of integration of heterogeneous data. Effective systems for a meaningful integration and interpretation of data of heterogeneous origin are essential for successful monitoring of adverse drug reactions internationally or in multicenter programs. Particular difficulties are encountered in the area of suspected drug adverse reactions and in the area of drugs. Both problem areas are discussed in the paper.", "PMID": 500260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4640", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine and cephalexin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine, and cephalexin were examined following single 500 mg oral doses to fasted, healthy volunteers. Absorption of the three compounds was rapid following a brief lag period and peak serum levels were obtained in 1-1.5 hours. Serum levels of cefaclor tended to be lower than those of cephradine and cephalexin during the 2-5 hour postdosing period and cefaclor was eliminated more rapidly than other cephalosporins from serum. No difference was observed in the overall bioavailability of the three antibiotics based on comparable FD/V values. Urine levels of the three cephalosporins greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations of susceptible organisms during 0-6 hours postdosing, but were considerably reduced during the 6-12 hour collection period. Total urinary recovery of antibiotic activity accounted for almost 90 percent of dosed cephradine and cephalexin compared to 55 percent of dosed cefaclor. Lower serum levels and reduced urinary recovery of intact cefaclor are probably due primarily to its chemical instability. The reduced levels of cefaclor may be compensated for therapeutically by its greater in vitro antibacterial activity.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine and cephalexin. The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine, and cephalexin were examined following single 500 mg oral doses to fasted, healthy volunteers. Absorption of the three compounds was rapid following a brief lag period and peak serum levels were obtained in 1-1.5 hours. Serum levels of cefaclor tended to be lower than those of cephradine and cephalexin during the 2-5 hour postdosing period and cefaclor was eliminated more rapidly than other cephalosporins from serum. No difference was observed in the overall bioavailability of the three antibiotics based on comparable FD/V values. Urine levels of the three cephalosporins greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations of susceptible organisms during 0-6 hours postdosing, but were considerably reduced during the 6-12 hour collection period. Total urinary recovery of antibiotic activity accounted for almost 90 percent of dosed cephradine and cephalexin compared to 55 percent of dosed cefaclor. Lower serum levels and reduced urinary recovery of intact cefaclor are probably due primarily to its chemical instability. The reduced levels of cefaclor may be compensated for therapeutically by its greater in vitro antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 500261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4641", "title": "Spectrophotometric assay of antipyrine in plasma: a reevaluation.", "content": "The linearity, sensitivity, and replicability of the spectrophotometric antipyrine assay were reevaluated. Standard curves are always linear through concentrations of at least 50 microgram/ml, whether prepared in water, dilute acid, or plasma. Sensitivity limits are 1 to 2 microgram of antipyrine per ml of plasma in healthy individuals. Within-day coefficients of variation for identical samples ranged from 12.3% at 2 microgram/ml to 1.2% at 50 microgram/ml. Identical samples assayed two years apart deviated by a mean of 3.8%, indicating high between-day replicability as well as stability during prolonged storage at -20 degrees C. Thus the spectrophotometric assay for antipyrine is suitable for most clinical pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric assay of antipyrine in plasma: a reevaluation. The linearity, sensitivity, and replicability of the spectrophotometric antipyrine assay were reevaluated. Standard curves are always linear through concentrations of at least 50 microgram/ml, whether prepared in water, dilute acid, or plasma. Sensitivity limits are 1 to 2 microgram of antipyrine per ml of plasma in healthy individuals. Within-day coefficients of variation for identical samples ranged from 12.3% at 2 microgram/ml to 1.2% at 50 microgram/ml. Identical samples assayed two years apart deviated by a mean of 3.8%, indicating high between-day replicability as well as stability during prolonged storage at -20 degrees C. Thus the spectrophotometric assay for antipyrine is suitable for most clinical pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 500262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4642", "title": "Side effects of antihypertensive drugs. Incidence and methods of collection.", "content": "A prospective study has been carried out in two groups of hypertensive patients (482 inpatients followed during 2-3 weeks; 120 outpatients followed for 18 months) to evaluate the prevalence of side effects (SE) induced by antihypertensive drugs in current use. Only SE of definite or probable type as operatively defined were taken into consideration. SE were collected in different ways for inpatients and outpatients. Among 120 outpatients, 30 patients were randomly selected for cross over of placebo and drugs. Definite or probable SE were recorded in 236 (48.9%) of 482 patients: the prevalence of SE was below 20% both in single and multiple drug therapy. A prevalence greater than 20% was recorded in the outpatients. The placebo treatment demonstrated that many SE are not related to drug administration.", "contents": "Side effects of antihypertensive drugs. Incidence and methods of collection. A prospective study has been carried out in two groups of hypertensive patients (482 inpatients followed during 2-3 weeks; 120 outpatients followed for 18 months) to evaluate the prevalence of side effects (SE) induced by antihypertensive drugs in current use. Only SE of definite or probable type as operatively defined were taken into consideration. SE were collected in different ways for inpatients and outpatients. Among 120 outpatients, 30 patients were randomly selected for cross over of placebo and drugs. Definite or probable SE were recorded in 236 (48.9%) of 482 patients: the prevalence of SE was below 20% both in single and multiple drug therapy. A prevalence greater than 20% was recorded in the outpatients. The placebo treatment demonstrated that many SE are not related to drug administration.", "PMID": 500263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4643", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of Cefamandole was studied in 17 patients with terminal renal impairment, 10 of which were undergoing sessions of hemodialysis while 7 were in the period between dialysis sessions. An open two-compartment kinetic model was used to describe the bi-phasic decrease of the plasma concentrations of Cefamandole thus establishing the amounts of the antibiotic in the peripheral and central compartments together with the amount eliminated. All patients received an i.v. bolus injections of 15 mg/kg body weight. During the hemodialysis sessions, the pharmacokinetic parameters of Cefamandole were the following: alpha = 5.006 hr-1 beta = 0.182 hr-1 K12 = 2.598 hr-1 K21 = 2.147 hr-1 K13 = 0.441 hr-1 Vc = 5.700 l Vp = 6.190 l Vdss = 11.94 l It may be seen that there is a decrease in the overall elimination constant compared with that obtained during the periods between the dialysis sessions. A dosage regimen of multiple doses is established as a function of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the antibiotic for patients with terminal renal impairment undergoing periodic sessions of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of Cefamandole was studied in 17 patients with terminal renal impairment, 10 of which were undergoing sessions of hemodialysis while 7 were in the period between dialysis sessions. An open two-compartment kinetic model was used to describe the bi-phasic decrease of the plasma concentrations of Cefamandole thus establishing the amounts of the antibiotic in the peripheral and central compartments together with the amount eliminated. All patients received an i.v. bolus injections of 15 mg/kg body weight. During the hemodialysis sessions, the pharmacokinetic parameters of Cefamandole were the following: alpha = 5.006 hr-1 beta = 0.182 hr-1 K12 = 2.598 hr-1 K21 = 2.147 hr-1 K13 = 0.441 hr-1 Vc = 5.700 l Vp = 6.190 l Vdss = 11.94 l It may be seen that there is a decrease in the overall elimination constant compared with that obtained during the periods between the dialysis sessions. A dosage regimen of multiple doses is established as a function of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the antibiotic for patients with terminal renal impairment undergoing periodic sessions of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 500264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4644", "title": "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.", "content": "The major characteristics of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) include shortened and deviated digits, a typical facies with a pear-shaped nose, a long philtrum and slow-growing, fine, sparse hair. Cone-shaped digital epiphyses are seen on x-ray. A few patients with TRPS are mentally retarded. Associated endocrine abnormalities have been reported. Autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance have been described with most cases showing a dominant mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. The major characteristics of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) include shortened and deviated digits, a typical facies with a pear-shaped nose, a long philtrum and slow-growing, fine, sparse hair. Cone-shaped digital epiphyses are seen on x-ray. A few patients with TRPS are mentally retarded. Associated endocrine abnormalities have been reported. Autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance have been described with most cases showing a dominant mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 500270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4645", "title": "Effect of frequent sun exposure on bacterial colonization of skin.", "content": "The bacteria colonizing the surface of the skin of a group of frequent sunbathers and a group of infrequent sunbathers were surveyed. Frequent sunbathing does not greatly affect the total number of organisms on the skin, but does tend to increase the proportion of bacteria containing carotenoid pigments.", "contents": "Effect of frequent sun exposure on bacterial colonization of skin. The bacteria colonizing the surface of the skin of a group of frequent sunbathers and a group of infrequent sunbathers were surveyed. Frequent sunbathing does not greatly affect the total number of organisms on the skin, but does tend to increase the proportion of bacteria containing carotenoid pigments.", "PMID": 500271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4646", "title": "The treatment of Darier's disease: a comparison of superficial x-ray and Grenz ray therapy.", "content": "Radiation therapy of Darier's disease with both conventional x-rays and Grenz rays has been advocated in the past. A comparison of the effects of x-rays and Grenz rays in a typical case of Darier's disease showed some improvement with both qualities of ionizing radiation. The effects of x-rays were superior to those of Grenz rays with improvement of more rapid onset and longer duration. However, spontaneous improvement noted in both treated and untreated areas demonstrates the difficulty in evaluating the benefits of ionizing radiation on Darier's disease. The authors do not recommend the use of radiation therapy in Darier's disease except in cases where a temporary anti-inflammatory effect is desired.", "contents": "The treatment of Darier's disease: a comparison of superficial x-ray and Grenz ray therapy. Radiation therapy of Darier's disease with both conventional x-rays and Grenz rays has been advocated in the past. A comparison of the effects of x-rays and Grenz rays in a typical case of Darier's disease showed some improvement with both qualities of ionizing radiation. The effects of x-rays were superior to those of Grenz rays with improvement of more rapid onset and longer duration. However, spontaneous improvement noted in both treated and untreated areas demonstrates the difficulty in evaluating the benefits of ionizing radiation on Darier's disease. The authors do not recommend the use of radiation therapy in Darier's disease except in cases where a temporary anti-inflammatory effect is desired.", "PMID": 500273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4647", "title": "Main puteri: an indigenous Kelantanese form of psychotherapy.", "content": "The permainan puteri (usually abbreviated to main puteri) is an indigenous Kelantanese healing ceremony in which the bomoh (traditional medicine-man), the sick individual and other participants become spirit-medium through whom puteri (spirits) are able to enact a permainan ('play'). It has been successfully used as a psychotherapy for depression. The bomoh assisted by his minduk (master of spirits) and a troupe of musicians, is able to provide a conceptual framework around which the sick individual can organize his vague, mysterious and chaotic symptoms so that they become comprehensible and orderly. At the same time the bomoh is able to draw the sick individual out of his state of morbid self-absorption and heighten his feelings of self-worth. The involvement of his family, relatives and friends tends to enhance group solidarity and reintegrate the sick individual into his immediate social group.", "contents": "Main puteri: an indigenous Kelantanese form of psychotherapy. The permainan puteri (usually abbreviated to main puteri) is an indigenous Kelantanese healing ceremony in which the bomoh (traditional medicine-man), the sick individual and other participants become spirit-medium through whom puteri (spirits) are able to enact a permainan ('play'). It has been successfully used as a psychotherapy for depression. The bomoh assisted by his minduk (master of spirits) and a troupe of musicians, is able to provide a conceptual framework around which the sick individual can organize his vague, mysterious and chaotic symptoms so that they become comprehensible and orderly. At the same time the bomoh is able to draw the sick individual out of his state of morbid self-absorption and heighten his feelings of self-worth. The involvement of his family, relatives and friends tends to enhance group solidarity and reintegrate the sick individual into his immediate social group.", "PMID": 500287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4648", "title": "Locus of control and symptoms of psychological distress among Chinese-Americans.", "content": "A sample of Chinese-Americans in the District of Columbia was drawn to examine the relationship between the locus of control, the personality factor, and two indices of symptoms of psychological distress. The findings indicated that the externals scored higher on symptomatology than did the internals. A multivariate analysis further compared the predictive utility of locus of control with other determinants of psychiatric symptoms, i.e., sex, marital status, SES, kinship and friendship tie, and amount of life change. The evidence showed that locus of control is an important determinant of Chinese-Americans' symptomatology. It accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in the two indices of psychological distress than did the other independent variables.", "contents": "Locus of control and symptoms of psychological distress among Chinese-Americans. A sample of Chinese-Americans in the District of Columbia was drawn to examine the relationship between the locus of control, the personality factor, and two indices of symptoms of psychological distress. The findings indicated that the externals scored higher on symptomatology than did the internals. A multivariate analysis further compared the predictive utility of locus of control with other determinants of psychiatric symptoms, i.e., sex, marital status, SES, kinship and friendship tie, and amount of life change. The evidence showed that locus of control is an important determinant of Chinese-Americans' symptomatology. It accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in the two indices of psychological distress than did the other independent variables.", "PMID": 500288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4649", "title": "Social attempted suicide: young women in two contrasting areas.", "content": "The study compares attempted suicide data among young women of two ethnic groups resident in native West Indian and immigrant Birmingham environments. Although African rates were higher than East Indian ones, the three-fold increase in the immigrant population was unrelated to ethnic origin. This was also true regarding clinical data, patients using psychotropic tablets and giving similar reasons for attempting suicide. Formal psychiatric diagnoses were, however, less frequently made in Birmingham where patients preferred analgesic tablets to the domestic agents used instead by the West Indian population. The aetiological significant of sociocultural factors is discussed.", "contents": "Social attempted suicide: young women in two contrasting areas. The study compares attempted suicide data among young women of two ethnic groups resident in native West Indian and immigrant Birmingham environments. Although African rates were higher than East Indian ones, the three-fold increase in the immigrant population was unrelated to ethnic origin. This was also true regarding clinical data, patients using psychotropic tablets and giving similar reasons for attempting suicide. Formal psychiatric diagnoses were, however, less frequently made in Birmingham where patients preferred analgesic tablets to the domestic agents used instead by the West Indian population. The aetiological significant of sociocultural factors is discussed.", "PMID": 500290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4650", "title": "Plastic surgery in hydronephrosis (Indications and follow-up. Isotope nephrographic studies).", "content": "Surgical interventions for the reconstruction of the renal pelvis were performed in 108 cases between 1962 and 1974. On follow-up, 3 to 6 months after operation the results were found good or satisfactory in 54 cases (50%). Isotope nephrography revealed a good or satisfactory fall of the curve in the excretion phase in 49 out of the 54 cases (94%), distinct retention curves having been found in the remaining 6%. In 35% of these cases isotope nephrography showed a far more complete urinary drainage than it had been assumed on the ground of radiography. In 63% of the cases the results of the two diagnostic methods were congruent.", "contents": "Plastic surgery in hydronephrosis (Indications and follow-up. Isotope nephrographic studies). Surgical interventions for the reconstruction of the renal pelvis were performed in 108 cases between 1962 and 1974. On follow-up, 3 to 6 months after operation the results were found good or satisfactory in 54 cases (50%). Isotope nephrography revealed a good or satisfactory fall of the curve in the excretion phase in 49 out of the 54 cases (94%), distinct retention curves having been found in the remaining 6%. In 35% of these cases isotope nephrography showed a far more complete urinary drainage than it had been assumed on the ground of radiography. In 63% of the cases the results of the two diagnostic methods were congruent.", "PMID": 500295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4651", "title": "Extraction of ureteral calculi with the Dormia basket.", "content": "The Dormia basket was successfully used for stone extraction on 260 occasions, the original technique having been slightly modified and the indications for instrumental techniques substantially extended. The results are analysed primarily under the aspect of complications. These were of minor severity in 69 cases (26.4%) and of major severity in 14 cases (5.38%). Instrumental stone extraction offers the best chances if the stone is located in the distal third of the ureter and is not larger than 10 mm. The possible complications inherent even in this procedure emphasize the importance of a flexible therapy in renal calculosis in accordance with the individual situation.", "contents": "Extraction of ureteral calculi with the Dormia basket. The Dormia basket was successfully used for stone extraction on 260 occasions, the original technique having been slightly modified and the indications for instrumental techniques substantially extended. The results are analysed primarily under the aspect of complications. These were of minor severity in 69 cases (26.4%) and of major severity in 14 cases (5.38%). Instrumental stone extraction offers the best chances if the stone is located in the distal third of the ureter and is not larger than 10 mm. The possible complications inherent even in this procedure emphasize the importance of a flexible therapy in renal calculosis in accordance with the individual situation.", "PMID": 500296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4652", "title": "Anatomical basis of radiodiagnosis of the adrenal gland.", "content": "Studies on 220 human adrenal glands were carried out microscopically, microangiographically and by direct dissection following preliminary filling of the vessels with injection masses. The position, size and shape of the adrenals, as well as their intrinsic and extrinsic arterial and venous vasculature were assessed. In the present work attention was directed mainly to the venous architecture. The understanding of venous pattern is of considerable importance to those who perform and evaluate adrenophlebography. The latter examination represents the most useful method of radiological assessment of adrenal glands.", "contents": "Anatomical basis of radiodiagnosis of the adrenal gland. Studies on 220 human adrenal glands were carried out microscopically, microangiographically and by direct dissection following preliminary filling of the vessels with injection masses. The position, size and shape of the adrenals, as well as their intrinsic and extrinsic arterial and venous vasculature were assessed. In the present work attention was directed mainly to the venous architecture. The understanding of venous pattern is of considerable importance to those who perform and evaluate adrenophlebography. The latter examination represents the most useful method of radiological assessment of adrenal glands.", "PMID": 500297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4653", "title": "Blood coagulation and hereditary nephritis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with hereditary nephritis - members of six families - were studied for haemostasis on 11 occasions by the use of four capillary tests, 14 different blood coagulation tests and two different platelet function tests. Systemic capillaropathy was demonstrable in 8 out of 15 cases of the non-uraemic, and in all the 5 cases of the uraemic group. No completely normal blood coagulation was found in any of the cases and the coagulation disorders were never of exclusively haemorrhagic pattern. On the evidence of the complex studies, hypercoagulability as well as hyper-hypocoagulability were found in the uraemic and non-uraemic groups alike. Reduction in plasma fibrinolytic activity, elevation of the fibrinogen level and a shift of the thrombelastogram in the direction of thrombosis were demonstrable in the majority of the cases.", "contents": "Blood coagulation and hereditary nephritis. Nineteen patients with hereditary nephritis - members of six families - were studied for haemostasis on 11 occasions by the use of four capillary tests, 14 different blood coagulation tests and two different platelet function tests. Systemic capillaropathy was demonstrable in 8 out of 15 cases of the non-uraemic, and in all the 5 cases of the uraemic group. No completely normal blood coagulation was found in any of the cases and the coagulation disorders were never of exclusively haemorrhagic pattern. On the evidence of the complex studies, hypercoagulability as well as hyper-hypocoagulability were found in the uraemic and non-uraemic groups alike. Reduction in plasma fibrinolytic activity, elevation of the fibrinogen level and a shift of the thrombelastogram in the direction of thrombosis were demonstrable in the majority of the cases.", "PMID": 500298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4654", "title": "Serum and ultradiafiltrate middle molecules in hemodialysed patients.", "content": "The gel filtration technique was used for the fractionation of middle molecular substances (MMS) in plasma from conservatively treated patients, from dialysed patients with renal failure and in the ultradiafiltrate from dialysed ones. The following observations were made: 1. MMS accumulate in the plasma of conservatively treated patients in chronic renal failure. 2. The accumulation of MMS in dialysed patients is even higher. 3. The elimination of the most important MMS in the ultradiafiltrate is excellent. 4. It is concluded that hemofiltration and ultradiafiltration are indicated also for the removal of MMS, namely in the case of clinical complications which cause a further accumulation of MMS.", "contents": "Serum and ultradiafiltrate middle molecules in hemodialysed patients. The gel filtration technique was used for the fractionation of middle molecular substances (MMS) in plasma from conservatively treated patients, from dialysed patients with renal failure and in the ultradiafiltrate from dialysed ones. The following observations were made: 1. MMS accumulate in the plasma of conservatively treated patients in chronic renal failure. 2. The accumulation of MMS in dialysed patients is even higher. 3. The elimination of the most important MMS in the ultradiafiltrate is excellent. 4. It is concluded that hemofiltration and ultradiafiltration are indicated also for the removal of MMS, namely in the case of clinical complications which cause a further accumulation of MMS.", "PMID": 500299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4655", "title": "Home peritoneal dialysis (two year's experience).", "content": "Twenty patients on home peritoneal dialysis were studied during two years. The patients dialysed 4--5 times a week, using an average of 78 l dialysis fluid. The dialysis equipment used was either a simplified delivery system or a fully automatic dialysis machine. Despite clinical improvement, serum urea and serum creatinine levels were the same after 12 months of therapy as before. The patients' weight and serum albumin levels remained constant. Only 1 patient developed hyperparathyroidism, otherwise serum calcium levels ranged from normal to subnormal. Fifteen patients did not require blood transfusions. Twenty episodes of peritonitis occurred, an incidence of 0.58%. All patients carried out dialysis themselves without assistance. Three were working full-time, and 5 were able to look after their homes. The rest were able to take care of themselves. Four patients died from causes unrelated to peritoneal dialysis. In selected patients this mode of treatment provides an acceptable alternative to haemodialysis.", "contents": "Home peritoneal dialysis (two year's experience). Twenty patients on home peritoneal dialysis were studied during two years. The patients dialysed 4--5 times a week, using an average of 78 l dialysis fluid. The dialysis equipment used was either a simplified delivery system or a fully automatic dialysis machine. Despite clinical improvement, serum urea and serum creatinine levels were the same after 12 months of therapy as before. The patients' weight and serum albumin levels remained constant. Only 1 patient developed hyperparathyroidism, otherwise serum calcium levels ranged from normal to subnormal. Fifteen patients did not require blood transfusions. Twenty episodes of peritonitis occurred, an incidence of 0.58%. All patients carried out dialysis themselves without assistance. Three were working full-time, and 5 were able to look after their homes. The rest were able to take care of themselves. Four patients died from causes unrelated to peritoneal dialysis. In selected patients this mode of treatment provides an acceptable alternative to haemodialysis.", "PMID": 500300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4656", "title": "Spinal epidural abscess in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (a presentation of two cases).", "content": "Two cases of spinal epidural abscess in patients on maintenance haemodialysis, one of them secondary to infection in an arteriovenous fistula, are described. Both cases presented the typical symptoms known from the literature, but were diagnosed too late to prevent neurological sequelae. The condition is rare, but dialysis patients are to be considered a risk group because of their reduced immunocapacity and increased hazard of infection, especially fistula and shunt infections. Awareness of this, and knowledge of its early symptoms are required for timely neurosurgical intervention and thus prevention of irreversible spinal cord damage.", "contents": "Spinal epidural abscess in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (a presentation of two cases). Two cases of spinal epidural abscess in patients on maintenance haemodialysis, one of them secondary to infection in an arteriovenous fistula, are described. Both cases presented the typical symptoms known from the literature, but were diagnosed too late to prevent neurological sequelae. The condition is rare, but dialysis patients are to be considered a risk group because of their reduced immunocapacity and increased hazard of infection, especially fistula and shunt infections. Awareness of this, and knowledge of its early symptoms are required for timely neurosurgical intervention and thus prevention of irreversible spinal cord damage.", "PMID": 500301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4657", "title": "Observations with the \"Bi-flo\" cannula (continuous, single-needle haemodialysis).", "content": "Observations with the double-lumen \"Bi-flo\" cannula in chronic intermittent haemodialysis are reported. On the evidence of urea and creatinine measurements, recirculation of blood corresponds to 7.9 and 6.1 per cent, respectively. In comparison with double-needle or single-needle dialysis, use of the double-lumen cannula does not affect the efficiency of dialysis to any notable degree. The advantages and shortcomings of the \"Bi-flo\" cannula with regard to the technique of dialysis are summed up.", "contents": "Observations with the \"Bi-flo\" cannula (continuous, single-needle haemodialysis). Observations with the double-lumen \"Bi-flo\" cannula in chronic intermittent haemodialysis are reported. On the evidence of urea and creatinine measurements, recirculation of blood corresponds to 7.9 and 6.1 per cent, respectively. In comparison with double-needle or single-needle dialysis, use of the double-lumen cannula does not affect the efficiency of dialysis to any notable degree. The advantages and shortcomings of the \"Bi-flo\" cannula with regard to the technique of dialysis are summed up.", "PMID": 500302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4658", "title": "Accelerated atherosclerosis during maintenance hemodialysis: detection from chest radiographs.", "content": "Evidence of accelerated atherosclerosis was studied from chest radiographs of 26 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The aortic knob was observed for presence of and increase in calcified plaques. At the initiation of hemodialysis, the degree of aortic calcification was no different from that seen in the control group. After periods ranging from one and a half to eight years, the patients on hemodialysis showed a significantly greater amount of aortic calcification and a significantly higher rate of calcification. The degree of calcification correlated with the severity of cardiovascular disease as determined clinically. For patients on maintenance hemodialysis, close scrutiny of serial chest-radiographs may help to identify those who are at greater risk for life-threatening cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Accelerated atherosclerosis during maintenance hemodialysis: detection from chest radiographs. Evidence of accelerated atherosclerosis was studied from chest radiographs of 26 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The aortic knob was observed for presence of and increase in calcified plaques. At the initiation of hemodialysis, the degree of aortic calcification was no different from that seen in the control group. After periods ranging from one and a half to eight years, the patients on hemodialysis showed a significantly greater amount of aortic calcification and a significantly higher rate of calcification. The degree of calcification correlated with the severity of cardiovascular disease as determined clinically. For patients on maintenance hemodialysis, close scrutiny of serial chest-radiographs may help to identify those who are at greater risk for life-threatening cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 500304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4659", "title": "1979 Memorial Award Paper. Comparison of exercise right ventricular performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease: noninvasive assessment by quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography.", "content": "The right ventricular (RV) response to upright bicycle exercise was assessed in 16 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in 23 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and in 19 normal control subjects. Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions were determined noninvasively using first-pass quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography, a technique well suited for simultaneous assessment of RV and LV systolic performance. The factors limiting exercise in COPD and CAD are distinctly different, and therefore patients with COPD were studied by means of a single-stage submaximal exercise test, while patients with CAD were studied by means of a graded maximal test. The normal response to exercise, irrespective of exercise protocol, was at least a 5% increase in RV and LV ejection fractions. In 12 of 16 patients with COPD, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve). Left ventricular exercise reserve was abnormal only in five patients, probably due to occult CAD. Isolated abnormal exercise RV reserve was present in nine patients. The severity of ventilatory impairment and resting arterial hypoxemia were major determinants of abnormal exercise RV reserve in patients with COPD. In 12 or 23 patients with CAD, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve). Left ventricular reserve was abnormal in 18 of 23 patients; RV exercise reserve was abnormal only in CAD patients with concomitant abnormal LV reserve. The presence of proximal right coronary artery stenosis (the major blood supply to the RV) was not a significant determinant of the RV response to exercise in patients with CAD. These data suggest that abnormal exercise RV reserve occurs frequently both in COPD and CAD patients. In COPD the predominant hemodynamic abnormality involves performance of the RV, while in CAD the predominant abnormality involves the LV. The common factor modulating RV exercise performance in both diseases appears to be altered RV afterload.", "contents": "1979 Memorial Award Paper. Comparison of exercise right ventricular performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease: noninvasive assessment by quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. The right ventricular (RV) response to upright bicycle exercise was assessed in 16 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in 23 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and in 19 normal control subjects. Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions were determined noninvasively using first-pass quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography, a technique well suited for simultaneous assessment of RV and LV systolic performance. The factors limiting exercise in COPD and CAD are distinctly different, and therefore patients with COPD were studied by means of a single-stage submaximal exercise test, while patients with CAD were studied by means of a graded maximal test. The normal response to exercise, irrespective of exercise protocol, was at least a 5% increase in RV and LV ejection fractions. In 12 of 16 patients with COPD, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve). Left ventricular exercise reserve was abnormal only in five patients, probably due to occult CAD. Isolated abnormal exercise RV reserve was present in nine patients. The severity of ventilatory impairment and resting arterial hypoxemia were major determinants of abnormal exercise RV reserve in patients with COPD. In 12 or 23 patients with CAD, RV ejection fraction either decreased or remained the same with exercise (abnormal exercise RV reserve). Left ventricular reserve was abnormal in 18 of 23 patients; RV exercise reserve was abnormal only in CAD patients with concomitant abnormal LV reserve. The presence of proximal right coronary artery stenosis (the major blood supply to the RV) was not a significant determinant of the RV response to exercise in patients with CAD. These data suggest that abnormal exercise RV reserve occurs frequently both in COPD and CAD patients. In COPD the predominant hemodynamic abnormality involves performance of the RV, while in CAD the predominant abnormality involves the LV. The common factor modulating RV exercise performance in both diseases appears to be altered RV afterload.", "PMID": 500303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4660", "title": "Absence of a persistent nephrogram in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Studies showing diminished cortical perfusion and reduced glomerular filtration in acute renal failure are apparently at odds with reports of a persistent nephrogram during urography in this disease. We followed the progression of nephrograms in eight dehydrated normal rats, in seven dehydrated rats treated with 12 mg/kg of mercuric chloride (nephrotoxic acute renal failure), and in nine dehydrated rats receiving 5 g/kg of IM-glycerol (myoglobinuric acute renal failure). To assess the capacity of our technique to identify a persistent, dense nephrogram, hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure, 55-70 mm Hg) was induced in three rats. All rats showed nephrograms on magnification radiographs 1 minute following the injection of 1 cc/lb of sodium diatrizoate. Duplicate coded readings showed no prolongation of nephrograms in ARF-affected animals. Only the hypotensive rats manifested nephrograms on 2-hour radiographs. Some differing characteristics of nephrograms among the groups are explainable on the basis of differences in renal blood flow, as determined in separate experiments. Our findings would favor a preglomerular mechanism as the cause of oliguria in acute renal failure.", "contents": "Absence of a persistent nephrogram in experimental acute renal failure. Studies showing diminished cortical perfusion and reduced glomerular filtration in acute renal failure are apparently at odds with reports of a persistent nephrogram during urography in this disease. We followed the progression of nephrograms in eight dehydrated normal rats, in seven dehydrated rats treated with 12 mg/kg of mercuric chloride (nephrotoxic acute renal failure), and in nine dehydrated rats receiving 5 g/kg of IM-glycerol (myoglobinuric acute renal failure). To assess the capacity of our technique to identify a persistent, dense nephrogram, hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure, 55-70 mm Hg) was induced in three rats. All rats showed nephrograms on magnification radiographs 1 minute following the injection of 1 cc/lb of sodium diatrizoate. Duplicate coded readings showed no prolongation of nephrograms in ARF-affected animals. Only the hypotensive rats manifested nephrograms on 2-hour radiographs. Some differing characteristics of nephrograms among the groups are explainable on the basis of differences in renal blood flow, as determined in separate experiments. Our findings would favor a preglomerular mechanism as the cause of oliguria in acute renal failure.", "PMID": 500306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4661", "title": "Direct and indirect effects of docosanol (IK.2), the active principle in Tadenan, on the rat prostate.", "content": "To better understand the mode of action of Tadenan, a drug used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, the effect of its active principle docosanol, IK.2, was investigated in rats. IK.2 had no effects on the weight and histologic appearance of the prostate in intact rats but increased the RNA/DNA quotient in the ventral prostate. The plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and testosterone were reduced. In orchiectomized animals IK.2 increased the weight of the prostate and the adrenals. In adrenalectomized, orchiectomized animals IK.2 did not increase prostatic weight but on the contrary caused a further weight reduction. IK.2 had a thymolytic effect in intact rats but not in adrenalectomized rats in which the thymus weight was increased. The results indicate that IK.2 increases adrenal steroid secretion. The supposedly higher concentration of adrenal androgens causes a stimulation of the prostate most easily discernible in orchiectomized animals. The further weight reduction of the ventral prostate in orchiectomized, adrenalectomized animals, and the increased thymus weight in adrenalectomized animals after IK.2 administration may suggest that IK.2 has effects other than the stimulatory effect on the adrenals.", "contents": "Direct and indirect effects of docosanol (IK.2), the active principle in Tadenan, on the rat prostate. To better understand the mode of action of Tadenan, a drug used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, the effect of its active principle docosanol, IK.2, was investigated in rats. IK.2 had no effects on the weight and histologic appearance of the prostate in intact rats but increased the RNA/DNA quotient in the ventral prostate. The plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and testosterone were reduced. In orchiectomized animals IK.2 increased the weight of the prostate and the adrenals. In adrenalectomized, orchiectomized animals IK.2 did not increase prostatic weight but on the contrary caused a further weight reduction. IK.2 had a thymolytic effect in intact rats but not in adrenalectomized rats in which the thymus weight was increased. The results indicate that IK.2 increases adrenal steroid secretion. The supposedly higher concentration of adrenal androgens causes a stimulation of the prostate most easily discernible in orchiectomized animals. The further weight reduction of the ventral prostate in orchiectomized, adrenalectomized animals, and the increased thymus weight in adrenalectomized animals after IK.2 administration may suggest that IK.2 has effects other than the stimulatory effect on the adrenals.", "PMID": 500311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4662", "title": "Comparison of hepatic VX2-carcinomas after intra-arterial, intraportal and intraparenchymal tumor cell injection. An angiographic and computed tomographic study in the rabbit.", "content": "Hepatic VX2-carcinomas were produced in 45 rabbits by injection of approximately 25 x 10(6) tumor cells into the proper hepatic artery, the superior mesenteric vein, or directly into the liver parenchyma. With the intra-arterial and intraportal approaches, survival times (12 +/- 4 and 13 +/- 5 days, respectively), radiographic and autopsy findings revealing a liver with diffuse tumor involvement were very similar. With intraparenchymal tumor cell injection, survival time was significantly longer (18 +/- 14 days) and the hepatic VX2-carcinoma always localized. The tumor appeared hypervascular on angiography and hypodense on computed tography (CT). After intravenous injection of diatrizoate, the attenuation in the tumor increased less than in the surrounding liver so the lesion became relatively less dense and more easily recognized on CT-scans. The apparent discrepancy between angiographic and contrast enhanced CT findings can be explained with the difference in blood supply of hepatic tumors and normal liver parenchyma.", "contents": "Comparison of hepatic VX2-carcinomas after intra-arterial, intraportal and intraparenchymal tumor cell injection. An angiographic and computed tomographic study in the rabbit. Hepatic VX2-carcinomas were produced in 45 rabbits by injection of approximately 25 x 10(6) tumor cells into the proper hepatic artery, the superior mesenteric vein, or directly into the liver parenchyma. With the intra-arterial and intraportal approaches, survival times (12 +/- 4 and 13 +/- 5 days, respectively), radiographic and autopsy findings revealing a liver with diffuse tumor involvement were very similar. With intraparenchymal tumor cell injection, survival time was significantly longer (18 +/- 14 days) and the hepatic VX2-carcinoma always localized. The tumor appeared hypervascular on angiography and hypodense on computed tography (CT). After intravenous injection of diatrizoate, the attenuation in the tumor increased less than in the surrounding liver so the lesion became relatively less dense and more easily recognized on CT-scans. The apparent discrepancy between angiographic and contrast enhanced CT findings can be explained with the difference in blood supply of hepatic tumors and normal liver parenchyma.", "PMID": 500305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4663", "title": "A transplantable tumor of the urinary bladder in rabbits.", "content": "The latency period for induction of urinary bladder carcinoma is at least 2 years in animals that can be followed endoscopically. We studied the possibility of producing a model of malignant urniary bladder tumor in rabbits in less time by transplanting tumor cells. Each of 80 male mixed bred rabbits received 1 ml of tumor cell suspension of Brown-Pearce carcinoma. Transplantation was done subcutaneously, intratesticularly, transurethrally, or aftet cystotomy via injection into the bladder submucosa. Within 2 to 3 weeks malignant tumor growth in the bladder could be shown. Superficial scarification of the mucosa, performed at the same time as transplantation, led to exulceration of the tumor into the bladder lumen. Tumor incidence reached a 80 to 95 per cent level. Metastases in these animals were analogous to human urothelial bladder carcinoma. This malignant tumor model seems especially suitable to study new methods of transurethral therapy for cancer of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "A transplantable tumor of the urinary bladder in rabbits. The latency period for induction of urinary bladder carcinoma is at least 2 years in animals that can be followed endoscopically. We studied the possibility of producing a model of malignant urniary bladder tumor in rabbits in less time by transplanting tumor cells. Each of 80 male mixed bred rabbits received 1 ml of tumor cell suspension of Brown-Pearce carcinoma. Transplantation was done subcutaneously, intratesticularly, transurethrally, or aftet cystotomy via injection into the bladder submucosa. Within 2 to 3 weeks malignant tumor growth in the bladder could be shown. Superficial scarification of the mucosa, performed at the same time as transplantation, led to exulceration of the tumor into the bladder lumen. Tumor incidence reached a 80 to 95 per cent level. Metastases in these animals were analogous to human urothelial bladder carcinoma. This malignant tumor model seems especially suitable to study new methods of transurethral therapy for cancer of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 500312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4664", "title": "Tunica vaginalis autografting for Peyronie's disease: an experimental study.", "content": "Groups of dogs were studied at varied intervals after autografting of tunica vaginalis from the testes to cover excised patches of tunica albuginea of the penis. Postoperative cavernosography revealed neither ballooning nor chordee. Histologically, the grafts were well accepted and uniformly merged with the neighboring collagen tissues at 6 months. We propose that tunica vaginalis would be ideally suitable for autografting to the penis after excision of Peyronie's plaques.", "contents": "Tunica vaginalis autografting for Peyronie's disease: an experimental study. Groups of dogs were studied at varied intervals after autografting of tunica vaginalis from the testes to cover excised patches of tunica albuginea of the penis. Postoperative cavernosography revealed neither ballooning nor chordee. Histologically, the grafts were well accepted and uniformly merged with the neighboring collagen tissues at 6 months. We propose that tunica vaginalis would be ideally suitable for autografting to the penis after excision of Peyronie's plaques.", "PMID": 500313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4665", "title": "Emptying the gallbladder prior to intravenous cholangiography: effect on gallbladder visualization.", "content": "Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that emptying the gallbladder prior to intravenous cholangiography (IVC) would result in earler and better opacification of the gallbladder. Five dogs were studied on two separate days in a crossover experiment. Each dog had a standard IVC (15-minute infusion of meglumine iodipamide) 2.5 cc/kg of following a 14-16-hour fasting period. On one of the days, 0.3 mcg/kg of Ceruletide was intramuscularly administered to each dog 30 to 45 minutes prior to the iodipamide infusion. Films obtained at the end of infusion and at 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes were evaluated independently by three radiologists. The results indicate that pretreatment with Ceruletide produces a significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in the quality of gallbladder opacification during the first 90 minutes following iodipamide infusion. We conclude that earlier and better opacification of the gallbladder during IVC can be obtained by prior emptying of the gallbladder with a cholecystokinetic agent.", "contents": "Emptying the gallbladder prior to intravenous cholangiography: effect on gallbladder visualization. Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that emptying the gallbladder prior to intravenous cholangiography (IVC) would result in earler and better opacification of the gallbladder. Five dogs were studied on two separate days in a crossover experiment. Each dog had a standard IVC (15-minute infusion of meglumine iodipamide) 2.5 cc/kg of following a 14-16-hour fasting period. On one of the days, 0.3 mcg/kg of Ceruletide was intramuscularly administered to each dog 30 to 45 minutes prior to the iodipamide infusion. Films obtained at the end of infusion and at 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes were evaluated independently by three radiologists. The results indicate that pretreatment with Ceruletide produces a significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in the quality of gallbladder opacification during the first 90 minutes following iodipamide infusion. We conclude that earlier and better opacification of the gallbladder during IVC can be obtained by prior emptying of the gallbladder with a cholecystokinetic agent.", "PMID": 500308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4666", "title": "Computed tomography of experimental acute renal ischemia.", "content": "The potential role of computed tomography (CT) in the detection of acute renal ischemia was assessed in nine mongrel dogs. Ischemia was produced by inflation of a balloon catheter in the main renal artery, with scans performed before, during, and after a 60-minute period of ischemia. A small but consistent increase in the attenuation value of ischemic renal parenchyma was observed. When intravenous contrast material was given, the ischemic kidney was markedly less enhanced than the contralateral, nonischemic kidney. By using the contralateral kidney for comparison, the ischemic kidney could be identified with or without the use of a contrast agent. Although calculations of mean pixel values were necessary when a contrast agent was not injected, the abnormal kidney could be easily recognized from the CT images themselves when intravenous contrast material was given. Because of the consistency with which the abnormalities were observed, we recommend a clinical trial of CT in suspected acute renal ischemia.", "contents": "Computed tomography of experimental acute renal ischemia. The potential role of computed tomography (CT) in the detection of acute renal ischemia was assessed in nine mongrel dogs. Ischemia was produced by inflation of a balloon catheter in the main renal artery, with scans performed before, during, and after a 60-minute period of ischemia. A small but consistent increase in the attenuation value of ischemic renal parenchyma was observed. When intravenous contrast material was given, the ischemic kidney was markedly less enhanced than the contralateral, nonischemic kidney. By using the contralateral kidney for comparison, the ischemic kidney could be identified with or without the use of a contrast agent. Although calculations of mean pixel values were necessary when a contrast agent was not injected, the abnormal kidney could be easily recognized from the CT images themselves when intravenous contrast material was given. Because of the consistency with which the abnormalities were observed, we recommend a clinical trial of CT in suspected acute renal ischemia.", "PMID": 500307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4667", "title": "Lymph node reactivity to experimental bladder tumor in preimmunized animals as measured by two parameter flow cytometry.", "content": "Lymph node lymphocyte reaction to an explanted, transplantable mouse bladder tumor (MBT-2) was investigated by flow cytometry in animals previously immunized with irradiated tumor cells. Nodal lymphocytes in representative samples from four different lymph node sites were differentially stained for DNA and RNA with the fluorescent dye acridine orange; cell proliferation and the increase in RNA content were measured. Immunization abrogated tumor growth; one immunization reduced tumor take to 25 per cent of the animals, and two immunizations to 14 per cent. Lymphocyte reactivity to the tumor was reflected both by an increase of DNA synthesizing cells and by diploid cells with high RNA. The latter response was more pronounced and thus the more sensitive parameter for measuring immunologic lymph node reactivity. The juxtatumoral node displayed the most pronounced reactivity, but all node sites showed some degree of reaction.", "contents": "Lymph node reactivity to experimental bladder tumor in preimmunized animals as measured by two parameter flow cytometry. Lymph node lymphocyte reaction to an explanted, transplantable mouse bladder tumor (MBT-2) was investigated by flow cytometry in animals previously immunized with irradiated tumor cells. Nodal lymphocytes in representative samples from four different lymph node sites were differentially stained for DNA and RNA with the fluorescent dye acridine orange; cell proliferation and the increase in RNA content were measured. Immunization abrogated tumor growth; one immunization reduced tumor take to 25 per cent of the animals, and two immunizations to 14 per cent. Lymphocyte reactivity to the tumor was reflected both by an increase of DNA synthesizing cells and by diploid cells with high RNA. The latter response was more pronounced and thus the more sensitive parameter for measuring immunologic lymph node reactivity. The juxtatumoral node displayed the most pronounced reactivity, but all node sites showed some degree of reaction.", "PMID": 500314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4668", "title": "Prostatic osteoblastic factor.", "content": "Cell cultures of fetal rat osteoblasts and organ cultures of fetal rat calvaria were used to study the effects of extracts of prostatic tissue on bone cell growth. Extracts of bening prostatic hyperplasia, but not an undifferentiated prostatic carcinoma, stimulated the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 14C-proline into fetal rat osteoblasts, calvaria, and skin fibroblasts. Extracts of well-differentiated prostatic cancer and normal postpubertal prostate also stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation by fibroblasts. These findings support the hypothesis that a potentially unique factor found in prostatic tissue induces the osteoblastic response of bone to metastatic prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Prostatic osteoblastic factor. Cell cultures of fetal rat osteoblasts and organ cultures of fetal rat calvaria were used to study the effects of extracts of prostatic tissue on bone cell growth. Extracts of bening prostatic hyperplasia, but not an undifferentiated prostatic carcinoma, stimulated the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 14C-proline into fetal rat osteoblasts, calvaria, and skin fibroblasts. Extracts of well-differentiated prostatic cancer and normal postpubertal prostate also stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation by fibroblasts. These findings support the hypothesis that a potentially unique factor found in prostatic tissue induces the osteoblastic response of bone to metastatic prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 500315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4669", "title": "Histologic study of the early events in oxalate induced intranephronic calculosis.", "content": "The early phases of calcium oxalate crystal formation in rat kidneys after intraperitoneal challenge with sodium oxalate were examined. From the results we conclude that the crystals are formed intraluminally in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex. The size, number, and distribution of calcium oxalate particles depend on the amount of sodium oxalate injected and the time interval after its injection. Tubular necrosis and dilation were evident after administration of higher doses of sodium oxalate. The papillary tip and corticomedullary junction were the preferential sites for crystal localization after longer periods of injections of higher doses of sodium oxalate.", "contents": "Histologic study of the early events in oxalate induced intranephronic calculosis. The early phases of calcium oxalate crystal formation in rat kidneys after intraperitoneal challenge with sodium oxalate were examined. From the results we conclude that the crystals are formed intraluminally in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex. The size, number, and distribution of calcium oxalate particles depend on the amount of sodium oxalate injected and the time interval after its injection. Tubular necrosis and dilation were evident after administration of higher doses of sodium oxalate. The papillary tip and corticomedullary junction were the preferential sites for crystal localization after longer periods of injections of higher doses of sodium oxalate.", "PMID": 500316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4670", "title": "Therapeutic manipulation of Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas: chemotherapeutic evaluation of autonomous tumors.", "content": "Nb rat autonomous prostatic adenocarcinomas were transplanted into several groups of synergeneic Nb rats. Chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide was evaluated. Significance was seen with the use of these agents with varying doses. Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil treated animals had complete tumor regression whereas Adriamycin and methotrexate treated animals had cessation of tumor volume increase in some groups after chemotherapy; however, neither agent causes complete tumor regression.", "contents": "Therapeutic manipulation of Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas: chemotherapeutic evaluation of autonomous tumors. Nb rat autonomous prostatic adenocarcinomas were transplanted into several groups of synergeneic Nb rats. Chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide was evaluated. Significance was seen with the use of these agents with varying doses. Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil treated animals had complete tumor regression whereas Adriamycin and methotrexate treated animals had cessation of tumor volume increase in some groups after chemotherapy; however, neither agent causes complete tumor regression.", "PMID": 500317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4671", "title": "Evidence for transventricular absorption in the hydrocephalic dog.", "content": "Hydrocephalus was induced in 10 mongrel dogs by injection of a silastic mixture into the basal cisterns. The posterior part of the left lateral ventricle was isolated from the remainder of the ventricular system by introducing Pantopaque into both lateral ventricles and the third ventricle with the animals in prone positions. Labeled albumin injected into the posterior part of the left lateral ventricle was shown to enter the blood stream before it was shown in the fourth ventricle or vallecula. This provides qualitative evidence of transventricular absorption.", "contents": "Evidence for transventricular absorption in the hydrocephalic dog. Hydrocephalus was induced in 10 mongrel dogs by injection of a silastic mixture into the basal cisterns. The posterior part of the left lateral ventricle was isolated from the remainder of the ventricular system by introducing Pantopaque into both lateral ventricles and the third ventricle with the animals in prone positions. Labeled albumin injected into the posterior part of the left lateral ventricle was shown to enter the blood stream before it was shown in the fourth ventricle or vallecula. This provides qualitative evidence of transventricular absorption.", "PMID": 500309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4672", "title": "Entrance of water into the bladder during sitz bath in elderly catheterized and noncatheterized females.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine if water enters the bladders of elderly catheterized and noncatheterized women during a sitz bath. Subjects were placed in a sitz bath containing fluorescein for 20 min. Serial urine specimens were collected at varying intervals up to 1 hr after the bath and compared to urine samples collected before the bath. No significant difference in fluorescence was found between the urine specimens in any subject which provides strong evidence that there is no detectable leakage in either group. Under the conditions of this experiment, the periurethral space was tightly sealed and did not permit passage of water.", "contents": "Entrance of water into the bladder during sitz bath in elderly catheterized and noncatheterized females. This study was conducted to determine if water enters the bladders of elderly catheterized and noncatheterized women during a sitz bath. Subjects were placed in a sitz bath containing fluorescein for 20 min. Serial urine specimens were collected at varying intervals up to 1 hr after the bath and compared to urine samples collected before the bath. No significant difference in fluorescence was found between the urine specimens in any subject which provides strong evidence that there is no detectable leakage in either group. Under the conditions of this experiment, the periurethral space was tightly sealed and did not permit passage of water.", "PMID": 500318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4673", "title": "The induction of urologic malformations. Understanding the relationship of renal ectopia and congenital scoliosis.", "content": "The normally straight caudal trunk of the 3-day-old chick embryo was surgically deflected, constricted, or pierced using fine steel instruments. The delayed effects of these injuries were evaluated anatomically by performing microdissections of the genitourinary systems of the chicks surviving these operations. Eighty-six of 181 survivors of 347 operations showed malformations. Renal ectopia appeared with scoliosis 10 times more often than it appeared by itself (P less than 0.01). Eighty-six chicks survived 102 control operations; only two had a urinary anomaly (P less than 0.01). The paring of renal ectopia with scoliosis may be attributable to an isolated spinal defect that precludes complete renal ascent, an injury to the anlages of both the spine and kidney, or a genetic abnormality that affects both anlages.", "contents": "The induction of urologic malformations. Understanding the relationship of renal ectopia and congenital scoliosis. The normally straight caudal trunk of the 3-day-old chick embryo was surgically deflected, constricted, or pierced using fine steel instruments. The delayed effects of these injuries were evaluated anatomically by performing microdissections of the genitourinary systems of the chicks surviving these operations. Eighty-six of 181 survivors of 347 operations showed malformations. Renal ectopia appeared with scoliosis 10 times more often than it appeared by itself (P less than 0.01). Eighty-six chicks survived 102 control operations; only two had a urinary anomaly (P less than 0.01). The paring of renal ectopia with scoliosis may be attributable to an isolated spinal defect that precludes complete renal ascent, an injury to the anlages of both the spine and kidney, or a genetic abnormality that affects both anlages.", "PMID": 500319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4674", "title": "Urinary ionic calcium and binding sites in normocalciuric idiopathic calcium urolithiasis.", "content": "Total bindings sites, ionic calcium, and other crystalloids were measured in 41 normocalciuric patients with idopathic calcium urolithiasis and in 34 normocalciuric healthy subjects. Twenty-six stoneformers were treated with thiazide to determine the effect of the drug. The average total calcium excretion was higher in patients than in controls and patients receiving therapy. The fraction of total calcium ionized was higher in patients than in normal subjects; thiazide therapy did not seem to cause a decrease in this fraction in stoneformers. The 24-hr excretion of ionic calcium was equal in normal subjects and in patients receiving thiazide therapy, but was higher in patients without therapy. Normal subjects have a significantly higher concentration and total excretion of magnesium and citrate. Apparent binding constants for calcium were significantly different for all three groups. The concentration of total binding sites was lower in patients with and without therapy than in normal subjects; this was partly attributed to the higher urinary concentration of citrate in normal subjects. However, citrate accounted for less than 20 per cent of the total bindings sites in urine. There was no significant differential 24-hr excretion of binding sites. Measurement of the specific excreting pattern of binding sites on proteins, peptides, nucleotides, and amino acid may emerge with a characteristic pattern in patients with urolithiasis.", "contents": "Urinary ionic calcium and binding sites in normocalciuric idiopathic calcium urolithiasis. Total bindings sites, ionic calcium, and other crystalloids were measured in 41 normocalciuric patients with idopathic calcium urolithiasis and in 34 normocalciuric healthy subjects. Twenty-six stoneformers were treated with thiazide to determine the effect of the drug. The average total calcium excretion was higher in patients than in controls and patients receiving therapy. The fraction of total calcium ionized was higher in patients than in normal subjects; thiazide therapy did not seem to cause a decrease in this fraction in stoneformers. The 24-hr excretion of ionic calcium was equal in normal subjects and in patients receiving thiazide therapy, but was higher in patients without therapy. Normal subjects have a significantly higher concentration and total excretion of magnesium and citrate. Apparent binding constants for calcium were significantly different for all three groups. The concentration of total binding sites was lower in patients with and without therapy than in normal subjects; this was partly attributed to the higher urinary concentration of citrate in normal subjects. However, citrate accounted for less than 20 per cent of the total bindings sites in urine. There was no significant differential 24-hr excretion of binding sites. Measurement of the specific excreting pattern of binding sites on proteins, peptides, nucleotides, and amino acid may emerge with a characteristic pattern in patients with urolithiasis.", "PMID": 500320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4675", "title": "Obstruction induced changes in longitudinal force-length relations of rabbit ureter.", "content": "The force-length relationships of rabbit ureters subjected to 2 weeks of obstruction were compared with those of normal rabbit ureters. After 2 weeks of ureteral obstruction, length increased by 24 per cent, diameter by 100 per cent, and cross-sectional muscle area by 248 per cent. At the in vivo length, the resting forces of the control and obstructed ureters were similar. With muscle lengthening, resting force increased. For the same per cent increase over in vivo length, both control and obstructed ureters exhibited the same resting forces. At the in vivo length, the obstructed ureter developed less active force and less stress in response to a suprathreshold electrical stimulus than did control ureters. At the length of maximum force development (1.4 times the in vivo length for both control and obstructed ureters), the force developed by the obstructed ureter was 3.5 times greater than that of the control, yielding a 250 per cent increase over control levels. Thus, active stress (force/unit area) was unchanged after 2 weeks of obstruction.", "contents": "Obstruction induced changes in longitudinal force-length relations of rabbit ureter. The force-length relationships of rabbit ureters subjected to 2 weeks of obstruction were compared with those of normal rabbit ureters. After 2 weeks of ureteral obstruction, length increased by 24 per cent, diameter by 100 per cent, and cross-sectional muscle area by 248 per cent. At the in vivo length, the resting forces of the control and obstructed ureters were similar. With muscle lengthening, resting force increased. For the same per cent increase over in vivo length, both control and obstructed ureters exhibited the same resting forces. At the in vivo length, the obstructed ureter developed less active force and less stress in response to a suprathreshold electrical stimulus than did control ureters. At the length of maximum force development (1.4 times the in vivo length for both control and obstructed ureters), the force developed by the obstructed ureter was 3.5 times greater than that of the control, yielding a 250 per cent increase over control levels. Thus, active stress (force/unit area) was unchanged after 2 weeks of obstruction.", "PMID": 500321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4676", "title": "Effect of oxipurinol and allopurinol riboside on whewellite crystallization: in vitro and in vivo observations.", "content": "Solubility measurements, seeded crystal growth kinetics, solution depletion adsorption studies, nucleation observations, zeta potential measurements, and measurements of in vivo intrarenal crystallization all failed to show that either oxipurinol or allopurinol riboside interacts with calcium, oxalate, or whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) at concentrations expected in therapeutic situations. We conclude that at therapeutically expected concentrations, oxipurinol and allopurinol riboside do not affect crystallization of calcium oxalate.", "contents": "Effect of oxipurinol and allopurinol riboside on whewellite crystallization: in vitro and in vivo observations. Solubility measurements, seeded crystal growth kinetics, solution depletion adsorption studies, nucleation observations, zeta potential measurements, and measurements of in vivo intrarenal crystallization all failed to show that either oxipurinol or allopurinol riboside interacts with calcium, oxalate, or whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) at concentrations expected in therapeutic situations. We conclude that at therapeutically expected concentrations, oxipurinol and allopurinol riboside do not affect crystallization of calcium oxalate.", "PMID": 500322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4677", "title": "Experimental model of calcium-containing renal stone formation in a rabbit.", "content": "An experimental method of calcium-containing renal stone formation was devised using a rabbit on normal diet. The stone formation was induced unilaterally, massively, and rapidly in an extremely high incidence by temporary obstruction of the upper urinary tract, but not by permanent obstruction. The contralateral kidney was used as a control. The initial stone formation was not solid but muddy and seemed to occur through massive crystal aggregation, resulting in concretion within a few weeks. We strongly suspect that the mechanism of this stone formation is crystal aggregation induced by temporary obstruction of the kidney. This animal model should contribute to the investigation of the process of crystal aggregation which is considered to be the most important factor in idiopathic calcium stone formation in man.", "contents": "Experimental model of calcium-containing renal stone formation in a rabbit. An experimental method of calcium-containing renal stone formation was devised using a rabbit on normal diet. The stone formation was induced unilaterally, massively, and rapidly in an extremely high incidence by temporary obstruction of the upper urinary tract, but not by permanent obstruction. The contralateral kidney was used as a control. The initial stone formation was not solid but muddy and seemed to occur through massive crystal aggregation, resulting in concretion within a few weeks. We strongly suspect that the mechanism of this stone formation is crystal aggregation induced by temporary obstruction of the kidney. This animal model should contribute to the investigation of the process of crystal aggregation which is considered to be the most important factor in idiopathic calcium stone formation in man.", "PMID": 500323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4678", "title": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytosis in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Using the clearance of microaggregated iodinated human serum albumin, the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system was tested in 73 patients with chronic renal failure and in 30 normal subjects. Of the patients with chronic renal failure 26 were undergoing hemodialysis. Increased reticuloendothelial phagocytosis was shown in all patients with chronic renal failure. No correlation was shown between hematocrit-creatinine and T 1/2 (min) in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytosis in patients with chronic renal failure. Using the clearance of microaggregated iodinated human serum albumin, the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system was tested in 73 patients with chronic renal failure and in 30 normal subjects. Of the patients with chronic renal failure 26 were undergoing hemodialysis. Increased reticuloendothelial phagocytosis was shown in all patients with chronic renal failure. No correlation was shown between hematocrit-creatinine and T 1/2 (min) in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 500324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4679", "title": "Release of prostaglandins into the pelvic venous blood of dogs in response to vesical distension and pelvic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Prostaglandin release into the pelvic venous blood in response to vesical distension and pelvic nerve stimulation was studied in anesthetized female nonpregnant dogs. The change in the prostaglandin content of the plasma at sequential physiologic points in the voiding cycle and with pelvic nerve stimulation was measured using a radioimmunoassay technique. A significant liberation of PGE and PGF2 alpha was observed during maximal bladder distension and after micturition. The increased levels returned to near control levels when measured 5 min after bladder evacuation. After pelvic nerve stimulation, PGF2 alpha was also significantly released. The source, mechanism, and functional significance of prostaglandin release during bladder activity are discussed.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandins into the pelvic venous blood of dogs in response to vesical distension and pelvic nerve stimulation. Prostaglandin release into the pelvic venous blood in response to vesical distension and pelvic nerve stimulation was studied in anesthetized female nonpregnant dogs. The change in the prostaglandin content of the plasma at sequential physiologic points in the voiding cycle and with pelvic nerve stimulation was measured using a radioimmunoassay technique. A significant liberation of PGE and PGF2 alpha was observed during maximal bladder distension and after micturition. The increased levels returned to near control levels when measured 5 min after bladder evacuation. After pelvic nerve stimulation, PGF2 alpha was also significantly released. The source, mechanism, and functional significance of prostaglandin release during bladder activity are discussed.", "PMID": 500325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4680", "title": "Ultrastructural surface alterations of guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium during postnatal development and after castration.", "content": "We have designed a topographic anatomic study using scanning electron microscopy to define surface changes in seminal vesicle epithelium during normal development and after bilateral orchiectomy. Scanning electron microscopy of seminal vesicles from 1-day, 4-week, and 3-month-old intact animals revealed a microvilli-studded luminal epithelial surface with high polyhedral cell profiles extending into the luminal area. Deep furrows outlined all intercellular junctions. Microvilli profiles ranged from short knob-like projections located preferentially along cell margins in 1-day-old animals to 1 mu-long microvilli wih random distribution in mature animals. The most striking finding was that the seminal vesicle epithelium in castrated animals did not revert to the prepubertal state. Rather, cell apices receded from the luminal surface to a level below that of the cell borders and microvilli generally remained somewhat longer in the castrate than in the prepubertal animal. These morphologic findings suggest that the seminal vesicle epithelium in the prepubertal animal and the long-term castrate are quite different.", "contents": "Ultrastructural surface alterations of guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium during postnatal development and after castration. We have designed a topographic anatomic study using scanning electron microscopy to define surface changes in seminal vesicle epithelium during normal development and after bilateral orchiectomy. Scanning electron microscopy of seminal vesicles from 1-day, 4-week, and 3-month-old intact animals revealed a microvilli-studded luminal epithelial surface with high polyhedral cell profiles extending into the luminal area. Deep furrows outlined all intercellular junctions. Microvilli profiles ranged from short knob-like projections located preferentially along cell margins in 1-day-old animals to 1 mu-long microvilli wih random distribution in mature animals. The most striking finding was that the seminal vesicle epithelium in castrated animals did not revert to the prepubertal state. Rather, cell apices receded from the luminal surface to a level below that of the cell borders and microvilli generally remained somewhat longer in the castrate than in the prepubertal animal. These morphologic findings suggest that the seminal vesicle epithelium in the prepubertal animal and the long-term castrate are quite different.", "PMID": 500326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4681", "title": "Crystallization studies in a urothelial-lined living test tube (the catheterized female rat bladder). I. Calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the chemically injured rat bladder.", "content": "We developed an in vivo technique to study crystallization in a urothelial-lined \"living test tube\" by employing the catheterized female rat bladder. Calcium oxalate crystals adherent to the bladder urothelium were distinguished from free or intraluminal crystals. Chemical injuries of the urothelium induced by either 0.1 N HCL or 5 per cent Triton X 100 in saline resulted in marked calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the injured urothelium. Control bladders without urothelial injury remained free of adherent crystals but formed large numbers of small free crystals relatively uniform in size. Histologic and fresh microscopic evaluations of urothelial injury and crystal adhesion are presented.", "contents": "Crystallization studies in a urothelial-lined living test tube (the catheterized female rat bladder). I. Calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the chemically injured rat bladder. We developed an in vivo technique to study crystallization in a urothelial-lined \"living test tube\" by employing the catheterized female rat bladder. Calcium oxalate crystals adherent to the bladder urothelium were distinguished from free or intraluminal crystals. Chemical injuries of the urothelium induced by either 0.1 N HCL or 5 per cent Triton X 100 in saline resulted in marked calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the injured urothelium. Control bladders without urothelial injury remained free of adherent crystals but formed large numbers of small free crystals relatively uniform in size. Histologic and fresh microscopic evaluations of urothelial injury and crystal adhesion are presented.", "PMID": 500327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4682", "title": "An entomopoxvirus from Oncopera alboguttata (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in Australia.", "content": "A new entomopoxvirus has been isolated from field-collected larvae of Oncopera alboguttata at Ebor, New South Wales, Australia. The ovoid proteinaceous virus-containing bodies measured about 8 x 6 microns and contained up to about 17 centrally-embedded virus-free spindles and up to about 180 occluded virus particles. The virus particle had a beaded outer membrane and measured about 390 x 270 x 230 nm. The particle contained a single lateral body and a unilaterally concave core which in longitudinal section measured 320 x 80 nm. Dissolution of inclusion body and spindle protein to release virus particles occurred in carbonate/thioglycollate buffer at pH greater than 12.0. It is postulated that this virus has recently evolved from similar viruses in soil inhabiting coleopteran larvae.", "contents": "An entomopoxvirus from Oncopera alboguttata (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in Australia. A new entomopoxvirus has been isolated from field-collected larvae of Oncopera alboguttata at Ebor, New South Wales, Australia. The ovoid proteinaceous virus-containing bodies measured about 8 x 6 microns and contained up to about 17 centrally-embedded virus-free spindles and up to about 180 occluded virus particles. The virus particle had a beaded outer membrane and measured about 390 x 270 x 230 nm. The particle contained a single lateral body and a unilaterally concave core which in longitudinal section measured 320 x 80 nm. Dissolution of inclusion body and spindle protein to release virus particles occurred in carbonate/thioglycollate buffer at pH greater than 12.0. It is postulated that this virus has recently evolved from similar viruses in soil inhabiting coleopteran larvae.", "PMID": 500328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4683", "title": "Rhabdoviridae. Report of the Rhabdovirus Study Group, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.", "content": "The family Rhabdoviridae comprises approximately 75 viruses infecting vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. The main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) the viruses infecting vertebrates and invertebrates are bullet-shaped and the viruses infecting plants are usually bacilliform; (ii) the viruses have particle lengths varying from 130 to 380 nm and widths varying from 60 to 95 nm; (iii) the viruses possess unit-membrane envelopes from which protrude spikes 5 to 10 nm long; (iv) the viruses have precisely coiled helical nuecleocapsids with a diameter of approx. 50 nm; (v) most of the viruses which have been studied contain 5 proteins; the prototype, vesicular stomatitis virus, contains proteins designated L (large), G (glycoprotein), N (nucleoprotein), NS (nonstructural) and M (matrix); N or NS is phosphorylated in most members which have been studied; (vi) the viruses contain single-stranded RNA which is transcribed into several messenger RNA species with sizes corresponding to the structural proteins; (vii) the nucleocapsid contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and is infectious; and (viii) many of the viruses produce morphologically distinct defective-interfering (T) particles.", "contents": "Rhabdoviridae. Report of the Rhabdovirus Study Group, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The family Rhabdoviridae comprises approximately 75 viruses infecting vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. The main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) the viruses infecting vertebrates and invertebrates are bullet-shaped and the viruses infecting plants are usually bacilliform; (ii) the viruses have particle lengths varying from 130 to 380 nm and widths varying from 60 to 95 nm; (iii) the viruses possess unit-membrane envelopes from which protrude spikes 5 to 10 nm long; (iv) the viruses have precisely coiled helical nuecleocapsids with a diameter of approx. 50 nm; (v) most of the viruses which have been studied contain 5 proteins; the prototype, vesicular stomatitis virus, contains proteins designated L (large), G (glycoprotein), N (nucleoprotein), NS (nonstructural) and M (matrix); N or NS is phosphorylated in most members which have been studied; (vi) the viruses contain single-stranded RNA which is transcribed into several messenger RNA species with sizes corresponding to the structural proteins; (vii) the nucleocapsid contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and is infectious; and (viii) many of the viruses produce morphologically distinct defective-interfering (T) particles.", "PMID": 500329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4684", "title": "The effect of membrane-active agents on Sindbis virus morphogenesis.", "content": "In chicken cells infected by Sindbis virus and exposed to a variety of membrane-active compounds, virus release was inhibited. In infected cells exposed to antiserum directed against the virion glycoproteins E1 or E2, retinol, cortisone, Pb++ or insulin, the processing of two Sindbis virus precursor polypeptides which lead to the formation of virion polypeptides was inhibited. The B-protein, which is the precursor to both envelope proteins, accumulated in cells treated by these compounds. This precursor is generally not detected in chicken cells, presumably because it is processed rapidly. The cleavage of the precursor PE2 to the envelope glycoprotein E2 was also inhibited. E2 was also absent in cells exposed to menadione or to antiserum prepared against uninfected chicken cells. Since each of the compounds tested interfered with Sindbis virus polypeptide cleavage, despite their diverse mechanisms of action, it suggests that perturbation of normal membrane fluidity can interfere with Sindbis virus budding.", "contents": "The effect of membrane-active agents on Sindbis virus morphogenesis. In chicken cells infected by Sindbis virus and exposed to a variety of membrane-active compounds, virus release was inhibited. In infected cells exposed to antiserum directed against the virion glycoproteins E1 or E2, retinol, cortisone, Pb++ or insulin, the processing of two Sindbis virus precursor polypeptides which lead to the formation of virion polypeptides was inhibited. The B-protein, which is the precursor to both envelope proteins, accumulated in cells treated by these compounds. This precursor is generally not detected in chicken cells, presumably because it is processed rapidly. The cleavage of the precursor PE2 to the envelope glycoprotein E2 was also inhibited. E2 was also absent in cells exposed to menadione or to antiserum prepared against uninfected chicken cells. Since each of the compounds tested interfered with Sindbis virus polypeptide cleavage, despite their diverse mechanisms of action, it suggests that perturbation of normal membrane fluidity can interfere with Sindbis virus budding.", "PMID": 500330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4685", "title": "A microprocessor-based aid for training autistic children.", "content": "This paper describes a unique application of microprocessor technology to training autistic children. Such training presents problems in data collection and reduction. The system described is a training session monitor which accumulates data from a session. The system also generates prompt data and controls the end of a session based on five possible criteria. The accumulated data are then automatically reduced and printed. The evolution of this training session monitor and recorder is reviewed. A description of the hardware and software realization of the final system is presented. The tools and techniques used in the development of the system are discussed. Possibilities for future additional training aids are explored, and improved development tools and techniques are suggested.", "contents": "A microprocessor-based aid for training autistic children. This paper describes a unique application of microprocessor technology to training autistic children. Such training presents problems in data collection and reduction. The system described is a training session monitor which accumulates data from a session. The system also generates prompt data and controls the end of a session based on five possible criteria. The accumulated data are then automatically reduced and printed. The evolution of this training session monitor and recorder is reviewed. A description of the hardware and software realization of the final system is presented. The tools and techniques used in the development of the system are discussed. Possibilities for future additional training aids are explored, and improved development tools and techniques are suggested.", "PMID": 500349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4686", "title": "Crash test dummy lower leg instrumentation for axial force and bending moment.", "content": "Instrumented anthropomorphic dummy surrogates of humans have been used in automobile occupant crash protection research and development programs for many years. Lower leg instrumentation provides the safety engineer with a valuable tool for gaining otherwise unavailable insights into occupant restraint system performance. Instrumentation described in this paper constitutes an advancement of the state of the art of dummy test technology. A more comprehensive study of crash victim leg loadings is possible with only the traditional femur (upper leg) axial force transducer. Each lower leg has five electrical resistance strain gage circuits to monitor orthogonal bending moments and axial force. Stress analysis and Wheatstone bridge theories are combined in the paper to define strain gage locations and predict transducer sensitivities. Transducer fabrication and calibration precedures are also discussed.", "contents": "Crash test dummy lower leg instrumentation for axial force and bending moment. Instrumented anthropomorphic dummy surrogates of humans have been used in automobile occupant crash protection research and development programs for many years. Lower leg instrumentation provides the safety engineer with a valuable tool for gaining otherwise unavailable insights into occupant restraint system performance. Instrumentation described in this paper constitutes an advancement of the state of the art of dummy test technology. A more comprehensive study of crash victim leg loadings is possible with only the traditional femur (upper leg) axial force transducer. Each lower leg has five electrical resistance strain gage circuits to monitor orthogonal bending moments and axial force. Stress analysis and Wheatstone bridge theories are combined in the paper to define strain gage locations and predict transducer sensitivities. Transducer fabrication and calibration precedures are also discussed.", "PMID": 500350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4687", "title": "New control algorithms via brain theory.", "content": "New concepts and viewpoints are needed to develop control algorithms for large scale systems. It is hypothesized that brain functions in human beings clearly demonstrates the existence of superior techniques for controlling complex systems with multiple objectives. The theory of compacta is investigated as a basis for learning, memory, and perception.", "contents": "New control algorithms via brain theory. New concepts and viewpoints are needed to develop control algorithms for large scale systems. It is hypothesized that brain functions in human beings clearly demonstrates the existence of superior techniques for controlling complex systems with multiple objectives. The theory of compacta is investigated as a basis for learning, memory, and perception.", "PMID": 500351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4688", "title": "A mathematical model of the human body in health, disease, and during treatment.", "content": "This paper presents a preliminary description of a mathematical model of the human body and some details of the computer software and hardware used to study the model. The model includes many organ systems of the body and the interplay among systems. In addition to this physiological framework, a variety of diseases and therapeutic measures can be simulated. The model can be used in two different ways. In one mode, hypothetical experiments can be conducted that focus on the underlying physiological mechanisms and the complex interaction among organ systems that are essential to the maintenance of life. In a second mode, clinical encounters can be simulated in which hypothetical patients are seen, diagnosed and treated.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the human body in health, disease, and during treatment. This paper presents a preliminary description of a mathematical model of the human body and some details of the computer software and hardware used to study the model. The model includes many organ systems of the body and the interplay among systems. In addition to this physiological framework, a variety of diseases and therapeutic measures can be simulated. The model can be used in two different ways. In one mode, hypothetical experiments can be conducted that focus on the underlying physiological mechanisms and the complex interaction among organ systems that are essential to the maintenance of life. In a second mode, clinical encounters can be simulated in which hypothetical patients are seen, diagnosed and treated.", "PMID": 500352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4689", "title": "Control sensors for biomedical systems.", "content": "In biomedical systems, sensors play roles ranging from off-line diagnosis to prosthetic support in continuous real-time control. This diversity is illustrated with examples from mechanical limb prostheses, fluid (bladder) control, and chemical sensing. The chemical field, least advanced but under active development, offers special promise toward future automation of the classical diagnosis-therapy control loop.", "contents": "Control sensors for biomedical systems. In biomedical systems, sensors play roles ranging from off-line diagnosis to prosthetic support in continuous real-time control. This diversity is illustrated with examples from mechanical limb prostheses, fluid (bladder) control, and chemical sensing. The chemical field, least advanced but under active development, offers special promise toward future automation of the classical diagnosis-therapy control loop.", "PMID": 500353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4690", "title": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of head and neck tumors.", "content": "Six patients with malignant head and neck tumors are shown to have required electron microscopy for accurate diagnosis. In all of these tumors, there were ultrastructural features of cytodifferentiation that were not discernible by light microscopy, such as neurosecretory granules, desmosomes, cytoplasmic processes, tonofibrils, and myofilaments. Electron microscopy is helpful in the differential diagnosis of tumors in general, but its effectiveness is particularly apparent in small-cell \"undifferentiated\" tumors such as neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, undifferentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the lymphoepithelioma type, and malignant lymphoma. It has also been helpful in the identification of amelanotic melanoma and spindle-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of head and neck tumors. Six patients with malignant head and neck tumors are shown to have required electron microscopy for accurate diagnosis. In all of these tumors, there were ultrastructural features of cytodifferentiation that were not discernible by light microscopy, such as neurosecretory granules, desmosomes, cytoplasmic processes, tonofibrils, and myofilaments. Electron microscopy is helpful in the differential diagnosis of tumors in general, but its effectiveness is particularly apparent in small-cell \"undifferentiated\" tumors such as neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, undifferentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the lymphoepithelioma type, and malignant lymphoma. It has also been helpful in the identification of amelanotic melanoma and spindle-cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 500359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4691", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis and midline (nonhealing) \"granuloma\".", "content": "There has been considerable controversy over the years regarding the distinctions between various disorders characterized by a necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the tissues of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It now seems clear that if infections and other known agents can be excluded, three clinicopathologic entities remain: Wegener's granulomatosis (a systemic disease), idiopathic midline (nonhealing) granuloma, and premalignant or malignant lymphoreticular lesions. The antigenic stimulus for all three may be related but remains unidentified.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis and midline (nonhealing) \"granuloma\". There has been considerable controversy over the years regarding the distinctions between various disorders characterized by a necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the tissues of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It now seems clear that if infections and other known agents can be excluded, three clinicopathologic entities remain: Wegener's granulomatosis (a systemic disease), idiopathic midline (nonhealing) granuloma, and premalignant or malignant lymphoreticular lesions. The antigenic stimulus for all three may be related but remains unidentified.", "PMID": 500360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4692", "title": "Repair of the bilateral cleft lip: a personal approach.", "content": "The author presents his personal method of repairing a bilateral cleft lip, focusing on both the embryogenic factors of this condition and its anatomic-functional abnormalities. The surgical technique used enables correction in a single operation through suture of the lateral portions at the midline and elevation of the bifurcated flap of the prolabium to form the columella and the nasal floor. The deep psychological, social, and economic impact of the pathology is discussed, and the importance of a one-step surgical correction of the defect for the particular patient population at question is stressed.", "contents": "Repair of the bilateral cleft lip: a personal approach. The author presents his personal method of repairing a bilateral cleft lip, focusing on both the embryogenic factors of this condition and its anatomic-functional abnormalities. The surgical technique used enables correction in a single operation through suture of the lateral portions at the midline and elevation of the bifurcated flap of the prolabium to form the columella and the nasal floor. The deep psychological, social, and economic impact of the pathology is discussed, and the importance of a one-step surgical correction of the defect for the particular patient population at question is stressed.", "PMID": 500361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4693", "title": "Reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx: a review.", "content": "Our high-speed and increasingly aggressive society, coupled with a continuing rise in necessary surgery of the neck and adjacent areas, accounts for the current increase in patients affilicted with vocal-cord paralysis. Such patients may sustain relatively little persistent loss of function (e.g., when only one cord is involved, which then regains function or becomes compensated) or considerable loss (as in cases of bilateral vocal-cord paralysis). To improve on existing methods of dealing with these problems, the author has developed and refined the nerve-muscle-pedicle technique for reinnervating paralyzed muscles. A nerve-muscle pedicle obtained from the ansa hypoglossi branch to the omohyoid muscle or another strap muscle can be used to selectively reinnervate the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in cases of bilateral-cord paralysis, or for selective reinnervation of the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle in cases of unilateral-cord paralysis. The bilateral reinnervation technique showed a 90% success rate in 90 patients, as demonstrated by their ability to sustain reasonable day-to-day activity without needing a tracheotomy tube and without manifesting further loss of voice. The unilateral technique has yielded promising results in a limited number of carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx: a review. Our high-speed and increasingly aggressive society, coupled with a continuing rise in necessary surgery of the neck and adjacent areas, accounts for the current increase in patients affilicted with vocal-cord paralysis. Such patients may sustain relatively little persistent loss of function (e.g., when only one cord is involved, which then regains function or becomes compensated) or considerable loss (as in cases of bilateral vocal-cord paralysis). To improve on existing methods of dealing with these problems, the author has developed and refined the nerve-muscle-pedicle technique for reinnervating paralyzed muscles. A nerve-muscle pedicle obtained from the ansa hypoglossi branch to the omohyoid muscle or another strap muscle can be used to selectively reinnervate the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in cases of bilateral-cord paralysis, or for selective reinnervation of the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle in cases of unilateral-cord paralysis. The bilateral reinnervation technique showed a 90% success rate in 90 patients, as demonstrated by their ability to sustain reasonable day-to-day activity without needing a tracheotomy tube and without manifesting further loss of voice. The unilateral technique has yielded promising results in a limited number of carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 500362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4694", "title": "Jaw cysts: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The classification, embryology, histopathology, clinical features, and treatment of benign jaw cysts are presented. Emphasis is placed on the differentiation of benign cysts from malignant radiolucent lesions of the jaws. Preservation of adjacent teeth and over vital structures is of paramount importance in the management of jaw cysts.", "contents": "Jaw cysts: diagnosis and treatment. The classification, embryology, histopathology, clinical features, and treatment of benign jaw cysts are presented. Emphasis is placed on the differentiation of benign cysts from malignant radiolucent lesions of the jaws. Preservation of adjacent teeth and over vital structures is of paramount importance in the management of jaw cysts.", "PMID": 500363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4695", "title": "The synthesis of fetal hemoglobin types in red blood cells and in BFU-E derived colonies from peripheral blood of patients with sickle cell anemia, beta+ - and delta beta-thalassemia, various forms of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, normal adults and newborn.", "content": "The biosynthesis of two types of human fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), namely Hb F with G gamma chains having glycine in position 136 and Hb F with A gamma chains having alanine in position 136, was studied in blood samples and in cultures of erythroid precursors from blood of patients with different hemoglobinopathies. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adapted to allow the separation of the methionyl-containing tryptic peptides G gamma T-15 and A gamma T-15 (which include the Gly leads to Ala polymorphism at position 136) from a digest of microquantitites of 35S-methionyl labelled Hb F. This method was sensitive enough to quantitate the relative production of the G ygamma and A gamma chains by erythroid colonies derived from cloned Burst Forming Units (bfu-e) which were cultured for 16 days on methylcellulose. The production of Hb F in these colonies was generally higher than the level of Hb F in blood except for subjects with the G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygosity. The G gamma to A gamma ratio in the Nb F produced in cultures of cells from G gamma delta beta-thalassemia or G gamma-HPFH heterozygotes was lower and that from A gamma-HPFH heterosygotes was higher than the ratios in the Hb F of the corresponding peripheral blood cells. Mixtures of G gamma and A gamma chains were present in cell cultures of SS patients, beta+-thalassemia homozygotes and G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes in a ratio similar to that in the Hb F of mature red cells. These data suggest that erythroblasts in BFU-E derived colonies reactivate all available gamma chain structural genes, both in cis and in trans to the abnormal determinant. Hb F biosynthesis by adult blood samples concerns primarily the G gamma chains. This was particularly striking for blood samples in which erythroblasts were absent and the biosynthesis took place in fetal reticulocytes. Thus, the F-retuculocytes in blood of A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes with about 5% Hb F of the A gamma type produced primarily Hb F with G gamma chains. Similar differences were observed for G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes and, less strinkingly, for SS patients. A satisfactory explanation for this observation has not yet been obtained.", "contents": "The synthesis of fetal hemoglobin types in red blood cells and in BFU-E derived colonies from peripheral blood of patients with sickle cell anemia, beta+ - and delta beta-thalassemia, various forms of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, normal adults and newborn. The biosynthesis of two types of human fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), namely Hb F with G gamma chains having glycine in position 136 and Hb F with A gamma chains having alanine in position 136, was studied in blood samples and in cultures of erythroid precursors from blood of patients with different hemoglobinopathies. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adapted to allow the separation of the methionyl-containing tryptic peptides G gamma T-15 and A gamma T-15 (which include the Gly leads to Ala polymorphism at position 136) from a digest of microquantitites of 35S-methionyl labelled Hb F. This method was sensitive enough to quantitate the relative production of the G ygamma and A gamma chains by erythroid colonies derived from cloned Burst Forming Units (bfu-e) which were cultured for 16 days on methylcellulose. The production of Hb F in these colonies was generally higher than the level of Hb F in blood except for subjects with the G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygosity. The G gamma to A gamma ratio in the Nb F produced in cultures of cells from G gamma delta beta-thalassemia or G gamma-HPFH heterozygotes was lower and that from A gamma-HPFH heterosygotes was higher than the ratios in the Hb F of the corresponding peripheral blood cells. Mixtures of G gamma and A gamma chains were present in cell cultures of SS patients, beta+-thalassemia homozygotes and G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes in a ratio similar to that in the Hb F of mature red cells. These data suggest that erythroblasts in BFU-E derived colonies reactivate all available gamma chain structural genes, both in cis and in trans to the abnormal determinant. Hb F biosynthesis by adult blood samples concerns primarily the G gamma chains. This was particularly striking for blood samples in which erythroblasts were absent and the biosynthesis took place in fetal reticulocytes. Thus, the F-retuculocytes in blood of A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes with about 5% Hb F of the A gamma type produced primarily Hb F with G gamma chains. Similar differences were observed for G gamma A gamma-HPFH heterozygotes and, less strinkingly, for SS patients. A satisfactory explanation for this observation has not yet been obtained.", "PMID": 500369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4696", "title": "Hemoglobin Bougardirey-Mali beta 119 (GH2) Gly replaced by Val. An electrophoretically silent variant migrating in isoelectrofocusing as Hb F.", "content": "Hemoglobin Bougardirey-Mali was detected by isoelectrofocusing during a screening in a 32 years old African, a native of Mali. This abnormal Hb, representing 35% of the total, exhibited the same pI as that of Hb F. In contrast, it was indistinguishable from Hb A in all the electrophoretic systems tested, and equally by its resistance to alkaline denaturation. Structural studies have shown that the abnormality was localized on the beta chain. A fingerprint of the tryptic digest of the aminoethylated beta chain indicated the absence of the beta T12 b. The presence of an abnormal beta T12 b was suspected in the T14-15 spot, as indicated by the intensity of staining and its amino acid composition. beta T12 b was isolated by chromatography on PA 35. Its sequential analysis by manual Edman-dansyl degradation showed that glycine 119 was replaced by a valine residue. This mutation is localized in a alpha 1 beta 1 contact, which makes the molecules slightly unstable. The clinical consequences of this mutation seem to be minor; similar observations have been reported for the other Hb mutated at the same locus, i.e. Hb Fannin-Lubbock beta 119 Gly leads to Asp.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Bougardirey-Mali beta 119 (GH2) Gly replaced by Val. An electrophoretically silent variant migrating in isoelectrofocusing as Hb F. Hemoglobin Bougardirey-Mali was detected by isoelectrofocusing during a screening in a 32 years old African, a native of Mali. This abnormal Hb, representing 35% of the total, exhibited the same pI as that of Hb F. In contrast, it was indistinguishable from Hb A in all the electrophoretic systems tested, and equally by its resistance to alkaline denaturation. Structural studies have shown that the abnormality was localized on the beta chain. A fingerprint of the tryptic digest of the aminoethylated beta chain indicated the absence of the beta T12 b. The presence of an abnormal beta T12 b was suspected in the T14-15 spot, as indicated by the intensity of staining and its amino acid composition. beta T12 b was isolated by chromatography on PA 35. Its sequential analysis by manual Edman-dansyl degradation showed that glycine 119 was replaced by a valine residue. This mutation is localized in a alpha 1 beta 1 contact, which makes the molecules slightly unstable. The clinical consequences of this mutation seem to be minor; similar observations have been reported for the other Hb mutated at the same locus, i.e. Hb Fannin-Lubbock beta 119 Gly leads to Asp.", "PMID": 500370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4697", "title": "Globin chain synthesis in beta-thalassemia with normal hemoglobins A2 and F.", "content": "Biosynthetic studies were performed in a patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia heterozygous for both beta-thalassemia with normal hemoglobins A2 and F and beta-thalassemia with increased Hb A2, in his both parents, one sister and one brother. In propositus the alpha/beta ratio was 1.68. In his mother with normal Hb A2, this value was 1.21. In contrast, in his father who had increased Hb A2, the alpha/beta ratio was 1.07, possibly due to combination of alpha- and beta-thalassemia. In his sister who had increased Hb A2, alpha/beta ratio was 1.57. In his brother with normal Hb A2 (2.5%) ratio was 0.6 indicating the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. Similar beta-thalassemic syndromes found in other countries are discussed.", "contents": "Globin chain synthesis in beta-thalassemia with normal hemoglobins A2 and F. Biosynthetic studies were performed in a patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia heterozygous for both beta-thalassemia with normal hemoglobins A2 and F and beta-thalassemia with increased Hb A2, in his both parents, one sister and one brother. In propositus the alpha/beta ratio was 1.68. In his mother with normal Hb A2, this value was 1.21. In contrast, in his father who had increased Hb A2, the alpha/beta ratio was 1.07, possibly due to combination of alpha- and beta-thalassemia. In his sister who had increased Hb A2, alpha/beta ratio was 1.57. In his brother with normal Hb A2 (2.5%) ratio was 0.6 indicating the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. Similar beta-thalassemic syndromes found in other countries are discussed.", "PMID": 500371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4698", "title": "The pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction of the head and neck.", "content": "The anatomy, design, and blood supply of the pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap are described. This versatile, nondelayed flap has, for the most part, replaced the usual cutaneous flaps. Clinical examples of its use in head and neck reconstructive surgery are presented.", "contents": "The pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction of the head and neck. The anatomy, design, and blood supply of the pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap are described. This versatile, nondelayed flap has, for the most part, replaced the usual cutaneous flaps. Clinical examples of its use in head and neck reconstructive surgery are presented.", "PMID": 500365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4699", "title": "Radiation therapy of the oral cavity: sequelae and management, part 1.", "content": "This is the first article in a two-part series dealing with the effects and manifestations in the oral cavity of radiation therapy of head and neck tumors. In this section, oral mucous membranes, taste buds, edema and trismus, diet, salivary glands, bone, periodontium, teeth, and composition of oral flora are discussed. Dental management of the dentulous patient is then approached; criteria for preradiation extraction are delineated. In the next issue of Head & Neck Surgery, the final article in this series will discuss preradiation and postradiation extractions and will elaborate on the dental management (fluoride treatments, follow-up, and restorative care) of the dentulous patient. Dental management of the edentulous patient will also be presented.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of the oral cavity: sequelae and management, part 1. This is the first article in a two-part series dealing with the effects and manifestations in the oral cavity of radiation therapy of head and neck tumors. In this section, oral mucous membranes, taste buds, edema and trismus, diet, salivary glands, bone, periodontium, teeth, and composition of oral flora are discussed. Dental management of the dentulous patient is then approached; criteria for preradiation extraction are delineated. In the next issue of Head & Neck Surgery, the final article in this series will discuss preradiation and postradiation extractions and will elaborate on the dental management (fluoride treatments, follow-up, and restorative care) of the dentulous patient. Dental management of the edentulous patient will also be presented.", "PMID": 500366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4700", "title": "Tyrptic peptide compositions of hemoglobins from mink (Mustela vison) and hyena (Hyaenae hyaenae) and the alpha-chain of coatimundi (Nasua nasua).", "content": "The amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides from hyena hemoglobin, two hemoglobins of the mink and the alpha-chain of coatimundi have been determined, allowing comparison with data previously obtained from other carnivores. The two hemoglobins of mink differ at only one amino acid residue, alpha 15, which is glycyl in one hemoblobin and aspartyl in the other.", "contents": "Tyrptic peptide compositions of hemoglobins from mink (Mustela vison) and hyena (Hyaenae hyaenae) and the alpha-chain of coatimundi (Nasua nasua). The amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides from hyena hemoglobin, two hemoglobins of the mink and the alpha-chain of coatimundi have been determined, allowing comparison with data previously obtained from other carnivores. The two hemoglobins of mink differ at only one amino acid residue, alpha 15, which is glycyl in one hemoblobin and aspartyl in the other.", "PMID": 500372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4701", "title": "The suboccipital approach to removal of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "This article reviews the author's technique for removing acoustic neuromas by the suboccipital approach. Also discussed are various considerations regarding the selection and use of instruments for this operation. The anatomy of the internal acoustic meatus and the principles involved in facial- and cochlear-nerve preservation are described. A guide is provided for stepwise dissection of the internal acoustic meatus in the laboratory.", "contents": "The suboccipital approach to removal of acoustic neuromas. This article reviews the author's technique for removing acoustic neuromas by the suboccipital approach. Also discussed are various considerations regarding the selection and use of instruments for this operation. The anatomy of the internal acoustic meatus and the principles involved in facial- and cochlear-nerve preservation are described. A guide is provided for stepwise dissection of the internal acoustic meatus in the laboratory.", "PMID": 500367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4702", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma represents the most common soft-tissue neoplasm of the head and neck found in children. The tumor is most commonly seen in Caucasian children under the age of 12, usually presenting as a painless mass. Distant metastases are frequently present, especially in regional lymph nodes, lung, and bone marrow. All patients suspected of having this disorder should have a thorough examination of the head and neck, as well as a complete radiographic evaluation of the primary region. Histologic disagnosis should be made as rapidly as possible. Once this has been accomplished, a thorough search for metastatic disease can be undertaken. Therapy must be individualized, and a team approach is advocated. The roles of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are discussed. A staging system and a treatment-therapy plan are outlined.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck: diagnosis and management. Rhabdomyosarcoma represents the most common soft-tissue neoplasm of the head and neck found in children. The tumor is most commonly seen in Caucasian children under the age of 12, usually presenting as a painless mass. Distant metastases are frequently present, especially in regional lymph nodes, lung, and bone marrow. All patients suspected of having this disorder should have a thorough examination of the head and neck, as well as a complete radiographic evaluation of the primary region. Histologic disagnosis should be made as rapidly as possible. Once this has been accomplished, a thorough search for metastatic disease can be undertaken. Therapy must be individualized, and a team approach is advocated. The roles of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are discussed. A staging system and a treatment-therapy plan are outlined.", "PMID": 500368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4703", "title": "Studies on a family with Hb J Calabria (alpha 2 beta 2 64 (E8) Gly replaced by Asp).", "content": "Hb J Calabria is a fast moving hemoglobin variant which was found in an Italian family by Vecchio et al (1), and in a French family by Blouquit et al. who studied its functional properties (2). The original family described by Vecchio et al. in which both Hb J Calabria and beta-thalassemia were present has been reexamined and is the subject of the present study. Hematological and clinical features of the carriers are described. The heterozygous carriers of Hb J Calabria showed only mild variable subclinical anemia and levels of the abnormal hemoglobin ranging from about 33 to 42%. The Hb J Calabria/beta-thalassemia double heterozygote showed a moderate chronic hemolytic anemia with alterations of the RBC indices and morphology in addition to splenomegaly. The relationship between structural abnormality, functional properties and clinical expression of Hb J Calabria is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on a family with Hb J Calabria (alpha 2 beta 2 64 (E8) Gly replaced by Asp). Hb J Calabria is a fast moving hemoglobin variant which was found in an Italian family by Vecchio et al (1), and in a French family by Blouquit et al. who studied its functional properties (2). The original family described by Vecchio et al. in which both Hb J Calabria and beta-thalassemia were present has been reexamined and is the subject of the present study. Hematological and clinical features of the carriers are described. The heterozygous carriers of Hb J Calabria showed only mild variable subclinical anemia and levels of the abnormal hemoglobin ranging from about 33 to 42%. The Hb J Calabria/beta-thalassemia double heterozygote showed a moderate chronic hemolytic anemia with alterations of the RBC indices and morphology in addition to splenomegaly. The relationship between structural abnormality, functional properties and clinical expression of Hb J Calabria is discussed.", "PMID": 500375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4704", "title": "Microchromatographic quantitation of fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell disease.", "content": "A microchromatographic procedure (Isolab Fast Hb Test System) which was developed for the quantitation of Hb AI (10) has been found useful for the quantitation of Hb F in samples that contain Hb S and/or Hb C but no Hb A (% Fmicro). This method has been evaluated through analyses of known mixtures of Hb F and Hb S. The Hb Fmicro levels in patients with sickle cell anemia and related conditions were compared with results obtained by alkali denaturation (% FAD) and conventional DEAE-cellulose chromatography (% FDE). This microchromatographic technique is a fast, simple, and sensitive method for Hb F quantitation in patients with Sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Microchromatographic quantitation of fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell disease. A microchromatographic procedure (Isolab Fast Hb Test System) which was developed for the quantitation of Hb AI (10) has been found useful for the quantitation of Hb F in samples that contain Hb S and/or Hb C but no Hb A (% Fmicro). This method has been evaluated through analyses of known mixtures of Hb F and Hb S. The Hb Fmicro levels in patients with sickle cell anemia and related conditions were compared with results obtained by alkali denaturation (% FAD) and conventional DEAE-cellulose chromatography (% FDE). This microchromatographic technique is a fast, simple, and sensitive method for Hb F quantitation in patients with Sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 500376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4705", "title": "Increased risk of diabetes mellitus in beta- thalassemia major due to iron overload.", "content": "Frequent transfusions improve the general well being in patients with beta-thalassemia major but carry the risk of iron intoxication including the development of diabetes mellitus. Of 22 patients with beta-thalassemia major (age 3-17 years) only 3 had a normal oral glucose tolerance. The remainder had either borderline or moderately pathological glucose curves. The mean glucose concentration was increased, and the mean insulin concentration and insulin/glucose ratio were diminished. In contrast to the oral test, the i.v. glucose tolerance test gave pathological results in only 2 of 16 patients tested. The i.v. glucose test thus may be less selective than the oral test. The mean insulin concentration was lower also after intravenous glucose, but the early insulin peak was preserved. Arginine infusion led to a normal insulin and growth hormone release. This moderate impairment of insulin release found in most of the patients leaves the hope that an efficient chelating therapy scheme might reverse beta-cell dysfunction.", "contents": "Increased risk of diabetes mellitus in beta- thalassemia major due to iron overload. Frequent transfusions improve the general well being in patients with beta-thalassemia major but carry the risk of iron intoxication including the development of diabetes mellitus. Of 22 patients with beta-thalassemia major (age 3-17 years) only 3 had a normal oral glucose tolerance. The remainder had either borderline or moderately pathological glucose curves. The mean glucose concentration was increased, and the mean insulin concentration and insulin/glucose ratio were diminished. In contrast to the oral test, the i.v. glucose tolerance test gave pathological results in only 2 of 16 patients tested. The i.v. glucose test thus may be less selective than the oral test. The mean insulin concentration was lower also after intravenous glucose, but the early insulin peak was preserved. Arginine infusion led to a normal insulin and growth hormone release. This moderate impairment of insulin release found in most of the patients leaves the hope that an efficient chelating therapy scheme might reverse beta-cell dysfunction.", "PMID": 500381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4706", "title": "Contribution to the study of craniostenosis: disturbance of the cerebrospinal fluid flow in oxycephaly.", "content": "In 6 cases of oxycephaly, isotope (RIHSA) cisternography showed an altered CSF circulation with ventricular reflux or cisternal block and accumulation of the contrast at lumbosacral level. These changes express increased absorption of the CSF by the spinal arachnoid villi to compensate for reduced or nonexistent absorption by the subarachnoid villi of the vault, obstructed by chronic intracranial hypertension secondary to craniosynostosis. The possible clinical implications are outlined.", "contents": "Contribution to the study of craniostenosis: disturbance of the cerebrospinal fluid flow in oxycephaly. In 6 cases of oxycephaly, isotope (RIHSA) cisternography showed an altered CSF circulation with ventricular reflux or cisternal block and accumulation of the contrast at lumbosacral level. These changes express increased absorption of the CSF by the spinal arachnoid villi to compensate for reduced or nonexistent absorption by the subarachnoid villi of the vault, obstructed by chronic intracranial hypertension secondary to craniosynostosis. The possible clinical implications are outlined.", "PMID": 500383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4707", "title": "[Primary testicular tumors in childhood. Observations in 21 cases and a discussion of the necessity of metastasis prevention].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 21 primary testicular tumors in childhood is presented. Histologic review revealed 4 differentiated teratomas, 14 yolk sac tumors, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma of testicular envelopes and 1 paratesticular sarcoma. One tumor could not be classified. Two patients with yolk sac tumor and the patient with the paratesticular sarcoma died. In 4 of the 14 patients with yolk sac tumor iliac and/or paraaortic lymphnodes were removed 8-15 days after hemicastration but no tumor cells were found. Of 3 children with yolk sac tumor who developed metastases, one had had prophylactic resection and another one prophylactic irradiation of the draining lymphnodes. 8 patients with yolk sac tumor received prophylactic chemotherapy, and none developed metastases. For patients with yolk sac tumor prophylactic chemotherapy is indicated, particularly if more than 2 months have elapsed between the first detection of a testicular mass and operation. In prepubertal boys with testicular teratoma no prophylactic therapy to prevent dissemination is necessary. Patients with yolk sac tumor have an age distribution comparable to that of patients with an embryonal tumor.", "contents": "[Primary testicular tumors in childhood. Observations in 21 cases and a discussion of the necessity of metastasis prevention]. A retrospective analysis of 21 primary testicular tumors in childhood is presented. Histologic review revealed 4 differentiated teratomas, 14 yolk sac tumors, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma of testicular envelopes and 1 paratesticular sarcoma. One tumor could not be classified. Two patients with yolk sac tumor and the patient with the paratesticular sarcoma died. In 4 of the 14 patients with yolk sac tumor iliac and/or paraaortic lymphnodes were removed 8-15 days after hemicastration but no tumor cells were found. Of 3 children with yolk sac tumor who developed metastases, one had had prophylactic resection and another one prophylactic irradiation of the draining lymphnodes. 8 patients with yolk sac tumor received prophylactic chemotherapy, and none developed metastases. For patients with yolk sac tumor prophylactic chemotherapy is indicated, particularly if more than 2 months have elapsed between the first detection of a testicular mass and operation. In prepubertal boys with testicular teratoma no prophylactic therapy to prevent dissemination is necessary. Patients with yolk sac tumor have an age distribution comparable to that of patients with an embryonal tumor.", "PMID": 500382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4708", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. A case report with a discussion of differential diagnosis.", "content": "The rare disease of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is characterized by innumerable microscopic stones, mainly of tribasic calcium phosphate, within the pulmonary alveoli. In a 13-year-old boy an earlier radiological examination showed diffuse lung opacity. The main differential diagnoses taken into consideration were sarcoidosis, idiopathic hemosiderosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and alveolar proteinosis. The correct diagnosis was made after a lung biopsy which showed intra-alveolar microliths. The radiological findings are in agreement with the reports in the literature. The specific X-ray features of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are calcified opacities, nodules, hilifugal trabeculations and pleural striae. These radiological signs are sufficiently diagnostic to restrict lung biopsy to particularly difficult cases. The disease is resistant to all therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. A case report with a discussion of differential diagnosis. The rare disease of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is characterized by innumerable microscopic stones, mainly of tribasic calcium phosphate, within the pulmonary alveoli. In a 13-year-old boy an earlier radiological examination showed diffuse lung opacity. The main differential diagnoses taken into consideration were sarcoidosis, idiopathic hemosiderosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and alveolar proteinosis. The correct diagnosis was made after a lung biopsy which showed intra-alveolar microliths. The radiological findings are in agreement with the reports in the literature. The specific X-ray features of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are calcified opacities, nodules, hilifugal trabeculations and pleural striae. These radiological signs are sufficiently diagnostic to restrict lung biopsy to particularly difficult cases. The disease is resistant to all therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 500384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4709", "title": "Idiopathic hypercalciuria with bilateral macular colobomata: a new variant of oculo-renal syndrome.", "content": "Two siblings from a consanguineous family, suffering from nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis caused by idiopathic hypercalciuria are described. The condition is associated with bilateral macular colobomata and tapeto-retinal degeneration. It is known that the latter can occur together with different nephropathies; however, until now it has never been described in combination with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Blood calcium levels were found to be normal, calcium excretion rates were, with one exception, more than 6 mg/kg/24 h corrected for 100 ml GFR. Hypomagnesemia of 1.5 and 1.2 mg/dl and hyermagnesuria of 1.9 and 2.5 mg/kg/24 h corrected for 100 ml GFR were found in both patients. Tubular phosphate reabsorption reached 87% and 84% at serum parathormone levels of 0.34 microgram/l and 0.31 microgram/l in the two patients, respectively. Under calcium and magnesium loading the clearance rates of calcium and magnesium were raised whilst there was only a small insignificant increase in the blood levels of these cations. Acid-base titrations showed normal excretion rates of acid and base in one patient and a mild proximal tubular acidosis in the other. Quantitative investigation of the renal concentrating and diluting capacity established a decrease in the formation of the medullary concentrating gradient in both patients.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypercalciuria with bilateral macular colobomata: a new variant of oculo-renal syndrome. Two siblings from a consanguineous family, suffering from nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis caused by idiopathic hypercalciuria are described. The condition is associated with bilateral macular colobomata and tapeto-retinal degeneration. It is known that the latter can occur together with different nephropathies; however, until now it has never been described in combination with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Blood calcium levels were found to be normal, calcium excretion rates were, with one exception, more than 6 mg/kg/24 h corrected for 100 ml GFR. Hypomagnesemia of 1.5 and 1.2 mg/dl and hyermagnesuria of 1.9 and 2.5 mg/kg/24 h corrected for 100 ml GFR were found in both patients. Tubular phosphate reabsorption reached 87% and 84% at serum parathormone levels of 0.34 microgram/l and 0.31 microgram/l in the two patients, respectively. Under calcium and magnesium loading the clearance rates of calcium and magnesium were raised whilst there was only a small insignificant increase in the blood levels of these cations. Acid-base titrations showed normal excretion rates of acid and base in one patient and a mild proximal tubular acidosis in the other. Quantitative investigation of the renal concentrating and diluting capacity established a decrease in the formation of the medullary concentrating gradient in both patients.", "PMID": 500385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4710", "title": "Ferrocyanide enhancement of concanavalin A-ferritin and cationized ferritin staining blood cell surface glycoconjugates.", "content": "Ferrocyanide was used to enhance cationized ferritin and concanavalin A-ferritin (Con A-ferritin) staining of surface glycoconjugates of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from rabbits and humans. The glutaraldehyde-fixed cells were stained with Con A-ferritin or cationized ferritin and then exposed to a ferrocyanide solution. The resulting cuboidal and irregular stain deposits averaged 50 nm in diameter when viewed with the transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Rabbit blood cells demonstrated more Con A binding sites than human blood cells and the decrease in binding sites observed with maturation of human granulocytic and erythrocytic cells was not evident in rabbit cells. Differences in binding of cationized ferritin to rabbit and human cell surfaces were less prominent than that observed for Con A. These results extend previous studies of blood cell surface glycoconjugates and demonstrate that ferrocyanide enhancement significantly facilitates SEM evaluation of Con A-ferritin and cationized ferritin bound to cell surfaces.", "contents": "Ferrocyanide enhancement of concanavalin A-ferritin and cationized ferritin staining blood cell surface glycoconjugates. Ferrocyanide was used to enhance cationized ferritin and concanavalin A-ferritin (Con A-ferritin) staining of surface glycoconjugates of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from rabbits and humans. The glutaraldehyde-fixed cells were stained with Con A-ferritin or cationized ferritin and then exposed to a ferrocyanide solution. The resulting cuboidal and irregular stain deposits averaged 50 nm in diameter when viewed with the transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Rabbit blood cells demonstrated more Con A binding sites than human blood cells and the decrease in binding sites observed with maturation of human granulocytic and erythrocytic cells was not evident in rabbit cells. Differences in binding of cationized ferritin to rabbit and human cell surfaces were less prominent than that observed for Con A. These results extend previous studies of blood cell surface glycoconjugates and demonstrate that ferrocyanide enhancement significantly facilitates SEM evaluation of Con A-ferritin and cationized ferritin bound to cell surfaces.", "PMID": 500395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4711", "title": "Different aspects of membrane differentiation at the inner side (GERL) of the Golgi apparatus in rabbit luteal cells.", "content": "After luteinization, during the growth phase, rabbit luteal cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus, which was clearly reduced at the end of pseudo-pregnancy. During this whole period, acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the saccules (g) of the Golgi stack and in the innermost Golgi element (G2), which may be part of GERL. Between both acid phosphatase-positive compartments, a negative or slightly positive element (G1) was present paralleling the saccules of the Golgi stack. This element was composed of cisternal (G1 c) and perforated portions (G1 p) and directly bordered the thiamine pyrophosphatase-positive saccules of the Golgi stack (g1 -g2). Arylsulphatase activity was present in two saccules in the middle of the stack (g3 -g4) and in the innermost Golgi element (G2). In the acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase reactions the limiting membrane of the lysosomes was more reactive than the matrix. After phosphotungstic acid staining at a low pH, the inner elements of the Golgi apparatus (G1 and G2) and the border of the lysosomes were heavily contrasted. The lysosomal matrix and the other Golgi stack saccules were either almost unstained or displayed a clearly lower contrast. It is concluded that the cytochemical difference between Golgi (g) and GERL (G) membranes is most probably the result of a specific process of membrane differentiation, which takes place at G1. There is also evidence that the lysosomal matrix hydrolases may be formed in the saccules of the Golgi stack. The strongly phosphotungstic acid-positive inner elements are, although more extended, comparable in large part with the GERL elements as described in neurons (Novikoff et al., 1971).", "contents": "Different aspects of membrane differentiation at the inner side (GERL) of the Golgi apparatus in rabbit luteal cells. After luteinization, during the growth phase, rabbit luteal cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus, which was clearly reduced at the end of pseudo-pregnancy. During this whole period, acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the saccules (g) of the Golgi stack and in the innermost Golgi element (G2), which may be part of GERL. Between both acid phosphatase-positive compartments, a negative or slightly positive element (G1) was present paralleling the saccules of the Golgi stack. This element was composed of cisternal (G1 c) and perforated portions (G1 p) and directly bordered the thiamine pyrophosphatase-positive saccules of the Golgi stack (g1 -g2). Arylsulphatase activity was present in two saccules in the middle of the stack (g3 -g4) and in the innermost Golgi element (G2). In the acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase reactions the limiting membrane of the lysosomes was more reactive than the matrix. After phosphotungstic acid staining at a low pH, the inner elements of the Golgi apparatus (G1 and G2) and the border of the lysosomes were heavily contrasted. The lysosomal matrix and the other Golgi stack saccules were either almost unstained or displayed a clearly lower contrast. It is concluded that the cytochemical difference between Golgi (g) and GERL (G) membranes is most probably the result of a specific process of membrane differentiation, which takes place at G1. There is also evidence that the lysosomal matrix hydrolases may be formed in the saccules of the Golgi stack. The strongly phosphotungstic acid-positive inner elements are, although more extended, comparable in large part with the GERL elements as described in neurons (Novikoff et al., 1971).", "PMID": 500396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4712", "title": "A unique acid phosphatase location: the transverse tubule of avian fast muscle.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity was localized cytochemically in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the chicken. Reaction product was observed in three distinct structures: T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and dense bodies. Examination of cross- and longitudinal sections confirmed that the reaction product was membrane-limited. Acid phosphatase activity was observed in sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the A-I junction and the A-band, in termyofibrillar dense bodies located along the length of the fibre and in the T-tubules but not in the surface caveolae or in the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The uniqueness of the T-tubular localization with respect to cytochemical localizations in other muscles is discussed.", "contents": "A unique acid phosphatase location: the transverse tubule of avian fast muscle. Acid phosphatase activity was localized cytochemically in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the chicken. Reaction product was observed in three distinct structures: T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and dense bodies. Examination of cross- and longitudinal sections confirmed that the reaction product was membrane-limited. Acid phosphatase activity was observed in sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the A-I junction and the A-band, in termyofibrillar dense bodies located along the length of the fibre and in the T-tubules but not in the surface caveolae or in the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The uniqueness of the T-tubular localization with respect to cytochemical localizations in other muscles is discussed.", "PMID": 500397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4713", "title": "Heterogeneity in distribution of cardiac glycogen following isoproterenol infusions in the dog.", "content": "A combined biochemical, histochemical and cytochemical study was made of cardiac glycogen distribution following intravenous infusions of varying doses of isoproterenol in anaesthetized, open-chested dogs. There was a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen levels in biopsies of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle which also exhibited a transmural gradient with the endocardial third the most severely affected. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemical studies also suggested a transmural gradient. There was, however, a marked variability within each layer, particularly the large amounts in the conduction system fibres. The ultrastructural studies exhibited a marked variation in glycogen content from one cell to the next. This was particularly evident in the complete absence of absence of granules in the contraction band lesions of isoproterenol cardiotoxicity yet substantial amounts were retained in neighbouring cells. Isoproterenol, therefore, produces a heterogenous depletion of cardiac glycogen related to the scattered catecholamine-induced myocardial cellular lesions. These relations have not previously been documented or emphasized.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in distribution of cardiac glycogen following isoproterenol infusions in the dog. A combined biochemical, histochemical and cytochemical study was made of cardiac glycogen distribution following intravenous infusions of varying doses of isoproterenol in anaesthetized, open-chested dogs. There was a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen levels in biopsies of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle which also exhibited a transmural gradient with the endocardial third the most severely affected. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemical studies also suggested a transmural gradient. There was, however, a marked variability within each layer, particularly the large amounts in the conduction system fibres. The ultrastructural studies exhibited a marked variation in glycogen content from one cell to the next. This was particularly evident in the complete absence of absence of granules in the contraction band lesions of isoproterenol cardiotoxicity yet substantial amounts were retained in neighbouring cells. Isoproterenol, therefore, produces a heterogenous depletion of cardiac glycogen related to the scattered catecholamine-induced myocardial cellular lesions. These relations have not previously been documented or emphasized.", "PMID": 500398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4714", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity in the small intestinal absorptive cells of adult rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity was investigated in ultrathin (0.05 micron) and semithin (0.5 and 0.75 micron) sections of the small intestinal epithelial cells of adult rats. The results showed that the enzyme activity was localized on the membrane of microvilli, lateral cell membranes, lysosomes, the Golgi complex, and the GERL of Novikoff (a part of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum located in close proximity to the inner Golgi saccules) of duodenal absorptive cells. The lysosomes contained within the duodenal and jejunal absorptive cells appeared to be mainly heterolysosomes rather than autolysosomes. The enzyme activity of absorptive cells was lower in the jejunum than in the duodenum, and was barely detectable except in the GERL and lysosomes of the ileum. The average numbers of lysosomes having a diameter of 0.2 approximately 1.0 microns, per cell profile in sections of 214 duodenal, 226 jejunal and 318 ileal epithelial cells were 8.9 +/- 0.189, 6.4 +/- 0.155 and 3.5 +/- 0.027 (mean +/- SE), respectively. From these results, it was assumed that both the Golgi apparatus and GERL produce some lysosomes in the duodenal and jejunal absorptive cells, but only GERL does so in the ileum. It was considered also that because of an unexpectedly high number of lysosomes containes within the epithelial absorptive cells of the proximal intestine of adult rats, these cells may possess the strong heterophagic, as well as absorptive capacity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity in the small intestinal absorptive cells of adult rats. Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity was investigated in ultrathin (0.05 micron) and semithin (0.5 and 0.75 micron) sections of the small intestinal epithelial cells of adult rats. The results showed that the enzyme activity was localized on the membrane of microvilli, lateral cell membranes, lysosomes, the Golgi complex, and the GERL of Novikoff (a part of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum located in close proximity to the inner Golgi saccules) of duodenal absorptive cells. The lysosomes contained within the duodenal and jejunal absorptive cells appeared to be mainly heterolysosomes rather than autolysosomes. The enzyme activity of absorptive cells was lower in the jejunum than in the duodenum, and was barely detectable except in the GERL and lysosomes of the ileum. The average numbers of lysosomes having a diameter of 0.2 approximately 1.0 microns, per cell profile in sections of 214 duodenal, 226 jejunal and 318 ileal epithelial cells were 8.9 +/- 0.189, 6.4 +/- 0.155 and 3.5 +/- 0.027 (mean +/- SE), respectively. From these results, it was assumed that both the Golgi apparatus and GERL produce some lysosomes in the duodenal and jejunal absorptive cells, but only GERL does so in the ileum. It was considered also that because of an unexpectedly high number of lysosomes containes within the epithelial absorptive cells of the proximal intestine of adult rats, these cells may possess the strong heterophagic, as well as absorptive capacity.", "PMID": 500400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4715", "title": "Cryo-ultramicrotomy after coating of the cut surface of the tissue block with carbon and metals before sectioning.", "content": "Working under improvised conditions it is shown that coating of the cut surface of a frozen tissue block with metal and carbon improves, when applied prior to each cutting, the sectioning properties and the handling of the subsequent ultrathin cryosection.", "contents": "Cryo-ultramicrotomy after coating of the cut surface of the tissue block with carbon and metals before sectioning. Working under improvised conditions it is shown that coating of the cut surface of a frozen tissue block with metal and carbon improves, when applied prior to each cutting, the sectioning properties and the handling of the subsequent ultrathin cryosection.", "PMID": 500401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4716", "title": "Fluorescence microscopy of viable mast cells stained with different concentrations of acridine orange.", "content": "Freshly harvested rat peritoneal mast cells were stained with different concentrations of acridine orange, a metachromatic fluorochrome known to form complexes with chromatin and muscopolysaccharides. Fluorescence metachromasia was observed in cytoplasmic granules in cell populations with intracelluar dye contents as low as 5 X 10(-16) mole per cell, one-half decade lower than required to produce metachromatic staining of the nucleus. Cytoplasmic granules did not stain uniformly throughout the cell; some granules exhibited red fluorescence and others green. As the amount of acridine orange uptake per cell was increased, cytoplasmic fluorescence became uniformly red and nuclear fluorescence gradually changed from green to yellow.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopy of viable mast cells stained with different concentrations of acridine orange. Freshly harvested rat peritoneal mast cells were stained with different concentrations of acridine orange, a metachromatic fluorochrome known to form complexes with chromatin and muscopolysaccharides. Fluorescence metachromasia was observed in cytoplasmic granules in cell populations with intracelluar dye contents as low as 5 X 10(-16) mole per cell, one-half decade lower than required to produce metachromatic staining of the nucleus. Cytoplasmic granules did not stain uniformly throughout the cell; some granules exhibited red fluorescence and others green. As the amount of acridine orange uptake per cell was increased, cytoplasmic fluorescence became uniformly red and nuclear fluorescence gradually changed from green to yellow.", "PMID": 500403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4717", "title": "[On the cytochemical demonstration of glycogen in neutrophil granulocytes: periodic acid-Schiff reaction and diastase (amylase) digestion test (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the present investigation indicate clearly that treatment of blood smears with diastase resp. amylase is unsuitable to identify glycogen in neutrophil granulocytes. This may be attributed to the contamination with proteases of commonly used preparations of diastase resp. amylase. Thus strong PAS-reactive material which presents most probably not glycogen but PAS-positive glycoproteins may be eliminated by the proteolytic activity of the contaminants. - In detail it has been shown that susceptibility resp. resistance of the PAS-positive material against treatment with diastase resp. amylase is highly dependent on both type of fixation and fixation time: Fixation with formol free absolute alcohol (ethanol, methanol), leads also after prolonged fixation time to a complete loss of PAS-staining after preliminary treatment with diastase resp. amylase. On the other side after fixation with formol containing fixatives (for example formol/ethanol and acetic acid/formol/ethanol) only after short term fixation practically a complete loss of PAS-staining material is observed. However, after long term fixation more or less complete resistance of the PAS-stainable material against treatment with diastase resp. amylase has been found.", "contents": "[On the cytochemical demonstration of glycogen in neutrophil granulocytes: periodic acid-Schiff reaction and diastase (amylase) digestion test (author's transl)]. The results of the present investigation indicate clearly that treatment of blood smears with diastase resp. amylase is unsuitable to identify glycogen in neutrophil granulocytes. This may be attributed to the contamination with proteases of commonly used preparations of diastase resp. amylase. Thus strong PAS-reactive material which presents most probably not glycogen but PAS-positive glycoproteins may be eliminated by the proteolytic activity of the contaminants. - In detail it has been shown that susceptibility resp. resistance of the PAS-positive material against treatment with diastase resp. amylase is highly dependent on both type of fixation and fixation time: Fixation with formol free absolute alcohol (ethanol, methanol), leads also after prolonged fixation time to a complete loss of PAS-staining after preliminary treatment with diastase resp. amylase. On the other side after fixation with formol containing fixatives (for example formol/ethanol and acetic acid/formol/ethanol) only after short term fixation practically a complete loss of PAS-staining material is observed. However, after long term fixation more or less complete resistance of the PAS-stainable material against treatment with diastase resp. amylase has been found.", "PMID": 500402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4718", "title": "Reflection versus fluorescence: a note on the physical backgrounds of two types of light microscopy.", "content": "Bright microscopic images against a dark background can be originating not only from fluorescence, but also from selective reflection. Selective reflection or scattering of visible light in microscopic preparations can be used for the visualization of sometimes otherwise barely distinguishable material. The images obtained superficially resemble those from fluorescence microscopy. They do not, however, result from huminescence but from selectively reflected light with wavelengths in the region of the absorbance peak of the chromophore present in the stained biological material. The respective backgrounds of the underlying physical phenomena and the conditions under which selective reflection can occur are discussed.", "contents": "Reflection versus fluorescence: a note on the physical backgrounds of two types of light microscopy. Bright microscopic images against a dark background can be originating not only from fluorescence, but also from selective reflection. Selective reflection or scattering of visible light in microscopic preparations can be used for the visualization of sometimes otherwise barely distinguishable material. The images obtained superficially resemble those from fluorescence microscopy. They do not, however, result from huminescence but from selectively reflected light with wavelengths in the region of the absorbance peak of the chromophore present in the stained biological material. The respective backgrounds of the underlying physical phenomena and the conditions under which selective reflection can occur are discussed.", "PMID": 500404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4719", "title": "Protein content, dry mass and chemical composition of individual mast cells related to body growth.", "content": "Recently developed quantitative microscopical techniques were used to study relations between body growth and protein content as well as dry mass of individual mast cells. Since previous studies had shown an age-related increase of mast cell content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin, these mast cell components were also included in the present study. The cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rats aged 44--269 days (body weights 189--610 g). All studied mast cell parameters showed an increase that was related to the growth of the animals. The dry mass increased 60%, protein 50%, heparin 50% but 5-HT increased as much as 260% during the studied growth period. There was a mutual and linear correlation between all studied mast cell parameters. Population studies, based on large scale measurements of individual mast cells from young and adult rats, were made. These studies showed that histograms of 5-HT content, protein content and dry mass of individual mast cells were skewed with a tail towards higher values and approximately lognormal. On the other hand, the frequency distribution of heparin content of individual mast cells was approximately normal.", "contents": "Protein content, dry mass and chemical composition of individual mast cells related to body growth. Recently developed quantitative microscopical techniques were used to study relations between body growth and protein content as well as dry mass of individual mast cells. Since previous studies had shown an age-related increase of mast cell content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin, these mast cell components were also included in the present study. The cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rats aged 44--269 days (body weights 189--610 g). All studied mast cell parameters showed an increase that was related to the growth of the animals. The dry mass increased 60%, protein 50%, heparin 50% but 5-HT increased as much as 260% during the studied growth period. There was a mutual and linear correlation between all studied mast cell parameters. Population studies, based on large scale measurements of individual mast cells from young and adult rats, were made. These studies showed that histograms of 5-HT content, protein content and dry mass of individual mast cells were skewed with a tail towards higher values and approximately lognormal. On the other hand, the frequency distribution of heparin content of individual mast cells was approximately normal.", "PMID": 500405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4720", "title": "Ultrastructural demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in steroid-secreting cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-linked) has been attempted in steroid-secreting cells. Rat adrenocortical cells and newt testicular glandular cells were fixed in an ice-cold mixture of 1% methanol-free formaldehyde and 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Potassium ferricyanide was used as the final electron acceptor. After incubation, the final copper ferrocyanide precipitate is exclusively observed in the hyaloplasm of these cells, provided that an electron carrier (1.0 mM PMS) has been added to the medium in order to by-pass the tissue \"diaphorase\" (NADPH-ferricyanide reductase) reaction. No precipitate appears in the absence of glucose-6-phosphate (substrate). Incubation in a medium devoid of PMS results in an exclusively mitochondrial reaction; the latter is that of the \"diaphorase\", which in these cells is mitochondrial. These results prove the importance of utilizing exogenous electron carriers (such as PMS) in coenzyme-linked dehydrogenase cytochemistry. Although polyvinyl alcohol was included in the washing and incubation media, in order to increase their viscosity, problems still exist concerning ultracytochemical localization of this \"soluble\" enzyme; these problems are discussed in the paper.", "contents": "Ultrastructural demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in steroid-secreting cells. The ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-linked) has been attempted in steroid-secreting cells. Rat adrenocortical cells and newt testicular glandular cells were fixed in an ice-cold mixture of 1% methanol-free formaldehyde and 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Potassium ferricyanide was used as the final electron acceptor. After incubation, the final copper ferrocyanide precipitate is exclusively observed in the hyaloplasm of these cells, provided that an electron carrier (1.0 mM PMS) has been added to the medium in order to by-pass the tissue \"diaphorase\" (NADPH-ferricyanide reductase) reaction. No precipitate appears in the absence of glucose-6-phosphate (substrate). Incubation in a medium devoid of PMS results in an exclusively mitochondrial reaction; the latter is that of the \"diaphorase\", which in these cells is mitochondrial. These results prove the importance of utilizing exogenous electron carriers (such as PMS) in coenzyme-linked dehydrogenase cytochemistry. Although polyvinyl alcohol was included in the washing and incubation media, in order to increase their viscosity, problems still exist concerning ultracytochemical localization of this \"soluble\" enzyme; these problems are discussed in the paper.", "PMID": 500406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4721", "title": "\"Blind focusing\": an objective method for avoiding errors of focus at the television texture analysis system (TAS).", "content": "The amount of light energy a particle absorbs does not depend upon correct focus. The change in the path of light rays brought about by defocusing causes absorbing areas to be registered as areas of higher transmittance than when in focus. Already wellknown in photometry, this effect is put to use by the \"blind focus\" method at the television texture analysis system (TAS, Leitz). Some chromophores within the object to be measured are compared to a preset value of transmittance, for example T = 0.40. Only the area representing the structures as dense or denser than the preset density are registered. If the structures are out of focus the size of the registered area is too low, since by defocusing, structures to be measured become pale and diffuse, the correct focus corresponds to the largest area to a preset value of transmittance.", "contents": "\"Blind focusing\": an objective method for avoiding errors of focus at the television texture analysis system (TAS). The amount of light energy a particle absorbs does not depend upon correct focus. The change in the path of light rays brought about by defocusing causes absorbing areas to be registered as areas of higher transmittance than when in focus. Already wellknown in photometry, this effect is put to use by the \"blind focus\" method at the television texture analysis system (TAS, Leitz). Some chromophores within the object to be measured are compared to a preset value of transmittance, for example T = 0.40. Only the area representing the structures as dense or denser than the preset density are registered. If the structures are out of focus the size of the registered area is too low, since by defocusing, structures to be measured become pale and diffuse, the correct focus corresponds to the largest area to a preset value of transmittance.", "PMID": 500407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4722", "title": "Histochemical study on the localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by androgen or thyroxine in the convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "The effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and thyroxine (T4) on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity in mouse submandibular gland were investigated histochemically. A strong positive histochemical reaction for G-6-PDH was observed in the excretory ducts of untreated male and female mice, with a slight reaction in the basal portion of the convoluted tubules (striated ducts) of males. Administration of DHT to female mice increased G-6-PDH activity specifically in the convoluted tubules. T4 increased the enzyme activity in the tubules more than DHT. The induction of G-6-PDH activity by T4 in adrenalectomized mice suggests that T4 has a direct effect on the submandibular gland.", "contents": "Histochemical study on the localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by androgen or thyroxine in the convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland. The effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and thyroxine (T4) on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity in mouse submandibular gland were investigated histochemically. A strong positive histochemical reaction for G-6-PDH was observed in the excretory ducts of untreated male and female mice, with a slight reaction in the basal portion of the convoluted tubules (striated ducts) of males. Administration of DHT to female mice increased G-6-PDH activity specifically in the convoluted tubules. T4 increased the enzyme activity in the tubules more than DHT. The induction of G-6-PDH activity by T4 in adrenalectomized mice suggests that T4 has a direct effect on the submandibular gland.", "PMID": 500409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4723", "title": "Quantitative distribution of lysosomal hydrolases in the rat nephron.", "content": "The activities of N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30), beta, D-galactosidase (beta-gal, EC 3.2.1.23) and acid phosphatase (ac-Pase, EC 3.1.3.2) were measured in the glomeruli, five segments of the proximal and four segments of the distal tubule of normal male Wistar rats. The activities of NAG and beta-gal are 3- to 5-fold higher in the first part of the proximal tubule than in other segments and very low in glomeruli. We propose that the distribution of these two glycosidases reflects the contribution of the different tubular segments to the reabsorption of glycoproteins. The maximal activity of ac-Pase was found in the straight part of the proximal tubule. It was only 1.5-fold higher than in the distal tubule. Moreover, the activity in glomeruli is rather high. We conclude that ac-Pase is not primarily involved in the handling of reabsorbed molecules.", "contents": "Quantitative distribution of lysosomal hydrolases in the rat nephron. The activities of N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30), beta, D-galactosidase (beta-gal, EC 3.2.1.23) and acid phosphatase (ac-Pase, EC 3.1.3.2) were measured in the glomeruli, five segments of the proximal and four segments of the distal tubule of normal male Wistar rats. The activities of NAG and beta-gal are 3- to 5-fold higher in the first part of the proximal tubule than in other segments and very low in glomeruli. We propose that the distribution of these two glycosidases reflects the contribution of the different tubular segments to the reabsorption of glycoproteins. The maximal activity of ac-Pase was found in the straight part of the proximal tubule. It was only 1.5-fold higher than in the distal tubule. Moreover, the activity in glomeruli is rather high. We conclude that ac-Pase is not primarily involved in the handling of reabsorbed molecules.", "PMID": 500408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4724", "title": "Surgical manipulation of portosystemic shunts in dogs.", "content": "Surgical manipulation to achieve stenosis or occlusion of portocaval shunts in 7 dogs resulted in disappearance of signs of central nervous, gastrointestinal, or urinary dysfunction. Results of blood chemical analyses and hepatic function studies as well as hepatic cellular architecture returned to normal or near normal within several months. Cranial mesenteric angiography was done on 4 dogs following corrective surgery; there was evidence of improved hepatic-portal circulation in 3 of the dogs and complete shunt obstruction in 1 dog.", "contents": "Surgical manipulation of portosystemic shunts in dogs. Surgical manipulation to achieve stenosis or occlusion of portocaval shunts in 7 dogs resulted in disappearance of signs of central nervous, gastrointestinal, or urinary dysfunction. Results of blood chemical analyses and hepatic function studies as well as hepatic cellular architecture returned to normal or near normal within several months. Cranial mesenteric angiography was done on 4 dogs following corrective surgery; there was evidence of improved hepatic-portal circulation in 3 of the dogs and complete shunt obstruction in 1 dog.", "PMID": 500422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4725", "title": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog with renal medullary lesions.", "content": "Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) administration to a polyuric Miniature Poodle did not alter diuresis. Plasma ADH concentrations were high, and urine osmolality remained low during water deprivation. From these findings, it was concluded that the polyuria was of renal origin. In addition, the glomerular filtration rate was found to be high. Electron microscopic examination of the renal medulla revealed vacuoles containing myelinic figures and fingerprint structures in the cells of the Henle loops, blood vessels, and interstitium, similar to those in lysosomal lipid storage disease. Their absence in collecting duct epithelium indicated that the defect in concentrating ability was due to a disturbance of the counter-current multiplier mechanism rather than to a defect in ADH receptors.", "contents": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog with renal medullary lesions. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) administration to a polyuric Miniature Poodle did not alter diuresis. Plasma ADH concentrations were high, and urine osmolality remained low during water deprivation. From these findings, it was concluded that the polyuria was of renal origin. In addition, the glomerular filtration rate was found to be high. Electron microscopic examination of the renal medulla revealed vacuoles containing myelinic figures and fingerprint structures in the cells of the Henle loops, blood vessels, and interstitium, similar to those in lysosomal lipid storage disease. Their absence in collecting duct epithelium indicated that the defect in concentrating ability was due to a disturbance of the counter-current multiplier mechanism rather than to a defect in ADH receptors.", "PMID": 500424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4726", "title": "Fenbendazole for treatment of Paragonimus kellicotti infection in dogs.", "content": "The effect of fenbendazole therapy was studied in 9 dogs with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by inoculation of metacercariae (25/dog) of Paragonimus kellicotti. At 42 to 47 days after 6 dogs were inoculated, they were given fenbendazole in 2 divided doses totaling 50 mg (4 dogs) or 100 mg (2 dogs)/kg of body weight each day for 10 to 14 days. Three dogs were not treated. The passage of Paragonimus eggs in the feces ceased after 3 days at the high dosage and after 3 to 8 days at the low dosage. All dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 14. Live flukes were not recovered from the lungs of any treated dog, but 15, 19, and 23 live flukes were recovered from the untreated dogs.", "contents": "Fenbendazole for treatment of Paragonimus kellicotti infection in dogs. The effect of fenbendazole therapy was studied in 9 dogs with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by inoculation of metacercariae (25/dog) of Paragonimus kellicotti. At 42 to 47 days after 6 dogs were inoculated, they were given fenbendazole in 2 divided doses totaling 50 mg (4 dogs) or 100 mg (2 dogs)/kg of body weight each day for 10 to 14 days. Three dogs were not treated. The passage of Paragonimus eggs in the feces ceased after 3 days at the high dosage and after 3 to 8 days at the low dosage. All dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 14. Live flukes were not recovered from the lungs of any treated dog, but 15, 19, and 23 live flukes were recovered from the untreated dogs.", "PMID": 500425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4727", "title": "Paratuberculosis in cattle and free-living exotic deer.", "content": "Paratuberculosis was studied among dairy cows and exotic deer that shared grazing areas at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Of the 10 dairy herds tested, 5 (50%) were infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (based on results of fecal culture). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was cultured from 9 (8.7%) of the 103 bovine fecal samples and from 4 (3.9%) of the 103 bovine rectal mucosa scapings tested. Of 89 fecal samples from 52 axis deer (Axis axis) and 37 fallow deer (Dama dama), 5 (9.6%) and 3 (8.1%), respectively, contained M paratuberculosis. Culture of intestinal necropsy samples from the same deer indicated that 3 (5.8%) of the axis deer and 2 (5.4%) of the fallow deer were infected with M paratuberculosis. The cows were tested for serum antibodies by the complement-fixation test and by radioimmunoassay. Of 95 sera tested by complement fixation, 15 (15.8%) were positive, as were 15 (14.7%) of 102 sera tested by radioimmunoassay. Culture results and serologic test results were compared on a herd basis.", "contents": "Paratuberculosis in cattle and free-living exotic deer. Paratuberculosis was studied among dairy cows and exotic deer that shared grazing areas at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Of the 10 dairy herds tested, 5 (50%) were infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (based on results of fecal culture). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was cultured from 9 (8.7%) of the 103 bovine fecal samples and from 4 (3.9%) of the 103 bovine rectal mucosa scapings tested. Of 89 fecal samples from 52 axis deer (Axis axis) and 37 fallow deer (Dama dama), 5 (9.6%) and 3 (8.1%), respectively, contained M paratuberculosis. Culture of intestinal necropsy samples from the same deer indicated that 3 (5.8%) of the axis deer and 2 (5.4%) of the fallow deer were infected with M paratuberculosis. The cows were tested for serum antibodies by the complement-fixation test and by radioimmunoassay. Of 95 sera tested by complement fixation, 15 (15.8%) were positive, as were 15 (14.7%) of 102 sera tested by radioimmunoassay. Culture results and serologic test results were compared on a herd basis.", "PMID": 500426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4728", "title": "Seasonal transmission of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes in the Texas Gulf Coast.", "content": "Sentinel calves were placed in pastures for 1 month in two environmentally dissimilar areas of the Texas Gulf Coast to determine the seasonal transmission of various gastrointestinal nematodes. Transmission was determined for Cooperia spp, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Trichostrongylus axei. Large numbers of Cooperia spp were acquired from May through November, with the peak of transmission occurring in July and August. Haemonchus placei was encountered on both field sites but was transmitted in large numbers only at one site, during August. Ostertagia ostertagi was acquired primarily from November through May, with the peak of transmission occurring in January and February. January through March was the period when the greatest numbers of Ostertagia larvae undergoing arrested development were acquired. Trichostrongylus axei was abundance in December and January at one field site. In general, trends of transmission were the same in both areas, indicating that weather conditions were most important than vegetation type in larval transmission.", "contents": "Seasonal transmission of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes in the Texas Gulf Coast. Sentinel calves were placed in pastures for 1 month in two environmentally dissimilar areas of the Texas Gulf Coast to determine the seasonal transmission of various gastrointestinal nematodes. Transmission was determined for Cooperia spp, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Trichostrongylus axei. Large numbers of Cooperia spp were acquired from May through November, with the peak of transmission occurring in July and August. Haemonchus placei was encountered on both field sites but was transmitted in large numbers only at one site, during August. Ostertagia ostertagi was acquired primarily from November through May, with the peak of transmission occurring in January and February. January through March was the period when the greatest numbers of Ostertagia larvae undergoing arrested development were acquired. Trichostrongylus axei was abundance in December and January at one field site. In general, trends of transmission were the same in both areas, indicating that weather conditions were most important than vegetation type in larval transmission.", "PMID": 500427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4729", "title": "Interaction of phenytoin with chloramphenicol or pentobarbital in the dog.", "content": "Two dogs that had been given phenytoin for control of seizures for approximately 1 year developed signs of phenytoin toxicosis (postural ataxia an d a hypermetric gait) when chloramphenicol was added to the therapeutic regimen. The signs of toxicosis disappeared within 24 hours after cessation of chloramphenicol treatment. Oral treatment of laboratory dogs with chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg, TID for 3 days) prior to intravenous injection of phenytoin increased the half-life of phenytoin from 3 hours to 15 hours. Dogs infused with phenytoin during pentobarbital anesthesia had little or no change in serum phenytoin concentration during a 2-hour postinfusion observation period, which was unexpected for the intravenous route of administration.", "contents": "Interaction of phenytoin with chloramphenicol or pentobarbital in the dog. Two dogs that had been given phenytoin for control of seizures for approximately 1 year developed signs of phenytoin toxicosis (postural ataxia an d a hypermetric gait) when chloramphenicol was added to the therapeutic regimen. The signs of toxicosis disappeared within 24 hours after cessation of chloramphenicol treatment. Oral treatment of laboratory dogs with chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg, TID for 3 days) prior to intravenous injection of phenytoin increased the half-life of phenytoin from 3 hours to 15 hours. Dogs infused with phenytoin during pentobarbital anesthesia had little or no change in serum phenytoin concentration during a 2-hour postinfusion observation period, which was unexpected for the intravenous route of administration.", "PMID": 500438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4730", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog.", "content": "Hyponatremia with simultaneous renal sodium loss was associated with the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog with heartworm disease. Antidiuresis caused expansion of extracellular fluid volume, which induced renal salt wasting and a negative sodium balance. The combination of water retention, salt wasting, and inactivation of intracellular solute contributes to the decrease in serum sodium concentration. Water intoxication due to hypotonicity of body gluids induced anorexia, depression, weakness, and incoordination.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog. Hyponatremia with simultaneous renal sodium loss was associated with the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog with heartworm disease. Antidiuresis caused expansion of extracellular fluid volume, which induced renal salt wasting and a negative sodium balance. The combination of water retention, salt wasting, and inactivation of intracellular solute contributes to the decrease in serum sodium concentration. Water intoxication due to hypotonicity of body gluids induced anorexia, depression, weakness, and incoordination.", "PMID": 500439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4731", "title": "Orbital chondroma rodens in a dog.", "content": "A chondroma rodens involving the superficial medial aspect of the right orbit was diagnosed in a 9-year-old dog referred because of chronic unilateral epiphora. Examination revealed several ophthalmic abnormalities attributable to a space-occupying mass in the superficial medial aspect of the orbit. The mass was excised; however, regrowths at the primary site necessitated additional surgical interventions. The dog was given radiation therapy, which provided encouraging results. Subtle histologic differences as well as differing epidemiologic features suggest that chondroma rodens is not analogous to the human entity of juvenile aponeurotic fibroma, to which it has been compared in the past.", "contents": "Orbital chondroma rodens in a dog. A chondroma rodens involving the superficial medial aspect of the right orbit was diagnosed in a 9-year-old dog referred because of chronic unilateral epiphora. Examination revealed several ophthalmic abnormalities attributable to a space-occupying mass in the superficial medial aspect of the orbit. The mass was excised; however, regrowths at the primary site necessitated additional surgical interventions. The dog was given radiation therapy, which provided encouraging results. Subtle histologic differences as well as differing epidemiologic features suggest that chondroma rodens is not analogous to the human entity of juvenile aponeurotic fibroma, to which it has been compared in the past.", "PMID": 500440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4732", "title": "Clinical evaluation of metrizamide as a myelographic agent in the dog.", "content": "Metrizamide, a new, water-soluble contrast agent, was clinically evaluated as a myelographic agent in 17 dogs. Nine dogs were given lumbar subarachnoid injections and six were given cisternal injections. Two dogs were given cisternal and lumbar injections; in one dog, both injections were given on the same day. The dosage ranged from 0.3 to 0.57 ml/kg of body weight, using an isotonic solution of metrizamide. Of eight dogs given cisternal injections, two experienced convulsive activity requiring diazepam treatment during the anesthetic recovery period. The lumbar injections did not cause convulsions. Satisfactory radiographic density persisted up to 45 minutes after injection, allowing time for several views to be obtained. In general, metrizamide appeared to be an adequate myelographic agent in the dog.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of metrizamide as a myelographic agent in the dog. Metrizamide, a new, water-soluble contrast agent, was clinically evaluated as a myelographic agent in 17 dogs. Nine dogs were given lumbar subarachnoid injections and six were given cisternal injections. Two dogs were given cisternal and lumbar injections; in one dog, both injections were given on the same day. The dosage ranged from 0.3 to 0.57 ml/kg of body weight, using an isotonic solution of metrizamide. Of eight dogs given cisternal injections, two experienced convulsive activity requiring diazepam treatment during the anesthetic recovery period. The lumbar injections did not cause convulsions. Satisfactory radiographic density persisted up to 45 minutes after injection, allowing time for several views to be obtained. In general, metrizamide appeared to be an adequate myelographic agent in the dog.", "PMID": 500441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4733", "title": "Clinical, clinicopathologic, and electroencephalographic features of lead poisoning in dogs.", "content": "Eleven dogs with signs of lead poisoning were examined. The principal clinical signs were neurologic and included ataxia, tremors, clonic-tonic seizures, amaurosis, and deafness. Basophilic stippling and circulating nucleated red cells were not common findings in blood films. Blood lead values varied from 0.22 ppm to 0.63 ppm before treatment. Electroencephalographic changes in nonsedated dogs were marked by intermittent high-amplitude slow wave activity.", "contents": "Clinical, clinicopathologic, and electroencephalographic features of lead poisoning in dogs. Eleven dogs with signs of lead poisoning were examined. The principal clinical signs were neurologic and included ataxia, tremors, clonic-tonic seizures, amaurosis, and deafness. Basophilic stippling and circulating nucleated red cells were not common findings in blood films. Blood lead values varied from 0.22 ppm to 0.63 ppm before treatment. Electroencephalographic changes in nonsedated dogs were marked by intermittent high-amplitude slow wave activity.", "PMID": 500442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4734", "title": "Disseminated sporotrichosis in a cat.", "content": "Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii was identified as the causative agent of a large pyogranulomatous lesion on the right forepaw of a cat. Organisms also were observed in axillary lymph nodes of the affected forelimb and in the lungs and liver of the cat. The agent was transmitted to another domestic cat and to mice.", "contents": "Disseminated sporotrichosis in a cat. Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii was identified as the causative agent of a large pyogranulomatous lesion on the right forepaw of a cat. Organisms also were observed in axillary lymph nodes of the affected forelimb and in the lungs and liver of the cat. The agent was transmitted to another domestic cat and to mice.", "PMID": 500443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4735", "title": "Comparative approach to health maintenance: definition, need, and rationale.", "content": "A comparative approach has been employed in many phases of medicine, eg, epidemiology, surgery, nutrition, cancer. It has been used widely in teaching, research, and surveillance, but little attention has been paid to its application in delivery systems. Geographic and financial circumstances often create situations in which it is extremely difficult to enter the health care system or even to know when such entry is indicated. Because the comparative approach has been successful in other phases of medicine, it deserves consideration in the health maintenance phase. The comparative approach has three major components: (1) Reliance on broad principles of health maintenance, not on specifics; (2) emphasis on health maintenance, not on curative medicine; and (3) utilization of health care systems designed for nonhuman beings to bring man into the human health care system. The ways to utilize ethically and legally the expertise of other health professionals in providing entry to the health care system and in facilitating transfer of our technical knowledge to more of the general public should be explored.", "contents": "Comparative approach to health maintenance: definition, need, and rationale. A comparative approach has been employed in many phases of medicine, eg, epidemiology, surgery, nutrition, cancer. It has been used widely in teaching, research, and surveillance, but little attention has been paid to its application in delivery systems. Geographic and financial circumstances often create situations in which it is extremely difficult to enter the health care system or even to know when such entry is indicated. Because the comparative approach has been successful in other phases of medicine, it deserves consideration in the health maintenance phase. The comparative approach has three major components: (1) Reliance on broad principles of health maintenance, not on specifics; (2) emphasis on health maintenance, not on curative medicine; and (3) utilization of health care systems designed for nonhuman beings to bring man into the human health care system. The ways to utilize ethically and legally the expertise of other health professionals in providing entry to the health care system and in facilitating transfer of our technical knowledge to more of the general public should be explored.", "PMID": 500444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4736", "title": "Comparative approach to health maintenance: how will it work?", "content": "A prototype for the implementation of a comprehensive health maintenance program is described in which the expertise of veterinary medicine is brought to bear on preventive medicine and on special generic environmental disease factors as they impact on human health. For the sake of organization and the ease of presentation, certain specific activities have been divided into two overlapping categories: environmental health and health education. The implementation of a comprehensive health care delivery system will become a reality only when the full array of health resources is matched with health needs. It cannot be overemphasized that the delivery of health care services is not exclusively within the purview of any one profession; rather, interdependence and sharing of responsibilities and activities in a team approach are characteristics of the human health system.", "contents": "Comparative approach to health maintenance: how will it work? A prototype for the implementation of a comprehensive health maintenance program is described in which the expertise of veterinary medicine is brought to bear on preventive medicine and on special generic environmental disease factors as they impact on human health. For the sake of organization and the ease of presentation, certain specific activities have been divided into two overlapping categories: environmental health and health education. The implementation of a comprehensive health care delivery system will become a reality only when the full array of health resources is matched with health needs. It cannot be overemphasized that the delivery of health care services is not exclusively within the purview of any one profession; rather, interdependence and sharing of responsibilities and activities in a team approach are characteristics of the human health system.", "PMID": 500445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4737", "title": "Interfacing professional training in health maintenance and preventive medicine.", "content": "Because of emerging economic realities of the latter half of this century, the practice of preventive medicine, as opposed to curative medicine, is becoming essential in developed and developing countries. This holds true in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine, and as we become increasingly aware of this fact, we also recognize the increasing interdependence of both fields. To determine the extent to which veterinarians are prepared to deal with this change in emphasis, two surveys have been prepared; one directed to various specialty groups within the profession and the other directed to schools of veterinary medicine. The first survey was designed to identify areas in which veterinarians felt their training had been deficient relative to decision making in applied preventive medicine. The second survey queried the schools to determine what changes had been made in their curricula to remedy these inadequacies.", "contents": "Interfacing professional training in health maintenance and preventive medicine. Because of emerging economic realities of the latter half of this century, the practice of preventive medicine, as opposed to curative medicine, is becoming essential in developed and developing countries. This holds true in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine, and as we become increasingly aware of this fact, we also recognize the increasing interdependence of both fields. To determine the extent to which veterinarians are prepared to deal with this change in emphasis, two surveys have been prepared; one directed to various specialty groups within the profession and the other directed to schools of veterinary medicine. The first survey was designed to identify areas in which veterinarians felt their training had been deficient relative to decision making in applied preventive medicine. The second survey queried the schools to determine what changes had been made in their curricula to remedy these inadequacies.", "PMID": 500446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4738", "title": "Clinical, morphologic, and chemical studies on copper toxicosis of Bedlington Terriers.", "content": "In a study of 90 Bedlington Terriers, 68 had a defect that resulted in the accumulation of toxic excesses of copper in the liver. Concentrations of copper were 5 to 50 times that of clinically normal mongrel dogs. The bulk of this excess copper was sequestered in lysosomes. When copper concentrations exceeded 2,000 micrograms/g dry liver, progressive signs of functional and morphologic disturbance appeared as focal hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis. The disorder, which appears to be inherited, could only be diagnosed by liver biopsy. It was latent for many years in some dogs but led early in life to acute or chronic hepatic disease and death in others.", "contents": "Clinical, morphologic, and chemical studies on copper toxicosis of Bedlington Terriers. In a study of 90 Bedlington Terriers, 68 had a defect that resulted in the accumulation of toxic excesses of copper in the liver. Concentrations of copper were 5 to 50 times that of clinically normal mongrel dogs. The bulk of this excess copper was sequestered in lysosomes. When copper concentrations exceeded 2,000 micrograms/g dry liver, progressive signs of functional and morphologic disturbance appeared as focal hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis. The disorder, which appears to be inherited, could only be diagnosed by liver biopsy. It was latent for many years in some dogs but led early in life to acute or chronic hepatic disease and death in others.", "PMID": 500453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4739", "title": "Agglutinins to Brucella canis in stray dogs from certain counties in Illinois and Wisconsin.", "content": "In a serologic and blood culture survey for Brucella canis in 2,572 pound dogs from eight Illinois and Wisconsin counties, 173 (6.7%) were reactive in a presumptive slide test, 41 (1.5%) were reactive in a tube agglutination test, and 6 (0.2%) were positive in blood culture.", "contents": "Agglutinins to Brucella canis in stray dogs from certain counties in Illinois and Wisconsin. In a serologic and blood culture survey for Brucella canis in 2,572 pound dogs from eight Illinois and Wisconsin counties, 173 (6.7%) were reactive in a presumptive slide test, 41 (1.5%) were reactive in a tube agglutination test, and 6 (0.2%) were positive in blood culture.", "PMID": 500454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4740", "title": "Treatment of cervical vertebral instability in the dog.", "content": "In a retrospective study, common neurologic signs and results of treatment of cervical vertebral instabilities were reviewed. In 16 large dogs, vertebrae C5 and C6 were most frequently malformed and unstable. Treatment was conservative in 3 dogs, 1 dog was not treated, and 12 dogs were treated surgically (dorsal decompressive laminectomy and wire stabilization of the articular facets in most cases). The 3 conservative treatments and 8 of the 12 surgical treatments were considered beneficial.", "contents": "Treatment of cervical vertebral instability in the dog. In a retrospective study, common neurologic signs and results of treatment of cervical vertebral instabilities were reviewed. In 16 large dogs, vertebrae C5 and C6 were most frequently malformed and unstable. Treatment was conservative in 3 dogs, 1 dog was not treated, and 12 dogs were treated surgically (dorsal decompressive laminectomy and wire stabilization of the articular facets in most cases). The 3 conservative treatments and 8 of the 12 surgical treatments were considered beneficial.", "PMID": 500455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4741", "title": "Polycystic renal disease in related cats.", "content": "Six kittens from four litters of related cats had greatly enlarged abdomens and died before they were 7 weeks old. Kittens from two litters were necropsied and found to have bilateral polycystic renal disease and cystic bile ducts.", "contents": "Polycystic renal disease in related cats. Six kittens from four litters of related cats had greatly enlarged abdomens and died before they were 7 weeks old. Kittens from two litters were necropsied and found to have bilateral polycystic renal disease and cystic bile ducts.", "PMID": 500456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4742", "title": "Trombiculosis in a cat.", "content": "Trombiculosis (dermatitis caused by trombiculid mites) in a Domestic Shorthair cat was characterized by diffuse thickening and crusting of the skin of the abdomen and limbs and by multiple papules on the face, ears, and sides of the trunk. Skin biopsy revealed acanthosis and hyperkeratosis involving the epidermis and hair follicles, mites in epidermal tunnels, and edema of the dermis, with infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells. Mites from skin scrapings were identified as Walchia americana. The cat was treated systemically with a broad-spectrum antibiotic and topically with a carbaryl and pyrethrin powder preparation. The lesions were resolved within 2 months.", "contents": "Trombiculosis in a cat. Trombiculosis (dermatitis caused by trombiculid mites) in a Domestic Shorthair cat was characterized by diffuse thickening and crusting of the skin of the abdomen and limbs and by multiple papules on the face, ears, and sides of the trunk. Skin biopsy revealed acanthosis and hyperkeratosis involving the epidermis and hair follicles, mites in epidermal tunnels, and edema of the dermis, with infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells. Mites from skin scrapings were identified as Walchia americana. The cat was treated systemically with a broad-spectrum antibiotic and topically with a carbaryl and pyrethrin powder preparation. The lesions were resolved within 2 months.", "PMID": 500457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4743", "title": "Acquired torticollis in eleven horses.", "content": "Case records of 11 horses with acquired torticollis during a 15-year period were reviewed. The cause was established in seven of eight cases and included cervical intervertebral disk protrusion, skull fracture, neurogenic atrophy, and dystrophic myodegeneration. The latter condition was considered to be the most likely cause in the three horses that recovered.", "contents": "Acquired torticollis in eleven horses. Case records of 11 horses with acquired torticollis during a 15-year period were reviewed. The cause was established in seven of eight cases and included cervical intervertebral disk protrusion, skull fracture, neurogenic atrophy, and dystrophic myodegeneration. The latter condition was considered to be the most likely cause in the three horses that recovered.", "PMID": 500460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4744", "title": "Zoonotic diseases in psittacine birds: apparent increased occurrence of chlamydiosis (psittacosis), salmonellosis, and giardiasis.", "content": "Between September 1977 and November 1978, chlamydiosis (psittacoisis) was diagnosed in 52 of 128 parrots, 5 of 12 cockatiels, 2 of 5 cockatoos, 3 of 6 macaws, 1 of 22 conures, 2 of 18 lovebirds, and 6 of 76 parakeets; 2 lories and 1 lorikeet were chlamydiosis negative. Two cases of human chlamydiosis were associated with two submissions of parrots subsequently found to have active infection. Twenty parrots (including 13 that were chlamydiosis positive), 2 cockatiels, 1 macaw, 1 lorie, and 1 parakeet yielded salmonella organisms, of which 16 were identified as Salmonella typhimurium, 8 as untypeable monophasic salmonellae of serogroup B, and 1 as S arizonae. Three S typhimurium from parrots that had been treated with chlortetracycline for chlamydiosis were resistant to tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfonamides; another isolate was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol only. Severe giardiasis was diagnosed in parakeets originating from six aviaries.", "contents": "Zoonotic diseases in psittacine birds: apparent increased occurrence of chlamydiosis (psittacosis), salmonellosis, and giardiasis. Between September 1977 and November 1978, chlamydiosis (psittacoisis) was diagnosed in 52 of 128 parrots, 5 of 12 cockatiels, 2 of 5 cockatoos, 3 of 6 macaws, 1 of 22 conures, 2 of 18 lovebirds, and 6 of 76 parakeets; 2 lories and 1 lorikeet were chlamydiosis negative. Two cases of human chlamydiosis were associated with two submissions of parrots subsequently found to have active infection. Twenty parrots (including 13 that were chlamydiosis positive), 2 cockatiels, 1 macaw, 1 lorie, and 1 parakeet yielded salmonella organisms, of which 16 were identified as Salmonella typhimurium, 8 as untypeable monophasic salmonellae of serogroup B, and 1 as S arizonae. Three S typhimurium from parrots that had been treated with chlortetracycline for chlamydiosis were resistant to tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfonamides; another isolate was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol only. Severe giardiasis was diagnosed in parakeets originating from six aviaries.", "PMID": 500464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4745", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in the juvenile dog: a report of four cases.", "content": "In four cases of diabetes mellitus in juvenile dogs, clinical and clinicopathologic findings were similar to those of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in man. However, histopathologic findings varied from the usual findings in the human disease, and lack of plasma insulin was not proved in the canine cases.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in the juvenile dog: a report of four cases. In four cases of diabetes mellitus in juvenile dogs, clinical and clinicopathologic findings were similar to those of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in man. However, histopathologic findings varied from the usual findings in the human disease, and lack of plasma insulin was not proved in the canine cases.", "PMID": 500465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4746", "title": "Primary lymphedema of the hindlimb in the dog.", "content": "Congenital lymphedema was diagnosed clinically and confirmed radiographically in five dogs. In all dogs, hindlimbs were affected with painless pitting edema at birth or shortly thereafter. The absence of popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic hyperplasia or lymphatic hypoplasia were detected by lymphangiography or necropsy (or both). Improvement was obtained by long-term bandaging in Robert Jones splints in one dog and by surgical excision of the affected superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue in two dogs. The remaining two dogs were euthanatized after lymphangiographic studies and were necropsied to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary lymphedema of the hindlimb in the dog. Congenital lymphedema was diagnosed clinically and confirmed radiographically in five dogs. In all dogs, hindlimbs were affected with painless pitting edema at birth or shortly thereafter. The absence of popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic hyperplasia or lymphatic hypoplasia were detected by lymphangiography or necropsy (or both). Improvement was obtained by long-term bandaging in Robert Jones splints in one dog and by surgical excision of the affected superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue in two dogs. The remaining two dogs were euthanatized after lymphangiographic studies and were necropsied to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 500466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4747", "title": "Intravenous leiomyoma of the bladder in a cat.", "content": "An intravenous leiomyoma was diagnosed in a 5-year-old male cat that had a history of listlessness, dysuria, and hematuria. The cat has been clinically normal for 25 months after excision of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Intravenous leiomyoma of the bladder in a cat. An intravenous leiomyoma was diagnosed in a 5-year-old male cat that had a history of listlessness, dysuria, and hematuria. The cat has been clinically normal for 25 months after excision of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 500469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4748", "title": "Elimination of sulfamethazine residues from swine.", "content": "Tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine in swine fed the drug at the rate of 500 g/ton of ration (550 g/1,000 kg) for a 30-day period depleted to 0.1 ppm or less within 4 to 10 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Depletion from the tissues and plasma of treated pigs showed a linear relationship with time when the concentrations were plotted on a semilogarithmic graph. Six untreated pigs that were placed on bedding in pens formerly occupied by the treated group developed tissue residues at or above 0.1 ppm sulfamethazine; the mean plasma concentration of sulfamethazine reached 2.8 ppm by day 15.", "contents": "Elimination of sulfamethazine residues from swine. Tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine in swine fed the drug at the rate of 500 g/ton of ration (550 g/1,000 kg) for a 30-day period depleted to 0.1 ppm or less within 4 to 10 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Depletion from the tissues and plasma of treated pigs showed a linear relationship with time when the concentrations were plotted on a semilogarithmic graph. Six untreated pigs that were placed on bedding in pens formerly occupied by the treated group developed tissue residues at or above 0.1 ppm sulfamethazine; the mean plasma concentration of sulfamethazine reached 2.8 ppm by day 15.", "PMID": 500475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4749", "title": "Mannosidosis of Angus calves.", "content": "Mannosidosis, an inherited lysosomal storage disease, was diagnosed in two purebred Angus calves in the United States. Calf 1 was 5 months old and calf 2 was 7 months old when they were necropsied. Both calves had a history of progressive incoordination and ataxia. Gross postmortem findings included moderate hydrocephalus. Histologic examination revealed intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons throughout spinal cord and brain as well as in exocrine pancreatic cells, reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, and medullary sinusoids of lymph nodes. Biochemical study of 61 blood samples from the first calf's herd revealed bimodal distribution of enzyme activity for mannosidase. Two populations could be distinguished in that herd, those with normal mannosidase activity and those heterozygous for the disease.", "contents": "Mannosidosis of Angus calves. Mannosidosis, an inherited lysosomal storage disease, was diagnosed in two purebred Angus calves in the United States. Calf 1 was 5 months old and calf 2 was 7 months old when they were necropsied. Both calves had a history of progressive incoordination and ataxia. Gross postmortem findings included moderate hydrocephalus. Histologic examination revealed intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons throughout spinal cord and brain as well as in exocrine pancreatic cells, reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, and medullary sinusoids of lymph nodes. Biochemical study of 61 blood samples from the first calf's herd revealed bimodal distribution of enzyme activity for mannosidase. Two populations could be distinguished in that herd, those with normal mannosidase activity and those heterozygous for the disease.", "PMID": 500478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4750", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle.", "content": "Cattle consuming only Kochia scoparia in a pasture southeastern Colorado became ill. Clinical signs were lacrimation, depression, anorexia, nystagmus, head pressing, and recumbency. Some cattle died acutely, with the only clinical signs being recumbency, nystagmus, and occasionally opisthotonos. Pathologic findings were pulmonary edema and congestion, hepatic necrosis and fibrosis, necrosis of proximal convoluted tubular epithelium in the kidneys, epidermal necrosis of lightly pigmented areas, and laminar cerebrocortical necrosis. When the cattle were removed from the pasture, the problem ceased.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle. Cattle consuming only Kochia scoparia in a pasture southeastern Colorado became ill. Clinical signs were lacrimation, depression, anorexia, nystagmus, head pressing, and recumbency. Some cattle died acutely, with the only clinical signs being recumbency, nystagmus, and occasionally opisthotonos. Pathologic findings were pulmonary edema and congestion, hepatic necrosis and fibrosis, necrosis of proximal convoluted tubular epithelium in the kidneys, epidermal necrosis of lightly pigmented areas, and laminar cerebrocortical necrosis. When the cattle were removed from the pasture, the problem ceased.", "PMID": 500479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4751", "title": "Correlation between pregnancy diagnosis by membrane slip and embryonic mortality.", "content": "In a study involving 7,477 pregnant cows (5,426 Holstein-Friesians and 2,051 Guernseys), each pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation, using the membrane slip technique. Each cow was examined twice, first by a veterinary student, then by a clinician. Of the cows diagnosed pregnant, 7,058 (94.4%) calved. The embryonic death rate in cows examined during the first 50 days of gestation was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than that associated with examinations after 50 days of gestation. A significant difference was found between herds in different years (P less than 0.05). There was no conclusive indication that embryonic loss at the time of or shortly after early examination was iatrogenic abortion resulting from the membrane slip technique.", "contents": "Correlation between pregnancy diagnosis by membrane slip and embryonic mortality. In a study involving 7,477 pregnant cows (5,426 Holstein-Friesians and 2,051 Guernseys), each pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation, using the membrane slip technique. Each cow was examined twice, first by a veterinary student, then by a clinician. Of the cows diagnosed pregnant, 7,058 (94.4%) calved. The embryonic death rate in cows examined during the first 50 days of gestation was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than that associated with examinations after 50 days of gestation. A significant difference was found between herds in different years (P less than 0.05). There was no conclusive indication that embryonic loss at the time of or shortly after early examination was iatrogenic abortion resulting from the membrane slip technique.", "PMID": 500480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4752", "title": "Agammaglobulinemia in a horse.", "content": "Immunologic deficiency was suspected in an 18-month-old Standardbred horse with persistent fever, multifocal bacterial infection, and neutropenia with a large number of immature neutrophils. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked depression of the gamma-globulin fraction (0.2 g/100 ml). Immunologic testing and histologic examination of lymphoid tissues identified the immune deficit as agammaglobulinemia. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG(T) were initially low and declined with time; IgM and IgA were not detectable. The horse failed to produce antibodies when inoculated with foreign antigens but had a positive cell-mediated skin reaction to intradermal phytolectin injection, and lymphocytes responded normally to in vitro stimulation by mitogens. Histologic examination of lymphoid tissues revealed absence of germinal centers and plasma cells.", "contents": "Agammaglobulinemia in a horse. Immunologic deficiency was suspected in an 18-month-old Standardbred horse with persistent fever, multifocal bacterial infection, and neutropenia with a large number of immature neutrophils. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked depression of the gamma-globulin fraction (0.2 g/100 ml). Immunologic testing and histologic examination of lymphoid tissues identified the immune deficit as agammaglobulinemia. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG(T) were initially low and declined with time; IgM and IgA were not detectable. The horse failed to produce antibodies when inoculated with foreign antigens but had a positive cell-mediated skin reaction to intradermal phytolectin injection, and lymphocytes responded normally to in vitro stimulation by mitogens. Histologic examination of lymphoid tissues revealed absence of germinal centers and plasma cells.", "PMID": 500481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4753", "title": "A quantitative computerized recording method in clinical education: a pilot project.", "content": "This paper describes an approach to a quantitative computerized method for recording the clinical education experiences of physical therapy students. While the project was conducted in the field of physical therapy, it provides a model that can be adapted to other allied health fields. The objectives, methodology, outcome and future prospects of the project are discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative computerized recording method in clinical education: a pilot project. This paper describes an approach to a quantitative computerized method for recording the clinical education experiences of physical therapy students. While the project was conducted in the field of physical therapy, it provides a model that can be adapted to other allied health fields. The objectives, methodology, outcome and future prospects of the project are discussed.", "PMID": 500482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4754", "title": "Retrograde axon reaction in the lateral vestibular nucleus of neonatal and adult rats.", "content": "Upper cervical cord lesions were performed in neonatal and adult rats (neonates survived for 10-20 days, adults 7-30 days). Retrograde axonal reaction was examined in the lateral vestibular nucleus. Nuclear eccentricity, which is a normal feature in neonatal lateral vestibular neurons, is not peculiar to adult neurons. As early as 7 days after cordotomy, neonatal neurons reacted severely, to the extent of atrophy and cell loss. Seven days after cordotomy, adult neurons were swollen, with eccentrically placed nuclei and Nissl granules which had undergone dissolution. The latter feature is regarded as the diagnostic feature in identifying reacting chromatolytic cells.", "contents": "Retrograde axon reaction in the lateral vestibular nucleus of neonatal and adult rats. Upper cervical cord lesions were performed in neonatal and adult rats (neonates survived for 10-20 days, adults 7-30 days). Retrograde axonal reaction was examined in the lateral vestibular nucleus. Nuclear eccentricity, which is a normal feature in neonatal lateral vestibular neurons, is not peculiar to adult neurons. As early as 7 days after cordotomy, neonatal neurons reacted severely, to the extent of atrophy and cell loss. Seven days after cordotomy, adult neurons were swollen, with eccentrically placed nuclei and Nissl granules which had undergone dissolution. The latter feature is regarded as the diagnostic feature in identifying reacting chromatolytic cells.", "PMID": 500483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4755", "title": "A comparison of the processes of ventricular coarctation and choroid and ependymal fusion in the mouse brain.", "content": "Lateral ventricular coarctation and fusion of the choroid and ependyma was studied in prenatal and postnatal mice. Coarctation of the lateral ventricle was preceded by the presence of a large quantity of extracellular glycogen embedded in an electron-dense, amorphous matrix lying between the ventricular walls. As the site of coarctation is approached the quantity of glycogen and ground substance decreases and eventually the cilia and microvilli of the ependymal cells also disappear and adjacent walls are joined by maculae adherentes. The glycogen may be produced by the choroid plexus. The presence of cilia seems necessary for coarctation to occur. Fusion of the choroid plexus with the ependyma appears to be due simply to entanglement of choroidal microvilli and ependymal cilia without any specialised cell to cell connexions being present.", "contents": "A comparison of the processes of ventricular coarctation and choroid and ependymal fusion in the mouse brain. Lateral ventricular coarctation and fusion of the choroid and ependyma was studied in prenatal and postnatal mice. Coarctation of the lateral ventricle was preceded by the presence of a large quantity of extracellular glycogen embedded in an electron-dense, amorphous matrix lying between the ventricular walls. As the site of coarctation is approached the quantity of glycogen and ground substance decreases and eventually the cilia and microvilli of the ependymal cells also disappear and adjacent walls are joined by maculae adherentes. The glycogen may be produced by the choroid plexus. The presence of cilia seems necessary for coarctation to occur. Fusion of the choroid plexus with the ependyma appears to be due simply to entanglement of choroidal microvilli and ependymal cilia without any specialised cell to cell connexions being present.", "PMID": 500484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4756", "title": "Arterial segmentation in the spleen of the sheep (Ovis aries).", "content": "Forty corrosion casts of the splenic artery and its tree were used to study segmentation in the sheep spleen. Twenty eight spleens (70%) had two arterial segments, a right and a left. One spleen (2.5%) had a visceral and a parietal segment. Eleven spleens (27.5%) showed no arterial segmentation, the artery ramifying irregularly.", "contents": "Arterial segmentation in the spleen of the sheep (Ovis aries). Forty corrosion casts of the splenic artery and its tree were used to study segmentation in the sheep spleen. Twenty eight spleens (70%) had two arterial segments, a right and a left. One spleen (2.5%) had a visceral and a parietal segment. Eleven spleens (27.5%) showed no arterial segmentation, the artery ramifying irregularly.", "PMID": 500485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4757", "title": "Isolation and characterization of endothelial cells from rat and cow brain white matter.", "content": "A procedure is described for obtaining pure cultures of endothelial cells from rat and cow brain white matter. The morphology of the tissue-cultured cells was studied by both light and transmission electron microscopy. Weibel-Palade bodies, described in the literature as specific for endothelial cells, appeared in small numbers in our cultured cells. Autoradiographic, scintillation counting, immunological and histochemical studies were performed. The usefulness of pure endothelial cell cultures is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of endothelial cells from rat and cow brain white matter. A procedure is described for obtaining pure cultures of endothelial cells from rat and cow brain white matter. The morphology of the tissue-cultured cells was studied by both light and transmission electron microscopy. Weibel-Palade bodies, described in the literature as specific for endothelial cells, appeared in small numbers in our cultured cells. Autoradiographic, scintillation counting, immunological and histochemical studies were performed. The usefulness of pure endothelial cell cultures is discussed.", "PMID": 500486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4758", "title": "Alterations in liver dehydrogenases during tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis.", "content": "Histochemical studies on the activities of alpha-GPDH, LDH, SDH and MDH in liver have been carried out during the different phases of tail regeneration in the lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Changes in the metabolic activities of the liver during regeneration indicate that during the initial phases of regeneration (namely, wound healing and blastema formation) the energetics of the hepatic tissue are anaerobically oriented, but later (i.e. during the growth phase) the TCA cycle appears to be predominant.", "contents": "Alterations in liver dehydrogenases during tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Histochemical studies on the activities of alpha-GPDH, LDH, SDH and MDH in liver have been carried out during the different phases of tail regeneration in the lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Changes in the metabolic activities of the liver during regeneration indicate that during the initial phases of regeneration (namely, wound healing and blastema formation) the energetics of the hepatic tissue are anaerobically oriented, but later (i.e. during the growth phase) the TCA cycle appears to be predominant.", "PMID": 500487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4759", "title": "Fibre number and fibre size in a surgically overloaded muscle.", "content": "Soleus muscles of male and female mice were overloaded by surgical resection of parts of gastrocnemius and plantaris. The effects of overloading were examined histologically after 7, 55 and 208 post-operative days, and also in teased preparations. Animals studied after 7 post-operative days showed a marked increase in muscle weight, but no significant change in mean fibre diameter or fibre number. Animals studied after 55 and 208 post-operative days showed an increase in soleus muscle weight, with fibre hypertrophy (but no increase in fibre number) proximally, while distally there was an increase in the number of fibre profiles in cross sections, some being wider, some thinner than normal. The small diametered fibres seem to persist indefinitely. From the evidence, both direct and indirect, it was concluded that surgically overloaded fibres split longitudinally into unequal parts, and that this explains the increase in fibre profiles in distal cross sections as well as their variation in size. It is clear that, because of the splitting, a surgically overloaded muscle is a difficult model on which to study fibre hypertrophy.", "contents": "Fibre number and fibre size in a surgically overloaded muscle. Soleus muscles of male and female mice were overloaded by surgical resection of parts of gastrocnemius and plantaris. The effects of overloading were examined histologically after 7, 55 and 208 post-operative days, and also in teased preparations. Animals studied after 7 post-operative days showed a marked increase in muscle weight, but no significant change in mean fibre diameter or fibre number. Animals studied after 55 and 208 post-operative days showed an increase in soleus muscle weight, with fibre hypertrophy (but no increase in fibre number) proximally, while distally there was an increase in the number of fibre profiles in cross sections, some being wider, some thinner than normal. The small diametered fibres seem to persist indefinitely. From the evidence, both direct and indirect, it was concluded that surgically overloaded fibres split longitudinally into unequal parts, and that this explains the increase in fibre profiles in distal cross sections as well as their variation in size. It is clear that, because of the splitting, a surgically overloaded muscle is a difficult model on which to study fibre hypertrophy.", "PMID": 500488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4760", "title": "The time scale of tooth development and replacement in Xenopus laevis (Daudin).", "content": "One hundred and seventy two larval specimens of Xenopus laevis were reared in such a way that their rates of development (as measured by external criteria) were similar, and so the course of dental development could be examined histologically in a cross sectional study. In this way the events of tooth development were observed, and a time scale constructed for these events. The teeth took an average time of 26 days to develop, erupt and become ankylosed to the bony pedestal, after which each tooth was in a functional position for only about 7 days. Individual tooth replacement was assessed to occur about every 16 days. By comparing the number and size of the odontoblasts responsible for dentinogenesis in 18 months old adult Xenopus laevis with the odontoblasts in the larval specimens, the conclusion was drawn that, despite the larger size of the adult teeth, the time involved in their development and replacement may well be of similar duration to the smaller larval teeth. The significance of the findings for the Zahnreihen Theory is discussed.", "contents": "The time scale of tooth development and replacement in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). One hundred and seventy two larval specimens of Xenopus laevis were reared in such a way that their rates of development (as measured by external criteria) were similar, and so the course of dental development could be examined histologically in a cross sectional study. In this way the events of tooth development were observed, and a time scale constructed for these events. The teeth took an average time of 26 days to develop, erupt and become ankylosed to the bony pedestal, after which each tooth was in a functional position for only about 7 days. Individual tooth replacement was assessed to occur about every 16 days. By comparing the number and size of the odontoblasts responsible for dentinogenesis in 18 months old adult Xenopus laevis with the odontoblasts in the larval specimens, the conclusion was drawn that, despite the larger size of the adult teeth, the time involved in their development and replacement may well be of similar duration to the smaller larval teeth. The significance of the findings for the Zahnreihen Theory is discussed.", "PMID": 500489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4761", "title": "Torsion in metacarpal bones and bilateral asymmetry.", "content": "A comparison of the relative position of the dorsoventral axes of the bases and heads of the metacarpal bones shows that these do not lie in the same plane, and that torsion can therefore be said to exist in these bones. Torsion is such that the heads of the second and third metacarpals appear to be rotated laterally relative to the base, whereas the heads of the fourth and fifth metacarpals appear to be rotated medially. The usual direction of \"rotation\" of the head of the first metacarpal is to the lateral side in the right hand and to the medial side in the left hand (P less than 0.001). In addition, there are statistically significant differences in the degree of torsion in other metacarpal bones of the right and left sides: torsion in the second and third metacarpals is greater in the right hand (P less than 0.001), while torsion in the fourth and fifth digits is greater in the left hand (P less than 0.001). All these asymmetries represent a \"lateral shift\" in the degree of torsion in metacarpal bones of the right side. Torsion in the metacarpal bones appears to facilitate efficiency of the grip: it is apparently an important factor in preventing crowding together of the second to fifth digits during flexion.", "contents": "Torsion in metacarpal bones and bilateral asymmetry. A comparison of the relative position of the dorsoventral axes of the bases and heads of the metacarpal bones shows that these do not lie in the same plane, and that torsion can therefore be said to exist in these bones. Torsion is such that the heads of the second and third metacarpals appear to be rotated laterally relative to the base, whereas the heads of the fourth and fifth metacarpals appear to be rotated medially. The usual direction of \"rotation\" of the head of the first metacarpal is to the lateral side in the right hand and to the medial side in the left hand (P less than 0.001). In addition, there are statistically significant differences in the degree of torsion in other metacarpal bones of the right and left sides: torsion in the second and third metacarpals is greater in the right hand (P less than 0.001), while torsion in the fourth and fifth digits is greater in the left hand (P less than 0.001). All these asymmetries represent a \"lateral shift\" in the degree of torsion in metacarpal bones of the right side. Torsion in the metacarpal bones appears to facilitate efficiency of the grip: it is apparently an important factor in preventing crowding together of the second to fifth digits during flexion.", "PMID": 500490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4762", "title": "Ossification and mineralization in the tendons of the chicken (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Fifty broiler chickens of both sexes were used in this study. The chickens were bought at 8 weeks old and kept until 40 weeks old. During this period the development of ossification and mineralization was followed. The chickens were killed at weekly intervals. After having been examined fresh, the tendons were fixed in appropriate fixatives and processed for histological and histochemical examination. The earliest signs of mineralization were noted at 15 weeks and mineralization was apparent on X-ray photographs at 20 weeks. The development of ossification of the tendons has been described. The fibroblasts transformed into osteoblasts which secreted around the cells and later between the fibres. This was followed by the appearance of osteoblasts and resorption cavities and then the latter became lined by osteoblasts, and osteones were formed.", "contents": "Ossification and mineralization in the tendons of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Fifty broiler chickens of both sexes were used in this study. The chickens were bought at 8 weeks old and kept until 40 weeks old. During this period the development of ossification and mineralization was followed. The chickens were killed at weekly intervals. After having been examined fresh, the tendons were fixed in appropriate fixatives and processed for histological and histochemical examination. The earliest signs of mineralization were noted at 15 weeks and mineralization was apparent on X-ray photographs at 20 weeks. The development of ossification of the tendons has been described. The fibroblasts transformed into osteoblasts which secreted around the cells and later between the fibres. This was followed by the appearance of osteoblasts and resorption cavities and then the latter became lined by osteoblasts, and osteones were formed.", "PMID": 500491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4763", "title": "Embryo surface morphology during post-gastrula development of the frog, Bombina orientalis, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "To further study the morphology of the developing amphibian embryo, and to provide a basis for the characterization of abnormal embryogenesis, surface features of the Bombina orientalis embryo during post-gastrula development were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Ciliated cells similar to those reported for Rama pipiens and Ambystoma mexicanum were observed in the epidermis. Epidermal secretory cells displaying large numbers of exocytotis apertures become prominent at the early tail bud stage and are prevalent through hatching. The surface features of the adhesive organs and gill filaments are also described. Removal of the embryo from the fertilization envelope resulted in the accumulation of a prominent mucoid matrix over the surface cells. These findings should be considered when experiments are designed which involve the effects of applied molecules on amphibian embryo epidermal cells.", "contents": "Embryo surface morphology during post-gastrula development of the frog, Bombina orientalis, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. To further study the morphology of the developing amphibian embryo, and to provide a basis for the characterization of abnormal embryogenesis, surface features of the Bombina orientalis embryo during post-gastrula development were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Ciliated cells similar to those reported for Rama pipiens and Ambystoma mexicanum were observed in the epidermis. Epidermal secretory cells displaying large numbers of exocytotis apertures become prominent at the early tail bud stage and are prevalent through hatching. The surface features of the adhesive organs and gill filaments are also described. Removal of the embryo from the fertilization envelope resulted in the accumulation of a prominent mucoid matrix over the surface cells. These findings should be considered when experiments are designed which involve the effects of applied molecules on amphibian embryo epidermal cells.", "PMID": 500492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4764", "title": "Morphological observations on the mesonephros in the postnatal opossum, Didelphis virginiana.", "content": "The mesonephros of the opossum persists for 3-4 weeks into the postnatal period. Based on our observations of its structure, and the vital dye experiments of others, it appears that the opossum mesonephros is functional during the first 10 days of the postnatal period. The mesonephros of the newborn opossum consists of 35-45 nephron units which are structurally very similar to metanephric nephrons except that they lack a loop of Henle. By the end of the first postnatal week, regression which proceeds in a craniocaudal direction, is observed. By the end of the second week most nephrons show some signs of regression. The regressing mesonephric nephrons are replaced by connective tissue.", "contents": "Morphological observations on the mesonephros in the postnatal opossum, Didelphis virginiana. The mesonephros of the opossum persists for 3-4 weeks into the postnatal period. Based on our observations of its structure, and the vital dye experiments of others, it appears that the opossum mesonephros is functional during the first 10 days of the postnatal period. The mesonephros of the newborn opossum consists of 35-45 nephron units which are structurally very similar to metanephric nephrons except that they lack a loop of Henle. By the end of the first postnatal week, regression which proceeds in a craniocaudal direction, is observed. By the end of the second week most nephrons show some signs of regression. The regressing mesonephric nephrons are replaced by connective tissue.", "PMID": 500493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4765", "title": "Effects of tenotomy on the motor end plates of fast and slow twitch muscles of the rabbit.", "content": "The projection areas of vitally stained motor end plates in normal and tenotomized fast and slow twitch muscles of the rabbit hind limb were measured. There was a significant reduction in the mean projection area of the motor end plates of the slow muscle after tenotomy. There was no significant change in the projection area of the FDL or gastrocnemius motor end plates after tenotomy. After tenotomy the deep (slow) component of the tibialis anterior showed an increase in the mean projection area of its end plates and so approached the faster superficial component in this respect. It appears therefore, that the altered pattern of activity of the slow motoneurons (which is known to occur after tenotomy) is associated with a change in the end plate size towards that normally found in muscles innervated by phasic motoneurons.", "contents": "Effects of tenotomy on the motor end plates of fast and slow twitch muscles of the rabbit. The projection areas of vitally stained motor end plates in normal and tenotomized fast and slow twitch muscles of the rabbit hind limb were measured. There was a significant reduction in the mean projection area of the motor end plates of the slow muscle after tenotomy. There was no significant change in the projection area of the FDL or gastrocnemius motor end plates after tenotomy. After tenotomy the deep (slow) component of the tibialis anterior showed an increase in the mean projection area of its end plates and so approached the faster superficial component in this respect. It appears therefore, that the altered pattern of activity of the slow motoneurons (which is known to occur after tenotomy) is associated with a change in the end plate size towards that normally found in muscles innervated by phasic motoneurons.", "PMID": 500494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4766", "title": "Efferent connexions of the pars lateralis of the substantia nigra (SNL).", "content": "Unilateral lesions were made in the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra in eight cats and in the zona compacta and reticularis in two cats. After a 10 days survival period, brains were perfused and stored in 10% formalin. Frozen sections were stained with the De Olmos-Ingram and Fink-Heimer silver methods for degenerating axons and terminals. Efferents from the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra projected to the dorsolateral third of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, medial reticular formation, central tegmental tract, amygdala, zona compacta and reticularis of the substantia nigra, ventral anterior and ventral ateral thalamic nuclei. Projections to the amygdala, medial reticular formation and central tegmental tract were seen only in animals with lesions in the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra. Projections to the caudate and putamen were more abundant when compared to those in the thalamus. Within the thalamus, projections to the ventral lateral nucleus were scanty compared to those in the ventral anterior nucleus. The present study compares for the first time efferent connexions of the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra and those of the pars compacta and reticularis. The findings suggest a specialization of the different zones of the substantia nigra with regard to their projection sites.", "contents": "Efferent connexions of the pars lateralis of the substantia nigra (SNL). Unilateral lesions were made in the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra in eight cats and in the zona compacta and reticularis in two cats. After a 10 days survival period, brains were perfused and stored in 10% formalin. Frozen sections were stained with the De Olmos-Ingram and Fink-Heimer silver methods for degenerating axons and terminals. Efferents from the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra projected to the dorsolateral third of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, medial reticular formation, central tegmental tract, amygdala, zona compacta and reticularis of the substantia nigra, ventral anterior and ventral ateral thalamic nuclei. Projections to the amygdala, medial reticular formation and central tegmental tract were seen only in animals with lesions in the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra. Projections to the caudate and putamen were more abundant when compared to those in the thalamus. Within the thalamus, projections to the ventral lateral nucleus were scanty compared to those in the ventral anterior nucleus. The present study compares for the first time efferent connexions of the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra and those of the pars compacta and reticularis. The findings suggest a specialization of the different zones of the substantia nigra with regard to their projection sites.", "PMID": 500495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4767", "title": "Calvarial and sutural re-development following craniectomy in the neonatal rabbit.", "content": "In the present investigation extensive calvariectomy was performed on neonatal rabbits and the subsequent regeneration of the calvarium was followed grossly, radiographically and histologically. The results indicate that regeneration of the calvarium is a gradual process which exhibits a definite pattern and rate. Furthermore, although the sutural articulations re-develop in their proper anatomical positions and exhibit normal histological structure, they tend to synostose earlier than controls. Of perhaps greater biological significance is the apparent importance of the periosteal envelope during the regenerative process. Maintenance of dural integrity during operation, and the re-establishment of pericranial continuity post-operatively, seem to be essential for restoration of normal sutural and skeletal architecture.", "contents": "Calvarial and sutural re-development following craniectomy in the neonatal rabbit. In the present investigation extensive calvariectomy was performed on neonatal rabbits and the subsequent regeneration of the calvarium was followed grossly, radiographically and histologically. The results indicate that regeneration of the calvarium is a gradual process which exhibits a definite pattern and rate. Furthermore, although the sutural articulations re-develop in their proper anatomical positions and exhibit normal histological structure, they tend to synostose earlier than controls. Of perhaps greater biological significance is the apparent importance of the periosteal envelope during the regenerative process. Maintenance of dural integrity during operation, and the re-establishment of pericranial continuity post-operatively, seem to be essential for restoration of normal sutural and skeletal architecture.", "PMID": 500496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4768", "title": "Cell death during the development of the truncus and conus of the chick embryo heart.", "content": "The presence of cell death in the walls of the truncus and conus of the developing chick heart was investigated by a variety of light and electron microscopic techniques. Necrotic areas were observed in the myocardial layer of the truncus and conus and within the mesenchymal cells of the truncoconal ridges and aortopulmonary septum. These necrotic zones appeared first at Stage 25-26 and reached their maximum extent at Stages 29-32 undergoing later progressive disappearance. The morphological changes of the degenerating cells detectable under both transmission and scanning electron microscopy are also reported. The possible role of cell death in the morphogenesis of the truncus and conus is discussed.", "contents": "Cell death during the development of the truncus and conus of the chick embryo heart. The presence of cell death in the walls of the truncus and conus of the developing chick heart was investigated by a variety of light and electron microscopic techniques. Necrotic areas were observed in the myocardial layer of the truncus and conus and within the mesenchymal cells of the truncoconal ridges and aortopulmonary septum. These necrotic zones appeared first at Stage 25-26 and reached their maximum extent at Stages 29-32 undergoing later progressive disappearance. The morphological changes of the degenerating cells detectable under both transmission and scanning electron microscopy are also reported. The possible role of cell death in the morphogenesis of the truncus and conus is discussed.", "PMID": 500497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4769", "title": "Neoxaline, a new alkaloid produced by Aspergillus japonicus. Production, isolation and properties.", "content": "A new alkaloid named neoxaline has been isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus japonicug Fg-551 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly stimulates the central nervous system. The molecular formula of neoxaline has been determined as C23H25N5O4 on the basis of elemental analysis and its mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Neoxaline, a new alkaloid produced by Aspergillus japonicus. Production, isolation and properties. A new alkaloid named neoxaline has been isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus japonicug Fg-551 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly stimulates the central nervous system. The molecular formula of neoxaline has been determined as C23H25N5O4 on the basis of elemental analysis and its mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 500498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4770", "title": "Herquline, a new alkaloid produced by Penicillium herquei. Fermentation, isolation and properties.", "content": "A new alkaloid named herquline has been isolated from culture broth of Penicillium herquei Fg-372 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The molecular formula of herquline has been determined as C19H26N2O2 on the basis of elemental analysis and its high resolution mass spectrometry. The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly inhibits blood platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate.", "contents": "Herquline, a new alkaloid produced by Penicillium herquei. Fermentation, isolation and properties. A new alkaloid named herquline has been isolated from culture broth of Penicillium herquei Fg-372 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The molecular formula of herquline has been determined as C19H26N2O2 on the basis of elemental analysis and its high resolution mass spectrometry. The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly inhibits blood platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate.", "PMID": 500499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4771", "title": "Antitumor anthracycline antibiotics, aclacinomycin A and analogues. I. Taxonomy, production, isolation and physicochemical properties.", "content": "Aclacinomycin A and B, two major components of a new antitumor antibiotic complex, and their 19 analogues were produced by a culture of strain No. MA144-M1, which was identified as Streptomyces galilaeus. They were isolated by chelation with copper ion and silicic acid chromatography, and characterized by physicochemical methods in the anthracycline group of antibiotics.", "contents": "Antitumor anthracycline antibiotics, aclacinomycin A and analogues. I. Taxonomy, production, isolation and physicochemical properties. Aclacinomycin A and B, two major components of a new antitumor antibiotic complex, and their 19 analogues were produced by a culture of strain No. MA144-M1, which was identified as Streptomyces galilaeus. They were isolated by chelation with copper ion and silicic acid chromatography, and characterized by physicochemical methods in the anthracycline group of antibiotics.", "PMID": 500500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4772", "title": "Preparation of delta 3-7 alpha-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid.", "content": "delta 3-7 alpha-Phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid was prepared by ring expansion of 6-epi-benzylpenicillin-S-sulfoxide, using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) as silylating and dehydrating agent and alpha-picoline/alpha-picoline hydrobromide as catalyst. In some experiments 7 alpha-phenylacetamido-3 beta-bromo-3 alpha-methylcepham-4 alpha-carboxylic acid was obtained as a side product. 7-Epimers in the desacetoxycephalosporanic series were also prepared by base-catalyzed epimerization of the benzyl 7 beta-(p-nitrobenzylideneimino)desacetoxycephalosporanate and of the S-sulfoxide of natural methyl 6-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanate. In both reactions 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN) was used as epimerization catalyst.", "contents": "Preparation of delta 3-7 alpha-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid. delta 3-7 alpha-Phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid was prepared by ring expansion of 6-epi-benzylpenicillin-S-sulfoxide, using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) as silylating and dehydrating agent and alpha-picoline/alpha-picoline hydrobromide as catalyst. In some experiments 7 alpha-phenylacetamido-3 beta-bromo-3 alpha-methylcepham-4 alpha-carboxylic acid was obtained as a side product. 7-Epimers in the desacetoxycephalosporanic series were also prepared by base-catalyzed epimerization of the benzyl 7 beta-(p-nitrobenzylideneimino)desacetoxycephalosporanate and of the S-sulfoxide of natural methyl 6-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanate. In both reactions 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN) was used as epimerization catalyst.", "PMID": 500502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4773", "title": "DNA strand scission induced by adriamycin and aclacinomycin A.", "content": "The binding of adriamycin and aclacinomycin A with PM2 DNA, and the consequent cleavage of DNA have been demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis, using an ethidium bromide assay. Adriamycin was observed to induce a single strand scission of DNA in the presence of a reducing agent, but aclacinomycin A caused much less degree of DNA breaks. The DNA cleavage was enhanced by Cu2+ and Fe2+, but not significantly by Ni2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, suggesting that reduction and auto-oxidation of the quinone moiety and H2O2 production participate in the DNA-cutting effect. The DNA degradation was dependent upon concentrations of the anthracyclines and CuCl2. The degree of DNA cleavage at 0.04 mM adriamycin was similar to that at 0.4 mM aclacinomycin A in the presence of 1 mM NADPH and 0.4 mM CuCl2. DNA was degraded to small fragments at 0.4 mM adriamycin and 0.2 mM CuCl2. The anthracycline-induced DNA cleavage was stimulated by H2O2, but partially inhibited by potassium iodide, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrogen gas atmosphere. The results suggested that both free radical of anthracycline quinones and hydroxyl radical directly react with DNA strands.", "contents": "DNA strand scission induced by adriamycin and aclacinomycin A. The binding of adriamycin and aclacinomycin A with PM2 DNA, and the consequent cleavage of DNA have been demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis, using an ethidium bromide assay. Adriamycin was observed to induce a single strand scission of DNA in the presence of a reducing agent, but aclacinomycin A caused much less degree of DNA breaks. The DNA cleavage was enhanced by Cu2+ and Fe2+, but not significantly by Ni2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, suggesting that reduction and auto-oxidation of the quinone moiety and H2O2 production participate in the DNA-cutting effect. The DNA degradation was dependent upon concentrations of the anthracyclines and CuCl2. The degree of DNA cleavage at 0.04 mM adriamycin was similar to that at 0.4 mM aclacinomycin A in the presence of 1 mM NADPH and 0.4 mM CuCl2. DNA was degraded to small fragments at 0.4 mM adriamycin and 0.2 mM CuCl2. The anthracycline-induced DNA cleavage was stimulated by H2O2, but partially inhibited by potassium iodide, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrogen gas atmosphere. The results suggested that both free radical of anthracycline quinones and hydroxyl radical directly react with DNA strands.", "PMID": 500503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4774", "title": "Amikacin dosage in the preterm newborn.", "content": "Twenty-two preterm infants of gestational age 26 to 34 weeks were treated with amikacin for suspected bacterial infection, using a dose of 7.5 mg/kg, 12-hourly, intra muscularly. Blood levels were measured using a radio-immunoassay kit capable of giving results within 4 h. One-hour peak levels showed wide variation and the mean level one hour after the first dose was 18.2 mg/1; in severe infections an initial loading dose of 10 mg/kg is therefore recommended. Trough levels in individual infants also varied considerably from day to day, but showed no overall accumulation. There was no obvious adverse effect on hepatic or renal function.", "contents": "Amikacin dosage in the preterm newborn. Twenty-two preterm infants of gestational age 26 to 34 weeks were treated with amikacin for suspected bacterial infection, using a dose of 7.5 mg/kg, 12-hourly, intra muscularly. Blood levels were measured using a radio-immunoassay kit capable of giving results within 4 h. One-hour peak levels showed wide variation and the mean level one hour after the first dose was 18.2 mg/1; in severe infections an initial loading dose of 10 mg/kg is therefore recommended. Trough levels in individual infants also varied considerably from day to day, but showed no overall accumulation. There was no obvious adverse effect on hepatic or renal function.", "PMID": 500515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4775", "title": "Prospective comparative evaluation of gentamicin or gentamicin plus cephalothin in the production of nephrotoxicity in man.", "content": "Recent studies in animal models have demonstrated that in contrast with humans, cephalothin (CTIN) does not increase gentamicin (GENT) nephrotoxicity, but rather protects against it, particularly when CTIN is given simultaneously with GENT. To investigate this phenomenon in humans a study was designed in which 67 patients suffering from mild infections were investigated. Thirty-three of them served as the control group receiving GENT alone at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/8 hourly, while the remaining 34 received CTIN at a dose of 2 g or 3 g 8 hourly by i.v. bolus, either simultaneously with GENT or separated by a 4-h interval. Findings showed that: (a) cylindruria developed in 66.6% and 82.3% and 82.3% in the GENT and GENT + CTIN groups respectively, (b) urinary beta-glycuronidase activity increased in 57.5% and 75% (c) serum creatinine exceeded by 0.3 mg the initial values in 21.2% and 27.6% and (d) the blood urea was above 50 mg% in 18.1% and 17.6% of the patients. These results indicate that: (a) regardless of the route and order of administration simultaneous treatment did not protect against nephrotoxicity in humans; (b) the combination of GENTA plus CTIN has no synergistic effect on the production of elevated serum creatinine and rising blood urea; (c) urinary beta-glycuronidase is not a significant predictor of eventual nephrotoxicity; (d) the following risk factors influenced the appearance of nephrotoxicity in both groups: (1) elevated GENT trough levels greater than or equal to 2 mg/l; (2) a course of treatment longer than 10 days.", "contents": "Prospective comparative evaluation of gentamicin or gentamicin plus cephalothin in the production of nephrotoxicity in man. Recent studies in animal models have demonstrated that in contrast with humans, cephalothin (CTIN) does not increase gentamicin (GENT) nephrotoxicity, but rather protects against it, particularly when CTIN is given simultaneously with GENT. To investigate this phenomenon in humans a study was designed in which 67 patients suffering from mild infections were investigated. Thirty-three of them served as the control group receiving GENT alone at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/8 hourly, while the remaining 34 received CTIN at a dose of 2 g or 3 g 8 hourly by i.v. bolus, either simultaneously with GENT or separated by a 4-h interval. Findings showed that: (a) cylindruria developed in 66.6% and 82.3% and 82.3% in the GENT and GENT + CTIN groups respectively, (b) urinary beta-glycuronidase activity increased in 57.5% and 75% (c) serum creatinine exceeded by 0.3 mg the initial values in 21.2% and 27.6% and (d) the blood urea was above 50 mg% in 18.1% and 17.6% of the patients. These results indicate that: (a) regardless of the route and order of administration simultaneous treatment did not protect against nephrotoxicity in humans; (b) the combination of GENTA plus CTIN has no synergistic effect on the production of elevated serum creatinine and rising blood urea; (c) urinary beta-glycuronidase is not a significant predictor of eventual nephrotoxicity; (d) the following risk factors influenced the appearance of nephrotoxicity in both groups: (1) elevated GENT trough levels greater than or equal to 2 mg/l; (2) a course of treatment longer than 10 days.", "PMID": 500516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4776", "title": "Effect of food on absorption of erythromycin. A study of two derivatives, the stearate and the base.", "content": "Two derivatives of erythromycin, the stearate and the enteric-coated base have been given in a cross-over study to both fasting and non-fasting volunteers. The stearate gave higher plasma concentrations in non-fasting than in fasting subjects. The area under the curve was significantly larger during steady state day 7 than after a single dose. The base showed larger individual variations in concentrations. The release of the drug from the enteric-coated tablets was depressed by food, but the absorption was not prevented.", "contents": "Effect of food on absorption of erythromycin. A study of two derivatives, the stearate and the base. Two derivatives of erythromycin, the stearate and the enteric-coated base have been given in a cross-over study to both fasting and non-fasting volunteers. The stearate gave higher plasma concentrations in non-fasting than in fasting subjects. The area under the curve was significantly larger during steady state day 7 than after a single dose. The base showed larger individual variations in concentrations. The release of the drug from the enteric-coated tablets was depressed by food, but the absorption was not prevented.", "PMID": 500517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4777", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of caffeine in coffee products: collaborative study.", "content": "An ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method for determining caffeine in regular and decaffeinated coffee products has been studied collaboratively. Nine laboratories participated in this study which compares the proposed UV method with the official AOAC micro Bailey-Andrew method. Caffeine content was determined on as-is basis on 8 samples of green, roasted, and soluble coffees. The coefficients of variation for the proposed method ranged from 2.02 to 6.98% for the 8 samples studied. The results agreed well with those from the Bailey-Andrew Method. The method was adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of caffeine in coffee products: collaborative study. An ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method for determining caffeine in regular and decaffeinated coffee products has been studied collaboratively. Nine laboratories participated in this study which compares the proposed UV method with the official AOAC micro Bailey-Andrew method. Caffeine content was determined on as-is basis on 8 samples of green, roasted, and soluble coffees. The coefficients of variation for the proposed method ranged from 2.02 to 6.98% for the 8 samples studied. The results agreed well with those from the Bailey-Andrew Method. The method was adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 500522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4778", "title": "IUPAC gas chromatographic method for determination of fatty acid composition: collaborative study.", "content": "An international collaborative study of IUPAC methods II.D.19 and II.D.25 for preparation and GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was begun in 1976. The IUPAC methodology, applicable to animal and vegetable oils and fats and fatty acids from all sources, contains special instructions for preparation and analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids containing 4 or more carbon atoms (analysis of milk fat). Twenty-three collaborators participated in the analysis of 5 known mixtures, 4 vegetable oils, 1 fish oil, and 2 butterfats. Several blind duplicate samples were included. The experimental data were subjected to statistical analysis to examine intra- and interlaboratory variation. Reproducibility and accuracy data for the higher fatty acid (14:0-22:1) mixtures and fish and vegetable oils were satisfactory and were in good agreement with results from an AOCS Smalley Committee check sample program involving analysis of the same samples. Typical coefficients of variation (%) at various concentrations were 15 (2% level), 8.5 (5% level), 7 (10% level), and 3 (50% level). Low recoveries and poor reproducibility were characteristics of results obtained for butyric acid in the butterfat and related known mixtures. A coefficient of variation of about 19% was found for analysis of butyric acid in butterfat, vs coefficients of variation in the range of 4-13% for similar levels of other components in butterfat and other samples. The IUPAC methodology for GLC analysis of fats and oils other than milk fats has been adopted by the AOAC as official first action to replace the current GLC method, 28.063-28.067.", "contents": "IUPAC gas chromatographic method for determination of fatty acid composition: collaborative study. An international collaborative study of IUPAC methods II.D.19 and II.D.25 for preparation and GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was begun in 1976. The IUPAC methodology, applicable to animal and vegetable oils and fats and fatty acids from all sources, contains special instructions for preparation and analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids containing 4 or more carbon atoms (analysis of milk fat). Twenty-three collaborators participated in the analysis of 5 known mixtures, 4 vegetable oils, 1 fish oil, and 2 butterfats. Several blind duplicate samples were included. The experimental data were subjected to statistical analysis to examine intra- and interlaboratory variation. Reproducibility and accuracy data for the higher fatty acid (14:0-22:1) mixtures and fish and vegetable oils were satisfactory and were in good agreement with results from an AOCS Smalley Committee check sample program involving analysis of the same samples. Typical coefficients of variation (%) at various concentrations were 15 (2% level), 8.5 (5% level), 7 (10% level), and 3 (50% level). Low recoveries and poor reproducibility were characteristics of results obtained for butyric acid in the butterfat and related known mixtures. A coefficient of variation of about 19% was found for analysis of butyric acid in butterfat, vs coefficients of variation in the range of 4-13% for similar levels of other components in butterfat and other samples. The IUPAC methodology for GLC analysis of fats and oils other than milk fats has been adopted by the AOAC as official first action to replace the current GLC method, 28.063-28.067.", "PMID": 500523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4779", "title": "Confirmation of organothiophosphorus insecticide residues in fruit and vegetables by oxidative derivatization.", "content": "Oxidative derivatization of 10 organothiophosphorus insecticides at nanogram levels, with neutralized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) produced their respective P=O oxygen analogs, as shown by GC/MS and FT-IR analysis. In addition, phorate resulted in phorate oxon sulfoxide while methidathion gave a mixture of oxidation products. Four macro-scale oxidation products of methidathion were isolated by thin layer chromatography and 3 were identified, namely, methidaoxon, bis(2-methoxy-delta2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-on-4-yl) sulfide, and the corresponding disulfide, by comparison of their infrared and mass spectra with those of authentic samples. The relative response to sulfide and disulfide products of the flame photometric detector in both the P- and S-modes is discussed. This derivatization is applied to the confirmation of chlorpyrifos, ethion, phorate, DMPA (Zytron), leptophos, and methidathion in celery, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, and apples at 0.25-0.5 ppm fortification levels.", "contents": "Confirmation of organothiophosphorus insecticide residues in fruit and vegetables by oxidative derivatization. Oxidative derivatization of 10 organothiophosphorus insecticides at nanogram levels, with neutralized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) produced their respective P=O oxygen analogs, as shown by GC/MS and FT-IR analysis. In addition, phorate resulted in phorate oxon sulfoxide while methidathion gave a mixture of oxidation products. Four macro-scale oxidation products of methidathion were isolated by thin layer chromatography and 3 were identified, namely, methidaoxon, bis(2-methoxy-delta2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-on-4-yl) sulfide, and the corresponding disulfide, by comparison of their infrared and mass spectra with those of authentic samples. The relative response to sulfide and disulfide products of the flame photometric detector in both the P- and S-modes is discussed. This derivatization is applied to the confirmation of chlorpyrifos, ethion, phorate, DMPA (Zytron), leptophos, and methidathion in celery, potatoes, lettuce, tomatoes, and apples at 0.25-0.5 ppm fortification levels.", "PMID": 500524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4780", "title": "Investigation and simplification of the sweep co-distillation cleanup of pesticide residues in animal fats.", "content": "The sweep co-distillation technique of Storherr et al. was investigated and simplified. Six organochlorine pesticides in animal fats were cleaned up under various distillation conditions as follows: No solvent was used, or solvent injection rates were 1 mL/min or 2 mL/3 min. Distillation tubes of 6.7 and 9.0 mm id diameter were compared. Distillation temperatures were varied from 150 to 300 degrees C. The complex condenser of Storherr et al. was compared with a simpler pipet condenser. A U-tube condenser which allows direct introduction onto a Florisil column for secondary cleanup was evaluated. The following modifications to the sweep co-distillation technique resulted: no solvent introduction, distillation temperature 230 degrees C, nitrogen flow rate 600 mL/min, 6.7 mm id distillation tubes with simplified packing, and incorporation of the U-tube condenser. The new technique gave recoveries comparable to those of Storherr et al., but it is faster than most bisolvent partition methods and no large volumes of solvent are required.", "contents": "Investigation and simplification of the sweep co-distillation cleanup of pesticide residues in animal fats. The sweep co-distillation technique of Storherr et al. was investigated and simplified. Six organochlorine pesticides in animal fats were cleaned up under various distillation conditions as follows: No solvent was used, or solvent injection rates were 1 mL/min or 2 mL/3 min. Distillation tubes of 6.7 and 9.0 mm id diameter were compared. Distillation temperatures were varied from 150 to 300 degrees C. The complex condenser of Storherr et al. was compared with a simpler pipet condenser. A U-tube condenser which allows direct introduction onto a Florisil column for secondary cleanup was evaluated. The following modifications to the sweep co-distillation technique resulted: no solvent introduction, distillation temperature 230 degrees C, nitrogen flow rate 600 mL/min, 6.7 mm id distillation tubes with simplified packing, and incorporation of the U-tube condenser. The new technique gave recoveries comparable to those of Storherr et al., but it is faster than most bisolvent partition methods and no large volumes of solvent are required.", "PMID": 500525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4781", "title": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of Vendex, an organic tin miticide, in apples, oranges, and tea leaves.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of an organic tin insecticide, Vendex or hexakis(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl)distannoxane (HMPD). Tin compounds are extracted from the sample homogenate with ethyl ether containing 1% acetic acid. HMPD and its degradation products are separated through a silica gel column, and analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a heated graphite atomizer. By this technique, as little as 5 ng HMPD and its degradation products can be determined with an average recovery of 67-96%.", "contents": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of Vendex, an organic tin miticide, in apples, oranges, and tea leaves. A method is described for the determination of an organic tin insecticide, Vendex or hexakis(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl)distannoxane (HMPD). Tin compounds are extracted from the sample homogenate with ethyl ether containing 1% acetic acid. HMPD and its degradation products are separated through a silica gel column, and analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a heated graphite atomizer. By this technique, as little as 5 ng HMPD and its degradation products can be determined with an average recovery of 67-96%.", "PMID": 500526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4782", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate in fruits and crops.", "content": "A method is described for the electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) after derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br). The samples are extracted with ethyl acetate, and the residual thiabendazole, benomyl, and MBC are isolated by liquid-liquid extraction into dilute HCl. After neutralization and re-extraction with ethyl acetate, thiabendazole and MBC are reacted with PFB-Br to form the PFB derivatives. Alumina column chromatography was used to clean up extracts, and the derivatives could be detected as low as 5-10 pg. Recoveries were 95-98% from fruits fortified with 0.3-2.0 ppm thiabenzadole; recoveries were 91-97% when 0.05-1.0 ppm benomyl/MBC were added to fruits/crops. The PFB derivatives were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate in fruits and crops. A method is described for the electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) after derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br). The samples are extracted with ethyl acetate, and the residual thiabendazole, benomyl, and MBC are isolated by liquid-liquid extraction into dilute HCl. After neutralization and re-extraction with ethyl acetate, thiabendazole and MBC are reacted with PFB-Br to form the PFB derivatives. Alumina column chromatography was used to clean up extracts, and the derivatives could be detected as low as 5-10 pg. Recoveries were 95-98% from fruits fortified with 0.3-2.0 ppm thiabenzadole; recoveries were 91-97% when 0.05-1.0 ppm benomyl/MBC were added to fruits/crops. The PFB derivatives were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 500527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4783", "title": "Quantitative conformation of dimethoate residues in wheat plants by single ion mass spectrometry.", "content": "A gas chromatographic-single ion mass spectrometric method was developed for determining dimethoate residues in wheat plants. The base peak (m/e 37) of dimethoate was chosen as the single ion peak, and methyl stearate was used as an internal standard for this analysis. The minimum detectable concentration of dimethoate by this method was about 0.1 ppm for a 20 g wheat plant sample. The recoveries of dimethoate were about 89% at 0.13 ppm and greater than 96% at 0.5-1 ppm.", "contents": "Quantitative conformation of dimethoate residues in wheat plants by single ion mass spectrometry. A gas chromatographic-single ion mass spectrometric method was developed for determining dimethoate residues in wheat plants. The base peak (m/e 37) of dimethoate was chosen as the single ion peak, and methyl stearate was used as an internal standard for this analysis. The minimum detectable concentration of dimethoate by this method was about 0.1 ppm for a 20 g wheat plant sample. The recoveries of dimethoate were about 89% at 0.13 ppm and greater than 96% at 0.5-1 ppm.", "PMID": 500528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4784", "title": "Mass spectrometric identification and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 2-chloroethyl esters of fatty acids in spices and foods.", "content": "The 2-chloroethyl esters of 5 fatty acids have been identified in spice and food samples by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). Twenty-four spice samples were analyzed for the 2-chloroethyl esters of fatty acids by AOAC official multiple residues pesticide procedure using GLC with microcoulometric detection. The esters of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and linoleic acids have been identified at levels up to 1400 ppm. 2-Chloroethyl linoleate was the most abundant ester in all samples. Several foods analyzed by the same procedures showed levels of 2-chloroethyl linoleate as high as 35 ppm. Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 84 to 98% for the various esters. A method using an acid-catalyzed esterification reaction was developed to rapidly determine the fatty acid content of these spices. GLC analysis with microcoulometric detection was used. Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 92 to 110%. After 2 spice samples found to be free of 2-chloroethyl esters were fumigated with ethylene oxide, the level of 2-chloroethyl linoleate reached 77 ppm. All levels of 2-chloroethyl esters were confirmed by GLC/MS.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric identification and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 2-chloroethyl esters of fatty acids in spices and foods. The 2-chloroethyl esters of 5 fatty acids have been identified in spice and food samples by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). Twenty-four spice samples were analyzed for the 2-chloroethyl esters of fatty acids by AOAC official multiple residues pesticide procedure using GLC with microcoulometric detection. The esters of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and linoleic acids have been identified at levels up to 1400 ppm. 2-Chloroethyl linoleate was the most abundant ester in all samples. Several foods analyzed by the same procedures showed levels of 2-chloroethyl linoleate as high as 35 ppm. Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 84 to 98% for the various esters. A method using an acid-catalyzed esterification reaction was developed to rapidly determine the fatty acid content of these spices. GLC analysis with microcoulometric detection was used. Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 92 to 110%. After 2 spice samples found to be free of 2-chloroethyl esters were fumigated with ethylene oxide, the level of 2-chloroethyl linoleate reached 77 ppm. All levels of 2-chloroethyl esters were confirmed by GLC/MS.", "PMID": 500529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4785", "title": "Identification of some benzodiazepines of forensic interest.", "content": "Ten benzodiazepines--clorazepate, nitrazepam, clonazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, N-desmethyldiazepam, diazepam, prazepam, and flurazepam--in solid dosage form are identified by ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectrophotometry and by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). UV absorption data and IR spectra of the 10 benzodiazepines are provided and HPLC separation methods are described.", "contents": "Identification of some benzodiazepines of forensic interest. Ten benzodiazepines--clorazepate, nitrazepam, clonazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, N-desmethyldiazepam, diazepam, prazepam, and flurazepam--in solid dosage form are identified by ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectrophotometry and by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). UV absorption data and IR spectra of the 10 benzodiazepines are provided and HPLC separation methods are described.", "PMID": 500530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4786", "title": "Identification tests for propantheline bromide.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation and identification of propantheline bromide from bulk drug substances and dosage forms, both alone and in combination with other drug substances. The method permits the specific identification of the intact drug substance, using both infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "Identification tests for propantheline bromide. A method is described for the isolation and identification of propantheline bromide from bulk drug substances and dosage forms, both alone and in combination with other drug substances. The method permits the specific identification of the intact drug substance, using both infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography.", "PMID": 500531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4787", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections.", "content": "To determine desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections, reverse phase partition chromatography on silanized, purified siliceous earth was used to separate the corticosteroid ester from the bulk of the oil vehicle. The latter was retained on the column while the steroid and the sterol and triterpenoid fractions of the oil were eluted. An internal standard was added to this eluate, which was then subjected to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The desoxycorticosterone acetate was quantitatively separated in the HPLC procedure from any free desoxycorticosterone, preservatives, and minor components of the oil. The suitability of the HPLC procedure was verified with a number of C18 packing materials, both pellicular and microparticular. The desoxycorticosterone acetate was adequately resolved from the internal standard, progesterone, with most C18 packing materials evaluated. The proposed procedure provides a suitable stability-indicating assay for desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections. To determine desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections, reverse phase partition chromatography on silanized, purified siliceous earth was used to separate the corticosteroid ester from the bulk of the oil vehicle. The latter was retained on the column while the steroid and the sterol and triterpenoid fractions of the oil were eluted. An internal standard was added to this eluate, which was then subjected to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The desoxycorticosterone acetate was quantitatively separated in the HPLC procedure from any free desoxycorticosterone, preservatives, and minor components of the oil. The suitability of the HPLC procedure was verified with a number of C18 packing materials, both pellicular and microparticular. The desoxycorticosterone acetate was adequately resolved from the internal standard, progesterone, with most C18 packing materials evaluated. The proposed procedure provides a suitable stability-indicating assay for desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil injections.", "PMID": 500532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4788", "title": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of some iodoamino acid contaminants in sodium liothyronine or sodium levothyroxine.", "content": "Some iodoamino acids have been separated and determined by high pressure liquid chromatography on octadecylsilane reverse phase packing with a mobile phase consisting of methanol, potassium phosphate monobasic, and orthophosphoric acid at 44 degrees C. The method separates and quantitates mixtures of 3,5-diiodothyronine, liothyronine, isoliothyronine, and levothyroxine. The procedure provides an accurate, sensitive, and rapid estimation of decomposition and/or impurities in standards in approximately 30 min, at the less than 75 pmole level, using an ultraviolet detector at 254 nm.", "contents": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of some iodoamino acid contaminants in sodium liothyronine or sodium levothyroxine. Some iodoamino acids have been separated and determined by high pressure liquid chromatography on octadecylsilane reverse phase packing with a mobile phase consisting of methanol, potassium phosphate monobasic, and orthophosphoric acid at 44 degrees C. The method separates and quantitates mixtures of 3,5-diiodothyronine, liothyronine, isoliothyronine, and levothyroxine. The procedure provides an accurate, sensitive, and rapid estimation of decomposition and/or impurities in standards in approximately 30 min, at the less than 75 pmole level, using an ultraviolet detector at 254 nm.", "PMID": 500533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4789", "title": "Teratology.", "content": "Two categories of collaborative studies are defined. Examples of each type are presented through teratologic studies conducted at the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in collaboration with an Environmental Protection Agency laboratory and a laboratory in the USSR. These studies and the few pertinent studies found in the literature point out the problem of obtaining repeatability and uniformity of results among tests conducted to determine teratogenic potential. Collaborating laboratories should take more time to select the procedures to be used, to standardize the intended protocol in greater detail, to train participating personnel uniformly, and to test for repeatability by use of a known teratogen, before tackling major interests. Establishment of an archives would improve duplication of published results by making available additional pertinent unpublished information. Finally, possible advantages of collaborative studies for the testing of teratogenic potential are offered.", "contents": "Teratology. Two categories of collaborative studies are defined. Examples of each type are presented through teratologic studies conducted at the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in collaboration with an Environmental Protection Agency laboratory and a laboratory in the USSR. These studies and the few pertinent studies found in the literature point out the problem of obtaining repeatability and uniformity of results among tests conducted to determine teratogenic potential. Collaborating laboratories should take more time to select the procedures to be used, to standardize the intended protocol in greater detail, to train participating personnel uniformly, and to test for repeatability by use of a known teratogen, before tackling major interests. Establishment of an archives would improve duplication of published results by making available additional pertinent unpublished information. Finally, possible advantages of collaborative studies for the testing of teratogenic potential are offered.", "PMID": 500534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4790", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of behavioral testing.", "content": "New requirements by several regulatory agencies for testing the psychotoxic potential of new drugs, chemicals, and environmental contaminants raise unique problems. In order to assess intra- and interlaboratory reliability of behavioral tests a model animal maze learning procedure was designed and run in 3 cooperating laboratories. Uniform procedures were written and identical mazes were constructed. Normal control animals of identical age and sex, but of different strains, were used by the participants. A positive control group of neurologically impaired rats was run by one laboratory. Significant differences in test results among the laboratories were found. Data obtained from the positive control animals (mean errors=28.3) indicated a learning impairment statistically significant compared to the negative control data (mean errors=12.7) from any of the participating laboratories. Based on the results of this study, a reasonable standard of interlaboratory reliability in behavioral testing appears an attainable goal.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of behavioral testing. New requirements by several regulatory agencies for testing the psychotoxic potential of new drugs, chemicals, and environmental contaminants raise unique problems. In order to assess intra- and interlaboratory reliability of behavioral tests a model animal maze learning procedure was designed and run in 3 cooperating laboratories. Uniform procedures were written and identical mazes were constructed. Normal control animals of identical age and sex, but of different strains, were used by the participants. A positive control group of neurologically impaired rats was run by one laboratory. Significant differences in test results among the laboratories were found. Data obtained from the positive control animals (mean errors=28.3) indicated a learning impairment statistically significant compared to the negative control data (mean errors=12.7) from any of the participating laboratories. Based on the results of this study, a reasonable standard of interlaboratory reliability in behavioral testing appears an attainable goal.", "PMID": 500535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4791", "title": "Collaborative studies on cytogenetic and dominant lethal assays.", "content": "Two in vivo cytogenetic studies and one dominant lethal study were jointly conducted by members of government, academic, industrial, and independent commercial laboratories between 1970 and 1975 to determine the validity and reproducibility of the techniques. The cytogenetic studies consisted of preparations and analyses of bone marrow cells from male rats for chromosome abnormalities. In the first study, participants from 4 laboratories jointly prepared slides at a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratory according to a prescribed procedure and independently analyzed the slides in their own laboratories. In the second study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at Dow Chemical Co. to reduce scoring differences and to develop a joint protocol. All participants then independently performed the exact procedure in their own laboratories, using animals from a common source. In the dominant lethal study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at the FDA to discuss protocol and to practice the technique. All participants then independently conducted the study in their own laboratories using rats and test chemicals from common sources. In all 3 studies, significant interlaboratory variability existed, and the differences varied with the parameters analyzed.", "contents": "Collaborative studies on cytogenetic and dominant lethal assays. Two in vivo cytogenetic studies and one dominant lethal study were jointly conducted by members of government, academic, industrial, and independent commercial laboratories between 1970 and 1975 to determine the validity and reproducibility of the techniques. The cytogenetic studies consisted of preparations and analyses of bone marrow cells from male rats for chromosome abnormalities. In the first study, participants from 4 laboratories jointly prepared slides at a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratory according to a prescribed procedure and independently analyzed the slides in their own laboratories. In the second study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at Dow Chemical Co. to reduce scoring differences and to develop a joint protocol. All participants then independently performed the exact procedure in their own laboratories, using animals from a common source. In the dominant lethal study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at the FDA to discuss protocol and to practice the technique. All participants then independently conducted the study in their own laboratories using rats and test chemicals from common sources. In all 3 studies, significant interlaboratory variability existed, and the differences varied with the parameters analyzed.", "PMID": 500536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4792", "title": "Intercomparison study on the determination of single administration toxicity in rats.", "content": "In 1977, the Commission of the European Communities initiated an intercomparison study to determine the single administration oral LD50 value in rats of each of 5 chemicals with the aims of comparing experimentation technologies, determining the degree of variation in the results and the various parameters used to establish the LD50 value, and establishing a common protocol for the determination of the LD50 value. Sixty-five laboratories in 8 countries took part in the first study. The significant variation in protocol may have led to the large interlaboratory variation observed in the results. Therefore, participating laboratories carried out a second study using a common protocol, preceded by a pilot study. A total of 100 laboratories in 13 countries participated. A majority of results of the second study are currently being analyzed, and the indications are that the interlaboratory variation has been significantly reduced.", "contents": "Intercomparison study on the determination of single administration toxicity in rats. In 1977, the Commission of the European Communities initiated an intercomparison study to determine the single administration oral LD50 value in rats of each of 5 chemicals with the aims of comparing experimentation technologies, determining the degree of variation in the results and the various parameters used to establish the LD50 value, and establishing a common protocol for the determination of the LD50 value. Sixty-five laboratories in 8 countries took part in the first study. The significant variation in protocol may have led to the large interlaboratory variation observed in the results. Therefore, participating laboratories carried out a second study using a common protocol, preceded by a pilot study. A total of 100 laboratories in 13 countries participated. A majority of results of the second study are currently being analyzed, and the indications are that the interlaboratory variation has been significantly reduced.", "PMID": 500537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4793", "title": "Comparison of studies on saccharin and sodium nitrite.", "content": "A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.", "contents": "Comparison of studies on saccharin and sodium nitrite. A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.", "PMID": 500538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4794", "title": "Comparison of carcinogenicity studies with aldrin and dieldrin.", "content": "Laboratory testing of animals is the principal method used to identify chemical carcinogens. However conflicting results are often obtained. This is emphasized in a cross-comparison of 6 aldrin-dieldrin studies; 3 were positive for tumor induction and 3 were negative. Four components of the assays are examined: husbandry, compound administration, observation, and interpretation of results.", "contents": "Comparison of carcinogenicity studies with aldrin and dieldrin. Laboratory testing of animals is the principal method used to identify chemical carcinogens. However conflicting results are often obtained. This is emphasized in a cross-comparison of 6 aldrin-dieldrin studies; 3 were positive for tumor induction and 3 were negative. Four components of the assays are examined: husbandry, compound administration, observation, and interpretation of results.", "PMID": 500539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4795", "title": "Sensitive thin layer chromatographic detection of high fructose corn sirup and other adulterants in honey.", "content": "A highly sensitive procedure has been developed to detect the undeclared addition of high fructose corn sirup (HFCS) to honey. Carbohydrates must be separated first to achieve the requisite degree of sensitivity; charcoal-Celite chromatography was used to isolate a fraction containing oligo- and polysaccharides. The fraction was then concentrated and examined by thin layer chromatography on silica gel. Pure honeys yielded only 1 or 2 blue-grey or blue-brown spots at Rf values greater than 0.35; a series of spots or blue streaks extending from the origin characterized adulterated samples. The method detects HFCS and conventional honey adulterants at levels as low as 10% or less of the total mixture. In addition, the procedure detects the presence in honey of all starch-derived sugar sirups tested thus far, regardless of the plant source.", "contents": "Sensitive thin layer chromatographic detection of high fructose corn sirup and other adulterants in honey. A highly sensitive procedure has been developed to detect the undeclared addition of high fructose corn sirup (HFCS) to honey. Carbohydrates must be separated first to achieve the requisite degree of sensitivity; charcoal-Celite chromatography was used to isolate a fraction containing oligo- and polysaccharides. The fraction was then concentrated and examined by thin layer chromatography on silica gel. Pure honeys yielded only 1 or 2 blue-grey or blue-brown spots at Rf values greater than 0.35; a series of spots or blue streaks extending from the origin characterized adulterated samples. The method detects HFCS and conventional honey adulterants at levels as low as 10% or less of the total mixture. In addition, the procedure detects the presence in honey of all starch-derived sugar sirups tested thus far, regardless of the plant source.", "PMID": 500540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4796", "title": "Charcoal column/thin layer chromatographic method for high fructose corn sirup and spectrophotometric method for hydroxymethylfurfural in honey: collaborative studies.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric method is described for determining hydroxymethylfurfural in honey in which interfering background absorption of honey is corrected for by use of a bisulfite-treated sample as blank. Two procedures for detecting high-fructose corn sirup (HFCS) in honey were also tested. In one, charcoal column pretreatment is used to concentrate trace oligosaccharides, followed by thin layer chromatography to differentiate those of HFCS from those of honey. The other method depends on measurement of the isomaltose/maltose ratio by gas-liquid chromatography. The charcoal/thin layer chromatographic method for HFCS has been adopted official first action. The bisulfite method for hydroxymethylfurfural has been adopted interim first action.", "contents": "Charcoal column/thin layer chromatographic method for high fructose corn sirup and spectrophotometric method for hydroxymethylfurfural in honey: collaborative studies. A new spectrophotometric method is described for determining hydroxymethylfurfural in honey in which interfering background absorption of honey is corrected for by use of a bisulfite-treated sample as blank. Two procedures for detecting high-fructose corn sirup (HFCS) in honey were also tested. In one, charcoal column pretreatment is used to concentrate trace oligosaccharides, followed by thin layer chromatography to differentiate those of HFCS from those of honey. The other method depends on measurement of the isomaltose/maltose ratio by gas-liquid chromatography. The charcoal/thin layer chromatographic method for HFCS has been adopted official first action. The bisulfite method for hydroxymethylfurfural has been adopted interim first action.", "PMID": 500541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4797", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and soft drinks.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the simple and rapid determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and also in soft drinks. An alkaline solution of sample was extracted with ethyl ether to remove fatty substances, and H2SO4 was added to water layer to adjust the pH to less than 2. The acidified layer was saturated with NaCl and then extracted with ether. After drying, the ether layer was concentrated and the adipic acid in the concentrate was methylated using the diazomethane methograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Recovery of adipic acid from crackling candy and from 2 kinds of soft drinks that had been fortified at the 200 ppm level was 96%. An interlaboratory test was carried out on the determination of adipic acid in orange soft drink. The results obtained by 6 laboratories were between 91 and 100% compared with the theoretical value.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and soft drinks. A procedure was developed for the simple and rapid determination of adipic acid in crackling candy and also in soft drinks. An alkaline solution of sample was extracted with ethyl ether to remove fatty substances, and H2SO4 was added to water layer to adjust the pH to less than 2. The acidified layer was saturated with NaCl and then extracted with ether. After drying, the ether layer was concentrated and the adipic acid in the concentrate was methylated using the diazomethane methograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Recovery of adipic acid from crackling candy and from 2 kinds of soft drinks that had been fortified at the 200 ppm level was 96%. An interlaboratory test was carried out on the determination of adipic acid in orange soft drink. The results obtained by 6 laboratories were between 91 and 100% compared with the theoretical value.", "PMID": 500542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4798", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sorbic acid and sodium benzoate in table sirup.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid and sodium benzoate in table sirup. The preservatives are extracted from acidified sirup with ethyl acetate and are analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a glass column (4 ft X 4 mm id) containing 9% SP-1200 and 2% H3PO4 on Chromosorb W (AW). Coefficients of variation for sorbic acid and sodium benzoate are 0.62 and 0.41%, respectively. Analysis time is less than 20 min, with recoveries exceeding 90%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sorbic acid and sodium benzoate in table sirup. A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid and sodium benzoate in table sirup. The preservatives are extracted from acidified sirup with ethyl acetate and are analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a glass column (4 ft X 4 mm id) containing 9% SP-1200 and 2% H3PO4 on Chromosorb W (AW). Coefficients of variation for sorbic acid and sodium benzoate are 0.62 and 0.41%, respectively. Analysis time is less than 20 min, with recoveries exceeding 90%.", "PMID": 500543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4799", "title": "Aflatoxigenic potential of dried figs, apricots, pineapples, and raisins.", "content": "Spores from 3 aflatoxigenic strains were applied to the surface of dried figs, pineapple slices, apricots, and raisins. Half of the samples of each foodstuff was autoclaved (cooked) before inoculation. All 3 strains produced some toxin but not in all of the foodstuffs. No aflatoxins were found in any of the raisin cultures. The overall potential for toxin production in the dried fruit was apricot greater than fig greater than pineapple greater than raisin. Among the cooked substrates, the order was apricot greater than pineapple greater than fig=raisin. For the raw dried fruits, the ranking was fig greater than pineapple greater than apricot greater than or equal to raisin. Pineapple was considered the best broad spectrum substrate of the foodstuffs evaluated in the study.", "contents": "Aflatoxigenic potential of dried figs, apricots, pineapples, and raisins. Spores from 3 aflatoxigenic strains were applied to the surface of dried figs, pineapple slices, apricots, and raisins. Half of the samples of each foodstuff was autoclaved (cooked) before inoculation. All 3 strains produced some toxin but not in all of the foodstuffs. No aflatoxins were found in any of the raisin cultures. The overall potential for toxin production in the dried fruit was apricot greater than fig greater than pineapple greater than raisin. Among the cooked substrates, the order was apricot greater than pineapple greater than fig=raisin. For the raw dried fruits, the ranking was fig greater than pineapple greater than apricot greater than or equal to raisin. Pineapple was considered the best broad spectrum substrate of the foodstuffs evaluated in the study.", "PMID": 500544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4800", "title": "Products of endogenous N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity of Dictyostelium discoideum during growth and early development.", "content": "In the presence of Mn2+ and uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-D-[14C]glucosamine, a total particulate fraction prepared from Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae catalyzed the transfer of N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine to endogenous membrane protein acceptors. No transfer to lipid acceptors was evident. The 14C products obtained from growth-phase and aggregation-competent amoebae were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion. The respective glycopeptides appeared identical in their chemical and chromatographic properties, suggesting that the same activity was functioning in both growing and differentiating cells. The results provided no evidence for developmental regulation of this activity in D. discoideum.", "contents": "Products of endogenous N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity of Dictyostelium discoideum during growth and early development. In the presence of Mn2+ and uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-D-[14C]glucosamine, a total particulate fraction prepared from Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae catalyzed the transfer of N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine to endogenous membrane protein acceptors. No transfer to lipid acceptors was evident. The 14C products obtained from growth-phase and aggregation-competent amoebae were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion. The respective glycopeptides appeared identical in their chemical and chromatographic properties, suggesting that the same activity was functioning in both growing and differentiating cells. The results provided no evidence for developmental regulation of this activity in D. discoideum.", "PMID": 500556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4801", "title": "Hydroxy amino acid metabolism in Pseudomonas cepacia: role of L-serine deaminase in dissimilation of serine, glycine, and threonine.", "content": "Growth of Pseudomonas cepacia (P. multivorans) on serine depended upon induction of a previously undescribed L-serine deaminase distinct from threonine deaminase. Formation of the enzyme was induced during growth on serine, glycine, or threonine. The induction pattern reflected a role of the enzyme in catabolism of these three amino acids. Both threonine and glycine supported growth of serine auxotrophs and were presumably converted to serine and pyruvate in the course of their degradation. Mutant strains deficient in serine deaminase, or unable to use pyruvate as a carbon source, failed to utilize serine or glycine and grew poorly with threonine, whereas strains deficient in threonine dehydrogenase or alpha-amino beta-ketobutyrate:coenzyme A ligase (which together convert threonine to glycine and acetyl coenzyme A) failed to utilize threonine or derepress serine deaminase in the presence of this amino acid. The results confirm for the first time the role of alpha-amin beta-ketobutyrate:coenzyme A ligase in threonine degradation and indicate that threonine does not mimic serine as an inducer of serine deaminase.", "contents": "Hydroxy amino acid metabolism in Pseudomonas cepacia: role of L-serine deaminase in dissimilation of serine, glycine, and threonine. Growth of Pseudomonas cepacia (P. multivorans) on serine depended upon induction of a previously undescribed L-serine deaminase distinct from threonine deaminase. Formation of the enzyme was induced during growth on serine, glycine, or threonine. The induction pattern reflected a role of the enzyme in catabolism of these three amino acids. Both threonine and glycine supported growth of serine auxotrophs and were presumably converted to serine and pyruvate in the course of their degradation. Mutant strains deficient in serine deaminase, or unable to use pyruvate as a carbon source, failed to utilize serine or glycine and grew poorly with threonine, whereas strains deficient in threonine dehydrogenase or alpha-amino beta-ketobutyrate:coenzyme A ligase (which together convert threonine to glycine and acetyl coenzyme A) failed to utilize threonine or derepress serine deaminase in the presence of this amino acid. The results confirm for the first time the role of alpha-amin beta-ketobutyrate:coenzyme A ligase in threonine degradation and indicate that threonine does not mimic serine as an inducer of serine deaminase.", "PMID": 500557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4802", "title": "Menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis: conversion of o-succinylbenzoic acid to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid by Mycobacterium phlei enzymes.", "content": "The coenzyme A (CoA) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent conversion of o-succinylbenzoic acid (4-[2'-carboxyphenyl]-4-oxobutyric acid) to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acids is an important step in menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis. Cell-free extracts catalyzing this conversion, obtained from Mycobacterium phlei, were separated into three protein fractions by treatment with protamine sulfate. The second fraction (fraction B) and the supernatant (fraction S) alone did not catalyze dihydroxynaphthoate formation, but did so in combination. All of the results were consistent with the formation of an unstable intermediate, likely an o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA compound, by the action of fraction S. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate was required in this reaction and adenosine 5'-monophosphate was formed. This enzyme activity was termed o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA synthetase: the enzyme showed a marked stability to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The presumed o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA derivate was rather unstable; under a variety of conditions, it was converted to a spirodilactone form of o-succinylbenzoate. Fraction B contained an enzyme, termed naphthoate synthase, which converted the o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA derivative to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate.", "contents": "Menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis: conversion of o-succinylbenzoic acid to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid by Mycobacterium phlei enzymes. The coenzyme A (CoA) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent conversion of o-succinylbenzoic acid (4-[2'-carboxyphenyl]-4-oxobutyric acid) to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acids is an important step in menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis. Cell-free extracts catalyzing this conversion, obtained from Mycobacterium phlei, were separated into three protein fractions by treatment with protamine sulfate. The second fraction (fraction B) and the supernatant (fraction S) alone did not catalyze dihydroxynaphthoate formation, but did so in combination. All of the results were consistent with the formation of an unstable intermediate, likely an o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA compound, by the action of fraction S. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate was required in this reaction and adenosine 5'-monophosphate was formed. This enzyme activity was termed o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA synthetase: the enzyme showed a marked stability to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The presumed o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA derivate was rather unstable; under a variety of conditions, it was converted to a spirodilactone form of o-succinylbenzoate. Fraction B contained an enzyme, termed naphthoate synthase, which converted the o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA derivative to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate.", "PMID": 500558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4803", "title": "Fertility properties and regulation of antimicrobial substance production by plasmid SCP2 of Streptomyces coelicolor.", "content": "Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) possesses two plasmids (SCP1 and SCP2) that act as sex factors. The plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from S. coelicolor A3(2) SCP1- strains A617 and A585 had the same molecular weight and endonuclease cleavage pattern as the SCP2 plasmid. The plasmidless strain S18 SCP2- was isolated from the A617 X A585 cross. SCP2 plasmid-containing strains acted as donors of chromosomal markers, whereas the plasmidless strain acted as recipient. The transfer of SCP2+ donor strain markers into the SCP2- recipient occurred at high frequencies (approximately 75%), was unidirectional, was initiated from a fixed region of the chromosome, and had the SCP2 fertility factor transferred first. The introduction of the SCP2 plasmid into a recipient strain greatly reduced the recombination frequency. These fertility properties differed from those previously reported, thereby suggesting that the SCP2 plasmid examined in this investigation may be an additional variant to those described in the literature. The SCP2 plasmid also regulated production of three antibacterial substances and conveyed resistance for S. coelicolor A3(2) strains against growth inhibition by one of them.", "contents": "Fertility properties and regulation of antimicrobial substance production by plasmid SCP2 of Streptomyces coelicolor. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) possesses two plasmids (SCP1 and SCP2) that act as sex factors. The plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from S. coelicolor A3(2) SCP1- strains A617 and A585 had the same molecular weight and endonuclease cleavage pattern as the SCP2 plasmid. The plasmidless strain S18 SCP2- was isolated from the A617 X A585 cross. SCP2 plasmid-containing strains acted as donors of chromosomal markers, whereas the plasmidless strain acted as recipient. The transfer of SCP2+ donor strain markers into the SCP2- recipient occurred at high frequencies (approximately 75%), was unidirectional, was initiated from a fixed region of the chromosome, and had the SCP2 fertility factor transferred first. The introduction of the SCP2 plasmid into a recipient strain greatly reduced the recombination frequency. These fertility properties differed from those previously reported, thereby suggesting that the SCP2 plasmid examined in this investigation may be an additional variant to those described in the literature. The SCP2 plasmid also regulated production of three antibacterial substances and conveyed resistance for S. coelicolor A3(2) strains against growth inhibition by one of them.", "PMID": 500559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4804", "title": "Mechanism of acetate synthesis from CO2 by Clostridium acidiurici.", "content": "Total synthesis of acetate from CO2 by Clostridium acidiurici during fermentations of hypoxanthine has been shown to involve synthesis of glycine from methylenetetrahydrofolate, CO2, and NH3. The glycine is converted to serine by the addition of methylenetetrahydrofolate, and the resulting serine is converted to pyruvate, which is decarboxylated to form acetate. Since CO2 is converted to methylenetetrahydrofolate, both carbons of the acetate are derived from CO2. The evidence supporting this pathway is based on (i) the demonstration that glycine decarboxylase is present in C. acidiurici, (ii) the fact that glycine is synthesized by crude extracts at a rate which is rapid enough to account for the in vivo synthesis of acetate from CO2, (iii) the fact that methylenetetrahydrofolate is an intermediate in the formation of both carbons of acetate from CO2, and (iv) the fact that the alpha carbon of glycine is the source of the carboxyl group of acetate. Evidence is presented that this synthesis of acetate does not involve carboxylation of a methyl corrinoid enzyme such as occurs in Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum. Thus, there are two different mechanisms for the total synthesis of acetate from CO2 by clostridia.", "contents": "Mechanism of acetate synthesis from CO2 by Clostridium acidiurici. Total synthesis of acetate from CO2 by Clostridium acidiurici during fermentations of hypoxanthine has been shown to involve synthesis of glycine from methylenetetrahydrofolate, CO2, and NH3. The glycine is converted to serine by the addition of methylenetetrahydrofolate, and the resulting serine is converted to pyruvate, which is decarboxylated to form acetate. Since CO2 is converted to methylenetetrahydrofolate, both carbons of the acetate are derived from CO2. The evidence supporting this pathway is based on (i) the demonstration that glycine decarboxylase is present in C. acidiurici, (ii) the fact that glycine is synthesized by crude extracts at a rate which is rapid enough to account for the in vivo synthesis of acetate from CO2, (iii) the fact that methylenetetrahydrofolate is an intermediate in the formation of both carbons of acetate from CO2, and (iv) the fact that the alpha carbon of glycine is the source of the carboxyl group of acetate. Evidence is presented that this synthesis of acetate does not involve carboxylation of a methyl corrinoid enzyme such as occurs in Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum. Thus, there are two different mechanisms for the total synthesis of acetate from CO2 by clostridia.", "PMID": 500560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4805", "title": "Protein turnover in the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus.", "content": "Protein turnover in the extreme bacterial thermophile Thermus aquaticus was examined in exponential cultures at 75 degrees C. The relative amount of [3H]leucine incorporated into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was stable in pulse-chase experiments assayed over 2.5 h. The trichloroacetic acid-insoluble radioactive leucine was stable upon the addition of chloramphenicol, which blocks protein synthesis in T. aquaticus. The specific activity of a phosphate-repressible alkaline phosphatase, investigated in the presence of chloramphenicol, did not decrease. The addition of excess orthophosphate to cultures derepressed for the alkaline phosphatase did not show a marked effect on the specific activity over a 2-h period. On the basis of these four experiments, it does not appear that a high protein turnover rate is essential for the thermophily of T. aquaticus at 75 degrees C.", "contents": "Protein turnover in the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. Protein turnover in the extreme bacterial thermophile Thermus aquaticus was examined in exponential cultures at 75 degrees C. The relative amount of [3H]leucine incorporated into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was stable in pulse-chase experiments assayed over 2.5 h. The trichloroacetic acid-insoluble radioactive leucine was stable upon the addition of chloramphenicol, which blocks protein synthesis in T. aquaticus. The specific activity of a phosphate-repressible alkaline phosphatase, investigated in the presence of chloramphenicol, did not decrease. The addition of excess orthophosphate to cultures derepressed for the alkaline phosphatase did not show a marked effect on the specific activity over a 2-h period. On the basis of these four experiments, it does not appear that a high protein turnover rate is essential for the thermophily of T. aquaticus at 75 degrees C.", "PMID": 500561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4806", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosylated glycerolphosphate polymers in Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "Two types of glycosylated glycerolphosphates were synthesized when a particulate enzyme prepared from Streptococcus sanguis was incubated with [3H]-phosphatidylglycerol and uridine diphosphate-[14C]glucose in the presence of MgCl2. The first type was extractable with saline and contained no fatty acid. The second type was pellet bound and could be extracted with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both types of polymers were purified and partially characterized. The first type of polymer was fractionated into five polymers, peaks 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, and 3b. All except peak 2a, which contained only [3H]glycerol, contained both [3H]glycerol and [14C]glucose. [3H]NaBH4 reduction of acid hydrolysates of the polymers revealed that all of the polymers contained glucose as the major sugar componenta nd xylose as the minor sugar component. The second type of polymer was fractionated into three polymers, P-1, P-2, and P-3. All contained [3H]-glycerol, [14C]glucose, and fatty acids. P-1 appeared to be pure, whereas P-2 and P-3 contained two polymers each, as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosylated glycerolphosphate polymers in Streptococcus sanguis. Two types of glycosylated glycerolphosphates were synthesized when a particulate enzyme prepared from Streptococcus sanguis was incubated with [3H]-phosphatidylglycerol and uridine diphosphate-[14C]glucose in the presence of MgCl2. The first type was extractable with saline and contained no fatty acid. The second type was pellet bound and could be extracted with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both types of polymers were purified and partially characterized. The first type of polymer was fractionated into five polymers, peaks 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, and 3b. All except peak 2a, which contained only [3H]glycerol, contained both [3H]glycerol and [14C]glucose. [3H]NaBH4 reduction of acid hydrolysates of the polymers revealed that all of the polymers contained glucose as the major sugar componenta nd xylose as the minor sugar component. The second type of polymer was fractionated into three polymers, P-1, P-2, and P-3. All contained [3H]-glycerol, [14C]glucose, and fatty acids. P-1 appeared to be pure, whereas P-2 and P-3 contained two polymers each, as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 500562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4807", "title": "Aromatic aminotransferases in coryneform bacteria.", "content": "Species of coryneform bacteria (Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, and B. ammoniagenes) are capable of transaminating all three of the aromatic pathway intermediates; prephenate, phenylpyruvate, and 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate. Two molecular species of aromatic aminotransferase (denoted aminotransferase I and aminotransferase II) were partially purified from C. glutamicum and B. flavum, whereas a single aromatic aminotransferase was isolated from B. ammoniagenes. In both C. glutamicum and B. flavum, aromatic aminotransferase I and aromatic aminotransferase II have molecular weights of about 155,000 and 260,000 respectively. The two aromatic aminotransferases from C. glutamicum and B. flavum, although exhibiting a similar spectrum of overlapping specificities, differ substantially in substrate preference. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is tightly associated with these aminotransferases, since little loss of activity was detected when partially purified enzyme preparations were assayed in the absence of exogenous pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The aminotransferases are quite sensitive to inhibition by phenylhydrazine. This has practical application when assay of prephenate dehydratase is desired in the presence of aromatic aminotransferase activity since potentially trivial interference can be negated by selective phenylhydrazine inhibition of aromatic aminotransferase activity. At 0.1 mM concentrations of phenylhydrazine, 90% inhibitions of aminotransferase activities were achieved in partially purified preparations of B. flavum and C. glutamicum.", "contents": "Aromatic aminotransferases in coryneform bacteria. Species of coryneform bacteria (Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, and B. ammoniagenes) are capable of transaminating all three of the aromatic pathway intermediates; prephenate, phenylpyruvate, and 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate. Two molecular species of aromatic aminotransferase (denoted aminotransferase I and aminotransferase II) were partially purified from C. glutamicum and B. flavum, whereas a single aromatic aminotransferase was isolated from B. ammoniagenes. In both C. glutamicum and B. flavum, aromatic aminotransferase I and aromatic aminotransferase II have molecular weights of about 155,000 and 260,000 respectively. The two aromatic aminotransferases from C. glutamicum and B. flavum, although exhibiting a similar spectrum of overlapping specificities, differ substantially in substrate preference. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is tightly associated with these aminotransferases, since little loss of activity was detected when partially purified enzyme preparations were assayed in the absence of exogenous pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The aminotransferases are quite sensitive to inhibition by phenylhydrazine. This has practical application when assay of prephenate dehydratase is desired in the presence of aromatic aminotransferase activity since potentially trivial interference can be negated by selective phenylhydrazine inhibition of aromatic aminotransferase activity. At 0.1 mM concentrations of phenylhydrazine, 90% inhibitions of aminotransferase activities were achieved in partially purified preparations of B. flavum and C. glutamicum.", "PMID": 500563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4808", "title": "Caulobacter cresentus mutant defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis.", "content": "To study the relationship between phospholipid synthesis and organelle biogenesis in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, auxotrophs have been isolated which require exogenous glycerol or glycerol 3-phosphate for growth when glucose is used as the carbon source. Upon glycerol deprivation, net phospholipid synthesis ceased immediately in a glycerol 3-phosphate auxotroph which was shown to have levels of biosynthetic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8) activity 10 times lower than that of the wild type. In the absence of glycerol, the optical density of the culture continued to increase for the equivalent of one generation, although the cells did not divide. After the equivalent of one generation time, rapid cell death occurred. Cell death also occurred when phospholipid synthesis was inhibited by cerulenin. Although ribonucleic acid and protein syntheses continued at a reduced rate for the equivalent of one generation in mutant strains, a substantial decrease in the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis occurred immediately upon glycerol deprivation. Revertant strains had wild-type levels of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and normal rates of phospholipid and macromolecular synthesis.", "contents": "Caulobacter cresentus mutant defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis. To study the relationship between phospholipid synthesis and organelle biogenesis in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, auxotrophs have been isolated which require exogenous glycerol or glycerol 3-phosphate for growth when glucose is used as the carbon source. Upon glycerol deprivation, net phospholipid synthesis ceased immediately in a glycerol 3-phosphate auxotroph which was shown to have levels of biosynthetic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8) activity 10 times lower than that of the wild type. In the absence of glycerol, the optical density of the culture continued to increase for the equivalent of one generation, although the cells did not divide. After the equivalent of one generation time, rapid cell death occurred. Cell death also occurred when phospholipid synthesis was inhibited by cerulenin. Although ribonucleic acid and protein syntheses continued at a reduced rate for the equivalent of one generation in mutant strains, a substantial decrease in the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis occurred immediately upon glycerol deprivation. Revertant strains had wild-type levels of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and normal rates of phospholipid and macromolecular synthesis.", "PMID": 500564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4809", "title": "Chemotaxis of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward pure compounds.", "content": "Positive chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain UKi2 was measured for 139 compounds. Twenty-one compounds were attractants; sensitive attraction was elicited by acetate, propionate, thioacetate, malonate, cis-oxalacetate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, acetyl coenzyme A, ammonium ion, barium ion, manganous ion, and potassium ion. Several of the attractants for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2 also were attractants to strains 6-5-S and 114; however, strains 109D and 109J were not attracted by the compounds tested. Of 33 compounds tested, 8 were repellents for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2: n-caproate, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cobaltous chloride, and hydronium ion. None of the organic repellents for strain UKi2 elicited repulson from strains 114 or 109D. However, all three strains of Bdellovibrio show aerotaxis. Several compounds were tested for their effects on viability and predacious growth of B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2. No simple correlation was found between attraction or repulsion and benefit or harm to bdellovibrios. The data are consistent with the view that in nature, the greatest survival value of chemotaxis for bdellovibros may be in aerotaxis, attraction to certain inorganic ions and acetate, and repulsion by hydronium ion.", "contents": "Chemotaxis of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward pure compounds. Positive chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain UKi2 was measured for 139 compounds. Twenty-one compounds were attractants; sensitive attraction was elicited by acetate, propionate, thioacetate, malonate, cis-oxalacetate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, acetyl coenzyme A, ammonium ion, barium ion, manganous ion, and potassium ion. Several of the attractants for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2 also were attractants to strains 6-5-S and 114; however, strains 109D and 109J were not attracted by the compounds tested. Of 33 compounds tested, 8 were repellents for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2: n-caproate, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cobaltous chloride, and hydronium ion. None of the organic repellents for strain UKi2 elicited repulson from strains 114 or 109D. However, all three strains of Bdellovibrio show aerotaxis. Several compounds were tested for their effects on viability and predacious growth of B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2. No simple correlation was found between attraction or repulsion and benefit or harm to bdellovibrios. The data are consistent with the view that in nature, the greatest survival value of chemotaxis for bdellovibros may be in aerotaxis, attraction to certain inorganic ions and acetate, and repulsion by hydronium ion.", "PMID": 500565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4810", "title": "Novel microbial and chemical components of a specific black-band region in the cockroach hindgut.", "content": "An area of the hindgut of the cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, is characterized by its black color. This area is the site of accumulation of metal sulfides in the lumen next to the gut wall. In addition to the normal hindgut flora, two unusual procaryotic organisms are seen by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy only in this area of the hindgut. They are (i) a large rod (1.2 by 6 micrometers) with a tuft of polar flagella, many inclusion bodies, and a distinctive complex wall and (ii) an apparently flexible rod with a helically ridged wall. In addition, phagelike particles are described which are apparently infecting gram-positive bacteria attached to the gut wall in the black band area.", "contents": "Novel microbial and chemical components of a specific black-band region in the cockroach hindgut. An area of the hindgut of the cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, is characterized by its black color. This area is the site of accumulation of metal sulfides in the lumen next to the gut wall. In addition to the normal hindgut flora, two unusual procaryotic organisms are seen by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy only in this area of the hindgut. They are (i) a large rod (1.2 by 6 micrometers) with a tuft of polar flagella, many inclusion bodies, and a distinctive complex wall and (ii) an apparently flexible rod with a helically ridged wall. In addition, phagelike particles are described which are apparently infecting gram-positive bacteria attached to the gut wall in the black band area.", "PMID": 500566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4811", "title": "Converting bacteriophage for sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "Bacteriophage TP-13, a converting phage for sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis, was isolated from soil. The phage converted anoligosporogenic (sporulation frequency, 10(-8), acrystalliferous mutant to spore positive, crystal positive at a high frequency. Each plaque formed by TP-13 in a lawn of sensitive cells contained spores and crystals. These spores were heat stable, and each one was capable of producing a plaque from which TP-13 could be reisolated. Conversion of cells to sporulation and crystal formation was independent of the ho-t used for TP-13 propagation. When converted cells were cured of TP-13, they lost the ability to produce spores and crystals. Incubation of TP-13 with antiserum prepared against purified phage particles prevented conversion. TP-13 has some characteristics similar to those of SP-15 and PBS-1, including large size, morphology, and adsorption specificity of motile cells. TP-13 mediated generalized transduction in several strains of B. thuringiensis at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-5). Comparison of cotransduction values indicated that TP-13 transduced considerably larger segments of deoxyribonucleic acid than CP-51 or TP-10, two other transducing phages for B. thuringiensis.", "contents": "Converting bacteriophage for sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteriophage TP-13, a converting phage for sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis, was isolated from soil. The phage converted anoligosporogenic (sporulation frequency, 10(-8), acrystalliferous mutant to spore positive, crystal positive at a high frequency. Each plaque formed by TP-13 in a lawn of sensitive cells contained spores and crystals. These spores were heat stable, and each one was capable of producing a plaque from which TP-13 could be reisolated. Conversion of cells to sporulation and crystal formation was independent of the ho-t used for TP-13 propagation. When converted cells were cured of TP-13, they lost the ability to produce spores and crystals. Incubation of TP-13 with antiserum prepared against purified phage particles prevented conversion. TP-13 has some characteristics similar to those of SP-15 and PBS-1, including large size, morphology, and adsorption specificity of motile cells. TP-13 mediated generalized transduction in several strains of B. thuringiensis at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-5). Comparison of cotransduction values indicated that TP-13 transduced considerably larger segments of deoxyribonucleic acid than CP-51 or TP-10, two other transducing phages for B. thuringiensis.", "PMID": 500567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4812", "title": "Partition of alkane by an extracellular vesicle derived from hexadecane-grown Acinetobacter.", "content": "The enhanced solubility of hexadecane in the growth medium of hexadecane-grown Acinetobacter species has been related to the accumulation of an extracellular vesicular component. The partition of hexadecane was determined by measuring the amount of [3H]hexadecane bound to the vesicular particle. The vesicle was characterized as a phospholipid-rich, lipopolysaccharide-rich particle with a polypeptide composition similar to the outer membrane of Acinetobacter. The accumulation of an extracellular vesicular component that binds hexadecane in the form of a microemulsion represents another example of molecules produced by microorganisms in response to paraffinic substrates.", "contents": "Partition of alkane by an extracellular vesicle derived from hexadecane-grown Acinetobacter. The enhanced solubility of hexadecane in the growth medium of hexadecane-grown Acinetobacter species has been related to the accumulation of an extracellular vesicular component. The partition of hexadecane was determined by measuring the amount of [3H]hexadecane bound to the vesicular particle. The vesicle was characterized as a phospholipid-rich, lipopolysaccharide-rich particle with a polypeptide composition similar to the outer membrane of Acinetobacter. The accumulation of an extracellular vesicular component that binds hexadecane in the form of a microemulsion represents another example of molecules produced by microorganisms in response to paraffinic substrates.", "PMID": 500568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4813", "title": "Isolation and pure culture of a freshwater magnetic spirillum in chemically defined medium.", "content": "A bipolarly flagellated magnetotactic spirillum containing intracellular chains of single domain-sized magnetite crystals was isolated by applying a magnetic field to sediments from a freshwater swamp. The organism was cultured in a chemically defined medium containing ferric quinate and succinate as sources of iron and carbon, respectively. Nonmagnetic variants of this isolate were maintained in chemically defined medium lacking ferric quinate. In contrast to magnetic cells, these had less iron and lacked measurable magnetic remanence and the intracytoplasmic crystals. In other respects, including moles percent guanine plus cytosine content, growth characteristics, nutrition, and physiology, the two types were similar. The isolate reduced nitrate without accumulating nitrite and produced ammonia during growth. Nitrate or ammonium ions served as a nitrogen source. The organism was microaerophilic and did not grow anaerobically with nitrate in the medium. In chemically defined medium, cells synthesized magnetite only if the initial O2 concentration in the atmosphere of sealed cultures was 6% (vol/vol) or less.", "contents": "Isolation and pure culture of a freshwater magnetic spirillum in chemically defined medium. A bipolarly flagellated magnetotactic spirillum containing intracellular chains of single domain-sized magnetite crystals was isolated by applying a magnetic field to sediments from a freshwater swamp. The organism was cultured in a chemically defined medium containing ferric quinate and succinate as sources of iron and carbon, respectively. Nonmagnetic variants of this isolate were maintained in chemically defined medium lacking ferric quinate. In contrast to magnetic cells, these had less iron and lacked measurable magnetic remanence and the intracytoplasmic crystals. In other respects, including moles percent guanine plus cytosine content, growth characteristics, nutrition, and physiology, the two types were similar. The isolate reduced nitrate without accumulating nitrite and produced ammonia during growth. Nitrate or ammonium ions served as a nitrogen source. The organism was microaerophilic and did not grow anaerobically with nitrate in the medium. In chemically defined medium, cells synthesized magnetite only if the initial O2 concentration in the atmosphere of sealed cultures was 6% (vol/vol) or less.", "PMID": 500569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4814", "title": "Amphilphilic nature of spiralin, the major protein of the Spiroplasma citri cell membrane.", "content": "Spiralin could not be solubilized in the absence of detergents, and it was shown by charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis that this protein was capable of binding detergents under nondenaturing conditions. These properties indicate the amphiphilic nature of spiralin, which therefore should be regarded as an intrinsic membrane protein. The efficiency of mild (ionic and neutral) detergents to solubilize spiralin was as follows: deoxycholate greater than lauroyl sarcosinate, cholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate greater than Triton X-100 greater than Brij 58 greater than Tween 20, indicating that mild ionic detergents were more effective than neutral ones. Solubilization of spiralin was quantitative with sodium deoxycholate. It was also shown that although a membrane protein is not extractable by a given detergent from the membrane, this does not necessarily mean that the protein is not soluble in this detergent.", "contents": "Amphilphilic nature of spiralin, the major protein of the Spiroplasma citri cell membrane. Spiralin could not be solubilized in the absence of detergents, and it was shown by charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis that this protein was capable of binding detergents under nondenaturing conditions. These properties indicate the amphiphilic nature of spiralin, which therefore should be regarded as an intrinsic membrane protein. The efficiency of mild (ionic and neutral) detergents to solubilize spiralin was as follows: deoxycholate greater than lauroyl sarcosinate, cholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate greater than Triton X-100 greater than Brij 58 greater than Tween 20, indicating that mild ionic detergents were more effective than neutral ones. Solubilization of spiralin was quantitative with sodium deoxycholate. It was also shown that although a membrane protein is not extractable by a given detergent from the membrane, this does not necessarily mean that the protein is not soluble in this detergent.", "PMID": 500570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4815", "title": "Fluphenazine outpatient clinics: a pharmacist's role.", "content": "Twenty-five schizophrenic outpatients were treated in a pharmacist-administered fluphenazine decanoate clinic for periods of up to 1 year. These patients had a significantly lower rehospitalization rate, a decrease in medication related side effects, and showed improvement in functional capacity. The results suggest that a pharmacist can be clinically beneficial to schizophrenic outpatients and may help to reduce the cost of treatment programs.", "contents": "Fluphenazine outpatient clinics: a pharmacist's role. Twenty-five schizophrenic outpatients were treated in a pharmacist-administered fluphenazine decanoate clinic for periods of up to 1 year. These patients had a significantly lower rehospitalization rate, a decrease in medication related side effects, and showed improvement in functional capacity. The results suggest that a pharmacist can be clinically beneficial to schizophrenic outpatients and may help to reduce the cost of treatment programs.", "PMID": 500572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4816", "title": "Bipolar affective disorder in aged patients.", "content": "Bipolar affective illness may be a relatively common missed diagnosis in the elderly. Inaccurate historical data, atypical course of illness and atypical clinical presentation are all sources of diagnostic error. Lithium and tricyclic antidepressants are effective agents in this age group but require close monitoring, with particular attention to their interaction with illness and other medications. A high index of suspicion for bipolar illness is suggested when elderly patients present with depression.", "contents": "Bipolar affective disorder in aged patients. Bipolar affective illness may be a relatively common missed diagnosis in the elderly. Inaccurate historical data, atypical course of illness and atypical clinical presentation are all sources of diagnostic error. Lithium and tricyclic antidepressants are effective agents in this age group but require close monitoring, with particular attention to their interaction with illness and other medications. A high index of suspicion for bipolar illness is suggested when elderly patients present with depression.", "PMID": 500573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4817", "title": "Who is responsible for the delinquent adolescent? A psychiatric and Talmudic perspective.", "content": "The concept of the delinquent adolescent is reviewed in terms of definition, culpability, and rehabilitation in concert with psychiatric and Talmudic perspectives. Seven principles under Talmudic Law are discussed which were used by the Court to help determine whether or not an individual was in fact an incorrigible delinquent. The Talmudic concept has evolved that the delinquent child is a product of a disturbed family and a pathological environment. Aberrant behavior was always interpreted in a holistic fashion in the nomenclature of family dynamics. Talmudic tradition emphasizes the necessity to acquire means for reestablishing the intactness of a healthy family. When it is determined that this is not possible in the nuclear family, mandates are given society for placement elsewhere under the aegis of the Court.", "contents": "Who is responsible for the delinquent adolescent? A psychiatric and Talmudic perspective. The concept of the delinquent adolescent is reviewed in terms of definition, culpability, and rehabilitation in concert with psychiatric and Talmudic perspectives. Seven principles under Talmudic Law are discussed which were used by the Court to help determine whether or not an individual was in fact an incorrigible delinquent. The Talmudic concept has evolved that the delinquent child is a product of a disturbed family and a pathological environment. Aberrant behavior was always interpreted in a holistic fashion in the nomenclature of family dynamics. Talmudic tradition emphasizes the necessity to acquire means for reestablishing the intactness of a healthy family. When it is determined that this is not possible in the nuclear family, mandates are given society for placement elsewhere under the aegis of the Court.", "PMID": 500574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4818", "title": "Nylidrin HCL in the treatment of symptoms of the aged: a double-blind placebo controlled study.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the effectiveness and the safety of nylidrin HCL in the geriatric patient and mild to moderate symptoms of cognitive, emotional and physical impairment. Following a 3 week placebo washout, 60 patients received either nylidrin HCL or placebo for 12 weeks. Efficacy evaluations were made utilizing the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) Scale, a nurse's rating of ward behavior (SCASNO), the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, and 2 of the Katz Adjustment Scales. Significant improvement in symptom severity was demonstrated in the nylidrin group as compared to the placebo group. There were no abnormalities of clinical significance in the safety measurements and few side effects were reported.", "contents": "Nylidrin HCL in the treatment of symptoms of the aged: a double-blind placebo controlled study. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness and the safety of nylidrin HCL in the geriatric patient and mild to moderate symptoms of cognitive, emotional and physical impairment. Following a 3 week placebo washout, 60 patients received either nylidrin HCL or placebo for 12 weeks. Efficacy evaluations were made utilizing the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) Scale, a nurse's rating of ward behavior (SCASNO), the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, and 2 of the Katz Adjustment Scales. Significant improvement in symptom severity was demonstrated in the nylidrin group as compared to the placebo group. There were no abnormalities of clinical significance in the safety measurements and few side effects were reported.", "PMID": 500575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4819", "title": "Prospective use of saliva lithium determinations to monitor lithium therapy.", "content": "A mathematical equation (y = 2.27x -0.45) relating saliva (y) to plasma (x) lithium concentrations was previously determined by one of the authors. A prospective study is reported here in which the correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed plasma concentrations in a new group of 25 patients was r = 0.89 (p less than 0.001). The study demonstrates that saliva lithium determinations can be safely used to monitor lithium therapy.", "contents": "Prospective use of saliva lithium determinations to monitor lithium therapy. A mathematical equation (y = 2.27x -0.45) relating saliva (y) to plasma (x) lithium concentrations was previously determined by one of the authors. A prospective study is reported here in which the correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed plasma concentrations in a new group of 25 patients was r = 0.89 (p less than 0.001). The study demonstrates that saliva lithium determinations can be safely used to monitor lithium therapy.", "PMID": 500576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4820", "title": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation study on the interaction of glycyl-L-tyrosine with manganese-carboxypeptidase A in solution.", "content": "The spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation rates were measured of the Gly C alpha and Tyr aryl protons of glycyl-L-tyrosine (Gly-Tyr) bound to manganese(II)-substituted carboxypeptidase A (MnCPA) in aqueous solution. The temperature and frequency dependences of the relaxation rates were analyzed using the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equations. The binding modes of MnCPA with Gly-Tyr in solution are different from that of ZnCPA in crystals. 1. Mn(II)-coordinated water of MnCPA is not excluded by the binding of Gly-Tyr substrate molecules. 2. The Gly carbonyl group does not coordinate tightly to the metal ion of MnCPA. The Gly C alpha protons of Gly-Tyr in the productive binding site are appreciably mobile. 3. A non-productive loose binding of another Gly-Tyr molecule is suggested by simulation of the temperature and frequency dependences of the proton relaxation rates.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation study on the interaction of glycyl-L-tyrosine with manganese-carboxypeptidase A in solution. The spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation rates were measured of the Gly C alpha and Tyr aryl protons of glycyl-L-tyrosine (Gly-Tyr) bound to manganese(II)-substituted carboxypeptidase A (MnCPA) in aqueous solution. The temperature and frequency dependences of the relaxation rates were analyzed using the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equations. The binding modes of MnCPA with Gly-Tyr in solution are different from that of ZnCPA in crystals. 1. Mn(II)-coordinated water of MnCPA is not excluded by the binding of Gly-Tyr substrate molecules. 2. The Gly carbonyl group does not coordinate tightly to the metal ion of MnCPA. The Gly C alpha protons of Gly-Tyr in the productive binding site are appreciably mobile. 3. A non-productive loose binding of another Gly-Tyr molecule is suggested by simulation of the temperature and frequency dependences of the proton relaxation rates.", "PMID": 500577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4821", "title": "Partial purification and properties of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid activating enzyme from a polymyxin E producing organism.", "content": "An L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid activating enzyme was found in crude extracts of Aerobacillus polyaerogenes, which produces polymyxin E1 and E2. The enzyme was partially purified by sonication of the cells, followed by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. In addition to L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, the enzyme activated L-leucine and L-threonine, which are constituent amino acids of polymyxin E. All three amino acids were bound to the enzyme as thioesters. These results suggest that polymyxin is synthesized by a multienzyme thiotemplate mechanism, in the same way as gramicidin S, tyrocidines, bacitracins, and gramicidin A.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid activating enzyme from a polymyxin E producing organism. An L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid activating enzyme was found in crude extracts of Aerobacillus polyaerogenes, which produces polymyxin E1 and E2. The enzyme was partially purified by sonication of the cells, followed by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. In addition to L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, the enzyme activated L-leucine and L-threonine, which are constituent amino acids of polymyxin E. All three amino acids were bound to the enzyme as thioesters. These results suggest that polymyxin is synthesized by a multienzyme thiotemplate mechanism, in the same way as gramicidin S, tyrocidines, bacitracins, and gramicidin A.", "PMID": 500578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4822", "title": "Synthesis of procollagen by dental pulp cells from incisor in vitro.", "content": "Fibroblast-like cells were isolated from dental pulp of rabbit incisor, and were shown to synthesize and secrete procollagen. Analysis of the secreted procollagen and their CNBr peptides indicated that the prominent form was type I procollagen. Our results also suggested the presence of type III procollagen as a minor component synthesized by pulp cells in vitro.", "contents": "Synthesis of procollagen by dental pulp cells from incisor in vitro. Fibroblast-like cells were isolated from dental pulp of rabbit incisor, and were shown to synthesize and secrete procollagen. Analysis of the secreted procollagen and their CNBr peptides indicated that the prominent form was type I procollagen. Our results also suggested the presence of type III procollagen as a minor component synthesized by pulp cells in vitro.", "PMID": 500579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4823", "title": "Primary structure of the membrane-binding segment of rabbit cytochrome b5.", "content": "The primary structure of the membrane-binding segment of rabbit cytochrome b5 has been determined. This segment, prepared by trypsin digestion of the intact protein, consists of 43 amino acid residues and corresponds to the COOH-terminal end (residues 91-133) of the parent molecule. Deduction of the primary structure was based on automated sequence analysis of the whole segment as well as manual and dansyl-Edman degradations of peptide fragments produced by CNBr cleavage and partial acid hydrolysis. The sequence obtained is: Leu-Ser-Lys-Pro-Met-Glu-Thr-Leu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Val-Asn-Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Val-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Ile-Val-Ala-Leu-Met-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Met-Ala-Asp-Asp. This sequence is 63 to 81% homologous with respect to those determined for the membrane-binding segments of equine, porcine and bovine cytochrome b5. The interaction of this segment with phospholipid bilayer membranes is discussed, and a prediction of its secondary structure is also presented.", "contents": "Primary structure of the membrane-binding segment of rabbit cytochrome b5. The primary structure of the membrane-binding segment of rabbit cytochrome b5 has been determined. This segment, prepared by trypsin digestion of the intact protein, consists of 43 amino acid residues and corresponds to the COOH-terminal end (residues 91-133) of the parent molecule. Deduction of the primary structure was based on automated sequence analysis of the whole segment as well as manual and dansyl-Edman degradations of peptide fragments produced by CNBr cleavage and partial acid hydrolysis. The sequence obtained is: Leu-Ser-Lys-Pro-Met-Glu-Thr-Leu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Val-Asn-Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Val-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Ile-Val-Ala-Leu-Met-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Met-Ala-Asp-Asp. This sequence is 63 to 81% homologous with respect to those determined for the membrane-binding segments of equine, porcine and bovine cytochrome b5. The interaction of this segment with phospholipid bilayer membranes is discussed, and a prediction of its secondary structure is also presented.", "PMID": 500581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4824", "title": "Calcium-induced calcium release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "A new method is introduced which allows the study of calcium-induced calcium release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Results obtained with this method are in agreement with those obtained by previous investigators using skinned muscle fiber. It was also found that anesthetic drugs and alcohol increased the calcium- and caffeine-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Calcium-induced calcium release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. A new method is introduced which allows the study of calcium-induced calcium release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Results obtained with this method are in agreement with those obtained by previous investigators using skinned muscle fiber. It was also found that anesthetic drugs and alcohol increased the calcium- and caffeine-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 500582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4825", "title": "Restoration of the excitability of squid giant axon by tubulin-tyrosine ligase and microtubule proteins.", "content": "Membrane excitability of the squid giant axon was destroyed by perfusing with a medium containing 0.2 mM Ca ions that depolymerize microtubules. Restoration of the membrane excitability was achieved by perfusing the axon with a medium that contained purified tubulin-tyrosine ligase, tubulin, ATP, Mg2+, K+, cyclic AMP, and 300 K Protein.", "contents": "Restoration of the excitability of squid giant axon by tubulin-tyrosine ligase and microtubule proteins. Membrane excitability of the squid giant axon was destroyed by perfusing with a medium containing 0.2 mM Ca ions that depolymerize microtubules. Restoration of the membrane excitability was achieved by perfusing the axon with a medium that contained purified tubulin-tyrosine ligase, tubulin, ATP, Mg2+, K+, cyclic AMP, and 300 K Protein.", "PMID": 500583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4826", "title": "Effect of Triton WR-1339 on the rates of synthesis and degradation of hepatic catalase of rat.", "content": "The effect of Triton WR-1339 on the rates of synthesis and degradation of hepatic catalase was examined. Triton WR-1339 was injected intraperitoneally into rats at a dose of 200 mg per 100 g body weight. Catalase activity decreased to about 35% of that of the control at 42-48 h after the injection and recovered to the normal level at 96 h. Other peroxisomal enzymes, D-amino acid oxidase and urate oxidase, showed similar patterns of the activities to those of catalase. During the first 48 h after the injection of Triton WR-1339, the rate of catalase synthesis (ks) fell to below a detectable value, while that of the degradation (kd) did not show any significant change. On the other hand, during the period 48-96 h after the injection, the rate of the synthesis (ks) returned to the normal level though that of the degradation (kd) decreased to about 50% of the control.", "contents": "Effect of Triton WR-1339 on the rates of synthesis and degradation of hepatic catalase of rat. The effect of Triton WR-1339 on the rates of synthesis and degradation of hepatic catalase was examined. Triton WR-1339 was injected intraperitoneally into rats at a dose of 200 mg per 100 g body weight. Catalase activity decreased to about 35% of that of the control at 42-48 h after the injection and recovered to the normal level at 96 h. Other peroxisomal enzymes, D-amino acid oxidase and urate oxidase, showed similar patterns of the activities to those of catalase. During the first 48 h after the injection of Triton WR-1339, the rate of catalase synthesis (ks) fell to below a detectable value, while that of the degradation (kd) did not show any significant change. On the other hand, during the period 48-96 h after the injection, the rate of the synthesis (ks) returned to the normal level though that of the degradation (kd) decreased to about 50% of the control.", "PMID": 500584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4827", "title": "Fluorescence studies on lipoamide dehydrogenases of pig heart. I. Conformational dynamics of enzyme.", "content": "The dynamic structures of two major forms (LD(I) and LD(II) of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase, resolved by TEAE-cellulose column chromatography, were studied by fluorescence depolarization. FAD and ANM were used as an intrinsic and an extrinsic fluorescent probe, respectively. In the experiments with bound FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase, no thermal dependence of the fluorescence depolarization of either enzyme was observed and the values of polarization were close to the theoretical maximum value of 0.5. Both enzymes contained two reactive thiol groups which differed in their reactivities toward ANM. When the enzymes were labeled with one mol of ANM per mol of enzyme, the rotational relaxation times of LD(I) and LD(II) were found to be 18 ns and 196 ns, respectively. These findings indicate that the sement of LD(I) labeled with ANM fluctuates in the order of nanoseconds, whereas this segment of LD(II) is fixed rigidly. On the other hand, when the enzymes were labeled with two mol of ANM per mol of enzyme, both enzymes showed the composite result of fluorescence depolarization due to the motilities of the segment of enzyme and the whole enzyme molecule. These findings indicate that both LD(I) and LD(II) have the non-equivalent motilities of segments containing one reactive thiol group between the two monomers. In other words, the segment containing the ANM binding site of the one monomer is flexible and this segment of the other monomer is fixed rigidly in both enzymes.", "contents": "Fluorescence studies on lipoamide dehydrogenases of pig heart. I. Conformational dynamics of enzyme. The dynamic structures of two major forms (LD(I) and LD(II) of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase, resolved by TEAE-cellulose column chromatography, were studied by fluorescence depolarization. FAD and ANM were used as an intrinsic and an extrinsic fluorescent probe, respectively. In the experiments with bound FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase, no thermal dependence of the fluorescence depolarization of either enzyme was observed and the values of polarization were close to the theoretical maximum value of 0.5. Both enzymes contained two reactive thiol groups which differed in their reactivities toward ANM. When the enzymes were labeled with one mol of ANM per mol of enzyme, the rotational relaxation times of LD(I) and LD(II) were found to be 18 ns and 196 ns, respectively. These findings indicate that the sement of LD(I) labeled with ANM fluctuates in the order of nanoseconds, whereas this segment of LD(II) is fixed rigidly. On the other hand, when the enzymes were labeled with two mol of ANM per mol of enzyme, both enzymes showed the composite result of fluorescence depolarization due to the motilities of the segment of enzyme and the whole enzyme molecule. These findings indicate that both LD(I) and LD(II) have the non-equivalent motilities of segments containing one reactive thiol group between the two monomers. In other words, the segment containing the ANM binding site of the one monomer is flexible and this segment of the other monomer is fixed rigidly in both enzymes.", "PMID": 500585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4828", "title": "The mechanism of the riboflavin sensitized photodestruction of mitomycin C.", "content": "A detailed in vitro study was made of the riboflavin sensitized photodestruction of mitomycin C. The dependences of the quantum yield in the system were examined on the introduction of various amounts of quenchers, such as halogen ion, paramagnetic ion, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and p-hydroquinone. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving oxygen molecule in the excited singlet state as the photochemically reactive species. The rate constant of the reaction between the excited singlet oxygen and mitomycin C was calculated to be 8.9 x 10(9) M-1.S-1.", "contents": "The mechanism of the riboflavin sensitized photodestruction of mitomycin C. A detailed in vitro study was made of the riboflavin sensitized photodestruction of mitomycin C. The dependences of the quantum yield in the system were examined on the introduction of various amounts of quenchers, such as halogen ion, paramagnetic ion, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and p-hydroquinone. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving oxygen molecule in the excited singlet state as the photochemically reactive species. The rate constant of the reaction between the excited singlet oxygen and mitomycin C was calculated to be 8.9 x 10(9) M-1.S-1.", "PMID": 500586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4829", "title": "Purification and properties of UDP-glucose (UDP-galactose) pyrophosphorylase from Bifidobacterium bifidum.", "content": "An enzyme having both UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) pyrophosphorylase activities was purified to homogeneity from Bifidobacterium bifidum. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 200,000 and it appeared to be composed of four identical subunits. The purified enzyme showed almost the same reactivity towards UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal, and showed about 10% of this activity towards UDP-xylose at 8 mM. The enzyme required magnesium ions for maximum activity. The apparent equilibrium constants were about 2.5 for UDP-Glc pyrophosphorolysis and 1.1 for UDP-Gal pyrophosphorolysis. The enzyme activities were inhibited by various nucleotides (product or substrate analogs). Some sugar phosphates, such as fructose 6-P, erythrose 4-P, and 3-phosphoglycerate, stimulated the activities. These properties are discussed in relation to the significance of the enzyme in galactose metabolism of B. bifidum.", "contents": "Purification and properties of UDP-glucose (UDP-galactose) pyrophosphorylase from Bifidobacterium bifidum. An enzyme having both UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) pyrophosphorylase activities was purified to homogeneity from Bifidobacterium bifidum. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 200,000 and it appeared to be composed of four identical subunits. The purified enzyme showed almost the same reactivity towards UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal, and showed about 10% of this activity towards UDP-xylose at 8 mM. The enzyme required magnesium ions for maximum activity. The apparent equilibrium constants were about 2.5 for UDP-Glc pyrophosphorolysis and 1.1 for UDP-Gal pyrophosphorolysis. The enzyme activities were inhibited by various nucleotides (product or substrate analogs). Some sugar phosphates, such as fructose 6-P, erythrose 4-P, and 3-phosphoglycerate, stimulated the activities. These properties are discussed in relation to the significance of the enzyme in galactose metabolism of B. bifidum.", "PMID": 500588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4830", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases from Spirulina platensis.", "content": "Two ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases (FNRs I and II) [EC 1.6.7.1] were purified from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis, by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. FNRs I and II were both FAD-containing enzymes with molecular weights of 33,000, and could photochemically reduce NADP+ to the same extent in the presence of S. platensis ferredoxin, using FNR-depleted membrane fragments of S. platensis. They had similar physical and enzymatic properties, except for chemical properties such as the amino (N)-terminal sequences and the patterns of their peptide maps. The significance of the presence of two FNRs in S. platensis as as of the multiple forms found in other organisms is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases from Spirulina platensis. Two ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases (FNRs I and II) [EC 1.6.7.1] were purified from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis, by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. FNRs I and II were both FAD-containing enzymes with molecular weights of 33,000, and could photochemically reduce NADP+ to the same extent in the presence of S. platensis ferredoxin, using FNR-depleted membrane fragments of S. platensis. They had similar physical and enzymatic properties, except for chemical properties such as the amino (N)-terminal sequences and the patterns of their peptide maps. The significance of the presence of two FNRs in S. platensis as as of the multiple forms found in other organisms is discussed.", "PMID": 500589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4831", "title": "Aggregated proteoglycan synthesis in organ cultures of human nucleus pulposus.", "content": "Proteoglycans isolated under associative conditions in the presence of protease inhibitors from human nucleus pulposus contained 17% aggregate and 83% non-aggregating monomer (Kav = 0.5 on Sepharose CL-2B). Isolated aggregate after reduction and alkylation was resolved into two components (Kav = 0.15 and 0.43) on Sepharose CL-2B. Labeled proteoglycans isolated from parallel samples pulsed with [35S]sulfate and chased for up to 18 h were present largely as aggregated material (up to 78%). Reduction and alkylation of the labeled samples gave a labeled proteoglycan monomer with Kav = 0.15. Both the labeled and unlabeled chondroitin sulfate chains had the same distribution on Sepharose CL-6B and equivalent molecular weights (Mr = 2.0 x 10(3)). After chondroitinase ABC digestion, the unlabeled keratan sulfate-protein core was polydisperse with a Kav = 0.38 on Sepharose CL-4B while the labeled keratan sulfate-protein core had a Kav = 0.05. This indicates that the newly synthesized proteoglycan had a large core protein and suggests that the proteoglycans present in nucleus pulposus are originally synthesized as large molecular weight, aggregating proteoglycans.", "contents": "Aggregated proteoglycan synthesis in organ cultures of human nucleus pulposus. Proteoglycans isolated under associative conditions in the presence of protease inhibitors from human nucleus pulposus contained 17% aggregate and 83% non-aggregating monomer (Kav = 0.5 on Sepharose CL-2B). Isolated aggregate after reduction and alkylation was resolved into two components (Kav = 0.15 and 0.43) on Sepharose CL-2B. Labeled proteoglycans isolated from parallel samples pulsed with [35S]sulfate and chased for up to 18 h were present largely as aggregated material (up to 78%). Reduction and alkylation of the labeled samples gave a labeled proteoglycan monomer with Kav = 0.15. Both the labeled and unlabeled chondroitin sulfate chains had the same distribution on Sepharose CL-6B and equivalent molecular weights (Mr = 2.0 x 10(3)). After chondroitinase ABC digestion, the unlabeled keratan sulfate-protein core was polydisperse with a Kav = 0.38 on Sepharose CL-4B while the labeled keratan sulfate-protein core had a Kav = 0.05. This indicates that the newly synthesized proteoglycan had a large core protein and suggests that the proteoglycans present in nucleus pulposus are originally synthesized as large molecular weight, aggregating proteoglycans.", "PMID": 500596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4832", "title": "Cellular processing of pre-proparathyroid hormone involves rapid hydrolysis of the leader sequence.", "content": "The cellular synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH) involves two consecutive cleavages of NH2-terminal peptide sequences from a larger precursor, pre-proparathyroid hormone (Pre-ProPTH). The initial cleavage consists of the removal of an NH2-terminal leader sequence either during or shortly after biosynthesis of the polypeptide chain is complete. To determine the fate of the cleaved leader sequence, we prepared, by chemical synthesis, a peptide based on the known structure of the leader sequence of pre-proparathyroid hormone and used this peptide labeled with 125iodine as a marker to monitor the recovery of the putative cellular leader peptide during extraction and electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from pulse-labeled parathyroid gland slices. Under conditions in which the recovery of the synthetic leader peptide was 50 to 70%, we found no detectable 35S-labeled product in the region of sodium dodecyl sulfate gels where the synthetic peptide migrates. In view of the known methionine content of pre-proparathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH), it would have been possible to detect endogenously labeled leader peptide if present in amounts equal to 0.05% of the amount of labeled ProPTH present in the tissues. These observations indicate that the cellular conversion of Pre-ProPTH to ProPTH involves a rapid hydrolysis of the leader peptide either during or immediately after its removal from the precursor.", "contents": "Cellular processing of pre-proparathyroid hormone involves rapid hydrolysis of the leader sequence. The cellular synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH) involves two consecutive cleavages of NH2-terminal peptide sequences from a larger precursor, pre-proparathyroid hormone (Pre-ProPTH). The initial cleavage consists of the removal of an NH2-terminal leader sequence either during or shortly after biosynthesis of the polypeptide chain is complete. To determine the fate of the cleaved leader sequence, we prepared, by chemical synthesis, a peptide based on the known structure of the leader sequence of pre-proparathyroid hormone and used this peptide labeled with 125iodine as a marker to monitor the recovery of the putative cellular leader peptide during extraction and electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from pulse-labeled parathyroid gland slices. Under conditions in which the recovery of the synthetic leader peptide was 50 to 70%, we found no detectable 35S-labeled product in the region of sodium dodecyl sulfate gels where the synthetic peptide migrates. In view of the known methionine content of pre-proparathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH), it would have been possible to detect endogenously labeled leader peptide if present in amounts equal to 0.05% of the amount of labeled ProPTH present in the tissues. These observations indicate that the cellular conversion of Pre-ProPTH to ProPTH involves a rapid hydrolysis of the leader peptide either during or immediately after its removal from the precursor.", "PMID": 500597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4833", "title": "Resolution of the charge forms and amino acid sequence and location of a tryptic glycopeptide in rat alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "Three charge forms of rat alpha-lactalbumin were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The amino acid composition of each form was similar but they differed in carbohydrate composition. Each form contained a tryptic glycopeptide having a common polypeptide and heteropolysaccharide unit. The tryptic glycopeptide was sequenced and positioned in rat alpha-lactalbumin, which was partially sequenced from residues 1 to 50. The carbohydrate attachment site was at Asn45. Secondary structure calculations predicted that Asn45 is in a beta bend conformation whereas Asn45 in bovine alpha-lactalbumin, a poorly glycosylated protein, is not in a bend conformation.", "contents": "Resolution of the charge forms and amino acid sequence and location of a tryptic glycopeptide in rat alpha-lactalbumin. Three charge forms of rat alpha-lactalbumin were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The amino acid composition of each form was similar but they differed in carbohydrate composition. Each form contained a tryptic glycopeptide having a common polypeptide and heteropolysaccharide unit. The tryptic glycopeptide was sequenced and positioned in rat alpha-lactalbumin, which was partially sequenced from residues 1 to 50. The carbohydrate attachment site was at Asn45. Secondary structure calculations predicted that Asn45 is in a beta bend conformation whereas Asn45 in bovine alpha-lactalbumin, a poorly glycosylated protein, is not in a bend conformation.", "PMID": 500599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4834", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a new soluble b-type cytochrome (b9) from rat liver.", "content": "A new soluble cytochrome, designated as cytochrome b9, was purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver. The absorption maximum of the oxidized (the native form) cytochrome b9 at room temperature was 413 nm. The dithionite-reduced cytochrome b9 had absorption maxima at 556, 527, and 423 nm. The prosthetic group of cytochrome b9 was identified as protoheme IX. From gel filtration experiments, the molecular weight of cytochrome b9 was estimated to be 125,000. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the molecular weight of its subunit was 61,000. The native form of cytochrome b9 was thus a dimer. The amount of heme/mol of dimer was 3.3 mol. Cytochrome b9 was autoxidizable and did not bind CO, 2.2 mM cyanide, or 2.2 mM azide. On the basis of its molecular weight of 125,000, the millimolar extinction coefficients of dimeric cytochrome b9 at 280 and 413 nm were 384 and 380, respectively. The absorbance at 280 nm/mg cytochrome b9 was 3.1. Cytochromes b9 and H-450 (I.-C. Kim and W.C. Deal (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4925-4930) are the only b-type, soluble cytochromes which have been isolated from mammalian liver; they are not found in tissues of heart, lung, kidney, and brain. The biological function of cytochrome b9 was not determined.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a new soluble b-type cytochrome (b9) from rat liver. A new soluble cytochrome, designated as cytochrome b9, was purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver. The absorption maximum of the oxidized (the native form) cytochrome b9 at room temperature was 413 nm. The dithionite-reduced cytochrome b9 had absorption maxima at 556, 527, and 423 nm. The prosthetic group of cytochrome b9 was identified as protoheme IX. From gel filtration experiments, the molecular weight of cytochrome b9 was estimated to be 125,000. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the molecular weight of its subunit was 61,000. The native form of cytochrome b9 was thus a dimer. The amount of heme/mol of dimer was 3.3 mol. Cytochrome b9 was autoxidizable and did not bind CO, 2.2 mM cyanide, or 2.2 mM azide. On the basis of its molecular weight of 125,000, the millimolar extinction coefficients of dimeric cytochrome b9 at 280 and 413 nm were 384 and 380, respectively. The absorbance at 280 nm/mg cytochrome b9 was 3.1. Cytochromes b9 and H-450 (I.-C. Kim and W.C. Deal (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4925-4930) are the only b-type, soluble cytochromes which have been isolated from mammalian liver; they are not found in tissues of heart, lung, kidney, and brain. The biological function of cytochrome b9 was not determined.", "PMID": 500600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4835", "title": "Covalent adducts of lactate oxidase. Photochemical formation and structure identification.", "content": "Lactate oxidase forms tight complexes with a variety of mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Most of these undergo facile photoreactions involving decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid and formation of covalent adducts at position N(5) of the flavin, characterized by absorption maxima from 325 to 365 nm and fluorescence emission in the range 440 to 490 nm. The properties of the adducts are strongly dependent on the nature of the substituent. Enzyme-bound N(5)-acyl adducts and N(5)-CH2-R derivatives are stable in the dark. Glycollyl- and alpha-lactyl adducts, however, decay to oxidized enzyme with half-lives in the order of minutes. Upon denaturation of the enzyme, the N(5)-alkyl adducts decay rapidly or are oxidized by oxygen. Reduced lactate oxidase is also photoalkylated in the presence of halogenated carboxylic acids. Bromoacetate yields an N(5)-carboxymethyl adduct; with beta-bromopropionate, a C(4a)-beta-propionyl derivate is formed. The N(5) adduct is identical with that from the photochemical reaction of oxidized enzyme and malonic acid. When the native coenzyme FMN is substituted by 2-S-FMN, qualitatively the same photoproducts are formed. The adducts obtained with the 2-S-FMN enzyme show the expected bathochromic shifts in absorption spectra. The results indicate that the photoreactivity of the enzyme is restricted to the positions C(4a) and N(5) of the flavin.", "contents": "Covalent adducts of lactate oxidase. Photochemical formation and structure identification. Lactate oxidase forms tight complexes with a variety of mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Most of these undergo facile photoreactions involving decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid and formation of covalent adducts at position N(5) of the flavin, characterized by absorption maxima from 325 to 365 nm and fluorescence emission in the range 440 to 490 nm. The properties of the adducts are strongly dependent on the nature of the substituent. Enzyme-bound N(5)-acyl adducts and N(5)-CH2-R derivatives are stable in the dark. Glycollyl- and alpha-lactyl adducts, however, decay to oxidized enzyme with half-lives in the order of minutes. Upon denaturation of the enzyme, the N(5)-alkyl adducts decay rapidly or are oxidized by oxygen. Reduced lactate oxidase is also photoalkylated in the presence of halogenated carboxylic acids. Bromoacetate yields an N(5)-carboxymethyl adduct; with beta-bromopropionate, a C(4a)-beta-propionyl derivate is formed. The N(5) adduct is identical with that from the photochemical reaction of oxidized enzyme and malonic acid. When the native coenzyme FMN is substituted by 2-S-FMN, qualitatively the same photoproducts are formed. The adducts obtained with the 2-S-FMN enzyme show the expected bathochromic shifts in absorption spectra. The results indicate that the photoreactivity of the enzyme is restricted to the positions C(4a) and N(5) of the flavin.", "PMID": 500603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4836", "title": "The role of the kidney in the biosynthesis of carnitine in the rat.", "content": "Intravenous administration of L-[methyl-3H]-labeled trimethyllysine to rats results in a very rapid accumulation of radioactivity by the kidneys, while the incorporation of the label into the liver occurs at approximately 1% of this rate when calculated per g of wet tissue. The kidneys convert a substantial portion of the trimethyllysine taken up to butyrobetaine and to beta-hydroxytrimethyllysine, a precursor of butyrobetaine, but fail to synthesize carnitine. Significant amounts of radioactivity are recovered in both carnitine and butyrobetaine of hepatic tissue after longer time periods, while the level of labeled trimethyllysine in this organ remains very low. Bilateral nephrectomy results in a marked decrease in the incorporation of label into the liver. These results indicate that in rats, the initial conversion of trimethyllysine to butyrobetaine occurs predominantly in kidney and that the liver capacity for this transformation is considerably smaller than its capacity to synthesize carnitine from butyrobetaine.", "contents": "The role of the kidney in the biosynthesis of carnitine in the rat. Intravenous administration of L-[methyl-3H]-labeled trimethyllysine to rats results in a very rapid accumulation of radioactivity by the kidneys, while the incorporation of the label into the liver occurs at approximately 1% of this rate when calculated per g of wet tissue. The kidneys convert a substantial portion of the trimethyllysine taken up to butyrobetaine and to beta-hydroxytrimethyllysine, a precursor of butyrobetaine, but fail to synthesize carnitine. Significant amounts of radioactivity are recovered in both carnitine and butyrobetaine of hepatic tissue after longer time periods, while the level of labeled trimethyllysine in this organ remains very low. Bilateral nephrectomy results in a marked decrease in the incorporation of label into the liver. These results indicate that in rats, the initial conversion of trimethyllysine to butyrobetaine occurs predominantly in kidney and that the liver capacity for this transformation is considerably smaller than its capacity to synthesize carnitine from butyrobetaine.", "PMID": 500604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4837", "title": "Complete structure of the carbohydrate moiety of stem bromelain. An application of the almond glycopeptidase for structural studies of glycopeptides.", "content": "Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of stem bromelain glycopeptides were quantitatively released by digestion with the almond glycopeptidase which cleaves beta-aspartylglycosylamine linkage in glycopeptides with oligopeptide moieties. The primary structures of the two oligosaccharide components, (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 and (Man)2-(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 were elucidated as Man alpha 1 leads to 6Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Xyl beta 1 leads to 2]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads 4[Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3]GlcNAc and Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Xyl beta 1 leads to 2]Man beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4[Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3] GlcNAc, respectively.", "contents": "Complete structure of the carbohydrate moiety of stem bromelain. An application of the almond glycopeptidase for structural studies of glycopeptides. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of stem bromelain glycopeptides were quantitatively released by digestion with the almond glycopeptidase which cleaves beta-aspartylglycosylamine linkage in glycopeptides with oligopeptide moieties. The primary structures of the two oligosaccharide components, (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 and (Man)2-(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 were elucidated as Man alpha 1 leads to 6Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Xyl beta 1 leads to 2]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads 4[Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3]GlcNAc and Man alpha 1 leads to 6[Xyl beta 1 leads to 2]Man beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4[Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3] GlcNAc, respectively.", "PMID": 500606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4838", "title": "Microtubules and protein secretion in rat lacrimal glands. Inhibitory effect of the tubulin . colchicine complex isolated from lacrimal glands upon brain tubulin polymerization. Identification of the complex by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The specific inhibitory effect of colchicine upon protein secretion by lacrimal glands could be related to the formation of a complex between colchicine and tubulin from the soluble fraction of the gland. By gel electrophoresis under nondissociating conditions, it is shown that this complex is similar to the colchicine . tubulin complex from brain. The complex isolated from lacrimal glands is highly inhibitory upon brain tubulin assembly since as low as 0.07 microM complex impedes the polymerization of 8 microM tubulin by 50%, compared to 3 microM for free colchicine. Therefore, a small percentage of complexed tubulin (0.9%) is enough for polymerization to be blocked. In lacrimal glands the complex might prevent the polymerization of tubulin, and colchicine shift the tubulin in equilibrium microtubules equilibrium to microtubules disassembly. The disorganization of the labile microtubular system could lead to a modification of the transport of the secretory granules and to a perturbation of secretion.", "contents": "Microtubules and protein secretion in rat lacrimal glands. Inhibitory effect of the tubulin . colchicine complex isolated from lacrimal glands upon brain tubulin polymerization. Identification of the complex by gel electrophoresis. The specific inhibitory effect of colchicine upon protein secretion by lacrimal glands could be related to the formation of a complex between colchicine and tubulin from the soluble fraction of the gland. By gel electrophoresis under nondissociating conditions, it is shown that this complex is similar to the colchicine . tubulin complex from brain. The complex isolated from lacrimal glands is highly inhibitory upon brain tubulin assembly since as low as 0.07 microM complex impedes the polymerization of 8 microM tubulin by 50%, compared to 3 microM for free colchicine. Therefore, a small percentage of complexed tubulin (0.9%) is enough for polymerization to be blocked. In lacrimal glands the complex might prevent the polymerization of tubulin, and colchicine shift the tubulin in equilibrium microtubules equilibrium to microtubules disassembly. The disorganization of the labile microtubular system could lead to a modification of the transport of the secretory granules and to a perturbation of secretion.", "PMID": 500608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4839", "title": "Regulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase by epinephrine, prostaglandin E1, and guanine nucleotides. Evidence for separate guanine nucleotide sites mediating stimulation and inhibition.", "content": "A method for preparing human platelet membranes with high adenylate cyclase activity is described. Using these membranes, epinephrine and GTP individually are noted to inhibit adenylate cyclase slightly. When present together, epinephrine and GTP act synergistically to cause a 50% inhibition of basal activity. The epinephrine effect is an alpha-adrenergic process as it is reversed by phentolamine but not propranolol. The quasi-irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase by Gpp(NH)p is time, concentration, and Mg2+-dependent but is not altered by the presence of epinephrine. Adenylate cyclase activated by Gpp(NH)p, and extensively washed to remove unbound Gpp(NH)p, is inhibited by the subsequent addition of Gpp(NH)p, GTP, and epinephrine. This effect of epinephrine is also an alpha-adrenergic phenomenon. In contrast to epinephrine which inhibits the cyclase, PGE1 addition results in enzyme stimulation. PGE1 stimulation does not require GTP addition. PGE1 accelerates the rate of Gpp(NH)p-induced activation. Low GTP concentrations (less than 1 x 10(-6) M) enhance PGE1 stimulation while higher GTP concentrations cause inhibition. These observations suggest that human platelet adenylate cyclase possesses at least two guanine nucleotide sites, one which interacts with the alpha-receptor to result in enzyme inhibition and a second guanine nucleotide site which interacts with the PGE1 receptor and causes enzyme stimulation.", "contents": "Regulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase by epinephrine, prostaglandin E1, and guanine nucleotides. Evidence for separate guanine nucleotide sites mediating stimulation and inhibition. A method for preparing human platelet membranes with high adenylate cyclase activity is described. Using these membranes, epinephrine and GTP individually are noted to inhibit adenylate cyclase slightly. When present together, epinephrine and GTP act synergistically to cause a 50% inhibition of basal activity. The epinephrine effect is an alpha-adrenergic process as it is reversed by phentolamine but not propranolol. The quasi-irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase by Gpp(NH)p is time, concentration, and Mg2+-dependent but is not altered by the presence of epinephrine. Adenylate cyclase activated by Gpp(NH)p, and extensively washed to remove unbound Gpp(NH)p, is inhibited by the subsequent addition of Gpp(NH)p, GTP, and epinephrine. This effect of epinephrine is also an alpha-adrenergic phenomenon. In contrast to epinephrine which inhibits the cyclase, PGE1 addition results in enzyme stimulation. PGE1 stimulation does not require GTP addition. PGE1 accelerates the rate of Gpp(NH)p-induced activation. Low GTP concentrations (less than 1 x 10(-6) M) enhance PGE1 stimulation while higher GTP concentrations cause inhibition. These observations suggest that human platelet adenylate cyclase possesses at least two guanine nucleotide sites, one which interacts with the alpha-receptor to result in enzyme inhibition and a second guanine nucleotide site which interacts with the PGE1 receptor and causes enzyme stimulation.", "PMID": 500609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4840", "title": "Kinetics of adhesion and de-adhesion of Chlamydomonas gametes.", "content": "In medium with low nitrogen content, vegetative strains of the unicellular biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi form gametes. Mating type plus (mt+) and mating type minus (mt-) gametes adhere via their flagella to give aggregates in which the gametes eventually fuse to form zygotes. A quantitative assay has now been developed which measures aggregation and fusion by use of a Coulter electronic particle counter to determine loss of single gametes as they form aggregates in suspension. Determination of the rate and extent of cell fusion by microscopy agrees with the results obtained with the more rapid and convenient Coulter counter assay. By use of the assay it was found that aggregation and fusion occur at the same rate and to the same extent at 12 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Flagella from one of the mating types can specifically substitute for the corresponding live gametes; more than 70% of the gametes were aggregated and the extent of aggregation was proportional to the number of flagella added, until the ratio of cells to flagella exceeded 2. At 22 degrees C, in the flagella/gamete mixtures, adhesion was complete in less than 5 min, but at 5 to 10 min, gametes began to de-adhere from the clusters and, depending on the number of flagella added, essentially all of the gametes detached from the aggregates in 10 to 50 min. The gametes in such mixtures were fully competent to aggregate again, whereas the flagella recovered from such mixtures were shown by use of a radioactive flagella-binding assay to be inactive with fresh gametes. Inactivation of the flagella was temperature-dependent, was not catalyzed by soluble factors, and required adhesion of flagella to gametes of the opposite mating type. The potential physiological functions of the de-adhesion process are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of adhesion and de-adhesion of Chlamydomonas gametes. In medium with low nitrogen content, vegetative strains of the unicellular biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi form gametes. Mating type plus (mt+) and mating type minus (mt-) gametes adhere via their flagella to give aggregates in which the gametes eventually fuse to form zygotes. A quantitative assay has now been developed which measures aggregation and fusion by use of a Coulter electronic particle counter to determine loss of single gametes as they form aggregates in suspension. Determination of the rate and extent of cell fusion by microscopy agrees with the results obtained with the more rapid and convenient Coulter counter assay. By use of the assay it was found that aggregation and fusion occur at the same rate and to the same extent at 12 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Flagella from one of the mating types can specifically substitute for the corresponding live gametes; more than 70% of the gametes were aggregated and the extent of aggregation was proportional to the number of flagella added, until the ratio of cells to flagella exceeded 2. At 22 degrees C, in the flagella/gamete mixtures, adhesion was complete in less than 5 min, but at 5 to 10 min, gametes began to de-adhere from the clusters and, depending on the number of flagella added, essentially all of the gametes detached from the aggregates in 10 to 50 min. The gametes in such mixtures were fully competent to aggregate again, whereas the flagella recovered from such mixtures were shown by use of a radioactive flagella-binding assay to be inactive with fresh gametes. Inactivation of the flagella was temperature-dependent, was not catalyzed by soluble factors, and required adhesion of flagella to gametes of the opposite mating type. The potential physiological functions of the de-adhesion process are discussed.", "PMID": 500610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4841", "title": "Subcellular localization of acyl coenzyme A: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies).", "content": "Upon differential centrifugation of rat liver homogenate, the enzyme acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42) was found to be localized in the light mitochondrial (L) fraction which is enriched with lysosomes and peroxisomes. Peroxisomes were separated from lysosomes in a density gradient centrifugation using rats which were injected with Triton WR 1339. By comparing the enzyme distribution with the distribution of different marker enzymes, it was concluded that dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase is primarily localized in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). Similarly, the enzyme acyl dihydroxyacetone-phosphate:NADPH oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.101) was shown to be enriched in the peroxisomal fraction, although a portion of this reductase is also present in the microsomal fraction.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of acyl coenzyme A: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). Upon differential centrifugation of rat liver homogenate, the enzyme acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42) was found to be localized in the light mitochondrial (L) fraction which is enriched with lysosomes and peroxisomes. Peroxisomes were separated from lysosomes in a density gradient centrifugation using rats which were injected with Triton WR 1339. By comparing the enzyme distribution with the distribution of different marker enzymes, it was concluded that dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase is primarily localized in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). Similarly, the enzyme acyl dihydroxyacetone-phosphate:NADPH oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.101) was shown to be enriched in the peroxisomal fraction, although a portion of this reductase is also present in the microsomal fraction.", "PMID": 500614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4842", "title": "Reaction of fungal amine oxidase with beta-bromoethylamine.", "content": "beta-Br-ethylamine is both a substrate and an irreversible inhibitor of amine oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme catalyzes the nonoxidative elimination of HBr from beta-Br-ethylamine to form acetaldehyde. beta-Br-ethylamine meets several criteria for an irreversible substrate analog or suicide inhibitor. 1) It inactivates the oxidized enzyme, but not the reduced enzyme. 2) The Michaelis constant for beta-Br-ethylamine in the elimination reaction showed a similar magnitude to that of the related constant found when the haloamine acted as an inhibitor. 3) The enzyme was protected from the inactivation by the co-existence of the substrate. 4) Inactivation with beta-Br-[14C]ethylamine resulted in the incorporation of radioactivity corresponding to 1 mol of the label/mol of the monomeric unit of the enzyme and a decrease of 1 mol of the -SH group. 5) Inactivation was accompanied by the formation of a new absorption peak at 320 nm which was bleached by addition of NaBH4.", "contents": "Reaction of fungal amine oxidase with beta-bromoethylamine. beta-Br-ethylamine is both a substrate and an irreversible inhibitor of amine oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme catalyzes the nonoxidative elimination of HBr from beta-Br-ethylamine to form acetaldehyde. beta-Br-ethylamine meets several criteria for an irreversible substrate analog or suicide inhibitor. 1) It inactivates the oxidized enzyme, but not the reduced enzyme. 2) The Michaelis constant for beta-Br-ethylamine in the elimination reaction showed a similar magnitude to that of the related constant found when the haloamine acted as an inhibitor. 3) The enzyme was protected from the inactivation by the co-existence of the substrate. 4) Inactivation with beta-Br-[14C]ethylamine resulted in the incorporation of radioactivity corresponding to 1 mol of the label/mol of the monomeric unit of the enzyme and a decrease of 1 mol of the -SH group. 5) Inactivation was accompanied by the formation of a new absorption peak at 320 nm which was bleached by addition of NaBH4.", "PMID": 500616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4843", "title": "The contribution of bovine Factor V and Factor Va to the activity of prothrombinase.", "content": "The rates of prothrombin activation under initial conditions of invariant concentrations of prothrombin and Factor Xa were studied in the presence of various combinations of Ca2+, homogeneous bovine Factor V, Factor Va, phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine vesicles, and activated bovine platelets. Reactions were monitored continuously through the enhanced fluorescence accompanying the interaction of newly formed thrombin with dansylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl) amide. The complete prothrombinase (Factor Xa, Ca2+, phospholipid, and Factor Va) behaved as a \"typical\" enzyme and catalyzed the activation of prothrombin with an apparent Vmax of 2100 mol of thrombin/min/mol of Factor Va or Factor Xa, whichever was the rate-limiting component. Regardless of whether the enzymatic complex was composed of Factor Xa, Ca2+, and plasma Factor Va plus phospholipid vesicles, or activated platelets in the place of the latter components, similar specific activity values were observed. The combination of Factor Va, Ca2+, and phospholipid enhanced the rate of the Factor Xa-catalyzed activation of prothrombin by a factor of 278,000. Factor Va itself when added to Factor Xa, Ca2+, and phospholipid, enhanced the rate of prothrombin activation by a factor of 13,000. Unactivated Factor V appears to possess 0.27% of the procoagulant activity of thrombin-activated Factor Va. From the kinetics of prothrombinase activity, an interaction between Factor Xa and both Factor V and Factor Va was observed, with apparent 1:1 stoichiometries and dissociation constants of 7.3 x 10(-10) M for Factor Va and 2.7 x 10(-9) M for Factor V. The present data, combined with data on the equilibrium binding of prothrombinase components to phospholipid, indicate that the model prothrombinase described in this paper consists of a phospholipid-bound, stoichiometric complex of Factor Va and Factor Xa, with bound Factor Va serving as the \"binding site\" for Factor Xa, in concert with its proposed role in platelets.", "contents": "The contribution of bovine Factor V and Factor Va to the activity of prothrombinase. The rates of prothrombin activation under initial conditions of invariant concentrations of prothrombin and Factor Xa were studied in the presence of various combinations of Ca2+, homogeneous bovine Factor V, Factor Va, phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine vesicles, and activated bovine platelets. Reactions were monitored continuously through the enhanced fluorescence accompanying the interaction of newly formed thrombin with dansylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl) amide. The complete prothrombinase (Factor Xa, Ca2+, phospholipid, and Factor Va) behaved as a \"typical\" enzyme and catalyzed the activation of prothrombin with an apparent Vmax of 2100 mol of thrombin/min/mol of Factor Va or Factor Xa, whichever was the rate-limiting component. Regardless of whether the enzymatic complex was composed of Factor Xa, Ca2+, and plasma Factor Va plus phospholipid vesicles, or activated platelets in the place of the latter components, similar specific activity values were observed. The combination of Factor Va, Ca2+, and phospholipid enhanced the rate of the Factor Xa-catalyzed activation of prothrombin by a factor of 278,000. Factor Va itself when added to Factor Xa, Ca2+, and phospholipid, enhanced the rate of prothrombin activation by a factor of 13,000. Unactivated Factor V appears to possess 0.27% of the procoagulant activity of thrombin-activated Factor Va. From the kinetics of prothrombinase activity, an interaction between Factor Xa and both Factor V and Factor Va was observed, with apparent 1:1 stoichiometries and dissociation constants of 7.3 x 10(-10) M for Factor Va and 2.7 x 10(-9) M for Factor V. The present data, combined with data on the equilibrium binding of prothrombinase components to phospholipid, indicate that the model prothrombinase described in this paper consists of a phospholipid-bound, stoichiometric complex of Factor Va and Factor Xa, with bound Factor Va serving as the \"binding site\" for Factor Xa, in concert with its proposed role in platelets.", "PMID": 500617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4844", "title": "Reaction of the histidines of prolactin with ethoxyformic anhydride. A binding site modification.", "content": "The seven histidines of bovine prolactin were modified with ethoxyformic anhydride and two classes of reactivity were apparent: 5 histidines were in the more reactive class (k = 0.097 min-1) and 2 histidines were less reactive (k = 0.011 min-1). The activity of the modified prolactins was determined by measuring their ability to bind to prolactin receptors from rabbit mammary glands. This assay showed that prolactin was fully active when 0 to 5 histidines were modified. If all 7 residues were modified, the hormone was unable to bind to its receptor. Circular dichroism studies indicated no significant differences in conformation for prolactins which had 2 to 7 histidines modified. Modification of human growth hormone and human placental lactogen with ethoxyformic anhydride resulted in a loss of the ability of these lactogenic hormones to bind to the prolactin receptor. For all three hormones, essentially full activity was recovered when the modifying group was removed by treatment with hydroxylamine. Sequence comparisons indicate that only 2 of the 3 growth hormone histidines and 2 of 7 placental lactogen histidines were homologous with histidines in bovine prolactin and that, in each case, they correspond to His-27 and His-30 in bovine prolactin. It is postulated that these residues serve to identify a portion of the binding domain of bovine prolactin.", "contents": "Reaction of the histidines of prolactin with ethoxyformic anhydride. A binding site modification. The seven histidines of bovine prolactin were modified with ethoxyformic anhydride and two classes of reactivity were apparent: 5 histidines were in the more reactive class (k = 0.097 min-1) and 2 histidines were less reactive (k = 0.011 min-1). The activity of the modified prolactins was determined by measuring their ability to bind to prolactin receptors from rabbit mammary glands. This assay showed that prolactin was fully active when 0 to 5 histidines were modified. If all 7 residues were modified, the hormone was unable to bind to its receptor. Circular dichroism studies indicated no significant differences in conformation for prolactins which had 2 to 7 histidines modified. Modification of human growth hormone and human placental lactogen with ethoxyformic anhydride resulted in a loss of the ability of these lactogenic hormones to bind to the prolactin receptor. For all three hormones, essentially full activity was recovered when the modifying group was removed by treatment with hydroxylamine. Sequence comparisons indicate that only 2 of the 3 growth hormone histidines and 2 of 7 placental lactogen histidines were homologous with histidines in bovine prolactin and that, in each case, they correspond to His-27 and His-30 in bovine prolactin. It is postulated that these residues serve to identify a portion of the binding domain of bovine prolactin.", "PMID": 500618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4845", "title": "Separation and purification of a potent bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a closely associated phospholipase A2 from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Observations on their relationship.", "content": "Two antibacterial proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a potent bactericidal cationic protein that increases the envelope permeability of susceptible gram-negative bacteria and a phospholipase A2, have been purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The apparently noncatalytic bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has an approximate molecular weight of 50,000 and is isoelectric at pH 9.5 to 10.0. The molecular properties, including amino acid composition, and the antibacterial potency and specificity of this rabbit leukocyte protein and of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein from human granulocytes that we have recently purified (J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2664-2672, 1978) are closely similar. Both proteins kill several strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Rough strains are more sensitive than smooth strains. All gram-positive bacterial species tested are insensitive to high concentrations of either rabbit or human protein. The phospholipase A2, purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, ran as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 and had a specific enzymatic activity comparable to that of purified phospholipases A2 from other sources. Separation of the phospholipase A2 from the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has no noticeable effect on the bactericidal and permeability-increasing activities of the purified bactericidal protein, but removes the ability of the phospholipase A2 to hydrolyze the phospholipids of intact Escherichia coli. Upon recombination of the phospholipase A2 with the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, the phospholipase A2 regains its activity toward the phospholipids of intact E. coli suggesting that these two antibacterial leukocyte proteins act in concert.", "contents": "Separation and purification of a potent bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a closely associated phospholipase A2 from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Observations on their relationship. Two antibacterial proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a potent bactericidal cationic protein that increases the envelope permeability of susceptible gram-negative bacteria and a phospholipase A2, have been purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The apparently noncatalytic bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has an approximate molecular weight of 50,000 and is isoelectric at pH 9.5 to 10.0. The molecular properties, including amino acid composition, and the antibacterial potency and specificity of this rabbit leukocyte protein and of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein from human granulocytes that we have recently purified (J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2664-2672, 1978) are closely similar. Both proteins kill several strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Rough strains are more sensitive than smooth strains. All gram-positive bacterial species tested are insensitive to high concentrations of either rabbit or human protein. The phospholipase A2, purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, ran as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 and had a specific enzymatic activity comparable to that of purified phospholipases A2 from other sources. Separation of the phospholipase A2 from the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has no noticeable effect on the bactericidal and permeability-increasing activities of the purified bactericidal protein, but removes the ability of the phospholipase A2 to hydrolyze the phospholipids of intact Escherichia coli. Upon recombination of the phospholipase A2 with the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, the phospholipase A2 regains its activity toward the phospholipids of intact E. coli suggesting that these two antibacterial leukocyte proteins act in concert.", "PMID": 500619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4846", "title": "Guanidoacetate methyltransferase. Purification and molecular properties.", "content": "Guanidoacetate methyltransferase has been purified about 140-fold from pig liver. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed four protein bands, each of which is associated with guanidoacetate methyltransferase activity. During gel electrophoresis at pH 3 in 8 M urea, guanidoacetate methyltransferase migrated as a single component. The molecular weight of the purified guanidoacetate methyltransferase was estimated to be 31,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, which also showed only one protein component with guanidoacetate methyltransferase activity. This molecular weight is in agreement with that estimated by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Guanidoacetate methyltransferase is inhibited by adenosylhomocysteine, 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine, and sinefungin with Ki values of 16 microM, 39 microM, and 18 microM, respectively.", "contents": "Guanidoacetate methyltransferase. Purification and molecular properties. Guanidoacetate methyltransferase has been purified about 140-fold from pig liver. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed four protein bands, each of which is associated with guanidoacetate methyltransferase activity. During gel electrophoresis at pH 3 in 8 M urea, guanidoacetate methyltransferase migrated as a single component. The molecular weight of the purified guanidoacetate methyltransferase was estimated to be 31,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, which also showed only one protein component with guanidoacetate methyltransferase activity. This molecular weight is in agreement with that estimated by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Guanidoacetate methyltransferase is inhibited by adenosylhomocysteine, 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine, and sinefungin with Ki values of 16 microM, 39 microM, and 18 microM, respectively.", "PMID": 500623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4847", "title": "Pathway-dependent reconstitution of chromatin structure from separated constituents.", "content": "Chicken reticulocyte chromatin can be reassembled from its separated constituents, viz. DNA, H1 plus H5, core histones, and non-histone proteins, to yield a product resembling the native starting material by a series of structural criteria. In particular, it possesses nucleosomes separated by spacer regions; the particles contain DNA with a unit length of approximately 200 base pairs. The recovery of the correctly reassembled product depends critically on the annealing conditions: the components are initially mixed in 2 M NaCl and 5 M urea, and it seems to be important to remove urea at a relatively high salt concentration. The results suggest that the characteristic chromatin structure is formed only when core histones bind to DNA in their native conformation and are followed by the addition of H1 and H5 to the spacer regions.", "contents": "Pathway-dependent reconstitution of chromatin structure from separated constituents. Chicken reticulocyte chromatin can be reassembled from its separated constituents, viz. DNA, H1 plus H5, core histones, and non-histone proteins, to yield a product resembling the native starting material by a series of structural criteria. In particular, it possesses nucleosomes separated by spacer regions; the particles contain DNA with a unit length of approximately 200 base pairs. The recovery of the correctly reassembled product depends critically on the annealing conditions: the components are initially mixed in 2 M NaCl and 5 M urea, and it seems to be important to remove urea at a relatively high salt concentration. The results suggest that the characteristic chromatin structure is formed only when core histones bind to DNA in their native conformation and are followed by the addition of H1 and H5 to the spacer regions.", "PMID": 500624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4848", "title": "Receptor-mediated transport of the hybrid protein ricin-diphtheria toxin fragment A with subsequent ADP-ribosylation of intracellular elongation factor II.", "content": "A hybrid protein of ricin and the enzymatically active fragment A of diphtheria toxin (toxin A) has been synthesized and purified. The diphtheria toxin A fragment of the hybrid protein is shown to enter the cytosol compartment of HeLa cells, its presence assayed by the fall of intracellular elongation factor II (EF-2) and the rise of ADP-ribosylated EF-2. Hybrid entrance to HeLa cells is blocked by lactose which blocks receptor-mediated entry of ricin but not by NH4Cl which blocks the transport of diphtheria toxin. It is concluded that the diphtheria toxin fragment A moiety of the hybrid enters the cell cytosol via the ricin receptor-mediated transport system. The kinetics of intracellular ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 by diphtheria toxin have also been studied. Ribosylation is preceded by a toxin dose-dependent lag period. The data suggest that the time constant responsible for the lag period is in the transport step. Models consistent with these data are discussed.", "contents": "Receptor-mediated transport of the hybrid protein ricin-diphtheria toxin fragment A with subsequent ADP-ribosylation of intracellular elongation factor II. A hybrid protein of ricin and the enzymatically active fragment A of diphtheria toxin (toxin A) has been synthesized and purified. The diphtheria toxin A fragment of the hybrid protein is shown to enter the cytosol compartment of HeLa cells, its presence assayed by the fall of intracellular elongation factor II (EF-2) and the rise of ADP-ribosylated EF-2. Hybrid entrance to HeLa cells is blocked by lactose which blocks receptor-mediated entry of ricin but not by NH4Cl which blocks the transport of diphtheria toxin. It is concluded that the diphtheria toxin fragment A moiety of the hybrid enters the cell cytosol via the ricin receptor-mediated transport system. The kinetics of intracellular ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 by diphtheria toxin have also been studied. Ribosylation is preceded by a toxin dose-dependent lag period. The data suggest that the time constant responsible for the lag period is in the transport step. Models consistent with these data are discussed.", "PMID": 500625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4849", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of nucleolar U3B RNA.", "content": "U3A, U3B, and U3C are three distinct molecular weight nucleolar RNAs present in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. The primary nucleotide sequence of U3B, the most prominent of these U3 species, was determined. Purified U3B RNA was subjected to various enzymatic digestion procedures, including digests of 32P-labeled U3B RNA, RNA ligase, and polynucleotide kinase labeling, for determination of its primary sequence which is: (formula: see text). The 5'-terminus of the RNA has a \"cap\" and localized purine-rich regions were found near the 3'-terminus, which have been incorporated into a hydrogen-bonded region in a proposed secondary structure of the molecule.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of nucleolar U3B RNA. U3A, U3B, and U3C are three distinct molecular weight nucleolar RNAs present in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. The primary nucleotide sequence of U3B, the most prominent of these U3 species, was determined. Purified U3B RNA was subjected to various enzymatic digestion procedures, including digests of 32P-labeled U3B RNA, RNA ligase, and polynucleotide kinase labeling, for determination of its primary sequence which is: (formula: see text). The 5'-terminus of the RNA has a \"cap\" and localized purine-rich regions were found near the 3'-terminus, which have been incorporated into a hydrogen-bonded region in a proposed secondary structure of the molecule.", "PMID": 500626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4850", "title": "Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of proteins synthesized during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.", "content": "The changes in protein composition and cell surface proteins that occur during the adipocyte conversion of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were monitored by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis folowing incubation of cells with [35S]methionine for periods of 3 and 24 h. Alterations in the biosynthesis of more than 30 cytoplasmic proteins, 9 non-histone, chromosome-associated proteins, and 24 membrane proteins, were detected. Although the methodological limitations of the electrophoretic systems employed result in an underestimate of the total number of differences, the alterations observed exceed the enzyme changes known to occur during differentiation of these cells. One major alteration occurring during differentiation is a decrease in the content of a protein whose position following two-dimensional electrophoresis tentatively identified it as actin. A fall in actin content accompanying adipocyte conversion was confirmed by direct analysis of the DNase 1 inhibitory activity in homogenates prepared from cells during the course of differentiation. Studies of cell surface proteins by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reveal a number of changes during differentiation including an increase in a polypeptide(s) in the molecular weight range of 16,500 to 18,500, a decrease in at least four proteins of molecular weights greater than 100,000, and in a protein of molecular weight 95,000.", "contents": "Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of proteins synthesized during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The changes in protein composition and cell surface proteins that occur during the adipocyte conversion of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were monitored by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis folowing incubation of cells with [35S]methionine for periods of 3 and 24 h. Alterations in the biosynthesis of more than 30 cytoplasmic proteins, 9 non-histone, chromosome-associated proteins, and 24 membrane proteins, were detected. Although the methodological limitations of the electrophoretic systems employed result in an underestimate of the total number of differences, the alterations observed exceed the enzyme changes known to occur during differentiation of these cells. One major alteration occurring during differentiation is a decrease in the content of a protein whose position following two-dimensional electrophoresis tentatively identified it as actin. A fall in actin content accompanying adipocyte conversion was confirmed by direct analysis of the DNase 1 inhibitory activity in homogenates prepared from cells during the course of differentiation. Studies of cell surface proteins by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reveal a number of changes during differentiation including an increase in a polypeptide(s) in the molecular weight range of 16,500 to 18,500, a decrease in at least four proteins of molecular weights greater than 100,000, and in a protein of molecular weight 95,000.", "PMID": 500628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4851", "title": "Differential expression of gizzard actin genes during chick embryogenesis.", "content": "The iso forms of gizzard actin present during chicken embryogenesis were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. During chick embryogenesis there are conspicuous changes in the content of the iso forms of actin. Gizzards from 8-day-old embryos contain almost exclusively beta-actin. After 8 days of embryonic age, there is a continuous increase in the amount of gamma-actin and an apparent decrease in the amount of beta-actin. These changes in the content of beta- and gamma-actin in gizzard tissue are paralleled by changes in the content of the corresponding mRNAs, as detected by the ability of the RNAs to direct the synthesis of these proteins in micrococcal nuclease-digested reticulocyte lysates. The correlation of the in vivo and in vitro experiments indicates that during chick embryogenesis there is a differential expression of the genes coding for the iso forms of gizzard actin and that this expression is controlled at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Differential expression of gizzard actin genes during chick embryogenesis. The iso forms of gizzard actin present during chicken embryogenesis were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. During chick embryogenesis there are conspicuous changes in the content of the iso forms of actin. Gizzards from 8-day-old embryos contain almost exclusively beta-actin. After 8 days of embryonic age, there is a continuous increase in the amount of gamma-actin and an apparent decrease in the amount of beta-actin. These changes in the content of beta- and gamma-actin in gizzard tissue are paralleled by changes in the content of the corresponding mRNAs, as detected by the ability of the RNAs to direct the synthesis of these proteins in micrococcal nuclease-digested reticulocyte lysates. The correlation of the in vivo and in vitro experiments indicates that during chick embryogenesis there is a differential expression of the genes coding for the iso forms of gizzard actin and that this expression is controlled at the transcriptional level.", "PMID": 500629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4852", "title": "The purification of murine histocompatibility antigens (H-2b) from RBL-5 tumor cells using detergents.", "content": "A detergent-solubilized form of H-2b (dH-2b) has been purified 1500-fold from RBL-5 tumor cells. The purification was accomplished by deoxycholate solubilization of purified plasma membranes, gel filtration, Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography, and affinity chromatography on a sheep anti-dH-2b immunoadsorbent. Both alloantigen and beta 2-microglobulin were monitored by radioimmunoassay during purification. The final product was judged to be greater than 90% pure by the following criteria: 1) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis which showed the expected 2-component structure of histocompatibility antigens, i.e. a heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin; 2) amino acid composition which was comparable to the known compositions of other H-2 and HLA molecules; 3) NH2-terminal sequencing which gave a unique sequence for the heavy chain, and the reported sequence for beta 2-microglobulin; and 4) immunoprecipitation of the bulk of the preparation by appropriate alloantisera.", "contents": "The purification of murine histocompatibility antigens (H-2b) from RBL-5 tumor cells using detergents. A detergent-solubilized form of H-2b (dH-2b) has been purified 1500-fold from RBL-5 tumor cells. The purification was accomplished by deoxycholate solubilization of purified plasma membranes, gel filtration, Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography, and affinity chromatography on a sheep anti-dH-2b immunoadsorbent. Both alloantigen and beta 2-microglobulin were monitored by radioimmunoassay during purification. The final product was judged to be greater than 90% pure by the following criteria: 1) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis which showed the expected 2-component structure of histocompatibility antigens, i.e. a heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin; 2) amino acid composition which was comparable to the known compositions of other H-2 and HLA molecules; 3) NH2-terminal sequencing which gave a unique sequence for the heavy chain, and the reported sequence for beta 2-microglobulin; and 4) immunoprecipitation of the bulk of the preparation by appropriate alloantisera.", "PMID": 500630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4853", "title": "Acetylated and nonacetylated actins in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "We have carried out a two-dimensional gel analysis of the actin system of Dictyostelium discoideum. Our results show that on the basis of isoelectric focusing, there is a single major [35S]methionine-labeled species which corresponds both to the actin purified by Uyemura et al. (Uyemura, D., Brown, S.S., and Spudich, J.A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 9088-9095) and to the Coomassie Blue staining species seen in whole cell lysates of the organism. We also detect a minor labeled actin species, x, which has no corresponding Coomassie Blue staining counterpart. This species turns over much more rapidly than the major actin and has one more positive charge. It is not labeled with [3H]acetate, whereas the major actin is. When D. discoideum RNA is added to a mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein translation system, only one major actin is seen, and this species corresponds to the major actin observed in vivo. If endogenous acetyl coenzyme A is removed from the translation system, a second major actin appears corresponding in position to x. These results indicate that in D. discoideum, there is present a single major actin species in addition to a small amount of a rapidly turning over actin which is a nonacetylated form of the major actin. Additional experiments examining these actins through the developmental cycle of the organism show no consistent differences with the results obtained using vegetative cells.", "contents": "Acetylated and nonacetylated actins in Dictyostelium discoideum. We have carried out a two-dimensional gel analysis of the actin system of Dictyostelium discoideum. Our results show that on the basis of isoelectric focusing, there is a single major [35S]methionine-labeled species which corresponds both to the actin purified by Uyemura et al. (Uyemura, D., Brown, S.S., and Spudich, J.A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 9088-9095) and to the Coomassie Blue staining species seen in whole cell lysates of the organism. We also detect a minor labeled actin species, x, which has no corresponding Coomassie Blue staining counterpart. This species turns over much more rapidly than the major actin and has one more positive charge. It is not labeled with [3H]acetate, whereas the major actin is. When D. discoideum RNA is added to a mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein translation system, only one major actin is seen, and this species corresponds to the major actin observed in vivo. If endogenous acetyl coenzyme A is removed from the translation system, a second major actin appears corresponding in position to x. These results indicate that in D. discoideum, there is present a single major actin species in addition to a small amount of a rapidly turning over actin which is a nonacetylated form of the major actin. Additional experiments examining these actins through the developmental cycle of the organism show no consistent differences with the results obtained using vegetative cells.", "PMID": 500631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4854", "title": "Irreversible thiophosphorylation and activation of tension in functionally skinned rabbit ileum strips by [35S]ATP gamma S.", "content": "Rabbit ileum strips were functionally skinned by exposure to staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Incubation of the strips in the ATP analog ATP gamma S or [35S]ATP gamma S in the presence of Ca2+ (but not in the absence of Ca2+) resulted in a maximal Ca2+-insensitive activated tension that persisted following removal of Ca2+. Correlated with this tension was 35S-labeling of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain, LC20, that persisted even after removal of Ca2+. Tension in these strips partially relaxed when exposed to ATP (alpha,beta-methylene). In contrast, alpha-toxin-treated strips exposed to ATP or [gamma-32P]ATP showed Ca2+-sensitive, reversible activated tension and reversible 32P-labeling of the LC20. These results are consistent with a currently proposed model of Ca2+ control of smooth muscle contraction involving a myosin light chain kinase-phosphatase system.", "contents": "Irreversible thiophosphorylation and activation of tension in functionally skinned rabbit ileum strips by [35S]ATP gamma S. Rabbit ileum strips were functionally skinned by exposure to staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Incubation of the strips in the ATP analog ATP gamma S or [35S]ATP gamma S in the presence of Ca2+ (but not in the absence of Ca2+) resulted in a maximal Ca2+-insensitive activated tension that persisted following removal of Ca2+. Correlated with this tension was 35S-labeling of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain, LC20, that persisted even after removal of Ca2+. Tension in these strips partially relaxed when exposed to ATP (alpha,beta-methylene). In contrast, alpha-toxin-treated strips exposed to ATP or [gamma-32P]ATP showed Ca2+-sensitive, reversible activated tension and reversible 32P-labeling of the LC20. These results are consistent with a currently proposed model of Ca2+ control of smooth muscle contraction involving a myosin light chain kinase-phosphatase system.", "PMID": 500632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4855", "title": "The use of DNA-cellulose for analyzing histone-DNA interactions. Discovery of nucleosome-like histone binding to single-stranded DNA.", "content": "In this report, we introduce the use of DNA-cellulose chromatography for evaluating the strength of binding of histones to DNA under a variety of conditions. We have found that histones added directly to DNA-cellulose at physiological salt concentrations bind relatively weakly, with all histones eluting together at about 0.5 M NaCl when a salt gradient is applied. However, much tighter binding of the four nucleosomal histones to DNA-cellulose is obtained if gradual histone-DNA reconstitution conditions are used. In this case, the binding of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 to DNA-cellulose closely resembles their binding to native chromatin. The nativeness of the binding is indicated both by the distinctive sodium chloride elution profile of these histones from DNA-cellulose and by their relative resistance to trypsin digestion when DNA-bound. The binding to DNA-cellulose of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which have had the first 20 to 30 amino acid residues removed from their NH2 termini, is indistinguishable from the binding to DNA-cellulose of the same intact histones, as judged by their salt elution profile. Thus, even though the NH2 termini contain 40 to 50% of the positively charged amino acid residues (thought to interact with the DNA backbone), a major contribution to the DNA binding comes from the remainder of the histone molecule. Finally, we have discovered that histones can form a \"nucleosome-like\" complex on single-stranded DNA. The same complex does not appear to form on RNA. Histones H3 and H4 play a predominant role in organizing this histone complex on single-stranded DNA, as they do on double-stranded DNA in normal nucleosomes. We suggest that, in the cell nucleus, nucleosomal structures may form transiently on single strands of DNA, as DNA and RNA polymerases traverse DNA packaged by histones.", "contents": "The use of DNA-cellulose for analyzing histone-DNA interactions. Discovery of nucleosome-like histone binding to single-stranded DNA. In this report, we introduce the use of DNA-cellulose chromatography for evaluating the strength of binding of histones to DNA under a variety of conditions. We have found that histones added directly to DNA-cellulose at physiological salt concentrations bind relatively weakly, with all histones eluting together at about 0.5 M NaCl when a salt gradient is applied. However, much tighter binding of the four nucleosomal histones to DNA-cellulose is obtained if gradual histone-DNA reconstitution conditions are used. In this case, the binding of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 to DNA-cellulose closely resembles their binding to native chromatin. The nativeness of the binding is indicated both by the distinctive sodium chloride elution profile of these histones from DNA-cellulose and by their relative resistance to trypsin digestion when DNA-bound. The binding to DNA-cellulose of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which have had the first 20 to 30 amino acid residues removed from their NH2 termini, is indistinguishable from the binding to DNA-cellulose of the same intact histones, as judged by their salt elution profile. Thus, even though the NH2 termini contain 40 to 50% of the positively charged amino acid residues (thought to interact with the DNA backbone), a major contribution to the DNA binding comes from the remainder of the histone molecule. Finally, we have discovered that histones can form a \"nucleosome-like\" complex on single-stranded DNA. The same complex does not appear to form on RNA. Histones H3 and H4 play a predominant role in organizing this histone complex on single-stranded DNA, as they do on double-stranded DNA in normal nucleosomes. We suggest that, in the cell nucleus, nucleosomal structures may form transiently on single strands of DNA, as DNA and RNA polymerases traverse DNA packaged by histones.", "PMID": 500633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4856", "title": "Kinetic characterization of long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A ligase from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A ligase (EC 6.2.1.3) purified from rat liver mitochondria has been characterized with respect to several kinetic parameters. Many of the kinetic properties of the mitochondrial enzyme are similar to those of the purified microsomal enzyme with respect to palmitoyl-CoA formation, but there are distinct differences. The fatty acid and nucleotide specificities of the mitochondrial enzyme are similar to those of the microsomal enzyme, as are the apparent Km values for ATP and coenzyme A. On the other hand, the mitochondrial enzyme differs from the microsomal enzyme in that it has a lower pH optimum, is different in molecular weight, and does not show simple saturation kinetics with palmitate as substrate. Of particular interest is the evidence presented which indicates that the mitochondrial long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase, unlike short and medium chain ligases, does not utilize an acyladenylate as an intermediate in the formation of fatty acyl-CoA.", "contents": "Kinetic characterization of long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A ligase from rat liver mitochondria. Long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A ligase (EC 6.2.1.3) purified from rat liver mitochondria has been characterized with respect to several kinetic parameters. Many of the kinetic properties of the mitochondrial enzyme are similar to those of the purified microsomal enzyme with respect to palmitoyl-CoA formation, but there are distinct differences. The fatty acid and nucleotide specificities of the mitochondrial enzyme are similar to those of the microsomal enzyme, as are the apparent Km values for ATP and coenzyme A. On the other hand, the mitochondrial enzyme differs from the microsomal enzyme in that it has a lower pH optimum, is different in molecular weight, and does not show simple saturation kinetics with palmitate as substrate. Of particular interest is the evidence presented which indicates that the mitochondrial long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase, unlike short and medium chain ligases, does not utilize an acyladenylate as an intermediate in the formation of fatty acyl-CoA.", "PMID": 500634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4857", "title": "Total sialic acid content of glycophorins during senescence of human red blood cells.", "content": "Glycophorins extracted from membranes of young and old human red blood cells have within an error of +/- 1.5% the same sialic acid content when referred to a relative measure of the number of glycophorins. The degree of surface iodination in glycophorins, which was shown to be the same in young and old cells, served as this relative measure. This finding implies that senescent human red blood cells hardly reveal desialylated surface proteins (less than or equal to 3%). However, the sialic acid content per cell was repeatedly reported to be 10 to 15% lower in old than in young cells. Therefore, we conclude 1) that human red blood cells lose intact glycophorin together with membrane during red blood cell senescence, and 2) that removal of desialylated and senescent red blood cells from the circulation proceeds by different routes.", "contents": "Total sialic acid content of glycophorins during senescence of human red blood cells. Glycophorins extracted from membranes of young and old human red blood cells have within an error of +/- 1.5% the same sialic acid content when referred to a relative measure of the number of glycophorins. The degree of surface iodination in glycophorins, which was shown to be the same in young and old cells, served as this relative measure. This finding implies that senescent human red blood cells hardly reveal desialylated surface proteins (less than or equal to 3%). However, the sialic acid content per cell was repeatedly reported to be 10 to 15% lower in old than in young cells. Therefore, we conclude 1) that human red blood cells lose intact glycophorin together with membrane during red blood cell senescence, and 2) that removal of desialylated and senescent red blood cells from the circulation proceeds by different routes.", "PMID": 500635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4858", "title": "Isolation of adenylate cyclase-enriched membranes from mammalian cells using concanavalin A.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles containing adenylate cyclase and beta-adrenergic receptors were prepared from 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells by a procedure involving the use of concanavalin A to stabilize the plasma membrane to fragmentation and vesiculation upon cell lysis. Treatment of cells with concanavalin A causes these plasma membrane markers to sediment to a higher density of sucrose and in a narrower band than observed with untreated cells. Upon treatment of the heavy membrane fragments with alpha-methylmannoside to remove bound concanavalin A, the enzyme markers again sediment a lower densities of sucrose. This reversible change in sedimentation behavior has been used to obtain preparations of plasma membranes enriched 14- to 21-fold (recovery 25%) in adenylate cyclase activity and about 12-fold (recovery 16%) in beta-adrenergic receptor density, as compared to lysates. The adenylate cyclase of purified membranes responded normally to isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1. Experiments with S49 and YAC mouse lymphoma cells and human skin fibroblasts indicate that this procedure may be adaptable to the isolation of plasma membranes from a variety of cultured cell lines.", "contents": "Isolation of adenylate cyclase-enriched membranes from mammalian cells using concanavalin A. Plasma membrane vesicles containing adenylate cyclase and beta-adrenergic receptors were prepared from 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells by a procedure involving the use of concanavalin A to stabilize the plasma membrane to fragmentation and vesiculation upon cell lysis. Treatment of cells with concanavalin A causes these plasma membrane markers to sediment to a higher density of sucrose and in a narrower band than observed with untreated cells. Upon treatment of the heavy membrane fragments with alpha-methylmannoside to remove bound concanavalin A, the enzyme markers again sediment a lower densities of sucrose. This reversible change in sedimentation behavior has been used to obtain preparations of plasma membranes enriched 14- to 21-fold (recovery 25%) in adenylate cyclase activity and about 12-fold (recovery 16%) in beta-adrenergic receptor density, as compared to lysates. The adenylate cyclase of purified membranes responded normally to isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1. Experiments with S49 and YAC mouse lymphoma cells and human skin fibroblasts indicate that this procedure may be adaptable to the isolation of plasma membranes from a variety of cultured cell lines.", "PMID": 500636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4859", "title": "P blood group regulation of glycosphingolipid levels in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The neutral glycosphingolipid content of normal human erythrocytes was analyzed by a new method which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography. This rapid and accurate technique permits the quantitation of each of the major neutral glycolipids from individual blood samples. A correlation between the P blood group and the relative quantities of neutral glycosphingolipids is demonstrated. Erythrocytes from P1 individuals are shown to contain more globotriaosylceramide and less lactosylceramide than do erythrocytes from P2 individuals. The results of these experiments suggest the existence of a new phenotype in the P blood group system, and have further implications regarding the biosynthesis of the P blood group glycosphingolipids.", "contents": "P blood group regulation of glycosphingolipid levels in human erythrocytes. The neutral glycosphingolipid content of normal human erythrocytes was analyzed by a new method which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography. This rapid and accurate technique permits the quantitation of each of the major neutral glycolipids from individual blood samples. A correlation between the P blood group and the relative quantities of neutral glycosphingolipids is demonstrated. Erythrocytes from P1 individuals are shown to contain more globotriaosylceramide and less lactosylceramide than do erythrocytes from P2 individuals. The results of these experiments suggest the existence of a new phenotype in the P blood group system, and have further implications regarding the biosynthesis of the P blood group glycosphingolipids.", "PMID": 500637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4860", "title": "The binding of saxitoxin to axolemma of mammalian brain. Cooperative competition between saxitoxin and sodium ion.", "content": "Saturable, high affinity binding of tritium-labeled saxitoxin ([3H]STX) to axolemma-enriched membranes from white matter of bovine brain was identified. The apparent [3H]STX equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd*) was strongly affected by the cationic environment:choline ion had little effect; cesium ion increased the mammalian axolemma Kd* in a simple competitive manner. In contrast, sodium ion more dramatically increased the Kd*--this effect was highly cooperative between 75 and 200 mM sodium (Hill coefficient of 2.85). The cooperativity is most pronounced at the normally expected [sodium] external to the axon in the mammalian central nervous system. This sodium-specific cooperative modification of the STX binding site (the hypothetical \"ion selectivity filter\" of the axonal Na+ gate) may be indicative of some as yet undefined regulatory mechanism of the Na+ gate in mammalian myelinated axons.", "contents": "The binding of saxitoxin to axolemma of mammalian brain. Cooperative competition between saxitoxin and sodium ion. Saturable, high affinity binding of tritium-labeled saxitoxin ([3H]STX) to axolemma-enriched membranes from white matter of bovine brain was identified. The apparent [3H]STX equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd*) was strongly affected by the cationic environment:choline ion had little effect; cesium ion increased the mammalian axolemma Kd* in a simple competitive manner. In contrast, sodium ion more dramatically increased the Kd*--this effect was highly cooperative between 75 and 200 mM sodium (Hill coefficient of 2.85). The cooperativity is most pronounced at the normally expected [sodium] external to the axon in the mammalian central nervous system. This sodium-specific cooperative modification of the STX binding site (the hypothetical \"ion selectivity filter\" of the axonal Na+ gate) may be indicative of some as yet undefined regulatory mechanism of the Na+ gate in mammalian myelinated axons.", "PMID": 500638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4861", "title": "Physical properties of the detergent-extracted nerve growth factor receptor of sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "The nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor from microsomes of adult rabbit superior cervical ganglia has been solubilized with Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate. The physical properties of the detergent-extracted NGF receptor were assessed by Sepharose 6B chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies in H2O and D2O. The predominant form of the NGF receptor has a Stokes radius of 71 A, a partial specific volume of 0.74 ml/g, a sedimentation coefficient of 4.3 S, and a frictional ratio of 1.8. From these parameters, it can be calculated that the NGF receptor in Triton X-100 is a minimally hydrophobic, highly asymmetric, intrinsic membrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 135,000. A form of the receptor with a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4 S was occasionally seen which appears to represent an aggregated form of the 4.3 S moiety.", "contents": "Physical properties of the detergent-extracted nerve growth factor receptor of sympathetic ganglia. The nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor from microsomes of adult rabbit superior cervical ganglia has been solubilized with Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate. The physical properties of the detergent-extracted NGF receptor were assessed by Sepharose 6B chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies in H2O and D2O. The predominant form of the NGF receptor has a Stokes radius of 71 A, a partial specific volume of 0.74 ml/g, a sedimentation coefficient of 4.3 S, and a frictional ratio of 1.8. From these parameters, it can be calculated that the NGF receptor in Triton X-100 is a minimally hydrophobic, highly asymmetric, intrinsic membrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 135,000. A form of the receptor with a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4 S was occasionally seen which appears to represent an aggregated form of the 4.3 S moiety.", "PMID": 500641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4862", "title": "Assembly of fibrin. A light scattering study.", "content": "Using stopped flow light scattering, we show that assembly of fibrin following activation with non-rate-limiting amounts of thrombin or reptilase occurs in two steps, of which the first is end-to-end polymerization of fibrin monomers to protofibrils and the second is lateral association of protofibrils to fibers, in agreement with Ferry's original proposal. Polymerization is found to proceed as a bimolecular association of bifunctional monomers; the overall rate varies as the inverse first power of the concentration; end-to-end association of two monomers, of a monomer and an oligomer, and of two oligomers occurs with the same rate constant. The value of the rate constant is 8.2 C 10(5) M-1 s-1 in 0.5 M NaCl, is three times larger in 0.1 M NaCl (0.05 M Tris, pH 7.4), and is the same following activation by reptilase and by thrombin. The onset of growth of fibers from protofibrils takes 12 times longer in 0.5 than in 0.1 M salt, i.e. thick fibers (\"coarse\" gels) form from short protofibrils, and thin fibers (\"fine\" gels) form from longer protofibrils. Jumps of salt concentration at times when protofibrils, but not fibers, have formed result in immediate growth of thick fibers at low salt from long protofibrils formed at high salt. The rate of fiber growth in these experiments varies as the inverse first power of the concentration. 3the instant of gelation (formation of a network of fibers) falls in the later half of the time during which the scattering rises due to fiber growth; the rise of gel rigidity after gelation is found to continue beyond the end of this period. Jumps from low to high salt result in retention of whatever fibers have formed at low salt and a very small additional increase of the scattering due to further fiber growth at high salt. From a variety of evidence, we conclude that the properties of fibrin are determined by kinetics and not equilibria of assembly steps. Results obtained here agree with the following scheme of fibrin assembly: monomers polymerize to protofibrils; long protofibrils associate laterally to fibers; occasionally a long protofibril associates with two different fibers to form an interfiber connection; fiber growth does not reverse to yield stabler, more compact, structures and terminates in formation of a network of fibers. The typical delay of fiber growth is the time during which protofibrils form from monomers. Measurements at rate-limiting concentrations of thrombin have allowed estimation of turnover rates of fibrinopeptides that agree with kinetic parameters obtained with direct assay of fibrinopeptide. Release of fibrinopeptide B causes more rapid fiber formation. Addition of thrombin after activation by reptilase, at a time when protofibrils, but not fibers, have formed, is followed rapidly by fiber formation; this proves that thrombin readily removes fibrinopeptide B from protofibrils. On the basis of these new results and earlier work (in particular, Blomb\u00e4ck, B., Hessel, B., Hogg, D., and Therkildsen, L...", "contents": "Assembly of fibrin. A light scattering study. Using stopped flow light scattering, we show that assembly of fibrin following activation with non-rate-limiting amounts of thrombin or reptilase occurs in two steps, of which the first is end-to-end polymerization of fibrin monomers to protofibrils and the second is lateral association of protofibrils to fibers, in agreement with Ferry's original proposal. Polymerization is found to proceed as a bimolecular association of bifunctional monomers; the overall rate varies as the inverse first power of the concentration; end-to-end association of two monomers, of a monomer and an oligomer, and of two oligomers occurs with the same rate constant. The value of the rate constant is 8.2 C 10(5) M-1 s-1 in 0.5 M NaCl, is three times larger in 0.1 M NaCl (0.05 M Tris, pH 7.4), and is the same following activation by reptilase and by thrombin. The onset of growth of fibers from protofibrils takes 12 times longer in 0.5 than in 0.1 M salt, i.e. thick fibers (\"coarse\" gels) form from short protofibrils, and thin fibers (\"fine\" gels) form from longer protofibrils. Jumps of salt concentration at times when protofibrils, but not fibers, have formed result in immediate growth of thick fibers at low salt from long protofibrils formed at high salt. The rate of fiber growth in these experiments varies as the inverse first power of the concentration. 3the instant of gelation (formation of a network of fibers) falls in the later half of the time during which the scattering rises due to fiber growth; the rise of gel rigidity after gelation is found to continue beyond the end of this period. Jumps from low to high salt result in retention of whatever fibers have formed at low salt and a very small additional increase of the scattering due to further fiber growth at high salt. From a variety of evidence, we conclude that the properties of fibrin are determined by kinetics and not equilibria of assembly steps. Results obtained here agree with the following scheme of fibrin assembly: monomers polymerize to protofibrils; long protofibrils associate laterally to fibers; occasionally a long protofibril associates with two different fibers to form an interfiber connection; fiber growth does not reverse to yield stabler, more compact, structures and terminates in formation of a network of fibers. The typical delay of fiber growth is the time during which protofibrils form from monomers. Measurements at rate-limiting concentrations of thrombin have allowed estimation of turnover rates of fibrinopeptides that agree with kinetic parameters obtained with direct assay of fibrinopeptide. Release of fibrinopeptide B causes more rapid fiber formation. Addition of thrombin after activation by reptilase, at a time when protofibrils, but not fibers, have formed, is followed rapidly by fiber formation; this proves that thrombin readily removes fibrinopeptide B from protofibrils. On the basis of these new results and earlier work (in particular, Blomb\u00e4ck, B., Hessel, B., Hogg, D., and Therkildsen, L...", "PMID": 500644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4863", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Comparative subunit structures of the homogeneous enzymes.", "content": "The constituent polypeptides of the three classes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Acanthamoeba castellanii were compared by several electrophoretic methods. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) reveals that a number of polypeptide components of the isozymes have identical molecular weights. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea:SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) demonstrates that the polypeptides of identical molecular weights also have identical isoelectric pH values. These polypeptides were also coincident after electrophoresis in 8 M urea at acidic or basic pH values followed by a second electrophoretic separation in the presence of SDS. By these criteria, subunits of molecular weight 13,300, 15,500, 17,500, 22,500, 37,000, and 39,000 are indistinguishable in polymerase I and III. The 13,300, 15,500, and 22,500 subunits are also shared by the class II polymerase. In addition, electrophoresis in 8 M urea under basic conditions reveals microheterogeneity in the 17,500 molecular weight subunit. The strikingly similar pattern of common subunits between yeast and Acanthamoeba suggests that a universal arrangement of functional units may be an essential feature of the eukaryotic polymerases.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Comparative subunit structures of the homogeneous enzymes. The constituent polypeptides of the three classes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Acanthamoeba castellanii were compared by several electrophoretic methods. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) reveals that a number of polypeptide components of the isozymes have identical molecular weights. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea:SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) demonstrates that the polypeptides of identical molecular weights also have identical isoelectric pH values. These polypeptides were also coincident after electrophoresis in 8 M urea at acidic or basic pH values followed by a second electrophoretic separation in the presence of SDS. By these criteria, subunits of molecular weight 13,300, 15,500, 17,500, 22,500, 37,000, and 39,000 are indistinguishable in polymerase I and III. The 13,300, 15,500, and 22,500 subunits are also shared by the class II polymerase. In addition, electrophoresis in 8 M urea under basic conditions reveals microheterogeneity in the 17,500 molecular weight subunit. The strikingly similar pattern of common subunits between yeast and Acanthamoeba suggests that a universal arrangement of functional units may be an essential feature of the eukaryotic polymerases.", "PMID": 500645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4864", "title": "Cooperative effects of CTP on calf liver CTP synthetase.", "content": "In all previous kinetics studies of calf liver CTP synthetase, simple Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic plots were obtained. In this study it was shown that calf liver CTP synthetase could generate sigmoidal kinetic plots as a function of the substrate UTP when in the presence of the product of the reaction, CTP. The Hill number was estimated to be 2.8. The enzyme did not generate sigmoidal plots as a function of the other substrates (L-glutamine and ATP) either in the presence or absence of CTP. Thus, CTP apparently induced changes in the liver enzyme which altered the binding of UTP to the enzyme by acting at a site distinct from the UTP binding site (allosteric site). This concept was further strengthened by the fact that 3-deazaUTP, a known competitive inhibitor of the liver enzyme, did not induce sigmoidal kinetic plots. It was also shown that CTP had no effect upon the dimerization of the enzyme, thus ruling out monomer to dimer transitions as a potential mechanism for the observed sigmoidal kinetics.", "contents": "Cooperative effects of CTP on calf liver CTP synthetase. In all previous kinetics studies of calf liver CTP synthetase, simple Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic plots were obtained. In this study it was shown that calf liver CTP synthetase could generate sigmoidal kinetic plots as a function of the substrate UTP when in the presence of the product of the reaction, CTP. The Hill number was estimated to be 2.8. The enzyme did not generate sigmoidal plots as a function of the other substrates (L-glutamine and ATP) either in the presence or absence of CTP. Thus, CTP apparently induced changes in the liver enzyme which altered the binding of UTP to the enzyme by acting at a site distinct from the UTP binding site (allosteric site). This concept was further strengthened by the fact that 3-deazaUTP, a known competitive inhibitor of the liver enzyme, did not induce sigmoidal kinetic plots. It was also shown that CTP had no effect upon the dimerization of the enzyme, thus ruling out monomer to dimer transitions as a potential mechanism for the observed sigmoidal kinetics.", "PMID": 500649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4865", "title": "Uptake of 22Na+ by cultured dog kidney cells (MDCK).", "content": "22Na+ uptake measurements were conducted on the dog kidney cell line, MDCK, to determine the mechanism of ouabain-insensitive sodium transport. The radioisotope was found to be taken up into monolayer cultures via an ATP-independent, saturable process (Km = 40 mM). The presence of sodium on the opposite side of the membrane gave rise to a transstimulation of the 22Na+ flux. Studies utilizing potassium and valinomycin suggested that the transport system was insensitive to changes in the membrane potential. Replacement of chloride in the assay buffer with other anions did not decrease the rate of 22Na+ uptake at 14 mMNa+, but bicarbonate and acetate were stimulatory. Potassium and rubidium increased the rate of 22Na+ influx (Ka = 13mM with 14 mM NaCL in the medium). Lithium (Ki = 7.5mM) and amiloride (Ki = 1.7 x 10(-5) M) were competitive and partially (or mixed) competitive inhibitors, respectively. The data are consistent with a mechanism of sodium uptake that includes a carrier(s) capable of catalyzing net sodium uptake and sodium-sodium exchange.", "contents": "Uptake of 22Na+ by cultured dog kidney cells (MDCK). 22Na+ uptake measurements were conducted on the dog kidney cell line, MDCK, to determine the mechanism of ouabain-insensitive sodium transport. The radioisotope was found to be taken up into monolayer cultures via an ATP-independent, saturable process (Km = 40 mM). The presence of sodium on the opposite side of the membrane gave rise to a transstimulation of the 22Na+ flux. Studies utilizing potassium and valinomycin suggested that the transport system was insensitive to changes in the membrane potential. Replacement of chloride in the assay buffer with other anions did not decrease the rate of 22Na+ uptake at 14 mMNa+, but bicarbonate and acetate were stimulatory. Potassium and rubidium increased the rate of 22Na+ influx (Ka = 13mM with 14 mM NaCL in the medium). Lithium (Ki = 7.5mM) and amiloride (Ki = 1.7 x 10(-5) M) were competitive and partially (or mixed) competitive inhibitors, respectively. The data are consistent with a mechanism of sodium uptake that includes a carrier(s) capable of catalyzing net sodium uptake and sodium-sodium exchange.", "PMID": 500650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4866", "title": "Porcine liver dihydrofolate reductase. Purification, properties, and amino acid sequence.", "content": "Porcine liver dihydrofolate reductase has been purified 18,000-fold to homogeneity. The properties of the purified enzyme were compared to those of dihydrofolate reductase from L1210 cells, the only mammalian reductase for which complete amino acid sequence data are available. The enzymes are very similar when compared on the basis of mechanism and kinetic constants, molecular weights, isoelectric points, and stimulation by salt. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of both enzymes shows an overall identity of 89%. Thus, the similarities seen in inhibitor-binding profiles of mammalian enzymes reflect the close relationship of these enzymes at the molecular level.", "contents": "Porcine liver dihydrofolate reductase. Purification, properties, and amino acid sequence. Porcine liver dihydrofolate reductase has been purified 18,000-fold to homogeneity. The properties of the purified enzyme were compared to those of dihydrofolate reductase from L1210 cells, the only mammalian reductase for which complete amino acid sequence data are available. The enzymes are very similar when compared on the basis of mechanism and kinetic constants, molecular weights, isoelectric points, and stimulation by salt. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of both enzymes shows an overall identity of 89%. Thus, the similarities seen in inhibitor-binding profiles of mammalian enzymes reflect the close relationship of these enzymes at the molecular level.", "PMID": 500653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4867", "title": "Tubulin tyrosylation in vivo and changes accompanying differentiation of cultured neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells.", "content": "Changes in a posttranslational modification of tubulin, which accompany differentiation, have been studied in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cultured cells. The modification consists of the reversible enzymatic addition of a tyrosine to the COOH terminus of the alpha chain. Cytoplasmic tubulin purified from undifferentiated cells resembled that from adult mammalian brain in that half was in a form which can not accept tyrosine; of the remainder, which is a substrate for tubulin-tyrosine ligase, a higher proportion had COOH-terminal tyrosine. In the tubulin from differentiated cells, in which there had been extensive assembly of axonal microtubules from a preformed pool of subunits, the nonsubstrate tubulin was almost entirely replaced by the species with COOH-terminal tyrosine. In living cells, in the absence of protein synthesis, there was fixation of labeled tyrosine into cytoplasmic alpha chains which was extensive enough to be consistent with turnover, during the course of an hour, of the pre-existing COOH-terminal tyrosine. The alpha chain in the particulate fraction of the cells was comparably labeled, along with some unidentified low molecular weight components.", "contents": "Tubulin tyrosylation in vivo and changes accompanying differentiation of cultured neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Changes in a posttranslational modification of tubulin, which accompany differentiation, have been studied in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cultured cells. The modification consists of the reversible enzymatic addition of a tyrosine to the COOH terminus of the alpha chain. Cytoplasmic tubulin purified from undifferentiated cells resembled that from adult mammalian brain in that half was in a form which can not accept tyrosine; of the remainder, which is a substrate for tubulin-tyrosine ligase, a higher proportion had COOH-terminal tyrosine. In the tubulin from differentiated cells, in which there had been extensive assembly of axonal microtubules from a preformed pool of subunits, the nonsubstrate tubulin was almost entirely replaced by the species with COOH-terminal tyrosine. In living cells, in the absence of protein synthesis, there was fixation of labeled tyrosine into cytoplasmic alpha chains which was extensive enough to be consistent with turnover, during the course of an hour, of the pre-existing COOH-terminal tyrosine. The alpha chain in the particulate fraction of the cells was comparably labeled, along with some unidentified low molecular weight components.", "PMID": 500654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4868", "title": "Effects of branched chain alpha-ketoacids on the metabolism of isolated rat liver cells. I. Regulation of branched chain alpha-ketoacid metabolism.", "content": "alpha-Ketoisocaproate (ketoleucine) is shown to be metabolized to ketone bodies rapidly by isolated rat liver cells. Acetoacetate is the major end product and maximum rates were observed with 2 mM substrate. Studies with 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (an inhibitor of long chain fatty acid oxidation) showed that ketogenesis from alpha-ketoisocaproate and from endogenous fatty acids were additive. With alpha-ketoisocaproate present as soole substrate at 2 mM, leucine production was less than 10% of alpha-ketoisocaproate uptake and only 30% of the acetyl coenzyme A generated was oxidized in the citric acid cycle. Metabolism of alpha-ketoisocaproate was inhibited by fatty acids, alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, and pyruvate. Oxidation of acetyl-CoA generated from alpha-ketoisocaproate was suppressed by oleate and by pyruvate, but was enhanced by lactate. Metabolism between the different branched chain alpha-ketoacids was mutually competitive. When alpha-ketoisocaproate (2 mM) was added in the presence of high pyruvate concentrations (4.4 mM), flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase was decreased, and the proportion of total pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form (PDHa) also fell. With lactate as substrate, PDHa was only 25% of total activity and was little affected by addition of alpha-ketoisocaproate. These data suggest that enhanced oxidation of acetyl-CoA from alpha-ketoisocaproate by lactate addition is caused by a low activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase combined with increased flux through the citric acid cycle in response to the energy requirements for gluconeogenesis. However, acetyl-CoA generation from pyruvate is apparently insufficiently inhibited by alpha-ketoisocaproate to cause a diversion of acetyl-CoA formed during alpha-ketoisocaproate metabolism from ketone body formation to oxidation in the citric acid cycle. Measurements of the cell contents of CoASH, acetyl-CoA, acid-soluble acyl-CoA, and acid-insoluble fatty acyl-CoA indicated that when the branched chain alpha-ketoacids were added as sole substrate, their oxidation was limited at a step distal to the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. Acid-soluble acyl-CoA derivatives were depleted after oleate addition in the presence of alpha-ketoisocaproate, suggesting an inhibition of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase by the elevation of the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio observed during fatty acid oxidation. This effect was not observed in the presence of oleate and 2-tetradecylglycidic acid.", "contents": "Effects of branched chain alpha-ketoacids on the metabolism of isolated rat liver cells. I. Regulation of branched chain alpha-ketoacid metabolism. alpha-Ketoisocaproate (ketoleucine) is shown to be metabolized to ketone bodies rapidly by isolated rat liver cells. Acetoacetate is the major end product and maximum rates were observed with 2 mM substrate. Studies with 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (an inhibitor of long chain fatty acid oxidation) showed that ketogenesis from alpha-ketoisocaproate and from endogenous fatty acids were additive. With alpha-ketoisocaproate present as soole substrate at 2 mM, leucine production was less than 10% of alpha-ketoisocaproate uptake and only 30% of the acetyl coenzyme A generated was oxidized in the citric acid cycle. Metabolism of alpha-ketoisocaproate was inhibited by fatty acids, alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, and pyruvate. Oxidation of acetyl-CoA generated from alpha-ketoisocaproate was suppressed by oleate and by pyruvate, but was enhanced by lactate. Metabolism between the different branched chain alpha-ketoacids was mutually competitive. When alpha-ketoisocaproate (2 mM) was added in the presence of high pyruvate concentrations (4.4 mM), flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase was decreased, and the proportion of total pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form (PDHa) also fell. With lactate as substrate, PDHa was only 25% of total activity and was little affected by addition of alpha-ketoisocaproate. These data suggest that enhanced oxidation of acetyl-CoA from alpha-ketoisocaproate by lactate addition is caused by a low activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase combined with increased flux through the citric acid cycle in response to the energy requirements for gluconeogenesis. However, acetyl-CoA generation from pyruvate is apparently insufficiently inhibited by alpha-ketoisocaproate to cause a diversion of acetyl-CoA formed during alpha-ketoisocaproate metabolism from ketone body formation to oxidation in the citric acid cycle. Measurements of the cell contents of CoASH, acetyl-CoA, acid-soluble acyl-CoA, and acid-insoluble fatty acyl-CoA indicated that when the branched chain alpha-ketoacids were added as sole substrate, their oxidation was limited at a step distal to the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. Acid-soluble acyl-CoA derivatives were depleted after oleate addition in the presence of alpha-ketoisocaproate, suggesting an inhibition of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase by the elevation of the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio observed during fatty acid oxidation. This effect was not observed in the presence of oleate and 2-tetradecylglycidic acid.", "PMID": 500655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4869", "title": "Purification of mammalian tumor (L1210) thymidylate synthetase by affinity chromatography on stable biospecific adsorbent. Stabilization of the enzyme with neutral detergents.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase from mouse leukemic L1210 cells was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity with 70% yield as a result of an affinity chromatography procedure based on reversible deoxyuridylate-dependent binding of the enzyme to a stable biospecific adsorbent, 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate, immobilized on aminoethyl-Sepharose. The presence of neutral detergents, Triton X-100, or Nonidet P40 stabilized thymidylate synthetase during purification. Analytical electrophoresis of the enzyme treated with an excess of 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate showed the presence of two forms of thymidylate synthetase--5-fluorodeoxyuridylate.5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate complex, indicating that there are two binding sites for 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate present on the enzyme molecule. Molecular weight of native thymidylate synthetase was found to be 75,000, whereas that for the monomer was 38,500.", "contents": "Purification of mammalian tumor (L1210) thymidylate synthetase by affinity chromatography on stable biospecific adsorbent. Stabilization of the enzyme with neutral detergents. Thymidylate synthetase from mouse leukemic L1210 cells was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity with 70% yield as a result of an affinity chromatography procedure based on reversible deoxyuridylate-dependent binding of the enzyme to a stable biospecific adsorbent, 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate, immobilized on aminoethyl-Sepharose. The presence of neutral detergents, Triton X-100, or Nonidet P40 stabilized thymidylate synthetase during purification. Analytical electrophoresis of the enzyme treated with an excess of 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate showed the presence of two forms of thymidylate synthetase--5-fluorodeoxyuridylate.5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate complex, indicating that there are two binding sites for 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate present on the enzyme molecule. Molecular weight of native thymidylate synthetase was found to be 75,000, whereas that for the monomer was 38,500.", "PMID": 500657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4870", "title": "Solubilization and partial purification of an enzyme involved in rat liver microsomal fatty acid chain elongation: beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase.", "content": "The solubilization and partial purification of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase from rat liver microsomes has been accomplished through deoxycholate solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and ion exchange chromatography. A purification of about 90-fold based on total soluble activity was achieved, with an overall yield of 40%. However, the initial solubilization is accompanied by the loss of the secondary portion of the v/s curve observed with intact microsomes. The enzyme requires detergent during the purification procedure to remain \"soluble,\" and is strongly activated by the inclusion of Triton-X-100 at concentrations above its critical micelle concentration in the assay mixture. In addition a preference for micelles has been inferred based on discontinuities in the v/s curves relative to the measured critical micelle concentration of the substrates in the absence of Triton X-100. Kinetic parameters calculated on the basis of micelle-specific activity indicated that beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA substrates possessing even-numbered alkyl chains from 14 to 20 carbon atoms differed little in Vm', but had progressively larger Km' as the chain length increased. The partially purified preparation was also active with beta-hydroxy-8,11-eicosadienoyl-CoA; and with 2-trans-enoyl-CoA substrates in a reverse (hydration) reaction.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial purification of an enzyme involved in rat liver microsomal fatty acid chain elongation: beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase. The solubilization and partial purification of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase from rat liver microsomes has been accomplished through deoxycholate solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and ion exchange chromatography. A purification of about 90-fold based on total soluble activity was achieved, with an overall yield of 40%. However, the initial solubilization is accompanied by the loss of the secondary portion of the v/s curve observed with intact microsomes. The enzyme requires detergent during the purification procedure to remain \"soluble,\" and is strongly activated by the inclusion of Triton-X-100 at concentrations above its critical micelle concentration in the assay mixture. In addition a preference for micelles has been inferred based on discontinuities in the v/s curves relative to the measured critical micelle concentration of the substrates in the absence of Triton X-100. Kinetic parameters calculated on the basis of micelle-specific activity indicated that beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA substrates possessing even-numbered alkyl chains from 14 to 20 carbon atoms differed little in Vm', but had progressively larger Km' as the chain length increased. The partially purified preparation was also active with beta-hydroxy-8,11-eicosadienoyl-CoA; and with 2-trans-enoyl-CoA substrates in a reverse (hydration) reaction.", "PMID": 500661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4871", "title": "Purification and characterization of a rat liver Golgi alpha-mannosidase capable of processing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.", "content": "Studies in intact cells have shown the following processing reaction to occur during Asn-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis (M, mannose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine): Formula: (See Text) We have identified a rat liver Golgi enzyme which catalyzes this reaction in vitro. This alpha-mannosidase has been purified 3,000 to 6,000-fold by subcellular fractionation, Triton X-100 solubilization, and ion exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum between 6.0 and 6.5 and a Km between 17 and 100 microM for a processing intermediate. The enzyme shows specificity for alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues. Structural analysis of the in vitro reaction products reveal that specific intermediates are formed in the conversion of the (Man)9GlcNAc oligosaccharide to the (Man)5GlcNAc oligosaccharide. Heat inactivation studies are consistent with the possibility that one enzyme activity is responsible for this conversion. The alpha 1,2-specific mannosidase described here appears to be distinct from two other rat liver Golgi alpha-mannosidase activities based on differential substrate specificity, inhibitor susceptibility, and detergent extractability.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a rat liver Golgi alpha-mannosidase capable of processing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Studies in intact cells have shown the following processing reaction to occur during Asn-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis (M, mannose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine): Formula: (See Text) We have identified a rat liver Golgi enzyme which catalyzes this reaction in vitro. This alpha-mannosidase has been purified 3,000 to 6,000-fold by subcellular fractionation, Triton X-100 solubilization, and ion exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum between 6.0 and 6.5 and a Km between 17 and 100 microM for a processing intermediate. The enzyme shows specificity for alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues. Structural analysis of the in vitro reaction products reveal that specific intermediates are formed in the conversion of the (Man)9GlcNAc oligosaccharide to the (Man)5GlcNAc oligosaccharide. Heat inactivation studies are consistent with the possibility that one enzyme activity is responsible for this conversion. The alpha 1,2-specific mannosidase described here appears to be distinct from two other rat liver Golgi alpha-mannosidase activities based on differential substrate specificity, inhibitor susceptibility, and detergent extractability.", "PMID": 500665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4872", "title": "Mouse DNA polymerase alpha. Subunit structure and identification of a species with associated exonuclease.", "content": "Two species of alpha-polymerase with very similar catalytic properties have been purified to near homogeneity from a soluble protein fraction of mouse myeloma. Sedimentation analysis in 0.5 M salt-containing glycerol gradients indicated that both species had a native Mr of about 190,000. Each species contained nonidentical subunits with apparent molecular weights of about 47,000 and 54,000. Subunits of Mr = approximately 50,000 had been found previously in calf thymus alpha-polymerase (Holmes, A. M., Hesslewood, I. P., and Johnston, I. R. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 43, 487-499; (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 229-235). Tryptic peptide mapping failed to reveal primary structure homology between the subunits of the two enzymes. Thus, the two alpha-polymerases are clearly different species. These two enzymes are further distinguished by the fact that one of them has associated exonuclease activities. One activity degraded single-stranded DNA to mononucleotides in the 3' leads to 5' direction and acted distributively. The other exonuclease activity also degraded single-stranded DNA to mononucleotides, but this degradation was in the 5' leads to 3' direction in a processive fashion. Both exonuclease activities co-migrated with the polymerase activity during the final purification step of polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, which yielded the essentially homogenous alpha-polymerase, and also during sedimentation of the purified enzyme through a high salt glycerol gradient.", "contents": "Mouse DNA polymerase alpha. Subunit structure and identification of a species with associated exonuclease. Two species of alpha-polymerase with very similar catalytic properties have been purified to near homogeneity from a soluble protein fraction of mouse myeloma. Sedimentation analysis in 0.5 M salt-containing glycerol gradients indicated that both species had a native Mr of about 190,000. Each species contained nonidentical subunits with apparent molecular weights of about 47,000 and 54,000. Subunits of Mr = approximately 50,000 had been found previously in calf thymus alpha-polymerase (Holmes, A. M., Hesslewood, I. P., and Johnston, I. R. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 43, 487-499; (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 229-235). Tryptic peptide mapping failed to reveal primary structure homology between the subunits of the two enzymes. Thus, the two alpha-polymerases are clearly different species. These two enzymes are further distinguished by the fact that one of them has associated exonuclease activities. One activity degraded single-stranded DNA to mononucleotides in the 3' leads to 5' direction and acted distributively. The other exonuclease activity also degraded single-stranded DNA to mononucleotides, but this degradation was in the 5' leads to 3' direction in a processive fashion. Both exonuclease activities co-migrated with the polymerase activity during the final purification step of polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, which yielded the essentially homogenous alpha-polymerase, and also during sedimentation of the purified enzyme through a high salt glycerol gradient.", "PMID": 500666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4873", "title": "Chemical cross-linking of H1 histone to the nucleosomal histones.", "content": "When whole steer kidney nuclei were treated with dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobisproprionimidate, N,N'-bis(2-carboxyimidomethyl) tartaramide dimethyl ester, or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide under approximately physiological ionic conditions, H1 histone was cross-linked to each of the four histones in the nucleosome core. The carbodiimide reagent, which introduces no atoms between the amino acid side chains being joined, seemed to give the same result as did the longer di-imidate cross-linking reagents. When conditions were optimized for the production of of H1-containing dimers, the total yield of H1-core histone heterodimers was nearly equal to the yield of H1 homodimers. Naturally occurring H1 dimers and cross-linked heterodimers of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 with H1 and core histones were also observed.", "contents": "Chemical cross-linking of H1 histone to the nucleosomal histones. When whole steer kidney nuclei were treated with dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobisproprionimidate, N,N'-bis(2-carboxyimidomethyl) tartaramide dimethyl ester, or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide under approximately physiological ionic conditions, H1 histone was cross-linked to each of the four histones in the nucleosome core. The carbodiimide reagent, which introduces no atoms between the amino acid side chains being joined, seemed to give the same result as did the longer di-imidate cross-linking reagents. When conditions were optimized for the production of of H1-containing dimers, the total yield of H1-core histone heterodimers was nearly equal to the yield of H1 homodimers. Naturally occurring H1 dimers and cross-linked heterodimers of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 with H1 and core histones were also observed.", "PMID": 500667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4874", "title": "Physical studies on assimilatory nitrate reductase from Chlorella vulgaris.", "content": "Assimilatory nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1 NADH:nitrate oxidoreductase) from Chlorella vulgaris purified by affinity chromatography was found to be homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and by analytical ultracentrifugal techniques. The molecular weight of the intact enzyme and that of the enzyme dissociated in 6 M GuHCl, determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies, were 280,000 +/- 10,000 and 90,000 +/- 5,000, respectively. Comparable values were obtained using the S20,w value and the D20,w values in Svedberg's equation. The D20,w values were determined by laser light-scattering measurements. Active enzyme centrifugation showed that the monomer is an active species. A quantitative re-evaluation of the prosthetic groups present (FAD, heme, and molybdenum) was also made and was consistent with the conclusion that the active monomer contains three subunits as previously deduced by Solomonson et al. ((1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4120). Electron micrographs showed images which corresponded to three subunits, supporting the data obtained by hydrodynamic studies. The enzyme is not cigar-shaped, as previously surmised, but has a roughly globular structure.", "contents": "Physical studies on assimilatory nitrate reductase from Chlorella vulgaris. Assimilatory nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1 NADH:nitrate oxidoreductase) from Chlorella vulgaris purified by affinity chromatography was found to be homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and by analytical ultracentrifugal techniques. The molecular weight of the intact enzyme and that of the enzyme dissociated in 6 M GuHCl, determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies, were 280,000 +/- 10,000 and 90,000 +/- 5,000, respectively. Comparable values were obtained using the S20,w value and the D20,w values in Svedberg's equation. The D20,w values were determined by laser light-scattering measurements. Active enzyme centrifugation showed that the monomer is an active species. A quantitative re-evaluation of the prosthetic groups present (FAD, heme, and molybdenum) was also made and was consistent with the conclusion that the active monomer contains three subunits as previously deduced by Solomonson et al. ((1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4120). Electron micrographs showed images which corresponded to three subunits, supporting the data obtained by hydrodynamic studies. The enzyme is not cigar-shaped, as previously surmised, but has a roughly globular structure.", "PMID": 500668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4875", "title": "Collagen fibril formation in vitro. The role of the nonhelical terminal regions.", "content": "We showed previously that fibril formation in vitro from rat tail tendon collagen requires a temperature-dependent initiation (Step 1) following which linear assembly to form thin filaments (Step 2) proceeds as rapidly at 4 degrees C as at 26 degrees C. Step 3, lateral assembly of filaments to form fibrils, is again temperature-dependent. We now find that Step 1 is complete in 6 min at 26 degrees C and the time is independent of collagen concentration in the range 0.08 to 0.39 mg/ml. Collagen treated with pepsin, which removes the nonhelical ends but leaves the triple helix intact, forms fibrils by a similar mechanism. However, Step 1 is altered or absent and early temperature changes produce a complex response consistent with an alternate, counterproductive pathway. Assembly is also much slower, particularly Step 2, and the fibrils formed are abnormal in that native banding is often absent and short tactoidal forms are common. These results suggest that in the assembly of fibrils from normal collagen the nonhelical ends are involved in an early conformational change and critically regulate later steps.", "contents": "Collagen fibril formation in vitro. The role of the nonhelical terminal regions. We showed previously that fibril formation in vitro from rat tail tendon collagen requires a temperature-dependent initiation (Step 1) following which linear assembly to form thin filaments (Step 2) proceeds as rapidly at 4 degrees C as at 26 degrees C. Step 3, lateral assembly of filaments to form fibrils, is again temperature-dependent. We now find that Step 1 is complete in 6 min at 26 degrees C and the time is independent of collagen concentration in the range 0.08 to 0.39 mg/ml. Collagen treated with pepsin, which removes the nonhelical ends but leaves the triple helix intact, forms fibrils by a similar mechanism. However, Step 1 is altered or absent and early temperature changes produce a complex response consistent with an alternate, counterproductive pathway. Assembly is also much slower, particularly Step 2, and the fibrils formed are abnormal in that native banding is often absent and short tactoidal forms are common. These results suggest that in the assembly of fibrils from normal collagen the nonhelical ends are involved in an early conformational change and critically regulate later steps.", "PMID": 500670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4876", "title": "Reassociation of histone H1 with nucleosomes.", "content": "The role of histone H1 in nucleosome heterogeneity and structure has been studied using a reconstitution procedure. Histone H1 and non-histone proteins are removed selectively from enzymatically fragmented chromatin by Dowex 50W-X2 treatment. The resulting \"stripped\" chromatin then is reassociated with purified histone H1 using step gradient dialysis. Material reconstituted in this manner was examined by gel electrophoresis, protein cross-linking, and chromatin fingerprinting. The results demonstrate that the histone H1 molecule efficiently binds to nucleosomes with fidelity in an apparent noncooperative manner. Polynucleosomes possess two specific binding sites for histone H1 per histone octamer; the first binding site is of higher affinity than the second. The 160-base pair nuclease digestion barrier and nucleosome electrophoretic class (MIII)n are established upon binding the 1st histone H1 molecule. Upon binding the 2nd histone H1 molecule, polynucleosomes assume a highly compact conformation. The experimental approach introduced here should permit determining whether nucleosomes possess independent specific binding sites for other chromosomal proteins, and should allow reconstitution of the other electrophoretic forms of nucleosomes which we have described previously.", "contents": "Reassociation of histone H1 with nucleosomes. The role of histone H1 in nucleosome heterogeneity and structure has been studied using a reconstitution procedure. Histone H1 and non-histone proteins are removed selectively from enzymatically fragmented chromatin by Dowex 50W-X2 treatment. The resulting \"stripped\" chromatin then is reassociated with purified histone H1 using step gradient dialysis. Material reconstituted in this manner was examined by gel electrophoresis, protein cross-linking, and chromatin fingerprinting. The results demonstrate that the histone H1 molecule efficiently binds to nucleosomes with fidelity in an apparent noncooperative manner. Polynucleosomes possess two specific binding sites for histone H1 per histone octamer; the first binding site is of higher affinity than the second. The 160-base pair nuclease digestion barrier and nucleosome electrophoretic class (MIII)n are established upon binding the 1st histone H1 molecule. Upon binding the 2nd histone H1 molecule, polynucleosomes assume a highly compact conformation. The experimental approach introduced here should permit determining whether nucleosomes possess independent specific binding sites for other chromosomal proteins, and should allow reconstitution of the other electrophoretic forms of nucleosomes which we have described previously.", "PMID": 500671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4877", "title": "Isolation and reconstitution of two electron transfer components of tryptophan side chain oxidase.", "content": "The isolation and reconstitution of two electron transfer components of tryptophan side chain oxidase from Pseudomonas (ATCC 29574) are described. The dehydrogenase component abstracts electrons from the substrate and transfers them to oxidation-reduction dyes such as potassium ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol but not to molecular oxygen. It is composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 72,000 and exhibits the absorption spectrum of a reduced b-type cytochrome with maxima at 563, 532, 433, 323, and 278 nm. The oxidase component transfers electrons, derived from the former component, to oxygen, and has a molecular weight of 48,000. The absorption spectrum exhibits broad peaks at 680, 438, and 358 nm, and a peak at 280 nm. On sucrose gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these two components are shown to form a molecular complex, which has the reconstituted oxidase activity. The turnover number of the reconstituted enzyme is comparable to that of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Isolation and reconstitution of two electron transfer components of tryptophan side chain oxidase. The isolation and reconstitution of two electron transfer components of tryptophan side chain oxidase from Pseudomonas (ATCC 29574) are described. The dehydrogenase component abstracts electrons from the substrate and transfers them to oxidation-reduction dyes such as potassium ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol but not to molecular oxygen. It is composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 72,000 and exhibits the absorption spectrum of a reduced b-type cytochrome with maxima at 563, 532, 433, 323, and 278 nm. The oxidase component transfers electrons, derived from the former component, to oxygen, and has a molecular weight of 48,000. The absorption spectrum exhibits broad peaks at 680, 438, and 358 nm, and a peak at 280 nm. On sucrose gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these two components are shown to form a molecular complex, which has the reconstituted oxidase activity. The turnover number of the reconstituted enzyme is comparable to that of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 500674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4878", "title": "Effects of a supernatant protein activator on microsomal squalene-2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase.", "content": "A soluble protein termed \"supernatant protein factor\" (SPF) that stimulates microsomal squalene epoxidase has been isolated in this laboratory (Ferguson, J.B., and Bloch, K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5381-5385). We now show that the purified protein also stimulates microsomal squalene-2,3-oxide leads to lanosterol cyclase but has no effect on the subsequent conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. Phospholipid, specifically phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylethanolamine, is required for maximal stimulation of the cyclase by purified SPF. The response of microsomal squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase to SPF was abolished by pretreatment of the membranes with phospholipase A2 or by low concentrations of deoxycholate, indicating that an intact membrane system is required. Digestion of intact microsomes with trypsin had no effect on the SPF-stimulated cyclase activity. However, in the presence of 0.4% deoxycholate, trypsin completely inhibited microsomal squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase. We conclude that the cyclase is located on the luminal side of the microsomal membrane. SPF also significantly enhances the formation of lanosterol from squalene-2,3-oxide already bound to microsomes. This finding is constant with the proposal that SPF influences intramembrane events.", "contents": "Effects of a supernatant protein activator on microsomal squalene-2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase. A soluble protein termed \"supernatant protein factor\" (SPF) that stimulates microsomal squalene epoxidase has been isolated in this laboratory (Ferguson, J.B., and Bloch, K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5381-5385). We now show that the purified protein also stimulates microsomal squalene-2,3-oxide leads to lanosterol cyclase but has no effect on the subsequent conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. Phospholipid, specifically phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylethanolamine, is required for maximal stimulation of the cyclase by purified SPF. The response of microsomal squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase to SPF was abolished by pretreatment of the membranes with phospholipase A2 or by low concentrations of deoxycholate, indicating that an intact membrane system is required. Digestion of intact microsomes with trypsin had no effect on the SPF-stimulated cyclase activity. However, in the presence of 0.4% deoxycholate, trypsin completely inhibited microsomal squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase. We conclude that the cyclase is located on the luminal side of the microsomal membrane. SPF also significantly enhances the formation of lanosterol from squalene-2,3-oxide already bound to microsomes. This finding is constant with the proposal that SPF influences intramembrane events.", "PMID": 500676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4879", "title": "Selective aggregation of proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid.", "content": "Conditions were established to separate proteoglycan aggregate (AH1) from a bovine nasal septum extract by associative rate zonal sedimentation on a NaCl gradient. The AH1 has a higher protein content than the mixed aggregate-monomer (A1) isolated by conventional associative CsCl density gradient centrifugation from a portion of the same extract. The same associative rate zonal conditions separated the A1 fraction into aggregated AH1 containing hyaluronic acid and nonaggregated proteoglycan monomer (N1) essentially free of hyaluronic acid. The AH1 fraction is richer in protein and keratin sulfate than is N1. Dissociative rate zonal sedimentation of A1 under conditions which totally sedimented most of the disaggregated monomer (AH1-D1) and the nonaggregated monomer N1 separated a less sedimentable protein and keratan sulfate-rich proteoglycan monomer (AH1-D2). Chromatography on Sepharose 2B under dissociative conditions demonstrated that the nonaggregated N1 monomer is intermediate in size between the disaggregated monomers AH1-D1 and AH1-D2. N1 has a buoyant density higher than AH1 and is practically equivalent to AH1-D1. All are dense fractions so that separation by CsCl density gradient equilibration is not feasible.", "contents": "Selective aggregation of proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid. Conditions were established to separate proteoglycan aggregate (AH1) from a bovine nasal septum extract by associative rate zonal sedimentation on a NaCl gradient. The AH1 has a higher protein content than the mixed aggregate-monomer (A1) isolated by conventional associative CsCl density gradient centrifugation from a portion of the same extract. The same associative rate zonal conditions separated the A1 fraction into aggregated AH1 containing hyaluronic acid and nonaggregated proteoglycan monomer (N1) essentially free of hyaluronic acid. The AH1 fraction is richer in protein and keratin sulfate than is N1. Dissociative rate zonal sedimentation of A1 under conditions which totally sedimented most of the disaggregated monomer (AH1-D1) and the nonaggregated monomer N1 separated a less sedimentable protein and keratan sulfate-rich proteoglycan monomer (AH1-D2). Chromatography on Sepharose 2B under dissociative conditions demonstrated that the nonaggregated N1 monomer is intermediate in size between the disaggregated monomers AH1-D1 and AH1-D2. N1 has a buoyant density higher than AH1 and is practically equivalent to AH1-D1. All are dense fractions so that separation by CsCl density gradient equilibration is not feasible.", "PMID": 500678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4880", "title": "Molybdate inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor inactivation and transformation.", "content": "The inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors that occurs when cytosol is heated at 25 degrees C is blocked reversibly by molybdate and slowed by some other phosphatase inhibitors such as fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate. Molybdate is also capable of preventing nonenzymatic inactivation of unbound receptors caused by exposure to salt or precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 0 degrees C. Inactivation of unbound receptors caused by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration is prevented by all three inhibitors. Both molybdate and tungstate block temperature-dependent transformation of glucocorticoid.receptor complexes to the DNA-binding state, where fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate have no effect. Transformation brought about at 0 degrees C by salt, ammonium sulfate precipitation, or gel filtration is also blocked by both molybdate and tungstate. Tungstate differs from molybdate in that it has little or no effect on receptor inactivation. Fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate do not inhibit transformation. These observations support the proposal that molybdate and tungstate are interacting through a reversible association with the glucocorticoid receptor itself. We propose that they may act by forming a complex with a phosphate moiety on the receptor.", "contents": "Molybdate inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor inactivation and transformation. The inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors that occurs when cytosol is heated at 25 degrees C is blocked reversibly by molybdate and slowed by some other phosphatase inhibitors such as fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate. Molybdate is also capable of preventing nonenzymatic inactivation of unbound receptors caused by exposure to salt or precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 0 degrees C. Inactivation of unbound receptors caused by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration is prevented by all three inhibitors. Both molybdate and tungstate block temperature-dependent transformation of glucocorticoid.receptor complexes to the DNA-binding state, where fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate have no effect. Transformation brought about at 0 degrees C by salt, ammonium sulfate precipitation, or gel filtration is also blocked by both molybdate and tungstate. Tungstate differs from molybdate in that it has little or no effect on receptor inactivation. Fluoride and glucose 1-phosphate do not inhibit transformation. These observations support the proposal that molybdate and tungstate are interacting through a reversible association with the glucocorticoid receptor itself. We propose that they may act by forming a complex with a phosphate moiety on the receptor.", "PMID": 500681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4881", "title": "Cleavage of the taurine conjugate of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by rat fecal bacteria.", "content": "This paper describes a method for the hydrolysis of the taurine conjugates of the 25R and the 25S diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA) with retention of original configuration of C-25. Rat fecal suspensions were incubated with the taurine conjugate of THCA for 5 and 60% of the free THCA was recovered. When bile from Alligator mississippiensis, which contains mostly the taurine conjugate of THCA, was analyzed by this method, THCA was obtained with the 25R configuration.", "contents": "Cleavage of the taurine conjugate of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by rat fecal bacteria. This paper describes a method for the hydrolysis of the taurine conjugates of the 25R and the 25S diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA) with retention of original configuration of C-25. Rat fecal suspensions were incubated with the taurine conjugate of THCA for 5 and 60% of the free THCA was recovered. When bile from Alligator mississippiensis, which contains mostly the taurine conjugate of THCA, was analyzed by this method, THCA was obtained with the 25R configuration.", "PMID": 500682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4882", "title": "A kinetic model of protein synthesis. Application to hemoglobin synthesis and translational control.", "content": "We present a kinetic model of protein synthesis which encompasses initiation, elongation, and termination parameters. We have investigated the dependence of the total rate of protein synthesis and the size of the translating polysomes on each of these parameters and in particular on the level of active 40 S ribosomes and initiation factors. This model qualitatively fits experimental data for the ratio of alpha- to beta-globin synthesis in reticulocytes, both under normal conditions and in the presence of inhibitors of chain initiation. This model has also been used to examine the effect that limiting amounts of certain tRNAs might have on the total rate of protein synthesis. In addition, the role of initiation factor discrimination and mRNA length are examined with respect to the differential translation of mRNAs.", "contents": "A kinetic model of protein synthesis. Application to hemoglobin synthesis and translational control. We present a kinetic model of protein synthesis which encompasses initiation, elongation, and termination parameters. We have investigated the dependence of the total rate of protein synthesis and the size of the translating polysomes on each of these parameters and in particular on the level of active 40 S ribosomes and initiation factors. This model qualitatively fits experimental data for the ratio of alpha- to beta-globin synthesis in reticulocytes, both under normal conditions and in the presence of inhibitors of chain initiation. This model has also been used to examine the effect that limiting amounts of certain tRNAs might have on the total rate of protein synthesis. In addition, the role of initiation factor discrimination and mRNA length are examined with respect to the differential translation of mRNAs.", "PMID": 500683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4883", "title": "Glycoprotein nature of yeast alkaline phosphatase. Formation of active enzyme in the presence of tunicamycin.", "content": "The nonspecific alkaline phosphatase of yeast (Saccharomyces strain 1710) has been purified by ion exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity chromatography. This vacuolar enzyme has a molecular weight of 130,000 and is composed of subunits (probably of 66,000 molecular weight). It also has a small quantity of covalently associated carbohydrate; hydrolysis yielded mannose and glucosamine. The endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Streptomyces plicatus released carbohydrate indicating that the latter was attached to protein through an N-acetylglucosaminylasparginyl bond. Synthesis of active alkaline phosphatase by yeast protoplasts is not depressed by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of dolichol-mediated protein glycosylation. Unlike the enzyme normally produced, the alkaline phosphatase which is formed in the presence of the antibiotic does not interact with concanavalin A and, therefore is deficient in or lacking carbohydrate. We infer that there is no regulatory link in yeast between the glycosylation of a protein and its synthesis. The fact that other Asn-GlcNAc-type glycoprotein enzymes of yeast such as acid phosphatase are not produced in their active forms by tunicamycin-treated protoplasts may mean that, as unglycosylated proteins, they cannot be correctly folded or processed. Protoplasts derepressed for phosphatase production contained substantial amounts of a second alkaline phosphatase which differed from the purified enzyme in substrate specificity, sensitivity to calcium, and reactivity with concanavalin A.", "contents": "Glycoprotein nature of yeast alkaline phosphatase. Formation of active enzyme in the presence of tunicamycin. The nonspecific alkaline phosphatase of yeast (Saccharomyces strain 1710) has been purified by ion exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity chromatography. This vacuolar enzyme has a molecular weight of 130,000 and is composed of subunits (probably of 66,000 molecular weight). It also has a small quantity of covalently associated carbohydrate; hydrolysis yielded mannose and glucosamine. The endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Streptomyces plicatus released carbohydrate indicating that the latter was attached to protein through an N-acetylglucosaminylasparginyl bond. Synthesis of active alkaline phosphatase by yeast protoplasts is not depressed by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of dolichol-mediated protein glycosylation. Unlike the enzyme normally produced, the alkaline phosphatase which is formed in the presence of the antibiotic does not interact with concanavalin A and, therefore is deficient in or lacking carbohydrate. We infer that there is no regulatory link in yeast between the glycosylation of a protein and its synthesis. The fact that other Asn-GlcNAc-type glycoprotein enzymes of yeast such as acid phosphatase are not produced in their active forms by tunicamycin-treated protoplasts may mean that, as unglycosylated proteins, they cannot be correctly folded or processed. Protoplasts derepressed for phosphatase production contained substantial amounts of a second alkaline phosphatase which differed from the purified enzyme in substrate specificity, sensitivity to calcium, and reactivity with concanavalin A.", "PMID": 500684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4884", "title": "Immunoassay of the adenosine deaminase complexing proteins of human tissues and body fluids.", "content": "A sensitive immunoassay for the adenosine deaminase binding protein (complexing protein) of human kidney has been developed. Impetus for the development of the assay was provided by the observations that (a) antibody to complexing protein does not react with the catalytically active adenosine deaminase monomer, and (b) binding of antibody to complexing protein does not affect the binding or catalytic activity of the enzyme monomer. Preformed immune precipitate prepared from rabbit anti-kidney complexing protein serum and goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin serum is used to selectively insolubilize complexing protein. Quantitation is accomplished by measuring the intrinsic adenosine deaminating activity or adenosine deaminase binding capacity of the protein held in the immune precipitate. As little as 1 ng of kidney complexing protein can be accurately quantitated with the assay. The assay was used to demonstrate that complexing proteins from liver, lung, spleen, fibroblasts, plasma, and urine react with antibody to kidney complexing protein. The shared capacity to bind adenosine deaminase coupled with their antigenic similarity suggests that the complexing proteins of a number of human tissues and body fluids may be products of the same gene.", "contents": "Immunoassay of the adenosine deaminase complexing proteins of human tissues and body fluids. A sensitive immunoassay for the adenosine deaminase binding protein (complexing protein) of human kidney has been developed. Impetus for the development of the assay was provided by the observations that (a) antibody to complexing protein does not react with the catalytically active adenosine deaminase monomer, and (b) binding of antibody to complexing protein does not affect the binding or catalytic activity of the enzyme monomer. Preformed immune precipitate prepared from rabbit anti-kidney complexing protein serum and goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin serum is used to selectively insolubilize complexing protein. Quantitation is accomplished by measuring the intrinsic adenosine deaminating activity or adenosine deaminase binding capacity of the protein held in the immune precipitate. As little as 1 ng of kidney complexing protein can be accurately quantitated with the assay. The assay was used to demonstrate that complexing proteins from liver, lung, spleen, fibroblasts, plasma, and urine react with antibody to kidney complexing protein. The shared capacity to bind adenosine deaminase coupled with their antigenic similarity suggests that the complexing proteins of a number of human tissues and body fluids may be products of the same gene.", "PMID": 500685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4885", "title": "Effects of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate on lipogenesis in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Hepatocytes were prepared from rats fasted 2 days and refed a high carbohydrate diet for 1 day. These cells contained very high levels of glycogen (about half the defatted dry weight) and carried out high rates of lipogenesis (up to 800 micron at tritium incorporation from 3HOH/g (defatted dry weight)/h), even in the absence of added substrates. Pentose cycle flux was estimated by a method involving the use of [1-14C]galactose (Rognstad, R. (1976) Int. J. Biochem. 7, 221-228). In hepatocytes from normal fasted refed rats, the amount of NADPH produced by the pentose cycle was sufficient for about one-half to three-fourths of that required for fatty acid synthesis. 2,4-Dihydroxybutyrate, a malic enzyme inhibitor (Schimerlik, M.I. & Cleland, W.W. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 565-570) markedly depressed the randomization of 14C in lactate from [6-14C]hexoses, indicating an inhibition of the pyruvate cycle. 2,4-Dihydroxybutyrate (10 mM) had only a slight inhibitory effect on overall lipogenesis, but increased the rate of the pentose cycle by 40 to 90%.", "contents": "Effects of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate on lipogenesis in rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were prepared from rats fasted 2 days and refed a high carbohydrate diet for 1 day. These cells contained very high levels of glycogen (about half the defatted dry weight) and carried out high rates of lipogenesis (up to 800 micron at tritium incorporation from 3HOH/g (defatted dry weight)/h), even in the absence of added substrates. Pentose cycle flux was estimated by a method involving the use of [1-14C]galactose (Rognstad, R. (1976) Int. J. Biochem. 7, 221-228). In hepatocytes from normal fasted refed rats, the amount of NADPH produced by the pentose cycle was sufficient for about one-half to three-fourths of that required for fatty acid synthesis. 2,4-Dihydroxybutyrate, a malic enzyme inhibitor (Schimerlik, M.I. & Cleland, W.W. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 565-570) markedly depressed the randomization of 14C in lactate from [6-14C]hexoses, indicating an inhibition of the pyruvate cycle. 2,4-Dihydroxybutyrate (10 mM) had only a slight inhibitory effect on overall lipogenesis, but increased the rate of the pentose cycle by 40 to 90%.", "PMID": 500686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4886", "title": "Use of a GTP photoaffinity probe to resolve aspects of the mechanism of tubulin polymerization.", "content": "8-Azidoguanosine 5'-triphosphate (8-N3GTP) was used in a photoactivatable probe to examine the role of GTP in microtubule assembly. 8-N3GTP was able to substitute for GTP in the promotion of tubulin polymerization and was hydrolyzed at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of colchicine or calcium. Photolysis of the analog in the presence of microtubular protein resulted in its covalent incorporation onto a GTP-specific site of the beta monomer. The efficiency of this incorporation was different when 8-N3GDP (which does not affect polymerization) was used in place of 8-N3GTP, implying a different orientation of the nucleoside diphosphate within the receptor site. During microtubule assembly, 8-N3GTP was hydrolyzed in situ at the tubulin-GTP exchangeable site in a process that was dependent upon polymerization. The use of [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP and [gamma-32P]8-N3GTP indicated that this hydrolysis occurred concurrently with polymerization and that only nucleoside diphosphate remained bound to the polymerized tubulin.", "contents": "Use of a GTP photoaffinity probe to resolve aspects of the mechanism of tubulin polymerization. 8-Azidoguanosine 5'-triphosphate (8-N3GTP) was used in a photoactivatable probe to examine the role of GTP in microtubule assembly. 8-N3GTP was able to substitute for GTP in the promotion of tubulin polymerization and was hydrolyzed at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of colchicine or calcium. Photolysis of the analog in the presence of microtubular protein resulted in its covalent incorporation onto a GTP-specific site of the beta monomer. The efficiency of this incorporation was different when 8-N3GDP (which does not affect polymerization) was used in place of 8-N3GTP, implying a different orientation of the nucleoside diphosphate within the receptor site. During microtubule assembly, 8-N3GTP was hydrolyzed in situ at the tubulin-GTP exchangeable site in a process that was dependent upon polymerization. The use of [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP and [gamma-32P]8-N3GTP indicated that this hydrolysis occurred concurrently with polymerization and that only nucleoside diphosphate remained bound to the polymerized tubulin.", "PMID": 500687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4887", "title": "The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with sulfhydryl reagents. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide as an active site-directed reagent.", "content": "The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with methoxycarbonyl alkyl disulfides leads to a progressive loss in enzyme activity as the size of the alkyl group increases from methyl to n-butyl. Reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) or methoxycarbonyl coenzyme A (CoA) disulfide, leads to a total loss of enzyme activity. DTNB inactivation is biphasic (k1 = approximately 9 x 10(2) M-1 s-1, k2 = approximately 6 x 10(1) M-1 s-1) with the slow phase being diminished by acetyl-CoA. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation is also biphasic (k1 = approximately 2.1 x 10(3) M-1 s-1, k2 = approximately 6 x 10(1) M-1 s-1), with the rapid phase being diminished in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Inactivation by methoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide, ethyl disulfide, or hydroxyethyl disulfide, or by methyl methanethiosulfonate is not biphasic. Pretreatment of the enzyme with methyl methanethiosulfonate, which leads to a 25% loss in enzyme activity, abolishes the fast phase of DTNB inactivation, the slow phase of methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation, and any further inactivation by methoxycarbonyl ethyl disulfide. These results are interpreted to suggest that choline acetyltransferase contains two classes of reactive sulfhydryl groups, neither of which are required for enzyme activity.", "contents": "The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with sulfhydryl reagents. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide as an active site-directed reagent. The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with methoxycarbonyl alkyl disulfides leads to a progressive loss in enzyme activity as the size of the alkyl group increases from methyl to n-butyl. Reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) or methoxycarbonyl coenzyme A (CoA) disulfide, leads to a total loss of enzyme activity. DTNB inactivation is biphasic (k1 = approximately 9 x 10(2) M-1 s-1, k2 = approximately 6 x 10(1) M-1 s-1) with the slow phase being diminished by acetyl-CoA. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation is also biphasic (k1 = approximately 2.1 x 10(3) M-1 s-1, k2 = approximately 6 x 10(1) M-1 s-1), with the rapid phase being diminished in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Inactivation by methoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide, ethyl disulfide, or hydroxyethyl disulfide, or by methyl methanethiosulfonate is not biphasic. Pretreatment of the enzyme with methyl methanethiosulfonate, which leads to a 25% loss in enzyme activity, abolishes the fast phase of DTNB inactivation, the slow phase of methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation, and any further inactivation by methoxycarbonyl ethyl disulfide. These results are interpreted to suggest that choline acetyltransferase contains two classes of reactive sulfhydryl groups, neither of which are required for enzyme activity.", "PMID": 500688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4888", "title": "Human high molecular weight kininogen. Studies of structure-function relationships and of proteolysis of the molecule occurring during contact activation of plasma.", "content": "Human high Mr kininogen was purified from normal plasma in 35% yield. The purified high Mr kininogen appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol and gave a single protein band with an apparent Mr = 110,000. Using sedimentation equilibrium techniques, the observed Mr was 108,000 +/- 2,000. Human plasma kallikrein cleaves high Mr kininogen to liberate kinin and give a kinin-free, two-chain, disulfide-linked molecule containing a heavy chain of apparent Mr = 65,000 and a light chain of apparent Mr = 44,000. The light chain is histidine-rich and exhibits a high affinity for negatively charged materials. The isolated alkylated light chain quantitatively retains the procoagulant activity of the single-chain parent molecule. 125I-Human high Mr kininogen undergoes cleavage in plasma during contact activation initiated by addition of kaolin. This cleavage, which liberates kinin and gives a two-chain, disulfide-linked molecule, is dependent upon the presence of prekallikrein and Factor XII (Hageman factor) in plasma. Addition of purified plasma kallikrein to normal plasma or to plasmas deficient in prekallikrein or Factor XII in the presence or absence of kaolin results in cleavage of high Mr kininogen and kinin formation.", "contents": "Human high molecular weight kininogen. Studies of structure-function relationships and of proteolysis of the molecule occurring during contact activation of plasma. Human high Mr kininogen was purified from normal plasma in 35% yield. The purified high Mr kininogen appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol and gave a single protein band with an apparent Mr = 110,000. Using sedimentation equilibrium techniques, the observed Mr was 108,000 +/- 2,000. Human plasma kallikrein cleaves high Mr kininogen to liberate kinin and give a kinin-free, two-chain, disulfide-linked molecule containing a heavy chain of apparent Mr = 65,000 and a light chain of apparent Mr = 44,000. The light chain is histidine-rich and exhibits a high affinity for negatively charged materials. The isolated alkylated light chain quantitatively retains the procoagulant activity of the single-chain parent molecule. 125I-Human high Mr kininogen undergoes cleavage in plasma during contact activation initiated by addition of kaolin. This cleavage, which liberates kinin and gives a two-chain, disulfide-linked molecule, is dependent upon the presence of prekallikrein and Factor XII (Hageman factor) in plasma. Addition of purified plasma kallikrein to normal plasma or to plasmas deficient in prekallikrein or Factor XII in the presence or absence of kaolin results in cleavage of high Mr kininogen and kinin formation.", "PMID": 500690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4889", "title": "2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase activity in lymphocytes from normal mouse.", "content": "The activity of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, an enzyme recently discovered in interferon-treated cells, was found in lymphocytes from normal mouse spleen that had received neither exogenous interferon nor its inducers. The oligoadenylate synthesized by lymphocyte cell extracts inhibited protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The oligomers were composed mainly of trimer and were resistant to digestion by T2 ribonuclease. The level of the enzyme in lymphocytes was about 20 to 30% of that in L929 cells treated with interferon. The activity of the enzyme was further enhanced in lymphocytes in vitro by addition of interferon. The 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase was distributed among several lymphoid tissues, but was not detected in cell extracts from brain or liver. The enzyme may play an important role in the regulation of the immune system.", "contents": "2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase activity in lymphocytes from normal mouse. The activity of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, an enzyme recently discovered in interferon-treated cells, was found in lymphocytes from normal mouse spleen that had received neither exogenous interferon nor its inducers. The oligoadenylate synthesized by lymphocyte cell extracts inhibited protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The oligomers were composed mainly of trimer and were resistant to digestion by T2 ribonuclease. The level of the enzyme in lymphocytes was about 20 to 30% of that in L929 cells treated with interferon. The activity of the enzyme was further enhanced in lymphocytes in vitro by addition of interferon. The 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase was distributed among several lymphoid tissues, but was not detected in cell extracts from brain or liver. The enzyme may play an important role in the regulation of the immune system.", "PMID": 500692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4890", "title": "Biosynthesis and processing of fibronectin in NIL.8 hamster cells.", "content": "Fibronectin is synthesized as a monomeric polypeptide chain. As early as it can be detected inside the cell, it carries carbohydrate side chains. These chains are sensitive to endoglycosidase H, suggesting that they are asparagine linked and high mannose form. The monomeric chains quickly dimerize while still inside the cell. Newly synthesized fibronectin appears as a dimer, both at the cell surface and secreted into the culture medium, about 30 min after commencement of labeling. This exported fibronectin has endoglycosidase H-resistant carbohydrate side chains, indicating processing from the high mannose form to a complex form. Exit of fibronectin to the outside of the cell follows quickly on carbohydrate processing; no large pool of endoglycosidase H-resistant fibronectin exists inside the cell. The dimeric fibronectin at the cell surface is initially deoxycholate soluble but slowly becomes deoxycholate-insoluble and also slowly forms high molecular weight aggregates which require reduction of disulfide bonds for their dissociation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and processing of fibronectin in NIL.8 hamster cells. Fibronectin is synthesized as a monomeric polypeptide chain. As early as it can be detected inside the cell, it carries carbohydrate side chains. These chains are sensitive to endoglycosidase H, suggesting that they are asparagine linked and high mannose form. The monomeric chains quickly dimerize while still inside the cell. Newly synthesized fibronectin appears as a dimer, both at the cell surface and secreted into the culture medium, about 30 min after commencement of labeling. This exported fibronectin has endoglycosidase H-resistant carbohydrate side chains, indicating processing from the high mannose form to a complex form. Exit of fibronectin to the outside of the cell follows quickly on carbohydrate processing; no large pool of endoglycosidase H-resistant fibronectin exists inside the cell. The dimeric fibronectin at the cell surface is initially deoxycholate soluble but slowly becomes deoxycholate-insoluble and also slowly forms high molecular weight aggregates which require reduction of disulfide bonds for their dissociation.", "PMID": 500694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4891", "title": "The isolation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the B chain of human collagen.", "content": "Cleavage of the collagen B chain with cyanogen bromide yields nine peptides which have been isolated and characterized with regard to molecular weight and amino acid composition. The peptides are recovered in equimolar quantities and account for the full amino acid complement of the chain as isolated following limited pepsin digestion of human placental tissue. These data thus confirm the unique composition of the chain and further indicate that the chain has been isolated in essentially pure form. The total number of amino acid residues (1018) observed in the cyanogen bromide peptides of the B chain indicate that it is comparable in length to the previously characterized collagen alpha chains. Thus, the apparent larger size of the B chain noted in previous studies may possibly be attributed to the relatively large quantities of hydroxylysine-linked carbohydrate, but more likely to the increased numbers of large hydrophobic amino acids in the B chain. Although the cyanogen bromide peptide pattern obtained in studies on the B chain serves to differentiate this chain from other known chains, some possible homologies between the B chain peptides and peptides derived from the alpha chains of type I, II, and III collagens are noted.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the B chain of human collagen. Cleavage of the collagen B chain with cyanogen bromide yields nine peptides which have been isolated and characterized with regard to molecular weight and amino acid composition. The peptides are recovered in equimolar quantities and account for the full amino acid complement of the chain as isolated following limited pepsin digestion of human placental tissue. These data thus confirm the unique composition of the chain and further indicate that the chain has been isolated in essentially pure form. The total number of amino acid residues (1018) observed in the cyanogen bromide peptides of the B chain indicate that it is comparable in length to the previously characterized collagen alpha chains. Thus, the apparent larger size of the B chain noted in previous studies may possibly be attributed to the relatively large quantities of hydroxylysine-linked carbohydrate, but more likely to the increased numbers of large hydrophobic amino acids in the B chain. Although the cyanogen bromide peptide pattern obtained in studies on the B chain serves to differentiate this chain from other known chains, some possible homologies between the B chain peptides and peptides derived from the alpha chains of type I, II, and III collagens are noted.", "PMID": 500696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4892", "title": "Participation of the membrane in the side chain cleavage of cholesterol. Reconstitution of cytochrome P-450scc into phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450scc can be reconstituted into a phospholipid bilayer in the absence of added detergent by incubation of purified hemoprotein with preformed phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Salt effects demonstrate that the primary interaction between the cytochrome and phospholipid vesicles is hydrophobic rather than ionic; in contrast, neither adrenodoxin reductase nor adrenodoxin will bind to phosphatidylcholine vesicles by hydrophobic interactions. Insertion of cytochrome P-450scc into a phospholipid bilayer results in conversion of the optical spectrum to a low spin type, but this transition is markedly diminished if cholesterol is incorporated within the bilayer. Vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc metabolizes cholesterol within the bilayer (turnover = 13 nmol/min/nmol of cytochrome P-450scc); virtually all (greater than 94%) of the cholesterol within the vesicle is accessible to the enzyme. \"Dilution\" of cholesterol within the bilayer by increasing the phospholipid/cholesterol ratio at a constant amount of cholesterol and cytochrome P-450scc results in a decreased rate of side chain cleavage, and cytochrome P-450scc incorporated into a cholesterol-free vesicle cannot metabolize cholesterol within a separate vesicle. In addition, activity of the reconstituted hemoprotein is sensitive to the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid. These results indicate that the cholesterol binding site on vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc is in communication with the hydrophobic bilayer of the membrane. The reducibility of vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc as well as spectrophotometric and activity titration experiments show that all of the reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc molecules possess an adrenodoxin binding site which is accessible from the exterior of the vesicle. Activity titrations with adrenodoxin reductase also demonstrate that a ternary or quaternary complex among adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450scc is not required for catalysis, a finding consistent with our proposed mechanism of steroidogenic electron transport in which adrenodoxin acts as a mobile electron shuttle between adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450 (Lambeth, J.D., Seybert, D.W., and Kamin, H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7255-7264.", "contents": "Participation of the membrane in the side chain cleavage of cholesterol. Reconstitution of cytochrome P-450scc into phospholipid vesicles. Cytochrome P-450scc can be reconstituted into a phospholipid bilayer in the absence of added detergent by incubation of purified hemoprotein with preformed phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Salt effects demonstrate that the primary interaction between the cytochrome and phospholipid vesicles is hydrophobic rather than ionic; in contrast, neither adrenodoxin reductase nor adrenodoxin will bind to phosphatidylcholine vesicles by hydrophobic interactions. Insertion of cytochrome P-450scc into a phospholipid bilayer results in conversion of the optical spectrum to a low spin type, but this transition is markedly diminished if cholesterol is incorporated within the bilayer. Vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc metabolizes cholesterol within the bilayer (turnover = 13 nmol/min/nmol of cytochrome P-450scc); virtually all (greater than 94%) of the cholesterol within the vesicle is accessible to the enzyme. \"Dilution\" of cholesterol within the bilayer by increasing the phospholipid/cholesterol ratio at a constant amount of cholesterol and cytochrome P-450scc results in a decreased rate of side chain cleavage, and cytochrome P-450scc incorporated into a cholesterol-free vesicle cannot metabolize cholesterol within a separate vesicle. In addition, activity of the reconstituted hemoprotein is sensitive to the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid. These results indicate that the cholesterol binding site on vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc is in communication with the hydrophobic bilayer of the membrane. The reducibility of vesicle-reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc as well as spectrophotometric and activity titration experiments show that all of the reconstituted cytochrome P-450scc molecules possess an adrenodoxin binding site which is accessible from the exterior of the vesicle. Activity titrations with adrenodoxin reductase also demonstrate that a ternary or quaternary complex among adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450scc is not required for catalysis, a finding consistent with our proposed mechanism of steroidogenic electron transport in which adrenodoxin acts as a mobile electron shuttle between adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450 (Lambeth, J.D., Seybert, D.W., and Kamin, H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7255-7264.", "PMID": 500697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4893", "title": "Purification and characterization of bovine cardiac calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase.", "content": "Myosin light chain kinase, which is located primarily in the soluble fraction of bovine myocardium, has been isolated and purified approximately 1200-fold with 16% yield by a three-step procedure. The approximate content of soluble myosin light chain kinase in heart is calculated to be 0.63 microM. The isolated kinase is active only as a ternary complex consisting of the kinase, calmodulin, and Ca2+; the apparent Kd for calmodulin is 1.3 nM. The enzyme also exhibits a requirement for Mg2+ ions. Myosin light chain kinase is a monomeric enzyme with Mr = 85,000. The enzyme exhibits a Km for ATP of 175 microM, and a K0.5 for the regulatory light chain of cardiac myosin of 21 microM. The optimum pH is 8.1. Kinase activity is specific for the regulatory light chain of myosin. The specific activity of the isolated enzyme (30 nmol 32P/min/mg of protein) is considerably less than and corresponding values reported for the skeletal and smooth muscle light chain kinases. This is probably due to proteolysis during extraction of the myocardium, a phenomenon which has, as yet, proven impossible to eliminate. In contrast to the smooth muscle enzyme (Adelstein, R.S., Conti, M.A., Hathaway, D.R., and Klee, C.B. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8347-8350), the cardiac kinase is not phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of bovine cardiac calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase. Myosin light chain kinase, which is located primarily in the soluble fraction of bovine myocardium, has been isolated and purified approximately 1200-fold with 16% yield by a three-step procedure. The approximate content of soluble myosin light chain kinase in heart is calculated to be 0.63 microM. The isolated kinase is active only as a ternary complex consisting of the kinase, calmodulin, and Ca2+; the apparent Kd for calmodulin is 1.3 nM. The enzyme also exhibits a requirement for Mg2+ ions. Myosin light chain kinase is a monomeric enzyme with Mr = 85,000. The enzyme exhibits a Km for ATP of 175 microM, and a K0.5 for the regulatory light chain of cardiac myosin of 21 microM. The optimum pH is 8.1. Kinase activity is specific for the regulatory light chain of myosin. The specific activity of the isolated enzyme (30 nmol 32P/min/mg of protein) is considerably less than and corresponding values reported for the skeletal and smooth muscle light chain kinases. This is probably due to proteolysis during extraction of the myocardium, a phenomenon which has, as yet, proven impossible to eliminate. In contrast to the smooth muscle enzyme (Adelstein, R.S., Conti, M.A., Hathaway, D.R., and Klee, C.B. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8347-8350), the cardiac kinase is not phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "PMID": 500701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4894", "title": "Oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans.", "content": "Cunninghamella elegans oxidized benzo[a]pyrene to several metabolic products. Compounds that were isolated and identified were: trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene 1,6-quinone, benzo[a]pyrene 3,6-quinone, 9-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene. In addition, an unidentified dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene metabolite was also formed. Experiments with [14C]benzo[a]pyrene showed that over a 96-h period, 18.4% of the hydrocarbon was converted to metabolic products. Most of the metabolites were sulfate conjugates as demonstrated by the formation of benzo[a]pyrene quinones and phenols after treatment with aryl sulfatase. Glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were also detected as water-soluble metabolites. The results show that benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized by a filamentous fungus in a manner that is remarkably similar to that observed in higher organisms.", "contents": "Oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Cunninghamella elegans oxidized benzo[a]pyrene to several metabolic products. Compounds that were isolated and identified were: trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene 1,6-quinone, benzo[a]pyrene 3,6-quinone, 9-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene. In addition, an unidentified dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene metabolite was also formed. Experiments with [14C]benzo[a]pyrene showed that over a 96-h period, 18.4% of the hydrocarbon was converted to metabolic products. Most of the metabolites were sulfate conjugates as demonstrated by the formation of benzo[a]pyrene quinones and phenols after treatment with aryl sulfatase. Glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were also detected as water-soluble metabolites. The results show that benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized by a filamentous fungus in a manner that is remarkably similar to that observed in higher organisms.", "PMID": 500703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4895", "title": "Effect of a disulfide-interchange enzyme on the assembly of human secretory immunoglobulin A from immunoglobulin A and free secretory component.", "content": "A disulfide-interchange enzyme from rat liver microsomes was found to promote binding in vitro of human free secretory component (SC) to dimeric serum-type IgA containing J chain, as assessed by immune precipitation and gel filtration. This effect was greater withe native than with partially reduced SC. Most of the bound SC was covalently linked, as determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in detergent. The enzyme did not promote binding of native or partially reduce SC to IgG, IgA monomer, IgA dimer without J chain, or IgM. In the case of IgM, the enzyme did, however, promote covalent bonding of previously non-covalently linked SC. The results overall suggest that a disulfide-interchange enzyme could play a role in vivo in the cell-associated assembly of secretory IgA by  promoting the covalent attachment of SC to a dimer of serum-type IgA and that the J chain in the IgA dimer contributes to the enzyme effect.", "contents": "Effect of a disulfide-interchange enzyme on the assembly of human secretory immunoglobulin A from immunoglobulin A and free secretory component. A disulfide-interchange enzyme from rat liver microsomes was found to promote binding in vitro of human free secretory component (SC) to dimeric serum-type IgA containing J chain, as assessed by immune precipitation and gel filtration. This effect was greater withe native than with partially reduced SC. Most of the bound SC was covalently linked, as determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in detergent. The enzyme did not promote binding of native or partially reduce SC to IgG, IgA monomer, IgA dimer without J chain, or IgM. In the case of IgM, the enzyme did, however, promote covalent bonding of previously non-covalently linked SC. The results overall suggest that a disulfide-interchange enzyme could play a role in vivo in the cell-associated assembly of secretory IgA by  promoting the covalent attachment of SC to a dimer of serum-type IgA and that the J chain in the IgA dimer contributes to the enzyme effect.", "PMID": 500704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4896", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of hyaluronic acid in Marfan syndrome.", "content": "The cell-free synthesis of hyaluronic acid has been demonstrated in extracts of cultured human fibroblasts. Preparations from fibroblasts of normal individuals as well as those from patients with Marfan syndrome incorporate glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine from their UDP derivatives into hyaluronic acid. Extracts from Marfan fibroblasts demonstrate 3 to 10 times more total and specific hyaluronic acid synthetase activity than do preparations from normal fibroblasts. All synthetic activity was found in particulate fractions with the bulk of activity localized in material sedimenting as large membrane fragments. Marfan and normal preparations exhibited similar properties with respect to substrate, cofactor, pH requirements, and heat stability. Neither the Marfan nor normal enzyme systems could be stimulated by exogenous acceptors, nor did either preparation contain a soluble factor which stimulated or inhibited the enzymic activity of the other. The genetic defect in Marfan syndrome appears to result in increased activity of hyaluronic acid synthetase without demonstrable changes in properties of the particulate enzymes involved.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of hyaluronic acid in Marfan syndrome. The cell-free synthesis of hyaluronic acid has been demonstrated in extracts of cultured human fibroblasts. Preparations from fibroblasts of normal individuals as well as those from patients with Marfan syndrome incorporate glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine from their UDP derivatives into hyaluronic acid. Extracts from Marfan fibroblasts demonstrate 3 to 10 times more total and specific hyaluronic acid synthetase activity than do preparations from normal fibroblasts. All synthetic activity was found in particulate fractions with the bulk of activity localized in material sedimenting as large membrane fragments. Marfan and normal preparations exhibited similar properties with respect to substrate, cofactor, pH requirements, and heat stability. Neither the Marfan nor normal enzyme systems could be stimulated by exogenous acceptors, nor did either preparation contain a soluble factor which stimulated or inhibited the enzymic activity of the other. The genetic defect in Marfan syndrome appears to result in increased activity of hyaluronic acid synthetase without demonstrable changes in properties of the particulate enzymes involved.", "PMID": 500705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4897", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two isomers of brain tetrasialogangliosides.", "content": "Two isomers of tetrasialogangliosides were isolated and purified to homogeneity from human, bovine, chicken, and cod fish brains by employing DEAE-Sephadex and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. The tetrasialogangliosides of human, bovine, and chicken brains appeared to be identical because they had identical mobilities on thin layer plates developed with six different solvent systems. The tetrasialoganglioside of cod fish brain moved slower on thin layer plates than the tetrasialoganglioside from the other species. The ganglioside preparations were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis, neuraminidase treatment, and periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction. The structures of the two isomers were differentiated from each other by controlled mild acid hydrolysis in both aqueous and organic solvents. The structure IV3(NeuAc)2,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to the tetrasialoganglioside of human, bovine, and chicken brains; and the structure IV3NeuAc,II2(NeuAc)3-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to that of cod fish brain. The possible pathways for the synthesis of the two tetrasialogangliosides are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two isomers of brain tetrasialogangliosides. Two isomers of tetrasialogangliosides were isolated and purified to homogeneity from human, bovine, chicken, and cod fish brains by employing DEAE-Sephadex and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. The tetrasialogangliosides of human, bovine, and chicken brains appeared to be identical because they had identical mobilities on thin layer plates developed with six different solvent systems. The tetrasialoganglioside of cod fish brain moved slower on thin layer plates than the tetrasialoganglioside from the other species. The ganglioside preparations were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis, neuraminidase treatment, and periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction. The structures of the two isomers were differentiated from each other by controlled mild acid hydrolysis in both aqueous and organic solvents. The structure IV3(NeuAc)2,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to the tetrasialoganglioside of human, bovine, and chicken brains; and the structure IV3NeuAc,II2(NeuAc)3-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to that of cod fish brain. The possible pathways for the synthesis of the two tetrasialogangliosides are discussed.", "PMID": 500707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4898", "title": "Molecular properties of the Factor V-activating enzyme from Russell's viper venom.", "content": "The protease from Russell's viper venom that activates Factor V was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and ion exchange column chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP)-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 6% carbohydrate. It migrated as a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 29,000. A minimum molecular weight of 27,200 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain possessing an NH2-terminal sequence of Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Cys-Asn-Ile-Asn-Glu-His-Pro-Ile. The specific activity of the Factor V activator toward tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginyl-p-nitroanilide was 380 and 11 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The esterase and coagulant activities of the enzyme were readily inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The enzyme was not inhibited by bovine antithrombin III in the presence or absence of heparin. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the enzyme are also reported.", "contents": "Molecular properties of the Factor V-activating enzyme from Russell's viper venom. The protease from Russell's viper venom that activates Factor V was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and ion exchange column chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP)-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 6% carbohydrate. It migrated as a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 29,000. A minimum molecular weight of 27,200 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain possessing an NH2-terminal sequence of Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Cys-Asn-Ile-Asn-Glu-His-Pro-Ile. The specific activity of the Factor V activator toward tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginyl-p-nitroanilide was 380 and 11 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The esterase and coagulant activities of the enzyme were readily inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The enzyme was not inhibited by bovine antithrombin III in the presence or absence of heparin. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the enzyme are also reported.", "PMID": 500708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4899", "title": "Absence of a cleavable signal sequence in Sindbis virus glycoprotein PE2.", "content": "Partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis has been performed on some products that result from the translation of 26 S mRNA of Sindbis virus either in vivo or in vitro. In vivo products were obtained after pulse-labeling of virus-infected cells. In vitro products were obtained after cell-free translation either in the absence or presence of microsomal membrane vesicles from dog pancreas. The sequence data indicate that the selective translocation across the microsomal membrane required for a distinct portion of one of the integral viral envelope proteins (PE2) is not accompanied by cleavage of its putative signal sequence. Furthermore, the NH2-terminal sequence of a proteolytic derivative (PE'2) that contains the bulk of PE2 and that is generated after exposure of the microsomal vesicles to proteolytic enzymes is identical to that of intact PE2, strongly suggesting that only a COOH-terminal portion of PE2 is excluded from translocation across the microsomal membrane.", "contents": "Absence of a cleavable signal sequence in Sindbis virus glycoprotein PE2. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis has been performed on some products that result from the translation of 26 S mRNA of Sindbis virus either in vivo or in vitro. In vivo products were obtained after pulse-labeling of virus-infected cells. In vitro products were obtained after cell-free translation either in the absence or presence of microsomal membrane vesicles from dog pancreas. The sequence data indicate that the selective translocation across the microsomal membrane required for a distinct portion of one of the integral viral envelope proteins (PE2) is not accompanied by cleavage of its putative signal sequence. Furthermore, the NH2-terminal sequence of a proteolytic derivative (PE'2) that contains the bulk of PE2 and that is generated after exposure of the microsomal vesicles to proteolytic enzymes is identical to that of intact PE2, strongly suggesting that only a COOH-terminal portion of PE2 is excluded from translocation across the microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 500711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4900", "title": "Protease of adenovirus type 2. Subcellular localization.", "content": "The subcellular localization of the adenovirus type 2 core polypeptide specific protease activity was investigated using an in vitro assay system. The protease activity was recovered exclusively from infected cell nuclei and was insoluble, sedimenting with the membrane fraction. Endogenous activity could be demonstrated in young virions which contain precursor PVII molecules. This protease activity only became sensitive to L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone- or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-mediated inhibition after disruption of the virus particles by sonication, suggesting that the enzyme was internally located. The putative precursors to virus particles, referred to as top components, which do not contain a full complement of viral DNA, did not contain protease activity. The protease released from sonicated virions converted exogenous PVII substrate molecules to polypeptide VII. The noninfectious H2ts1 virus particles synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature phenotypically resemble young virions, but unlike their wild type counterparts, were devoid of protease activity. The results show that the protease enters the precursor particles concurrently with the viral chromosome and that its presence is a prerequisite for the processing and subsequent maturation of infectious adenovirions.", "contents": "Protease of adenovirus type 2. Subcellular localization. The subcellular localization of the adenovirus type 2 core polypeptide specific protease activity was investigated using an in vitro assay system. The protease activity was recovered exclusively from infected cell nuclei and was insoluble, sedimenting with the membrane fraction. Endogenous activity could be demonstrated in young virions which contain precursor PVII molecules. This protease activity only became sensitive to L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone- or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-mediated inhibition after disruption of the virus particles by sonication, suggesting that the enzyme was internally located. The putative precursors to virus particles, referred to as top components, which do not contain a full complement of viral DNA, did not contain protease activity. The protease released from sonicated virions converted exogenous PVII substrate molecules to polypeptide VII. The noninfectious H2ts1 virus particles synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature phenotypically resemble young virions, but unlike their wild type counterparts, were devoid of protease activity. The results show that the protease enters the precursor particles concurrently with the viral chromosome and that its presence is a prerequisite for the processing and subsequent maturation of infectious adenovirions.", "PMID": 500712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4901", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis also inhibits synthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides.", "content": "Studies were initiated to determine whether the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was coupled to the synthesis of protein. Canine kidney cells were grown with [2-3H]mannose or [3H]leucine in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin and the effect of these inhibitors on the synthesis of proteins and lipid-linked oligosaccharides was measured. In all cases, the inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in a substantial inhibition in the incorporation of mannose into the lipid-linked oligosaccharides, although the synthesis of mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol was only slightly inhibited. Cycloheximide had no effect on the in vitro incorporation of mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides when GDP-[14C]mannose was incubated with aorta microsomal preparations. The inhibition of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was apparently not due to a decrease in the amount of glycosyltransferases as a result of protein degradation in the absence of protein synthesis, nor was it the result of a more rapid degradation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. The inhibition also did not appear to be due to limitations in the available dolichyl-phosphate. The results suggest that the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides may be regulated by end product inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis also inhibits synthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Studies were initiated to determine whether the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was coupled to the synthesis of protein. Canine kidney cells were grown with [2-3H]mannose or [3H]leucine in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin and the effect of these inhibitors on the synthesis of proteins and lipid-linked oligosaccharides was measured. In all cases, the inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in a substantial inhibition in the incorporation of mannose into the lipid-linked oligosaccharides, although the synthesis of mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol was only slightly inhibited. Cycloheximide had no effect on the in vitro incorporation of mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides when GDP-[14C]mannose was incubated with aorta microsomal preparations. The inhibition of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was apparently not due to a decrease in the amount of glycosyltransferases as a result of protein degradation in the absence of protein synthesis, nor was it the result of a more rapid degradation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. The inhibition also did not appear to be due to limitations in the available dolichyl-phosphate. The results suggest that the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides may be regulated by end product inhibition.", "PMID": 500714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4902", "title": "Interactions of cartilage proteoglycans with hyaluronate. The role of the hyaluronate acetamido groups.", "content": "Hyaluronate oligomers were treated with anhydrous hydrazine in the presence of hydrazine sulfate to remove the N-acetyl groups. Complete deacetylation could not be achieved without extensive degradation of the oligosaccharide chain. Partially deacetylated oligomers exhibited decreased inhibition of cartilage proteoglycan-hyaluronate interaction as compared to the unreacted starting material; re-N-acetylation by reaction with acetic anhydride restored the inhibitory activity to a great extent. When the hydrazine-treated oligosaccharides were reacted with other acyl anhydrides, the inhibitory potency was restored to an extent which was inversely related to the size of the acyl group. Thus, for maximal interaction between hyaluronate and proteoglycan, the glucosamine residue of hyaluronate must be N-acylated with a minimally sized acyl group.", "contents": "Interactions of cartilage proteoglycans with hyaluronate. The role of the hyaluronate acetamido groups. Hyaluronate oligomers were treated with anhydrous hydrazine in the presence of hydrazine sulfate to remove the N-acetyl groups. Complete deacetylation could not be achieved without extensive degradation of the oligosaccharide chain. Partially deacetylated oligomers exhibited decreased inhibition of cartilage proteoglycan-hyaluronate interaction as compared to the unreacted starting material; re-N-acetylation by reaction with acetic anhydride restored the inhibitory activity to a great extent. When the hydrazine-treated oligosaccharides were reacted with other acyl anhydrides, the inhibitory potency was restored to an extent which was inversely related to the size of the acyl group. Thus, for maximal interaction between hyaluronate and proteoglycan, the glucosamine residue of hyaluronate must be N-acylated with a minimally sized acyl group.", "PMID": 500716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4903", "title": "Characterization of a flavoprotein iodotyrosine deiodinase from bovine thyroid. Flavin nucleotide binding and oxidation-reduction properties.", "content": "A stable apoprotein has been prepared from a soluble purified bovine thyroid iodotyrosine deiodinase, previously shown to be an FMN-containing flavoprotein requiring dithionite for enzymatic activities. The apoprotein binds FMN (Ka = 1.47 x 10(8) M-1) with an almost complete restoration of enzymatic activity. It can also bind FAD (Ka = 0.58 x 10(8) M-1) with partial restoration of activity, but does not bind riboflavin. Photoreduction of the holoenzyme in presence of excess of its free cofactor, FMN, supported enzyme activity at a level of 50% of that obtained with dithionite; substituting FAD or riboflavin for FMN produced, respectively, 20 and 11% of the dithionite-supported activity. The oxidation-reduction potential (E1) of the couple semiquinone/fully reduced enzyme is -0.412 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. The value (E2) for the oxidized/semiquinone couple is -0.190 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. Potentiometric titrations with sodium hydrosulfite suggests that the enzyme is reduced in two successive 1-electron oxidation-reduction steps. Effects of pH on E1 suggest ionization of the protonated flavin with an ionization constant of 5.7 x 10(-7). The highly negative oxidation-reduction potential for the fully reduced enzyme species and the apparent requirement for full reduction for enzymatic activity suggests that in NADPH-mediated microsomal deiodination an NADPH-linked electron carrier of suitably negative midpoint potential is a probable intermediate.", "contents": "Characterization of a flavoprotein iodotyrosine deiodinase from bovine thyroid. Flavin nucleotide binding and oxidation-reduction properties. A stable apoprotein has been prepared from a soluble purified bovine thyroid iodotyrosine deiodinase, previously shown to be an FMN-containing flavoprotein requiring dithionite for enzymatic activities. The apoprotein binds FMN (Ka = 1.47 x 10(8) M-1) with an almost complete restoration of enzymatic activity. It can also bind FAD (Ka = 0.58 x 10(8) M-1) with partial restoration of activity, but does not bind riboflavin. Photoreduction of the holoenzyme in presence of excess of its free cofactor, FMN, supported enzyme activity at a level of 50% of that obtained with dithionite; substituting FAD or riboflavin for FMN produced, respectively, 20 and 11% of the dithionite-supported activity. The oxidation-reduction potential (E1) of the couple semiquinone/fully reduced enzyme is -0.412 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. The value (E2) for the oxidized/semiquinone couple is -0.190 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. Potentiometric titrations with sodium hydrosulfite suggests that the enzyme is reduced in two successive 1-electron oxidation-reduction steps. Effects of pH on E1 suggest ionization of the protonated flavin with an ionization constant of 5.7 x 10(-7). The highly negative oxidation-reduction potential for the fully reduced enzyme species and the apparent requirement for full reduction for enzymatic activity suggests that in NADPH-mediated microsomal deiodination an NADPH-linked electron carrier of suitably negative midpoint potential is a probable intermediate.", "PMID": 500718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4904", "title": "Biosynthesis of proteoglycans by rat granulosa cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Rat ovarian granulosa cells were isolated from immature female rats after stimulation with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and then maintained in culture. Proteoglycans were labeled using [35S]sulfate, D-[3h]glucosamine, or L-[3H]serine as precursors. 35S-labeled proteoglycans in the medium increased linearly up to 72 h after a 6- to 8-h lag period, and those in a 4 M guanidine HCl extract of the cell layer increased for about 16 h and then reached a plateau and stayed fairly constant up to 72 h. Two distinct sizes of proteoglycans were observed in the medium. The smaller (Kav = 0.60 on Sepharose CL-2B) had lower buoyant densities in dissociative gradients (rho less than 1.4 g/ml). The larger (Kav = 0.26 on Sepharose CL-2B) had high buoyant densities (recovered mainly in the bottom (D1) fraction of the dissociative gradient). More than 90% of the D1 proteoglycans contained dermatan sulfate chains (average Mr = 38,000) which yielded 84% 4-sulfated and 15% disulfated disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. About 8% of the 35S-label in D1 was present as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. When [3H]-glucosamine was used as a precursor, 28% of the 3H activity in the D1 proteoglycans was located in three major oligosaccharide components, two of which were similar or identical with those observed previously in D1 proteoglycans isolated from porcine follicular fluid. These results plus similar susceptibility of the labeled proteoglycans to proteolytic enzymes, especially plasmin, suggest that the granulosa cells synthesize the predominant follicular fluid proteoglycans.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of proteoglycans by rat granulosa cells cultured in vitro. Rat ovarian granulosa cells were isolated from immature female rats after stimulation with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and then maintained in culture. Proteoglycans were labeled using [35S]sulfate, D-[3h]glucosamine, or L-[3H]serine as precursors. 35S-labeled proteoglycans in the medium increased linearly up to 72 h after a 6- to 8-h lag period, and those in a 4 M guanidine HCl extract of the cell layer increased for about 16 h and then reached a plateau and stayed fairly constant up to 72 h. Two distinct sizes of proteoglycans were observed in the medium. The smaller (Kav = 0.60 on Sepharose CL-2B) had lower buoyant densities in dissociative gradients (rho less than 1.4 g/ml). The larger (Kav = 0.26 on Sepharose CL-2B) had high buoyant densities (recovered mainly in the bottom (D1) fraction of the dissociative gradient). More than 90% of the D1 proteoglycans contained dermatan sulfate chains (average Mr = 38,000) which yielded 84% 4-sulfated and 15% disulfated disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. About 8% of the 35S-label in D1 was present as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. When [3H]-glucosamine was used as a precursor, 28% of the 3H activity in the D1 proteoglycans was located in three major oligosaccharide components, two of which were similar or identical with those observed previously in D1 proteoglycans isolated from porcine follicular fluid. These results plus similar susceptibility of the labeled proteoglycans to proteolytic enzymes, especially plasmin, suggest that the granulosa cells synthesize the predominant follicular fluid proteoglycans.", "PMID": 500720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4905", "title": "Ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta: rapid purification and assay.", "content": "The ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta may be isolated in 65% yield (2.5 mg per placenta) in 2 days. The performance of the affinity chromatography on Sepharose-RNase A has been expedited through adaption of the spectrophotometric assay of ribonuclease toward 2',3'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate to determination of the inhibitor activity. The result of these improvements in procedure is increased availability of the ribonuclease inhibitor for study of its chemical properties (Blackburn, P., and Jailkhani, B.L. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12488-12493) and for its inclusion into in vitro systems in which inhibition of mammalian neutral ribonucleases is desired.", "contents": "Ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta: rapid purification and assay. The ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta may be isolated in 65% yield (2.5 mg per placenta) in 2 days. The performance of the affinity chromatography on Sepharose-RNase A has been expedited through adaption of the spectrophotometric assay of ribonuclease toward 2',3'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate to determination of the inhibitor activity. The result of these improvements in procedure is increased availability of the ribonuclease inhibitor for study of its chemical properties (Blackburn, P., and Jailkhani, B.L. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12488-12493) and for its inclusion into in vitro systems in which inhibition of mammalian neutral ribonucleases is desired.", "PMID": 500726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4906", "title": "Characterization of the lipoidal derivatives of pregnenolone prepared by incubation of the steroid with adrenal mitochondria.", "content": "Using mass spectrometric, radioisotopic, chromatographic and chemical techniques, five fatty acid esters of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone) have been identified as components of the lipoidal derivatives biosynthesized in vitro with bovine adrenal mitochondria. The five compounds are: pregnenolone arachidonate, pregnenolone linoleate, pregnenolone oleate, pregnenolone palmitate, and pregnenolone stearate. The distribution of the fatty acids among these five esters is different from the previously reported (Cmelik, S.H.W., and Ley, H. (1977) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56B, 267-270) fatty acid composition of these organelles.", "contents": "Characterization of the lipoidal derivatives of pregnenolone prepared by incubation of the steroid with adrenal mitochondria. Using mass spectrometric, radioisotopic, chromatographic and chemical techniques, five fatty acid esters of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone) have been identified as components of the lipoidal derivatives biosynthesized in vitro with bovine adrenal mitochondria. The five compounds are: pregnenolone arachidonate, pregnenolone linoleate, pregnenolone oleate, pregnenolone palmitate, and pregnenolone stearate. The distribution of the fatty acids among these five esters is different from the previously reported (Cmelik, S.H.W., and Ley, H. (1977) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56B, 267-270) fatty acid composition of these organelles.", "PMID": 500728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4907", "title": "Metal binding sites of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich fragment of bovine prothrombin.", "content": "The metal binding sites of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich fragment derived from bovine prothrombin were examined using paramagnetic lanthanide ions to evaluate the role of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid resideus in metal binding. A gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich peptide, fragment 12-44, was isolated from a tryptic digest of prothrombin. Using 153Gd(III), fragment 12-44 was found to contain one high affinity metal binding site (KD = 0.55 microM) and four to six lower affinity metal binding sites (KD approximately 4 to 8 microM). The S-carboxymethyl derivative of fragment 12-44, in which the disulfide bond in fragment 12-44 was reduced and alkylated, contained no high affinity metal binding site and four or five lower affinity sites (KD = 8 microM). The effects of paramagnetic lanthanide ions on fragment 12-44 and its S-carboxymethyl derivative were studied by natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectrum of fragment 12-44 was recorded at 67.88 MHz and the resonances were assigned by comparison to the chemical shift of carbon resonances of amino acids and peptides previously studied. The proximity between bound metal ions and carbon atoms in fragment 12-44 was estimated using Gd(III), based upon the strategy that the magnitude of the change in the transverse relaxation rate of resonances of carbon nuclei induced by bound metal ions is related in part to the interatomic distances between bound metal and carbon nuclei. Titration of fragment 12-44 with Gd(III) resulted in the selective broadening of the gamma-carboxyl carbon, C gamma, C beta, and C alpha resonances of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and the C epsilon of the arginines. S-Carboxymethyl fragment 12-44, which lacked the high affinity metal binding site, showed markedly decreased perturbation of the C epsilon of the arginine residues upon titration with Gd(III). These studies indicate that gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in prothrombin fragment 12-44 participate in metal liganding. A high affinity metal binding site in fragment 12-44 is in close proximity of Arg 16 and Arg 25 and is stabilized by the disulfide bond. On the basis of these data, a model of the metal binding sites is proposed in which the high affinity site is composed of two gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which participate in intramolecular metal-dependent bridging of two regions of the polypeptide chain. The lower affinity metal binding sites, formed by single or paired adjacent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, then may participate in intermolecular metal-dependent protein . protein or protein . membrane complex formation.", "contents": "Metal binding sites of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich fragment of bovine prothrombin. The metal binding sites of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich fragment derived from bovine prothrombin were examined using paramagnetic lanthanide ions to evaluate the role of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid resideus in metal binding. A gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich peptide, fragment 12-44, was isolated from a tryptic digest of prothrombin. Using 153Gd(III), fragment 12-44 was found to contain one high affinity metal binding site (KD = 0.55 microM) and four to six lower affinity metal binding sites (KD approximately 4 to 8 microM). The S-carboxymethyl derivative of fragment 12-44, in which the disulfide bond in fragment 12-44 was reduced and alkylated, contained no high affinity metal binding site and four or five lower affinity sites (KD = 8 microM). The effects of paramagnetic lanthanide ions on fragment 12-44 and its S-carboxymethyl derivative were studied by natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectrum of fragment 12-44 was recorded at 67.88 MHz and the resonances were assigned by comparison to the chemical shift of carbon resonances of amino acids and peptides previously studied. The proximity between bound metal ions and carbon atoms in fragment 12-44 was estimated using Gd(III), based upon the strategy that the magnitude of the change in the transverse relaxation rate of resonances of carbon nuclei induced by bound metal ions is related in part to the interatomic distances between bound metal and carbon nuclei. Titration of fragment 12-44 with Gd(III) resulted in the selective broadening of the gamma-carboxyl carbon, C gamma, C beta, and C alpha resonances of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and the C epsilon of the arginines. S-Carboxymethyl fragment 12-44, which lacked the high affinity metal binding site, showed markedly decreased perturbation of the C epsilon of the arginine residues upon titration with Gd(III). These studies indicate that gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in prothrombin fragment 12-44 participate in metal liganding. A high affinity metal binding site in fragment 12-44 is in close proximity of Arg 16 and Arg 25 and is stabilized by the disulfide bond. On the basis of these data, a model of the metal binding sites is proposed in which the high affinity site is composed of two gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which participate in intramolecular metal-dependent bridging of two regions of the polypeptide chain. The lower affinity metal binding sites, formed by single or paired adjacent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, then may participate in intermolecular metal-dependent protein . protein or protein . membrane complex formation.", "PMID": 500729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4908", "title": "Biosynthesis of mammalian glycoproteins. Glycosylation pathways in the synthesis of the nonreducing terminal sequences.", "content": "Six purified glycosyltransferase (a beta-galactoside alpha 2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase, a beta-galactoside alpha 2 leads to 3 sialyltransferase, an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha 2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase, a beta-galactoside alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosyltransferase, a beta-N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 leads to 3 fucosyltransferase, and a (fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 2) galactoside alpha 1 leads to 3 N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase) have been used to study the biosynthetic pathways for formation of the nonreducing terminal oligosaccharide sequences in mammalian glycoproteins. The two glycoproteins used as model acceptor substrates in this study were human asialotransferrin, which contains the nonreducing terminal oligosaccharide sequence Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man, and antifreeze glycoprotein, which contains oligosaccarides with the structure, Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc alph 1 leads O-Thr. Sequential action of the six glycosyltransferases on these model substrates led to the formation of previously described oligosaccharide structures. The studies reported here indicate that the substrate specificities of the individual enzymes dictate the structures that can be synthesized and the pathways by which they may be formed. The actions of a number of the transferasesare mutually exclusive, thereby prohibiting the formation of theoretically possible oligosaccharide structures. Oligosaccharides with the terminal sequence NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc cannot be formed because the prior incorporation of sialic acid by the sialyltransferases yields products that are not acceptor substrates for the fucosyltransferases, and vice versa. Synthesis of other products requires that the enzymes act sequentially in a specific order. The structures NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc, GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, and GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc can only be synthesized if the fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 2 galactose linkage is formed first. Synthesis of the pentasaccharide sequences GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc and GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc requires that the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase act last on the former structure and that the alpha 1 leads to 3 fucosyltransferase act last on the latter. In those instances where a product can be formed by one of two possible pathways, the comparisons of reaction rates indicate that one pathway is usually preferred...", "contents": "Biosynthesis of mammalian glycoproteins. Glycosylation pathways in the synthesis of the nonreducing terminal sequences. Six purified glycosyltransferase (a beta-galactoside alpha 2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase, a beta-galactoside alpha 2 leads to 3 sialyltransferase, an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha 2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase, a beta-galactoside alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosyltransferase, a beta-N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 leads to 3 fucosyltransferase, and a (fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 2) galactoside alpha 1 leads to 3 N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase) have been used to study the biosynthetic pathways for formation of the nonreducing terminal oligosaccharide sequences in mammalian glycoproteins. The two glycoproteins used as model acceptor substrates in this study were human asialotransferrin, which contains the nonreducing terminal oligosaccharide sequence Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man, and antifreeze glycoprotein, which contains oligosaccarides with the structure, Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc alph 1 leads O-Thr. Sequential action of the six glycosyltransferases on these model substrates led to the formation of previously described oligosaccharide structures. The studies reported here indicate that the substrate specificities of the individual enzymes dictate the structures that can be synthesized and the pathways by which they may be formed. The actions of a number of the transferasesare mutually exclusive, thereby prohibiting the formation of theoretically possible oligosaccharide structures. Oligosaccharides with the terminal sequence NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc cannot be formed because the prior incorporation of sialic acid by the sialyltransferases yields products that are not acceptor substrates for the fucosyltransferases, and vice versa. Synthesis of other products requires that the enzymes act sequentially in a specific order. The structures NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc, GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc, and GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc can only be synthesized if the fucosyl alpha 1 leads to 2 galactose linkage is formed first. Synthesis of the pentasaccharide sequences GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc and GalNAc alpha 1 leads to 3(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2)Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc requires that the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase act last on the former structure and that the alpha 1 leads to 3 fucosyltransferase act last on the latter. In those instances where a product can be formed by one of two possible pathways, the comparisons of reaction rates indicate that one pathway is usually preferred...", "PMID": 500730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4909", "title": "A review of the behaviour of chondrosarcoma of bone.", "content": "Sixty-two cases of chondrosarcoma of bone were reviewed and histologically graded as low, medium or high-grade tumours. After excluding patients dead from unrelated causes or lost to follow-up, forty cases were available for ten-year follow-up and fifty-eight for five-year follow-up. The rates of survival, recurrence and metastasis were analysed according to the histological grading. Recurrence was further analysed according to the adequacy of treatment. The results were compared with those previously reported in the literature. There was a ten-year survival rate of 58 per cent. Recurrence developed in 58 per cent and was uncontrollable in 29 per cent. The recurrence rate was 87 per cent with inadequate treatment and 15 per cent with adequate treatment. Recurrences outside the limb bones usually proved uncontrollable; recurrences in the limb bones were amenable to further, and if necessary repeated, operations. High-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 75 per cent and eventual mortality of 88 per cent. Medium-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 14 per cent and a mortality of 60 per cent. Low-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 5 per cent and a mortality of 29 per cent.", "contents": "A review of the behaviour of chondrosarcoma of bone. Sixty-two cases of chondrosarcoma of bone were reviewed and histologically graded as low, medium or high-grade tumours. After excluding patients dead from unrelated causes or lost to follow-up, forty cases were available for ten-year follow-up and fifty-eight for five-year follow-up. The rates of survival, recurrence and metastasis were analysed according to the histological grading. Recurrence was further analysed according to the adequacy of treatment. The results were compared with those previously reported in the literature. There was a ten-year survival rate of 58 per cent. Recurrence developed in 58 per cent and was uncontrollable in 29 per cent. The recurrence rate was 87 per cent with inadequate treatment and 15 per cent with adequate treatment. Recurrences outside the limb bones usually proved uncontrollable; recurrences in the limb bones were amenable to further, and if necessary repeated, operations. High-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 75 per cent and eventual mortality of 88 per cent. Medium-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 14 per cent and a mortality of 60 per cent. Low-grade chondrosarcoma had a metastatic risk of 5 per cent and a mortality of 29 per cent.", "PMID": 500746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4910", "title": "Congenital sacral anomalies.", "content": "A review of seventy-one children with sacral anomalies is presented. The aetiology is discussed and a classification of sacral anomalies is suggested, with three groups of patients: agenetic, dysgenetic and dysraphic. The clinical presentation of each group is discussed and the high incidence of congenital visceral and skeletal abnormalities is indicated in the dysgenetic group. The need for constant urological assessment is emphasised, particularly in the agenetic and dysraphic children.", "contents": "Congenital sacral anomalies. A review of seventy-one children with sacral anomalies is presented. The aetiology is discussed and a classification of sacral anomalies is suggested, with three groups of patients: agenetic, dysgenetic and dysraphic. The clinical presentation of each group is discussed and the high incidence of congenital visceral and skeletal abnormalities is indicated in the dysgenetic group. The need for constant urological assessment is emphasised, particularly in the agenetic and dysraphic children.", "PMID": 500747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4911", "title": "The correction of angular deformities of long bones by osteotomy-osteoclasis.", "content": "The correction of angular deformities of long bones by incomplete osteotomy, followed three weeks later by manual osteoclasis, overcomes the problem of secondary displacement sometimes seen after correction by complete osteotomy and makes internal fixation unnecessary. This paper presents an experience of twenty-six operations in eighteen patients. In all cases the deformity was corrected with excellent cosmetic and functional results. Complete bony union was achieved and there were no problems with displacement at the osteotomy site. Four cases are described in detail to illustrate use of the technique in different clinical situations.", "contents": "The correction of angular deformities of long bones by osteotomy-osteoclasis. The correction of angular deformities of long bones by incomplete osteotomy, followed three weeks later by manual osteoclasis, overcomes the problem of secondary displacement sometimes seen after correction by complete osteotomy and makes internal fixation unnecessary. This paper presents an experience of twenty-six operations in eighteen patients. In all cases the deformity was corrected with excellent cosmetic and functional results. Complete bony union was achieved and there were no problems with displacement at the osteotomy site. Four cases are described in detail to illustrate use of the technique in different clinical situations.", "PMID": 500748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4912", "title": "Melorheostosis in children. Clinical features and natural history.", "content": "Experience in the management of fourteen children with melorheostosis has been reviewed. The principal and presenting clinical features were unilateral soft-tissue contractures associated with inequality of limb length. In contrast to the disease in adults, pain occurred infrequently and was never intense. The average interval between the discovery of the clinical features and the correct diagnosis was six years. The distinctive radiographic feature in the child was an endosteal pattern of hyperostosis marked by streakiness of the long bones and spotting of the small. This differs from the usual subperiosteal or extracortical pattern of hyperostosis seen in adults. The surgical treatment of the contractures proved difficult and recurrence of the deformity was the rule. Distal ischaemia occurred when the chronically contracted and flexed joint was rapidly extended.", "contents": "Melorheostosis in children. Clinical features and natural history. Experience in the management of fourteen children with melorheostosis has been reviewed. The principal and presenting clinical features were unilateral soft-tissue contractures associated with inequality of limb length. In contrast to the disease in adults, pain occurred infrequently and was never intense. The average interval between the discovery of the clinical features and the correct diagnosis was six years. The distinctive radiographic feature in the child was an endosteal pattern of hyperostosis marked by streakiness of the long bones and spotting of the small. This differs from the usual subperiosteal or extracortical pattern of hyperostosis seen in adults. The surgical treatment of the contractures proved difficult and recurrence of the deformity was the rule. Distal ischaemia occurred when the chronically contracted and flexed joint was rapidly extended.", "PMID": 500749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4913", "title": "The results of revision of total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "The results of 140 total hip revision procedures for \"non-septic\" loosening, dislocation, and fracture of the femoral stem or shaft have been personally reviewed and rated by the Harris method. The minimum follow-up period was six months: thirty-three (24 per cent) showed excellent or good results, seventy-two (51 per cent) showed fair or poor results. Subsequent excision arthroplasty was performed in thirty-one patients. The infection rate for these revision procedures was very high, suggesting that many were already infected at the time of revision, and that every \"loose\" hip must be assumed to be infected until proved otherwise. The mortality rate of 3 per cent was surprisingly low after more than one major surgical procedure in these elderly patients.", "contents": "The results of revision of total hip arthroplasty. The results of 140 total hip revision procedures for \"non-septic\" loosening, dislocation, and fracture of the femoral stem or shaft have been personally reviewed and rated by the Harris method. The minimum follow-up period was six months: thirty-three (24 per cent) showed excellent or good results, seventy-two (51 per cent) showed fair or poor results. Subsequent excision arthroplasty was performed in thirty-one patients. The infection rate for these revision procedures was very high, suggesting that many were already infected at the time of revision, and that every \"loose\" hip must be assumed to be infected until proved otherwise. The mortality rate of 3 per cent was surprisingly low after more than one major surgical procedure in these elderly patients.", "PMID": 500750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4914", "title": "The results of reinsertion of a total hip prosthesis after sepsis.", "content": "Sixty-five total hip arthroplastics were reinserted after sepsis around the hip, positive cultures being obtained from fifty-six. Although 65 per cent of patients still have their implant in position, only sixteen of sixty-five (25 per cent) show an excellent or good result on a Harris rating. Twenty-three of sixty-five (35 per cent) subsequently required an excision arthroplasty. The indications and contraindications for this procedure are given.", "contents": "The results of reinsertion of a total hip prosthesis after sepsis. Sixty-five total hip arthroplastics were reinserted after sepsis around the hip, positive cultures being obtained from fifty-six. Although 65 per cent of patients still have their implant in position, only sixteen of sixty-five (25 per cent) show an excellent or good result on a Harris rating. Twenty-three of sixty-five (35 per cent) subsequently required an excision arthroplasty. The indications and contraindications for this procedure are given.", "PMID": 500751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4915", "title": "The importance of femoral rotation in chondromalacia patellae as shown by serial radiography.", "content": "A new radiological technique is presented in which serial axial radiographs of the patellofemoral joints are taken under conditions in which the muscles about the knee and hip are contracted in a manner similar to that during weight-bearing. A form of analysis has been developed whereby patellar rotation can be measured in two planes and femoral rotation about its long axis inferred. A population of asymptomatic adults and children was investigated in this way and their results (regarded as normal) compared with those in fifteen children with idiopathic chondromalacia patellae. In the normal child the femur rotates medially with the onset of muscle activity; by contrast the children with chondromalacia show a reversal of this mechanism.", "contents": "The importance of femoral rotation in chondromalacia patellae as shown by serial radiography. A new radiological technique is presented in which serial axial radiographs of the patellofemoral joints are taken under conditions in which the muscles about the knee and hip are contracted in a manner similar to that during weight-bearing. A form of analysis has been developed whereby patellar rotation can be measured in two planes and femoral rotation about its long axis inferred. A population of asymptomatic adults and children was investigated in this way and their results (regarded as normal) compared with those in fifteen children with idiopathic chondromalacia patellae. In the normal child the femur rotates medially with the onset of muscle activity; by contrast the children with chondromalacia show a reversal of this mechanism.", "PMID": 500753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4916", "title": "A study of the position of the patella using computerised tomography.", "content": "This investigation has been performed to study the relationship between the articular surfaces of the patella and the femoral condyles with the knee extended. A computerised tomographic scanning technique was used on twelve normal subjects in whom it was shown that when the knee is in full extension the patella usually lies laterally and incongruently in contact with the lateral femoral condyle.", "contents": "A study of the position of the patella using computerised tomography. This investigation has been performed to study the relationship between the articular surfaces of the patella and the femoral condyles with the knee extended. A computerised tomographic scanning technique was used on twelve normal subjects in whom it was shown that when the knee is in full extension the patella usually lies laterally and incongruently in contact with the lateral femoral condyle.", "PMID": 500754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4917", "title": "A review of 100 Attenborough stabilised gliding knee prostheses.", "content": "We have reviewed 100 Attenborough total knee replacements in eighty-two patients with a follow-up of one to four years and conclude that this prosthesis has a valuable place in the surgical management of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with severe involvement of the knee. In 85 per cent of these knees a good result was obtained with relief from pain, and in 77 per cent a useful range of movement with a stable knee. Only two patients with loosening and three with deep infection were seen in this series.", "contents": "A review of 100 Attenborough stabilised gliding knee prostheses. We have reviewed 100 Attenborough total knee replacements in eighty-two patients with a follow-up of one to four years and conclude that this prosthesis has a valuable place in the surgical management of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with severe involvement of the knee. In 85 per cent of these knees a good result was obtained with relief from pain, and in 77 per cent a useful range of movement with a stable knee. Only two patients with loosening and three with deep infection were seen in this series.", "PMID": 500755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4918", "title": "Late failure of the Manchester prosthesis. Its relationship to the disease process.", "content": "The results of thirty-one Manchester knee arthroplasties performed on twenty-eight patients are reviewed. There were sixteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis all of whom were satisfactory at the time of follow-up. Of the fifteen patients with osteoarthritis over half the arthroplasties failed after between twelve and thirty-six months. We suggest that resurfacing arthroplasty of the knee using the Manchester prosthesis should be used only for rheumatoid patients.", "contents": "Late failure of the Manchester prosthesis. Its relationship to the disease process. The results of thirty-one Manchester knee arthroplasties performed on twenty-eight patients are reviewed. There were sixteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis all of whom were satisfactory at the time of follow-up. Of the fifteen patients with osteoarthritis over half the arthroplasties failed after between twelve and thirty-six months. We suggest that resurfacing arthroplasty of the knee using the Manchester prosthesis should be used only for rheumatoid patients.", "PMID": 500756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4919", "title": "A study of stump growth in children with below-knee amputations.", "content": "The growth of the stump has been studied in eighteen children with below-knee amputations. Measurements were available shortly after operation and later at skeletal maturity. It was found that all patients achieved less than expected growth and that the reduction was greater in those patients who had had amputation for congenital deformity.", "contents": "A study of stump growth in children with below-knee amputations. The growth of the stump has been studied in eighteen children with below-knee amputations. Measurements were available shortly after operation and later at skeletal maturity. It was found that all patients achieved less than expected growth and that the reduction was greater in those patients who had had amputation for congenital deformity.", "PMID": 500757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4920", "title": "Variation in the long-term results of elongation of the tendo Achillis in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "Clinical assessment of equinus in children before and after operation was made over a twenty-year period (1958-1978), and three groups were defined. Forty-three muscles (Group I) had abnormal shortening without spasticity and the deformity progressed steadily despite immediate improvement after operation; this was considered to be the result of a lack of muscle growth during bone growth. Forty-one muscles (Group II) had both shortening and spasticity with an imbalance which might be unchanged after operation, or reversed or improved. Fourteen muscles (Group III) had spasticity only and progression was unpredictable and could not be defined. Improvement in gait was regularly observed in Group I in the early years after operation. In Groups II and III the results were variable. These results did not depend on surgical technique but on differences in pathophysiology.", "contents": "Variation in the long-term results of elongation of the tendo Achillis in children with cerebral palsy. Clinical assessment of equinus in children before and after operation was made over a twenty-year period (1958-1978), and three groups were defined. Forty-three muscles (Group I) had abnormal shortening without spasticity and the deformity progressed steadily despite immediate improvement after operation; this was considered to be the result of a lack of muscle growth during bone growth. Forty-one muscles (Group II) had both shortening and spasticity with an imbalance which might be unchanged after operation, or reversed or improved. Fourteen muscles (Group III) had spasticity only and progression was unpredictable and could not be defined. Improvement in gait was regularly observed in Group I in the early years after operation. In Groups II and III the results were variable. These results did not depend on surgical technique but on differences in pathophysiology.", "PMID": 500758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4921", "title": "Tarsal hypermobility after ankle fusion--fact or fiction?", "content": "Thirty-seven patients have been reviewed after arthrodesis of the ankle in order to determine the reduction of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot, the incidence of tarsal hypermobility and its relevance to the clinical results of this procedure. Radiological methods of measuring movements in the foot and tarsus are described and applied to patients who had a normal foot on the opposite side which could be used as a control. Our findings suggest that tarsal hypermobility is not as common as has hitherto been supposed and that a stiff foot with minor radiological degenerative changes in the tarsal joints is quite compatible with an excellent result.", "contents": "Tarsal hypermobility after ankle fusion--fact or fiction? Thirty-seven patients have been reviewed after arthrodesis of the ankle in order to determine the reduction of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot, the incidence of tarsal hypermobility and its relevance to the clinical results of this procedure. Radiological methods of measuring movements in the foot and tarsus are described and applied to patients who had a normal foot on the opposite side which could be used as a control. Our findings suggest that tarsal hypermobility is not as common as has hitherto been supposed and that a stiff foot with minor radiological degenerative changes in the tarsal joints is quite compatible with an excellent result.", "PMID": 500759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4922", "title": "Relapsing club feet. Late results of delayed operation.", "content": "The operation of soft-tissue release and calcaneocuboid fusion, published by Dillwyn Evans in 1961, is described in detail and a long-term review of 118 club feet is presented. The average age of the patients at review was nearly seventeen years. All were resistant cases and in all the Dillwyn Evans \"collateral operation\", deliberately delayed by a policy of prolonged conservative treatment, had been the main surgical procedure.", "contents": "Relapsing club feet. Late results of delayed operation. The operation of soft-tissue release and calcaneocuboid fusion, published by Dillwyn Evans in 1961, is described in detail and a long-term review of 118 club feet is presented. The average age of the patients at review was nearly seventeen years. All were resistant cases and in all the Dillwyn Evans \"collateral operation\", deliberately delayed by a policy of prolonged conservative treatment, had been the main surgical procedure.", "PMID": 500760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4923", "title": "Spontaneous dislocation in diabetic neuropathy. A report of six cases.", "content": "The clinical details of six patients who developed spontaneous dislocations in the foot or ankle are presented. All were shown to have diabetic neuropathy. This previously unreported condition can occur with a short history of diabetes. Some cases can be managed without operation, though arthrodesis probably offers the best chance of obtaining a stable foot of satisfactory shape.", "contents": "Spontaneous dislocation in diabetic neuropathy. A report of six cases. The clinical details of six patients who developed spontaneous dislocations in the foot or ankle are presented. All were shown to have diabetic neuropathy. This previously unreported condition can occur with a short history of diabetes. Some cases can be managed without operation, though arthrodesis probably offers the best chance of obtaining a stable foot of satisfactory shape.", "PMID": 500761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4924", "title": "Removal of the third thoracic vertebra and partial lung resection for a radioresistant giant-cell tumour of the spine.", "content": "Total removal of the third thoracic vertebra and partial removal of the second and fourth vertebrae together with partial lung resection were successfully performed in a twenty-two-year-old woman with a large, radioresistant, giant-cell tumour which completely surrounded the spinal cord and extended over the left lung. On admission, the patient was in her third episode of paraplegia, the two previous episodes having been temporarily relieved after decompression of the spinal cord by laminectomy and partial removal of the tumour. Three and a half months after operation she was discharged walking without support and with normal sphincter control. Two years later she is free of symptoms and the neurological status is practically normal. Clinical and radiological examinations show no signs of recurrence of the tumour.", "contents": "Removal of the third thoracic vertebra and partial lung resection for a radioresistant giant-cell tumour of the spine. Total removal of the third thoracic vertebra and partial removal of the second and fourth vertebrae together with partial lung resection were successfully performed in a twenty-two-year-old woman with a large, radioresistant, giant-cell tumour which completely surrounded the spinal cord and extended over the left lung. On admission, the patient was in her third episode of paraplegia, the two previous episodes having been temporarily relieved after decompression of the spinal cord by laminectomy and partial removal of the tumour. Three and a half months after operation she was discharged walking without support and with normal sphincter control. Two years later she is free of symptoms and the neurological status is practically normal. Clinical and radiological examinations show no signs of recurrence of the tumour.", "PMID": 500762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4925", "title": "Silastic replacement of the head of the radius in trauma.", "content": "Eighteen patients with marginal depressed or comminuted fractures of the head of the radius, nine of whom had an associated posterior dislocation of the elbow, had a Silastic replacement carried out shortly after injury. After an average follow-up of twenty-six months satisfactory clinical results were observed in seventeen cases; three prostheses broke. The prosthesis has been particularly effective in the group with an associated posterior dislocation of the elbow.", "contents": "Silastic replacement of the head of the radius in trauma. Eighteen patients with marginal depressed or comminuted fractures of the head of the radius, nine of whom had an associated posterior dislocation of the elbow, had a Silastic replacement carried out shortly after injury. After an average follow-up of twenty-six months satisfactory clinical results were observed in seventeen cases; three prostheses broke. The prosthesis has been particularly effective in the group with an associated posterior dislocation of the elbow.", "PMID": 500763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4926", "title": "[Antineoplastic activity of drugs affecting the central nervous system against chemically induced tumors in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Piracetam and Pyrithioxin, drugs affecting the central nervous system, prolonged survival times in rats with the 3-MC sarcoma. Tumor remissions were observed in several male animals. We were able to achieve a high survival rate without metastasis after surgical removal of the tumors. The remission rate could be increased 6-fold when Piracetam was combined with Cyclophosphamid. In this group male and female animals reacted in the same manner. When used prophylactically, Piracetam proved to be more effective than Pyrithioxin. The effectiveness of Piracetam depended on the onset of treatment. Tumor remission was significant 28 weeks following 3-MC injection when 3-MC and Piracetam were given simultaneously. A remarkable increase of the tumor rate ensued when medication was discontinued. The tumor rate decreased to less than 50% 36 weeks following 3-MC injection if treatment was started 8 weeks following 3-MC application. The latter applied only to Piracetam and not to Pyrithioxin. In the EEG of rats the diminished amplitude induced by 3-MC could be fully compensated by 100 mg/kg Piracetam. All animals treated in this manner for 7 months remained tumor-free.", "contents": "[Antineoplastic activity of drugs affecting the central nervous system against chemically induced tumors in the rat (author's transl)]. Piracetam and Pyrithioxin, drugs affecting the central nervous system, prolonged survival times in rats with the 3-MC sarcoma. Tumor remissions were observed in several male animals. We were able to achieve a high survival rate without metastasis after surgical removal of the tumors. The remission rate could be increased 6-fold when Piracetam was combined with Cyclophosphamid. In this group male and female animals reacted in the same manner. When used prophylactically, Piracetam proved to be more effective than Pyrithioxin. The effectiveness of Piracetam depended on the onset of treatment. Tumor remission was significant 28 weeks following 3-MC injection when 3-MC and Piracetam were given simultaneously. A remarkable increase of the tumor rate ensued when medication was discontinued. The tumor rate decreased to less than 50% 36 weeks following 3-MC injection if treatment was started 8 weeks following 3-MC application. The latter applied only to Piracetam and not to Pyrithioxin. In the EEG of rats the diminished amplitude induced by 3-MC could be fully compensated by 100 mg/kg Piracetam. All animals treated in this manner for 7 months remained tumor-free.", "PMID": 500765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4927", "title": "Systemic promoting action and leukemogenesis in SWR mice by phorbol and structurally related polyfunctional diterpenes.", "content": "Phorbol and six structurally related compounds representing the polyfunctional diterpenes of the tigliane, ingenane, and lathyrane types were tested for systemic promoting and leukemogenic activity in SWR mice. For systemic initiation soon after birth, 15 microgram dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was injected s.c. The diterpenes were administered i.p. either with or without prior systemic initiation with DMN. Systemic promotion was expressed for liver by induction of adenomas with all the diterpenes tested, some of them being more potent than phorbol. The relatively high dose of DMN used as initiator prevented an evaluation of promoting action in relation to lung carcinogenesis. The leukemogenic effect of phorbol in SWR mice was confirmed at three different dose levels. The other diterpenes tested had no significant leukemogenic activity. The leukemogenic action of phorbol was totally inhibited by prior DMN injection. The lack of correlation between promoting action in skin, systemic promoting action in liver and leukemogenic action, among the diterpenes tested, is discussed.", "contents": "Systemic promoting action and leukemogenesis in SWR mice by phorbol and structurally related polyfunctional diterpenes. Phorbol and six structurally related compounds representing the polyfunctional diterpenes of the tigliane, ingenane, and lathyrane types were tested for systemic promoting and leukemogenic activity in SWR mice. For systemic initiation soon after birth, 15 microgram dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was injected s.c. The diterpenes were administered i.p. either with or without prior systemic initiation with DMN. Systemic promotion was expressed for liver by induction of adenomas with all the diterpenes tested, some of them being more potent than phorbol. The relatively high dose of DMN used as initiator prevented an evaluation of promoting action in relation to lung carcinogenesis. The leukemogenic effect of phorbol in SWR mice was confirmed at three different dose levels. The other diterpenes tested had no significant leukemogenic activity. The leukemogenic action of phorbol was totally inhibited by prior DMN injection. The lack of correlation between promoting action in skin, systemic promoting action in liver and leukemogenic action, among the diterpenes tested, is discussed.", "PMID": 500766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4928", "title": "Control of in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes.", "content": "The parameters which influence the in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes for L 1210 cells were analyzed. The cytotoxicity was liposome/cell ratio-dependent. It also depended upon the mole fractions of stearylamine (SA) to phosphatidylcholine (PC). There was no difference between the cytotoxicity of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles but the cytotoxic effect of free SA was about 4 times greater than that of liposome incorporated SA at a molar ratio of 1:4, SA:PC, respectively. The process which resulted in cell death was irreversible after 60 min of cell-liposome contact. The simultaneous presence of neutral liposomes or of positively charged liposomes with a lesser charge density decreased the cytotoxic effect of liposomes with a higher SA content. The cytotoxicity could be decreased by trypsinization of cells following exposure to liposomes while treatment of cells with trypsin prior to the exposure to positively charged liposomes had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was also decreased if cells were incubated in the presence of sodium azide. The usual concentration of serum (10%) present in the growth medium had no effect on the cytotoxicity while preincubation of cells with liposomes in 80% serum resulted in full protection. The protective effect of serum could be replaced by the albumin fraction.", "contents": "Control of in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes. The parameters which influence the in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes for L 1210 cells were analyzed. The cytotoxicity was liposome/cell ratio-dependent. It also depended upon the mole fractions of stearylamine (SA) to phosphatidylcholine (PC). There was no difference between the cytotoxicity of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles but the cytotoxic effect of free SA was about 4 times greater than that of liposome incorporated SA at a molar ratio of 1:4, SA:PC, respectively. The process which resulted in cell death was irreversible after 60 min of cell-liposome contact. The simultaneous presence of neutral liposomes or of positively charged liposomes with a lesser charge density decreased the cytotoxic effect of liposomes with a higher SA content. The cytotoxicity could be decreased by trypsinization of cells following exposure to liposomes while treatment of cells with trypsin prior to the exposure to positively charged liposomes had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was also decreased if cells were incubated in the presence of sodium azide. The usual concentration of serum (10%) present in the growth medium had no effect on the cytotoxicity while preincubation of cells with liposomes in 80% serum resulted in full protection. The protective effect of serum could be replaced by the albumin fraction.", "PMID": 500767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4929", "title": "A comparative study of the chronic effects of magenta, paramagenta, and phenyl-beta-naphthylamine in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "Groups of Syrian golden hamsters were treated with magenta, paramagenta, or phenyl-beta-napthylamine intragastrically, twice weekly for life at maximum tolerated doses. No tumors could be found that were associated with the treatment.", "contents": "A comparative study of the chronic effects of magenta, paramagenta, and phenyl-beta-naphthylamine in Syrian golden hamsters. Groups of Syrian golden hamsters were treated with magenta, paramagenta, or phenyl-beta-napthylamine intragastrically, twice weekly for life at maximum tolerated doses. No tumors could be found that were associated with the treatment.", "PMID": 500768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4930", "title": "Epidemiology of nodular paragranuloma (Hodgkin's disease with lymphocytic predominance, nodular).", "content": "The age and sex distribution and the localization of excised lymph nodes from 206 patients with a nodular variant of Hodgkin's disease with lymphocytic predominance, called \"nodular paragranuloma\", are presented and compared with data on other types of Hodgkin's disease. The age curve of nodular paragranuloma showed a peak in the fourth decade, which was clearly separated from the peak in the third decade exhibited by the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease and from the peak in the sixth and seventh decades of the mixed cellularity type. The peak in the age curve of nodular paragranuloma resulted from the high frequency in men in the fourth decade; the female age curve had no peaks. The overall male-to-female ratio was 2.4:1. The age and sex distribution of diffuse paragranuloma was nearly identical to that of nodular paragranuloma, whereas the age and sex distribution of cases of the lymphocytic predominance type other than paragranuloma resembled that of the mixed cellularity type. These data indicate that the lymphocytic predominance type of Hodgkin's disease is not a uniform group and support the view that paragranuloma is a separate entity.", "contents": "Epidemiology of nodular paragranuloma (Hodgkin's disease with lymphocytic predominance, nodular). The age and sex distribution and the localization of excised lymph nodes from 206 patients with a nodular variant of Hodgkin's disease with lymphocytic predominance, called \"nodular paragranuloma\", are presented and compared with data on other types of Hodgkin's disease. The age curve of nodular paragranuloma showed a peak in the fourth decade, which was clearly separated from the peak in the third decade exhibited by the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease and from the peak in the sixth and seventh decades of the mixed cellularity type. The peak in the age curve of nodular paragranuloma resulted from the high frequency in men in the fourth decade; the female age curve had no peaks. The overall male-to-female ratio was 2.4:1. The age and sex distribution of diffuse paragranuloma was nearly identical to that of nodular paragranuloma, whereas the age and sex distribution of cases of the lymphocytic predominance type other than paragranuloma resembled that of the mixed cellularity type. These data indicate that the lymphocytic predominance type of Hodgkin's disease is not a uniform group and support the view that paragranuloma is a separate entity.", "PMID": 500769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4931", "title": "Immunological characterization of mononuclear cells and morphological findings in patients with mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and draining lymph nodes of 40 patients with invasive mammary carcinoma were examined for various immunological cell surface markers including surface membrane immunoglobulins and rosetting properties (E, EA, EAC). No significant relationship could be established to anyone of the following criteria for which the literature reports varying prognostic values: Clinical staging of the disease , histological tumor type, grading, nuclear differentiation, round cell infiltration, perivenous infiltration, sinus histiocytosis, and lymph node reaction patterns (lymphocyte predominance, germinal center predominance, lymphocyte depletion, unstimulated nodes). From the reported results it is concluded that the analysis of lymphocyte cell surface markers in mammary carcinoma is not a suitable parameter for supporting the existence of specific or unspecific anti-tumor immune reactions which may be suspected from certain histological reaction patterns.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of mononuclear cells and morphological findings in patients with mammary carcinoma. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and draining lymph nodes of 40 patients with invasive mammary carcinoma were examined for various immunological cell surface markers including surface membrane immunoglobulins and rosetting properties (E, EA, EAC). No significant relationship could be established to anyone of the following criteria for which the literature reports varying prognostic values: Clinical staging of the disease , histological tumor type, grading, nuclear differentiation, round cell infiltration, perivenous infiltration, sinus histiocytosis, and lymph node reaction patterns (lymphocyte predominance, germinal center predominance, lymphocyte depletion, unstimulated nodes). From the reported results it is concluded that the analysis of lymphocyte cell surface markers in mammary carcinoma is not a suitable parameter for supporting the existence of specific or unspecific anti-tumor immune reactions which may be suspected from certain histological reaction patterns.", "PMID": 500770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4932", "title": "Rubella virus antigen in lymphocytes of patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL).", "content": "Lymph node sections from 14 patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) were incubated with fluorescein-labeled specific antiserum against rubella virus antigen. In lymphoid cells from 11 patients intracytoplasmic rubella antigen was demonstrated. The results support the idea of a persistent virus infection in AIL.", "contents": "Rubella virus antigen in lymphocytes of patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL). Lymph node sections from 14 patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) were incubated with fluorescein-labeled specific antiserum against rubella virus antigen. In lymphoid cells from 11 patients intracytoplasmic rubella antigen was demonstrated. The results support the idea of a persistent virus infection in AIL.", "PMID": 500771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4933", "title": "Malignant granular cell tumor.", "content": "The malignant granular cell tumor ist a rare soft tissue neoplasia which is chiefly localized in the sceletal muscles. The uncertain histogenesis gave rise to different terms. The clinical course is often protracted but fatal. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in the light of a case report concerning a malignant granular cell tumor in a 28-year-old man.", "contents": "Malignant granular cell tumor. The malignant granular cell tumor ist a rare soft tissue neoplasia which is chiefly localized in the sceletal muscles. The uncertain histogenesis gave rise to different terms. The clinical course is often protracted but fatal. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in the light of a case report concerning a malignant granular cell tumor in a 28-year-old man.", "PMID": 500772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4934", "title": "Management of pregnancy after cesarean section.", "content": "Management of 226 patients with previous low transverse cesarean section in a special obstetric clinic for high-risk pregnancies significantly and safely reduced the incidence of purely elective cesarean section to less than 10%. A substantial incidence (25%) of other high-risk factors dictating antepartum indicated cesarean section were found in this population. There was 38.5% incidence of vaginal delivery in 145 patients who underwent a trial of labor. Patients delivered vaginally followed a normal labor curve up to full dilatation. Oxytocin was required in three cases of prolonged second stage of labor and resulted in instrumental vaginal delivery in all instances. There were no uterine ruptures on vaginal exploration after delivery or at the time of repeat cesarean section during labor. There was no maternal death or perinatal loss. No justification for the present clinical practice of a 99% inicidence of elective repeat cesarean section could be found. Substantial savings in hospital cost, as well as a decreased number of diagnostic tests for the otherwise normal gravid woman, can be safely achieved.", "contents": "Management of pregnancy after cesarean section. Management of 226 patients with previous low transverse cesarean section in a special obstetric clinic for high-risk pregnancies significantly and safely reduced the incidence of purely elective cesarean section to less than 10%. A substantial incidence (25%) of other high-risk factors dictating antepartum indicated cesarean section were found in this population. There was 38.5% incidence of vaginal delivery in 145 patients who underwent a trial of labor. Patients delivered vaginally followed a normal labor curve up to full dilatation. Oxytocin was required in three cases of prolonged second stage of labor and resulted in instrumental vaginal delivery in all instances. There were no uterine ruptures on vaginal exploration after delivery or at the time of repeat cesarean section during labor. There was no maternal death or perinatal loss. No justification for the present clinical practice of a 99% inicidence of elective repeat cesarean section could be found. Substantial savings in hospital cost, as well as a decreased number of diagnostic tests for the otherwise normal gravid woman, can be safely achieved.", "PMID": 500774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4935", "title": "Prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "The GSR induced by a single injection of endotoxin in pregnant rats and cortisone-sensitized rabbits was prevented by bradykinin. The action is mediated by prostaglandins, such as evidenced by: (1) abolition of the effect of bradykinin by aspirin, (2) prevention of the Shwartzman reaction by infusions of PGA2 and PGE1, and (3) sensitization of the normal male rat to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by infusions of PGA2 and PGE1, and (3) sensitization of the normal male rat to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by indomethacin. The mechanism appears to be a neutralization of the essential alpha-adrenergic component of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The GSR induced by a single injection of endotoxin in pregnant rats and cortisone-sensitized rabbits was prevented by bradykinin. The action is mediated by prostaglandins, such as evidenced by: (1) abolition of the effect of bradykinin by aspirin, (2) prevention of the Shwartzman reaction by infusions of PGA2 and PGE1, and (3) sensitization of the normal male rat to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by infusions of PGA2 and PGE1, and (3) sensitization of the normal male rat to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by indomethacin. The mechanism appears to be a neutralization of the essential alpha-adrenergic component of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "PMID": 500776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4936", "title": "Mortality of chrysotile asbestos workers at the Balangero Mine, Northern Italy.", "content": "The mortality from 1946 to 1975 of over 900 North Italian chrysotile asbestos workers first employed between 1930 and 1965 has been studied. Nine deaths were certified as attributable to asbestosis, and eleven to lung cancer. One death was attributed to mesothelioma of pleura but this diagnosis was not supported by histological examination. Comparison with the national figures for all Italy did not reveal an excess of deaths from lung cancer but during the last quinquennium of observation, the SMR for lung cancer rose to 206. Simulation experiments enabled a dust index in fibre/years to be attached to each man in the cohort. All but two of the deaths from lung cancer occurred in the higher exposure group. The relative risk of lung cancer in this group was 2.89. The eleven workers who died from lung cancer were all cigarette smokers. A further period of observation is required to monitor the mortality of the surviving workers.", "contents": "Mortality of chrysotile asbestos workers at the Balangero Mine, Northern Italy. The mortality from 1946 to 1975 of over 900 North Italian chrysotile asbestos workers first employed between 1930 and 1965 has been studied. Nine deaths were certified as attributable to asbestosis, and eleven to lung cancer. One death was attributed to mesothelioma of pleura but this diagnosis was not supported by histological examination. Comparison with the national figures for all Italy did not reveal an excess of deaths from lung cancer but during the last quinquennium of observation, the SMR for lung cancer rose to 206. Simulation experiments enabled a dust index in fibre/years to be attached to each man in the cohort. All but two of the deaths from lung cancer occurred in the higher exposure group. The relative risk of lung cancer in this group was 2.89. The eleven workers who died from lung cancer were all cigarette smokers. A further period of observation is required to monitor the mortality of the surviving workers.", "PMID": 500777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4937", "title": "The relationship between coal rank and the prevalence of pneumoconiosis.", "content": "As part of the Periodic X-ray Scheme of the National Coal Board (NCB), a comparison is made between the previous and new films of all miners who were face-workers on the former occasion, five years earlier. This assessment is made by distributing the films randomly to all the NCB readers. This paper compares the rank of coal mined in each colliery with each colliery's percentage prevalence of pneumoconiosis of at least ILO category 1 in the films of previous face-workers obtained during the third survey round (1969-73). Of the NCB's 291 collieries in Britain, information enabling a rank classification to be made was available for 250, employing 62 362 face-workers. In these 250 mines a progressive and five-fold increase in prevalence was observed from collieries mining low-rank (bituminous) coal to those mining coal of high ranks (anthracite and high-grade steam and coking coal). A possible reason for this is that, in the past, high-rank collieries may have had the highest mass-concentrations of respirable dust.", "contents": "The relationship between coal rank and the prevalence of pneumoconiosis. As part of the Periodic X-ray Scheme of the National Coal Board (NCB), a comparison is made between the previous and new films of all miners who were face-workers on the former occasion, five years earlier. This assessment is made by distributing the films randomly to all the NCB readers. This paper compares the rank of coal mined in each colliery with each colliery's percentage prevalence of pneumoconiosis of at least ILO category 1 in the films of previous face-workers obtained during the third survey round (1969-73). Of the NCB's 291 collieries in Britain, information enabling a rank classification to be made was available for 250, employing 62 362 face-workers. In these 250 mines a progressive and five-fold increase in prevalence was observed from collieries mining low-rank (bituminous) coal to those mining coal of high ranks (anthracite and high-grade steam and coking coal). A possible reason for this is that, in the past, high-rank collieries may have had the highest mass-concentrations of respirable dust.", "PMID": 500778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4938", "title": "Bronchoconstriction in potroom workers.", "content": "The effect on airway responsiveness of an oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocker (80 mg propranolol) given before work, was studied in 15 potroom workers who complained of dyspnoea, chest tightness and wheezing after they had started to work in potrooms. The same study was performed in a group of 10 potroom workers, selected at random, who had not complained of such symptoms. In addition, another group of 12 potroom workers with respiratory symptoms were given 1 mg atropine subcutaneously. Ventilatory function was assessed from forced expiratory curves (by means of a waterless spirometer) and from maximum expiratory flow-volume curves (by means of a digital pneumotachograph). Bronchoconstriction during the first few hours' work was significantly potentiated by propranolol in the group of potroom workers with respiratory complaints. Propranolol did not produce this effect in workers who had not complained of respiratory symptoms. Atropine sulphate abolished the fall in ventilatory volumes which occurred during the first few hours of work. These findings suggest that acute bronchoconstriction, particularly in small airways, and respiratory symptoms occurring in certain potroom workers may be based on an alteration in autonomic balance with vagal preponderance.", "contents": "Bronchoconstriction in potroom workers. The effect on airway responsiveness of an oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocker (80 mg propranolol) given before work, was studied in 15 potroom workers who complained of dyspnoea, chest tightness and wheezing after they had started to work in potrooms. The same study was performed in a group of 10 potroom workers, selected at random, who had not complained of such symptoms. In addition, another group of 12 potroom workers with respiratory symptoms were given 1 mg atropine subcutaneously. Ventilatory function was assessed from forced expiratory curves (by means of a waterless spirometer) and from maximum expiratory flow-volume curves (by means of a digital pneumotachograph). Bronchoconstriction during the first few hours' work was significantly potentiated by propranolol in the group of potroom workers with respiratory complaints. Propranolol did not produce this effect in workers who had not complained of respiratory symptoms. Atropine sulphate abolished the fall in ventilatory volumes which occurred during the first few hours of work. These findings suggest that acute bronchoconstriction, particularly in small airways, and respiratory symptoms occurring in certain potroom workers may be based on an alteration in autonomic balance with vagal preponderance.", "PMID": 500779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4939", "title": "Lung function in sisal ropemakers.", "content": "Lung function was measured by spirometry in 66 workers in a sisal ropemaking factory, and in their matched controls. The major atmospheric contaminant was the lubricant (or a component part thereof) used to soften the fibre. The concentration of airborne matter was generally less than 1 mug m--3. There was no difference in lung function between the two groups before the start of the working shift, that is, the mixture of softening lubricant and sisal caused no long-term effects. Although there was no change in lung function over the working shift in the group making sisal rope, the control group did show a significant increase in lung function over the same period. This suggests that an effect attributable to the lubricant and sisal dust did exist. In previous studies little mention has been made of the softeners used in the processing of sisal fibre. These additives may exert a significant effect on ventilatory capacity and may act in conjunction with sisal dust.", "contents": "Lung function in sisal ropemakers. Lung function was measured by spirometry in 66 workers in a sisal ropemaking factory, and in their matched controls. The major atmospheric contaminant was the lubricant (or a component part thereof) used to soften the fibre. The concentration of airborne matter was generally less than 1 mug m--3. There was no difference in lung function between the two groups before the start of the working shift, that is, the mixture of softening lubricant and sisal caused no long-term effects. Although there was no change in lung function over the working shift in the group making sisal rope, the control group did show a significant increase in lung function over the same period. This suggests that an effect attributable to the lubricant and sisal dust did exist. In previous studies little mention has been made of the softeners used in the processing of sisal fibre. These additives may exert a significant effect on ventilatory capacity and may act in conjunction with sisal dust.", "PMID": 500780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4940", "title": "A clinical survey of paraquat formulation workers.", "content": "A group of 18 male Caucasian workers from the United Kingdom and a further group of 18 male mixed race (mainly Malay) workers from Malaysia employed in the formulation of paraquat-based herbicides were examined for evidence of chronic ill health after long-term exposure to paraquat. Clinical records were examined, medical and occupational histories were obtained and a clinical examination, particularly of the skin, was undertaken. Skin rashes, nail damage and epistaxes were encountered by most workers as a result of direct contact of skin and mucous membranes with paraquat. These conditions subsided rapidly and no worker reported any sequelae. There was no clinical evidence of long-term effects on skin, mucous membranes or general health following exposure to paraquat over several years in these workers.", "contents": "A clinical survey of paraquat formulation workers. A group of 18 male Caucasian workers from the United Kingdom and a further group of 18 male mixed race (mainly Malay) workers from Malaysia employed in the formulation of paraquat-based herbicides were examined for evidence of chronic ill health after long-term exposure to paraquat. Clinical records were examined, medical and occupational histories were obtained and a clinical examination, particularly of the skin, was undertaken. Skin rashes, nail damage and epistaxes were encountered by most workers as a result of direct contact of skin and mucous membranes with paraquat. These conditions subsided rapidly and no worker reported any sequelae. There was no clinical evidence of long-term effects on skin, mucous membranes or general health following exposure to paraquat over several years in these workers.", "PMID": 500781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4941", "title": "Amount and distribution of fume contaminants in the lungs of an arc welder post mortem.", "content": "This study describes various post-mortem examinations of the lungs of a shipyard arc welder. These investigations comprised morphological methods, including gross pathology and radiography, histological and ultrastructural examinations, chemical analysis of lung tissue, and sensitive magnetic measurements, which can now be used to detect magnetic contaminants, such as welding fume, in human tissue. Such methods can also show the distribution of contaminants. The amount of welding-fume contaminants was low, only 110 mg. The contaminant iron seemed to represent only 10% of the total iron chemically analysed in lung tissue. The concentration of the total iron was 4-10 times higher than that in control tissue. Contaminants tended to collect in the central areas of the lungs. Two concentration centres could be observed in each lung, one anterior and one posterior. There was slight fibrosis around pigmented areas. Histological findings were similar to those of previous studies. Transmission electron micrographs showed that enlarged lysosomes of macrophages contained electron-dense granules, 450 nm to less than 5 nm in diameter, which formed aggregates and short chains, and resembled welding-fume particles in the breathing zone. Our results show the value of studying the same material by a number of inter-related methods.", "contents": "Amount and distribution of fume contaminants in the lungs of an arc welder post mortem. This study describes various post-mortem examinations of the lungs of a shipyard arc welder. These investigations comprised morphological methods, including gross pathology and radiography, histological and ultrastructural examinations, chemical analysis of lung tissue, and sensitive magnetic measurements, which can now be used to detect magnetic contaminants, such as welding fume, in human tissue. Such methods can also show the distribution of contaminants. The amount of welding-fume contaminants was low, only 110 mg. The contaminant iron seemed to represent only 10% of the total iron chemically analysed in lung tissue. The concentration of the total iron was 4-10 times higher than that in control tissue. Contaminants tended to collect in the central areas of the lungs. Two concentration centres could be observed in each lung, one anterior and one posterior. There was slight fibrosis around pigmented areas. Histological findings were similar to those of previous studies. Transmission electron micrographs showed that enlarged lysosomes of macrophages contained electron-dense granules, 450 nm to less than 5 nm in diameter, which formed aggregates and short chains, and resembled welding-fume particles in the breathing zone. Our results show the value of studying the same material by a number of inter-related methods.", "PMID": 500782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4942", "title": "Partition coefficients of some aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones in water, blood and oil.", "content": "Water/air, blood/air, oil/air, oil/water, and oil/blood partition (or solubility) coefficients of 17 aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones were measured by a newly developed vial-equilibration method, which needs no direct measurements of the concentration either in the liquid or in the air phase, but only the gas chromatographic peak heights of the air in the sample (in which a test material is contained) and reference vessels (containing no test material). It was found that the blood/air partition coefficients for aromatic hydrocarbons are correlated closely with the product of water/air and oil/air partitiion coefficients, whereas those for ketones are almost in the same range as the water/air, irrespective of the oil/air partition coefficients.", "contents": "Partition coefficients of some aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones in water, blood and oil. Water/air, blood/air, oil/air, oil/water, and oil/blood partition (or solubility) coefficients of 17 aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones were measured by a newly developed vial-equilibration method, which needs no direct measurements of the concentration either in the liquid or in the air phase, but only the gas chromatographic peak heights of the air in the sample (in which a test material is contained) and reference vessels (containing no test material). It was found that the blood/air partition coefficients for aromatic hydrocarbons are correlated closely with the product of water/air and oil/air partitiion coefficients, whereas those for ketones are almost in the same range as the water/air, irrespective of the oil/air partition coefficients.", "PMID": 500783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4943", "title": "The time course of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid excretion in workers exposed to styrene under model conditions.", "content": "Urinary excretion of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids by two technicians building glass-reinforced plastic boats has been measured over a 7-day period. Peak excretion of both metabolites occurred several hours after the end of exposure. There was little relationship between urinary mandelic acid concentrations measured at the end of shift and the maximum excretion observed in samples collected after this time. It is suggested that sampling strategies devised to monitor workers exposed to styrene should reflect maximum excretion rates of urinary mandelic acid.", "contents": "The time course of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid excretion in workers exposed to styrene under model conditions. Urinary excretion of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids by two technicians building glass-reinforced plastic boats has been measured over a 7-day period. Peak excretion of both metabolites occurred several hours after the end of exposure. There was little relationship between urinary mandelic acid concentrations measured at the end of shift and the maximum excretion observed in samples collected after this time. It is suggested that sampling strategies devised to monitor workers exposed to styrene should reflect maximum excretion rates of urinary mandelic acid.", "PMID": 500784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4944", "title": "A novel model for fluid secretion by the trypanosomatid contractile vacuole apparatus.", "content": "We have studied fluid secretion by the contractile vacuole apparatuss of the trypanosomatid flagellate Leptomonas collosoma with thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas of cells stabilized by ultrarapid freezing without prior fixation or cryoprotection. The ultrarapid freezing has revealed membrane specializations related to fluid segregation and transport as well as membrane rearrangements which may accompany water expulsion at systole. This osmoregulatory apparatu consists of the spongiome, the contractile vacuole, and the fluid discharge site. The coated tubules of the spongiome converge on the contractile vacuole from all directions. These 60- to 70-nm tubules contain characteristic double rows of 11-nm intramembrane particles in a helical configuration which fracture predominantly with the E face. Short double rows of similar particles are also frequently found on both faces of the contractile vacuole itself, in addition to many smaller particles on the P face. The spongiome tubules fuse with the vacuole during the filling stage of each cycle and then detach before secretion. The contractile vacuole membrane is permanently attached to the plasma membrane of the flagellar pocket by a dense adhesion plaque. In some ultrarapidly frozen cells, 20- to 40-nm perforations can be visualized within the plaque and the adjacent membranes during the presumptive time of discharge. The formation of the plaque perforations and the membrane channels occurs without fusion of the vacuole and the plasma membrane and does not require extracellular calcium. On the basis of our results, we have developed a model for water secretion which suggests that the adhesion plaque may induce pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayers, thereby allowing bulk expulsion of the fluid.", "contents": "A novel model for fluid secretion by the trypanosomatid contractile vacuole apparatus. We have studied fluid secretion by the contractile vacuole apparatuss of the trypanosomatid flagellate Leptomonas collosoma with thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas of cells stabilized by ultrarapid freezing without prior fixation or cryoprotection. The ultrarapid freezing has revealed membrane specializations related to fluid segregation and transport as well as membrane rearrangements which may accompany water expulsion at systole. This osmoregulatory apparatu consists of the spongiome, the contractile vacuole, and the fluid discharge site. The coated tubules of the spongiome converge on the contractile vacuole from all directions. These 60- to 70-nm tubules contain characteristic double rows of 11-nm intramembrane particles in a helical configuration which fracture predominantly with the E face. Short double rows of similar particles are also frequently found on both faces of the contractile vacuole itself, in addition to many smaller particles on the P face. The spongiome tubules fuse with the vacuole during the filling stage of each cycle and then detach before secretion. The contractile vacuole membrane is permanently attached to the plasma membrane of the flagellar pocket by a dense adhesion plaque. In some ultrarapidly frozen cells, 20- to 40-nm perforations can be visualized within the plaque and the adjacent membranes during the presumptive time of discharge. The formation of the plaque perforations and the membrane channels occurs without fusion of the vacuole and the plasma membrane and does not require extracellular calcium. On the basis of our results, we have developed a model for water secretion which suggests that the adhesion plaque may induce pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayers, thereby allowing bulk expulsion of the fluid.", "PMID": 500785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4945", "title": "Lack of correlation between transepithelial transport capacity and paracellular pathway ultrastructure in Alcian blue-treated rabbit gallbladders.", "content": "The effects of mucosal application of 1 mg% Alcian blue (a trivalent cationic phthalocyanine dye) on functional and ultrastructural parameters of the isolated rabbit gallbladder have been studied. Apart from minor changes in the shape of the group of central microvilli observed in thin-section electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the major ultrastructural change induced by Alcian blue was an almost complete collapse of intercellular spaces in the region above the tight junctions up to the bases of the marginal microvilli as revealed by thin-section electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated a complete disappearance of intramembrane particles of neighboring cell membranes corresponding to the region of interspace collapse. Transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) increased from 44.5 to 58.7 ohm . cm2 upon treatment with Alcian blue. This increase could be well accounted for by the observed structural changes in the paracellular pathway if this pathway determines the low resistance of the rabbit gallbladder epithelium. Despite the increase in RT, net mucosa-to-serosa fluid transport and the spontaneous mucosa-positive potential difference of 3 mV were unaltered by Alcian blue treatment, supporting the hypothesis that the transepithelial transport mechanism per se is electroneutral. A calculation of the maximal paracellular mucosa-to-serosa waterflow in response to a lateral intercellular space hypertonicity of 20 mosM demonstrates that in the Alcian blue-treated gallbladder the resulting figure is about three orders of magnitude too low to keep up with the unaltered spontaneous transepithelial net fluid transport. It is therefore concluded that the tight junction pathway in rabbit gallbladders does not serve as a route for net fluid transport.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between transepithelial transport capacity and paracellular pathway ultrastructure in Alcian blue-treated rabbit gallbladders. The effects of mucosal application of 1 mg% Alcian blue (a trivalent cationic phthalocyanine dye) on functional and ultrastructural parameters of the isolated rabbit gallbladder have been studied. Apart from minor changes in the shape of the group of central microvilli observed in thin-section electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the major ultrastructural change induced by Alcian blue was an almost complete collapse of intercellular spaces in the region above the tight junctions up to the bases of the marginal microvilli as revealed by thin-section electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated a complete disappearance of intramembrane particles of neighboring cell membranes corresponding to the region of interspace collapse. Transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) increased from 44.5 to 58.7 ohm . cm2 upon treatment with Alcian blue. This increase could be well accounted for by the observed structural changes in the paracellular pathway if this pathway determines the low resistance of the rabbit gallbladder epithelium. Despite the increase in RT, net mucosa-to-serosa fluid transport and the spontaneous mucosa-positive potential difference of 3 mV were unaltered by Alcian blue treatment, supporting the hypothesis that the transepithelial transport mechanism per se is electroneutral. A calculation of the maximal paracellular mucosa-to-serosa waterflow in response to a lateral intercellular space hypertonicity of 20 mosM demonstrates that in the Alcian blue-treated gallbladder the resulting figure is about three orders of magnitude too low to keep up with the unaltered spontaneous transepithelial net fluid transport. It is therefore concluded that the tight junction pathway in rabbit gallbladders does not serve as a route for net fluid transport.", "PMID": 500786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4946", "title": "Correlation of dihydrofolate reductase elevation with gene amplification in a homogeneously staining chromosomal region in L5178Y cells.", "content": "A methotrexate (MTX)-resistant murine lymphoblastoid cell line has been obtained by serial passage in increasing concentrations of MTX which is greater than 100,000-fold resistant to MTX (L5178YR) and has dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) levels 300-fold higher than the parental line. The L5178YR cell line synthesizes approximately 10-11% of its total soluble cell protein as DHFR regardless of growth phase, as measured by direct immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antiserum. Molecular hybridization of a purified [3H]DNA probe complimentary to DHFR specific mRNA with cellular DNA and RNA indicates that DHFR coding sequences are elevated several hundred fold in both nucleic acid species in the mutant cell line. Giemsa-banding studies of the diploid mutant line indicate the presence of a large homogeneously staining region on chromosome No. 2. In situ molecular hybridization studies indicate that the DHFR genes are localized in this homogeneously staining region. The homogeneously staining region probably consists of tandom repeats of a basic segment approximately 800 kilo base pairs long.", "contents": "Correlation of dihydrofolate reductase elevation with gene amplification in a homogeneously staining chromosomal region in L5178Y cells. A methotrexate (MTX)-resistant murine lymphoblastoid cell line has been obtained by serial passage in increasing concentrations of MTX which is greater than 100,000-fold resistant to MTX (L5178YR) and has dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) levels 300-fold higher than the parental line. The L5178YR cell line synthesizes approximately 10-11% of its total soluble cell protein as DHFR regardless of growth phase, as measured by direct immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antiserum. Molecular hybridization of a purified [3H]DNA probe complimentary to DHFR specific mRNA with cellular DNA and RNA indicates that DHFR coding sequences are elevated several hundred fold in both nucleic acid species in the mutant cell line. Giemsa-banding studies of the diploid mutant line indicate the presence of a large homogeneously staining region on chromosome No. 2. In situ molecular hybridization studies indicate that the DHFR genes are localized in this homogeneously staining region. The homogeneously staining region probably consists of tandom repeats of a basic segment approximately 800 kilo base pairs long.", "PMID": 500787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4947", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of the central mitotic spindle of Diatoma vulgare.", "content": "Central mitotic spindles in Diatoma vulgare have been investigated using serial sections and electron microscopy. Spindles at both early stages (before metaphase) and later stages of mitosis (metaphase to telophase) have been analyzed. We have used computer graphics technology to facilitate the analysis and to produce stereo images of the central spindle reconstructed in three dimensions. We find that at prometaphase, when the nuclear envelope is dissassembling, the spindle is constructed from two sets of polar microtubules (MTs) that interdigitate to form a zone of overlap. As the chromosomes become organized into the metaphase configuration, the polar MTs, the spindle, and the zone of overlap all elongate, while the number of MTs in the central spindle decreases from greater than 700 to approximately 250. Most of the tubules lost are short ones that reside near the spindle poles. The previously described decrease in the length of the zone of overlap during anaphase central spindle elongation is clearly demonstrated in stereo images. In addition, we have used our three-dimensional data to determine the lengths of the spindle MTs at various times during mitotis. The distribution of lengths is bimodal during prometaphase, but the short tubules disappear and the long tubules elongate as mitosis proceeds. The distributions of MT lengths are compared to the length distributions of MTs polymerized in vitro, and a model is presented to account for our findings about both MT length changes and microtubule movements.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of the central mitotic spindle of Diatoma vulgare. Central mitotic spindles in Diatoma vulgare have been investigated using serial sections and electron microscopy. Spindles at both early stages (before metaphase) and later stages of mitosis (metaphase to telophase) have been analyzed. We have used computer graphics technology to facilitate the analysis and to produce stereo images of the central spindle reconstructed in three dimensions. We find that at prometaphase, when the nuclear envelope is dissassembling, the spindle is constructed from two sets of polar microtubules (MTs) that interdigitate to form a zone of overlap. As the chromosomes become organized into the metaphase configuration, the polar MTs, the spindle, and the zone of overlap all elongate, while the number of MTs in the central spindle decreases from greater than 700 to approximately 250. Most of the tubules lost are short ones that reside near the spindle poles. The previously described decrease in the length of the zone of overlap during anaphase central spindle elongation is clearly demonstrated in stereo images. In addition, we have used our three-dimensional data to determine the lengths of the spindle MTs at various times during mitotis. The distribution of lengths is bimodal during prometaphase, but the short tubules disappear and the long tubules elongate as mitosis proceeds. The distributions of MT lengths are compared to the length distributions of MTs polymerized in vitro, and a model is presented to account for our findings about both MT length changes and microtubule movements.", "PMID": 500788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4948", "title": "Cross-sectional structure of the central mitotic spindle of Diatoma vulgare. Evidence for specific interactions between antiparallel microtubules.", "content": "During the transition from prometaphase to metaphase, the cross-sectional area of the central spindle of Diatoma decreases by a factor of nearly two, both at the poles and at the region of overlapping microtubules (MTs) near the spindle equator. The density of spindle MT packing stays approximately constant throughout mitosis. Optical diffraction analysis of electron micrographs shows that the packing of the MTs at the poles at all stages of mitosis is similar to that expected for a two-dimensional liquid. Analysis of the region of overlap reveals more packing regularity: during prometaphase, a square packing emerges that displays sufficient organization by late metaphase to generate five orders of diffraction; during anaphase the packing in the overlap region shifts to hexagonal; at telophase, it returns to square. From the data provided by serial section reconstructions of the central spindle, it is possible to identify the polarity of almost every spindle MT, that is, to identify one pole with which the MT is associated. Near neighbor analyses of MTs in cross sections of the overlap region show that MTs prefer antiparallel near neighbors. These near neighbors are most often found at a spacing of approximately 40 nm center-to-center, while parallel near neighbors in the zone of overlap are spaced essentially at random. These results are evidence for a specific interaction between antiparallel MTs. In some sections definite bridges between MTs can be seen. Our findings show that certain necessary conditions for a sliding filament model of anaphase spindle elongation are met.", "contents": "Cross-sectional structure of the central mitotic spindle of Diatoma vulgare. Evidence for specific interactions between antiparallel microtubules. During the transition from prometaphase to metaphase, the cross-sectional area of the central spindle of Diatoma decreases by a factor of nearly two, both at the poles and at the region of overlapping microtubules (MTs) near the spindle equator. The density of spindle MT packing stays approximately constant throughout mitosis. Optical diffraction analysis of electron micrographs shows that the packing of the MTs at the poles at all stages of mitosis is similar to that expected for a two-dimensional liquid. Analysis of the region of overlap reveals more packing regularity: during prometaphase, a square packing emerges that displays sufficient organization by late metaphase to generate five orders of diffraction; during anaphase the packing in the overlap region shifts to hexagonal; at telophase, it returns to square. From the data provided by serial section reconstructions of the central spindle, it is possible to identify the polarity of almost every spindle MT, that is, to identify one pole with which the MT is associated. Near neighbor analyses of MTs in cross sections of the overlap region show that MTs prefer antiparallel near neighbors. These near neighbors are most often found at a spacing of approximately 40 nm center-to-center, while parallel near neighbors in the zone of overlap are spaced essentially at random. These results are evidence for a specific interaction between antiparallel MTs. In some sections definite bridges between MTs can be seen. Our findings show that certain necessary conditions for a sliding filament model of anaphase spindle elongation are met.", "PMID": 500789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4949", "title": "Vascular endothelial cells maintained in the absence of fibroblast growth factor undergo structural and functional alterations that are incompatible with their in vivo differentiated properties.", "content": "Vascular endothelial cells cultured in the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) adopt at confluence a morphological appearance similar to that of the vascular endothelium in vivo. Similarly, their apical cell surface is, as in vivo, nonthrombogenic. In contrast, when the cultures are maintained in the absence of FGF, the cells undergo within two to three passages structural and functional alterations that are incompatible with their in vivo morphological appearance and physiological function. Cultures maintained in the absence of FGF no longer adopt, upon reaching confluence, the configuration of a monolayer composed of small closely apposed and nonoverlapping, cuboidal cells. Instead, confluent cultures deprived of FGF consist of large, overlapping cells which have lost the polarity of cell surface characteristic of the vascular endothelium. The apical cell surface becomes thrombogenic, as reflected by its ability to bind platelets, whereas fibronectin, which at confluence is normally associated only with the basal cell surface, can be found both on top of and underneath the cell layer. Among other changes, both sparse and confluent cultures maintained in the absence of FGF showed a greatly increased production of fibronectin. CSP-60, a cell surface protein whose appearance is correlative with the adoption of a cell monolayer configuration, can no longer be detected in cultures maintained in the absence of FGF. Overlapping endothelial cells maintained in the absence of FGF can also no longer function as a protective barrier against the uptake of ligands such as low density lipoprotein. Exposure of the culture to FGF induces a restoration of the normal endothelial characteristics concomitant with the adoption of a flattened cell monolayer morphology. These results demonstrate that, in addition to being a mitogen. FGF is involved in controlling the differentiation and phenotypic expression of the vascular endothelium. This is reflected by its effect on the morphological appearance, polarity of cell surfaces, platelet binding capacity, and barrier function of the vascular endothelium.", "contents": "Vascular endothelial cells maintained in the absence of fibroblast growth factor undergo structural and functional alterations that are incompatible with their in vivo differentiated properties. Vascular endothelial cells cultured in the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) adopt at confluence a morphological appearance similar to that of the vascular endothelium in vivo. Similarly, their apical cell surface is, as in vivo, nonthrombogenic. In contrast, when the cultures are maintained in the absence of FGF, the cells undergo within two to three passages structural and functional alterations that are incompatible with their in vivo morphological appearance and physiological function. Cultures maintained in the absence of FGF no longer adopt, upon reaching confluence, the configuration of a monolayer composed of small closely apposed and nonoverlapping, cuboidal cells. Instead, confluent cultures deprived of FGF consist of large, overlapping cells which have lost the polarity of cell surface characteristic of the vascular endothelium. The apical cell surface becomes thrombogenic, as reflected by its ability to bind platelets, whereas fibronectin, which at confluence is normally associated only with the basal cell surface, can be found both on top of and underneath the cell layer. Among other changes, both sparse and confluent cultures maintained in the absence of FGF showed a greatly increased production of fibronectin. CSP-60, a cell surface protein whose appearance is correlative with the adoption of a cell monolayer configuration, can no longer be detected in cultures maintained in the absence of FGF. Overlapping endothelial cells maintained in the absence of FGF can also no longer function as a protective barrier against the uptake of ligands such as low density lipoprotein. Exposure of the culture to FGF induces a restoration of the normal endothelial characteristics concomitant with the adoption of a flattened cell monolayer morphology. These results demonstrate that, in addition to being a mitogen. FGF is involved in controlling the differentiation and phenotypic expression of the vascular endothelium. This is reflected by its effect on the morphological appearance, polarity of cell surfaces, platelet binding capacity, and barrier function of the vascular endothelium.", "PMID": 500790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4950", "title": "Calcium, magnesium, and growth control in the WI-38 human fibroblast cell.", "content": "WI-38 and SV40WI-38 cells have been synchronized using centrifugal elutriation. This technique allows for the rapid harvesting of early G1 phase cells from exponentially growing populations of both the normal and transformed cell. Using these cells, as well as WI-38 cells synchronized by serum deprivation, we have examined the effects of extracellular Ca and Mg levels on the progression of cells through G1 phase. A differential sensitivity to both Ca and Mg deprivation is observed between normal and transformed cells. The WI-38 cell requires higher levels of both ions for traversal of G1 phase and for continued proliferation as compared to the transformed cell. The temporal nature of the Ca and Mg requirements for the WI-38 cell has been examined during G1 phase. Ca is strictly required during early and late G1 phase, but not necessarily throughout mid-G1. An early as well as a late G1 Ca requirement is also found in serum-stimulated WI-38 cells. In contrast, the Mg requirement of WI-38 cells does not appear to be temporally well-defined. Mg appears to be a permissive factor, required throughout G1 phase rather than at certain prescribed intervals. On the basis of these data, it seems unlikely that these two cations exert their effects on cell growth entirely through a common competitive mechanism. Ca would appear to be involved in early serum or growth factor-mediated G1 events and later pre-S-phase events, as suggested in previous studies on other cell lines.", "contents": "Calcium, magnesium, and growth control in the WI-38 human fibroblast cell. WI-38 and SV40WI-38 cells have been synchronized using centrifugal elutriation. This technique allows for the rapid harvesting of early G1 phase cells from exponentially growing populations of both the normal and transformed cell. Using these cells, as well as WI-38 cells synchronized by serum deprivation, we have examined the effects of extracellular Ca and Mg levels on the progression of cells through G1 phase. A differential sensitivity to both Ca and Mg deprivation is observed between normal and transformed cells. The WI-38 cell requires higher levels of both ions for traversal of G1 phase and for continued proliferation as compared to the transformed cell. The temporal nature of the Ca and Mg requirements for the WI-38 cell has been examined during G1 phase. Ca is strictly required during early and late G1 phase, but not necessarily throughout mid-G1. An early as well as a late G1 Ca requirement is also found in serum-stimulated WI-38 cells. In contrast, the Mg requirement of WI-38 cells does not appear to be temporally well-defined. Mg appears to be a permissive factor, required throughout G1 phase rather than at certain prescribed intervals. On the basis of these data, it seems unlikely that these two cations exert their effects on cell growth entirely through a common competitive mechanism. Ca would appear to be involved in early serum or growth factor-mediated G1 events and later pre-S-phase events, as suggested in previous studies on other cell lines.", "PMID": 500791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4951", "title": "Demonstration of the transmembrane nature of the acetylcholine receptor by labeling with anti-receptor antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies raised in rabbits to Triton-solubilized, purified acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica were used to immunospecifically label intact T. californica electroplaque membrane vesicles attached to cover slips and oriented with the extracellular face of the synaptic membrane facing outward. Hemocyanin conjugated to Protein A was then used as a marker, making the antibody binding visible at the electron microscope level. Parallel labeling experiments were performed on vesicles attached to cover slips and sheared by sonication, leaving their cytoplasmic faces fully exposed to the labeling solution. While differences in antibody populations among different rabbits were observed, antigenic determinants of the receptor were present on both faces of the membrane, with those on the extracellular side more numerous than those on the cytoplasmic side, demonstrating the transmembrane nature of the receptor molecule.", "contents": "Demonstration of the transmembrane nature of the acetylcholine receptor by labeling with anti-receptor antibodies. Antibodies raised in rabbits to Triton-solubilized, purified acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica were used to immunospecifically label intact T. californica electroplaque membrane vesicles attached to cover slips and oriented with the extracellular face of the synaptic membrane facing outward. Hemocyanin conjugated to Protein A was then used as a marker, making the antibody binding visible at the electron microscope level. Parallel labeling experiments were performed on vesicles attached to cover slips and sheared by sonication, leaving their cytoplasmic faces fully exposed to the labeling solution. While differences in antibody populations among different rabbits were observed, antigenic determinants of the receptor were present on both faces of the membrane, with those on the extracellular side more numerous than those on the cytoplasmic side, demonstrating the transmembrane nature of the receptor molecule.", "PMID": 500792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4952", "title": "Evaluation of preservative fluid for urine collected for culture.", "content": "Immediate culture or refrigeration of urine is recommended, but not always practical. Therefore, we evaluated the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit containing a boric acid-glycerol-sodium formate preservative in a study of 1,000 clinical urine specimens. Each specimen was cultured a total of four times by the surface streak technique with a 0.001-ml calibrated loop. After an initial reference culture (culture 1), a portion of urine was poured into a clean nonsterile paper cup, aspirated into a urine transport tube, and recultured immediately (culture 2). The original specimen cup was refrigerated for 18 to 24 h (culture 3), and the urine transport tube was held at room temperature for 18 to 24 h (culture 4) before repeat cultures. Eighty-eight of the initial reference cultures were positive (pure growth of greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml). Eighty-two (93.2%) of the 88 specimens positive on the reference culture were also positive after refrigeration or holding at room temperature in the transport tube for 24 h. There was one false-positive culture from refrigerated urine but none from the transport tube. Mixing of urine in a nonsterile container did not introduce detectable contamination. We conclude that the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit maintains a stable bacterial population in urine for up to 24 h as reliably as refrigeration. Urine for culture may be collected in a nonsterile container if it is immediately aspirated into the transport tube so that contaminants are not allowed to multiply.", "contents": "Evaluation of preservative fluid for urine collected for culture. Immediate culture or refrigeration of urine is recommended, but not always practical. Therefore, we evaluated the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit containing a boric acid-glycerol-sodium formate preservative in a study of 1,000 clinical urine specimens. Each specimen was cultured a total of four times by the surface streak technique with a 0.001-ml calibrated loop. After an initial reference culture (culture 1), a portion of urine was poured into a clean nonsterile paper cup, aspirated into a urine transport tube, and recultured immediately (culture 2). The original specimen cup was refrigerated for 18 to 24 h (culture 3), and the urine transport tube was held at room temperature for 18 to 24 h (culture 4) before repeat cultures. Eighty-eight of the initial reference cultures were positive (pure growth of greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml). Eighty-two (93.2%) of the 88 specimens positive on the reference culture were also positive after refrigeration or holding at room temperature in the transport tube for 24 h. There was one false-positive culture from refrigerated urine but none from the transport tube. Mixing of urine in a nonsterile container did not introduce detectable contamination. We conclude that the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit maintains a stable bacterial population in urine for up to 24 h as reliably as refrigeration. Urine for culture may be collected in a nonsterile container if it is immediately aspirated into the transport tube so that contaminants are not allowed to multiply.", "PMID": 500793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4953", "title": "Aeromonas primary wound infection of a diver in polluted waters.", "content": "Two separate species of Aeromonas, A. sobria (not listed as a species in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed.) and A. hydrophila, were primary pathogens isolated from the leg wound of a diver conducting operations in polluted waters. This is the first recorded instance of a primary infection of soft tissue in a human caused by two species of Aeromonas, one of which was resistant to tetracycline. Because of the very rapid development of this wound infection, cytotoxicity of these organisms was examined in several biological systems. A. sobria was hemolytic for sheep erythrocytes, cytotoxic for Y-1 adrenal cells, and enterotoxic in rabbit ligated intestinal loops, whereas A. hydrophila was hemolytic and cytotoxic. Pertinent clinical, bacteriological, and environmental features of the case are presented.", "contents": "Aeromonas primary wound infection of a diver in polluted waters. Two separate species of Aeromonas, A. sobria (not listed as a species in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed.) and A. hydrophila, were primary pathogens isolated from the leg wound of a diver conducting operations in polluted waters. This is the first recorded instance of a primary infection of soft tissue in a human caused by two species of Aeromonas, one of which was resistant to tetracycline. Because of the very rapid development of this wound infection, cytotoxicity of these organisms was examined in several biological systems. A. sobria was hemolytic for sheep erythrocytes, cytotoxic for Y-1 adrenal cells, and enterotoxic in rabbit ligated intestinal loops, whereas A. hydrophila was hemolytic and cytotoxic. Pertinent clinical, bacteriological, and environmental features of the case are presented.", "PMID": 500794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4954", "title": "Growth of Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) in chemically defined medium.", "content": "A chemically defined medium containing 21 amino acids and inorganic salts was developed which supported the growth of four isolates of Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila). Growth in liquid defined medium at 37 degrees C with shaking approximated the generation time and growth kinetics observed for growth in complex media. After a 3-h lag, the culture grew exponentially with a generation time of 6 h and reached a maximum optical density of 230 Klett units (170 Klett units corrected for pigment). A soluble brown pigment was first observed as the culture entered late exponential to early stationary phase of growth. Morphologically, L. pneumophila grew in the liquid defined medium with extensive filamentation and numerous intracellular lipid granuoles. L-Serine, L-methionine, and L-cysteine were required for optimum growth. The latter amino acid could be replaced by L-cystine or reduced glutathione but not by D-cysteine, thiomalate, thioglycollate, or 2-mercaptoethanol. Ferric iron was needed for maximum growth, but supplemental iron was not an essential growth requirement. Carbohydrates (i.e., glucose) or organic acids did not stimulate growth. In fact, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate all gave varying degrees of inhibition (69, 37, and 0% of control growth, respectively).", "contents": "Growth of Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) in chemically defined medium. A chemically defined medium containing 21 amino acids and inorganic salts was developed which supported the growth of four isolates of Legionnaires disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila). Growth in liquid defined medium at 37 degrees C with shaking approximated the generation time and growth kinetics observed for growth in complex media. After a 3-h lag, the culture grew exponentially with a generation time of 6 h and reached a maximum optical density of 230 Klett units (170 Klett units corrected for pigment). A soluble brown pigment was first observed as the culture entered late exponential to early stationary phase of growth. Morphologically, L. pneumophila grew in the liquid defined medium with extensive filamentation and numerous intracellular lipid granuoles. L-Serine, L-methionine, and L-cysteine were required for optimum growth. The latter amino acid could be replaced by L-cystine or reduced glutathione but not by D-cysteine, thiomalate, thioglycollate, or 2-mercaptoethanol. Ferric iron was needed for maximum growth, but supplemental iron was not an essential growth requirement. Carbohydrates (i.e., glucose) or organic acids did not stimulate growth. In fact, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate all gave varying degrees of inhibition (69, 37, and 0% of control growth, respectively).", "PMID": 500795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4955", "title": "Distribution of hemolytic streptococci in respiratory specimens.", "content": "One hundred thirty-seven isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 623 pharyngeal cultures. Twenty-nine percent of these were group A, 10% were group B, 31% were group C, 11% were group F, 12% were group G, and 7% could not be grouped. The significance of non-group A isolates in pharyngitis could not be evaluated in the absence of viral and serological studies. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 9% of 799 lower respiratory cultures. All except one were non-group A, and other potential respiratory pathogens were also present in these specimens. It is our impression that the presence of hemolytic streptococci in lower respiratory tract specimens usually represents pharnygeal contamination.", "contents": "Distribution of hemolytic streptococci in respiratory specimens. One hundred thirty-seven isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 623 pharyngeal cultures. Twenty-nine percent of these were group A, 10% were group B, 31% were group C, 11% were group F, 12% were group G, and 7% could not be grouped. The significance of non-group A isolates in pharyngitis could not be evaluated in the absence of viral and serological studies. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 9% of 799 lower respiratory cultures. All except one were non-group A, and other potential respiratory pathogens were also present in these specimens. It is our impression that the presence of hemolytic streptococci in lower respiratory tract specimens usually represents pharnygeal contamination.", "PMID": 500796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4956", "title": "Megasphaera elsdenii endocarditis.", "content": "A case of endocarditis caused by Megasphaera elsdenii is reported. This anaerobic grim-negative coccus has rarely been associated with human infections and has not previously been described as a cause of endocarditis.", "contents": "Megasphaera elsdenii endocarditis. A case of endocarditis caused by Megasphaera elsdenii is reported. This anaerobic grim-negative coccus has rarely been associated with human infections and has not previously been described as a cause of endocarditis.", "PMID": 500797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4957", "title": "O antigen grouping of Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) by slide agglutination.", "content": "Antisera were prepared against Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) type strains from the scheme described by Rauss et al. (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 22:315--321, 1975) and Raus and V\u00f6r\u00f6s (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 6:233--248, 1959; Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14:195--198, 1967). The specificities of the somatic (O) antigens were studied using the passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination techniques. Previously unreported interstrain relations were observed, and O groups were provisionally defined on the basis of related strains. Of 143 isolates, collected mostly from two hospitals, 96% could be placed in one or another of the O groups. Forty-eight percent belonged to O group 1 and most of these were of two serotypes O1ab, 2 (20%) and O1ad, 2 (12%).", "contents": "O antigen grouping of Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) by slide agglutination. Antisera were prepared against Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) type strains from the scheme described by Rauss et al. (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 22:315--321, 1975) and Raus and V\u00f6r\u00f6s (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 6:233--248, 1959; Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14:195--198, 1967). The specificities of the somatic (O) antigens were studied using the passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination techniques. Previously unreported interstrain relations were observed, and O groups were provisionally defined on the basis of related strains. Of 143 isolates, collected mostly from two hospitals, 96% could be placed in one or another of the O groups. Forty-eight percent belonged to O group 1 and most of these were of two serotypes O1ab, 2 (20%) and O1ad, 2 (12%).", "PMID": 500798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4958", "title": "Serotyping of non-cholera vibrios.", "content": "The serotyping system for non-cholera vibrios reported by us in 1965 has been re-evaluated and extended. Results from serotyping 2,624 cultures are presented. These isolates were accumulated over a period of 20 years and came from clinical and environmental samples in many parts of the world. Included is a discussion of the use of terms \"Vibrio cholerae\" and \"non-cholera vibrios\" for clinical reports.", "contents": "Serotyping of non-cholera vibrios. The serotyping system for non-cholera vibrios reported by us in 1965 has been re-evaluated and extended. Results from serotyping 2,624 cultures are presented. These isolates were accumulated over a period of 20 years and came from clinical and environmental samples in many parts of the world. Included is a discussion of the use of terms \"Vibrio cholerae\" and \"non-cholera vibrios\" for clinical reports.", "PMID": 500799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4959", "title": "Modified metabolic inhibition test for serotyping strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma).", "content": "Antisera prepared against the eight recognized serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum were tested against the homologous and heterologous antigens by a modified metabolic inhibition test that used bromothymol blue broth in microtiter plates. The method gives clear endpoint determinations which are usually maintained on continued incubation. Antisera against serotype 8 showed cross-reactions with types 2 and 4. The ninth strain, Vancouver, when tested by this method did not fit the recognized serotyping scheme and may represent a new serotype.", "contents": "Modified metabolic inhibition test for serotyping strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma). Antisera prepared against the eight recognized serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum were tested against the homologous and heterologous antigens by a modified metabolic inhibition test that used bromothymol blue broth in microtiter plates. The method gives clear endpoint determinations which are usually maintained on continued incubation. Antisera against serotype 8 showed cross-reactions with types 2 and 4. The ninth strain, Vancouver, when tested by this method did not fit the recognized serotyping scheme and may represent a new serotype.", "PMID": 500800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4960", "title": "Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis pyelonephritis by demonstration of antibodies in urine.", "content": "To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the demonstration in urine of antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis, 1,000 samples of urine with more than 5 leukocytes per high-power field were serologically investigated by indirect hemagglutination, using glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes coated with M. hominis antigen. The samples were collected from 702 patients. Antibodies were demonstrated in the urine of nine patients, all of whom had signs of acute attack of pyelonephritis. In seven of these patients, characterized by mild or moderate clinical signs and absence of lower urinary tract symptoms, bacterial causes were not observed, whereas M. hominis organisms were isolated from the upper urinary tract in most cases and from the bladder urine in all cases. In two patients, characterized by severe clinical signs and presence of lower urinary tract symptoms, both M. hominis and bacteria were isolated from the upper urinary tract and ballder urine. The demonstration of antibodies to M. hominis in urine is of high diagnostic value as they were only observed in patients in whom M. hominis infection in the upper urinary tract was evident or likely and only in the presence of clinical signs of acute attacks of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis pyelonephritis by demonstration of antibodies in urine. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the demonstration in urine of antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis, 1,000 samples of urine with more than 5 leukocytes per high-power field were serologically investigated by indirect hemagglutination, using glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes coated with M. hominis antigen. The samples were collected from 702 patients. Antibodies were demonstrated in the urine of nine patients, all of whom had signs of acute attack of pyelonephritis. In seven of these patients, characterized by mild or moderate clinical signs and absence of lower urinary tract symptoms, bacterial causes were not observed, whereas M. hominis organisms were isolated from the upper urinary tract in most cases and from the bladder urine in all cases. In two patients, characterized by severe clinical signs and presence of lower urinary tract symptoms, both M. hominis and bacteria were isolated from the upper urinary tract and ballder urine. The demonstration of antibodies to M. hominis in urine is of high diagnostic value as they were only observed in patients in whom M. hominis infection in the upper urinary tract was evident or likely and only in the presence of clinical signs of acute attacks of pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 500801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4961", "title": "Cytotoxic antibody to cells infected with measles virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and control patients.", "content": "Sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) from 66 patients selected from a larger sample of multiple sclerosis (MS) and control patients were studied for presence of complement-dependent cytotoxic (CT) antibody against baby hamster kidney cells infected with measles virus, strain Lec. The MS group contained 26 patients with clinically definite disease and 7 with probable MS. Seventeen of the 33 patients selected from the MS group had hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to measles virus in their CSFs. Specimens from 33 control patients with other identifiable neurological disorders were matched according to the time of specimen sampling and with the age of the donors. Seven of the controls had HI CSF antibody. The serum CT geometric mean antibody titer of the MS group was approximately twofold higher than that of the control group. Forty-two percent of the MS group and 18% of the control group had CT antibody in the CSF. With the exception of the ratio of one control patient, the serum/CSF ratios of CT antibody from all patients were 128 or less. Nine CSFs (six MS and three control specimens) had CT antibody but no detectable HI antibody. Conversely, 12 CSFs (eight MS and four control specimens) had HI antibody but no detectable CT antibody. Five patients in the MS group with both kinds of CSF antibodies had reduced CT ratios but normal HI ratios. The results suggest that the two tests detect CSF antibodies reactive with different antigens. In this study, where less than half of the MS patients displayed CSF CT antibody, it is unlikely that such antibodies play an active role in the pathogenetic mechanism operative in the disease.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibody to cells infected with measles virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and control patients. Sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) from 66 patients selected from a larger sample of multiple sclerosis (MS) and control patients were studied for presence of complement-dependent cytotoxic (CT) antibody against baby hamster kidney cells infected with measles virus, strain Lec. The MS group contained 26 patients with clinically definite disease and 7 with probable MS. Seventeen of the 33 patients selected from the MS group had hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to measles virus in their CSFs. Specimens from 33 control patients with other identifiable neurological disorders were matched according to the time of specimen sampling and with the age of the donors. Seven of the controls had HI CSF antibody. The serum CT geometric mean antibody titer of the MS group was approximately twofold higher than that of the control group. Forty-two percent of the MS group and 18% of the control group had CT antibody in the CSF. With the exception of the ratio of one control patient, the serum/CSF ratios of CT antibody from all patients were 128 or less. Nine CSFs (six MS and three control specimens) had CT antibody but no detectable HI antibody. Conversely, 12 CSFs (eight MS and four control specimens) had HI antibody but no detectable CT antibody. Five patients in the MS group with both kinds of CSF antibodies had reduced CT ratios but normal HI ratios. The results suggest that the two tests detect CSF antibodies reactive with different antigens. In this study, where less than half of the MS patients displayed CSF CT antibody, it is unlikely that such antibodies play an active role in the pathogenetic mechanism operative in the disease.", "PMID": 500802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4962", "title": "Plaque assay and improved yield of human coronaviruses in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line.", "content": "Propagation and plaque assay of human coronavirus prototypes were studied in two human cell lines: a diploid fetal tonsil (FT) and a heteroploid rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines. Plaques, observed within 2 to 3 days on FT cell monolayers with both 229E and OC43 viruses, appeared as colorless areas after staining with neutral red or crystal violet, whereas neutral red staining was required for visualization of plaques on RD cells. The plating efficiencies were approximately equal between the two cell lines, but virus assay by plaque formation was 15- to 30-fold more efficient than tube dilution assay with 50% endpoints. The discrepancy between 50% endpoint and plaque-forming unit values was striking and appeared to result from the fact that killing of cells (particularly RD cells) by coronaviruses was not accompanied by visible changes in the cells but killing was detected by the failure of infected cells to stain with a vital dye. The latent phase in one-step growth curves was 5 to 6 h for both viruses in either cell line, but the maximum yield of intracellular virus was reached in 18 to 20 h for FT cells and 24 to 28 h for RD cells. Virus release also differed between the two cell lines: in FT cells, the maximum yield of extracellular virus was reached 2 to 3 h later than that of intracellular virus, whereas in RD cells, the difference was 5 h for 229E virus and 10 h for OC43 virus. Although both cell lines appear equally useful for plaque assay, RD cells would be preferred for mass virus propagation because yields (5 X 10(8) plaque-forming units per ml) were 10-fold higher than in FT cells, a finding true for both virus prototypes.", "contents": "Plaque assay and improved yield of human coronaviruses in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Propagation and plaque assay of human coronavirus prototypes were studied in two human cell lines: a diploid fetal tonsil (FT) and a heteroploid rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines. Plaques, observed within 2 to 3 days on FT cell monolayers with both 229E and OC43 viruses, appeared as colorless areas after staining with neutral red or crystal violet, whereas neutral red staining was required for visualization of plaques on RD cells. The plating efficiencies were approximately equal between the two cell lines, but virus assay by plaque formation was 15- to 30-fold more efficient than tube dilution assay with 50% endpoints. The discrepancy between 50% endpoint and plaque-forming unit values was striking and appeared to result from the fact that killing of cells (particularly RD cells) by coronaviruses was not accompanied by visible changes in the cells but killing was detected by the failure of infected cells to stain with a vital dye. The latent phase in one-step growth curves was 5 to 6 h for both viruses in either cell line, but the maximum yield of intracellular virus was reached in 18 to 20 h for FT cells and 24 to 28 h for RD cells. Virus release also differed between the two cell lines: in FT cells, the maximum yield of extracellular virus was reached 2 to 3 h later than that of intracellular virus, whereas in RD cells, the difference was 5 h for 229E virus and 10 h for OC43 virus. Although both cell lines appear equally useful for plaque assay, RD cells would be preferred for mass virus propagation because yields (5 X 10(8) plaque-forming units per ml) were 10-fold higher than in FT cells, a finding true for both virus prototypes.", "PMID": 500803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4963", "title": "Control of proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in normal and acidotic rats.", "content": "This free-flow micropuncture study examined the dependence of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule to changes in filtered bicarbonate load, and thereby the contribution of the proximal tubule to the whole kidney's response to such changes. The independent effects of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion and of acidosis on proximal bicarbonate reabsorption were also examined. When the plasma volume contraction incurred by the micropuncture preparatory surgery was corrected by isoncotic plasma infusion ( congruent with1.3% body wt), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), and the filtered total CO(2) load increased by 50%. Absolute proximal reabsorption of total CO(2) (measured by microcalorimetry) increased by 30%, from 808+/-47 during volume contraction to 1,081+/-57 pmol/min.g kidney wt after plasma repletion, as fractional total CO(2) reabsorption decreased from 0.90 to 0.77. Aortic constriction in these plasma-repleted rats returned the filtered load and reabsorption of total CO(2) to the previous volume contracted levels. In other animals isohydric ECF expansion with plasma (5% body wt) or Ringer's solution (10% body wt), or both, produced no further diminution in fractional proximal total CO(2) reabsorption (0.76-0.81). Metabolic acidosis was associated with very high fractional proximal total CO(2) reabsorptive rates of 0.82 to 0.91 over a wide range of SNGFR and ECF volumes. At a single level of SNGFR, end-proximal total CO(2) concentration progressively decreased from 5.6+/-0.5 to 1.6 +/-0.2 mM as arterial pH fell from 7.4 to 7.1. Expansion of ECF volume in the acidotic rats did not inhibit the ability of the proximal tubule to lower end-proximal total CO(2) concentrations to minimal levels. In conclusion, bicarbonate reabsorption in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule is highly load-dependent (75-90%) in normal and acidotic rats. No inhibitory effect of ECF volume per se on proximal bicarbonate reabsorption, independent of altering the filtered bicarbonate load, could be discerned. Acidosis enabled the end-proximal luminal bicarbonate concentration to fall below normal values and reduced distal bicarbonate delivery.", "contents": "Control of proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in normal and acidotic rats. This free-flow micropuncture study examined the dependence of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule to changes in filtered bicarbonate load, and thereby the contribution of the proximal tubule to the whole kidney's response to such changes. The independent effects of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion and of acidosis on proximal bicarbonate reabsorption were also examined. When the plasma volume contraction incurred by the micropuncture preparatory surgery was corrected by isoncotic plasma infusion ( congruent with1.3% body wt), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), and the filtered total CO(2) load increased by 50%. Absolute proximal reabsorption of total CO(2) (measured by microcalorimetry) increased by 30%, from 808+/-47 during volume contraction to 1,081+/-57 pmol/min.g kidney wt after plasma repletion, as fractional total CO(2) reabsorption decreased from 0.90 to 0.77. Aortic constriction in these plasma-repleted rats returned the filtered load and reabsorption of total CO(2) to the previous volume contracted levels. In other animals isohydric ECF expansion with plasma (5% body wt) or Ringer's solution (10% body wt), or both, produced no further diminution in fractional proximal total CO(2) reabsorption (0.76-0.81). Metabolic acidosis was associated with very high fractional proximal total CO(2) reabsorptive rates of 0.82 to 0.91 over a wide range of SNGFR and ECF volumes. At a single level of SNGFR, end-proximal total CO(2) concentration progressively decreased from 5.6+/-0.5 to 1.6 +/-0.2 mM as arterial pH fell from 7.4 to 7.1. Expansion of ECF volume in the acidotic rats did not inhibit the ability of the proximal tubule to lower end-proximal total CO(2) concentrations to minimal levels. In conclusion, bicarbonate reabsorption in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule is highly load-dependent (75-90%) in normal and acidotic rats. No inhibitory effect of ECF volume per se on proximal bicarbonate reabsorption, independent of altering the filtered bicarbonate load, could be discerned. Acidosis enabled the end-proximal luminal bicarbonate concentration to fall below normal values and reduced distal bicarbonate delivery.", "PMID": 500804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4964", "title": "Hormonal stimulation of erythropoietin production and erythropoiesis in anephric sheep fetuses.", "content": "The effect of testosterone (DT) and thyroxin (L-T4) on erythropoiesis and erythropoietin (Ep) production was studied in control and nephrectomized sheep fetuses beginning at about 100 d of gestation. Fetuses were given injections of either 1.2 mg/d x 13 of L-T4, 12 mg, once every 5 d x 3 of DT or the vehicle alone. Fetal plasma samples for Ep determinations were obtained before and at intervals after the start of the treatment. Reticulocyte and hematocrit levels, and the percent erythrocyte-59Fe uptake values were used to assess erythropoiesis in each fetus. No Ep was detected in plasmas of control fetuses, while significant amounts of Ep were present in plasma obtained from DT- and L-T4-treated intact fetuses. Bilateral nephrectomy did not diminish the Ep response to DT and L-T4. In both intact and nephrectomized fetuses, treatment with DT resulted in the production of significantly greater amounts of Ep than L-T4. The rise in Ep in all groups was accompanied by increases in reticulocytes (2.2 +/- 0.2% vs L-T4:8.1 +/- 0.4% and DT:7.6 +/- 0.7%), percent erythrocyte-59Fe uptake (20.5 +/- 2.9% vs. L-T4:36.7 +/- 3.8% and DT:39.1 +/- 4.0%) and hematocrit (31.2 +/- 2% vs. L-T4:41.8 +/- 3% and DT:48.6 +/- 4.2%). The enhanced erythropoiesis in all groups of nephrectomized fetuses was dependent upon the presence of Ep, because the administration of anti-Ep to these fetuses resulted in the suppression of erythropoiesis in all three groups. These data demonstrate that (a) DT and L-T4 are effective promoters of extrarenal Ep production, thereby enhancing erythropoiesis in intact and nephrectomized fetuses; (b) DT is a stronger stimulus of extrarenal Ep formation than L-T4; and (c) Ep is required for the expression of the erythropoietic effects of L-T4 and DT.", "contents": "Hormonal stimulation of erythropoietin production and erythropoiesis in anephric sheep fetuses. The effect of testosterone (DT) and thyroxin (L-T4) on erythropoiesis and erythropoietin (Ep) production was studied in control and nephrectomized sheep fetuses beginning at about 100 d of gestation. Fetuses were given injections of either 1.2 mg/d x 13 of L-T4, 12 mg, once every 5 d x 3 of DT or the vehicle alone. Fetal plasma samples for Ep determinations were obtained before and at intervals after the start of the treatment. Reticulocyte and hematocrit levels, and the percent erythrocyte-59Fe uptake values were used to assess erythropoiesis in each fetus. No Ep was detected in plasmas of control fetuses, while significant amounts of Ep were present in plasma obtained from DT- and L-T4-treated intact fetuses. Bilateral nephrectomy did not diminish the Ep response to DT and L-T4. In both intact and nephrectomized fetuses, treatment with DT resulted in the production of significantly greater amounts of Ep than L-T4. The rise in Ep in all groups was accompanied by increases in reticulocytes (2.2 +/- 0.2% vs L-T4:8.1 +/- 0.4% and DT:7.6 +/- 0.7%), percent erythrocyte-59Fe uptake (20.5 +/- 2.9% vs. L-T4:36.7 +/- 3.8% and DT:39.1 +/- 4.0%) and hematocrit (31.2 +/- 2% vs. L-T4:41.8 +/- 3% and DT:48.6 +/- 4.2%). The enhanced erythropoiesis in all groups of nephrectomized fetuses was dependent upon the presence of Ep, because the administration of anti-Ep to these fetuses resulted in the suppression of erythropoiesis in all three groups. These data demonstrate that (a) DT and L-T4 are effective promoters of extrarenal Ep production, thereby enhancing erythropoiesis in intact and nephrectomized fetuses; (b) DT is a stronger stimulus of extrarenal Ep formation than L-T4; and (c) Ep is required for the expression of the erythropoietic effects of L-T4 and DT.", "PMID": 500805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4965", "title": "delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts of patients with pyridoxine-responsive anemia. Hypercatabolism caused by the increased susceptibility to the controlling protease.", "content": "Properties of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts of patients with pyridoxine-responsive anemia were investigated with special reference to the protease in mitochondria of erythroblasts. delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in erythroblasts of patients with this disease before treatment was extremely decreased, whereas it gradually increased in parallel with the improvement of anemia by the therapy with pyridoxal phosphate. The amount of apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts before treatment was also extremely diminished. Apparent affinity to pyridoxal phosphate of the apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase obtained from erythroblasts of the patients was almost the same as that of normal controls. The activity of a new protease which is considered to be engaged in the regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase levels in mitochondria of erythroblasts was shown to be in normal range in erythroblasts of the patients. On the other hand, apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase obtained from the patients was extremely sensitive to the protease. These results indicate that disturbance of heme synthesis characteristic to pyridoxine-responsive anemia could be ascribed to the hypercatabolism of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase caused by the increased susceptibility to the controlling protease in erythroblasts.", "contents": "delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts of patients with pyridoxine-responsive anemia. Hypercatabolism caused by the increased susceptibility to the controlling protease. Properties of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts of patients with pyridoxine-responsive anemia were investigated with special reference to the protease in mitochondria of erythroblasts. delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in erythroblasts of patients with this disease before treatment was extremely decreased, whereas it gradually increased in parallel with the improvement of anemia by the therapy with pyridoxal phosphate. The amount of apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in erythroblasts before treatment was also extremely diminished. Apparent affinity to pyridoxal phosphate of the apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase obtained from erythroblasts of the patients was almost the same as that of normal controls. The activity of a new protease which is considered to be engaged in the regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase levels in mitochondria of erythroblasts was shown to be in normal range in erythroblasts of the patients. On the other hand, apo-delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase obtained from the patients was extremely sensitive to the protease. These results indicate that disturbance of heme synthesis characteristic to pyridoxine-responsive anemia could be ascribed to the hypercatabolism of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase caused by the increased susceptibility to the controlling protease in erythroblasts.", "PMID": 500806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4966", "title": "Mesangial function in ureteral obstruction in the rat. Blockade of the efferent limb.", "content": "The kinetics for mesangial uptake and transport of radiolabeled aggregated human immunoglobulin (Ig)G (AHIgG(125)I) deviated markedly from normal in male Sprague-Dawley rats with ureteral obstruction. Four experimental groups, each containing 25 rats, were used: (a) bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL) with release of one ureter 24 h later; (b) unilateral ureteral ligation with release 24 h later [UUL(R)]; (c) unilateral ureteral ligation without release (unreleased) [UUL(U)]; (d) uremia-control, which consisted of rats with ligated left ureter and a severed right ureter. A similar number of sham-operated rats served as control for each group. AHIgG(125)I (45 mg/100 g body wt) was given intravenously 1 h after release of the ureteral obstruction (25 h after ureteral obstruction or sham surgery). Groups of five control and five experimental animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after injection. At all time intervals, concentrations of AHIgG(125)I in isolated glomeruli from control animals were similar to values obtained from nonobstructed kidneys of UUL(U) and UUL(R) rats: a linear decrease in concentration over a period of 24 h was observed when the logarithm of glomerular AHIgG(125)I concentration was plotted against time. Aberrations in the kinetics were apparent in obstructed kidneys but not in liver, spleen, or blood concentrations of AHIgG(125)I: (a) At 2 h in all obstructed kidneys, glomerular concentration of AHIgG(125)I was markedly reduced. (b) In BUL (released or unreleased), glomerular concentrations of AHIgG(125)I from 4 to 16 h were congruent with 10-fold those in UUL(U) or UUL(R) kidneys. (c) The significant decline in glomerular concentration between 4 and 16 h in control and nonobstructed kidneys was not observed in UUL(R), UUL(U), or BUL (released or unreleased) kidneys; in all obstructed kidneys, a plateau in glomerular concentrations of AHIgG(125)I was observed between 4 and 16 h. (d) After 16 h at a time when the blood level of AHIgG(125)I had decreased to 3% of initial values, there was progressive fall in glomerular AHIgG(125)I. Similar results were obtained in the uremia-control group in rats, which indicated that uremia per se had no measurable effect on mesangial kinetics. These studies demonstrate that ureteral occlusion induces alterations in mesangial uptake (afferent limb) and egress (efferent limb) of macromolecules. Particularly evident is the \"blockade\" of the efferent limb which is demonstrable at high blood levels of AHIgG(125)I. These alterations in the transit of macromolecules through the mesangium may be mediated in part by the hemodynamic changes that accompany ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Mesangial function in ureteral obstruction in the rat. Blockade of the efferent limb. The kinetics for mesangial uptake and transport of radiolabeled aggregated human immunoglobulin (Ig)G (AHIgG(125)I) deviated markedly from normal in male Sprague-Dawley rats with ureteral obstruction. Four experimental groups, each containing 25 rats, were used: (a) bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL) with release of one ureter 24 h later; (b) unilateral ureteral ligation with release 24 h later [UUL(R)]; (c) unilateral ureteral ligation without release (unreleased) [UUL(U)]; (d) uremia-control, which consisted of rats with ligated left ureter and a severed right ureter. A similar number of sham-operated rats served as control for each group. AHIgG(125)I (45 mg/100 g body wt) was given intravenously 1 h after release of the ureteral obstruction (25 h after ureteral obstruction or sham surgery). Groups of five control and five experimental animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after injection. At all time intervals, concentrations of AHIgG(125)I in isolated glomeruli from control animals were similar to values obtained from nonobstructed kidneys of UUL(U) and UUL(R) rats: a linear decrease in concentration over a period of 24 h was observed when the logarithm of glomerular AHIgG(125)I concentration was plotted against time. Aberrations in the kinetics were apparent in obstructed kidneys but not in liver, spleen, or blood concentrations of AHIgG(125)I: (a) At 2 h in all obstructed kidneys, glomerular concentration of AHIgG(125)I was markedly reduced. (b) In BUL (released or unreleased), glomerular concentrations of AHIgG(125)I from 4 to 16 h were congruent with 10-fold those in UUL(U) or UUL(R) kidneys. (c) The significant decline in glomerular concentration between 4 and 16 h in control and nonobstructed kidneys was not observed in UUL(R), UUL(U), or BUL (released or unreleased) kidneys; in all obstructed kidneys, a plateau in glomerular concentrations of AHIgG(125)I was observed between 4 and 16 h. (d) After 16 h at a time when the blood level of AHIgG(125)I had decreased to 3% of initial values, there was progressive fall in glomerular AHIgG(125)I. Similar results were obtained in the uremia-control group in rats, which indicated that uremia per se had no measurable effect on mesangial kinetics. These studies demonstrate that ureteral occlusion induces alterations in mesangial uptake (afferent limb) and egress (efferent limb) of macromolecules. Particularly evident is the \"blockade\" of the efferent limb which is demonstrable at high blood levels of AHIgG(125)I. These alterations in the transit of macromolecules through the mesangium may be mediated in part by the hemodynamic changes that accompany ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 500807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4967", "title": "Induction of ouabain-resistant mutation and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells with chemical carcinogens mediated by human pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "Pulmonary macrophages (PAM) metabolically activated benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P] and its proximate carcinogenic metabolite, (+/-)trans 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-diol), to ultimate mutagens that were detected in cocultivated Chinese hamster V79 cells. Increases in the frequency of ouabainresistant (O(r)) mutations and sister chromatid exchanges were found in V79 cells only when they were cocultivated with both PAM and the chemical procarcinogens. 7,8-Diol caused higher frequencies of both O(r) mutations and sister chromatid exchanges than did the parent compound, B(a)P. When metabolically activated by PAM the mean O(r) mutation frequency caused by B(a)P was 9 O(r) mutants/10(6) surviving V79 cells per 10(6) PAM and a 10-fold interindividual variation (range, 2-21) was found. The mean O(r) mutation frequency caused by 7,8-diol was 64 and a ninefold interindividual variation (range, 14-120) was found. In the absence of PAM, the O(r) mutation frequency in V79 cells was one or less O(r) mutant per 10(6) survivors. 7,8-Benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases, reduced the frequencies of O(r) mutations and of sister chromatid exchanges in V79 cells caused by 7,8-diol and B(a)P. As expected 7,8-benzoflavone did not influence the frequency of O(r) mutations caused by one of the ultimate mutagens derived from B(a)P and 7,8-diol, (+/-)7beta, 8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. These data are consistant with the hypothesis that PAM may play a role in the activation of environmental chemical procarcinogens.", "contents": "Induction of ouabain-resistant mutation and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells with chemical carcinogens mediated by human pulmonary macrophages. Pulmonary macrophages (PAM) metabolically activated benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P] and its proximate carcinogenic metabolite, (+/-)trans 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-diol), to ultimate mutagens that were detected in cocultivated Chinese hamster V79 cells. Increases in the frequency of ouabainresistant (O(r)) mutations and sister chromatid exchanges were found in V79 cells only when they were cocultivated with both PAM and the chemical procarcinogens. 7,8-Diol caused higher frequencies of both O(r) mutations and sister chromatid exchanges than did the parent compound, B(a)P. When metabolically activated by PAM the mean O(r) mutation frequency caused by B(a)P was 9 O(r) mutants/10(6) surviving V79 cells per 10(6) PAM and a 10-fold interindividual variation (range, 2-21) was found. The mean O(r) mutation frequency caused by 7,8-diol was 64 and a ninefold interindividual variation (range, 14-120) was found. In the absence of PAM, the O(r) mutation frequency in V79 cells was one or less O(r) mutant per 10(6) survivors. 7,8-Benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases, reduced the frequencies of O(r) mutations and of sister chromatid exchanges in V79 cells caused by 7,8-diol and B(a)P. As expected 7,8-benzoflavone did not influence the frequency of O(r) mutations caused by one of the ultimate mutagens derived from B(a)P and 7,8-diol, (+/-)7beta, 8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. These data are consistant with the hypothesis that PAM may play a role in the activation of environmental chemical procarcinogens.", "PMID": 500808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4968", "title": "Megaloblastic anemia as a result of an abnormal transcobalamin II (Cardeza).", "content": "A 34-year-old Black woman had severe megaloblastic anemia in childhood. Initially, and over the years, she responded well to massive doses of parenteral cobalamin (Cbl) or oral folic acid. Metabolic reactions involving Cbl and folate enzymes were normal during both relapse and remission except for the absence of thymidylate synthetase in relapse. Amino acid analyses of urine and plasma showed no significant abnormalities. Neither cystathionine, homocystine, formiminoglutamic acid, nor methylmalonic acid was detected in the urine. The serum Cbl level was repeatedly elevated even when the patient was receiving only folic acid therapy. The elevation of the vitamin in the serum was found to be a result of markedly increased levels of transcobalamin II (TC II), as identified by several physicochemical techniques. The patient's TC II-Cbl shared immunologic properties with normal TC II but did not facilitate or impede the uptake of Cbl or Cbl bound to normal TC II, respectively, by human cells.", "contents": "Megaloblastic anemia as a result of an abnormal transcobalamin II (Cardeza). A 34-year-old Black woman had severe megaloblastic anemia in childhood. Initially, and over the years, she responded well to massive doses of parenteral cobalamin (Cbl) or oral folic acid. Metabolic reactions involving Cbl and folate enzymes were normal during both relapse and remission except for the absence of thymidylate synthetase in relapse. Amino acid analyses of urine and plasma showed no significant abnormalities. Neither cystathionine, homocystine, formiminoglutamic acid, nor methylmalonic acid was detected in the urine. The serum Cbl level was repeatedly elevated even when the patient was receiving only folic acid therapy. The elevation of the vitamin in the serum was found to be a result of markedly increased levels of transcobalamin II (TC II), as identified by several physicochemical techniques. The patient's TC II-Cbl shared immunologic properties with normal TC II but did not facilitate or impede the uptake of Cbl or Cbl bound to normal TC II, respectively, by human cells.", "PMID": 500809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4969", "title": "Abnormal adrenal responsiveness and angiotensin II dependency in high renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II (AII) and the diastolic blood pressure responses to saralasin were studied in 19 patients with high renin essential hypertension (HREH) on a 10-meq Na(+)/100 meq K(+) diet. The increment in plasma renin activity (PRA) between supine and upright positions was used as an estimate of the acute stimulation of the adrenal gland by endogenous AII; the normal increment in plasma aldosterone divided by the increment in PRA was >3.8. 7 of 19 had abnormal upright posture responses with significantly greater mean PRA increments (24+/-6 ng/ml per h) and significantly smaller plasma aldosterone increments 47 +/- 16 ng/dl) (P < 0.036) compared to the increments observed in HREH patients with normal adrenal responsiveness (PRA = 15 +/- 1 ng/ml per h; plasma aldosterone = 87 +/- 17 ng/dl). When AII was infused at doses of 0.1-3 ng/kg per min, only patients with normal posture responses had normal plasma aldosterone increments; plasma aldosterone levels failed to significantly increase even at the highest infusion rate in the patients with the abnormal upright posture responses. The AII competitive inhibitor, saralasin (0.3-30 mug/kg per min) was then infused to study the occurrence of angiotensinogenic hypertension in both HREH subgroups. The mean decline in diastolic blood pressure to saralasin in the subnormal adrenal responsive patients (-15 +/- 3 mm Hg) was significantly greater than in the normal adrenal responsive group (-3 +/- 2 mm Hg) (P < 0.02).It is concluded that patients with HREH are not a homogeneous population; approximately one-third have AII-dependent hypertension. In these patients, the mechanism responsible for the elevated renin and blood pressure could be a compensatory increase secondary to decreased adrenal responsiveness to AII. In the remainder, the high PRA levels have little, if any, causal role in the pathogenesis of the hypertension but could reflect a marker of other pathophysiologic processes.", "contents": "Abnormal adrenal responsiveness and angiotensin II dependency in high renin essential hypertension. Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II (AII) and the diastolic blood pressure responses to saralasin were studied in 19 patients with high renin essential hypertension (HREH) on a 10-meq Na(+)/100 meq K(+) diet. The increment in plasma renin activity (PRA) between supine and upright positions was used as an estimate of the acute stimulation of the adrenal gland by endogenous AII; the normal increment in plasma aldosterone divided by the increment in PRA was >3.8. 7 of 19 had abnormal upright posture responses with significantly greater mean PRA increments (24+/-6 ng/ml per h) and significantly smaller plasma aldosterone increments 47 +/- 16 ng/dl) (P < 0.036) compared to the increments observed in HREH patients with normal adrenal responsiveness (PRA = 15 +/- 1 ng/ml per h; plasma aldosterone = 87 +/- 17 ng/dl). When AII was infused at doses of 0.1-3 ng/kg per min, only patients with normal posture responses had normal plasma aldosterone increments; plasma aldosterone levels failed to significantly increase even at the highest infusion rate in the patients with the abnormal upright posture responses. The AII competitive inhibitor, saralasin (0.3-30 mug/kg per min) was then infused to study the occurrence of angiotensinogenic hypertension in both HREH subgroups. The mean decline in diastolic blood pressure to saralasin in the subnormal adrenal responsive patients (-15 +/- 3 mm Hg) was significantly greater than in the normal adrenal responsive group (-3 +/- 2 mm Hg) (P < 0.02).It is concluded that patients with HREH are not a homogeneous population; approximately one-third have AII-dependent hypertension. In these patients, the mechanism responsible for the elevated renin and blood pressure could be a compensatory increase secondary to decreased adrenal responsiveness to AII. In the remainder, the high PRA levels have little, if any, causal role in the pathogenesis of the hypertension but could reflect a marker of other pathophysiologic processes.", "PMID": 500810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4970", "title": "Cortical and papillary micropuncture examination of chloride transport in segments of the rat kidney during inhibition of prostaglandin production. Possible role for prostaglandins in the chloruresis of acute volume expansion.", "content": "Prostaglandins have been postulated to participate in the regulation of salt excretion during acute volume expansion. The present papillary and cortical micropuncture studies were designed to examine the effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on segmental chloride transport during hydropenia (with and without meclofenamate) and 10% volume expansion (with and without both meclofenamate and indomethacin). Both inhibitors significantly decreased the urinary excretion rate of prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha). Clearance studies on the intact right kidney demonstrated no effect of either agent on glomerular filtration rate, but a significant reduction in chloride excretion during hydropenia and volume expansion was observed. To assess the specific site(s) of enhanced chloride reabsorption, absolute and fractional chloride delivery was measured in the late proximal tubule, thin descending limb of Henle, and the early and late distal tubules. In addition, the fraction of filtered chloride remaining at the base and tip of the papillary collecting duct was compared to that fraction remaining at the superficial late distal tubule. During hydropenia, meclofenamate had no effect on fractional chloride delivery out of the superficial late distal tubule or the juxtamedullary thin descending limb of Henle, but significantly reduced the fraction of chloride delivered to the base of the papillary collecting duct. During volume expansion, neither meclofenamate nor indomethacin had an effect on absolute chloride delivery out of the proximal tubule or the thin descending limb of Henle. However, absolute chloride delivery to the early distal tubule was significantly reduced, and was associated with a decrease in fractional chloride reabsorption in this segment. Furthermore, the fraction of chloride delivered to the base of the collecting duct was significantly reduced. Fractional reabsorption along the terminal 1 mm of the collecting duct was not altered by either meclofenamate or indomethacin. These results suggest that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis result in an increase in chloride reabsorption in the superficial loop of Henle, and in segments between the superficial late distal tubule and the base of the collecting duct. The results are consistent with the view that prostaglandins inhibit chloride transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle, and/or the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule.", "contents": "Cortical and papillary micropuncture examination of chloride transport in segments of the rat kidney during inhibition of prostaglandin production. Possible role for prostaglandins in the chloruresis of acute volume expansion. Prostaglandins have been postulated to participate in the regulation of salt excretion during acute volume expansion. The present papillary and cortical micropuncture studies were designed to examine the effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on segmental chloride transport during hydropenia (with and without meclofenamate) and 10% volume expansion (with and without both meclofenamate and indomethacin). Both inhibitors significantly decreased the urinary excretion rate of prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha). Clearance studies on the intact right kidney demonstrated no effect of either agent on glomerular filtration rate, but a significant reduction in chloride excretion during hydropenia and volume expansion was observed. To assess the specific site(s) of enhanced chloride reabsorption, absolute and fractional chloride delivery was measured in the late proximal tubule, thin descending limb of Henle, and the early and late distal tubules. In addition, the fraction of filtered chloride remaining at the base and tip of the papillary collecting duct was compared to that fraction remaining at the superficial late distal tubule. During hydropenia, meclofenamate had no effect on fractional chloride delivery out of the superficial late distal tubule or the juxtamedullary thin descending limb of Henle, but significantly reduced the fraction of chloride delivered to the base of the papillary collecting duct. During volume expansion, neither meclofenamate nor indomethacin had an effect on absolute chloride delivery out of the proximal tubule or the thin descending limb of Henle. However, absolute chloride delivery to the early distal tubule was significantly reduced, and was associated with a decrease in fractional chloride reabsorption in this segment. Furthermore, the fraction of chloride delivered to the base of the collecting duct was significantly reduced. Fractional reabsorption along the terminal 1 mm of the collecting duct was not altered by either meclofenamate or indomethacin. These results suggest that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis result in an increase in chloride reabsorption in the superficial loop of Henle, and in segments between the superficial late distal tubule and the base of the collecting duct. The results are consistent with the view that prostaglandins inhibit chloride transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle, and/or the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule.", "PMID": 500811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4971", "title": "Colipase enhances hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in the absence of bile salts.", "content": "This study explores how dietary lipids are digested when intraduodenal bile salts are low or absent. Long-chain triglycerides emulsified with phosphatidylcholine were found to be hydrolyzed very slowly by pancreatic lipase alone, as if the surface layer of phospholipids enveloping the triglycerides impeded the action of the enzyme. Colipase enhanced triglyceride hydrolysis severalfold, both when added before or after the lipase. Hydrolysis became even more rapid when the emulsion was first incubated with pancreatic phospholipase. Hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides was also severely impeded when other proteins were added to the system, probably because they adsorbed to the oil-water interface of the emulsion droplets. It was previously known that bile salts can relieve such inhibition, presumably by desorbing the adsorbed proteins. Colipase was found to enhance hydrolysis severalfold in a dose-dependent manner even in the absence of bile salts, i.e., it could partially or completely relieve the inhibition depending upon the amount and the type of inhibitory protein added to the system. Prior exposure of a protein-coated triglyceride emulsion to another lipase also enhanced the rate at which pancreatic lipase could then hydrolyze the lipids. Most dietary triglycerides are probably presented for intestinal digestion in emulsions covered by proteins and/or phospholipids. These emulsions would be hydrolyzed slowly by pancreatic lipase alone. However, through the action of the lipase in stomach contents and of pancreatic phospholipase and through the lipolysis-promoting effects of collipase, these triglycerices can be rather efficiently hydrolyzed, even in the absence of bile salts.", "contents": "Colipase enhances hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in the absence of bile salts. This study explores how dietary lipids are digested when intraduodenal bile salts are low or absent. Long-chain triglycerides emulsified with phosphatidylcholine were found to be hydrolyzed very slowly by pancreatic lipase alone, as if the surface layer of phospholipids enveloping the triglycerides impeded the action of the enzyme. Colipase enhanced triglyceride hydrolysis severalfold, both when added before or after the lipase. Hydrolysis became even more rapid when the emulsion was first incubated with pancreatic phospholipase. Hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides was also severely impeded when other proteins were added to the system, probably because they adsorbed to the oil-water interface of the emulsion droplets. It was previously known that bile salts can relieve such inhibition, presumably by desorbing the adsorbed proteins. Colipase was found to enhance hydrolysis severalfold in a dose-dependent manner even in the absence of bile salts, i.e., it could partially or completely relieve the inhibition depending upon the amount and the type of inhibitory protein added to the system. Prior exposure of a protein-coated triglyceride emulsion to another lipase also enhanced the rate at which pancreatic lipase could then hydrolyze the lipids. Most dietary triglycerides are probably presented for intestinal digestion in emulsions covered by proteins and/or phospholipids. These emulsions would be hydrolyzed slowly by pancreatic lipase alone. However, through the action of the lipase in stomach contents and of pancreatic phospholipase and through the lipolysis-promoting effects of collipase, these triglycerices can be rather efficiently hydrolyzed, even in the absence of bile salts.", "PMID": 500812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4972", "title": "Polycythemia vera. Increased expression of normal committed granulocytic stem cells in vitro after exposure of marrow to tritiated thymidine.", "content": "In previous studies of two patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and heterozygous at the X-linked locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), only type A isoenzyme was found in non-lymphoid hematopoietic cells. However, some granulocytic and erythrocytic colonies grown in vitro had type B G-6-PD and therefore arose from presumably normal progenitors. In this study we exposed marrow cells from these same two patients to high-specific activity tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) before culture to kill cells actively synthesizing DNA. Individual granulocytic colonies were plucked and tested for G-6-PD after 14 d of culture. The frequency of type B colonies rose after exposure to 3HTdR from 8/101 to 11/36 in patient 1 and from 0/32 to 6/31 in patient 2 (P less than 0.003). No increase in the frequency of normal erythroid bursts after 3HTdR exposure was seen, implying that in PV, early granulopoiesis, and erythropoiesis are regulated differently. The results demonstrated that only type A granulocytic colonies, arising from the abnormal clone, were removed by the 3HTdR. In addition, for patient 2, statistical analysis indicated there was an absolute increase in normal granulocytic colonies detected in culture. Thus, PV clonal colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) cycle more rapidly than do normal CFU-C and may suppress proliferation of normal CFU-C in vitro.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera. Increased expression of normal committed granulocytic stem cells in vitro after exposure of marrow to tritiated thymidine. In previous studies of two patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and heterozygous at the X-linked locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), only type A isoenzyme was found in non-lymphoid hematopoietic cells. However, some granulocytic and erythrocytic colonies grown in vitro had type B G-6-PD and therefore arose from presumably normal progenitors. In this study we exposed marrow cells from these same two patients to high-specific activity tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) before culture to kill cells actively synthesizing DNA. Individual granulocytic colonies were plucked and tested for G-6-PD after 14 d of culture. The frequency of type B colonies rose after exposure to 3HTdR from 8/101 to 11/36 in patient 1 and from 0/32 to 6/31 in patient 2 (P less than 0.003). No increase in the frequency of normal erythroid bursts after 3HTdR exposure was seen, implying that in PV, early granulopoiesis, and erythropoiesis are regulated differently. The results demonstrated that only type A granulocytic colonies, arising from the abnormal clone, were removed by the 3HTdR. In addition, for patient 2, statistical analysis indicated there was an absolute increase in normal granulocytic colonies detected in culture. Thus, PV clonal colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) cycle more rapidly than do normal CFU-C and may suppress proliferation of normal CFU-C in vitro.", "PMID": 500813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4973", "title": "Dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism during overnutrition.", "content": "Diet-induced alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations have been found in studies of long-term (7 mo) overfeeding in man (the Vermont Study). In these studies of weight gain in normal weight volunteers, increased calories were required to maintain weight after gain over and above that predicted from their increased size. This was associated with increased concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3). No change in the caloric requirement to maintain weight or concentrations of T3 was found after long-term (3 mo) fat overfeeding. In studies of short-term overfeeding (3 wk) the serum concentrations of T3 and its metabolic clearance were increased, resulting in a marked increase in the production rate of T3 irrespective of the composition of the diet overfed (carbohydrate 29.6 +/- 2.1 to 54.0 +/- 3.3, fat 28.2 +/- 3.7 to 49.1 +/- 3.4, and protein 31.2 +/- 2.1 to 53.2 +/- 3.7 microgram/d per 70 kg). Thyroxine production was unaltered by overfeeding (93.7 +/- 6.5 vs. 89.2 +/- 4.9 microgram/d per 70 kg). It is still speculative whether these dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism are responsible for the simultaneously increased expenditure of energy in these subjects and therefore might represent an important physiological adaptation in times of caloric affluence. During the weight-maintenance phases of the long-term overfeeding studies, concentrations of T3 were increased when carbohydrate was isocalorically substituted for fat in the diet. In short-term studies the peripheral concentrations of T3 and reverse T3 found during fasting were mimicked in direction, if not in degree, with equal or hypocaloric diets restricted in carbohydrate were fed. It is apparent from these studies that the caloric content as well as the composition of the diet, specifically, the carbohydrate content, can be important factors in regulating the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism during overnutrition. Diet-induced alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations have been found in studies of long-term (7 mo) overfeeding in man (the Vermont Study). In these studies of weight gain in normal weight volunteers, increased calories were required to maintain weight after gain over and above that predicted from their increased size. This was associated with increased concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3). No change in the caloric requirement to maintain weight or concentrations of T3 was found after long-term (3 mo) fat overfeeding. In studies of short-term overfeeding (3 wk) the serum concentrations of T3 and its metabolic clearance were increased, resulting in a marked increase in the production rate of T3 irrespective of the composition of the diet overfed (carbohydrate 29.6 +/- 2.1 to 54.0 +/- 3.3, fat 28.2 +/- 3.7 to 49.1 +/- 3.4, and protein 31.2 +/- 2.1 to 53.2 +/- 3.7 microgram/d per 70 kg). Thyroxine production was unaltered by overfeeding (93.7 +/- 6.5 vs. 89.2 +/- 4.9 microgram/d per 70 kg). It is still speculative whether these dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism are responsible for the simultaneously increased expenditure of energy in these subjects and therefore might represent an important physiological adaptation in times of caloric affluence. During the weight-maintenance phases of the long-term overfeeding studies, concentrations of T3 were increased when carbohydrate was isocalorically substituted for fat in the diet. In short-term studies the peripheral concentrations of T3 and reverse T3 found during fasting were mimicked in direction, if not in degree, with equal or hypocaloric diets restricted in carbohydrate were fed. It is apparent from these studies that the caloric content as well as the composition of the diet, specifically, the carbohydrate content, can be important factors in regulating the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 500814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4974", "title": "Brain cholecystokinin and nutritional status in rats and mice.", "content": "Under certain conditions, exogenously administered cholecystokinin (CCK) or its COOH-terminal octapeptide can terminate feeding and cause behavioral satiety in animals. Furthermore, high concentrations of CCK are normally found in the brains of vertebrate species. It has thus been hypothesized that brain CCK plays a role in the control of appetite. To explore this possibility, a COOH-terminal radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of CCK in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem of rats and mice after a variety of nutritional manipulations. CCK, mainly in the form of its COOH-terminal octapeptide, was found to appear in rat brain shortly before birth and to increase rapidly in cortex and brain stem throughout the first 5 wk of life. Severe early undernutrition had no effect on the normal pattern of CCK development in rat brain. Adult rats deprived of food for up to 72 h and rats made hyperphagic with highly palatable diets showed no alterations in brain CCK concentrations or distribution of molecular forms of CCK as determined by Sephadex gel filtration of brain extracts. Normal CCK concentrations were also found in the brains of four strains of genetically obese rodents and in the brains of six animals made hyperphagic and obese by surgical or chemical lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. It is concluded that despite extreme variations in the nutritional status of rats and mice, CCK concentrations in major structures of the brain are maintained with remarkable constancy.", "contents": "Brain cholecystokinin and nutritional status in rats and mice. Under certain conditions, exogenously administered cholecystokinin (CCK) or its COOH-terminal octapeptide can terminate feeding and cause behavioral satiety in animals. Furthermore, high concentrations of CCK are normally found in the brains of vertebrate species. It has thus been hypothesized that brain CCK plays a role in the control of appetite. To explore this possibility, a COOH-terminal radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of CCK in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem of rats and mice after a variety of nutritional manipulations. CCK, mainly in the form of its COOH-terminal octapeptide, was found to appear in rat brain shortly before birth and to increase rapidly in cortex and brain stem throughout the first 5 wk of life. Severe early undernutrition had no effect on the normal pattern of CCK development in rat brain. Adult rats deprived of food for up to 72 h and rats made hyperphagic with highly palatable diets showed no alterations in brain CCK concentrations or distribution of molecular forms of CCK as determined by Sephadex gel filtration of brain extracts. Normal CCK concentrations were also found in the brains of four strains of genetically obese rodents and in the brains of six animals made hyperphagic and obese by surgical or chemical lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. It is concluded that despite extreme variations in the nutritional status of rats and mice, CCK concentrations in major structures of the brain are maintained with remarkable constancy.", "PMID": 500815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4975", "title": "Binding of 125I-insulin to the isolated glomeruli of rat kidney.", "content": "To investigate a possible action of insulin on the glomerulus, the binding 125I-insulin to the isolated glomeruli prepared from rat kidney was examined. When incubated at 22 degrees C, 125I-insulin binding proceeded with time and reached a steady state at 45 min at which time nonspecific binding was less than 25% of total binding. A small fraction of 125I-insulin was degraded during incubation. This binding was specific to insulin in that it was inhibited by unlabeled porcine and beef insulins and to a lesser extent by porcine proinsulin and desalanine-desasparagine insulin, but not by glucagon, parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, calcitonin, and angiotensin II. Increasing concentrations of nonlabeled insulin displaced 125I-insulin binding in a dose-dependent fashion. Scatchard plot of the data was curvilinear consistent with either two classes of receptors with different affinities or a single class of receptors that demonstrate negative cooperativity. The addition of excess nonlabeled insulin to the glomeruli preincubated with 125I-insulin resulted in a rapid dissociation of approximately or equal to 70% of bound 125I-insulin. Insulin decreased the increments in glomerular cyclic AMP levels by epinephrine and by prostaglandin E2, but not those by histamine. These data showed the presence of specific insulin receptors in the glomeruli, and that insulin action may be, at least in part, through modulation of glomerular cyclic AMP concentrations. Such action of insulin may underlie the alteration in glomerular ultrafiltration and the glomerular ultrafiltration and the development of glomerular lesions in diabetes mellitus, a disease in which insulin deficiency or the tissue resistance to insulin exists.", "contents": "Binding of 125I-insulin to the isolated glomeruli of rat kidney. To investigate a possible action of insulin on the glomerulus, the binding 125I-insulin to the isolated glomeruli prepared from rat kidney was examined. When incubated at 22 degrees C, 125I-insulin binding proceeded with time and reached a steady state at 45 min at which time nonspecific binding was less than 25% of total binding. A small fraction of 125I-insulin was degraded during incubation. This binding was specific to insulin in that it was inhibited by unlabeled porcine and beef insulins and to a lesser extent by porcine proinsulin and desalanine-desasparagine insulin, but not by glucagon, parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, calcitonin, and angiotensin II. Increasing concentrations of nonlabeled insulin displaced 125I-insulin binding in a dose-dependent fashion. Scatchard plot of the data was curvilinear consistent with either two classes of receptors with different affinities or a single class of receptors that demonstrate negative cooperativity. The addition of excess nonlabeled insulin to the glomeruli preincubated with 125I-insulin resulted in a rapid dissociation of approximately or equal to 70% of bound 125I-insulin. Insulin decreased the increments in glomerular cyclic AMP levels by epinephrine and by prostaglandin E2, but not those by histamine. These data showed the presence of specific insulin receptors in the glomeruli, and that insulin action may be, at least in part, through modulation of glomerular cyclic AMP concentrations. Such action of insulin may underlie the alteration in glomerular ultrafiltration and the glomerular ultrafiltration and the development of glomerular lesions in diabetes mellitus, a disease in which insulin deficiency or the tissue resistance to insulin exists.", "PMID": 500816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4976", "title": "Genetic evidence for a common enzyme catalyzing the second step in the degradation of proline and hydroxyproline.", "content": "The initial step in the degradation pathways of proline and hydroxyproline is catalyzed by proline oxidase and hydroxyproline oxidase, yielding delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate, respectively. The second step is the oxidation of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to glutamate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to gamma-hydroxy-glutamate. To determine if this second step in the degradation of proline and hydroxyproline is catalyzed by a common or by separate enzyme(s), we developed a radioisotopic assay for delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity. We then compared delta1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity with that of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in fibroblasts and leukocytes from type II hyperprolinemia patients, heterozygotes, and controls. We found that cells from type II hyperprolinemia patients were deficient in both dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, these activities were highly correlated over the range found in the normals, heterozygotes, and patients. We conclude from these data that a common delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of both delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate, and that this activity is deficient in type II hyperprolinemia.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for a common enzyme catalyzing the second step in the degradation of proline and hydroxyproline. The initial step in the degradation pathways of proline and hydroxyproline is catalyzed by proline oxidase and hydroxyproline oxidase, yielding delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate, respectively. The second step is the oxidation of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to glutamate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to gamma-hydroxy-glutamate. To determine if this second step in the degradation of proline and hydroxyproline is catalyzed by a common or by separate enzyme(s), we developed a radioisotopic assay for delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity. We then compared delta1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity with that of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in fibroblasts and leukocytes from type II hyperprolinemia patients, heterozygotes, and controls. We found that cells from type II hyperprolinemia patients were deficient in both dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, these activities were highly correlated over the range found in the normals, heterozygotes, and patients. We conclude from these data that a common delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of both delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate, and that this activity is deficient in type II hyperprolinemia.", "PMID": 500817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4977", "title": "Sequence of fibrinogen proteolysis and platelet release after intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline.", "content": "Plasma fibrinopeptide B (Bbeta1-14 or FPB) immunoreactivity was studied by radioimmunoassay in patients who received intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline to terminate pregnancy. FPB immunoreactivity increased with thrombin treatment (TIFPB) suggesting the presence of a larger FPB-containing peptide, since purified FPB is not altered by thrombin, whereas thrombin increases the immunoreactivity of Bbeta1-42 (which includes FPB) 10-fold. TIFPB immunoreactivity in plasma, drawn 4 h after hypertonic saline infusion eluted from Sephadex G-50 similarly to isolated Bbeta1-42. Streptokinase, incubated with normal plasma progressively generated TIFPB immunoreactivity, which showed a major component which eluted from Sephadex G-50 similarly to Bbeta1-42. Streptokinase generated TIFPB much more rapidly in reptilase-treated plasma that contains fibrin I, (which still includes FPB), indicating that fibrin I is preferred over fibrinogen as a substrate for plasmin cleavage of arginine (Bbeta42)-alanine (Bbeta43). Serial studies were then made in 10 patients receiving intrauterine hypertonic saline. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels rose immediately, reached a peak between 1 and 2 h, were declining at 4 h, and were normal at 24 and 48 h. TIFPB levels rose slightly in the 1st h, reached a peak at 4 h, and had returned to base-line values at 24 h. Serum fibrinogen degradation product levels were unchanged at 1 h, reached their highest level at 4 h, and were still markedly elevated at 24 and 48 h. Fibrinogen levels dropped slightly being lowest at 4 and 24 h. Platelet counts declined in parallel with the fibrinogen levels over the first 4 h, but continued to decrease through 48 h. Beta thromboglobulin (betaTG) levels generally paralleled FPA levels whereas platelet factor 4 (PF4) levels showed only slight changes. The data indicate that immediately after intrauterine hypertonic saline infusion thrombin is formed that cleaves FPA from fibrinogen to produce fibrin I and releases betaTG and PF4 from platelets. Later plasmin cleaves Bbeta1-42 from fibrin I to produce fragment X, which is further degraded to form serum fibrinogen degradation products. This sequence of proteolysis indicates that plasmin action on fibrin I serves as a mechanism that regulates fibrin II formation by removing the Bbeta chain cleavage site, which is required for thrombin action in converting fibrin I to fibrin II.", "contents": "Sequence of fibrinogen proteolysis and platelet release after intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline. Plasma fibrinopeptide B (Bbeta1-14 or FPB) immunoreactivity was studied by radioimmunoassay in patients who received intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline to terminate pregnancy. FPB immunoreactivity increased with thrombin treatment (TIFPB) suggesting the presence of a larger FPB-containing peptide, since purified FPB is not altered by thrombin, whereas thrombin increases the immunoreactivity of Bbeta1-42 (which includes FPB) 10-fold. TIFPB immunoreactivity in plasma, drawn 4 h after hypertonic saline infusion eluted from Sephadex G-50 similarly to isolated Bbeta1-42. Streptokinase, incubated with normal plasma progressively generated TIFPB immunoreactivity, which showed a major component which eluted from Sephadex G-50 similarly to Bbeta1-42. Streptokinase generated TIFPB much more rapidly in reptilase-treated plasma that contains fibrin I, (which still includes FPB), indicating that fibrin I is preferred over fibrinogen as a substrate for plasmin cleavage of arginine (Bbeta42)-alanine (Bbeta43). Serial studies were then made in 10 patients receiving intrauterine hypertonic saline. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels rose immediately, reached a peak between 1 and 2 h, were declining at 4 h, and were normal at 24 and 48 h. TIFPB levels rose slightly in the 1st h, reached a peak at 4 h, and had returned to base-line values at 24 h. Serum fibrinogen degradation product levels were unchanged at 1 h, reached their highest level at 4 h, and were still markedly elevated at 24 and 48 h. Fibrinogen levels dropped slightly being lowest at 4 and 24 h. Platelet counts declined in parallel with the fibrinogen levels over the first 4 h, but continued to decrease through 48 h. Beta thromboglobulin (betaTG) levels generally paralleled FPA levels whereas platelet factor 4 (PF4) levels showed only slight changes. The data indicate that immediately after intrauterine hypertonic saline infusion thrombin is formed that cleaves FPA from fibrinogen to produce fibrin I and releases betaTG and PF4 from platelets. Later plasmin cleaves Bbeta1-42 from fibrin I to produce fragment X, which is further degraded to form serum fibrinogen degradation products. This sequence of proteolysis indicates that plasmin action on fibrin I serves as a mechanism that regulates fibrin II formation by removing the Bbeta chain cleavage site, which is required for thrombin action in converting fibrin I to fibrin II.", "PMID": 500818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4978", "title": "Eosinophils versus neutrophils in host defense. Killing of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis by human granulocytes in vitro.", "content": "Eosinophil leukocytes have been reported to have a major role in host defense against invasive, migratory phases of helminth infestations, yet the relative larvicidal abilities of eosinophils and neutrophils have not been thoroughly examined. This study examined the killing of newborn (migratory phase) larvae of Trichinella spiralis during incubation by human granulocytes in vitro. The assay employed cultue of larvae with cells, sera, and reagents in microtiter wells with direct counting of surviving larvae after incubation. Killed larvae appeared to be lysed. Verification of the microplate assay was obtained by demonstrating complete loss of infectivity of larvae incubated with leukocytes and immune serum. In the presence of optimal immune serum concentrations, purified neutrophils or eosinophils achieved >/=95% killing of larvae at cell:larva ratios of 2,000:1 or greater. Fresh normal serum prompted slight (19%) killing by leukocytes at a cell:larva ratio of 9,000:1. Cells plus heat-inactivated normal serum and all sera preparations in the absence of leukocytes killed <8% of the larvae. The activity of immune serum was opsonic. Cells adhered to larvae that had been preincubated in immune serum, and immunofluorescent studies indicated that such preopsonized larvae were coated with immunoglobulin (Ig)G. However, preopsonized larvae lost opsonic activity and surface IgG during incubation for 3 h in medium lacking immune serum. The rate of killing was dependent on the cell:larva ratio; at high leukocyte concentrations (4,200:1), 99% were killed within 7 h; at lower cell:larva ratios, killing increased steadily during a 20-h incubation period. Killing was inhibited by 20 mug catalase, 5 mug/ml cytochalasin B, or 5muM colchicine, but was unchanged by superoxide dismutase and was enhanced by azide or cyanide. Leukocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, lacking ability to mount a normal oxidative response, demonstrated a markedly suppressed larvicidal effect. The data indicate that neutrophils are at least as effective as eosinophils in the killing of newborn larvae of T. spiralis. The killing appeared to be mediated by the oxidative metabolic burst with its generation of hydrogen peroxide.", "contents": "Eosinophils versus neutrophils in host defense. Killing of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis by human granulocytes in vitro. Eosinophil leukocytes have been reported to have a major role in host defense against invasive, migratory phases of helminth infestations, yet the relative larvicidal abilities of eosinophils and neutrophils have not been thoroughly examined. This study examined the killing of newborn (migratory phase) larvae of Trichinella spiralis during incubation by human granulocytes in vitro. The assay employed cultue of larvae with cells, sera, and reagents in microtiter wells with direct counting of surviving larvae after incubation. Killed larvae appeared to be lysed. Verification of the microplate assay was obtained by demonstrating complete loss of infectivity of larvae incubated with leukocytes and immune serum. In the presence of optimal immune serum concentrations, purified neutrophils or eosinophils achieved >/=95% killing of larvae at cell:larva ratios of 2,000:1 or greater. Fresh normal serum prompted slight (19%) killing by leukocytes at a cell:larva ratio of 9,000:1. Cells plus heat-inactivated normal serum and all sera preparations in the absence of leukocytes killed <8% of the larvae. The activity of immune serum was opsonic. Cells adhered to larvae that had been preincubated in immune serum, and immunofluorescent studies indicated that such preopsonized larvae were coated with immunoglobulin (Ig)G. However, preopsonized larvae lost opsonic activity and surface IgG during incubation for 3 h in medium lacking immune serum. The rate of killing was dependent on the cell:larva ratio; at high leukocyte concentrations (4,200:1), 99% were killed within 7 h; at lower cell:larva ratios, killing increased steadily during a 20-h incubation period. Killing was inhibited by 20 mug catalase, 5 mug/ml cytochalasin B, or 5muM colchicine, but was unchanged by superoxide dismutase and was enhanced by azide or cyanide. Leukocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, lacking ability to mount a normal oxidative response, demonstrated a markedly suppressed larvicidal effect. The data indicate that neutrophils are at least as effective as eosinophils in the killing of newborn larvae of T. spiralis. The killing appeared to be mediated by the oxidative metabolic burst with its generation of hydrogen peroxide.", "PMID": 500819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4979", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption after exposure of the rat kidney to the physical effects of expansion of extracellular fluid volume.", "content": "The natriuresis and concomitant decline in absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) that occur in rats in response to saline loading are blunted markedly when renal perfusion pressure is reduced immediately before, but not after, the volume load. To ascertain the mechanism responsible for these differences between early clamp (EC) vs. late clamp (LC), intracapillary and interstitial determinants of peritubular capillary uptake of APR were measured in seven LC and seven EC Munich-Wistar rats before and after isotonic saline loading (80% body wt). With volume expansion in LC animals, we observed a marked decline in APR (averaging 11+/-1 nl/min), associated with large increases in urinary sodium excretion rate, which averaged 8+/-2 mueq/min. In EC, the changes in urinary sodium excretion rate (+1+/-0 mueq/min) and APR (-3+/-1 nl/min) with volume expansion were smaller in magnitude. Since peritubular capillary reabsorption coefficient and mean peritubular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference did not change with saline loading in LC, the marked fall in APR was attributed primarily to a measured large decline in mean peritubular transcapillary oncotic pressure difference (deltapi). Despite an equivalent mean fall in deltapi with volume expansion in EC, near-constancy of APR was found to be associated with a simultaneous and equivalent decline in mean peritubular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (a consequence of decreased mean peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure), which effectively offset the fall in deltapi. These results demonstrate the importance of hydraulic pressure patterns of the peritubular capillaries in modulating APR and are consistent with the view that Starling forces across the postglomerular microcirculation play a fundamental role in determining APR.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption after exposure of the rat kidney to the physical effects of expansion of extracellular fluid volume. The natriuresis and concomitant decline in absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) that occur in rats in response to saline loading are blunted markedly when renal perfusion pressure is reduced immediately before, but not after, the volume load. To ascertain the mechanism responsible for these differences between early clamp (EC) vs. late clamp (LC), intracapillary and interstitial determinants of peritubular capillary uptake of APR were measured in seven LC and seven EC Munich-Wistar rats before and after isotonic saline loading (80% body wt). With volume expansion in LC animals, we observed a marked decline in APR (averaging 11+/-1 nl/min), associated with large increases in urinary sodium excretion rate, which averaged 8+/-2 mueq/min. In EC, the changes in urinary sodium excretion rate (+1+/-0 mueq/min) and APR (-3+/-1 nl/min) with volume expansion were smaller in magnitude. Since peritubular capillary reabsorption coefficient and mean peritubular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference did not change with saline loading in LC, the marked fall in APR was attributed primarily to a measured large decline in mean peritubular transcapillary oncotic pressure difference (deltapi). Despite an equivalent mean fall in deltapi with volume expansion in EC, near-constancy of APR was found to be associated with a simultaneous and equivalent decline in mean peritubular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (a consequence of decreased mean peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure), which effectively offset the fall in deltapi. These results demonstrate the importance of hydraulic pressure patterns of the peritubular capillaries in modulating APR and are consistent with the view that Starling forces across the postglomerular microcirculation play a fundamental role in determining APR.", "PMID": 500820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4980", "title": "Effect of furosemide in canine low-pressure pulmonary edema.", "content": "We studied the effect of furosemide on pulmonary oxygen exchange, lung liquid, and central hemodynamics in dogs with pulmonary capillary leak induced by intravenous oleic acid (OA). 2 h after OA, triple indicator-dilution lung liquid volume and pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) doubled despite normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in 16 dogs compared with dogs not given OA in which no variable change during the same time. Six edematous dogs were then treated with furosemide (1 mg/kg), and 2 h later they showed significant reductions in Qs/Qt and lung liquid. In contrast, six other edematous dogs not given furosemide increased Qs/Qt and lung liquid during the same time. The changes in edema after furosemide could not be attributed to altered wedge or colloid osmotic pressures, and similar changes in Qs/Qt and lung liquid with furosemide were observed in four nephrectomized dogs. We conclude that pulmonary vasoactive effects of furosemide account for reduced shunt and edema in canine pulmonary capillary leak. These effects of furosemide differ from those in cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and suggest a different rationale for diuretic therapy in low-pressure pulmonary edema. Analysis of count rates from 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin in lungs excised from 12 dogs indicated that the composition of excess lung liquid did not change with furosemide, and was 50% plasma, 25% blood, and 25% crystalloid.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide in canine low-pressure pulmonary edema. We studied the effect of furosemide on pulmonary oxygen exchange, lung liquid, and central hemodynamics in dogs with pulmonary capillary leak induced by intravenous oleic acid (OA). 2 h after OA, triple indicator-dilution lung liquid volume and pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) doubled despite normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in 16 dogs compared with dogs not given OA in which no variable change during the same time. Six edematous dogs were then treated with furosemide (1 mg/kg), and 2 h later they showed significant reductions in Qs/Qt and lung liquid. In contrast, six other edematous dogs not given furosemide increased Qs/Qt and lung liquid during the same time. The changes in edema after furosemide could not be attributed to altered wedge or colloid osmotic pressures, and similar changes in Qs/Qt and lung liquid with furosemide were observed in four nephrectomized dogs. We conclude that pulmonary vasoactive effects of furosemide account for reduced shunt and edema in canine pulmonary capillary leak. These effects of furosemide differ from those in cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and suggest a different rationale for diuretic therapy in low-pressure pulmonary edema. Analysis of count rates from 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin in lungs excised from 12 dogs indicated that the composition of excess lung liquid did not change with furosemide, and was 50% plasma, 25% blood, and 25% crystalloid.", "PMID": 500821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4981", "title": "Isolation and characterization of heparin from human lung.", "content": "Heparin as measured by azure A metachromasia and anticoagulant activity has been extracted with 1 M NaCl from (35)S-labeled human lung fragments or dispersed human lung cells enriched for mast cells. The (35)S-labeled metachromatic material in the 3 M NaCl eluate from Dowex-1 chromatography of the extract from lung fragments exhibited an average mol wt of 20,000 by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The (35)S-labeled metachromatic material with the charge characteristics of commercial porcine heparin on DEAE cellulose chromatography was entirely heparin by the criteria of resistance to degradation by chondroitin ABC lyase and complete degradation by purified heparinase. Antithrombin affinity chromatography of purified heparin with an anticoagulant activity of 137 U/mg, revealed that the one-third that was bound and eluted had a 273 U/mg sp act, whereas the unbound activity was 31 U/mg. Thus, the previously observed heterogeneity of commercial porcine heparin for binding to human antithrombin was also observed with human heparin. The mast cell-enriched human lung cell preparations yielded [(35)S]mucopolysaccharides with an average mol wt of 60,000 by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. Approximately 30% of this fraction was degraded by chondroitin ABC lyase, and the residual 70% was degraded by purified heparinase. When the chondroitin ABC lyase-resistant fraction was subjected to alkali degradation the average mol wt was reduced to 20,000. The calculated human lung mast cell heparin content of 2.4-7.8 mug/10(6) cells gave a ratio to histamine on a weight basis similar to that of intact lung fragments, thereby implying that heparin in the lung fragments was largely restricted to the mast cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of heparin from human lung. Heparin as measured by azure A metachromasia and anticoagulant activity has been extracted with 1 M NaCl from (35)S-labeled human lung fragments or dispersed human lung cells enriched for mast cells. The (35)S-labeled metachromatic material in the 3 M NaCl eluate from Dowex-1 chromatography of the extract from lung fragments exhibited an average mol wt of 20,000 by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The (35)S-labeled metachromatic material with the charge characteristics of commercial porcine heparin on DEAE cellulose chromatography was entirely heparin by the criteria of resistance to degradation by chondroitin ABC lyase and complete degradation by purified heparinase. Antithrombin affinity chromatography of purified heparin with an anticoagulant activity of 137 U/mg, revealed that the one-third that was bound and eluted had a 273 U/mg sp act, whereas the unbound activity was 31 U/mg. Thus, the previously observed heterogeneity of commercial porcine heparin for binding to human antithrombin was also observed with human heparin. The mast cell-enriched human lung cell preparations yielded [(35)S]mucopolysaccharides with an average mol wt of 60,000 by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. Approximately 30% of this fraction was degraded by chondroitin ABC lyase, and the residual 70% was degraded by purified heparinase. When the chondroitin ABC lyase-resistant fraction was subjected to alkali degradation the average mol wt was reduced to 20,000. The calculated human lung mast cell heparin content of 2.4-7.8 mug/10(6) cells gave a ratio to histamine on a weight basis similar to that of intact lung fragments, thereby implying that heparin in the lung fragments was largely restricted to the mast cells.", "PMID": 500822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4982", "title": "Inhibition by propionyl-coenzyme A of N-acetylglutamate synthetase in rat liver mitochondria. A possible explanation for hyperammonemia in propionic and methylmalonic acidemia.", "content": "In the search for the mechanism by which hyperammonemia complicates propionic and methylmalonic acidemia the effects of a series of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) derivatives were studied on the activity of N-acetylglutamate synthetase in rat liver mitochondria using acetyl-CoA as substrate. Propionyl-CoA was found to be a competitive inhibitor. The inhibition constant of 0.71 mM is in the range of concentrations of propionate found in the serum of patients with propionic and methylmalonic acidemia. Propionyl-CoA was also found to be a substrate for N-acetylglutamate synthetase, forming N-propionylglutamate. This compound was a weak activator of rat liver carbamoylphosphate synthetase; the activation constant was 1.1 mM as compared with 0.12 mM for N-acetylglutamate. A decreased level of N-acetylglutamate in liver mitochondria that would follow inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase by propionyl-CoA would be expected to lead to hyperammonemia. Methylmalonyl-CoA, tiglyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA at a concentration of 3 mM caused 30-70% inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. 3the latter two compounds are readily detoxified by the formation of N-acylglycine conjugates in liver, which may prevent large accumulations and could explain why hyperammonemia is not characteristic of patients with beta-ketothiolase deficiency or isovaleric acidemia in whom these compounds would be expected to be elevated.", "contents": "Inhibition by propionyl-coenzyme A of N-acetylglutamate synthetase in rat liver mitochondria. A possible explanation for hyperammonemia in propionic and methylmalonic acidemia. In the search for the mechanism by which hyperammonemia complicates propionic and methylmalonic acidemia the effects of a series of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) derivatives were studied on the activity of N-acetylglutamate synthetase in rat liver mitochondria using acetyl-CoA as substrate. Propionyl-CoA was found to be a competitive inhibitor. The inhibition constant of 0.71 mM is in the range of concentrations of propionate found in the serum of patients with propionic and methylmalonic acidemia. Propionyl-CoA was also found to be a substrate for N-acetylglutamate synthetase, forming N-propionylglutamate. This compound was a weak activator of rat liver carbamoylphosphate synthetase; the activation constant was 1.1 mM as compared with 0.12 mM for N-acetylglutamate. A decreased level of N-acetylglutamate in liver mitochondria that would follow inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase by propionyl-CoA would be expected to lead to hyperammonemia. Methylmalonyl-CoA, tiglyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA at a concentration of 3 mM caused 30-70% inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. 3the latter two compounds are readily detoxified by the formation of N-acylglycine conjugates in liver, which may prevent large accumulations and could explain why hyperammonemia is not characteristic of patients with beta-ketothiolase deficiency or isovaleric acidemia in whom these compounds would be expected to be elevated.", "PMID": 500823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4983", "title": "Attenuation of angiotensin II- and III-induced aldosterone release by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "The effect of two prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and meclofenamate, on angiotensin II (AII)- and III (AIII)-induced aldosterone release was studied in normal and sodium-depleted conscious rats and in adrenal capsular cell suspensions obtained from normal rats. In normal rats, in vivo AII and AIII were equipotent in causing dose-related increases in serum aldosterone concentrations. Indomethacin decreased the basal serum aldosterone levels by 50% and serum renin levels by 43%. In addition, the steroidogenic effects of AII and AIII were reduced by 45 and 63% with 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and 63 and 73% with 10 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, meclofenamate failed to alter basal serum levels of aldosterone or AII-stimulated aldosterone release but inhibited serum renin levels by 27% and the aldosterone-stimulating effect of AIII by 99%. Indomethacin (3 mg/kg) and meclofenamate (2 mg/kg) inhibited urinary prostaglandin (PG)E(2) and PGF(2alpha) excretion by 63 and 52% and 37 and 31%, respectively. Both inhibitors significantly decreased the adrenal capsular PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) content and the conversion of [(14)C]arachidonate to [(14)C]PGE(2) and [(14)C]PGF(2alpha). In sodium-depleted rats, indomethacin produced similar effects reducing the control serum aldosterone levels by 29%, AII-stimulated aldosterone by 47%, and completely suppressing the aldosterone response to AIII without altering serum renin activity. In adrenal cell suspensions, similar results were observed with indomethacin inhibiting basal and AII- and AIII-stimulated aldosterone release by 29, 81, and 93%, respectively. Meclofenamate failed to alter basal and AII-stimulated aldosterone release but inhibited that stimulated by AIII by 86%. The present findings suggest that prostaglandins modulate the effects of the renin-angiotensin system by stimulating the release of renin from the kidney and augmenting the steroidogenic effects of AII and AIII in the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Attenuation of angiotensin II- and III-induced aldosterone release by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. The effect of two prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and meclofenamate, on angiotensin II (AII)- and III (AIII)-induced aldosterone release was studied in normal and sodium-depleted conscious rats and in adrenal capsular cell suspensions obtained from normal rats. In normal rats, in vivo AII and AIII were equipotent in causing dose-related increases in serum aldosterone concentrations. Indomethacin decreased the basal serum aldosterone levels by 50% and serum renin levels by 43%. In addition, the steroidogenic effects of AII and AIII were reduced by 45 and 63% with 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and 63 and 73% with 10 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, meclofenamate failed to alter basal serum levels of aldosterone or AII-stimulated aldosterone release but inhibited serum renin levels by 27% and the aldosterone-stimulating effect of AIII by 99%. Indomethacin (3 mg/kg) and meclofenamate (2 mg/kg) inhibited urinary prostaglandin (PG)E(2) and PGF(2alpha) excretion by 63 and 52% and 37 and 31%, respectively. Both inhibitors significantly decreased the adrenal capsular PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) content and the conversion of [(14)C]arachidonate to [(14)C]PGE(2) and [(14)C]PGF(2alpha). In sodium-depleted rats, indomethacin produced similar effects reducing the control serum aldosterone levels by 29%, AII-stimulated aldosterone by 47%, and completely suppressing the aldosterone response to AIII without altering serum renin activity. In adrenal cell suspensions, similar results were observed with indomethacin inhibiting basal and AII- and AIII-stimulated aldosterone release by 29, 81, and 93%, respectively. Meclofenamate failed to alter basal and AII-stimulated aldosterone release but inhibited that stimulated by AIII by 86%. The present findings suggest that prostaglandins modulate the effects of the renin-angiotensin system by stimulating the release of renin from the kidney and augmenting the steroidogenic effects of AII and AIII in the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 500824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4984", "title": "Role of the liver in regulation of ketone body production during sepsis.", "content": "During caloric deprivation, the septic host may fail to develop ketonemia as an adaptation to starvation. Because the plasma ketone body concentration is a function of the ratio of hepatic production and peripheral usage, a pneumococcal sepsis model was used in rats to measure the complex metabolic events that could account for this failure, including the effects of infection on lipolysis and esterification in adipose tissue, fatty acid transport in plasma and the rates of hepatic ketogenesis and whole body oxidation of ketones. Some of the studies were repeated with tularemia as the model infection. From these studies, it was concluded that during pneumococcal sepsis, the failure of rats to become ketonemic during caloric deprivation was the result of reduced ketogenic capacity of the liver and a possibly decreased hepatic supply of fatty acids. The latter appeared to be a secondary consequence of a severe reduction in circulating plasma albumin, the major transport protein for fatty acids, with no effect on the degree of saturation of the albumin with free fatty acids. Also, the infection had no significant effect on the rate of lipolysis or release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Ketone body usage (oxidation) was either unaffected or reduced during pneumococcal sepsis in rats. Thus, a reduced rate of ketone production in the infected host was primarily responsible for the failure to develop starvation ketonemia under these conditions. The liver of the infected rat host appears to shuttle the fatty acids away from beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and toward triglyceride production, with resulting hepatocellular fatty metamorphosis.", "contents": "Role of the liver in regulation of ketone body production during sepsis. During caloric deprivation, the septic host may fail to develop ketonemia as an adaptation to starvation. Because the plasma ketone body concentration is a function of the ratio of hepatic production and peripheral usage, a pneumococcal sepsis model was used in rats to measure the complex metabolic events that could account for this failure, including the effects of infection on lipolysis and esterification in adipose tissue, fatty acid transport in plasma and the rates of hepatic ketogenesis and whole body oxidation of ketones. Some of the studies were repeated with tularemia as the model infection. From these studies, it was concluded that during pneumococcal sepsis, the failure of rats to become ketonemic during caloric deprivation was the result of reduced ketogenic capacity of the liver and a possibly decreased hepatic supply of fatty acids. The latter appeared to be a secondary consequence of a severe reduction in circulating plasma albumin, the major transport protein for fatty acids, with no effect on the degree of saturation of the albumin with free fatty acids. Also, the infection had no significant effect on the rate of lipolysis or release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Ketone body usage (oxidation) was either unaffected or reduced during pneumococcal sepsis in rats. Thus, a reduced rate of ketone production in the infected host was primarily responsible for the failure to develop starvation ketonemia under these conditions. The liver of the infected rat host appears to shuttle the fatty acids away from beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and toward triglyceride production, with resulting hepatocellular fatty metamorphosis.", "PMID": 500825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4985", "title": "Ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria. In vivo and in vitro studies indicating deficiency of activities of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria were studied in a 5-yr-old girl. Oxidation of radioactive substrates by cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband and asymptomatic family members was also determined and compared to that by normal fibroblasts and that by cells from a patient with glutaric aciduria type II. Feeding medium-chain triglycerides promptly induced vomiting and lethargy accompanied by a pronounced increase of urinary ethylmalonate. Significant increases of serum isovalerate and urinary isovalerylglycine were observed after leucine feeding, but urinary glutarate increased only slightly after lysine feeding. Thus, the results from clinical investigation remained equivocal as to whether pathways other than fatty acid oxidation were blocked in our patient. Oxidation of [1-(14)C]butyrate by cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband was reduced to 14% of control. In vitro oxidation of [2-(14)C]lysine and [2-(14)C]leucine was also reduced to 28 and 23% of control, respectively. Much more severe reduction in oxidation of these three substrates (3, 9, and 9%, respectively) was observed in glutaric aciduria type II cells. These results indicated that in the proband, degradative pathways of fatty acids, lysine, and leucine are blocked at the steps of butyryl-CoA, glutaryl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases, respectively, as in the case of glutaric aciduria type II. Because activities of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are reduced, a deficiency of electron-transferring flavoprotein, which serves as a hydrogen-acceptor for these dehydrogenases, is postulated as the underlying mechanisms of these two diseases, but a genetic heterogeneity was indicated by significant differences in the residual activities in these two types of cells. The hypothesis of more than one mutant allele of an autosomal recessive gene was also suggested by the study on cells from asymptomatic members of the family.", "contents": "Ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria. In vivo and in vitro studies indicating deficiency of activities of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. The mechanisms underlying ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria were studied in a 5-yr-old girl. Oxidation of radioactive substrates by cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband and asymptomatic family members was also determined and compared to that by normal fibroblasts and that by cells from a patient with glutaric aciduria type II. Feeding medium-chain triglycerides promptly induced vomiting and lethargy accompanied by a pronounced increase of urinary ethylmalonate. Significant increases of serum isovalerate and urinary isovalerylglycine were observed after leucine feeding, but urinary glutarate increased only slightly after lysine feeding. Thus, the results from clinical investigation remained equivocal as to whether pathways other than fatty acid oxidation were blocked in our patient. Oxidation of [1-(14)C]butyrate by cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband was reduced to 14% of control. In vitro oxidation of [2-(14)C]lysine and [2-(14)C]leucine was also reduced to 28 and 23% of control, respectively. Much more severe reduction in oxidation of these three substrates (3, 9, and 9%, respectively) was observed in glutaric aciduria type II cells. These results indicated that in the proband, degradative pathways of fatty acids, lysine, and leucine are blocked at the steps of butyryl-CoA, glutaryl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases, respectively, as in the case of glutaric aciduria type II. Because activities of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are reduced, a deficiency of electron-transferring flavoprotein, which serves as a hydrogen-acceptor for these dehydrogenases, is postulated as the underlying mechanisms of these two diseases, but a genetic heterogeneity was indicated by significant differences in the residual activities in these two types of cells. The hypothesis of more than one mutant allele of an autosomal recessive gene was also suggested by the study on cells from asymptomatic members of the family.", "PMID": 500826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4986", "title": "Effect of central catecholamine depletion on the osmotic and nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in the rat.", "content": "The central nervous system (CNS) mechanism(s) for the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by various stimuli is unknown. In this study, the role of CNS catecholamines in effecting ADH release was examined in conscious rats 10-14 d after the cerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). This dose of 6-OHDA caused a 67% depletion of brain tissue norepinephrine and only 3% depletion of heart norepinephrine, as compared with controls, which were injected with the vehicle buffer alone. Either intravenous 3% saline (osmotic stimulus) or intraperitoneal hyperoncotic dextran (nonosmotic stimulus) was administered to water-diuresing rats through indwelling catheters. Neither of these maneuvers changed arterial pressure, pulse, or inulin clearance in control or 6-OHDA rats. The 3% saline caused similar increases in plasma osmolality (15 mosmol/kg H(2)O) in control and 6-OHDA rats. The control rats, however, increased urinary osmolality (Uosm) to 586 mosmol/kg H(2)O, whereas 6-OHDA rats increased Uosm only to 335 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.005). These changes in Uosm were accompanied by an increase in plasma ADH to 7.6 muIU/ml in control animals vs. 2.9 muIU/ml in 6-OHDA rats (P < 0.005). All waterdiuresing animals had undetectable plasma ADH levels. Dextran-induced hypovolemia caused similar decrements (- 10%) in blood volume in both control and 6-OHDA animals, neither of which had significant changes in plasma osmolality. This nonosmotic hypovolemic stimulus caused an increase in Uosm to 753 mosmol/kg H(2)O in control rats, whereas Uosm in 6-OHDA rats increased to only 358 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001). At the same time, ADH levels also were significantly greater in Cont rats (2.4 muIU/ml) than in the 6-OHDA animals (0.69 muIU/ml; P < 0.05). These results therefore suggest that CNS catecholamines may play an important role in mediating ADH release in response to both osmotic and nonosmotic (hypovolemic) stimuli.", "contents": "Effect of central catecholamine depletion on the osmotic and nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in the rat. The central nervous system (CNS) mechanism(s) for the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by various stimuli is unknown. In this study, the role of CNS catecholamines in effecting ADH release was examined in conscious rats 10-14 d after the cerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). This dose of 6-OHDA caused a 67% depletion of brain tissue norepinephrine and only 3% depletion of heart norepinephrine, as compared with controls, which were injected with the vehicle buffer alone. Either intravenous 3% saline (osmotic stimulus) or intraperitoneal hyperoncotic dextran (nonosmotic stimulus) was administered to water-diuresing rats through indwelling catheters. Neither of these maneuvers changed arterial pressure, pulse, or inulin clearance in control or 6-OHDA rats. The 3% saline caused similar increases in plasma osmolality (15 mosmol/kg H(2)O) in control and 6-OHDA rats. The control rats, however, increased urinary osmolality (Uosm) to 586 mosmol/kg H(2)O, whereas 6-OHDA rats increased Uosm only to 335 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.005). These changes in Uosm were accompanied by an increase in plasma ADH to 7.6 muIU/ml in control animals vs. 2.9 muIU/ml in 6-OHDA rats (P < 0.005). All waterdiuresing animals had undetectable plasma ADH levels. Dextran-induced hypovolemia caused similar decrements (- 10%) in blood volume in both control and 6-OHDA animals, neither of which had significant changes in plasma osmolality. This nonosmotic hypovolemic stimulus caused an increase in Uosm to 753 mosmol/kg H(2)O in control rats, whereas Uosm in 6-OHDA rats increased to only 358 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001). At the same time, ADH levels also were significantly greater in Cont rats (2.4 muIU/ml) than in the 6-OHDA animals (0.69 muIU/ml; P < 0.05). These results therefore suggest that CNS catecholamines may play an important role in mediating ADH release in response to both osmotic and nonosmotic (hypovolemic) stimuli.", "PMID": 500827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4987", "title": "Regulation of the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine what factors control the conversion of thyroxine (T(4)) to triiodothyronine (T(3)) in rat liver under conditions approximating those found in vivo. Conversion of T(4) to T(3) was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver, a preparation in which the cellular and structural integrity is maintained and that can perform most of the physiologic functions of the liver. The perfused liver readily extracted T(4) from perfusion medium and converted it to T(3). Production of T(3) by the perfused liver was a function of the size of the liver, the uptake of T(4) by the liver, and the presence of T(4)-5'-deiodinase activity. Production of T(3) was increased by increasing the uptake of T(4) by liver, which could be accomplished by increasing the liver size, by increasing the perfusate T(4) concentration, or by decreasing the perfusate albumin concentration. These changes occurred without altering the conversion of T(4) to T(3). The liver had a large capacity for extracting T(4) and for T(4)-5'-deiodination to T(3), which was not saturated at a T(4) concentration of 60 mug/dl. Production of T(3) was decreased by inhibiting hepatic T(4)-5'-deiodinase with propylthiouracil, which decreased T(3) production by decreasing the conversion of T(4) to T(3). Propylthiouracil did not alter hepatic T(4) uptake. Fasting resulted in a progressive decrease in hepatic T(4) uptake to 42% of control levels by the 3rd d of fasting; this was accompanied by a proportionate decrease in T(3) production. The rate of conversion of T(4) to T(3) did not change during fasting. When T(4) uptake in 2-d-fasted rat livers was raised to levels found in fed rats by increasing the perfusate T(4) concentration from 10 to 30 mug/dl, T(3) production returned to normal. Again, no change in the rate of conversion of T(4) to T(3) was observed. These results indicate that the decreased hepatic T(3) production during fasting primarily results from decreased hepatic uptake of T(4), rather than from changes in T(4)-5'-deiodinase activity. Thus, these studies have delineated a new mechanism that functions independently of enzyme quantity or activity whereby production of T(3) from T(4) is regulated.", "contents": "Regulation of the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the perfused rat liver. This study was undertaken to determine what factors control the conversion of thyroxine (T(4)) to triiodothyronine (T(3)) in rat liver under conditions approximating those found in vivo. Conversion of T(4) to T(3) was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver, a preparation in which the cellular and structural integrity is maintained and that can perform most of the physiologic functions of the liver. The perfused liver readily extracted T(4) from perfusion medium and converted it to T(3). Production of T(3) by the perfused liver was a function of the size of the liver, the uptake of T(4) by the liver, and the presence of T(4)-5'-deiodinase activity. Production of T(3) was increased by increasing the uptake of T(4) by liver, which could be accomplished by increasing the liver size, by increasing the perfusate T(4) concentration, or by decreasing the perfusate albumin concentration. These changes occurred without altering the conversion of T(4) to T(3). The liver had a large capacity for extracting T(4) and for T(4)-5'-deiodination to T(3), which was not saturated at a T(4) concentration of 60 mug/dl. Production of T(3) was decreased by inhibiting hepatic T(4)-5'-deiodinase with propylthiouracil, which decreased T(3) production by decreasing the conversion of T(4) to T(3). Propylthiouracil did not alter hepatic T(4) uptake. Fasting resulted in a progressive decrease in hepatic T(4) uptake to 42% of control levels by the 3rd d of fasting; this was accompanied by a proportionate decrease in T(3) production. The rate of conversion of T(4) to T(3) did not change during fasting. When T(4) uptake in 2-d-fasted rat livers was raised to levels found in fed rats by increasing the perfusate T(4) concentration from 10 to 30 mug/dl, T(3) production returned to normal. Again, no change in the rate of conversion of T(4) to T(3) was observed. These results indicate that the decreased hepatic T(3) production during fasting primarily results from decreased hepatic uptake of T(4), rather than from changes in T(4)-5'-deiodinase activity. Thus, these studies have delineated a new mechanism that functions independently of enzyme quantity or activity whereby production of T(3) from T(4) is regulated.", "PMID": 500828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4988", "title": "Testicular feminization associated with a thermolabile androgen receptor in culutred human fibroblasts.", "content": "Evidence for a qualitative abnormality in the androgen receptor was obtained by studies of temperature sensitivity. The binding of [(3)H]dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) was studied in monolayers of cultured genital skin fibroblasts from genetic males with abnormal sexual differentiation resulting from androgen resistance. Binding in cells from eight patients with a female phenotype (complete and incomplete testicular feminization) fell from half-normal levels at the usual assay temperature of 37 degrees C to levels <20% of normal when cells were incubated at 42 degrees C. This thermal inactivation was rapidly reversed when the assay temperature was lowered to 37 degrees C, was not associated with altered dihydrotestosterone metabolism, and was also demonstrable with [(3)H]methyltrienolone as the binding ligand. Binding increased to overlap the normal range when the assay temperature was lowered to 26 degrees C. The patients with receptor-deficient testicular feminization include three pairs of siblings; the pedigrees in two of these families are compatible with X-linkage. Only minor changes in the amount of binding at elevated temperatures were observed in cells from 10 control subjects and from 2 male pseudohermaphrodites with normal levels of androgen receptors. In 10 patients with androgen resistance and partial receptor deficiency associated with a predominantly male phenotype (Reifenstein syndrome and infertile men), dihydrotestosterone binding also did not change consistently with elevated temperature. Binding was approximately half-normal at 37 degrees C and either increased or decreased slightly at 42 degrees C. The thermal instability in receptor-deficient testicular feminization represents a new molecular defect associated with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism that appears to be caused by an alteration in the tertiary structure of the androgen receptor protein.", "contents": "Testicular feminization associated with a thermolabile androgen receptor in culutred human fibroblasts. Evidence for a qualitative abnormality in the androgen receptor was obtained by studies of temperature sensitivity. The binding of [(3)H]dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) was studied in monolayers of cultured genital skin fibroblasts from genetic males with abnormal sexual differentiation resulting from androgen resistance. Binding in cells from eight patients with a female phenotype (complete and incomplete testicular feminization) fell from half-normal levels at the usual assay temperature of 37 degrees C to levels <20% of normal when cells were incubated at 42 degrees C. This thermal inactivation was rapidly reversed when the assay temperature was lowered to 37 degrees C, was not associated with altered dihydrotestosterone metabolism, and was also demonstrable with [(3)H]methyltrienolone as the binding ligand. Binding increased to overlap the normal range when the assay temperature was lowered to 26 degrees C. The patients with receptor-deficient testicular feminization include three pairs of siblings; the pedigrees in two of these families are compatible with X-linkage. Only minor changes in the amount of binding at elevated temperatures were observed in cells from 10 control subjects and from 2 male pseudohermaphrodites with normal levels of androgen receptors. In 10 patients with androgen resistance and partial receptor deficiency associated with a predominantly male phenotype (Reifenstein syndrome and infertile men), dihydrotestosterone binding also did not change consistently with elevated temperature. Binding was approximately half-normal at 37 degrees C and either increased or decreased slightly at 42 degrees C. The thermal instability in receptor-deficient testicular feminization represents a new molecular defect associated with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism that appears to be caused by an alteration in the tertiary structure of the androgen receptor protein.", "PMID": 500829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4989", "title": "Generation of hydroxyl radical by enzymes, chemicals, and human phagocytes in vitro. Detection with the anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Methane (CH(4)) production from the anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was used to measure .OH from chemical reactions or human phagocytes. Reactions producing .OH (xanthine/xanthine oxidase or Fe(++)/EDTA/H(2)O(2)) generated CH(4) from DMSO, whereas reactions yielding primarily O-(2) or H(2)O(2) failed to produce CH(4). Neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, and alveolar macrophages also produced CH(4) from DMSO. Mass spectroscopy using d(6)-DMSO showed formation of d(3)-CH(4) indicating that CH(4) was derived from DMSO. Methane generation by normal but not chronic granulomatous disease or heat-killed phagocytes increased after stimulation with opsonized zymosan particles or the chemical, phorbol myristate acetate. Methane production from DMSO increased as the number of stimulated PMN was increased and the kinetics of CH(4) production approximated other metabolic activities of stimulated PMN. Methane production from stimulated phagocytes and DMSO was markedly decreased by purportedly potent .OH scavengers (thiourea or tryptophane) and diminished to lesser degrees by weaker .OH scavengers (mannitol, ethanol, or sodium benzoate). Superoxide dismutase or catalase also decreased CH(4) production but urea, albumin, inactivated superoxide dismutase, or boiled catalase had no appreciable effect. The results suggest that the production of CH(4) from DMSO may reflect release of .OH from both chemical systems and phagocytic cells. Interaction of the nontoxic, highly permeable DMSO with .OH may explain the anti-inflammatory actions of DMSO and provide a useful measurement of .OH in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Generation of hydroxyl radical by enzymes, chemicals, and human phagocytes in vitro. Detection with the anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl sulfoxide. Methane (CH(4)) production from the anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was used to measure .OH from chemical reactions or human phagocytes. Reactions producing .OH (xanthine/xanthine oxidase or Fe(++)/EDTA/H(2)O(2)) generated CH(4) from DMSO, whereas reactions yielding primarily O-(2) or H(2)O(2) failed to produce CH(4). Neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, and alveolar macrophages also produced CH(4) from DMSO. Mass spectroscopy using d(6)-DMSO showed formation of d(3)-CH(4) indicating that CH(4) was derived from DMSO. Methane generation by normal but not chronic granulomatous disease or heat-killed phagocytes increased after stimulation with opsonized zymosan particles or the chemical, phorbol myristate acetate. Methane production from DMSO increased as the number of stimulated PMN was increased and the kinetics of CH(4) production approximated other metabolic activities of stimulated PMN. Methane production from stimulated phagocytes and DMSO was markedly decreased by purportedly potent .OH scavengers (thiourea or tryptophane) and diminished to lesser degrees by weaker .OH scavengers (mannitol, ethanol, or sodium benzoate). Superoxide dismutase or catalase also decreased CH(4) production but urea, albumin, inactivated superoxide dismutase, or boiled catalase had no appreciable effect. The results suggest that the production of CH(4) from DMSO may reflect release of .OH from both chemical systems and phagocytic cells. Interaction of the nontoxic, highly permeable DMSO with .OH may explain the anti-inflammatory actions of DMSO and provide a useful measurement of .OH in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 500830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4990", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis. Detection with C1q and monoclonal rheumatoid factor.", "content": "To investigate the pathogeneic significance of immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis, 107 patients with various forms of cutaneous vasculitis, including 59 patients with necrotizing (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis (group 1), and 48 patients with lymphocytic vasculitis, or a predominately lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate (group 2), were studied. Immunoglobulins or complement components in cutaneous blood vessels were detected by direct immunofluorescence in high frequency in both groups (91 and 88%, respectively). Using two radioassays for circulating immune complexes, Clq or monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) reactive material was detected in 68% of the patients with necrotizing vasculitis but only 44% of the patients in the lymphocytic-perivascular group. The mRF radioassay was elevated in 58% of the first group of patients and 41% of the patients in group 2, although Clq binding activity was increased in 54% of the patients with necrotizing vasculitis but only in 9% of the patients with a lymphocytic vasculitis or lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate. By using both sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and Sepharose 6B gel filtration, the Clq and mRF reactive material detected in some patients with necrotizing vasculitis eluted in high molecular weight fractions that were also anticomplementary. In one patient with necrotizing vasculitis and hepatitis B antigenemia, these heavy molecular weight Clq and mRF reactive fractions contained a two- to three-fold increase in hepatitis B surface antigen when compared with lighter molecular weight fractions. Heavy and light molecular weight mRF reactive material could be detected in selected patients in the lymphocytic-perivascular group as well as in the necrotizing vasculitis group. These studies suggest that cutaneous vasculitis, including acute necrotizing (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis and some forms of lymphocytic vasculitis, and perhaps some diseases characterized by a lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate, may represent cutaneous expressions of immune complex disease.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis. Detection with C1q and monoclonal rheumatoid factor. To investigate the pathogeneic significance of immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis, 107 patients with various forms of cutaneous vasculitis, including 59 patients with necrotizing (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis (group 1), and 48 patients with lymphocytic vasculitis, or a predominately lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate (group 2), were studied. Immunoglobulins or complement components in cutaneous blood vessels were detected by direct immunofluorescence in high frequency in both groups (91 and 88%, respectively). Using two radioassays for circulating immune complexes, Clq or monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) reactive material was detected in 68% of the patients with necrotizing vasculitis but only 44% of the patients in the lymphocytic-perivascular group. The mRF radioassay was elevated in 58% of the first group of patients and 41% of the patients in group 2, although Clq binding activity was increased in 54% of the patients with necrotizing vasculitis but only in 9% of the patients with a lymphocytic vasculitis or lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate. By using both sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and Sepharose 6B gel filtration, the Clq and mRF reactive material detected in some patients with necrotizing vasculitis eluted in high molecular weight fractions that were also anticomplementary. In one patient with necrotizing vasculitis and hepatitis B antigenemia, these heavy molecular weight Clq and mRF reactive fractions contained a two- to three-fold increase in hepatitis B surface antigen when compared with lighter molecular weight fractions. Heavy and light molecular weight mRF reactive material could be detected in selected patients in the lymphocytic-perivascular group as well as in the necrotizing vasculitis group. These studies suggest that cutaneous vasculitis, including acute necrotizing (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis and some forms of lymphocytic vasculitis, and perhaps some diseases characterized by a lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate, may represent cutaneous expressions of immune complex disease.", "PMID": 500831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4991", "title": "Serum and urine polyamines in normal and in short children.", "content": "The serum and urine polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were measured in 112 normal subjects from 0 to 70 yr of age, and in three groups of short children from 7 to 20 yr: 21 growth hormone (GH) deficient patients, 20 normal variant short stature children, and 9 girls with 45, X Turner's syndrome. Urine polyamines were expressed as micromoles per gram of creatinine or per kilogram body weight, and serum polyamines were expressed as nanomoles per milliliter. In normals, the three polyamines were highest in urine and serum at birth. The mean levels declined progressively with age, the rate of change decreasing with age. The mean for the normal subjects, and its 95% confidence and prediction intervals, were estimated from birth to age 70 for each serum and urine polyamine. In GH-deficient children, serum and urine values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the age-specific normal values (with the exception of serum spermidine and spermine), averaging 25-55% below normal. This abnormality was corrected during 1 wk of treatment with human GH. In Turner's syndrome, serum and urine values were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), averaging 35-80% below age-specific normals. GH treatment had no corrective effect. In 6 of 20 normal variant short stature children, polyamine levels were significantly (P < 0.01) subnormal, averaging 50-80% below age-specific normals in both serum and urine. Treatment with GH had no corrective effect. These data show that levels of polyamines in serum and urine are correlated with linear growth primarily during the first decade of life. Subnormal polyamine levels are generally associated with growth retardation.", "contents": "Serum and urine polyamines in normal and in short children. The serum and urine polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were measured in 112 normal subjects from 0 to 70 yr of age, and in three groups of short children from 7 to 20 yr: 21 growth hormone (GH) deficient patients, 20 normal variant short stature children, and 9 girls with 45, X Turner's syndrome. Urine polyamines were expressed as micromoles per gram of creatinine or per kilogram body weight, and serum polyamines were expressed as nanomoles per milliliter. In normals, the three polyamines were highest in urine and serum at birth. The mean levels declined progressively with age, the rate of change decreasing with age. The mean for the normal subjects, and its 95% confidence and prediction intervals, were estimated from birth to age 70 for each serum and urine polyamine. In GH-deficient children, serum and urine values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the age-specific normal values (with the exception of serum spermidine and spermine), averaging 25-55% below normal. This abnormality was corrected during 1 wk of treatment with human GH. In Turner's syndrome, serum and urine values were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), averaging 35-80% below age-specific normals. GH treatment had no corrective effect. In 6 of 20 normal variant short stature children, polyamine levels were significantly (P < 0.01) subnormal, averaging 50-80% below age-specific normals in both serum and urine. Treatment with GH had no corrective effect. These data show that levels of polyamines in serum and urine are correlated with linear growth primarily during the first decade of life. Subnormal polyamine levels are generally associated with growth retardation.", "PMID": 500832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4992", "title": "Renal tubular sites of altered calcium transport in phosphate-depleted rats.", "content": "Increased calcium (Ca) excretion is characteristic of chronic phosphate (PO(4)) depletion (PD). To study the changes in tubular transport and the site of the hypocalciuric effect of PO(4) administration, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in intact rats pair fed either a control diet (0.5% PO(4)) or a PO(4)-depleted (PD) diet (0.01% PO(4)) plus Al(OH(3)) and in parathyroidectomized (PTX) PD rats, infused either with saline or with neutral sodium PO(4). Intact PD rats, compared with intact rats on a control diet, exhibited a lower plasma ultrafiltrable (UF) PO(4) (5.8+/-0.5 vs. 7.8+/-0.3 mg/dl), higher fractional excretion (FE) of Ca (4.1+/-1.2 vs. 0.6+/-0.1%), and reduced FE PO(4) (0.1+/-0.01 vs. 10.2+/-1.8%). Tubular fluid/plasma inulin was lower in the late proximal tubule of PD rats, associated with increases in fractional delivery (FD) from the proximal tubule of Na and Ca.The%FD of Ca to the early distal tubule of PD rats was increased (20+/-3 vs. 11+/-2%), but this difference was abolished by the late distal tubule (5.1+/-1.2 vs. 3.3+/-0.9%). In PTX-PD rats, PO(4) infusion increased plasma UF PO(4) (13.8+/-0.7 vs. 7.8+/-0.7 mg/dl). FE of Ca was reduced (1.08+/-0.35 vs. 4.59+/-1.57%) without correcting the increased Ca delivery to the late distal tubule. These data indicate that PD impairs Ca reabsorption in tubular segments before but not within the distal convoluted tubule, so that hypercalciuria is ultimately a result of decreased Ca transport either in the terminal nephron or in deeper nephrons where PO(4) infusion stimulates Ca transport independent of parathyroid hormone or changes in the filtered load of Ca.", "contents": "Renal tubular sites of altered calcium transport in phosphate-depleted rats. Increased calcium (Ca) excretion is characteristic of chronic phosphate (PO(4)) depletion (PD). To study the changes in tubular transport and the site of the hypocalciuric effect of PO(4) administration, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in intact rats pair fed either a control diet (0.5% PO(4)) or a PO(4)-depleted (PD) diet (0.01% PO(4)) plus Al(OH(3)) and in parathyroidectomized (PTX) PD rats, infused either with saline or with neutral sodium PO(4). Intact PD rats, compared with intact rats on a control diet, exhibited a lower plasma ultrafiltrable (UF) PO(4) (5.8+/-0.5 vs. 7.8+/-0.3 mg/dl), higher fractional excretion (FE) of Ca (4.1+/-1.2 vs. 0.6+/-0.1%), and reduced FE PO(4) (0.1+/-0.01 vs. 10.2+/-1.8%). Tubular fluid/plasma inulin was lower in the late proximal tubule of PD rats, associated with increases in fractional delivery (FD) from the proximal tubule of Na and Ca.The%FD of Ca to the early distal tubule of PD rats was increased (20+/-3 vs. 11+/-2%), but this difference was abolished by the late distal tubule (5.1+/-1.2 vs. 3.3+/-0.9%). In PTX-PD rats, PO(4) infusion increased plasma UF PO(4) (13.8+/-0.7 vs. 7.8+/-0.7 mg/dl). FE of Ca was reduced (1.08+/-0.35 vs. 4.59+/-1.57%) without correcting the increased Ca delivery to the late distal tubule. These data indicate that PD impairs Ca reabsorption in tubular segments before but not within the distal convoluted tubule, so that hypercalciuria is ultimately a result of decreased Ca transport either in the terminal nephron or in deeper nephrons where PO(4) infusion stimulates Ca transport independent of parathyroid hormone or changes in the filtered load of Ca.", "PMID": 500833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4993", "title": "Regulation of calcitonin secretion in normal man by changes of serum calcium within the physiologic range.", "content": "To examine the relative importance of calcium and gastrin in regulation of calcitonin secretion, we administered graded oral doses of calcium to 10 normal men, ages 23-29 yr. Each subject had previously shown an appropriate increase in calcitonin secretion in response to a pharmacologic (0.5 mug/kg) pentagastrin injection. On separate days and in random order, each man drank 250 ml of distilled water containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 g of elemental calcium as the gluconate salt. Blood samples were drawn before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after the oral calcium dose. The samples were analyzed for calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and for gastrin and calcitonin by radioimmunoassays of established sensitivity and specificity. Ingestion of water (control) caused no change in any of the three variables. Calcium ingestion resulted in dose-related increases, within the normal range, of all three variables. Immunoreactive gastrin rose promptly, peaking at 30 min, and returning to basal levels or below by 120 min. In contrast, calcium and immunoreactive calcitonin levels rose slowly and in parallel, peaking at 120-240 min. Changes in calcitonin and changes in calcium were strongly and positively correlated, r = 0.73, when all data were pooled. Furthermore, individual linear regressions for changes in calcitonin and calcium levels (calculated separately for the three oral calcium doses in each subject) had positive slopes in 28 out of 30 sets (P < 0.01). The changes in calcitonin concentrations were much more poorly correlated with the corresponding changes in serum gastrin levels; in fact, the regression coefficient was weakly negative, r = -0.20. These results show that, at least in young adult men, changes of ambient calcium concentration within the normal range may be of major importance in physiologic regulation of calcitonin secretion. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin functions to prevent excessive postprandial hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Regulation of calcitonin secretion in normal man by changes of serum calcium within the physiologic range. To examine the relative importance of calcium and gastrin in regulation of calcitonin secretion, we administered graded oral doses of calcium to 10 normal men, ages 23-29 yr. Each subject had previously shown an appropriate increase in calcitonin secretion in response to a pharmacologic (0.5 mug/kg) pentagastrin injection. On separate days and in random order, each man drank 250 ml of distilled water containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 g of elemental calcium as the gluconate salt. Blood samples were drawn before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after the oral calcium dose. The samples were analyzed for calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and for gastrin and calcitonin by radioimmunoassays of established sensitivity and specificity. Ingestion of water (control) caused no change in any of the three variables. Calcium ingestion resulted in dose-related increases, within the normal range, of all three variables. Immunoreactive gastrin rose promptly, peaking at 30 min, and returning to basal levels or below by 120 min. In contrast, calcium and immunoreactive calcitonin levels rose slowly and in parallel, peaking at 120-240 min. Changes in calcitonin and changes in calcium were strongly and positively correlated, r = 0.73, when all data were pooled. Furthermore, individual linear regressions for changes in calcitonin and calcium levels (calculated separately for the three oral calcium doses in each subject) had positive slopes in 28 out of 30 sets (P < 0.01). The changes in calcitonin concentrations were much more poorly correlated with the corresponding changes in serum gastrin levels; in fact, the regression coefficient was weakly negative, r = -0.20. These results show that, at least in young adult men, changes of ambient calcium concentration within the normal range may be of major importance in physiologic regulation of calcitonin secretion. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin functions to prevent excessive postprandial hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 500834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4994", "title": "A new chromogenic assay for the specific determination of prothrombin.", "content": "A new method for the specific assay of prothrombin is described which utilises Taipan snake venom and the chromogenic substrate Tos-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (Chromozym TH). The method is sensitive and reproducible and shows good correlation with a conventional specific assay for prothrombin. The reaction is dependent on calcium ions and phospholipid, and is therefore sensitive to the coumarin-induced prothrombin defect. The assay is rapid and well suited for use in the routine coagulation laboratory.", "contents": "A new chromogenic assay for the specific determination of prothrombin. A new method for the specific assay of prothrombin is described which utilises Taipan snake venom and the chromogenic substrate Tos-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (Chromozym TH). The method is sensitive and reproducible and shows good correlation with a conventional specific assay for prothrombin. The reaction is dependent on calcium ions and phospholipid, and is therefore sensitive to the coumarin-induced prothrombin defect. The assay is rapid and well suited for use in the routine coagulation laboratory.", "PMID": 500835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4995", "title": "An improved method for the measurement of red cell survival using non-radioactive chromium.", "content": "An improved technique for the measurement of red cell survival is described in which non-radioactive 50Cr is used in patients for whom radioactive labels are not advisable. The 50Cr was measured by neutron activation analysis using a high resolution germanium (lithium) diode gamma-ray spectrometer. In adult controls, the values obtained were in the range accepted as normal for the 51Cr method, and double labelling experiments showed close agreement. The application of this technique to the measurement of red cell survival in pregnant women suspected of having haemolytic anemia is described.", "contents": "An improved method for the measurement of red cell survival using non-radioactive chromium. An improved technique for the measurement of red cell survival is described in which non-radioactive 50Cr is used in patients for whom radioactive labels are not advisable. The 50Cr was measured by neutron activation analysis using a high resolution germanium (lithium) diode gamma-ray spectrometer. In adult controls, the values obtained were in the range accepted as normal for the 51Cr method, and double labelling experiments showed close agreement. The application of this technique to the measurement of red cell survival in pregnant women suspected of having haemolytic anemia is described.", "PMID": 500836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4996", "title": "Bone marrow culture in aplastic anemia.", "content": "Blood and bone marrow granulocyte colony forming units (CFUc) were assayed in 46 patients with aplastic anemia, and the serum was examined for its inhibitory action on normal CFUc growth. All patients showed a gross reduction in colonies and clusters in incidence and absolute number in the bone marrow and blood. Two proliferative abnormalities of CFUc in aplastic anaemia were identified: a significantly higher than normal cluster to colony ratio (P less than 0.05) and a higher than normal ratio of granulocytes to total aggregates in the bone marrow. Eleven out of 34 patients tested had serum inhibitory to normal CFUc. These patients were indistinguishable from the rest on haematological and CFUc culture characteristics, and no correlation between the results of CFUc assay and haematological severity was found. The results suggest that the CFUc is abnormal in aplastic anaemia, the reduction in pool size being related to a failure of self-renewal, but an immunological role in the pathogenesis of aplastic anaemia remains unproven. The close relationship of CFUc incidence to the percentage of granulocyte precursors in the marrow, together with the failure of the CFUc assay to predict clinical severity, limits the practical use of the assay to the confirmation of diagnosis in aplastic anaemia.", "contents": "Bone marrow culture in aplastic anemia. Blood and bone marrow granulocyte colony forming units (CFUc) were assayed in 46 patients with aplastic anemia, and the serum was examined for its inhibitory action on normal CFUc growth. All patients showed a gross reduction in colonies and clusters in incidence and absolute number in the bone marrow and blood. Two proliferative abnormalities of CFUc in aplastic anaemia were identified: a significantly higher than normal cluster to colony ratio (P less than 0.05) and a higher than normal ratio of granulocytes to total aggregates in the bone marrow. Eleven out of 34 patients tested had serum inhibitory to normal CFUc. These patients were indistinguishable from the rest on haematological and CFUc culture characteristics, and no correlation between the results of CFUc assay and haematological severity was found. The results suggest that the CFUc is abnormal in aplastic anaemia, the reduction in pool size being related to a failure of self-renewal, but an immunological role in the pathogenesis of aplastic anaemia remains unproven. The close relationship of CFUc incidence to the percentage of granulocyte precursors in the marrow, together with the failure of the CFUc assay to predict clinical severity, limits the practical use of the assay to the confirmation of diagnosis in aplastic anaemia.", "PMID": 500837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4997", "title": "Malignant lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid histiocytes.", "content": "A series of 12 patients with a rare malignant lymphoma containing numerous epithelioid histiocytes (MLEH), originally believed to be an atypical variant of Hodgkin's disease, is described. Clinicopathological studies suggest MLEH is a distinct entity among the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas which is generally resistant to therapy and has an unfavourable prognosis. Differentiation of the disease from angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hodgkin's disease is discussed. In the necropsy case MLEH had transformed into a malignant lymphoma of histiocytic type.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid histiocytes. A series of 12 patients with a rare malignant lymphoma containing numerous epithelioid histiocytes (MLEH), originally believed to be an atypical variant of Hodgkin's disease, is described. Clinicopathological studies suggest MLEH is a distinct entity among the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas which is generally resistant to therapy and has an unfavourable prognosis. Differentiation of the disease from angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hodgkin's disease is discussed. In the necropsy case MLEH had transformed into a malignant lymphoma of histiocytic type.", "PMID": 500838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4998", "title": "Tablet sensitivity testing on pathogenic fungi.", "content": "A diffusion method for determining the sensitivity of pathogenic fungi to therapeutic agents is described using tablets containing the following antibiotics: amphotericin B, clotrimazole, econazole, fluorocytosine, and miconazole. The composition of the media used, standardisation of inocula, incubation time, and temperature are detailed.", "contents": "Tablet sensitivity testing on pathogenic fungi. A diffusion method for determining the sensitivity of pathogenic fungi to therapeutic agents is described using tablets containing the following antibiotics: amphotericin B, clotrimazole, econazole, fluorocytosine, and miconazole. The composition of the media used, standardisation of inocula, incubation time, and temperature are detailed.", "PMID": 500839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_4999", "title": "Handwashing and antiseptic-containing soaps in hospital.", "content": "Two aspects of handwashing in hospital were considered. A study was carried out to examine the contamination of bar soap and containers, and the use of antiseptic soaps in reducing the resident flora of the skin. Swabs were collected from soap dishes on six wards and from a bacteriology laboratory on four consecutive days. The unmedicated bar soap was replaced by bar soap containing 2.5% povidone-iodine, and further swabs were collected over a period of seven days. Ninety-two isolates from 48 samples were obtained when unmedicated bar soap was used, and nine isolates from 42 samples when povidone-iodine (Betadine) soap was substituted. The number of organisms recovered when povidone-iodine soap was used was much reduced, and Pseudomonas spp were recovered in low numbers on only one occasion. Six laboratory workers took part in a study to compare bar soap with other agents-povidone-iodine soap, povidone-iodine surgical scrub, povidone-iodine alcoholic solution, chlorhexidine surgical scrub, and alcoholic chlorhexidine. Samples were collected after standard washes and after surgical gloves had been worn for 90 minutes. The effect of multiple washes was assessed by samples collected after six washes with the agent under study (three per day) followed by 90 minutes wearing surgical gloves. The average percentage reduction in normal flora obtained indicated that alcoholic chlorhexidine was superior to the other agents.", "contents": "Handwashing and antiseptic-containing soaps in hospital. Two aspects of handwashing in hospital were considered. A study was carried out to examine the contamination of bar soap and containers, and the use of antiseptic soaps in reducing the resident flora of the skin. Swabs were collected from soap dishes on six wards and from a bacteriology laboratory on four consecutive days. The unmedicated bar soap was replaced by bar soap containing 2.5% povidone-iodine, and further swabs were collected over a period of seven days. Ninety-two isolates from 48 samples were obtained when unmedicated bar soap was used, and nine isolates from 42 samples when povidone-iodine (Betadine) soap was substituted. The number of organisms recovered when povidone-iodine soap was used was much reduced, and Pseudomonas spp were recovered in low numbers on only one occasion. Six laboratory workers took part in a study to compare bar soap with other agents-povidone-iodine soap, povidone-iodine surgical scrub, povidone-iodine alcoholic solution, chlorhexidine surgical scrub, and alcoholic chlorhexidine. Samples were collected after standard washes and after surgical gloves had been worn for 90 minutes. The effect of multiple washes was assessed by samples collected after six washes with the agent under study (three per day) followed by 90 minutes wearing surgical gloves. The average percentage reduction in normal flora obtained indicated that alcoholic chlorhexidine was superior to the other agents.", "PMID": 500840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5000", "title": "Apparent validity of alternative survey methods.", "content": "A comparison of results using three methods of obtaining the same survey data is reported. The assumption is made that in relation to a question for which there is a socially desirable response, e.g., use of seat restraints for children, those reporting nonuse or infrequent use are giving truthful answers. In an experiment in health education, follow-up assignments were made randomly, one third being interviewed face-to-face, one third by telephone, and the rest by a postal questionnaire. There were no significant differences by method of follow-up in the scores reflecting reported changes in behavior following instruction. Both the telephone and mail methods, however, appear to yield a higher proportion of \"truthful\", i.e., socially undersirable, responses; 30.4% of those contacted by telephone admitted to not using a restraint on the last trip, compared with 26.3% of those questioned by mail and 17.5% in a household interview. It is recommended that careful consideration be given to these alternative methods of obtaining data, particularly in view of their lower cost and possibly greater validity.", "contents": "Apparent validity of alternative survey methods. A comparison of results using three methods of obtaining the same survey data is reported. The assumption is made that in relation to a question for which there is a socially desirable response, e.g., use of seat restraints for children, those reporting nonuse or infrequent use are giving truthful answers. In an experiment in health education, follow-up assignments were made randomly, one third being interviewed face-to-face, one third by telephone, and the rest by a postal questionnaire. There were no significant differences by method of follow-up in the scores reflecting reported changes in behavior following instruction. Both the telephone and mail methods, however, appear to yield a higher proportion of \"truthful\", i.e., socially undersirable, responses; 30.4% of those contacted by telephone admitted to not using a restraint on the last trip, compared with 26.3% of those questioned by mail and 17.5% in a household interview. It is recommended that careful consideration be given to these alternative methods of obtaining data, particularly in view of their lower cost and possibly greater validity.", "PMID": 500844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5001", "title": "Meperidine surveillance in an outpatient department: the recognition of misuse and its control.", "content": "The identification of two patients who were misusing meperidine prescribed in a hospital prompted the establishment of a surveillance system to examine the possible extent of the problem of prescription narcotic abuse. All outpatient prescriptions for meperidine in a six-month period were reviewed and 17 high users were identified who were considered to be at greatest risk of misuse; they received 55% of all meperidine dispensed from the OPD pharmacy. These persons obtained their prescriptions primarily through the emergency room, they rarely saw the same physician twice, and 12 of them carried a diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Among these patients, four cases of definite abuse were identified. Interventions aimed at promoting continuity of care to the high users led to a 66% reduction in meperidine prescribed to this group in the emergency room and to a shift in their care to the clinics. Establishment of a registry for narcotic surveillance is a first toward recognition of outpatient drug abuse. Limiting prescribing privileges to the physician responsible for a patient's long-term care can further decrease this risk.", "contents": "Meperidine surveillance in an outpatient department: the recognition of misuse and its control. The identification of two patients who were misusing meperidine prescribed in a hospital prompted the establishment of a surveillance system to examine the possible extent of the problem of prescription narcotic abuse. All outpatient prescriptions for meperidine in a six-month period were reviewed and 17 high users were identified who were considered to be at greatest risk of misuse; they received 55% of all meperidine dispensed from the OPD pharmacy. These persons obtained their prescriptions primarily through the emergency room, they rarely saw the same physician twice, and 12 of them carried a diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Among these patients, four cases of definite abuse were identified. Interventions aimed at promoting continuity of care to the high users led to a 66% reduction in meperidine prescribed to this group in the emergency room and to a shift in their care to the clinics. Establishment of a registry for narcotic surveillance is a first toward recognition of outpatient drug abuse. Limiting prescribing privileges to the physician responsible for a patient's long-term care can further decrease this risk.", "PMID": 500845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5002", "title": "A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors: a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the CHAD program in Jerusalem.", "content": "A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the CHAD program, was instituted in a family practice in western Jerusalem in 1971. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated by comparing the findings of community surveys conducted in 1970 and 1975 and by comparing the changes with those observed in an adjacent control neighborhood. This paper reports the findings among men aged 35 years and above. In the community exposed to the program there was a decrease in mean systolic and disatolic pressures, in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and in the prevalence of cigarette smoking. The changes in blood pressures and smoking habits were significantly greater than those observed in the control population. In the control population (only) there was a small increase in mean body weight and a decrease in reported physical activity. The findings suggest that it is possible for a program that operates and through primary health care to have an appreciable influence upon cardiovascular risk factors in the community.", "contents": "A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors: a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the CHAD program in Jerusalem. A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the CHAD program, was instituted in a family practice in western Jerusalem in 1971. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated by comparing the findings of community surveys conducted in 1970 and 1975 and by comparing the changes with those observed in an adjacent control neighborhood. This paper reports the findings among men aged 35 years and above. In the community exposed to the program there was a decrease in mean systolic and disatolic pressures, in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and in the prevalence of cigarette smoking. The changes in blood pressures and smoking habits were significantly greater than those observed in the control population. In the control population (only) there was a small increase in mean body weight and a decrease in reported physical activity. The findings suggest that it is possible for a program that operates and through primary health care to have an appreciable influence upon cardiovascular risk factors in the community.", "PMID": 500846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5003", "title": "A review of over-the-counter drug therapy.", "content": "The authors review the extent of the use of nonprescription drugs as well as possible variables influencing such consumption. Various studies indicate that age, sex, personality characteristics, perceptions of health status, socioeconomic factors, parental example, and pharmacists all play parts in determining over-the-counter (OTC) drug utilization. Several sources express concern about the inaccessibility of accurate OTC drug information to the consumer. Indeed, even the FDA has occasional difficulty obtaining reliable facts on both the numbers and formulae of such products. Several studies indicate that consumers acquire information about their home remedies through advertising, friends and relatives, physicians, pharmacists, and product labels. By far the most influential of these is advertising, and much concern has been voiced over consumers' unquestioning faith in drug ads. Examples are cited of deceptive, inaccurate, and unfair advertising practices used by some OTC drug manufacturers. The pros and cons of the \"drug-oriented society\" theory are discussed, including an analysis of its underlying origins. Testing of the safety and efficacy of nonrescription remedies has proved to be controversial, especially when considering the ramifications of the placebo effect. Different surveys report widespread misuse of OTC's by consumers through overuse, taking several drugs concurrently, and using home remedies to treat potentially serious diseases.", "contents": "A review of over-the-counter drug therapy. The authors review the extent of the use of nonprescription drugs as well as possible variables influencing such consumption. Various studies indicate that age, sex, personality characteristics, perceptions of health status, socioeconomic factors, parental example, and pharmacists all play parts in determining over-the-counter (OTC) drug utilization. Several sources express concern about the inaccessibility of accurate OTC drug information to the consumer. Indeed, even the FDA has occasional difficulty obtaining reliable facts on both the numbers and formulae of such products. Several studies indicate that consumers acquire information about their home remedies through advertising, friends and relatives, physicians, pharmacists, and product labels. By far the most influential of these is advertising, and much concern has been voiced over consumers' unquestioning faith in drug ads. Examples are cited of deceptive, inaccurate, and unfair advertising practices used by some OTC drug manufacturers. The pros and cons of the \"drug-oriented society\" theory are discussed, including an analysis of its underlying origins. Testing of the safety and efficacy of nonrescription remedies has proved to be controversial, especially when considering the ramifications of the placebo effect. Different surveys report widespread misuse of OTC's by consumers through overuse, taking several drugs concurrently, and using home remedies to treat potentially serious diseases.", "PMID": 500849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5004", "title": "Life table analysis of membership in an HMO retention.", "content": "The retention patterns of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Oregon Region) were studied over a six-year period using a life table analysis. A 5% random sample, consisting of subscriber units that were enrolled at the initiation of the study of subsequently joined during the six-year period, were followed with respect to enrollment retention. The analysis presented here focuses on the 2,112 subscribers enrolled during the 1967-1970 period. These subscribers were characterized by the year they joined the plan and by their age and sex. The analyses showed that age of the subscriber and length of time on the plan consistently affected the probability of continued enrollment. The sex of the subscriber and the initial year of enrollment showed only a slight differential affect. A general pattern of high attrition in the first year, but rapid slackening thereafter, existed in all subgroup specific analyses. The utility of the analyses and the impact of the effect of differential membership retention on the plan are discussed.", "contents": "Life table analysis of membership in an HMO retention. The retention patterns of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Oregon Region) were studied over a six-year period using a life table analysis. A 5% random sample, consisting of subscriber units that were enrolled at the initiation of the study of subsequently joined during the six-year period, were followed with respect to enrollment retention. The analysis presented here focuses on the 2,112 subscribers enrolled during the 1967-1970 period. These subscribers were characterized by the year they joined the plan and by their age and sex. The analyses showed that age of the subscriber and length of time on the plan consistently affected the probability of continued enrollment. The sex of the subscriber and the initial year of enrollment showed only a slight differential affect. A general pattern of high attrition in the first year, but rapid slackening thereafter, existed in all subgroup specific analyses. The utility of the analyses and the impact of the effect of differential membership retention on the plan are discussed.", "PMID": 500848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5005", "title": "Accessory abducens nucleus and its relationship to the accessory facial and posterior trigeminal nuclei in cat.", "content": "Retrograde transport of HRP by the abducens nerve results in the labelling of its principal nucleus and, in addition, a second nucleus about 2.5 mm ventrolateral to the principal nucleus. The presence of this second or accessory nucleus of the abducens in a mammal confirms the observations of several Nineteenth Century anatomists and rebuts the conclusions of more recent investigators who argued that the nucleus was allied instead to the facial or trigeminal nerves. The same HRP technique applied to the facial or trigeminal nerves shows that the accessory nucleus of the abducens is in the same parasagittal plane as the accessory nucleus of the facial nerve and the most caudal cells of the motor trigeminal nucleus. The accessory abducens and accessory facial nuclei fall in a ventrocaudal to dorsorostral line between the principal nucleus of the facial and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal with the accessory abducens just caudal and ventral to the accessory facial.", "contents": "Accessory abducens nucleus and its relationship to the accessory facial and posterior trigeminal nuclei in cat. Retrograde transport of HRP by the abducens nerve results in the labelling of its principal nucleus and, in addition, a second nucleus about 2.5 mm ventrolateral to the principal nucleus. The presence of this second or accessory nucleus of the abducens in a mammal confirms the observations of several Nineteenth Century anatomists and rebuts the conclusions of more recent investigators who argued that the nucleus was allied instead to the facial or trigeminal nerves. The same HRP technique applied to the facial or trigeminal nerves shows that the accessory nucleus of the abducens is in the same parasagittal plane as the accessory nucleus of the facial nerve and the most caudal cells of the motor trigeminal nucleus. The accessory abducens and accessory facial nuclei fall in a ventrocaudal to dorsorostral line between the principal nucleus of the facial and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal with the accessory abducens just caudal and ventral to the accessory facial.", "PMID": 500850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5006", "title": "Cell growth in the monocular segment of the lateral geniculate nucleus following the opening or closing of one eye.", "content": "Both eyes were closed in 12 kittens soon after birth, and one eye was reopened at 23 days. From 14 to 26 days later, the cells in the monocular segment of the LGN connected to the open eye became significantly larger than the corresponding cells on the other side of the brain that were connected to the eye that was still closed. Up to 26 days after eye opening, the response of the monocular segment was similar to that of the binocular segment, so the latter may not be dependent on mutual inhibition or competition between sets of cells connected to each eye. From 30 to 60 days after eye opening, however, there were no differences between the monocular segments, but marked differences between the binocular A laminae where mutual inhibition and competition can occur. In seven more kittens both eyes were untouched until 23 days, when one eye was closed. Between 3 and 31 days later the deprived cells in the monocular segment of the LGN were not more than 8% smaller than those on the other side of the brain, and the measurements were not significantly different in any one cat. Within the binocular part of lamina A, cell growth is retarded by eye closure in two phases. Neither the early phase from 4--6 days nor the later phase from 21 days onwards occurred in the monocular segment, so both may be dependent on mutual inhibition of competition between the sets of cells connected to each eye. Two possible explanations of this difference between the effects of eye opening and eye closing are discussed.", "contents": "Cell growth in the monocular segment of the lateral geniculate nucleus following the opening or closing of one eye. Both eyes were closed in 12 kittens soon after birth, and one eye was reopened at 23 days. From 14 to 26 days later, the cells in the monocular segment of the LGN connected to the open eye became significantly larger than the corresponding cells on the other side of the brain that were connected to the eye that was still closed. Up to 26 days after eye opening, the response of the monocular segment was similar to that of the binocular segment, so the latter may not be dependent on mutual inhibition or competition between sets of cells connected to each eye. From 30 to 60 days after eye opening, however, there were no differences between the monocular segments, but marked differences between the binocular A laminae where mutual inhibition and competition can occur. In seven more kittens both eyes were untouched until 23 days, when one eye was closed. Between 3 and 31 days later the deprived cells in the monocular segment of the LGN were not more than 8% smaller than those on the other side of the brain, and the measurements were not significantly different in any one cat. Within the binocular part of lamina A, cell growth is retarded by eye closure in two phases. Neither the early phase from 4--6 days nor the later phase from 21 days onwards occurred in the monocular segment, so both may be dependent on mutual inhibition of competition between the sets of cells connected to each eye. Two possible explanations of this difference between the effects of eye opening and eye closing are discussed.", "PMID": 500851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5007", "title": "The effect of the sequence of contralateral cortical and collicular lesions on the rate of relearning a visual discrimination by cats.", "content": "Visual field deficits which follow ablation of the posterior two-thirds of one cerebral hemisphere in the cat have been shown to be ameliorated by ablation of the contralateral superior colliculus. The present study was designed to determine whether the sequence in which contralateral cortical and collicular lesions are made is a significant factor affecting the rate of monocular relearning through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical lesion. Nine adult cats had the optic chiasm sectioned, were trained to criterion monocularly on a dark-light discrimination, and were divided into two groups. Four cats (Group S) had one superior colliculus ablated, followed one month later by ablation of the contralateral two-thirds of the neocortex. Five cats (Group C) had the same lesions in the reverse order. One month after the second brain lesion, each cat was retrained monocularly through each eye on the dark-light discrimination for food reward in a Y-maze. Through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical lesion, all cats in Group S relearned to criterion more rapidly than cats previously reported with only unilateral neocortical lesions. Four of the five cats in Group C were severely retarded in relearning and two of these cats failed to relearn. The results show that when chiasm-sectioned cats are trained monocularly in a Y-maze on a dark-light discrimination, ablation of the superior colliculus prior to ablation of the contralateral neocortex facilitates relearning through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical ablation. When ablation of the superior colliculus follows the neocortical lesion, learning occurs but is not facilitated by the additional lesion.", "contents": "The effect of the sequence of contralateral cortical and collicular lesions on the rate of relearning a visual discrimination by cats. Visual field deficits which follow ablation of the posterior two-thirds of one cerebral hemisphere in the cat have been shown to be ameliorated by ablation of the contralateral superior colliculus. The present study was designed to determine whether the sequence in which contralateral cortical and collicular lesions are made is a significant factor affecting the rate of monocular relearning through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical lesion. Nine adult cats had the optic chiasm sectioned, were trained to criterion monocularly on a dark-light discrimination, and were divided into two groups. Four cats (Group S) had one superior colliculus ablated, followed one month later by ablation of the contralateral two-thirds of the neocortex. Five cats (Group C) had the same lesions in the reverse order. One month after the second brain lesion, each cat was retrained monocularly through each eye on the dark-light discrimination for food reward in a Y-maze. Through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical lesion, all cats in Group S relearned to criterion more rapidly than cats previously reported with only unilateral neocortical lesions. Four of the five cats in Group C were severely retarded in relearning and two of these cats failed to relearn. The results show that when chiasm-sectioned cats are trained monocularly in a Y-maze on a dark-light discrimination, ablation of the superior colliculus prior to ablation of the contralateral neocortex facilitates relearning through the eye ipsilateral to the cortical ablation. When ablation of the superior colliculus follows the neocortical lesion, learning occurs but is not facilitated by the additional lesion.", "PMID": 500852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5008", "title": "Connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake Crotalus viridis: an HRP study.", "content": "We have studied the connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake by tectal application of horseradish peroxidase. The tectum receives bilateral input from nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, posterolateral tegmental nuclei, anterior tegmental nuclei and periventricular nuclei; ipsilateral input from nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, and lateral geniculate nucleus pars dorsalis; and contralateral input from dorso-lateral posterior tegmental nucleus and the previously undescribed nucleus reticularis caloris (RC). RC is located on the ventro-lateral surface of the medulla and consists of large cells 25--45 micrometer in diameter. Efferent projections from the tectum can be traced to the ipsilateral nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, the ipsilateral lateral geniculate region, anterior tegmental region and a wide bilateral area of the neuropil of the ventral tegmentum and ventral medualla. We have not found any direct tectal projections from the sensory trigeminal nuclei including the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (LTTD). We suggest that in the rattlesnake, RC is the intermediate link connecting LTTD to the tectum.", "contents": "Connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake Crotalus viridis: an HRP study. We have studied the connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake by tectal application of horseradish peroxidase. The tectum receives bilateral input from nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, posterolateral tegmental nuclei, anterior tegmental nuclei and periventricular nuclei; ipsilateral input from nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, and lateral geniculate nucleus pars dorsalis; and contralateral input from dorso-lateral posterior tegmental nucleus and the previously undescribed nucleus reticularis caloris (RC). RC is located on the ventro-lateral surface of the medulla and consists of large cells 25--45 micrometer in diameter. Efferent projections from the tectum can be traced to the ipsilateral nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, the ipsilateral lateral geniculate region, anterior tegmental region and a wide bilateral area of the neuropil of the ventral tegmentum and ventral medualla. We have not found any direct tectal projections from the sensory trigeminal nuclei including the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (LTTD). We suggest that in the rattlesnake, RC is the intermediate link connecting LTTD to the tectum.", "PMID": 500853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5009", "title": "The development of vibrissae representation in subcortical trigeminal centers of the neonatal rat.", "content": "In every station of the trigeminal system of the young rat, the segmented activity of the mitochondrial enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) clearly delineates the representation of the mystacial vibrissae. In the trigeminal complex of the medulla, three parallel representation can be seen, two in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and one in the principal trigeminal nucleus. In the next station, the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, a single representation occurs. Likewise, layer IV of somatosensory cortex contains one representation of the vibrissae. Further, neonatal damage to the mystacial vibrissae results in anomalies within each representation. The present study delineates both the normal development of subcortical trigeminal stations and the aberrant organization seen after vibrisse removal. The results of a similar study on somatosensory cortex (Killackey and Belford, '79) and the present data allow the comparison of the development of each of the five vibrissae representations in the trigeminal system. In the brainstem, each of the three trigeminal complex representations are present at birth, although the pattern becomes more distinct over the first several days of life. Interestingly, vibrissae removal at birth induces an aberrant pattern that is distinct by postnatal Day 3. Although details are not equally discernible in each representation, the abnormalities appear to be similar. The SDH segmentation in the ventrobasal complex develops during postnatal Days 1 through 4. At Day 1, portions of the matrix of high density SDH activity break up into bands. Clusters can be discerned within these bands on Day 2. By Day 4 the pattern is sharply delineated. Vibrissae removal at birth results in anomalies that are a part of the initial development of segmentation, not a later reorganization. Comparison of the present data with that of our previous studies indicates that there is a sequential development of the central somatosensory structures related to the vibrissae, beginning with the most peripheral station. Further, there are many similarities in the development of each station. There are also differences which are particularly important in comparing the trigeminal nuclei with the later stations. The unique features in the abnormal development of the trigeminal nuclei are likely due to their direct connections with the periphery.", "contents": "The development of vibrissae representation in subcortical trigeminal centers of the neonatal rat. In every station of the trigeminal system of the young rat, the segmented activity of the mitochondrial enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) clearly delineates the representation of the mystacial vibrissae. In the trigeminal complex of the medulla, three parallel representation can be seen, two in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and one in the principal trigeminal nucleus. In the next station, the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, a single representation occurs. Likewise, layer IV of somatosensory cortex contains one representation of the vibrissae. Further, neonatal damage to the mystacial vibrissae results in anomalies within each representation. The present study delineates both the normal development of subcortical trigeminal stations and the aberrant organization seen after vibrisse removal. The results of a similar study on somatosensory cortex (Killackey and Belford, '79) and the present data allow the comparison of the development of each of the five vibrissae representations in the trigeminal system. In the brainstem, each of the three trigeminal complex representations are present at birth, although the pattern becomes more distinct over the first several days of life. Interestingly, vibrissae removal at birth induces an aberrant pattern that is distinct by postnatal Day 3. Although details are not equally discernible in each representation, the abnormalities appear to be similar. The SDH segmentation in the ventrobasal complex develops during postnatal Days 1 through 4. At Day 1, portions of the matrix of high density SDH activity break up into bands. Clusters can be discerned within these bands on Day 2. By Day 4 the pattern is sharply delineated. Vibrissae removal at birth results in anomalies that are a part of the initial development of segmentation, not a later reorganization. Comparison of the present data with that of our previous studies indicates that there is a sequential development of the central somatosensory structures related to the vibrissae, beginning with the most peripheral station. Further, there are many similarities in the development of each station. There are also differences which are particularly important in comparing the trigeminal nuclei with the later stations. The unique features in the abnormal development of the trigeminal nuclei are likely due to their direct connections with the periphery.", "PMID": 500854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5010", "title": "Efferent connections of the brainstem trigeminal complex with the facial nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The sensory surface of the face of the rat is topographically represented in the brainstem trigeminal complex (Nord, '67), and in parallel with this the underlying facial musculature is also represented in a topographic fashion in the facial nucleus (Papez, '27; Martin and Lodge, '77; Watson and Sakae, '78). It has been recently reported that in the young rat three distinct representations of the vibrissae are present in the sensory portion of the brainstem trigeminal complex (Belford and Killackey, '79). Within this perspective, the specific connectivity between the brainstem trigeminal complex and the facial nucleus was investigated in adult rats by Fink-Heimer technique. The two major sensory nuclei of the brainstem trigeminal complex, the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the principal sensory nucleus, differ in their projection patterns to the facial nucleus. While the principal sensory nucleus sends sparse projections to the ipsilateral lateral and dorsal subdivisions of the facial nucleus, the spinal trigeminal nucleus send differential projections to various subdivisions of the facial nucleus depending on their origin with respect to three cytoarchitectonically different subnuclei that compose the spinal trigeminal nucleus. It is concluded that the magnocellular portion of subnucleus caudalis projects rather heavily to the ipsilateral lateral subdivision of the facial nucleus, while the projections from the subnucleus interpolaris are sparser and distributed more widely to parts of the lateral, dorsal and intermediate subdivisions of the facial nucleus ipsilaterally. In contrast to ipsilateral facial projections from the rest of the brainstem trigeminal complex, the projections from the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus are bilateral and confined to the intermediate subdivision of the facial nucleus. However, ipsilateral projections of the subnucleus oralis are denser than the the very sparse contralateral projections. In addition to the facial projections from the brainstem trigeminal complex, projections from the upper portions of the cervical cord to the medial subdivision of the facial nucleus were observed. These projections ar bilateral, and those fibers destined for the contralateral medial subdivision cross over below the level of the pyramidal decussation.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the brainstem trigeminal complex with the facial nucleus of the rat. The sensory surface of the face of the rat is topographically represented in the brainstem trigeminal complex (Nord, '67), and in parallel with this the underlying facial musculature is also represented in a topographic fashion in the facial nucleus (Papez, '27; Martin and Lodge, '77; Watson and Sakae, '78). It has been recently reported that in the young rat three distinct representations of the vibrissae are present in the sensory portion of the brainstem trigeminal complex (Belford and Killackey, '79). Within this perspective, the specific connectivity between the brainstem trigeminal complex and the facial nucleus was investigated in adult rats by Fink-Heimer technique. The two major sensory nuclei of the brainstem trigeminal complex, the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the principal sensory nucleus, differ in their projection patterns to the facial nucleus. While the principal sensory nucleus sends sparse projections to the ipsilateral lateral and dorsal subdivisions of the facial nucleus, the spinal trigeminal nucleus send differential projections to various subdivisions of the facial nucleus depending on their origin with respect to three cytoarchitectonically different subnuclei that compose the spinal trigeminal nucleus. It is concluded that the magnocellular portion of subnucleus caudalis projects rather heavily to the ipsilateral lateral subdivision of the facial nucleus, while the projections from the subnucleus interpolaris are sparser and distributed more widely to parts of the lateral, dorsal and intermediate subdivisions of the facial nucleus ipsilaterally. In contrast to ipsilateral facial projections from the rest of the brainstem trigeminal complex, the projections from the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus are bilateral and confined to the intermediate subdivision of the facial nucleus. However, ipsilateral projections of the subnucleus oralis are denser than the the very sparse contralateral projections. In addition to the facial projections from the brainstem trigeminal complex, projections from the upper portions of the cervical cord to the medial subdivision of the facial nucleus were observed. These projections ar bilateral, and those fibers destined for the contralateral medial subdivision cross over below the level of the pyramidal decussation.", "PMID": 500855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5011", "title": "3H-estradiol, 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone localization in the brain of the lizard Anolis carolinensis: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The presence and the neuroanatomical topography of sex hormone concentrating cells in the brain of the American chameleon, Anolis carolinensis have been demonstrated by these experiments. After 3H-estradiol administration large numbers of hormone concentrating cells were found in the amygdala, septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. In addition, labelled cells were found in the torus semicircularis, in and around the nucleus isthmus pars parvocellularis. A small number of labelled cells could also be found in the rostral pallium, motor nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve, the raph\u00e9 nuclei, and the spinal cord. After 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration the neuroanatomical pattern was very similar to that found after 3H-estradiol; however, fewer labelled cells were seen after the androgens were given. Two exceptions to the similarity of pattern were in a caudal part of the pallium and in the mesencephalic tegmental area. Hormone-concentrating cells were found after 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration, while labelled cells in these two areas after 3H-estradiol administration were extremely rare. The pattern of hormone-concentrating cells was the same in male and female brains, for each of the hormones. The preoptic area, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary have been demonstrated in reptiles to be involved in neuroendocrine regulation and in the control of sex behaviors. The presence and neuroanatomical pattern of sex steroid binding cells in the brains of a wide variety of vertebrates have been documented. Large numbers of hormone-concentrating cells were found in all of these species in the medial preoptic area, tuberal hypothalamus, specific limbic structures, the mesencephalon deep to the tectum, and the anterior pituitary. Most hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of A. carolinensis were found in these same brain regions, thus indicating a vertebrate-wide stable core of hormone-concentrating cells in neuroanatomically defined regions.", "contents": "3H-estradiol, 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone localization in the brain of the lizard Anolis carolinensis: an autoradiographic study. The presence and the neuroanatomical topography of sex hormone concentrating cells in the brain of the American chameleon, Anolis carolinensis have been demonstrated by these experiments. After 3H-estradiol administration large numbers of hormone concentrating cells were found in the amygdala, septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. In addition, labelled cells were found in the torus semicircularis, in and around the nucleus isthmus pars parvocellularis. A small number of labelled cells could also be found in the rostral pallium, motor nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve, the raph\u00e9 nuclei, and the spinal cord. After 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration the neuroanatomical pattern was very similar to that found after 3H-estradiol; however, fewer labelled cells were seen after the androgens were given. Two exceptions to the similarity of pattern were in a caudal part of the pallium and in the mesencephalic tegmental area. Hormone-concentrating cells were found after 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration, while labelled cells in these two areas after 3H-estradiol administration were extremely rare. The pattern of hormone-concentrating cells was the same in male and female brains, for each of the hormones. The preoptic area, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary have been demonstrated in reptiles to be involved in neuroendocrine regulation and in the control of sex behaviors. The presence and neuroanatomical pattern of sex steroid binding cells in the brains of a wide variety of vertebrates have been documented. Large numbers of hormone-concentrating cells were found in all of these species in the medial preoptic area, tuberal hypothalamus, specific limbic structures, the mesencephalon deep to the tectum, and the anterior pituitary. Most hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of A. carolinensis were found in these same brain regions, thus indicating a vertebrate-wide stable core of hormone-concentrating cells in neuroanatomically defined regions.", "PMID": 500856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5012", "title": "The cellular origin of the b-wave in the electroretinogram -- a developmental approach.", "content": "Retinal ganglion cells and retinotectal synapses of chick embryos can be activated by electrical stimulation at early stages of development (Rager, '76a,b), whereas light evoked responses occur only towards the end of the incubation period. Thus, photoreceptors seem to be the last cells to mature in the chain of elements necessary to enable transmission of visual information to tectal neurons. In the present study the development of light evoked activity in the retina was investigated and compared with the structural maturation of retinal cells. This ontogenetic approach offers a solution to the problem of the cellular origin of the b-wave called in question by recent records of the potassioretinogram (KRG). Lammellar structures in the developing outer segments of photoreceptors can first be observed on incubation day 17. Late on the same day a corneal electroretinogram (ERG) and a visual evoked response on the optic tectum (VER) can be recorded. The response properties of the developing b-wave and VER were tested using various stimulus parameters. From the latencies of the b-wave and of the VER it is concluded that the b-wave is not generated directly by the activity of neurons involved in intraretinal signal transmission. Thus it is necessary to consider secondary processes triggered by neuronal activity such as depolarization of glial cells. In the chick retina, M\u00fcller cells are virtually the only glial cells. They fulfill all structural requirements necessary to explain the current which spreads through the retina during the b-wave. Electronmicroscopic analysis reveals that M\u00fcller cells undergo drastic changes during the early phase of b-wave development (incubation day 18). In particular, the number of microtubules per unit volume and the surface area of M\u00fcller cell processes in the outer plexiform layer increase considerably. It is, therefore, suggested that the b-wave originates in the depolarization of M\u00fcller cells secondary to synaptic activity in the outer plexiform layer.i", "contents": "The cellular origin of the b-wave in the electroretinogram -- a developmental approach. Retinal ganglion cells and retinotectal synapses of chick embryos can be activated by electrical stimulation at early stages of development (Rager, '76a,b), whereas light evoked responses occur only towards the end of the incubation period. Thus, photoreceptors seem to be the last cells to mature in the chain of elements necessary to enable transmission of visual information to tectal neurons. In the present study the development of light evoked activity in the retina was investigated and compared with the structural maturation of retinal cells. This ontogenetic approach offers a solution to the problem of the cellular origin of the b-wave called in question by recent records of the potassioretinogram (KRG). Lammellar structures in the developing outer segments of photoreceptors can first be observed on incubation day 17. Late on the same day a corneal electroretinogram (ERG) and a visual evoked response on the optic tectum (VER) can be recorded. The response properties of the developing b-wave and VER were tested using various stimulus parameters. From the latencies of the b-wave and of the VER it is concluded that the b-wave is not generated directly by the activity of neurons involved in intraretinal signal transmission. Thus it is necessary to consider secondary processes triggered by neuronal activity such as depolarization of glial cells. In the chick retina, M\u00fcller cells are virtually the only glial cells. They fulfill all structural requirements necessary to explain the current which spreads through the retina during the b-wave. Electronmicroscopic analysis reveals that M\u00fcller cells undergo drastic changes during the early phase of b-wave development (incubation day 18). In particular, the number of microtubules per unit volume and the surface area of M\u00fcller cell processes in the outer plexiform layer increase considerably. It is, therefore, suggested that the b-wave originates in the depolarization of M\u00fcller cells secondary to synaptic activity in the outer plexiform layer.i", "PMID": 500857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5013", "title": "Rods and cones in the mouse retina. I. Structural analysis using light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Rods and cones of the C57BL/6J mouse retina have been examined by light and electron microscopy to distinguish the structural features of the two photoreceptor types. By light microscopy, cone nuclei are conspicuously different from rod nuclei in 1-2 micrometer plastic sections. Cone nuclei have an irregularly shaped clump of heterochromatin that appears in single sections to be one to three clumps, whereas rod nuclei are more densely stained and have one large, central clump of heterochromatin. Cone nuclei make up approximately 3% of the photoreceptor nuclei in both the central and peripheral retina at all ages examined up to 267 days. Cone nuclei are confined to the outer half of the outer nuclear layer, and more than 50% of the cone nuclei lie adjacent to the outer limiting membrane. By electron microscopy, cones in the mouse retina meet virtually every morphological criterion of mammalian cones. The outer segments are conically shaped. Many, if not all of the outer segment discs are continuous with the outer plasma membrane, whereas almost all of the rod discs are not. Cone outer segments are only about half the length of the rod outer segments, and they are contacted by long, villous pigment epithelial cell processes. The cone inner segment diameter is greater than the outer segment diameter, and the accumulation of mitochondria present at the apical end of the inner segment forms a more conspicuous ellipsoid than in rods. The internal fiber or axon of the cone is larger in diameter than that of the rod, and it terminates in a large synaptic pedicle with multiple ribbon synapses, whereas the rod terminal is a smaller spherule with only a single ribbon synaptic complex.", "contents": "Rods and cones in the mouse retina. I. Structural analysis using light and electron microscopy. Rods and cones of the C57BL/6J mouse retina have been examined by light and electron microscopy to distinguish the structural features of the two photoreceptor types. By light microscopy, cone nuclei are conspicuously different from rod nuclei in 1-2 micrometer plastic sections. Cone nuclei have an irregularly shaped clump of heterochromatin that appears in single sections to be one to three clumps, whereas rod nuclei are more densely stained and have one large, central clump of heterochromatin. Cone nuclei make up approximately 3% of the photoreceptor nuclei in both the central and peripheral retina at all ages examined up to 267 days. Cone nuclei are confined to the outer half of the outer nuclear layer, and more than 50% of the cone nuclei lie adjacent to the outer limiting membrane. By electron microscopy, cones in the mouse retina meet virtually every morphological criterion of mammalian cones. The outer segments are conically shaped. Many, if not all of the outer segment discs are continuous with the outer plasma membrane, whereas almost all of the rod discs are not. Cone outer segments are only about half the length of the rod outer segments, and they are contacted by long, villous pigment epithelial cell processes. The cone inner segment diameter is greater than the outer segment diameter, and the accumulation of mitochondria present at the apical end of the inner segment forms a more conspicuous ellipsoid than in rods. The internal fiber or axon of the cone is larger in diameter than that of the rod, and it terminates in a large synaptic pedicle with multiple ribbon synapses, whereas the rod terminal is a smaller spherule with only a single ribbon synaptic complex.", "PMID": 500858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5014", "title": "Rods and cones in the mouse retina. II. Autoradiographic analysis of cell generation using tritiated thymidine.", "content": "The period of cell genesis of rod and cone photoreceptor cells has been determined in the retinas of C57BL/6J mice. Embryonic mice were exposed to a single dose of 3H-thymidine at embryonic day (E) 10--18 by injecting pregnant mice intraperitoneally. Animals at postnatal ages were injected subcutaneously once between postnatal day (P) 0--10. The eyes were removed at one to three months of age. After fixation, they were embedded in glycol methacrylate, sectioned at 1.5 micrometers and prepared for autoradiographic analysis. All of the cone cells are generated over a relatively short time interval during the fetal period. In the posterior retina, the peak of cone cell genesis occurs at E13-E14, and no cones are generated after E16. The rods, by contrast, are generated later and over a longer time period. They first begin to be generated in the posterior retina on E13, but the peak of cell genesis is not reached until the day of birth, and some rods are generated as late as P5. For both rods and cones the peaks of cell genesis in the peripheral retina occur two to three days later than in the posterior retina. The findings demonstrate that rods and cones are developmentally distinct cell types in the mouse retina.", "contents": "Rods and cones in the mouse retina. II. Autoradiographic analysis of cell generation using tritiated thymidine. The period of cell genesis of rod and cone photoreceptor cells has been determined in the retinas of C57BL/6J mice. Embryonic mice were exposed to a single dose of 3H-thymidine at embryonic day (E) 10--18 by injecting pregnant mice intraperitoneally. Animals at postnatal ages were injected subcutaneously once between postnatal day (P) 0--10. The eyes were removed at one to three months of age. After fixation, they were embedded in glycol methacrylate, sectioned at 1.5 micrometers and prepared for autoradiographic analysis. All of the cone cells are generated over a relatively short time interval during the fetal period. In the posterior retina, the peak of cone cell genesis occurs at E13-E14, and no cones are generated after E16. The rods, by contrast, are generated later and over a longer time period. They first begin to be generated in the posterior retina on E13, but the peak of cell genesis is not reached until the day of birth, and some rods are generated as late as P5. For both rods and cones the peaks of cell genesis in the peripheral retina occur two to three days later than in the posterior retina. The findings demonstrate that rods and cones are developmentally distinct cell types in the mouse retina.", "PMID": 500859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5015", "title": "Projections from the subiculum to the deep layers of the ipsilateral presubicular and entorhinal cortices in the guinea pig.", "content": "Projections from the subiculum to retrohippocampal areas were studied by reduced silver impregnation of anterograde degeneration and by autoradiographic tracing of transported proteins following injections of radioactive amino acids. The subiculum was found to project to the presubiculum and to the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal area. The projections are exclusively ipsilateral, and arranged in a dorso-ventral topographical order with the terminations confined to the deep cortical layers. The projections form part of multisynaptic chains within the hippocampal region and must also be implicated in output routes for hippocampal activity additional to the fimbria-fornix system.", "contents": "Projections from the subiculum to the deep layers of the ipsilateral presubicular and entorhinal cortices in the guinea pig. Projections from the subiculum to retrohippocampal areas were studied by reduced silver impregnation of anterograde degeneration and by autoradiographic tracing of transported proteins following injections of radioactive amino acids. The subiculum was found to project to the presubiculum and to the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal area. The projections are exclusively ipsilateral, and arranged in a dorso-ventral topographical order with the terminations confined to the deep cortical layers. The projections form part of multisynaptic chains within the hippocampal region and must also be implicated in output routes for hippocampal activity additional to the fimbria-fornix system.", "PMID": 500861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5016", "title": "Retinal projections in the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii.", "content": "Retinal projections were mapped in Tasmanian devils which had one eye injected with 3H-proline. The retinal fibers terminate in seven regions in the brain. These are (1) dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), (2) ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, (3) lateral posterior nucleus, (4) pretectum, (5) superior colliculus, (6) hypothalamus and (7) accessory optic system. The pattern of retinal input to six of these regions is similar to that seen in other marsupials. The pattern of retinal projections to the LGNd, while basically similar to that observed in other polyprotodont marsupials, is much simpler than that seen in the related native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus. The LGNd of Sarcophilus presents the simplest cytoarchitectural organisation of any marsupial examined so far. Each LGNd receives overlapping projections from both eyes. Suggestions of an intermittent lamination are seen in the LGNd contralateral to an eye injection of 3H-proline. On the ipsilateral side there are two patches of label, a large lateral patch and a smaller medial patch, both of which occupy areas receiving contralateral input. The monocular segment, occupying the ventral 40% of the nucleus, is more extensive than has been reported in any other polyprotodont marsupial.", "contents": "Retinal projections in the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii. Retinal projections were mapped in Tasmanian devils which had one eye injected with 3H-proline. The retinal fibers terminate in seven regions in the brain. These are (1) dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), (2) ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, (3) lateral posterior nucleus, (4) pretectum, (5) superior colliculus, (6) hypothalamus and (7) accessory optic system. The pattern of retinal input to six of these regions is similar to that seen in other marsupials. The pattern of retinal projections to the LGNd, while basically similar to that observed in other polyprotodont marsupials, is much simpler than that seen in the related native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus. The LGNd of Sarcophilus presents the simplest cytoarchitectural organisation of any marsupial examined so far. Each LGNd receives overlapping projections from both eyes. Suggestions of an intermittent lamination are seen in the LGNd contralateral to an eye injection of 3H-proline. On the ipsilateral side there are two patches of label, a large lateral patch and a smaller medial patch, both of which occupy areas receiving contralateral input. The monocular segment, occupying the ventral 40% of the nucleus, is more extensive than has been reported in any other polyprotodont marsupial.", "PMID": 500862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5017", "title": "The soap chamber test. A new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps.", "content": "The chamber test for assessing the irritancy of soaps entails five weekday exposures to 8% solutions with readings of scaling, redness, and fissuring on the following Monday. Eighteen well-known toilet soaps were evaluated. Great differences were noted. Most had an appreciable irritancy potential. These results contrast with a number of studies which failed to show differences among soaps or which concluded that soaps were innocuous.", "contents": "The soap chamber test. A new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps. The chamber test for assessing the irritancy of soaps entails five weekday exposures to 8% solutions with readings of scaling, redness, and fissuring on the following Monday. Eighteen well-known toilet soaps were evaluated. Great differences were noted. Most had an appreciable irritancy potential. These results contrast with a number of studies which failed to show differences among soaps or which concluded that soaps were innocuous.", "PMID": 500863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5018", "title": "Cutaneous irritation induced by crab larvae.", "content": "A cutaneous irritation on the exposed surfaces was induced by crab larvae. An abnormal sensation experienced only on exposed skin disappeared when the larval forms were removed. It is to be emphasized that multiple forms of marine animals may produce human cutaneous disorders.", "contents": "Cutaneous irritation induced by crab larvae. A cutaneous irritation on the exposed surfaces was induced by crab larvae. An abnormal sensation experienced only on exposed skin disappeared when the larval forms were removed. It is to be emphasized that multiple forms of marine animals may produce human cutaneous disorders.", "PMID": 500864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5019", "title": "Pigmentary changes in Seckel's syndrome.", "content": "Seckel's syndrome consists of multiple congenital anomalies, including bird-headed dwarfism, mental deficiency, and skeletal and ophthalmic defects. We report a patient with this syndrome who demonstrated pigmentary changes, including streaks of brown pigmentation on the neck, groin, and axillae. Histologic examination revealed pigment incontinence.", "contents": "Pigmentary changes in Seckel's syndrome. Seckel's syndrome consists of multiple congenital anomalies, including bird-headed dwarfism, mental deficiency, and skeletal and ophthalmic defects. We report a patient with this syndrome who demonstrated pigmentary changes, including streaks of brown pigmentation on the neck, groin, and axillae. Histologic examination revealed pigment incontinence.", "PMID": 500866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5020", "title": "Alarm reaction of pilosebaceous apparatus.", "content": "A series of histologic changes involving the pilosebaceous structures are described under the term \"alarm reaction.\" The follicular manifestation of this phenomenon is characterized by regression of hair matrix, forming a well-defined nest of small basaloid cells found in various parts of the follicular canal. The sebaceous glands either become undifferentiated, forming a solid mass of stratified squamous epithelium, or the sebaceous lobules are taken into the follicular canal and into the surface keratin layer.", "contents": "Alarm reaction of pilosebaceous apparatus. A series of histologic changes involving the pilosebaceous structures are described under the term \"alarm reaction.\" The follicular manifestation of this phenomenon is characterized by regression of hair matrix, forming a well-defined nest of small basaloid cells found in various parts of the follicular canal. The sebaceous glands either become undifferentiated, forming a solid mass of stratified squamous epithelium, or the sebaceous lobules are taken into the follicular canal and into the surface keratin layer.", "PMID": 500867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5021", "title": "\"Lumpy-bumpy\" elastic fibers in the skin and lungs of a patient with a penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa.", "content": "Penicillamine-induced cutaneous elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with a large air-cyst in the right lung is described in a 29-year-old female patient with Wilson disease. Identical light and electron-microscopic changes were present in both dermal and pulmonary elastic tissue, suggesting a disseminated drug-induced cutaneo-visceral elastosis. Lung cysts have not been previously reported in association with long term penicillamine treatment. The electron-microscopic morphology of the elastic fibers was found to be \"specific\" enough to allow separation of penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa from other forms of this disease.", "contents": "\"Lumpy-bumpy\" elastic fibers in the skin and lungs of a patient with a penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa. Penicillamine-induced cutaneous elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with a large air-cyst in the right lung is described in a 29-year-old female patient with Wilson disease. Identical light and electron-microscopic changes were present in both dermal and pulmonary elastic tissue, suggesting a disseminated drug-induced cutaneo-visceral elastosis. Lung cysts have not been previously reported in association with long term penicillamine treatment. The electron-microscopic morphology of the elastic fibers was found to be \"specific\" enough to allow separation of penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa from other forms of this disease.", "PMID": 500870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5022", "title": "Ultrastructural observation of rickettsia-like bodies in erythema cronicum migrans.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of skin biopsies taken from the lesions in two cases of erythema chronicum migrans revealed Rickettsia-like bodies free in the cytoplasm or within phagolysosomes in macrophages. There was also phagocytosis of cellular debris and collagen, and elastic fibers within macrophages.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observation of rickettsia-like bodies in erythema cronicum migrans. Electron microscopic examination of skin biopsies taken from the lesions in two cases of erythema chronicum migrans revealed Rickettsia-like bodies free in the cytoplasm or within phagolysosomes in macrophages. There was also phagocytosis of cellular debris and collagen, and elastic fibers within macrophages.", "PMID": 500871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5023", "title": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. An ultrastructural study of five cases.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of five cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans revealed that the basic cell was a spindle shaped fibroblast with a peculiar deeply lobulated nucleus. An origin from perineural and endoneural cells could not be established since basal lamina material was sparsely present in only one case and other differential features were missing. In one case histiocytic cells were found, but also in this case the basic cell was the fibroblast; so evidence of relationship with fibrous histiocytoma was not found.", "contents": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. An ultrastructural study of five cases. An ultrastructural study of five cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans revealed that the basic cell was a spindle shaped fibroblast with a peculiar deeply lobulated nucleus. An origin from perineural and endoneural cells could not be established since basal lamina material was sparsely present in only one case and other differential features were missing. In one case histiocytic cells were found, but also in this case the basic cell was the fibroblast; so evidence of relationship with fibrous histiocytoma was not found.", "PMID": 500872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5024", "title": "Disseminated epidermolytic acanthoma.", "content": "A 65-year-old Japanese male suffered from numerous brownish papules on his back for 6 months. Clinical appearance resembled seborrheic keratosis, but light microscopic examination revealed epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Electron findings were the same as those of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and systemic nevus verrucosus. It may be concluded that this type of skin disease is an acquired epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "contents": "Disseminated epidermolytic acanthoma. A 65-year-old Japanese male suffered from numerous brownish papules on his back for 6 months. Clinical appearance resembled seborrheic keratosis, but light microscopic examination revealed epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Electron findings were the same as those of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and systemic nevus verrucosus. It may be concluded that this type of skin disease is an acquired epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "PMID": 500873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5025", "title": "Syringometaplasia: mucinous and squamous variants.", "content": "The eccrine sweat ducts are normally lined by cuboidal epithelial cells which may rarely undergo metaplasia, i.e. syringometaplasia. Two lesions were observed in which eccrine sweat ducts displayed the mucinous and squamous variants of syringometaplasia. The first lesion clinically and histologically appeared to be a plantar wart. Microscopically, it consisted of a central invagination surrounded by marked epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The invagination was lined by keratinocytes admixed with mucin-filled goblet cells. The mucin was positive by the Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine stains. Numerous eccrine sweat ducts led into the invagination and were focally lined by the mucin-laden cells. Recognition of mucinous syringometaplasia is important since it may be confused with primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the skin. The second lesion occurred on the outer ear and was clinically believed to be chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Microscopically, there were many islands of atypical squamous cells within the papillary and reticular dermis. These epithelial islands represented squamous syringometaplasia since many contained central lumina with eosinophilic cuticles and blended with normal ductal structures. It is important not to confuse this metaplastic change with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous syringometaplasia may be analogous to necrotizing sialometaplasia, a recently described phenomenon which occurs in minor salivary glands.", "contents": "Syringometaplasia: mucinous and squamous variants. The eccrine sweat ducts are normally lined by cuboidal epithelial cells which may rarely undergo metaplasia, i.e. syringometaplasia. Two lesions were observed in which eccrine sweat ducts displayed the mucinous and squamous variants of syringometaplasia. The first lesion clinically and histologically appeared to be a plantar wart. Microscopically, it consisted of a central invagination surrounded by marked epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The invagination was lined by keratinocytes admixed with mucin-filled goblet cells. The mucin was positive by the Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine stains. Numerous eccrine sweat ducts led into the invagination and were focally lined by the mucin-laden cells. Recognition of mucinous syringometaplasia is important since it may be confused with primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the skin. The second lesion occurred on the outer ear and was clinically believed to be chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Microscopically, there were many islands of atypical squamous cells within the papillary and reticular dermis. These epithelial islands represented squamous syringometaplasia since many contained central lumina with eosinophilic cuticles and blended with normal ductal structures. It is important not to confuse this metaplastic change with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous syringometaplasia may be analogous to necrotizing sialometaplasia, a recently described phenomenon which occurs in minor salivary glands.", "PMID": 500875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5026", "title": "Paracolloid of the skin.", "content": "A 51-year-old Caucasian man presented with a yellowish lesion containing multiple protuberances over his right cheek. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed an anhistic substance lacking definite characteristics of either amyloid or collid milium. The term paracolloid degeneration of the skin is introduced to designate this substance which is believed to derive from collagen. A review of the literature showed similar cases previously published under the names of nodular amyloidosis or disseminated colloid.", "contents": "Paracolloid of the skin. A 51-year-old Caucasian man presented with a yellowish lesion containing multiple protuberances over his right cheek. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed an anhistic substance lacking definite characteristics of either amyloid or collid milium. The term paracolloid degeneration of the skin is introduced to designate this substance which is believed to derive from collagen. A review of the literature showed similar cases previously published under the names of nodular amyloidosis or disseminated colloid.", "PMID": 500877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5027", "title": "Proliferating pilar cyst with spindle cell component.", "content": "Proliferating pilar cysts are rare tumors which occur most commonly on the scalp of elderly women. The infiltrative areas of these tumors should be differentiated from epidermoid carcinoma because they are usually benign. The intimate association of this entity with a spindle cell component is described here, to our knowledge for the first time.", "contents": "Proliferating pilar cyst with spindle cell component. Proliferating pilar cysts are rare tumors which occur most commonly on the scalp of elderly women. The infiltrative areas of these tumors should be differentiated from epidermoid carcinoma because they are usually benign. The intimate association of this entity with a spindle cell component is described here, to our knowledge for the first time.", "PMID": 500878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5028", "title": "Dermal duct tumor.", "content": "A dermal duct tumor which clinically resembled an intradermal nevus and developed on the lower back of a 59-year-old woman is described. The diagnosis could only be reached by microscopic examination. The dermal duct tumor appears to originate from cells with differentiation towards the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct.", "contents": "Dermal duct tumor. A dermal duct tumor which clinically resembled an intradermal nevus and developed on the lower back of a 59-year-old woman is described. The diagnosis could only be reached by microscopic examination. The dermal duct tumor appears to originate from cells with differentiation towards the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct.", "PMID": 500879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5029", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of dermatofibromas.", "content": "The three-dimensional morphology of six dermatofibromas was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Hypertrophic epidermal ridges covered with large keratinized cells overlay each dermal lesion. Small collagenous fibers in the tumors contrasted with the bundles of much larger collagenous fibers in the normal dermis peripheral to the lesions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of dermatofibromas. The three-dimensional morphology of six dermatofibromas was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Hypertrophic epidermal ridges covered with large keratinized cells overlay each dermal lesion. Small collagenous fibers in the tumors contrasted with the bundles of much larger collagenous fibers in the normal dermis peripheral to the lesions.", "PMID": 500880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5030", "title": "Evaluation of the effects of adenosine on hepatic and adipocyte adenylate cyclase under conditions where adenosine is not generated endogenously.", "content": "Direct effects of adenosine on adipocyte and hepatic adenylate cyclase have been demonstrated in an assay system where adenosine is not generated. The substrate used, 2'-deoxy ATP may, on metabolism, only give rise to 2'-deoxyadenosine, which does not act at adenosine receptors. With a slight modification of existing assay techniques this assay system has been used to detect a hitherto undiscovered adenosine receptor on liver plasma membranes, which is antagonised by methylxanthines and which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in a GTP-dependent manner. The potent inhibitory effects of purine-modified adenosine analogs on fat cell adenylate cyclase are reproduced by adenosine in this assay system. An application of this approach to the study of adenylate cyclase not only simplifies detection of the role of adenosine, but also yields insights into the interaction between guanine nucleotides and hormones.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effects of adenosine on hepatic and adipocyte adenylate cyclase under conditions where adenosine is not generated endogenously. Direct effects of adenosine on adipocyte and hepatic adenylate cyclase have been demonstrated in an assay system where adenosine is not generated. The substrate used, 2'-deoxy ATP may, on metabolism, only give rise to 2'-deoxyadenosine, which does not act at adenosine receptors. With a slight modification of existing assay techniques this assay system has been used to detect a hitherto undiscovered adenosine receptor on liver plasma membranes, which is antagonised by methylxanthines and which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in a GTP-dependent manner. The potent inhibitory effects of purine-modified adenosine analogs on fat cell adenylate cyclase are reproduced by adenosine in this assay system. An application of this approach to the study of adenylate cyclase not only simplifies detection of the role of adenosine, but also yields insights into the interaction between guanine nucleotides and hormones.", "PMID": 500882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5031", "title": "Major elements in milk of the West African dwarf goats as affected by stage of lactation.", "content": "Tweove adult West African dwarf (Fouta djallon) does, about 2 years old and weighing from 25 to 28 kg were kept for lactation studies lasting two 19-week periods. During these periods the does were hand-milked twice daily and the daily samples were bulked for each animal for subsequent analysis. The results showed that the colostrum was much richer in its content (g/kg) of Na 1.44 +/- 0.17, K 3.38 +/- 0.22 and Cl 4.83 +/- 0.29 than the mature milk which contained (g/kg) Na 0.65 +/- 0.09, K 1.57 +/- 0.19 and Cl 2.46 +/- 0.58. The corresponding values obtained for Ca (0.65 +/- 0.02) and P (0.36 +/- 0.10) in the colostrum were, however, lower than 2.01 +/- 0.98 and 1.18 +/- 0.28 g/kg obtained for Ca and P respectively in the mature milk. The composition of these elements in the colostrum approached that of the normal goat's milk on the sixth d after parturition. The results showed a rise in Ca, P, Na and Cl levels with stage of lactation and a fall in K content of the milk with advancing lactation with the trends being highly significant (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Major elements in milk of the West African dwarf goats as affected by stage of lactation. Tweove adult West African dwarf (Fouta djallon) does, about 2 years old and weighing from 25 to 28 kg were kept for lactation studies lasting two 19-week periods. During these periods the does were hand-milked twice daily and the daily samples were bulked for each animal for subsequent analysis. The results showed that the colostrum was much richer in its content (g/kg) of Na 1.44 +/- 0.17, K 3.38 +/- 0.22 and Cl 4.83 +/- 0.29 than the mature milk which contained (g/kg) Na 0.65 +/- 0.09, K 1.57 +/- 0.19 and Cl 2.46 +/- 0.58. The corresponding values obtained for Ca (0.65 +/- 0.02) and P (0.36 +/- 0.10) in the colostrum were, however, lower than 2.01 +/- 0.98 and 1.18 +/- 0.28 g/kg obtained for Ca and P respectively in the mature milk. The composition of these elements in the colostrum approached that of the normal goat's milk on the sixth d after parturition. The results showed a rise in Ca, P, Na and Cl levels with stage of lactation and a fall in K content of the milk with advancing lactation with the trends being highly significant (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 500883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5032", "title": "Potential use of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of parturient paresis.", "content": "Twelve cows, at least third parity, were assigned randomly to either a control or treatment group. Treated cows received .4 mg of the vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol intramusculary in 5 ml corn oil. Intramuscular injections were started 5 days before predicted calving with reinjections every 5 days until calving. Incidence of parturient paresis was 0 and 33% (2 of 6) in the treated and control groups. Response to treatment was rapid with elevated calcium in serum approximately 12 h postinjection. Treatment maintained or elevated calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum during the critical period, 24 h pre- to 48 h postpartum, when milk fever is most likely to occur. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments at 72 h postpartum. Based on these observations 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol holds promise as a preventative of parturient paresis; however, further studies are needed on application and safety.", "contents": "Potential use of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of parturient paresis. Twelve cows, at least third parity, were assigned randomly to either a control or treatment group. Treated cows received .4 mg of the vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol intramusculary in 5 ml corn oil. Intramuscular injections were started 5 days before predicted calving with reinjections every 5 days until calving. Incidence of parturient paresis was 0 and 33% (2 of 6) in the treated and control groups. Response to treatment was rapid with elevated calcium in serum approximately 12 h postinjection. Treatment maintained or elevated calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum during the critical period, 24 h pre- to 48 h postpartum, when milk fever is most likely to occur. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments at 72 h postpartum. Based on these observations 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol holds promise as a preventative of parturient paresis; however, further studies are needed on application and safety.", "PMID": 500893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5033", "title": "Relationship between plasma calcium and QT interval of electrocardiogram in dairy cows.", "content": "Relationships between calcium of blood plasma and measurements of the electrocardiogram QT interval corrected for heart rate and interval from Q to the apex of T corrected for heart rate were investigated in six dairy cows. Calcium was varied by infusing 4.7% solution of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid disodium salt to induce hypocalcemia, followed by treatment with calcium borogluconate. The within-cow regressions of the intervals on calcium in plasma were significant in all four electrocardiogram leads (leads I, aVF, SIII, and SaVF). These regressions differed between cows in these same leads. Correlation coefficients between calcium and the intervals were consistently larger than --.94 in lead SIII in all cows. When the results from four of the cows similar in age and breed were analyzed separately, regression coefficients between individual cows were not significantly different. However, intervals adjusted for calcium in plasma differed between cows.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma calcium and QT interval of electrocardiogram in dairy cows. Relationships between calcium of blood plasma and measurements of the electrocardiogram QT interval corrected for heart rate and interval from Q to the apex of T corrected for heart rate were investigated in six dairy cows. Calcium was varied by infusing 4.7% solution of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid disodium salt to induce hypocalcemia, followed by treatment with calcium borogluconate. The within-cow regressions of the intervals on calcium in plasma were significant in all four electrocardiogram leads (leads I, aVF, SIII, and SaVF). These regressions differed between cows in these same leads. Correlation coefficients between calcium and the intervals were consistently larger than --.94 in lead SIII in all cows. When the results from four of the cows similar in age and breed were analyzed separately, regression coefficients between individual cows were not significantly different. However, intervals adjusted for calcium in plasma differed between cows.", "PMID": 500894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5034", "title": "Importance of animal products in the human diet.", "content": "Increased interest in food, nutrition, and health has led to critical evaluation of the American diet by governmental, scientific, and consumer groups. The exact role of diet in health and disease continues to be debated. Over the years trends in consumption of foods and nutrients have developed. These issues are examined. Historically, animal products have played a key role in the overall health of Americans. The contributions of animal products to human nutrition are emphasized along with an introduction to the use of the concept of nutrient density.", "contents": "Importance of animal products in the human diet. Increased interest in food, nutrition, and health has led to critical evaluation of the American diet by governmental, scientific, and consumer groups. The exact role of diet in health and disease continues to be debated. Over the years trends in consumption of foods and nutrients have developed. These issues are examined. Historically, animal products have played a key role in the overall health of Americans. The contributions of animal products to human nutrition are emphasized along with an introduction to the use of the concept of nutrient density.", "PMID": 500895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5035", "title": "Effect of prepartum selenium-vitamin E injection on time for placenta to pass and on productive functions.", "content": "The effect of a single injection of selenium-vitamin E containing 21.9 mg sodium selenite upon time for placenta to pass following calving and on subsequent reproductive and lactational performance was evaluated. Incidence of retained placenta was 11.4%. This amount of selenium-vitamin E did not affect the time for placenta to pass, did not reduce calving difficulty, nor did it increase number of heats prior to first breeding, decrease days open or services per conception, or increase milk the next lactation.", "contents": "Effect of prepartum selenium-vitamin E injection on time for placenta to pass and on productive functions. The effect of a single injection of selenium-vitamin E containing 21.9 mg sodium selenite upon time for placenta to pass following calving and on subsequent reproductive and lactational performance was evaluated. Incidence of retained placenta was 11.4%. This amount of selenium-vitamin E did not affect the time for placenta to pass, did not reduce calving difficulty, nor did it increase number of heats prior to first breeding, decrease days open or services per conception, or increase milk the next lactation.", "PMID": 500896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5036", "title": "Amylase genetic variation of serum in Holstein cattle.", "content": "Three amylase phenotypes, AmIB, AmIC, and AmIBC, were detected by electrophoresis of blood serum from 329 Holstein cattle. These phenotypes appear to be controlled by two alleles AmIB and AmIC at the amylase I locus (AmI). Frequencies were .518 and .482 for alleles B and C. The numbers of phenotypes corresponded closely to expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No evidence of linkage between the AmI locus and other genetic marker loci of blood and milk was detected.", "contents": "Amylase genetic variation of serum in Holstein cattle. Three amylase phenotypes, AmIB, AmIC, and AmIBC, were detected by electrophoresis of blood serum from 329 Holstein cattle. These phenotypes appear to be controlled by two alleles AmIB and AmIC at the amylase I locus (AmI). Frequencies were .518 and .482 for alleles B and C. The numbers of phenotypes corresponded closely to expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No evidence of linkage between the AmI locus and other genetic marker loci of blood and milk was detected.", "PMID": 500897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5037", "title": "Reproductive hormones associated with normal and abnormal changes in ovarian follicles in postpartum dairy cows.", "content": "Concentrations of reproductive hormones and ovarian changes were monitored every 4 days during the postpartum period in 35 dairy cows. The cows were classified as either control (22 cows) or cystic (13 cows) based on per rectum examination of the ovaries. Control cows were detected with a corpus luteum after the first postpartum ovulation while in cystic cows, ovarian follicles of at least 2.5 cm in diameter persisted in the absence of a corpus luteum for at least 14 days. The mean postpartum interval to the first follicle 1.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter was about 16 days for both groups. Ovulation was detected earlier postpartum for cows in the control group (18.4 +/- 1.7 days) than for cows in the cystic group (36.3 +/- 2.7 days). Luteinizing hormone in plasma increased during the early postpartum period (days 1 to 10) for both groups, but mean concentrations of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol-17 beta in plasma were not different between groups then or on days -8, -4, or 0 (day of the first postpartum follicle 1.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter). During this period (days -8 to 0), estradiol-17 beta and luteinizing hormone in plasma were correlated positively, but regression coefficients differed between groups. These results suggest a partial hypothalamic and/or pituitary failure in releasing pituitary luteinizing hormone as a cause for postpartum ovarian cysts.", "contents": "Reproductive hormones associated with normal and abnormal changes in ovarian follicles in postpartum dairy cows. Concentrations of reproductive hormones and ovarian changes were monitored every 4 days during the postpartum period in 35 dairy cows. The cows were classified as either control (22 cows) or cystic (13 cows) based on per rectum examination of the ovaries. Control cows were detected with a corpus luteum after the first postpartum ovulation while in cystic cows, ovarian follicles of at least 2.5 cm in diameter persisted in the absence of a corpus luteum for at least 14 days. The mean postpartum interval to the first follicle 1.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter was about 16 days for both groups. Ovulation was detected earlier postpartum for cows in the control group (18.4 +/- 1.7 days) than for cows in the cystic group (36.3 +/- 2.7 days). Luteinizing hormone in plasma increased during the early postpartum period (days 1 to 10) for both groups, but mean concentrations of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol-17 beta in plasma were not different between groups then or on days -8, -4, or 0 (day of the first postpartum follicle 1.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter). During this period (days -8 to 0), estradiol-17 beta and luteinizing hormone in plasma were correlated positively, but regression coefficients differed between groups. These results suggest a partial hypothalamic and/or pituitary failure in releasing pituitary luteinizing hormone as a cause for postpartum ovarian cysts.", "PMID": 500898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5038", "title": "Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test, and somatic cell counts for identifying cows for treatment in a selective dry cow therapy program.", "content": "Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test scores, and filter-deoxyribonucleic acid cell counts from 232 cows were used to project the effectiveness of criteria which could be used to determine which cows to treat in a selective dry cow therapy program. Bacteriological analyses of quarter milk samples were used to identify infected cows. Effects of month, lactation parity, stage of lactation, and interaction of stage of lactation with lactation parity on somatic cell numbers in milk were determined. The various criteria singly or in combinations correctly identified from 50 to over 92% of the cows with one or more infected quarters at drying off. However, from 25 to 80% of the cows free of infection would have been treated as well. The most discriminating criteria were two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter where 53% of the cows with infected quarters were identified correctly and only 25% of the uninfected cows would be treated, or the two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter plus a California Mastitis Test score of +2 or +3 at drying off. Here 89% of the cows with infected quarters would be treated, and 56% of the uninfected cows would be treated.", "contents": "Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test, and somatic cell counts for identifying cows for treatment in a selective dry cow therapy program. Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test scores, and filter-deoxyribonucleic acid cell counts from 232 cows were used to project the effectiveness of criteria which could be used to determine which cows to treat in a selective dry cow therapy program. Bacteriological analyses of quarter milk samples were used to identify infected cows. Effects of month, lactation parity, stage of lactation, and interaction of stage of lactation with lactation parity on somatic cell numbers in milk were determined. The various criteria singly or in combinations correctly identified from 50 to over 92% of the cows with one or more infected quarters at drying off. However, from 25 to 80% of the cows free of infection would have been treated as well. The most discriminating criteria were two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter where 53% of the cows with infected quarters were identified correctly and only 25% of the uninfected cows would be treated, or the two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter plus a California Mastitis Test score of +2 or +3 at drying off. Here 89% of the cows with infected quarters would be treated, and 56% of the uninfected cows would be treated.", "PMID": 500899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5039", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis: a problem in differential diagnosis.", "content": "Seven clinical criteria and corroborative findings from a properly taken biopsy are necessary for the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. A properly taken biopsy for eosinophilic fasciitis must be to muscle. The technique of taking a specimen of tissue to muscle depth is described.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis: a problem in differential diagnosis. Seven clinical criteria and corroborative findings from a properly taken biopsy are necessary for the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. A properly taken biopsy for eosinophilic fasciitis must be to muscle. The technique of taking a specimen of tissue to muscle depth is described.", "PMID": 500924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5040", "title": "Complex radiotherapeutic techniques required in the management of certain cutaneous malignancies.", "content": "Complex radiotherapeutic techniques are occasionally required in the management of certain cutaneous malignancies. This report cites two clinical conditions and their circumstances for which techniques were applicable, and illustrates the results obtained.", "contents": "Complex radiotherapeutic techniques required in the management of certain cutaneous malignancies. Complex radiotherapeutic techniques are occasionally required in the management of certain cutaneous malignancies. This report cites two clinical conditions and their circumstances for which techniques were applicable, and illustrates the results obtained.", "PMID": 500925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5041", "title": "Vesiculation of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis in acral lentiginous malignant melanoma.", "content": "A case of acral lentiginous malignant melanoma is presented in detailed clinical and histologic features because it showed an unusually large vesicle in which there were findings consistent with an exaggerated focal acantholytic dyskeratosis.", "contents": "Vesiculation of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis in acral lentiginous malignant melanoma. A case of acral lentiginous malignant melanoma is presented in detailed clinical and histologic features because it showed an unusually large vesicle in which there were findings consistent with an exaggerated focal acantholytic dyskeratosis.", "PMID": 500926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5042", "title": "Treatment of basal-cell carcinomas with a carbon-dioxide laser.", "content": "Treatment of basal-cell carcinomas with a carbon-dioxide laser was studied in 24 lesions for adequacy of treatment, the healing process, and the eventual cosmetic result after twelve months. There was a recurrence rate of 50% at the end of one year; healing occurred with mild degrees of hypopigmentation, erythema, and depression; and the cosmetic result was rated good or better than good in 10 of 11 lesions available for judgment. The high recurrence rate was due, we think, to our cautious use of the laser, which, we think nevertheless, warrants further trial with more aggressive application.", "contents": "Treatment of basal-cell carcinomas with a carbon-dioxide laser. Treatment of basal-cell carcinomas with a carbon-dioxide laser was studied in 24 lesions for adequacy of treatment, the healing process, and the eventual cosmetic result after twelve months. There was a recurrence rate of 50% at the end of one year; healing occurred with mild degrees of hypopigmentation, erythema, and depression; and the cosmetic result was rated good or better than good in 10 of 11 lesions available for judgment. The high recurrence rate was due, we think, to our cautious use of the laser, which, we think nevertheless, warrants further trial with more aggressive application.", "PMID": 500927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5043", "title": "Scalp reduction for alopecia.", "content": "A 17-year-old boy had a large, scarred area of alopecia from a thermal burn. Forty square centimeters of scarred scalp skin were excised in six sessions. The cosmetic result was excellent. Neither hypertrophic nor keloidal scarring supervened. The technique of scalp reduction and its procedure as an adjunct to hair transplantation is discussed.", "contents": "Scalp reduction for alopecia. A 17-year-old boy had a large, scarred area of alopecia from a thermal burn. Forty square centimeters of scarred scalp skin were excised in six sessions. The cosmetic result was excellent. Neither hypertrophic nor keloidal scarring supervened. The technique of scalp reduction and its procedure as an adjunct to hair transplantation is discussed.", "PMID": 500928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5044", "title": "Pancuronium blood level monitoring in patients with tetanus.", "content": "Overdosage of muscle relaxant has been given as a possible explanation for the hypotensive episodes occurring during the management of tetanus. The aim of the present work was to study the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium during long term infusion. Pancuronium was administered to eight patients with severe tetanus for a period varying from 8 to 24 days. The concentration of pancuronium was measured daily in plasma and urine using a fluorimetric method. The plasma concentration varied from 0.27 to 0.48 microgram/ml. No tendency to accumulation was observed. The plasma concentration fell rapidly below the level associated with muscle relaxation when pancuronium was discontinued. This absence of accumulation can be explained by a rapid elimination of pancuronium through the kidney according to a process of ultrafiltration.", "contents": "Pancuronium blood level monitoring in patients with tetanus. Overdosage of muscle relaxant has been given as a possible explanation for the hypotensive episodes occurring during the management of tetanus. The aim of the present work was to study the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium during long term infusion. Pancuronium was administered to eight patients with severe tetanus for a period varying from 8 to 24 days. The concentration of pancuronium was measured daily in plasma and urine using a fluorimetric method. The plasma concentration varied from 0.27 to 0.48 microgram/ml. No tendency to accumulation was observed. The plasma concentration fell rapidly below the level associated with muscle relaxation when pancuronium was discontinued. This absence of accumulation can be explained by a rapid elimination of pancuronium through the kidney according to a process of ultrafiltration.", "PMID": 500938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5045", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in septic shock.", "content": "Septic shock associated with depressed myocardial function generally requires the use of catecholamine. Currently dopamine is often selected. Dobutamine is a newly developed catecholamine which has been shown to be of value in severe cardiomyopathic disease. The aim of this work was to determine the most appropriate drug by comparing haemodynamic responses to dopamine and dobutamine in 19 studies carried out in 11 patients with septic shock and heart failure. Cardiac index increased siliarly with dopamine and dobutamine (33%), as did stroke volume (respectively 26.4 and 25%). Arterial pressure increased by 17% with dopamine whereas it did not significantly change with dobutamine due to reduction in vascular resistance of 19%. Dobutamine decreased filling pressure, either right (14%) of left (28%) whilst they slightly but unsignificantly increased with dopamine. Pulmonary shunting increased more with dopamine (47%) than with dobutamine (16%), but PaO2 remained constant with both. Since septic shock is characterized by lowered arterial pressure and vasodilatation it is concluded that effects of dopamine on capacitance and resistance vessels make this drug more suitable. In addition it selectively increases renal blood flow. Nevertheless dobutamine could be appropriate, in case of very high filling pressures, severe peripheral vasoconstriction, marked pulmonary shunting and in some cases where dopamine becomes ineffective.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in septic shock. Septic shock associated with depressed myocardial function generally requires the use of catecholamine. Currently dopamine is often selected. Dobutamine is a newly developed catecholamine which has been shown to be of value in severe cardiomyopathic disease. The aim of this work was to determine the most appropriate drug by comparing haemodynamic responses to dopamine and dobutamine in 19 studies carried out in 11 patients with septic shock and heart failure. Cardiac index increased siliarly with dopamine and dobutamine (33%), as did stroke volume (respectively 26.4 and 25%). Arterial pressure increased by 17% with dopamine whereas it did not significantly change with dobutamine due to reduction in vascular resistance of 19%. Dobutamine decreased filling pressure, either right (14%) of left (28%) whilst they slightly but unsignificantly increased with dopamine. Pulmonary shunting increased more with dopamine (47%) than with dobutamine (16%), but PaO2 remained constant with both. Since septic shock is characterized by lowered arterial pressure and vasodilatation it is concluded that effects of dopamine on capacitance and resistance vessels make this drug more suitable. In addition it selectively increases renal blood flow. Nevertheless dobutamine could be appropriate, in case of very high filling pressures, severe peripheral vasoconstriction, marked pulmonary shunting and in some cases where dopamine becomes ineffective.", "PMID": 500939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5046", "title": "Study of right ventricular function in ischaemic heart disease using radionuclide angiocardiography.", "content": "A technique for the estimation of LVEF from first passage radionuclide angiocardiography was adapted to provide estimates of RVEF. In 17 subjects with no history of cardiovascular disease mean LVEF was 0.71 +/- 0.08 and mean RVEF 0.65 +/- 0.08. Mean values for 15 subjects with coronary artery disease but no previous history of myocardial infarction were 0.66 +/- 0.10 for LVEF and 0.65 +/- 0.08 for RVEF. Depressed ejection fractions were found after acute myocardial infarction. LVEF was lower after anterior (0.43 +/- 0.06) than inferior (0.51 +/- 0.10) infarction. RVEF was normal in the majority of subjects with anterior infarction (0.58 +/- 0.10) but was depressed after inferior infarction (0.50 +/- 0.05). Similar, although less marked, results were found in a group of subjects with old myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Study of right ventricular function in ischaemic heart disease using radionuclide angiocardiography. A technique for the estimation of LVEF from first passage radionuclide angiocardiography was adapted to provide estimates of RVEF. In 17 subjects with no history of cardiovascular disease mean LVEF was 0.71 +/- 0.08 and mean RVEF 0.65 +/- 0.08. Mean values for 15 subjects with coronary artery disease but no previous history of myocardial infarction were 0.66 +/- 0.10 for LVEF and 0.65 +/- 0.08 for RVEF. Depressed ejection fractions were found after acute myocardial infarction. LVEF was lower after anterior (0.43 +/- 0.06) than inferior (0.51 +/- 0.10) infarction. RVEF was normal in the majority of subjects with anterior infarction (0.58 +/- 0.10) but was depressed after inferior infarction (0.50 +/- 0.05). Similar, although less marked, results were found in a group of subjects with old myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 500940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5047", "title": "Circulatory defects during phenformin lactic acidosis.", "content": "Detailed hemodynamic and metabolic studies were performed during the course of phenformin related lactic acidosis in two patients. Arterial blood lactate was increased to 11.5 and 26.1 mM/L and arterial blood pH was reduced to 7.05 and 6.80 units, respectively. A marked reduction in cardiac indices (0.94 and 1.15 L/min/m2), stroke volume, and stroke work were observed, with either normal or increased arterial resistance. Mild increases in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (50/11), 45/25 mmHg) were observed, but necropsy in both cases disclosed no evidence of pulmonary vascular obstruction. In the absence of increases in central venous and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, a cardiac failure was excluded as primary cause of the low output state. Hypovolemia was excluded on the basis of radioisotope dilution measurements of plasma volume and red cell mass and no increase in cardiac output followed volume expansion. Oxygen extraction from blood was not grossly impaired. These observations indicate that phenformin-related lactic acidosis may evolve as a circulatory defect characteristic of shock in which oxygen delivery rather than oxygen utilization is impaired. The hemodynamic defect is best explained by a defect in the intravascular distribution of blood volume.", "contents": "Circulatory defects during phenformin lactic acidosis. Detailed hemodynamic and metabolic studies were performed during the course of phenformin related lactic acidosis in two patients. Arterial blood lactate was increased to 11.5 and 26.1 mM/L and arterial blood pH was reduced to 7.05 and 6.80 units, respectively. A marked reduction in cardiac indices (0.94 and 1.15 L/min/m2), stroke volume, and stroke work were observed, with either normal or increased arterial resistance. Mild increases in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (50/11), 45/25 mmHg) were observed, but necropsy in both cases disclosed no evidence of pulmonary vascular obstruction. In the absence of increases in central venous and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, a cardiac failure was excluded as primary cause of the low output state. Hypovolemia was excluded on the basis of radioisotope dilution measurements of plasma volume and red cell mass and no increase in cardiac output followed volume expansion. Oxygen extraction from blood was not grossly impaired. These observations indicate that phenformin-related lactic acidosis may evolve as a circulatory defect characteristic of shock in which oxygen delivery rather than oxygen utilization is impaired. The hemodynamic defect is best explained by a defect in the intravascular distribution of blood volume.", "PMID": 500942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5048", "title": "Metabolic acidosis and coma due to an overdose of nalidixic acid.", "content": "A case of severe metabolic acidosis and coma after taking 28 g of nalidixic acid is described. After administration of 600 mEq of sodium bicarbonate the patient developed a respiratory alkalosis with secondary tetany. She recovered her state of consciousness nine hours later and the acid-base disturbance resolved after sixty hours.", "contents": "Metabolic acidosis and coma due to an overdose of nalidixic acid. A case of severe metabolic acidosis and coma after taking 28 g of nalidixic acid is described. After administration of 600 mEq of sodium bicarbonate the patient developed a respiratory alkalosis with secondary tetany. She recovered her state of consciousness nine hours later and the acid-base disturbance resolved after sixty hours.", "PMID": 500943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5049", "title": "Haemodynamics in phaeochromocytoma. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "The haemodynamic measurements made in two cases of proved phaeochromocytoma are described. In both the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was markedly increased and was associated with a decreased preload. In one case, phentolamine infusion, when lowering the SVR, produced a marked decrease in the cardiac index resulting in a state of hypovolemic shock. This was successfully treated by the administration of plasma expanders. The data tend to indicate that haemodynamic measurements in cases of phaeochromocytoma could be both of diagnostic and therapeutic interest.", "contents": "Haemodynamics in phaeochromocytoma. A report of 2 cases. The haemodynamic measurements made in two cases of proved phaeochromocytoma are described. In both the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was markedly increased and was associated with a decreased preload. In one case, phentolamine infusion, when lowering the SVR, produced a marked decrease in the cardiac index resulting in a state of hypovolemic shock. This was successfully treated by the administration of plasma expanders. The data tend to indicate that haemodynamic measurements in cases of phaeochromocytoma could be both of diagnostic and therapeutic interest.", "PMID": 500944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5050", "title": "Characteristics of transcutaneous oxygen tension monitors in normal adults and critically ill patients.", "content": "The performance characteristics of two transcutaneous PO2 monitors were detailed in eleven healthy adults and eighteen critically ill patients (twelve following cardiopulmonary bypass). There was no significant difference in their performance when blood was used as the calibrating medium. In critically ill patients they proved to be of value for recording short term trends in arterial PO2 rather than for measuring absolute values.", "contents": "Characteristics of transcutaneous oxygen tension monitors in normal adults and critically ill patients. The performance characteristics of two transcutaneous PO2 monitors were detailed in eleven healthy adults and eighteen critically ill patients (twelve following cardiopulmonary bypass). There was no significant difference in their performance when blood was used as the calibrating medium. In critically ill patients they proved to be of value for recording short term trends in arterial PO2 rather than for measuring absolute values.", "PMID": 500945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5051", "title": "Auditory discrimination of rise and decay times in tone and noise bursts.", "content": "There are indications in the literature on speech perception that differences in rise and decay times of the amplitude envelope are relevant physical correlates in phonemic contrasts. Yet, little is known about the perception of rise and decay times as such. In the present study we have attempted to establish JND's for both rise and decay times of 1000-Hz sine waves as well as white noise bursts by means of an adjustment method. The rise and decay of stimulus amplitude were synthesized to be linear functions of time. Results show that the JND for a change in rise/decay time is generally about 25% of the duration of the rise/decay time. This Weber fraction is a minimum at rise/decay times of about 80 ms and increases significantly for rise/decay times below 20 ms. Of the four signal condition noise bursts were performed with the greatest accuracy (at moderate rise/decay times), while changes in onset time of sine waves were discriminated best at very short rise times (where energy splatter may have contributed an additional cue).", "contents": "Auditory discrimination of rise and decay times in tone and noise bursts. There are indications in the literature on speech perception that differences in rise and decay times of the amplitude envelope are relevant physical correlates in phonemic contrasts. Yet, little is known about the perception of rise and decay times as such. In the present study we have attempted to establish JND's for both rise and decay times of 1000-Hz sine waves as well as white noise bursts by means of an adjustment method. The rise and decay of stimulus amplitude were synthesized to be linear functions of time. Results show that the JND for a change in rise/decay time is generally about 25% of the duration of the rise/decay time. This Weber fraction is a minimum at rise/decay times of about 80 ms and increases significantly for rise/decay times below 20 ms. Of the four signal condition noise bursts were performed with the greatest accuracy (at moderate rise/decay times), while changes in onset time of sine waves were discriminated best at very short rise times (where energy splatter may have contributed an additional cue).", "PMID": 500968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5052", "title": "The effect of timing errors on the intelligibility of deaf children's speech.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of timing errors on the intelligibility of deaf children's speech. Deviant timing patterns were corrected in the recorded speech samples of six deaf children using digital speech processing techniques. The speech waveform was modified to correct timing errors only, leaving all other aspects of the speech unchanged. The following six-stage approximation procedure was used to correct the deviant timing patterns: (1) original, unaltered utterances, (2) correction of pauses only, (3) correction of relative timing, (4) correction of absolute syllable duration, (5) correction of relative timing and pauses, and (6) correction of absolute syllable duration and pauses. Measures of speech intelligibility were obtained for the original and the computer-modified utterances. On the average, the highest intelligibility score was obtained when relative timing errors only were corrected. The correction of this type of error improved the intelligibility of both stressed and unstressed words within a phrase. Improvements in word intelligibility, which occurred when relative timing was corrected, appeared to be closely related to the number of phonemic errors present within a word. The second highest intelligibility score was obtained for the original, unaltered sentences. On the average, the intelligibility scores obtained for the other four forms of timing modification were poorer than those obtained for the original sentences. Thus, the data show that intelligibility improved, on the average, when only one type of error, relative timing, was corrected.", "contents": "The effect of timing errors on the intelligibility of deaf children's speech. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of timing errors on the intelligibility of deaf children's speech. Deviant timing patterns were corrected in the recorded speech samples of six deaf children using digital speech processing techniques. The speech waveform was modified to correct timing errors only, leaving all other aspects of the speech unchanged. The following six-stage approximation procedure was used to correct the deviant timing patterns: (1) original, unaltered utterances, (2) correction of pauses only, (3) correction of relative timing, (4) correction of absolute syllable duration, (5) correction of relative timing and pauses, and (6) correction of absolute syllable duration and pauses. Measures of speech intelligibility were obtained for the original and the computer-modified utterances. On the average, the highest intelligibility score was obtained when relative timing errors only were corrected. The correction of this type of error improved the intelligibility of both stressed and unstressed words within a phrase. Improvements in word intelligibility, which occurred when relative timing was corrected, appeared to be closely related to the number of phonemic errors present within a word. The second highest intelligibility score was obtained for the original, unaltered sentences. On the average, the intelligibility scores obtained for the other four forms of timing modification were poorer than those obtained for the original sentences. Thus, the data show that intelligibility improved, on the average, when only one type of error, relative timing, was corrected.", "PMID": 500969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5053", "title": "Speech synthesis by linear interpolation of spectral parameters between dyad boundaries.", "content": "A recent study [Olive and Spickenagel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 993-996 (1976)] has shown that area parameters derived from linear prediction analysis can be linearly interpolated between dyad boundaries with very little distortion in the resultant synthesized speech. The success of area parameter interpolation raises a question: can other acoustic parameters, such as the power spectrum of the speech waveform, be similarly interpolated? The spectrum is of special interest because speech can be synthesized in real time from spectral parameters on a programmable digital filter. To study this question a speech analysis-synthesis system using spectral parameters (samples of power spectra at different frequencies) was simulated. These parameters were determined from the speech signal at every dyad boundary, and interpolated for intermediate values. Dyad boundaries (representing the limits of transition regions between phonemes) were determined manually. Informal listening tests comparing synthetic speech with and without linear interpolation showed slight degradation in the interpolated speech. This degradation is significantly reduced by using an additional point within the dyad boundaries for interpolation.", "contents": "Speech synthesis by linear interpolation of spectral parameters between dyad boundaries. A recent study [Olive and Spickenagel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 993-996 (1976)] has shown that area parameters derived from linear prediction analysis can be linearly interpolated between dyad boundaries with very little distortion in the resultant synthesized speech. The success of area parameter interpolation raises a question: can other acoustic parameters, such as the power spectrum of the speech waveform, be similarly interpolated? The spectrum is of special interest because speech can be synthesized in real time from spectral parameters on a programmable digital filter. To study this question a speech analysis-synthesis system using spectral parameters (samples of power spectra at different frequencies) was simulated. These parameters were determined from the speech signal at every dyad boundary, and interpolated for intermediate values. Dyad boundaries (representing the limits of transition regions between phonemes) were determined manually. Informal listening tests comparing synthetic speech with and without linear interpolation showed slight degradation in the interpolated speech. This degradation is significantly reduced by using an additional point within the dyad boundaries for interpolation.", "PMID": 500970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5054", "title": "Speech-reception threshold for sentences as a function of age and noise level.", "content": "For 140 male subjects (20 per decade between the ages 20 and 89) and 72 female subjects (20 per decade between 60 and 89, and 12 for the age interval 90-96), the monaural speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and at four noise levels (22.2, 37.5, 52.5, and 67.5 dBA noise with long-term average speech spectra). The median SRT as well as the quartiles are given as a function of age. The data are described in terms of a model published earlier [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 533-549 (1978)]. According to this model every hearing loss for speech (SHL) is interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss class D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. Both SHLA+D (hearing loss in quiet) and SHLD (hearing loss at high noise levels) increase progressively above the age of 50 (reaching typical values of 30 and 6 dB, respectively, at age 85). The spread of SHLD as a function of SHLA+D for the individual ears is so large (sigma = 2.7 dB) that subjects with the same hearing loss for speech in quiet may differ considerably in their ability to understand speech in noise. The data confirm that the hearing handicap of many elderly subjects manifests itself primarily in a noisy environment. Acceptable noise levels in rooms used by the aged must be 5 to 10 dB lower than those for normal-hearing subjects.", "contents": "Speech-reception threshold for sentences as a function of age and noise level. For 140 male subjects (20 per decade between the ages 20 and 89) and 72 female subjects (20 per decade between 60 and 89, and 12 for the age interval 90-96), the monaural speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and at four noise levels (22.2, 37.5, 52.5, and 67.5 dBA noise with long-term average speech spectra). The median SRT as well as the quartiles are given as a function of age. The data are described in terms of a model published earlier [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 533-549 (1978)]. According to this model every hearing loss for speech (SHL) is interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss class D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. Both SHLA+D (hearing loss in quiet) and SHLD (hearing loss at high noise levels) increase progressively above the age of 50 (reaching typical values of 30 and 6 dB, respectively, at age 85). The spread of SHLD as a function of SHLA+D for the individual ears is so large (sigma = 2.7 dB) that subjects with the same hearing loss for speech in quiet may differ considerably in their ability to understand speech in noise. The data confirm that the hearing handicap of many elderly subjects manifests itself primarily in a noisy environment. Acceptable noise levels in rooms used by the aged must be 5 to 10 dB lower than those for normal-hearing subjects.", "PMID": 500971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5055", "title": "Binaural critical masking bands.", "content": "Current understanding of the relation monaural estimates of the critical bandwidth for masking and those obtained in binaural listening situations is poor. The present study was designed to improve this situation by obtaining estimates of critical bandwich when the signal and masker were presented: (1) monaurally (NmSm), (2) binaurally with both signal and masker in phase at the ears (NoSo), (3) binaurally with masker in phase and signals 180 degrees out of phase (NoSpi). Threshold estimates were obtained in a two-interval forced-choice paradigm as a function of masker bandwidth for signal frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz for the three conditions mentioned above. Maskers were computer-synthesized and had essentially infinite rejection slopes. For all conditions, as masker bandwidth was narrowed from wide band, threshold remained relatively constant until some critical bandwidth was reached. Further reductions in bandwidth were followed by progressive lowering of threshold, presumably due to removal of masker energy in the critical band. For both signal frequencies, the derived critical bandwidth estimates for the NmSm and NoSo conditions were similar and were smaller than the critical bandwidth estimates obtained in the NoSpi condition.", "contents": "Binaural critical masking bands. Current understanding of the relation monaural estimates of the critical bandwidth for masking and those obtained in binaural listening situations is poor. The present study was designed to improve this situation by obtaining estimates of critical bandwich when the signal and masker were presented: (1) monaurally (NmSm), (2) binaurally with both signal and masker in phase at the ears (NoSo), (3) binaurally with masker in phase and signals 180 degrees out of phase (NoSpi). Threshold estimates were obtained in a two-interval forced-choice paradigm as a function of masker bandwidth for signal frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz for the three conditions mentioned above. Maskers were computer-synthesized and had essentially infinite rejection slopes. For all conditions, as masker bandwidth was narrowed from wide band, threshold remained relatively constant until some critical bandwidth was reached. Further reductions in bandwidth were followed by progressive lowering of threshold, presumably due to removal of masker energy in the critical band. For both signal frequencies, the derived critical bandwidth estimates for the NmSm and NoSo conditions were similar and were smaller than the critical bandwidth estimates obtained in the NoSpi condition.", "PMID": 500972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5056", "title": "Signal detection in computer-synthesized noise.", "content": "Human observers detected sinusoidal and pulse-train signals in noise derived from two computer-synthesized sources and from a Gaussian noise source. The synthesized noise stimuli were generated from sequences of pulses whose amplitudes were drawn from two divergent types of probability distributions: a centrally peaked distribution and a bimodal distribution. No differences in the detectability of signals in these noise stimuli were evident at pulse rates of 1000, 2000, 4000, or 10 000 Hz. subjects could not discriminate between the two types of computer-generated maskers at any pulse rate. The data support a spectrum-analyzer model of detection in which multiband filtering of the input smooths the masker energy in each spectral region to approximate the Gaussian case.", "contents": "Signal detection in computer-synthesized noise. Human observers detected sinusoidal and pulse-train signals in noise derived from two computer-synthesized sources and from a Gaussian noise source. The synthesized noise stimuli were generated from sequences of pulses whose amplitudes were drawn from two divergent types of probability distributions: a centrally peaked distribution and a bimodal distribution. No differences in the detectability of signals in these noise stimuli were evident at pulse rates of 1000, 2000, 4000, or 10 000 Hz. subjects could not discriminate between the two types of computer-generated maskers at any pulse rate. The data support a spectrum-analyzer model of detection in which multiband filtering of the input smooths the masker energy in each spectral region to approximate the Gaussian case.", "PMID": 500973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5057", "title": "The range of spectral integration.", "content": "The results of two complementary detection tasks using digitally synthesized noise are reported. In one experiment the bandwidth of the synthetic noise was varied to reveal the region most effective in masking a 1-kHz signal. The bandwidth of the internal filter (\"critical band\") so measured was about 80 Hz. In another experiment, a wideband noise was used as the masker for a synthetic signal whose bandwidth another experiment, a wideband noise was used as the masker for a synthetic signal whose bandwidth was varied to determine the maximum effective width of the internal filter. Although some earlier experiments suggest maximum effective widths as small as 180-200 Hz (around 1 kHz), the data reported here indicate the range of spectral integration extends from the critical band to a maximum width that may exceed 3 kHz. In addition, the good agreement between the two experiments suggests a new method for estimating critical bandwidths based on the determination of two thresholds: that of a tonal signal in a wideband masker and that of a supracritical-width noise signal in a wider-bandwidth masker.", "contents": "The range of spectral integration. The results of two complementary detection tasks using digitally synthesized noise are reported. In one experiment the bandwidth of the synthetic noise was varied to reveal the region most effective in masking a 1-kHz signal. The bandwidth of the internal filter (\"critical band\") so measured was about 80 Hz. In another experiment, a wideband noise was used as the masker for a synthetic signal whose bandwidth another experiment, a wideband noise was used as the masker for a synthetic signal whose bandwidth was varied to determine the maximum effective width of the internal filter. Although some earlier experiments suggest maximum effective widths as small as 180-200 Hz (around 1 kHz), the data reported here indicate the range of spectral integration extends from the critical band to a maximum width that may exceed 3 kHz. In addition, the good agreement between the two experiments suggests a new method for estimating critical bandwidths based on the determination of two thresholds: that of a tonal signal in a wideband masker and that of a supracritical-width noise signal in a wider-bandwidth masker.", "PMID": 500974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5058", "title": "Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds.", "content": "The detectability of amplitude modulation in the absence of spectral cues provides a quantitative description of temporal resolution for steady-state signals with relatively small amplitude changes. Modulation thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated wideband noise were measured as a function of modulation frequency. The resulting \"Temporal Modulation Transfer Function\" (TMTF) shows a lowpass characteristic for modulation frequencies below about 800 Hz. The lowpass characteristic is extended up to approximately 2 kHz when the increment in average power produced by modulation is eliminated. The important parametric effects are summarized as follows: (1) TMTFs are independent of overall level, except at very low intensities; (2) the time constant indicated by the TMTF decreases as the center frequency of the band-limited, modulated noise is increased; (3) modulation thresholds generally decrease with increasing duration of modulation, particularly at low modulation frequencies; (4) when the carrier is gated for the duration of modulation, the TMTF shows a highpass segment at low modulation frequencies. Although the TMTFs are not directly consistent with the attenuation characteristic of a simple lowpass filter, a model which incorporates such a filter, with a time constant of 2.5 ms, describes the entire TMTF and also describes the modulation functions obtained with square-wave and pulse modulation. The wide bandwidth of initial filtering indicated by the model raises the important question of the role of peripheral filtering in determining the detectability of high-frequency modulation.", "contents": "Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds. The detectability of amplitude modulation in the absence of spectral cues provides a quantitative description of temporal resolution for steady-state signals with relatively small amplitude changes. Modulation thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated wideband noise were measured as a function of modulation frequency. The resulting \"Temporal Modulation Transfer Function\" (TMTF) shows a lowpass characteristic for modulation frequencies below about 800 Hz. The lowpass characteristic is extended up to approximately 2 kHz when the increment in average power produced by modulation is eliminated. The important parametric effects are summarized as follows: (1) TMTFs are independent of overall level, except at very low intensities; (2) the time constant indicated by the TMTF decreases as the center frequency of the band-limited, modulated noise is increased; (3) modulation thresholds generally decrease with increasing duration of modulation, particularly at low modulation frequencies; (4) when the carrier is gated for the duration of modulation, the TMTF shows a highpass segment at low modulation frequencies. Although the TMTFs are not directly consistent with the attenuation characteristic of a simple lowpass filter, a model which incorporates such a filter, with a time constant of 2.5 ms, describes the entire TMTF and also describes the modulation functions obtained with square-wave and pulse modulation. The wide bandwidth of initial filtering indicated by the model raises the important question of the role of peripheral filtering in determining the detectability of high-frequency modulation.", "PMID": 500975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5059", "title": "Representation of steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharge patterns of populations of auditory-nerve fibers.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the representation of the spectra of synthesized steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharges of auditory-nerve fibers. The results are based on a study of the responses of large numbers of single auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. By presenting the same set of stimuli to all the fibers encountered in each cat, we can directly estimate the population response to those stimuli. Period histograms of the responses of each unit to the vowels were constructed. The temporal response of a fiber to each harmonic component of the stimulus is taken to be the amplitude of the corresponding component in the Fourier transform of the unit's period histogram. At low sound levels, the temporal response to each stimulus component is maximal among units with CFs near the frequency of the component (i.e., near its place). Responses to formant components are larger than responses to other stimulus components. As sound level is increased, the responses to the formants, particularly the first formant, increase near their places and spread to adjacent regions, particularly toward higher CFs. Responses to nonformant components, exept for harmonics and intermodulation products of the formants (2F1,2F2,F1 + F2, etc), are suppressed; at the highest sound levels used (approximately 80 dB SPL), temporal responses occur almost exclusively at the first two or three formants and their harmonics and intermodulation products. We describe a simple calculation which combines rate, place, and temporal information to provide a good representation of the vowels' spectra, including a clear indication of at least the first two formant frequencies. This representation is stable with changes in sound level at least up to 80 dB SPL; its stability is in sharp contrast to the behavior of the representation of the vowels' spectra in terms of discharge rate which degenerates at stimulus levels within the conversational range.", "contents": "Representation of steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharge patterns of populations of auditory-nerve fibers. This paper is concerned with the representation of the spectra of synthesized steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharges of auditory-nerve fibers. The results are based on a study of the responses of large numbers of single auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. By presenting the same set of stimuli to all the fibers encountered in each cat, we can directly estimate the population response to those stimuli. Period histograms of the responses of each unit to the vowels were constructed. The temporal response of a fiber to each harmonic component of the stimulus is taken to be the amplitude of the corresponding component in the Fourier transform of the unit's period histogram. At low sound levels, the temporal response to each stimulus component is maximal among units with CFs near the frequency of the component (i.e., near its place). Responses to formant components are larger than responses to other stimulus components. As sound level is increased, the responses to the formants, particularly the first formant, increase near their places and spread to adjacent regions, particularly toward higher CFs. Responses to nonformant components, exept for harmonics and intermodulation products of the formants (2F1,2F2,F1 + F2, etc), are suppressed; at the highest sound levels used (approximately 80 dB SPL), temporal responses occur almost exclusively at the first two or three formants and their harmonics and intermodulation products. We describe a simple calculation which combines rate, place, and temporal information to provide a good representation of the vowels' spectra, including a clear indication of at least the first two formant frequencies. This representation is stable with changes in sound level at least up to 80 dB SPL; its stability is in sharp contrast to the behavior of the representation of the vowels' spectra in terms of discharge rate which degenerates at stimulus levels within the conversational range.", "PMID": 500976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5060", "title": "Optimum threshold crossings and time-window validation in threshold pure-tone computerized audiometry.", "content": "Two versions of the \"10 dB down-5 dB up\" rule were computerized: (1) with a \"lax\" time-window response validation in which a subject had to press and release a button within the window of 15-3750 ms after onset of a 1-s tone in his earphone (this was designed to stimulate the condition often found in manual audiometry) and (2) with a \"strict\" condition in which he had to respond within 60-795 ms after onset of the tone and release the button within 15-750 ms following the tone. A threshold-seeking run was continued using 5-dB steps until the threshold had been crossed six times. With 24 subjects it was found that 13 of 288 runs did not yield the \"ASHA\" criterion (three ascending series ending on the same hearing level (HL), out of any six or fewer consecutive series), but of these 13 runs all but one run did meet the \"ANSI\" criterion (two ascending series ending on the same HL, out of any three or fewer consecutive series). The ANSI Hearinnd yielded essentially the same means. An ANSI HTL was established within four or fewer ascending series for 95% or more of the runs, while an average of five extra stimuli was needed to pursue the run until an ASHA HTL was achieved (a savings of nearly 5 min per person). It was recommended that the ANSI Criterion for HTL be adopted for many audiometric situations, that a maximum of four ascending series be completed in any single threshold-seeking run, and that rather strict time windows be set within which onset and offset responses may register.", "contents": "Optimum threshold crossings and time-window validation in threshold pure-tone computerized audiometry. Two versions of the \"10 dB down-5 dB up\" rule were computerized: (1) with a \"lax\" time-window response validation in which a subject had to press and release a button within the window of 15-3750 ms after onset of a 1-s tone in his earphone (this was designed to stimulate the condition often found in manual audiometry) and (2) with a \"strict\" condition in which he had to respond within 60-795 ms after onset of the tone and release the button within 15-750 ms following the tone. A threshold-seeking run was continued using 5-dB steps until the threshold had been crossed six times. With 24 subjects it was found that 13 of 288 runs did not yield the \"ASHA\" criterion (three ascending series ending on the same hearing level (HL), out of any six or fewer consecutive series), but of these 13 runs all but one run did meet the \"ANSI\" criterion (two ascending series ending on the same HL, out of any three or fewer consecutive series). The ANSI Hearinnd yielded essentially the same means. An ANSI HTL was established within four or fewer ascending series for 95% or more of the runs, while an average of five extra stimuli was needed to pursue the run until an ASHA HTL was achieved (a savings of nearly 5 min per person). It was recommended that the ANSI Criterion for HTL be adopted for many audiometric situations, that a maximum of four ascending series be completed in any single threshold-seeking run, and that rather strict time windows be set within which onset and offset responses may register.", "PMID": 500977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5061", "title": "Human values and ethics: professional responsibility.", "content": "Following professional codes does not automatically lead to ethical decision-making. Because the health professional makes a commitment to care for human beings and these persons are in a state of need which only expert advice can rectify, a professional decision requires ethical analysis of values. Such analysis engages the whole person in a process of self-reflection and critique of action, something a code of ethics does not provide. For health professionals, including nutritionists and dietitians, the insight is not just philosophical; it stems from the very nature of the profession.", "contents": "Human values and ethics: professional responsibility. Following professional codes does not automatically lead to ethical decision-making. Because the health professional makes a commitment to care for human beings and these persons are in a state of need which only expert advice can rectify, a professional decision requires ethical analysis of values. Such analysis engages the whole person in a process of self-reflection and critique of action, something a code of ethics does not provide. For health professionals, including nutritionists and dietitians, the insight is not just philosophical; it stems from the very nature of the profession.", "PMID": 500980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5062", "title": "Title VII--Nutrition Program for the Elderly. II. Relationship of socioeconomic factors to one day's nutrient intake.", "content": "Food records from 466 participants in the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly were analyzed to determine the relationship of eating at the program site to improvement in dietary intake and to socioeconomic factors. The subjects were divided into three groups: (a) Participants who ate at the meal site on the day of the food record, (b) participants who did not eat there on the day of the food record, and (c) non-participants. Eating at the meal site erased significant differences in dietary intake of nutrients consumed at home related to sex, education, and occupation. Seven nutrients and energy were significantly associated with these factors for both groups of persons not eating at the meal site on the day of the record. However, only sex was related to intake of nutrients (energy, protein, and thiamin) for those eating at the meal site. Women and the socioeconomically disadvantaged benefited the most from the program.", "contents": "Title VII--Nutrition Program for the Elderly. II. Relationship of socioeconomic factors to one day's nutrient intake. Food records from 466 participants in the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly were analyzed to determine the relationship of eating at the program site to improvement in dietary intake and to socioeconomic factors. The subjects were divided into three groups: (a) Participants who ate at the meal site on the day of the food record, (b) participants who did not eat there on the day of the food record, and (c) non-participants. Eating at the meal site erased significant differences in dietary intake of nutrients consumed at home related to sex, education, and occupation. Seven nutrients and energy were significantly associated with these factors for both groups of persons not eating at the meal site on the day of the record. However, only sex was related to intake of nutrients (energy, protein, and thiamin) for those eating at the meal site. Women and the socioeconomically disadvantaged benefited the most from the program.", "PMID": 500981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5063", "title": "The nutrition program for older Americans. Evaluation and recommendations.", "content": "A nutrition program for older Americans, funded under Title VII of the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended, which served 547 persons over fifty-nine years of age, was evaluated. The results indicate the desirability of: (a) Employing dietitians to administer the program at regional, state, and area levels; (b) serving meals at least five days a week; and (c) including more than one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances in the meals served. Women, the socioeconomically disadvantaged, and the oldest senior citizens appeared to be helped the most by these programs. Analysis of blood samples indicated that emphasis on serving vitamin A- and ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables and 3 oz. meat in each meal is warranted.", "contents": "The nutrition program for older Americans. Evaluation and recommendations. A nutrition program for older Americans, funded under Title VII of the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended, which served 547 persons over fifty-nine years of age, was evaluated. The results indicate the desirability of: (a) Employing dietitians to administer the program at regional, state, and area levels; (b) serving meals at least five days a week; and (c) including more than one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances in the meals served. Women, the socioeconomically disadvantaged, and the oldest senior citizens appeared to be helped the most by these programs. Analysis of blood samples indicated that emphasis on serving vitamin A- and ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables and 3 oz. meat in each meal is warranted.", "PMID": 500982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5064", "title": "Mass balance: a quantitative guide to clinical nutritional therapy. I. The predialysis patient with renal disease.", "content": "Mass balance principles can be readily applied to the patient with chronic renal failure for the more structured management of his/her nutritional and clinical course. Urine values provide valuable information with respect to rates of protein catabolism and sodium intake; creatinine excretion rates provide a ready check on data accuracy and lean body mass; urea and creatinine clearance can be calculated, if blood levels of these solutes are known. With accurate data on creatinine generation and the ratio of urea to creatinine clearance, creatinine clearance, urea generation, and protein catabolism rates can be estimated from blood levels alone. These techniques then provide quantitative guidance for the nutritional/medical staff in its efforts to control the clinical course of the patient with severly diminished renal function.", "contents": "Mass balance: a quantitative guide to clinical nutritional therapy. I. The predialysis patient with renal disease. Mass balance principles can be readily applied to the patient with chronic renal failure for the more structured management of his/her nutritional and clinical course. Urine values provide valuable information with respect to rates of protein catabolism and sodium intake; creatinine excretion rates provide a ready check on data accuracy and lean body mass; urea and creatinine clearance can be calculated, if blood levels of these solutes are known. With accurate data on creatinine generation and the ratio of urea to creatinine clearance, creatinine clearance, urea generation, and protein catabolism rates can be estimated from blood levels alone. These techniques then provide quantitative guidance for the nutritional/medical staff in its efforts to control the clinical course of the patient with severly diminished renal function.", "PMID": 500983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5065", "title": "Mass balance: a quantitative guide to clinical nutritional therapy. II. The dialyzed patient.", "content": "The concepts of mass balance are extended to the nutritional management of the patient with chronic renal failure on dialysis. The use of these concepts permits estimation of protein catabolism from calculated rates of urea generation, using measurement of blood urea levels. Protein catabolic rate will equal intake in the stable patient (zero nitrogen balance), allowing for accurate nutritional screening in a large dialysis population for whom these values are available without individual dietary surveys. This has resulted in a four-fold reduction in routine monitoring of protein nutrition in such patients, freeing the dietitian to concentrate on specific problems. These concepts also comprise a key aspect of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study which seeks to maintain BUN at different levels in four carefully controlled modes of dialysis therapy. With these methods, the monitoring and control of BUN and protein intake has made the dietitian a pivotal member of this study staff.", "contents": "Mass balance: a quantitative guide to clinical nutritional therapy. II. The dialyzed patient. The concepts of mass balance are extended to the nutritional management of the patient with chronic renal failure on dialysis. The use of these concepts permits estimation of protein catabolism from calculated rates of urea generation, using measurement of blood urea levels. Protein catabolic rate will equal intake in the stable patient (zero nitrogen balance), allowing for accurate nutritional screening in a large dialysis population for whom these values are available without individual dietary surveys. This has resulted in a four-fold reduction in routine monitoring of protein nutrition in such patients, freeing the dietitian to concentrate on specific problems. These concepts also comprise a key aspect of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study which seeks to maintain BUN at different levels in four carefully controlled modes of dialysis therapy. With these methods, the monitoring and control of BUN and protein intake has made the dietitian a pivotal member of this study staff.", "PMID": 500984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5066", "title": "Buying and food preparation patterns of ghetto blacks and Hispanics in Brooklyn.", "content": "Differences in food buying and food preparation practices of blacks and Hispanics in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, are analyzed. There were significant variations related to ethnicity, but few differences resulting from the mothers' age and education. The two groups appeared to have many compatible practices which could be improved by the same educational programs, if they were taught in both English and Spanish.", "contents": "Buying and food preparation patterns of ghetto blacks and Hispanics in Brooklyn. Differences in food buying and food preparation practices of blacks and Hispanics in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, are analyzed. There were significant variations related to ethnicity, but few differences resulting from the mothers' age and education. The two groups appeared to have many compatible practices which could be improved by the same educational programs, if they were taught in both English and Spanish.", "PMID": 500985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5067", "title": "Program evaluation for effective resource management and accountability.", "content": "A means of determining the effectiveness of public programs as a basis for justifying resource allocation to these programs is urgently needed. Program evaluation can provide the data base required for program decision-making and modification. A ten-step model for planning and carrying out an evaluation is suggested as a guideline for program personnel who may be assigned to evaluation responsibilities. Nutrition professionals must become aware of the increasing need for evaluation and of the procedures for conducting the evaluation process within programs for which they are responsible. Failure to provide documentation of adequate, on-going evaluation of effectiveness may lead to a loss of resources for the program and, ultimately, to the demise of the nutritional care program.", "contents": "Program evaluation for effective resource management and accountability. A means of determining the effectiveness of public programs as a basis for justifying resource allocation to these programs is urgently needed. Program evaluation can provide the data base required for program decision-making and modification. A ten-step model for planning and carrying out an evaluation is suggested as a guideline for program personnel who may be assigned to evaluation responsibilities. Nutrition professionals must become aware of the increasing need for evaluation and of the procedures for conducting the evaluation process within programs for which they are responsible. Failure to provide documentation of adequate, on-going evaluation of effectiveness may lead to a loss of resources for the program and, ultimately, to the demise of the nutritional care program.", "PMID": 500986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5068", "title": "Cost-based fee-setting for therapeutic consulting services.", "content": "A method for developing cost-based dietetic consulting fees is presented which can be applied in hospital in-patient and out-patient departments and in private practice. Limitations and advantages of the method are noted. The advantages outweigh the drawbacks.", "contents": "Cost-based fee-setting for therapeutic consulting services. A method for developing cost-based dietetic consulting fees is presented which can be applied in hospital in-patient and out-patient departments and in private practice. Limitations and advantages of the method are noted. The advantages outweigh the drawbacks.", "PMID": 500988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5069", "title": "Interpretive biomicroscopy.", "content": "Slit lamp biomicroscopy provides invaluable diagnostic information as to the nature of ocular abnormalities and disease processes. As such, the emphasis to be presented in this discourse is biomicroscopic interpretation, as opposed to simple observation, with each major ocular structure discussed in turn.", "contents": "Interpretive biomicroscopy. Slit lamp biomicroscopy provides invaluable diagnostic information as to the nature of ocular abnormalities and disease processes. As such, the emphasis to be presented in this discourse is biomicroscopic interpretation, as opposed to simple observation, with each major ocular structure discussed in turn.", "PMID": 500991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5070", "title": "Assessing the Frisby Stereo Test under monocular viewing conditions.", "content": "A new random dot stereoscopic test, the Frisby Stereo Test, was evaluated to determine whether monocular information may be used in making correct responses. The performance of 34 optometry students was assessed under both monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Results indicated that one student was able to pass the test upon the initial monocular presentation. Two additional students were able to pass the test monocularly following binocular exposure. It was concluded that the Frisby Stereo test is about as effective as any other commercially available RDS test when used with adults. However, it may have potential deficiencies when used with children.", "contents": "Assessing the Frisby Stereo Test under monocular viewing conditions. A new random dot stereoscopic test, the Frisby Stereo Test, was evaluated to determine whether monocular information may be used in making correct responses. The performance of 34 optometry students was assessed under both monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Results indicated that one student was able to pass the test upon the initial monocular presentation. Two additional students were able to pass the test monocularly following binocular exposure. It was concluded that the Frisby Stereo test is about as effective as any other commercially available RDS test when used with adults. However, it may have potential deficiencies when used with children.", "PMID": 500992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5071", "title": "Comparing stereoscopic performance of children using the Titmus, TNO, and Randot stereo tests.", "content": "The stereo acuities of 112 children between 3 and 11 years of age were assessed using the Titmus, TNO, and Randot stereo acuity tests. Results indicated that stereo acuity test scores improved with age and that performance variability decreased with age. Normal adult findings were achieved by age 7. Generally the Randot Stereo test yielded the best stereo acuity performances. It was concluded that the Randot stereo test is a better clinical test for use with children than either the Titmus or TNO stereo tests.", "contents": "Comparing stereoscopic performance of children using the Titmus, TNO, and Randot stereo tests. The stereo acuities of 112 children between 3 and 11 years of age were assessed using the Titmus, TNO, and Randot stereo acuity tests. Results indicated that stereo acuity test scores improved with age and that performance variability decreased with age. Normal adult findings were achieved by age 7. Generally the Randot Stereo test yielded the best stereo acuity performances. It was concluded that the Randot stereo test is a better clinical test for use with children than either the Titmus or TNO stereo tests.", "PMID": 500993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5072", "title": "Optometric manpower in Texas--Part I: Demographic characteristics.", "content": "The renewed emphasis in health planning within the last few years makes it imperative that optometric manpower be described as comprehensively as possible not only on a national level but also on a state level. This report utilized remittance advice forms completed during the 1978 license renewal cycle of Texas licensed optometrists to complete demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of actively practicing civilian optometrtists in Texas during 1977. Data was examined for the state as a whole and for each Health Service Area (HSA) in the state. A two part paper is presented... Part I, Demographic Characteristics and Part II, Educational and Practice Characteristics (Will appear in August issue).", "contents": "Optometric manpower in Texas--Part I: Demographic characteristics. The renewed emphasis in health planning within the last few years makes it imperative that optometric manpower be described as comprehensively as possible not only on a national level but also on a state level. This report utilized remittance advice forms completed during the 1978 license renewal cycle of Texas licensed optometrists to complete demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of actively practicing civilian optometrtists in Texas during 1977. Data was examined for the state as a whole and for each Health Service Area (HSA) in the state. A two part paper is presented... Part I, Demographic Characteristics and Part II, Educational and Practice Characteristics (Will appear in August issue).", "PMID": 500994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5073", "title": "Diagnostic outcomes of optometric referrals in a VA medical center.", "content": "408 conditions affecting the visual system of patients presenting in the optometry clinic of the Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center (BVAMC) were referred to other providers within the medical center for care outside the scope of optometric responsibility. Rates of compliance and confirmation are given for nine major categories of eye problems, and the data is analyzed on the basis of age, visual acuity, type of consultation and disposition. Pertinent literature citations are provided.", "contents": "Diagnostic outcomes of optometric referrals in a VA medical center. 408 conditions affecting the visual system of patients presenting in the optometry clinic of the Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center (BVAMC) were referred to other providers within the medical center for care outside the scope of optometric responsibility. Rates of compliance and confirmation are given for nine major categories of eye problems, and the data is analyzed on the basis of age, visual acuity, type of consultation and disposition. Pertinent literature citations are provided.", "PMID": 500996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5074", "title": "Optometry in the hospital.", "content": "The Optometry Section of the Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center (KCVAMC) is an example of \"optometry in the hospital\" that encompasses three distinct areas: the Optometry Patient Care Program, Optometry Residency Program, and VICTORS Program (Visions Impairment Center to Optimize Remaining Sight). This article will explore the relationships between these areas and how they relate to the medical center's structure, patient care services, and ophthalmology.", "contents": "Optometry in the hospital. The Optometry Section of the Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center (KCVAMC) is an example of \"optometry in the hospital\" that encompasses three distinct areas: the Optometry Patient Care Program, Optometry Residency Program, and VICTORS Program (Visions Impairment Center to Optimize Remaining Sight). This article will explore the relationships between these areas and how they relate to the medical center's structure, patient care services, and ophthalmology.", "PMID": 500997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5075", "title": "Public health in optometric education.", "content": "This paper describes the rationale for inclusion on community and public health principles and concepts in the optometric curriculum. The discussion includes the effect of external forces upon the optometric profession in the health care delivery system and the type of knowledge the optometrist must have to evaluate certain portions of the health care industry.", "contents": "Public health in optometric education. This paper describes the rationale for inclusion on community and public health principles and concepts in the optometric curriculum. The discussion includes the effect of external forces upon the optometric profession in the health care delivery system and the type of knowledge the optometrist must have to evaluate certain portions of the health care industry.", "PMID": 500998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5076", "title": "Optometric manpower in Texas; Part II -- educational and practice characteristics.", "content": "The renewed emphasis in health planning within the last few years makes it imperative that optometric manpower be described as comprehensively as possible not only on a national level but also on a state level. This report utilized remittance advice forms completed during the 1978 license renewal cycle of Texas licensed optometrists to complete demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of actively practicing civilian optometrists in Texas during 1977. Data was examined for the state as a whole and for each Health Service Area (HSA) in the state. This is the second part of a two part article, the first part, Demographic Characteristics, appeared in the July issue.", "contents": "Optometric manpower in Texas; Part II -- educational and practice characteristics. The renewed emphasis in health planning within the last few years makes it imperative that optometric manpower be described as comprehensively as possible not only on a national level but also on a state level. This report utilized remittance advice forms completed during the 1978 license renewal cycle of Texas licensed optometrists to complete demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of actively practicing civilian optometrists in Texas during 1977. Data was examined for the state as a whole and for each Health Service Area (HSA) in the state. This is the second part of a two part article, the first part, Demographic Characteristics, appeared in the July issue.", "PMID": 500999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5077", "title": "Vision care for an underserved community.", "content": "In 1975, joint efforts of the Southern California College of Optometry, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, and involved community organizations resulted in development of a unique pilot outreach project, funded primarily by HEW, bringing vision care to a highly underserved area while providing comprehensive, community-oriented clinical training for future doctors of optometry. This training of optometric students, as part of multidisciplinary health care teams in an area whose population might otherwise have no access to vision care services, may prove an influencing factor in future achievement of an equitable opportionment of healthcare specialists to underserved communities.", "contents": "Vision care for an underserved community. In 1975, joint efforts of the Southern California College of Optometry, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, and involved community organizations resulted in development of a unique pilot outreach project, funded primarily by HEW, bringing vision care to a highly underserved area while providing comprehensive, community-oriented clinical training for future doctors of optometry. This training of optometric students, as part of multidisciplinary health care teams in an area whose population might otherwise have no access to vision care services, may prove an influencing factor in future achievement of an equitable opportionment of healthcare specialists to underserved communities.", "PMID": 501000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5078", "title": "Industrial vision revisited.", "content": "With the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and other government agencies addressing the protection of employees from occupational hazards at their work place, there has been a reemphasis in the industrial eye care field. Industrial vision programs are reviewed and an overview of the Army's occupational vision program is presented. If optometry is to continue progress in this sphere of public health, optometrists must become more involved in and knowledgeable of the visual requirements of the local industrial community, and the profession should consider the establishment of a certification program for occupational doctors of optometry.", "contents": "Industrial vision revisited. With the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and other government agencies addressing the protection of employees from occupational hazards at their work place, there has been a reemphasis in the industrial eye care field. Industrial vision programs are reviewed and an overview of the Army's occupational vision program is presented. If optometry is to continue progress in this sphere of public health, optometrists must become more involved in and knowledgeable of the visual requirements of the local industrial community, and the profession should consider the establishment of a certification program for occupational doctors of optometry.", "PMID": 501001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5079", "title": "Guidelines for an occupational vision program.", "content": "The need for and development of an effective occupational vision program is discussed. The role of the optometrist as an occupational vision consultant is outlined and specific guidelines for the provision of in-plant and in-office vision services are provided. Requirements of the OSHAct are summarized and specific problem areas related to industrial safety eyewear are also discussed.", "contents": "Guidelines for an occupational vision program. The need for and development of an effective occupational vision program is discussed. The role of the optometrist as an occupational vision consultant is outlined and specific guidelines for the provision of in-plant and in-office vision services are provided. Requirements of the OSHAct are summarized and specific problem areas related to industrial safety eyewear are also discussed.", "PMID": 501002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5080", "title": "Low plus lenses and visual performance: a critical review.", "content": "This paper reviews the research on which much of the clinical rationale for using low plus lenses is based. An indepth review of this research reveals some serious errors in research methodology and fails to find support for the clinical rationale which supports use of this form of management.", "contents": "Low plus lenses and visual performance: a critical review. This paper reviews the research on which much of the clinical rationale for using low plus lenses is based. An indepth review of this research reveals some serious errors in research methodology and fails to find support for the clinical rationale which supports use of this form of management.", "PMID": 501007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5081", "title": "The incidence of visual anomalies in a population of cerebral palsied children.", "content": "There is a relatively high incidence of visual anomalies in persons with cerebral palsy. There has been a significant amount of investigative work into what these visual problems are. This paper reviews the literature and explores new areas, not previously reported on, in population of cerebral palsied children.", "contents": "The incidence of visual anomalies in a population of cerebral palsied children. There is a relatively high incidence of visual anomalies in persons with cerebral palsy. There has been a significant amount of investigative work into what these visual problems are. This paper reviews the literature and explores new areas, not previously reported on, in population of cerebral palsied children.", "PMID": 501008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5082", "title": "Do patients really want cheap lenses?", "content": "There is a strong possibility that many patients perceive newspaper advertisements as a sign of dependability or prestige rather than the evidence of unethical behavior that professionals traditionally frown upon. \"Confidence in the doctor\" was the foremost reason given for seeking professional service in a survey by a major commercial optical corporation. Two hundred fifty patients interviewed in a contact lens practice agreed, and the tabulated results would indicate that price alone is not a major factor.", "contents": "Do patients really want cheap lenses? There is a strong possibility that many patients perceive newspaper advertisements as a sign of dependability or prestige rather than the evidence of unethical behavior that professionals traditionally frown upon. \"Confidence in the doctor\" was the foremost reason given for seeking professional service in a survey by a major commercial optical corporation. Two hundred fifty patients interviewed in a contact lens practice agreed, and the tabulated results would indicate that price alone is not a major factor.", "PMID": 501009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5083", "title": "Highway tests of photochromic lenses.", "content": "A highway study of clear, tinted and photochromic prescription spectacles was conducted using a 58-mile driving course marked with 130 randomly spaced transverse white stripes. The data of 29 subjects totaling more than 21,000 stripe detection events showed that coated photochromic prescription lenses performed better by day and poorer by night compared to uncoated white crown prescription lenses, and that a multiple-layer coated, tinted lens (Neo Multicoat) performed at least as well, day or night, as did the uncoated white crown lens.", "contents": "Highway tests of photochromic lenses. A highway study of clear, tinted and photochromic prescription spectacles was conducted using a 58-mile driving course marked with 130 randomly spaced transverse white stripes. The data of 29 subjects totaling more than 21,000 stripe detection events showed that coated photochromic prescription lenses performed better by day and poorer by night compared to uncoated white crown prescription lenses, and that a multiple-layer coated, tinted lens (Neo Multicoat) performed at least as well, day or night, as did the uncoated white crown lens.", "PMID": 501010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5084", "title": "Construction of a Fresnel membrane telemicroscopic system.", "content": "The construction of a simple, inexpensive, yet versatile telemicroscopic system is described. The clinical advantages and disadvantages of such a device in rehabilitation of the partially sighted are discussed.", "contents": "Construction of a Fresnel membrane telemicroscopic system. The construction of a simple, inexpensive, yet versatile telemicroscopic system is described. The clinical advantages and disadvantages of such a device in rehabilitation of the partially sighted are discussed.", "PMID": 501011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5085", "title": "[A new aspect of the anomalies of visual acuity in relation with the four principal directions of the test (author's transl)].", "content": "The visual acuity in the four principal directions of the test of Landolt-C is different. This difference increases in the near vision but not in a regular manner, and neither for a certain direction nor in a given period of the experiment. We have proposed a neural interpretation for this phenomenon.", "contents": "[A new aspect of the anomalies of visual acuity in relation with the four principal directions of the test (author's transl)]. The visual acuity in the four principal directions of the test of Landolt-C is different. This difference increases in the near vision but not in a regular manner, and neither for a certain direction nor in a given period of the experiment. We have proposed a neural interpretation for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 501039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5086", "title": "Forearm arterial injuries.", "content": "The effects of single forearm arterial injuries with and without associated neurological injuries were studied. Fifty subjects were evaluated: seven patients with isolated arterial lacerations, 15 patients with isolated nerve lacerations, 13 patients with combined nerve and arterial injuries, and 15 control subjects. A series of noninvasive peripheral vascular studies were correlated with the symptoms produced by a controlled cold-environment exposure. The hemodynamic alterations associated with symptoms of hand ischemia, and particularly with cold intolerance, were studied. Unrepaired single arterial injuries caused modest, consistent alterations in hand vascularity, but few signs of ischemia or symptoms of cold intolerance. The remaining intact artery demonstrated a consistent increase in flow velocity. Combined nerve and artery injuries caused the most significant alterations in hand vascularity, and median nerve and associated artery injuries caused the most disabling symptoms. Single arterial lacerations had no effect on the rate or completeness of recovery from associated nerve injuries.", "contents": "Forearm arterial injuries. The effects of single forearm arterial injuries with and without associated neurological injuries were studied. Fifty subjects were evaluated: seven patients with isolated arterial lacerations, 15 patients with isolated nerve lacerations, 13 patients with combined nerve and arterial injuries, and 15 control subjects. A series of noninvasive peripheral vascular studies were correlated with the symptoms produced by a controlled cold-environment exposure. The hemodynamic alterations associated with symptoms of hand ischemia, and particularly with cold intolerance, were studied. Unrepaired single arterial injuries caused modest, consistent alterations in hand vascularity, but few signs of ischemia or symptoms of cold intolerance. The remaining intact artery demonstrated a consistent increase in flow velocity. Combined nerve and artery injuries caused the most significant alterations in hand vascularity, and median nerve and associated artery injuries caused the most disabling symptoms. Single arterial lacerations had no effect on the rate or completeness of recovery from associated nerve injuries.", "PMID": 501048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5087", "title": "[Preoperative conjunctival bacterial flora and sensitivity to antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "2 973 preoperative cultures of conjunctiva have placed in a prominent position 834 pathogenic germs. Cultures in an enriched medium and in an atmosph\u00e8re including ten per cent of carbonic gas (10% of CO2) have widely increased the number of isolated Streptococus. A study of spectra of antibiotics used in ophtalmology has been made for all these germs. The instability of conjunctival flora with time implies a modification in tactics of bacteriological preoperative samples in order to obtain a better operative security.", "contents": "[Preoperative conjunctival bacterial flora and sensitivity to antibiotics (author's transl)]. 2 973 preoperative cultures of conjunctiva have placed in a prominent position 834 pathogenic germs. Cultures in an enriched medium and in an atmosph\u00e8re including ten per cent of carbonic gas (10% of CO2) have widely increased the number of isolated Streptococus. A study of spectra of antibiotics used in ophtalmology has been made for all these germs. The instability of conjunctival flora with time implies a modification in tactics of bacteriological preoperative samples in order to obtain a better operative security.", "PMID": 501041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5088", "title": "The \"throbbing sign\"--an indication of early venous congestion in replantation surgery.", "content": "Venous congestion in a replanted or transplanted digit can be detected, even before any obvious color changes, by the \"throbbing\" elicited by pinching the digit between the thumb and finger of the examiner until the skin blanches. Releasing the pressure slowly, a sensation of throbbing will be felt synchronous with the patient's pulse rate. The sign disappears when venous congestion is relieved or when swelling persists and increases enough to lessen the arterial inflow.", "contents": "The \"throbbing sign\"--an indication of early venous congestion in replantation surgery. Venous congestion in a replanted or transplanted digit can be detected, even before any obvious color changes, by the \"throbbing\" elicited by pinching the digit between the thumb and finger of the examiner until the skin blanches. Releasing the pressure slowly, a sensation of throbbing will be felt synchronous with the patient's pulse rate. The sign disappears when venous congestion is relieved or when swelling persists and increases enough to lessen the arterial inflow.", "PMID": 501049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5089", "title": "[Ocular metastasis demonstrated a carcinoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a case of choroidal metastasis. Enucleation was performed because of the clinical aspect of a primitive tumor. Histopathologic stains revealed a vesicular adenocarcinoma, may be of the thyroid gland. Total thyroidectomy was performed and demonstrated a vesicular microcancer (1/10e mm diameter).", "contents": "[Ocular metastasis demonstrated a carcinoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. Report of a case of choroidal metastasis. Enucleation was performed because of the clinical aspect of a primitive tumor. Histopathologic stains revealed a vesicular adenocarcinoma, may be of the thyroid gland. Total thyroidectomy was performed and demonstrated a vesicular microcancer (1/10e mm diameter).", "PMID": 501040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5090", "title": "[Visual evoked potentials and ophthalmoscopy redfree light in subclinical retrobulbar neuritis of multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined study using pattern and flash VER as well as fundoscopy with redfree light shows an increased number of axonal degeneration of the retinal fiber layer in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis without ocular symptoms. Discussion of differential diagnosis of other neuropathies (toxical, compressive, etc.).", "contents": "[Visual evoked potentials and ophthalmoscopy redfree light in subclinical retrobulbar neuritis of multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Combined study using pattern and flash VER as well as fundoscopy with redfree light shows an increased number of axonal degeneration of the retinal fiber layer in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis without ocular symptoms. Discussion of differential diagnosis of other neuropathies (toxical, compressive, etc.).", "PMID": 501043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5091", "title": "[Hyalocytes transplantation after pars plana vitrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The transplantation of cultivated hyalocytes after vitrectomy gave favourable functional results in 64% of the cases and appears to be a method of preventing atrophy of the globe and ocular hypotony after vitrectomy. We have nevertheless still to demonstrate that the results are better than these after injections of physiological saline.", "contents": "[Hyalocytes transplantation after pars plana vitrectomy (author's transl)]. The transplantation of cultivated hyalocytes after vitrectomy gave favourable functional results in 64% of the cases and appears to be a method of preventing atrophy of the globe and ocular hypotony after vitrectomy. We have nevertheless still to demonstrate that the results are better than these after injections of physiological saline.", "PMID": 501042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5092", "title": "Ring injury with bilateral rupture of the digital arteries without skin damage.", "content": "A particular type of trauma of the ring finger, brought about by a ring, resulted in a subadventitial rupture of the radial digital artery and a complete rupture of the ulnar digital artery, despite the skin remaining intact. The radial digital artery was sutured and the ulnar digital artery was repaired by a vein graft. By the eighth month, the result was satisfactory, with a radial digital artery patent, in spite of a thrombosis of the ulnar digital artery.", "contents": "Ring injury with bilateral rupture of the digital arteries without skin damage. A particular type of trauma of the ring finger, brought about by a ring, resulted in a subadventitial rupture of the radial digital artery and a complete rupture of the ulnar digital artery, despite the skin remaining intact. The radial digital artery was sutured and the ulnar digital artery was repaired by a vein graft. By the eighth month, the result was satisfactory, with a radial digital artery patent, in spite of a thrombosis of the ulnar digital artery.", "PMID": 501051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5093", "title": "Sacrifice of the unsatisfactory hand.", "content": "A hand which compares unfavorably with a prosthesis in function, comfort, and appearance may be better amputated. This decision must be made conjointly by the surgeon and the patient. Contributory factors are severe tissue loss, pain, appearance, infection, functional requirements, sexual reasons, psychological makeup of the patient, economics, safety, the time elapsed since injury, the patient's body image and his desires, and the surgeon's opinion. Fifteen patients elected hand amputation for various combinations of these factors. Eleven were fitted with a prosthesis at the time of operation and three within 3 weeks. All patients expressed satisfaction with their decision and 12 were successful users of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Sacrifice of the unsatisfactory hand. A hand which compares unfavorably with a prosthesis in function, comfort, and appearance may be better amputated. This decision must be made conjointly by the surgeon and the patient. Contributory factors are severe tissue loss, pain, appearance, infection, functional requirements, sexual reasons, psychological makeup of the patient, economics, safety, the time elapsed since injury, the patient's body image and his desires, and the surgeon's opinion. Fifteen patients elected hand amputation for various combinations of these factors. Eleven were fitted with a prosthesis at the time of operation and three within 3 weeks. All patients expressed satisfaction with their decision and 12 were successful users of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 501052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5094", "title": "[Indentation of large retinal tears (author's transl)].", "content": "According to us large retinal tears are between 20 degrees and 70 degrees in their largest dimension, which excludes true giant tears. Study of the data collected on 42 patients has shown us the following facts:--these retinal tears occur in phakic and often highly myopic eyes;--our global success rate is 73,8%;--tears smaller than 2 to 3 papillary diameters radially are on the whole easy to indent and failures are quite often related to a surgical fault;--tears wider than 3 papillary diameters radially are on the whole difficult to indent and failures are not always related to an obvious surgical fault, fishmouth phenomenon plays an important role;--in every case presence of blood in the vitreous seems to be unfavourable to the prognosis;--use of episcleral pockets solves must of times surgical problems related to fishmouth or tear dimension;--post operative intern limiting membrane retraction is frequent (10% vs 5,7% for all the retinal tears and detachments cured in the same period of time).", "contents": "[Indentation of large retinal tears (author's transl)]. According to us large retinal tears are between 20 degrees and 70 degrees in their largest dimension, which excludes true giant tears. Study of the data collected on 42 patients has shown us the following facts:--these retinal tears occur in phakic and often highly myopic eyes;--our global success rate is 73,8%;--tears smaller than 2 to 3 papillary diameters radially are on the whole easy to indent and failures are quite often related to a surgical fault;--tears wider than 3 papillary diameters radially are on the whole difficult to indent and failures are not always related to an obvious surgical fault, fishmouth phenomenon plays an important role;--in every case presence of blood in the vitreous seems to be unfavourable to the prognosis;--use of episcleral pockets solves must of times surgical problems related to fishmouth or tear dimension;--post operative intern limiting membrane retraction is frequent (10% vs 5,7% for all the retinal tears and detachments cured in the same period of time).", "PMID": 501045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5095", "title": "Dynamic electromyography and decision-making for surgery in the upper extremity of patients with cerebral palsy.", "content": "Seventeen children with cerebral palsy were selected for improvement in upper extremity function. Each had normal or nearly normal intelligence; each hand had good or mildly impaired sensibility; each arm had relatively good placement. Electromyograms with wire electrodes were utilized to study the patterns of activity of the planned tendon transfers. Only muscles with isolated activity in grasp were utilized to transfer in hands with weak grasp. Only muscles with isolated activity in release were utilized to transfer in hands with poor release.", "contents": "Dynamic electromyography and decision-making for surgery in the upper extremity of patients with cerebral palsy. Seventeen children with cerebral palsy were selected for improvement in upper extremity function. Each had normal or nearly normal intelligence; each hand had good or mildly impaired sensibility; each arm had relatively good placement. Electromyograms with wire electrodes were utilized to study the patterns of activity of the planned tendon transfers. Only muscles with isolated activity in grasp were utilized to transfer in hands with weak grasp. Only muscles with isolated activity in release were utilized to transfer in hands with poor release.", "PMID": 501053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5096", "title": "Leprosy and thumb reconstruction by opponensplasty or phalangizing the first metacarpal.", "content": "Two relatively simple procedures and can improve thumb function in leprosy (Hansen's disease): one provides opposition for the thumb by an indicis proprius transfer; the other provides grasp for the hand lacking digits by phalangizing the first metacarpal.", "contents": "Leprosy and thumb reconstruction by opponensplasty or phalangizing the first metacarpal. Two relatively simple procedures and can improve thumb function in leprosy (Hansen's disease): one provides opposition for the thumb by an indicis proprius transfer; the other provides grasp for the hand lacking digits by phalangizing the first metacarpal.", "PMID": 501054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5097", "title": "Distal digital nerve grafts: clinical and anatomical studies.", "content": "An anatomical study of the terminal branches of the digital nerves of thumb and finger indicated a constant trifurcation at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint. Twelve microscopic interfascicular nerve grafts were done in 11 patients who had nerve division at this level with insensitive fingertips. All patients exhibited improved sensibility. Eight of 12 or 67% achieved 6 mm of two-point discrimination. Although there were no children in this study, the subjects under 30 years of age enjoyed better final results.", "contents": "Distal digital nerve grafts: clinical and anatomical studies. An anatomical study of the terminal branches of the digital nerves of thumb and finger indicated a constant trifurcation at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint. Twelve microscopic interfascicular nerve grafts were done in 11 patients who had nerve division at this level with insensitive fingertips. All patients exhibited improved sensibility. Eight of 12 or 67% achieved 6 mm of two-point discrimination. Although there were no children in this study, the subjects under 30 years of age enjoyed better final results.", "PMID": 501055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5098", "title": "Effect of nerve graft polarity on nerve regeneration and function.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of the polarity of nerve grafts, a 1.0 cm segment of sciatic nerve of 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was excised. In 20 animals the nerve was sutured, maintaining the original polarity. In the order 20 the graft was reversed and sutured into place. Four to 6 months later, the nerves were exposed and directed conduction velocity and amplitude studies were done across the graft. No difference was found between the two groups. Comparison with the control side showed return of 70% to 75% of conduction velocity and amplitude. Nerve graft function was independent of nerve graft polarity.", "contents": "Effect of nerve graft polarity on nerve regeneration and function. To evaluate the effect of the polarity of nerve grafts, a 1.0 cm segment of sciatic nerve of 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was excised. In 20 animals the nerve was sutured, maintaining the original polarity. In the order 20 the graft was reversed and sutured into place. Four to 6 months later, the nerves were exposed and directed conduction velocity and amplitude studies were done across the graft. No difference was found between the two groups. Comparison with the control side showed return of 70% to 75% of conduction velocity and amplitude. Nerve graft function was independent of nerve graft polarity.", "PMID": 501056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5099", "title": "An epidermoid cyst of the tendon.", "content": "An epidermoid cyst in the flexor superficialis tendon of the right middle finger of a child limited extension of the finger by preventing the distal gliding of the tendon at the inlet of the flexor tendon sheath. Full extension was regained by excising the tendon.", "contents": "An epidermoid cyst of the tendon. An epidermoid cyst in the flexor superficialis tendon of the right middle finger of a child limited extension of the finger by preventing the distal gliding of the tendon at the inlet of the flexor tendon sheath. Full extension was regained by excising the tendon.", "PMID": 501058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5100", "title": "Reconstruction of pulleys employing extensor retinaculum.", "content": "In ten cases, including five rod placements, four tenolyses, and one immediate tendon graft, 15 pulleys have been reconstructed using a strip of extensor retinaculum 6 to 8 cm long and 8 mm in width. Placed around the phalanx, overlapped, and sutured, the 15 mm segment formely over the fourth dorsal compartment has been positioned over the flexor tendod. The reconstruction has been shown to be stronger than the 10 figure-of-eight No. 4-0 sutures employed to perform it and capable of withstanding immediate active motion. No impairment, functional or cosmetic, of the extensor apparatus has been observed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of pulleys employing extensor retinaculum. In ten cases, including five rod placements, four tenolyses, and one immediate tendon graft, 15 pulleys have been reconstructed using a strip of extensor retinaculum 6 to 8 cm long and 8 mm in width. Placed around the phalanx, overlapped, and sutured, the 15 mm segment formely over the fourth dorsal compartment has been positioned over the flexor tendod. The reconstruction has been shown to be stronger than the 10 figure-of-eight No. 4-0 sutures employed to perform it and capable of withstanding immediate active motion. No impairment, functional or cosmetic, of the extensor apparatus has been observed.", "PMID": 501060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5101", "title": "Pisotriquetral arthritis: a case report.", "content": "Degenerative arthritis of the pisotriquetral joint was diagnosed by point tenderness over the pisiform and crepitus elicited by lateral movement of the pisiform on the triquetrum. It was confirmed by a roentgenogram of the wrist (lateral view in 30 degrees supination) and injection of the pisotriquetral joint with local anesthetic. Excision of the pisiform resulted in complete relief of pain.", "contents": "Pisotriquetral arthritis: a case report. Degenerative arthritis of the pisotriquetral joint was diagnosed by point tenderness over the pisiform and crepitus elicited by lateral movement of the pisiform on the triquetrum. It was confirmed by a roentgenogram of the wrist (lateral view in 30 degrees supination) and injection of the pisotriquetral joint with local anesthetic. Excision of the pisiform resulted in complete relief of pain.", "PMID": 501061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5102", "title": "Compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist secondary to a rheumatoid synovial cyst: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Compression of the ulnar nerve within or near the canal of Guyon has been ascribed to numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The anatomy of the region is discussed, and a review of the reported causes of ulnar nerve compression is presented. A case of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist secondary to a rheumatoid synovial cyst is reported. Prompt decompression resulted in clinical and electromyographic recovery of sesory and motor function.", "contents": "Compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist secondary to a rheumatoid synovial cyst: case report and review of the literature. Compression of the ulnar nerve within or near the canal of Guyon has been ascribed to numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The anatomy of the region is discussed, and a review of the reported causes of ulnar nerve compression is presented. A case of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist secondary to a rheumatoid synovial cyst is reported. Prompt decompression resulted in clinical and electromyographic recovery of sesory and motor function.", "PMID": 501062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5103", "title": "Follow-up report on the electrically driven hand splint.", "content": "Since the electrically driven hand splint was introduced in 1972, significant improvements have been made in the design and fabrication of the unit which have made it safer, easier to apply, and readily adjustable to the range of motion of a given finger. Over the last 12 months the results of this form of passive exercise were studied by comparing the gain in total active and passive motion in stiff fingers exercised over a 1 month period with similar stiff fingers treated by conventional manual passive joint exercise. There was a significant improvement in the mean gain of both total active and passive motion in those fingers treated with the electrically driven splint.", "contents": "Follow-up report on the electrically driven hand splint. Since the electrically driven hand splint was introduced in 1972, significant improvements have been made in the design and fabrication of the unit which have made it safer, easier to apply, and readily adjustable to the range of motion of a given finger. Over the last 12 months the results of this form of passive exercise were studied by comparing the gain in total active and passive motion in stiff fingers exercised over a 1 month period with similar stiff fingers treated by conventional manual passive joint exercise. There was a significant improvement in the mean gain of both total active and passive motion in those fingers treated with the electrically driven splint.", "PMID": 501063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5104", "title": "Capsulectomy of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints.", "content": "From July 1975, through March, 1978, 105 metacarpophalangeal joint capsulectomies in 37 patients, 47 dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) capsulectomies in 26 patients, and 65 volar PIP capsulectomies in 41 patients were performed. The procedures were done after conservative methods had failed, and the results were tabulated in each area by diagnostic category. In the major group in which stiffness resulted from fracture and crushing injuries, average gains of 13 degrees to 18 degrees of active motion were achieved, with a change in arc of motion, while nerve paralysis patients did substantially better. The study should clarify expectations from the procedure; functional gains may still be significant.", "contents": "Capsulectomy of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. From July 1975, through March, 1978, 105 metacarpophalangeal joint capsulectomies in 37 patients, 47 dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) capsulectomies in 26 patients, and 65 volar PIP capsulectomies in 41 patients were performed. The procedures were done after conservative methods had failed, and the results were tabulated in each area by diagnostic category. In the major group in which stiffness resulted from fracture and crushing injuries, average gains of 13 degrees to 18 degrees of active motion were achieved, with a change in arc of motion, while nerve paralysis patients did substantially better. The study should clarify expectations from the procedure; functional gains may still be significant.", "PMID": 501064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5105", "title": "Congenital anomaly of the thumb: absent flexor pollicis longus tendon.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl with congenital loss of flexion in the right thumb was found to have no flexor pollicis longus tendon. All other median-nerve-innervated structures were present and normal.", "contents": "Congenital anomaly of the thumb: absent flexor pollicis longus tendon. A 6-year-old girl with congenital loss of flexion in the right thumb was found to have no flexor pollicis longus tendon. All other median-nerve-innervated structures were present and normal.", "PMID": 501065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5106", "title": "Simultaneous dislocation of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb: a case report.", "content": "A complete dislocation of the proximal phalanx of the thumb is presented. At 6 months after the injury, the patient had a painless right thumb with a full range of motion. No such similar case has been found in the literature.", "contents": "Simultaneous dislocation of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb: a case report. A complete dislocation of the proximal phalanx of the thumb is presented. At 6 months after the injury, the patient had a painless right thumb with a full range of motion. No such similar case has been found in the literature.", "PMID": 501066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5107", "title": "Some consequences of the new UK 'recommended daily amounts of food energy and nutrients' for evaluating food consumption surveys.", "content": "The amounts of energy and nutrients which have been recommended by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1969 and 1979 are compared. For the nation as a whole, the recommendations for energy and protein have decreased by 6 per cent; thus, the adequacy of an otherwise unchanged diet will appear 6 per cent higher than before. The changes for iron, calcium and the three main B-vitamins are smaller, while vitamin C and vitamin A are virtually unaffected. Nevertheless, as the method of calculating retinol equivalents in the diet should now conform to worldwide practice, the amount of vitamin A in the average diet will appear to be about 6 per cent less than before. It will be no longer practical to evaluate dietary intakes of vitamin D, but there are now official recommendations for folic acid.", "contents": "Some consequences of the new UK 'recommended daily amounts of food energy and nutrients' for evaluating food consumption surveys. The amounts of energy and nutrients which have been recommended by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1969 and 1979 are compared. For the nation as a whole, the recommendations for energy and protein have decreased by 6 per cent; thus, the adequacy of an otherwise unchanged diet will appear 6 per cent higher than before. The changes for iron, calcium and the three main B-vitamins are smaller, while vitamin C and vitamin A are virtually unaffected. Nevertheless, as the method of calculating retinol equivalents in the diet should now conform to worldwide practice, the amount of vitamin A in the average diet will appear to be about 6 per cent less than before. It will be no longer practical to evaluate dietary intakes of vitamin D, but there are now official recommendations for folic acid.", "PMID": 501072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5108", "title": "Rationalisation of therapeutic diets in the Netherlands.", "content": "In 1976 a project was started by The Netherlands Education Bureau for Food and Nutrition to rationalise therapeutic diets and reorganise hospital catering departments. The first part of the work--rationalisation of therapeutic diets, including the introduction of a 'national dietetic instruction form'--is reported here.", "contents": "Rationalisation of therapeutic diets in the Netherlands. In 1976 a project was started by The Netherlands Education Bureau for Food and Nutrition to rationalise therapeutic diets and reorganise hospital catering departments. The first part of the work--rationalisation of therapeutic diets, including the introduction of a 'national dietetic instruction form'--is reported here.", "PMID": 501073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5109", "title": "Assessment of nutritional status: the biochemical approach and its problems in liver disease.", "content": "The role of laboratory tests in the assessment of nutritional status is reviewed. Methods commonly used in evaluating adequacy of energy, protein, mineral and vitamin intake are discussed, and a protocol for nutritional assessment and monitoring is presented. The specific nutritional problems found in liver disease, and the effects these have on this protocol are considered.", "contents": "Assessment of nutritional status: the biochemical approach and its problems in liver disease. The role of laboratory tests in the assessment of nutritional status is reviewed. Methods commonly used in evaluating adequacy of energy, protein, mineral and vitamin intake are discussed, and a protocol for nutritional assessment and monitoring is presented. The specific nutritional problems found in liver disease, and the effects these have on this protocol are considered.", "PMID": 501074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5110", "title": "Alcohol and the liver.", "content": "This paper discusses briefly the definition of alcoholism, the extent of the problem in Britain, the roles of ethanol toxicity and malnutrition in causing liver damage, and the types of liver damage seen in alcoholics.", "contents": "Alcohol and the liver. This paper discusses briefly the definition of alcoholism, the extent of the problem in Britain, the roles of ethanol toxicity and malnutrition in causing liver damage, and the types of liver damage seen in alcoholics.", "PMID": 501075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5111", "title": "Has cimetidine revolutionised the medical treatment of peptic ulceration?", "content": "Cimetidine inhibits gastric-acid secretion, whatever the stimulant. It is superior to placebo for the healing of both duodenal and gastric ulceration, but it does not cure peptic ulceration. When the drug is stopped ulcers often return. Maintenance treatment with cimetidine taken only at bedtime eliminates duodenal ulcer recurrence in most patients.", "contents": "Has cimetidine revolutionised the medical treatment of peptic ulceration? Cimetidine inhibits gastric-acid secretion, whatever the stimulant. It is superior to placebo for the healing of both duodenal and gastric ulceration, but it does not cure peptic ulceration. When the drug is stopped ulcers often return. Maintenance treatment with cimetidine taken only at bedtime eliminates duodenal ulcer recurrence in most patients.", "PMID": 501076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5112", "title": "Getting the message across.", "content": "Messages do not simple 'get across'. The author points out the importance (1) of seeing good communication as an effort of understanding between human beings and (2) of dismissing any idea of a single communicator's skill. There are many and different skills to be applied.", "contents": "Getting the message across. Messages do not simple 'get across'. The author points out the importance (1) of seeing good communication as an effort of understanding between human beings and (2) of dismissing any idea of a single communicator's skill. There are many and different skills to be applied.", "PMID": 501077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5113", "title": "Look after yourself: monitoring the effects of a campaign.", "content": "A long-term campaign for better health was launched by the Health Education Council in the UK in January 1978. Preliminary findings from surveys evaluating the campaign are presented.", "contents": "Look after yourself: monitoring the effects of a campaign. A long-term campaign for better health was launched by the Health Education Council in the UK in January 1978. Preliminary findings from surveys evaluating the campaign are presented.", "PMID": 501078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5114", "title": "Role of the nurse specialist in stoma care.", "content": "The work of the stoma-care nurse is discussed. Emphasis is laid on the need to liaise with other health professionals also concerned with the patient in hospital and in the community. Some specific problems of stoma patients are also discussed.", "contents": "Role of the nurse specialist in stoma care. The work of the stoma-care nurse is discussed. Emphasis is laid on the need to liaise with other health professionals also concerned with the patient in hospital and in the community. Some specific problems of stoma patients are also discussed.", "PMID": 501079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5115", "title": "Modulation of platelet activation by native DNA.", "content": "Native DNA (dsDNA) was found to induce the aggregation of isolated human platelets and the release of platelet 5HT; this activation was inhibited by both theophylline and TYA, suggesting a role for cAMP and metabolic products formed from arachidonate. By contrast, nonaggregating amounts of dsDNA inhibited platelet activation induced by collagen or thrombin. This inhibition, which could be overcome by use of greater amounts of the stimulatory agents, was not associated with the loss of platelet viability. Activation of platelets by dsDNA was not observed in plasma or in isolated platelet systems to which small amounts of cell-free plasma were added. However, dsDNA maintained in plasma its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and thrombin. RNA and single-stranded DNA failed to induce platelet aggregation or release of 5HT and to block the platelet activation stimulated by dsDNA. Further, dsDNA did not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma stimulated by ADP or epinephrine. These data implicate dsDNA as a selective and potentially important activator and modulator of platelet responsiveness.", "contents": "Modulation of platelet activation by native DNA. Native DNA (dsDNA) was found to induce the aggregation of isolated human platelets and the release of platelet 5HT; this activation was inhibited by both theophylline and TYA, suggesting a role for cAMP and metabolic products formed from arachidonate. By contrast, nonaggregating amounts of dsDNA inhibited platelet activation induced by collagen or thrombin. This inhibition, which could be overcome by use of greater amounts of the stimulatory agents, was not associated with the loss of platelet viability. Activation of platelets by dsDNA was not observed in plasma or in isolated platelet systems to which small amounts of cell-free plasma were added. However, dsDNA maintained in plasma its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and thrombin. RNA and single-stranded DNA failed to induce platelet aggregation or release of 5HT and to block the platelet activation stimulated by dsDNA. Further, dsDNA did not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma stimulated by ADP or epinephrine. These data implicate dsDNA as a selective and potentially important activator and modulator of platelet responsiveness.", "PMID": 501081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5116", "title": "Biosynthesis and post-synthetic modification of a precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth component of mouse complement (C5).", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages synthesized and secreted a precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth component of serum complement (C5) in short-term tissue culture. Approximately 0.2% of the newly synthesized intracellular protein and 0.8% of secreted protein were precipitable with antiserum to mouse C5. The precursor is similar in size to the native serum protein (210,000 daltons), but consists of a single polypeptide chain. In contrast, serum C5 consists of two polypeptide chains (m.w. 125,000 and 83,000) linked by disulfide bridges. An electrophoretic variant of pro-C5 distinct from intracellular C5 was detected in medium from macrophage cultures.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and post-synthetic modification of a precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth component of mouse complement (C5). Mouse peritoneal macrophages synthesized and secreted a precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth component of serum complement (C5) in short-term tissue culture. Approximately 0.2% of the newly synthesized intracellular protein and 0.8% of secreted protein were precipitable with antiserum to mouse C5. The precursor is similar in size to the native serum protein (210,000 daltons), but consists of a single polypeptide chain. In contrast, serum C5 consists of two polypeptide chains (m.w. 125,000 and 83,000) linked by disulfide bridges. An electrophoretic variant of pro-C5 distinct from intracellular C5 was detected in medium from macrophage cultures.", "PMID": 501083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5117", "title": "Prevention of transplantable tumors by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from immunized rats.", "content": "Fischer 344 rats were specifically hyperimmunized with allogeneic, nonvirus-producing [Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (KiMSV)] or syngeneic, virus-producing [KiMSV (Rasheed)] rat tumors. Spleen cells taken from these rats adoptively transferred protection against a 100 to 1,000 X rat tumor dose50 cell challenge with several different transplantable rat tumors. Protection was obtained with spleen cells after removal of adherent cells and macrophages but not peritoneal cells. The spleen cells were not directly cytotoxic but required more than 3 days residence in the recipient before protecting the recipient against challenge. No protection against tumor cell challenge was observed when spleen cells were lethally x-ray irradiated before injection into nontreated rats. Spleen cells taken from rats immunized with normal histocompatibility antigens did not protect in this test system.", "contents": "Prevention of transplantable tumors by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from immunized rats. Fischer 344 rats were specifically hyperimmunized with allogeneic, nonvirus-producing [Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (KiMSV)] or syngeneic, virus-producing [KiMSV (Rasheed)] rat tumors. Spleen cells taken from these rats adoptively transferred protection against a 100 to 1,000 X rat tumor dose50 cell challenge with several different transplantable rat tumors. Protection was obtained with spleen cells after removal of adherent cells and macrophages but not peritoneal cells. The spleen cells were not directly cytotoxic but required more than 3 days residence in the recipient before protecting the recipient against challenge. No protection against tumor cell challenge was observed when spleen cells were lethally x-ray irradiated before injection into nontreated rats. Spleen cells taken from rats immunized with normal histocompatibility antigens did not protect in this test system.", "PMID": 501086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5118", "title": "Generation of biologic activity from the purified alpha-chain of C5.", "content": "The alpha- and beta-chains of the fifth component of human complement (C5) have been isolated and their physical and biologic properties have been characterized. After electrophoresis in SDS-poly-acrylamide slab gels, the chains were eluted from the gels and extensively dialyzed. The amino acid composition of each chain was then determined. On SDS-gels, the alpha-chain was PAS positive whereas the beta-chain revealed little or no staining. As a measure of chemotactic activity, the lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity of both chains was examined before and after trypsinization; activity resided almost entirely in the alpha subunit. Reconstitution of C5 from its isolated chains, followed by trypsinization resulted in slightly less activity than that from the individual alpha subunit. These findings provide direct support for previous evidence suggesting the biologic activity for neutrophils derives entirely from the alpha subunit of C5. This represents the first report of direct recovery of biologic activity from a purified subunit chain of C5.", "contents": "Generation of biologic activity from the purified alpha-chain of C5. The alpha- and beta-chains of the fifth component of human complement (C5) have been isolated and their physical and biologic properties have been characterized. After electrophoresis in SDS-poly-acrylamide slab gels, the chains were eluted from the gels and extensively dialyzed. The amino acid composition of each chain was then determined. On SDS-gels, the alpha-chain was PAS positive whereas the beta-chain revealed little or no staining. As a measure of chemotactic activity, the lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity of both chains was examined before and after trypsinization; activity resided almost entirely in the alpha subunit. Reconstitution of C5 from its isolated chains, followed by trypsinization resulted in slightly less activity than that from the individual alpha subunit. These findings provide direct support for previous evidence suggesting the biologic activity for neutrophils derives entirely from the alpha subunit of C5. This represents the first report of direct recovery of biologic activity from a purified subunit chain of C5.", "PMID": 501087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5119", "title": "Structural studies on the murine Ia alloantigens. VI. Evidence that both subunits of the I-A alloantigen are encoded by the I-A subregion.", "content": "The alpha and beta subunits of the murine I-A alloantigens from several H-2 haplotypes were examined by comparative tryptic peptide mapping by using double label (3H and 14C) techniques. Significant structural variation between alleles was detected in both subunits. Tryptic digests of the alpha polypeptides from s, b, and d showed only 65% co-elution with k; beta-chains from s, b, d, and r were about 50% similar to the k beta subunit. Peptide analysis of the Ak subunits from intra-H-2 recombinant strains indicated that both the alpha and beta polypeptides are encoded within the I-A subregion.", "contents": "Structural studies on the murine Ia alloantigens. VI. Evidence that both subunits of the I-A alloantigen are encoded by the I-A subregion. The alpha and beta subunits of the murine I-A alloantigens from several H-2 haplotypes were examined by comparative tryptic peptide mapping by using double label (3H and 14C) techniques. Significant structural variation between alleles was detected in both subunits. Tryptic digests of the alpha polypeptides from s, b, and d showed only 65% co-elution with k; beta-chains from s, b, d, and r were about 50% similar to the k beta subunit. Peptide analysis of the Ak subunits from intra-H-2 recombinant strains indicated that both the alpha and beta polypeptides are encoded within the I-A subregion.", "PMID": 501089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5120", "title": "Plasminogen activator production by human monocytes. I. Enhancement by activated lymphocytes and lymphocyte products.", "content": "Human monocytes, but not nylon wool column-nonadherent lymphocytes, produce plasminogen activator. The activity is found only in association with intact cells. Exposure of monocytes to activated lymphocytes or to lymphokine-rich supernatants enhances monocyte plasminogen activator production. The assay allows assessment of baseline and activated human monocyte function.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator production by human monocytes. I. Enhancement by activated lymphocytes and lymphocyte products. Human monocytes, but not nylon wool column-nonadherent lymphocytes, produce plasminogen activator. The activity is found only in association with intact cells. Exposure of monocytes to activated lymphocytes or to lymphokine-rich supernatants enhances monocyte plasminogen activator production. The assay allows assessment of baseline and activated human monocyte function.", "PMID": 501090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5121", "title": "Autoimmune reactions against liver cells by syngeneic neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes.", "content": "We have found that the entrapment of neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes in the liver leads to the induction of autoimmune cellular cytotoxic reactions. Lymphocytes from mouse spleen and thymus were incubated with neuraminidase in vitro and injected i.v. into syngeneic recipients. Lymphocytic infiltrations into the liver were seen 7 days later with both types of cells. After repeated weekly injections of asialo-lymphocytes, destruction of liver tissue became apparent. Electron-microscopic studies showed that hepatocytes, fat storage cells, and endothelial cells were affected, mainly at the hepatic periphery. It is concluded that the adhesion of asialo-lymphocytes to liver cells induces their cytotoxic activity. Similar reactions may occur after paramyxovirus infection due to the action of viral neuraminidase.", "contents": "Autoimmune reactions against liver cells by syngeneic neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes. We have found that the entrapment of neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes in the liver leads to the induction of autoimmune cellular cytotoxic reactions. Lymphocytes from mouse spleen and thymus were incubated with neuraminidase in vitro and injected i.v. into syngeneic recipients. Lymphocytic infiltrations into the liver were seen 7 days later with both types of cells. After repeated weekly injections of asialo-lymphocytes, destruction of liver tissue became apparent. Electron-microscopic studies showed that hepatocytes, fat storage cells, and endothelial cells were affected, mainly at the hepatic periphery. It is concluded that the adhesion of asialo-lymphocytes to liver cells induces their cytotoxic activity. Similar reactions may occur after paramyxovirus infection due to the action of viral neuraminidase.", "PMID": 501091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5122", "title": "Immunopotentiating effects of amphotericin B. I. Enhanced contact sensitivity in mice.", "content": "Contact sensitivity responses to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or oxazolone were enhanced by amphotericin B (AmB) administration. This adjuvant effect of AmB was documented in mice by ear thickness measurements, ear histology, and the 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-125I ear assay. The optimum immunopotentiating effect of AmB required its simultaneous administration at the time of skin sensitization. AmB-induced adjuvant effects were also observed in adoptive transfer experiments in which syngeneic recipients of lymph node cells from animals sensitized with DNFB plus AmB gave stronger contact sensitivity responses than recipients of cells from mice sensitized with DNFB alone. AmB also interfered with tolerance induction by i.v. dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, suggesting that its adjuvant effects involve inhibition of suppressor cells or their precursors.", "contents": "Immunopotentiating effects of amphotericin B. I. Enhanced contact sensitivity in mice. Contact sensitivity responses to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or oxazolone were enhanced by amphotericin B (AmB) administration. This adjuvant effect of AmB was documented in mice by ear thickness measurements, ear histology, and the 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-125I ear assay. The optimum immunopotentiating effect of AmB required its simultaneous administration at the time of skin sensitization. AmB-induced adjuvant effects were also observed in adoptive transfer experiments in which syngeneic recipients of lymph node cells from animals sensitized with DNFB plus AmB gave stronger contact sensitivity responses than recipients of cells from mice sensitized with DNFB alone. AmB also interfered with tolerance induction by i.v. dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, suggesting that its adjuvant effects involve inhibition of suppressor cells or their precursors.", "PMID": 501094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5123", "title": "Immunopotentiating effects of amphotericin B. II. Enhanced in vitro proliferative responses of murine lymphocytes.", "content": "Enhanced in vitro proliferative responses to DNBSO3 were seen in lymph node cells and spleen cells after in vivo sensitization of mice with DNFB plus AmB compared with mice primed with DNFB alone. The T cell proliferation in the nylon column nonadherent fraction for both groups was highly similar, and the enhanced lymph node cell proliferation with AmB was demonstrated to be in the nylon adherent population consisting of both T and B cells. These and earlier studies of immunopotentiation by AmB are consistent with a mechanism that depends on selective interaction of the polyene with a subset of T cells and a resultant impairment of the normally induced suppressor regulation that limits the magnitude and duration of immune responses.", "contents": "Immunopotentiating effects of amphotericin B. II. Enhanced in vitro proliferative responses of murine lymphocytes. Enhanced in vitro proliferative responses to DNBSO3 were seen in lymph node cells and spleen cells after in vivo sensitization of mice with DNFB plus AmB compared with mice primed with DNFB alone. The T cell proliferation in the nylon column nonadherent fraction for both groups was highly similar, and the enhanced lymph node cell proliferation with AmB was demonstrated to be in the nylon adherent population consisting of both T and B cells. These and earlier studies of immunopotentiation by AmB are consistent with a mechanism that depends on selective interaction of the polyene with a subset of T cells and a resultant impairment of the normally induced suppressor regulation that limits the magnitude and duration of immune responses.", "PMID": 501095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5124", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte E-rosette formation by oxygenated sterols.", "content": "25-Hydroxycholesterol, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol, when added to cultures of human lymphocytes in lipoprotein-depleted medium (LPDM) at a concentration of 2.5 x 10(-6) M, inhibit E-rosette formation with sheep red blood cells. 20 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol are more potent inhibitors than 25-hydroxycholesterol. The inhibitory effect of 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol on E-rosette formation appears after 15 min of exposure; with the other three compounds, an exposure time of 18 hr is necessary. The inhibitory effect of E-rosette formation can be abolished by addition of free cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, or high-density lipoprotein to the LPDM or by incubation of the cells in normal AB serum, but not by the addition of mevalonic acid to the LPDM. These observations suggest that the capacity of oxygenated sterol compounds (OSC) to inhibit E-rosette formation is independent of their inhibitory effect on sterol synthesis. It is possible that OSC inhibit E-rosette formation as a consequence of their insertion into the lymphocyte membrane as cholesterol analogues.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte E-rosette formation by oxygenated sterols. 25-Hydroxycholesterol, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol, when added to cultures of human lymphocytes in lipoprotein-depleted medium (LPDM) at a concentration of 2.5 x 10(-6) M, inhibit E-rosette formation with sheep red blood cells. 20 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, and 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol are more potent inhibitors than 25-hydroxycholesterol. The inhibitory effect of 5 alpha-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol on E-rosette formation appears after 15 min of exposure; with the other three compounds, an exposure time of 18 hr is necessary. The inhibitory effect of E-rosette formation can be abolished by addition of free cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, or high-density lipoprotein to the LPDM or by incubation of the cells in normal AB serum, but not by the addition of mevalonic acid to the LPDM. These observations suggest that the capacity of oxygenated sterol compounds (OSC) to inhibit E-rosette formation is independent of their inhibitory effect on sterol synthesis. It is possible that OSC inhibit E-rosette formation as a consequence of their insertion into the lymphocyte membrane as cholesterol analogues.", "PMID": 501096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5125", "title": "Interaction between components of the human classical complement pathway and immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA.", "content": "The interaction between the complement components in human serum and the dye, Cibacron Blue F3GA, immobilized on cross-linked agarose (Affi-Gel Blue) has been studied. All nine components of the classical complement pathway bound to the dye and could be recovered using a linear salt gradient. With the exception of C5 and C8, all the components were eluted over a narrow NaCl concentration range, with the following yields: C1, 17%; C2, 69%; C3, 92%; C4, 87%; C6, 105%; C7, 109%; C9, 128%. C5 and C8 eluted throughout the NaCl gradient with yields of 103% and 14%, respectively. Since all components could be eluted without substantial contamination by albumin or IgG, this procedure may prove valuable as an initial step in the purification of complement components. In addition, the ability of immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA to physicallly remove complement components may prove useful for both the decomplementation of serum and in elucidating the role of complement in immunological reactions.", "contents": "Interaction between components of the human classical complement pathway and immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA. The interaction between the complement components in human serum and the dye, Cibacron Blue F3GA, immobilized on cross-linked agarose (Affi-Gel Blue) has been studied. All nine components of the classical complement pathway bound to the dye and could be recovered using a linear salt gradient. With the exception of C5 and C8, all the components were eluted over a narrow NaCl concentration range, with the following yields: C1, 17%; C2, 69%; C3, 92%; C4, 87%; C6, 105%; C7, 109%; C9, 128%. C5 and C8 eluted throughout the NaCl gradient with yields of 103% and 14%, respectively. Since all components could be eluted without substantial contamination by albumin or IgG, this procedure may prove valuable as an initial step in the purification of complement components. In addition, the ability of immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA to physicallly remove complement components may prove useful for both the decomplementation of serum and in elucidating the role of complement in immunological reactions.", "PMID": 501098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5126", "title": "The influence of antigen properties on the conditions required to elute antibodies from immunoadsorbents.", "content": "Immunoadsorbents were used to purify a number of antibodies. Using pH 2.0 acid conditions alone it was possible to elute antibodies raised against human growth hormone (HGH) and Fc fragments from such immunoadsorbents with 50% or better recovery of antibody activity. However, to elute antibodies raised against triiodothyronine and cortisol required 6 M guanidine HCl, pH 2.0. The avidities of the purified antibodies were similar to those of the non-purified antibodies. The purified antibodies were stable in solution at 4 degrees C for at least six months.", "contents": "The influence of antigen properties on the conditions required to elute antibodies from immunoadsorbents. Immunoadsorbents were used to purify a number of antibodies. Using pH 2.0 acid conditions alone it was possible to elute antibodies raised against human growth hormone (HGH) and Fc fragments from such immunoadsorbents with 50% or better recovery of antibody activity. However, to elute antibodies raised against triiodothyronine and cortisol required 6 M guanidine HCl, pH 2.0. The avidities of the purified antibodies were similar to those of the non-purified antibodies. The purified antibodies were stable in solution at 4 degrees C for at least six months.", "PMID": 501099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5127", "title": "A polyethylene glycol radioimmunoprecipitation assay for human immunoglobulin G.", "content": "A polyethylene glycol (PEG) radioimmunoprecipitation assay for human IgG is described that is sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.5 ng of IgG. This model antibody-antigen system was also used to study the stoichiometries of PEG-precipitated complexes. Our results suggest that the presence of PEG may affect the stoichiometry of the complexes which precipitate from solution.", "contents": "A polyethylene glycol radioimmunoprecipitation assay for human immunoglobulin G. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) radioimmunoprecipitation assay for human IgG is described that is sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.5 ng of IgG. This model antibody-antigen system was also used to study the stoichiometries of PEG-precipitated complexes. Our results suggest that the presence of PEG may affect the stoichiometry of the complexes which precipitate from solution.", "PMID": 501100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5128", "title": "Cell separation with staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorbent surfaces.", "content": "An 'indirect\" cell separation technique was developed using protein A, in which each specific antiserum was first reacted with the cells to be processed. Separation was then achieved on antibody/protein A immunoadsorbent surfaces, where the final antibody coupled to the protein A was one which was directed against the specific antisera previously reacted with the cells. Only small volumes of specific antisera were required to effect separation either on a small or large scale with excellent specificity, cell viability and total cell recoveries. Theoretically, the technique would function with any Ig class of specific antisera from any species and would not be restricted to mammalian protein A binding IgG specific antisera, allowing considerable expansion in the number of antisera able to be utilized.", "contents": "Cell separation with staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorbent surfaces. An 'indirect\" cell separation technique was developed using protein A, in which each specific antiserum was first reacted with the cells to be processed. Separation was then achieved on antibody/protein A immunoadsorbent surfaces, where the final antibody coupled to the protein A was one which was directed against the specific antisera previously reacted with the cells. Only small volumes of specific antisera were required to effect separation either on a small or large scale with excellent specificity, cell viability and total cell recoveries. Theoretically, the technique would function with any Ig class of specific antisera from any species and would not be restricted to mammalian protein A binding IgG specific antisera, allowing considerable expansion in the number of antisera able to be utilized.", "PMID": 501101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5129", "title": "A simple method of evaluating delayed type hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in mice sensitized to dinitrofluorobenzene were assessed by measuring the increase in weight of the ears challenged with antigen. The method has proved reliable for assessment of DTH reactions when results are expressed as weight ratios between challenged and unchallenged ears.", "contents": "A simple method of evaluating delayed type hypersensitivity in mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in mice sensitized to dinitrofluorobenzene were assessed by measuring the increase in weight of the ears challenged with antigen. The method has proved reliable for assessment of DTH reactions when results are expressed as weight ratios between challenged and unchallenged ears.", "PMID": 501102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5130", "title": "Use of C6- and C7-deficient human sera in quantitative hemolytic assays for C6 and C7.", "content": "Quantitative hemolytic assays for C6 and C7 using as R reagents sera from patients deficient in these components are described. The assays gave linear results. Normal range for serum C6 was found to be 21,400--41,700 C6 hemolytic units/ml; for serum C7 the normal range was 5540--9860 C7 hemolytic units/ml.", "contents": "Use of C6- and C7-deficient human sera in quantitative hemolytic assays for C6 and C7. Quantitative hemolytic assays for C6 and C7 using as R reagents sera from patients deficient in these components are described. The assays gave linear results. Normal range for serum C6 was found to be 21,400--41,700 C6 hemolytic units/ml; for serum C7 the normal range was 5540--9860 C7 hemolytic units/ml.", "PMID": 501103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5131", "title": "Metrizamide gradient purification of mouse tumor cells.", "content": "A one-step isopycnic density gradient centrifugation procedure is described for purification of highly viable and homogeneous tumor cells from a variety of solid mouse tumors. Mechanically suspended cells are layered onto preformed continuous gradients of medium 199-buffered 7--33% metrizamide (density range 1.05--1.20 g/cu. cm) isoosmotic with mouse plasma and centrifuged for 30 min. Large numbers of tumor cells, generally 85--95% viable and free from 80--95% of contaminating host lymphoid and phagocytic cells and erythrocytes, were consistently recovered from fractionated thymomas, melanomas, and fibrosarcomas. By a variety of criteria, cell surface and other biological properties of gradient-purified tumor cells were normal.", "contents": "Metrizamide gradient purification of mouse tumor cells. A one-step isopycnic density gradient centrifugation procedure is described for purification of highly viable and homogeneous tumor cells from a variety of solid mouse tumors. Mechanically suspended cells are layered onto preformed continuous gradients of medium 199-buffered 7--33% metrizamide (density range 1.05--1.20 g/cu. cm) isoosmotic with mouse plasma and centrifuged for 30 min. Large numbers of tumor cells, generally 85--95% viable and free from 80--95% of contaminating host lymphoid and phagocytic cells and erythrocytes, were consistently recovered from fractionated thymomas, melanomas, and fibrosarcomas. By a variety of criteria, cell surface and other biological properties of gradient-purified tumor cells were normal.", "PMID": 501104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5132", "title": "Immunoglobulin allotypes and response to tetanus toxoid in Papua, New Guinea.", "content": "The data indicates that Papuans with the Austronesian haplotype Gmf,a;b produce significantly higher levels of tetanus specific antibody, than Papuans without this haplotype, suggesting that response to tetanus toxoid in man is associated with the Gm phenotype of the individual. Km (1) status was not related to response.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin allotypes and response to tetanus toxoid in Papua, New Guinea. The data indicates that Papuans with the Austronesian haplotype Gmf,a;b produce significantly higher levels of tetanus specific antibody, than Papuans without this haplotype, suggesting that response to tetanus toxoid in man is associated with the Gm phenotype of the individual. Km (1) status was not related to response.", "PMID": 501123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5133", "title": "Discrimination of Antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen from antibodies to inherited serum protein variants in immune sera of human and animal origin.", "content": "Antisera to hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen, both of human and rabbit origin, have been examined. The anti-HBs serum derived from a multiply transfused patient did, in addition, contain antibodies directed against the inherited beta-lipoprotein antigen Ag(x), whereas one of the rabbit immune sera also contained antibody to the inherited Lp(a) antigen. Thus, in human, as well as in animal anti-HBs sera, antibodies to inherited normal serum antigens may cause false positive reactions. This problem may be overcome by absorption procedures if appropriate control systems are available. False positive reactions caused by the Ag(x) antigen may also be avoided by use of agarose as supporting medium for the test, as Ag(x) precipitin lines do not appear in this medium. An undialysable high molecular weight component may be obtained from Oxoid \"Ionagar\" by washing. When this is added to agarose the Ag(x) antigen reaction appears also in this medium.", "contents": "Discrimination of Antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen from antibodies to inherited serum protein variants in immune sera of human and animal origin. Antisera to hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen, both of human and rabbit origin, have been examined. The anti-HBs serum derived from a multiply transfused patient did, in addition, contain antibodies directed against the inherited beta-lipoprotein antigen Ag(x), whereas one of the rabbit immune sera also contained antibody to the inherited Lp(a) antigen. Thus, in human, as well as in animal anti-HBs sera, antibodies to inherited normal serum antigens may cause false positive reactions. This problem may be overcome by absorption procedures if appropriate control systems are available. False positive reactions caused by the Ag(x) antigen may also be avoided by use of agarose as supporting medium for the test, as Ag(x) precipitin lines do not appear in this medium. An undialysable high molecular weight component may be obtained from Oxoid \"Ionagar\" by washing. When this is added to agarose the Ag(x) antigen reaction appears also in this medium.", "PMID": 501124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5134", "title": "The specialized junctions between Merkel cell and neurite: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Longitudinal serial sections of one half of the entire sinus hair of a mouse were examined by the electron microscope. Three neurites entering the outer root sheath from the perifollicular blood sinus were encountered. These were separate nerve trunks from those connected with perifollicular tactile nerve endings and exclusively innervated intrafollicular Merkel cells. Two types of specialized junctions were observed at the contact regions between Merkel cell plasma membrane and neurite plasma membrane: (i) desmosome-like structures in which small clear vesicles and/or the large cored vesicles of neurite and thicker membrane (post-synaptic?) of apposed Merkel cell were found ant (ii) synapse-like structures in which Merkel cell granules were concentrated near the plasma membrane and the membrane of the apposed neurite was usually thicker (post-synaptic?). In some of the synapse-like junctions the limiting membrane of Merkel cell granules fused with the Merkel cell plasma membrane and its content seemed to be discharged into the intercellular space. This suggested actual exocytotic secretion of Merkel cell granules. Juxtaposition of 2 types of junctions, i.e. (i) and (ii) above, was also found. This suggested the possibility that the reciprocal synapse would be present between Merkel cells and afferent neurites.", "contents": "The specialized junctions between Merkel cell and neurite: an electron microscopic study. Longitudinal serial sections of one half of the entire sinus hair of a mouse were examined by the electron microscope. Three neurites entering the outer root sheath from the perifollicular blood sinus were encountered. These were separate nerve trunks from those connected with perifollicular tactile nerve endings and exclusively innervated intrafollicular Merkel cells. Two types of specialized junctions were observed at the contact regions between Merkel cell plasma membrane and neurite plasma membrane: (i) desmosome-like structures in which small clear vesicles and/or the large cored vesicles of neurite and thicker membrane (post-synaptic?) of apposed Merkel cell were found ant (ii) synapse-like structures in which Merkel cell granules were concentrated near the plasma membrane and the membrane of the apposed neurite was usually thicker (post-synaptic?). In some of the synapse-like junctions the limiting membrane of Merkel cell granules fused with the Merkel cell plasma membrane and its content seemed to be discharged into the intercellular space. This suggested actual exocytotic secretion of Merkel cell granules. Juxtaposition of 2 types of junctions, i.e. (i) and (ii) above, was also found. This suggested the possibility that the reciprocal synapse would be present between Merkel cells and afferent neurites.", "PMID": 501131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5135", "title": "The effect on rhino mouse skin of agents which influence keratinization and exfoliation.", "content": "The skin of the rhino mouse, an allelic variant of the hariless mouse, contains deep dermal cysts and huge numbers of hornfilled utriculi which resemble comedones. Chemicals which influence either differentiation or desquamation of horny cells were applied topically twice daily for up to 6 weeks. Except for the dermal cysts, the gross epithelial abnormalities were almost completely corrected by retinoic acid in a dose-dependent fashion. Salicylic acid caused partial emptying of the horny masses, but the utriculi did not regress. Lactic acid, propylene glycol and benzoyl peroxide had minor effects on keratinization and exfoliation. The rhino mouse is a suitable model for assessing chemicals which affect epithelial differentiation (retinoids)or which promote loss of cohesion between horny cells (descaling agents).", "contents": "The effect on rhino mouse skin of agents which influence keratinization and exfoliation. The skin of the rhino mouse, an allelic variant of the hariless mouse, contains deep dermal cysts and huge numbers of hornfilled utriculi which resemble comedones. Chemicals which influence either differentiation or desquamation of horny cells were applied topically twice daily for up to 6 weeks. Except for the dermal cysts, the gross epithelial abnormalities were almost completely corrected by retinoic acid in a dose-dependent fashion. Salicylic acid caused partial emptying of the horny masses, but the utriculi did not regress. Lactic acid, propylene glycol and benzoyl peroxide had minor effects on keratinization and exfoliation. The rhino mouse is a suitable model for assessing chemicals which affect epithelial differentiation (retinoids)or which promote loss of cohesion between horny cells (descaling agents).", "PMID": 501133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5136", "title": "Changes in carbohydrate expression of lichen planus affected oral epithelial cell membranes.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine possible epithelial cell membrane changes in lichen planus affected oral mucosa by the use of the lectins concanavalin-A and ricinus communis agglutinin fraction I. It was shown that these lectins in contrast to what was found in normal epithelium do not bind to the cell membranes of basal cells of lichen planus affected epithelium. The lack of binding of lectins suggests changes in exposed carbohydrates at the surfaces of the cells. The findings may support the hypothesis of antigenic changes in the lichen planus affected epithelium.", "contents": "Changes in carbohydrate expression of lichen planus affected oral epithelial cell membranes. The purpose of the present study was to examine possible epithelial cell membrane changes in lichen planus affected oral mucosa by the use of the lectins concanavalin-A and ricinus communis agglutinin fraction I. It was shown that these lectins in contrast to what was found in normal epithelium do not bind to the cell membranes of basal cells of lichen planus affected epithelium. The lack of binding of lectins suggests changes in exposed carbohydrates at the surfaces of the cells. The findings may support the hypothesis of antigenic changes in the lichen planus affected epithelium.", "PMID": 501134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5137", "title": "Specific binding of prostaglandin E2 to membrane preparations from human skin: receptor modulation by UVB-irradiation and chemical agents.", "content": "Human skin membranes bind prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with high affinity (with an apparent dissociation constant, Kd, of 3.14 X 10(-9) M) and specificity. This binding is inhibited by trypsin or heat treatment suggesting that PGE2 receptors have protein components. Exposure of the membranes to ultraviolet irradiation (UVB) resulted in the loss of the membrane binding capacity for PGE2. This UVB-ihibitory effect could be prevented by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), a known protein sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent and alpha-tocopherol, a known lipid anti-oxidant. These results suggest that UVB-irradiation possibly initiate the reduction of critical protein disulfide groups and the peroxication of lipids in the membranes, which are essential for the receptor-PGE2 interaction.", "contents": "Specific binding of prostaglandin E2 to membrane preparations from human skin: receptor modulation by UVB-irradiation and chemical agents. Human skin membranes bind prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with high affinity (with an apparent dissociation constant, Kd, of 3.14 X 10(-9) M) and specificity. This binding is inhibited by trypsin or heat treatment suggesting that PGE2 receptors have protein components. Exposure of the membranes to ultraviolet irradiation (UVB) resulted in the loss of the membrane binding capacity for PGE2. This UVB-ihibitory effect could be prevented by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), a known protein sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent and alpha-tocopherol, a known lipid anti-oxidant. These results suggest that UVB-irradiation possibly initiate the reduction of critical protein disulfide groups and the peroxication of lipids in the membranes, which are essential for the receptor-PGE2 interaction.", "PMID": 501135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5138", "title": "Excretion pathways of amphotericin B.", "content": "The role of the biliary system in excretion of amphotericin B was explored in a dog model that allowed either external diversion of all bile or complete biliary obstruction. In dogs with biliary diversion, which were given a single dose of amphotericin B intravenously, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile lasted for seven to 10 days and accounted for only 3% +/- 2% (mean +/- SD) of the dose, whereas excretion in the urine was prolonged (23--35 days) and greater (21% +/- 5% of the dose); the stool contained no amphotericin B. However, bile salt depletion may have depressed biliary excretion of amphotericin B: in a dog with an intact biliary system, 19% of the dose was excreted in the stool over 11 days. In dogs given amphotericin B daily, serum levels were 19% +/- 3% higher during periods of biliary obstruction than during periods of free bile flow (P less than 0.05). Thus, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile (less than or equal to 19% of the dose) and in the urine (21% of the dose) accounted for a minority of total drug clearance. Nevertheless, prolonged excretion of amphotericin B by these routes after a single dose suggests that infrequent doses of amphotericin B may provide effective treatment for certain forms of fungal infection.", "contents": "Excretion pathways of amphotericin B. The role of the biliary system in excretion of amphotericin B was explored in a dog model that allowed either external diversion of all bile or complete biliary obstruction. In dogs with biliary diversion, which were given a single dose of amphotericin B intravenously, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile lasted for seven to 10 days and accounted for only 3% +/- 2% (mean +/- SD) of the dose, whereas excretion in the urine was prolonged (23--35 days) and greater (21% +/- 5% of the dose); the stool contained no amphotericin B. However, bile salt depletion may have depressed biliary excretion of amphotericin B: in a dog with an intact biliary system, 19% of the dose was excreted in the stool over 11 days. In dogs given amphotericin B daily, serum levels were 19% +/- 3% higher during periods of biliary obstruction than during periods of free bile flow (P less than 0.05). Thus, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile (less than or equal to 19% of the dose) and in the urine (21% of the dose) accounted for a minority of total drug clearance. Nevertheless, prolonged excretion of amphotericin B by these routes after a single dose suggests that infrequent doses of amphotericin B may provide effective treatment for certain forms of fungal infection.", "PMID": 501147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5139", "title": "Furosemide enhancement of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: comparison of functional and morphological changes with activities of urinary enzymes.", "content": "Dogs were given gentamicin (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 8 hr for 10 days. Levels of serum creatinine rose by day 6 (0.91 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.02 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05) and of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 (24.3 +/- 4.80 vs. 16.1 +/- 0.90 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05). Gentamicin nephrotoxicity occurred earlier and was more marked when furosemide (2 mg/kg) was added: the level of serum creatinine by day 6 was 1.62 +/- 0.25 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), and the level of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 was 181 +/- 23.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Elevations in the activities of the urinary enzymes beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and muramidase preceded rises in levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Examination of serial percutaneous renal biopsy specimens showed that gentamicin administration was associated with hyaline droplet degeneration, lysosomal changes, and, later, cell necrosis (primarily of the proximal tubules). Changes in renal morphology were more severe and occurred earlier when furosemide was administered concomitantly. In summary, furosemide enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Enzymuria was an early sign of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Furosemide enhancement of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: comparison of functional and morphological changes with activities of urinary enzymes. Dogs were given gentamicin (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 8 hr for 10 days. Levels of serum creatinine rose by day 6 (0.91 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.02 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05) and of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 (24.3 +/- 4.80 vs. 16.1 +/- 0.90 mg/dl for controls, P less than 0.05). Gentamicin nephrotoxicity occurred earlier and was more marked when furosemide (2 mg/kg) was added: the level of serum creatinine by day 6 was 1.62 +/- 0.25 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), and the level of blood urea nitrogen by day 8 was 181 +/- 23.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Elevations in the activities of the urinary enzymes beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and muramidase preceded rises in levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Examination of serial percutaneous renal biopsy specimens showed that gentamicin administration was associated with hyaline droplet degeneration, lysosomal changes, and, later, cell necrosis (primarily of the proximal tubules). Changes in renal morphology were more severe and occurred earlier when furosemide was administered concomitantly. In summary, furosemide enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Enzymuria was an early sign of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 501148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5140", "title": "Microbial colonization and hepatic abnormalities in jejunoileal bypass with resection, ileal mucous fistula, and ileocolostomy.", "content": "A role for bacterial colonization of the intestines in the pathogenesis of hepatic abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass was sought. Dogs were divided into groups according to the disposition of the bypassed segment; resection (group I), exteriorization as an ileal mucous fistula (group II), and drainage via an ileocolonic anastomosis (group III). Weight loss, abnormalities in liver function, and hepatic steatosis were significantly greater in groups II and III than in group I. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase in the total number of bacterial colony-forming units in groups II and III. Moreover, a greater number of specific anaerobic genera was isolated in group III than in group II. It is concluded that: (1) retention of the bypassed intestinal segment is associated with greater changes in liver function and structure than when the segment is resected; (2) the changes in the liver correlated with bacterial proliferation in the bypassed intestinal segment; and (3) despite a greater number of anaerobic genera in the ileocolostomy than in the mucous fistula, both procedures were associated with hepatic abnormalities.", "contents": "Microbial colonization and hepatic abnormalities in jejunoileal bypass with resection, ileal mucous fistula, and ileocolostomy. A role for bacterial colonization of the intestines in the pathogenesis of hepatic abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass was sought. Dogs were divided into groups according to the disposition of the bypassed segment; resection (group I), exteriorization as an ileal mucous fistula (group II), and drainage via an ileocolonic anastomosis (group III). Weight loss, abnormalities in liver function, and hepatic steatosis were significantly greater in groups II and III than in group I. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase in the total number of bacterial colony-forming units in groups II and III. Moreover, a greater number of specific anaerobic genera was isolated in group III than in group II. It is concluded that: (1) retention of the bypassed intestinal segment is associated with greater changes in liver function and structure than when the segment is resected; (2) the changes in the liver correlated with bacterial proliferation in the bypassed intestinal segment; and (3) despite a greater number of anaerobic genera in the ileocolostomy than in the mucous fistula, both procedures were associated with hepatic abnormalities.", "PMID": 501149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5141", "title": "Extracellular factors, blood group antigens, and bacteriophage of nephritogenic and nonnephritogenic strains of M-type 12 streptococci.", "content": "Strains of M-type 12 streptococci from 18 patients with acute glomerulonephritis and 18 patients with uncomplicated pharyngitis were analyzed for in vitro production of streptolysin O, diphosphopyridine nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, streptolysin S, proteinase, hyaluronic acid, and fibrinogen-precipitating factor. In addition, relations to blood group antigens, lysogeny, and susceptibility to bacteriophage were determined. No significant differences were found between strains from nephritic and nonnephritic patients. By not indicating a role in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis for any of the factors studied, these observations diminish the probability that these factors are of specific importance in this disease and thus direct our attention elsewhere.", "contents": "Extracellular factors, blood group antigens, and bacteriophage of nephritogenic and nonnephritogenic strains of M-type 12 streptococci. Strains of M-type 12 streptococci from 18 patients with acute glomerulonephritis and 18 patients with uncomplicated pharyngitis were analyzed for in vitro production of streptolysin O, diphosphopyridine nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, streptolysin S, proteinase, hyaluronic acid, and fibrinogen-precipitating factor. In addition, relations to blood group antigens, lysogeny, and susceptibility to bacteriophage were determined. No significant differences were found between strains from nephritic and nonnephritic patients. By not indicating a role in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis for any of the factors studied, these observations diminish the probability that these factors are of specific importance in this disease and thus direct our attention elsewhere.", "PMID": 501150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5142", "title": "Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in feces of HBsAg-positive persons.", "content": "Since previous studies did not provide conclusive data regarding the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the feces of HBsAg carriers, the feces of 20 HBsAg carriers and six patients with HBsAg-positive active liver disease were examined with use of a reproducible method for concentrating and detecting HBsAg in feces in which bovine serum, which has been shown to protect HBsAg destruction by fecal components, was added to the fecal specimens. HBsAg was not detected in 66 fecal specimens from the 26 HBs-Ag-positive persons. Furthermore, HBsAg could not be detected in the feces of a carrier who had ingested 4 ml of his own serum. This finding suggests that there are factors in the gastrointestinal tract that interfere with the immunoreactivity of the HBsAg and possibly destroy the hepatitis B virus. These findings explain why oral/fecal spread does not play a major role in the transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in feces of HBsAg-positive persons. Since previous studies did not provide conclusive data regarding the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the feces of HBsAg carriers, the feces of 20 HBsAg carriers and six patients with HBsAg-positive active liver disease were examined with use of a reproducible method for concentrating and detecting HBsAg in feces in which bovine serum, which has been shown to protect HBsAg destruction by fecal components, was added to the fecal specimens. HBsAg was not detected in 66 fecal specimens from the 26 HBs-Ag-positive persons. Furthermore, HBsAg could not be detected in the feces of a carrier who had ingested 4 ml of his own serum. This finding suggests that there are factors in the gastrointestinal tract that interfere with the immunoreactivity of the HBsAg and possibly destroy the hepatitis B virus. These findings explain why oral/fecal spread does not play a major role in the transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 501151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5143", "title": "Persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the bedbug Cimex hemipterus (Fabr.).", "content": "The fate of hepatitis B virus in the bedbug was investigated to assess this insect's potential as a vector. Colony-reared Cimex hemipterus (Fabr.) were fed once on blood positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The insects were sampled at intervals thereafter and tested for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. HBsAg persisted for up to six weeks in the bedbug's body after a single HBsAg-positive meal, during which time several further HBsAg-negative blood meals were taken. This result explains the high rates of field infection in bedbugs and further supports the hypothesis that bedbugs may play a role in transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the bedbug Cimex hemipterus (Fabr.). The fate of hepatitis B virus in the bedbug was investigated to assess this insect's potential as a vector. Colony-reared Cimex hemipterus (Fabr.) were fed once on blood positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The insects were sampled at intervals thereafter and tested for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. HBsAg persisted for up to six weeks in the bedbug's body after a single HBsAg-positive meal, during which time several further HBsAg-negative blood meals were taken. This result explains the high rates of field infection in bedbugs and further supports the hypothesis that bedbugs may play a role in transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 501152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5144", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the Jikei total knee prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Total knee prostheses for a dog were developed and were inserted into knee joints of seven adult dogs to study the mobility of the artificial joint, the degree of fixation to bone and the durability of the prosthesis, to examine the reactions in the surrounding tissues and the internal organs in the JIKEI total knee prosthesis in clinical use. As a result of surgery, it was proved that the length in the hinged part of the prosthesis needed to be seventy percent of the length of the excised area of the joint to gain good mobility and supportability of the knee joint after surgery. As a result of findings based on necropsy, wear at the hinged part of the prosthesis was mild and debris caused in wear was not harmful for the living body if breakage does not occur there. Histopathological findings revealed that collagenous fibrous tissue with new bone formation was observed on the inner wall of the bone around the stem of the prosthesis four months after surgery. Then it was proved that the fixation of the prosthesis to the bone was sufficient. Therefore the author would like to mention that bone cement is not necessary for the fixation between bone and prostheses. The JIKEI total knee prosthesis (universal type) based on the results of these experimental studies has been developed and was used to the clinical cases. The clinical results until four years after surgery have been most satisfactory with loss of pain, good supportability and movement of joints in almost all of the cases.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the Jikei total knee prosthesis (author's transl)]. Total knee prostheses for a dog were developed and were inserted into knee joints of seven adult dogs to study the mobility of the artificial joint, the degree of fixation to bone and the durability of the prosthesis, to examine the reactions in the surrounding tissues and the internal organs in the JIKEI total knee prosthesis in clinical use. As a result of surgery, it was proved that the length in the hinged part of the prosthesis needed to be seventy percent of the length of the excised area of the joint to gain good mobility and supportability of the knee joint after surgery. As a result of findings based on necropsy, wear at the hinged part of the prosthesis was mild and debris caused in wear was not harmful for the living body if breakage does not occur there. Histopathological findings revealed that collagenous fibrous tissue with new bone formation was observed on the inner wall of the bone around the stem of the prosthesis four months after surgery. Then it was proved that the fixation of the prosthesis to the bone was sufficient. Therefore the author would like to mention that bone cement is not necessary for the fixation between bone and prostheses. The JIKEI total knee prosthesis (universal type) based on the results of these experimental studies has been developed and was used to the clinical cases. The clinical results until four years after surgery have been most satisfactory with loss of pain, good supportability and movement of joints in almost all of the cases.", "PMID": 501183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5145", "title": "[A study on experimental pyogenic osteomyelitis. 1. The preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis. 2. The role of foreign body in hematogenous infection (author's transl)].", "content": "The author undertook the experiments as described below in order to determine the preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis and possible effects of foreign bodies in the bone marrow on development of infection. I) In the first experiment, mice were inoculated with 10(7) cells of staphylococcus aureus intravenously into the tail vein and examined for the distribution and proliferation of the organisms in the bones, all over the body. It was found that the orgaisms in the blood stream were distributed to the bones all over the body almost evenly and that after prolonged observation, remarkable proliferation was noted in both femur and tibia. This bacteriological fact was supported by roentgenographic examination of all the bones. II) In the second experiment, inoculation of staphylococcus aureus into the tail vein was made after a foreign body (No. 5 sterile silk thread of 3 mm in lenght) had been inserted into the proximal metaphysis of a tibia of mice. The tibia of both legs was divided into 3 parts: proximal metaphysis, diaphysis and distal metaphysis. Observation were made for the distribution of organisms and state of proliferation in each of these three parts. In order to elucidate how the inserted foreign body promoted the establishment of infection, the group inserted with silk thread was compared with the control group (un-inserted group). The following results were obtained: 1. Although after 2 weeks of inoculation, the foreign body exerted no influences on the distribution and proliferation of organisms, but it was experimentally demonstrated to play a very important role for retention of organisms and maintenance of infection for a long period. 2. When the inoculum size was 10(6) to 10(7), the organisms were distributed evenly throughout the tibia. However, in the diaphysis the organisms tended to disappear, while in the metaphyseal area the organisms were easy to proliferate. It was also shown that at least 10(5) of organisms were needed for the establishment of infection and that the success or failure of establishment of infection is determined usually within 24 hours after inoculation of the organisms. As described above, from this study it was demonstrated that the femur and tibia were the preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis and that metaphyseal areas of the long bones were commonly affected. Once hematogenous invasion of organisms occurred, administration of antibiotics should be started as soon as possible, no later than 24 hours. According to our common experience, removal of foreign body is necessary for the complete cure of the injection.", "contents": "[A study on experimental pyogenic osteomyelitis. 1. The preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis. 2. The role of foreign body in hematogenous infection (author's transl)]. The author undertook the experiments as described below in order to determine the preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis and possible effects of foreign bodies in the bone marrow on development of infection. I) In the first experiment, mice were inoculated with 10(7) cells of staphylococcus aureus intravenously into the tail vein and examined for the distribution and proliferation of the organisms in the bones, all over the body. It was found that the orgaisms in the blood stream were distributed to the bones all over the body almost evenly and that after prolonged observation, remarkable proliferation was noted in both femur and tibia. This bacteriological fact was supported by roentgenographic examination of all the bones. II) In the second experiment, inoculation of staphylococcus aureus into the tail vein was made after a foreign body (No. 5 sterile silk thread of 3 mm in lenght) had been inserted into the proximal metaphysis of a tibia of mice. The tibia of both legs was divided into 3 parts: proximal metaphysis, diaphysis and distal metaphysis. Observation were made for the distribution of organisms and state of proliferation in each of these three parts. In order to elucidate how the inserted foreign body promoted the establishment of infection, the group inserted with silk thread was compared with the control group (un-inserted group). The following results were obtained: 1. Although after 2 weeks of inoculation, the foreign body exerted no influences on the distribution and proliferation of organisms, but it was experimentally demonstrated to play a very important role for retention of organisms and maintenance of infection for a long period. 2. When the inoculum size was 10(6) to 10(7), the organisms were distributed evenly throughout the tibia. However, in the diaphysis the organisms tended to disappear, while in the metaphyseal area the organisms were easy to proliferate. It was also shown that at least 10(5) of organisms were needed for the establishment of infection and that the success or failure of establishment of infection is determined usually within 24 hours after inoculation of the organisms. As described above, from this study it was demonstrated that the femur and tibia were the preferential site of hematogenous osteomyelitis and that metaphyseal areas of the long bones were commonly affected. Once hematogenous invasion of organisms occurred, administration of antibiotics should be started as soon as possible, no later than 24 hours. According to our common experience, removal of foreign body is necessary for the complete cure of the injection.", "PMID": 501184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5146", "title": "Histochemical study of the human intervertebral disc.", "content": "The human intervertebral discs which were obtained by cadavers and anterior discectomy are investigated histochemically. Chondroitin-4S, chondroitin-6S, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate were detected in the human intervertebral disc by various histochemical methods. pH2.5, pH1.1 toluidin blue metachromasia and 0.4M MgCl2 alcianophilia became weaker with increasing age, and the herniated disc were weaker than controlled discs in the same age group. Chondroitin-4S and chondroitin-6S were distributed throughout the discs. There was no clear localization of the various glycosaminoglycans in the human intervertebral disc, with the exception of keratan sulfate. There was no histologically and histochemically observable difference in the cervical and lumbar discs.", "contents": "Histochemical study of the human intervertebral disc. The human intervertebral discs which were obtained by cadavers and anterior discectomy are investigated histochemically. Chondroitin-4S, chondroitin-6S, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate were detected in the human intervertebral disc by various histochemical methods. pH2.5, pH1.1 toluidin blue metachromasia and 0.4M MgCl2 alcianophilia became weaker with increasing age, and the herniated disc were weaker than controlled discs in the same age group. Chondroitin-4S and chondroitin-6S were distributed throughout the discs. There was no clear localization of the various glycosaminoglycans in the human intervertebral disc, with the exception of keratan sulfate. There was no histologically and histochemically observable difference in the cervical and lumbar discs.", "PMID": 501185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5147", "title": "Gait patterns of the diseased knee joint.", "content": "Biomechanical gait analyses were carried out on 21 patients in whom 11 had bilateral and 10 unilateral disease of the knee joint. Similar studies, for use as controls were made on 7 normal volunteers. The data, on which the analyses were based, were obtained using a force plate, a xylophone plate, electromyography and electrogoniometry. The equipment and methods used are described. The results suggest that the locomotion mechanism in patients with disease of the knee joints is affected adversely by severity of pain and instability. Alterations observed in the gait characteristics of such patients comprise decreased sagittal plane knee motion during stance phase, increased electromyographic activities of the quadriceps and the hamstrings during stance phase and increase in the lateral component of ground reaction force. Functional requirements of the knee joint include stable support of body weight and a wide range of movement. These features make the knee particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of traumatic injury, inflammatory and degenerative disease. The purposes of this study are to characterise the gait patterns of patients with such disease of the knee joints and to identify the mechanisms of these abnormal patterns. With these intentions, biomechanical analyses were carried out on information obtained from the use of force plates, electrogoniometry and electromyography.", "contents": "Gait patterns of the diseased knee joint. Biomechanical gait analyses were carried out on 21 patients in whom 11 had bilateral and 10 unilateral disease of the knee joint. Similar studies, for use as controls were made on 7 normal volunteers. The data, on which the analyses were based, were obtained using a force plate, a xylophone plate, electromyography and electrogoniometry. The equipment and methods used are described. The results suggest that the locomotion mechanism in patients with disease of the knee joints is affected adversely by severity of pain and instability. Alterations observed in the gait characteristics of such patients comprise decreased sagittal plane knee motion during stance phase, increased electromyographic activities of the quadriceps and the hamstrings during stance phase and increase in the lateral component of ground reaction force. Functional requirements of the knee joint include stable support of body weight and a wide range of movement. These features make the knee particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of traumatic injury, inflammatory and degenerative disease. The purposes of this study are to characterise the gait patterns of patients with such disease of the knee joints and to identify the mechanisms of these abnormal patterns. With these intentions, biomechanical analyses were carried out on information obtained from the use of force plates, electrogoniometry and electromyography.", "PMID": 501186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5148", "title": "Effect of molecular structure on bile acid-induced alterations in absorptive function, permeability, and morphology in the perfused rabbit colon.", "content": "An in vivo intestinal perfusion system was used to study the effects of different bile acids on fluid secretion, mucosal permeability, and mucosal morphology in the rabbit colon. To define the structure-activity relationships of the bile acids, nine unconjugated bile acids were used, varying only in the number (two or three) or position (3, 7, or 12 or various combinations) of hydroxy or keto nuclear substituents. Results showed that bile acids with two hydroxy groups in the alpha configuration at the 3,7 position, 3,12 position, or 7,12 position induced fluid secretion, increased mucosal permeability, and produced mucosal damage as assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy and quantitated by DNA loss during perfusion. Replacement of hydroxy groups by keto groups or a change from alpha to beta configuration for the hydroxylic substituent in the 7 position abolished all three activities. Trisubstituted derivatives, whether hydroxy or keto, did not affect fluid secretion permeability or cause mucosal damage. These studies indicate that of the major primary and secondary bile acids in man, only deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids alter colonic structure and function in the rabbit. They show further that the cathartic effects of bile acids have specific structural requirements; and they show that bile acid-induced secretion was invariably associated with increased mucosal permeability and epitheliolysis.", "contents": "Effect of molecular structure on bile acid-induced alterations in absorptive function, permeability, and morphology in the perfused rabbit colon. An in vivo intestinal perfusion system was used to study the effects of different bile acids on fluid secretion, mucosal permeability, and mucosal morphology in the rabbit colon. To define the structure-activity relationships of the bile acids, nine unconjugated bile acids were used, varying only in the number (two or three) or position (3, 7, or 12 or various combinations) of hydroxy or keto nuclear substituents. Results showed that bile acids with two hydroxy groups in the alpha configuration at the 3,7 position, 3,12 position, or 7,12 position induced fluid secretion, increased mucosal permeability, and produced mucosal damage as assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy and quantitated by DNA loss during perfusion. Replacement of hydroxy groups by keto groups or a change from alpha to beta configuration for the hydroxylic substituent in the 7 position abolished all three activities. Trisubstituted derivatives, whether hydroxy or keto, did not affect fluid secretion permeability or cause mucosal damage. These studies indicate that of the major primary and secondary bile acids in man, only deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids alter colonic structure and function in the rabbit. They show further that the cathartic effects of bile acids have specific structural requirements; and they show that bile acid-induced secretion was invariably associated with increased mucosal permeability and epitheliolysis.", "PMID": 501195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5149", "title": "Factor VIII-related antigen in human blood platelets: localization and release by thrombin and collagen.", "content": "Human platelets contain 0.61 +/- 0.06 (S.E.) U of VIIIR:Ag per 10(9) platelets or about 25% of the circulating antigen in whole blood. Assay of subcellular fractions obtained by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation of disrupted platelets indicates that over 85% of the VIIIR:Ag is in the alpha granule fraction with other nonenzymatic proteins which can be released by treating platelets with collagen or thrombin. Seven percent or less is in the membrane fraction. After exposure of platelet suspensions to an optimal concentration of collagen, the supernatants contain, at most, 30% of the total amount of VIIIR:Ag in the platelets but a higher percentage of other releasable substances. After exposure to thrombin, the supernatants contain virtually no VIIIR:Ag. These low values are attributed to release of a limited amount of VIIIR:Ag by collagen or thrombin rather than to adsorption or destruction of antigen, for several reasons. (1) VIIIR:Ag can be recovered in the platelet residue as effectively as in control samples. (2) The antigen cannot be detected on the surface of collagen- or thrombin-stimulated platelets. (3) Relatively little released antigen is adsorbed by collagen or destroyed by thrombin. Release of VIIR:Ag by collagen is markedly reduced by aspirin, and release of the antigen as well as fibrinogen from platelets is much slower than release of 14C-serotonin and beta-TG.", "contents": "Factor VIII-related antigen in human blood platelets: localization and release by thrombin and collagen. Human platelets contain 0.61 +/- 0.06 (S.E.) U of VIIIR:Ag per 10(9) platelets or about 25% of the circulating antigen in whole blood. Assay of subcellular fractions obtained by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation of disrupted platelets indicates that over 85% of the VIIIR:Ag is in the alpha granule fraction with other nonenzymatic proteins which can be released by treating platelets with collagen or thrombin. Seven percent or less is in the membrane fraction. After exposure of platelet suspensions to an optimal concentration of collagen, the supernatants contain, at most, 30% of the total amount of VIIIR:Ag in the platelets but a higher percentage of other releasable substances. After exposure to thrombin, the supernatants contain virtually no VIIIR:Ag. These low values are attributed to release of a limited amount of VIIIR:Ag by collagen or thrombin rather than to adsorption or destruction of antigen, for several reasons. (1) VIIIR:Ag can be recovered in the platelet residue as effectively as in control samples. (2) The antigen cannot be detected on the surface of collagen- or thrombin-stimulated platelets. (3) Relatively little released antigen is adsorbed by collagen or destroyed by thrombin. Release of VIIR:Ag by collagen is markedly reduced by aspirin, and release of the antigen as well as fibrinogen from platelets is much slower than release of 14C-serotonin and beta-TG.", "PMID": 501196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5150", "title": "Zinc metabolism in uremia.", "content": "Subnormal plasma zinc levels have been reported in uremic patients. However, detailed studies regarding zinc status in uremia are not available. Twenty-five patients with chronic renal failure (10 undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, five receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis, and 10 nondialyzed azotemic patients) had lower concentration of zinc in plasma, leukocytes, and hair as well as increased plasma ammonia and ribonuclease activity compared to age- and sex-matched controls (p less than 0.001). Similar biochemical changes have been reported in experimentally induced zinc deficiency in both animals and man, except that erythrocyte zinc concentration was elevated in these patients. High erythrocyte zinc concentration may be related to ineffective erythropoiesis in uremia. The results of this study suggest that abnormality in zinc metabolism occurs commonly in patients with chronic renal failure and that it develops prior to initiation of dialysis treatment.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in uremia. Subnormal plasma zinc levels have been reported in uremic patients. However, detailed studies regarding zinc status in uremia are not available. Twenty-five patients with chronic renal failure (10 undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, five receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis, and 10 nondialyzed azotemic patients) had lower concentration of zinc in plasma, leukocytes, and hair as well as increased plasma ammonia and ribonuclease activity compared to age- and sex-matched controls (p less than 0.001). Similar biochemical changes have been reported in experimentally induced zinc deficiency in both animals and man, except that erythrocyte zinc concentration was elevated in these patients. High erythrocyte zinc concentration may be related to ineffective erythropoiesis in uremia. The results of this study suggest that abnormality in zinc metabolism occurs commonly in patients with chronic renal failure and that it develops prior to initiation of dialysis treatment.", "PMID": 501198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5151", "title": "Endogenous erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal and newborn sheep.", "content": "In plasma clot cultures fetal, newborn, and adult sheep bone marrow cells respond to Ep, giving rise to large numbers of colonies of erythroid cells. In fetal and newborn, but not adult, sheep the marrow produced EEC in the absence of added Ep. The EEC-forming cells represent a transitory population of erythroid progenitors, persisting for approximately 2 month post-partum. The activity of these cells in the normal newborn sheep displayed a cyclic pattern, which was abolished in the presence of high circulating Ep levels. In both fetal and newborn sheep, EEC formation was inhibited by prior neutralization of Ep present in culture media with anti-Ep, suggesting that as in patients with PV the proliferation and/or differentiation of EEC-forming cells of sheep is subject to Ep control.", "contents": "Endogenous erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal and newborn sheep. In plasma clot cultures fetal, newborn, and adult sheep bone marrow cells respond to Ep, giving rise to large numbers of colonies of erythroid cells. In fetal and newborn, but not adult, sheep the marrow produced EEC in the absence of added Ep. The EEC-forming cells represent a transitory population of erythroid progenitors, persisting for approximately 2 month post-partum. The activity of these cells in the normal newborn sheep displayed a cyclic pattern, which was abolished in the presence of high circulating Ep levels. In both fetal and newborn sheep, EEC formation was inhibited by prior neutralization of Ep present in culture media with anti-Ep, suggesting that as in patients with PV the proliferation and/or differentiation of EEC-forming cells of sheep is subject to Ep control.", "PMID": 501199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5152", "title": "Augmentation of peritoneal mass transport by dopamine: comparison with norepinephrine and evaluation of pharmacologic mechanisms.", "content": "The effect of catecholamines on transport during peritoneal dialysis was studied in unanesthetized rabbits. Intravenous I-norepinephrine consistently decreased peritoneal clearances of urea and creatinine to 84% of control values or less but did not affect osmotically induced water flux. Comparable pressor doses of dopamine increased clearances of urea and creatinine to 145% of control values, whereas osmotic fluid flux increased only slightly. Dopamine also increased urea transport when administered intraperitoneally. The augmentation of solute transport by dopamine was unaffected by simultaneous administration of propranalol, was decreased by phentolamine, and was abolished by haloperidol. Dopamine may be preferable toI-norepinephrine when vasopressor therapy is required during peritoneal dialysis. The augmented transport with dopamine appears to depend on the action of dopamine receptors causing mesenteric vasodilation and in part on alpha-adrenergic receptors simultaneously increasing blood pressure while mesenteric blood flow is maintained.", "contents": "Augmentation of peritoneal mass transport by dopamine: comparison with norepinephrine and evaluation of pharmacologic mechanisms. The effect of catecholamines on transport during peritoneal dialysis was studied in unanesthetized rabbits. Intravenous I-norepinephrine consistently decreased peritoneal clearances of urea and creatinine to 84% of control values or less but did not affect osmotically induced water flux. Comparable pressor doses of dopamine increased clearances of urea and creatinine to 145% of control values, whereas osmotic fluid flux increased only slightly. Dopamine also increased urea transport when administered intraperitoneally. The augmentation of solute transport by dopamine was unaffected by simultaneous administration of propranalol, was decreased by phentolamine, and was abolished by haloperidol. Dopamine may be preferable toI-norepinephrine when vasopressor therapy is required during peritoneal dialysis. The augmented transport with dopamine appears to depend on the action of dopamine receptors causing mesenteric vasodilation and in part on alpha-adrenergic receptors simultaneously increasing blood pressure while mesenteric blood flow is maintained.", "PMID": 501201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5153", "title": "Improved gas chromatographic quantitation of breath hydrogen by normalization to respiratory carbon dioxide.", "content": "A gas-solid chromatographic system using tandem silica gel and molecular sieve columns is described for the measurement of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen in samples of respiratory gases. This system has a detection limit of 2 ppm of hydrogen in a 1 ml sample and can measure 120 ppm H2 and 5% CO2 with relative standard deviations of 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. Improved sample storage and withdrawal techniques are described that give reproducible values for up to 6 weeks after collection. Finally we show that normalization of breath hydrogen values to an alveolar concentration, using the observed carbon dioxide concentrations, substantially reduces the range and variance of apparent H2 concentrations in human subjects. Normalization eliminates the need for rebreathing or end-expiratory collection techniques and substantially increases the reliability and clinical utility of hydrogen breath measurements in noninvasive tests of carbohydrate malabsorption.", "contents": "Improved gas chromatographic quantitation of breath hydrogen by normalization to respiratory carbon dioxide. A gas-solid chromatographic system using tandem silica gel and molecular sieve columns is described for the measurement of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen in samples of respiratory gases. This system has a detection limit of 2 ppm of hydrogen in a 1 ml sample and can measure 120 ppm H2 and 5% CO2 with relative standard deviations of 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. Improved sample storage and withdrawal techniques are described that give reproducible values for up to 6 weeks after collection. Finally we show that normalization of breath hydrogen values to an alveolar concentration, using the observed carbon dioxide concentrations, substantially reduces the range and variance of apparent H2 concentrations in human subjects. Normalization eliminates the need for rebreathing or end-expiratory collection techniques and substantially increases the reliability and clinical utility of hydrogen breath measurements in noninvasive tests of carbohydrate malabsorption.", "PMID": 501202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5154", "title": "Effects of sodium loading and depletion in normotensive first-degree relatives of essential hypertensives.", "content": "To examine potential mechanisms responsible for the greater prevalence of hypertension among relatives of hypertensives than among relatives of normotensives, we subjected 43 normotensive first-degree relatives of known essential hypertensives and 43 age-, race-, and sex-matched normal subjects with no family history of hypertension to sodium loading and depletion. The data show that the relatives had higher blood pressures than did controls. They also had higher PRA values before and after a 2 L intravenous saline infusion over 4 hr. In addition, the relatives excreted less (p less than 0.05) sodium on the day of the infusion than did the controls. PA values and UNe excretion in the two groups did not differ. In the relatives, age correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Age correlated inversely with the 24 h urine sodium excretion on the sodium loading day. These correlations were not observed in controls. Normotensive first-degree relatives of hypertensives differ from relatives of nonhypertensives in that they have higher PRA values and a blunted natriuretic response to a saline load. These features may predispose them to the development of hypertension.", "contents": "Effects of sodium loading and depletion in normotensive first-degree relatives of essential hypertensives. To examine potential mechanisms responsible for the greater prevalence of hypertension among relatives of hypertensives than among relatives of normotensives, we subjected 43 normotensive first-degree relatives of known essential hypertensives and 43 age-, race-, and sex-matched normal subjects with no family history of hypertension to sodium loading and depletion. The data show that the relatives had higher blood pressures than did controls. They also had higher PRA values before and after a 2 L intravenous saline infusion over 4 hr. In addition, the relatives excreted less (p less than 0.05) sodium on the day of the infusion than did the controls. PA values and UNe excretion in the two groups did not differ. In the relatives, age correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Age correlated inversely with the 24 h urine sodium excretion on the sodium loading day. These correlations were not observed in controls. Normotensive first-degree relatives of hypertensives differ from relatives of nonhypertensives in that they have higher PRA values and a blunted natriuretic response to a saline load. These features may predispose them to the development of hypertension.", "PMID": 501203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5155", "title": "The forms and transport of plasma cobalamins in normal man and in myeloproliferative states.", "content": "Seven patients with MP and four controls were injected with 0.04 to 0.05 microgram of [57Co] cyanocobalamin i.m. or i.v. in order to study the shift of binding with time and the conversion of one Cbl to another. The initial pattern of binding reflected the proportion of the apo forms of TC II and R binders. In MP there was more initial binding of the injected Cbl to R-type binders and less to TC II. During the first 48 hr after intake, the injected Cbl remained mostly as cyanocobalamin. Some adenosylcobalamin appeared transiently in both control and MP subjects. Radioactive methylcobalamin did not appear in the circulation until after 48 hr, and the conversion of cyanocobalamin to methylcobalamin within the circulation was greater in MP subjects. Serum from some subjects converted small amounts of cyanocobalamin to all other forms in vitro by a heat-stable, extracellular property which was abolished by dialysis of the serum. This property of serum could have accounted for the early conversion to adenosylcobalamin but not, at least as an in vitro phenomenon, to the late appearance of methylcobalamin. Although the expected increases and abnormal patterns of R binders were observed in MP, these abnormalities could not be correlated with the increased conversion to plasma methylcobalamin. During the first 6 hr after injection the R binder-Cbl designated as alpha 2-R-Cbl disappeared from the circulation at a rate faster than that of alpha 1-R-Cbl. Subsequently the alpha 2 and alpha 1 components of R binder-Clb cleared at the same rate, and this rate was the same for both control and MP subjects.", "contents": "The forms and transport of plasma cobalamins in normal man and in myeloproliferative states. Seven patients with MP and four controls were injected with 0.04 to 0.05 microgram of [57Co] cyanocobalamin i.m. or i.v. in order to study the shift of binding with time and the conversion of one Cbl to another. The initial pattern of binding reflected the proportion of the apo forms of TC II and R binders. In MP there was more initial binding of the injected Cbl to R-type binders and less to TC II. During the first 48 hr after intake, the injected Cbl remained mostly as cyanocobalamin. Some adenosylcobalamin appeared transiently in both control and MP subjects. Radioactive methylcobalamin did not appear in the circulation until after 48 hr, and the conversion of cyanocobalamin to methylcobalamin within the circulation was greater in MP subjects. Serum from some subjects converted small amounts of cyanocobalamin to all other forms in vitro by a heat-stable, extracellular property which was abolished by dialysis of the serum. This property of serum could have accounted for the early conversion to adenosylcobalamin but not, at least as an in vitro phenomenon, to the late appearance of methylcobalamin. Although the expected increases and abnormal patterns of R binders were observed in MP, these abnormalities could not be correlated with the increased conversion to plasma methylcobalamin. During the first 6 hr after injection the R binder-Cbl designated as alpha 2-R-Cbl disappeared from the circulation at a rate faster than that of alpha 1-R-Cbl. Subsequently the alpha 2 and alpha 1 components of R binder-Clb cleared at the same rate, and this rate was the same for both control and MP subjects.", "PMID": 501204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5156", "title": "Characteristics of the dextran-coated charcoal assay for estradiol receptor in breast cancer preparations.", "content": "The measurement of E2 receptor (E2R) in human breast cancer cytosol is significantly influenced by conditions usually employed in the dextran-coated charcoal assay. The incubation time and temperature have an influence on the rate of binding and stability of the receptor. Since lower temperatures preserve the integrity of the receptor, a 2 hr incubation at 4 degrees was selected as the standard incubation procedure. These conditions allow for the detection of at least 80% of the E2R. With supernatants from high-speed centrifugation of HBT biopsies or the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, reducing agents increased the apparent E2R binding in the order: DTT greater than G-SH greater than MTG. The maximum enhancement of specific E2R binding by a given thiol agent was dependent on its concentration in the incubation medium. The optimum DTT level (7.5 mM) for MCF-7 cell homogenization and cytosol equilibration with tritiated E2 increased E2R to two times control (no DTT). For the HBT 150,000 g supernatant, 1 mM DTT was required to optimize the E2R quantitation. The duration of the dextran-coated charcoal extraction of the cytosol-[3H]E2 incubation had no effect on the level of E2R up to 21 hr. Minimum levels of nonspecific binding of [3H]E2 could be obtained after 4 hr extraction. Maximum depletion of specific [3H]E2 binding could be obtained by adding between 200- and 1000-fold molar excess of unlabeled E2. Greater amounts of unlabeled steroid displaced the radioactive E2 from the dextran-coated charcoal, thereby artifactually increasing the apparent nonspecific binding. This phenomenon may be overcome by utilizing more dextran-coated charcoal in the extraction. However, there was a 9% loss of specifically bound [3H]E2 per milligram of dextran-coated charcoal (1:10 dextran to charcoal by weight) when the cytosol protein was below 90 microgram per incubation. Supplementation with 200 microgram or more albumin per incubation prevented this loss. The dextran:charcoal ratio also prevented E2R loss in the order: 1:1 greater than 1:10 greater than 1:100. One milligram of dextran-coated charcoal (1:10) has the capacity to adsorb 0.3 to 0.4 microgram of free E2. Other unlabeled competitors are capable of displacing [3H]E2 on the receptor. Although DES was as effective as E2, U11,100A and estrone were inefficient competitors. It appeared that the levels of these two estrogen analogues required to maximally displace [3H]E2 on receptor also eluted labeled E2 from the dextran-coated charcoal. DES, however, was unable to displace significant quantities of the [3H] E2 from dextran-coated charcoal even at a molar excess of 50,000:1.", "contents": "Characteristics of the dextran-coated charcoal assay for estradiol receptor in breast cancer preparations. The measurement of E2 receptor (E2R) in human breast cancer cytosol is significantly influenced by conditions usually employed in the dextran-coated charcoal assay. The incubation time and temperature have an influence on the rate of binding and stability of the receptor. Since lower temperatures preserve the integrity of the receptor, a 2 hr incubation at 4 degrees was selected as the standard incubation procedure. These conditions allow for the detection of at least 80% of the E2R. With supernatants from high-speed centrifugation of HBT biopsies or the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, reducing agents increased the apparent E2R binding in the order: DTT greater than G-SH greater than MTG. The maximum enhancement of specific E2R binding by a given thiol agent was dependent on its concentration in the incubation medium. The optimum DTT level (7.5 mM) for MCF-7 cell homogenization and cytosol equilibration with tritiated E2 increased E2R to two times control (no DTT). For the HBT 150,000 g supernatant, 1 mM DTT was required to optimize the E2R quantitation. The duration of the dextran-coated charcoal extraction of the cytosol-[3H]E2 incubation had no effect on the level of E2R up to 21 hr. Minimum levels of nonspecific binding of [3H]E2 could be obtained after 4 hr extraction. Maximum depletion of specific [3H]E2 binding could be obtained by adding between 200- and 1000-fold molar excess of unlabeled E2. Greater amounts of unlabeled steroid displaced the radioactive E2 from the dextran-coated charcoal, thereby artifactually increasing the apparent nonspecific binding. This phenomenon may be overcome by utilizing more dextran-coated charcoal in the extraction. However, there was a 9% loss of specifically bound [3H]E2 per milligram of dextran-coated charcoal (1:10 dextran to charcoal by weight) when the cytosol protein was below 90 microgram per incubation. Supplementation with 200 microgram or more albumin per incubation prevented this loss. The dextran:charcoal ratio also prevented E2R loss in the order: 1:1 greater than 1:10 greater than 1:100. One milligram of dextran-coated charcoal (1:10) has the capacity to adsorb 0.3 to 0.4 microgram of free E2. Other unlabeled competitors are capable of displacing [3H]E2 on the receptor. Although DES was as effective as E2, U11,100A and estrone were inefficient competitors. It appeared that the levels of these two estrogen analogues required to maximally displace [3H]E2 on receptor also eluted labeled E2 from the dextran-coated charcoal. DES, however, was unable to displace significant quantities of the [3H] E2 from dextran-coated charcoal even at a molar excess of 50,000:1.", "PMID": 501205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5157", "title": "Tyrosine metabolism in cirrhosis.", "content": "The aim of this study was to define the enzyme defect responsible for tyrosinemia in cirrhotic patients. The principal hepatic degradation pathway for tyrosine, tyrosine leads to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid equilibrium homogentisic acid leads to CO2 was studied in 18 cirrhotic patients and eight controls. The classic method employed in elucidation of hereditary tyrosinosis was sued. Metabolic intermediates on the pathway were measured in the basal state, and following oral loading doses (50 mg/kg BW) of tyrosine, PHPA, and homogentisic acid. Cirrhotic patients showed a significant increase (p = 0.005) in fasting plasma tyrosine and in basal PHPA excretion and impaired tolerance to all three metabolites when compared to normals. Fifteen of the 18 cirrhotic patients showed tyrosine intolerance which was not accompanied by change in distal metabolites compared to their basal levels. Nevertheless 13 of the 18 did exhibit intolerance of either PHPA or homogentisic acid. We conclude that in contrast to the single complete defect in hereditary disorders of tyrosine metabolism, cirrhotic patients have partial defects at tyrosine transaminase, PHPA oxidase, and homogentisic acid oxidase, the initial step being rate-limiting.", "contents": "Tyrosine metabolism in cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to define the enzyme defect responsible for tyrosinemia in cirrhotic patients. The principal hepatic degradation pathway for tyrosine, tyrosine leads to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid equilibrium homogentisic acid leads to CO2 was studied in 18 cirrhotic patients and eight controls. The classic method employed in elucidation of hereditary tyrosinosis was sued. Metabolic intermediates on the pathway were measured in the basal state, and following oral loading doses (50 mg/kg BW) of tyrosine, PHPA, and homogentisic acid. Cirrhotic patients showed a significant increase (p = 0.005) in fasting plasma tyrosine and in basal PHPA excretion and impaired tolerance to all three metabolites when compared to normals. Fifteen of the 18 cirrhotic patients showed tyrosine intolerance which was not accompanied by change in distal metabolites compared to their basal levels. Nevertheless 13 of the 18 did exhibit intolerance of either PHPA or homogentisic acid. We conclude that in contrast to the single complete defect in hereditary disorders of tyrosine metabolism, cirrhotic patients have partial defects at tyrosine transaminase, PHPA oxidase, and homogentisic acid oxidase, the initial step being rate-limiting.", "PMID": 501206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5158", "title": "Catabolism of low-molecular-weight hydroxyethylated amylopectin in man. I. Changes in the circulating molecular composition.", "content": "Intravascular persistence concomitant with changes in the circulating molecular composition were determined in six fasted normal men dosed with 400 ml of 14% LMW-HES (a new plasma expander). The concentration of LMW-HES in serum fell to half its peak value in 3.9 +/- 1.1 (S.D.) hr, whereas serum levels of glucose remained elevated throughout the 12 hr postinjection fasting period. The LMW-HES recovered from the intravascular space was shown by gel filtration on a column of Sepharose CL-4B to be a narrower molecular size distribution (less polydispersion) than the injected material. The ratio of Kav . urine/Kav . injected solution was 1.34. At 30 min after injection, however, the ratio of Kav . urine/Kav . serum was 1.20, and by 24 hr, the value was 1.15. Overall, changes in the molecular distribution in the bloodstream between the end of the infusion period and 24 hr later were small. The results suggest that the intravascular catabolism of LMW-HES may occur in two distinct phases: a rapid initial degradation, followed by a more gradual elimination influenced by the MS of the injected material.", "contents": "Catabolism of low-molecular-weight hydroxyethylated amylopectin in man. I. Changes in the circulating molecular composition. Intravascular persistence concomitant with changes in the circulating molecular composition were determined in six fasted normal men dosed with 400 ml of 14% LMW-HES (a new plasma expander). The concentration of LMW-HES in serum fell to half its peak value in 3.9 +/- 1.1 (S.D.) hr, whereas serum levels of glucose remained elevated throughout the 12 hr postinjection fasting period. The LMW-HES recovered from the intravascular space was shown by gel filtration on a column of Sepharose CL-4B to be a narrower molecular size distribution (less polydispersion) than the injected material. The ratio of Kav . urine/Kav . injected solution was 1.34. At 30 min after injection, however, the ratio of Kav . urine/Kav . serum was 1.20, and by 24 hr, the value was 1.15. Overall, changes in the molecular distribution in the bloodstream between the end of the infusion period and 24 hr later were small. The results suggest that the intravascular catabolism of LMW-HES may occur in two distinct phases: a rapid initial degradation, followed by a more gradual elimination influenced by the MS of the injected material.", "PMID": 501207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5159", "title": "Studies on the absorption of desmosine and isodesmosine.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of desmosine and isodesmosine was investigated in several animal species. Hamsters given desmosine injections intraperitoneally excreted 70% of the injected dose in the urine. When desmosines or elastin were given via gastric intubation, desmosines failed to appear in the urine, indicating a lack of desmosine absorption. Additional studies with everted hamster intestine in vitro showed that norleucine was actively transported from the mucosal to the serosal side but that desmosines and lysinonorleucine were not transported. Intestinal slice experiments with hamster, rabbit, and dog intestine indicated desmosines only in the extracellular space and not absorbed by the mucosal cells. These studies strongly suggest that desmosines are not absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract. The importance of this study rests with the conclusion that desmosines recovered in the urine must represent the degradation products of elastin destruction in the tissue. Newly synthesized elastin cannot interfre, since elastin precursor molecules do not contain desmosines. Thus quantitation of urinary desmosines may be of clinical value as a method of evaluating elastin catabolism.", "contents": "Studies on the absorption of desmosine and isodesmosine. Intestinal absorption of desmosine and isodesmosine was investigated in several animal species. Hamsters given desmosine injections intraperitoneally excreted 70% of the injected dose in the urine. When desmosines or elastin were given via gastric intubation, desmosines failed to appear in the urine, indicating a lack of desmosine absorption. Additional studies with everted hamster intestine in vitro showed that norleucine was actively transported from the mucosal to the serosal side but that desmosines and lysinonorleucine were not transported. Intestinal slice experiments with hamster, rabbit, and dog intestine indicated desmosines only in the extracellular space and not absorbed by the mucosal cells. These studies strongly suggest that desmosines are not absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract. The importance of this study rests with the conclusion that desmosines recovered in the urine must represent the degradation products of elastin destruction in the tissue. Newly synthesized elastin cannot interfre, since elastin precursor molecules do not contain desmosines. Thus quantitation of urinary desmosines may be of clinical value as a method of evaluating elastin catabolism.", "PMID": 501208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5160", "title": "Bronchoalveolar cell populations in acute sarcoidosis. Observations in smoking and nonsmoking patients.", "content": "Bronchoalveolar cells were obtained by segmental lung lavage from 14 patients with sarcoidosis and studied to determine changes in composition associated with acute disease and smoking history. In nonsmoking patients, both the proportion and number of lymphocytes recovered were significantly increased compared to nonsmoking controls (p less than 0.001 in both cases). Furthermore, the number of T cells was increased (4.19 +/- 0.72 vs. 0.896 +/- 0.107 x 10(6) cells/100 ml, p less than 0.001), and activated T cells were also increased (1.04 +/- 0.478 vs. 0.148 +/- 0.032 x 10(6) cells/100 ml, p less than 0.01). Less striking differences in these values were found when smoking sarcoid patients were compared to smoking controls, but there were no significant differences in these values for smoking and nonsmoking patients (p greater than 0.05). Thus acute sarcoidosis in both smoking and nonsmoking patients appears to be associated with a lymphocytosis of the bronchoalveolar space which results from increased numbers of T cells and activated T cells. The potential importance of this finding with regard to diagnosis and pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Bronchoalveolar cell populations in acute sarcoidosis. Observations in smoking and nonsmoking patients. Bronchoalveolar cells were obtained by segmental lung lavage from 14 patients with sarcoidosis and studied to determine changes in composition associated with acute disease and smoking history. In nonsmoking patients, both the proportion and number of lymphocytes recovered were significantly increased compared to nonsmoking controls (p less than 0.001 in both cases). Furthermore, the number of T cells was increased (4.19 +/- 0.72 vs. 0.896 +/- 0.107 x 10(6) cells/100 ml, p less than 0.001), and activated T cells were also increased (1.04 +/- 0.478 vs. 0.148 +/- 0.032 x 10(6) cells/100 ml, p less than 0.01). Less striking differences in these values were found when smoking sarcoid patients were compared to smoking controls, but there were no significant differences in these values for smoking and nonsmoking patients (p greater than 0.05). Thus acute sarcoidosis in both smoking and nonsmoking patients appears to be associated with a lymphocytosis of the bronchoalveolar space which results from increased numbers of T cells and activated T cells. The potential importance of this finding with regard to diagnosis and pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 501210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5161", "title": "The effect of chronic uremia on portal and systemic ammonemia in normal and portal-strictured rats.", "content": "It is commonly assumed that the uremia occurring in cirrhotic patients leads to hepatic encephalopathy by means of hyperammonemia produced by bacterial hydrolysis of urea in the digestive tract. Therefore the effect of an increase in circulating urea on portal and systemic blood ammonia levels was investigated in normal rats and in rats with a strictured portal vein. It was shown that moderate chronic uremia, produced by subtotal nephrectomy, significantly increases both portal blood ammonia levels in normal rats and the systemic hyperammonemia resulting from portosystemic shunts in portal-strictured rats. In the latter group, despite a prolonged systemic hyperammonemia of around 400 micrograms/dl, no obvious behavioral modification could be observed, but a significant slowing of the growth rate occurred. This slowing, however, was not correlated with the systemic blood ammonia levels.", "contents": "The effect of chronic uremia on portal and systemic ammonemia in normal and portal-strictured rats. It is commonly assumed that the uremia occurring in cirrhotic patients leads to hepatic encephalopathy by means of hyperammonemia produced by bacterial hydrolysis of urea in the digestive tract. Therefore the effect of an increase in circulating urea on portal and systemic blood ammonia levels was investigated in normal rats and in rats with a strictured portal vein. It was shown that moderate chronic uremia, produced by subtotal nephrectomy, significantly increases both portal blood ammonia levels in normal rats and the systemic hyperammonemia resulting from portosystemic shunts in portal-strictured rats. In the latter group, despite a prolonged systemic hyperammonemia of around 400 micrograms/dl, no obvious behavioral modification could be observed, but a significant slowing of the growth rate occurred. This slowing, however, was not correlated with the systemic blood ammonia levels.", "PMID": 501211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5162", "title": "Decreased hepatic microsomal reserve in patients with cirrhosis. Studies using aminopyrine as model drug.", "content": "It is unclear whether hepatic drug metabolism which is decreased in patients with liver disease, can be stimulated by enzyme-inducing drugs. Hepatic microsomal reserve, defined as the difference between the basal and phenobarbital-stimulated ABT, was therefore studied in eight healthy control subjects and 12 patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis. The ABT increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from a basal value of 6.1% +/- 0.8 (mean +/- S.D.) to 8.9% +/- 0.8 in the eight control subjects after phenobarbital ingestion. In the 12 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis the basal ABT was 2.9% +/- 1.5 and did not change significantly after phenobarbital ingestion, when the value was 3.0% +/- 1.6. A small increase in the ABT occurred after phenobarbital ingestion in five of the patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, but in no patient did this increase bring the ABT within normal limits. We conclude that in many patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis aminopyrine metabolism is decreased and cannot be corrected by treatment with phenobarbital.", "contents": "Decreased hepatic microsomal reserve in patients with cirrhosis. Studies using aminopyrine as model drug. It is unclear whether hepatic drug metabolism which is decreased in patients with liver disease, can be stimulated by enzyme-inducing drugs. Hepatic microsomal reserve, defined as the difference between the basal and phenobarbital-stimulated ABT, was therefore studied in eight healthy control subjects and 12 patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis. The ABT increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from a basal value of 6.1% +/- 0.8 (mean +/- S.D.) to 8.9% +/- 0.8 in the eight control subjects after phenobarbital ingestion. In the 12 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis the basal ABT was 2.9% +/- 1.5 and did not change significantly after phenobarbital ingestion, when the value was 3.0% +/- 1.6. A small increase in the ABT occurred after phenobarbital ingestion in five of the patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, but in no patient did this increase bring the ABT within normal limits. We conclude that in many patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis aminopyrine metabolism is decreased and cannot be corrected by treatment with phenobarbital.", "PMID": 501215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5163", "title": "Epidemiologic interference of virus populations.", "content": "There are a few simulation studies for interference models in the literature but the present paper discusses an analytical model for the competition of two interfering virus populations in a community. The mathematical model consist of eight coupled differential equations which have up to four equilibrium points. Criteria for local stability are given.", "contents": "Epidemiologic interference of virus populations. There are a few simulation studies for interference models in the literature but the present paper discusses an analytical model for the competition of two interfering virus populations in a community. The mathematical model consist of eight coupled differential equations which have up to four equilibrium points. Criteria for local stability are given.", "PMID": 501225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5164", "title": "Serial learning in the pigeon.", "content": "Three pigeons learned to peck four colors in a particular sequence, regardless of how these colors were positioned on four response keys and without feedback following each response. This demonstrates that serial learning is possible in subprimate animals.", "contents": "Serial learning in the pigeon. Three pigeons learned to peck four colors in a particular sequence, regardless of how these colors were positioned on four response keys and without feedback following each response. This demonstrates that serial learning is possible in subprimate animals.", "PMID": 501267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5165", "title": "Separating the reinforcing and discriminative properties of brief-stimulus presentations in second-order schedules.", "content": "Pigeons' responses were maintained under multiple schedules to study properties of briefly presented stimuli. Responses in one component produced food according to a second-order schedule with fixed-interval components in which food or a brief stimulus occurred with equal probability. In the second component responses produced only the brief stimulus under a fixed-ratio schedule. Under various conditions the brief stimulus in the first component was (a) paired with food, (b) not paired with food, (c) partially omitted, or (d) scheduled simultaneously with the second-order schedule under an independent variable-interval schedule. Paired and nonpaired brief stimuli maintained similar response patterning in the second-order schedule. However, only paired stimuli maintained responses in the second component. The data suggest that nonpaired brief stimuli engender response patterning in second-order schedules as a result of their discriminative properties. When the stimulus is paired with food, these discriminative properties sometime mask a reinforcement effect, and no change in response patterning is observed. When the discriminative properties of the brief stimulus are absent, the reinforcing effects of pairing the brief stimulus with food may be observed.", "contents": "Separating the reinforcing and discriminative properties of brief-stimulus presentations in second-order schedules. Pigeons' responses were maintained under multiple schedules to study properties of briefly presented stimuli. Responses in one component produced food according to a second-order schedule with fixed-interval components in which food or a brief stimulus occurred with equal probability. In the second component responses produced only the brief stimulus under a fixed-ratio schedule. Under various conditions the brief stimulus in the first component was (a) paired with food, (b) not paired with food, (c) partially omitted, or (d) scheduled simultaneously with the second-order schedule under an independent variable-interval schedule. Paired and nonpaired brief stimuli maintained similar response patterning in the second-order schedule. However, only paired stimuli maintained responses in the second component. The data suggest that nonpaired brief stimuli engender response patterning in second-order schedules as a result of their discriminative properties. When the stimulus is paired with food, these discriminative properties sometime mask a reinforcement effect, and no change in response patterning is observed. When the discriminative properties of the brief stimulus are absent, the reinforcing effects of pairing the brief stimulus with food may be observed.", "PMID": 501268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5166", "title": "Auditory discrimination: role of time and intensity in the precedence effect.", "content": "Rats were trained to respond on a lever adjacent to a sounding speaker (the sound source) when a single click was emitted. A second click (the artificial echo) was presented through a second speaker on the opposite side. In Condition I, the echo (equal in intensity to the source) was delayed from .015 to 32 milliseconds; greater than 75% correct responses were given for delay times between about .040 milliseconds (lower threshold) and 8 milliseconds (upper threshold). In Condition II, the echo (simultaneous with the source) was reduced in intensity relative to the source over a range from 2.5 decibels to 40 decibels; greater than 75% correct responses occurred for intensity reductions greater than 5 decibels. In Condition III, both the intensity and the delay time of the echo were manipulated in a manner analogous to that which would occur under natural conditions; greater than 95% correct responses were given for delay times from 1 to 32 milliseconds. These data indicate that both time and intensity differences are necessary for localization of primary sources, with delay time contributing more at short echo path distances, and intensity differences at long distances.", "contents": "Auditory discrimination: role of time and intensity in the precedence effect. Rats were trained to respond on a lever adjacent to a sounding speaker (the sound source) when a single click was emitted. A second click (the artificial echo) was presented through a second speaker on the opposite side. In Condition I, the echo (equal in intensity to the source) was delayed from .015 to 32 milliseconds; greater than 75% correct responses were given for delay times between about .040 milliseconds (lower threshold) and 8 milliseconds (upper threshold). In Condition II, the echo (simultaneous with the source) was reduced in intensity relative to the source over a range from 2.5 decibels to 40 decibels; greater than 75% correct responses occurred for intensity reductions greater than 5 decibels. In Condition III, both the intensity and the delay time of the echo were manipulated in a manner analogous to that which would occur under natural conditions; greater than 95% correct responses were given for delay times from 1 to 32 milliseconds. These data indicate that both time and intensity differences are necessary for localization of primary sources, with delay time contributing more at short echo path distances, and intensity differences at long distances.", "PMID": 501269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5167", "title": "The control of responding by sounds: unusual effect of reinforcement.", "content": "Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound-magazine pairing was not responsible for the effect.", "contents": "The control of responding by sounds: unusual effect of reinforcement. Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound-magazine pairing was not responsible for the effect.", "PMID": 501270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5168", "title": "Matching-to-sample accuracy on fixed-ratio schedules.", "content": "Pigeons performing on a matching-to-sample procedure were exposed to six fixed-ratio (FR) schedules (FR 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60) of food reinforcement for correct matching responses. During both a correction and a noncorrection procedure without an intertrial interval (ITI), matching accuracy was lower on FR 1 and FR 60 than at intermediate ratios. With the FR 1 schedule, both a 5-sec and a 25-sec ITI resulted in higher matching accuracy than without an ITI; accuracy, with an ITI, was fairly constant for ratios of 1 to 20 but declined at higher ratios. The results suggest that the presence or absence of an ITI in matching to sample may account for inconsistencies obtained in earlier studies of the relationship of matching accuracy to ratio size.", "contents": "Matching-to-sample accuracy on fixed-ratio schedules. Pigeons performing on a matching-to-sample procedure were exposed to six fixed-ratio (FR) schedules (FR 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60) of food reinforcement for correct matching responses. During both a correction and a noncorrection procedure without an intertrial interval (ITI), matching accuracy was lower on FR 1 and FR 60 than at intermediate ratios. With the FR 1 schedule, both a 5-sec and a 25-sec ITI resulted in higher matching accuracy than without an ITI; accuracy, with an ITI, was fairly constant for ratios of 1 to 20 but declined at higher ratios. The results suggest that the presence or absence of an ITI in matching to sample may account for inconsistencies obtained in earlier studies of the relationship of matching accuracy to ratio size.", "PMID": 501271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5169", "title": "The allocation of time to temporally defined behaviors: responding during stimulus generalization.", "content": "In one stimulus condition, reinforcement depended on rats holding a lever for a duration having both minimum and maximum boundaries. During a second light intensity, reinforcement was not available for some rats; for others, reinforcement depended on a second response duration requirement. Generalization test stimuli controlled the same response durations found during training, and the amount of time allocated to a given response duration depended on the proximity of the test stimulus to the training stimulus which controlled that particular duration. The results indicated that a gradient of stimulus control does not reflect an underlying continuous change in responding, but is a result of the mixing of responses previously controlled by stimuli present during conditioning.", "contents": "The allocation of time to temporally defined behaviors: responding during stimulus generalization. In one stimulus condition, reinforcement depended on rats holding a lever for a duration having both minimum and maximum boundaries. During a second light intensity, reinforcement was not available for some rats; for others, reinforcement depended on a second response duration requirement. Generalization test stimuli controlled the same response durations found during training, and the amount of time allocated to a given response duration depended on the proximity of the test stimulus to the training stimulus which controlled that particular duration. The results indicated that a gradient of stimulus control does not reflect an underlying continuous change in responding, but is a result of the mixing of responses previously controlled by stimuli present during conditioning.", "PMID": 501272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5170", "title": "Concurrent schedules: undermatching and control by previous experimental conditions.", "content": "Five pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules. A series of conditions in which the ratio of reinforcement rates on two keys was progressively increased and then decreased was arranged twice. The birds were then exposed to an irregular sequence of conditions. Each condition in which reinforcement was available on both keys lasted six sessions. Performance in the first, third, and sixth sessions after a condition change was analyzed. Following a condition change, preference was biased toward the preference in the last condition, but this effect largely disappeared before the sixth session of training. The birds' preferences also appeared less sensitive to reinforcement rates in early sessions after a transition. Preference in a session was a function of both the reinforcements in that session and the reinforcements obtained in as many as four or five previous sessions. The effects of reinforcements in previous sessions could be summarized by the performance in the immediately preceding session, giving a relatively simple relation between present performance and a combination of present reinforcement and prior session performance. While such hysteresis could cause undermatching when only a small number of sessions are arranged in a condition, undermatching in a stable-state performance probably arises elsewhere.", "contents": "Concurrent schedules: undermatching and control by previous experimental conditions. Five pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules. A series of conditions in which the ratio of reinforcement rates on two keys was progressively increased and then decreased was arranged twice. The birds were then exposed to an irregular sequence of conditions. Each condition in which reinforcement was available on both keys lasted six sessions. Performance in the first, third, and sixth sessions after a condition change was analyzed. Following a condition change, preference was biased toward the preference in the last condition, but this effect largely disappeared before the sixth session of training. The birds' preferences also appeared less sensitive to reinforcement rates in early sessions after a transition. Preference in a session was a function of both the reinforcements in that session and the reinforcements obtained in as many as four or five previous sessions. The effects of reinforcements in previous sessions could be summarized by the performance in the immediately preceding session, giving a relatively simple relation between present performance and a combination of present reinforcement and prior session performance. While such hysteresis could cause undermatching when only a small number of sessions are arranged in a condition, undermatching in a stable-state performance probably arises elsewhere.", "PMID": 501273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5171", "title": "The relationship of the central motor pattern to the feeding cycle of Lymnaea stagnalis.", "content": "Electromyographic recordings from the buccal muscles of Lymnaea during feeding has shown that there are 4 component phases in the feeding cycle. Cinephotography of feeding cycles has confirmed that these correspond to protraction, 2 phases of retraction, and an inactive phase. The 4 phases of muscle activity can also be related to the cycle of neural activity described previously (Benjamin & Rose, 1979). Thus types 6, 4 group, and type 8 cells are motoneurones involved in protraction and the two retraction phases, while the type 5 cell fires in the inactive period. The combination of physiological and anatomical approaches has led to the suggestion that the single and double input cells described by Benjamin & Rose (1979) are involved with the control of buccal and oesophageal activity respectively.", "contents": "The relationship of the central motor pattern to the feeding cycle of Lymnaea stagnalis. Electromyographic recordings from the buccal muscles of Lymnaea during feeding has shown that there are 4 component phases in the feeding cycle. Cinephotography of feeding cycles has confirmed that these correspond to protraction, 2 phases of retraction, and an inactive phase. The 4 phases of muscle activity can also be related to the cycle of neural activity described previously (Benjamin & Rose, 1979). Thus types 6, 4 group, and type 8 cells are motoneurones involved in protraction and the two retraction phases, while the type 5 cell fires in the inactive period. The combination of physiological and anatomical approaches has led to the suggestion that the single and double input cells described by Benjamin & Rose (1979) are involved with the control of buccal and oesophageal activity respectively.", "PMID": 501275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5172", "title": "Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice.", "content": "Almost all of 103 sets of data from 23 different studies of choice conformed closely to the equation: log (B(1)/B(2)) = a log (r(1)/r(2)) + log b, where B(1) and B(2) are either numbers of responses or times spent at Alternatives 1 and 2, r(1) and r(2) are the rates of reinforcement obtained from Alternatives 1 and 2, and a and b are empirical constants. Although the matching relation requires the slope a to equal 1.0, the best-fitting values of a frequently deviated from this. For B(1) and B(2) measured as numbers of responses, a tended to fall short of 1.0 (undermatching). For B(1) and B(2) measured as times, a fell to both sides of 1.0, with the largest mode at about 1.0. Those experiments that produced values of a for both responses and time revealed only a rough correspondence between the two values; a was often noticeably larger for time. Statistical techniques for assessing significance of a deviation of a from 1.0 suggested that values of a between .90 and 1.11 can be considered good approximations to matching. Of the two experimenters who contributed the most data, one generally found undermatching, while the other generally found matching. The difference in results probably arises from differences in procedure. The procedural variations that lead to undermatching appear to be those that produce (a) asymmetrical pausing that favors the poorer alternative; (b) systematic temporal variation in preference that favors the poorer alternative; and (c) patterns of responding that involve changing over between alternatives or brief bouts at the alternatives.", "contents": "Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice. Almost all of 103 sets of data from 23 different studies of choice conformed closely to the equation: log (B(1)/B(2)) = a log (r(1)/r(2)) + log b, where B(1) and B(2) are either numbers of responses or times spent at Alternatives 1 and 2, r(1) and r(2) are the rates of reinforcement obtained from Alternatives 1 and 2, and a and b are empirical constants. Although the matching relation requires the slope a to equal 1.0, the best-fitting values of a frequently deviated from this. For B(1) and B(2) measured as numbers of responses, a tended to fall short of 1.0 (undermatching). For B(1) and B(2) measured as times, a fell to both sides of 1.0, with the largest mode at about 1.0. Those experiments that produced values of a for both responses and time revealed only a rough correspondence between the two values; a was often noticeably larger for time. Statistical techniques for assessing significance of a deviation of a from 1.0 suggested that values of a between .90 and 1.11 can be considered good approximations to matching. Of the two experimenters who contributed the most data, one generally found undermatching, while the other generally found matching. The difference in results probably arises from differences in procedure. The procedural variations that lead to undermatching appear to be those that produce (a) asymmetrical pausing that favors the poorer alternative; (b) systematic temporal variation in preference that favors the poorer alternative; and (c) patterns of responding that involve changing over between alternatives or brief bouts at the alternatives.", "PMID": 501274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5173", "title": "Thermoacclimatory changes in the ionic microenvironment of haemoglobin in the stenothermal rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and eurythermal carp (Cyprinus carpio).", "content": "1. Haematological characteristics (erythrocyte number, haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content) and plasma and packed red blood cell water and electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) levels were determined in summer and winter populations of rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C, and for carp held at 2, 16 and 30 degrees C. Erythrocyte electrolyte concentrations and ion:haemoglobin ratios were calculated from these data. 2. Modest increases in red cell abundance and reductions in mean erythrocytic volume were the most obvious haematological changes accompanying acclimation to higher temperatures. Haemoglobin levels in carp also tended to increase with temperature. 3. In winter trout plasma sodium and potassium were elevated following acclimation to increased temperature. No significant cges in plasma composition were observed in summer fish. Carp held at higher temperatures were characterized by increases in plasma chloride and calcium and reductions in sodium and magnesium levels. 4. Red cell potassium and magnesium and K+:Hb and Mg2+:Hb ratios tended to be higher in winter than in summer trout, with the converse being true of chloride and calcium and Cl-:Hb and Ca2+:Hb. Only potassium and K+:Hb were significantly altered following acclimation; rising at higher temperatures. In carp, potassium and K+:Hb were relatively thermostable, but sodium and chloride and Na+:Hb and Cl-:Hb increased with temperature while magnesium and Mg2+:Hb decreased. Changes in the ionic composition of carp red cells support the suggestion that cellular pH is reduced in the warm-acclimated animal. 5. These variations may be of adaptive value. Increases in chloride and hydrogen ion commonly reduce haemoglobin=oxygen affinity, and should facilitate oxygen unloading at the tissue level. Reductions in cellular magnesium, by maximizing organophosphate modulator levels, should produce much the same effect. 6. In both species reductions in mean erythrocytic volume took place at higher temperatures despite increases in cellular ion content which exceeded those of plasma. It is probable that reductions in cellular volume, which should favour branchial oxygen loading, were achieved by export of some as yet unidentified solute or solutes.", "contents": "Thermoacclimatory changes in the ionic microenvironment of haemoglobin in the stenothermal rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and eurythermal carp (Cyprinus carpio). 1. Haematological characteristics (erythrocyte number, haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content) and plasma and packed red blood cell water and electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) levels were determined in summer and winter populations of rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C, and for carp held at 2, 16 and 30 degrees C. Erythrocyte electrolyte concentrations and ion:haemoglobin ratios were calculated from these data. 2. Modest increases in red cell abundance and reductions in mean erythrocytic volume were the most obvious haematological changes accompanying acclimation to higher temperatures. Haemoglobin levels in carp also tended to increase with temperature. 3. In winter trout plasma sodium and potassium were elevated following acclimation to increased temperature. No significant cges in plasma composition were observed in summer fish. Carp held at higher temperatures were characterized by increases in plasma chloride and calcium and reductions in sodium and magnesium levels. 4. Red cell potassium and magnesium and K+:Hb and Mg2+:Hb ratios tended to be higher in winter than in summer trout, with the converse being true of chloride and calcium and Cl-:Hb and Ca2+:Hb. Only potassium and K+:Hb were significantly altered following acclimation; rising at higher temperatures. In carp, potassium and K+:Hb were relatively thermostable, but sodium and chloride and Na+:Hb and Cl-:Hb increased with temperature while magnesium and Mg2+:Hb decreased. Changes in the ionic composition of carp red cells support the suggestion that cellular pH is reduced in the warm-acclimated animal. 5. These variations may be of adaptive value. Increases in chloride and hydrogen ion commonly reduce haemoglobin=oxygen affinity, and should facilitate oxygen unloading at the tissue level. Reductions in cellular magnesium, by maximizing organophosphate modulator levels, should produce much the same effect. 6. In both species reductions in mean erythrocytic volume took place at higher temperatures despite increases in cellular ion content which exceeded those of plasma. It is probable that reductions in cellular volume, which should favour branchial oxygen loading, were achieved by export of some as yet unidentified solute or solutes.", "PMID": 501276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5174", "title": "On the endogenous bursting properties of 'light yellow' neurosecretory cells in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).", "content": "Intracellular microelectrodes were used to study a cluster of neurosecretory 'Light Yellow' Cells (LYC) in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis. LYC usually have a spontaneous firing pattern of bursts, lasting 10--600 s, alternating with periods of silence. Experiments on isolated single cells showed that the bursting activity has an endogenous origin. Each action potential is followed by a depolarizing afterpotential (DAP), with an amplitude of about 10 mV, lasting several seconds. Bursts end with a subthreshold DAP. It is concluded that two pace-maker mechanisms are responsible for the bursting pr-perties, one initiating and the other (the DAP) maintaining the burst. The relationship between the electrical and the neurosecretory properties of the cells is discussed.", "contents": "On the endogenous bursting properties of 'light yellow' neurosecretory cells in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). Intracellular microelectrodes were used to study a cluster of neurosecretory 'Light Yellow' Cells (LYC) in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis. LYC usually have a spontaneous firing pattern of bursts, lasting 10--600 s, alternating with periods of silence. Experiments on isolated single cells showed that the bursting activity has an endogenous origin. Each action potential is followed by a depolarizing afterpotential (DAP), with an amplitude of about 10 mV, lasting several seconds. Bursts end with a subthreshold DAP. It is concluded that two pace-maker mechanisms are responsible for the bursting pr-perties, one initiating and the other (the DAP) maintaining the burst. The relationship between the electrical and the neurosecretory properties of the cells is discussed.", "PMID": 501277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5175", "title": "Major histocompatibility complex-restricted antibody reactivity mainly, but not exclusively, directed against cells from male donors.", "content": "An IgM antibody, present in the serum of a female patient with aplastic anemia, is described that reacted in a modified complement-dependent cytotoxicity test with a subset of the B cells from HLA-A2-positive, but not HLA-A2-negative males. With the exception of two HLA-A2 positive females, the antibody did not react with other cells from either HLA-A2-positive or HLA-2-negative females. The cells of one of these and from HLA-A2-positive males were able to absorb the antibody from the serum. Cells from other donors were unable to absorb the antibodies. The mononuclear cells of the same patient were cytolytic in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) for phytohemagglutinin blasts from all HLA-A2-positive males and one of the females reacting with antibody, but not with blasts from HLA-A2-negative males and all other females. Thus, the results obtained with the antibody in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test showed an almost perfect correlation with cytolysis in CML tests. These results suggest that the IgM antibody may be the first example with major histocompatibility complex restriction. Because the antibody reacted with the cells from two female donors, the restricting determinant is not, in all probability, the H-Y determinant.", "contents": "Major histocompatibility complex-restricted antibody reactivity mainly, but not exclusively, directed against cells from male donors. An IgM antibody, present in the serum of a female patient with aplastic anemia, is described that reacted in a modified complement-dependent cytotoxicity test with a subset of the B cells from HLA-A2-positive, but not HLA-A2-negative males. With the exception of two HLA-A2 positive females, the antibody did not react with other cells from either HLA-A2-positive or HLA-2-negative females. The cells of one of these and from HLA-A2-positive males were able to absorb the antibody from the serum. Cells from other donors were unable to absorb the antibodies. The mononuclear cells of the same patient were cytolytic in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) for phytohemagglutinin blasts from all HLA-A2-positive males and one of the females reacting with antibody, but not with blasts from HLA-A2-negative males and all other females. Thus, the results obtained with the antibody in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test showed an almost perfect correlation with cytolysis in CML tests. These results suggest that the IgM antibody may be the first example with major histocompatibility complex restriction. Because the antibody reacted with the cells from two female donors, the restricting determinant is not, in all probability, the H-Y determinant.", "PMID": 501284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5176", "title": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation, sulfhydryl oxidation, and aggregation of lens proteins in experimental sugar cataracts.", "content": "The formation of sugar-cataracts has been hypothesized to involve the nonenzymatic glycosylation, sulfhydryl oxidation, and aggregation of lens proteins. Cataractous lenses of diabetic and galactosemic rats were analyzed for glycosylated lysine residues in crystallins. A five- and a ten-fold increase in glycosylated lysine residues was measured in galactose and diabetic cataracts, respectively. The modification was predominant in the insoluble fraction of the lens homogenate. The proteins were further examined for the presence of disulfide bonds and high molecular weight aggregates. After careful disruption of the lens in a nitrogen environment, a cloudy solution was obtained from cataractous lenses whereas a clear solution was obtained from normal lenses. The absorbance at 550 nm of the solution of both the galactosemic and the diabetic cataracts could be decreased by approximately 50% with the addition of dithioerythritol (50 mM). The presence of high molecular weight aggregates was ascertained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. The proteins were heterogenous in size and showed a mol wt range of 36 to greater than 176 million daltons. Treatment with dithioerythritol induced a marked decrease in the amount of high molecular weight proteins. These data suggest that sugar cataracts of experimental animals have, in common with human cataracts, the presence of high molecular weight aggregates which are in part linked by disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation, sulfhydryl oxidation, and aggregation of lens proteins in experimental sugar cataracts. The formation of sugar-cataracts has been hypothesized to involve the nonenzymatic glycosylation, sulfhydryl oxidation, and aggregation of lens proteins. Cataractous lenses of diabetic and galactosemic rats were analyzed for glycosylated lysine residues in crystallins. A five- and a ten-fold increase in glycosylated lysine residues was measured in galactose and diabetic cataracts, respectively. The modification was predominant in the insoluble fraction of the lens homogenate. The proteins were further examined for the presence of disulfide bonds and high molecular weight aggregates. After careful disruption of the lens in a nitrogen environment, a cloudy solution was obtained from cataractous lenses whereas a clear solution was obtained from normal lenses. The absorbance at 550 nm of the solution of both the galactosemic and the diabetic cataracts could be decreased by approximately 50% with the addition of dithioerythritol (50 mM). The presence of high molecular weight aggregates was ascertained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. The proteins were heterogenous in size and showed a mol wt range of 36 to greater than 176 million daltons. Treatment with dithioerythritol induced a marked decrease in the amount of high molecular weight proteins. These data suggest that sugar cataracts of experimental animals have, in common with human cataracts, the presence of high molecular weight aggregates which are in part linked by disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 501285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5177", "title": "The autoactivation of rabbit Hageman factor.", "content": "Proteolytic cleavage and activation of isolated, single chain, zymogen Hageman factor was observed in the presence of kaolin alone. The rate of cleavage of kaolin-bound Hageman factor was enhanced 50-fold by the presence of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen. The two-chain 82,000 dalton form of activated Hageman factor (alpha-HF(a)) also cleaved kaolin- bound single-chain Hageman factor in a dose-dependent manner, yielding fragments of 28,000 and, 50,000 dahons under reducing conditions. Cleavage of kaolin-bound single-chain Hageman factor was not inhibited by preincubation with diisopropylfluorophosphate (12 mM) for 10 min, but long-term incubation of Hageman factor with diisopropylfluorophosphate (up to 48 h) resulted in inhibition of cleavage of kaolin-bound Hageman factor to an extent proportional to the inhibition of procoagulant Hageman factor activity. Hageman factor cleavage was maximal when the kaolin concentration was {approximately} 10-fold greater than the Hageman factor concentration (wt:wt), and was partially inhibited by high molecular weight kininogen. Kaolin-bound Hageman factor cleaved clotting factor XI in an amount which correlated with the extent of cleavage of the Hageman factor. These findings are compatible with the concept that single-chain Hageman factor and alpha- HF(a), are both capable of cleaving and activating kaolin-bound Hageman factor and that a close molecular association of kaolin-bound Hageman factor molecules is required for this reaction.", "contents": "The autoactivation of rabbit Hageman factor. Proteolytic cleavage and activation of isolated, single chain, zymogen Hageman factor was observed in the presence of kaolin alone. The rate of cleavage of kaolin-bound Hageman factor was enhanced 50-fold by the presence of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen. The two-chain 82,000 dalton form of activated Hageman factor (alpha-HF(a)) also cleaved kaolin- bound single-chain Hageman factor in a dose-dependent manner, yielding fragments of 28,000 and, 50,000 dahons under reducing conditions. Cleavage of kaolin-bound single-chain Hageman factor was not inhibited by preincubation with diisopropylfluorophosphate (12 mM) for 10 min, but long-term incubation of Hageman factor with diisopropylfluorophosphate (up to 48 h) resulted in inhibition of cleavage of kaolin-bound Hageman factor to an extent proportional to the inhibition of procoagulant Hageman factor activity. Hageman factor cleavage was maximal when the kaolin concentration was {approximately} 10-fold greater than the Hageman factor concentration (wt:wt), and was partially inhibited by high molecular weight kininogen. Kaolin-bound Hageman factor cleaved clotting factor XI in an amount which correlated with the extent of cleavage of the Hageman factor. These findings are compatible with the concept that single-chain Hageman factor and alpha- HF(a), are both capable of cleaving and activating kaolin-bound Hageman factor and that a close molecular association of kaolin-bound Hageman factor molecules is required for this reaction.", "PMID": 501286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5178", "title": "Tumorigenicity of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus.", "content": "The transformed clonal isolates of Indian muntjac diploid cells by a mouse sarcoma virus, 43-2XV, were tested for tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. In spite of the indistinguishable transformed morphology, the tumorigenicity exhibited four different patterns: (a) no tumor formation; (b) slowly growing regressive tumor formation; (c) rapidly growing regressive tumor formation; and (d) rapidly growing progressive tumor formation. This demonstrates that the same diploid host cells transformed by the same virus reveal variable patterns of tumorigenic expression and some transformed host cells lack the tumorigenicity entirely. The findings that there are at least two chromosomes and four recombinant sites assigned for the proviral integrations of the sarcoma gene into the Indian muntjac gene (M. Hatanaka, R. Klein, R. Kominami, T. Oikawa, H. Okabe, N. Tsuchida, E. C. Connors, and A. Carrano. Transformation of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus. Manuscript in preparation.) lead us to propose a hypothesis that variable expressions of tumorigenicity under the neutral background of immune responses, may arise from variable integrations of the sarcoma gene into the host chromosome.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus. The transformed clonal isolates of Indian muntjac diploid cells by a mouse sarcoma virus, 43-2XV, were tested for tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. In spite of the indistinguishable transformed morphology, the tumorigenicity exhibited four different patterns: (a) no tumor formation; (b) slowly growing regressive tumor formation; (c) rapidly growing regressive tumor formation; and (d) rapidly growing progressive tumor formation. This demonstrates that the same diploid host cells transformed by the same virus reveal variable patterns of tumorigenic expression and some transformed host cells lack the tumorigenicity entirely. The findings that there are at least two chromosomes and four recombinant sites assigned for the proviral integrations of the sarcoma gene into the Indian muntjac gene (M. Hatanaka, R. Klein, R. Kominami, T. Oikawa, H. Okabe, N. Tsuchida, E. C. Connors, and A. Carrano. Transformation of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus. Manuscript in preparation.) lead us to propose a hypothesis that variable expressions of tumorigenicity under the neutral background of immune responses, may arise from variable integrations of the sarcoma gene into the host chromosome.", "PMID": 501287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5179", "title": "[The calculation of hemoglobin concentration from blood and plasma densities, measured by the mechanical oscillator technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood samples from patients were taken for the measurement of blood and plasma densities by the mechanical oscillator technique, and the hematocrit value and the hemoglobin content of the blood. The values for blood and plasma density permit the precise calculation of blood hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Thus, in addition to the calculation of total protein concentration of plasma (Holzer et al (1978) J. Clin. Chem, Clin. Biochem. 16, 391--395), measurement of the blood density yields two further relevant parameters. In total, only 3 ml of blood are needed for the measurements.", "contents": "[The calculation of hemoglobin concentration from blood and plasma densities, measured by the mechanical oscillator technique (author's transl)]. Blood samples from patients were taken for the measurement of blood and plasma densities by the mechanical oscillator technique, and the hematocrit value and the hemoglobin content of the blood. The values for blood and plasma density permit the precise calculation of blood hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Thus, in addition to the calculation of total protein concentration of plasma (Holzer et al (1978) J. Clin. Chem, Clin. Biochem. 16, 391--395), measurement of the blood density yields two further relevant parameters. In total, only 3 ml of blood are needed for the measurements.", "PMID": 501289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5180", "title": "Surface-associated heparin inhibits zymosan-induced activation of the human alternative complement pathway by augmenting the regulatory action of the control proteins on particle-bound C3b.", "content": "Discrimination by the human alternative pathway between activating and nonactivating particles occurs after deposition of C3b by the continuous low-grade interaction of the alternative pathway components in biologic fluids and is dependent on the modulation by surface constituents of the interaction of bound C3b with the control proteins, beta 1H, and C3b inactivator (C3bINA). When heparin glycosaminoglycan was coupled to activating particles, such as zymosan or Sepharose, by cyanogen bromide activation, their capacity to activate the human alternative pathway was inhibited. The loss of alternative pathway-activating capacity was directly correlated to the number of heparin molecules bound/zymosan particle, whether the ratio was varied by increasing the amounts of heparin in the initial coupling reactions or by treating a fully inhibited particle with incremental concentrations of heparinase. Analysis by linear regression of the inhibitory effect of each procedure (r = 0.97, r = 0.98, respectively) for adjusting the number of heparin molecules/particle revealed that the dose-response relationships were identical and that complete inhibition occurred with greater than 12 X 10(8) molecules of heparin/zymosan particle. The coupling of heparin to zymosan did not impair the uptake of C3b from the fluid-phase interaction of C3, B, and D, and did not alter the capacity of bound C3b to associate with B so as to permit its inactivation by D. Although the regulatory proteins present in normal serum chelated with EDTA or presented as a combination of purified C3bINA and beta 1H were relatively inefficient in inactivating C3b function on an activating particle of the alternative pathway such as zymosan or zymosan-cyanogen bromide, the control proteins rapidly inactivated C3b on a nonactivating particle wuch as a sheep erythrocyte or zymosan with coupled heparin. The increased numbers of C3b sites susceptible to inactivation by C3bINA in the presence of beta 1H were significantly correlated to the number of molecules of heparin/particle. By linear regression analysis of the correlation (r = 0.99) the number of heparin molecules/particle required to promote total inactivation of bound C3b by purified control proteins was 13.8 X 10(6). This molecular analysis suggests that the action of heparin coupled to an activating particle of the alternative pathway is to promote the interaction between particle-bound C3b and the regulatory proteins, thereby preventing particle-associated amplified C3 cleavage. It is noteworthy that both surface constituents known to maintain a particle as a nonactivator of the alternative pathway, sialic acid and N-sulfated mucopolysaccharide, act by facilitating the inactivation by regulatory proteins of the function of particle-bound C3b.", "contents": "Surface-associated heparin inhibits zymosan-induced activation of the human alternative complement pathway by augmenting the regulatory action of the control proteins on particle-bound C3b. Discrimination by the human alternative pathway between activating and nonactivating particles occurs after deposition of C3b by the continuous low-grade interaction of the alternative pathway components in biologic fluids and is dependent on the modulation by surface constituents of the interaction of bound C3b with the control proteins, beta 1H, and C3b inactivator (C3bINA). When heparin glycosaminoglycan was coupled to activating particles, such as zymosan or Sepharose, by cyanogen bromide activation, their capacity to activate the human alternative pathway was inhibited. The loss of alternative pathway-activating capacity was directly correlated to the number of heparin molecules bound/zymosan particle, whether the ratio was varied by increasing the amounts of heparin in the initial coupling reactions or by treating a fully inhibited particle with incremental concentrations of heparinase. Analysis by linear regression of the inhibitory effect of each procedure (r = 0.97, r = 0.98, respectively) for adjusting the number of heparin molecules/particle revealed that the dose-response relationships were identical and that complete inhibition occurred with greater than 12 X 10(8) molecules of heparin/zymosan particle. The coupling of heparin to zymosan did not impair the uptake of C3b from the fluid-phase interaction of C3, B, and D, and did not alter the capacity of bound C3b to associate with B so as to permit its inactivation by D. Although the regulatory proteins present in normal serum chelated with EDTA or presented as a combination of purified C3bINA and beta 1H were relatively inefficient in inactivating C3b function on an activating particle of the alternative pathway such as zymosan or zymosan-cyanogen bromide, the control proteins rapidly inactivated C3b on a nonactivating particle wuch as a sheep erythrocyte or zymosan with coupled heparin. The increased numbers of C3b sites susceptible to inactivation by C3bINA in the presence of beta 1H were significantly correlated to the number of molecules of heparin/particle. By linear regression analysis of the correlation (r = 0.99) the number of heparin molecules/particle required to promote total inactivation of bound C3b by purified control proteins was 13.8 X 10(6). This molecular analysis suggests that the action of heparin coupled to an activating particle of the alternative pathway is to promote the interaction between particle-bound C3b and the regulatory proteins, thereby preventing particle-associated amplified C3 cleavage. It is noteworthy that both surface constituents known to maintain a particle as a nonactivator of the alternative pathway, sialic acid and N-sulfated mucopolysaccharide, act by facilitating the inactivation by regulatory proteins of the function of particle-bound C3b.", "PMID": 501288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5181", "title": "Bromocresol purple, a non-specific colour reagent for the determination of serum albumin.", "content": "The determination of serum albumin with the dye reagent bromocresol purple was investigated. We found that bromocresol purple is not a specific reagent for albumin, but that serum proteins in the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions also react with this dye. Similar results were obtained for bromocresol green. Furthermore there is a great difference in absorbance between human and bovine albumin solutions (having the same concentration) when using the bromocresol purple reagent. Most probably this is a result of the difference in interaction of the reagent with the substrate. Although the standard curves with the bromocresol purple method were more linear (especially at higher albumin concentrations) than those obtained with the bromocresol green method, we still prefer the bromocresol green technique to the bromocresol purple technique, because its results are more comparable with those of other methods. Moreover in quality control and calibration procedures, strong deviations from the recommended values are obtained when non-human sera are analyzed with the bromocresol purple method. For reasons of accuracy more specific methods are preferable.", "contents": "Bromocresol purple, a non-specific colour reagent for the determination of serum albumin. The determination of serum albumin with the dye reagent bromocresol purple was investigated. We found that bromocresol purple is not a specific reagent for albumin, but that serum proteins in the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions also react with this dye. Similar results were obtained for bromocresol green. Furthermore there is a great difference in absorbance between human and bovine albumin solutions (having the same concentration) when using the bromocresol purple reagent. Most probably this is a result of the difference in interaction of the reagent with the substrate. Although the standard curves with the bromocresol purple method were more linear (especially at higher albumin concentrations) than those obtained with the bromocresol green method, we still prefer the bromocresol green technique to the bromocresol purple technique, because its results are more comparable with those of other methods. Moreover in quality control and calibration procedures, strong deviations from the recommended values are obtained when non-human sera are analyzed with the bromocresol purple method. For reasons of accuracy more specific methods are preferable.", "PMID": 501290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5182", "title": "Evaluation of a new diagnostic kit for the enzymatic determination of creatinine.", "content": "We have evaluated a new diagnostic kit for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum, plasma and urine. The method was found to be linear up to 1000 mumol/l. Within-run precision had a coefficient of variation of 3.1--5.6% for normal to slightly elevated values and of 2.3--3.3% for values of about 320 mumol/l. Day-to-day precision was found to be 7.8 and 5.7% for values of 94 and 141 mumol/l, respectively. Mean analytic recovery was 98%. Bilirubin and hemoglobin did not interfere in concentrations up to 490 and 240 mumol/l, respectively. The influence of lipids was studied. Correlation studies were done with two other methods, the Technicon SMA 12/60 method and the Dutch standard manual method.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new diagnostic kit for the enzymatic determination of creatinine. We have evaluated a new diagnostic kit for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum, plasma and urine. The method was found to be linear up to 1000 mumol/l. Within-run precision had a coefficient of variation of 3.1--5.6% for normal to slightly elevated values and of 2.3--3.3% for values of about 320 mumol/l. Day-to-day precision was found to be 7.8 and 5.7% for values of 94 and 141 mumol/l, respectively. Mean analytic recovery was 98%. Bilirubin and hemoglobin did not interfere in concentrations up to 490 and 240 mumol/l, respectively. The influence of lipids was studied. Correlation studies were done with two other methods, the Technicon SMA 12/60 method and the Dutch standard manual method.", "PMID": 501291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5183", "title": "[Comparison of ion-selective electrodes and flame photometry for the determination of serum Na+ and K+ for clinical purposes (author's transl)].", "content": "The ORION SPACE-STAT (SS-30) and the TECHNICON STAT/ION were used to investigate quality control of Na+- and K+-determinations in test sera (n=8) and in the plasma of 100 patients. The flame photometer IL 543 was used as a reference apparatus. The ion-selective electrode instruments, SS-30 and STAT/ION, gave results very similar to those of flame photometry. The values from the SS-30 were higher by an average of 3% to 5% compared with the values from the other instruments. An explanation for this bias may be the fact that the SS-30 (unlike the STAT/ION and the IL 543) measures electrolyte activities or concentrations in undiluted plasma water. On the basis of these results the routine use of ion-selective electrodes for Na+- and K+-determination can be recommended for clinical laboratories.", "contents": "[Comparison of ion-selective electrodes and flame photometry for the determination of serum Na+ and K+ for clinical purposes (author's transl)]. The ORION SPACE-STAT (SS-30) and the TECHNICON STAT/ION were used to investigate quality control of Na+- and K+-determinations in test sera (n=8) and in the plasma of 100 patients. The flame photometer IL 543 was used as a reference apparatus. The ion-selective electrode instruments, SS-30 and STAT/ION, gave results very similar to those of flame photometry. The values from the SS-30 were higher by an average of 3% to 5% compared with the values from the other instruments. An explanation for this bias may be the fact that the SS-30 (unlike the STAT/ION and the IL 543) measures electrolyte activities or concentrations in undiluted plasma water. On the basis of these results the routine use of ion-selective electrodes for Na+- and K+-determination can be recommended for clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 501292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5184", "title": "Comparative evaluation of different spectrophometric methods for the determination of small amounts of carboxyhaemoglobin.", "content": "Four spectrophotometric methods measuring HbCO were investigated in comparison with an analyzer (CO-Oximeter) in order to find a method determining HbCO fractions) below 0.10 with sufficient reliability. The CO-Oximeter was chosen as \"reference\" method because results of other authors with this instrument yielded good agreement with other methods, e.g. IR-spectrometry, GLC, van Slyke. Only the five wavelength method of Commins & Lawther (1965) Brit. J. Industr. Med. 22, 139--143) can be recommended, for it yielded CV's and sensitivities comparable to the CO-Oximeter. The within-run precision had CVs of 2.3% to 4.7%, the sensitivity was 0.0021 to 0.0028. The method is suited even for HbCO measurements of shorter series.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of different spectrophometric methods for the determination of small amounts of carboxyhaemoglobin. Four spectrophotometric methods measuring HbCO were investigated in comparison with an analyzer (CO-Oximeter) in order to find a method determining HbCO fractions) below 0.10 with sufficient reliability. The CO-Oximeter was chosen as \"reference\" method because results of other authors with this instrument yielded good agreement with other methods, e.g. IR-spectrometry, GLC, van Slyke. Only the five wavelength method of Commins & Lawther (1965) Brit. J. Industr. Med. 22, 139--143) can be recommended, for it yielded CV's and sensitivities comparable to the CO-Oximeter. The within-run precision had CVs of 2.3% to 4.7%, the sensitivity was 0.0021 to 0.0028. The method is suited even for HbCO measurements of shorter series.", "PMID": 501293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5185", "title": "[Evaluation of the aca lipase (DuPont) determination and of the lipase determination according to Myrick (Calbiochem-Behring) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two lipase methods, the method for the aca (DuPont) and the method according to Myrick (1976) Thesis, Birmingham Al.) (Calbiochem-Behring), were compared with the lipase method of Rick (1969) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 7, 530--539) and with the amylase determination. The diagnostic value of the aca method, the amylase and the lipase method of Rick were in good agreement, whereas the method of Myrick gave conflicting results.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the aca lipase (DuPont) determination and of the lipase determination according to Myrick (Calbiochem-Behring) (author's transl)]. Two lipase methods, the method for the aca (DuPont) and the method according to Myrick (1976) Thesis, Birmingham Al.) (Calbiochem-Behring), were compared with the lipase method of Rick (1969) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 7, 530--539) and with the amylase determination. The diagnostic value of the aca method, the amylase and the lipase method of Rick were in good agreement, whereas the method of Myrick gave conflicting results.", "PMID": 501294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5186", "title": "[Falsely positive values in multi-channel analysis: An iniquiry into reference and patient groups (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of falsely positive values occurring in 12-channel analysis was determined in two groups of patients and reference individuals. It revealed that the portion of falsely positive values actually found was statistically significant beyond that calculated on the assumption of a binomial distribution. Partly distinct correlations of the parameters combined to a profile as well as clear deviations from the normal distribution have to be taken into consideration as reasons for this discrepancy between theory and reality. The results show that the application of the binomial distribution leads to statements which significantly differ from the conditions actually present.", "contents": "[Falsely positive values in multi-channel analysis: An iniquiry into reference and patient groups (author's transl)]. The number of falsely positive values occurring in 12-channel analysis was determined in two groups of patients and reference individuals. It revealed that the portion of falsely positive values actually found was statistically significant beyond that calculated on the assumption of a binomial distribution. Partly distinct correlations of the parameters combined to a profile as well as clear deviations from the normal distribution have to be taken into consideration as reasons for this discrepancy between theory and reality. The results show that the application of the binomial distribution leads to statements which significantly differ from the conditions actually present.", "PMID": 501296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5187", "title": "A semi-automated Bratton & Marshall micromethod for determining acetylator phenotype of rabbits using the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer-100.", "content": "A micromethod for the determination of acetylator phenotype using the method of Bratton & Marshall (1939) J. Biol. Chem. 128, 537--550) was adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer (ABA-100). Advantages of this procedure include: (a) the requirement for small blood samples (20 microliter) making it a suitable pediatric method and eliminating the need for venipunctures; (b) elimination of tedious manual reading of absorbances of samples and mathematical manipulation of data by the automated capabilities of the ABA-100; (c) an increase in the accuracy of the assay by reading samples at two wavelengths thereby correcting for differences in background.", "contents": "A semi-automated Bratton & Marshall micromethod for determining acetylator phenotype of rabbits using the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer-100. A micromethod for the determination of acetylator phenotype using the method of Bratton & Marshall (1939) J. Biol. Chem. 128, 537--550) was adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer (ABA-100). Advantages of this procedure include: (a) the requirement for small blood samples (20 microliter) making it a suitable pediatric method and eliminating the need for venipunctures; (b) elimination of tedious manual reading of absorbances of samples and mathematical manipulation of data by the automated capabilities of the ABA-100; (c) an increase in the accuracy of the assay by reading samples at two wavelengths thereby correcting for differences in background.", "PMID": 501298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5188", "title": "Platelet counting with a laser nephelometer.", "content": "A method for platelet counting is described, based on the Laser nephelometric principle. Experimental results are reported, together with the practical considerations for the standardisation and correlation of the method, and for application of the method in the routine biochemical laboratory. Venous blood, taken with EDTA-NaCL solution according to Schulz et al (1071, Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 9, 329-333) is used. The blood is centrifuged at 100 g for 10 min and 10 microliter of the supernatant is added to 3000 microliter of a suspending medium (dilution 1:80); 300 microliter platelet suspension are read in a nephelometer cuvet or tube against blank. The number of platelets per liter blood are determined with the aid of a standard curve. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, and the correlation with the \"electronic coulter counting\" method are satisfactory.", "contents": "Platelet counting with a laser nephelometer. A method for platelet counting is described, based on the Laser nephelometric principle. Experimental results are reported, together with the practical considerations for the standardisation and correlation of the method, and for application of the method in the routine biochemical laboratory. Venous blood, taken with EDTA-NaCL solution according to Schulz et al (1071, Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 9, 329-333) is used. The blood is centrifuged at 100 g for 10 min and 10 microliter of the supernatant is added to 3000 microliter of a suspending medium (dilution 1:80); 300 microliter platelet suspension are read in a nephelometer cuvet or tube against blank. The number of platelets per liter blood are determined with the aid of a standard curve. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, and the correlation with the \"electronic coulter counting\" method are satisfactory.", "PMID": 501299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5189", "title": "Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of ribosomal proteins from chronically injured liver.", "content": "Proteins of the small and large ribosomal subunit, isolated at various times from long-term thioacetamide-damaged rat livers, were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those from normal liver. Chronic hepatic injury induced a number of time-dependent changes of the structural proteins of the small subunit, whereas the proteins of the large subparticle were essentially unaffected. The most significant alterations were an anodical dislocation of protein S6, a strong diminution in the amounts of proteins S9 and S10 and the occurrence of 3 to 4 additional small subunit proteins. By autoradiographic studies it was established that the modifications of S6 were brought about by an enhanced phosphorylation of this protein, which was the earliest sign of a ribosomal alteration in injured liver tissue.", "contents": "Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of ribosomal proteins from chronically injured liver. Proteins of the small and large ribosomal subunit, isolated at various times from long-term thioacetamide-damaged rat livers, were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those from normal liver. Chronic hepatic injury induced a number of time-dependent changes of the structural proteins of the small subunit, whereas the proteins of the large subparticle were essentially unaffected. The most significant alterations were an anodical dislocation of protein S6, a strong diminution in the amounts of proteins S9 and S10 and the occurrence of 3 to 4 additional small subunit proteins. By autoradiographic studies it was established that the modifications of S6 were brought about by an enhanced phosphorylation of this protein, which was the earliest sign of a ribosomal alteration in injured liver tissue.", "PMID": 501300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5190", "title": "Enzymic assay of plasma cholesterol: a comparison of analytical variations found using the Greiner GSA II and the Technicon SMA 12/60 and SMA II.", "content": "Cholesterol was assayed on the Greiner GSA II and the Technicon SMA 12/60 and SMA II autoanalyzers, with Allain's entirely enzymic method (Allain et al. (1974), Clin. Chem. 20, 470--475). The coefficients of variation in the results over a period of one month were less than 6% with the GSA II and the SMA II, but up to 9% on the SMA 12/60. Although the accuracy of the enzymic method depends on the specificity of the cholesterol oxidase and cholesterol esterase, the results were in good agreement with those obtained by Abell's method (Abell et al. (1952), J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357--366) on fresh or freeze dried human plasma. The cholesterol concentration was stable at 4 degrees C, or in frozen or freeze dried plasma. None of the drugs tested interfered with the enzymic assay.", "contents": "Enzymic assay of plasma cholesterol: a comparison of analytical variations found using the Greiner GSA II and the Technicon SMA 12/60 and SMA II. Cholesterol was assayed on the Greiner GSA II and the Technicon SMA 12/60 and SMA II autoanalyzers, with Allain's entirely enzymic method (Allain et al. (1974), Clin. Chem. 20, 470--475). The coefficients of variation in the results over a period of one month were less than 6% with the GSA II and the SMA II, but up to 9% on the SMA 12/60. Although the accuracy of the enzymic method depends on the specificity of the cholesterol oxidase and cholesterol esterase, the results were in good agreement with those obtained by Abell's method (Abell et al. (1952), J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357--366) on fresh or freeze dried human plasma. The cholesterol concentration was stable at 4 degrees C, or in frozen or freeze dried plasma. None of the drugs tested interfered with the enzymic assay.", "PMID": 501301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5191", "title": "Comparison of 9 methods for the determination of cholesterol.", "content": "Seven enzymatic procedures for the determination of cholesterol in serum were compared with the Liebermann-Burchard- and a gas-chromatographic method. Using a decision matrix all methods could be ranked according to reliability and practicability . With the exception of the cholesterol oxidase-coupled Kageyama principle and the Liebermann-Burchard procedure, all the other methods showed similar reliability.", "contents": "Comparison of 9 methods for the determination of cholesterol. Seven enzymatic procedures for the determination of cholesterol in serum were compared with the Liebermann-Burchard- and a gas-chromatographic method. Using a decision matrix all methods could be ranked according to reliability and practicability . With the exception of the cholesterol oxidase-coupled Kageyama principle and the Liebermann-Burchard procedure, all the other methods showed similar reliability.", "PMID": 501302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5192", "title": "[Falsely positive values in multi-channel analysis: an estimation of their frequency with Sylvester's formula and their reduction by a multivariate test quantity (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of the binomial distribution for determining the number of \"falsely positive values\" is not suitable because of the partly strong correlations between the clinical chemical parameters. We have therefore tried to obtain more precise estimations for the number of falsely positive values by using a generalisation from Sylvester's formula and taking into account the correlations. We use multivariate statistics for testing a patient's value\" when several laboratory parameters are simultaneously considered. The multivariate technique leads firstly to a significant reduction of the erroneously interpreted \"falsely positive values\" and secondly allows the detection of hidden implausible constellations of values.", "contents": "[Falsely positive values in multi-channel analysis: an estimation of their frequency with Sylvester's formula and their reduction by a multivariate test quantity (author's transl)]. The application of the binomial distribution for determining the number of \"falsely positive values\" is not suitable because of the partly strong correlations between the clinical chemical parameters. We have therefore tried to obtain more precise estimations for the number of falsely positive values by using a generalisation from Sylvester's formula and taking into account the correlations. We use multivariate statistics for testing a patient's value\" when several laboratory parameters are simultaneously considered. The multivariate technique leads firstly to a significant reduction of the erroneously interpreted \"falsely positive values\" and secondly allows the detection of hidden implausible constellations of values.", "PMID": 501303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5193", "title": "[Continuous intraoperative measurement of Na+, K+ and Ca++ with carrier membrane disc electrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of a two-channel flow-through analyzer with carrier membrane disc electrodes for the electrochemical analysis of heparinized blood, plasma or serum is described, its capabilities discussed and results of direct patient measurements presented.", "contents": "[Continuous intraoperative measurement of Na+, K+ and Ca++ with carrier membrane disc electrodes (author's transl)]. The application of a two-channel flow-through analyzer with carrier membrane disc electrodes for the electrochemical analysis of heparinized blood, plasma or serum is described, its capabilities discussed and results of direct patient measurements presented.", "PMID": 501304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5194", "title": "[Calculation of the IgG fraction of cerebrospinal fluid locally synthesized in the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum concentration ratios of immunoglobulin G and albumin were determined for a group of n = 334 control patients. The correlation coefficient relating the two quotients was r = 0.71. The regression line was found to be y = 0.41 x + 0.00014. For statistical and functional reasons it is plausible that the theoretical line should go through the origin. The ocrresponding function would than be y = 0.43 x. The confidence range of the IgG quotient (y) for a given albumin quotient (x) is characterised by +/- 2 Sy.x = +/- 0.001 (Sy.x is the standard deviation of the y values from the regression line). If the IgG quotient is evaluated for the individual albumin ratio of the patient, the following formula can be used for calculation of the locally synthesized concentration of pathological IgG (IgGp) in CSF: IgGp = IgG(CSF) - (0.43 Alb(Serum)-Alb(CSF) + 0.001) . IgG(Serum). This method of determination is independent of the variables which are known to influence the individe, sex, individual blood brain barrier condition, extraction volume of CSF and the method used for protein determination. In comparison with other methods, particularly with respect to the statistics and biochemistry, the reported formula allows an optimal evaluation of pathological IgG values in CSF.", "contents": "[Calculation of the IgG fraction of cerebrospinal fluid locally synthesized in the central nervous system (author's transl)]. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum concentration ratios of immunoglobulin G and albumin were determined for a group of n = 334 control patients. The correlation coefficient relating the two quotients was r = 0.71. The regression line was found to be y = 0.41 x + 0.00014. For statistical and functional reasons it is plausible that the theoretical line should go through the origin. The ocrresponding function would than be y = 0.43 x. The confidence range of the IgG quotient (y) for a given albumin quotient (x) is characterised by +/- 2 Sy.x = +/- 0.001 (Sy.x is the standard deviation of the y values from the regression line). If the IgG quotient is evaluated for the individual albumin ratio of the patient, the following formula can be used for calculation of the locally synthesized concentration of pathological IgG (IgGp) in CSF: IgGp = IgG(CSF) - (0.43 Alb(Serum)-Alb(CSF) + 0.001) . IgG(Serum). This method of determination is independent of the variables which are known to influence the individe, sex, individual blood brain barrier condition, extraction volume of CSF and the method used for protein determination. In comparison with other methods, particularly with respect to the statistics and biochemistry, the reported formula allows an optimal evaluation of pathological IgG values in CSF.", "PMID": 501305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5195", "title": "A simple, automatic means of designing a conversion table for expressing laboratory results in the International System of Units (SI).", "content": "A simple, automatic means of designing a conversion table for expressing laboratory results in the international system of units (SI) is described. The increasing use of the international system of units for expressing the results of clinical chemistry and haematology sets doctors, biologists and paramedical workers the problem of converting the results from the previous confused system of units into the SI system. We propose a simple method for establishing a conversion scale from one system to the other, irrespective of the parameter. This is based on a Hewlett-Packard 9830A calculator equipped with a 9862A plotter. The BASIC language is used. Accordingly we have prepared conversion tables for the most commonly used parameters into the international system of units, on behalf of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences.", "contents": "A simple, automatic means of designing a conversion table for expressing laboratory results in the International System of Units (SI). A simple, automatic means of designing a conversion table for expressing laboratory results in the international system of units (SI) is described. The increasing use of the international system of units for expressing the results of clinical chemistry and haematology sets doctors, biologists and paramedical workers the problem of converting the results from the previous confused system of units into the SI system. We propose a simple method for establishing a conversion scale from one system to the other, irrespective of the parameter. This is based on a Hewlett-Packard 9830A calculator equipped with a 9862A plotter. The BASIC language is used. Accordingly we have prepared conversion tables for the most commonly used parameters into the international system of units, on behalf of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences.", "PMID": 501306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5196", "title": "[Influence of storing conditions on the amino acid concentration in human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Whole blood, serum and deproteinized serum were stored at room temperature up to 24 h and at - 30 degrees C up to one month. The amino acid content was then determined with an automatic amino acid analyser. When whole blood is left at room temperature the concentration of citrulline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, cysteine and tryptophan remains unchanged, whereas the other amino acids show a remarkable increase or decrease. In serum stored for 24 h at room temperature, only the concentrations of aspartic and glutamic acid, serine, cysteine and phenylalanine were altered. With the exception of aspartic and glutamic acid it was possible to leave deproteinized serum up to 24 h at room temperature and up to one month at - 30 degrees C without observing a change in the concentration of the other amino acids. No change occurred, when serum was stored at - 30 degrees C for 24 h.", "contents": "[Influence of storing conditions on the amino acid concentration in human serum (author's transl)]. Whole blood, serum and deproteinized serum were stored at room temperature up to 24 h and at - 30 degrees C up to one month. The amino acid content was then determined with an automatic amino acid analyser. When whole blood is left at room temperature the concentration of citrulline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, cysteine and tryptophan remains unchanged, whereas the other amino acids show a remarkable increase or decrease. In serum stored for 24 h at room temperature, only the concentrations of aspartic and glutamic acid, serine, cysteine and phenylalanine were altered. With the exception of aspartic and glutamic acid it was possible to leave deproteinized serum up to 24 h at room temperature and up to one month at - 30 degrees C without observing a change in the concentration of the other amino acids. No change occurred, when serum was stored at - 30 degrees C for 24 h.", "PMID": 501307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5197", "title": "[Measuring the activity of the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase: 3 methods compared (author's transl)].", "content": "Three methods were compared in human serum for determining the activity of the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase: 1. Heat inactivation at 65 degrees C for 10 minutes, 2. Differential inactivation with L-p-Bromotetramisole, and 3. an immunological precipation test. A good comparison between the three methods was found (correlation coefficient between 0.973 and 0.982). For long series or screening determinations for \"Regan-isoenzyme\" the differential inactivation with L-p-Bromotetramisole is preferred because of the short analysis time and the possibility of simple mechanisation.", "contents": "[Measuring the activity of the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase: 3 methods compared (author's transl)]. Three methods were compared in human serum for determining the activity of the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase: 1. Heat inactivation at 65 degrees C for 10 minutes, 2. Differential inactivation with L-p-Bromotetramisole, and 3. an immunological precipation test. A good comparison between the three methods was found (correlation coefficient between 0.973 and 0.982). For long series or screening determinations for \"Regan-isoenzyme\" the differential inactivation with L-p-Bromotetramisole is preferred because of the short analysis time and the possibility of simple mechanisation.", "PMID": 501308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5198", "title": "Laboratory production of ergot alkaloids by species of balansia.", "content": "Four species of Balansia (clavicipitaceous systemic grass pathogens) isolated from pastures where cattle showed signs of ergot toxicity were grown in culture. Balansia epichlo\u00eb, one isolate of B. claviceps, B. henningsiana and two isolates of B. strangulans produced conidia in submerged culture during the first stage of a two-stage fermentation procedure. When tranferred to a glucose/sorbitol/inorganic salts medium during the second stage, these four species produced ergot alkaloids in stationary cultures. The transfer of fungi cultured in the first medium to the second medium was necessary for alkaloid biosynthesis. One isolate of B. claviceps did not produce alkaloids. Balansia epichlo\u00eb produced chanoclavine (I), agroclavine, penniclavine, elymoclavine, ergonovine and ergonovinine. Balansia claviceps produced chanoclavine (I), ergonovine and ergonovinine. This is the first report of isolating ergonovine and ergonovinine, two lysergic acid derivatives, from fungi outside the genus Claviceps. Only chanoclavine (I) was identified from extracts of B. strangulans and B. henningsiana. Chanoclavine (I) and ergonovine were identified from smut grass (Sporobolus poiretii) parasitized by B. epichlo\u00eb, indicating that this endophyte produces alkaloids both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Laboratory production of ergot alkaloids by species of balansia. Four species of Balansia (clavicipitaceous systemic grass pathogens) isolated from pastures where cattle showed signs of ergot toxicity were grown in culture. Balansia epichlo\u00eb, one isolate of B. claviceps, B. henningsiana and two isolates of B. strangulans produced conidia in submerged culture during the first stage of a two-stage fermentation procedure. When tranferred to a glucose/sorbitol/inorganic salts medium during the second stage, these four species produced ergot alkaloids in stationary cultures. The transfer of fungi cultured in the first medium to the second medium was necessary for alkaloid biosynthesis. One isolate of B. claviceps did not produce alkaloids. Balansia epichlo\u00eb produced chanoclavine (I), agroclavine, penniclavine, elymoclavine, ergonovine and ergonovinine. Balansia claviceps produced chanoclavine (I), ergonovine and ergonovinine. This is the first report of isolating ergonovine and ergonovinine, two lysergic acid derivatives, from fungi outside the genus Claviceps. Only chanoclavine (I) was identified from extracts of B. strangulans and B. henningsiana. Chanoclavine (I) and ergonovine were identified from smut grass (Sporobolus poiretii) parasitized by B. epichlo\u00eb, indicating that this endophyte produces alkaloids both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 501329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5199", "title": "Aflatoxins and anthraquinones from diploids of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "content": "Three spore colour, two mycelial colour and 12 auxotrophic mutants were isolated from an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. These mutants and heterozygous diploids formed by pairwise combinations of auxotrophs were assayed for aflatoxin production; norsolorinic acid and versicolorin A production were also assayed in the diploids. In general, introduction of an auxotrophic marker lowered aflatoxin production in haploids. The green-spored, prototrophic diploids resembled haploid wild-type strains in that they produced high levels of aflatoxin, low levels of versicolorin A, and no detectable norsolorinic acid. Parasexual analysis of segregants from four heterozygous diploids was hampered by the uniform conidiospore diameter of haploids and diploids and by the non-random recovery of genotypes among somatic segregants with and without treatment with p-fluorophenylalanine. Nevertheless, this technique is useful for recombinational analysis of mutants blocked in aflatoxin synthesis. The fortuitous association of mycelial pigmentation with certain blocked aflatoxin mutants should prove useful in future analyses of the genetics and biosynthesis of these economically important secondary metabolites.", "contents": "Aflatoxins and anthraquinones from diploids of Aspergillus parasiticus. Three spore colour, two mycelial colour and 12 auxotrophic mutants were isolated from an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. These mutants and heterozygous diploids formed by pairwise combinations of auxotrophs were assayed for aflatoxin production; norsolorinic acid and versicolorin A production were also assayed in the diploids. In general, introduction of an auxotrophic marker lowered aflatoxin production in haploids. The green-spored, prototrophic diploids resembled haploid wild-type strains in that they produced high levels of aflatoxin, low levels of versicolorin A, and no detectable norsolorinic acid. Parasexual analysis of segregants from four heterozygous diploids was hampered by the uniform conidiospore diameter of haploids and diploids and by the non-random recovery of genotypes among somatic segregants with and without treatment with p-fluorophenylalanine. Nevertheless, this technique is useful for recombinational analysis of mutants blocked in aflatoxin synthesis. The fortuitous association of mycelial pigmentation with certain blocked aflatoxin mutants should prove useful in future analyses of the genetics and biosynthesis of these economically important secondary metabolites.", "PMID": 501330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5200", "title": "Taxonomic significance of yeast sphaeroplast release after enzymatic treatment of intact cells.", "content": "Treatment of whole yeast cells with a mixture of a reducing agent and 1,3-beta-glucanase isolated from Basidiomycete QM806 led to the production of sphaeroplasts from ascomycetes, from some fungi imperfecti, but not from basidiomycetes. Association of 1,3-beta-glucanase with a second enzyme, 1,4-alpha-glucanase, from Trichoderma viride, was required for sphaeroplast release from some, but not all, basidiomycetes and fungi imperfecti. The ability of yeast cells to liberate sphaeroplasts following appropriate enzymic treatment is proposed as a taxonomic criterion for differentiating basidiomycetous from ascomycetous yeasts and for classifying fungi imperfecti yeasts.", "contents": "Taxonomic significance of yeast sphaeroplast release after enzymatic treatment of intact cells. Treatment of whole yeast cells with a mixture of a reducing agent and 1,3-beta-glucanase isolated from Basidiomycete QM806 led to the production of sphaeroplasts from ascomycetes, from some fungi imperfecti, but not from basidiomycetes. Association of 1,3-beta-glucanase with a second enzyme, 1,4-alpha-glucanase, from Trichoderma viride, was required for sphaeroplast release from some, but not all, basidiomycetes and fungi imperfecti. The ability of yeast cells to liberate sphaeroplasts following appropriate enzymic treatment is proposed as a taxonomic criterion for differentiating basidiomycetous from ascomycetous yeasts and for classifying fungi imperfecti yeasts.", "PMID": 501331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5201", "title": "Immunogenicity of a chaotropically extracted protective antigen(s) of Pasteurella multocida type A (bovine origin) against experimental pasteurellosis in mice.", "content": "Immunization of mice with a potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida type A (bovine strain) imparted complete protection against an experimental challenge infection with 1.6 x 10(3) colony-forming units of the homologous strain. Formalin-treated vaccine (one or two doses) was much less effective. Significantly higher bactericidal antibody titres were observed in the sera of mice immunized with the extract compared with those given the vaccine. The bactericidal activity was localized in the IgM and IgG fractions. The extract consisted of protein(s) and carbohydrate(s) and on immunoelectrophoresis displayed at least three antigenetically distinct components.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of a chaotropically extracted protective antigen(s) of Pasteurella multocida type A (bovine origin) against experimental pasteurellosis in mice. Immunization of mice with a potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida type A (bovine strain) imparted complete protection against an experimental challenge infection with 1.6 x 10(3) colony-forming units of the homologous strain. Formalin-treated vaccine (one or two doses) was much less effective. Significantly higher bactericidal antibody titres were observed in the sera of mice immunized with the extract compared with those given the vaccine. The bactericidal activity was localized in the IgM and IgG fractions. The extract consisted of protein(s) and carbohydrate(s) and on immunoelectrophoresis displayed at least three antigenetically distinct components.", "PMID": 501332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5202", "title": "Determinants of spontaneous recovery and persistance in MDCK cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "MDCK cells that normally would have been killed by standard lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus were saved either by pre- or co-infection with defective interfering (DI) virus. The ability of these spared cells to produce virus-specific antigen (as well as infectious virus) and resist being killed by standard virus challenge was followed for at least 35 days. During this period both types of cultures displayed unique cycling patterns for the above characteristics. The most striking difference was the longevity of the infections. Cultures exposed to DI particles prior to standard virus became persistently infected, while co-infection with both virus types led to spontaneous curing with no trace of the previous infection. The basis for these dissimilar outcomes was traced to a hitherto undetected non-defective LCM virus (called SP) in the DI virus stocks used to preinfect MDCK cells. SP virus was not present in standard virus stocks but arose in long-term persistently infected L cells that had been initially infected with standard virus. Cloned SP virus shared species-specific antigens with standard virus, was resistant to inhibition by DI virus and was capable of turning self-curing cultures into cultures persistently synthesizing both DI and SP virus.", "contents": "Determinants of spontaneous recovery and persistance in MDCK cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. MDCK cells that normally would have been killed by standard lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus were saved either by pre- or co-infection with defective interfering (DI) virus. The ability of these spared cells to produce virus-specific antigen (as well as infectious virus) and resist being killed by standard virus challenge was followed for at least 35 days. During this period both types of cultures displayed unique cycling patterns for the above characteristics. The most striking difference was the longevity of the infections. Cultures exposed to DI particles prior to standard virus became persistently infected, while co-infection with both virus types led to spontaneous curing with no trace of the previous infection. The basis for these dissimilar outcomes was traced to a hitherto undetected non-defective LCM virus (called SP) in the DI virus stocks used to preinfect MDCK cells. SP virus was not present in standard virus stocks but arose in long-term persistently infected L cells that had been initially infected with standard virus. Cloned SP virus shared species-specific antigens with standard virus, was resistant to inhibition by DI virus and was capable of turning self-curing cultures into cultures persistently synthesizing both DI and SP virus.", "PMID": 501333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5203", "title": "Effect of undiluted passage on the polypeptides of measles virus.", "content": "Measles virus induces a large polypeptide (L; mol. wt. 180 K), a large glycopolypeptide (H; mol. wt. 80 K), a nucleocapsid associated polypeptide (P; mol. wt. 70 K), a nucleocapsid polypeptide (N; mol. wt. 60 K), a second glycopolypeptide (F0; mol. wt. 60 K), a matrix or membrane polypeptide (M; mol. wt. 37 K) and a small polypeptide (S; mol. wt. 15 K). The second glycopolypeptide (F0) appears to be cleaved in purified measles virus. Defective interfering particles accumulate during passage of measles virus leading to a decrease in the amounts of virus-specific protein synthesized in infected cells. Even in the best preparations of purified measles virus, host proteins are always detected and these become more predominant in preparations with low infectivity.", "contents": "Effect of undiluted passage on the polypeptides of measles virus. Measles virus induces a large polypeptide (L; mol. wt. 180 K), a large glycopolypeptide (H; mol. wt. 80 K), a nucleocapsid associated polypeptide (P; mol. wt. 70 K), a nucleocapsid polypeptide (N; mol. wt. 60 K), a second glycopolypeptide (F0; mol. wt. 60 K), a matrix or membrane polypeptide (M; mol. wt. 37 K) and a small polypeptide (S; mol. wt. 15 K). The second glycopolypeptide (F0) appears to be cleaved in purified measles virus. Defective interfering particles accumulate during passage of measles virus leading to a decrease in the amounts of virus-specific protein synthesized in infected cells. Even in the best preparations of purified measles virus, host proteins are always detected and these become more predominant in preparations with low infectivity.", "PMID": 501334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5204", "title": "Interferon induction by viruses. II. Sindbis virus: interferon induction requires one-quarter of the genome--genes G and A.", "content": "We have measured the amounts of interferon formed by chick cells 'aged' in vitro in response to different amounts of infectious wild-type Sindbis virus. Our results suggest that one plaque-forming unit is enough to induce maximum interferon formation. With higher m.o.i. the yield of interferon is less. To inactivate the interferon-inducing activity of Sindbis virus, four times more u.v.-radiation was needed than to inactivate the infectivity of the virus. This suggests that only 25% of the virus genome need be intact in order to induce interferon. Temperature-sensitive Sindbis virus mutants from the three RNA+ complementation groups, C. D and E, gave rise to interferon in chick cells incubated at a non-permissive temperature, Similarly, mutants from two of the RNA- groups, B and F, gave rise to interferon, but not mutants from groups G and A. We conclude that no pre-formed inducer of interferon is present in Sindbis virus. It appears, however, that genes G and A represent a special one-quarter of the genome which must be functional in order to synthesize an interferon-inducing moiety. We suggest that this moiety is a double-stranded RNA molecule formed after synthesis of a segment of RNA complementary to the genome.", "contents": "Interferon induction by viruses. II. Sindbis virus: interferon induction requires one-quarter of the genome--genes G and A. We have measured the amounts of interferon formed by chick cells 'aged' in vitro in response to different amounts of infectious wild-type Sindbis virus. Our results suggest that one plaque-forming unit is enough to induce maximum interferon formation. With higher m.o.i. the yield of interferon is less. To inactivate the interferon-inducing activity of Sindbis virus, four times more u.v.-radiation was needed than to inactivate the infectivity of the virus. This suggests that only 25% of the virus genome need be intact in order to induce interferon. Temperature-sensitive Sindbis virus mutants from the three RNA+ complementation groups, C. D and E, gave rise to interferon in chick cells incubated at a non-permissive temperature, Similarly, mutants from two of the RNA- groups, B and F, gave rise to interferon, but not mutants from groups G and A. We conclude that no pre-formed inducer of interferon is present in Sindbis virus. It appears, however, that genes G and A represent a special one-quarter of the genome which must be functional in order to synthesize an interferon-inducing moiety. We suggest that this moiety is a double-stranded RNA molecule formed after synthesis of a segment of RNA complementary to the genome.", "PMID": 501335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5205", "title": "Production of human lymphoblastoid interferon by Namalwa cells cultured in serum-free media.", "content": "The human lymphoblastoid cell line, Namalwa, can be cultured in serum-free media to cell densities of 3 to 4 x 10(6) cells per ml. These cultures produce up to 10 000 units of interferon per ml when induced with Newcastle disease virus, strain B1. Maximum accumulation of interferon was obtained at approx. 13 h post-induction.", "contents": "Production of human lymphoblastoid interferon by Namalwa cells cultured in serum-free media. The human lymphoblastoid cell line, Namalwa, can be cultured in serum-free media to cell densities of 3 to 4 x 10(6) cells per ml. These cultures produce up to 10 000 units of interferon per ml when induced with Newcastle disease virus, strain B1. Maximum accumulation of interferon was obtained at approx. 13 h post-induction.", "PMID": 501336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5206", "title": "Ribonuclease activity of preparations of human lymphoblastoid interferon.", "content": "Crude human lymphoblastoid interferon has less ribonuclease activity than equivalent primary leukocyte interferon and ribonuclease was eliminated when it was purified. The methods used differed from those that had failed to eliminate similar activity from leukocyte interferon. This result makes it unlikely that exogenous ribonuclease plays a major role in the antiviral action of interferon preparations.", "contents": "Ribonuclease activity of preparations of human lymphoblastoid interferon. Crude human lymphoblastoid interferon has less ribonuclease activity than equivalent primary leukocyte interferon and ribonuclease was eliminated when it was purified. The methods used differed from those that had failed to eliminate similar activity from leukocyte interferon. This result makes it unlikely that exogenous ribonuclease plays a major role in the antiviral action of interferon preparations.", "PMID": 501337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5207", "title": "Comparisons of virulence of influenza virus recombinants in ferrets in relation to their behaviour in man and their genetic constitution.", "content": "Two parent viruses, A/Finland/4/74(H3N2) and A/Okuda/57(H2N2), virulent and attenuated respectively for man, showed similar differences of virulence in ferrets as judged by estimations of 50% minimal infectious doses (MID50), the level and persistence of nasal infection, the height and duration of pyrexia and the level of lung infection. In ferrets, two recombinant clones, WRL 94(H3N2) and WRL 105(H3N2), were almost as virulent as A/Finland and indistinguishable from one another, a result which agreed well with genetic analysis (Hay et al. 1977); the RNA pieces of these recombinants appeared identical and largely derived from the virulent parent (A/Finland). The results in ferrets did not agree with tests on clone WRL 94 in small numbers of human volunteers but they were not inconsistent with those on clone WRL 105 in larger numbers. It is possible therefore that careful tests in ferrets may yield more accurate information on the virulence of strains than limited tests in human volunteers. A rapid test for virulence in ferrets is described. It could be used to screen many additional recombinants thereby yielding information on the genetical basis of virulence and indicating possible vaccine strains for more thorough testing in ferrets and in man.", "contents": "Comparisons of virulence of influenza virus recombinants in ferrets in relation to their behaviour in man and their genetic constitution. Two parent viruses, A/Finland/4/74(H3N2) and A/Okuda/57(H2N2), virulent and attenuated respectively for man, showed similar differences of virulence in ferrets as judged by estimations of 50% minimal infectious doses (MID50), the level and persistence of nasal infection, the height and duration of pyrexia and the level of lung infection. In ferrets, two recombinant clones, WRL 94(H3N2) and WRL 105(H3N2), were almost as virulent as A/Finland and indistinguishable from one another, a result which agreed well with genetic analysis (Hay et al. 1977); the RNA pieces of these recombinants appeared identical and largely derived from the virulent parent (A/Finland). The results in ferrets did not agree with tests on clone WRL 94 in small numbers of human volunteers but they were not inconsistent with those on clone WRL 105 in larger numbers. It is possible therefore that careful tests in ferrets may yield more accurate information on the virulence of strains than limited tests in human volunteers. A rapid test for virulence in ferrets is described. It could be used to screen many additional recombinants thereby yielding information on the genetical basis of virulence and indicating possible vaccine strains for more thorough testing in ferrets and in man.", "PMID": 501338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5208", "title": "Physicochemical properties and restriction maps of simian adenovirus type 38 DNA.", "content": "The sedimentation constant of simian virus type 38 (SV-38) DNA was estimated to be 31.6S. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA was on average 86.5 dl/g and the length of the molecule determined by electron microscopy was 10.6 micrometer. The average mol. wt., as determined by sedimentation and viscometry, was 21.5 x 10(6), which agreed well with the value derived from the length of the molecule (21.4 x 10(6)) and with the value of 21.2 x 10(6) determined by the relative electrophoretic mobility of the DNA fragments produced by restriction endonucleases EcoR1, SalI and BglII. The buoyant density of the DNA in caesium chloride and casesium sulphate was 1.7185 and 1.4295 g/ml respectively. The melting temperature of the DNA in 1 x SSC was 93.5 degrees C. The GC content calculated from p and Tm values was 59.3%. BglII cleaves SV-38 DNA at three sites producing four fragments with mol. wt.: A, 9.3 x 10(6), B, 5.6 x 10(6), C, 3.3 x 10(6); and D, 2.9 x 10(6). After treatment with EcoR1 and SalI, SV-38 DNA is cleaved into five and six fragments respectively, with mol. wt. for EcoR1 fragments: A, 8.2 x 10(6), B, 6.5 x 10(6), C, 4.0 x 10(6), D, 1.27 x 10(6); and E, 1.07 x 10(6), and for SalI fragments: A, 6.5 x 10(6); B, 5.4 x 10(6); C, 4.2 x 10(6), D, 2.8 x 10(6); E, 2.5 x 10(6) and F, 0.25 x 10(6). The sequence of fragments within the SV-38 DNA molecules for BglII was deduced to be BDCA, and for ECOR1--BCEAD.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties and restriction maps of simian adenovirus type 38 DNA. The sedimentation constant of simian virus type 38 (SV-38) DNA was estimated to be 31.6S. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA was on average 86.5 dl/g and the length of the molecule determined by electron microscopy was 10.6 micrometer. The average mol. wt., as determined by sedimentation and viscometry, was 21.5 x 10(6), which agreed well with the value derived from the length of the molecule (21.4 x 10(6)) and with the value of 21.2 x 10(6) determined by the relative electrophoretic mobility of the DNA fragments produced by restriction endonucleases EcoR1, SalI and BglII. The buoyant density of the DNA in caesium chloride and casesium sulphate was 1.7185 and 1.4295 g/ml respectively. The melting temperature of the DNA in 1 x SSC was 93.5 degrees C. The GC content calculated from p and Tm values was 59.3%. BglII cleaves SV-38 DNA at three sites producing four fragments with mol. wt.: A, 9.3 x 10(6), B, 5.6 x 10(6), C, 3.3 x 10(6); and D, 2.9 x 10(6). After treatment with EcoR1 and SalI, SV-38 DNA is cleaved into five and six fragments respectively, with mol. wt. for EcoR1 fragments: A, 8.2 x 10(6), B, 6.5 x 10(6), C, 4.0 x 10(6), D, 1.27 x 10(6); and E, 1.07 x 10(6), and for SalI fragments: A, 6.5 x 10(6); B, 5.4 x 10(6); C, 4.2 x 10(6), D, 2.8 x 10(6); E, 2.5 x 10(6) and F, 0.25 x 10(6). The sequence of fragments within the SV-38 DNA molecules for BglII was deduced to be BDCA, and for ECOR1--BCEAD.", "PMID": 501339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5209", "title": "The physico-chemical characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus as a member of the family Rhabdoviridae.", "content": "This study of the physico-chemical properties of bovine ephemeral fever virus was initiated to establish whether or not it should be classified as a rhabdovirus. In contrast to the regular bullet-shaped morphology of some rhabdoviruses the virus particles are often cone-shaped or slight variants from bullet-shaped. The virion contains single-stranded RNA sedimenting at 42S and six proteins with mol. wt. of 164, 101, 64, 53, 43 and 29 x 10(3). The protein P101 is located on the surface of the virus and is glycosylated. It is removed by treatment of the virus particles with trypsin. Protein P64, the nucleoprotein, was found to be a phosphoprotein, like the N protein of rabies virus, whereas in vesicular stomatitis virus NS is the phosphorylated protein. Virus harvests contain defective-interfering particles. The particles are short cone-shaped forms about one-third the length of the infectious virion and similar in morphology to defective-interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus. These particles interfere with the replication of bovine ephemeral fever virus but not with the Indiana serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus. They contain single-stranded RNA sedimenting at 18 to 20S. The particles appear to have a protein composition identical to that found in the virus particle. The physico-chemical properties of bovine ephemeral fever virus justify its inclusion in the family Rhabdoviridae. The protein composition differs in detail from that found for vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses, but is similar to that found for Obodhiang and kotonkan, two rabies serogroup viruses isolated from insects in Africa.", "contents": "The physico-chemical characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus as a member of the family Rhabdoviridae. This study of the physico-chemical properties of bovine ephemeral fever virus was initiated to establish whether or not it should be classified as a rhabdovirus. In contrast to the regular bullet-shaped morphology of some rhabdoviruses the virus particles are often cone-shaped or slight variants from bullet-shaped. The virion contains single-stranded RNA sedimenting at 42S and six proteins with mol. wt. of 164, 101, 64, 53, 43 and 29 x 10(3). The protein P101 is located on the surface of the virus and is glycosylated. It is removed by treatment of the virus particles with trypsin. Protein P64, the nucleoprotein, was found to be a phosphoprotein, like the N protein of rabies virus, whereas in vesicular stomatitis virus NS is the phosphorylated protein. Virus harvests contain defective-interfering particles. The particles are short cone-shaped forms about one-third the length of the infectious virion and similar in morphology to defective-interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus. These particles interfere with the replication of bovine ephemeral fever virus but not with the Indiana serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus. They contain single-stranded RNA sedimenting at 18 to 20S. The particles appear to have a protein composition identical to that found in the virus particle. The physico-chemical properties of bovine ephemeral fever virus justify its inclusion in the family Rhabdoviridae. The protein composition differs in detail from that found for vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses, but is similar to that found for Obodhiang and kotonkan, two rabies serogroup viruses isolated from insects in Africa.", "PMID": 501340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5210", "title": "Behavioral changes in hospitalized acute schizophrenics. An ethological perspective.", "content": "Ethological techniques were employed to monitor the behavior of hospitalized patients suffering from acute schizophrenic disorders during the first 4 weeks of hospitalization. Two groups were studied: a) patients whose clinical condition markedly improved (N = 3); and b) patients whose clinical condition showed little or no improvement (N = 3). Method, observational procedures, and the taxonomy of behaviors recorded closely followed previous research of the authors. Data are analyzed in terms of behavioral diversity, the frequency of individual behaviors, and grouped behaviors. Compared to unimproved patients, improved patients showed less behavioral diversity for pathological behaviors and a reception of more social behavior. An analysis of individual behaviors reveals differences between the two groups. Issues relating to the utility of observational methodology and differences between chronic vs. acute schizophrenic populations are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral changes in hospitalized acute schizophrenics. An ethological perspective. Ethological techniques were employed to monitor the behavior of hospitalized patients suffering from acute schizophrenic disorders during the first 4 weeks of hospitalization. Two groups were studied: a) patients whose clinical condition markedly improved (N = 3); and b) patients whose clinical condition showed little or no improvement (N = 3). Method, observational procedures, and the taxonomy of behaviors recorded closely followed previous research of the authors. Data are analyzed in terms of behavioral diversity, the frequency of individual behaviors, and grouped behaviors. Compared to unimproved patients, improved patients showed less behavioral diversity for pathological behaviors and a reception of more social behavior. An analysis of individual behaviors reveals differences between the two groups. Issues relating to the utility of observational methodology and differences between chronic vs. acute schizophrenic populations are discussed.", "PMID": 501341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5211", "title": "The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury.", "content": "The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) was developed to evaluate cognition serially during the subacute stage of recovery from closed head injury. This practical scale measures orientation to person, place, and time, and memory for events preceding and following the injury. The distribution of test scores in 50 patients who had recovered from a mild closed head injury was used to define the range of variation in performance and to analyze the effects of demographic factors. In a validity study of 52 closed head-injured patients, the duration of impaired GOAT scores was strongly related to the acute neurosurgical ratings of eye opening, motor responding, and verbal responding on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Duration of post-traumatic amnesia, as defined by the persistence of defective GOAT scores, was longer in patients with computed tomographic evidence of diffuse or bilateral brain injury as compared to cases with focal unilateral lesions. Serial GOAT scores were also predictive of long term level of recovery. Review of the brief cognitive test literature disclosed that several techniques have adequate validity data substantiating their use in the detection of dementia in geriatric, psychiatric, and medical populations. Recommendations for the clinical application of the various brief cognitive tests are discussed.", "contents": "The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) was developed to evaluate cognition serially during the subacute stage of recovery from closed head injury. This practical scale measures orientation to person, place, and time, and memory for events preceding and following the injury. The distribution of test scores in 50 patients who had recovered from a mild closed head injury was used to define the range of variation in performance and to analyze the effects of demographic factors. In a validity study of 52 closed head-injured patients, the duration of impaired GOAT scores was strongly related to the acute neurosurgical ratings of eye opening, motor responding, and verbal responding on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Duration of post-traumatic amnesia, as defined by the persistence of defective GOAT scores, was longer in patients with computed tomographic evidence of diffuse or bilateral brain injury as compared to cases with focal unilateral lesions. Serial GOAT scores were also predictive of long term level of recovery. Review of the brief cognitive test literature disclosed that several techniques have adequate validity data substantiating their use in the detection of dementia in geriatric, psychiatric, and medical populations. Recommendations for the clinical application of the various brief cognitive tests are discussed.", "PMID": 501342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5212", "title": "Measurement of thinking dysfunction. An empirical study.", "content": "This investigation is concerned with the development of a practical method for assessment of thought disorders. A review of eight major textbooks and four review articles revealed 37 different terms used to describe the components of thought disorders. Because of overlap of meanings or ambiguous usage, these terms were reduced to 17 discrete terms that could be operationally defined. Twenty-five psychiatrist were surveyed on the appropriateness of the definitions and their relevance to the concept of thought disorder. An average of 83 per cent agreement was obtained, and some of the definitions were modified as a result of the survey. Eight psychiatrists then applied this scale, titled the Thinking Dysfunction Rating Scale, to the evaluation of five videotaped patient interviews. Based on observation of all five patients, interjudge agreement was over 90 per cent for all items of the scale. Analysis of variance showed that the scale significantly discriminated among schizophrenics, patients with organic brain syndromes, psychotic depressives, geriatric depressives, and outpatients. The patterns of scores were found to vary among these five groups. The scale should be helpful for teaching purposes and as a checklist for routine clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Measurement of thinking dysfunction. An empirical study. This investigation is concerned with the development of a practical method for assessment of thought disorders. A review of eight major textbooks and four review articles revealed 37 different terms used to describe the components of thought disorders. Because of overlap of meanings or ambiguous usage, these terms were reduced to 17 discrete terms that could be operationally defined. Twenty-five psychiatrist were surveyed on the appropriateness of the definitions and their relevance to the concept of thought disorder. An average of 83 per cent agreement was obtained, and some of the definitions were modified as a result of the survey. Eight psychiatrists then applied this scale, titled the Thinking Dysfunction Rating Scale, to the evaluation of five videotaped patient interviews. Based on observation of all five patients, interjudge agreement was over 90 per cent for all items of the scale. Analysis of variance showed that the scale significantly discriminated among schizophrenics, patients with organic brain syndromes, psychotic depressives, geriatric depressives, and outpatients. The patterns of scores were found to vary among these five groups. The scale should be helpful for teaching purposes and as a checklist for routine clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 501345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5213", "title": "A comparison of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and computerized tomography in the identification of brain disorder.", "content": "An attempt was made to compare the diagnostic conclusions of the Halstead-Reitan battery with the diagnosis of the computerized tomography (CT) scanner), which has recently created profound changes in neuroradiological practice. Subjects were 45 patients whose neurological diagnosis was used as a criterion for CT, EEG, and three Halstead-Reitan diagnostic statements (Halstead Impairment Index, Rennick Average Impairment Rating, and clinical interpretation). Results indicated no false positive errors with the CT and the highest overall accuracy rate with a clinical interpretation of the Halstead-Reitan tests. The complementary roles of these varied neurodiagnostic methods, which provide different kinds of pertinent neurological information, are stressed.", "contents": "A comparison of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and computerized tomography in the identification of brain disorder. An attempt was made to compare the diagnostic conclusions of the Halstead-Reitan battery with the diagnosis of the computerized tomography (CT) scanner), which has recently created profound changes in neuroradiological practice. Subjects were 45 patients whose neurological diagnosis was used as a criterion for CT, EEG, and three Halstead-Reitan diagnostic statements (Halstead Impairment Index, Rennick Average Impairment Rating, and clinical interpretation). Results indicated no false positive errors with the CT and the highest overall accuracy rate with a clinical interpretation of the Halstead-Reitan tests. The complementary roles of these varied neurodiagnostic methods, which provide different kinds of pertinent neurological information, are stressed.", "PMID": 501346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5214", "title": "Arguments against 5-hydroxytryptamine as neurotransmitter in the rabbit retina.", "content": "The indoleamine accumulating retinal neurons are visualized only by uptake of exogenously applied indoleamines but lack fluorescence in the normal retina. These neurons have now been studied in the rabbit after pretreatment with L-tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with an improved histofluorescence method based on perfusion with formaldehyde-glyoxylic acid pH 4.5 containing high amounts of magnesium. The method does not, however, reveal any indoleamine fluorescence in the retina. Also, p-chloroamphetamine has no toxic effect on the neurons. Selective inhibitors of the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine have a lower inhibitory effect in the retina than in the hypothalamus. A substance other than 5-hydroxytryptamine is therefore suggested to be the transmitter of the indoleamine accumulating neurons.", "contents": "Arguments against 5-hydroxytryptamine as neurotransmitter in the rabbit retina. The indoleamine accumulating retinal neurons are visualized only by uptake of exogenously applied indoleamines but lack fluorescence in the normal retina. These neurons have now been studied in the rabbit after pretreatment with L-tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with an improved histofluorescence method based on perfusion with formaldehyde-glyoxylic acid pH 4.5 containing high amounts of magnesium. The method does not, however, reveal any indoleamine fluorescence in the retina. Also, p-chloroamphetamine has no toxic effect on the neurons. Selective inhibitors of the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine have a lower inhibitory effect in the retina than in the hypothalamus. A substance other than 5-hydroxytryptamine is therefore suggested to be the transmitter of the indoleamine accumulating neurons.", "PMID": 501347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5215", "title": "The pattern of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in Duchenne myopathy, in relation to disease evolution.", "content": "In this report we have tried to determine whether or not catecholamines are involved in the progressive muscular dystrophy. Catecholamines and their metabolites were studied in urines of children with Duchenne disease or other forms of myopathy (limb-girdle and facio-scapulo humeral myopathies). Catecholamine deaminated metabolites were normal in either form of myopathy; in contrast, Duchenne patients, contrarily to other children, eliminated excessive amounts of most amines (catecholamines and methoxylated amines) in relation to age and degree of disease evolution. Our results indicate that catecholamines are not the primary factors involved in the pathogenesis of Duchenne myopathy, but are rather secondary to some disease effects. It is suggested that the high excretion of catecholamines and their methoxylated amine metabolites observed in severely affected Duchenne boys might be related to thermoregulatory process or/and to alterations in some enzymatic systems.", "contents": "The pattern of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in Duchenne myopathy, in relation to disease evolution. In this report we have tried to determine whether or not catecholamines are involved in the progressive muscular dystrophy. Catecholamines and their metabolites were studied in urines of children with Duchenne disease or other forms of myopathy (limb-girdle and facio-scapulo humeral myopathies). Catecholamine deaminated metabolites were normal in either form of myopathy; in contrast, Duchenne patients, contrarily to other children, eliminated excessive amounts of most amines (catecholamines and methoxylated amines) in relation to age and degree of disease evolution. Our results indicate that catecholamines are not the primary factors involved in the pathogenesis of Duchenne myopathy, but are rather secondary to some disease effects. It is suggested that the high excretion of catecholamines and their methoxylated amine metabolites observed in severely affected Duchenne boys might be related to thermoregulatory process or/and to alterations in some enzymatic systems.", "PMID": 501348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5216", "title": "Responses of plasma renin activity and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase to increased intravascular volume.", "content": "Circadian variations of plasma renin activity, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and urinary aldosterone excretion were measured in man under conditions of high- and low-sodium intake. Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion were maximal at 8 a.m. Plasma DBH shows small, biologically insignificant circadian fluctuations. In three subjects on low-salt diets, the values were lower than those in the same subjects on high-salt diets. Expansion of intravascular volume in supine normal volunteers lowered plasma renin and DBH activity, and also resulted in a significant natriuresis. The decline in DBH activity probably reflects a decrease in its release from autonomic nerve endings and thus demonstrates in man an effect of decreasing autonomic activity.", "contents": "Responses of plasma renin activity and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase to increased intravascular volume. Circadian variations of plasma renin activity, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and urinary aldosterone excretion were measured in man under conditions of high- and low-sodium intake. Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion were maximal at 8 a.m. Plasma DBH shows small, biologically insignificant circadian fluctuations. In three subjects on low-salt diets, the values were lower than those in the same subjects on high-salt diets. Expansion of intravascular volume in supine normal volunteers lowered plasma renin and DBH activity, and also resulted in a significant natriuresis. The decline in DBH activity probably reflects a decrease in its release from autonomic nerve endings and thus demonstrates in man an effect of decreasing autonomic activity.", "PMID": 501349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5217", "title": "Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase (D.B.H.) activity in Parkinsonian patients under L-dopa, and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine loading.", "content": "Dopamine-Beta-Hydroxylase (D.B.H.)-activity was measured in the plasma of untreated Parkinsonian patients, after tretment with L-dopa and 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine. The findings were compared to the D.B.H.-activity of a matched healthy control group. After L-dopa loading D.B.H.-activity decreased in the Parkinsonian patients by 27.6 +/- 3.1% compared to 16.2 +/- 3.3% (p less than 0.02) in the control group. After 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine laoding the decrease in D.B.H.-activity was 32.6 +/- 4.4% in the parkinsonian patients, and 158 +/- 4.9% (p less than 0.02) in the control group. This reduced D.H.B.-activity after L-dopa loading may reflect an impairment, in the Parkinsonian patients' ability to metaoblize L-dopa. The reduced D.B.H.-activity after treatment with 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine may be explained by a pronounced antagonistic influence of 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine on the presynaptic dopamine receptors, suggesting that presynaptic dopaminergic receptors are involved in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase (D.B.H.) activity in Parkinsonian patients under L-dopa, and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine loading. Dopamine-Beta-Hydroxylase (D.B.H.)-activity was measured in the plasma of untreated Parkinsonian patients, after tretment with L-dopa and 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine. The findings were compared to the D.B.H.-activity of a matched healthy control group. After L-dopa loading D.B.H.-activity decreased in the Parkinsonian patients by 27.6 +/- 3.1% compared to 16.2 +/- 3.3% (p less than 0.02) in the control group. After 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine laoding the decrease in D.B.H.-activity was 32.6 +/- 4.4% in the parkinsonian patients, and 158 +/- 4.9% (p less than 0.02) in the control group. This reduced D.H.B.-activity after L-dopa loading may reflect an impairment, in the Parkinsonian patients' ability to metaoblize L-dopa. The reduced D.B.H.-activity after treatment with 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine may be explained by a pronounced antagonistic influence of 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocriptine on the presynaptic dopamine receptors, suggesting that presynaptic dopaminergic receptors are involved in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 501350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5218", "title": "Unsymmetrical C-substituted ethylenediamine platinum coordination complexes: synthesis and activity against mouse leukemia L1210.", "content": "A series of new unsymmetrical C-substituted ethylenediamines was prepared. The substituents included branched chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, and phenyl groups. Twenty-eight new platinum compounds were prepared from these diamines and were tested for activity against leukemia L1210. The cycloalkyl substituted ethylenediamines produced especially active compounds. The phenyl-substituted analogs were generally low in activity. The activity of the complexes was compared to aqueous solubility, organic solubility, and amphipathic character. There was good indication that antitumor activity increased as aqueous solubility and hydrophilic character of the molecules increased.", "contents": "Unsymmetrical C-substituted ethylenediamine platinum coordination complexes: synthesis and activity against mouse leukemia L1210. A series of new unsymmetrical C-substituted ethylenediamines was prepared. The substituents included branched chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, and phenyl groups. Twenty-eight new platinum compounds were prepared from these diamines and were tested for activity against leukemia L1210. The cycloalkyl substituted ethylenediamines produced especially active compounds. The phenyl-substituted analogs were generally low in activity. The activity of the complexes was compared to aqueous solubility, organic solubility, and amphipathic character. There was good indication that antitumor activity increased as aqueous solubility and hydrophilic character of the molecules increased.", "PMID": 501351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5219", "title": "EXAFS studies of the molybdenum center of xanthine oxidase.", "content": "EXAFS spectra associated with the K-absorption edge of molybdenum in the desulpho and functional forms of xanthine oxidase and some potential synthetic analogues have been obtained. These data indicate that the immediate environment of the molybdenum is different in the two forms of the enzyme and that desulpho xanthine oxidase resembles that in [MoO2(S2CNEt2)2] and [MoO2(ethylcysteine)2]. The cyanolysable sulphur atom of functional xanthine oxidase is suggested to be tightly bound to the molybdenum at a distance of less than or equal to 2.3 A.", "contents": "EXAFS studies of the molybdenum center of xanthine oxidase. EXAFS spectra associated with the K-absorption edge of molybdenum in the desulpho and functional forms of xanthine oxidase and some potential synthetic analogues have been obtained. These data indicate that the immediate environment of the molybdenum is different in the two forms of the enzyme and that desulpho xanthine oxidase resembles that in [MoO2(S2CNEt2)2] and [MoO2(ethylcysteine)2]. The cyanolysable sulphur atom of functional xanthine oxidase is suggested to be tightly bound to the molybdenum at a distance of less than or equal to 2.3 A.", "PMID": 501352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5220", "title": "Inverted knee jerk: a neglected localising sign in spinal cord disease.", "content": "Two cases are described in which inversion of the quadriceps jerk was observed. It is suggested that the finding of an inverted quadriceps jerk is evidence of a spinal cord lesion at 12, 3, 4 segmental level and has for the lumbar cord the same localising value as the inverted supinator jerk for the cervical cord.", "contents": "Inverted knee jerk: a neglected localising sign in spinal cord disease. Two cases are described in which inversion of the quadriceps jerk was observed. It is suggested that the finding of an inverted quadriceps jerk is evidence of a spinal cord lesion at 12, 3, 4 segmental level and has for the lumbar cord the same localising value as the inverted supinator jerk for the cervical cord.", "PMID": 501364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5221", "title": "The afferent pupillary defect in acute optic neuritis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with acute optic neuritis were studied by the techniques of infrared pupillometry and visual evoked responses (VER) to pattern reversal. A relative afferent pupillary defect was found in all cases and the magnitude of this defect was found to be related to the amplitude, but not to the latency, of the VER. During follow-up the afferent defect was found to remain persistently abnormal while other methods of clinical evaluation could not demonstrate abnormality reliably. The amplitude of the VER also remained low.", "contents": "The afferent pupillary defect in acute optic neuritis. Twenty-two patients with acute optic neuritis were studied by the techniques of infrared pupillometry and visual evoked responses (VER) to pattern reversal. A relative afferent pupillary defect was found in all cases and the magnitude of this defect was found to be related to the amplitude, but not to the latency, of the VER. During follow-up the afferent defect was found to remain persistently abnormal while other methods of clinical evaluation could not demonstrate abnormality reliably. The amplitude of the VER also remained low.", "PMID": 501365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5222", "title": "Absence of parasympathetic denervation of the iris in alcoholics.", "content": "Forty patients with a history of alcohol abuse were treated with a 2% solution of methacholine to determine the prevalence of iridic parasympathetic denervation. Three (8%) of the alcoholics showed iris constriction of 1.0 mm or more, compared with three (8%) control subjects. In contrast, damage to the iridic parasympathetic nerve supply occurs in approximately 80% of patients with diabetes mellitus as determined by the same pharmacological technique.", "contents": "Absence of parasympathetic denervation of the iris in alcoholics. Forty patients with a history of alcohol abuse were treated with a 2% solution of methacholine to determine the prevalence of iridic parasympathetic denervation. Three (8%) of the alcoholics showed iris constriction of 1.0 mm or more, compared with three (8%) control subjects. In contrast, damage to the iridic parasympathetic nerve supply occurs in approximately 80% of patients with diabetes mellitus as determined by the same pharmacological technique.", "PMID": 501366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5223", "title": "Memory in functional psychosis.", "content": "Acute schizophrenic, chronic schizophrenic, and depressive patients (20 of each) were compared with normal subjects and six groups of patients with organic brain disease. They were given tests of verbal learning (left hemisphere type function) and pattern recognition memory (right hemisphere type function). All functional psychotics showed impaired memory. Acute schizophrenics were, however, only impaired on the verbal task, suggesting left hemisphere dysfunction, while chronic schizophrenics and depressives were impaired on both tasks, suggesting bilateral dysfunction.", "contents": "Memory in functional psychosis. Acute schizophrenic, chronic schizophrenic, and depressive patients (20 of each) were compared with normal subjects and six groups of patients with organic brain disease. They were given tests of verbal learning (left hemisphere type function) and pattern recognition memory (right hemisphere type function). All functional psychotics showed impaired memory. Acute schizophrenics were, however, only impaired on the verbal task, suggesting left hemisphere dysfunction, while chronic schizophrenics and depressives were impaired on both tasks, suggesting bilateral dysfunction.", "PMID": 501367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5224", "title": "(+)-Nortrachelogenin, a new pharmacologically active lignan from Wikstroemia indica.", "content": "A new lignan, (+)-nortrachelogenin (I), and a known compound, daphnoretin were isolated from Wikstroemia indica C. A. Meyer (Thymelaeaceae). The structure of (+)-nortrachelogenin was established as 8(R), 8'(R)-4,4',8'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxylignan-olid(9, 9') on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with its enantiomer, (-)-nortrachelogenin. (+)-Nortrachelogenin (I) showed effects on the central nervous system producing depression in rabbits.", "contents": "(+)-Nortrachelogenin, a new pharmacologically active lignan from Wikstroemia indica. A new lignan, (+)-nortrachelogenin (I), and a known compound, daphnoretin were isolated from Wikstroemia indica C. A. Meyer (Thymelaeaceae). The structure of (+)-nortrachelogenin was established as 8(R), 8'(R)-4,4',8'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxylignan-olid(9, 9') on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with its enantiomer, (-)-nortrachelogenin. (+)-Nortrachelogenin (I) showed effects on the central nervous system producing depression in rabbits.", "PMID": 501363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5225", "title": "Nocardia cerebral abscess: New concepts in diagnosis, management, and prognosis.", "content": "Three cases of multiple cerebral nocardial abscess are presented. All were cured by a combination of chemotherapy and surgery, a unique experience. Early detection, appropriate chemotherapy, absence of underlying immune malfunction, and surgically remediable disease are good prognostic indices in cerebral nocardiosis. If other adverse prognostic factors are absent, however, multiple abscess formation does not preclude the possibility of cure. Accurate localisation of nocardia cerebral abscesses by computerised axial tomography is a great help in management if multiple lesions are present.", "contents": "Nocardia cerebral abscess: New concepts in diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Three cases of multiple cerebral nocardial abscess are presented. All were cured by a combination of chemotherapy and surgery, a unique experience. Early detection, appropriate chemotherapy, absence of underlying immune malfunction, and surgically remediable disease are good prognostic indices in cerebral nocardiosis. If other adverse prognostic factors are absent, however, multiple abscess formation does not preclude the possibility of cure. Accurate localisation of nocardia cerebral abscesses by computerised axial tomography is a great help in management if multiple lesions are present.", "PMID": 501368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5226", "title": "Intracranial sewing needles: Review of 13 cases.", "content": "Three new cases of intracranial sewing needles are reported and are reviewed with 10 other published cases. These needles must have been introduced in infancy before the closure of fontanelles. The intention, at least in most cases, has been infanticide. Except in one case which the mother reported and two cases found at necropsy, the others were diagnosed by skull radiography. Headache and epilepsy were the main symptoms and they often appeared when the patient had reached adulthood. Removal of the needles lessened the symptoms.", "contents": "Intracranial sewing needles: Review of 13 cases. Three new cases of intracranial sewing needles are reported and are reviewed with 10 other published cases. These needles must have been introduced in infancy before the closure of fontanelles. The intention, at least in most cases, has been infanticide. Except in one case which the mother reported and two cases found at necropsy, the others were diagnosed by skull radiography. Headache and epilepsy were the main symptoms and they often appeared when the patient had reached adulthood. Removal of the needles lessened the symptoms.", "PMID": 501369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5227", "title": "Pineal apoplexy.", "content": "A case of haematoma in the pineal region is reported in a patient whose initial symptom was subarachnoid haemorrhage. The encapsulated haematoma and surrounding blood clots were removed surgically. Haemorrhage into a pineal cyst may have been the cause of this particular intracranial mass.", "contents": "Pineal apoplexy. A case of haematoma in the pineal region is reported in a patient whose initial symptom was subarachnoid haemorrhage. The encapsulated haematoma and surrounding blood clots were removed surgically. Haemorrhage into a pineal cyst may have been the cause of this particular intracranial mass.", "PMID": 501370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5228", "title": "Successful removal of an intrapontine haematoma.", "content": "A patient with progressive signs and symptoms suggestive of a pontine lesion is described. Intracranial investigations, CAT scan, vertebral angiography, and lumbar pneumoencephalogram revealed a space-occupying lesion of the pons and midbrain. The exact nature of the lesion was not established before the operation. A posterior fossa exploration was performed and a pontine haematoma was discovered and evacuated. The pathological specimen was designated as a cryptic arteriovenous malformation. Preoperative neurological deficits disappeared except for minimal left sixth nerve palsy and mild truncal ataxia.", "contents": "Successful removal of an intrapontine haematoma. A patient with progressive signs and symptoms suggestive of a pontine lesion is described. Intracranial investigations, CAT scan, vertebral angiography, and lumbar pneumoencephalogram revealed a space-occupying lesion of the pons and midbrain. The exact nature of the lesion was not established before the operation. A posterior fossa exploration was performed and a pontine haematoma was discovered and evacuated. The pathological specimen was designated as a cryptic arteriovenous malformation. Preoperative neurological deficits disappeared except for minimal left sixth nerve palsy and mild truncal ataxia.", "PMID": 501371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5229", "title": "Locked-in syndrome caused by a solitary pontine abscess.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in a patient with locked-in syndrome caused by a solitary pontine abscess are reported for the first time. Successful treatment of brainstem abscess rests on early and accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Locked-in syndrome caused by a solitary pontine abscess. The clinical and pathological findings in a patient with locked-in syndrome caused by a solitary pontine abscess are reported for the first time. Successful treatment of brainstem abscess rests on early and accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 501372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5230", "title": "Internal carotid artery occlusion caused by giant cell arteritis.", "content": "A case of hemiplegia in a 46 year old woman is described. Total occlusion of the right internal carotid artery was discovered at angiography. Because of persistent elevation of the ESR, and characteristic plasma protein abnormalities, biopsy of the temporal artery was carried out and demonstrated the typical features of giant cell arteritis.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery occlusion caused by giant cell arteritis. A case of hemiplegia in a 46 year old woman is described. Total occlusion of the right internal carotid artery was discovered at angiography. Because of persistent elevation of the ESR, and characteristic plasma protein abnormalities, biopsy of the temporal artery was carried out and demonstrated the typical features of giant cell arteritis.", "PMID": 501373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5231", "title": "Surgical treatment of giant pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Multidirectional extension and invasive spread are important features of giant pituitary adenomas. Operability cannot be established merely by determining the size of the most prominent part of the tumour. Detailed radiological evaluation with plain films, computed tomography, angiography, and air studies all contribute to evaluation of the precise anatomy before surgery. In the final decision risks of surgical treatment must be balanced against the patient's age and prospects of long-term useful survival. Unfavourable cases for surgical treatment in our hands were those tumours embedded in the hypothalamus with thalamic and posterior extensions. Partial removal of such cases gave poor results. Where the mass proves soft, radical excision may be possible, but not otherwise. Limited biopsy for histological study, followed by a shunt procedure and x-ray therapy seems still the only recourse.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of giant pituitary adenomas. Multidirectional extension and invasive spread are important features of giant pituitary adenomas. Operability cannot be established merely by determining the size of the most prominent part of the tumour. Detailed radiological evaluation with plain films, computed tomography, angiography, and air studies all contribute to evaluation of the precise anatomy before surgery. In the final decision risks of surgical treatment must be balanced against the patient's age and prospects of long-term useful survival. Unfavourable cases for surgical treatment in our hands were those tumours embedded in the hypothalamus with thalamic and posterior extensions. Partial removal of such cases gave poor results. Where the mass proves soft, radical excision may be possible, but not otherwise. Limited biopsy for histological study, followed by a shunt procedure and x-ray therapy seems still the only recourse.", "PMID": 501374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5232", "title": "Stiff man syndrome in a black girl.", "content": "A patient suffering from severe and continuous muscular spasms is presented. The condition has been classified as the stiff man syndrome and is the first case recorded of the condition in a young African girl. The electrophysiological, biochemical, histochemical, and ultramicroscopic aspects of this disorder have been studied. The spasm appears to be related to overproduction of brain noradrenaline.", "contents": "Stiff man syndrome in a black girl. A patient suffering from severe and continuous muscular spasms is presented. The condition has been classified as the stiff man syndrome and is the first case recorded of the condition in a young African girl. The electrophysiological, biochemical, histochemical, and ultramicroscopic aspects of this disorder have been studied. The spasm appears to be related to overproduction of brain noradrenaline.", "PMID": 501375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5233", "title": "Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of a fourth patient with progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity are reported and compared with those previously described. It is suggested that the muscular rigidity, abnormal postures, painful muscular spasms, and myoclonus are a product of excessive and abnormal discharges of alpha motor neurones caused by their release from control by spinal internuncial neurones. A count of neuronal perikarya in the ventral horns confirmed that the disease selectively destroyed small and medium sized neurones, most of which were spinal internuncial neurones. Experimental, clinical, and pathological evidence concerning spinal internuncial neurones is reviewed and found to conform to this theory. The pathogenesis of opsoclonus may be similar.", "contents": "Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity. The clinical and pathological features of a fourth patient with progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity are reported and compared with those previously described. It is suggested that the muscular rigidity, abnormal postures, painful muscular spasms, and myoclonus are a product of excessive and abnormal discharges of alpha motor neurones caused by their release from control by spinal internuncial neurones. A count of neuronal perikarya in the ventral horns confirmed that the disease selectively destroyed small and medium sized neurones, most of which were spinal internuncial neurones. Experimental, clinical, and pathological evidence concerning spinal internuncial neurones is reviewed and found to conform to this theory. The pathogenesis of opsoclonus may be similar.", "PMID": 501376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5234", "title": "Computed tomography in diagnosis and management of aneurysm of the vein of Galen.", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen is presented to demonstrate the value of computed tomography, not only as a diagnostic procedure, but also in the overall management of the condition.", "contents": "Computed tomography in diagnosis and management of aneurysm of the vein of Galen. A case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen is presented to demonstrate the value of computed tomography, not only as a diagnostic procedure, but also in the overall management of the condition.", "PMID": 501377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5235", "title": "Oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with postencephalitic Parkinsonism.", "content": "Two recent sporadic cases of progressive Parkinsonism after encephalitis are described. Both patients had two oligoclonal protein bands in their CSF. These bands were not present in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and might, therefore, be useful for diagnostic purposes, particularly when the history of encephalitis is uncertain.", "contents": "Oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with postencephalitic Parkinsonism. Two recent sporadic cases of progressive Parkinsonism after encephalitis are described. Both patients had two oligoclonal protein bands in their CSF. These bands were not present in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and might, therefore, be useful for diagnostic purposes, particularly when the history of encephalitis is uncertain.", "PMID": 501378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5236", "title": "Standardised method of determining vibratory perception thresholds for diagnosis and screening in neurological investigation.", "content": "Vibration threshold determinations were made by means of an electromagnetic vibrator at three sites (carpal, tibial, and tarsal), which were primarily selected for examining patients with polyneuropathy. Because of the vast variation demonstrated for both vibrator output and tissue damping, the thresholds were expressed in terms of amplitude of stimulator movement measured by means of an accelerometer, instead of applied voltage which is commonly used. Statistical analysis revealed a higher power of discimination for amplitude measurements at all three stimulus sites. Digital read-out gave the best statistical result and was also most practical. Reference values obtained from 110 healthy males, 10 to 74 years of age, were highly correlated with age for both upper and lower extremities. The variance of the vibration perception threshold was less than that of the disappearance threshold, and determination of the perception threshold alone may be sufficient in most cases.", "contents": "Standardised method of determining vibratory perception thresholds for diagnosis and screening in neurological investigation. Vibration threshold determinations were made by means of an electromagnetic vibrator at three sites (carpal, tibial, and tarsal), which were primarily selected for examining patients with polyneuropathy. Because of the vast variation demonstrated for both vibrator output and tissue damping, the thresholds were expressed in terms of amplitude of stimulator movement measured by means of an accelerometer, instead of applied voltage which is commonly used. Statistical analysis revealed a higher power of discimination for amplitude measurements at all three stimulus sites. Digital read-out gave the best statistical result and was also most practical. Reference values obtained from 110 healthy males, 10 to 74 years of age, were highly correlated with age for both upper and lower extremities. The variance of the vibration perception threshold was less than that of the disappearance threshold, and determination of the perception threshold alone may be sufficient in most cases.", "PMID": 501379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5237", "title": "L4/5 and L5/S1 disc protrusions: analysis of 323 cases operated on over 12 years.", "content": "A retrospective study of the results of excision of L4/5 and L5/S1 intervertebral discs in 323 patients operated on between January 1965 and January 1977 was undertaken. In every case the amount of disc excised was weighed immediately after operation. The patients had been followed up at the hospital for periods of between one and 14 years. As assessment was made of the clinical state of each patient at the end of follow-up. There was no evidence that the weight of disc excised affected the prognosis with respect either to the clinical state of the patient at the end of follow-up, or to the probability of recurrence of disc protrusion.", "contents": "L4/5 and L5/S1 disc protrusions: analysis of 323 cases operated on over 12 years. A retrospective study of the results of excision of L4/5 and L5/S1 intervertebral discs in 323 patients operated on between January 1965 and January 1977 was undertaken. In every case the amount of disc excised was weighed immediately after operation. The patients had been followed up at the hospital for periods of between one and 14 years. As assessment was made of the clinical state of each patient at the end of follow-up. There was no evidence that the weight of disc excised affected the prognosis with respect either to the clinical state of the patient at the end of follow-up, or to the probability of recurrence of disc protrusion.", "PMID": 501380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5238", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula producing carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "A case of carpal tunnel syndrome resulting from congenital arteriovenous fistula is described.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula producing carpal tunnel syndrome. A case of carpal tunnel syndrome resulting from congenital arteriovenous fistula is described.", "PMID": 501381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5239", "title": "Effects of potassium depletion and insulin on resting and stimulated skeletal rat muscle.", "content": "The electrophysiological and metabolic responses to insulin of skeletal muscles from control and potassium-depleted rats were compared. Membrane potentials, action potentials, contraction parameters as well as oxygen uptake were measured in diaphragm strips or intact extremity muscles from the two groups, and similar measurements were made in vivo. The muscles were examined in solutions with normal potassium concentration [K]o , reduced [K]o, and in normal [K]o and in normal [K]o with ouabain, in each case before and after insulin, 400 mU/ml. In normal solution, the depleted muscle contractions were weaker and slower than control. The depleted muscles, already having low potassium conductance, are paralysed by the further reduction of potassium conductance after insulin. Hyperpolarising effects of insulin-induced Na/K pumping are offset in the depleted muscles with a high sodium conductance and low [K]o. Respiration is about normal at rest in depleted muscles, despite increased [Na]i, suggesting that the sodium is sequestered. After insulin, reduction of [K]o, or ouabain plus insulin, the depleted fibres take up more O2 than controls. In the presence of ouabain, this respiratory stimulation is believed to represent response to Ca++ influx. The K-depleted rat does not seem to be an entirely satisfactory model of the human disease hypokalaemic periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Effects of potassium depletion and insulin on resting and stimulated skeletal rat muscle. The electrophysiological and metabolic responses to insulin of skeletal muscles from control and potassium-depleted rats were compared. Membrane potentials, action potentials, contraction parameters as well as oxygen uptake were measured in diaphragm strips or intact extremity muscles from the two groups, and similar measurements were made in vivo. The muscles were examined in solutions with normal potassium concentration [K]o , reduced [K]o, and in normal [K]o and in normal [K]o with ouabain, in each case before and after insulin, 400 mU/ml. In normal solution, the depleted muscle contractions were weaker and slower than control. The depleted muscles, already having low potassium conductance, are paralysed by the further reduction of potassium conductance after insulin. Hyperpolarising effects of insulin-induced Na/K pumping are offset in the depleted muscles with a high sodium conductance and low [K]o. Respiration is about normal at rest in depleted muscles, despite increased [Na]i, suggesting that the sodium is sequestered. After insulin, reduction of [K]o, or ouabain plus insulin, the depleted fibres take up more O2 than controls. In the presence of ouabain, this respiratory stimulation is believed to represent response to Ca++ influx. The K-depleted rat does not seem to be an entirely satisfactory model of the human disease hypokalaemic periodic paralysis.", "PMID": 501382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5240", "title": "Muscle fibre excitability and resting membrane potential in hamster muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Measurements of resting potential carried out in vivo in the dystrophic hamster and also measurements of muscle excitability showed no difference between dystrophy and healthy animals.", "contents": "Muscle fibre excitability and resting membrane potential in hamster muscular dystrophy. Measurements of resting potential carried out in vivo in the dystrophic hamster and also measurements of muscle excitability showed no difference between dystrophy and healthy animals.", "PMID": 501383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5241", "title": "Relationship between plasma propranolol concentration and relief of essential tremor.", "content": "The relationship between plasma propranolol concentration and relief of essential tremor was examined in 11 patients during treatment with oral racemic propranolol in doses of 30 to 640 mg/day. Although propranolol decreased tremor in all 11 patients, the degree of improvement varied widely in individuals (mean 51%, range 25--90%), and was not related directly occurred at plasma propranolol concentrations below 20 ng/ml (0.077 mumol/l) and, in three others, below 40 ng/ml (0.154 mumol/l). It is concluded that the optimum response of essential tremor to propranolol is achieved at relatively low plasma propranolol levels, levels which are obtained by daily propranolol doses of 120--240 mg.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma propranolol concentration and relief of essential tremor. The relationship between plasma propranolol concentration and relief of essential tremor was examined in 11 patients during treatment with oral racemic propranolol in doses of 30 to 640 mg/day. Although propranolol decreased tremor in all 11 patients, the degree of improvement varied widely in individuals (mean 51%, range 25--90%), and was not related directly occurred at plasma propranolol concentrations below 20 ng/ml (0.077 mumol/l) and, in three others, below 40 ng/ml (0.154 mumol/l). It is concluded that the optimum response of essential tremor to propranolol is achieved at relatively low plasma propranolol levels, levels which are obtained by daily propranolol doses of 120--240 mg.", "PMID": 501384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5242", "title": "Fibrin degradation products in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pneumococcal meningitis.", "content": "Raised levels of fibrin degradation products were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of nearly all of 35 patients with pneumococcal meningitis. The mean level was higher in patients who died subsequently than in those who survived. Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pneumococcal meningitis showed increased fibrinolytic activity as assessed by clot lysis, suggesting local production of fibrin degradation products within the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Fibrin degradation products in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Raised levels of fibrin degradation products were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of nearly all of 35 patients with pneumococcal meningitis. The mean level was higher in patients who died subsequently than in those who survived. Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pneumococcal meningitis showed increased fibrinolytic activity as assessed by clot lysis, suggesting local production of fibrin degradation products within the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 501385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5243", "title": "Multiple sclerosis presenting with acute remitting psychiatric symptoms.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom acute symptoms of apparently primary psychiatric disease could be diagnosed in retrospect as due to multiple sclerosis. In both patients the initial symptoms recovered completely. In a third patient, also presenting with mental symptoms, this diagnosis would not have been suspected on clinical grounds but is suggested by the results of modern diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis presenting with acute remitting psychiatric symptoms. Two patients are described in whom acute symptoms of apparently primary psychiatric disease could be diagnosed in retrospect as due to multiple sclerosis. In both patients the initial symptoms recovered completely. In a third patient, also presenting with mental symptoms, this diagnosis would not have been suspected on clinical grounds but is suggested by the results of modern diagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 501386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5244", "title": "Auditory cortex lesions and interaural intensity and phase-angle discrimination in cats.", "content": "1. A currently unresolved question concerning the effects of auditory decortication on sound localization is whether or not operated animals have a normal capacity for discriminating the small interaural differences in phase angle or intensity that result from the spatial separation of sound sources relative to the head. The present experiment was designed to provide data relevant to this question. 2. Four normal and three operated cats (bilateral ablations of AI, AII Ep, SII, I-T), wearing stereo headsets, were tested with an active avoidance procedure to detect reversals in the interaural phase-angle or intensity relations of binaural 1-kHz tones. For both groups of cats, the detection thresholds for interaural intensity and phase angle were found to be close to 1 dB and 5 degrees, respectively. 3. In addition, we found that both unoperated and operated cats exhibited positive transfer from the original lateralization task involving the detection of interaural reversals of phase angle or intensity to a new test, which required the cats to identify, in an absolute sense, which ear received the leading or louder signals. 4. Thus, the present investigation provides additional evidence that the neocortex has no primary sensory role in sound localization.", "contents": "Auditory cortex lesions and interaural intensity and phase-angle discrimination in cats. 1. A currently unresolved question concerning the effects of auditory decortication on sound localization is whether or not operated animals have a normal capacity for discriminating the small interaural differences in phase angle or intensity that result from the spatial separation of sound sources relative to the head. The present experiment was designed to provide data relevant to this question. 2. Four normal and three operated cats (bilateral ablations of AI, AII Ep, SII, I-T), wearing stereo headsets, were tested with an active avoidance procedure to detect reversals in the interaural phase-angle or intensity relations of binaural 1-kHz tones. For both groups of cats, the detection thresholds for interaural intensity and phase angle were found to be close to 1 dB and 5 degrees, respectively. 3. In addition, we found that both unoperated and operated cats exhibited positive transfer from the original lateralization task involving the detection of interaural reversals of phase angle or intensity to a new test, which required the cats to identify, in an absolute sense, which ear received the leading or louder signals. 4. Thus, the present investigation provides additional evidence that the neocortex has no primary sensory role in sound localization.", "PMID": 501387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5245", "title": "Neuronal correlates of siphon withdrawal in freely behaving Aplysia.", "content": "1. Central neuronal mechanisms of siphon withdrawal in Aplysia were studied for the first time in intact, freely behaving animals by means of population recordings from implanted whole-nerve cuff electrodes. Intracellular follow-up studies were then conducted when the same animal was reduced to a semi-intact preparation. 2. Background spontaneous activity in the siphon nerve consisted of low-frequency firing of a population of efferent units containing identified siphon motoneurons. 3. Spontaneous patterned bursts of efferent activity occurred irregularly and were associated with all-or-nothing contractions of the parapodia, gill, and siphon. Spontaneous bursts were due to centrally generated activity in the interneuron II (INT II) network, an oscillatory network with endogenous pacemaker properties. 4. In intact animals, even weak tactile stimuli to the siphon typically triggered an INTII burst shortly after the stimulus-locked efferent activity. Thus, the stimulus can phase-advance the INT II  oscillator. In semi-intact preparations, short-latency INT II bursts were triggered less less frequently and required more intense stimuli. 5. With weak to moderate-intensity stimuli in intact animals, the presence of short-latency triggered INT II bursts largely determined the duration of the siphon component and amplitude of the gill component of the withdrawal reflex. 6. When stimuli were repeated over a range of interstimulus intervals (from 60 to 1 min), the likelihood of triggering a short-latency INT II burst die not change systematically. Thus, the ability of the siphon stimulus to stably entrain the all-or-none INT II component over a wide range of intervals will interact behaviorally with the decrement of the monosynaptic component of the reflex with repetition.", "contents": "Neuronal correlates of siphon withdrawal in freely behaving Aplysia. 1. Central neuronal mechanisms of siphon withdrawal in Aplysia were studied for the first time in intact, freely behaving animals by means of population recordings from implanted whole-nerve cuff electrodes. Intracellular follow-up studies were then conducted when the same animal was reduced to a semi-intact preparation. 2. Background spontaneous activity in the siphon nerve consisted of low-frequency firing of a population of efferent units containing identified siphon motoneurons. 3. Spontaneous patterned bursts of efferent activity occurred irregularly and were associated with all-or-nothing contractions of the parapodia, gill, and siphon. Spontaneous bursts were due to centrally generated activity in the interneuron II (INT II) network, an oscillatory network with endogenous pacemaker properties. 4. In intact animals, even weak tactile stimuli to the siphon typically triggered an INTII burst shortly after the stimulus-locked efferent activity. Thus, the stimulus can phase-advance the INT II  oscillator. In semi-intact preparations, short-latency INT II bursts were triggered less less frequently and required more intense stimuli. 5. With weak to moderate-intensity stimuli in intact animals, the presence of short-latency triggered INT II bursts largely determined the duration of the siphon component and amplitude of the gill component of the withdrawal reflex. 6. When stimuli were repeated over a range of interstimulus intervals (from 60 to 1 min), the likelihood of triggering a short-latency INT II burst die not change systematically. Thus, the ability of the siphon stimulus to stably entrain the all-or-none INT II component over a wide range of intervals will interact behaviorally with the decrement of the monosynaptic component of the reflex with repetition.", "PMID": 501388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5246", "title": "Potentials evoked by alvear tract in hippocampal CA1 region of rats. I. Topographical projection, component analysis, and correlation with unit activities.", "content": "1. The field potentials and unit activities evoked by the alvear tract (AT) in CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus of rats were studied under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. 2. The localized activity evoked anterior to an AT stimulus began as a compound action potential, followed by a slower negative wave, and ended in a long-lasting, slow positive wave. Observed with a 64-electrode recording array, topographical projections of the AT in CA1 were seen as parallel strips inclined at an angle of 5-30 degrees medially from the sagittal plane. 3. Three overlapping components in the averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) were distinguished. The first event (component I) was a brief compound antidromic action potential of pyramidal cells. The second field event (component II) reversed from surface negative to deep positive at 200 micrometer from the ventricular surface, increased rapidly with stimulus intensity, potentiated with double shocks, and followed stimulus frequency up to 50/s. The third component was long lasting (up to 200 ms), surface positive and ventral negative (turnover at 150 micron below the pyramidal layer), followed stimulus frequency up to about 10/s, and saturated at a low stimulus intensity (about 3 x threshold). 4. In some preparations, another fast negative peak of about 2 ms duration was found to follow the axon compound action potential on the hippocampal surface and appeared to propagate from the pyramidal layer to the ventricular surface. It was probably of nonsynaptic origin, perhaps due to the centrifugal basal dendritic spikes of the pyramidal cells. 5. Single units were recorded in CA1. Antidromic units were identified by their firing at a fixed latency (1.5 ms) and ability to follow high stimulus frequencies. Units firing at about 2.7 ms latency possessed characteristics of monosynaptic excitation. Under light anesthesia, many of the latter units also showed a late, prolonged suppression of background firing. Tentative interneuronal types fired with peak latencies of 4-5 ms or showed prolonged increase in firing rate. 6. From the correlation with unit post-stimulus time histograms, AEP component II was inferred to be the extracellular, monosynaptic, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and component III the di- or polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. These postsynaptic potentials were generated by the pyramidal cells and interneurons.", "contents": "Potentials evoked by alvear tract in hippocampal CA1 region of rats. I. Topographical projection, component analysis, and correlation with unit activities. 1. The field potentials and unit activities evoked by the alvear tract (AT) in CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus of rats were studied under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. 2. The localized activity evoked anterior to an AT stimulus began as a compound action potential, followed by a slower negative wave, and ended in a long-lasting, slow positive wave. Observed with a 64-electrode recording array, topographical projections of the AT in CA1 were seen as parallel strips inclined at an angle of 5-30 degrees medially from the sagittal plane. 3. Three overlapping components in the averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) were distinguished. The first event (component I) was a brief compound antidromic action potential of pyramidal cells. The second field event (component II) reversed from surface negative to deep positive at 200 micrometer from the ventricular surface, increased rapidly with stimulus intensity, potentiated with double shocks, and followed stimulus frequency up to 50/s. The third component was long lasting (up to 200 ms), surface positive and ventral negative (turnover at 150 micron below the pyramidal layer), followed stimulus frequency up to about 10/s, and saturated at a low stimulus intensity (about 3 x threshold). 4. In some preparations, another fast negative peak of about 2 ms duration was found to follow the axon compound action potential on the hippocampal surface and appeared to propagate from the pyramidal layer to the ventricular surface. It was probably of nonsynaptic origin, perhaps due to the centrifugal basal dendritic spikes of the pyramidal cells. 5. Single units were recorded in CA1. Antidromic units were identified by their firing at a fixed latency (1.5 ms) and ability to follow high stimulus frequencies. Units firing at about 2.7 ms latency possessed characteristics of monosynaptic excitation. Under light anesthesia, many of the latter units also showed a late, prolonged suppression of background firing. Tentative interneuronal types fired with peak latencies of 4-5 ms or showed prolonged increase in firing rate. 6. From the correlation with unit post-stimulus time histograms, AEP component II was inferred to be the extracellular, monosynaptic, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and component III the di- or polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. These postsynaptic potentials were generated by the pyramidal cells and interneurons.", "PMID": 501389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5247", "title": "Representation of sound frequency and laterality by units in central nucleus of cat inferior colliculus.", "content": "1. The discharges of 632 units were isolated extracellularly during 42 penetrations of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) in 21 adult cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital and ketamine. Microelectrode penetrations were directed from caudal to rostral through ICC, parallel to the Horsley-Clarke (H-C) horizontal and sagittal planes. 2. The threshold best frequency (BF) and binaural response properties were examined for each unit, with the aim of elucidating the organization of these discharge characteristics within ICC. 3. Binaural unit classes consisted of monaural (contralateral) (EO), binaurally phase-sensitive (delay), contralateral excitatory/ipsilateral inhibitory (EI), binaurally excitatory (EE), and other more heterogeneous interaction patterns (other). 4. Detailed histological reconstruction of electrode tracks allowed the recording site for each unit to be related to the three dimensions of ICC. This structure was divided into three lateromedial and three rostrocaudal blocks such that each block contained a similar number of units, enabling meaningful statistical comparisons. Low (3.2 kHz greater than BF) and high (3.2 kHz less than BF) best-frequency classes provided a correlate of dorsoventral location. 5. The arrangements of BFs within ICC were found to be compatible with a model of this structure in which units having similar BFs are organized into layers lying in the H-C horizontal plane medially and gradually tilting in both a ventrolateral and ventrorostral direction. Low frequencies are concentrated dorsally and laterally; high frequencies, ventrally and medially. A rostrocaudal BF difference arises only in lateral aspects of the ICC, where lower frequencies are encountered rostrally. 6. Binaural response classes were distributed differentially throughout ICC. Thus, EO units were concentrated caudally, ventrally, and laterally, while delay units were in greatest numbers rostrally, dorsally, and laterally--almost totally segregated from EO and EI units. The latter populations overlapped ventrally and laterally, but EI units were in greatest density rostrally. The EE class occurred throughout the nucleus, but was most common medially. 7. It is suggested that the differential distributions of binaural responses reflect a partial segregation of the afferents, arising in the superior olive and cochlear nucleus, which terminate in ICC. The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus thus may be composed of several functionally segregated subregions contained within a common tonotopic organization.", "contents": "Representation of sound frequency and laterality by units in central nucleus of cat inferior colliculus. 1. The discharges of 632 units were isolated extracellularly during 42 penetrations of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) in 21 adult cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital and ketamine. Microelectrode penetrations were directed from caudal to rostral through ICC, parallel to the Horsley-Clarke (H-C) horizontal and sagittal planes. 2. The threshold best frequency (BF) and binaural response properties were examined for each unit, with the aim of elucidating the organization of these discharge characteristics within ICC. 3. Binaural unit classes consisted of monaural (contralateral) (EO), binaurally phase-sensitive (delay), contralateral excitatory/ipsilateral inhibitory (EI), binaurally excitatory (EE), and other more heterogeneous interaction patterns (other). 4. Detailed histological reconstruction of electrode tracks allowed the recording site for each unit to be related to the three dimensions of ICC. This structure was divided into three lateromedial and three rostrocaudal blocks such that each block contained a similar number of units, enabling meaningful statistical comparisons. Low (3.2 kHz greater than BF) and high (3.2 kHz less than BF) best-frequency classes provided a correlate of dorsoventral location. 5. The arrangements of BFs within ICC were found to be compatible with a model of this structure in which units having similar BFs are organized into layers lying in the H-C horizontal plane medially and gradually tilting in both a ventrolateral and ventrorostral direction. Low frequencies are concentrated dorsally and laterally; high frequencies, ventrally and medially. A rostrocaudal BF difference arises only in lateral aspects of the ICC, where lower frequencies are encountered rostrally. 6. Binaural response classes were distributed differentially throughout ICC. Thus, EO units were concentrated caudally, ventrally, and laterally, while delay units were in greatest numbers rostrally, dorsally, and laterally--almost totally segregated from EO and EI units. The latter populations overlapped ventrally and laterally, but EI units were in greatest density rostrally. The EE class occurred throughout the nucleus, but was most common medially. 7. It is suggested that the differential distributions of binaural responses reflect a partial segregation of the afferents, arising in the superior olive and cochlear nucleus, which terminate in ICC. The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus thus may be composed of several functionally segregated subregions contained within a common tonotopic organization.", "PMID": 501392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5248", "title": "A comparison of visual-response properties in cat's parabigeminal nucleus and superior colliculus.", "content": "1. The visual-response properties of single cells in the cat's superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus were compared. In the colliculus, 151 cells (restricted to the upper layer) were studied, and in the parabigeminal nucleus, 134 cells. 2. Response characteristics in the two structures were similar in many respects: among these were receptive-field size, ocular dominance, and lack of specificity for stimulus shape and contrast (light versus dark). 3. Quantitatively, there were some significant differences between the two populations of cells. Parabigeminal neurons tended to respond more brisky and reliably, while being less selective for those stimulus parameters tested (size, velocity, and direction of movement). Spontaneous activity was much higher in the parabigeminal nucleus than in the colliculus. Finally, parabigeminal cell responses to stationary stimuli were somewhat brisker than those of tectal cells. 4. These data suggest that a physiologically distinct population of tectal cells sends input to the parabigeminal nucleus, probably with some convergence on individual cells.", "contents": "A comparison of visual-response properties in cat's parabigeminal nucleus and superior colliculus. 1. The visual-response properties of single cells in the cat's superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus were compared. In the colliculus, 151 cells (restricted to the upper layer) were studied, and in the parabigeminal nucleus, 134 cells. 2. Response characteristics in the two structures were similar in many respects: among these were receptive-field size, ocular dominance, and lack of specificity for stimulus shape and contrast (light versus dark). 3. Quantitatively, there were some significant differences between the two populations of cells. Parabigeminal neurons tended to respond more brisky and reliably, while being less selective for those stimulus parameters tested (size, velocity, and direction of movement). Spontaneous activity was much higher in the parabigeminal nucleus than in the colliculus. Finally, parabigeminal cell responses to stationary stimuli were somewhat brisker than those of tectal cells. 4. These data suggest that a physiologically distinct population of tectal cells sends input to the parabigeminal nucleus, probably with some convergence on individual cells.", "PMID": 501393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5249", "title": "Connections and visual-field mapping in cat's tectoparabigeminal circuit.", "content": "1. The aim of these experiments was to analyze the organization of the reciprocal connections between the cat's superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus. Both physiological and anatomical techniques were employed. 2. A population of cells in the superficial gray and upper optic layers of the colliculus was labeled retrogradely by horseradish peroxidase injections into the parabigeminal nucleus. No other sources of input to the nucleus were found in the brain stem or diencephalon. 3. A map of the visual field within the parabigeminal nucleus was reconstructed by plotting visual receptive fields at 350 parabigeminal sites with microelectrodes. The map resembled that found in the colliculus, although it was considerably less orderly. The entire contralateral visual field was represented and, in addition, roughly the central 40 degrees of the ipsilateral hemifield was included; futhermore, the expansion of the central visual field was similar to that of the tectal map. 4. The return parabigeminal projections to the caudal parts of the two colliculi, representing the contralateral hemifields, were in register with the tectal visual-field maps. In contrast, the parabigeminal pathways to the anterior segments of the two colliculi, representing part of the ipsilateral visual fields, were not clearly topographic. The projection to this part of the contralateral colliculus showed little order, while that to the ipsilateral colliculus was extremely sparse. 5. A single site in the colliculus can be the target of axons from nonhomologous locations in the two parabigeminal nuclei; so that both parabigeminal inputs are in register with the tectal map.", "contents": "Connections and visual-field mapping in cat's tectoparabigeminal circuit. 1. The aim of these experiments was to analyze the organization of the reciprocal connections between the cat's superior colliculus and parabigeminal nucleus. Both physiological and anatomical techniques were employed. 2. A population of cells in the superficial gray and upper optic layers of the colliculus was labeled retrogradely by horseradish peroxidase injections into the parabigeminal nucleus. No other sources of input to the nucleus were found in the brain stem or diencephalon. 3. A map of the visual field within the parabigeminal nucleus was reconstructed by plotting visual receptive fields at 350 parabigeminal sites with microelectrodes. The map resembled that found in the colliculus, although it was considerably less orderly. The entire contralateral visual field was represented and, in addition, roughly the central 40 degrees of the ipsilateral hemifield was included; futhermore, the expansion of the central visual field was similar to that of the tectal map. 4. The return parabigeminal projections to the caudal parts of the two colliculi, representing the contralateral hemifields, were in register with the tectal visual-field maps. In contrast, the parabigeminal pathways to the anterior segments of the two colliculi, representing part of the ipsilateral visual fields, were not clearly topographic. The projection to this part of the contralateral colliculus showed little order, while that to the ipsilateral colliculus was extremely sparse. 5. A single site in the colliculus can be the target of axons from nonhomologous locations in the two parabigeminal nuclei; so that both parabigeminal inputs are in register with the tectal map.", "PMID": 501394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5250", "title": "Effects of temperature and deuterium oxide on crustacean stretch receptor.", "content": "1. The receptor potential was recorded intracellularly from the isolated stretch receptor neuron of crayfish. Total substitution of D2O for H2O in the bathing solution reversibly decreased the amplitude of the receptor potential to a level of 34% of the control. The input resistance of the neuron was slightly increased by the D2O treatment, while the resting potential and the input capacity were virtually unchanged. The viscoelastic property of the receptor muscle was not altered by the D2O substitution. Thus, D2O seems to inhibit directly the activation process of the receptor potential. 2. Temperature change over the range of 25-5 degrees C did not affect the amplitude of receptor potential. However, the input resistance of the neuron was increased about twofold by the lowering of temperature from 25 to 5 degrees C. 3. We conclude that when the temperature is lowered, the receptor current is diminished, but this decline is just about compensated for by the increase in membrane resistance, resulting in a near constancy of the receptor potential. This is the cellular basis for the relative constancy of the transduction process of the stretch receptor in the face of large temperature changes. On the other hand, in the case of D2O substitution the compensation mechanism of the resistance increase does not work, and the sensory transduction is inhibited substantially.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and deuterium oxide on crustacean stretch receptor. 1. The receptor potential was recorded intracellularly from the isolated stretch receptor neuron of crayfish. Total substitution of D2O for H2O in the bathing solution reversibly decreased the amplitude of the receptor potential to a level of 34% of the control. The input resistance of the neuron was slightly increased by the D2O treatment, while the resting potential and the input capacity were virtually unchanged. The viscoelastic property of the receptor muscle was not altered by the D2O substitution. Thus, D2O seems to inhibit directly the activation process of the receptor potential. 2. Temperature change over the range of 25-5 degrees C did not affect the amplitude of receptor potential. However, the input resistance of the neuron was increased about twofold by the lowering of temperature from 25 to 5 degrees C. 3. We conclude that when the temperature is lowered, the receptor current is diminished, but this decline is just about compensated for by the increase in membrane resistance, resulting in a near constancy of the receptor potential. This is the cellular basis for the relative constancy of the transduction process of the stretch receptor in the face of large temperature changes. On the other hand, in the case of D2O substitution the compensation mechanism of the resistance increase does not work, and the sensory transduction is inhibited substantially.", "PMID": 501395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5251", "title": "Degree of interocular synchrony required for maintenance of binocularity in kitten's visual cortex.", "content": "1. The importance of synchronous activation in maintaining cortical binocularity was studied physiologically in kittens that had been reared under different regimens of alternating monocular deprivation. 2. Three different techniques were employed to provide alternate monocular stimulation: a) mechanical shutters placed before the animals' eyes; b) goggles fitted with complementary colored cutoff filters, which restricted visual input to one eye at a time; and c) two rotating gratings that were 90 degrees out of phase. In the third technique, the gratings were always orthogonal to one another and viewed separately through cutoff filters. This allowed us to exploit the orientation selectivity of cortical cells and thereby stimulate them alternately through each eye without simultaneously affecting activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). 3. We based our conclusions on a sample of 691 neurons, which we recorded in 21 animals. Results with all techniques were remarkably consistent. Binocular cortical inputs predominated at normal or nearly normal levels, even when a number of seconds elapsed between successive exposures of each eye. 4. An interonset interval of at least 10 s was required to make a substantial reduction in binocularity. This interval can be separated into two parts--the duration of exclusive monocular stimulation and the time when neither channel receives input. Of these, the latter appeared to be less important. Blanking times of 0.15--1.0 s did not affect binocularity if the interonset interval was 1 or 10 s; and in one experiment where the blanking time was 9 s, the resulting disruption in binocularity was less than that found with shorter blanking times and the same interonset interval. 5. Our results imply that mechanisms responsible for the disappearance of binocular cortical inputs require independent stimulation of each eye for periods of at least a few seconds; this stimulation must be of a kind that is known to excite cortical cells. Our results with the rotating grafting show, in addition, that the mechanisms whose timing we have measured are intrinsic to the cortex.", "contents": "Degree of interocular synchrony required for maintenance of binocularity in kitten's visual cortex. 1. The importance of synchronous activation in maintaining cortical binocularity was studied physiologically in kittens that had been reared under different regimens of alternating monocular deprivation. 2. Three different techniques were employed to provide alternate monocular stimulation: a) mechanical shutters placed before the animals' eyes; b) goggles fitted with complementary colored cutoff filters, which restricted visual input to one eye at a time; and c) two rotating gratings that were 90 degrees out of phase. In the third technique, the gratings were always orthogonal to one another and viewed separately through cutoff filters. This allowed us to exploit the orientation selectivity of cortical cells and thereby stimulate them alternately through each eye without simultaneously affecting activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). 3. We based our conclusions on a sample of 691 neurons, which we recorded in 21 animals. Results with all techniques were remarkably consistent. Binocular cortical inputs predominated at normal or nearly normal levels, even when a number of seconds elapsed between successive exposures of each eye. 4. An interonset interval of at least 10 s was required to make a substantial reduction in binocularity. This interval can be separated into two parts--the duration of exclusive monocular stimulation and the time when neither channel receives input. Of these, the latter appeared to be less important. Blanking times of 0.15--1.0 s did not affect binocularity if the interonset interval was 1 or 10 s; and in one experiment where the blanking time was 9 s, the resulting disruption in binocularity was less than that found with shorter blanking times and the same interonset interval. 5. Our results imply that mechanisms responsible for the disappearance of binocular cortical inputs require independent stimulation of each eye for periods of at least a few seconds; this stimulation must be of a kind that is known to excite cortical cells. Our results with the rotating grafting show, in addition, that the mechanisms whose timing we have measured are intrinsic to the cortex.", "PMID": 501396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5252", "title": "Responses of vibrissa-sensitive cortical neurons in normal and prenatally X-irradiated rat.", "content": "1. Rats were irradiated by 200 R of X ray on day 17 (the 18th day) of gestation through the body wall of the mother. When they underwent the following electrophysiological tests at the age of 3-4 mo, the somatosensory cortex showed a lack of layers II, III, IV, and Va, as described by previous investigators (3, 4). 2. Spike responses to quick whisker deflections were recorded from single cells in the somatosenory cortex of normal and prenatally X-irradiated rats. 3. In normal animals, single units often responded to several whiskers, but the magnitudes (response latency and firing probability) of the responses were graded around a whisker in the \"center\" of the field that gave rise to the strongest response. During electrode penetration perpendicular to the cortical surface, such a center remained unchanged or shifted to another whisker that was immediately adjacent. As for the large-sized, initially positive unitary spikes (typically 2 mV or higher) sampled in this study, no systematic change in the response latency, the size of receptive field, or response probability was detected during the penetration. 4. The above description holds also for the irradiated rats except that the response latency was prolonged when compared to the normal controls. 5. Cortical laminar analysis of field potentials revealed that while the earliest electric sink appeared in layer IV in the controls, that in the irradiated rats was observed in layer Vb. However, there was no difference in the latency of these potentials between the two groups, suggesting that vibrissal sensory signals reach the cortical level normally even in the irradiated rats. The prolonged latency of the irradiated cortical neuronal response could thus be ascribed to an abnormal intracortical delay, which was most likely associated with the failure of development of layer IV stellate cells in these preparations. 6. A possibility as to how the layer IV stellate cells are involved in input-output relationships in the normal somatosensory cortex is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Responses of vibrissa-sensitive cortical neurons in normal and prenatally X-irradiated rat. 1. Rats were irradiated by 200 R of X ray on day 17 (the 18th day) of gestation through the body wall of the mother. When they underwent the following electrophysiological tests at the age of 3-4 mo, the somatosensory cortex showed a lack of layers II, III, IV, and Va, as described by previous investigators (3, 4). 2. Spike responses to quick whisker deflections were recorded from single cells in the somatosenory cortex of normal and prenatally X-irradiated rats. 3. In normal animals, single units often responded to several whiskers, but the magnitudes (response latency and firing probability) of the responses were graded around a whisker in the \"center\" of the field that gave rise to the strongest response. During electrode penetration perpendicular to the cortical surface, such a center remained unchanged or shifted to another whisker that was immediately adjacent. As for the large-sized, initially positive unitary spikes (typically 2 mV or higher) sampled in this study, no systematic change in the response latency, the size of receptive field, or response probability was detected during the penetration. 4. The above description holds also for the irradiated rats except that the response latency was prolonged when compared to the normal controls. 5. Cortical laminar analysis of field potentials revealed that while the earliest electric sink appeared in layer IV in the controls, that in the irradiated rats was observed in layer Vb. However, there was no difference in the latency of these potentials between the two groups, suggesting that vibrissal sensory signals reach the cortical level normally even in the irradiated rats. The prolonged latency of the irradiated cortical neuronal response could thus be ascribed to an abnormal intracortical delay, which was most likely associated with the failure of development of layer IV stellate cells in these preparations. 6. A possibility as to how the layer IV stellate cells are involved in input-output relationships in the normal somatosensory cortex is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 501397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5253", "title": "Malignant pineal region tumors. A clinico-pathological study.", "content": "Eight patients with primary malignant pineal tumors have been seen at this institution over the past 6 years; six of them underwent definitive surgical exploration. Complete gross microsurgical excision of well encapsulated tumors was possible in four of these patients. In two cases of pineal germinomas, a biopsy and a subtotal resection were carried out because of the known radiosensitivity of this tumor. These six surgical patients all received postoperative craniospinal radiation and continue to do well up to 6 years postoperatively. Two nonoperative patients were initially treated at other institutions by ventriculoperitoneal shunt and radiation and were the only ones to develop metastatic disease. One patient had metastasis of her pineoblastoma to her unirradiated spinal canal and the other patient had metastasis of his germinoma to the peritoneum. The former patient was quadriplegic on admission, although her pineal tumor was no longer visible on computerized tomography (CT), and she died of pneumonia. The latter patient's tumor secreted the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). This patient's massive metastatic tumor burden completely regressed as determined by body CT scan and HCG levels after four courses of chemotherapy with bleomycin, vinblastine, and cis-platinum. In 20 patients with lesions of the pineal region, craniotomy was associated with only one death (a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma). Thus, microsurgery for pineal tumors provides either a reasonably safe potential for complete tumor extirpation and possible cure, or a tissue diagnosis which is necessary for appropriate therapeutic planning for radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The traditional therapeutic approach of empiric radiotherapy without a tissue diagnosis for pineal lesions may no longer be warranted.", "contents": "Malignant pineal region tumors. A clinico-pathological study. Eight patients with primary malignant pineal tumors have been seen at this institution over the past 6 years; six of them underwent definitive surgical exploration. Complete gross microsurgical excision of well encapsulated tumors was possible in four of these patients. In two cases of pineal germinomas, a biopsy and a subtotal resection were carried out because of the known radiosensitivity of this tumor. These six surgical patients all received postoperative craniospinal radiation and continue to do well up to 6 years postoperatively. Two nonoperative patients were initially treated at other institutions by ventriculoperitoneal shunt and radiation and were the only ones to develop metastatic disease. One patient had metastasis of her pineoblastoma to her unirradiated spinal canal and the other patient had metastasis of his germinoma to the peritoneum. The former patient was quadriplegic on admission, although her pineal tumor was no longer visible on computerized tomography (CT), and she died of pneumonia. The latter patient's tumor secreted the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). This patient's massive metastatic tumor burden completely regressed as determined by body CT scan and HCG levels after four courses of chemotherapy with bleomycin, vinblastine, and cis-platinum. In 20 patients with lesions of the pineal region, craniotomy was associated with only one death (a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma). Thus, microsurgery for pineal tumors provides either a reasonably safe potential for complete tumor extirpation and possible cure, or a tissue diagnosis which is necessary for appropriate therapeutic planning for radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The traditional therapeutic approach of empiric radiotherapy without a tissue diagnosis for pineal lesions may no longer be warranted.", "PMID": 501398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5254", "title": "Results of microsurgical management of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a total of 468 aneurysm operations performed on a consecutive series of 463 patients in an 8-year period, using microsurgical techniques. About two-thirds of the patients were operated on within the first 2 weeks after hemorrhage. The postoperative mortality was 4.5%. A good result was obtained in 74.5% of cases, and a fair result in 11.8%, whereas 9.2% were permanently disabled. Hypothermia was used in 142 operations, and 326 were carried out under induced hypotension. Immediate and late results of surgery are discussed with reference to selection of patients, timing of surgery, and the anesthetic and operative procedures.", "contents": "Results of microsurgical management of intracranial aneurysms. This paper presents the results of a total of 468 aneurysm operations performed on a consecutive series of 463 patients in an 8-year period, using microsurgical techniques. About two-thirds of the patients were operated on within the first 2 weeks after hemorrhage. The postoperative mortality was 4.5%. A good result was obtained in 74.5% of cases, and a fair result in 11.8%, whereas 9.2% were permanently disabled. Hypothermia was used in 142 operations, and 326 were carried out under induced hypotension. Immediate and late results of surgery are discussed with reference to selection of patients, timing of surgery, and the anesthetic and operative procedures.", "PMID": 501399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5255", "title": "Microneurosurgery for aneurysms of the basilar artery.", "content": "The authors report microsurgical treatment in 32 cases of basilar artery aneurysms, operated on with good results in 28 cases, fair results in one, and poor results in one; there were two deaths. Twenty-nine patients (91%) were able to return to social activities. Characteristics of the surgical techniques include 1) taking a transsylvian route; 2) retracting the M1 portion of the middle cerebral artery (occasionally the C1 portion of the internal carotid) medially with tapered brain retractors; and 3) approaching the aneurysm through and between perforators arising from the posterior cerebral artery in cases of high-placed basilar bifurcation. With regard to instrument improvements, tapered brain retractors, a multipurpose head frame, and bayonet clips (Sugita design) proved very helpful.", "contents": "Microneurosurgery for aneurysms of the basilar artery. The authors report microsurgical treatment in 32 cases of basilar artery aneurysms, operated on with good results in 28 cases, fair results in one, and poor results in one; there were two deaths. Twenty-nine patients (91%) were able to return to social activities. Characteristics of the surgical techniques include 1) taking a transsylvian route; 2) retracting the M1 portion of the middle cerebral artery (occasionally the C1 portion of the internal carotid) medially with tapered brain retractors; and 3) approaching the aneurysm through and between perforators arising from the posterior cerebral artery in cases of high-placed basilar bifurcation. With regard to instrument improvements, tapered brain retractors, a multipurpose head frame, and bayonet clips (Sugita design) proved very helpful.", "PMID": 501400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5256", "title": "Microvascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: A technical variation.", "content": "A useful variation of an established technique is described for embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Silastic sponge emboli that fit into No. 16, 17, and 18 stub adapters are passed through standard-sized transfemoral catheters. Of 28 treated patients, obliteration was regarded as very successful in 16. Partial success was achieved in four. Eight were regarded as failures because the reticulum was too large for these microemboli.", "contents": "Microvascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: A technical variation. A useful variation of an established technique is described for embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Silastic sponge emboli that fit into No. 16, 17, and 18 stub adapters are passed through standard-sized transfemoral catheters. Of 28 treated patients, obliteration was regarded as very successful in 16. Partial success was achieved in four. Eight were regarded as failures because the reticulum was too large for these microemboli.", "PMID": 501401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5257", "title": "Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 1: Proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition in three patients, and historical review.", "content": "Three patients with central nervous system symptoms due to subclavian steal syndrome were treated with proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. Neurological symptoms were relieved or improved in all three, with no decrease in blood pressure or pulse in the ipsilateral upper extremity. The colorful history of this syndrome is reviewed, and the various surgical approaches to its treatment are discussed. Although the literature suggests that the commonly used carotid to subclavian artery bypass graft and other similar extrathoracic procedures are generally safe and effective for relief of symptoms of the steal, there is also evidence that these bypasses may fail to restore antegrade flow in the vertebral artery, and, in fact, may steal from the carotid artery. Thus, the blood flow provided to the brain by these procedure may be hardly more than that provided by vertebral artery ligation, whereas the principal effect is to restore blood flow into the upper extremity. Vertebral artery ligation alone has been used in 20 patients, with neurological improvement in all cases and production of persistent intermittent brachial claudication in only one. These considerations and our patient experience suggest that a relatively simple operation, proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition, which emphasizes restoration of flow to the brain rather than to the upper extremity, may be preferable for most patients with neurological symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome.", "contents": "Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 1: Proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition in three patients, and historical review. Three patients with central nervous system symptoms due to subclavian steal syndrome were treated with proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. Neurological symptoms were relieved or improved in all three, with no decrease in blood pressure or pulse in the ipsilateral upper extremity. The colorful history of this syndrome is reviewed, and the various surgical approaches to its treatment are discussed. Although the literature suggests that the commonly used carotid to subclavian artery bypass graft and other similar extrathoracic procedures are generally safe and effective for relief of symptoms of the steal, there is also evidence that these bypasses may fail to restore antegrade flow in the vertebral artery, and, in fact, may steal from the carotid artery. Thus, the blood flow provided to the brain by these procedure may be hardly more than that provided by vertebral artery ligation, whereas the principal effect is to restore blood flow into the upper extremity. Vertebral artery ligation alone has been used in 20 patients, with neurological improvement in all cases and production of persistent intermittent brachial claudication in only one. These considerations and our patient experience suggest that a relatively simple operation, proximal vertebral to common carotid artery transposition, which emphasizes restoration of flow to the brain rather than to the upper extremity, may be preferable for most patients with neurological symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome.", "PMID": 501402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5258", "title": "Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 2: Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow measurement.", "content": "Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow was measured in two patients with symptomatic subclavian steal syndrome, before and after proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. This confirmed retrograde flow in the vertebral artery before transposition, and antegrade flow after transposition. The measured flow rates were compared to values in other series involving different operative procedures for correction of symptomatic subclavian steal. The greatest mean antegrade flow rates in the vertebral artery were restored by proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition.", "contents": "Subclavian steal syndrome. Part 2: Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow measurement. Intraoperative vertebral artery blood flow was measured in two patients with symptomatic subclavian steal syndrome, before and after proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. This confirmed retrograde flow in the vertebral artery before transposition, and antegrade flow after transposition. The measured flow rates were compared to values in other series involving different operative procedures for correction of symptomatic subclavian steal. The greatest mean antegrade flow rates in the vertebral artery were restored by proximal end-to-side vertebral to common carotid artery transposition.", "PMID": 501403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5259", "title": "Acute cerebral revascularization after regional cerebral ischemia in the dog. Part 2: Clinicopathological correlation.", "content": "The efficacy of cerebral revascularization by anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery (STA) to the middle cerebral artery (MCA), performed 4 and 24 hours after a regional MCA infarction had been produced by combined occlusion of the MCA and internal carotid artery, was tested in 12 dogs. To control possible intercurrent variables, seven other dogs remained untreated and five had a sham operation. Clinical and pathological changes were recorded and analyzed. An incidence of 85% infarction was obtained in the untreated control group. The severity of the clinical deficits and pathological changes for the anastomosed groups were greater than those seen in the untreated control group. The extent of the infarction was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) in the anastomosed groups than in the sham-operated and control groups. Hemorrhagic infarcts occurred in most of the dogs in the anastomosed groups, but were not present in either control group (p less than 0.05). Two dogs in the 4-hour and one in the 24-hour group improved more than any control dog, but the difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). In two dogs with occluded anastomosis the clinical deficits and the pathological changes were less than those seen in animals with patent anastomosis. The severity of the pathological and clinical changes correlated well with the reestablishment of flow in the MCA territory. It is proposed that cerebral revascularization at 4 and 24 hours following a regional MCA infarct in the dog is followed by an exacerbation of the microcirculatory obstruction, cerebral edema, and infarction. From improvement noted in three animals the authors suggest that under special conditions the revascularization could benefit some cases following acute cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Acute cerebral revascularization after regional cerebral ischemia in the dog. Part 2: Clinicopathological correlation. The efficacy of cerebral revascularization by anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery (STA) to the middle cerebral artery (MCA), performed 4 and 24 hours after a regional MCA infarction had been produced by combined occlusion of the MCA and internal carotid artery, was tested in 12 dogs. To control possible intercurrent variables, seven other dogs remained untreated and five had a sham operation. Clinical and pathological changes were recorded and analyzed. An incidence of 85% infarction was obtained in the untreated control group. The severity of the clinical deficits and pathological changes for the anastomosed groups were greater than those seen in the untreated control group. The extent of the infarction was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) in the anastomosed groups than in the sham-operated and control groups. Hemorrhagic infarcts occurred in most of the dogs in the anastomosed groups, but were not present in either control group (p less than 0.05). Two dogs in the 4-hour and one in the 24-hour group improved more than any control dog, but the difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). In two dogs with occluded anastomosis the clinical deficits and the pathological changes were less than those seen in animals with patent anastomosis. The severity of the pathological and clinical changes correlated well with the reestablishment of flow in the MCA territory. It is proposed that cerebral revascularization at 4 and 24 hours following a regional MCA infarct in the dog is followed by an exacerbation of the microcirculatory obstruction, cerebral edema, and infarction. From improvement noted in three animals the authors suggest that under special conditions the revascularization could benefit some cases following acute cerebral infarction.", "PMID": 501404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5260", "title": "Endothelial lesions after temporary clipping. A comparative study.", "content": "The effect of temporary clipping on the arterial endothelium of rats was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The opening pressure of four Heifetz clips was modified by changing the springs. Four different clip forces (20, 35, 45, and 65 gm), four periods of clipping (10, 30, 60, and 180 minutes), and three vessel diameters (smaller than 1 mm, 1.1 to 1.3 mm, and 1.4 to 2 mm) were compared. Different grades of endothelial damage were observed. On gross examination the damage involved a detachment of endothelium and the adherence of platelets to the subendothelial tissue. The duration of clipping seemed to be of more importance than the clip force, whereas the vessel diameter had no recognizable influence.", "contents": "Endothelial lesions after temporary clipping. A comparative study. The effect of temporary clipping on the arterial endothelium of rats was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The opening pressure of four Heifetz clips was modified by changing the springs. Four different clip forces (20, 35, 45, and 65 gm), four periods of clipping (10, 30, 60, and 180 minutes), and three vessel diameters (smaller than 1 mm, 1.1 to 1.3 mm, and 1.4 to 2 mm) were compared. Different grades of endothelial damage were observed. On gross examination the damage involved a detachment of endothelium and the adherence of platelets to the subendothelial tissue. The duration of clipping seemed to be of more importance than the clip force, whereas the vessel diameter had no recognizable influence.", "PMID": 501405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5261", "title": "Minimum vascular occlusive force.", "content": "A mathematical analysis of the minimum occlusion force necessary to occlude small vessels based on the parametric influence of blood pressure, vessel diameter, clamp width, and vessel shape after clamping was performed. The results were confirmed by in vivo experimentation with 60 rat aortas (of 1.8 to 2.4 mm caliber) using a variable-force clamp gauge developed in our laboratory. Experimental and theoretical results differed by only 3 gm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the initial changes in the endothelium occurred in smaller radii of curvature. Increased pressure resulted in gross morphological changes across the vessel. The minimum occlusion force (as determined by the variable-force clamp gauge) produced only minimal endothelial damage.", "contents": "Minimum vascular occlusive force. A mathematical analysis of the minimum occlusion force necessary to occlude small vessels based on the parametric influence of blood pressure, vessel diameter, clamp width, and vessel shape after clamping was performed. The results were confirmed by in vivo experimentation with 60 rat aortas (of 1.8 to 2.4 mm caliber) using a variable-force clamp gauge developed in our laboratory. Experimental and theoretical results differed by only 3 gm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the initial changes in the endothelium occurred in smaller radii of curvature. Increased pressure resulted in gross morphological changes across the vessel. The minimum occlusion force (as determined by the variable-force clamp gauge) produced only minimal endothelial damage.", "PMID": 501406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5262", "title": "Acute intracranial hypertension and auditory brain-stem responses. Part 1: Changes in the aduitory brain-stem and somatosensory evoked responses in intracranial hypertension in cats.", "content": "Changes in auditory brain-stem responses (BER's) and somatosensory evoked responses (SER's) were investigated to correlate mass volume, intracranial pressure, and neurological dysfunction in mass-induced intracranial hypertension in cats. As the intracranial pressure was raised by expansion of a supratentorial balloon, the late components of the SER's were suppressed first, followed by the early components of the SER's, then Wave V and Wave IV of the BER's, in that order. This suggests that the nonspecific reticular projections are most vulnerable to compression ischemia, and the specific somatosensory pathways are the next most vulnerable. Neural activity of the auditory pathways in the upper brain stem was also gradually suppressed, but less so than that of the somatosensory pathways. After complete transtentorial herniation, in spite of immediate mass evacuation, the function of the somatosensory pathways was greatly impaired, often irreversibly. The neural activity of the auditory pathways in the upper brain stem revealed progressive recovery during a 3-hour period. The measurements of BER Wave V is thought to be useful in predicting transtentorial herniation.", "contents": "Acute intracranial hypertension and auditory brain-stem responses. Part 1: Changes in the aduitory brain-stem and somatosensory evoked responses in intracranial hypertension in cats. Changes in auditory brain-stem responses (BER's) and somatosensory evoked responses (SER's) were investigated to correlate mass volume, intracranial pressure, and neurological dysfunction in mass-induced intracranial hypertension in cats. As the intracranial pressure was raised by expansion of a supratentorial balloon, the late components of the SER's were suppressed first, followed by the early components of the SER's, then Wave V and Wave IV of the BER's, in that order. This suggests that the nonspecific reticular projections are most vulnerable to compression ischemia, and the specific somatosensory pathways are the next most vulnerable. Neural activity of the auditory pathways in the upper brain stem was also gradually suppressed, but less so than that of the somatosensory pathways. After complete transtentorial herniation, in spite of immediate mass evacuation, the function of the somatosensory pathways was greatly impaired, often irreversibly. The neural activity of the auditory pathways in the upper brain stem revealed progressive recovery during a 3-hour period. The measurements of BER Wave V is thought to be useful in predicting transtentorial herniation.", "PMID": 501407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5263", "title": "Anterior fibular strut graft in neoplastic disease of the cervical spine.", "content": "An anterior operative procedure using a strut of fibular graft material was performed either alone or in combination with a posterior stabilization in five patients with cervical spine instability secondary to neoplastic disease. Osseous tumor was present in four of the five patients (osteoblastoma, metastatic adrenal carcinoma, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma) and the fifth had spine instability as a result of a posterior decompression for cervical spinal cord glioma. The anterior approach using fibula to replace diseased vertebrae and provide axial support for the neck was a valuable therapeutic modality in this group of patients, all of whom had a limited life expectancy. Cervical spine stability obtained by operative intervention led to a reduction of neck pain and maintenance of ambulation until the neoplastic condition became terminal.", "contents": "Anterior fibular strut graft in neoplastic disease of the cervical spine. An anterior operative procedure using a strut of fibular graft material was performed either alone or in combination with a posterior stabilization in five patients with cervical spine instability secondary to neoplastic disease. Osseous tumor was present in four of the five patients (osteoblastoma, metastatic adrenal carcinoma, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma) and the fifth had spine instability as a result of a posterior decompression for cervical spinal cord glioma. The anterior approach using fibula to replace diseased vertebrae and provide axial support for the neck was a valuable therapeutic modality in this group of patients, all of whom had a limited life expectancy. Cervical spine stability obtained by operative intervention led to a reduction of neck pain and maintenance of ambulation until the neoplastic condition became terminal.", "PMID": 501408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5264", "title": "Subtotal neonatal calvariectomy. A radiographic and histological evaluation of calvarial and sutural redevelopment in rabbits.", "content": "A subtotal calvariectomy was performed on rabbits between 10 and14 days of age. The animals were allowed to grow and were then sacrificed serially so that the sutural and skeletal redevelopment could be analyzed through a combination of gross, radiographic, and histological techniques. The results indicate that calvarial regeneration is a progressive process with a definite pattern and rate of development. During the regenerative process, bone was deposited both at the surgical margin and as islands within the srugical defect. The eventual approximation of these areas of ossification produced multiple fibrous articulations. The majority of these articulations were obliterated by bone union, except for the midsagittal, coronal, and metopic sutures, which were re-established in their appropriate antomical positions. The maintenance of dural integrity during the surgical phase and the regeneration and establishment of pericranial continuity during the postoperative period were believed to be important in the re-establishment of normal sutural and skeletal architecture.", "contents": "Subtotal neonatal calvariectomy. A radiographic and histological evaluation of calvarial and sutural redevelopment in rabbits. A subtotal calvariectomy was performed on rabbits between 10 and14 days of age. The animals were allowed to grow and were then sacrificed serially so that the sutural and skeletal redevelopment could be analyzed through a combination of gross, radiographic, and histological techniques. The results indicate that calvarial regeneration is a progressive process with a definite pattern and rate of development. During the regenerative process, bone was deposited both at the surgical margin and as islands within the srugical defect. The eventual approximation of these areas of ossification produced multiple fibrous articulations. The majority of these articulations were obliterated by bone union, except for the midsagittal, coronal, and metopic sutures, which were re-established in their appropriate antomical positions. The maintenance of dural integrity during the surgical phase and the regeneration and establishment of pericranial continuity during the postoperative period were believed to be important in the re-establishment of normal sutural and skeletal architecture.", "PMID": 501409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5265", "title": "Carotid-cavernous fistula following percutaneous retrogasserian procedures. Report of two cases.", "content": "Carotid arterial puncture during percutaneous retrogasserian procedures is a common but usually harmless complication. Strokes, resulting presumably from carotid artery thrombosis, have been reported previously following percutaneous retrogasserian coagulation. The authors report two cases of carotid-cavernous fistula, one following percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy and the other after percutaneous retrogasserian block. The latter patient had an anomaully by intracavernous injection of isobutyl-2 cyanoacrylate, using intra-arterial balloon flotation catheters. Carotid-cavernous fistula is a potentially serious complication of such procedures, and may be more common than realized since small fistulas may close spontaneously.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous fistula following percutaneous retrogasserian procedures. Report of two cases. Carotid arterial puncture during percutaneous retrogasserian procedures is a common but usually harmless complication. Strokes, resulting presumably from carotid artery thrombosis, have been reported previously following percutaneous retrogasserian coagulation. The authors report two cases of carotid-cavernous fistula, one following percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy and the other after percutaneous retrogasserian block. The latter patient had an anomaully by intracavernous injection of isobutyl-2 cyanoacrylate, using intra-arterial balloon flotation catheters. Carotid-cavernous fistula is a potentially serious complication of such procedures, and may be more common than realized since small fistulas may close spontaneously.", "PMID": 501411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5266", "title": "False aneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery and progressive external ophthalmoplegia after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which a large false aneurysm and small associated fistula formed in the cavernous carotid artery as the result of laceration at the time of transsphenoidal surgery. The clinical syndrome associated with the enlarging mass and the surgical management of the lesion itself are described. The value of the midline approach to the sella is stressed, along with anatomical variants of the carotid artery.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery and progressive external ophthalmoplegia after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Case report. A case is reported in which a large false aneurysm and small associated fistula formed in the cavernous carotid artery as the result of laceration at the time of transsphenoidal surgery. The clinical syndrome associated with the enlarging mass and the surgical management of the lesion itself are described. The value of the midline approach to the sella is stressed, along with anatomical variants of the carotid artery.", "PMID": 501412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5267", "title": "Treatment of intraoperative middle cerebral artery occlusion with pentobarbital and extracranial-intracranial bypass. Case report.", "content": "A patient with a meningioma of the medial sphenoid wing underwent inadvertent intraoperative occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neurological deficit and infarction were presumably prevented by immediate administration of pentobarbital followed by extracranial-intracranial bypass.", "contents": "Treatment of intraoperative middle cerebral artery occlusion with pentobarbital and extracranial-intracranial bypass. Case report. A patient with a meningioma of the medial sphenoid wing underwent inadvertent intraoperative occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neurological deficit and infarction were presumably prevented by immediate administration of pentobarbital followed by extracranial-intracranial bypass.", "PMID": 501413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5268", "title": "Spontaneous regression of posterior fossa dural arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "The authors report a case of infratentorial arteriovenous malformation that regressed spontaneously within 25 months without bleeding episodes or surgical intervention. The patient's clinical symptoms, left-sided tinnitus, cranial bruit, and right homonymous hemianopsia, disappeared completely over the same period.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of posterior fossa dural arteriovenous malformation. The authors report a case of infratentorial arteriovenous malformation that regressed spontaneously within 25 months without bleeding episodes or surgical intervention. The patient's clinical symptoms, left-sided tinnitus, cranial bruit, and right homonymous hemianopsia, disappeared completely over the same period.", "PMID": 501415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5269", "title": "Posterior fossa xanthogranuloma. Case report.", "content": "A large subdural xanthogranuloma was removed from the posterior fossa of a 53-year-old woman with symptoms of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. Two additional masses with similar density on computerized tomography were found in the hypothalamus and in the choroid plexus of the right lateral ventricle.", "contents": "Posterior fossa xanthogranuloma. Case report. A large subdural xanthogranuloma was removed from the posterior fossa of a 53-year-old woman with symptoms of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. Two additional masses with similar density on computerized tomography were found in the hypothalamus and in the choroid plexus of the right lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 501416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5270", "title": "Surgical approach to giant intracranial aneurysms. Operative experience with 80 cases.", "content": "The authors report experience with the surgical management of 80 giant intracranial aneurysms (greater than 2.5 cm in diameter) during a 10-year period in which they performed 594 operations for aneurysms. The overall incidence of giant aneurysms was 13% but varied according to location: 20% of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA); 13% of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms; 1% of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms; 15% of aneurysms of the basilar artery caput (BAC); and 18% of vertebrobasilar trunk (VB) aneurysms. Twenty-five patients had a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 49 had mass effect from the aneurysm, and six had ischemic events. There was no apparent difference in results related to the presence or absence of an SAH. Poor results were attributable to the operation except in the two cases of ACA aneurysm in which preexisting dementia persisted. Mortality was 4% and morbidity was 14%, varying from a combined low morbidity-mortality of 8% for ICA lesions to a high to 50% for BAC aneurysms. During the period of the study, different techniques were developed in an attempt to lower the risks of surgery. Ultimately ICA aneurysms were monitored with cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalography before and after temporary ICA ligation, then approached following resection of the anterior clinoid or treated with bypass in combination with ICA ligation. Aneurysms of the MCA were either opened during temporary MCA occlusion or resected in combination with a bypass procedure. Bypass grafts and circulatory arrest with extracorporeal circulation may have a role in giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation.", "contents": "Surgical approach to giant intracranial aneurysms. Operative experience with 80 cases. The authors report experience with the surgical management of 80 giant intracranial aneurysms (greater than 2.5 cm in diameter) during a 10-year period in which they performed 594 operations for aneurysms. The overall incidence of giant aneurysms was 13% but varied according to location: 20% of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA); 13% of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms; 1% of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms; 15% of aneurysms of the basilar artery caput (BAC); and 18% of vertebrobasilar trunk (VB) aneurysms. Twenty-five patients had a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 49 had mass effect from the aneurysm, and six had ischemic events. There was no apparent difference in results related to the presence or absence of an SAH. Poor results were attributable to the operation except in the two cases of ACA aneurysm in which preexisting dementia persisted. Mortality was 4% and morbidity was 14%, varying from a combined low morbidity-mortality of 8% for ICA lesions to a high to 50% for BAC aneurysms. During the period of the study, different techniques were developed in an attempt to lower the risks of surgery. Ultimately ICA aneurysms were monitored with cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalography before and after temporary ICA ligation, then approached following resection of the anterior clinoid or treated with bypass in combination with ICA ligation. Aneurysms of the MCA were either opened during temporary MCA occlusion or resected in combination with a bypass procedure. Bypass grafts and circulatory arrest with extracorporeal circulation may have a role in giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation.", "PMID": 501417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5271", "title": "Direct surgical treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The author has operated on 40 patients with giant intracranial aneurysms, using various surgical approaches. Giant aneurysms predominated in females (3:1) and were most common in the age group 30 to 60 years. Patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (17), visual disturbance (18), chronic headache (14), transient or progressive hemispheric deficit (6), seizure (2), dementia (2), and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (1). Giant aneurysms were located at the carotid artery (25), the basovertebral artery (8), the anterior communicating artery (5), and the middle cerebral artery (2). Eight of 40 patients had one or more other aneurysms and/or associated arteriovenous malformations. Aneurysms were treated with intramural thrombosis (21), neck occlusion (7), trapping (10), proximal parent artery ligation (1), and aneurysmorrhaphy (1). After as much as 8 years of follow-up, 32 patients (80%) showed complete or marked improvement in signs and symptoms; two patients (5%) had a poor recovery. There were six surgical mortalities (15%). Giant aneurysms can be treated with respectable results if the surgeon selects the technique best suited to the particular aneurysm. In general, neck occlusion, trapping, and aneurysmorrhaphy are best for giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation, and intramural thrombosis is best for those of the posterior circulation. Extra- and intracranial vascular anastomotic techniques are also of value. For success, a flexible approach is essential.", "contents": "Direct surgical treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms. The author has operated on 40 patients with giant intracranial aneurysms, using various surgical approaches. Giant aneurysms predominated in females (3:1) and were most common in the age group 30 to 60 years. Patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (17), visual disturbance (18), chronic headache (14), transient or progressive hemispheric deficit (6), seizure (2), dementia (2), and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (1). Giant aneurysms were located at the carotid artery (25), the basovertebral artery (8), the anterior communicating artery (5), and the middle cerebral artery (2). Eight of 40 patients had one or more other aneurysms and/or associated arteriovenous malformations. Aneurysms were treated with intramural thrombosis (21), neck occlusion (7), trapping (10), proximal parent artery ligation (1), and aneurysmorrhaphy (1). After as much as 8 years of follow-up, 32 patients (80%) showed complete or marked improvement in signs and symptoms; two patients (5%) had a poor recovery. There were six surgical mortalities (15%). Giant aneurysms can be treated with respectable results if the surgeon selects the technique best suited to the particular aneurysm. In general, neck occlusion, trapping, and aneurysmorrhaphy are best for giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation, and intramural thrombosis is best for those of the posterior circulation. Extra- and intracranial vascular anastomotic techniques are also of value. For success, a flexible approach is essential.", "PMID": 501418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5272", "title": "Hyperemic and ischemic problems of surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Three patients with arteriovenous malformations are described who showed signs of massive hyperemia in the vascular territory of the normal brain proximal to arterial ligation. One additional patient had evidence of ischemia of the brain in the territory distal to ligation (steal), and in another both mechanisms were considered as operative hazards.", "contents": "Hyperemic and ischemic problems of surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations. Three patients with arteriovenous malformations are described who showed signs of massive hyperemia in the vascular territory of the normal brain proximal to arterial ligation. One additional patient had evidence of ischemia of the brain in the territory distal to ligation (steal), and in another both mechanisms were considered as operative hazards.", "PMID": 501419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5273", "title": "Computerized tomography findings in arteriovenous malformations of the brain.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) scans of 54 patients with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the brain were reviewed. The 31 males and 23 females (mean age: 33 years) were classified according to clinical presentation: 1) intracranial hemorrhage (30 patients); 2) seizure disorder (19 patients); and 3) other neurological disturbance (five patients). A brain hematoma was identified in all of the patients in the hemorrhage group have a CT scan within 1 week of the bleed. Extension of hemorrhage into the ventricular system as seen in eight cases was invariably accompanied by severe neurological dysfunction. A high-density lesion without associated mass effect was found in 48% of patients presenting with a seizure disorder. Dilatation of the ipsilateral lateral ventricle, a common finding in this group of patients, was thought to indicate an atrophic process. Evidence of discrete brain infarction was unusual. Intravenous infusion with Hypaque provided additional information in 31 of the 35 patients so studied. Demonstration of prominent or enlarged feeding arteries and/or draining veins occurred in 20% of patients with large malformations. Six cases of angiographically occult AVM's were found. A correlation of the CT scan with clinical, angiographic, and histological findings is presented.", "contents": "Computerized tomography findings in arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of 54 patients with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the brain were reviewed. The 31 males and 23 females (mean age: 33 years) were classified according to clinical presentation: 1) intracranial hemorrhage (30 patients); 2) seizure disorder (19 patients); and 3) other neurological disturbance (five patients). A brain hematoma was identified in all of the patients in the hemorrhage group have a CT scan within 1 week of the bleed. Extension of hemorrhage into the ventricular system as seen in eight cases was invariably accompanied by severe neurological dysfunction. A high-density lesion without associated mass effect was found in 48% of patients presenting with a seizure disorder. Dilatation of the ipsilateral lateral ventricle, a common finding in this group of patients, was thought to indicate an atrophic process. Evidence of discrete brain infarction was unusual. Intravenous infusion with Hypaque provided additional information in 31 of the 35 patients so studied. Demonstration of prominent or enlarged feeding arteries and/or draining veins occurred in 20% of patients with large malformations. Six cases of angiographically occult AVM's were found. A correlation of the CT scan with clinical, angiographic, and histological findings is presented.", "PMID": 501420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5274", "title": "Possible role of the erythrocyte in causing prolonged cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "Contractile activity of the various fractions of fresh and incubated blood was studied in vitro using the isolated canine basilar artery. Of the various fractions of fresh blood, significant contraction was induced by serum, but moderate contraction was induced by platelet-rich plasma and lysed red cells, while intact red cells and platelet-poor plasma had no significant activity. The contractions induced by serum and platelet-rich plasma were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, while those induced by lysed red cells were not. Whereas serum and platelet-rich plasma lost their contractile activity after 24 hours of incubation, lysed red cells retained activity up to 7 days after incubation. Biochemical analysis of the hemolysate by means of Sephadex column chromatography revealed that the contractile substance(s) possessed a molecular weight above 5000. These results suggest the possibility that the above substance(s) may play a role in prolonged cerebral vasospasm.", "contents": "Possible role of the erythrocyte in causing prolonged cerebral vasospasm. Contractile activity of the various fractions of fresh and incubated blood was studied in vitro using the isolated canine basilar artery. Of the various fractions of fresh blood, significant contraction was induced by serum, but moderate contraction was induced by platelet-rich plasma and lysed red cells, while intact red cells and platelet-poor plasma had no significant activity. The contractions induced by serum and platelet-rich plasma were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, while those induced by lysed red cells were not. Whereas serum and platelet-rich plasma lost their contractile activity after 24 hours of incubation, lysed red cells retained activity up to 7 days after incubation. Biochemical analysis of the hemolysate by means of Sephadex column chromatography revealed that the contractile substance(s) possessed a molecular weight above 5000. These results suggest the possibility that the above substance(s) may play a role in prolonged cerebral vasospasm.", "PMID": 501421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5275", "title": "Dynamics of cerebral edema. The role of an intact vascular bed in the production and propagation of vasogenic brain edema.", "content": "Brain edema was produced in cats by a standardized cortical freezing lesion. With a careful microsurgical tehnique, the injured cortex was removed as a single piece, either immediately after induction or at 2, 4, or 8 hours after lesion production. The injured brain was either discarded or replaced in its bed. Brain edema and the defect in the blood-brain barrier were assessed by determining percent dry weight, increase in volume of white matter, and spread of Evans' blue by planimetry. The results indicate that 1) if the lesion is removed immediately after production, formation of the expected vasogenic brain edema is completely abolished; 2) replacement of the frozen brain is unable to induce significant increase in permeability of the surrounding blood-brain barrier or a significant amount of brain edema; and 3) if the lesion is removed at 2, 4, or 8 hours with or without replacement, advancement of the edema front and increase in the amount of edema is stopped. It appears that an intact vascular bed is necessary for the extracellular fluid component of brain edema, and that no edemagenic factors exist within the injured brain in this model that influence either the production or propagation of the increased extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Dynamics of cerebral edema. The role of an intact vascular bed in the production and propagation of vasogenic brain edema. Brain edema was produced in cats by a standardized cortical freezing lesion. With a careful microsurgical tehnique, the injured cortex was removed as a single piece, either immediately after induction or at 2, 4, or 8 hours after lesion production. The injured brain was either discarded or replaced in its bed. Brain edema and the defect in the blood-brain barrier were assessed by determining percent dry weight, increase in volume of white matter, and spread of Evans' blue by planimetry. The results indicate that 1) if the lesion is removed immediately after production, formation of the expected vasogenic brain edema is completely abolished; 2) replacement of the frozen brain is unable to induce significant increase in permeability of the surrounding blood-brain barrier or a significant amount of brain edema; and 3) if the lesion is removed at 2, 4, or 8 hours with or without replacement, advancement of the edema front and increase in the amount of edema is stopped. It appears that an intact vascular bed is necessary for the extracellular fluid component of brain edema, and that no edemagenic factors exist within the injured brain in this model that influence either the production or propagation of the increased extracellular fluid volume.", "PMID": 501422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5276", "title": "Early neurosurgical repair in craniofacial dysmorphism.", "content": "The authors describe the operative repair and results in 16 cases of craniofacial dysmorphism. The craniofacial dysmorphic states are presumably caused by premature closure of basal skull sutures in combination with the coronal sutures. Hydrocephalus is commonly associated with these conditions and contributes to the bizarre appearance as well as the abnormal mentation that some of these patients display. Early neurosurgical intervention using the procedure of lateral supraorbital ridge advancement yields excellent results in the majority of these infants.", "contents": "Early neurosurgical repair in craniofacial dysmorphism. The authors describe the operative repair and results in 16 cases of craniofacial dysmorphism. The craniofacial dysmorphic states are presumably caused by premature closure of basal skull sutures in combination with the coronal sutures. Hydrocephalus is commonly associated with these conditions and contributes to the bizarre appearance as well as the abnormal mentation that some of these patients display. Early neurosurgical intervention using the procedure of lateral supraorbital ridge advancement yields excellent results in the majority of these infants.", "PMID": 501423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5277", "title": "Long-term analysis of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. A 25-year experience.", "content": "The authors have retrospectively analyzed 840 cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures over a 25-year period to determine the relationships between infection rates and several possible influences on infection. Two-thirds of all shunt infections occurred within 1 month of surgery. The very young and very old had higher infection rates. Infections became less prevalent over the period of the study, and mortality from infection decreased from 35% to 6%. Successive shunts (revisions) were found to have progressively higher infection rates. Ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal silicone plastic shunts had similar infection rates (11.4% and 12.0%). The uncontrolled use of prophylactic antibiotics had no effect on shunt infections. Staphylococcus epidermidis became gradually more prevalent over the period of the study, and eventually caused one-half of all infections. Where infection occurred in the presence of prophylaxis, the infectious organism was usually sensitive to the antibiotic being used. The surgeon was found to be the largest single factor in the incidence of shunt infections. A 25-fold variance in infection rates among surgeons could be related to individual experience and technique.", "contents": "Long-term analysis of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. A 25-year experience. The authors have retrospectively analyzed 840 cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures over a 25-year period to determine the relationships between infection rates and several possible influences on infection. Two-thirds of all shunt infections occurred within 1 month of surgery. The very young and very old had higher infection rates. Infections became less prevalent over the period of the study, and mortality from infection decreased from 35% to 6%. Successive shunts (revisions) were found to have progressively higher infection rates. Ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal silicone plastic shunts had similar infection rates (11.4% and 12.0%). The uncontrolled use of prophylactic antibiotics had no effect on shunt infections. Staphylococcus epidermidis became gradually more prevalent over the period of the study, and eventually caused one-half of all infections. Where infection occurred in the presence of prophylaxis, the infectious organism was usually sensitive to the antibiotic being used. The surgeon was found to be the largest single factor in the incidence of shunt infections. A 25-fold variance in infection rates among surgeons could be related to individual experience and technique.", "PMID": 501424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5278", "title": "Acute intracranial hypertension and auditory brain-stem responses. Part 2: The effects of brain-stem movement on the auditory brain-stem responses due to transtentorial herniation.", "content": "Movement of the upper brain stem (inferior colliculus) was correlated with the alterations in the amplitude of wave V of the auditory brain-stem responses (BER's) during supratentorial brain compression in cats. In vivo observation of the brain stem and postmortem inspection show that suppression of the amplitude of BER wave V reflects the extent of caudal displacement of the inferior colliculus. Marked suppression of the amplitude of BER wave V (approximately 30% of control) correlates with the beginning  of transtentorial herniation, and complete suppression of the wave V indicates complete transtentorial herniation of the brain-stem and supratentorial structures. The BER wave V is thought to be a sensitive index of caudal movement of the upper brain stem due to transtentorial herniation.", "contents": "Acute intracranial hypertension and auditory brain-stem responses. Part 2: The effects of brain-stem movement on the auditory brain-stem responses due to transtentorial herniation. Movement of the upper brain stem (inferior colliculus) was correlated with the alterations in the amplitude of wave V of the auditory brain-stem responses (BER's) during supratentorial brain compression in cats. In vivo observation of the brain stem and postmortem inspection show that suppression of the amplitude of BER wave V reflects the extent of caudal displacement of the inferior colliculus. Marked suppression of the amplitude of BER wave V (approximately 30% of control) correlates with the beginning  of transtentorial herniation, and complete suppression of the wave V indicates complete transtentorial herniation of the brain-stem and supratentorial structures. The BER wave V is thought to be a sensitive index of caudal movement of the upper brain stem due to transtentorial herniation.", "PMID": 501426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5279", "title": "Familial communicating hydrocephalus, posterior cerebellar agenesis, mega cisterna magna, and port-wine nevi. Report on five members of one family.", "content": "This report deals with a family in which the maternal grandmother, the mother, and all three male children have port-wine nevi and mega cisterna magna. Two of the three male children have, in addition, congenital communicating hydrocephalus associated with agenesis of the posterior cerebellar vermis. This case of familial communicating hydrocephalus, posterior cerebellar vermis agenesis, port-wine nevus, and mega cisterna magna represents a new neurocutaneous syndrome, possibly transmitted as an autosomal dominant.", "contents": "Familial communicating hydrocephalus, posterior cerebellar agenesis, mega cisterna magna, and port-wine nevi. Report on five members of one family. This report deals with a family in which the maternal grandmother, the mother, and all three male children have port-wine nevi and mega cisterna magna. Two of the three male children have, in addition, congenital communicating hydrocephalus associated with agenesis of the posterior cerebellar vermis. This case of familial communicating hydrocephalus, posterior cerebellar vermis agenesis, port-wine nevus, and mega cisterna magna represents a new neurocutaneous syndrome, possibly transmitted as an autosomal dominant.", "PMID": 501430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5280", "title": "The influence of zinc status on the levels of metallothionein in isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The levels of cadmium and zinc metallothionein in isolated perfused livers of zinc depleted and repleted rats were investigated. Rats (160-200 g or 90-120 g) were fed either a zinc-deficient or zinc-supplemented diet for 62 or 42 days. The 90 to 120 g rats were repleted with 30 ppm Zn2+ in the drinking water for 1, 4 and 10 days after 35 days of depletion, and another group after depletion for 21 days was repleted for 15 days on a 21% casein diet. At appropriate times livers were cannulated, removed and perfused +/- 25 mug Cd2+ as CdCl2, for 2 hours through the portal vein in a perfusion apparatus. Zinc depletion resulted in significant decreases in growth rate (1.4 versus 5.7 g/day) and liver weights. Repletion with Zn for 10 days increased the weight gain to 7.1 g/day. Depletion decreased the incorporation of Zn and Cd into metallothionein by 57 to 60%, while repletion for 1, 4 and 10 days increased the incorporation to nearly 500% of control levels. But, as repletion progressed, zinc in metallothionein fell to normal levels after 15 days. Cadmium in metallothionein did not decrease between 1 and 10 days of repletion. Zinc deficiency also reduced the zinc content of the liver by 44%, which increased to normal levels after 10 days of repletion. These data suport the conclusion that zinc status can influence the incorporation of cadmium and zinc into metallothionein.", "contents": "The influence of zinc status on the levels of metallothionein in isolated perfused rat liver. The levels of cadmium and zinc metallothionein in isolated perfused livers of zinc depleted and repleted rats were investigated. Rats (160-200 g or 90-120 g) were fed either a zinc-deficient or zinc-supplemented diet for 62 or 42 days. The 90 to 120 g rats were repleted with 30 ppm Zn2+ in the drinking water for 1, 4 and 10 days after 35 days of depletion, and another group after depletion for 21 days was repleted for 15 days on a 21% casein diet. At appropriate times livers were cannulated, removed and perfused +/- 25 mug Cd2+ as CdCl2, for 2 hours through the portal vein in a perfusion apparatus. Zinc depletion resulted in significant decreases in growth rate (1.4 versus 5.7 g/day) and liver weights. Repletion with Zn for 10 days increased the weight gain to 7.1 g/day. Depletion decreased the incorporation of Zn and Cd into metallothionein by 57 to 60%, while repletion for 1, 4 and 10 days increased the incorporation to nearly 500% of control levels. But, as repletion progressed, zinc in metallothionein fell to normal levels after 15 days. Cadmium in metallothionein did not decrease between 1 and 10 days of repletion. Zinc deficiency also reduced the zinc content of the liver by 44%, which increased to normal levels after 10 days of repletion. These data suport the conclusion that zinc status can influence the incorporation of cadmium and zinc into metallothionein.", "PMID": 501435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5281", "title": "Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on mouse lung lipids.", "content": "To examine the effect of dietary fat on lung lipids, male weanling mice (CD-1 strain) were fed purified diets containing 5% stripped lard or corn oil and kept in chambers supplied with air filtered free of airborne bacteria. Vitamin E was fed at 0, 10.5 or 105 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet. Dietary fat and vitamin E (0 or 10.5 mg/kg) had no significant effects on the lung levels of triacylglycerol (TG) or phospholipid (PL) molecular species through 4 weeks of intake. Alterations in lung fatty acid composition were followed through 6 weeks of intake at 0, 10.5 and 105 mg vitamin E/kg diet. Vitamin E, at all levels of supplementation, had no significant effect on mouse lung fatty acid composition. Saturated fatty acids of the lung also showed little alteration by diet, but feeding the lard diet significantly elevated oleic and palmitoleic acids. In mice fed the corn oil diet the levels of linoleic acid (18:2) were twice those of lard-fed mice, and arachidonic acid (20:4) was elevated by 15.8%. The diet elevated the mean peroxidizability index (PI) on lung tissue in corn oil-fed mice.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on mouse lung lipids. To examine the effect of dietary fat on lung lipids, male weanling mice (CD-1 strain) were fed purified diets containing 5% stripped lard or corn oil and kept in chambers supplied with air filtered free of airborne bacteria. Vitamin E was fed at 0, 10.5 or 105 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet. Dietary fat and vitamin E (0 or 10.5 mg/kg) had no significant effects on the lung levels of triacylglycerol (TG) or phospholipid (PL) molecular species through 4 weeks of intake. Alterations in lung fatty acid composition were followed through 6 weeks of intake at 0, 10.5 and 105 mg vitamin E/kg diet. Vitamin E, at all levels of supplementation, had no significant effect on mouse lung fatty acid composition. Saturated fatty acids of the lung also showed little alteration by diet, but feeding the lard diet significantly elevated oleic and palmitoleic acids. In mice fed the corn oil diet the levels of linoleic acid (18:2) were twice those of lard-fed mice, and arachidonic acid (20:4) was elevated by 15.8%. The diet elevated the mean peroxidizability index (PI) on lung tissue in corn oil-fed mice.", "PMID": 501437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5282", "title": "Effects of food or protein restriction on plasma volume expansion in pregnant rats.", "content": "The effects of either food restriction or a low protein diet on the plasma volume expansion of pregnancy was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed ad libitum a standard diet or fed a 25% casein diet were used as controls. Both the food restricted and protein restricted rats had a significant reduction in body weight and fetal and placental weights. The total plasma volumes were also significantly lower in the restricted groups. Plasma volume expressed per 100 g of maternal net body weight or 100 g of conceptus weight was significantly reduced only in the rats fed the 6% casein diet. Correlations between plasma volume and maternal net body weight or conceptus weight in the control groups suggested that although the conceptus can influence the degree of expansion of maternal plasma volume, maternal factors such as net body weight are more important determinants of plasma volume expansion.", "contents": "Effects of food or protein restriction on plasma volume expansion in pregnant rats. The effects of either food restriction or a low protein diet on the plasma volume expansion of pregnancy was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed ad libitum a standard diet or fed a 25% casein diet were used as controls. Both the food restricted and protein restricted rats had a significant reduction in body weight and fetal and placental weights. The total plasma volumes were also significantly lower in the restricted groups. Plasma volume expressed per 100 g of maternal net body weight or 100 g of conceptus weight was significantly reduced only in the rats fed the 6% casein diet. Correlations between plasma volume and maternal net body weight or conceptus weight in the control groups suggested that although the conceptus can influence the degree of expansion of maternal plasma volume, maternal factors such as net body weight are more important determinants of plasma volume expansion.", "PMID": 501438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5283", "title": "Uptake of selenium-75 by human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Selenite uptake by human lymphocytes was studied both in whole blood and in isolated cells. When 75Se-selenite (75Se-SeO3-2--) is supplied to whole blood, it is converted by the erythrocytes to a form which rapidly becomes bound to plasma proteins. Studies with a variety of inhibitors indicated that the process is not energy dependent but that sulfhydryl groups are required. The 75Se bound to plasma proteins is absorbed by lymphocytes in preference to 75SeO3-2-. By the use of selective inhibitors (respiratory, sulfhydryl, protein biosynthetic) it was demonstrated that the uptake of either form of 75Se requires neither energy nor protein synthesis; however, all the sulfhydryl inhibitors cause a decrease of absorption. A scheme which summarizes the pathway of selenite conversion in human blood and uptake by lymphocytes is presented; the data indicate that plasma proteins function as carriers of selenium to lymphocytes.", "contents": "Uptake of selenium-75 by human lymphocytes in vitro. Selenite uptake by human lymphocytes was studied both in whole blood and in isolated cells. When 75Se-selenite (75Se-SeO3-2--) is supplied to whole blood, it is converted by the erythrocytes to a form which rapidly becomes bound to plasma proteins. Studies with a variety of inhibitors indicated that the process is not energy dependent but that sulfhydryl groups are required. The 75Se bound to plasma proteins is absorbed by lymphocytes in preference to 75SeO3-2-. By the use of selective inhibitors (respiratory, sulfhydryl, protein biosynthetic) it was demonstrated that the uptake of either form of 75Se requires neither energy nor protein synthesis; however, all the sulfhydryl inhibitors cause a decrease of absorption. A scheme which summarizes the pathway of selenite conversion in human blood and uptake by lymphocytes is presented; the data indicate that plasma proteins function as carriers of selenium to lymphocytes.", "PMID": 501439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5284", "title": "Studies on the severity of various amino acid imbalances in the young male rat.", "content": "Relative severities of amino acid imbalance were compared in young male rats fed diets having an amino acid imbalance with respect to various essential amino acids. In the imbalanced diets, one or more essential amino acids were made to be low, ranging from suboptimal to two times the requirement, while the other essential amino acids were present at three times the requirement. From the extent of depressions in food intake and growth, the severity of amino acid imbalance was found to be dependent upon the level as well as the type of the limiting amino acid(s) in each imbalanced diet. The overall results indicated that Met imbalance was very severe, followed in decreasing order by Ile, Trp, Leu and Val, His, Phe, Thr, Lys and Arg imbalance. The imbalance with respect to the large neutral amino acid appeared to be more severe than the imbalance with respect to the small neutral amino acid, while the imbalance with respect to the basic amino acid was least severe.", "contents": "Studies on the severity of various amino acid imbalances in the young male rat. Relative severities of amino acid imbalance were compared in young male rats fed diets having an amino acid imbalance with respect to various essential amino acids. In the imbalanced diets, one or more essential amino acids were made to be low, ranging from suboptimal to two times the requirement, while the other essential amino acids were present at three times the requirement. From the extent of depressions in food intake and growth, the severity of amino acid imbalance was found to be dependent upon the level as well as the type of the limiting amino acid(s) in each imbalanced diet. The overall results indicated that Met imbalance was very severe, followed in decreasing order by Ile, Trp, Leu and Val, His, Phe, Thr, Lys and Arg imbalance. The imbalance with respect to the large neutral amino acid appeared to be more severe than the imbalance with respect to the small neutral amino acid, while the imbalance with respect to the basic amino acid was least severe.", "PMID": 501440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5285", "title": "Effects of dietary calcium on blood and tissue lipids, tissue phospholipids, calcium and magnesium levels in rabbits fed diets containing beef tallow.", "content": "Levels of lipids, calcium and magnesium in blood and tissue were examined in rabbits to determine the effects of 20% beef tallow diets containing three levels of calcium, less than 0.02, 0.8 or 1.6%. In plasma, the calcium-deficient (less than 0.02%) diet contributed to elevated cholesterol and phospholipid, but had no effect on triglyceride levels. Plasma calcium decreased in the calcium-deficient group and plasma magnesium decreased in the high-calcium (1.6%) group of rabbits. Lipid levels of some tissues varied with the level of dietary calcium. Cholesterol, total phospholipid, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine were generally elevated in livers of calcium-deficient rabbits, but the individual phospholipids were decreased in skeletal muscle. Lungs of the calcium-deficient group also had lower phospholipid levels than the high-calcium group. Liver, kidneys, brain and adipose tissue triglyceride levels were highest in the high-calcium group. The calcium level of skeletal muscle was lower in the calcium-deficient group than in the high-calcium group. Calcium in brain and adipose tissue were highest in the calcium-deficient group. Except for adipose tissue, magnesium levels of the tissues studied were not affected by dietary calcium.", "contents": "Effects of dietary calcium on blood and tissue lipids, tissue phospholipids, calcium and magnesium levels in rabbits fed diets containing beef tallow. Levels of lipids, calcium and magnesium in blood and tissue were examined in rabbits to determine the effects of 20% beef tallow diets containing three levels of calcium, less than 0.02, 0.8 or 1.6%. In plasma, the calcium-deficient (less than 0.02%) diet contributed to elevated cholesterol and phospholipid, but had no effect on triglyceride levels. Plasma calcium decreased in the calcium-deficient group and plasma magnesium decreased in the high-calcium (1.6%) group of rabbits. Lipid levels of some tissues varied with the level of dietary calcium. Cholesterol, total phospholipid, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine were generally elevated in livers of calcium-deficient rabbits, but the individual phospholipids were decreased in skeletal muscle. Lungs of the calcium-deficient group also had lower phospholipid levels than the high-calcium group. Liver, kidneys, brain and adipose tissue triglyceride levels were highest in the high-calcium group. The calcium level of skeletal muscle was lower in the calcium-deficient group than in the high-calcium group. Calcium in brain and adipose tissue were highest in the calcium-deficient group. Except for adipose tissue, magnesium levels of the tissues studied were not affected by dietary calcium.", "PMID": 501441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5286", "title": "Orotic aciduria and increased nitrogen catabolism in rats.", "content": "In vitro incorporation of [14C] bicarbonate into orotic acid by rat liver slices was used to study the rate of orotic acid (OA) biosynthesis in the presence of physiological (0.73 mM) and saturation concentrations (5 mM) of NH4Cl. The influence of body size on OA synthesis in rats fed purified L-amino acid diets with (C) or without (-Arg) was examined. OA biosynthesis was significantly greater at both NH4Cl concentrations examined in liver slices obtained from -Arg rats for all sizes of rats. A linear decrease (r = 0.92) in OA synthesis as a function of body size was observed for rats fed either of the diets. The rate of OA biosynthesis was also found to increase linearly (r = 0.98) in livers from rats fed increasing dietary protein when determined by incubation with physiological concentrations of NH4Cl. OA biosynthesis was also found to increase with increase in length of fasting. Alteration in urinary OA and urea confirm these rates of synthesis. These results support the hypothesis that when the urea cycle is overtaxed, carbamyl phosphate (CP) synthesized intramitochondrially by CP synthetase I may be shunted into pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Orotic aciduria and increased nitrogen catabolism in rats. In vitro incorporation of [14C] bicarbonate into orotic acid by rat liver slices was used to study the rate of orotic acid (OA) biosynthesis in the presence of physiological (0.73 mM) and saturation concentrations (5 mM) of NH4Cl. The influence of body size on OA synthesis in rats fed purified L-amino acid diets with (C) or without (-Arg) was examined. OA biosynthesis was significantly greater at both NH4Cl concentrations examined in liver slices obtained from -Arg rats for all sizes of rats. A linear decrease (r = 0.92) in OA synthesis as a function of body size was observed for rats fed either of the diets. The rate of OA biosynthesis was also found to increase linearly (r = 0.98) in livers from rats fed increasing dietary protein when determined by incubation with physiological concentrations of NH4Cl. OA biosynthesis was also found to increase with increase in length of fasting. Alteration in urinary OA and urea confirm these rates of synthesis. These results support the hypothesis that when the urea cycle is overtaxed, carbamyl phosphate (CP) synthesized intramitochondrially by CP synthetase I may be shunted into pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 501442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5287", "title": "Effectiveness of dietary iron and ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of moderately long-term lead toxicity in rats.", "content": "The protective and curative effects of high levels of dietary iron and ascorbic acid on moderately long-term toxicity in rats were examined. In rats fed a diet containing 500 ppm of lead for 56 days, growth retardation, reduction of food consumption, anemia, hypertrophy of the kidney and accumulation of lead in the bone and kidney were observed, however, activities of alkaline phosphatase and GOT in the plasma did not change. Addition of 400 ppm of iron and 1% of ascorbic acid to the lead containing diet prevented the growth depression, reduction of food consumption, anemia and decreased the accumulation of lead in tissues. When these compounds were added to the lead containing diet for 18 days after feeding the lead diet alone for 38 days, almost no curative effects on lead toxicity were observed. In contrast to cadmium toxicity, dietary iron and ascorbic acid have no curative effect on established lead toxicity.", "contents": "Effectiveness of dietary iron and ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of moderately long-term lead toxicity in rats. The protective and curative effects of high levels of dietary iron and ascorbic acid on moderately long-term toxicity in rats were examined. In rats fed a diet containing 500 ppm of lead for 56 days, growth retardation, reduction of food consumption, anemia, hypertrophy of the kidney and accumulation of lead in the bone and kidney were observed, however, activities of alkaline phosphatase and GOT in the plasma did not change. Addition of 400 ppm of iron and 1% of ascorbic acid to the lead containing diet prevented the growth depression, reduction of food consumption, anemia and decreased the accumulation of lead in tissues. When these compounds were added to the lead containing diet for 18 days after feeding the lead diet alone for 38 days, almost no curative effects on lead toxicity were observed. In contrast to cadmium toxicity, dietary iron and ascorbic acid have no curative effect on established lead toxicity.", "PMID": 501445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5288", "title": "The differences of the metabolism related to vitamin B6-dependent enzymes among vitamin B6-deficient germ-free and conventional rats.", "content": "The differences of the metabolism related to vitamin B6-dependent enzymes were investigated using germ-free and conventional rats. There was a significant difference in the boyd weight gain between vitamin B6-deficient germ-free and conventional rats after about 30 days of the experiment, and the body weight gain was much less in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones. Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid was higher in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones after 18 days. There was a significant difference in the activities of kynurenine aminotransferase in mitochondrial fractions of germ-free rats, but not in mitochondrial fractions of conventional ones. The activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, with or without pyridoxal phosphate, significantly decreased in the deficient germ-free rats, but not in the deficient conventional ones. These findings indicate that the degree of vitamin B6 deficiency was more severe in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones, and also suggest that intestinal microflora may have some effects on vitamin B6-deficient conventional rats.", "contents": "The differences of the metabolism related to vitamin B6-dependent enzymes among vitamin B6-deficient germ-free and conventional rats. The differences of the metabolism related to vitamin B6-dependent enzymes were investigated using germ-free and conventional rats. There was a significant difference in the boyd weight gain between vitamin B6-deficient germ-free and conventional rats after about 30 days of the experiment, and the body weight gain was much less in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones. Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid was higher in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones after 18 days. There was a significant difference in the activities of kynurenine aminotransferase in mitochondrial fractions of germ-free rats, but not in mitochondrial fractions of conventional ones. The activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, with or without pyridoxal phosphate, significantly decreased in the deficient germ-free rats, but not in the deficient conventional ones. These findings indicate that the degree of vitamin B6 deficiency was more severe in the deficient germ-free rats than in the deficient conventional ones, and also suggest that intestinal microflora may have some effects on vitamin B6-deficient conventional rats.", "PMID": 501446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5289", "title": "Observations of the concentration of zinc and iron in tissues of vitamin B6-deficient germ-free rats.", "content": "The transition of zinc and iron metabolism in vitamin B6 deficiency was investigated using germ-free and conventional rats. In contrast to previous reports, a decrease in zinc content was not observed in the liver, pancreas, kindney, spleen, lung or testes of vitamin B6-deficient conventional and germ-free rats, but we found an increase in zinc content in the kidney of conventional rats and in the liver and spleen of germ-free rats. Vitamin B6-deficient conventional and germ-free rats retained more iron in their tissues than the control animals did, except for the spleen of germ-free rats. The deposit of iron was more evident in vitamin B6-deficient germ-free rats than in vitamin B6-deficient conventional rats, and is possibly proportional to the degree of vitamin B6 deficiency. It is possible that the deposit of iron in the organs had some influence on metabolic disorders in vitamin B6-deficient rats.", "contents": "Observations of the concentration of zinc and iron in tissues of vitamin B6-deficient germ-free rats. The transition of zinc and iron metabolism in vitamin B6 deficiency was investigated using germ-free and conventional rats. In contrast to previous reports, a decrease in zinc content was not observed in the liver, pancreas, kindney, spleen, lung or testes of vitamin B6-deficient conventional and germ-free rats, but we found an increase in zinc content in the kidney of conventional rats and in the liver and spleen of germ-free rats. Vitamin B6-deficient conventional and germ-free rats retained more iron in their tissues than the control animals did, except for the spleen of germ-free rats. The deposit of iron was more evident in vitamin B6-deficient germ-free rats than in vitamin B6-deficient conventional rats, and is possibly proportional to the degree of vitamin B6 deficiency. It is possible that the deposit of iron in the organs had some influence on metabolic disorders in vitamin B6-deficient rats.", "PMID": 501447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5290", "title": "Antihypertensive action of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate in rats.", "content": "The effects of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate (EN) on model hypertension in rats were studied in comparison with d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (EA). The progress of hypertension in young SHR during the 9th to 15th weeks after birth was markedly accelerated by replacing their driking water with 1% saline. The highly-developed hypertension in old SHR (9 months of age) was further advanced by salt-loading. Oral administration of 20 or 100 mg/kg of EN or 88 mg/kg of EA, once a day, delayed the progress of hypertension in young SHR and reduced advanced hypertension in old SHR. An antihypertensive effect of tocopheryl esters was also found in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. The treatment with EN or EA definitely reduced the incidence of pathological changes accompanying model hypertension such as suppressed weight gain, pulmonary edema, myocardial fibrosis, cerebral hemorrhage and protected the animals from death. In antihypertensive effect, EN was about 5 times more active than EA in molecular base, and the effects of EN protecting from pathological changes associated with model hypertension were more definite than those of EA. The treatment with EN or EA reduced water and sodium retention in the DOCA-salt hypertensive animals. This fact may suggest the implication of a mechanism through electrolyte metabolism in the antihypertensive action of these tocopheryl esters.", "contents": "Antihypertensive action of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate in rats. The effects of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate (EN) on model hypertension in rats were studied in comparison with d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (EA). The progress of hypertension in young SHR during the 9th to 15th weeks after birth was markedly accelerated by replacing their driking water with 1% saline. The highly-developed hypertension in old SHR (9 months of age) was further advanced by salt-loading. Oral administration of 20 or 100 mg/kg of EN or 88 mg/kg of EA, once a day, delayed the progress of hypertension in young SHR and reduced advanced hypertension in old SHR. An antihypertensive effect of tocopheryl esters was also found in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. The treatment with EN or EA definitely reduced the incidence of pathological changes accompanying model hypertension such as suppressed weight gain, pulmonary edema, myocardial fibrosis, cerebral hemorrhage and protected the animals from death. In antihypertensive effect, EN was about 5 times more active than EA in molecular base, and the effects of EN protecting from pathological changes associated with model hypertension were more definite than those of EA. The treatment with EN or EA reduced water and sodium retention in the DOCA-salt hypertensive animals. This fact may suggest the implication of a mechanism through electrolyte metabolism in the antihypertensive action of these tocopheryl esters.", "PMID": 501448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5291", "title": "Nutritive value of L-, DL- and D-tryptophan in the chick.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the nutritive value of L-, DL- and D-tryptophan in chicks. Day-old chicks were fed commercial chick starter ration for one week and then they were given an experimental diet containing zein as a protein source for three weeks. The experimental results were analyzed by a slope ratio technique (weight gain vs. tryptophan intake). The relative biological utilization of DL- and D-tryptophan compared to L-tryptophan was approximately 55 and 15%, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the chicks were sacrificed and the concentration of free tryptophan in plasma was measured. The free tryptophan concentration in plasma corresponded closely with the increment level of tryptophan in diet when there was a normal level of dietary protein. But there was less correspondence when chicks were fed a diet low in protein.", "contents": "Nutritive value of L-, DL- and D-tryptophan in the chick. The present study was undertaken to determine the nutritive value of L-, DL- and D-tryptophan in chicks. Day-old chicks were fed commercial chick starter ration for one week and then they were given an experimental diet containing zein as a protein source for three weeks. The experimental results were analyzed by a slope ratio technique (weight gain vs. tryptophan intake). The relative biological utilization of DL- and D-tryptophan compared to L-tryptophan was approximately 55 and 15%, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the chicks were sacrificed and the concentration of free tryptophan in plasma was measured. The free tryptophan concentration in plasma corresponded closely with the increment level of tryptophan in diet when there was a normal level of dietary protein. But there was less correspondence when chicks were fed a diet low in protein.", "PMID": 501449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5292", "title": "Effect of diets supplemented with amino acids on intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in rats.", "content": "In order to investigate the relationship between dietary amino acids and protein, and activities of intestinal sucrase [EC 3.2.1.26] and leucine aminopeptidase [EC 3.4.11.1, LAPase] in rats, the effect of supplementation of amino acids into a protein-free diet and a low casein diet containing sucrose as the carbohydrate source on these enzyme activities was studied. The segmental weights of the small intestine and its mucosa of rats fed the protein-free diet supplemented with L-methionine or with L-methionine and L-threonine at 0.1 or 0.2% levels were significantly higher than those of rats fed the protein-free diet or one supplemented with L-glutamic acid, but there was no difference in the segmental activities of the sucrase and LAPase among rats fed these diets. On the other hand, the supplementation of methionine or methionine plus threonine to the 5% or 10% casein diet produced remarkable increases in the segmental weights of the small intestine and its mucosa as well as in the segmental activities of the sucrase and LAPase. There was no difference between the segmental sucrase activity of rats fed the 10% casein diet supplemented with 0.2% methionine ad libitum and that of rats fed this diet under restricted feeding conditions, although the segmental LAPase activity was affected by the amount of food consumed.", "contents": "Effect of diets supplemented with amino acids on intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in rats. In order to investigate the relationship between dietary amino acids and protein, and activities of intestinal sucrase [EC 3.2.1.26] and leucine aminopeptidase [EC 3.4.11.1, LAPase] in rats, the effect of supplementation of amino acids into a protein-free diet and a low casein diet containing sucrose as the carbohydrate source on these enzyme activities was studied. The segmental weights of the small intestine and its mucosa of rats fed the protein-free diet supplemented with L-methionine or with L-methionine and L-threonine at 0.1 or 0.2% levels were significantly higher than those of rats fed the protein-free diet or one supplemented with L-glutamic acid, but there was no difference in the segmental activities of the sucrase and LAPase among rats fed these diets. On the other hand, the supplementation of methionine or methionine plus threonine to the 5% or 10% casein diet produced remarkable increases in the segmental weights of the small intestine and its mucosa as well as in the segmental activities of the sucrase and LAPase. There was no difference between the segmental sucrase activity of rats fed the 10% casein diet supplemented with 0.2% methionine ad libitum and that of rats fed this diet under restricted feeding conditions, although the segmental LAPase activity was affected by the amount of food consumed.", "PMID": 501450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5293", "title": "Effect of the combination of voluntary exercise and dietary protein levels on the deposition of glycogen, liver and serum lipids in mice.", "content": "The effects of voluntary exercise on the growth, glycogen of muscle and lipid contents of the liver and serum of mice fed different levels of dietary protein were investigated. In both the exercise and non-exercise groups, body weight gains were significantly greater in the 20% and 30% protein diet groups than in the 6% and 4% protein diet groups. After 6 weeks of age, it was shown that the amount of voluntary exercise by the 6% and 4% protein diet groups was greater than that by the 20% and 30% protein diet groups. As for hematological status, the raising of hemoglobin levels due to increasing dietary protein levels was further exaggerated by voluntary exercise. Hematocrit values rose with the increase in dietary protein levels. However the effect of exercise on hematocrit values was not clear. Liver glycogen levels, which were elevated with the increase in dietary protein levels, rose further due to exercise, though no changes were observed in muscle glycogen due to dietary protein levels  and exercise. The lipid contents of the liver in all groups tended to be lower in exercise groups compared with non-exercise groups and it was observed that the high levels of dietary protein depressed the increase in liver lipids. Liver triglyceride levels of all groups fed the dietary protein levels except for the 20% casein diet group decreased due to voluntary exercise, and liver triglyceride levels were also lowered as dietary protein levels increased. The levels of serum triglyceride of all groups decreased due to voluntary exercise. This phenomenon was most remarkable in rats fed a 6% casein diet. The tendency for serum cholesterol levels to decrease due to exercise. However it was not further influenced by voluntary exercise in the 4% casein diet group.", "contents": "Effect of the combination of voluntary exercise and dietary protein levels on the deposition of glycogen, liver and serum lipids in mice. The effects of voluntary exercise on the growth, glycogen of muscle and lipid contents of the liver and serum of mice fed different levels of dietary protein were investigated. In both the exercise and non-exercise groups, body weight gains were significantly greater in the 20% and 30% protein diet groups than in the 6% and 4% protein diet groups. After 6 weeks of age, it was shown that the amount of voluntary exercise by the 6% and 4% protein diet groups was greater than that by the 20% and 30% protein diet groups. As for hematological status, the raising of hemoglobin levels due to increasing dietary protein levels was further exaggerated by voluntary exercise. Hematocrit values rose with the increase in dietary protein levels. However the effect of exercise on hematocrit values was not clear. Liver glycogen levels, which were elevated with the increase in dietary protein levels, rose further due to exercise, though no changes were observed in muscle glycogen due to dietary protein levels  and exercise. The lipid contents of the liver in all groups tended to be lower in exercise groups compared with non-exercise groups and it was observed that the high levels of dietary protein depressed the increase in liver lipids. Liver triglyceride levels of all groups fed the dietary protein levels except for the 20% casein diet group decreased due to voluntary exercise, and liver triglyceride levels were also lowered as dietary protein levels increased. The levels of serum triglyceride of all groups decreased due to voluntary exercise. This phenomenon was most remarkable in rats fed a 6% casein diet. The tendency for serum cholesterol levels to decrease due to exercise. However it was not further influenced by voluntary exercise in the 4% casein diet group.", "PMID": 501451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5294", "title": "Some lipogenic enzyme activities in rat livers in which an excessive fat accumulation occurred due to feeding low-level amino acid mixture diets.", "content": "In liver homogenates of rats fed a low-level diet of Wheat-Rice- or Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture, some enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP citrate lyase, fatty acid-synthesizing enzymes, malic enzyme and L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, whose activities are indicators of lipogenesis have been determined from the viewpoint of the mechanisms producing fatty liver. In the early experimental period, malic enzyme activity increased more markedly in rats fed low amino acid mixture diets than in the control group, and L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver increased slightly. Conversely, ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid-synthesizing enzyme activities remained almost at control levels, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity tended to decrease. These results suggest that some other associated factors, such as depression of the lipid transfer system in the liver rather than accelerated lipogenesis itself, may be the main cause of the fatty livers produced under these nutritional conditions.", "contents": "Some lipogenic enzyme activities in rat livers in which an excessive fat accumulation occurred due to feeding low-level amino acid mixture diets. In liver homogenates of rats fed a low-level diet of Wheat-Rice- or Miyazaki-pattern amino acid mixture, some enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP citrate lyase, fatty acid-synthesizing enzymes, malic enzyme and L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, whose activities are indicators of lipogenesis have been determined from the viewpoint of the mechanisms producing fatty liver. In the early experimental period, malic enzyme activity increased more markedly in rats fed low amino acid mixture diets than in the control group, and L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver increased slightly. Conversely, ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid-synthesizing enzyme activities remained almost at control levels, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity tended to decrease. These results suggest that some other associated factors, such as depression of the lipid transfer system in the liver rather than accelerated lipogenesis itself, may be the main cause of the fatty livers produced under these nutritional conditions.", "PMID": 501452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5295", "title": "Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from rice bran.", "content": "A trypsin inhibitor was isolated and purified from the bran of rice, Oryza sativa, by extraction with 1% sodium chloride, heat treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on a CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75. The final preparation was homogeneous by electrophoretic analysis. Rice bran trypsin inhibitor (RBTI) had a molecular weight of about 14,500 and an isoelectric point of 8.07. The amino acids, acid composition was characterized by high contents of basic amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and cystine. BRTI inhibited bovine trypsin at an inhibitor-enzyme molar ratio of 1:1.6. It displayed, however, nobility to inhibit alpha-chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain and subtilisin BPN'.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from rice bran. A trypsin inhibitor was isolated and purified from the bran of rice, Oryza sativa, by extraction with 1% sodium chloride, heat treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on a CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75. The final preparation was homogeneous by electrophoretic analysis. Rice bran trypsin inhibitor (RBTI) had a molecular weight of about 14,500 and an isoelectric point of 8.07. The amino acids, acid composition was characterized by high contents of basic amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and cystine. BRTI inhibited bovine trypsin at an inhibitor-enzyme molar ratio of 1:1.6. It displayed, however, nobility to inhibit alpha-chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain and subtilisin BPN'.", "PMID": 501453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5296", "title": "A method for verifying the completeness of cohorts used in occupational mortality studies.", "content": "The completeness of cohorts identified for historical prospective studies of occupational diseases is subject to many sources of error, including clerical oversight or negligence and poor company record-deeping practices. It is impossible to verify the completeness of occupational cohorts based solely on plant records, since the company files themselves may not be 100% complete. This article presents a method of verification based on IRS records which is completely independent of company-held records. The sensitivity and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated through the application of the verification scheme to an ongoing study of man-made mineral fiber workers in the United States. In six participating plants, 1990 (21.4% of the original cohort) additional records were uncovered following an initial verification and a second complete survey of plant files. It is believed that, without independent verification, errors of this magnitude may be present in many historical prospective studies of this type. An independent verification should be incorporated into all occupational study designs which utilize historical plant records as the primary data base.", "contents": "A method for verifying the completeness of cohorts used in occupational mortality studies. The completeness of cohorts identified for historical prospective studies of occupational diseases is subject to many sources of error, including clerical oversight or negligence and poor company record-deeping practices. It is impossible to verify the completeness of occupational cohorts based solely on plant records, since the company files themselves may not be 100% complete. This article presents a method of verification based on IRS records which is completely independent of company-held records. The sensitivity and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated through the application of the verification scheme to an ongoing study of man-made mineral fiber workers in the United States. In six participating plants, 1990 (21.4% of the original cohort) additional records were uncovered following an initial verification and a second complete survey of plant files. It is believed that, without independent verification, errors of this magnitude may be present in many historical prospective studies of this type. An independent verification should be incorporated into all occupational study designs which utilize historical plant records as the primary data base.", "PMID": 501455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5297", "title": "Validation of a bench stepping test for cardiorespiratory fitness classification of emergency service personnel.", "content": "Field tests are used in many occupations to screen and classify personnel for cardiorespiratory fitness. Presumably these tests yield predictive results which correlate well with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the most widely-accepted criterion of cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of this study was to validate one of the most popular field tests, the modified Kasch Pulse Recovery Step Test (KPRST), used by several emergency service agencies in Southern California. One hundred fourteen male state traffic officers from the California Highway Patrol, ranging in age from 24 to 56 years, performed treadmill VO2 max tests to volitional fatigue and the modified KPRST. Heart rates taken during the first and last 10 seconds of the one-minute recovery period for the modified KPRST compared against treadmill VO2 max values yielded correlations of --0.25 and --0.27, respectively, indicating that the modified KPRST is a poor predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness for the population studied. These results suggest that agencies should carefully validate any predictive measure of cardiorespiratory health and performance before adopting that measure for screening purposes and cardiorespiratory classification.", "contents": "Validation of a bench stepping test for cardiorespiratory fitness classification of emergency service personnel. Field tests are used in many occupations to screen and classify personnel for cardiorespiratory fitness. Presumably these tests yield predictive results which correlate well with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the most widely-accepted criterion of cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of this study was to validate one of the most popular field tests, the modified Kasch Pulse Recovery Step Test (KPRST), used by several emergency service agencies in Southern California. One hundred fourteen male state traffic officers from the California Highway Patrol, ranging in age from 24 to 56 years, performed treadmill VO2 max tests to volitional fatigue and the modified KPRST. Heart rates taken during the first and last 10 seconds of the one-minute recovery period for the modified KPRST compared against treadmill VO2 max values yielded correlations of --0.25 and --0.27, respectively, indicating that the modified KPRST is a poor predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness for the population studied. These results suggest that agencies should carefully validate any predictive measure of cardiorespiratory health and performance before adopting that measure for screening purposes and cardiorespiratory classification.", "PMID": 501456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5298", "title": "Heart disease risk factors in Los Angeles County safety personnel.", "content": "Eight generally accepted heart disease risk factors (age, sex, family history, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, smoking and exercise) were used in the computation of a cardiac index (RISKO) for 4,066 safety personnel of the County of Los Angeles. Seventy-one individuals subsequently developed coronary disease. The index had significant value in identifying the individuals who were to develop symptomatic coronary disease, and its discriminative power was comparable to the power of the Framingham index.", "contents": "Heart disease risk factors in Los Angeles County safety personnel. Eight generally accepted heart disease risk factors (age, sex, family history, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, smoking and exercise) were used in the computation of a cardiac index (RISKO) for 4,066 safety personnel of the County of Los Angeles. Seventy-one individuals subsequently developed coronary disease. The index had significant value in identifying the individuals who were to develop symptomatic coronary disease, and its discriminative power was comparable to the power of the Framingham index.", "PMID": 501457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5299", "title": "Bone mineral content in term and preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.", "content": "Photon absorptiometry adapted for use in small infants was utilized to measure bone mineral content in 42 term and 30 perterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. BMC at birth correlated significantly with gestational age and birth weight. Sequential measurements of BMC in premature infants during the first three months showed that the postnatal increase in BMC was significantly less than the BMC expected in utero. We speculate that decreased intake of calcium and phosphate effects postnatal bone mineralization in premature infants.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in term and preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Photon absorptiometry adapted for use in small infants was utilized to measure bone mineral content in 42 term and 30 perterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. BMC at birth correlated significantly with gestational age and birth weight. Sequential measurements of BMC in premature infants during the first three months showed that the postnatal increase in BMC was significantly less than the BMC expected in utero. We speculate that decreased intake of calcium and phosphate effects postnatal bone mineralization in premature infants.", "PMID": 501482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5300", "title": "Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in female adolescents using oral contraceptives.", "content": "Comparative profiles are reported for plasma lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, smoking, and selected socioeconomic variables for females less than 20 years of age using oral contraceptives and for pair-matched non-users from the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. About 5% of adolescent females reported OC use; they had significantly higher levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than did the non-users. Significantly more non-users of OC belonged to households of the lowest occupational status; no differences in OC usage by educational status of the head of household were discernible. Of the OC users, 58% were classified as current smokers, as compared with 23% of the non-OC users.", "contents": "Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in female adolescents using oral contraceptives. Comparative profiles are reported for plasma lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, smoking, and selected socioeconomic variables for females less than 20 years of age using oral contraceptives and for pair-matched non-users from the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. About 5% of adolescent females reported OC use; they had significantly higher levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than did the non-users. Significantly more non-users of OC belonged to households of the lowest occupational status; no differences in OC usage by educational status of the head of household were discernible. Of the OC users, 58% were classified as current smokers, as compared with 23% of the non-OC users.", "PMID": 501486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5301", "title": "Reducing adolescent obesity through a school health program.", "content": "The feasibility and effectiveness of conducting a school-based multi-component behavioral weight reduction program was tested on 119 overweight junior high school students. Four schools in the metropolitan New York area were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control conditions. After participating in a school-wide health-profile screening, students in the experimental group were invited to participate in a ten-session weight reduction program that included behavior modification, nutrition education, and exercise management. Comparison of the experimental and control groups with respect to changes on weight and triceps skinfold measures indicated significant differences between the two groups. Although the long-term effectiveness of the weight reduction program cannot be determined, the present study clearly demonstrates the short-term effectiveness and feasibility of conducting such a program in a school setting.", "contents": "Reducing adolescent obesity through a school health program. The feasibility and effectiveness of conducting a school-based multi-component behavioral weight reduction program was tested on 119 overweight junior high school students. Four schools in the metropolitan New York area were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control conditions. After participating in a school-wide health-profile screening, students in the experimental group were invited to participate in a ten-session weight reduction program that included behavior modification, nutrition education, and exercise management. Comparison of the experimental and control groups with respect to changes on weight and triceps skinfold measures indicated significant differences between the two groups. Although the long-term effectiveness of the weight reduction program cannot be determined, the present study clearly demonstrates the short-term effectiveness and feasibility of conducting such a program in a school setting.", "PMID": 501487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5302", "title": "Potentiation of neuromuscular weakness in infant botulism by aminoglycosides.", "content": "A retrospective study of ten patients with infant botulism who received gentamicin or kanamycin suggests that aminoglycoside antibiotics potentiate muscular weakness and precipitate respiratory failure as late as 27 days after onset of the disease. Although it is difficult to separate progression of the disease from the effects of antibiotics, the rapidity of deterioration following aminoglycoside treatment and the rapidity of recovery following cessation of aminoglycoside therapy is highly suggestive. A review of five patients who received only penicillin or a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin did not reveal any temporal deterioration with onset of penicillin therapy or improvement with cessation of penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Potentiation of neuromuscular weakness in infant botulism by aminoglycosides. A retrospective study of ten patients with infant botulism who received gentamicin or kanamycin suggests that aminoglycoside antibiotics potentiate muscular weakness and precipitate respiratory failure as late as 27 days after onset of the disease. Although it is difficult to separate progression of the disease from the effects of antibiotics, the rapidity of deterioration following aminoglycoside treatment and the rapidity of recovery following cessation of aminoglycoside therapy is highly suggestive. A review of five patients who received only penicillin or a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin did not reveal any temporal deterioration with onset of penicillin therapy or improvement with cessation of penicillin therapy.", "PMID": 501488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5303", "title": "Monozygotic twinning and structural defects.", "content": "An excess of structural defects occurs in monozygotic twins compared in dizygotic twins or singletons. The excess is composed of three categories of defects. The first includes defects which are part of the MZ twinning, such as conjoined twins and some amorphous twins. In addition, all early embryonic malformations and malformation complexes such as sirenomelia mc. holoprosencephaly mc. and anencephaly mc are increased in MZ twins. The reason for this association is considered to be the common etiology for both the MZ twinning and the early malformation problem. MZ twins provide an excellent model for appreciating the spectra of particular malformation complexes, since the twins often have different gradations in severity of the same type of structural defect. The finding of both discordant and concordant MZ twins with Goldenhar, de Lange, and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes suggests that these \"syndromes\" might be early malformation complexes. The other two categories are considered secondary to the MZ twinning process. The most unique category results from any vascular interchange between the MZ twins. Depending on their nature, vascular connections may give rise to reverse flow with acardiac status in one twin during early development, or to vascular disruptions from a deceased co-twin with intravascular coagulation causing embolization in the surviving co-twin. The latter defects may include microcephaly, porencephalic cysts, hydranencephaly, intestinal atresia, aplasia cutis, and limb amputation. Unequal growth may occur as a result of artery to vein placental anastomoses. The final category is deformations due to crowding in utero during late gestation. These do not differ from those in DZ twins.", "contents": "Monozygotic twinning and structural defects. An excess of structural defects occurs in monozygotic twins compared in dizygotic twins or singletons. The excess is composed of three categories of defects. The first includes defects which are part of the MZ twinning, such as conjoined twins and some amorphous twins. In addition, all early embryonic malformations and malformation complexes such as sirenomelia mc. holoprosencephaly mc. and anencephaly mc are increased in MZ twins. The reason for this association is considered to be the common etiology for both the MZ twinning and the early malformation problem. MZ twins provide an excellent model for appreciating the spectra of particular malformation complexes, since the twins often have different gradations in severity of the same type of structural defect. The finding of both discordant and concordant MZ twins with Goldenhar, de Lange, and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes suggests that these \"syndromes\" might be early malformation complexes. The other two categories are considered secondary to the MZ twinning process. The most unique category results from any vascular interchange between the MZ twins. Depending on their nature, vascular connections may give rise to reverse flow with acardiac status in one twin during early development, or to vascular disruptions from a deceased co-twin with intravascular coagulation causing embolization in the surviving co-twin. The latter defects may include microcephaly, porencephalic cysts, hydranencephaly, intestinal atresia, aplasia cutis, and limb amputation. Unequal growth may occur as a result of artery to vein placental anastomoses. The final category is deformations due to crowding in utero during late gestation. These do not differ from those in DZ twins.", "PMID": 501497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5304", "title": "Segmental \"hypoplasia\" of the kidney (Ask-Upmark).", "content": "Severe segmental renal atrophy with loss of parenchymal elements in small kidneys is commonly known as segmental hypoplasia. The scars are seen as cortical depressions overlying shrunken medullary pyramids and their dilated calyces, and are characterized histologically by colloid-filled tubular microcysts and a paucity or absence of glomeruli. This lesion has been identified in 17 patients, 11 female and 6 male, between 6 and 23 years of age. Eleven patients had hypertension, which developed in six while they were under observation. Thirteen had histories of urinary tract infection, and 16 had evidence of vesicoureteric reflux. Seven patients had impaired renal function (GFR less than 40 ml/minute/1.73 m2). Abnormal metanephric differentiation (dysplasia) in two specimens, one in association with posterior urethral valves, suggested an occasional intrauterine origin of the abnormality. Twelve patients had radiographic evidence of decreasing renal size over two to five years of observation, even after surgical correction of reflux, in four of them unaccompanied by infection. We conclude that segmental \"hypoplasia\" is an acquired lesion, although it sometimes has intrauterine origins, and that it is commonly associated with vesicoureteric reflux, even in the absence of demonstrable infection.", "contents": "Segmental \"hypoplasia\" of the kidney (Ask-Upmark). Severe segmental renal atrophy with loss of parenchymal elements in small kidneys is commonly known as segmental hypoplasia. The scars are seen as cortical depressions overlying shrunken medullary pyramids and their dilated calyces, and are characterized histologically by colloid-filled tubular microcysts and a paucity or absence of glomeruli. This lesion has been identified in 17 patients, 11 female and 6 male, between 6 and 23 years of age. Eleven patients had hypertension, which developed in six while they were under observation. Thirteen had histories of urinary tract infection, and 16 had evidence of vesicoureteric reflux. Seven patients had impaired renal function (GFR less than 40 ml/minute/1.73 m2). Abnormal metanephric differentiation (dysplasia) in two specimens, one in association with posterior urethral valves, suggested an occasional intrauterine origin of the abnormality. Twelve patients had radiographic evidence of decreasing renal size over two to five years of observation, even after surgical correction of reflux, in four of them unaccompanied by infection. We conclude that segmental \"hypoplasia\" is an acquired lesion, although it sometimes has intrauterine origins, and that it is commonly associated with vesicoureteric reflux, even in the absence of demonstrable infection.", "PMID": 501498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5305", "title": "Renal vein renin measurements in normotensive children.", "content": "Renal venous PRA was measured in 49 normotensive children without renal disease undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. PRA levels did not differ significantly between both renal veins and were significantly higher in the renal veins than in the IVC. There was a constant mean ratio of 1.21 between the renal veins and the IVC at low, intermediate, and high absolute PRA levels. Three patients had a renal venous PRA ratio greater than 1.4 and the highest ratio observed was 1.55. This fidning supports 1.5 as an acceptable upper limit of normality for the interpretation of renal vein PRA ratios in the investigation of patients with suspected renal hypertension. In four patients, PRA in the renal veins was significantly lower than in the IVC. The possibility of renin removal by these kidneys is discussed.", "contents": "Renal vein renin measurements in normotensive children. Renal venous PRA was measured in 49 normotensive children without renal disease undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. PRA levels did not differ significantly between both renal veins and were significantly higher in the renal veins than in the IVC. There was a constant mean ratio of 1.21 between the renal veins and the IVC at low, intermediate, and high absolute PRA levels. Three patients had a renal venous PRA ratio greater than 1.4 and the highest ratio observed was 1.55. This fidning supports 1.5 as an acceptable upper limit of normality for the interpretation of renal vein PRA ratios in the investigation of patients with suspected renal hypertension. In four patients, PRA in the renal veins was significantly lower than in the IVC. The possibility of renin removal by these kidneys is discussed.", "PMID": 501499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5306", "title": "Bronchial artery embolization in cystic fibrosis; technique and long-term results.", "content": "Severe bronchial hemorrhage in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis was treated by catheter embolization of bronchial arteries. Indications were either excessive bleeding persisting for several days, or bleeding serious enough to interfere with pulmonary drainage and recurring over weeks or months. In follow-up ranging from one to 30 months, cessation of major bleeding was achieved in 12 of 13 patients (93%), although 5 of 13 patients (40%) did have recurrence of minor hemoptysis. No neurologic or other major complications were encountered. However, there are potential risks and this approach at present should be limited to patients with life-threatening bleeding and carried out only by experienced angiographers.", "contents": "Bronchial artery embolization in cystic fibrosis; technique and long-term results. Severe bronchial hemorrhage in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis was treated by catheter embolization of bronchial arteries. Indications were either excessive bleeding persisting for several days, or bleeding serious enough to interfere with pulmonary drainage and recurring over weeks or months. In follow-up ranging from one to 30 months, cessation of major bleeding was achieved in 12 of 13 patients (93%), although 5 of 13 patients (40%) did have recurrence of minor hemoptysis. No neurologic or other major complications were encountered. However, there are potential risks and this approach at present should be limited to patients with life-threatening bleeding and carried out only by experienced angiographers.", "PMID": 501500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5307", "title": "Postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with a postaxial acrofacial syndrome are presented; the features of these and three other previously described examples are set forth. The facies can be strikingly similar to that of the Treacher Collins syndrome. The limb deficiencies are postaxial, with absence or incomplete development of the fifth digital rays in both the upper and lower limbs. Accessory nipples have been found in most of the patients. The nature of the limb deficiencies and the accessory nipples help to distinguish this condition from Nager AFD. All of the children have normal intelligence and development; most show normal growth. All of the six cases have occurred sporadically.", "contents": "Postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome. Three patients with a postaxial acrofacial syndrome are presented; the features of these and three other previously described examples are set forth. The facies can be strikingly similar to that of the Treacher Collins syndrome. The limb deficiencies are postaxial, with absence or incomplete development of the fifth digital rays in both the upper and lower limbs. Accessory nipples have been found in most of the patients. The nature of the limb deficiencies and the accessory nipples help to distinguish this condition from Nager AFD. All of the children have normal intelligence and development; most show normal growth. All of the six cases have occurred sporadically.", "PMID": 501501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5308", "title": "A new syndrome of refractory sideroblastic anemia with vacuolization of marrow precursors and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.", "content": "In the past decade, we have studied four unrelated children with what we believe is a previously unreported disorder affecting the bone marrow and exocrine pancreas. During infancy these patients had the onset of severe, transfusion-dependent, macrocytic anemia plus a variable degree of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Their bone marrows had normal cellularity but were characterized by remarkable vacuolization of erythroid and myeloid precursors, hemosiderosis, and ringed sideroblasts. The vacuoles probably represented manifestations of cellular degeneration and death. In two patients, in vitro bone marrow cultures showed abnormal erythroid and myeloid progenitor cell growth and, in one child, abnormal vacuolated erythroid colonies. Family histories were unrevealing, parents were hematologically normal, and both sexes were involved. There was no evidence of specific nutritional deficiencies or exposure to agents associated with marrow vacuolization. A number of therapeutic interventions produced no effect. One child had clinical malabsorption. This child and one other had extensive pancreatic fibrosis at autopsy. The other two patients had findings indicating exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Two children had splenic atrophy. This new syndrome, with associated bone marrow and exocrine pancreatic dysfunctions, differs in several respects from the syndrome of pancreatic liposis and neutropenia described by Shwachman et all and Bodian et al, and from other conditions with vacuolization of the marrow or sideroblastosis.", "contents": "A new syndrome of refractory sideroblastic anemia with vacuolization of marrow precursors and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. In the past decade, we have studied four unrelated children with what we believe is a previously unreported disorder affecting the bone marrow and exocrine pancreas. During infancy these patients had the onset of severe, transfusion-dependent, macrocytic anemia plus a variable degree of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Their bone marrows had normal cellularity but were characterized by remarkable vacuolization of erythroid and myeloid precursors, hemosiderosis, and ringed sideroblasts. The vacuoles probably represented manifestations of cellular degeneration and death. In two patients, in vitro bone marrow cultures showed abnormal erythroid and myeloid progenitor cell growth and, in one child, abnormal vacuolated erythroid colonies. Family histories were unrevealing, parents were hematologically normal, and both sexes were involved. There was no evidence of specific nutritional deficiencies or exposure to agents associated with marrow vacuolization. A number of therapeutic interventions produced no effect. One child had clinical malabsorption. This child and one other had extensive pancreatic fibrosis at autopsy. The other two patients had findings indicating exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Two children had splenic atrophy. This new syndrome, with associated bone marrow and exocrine pancreatic dysfunctions, differs in several respects from the syndrome of pancreatic liposis and neutropenia described by Shwachman et all and Bodian et al, and from other conditions with vacuolization of the marrow or sideroblastosis.", "PMID": 501502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5309", "title": "Human chorionic somatomammotropin, estriol and oxytocinase as indexes of fetal growth.", "content": "A group of 56 women with high risk pregnancies were studied since the 32nd week of gestation. With the aim of obtaining reliable fetal growth indicators, maternal serum hCS, estriol and oxytocinase levels were determined. hCS and estriol were determined by specific radioimmunoassays and oxytocinase with a colorimetric method. Mean values obtained the week before delivery of both hormones and the enzyme were correlated with the weight of the newborns. The correlation coefficients were 0.30, 0.33 and 0.30 for hCS, estriol and oxytocinase respectively (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). The newborns were classified into two groups, small for date and adequate weight for gestational age. Maternal hCS level corresponding to newborns with adequate birthweight for their gestational age was 7.94 ug/ml. This value was statistically higher than that corresponding to the group of small-for-date newborns, which was 5.15 ug/ml (Fig. 5). Similar results were obtained when the maternal estriol levels were considered according to the birthweight (Fig. 7). The same analysis applied to oxytocinase values did not show statistically significant differences. Arbitrary critical levels were established for hCS and estriol at 7 ug/ml and 35 ng/ml respectively. When values were below these levels, newborns would have greater possibility of being small for dates (Figs. 6 and 8). The predictive value was best when both hormones were considered concomitantly (77%) (Fig. 9). These results indicate the suitability of considering hCS and estriol levels in order to assess fetal growth.", "contents": "Human chorionic somatomammotropin, estriol and oxytocinase as indexes of fetal growth. A group of 56 women with high risk pregnancies were studied since the 32nd week of gestation. With the aim of obtaining reliable fetal growth indicators, maternal serum hCS, estriol and oxytocinase levels were determined. hCS and estriol were determined by specific radioimmunoassays and oxytocinase with a colorimetric method. Mean values obtained the week before delivery of both hormones and the enzyme were correlated with the weight of the newborns. The correlation coefficients were 0.30, 0.33 and 0.30 for hCS, estriol and oxytocinase respectively (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). The newborns were classified into two groups, small for date and adequate weight for gestational age. Maternal hCS level corresponding to newborns with adequate birthweight for their gestational age was 7.94 ug/ml. This value was statistically higher than that corresponding to the group of small-for-date newborns, which was 5.15 ug/ml (Fig. 5). Similar results were obtained when the maternal estriol levels were considered according to the birthweight (Fig. 7). The same analysis applied to oxytocinase values did not show statistically significant differences. Arbitrary critical levels were established for hCS and estriol at 7 ug/ml and 35 ng/ml respectively. When values were below these levels, newborns would have greater possibility of being small for dates (Figs. 6 and 8). The predictive value was best when both hormones were considered concomitantly (77%) (Fig. 9). These results indicate the suitability of considering hCS and estriol levels in order to assess fetal growth.", "PMID": 501507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5310", "title": "HCS, estriol and oxytocinase in maternal serum and neonatal condition in high risk pregnancies.", "content": "In order to find a reliable index of fetal wellbeing, maternal estriol, hCS and oxytocinase levels were related with condition of the neonate. Fifty six high risk pregnancies were studied. Estriol and hCS were determined by specific radioimmunoassay and oxytocinase with a colorimetric method. The condition of the newborn was evaluated by the APGAR score. Neonates were divided into two groups, depressed (APGAR score 0-6) and vigorous (APGAR score 7-10). When the mean birthweights of both groups were statistically different, maternal estriol levels were corrected to avoid the influencing factor of newborn weight. Mean maternal estriol level corresponding to vigorous newborns was 46.73 ng/ml. This value was statistically higher than that corresponding to the group of depressed newborns, which was 26.25 ng/ml (Fig. 1). The mean birthweight of depressed infants (2,382.75 g) was statistically lower than that of the vigorous group (3,044.75 g). The corrected mean maternal estriol values of vigorous neonates (45.44 ng/ml) was different from that of depressed ones (25.14 ng/ml) (Fig. 2). When patients were divided according to maternal diseases (diabetes, vascular pathology, Rh sensitization) serum estriol levels of the mother were statistically different according to the Apgar score of the newborns. There was no significant difference between serum hCS and oxytocinase levels of mothers with depressed and vigorous newborns. Discarding fetal weight as an influencing factor in maternal hormone level, our results indicate the suitability of maternal serum estriol determinations to predict condition of the newborns in high risk pregnancies.", "contents": "HCS, estriol and oxytocinase in maternal serum and neonatal condition in high risk pregnancies. In order to find a reliable index of fetal wellbeing, maternal estriol, hCS and oxytocinase levels were related with condition of the neonate. Fifty six high risk pregnancies were studied. Estriol and hCS were determined by specific radioimmunoassay and oxytocinase with a colorimetric method. The condition of the newborn was evaluated by the APGAR score. Neonates were divided into two groups, depressed (APGAR score 0-6) and vigorous (APGAR score 7-10). When the mean birthweights of both groups were statistically different, maternal estriol levels were corrected to avoid the influencing factor of newborn weight. Mean maternal estriol level corresponding to vigorous newborns was 46.73 ng/ml. This value was statistically higher than that corresponding to the group of depressed newborns, which was 26.25 ng/ml (Fig. 1). The mean birthweight of depressed infants (2,382.75 g) was statistically lower than that of the vigorous group (3,044.75 g). The corrected mean maternal estriol values of vigorous neonates (45.44 ng/ml) was different from that of depressed ones (25.14 ng/ml) (Fig. 2). When patients were divided according to maternal diseases (diabetes, vascular pathology, Rh sensitization) serum estriol levels of the mother were statistically different according to the Apgar score of the newborns. There was no significant difference between serum hCS and oxytocinase levels of mothers with depressed and vigorous newborns. Discarding fetal weight as an influencing factor in maternal hormone level, our results indicate the suitability of maternal serum estriol determinations to predict condition of the newborns in high risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 501508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5311", "title": "The effect of heparinized blood exchange transfusion on endotoxin induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).", "content": "Sepsis of the newborn induced by gram negative bacteria, especially E. coli is often accompanied by a severe coagulation disorder. It can be treated by blood exchange transfusion (ET) with heparinized blood. In this study the hematological effect obtained by the exchange transfusion was investigated in rabbits after induction of a generalized Shwartzman reaction by two spaced injections of endotoxin (75 microgram/kg) 24 hrs. apart. Three groups of 6 animals each were investigated: group I: without endotoxin but with ET (controls); group II: endotoxin without ET; group III: endotoxin with ET. Fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC), fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), platelet- and leukocyte counts and urine volume (ml/hr) were estimated. In group II a decline in the fibrinogen level, and in platelet and leukocyte count, as well as an increase in SFMC and FDP could be observed from 6 hrs. on after the second endotoxin injection. In group III 6 hrs. after the second endotoxin injection, exchange transfusion with heparinized blood was performed. Variance analysis showed significant differences in all parameters, except in the urine volumes after exchange transfusion between group III and group II. By exchange transfusion an approach of the values towards the values of the controls could be recognized. The findings indicate, that by blood exchange transfusion the hematological consequences of the endotoxin induced DIC can be corrected, while the dysfunction of the kidneys can be improved only slightly.", "contents": "The effect of heparinized blood exchange transfusion on endotoxin induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Sepsis of the newborn induced by gram negative bacteria, especially E. coli is often accompanied by a severe coagulation disorder. It can be treated by blood exchange transfusion (ET) with heparinized blood. In this study the hematological effect obtained by the exchange transfusion was investigated in rabbits after induction of a generalized Shwartzman reaction by two spaced injections of endotoxin (75 microgram/kg) 24 hrs. apart. Three groups of 6 animals each were investigated: group I: without endotoxin but with ET (controls); group II: endotoxin without ET; group III: endotoxin with ET. Fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC), fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), platelet- and leukocyte counts and urine volume (ml/hr) were estimated. In group II a decline in the fibrinogen level, and in platelet and leukocyte count, as well as an increase in SFMC and FDP could be observed from 6 hrs. on after the second endotoxin injection. In group III 6 hrs. after the second endotoxin injection, exchange transfusion with heparinized blood was performed. Variance analysis showed significant differences in all parameters, except in the urine volumes after exchange transfusion between group III and group II. By exchange transfusion an approach of the values towards the values of the controls could be recognized. The findings indicate, that by blood exchange transfusion the hematological consequences of the endotoxin induced DIC can be corrected, while the dysfunction of the kidneys can be improved only slightly.", "PMID": 501509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5312", "title": "The assessment of lung maturity in infants of diabetic mothers, by means of L/S ratio determination in tracheo-pharyngeal aspirate.", "content": "The respiratory distress syndrome is more common in the newborns of diabetic mothers. The comparatively high rate of incidence of this syndrome depends neither on gestational age nor delivery route. In view of these facts, the evaluation of fetal lung maturation of diabetic mothers seems to be of the utmost importance. The methods usually employed for the determination of fetal lung maturation are of limited value, because occasionally L/S ratio values, which usually indicate fetal lung maturation, may fall to below critical levels. It is, therefore, extremely important to assess lung maturity in the newborn of a diabetic mother at the time of delivery. In 15 pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus of all degrees of severity (A-D), according to the classification of P. WHITE, L/S ratio in amniotic fluid prior to delivery was determined. L/S ratio was determined in tracheopharyngeal aspirate, as well, soon after delivery. In all cases the foam stability test was done in the amniotic fluid before delivery and, when there was a sufficient quantity, also in the tracheo-pharyngeal aspirate. According to the foam test and L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid, all fetuses supposedly had normally matured lungs. Nevertheless, according to these two tests in the tracheopharyngeal aspirate, results indicate lack of full lung maturity in four cases. In fact, all these four newborns developed the respiratory distress syndrome. This test appears to be reliable, simple and non-invasive, and is therefore recommended in babies with diabetes of all degrees of severity, and in all gestational ages.", "contents": "The assessment of lung maturity in infants of diabetic mothers, by means of L/S ratio determination in tracheo-pharyngeal aspirate. The respiratory distress syndrome is more common in the newborns of diabetic mothers. The comparatively high rate of incidence of this syndrome depends neither on gestational age nor delivery route. In view of these facts, the evaluation of fetal lung maturation of diabetic mothers seems to be of the utmost importance. The methods usually employed for the determination of fetal lung maturation are of limited value, because occasionally L/S ratio values, which usually indicate fetal lung maturation, may fall to below critical levels. It is, therefore, extremely important to assess lung maturity in the newborn of a diabetic mother at the time of delivery. In 15 pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus of all degrees of severity (A-D), according to the classification of P. WHITE, L/S ratio in amniotic fluid prior to delivery was determined. L/S ratio was determined in tracheopharyngeal aspirate, as well, soon after delivery. In all cases the foam stability test was done in the amniotic fluid before delivery and, when there was a sufficient quantity, also in the tracheo-pharyngeal aspirate. According to the foam test and L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid, all fetuses supposedly had normally matured lungs. Nevertheless, according to these two tests in the tracheopharyngeal aspirate, results indicate lack of full lung maturity in four cases. In fact, all these four newborns developed the respiratory distress syndrome. This test appears to be reliable, simple and non-invasive, and is therefore recommended in babies with diabetes of all degrees of severity, and in all gestational ages.", "PMID": 501510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5313", "title": "A new tocograph with cassette recording system and separate servo graphic recorder.", "content": "In order to register contractional activity, especially in the case of high-risk pregnancies, a tocograph was develop by means of which the contractions are registered by a small cassette recorder, which the patient can carry by about with her. A separate graphic recorder is responsible for the playback and this recorder remains at the doctor's practice. The patient is able to register her contractions herself as the unit is so simple to use. The recording section weighs only 500 grams, including the specially developed pressure transducer with optical distance-meter. The tocograph is produced in series.", "contents": "A new tocograph with cassette recording system and separate servo graphic recorder. In order to register contractional activity, especially in the case of high-risk pregnancies, a tocograph was develop by means of which the contractions are registered by a small cassette recorder, which the patient can carry by about with her. A separate graphic recorder is responsible for the playback and this recorder remains at the doctor's practice. The patient is able to register her contractions herself as the unit is so simple to use. The recording section weighs only 500 grams, including the specially developed pressure transducer with optical distance-meter. The tocograph is produced in series.", "PMID": 501511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5314", "title": "Neonatal meningitis due to Citrobacter koseri.", "content": "A five day old neonate was diagnosed as having bacterial meningitis and commenced on Ampicillin and Flucloxacillin. The organism was then found to be Citrobacter koseri and the antibiotics changed to Chloramphenicol systemically for two weeks. The child made an uneventful recovery. At four weeks of age her head circumference had increased unacceptably and a computerised axial tomography scan revealed a large frontal lobe abscess. Aspiration revealed a large pus filled cavity and Citrobacter koseri grown from the pus. The abscess was treated with repeated aspirations, often of 30-40 mls., and installation of Chloramphenicol combined with systemic Chloramphenicol for three weeks. At six months of age her head circumference was within normal limits and the was developmentally normal with no detectable neurological sequelae.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis due to Citrobacter koseri. A five day old neonate was diagnosed as having bacterial meningitis and commenced on Ampicillin and Flucloxacillin. The organism was then found to be Citrobacter koseri and the antibiotics changed to Chloramphenicol systemically for two weeks. The child made an uneventful recovery. At four weeks of age her head circumference had increased unacceptably and a computerised axial tomography scan revealed a large frontal lobe abscess. Aspiration revealed a large pus filled cavity and Citrobacter koseri grown from the pus. The abscess was treated with repeated aspirations, often of 30-40 mls., and installation of Chloramphenicol combined with systemic Chloramphenicol for three weeks. At six months of age her head circumference was within normal limits and the was developmentally normal with no detectable neurological sequelae.", "PMID": 501512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5315", "title": "Effects of resource availability and importance of behavior on the experience of crowding.", "content": "According to the interference formulation, participants in a crowded setting will experience interference to the extent that behavioral goals conflict with environmental conditions. The importance of the behavioral goals directly affects not only the magnitude of the interference but also the mechanism by which people cope with interference. It was reasoned that important goals would induce a more active coping strategy in a crowded setting than in an uncrowded setting and would maintain task performance at the price of increasing crowding stress. When the behavioral goal is unimportant, decrements in task performance preclude a rise in stress. A laboratory study manipulated group size, in order to vary the availability of resources, and the importance of the task behavior. The predictions were confirmed, and partial confirmation was obtained for predictions involving the effects of the internal-external personality dimension. The meaning of the results is discussed in terms of other findings in the literature on crowding and the mediating role of the type of mechanism used to cope with interference.", "contents": "Effects of resource availability and importance of behavior on the experience of crowding. According to the interference formulation, participants in a crowded setting will experience interference to the extent that behavioral goals conflict with environmental conditions. The importance of the behavioral goals directly affects not only the magnitude of the interference but also the mechanism by which people cope with interference. It was reasoned that important goals would induce a more active coping strategy in a crowded setting than in an uncrowded setting and would maintain task performance at the price of increasing crowding stress. When the behavioral goal is unimportant, decrements in task performance preclude a rise in stress. A laboratory study manipulated group size, in order to vary the availability of resources, and the importance of the task behavior. The predictions were confirmed, and partial confirmation was obtained for predictions involving the effects of the internal-external personality dimension. The meaning of the results is discussed in terms of other findings in the literature on crowding and the mediating role of the type of mechanism used to cope with interference.", "PMID": 501517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5316", "title": "The birth order puzzle.", "content": "Studies relating intellectual performance to birth order report conflicting results, some finding intellectual scores to increase, others to decrease with birth order. In contrast, the relationship between intellectual performance and family size is stable and consistently replicable. Why do these two highly related variables generate such divergent results? This birth order puzzle is resolved by means of the confluence model that quantifies the influences upon intellectual growth arising within the family context. At the time of a new birth, two opposing influences act upon intellectual growth of the elder sibling: (a) his or her intellectual environment is \"diluted\" and (b) he or she loses the \"last-born's handicap\" and begins serving as an intellectual resource to the younger sibling. Since these opposite effects are not equal in magnitude, the differences in intellectual performance among birth ranks are shown to be age dependent. While elder children may surpass their younger siblings in intellectual performance at some ages, they may be overtaken by them at others. Thus when age is taken into consideration, the birth order literature loses its chaotic character and an orderly pattern of results emerges.", "contents": "The birth order puzzle. Studies relating intellectual performance to birth order report conflicting results, some finding intellectual scores to increase, others to decrease with birth order. In contrast, the relationship between intellectual performance and family size is stable and consistently replicable. Why do these two highly related variables generate such divergent results? This birth order puzzle is resolved by means of the confluence model that quantifies the influences upon intellectual growth arising within the family context. At the time of a new birth, two opposing influences act upon intellectual growth of the elder sibling: (a) his or her intellectual environment is \"diluted\" and (b) he or she loses the \"last-born's handicap\" and begins serving as an intellectual resource to the younger sibling. Since these opposite effects are not equal in magnitude, the differences in intellectual performance among birth ranks are shown to be age dependent. While elder children may surpass their younger siblings in intellectual performance at some ages, they may be overtaken by them at others. Thus when age is taken into consideration, the birth order literature loses its chaotic character and an orderly pattern of results emerges.", "PMID": 501518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5317", "title": "Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men.", "content": "Records collected during childhood and coded prior to knowledge of adult behavior provided information about the childhood homes of 201 men. Thirty years later, information about criminal behavior was collected from court records. Multiple regression and discriminant function analyses indicate that six variables describing family atmosphere during childhood--mother's selfconfidence, father's deviance, parental aggressiveness, maternal affection, parental conflict, and supervision--have an important impact on subsequent behavior.", "contents": "Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men. Records collected during childhood and coded prior to knowledge of adult behavior provided information about the childhood homes of 201 men. Thirty years later, information about criminal behavior was collected from court records. Multiple regression and discriminant function analyses indicate that six variables describing family atmosphere during childhood--mother's selfconfidence, father's deviance, parental aggressiveness, maternal affection, parental conflict, and supervision--have an important impact on subsequent behavior.", "PMID": 501519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5318", "title": "The role of facial response in the experience of emotion.", "content": "Facial expression and emotional stimuli were varied orthogonally in a 3 x 4 factorial design in order to test whether facial expression is necessary or sufficient to influence emotional experience. Subjects watched a film eliciting fear, sadness, or no emotion, while holding their facial muscles in the position characteristic of fear or sadness, or in an effortful but nonemotional grimace; those in a fourth group received no facial instructions. The subjects believed that the study concerned subliminal perception and that the facial positions were necessary to prevent physiological recording artifacts. The films had powerful effects on reported emotions, the facial expressions none. Correlations between facial expression and reported emotion were zero. Sad and fearful subjects showed distinctive patterns of physiological arousal. Facial expression also tended to affect physiological responses in a manner consistent with an effort hypothesis.", "contents": "The role of facial response in the experience of emotion. Facial expression and emotional stimuli were varied orthogonally in a 3 x 4 factorial design in order to test whether facial expression is necessary or sufficient to influence emotional experience. Subjects watched a film eliciting fear, sadness, or no emotion, while holding their facial muscles in the position characteristic of fear or sadness, or in an effortful but nonemotional grimace; those in a fourth group received no facial instructions. The subjects believed that the study concerned subliminal perception and that the facial positions were necessary to prevent physiological recording artifacts. The films had powerful effects on reported emotions, the facial expressions none. Correlations between facial expression and reported emotion were zero. Sad and fearful subjects showed distinctive patterns of physiological arousal. Facial expression also tended to affect physiological responses in a manner consistent with an effort hypothesis.", "PMID": 501520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5319", "title": "Self-directed attention, awareness of bodily states, and suggestibility.", "content": "Two studies tested the hypothesis that self-directed attention would cause increased awareness of internal states and would thus reduce suggestibility effects. Experiment 1 applied this reasoning to the experience of an emotion. Males viewed moderately arousing slides of female nudes after being led to expect the slides to be either highly arousing or nonarousing. As predicted, ratings of the slides corresponded less with these experimentally-manipulated anticipations when self-focus was heightened by the presence of a mirror than when it was not. Experiment 2 examined a different internal experience: the perception of taste. Some subjects were led to expect a strong flavor as part of a test series, and other subjects were led to expect a weak flavor. Subjects high in private self-consciousness were less affected by this expectancy manipulation and more accurate in reporting their actual internal state than were subjects low in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on the theoretical implications of the findings.", "contents": "Self-directed attention, awareness of bodily states, and suggestibility. Two studies tested the hypothesis that self-directed attention would cause increased awareness of internal states and would thus reduce suggestibility effects. Experiment 1 applied this reasoning to the experience of an emotion. Males viewed moderately arousing slides of female nudes after being led to expect the slides to be either highly arousing or nonarousing. As predicted, ratings of the slides corresponded less with these experimentally-manipulated anticipations when self-focus was heightened by the presence of a mirror than when it was not. Experiment 2 examined a different internal experience: the perception of taste. Some subjects were led to expect a strong flavor as part of a test series, and other subjects were led to expect a weak flavor. Subjects high in private self-consciousness were less affected by this expectancy manipulation and more accurate in reporting their actual internal state than were subjects low in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on the theoretical implications of the findings.", "PMID": 501522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5320", "title": "Effect of 60Co-irradiation on penicillin G procaine in veterinary mastitis products.", "content": "The effect of 60Co-irradiation on penicillin G procaine in a peanut oil-based veterinary mastitis product was examined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method is capable of separating and quantifying procaine, penicillin G, and various degradation compounds. Penicillin G recovery from a placebo formulation was 100.4% with a relative standard deviation of less than 1%. When irradiated at 4.0 Mrads, the penicillin G in two product lots decreased slightly (approximately 1-2%) with a corresponding increase in two compounds inherently present in bulk penicillin G powder. These compounds may be formed in abundance by treating penicillin G in an acidic solution. From the mass spectrometric analysis and the relative retention data with authentic compounds, these compounds were identified as benzylpenilloaldehyde and benzylpenaldic acid. Values obtained by the HPLC method on the product irradiated and stored at various temperatures correlated well with those of the microbiological assay. No significant decrease in the procaine was detected even after 4.0-Mrad irradiation. The HPLC method is applicable for analysis of other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Effect of 60Co-irradiation on penicillin G procaine in veterinary mastitis products. The effect of 60Co-irradiation on penicillin G procaine in a peanut oil-based veterinary mastitis product was examined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method is capable of separating and quantifying procaine, penicillin G, and various degradation compounds. Penicillin G recovery from a placebo formulation was 100.4% with a relative standard deviation of less than 1%. When irradiated at 4.0 Mrads, the penicillin G in two product lots decreased slightly (approximately 1-2%) with a corresponding increase in two compounds inherently present in bulk penicillin G powder. These compounds may be formed in abundance by treating penicillin G in an acidic solution. From the mass spectrometric analysis and the relative retention data with authentic compounds, these compounds were identified as benzylpenilloaldehyde and benzylpenaldic acid. Values obtained by the HPLC method on the product irradiated and stored at various temperatures correlated well with those of the microbiological assay. No significant decrease in the procaine was detected even after 4.0-Mrad irradiation. The HPLC method is applicable for analysis of other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 501523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5321", "title": "Quantitative structure-selectivity relationships: selective drug design.", "content": "The concept of complex selectivity (Scn) permits the investigation of quantitative structure--selectivity relationships in the presence of n side effects; Scn permits differentiation of the most selective molecules rather than the most active ones in a congener series. Selectivity quantification in the presence of n side effects facilitates molecular comparisons. The information provided by Scn and its changes with increasing n is discussed. The proposed mathematical model is applied to the study of the selectivity of some antibiotics and antibacterial agents.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-selectivity relationships: selective drug design. The concept of complex selectivity (Scn) permits the investigation of quantitative structure--selectivity relationships in the presence of n side effects; Scn permits differentiation of the most selective molecules rather than the most active ones in a congener series. Selectivity quantification in the presence of n side effects facilitates molecular comparisons. The information provided by Scn and its changes with increasing n is discussed. The proposed mathematical model is applied to the study of the selectivity of some antibiotics and antibacterial agents.", "PMID": 501524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5322", "title": "Hydrodynamic characterization of a spin-filter dissolution device.", "content": "The spin-filter dissolution device was characterized using a two-dimensional convective diffusion model. Experimental model testing involved analysis of dissolution rates from nondisintegrating salicylic acid disks. The disks were prepared as double-layer tablets, with an ethylcellulose layer as a nondissolving surface. For each dissolution run, the disk was positioned so that the dissolving salicylic acid surface was parallel to the flow of the circulating fluid. Experimental variables included the stirring speed, the tablet radius, and the distance of the tablet from the stirring source. At the farthest distance from the stirring source, the average numerical exponents for stirring speed and tablet radius were 0.58 and 1.54, respectively, which compare favorably with the values of 0.50 and 1.50 from the model. When the dissolving salicylic acid surface was positioned closer to the stirring source, the numberical exponent for the stirring speed increased significantly, while the average numerical exponent for the tablet radius was lowered to 1.07, indicating a change is dissolution mechanism as a function of distance from the stirring source. These data indicate that dissolution rates are not necessarily proportional to surface area as predicted by the Nernst equation and that distance from the stirring source is significant.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic characterization of a spin-filter dissolution device. The spin-filter dissolution device was characterized using a two-dimensional convective diffusion model. Experimental model testing involved analysis of dissolution rates from nondisintegrating salicylic acid disks. The disks were prepared as double-layer tablets, with an ethylcellulose layer as a nondissolving surface. For each dissolution run, the disk was positioned so that the dissolving salicylic acid surface was parallel to the flow of the circulating fluid. Experimental variables included the stirring speed, the tablet radius, and the distance of the tablet from the stirring source. At the farthest distance from the stirring source, the average numerical exponents for stirring speed and tablet radius were 0.58 and 1.54, respectively, which compare favorably with the values of 0.50 and 1.50 from the model. When the dissolving salicylic acid surface was positioned closer to the stirring source, the numberical exponent for the stirring speed increased significantly, while the average numerical exponent for the tablet radius was lowered to 1.07, indicating a change is dissolution mechanism as a function of distance from the stirring source. These data indicate that dissolution rates are not necessarily proportional to surface area as predicted by the Nernst equation and that distance from the stirring source is significant.", "PMID": 501525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5323", "title": "Linear pharmacokinetics of orally administered fenoprofen calcium.", "content": "The bioavailability of fenoprofen from three different fenoprofen calcium capsule formulations containing the equivalent of 60, 165, and 300 mg of fenoprofen was determined in two studies. In the first study, 12 subjects received one capsule of each formulation according to a three-period crossover design. The second study required each of 13 subjects to receive 300 mg of fenoprofen equivalent of the 60- and 300-mg capsules and 330 mg of the 165-mg capsule. The initial study provided information on the linearity of fenoprofen pharmacokinetics, and the second study established that the three capsule formulations were bioequivalent. The bioavailability parameters Cmax, tmax, and AUC0--12 hr for the drug in plasma were consistent with a linear pharmacokinetic model, as were the amounts of fenoprofen and hydroxyfenoprofen excreted in the urine. These data show linearity of kinetics for fenoprofen in plasma throughout the 60--300-mg dosage range after a single dose. Physical measurements of each capsule formulation drug content, weight variation, and dissolution showed the products to be uniform and readily soluble.", "contents": "Linear pharmacokinetics of orally administered fenoprofen calcium. The bioavailability of fenoprofen from three different fenoprofen calcium capsule formulations containing the equivalent of 60, 165, and 300 mg of fenoprofen was determined in two studies. In the first study, 12 subjects received one capsule of each formulation according to a three-period crossover design. The second study required each of 13 subjects to receive 300 mg of fenoprofen equivalent of the 60- and 300-mg capsules and 330 mg of the 165-mg capsule. The initial study provided information on the linearity of fenoprofen pharmacokinetics, and the second study established that the three capsule formulations were bioequivalent. The bioavailability parameters Cmax, tmax, and AUC0--12 hr for the drug in plasma were consistent with a linear pharmacokinetic model, as were the amounts of fenoprofen and hydroxyfenoprofen excreted in the urine. These data show linearity of kinetics for fenoprofen in plasma throughout the 60--300-mg dosage range after a single dose. Physical measurements of each capsule formulation drug content, weight variation, and dissolution showed the products to be uniform and readily soluble.", "PMID": 501526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5324", "title": "Cholesterol solubility in organic solvents.", "content": "The 37 degree cholesterol solubilities in over 50 solvents, including the homologous n-alkanols through dodecanol and homologous ethyl carboxylates through the undecanoate, and the 37 degree beta-sitosterol solubilities in the n-alkanols through decanol are reported. Additionally, solubility data for cholesterol at 7, 17, and 27 degrees in the alcohol series were obtained. These measurements allowed the calculation of heats of solution for cholesterol in the alkanols, which range from 7.5 kcal for methanol to 4.3 kcal for decanol and which tend to decrease, although irregularly, with increasing alkanol chain length. A solubility maximum in all of these series for both solutes was observed between a chain length of six and seven. A surprisingly irregular, odd-even alternating solubility pattern was noted for cholesterol in the alkanols at all four temperatures. Experimental evidence indicated that this pattern was due to solvent-induced crystalline changes, presumably solvate formation, in each alkanol solvent through C10. Overall, the solubility studies screened solvents for their utility in dissolving cholesterol and, thus, cholesterol gallstones. To these ends, some limited dissolution experiments were performed, which indicated that the solution rate is directly related to the measured solubility in organic solvents. The dissolution behavior is thus different from micellar bile salt solutions, in which a significant interfacial barrier controls kinetics.", "contents": "Cholesterol solubility in organic solvents. The 37 degree cholesterol solubilities in over 50 solvents, including the homologous n-alkanols through dodecanol and homologous ethyl carboxylates through the undecanoate, and the 37 degree beta-sitosterol solubilities in the n-alkanols through decanol are reported. Additionally, solubility data for cholesterol at 7, 17, and 27 degrees in the alcohol series were obtained. These measurements allowed the calculation of heats of solution for cholesterol in the alkanols, which range from 7.5 kcal for methanol to 4.3 kcal for decanol and which tend to decrease, although irregularly, with increasing alkanol chain length. A solubility maximum in all of these series for both solutes was observed between a chain length of six and seven. A surprisingly irregular, odd-even alternating solubility pattern was noted for cholesterol in the alkanols at all four temperatures. Experimental evidence indicated that this pattern was due to solvent-induced crystalline changes, presumably solvate formation, in each alkanol solvent through C10. Overall, the solubility studies screened solvents for their utility in dissolving cholesterol and, thus, cholesterol gallstones. To these ends, some limited dissolution experiments were performed, which indicated that the solution rate is directly related to the measured solubility in organic solvents. The dissolution behavior is thus different from micellar bile salt solutions, in which a significant interfacial barrier controls kinetics.", "PMID": 501527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5325", "title": "Bioavailability of chlorothiazide tablets in humans.", "content": "A urinary excretion bioavailability study was conducted in 12 healthy male subjects to evaluate three 250-mg and three 500-mg chlorothiazide tablet products. The study was a crossover design, and urine samples were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr after administration of each dose. The resulting data were statistically analyzed for significant differences in cumulative percent of dose excreted at each sampling time, total drug recovery after 24 hr, maximum excretion rate, and time of maximum excretion rate. No statistically significant differences were found between the three 250-mg tablets tested. The urinary drug recovery after administration of one of the 500-mg products was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than that from the other two 500-mg tablets. The total mean recovery from each product ranged from only 11 to 20%, indicating that in general chlorothiazide was not well absorbed following oral administration. Attempts at correlating the urinary excretion data with the dissolution rate determinations were not successful.", "contents": "Bioavailability of chlorothiazide tablets in humans. A urinary excretion bioavailability study was conducted in 12 healthy male subjects to evaluate three 250-mg and three 500-mg chlorothiazide tablet products. The study was a crossover design, and urine samples were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr after administration of each dose. The resulting data were statistically analyzed for significant differences in cumulative percent of dose excreted at each sampling time, total drug recovery after 24 hr, maximum excretion rate, and time of maximum excretion rate. No statistically significant differences were found between the three 250-mg tablets tested. The urinary drug recovery after administration of one of the 500-mg products was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than that from the other two 500-mg tablets. The total mean recovery from each product ranged from only 11 to 20%, indicating that in general chlorothiazide was not well absorbed following oral administration. Attempts at correlating the urinary excretion data with the dissolution rate determinations were not successful.", "PMID": 501528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5326", "title": "Effect of temperature and an ion-exchange resin on cation diffusion through silicone polymer tubing.", "content": "Permeation of cations through silicone rubber tubing was measured, and the effect of an ion-exchange resin on the cation diffusion was determined. Silicone rubber has been used as a biomedical polymer and shows a very low solubility to ionizable species. Correlations between the calculated diffusion coefficients, with and without the resin, depended on the charge and number of waters of hydration for each cation. These increases ranged from 1.11 for potassium to 3.06 for iron, multiplied by the diffusion coefficient as a result of the resin. Solubilities of each cation in the polymer were temperature dependent. Activation energies were calculated for each cation by measuring the increased permeation with increasing temperature, with and without the resin. Decreasing magnitudes of activation energies ranged from 0.91 for sodium to 0.57 for iron when the resin was present. Correlations were established between the measured activation energies and reported free energy change for the hydration of each cation.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and an ion-exchange resin on cation diffusion through silicone polymer tubing. Permeation of cations through silicone rubber tubing was measured, and the effect of an ion-exchange resin on the cation diffusion was determined. Silicone rubber has been used as a biomedical polymer and shows a very low solubility to ionizable species. Correlations between the calculated diffusion coefficients, with and without the resin, depended on the charge and number of waters of hydration for each cation. These increases ranged from 1.11 for potassium to 3.06 for iron, multiplied by the diffusion coefficient as a result of the resin. Solubilities of each cation in the polymer were temperature dependent. Activation energies were calculated for each cation by measuring the increased permeation with increasing temperature, with and without the resin. Decreasing magnitudes of activation energies ranged from 0.91 for sodium to 0.57 for iron when the resin was present. Correlations were established between the measured activation energies and reported free energy change for the hydration of each cation.", "PMID": 501529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5327", "title": "Species difference in GI motor response to somatostatin.", "content": "Acute experiments were performed on overnight fasted chloralose-urethan anesthetized dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. Under these conditions, somatostatin practically abolished gastric contractions and decreased GI tonus in all species examined. The canine duodenum, jejunum, and ileum exhibited only a contractile response to somatostatin, whereas motor activities of the small intestines of the cat, rabbit, and rat were inhibited. In all instances and at all dosages, both the inhibitory and excitatory effects showed suggestions of tachyphylaxis. The data also indicate that excitatory or inhibitory effects were not dependent on the presence of long arc pathways. It is concluded that somatostatin exerts a direct stimulatory effect on the canine small intestine that is mediated by the muscularis mucosa.", "contents": "Species difference in GI motor response to somatostatin. Acute experiments were performed on overnight fasted chloralose-urethan anesthetized dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. Under these conditions, somatostatin practically abolished gastric contractions and decreased GI tonus in all species examined. The canine duodenum, jejunum, and ileum exhibited only a contractile response to somatostatin, whereas motor activities of the small intestines of the cat, rabbit, and rat were inhibited. In all instances and at all dosages, both the inhibitory and excitatory effects showed suggestions of tachyphylaxis. The data also indicate that excitatory or inhibitory effects were not dependent on the presence of long arc pathways. It is concluded that somatostatin exerts a direct stimulatory effect on the canine small intestine that is mediated by the muscularis mucosa.", "PMID": 501530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5328", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic microdetermination of indoprofen in human milk.", "content": "A previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for indoprofen determination in physiological fluids was modified and extended to provide quantitative data on drug concentrations in human milk samples at a low nanogram per milliliter level. The reversed-phase HPLC technique was modified to give a better separation of the drug and milk components. To achieve the necessary cleanup for low level determination, the milk samples required protein precipitation, liquid-liquid drug extraction, and concentration. Excellent indoprofen recovery was obtained with this technique; the average recovery from 20 milk samples spiked with various nanogram drug levels was 95%. The analytical technique showed excellent reproducibility; the calibration solutions over 15 days had a relative standard deviation of 3.2%. Results for indoprofen levels in milk and plasma samples from seven subjects who received either a single or multiple oral drug dose are presented.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic microdetermination of indoprofen in human milk. A previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for indoprofen determination in physiological fluids was modified and extended to provide quantitative data on drug concentrations in human milk samples at a low nanogram per milliliter level. The reversed-phase HPLC technique was modified to give a better separation of the drug and milk components. To achieve the necessary cleanup for low level determination, the milk samples required protein precipitation, liquid-liquid drug extraction, and concentration. Excellent indoprofen recovery was obtained with this technique; the average recovery from 20 milk samples spiked with various nanogram drug levels was 95%. The analytical technique showed excellent reproducibility; the calibration solutions over 15 days had a relative standard deviation of 3.2%. Results for indoprofen levels in milk and plasma samples from seven subjects who received either a single or multiple oral drug dose are presented.", "PMID": 501531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5329", "title": "Simple analogs of the toxin callicarpone.", "content": "Callicarpone, a component 10 times as toxic to fish as rotenone, has been isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa candicans. It is reasonable to assume that callicarpone will act as an insecticidal agent as does rotenone. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship of callicarpone was examined by synthesizing a series of compounds having certain of its structural features. Those compounds were tested for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. A study of synthetic analogs elucidated the functional group chemistry of callicarpone so that a synthesis might be undertaken. Piperitone oxide showed approximately 1/100th the activity of rotenone against Daphnia magna. 1-(alpha-Hydroxyisopropyl)-3-oxocyclohexene oxide showed activity against myobacterium while 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione showed inhibitory activity against the mycobacterium and two yeasts.", "contents": "Simple analogs of the toxin callicarpone. Callicarpone, a component 10 times as toxic to fish as rotenone, has been isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa candicans. It is reasonable to assume that callicarpone will act as an insecticidal agent as does rotenone. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship of callicarpone was examined by synthesizing a series of compounds having certain of its structural features. Those compounds were tested for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. A study of synthetic analogs elucidated the functional group chemistry of callicarpone so that a synthesis might be undertaken. Piperitone oxide showed approximately 1/100th the activity of rotenone against Daphnia magna. 1-(alpha-Hydroxyisopropyl)-3-oxocyclohexene oxide showed activity against myobacterium while 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione showed inhibitory activity against the mycobacterium and two yeasts.", "PMID": 501532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5330", "title": "Kinetic parameter estimation by numerical algorithms and multiple linear regression: application to pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method of parameter estimation in pharmacokinetics. Results for a system exemplifying first-order kinetics indicate that parameters estimated by the proposed procedure compare favorably with those estimated by a nonlinear regression method. In a simulated example characterized by Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics, the accuracy of the estimated parameters was comparable to that expected, verifying the validity of the method. The importance of the numerical approximation algorithms was demonstrated also.", "contents": "Kinetic parameter estimation by numerical algorithms and multiple linear regression: application to pharmacokinetics. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method of parameter estimation in pharmacokinetics. Results for a system exemplifying first-order kinetics indicate that parameters estimated by the proposed procedure compare favorably with those estimated by a nonlinear regression method. In a simulated example characterized by Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics, the accuracy of the estimated parameters was comparable to that expected, verifying the validity of the method. The importance of the numerical approximation algorithms was demonstrated also.", "PMID": 501533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5331", "title": "Impurities in drugs III: Trihexyphenidyl.", "content": "Two lots of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride raw material, one lot of elixir, and 10 lots of tablets were examined for impurities by TLC. Impurities found were 1-phenyl-2-propenone, 3-piperidinopropiophenone, and 3-aminopropiophenone. Not all impurities were present in all lots, and none exceeded 1.9% of the label drug claim. Impurities were identified by mass spectrometry and by comparison of TLC Rf values and GLC retention times to those of synthesized specimens of the impurities.", "contents": "Impurities in drugs III: Trihexyphenidyl. Two lots of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride raw material, one lot of elixir, and 10 lots of tablets were examined for impurities by TLC. Impurities found were 1-phenyl-2-propenone, 3-piperidinopropiophenone, and 3-aminopropiophenone. Not all impurities were present in all lots, and none exceeded 1.9% of the label drug claim. Impurities were identified by mass spectrometry and by comparison of TLC Rf values and GLC retention times to those of synthesized specimens of the impurities.", "PMID": 501534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5332", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for griseofulvin in plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for griseofulvin assay in human plasma. The method utilized warfarin as an internal standard and easily quantitated griseofulvin plasma levels as low as 0.10 micrograms/ml. The method was compared to two fluorometric assay methods and was more specific for griseofulvin. Assay of 6-demethylgriseofulvin isolated from human urine demonstrated that this material was not responsible for the interferences apparent in the fluorometric procedures.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for griseofulvin in plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for griseofulvin assay in human plasma. The method utilized warfarin as an internal standard and easily quantitated griseofulvin plasma levels as low as 0.10 micrograms/ml. The method was compared to two fluorometric assay methods and was more specific for griseofulvin. Assay of 6-demethylgriseofulvin isolated from human urine demonstrated that this material was not responsible for the interferences apparent in the fluorometric procedures.", "PMID": 501535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5333", "title": "Mercaptoalkylamine coordination compounds of platinum(II) and palladium(II) and their anticancer activity.", "content": "A series of coordination compounds of platinum(II) and palladium(II) with several amino- and heterocyclic aminoalkyl mercaptans was synthesized, and their structures were determined by IR absorption and elemental analyses. Because of the tendency of the mercapto group to undergo oxidation on reaction with metals, as observed with copper(II), the complexes were obtained by use of the aminoalkylthiosulfates, which decomposed to the thiol in either acid or alkaline solution. Furthermore, palladium-sulfide complex formation by reaction with an aminoalkyltrithiocarbonate made it possible to distinguish between metal-sulfur and metal-nitrogen bonds in the 650--400-cm-1 region. Anticancer screening against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice did not reveal positive activity among the compounds tested.", "contents": "Mercaptoalkylamine coordination compounds of platinum(II) and palladium(II) and their anticancer activity. A series of coordination compounds of platinum(II) and palladium(II) with several amino- and heterocyclic aminoalkyl mercaptans was synthesized, and their structures were determined by IR absorption and elemental analyses. Because of the tendency of the mercapto group to undergo oxidation on reaction with metals, as observed with copper(II), the complexes were obtained by use of the aminoalkylthiosulfates, which decomposed to the thiol in either acid or alkaline solution. Furthermore, palladium-sulfide complex formation by reaction with an aminoalkyltrithiocarbonate made it possible to distinguish between metal-sulfur and metal-nitrogen bonds in the 650--400-cm-1 region. Anticancer screening against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice did not reveal positive activity among the compounds tested.", "PMID": 501536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5334", "title": "Solubility in amide-water cosolvent systems II: Cosolvent excess at solute surface.", "content": "The solubility of methylparaben was determined at 25 degrees in a series of amide-water cosolvent systems. The data were used to demonstrate the possibility of an amide excess at or near the ester solute over that in the bulk solvent. The analysis, stemming from an interfacial tension-solute area solubility model proposed by earlier workers, involved data obtained as a function of amide concentration and as a function of amide alkylation. Both sets of data support the basic contention of the paper.", "contents": "Solubility in amide-water cosolvent systems II: Cosolvent excess at solute surface. The solubility of methylparaben was determined at 25 degrees in a series of amide-water cosolvent systems. The data were used to demonstrate the possibility of an amide excess at or near the ester solute over that in the bulk solvent. The analysis, stemming from an interfacial tension-solute area solubility model proposed by earlier workers, involved data obtained as a function of amide concentration and as a function of amide alkylation. Both sets of data support the basic contention of the paper.", "PMID": 501537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5335", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of cyclophosphamide in raw material and parenteral dosage forms.", "content": "A simple, specific, high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the assay of cyclophosphamide as the raw material and in parenteral dosage forms. The assay involves dilution, addition of an internal standard (methyl 4-aminobenzoate), injection onto a reversed-phase C18 column, and quantitation with a UV detector at 200 nm. Sensitivity is approximately 40 micrograms/ml. Decomposition products elute at the void volume and do not interfere.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of cyclophosphamide in raw material and parenteral dosage forms. A simple, specific, high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the assay of cyclophosphamide as the raw material and in parenteral dosage forms. The assay involves dilution, addition of an internal standard (methyl 4-aminobenzoate), injection onto a reversed-phase C18 column, and quantitation with a UV detector at 200 nm. Sensitivity is approximately 40 micrograms/ml. Decomposition products elute at the void volume and do not interfere.", "PMID": 501538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5336", "title": "Controlled release of tetracycline I: In vitro studies with a trilaminate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate system.", "content": "A membrane-controlled drug delivery device was developed to release tetracycline at zero-order rates. The tetracycline delivery vehicle is a trilaminate disk consisting of core and coating membranes fabricated from a series of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymers. Appropriate adjustment of the monomer composition ratio imparts a hydrophobic nature to the copolymer outer coating membrane (relative to the core material), which serves as the rate-limiting membrane in drug diffusion. The trilaminate disks demonstrated a zero-order tetracycline release over 4 months in vitro. The zero-order release rate was a function of the general device geometry, coating membrane thickness, disk surface, area, level of core reservoir drug loading, and membrane coating copolymer composition. Permeability parameters of tetracycline diffusion through a series of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer membranes were determined by a flux-lag time method. Equilibrium hydration values of these membranes also were determined. The ability of trilaminate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate devices to release tetracycline at constant rates over a prolonged period offers unique therapeutic and investigational possibilities.", "contents": "Controlled release of tetracycline I: In vitro studies with a trilaminate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate system. A membrane-controlled drug delivery device was developed to release tetracycline at zero-order rates. The tetracycline delivery vehicle is a trilaminate disk consisting of core and coating membranes fabricated from a series of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymers. Appropriate adjustment of the monomer composition ratio imparts a hydrophobic nature to the copolymer outer coating membrane (relative to the core material), which serves as the rate-limiting membrane in drug diffusion. The trilaminate disks demonstrated a zero-order tetracycline release over 4 months in vitro. The zero-order release rate was a function of the general device geometry, coating membrane thickness, disk surface, area, level of core reservoir drug loading, and membrane coating copolymer composition. Permeability parameters of tetracycline diffusion through a series of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer membranes were determined by a flux-lag time method. Equilibrium hydration values of these membranes also were determined. The ability of trilaminate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate devices to release tetracycline at constant rates over a prolonged period offers unique therapeutic and investigational possibilities.", "PMID": 501539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5337", "title": "Analysis of nitrosamines in aqueous and biological fluids based on measurement of photochemically liberated nitrite.", "content": "A method is described for the analysis of nitrosamines in aqueous solution and in biological fluids (blood, plasma, and rat liver microsomal suspensions). The method is based on photochemical degradation of the nitrosamine in a controlled environment to yield the corresponding amine and nitrite ion, and the latter is subsequently used to form a chromophoric or fluorescent product. The analysis scheme is a modular three-component system consisting of a column to remove contaminating nitrite prior to photolysis, a photochemical reactor, and a chemical reactor. Additional modules are used to accommodate biological samples or large-volume (5--50 ml) aqueous samples. In this study, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N,N-diethanolnitrosamine were utilized as substrates. Because of intersubstrate variability in the photochemical decomposition rate and overall nitrite yield, the structure (i.e., photochemical behavior) of the particular nitrosamine in the sample must be known prior to analysis. With a colorimetric readout, the sensitivity for analysis of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was 800 ng/ml for a 5-ml sample and the measurement precision was +/- 6% in the biological fluids. Fluorometric analysis improved sensitivity to 4 ng/ml with a precision of +/- 10% in biological media.", "contents": "Analysis of nitrosamines in aqueous and biological fluids based on measurement of photochemically liberated nitrite. A method is described for the analysis of nitrosamines in aqueous solution and in biological fluids (blood, plasma, and rat liver microsomal suspensions). The method is based on photochemical degradation of the nitrosamine in a controlled environment to yield the corresponding amine and nitrite ion, and the latter is subsequently used to form a chromophoric or fluorescent product. The analysis scheme is a modular three-component system consisting of a column to remove contaminating nitrite prior to photolysis, a photochemical reactor, and a chemical reactor. Additional modules are used to accommodate biological samples or large-volume (5--50 ml) aqueous samples. In this study, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N,N-diethanolnitrosamine were utilized as substrates. Because of intersubstrate variability in the photochemical decomposition rate and overall nitrite yield, the structure (i.e., photochemical behavior) of the particular nitrosamine in the sample must be known prior to analysis. With a colorimetric readout, the sensitivity for analysis of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was 800 ng/ml for a 5-ml sample and the measurement precision was +/- 6% in the biological fluids. Fluorometric analysis improved sensitivity to 4 ng/ml with a precision of +/- 10% in biological media.", "PMID": 501541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5338", "title": "Isolation of salicylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic anhydride from aspirin tablets by extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Aspirin and four salicylate impurities of aspirin (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic anhydride, and salicylsalicylic acid) were resolved by silica gell TLC and by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reversed-phase C18 column. Care was necessary in the choice of a column because of similar column failed to resolve these five compounds. Salicylsalicylic acid was isolated from aspirin tablets by extraction followed by reversed-phase C18 HPLC. The structure of this compound was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample of salicylsalicylic acid by HPLC, TLC, IR and UV spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry. Two other compounds, acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, which had been previously identified by chromatography as impurities in aspirin, were isolated and further characterized.", "contents": "Isolation of salicylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic anhydride from aspirin tablets by extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aspirin and four salicylate impurities of aspirin (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic anhydride, and salicylsalicylic acid) were resolved by silica gell TLC and by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reversed-phase C18 column. Care was necessary in the choice of a column because of similar column failed to resolve these five compounds. Salicylsalicylic acid was isolated from aspirin tablets by extraction followed by reversed-phase C18 HPLC. The structure of this compound was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample of salicylsalicylic acid by HPLC, TLC, IR and UV spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry. Two other compounds, acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, which had been previously identified by chromatography as impurities in aspirin, were isolated and further characterized.", "PMID": 501542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5339", "title": "Lyophilization of pharmaceutical injections: theoretical physical model.", "content": "A physical model for the lyophilization kinetics of parenteral formulations is presented. Mathematical relationships are derived, which involve the simultaneous change in the receding boundary of the ice-vapor interface with time as well as water vapor diffusion across the dry porous matrix and boundary layer. Heat from an external heat source is transferred across the frozen solution to the receding ice surface. The model predicts that the water lost and the receding boundary distance are linearly related to the square root of time when lyophilization is matrix controlled. The mathematical descriptions are predictive of the physicochemical and transport events and can lead to the design of quantitative experiments to relate theory to formulation design.", "contents": "Lyophilization of pharmaceutical injections: theoretical physical model. A physical model for the lyophilization kinetics of parenteral formulations is presented. Mathematical relationships are derived, which involve the simultaneous change in the receding boundary of the ice-vapor interface with time as well as water vapor diffusion across the dry porous matrix and boundary layer. Heat from an external heat source is transferred across the frozen solution to the receding ice surface. The model predicts that the water lost and the receding boundary distance are linearly related to the square root of time when lyophilization is matrix controlled. The mathematical descriptions are predictive of the physicochemical and transport events and can lead to the design of quantitative experiments to relate theory to formulation design.", "PMID": 501543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5340", "title": "Flame-ionization GLC assay for fluorouracil in plasma of cancer patients.", "content": "A rapid and specific flame-ionization GLC method was developed for the determination of plasma fluorouracil. The chloro analog is used as the internal standard. The method involves the isolation of both the drug and the internal standard from plasma on a strong anion-exchange column at pH 10. Elution is performed with acetic acid in methanol. The evaporated eluate is dissolved in tetrahexylammonium hydroxide. An aliquot of the resulting solution is introduced directly into the gas chromatograph, where conversion to the bishexyl derivatives and subsequent separation take place. The extraction recovery from blank plasma, to which fluorouracil was added, was 96.8 +/- 2.4% (SD). Linearity was proven in the range from 0 to 25 micrograms/ml, whereas the detection limit of the method was estimated at about 2 micrograms/ml of plasma. The within-run precision was determined at three different fluorouracil levels. To demonstrate method applicability, plasma samples obtained from cancer patients to whom 1 g of fluorouracil had been administered intravenously were analyzed.", "contents": "Flame-ionization GLC assay for fluorouracil in plasma of cancer patients. A rapid and specific flame-ionization GLC method was developed for the determination of plasma fluorouracil. The chloro analog is used as the internal standard. The method involves the isolation of both the drug and the internal standard from plasma on a strong anion-exchange column at pH 10. Elution is performed with acetic acid in methanol. The evaporated eluate is dissolved in tetrahexylammonium hydroxide. An aliquot of the resulting solution is introduced directly into the gas chromatograph, where conversion to the bishexyl derivatives and subsequent separation take place. The extraction recovery from blank plasma, to which fluorouracil was added, was 96.8 +/- 2.4% (SD). Linearity was proven in the range from 0 to 25 micrograms/ml, whereas the detection limit of the method was estimated at about 2 micrograms/ml of plasma. The within-run precision was determined at three different fluorouracil levels. To demonstrate method applicability, plasma samples obtained from cancer patients to whom 1 g of fluorouracil had been administered intravenously were analyzed.", "PMID": 501544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5341", "title": "Influence of cetylpyridinium chloride on corneal permeability to penicillin.", "content": "The epithelial surface or the deepithelialized anterior stromal surface of isolated rabbit corneas was perfused for 3 hr with 14C-penicillin in 25 mM Ringer-bicarbonate solution with or without 1% albumin and with or without 0.02% cetylpyridinium chloride. The intact epithelium acted as a barrier to penicillin and impeded the flux rate by 66% when compared to the flux rate across the deepithelialized cornea. The presence of 0.02% cetylpyridinium chloride increased the penicillin flux rate across corneas with an intact epithelial layer to that of deepithelialized corneas. Cetylpyridinium chloride, 0.02%, had no effect on penicillin flux across deepithelialized corneas. The penicillin flux rate across corneas, with or without epithelium, was increased slightly following the inclusion of 1.0% albumin in the bathing solution. The flux rates across deepithelialized corneas in the presence of albumin, with or without cetylpyridinium chloride, were similar to fluxes found in the absence of albumin. Albumin-penicillin \"binding\" was not a significant factor in impeding penicillin flux, and this binding apparently was not altered by cetylpyridinium chloride. The surfactant appeared to alter epithelial permeability physiologically.", "contents": "Influence of cetylpyridinium chloride on corneal permeability to penicillin. The epithelial surface or the deepithelialized anterior stromal surface of isolated rabbit corneas was perfused for 3 hr with 14C-penicillin in 25 mM Ringer-bicarbonate solution with or without 1% albumin and with or without 0.02% cetylpyridinium chloride. The intact epithelium acted as a barrier to penicillin and impeded the flux rate by 66% when compared to the flux rate across the deepithelialized cornea. The presence of 0.02% cetylpyridinium chloride increased the penicillin flux rate across corneas with an intact epithelial layer to that of deepithelialized corneas. Cetylpyridinium chloride, 0.02%, had no effect on penicillin flux across deepithelialized corneas. The penicillin flux rate across corneas, with or without epithelium, was increased slightly following the inclusion of 1.0% albumin in the bathing solution. The flux rates across deepithelialized corneas in the presence of albumin, with or without cetylpyridinium chloride, were similar to fluxes found in the absence of albumin. Albumin-penicillin \"binding\" was not a significant factor in impeding penicillin flux, and this binding apparently was not altered by cetylpyridinium chloride. The surfactant appeared to alter epithelial permeability physiologically.", "PMID": 501545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5342", "title": "Renal actions of oxyphenbutazone.", "content": "Oxyphenbutazone decreased the renal excretion of sodium and water in anesthetized dogs. As these excretions decreased, the drug also produced a decrease in renal blood flow and in the glomerular filtration rate. Blood pressure increased slightly. These changes are consistent with an inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis and could explain why oxyphenbutazone is reported to produce weight gain and edema when used clinically.", "contents": "Renal actions of oxyphenbutazone. Oxyphenbutazone decreased the renal excretion of sodium and water in anesthetized dogs. As these excretions decreased, the drug also produced a decrease in renal blood flow and in the glomerular filtration rate. Blood pressure increased slightly. These changes are consistent with an inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis and could explain why oxyphenbutazone is reported to produce weight gain and edema when used clinically.", "PMID": 501546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5343", "title": "Effects of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) on chlorpromazine-induced serum prolactin rise in male rats.", "content": "To investigate if vitamin B6 inhibits prolactin release and to compare this effect to that of bromocriptine, a known suppressor of prolactin release, a study was conducted in male rats. Animals were pretreated with pyridoxine hydrochloride, pyridoxal hydrochloride, saline, or bromocriptine 30 min prior to receiving varying doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Blood samples were obtained 90 min later and analyzed for serum prolactin by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Another study involved pyridoxal hydrochloride and saline pretreatments 30 min prior to doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Blood samples collected 60 min later were also analyzed for serum prolactin. Pyridoxine hydrochloride significantly suppressed the chlorpromazine-induced prolactin rise (p less than 0.01). However, the suppression was significantly less than that produced by bromocriptine (p less than 0.01). Pyridoxal hydrochloride, another natural form of vitamin B6, failed to suppress prolactin under the conditions of both studies. This investigation may lend support to the concept that pyridoxine hydrochloride partially inhibits prolactin by a mechanism not involving dopamine.", "contents": "Effects of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) on chlorpromazine-induced serum prolactin rise in male rats. To investigate if vitamin B6 inhibits prolactin release and to compare this effect to that of bromocriptine, a known suppressor of prolactin release, a study was conducted in male rats. Animals were pretreated with pyridoxine hydrochloride, pyridoxal hydrochloride, saline, or bromocriptine 30 min prior to receiving varying doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Blood samples were obtained 90 min later and analyzed for serum prolactin by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Another study involved pyridoxal hydrochloride and saline pretreatments 30 min prior to doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Blood samples collected 60 min later were also analyzed for serum prolactin. Pyridoxine hydrochloride significantly suppressed the chlorpromazine-induced prolactin rise (p less than 0.01). However, the suppression was significantly less than that produced by bromocriptine (p less than 0.01). Pyridoxal hydrochloride, another natural form of vitamin B6, failed to suppress prolactin under the conditions of both studies. This investigation may lend support to the concept that pyridoxine hydrochloride partially inhibits prolactin by a mechanism not involving dopamine.", "PMID": 501547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5344", "title": "Resolution of (+/-)-propranolol.", "content": "Two improvements in propranolol resolution were developed. Both the (+)- and (-)-di-(p-toluoyl)tartaric acids were used as the resolving agents. This procedure reduced the number of crystallizations needed to obtain a pure product. Furthermore, synthesis of the resolving agent was improved.", "contents": "Resolution of (+/-)-propranolol. Two improvements in propranolol resolution were developed. Both the (+)- and (-)-di-(p-toluoyl)tartaric acids were used as the resolving agents. This procedure reduced the number of crystallizations needed to obtain a pure product. Furthermore, synthesis of the resolving agent was improved.", "PMID": 501548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5345", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of benzodiazepines I: Stability-indicating assay of diazepam tablets.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for diazepam tablet analysis. This procedure separates the manufacturing intermediate, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, and the decomposition products, 3-amino-6-chloro-1-methyl-4-phenylcarbostyril and 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone, from diazepam. The liquid chromatographic procedure is superior to the USP UV assay because it is stability indicating. The method is simple, accurate, and fast, involving only one extraction step. A reversed-phase column and a methanol-water mobile phase were used. Under these conditions, 0.1% of the decomposition products was detectable. Typical samples of diazepam tablets showed no degradation.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of benzodiazepines I: Stability-indicating assay of diazepam tablets. A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for diazepam tablet analysis. This procedure separates the manufacturing intermediate, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, and the decomposition products, 3-amino-6-chloro-1-methyl-4-phenylcarbostyril and 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone, from diazepam. The liquid chromatographic procedure is superior to the USP UV assay because it is stability indicating. The method is simple, accurate, and fast, involving only one extraction step. A reversed-phase column and a methanol-water mobile phase were used. Under these conditions, 0.1% of the decomposition products was detectable. Typical samples of diazepam tablets showed no degradation.", "PMID": 501549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5346", "title": "Quantitative flash-methylation analysis of phenobarbital.", "content": "In phenobarbital measurement by GLC with the flash-methylation technique, using trimethylanilinium hydroxide as a methylating reagent, a small amount of water decomposed phenobarbital and interfered with the quantitative analysis. Thus, both the sample and the methylating reagent must be sufficiently dehydrated to attain quantitative analyses. The hydrolysis decomposition product of phenobarbital was N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, as shown by its mass spectrum. The sum of methylated phenobarbital and N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide (if observed in the spectrum) can be used for an accurate phenobarbital assay in the present flash-methylation technique.", "contents": "Quantitative flash-methylation analysis of phenobarbital. In phenobarbital measurement by GLC with the flash-methylation technique, using trimethylanilinium hydroxide as a methylating reagent, a small amount of water decomposed phenobarbital and interfered with the quantitative analysis. Thus, both the sample and the methylating reagent must be sufficiently dehydrated to attain quantitative analyses. The hydrolysis decomposition product of phenobarbital was N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, as shown by its mass spectrum. The sum of methylated phenobarbital and N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide (if observed in the spectrum) can be used for an accurate phenobarbital assay in the present flash-methylation technique.", "PMID": 501550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5347", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of pyridinol carbamate in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of two pyridinol carbamate formulations were studied after a single oral administration in 10 healthy volunteers. An open one-compartment model described the evolution of plasma concentrations as a function of time. Pyridinol carbamate was rapidly absorbed (mean lag time from 0.36 to 0.38 hr). Its elimination half-life ranged from 3.3 to 7.9 hr. The two formulations were bioequivalent.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of pyridinol carbamate in humans. The pharmacokinetics of two pyridinol carbamate formulations were studied after a single oral administration in 10 healthy volunteers. An open one-compartment model described the evolution of plasma concentrations as a function of time. Pyridinol carbamate was rapidly absorbed (mean lag time from 0.36 to 0.38 hr). Its elimination half-life ranged from 3.3 to 7.9 hr. The two formulations were bioequivalent.", "PMID": 501551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5348", "title": "Correlations of parotid saliva and plasma lidocaine concentrations in rats.", "content": "The concentration ratios of parotid saliva to plasma lidocaine were determined in rats after a single dose (10 mg of lidocaine/kg) and constant infusion (60 micrograms of lidocaine/kg/min). Parotid saliva and plasma samples were obtained at 10, 20, and 30 min after single-dose lidocaine administration and at 70, 80, and 90 min after the initiation of a lidocaine infusion. The saliva/plasma concentration ratios for lidocaine after single-dose administration decreased from 1.13 +/- 0.03 at 10 min to 0.51 +/- 0.06 at 30 min, whereas the ratios determined during the lidocaine infusion remained constant (0.43 +/- 0.03, 0.45 +/- 0.03, and 0.43 +/- 0.04) over the time period tested. The variable saliva/plasma concentration ratios obtained after single-dose administration may be associated with rapid drug distribution between the plasma and peripheral compartments and variation in lidocaine binding to plasma proteins. However, during constant lidocaine infusion, a steady-state concentration was achieved within 70 min, as demonstrated by the constant saliva/plasma concentration ratios.", "contents": "Correlations of parotid saliva and plasma lidocaine concentrations in rats. The concentration ratios of parotid saliva to plasma lidocaine were determined in rats after a single dose (10 mg of lidocaine/kg) and constant infusion (60 micrograms of lidocaine/kg/min). Parotid saliva and plasma samples were obtained at 10, 20, and 30 min after single-dose lidocaine administration and at 70, 80, and 90 min after the initiation of a lidocaine infusion. The saliva/plasma concentration ratios for lidocaine after single-dose administration decreased from 1.13 +/- 0.03 at 10 min to 0.51 +/- 0.06 at 30 min, whereas the ratios determined during the lidocaine infusion remained constant (0.43 +/- 0.03, 0.45 +/- 0.03, and 0.43 +/- 0.04) over the time period tested. The variable saliva/plasma concentration ratios obtained after single-dose administration may be associated with rapid drug distribution between the plasma and peripheral compartments and variation in lidocaine binding to plasma proteins. However, during constant lidocaine infusion, a steady-state concentration was achieved within 70 min, as demonstrated by the constant saliva/plasma concentration ratios.", "PMID": 501552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5349", "title": "Separation and spectral properties of diisopropylphosphate, the major decomposition product of isoflurophate.", "content": "The reaction of water with isoflurophate to form diisopropylphosphate was examined and confirmed. Isolation of this decomposition product from an antiglaucoma drug formulation is described. A known reference compound was isolated from a commercial mixture also containing the monoisopropyl ester. The isolation, purification, and molecular spectroscopic and elemental confirmation of structure are described. IR, NMR, and mass spectra are included. Additionally, a GLC procedure and parameters used to identify diisopropylphosphate in a degraded peanut oil formulation of isofluorphate are reported. Reaction mixtures of this drug with water and sodium hydroxide were analyzed by GLC with the expected results.", "contents": "Separation and spectral properties of diisopropylphosphate, the major decomposition product of isoflurophate. The reaction of water with isoflurophate to form diisopropylphosphate was examined and confirmed. Isolation of this decomposition product from an antiglaucoma drug formulation is described. A known reference compound was isolated from a commercial mixture also containing the monoisopropyl ester. The isolation, purification, and molecular spectroscopic and elemental confirmation of structure are described. IR, NMR, and mass spectra are included. Additionally, a GLC procedure and parameters used to identify diisopropylphosphate in a degraded peanut oil formulation of isofluorphate are reported. Reaction mixtures of this drug with water and sodium hydroxide were analyzed by GLC with the expected results.", "PMID": 501553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5350", "title": "Imipramine affects autonomic control of sinoatrial rate in isolated right atrial preparations.", "content": "The effects of imipramine on sinoatrial rate and chronotropic responses to transmural stimulation (TS) were studied in the isolated guinea-pig right atrial preparation. The negative chronotropic response (cholinergically mediated rate decrease) to TS was progressively inhibited by imipramine (5 x 10(-6) M). This inhibition can be attributed directly to an \"atropine-like\" effect of this drug. The positive chronotropic response (adrenergically mediated rate increase) to TS was markedly potentiated by imipramine at similar therapeutic doses; higher doses (5 x 10(-5) M) substantially depressed this rate response. This depression of the adrenergic response to TS does not appear to be the result of a blockade of beta adrenergic receptors since imipramine still potentiated the rate increase in response to exogenous norepinephrine at doses where no TS response remained. Basal spontaneous rate was also depressed by imipramine at high doses (5 x 10(-5) M), both in the absence and presence of autonomic blockers.", "contents": "Imipramine affects autonomic control of sinoatrial rate in isolated right atrial preparations. The effects of imipramine on sinoatrial rate and chronotropic responses to transmural stimulation (TS) were studied in the isolated guinea-pig right atrial preparation. The negative chronotropic response (cholinergically mediated rate decrease) to TS was progressively inhibited by imipramine (5 x 10(-6) M). This inhibition can be attributed directly to an \"atropine-like\" effect of this drug. The positive chronotropic response (adrenergically mediated rate increase) to TS was markedly potentiated by imipramine at similar therapeutic doses; higher doses (5 x 10(-5) M) substantially depressed this rate response. This depression of the adrenergic response to TS does not appear to be the result of a blockade of beta adrenergic receptors since imipramine still potentiated the rate increase in response to exogenous norepinephrine at doses where no TS response remained. Basal spontaneous rate was also depressed by imipramine at high doses (5 x 10(-5) M), both in the absence and presence of autonomic blockers.", "PMID": 501562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5351", "title": "Reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated transmission by a convulsant benzodiazepine.", "content": "In contrast to other benzodiazepine, Ro 5-3663 produces convulsions in mice. The CD50 of 7.0 mg/kg i.v. falls between that of picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol. An electrophysiological study was made of the effects of this convulsant benzodiazepine on spinal reflexes and on ganglionic depolarization evoked by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the unanesthetized spinal cat, Ro 5-3663 (15 mg/kg i.v.)depressed the dorsal root potentials and abolished the dorsal root reflexes evoked by muscle and cutaneous afferent inputs. The monosynaptic reflex was typically depressed, whereas polysynaptic potentials were enhanced. Diazepam reversed the depression of the dorsal root reflex and dorsal root potential produced by the convulsant benzodiazepine and reduced the enhancement of the polysynaptic potential. Presynaptic inhibition was attenuated by the convulsant, whereas strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibition was slightly potentiated. Ro 5-3663 reduced the amplitude and duration of the GABA-evoked negative surface potential recorded from the superior cervical ganglion. The results indicate that the convulsant benzodiazepine acts in an opposite manner to the depressant benzodiazepines and support the hypothesis that these two types of compounds act through a modulation of GABAergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated transmission by a convulsant benzodiazepine. In contrast to other benzodiazepine, Ro 5-3663 produces convulsions in mice. The CD50 of 7.0 mg/kg i.v. falls between that of picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol. An electrophysiological study was made of the effects of this convulsant benzodiazepine on spinal reflexes and on ganglionic depolarization evoked by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the unanesthetized spinal cat, Ro 5-3663 (15 mg/kg i.v.)depressed the dorsal root potentials and abolished the dorsal root reflexes evoked by muscle and cutaneous afferent inputs. The monosynaptic reflex was typically depressed, whereas polysynaptic potentials were enhanced. Diazepam reversed the depression of the dorsal root reflex and dorsal root potential produced by the convulsant benzodiazepine and reduced the enhancement of the polysynaptic potential. Presynaptic inhibition was attenuated by the convulsant, whereas strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibition was slightly potentiated. Ro 5-3663 reduced the amplitude and duration of the GABA-evoked negative surface potential recorded from the superior cervical ganglion. The results indicate that the convulsant benzodiazepine acts in an opposite manner to the depressant benzodiazepines and support the hypothesis that these two types of compounds act through a modulation of GABAergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 501563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5352", "title": "Changes in primary afferent depolarization after administration of gamma-acetylenic gamma aminobutyric acid (GAG), a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase inhibitor.", "content": "gamma-Acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAG), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, increased the concentration of GABA in feline spinal cords to 239% of the control value by 225 min after its injection. After administration of GAG to spinally transected cats, the height of the segmentally evoked dorsal root potential (DRP), which is generated at one point via a GABA synapse, was increased to more than twice the control value although the area increased only slightly. However, GAG had no effect on the segmental DRP in the decerebrate cat. In contrast, the DRP evoked in decerebrate cats by electrical stimulation of the brain stem, which is probably mediated by GABA, was decreased by administration of GAG. These effects of GAG were accompanied by the development of spontaneous primary afferent depolarizations which resembled spontaneous DRPs in both spinal and decerebrate cats. The temporal and size correlation between spontaneous DRPs occurring in different spinal roots indicate they are generated by an interneuronal pathway that is released by the action of GAG. The action of GAG on the segmental DRP in the spinal but not decerebrate preparation is also most easily explained by GAG-induced effects on interneuronal pathways. These data suggest GABA transaminase inhibition does not affect the axoaxonic GABA synapse mediating the DRP.", "contents": "Changes in primary afferent depolarization after administration of gamma-acetylenic gamma aminobutyric acid (GAG), a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase inhibitor. gamma-Acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAG), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, increased the concentration of GABA in feline spinal cords to 239% of the control value by 225 min after its injection. After administration of GAG to spinally transected cats, the height of the segmentally evoked dorsal root potential (DRP), which is generated at one point via a GABA synapse, was increased to more than twice the control value although the area increased only slightly. However, GAG had no effect on the segmental DRP in the decerebrate cat. In contrast, the DRP evoked in decerebrate cats by electrical stimulation of the brain stem, which is probably mediated by GABA, was decreased by administration of GAG. These effects of GAG were accompanied by the development of spontaneous primary afferent depolarizations which resembled spontaneous DRPs in both spinal and decerebrate cats. The temporal and size correlation between spontaneous DRPs occurring in different spinal roots indicate they are generated by an interneuronal pathway that is released by the action of GAG. The action of GAG on the segmental DRP in the spinal but not decerebrate preparation is also most easily explained by GAG-induced effects on interneuronal pathways. These data suggest GABA transaminase inhibition does not affect the axoaxonic GABA synapse mediating the DRP.", "PMID": 501564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5353", "title": "Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the beta adrenergic blocking drug sotalol in dogs.", "content": "The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics was studied in dogs using sotalol as a model. The t 1/2 of this drug (4.30 +/- 0.40 hr) in dogs was longer than that of other beta adrenergic blockers. The renal clearance of the drug (4.21 +/- 0.31 ml/min/kg) was approximately 90% of total plasma clearance together with an extensive fraction excreted unchanged (72 +/- 12% of dose) in urine. Significant beta blockade, assessed by the response to isoproterenol tachycardia, was observed without change in blood pressure during the experiments. The log plasma sotalol concentration correlated significantly with the beta blockade (P less than .001). In an attempt to obtain insight into drug concentration-effect-time data, we applied a theory for correlating the observed kinetic data with the pharmacological effects using the elimination rate constant (beta) and the slope of log concentration-effect relationship (m). The rate of decline of drug effects (Rd) derived from this application agreed well with that actually observed in the effect-time interrelations.", "contents": "Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the beta adrenergic blocking drug sotalol in dogs. The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics was studied in dogs using sotalol as a model. The t 1/2 of this drug (4.30 +/- 0.40 hr) in dogs was longer than that of other beta adrenergic blockers. The renal clearance of the drug (4.21 +/- 0.31 ml/min/kg) was approximately 90% of total plasma clearance together with an extensive fraction excreted unchanged (72 +/- 12% of dose) in urine. Significant beta blockade, assessed by the response to isoproterenol tachycardia, was observed without change in blood pressure during the experiments. The log plasma sotalol concentration correlated significantly with the beta blockade (P less than .001). In an attempt to obtain insight into drug concentration-effect-time data, we applied a theory for correlating the observed kinetic data with the pharmacological effects using the elimination rate constant (beta) and the slope of log concentration-effect relationship (m). The rate of decline of drug effects (Rd) derived from this application agreed well with that actually observed in the effect-time interrelations.", "PMID": 501565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5354", "title": "Uptake of ouabain by isolated hepatocytes from livers of developing rats.", "content": "The kinetics of uptake of [3H]ouabain were studied in hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats of various ages. Accumulation of ouabain in hepatocytes was measured at 1-min intervals for 4 min of incubation. Uptake of the drug was found to increase with the age of the animal. Although Vmax increased with age, there was no discernible difference in Km values. The uptake of [3H]ouabain into hepatocytes isolated from livers of 12-day-old rats could be stimulated by pretreatment of the animal with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile. Uptake of [3H]taurocholate into isolated rat hepatocytes did not show a continuous age related pattern similar to that for ouabain. The age dependence of ouabain uptake into isolated rat hepatocytes demonstrated in this study is evidence that a low hepatic uptake capacity is the mechanism by which ouabain exhibits greater toxicity in the newborn rat.", "contents": "Uptake of ouabain by isolated hepatocytes from livers of developing rats. The kinetics of uptake of [3H]ouabain were studied in hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats of various ages. Accumulation of ouabain in hepatocytes was measured at 1-min intervals for 4 min of incubation. Uptake of the drug was found to increase with the age of the animal. Although Vmax increased with age, there was no discernible difference in Km values. The uptake of [3H]ouabain into hepatocytes isolated from livers of 12-day-old rats could be stimulated by pretreatment of the animal with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile. Uptake of [3H]taurocholate into isolated rat hepatocytes did not show a continuous age related pattern similar to that for ouabain. The age dependence of ouabain uptake into isolated rat hepatocytes demonstrated in this study is evidence that a low hepatic uptake capacity is the mechanism by which ouabain exhibits greater toxicity in the newborn rat.", "PMID": 501566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5355", "title": "Effect of morphine on calcium uptake by lysed synaptosomes.", "content": "The effect of morphine on the uptake of 45Ca++ was studied in lysed synaptosomes obtained from homogenates of whole mouse brain. The addition of morphine, 10(-6) M, to the incubation medium or acute administration of 10 or 20 mg/kg s.c. resulted in a decrease in 45Ca++ uptake; this decrease was observed only in the presence of ATP (3 mM). In contrast, after morphine pellet implantation (72 hr) to induce tolerance and physical dependence, an enhancement of lysed synaptosomal 45Ca++ uptake occurred; the increase was obtained in the presence but not in the absence of ATP. The enhancement of Ca++ uptake appears to be related with the degree of tolerance and dependence development since a linear relationship was noted between the time of morphine pellet implantation and the increase in 45Ca++ uptake by lysed synaptosomes. The acute inhibitory action on 45Ca++ uptake by morphine was prevented in vitro by naloxone, 1.9 x 10(-8) M, and in vivo by 2 mg/kg of naloxone s.c. and the chronic enhancing action of morphine by the simultaneous implantation of a naloxone pellet with the morphine pellet. The present findings lend further support to our previous reports in which we suggest that alterations in Ca++ flux may be involved with morphine analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on calcium uptake by lysed synaptosomes. The effect of morphine on the uptake of 45Ca++ was studied in lysed synaptosomes obtained from homogenates of whole mouse brain. The addition of morphine, 10(-6) M, to the incubation medium or acute administration of 10 or 20 mg/kg s.c. resulted in a decrease in 45Ca++ uptake; this decrease was observed only in the presence of ATP (3 mM). In contrast, after morphine pellet implantation (72 hr) to induce tolerance and physical dependence, an enhancement of lysed synaptosomal 45Ca++ uptake occurred; the increase was obtained in the presence but not in the absence of ATP. The enhancement of Ca++ uptake appears to be related with the degree of tolerance and dependence development since a linear relationship was noted between the time of morphine pellet implantation and the increase in 45Ca++ uptake by lysed synaptosomes. The acute inhibitory action on 45Ca++ uptake by morphine was prevented in vitro by naloxone, 1.9 x 10(-8) M, and in vivo by 2 mg/kg of naloxone s.c. and the chronic enhancing action of morphine by the simultaneous implantation of a naloxone pellet with the morphine pellet. The present findings lend further support to our previous reports in which we suggest that alterations in Ca++ flux may be involved with morphine analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence.", "PMID": 501567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5356", "title": "Chronic amphetamine administration to cats: behavioral and neurochemical evidence for decreased central serotonergic function.", "content": "Chronic administration of amphetamine to cats (twice daily, in doses increasing from 5 to 15 mg/kg over a 10-day period) elicited a number of behaviors, e.g., limb flick and abortive groom, characteristic of the action of hallucinogenic drugs and dependent on a depression of central serotonergic neurotransmission. This drug treatment produced large decreases (-40 to -60%) in central nervous system serotonin (5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), when measured either 6 or 24 hr after the last amphetamine injection. The rate of limb flicking returned to a predrug level approximately 5 days after drug withdrawal, at which time 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels had returned to within 30 to 40% of base line. Both 5-HT and 5-HIAA returned to base-line levels within 14 days after drug withdrawal. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were decreased 60 to 95% by chronic amphetamine treatment and showed little recovery within the 14 days after drug withdrawal. A second experiment examined the latency to onset of the behavioral and neurochemical changes with a constant dose of amphetamine (7.5 mg/kg, twice daily). Limb flicking was significantly increased above base-line levels following 3 days of amphetamine administration, at which time 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were decreased 30 to 40%. NE, DA and DA metabolites were decreased approximately 50 to 90% by this treatment regimen. A third experiment examined the effects of a low dose of amphetamine (3.75 mg/kg), injected more frequently (every 6 hr for 6 days), to approximate the administration pattern in human amphetamine abuse. This treatment produced significant increases in limb flicking and abortive grooming on days 5 and 6 and resulted in 30 to 40% depletions of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. NE, DA and DA metabolites were decreased by approximately 50 to 90%. These data are discussed in relation to a role for serotonin in amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia.", "contents": "Chronic amphetamine administration to cats: behavioral and neurochemical evidence for decreased central serotonergic function. Chronic administration of amphetamine to cats (twice daily, in doses increasing from 5 to 15 mg/kg over a 10-day period) elicited a number of behaviors, e.g., limb flick and abortive groom, characteristic of the action of hallucinogenic drugs and dependent on a depression of central serotonergic neurotransmission. This drug treatment produced large decreases (-40 to -60%) in central nervous system serotonin (5-HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), when measured either 6 or 24 hr after the last amphetamine injection. The rate of limb flicking returned to a predrug level approximately 5 days after drug withdrawal, at which time 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels had returned to within 30 to 40% of base line. Both 5-HT and 5-HIAA returned to base-line levels within 14 days after drug withdrawal. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were decreased 60 to 95% by chronic amphetamine treatment and showed little recovery within the 14 days after drug withdrawal. A second experiment examined the latency to onset of the behavioral and neurochemical changes with a constant dose of amphetamine (7.5 mg/kg, twice daily). Limb flicking was significantly increased above base-line levels following 3 days of amphetamine administration, at which time 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were decreased 30 to 40%. NE, DA and DA metabolites were decreased approximately 50 to 90% by this treatment regimen. A third experiment examined the effects of a low dose of amphetamine (3.75 mg/kg), injected more frequently (every 6 hr for 6 days), to approximate the administration pattern in human amphetamine abuse. This treatment produced significant increases in limb flicking and abortive grooming on days 5 and 6 and resulted in 30 to 40% depletions of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. NE, DA and DA metabolites were decreased by approximately 50 to 90%. These data are discussed in relation to a role for serotonin in amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia.", "PMID": 501568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5357", "title": "Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes by various urea derivatives: relationship between protective effects and reactivity with the hydroxyl radical.", "content": "Several urea derivatives (monomethylurea, monoethylurea and diethylurea) give i.p. to mice 30 min before alloxan (75 mg/kg i.v.) were able to prevent the diabetogenic actions of alloxan. Protection by these agents correlated reasonably well with their capacity to react with (scavenge) the hydroxyl radical. Protection did not correlate with the capacity of the above agents to cause a transient hyperglycemia at the point of alloxan administration, which might have also been a potential means of protection. These data extend previously published data on the capacity of hydroxyl radical scavengers to protect against alloxan and add evidence to the concept that the hydroxyl radical, generated within the beta cells, is the species derived from alloxan responsible for the damage to beta cells.", "contents": "Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes by various urea derivatives: relationship between protective effects and reactivity with the hydroxyl radical. Several urea derivatives (monomethylurea, monoethylurea and diethylurea) give i.p. to mice 30 min before alloxan (75 mg/kg i.v.) were able to prevent the diabetogenic actions of alloxan. Protection by these agents correlated reasonably well with their capacity to react with (scavenge) the hydroxyl radical. Protection did not correlate with the capacity of the above agents to cause a transient hyperglycemia at the point of alloxan administration, which might have also been a potential means of protection. These data extend previously published data on the capacity of hydroxyl radical scavengers to protect against alloxan and add evidence to the concept that the hydroxyl radical, generated within the beta cells, is the species derived from alloxan responsible for the damage to beta cells.", "PMID": 501570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5358", "title": "Electrophysiology and pharmacology of striated muscle fibres cultured from dissociated neonatal rat pineal glands.", "content": "1. Striated muscle fibres were found in each of twenty consecutive pineal glands cultured from individual neonatal rats.2. In subsequent experiments performed with dissociated cultures of pineal organs pooled from several litters, myotubes were first visible after about 1 week in culture.3. During the next several weeks the myotubes increased in size, developed crossstriations, and began to twitch spontaneously.4. The resting membrane potential increased with age in culture. All myotubes studied showed delayed rectification. Action potentials either occurred spontaneously or could be evoked if the membrane were sufficiently polarized. No spontaneous end plate potentials were seen.5. Acetylcholine (ACh) produced a brief, monophasic depolarizing response. Noradrenaline, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had no effect on the resting membrane potential when applied iontophoretically.6. The ACh response was reversibly blocked by 10(-6)M-tubocurarine and irreversibly blocked by 10(-6)M-alpha-bungarotoxin. Atropine (10(-4)M) reduced the amplitude and shortened the time course of the ACh response, and 10(-3)M-atropine produced complete but reversible inhibition.7. We conclude that pineal muscle fibres are electrophysiologically and pharmacologically similar to skeletal muscle fibres in vitro. Although the pineal gland has undetectable levels of ACh, pineal muscle develops ACh receptors but not noradrenaline, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, or GABA receptors mediating electrophysiological responses, although these latter substances (except dopamine) are found in the pineal.", "contents": "Electrophysiology and pharmacology of striated muscle fibres cultured from dissociated neonatal rat pineal glands. 1. Striated muscle fibres were found in each of twenty consecutive pineal glands cultured from individual neonatal rats.2. In subsequent experiments performed with dissociated cultures of pineal organs pooled from several litters, myotubes were first visible after about 1 week in culture.3. During the next several weeks the myotubes increased in size, developed crossstriations, and began to twitch spontaneously.4. The resting membrane potential increased with age in culture. All myotubes studied showed delayed rectification. Action potentials either occurred spontaneously or could be evoked if the membrane were sufficiently polarized. No spontaneous end plate potentials were seen.5. Acetylcholine (ACh) produced a brief, monophasic depolarizing response. Noradrenaline, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had no effect on the resting membrane potential when applied iontophoretically.6. The ACh response was reversibly blocked by 10(-6)M-tubocurarine and irreversibly blocked by 10(-6)M-alpha-bungarotoxin. Atropine (10(-4)M) reduced the amplitude and shortened the time course of the ACh response, and 10(-3)M-atropine produced complete but reversible inhibition.7. We conclude that pineal muscle fibres are electrophysiologically and pharmacologically similar to skeletal muscle fibres in vitro. Although the pineal gland has undetectable levels of ACh, pineal muscle develops ACh receptors but not noradrenaline, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, or GABA receptors mediating electrophysiological responses, although these latter substances (except dopamine) are found in the pineal.", "PMID": 501574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5359", "title": "Studies of the electrical excitability of aorta smooth muscle of rabbit.", "content": "1. Electrical records were made from the smooth muscle of rabbit aorta in normal solution and after excitation by noradrenaline, by the partitioned chamber method.2. Noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) produced depolarization and periodic slow potentials, the amplitudes of which were decreased by depolarizing currents and increased by small hyperpolarizing currents. Application of strong hyperpolarizing current stopped production of the slow potentials.3. After application of small amounts of noradrenaline, electrical stimulation produced slow potentials.4. Membrane resistance at the top of the slow potential induced by noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) was decreased to a few percent of the stable potential level during application of noradrenaline.5. The voltage-current relationship of smooth muscle cells in the aorta showed marked cathodal rectification both in standard solution and upon the application of noradrenaline.6. High K (24 mM) elicited periodic slow potentials, the electrical properties of which were very similar to those induced by noradrenaline. Phentolamine (5 x 10(-5) g/ml.) and guanithidine (10(-5) g/ml.), however, blocked the production of these slow potentials.7. The conditions required for the production of slow potentials are discussed.8. Evoked slow potentials by current flow during application of noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) was recorded at 5 mm from the stimulating partition. Thus it is concluded that the slow potential can be conducted.", "contents": "Studies of the electrical excitability of aorta smooth muscle of rabbit. 1. Electrical records were made from the smooth muscle of rabbit aorta in normal solution and after excitation by noradrenaline, by the partitioned chamber method.2. Noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) produced depolarization and periodic slow potentials, the amplitudes of which were decreased by depolarizing currents and increased by small hyperpolarizing currents. Application of strong hyperpolarizing current stopped production of the slow potentials.3. After application of small amounts of noradrenaline, electrical stimulation produced slow potentials.4. Membrane resistance at the top of the slow potential induced by noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) was decreased to a few percent of the stable potential level during application of noradrenaline.5. The voltage-current relationship of smooth muscle cells in the aorta showed marked cathodal rectification both in standard solution and upon the application of noradrenaline.6. High K (24 mM) elicited periodic slow potentials, the electrical properties of which were very similar to those induced by noradrenaline. Phentolamine (5 x 10(-5) g/ml.) and guanithidine (10(-5) g/ml.), however, blocked the production of these slow potentials.7. The conditions required for the production of slow potentials are discussed.8. Evoked slow potentials by current flow during application of noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) g/ml.) was recorded at 5 mm from the stimulating partition. Thus it is concluded that the slow potential can be conducted.", "PMID": 501577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5360", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on the smooth muscle cell of isolated main coronary artery of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The effects of ACh on the smooth muscle cell membrane and mechanical property of the guinea-pig main coronary artery were observed by micro-electrode and isometric tension recording methods. 1. The membrane potential was low (--44 mV) and the membrane was electrically quiescent. Application of outward current pulse generated only a small graded response. The current--voltage relationship was linear for application of inward current pulses. 2. In low external Na or Cl solution the membrane was hyperpolarized. In external K solution of the 1.2--17.8 mM the membrane potential remained nearly the same; however increasing it to more than 29.5 mM depolarized the membrane. The maximum slope of depolarization was 42 mV per tenfold increase in external K. These results indicate that both Na and Cl equilibrium potentials were positive to the resting membrane potential. 3. ACh (greater than 10(-8) g/ml.) hyperpolarized the membrane, to a maximum of --67 mV with 10(-6) g ACh/ml. The dose--response relationship was sigmoidal, and the hyperpolarization was suppressed by atropine (10(-7) g/ml.). In external K of 1.2--29.5 mM, the application of 10(-6) g/ml. ACh hyperpolarized the membrane; this ACh-induced hyperpolarization was maximal in 1.2 mM-K (from --42.4 to --82.4 mV). When the hyperpolarization produced by 10(-6) g ACh/ml. was plotted against the external K concentration on a log scale, the relationship was linear above 1.2 mM-K and similar to that observed between the membrane potential and external K concentration between 29.5 and 118 mM in the absence of ACh. However, in a solution containing less than 1.2 mM-K, the amplitudes of ACh-induced hyperpolarization were reduced. 4. In Na- or Cl-deficient solution the membrane was hyperpolarized. The peak hyperpolarization to ACh was not modified by these changes in the ionic environments. It is concluded that ACh increases K permeability selectively in this muscle membrane. 5. To observe the reversal potential level of ACh-induced hyperpolarization, the effects of ACh were observed during the hyperpolarization and subsequent recovery of the membrane on rewarming the tissue following cold storage. When the membrane potential was high (less than --70 mV) ACh produced depolarization, but when it was low (greater than --70 mV) ACh produced hyperpolarization. The reversal potential level for ACh-induced potential change was about --70 mV. 6. Application of ACh (greater than 10(-8) g/ml.) evoked a mechanical response. The hyperpolarization of the membrane produced by ACh appeared coincidently with tension development. ACh also enhanced the amplitude of contracture produced by excess external K concentration. 7. It is concluded that ACh might increase K and Ca permeabilities of the membrane and release Ca from the intracellular store, thus causing hyperpolarization of the membrane and contraction.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on the smooth muscle cell of isolated main coronary artery of the guinea-pig. The effects of ACh on the smooth muscle cell membrane and mechanical property of the guinea-pig main coronary artery were observed by micro-electrode and isometric tension recording methods. 1. The membrane potential was low (--44 mV) and the membrane was electrically quiescent. Application of outward current pulse generated only a small graded response. The current--voltage relationship was linear for application of inward current pulses. 2. In low external Na or Cl solution the membrane was hyperpolarized. In external K solution of the 1.2--17.8 mM the membrane potential remained nearly the same; however increasing it to more than 29.5 mM depolarized the membrane. The maximum slope of depolarization was 42 mV per tenfold increase in external K. These results indicate that both Na and Cl equilibrium potentials were positive to the resting membrane potential. 3. ACh (greater than 10(-8) g/ml.) hyperpolarized the membrane, to a maximum of --67 mV with 10(-6) g ACh/ml. The dose--response relationship was sigmoidal, and the hyperpolarization was suppressed by atropine (10(-7) g/ml.). In external K of 1.2--29.5 mM, the application of 10(-6) g/ml. ACh hyperpolarized the membrane; this ACh-induced hyperpolarization was maximal in 1.2 mM-K (from --42.4 to --82.4 mV). When the hyperpolarization produced by 10(-6) g ACh/ml. was plotted against the external K concentration on a log scale, the relationship was linear above 1.2 mM-K and similar to that observed between the membrane potential and external K concentration between 29.5 and 118 mM in the absence of ACh. However, in a solution containing less than 1.2 mM-K, the amplitudes of ACh-induced hyperpolarization were reduced. 4. In Na- or Cl-deficient solution the membrane was hyperpolarized. The peak hyperpolarization to ACh was not modified by these changes in the ionic environments. It is concluded that ACh increases K permeability selectively in this muscle membrane. 5. To observe the reversal potential level of ACh-induced hyperpolarization, the effects of ACh were observed during the hyperpolarization and subsequent recovery of the membrane on rewarming the tissue following cold storage. When the membrane potential was high (less than --70 mV) ACh produced depolarization, but when it was low (greater than --70 mV) ACh produced hyperpolarization. The reversal potential level for ACh-induced potential change was about --70 mV. 6. Application of ACh (greater than 10(-8) g/ml.) evoked a mechanical response. The hyperpolarization of the membrane produced by ACh appeared coincidently with tension development. ACh also enhanced the amplitude of contracture produced by excess external K concentration. 7. It is concluded that ACh might increase K and Ca permeabilities of the membrane and release Ca from the intracellular store, thus causing hyperpolarization of the membrane and contraction.", "PMID": 501578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5361", "title": "Mono-and multi-synaptic origin of the early surface-negative wave recorded from guinea-pig olfactory cortex in vitro.", "content": "1. Silices of guinea-pig olfactory cortex were cut at 550 micrometer nominal thickness and preincubated at 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C for than 2 1/2 hr. They were then stimulated via the lateral olfactory tract, and field potential recordings were made from all regions of the slice. 2. Potentials recorded resembled those described previously, but it was noticed the early N-wave had two distinct components, which we designated the N'a' wave (earlier) and N'b' wave (later). Evidence was obtained that this was not a consequence of the division of a single population e.p.s.p. (N-wave) into two by a P notch (synchronous discharge of post-synaptic action potentials). 3. In some slices the N'a' wave and N'b' wave had similar thresholds, and in others the N'a' wave had the slightly lower threshold. 4. The N'b' wave was best developed at low frequencies of stimulation (less than 0.1 Hz), and considerably depressed with stimulation above 1 Hz. This was most evident with submaximal stimulation. 5. Exploration of the distribution of peak amplitudes and latencies of the N'a' and N'b' waves showed that the N'a' wave could have been directly initiated by lateral olfactory tract action potentials, while the N'B' wave could not. The N'b' wave amplitude was relatively larger towards the periphery of the slices, away from the tract. In a few cases, an N'b' wave could be recorded in the absence of an N'a' wave at that site. 6. Depth studies showed that the origin of the N'b' wave lay deeper in the slice than that of the N'a' wave. 7. The effect of conditioning stimulation on the N'a' and N'b' waves was examined. The N'b' wave was more depressed at short conditioning intervals than the N'a' wave, and showed less later potentiation. The recovery of the N'b' wave from conditioning was much slowed with submaximal stimulation, and when trials were repeated at low frequency. 8. The N'a' and N'b' components persisted when the slice was warmed to near-physiological temperatures, and showed a similar pattern of response to conditioning stimulation as had been found at lower temperatures. 9. N'a' and N'b' waves could still be recorded when slices were incubated in a medium containing 1.2 mM-Mg2+ and 1.2 mM-Ca2+. These physiological concentrations were about half those routinely employed. There was little or no depression of the N'b' component by conditioning stimulation in this medium. 10. The N'a' wave is probably a result of e.p.s.p.s in apical dendrites of superficial pyramidal cells, initiated by transmitter release from lateral olfactory tract axon collaterals. The N'b' wave may reflect e.p.s.p.s in the apical dendrites of deeper pyramidal cell elicited by firing in recurrent collaterals from superficial pyramidal cell axons.", "contents": "Mono-and multi-synaptic origin of the early surface-negative wave recorded from guinea-pig olfactory cortex in vitro. 1. Silices of guinea-pig olfactory cortex were cut at 550 micrometer nominal thickness and preincubated at 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C for than 2 1/2 hr. They were then stimulated via the lateral olfactory tract, and field potential recordings were made from all regions of the slice. 2. Potentials recorded resembled those described previously, but it was noticed the early N-wave had two distinct components, which we designated the N'a' wave (earlier) and N'b' wave (later). Evidence was obtained that this was not a consequence of the division of a single population e.p.s.p. (N-wave) into two by a P notch (synchronous discharge of post-synaptic action potentials). 3. In some slices the N'a' wave and N'b' wave had similar thresholds, and in others the N'a' wave had the slightly lower threshold. 4. The N'b' wave was best developed at low frequencies of stimulation (less than 0.1 Hz), and considerably depressed with stimulation above 1 Hz. This was most evident with submaximal stimulation. 5. Exploration of the distribution of peak amplitudes and latencies of the N'a' and N'b' waves showed that the N'a' wave could have been directly initiated by lateral olfactory tract action potentials, while the N'B' wave could not. The N'b' wave amplitude was relatively larger towards the periphery of the slices, away from the tract. In a few cases, an N'b' wave could be recorded in the absence of an N'a' wave at that site. 6. Depth studies showed that the origin of the N'b' wave lay deeper in the slice than that of the N'a' wave. 7. The effect of conditioning stimulation on the N'a' and N'b' waves was examined. The N'b' wave was more depressed at short conditioning intervals than the N'a' wave, and showed less later potentiation. The recovery of the N'b' wave from conditioning was much slowed with submaximal stimulation, and when trials were repeated at low frequency. 8. The N'a' and N'b' components persisted when the slice was warmed to near-physiological temperatures, and showed a similar pattern of response to conditioning stimulation as had been found at lower temperatures. 9. N'a' and N'b' waves could still be recorded when slices were incubated in a medium containing 1.2 mM-Mg2+ and 1.2 mM-Ca2+. These physiological concentrations were about half those routinely employed. There was little or no depression of the N'b' component by conditioning stimulation in this medium. 10. The N'a' wave is probably a result of e.p.s.p.s in apical dendrites of superficial pyramidal cells, initiated by transmitter release from lateral olfactory tract axon collaterals. The N'b' wave may reflect e.p.s.p.s in the apical dendrites of deeper pyramidal cell elicited by firing in recurrent collaterals from superficial pyramidal cell axons.", "PMID": 501582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5362", "title": "Changes in motoneurone electrical properties following axotomy.", "content": "1. Passive electrical properties, afterpotential properties and the pattern of repetitive discharge induced by constant current injection were studied in axotomized lumbar motoneurones. 2. Following axotomy, the motoneurones showed a larger input resistance and membrane time constant, but had a normal electrotonic length. 3. Duration and peak amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization (ahp) were on average unchanged following axotomy. There was, however, a significant reduction in the conductance underlying the ahp. The distribution of values for ahp duration was also narrower following axotomy, with an absence of long and short values. 4. As in normal motoneurones, the ahp conductance, calculated from the voltage, decayed in an approximately exponential manner with a phase of slower decay corresponding to the hyperpolarizing phase of the ahp. The phase of slower decay was, however, less accentuated and several axotomized motoneurones showed an exponential decay of the ahp conductance. 5. The frequency--current (f--I) curves for the first interspike intervals were, as in normal motoneurones, non-linear, deviating upwards at higher frequencies. The steady-state f--I relations were, however, linear in most of the axotomized neurones. The slopes of the f--I curves were steeper following axotomy. These steeper slopes were well correlated with the decreased ahp conductance. 6. The interspike voltage trajectories were similar to those in normal motoneurones, i.e. concave at low current strength and changing to a convex shape with increasing current injection. The changes in the trajectory shape were not correlated with the changes in the slope of the f--I curves. 7. It is concluded that the afterhyperpolarization conductance is the major factor in the regulation of repetitive firing in axotomized motoneurones.", "contents": "Changes in motoneurone electrical properties following axotomy. 1. Passive electrical properties, afterpotential properties and the pattern of repetitive discharge induced by constant current injection were studied in axotomized lumbar motoneurones. 2. Following axotomy, the motoneurones showed a larger input resistance and membrane time constant, but had a normal electrotonic length. 3. Duration and peak amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization (ahp) were on average unchanged following axotomy. There was, however, a significant reduction in the conductance underlying the ahp. The distribution of values for ahp duration was also narrower following axotomy, with an absence of long and short values. 4. As in normal motoneurones, the ahp conductance, calculated from the voltage, decayed in an approximately exponential manner with a phase of slower decay corresponding to the hyperpolarizing phase of the ahp. The phase of slower decay was, however, less accentuated and several axotomized motoneurones showed an exponential decay of the ahp conductance. 5. The frequency--current (f--I) curves for the first interspike intervals were, as in normal motoneurones, non-linear, deviating upwards at higher frequencies. The steady-state f--I relations were, however, linear in most of the axotomized neurones. The slopes of the f--I curves were steeper following axotomy. These steeper slopes were well correlated with the decreased ahp conductance. 6. The interspike voltage trajectories were similar to those in normal motoneurones, i.e. concave at low current strength and changing to a convex shape with increasing current injection. The changes in the trajectory shape were not correlated with the changes in the slope of the f--I curves. 7. It is concluded that the afterhyperpolarization conductance is the major factor in the regulation of repetitive firing in axotomized motoneurones.", "PMID": 501587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5363", "title": "Effects of dopaminergic antagonist and agonist on thermoregulation in rabbits.", "content": "1. The effects of dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol and agonist apomorphine on the thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rabbits to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 2, 22 and 32 degrees C were assessed. 2. I.V. administration of haloperidol produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 2 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 2 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolism and an increase in ear blood flow. However at 32 degrees C Ta, there was an increase in rectal temperature in response to haloperidol application; this hyperthermia was due to a decrease in both the ear blood flow and respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres). 3. I.V. administration of apomorphine produced dose-dependent hyperthermia at all the ambient temperatures studied. At 2 degrees C Ta the hyperthermia was due to an increase in metabolism. At both 22 and 32 degrees C, the hyperthermia was brought about by an increase in metabolic heat production and a decrease in ear blood flow. Also, there was an increase in Eres in response to apomorphine at 22 degrees C Ta. 4. The data, in general, indicate that dopamine agonist activates all effector pathways which modulate the autonomic processes of thermoregulation (i.e. respiratory heat loss, peripheral vasomotor tone and metabolism), and that the dopamine antagonist inhibits the activity in all three effector pathways. Such a clear pattern of results is readily expressible in terms of the 'Bligh' model dealing with the aminergic mechanisms of temperature regulation.", "contents": "Effects of dopaminergic antagonist and agonist on thermoregulation in rabbits. 1. The effects of dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol and agonist apomorphine on the thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rabbits to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 2, 22 and 32 degrees C were assessed. 2. I.V. administration of haloperidol produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 2 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 2 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolism and an increase in ear blood flow. However at 32 degrees C Ta, there was an increase in rectal temperature in response to haloperidol application; this hyperthermia was due to a decrease in both the ear blood flow and respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres). 3. I.V. administration of apomorphine produced dose-dependent hyperthermia at all the ambient temperatures studied. At 2 degrees C Ta the hyperthermia was due to an increase in metabolism. At both 22 and 32 degrees C, the hyperthermia was brought about by an increase in metabolic heat production and a decrease in ear blood flow. Also, there was an increase in Eres in response to apomorphine at 22 degrees C Ta. 4. The data, in general, indicate that dopamine agonist activates all effector pathways which modulate the autonomic processes of thermoregulation (i.e. respiratory heat loss, peripheral vasomotor tone and metabolism), and that the dopamine antagonist inhibits the activity in all three effector pathways. Such a clear pattern of results is readily expressible in terms of the 'Bligh' model dealing with the aminergic mechanisms of temperature regulation.", "PMID": 501591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5364", "title": "Thickness and volume constants and ultrastructural organization of basement membrane (lens capsule).", "content": "1. The basement membrane of the crystalline lens of the rat has been found to have the following elastic constants: a Young's Modulus of elasticity of 0.56 +/- 0.38 x 10(6) Nm-2 at low stress and 11.3 +/- 1.9 x 10(6) Nm-2 at rupture, an ultimate stress of 28.8 +/- 4.5 x 10(5) Nm-2, and a maximum percentage elongation of 41.3 +/- 5.8. 2. The ratio of initial thickness of the membrane to the thickness at the point of rupture is 0.271 +/- 0.02 while the similar ratio for volume is 0.461 +/- 0.031. 3. Electron microscopic observations of ultrasonicated fragments of the entire membrane show long filaments in parallel arrays and sheets. The filaments show a periodicity of 3.7 nm and a spacing of 3.5 nm. 4. Electron microscopic observations of collagenase-treated membrane show a poorly staining matrix associated with separate short straight non-periodic filaments some 2.5 nm in diameter. In addition strands project from the ends of the filaments with a diameter of between 0.5 and 1.0 nm. 5. A model is proposed which consists of these filaments, composed of between three and five parallel strands, some 0.8 nm in diameter, wound in a superhelix. 6. The model predicts satisfactorily thickness and volume changes in the membrane when subjected to stress, and also indicates that the filaments would have a similar Young's Modulus of elasticity and ultimate stress to those of collagen. 7. If the basement membrane of the smallest retinal capillaries is subjected to a change of pressure of only 5 mmHg within the vessel lumen, then the membrane is likely to undergo some 30% reduction in thickness.", "contents": "Thickness and volume constants and ultrastructural organization of basement membrane (lens capsule). 1. The basement membrane of the crystalline lens of the rat has been found to have the following elastic constants: a Young's Modulus of elasticity of 0.56 +/- 0.38 x 10(6) Nm-2 at low stress and 11.3 +/- 1.9 x 10(6) Nm-2 at rupture, an ultimate stress of 28.8 +/- 4.5 x 10(5) Nm-2, and a maximum percentage elongation of 41.3 +/- 5.8. 2. The ratio of initial thickness of the membrane to the thickness at the point of rupture is 0.271 +/- 0.02 while the similar ratio for volume is 0.461 +/- 0.031. 3. Electron microscopic observations of ultrasonicated fragments of the entire membrane show long filaments in parallel arrays and sheets. The filaments show a periodicity of 3.7 nm and a spacing of 3.5 nm. 4. Electron microscopic observations of collagenase-treated membrane show a poorly staining matrix associated with separate short straight non-periodic filaments some 2.5 nm in diameter. In addition strands project from the ends of the filaments with a diameter of between 0.5 and 1.0 nm. 5. A model is proposed which consists of these filaments, composed of between three and five parallel strands, some 0.8 nm in diameter, wound in a superhelix. 6. The model predicts satisfactorily thickness and volume changes in the membrane when subjected to stress, and also indicates that the filaments would have a similar Young's Modulus of elasticity and ultimate stress to those of collagen. 7. If the basement membrane of the smallest retinal capillaries is subjected to a change of pressure of only 5 mmHg within the vessel lumen, then the membrane is likely to undergo some 30% reduction in thickness.", "PMID": 501593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5365", "title": "The effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise and anxiety on the pattern of breathing in man.", "content": "1. The pattern of breathing, defined as the relations between tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times, was measured during the stimulation of breathing by carbon dioxide (hyperoxic rebreathing at rest) in twenty-seven healthy, young volunteers. 2. Most of the patterns (twenty) were divisible into two parts, for low (range 1) and high (range 2) tidal volumes. The relations were curved, inverse proportionalities for both inspiration and expiration in range 2, and for expiration in range 1. The relations for inspiration in range 1 were evenly divided between those with constant inspiratory times (type 1) and those with curved, inverse proportionalities (type 2). 3. In four volunteers, direct proportionalities predominated and the patterns were scattered (type 3). 4. Eight of the volunteers (four type 1, two type 2 and two type 3 patterns) repeated the measurements and one changed from a type 1 to a type 2 pattern. 5. Nine of the volunteers also rebreathed during resting hypoxia. Two altered their patterns, and the others had patterns which were superimposed upon those measured during hyperoxic rebreathing at rest. 6. Eighteen of the volunteers also rebreathed (hyperoxic) during light exercise (25 W). Five entrained their breathing frequency to the exercise rhythm and showed exercise patterns with constant inspiratory and expiratory times. The others had patterns which were extensions of those measured during hyperoxic rebreathing at rest. 7. The pattern of breathing in range 1 was measured by steady-state methods in a further ten volunteers at rest with their eyes closed and open, and during mental arithmetic. The pooled average pattern showed that the stress of mental arithmetic shortened both inspiratory and expiratory times, and changed a type 2 pattern into a type 1 pattern.", "contents": "The effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise and anxiety on the pattern of breathing in man. 1. The pattern of breathing, defined as the relations between tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times, was measured during the stimulation of breathing by carbon dioxide (hyperoxic rebreathing at rest) in twenty-seven healthy, young volunteers. 2. Most of the patterns (twenty) were divisible into two parts, for low (range 1) and high (range 2) tidal volumes. The relations were curved, inverse proportionalities for both inspiration and expiration in range 2, and for expiration in range 1. The relations for inspiration in range 1 were evenly divided between those with constant inspiratory times (type 1) and those with curved, inverse proportionalities (type 2). 3. In four volunteers, direct proportionalities predominated and the patterns were scattered (type 3). 4. Eight of the volunteers (four type 1, two type 2 and two type 3 patterns) repeated the measurements and one changed from a type 1 to a type 2 pattern. 5. Nine of the volunteers also rebreathed during resting hypoxia. Two altered their patterns, and the others had patterns which were superimposed upon those measured during hyperoxic rebreathing at rest. 6. Eighteen of the volunteers also rebreathed (hyperoxic) during light exercise (25 W). Five entrained their breathing frequency to the exercise rhythm and showed exercise patterns with constant inspiratory and expiratory times. The others had patterns which were extensions of those measured during hyperoxic rebreathing at rest. 7. The pattern of breathing in range 1 was measured by steady-state methods in a further ten volunteers at rest with their eyes closed and open, and during mental arithmetic. The pooled average pattern showed that the stress of mental arithmetic shortened both inspiratory and expiratory times, and changed a type 2 pattern into a type 1 pattern.", "PMID": 501598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5366", "title": "Spatial and temporal properties of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from units in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of anaesthetized cats. 2. Of sixty-nine units, sixty-three could be unambiguously identified as either X (n = 33) or Y (n = 30) by testing the presence of a null response to stationary sine wave gratings presented in different spatial phases. 3. In response to stationary gratings flashed on and off, Y cells exhibited bigger, more transient responses than X cells. 4. All Y cells but few X cells exhibited a shift effect (modulated periphery effect). 5. In response to drifting sine wave gratings of different spatial frequencies, X cells preferred higher spatial frequencies and showed smaller peak contrast sensitivities and somewhat narrower tuning curves than Y cells. 6. In response to a sine wave grafting of optimal spatial frequency drifting at different velocities, X and Y cells had similar temporal tuning curves. However, Y cells, largely because they preferred lower spatial frequencies, preferred higher drift velocities than X cells. 7. Our data suggest that X and Y cells can be differentiated objectively on the basis of a number of discharge parameters. These parameters are compared with similar data collected by others from neurones in the visual cortex.", "contents": "Spatial and temporal properties of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from units in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of anaesthetized cats. 2. Of sixty-nine units, sixty-three could be unambiguously identified as either X (n = 33) or Y (n = 30) by testing the presence of a null response to stationary sine wave gratings presented in different spatial phases. 3. In response to stationary gratings flashed on and off, Y cells exhibited bigger, more transient responses than X cells. 4. All Y cells but few X cells exhibited a shift effect (modulated periphery effect). 5. In response to drifting sine wave gratings of different spatial frequencies, X cells preferred higher spatial frequencies and showed smaller peak contrast sensitivities and somewhat narrower tuning curves than Y cells. 6. In response to a sine wave grafting of optimal spatial frequency drifting at different velocities, X and Y cells had similar temporal tuning curves. However, Y cells, largely because they preferred lower spatial frequencies, preferred higher drift velocities than X cells. 7. Our data suggest that X and Y cells can be differentiated objectively on the basis of a number of discharge parameters. These parameters are compared with similar data collected by others from neurones in the visual cortex.", "PMID": 501605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5367", "title": "Glycine, GABA and synaptic inhibition of reticulospinal neurones of lamprey.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from the cell bodies and axons of giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of the lamprey and the effects of a variety of putative neurotransmitters tested. Bath-applied acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine and serotonin were without effect. Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hyperpolarized and reduced the input resistance of cell bodies but had no effect on the membrane conductance of axons. 2. The threshold dose of bath-applied GABA or glycine for a conductance change in somata was about 0.5 mM and the maximum effect was reached at about 10 mM. The maximum conductance change produced by glycine was always greater than that produced by GABA. 3. Replacement of the sodium in the bathing saline with lithium or choline prolonged the conductance change produced by ionophoretically applied glycine or GABA, suggesting the presence of sodium-dependent uptake systems for glycine and GABA. 4. The reversal potentials for responses to ionophoretically applied glycine and GABA average about --83 mV, the same as that for the inhibitory post-synaptic potential (i.p.s.p.) produced in M\u00fcller cells by stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. 5. The i.p.s.p. and drug responses appeared to involve an increase in chloride conductance, since their reversal potentials were shifted appropriately by changes in either internal or external chloride. 6. Changes in extracellular potassium concentration also changed i.p.s.p. and drug reversal potentials. However, these effects could be attributed to secondary changes in internal chloride. 7. The receptors for GABA and glycine appeared to be different because of the absence of cross-desensitization and because, at doses below 20 microM, picrotoxin and bicuculline selectively blocked GABA responses while strychnine selectively blocked glycine responses. 8. At concentrations of 20 microM, strychnine eliminated the i.p.s.p. while picrotoxin and bicuculline had no effect. Further, the i.p.s.p. and glycine response of M\u00fcller cells located in the isthmic region of the midbrain had the same threshold sensitivity to strychnine. However, the glycine response of other M\u00fcller cells was more sensitive to strychnine than was the i.p.s.p. 9. We conclude that glycine is a better candidate for the inhibitory transmitter onto M\u00fcller cells than is GABA.", "contents": "Glycine, GABA and synaptic inhibition of reticulospinal neurones of lamprey. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from the cell bodies and axons of giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of the lamprey and the effects of a variety of putative neurotransmitters tested. Bath-applied acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine and serotonin were without effect. Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hyperpolarized and reduced the input resistance of cell bodies but had no effect on the membrane conductance of axons. 2. The threshold dose of bath-applied GABA or glycine for a conductance change in somata was about 0.5 mM and the maximum effect was reached at about 10 mM. The maximum conductance change produced by glycine was always greater than that produced by GABA. 3. Replacement of the sodium in the bathing saline with lithium or choline prolonged the conductance change produced by ionophoretically applied glycine or GABA, suggesting the presence of sodium-dependent uptake systems for glycine and GABA. 4. The reversal potentials for responses to ionophoretically applied glycine and GABA average about --83 mV, the same as that for the inhibitory post-synaptic potential (i.p.s.p.) produced in M\u00fcller cells by stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. 5. The i.p.s.p. and drug responses appeared to involve an increase in chloride conductance, since their reversal potentials were shifted appropriately by changes in either internal or external chloride. 6. Changes in extracellular potassium concentration also changed i.p.s.p. and drug reversal potentials. However, these effects could be attributed to secondary changes in internal chloride. 7. The receptors for GABA and glycine appeared to be different because of the absence of cross-desensitization and because, at doses below 20 microM, picrotoxin and bicuculline selectively blocked GABA responses while strychnine selectively blocked glycine responses. 8. At concentrations of 20 microM, strychnine eliminated the i.p.s.p. while picrotoxin and bicuculline had no effect. Further, the i.p.s.p. and glycine response of M\u00fcller cells located in the isthmic region of the midbrain had the same threshold sensitivity to strychnine. However, the glycine response of other M\u00fcller cells was more sensitive to strychnine than was the i.p.s.p. 9. We conclude that glycine is a better candidate for the inhibitory transmitter onto M\u00fcller cells than is GABA.", "PMID": 501610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5368", "title": "Glutamate and synaptic excitation of reticulospinal neurones of lamprey.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from the cell bodies and axons of giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of the lamprey, and responses to bath- and ionophoretically applied glutamate and aspartate were studied. 2. Bath-applied glutamate and aspartate depolarized both cell bodies and axons, but there appeared to be an associated conductance increase only in the cell bodies. The depolarization of M\u00fcller axons by the bath-applied drugs probably resulted from the passive flow of current into them from spinal cells to which the axons are coupled electrically. 3. The reversal potentials for responses to ionophoretically applied glutamate and for excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) evoked by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nerve were directly determined in M\u00fcller cell bodies which had been damaged by penetration with low-resistance electrodes. The glutamate and e.p.s.p. reversal potentials were identical, the average difference in eight cells being 0.31 mV. The absolute value of the e.p.s.p.--glutamate reversal potential varied from --16 to --35 mV in different cells, with the more negative values occurring in less damaged cells with higher resting potentials. 4. Injection of Cl into M\u00fcller cell bodies had no effect on the e.p.s.p.--glutamate reversal potential. Reduction of the extracellular Na concentration to 1 over 10 normal produced a negative shift in the glutamate reversal potential. 5. It is proposed that the natural excitatory transmitter and glutamate produce identical conductance changes in M\u00fcller cells, involving an increase in Na and K conductance.", "contents": "Glutamate and synaptic excitation of reticulospinal neurones of lamprey. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from the cell bodies and axons of giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of the lamprey, and responses to bath- and ionophoretically applied glutamate and aspartate were studied. 2. Bath-applied glutamate and aspartate depolarized both cell bodies and axons, but there appeared to be an associated conductance increase only in the cell bodies. The depolarization of M\u00fcller axons by the bath-applied drugs probably resulted from the passive flow of current into them from spinal cells to which the axons are coupled electrically. 3. The reversal potentials for responses to ionophoretically applied glutamate and for excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) evoked by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nerve were directly determined in M\u00fcller cell bodies which had been damaged by penetration with low-resistance electrodes. The glutamate and e.p.s.p. reversal potentials were identical, the average difference in eight cells being 0.31 mV. The absolute value of the e.p.s.p.--glutamate reversal potential varied from --16 to --35 mV in different cells, with the more negative values occurring in less damaged cells with higher resting potentials. 4. Injection of Cl into M\u00fcller cell bodies had no effect on the e.p.s.p.--glutamate reversal potential. Reduction of the extracellular Na concentration to 1 over 10 normal produced a negative shift in the glutamate reversal potential. 5. It is proposed that the natural excitatory transmitter and glutamate produce identical conductance changes in M\u00fcller cells, involving an increase in Na and K conductance.", "PMID": 501613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5369", "title": "Influence of the vagus nerve on release and action of secretin in dog.", "content": "1. The role of cholinergic nerve on plasma concentration of immunoreactive secretin and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion was investigated in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. 2. In conscious dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulae, I.V. administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) potentiated the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by duodenal acidification. 3. In conscious dogs with same preparation, I.V. administration of atropine inhibited the pancreatic bicarbonate secretions stimulated by duodenal acidification or exogenous secretin. 4. Neither 2-DG nor atropine had any effect on endogenous release of secretin. 5. In anaesthetized dogs, pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by duodenal acidification was decreased by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, plasma secretion concentration achieved by duodenal acidification was not different from that of pre-vagotomy state. 6. The data indicate that the changes of cholinergic tone do not affect release of endogenous secretin but alter the exocrine pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by secretin.", "contents": "Influence of the vagus nerve on release and action of secretin in dog. 1. The role of cholinergic nerve on plasma concentration of immunoreactive secretin and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion was investigated in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. 2. In conscious dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulae, I.V. administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) potentiated the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by duodenal acidification. 3. In conscious dogs with same preparation, I.V. administration of atropine inhibited the pancreatic bicarbonate secretions stimulated by duodenal acidification or exogenous secretin. 4. Neither 2-DG nor atropine had any effect on endogenous release of secretin. 5. In anaesthetized dogs, pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by duodenal acidification was decreased by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, plasma secretion concentration achieved by duodenal acidification was not different from that of pre-vagotomy state. 6. The data indicate that the changes of cholinergic tone do not affect release of endogenous secretin but alter the exocrine pancreatic bicarbonate secretion stimulated by secretin.", "PMID": 501615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5370", "title": "Cold acclimation in the secretory responses of the isolated exocrine pancreas of the rat.", "content": "1. The secretory function of the isolated and perfused exocrine pancreas has been studied in the course of cold acclimation in rats that were fed at an ambient temperature of 1 degrees C in an artificial climatic room.2. A series of experiments was carried out in early autumn (autumn series). The sums of the outputs of protein, amylase, zymogen protease, lipase, and juice flow in samples collected for a total of 30 min during and after 5 min stimulation with different concentrations of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ; 5-50 m-u./ml.) were simultaneously measured in the autumn series of experiments, and they were plotted against the logarithmic scale of concentration of CCK-PZ to obtain a dose-response relation.3. The sums of protein output, lipase output, and juice flow evoked by different concentrations of CCK-PZ in the group of rats fed at 1 degrees C for 3 weeks were almost identical to the corresponding value in the group fed at about 21 degrees C for 3 weeks.4. The sum of output of zymogen protease in the former group was almost identical to the corresponding value in the latter group except that the sum induced by 20 m-u. CCK-PZ/ml. was significantly larger in the former.5. The sum of output of amylase induced by various concentrations of CCK-PZ in the former group was significantly smaller than the corresponding value in the latter group.6. It was thus concluded that the CCK-PZ-induced outputs of protein, lipase, and zymogen protease were little affected if any by 3 weeks of cold exposure, whereas the CCK-PZ-induced amylase output was significantly suppressed.7. Another similar series of experiments was performed in the summer of the same year. The results obtained suggest that the secretory function of exocrine pancreas is directly inhibited by prolonged cold exposure in summer but it is not in autumn.", "contents": "Cold acclimation in the secretory responses of the isolated exocrine pancreas of the rat. 1. The secretory function of the isolated and perfused exocrine pancreas has been studied in the course of cold acclimation in rats that were fed at an ambient temperature of 1 degrees C in an artificial climatic room.2. A series of experiments was carried out in early autumn (autumn series). The sums of the outputs of protein, amylase, zymogen protease, lipase, and juice flow in samples collected for a total of 30 min during and after 5 min stimulation with different concentrations of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ; 5-50 m-u./ml.) were simultaneously measured in the autumn series of experiments, and they were plotted against the logarithmic scale of concentration of CCK-PZ to obtain a dose-response relation.3. The sums of protein output, lipase output, and juice flow evoked by different concentrations of CCK-PZ in the group of rats fed at 1 degrees C for 3 weeks were almost identical to the corresponding value in the group fed at about 21 degrees C for 3 weeks.4. The sum of output of zymogen protease in the former group was almost identical to the corresponding value in the latter group except that the sum induced by 20 m-u. CCK-PZ/ml. was significantly larger in the former.5. The sum of output of amylase induced by various concentrations of CCK-PZ in the former group was significantly smaller than the corresponding value in the latter group.6. It was thus concluded that the CCK-PZ-induced outputs of protein, lipase, and zymogen protease were little affected if any by 3 weeks of cold exposure, whereas the CCK-PZ-induced amylase output was significantly suppressed.7. Another similar series of experiments was performed in the summer of the same year. The results obtained suggest that the secretory function of exocrine pancreas is directly inhibited by prolonged cold exposure in summer but it is not in autumn.", "PMID": 501617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5371", "title": "Effect of visual experience on tubulin synthesis during a critical period of visual cortex development in the hooded rat.", "content": "1. In some species, restriction of visual experience in early life may affect normal functional development of visual cortical cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine if visual deprivation during post-natal development in the hooded rat also affects the production in brain cells of certain molecular components such as tubulin, that are needed for growth and maintenance of synapses and neurites. 2. Norwegian black hooded rats were reared under a variety of conditions of visual deprivation. At various stages of development the animals were killed and the rate of synthesis of tubulin in visual and motor cortex determined. Tritiated colchicine was used to assay tubulin and L-[14C]leucine injected into the brain ventricles 2 hr before death was used to measure rate of tubulin synthesis. 3. In rats reared in normal light there is a marked elevation in visual cortex tubulin synthesis that spans the period from eye-opening (13 days) until approximately 35 days. This elevation in tubulin synthesis is absent in animals reared in darkness from birth or deprived of pattern vision by eyelid suture. Also the effect of visual deprivation on tubulin synthesis was specifically confined to visual cortex and was not found for the motor cortex. Similarly, the incorporation of L-[14C]leucine into total protein in visual cortex was unaffected by dark rearing. Hence the stimulation of tubulin synthesis by visual experience in rat visual cortex is not attributable to a general non-specific stimulation of protein synthesis. 4. Rats that were dark-reared from birth and then exposed to a lighted environment for 24 hr during a certain critical period that extends from eye-opening (13 days) until approximately 35 days, displayed a significant increase in visual cortex tubulin rats that were brought into the light later than 35 days showed no significant increase in tubulin synthesis when compared with their continuously dark-rearer controls. 5. It is suggested that the number of synapses and cytoplasmic processes that a developing cell can maintain depends on the size of the tubulin pool available to that cell. Tubulin in brain only has a half-life of about 4 days, so when the level of tubulin drops this could result in competition between different synapses for the limited supply of tubulin needed for their maintenance, a factor which may contribute to the structural plasticity of the visual cortex during the critical period.", "contents": "Effect of visual experience on tubulin synthesis during a critical period of visual cortex development in the hooded rat. 1. In some species, restriction of visual experience in early life may affect normal functional development of visual cortical cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine if visual deprivation during post-natal development in the hooded rat also affects the production in brain cells of certain molecular components such as tubulin, that are needed for growth and maintenance of synapses and neurites. 2. Norwegian black hooded rats were reared under a variety of conditions of visual deprivation. At various stages of development the animals were killed and the rate of synthesis of tubulin in visual and motor cortex determined. Tritiated colchicine was used to assay tubulin and L-[14C]leucine injected into the brain ventricles 2 hr before death was used to measure rate of tubulin synthesis. 3. In rats reared in normal light there is a marked elevation in visual cortex tubulin synthesis that spans the period from eye-opening (13 days) until approximately 35 days. This elevation in tubulin synthesis is absent in animals reared in darkness from birth or deprived of pattern vision by eyelid suture. Also the effect of visual deprivation on tubulin synthesis was specifically confined to visual cortex and was not found for the motor cortex. Similarly, the incorporation of L-[14C]leucine into total protein in visual cortex was unaffected by dark rearing. Hence the stimulation of tubulin synthesis by visual experience in rat visual cortex is not attributable to a general non-specific stimulation of protein synthesis. 4. Rats that were dark-reared from birth and then exposed to a lighted environment for 24 hr during a certain critical period that extends from eye-opening (13 days) until approximately 35 days, displayed a significant increase in visual cortex tubulin rats that were brought into the light later than 35 days showed no significant increase in tubulin synthesis when compared with their continuously dark-rearer controls. 5. It is suggested that the number of synapses and cytoplasmic processes that a developing cell can maintain depends on the size of the tubulin pool available to that cell. Tubulin in brain only has a half-life of about 4 days, so when the level of tubulin drops this could result in competition between different synapses for the limited supply of tubulin needed for their maintenance, a factor which may contribute to the structural plasticity of the visual cortex during the critical period.", "PMID": 501620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5372", "title": "The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume.", "content": "1. Slices of rat renal outer medulla have been incubated in media made hyperosmotic (540 and 1055 m-osmole/kg H2O) by the addition of urea, and containing variable concentrations of Cl (90, 144, 189 and 215 mM) and constant concentrations of Na (180 mM) and K (5.9 mM). A small number of incubations have been conducted in the presence of 100 mM-Na. 2. Changes in cell volume during incubation have been calculated on the basis of initial and final slice weight and inulin space. 3. The capacity of cells to shrink in response to extracellular osmotic stress was related principally to the external Cl concentration rather than to osmolality, increases in concentration being associated with enhanced shrinkage. Shrinkage was accompanied by net loss of cellular Cl. The ratio between intra- and extracellular Cl concentration (ca. 0.41) remained constant in all media. 4. In media containing low Cl concentration (90 mM), reduction of media Na concentration to 100 mM enhanced shrinkage. This effect was not observed when medium Cl concentration was greater than 90 mM. 5. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine (1 mM) significantly impaired the shrinkage response to extracellular osmotic stress, and caused cell swelling in media of relatively low Cl concentration and osmolality. It did not abolish the dependency of cell volume upon Cl concentration. There was marked reduction in the net amount of Cl lost from cells. 6. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine caused an increase in cellular Na content only in media containing 540 m-osmole/kg H2O and Cl concentrations less than 215 mM. 7. Ouabain (1 mM) inhibited cell shrinkage to a lesser extent than ethacrynic acid-cysteine in all media except that causing the greatest shrinkage under control conditions (215 mM-Cl/1055 m-osmole/kg H2O). It is suggested that a ouabain-sensitive process may play an increasingly important role in Cl-related cell shrinkage as this becomes more pronounced. 8. The findings are consistent with the view that Cl ions influence cell volume both through their effective external osmotic pressure and by means of Cl-specific process; the latter is associated with net loss of cellular Cl. A dependence of this loss upon Na/k exchange-linked metabolism is inferred, but the present findings do not permit the active or passive nature of the extrusion to be defined.", "contents": "The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume. 1. Slices of rat renal outer medulla have been incubated in media made hyperosmotic (540 and 1055 m-osmole/kg H2O) by the addition of urea, and containing variable concentrations of Cl (90, 144, 189 and 215 mM) and constant concentrations of Na (180 mM) and K (5.9 mM). A small number of incubations have been conducted in the presence of 100 mM-Na. 2. Changes in cell volume during incubation have been calculated on the basis of initial and final slice weight and inulin space. 3. The capacity of cells to shrink in response to extracellular osmotic stress was related principally to the external Cl concentration rather than to osmolality, increases in concentration being associated with enhanced shrinkage. Shrinkage was accompanied by net loss of cellular Cl. The ratio between intra- and extracellular Cl concentration (ca. 0.41) remained constant in all media. 4. In media containing low Cl concentration (90 mM), reduction of media Na concentration to 100 mM enhanced shrinkage. This effect was not observed when medium Cl concentration was greater than 90 mM. 5. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine (1 mM) significantly impaired the shrinkage response to extracellular osmotic stress, and caused cell swelling in media of relatively low Cl concentration and osmolality. It did not abolish the dependency of cell volume upon Cl concentration. There was marked reduction in the net amount of Cl lost from cells. 6. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine caused an increase in cellular Na content only in media containing 540 m-osmole/kg H2O and Cl concentrations less than 215 mM. 7. Ouabain (1 mM) inhibited cell shrinkage to a lesser extent than ethacrynic acid-cysteine in all media except that causing the greatest shrinkage under control conditions (215 mM-Cl/1055 m-osmole/kg H2O). It is suggested that a ouabain-sensitive process may play an increasingly important role in Cl-related cell shrinkage as this becomes more pronounced. 8. The findings are consistent with the view that Cl ions influence cell volume both through their effective external osmotic pressure and by means of Cl-specific process; the latter is associated with net loss of cellular Cl. A dependence of this loss upon Na/k exchange-linked metabolism is inferred, but the present findings do not permit the active or passive nature of the extrusion to be defined.", "PMID": 501623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5373", "title": "The relative importance of thermal, osmotic and hypovolaemic factors in the control of drinking in the pig.", "content": "1. The influence of thermogenic, osmotic or hypovolaemic stimuli on drinking has been measured in young pigs. Temperature changes in the hypothalamus and spinal cord were induced by means of implanted thermodes, while peripheral changes in skin and scrotal temperature were induced by circulating water through a coat. Osmotic stimuli were applied by I.V. injections of NaCl and hypovolaemia was induced by withdrawal of blood. 2. At an ambient temperature of 21--24 degrees C warming the hypothalamus for 10 min increased the water intake approximately 40%, while cooling the hypothalamus for a similar period reduced it by about 70%. 3. At an ambient temperature of 21--24 degrees C warming the scrotum caused the pigs to drink more than controls, and at the higher ambient temperature of 32 degrees C the effect was even greater. 4. Warming or cooling the spinal cord produced effects that were not consistent either within or between animals, thus temperature changes in this region play, at most, a minimal physiological role in the control of drinking in the pig. Warming the skin to 40 degrees C produced a slight increase in water intake, as also did cooling of the skin. 5. Drinking induced by an osmotic stimulus was proportional to the concentration of NaCl ranging from 5 to 30%. 6. Withdrawal of 500 ml. blood did not produce a statistically significant increase in water intake compared with controls.", "contents": "The relative importance of thermal, osmotic and hypovolaemic factors in the control of drinking in the pig. 1. The influence of thermogenic, osmotic or hypovolaemic stimuli on drinking has been measured in young pigs. Temperature changes in the hypothalamus and spinal cord were induced by means of implanted thermodes, while peripheral changes in skin and scrotal temperature were induced by circulating water through a coat. Osmotic stimuli were applied by I.V. injections of NaCl and hypovolaemia was induced by withdrawal of blood. 2. At an ambient temperature of 21--24 degrees C warming the hypothalamus for 10 min increased the water intake approximately 40%, while cooling the hypothalamus for a similar period reduced it by about 70%. 3. At an ambient temperature of 21--24 degrees C warming the scrotum caused the pigs to drink more than controls, and at the higher ambient temperature of 32 degrees C the effect was even greater. 4. Warming or cooling the spinal cord produced effects that were not consistent either within or between animals, thus temperature changes in this region play, at most, a minimal physiological role in the control of drinking in the pig. Warming the skin to 40 degrees C produced a slight increase in water intake, as also did cooling of the skin. 5. Drinking induced by an osmotic stimulus was proportional to the concentration of NaCl ranging from 5 to 30%. 6. Withdrawal of 500 ml. blood did not produce a statistically significant increase in water intake compared with controls.", "PMID": 501627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5374", "title": "[3H]gamma-Aminobutyric acid uptake into neuroglial cells of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "1. The influx of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) into isolated rat superior cervical ganglia has been measured by radioassay, supplemented by autoradiography. Ganglia were incubated in oxygenated Krebs solution at 25 degrees C, containing 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid. Under these conditions more than 95% of accumulated tritium was unmetabolized [3H]GABA. 2. Ganglionic radioactivity increased linearly with incubation time, to yield an intracellular fluid/extracellular fluid concentration ratio (Ci/Co) of about 200 after 6 hr in 0.5 microM-external [3H]GABA. 3. Uptake showed saturation with an apparent transport constant (KT) of 6.8 microM and maximum influx velocity (Jmaxi) of 7 mumole 1. cell fluid-1- min-1. 4. The influx rate at Co = 0.5 microM was unaltered by raising intracellular GABA from 0.2 to 1 mM. 5. Influx velocity increased with temperature (5--35 degrees C) in a monotonic manner with an apparent activation energy of 14 kcal mole-1. 6. Concentrative uptake was depressed by reducing external [Na+] with ouabain, by raising [K+]o above 20 mM, or by removing external Cl-. Uptake was not particularly sensitive to Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. 7. Utake of [3H]GABA (0.5 microM) was inhibited by beta-guanidinopropionic acid (apparent KI, 28 microM), beta-alanine (KI, 55 microM), gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (KI, 220 microM), beta-amino-n-butyric acid (KI, 708 microM), 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (KI, 832 microM) and taurine (KI greater than 1 mM). Uptake was not depressed by 1 mM-glycine, alpha-alanine, leucine, serine, methionine or alpha-amino-iso-butyric acid. 8. Radioactively labelled methionine, leucine, glycine, serine, beta-alanine and taurine (concentrations less than or equal to 5 microM) were also taken up by ganglia. Of these, only uptake of beta-alanine and taurine were significantly depressed by 1 mM-GABA. 9. Autoradiographs confirmed that [3H]GABA and [3H] beta-alanine were taken up predominantly into extraneuronal sites (presumed to be neuroglial cells). Methionine, leucine, glycine and serine showed preferential accumulation in neurones. Neuronal uptake of leucine was not prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis. 10. Calculations of net fluxes from unidirectional tracer fluxes suggest that the sympathetic glial cells are capable of promoting net uptake of GABA at external concentrations above 1 microM.", "contents": "[3H]gamma-Aminobutyric acid uptake into neuroglial cells of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. 1. The influx of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) into isolated rat superior cervical ganglia has been measured by radioassay, supplemented by autoradiography. Ganglia were incubated in oxygenated Krebs solution at 25 degrees C, containing 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid. Under these conditions more than 95% of accumulated tritium was unmetabolized [3H]GABA. 2. Ganglionic radioactivity increased linearly with incubation time, to yield an intracellular fluid/extracellular fluid concentration ratio (Ci/Co) of about 200 after 6 hr in 0.5 microM-external [3H]GABA. 3. Uptake showed saturation with an apparent transport constant (KT) of 6.8 microM and maximum influx velocity (Jmaxi) of 7 mumole 1. cell fluid-1- min-1. 4. The influx rate at Co = 0.5 microM was unaltered by raising intracellular GABA from 0.2 to 1 mM. 5. Influx velocity increased with temperature (5--35 degrees C) in a monotonic manner with an apparent activation energy of 14 kcal mole-1. 6. Concentrative uptake was depressed by reducing external [Na+] with ouabain, by raising [K+]o above 20 mM, or by removing external Cl-. Uptake was not particularly sensitive to Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. 7. Utake of [3H]GABA (0.5 microM) was inhibited by beta-guanidinopropionic acid (apparent KI, 28 microM), beta-alanine (KI, 55 microM), gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (KI, 220 microM), beta-amino-n-butyric acid (KI, 708 microM), 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (KI, 832 microM) and taurine (KI greater than 1 mM). Uptake was not depressed by 1 mM-glycine, alpha-alanine, leucine, serine, methionine or alpha-amino-iso-butyric acid. 8. Radioactively labelled methionine, leucine, glycine, serine, beta-alanine and taurine (concentrations less than or equal to 5 microM) were also taken up by ganglia. Of these, only uptake of beta-alanine and taurine were significantly depressed by 1 mM-GABA. 9. Autoradiographs confirmed that [3H]GABA and [3H] beta-alanine were taken up predominantly into extraneuronal sites (presumed to be neuroglial cells). Methionine, leucine, glycine and serine showed preferential accumulation in neurones. Neuronal uptake of leucine was not prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis. 10. Calculations of net fluxes from unidirectional tracer fluxes suggest that the sympathetic glial cells are capable of promoting net uptake of GABA at external concentrations above 1 microM.", "PMID": 501628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5375", "title": "The reversible replacement of internal potassium by caesium in isolated turtle heart.", "content": "1. By perfusing the isolated turtle heart with Cs solution, most of the intracellular K can be replaced by Cs. After 3--4 hr, Cs approaches a steady-state distribution with a concentration slightly below initial K concentration. 2. During the initial stages of perfusion, the heart accumulated Cs and lost K, the exchange ratio of K for Cs was estimated to be about 0.6. Subsequently perfusion yielded an equi-ionic substitution of K by Cs. 3. In presence of DNP (2 x 10(-4) M), K efflux and Cs accumulation increased but the low initial K--Cs exchange was abolished. Then, the replacement of K by Cs took place at a ratio of K:Cs of about 0.8. Ouabain (10(-5) M) suppressed uptake of Cs whereas K loss was the same as with DNP. 4. These results confirm that permeability of the cardiac sarcolemma to Cs is low, and suggest that the movement of Cs must be mainly attributed to its active transport into cells by the ionic exchange which normally transports K+ and is coupled to the extrusion of Na. The initial low net K efflux could be explained by an accumulation process which facilitates retention of K by the heart. A mechanism of this kind would be described as active reabsorption of some K present in extracellular space and would consequently reduce the uptake of Cs. 5. After loading the heart with Cs, perfusion with K solution showed the exchange of Cs for K at a ratio of Cs:K of about 0.5. K reaccumulation is reduced by ouabain (10(-5) M) and comes back to a normal steady-state distribution after 5 hr. At this time, K concentration was slightly below normal K value, but only half Cs content was eliminated. After 15 hr of perfusion, intracellular K remained constant whereas 15% of the original Cs remained.", "contents": "The reversible replacement of internal potassium by caesium in isolated turtle heart. 1. By perfusing the isolated turtle heart with Cs solution, most of the intracellular K can be replaced by Cs. After 3--4 hr, Cs approaches a steady-state distribution with a concentration slightly below initial K concentration. 2. During the initial stages of perfusion, the heart accumulated Cs and lost K, the exchange ratio of K for Cs was estimated to be about 0.6. Subsequently perfusion yielded an equi-ionic substitution of K by Cs. 3. In presence of DNP (2 x 10(-4) M), K efflux and Cs accumulation increased but the low initial K--Cs exchange was abolished. Then, the replacement of K by Cs took place at a ratio of K:Cs of about 0.8. Ouabain (10(-5) M) suppressed uptake of Cs whereas K loss was the same as with DNP. 4. These results confirm that permeability of the cardiac sarcolemma to Cs is low, and suggest that the movement of Cs must be mainly attributed to its active transport into cells by the ionic exchange which normally transports K+ and is coupled to the extrusion of Na. The initial low net K efflux could be explained by an accumulation process which facilitates retention of K by the heart. A mechanism of this kind would be described as active reabsorption of some K present in extracellular space and would consequently reduce the uptake of Cs. 5. After loading the heart with Cs, perfusion with K solution showed the exchange of Cs for K at a ratio of Cs:K of about 0.5. K reaccumulation is reduced by ouabain (10(-5) M) and comes back to a normal steady-state distribution after 5 hr. At this time, K concentration was slightly below normal K value, but only half Cs content was eliminated. After 15 hr of perfusion, intracellular K remained constant whereas 15% of the original Cs remained.", "PMID": 501630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5376", "title": "The electrical responses of the rabbit rectococcygeus following extrinsic parasympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "1. The responses of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle to stimulation of the extrinsic pelvic nerves have been investigated using intracellular micro-electrode recording techniques. 2. Submaximal pelvic nerve stimulation evoked a depolarization (e.j.p.) which was graded with stimulus strength and abolished by atropine (10(-6) g/ml.) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). 3. Single supramaximal stimuli evoked action potentials associated with muscle contraction. 4. In the presence of atropine, to abolish the e.j.p.s, supramaximal stimulation of the pelvic nerves evoked hyperpolarizations (i.j.p.s) which were graded with stimulus strength and abolished by TTX. 5. The transmitter responsible for the i.j.p.s is unknown. Phentolamine (10(-5) g/ml.) and propranolol (3 x 10(-5) g/ml.) in concentrations which block respectively alpha and beta adrenoceptors and the adrenergic neurone blocking agent guanethidine (10(-6) g/ml.) were ineffective in blocking the inhibitory response. 6. It is concluded that stimulation of the pelvic nerves to the rectococcygeus releases two transmitters, acetylcholine, responsible for the e.j.p. (and muscle contraction) and a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmitter which is the basis for the mechanical relaxation.", "contents": "The electrical responses of the rabbit rectococcygeus following extrinsic parasympathetic nerve stimulation. 1. The responses of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle to stimulation of the extrinsic pelvic nerves have been investigated using intracellular micro-electrode recording techniques. 2. Submaximal pelvic nerve stimulation evoked a depolarization (e.j.p.) which was graded with stimulus strength and abolished by atropine (10(-6) g/ml.) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). 3. Single supramaximal stimuli evoked action potentials associated with muscle contraction. 4. In the presence of atropine, to abolish the e.j.p.s, supramaximal stimulation of the pelvic nerves evoked hyperpolarizations (i.j.p.s) which were graded with stimulus strength and abolished by TTX. 5. The transmitter responsible for the i.j.p.s is unknown. Phentolamine (10(-5) g/ml.) and propranolol (3 x 10(-5) g/ml.) in concentrations which block respectively alpha and beta adrenoceptors and the adrenergic neurone blocking agent guanethidine (10(-6) g/ml.) were ineffective in blocking the inhibitory response. 6. It is concluded that stimulation of the pelvic nerves to the rectococcygeus releases two transmitters, acetylcholine, responsible for the e.j.p. (and muscle contraction) and a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmitter which is the basis for the mechanical relaxation.", "PMID": 501631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5377", "title": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid efflux from sympathetic glial cells: effect of 'depolarizing' agents.", "content": "1. Isolated desheathed rat superior cervical ganglia were incubated in [3H]2,3,-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) solution (1--10 microM for 2--3 hr) in the presence of 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA). The subsequent efflux of tritium into a stream of superfused non-radioactive GABA-free Krebs solution at 25 degrees C was measured. 2. In the presence of 10 micrometer-AOAA the mean basal efflux rate coefficient (k0) for exit of tritium into the superfusion fluid was 0.7 x 10(-3) min-1. More than 98% of effluent tritium comprised unchanged [3H]GABA. The rate coefficient showed no correlation with the amount of [3H]GABA previously accumulated by the ganglion. 3. Elevation of [K+]o to greater than 50 mM increased the rate coefficient for [3H]GABA release by up to four times. Changes in efflux rate were not correlated with osmotic changes, and persisted after re-accumulation of effluent [3H]GABA by the inward carrier was inhibited. The effect of alkali metal cations diminished in the order Rb+ greater than K+ greater than Cs+Li+. Effects of K+ solutions were not reduced by omitting Ca2+ ions, with or without the addition of Mg2+. 4. Application of electrical pulses (0.1--1 msec duration, 1--10 Hz, 4 min trains) to the ganglion soma or to the preganglionic nerve trunk also raised k0. This effect declined with repeated stimulus trains, without an accompanying diminution in the response to K+. Responses to electrical stimulation were not reduced by amethocaine (300 microM), tetrodotoxin (3 microM) or raised [Mg2+i1 (0 mM-[Ca2+]/30 mM-[Mg3+]). Separate local superfusion of the pre- and post-ganglionic nerve trunks and of the ganglion soma showed that the response to electrical stimulation was localized to the vicinity of the stimulus and was not propagated along the nerve trunks or across the synapses. 5. Electrical recording from impaled 'inexcitable' cells (presumed to be neuroglial cells (Appendix)) indicated that the quantities of K+ ion accumulating during repetitive nerve stimulation are insufficient to stimulate the release of GABA from the glial cells. No physiological role for the release process in modulating neuronal excitability could be adduced.", "contents": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid efflux from sympathetic glial cells: effect of 'depolarizing' agents. 1. Isolated desheathed rat superior cervical ganglia were incubated in [3H]2,3,-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) solution (1--10 microM for 2--3 hr) in the presence of 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA). The subsequent efflux of tritium into a stream of superfused non-radioactive GABA-free Krebs solution at 25 degrees C was measured. 2. In the presence of 10 micrometer-AOAA the mean basal efflux rate coefficient (k0) for exit of tritium into the superfusion fluid was 0.7 x 10(-3) min-1. More than 98% of effluent tritium comprised unchanged [3H]GABA. The rate coefficient showed no correlation with the amount of [3H]GABA previously accumulated by the ganglion. 3. Elevation of [K+]o to greater than 50 mM increased the rate coefficient for [3H]GABA release by up to four times. Changes in efflux rate were not correlated with osmotic changes, and persisted after re-accumulation of effluent [3H]GABA by the inward carrier was inhibited. The effect of alkali metal cations diminished in the order Rb+ greater than K+ greater than Cs+Li+. Effects of K+ solutions were not reduced by omitting Ca2+ ions, with or without the addition of Mg2+. 4. Application of electrical pulses (0.1--1 msec duration, 1--10 Hz, 4 min trains) to the ganglion soma or to the preganglionic nerve trunk also raised k0. This effect declined with repeated stimulus trains, without an accompanying diminution in the response to K+. Responses to electrical stimulation were not reduced by amethocaine (300 microM), tetrodotoxin (3 microM) or raised [Mg2+i1 (0 mM-[Ca2+]/30 mM-[Mg3+]). Separate local superfusion of the pre- and post-ganglionic nerve trunks and of the ganglion soma showed that the response to electrical stimulation was localized to the vicinity of the stimulus and was not propagated along the nerve trunks or across the synapses. 5. Electrical recording from impaled 'inexcitable' cells (presumed to be neuroglial cells (Appendix)) indicated that the quantities of K+ ion accumulating during repetitive nerve stimulation are insufficient to stimulate the release of GABA from the glial cells. No physiological role for the release process in modulating neuronal excitability could be adduced.", "PMID": 501652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5378", "title": "Excretion, accumulation and site of synthesis of urea in the snail Pila globosa during active and dormant periods.", "content": "The pattern of urea excretion in active and dormant phases of the amphibious Indian apple snail, Pila globosa, as well as the possible site and mechanism of urea synthesis in this animal have been studied. 1. Urea may be synthesized in the hepatopancreas of this snail and excreted through the nephridia with the nephridial fluid during the active period of the animals life. In dormant snails, this metabolic excretory waste accumulates in its various organs and body fluids. 2. The possibility of the presence of an ornithine cycle for the synthesis of urea in the hepatopancreas is indicated in this snail.", "contents": "Excretion, accumulation and site of synthesis of urea in the snail Pila globosa during active and dormant periods. The pattern of urea excretion in active and dormant phases of the amphibious Indian apple snail, Pila globosa, as well as the possible site and mechanism of urea synthesis in this animal have been studied. 1. Urea may be synthesized in the hepatopancreas of this snail and excreted through the nephridia with the nephridial fluid during the active period of the animals life. In dormant snails, this metabolic excretory waste accumulates in its various organs and body fluids. 2. The possibility of the presence of an ornithine cycle for the synthesis of urea in the hepatopancreas is indicated in this snail.", "PMID": 501663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5379", "title": "[Electromyographic study of uterine activity in the castrated red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) treated with oestradiol and progesterone (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of oestradiol and progesterone on the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the uterus is studied in 6 groups of 2 previously castrated vixens (A, B, C, D, E, F). The animals of gropu A are treated daily with intramuscular injections of oestradiol benzoate alone or oestradiol and progesterone together. These hormones are also given to the group F, oestradiol by a subcutaneous tablet and progesterone intramuscularly. The other females only receive a silastic implant of oestrogen (groups B, C, D, E). Electrical activity is daily recorded during the various treatments, in unanaesthetized animals, by means of platinum electrodes permanently implanted in the uterus. Plasma oestradiol concentrations in peripheral blood are determined in groups A and B. The results show that : 1. OEstradiol induces rhythmic EMG activity composed of bursts of action potentials (Fig. 2). It appears after a delay of 1 to 3 days following the beginning of treatment, except in the animals of group E, treated with a 25 mg oestradiol implant (6 days). Then, EMG activity gradually increases, and the frequency of bursts is at a maximum within 24 to 48 hours. Except in group E, it exceeds 30 per 10 minutes and the amplitude of potentials sometimes reachs 1 mV.", "contents": "[Electromyographic study of uterine activity in the castrated red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) treated with oestradiol and progesterone (author's transl)]. Effect of oestradiol and progesterone on the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the uterus is studied in 6 groups of 2 previously castrated vixens (A, B, C, D, E, F). The animals of gropu A are treated daily with intramuscular injections of oestradiol benzoate alone or oestradiol and progesterone together. These hormones are also given to the group F, oestradiol by a subcutaneous tablet and progesterone intramuscularly. The other females only receive a silastic implant of oestrogen (groups B, C, D, E). Electrical activity is daily recorded during the various treatments, in unanaesthetized animals, by means of platinum electrodes permanently implanted in the uterus. Plasma oestradiol concentrations in peripheral blood are determined in groups A and B. The results show that : 1. OEstradiol induces rhythmic EMG activity composed of bursts of action potentials (Fig. 2). It appears after a delay of 1 to 3 days following the beginning of treatment, except in the animals of group E, treated with a 25 mg oestradiol implant (6 days). Then, EMG activity gradually increases, and the frequency of bursts is at a maximum within 24 to 48 hours. Except in group E, it exceeds 30 per 10 minutes and the amplitude of potentials sometimes reachs 1 mV.", "PMID": 501664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5380", "title": "Arterial blood pressure and heart rate changes during self-stimulation by dogs in the basal forebrain region, lateral preoptic area, hypothalamus, ventral midbrain and amygdala.", "content": "In dogs pressing a lever for a brain-stimulation reward, arterial blood pressure (ABP) was elevated for 20 out of 24 sites tested, but this effect was usually conspicuous only at twice the threshold current sustaining stable performance. Hypertension was seen only in one ventral tegmental and two hypothalamic sites. In three anterior placements the ABP and heart rate (HR) increased more upon a fixed ratio than on continuous reinforcement. In most sites, self-stimulation was accompanied by cardiac acceleration; however, in some placements the HR was similar to or even less than control values. Continuous stimulation (5-10 sec) at one nucleus accumbens and four hypothalamic sites by the experimenter was aversive and produced a clearcut pressor response. The cardiovascular changes seem to depend on a spread of current to brain centres controlling circulatory functions and also, to some extent, on the animal's motor activity. The results contradict the claim that a causal relationship exists between the autonomic concomitants of self-stimulation and the intrinsic nature of the brain-stimulation reward.", "contents": "Arterial blood pressure and heart rate changes during self-stimulation by dogs in the basal forebrain region, lateral preoptic area, hypothalamus, ventral midbrain and amygdala. In dogs pressing a lever for a brain-stimulation reward, arterial blood pressure (ABP) was elevated for 20 out of 24 sites tested, but this effect was usually conspicuous only at twice the threshold current sustaining stable performance. Hypertension was seen only in one ventral tegmental and two hypothalamic sites. In three anterior placements the ABP and heart rate (HR) increased more upon a fixed ratio than on continuous reinforcement. In most sites, self-stimulation was accompanied by cardiac acceleration; however, in some placements the HR was similar to or even less than control values. Continuous stimulation (5-10 sec) at one nucleus accumbens and four hypothalamic sites by the experimenter was aversive and produced a clearcut pressor response. The cardiovascular changes seem to depend on a spread of current to brain centres controlling circulatory functions and also, to some extent, on the animal's motor activity. The results contradict the claim that a causal relationship exists between the autonomic concomitants of self-stimulation and the intrinsic nature of the brain-stimulation reward.", "PMID": 501665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5381", "title": "Seasonal variations in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after glucose loading in the edible dormouse (Glis glis L.).", "content": "Glucose tolerance tests made in the Edible dormouse showed annual variations in B cell secretory capacity, associated with glucose tolerance changes. 1. During autumn and winter, the B cell is sensitive to glucose, and insulin regulates the high peripheral consumption of this hexose. 2. At the beginning of spring, insulin secretion decreases and glucose tolerance is impaired. In June, the B cell response si low or absent and a poor tolerance to glucose still persists. 3. The variations in B cell activity can be related to changing energy requirements during the year.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after glucose loading in the edible dormouse (Glis glis L.). Glucose tolerance tests made in the Edible dormouse showed annual variations in B cell secretory capacity, associated with glucose tolerance changes. 1. During autumn and winter, the B cell is sensitive to glucose, and insulin regulates the high peripheral consumption of this hexose. 2. At the beginning of spring, insulin secretion decreases and glucose tolerance is impaired. In June, the B cell response si low or absent and a poor tolerance to glucose still persists. 3. The variations in B cell activity can be related to changing energy requirements during the year.", "PMID": 501667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5382", "title": "Preferences and self-disclosure in relation to psychotherapist professional and ethnic identification.", "content": "This study examined the effects of psychotherapist ethnicity and expertise on preferences and self-disclosure. Thirty-four white Anglo American college students, 20 male and 14 female, listened to one of two matched psychotherapy tapes. The therapist was identified by background introductions as being either professional or nonprofessional and as either of Anglo American or Mexican American ethnicity. After hearing the tape, the Ss' perceptions and willingness to talk to the therapist were measured on a self-disclosure scale and an attitude-toward-therapist scale. Ss showed significantly higher self-disclosure to the therapist introduced as an Anglo American professional. The Mexican American nonprofessional also received significantly higher negative attitude-toward-therapist scores compared to the other therapist conditions.", "contents": "Preferences and self-disclosure in relation to psychotherapist professional and ethnic identification. This study examined the effects of psychotherapist ethnicity and expertise on preferences and self-disclosure. Thirty-four white Anglo American college students, 20 male and 14 female, listened to one of two matched psychotherapy tapes. The therapist was identified by background introductions as being either professional or nonprofessional and as either of Anglo American or Mexican American ethnicity. After hearing the tape, the Ss' perceptions and willingness to talk to the therapist were measured on a self-disclosure scale and an attitude-toward-therapist scale. Ss showed significantly higher self-disclosure to the therapist introduced as an Anglo American professional. The Mexican American nonprofessional also received significantly higher negative attitude-toward-therapist scores compared to the other therapist conditions.", "PMID": 501677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5383", "title": "Aggression and family size.", "content": "The aggression displayed under controlled conditions by 56 inner-city Hispanic boys ages 7-8 was measured to test the hypothesis that S s from large families will display less antisocial aggression than S s from small families. The results indicate that aggression and family size were related in a linear manner: decreasing aggression was linked to increasing family size. These behavioral results may be, in part, the result of increased accelerated development of social skills within children living in large families.", "contents": "Aggression and family size. The aggression displayed under controlled conditions by 56 inner-city Hispanic boys ages 7-8 was measured to test the hypothesis that S s from large families will display less antisocial aggression than S s from small families. The results indicate that aggression and family size were related in a linear manner: decreasing aggression was linked to increasing family size. These behavioral results may be, in part, the result of increased accelerated development of social skills within children living in large families.", "PMID": 501678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5384", "title": "Effects of external incentive and aggressive predisposition on aggression reduction.", "content": "Female undergraduates (N = 40) received four counteraggression strategies (0%, 10%, 50%, and 150% retaliation) in response to their aggression in a complex reaction time task. They either were or were not offered a monetary incentive to beat their opponent and were divided into those low and high in their initial predisposition to aggression. Four major findings resulted: 1) escalation of aggression to 150% retaliation supported reciprocity over contingent punishment theory. 2) Ss low in aggression were unaffected by strategies, rather than being most responsive to pacifism, as predicted. 3) Ss high in aggression reduced their aggression most to the intermediate 10% and 50% retaliation strategies. 4) An external (monetary) incentive for beating the opponent did not parallel the aggressiveness personality factor as expected. The external incentive reduced the difference between low and high aggression participants and resulted in a linear relationship between retaliation strategy and aggression reduction. This is the first study showing minimum (10%) retaliation to be more effective than pacifism (0% retaliation), but the effect occurred only among the 25% most aggressive Ss when there was no monetary incentive.", "contents": "Effects of external incentive and aggressive predisposition on aggression reduction. Female undergraduates (N = 40) received four counteraggression strategies (0%, 10%, 50%, and 150% retaliation) in response to their aggression in a complex reaction time task. They either were or were not offered a monetary incentive to beat their opponent and were divided into those low and high in their initial predisposition to aggression. Four major findings resulted: 1) escalation of aggression to 150% retaliation supported reciprocity over contingent punishment theory. 2) Ss low in aggression were unaffected by strategies, rather than being most responsive to pacifism, as predicted. 3) Ss high in aggression reduced their aggression most to the intermediate 10% and 50% retaliation strategies. 4) An external (monetary) incentive for beating the opponent did not parallel the aggressiveness personality factor as expected. The external incentive reduced the difference between low and high aggression participants and resulted in a linear relationship between retaliation strategy and aggression reduction. This is the first study showing minimum (10%) retaliation to be more effective than pacifism (0% retaliation), but the effect occurred only among the 25% most aggressive Ss when there was no monetary incentive.", "PMID": 501679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5385", "title": "[Results of radiological studies of prostate lesions in patients with urinary tract tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have reviewed the case-reports of 160 patients with urinary tract tuberculosis in whom a complete radiological examination of the lower urinary tract had been performed. They analyze the frequency and significance of any prostatic lesions and describe the most effective investigational procedures for demonstrating such lesions. They were observed in about 50% of patients as opacification of the prostatic cavities, and can be clearly demonstrated in the large majority of cases by micturition cystography after intravenous urography, provided a satisfactory technique hs been used. In those cases where intravenous urography does not permit an effective micturition study, retrograde opacification is necessary, preferably by suprapubic cystography, and in some well-defined cases, by retrograde uretrography. The search for any prostatic affection is not a t a speculative study as it can explain some of the symptoms presented by the patient, and enable specific therapy to be prescribed.", "contents": "[Results of radiological studies of prostate lesions in patients with urinary tract tuberculosis (author's transl)]. The authors have reviewed the case-reports of 160 patients with urinary tract tuberculosis in whom a complete radiological examination of the lower urinary tract had been performed. They analyze the frequency and significance of any prostatic lesions and describe the most effective investigational procedures for demonstrating such lesions. They were observed in about 50% of patients as opacification of the prostatic cavities, and can be clearly demonstrated in the large majority of cases by micturition cystography after intravenous urography, provided a satisfactory technique hs been used. In those cases where intravenous urography does not permit an effective micturition study, retrograde opacification is necessary, preferably by suprapubic cystography, and in some well-defined cases, by retrograde uretrography. The search for any prostatic affection is not a t a speculative study as it can explain some of the symptoms presented by the patient, and enable specific therapy to be prescribed.", "PMID": 501693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5386", "title": "[Radiological appearances in postoperative obstructions (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of 9 cases, the authors study the varioud radiological appearances of postoperative obstructions. These may be early, before the restoration of intestinal transit, or secondary, during the days following the restoration of transit. The authors eliminate late postoperative obstructions from this study. There are various mechanisms of postoperative obstruction: organic obstructions may be due to an adhesion but also to agglutination or incarceration of intestinal loops. Functional obstructions most often accompany a localised area of inflammation. Mixed obstructions are a special feature of the postoperative period: agglutination of loops in contact with an area of inflammation. The authors emphasize the difficulty of radiological interpretation and the frequent disagreement between radiological and surgical findings.", "contents": "[Radiological appearances in postoperative obstructions (author's transl)]. In the light of 9 cases, the authors study the varioud radiological appearances of postoperative obstructions. These may be early, before the restoration of intestinal transit, or secondary, during the days following the restoration of transit. The authors eliminate late postoperative obstructions from this study. There are various mechanisms of postoperative obstruction: organic obstructions may be due to an adhesion but also to agglutination or incarceration of intestinal loops. Functional obstructions most often accompany a localised area of inflammation. Mixed obstructions are a special feature of the postoperative period: agglutination of loops in contact with an area of inflammation. The authors emphasize the difficulty of radiological interpretation and the frequent disagreement between radiological and surgical findings.", "PMID": 501695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5387", "title": "[Acute oesophageal obstruction from food or mucilage: a report on 15 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review 15 cases of acute oesophageal obstruction arising from food (meat) or mucilage (3 cases). Obstruction was usually observed in the lower third of the oesophagus whereas in cases with stenosis due to caustic agents (2 cases), or tuberculosis (1 case), the middle third was affected. The obstruction is mainly related to the presence of a dyskinesia with or without an associated hiatus hernia. A transient isolated spasm of the lower oesophageal sphincter was present in three cases (20%). Urgent radiological examinations are essential for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. An intravenous injection of glucagon must be given systematically and the patency of the oesophagus checked immediately afterwards. One patient was found to have two perforations of the oesophagus at different levels and these were thought to be due to different reasons. That in the cervical region was caused by a swallowed bone, the other was the probable consequence of the fibroscopic examination.", "contents": "[Acute oesophageal obstruction from food or mucilage: a report on 15 cases (author's transl)]. The authors review 15 cases of acute oesophageal obstruction arising from food (meat) or mucilage (3 cases). Obstruction was usually observed in the lower third of the oesophagus whereas in cases with stenosis due to caustic agents (2 cases), or tuberculosis (1 case), the middle third was affected. The obstruction is mainly related to the presence of a dyskinesia with or without an associated hiatus hernia. A transient isolated spasm of the lower oesophageal sphincter was present in three cases (20%). Urgent radiological examinations are essential for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. An intravenous injection of glucagon must be given systematically and the patency of the oesophagus checked immediately afterwards. One patient was found to have two perforations of the oesophagus at different levels and these were thought to be due to different reasons. That in the cervical region was caused by a swallowed bone, the other was the probable consequence of the fibroscopic examination.", "PMID": 501696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5388", "title": "[Value of transfemoral lumbar phlebology in narrow lumbar canals (author's transl)].", "content": "Lumbar phlebology satisfies the three essential criteria for pre-operative investigation: 1) it confirms and defines the extent and morphological type of N.L.C. according to several characteristic signs (progressive approaching of the L.E.P., absence of injection of the L.E.P., reduced opacification of the L.E.P.). 2) it enables measurement of the degree of constraint of the vascular and nervous tissues in the spinal canal by studying the emissary veins. 3) it can detect any vertebral disc lesion present, by studying the L.E.P. This additional clinical investigation, which the authors found to be quite safe, complements conventional radiological examinations, tomography, and sacroradiculography with Dimer X, during pre-operative investigational procedures.", "contents": "[Value of transfemoral lumbar phlebology in narrow lumbar canals (author's transl)]. Lumbar phlebology satisfies the three essential criteria for pre-operative investigation: 1) it confirms and defines the extent and morphological type of N.L.C. according to several characteristic signs (progressive approaching of the L.E.P., absence of injection of the L.E.P., reduced opacification of the L.E.P.). 2) it enables measurement of the degree of constraint of the vascular and nervous tissues in the spinal canal by studying the emissary veins. 3) it can detect any vertebral disc lesion present, by studying the L.E.P. This additional clinical investigation, which the authors found to be quite safe, complements conventional radiological examinations, tomography, and sacroradiculography with Dimer X, during pre-operative investigational procedures.", "PMID": 501697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5389", "title": "[The compression syndrome: A revaluation of the value of postural angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 136 patients with a compression syndrome of the upper limb were examined systematically by selective dynamic angiography as developed by the H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital in Montreal. The method consists of given multiple injections of a contrast medium with the patient's arm in thirteen different positions. This retrospective study demonstrated that this method carries very little risk and is well-tolerated by the patients. Conclusions are drawn from a comparative statistical analysis of the angiographic results and the therapy chosen. The practical value of the examination is not to confirm the anatomical site of the compression but to evaluate the characteristics of the stenosis before a decision is made whether to operate. In this respect, the positions in which the patient is sitting down and the arm is in abduction are those in which a difference is found between those patients operated upon and those given medical treatment, which is a point in favour of this particular procedure.", "contents": "[The compression syndrome: A revaluation of the value of postural angiography (author's transl)]. A total of 136 patients with a compression syndrome of the upper limb were examined systematically by selective dynamic angiography as developed by the H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital in Montreal. The method consists of given multiple injections of a contrast medium with the patient's arm in thirteen different positions. This retrospective study demonstrated that this method carries very little risk and is well-tolerated by the patients. Conclusions are drawn from a comparative statistical analysis of the angiographic results and the therapy chosen. The practical value of the examination is not to confirm the anatomical site of the compression but to evaluate the characteristics of the stenosis before a decision is made whether to operate. In this respect, the positions in which the patient is sitting down and the arm is in abduction are those in which a difference is found between those patients operated upon and those given medical treatment, which is a point in favour of this particular procedure.", "PMID": 501700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5390", "title": "[Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in primary gallbladder cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze the clinical, radiological, and ultrasonography findings in a personal series of 3 cases, and 6 other cases reported in the published literature. As a result of their studies, they propose several groupings of symptoms and signs which enabled a precise diagnosis to be made in 5 cases.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in primary gallbladder cancer (author's transl)]. The authors analyze the clinical, radiological, and ultrasonography findings in a personal series of 3 cases, and 6 other cases reported in the published literature. As a result of their studies, they propose several groupings of symptoms and signs which enabled a precise diagnosis to be made in 5 cases.", "PMID": 501698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5391", "title": "[Treatment of bladder hemorrhages due to inoperable pelvic cancers by embolization of the hypogastric arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric arteries has become more and more widely used in the management of bladder hemorrages due to inoperable pelvic cancers. It is a not shocking technique for the patient, without major complications. However, if its immediate results can be defined as very good, its long-term effects are not well known. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Authors' experience on this matter, which is based on 9 cases of transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric arteries. The patients were followed for at least 1 year or, in some cases, until their death.", "contents": "[Treatment of bladder hemorrhages due to inoperable pelvic cancers by embolization of the hypogastric arteries (author's transl)]. Transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric arteries has become more and more widely used in the management of bladder hemorrages due to inoperable pelvic cancers. It is a not shocking technique for the patient, without major complications. However, if its immediate results can be defined as very good, its long-term effects are not well known. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Authors' experience on this matter, which is based on 9 cases of transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric arteries. The patients were followed for at least 1 year or, in some cases, until their death.", "PMID": 501701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5392", "title": "[Goodpasture's syndrome. Two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief report of two cases of Goodpasture's pneumonephrotoxic syndrome offers the greatest contribution that can be given by renal radiographic signs obtained by contrast radiography. Their association with already known pulmonary signs helps diagnosis and is an absolute indication for nephrobiopsy.", "contents": "[Goodpasture's syndrome. Two cases (author's transl)]. A brief report of two cases of Goodpasture's pneumonephrotoxic syndrome offers the greatest contribution that can be given by renal radiographic signs obtained by contrast radiography. Their association with already known pulmonary signs helps diagnosis and is an absolute indication for nephrobiopsy.", "PMID": 501702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5393", "title": "[Varices of the anterior mediastinum in a case of portal hypertension treated by omentopexy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of unknown aetiology, treated by omentopexy. They note the existence of a large varice of the anterior mediastinum responsible for the formation of two opacities of the left cardiophrenic angle. They discuss the nature and formation of these appearances in relation to the omentopexy and the portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Varices of the anterior mediastinum in a case of portal hypertension treated by omentopexy (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of unknown aetiology, treated by omentopexy. They note the existence of a large varice of the anterior mediastinum responsible for the formation of two opacities of the left cardiophrenic angle. They discuss the nature and formation of these appearances in relation to the omentopexy and the portal hypertension.", "PMID": 501703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5394", "title": "[Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid: A report on one case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of giant diverticulum of the sigmoid and review the approximately forty cases published in the literature. Clinical manifestations can be either an acute abdominal syndrome of symptoms of a chronic disease. Radiological appearances are usually characteristic: the giant diverticulum is located in the sigmoid, though in one case it arose from the transverse colon. An opaque image was noted in 15 of the patients following barium meal examination, and the lesion was associated with diverticulosis of the colon in every case. Apart from 4 cases, histological appearances were also typical: the colon wall is composed of fibrous tissue which has replaced the normal layers, and the neck of the giant diverticulum is always in the antimesenteric position.", "contents": "[Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid: A report on one case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of giant diverticulum of the sigmoid and review the approximately forty cases published in the literature. Clinical manifestations can be either an acute abdominal syndrome of symptoms of a chronic disease. Radiological appearances are usually characteristic: the giant diverticulum is located in the sigmoid, though in one case it arose from the transverse colon. An opaque image was noted in 15 of the patients following barium meal examination, and the lesion was associated with diverticulosis of the colon in every case. Apart from 4 cases, histological appearances were also typical: the colon wall is composed of fibrous tissue which has replaced the normal layers, and the neck of the giant diverticulum is always in the antimesenteric position.", "PMID": 501704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5395", "title": "[Pancreas pseudocyst examined by gastro-duodenal transit. From one observation (author's transl)].", "content": "From one obstructive jaundice case examined, the Authors describe, radiologically, the result of a chronicle pancreatitis: pseudocyst with internal cysto-duodenal fistula and visualisation by radiographic examination; stenosis of second duodenum; aerobilia.", "contents": "[Pancreas pseudocyst examined by gastro-duodenal transit. From one observation (author's transl)]. From one obstructive jaundice case examined, the Authors describe, radiologically, the result of a chronicle pancreatitis: pseudocyst with internal cysto-duodenal fistula and visualisation by radiographic examination; stenosis of second duodenum; aerobilia.", "PMID": 501705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5396", "title": "Cost containment education efforts in United States medical schools.", "content": "Noting the increasing nationwide concern with factors relating to rising health care costs, the Association of American Medical Colleges surveyed 119 U.S. medical schools in the summer of 1978 to ascertain the degree of program activity in the area of cost containment education. A 100 percent response was achieved. An analysis of this data indicates that considerable activity is underway. Forty-one institutions (34 percent) have programs underway or planned specifically to teach health care cost containment to undergraduate medical students or residents or both. The majority of such programs were introduced during the past two years. The costs of such programs are fairly modest, averaging $22,680 per year. Respondents indicated that further activities might be enhanced by development of a primer for faculty and students on elements of cost containment education and the organization of a series of regional workshops related to this subject.", "contents": "Cost containment education efforts in United States medical schools. Noting the increasing nationwide concern with factors relating to rising health care costs, the Association of American Medical Colleges surveyed 119 U.S. medical schools in the summer of 1978 to ascertain the degree of program activity in the area of cost containment education. A 100 percent response was achieved. An analysis of this data indicates that considerable activity is underway. Forty-one institutions (34 percent) have programs underway or planned specifically to teach health care cost containment to undergraduate medical students or residents or both. The majority of such programs were introduced during the past two years. The costs of such programs are fairly modest, averaging $22,680 per year. Respondents indicated that further activities might be enhanced by development of a primer for faculty and students on elements of cost containment education and the organization of a series of regional workshops related to this subject.", "PMID": 501712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5397", "title": "The role of physician education in cost containment.", "content": "As the cost of health care in the United States has increased to consume an ever greater portion of the gross national product, various strategies for cost containment have been advanced. Too little attention has been paid to the education of physicians for more responsible use of expensive resources. Current data on the role of physician knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in cost containment are reviewed; several intervention strategies are presented; and recommendations are proposed for increasing the sensitivity of physicians to the financial implications of their clinical decisions.", "contents": "The role of physician education in cost containment. As the cost of health care in the United States has increased to consume an ever greater portion of the gross national product, various strategies for cost containment have been advanced. Too little attention has been paid to the education of physicians for more responsible use of expensive resources. Current data on the role of physician knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in cost containment are reviewed; several intervention strategies are presented; and recommendations are proposed for increasing the sensitivity of physicians to the financial implications of their clinical decisions.", "PMID": 501713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5398", "title": "Jefferson Medical College Student Model Utilization Review Committee.", "content": "A Student Model Utilization Review Committee Project is in progress at Jefferson Medical College. Students participate in the program for 90 minutes during the six weeks of their clerkship in family medicine at the university hospital. Information collected from participants and controls before and after the program indicates that the experimental group has greater knowledge and more positive attitudes about utilization review and cost control in the health care field than do the controls. Students express positive feelings about the program. More importantly, one year later, as seniors, those in the experimental group demonstrated clinical behavior which was more consistent with the objectives of the program than other students. These results have led the Department of Family Medicine to incorporate the utilization review program into its formal curriculum beginning in the 1979-1980 academic year.", "contents": "Jefferson Medical College Student Model Utilization Review Committee. A Student Model Utilization Review Committee Project is in progress at Jefferson Medical College. Students participate in the program for 90 minutes during the six weeks of their clerkship in family medicine at the university hospital. Information collected from participants and controls before and after the program indicates that the experimental group has greater knowledge and more positive attitudes about utilization review and cost control in the health care field than do the controls. Students express positive feelings about the program. More importantly, one year later, as seniors, those in the experimental group demonstrated clinical behavior which was more consistent with the objectives of the program than other students. These results have led the Department of Family Medicine to incorporate the utilization review program into its formal curriculum beginning in the 1979-1980 academic year.", "PMID": 501714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5399", "title": "Student peer review of diagnostic tests at the Medical College of Ohio.", "content": "Students in their clinical clerkship performed retrospective reviews of their peers' laboratory usage patterns. Data covering the patient's history and physical examination, problem list, and treatment plan had been completed by students during internal medicine and pediatrics rotations. This information, along with the first day's diagnostic orders, was provided to community medicine clerkship students who then evaluated the cost and medical necessity of diagnostic tests ordered in light of the problem information. Application of such cost control programs, before students form definitive conceptions of treatment, may contribute to more cost-conscious behavior in their future medical practice.", "contents": "Student peer review of diagnostic tests at the Medical College of Ohio. Students in their clinical clerkship performed retrospective reviews of their peers' laboratory usage patterns. Data covering the patient's history and physical examination, problem list, and treatment plan had been completed by students during internal medicine and pediatrics rotations. This information, along with the first day's diagnostic orders, was provided to community medicine clerkship students who then evaluated the cost and medical necessity of diagnostic tests ordered in light of the problem information. Application of such cost control programs, before students form definitive conceptions of treatment, may contribute to more cost-conscious behavior in their future medical practice.", "PMID": 501715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5400", "title": "Teaching cost containment to house officers at Charlotte Memorial Hospital.", "content": "A cost containment program initiated in 1975 on the medical teaching service of an 890-bed university affiliated hospital has led to a significant improvement in house staff utilization of facilities and procedures. During the first three and one-half years of the program the average length of stay on the general medical service was reduced by 21 percent; and the cost per admission rose at a rate of only 4.3 percent per annum, while the cost per admission on other services rose at an average rate of 14.5 percent per year. In the outpatient setting eliminating unnecessary laboratory procedures resulted in an actual reduction in patient-encounter cost initiated by interns despite price increases on all procedures. Overall cost advantage gained by reduction in utilization will rapidly be negated, however, if the current rate of inflation continues.", "contents": "Teaching cost containment to house officers at Charlotte Memorial Hospital. A cost containment program initiated in 1975 on the medical teaching service of an 890-bed university affiliated hospital has led to a significant improvement in house staff utilization of facilities and procedures. During the first three and one-half years of the program the average length of stay on the general medical service was reduced by 21 percent; and the cost per admission rose at a rate of only 4.3 percent per annum, while the cost per admission on other services rose at an average rate of 14.5 percent per year. In the outpatient setting eliminating unnecessary laboratory procedures resulted in an actual reduction in patient-encounter cost initiated by interns despite price increases on all procedures. Overall cost advantage gained by reduction in utilization will rapidly be negated, however, if the current rate of inflation continues.", "PMID": 501716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5401", "title": "Discrepancies between knowledge and use of diagnostic studies in asymptomatic patients.", "content": "The value of educational programs designed to promote optimal use of laboratory tests by physicians remains unsolved. To assess the effects of level of training and knowledge of test characteristics in determining laboratory ordering habits, physicians' use of laboratory tests as applied to asymptomatic patients was surveyed and their knowledge of four specific procedures was tested. The survey included 148 physicians both in training and in practice in Rochester, New York. Increased selectivity in the use of tests occurred during residency training, but selectivity correlated poorly with knowledge of test characteristics. These data underline the need for additional studies to determine the role of factors other than knowledge which contribute to the use of laboratory tests. Planners of cost containment programs and educational strategies will need to direct attention to these factors.", "contents": "Discrepancies between knowledge and use of diagnostic studies in asymptomatic patients. The value of educational programs designed to promote optimal use of laboratory tests by physicians remains unsolved. To assess the effects of level of training and knowledge of test characteristics in determining laboratory ordering habits, physicians' use of laboratory tests as applied to asymptomatic patients was surveyed and their knowledge of four specific procedures was tested. The survey included 148 physicians both in training and in practice in Rochester, New York. Increased selectivity in the use of tests occurred during residency training, but selectivity correlated poorly with knowledge of test characteristics. These data underline the need for additional studies to determine the role of factors other than knowledge which contribute to the use of laboratory tests. Planners of cost containment programs and educational strategies will need to direct attention to these factors.", "PMID": 501717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5402", "title": "Multiple hospital systems and the teaching hospital.", "content": "A substantial portion of hospital beds are in institutions that are in multiple hospital systems having varying degrees of formal linkage. Relatively few core teaching hospitals are part of such systems, but they do share strong relationships with their parent medical schools and affiliated hospitals. The missions of core teaching hospitals are patient care, education, and research. The traditional affiliation arrangement between hospitals permits the parent university to achieve these missions. The possible benefits to be gained through participation in a multiple hospital system do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to either core teaching hospitals or their parent universities to persuade them to join or form such a system.", "contents": "Multiple hospital systems and the teaching hospital. A substantial portion of hospital beds are in institutions that are in multiple hospital systems having varying degrees of formal linkage. Relatively few core teaching hospitals are part of such systems, but they do share strong relationships with their parent medical schools and affiliated hospitals. The missions of core teaching hospitals are patient care, education, and research. The traditional affiliation arrangement between hospitals permits the parent university to achieve these missions. The possible benefits to be gained through participation in a multiple hospital system do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to either core teaching hospitals or their parent universities to persuade them to join or form such a system.", "PMID": 501718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5403", "title": "Interpersonal skills training: evaluation in an internal medicine residency.", "content": "To determine the effectiveness of teaching interpersonal skills in a general internal medicine residency, a program was developed utilizing videotape feedback of house-staff/patient interactions, a modification of Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR). Fifty-one randomly selected house officers at different levels of training were included in a controlled, pretest-posttest study design. The major pre-post measures were three independent ratings of videotapes of actual first-visit interviews between resident and patient. House officers in the experimental group significantly increased the proportion of each interview devoted to psychosocial issues compared with controls, although the interviews remained predominantly medical; increased the use of effective responses; and improved their level of empathy with patients. Personality and attitude measures were found not to correlate with observed interpersonal skills on pretest or posttest videotapes. House officers rated the training program as being interesting, valuable, relevant, and nonthreatening. The data suggest that interpersonal skills can be effectively taught to internal medicine residents utilizing a videotape feedback training program.", "contents": "Interpersonal skills training: evaluation in an internal medicine residency. To determine the effectiveness of teaching interpersonal skills in a general internal medicine residency, a program was developed utilizing videotape feedback of house-staff/patient interactions, a modification of Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR). Fifty-one randomly selected house officers at different levels of training were included in a controlled, pretest-posttest study design. The major pre-post measures were three independent ratings of videotapes of actual first-visit interviews between resident and patient. House officers in the experimental group significantly increased the proportion of each interview devoted to psychosocial issues compared with controls, although the interviews remained predominantly medical; increased the use of effective responses; and improved their level of empathy with patients. Personality and attitude measures were found not to correlate with observed interpersonal skills on pretest or posttest videotapes. House officers rated the training program as being interesting, valuable, relevant, and nonthreatening. The data suggest that interpersonal skills can be effectively taught to internal medicine residents utilizing a videotape feedback training program.", "PMID": 501719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5404", "title": "Effects of human leucocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus replication and immune responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.", "content": "Eight patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (seven with chronic active hepatitis and one with chronic persistent hepatitis) were treated with daily intramuscular injections of human leucocyte interferon for periods of 5 to 8 weeks and in one case for 5 months. In one patient there was a marked fall in virus-associated DNA polymerase activity and in the number of DNA containing viral particles during each of two courses of interferon. Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) also disappeared, the aspartate transaminase levels fell and liver histology improved. In the four other patients with detectable DNA polymerase activity there was an early fall but this was transient and in one of these patients there was a continuing rise in activity despite treatment. One other patient became HBeAg negative but hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titres were mostly unaffected by treatment. A marked decrease in T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity towards HBsAg coated target cells was demonstrated and raises the possibility that an immunosuppressant action of interferon may offsets its direct anti-viral action but may also account for the improvement in liver function which occurred in some patients.", "contents": "Effects of human leucocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus replication and immune responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Eight patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (seven with chronic active hepatitis and one with chronic persistent hepatitis) were treated with daily intramuscular injections of human leucocyte interferon for periods of 5 to 8 weeks and in one case for 5 months. In one patient there was a marked fall in virus-associated DNA polymerase activity and in the number of DNA containing viral particles during each of two courses of interferon. Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) also disappeared, the aspartate transaminase levels fell and liver histology improved. In the four other patients with detectable DNA polymerase activity there was an early fall but this was transient and in one of these patients there was a continuing rise in activity despite treatment. One other patient became HBeAg negative but hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titres were mostly unaffected by treatment. A marked decrease in T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity towards HBsAg coated target cells was demonstrated and raises the possibility that an immunosuppressant action of interferon may offsets its direct anti-viral action but may also account for the improvement in liver function which occurred in some patients.", "PMID": 501726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5405", "title": "Altered responsiveness to mitogens in subgroups of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were compared to an age-matched control population with respect to lymphocyte transformation by the mitogens Concanavalin A, Phytohemagglutinin-P, Pokeweed and Lipopolysaccharide, as well as for the relative frequency of E-rosette and Ig-bearing cells in peripheral blood. The data were analysed according to sex, age of onset, mode of onset and disease activity. Lymphocytes from patients with a pauciarticular pattern of onset of JRA responded to mitogens in a similar fashion as normal volunteers, whereas lymphocytes from patients with both a polyarticular and Still's mode of onset had a diminished response to the mitogens. However, this reduction was noteworthy only during periods of disease activity; during periods of remission, lymphocytes from the patients responded similarly to lymphocytes from normals. In contrast to this reduction in mitogen stimulation in these subgroups of patients with JRA, all patients with JRA--irrespective of disease activity or mode of onset--were similar to controls with respect to the percentage of E-rosette and Ig-bearing cells. These alterations in mitogen responsiveness could not be attributed to therapy. Finally, the abnormalities of lymphocyte transformation in patients with polyarticular and Still's mode of onset represent secondary features of disease and are not due to a generalized predisposition or abnormality of cell mediated immunity.", "contents": "Altered responsiveness to mitogens in subgroups of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were compared to an age-matched control population with respect to lymphocyte transformation by the mitogens Concanavalin A, Phytohemagglutinin-P, Pokeweed and Lipopolysaccharide, as well as for the relative frequency of E-rosette and Ig-bearing cells in peripheral blood. The data were analysed according to sex, age of onset, mode of onset and disease activity. Lymphocytes from patients with a pauciarticular pattern of onset of JRA responded to mitogens in a similar fashion as normal volunteers, whereas lymphocytes from patients with both a polyarticular and Still's mode of onset had a diminished response to the mitogens. However, this reduction was noteworthy only during periods of disease activity; during periods of remission, lymphocytes from the patients responded similarly to lymphocytes from normals. In contrast to this reduction in mitogen stimulation in these subgroups of patients with JRA, all patients with JRA--irrespective of disease activity or mode of onset--were similar to controls with respect to the percentage of E-rosette and Ig-bearing cells. These alterations in mitogen responsiveness could not be attributed to therapy. Finally, the abnormalities of lymphocyte transformation in patients with polyarticular and Still's mode of onset represent secondary features of disease and are not due to a generalized predisposition or abnormality of cell mediated immunity.", "PMID": 501727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5406", "title": "The use of indium-111 for studies of cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes or by antibodies and complement.", "content": "Mouse P815 mastocytoma cells, Meth A sarcoma cells and human MRC5 fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were labelled with 111In, 51Cr or 125IUdR and their release from the cells measured. Spontaneous release of 111In from the cells in cultures was less than half that of 51Cr and was comparable to the release of 125I. When 111In-labelled P815 cells were lysed with antibodies and complement or with sensitized lymphocytes the label was released rapidly. 111In is a convenient label in short- as well as in long-term in vitro cytotoxicity studies because of its high labelling and detecting efficiency and its stable cell association.", "contents": "The use of indium-111 for studies of cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes or by antibodies and complement. Mouse P815 mastocytoma cells, Meth A sarcoma cells and human MRC5 fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were labelled with 111In, 51Cr or 125IUdR and their release from the cells measured. Spontaneous release of 111In from the cells in cultures was less than half that of 51Cr and was comparable to the release of 125I. When 111In-labelled P815 cells were lysed with antibodies and complement or with sensitized lymphocytes the label was released rapidly. 111In is a convenient label in short- as well as in long-term in vitro cytotoxicity studies because of its high labelling and detecting efficiency and its stable cell association.", "PMID": 501729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5407", "title": "Increased lymphocyte transformation by insulin induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects.", "content": "To study the effect of carbohydrate metabolism on lymphocyte reactivity, we performed phytohaemoagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen induced lymphocyte transformation after insulin induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects. A statistically significant increase of PHA-LT and a slight increase of PKW-LT were detected 30 minutes following insulin administration. These data suggest a stimulating effect of insulin induced hypoglycaemia on T lymphocyte reactivity and this finding has clinical importance in regard to the management of diabetic patients.", "contents": "Increased lymphocyte transformation by insulin induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects. To study the effect of carbohydrate metabolism on lymphocyte reactivity, we performed phytohaemoagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen induced lymphocyte transformation after insulin induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects. A statistically significant increase of PHA-LT and a slight increase of PKW-LT were detected 30 minutes following insulin administration. These data suggest a stimulating effect of insulin induced hypoglycaemia on T lymphocyte reactivity and this finding has clinical importance in regard to the management of diabetic patients.", "PMID": 501730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5408", "title": "Complex admittance of Na+ conduction in squid axon.", "content": "The complex admittance, Y(p), of squid axon was measured (4--1000 Hz) during step voltage clamp to obtain linear data on Na+ conduction. Y(p) is used as a spectroscopic tool to identify Na+ and K+ conduction, which dominate Y(p) at low frequencies and can be separated from each other and from the static capacitance. Na+ conduction is readily distinguishable from K+ conduction in that it produces a steady-state negative conductance. The admittance of the Na+ system can show an anomalous resonance or an antiresonance depending on whether the net shunt conductance is negative or positive. Use of the Na+ negative conductance to neutralize leakage yields a measurement of dielectric capacitance at low frequency. A 90 degrees phase angle suggests that the capacitance is ideal.", "contents": "Complex admittance of Na+ conduction in squid axon. The complex admittance, Y(p), of squid axon was measured (4--1000 Hz) during step voltage clamp to obtain linear data on Na+ conduction. Y(p) is used as a spectroscopic tool to identify Na+ and K+ conduction, which dominate Y(p) at low frequencies and can be separated from each other and from the static capacitance. Na+ conduction is readily distinguishable from K+ conduction in that it produces a steady-state negative conductance. The admittance of the Na+ system can show an anomalous resonance or an antiresonance depending on whether the net shunt conductance is negative or positive. Use of the Na+ negative conductance to neutralize leakage yields a measurement of dielectric capacitance at low frequency. A 90 degrees phase angle suggests that the capacitance is ideal.", "PMID": 501732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5409", "title": "Microtubules inside the plasma membrane of squid giant axons and their possible physiological function.", "content": "The effects of application of the microtubule-disassembling reagents to squid giant axons upon resting potential, the height of the propagated action potential, and the threshold to evoke action potential were studied using colchicine, podophyllotoxin, vinblastine, griseofulvin, sulfhydryl reagents including NEM, diamide, DTNB and PCMB, and Ca2+ ions. At the same time, the effects of concentrations of K halides and K glutamate on the above physiological properties were studied in comparison with in vitro characteristics of microtubule assembly from purified axoplasmic tubulin. It was found that there was good correlation between conditions supporting maintenance of membrane excitability and microtubule assembly. The experiments suggest that associated with the internal surface of the plasma membrane there are microtubules which regulate in part both the resting and action potentials.", "contents": "Microtubules inside the plasma membrane of squid giant axons and their possible physiological function. The effects of application of the microtubule-disassembling reagents to squid giant axons upon resting potential, the height of the propagated action potential, and the threshold to evoke action potential were studied using colchicine, podophyllotoxin, vinblastine, griseofulvin, sulfhydryl reagents including NEM, diamide, DTNB and PCMB, and Ca2+ ions. At the same time, the effects of concentrations of K halides and K glutamate on the above physiological properties were studied in comparison with in vitro characteristics of microtubule assembly from purified axoplasmic tubulin. It was found that there was good correlation between conditions supporting maintenance of membrane excitability and microtubule assembly. The experiments suggest that associated with the internal surface of the plasma membrane there are microtubules which regulate in part both the resting and action potentials.", "PMID": 501731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5410", "title": "Alterations of the carrier-mediated transport of an anionic solute, methotrexate, by charged liposomes in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Interaction of positively charged liposomes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells increases the bidirectional transmembrane fluxes of the anionic folic acid analog, methotrexate. Negative liposomes reduce methotrexate influx. Stimulation of methotrexate influx by positively charged liposomes is time and concentration dependent, requiring at least a 5-min incubation with 2.5 mM phosphatidylcholine containing 20% stearylamine for maximum effect. Stimulation is not appreciably reversed by washing the cells. Similar increases are observed for influx and efflux so that there is no change in the steady-state methotrexate electrochemical-potential difference across the cell membrane. The increase influx appears to be a stimulation of the carrier-mediated transport process for methotrexate since both control and stimulated influx are abolished by the competitive inhibitor, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or the sulfhydryl group inhibitor, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and the Q10 of the system remains unchanged. Influx of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which shares the same transport carrier as methotrexate, is also stimulated. However, the transport of folic acid, which is structurally similar to methotrexate but does not utilize the carrier, is unaffected. The kinetic change induced by positively charged liposomes is an increase in the Vma in, while the Kt in remains unchanged. Trans-stimulation of methotrexate influx by 5-formyltetrahydrofolate occurs to the same extent in the presence or absence of positively charged liposomes. The liposomes have no apparent effect on the intracellular water, the extracellular space, or the chloride distribution ratio. The data suggest that interaction of positively charged liposomes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells accelerates the rate of transposition of the membrane carrier system for methotrexate, altering the kinetics of transport without a change in transport thermodynamics.", "contents": "Alterations of the carrier-mediated transport of an anionic solute, methotrexate, by charged liposomes in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Interaction of positively charged liposomes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells increases the bidirectional transmembrane fluxes of the anionic folic acid analog, methotrexate. Negative liposomes reduce methotrexate influx. Stimulation of methotrexate influx by positively charged liposomes is time and concentration dependent, requiring at least a 5-min incubation with 2.5 mM phosphatidylcholine containing 20% stearylamine for maximum effect. Stimulation is not appreciably reversed by washing the cells. Similar increases are observed for influx and efflux so that there is no change in the steady-state methotrexate electrochemical-potential difference across the cell membrane. The increase influx appears to be a stimulation of the carrier-mediated transport process for methotrexate since both control and stimulated influx are abolished by the competitive inhibitor, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or the sulfhydryl group inhibitor, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and the Q10 of the system remains unchanged. Influx of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which shares the same transport carrier as methotrexate, is also stimulated. However, the transport of folic acid, which is structurally similar to methotrexate but does not utilize the carrier, is unaffected. The kinetic change induced by positively charged liposomes is an increase in the Vma in, while the Kt in remains unchanged. Trans-stimulation of methotrexate influx by 5-formyltetrahydrofolate occurs to the same extent in the presence or absence of positively charged liposomes. The liposomes have no apparent effect on the intracellular water, the extracellular space, or the chloride distribution ratio. The data suggest that interaction of positively charged liposomes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells accelerates the rate of transposition of the membrane carrier system for methotrexate, altering the kinetics of transport without a change in transport thermodynamics.", "PMID": 501733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5411", "title": "Kinetic constants for intestinal transport of four monosaccharides determined under conditions of variable effective resistance of the unstirred water layer.", "content": "Theoretical considerations have suggested that variations in the resistance of the unstirred water layer (UWL) have a profound effect on the kinetic constants of intestinal transport. In this study, a previously validated in vitro technique was employed to determine the unidirectional flux rate of glucose, galactose, 3-O-methyl glucose and fructose into the rabbit jejunum under carefully-defined conditions of stirring of the bulk phase known to yield different values for the effective resistance of the UWL. For each monosaccharide, uptake is much greater when the resistance of the UWL is low than when high. The maximal transport rate, Jd m, of glucose was half as large as the Jd m of galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose (3-O-MG), and was twice as great as the Jd m of fructose. The apparent affinity constant, Km * of glucose is less than that of fructose, which was lower than the Km * of galactose and 3-O-MG. The use of the Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot is associated with an overestimation of both Jd m and Km *. This discrepancy between the true and apparent values of the kinetic constants is much greater for lower than for higher values of Jd m and Km *; variations in the resistance of the unstirred layer influences the magnitude and direction of the discrepancy. The apparent passive permeability coefficient is similar for each sugar, but because of the different values of Jd m, passive permeation contributes relatively more to the uptake of glucose and fructose than of galactose or 3-O-MG. Under conditions of high unstirred layer resistance, differences in uptake rates of the sugars are due to differences in their Jd m rather than their Km *. Kinetic analysis is compatible with the suggestion that the glucose carriers are predominantly near the tip of the villus, whereas those for galactose and 3-O-MG are located along the entire villus and the Km * of their carriers at the tip is lower than their Km * towards the base of the villus. It is proposed that there are multiple or heterogeneous intestinal carriers for glucose, galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose in the jejunum of the rabbit.", "contents": "Kinetic constants for intestinal transport of four monosaccharides determined under conditions of variable effective resistance of the unstirred water layer. Theoretical considerations have suggested that variations in the resistance of the unstirred water layer (UWL) have a profound effect on the kinetic constants of intestinal transport. In this study, a previously validated in vitro technique was employed to determine the unidirectional flux rate of glucose, galactose, 3-O-methyl glucose and fructose into the rabbit jejunum under carefully-defined conditions of stirring of the bulk phase known to yield different values for the effective resistance of the UWL. For each monosaccharide, uptake is much greater when the resistance of the UWL is low than when high. The maximal transport rate, Jd m, of glucose was half as large as the Jd m of galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose (3-O-MG), and was twice as great as the Jd m of fructose. The apparent affinity constant, Km * of glucose is less than that of fructose, which was lower than the Km * of galactose and 3-O-MG. The use of the Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot is associated with an overestimation of both Jd m and Km *. This discrepancy between the true and apparent values of the kinetic constants is much greater for lower than for higher values of Jd m and Km *; variations in the resistance of the unstirred layer influences the magnitude and direction of the discrepancy. The apparent passive permeability coefficient is similar for each sugar, but because of the different values of Jd m, passive permeation contributes relatively more to the uptake of glucose and fructose than of galactose or 3-O-MG. Under conditions of high unstirred layer resistance, differences in uptake rates of the sugars are due to differences in their Jd m rather than their Km *. Kinetic analysis is compatible with the suggestion that the glucose carriers are predominantly near the tip of the villus, whereas those for galactose and 3-O-MG are located along the entire villus and the Km * of their carriers at the tip is lower than their Km * towards the base of the villus. It is proposed that there are multiple or heterogeneous intestinal carriers for glucose, galactose and 3-O-methyl glucose in the jejunum of the rabbit.", "PMID": 501734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5412", "title": "A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes, Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens.", "content": "The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fished Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.", "contents": "A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes, Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens. The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fished Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.", "PMID": 501739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5413", "title": "Cell death and optic fiber penetration in the optic stalk of the chick.", "content": "The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.", "contents": "Cell death and optic fiber penetration in the optic stalk of the chick. The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.", "PMID": 501740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5414", "title": "Amino acids in a carbonaceous chondrite from Antarctica.", "content": "A carbonaceous chondrite from the Antarctic, referred to as the Allan Hills meteorite 77306, appears to be free from terrestrial organic contamination. The presence of both protein and non-protein amino acids and an equal abundance of D- and L-enantiomers of amino acids, is testimony to the extraterrestrial nature of these compounds.", "contents": "Amino acids in a carbonaceous chondrite from Antarctica. A carbonaceous chondrite from the Antarctic, referred to as the Allan Hills meteorite 77306, appears to be free from terrestrial organic contamination. The presence of both protein and non-protein amino acids and an equal abundance of D- and L-enantiomers of amino acids, is testimony to the extraterrestrial nature of these compounds.", "PMID": 501741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5415", "title": "The formation of dipeptides from amino acids and the 2'(3')-glycyl ester of an adenylate.", "content": "The yields of dipeptide obtained from the reaction of 0.2M 2'(3')-O-(glycyl)-adenosine-5'-(O-methylphosphate) and 0.2M amino acid at pH 8.2 ranged from 0.1% to 35.5% for a group of 15 amino acids. The yields of glyser (35.3%), gly-cys (11.8%) and gly-thr (5.4%) were considerably greater than dipeptide yields obtained from any of the other 12 amino acids (less than or equal to 1.7%). Aminolysis of 0.05M 2'(3')-O-(glycyl)-adenosine-5-'-(O-methylphosphate) by 0.4M serine ethyl ester yielded 53% glycylserine diketopiperazine, via N-(glycyl)-serine ethyl ester as a transient intermediate. The prebiotic significance of these reactions is discussed.", "contents": "The formation of dipeptides from amino acids and the 2'(3')-glycyl ester of an adenylate. The yields of dipeptide obtained from the reaction of 0.2M 2'(3')-O-(glycyl)-adenosine-5'-(O-methylphosphate) and 0.2M amino acid at pH 8.2 ranged from 0.1% to 35.5% for a group of 15 amino acids. The yields of glyser (35.3%), gly-cys (11.8%) and gly-thr (5.4%) were considerably greater than dipeptide yields obtained from any of the other 12 amino acids (less than or equal to 1.7%). Aminolysis of 0.05M 2'(3')-O-(glycyl)-adenosine-5-'-(O-methylphosphate) by 0.4M serine ethyl ester yielded 53% glycylserine diketopiperazine, via N-(glycyl)-serine ethyl ester as a transient intermediate. The prebiotic significance of these reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 501742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5416", "title": "The formation of peptides from glycine thioesters.", "content": "The condensation products obtained from 0.01M S-glycyl-N-acetyl-cysteamine at different pH's were investigated. The highest yields of diketopiperazine (approx. 50%) were observed in phosphate buffers between pH 7.5 and 8.5. The highest yields of diglycine (46%), triglycine (10%) and tetraglycine (2%) were observed in carbonate buffers at pH 9.5. At pH 8.0, over 90% of the glycyl residues of 0.15M S-glycyl-N-acetylcysteamine were incorporated into condensation products, mainly DKP (60--70%). The yields of products from the condensation of S-glycyl-ethanethiol under similar conditions closely resembled those obtained with S-glycyl-N-acetylcysteamine.", "contents": "The formation of peptides from glycine thioesters. The condensation products obtained from 0.01M S-glycyl-N-acetyl-cysteamine at different pH's were investigated. The highest yields of diketopiperazine (approx. 50%) were observed in phosphate buffers between pH 7.5 and 8.5. The highest yields of diglycine (46%), triglycine (10%) and tetraglycine (2%) were observed in carbonate buffers at pH 9.5. At pH 8.0, over 90% of the glycyl residues of 0.15M S-glycyl-N-acetylcysteamine were incorporated into condensation products, mainly DKP (60--70%). The yields of products from the condensation of S-glycyl-ethanethiol under similar conditions closely resembled those obtained with S-glycyl-N-acetylcysteamine.", "PMID": 501743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5417", "title": "Template-directed synthesis of oligoadenylates catalyzed by Pb2+ ions.", "content": "The Pb2+ ion is an effective catalyst for the template-directed condensation of ImpA on poly(U). This reaction generates up to 35% of oligomers 5 or more units long. Furthermore, the product is predominantly 3'-5'-linked (75%) unlike that from the uncatalyzed reaction which is more than 90% 2'-5'-linked. The significance of metal-ion catalysis for prebiotic polynucleotide formation is discussed.", "contents": "Template-directed synthesis of oligoadenylates catalyzed by Pb2+ ions. The Pb2+ ion is an effective catalyst for the template-directed condensation of ImpA on poly(U). This reaction generates up to 35% of oligomers 5 or more units long. Furthermore, the product is predominantly 3'-5'-linked (75%) unlike that from the uncatalyzed reaction which is more than 90% 2'-5'-linked. The significance of metal-ion catalysis for prebiotic polynucleotide formation is discussed.", "PMID": 501744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5418", "title": "Studies on DNA sequences in the Osmundaceae.", "content": "Phylogenetic relationships of Osmunda cinnamomea, O. claytoniana, and O. regalis were explored by means of DNA sequence comparisons. Hydroxyapatite thermal elution profiles of self-reassociated repetitive DNA fragments were very similar, indicating the absence of gross differences in the amount of recent amplification or addition of repetitive DNA in any of these three genomes. Interspecific DNA sequence comparisons showed, in contrast to our earlier interpretation, that repeated DNA sequences of O. claytoniana are nearly equally diverged from those of O. cinnamomea and O. regalis. Differences between repetitive sequences of the three species can be interpreted as reflecting amplification events which occurred subsequent to speciation. The data obtained suggest that the three Osmunda species most likely arose more or less simultaneously from a common ancestor. These findings were verified in experiments with tracer DNA preparations enriched for single copy sequences. On the basis of the hydridization data presented here and of the fossil record, the rate of single copy sequence divergence in the ferns is comparable to that in the primates, although slower than that observed in other animal taxa. From this first evaluation of rates of DNA evolution in plants it would seem that the rates for plants and animals are roughly comparable. The evidence suggests that species divergence is accompanied by further reiteration of preexisting repeat sequences. The rate of addition of repetitive sequences probably is slower in ferns than in angiosperms. This difference might be attributable to the much larger effective generation time in ferns.", "contents": "Studies on DNA sequences in the Osmundaceae. Phylogenetic relationships of Osmunda cinnamomea, O. claytoniana, and O. regalis were explored by means of DNA sequence comparisons. Hydroxyapatite thermal elution profiles of self-reassociated repetitive DNA fragments were very similar, indicating the absence of gross differences in the amount of recent amplification or addition of repetitive DNA in any of these three genomes. Interspecific DNA sequence comparisons showed, in contrast to our earlier interpretation, that repeated DNA sequences of O. claytoniana are nearly equally diverged from those of O. cinnamomea and O. regalis. Differences between repetitive sequences of the three species can be interpreted as reflecting amplification events which occurred subsequent to speciation. The data obtained suggest that the three Osmunda species most likely arose more or less simultaneously from a common ancestor. These findings were verified in experiments with tracer DNA preparations enriched for single copy sequences. On the basis of the hydridization data presented here and of the fossil record, the rate of single copy sequence divergence in the ferns is comparable to that in the primates, although slower than that observed in other animal taxa. From this first evaluation of rates of DNA evolution in plants it would seem that the rates for plants and animals are roughly comparable. The evidence suggests that species divergence is accompanied by further reiteration of preexisting repeat sequences. The rate of addition of repetitive sequences probably is slower in ferns than in angiosperms. This difference might be attributable to the much larger effective generation time in ferns.", "PMID": 501745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5419", "title": "The phylogenetic distribution of tubulin:tyrosine ligase.", "content": "The post-translational addition of tyrosine to alpha-tubulin, catalyzed by tubulin:tyrosine ligase, has been previously reported in mammals and birds. The present study demonstrated that significant ligase activity was present in representative organisms from several other major vertebrate classes (chondrichthyes through reptiles) and that both substrate and enzyme from all vertebrates investigated were compatible with mammalian ligase and tubulin in the tyrosination reaction. None of the invertebrate tissues examined showed incorporation of tyrosine, phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine into alpha tubulin under conditions allowing significant incorporation of these compounds in vertebrate supernatant samples. The failure of invertebrate tubulin to incorporate tyrosine in vitro did not appear to be due to saturation of the carboxyl terminal position with tyrosine or the presence of a soluble inhibitor of ligase activity. Although tubulin amino acid composition has been highly conserved throughout evolution, a major evolutionary divergence is described based upon biochemical differences whereby invertebrate tubulin cannot be tyrosinated or post-translationally modified with phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine under conditions suitable for the incorporation of these compounds by vertebrate alpha tubulin.", "contents": "The phylogenetic distribution of tubulin:tyrosine ligase. The post-translational addition of tyrosine to alpha-tubulin, catalyzed by tubulin:tyrosine ligase, has been previously reported in mammals and birds. The present study demonstrated that significant ligase activity was present in representative organisms from several other major vertebrate classes (chondrichthyes through reptiles) and that both substrate and enzyme from all vertebrates investigated were compatible with mammalian ligase and tubulin in the tyrosination reaction. None of the invertebrate tissues examined showed incorporation of tyrosine, phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine into alpha tubulin under conditions allowing significant incorporation of these compounds in vertebrate supernatant samples. The failure of invertebrate tubulin to incorporate tyrosine in vitro did not appear to be due to saturation of the carboxyl terminal position with tyrosine or the presence of a soluble inhibitor of ligase activity. Although tubulin amino acid composition has been highly conserved throughout evolution, a major evolutionary divergence is described based upon biochemical differences whereby invertebrate tubulin cannot be tyrosinated or post-translationally modified with phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine under conditions suitable for the incorporation of these compounds by vertebrate alpha tubulin.", "PMID": 501746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5420", "title": "Aldocyanoin microspheres: partial amino acid analysis of the microparticulates formed from simple reactants under various conditions.", "content": "The work of Kenyon and Nissenbaum on aldocyanoin microspheres was repeated and extended. It was determined that the microspheres contained amino acids and that specific amino acids could be incorporated into the microspheres by adding the requisite aldehyde or ketone precursor to the model mixture. Microsphere formation was found to be dependent on the availability of oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions of synthesis, no microspheres formed in the time allotted and the amino acid composition of the macromolecular material was simple. Microparticulate material synthesized by C. Folsome using a quenched spark technique was analyzed and found to contain amino acids that had a qualitative composition similar to both a Miller-Urey discharge and the Kenyon-Nissenbaum microspheres.", "contents": "Aldocyanoin microspheres: partial amino acid analysis of the microparticulates formed from simple reactants under various conditions. The work of Kenyon and Nissenbaum on aldocyanoin microspheres was repeated and extended. It was determined that the microspheres contained amino acids and that specific amino acids could be incorporated into the microspheres by adding the requisite aldehyde or ketone precursor to the model mixture. Microsphere formation was found to be dependent on the availability of oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions of synthesis, no microspheres formed in the time allotted and the amino acid composition of the macromolecular material was simple. Microparticulate material synthesized by C. Folsome using a quenched spark technique was analyzed and found to contain amino acids that had a qualitative composition similar to both a Miller-Urey discharge and the Kenyon-Nissenbaum microspheres.", "PMID": 501747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5421", "title": "The organic composition of the Allan Hills carbonaceous chondrite (77306) as determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and other methods.", "content": "The amino acid composition and the pyrolyzable organic content of the Antarctic Allan Hills meteorite (ALHA 77306.9 and ALHA 77306.17) was examined. The pyrolysis products are very similar to those of the Murchison meteorite. The identified amino acids are present at quite low levels, they are racemic and are structurally similar to those observed in the Murchison meteorite. This indicates the possible chemical synthesis of these compounds in the meteorite parent body. The Allan Hills meteorite is not detectably contaminated.", "contents": "The organic composition of the Allan Hills carbonaceous chondrite (77306) as determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and other methods. The amino acid composition and the pyrolyzable organic content of the Antarctic Allan Hills meteorite (ALHA 77306.9 and ALHA 77306.17) was examined. The pyrolysis products are very similar to those of the Murchison meteorite. The identified amino acids are present at quite low levels, they are racemic and are structurally similar to those observed in the Murchison meteorite. This indicates the possible chemical synthesis of these compounds in the meteorite parent body. The Allan Hills meteorite is not detectably contaminated.", "PMID": 501748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5422", "title": "Immunosuppressive therapy of ocular disease.", "content": "Care and caution are required in using immunosuppressive agents to combat sight-threatening ocular disease. Informed consent of the patient and the active participation of a knowledgeable internist are mandatory in view of the known potential consequences of therapy. These consequences or side effects include specific and general problems, and before initiating therapy the cost/benefit ratio must be considered. Although the most commonly used agents are nonspecific, some drugs appear more beneficial in certain conditions than others, as is the case of chlorambucil in Behcet disease. It is a policy at the Uveitis Clinic of the University of California, Irvine, to institute immunosuppressive therapy early enough for conservation of useful vision, yet late enough so that it is clear that moderate to heavy steroid therapy cannot prevent blindness. In the event of failure of the \"conventional\" immunosuppressive therapy, plasmapheresis may prove a helpful adjunct.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive therapy of ocular disease. Care and caution are required in using immunosuppressive agents to combat sight-threatening ocular disease. Informed consent of the patient and the active participation of a knowledgeable internist are mandatory in view of the known potential consequences of therapy. These consequences or side effects include specific and general problems, and before initiating therapy the cost/benefit ratio must be considered. Although the most commonly used agents are nonspecific, some drugs appear more beneficial in certain conditions than others, as is the case of chlorambucil in Behcet disease. It is a policy at the Uveitis Clinic of the University of California, Irvine, to institute immunosuppressive therapy early enough for conservation of useful vision, yet late enough so that it is clear that moderate to heavy steroid therapy cannot prevent blindness. In the event of failure of the \"conventional\" immunosuppressive therapy, plasmapheresis may prove a helpful adjunct.", "PMID": 501750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5423", "title": "Experience of a sickle cell screening program in Baltimore.", "content": "The hemoglobinopathies constitute a major medical problem in the black community of Baltimore. A sickle cell service should be designed to discover, educate, and, if necessary, treat. Screening is sound preventive medicine and may serve to introduce the patient to the concept of continuing medical surveillance. The prevention of serious complications in patients with the more severe types of hemoglobinopathy should be a basic goal in the program.", "contents": "Experience of a sickle cell screening program in Baltimore. The hemoglobinopathies constitute a major medical problem in the black community of Baltimore. A sickle cell service should be designed to discover, educate, and, if necessary, treat. Screening is sound preventive medicine and may serve to introduce the patient to the concept of continuing medical surveillance. The prevention of serious complications in patients with the more severe types of hemoglobinopathy should be a basic goal in the program.", "PMID": 501751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5424", "title": "Slipping rib syndrome.", "content": "Three cases of slipping rib syndrome are presented. The pertinent anatomy of the costal margin and nerve supply are reviewed. The treatment of the disease is presented along with case histories. This entity is little known to the medical profession, although first described in 1919. Probably far more common than is realized, it should always be included in the differential diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal pain.", "contents": "Slipping rib syndrome. Three cases of slipping rib syndrome are presented. The pertinent anatomy of the costal margin and nerve supply are reviewed. The treatment of the disease is presented along with case histories. This entity is little known to the medical profession, although first described in 1919. Probably far more common than is realized, it should always be included in the differential diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal pain.", "PMID": 501752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5425", "title": "Benign breast lesions.", "content": "A review of 52 unselected cases of benign breast masses operated on at the University College Hospital Ibadan, showed that fibroadenoma was the most common benign lesion found, followed by fibrocystic disease of the breast. Fibroadenoma is most common in the second and third decades of life, usually in nulliparous young women, whereas fibrocystic disease is most common in the fifth decade, usually in parous women. Benign breast lesions are more common in the left breast than the right, and the most common location is the upper outer quadrant.", "contents": "Benign breast lesions. A review of 52 unselected cases of benign breast masses operated on at the University College Hospital Ibadan, showed that fibroadenoma was the most common benign lesion found, followed by fibrocystic disease of the breast. Fibroadenoma is most common in the second and third decades of life, usually in nulliparous young women, whereas fibrocystic disease is most common in the fifth decade, usually in parous women. Benign breast lesions are more common in the left breast than the right, and the most common location is the upper outer quadrant.", "PMID": 501753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5426", "title": "Effects of maternal-fetal monitoring on pregnancy outcome in a high risk pregnant population.", "content": "A program was designed to determine the effects of monitoring all patients admitted to labor and delivery at the District of Columbia General Hospital during 1976. This paper reports the findings and discusses the value of electronic surveillance on fetal and perinatal survival.", "contents": "Effects of maternal-fetal monitoring on pregnancy outcome in a high risk pregnant population. A program was designed to determine the effects of monitoring all patients admitted to labor and delivery at the District of Columbia General Hospital during 1976. This paper reports the findings and discusses the value of electronic surveillance on fetal and perinatal survival.", "PMID": 501754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5427", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome without exanthema: a case report.", "content": "A seven-year, eight-month-old Mexican-American boy was admitted to the hospital with a history of prolonged fever and cervical adenitis. The fever persisted for approximately two weeks and was associated with bilateral conjunctivitis, dryness and redness of the lips, and a deeply red tongue with marked hypertrophy of the papillae. Approximately two weeks following admission a peculiar desquamation of the perianal area was noted, followed by the desquamation of the hands and feet typically noted with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS).Numerous laboratory studies were performed and were not revealing. With the desquamation of the hands and feet a diagnosis of MLNS was believed confirmed. This case is unusual because there was no cutaneous eruption so characteristic of MLNS, and also because of the presence of the peculiar perianal desquamation which has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome without exanthema: a case report. A seven-year, eight-month-old Mexican-American boy was admitted to the hospital with a history of prolonged fever and cervical adenitis. The fever persisted for approximately two weeks and was associated with bilateral conjunctivitis, dryness and redness of the lips, and a deeply red tongue with marked hypertrophy of the papillae. Approximately two weeks following admission a peculiar desquamation of the perianal area was noted, followed by the desquamation of the hands and feet typically noted with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS).Numerous laboratory studies were performed and were not revealing. With the desquamation of the hands and feet a diagnosis of MLNS was believed confirmed. This case is unusual because there was no cutaneous eruption so characteristic of MLNS, and also because of the presence of the peculiar perianal desquamation which has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 501755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5428", "title": "The unrewarding results of curative therapy in esophageal cancer.", "content": "The mortality from carcinoma of the esophagus in the non-white male population of the metropolitan Washington, DC, area is probably the highest in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicates a mortality figure of 27.9/100,000 for the period 1969-1971.(1) Between 1971 and 1976, 114 patients were seen at Howard University Hospital with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the esophagus, of which only 48 were suitable for definitive therapy. All patients were black. The male/female ratio was 4 to 1. Postoperative irradiation appeared to confer benefit on surgically respected patients. In this selected group of patients, treatment had little influence on the natural history of the disease and the adjusted direct five-year survival was 2.1 percent.(*)", "contents": "The unrewarding results of curative therapy in esophageal cancer. The mortality from carcinoma of the esophagus in the non-white male population of the metropolitan Washington, DC, area is probably the highest in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicates a mortality figure of 27.9/100,000 for the period 1969-1971.(1) Between 1971 and 1976, 114 patients were seen at Howard University Hospital with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the esophagus, of which only 48 were suitable for definitive therapy. All patients were black. The male/female ratio was 4 to 1. Postoperative irradiation appeared to confer benefit on surgically respected patients. In this selected group of patients, treatment had little influence on the natural history of the disease and the adjusted direct five-year survival was 2.1 percent.(*)", "PMID": 501756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5429", "title": "Preventive psychiatry in the Board of Education.", "content": "The Board of Education has a significant role in the psychiatric prevention of criminal and psychiatric disorders. Two hundred and seventy-four children were seen over a two year period and their diagnostic groupings are presented. Follow-up was possible on 150 of the children and it was found that 70 percent of them were better. The findings and conclusions from this sample are presented.", "contents": "Preventive psychiatry in the Board of Education. The Board of Education has a significant role in the psychiatric prevention of criminal and psychiatric disorders. Two hundred and seventy-four children were seen over a two year period and their diagnostic groupings are presented. Follow-up was possible on 150 of the children and it was found that 70 percent of them were better. The findings and conclusions from this sample are presented.", "PMID": 501757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5430", "title": "Child abuse: a black perspective utilizing a social-psychological model.", "content": "The majority of models utilized in the formulation of the dynamics of child abuse rely upon an individual psychopathological frame of reference. Not only is this approach limited, but it renders primary preventive approaches virtually impossible. The author presents a social-psychological model, with the recommendation that it be applied among blacks. Essential to the model's applicability is the vulnerability of blacks to institutionalized racism and to the universal and destructive institutional abuse to which blacks are subjected. While often quite covert, this abuse is nonetheless extremely noxious, and serves to potentiate the view blacks have of themselves as undervalued individuals, and as individuals who have no alternative other than to commit abuse to others. Child abuse in blacks is viewed as reactive in nature-reactive to societal abuse. This adaptational model of child abuse, rather than precluding an individual psychopathological model, complements it. Use of this model should facilitate primary prevention with respect to child abuse. Current approaches to child abuse are comparable to \"an ambulance service at the bottom of a cliff.\" What is lacking is an approach that will \"fix the road on the cliff that causes the accidents.\" Only by examining the intricate interplay between individual and society can the factors that lead to child abuse be modified.", "contents": "Child abuse: a black perspective utilizing a social-psychological model. The majority of models utilized in the formulation of the dynamics of child abuse rely upon an individual psychopathological frame of reference. Not only is this approach limited, but it renders primary preventive approaches virtually impossible. The author presents a social-psychological model, with the recommendation that it be applied among blacks. Essential to the model's applicability is the vulnerability of blacks to institutionalized racism and to the universal and destructive institutional abuse to which blacks are subjected. While often quite covert, this abuse is nonetheless extremely noxious, and serves to potentiate the view blacks have of themselves as undervalued individuals, and as individuals who have no alternative other than to commit abuse to others. Child abuse in blacks is viewed as reactive in nature-reactive to societal abuse. This adaptational model of child abuse, rather than precluding an individual psychopathological model, complements it. Use of this model should facilitate primary prevention with respect to child abuse. Current approaches to child abuse are comparable to \"an ambulance service at the bottom of a cliff.\" What is lacking is an approach that will \"fix the road on the cliff that causes the accidents.\" Only by examining the intricate interplay between individual and society can the factors that lead to child abuse be modified.", "PMID": 501758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5431", "title": "Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes. I. Photodecomposed products of four xanthene dyes and their acute toxicity to fish.", "content": "The acute toxicity of photodecomposed products of Erythrosine, Eosine, Phloxine and Rose Bengale were studied, since it was found that toxicity of these dyes to fish increased after the dyes had been photoirradiated. Photodecomposed products of the dyes were isolated and identified with UV, IR, NMR spectra and the acute toxicity of those compounds were determined by TLm test. As results of these studies, it became clear that the toxicity of photodecomposed organic products (dehalogenated compounds of dyes) were lower than the mother compounds. The increases in toxicity of the xanthene dyes by photo-irradiation were attributed to the liberated halogens by irradiation.", "contents": "Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes. I. Photodecomposed products of four xanthene dyes and their acute toxicity to fish. The acute toxicity of photodecomposed products of Erythrosine, Eosine, Phloxine and Rose Bengale were studied, since it was found that toxicity of these dyes to fish increased after the dyes had been photoirradiated. Photodecomposed products of the dyes were isolated and identified with UV, IR, NMR spectra and the acute toxicity of those compounds were determined by TLm test. As results of these studies, it became clear that the toxicity of photodecomposed organic products (dehalogenated compounds of dyes) were lower than the mother compounds. The increases in toxicity of the xanthene dyes by photo-irradiation were attributed to the liberated halogens by irradiation.", "PMID": 501760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5432", "title": "[Mutagenicity test of antithyroid agent, methimazole--dominant lethal mutation test on male mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Mutagenicity test of Methimazole (MMI) was performed by means of dominant lethal mutation test in the male mice. Male mice were treated with a single s.c. injection of 45 mg/kg or 90 mg/kg MMI. Mean body weights were slightly decreased and mating rates were low immediately after treatment of MMI. Mean numbers of living implants at any periods examination up to 6 weeks after the treatment were compared with Salin Control, indicating lack of dominant lethality of MMI. On the other hand, EMS and MMC known mutagens and reference agents used in the present study, induced dominant lethalities at a single s.c. injection respectively.", "contents": "[Mutagenicity test of antithyroid agent, methimazole--dominant lethal mutation test on male mice (author's transl)]. Mutagenicity test of Methimazole (MMI) was performed by means of dominant lethal mutation test in the male mice. Male mice were treated with a single s.c. injection of 45 mg/kg or 90 mg/kg MMI. Mean body weights were slightly decreased and mating rates were low immediately after treatment of MMI. Mean numbers of living implants at any periods examination up to 6 weeks after the treatment were compared with Salin Control, indicating lack of dominant lethality of MMI. On the other hand, EMS and MMC known mutagens and reference agents used in the present study, induced dominant lethalities at a single s.c. injection respectively.", "PMID": 501761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5433", "title": "The effects of paraquat on cultured human embryonic cells.", "content": "The effects of paraquat on human embryonic somatic cells were studied. Monolayer cultured cells, from several different organs, were exposed to various concentrations of paraquat. Then, the cells were stained with nigrosine and Sudan IV to demonstrate dead or damaged cells and fatty granules, respectively. The lowest paraquat concentration that caused morphological changes varied from 1 to 10 ppm, and the lowest concentration that caused fatty degeneration varied from 1 to 5 ppm. In both types of staining, the lowest degenerative concentration was lower as the culture generation was younger, and the degree of degeneration did not differ with the cell origin. The protein content per cell in paraquat-treated cells was not significantly decreased in comparison with control cells.", "contents": "The effects of paraquat on cultured human embryonic cells. The effects of paraquat on human embryonic somatic cells were studied. Monolayer cultured cells, from several different organs, were exposed to various concentrations of paraquat. Then, the cells were stained with nigrosine and Sudan IV to demonstrate dead or damaged cells and fatty granules, respectively. The lowest paraquat concentration that caused morphological changes varied from 1 to 10 ppm, and the lowest concentration that caused fatty degeneration varied from 1 to 5 ppm. In both types of staining, the lowest degenerative concentration was lower as the culture generation was younger, and the degree of degeneration did not differ with the cell origin. The protein content per cell in paraquat-treated cells was not significantly decreased in comparison with control cells.", "PMID": 501763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5434", "title": "Broken paediatric appointments at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City.", "content": "Appointment system was introduced to the University of Benin Teaching Hospital at the initial stage of the Hospital development. This is a new experience to the local community which is largely illiterate. The appointment breaking was low contrary to expectation. Indifference or negligence accounted for a high percentage of defaulting. The system was deemed to be good by 66.4 per cent of the defaulters interviewed only 1.2 per cent felt that it was bad. Efforts by the health visiting Sister to visit the defaulters at home and persuade them to attend the clinic reduced the number of broken appointments. The habit of breaking appointments by parents/guardians of children who showed indifference or negligence were more difficult to remedy. For a referral system to be effective in a largely illiterate community where referral system is new, knowledge of the reasons for breaking appointments in the community should be known and remedied. Promotion of personalized attention and intensive health education are essential.", "contents": "Broken paediatric appointments at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. Appointment system was introduced to the University of Benin Teaching Hospital at the initial stage of the Hospital development. This is a new experience to the local community which is largely illiterate. The appointment breaking was low contrary to expectation. Indifference or negligence accounted for a high percentage of defaulting. The system was deemed to be good by 66.4 per cent of the defaulters interviewed only 1.2 per cent felt that it was bad. Efforts by the health visiting Sister to visit the defaulters at home and persuade them to attend the clinic reduced the number of broken appointments. The habit of breaking appointments by parents/guardians of children who showed indifference or negligence were more difficult to remedy. For a referral system to be effective in a largely illiterate community where referral system is new, knowledge of the reasons for breaking appointments in the community should be known and remedied. Promotion of personalized attention and intensive health education are essential.", "PMID": 501764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5435", "title": "Serum vitamin A levels of patients with onchocerciasis from two areas of the Sudan.", "content": "Two areas of the Sudan known to be endemic to onchocerciasis were surveyed for skin and ocular changes, and serum vitamin A levels in patients and normal controls. In Southern Sudan severe eye lesions and blindness are common complications. In Northern Sudan skin lesions predominate, and no case of blindness was recorded. Serum vitamin A levels were found to be adequate in all groups studied. However, patients from Southern Sudan with both eye and skin lesions due to onchocerciasis had the lowest mean serum vitamin A level. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the possible aetiological role of vitamin A deficiency in the pathogenesis of ocular complications of onchocerciasis.", "contents": "Serum vitamin A levels of patients with onchocerciasis from two areas of the Sudan. Two areas of the Sudan known to be endemic to onchocerciasis were surveyed for skin and ocular changes, and serum vitamin A levels in patients and normal controls. In Southern Sudan severe eye lesions and blindness are common complications. In Northern Sudan skin lesions predominate, and no case of blindness was recorded. Serum vitamin A levels were found to be adequate in all groups studied. However, patients from Southern Sudan with both eye and skin lesions due to onchocerciasis had the lowest mean serum vitamin A level. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the possible aetiological role of vitamin A deficiency in the pathogenesis of ocular complications of onchocerciasis.", "PMID": 501767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5436", "title": "Haemoglobinopathies in Libya.", "content": "Electrophoretic study of haemolysates from five hundred and forty-five subjects from the University of Garyounis, Benghazi, was carried out to find out the incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in Libya. Abnormal haemoglobins were encountered in 23 subjects of unrelated families, giving an overall incidence of 4.2 per cent. Sixteen of these subjects had Hb-AS trait (3.0%), Five subjects had Hb-AC trait (0.9%) and two subjects had Hb-AD trait (0.36%). Present study indicates that the incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in the indigenous population of Libya is low.", "contents": "Haemoglobinopathies in Libya. Electrophoretic study of haemolysates from five hundred and forty-five subjects from the University of Garyounis, Benghazi, was carried out to find out the incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in Libya. Abnormal haemoglobins were encountered in 23 subjects of unrelated families, giving an overall incidence of 4.2 per cent. Sixteen of these subjects had Hb-AS trait (3.0%), Five subjects had Hb-AC trait (0.9%) and two subjects had Hb-AD trait (0.36%). Present study indicates that the incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in the indigenous population of Libya is low.", "PMID": 501768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5437", "title": "Acute amoebic dysentery due to free-living amoebae treated with methronidazole.", "content": "A case of non-fatal acute amoebic dysentery without symptoms of meningoencephalitis, due to free-living amoebae possibly of the genus Acanthamoeba, is reported. The disease was diagnosed by the presence of motile amoebae in the fresh, wet preparation of the stool. The case was treated successfully with metronidazole.", "contents": "Acute amoebic dysentery due to free-living amoebae treated with methronidazole. A case of non-fatal acute amoebic dysentery without symptoms of meningoencephalitis, due to free-living amoebae possibly of the genus Acanthamoeba, is reported. The disease was diagnosed by the presence of motile amoebae in the fresh, wet preparation of the stool. The case was treated successfully with metronidazole.", "PMID": 501769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5438", "title": "Hepatic intracellular sodium in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "This study was performed on 15 male non-ascitic schistosomal cases to estimate hepatic intracellular electrolytes content. Another 10 non-schistosomal non-cirrhotic cases were taken as control. It has been found that, serum sodium and potassium concentration and hepatic intracellular potassium content were within normal range with no statistical difference in the values obtained in both schistosomal and control group. The hepatic intracellular sodium content was higher than normal in all our cases, with a significant statistical difference between the schistosomal and the control group. It has been concluded that, in schistosomal patients increase in the intracellular sodium content is an early finding before the development of ascites.", "contents": "Hepatic intracellular sodium in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. This study was performed on 15 male non-ascitic schistosomal cases to estimate hepatic intracellular electrolytes content. Another 10 non-schistosomal non-cirrhotic cases were taken as control. It has been found that, serum sodium and potassium concentration and hepatic intracellular potassium content were within normal range with no statistical difference in the values obtained in both schistosomal and control group. The hepatic intracellular sodium content was higher than normal in all our cases, with a significant statistical difference between the schistosomal and the control group. It has been concluded that, in schistosomal patients increase in the intracellular sodium content is an early finding before the development of ascites.", "PMID": 501770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5439", "title": "A tinnitus clinic.", "content": "Eighty patients with a main complaint of tinnitus were assessed. In only 32 was help possible. In 16 of these symptomatic relief utilized the masking technique which is briefly described. These results though not outstanding are encouraging and represent a definite step forward in helping patients with this unpleasant condition. Apart from symptomatic treatment of tinnitus, the clinic allowed early diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss in some patients. Several patients had asymmetrical hearing loss, but despite extensive investigation no cerebellopontine angle tumors were identified. These patients are being followed. For these reasons, the tinnitus clinic is regarded as a success and will continue to function as a specialty clinic in otolaryngology at Vancouver General Hospital.", "contents": "A tinnitus clinic. Eighty patients with a main complaint of tinnitus were assessed. In only 32 was help possible. In 16 of these symptomatic relief utilized the masking technique which is briefly described. These results though not outstanding are encouraging and represent a definite step forward in helping patients with this unpleasant condition. Apart from symptomatic treatment of tinnitus, the clinic allowed early diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss in some patients. Several patients had asymmetrical hearing loss, but despite extensive investigation no cerebellopontine angle tumors were identified. These patients are being followed. For these reasons, the tinnitus clinic is regarded as a success and will continue to function as a specialty clinic in otolaryngology at Vancouver General Hospital.", "PMID": 501773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5440", "title": "Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone.", "content": "Six cases of osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone are described. Persistent symptoms of otitis externa refractory to local treatment measures should alert the physician to the possibility of underlying osteoradionecrosis. Treatment of superficial parotidectomy and partial temporal bone resection with preservation of the facial nerve is indicated if local aggressive conservative measures fail to control the disease. Benign mixed tumors of the parotid gland should be treated surgically with avoidance of radiotherapy.", "contents": "Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. Six cases of osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone are described. Persistent symptoms of otitis externa refractory to local treatment measures should alert the physician to the possibility of underlying osteoradionecrosis. Treatment of superficial parotidectomy and partial temporal bone resection with preservation of the facial nerve is indicated if local aggressive conservative measures fail to control the disease. Benign mixed tumors of the parotid gland should be treated surgically with avoidance of radiotherapy.", "PMID": 501774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5441", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a tracheal tumor. Case report and literature review with reflections on pathogenesis.", "content": "Ectopic thyroid tissue within the submucosa of the trachea is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction. Most case reports in the literature record examples of intratracheal goiter with only occasional reports of neoplasms arising from such thyroid rests. This report describes a young female patient with a malignant tumor, thought to be primary in the trachea, treated first by radiotherapy and eventually successfully surgically excised. The surgical resection required total thyroidectomy with partial laryngectomy and major tracheal resection, and provided an excellent functional result. The clinical history, laboratory findings and histologic sections strongly suggest that this tumor arose within the tracheal submucosa from ectopic thyroid tissue. In a series of 250 serially sectioned larynges, such ectopic thyroid tissue has been identified in only two patients.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a tracheal tumor. Case report and literature review with reflections on pathogenesis. Ectopic thyroid tissue within the submucosa of the trachea is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction. Most case reports in the literature record examples of intratracheal goiter with only occasional reports of neoplasms arising from such thyroid rests. This report describes a young female patient with a malignant tumor, thought to be primary in the trachea, treated first by radiotherapy and eventually successfully surgically excised. The surgical resection required total thyroidectomy with partial laryngectomy and major tracheal resection, and provided an excellent functional result. The clinical history, laboratory findings and histologic sections strongly suggest that this tumor arose within the tracheal submucosa from ectopic thyroid tissue. In a series of 250 serially sectioned larynges, such ectopic thyroid tissue has been identified in only two patients.", "PMID": 501775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5442", "title": "Teratomas of the nasopharynx.", "content": "The case of an infant with a large nasopharyngeal teratoma is presented. The tumor completely obstructed the airway and necessitated immediate intubation. It was excised the day of birth and the child's postoperative course has been satisfactory. A review of the literature reveals dermoid tumors to be relatively common but teratomas occur considerably less frequently. Four previously reported cases with successful surgical excision were found. The etiology of these lesions is unknown. They probably arise from uncontrolled growth of a pleripotential cell originating in the region of the embryonic notochord. Dermoid tumors often present in the adolescent or adult. Teratomas however, generally present in the neonate and are incompatible with life without surgical excision which provides the only chance of survival for these infants.", "contents": "Teratomas of the nasopharynx. The case of an infant with a large nasopharyngeal teratoma is presented. The tumor completely obstructed the airway and necessitated immediate intubation. It was excised the day of birth and the child's postoperative course has been satisfactory. A review of the literature reveals dermoid tumors to be relatively common but teratomas occur considerably less frequently. Four previously reported cases with successful surgical excision were found. The etiology of these lesions is unknown. They probably arise from uncontrolled growth of a pleripotential cell originating in the region of the embryonic notochord. Dermoid tumors often present in the adolescent or adult. Teratomas however, generally present in the neonate and are incompatible with life without surgical excision which provides the only chance of survival for these infants.", "PMID": 501776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5443", "title": "Concepts in cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "content": "Cosmetic consideration in evaluating patients seeking cosmetic blepharoplasty is discussed. Emphasis has been placed on the need to develop a desirable supratarsal fold, elevate the lateral canthal area, and prevent lower eyelid complication. The goal is a more favorable, youthful appearance of the eyes.", "contents": "Concepts in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Cosmetic consideration in evaluating patients seeking cosmetic blepharoplasty is discussed. Emphasis has been placed on the need to develop a desirable supratarsal fold, elevate the lateral canthal area, and prevent lower eyelid complication. The goal is a more favorable, youthful appearance of the eyes.", "PMID": 501778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5444", "title": "Occult primary of the head and neck.", "content": "This paper reviews clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 199 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the neck with an occult primary, seen at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia from 1950-1975. In 35 patients a primary tumor was ultimately found, with the commonest location the nasopharynx. In a further 46 patients a primary was suspected on a clinical basis only. The other 118 cases remained occult. Therapeutic results of the whole series and individual groups are analyzed. Best survival was found in those in whom a primary source was ultimately demonstrated. Single, small, mobile cervical nodes had the best prognosis. Supraclavicular nodes indicated a poor prognosis and an even greater need to search for an infraclavicular primary. A comparative review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Occult primary of the head and neck. This paper reviews clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 199 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the neck with an occult primary, seen at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia from 1950-1975. In 35 patients a primary tumor was ultimately found, with the commonest location the nasopharynx. In a further 46 patients a primary was suspected on a clinical basis only. The other 118 cases remained occult. Therapeutic results of the whole series and individual groups are analyzed. Best survival was found in those in whom a primary source was ultimately demonstrated. Single, small, mobile cervical nodes had the best prognosis. Supraclavicular nodes indicated a poor prognosis and an even greater need to search for an infraclavicular primary. A comparative review of the literature is included.", "PMID": 501779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5445", "title": "Multiple tumors of the parotid gland.", "content": "Multiple tumors in a single major salivary gland are rare. Recently a patient with an acinic cell carcinoma and a Warthin's tumor in the same parotid gland was surgically treated at the Toronto General Hospital. A review of the world literature failed to reveal any report of this combination of tumors in the same gland.", "contents": "Multiple tumors of the parotid gland. Multiple tumors in a single major salivary gland are rare. Recently a patient with an acinic cell carcinoma and a Warthin's tumor in the same parotid gland was surgically treated at the Toronto General Hospital. A review of the world literature failed to reveal any report of this combination of tumors in the same gland.", "PMID": 501780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5446", "title": "Retropharyngeal abscess and upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Two cases of retropharyngeal abscess with associated airway obstruction are presented. The pertinent diagnostic features as well as treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal abscess and upper airway obstruction. Two cases of retropharyngeal abscess with associated airway obstruction are presented. The pertinent diagnostic features as well as treatment are reviewed.", "PMID": 501781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5447", "title": "Combined modalities in the management of hypertrophic scars and keloids.", "content": "A surgeon has many treatment options available during the longterm management of a patient with keloids or hypertrophic scars. The thoughtful combination of multiple modalities in a staged manner may produce a more favorable result than the application of a single technique. A case is presented which illustrates the concept of preliminary treatment with cryotherapy and low dose intralesional triamcinolone followed at interval by surgical excision.", "contents": "Combined modalities in the management of hypertrophic scars and keloids. A surgeon has many treatment options available during the longterm management of a patient with keloids or hypertrophic scars. The thoughtful combination of multiple modalities in a staged manner may produce a more favorable result than the application of a single technique. A case is presented which illustrates the concept of preliminary treatment with cryotherapy and low dose intralesional triamcinolone followed at interval by surgical excision.", "PMID": 501782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5448", "title": "Polymorphism of the migration of double-stranded RNA genome segments of reovirus isolates from humans, cattle, and mice.", "content": "A series of 94 isolates of reovirus from humans, cattle, and mice, showed extensive variability in the patterns of migration of the ten double-stranded RNA genome segments. This variation was found in all three serotypes, and involved all ten genome segments, including the segment responsible for serological specificity. Although a single pattern was present among several samples isolated from individuals and collected at a single time and place, there were often multiple genetic variants of a single serotype present in a population. Samples isolated from widely different geographic origins or different mammalian hosts showed different patterns; samples from a single species from the same area over a period of time showed more limited variations. Among most isolates, the migration of the slowest S segment, the segment that encodes the hemagglutinin and is responsible for serological specificity in laboratory strains, was similar to reference strains for type 1 and type 3 isolates. However, the type 2 isolates showed considerable variation in this segment.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the migration of double-stranded RNA genome segments of reovirus isolates from humans, cattle, and mice. A series of 94 isolates of reovirus from humans, cattle, and mice, showed extensive variability in the patterns of migration of the ten double-stranded RNA genome segments. This variation was found in all three serotypes, and involved all ten genome segments, including the segment responsible for serological specificity. Although a single pattern was present among several samples isolated from individuals and collected at a single time and place, there were often multiple genetic variants of a single serotype present in a population. Samples isolated from widely different geographic origins or different mammalian hosts showed different patterns; samples from a single species from the same area over a period of time showed more limited variations. Among most isolates, the migration of the slowest S segment, the segment that encodes the hemagglutinin and is responsible for serological specificity in laboratory strains, was similar to reference strains for type 1 and type 3 isolates. However, the type 2 isolates showed considerable variation in this segment.", "PMID": 501793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5449", "title": "Cleavage map of bacteriophage T4 cytosine-containing DNA by sequence-specific endonucleases SalI and KpnI.", "content": "Cytosine-containing T4 DNA from endoII- endoIV- dCTPase- alc2 phage grown in a sup+ rB- mB- host is cleaved by endo R.EcoRI and endo R.HindIII to greater than 40 fragments and by endo R.SalI and endo R.KpnI to 8 and 6 fragments, respectively. The latter two fragment sets have been correlated to each other to produce a cleavage map of the genome. The sum of the molecular weights of the fragments calculated from electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels yields a genome molecular weight for cytosine-containing T4 DNA of 105 x 10(6).", "contents": "Cleavage map of bacteriophage T4 cytosine-containing DNA by sequence-specific endonucleases SalI and KpnI. Cytosine-containing T4 DNA from endoII- endoIV- dCTPase- alc2 phage grown in a sup+ rB- mB- host is cleaved by endo R.EcoRI and endo R.HindIII to greater than 40 fragments and by endo R.SalI and endo R.KpnI to 8 and 6 fragments, respectively. The latter two fragment sets have been correlated to each other to produce a cleavage map of the genome. The sum of the molecular weights of the fragments calculated from electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels yields a genome molecular weight for cytosine-containing T4 DNA of 105 x 10(6).", "PMID": 501794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5450", "title": "Spleen focus-forming Friend virus: identification of genomic RNA and its relationship to helper virus RNA.", "content": "The genome of the defective, murine spleen focus-forming Friend virus (SFFV) was identified as a 50S RNA complex consisting of 32S RNA monomers. Electrophoretic mobility and the molecular weights of unique RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides (T1-oligonucleotides) indicated that the 32S RNA had a complexity of about 7.4 kilobases. Hybridization with DNA complementary to Friend murine leukemia virus (Fr-MLV) has distinguished two sets of nucleotide sequences in 32S SFFV RNA, 74% which were Fr-MLV related and 26% which were SFFV specific. By the same method, SFFV RNA was 48% related to Moloney MLV. We have resolved 23 large T1-oligonucleotides of SFFV RNA and 43 of Fr-MLV RNA. On the basis of the relationship between SFFV and Fr-MLV RNAs, the 23 SFFV oligonucleotides fell into four classes: (i) seven which had homologous equivalents in Fr-MLV RNA; (ii) six more which could be isolated from SFFV RNA-Fr-MLV cDNA hybrids treated with RNases A and T1; (iii) eight more which were isolated from hybrids treated with RNases A and T1; and (iv) two which did not have Fr-MLV-related counterparts. Surprisingly, the two class iv oligonucleotides had homologous counterparts in the RNA of six amphotropic MLV's including mink cell focus-forming and HIX-MLVs analyzed previously. The map locations of the 23 SFFV T1-oligonucleotides relative to the 3' polyadenylic acid coordinate of SFFV RNA were deduced from the size of the smallest polyadenylic acid-tagged RNA fragment from which a given oligonucleotide was isolated. The resulting oligonucleotide map could be divided roughly into three segments: two terminal segments which are mosaics of oligonucleotides of classes i, ii, and iii and an internal segment between 2 and 2.5 kilobases from the 3' end containing the two oligonucleotides shared with amphotropic MLVs. Since SFFV RNA consists predominantly of sequence elements related to ecotropic and amphotropic helper-independent MLVs, it would appear that the transforming gene of SFFV is not a major specific sequence unrelated to genes of helper viruses, as is the case with Rous sarcoma and probably withe other defective sarcoma and acute leukemia viruses.", "contents": "Spleen focus-forming Friend virus: identification of genomic RNA and its relationship to helper virus RNA. The genome of the defective, murine spleen focus-forming Friend virus (SFFV) was identified as a 50S RNA complex consisting of 32S RNA monomers. Electrophoretic mobility and the molecular weights of unique RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides (T1-oligonucleotides) indicated that the 32S RNA had a complexity of about 7.4 kilobases. Hybridization with DNA complementary to Friend murine leukemia virus (Fr-MLV) has distinguished two sets of nucleotide sequences in 32S SFFV RNA, 74% which were Fr-MLV related and 26% which were SFFV specific. By the same method, SFFV RNA was 48% related to Moloney MLV. We have resolved 23 large T1-oligonucleotides of SFFV RNA and 43 of Fr-MLV RNA. On the basis of the relationship between SFFV and Fr-MLV RNAs, the 23 SFFV oligonucleotides fell into four classes: (i) seven which had homologous equivalents in Fr-MLV RNA; (ii) six more which could be isolated from SFFV RNA-Fr-MLV cDNA hybrids treated with RNases A and T1; (iii) eight more which were isolated from hybrids treated with RNases A and T1; and (iv) two which did not have Fr-MLV-related counterparts. Surprisingly, the two class iv oligonucleotides had homologous counterparts in the RNA of six amphotropic MLV's including mink cell focus-forming and HIX-MLVs analyzed previously. The map locations of the 23 SFFV T1-oligonucleotides relative to the 3' polyadenylic acid coordinate of SFFV RNA were deduced from the size of the smallest polyadenylic acid-tagged RNA fragment from which a given oligonucleotide was isolated. The resulting oligonucleotide map could be divided roughly into three segments: two terminal segments which are mosaics of oligonucleotides of classes i, ii, and iii and an internal segment between 2 and 2.5 kilobases from the 3' end containing the two oligonucleotides shared with amphotropic MLVs. Since SFFV RNA consists predominantly of sequence elements related to ecotropic and amphotropic helper-independent MLVs, it would appear that the transforming gene of SFFV is not a major specific sequence unrelated to genes of helper viruses, as is the case with Rous sarcoma and probably withe other defective sarcoma and acute leukemia viruses.", "PMID": 501795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5451", "title": "Identification of the vaccinia hemagglutinin polypeptide from a cell system yielding large amounts of extracellular enveloped virus.", "content": "HeLa, SIRC, and RK-13 cells were compared as to their production of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV) after infection with vaccinia strains WR and IHD-J. IHD-J produced more EEV from all three cell lines than did WR, although both strains produced approximately the same quantity of INV. The most efficient EEV release was from RK-13 cells infected with IHD-J, which was 200 times more than from WR-infected SIRC cells. This permitted for the first time the purification of milligram quantities of EEV that contained much fewer cell protein contaminants than could be obtained from HeLa or SIRC cells. The INV surface proteins 200K, 95K, 65K, and 13K were present in both HeLa and RK-13 cell-derived INV but were absent in SIRC cell INV. These proteins were absent in EEV from all three cell lines. Four glycoproteins of molecular weights 210 x 10(3) (210K), 110K, 89K, and 42K and five glycoproteins in the 23K to 20K range plus a nonglycosylated protein of 37K were detected in EEV from the hemagglutinin-positive IHD-J vaccinia strain. The 89K glycoprotein was not present in EEV or membranes from cells infected with the hemagglutinin-negative vaccinia strain IHD-W. Antisera to IHD-W lacking hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies did not precipitate the 89K glycoprotein of IHD-J. The only glycoprotein that specifically attached to rooster erythrocytes was the 89K glycoprotein. This evidence indicates that the 89K glycoprotein is the vaccinia hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Identification of the vaccinia hemagglutinin polypeptide from a cell system yielding large amounts of extracellular enveloped virus. HeLa, SIRC, and RK-13 cells were compared as to their production of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV) after infection with vaccinia strains WR and IHD-J. IHD-J produced more EEV from all three cell lines than did WR, although both strains produced approximately the same quantity of INV. The most efficient EEV release was from RK-13 cells infected with IHD-J, which was 200 times more than from WR-infected SIRC cells. This permitted for the first time the purification of milligram quantities of EEV that contained much fewer cell protein contaminants than could be obtained from HeLa or SIRC cells. The INV surface proteins 200K, 95K, 65K, and 13K were present in both HeLa and RK-13 cell-derived INV but were absent in SIRC cell INV. These proteins were absent in EEV from all three cell lines. Four glycoproteins of molecular weights 210 x 10(3) (210K), 110K, 89K, and 42K and five glycoproteins in the 23K to 20K range plus a nonglycosylated protein of 37K were detected in EEV from the hemagglutinin-positive IHD-J vaccinia strain. The 89K glycoprotein was not present in EEV or membranes from cells infected with the hemagglutinin-negative vaccinia strain IHD-W. Antisera to IHD-W lacking hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies did not precipitate the 89K glycoprotein of IHD-J. The only glycoprotein that specifically attached to rooster erythrocytes was the 89K glycoprotein. This evidence indicates that the 89K glycoprotein is the vaccinia hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 501796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5452", "title": "Carbohydrates of influenza virus. III. Nature of oligosaccharide-protein linkage in viral glycoproteins.", "content": "Four different glycopeptides can be distinguished after pronase digestion of influenza A virus glycoproteins: Ia and Ib, containing N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose, and IIa and IIb, containing mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. All glycopeptides yielded N-acetylglucosaminyl-asparagine after mild acid hydrolysis. There was no evidence for O-glycosidic bonds. Thus, the carbohydrate complement is linked to the polypeptide exclusively by N-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine.", "contents": "Carbohydrates of influenza virus. III. Nature of oligosaccharide-protein linkage in viral glycoproteins. Four different glycopeptides can be distinguished after pronase digestion of influenza A virus glycoproteins: Ia and Ib, containing N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose, and IIa and IIb, containing mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. All glycopeptides yielded N-acetylglucosaminyl-asparagine after mild acid hydrolysis. There was no evidence for O-glycosidic bonds. Thus, the carbohydrate complement is linked to the polypeptide exclusively by N-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine.", "PMID": 501797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5453", "title": "Inhibition of influenza virus uncoating by rimantadine hydrochloride.", "content": "In freeze-thaw lysates of MDCK cells infected with 32P-labeled influenza virus A/WSN in the presence of added RNase, acid-precipitable radioactivity diminished to about 50% of initial values within 90 min after a 1-h virus adsorption period. A similar preparation containing rimantadine at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml exhibited only a 10% reduction in acid-precipitable radioactivity. These findings suggest that rimantadine interferes with uncoating of influenza virus in infected cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of influenza virus uncoating by rimantadine hydrochloride. In freeze-thaw lysates of MDCK cells infected with 32P-labeled influenza virus A/WSN in the presence of added RNase, acid-precipitable radioactivity diminished to about 50% of initial values within 90 min after a 1-h virus adsorption period. A similar preparation containing rimantadine at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml exhibited only a 10% reduction in acid-precipitable radioactivity. These findings suggest that rimantadine interferes with uncoating of influenza virus in infected cells.", "PMID": 501798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5454", "title": "Transforming DNA sequences in rat cells transformed by DNA fragments of highly oncogenic human adenovirus type 12.", "content": "Rat cell lines tranformed by viral DNA fragments, EcoRI-C and HindIII-G, of adenovirus type 12 DNA were analyzed for the viral transforming DNA sequences present in cell DNAs. Cell lines transformed by the EcoRI-C fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA (leftmost 16.5% of the viral genome) contain most of the HindIII-G sequences of the HindIII-G fragment, but at a different frequency depending on the portions of the fragment. The sequence of the AccI-H fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA (the left part of the HindIII-G; leftmost 4.5% of the viral genome) was detected dominantly in cells transformed by the HindIII-G fragment Southern blot analysis showed that viral DNA sequences are present at multiple integration sites in high-molecular-weight cell DNA from cells transformed by the EcoRI-C or HindIII-G fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA. These results suggest that most of the HindIII-G sequences in cells transformed by the HindIII-G fragment are present as fragmented forms.", "contents": "Transforming DNA sequences in rat cells transformed by DNA fragments of highly oncogenic human adenovirus type 12. Rat cell lines tranformed by viral DNA fragments, EcoRI-C and HindIII-G, of adenovirus type 12 DNA were analyzed for the viral transforming DNA sequences present in cell DNAs. Cell lines transformed by the EcoRI-C fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA (leftmost 16.5% of the viral genome) contain most of the HindIII-G sequences of the HindIII-G fragment, but at a different frequency depending on the portions of the fragment. The sequence of the AccI-H fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA (the left part of the HindIII-G; leftmost 4.5% of the viral genome) was detected dominantly in cells transformed by the HindIII-G fragment Southern blot analysis showed that viral DNA sequences are present at multiple integration sites in high-molecular-weight cell DNA from cells transformed by the EcoRI-C or HindIII-G fragment of adenovirus type 12 DNA. These results suggest that most of the HindIII-G sequences in cells transformed by the HindIII-G fragment are present as fragmented forms.", "PMID": 501799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5455", "title": "Synthesis and processing of adenoviral RNA in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Adenoviral RNA sequences synthesized in nuclei isolated during the late phase of productive infection comprise, besides virus-associated, VA, RNA, five major species, ranging in size from approximately 13S to 55S. The latter RNA species is of the length predicted if the major transcriptional unit expressed during the late phase were completely copied in vitro. Some 30% of the RNA sequences labeled in vitro are polyadenylated, and about one-third of the polyadenylated RNA is virus specific. Hybridization analysis of the sequences immediately adjacent to polyadenylic acid in late RNA labeled in isolated nuclei suggests that polyadenylation in vitro occurs at the same sites recognized within the cell. The polyadenylic acid-containing viral RNA sequences made in isolated nuclei are found in three major species of RNA, sedimenting at approximately 28S, 18S, and 13S. These sizes are remarkably similar to those reported for late mRNA species, suggesting that additional processing steps can occur in isolated nuclei. Hybridization of RNA to XhoI fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA transferred to nitrocellulose filters reveals that sequences complementary to the region from 22.0 to 26.5 units present in 55S RNA are absent from all smaller species, suggesting that the smaller RNA species labeled in isolated nuclei are generated by splicing. The splicing events necessary to generate the 5' leader segment common to the majority of late adenoviral mRNA species are shown to be performed correctly in isolated nuclei.", "contents": "Synthesis and processing of adenoviral RNA in isolated nuclei. Adenoviral RNA sequences synthesized in nuclei isolated during the late phase of productive infection comprise, besides virus-associated, VA, RNA, five major species, ranging in size from approximately 13S to 55S. The latter RNA species is of the length predicted if the major transcriptional unit expressed during the late phase were completely copied in vitro. Some 30% of the RNA sequences labeled in vitro are polyadenylated, and about one-third of the polyadenylated RNA is virus specific. Hybridization analysis of the sequences immediately adjacent to polyadenylic acid in late RNA labeled in isolated nuclei suggests that polyadenylation in vitro occurs at the same sites recognized within the cell. The polyadenylic acid-containing viral RNA sequences made in isolated nuclei are found in three major species of RNA, sedimenting at approximately 28S, 18S, and 13S. These sizes are remarkably similar to those reported for late mRNA species, suggesting that additional processing steps can occur in isolated nuclei. Hybridization of RNA to XhoI fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA transferred to nitrocellulose filters reveals that sequences complementary to the region from 22.0 to 26.5 units present in 55S RNA are absent from all smaller species, suggesting that the smaller RNA species labeled in isolated nuclei are generated by splicing. The splicing events necessary to generate the 5' leader segment common to the majority of late adenoviral mRNA species are shown to be performed correctly in isolated nuclei.", "PMID": 501800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5456", "title": "Structural role of the polyglutamate portion of the folate found in T4D bacteriophage baseplate.", "content": "Three types of reagents were used to determine the structural role and location of the polyglutamate portion of the Escherichia coli T4D bacteriophage baseplate dihydropteroyl hexaglutamate. These reagents were examined for their effect in vitro on some of the final steps in phage baseplate morphogenesis. The reagents were (i) a series of oligopeptides composed solely of glutamic acid residues but with various chemical linkages and chain lengths; (ii) a homogeneous preparation of carboxypeptidase G1, an exopeptidase that hydrolyzes carboxyl-terminal glutamates (or aspartates) from simple oligopeptides, including the gamma-glutamyl bonds on folyl polyglutamates as well as the bond between the carboxyl group of the p-aminobenzoyl moiety and the amino group of the first glutamic acid residue of folic acid; and (iii) antisera prepared against a polyglutamate hapten. All three types of reagent markedly inhibited the attachment of the phage long tail fibers to the baseplate. Other steps in baseplate assembly such as the addition of T4D gene 11 or gene 12 products were not affected by any of these reagents. These results indicate that the polyglutamate portion of the folate is located near the attachment site on the bacteriophage baseplate for the long tail fibers.", "contents": "Structural role of the polyglutamate portion of the folate found in T4D bacteriophage baseplate. Three types of reagents were used to determine the structural role and location of the polyglutamate portion of the Escherichia coli T4D bacteriophage baseplate dihydropteroyl hexaglutamate. These reagents were examined for their effect in vitro on some of the final steps in phage baseplate morphogenesis. The reagents were (i) a series of oligopeptides composed solely of glutamic acid residues but with various chemical linkages and chain lengths; (ii) a homogeneous preparation of carboxypeptidase G1, an exopeptidase that hydrolyzes carboxyl-terminal glutamates (or aspartates) from simple oligopeptides, including the gamma-glutamyl bonds on folyl polyglutamates as well as the bond between the carboxyl group of the p-aminobenzoyl moiety and the amino group of the first glutamic acid residue of folic acid; and (iii) antisera prepared against a polyglutamate hapten. All three types of reagent markedly inhibited the attachment of the phage long tail fibers to the baseplate. Other steps in baseplate assembly such as the addition of T4D gene 11 or gene 12 products were not affected by any of these reagents. These results indicate that the polyglutamate portion of the folate is located near the attachment site on the bacteriophage baseplate for the long tail fibers.", "PMID": 501801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5457", "title": "Mechanism of vaccinia virus release and its specific inhibition by N1-isonicotinoyl-N2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine.", "content": "The release of vaccinia virus from RK-13 cells and its specific inhibition by N(1)-isonicotinoyl-N(2)-3-methyl-4- chlorobenzoylhydrazine (IMCBH) was studied. Intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) was wrapped by intracytoplasmic membranes, forming an intracellular double-membraned virion. Wrapped virions migrated to the cell surface, where the outer virion membrane presumably fused with the plasma membrane, releasing virus surrounded by the inner membrane, referred to as extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV). At no time was there any evidence that vaccinia virus acquired an envelope by budding of naked virus from the cytoplasmic membrane. Naked virus and double-membraned virus each constituted about one-third of intracellular virus at 8 and 12 h postinfection (p.i.). Beginning at 16 h p.i., the proportion of intracellular virus occurring as double-membraned virus steadily decreased to 1% at 24 h while the proportion of naked virus rose to 87%. IMCBH inhibited the formation of the double-membraned virion and the appearance of EEV while not affecting the production of INV. IMCBH had no effect on INV infectivity or polypeptide composition, on vaccinia virus-specified membrane-associated proteins or glycoproteins, or on hemadsorption. The presence of IMCBH until 4 h p.i. did not decrease the amount of EEV at 48 h p.i., whereas less than 10% of the normal 48-h EEV yield was obtained if the drug was present during the first 16 h p.i. Cell cultures infected at very low multiplicities showed a rapid virus dissemination in the absence of the drug, whereas the presence of IMCBH very effectively inhibited this spread. We conclude that vaccinia virus is liberated via a double-membraned intermediate as an enveloped virion and that it is this extracellular enveloped virus that is responsible for dissemination of infection.", "contents": "Mechanism of vaccinia virus release and its specific inhibition by N1-isonicotinoyl-N2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine. The release of vaccinia virus from RK-13 cells and its specific inhibition by N(1)-isonicotinoyl-N(2)-3-methyl-4- chlorobenzoylhydrazine (IMCBH) was studied. Intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) was wrapped by intracytoplasmic membranes, forming an intracellular double-membraned virion. Wrapped virions migrated to the cell surface, where the outer virion membrane presumably fused with the plasma membrane, releasing virus surrounded by the inner membrane, referred to as extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV). At no time was there any evidence that vaccinia virus acquired an envelope by budding of naked virus from the cytoplasmic membrane. Naked virus and double-membraned virus each constituted about one-third of intracellular virus at 8 and 12 h postinfection (p.i.). Beginning at 16 h p.i., the proportion of intracellular virus occurring as double-membraned virus steadily decreased to 1% at 24 h while the proportion of naked virus rose to 87%. IMCBH inhibited the formation of the double-membraned virion and the appearance of EEV while not affecting the production of INV. IMCBH had no effect on INV infectivity or polypeptide composition, on vaccinia virus-specified membrane-associated proteins or glycoproteins, or on hemadsorption. The presence of IMCBH until 4 h p.i. did not decrease the amount of EEV at 48 h p.i., whereas less than 10% of the normal 48-h EEV yield was obtained if the drug was present during the first 16 h p.i. Cell cultures infected at very low multiplicities showed a rapid virus dissemination in the absence of the drug, whereas the presence of IMCBH very effectively inhibited this spread. We conclude that vaccinia virus is liberated via a double-membraned intermediate as an enveloped virion and that it is this extracellular enveloped virus that is responsible for dissemination of infection.", "PMID": 501802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5458", "title": "Physical mapping of a large-plaque mutation of adenovirus type 2.", "content": "We have developed a simple method based on cotransfection of overlapping DNA restriction fragments for construction of recombinants of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5. When Ad2 DNA digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI was cotransfected with Ad5 DNA digested with SalI, recombination occurred between Ad2 EcoRI-A (map position 0 to 59) and Ad5 SalI-A (map position 45 to 100). Analysis of the recombinant DNAs by digestion with EcoRI or BamHI restriction endonucleases indicated that, as expected, recombination had occurred in overlapping sequences (map position 45 to 59) between the Ad2 EcoRI-A fragment and the Ad5 SalI-A fragment. By using this method, several recombinants were constructed between a large-plaque (lp) mutant of Ad2 and wild-type Ad5. Cleavage of the recombinant genomes with restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII revealed that the lp mutation is located within the left 41% of Ad2 genome.", "contents": "Physical mapping of a large-plaque mutation of adenovirus type 2. We have developed a simple method based on cotransfection of overlapping DNA restriction fragments for construction of recombinants of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5. When Ad2 DNA digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI was cotransfected with Ad5 DNA digested with SalI, recombination occurred between Ad2 EcoRI-A (map position 0 to 59) and Ad5 SalI-A (map position 45 to 100). Analysis of the recombinant DNAs by digestion with EcoRI or BamHI restriction endonucleases indicated that, as expected, recombination had occurred in overlapping sequences (map position 45 to 59) between the Ad2 EcoRI-A fragment and the Ad5 SalI-A fragment. By using this method, several recombinants were constructed between a large-plaque (lp) mutant of Ad2 and wild-type Ad5. Cleavage of the recombinant genomes with restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII revealed that the lp mutation is located within the left 41% of Ad2 genome.", "PMID": 501803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5459", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of measles virus proteins.", "content": "Polyadenylated mRNA extracted from cytoplasm of measles virus-infected Vero cells was translated in a cell-free system. Three of the polypeptides obtained corresponded to nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, and membrane protein of measles virions. A fourth polypeptide, present in measles virus-infected cells, could be generated by addition of Vero cytoplasmic extract and was identified as a cleavage product of the nucleocapsid protein.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of measles virus proteins. Polyadenylated mRNA extracted from cytoplasm of measles virus-infected Vero cells was translated in a cell-free system. Three of the polypeptides obtained corresponded to nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, and membrane protein of measles virions. A fourth polypeptide, present in measles virus-infected cells, could be generated by addition of Vero cytoplasmic extract and was identified as a cleavage product of the nucleocapsid protein.", "PMID": 501804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5460", "title": "Defective influenza viral ribonucleoproteins cause interference.", "content": "Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) isolated from infectious and defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (WSN) contained three major RNP peaks when analyzed in a glycerol gradient. Peak I RNP was predominant in infectious virus but was greatly reduced in DI virus preparations. Conversely, peak III RNP was elevated in DI virus, suggesting a large increase in DI RNA in this fraction. Labeled [(32)P]RNA was isolated from each RNP region and analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Peak I RNP contained primarily the polymerase and some HA genes, peak II contained some HA gene but mostly the NP and NA genes, and peak III contained the M and NS genes. In addition, peak III RNP from DI virus also contained the characteristic DI RNA segments. Interference activity of RNP fractions isolated from infectious and DI virus was tested using infectious center reduction assay. RNP peaks (I, II, and III) from infectious virus did not show any interference activity, whereas the peak III DI RNP caused a reduction in the number of infectious centers as compared to controls. Similar interference was not demonstrable with peak I RNP of DI virus nor with any RNP fractions from infectious virus alone. The interference activity of RNP fractions was RNase sensitive, suggesting that the DI RNA contained in DI RNPs was the interfering agent, and dilution experiments supported the conclusion that a single DI RNP could cause interference. The interfering RNPs were heterogeneous, and the majority migrated slower than viral RNPs containing M and NS genes. These results suggest that DI RNP (or DI RNA) is also responsible for interference in segmented, negative-stranded viruses.", "contents": "Defective influenza viral ribonucleoproteins cause interference. Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) isolated from infectious and defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (WSN) contained three major RNP peaks when analyzed in a glycerol gradient. Peak I RNP was predominant in infectious virus but was greatly reduced in DI virus preparations. Conversely, peak III RNP was elevated in DI virus, suggesting a large increase in DI RNA in this fraction. Labeled [(32)P]RNA was isolated from each RNP region and analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Peak I RNP contained primarily the polymerase and some HA genes, peak II contained some HA gene but mostly the NP and NA genes, and peak III contained the M and NS genes. In addition, peak III RNP from DI virus also contained the characteristic DI RNA segments. Interference activity of RNP fractions isolated from infectious and DI virus was tested using infectious center reduction assay. RNP peaks (I, II, and III) from infectious virus did not show any interference activity, whereas the peak III DI RNP caused a reduction in the number of infectious centers as compared to controls. Similar interference was not demonstrable with peak I RNP of DI virus nor with any RNP fractions from infectious virus alone. The interference activity of RNP fractions was RNase sensitive, suggesting that the DI RNA contained in DI RNPs was the interfering agent, and dilution experiments supported the conclusion that a single DI RNP could cause interference. The interfering RNPs were heterogeneous, and the majority migrated slower than viral RNPs containing M and NS genes. These results suggest that DI RNP (or DI RNA) is also responsible for interference in segmented, negative-stranded viruses.", "PMID": 501805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5461", "title": "A new simplified approach to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Blood catecholamine assays have been used for diagnosis and computerized axial tomography for localization of proved pheochromocytomas in a series of 16 patients. Blood catecholamine assays were obtained in 15 of the patients and were significantly elevated in every instance. Successful localization of the tumor was accomplished by excretory urography in only 40 per cent of the cases, by selective angiography in 84 per cent of the cases and by abdominal computerized axial tomography in 84 per cent of the cases studied. In 4 patients preoperative identification and localization of tumor were correctly determined by computerized axial tomography alone. Data in this series suggest that the diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma usually can be accomplished by a simple test and body scan. More elaborate and sometimes hazardous studies should be necessary only in exceptional cases, usually with tumors less than 3 cm. in diameter.", "contents": "A new simplified approach to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Blood catecholamine assays have been used for diagnosis and computerized axial tomography for localization of proved pheochromocytomas in a series of 16 patients. Blood catecholamine assays were obtained in 15 of the patients and were significantly elevated in every instance. Successful localization of the tumor was accomplished by excretory urography in only 40 per cent of the cases, by selective angiography in 84 per cent of the cases and by abdominal computerized axial tomography in 84 per cent of the cases studied. In 4 patients preoperative identification and localization of tumor were correctly determined by computerized axial tomography alone. Data in this series suggest that the diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma usually can be accomplished by a simple test and body scan. More elaborate and sometimes hazardous studies should be necessary only in exceptional cases, usually with tumors less than 3 cm. in diameter.", "PMID": 501807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5462", "title": "The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal and perirenal abscesses.", "content": "Computed tomography was done on 4 patients suspected of having an intrarenal or perirenal abscess based on clinical grounds and an abnormal excretory urogram. Intrarenal abscesses with perinephric extension were demonstrated in 3 patients and a solitary perinephric abscess was demonstrated in 1. Computed tomography is a valuable tool in the diagnostic study of suspected intrarenal and perirenal abscesses because not only can the primary abscess be shown but also its possible extrarenal extension.", "contents": "The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal and perirenal abscesses. Computed tomography was done on 4 patients suspected of having an intrarenal or perirenal abscess based on clinical grounds and an abnormal excretory urogram. Intrarenal abscesses with perinephric extension were demonstrated in 3 patients and a solitary perinephric abscess was demonstrated in 1. Computed tomography is a valuable tool in the diagnostic study of suspected intrarenal and perirenal abscesses because not only can the primary abscess be shown but also its possible extrarenal extension.", "PMID": 501808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5463", "title": "Anatrophic nephrolithotomy: experience with a simplication of the Smith and Boyce technique.", "content": "The anatrophic nephrolithomty procedure described by Smith and Boyce is a safe, effective method to remove dendritic renal calculi. Two major departures from their surgical technique have simplified the procedure in our hands. Our experience with 56 consecutive cases treated with the simplified technique is reported.", "contents": "Anatrophic nephrolithotomy: experience with a simplication of the Smith and Boyce technique. The anatrophic nephrolithomty procedure described by Smith and Boyce is a safe, effective method to remove dendritic renal calculi. Two major departures from their surgical technique have simplified the procedure in our hands. Our experience with 56 consecutive cases treated with the simplified technique is reported.", "PMID": 501809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5464", "title": "Renal carcinoma: computer analysis of 96 patients treated by nephrectomy.", "content": "We submitted to computer analysis 109 items of pathologic, clinical and survival data from 96 patients with renal carcinoma treated by nephrectomy with or without adjuvant therapy between 1956 and 1976. The combined 1, 5 and 10-year calculated survival rates for potentially curable non-metastatic renal carcinoma (stages I, II and III, provided the regional lymph nodes were not involved) were 95, 61 and 47 per cent, respectively, compared to 1, 5 and 10-year survival rates of 61, 5 and 0 per cent, respectively, for stage IV tumors. The cytoplasmic appearance (clear or granular) was not a significant microscopic feature relevant to survival of the patient but the grade of the tumor was predictive of the outcome of disease. Other features of renal carcinoma, particularly invasion of the renal vein and, to a lesser degree, perinephric fat, were not as prognostically significant in this series. In this retrospective study we further analyze the clinical, radiologic, pathologic and survival data of this group of patients.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma: computer analysis of 96 patients treated by nephrectomy. We submitted to computer analysis 109 items of pathologic, clinical and survival data from 96 patients with renal carcinoma treated by nephrectomy with or without adjuvant therapy between 1956 and 1976. The combined 1, 5 and 10-year calculated survival rates for potentially curable non-metastatic renal carcinoma (stages I, II and III, provided the regional lymph nodes were not involved) were 95, 61 and 47 per cent, respectively, compared to 1, 5 and 10-year survival rates of 61, 5 and 0 per cent, respectively, for stage IV tumors. The cytoplasmic appearance (clear or granular) was not a significant microscopic feature relevant to survival of the patient but the grade of the tumor was predictive of the outcome of disease. Other features of renal carcinoma, particularly invasion of the renal vein and, to a lesser degree, perinephric fat, were not as prognostically significant in this series. In this retrospective study we further analyze the clinical, radiologic, pathologic and survival data of this group of patients.", "PMID": 501810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5465", "title": "Self-catheterization for decompensated bladder: a review of 100 cases.", "content": "The non-neurogenic decompensated bladder is a poorly defined entity. In an attempt to elucidate this condition 100 consecutive patients with non-neurogenic decompensated bladders were studied, etiology was sought and treatment with intermittent self-catheterization was done. Of the patients 34 per cent were able to resume voiding. Bacteriuria and pyuria were decreased from 90 to 18 per cent. Complications were few and over-all acceptance was excellent. A definition of non-neurogenic decompensated bladder was established.", "contents": "Self-catheterization for decompensated bladder: a review of 100 cases. The non-neurogenic decompensated bladder is a poorly defined entity. In an attempt to elucidate this condition 100 consecutive patients with non-neurogenic decompensated bladders were studied, etiology was sought and treatment with intermittent self-catheterization was done. Of the patients 34 per cent were able to resume voiding. Bacteriuria and pyuria were decreased from 90 to 18 per cent. Complications were few and over-all acceptance was excellent. A definition of non-neurogenic decompensated bladder was established.", "PMID": 501811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5466", "title": "The role of urethrography in urethral disease. Part I. Accurate radiological localization of the membranous urethra and distal sphincters in normal male subjects.", "content": "Radiological localization of the membranous urethra requires visualization of the whole urethra with dynamic retrograde urethrography and voiding cystourethrography. These methods are described together with a critical analysis of other methods of urethrographic examination, that is static retrograde urethrography alone and voiding urethrography alone. The normal radiological landmarks allowing accurate localization of the membranous urethra are described and correlated with anatomical dissections from 9 autopsy specimens.", "contents": "The role of urethrography in urethral disease. Part I. Accurate radiological localization of the membranous urethra and distal sphincters in normal male subjects. Radiological localization of the membranous urethra requires visualization of the whole urethra with dynamic retrograde urethrography and voiding cystourethrography. These methods are described together with a critical analysis of other methods of urethrographic examination, that is static retrograde urethrography alone and voiding urethrography alone. The normal radiological landmarks allowing accurate localization of the membranous urethra are described and correlated with anatomical dissections from 9 autopsy specimens.", "PMID": 501812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5467", "title": "The role of urethrography in urethral disease. Part II. Indications for transphincter urethroplasty in patients with primary bulbous strictures.", "content": "We herein outline the radiological and clinical criteria that will aid the surgeon in deciding whether transphincter urethroplasty is required in patients whose primary stricture is in the proximal bulbous urethra. Sinc proximal bulbous urethral strictures are common the urologist frequently is called upon to make this important decision. The criteria described herein will help him to do so and, thus, avoid urethroplasty failure because of proximal stenosis in the membranous urethra. The concept of paradoxical dilatation of the membranous urethra on voiding urethrography also is described. Paradoxical dilatation means that in the presence of a primary obstructive bulbous urethral stricture the membranous urethra, although containing significant scar tissue, is dilated on the voiding study because of the distal obstruction. Relief of the bulbous urethral stricture alone may result in rapid contraction and stenosis of the previously dilated membranous urethra.", "contents": "The role of urethrography in urethral disease. Part II. Indications for transphincter urethroplasty in patients with primary bulbous strictures. We herein outline the radiological and clinical criteria that will aid the surgeon in deciding whether transphincter urethroplasty is required in patients whose primary stricture is in the proximal bulbous urethra. Sinc proximal bulbous urethral strictures are common the urologist frequently is called upon to make this important decision. The criteria described herein will help him to do so and, thus, avoid urethroplasty failure because of proximal stenosis in the membranous urethra. The concept of paradoxical dilatation of the membranous urethra on voiding urethrography also is described. Paradoxical dilatation means that in the presence of a primary obstructive bulbous urethral stricture the membranous urethra, although containing significant scar tissue, is dilated on the voiding study because of the distal obstruction. Relief of the bulbous urethral stricture alone may result in rapid contraction and stenosis of the previously dilated membranous urethra.", "PMID": 501813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5468", "title": "A new approach to the correction of the penile deformity in Peyronie's disease.", "content": "Nesbit's operation was performed on 23 of 160 patients with Peyronie's disease seen between January 1975 and July 1978. Details of the preoperative treatment and operative technique are provided. Normal sexual intercourse was resumed by 20 of the 23 patients and none had a significant residual deformity. It is suggested that Nesbit's operation is the procedure of choice in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.", "contents": "A new approach to the correction of the penile deformity in Peyronie's disease. Nesbit's operation was performed on 23 of 160 patients with Peyronie's disease seen between January 1975 and July 1978. Details of the preoperative treatment and operative technique are provided. Normal sexual intercourse was resumed by 20 of the 23 patients and none had a significant residual deformity. It is suggested that Nesbit's operation is the procedure of choice in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.", "PMID": 501814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5469", "title": "Effects of estrogens on the testosterone levels of peripheral and spermatic vein blood in patients with prostatic cancer.", "content": "The mean testosterone levels of peripheral and spermatic vein blood in 16 patients with prostatic cancer who did not have estrogen therapy were 418.2 plus or minus 30.8 ng./dl. (mean plus or minus standard error) and 39.7 plus or minus 5.6 micrograms/dl., respectively. There were 13 patients with prostatic cancer who received estrogen therapy with daily doses of 30 mg. hexesterol or 300 mg. diethylstilbestrol diphosphate and who had decisive decreases of testosterone levels in peripheral (90.1 plus or minus 23.2 ng./dl.) and spermatic vein blood (3.3 plus or minus 1.2 migrogram/dl.). The rate of reduction of testosterone by estrogen therapy was one-tenth in the spermatic vein blood, while that in the peripheral blood was one-fifth. These data indicate that continuation of oral estrogens of these doses is sufficient to suppress the testicular androgens. On the other hand, the spermatic testosterone concentration was about 40 times higher than the peripheral testosterone concentration in patients receiving estrogen treatment. This result suggests that testosterone still is secreted from the testes under large therapeutic doses of estrogens.", "contents": "Effects of estrogens on the testosterone levels of peripheral and spermatic vein blood in patients with prostatic cancer. The mean testosterone levels of peripheral and spermatic vein blood in 16 patients with prostatic cancer who did not have estrogen therapy were 418.2 plus or minus 30.8 ng./dl. (mean plus or minus standard error) and 39.7 plus or minus 5.6 micrograms/dl., respectively. There were 13 patients with prostatic cancer who received estrogen therapy with daily doses of 30 mg. hexesterol or 300 mg. diethylstilbestrol diphosphate and who had decisive decreases of testosterone levels in peripheral (90.1 plus or minus 23.2 ng./dl.) and spermatic vein blood (3.3 plus or minus 1.2 migrogram/dl.). The rate of reduction of testosterone by estrogen therapy was one-tenth in the spermatic vein blood, while that in the peripheral blood was one-fifth. These data indicate that continuation of oral estrogens of these doses is sufficient to suppress the testicular androgens. On the other hand, the spermatic testosterone concentration was about 40 times higher than the peripheral testosterone concentration in patients receiving estrogen treatment. This result suggests that testosterone still is secreted from the testes under large therapeutic doses of estrogens.", "PMID": 501815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5470", "title": "Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride and 5-fluorouracil in advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride and 5-fluorouracil was evaluated in 21 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were unresponsive to conventional therapy. All patients had extensive bone metastases. Of the 21 patients 5 (29 per cent) had a subjective response and an additional 12 (57 per cent) remained stable for 2 to 13 months after initiation of therapy. The median survival of patients with a subjective response was 60 weeks compared to 40 weeks for the stable patients. Patients who progressed on therapy had a median survival of 22 weeks. The significant response rate with a corresponding improvement in survival for patients on this 3-drug regimen suggests a need for additional trials to determine the response rate and survival compared to single agents.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride and 5-fluorouracil in advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride and 5-fluorouracil was evaluated in 21 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were unresponsive to conventional therapy. All patients had extensive bone metastases. Of the 21 patients 5 (29 per cent) had a subjective response and an additional 12 (57 per cent) remained stable for 2 to 13 months after initiation of therapy. The median survival of patients with a subjective response was 60 weeks compared to 40 weeks for the stable patients. Patients who progressed on therapy had a median survival of 22 weeks. The significant response rate with a corresponding improvement in survival for patients on this 3-drug regimen suggests a need for additional trials to determine the response rate and survival compared to single agents.", "PMID": 501816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5471", "title": "Experience with flutamide in previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic cancer.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma previously untreated with conventional endocrine therapy were treated with an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen, flutamide. There were 19 favorable responders, 1 failure and 1 equivocal response. Flutamide seems to be a safe antiandrogen, which is effective in the management of previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Experience with flutamide in previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic cancer. Twenty-one patients with advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma previously untreated with conventional endocrine therapy were treated with an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen, flutamide. There were 19 favorable responders, 1 failure and 1 equivocal response. Flutamide seems to be a safe antiandrogen, which is effective in the management of previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 501817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5472", "title": "Urodynamic patterns in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Most patients with multiple sclerosis who have vesical dysfunction will have some variety of uninhibited bladder that generally will progress toward a hyperreflexic state. Management of these patients requires, primarily, control of the infection ahd the use of a variety of techniques and pharmacologic agents in many combinations to achieve a socially acceptable state.", "contents": "Urodynamic patterns in multiple sclerosis. Most patients with multiple sclerosis who have vesical dysfunction will have some variety of uninhibited bladder that generally will progress toward a hyperreflexic state. Management of these patients requires, primarily, control of the infection ahd the use of a variety of techniques and pharmacologic agents in many combinations to achieve a socially acceptable state.", "PMID": 501820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5473", "title": "The reproducibility and significance of carbon dioxide urethral profilometry.", "content": "Infusion urethral profilometry using carbon dioxide as a medium is an interesting study with a wide range of variability from day to day in a single individual, a fact that considerably reduces the value of a single measurement as a diagnostic tool. Presently, all forms of infusion profilometry must be considered to be interpretable only within the framework of the entire neurourologic evaluation. The study may be useful to make the clinician more secure about a particular diagnosis and as an objective measurement for medico-legal documentation. It also may be useful in predicting and objectively demonstrating treatment results if normal variability can be excluded. However, a high level of skepticism should be maintained regarding the value of the profile in those situations in which its interpretation does not correlate with the impression formed from the remainder of the neurourologic evaluation.", "contents": "The reproducibility and significance of carbon dioxide urethral profilometry. Infusion urethral profilometry using carbon dioxide as a medium is an interesting study with a wide range of variability from day to day in a single individual, a fact that considerably reduces the value of a single measurement as a diagnostic tool. Presently, all forms of infusion profilometry must be considered to be interpretable only within the framework of the entire neurourologic evaluation. The study may be useful to make the clinician more secure about a particular diagnosis and as an objective measurement for medico-legal documentation. It also may be useful in predicting and objectively demonstrating treatment results if normal variability can be excluded. However, a high level of skepticism should be maintained regarding the value of the profile in those situations in which its interpretation does not correlate with the impression formed from the remainder of the neurourologic evaluation.", "PMID": 501821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5474", "title": "Striated sphincter participation in distal passive urinary continence mechanisms: studies in male subjects deprived of proximal sphincter mechanism.", "content": "Striated urethral sphincter function was studied in passive incontinent and continenet male subjects who were deprived of the proximal sphincter mechanism. Functional assessment of striated urethral sphincter include electromyography and electrostimulation. Varying degrees of diminished striated sphincter excitability and reflex activity were observed in passive incontinent male subjects who also had varying degrees of somatomotor neuron lesions. The studies indicate that the participating role of periurethral striated musculature in distal passive continence mechanisms cannot be ignored.", "contents": "Striated sphincter participation in distal passive urinary continence mechanisms: studies in male subjects deprived of proximal sphincter mechanism. Striated urethral sphincter function was studied in passive incontinent and continenet male subjects who were deprived of the proximal sphincter mechanism. Functional assessment of striated urethral sphincter include electromyography and electrostimulation. Varying degrees of diminished striated sphincter excitability and reflex activity were observed in passive incontinent male subjects who also had varying degrees of somatomotor neuron lesions. The studies indicate that the participating role of periurethral striated musculature in distal passive continence mechanisms cannot be ignored.", "PMID": 501822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5475", "title": "Urinary tract infections occurring in recent spinal cord injury patients on intermittent catheterization.", "content": "During a 28-month interval 70 spinal cord injury patients in the initial rehabilitation hospitalization underwent 5,052 days of intermittent catheterization. Intermittent catheterization was done with a sterile technique and a neomycin-polymyxin irrigant. At the time of transfer to our facility 39 patients were using Foley catheter drainage but no difficulty was encountered when these patients were changed to intermittent cateterization. While on intermittent catheterization 52 urinary tract infections occurred, half caused by gram-positive cocci, 24 by gram-negative bacilli and 2 by Candida albicans. These infections occurred in 38 patients (54 per cent) at an over-all rate of 10.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days of intermittent catheterization. Only 2 infections were symptomatic and these occurred in patients on pass who unilaterally discontinued intermittent catheterization. Only 6 infections were not cured by antimicrobial therapy. Urinary tract infection was less common in patients who had incomplete spinal cord injuries. Infections caused by organisms susceptible to the irrigant containing neomycin-polymyxin occurred almost exclusively in patients catheterized 3 or fewer times daily. Infection was rare after 3 months on intermittent catheterization. Intermittent catheterization with our technique poses little infection hazard and can be introduced readily in acute spinal cord injury patients before transfer to specialized facilities.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections occurring in recent spinal cord injury patients on intermittent catheterization. During a 28-month interval 70 spinal cord injury patients in the initial rehabilitation hospitalization underwent 5,052 days of intermittent catheterization. Intermittent catheterization was done with a sterile technique and a neomycin-polymyxin irrigant. At the time of transfer to our facility 39 patients were using Foley catheter drainage but no difficulty was encountered when these patients were changed to intermittent cateterization. While on intermittent catheterization 52 urinary tract infections occurred, half caused by gram-positive cocci, 24 by gram-negative bacilli and 2 by Candida albicans. These infections occurred in 38 patients (54 per cent) at an over-all rate of 10.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days of intermittent catheterization. Only 2 infections were symptomatic and these occurred in patients on pass who unilaterally discontinued intermittent catheterization. Only 6 infections were not cured by antimicrobial therapy. Urinary tract infection was less common in patients who had incomplete spinal cord injuries. Infections caused by organisms susceptible to the irrigant containing neomycin-polymyxin occurred almost exclusively in patients catheterized 3 or fewer times daily. Infection was rare after 3 months on intermittent catheterization. Intermittent catheterization with our technique poses little infection hazard and can be introduced readily in acute spinal cord injury patients before transfer to specialized facilities.", "PMID": 501823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5476", "title": "Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage.", "content": "The neonatal adrenal gland is vulnerable to traumatic hemorrhage. With the correct interpretation of clinical, laboratory and radiographic data the diagnosis can be made non-operatively. We review 6 cases of acute neonatal hemorrhage. Trauma during or shortly after birth occurred in 4 cases and all 6 newborns had jaundice and anemia. Operative intervention rarely is necessary either for the diagnosis or treatment of intracapsular adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn.", "contents": "Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage. The neonatal adrenal gland is vulnerable to traumatic hemorrhage. With the correct interpretation of clinical, laboratory and radiographic data the diagnosis can be made non-operatively. We review 6 cases of acute neonatal hemorrhage. Trauma during or shortly after birth occurred in 4 cases and all 6 newborns had jaundice and anemia. Operative intervention rarely is necessary either for the diagnosis or treatment of intracapsular adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn.", "PMID": 501824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5477", "title": "The radiographic approach to injuries of the prostatomembranous urethra in children.", "content": "We favor initial non-operative treatment (suprapubic cystostomy drainage only) for prostatomenbranous urethral injuries in children and adolescents. Non-operative treatment usually results in uncomplicated strictures that can be corrected by a 1-stage transperineal or transpublic operation 4 to 6 months later. A hands-off diagnostic approach, which relies on excretory urography and retrograde injection urethrography to demonstrate partial and complete tears, eliminates the need for blind passage of catheters, an invasive procedure that may lead to complicated strictures unsuitable for a 1-stage repair. If a 1-stage repair is planned it is necessary to determine the length of the stricture, whether there are local complications and whether the anterior urethra can be widely mobilized. The radiographic techniques used to plan a corrective operation and to evaluate the results are described.", "contents": "The radiographic approach to injuries of the prostatomembranous urethra in children. We favor initial non-operative treatment (suprapubic cystostomy drainage only) for prostatomenbranous urethral injuries in children and adolescents. Non-operative treatment usually results in uncomplicated strictures that can be corrected by a 1-stage transperineal or transpublic operation 4 to 6 months later. A hands-off diagnostic approach, which relies on excretory urography and retrograde injection urethrography to demonstrate partial and complete tears, eliminates the need for blind passage of catheters, an invasive procedure that may lead to complicated strictures unsuitable for a 1-stage repair. If a 1-stage repair is planned it is necessary to determine the length of the stricture, whether there are local complications and whether the anterior urethra can be widely mobilized. The radiographic techniques used to plan a corrective operation and to evaluate the results are described.", "PMID": 501825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5478", "title": "Sacral agenesis: an analysis of 11 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Sacral agenesis is an uncommon condition associated with familial diabetes mellitus and complicated pregnancy. The condition is characterized by gluteal skin dimpling, loss of gluteal fold, myelomeningocele, sacral lipoma, as well as numerous orthopedic, anorectal and other widespread anomalies. The motor nerve deficit, for example poor anal sphincter tone, is more pronounced than the sensory nerve deficit, for example perianal anesthesia. Diagnosis is made by anteroposterior and lateral spinal x-rays. All of our patients had bladder or external sphincter dysfunction, while 91 per cent had vesicoureteral reflux. Early diagnosis and conservative management with intermittent catheterization and uropharmacological agents are now advocated.", "contents": "Sacral agenesis: an analysis of 11 cases and review of the literature. Sacral agenesis is an uncommon condition associated with familial diabetes mellitus and complicated pregnancy. The condition is characterized by gluteal skin dimpling, loss of gluteal fold, myelomeningocele, sacral lipoma, as well as numerous orthopedic, anorectal and other widespread anomalies. The motor nerve deficit, for example poor anal sphincter tone, is more pronounced than the sensory nerve deficit, for example perianal anesthesia. Diagnosis is made by anteroposterior and lateral spinal x-rays. All of our patients had bladder or external sphincter dysfunction, while 91 per cent had vesicoureteral reflux. Early diagnosis and conservative management with intermittent catheterization and uropharmacological agents are now advocated.", "PMID": 501826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5479", "title": "Solitary calix in siblings.", "content": "An unusual anomaly of a solitary kidney with a solitary calix in siblings is described.", "contents": "Solitary calix in siblings. An unusual anomaly of a solitary kidney with a solitary calix in siblings is described.", "PMID": 501828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5480", "title": "Giant dendritic struvite calculus associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the ipsilateral renal pelvis and bladder: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Renal calculi weighing in excess of 100 gm. are rare, since most stones cause arrest of renal function before they reach giant proportions. We report a rare case of a 100 per cent struvite calculus weighing 698 gm., associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the ipsilaterl renal pelvis. A summary of the large calculi reported in the recent literature is included.", "contents": "Giant dendritic struvite calculus associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the ipsilateral renal pelvis and bladder: a case report and review of the literature. Renal calculi weighing in excess of 100 gm. are rare, since most stones cause arrest of renal function before they reach giant proportions. We report a rare case of a 100 per cent struvite calculus weighing 698 gm., associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the ipsilaterl renal pelvis. A summary of the large calculi reported in the recent literature is included.", "PMID": 501829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5481", "title": "Paraduodenal hernia: an unusual cause of renal displacement.", "content": "Exploration of a retroperitoneal mass displacing the right kidney and lumbar paravertebral lymph nodes revealed a paraduodenal hernia. Paraduodenal hernias are explained in detail, the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses is presented and the diagnostic modalities are described.", "contents": "Paraduodenal hernia: an unusual cause of renal displacement. Exploration of a retroperitoneal mass displacing the right kidney and lumbar paravertebral lymph nodes revealed a paraduodenal hernia. Paraduodenal hernias are explained in detail, the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses is presented and the diagnostic modalities are described.", "PMID": 501830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5482", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of renal and ureteral tumors presenting as acute abdominal condition.", "content": "We report on 3 patients who presented with an acute onset of abdominal pain, a palpable abdominal mass and a rapid decrease in hemoglobin. In 2 patients a spontaneously ruptured hypernephroma was found and the other patient had a squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter with bleeding into the tumor. Although in all 3 cases the tumors were at an advanced stage of development, the patients had been entirely free of urological symptoms until shortly before hospitalization. The importance of considering the possibility of spontaneous rupture of such a tumor in the evaluation of cases of an acute abdomen is stressed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of renal and ureteral tumors presenting as acute abdominal condition. We report on 3 patients who presented with an acute onset of abdominal pain, a palpable abdominal mass and a rapid decrease in hemoglobin. In 2 patients a spontaneously ruptured hypernephroma was found and the other patient had a squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter with bleeding into the tumor. Although in all 3 cases the tumors were at an advanced stage of development, the patients had been entirely free of urological symptoms until shortly before hospitalization. The importance of considering the possibility of spontaneous rupture of such a tumor in the evaluation of cases of an acute abdomen is stressed.", "PMID": 501831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5483", "title": "Non-opaque calculus demonstrated by computerized tomography.", "content": "Computerized tomography demonstrated that a non-opaque filling defect within the ureter of a ureterostomy patient was a struvite calculus containing a minimal amount of calcium salts.", "contents": "Non-opaque calculus demonstrated by computerized tomography. Computerized tomography demonstrated that a non-opaque filling defect within the ureter of a ureterostomy patient was a struvite calculus containing a minimal amount of calcium salts.", "PMID": 501832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5484", "title": "Malacoplakia of the ureter.", "content": "Malacoplakia of the urinary tract affects primarily the bladder and secondarily the distal ureter. Characteristic gross and microscopic lesions have been well described. A case of malacoplakia is reported in a 55-year-old woman who presented with hydronephrosis in a solitary kidney. The only lesion in the urinary tract was an apple-core type mass of the distal ureter, which was resected. This represents a rare and unusual presentation of malacoplakia. The differential diagnosis and pertinent literature are discussed.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of the ureter. Malacoplakia of the urinary tract affects primarily the bladder and secondarily the distal ureter. Characteristic gross and microscopic lesions have been well described. A case of malacoplakia is reported in a 55-year-old woman who presented with hydronephrosis in a solitary kidney. The only lesion in the urinary tract was an apple-core type mass of the distal ureter, which was resected. This represents a rare and unusual presentation of malacoplakia. The differential diagnosis and pertinent literature are discussed.", "PMID": 501833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5485", "title": "Malacoplakia of the bladder: efficacy of bethanechol chloride therapy.", "content": "Present evidence suggests that malacoplakia is the result of a functional defect in the mononuclear cells of the lesion caused by a deficiency of cyclic 3',5' guanosine monophosphate. This defect results in the impaired ability of the macrophage to release lysosomal enzymes necessary for the digestion of phagocytized bacteria. The persistent inflammatory reaction produces the characteristic granuloma of malacoplakia. Previous laboratory studies indicate that the phagocytic defect is reversible by cholinergic agonists, which led to the use of bethanechol chloride in the treatment of patients with malacoplakia. We report on 3 patients with vesical malacoplakia who were treated successfully with bethanechol chloride.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of the bladder: efficacy of bethanechol chloride therapy. Present evidence suggests that malacoplakia is the result of a functional defect in the mononuclear cells of the lesion caused by a deficiency of cyclic 3',5' guanosine monophosphate. This defect results in the impaired ability of the macrophage to release lysosomal enzymes necessary for the digestion of phagocytized bacteria. The persistent inflammatory reaction produces the characteristic granuloma of malacoplakia. Previous laboratory studies indicate that the phagocytic defect is reversible by cholinergic agonists, which led to the use of bethanechol chloride in the treatment of patients with malacoplakia. We report on 3 patients with vesical malacoplakia who were treated successfully with bethanechol chloride.", "PMID": 501834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5486", "title": "A case of urethral malacoplakia associated with vesical disease.", "content": "A case of recurrent urethral malacoplakia with coexisting disease of the bladder is described. This is compared to the single previously reported case of involvement of this site.", "contents": "A case of urethral malacoplakia associated with vesical disease. A case of recurrent urethral malacoplakia with coexisting disease of the bladder is described. This is compared to the single previously reported case of involvement of this site.", "PMID": 501835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5487", "title": "Apparent congenital anterior urethral stricture in brothers.", "content": "Anterior urethral strictures of apparent congenital origin are reported in brothers and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Apparent congenital anterior urethral stricture in brothers. Anterior urethral strictures of apparent congenital origin are reported in brothers and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 501836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5488", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the prostate: report of a case with ultrastructural observations.", "content": "A carcinosarcoma of the prostate was examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial component was comprised of adenosquamous carcinoma. The stromal component demonstrated osseous and cartilaginous differentiation, and appeared mesenchymal by fine structure analysis. Despite aggressive therapy the patient died with disseminated disease 5 months after diagnosis.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the prostate: report of a case with ultrastructural observations. A carcinosarcoma of the prostate was examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial component was comprised of adenosquamous carcinoma. The stromal component demonstrated osseous and cartilaginous differentiation, and appeared mesenchymal by fine structure analysis. Despite aggressive therapy the patient died with disseminated disease 5 months after diagnosis.", "PMID": 501837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5489", "title": "Actinobacillus septicemia in a black swan (Cygnus atratus).", "content": "A species of Actinobacillus was isolated in pure culture from the carcass of a captive Australian black swan (Cygnus atratus) dying of acute septicemia. The gross and microscopic findings are described and the significance of the isolate is discussed.", "contents": "Actinobacillus septicemia in a black swan (Cygnus atratus). A species of Actinobacillus was isolated in pure culture from the carcass of a captive Australian black swan (Cygnus atratus) dying of acute septicemia. The gross and microscopic findings are described and the significance of the isolate is discussed.", "PMID": 501838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5490", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis in a California sea otter (Enhydra lutris).", "content": "A weak and emaciated California sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was found stranded on Atascadero Beach in Morro Bay, California. It died three weeks after capture. A diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was confirmed by histology, serology and culture. This is believed to be the first reported case of this disease from the Morro Bay area of San Luis Obispo County, California as well as the first reported case in a free-ranging marine mammal.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis in a California sea otter (Enhydra lutris). A weak and emaciated California sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was found stranded on Atascadero Beach in Morro Bay, California. It died three weeks after capture. A diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was confirmed by histology, serology and culture. This is believed to be the first reported case of this disease from the Morro Bay area of San Luis Obispo County, California as well as the first reported case in a free-ranging marine mammal.", "PMID": 501839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5491", "title": "Evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally-infected elk.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. Six intact adult elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with A. marginale became asymptomatic carriers. Although the elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection, they became seropositive by the serum(SRCA) and plasma rapid card agglutination (PRCA) tests. Blood from the experimentally-infected elk produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves and the carrier state persisted for at least one year. Infection did not occur when two elk were inoculated with 0.5 ml of frozen blood from known bovine carriers. The blood had been frozen for four weeks in liquid nitrogen with 6% dimethyl-sulfoxide. The bovine SRCA and PRCA tests were adapted for use with elk serum. To obtain accurate test results, serum collected from clotted elk blood had to be held for at least 72 h at 21-27 C before performance of the SRCA test. Comparative serologic and infectivity studies indicated that the carrier (reactor) status of elk was accurately identified with the serologic tests in 61 of 68 samples evaluated. Incorrect serologic results with the SRCA and PRCA tests were false-negative readings. In no case were uninfected elk identified as seropositive.", "contents": "Evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally-infected elk. Anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. Six intact adult elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with A. marginale became asymptomatic carriers. Although the elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection, they became seropositive by the serum(SRCA) and plasma rapid card agglutination (PRCA) tests. Blood from the experimentally-infected elk produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves and the carrier state persisted for at least one year. Infection did not occur when two elk were inoculated with 0.5 ml of frozen blood from known bovine carriers. The blood had been frozen for four weeks in liquid nitrogen with 6% dimethyl-sulfoxide. The bovine SRCA and PRCA tests were adapted for use with elk serum. To obtain accurate test results, serum collected from clotted elk blood had to be held for at least 72 h at 21-27 C before performance of the SRCA test. Comparative serologic and infectivity studies indicated that the carrier (reactor) status of elk was accurately identified with the serologic tests in 61 of 68 samples evaluated. Incorrect serologic results with the SRCA and PRCA tests were false-negative readings. In no case were uninfected elk identified as seropositive.", "PMID": 501840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5492", "title": "Mycobacteriosis in the lesser flamingos of Lake Nakuru, Kenya.", "content": "In 1974, 51 debilitated lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) were easily captured at Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Nineteen (37%) of these had extensive mycobacterial lesions. Two years later it was difficult to locate any debilitated flamingos and no evidence of mycobacterial infection was found. Possible reasons for the high prevalence of mycobacteriosis in the 1974 collection are discussed.", "contents": "Mycobacteriosis in the lesser flamingos of Lake Nakuru, Kenya. In 1974, 51 debilitated lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) were easily captured at Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Nineteen (37%) of these had extensive mycobacterial lesions. Two years later it was difficult to locate any debilitated flamingos and no evidence of mycobacterial infection was found. Possible reasons for the high prevalence of mycobacteriosis in the 1974 collection are discussed.", "PMID": 501841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5493", "title": "Streptobacillary pleuritis in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).", "content": "A case of Streptobacillus moniliformis pleuritis  in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is reported. Lesions were granulomatous in nature. S. moniliformis was recovered in pure culture, and found by experimental inoculation to be pathogenic for mice but not for a rat.", "contents": "Streptobacillary pleuritis in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). A case of Streptobacillus moniliformis pleuritis  in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is reported. Lesions were granulomatous in nature. S. moniliformis was recovered in pure culture, and found by experimental inoculation to be pathogenic for mice but not for a rat.", "PMID": 501842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5494", "title": "Capillariasis in penned wild turkeys.", "content": "Capillariasis caused by Capillaria annulata was associated with dilated crops, emaciation and mortality of 23 juvenile wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in a captive flock. Gross lesions in the crops ranged from slithtly-thickened lining folds to a thick necrotic diphtheritic membrane covering the entire inside surface. The parasites were in the squamous epithelium. Hygromycin controlled the outbreak.", "contents": "Capillariasis in penned wild turkeys. Capillariasis caused by Capillaria annulata was associated with dilated crops, emaciation and mortality of 23 juvenile wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in a captive flock. Gross lesions in the crops ranged from slithtly-thickened lining folds to a thick necrotic diphtheritic membrane covering the entire inside surface. The parasites were in the squamous epithelium. Hygromycin controlled the outbreak.", "PMID": 501843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5495", "title": "Experimental transmission of gastro-intestinal nematodes between sheep (Ovis aries) and Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsonii).", "content": "Experimental cross-transmission of gastro-intestinal nematodes between Merino sheep (Ovis aries) and Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsonii) from similar but separate grazing habitats in Kenya was studied. Cross-transmission did occur with some species but the faecal egg counts of sheep were higher than the gazelles' following infection with larvae isolated from either sheep or gazelles. Of the 11 gastro-intestinal nematodes which became established in gazelles following infection with larvae cultured from nematodes in gazelles, only Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus probolurus and Cooperia hungi were infective for sheep. Following infection with larvae of either sheep or gazelle origin, the H. contortus recovered from the sheep at necropsy were more numerous and had greater average weights, lengths and spicule lengths than those recovered from the gazelles. This would suggest that H. contortus is primarily a sheep parasite. It is concluded that Thomson's gazelles probably would not contribute significantly to the problem of haemonchosis in sheep in areas of shared grazing, unless efforts were being made to eradicate the parasite from sheep, in which case the gazelles would act as a continuing reservoir of infection.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of gastro-intestinal nematodes between sheep (Ovis aries) and Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsonii). Experimental cross-transmission of gastro-intestinal nematodes between Merino sheep (Ovis aries) and Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsonii) from similar but separate grazing habitats in Kenya was studied. Cross-transmission did occur with some species but the faecal egg counts of sheep were higher than the gazelles' following infection with larvae isolated from either sheep or gazelles. Of the 11 gastro-intestinal nematodes which became established in gazelles following infection with larvae cultured from nematodes in gazelles, only Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus probolurus and Cooperia hungi were infective for sheep. Following infection with larvae of either sheep or gazelle origin, the H. contortus recovered from the sheep at necropsy were more numerous and had greater average weights, lengths and spicule lengths than those recovered from the gazelles. This would suggest that H. contortus is primarily a sheep parasite. It is concluded that Thomson's gazelles probably would not contribute significantly to the problem of haemonchosis in sheep in areas of shared grazing, unless efforts were being made to eradicate the parasite from sheep, in which case the gazelles would act as a continuing reservoir of infection.", "PMID": 501844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5496", "title": "Gastro-intestinal helminths in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Illinois.", "content": "Two deer populations, one in northern Illinois the other in southern Illinois, were examined by necropsy (n = 44 and 40 respectively) for helminth parasites of the gastro-intestinal tract and abdominal cavity. Both herds were parasitized by Apteragia odocoilei, Haemonchus contortus, Gongylonema pulchrum, Setaria yehi, Trichuris ovis, and Moniezia benedeni. Nematodirus sp. was found only in deer of northern Illinois. Ostertagia mossi, Capillaria sp., Cooperia sp., and Oesophagostomum sp. were found only in deer of southern Illinois.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal helminths in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Illinois. Two deer populations, one in northern Illinois the other in southern Illinois, were examined by necropsy (n = 44 and 40 respectively) for helminth parasites of the gastro-intestinal tract and abdominal cavity. Both herds were parasitized by Apteragia odocoilei, Haemonchus contortus, Gongylonema pulchrum, Setaria yehi, Trichuris ovis, and Moniezia benedeni. Nematodirus sp. was found only in deer of northern Illinois. Ostertagia mossi, Capillaria sp., Cooperia sp., and Oesophagostomum sp. were found only in deer of southern Illinois.", "PMID": 501845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5497", "title": "Microsporidal encephalitis in muskrats.", "content": "Microsporida similar morphologically to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were found in granulomatous foci in the brain of 5 of 29 wild-caught muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) held in captivity for various periods of time, but not in any of 36 free-living muskrats examined. The significance and possible source of this infection are discussed.", "contents": "Microsporidal encephalitis in muskrats. Microsporida similar morphologically to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were found in granulomatous foci in the brain of 5 of 29 wild-caught muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) held in captivity for various periods of time, but not in any of 36 free-living muskrats examined. The significance and possible source of this infection are discussed.", "PMID": 501846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5498", "title": "Pathogenicity attributed to massive infection of Nanophyetus salmincola in a cougar.", "content": "An estimated 650,000 Nanophyetus salmincola were recovered from the small intestine of a wild female cougar kitten (Felis concolor). The trematodes stimulated marked mucosal thickening in the duodenum and jejunum and caused a marked enteritis. Malnutrition was listed as the cause of death due to impaired nutrient absorption resulting from the combined effects of the diarrhea and thickening of the intestine.", "contents": "Pathogenicity attributed to massive infection of Nanophyetus salmincola in a cougar. An estimated 650,000 Nanophyetus salmincola were recovered from the small intestine of a wild female cougar kitten (Felis concolor). The trematodes stimulated marked mucosal thickening in the duodenum and jejunum and caused a marked enteritis. Malnutrition was listed as the cause of death due to impaired nutrient absorption resulting from the combined effects of the diarrhea and thickening of the intestine.", "PMID": 501847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5499", "title": "Polycystic echinococcosis in Colombia: the larval cestodes in infected rodents.", "content": "Described are the characteristics of the polycystic larval cestodes found in an endemic area of echinococcosis in the Easter Plains of Colombia and the tissue reaction evoked in infected rodents. Of 848 free-ranging animals examined, polycystic hydatids were found in 44/93 Cuniculus paca and 1/369 Proechimys sp. None of 20 Dasyprocta fuliginosa examined was infected, but hunters provided a heart with hydatid cysts and information about two additional animals with infected livers. Recognition of an endemic area of polycystic echinococcosis provides a means to investigate the life cycle of the parasites and to study the histogenesis of the larval cestodes in susceptible laboratory animals.", "contents": "Polycystic echinococcosis in Colombia: the larval cestodes in infected rodents. Described are the characteristics of the polycystic larval cestodes found in an endemic area of echinococcosis in the Easter Plains of Colombia and the tissue reaction evoked in infected rodents. Of 848 free-ranging animals examined, polycystic hydatids were found in 44/93 Cuniculus paca and 1/369 Proechimys sp. None of 20 Dasyprocta fuliginosa examined was infected, but hunters provided a heart with hydatid cysts and information about two additional animals with infected livers. Recognition of an endemic area of polycystic echinococcosis provides a means to investigate the life cycle of the parasites and to study the histogenesis of the larval cestodes in susceptible laboratory animals.", "PMID": 501848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5500", "title": "The prevalence of Trypanosoma catostomi in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from southern Ontario.", "content": "During the summer of 1975, 285 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from 10 localities in southern Ontario were examined for trypanosomes. Trypanosoma catostomi Daly and DeGiusti, 1971 was found in the blood of 11.6% of the fish examined using the haematocrit centrifugation technique. Infected juvenile fish (33%) and infected adult fish (4%) were found in 6 of 10 locations.", "contents": "The prevalence of Trypanosoma catostomi in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from southern Ontario. During the summer of 1975, 285 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from 10 localities in southern Ontario were examined for trypanosomes. Trypanosoma catostomi Daly and DeGiusti, 1971 was found in the blood of 11.6% of the fish examined using the haematocrit centrifugation technique. Infected juvenile fish (33%) and infected adult fish (4%) were found in 6 of 10 locations.", "PMID": 501849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5501", "title": "Haematology and blood chemistry of the black duck Anas superciliosa.", "content": "Some haematologic and blood chemical values have been determined for the black duck, Anas superciliosa, captured in the western fringes of Sydney. Data did not show evidence of sexual dimorphism.", "contents": "Haematology and blood chemistry of the black duck Anas superciliosa. Some haematologic and blood chemical values have been determined for the black duck, Anas superciliosa, captured in the western fringes of Sydney. Data did not show evidence of sexual dimorphism.", "PMID": 501850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5502", "title": "Virologic and serologic survey for eastern equine encephalomyelitis and certain other viruses in colonial bats of New England.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that hibernating colonial bats serve as an overwintering reservoir host of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and certain other arthropod-borne viruses in southern New England, 1128 bats of 4 species were collected from 1966 through 1976. Blood and tissue samples and ectoparasites from these bats were tested in suckling mice, wet chicks, and/or chick-embryo tissue cultures for virus. Rabies, the only virus isolated, was recovered from the brain, salivary glands, and brown fat of an apparently healthy adult male Myotis keenii found hibernating in western Massachusetts.", "contents": "Virologic and serologic survey for eastern equine encephalomyelitis and certain other viruses in colonial bats of New England. To test the hypothesis that hibernating colonial bats serve as an overwintering reservoir host of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and certain other arthropod-borne viruses in southern New England, 1128 bats of 4 species were collected from 1966 through 1976. Blood and tissue samples and ectoparasites from these bats were tested in suckling mice, wet chicks, and/or chick-embryo tissue cultures for virus. Rabies, the only virus isolated, was recovered from the brain, salivary glands, and brown fat of an apparently healthy adult male Myotis keenii found hibernating in western Massachusetts.", "PMID": 501851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5503", "title": "Newcastle disease in falcons.", "content": "Between March and October, 1975, 37 captive lanners (Falcon biarmicus abyssinicus) destined for exportation to Europe from Kano, Nigeria were examined for Newcastle Disease (ND) by the haemagglutination-inhibition technique in our laboratory. Twenty-one or 57% of the falcons showed high titres, presumably as the result of natural exposure to ND virus.", "contents": "Newcastle disease in falcons. Between March and October, 1975, 37 captive lanners (Falcon biarmicus abyssinicus) destined for exportation to Europe from Kano, Nigeria were examined for Newcastle Disease (ND) by the haemagglutination-inhibition technique in our laboratory. Twenty-one or 57% of the falcons showed high titres, presumably as the result of natural exposure to ND virus.", "PMID": 501852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5504", "title": "Value of postirradiation screening for thyroid nodules. A controlled study of recalled patients.", "content": "We determined the occurrence of palpable thyroid abnormalities in 214 persons with verified history of head and neck irradiation and in 243 concurrently examined, nonirradiated persons (control subjects). Examinations were performed by two physicians, each unaware of the medical history of the examinees and of the findings of the other examiner. Thyroid nodules, either single or multiple, occurred in 6.1% of irradiated persons and in 4.5% of control subjects (95% confidence interval of the difference, -2.6% to +5.7%). Thyroid enlargement without nodules occurred in 5.6% of irradiated persons and in 3.7% of control subjects (95% confidence interval of the difference, -2.0% to +5.8%). Thyroid cancer was detected in one irradiated and in two nonirradiated persons. Our controlled study did not find an excess number of thyroid abnormalities in previously irradiated subjects.", "contents": "Value of postirradiation screening for thyroid nodules. A controlled study of recalled patients. We determined the occurrence of palpable thyroid abnormalities in 214 persons with verified history of head and neck irradiation and in 243 concurrently examined, nonirradiated persons (control subjects). Examinations were performed by two physicians, each unaware of the medical history of the examinees and of the findings of the other examiner. Thyroid nodules, either single or multiple, occurred in 6.1% of irradiated persons and in 4.5% of control subjects (95% confidence interval of the difference, -2.6% to +5.7%). Thyroid enlargement without nodules occurred in 5.6% of irradiated persons and in 3.7% of control subjects (95% confidence interval of the difference, -2.0% to +5.8%). Thyroid cancer was detected in one irradiated and in two nonirradiated persons. Our controlled study did not find an excess number of thyroid abnormalities in previously irradiated subjects.", "PMID": 501862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5505", "title": "Long-term cloprednol use in chronic asthma.", "content": "Cloprednol is an oral synthetic glucocorticoid with a short serum half-life of 110 minutes. Twenty children who had chronic corticosteroid-dependent asthma were empaneled to study the effects of cloprednol for a period of 24 months. Three of these dropped out at the end of one year. Alternate-day doses of prednisone were replaced by equivalent daily 8 am doses of cloprednol. Ten of 17 patients had better control during cloprednol therapy than during previous prednisone regimens, and significant improvement was noted in peak expiratory flow rate during the study period (P less than .001). Long-term side effects were absent. Improvement in the degree of hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis responsiveness, based on fasting 8 am cortisol levels, was noted from baseline to the end of study period.", "contents": "Long-term cloprednol use in chronic asthma. Cloprednol is an oral synthetic glucocorticoid with a short serum half-life of 110 minutes. Twenty children who had chronic corticosteroid-dependent asthma were empaneled to study the effects of cloprednol for a period of 24 months. Three of these dropped out at the end of one year. Alternate-day doses of prednisone were replaced by equivalent daily 8 am doses of cloprednol. Ten of 17 patients had better control during cloprednol therapy than during previous prednisone regimens, and significant improvement was noted in peak expiratory flow rate during the study period (P less than .001). Long-term side effects were absent. Improvement in the degree of hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis responsiveness, based on fasting 8 am cortisol levels, was noted from baseline to the end of study period.", "PMID": 501863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5506", "title": "Zinc metabolism in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Zinc metabolism was studied in 34 patients with sickle cell anemia in a steady state and in six patients during sickle cell crisis. The patients in steady state were found to have significantly lower plasma levels and higher urinary levels of zinc than the 50 healthy adults in the control group. During sickle cell crisis the plasma zinc levels dropped to a mean value of 0.54 microgram/microL. These results support the concept that zinc deficiency occurs in sickle cell anemia and that further drops occur in the serum zinc levels during sickle cell crisis.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in sickle cell anemia. Zinc metabolism was studied in 34 patients with sickle cell anemia in a steady state and in six patients during sickle cell crisis. The patients in steady state were found to have significantly lower plasma levels and higher urinary levels of zinc than the 50 healthy adults in the control group. During sickle cell crisis the plasma zinc levels dropped to a mean value of 0.54 microgram/microL. These results support the concept that zinc deficiency occurs in sickle cell anemia and that further drops occur in the serum zinc levels during sickle cell crisis.", "PMID": 501865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5507", "title": "Platelet and leukocyte counts in pregnancy.", "content": "Platelets and leukocytes in venous blood were counted with automated methodology in 23 women studied longitudinally throughout pregnancy and at six weeks after delivery. The average platelet count declined monotonically in a manner consistent with the gestational increase in blood volume. Total leukocyte count rose early in gestation and remained elevated, with neutrophils accounting for the changes. Absolute neutrophil counts during gestation were nearly twice those of the same women postpartum (5.76 vs 3.13/cu mm x 10(-3).) The monocyte count also tended to increase, whereas lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils declined in number.", "contents": "Platelet and leukocyte counts in pregnancy. Platelets and leukocytes in venous blood were counted with automated methodology in 23 women studied longitudinally throughout pregnancy and at six weeks after delivery. The average platelet count declined monotonically in a manner consistent with the gestational increase in blood volume. Total leukocyte count rose early in gestation and remained elevated, with neutrophils accounting for the changes. Absolute neutrophil counts during gestation were nearly twice those of the same women postpartum (5.76 vs 3.13/cu mm x 10(-3).) The monocyte count also tended to increase, whereas lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils declined in number.", "PMID": 501868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5508", "title": "Effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs.", "content": "To determine whether elastic compression alters the venous hemodynamics in the postphlebitic limb, we measured venous pressure patterns in 11 postphlebitic limbs with and without elastic compression stockings. Following cannulation of a dorsal vein of the foot, the patients underwent measurements of basal resting pressure, maximum percent decrease in venous pressure with exercise (delta VPex), peak systolic venous pressure during exercise (SVPmax), the amplitude of the pressure swing, and venous return time. Elastic compression did not alter basal resting pressure, delta VPex, or venous return time. By contrast, SVPmax decreased from 139 +/- 0.3 mm Hg to 11 +/- 8 mm Hg with elastic compression. If venous ulcers are related to the high pressure developed in the superficial veins during calf muscle systole, then elastic compression may be beneficial by decreasing systolic venous pressure and its subsequent deleterious consequences.", "contents": "Effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs. To determine whether elastic compression alters the venous hemodynamics in the postphlebitic limb, we measured venous pressure patterns in 11 postphlebitic limbs with and without elastic compression stockings. Following cannulation of a dorsal vein of the foot, the patients underwent measurements of basal resting pressure, maximum percent decrease in venous pressure with exercise (delta VPex), peak systolic venous pressure during exercise (SVPmax), the amplitude of the pressure swing, and venous return time. Elastic compression did not alter basal resting pressure, delta VPex, or venous return time. By contrast, SVPmax decreased from 139 +/- 0.3 mm Hg to 11 +/- 8 mm Hg with elastic compression. If venous ulcers are related to the high pressure developed in the superficial veins during calf muscle systole, then elastic compression may be beneficial by decreasing systolic venous pressure and its subsequent deleterious consequences.", "PMID": 501883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5509", "title": "Treatment of vein graft stenosis by balloon catheter dilation.", "content": "Percutaneous balloon catheter dilation was used to treate 12 high-grade stenoses in ten autogenous vein bypass grafts since September 1978. Four lesions occurred in femoropopliteal grafts, seven in femorotibal grafts, seven in femorotibial grafts, and one in an axillofemoral graft. Balloon catheter dilation was successful and surgery avoided in 11 of the 12 lesions. Pedal pulses were restored in eight of the ten patients, and the pulse in a femorotibial bypass graft was improved in another. Postdilation arteriography demonstrated a substantial increase in luminal diameter, and ankle pressure indexes were improved in all successful cases. The tenth had an operative correction of the stenosis. There were no complications with the procedure. Percutaneous balloon catheter dilation appears to be an effective method of treating stenosis in autogenous vein grafts and a useful alternative to surgical revision.", "contents": "Treatment of vein graft stenosis by balloon catheter dilation. Percutaneous balloon catheter dilation was used to treate 12 high-grade stenoses in ten autogenous vein bypass grafts since September 1978. Four lesions occurred in femoropopliteal grafts, seven in femorotibal grafts, seven in femorotibial grafts, and one in an axillofemoral graft. Balloon catheter dilation was successful and surgery avoided in 11 of the 12 lesions. Pedal pulses were restored in eight of the ten patients, and the pulse in a femorotibial bypass graft was improved in another. Postdilation arteriography demonstrated a substantial increase in luminal diameter, and ankle pressure indexes were improved in all successful cases. The tenth had an operative correction of the stenosis. There were no complications with the procedure. Percutaneous balloon catheter dilation appears to be an effective method of treating stenosis in autogenous vein grafts and a useful alternative to surgical revision.", "PMID": 501884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5510", "title": "Pleuropericardial reaction to treatment with dantrolene.", "content": "Chronic pleural effusion occurred in three patients, one of whom also developed acute pericarditis. A fourth patient developed both pleural and pericardial effusions. All patients had been receiving dantrolene sodium for at least two months. The pleural fluid was a sterile exudate with pleural and peripheral blood eosinophilia in all patients. No pulmonary parenchymal involvement was apparent. Pleural biopsy specimens showed nonspecific inflammation. Resolution of the pleural process was prolonged after dantrolene therapy was discontinued. Although a causal relationship between dantrolene and serosal inflammation remains unproved, this association in four patients warrants careful observation of others receiving long-term dantrolene therapy.", "contents": "Pleuropericardial reaction to treatment with dantrolene. Chronic pleural effusion occurred in three patients, one of whom also developed acute pericarditis. A fourth patient developed both pleural and pericardial effusions. All patients had been receiving dantrolene sodium for at least two months. The pleural fluid was a sterile exudate with pleural and peripheral blood eosinophilia in all patients. No pulmonary parenchymal involvement was apparent. Pleural biopsy specimens showed nonspecific inflammation. Resolution of the pleural process was prolonged after dantrolene therapy was discontinued. Although a causal relationship between dantrolene and serosal inflammation remains unproved, this association in four patients warrants careful observation of others receiving long-term dantrolene therapy.", "PMID": 501885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5511", "title": "The breast reconstruction patient and her health insurance carrier.", "content": "To determine policies of health insurance companies regarding payment for breast reconstruction following mastectomy, we polled 50 companies selected at random, as well as every Blue Cross-Blue Shield company. To verify that insurance carriers' replies represented their practices, we polled 96 plastic and reconstructive surgeons in 47 states. Although most health insurance carriers claim to fully cover breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer, practices vary widely; many postmastectomy patients receive incomplete or no coverage for reconstruction. Two major reasons for discrepancies appear to be (1) inadequate coverage prompted by unrealistic conception of reconstruction on the part of carriers and (2) specific contractual exclusion. We suggest (1) educating lay and professional persons about breast reconstruction, (2) encouraging more realistic coverage from insurance companies, and (3) if necessary, legislative protection for the postmastectomy patient.", "contents": "The breast reconstruction patient and her health insurance carrier. To determine policies of health insurance companies regarding payment for breast reconstruction following mastectomy, we polled 50 companies selected at random, as well as every Blue Cross-Blue Shield company. To verify that insurance carriers' replies represented their practices, we polled 96 plastic and reconstructive surgeons in 47 states. Although most health insurance carriers claim to fully cover breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer, practices vary widely; many postmastectomy patients receive incomplete or no coverage for reconstruction. Two major reasons for discrepancies appear to be (1) inadequate coverage prompted by unrealistic conception of reconstruction on the part of carriers and (2) specific contractual exclusion. We suggest (1) educating lay and professional persons about breast reconstruction, (2) encouraging more realistic coverage from insurance companies, and (3) if necessary, legislative protection for the postmastectomy patient.", "PMID": 501886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5512", "title": "Hemoglobin A1c in normal and diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "The usefulness of determining hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels during pregnancy was evaluated. In contrast to previous reports, the HbA1c values did not predict abnormal maternal glucose tolerance or infant birth weight. They did, however, correlate with long-term control of the diabetes of pregnant insulin-dependent patients. The slight decrease in HbA1c values observed as pregnancy advanced was secondary to improved control of diabetes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A1c in normal and diabetic pregnancy. The usefulness of determining hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels during pregnancy was evaluated. In contrast to previous reports, the HbA1c values did not predict abnormal maternal glucose tolerance or infant birth weight. They did, however, correlate with long-term control of the diabetes of pregnant insulin-dependent patients. The slight decrease in HbA1c values observed as pregnancy advanced was secondary to improved control of diabetes.", "PMID": 501889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5513", "title": "Ethanol ingestion in children. A five-year review.", "content": "A five-year review at ethanol ingestions in children at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans, revealed nine cases with blood ethanol levels in excess of 21.7 mmole/L (100 mg/dL); none resulted in death. We describe four patients in whom the blood ethanol levels were potentially life-threatening. In one case, we were able to follow the affected child's blood ethanol level serially; the rate of decrease was about twice that reported for an adult.", "contents": "Ethanol ingestion in children. A five-year review. A five-year review at ethanol ingestions in children at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans, revealed nine cases with blood ethanol levels in excess of 21.7 mmole/L (100 mg/dL); none resulted in death. We describe four patients in whom the blood ethanol levels were potentially life-threatening. In one case, we were able to follow the affected child's blood ethanol level serially; the rate of decrease was about twice that reported for an adult.", "PMID": 501890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5514", "title": "Early recognition of cutaneous melanoma.", "content": "Criteria for the early recognition of malignant melanoma include appreciation of variegation in color and irregularity of lesion border and pigment pattern. Application of these criteria should result in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in its premetastatic surgically curable phase.", "contents": "Early recognition of cutaneous melanoma. Criteria for the early recognition of malignant melanoma include appreciation of variegation in color and irregularity of lesion border and pigment pattern. Application of these criteria should result in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in its premetastatic surgically curable phase.", "PMID": 501893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5515", "title": "Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in chronic renal failure.", "content": "To evaluate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in chronic renal failure, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity were measured by a radioenzymatic assay and a photometric assay respectively. The level of plasma NE was significantly higher in 14 patients with hemodialysis than in healthy individuals (p less than 0.001). The level of plasma NE fell significantly in 6 patients with hemodialysis receiving 0.30-0.45 mg/day of clonidine hydrochloride (a depressor of the sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system) (p less than 0.05). Systolic blood pressure was correlated with the level of plasma NE in patients with hemodialysis who were not receiving clonidine. They had high level of plasma NE and low level of plasma DBH activity. Therefore, this findings suggest that high level of plasma NE in chronic renal failure is caused not only by decreased urinary excretion, but also by increased overflow from the sympathetic nervous clefts.", "contents": "Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in chronic renal failure. To evaluate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in chronic renal failure, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity were measured by a radioenzymatic assay and a photometric assay respectively. The level of plasma NE was significantly higher in 14 patients with hemodialysis than in healthy individuals (p less than 0.001). The level of plasma NE fell significantly in 6 patients with hemodialysis receiving 0.30-0.45 mg/day of clonidine hydrochloride (a depressor of the sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system) (p less than 0.05). Systolic blood pressure was correlated with the level of plasma NE in patients with hemodialysis who were not receiving clonidine. They had high level of plasma NE and low level of plasma DBH activity. Therefore, this findings suggest that high level of plasma NE in chronic renal failure is caused not only by decreased urinary excretion, but also by increased overflow from the sympathetic nervous clefts.", "PMID": 501895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5516", "title": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of plasma angiotensin II in human subjects.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the determination of plasma angiotensin II was developed by using the antisera against synthetic angiotensin II in combination with labeled angiotensin II. This assay employs an acetone extraction procedure and detects as little as 0.8 pg per tube of angiotensin II. The mean (+/- S.E.) plasma angiotensin II concentration in 19 normal subjects was 14.4 +/- 1.8 pg/ml in a state of overnight fasting and recumbency. In 13 normal subjects, in whom 40 mg of furosemide was injected intravenously, plasma angiotensin II concentration before and after 30 and 120 minutes in an upright position was 14.6 +/- 2.2, 56.6 +/- 5.7 and 74.3 +/- 9.0 pg/ml, respectively. In 6 normal subjects, an infusion of isotonic saline, angiotensin II concentration reduced from 14.1 +/- 3.7 to 9.2 +/- 1.7 pg/ml. Thus, it was ascertained that the simplified radioimmunoassay method reported here using an acetone-petroleum ether extraction method was specific and highly sensitive.", "contents": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of plasma angiotensin II in human subjects. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the determination of plasma angiotensin II was developed by using the antisera against synthetic angiotensin II in combination with labeled angiotensin II. This assay employs an acetone extraction procedure and detects as little as 0.8 pg per tube of angiotensin II. The mean (+/- S.E.) plasma angiotensin II concentration in 19 normal subjects was 14.4 +/- 1.8 pg/ml in a state of overnight fasting and recumbency. In 13 normal subjects, in whom 40 mg of furosemide was injected intravenously, plasma angiotensin II concentration before and after 30 and 120 minutes in an upright position was 14.6 +/- 2.2, 56.6 +/- 5.7 and 74.3 +/- 9.0 pg/ml, respectively. In 6 normal subjects, an infusion of isotonic saline, angiotensin II concentration reduced from 14.1 +/- 3.7 to 9.2 +/- 1.7 pg/ml. Thus, it was ascertained that the simplified radioimmunoassay method reported here using an acetone-petroleum ether extraction method was specific and highly sensitive.", "PMID": 501896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5517", "title": "Relations between disturbances in microcirculation and accumulation of lipids in the aortic wall.", "content": "For the purpose of unraveling the relations between disturbances in microcirculation and deposition of lipids in the aortic wall, 9 rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol and 5% coconut oil at intervals up to 16 weeks, and 4 rabbits were used as controls. After microangiography of vasa vasorum, the same specimens were studied histochemically. The distribution of vasa vasorum became poorer on sacrifice by microangiography. However, it could not be thought that disturbances in vasa vasorum was a cause in the early deposition of lipids, because lesions were histologically mild in the greater parts of vasa vasorum. The sites of prediction for the vascular lesions were initially the branching part, and then the thoracic aorta. Thickness and numbers of the elastic lamina in the media decreased straightly in the distal direction, and the degree of intimal thickening and accumulation of lipids were parallel with the degree of the medial thickness. The intimal cells tended to be arranged radially with wide intercellular spaces in the cross section, suggesting the convenience for the passage of fluids. From the above facts, it may be reasonable to presume that the difference in severity of disturbances of microcirculation resulted in the difference in the site of predilection.", "contents": "Relations between disturbances in microcirculation and accumulation of lipids in the aortic wall. For the purpose of unraveling the relations between disturbances in microcirculation and deposition of lipids in the aortic wall, 9 rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol and 5% coconut oil at intervals up to 16 weeks, and 4 rabbits were used as controls. After microangiography of vasa vasorum, the same specimens were studied histochemically. The distribution of vasa vasorum became poorer on sacrifice by microangiography. However, it could not be thought that disturbances in vasa vasorum was a cause in the early deposition of lipids, because lesions were histologically mild in the greater parts of vasa vasorum. The sites of prediction for the vascular lesions were initially the branching part, and then the thoracic aorta. Thickness and numbers of the elastic lamina in the media decreased straightly in the distal direction, and the degree of intimal thickening and accumulation of lipids were parallel with the degree of the medial thickness. The intimal cells tended to be arranged radially with wide intercellular spaces in the cross section, suggesting the convenience for the passage of fluids. From the above facts, it may be reasonable to presume that the difference in severity of disturbances of microcirculation resulted in the difference in the site of predilection.", "PMID": 501897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5518", "title": "Escape from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs used in a patient with Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Escape from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs used in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. An analysis was done with regard to the mode of escapes from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. In the indomethacin therapy of the syndrome, there was a delay in the initiation of potassium escape as compared to sodium escape, whereas no delay was seen in the ibuprofen therapy. This delay was probably related to the direct or indirect inhibition of sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephrons. The course of aspirin therapy went midway between the above two. In the spironolactone therapy, the mode of escape was a mirror image of the one in the indomethacin therapy. Also, in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, but without Bartter's syndrome, the escapes from the effects of indomethacin were seen. In order to understand the effect of these drugs on potassium excretion in Bartter's syndrome, some other intrarenal events, such as the influence on chloride transport in the loop of Henle leading to potassium conservation, may have to be considered.", "contents": "Escape from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs used in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. Escape from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs used in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. An analysis was done with regard to the mode of escapes from sodium and potassium retaining actions of aspirin-like drugs in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. In the indomethacin therapy of the syndrome, there was a delay in the initiation of potassium escape as compared to sodium escape, whereas no delay was seen in the ibuprofen therapy. This delay was probably related to the direct or indirect inhibition of sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephrons. The course of aspirin therapy went midway between the above two. In the spironolactone therapy, the mode of escape was a mirror image of the one in the indomethacin therapy. Also, in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, but without Bartter's syndrome, the escapes from the effects of indomethacin were seen. In order to understand the effect of these drugs on potassium excretion in Bartter's syndrome, some other intrarenal events, such as the influence on chloride transport in the loop of Henle leading to potassium conservation, may have to be considered.", "PMID": 501898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5519", "title": "Surgical correction of double outlet left ventricle associated with hypoplastic right ventricle: direct anastomosis of right atrial appendage and pulmonary artery.", "content": "This reports concerns a 9 years old boy, who had situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance with double outlet left ventricle, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, ventricular septal defect, secundum atrial septal defects and hypoplastic right ventricle. Previous Blalock-Taussig shunt was created at the age of 11 months. Total correction consisted of closure of atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve orifice, and direct anastomosis of right atrial appendage to pulmonary trunk. Though atrial pacing was required for the immediate post operative period, the patient regained sinus rhythm 3 days after operation. He is doing well at present, one year after the operation.", "contents": "Surgical correction of double outlet left ventricle associated with hypoplastic right ventricle: direct anastomosis of right atrial appendage and pulmonary artery. This reports concerns a 9 years old boy, who had situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance with double outlet left ventricle, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, ventricular septal defect, secundum atrial septal defects and hypoplastic right ventricle. Previous Blalock-Taussig shunt was created at the age of 11 months. Total correction consisted of closure of atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve orifice, and direct anastomosis of right atrial appendage to pulmonary trunk. Though atrial pacing was required for the immediate post operative period, the patient regained sinus rhythm 3 days after operation. He is doing well at present, one year after the operation.", "PMID": 501899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5520", "title": "Open heart closure of atrial septal defect in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia.", "content": "A case of atrial septal defect with idiopathic thrombocytopenia was successfully operated with the aid of heart-lung machine. The operation was performed under the administration of platelet rich plasma, fresh blood and adrenocorticosteroids before, during and after the operation. With the aid of these treatments, no severe hemorrhagic diasthesis was encountered.", "contents": "Open heart closure of atrial septal defect in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia. A case of atrial septal defect with idiopathic thrombocytopenia was successfully operated with the aid of heart-lung machine. The operation was performed under the administration of platelet rich plasma, fresh blood and adrenocorticosteroids before, during and after the operation. With the aid of these treatments, no severe hemorrhagic diasthesis was encountered.", "PMID": 501900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5521", "title": "Inhibition of dog renin activity by pepstatin A.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of pepstatin A, an isovaleryl pentapeptide isolated from streptmyces, was studied. Pepstatin A inhibited the action of dog renin on homologus substrate. The Ki value was 7.7 X 10(-7) M and the mode of the inhibition was non-competitive. Pestatin A suppressed angiotensin I generation in dog plasma. Dose-dependent hypotensive effect of pepstatin A was observed in rats with sustained increase in blood pressure during continuous infusion of dog renin. It is concluded that pepstatin A inhibits the dog renin activity in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of dog renin activity by pepstatin A. The inhibitory effect of pepstatin A, an isovaleryl pentapeptide isolated from streptmyces, was studied. Pepstatin A inhibited the action of dog renin on homologus substrate. The Ki value was 7.7 X 10(-7) M and the mode of the inhibition was non-competitive. Pestatin A suppressed angiotensin I generation in dog plasma. Dose-dependent hypotensive effect of pepstatin A was observed in rats with sustained increase in blood pressure during continuous infusion of dog renin. It is concluded that pepstatin A inhibits the dog renin activity in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 501901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5522", "title": "Relationship between molecular weight conversion and renin activity in dog renal renin.", "content": "A normal size form of renin, which seems to be a storage form in renin granules, changed neither in molecular weight nor activity by acidification to pH 3.0. High molecular weight (HMW) renin fractionated by gel chromatography from crude renal extract prepared with thiol group blockers was converted into normal size renin by acdification, accompanied with an increase in renin activity by about 50%. The molecular weight conversion by acidification appeared due to destruction or loss of binding ability of the renin binding substance which was present in the cytosol of renal cortical tissue. Renin and renin binding substance could combine into HMW renin at neutral pH in the presence of thiol group blockers and renin activity decreased.", "contents": "Relationship between molecular weight conversion and renin activity in dog renal renin. A normal size form of renin, which seems to be a storage form in renin granules, changed neither in molecular weight nor activity by acidification to pH 3.0. High molecular weight (HMW) renin fractionated by gel chromatography from crude renal extract prepared with thiol group blockers was converted into normal size renin by acdification, accompanied with an increase in renin activity by about 50%. The molecular weight conversion by acidification appeared due to destruction or loss of binding ability of the renin binding substance which was present in the cytosol of renal cortical tissue. Renin and renin binding substance could combine into HMW renin at neutral pH in the presence of thiol group blockers and renin activity decreased.", "PMID": 501902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5523", "title": "Plasma catecholamines determination using high pressure liquid chromatography and their roles in blood pressure regulation and experimental hypertension in rats.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine levels have been used experiemtally and clinically as the indices of the sympathetic nerve activity. We measured plasma catecholamines using high pressure liquid chromatography in rats to assess the significance of plasma catecholamines as an index of the sympathetic nerve activity and its role in hypertension. Pentobarbital anesthesia depressed plasma catecholamine levels, especially plasma adrenaline. Sodium loading for 5 weeks suppressed plasma noradrenaline, while administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg) produced the elevation of plasma noradrenaline. Experimental hypertension, one-kidney and two-kidney types of Goldblatt hypertension and DOCA-salt hypertension, raised plasma noradrenalines both in acute and chronic phases. The infusion of pressor doses of angiotensin II suppressed plasma noradrenaline by the reflex mechanism. Sar1, Ile8-angiotensin II and SQ 14,225 did not suppress plasma cathecholamine elevation due to hemorrhage. L-Hydroxyldopamine produced elevation of plasma catecholamines in experimental nypertension and controls in rats. After adrenal demedullation, plasma noradrenaline was decreased by the administration of 6-hydroxy-dopamine. Acute reduction of circulating blood volume and blood pressure fall produced the elevation of plasma catecholamine, especially plasma adrenaline. In rats, the adrenal medulla plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines determination using high pressure liquid chromatography and their roles in blood pressure regulation and experimental hypertension in rats. Plasma catecholamine levels have been used experiemtally and clinically as the indices of the sympathetic nerve activity. We measured plasma catecholamines using high pressure liquid chromatography in rats to assess the significance of plasma catecholamines as an index of the sympathetic nerve activity and its role in hypertension. Pentobarbital anesthesia depressed plasma catecholamine levels, especially plasma adrenaline. Sodium loading for 5 weeks suppressed plasma noradrenaline, while administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg) produced the elevation of plasma noradrenaline. Experimental hypertension, one-kidney and two-kidney types of Goldblatt hypertension and DOCA-salt hypertension, raised plasma noradrenalines both in acute and chronic phases. The infusion of pressor doses of angiotensin II suppressed plasma noradrenaline by the reflex mechanism. Sar1, Ile8-angiotensin II and SQ 14,225 did not suppress plasma cathecholamine elevation due to hemorrhage. L-Hydroxyldopamine produced elevation of plasma catecholamines in experimental nypertension and controls in rats. After adrenal demedullation, plasma noradrenaline was decreased by the administration of 6-hydroxy-dopamine. Acute reduction of circulating blood volume and blood pressure fall produced the elevation of plasma catecholamine, especially plasma adrenaline. In rats, the adrenal medulla plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure.", "PMID": 501904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5524", "title": "Response of urinary noradrenaline excretion to reserpine administration in normal and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Reserpine was administered in purpose to determine the \"Noradrenaline store\" in sympathetic nerve endings. The marked increase of urinary noradrenaline excretion was observed by reserpine 0.4 mg/day administration. Total amount of noradrenaline in urine for first three days of 0.4 mg/day of reserpine administration was considered as a good indicators of \"Noradrenaline store\". There was no difference of \"Noradrenaline store\" between normal and hypertensive subjects. The increase % of urinary noradrenaline was higher in labile hypertension than in established hypertension as well as in normal subjects. Though the relationship between \"Noradrenaline store\" or the increase % of noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve activity was not clear, it is suspected that the releasable noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve granule was higher in labile hypertension than in established hypertension or normal subjects.", "contents": "Response of urinary noradrenaline excretion to reserpine administration in normal and hypertensive subjects. Reserpine was administered in purpose to determine the \"Noradrenaline store\" in sympathetic nerve endings. The marked increase of urinary noradrenaline excretion was observed by reserpine 0.4 mg/day administration. Total amount of noradrenaline in urine for first three days of 0.4 mg/day of reserpine administration was considered as a good indicators of \"Noradrenaline store\". There was no difference of \"Noradrenaline store\" between normal and hypertensive subjects. The increase % of urinary noradrenaline was higher in labile hypertension than in established hypertension as well as in normal subjects. Though the relationship between \"Noradrenaline store\" or the increase % of noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve activity was not clear, it is suspected that the releasable noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve granule was higher in labile hypertension than in established hypertension or normal subjects.", "PMID": 501905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5525", "title": "[Clinico-antimicrobial evaluation of cefuroxime by observation of transitional change of micro-organisms in urine specimen (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefuroxime (CXM) was administered for 1 week to spinal cord injury patients with chronic complicated urinary tract infection and the transitional change of micro-organisms was observed. Bacterial counts and identification of isolated organisms were performed daily on the mid-stream urine for 1 week. MIC was also determined on the strains before and after CXM treatment. The results with 83 strains from 28 patients are as follows: 1. CXM's efficacy appears in line with MIC of strains. With the cases given 0.75 g twice daily intramuscularly, all the 14 strains with MIC lower than 50 micrograms/ml were eradicated, but 2 of the 14 strains were found re-growing, with only bacteriostatic action noted (in region of minimal inhibitory action). With the group of the cases given 1.5 g twice daily, all the 15 strains with MIC lower than 200 micrograms/ml were eradicated from urine 1 approximately 3 days after start of treatment (in region of bactericidal action). 2. At dose of bactericidal action CXM responded effectively with no relationship to organism species or bacterial count before CXM treatment. 3. Dose response was noted between the cases given 1.5 g daily and those given 3.0 g daily. 4. From the above result, we can presume appropriate doses in accordance with the disease conditions. From above observation, combined with correlation between organism species, bacterial count, MIC of strains, etc., CXM's efficacy was assessed quantitatively and objectively.", "contents": "[Clinico-antimicrobial evaluation of cefuroxime by observation of transitional change of micro-organisms in urine specimen (author's transl)]. Cefuroxime (CXM) was administered for 1 week to spinal cord injury patients with chronic complicated urinary tract infection and the transitional change of micro-organisms was observed. Bacterial counts and identification of isolated organisms were performed daily on the mid-stream urine for 1 week. MIC was also determined on the strains before and after CXM treatment. The results with 83 strains from 28 patients are as follows: 1. CXM's efficacy appears in line with MIC of strains. With the cases given 0.75 g twice daily intramuscularly, all the 14 strains with MIC lower than 50 micrograms/ml were eradicated, but 2 of the 14 strains were found re-growing, with only bacteriostatic action noted (in region of minimal inhibitory action). With the group of the cases given 1.5 g twice daily, all the 15 strains with MIC lower than 200 micrograms/ml were eradicated from urine 1 approximately 3 days after start of treatment (in region of bactericidal action). 2. At dose of bactericidal action CXM responded effectively with no relationship to organism species or bacterial count before CXM treatment. 3. Dose response was noted between the cases given 1.5 g daily and those given 3.0 g daily. 4. From the above result, we can presume appropriate doses in accordance with the disease conditions. From above observation, combined with correlation between organism species, bacterial count, MIC of strains, etc., CXM's efficacy was assessed quantitatively and objectively.", "PMID": 501917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5526", "title": "[Clinical experience with cefamandole in bacterial infections of children (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate efficacy and safety, cefamandole, a new cephalosporin, was given intravenously to 12 children with respiratory tract infections (11 cases) and urinary tract infection (1 case), who ranged in age from 2 months to 5 years old. Cefamandole sodium was administered 74 approximately 112 mg/kg/day in three or four equally divided doses by one-shot injection. The overall efficacy rate was 83.3% in 12 cases, i.e., good in 8, fairly good in 2, and poor in 2 cases. No adverse reaction was noted on any of our 12 cases.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with cefamandole in bacterial infections of children (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate efficacy and safety, cefamandole, a new cephalosporin, was given intravenously to 12 children with respiratory tract infections (11 cases) and urinary tract infection (1 case), who ranged in age from 2 months to 5 years old. Cefamandole sodium was administered 74 approximately 112 mg/kg/day in three or four equally divided doses by one-shot injection. The overall efficacy rate was 83.3% in 12 cases, i.e., good in 8, fairly good in 2, and poor in 2 cases. No adverse reaction was noted on any of our 12 cases.", "PMID": 501918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5527", "title": "[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefamandole in pediatric treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefamandole (sodium salt) was administered to total 32 cases of bacterial infectious diseases of children, and in 3 cases, there were investigated of these absorption and excretion. The results are as follows; 1. Blood levels: Cefamandole was given intravenous dose of 25 mg/kg to 3 children. The blood level of 15 minutes after intravenous injection was 140.4 micrograms/ml in average, and 0.3 micrograms/ml in average at 4 hours after intravenous injection. T 1/2 was 13.9 minutes. 2. Urinary concentration: Within 6 hours after intravenous injection, 51.8% of the drug was recovered in average from the urine and the urinary concentration reached to 3,050 micrograms/ml in average (0 approximately 2 hours), 1,262 micrograms/ml in average (2 approximately 4 hours), 41 micrograms/ml in average (4 approximately 6 hours) after injection. 3. The drug was given 109 mg/kg/day (t.i.d. or q.i.d.) by intravenous route. The duration of administration was 11 days in average. The overall efficacy rate was 97%. In bacteriological results, excellent in 2, failure in 1, out of 3 strains. As side effects vascular pain was observed in 3 cases at the intravenous injection, and eosinophilia in 2 cases.", "contents": "[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefamandole in pediatric treatment (author's transl)]. Cefamandole (sodium salt) was administered to total 32 cases of bacterial infectious diseases of children, and in 3 cases, there were investigated of these absorption and excretion. The results are as follows; 1. Blood levels: Cefamandole was given intravenous dose of 25 mg/kg to 3 children. The blood level of 15 minutes after intravenous injection was 140.4 micrograms/ml in average, and 0.3 micrograms/ml in average at 4 hours after intravenous injection. T 1/2 was 13.9 minutes. 2. Urinary concentration: Within 6 hours after intravenous injection, 51.8% of the drug was recovered in average from the urine and the urinary concentration reached to 3,050 micrograms/ml in average (0 approximately 2 hours), 1,262 micrograms/ml in average (2 approximately 4 hours), 41 micrograms/ml in average (4 approximately 6 hours) after injection. 3. The drug was given 109 mg/kg/day (t.i.d. or q.i.d.) by intravenous route. The duration of administration was 11 days in average. The overall efficacy rate was 97%. In bacteriological results, excellent in 2, failure in 1, out of 3 strains. As side effects vascular pain was observed in 3 cases at the intravenous injection, and eosinophilia in 2 cases.", "PMID": 501920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5528", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole (CMD), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, were investigated and following results were obtained. 1) Absorption and excretion study following 25 mg/kg intravenous administration was carried out in pediatric patients. In 6 cases, mean serum levels of 116.7 +/- 24.0 micrograms/ml, 62.1 +/- micrograms/ml, 12.2 +/- 2.7 micrograms/ml, 2.9 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml, 0.6 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml and 0.1 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml obtained after 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours administration. In 4 cases, mean urinary recovery of 68.2 +/- 17.2% (0 approximately 8 hours) was obtained. The mean half life of serum level was 0.36 +/- 0.08 hours. 2) The transfer of cefamandole was poor in infants with meningitis. 3) Cefamandole was given to 22 children with acute pyelitis (1 case), acute pneumonia (19 cases), and meningitis (2 cases). The dosage was 80.0 approximately 284.2 mg/kg/day, and it was divided into 4 approximately 6 times and given intravenous or intravenous drip. The duration of administration was from 3 to 17 days. The overall efficacy rate in 22 cases was 95.2%, i.e., excellent in 5, good in 15, poor in 1, and unknown in 1. In bacteriological examination, there were eradication of the organisms in 9 (52.9%), decrease in 4, unchange in 4 out of 17 strains. 4) Any noticeable adverse reaction was not observed.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole in children (author's transl)]. Laboratory and clinical studies of cefamandole (CMD), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, were investigated and following results were obtained. 1) Absorption and excretion study following 25 mg/kg intravenous administration was carried out in pediatric patients. In 6 cases, mean serum levels of 116.7 +/- 24.0 micrograms/ml, 62.1 +/- micrograms/ml, 12.2 +/- 2.7 micrograms/ml, 2.9 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml, 0.6 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml and 0.1 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml obtained after 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours administration. In 4 cases, mean urinary recovery of 68.2 +/- 17.2% (0 approximately 8 hours) was obtained. The mean half life of serum level was 0.36 +/- 0.08 hours. 2) The transfer of cefamandole was poor in infants with meningitis. 3) Cefamandole was given to 22 children with acute pyelitis (1 case), acute pneumonia (19 cases), and meningitis (2 cases). The dosage was 80.0 approximately 284.2 mg/kg/day, and it was divided into 4 approximately 6 times and given intravenous or intravenous drip. The duration of administration was from 3 to 17 days. The overall efficacy rate in 22 cases was 95.2%, i.e., excellent in 5, good in 15, poor in 1, and unknown in 1. In bacteriological examination, there were eradication of the organisms in 9 (52.9%), decrease in 4, unchange in 4 out of 17 strains. 4) Any noticeable adverse reaction was not observed.", "PMID": 501921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5529", "title": "[Clinical experience with ampicillin-cloxacillin (Viccillin S 'Meiji') by intravenous drip infusion in gynecological infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Ampicillin-cloxacillin (Viccillin S 'Meiji') by intravenous drip infusion was used in gynecological infections, with the following satisfactory results. 1) The drug was markedly effective in 2 out of 6 cases, effective in 4, being the efficacy rate 100%. 2) No abnormal laboratory findings and side effects were observed in our study.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with ampicillin-cloxacillin (Viccillin S 'Meiji') by intravenous drip infusion in gynecological infections (author's transl)]. Ampicillin-cloxacillin (Viccillin S 'Meiji') by intravenous drip infusion was used in gynecological infections, with the following satisfactory results. 1) The drug was markedly effective in 2 out of 6 cases, effective in 4, being the efficacy rate 100%. 2) No abnormal laboratory findings and side effects were observed in our study.", "PMID": 501922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5530", "title": "[Clinical studies on apalcillin in biliary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical studies on apalcillin (APPC), a new broad spectrum semisynthetic penicillin developed in Japan, were carried out, and the following results were obtained. APPC was administered to three patients with serious biliary tract infections by intramuscular or intravenous injection at daily dosage of 2. Therapeutic responses were excellent in all cases, and no side effects and abnormalities of laboratory findings were observed. APPC was considered to be an excellent drug for the treatment of biliary tract infections.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on apalcillin in biliary tract infections (author's transl)]. Clinical studies on apalcillin (APPC), a new broad spectrum semisynthetic penicillin developed in Japan, were carried out, and the following results were obtained. APPC was administered to three patients with serious biliary tract infections by intramuscular or intravenous injection at daily dosage of 2. Therapeutic responses were excellent in all cases, and no side effects and abnormalities of laboratory findings were observed. APPC was considered to be an excellent drug for the treatment of biliary tract infections.", "PMID": 501923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5531", "title": "[A case of Leptospira hebdomadis infection treated with piperacillin (author's transl)].", "content": "A 35-year-old male went fishing at the Agano River side in the suburbs of Toyosaka City, in August 1977. He was admitted to the hospital then with the chief complaints of high fever and severe headache on the 5th day of illness. Following the intravenous drip infusion of 12 g piperacillin for 6 1/2 days, he became afebrile within 2 days and recovered rapidly. Bacteriological examination disclosed none of significant data. Serum agglutinin reaction for leptospirosis, however, was positive in a titer up to 1:2,560 to L. hebdomadis, except for L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. autumnalis, L. australis and L. canicola.", "contents": "[A case of Leptospira hebdomadis infection treated with piperacillin (author's transl)]. A 35-year-old male went fishing at the Agano River side in the suburbs of Toyosaka City, in August 1977. He was admitted to the hospital then with the chief complaints of high fever and severe headache on the 5th day of illness. Following the intravenous drip infusion of 12 g piperacillin for 6 1/2 days, he became afebrile within 2 days and recovered rapidly. Bacteriological examination disclosed none of significant data. Serum agglutinin reaction for leptospirosis, however, was positive in a titer up to 1:2,560 to L. hebdomadis, except for L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. autumnalis, L. australis and L. canicola.", "PMID": 501924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5532", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular anterior wall motion in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Echocardiographic motions of right ventricular anterior wall (RVAW) were investigated in 71 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. According to the criteria of Rosenbaum et al the electrocardiograms were classified as type A in 35 patients and type B in 36. Sixteen type B patients exhibited abnormal RVAW motion, which was characterized by an early onset of the posterior movement before S1 andl also by a premature peak formation before S2. A small step or hump nearly coincident with S1 was observed in 10 of these 16 patients. These findings seem to suggest that both contraction and relaxation of RVAW begin earlier than normal due to anterior right ventricular pre-excitation. RVAW motion was normal in all of type A patients. Echocardiographic investigation of RVAW motion appears to be useful in non-invasive estimation of the site of pre-excitation, especially in type B WPW patients.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular anterior wall motion in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Echocardiographic motions of right ventricular anterior wall (RVAW) were investigated in 71 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. According to the criteria of Rosenbaum et al the electrocardiograms were classified as type A in 35 patients and type B in 36. Sixteen type B patients exhibited abnormal RVAW motion, which was characterized by an early onset of the posterior movement before S1 andl also by a premature peak formation before S2. A small step or hump nearly coincident with S1 was observed in 10 of these 16 patients. These findings seem to suggest that both contraction and relaxation of RVAW begin earlier than normal due to anterior right ventricular pre-excitation. RVAW motion was normal in all of type A patients. Echocardiographic investigation of RVAW motion appears to be useful in non-invasive estimation of the site of pre-excitation, especially in type B WPW patients.", "PMID": 501925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5533", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effects of L-penbutolol and DL-propranolol. Comparison of the effects of these two drugs on conductivity and excitability in canine heart in vivo.", "content": "The effects of l-penbutolol and dl-propranolol on A-V conduction, on excitability of ventricular muscle, and on ventricular tachycardia threshold in acute ischemia were compared, using anesthetized dogs. 1. L-penbutolol (100 microgram/Kg) and dl-propranolol (100 microgram/Kg) prolonged A-V conduction and reduced excitability of ventricular muscle significantly. L-penbutolol less prolonged A-V conduction than dl-propranolol. 2. Both l-penbutolol (50 microgram/Kg) and dl-propranolol (50 microgram/Kg) significantly prevented the lowering of ventricular tachycardia threshold in acute ischemia. These beta-blocking drugs are effective in the treatment of arrhythmia and l-penbutolol could be used safely, because of its weaker inhibition on A-V conduction.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effects of L-penbutolol and DL-propranolol. Comparison of the effects of these two drugs on conductivity and excitability in canine heart in vivo. The effects of l-penbutolol and dl-propranolol on A-V conduction, on excitability of ventricular muscle, and on ventricular tachycardia threshold in acute ischemia were compared, using anesthetized dogs. 1. L-penbutolol (100 microgram/Kg) and dl-propranolol (100 microgram/Kg) prolonged A-V conduction and reduced excitability of ventricular muscle significantly. L-penbutolol less prolonged A-V conduction than dl-propranolol. 2. Both l-penbutolol (50 microgram/Kg) and dl-propranolol (50 microgram/Kg) significantly prevented the lowering of ventricular tachycardia threshold in acute ischemia. These beta-blocking drugs are effective in the treatment of arrhythmia and l-penbutolol could be used safely, because of its weaker inhibition on A-V conduction.", "PMID": 501926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5534", "title": "Beneficial effect of diltiazem, a new antianginal drug, on angina pectoris at rest.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of diltiazem, a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative, on the frequency of anginal attack at rest was studied in 8 patients. Our own experience showed that diltiazem gave excellent results in patients with ST elevation (variant type) but its effect was insufficient in the patients whose ST segment was depressed during the attack.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of diltiazem, a new antianginal drug, on angina pectoris at rest. The effect of oral administration of diltiazem, a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative, on the frequency of anginal attack at rest was studied in 8 patients. Our own experience showed that diltiazem gave excellent results in patients with ST elevation (variant type) but its effect was insufficient in the patients whose ST segment was depressed during the attack.", "PMID": 501927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5535", "title": "Some observations on serum concentrations of digitoxin and digoxin.", "content": "Serum concentrations of digitoxin and digoxin were measured in 145 cases with various heart diseases receiving maintenance doses of digitalis. Digitalis toxicity was seen in only 2 cases (1.4%). Day-to-day variation of serum concentration while taking the same daily dose was small in digitoxin therapy (13.8%), but a considerable variation was seen in digoxin therapy (24.4%). Serum concentrations of both digitoxin and digoxin were measured in the patients receiving digitoxin, and there was a positive correlation between the two (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). This fact suggested that the effect of digitoxin was the sum of the effects of digitoxin and its metabolite, digoxin. In the patients taking digoxin, digitoxin was not detected in the serum. Serum digitoxin level had a significantly positive correlation to serum albumin level, presumably because digitoxin was retained in serum in the bound form to albumin. Minimal effective level, 10 ng/ml, was however obtained with higher daily dose of digitoxin in patients with lower serum albumin.", "contents": "Some observations on serum concentrations of digitoxin and digoxin. Serum concentrations of digitoxin and digoxin were measured in 145 cases with various heart diseases receiving maintenance doses of digitalis. Digitalis toxicity was seen in only 2 cases (1.4%). Day-to-day variation of serum concentration while taking the same daily dose was small in digitoxin therapy (13.8%), but a considerable variation was seen in digoxin therapy (24.4%). Serum concentrations of both digitoxin and digoxin were measured in the patients receiving digitoxin, and there was a positive correlation between the two (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). This fact suggested that the effect of digitoxin was the sum of the effects of digitoxin and its metabolite, digoxin. In the patients taking digoxin, digitoxin was not detected in the serum. Serum digitoxin level had a significantly positive correlation to serum albumin level, presumably because digitoxin was retained in serum in the bound form to albumin. Minimal effective level, 10 ng/ml, was however obtained with higher daily dose of digitoxin in patients with lower serum albumin.", "PMID": 501928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5536", "title": "Individual renin-aldosterone responses of clinically healthy young Japanese men to dietary sodium and posture.", "content": "Responses to the changes in dietary sodium and posture were investigated in 9 young clinically healthy Japanese males who customarily consumed a larger amount of salt than North Americans or Europeans of mixed white ethnic background. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and urinary aldosterone excretion rate (AER) differed at each end of 3- to 4-day spans on a \"control\", a high-salt and a low-salt diet and of furosemide administration. PRA and PAC, also determined during the upright position following the supine blood sampling, increased after only 1 hour of standing in each condition (p less than 0.05 or more). PRA and PAC were well correlated in all 4 conditions, regardless of the posture (r = 0.806, p less than 0.001). There were also highly significant correlations between the \"supine\" PRA or PAC and the preceding 24-hour AER (r = 0.869, p less than 0.001) for PRA; r = 0.855, p less than 0.001 for PAC). Correlation coefficients between PRA and PAC in 9 individual subjects ranged from 0.823 to 0.987. The estimates of constant and slope of the regression line between PRA and PAC varied from subject to subject. The renin-aldosterone axis in response to changes in dietary sodium and posture must be individually assessed.", "contents": "Individual renin-aldosterone responses of clinically healthy young Japanese men to dietary sodium and posture. Responses to the changes in dietary sodium and posture were investigated in 9 young clinically healthy Japanese males who customarily consumed a larger amount of salt than North Americans or Europeans of mixed white ethnic background. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and urinary aldosterone excretion rate (AER) differed at each end of 3- to 4-day spans on a \"control\", a high-salt and a low-salt diet and of furosemide administration. PRA and PAC, also determined during the upright position following the supine blood sampling, increased after only 1 hour of standing in each condition (p less than 0.05 or more). PRA and PAC were well correlated in all 4 conditions, regardless of the posture (r = 0.806, p less than 0.001). There were also highly significant correlations between the \"supine\" PRA or PAC and the preceding 24-hour AER (r = 0.869, p less than 0.001) for PRA; r = 0.855, p less than 0.001 for PAC). Correlation coefficients between PRA and PAC in 9 individual subjects ranged from 0.823 to 0.987. The estimates of constant and slope of the regression line between PRA and PAC varied from subject to subject. The renin-aldosterone axis in response to changes in dietary sodium and posture must be individually assessed.", "PMID": 501929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5537", "title": "Lysosomal hypothesis in evolution of myocardial infarction. Subcellular fractionation and electron microscopic cytochemical study.", "content": "Twenty-two cat hearts were perfused according to Langendorff technique and myocardial regional ischemia was induced by occlusion of left anterior coronary artery. Separation of particulate (bound) from soluble (free) fraction, and subsequent fractionation into plasma membranes, lysosomes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria were performed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. By ischemia for 60 min, particle-bound activity of cathepsin D decreased from 4.2 +/- 0.24 U/mg protein to 3.2 +/- 0.31 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01). Likewise, the particle-bound activity of beta-glucuronidase decreased from 11.9 +/- 0.92 U/mg protein to 6.2 +/- 1.28 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01). Accordingly, free/bound activity ratios of cathepsin D increased from 0.8 to 1.9 and beta-glucuronidase from 0.9 to 2.8, respectively. Conspicuous fall from 12.8 +/- 0.6 U/mg protein to 8.0 +/- 0.97 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01) in absolute specific activity of cathepsin D bound to the lysosomal fraction, presents definitive evidence of lysosomal release of the acid hydrolases during the early phase of myocardial ischemia. Electron microscopic observation of the ischemic myocytes revealed ultrastructural alterations of the lysosomes suggestive of autophagic degradation of various subcellular organelles.", "contents": "Lysosomal hypothesis in evolution of myocardial infarction. Subcellular fractionation and electron microscopic cytochemical study. Twenty-two cat hearts were perfused according to Langendorff technique and myocardial regional ischemia was induced by occlusion of left anterior coronary artery. Separation of particulate (bound) from soluble (free) fraction, and subsequent fractionation into plasma membranes, lysosomes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria were performed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. By ischemia for 60 min, particle-bound activity of cathepsin D decreased from 4.2 +/- 0.24 U/mg protein to 3.2 +/- 0.31 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01). Likewise, the particle-bound activity of beta-glucuronidase decreased from 11.9 +/- 0.92 U/mg protein to 6.2 +/- 1.28 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01). Accordingly, free/bound activity ratios of cathepsin D increased from 0.8 to 1.9 and beta-glucuronidase from 0.9 to 2.8, respectively. Conspicuous fall from 12.8 +/- 0.6 U/mg protein to 8.0 +/- 0.97 U/mg protein (p less than 0.01) in absolute specific activity of cathepsin D bound to the lysosomal fraction, presents definitive evidence of lysosomal release of the acid hydrolases during the early phase of myocardial ischemia. Electron microscopic observation of the ischemic myocytes revealed ultrastructural alterations of the lysosomes suggestive of autophagic degradation of various subcellular organelles.", "PMID": 501930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5538", "title": "Protection of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia by flavin-adenine-dinucleotide in canine heart.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of chlorpromazine(CPZ)-induced ventricular arrhythmia, the changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were followed after intravenous injection of CPZ (1 mg/Kg) in dogs. Following injection, VFT was decreased to 56.6 +/- 5.4% (mean +/- SE) of the initial level. Since flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) combines specifically with CPZ in vitro, we investigate whether or not prior treatment with FAD prevents the CPZ effect. With FAD (2 mg/Kg), the CPZ-induced decrease in VFT was significantly cancelled (92.2 +/- 4.2% of the initial level). Mitochondria isolated from canine heart after CPZ injection showed a significant decrease in respiratory control index and ADP/O. Effects of CPZ on canine heart mitochondria were also well cancelled by prior administration of FAD. The findings suggest that the arrhythmogenic action of CPZ might be associated in part with impaired function of heart mitochondria. These results also suggest that FAD might be useful in the treatment of the cardiac disturbances associated with overdosage of CPZ.", "contents": "Protection of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia by flavin-adenine-dinucleotide in canine heart. To investigate the mechanism of chlorpromazine(CPZ)-induced ventricular arrhythmia, the changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were followed after intravenous injection of CPZ (1 mg/Kg) in dogs. Following injection, VFT was decreased to 56.6 +/- 5.4% (mean +/- SE) of the initial level. Since flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) combines specifically with CPZ in vitro, we investigate whether or not prior treatment with FAD prevents the CPZ effect. With FAD (2 mg/Kg), the CPZ-induced decrease in VFT was significantly cancelled (92.2 +/- 4.2% of the initial level). Mitochondria isolated from canine heart after CPZ injection showed a significant decrease in respiratory control index and ADP/O. Effects of CPZ on canine heart mitochondria were also well cancelled by prior administration of FAD. The findings suggest that the arrhythmogenic action of CPZ might be associated in part with impaired function of heart mitochondria. These results also suggest that FAD might be useful in the treatment of the cardiac disturbances associated with overdosage of CPZ.", "PMID": 501931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5539", "title": "A comparison of enzyme activity for energy production in the myocardium and conduction system.", "content": "Specific activities of enzymes in bovine hearts were measured. The enzyme activity ratios between the conduction system and the myocardium were 1.9 for G-6-PDH, 1.2 for PFK, 0.5 for total phosphorylase and LDH, 0.4 for GOT and MDH, 0.3 for SDH, 0.2 for Aldolase and CPK, and 0.1 for alpha GPDH. Approximate values for relative volume of Purkinje cells, nerve fibers and connective tissues in the conduction system were 30%, 8%, and 62%, respectively. It is concluded that activities of enzymes serving for anaerobic glycolysis in Purkinje cells are almost the same or slightly higher than those in the myocardium, and activity of enzyme for pentose shunt in the conductive tissue is higher than that in the myocardium.", "contents": "A comparison of enzyme activity for energy production in the myocardium and conduction system. Specific activities of enzymes in bovine hearts were measured. The enzyme activity ratios between the conduction system and the myocardium were 1.9 for G-6-PDH, 1.2 for PFK, 0.5 for total phosphorylase and LDH, 0.4 for GOT and MDH, 0.3 for SDH, 0.2 for Aldolase and CPK, and 0.1 for alpha GPDH. Approximate values for relative volume of Purkinje cells, nerve fibers and connective tissues in the conduction system were 30%, 8%, and 62%, respectively. It is concluded that activities of enzymes serving for anaerobic glycolysis in Purkinje cells are almost the same or slightly higher than those in the myocardium, and activity of enzyme for pentose shunt in the conductive tissue is higher than that in the myocardium.", "PMID": 501932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5540", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic findings of left ventricular thrombi in a ten-year-old patient with cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Using cross-sectional echocardiography, left ventricular thrombi were easily found in a 10-year-old boy suffering from congestive heart failure resulting from long-standing endocardial fibroelastosis. Ten days after this procedure, the patient suddenly manifested the signs of acute embolic occlusion of the abdominal aorta and succumbed. Emboli removed from the aorta were histologically confirmed to be organized thrombi. Cross-sectional echocardiography was useful in the antemortem detection of left ventricular thrombi in this pediatric patient.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic findings of left ventricular thrombi in a ten-year-old patient with cardiomyopathy. Using cross-sectional echocardiography, left ventricular thrombi were easily found in a 10-year-old boy suffering from congestive heart failure resulting from long-standing endocardial fibroelastosis. Ten days after this procedure, the patient suddenly manifested the signs of acute embolic occlusion of the abdominal aorta and succumbed. Emboli removed from the aorta were histologically confirmed to be organized thrombi. Cross-sectional echocardiography was useful in the antemortem detection of left ventricular thrombi in this pediatric patient.", "PMID": 501933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5541", "title": "Distribution of colloidal carbon in lymph nodes of mice injected by different routes.", "content": "Systemic distribution of colloidal carbon injected by different routes was examined microscopically at 24 hr postinjection, After intravenous injection, carbon was mildly distributed in postcapillary venules of systemic lymph nodes, in addition to heavy deposition in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Carbon was deposited also in lymphatic sinuses of mediastinal and pancreatic lymph nodes, indicating redistribution through the lymphatic route. In other extravascular injection routes, carbon was distributed predominantly in the lymphatic sinus, follicle and paracortex of regional lymph nodes draining from the injected sites, while a systemic distribution of a smaller amount was observed also in distally located nodes, liver, spleen or bone marrow. Distribution at postcapillary venules was observed also after intraperitoneal injection when the dose was increased. It was noted that different lymph nodes was involved according to the site of subcutaneous injection, either ventral or dorsal. After intradermal injection at the rightforefootpad, carbon was distributed more extensively in reticular tissues than injection at the leftforefootpad.", "contents": "Distribution of colloidal carbon in lymph nodes of mice injected by different routes. Systemic distribution of colloidal carbon injected by different routes was examined microscopically at 24 hr postinjection, After intravenous injection, carbon was mildly distributed in postcapillary venules of systemic lymph nodes, in addition to heavy deposition in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Carbon was deposited also in lymphatic sinuses of mediastinal and pancreatic lymph nodes, indicating redistribution through the lymphatic route. In other extravascular injection routes, carbon was distributed predominantly in the lymphatic sinus, follicle and paracortex of regional lymph nodes draining from the injected sites, while a systemic distribution of a smaller amount was observed also in distally located nodes, liver, spleen or bone marrow. Distribution at postcapillary venules was observed also after intraperitoneal injection when the dose was increased. It was noted that different lymph nodes was involved according to the site of subcutaneous injection, either ventral or dorsal. After intradermal injection at the rightforefootpad, carbon was distributed more extensively in reticular tissues than injection at the leftforefootpad.", "PMID": 502078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5542", "title": "Serum proteins in breast cancer.", "content": "Thirty-nine women admitted to the Main Medical Center for biopsy of a lump in the breast has been followed sequentially for six months to determine whether a diagnostic profile of plasma protein changes occurs in early breast cancer, compared to non malignant breast disease, and whether plasma protein changes in breast cancer patients could be correlated with the spread of the tumor. Eighteen women had early operable breast cancer and twenty-one had benign breast disease. Each patient had 10 serum proteins measured preoperatively and post-operatively at three and six months. The patients with breast cancer had significantly higher levels of beta 2 glycoprotein preoperatively and ceruloplasmin at six months postoperatively than those with benign breast disease. There were a number of significant correlations between serum protein levels and the progression of breast cancer as measured by the clinical score. There were significant correlation with ceruloplasmin properatively and at three months postoperatively. Prealbumin and hemopexin showed correlations preoperatively: alpha 1 antitrypsin and beta 2 glycoprotein only correlated at three months postoperatively. Longer follow up will be required to establish the value of serum protein changes which could predict the development of metastases in patients with breast cancer.", "contents": "Serum proteins in breast cancer. Thirty-nine women admitted to the Main Medical Center for biopsy of a lump in the breast has been followed sequentially for six months to determine whether a diagnostic profile of plasma protein changes occurs in early breast cancer, compared to non malignant breast disease, and whether plasma protein changes in breast cancer patients could be correlated with the spread of the tumor. Eighteen women had early operable breast cancer and twenty-one had benign breast disease. Each patient had 10 serum proteins measured preoperatively and post-operatively at three and six months. The patients with breast cancer had significantly higher levels of beta 2 glycoprotein preoperatively and ceruloplasmin at six months postoperatively than those with benign breast disease. There were a number of significant correlations between serum protein levels and the progression of breast cancer as measured by the clinical score. There were significant correlation with ceruloplasmin properatively and at three months postoperatively. Prealbumin and hemopexin showed correlations preoperatively: alpha 1 antitrypsin and beta 2 glycoprotein only correlated at three months postoperatively. Longer follow up will be required to establish the value of serum protein changes which could predict the development of metastases in patients with breast cancer.", "PMID": 502079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5543", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of elastase-induced experimental emphysema.", "content": "Experimental emphysema in the guinea pig was made by intracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase in order to analyze the proteolytic factors related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Ultrastructural and morphometric studies were performed in the elastase-induced emphysema in vivo. The following results were obtained: 1) Ultrastructural studies in vivo revealed that interstitial edema and degradation of fibrous tissue already occurred 2 hours after elastase instillation. Subsequently we observed fragmentations of elastin and dissociation between elastic tissue and collagen fibers 2 days later. Apparent degradation and fragmentation of elastin was found after 7 days. 2) Morphometric studies by electron microscope on elastase-induced experimental emphysema showed significant degradation of elastin fragments. Thus, it was suggested the importance of elastolytic process on the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of elastase-induced experimental emphysema. Experimental emphysema in the guinea pig was made by intracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase in order to analyze the proteolytic factors related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Ultrastructural and morphometric studies were performed in the elastase-induced emphysema in vivo. The following results were obtained: 1) Ultrastructural studies in vivo revealed that interstitial edema and degradation of fibrous tissue already occurred 2 hours after elastase instillation. Subsequently we observed fragmentations of elastin and dissociation between elastic tissue and collagen fibers 2 days later. Apparent degradation and fragmentation of elastin was found after 7 days. 2) Morphometric studies by electron microscope on elastase-induced experimental emphysema showed significant degradation of elastin fragments. Thus, it was suggested the importance of elastolytic process on the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema.", "PMID": 502080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5544", "title": "Resealing of erythrocyte membranes after hypotonic hemolysis.", "content": "A new quantitative method to study kinetics of resealing of erythrocyte membrane, defined as the recovery of impermeability to dextran, was established. Erythrocyte membrane pre-labelled with 125I were incubated under various conditions. Sealed and unsealed membranes were separated using dextran density gradient centrifugation. Sealed membranes which are impermeable to dextran were recovered from the top of the centrifuge tube, while unsealed membranes were recovered from the bottom of the tube. Degree of resealing was calculated from the counts of 125I recovered from sealed membrane fraction. The resealing of membrane from human erythrocyte after hypotonic hemolysis was dependent on the incubation temperature. Resealing was rapid above 30 degrees C, while it was not observed below 20 degrees C. The process completed within 1 hr at 37 degrees C. Ionic strength of the medium is also an important factor which controls the resealing process. The effect of NaCl in the medium on resealing was biphasic. In the lower range of NaCl (0-50 mM) there was gradual decrease of resealing capacity. Above 50 mM, the capacity was again increased. The mode of resealing of sheep and rabbit erythrocyte membranes was rather different from that observed in human erythrocyte. Under the present experimental condition, these erythrocyte membranes did not reseal well. The immediate resealing, which is observed in human erythrocyte upon hemolysis in the presence of Mg++ or Ca++ ions, was observed neither in sheep erythrocyte membranes nor rabbit ones.", "contents": "Resealing of erythrocyte membranes after hypotonic hemolysis. A new quantitative method to study kinetics of resealing of erythrocyte membrane, defined as the recovery of impermeability to dextran, was established. Erythrocyte membrane pre-labelled with 125I were incubated under various conditions. Sealed and unsealed membranes were separated using dextran density gradient centrifugation. Sealed membranes which are impermeable to dextran were recovered from the top of the centrifuge tube, while unsealed membranes were recovered from the bottom of the tube. Degree of resealing was calculated from the counts of 125I recovered from sealed membrane fraction. The resealing of membrane from human erythrocyte after hypotonic hemolysis was dependent on the incubation temperature. Resealing was rapid above 30 degrees C, while it was not observed below 20 degrees C. The process completed within 1 hr at 37 degrees C. Ionic strength of the medium is also an important factor which controls the resealing process. The effect of NaCl in the medium on resealing was biphasic. In the lower range of NaCl (0-50 mM) there was gradual decrease of resealing capacity. Above 50 mM, the capacity was again increased. The mode of resealing of sheep and rabbit erythrocyte membranes was rather different from that observed in human erythrocyte. Under the present experimental condition, these erythrocyte membranes did not reseal well. The immediate resealing, which is observed in human erythrocyte upon hemolysis in the presence of Mg++ or Ca++ ions, was observed neither in sheep erythrocyte membranes nor rabbit ones.", "PMID": 502081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5545", "title": "Lipid composition of brain in a patient with mental retardation due to encephalopathy in an infantile period and one due to homocystinuria.", "content": "The lipid compositions of brains of a patient with etiologically unknown encephalopathy (ECP) in an early infantile period and a patient with homocystinuria (HCU) were investigated. In the ECP brain the total lipid content and all lipid classes decreased and the degree of the reduction was more conspicuous in the gray matter than in the white matter. The ganglioside distribution was altered in the ECP brain and the ganglioside long-chain base composition was the infantile pattern. It was shown that damage inflicted on an immature brain leaves persistent effects on lipid metabolism in the course of future brain development, resulting mental and neurological dysfunction. The HCU brain retained almost a normal lipid composition. Among disorders of amino acid metabolism it was found that HCU did not significantly affect lipid metabolism in the brain.", "contents": "Lipid composition of brain in a patient with mental retardation due to encephalopathy in an infantile period and one due to homocystinuria. The lipid compositions of brains of a patient with etiologically unknown encephalopathy (ECP) in an early infantile period and a patient with homocystinuria (HCU) were investigated. In the ECP brain the total lipid content and all lipid classes decreased and the degree of the reduction was more conspicuous in the gray matter than in the white matter. The ganglioside distribution was altered in the ECP brain and the ganglioside long-chain base composition was the infantile pattern. It was shown that damage inflicted on an immature brain leaves persistent effects on lipid metabolism in the course of future brain development, resulting mental and neurological dysfunction. The HCU brain retained almost a normal lipid composition. Among disorders of amino acid metabolism it was found that HCU did not significantly affect lipid metabolism in the brain.", "PMID": 502082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5546", "title": "A simplified assay for neutrophil chemotactic activity of lymphocyte culture supernatants.", "content": "A simplified assay was developed to determine the chemotactic activity of lymphokines for neutrophils in guinea pigs. The neutrophils migrated by chemotaxis to lymphokines through a nucleopore membrane into the lower compartment of the Boyden's chamber and were situated on the bottom cover glass. The number of the cells was counted directly under an inverted microscope. This method is simple, because the staining of the membrane can be omitted. It is also possible to follow the number of responding cells with the time lapsed in each chamber. Furthermore, the method was proved to be sensitive, quantitative and reproducible. The results obtained by this method were compared with those by the conventional methods.", "contents": "A simplified assay for neutrophil chemotactic activity of lymphocyte culture supernatants. A simplified assay was developed to determine the chemotactic activity of lymphokines for neutrophils in guinea pigs. The neutrophils migrated by chemotaxis to lymphokines through a nucleopore membrane into the lower compartment of the Boyden's chamber and were situated on the bottom cover glass. The number of the cells was counted directly under an inverted microscope. This method is simple, because the staining of the membrane can be omitted. It is also possible to follow the number of responding cells with the time lapsed in each chamber. Furthermore, the method was proved to be sensitive, quantitative and reproducible. The results obtained by this method were compared with those by the conventional methods.", "PMID": 502083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5547", "title": "Detection of antibodies in Schistosoma japonicum infections by a micro-technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "Antibodies in Schistosoma japonicum infections were successfully detected by micro-technique (0.3ml/well) of ELISA on polystyrene microtiter plates using peroxidase labelled anti-human IgG and 5-amino salicylic acid as conjugate and substrate, respectively. Serum samples collected from 22 proven patients in Leyte, Philippines showed titers of higher than 1:960 in 18 cases, 1:240 in 2 cases and 1:120 in 2 cases whereas titers of 22 proven negative sera collected in Tokyo were less than 1:15. Though the reaction was read by spectrophotometry in the present study, the difference of reactions between positive and negative sera was so clear as to be recognizable readily by visual readings.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies in Schistosoma japonicum infections by a micro-technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies in Schistosoma japonicum infections were successfully detected by micro-technique (0.3ml/well) of ELISA on polystyrene microtiter plates using peroxidase labelled anti-human IgG and 5-amino salicylic acid as conjugate and substrate, respectively. Serum samples collected from 22 proven patients in Leyte, Philippines showed titers of higher than 1:960 in 18 cases, 1:240 in 2 cases and 1:120 in 2 cases whereas titers of 22 proven negative sera collected in Tokyo were less than 1:15. Though the reaction was read by spectrophotometry in the present study, the difference of reactions between positive and negative sera was so clear as to be recognizable readily by visual readings.", "PMID": 502084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5548", "title": "Total internal mechanical work of ventricle assessed from quick release pressure-volume curve.", "content": "A method is proposed for direct assessment of the total internal mechanical work of the cardiac ventricle from a pressure-volume diagram. First, a quick release pressure-volume curve of the lumped series elasticity of the ventricle is recorded. Next, this curve is transcribed on a pressure-volume loop diagram of a contraction of interest in such a way that the quick release curve passes through the end-systolic pressure-volume data point of the loop. Finally, planimetry of the triangular area bounded by the quick release curve, the isovolumic relaxation segment of the loop and the diastolic pressure-volume curve gives total ventricular mechanical internal work performed on the lumped series elasticity of the ventricle during systole. This method is much simpler and more direct than the conventional analytical method which requires a relatively simple geometric model of the ventricle, a formula for series elasticity with appropriate stiffness constants and a series of mathematical calculations based on many unverified assumptions on the shape, structure and mechanical properties of the ventricle.", "contents": "Total internal mechanical work of ventricle assessed from quick release pressure-volume curve. A method is proposed for direct assessment of the total internal mechanical work of the cardiac ventricle from a pressure-volume diagram. First, a quick release pressure-volume curve of the lumped series elasticity of the ventricle is recorded. Next, this curve is transcribed on a pressure-volume loop diagram of a contraction of interest in such a way that the quick release curve passes through the end-systolic pressure-volume data point of the loop. Finally, planimetry of the triangular area bounded by the quick release curve, the isovolumic relaxation segment of the loop and the diastolic pressure-volume curve gives total ventricular mechanical internal work performed on the lumped series elasticity of the ventricle during systole. This method is much simpler and more direct than the conventional analytical method which requires a relatively simple geometric model of the ventricle, a formula for series elasticity with appropriate stiffness constants and a series of mathematical calculations based on many unverified assumptions on the shape, structure and mechanical properties of the ventricle.", "PMID": 502085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5549", "title": "Non-uniform oxygen supply to the left ventricular myocardium by systolic perfusion of coronary artery.", "content": "The left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery (LAD) of anesthetized, open-chest dogs was perfused by intraventricular pressure (systolic perfusion) and aortic blood pressure (aortic perfusion) alternately. When the LAD perfusion was switched from aortic perfusion to the systolic one, the subendocardial PO2 decreased to 9.8 mmHg, on an average, in 1 to 2 min from the initial level of 18.9 mmHg obtained during the aortic perfusion. On total occlusion of LAD, the subendocardial PO2 fell to 4.5 mmHg, while the subepicardial PO2 showed no significant change. These results suggest that a small amount of oxygen is transported to the subendocardium during the systolic phase despite the impaired blood flow to the subendocardium and that the oxygen supply to subepicardium can be supported even though the LAD perfusion is restricted to the systolic phase.", "contents": "Non-uniform oxygen supply to the left ventricular myocardium by systolic perfusion of coronary artery. The left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery (LAD) of anesthetized, open-chest dogs was perfused by intraventricular pressure (systolic perfusion) and aortic blood pressure (aortic perfusion) alternately. When the LAD perfusion was switched from aortic perfusion to the systolic one, the subendocardial PO2 decreased to 9.8 mmHg, on an average, in 1 to 2 min from the initial level of 18.9 mmHg obtained during the aortic perfusion. On total occlusion of LAD, the subendocardial PO2 fell to 4.5 mmHg, while the subepicardial PO2 showed no significant change. These results suggest that a small amount of oxygen is transported to the subendocardium during the systolic phase despite the impaired blood flow to the subendocardium and that the oxygen supply to subepicardium can be supported even though the LAD perfusion is restricted to the systolic phase.", "PMID": 502086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5550", "title": "Effect of transverse tubule-disruption on 14C-caffeine influx in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "Effect of transverse tubule-disruption (T-disruption) on 14C-caffeine influx was studied using small bundles, consisting of 40 to 50 fibers, of frog semitendinosus muscle. The peak tension of caffeine contracture was inhibited by about 69% at 5 mM caffeine and by about 31% at 7 mM caffeine by T-disruption. In addition, the amount of caffeine influx in a small bundle was inhibited by about 52% at 5 mM caffeine and by about 28% at 7 mM caffeine by T-disruption, corresponding to the inhibition of the peak tension of caffeine contracture by T-disruption. These findings support our previous suggestion that caffeine enters the muscle fibers through the surface membrane and transverse tubuler membrane (T-membrane), and that the T-membrane contributes to the entry of caffeine more greatly at 5 mM caffeine than at 7 mM caffeine. Moreover, at 5 mM caffeine it was noted that there is a slight difference between the extent of inhibition of the caffeine influx and that of the peak contracture tension. From these results, it could be concluded that the inhibition of peak tension of caffeine contracture by T-disruption is mainly due to the inhibition of caffeine influx which occurs through the T-membrane and is partly due to the functional disturbance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which is probably induced by T-disruption.", "contents": "Effect of transverse tubule-disruption on 14C-caffeine influx in frog skeletal muscle. Effect of transverse tubule-disruption (T-disruption) on 14C-caffeine influx was studied using small bundles, consisting of 40 to 50 fibers, of frog semitendinosus muscle. The peak tension of caffeine contracture was inhibited by about 69% at 5 mM caffeine and by about 31% at 7 mM caffeine by T-disruption. In addition, the amount of caffeine influx in a small bundle was inhibited by about 52% at 5 mM caffeine and by about 28% at 7 mM caffeine by T-disruption, corresponding to the inhibition of the peak tension of caffeine contracture by T-disruption. These findings support our previous suggestion that caffeine enters the muscle fibers through the surface membrane and transverse tubuler membrane (T-membrane), and that the T-membrane contributes to the entry of caffeine more greatly at 5 mM caffeine than at 7 mM caffeine. Moreover, at 5 mM caffeine it was noted that there is a slight difference between the extent of inhibition of the caffeine influx and that of the peak contracture tension. From these results, it could be concluded that the inhibition of peak tension of caffeine contracture by T-disruption is mainly due to the inhibition of caffeine influx which occurs through the T-membrane and is partly due to the functional disturbance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which is probably induced by T-disruption.", "PMID": 502087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5551", "title": "Receptive-field properties of cells in the dorsal part of the albino rat's lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Receptive-field properties of 273 relay (principal, P-) cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) were studied in urethane-anesthetized albino rats, in an attempt to see if there is some relation between the visual property and the conduction velocity of afferent optic nerve fibers. According to properties of the receptive-field center, P-cells were classified into two types, common (89%) and uncommon (11%). The common type consists of OFF-phasic, ON-phasic, ON-tonic and ON-OFF-phasic cells, while the uncommon type includes ON-inhibited, moving-sensitive, ON-OFF-inhibited, simple-cell-like and complex-cell-like cells. The mean response latency to single optic chiasm shocks increases in the order of OFF-phasic (1.94 msec), ON-phasic (2.35 msec), ON-tonic (2.87 msec), ON-OFF-phasic cells (3.04 msec) and uncommon type (3.18 msec). The mean size of the receptive-field center in each of the four common types was smaller than that in the uncommon type; 6 degrees--7 degrees vs. 11 degrees. From responsiveness to moving light spots with speeds faster than 25 degrees--30 degrees/sec, P-cells of the common type were divided into the fast- and slow-movement-sensitive cells. The ratio of occurrences of fast- to slow-movement-sensitive cells decreases in the order of the OFF-phasic (2.7), ON-phasic (2.4), ON-tonic (1.1) and ON-OFF-phasic types (0.06). The optic chiasm latencies were shorter than 2.5 msec in most of the fast-movement-sensitive cells while the reverse was true for most of the slow-movement-sensitive cells. From these findings discussions were made to point out that the rat LGd mainly consists of Y- and W-like P-cells and that the Y/W dichotomy of P-cells approximately corresponds to the previously established fast/slow classification.", "contents": "Receptive-field properties of cells in the dorsal part of the albino rat's lateral geniculate nucleus. Receptive-field properties of 273 relay (principal, P-) cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) were studied in urethane-anesthetized albino rats, in an attempt to see if there is some relation between the visual property and the conduction velocity of afferent optic nerve fibers. According to properties of the receptive-field center, P-cells were classified into two types, common (89%) and uncommon (11%). The common type consists of OFF-phasic, ON-phasic, ON-tonic and ON-OFF-phasic cells, while the uncommon type includes ON-inhibited, moving-sensitive, ON-OFF-inhibited, simple-cell-like and complex-cell-like cells. The mean response latency to single optic chiasm shocks increases in the order of OFF-phasic (1.94 msec), ON-phasic (2.35 msec), ON-tonic (2.87 msec), ON-OFF-phasic cells (3.04 msec) and uncommon type (3.18 msec). The mean size of the receptive-field center in each of the four common types was smaller than that in the uncommon type; 6 degrees--7 degrees vs. 11 degrees. From responsiveness to moving light spots with speeds faster than 25 degrees--30 degrees/sec, P-cells of the common type were divided into the fast- and slow-movement-sensitive cells. The ratio of occurrences of fast- to slow-movement-sensitive cells decreases in the order of the OFF-phasic (2.7), ON-phasic (2.4), ON-tonic (1.1) and ON-OFF-phasic types (0.06). The optic chiasm latencies were shorter than 2.5 msec in most of the fast-movement-sensitive cells while the reverse was true for most of the slow-movement-sensitive cells. From these findings discussions were made to point out that the rat LGd mainly consists of Y- and W-like P-cells and that the Y/W dichotomy of P-cells approximately corresponds to the previously established fast/slow classification.", "PMID": 502088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5552", "title": "Responses of the transmembrane potential coupled to the ATP-evoked catecholamine release in isolated chromaffin granules.", "content": "Using suspensions of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adreno-medullae, the effects of Mg2+.ATP on membrane potential and catecholamine release across membranes of granules were investigated. The release of catecholamine was monitored by the measurement of changes in endogenous fluorescence of the amines, while the fluorometric method with 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diS-C3-(5)) was applied to the measurement of membrane potential changes. The catecholamine release brought about by Mg2+.ATP was found to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km-value for Mg2+ of about 0.15 mM and to be inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), an inhibitor of membrane-bound H+-ATPase. Concomitantly with such an amine release, depolarization of the granule membrane was observed to occur. The magnitude of this depolarization closely paralleled with the rate of the amine release and followed a saturation kinetics of Michaelis-Menten type with Km for Mg2+ of 0.21 mM and for ATP of 0.22 mM. Moreover, such a depolarization was competitively suppressed by DCCD. Based on these results, the role of the transmembrane potential change of granules in the catecholamine release was discussed.", "contents": "Responses of the transmembrane potential coupled to the ATP-evoked catecholamine release in isolated chromaffin granules. Using suspensions of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adreno-medullae, the effects of Mg2+.ATP on membrane potential and catecholamine release across membranes of granules were investigated. The release of catecholamine was monitored by the measurement of changes in endogenous fluorescence of the amines, while the fluorometric method with 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diS-C3-(5)) was applied to the measurement of membrane potential changes. The catecholamine release brought about by Mg2+.ATP was found to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km-value for Mg2+ of about 0.15 mM and to be inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), an inhibitor of membrane-bound H+-ATPase. Concomitantly with such an amine release, depolarization of the granule membrane was observed to occur. The magnitude of this depolarization closely paralleled with the rate of the amine release and followed a saturation kinetics of Michaelis-Menten type with Km for Mg2+ of 0.21 mM and for ATP of 0.22 mM. Moreover, such a depolarization was competitively suppressed by DCCD. Based on these results, the role of the transmembrane potential change of granules in the catecholamine release was discussed.", "PMID": 502089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5553", "title": "Breathing rhythm-generation in the adult lamprey, Entosphenus japonicus.", "content": "1. The breathing rhythm-generation mechanism was studied throughout the entire body of the adult lamperey, Entosphenus japonicus, with the body fixed by a specially-designed holder. 2. After brain-stem transection, the rostral part (pontine area) and the caudal part of the medulla (Fig. 2) were found not essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm: the location of the medullary respiratory rhythm-generator was in the district limited by two cross-section lines (Fig.2). 3. Complete division of the brain-stem into two halves by midline section revealed that both of the two symmetrical halves could function independently with their own frequencies for 2 hr or longer. 4. Respiratory burst discharges were recorded from the isolated medial part of the medulla, preceded by a so-called diastolic slow depolarization. The forms of these neural activities resemble those reported in pacemaker cells in some crustacean heart ganglion. No periodic discharges correlating exclusively to the relaxation and/or resting period of branchial muscle were observed. 5. The reciprocal inhibition model was not necessarily considered a prerequisite for medullary respiratory rhythm-generation in the lamprey.", "contents": "Breathing rhythm-generation in the adult lamprey, Entosphenus japonicus. 1. The breathing rhythm-generation mechanism was studied throughout the entire body of the adult lamperey, Entosphenus japonicus, with the body fixed by a specially-designed holder. 2. After brain-stem transection, the rostral part (pontine area) and the caudal part of the medulla (Fig. 2) were found not essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm: the location of the medullary respiratory rhythm-generator was in the district limited by two cross-section lines (Fig.2). 3. Complete division of the brain-stem into two halves by midline section revealed that both of the two symmetrical halves could function independently with their own frequencies for 2 hr or longer. 4. Respiratory burst discharges were recorded from the isolated medial part of the medulla, preceded by a so-called diastolic slow depolarization. The forms of these neural activities resemble those reported in pacemaker cells in some crustacean heart ganglion. No periodic discharges correlating exclusively to the relaxation and/or resting period of branchial muscle were observed. 5. The reciprocal inhibition model was not necessarily considered a prerequisite for medullary respiratory rhythm-generation in the lamprey.", "PMID": 502090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5554", "title": "Influence of magnesium on the beta-inhibition of catecholamines in the uterine circular muscle of estrogen-treated rats.", "content": "The effects of Mg and isoprenaline on the uterine circular muscle of ovariectomized rats which were injected with estradiol for 2--6 days were investigated. The muscle strip exhibited an action potential that was composed of a spike and a plateau, and also exhibited a twitch-like contraction due to electrical stimulation. The duration of the action potential became longer when the treatment with estrogen was applied until the maximal effect was built up in 4--5 days. Both the duration of the action potential and the amplitude of contraction were reduced when isoprenaline was applied. When Mg (0.5 mM) was added to the bathing solution these beta-effects were progressively potentiated and the maximal effect was obtained in about 1 hr. An increase in membrane conductance was induced by the application of isoprenaline in a control Locke solution and it was further accelerated by exposure to Mg-containing solution. The possibility that the beta-action is potentiated by Mg ions which penetrated into the membrane is concluded.", "contents": "Influence of magnesium on the beta-inhibition of catecholamines in the uterine circular muscle of estrogen-treated rats. The effects of Mg and isoprenaline on the uterine circular muscle of ovariectomized rats which were injected with estradiol for 2--6 days were investigated. The muscle strip exhibited an action potential that was composed of a spike and a plateau, and also exhibited a twitch-like contraction due to electrical stimulation. The duration of the action potential became longer when the treatment with estrogen was applied until the maximal effect was built up in 4--5 days. Both the duration of the action potential and the amplitude of contraction were reduced when isoprenaline was applied. When Mg (0.5 mM) was added to the bathing solution these beta-effects were progressively potentiated and the maximal effect was obtained in about 1 hr. An increase in membrane conductance was induced by the application of isoprenaline in a control Locke solution and it was further accelerated by exposure to Mg-containing solution. The possibility that the beta-action is potentiated by Mg ions which penetrated into the membrane is concluded.", "PMID": 502091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5555", "title": "Cortically induced inhibition of neurons of rat substantia nigra (pars compacta).", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of prefrontal cortex upon neurons of substantia nigra (pars compacta) in anesthetized rats were mostly inhibition without antidromic excitation. By studying nigral neurons in which the inhibition from caudate-putamen was antagonized by iontophoretic bicuculline, it was found in only half of them that the same drug also antagonized the inhibition from prefrontal cortex.", "contents": "Cortically induced inhibition of neurons of rat substantia nigra (pars compacta). The effects of electrical stimulation of prefrontal cortex upon neurons of substantia nigra (pars compacta) in anesthetized rats were mostly inhibition without antidromic excitation. By studying nigral neurons in which the inhibition from caudate-putamen was antagonized by iontophoretic bicuculline, it was found in only half of them that the same drug also antagonized the inhibition from prefrontal cortex.", "PMID": 502092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5556", "title": "Treatment of drug-induced dystonic reactions.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of drug-induced dystonic reaction were treated by the author with diphenhydramine or benztropine mesylate, intramuscularly or intravenously, in a prospective, nonrandomized fashion. Recovery time with the two drugs was compared. Benztropine mesylate lessened recovery time in this case series. An epidemiological study of drug-induced dystonic reactions found that most of the patients were drug abusers. The commonest offensive agent in this case series was haloperidol. The most common dystonic reactions seen were buccolingual and torticollic.", "contents": "Treatment of drug-induced dystonic reactions. Thirty-two cases of drug-induced dystonic reaction were treated by the author with diphenhydramine or benztropine mesylate, intramuscularly or intravenously, in a prospective, nonrandomized fashion. Recovery time with the two drugs was compared. Benztropine mesylate lessened recovery time in this case series. An epidemiological study of drug-induced dystonic reactions found that most of the patients were drug abusers. The commonest offensive agent in this case series was haloperidol. The most common dystonic reactions seen were buccolingual and torticollic.", "PMID": 502106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5557", "title": "Evaluation of paramedic programs using outcomes of prehospital resuscitation for cardiac arrest.", "content": "Two evaluation methods, one statistical and one comparative, were developed to assess the effectiveness of paramedic programs in King County, Washington. The outcome of hospital admission following prehospital cardiac arrest was used as a measure of effectiveness. In the statistical method, actual outcomes were compared with predicted outcomes. Predictive variables for admission were time from collapse to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and time from collapse to definitive care. Given knowledge of the predictive variables, the statistical evaluation enabled us to determine the probability of the outcome following cardiac arrest. In the comparative method, outcomes were compared with a standard in an adjacent community. Using this method, we identified program elements that could lead to improved outcome. Both evaluation methods are easily implemented.", "contents": "Evaluation of paramedic programs using outcomes of prehospital resuscitation for cardiac arrest. Two evaluation methods, one statistical and one comparative, were developed to assess the effectiveness of paramedic programs in King County, Washington. The outcome of hospital admission following prehospital cardiac arrest was used as a measure of effectiveness. In the statistical method, actual outcomes were compared with predicted outcomes. Predictive variables for admission were time from collapse to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and time from collapse to definitive care. Given knowledge of the predictive variables, the statistical evaluation enabled us to determine the probability of the outcome following cardiac arrest. In the comparative method, outcomes were compared with a standard in an adjacent community. Using this method, we identified program elements that could lead to improved outcome. Both evaluation methods are easily implemented.", "PMID": 502107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5558", "title": "Suicidal overdoses with hypoglycemic agents.", "content": "Suicide attempts using hypoglycemic agents are uncommon but are associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality. Their recognition is sometimes difficult and the duration of hypoglycemic effect is often prolonged. Two cases that illustrate the difficulties encountered in recognition and therapy are described. Effective therapy depends on adequate glucose supplementation to maintain euglycemia. Therapeutic intervention often must be maintained for several days. Glucocorticoids may be useful in difficult cases. Other modes of therapy, including glucagon, are unproven or controversial.", "contents": "Suicidal overdoses with hypoglycemic agents. Suicide attempts using hypoglycemic agents are uncommon but are associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality. Their recognition is sometimes difficult and the duration of hypoglycemic effect is often prolonged. Two cases that illustrate the difficulties encountered in recognition and therapy are described. Effective therapy depends on adequate glucose supplementation to maintain euglycemia. Therapeutic intervention often must be maintained for several days. Glucocorticoids may be useful in difficult cases. Other modes of therapy, including glucagon, are unproven or controversial.", "PMID": 502108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5559", "title": "Treatment of acute phenothiazine reaction.", "content": "Dystonic reactions induced by phenothiazines are not uncommon, yet rapid relief of symptoms is still often delayed. We think that a test dose of diphenhydramine should be given for its diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy when phenothiazine-induced dystonic reactions are suspected. Differential diagnostic testing should then proceed. We present three typical cases and discuss the therapy and diagnosis.", "contents": "Treatment of acute phenothiazine reaction. Dystonic reactions induced by phenothiazines are not uncommon, yet rapid relief of symptoms is still often delayed. We think that a test dose of diphenhydramine should be given for its diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy when phenothiazine-induced dystonic reactions are suspected. Differential diagnostic testing should then proceed. We present three typical cases and discuss the therapy and diagnosis.", "PMID": 502109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5560", "title": "Pneumomediastinum following the Heimlich maneuver.", "content": "The Heimlich maneuver appears to be a widely accepted technique advocated as a means of clearing an obstructed airway. Reports of complications have been few. We report a case of pneumomediastinum that occurred following the generation of increased pulmonary pressures during performance of the Heimlich maneuver.", "contents": "Pneumomediastinum following the Heimlich maneuver. The Heimlich maneuver appears to be a widely accepted technique advocated as a means of clearing an obstructed airway. Reports of complications have been few. We report a case of pneumomediastinum that occurred following the generation of increased pulmonary pressures during performance of the Heimlich maneuver.", "PMID": 502110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5561", "title": "Hereditary polyposis coli. II. Genetic counseling.", "content": "The problems of genetic counseling in hereditary polyposis coli (HPC)(taken as the type of the age-dependent dominant mendelian trait) are discussed in some detail. They are threefold: first to formalize, for purposes of decision, the total penalty (the \"fardel\") typically imposed by the disorder for each case, and how it may be modified by treatment; second, to determine the logical issues involved in making probability statements in the face of the uniqueness of each case; third, to use to best advantage the information on the pattern of onset to assess the probability that a person, at risk but not so far affected, does in fact harbor the gene. The third problem points up the need for a formal model of the pathogenesis and its implications for the pattern of onset and the sensitivity of the assessment to the assumptions of the model, especially where one has to rely on cross-sectional, as distinct from longitudinal, data.", "contents": "Hereditary polyposis coli. II. Genetic counseling. The problems of genetic counseling in hereditary polyposis coli (HPC)(taken as the type of the age-dependent dominant mendelian trait) are discussed in some detail. They are threefold: first to formalize, for purposes of decision, the total penalty (the \"fardel\") typically imposed by the disorder for each case, and how it may be modified by treatment; second, to determine the logical issues involved in making probability statements in the face of the uniqueness of each case; third, to use to best advantage the information on the pattern of onset to assess the probability that a person, at risk but not so far affected, does in fact harbor the gene. The third problem points up the need for a formal model of the pathogenesis and its implications for the pattern of onset and the sensitivity of the assessment to the assumptions of the model, especially where one has to rely on cross-sectional, as distinct from longitudinal, data.", "PMID": 502116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5562", "title": "Length of time between hospital admission and ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction: effect on prognosis.", "content": "We performed a community-wide study in metropolitan Baltimore to examine the prognostic role of length of time between hospital admission and ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest (VFib/CA) complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI). Risk of developing VFib/CA was particularly marked in the first few hours after admission to the hospital. We compared 128 patients experiencing VFib/CA within 48 hours of admission and 80 patients developing these complications after more than 48 hours. Patients with \"early\" VFib/CA exhibited a lower in-hospital case-fatality rate than those with \"late\" VBib/CA (67% versus 88%; p less than .01). Likewise, of patients discharged alive from the hospital and followed for as long as six years a greater proportion of the 38 with histories of \"early\" VFib/CA survived than of the 11 who had experienced \"late\" VFib/CA during hospital admission (.05 less than p less than .10). These results suggest that whereas \"early\" VFib/CA may reflect transitory myocardial electrical instability, \"late\" VFib/CA may indicate chronic instability and thus imply a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Length of time between hospital admission and ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest complicating acute myocardial infarction: effect on prognosis. We performed a community-wide study in metropolitan Baltimore to examine the prognostic role of length of time between hospital admission and ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest (VFib/CA) complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI). Risk of developing VFib/CA was particularly marked in the first few hours after admission to the hospital. We compared 128 patients experiencing VFib/CA within 48 hours of admission and 80 patients developing these complications after more than 48 hours. Patients with \"early\" VFib/CA exhibited a lower in-hospital case-fatality rate than those with \"late\" VBib/CA (67% versus 88%; p less than .01). Likewise, of patients discharged alive from the hospital and followed for as long as six years a greater proportion of the 38 with histories of \"early\" VFib/CA survived than of the 11 who had experienced \"late\" VFib/CA during hospital admission (.05 less than p less than .10). These results suggest that whereas \"early\" VFib/CA may reflect transitory myocardial electrical instability, \"late\" VFib/CA may indicate chronic instability and thus imply a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 502117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5563", "title": "Focal glomerulosclerosis and erythrocytosis.", "content": "A 22-year-old black male presented with erythrocytosis and proteinuria. The erythrocytosis was characterized by increased red cell mass, normal arterial oxygen saturation, and normal hemoglobin electrophoresis and oxygen affinity. There was no splenomegaly, and the white blood cell count, platelet count, serum uric acid concentration, serum B12 levels and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity were normal. Tumors of the liver, lung, kidney and cerebellum, which have been associated with erythrocytosis, were not found. The only associated disease was biopsy proven focal glomerulosclerosis. Renal vein thrombosis was excluded by renal venography and arteriography. This case illustrates the rarely reported association of the nephrotic syndrome and erythrocytosis. Other nephrogenic causes of erythrocytosis are mentioned, including renal cysts, tumors, renal artery stenosis and transplantation. The role of the kidney in erythropoietin production and possible mechanisms of nephrogenic erythrocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Focal glomerulosclerosis and erythrocytosis. A 22-year-old black male presented with erythrocytosis and proteinuria. The erythrocytosis was characterized by increased red cell mass, normal arterial oxygen saturation, and normal hemoglobin electrophoresis and oxygen affinity. There was no splenomegaly, and the white blood cell count, platelet count, serum uric acid concentration, serum B12 levels and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity were normal. Tumors of the liver, lung, kidney and cerebellum, which have been associated with erythrocytosis, were not found. The only associated disease was biopsy proven focal glomerulosclerosis. Renal vein thrombosis was excluded by renal venography and arteriography. This case illustrates the rarely reported association of the nephrotic syndrome and erythrocytosis. Other nephrogenic causes of erythrocytosis are mentioned, including renal cysts, tumors, renal artery stenosis and transplantation. The role of the kidney in erythropoietin production and possible mechanisms of nephrogenic erythrocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 502118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5564", "title": "[Pharmacological and clinical study of the liquid drug form of nonachlazine].", "content": "A 1.5% nonachlazin solution containing substances which promote its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract increases coronary blood flow in cats 2--3 minutes after its administration into the stomach. After single administration this solution arrests a developing attack of angina pectoris in patients, improves the findings of spiroergometry, and in regular (3 times daily) medication prevents attacks of angina pectoris or makes them occurs less frequently in the very first 24 hours. The solution is most effective in patients with a high or moderate coronary reserve and affection of one or, in a lesser degree, of two coronary arteries. The solution does not cause a drop in arterial pressure, headache or dizziness.", "contents": "[Pharmacological and clinical study of the liquid drug form of nonachlazine]. A 1.5% nonachlazin solution containing substances which promote its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract increases coronary blood flow in cats 2--3 minutes after its administration into the stomach. After single administration this solution arrests a developing attack of angina pectoris in patients, improves the findings of spiroergometry, and in regular (3 times daily) medication prevents attacks of angina pectoris or makes them occurs less frequently in the very first 24 hours. The solution is most effective in patients with a high or moderate coronary reserve and affection of one or, in a lesser degree, of two coronary arteries. The solution does not cause a drop in arterial pressure, headache or dizziness.", "PMID": 502162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5565", "title": "[Assessment of the dimensions and dynamics of the necrosis zone in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 165 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to the clinic within the first 24 hours of the disease, the size of the zone of affection and its dynamics in the immediate 4--5 days were appraised. Three methods were used for this purpose: cartographic analysis of the ECG in 35 precordial leads; vectorcardiography and serial determination of creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) in blood plasma with calculation of the size of the necrosis in units of weight (grams). It is shown that ECG-cartography and serial determination of serum CPK activity are valuable methods in quantitative appraisal of the size of the necrotic focus in patients with myocardial infarction. Study of the ECG-cardiogram and vectorcardiogram in dynamics and analysis of CPK activity curves enables one to appraise the spreading of the zone of the necrosis in the first days of the infarction. According to the results of these methods, in most patients (68 to 82%) with macrofocal myocardial infarction the zone of the necrosis spreads in length and in depths in the first days of the disease.", "contents": "[Assessment of the dimensions and dynamics of the necrosis zone in acute myocardial infarct]. In 165 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to the clinic within the first 24 hours of the disease, the size of the zone of affection and its dynamics in the immediate 4--5 days were appraised. Three methods were used for this purpose: cartographic analysis of the ECG in 35 precordial leads; vectorcardiography and serial determination of creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) in blood plasma with calculation of the size of the necrosis in units of weight (grams). It is shown that ECG-cartography and serial determination of serum CPK activity are valuable methods in quantitative appraisal of the size of the necrotic focus in patients with myocardial infarction. Study of the ECG-cardiogram and vectorcardiogram in dynamics and analysis of CPK activity curves enables one to appraise the spreading of the zone of the necrosis in the first days of the infarction. According to the results of these methods, in most patients (68 to 82%) with macrofocal myocardial infarction the zone of the necrosis spreads in length and in depths in the first days of the disease.", "PMID": 502163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5566", "title": "[Microfocal myocardial infarct as a variant of exacerbation of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The results of long-term (3- to 4-year) follow-up of 180 patients with microfocal myocardial infarction are analysed. The difference in the course and prognosis of primary and recurrent microfocal myocardial infarction is determined. It is shown that microfocal myocardial infarction as a form of exacerbation of ischemic heart disease is characterized by a complex of syndromes differing from the typical picture of marcrofocal myocardial infarction. As compared to macrofocal myocardial infarction, the course of the disease after microfocal myocardial infarction is characterized by more frequent exacerbations of coronary insufficiency and a greater tendency toward the development of recurrent myocardial infarction. In some cases, microfocal myocardial infarction heralds the development of macrofocal myocardial infarction with a severe course and high mortality rate, which provides the grounds for the conclusion that patients with microfocal myocardial infarction have a lower coronary reserve.", "contents": "[Microfocal myocardial infarct as a variant of exacerbation of ischemic heart disease]. The results of long-term (3- to 4-year) follow-up of 180 patients with microfocal myocardial infarction are analysed. The difference in the course and prognosis of primary and recurrent microfocal myocardial infarction is determined. It is shown that microfocal myocardial infarction as a form of exacerbation of ischemic heart disease is characterized by a complex of syndromes differing from the typical picture of marcrofocal myocardial infarction. As compared to macrofocal myocardial infarction, the course of the disease after microfocal myocardial infarction is characterized by more frequent exacerbations of coronary insufficiency and a greater tendency toward the development of recurrent myocardial infarction. In some cases, microfocal myocardial infarction heralds the development of macrofocal myocardial infarction with a severe course and high mortality rate, which provides the grounds for the conclusion that patients with microfocal myocardial infarction have a lower coronary reserve.", "PMID": 502164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5567", "title": "[Effect of the extent of the atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary arteries on the contractile capacity of the myocardium in ischemic heart diseases].", "content": "Myocardial contractile capacity was studied in 100 patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from myocardial infarction. All of them were subjected to electrocardiography, selective coronarography and left ventriculography. Depending on the entirety of the affection of the coronary channel the patients were grouped in four caterogies. The authors claim that determination of the entirety of the affection of coronary arteries in patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from myocardial infarction helps to judge the contractile capacity of the myocardium with a greater degree of credibility.", "contents": "[Effect of the extent of the atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary arteries on the contractile capacity of the myocardium in ischemic heart diseases]. Myocardial contractile capacity was studied in 100 patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from myocardial infarction. All of them were subjected to electrocardiography, selective coronarography and left ventriculography. Depending on the entirety of the affection of the coronary channel the patients were grouped in four caterogies. The authors claim that determination of the entirety of the affection of coronary arteries in patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from myocardial infarction helps to judge the contractile capacity of the myocardium with a greater degree of credibility.", "PMID": 502165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5568", "title": "[State of the myocardial contractile structures in different areas of the heart in myocardial infarct complicated by cardiogenic shock and congestive circulatory failure].", "content": "In myocardial infarction, destructive changes develop in the contractile elements of the heart muscle in the peri-infarction zones. The degree and extent of the myofibril involvement depend on the clinical course of myocardial infarction, the drug therapy applied, and the distance from the focus of necrosis. The most marked destructive changes were in the prenecrotic zone of the myocardium in individuals with cardiogenic shock or severe congestive cardiac failure with clinical symptoms of glycoside intoxication. Gross focal contractures of myofibrils were found, which subsequently underwent fibrinoid necrosis. There were also areas of myofibril relaxation with dissociation of the actin fibers and destruction of the z-disks. The destructive changes in the myofibrils are due to a great extent to the effect of catecholamines, myocardial hypoxia, and glycoside intoxication. The disturbed orientation of the myofibril bundles in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction may play an essential role in the decrease of the myocardial contractile function and the development of extrasystolic arrhythmias.", "contents": "[State of the myocardial contractile structures in different areas of the heart in myocardial infarct complicated by cardiogenic shock and congestive circulatory failure]. In myocardial infarction, destructive changes develop in the contractile elements of the heart muscle in the peri-infarction zones. The degree and extent of the myofibril involvement depend on the clinical course of myocardial infarction, the drug therapy applied, and the distance from the focus of necrosis. The most marked destructive changes were in the prenecrotic zone of the myocardium in individuals with cardiogenic shock or severe congestive cardiac failure with clinical symptoms of glycoside intoxication. Gross focal contractures of myofibrils were found, which subsequently underwent fibrinoid necrosis. There were also areas of myofibril relaxation with dissociation of the actin fibers and destruction of the z-disks. The destructive changes in the myofibrils are due to a great extent to the effect of catecholamines, myocardial hypoxia, and glycoside intoxication. The disturbed orientation of the myofibril bundles in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction may play an essential role in the decrease of the myocardial contractile function and the development of extrasystolic arrhythmias.", "PMID": 502166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5569", "title": "[State of the microcirculation in myocardial ischemia and its alterations after depositing bioresorbing microspheres of Sephadex in the coronary bed].", "content": "It is shown that the diffusion capacity of the capillary channel diminishes in myocardial ischemia. In unchanged or increased capillary permeability this effect may only be explained by a functional shunt of the affected cardiac area. Intracoronary administration of a carrier of biologically active substances in the form of microspheres of modified Sephadex does not aggravate irregularity in the blood supply to the zone of ischemia, which is evidence of the adequacy of the organ reserves of the functional shunt in this situation.", "contents": "[State of the microcirculation in myocardial ischemia and its alterations after depositing bioresorbing microspheres of Sephadex in the coronary bed]. It is shown that the diffusion capacity of the capillary channel diminishes in myocardial ischemia. In unchanged or increased capillary permeability this effect may only be explained by a functional shunt of the affected cardiac area. Intracoronary administration of a carrier of biologically active substances in the form of microspheres of modified Sephadex does not aggravate irregularity in the blood supply to the zone of ischemia, which is evidence of the adequacy of the organ reserves of the functional shunt in this situation.", "PMID": 502168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5570", "title": "[Importance of the radioimmune method of determining renin activity in the blood plasma for the differential therapy of hypertension].", "content": "The results of differentiated treatment of patients with hypertensive disease depending on blood plasma renin activity are analyzed. Sixty-seven patients with hypertensive disease and 14 healthy individuals (controls) were examined. Sets of the JCN firm (USA) were used. Persons with high, moderate and low renin activity were distinguished among patients with hypertensive disease. Differentiated therapy was applied depending on the activity of renin: in high renin activity obsidan was given, in low activity drugs of the saluretic group were used. Treatment proved effective in 60 patients (89%). High renin activity is a prognostically unfavourable sign.", "contents": "[Importance of the radioimmune method of determining renin activity in the blood plasma for the differential therapy of hypertension]. The results of differentiated treatment of patients with hypertensive disease depending on blood plasma renin activity are analyzed. Sixty-seven patients with hypertensive disease and 14 healthy individuals (controls) were examined. Sets of the JCN firm (USA) were used. Persons with high, moderate and low renin activity were distinguished among patients with hypertensive disease. Differentiated therapy was applied depending on the activity of renin: in high renin activity obsidan was given, in low activity drugs of the saluretic group were used. Treatment proved effective in 60 patients (89%). High renin activity is a prognostically unfavourable sign.", "PMID": 502169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5571", "title": "[Arterial hypertension in psychopathological states of an endogenous nature].", "content": "The article describes the features and character of hypertension in certain psychopathological, mainly hypochondriac, states in an endogenous psychic disease. It is shown that the subjective pathopsychological state, the patients' complaints and functional vegetovascular disorders differ from those observed in patients suffering from true vascular diseases. The increase in arterial pressure in the patients studied follows earlier disturbances of the general condition. The dependence of the character of increase in arterial pressure and its tendency to stabilization on the acuity and urgency of senestopathy automatism is noted.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension in psychopathological states of an endogenous nature]. The article describes the features and character of hypertension in certain psychopathological, mainly hypochondriac, states in an endogenous psychic disease. It is shown that the subjective pathopsychological state, the patients' complaints and functional vegetovascular disorders differ from those observed in patients suffering from true vascular diseases. The increase in arterial pressure in the patients studied follows earlier disturbances of the general condition. The dependence of the character of increase in arterial pressure and its tendency to stabilization on the acuity and urgency of senestopathy automatism is noted.", "PMID": 502170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5572", "title": "[Administration of the catecholamine precursor, L-DOPA, for evaluating their in vivo biosynthesis in hypertension].", "content": "The activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system was studied in 19 healthy individuals and in 40 patients with grade IB and IIA hypertensive disease. The excretion of free and conjugated forms of catetcholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine) and the precursor of their synthesis DOPA was determined. Comparison of these values in the control period and after per os administration of L-DOPA (levodopa) showed that administration of the precursor makes it possible to appraise catecholamine biosynthesis in vivo on the level of the intact organism. The results indicate that in patients with hypertensive disease of the early stages the production of dopamine is increased, whereas that of noradrenaline is reduced.", "contents": "[Administration of the catecholamine precursor, L-DOPA, for evaluating their in vivo biosynthesis in hypertension]. The activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system was studied in 19 healthy individuals and in 40 patients with grade IB and IIA hypertensive disease. The excretion of free and conjugated forms of catetcholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine) and the precursor of their synthesis DOPA was determined. Comparison of these values in the control period and after per os administration of L-DOPA (levodopa) showed that administration of the precursor makes it possible to appraise catecholamine biosynthesis in vivo on the level of the intact organism. The results indicate that in patients with hypertensive disease of the early stages the production of dopamine is increased, whereas that of noradrenaline is reduced.", "PMID": 502171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5573", "title": "[Change in the state of the fibrinolytic and kinin blood systems under physical load in the rehabilitation period after a myocardial infarct].", "content": "In examination of the blood fibrinolytic and kinin systems in patients with myocardial infarction in the period of rehabilitation three groups of patients were distinguished according to fibrinolysis activity: high, normal and diminished. A positive correlative connection was noted between the activity of the fibrinolytic system and that of the kinin system. The character of changes in the indices of these systems in response to physical load depended on their initial level. Maximum increase in the fibrinolysis activator level was noted in the group of patients with low initial fibrinolytic activity, whereas in the group of patients with high initial fibrinolysis its activity after the load decreased. In assessment of the functional condition of the organism it is necessary to take into account both the initial activity of the fibrinolytic and kinin systems and the character of changes in their activity in response to physical load.", "contents": "[Change in the state of the fibrinolytic and kinin blood systems under physical load in the rehabilitation period after a myocardial infarct]. In examination of the blood fibrinolytic and kinin systems in patients with myocardial infarction in the period of rehabilitation three groups of patients were distinguished according to fibrinolysis activity: high, normal and diminished. A positive correlative connection was noted between the activity of the fibrinolytic system and that of the kinin system. The character of changes in the indices of these systems in response to physical load depended on their initial level. Maximum increase in the fibrinolysis activator level was noted in the group of patients with low initial fibrinolytic activity, whereas in the group of patients with high initial fibrinolysis its activity after the load decreased. In assessment of the functional condition of the organism it is necessary to take into account both the initial activity of the fibrinolytic and kinin systems and the character of changes in their activity in response to physical load.", "PMID": 502172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5574", "title": "[Blood vasopressin and the kallikrein-kinin system in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The blood vasopressin content and kinin system activity were studied in 83 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease of various severity. It was established that the blood vasopressin concentration increases with an increase in the severity of the disease. A high degree of correlation between changes in vasopressin content and in components of the kinin system was revealed: increase in the concentration of vasopressin is attended by activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. The mechanisms of the interrelationship of the vasopressin and kinin content are discussed. It is suggested that vasopressin may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Blood vasopressin and the kallikrein-kinin system in chronic ischemic heart disease]. The blood vasopressin content and kinin system activity were studied in 83 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease of various severity. It was established that the blood vasopressin concentration increases with an increase in the severity of the disease. A high degree of correlation between changes in vasopressin content and in components of the kinin system was revealed: increase in the concentration of vasopressin is attended by activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. The mechanisms of the interrelationship of the vasopressin and kinin content are discussed. It is suggested that vasopressin may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 502173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5575", "title": "[Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis. The content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "It was established that the content of primary (acylhydroperoxide) and secondary (intermollecular \"seams\" in aminophospholipids) products of lipid peroxide oxidation in blood of patients with ischemic heart disease is increased against the background of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. It is suggested that intensification of lipid peroxide oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis. The content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood in ischemic heart disease]. It was established that the content of primary (acylhydroperoxide) and secondary (intermollecular \"seams\" in aminophospholipids) products of lipid peroxide oxidation in blood of patients with ischemic heart disease is increased against the background of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. It is suggested that intensification of lipid peroxide oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 502174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5576", "title": "[Use of phosphaden in treating chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The pharmacodynamics and pharmacotherapy of phosphaden (adenosine-5-monophosphate), a Soviet activator of energy metabolism, were studied in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Functional and biochemical methods were used. It was established that phosphaden is an effective drug in the treatment of chronic ischemic heart disease. The results of clinical, functional and biochemical examination support this conclusion.", "contents": "[Use of phosphaden in treating chronic ischemic heart disease]. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacotherapy of phosphaden (adenosine-5-monophosphate), a Soviet activator of energy metabolism, were studied in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Functional and biochemical methods were used. It was established that phosphaden is an effective drug in the treatment of chronic ischemic heart disease. The results of clinical, functional and biochemical examination support this conclusion.", "PMID": 502175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5577", "title": "[Cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in nonextreme coronary insufficiency].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the contractile myocardium taken from different zones of the left and right ventricles of the heart was studied during dosed restriction of blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by 30 and 50%. It was established that the changes of the cardiomyocytes in this situation are displayed by a combination of two differently directed processes, destructive-dystrophic and adaptational, the severity of which is determined by the intensity of the unfavourable effect. The whole parenchyma of the ventricles of the heart is involved in the reaction and there are no intact zones.", "contents": "[Cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in nonextreme coronary insufficiency]. The ultrastructure of the contractile myocardium taken from different zones of the left and right ventricles of the heart was studied during dosed restriction of blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by 30 and 50%. It was established that the changes of the cardiomyocytes in this situation are displayed by a combination of two differently directed processes, destructive-dystrophic and adaptational, the severity of which is determined by the intensity of the unfavourable effect. The whole parenchyma of the ventricles of the heart is involved in the reaction and there are no intact zones.", "PMID": 502176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5578", "title": "[Cardiomyocyte-capillary system of the human heart normally and in acute myocardial infarct (a stereometric study)].", "content": "Stereometric examination of the cardiomyocyte-capillary system of 40 normal hearts and 20 with primary acute infarction was conducted. Constitutional features of structural organization of the myocardium and its capillaries were determined. It is shown that myocardial infarction was encountered relatively more frequently in hearts characterized by low index of capillary blood supply to the muscular fibers. Such types of spatially-quantitative organization of the cardiomyocyte-capillary system are considered to be a risk factor for the development of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Cardiomyocyte-capillary system of the human heart normally and in acute myocardial infarct (a stereometric study)]. Stereometric examination of the cardiomyocyte-capillary system of 40 normal hearts and 20 with primary acute infarction was conducted. Constitutional features of structural organization of the myocardium and its capillaries were determined. It is shown that myocardial infarction was encountered relatively more frequently in hearts characterized by low index of capillary blood supply to the muscular fibers. Such types of spatially-quantitative organization of the cardiomyocyte-capillary system are considered to be a risk factor for the development of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 502177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5579", "title": "[Hemodynamic and ultrastructural changes in the acute stage of myocardial ischemia (an experimental study)].", "content": "The results of experiments on 38 dogs with acute myocardial ischemia are discussed. Hemodhynamics and contractile function of the myocardium were studied and the findings were compared with the data of myocardial structure in different time intervals. The authors claim that one of the first signs of myocardial contractile insufficiency is a change in the rate of myocardial contractility which becomes manifest against the background of disorders of rhythm. Electron microscopy at this moment is characterized by thickening of Z-disks. Before the onset of fibrillation the geometry of the cardiac ventricles changes, the ejection fraction decreases by 53%. The ultrastructure of the myocardium in this period is marked by stepped Z-disks and extensive damage to the mitochondrial cristae.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and ultrastructural changes in the acute stage of myocardial ischemia (an experimental study)]. The results of experiments on 38 dogs with acute myocardial ischemia are discussed. Hemodhynamics and contractile function of the myocardium were studied and the findings were compared with the data of myocardial structure in different time intervals. The authors claim that one of the first signs of myocardial contractile insufficiency is a change in the rate of myocardial contractility which becomes manifest against the background of disorders of rhythm. Electron microscopy at this moment is characterized by thickening of Z-disks. Before the onset of fibrillation the geometry of the cardiac ventricles changes, the ejection fraction decreases by 53%. The ultrastructure of the myocardium in this period is marked by stepped Z-disks and extensive damage to the mitochondrial cristae.", "PMID": 502178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5580", "title": "[Changes in the ischemic myocardium in experimental paired stimulation of the heart].", "content": "In dog experiments the dynamics of electrophysiological and morphological indices of the ischemic myocardium in sinus tachycardia was compared with that in deceleration of cardiac contraction under the effect of paired stimulation. Intensification of the damaging effect of a 40-minute occlusion of the coronary artery complicated by destructive changes of the cardiomyocytes was revealed after deceleration of the rhythm; in reperfusion of the ischemic area the effect of electrogram restoration was diminished, which was attended with deeper focal damage to the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Changes in the ischemic myocardium in experimental paired stimulation of the heart]. In dog experiments the dynamics of electrophysiological and morphological indices of the ischemic myocardium in sinus tachycardia was compared with that in deceleration of cardiac contraction under the effect of paired stimulation. Intensification of the damaging effect of a 40-minute occlusion of the coronary artery complicated by destructive changes of the cardiomyocytes was revealed after deceleration of the rhythm; in reperfusion of the ischemic area the effect of electrogram restoration was diminished, which was attended with deeper focal damage to the heart muscle.", "PMID": 502179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5581", "title": "[Possible metabolic mechanisms of coronary circulatory disorder in an intact area of the left ventricle in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "In dogs with experimental myocardial infarction the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was ligated and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days later its circumflex branch was catheterized and perfused, and coronary circulation in the intact myocardial zone, systemic hemodynamics, the AMP content and the activity of enzymes catalysing adenosine metabolism were studied. In the intact myocardial zone resistance increases in the coronary vessels and neurohumoral regulation is disturbed, the beta-adrenergic and cholinergic reactions of dilation are weakened, alpha-adrenergic pressor effect of catecholamines on the cardiac vessels is manifested, and adenosine metabolism is disturbed. Disorders of adenosine metabolism are regarded among the possible mechanisms of coronary circulatory disorders in the intact zone of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Possible metabolic mechanisms of coronary circulatory disorder in an intact area of the left ventricle in experimental myocardial infarct]. In dogs with experimental myocardial infarction the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was ligated and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days later its circumflex branch was catheterized and perfused, and coronary circulation in the intact myocardial zone, systemic hemodynamics, the AMP content and the activity of enzymes catalysing adenosine metabolism were studied. In the intact myocardial zone resistance increases in the coronary vessels and neurohumoral regulation is disturbed, the beta-adrenergic and cholinergic reactions of dilation are weakened, alpha-adrenergic pressor effect of catecholamines on the cardiac vessels is manifested, and adenosine metabolism is disturbed. Disorders of adenosine metabolism are regarded among the possible mechanisms of coronary circulatory disorders in the intact zone of the myocardium.", "PMID": 502180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5582", "title": "[Current problems of glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Setting out with the theory of glomerulonephritis from Volhard and Fahr (1914) and the fundamental patho-anatomical examinations on this subject by Theodor Fahr (1925, 1934) the actual problems of glomerulonephritis are described. Progress in nephropathology and immunopathology which was partly conditioned by progress in the methodical fields has come to the result that, nowadays, an appropriate characterization of glomerulonephritic diseases is only possible by the synopsis of the three categories: Immunopathogenesis, pathomorphology and clinic. Each of these categories has its own classification. The nosology of the various GN types results from the (constant or variable) combination of the components of these three systems. By this means, some known types of glomerulonephritis were confirmed, some were newly defined, and new entities with variable clinical relevance were layed bare. Because immunopathogenetic events very often induce characteristic structural alterations in the glomeruli, it is the pathomorphological nomenclature which -- as pars pro toto -- still is the best suited for common interchange.", "contents": "[Current problems of glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. Setting out with the theory of glomerulonephritis from Volhard and Fahr (1914) and the fundamental patho-anatomical examinations on this subject by Theodor Fahr (1925, 1934) the actual problems of glomerulonephritis are described. Progress in nephropathology and immunopathology which was partly conditioned by progress in the methodical fields has come to the result that, nowadays, an appropriate characterization of glomerulonephritic diseases is only possible by the synopsis of the three categories: Immunopathogenesis, pathomorphology and clinic. Each of these categories has its own classification. The nosology of the various GN types results from the (constant or variable) combination of the components of these three systems. By this means, some known types of glomerulonephritis were confirmed, some were newly defined, and new entities with variable clinical relevance were layed bare. Because immunopathogenetic events very often induce characteristic structural alterations in the glomeruli, it is the pathomorphological nomenclature which -- as pars pro toto -- still is the best suited for common interchange.", "PMID": 502347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5583", "title": "[Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography for noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function].", "content": "In 43 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and in 24 patients without heart disease, gated blood pool scintigraphy was done under resting conditions with 15 mCi 99mTcHSA in LAO projection.  Scintigraphic data were collected in list mode by means of a gamma camera connected to a computer system (Siemens 330). A cumulative scintigram sequence with a time resolution of 100 frames/s was constructed using several hundred heart cycles of equal duration. After background correction volume curves of the left ventricle were obtained and the following parameters were calculated: EF, dV/dt max,dV/dt min. In all patients with coronary heart disease, these parameters were reduced depending on the severity of the stenotic lesion. The changes of dV/dt min and to a greater extend of dV/dt max were more pronounced than those of the EF. These results are in keeping with invasively obtained data which show that a decrease of myocardial compliance is one of the earliest manifestations of CHD. Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography allows, therefore, noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function even under resting conditions.", "contents": "[Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography for noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function]. In 43 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and in 24 patients without heart disease, gated blood pool scintigraphy was done under resting conditions with 15 mCi 99mTcHSA in LAO projection.  Scintigraphic data were collected in list mode by means of a gamma camera connected to a computer system (Siemens 330). A cumulative scintigram sequence with a time resolution of 100 frames/s was constructed using several hundred heart cycles of equal duration. After background correction volume curves of the left ventricle were obtained and the following parameters were calculated: EF, dV/dt max,dV/dt min. In all patients with coronary heart disease, these parameters were reduced depending on the severity of the stenotic lesion. The changes of dV/dt min and to a greater extend of dV/dt max were more pronounced than those of the EF. These results are in keeping with invasively obtained data which show that a decrease of myocardial compliance is one of the earliest manifestations of CHD. Quantitative gated nuclear cardiography allows, therefore, noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function even under resting conditions.", "PMID": 502350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5584", "title": "[Effect of BCNU on glutathione metabolism in human blood cells].", "content": "BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) at therapeutical doses inhibits almost completely glutathione reductase of the patients' red cells and paltelets. Red cell glutathione reduction is diminished simultaneously. These changes are fully reversible in red cells and platelets derived in the following days after application of BCNU. Clinical signs of red cell perturbation after BCNU treatment have not been demonstrated. In vitro incubation of normal red cells with BCNU produces the same changes as i.v. injection of BCNU to the patients, but no reversibility is seen.", "contents": "[Effect of BCNU on glutathione metabolism in human blood cells]. BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) at therapeutical doses inhibits almost completely glutathione reductase of the patients' red cells and paltelets. Red cell glutathione reduction is diminished simultaneously. These changes are fully reversible in red cells and platelets derived in the following days after application of BCNU. Clinical signs of red cell perturbation after BCNU treatment have not been demonstrated. In vitro incubation of normal red cells with BCNU produces the same changes as i.v. injection of BCNU to the patients, but no reversibility is seen.", "PMID": 502351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5585", "title": "[Duration of biological activity of pindolol in uremics (author's transl)].", "content": "The duration of biological activity of pindolol following short and long term application was tested using a modified isoproterenol-sensitivity-test. Following a single dose of pindolol the beta-blocking activity in uremics was increased to twice the activity seen in normal controls. Following daily oral application of 10 mg Pindolol over a number of weeks the beta-blockade observed in patients with chronic renal failure was significantly stronger and the duration of action was 6 times longer than in normal controls.", "contents": "[Duration of biological activity of pindolol in uremics (author's transl)]. The duration of biological activity of pindolol following short and long term application was tested using a modified isoproterenol-sensitivity-test. Following a single dose of pindolol the beta-blocking activity in uremics was increased to twice the activity seen in normal controls. Following daily oral application of 10 mg Pindolol over a number of weeks the beta-blockade observed in patients with chronic renal failure was significantly stronger and the duration of action was 6 times longer than in normal controls.", "PMID": 502352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5586", "title": "[Flow sheets of urine samples in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Examinations by analytic isotachophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 29 urinary fractions of six children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) a specific substance could be demonstrate during the acute phase of the disease by means of isotachophoresis. Urine tests in six patients with other kidney diseases and with uraemia and in seven healthy persons did not show this substance. From this, we assume that the substance demonstrated in the isotachogram has a direct correlation to the HUS.", "contents": "[Flow sheets of urine samples in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Examinations by analytic isotachophoresis (author's transl)]. In 29 urinary fractions of six children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) a specific substance could be demonstrate during the acute phase of the disease by means of isotachophoresis. Urine tests in six patients with other kidney diseases and with uraemia and in seven healthy persons did not show this substance. From this, we assume that the substance demonstrated in the isotachogram has a direct correlation to the HUS.", "PMID": 502353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5587", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension. Prognostic value of renal venous renin determinations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study the effect of surgery on blood pressure was investigated in 35 patients with renovascular hypertension: 17 patients with fibromuscular hyperplasia (FMD) and 18 with atherosclerosis (ASS) of the renal artery. Patients with FMD were younger (31,8 years), showed a shorter duration of hypertension (1.8 years) and were prevalently female (82%), whereas patients with ASS were markedly older (48.2 years), showed a longer duration of hypertension (2.6 years) and were most often male (78%). In both groups of patients the intravenous urogram was positive in a comparable high percentage (FMD=64%, ASS=61%). Following surgical intervention 47%(n=8) of the 17 patients with FMD were cured, 47% (n=8) were improved and only 6% (n=1) showed insufficient reduction of blood pressure values. In ASS the respective values were 28, 55 and 17%. Consequently a good effect of surgery (cured and improved) was observed in 88.5% of all patients. Patients with ASS who failed to respond to surgery (n=3) showed a remarkable long duration of hypertension (7.0 plus or minus 1.4 years). Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined preoperatively in both renal veins in all 35 patients. From these values the PRA-ratio (PRA affected/unaffected side) was calculated. In 27 patients PRA determinations were repeated following (15 and 30 min) intravenous injection of 40 mg furosemide. PRA-ratios of larger than or equal to 1.5 were considered to be significant. In 31 patients with unilateral renovascular hypertension PRA-ratios were correlated to the postoperative blood pressure reduction. No significant differences in mean PRA-ratios were observed between cured and improved patients. Furthermore, for the total group of 31 patients no significant correlations were obtained between PRA-ratios and postoperative blood pressure reduction. Our results do not support the widespread opinion that PRA determinations in both renal veins are useful to predict the effect of surgery in patients with unilateral renovascular disease. Therefore, from our experience this method should not be recommended as obligatory in the diagnostic work-up of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension. Prognostic value of renal venous renin determinations (author's transl)]. In the present study the effect of surgery on blood pressure was investigated in 35 patients with renovascular hypertension: 17 patients with fibromuscular hyperplasia (FMD) and 18 with atherosclerosis (ASS) of the renal artery. Patients with FMD were younger (31,8 years), showed a shorter duration of hypertension (1.8 years) and were prevalently female (82%), whereas patients with ASS were markedly older (48.2 years), showed a longer duration of hypertension (2.6 years) and were most often male (78%). In both groups of patients the intravenous urogram was positive in a comparable high percentage (FMD=64%, ASS=61%). Following surgical intervention 47%(n=8) of the 17 patients with FMD were cured, 47% (n=8) were improved and only 6% (n=1) showed insufficient reduction of blood pressure values. In ASS the respective values were 28, 55 and 17%. Consequently a good effect of surgery (cured and improved) was observed in 88.5% of all patients. Patients with ASS who failed to respond to surgery (n=3) showed a remarkable long duration of hypertension (7.0 plus or minus 1.4 years). Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined preoperatively in both renal veins in all 35 patients. From these values the PRA-ratio (PRA affected/unaffected side) was calculated. In 27 patients PRA determinations were repeated following (15 and 30 min) intravenous injection of 40 mg furosemide. PRA-ratios of larger than or equal to 1.5 were considered to be significant. In 31 patients with unilateral renovascular hypertension PRA-ratios were correlated to the postoperative blood pressure reduction. No significant differences in mean PRA-ratios were observed between cured and improved patients. Furthermore, for the total group of 31 patients no significant correlations were obtained between PRA-ratios and postoperative blood pressure reduction. Our results do not support the widespread opinion that PRA determinations in both renal veins are useful to predict the effect of surgery in patients with unilateral renovascular disease. Therefore, from our experience this method should not be recommended as obligatory in the diagnostic work-up of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 502354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5588", "title": "[Demonstration of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the serum of myasthenia gravis patients applying affinity chromatographically purified human acetylcholine receptor preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera from 75 patients with Myasthenia gravis were tested for acetylcholine receptor antibodies using acetylcholine receptors from human skeletal muscle. From the crude Triton x-100 extract, which has so far been used for antibody tracing, a pure acetylcholine receptor preparation was obtained by affinity chromatography using alpha-Najatoxin-Sepharose 4B. When the purified 125J-alpha-Bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complex was applied in a radioimmunoassay 80% of the Myasthenia gravis patients had acetylcholine receptor antibodies in contrast to none of the tested control persons. Inspite of using a pure acetylcholine receptor preparation, no clear-cut correlation was found between the amount of serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies and the clinical stage of the disease. When individual antibody titration curves were established, different reaction patterns were observed indicating either different antibody specificities in regard to antigenic determinants on the receptor molecule or differences in the antibody affinity.", "contents": "[Demonstration of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the serum of myasthenia gravis patients applying affinity chromatographically purified human acetylcholine receptor preparations (author's transl)]. Sera from 75 patients with Myasthenia gravis were tested for acetylcholine receptor antibodies using acetylcholine receptors from human skeletal muscle. From the crude Triton x-100 extract, which has so far been used for antibody tracing, a pure acetylcholine receptor preparation was obtained by affinity chromatography using alpha-Najatoxin-Sepharose 4B. When the purified 125J-alpha-Bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complex was applied in a radioimmunoassay 80% of the Myasthenia gravis patients had acetylcholine receptor antibodies in contrast to none of the tested control persons. Inspite of using a pure acetylcholine receptor preparation, no clear-cut correlation was found between the amount of serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies and the clinical stage of the disease. When individual antibody titration curves were established, different reaction patterns were observed indicating either different antibody specificities in regard to antigenic determinants on the receptor molecule or differences in the antibody affinity.", "PMID": 502355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5589", "title": "Counteraction of cyanide poisoning by thiosulphate when administering sodium nitroprusside as a hypotensive treatment.", "content": "A 42-year old patient received a continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a dosage rate of 600 microgram/min for approximately four days. On the third day of treatment a dangerous high level of cyanide was measured in the blood. When an additional continuous infusion of sodium thiosulphate at five times the molar concentration of the SNP was given, this cyanide level dropped over a period of 7h to one-seventh of its initial value. The thiosulphate did not reduce the effectiveness of the SNP in lowering the blood pressure.", "contents": "Counteraction of cyanide poisoning by thiosulphate when administering sodium nitroprusside as a hypotensive treatment. A 42-year old patient received a continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a dosage rate of 600 microgram/min for approximately four days. On the third day of treatment a dangerous high level of cyanide was measured in the blood. When an additional continuous infusion of sodium thiosulphate at five times the molar concentration of the SNP was given, this cyanide level dropped over a period of 7h to one-seventh of its initial value. The thiosulphate did not reduce the effectiveness of the SNP in lowering the blood pressure.", "PMID": 502357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5590", "title": "[Clinical, morphological and biochemical studies on muscle carnitine deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with two sisters who died with eight, respectively ten weeks under the signs of respiratory failure caused by progressive muscular weakness. Only an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein was suspicious of an additional disturbance of the central nervous system. Muscle biopsy revealed a vacuolar myopathy. Histochemistry showed lipid storage, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and to a lower degree, glycogen accumulation especially in type I muscle fibers. Electron microscopy confirmed elevated lipid content in combination with increased, enlarged and abnormally structured mitochondria. Biochemical studies on muscle biopsy, in comparison with normal children, showed a significant decrease of carnitine content and an increased activity of carnitine palmityltransferase. Retrospectively from a clinical point of view this disease is suggestive of \"systemic carnitine deficiency\", even if some symptoms (hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy) were not present and serum- and liver carnitine was not measured because the children died before the diagnosis of muscle carnitine deficiency was confirmed. The clinical picture of these two fatal cases is compared with another observation of muscle caritine deficiency. This child shows only a mild course of muscle disorder, but very similar morphological changes in muscle biopsy. Biochemically, there was a clear decrease in muscular carnitine, while the serum levels were in the normal range. The activity of muscular carnitine palmityltransferase was also normal.", "contents": "[Clinical, morphological and biochemical studies on muscle carnitine deficiency (author's transl)]. This report deals with two sisters who died with eight, respectively ten weeks under the signs of respiratory failure caused by progressive muscular weakness. Only an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein was suspicious of an additional disturbance of the central nervous system. Muscle biopsy revealed a vacuolar myopathy. Histochemistry showed lipid storage, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and to a lower degree, glycogen accumulation especially in type I muscle fibers. Electron microscopy confirmed elevated lipid content in combination with increased, enlarged and abnormally structured mitochondria. Biochemical studies on muscle biopsy, in comparison with normal children, showed a significant decrease of carnitine content and an increased activity of carnitine palmityltransferase. Retrospectively from a clinical point of view this disease is suggestive of \"systemic carnitine deficiency\", even if some symptoms (hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy) were not present and serum- and liver carnitine was not measured because the children died before the diagnosis of muscle carnitine deficiency was confirmed. The clinical picture of these two fatal cases is compared with another observation of muscle caritine deficiency. This child shows only a mild course of muscle disorder, but very similar morphological changes in muscle biopsy. Biochemically, there was a clear decrease in muscular carnitine, while the serum levels were in the normal range. The activity of muscular carnitine palmityltransferase was also normal.", "PMID": 502358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5591", "title": "[The significance of determining antibodies to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "The sera of 65 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were analysed for antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ACh-R) using an immunoprecipitation assay (125I-alpha-bungarotoxin bound to human ACh-R as antigen). In 91% of MG sera elevated antibody titers were found ranging up to 500 times reference values. A control group of 77 patients showing various autoimmunological phenomena had ACh-R antibody concentrations within the reference range. The demonstration of antibodies against ACh-R provides a sensitive and highly specific tool for the diagnosis of MG. In addition, the test is helpful in following patients under treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or plasmapheresis. Antibodies against striated, smooth, or heart muscle (indirect immunofluorescence test) are much less sensitive and nonspecific for the diagnosis of MG.", "contents": "[The significance of determining antibodies to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. The sera of 65 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were analysed for antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ACh-R) using an immunoprecipitation assay (125I-alpha-bungarotoxin bound to human ACh-R as antigen). In 91% of MG sera elevated antibody titers were found ranging up to 500 times reference values. A control group of 77 patients showing various autoimmunological phenomena had ACh-R antibody concentrations within the reference range. The demonstration of antibodies against ACh-R provides a sensitive and highly specific tool for the diagnosis of MG. In addition, the test is helpful in following patients under treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or plasmapheresis. Antibodies against striated, smooth, or heart muscle (indirect immunofluorescence test) are much less sensitive and nonspecific for the diagnosis of MG.", "PMID": 502359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5592", "title": "Differential diagnosis importance of the creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern in delirium tremens.", "content": "Total CK and CK-MB (by the inhibition test, Merck-1-CK-MB) were measured in 33 patients which had to be admitted to the department of psychiatry due to acute withdrawal symptoms (predelirium, delirium) caused by chronic alcohol abuse. The results were evaluated together with the routinely performed laboratory determinations as well as clinical examination and morphologic investigations (ECG, X-ray examination of the thorax, EEG, CT). The results show that the CK-MB/total CK relationship represents also in these patients the most reliable parameter to discriminate elevated total CK values. In no but one case a substantial CK-BB release from the central nervous system could be demonstrated by the inhibition test. In 83% of the patients with elevated total CK activities it was possible to exclude an affection of the heart muscle (CK-MB portion below 6%). The CK-MB/total CK-quotient was clearly superior to the total CK/GOT relationship, by which a myocardial affection could be excluded in less than 40%. In four patients the CK-MB portion was above the critical decision limit of 6%: three obtained between 6% and 7%, one even 17%. The results suggest that the CK-MB/total CK-quotient may represent the most sensitive and reliable parameter of myocardial affection in patients with an alcohol intoxication and/or a delirium tremens.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis importance of the creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern in delirium tremens. Total CK and CK-MB (by the inhibition test, Merck-1-CK-MB) were measured in 33 patients which had to be admitted to the department of psychiatry due to acute withdrawal symptoms (predelirium, delirium) caused by chronic alcohol abuse. The results were evaluated together with the routinely performed laboratory determinations as well as clinical examination and morphologic investigations (ECG, X-ray examination of the thorax, EEG, CT). The results show that the CK-MB/total CK relationship represents also in these patients the most reliable parameter to discriminate elevated total CK values. In no but one case a substantial CK-BB release from the central nervous system could be demonstrated by the inhibition test. In 83% of the patients with elevated total CK activities it was possible to exclude an affection of the heart muscle (CK-MB portion below 6%). The CK-MB/total CK-quotient was clearly superior to the total CK/GOT relationship, by which a myocardial affection could be excluded in less than 40%. In four patients the CK-MB portion was above the critical decision limit of 6%: three obtained between 6% and 7%, one even 17%. The results suggest that the CK-MB/total CK-quotient may represent the most sensitive and reliable parameter of myocardial affection in patients with an alcohol intoxication and/or a delirium tremens.", "PMID": 502360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5593", "title": "Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure with infusions of Co-factors and mannitol and charcoal-hemoperfusions during Forty-one days.", "content": "The clinical course of a 26 year old female patient with acute liver necrosis and coma due to hepatitis B is reported. The disturbances of conciousness had improved. The patient survived 41 days after the beginning of the coma and developed liver cell regeneration and an acute post-hepatitic liver cirrhosis. As a grave complication a septicemia with aspergillus was observed. The patient died because of gastro-intestinal hemorrhage. At autopsy there were no signs of brain edema. The treatment consisted in: daily infusions with coenzyme A, nicotinamid-adenin-dinucleotide, alpha lipoic acid and cocarboxylase to improve the metabolic disorders and the clinical picture; mannitol intravenously to prevent and to treat cerebral edema; 33 charcoal-hemoperfusions to remove toxic substances of acute liver failure. Treatment of the aspergillus infection with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericine B and infusion of concentrated ascites led to a decompensation of liver functions. From this observation the following conclusions can be drawn: after an acute viral hepatic necrosis, new synthetic functions and improvements of the disturbed intermediary metabolism in regenerated liver-cells can eventually be seen only after twenty-four to thirty days. With systematically applicated mannitol infusions it is possible to treat cerebral edema effectively.", "contents": "Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure with infusions of Co-factors and mannitol and charcoal-hemoperfusions during Forty-one days. The clinical course of a 26 year old female patient with acute liver necrosis and coma due to hepatitis B is reported. The disturbances of conciousness had improved. The patient survived 41 days after the beginning of the coma and developed liver cell regeneration and an acute post-hepatitic liver cirrhosis. As a grave complication a septicemia with aspergillus was observed. The patient died because of gastro-intestinal hemorrhage. At autopsy there were no signs of brain edema. The treatment consisted in: daily infusions with coenzyme A, nicotinamid-adenin-dinucleotide, alpha lipoic acid and cocarboxylase to improve the metabolic disorders and the clinical picture; mannitol intravenously to prevent and to treat cerebral edema; 33 charcoal-hemoperfusions to remove toxic substances of acute liver failure. Treatment of the aspergillus infection with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericine B and infusion of concentrated ascites led to a decompensation of liver functions. From this observation the following conclusions can be drawn: after an acute viral hepatic necrosis, new synthetic functions and improvements of the disturbed intermediary metabolism in regenerated liver-cells can eventually be seen only after twenty-four to thirty days. With systematically applicated mannitol infusions it is possible to treat cerebral edema effectively.", "PMID": 502361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5594", "title": "Two survivors of severe paraquat intoxication by \"continuous hemoperfusion\".", "content": "\"Continuous hemoperfusion\" (8 h/day for 2--3 weeks) was performed in two patients suffering from severe paraquat intoxication. On account of paraquat plasma concentrations a fatal outcome due to pulmonary fibrosis would have been expected in both cases. However, both patients survived following \"continuous hemoperfusion\" therapy. Coated activated charcoal seems to have a higher affinity for paraquat than lung tissue.", "contents": "Two survivors of severe paraquat intoxication by \"continuous hemoperfusion\". \"Continuous hemoperfusion\" (8 h/day for 2--3 weeks) was performed in two patients suffering from severe paraquat intoxication. On account of paraquat plasma concentrations a fatal outcome due to pulmonary fibrosis would have been expected in both cases. However, both patients survived following \"continuous hemoperfusion\" therapy. Coated activated charcoal seems to have a higher affinity for paraquat than lung tissue.", "PMID": 502362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5595", "title": "[Neurochemical characteristics of rats during flight on the Kosmos-782 artificial satellite and after returning to earth].", "content": "The brain of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 was sampled immediately postflight and taken under neurochemical study. It was shown cytospectrophotometrically that the absolute content of RNA decreased by 20% in the cytoplasm of cerebellar Purkinje cells and remained unaltered in glial cells-satellites, and that the protein content did not change. In the frontal cortex (homogenates) the concentration of sulfhydryl groups decreased by 26%, activity of nonspecific cholinesterase by 33%. The activity of the latter in the cerebellum also diminished.", "contents": "[Neurochemical characteristics of rats during flight on the Kosmos-782 artificial satellite and after returning to earth]. The brain of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 was sampled immediately postflight and taken under neurochemical study. It was shown cytospectrophotometrically that the absolute content of RNA decreased by 20% in the cytoplasm of cerebellar Purkinje cells and remained unaltered in glial cells-satellites, and that the protein content did not change. In the frontal cortex (homogenates) the concentration of sulfhydryl groups decreased by 26%, activity of nonspecific cholinesterase by 33%. The activity of the latter in the cerebellum also diminished.", "PMID": 502422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5596", "title": "[Effect of small gravitational loads on human water-salt metabolism and kidney function during prolonged immersion].", "content": "It was demonstrated that renal excretion of fluid, osmotically active substances and electrolytes could be reduced, using low gravitational exposures (+GZ). The degree and duration of water and electrolyte retention were different with respect to the experimental time. The major physiological mechanisms of the changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism were: a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and a change in water and ion transport in renal tubules.", "contents": "[Effect of small gravitational loads on human water-salt metabolism and kidney function during prolonged immersion]. It was demonstrated that renal excretion of fluid, osmotically active substances and electrolytes could be reduced, using low gravitational exposures (+GZ). The degree and duration of water and electrolyte retention were different with respect to the experimental time. The major physiological mechanisms of the changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism were: a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and a change in water and ion transport in renal tubules.", "PMID": 502423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5597", "title": "[Change in the neuromotor apparatus after 45 days' hypokinesia].", "content": "Neurological and electromyographic examinations of 12 test subjects during a 45-day bed rest study were carried out. Symptoms indicating changes in the suprasegmentary innervation were noted. Shortening of the duration of potentials was shown by needle electromyography. A decline in the threshold of H-reflex and a change in the frequency parameters of EMG were seen. These data suggest a change in the functional state of the central and peripheral motor neuron during prolonged hypokinesia. Prophylactic efficiency of muscle electrostimulation is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the neuromotor apparatus after 45 days' hypokinesia]. Neurological and electromyographic examinations of 12 test subjects during a 45-day bed rest study were carried out. Symptoms indicating changes in the suprasegmentary innervation were noted. Shortening of the duration of potentials was shown by needle electromyography. A decline in the threshold of H-reflex and a change in the frequency parameters of EMG were seen. These data suggest a change in the functional state of the central and peripheral motor neuron during prolonged hypokinesia. Prophylactic efficiency of muscle electrostimulation is discussed.", "PMID": 502425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5598", "title": "[Role of interoceptive afferentation in the activities of the cortical portion of the visual analyzer].", "content": "The experiments on diplacin-immobilized rats showed that stimulation of gastric and rectal mechanoreceptors caused noticeable changes in the control and light-induced impulse activity of neurons of the optic cortex (field 17). The predominant pattern of cell reactions were tonic changes of impulsation. They included both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The latter occurred mostly as a result of stimulation of gastric mechanoreceptors. Changes in the evoked activity of those neurons involved most frequently enhancement or inhibition of responses, contrasting and stabilization of short-latent responses, and their masking with neuronal noise. The paper discusses the functional importance of the above changes in the control and evoked activities of neurons of the optic cortex during interoceptive effects as well as possible central pathways of their realization in the optic cortex.", "contents": "[Role of interoceptive afferentation in the activities of the cortical portion of the visual analyzer]. The experiments on diplacin-immobilized rats showed that stimulation of gastric and rectal mechanoreceptors caused noticeable changes in the control and light-induced impulse activity of neurons of the optic cortex (field 17). The predominant pattern of cell reactions were tonic changes of impulsation. They included both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The latter occurred mostly as a result of stimulation of gastric mechanoreceptors. Changes in the evoked activity of those neurons involved most frequently enhancement or inhibition of responses, contrasting and stabilization of short-latent responses, and their masking with neuronal noise. The paper discusses the functional importance of the above changes in the control and evoked activities of neurons of the optic cortex during interoceptive effects as well as possible central pathways of their realization in the optic cortex.", "PMID": 502426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5599", "title": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on specific and nonspecific brain systems in rabbits].", "content": "At a simulated altitude of 8500-9000 m, an increase in the amplitude of the early positive and negative phase of the thalamic-cortical evoked potentials, and a slight prolongation of the latent period were seen. Changes in the reticulo-cortical and hypothalamo-cortical evoked potentials included a pronounced inhibition of their negative phase. In the EEG slow delat-waves increased gradually, becoming the major rhythm. The presence of EEG signs of the development of inhibitory processes in the cortex suggested that the changes in evoked potentials were also a result of inhibition of cortical neurons. Hypoxia-adapted rabbits tolerated acute hypoxia much better. They exhibited less pronounced changes in the electric manifestations of the function of specific and nonspecific projection systems of the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on specific and nonspecific brain systems in rabbits]. At a simulated altitude of 8500-9000 m, an increase in the amplitude of the early positive and negative phase of the thalamic-cortical evoked potentials, and a slight prolongation of the latent period were seen. Changes in the reticulo-cortical and hypothalamo-cortical evoked potentials included a pronounced inhibition of their negative phase. In the EEG slow delat-waves increased gradually, becoming the major rhythm. The presence of EEG signs of the development of inhibitory processes in the cortex suggested that the changes in evoked potentials were also a result of inhibition of cortical neurons. Hypoxia-adapted rabbits tolerated acute hypoxia much better. They exhibited less pronounced changes in the electric manifestations of the function of specific and nonspecific projection systems of the brain.", "PMID": 502427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5600", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity of the neuromuscular and sympathetic systems exposed to a constant magnetic field].", "content": "The experiments on an isolated frog neuromuscular preparation gave evidence that an exposure to stable magnetic fields of 1000-4000 Oe did not influence the time parameters, amplitude and pattern of the action potentials of the gastrocnemius muscle induced by ischiatic nerve stimulation with single impulses. Similar results were obtained from an analysis of electric responses of the upper cervical sympathetic mode to the stimulation of preganglionar fibers in in situ experiments on urethane anesthesized rabbits subjected to a total exposure of a stable magnetic field (500-3000 Oe). In addition, an exposure to a stable magnetic field of 4000 Oe brought about a decrease of the level of depression of the action potential of muscles after conditioning tetanus.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity of the neuromuscular and sympathetic systems exposed to a constant magnetic field]. The experiments on an isolated frog neuromuscular preparation gave evidence that an exposure to stable magnetic fields of 1000-4000 Oe did not influence the time parameters, amplitude and pattern of the action potentials of the gastrocnemius muscle induced by ischiatic nerve stimulation with single impulses. Similar results were obtained from an analysis of electric responses of the upper cervical sympathetic mode to the stimulation of preganglionar fibers in in situ experiments on urethane anesthesized rabbits subjected to a total exposure of a stable magnetic field (500-3000 Oe). In addition, an exposure to a stable magnetic field of 4000 Oe brought about a decrease of the level of depression of the action potential of muscles after conditioning tetanus.", "PMID": 502428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5601", "title": "[Effect of strong, infralow-frequency magnetic fields on bone marrow cell division].", "content": "The effect of an infralow frequency magnetic field of 3-127 kOe applied for 1 hr on mitotic activity, frequency of chromosomal aberrations and number of bone marrow cells of mice was studed. The exposure of mice to fields of 3 and 8 kOe stimulated and to fields of 54 and 127 kOe inhibited mitotic activity. No increase in the frequency of aberrant mitoses in bone marrow cells was noted. The changes in the cell number were small (no more than 20%) and readily reversible.", "contents": "[Effect of strong, infralow-frequency magnetic fields on bone marrow cell division]. The effect of an infralow frequency magnetic field of 3-127 kOe applied for 1 hr on mitotic activity, frequency of chromosomal aberrations and number of bone marrow cells of mice was studed. The exposure of mice to fields of 3 and 8 kOe stimulated and to fields of 54 and 127 kOe inhibited mitotic activity. No increase in the frequency of aberrant mitoses in bone marrow cells was noted. The changes in the cell number were small (no more than 20%) and readily reversible.", "PMID": 502429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5602", "title": "Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice.", "content": "Hau:ICR mice separated by sex, were reared for 30 days under various fluorescent lamps: pink, blue, black UV, cool white and full spectrum. Body weights and absolute organ weights were compared. After light exposure, female body weights were not significantly different between any groups; however, a difference in male body weights was observed. Light affected the weights of the pituitary, adrenals, kidneys and prostate in male mice and the adrenals, thyroid and pineal glands in females. The weight of adrenal glands of both males and females were most sensitive to changes in lighting.", "contents": "Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice. Hau:ICR mice separated by sex, were reared for 30 days under various fluorescent lamps: pink, blue, black UV, cool white and full spectrum. Body weights and absolute organ weights were compared. After light exposure, female body weights were not significantly different between any groups; however, a difference in male body weights was observed. Light affected the weights of the pituitary, adrenals, kidneys and prostate in male mice and the adrenals, thyroid and pineal glands in females. The weight of adrenal glands of both males and females were most sensitive to changes in lighting.", "PMID": 502457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5603", "title": "Respiratory measurements of unsedated small laboratory mammals using nonrebreathing valves.", "content": "The respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output of unsedated hamsters, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits were measured to obtain comparative data and to evaluate the performance of those species as unsedated subjects. The animals were trained to remain stationary and breathe through nonrebreathing valves while expired gas was collected and respiratory frequency was monitored. Measurements of dogs also were conducted to obtained comparative data by similar methods. Hamsters were readily trained and performed reliably during repeated trials. Rats and guinea pigs were more difficult to train and performed erratically. The rabbits' performance was intermediate between that of hamsters and the other species. The back pressures caused by the small animal nonrebreathing valves at estimated peak flow rates were either similar to or less than those encountered by dogs. Measured respiratory values were compared to values predicted by published equations based on body weight. Data from this study generally reflected species differences related to body weight and metabolic rate similar to those predicted by the equations, but values from the four smaller species also may have reflected differences related to behavior.", "contents": "Respiratory measurements of unsedated small laboratory mammals using nonrebreathing valves. The respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output of unsedated hamsters, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits were measured to obtain comparative data and to evaluate the performance of those species as unsedated subjects. The animals were trained to remain stationary and breathe through nonrebreathing valves while expired gas was collected and respiratory frequency was monitored. Measurements of dogs also were conducted to obtained comparative data by similar methods. Hamsters were readily trained and performed reliably during repeated trials. Rats and guinea pigs were more difficult to train and performed erratically. The rabbits' performance was intermediate between that of hamsters and the other species. The back pressures caused by the small animal nonrebreathing valves at estimated peak flow rates were either similar to or less than those encountered by dogs. Measured respiratory values were compared to values predicted by published equations based on body weight. Data from this study generally reflected species differences related to body weight and metabolic rate similar to those predicted by the equations, but values from the four smaller species also may have reflected differences related to behavior.", "PMID": 502458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5604", "title": "In vivo detection of rabbit atropinesterase.", "content": "The comparability of an in vivo rapid screening test for the presence of atropinesterase with an in vitro standard colorimetric test was assessed using 410 male and female New Zealand white rabbits. The results from both tests were in agreement in 405 of the 410 (98.8%) rabbits compared. One false negative and four false positive results occurred with the rapid screening test.", "contents": "In vivo detection of rabbit atropinesterase. The comparability of an in vivo rapid screening test for the presence of atropinesterase with an in vitro standard colorimetric test was assessed using 410 male and female New Zealand white rabbits. The results from both tests were in agreement in 405 of the 410 (98.8%) rabbits compared. One false negative and four false positive results occurred with the rapid screening test.", "PMID": 502459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5605", "title": "A simple technique for nonsurgical embryo transfer in mice.", "content": "A simple method was developed for nonsurgical transfer of mouse embryos which enabled transfer to both uterine horns. Embryos were picked up in a modified capillary tube and transferred through the cervix into each uterine horn of an unanesthetized mouse. A glass speculum was used to facilitate location of the cervix. The technique was found to be as successful (up to 60% of embryos transferred developed to term) as surgical methods yet was simpler and eliminated surgical trauma to the recipient mouse.", "contents": "A simple technique for nonsurgical embryo transfer in mice. A simple method was developed for nonsurgical transfer of mouse embryos which enabled transfer to both uterine horns. Embryos were picked up in a modified capillary tube and transferred through the cervix into each uterine horn of an unanesthetized mouse. A glass speculum was used to facilitate location of the cervix. The technique was found to be as successful (up to 60% of embryos transferred developed to term) as surgical methods yet was simpler and eliminated surgical trauma to the recipient mouse.", "PMID": 502460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5606", "title": "Metal-free housing units for trace element studies in rats.", "content": "Metal-free housing units fabricated from clear plastic and polystyrene egg crate panels were used to house rats for studies involving trace elements. The cages did not require bedding, were well ventilated and fitted into commercially available cage racks. Modifications of the basic design were made to provide both maternity and metabolism cages.", "contents": "Metal-free housing units for trace element studies in rats. Metal-free housing units fabricated from clear plastic and polystyrene egg crate panels were used to house rats for studies involving trace elements. The cages did not require bedding, were well ventilated and fitted into commercially available cage racks. Modifications of the basic design were made to provide both maternity and metabolism cages.", "PMID": 502461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5607", "title": "Regurgitation and choke in rats.", "content": "Male and female F344 rats choked on fecal pellets and regurgitant during the course of two long-term experiments. Each study involved feeding standard and high bulk diets containing 10% wood cellulose or 10% chrysotile asbestos fiber. Choke deaths occurred at all stages of the experiments. A total of 36 of 774 (4.6%) rats in the two studies died of choke. Females died of choke more frequently (26/382 or 6.8%) than did males (10/392 or 2.6%). Rats on high bulk diets were affected more frequently (33/571 or 5.8%), especially those on 10% asbestos diet (26/311 or 8.4%, than rats consuming standard diet (3/190 or 1.6%). The reason for the difference between females and males was not determined. Although choke may be related to some characteristics of high nonnutritive bulk feed fed in pellet form, the higher risk for females even on standard diet (3/95 or 3.2%) than for males (0/95) indicated that more than one factor operated in the etiology of these events.", "contents": "Regurgitation and choke in rats. Male and female F344 rats choked on fecal pellets and regurgitant during the course of two long-term experiments. Each study involved feeding standard and high bulk diets containing 10% wood cellulose or 10% chrysotile asbestos fiber. Choke deaths occurred at all stages of the experiments. A total of 36 of 774 (4.6%) rats in the two studies died of choke. Females died of choke more frequently (26/382 or 6.8%) than did males (10/392 or 2.6%). Rats on high bulk diets were affected more frequently (33/571 or 5.8%), especially those on 10% asbestos diet (26/311 or 8.4%, than rats consuming standard diet (3/190 or 1.6%). The reason for the difference between females and males was not determined. Although choke may be related to some characteristics of high nonnutritive bulk feed fed in pellet form, the higher risk for females even on standard diet (3/95 or 3.2%) than for males (0/95) indicated that more than one factor operated in the etiology of these events.", "PMID": 502462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5608", "title": "Long-term cranial mesenteric vein cannulation in the rat.", "content": "A polyethylene-tipped silicone rubber catheter was placed in the cranial mesenteric vein of rats. Injections were made and blood withdrawn an average of seven times for each animal. Seventeen of 20 (85%) catheters remained patent for 3 weeks.", "contents": "Long-term cranial mesenteric vein cannulation in the rat. A polyethylene-tipped silicone rubber catheter was placed in the cranial mesenteric vein of rats. Injections were made and blood withdrawn an average of seven times for each animal. Seventeen of 20 (85%) catheters remained patent for 3 weeks.", "PMID": 502463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5609", "title": "Surgical technique for a permanent tracheostomy in Beagle dogs.", "content": "A surgical procedure to produce a permanent tracheostomy in dogs was developed. The procedure consisted of dissecting portions of the cartilaginous rings free from the underlying tracheal mucosa, cutting through the mucosa and suturing the mucosa to the skin. The procedure was performed in approximately 30 minutes and resulted in a permanent, maintenance-free, mucocutaneous stoma that also permitted breathing through the upper respiratory airways.", "contents": "Surgical technique for a permanent tracheostomy in Beagle dogs. A surgical procedure to produce a permanent tracheostomy in dogs was developed. The procedure consisted of dissecting portions of the cartilaginous rings free from the underlying tracheal mucosa, cutting through the mucosa and suturing the mucosa to the skin. The procedure was performed in approximately 30 minutes and resulted in a permanent, maintenance-free, mucocutaneous stoma that also permitted breathing through the upper respiratory airways.", "PMID": 502464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5610", "title": "Rapid methods for jugular bleeding of dogs requiring one technician.", "content": "Two methods were used to collect blood from the jugular vein of dogs. In both techniques, only one technician was required. A rope with a slip knot was placed around the base of the neck to assist in restraint and act as a tourniquet for the vein. The technician used one hand to restrain the dog by the muzzle and position the head. The other hand was used for collecting the sample. One of the methods could be accomplished with the dog in its cage. The bleeding techniques were rapid, requiring approximately 1 minute per dog.", "contents": "Rapid methods for jugular bleeding of dogs requiring one technician. Two methods were used to collect blood from the jugular vein of dogs. In both techniques, only one technician was required. A rope with a slip knot was placed around the base of the neck to assist in restraint and act as a tourniquet for the vein. The technician used one hand to restrain the dog by the muzzle and position the head. The other hand was used for collecting the sample. One of the methods could be accomplished with the dog in its cage. The bleeding techniques were rapid, requiring approximately 1 minute per dog.", "PMID": 502465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5611", "title": "Treatment regimen for air sacculitis in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "Six champanzees (Pan troglodytes) developed air sacculitis. Except for air sac distension and malodorous breath, clinical signs were rare. A variety of organisms, mainly enteric, were isolated from the air sacs. Only one case was treated surgically. Other cases were treated by the conservative method of irrigation which worked well.", "contents": "Treatment regimen for air sacculitis in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Six champanzees (Pan troglodytes) developed air sacculitis. Except for air sac distension and malodorous breath, clinical signs were rare. A variety of organisms, mainly enteric, were isolated from the air sacs. Only one case was treated surgically. Other cases were treated by the conservative method of irrigation which worked well.", "PMID": 502466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5612", "title": "A system for restraint and anesthesia in calves.", "content": "A mobile calf enclosure was developed which incorporated a hydraulic hoist and sling for the care of calves. This apparatus permitted induction of and emergence from anesthesia in an erect posture, which decreased the risk of aspiration and postoperative pulmonary problems. Fifty-two surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia have been performed on 29 calves during the last 2 years with only one operative death, and calves have been maintained within the enclosure for periods up to 1 month.", "contents": "A system for restraint and anesthesia in calves. A mobile calf enclosure was developed which incorporated a hydraulic hoist and sling for the care of calves. This apparatus permitted induction of and emergence from anesthesia in an erect posture, which decreased the risk of aspiration and postoperative pulmonary problems. Fifty-two surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia have been performed on 29 calves during the last 2 years with only one operative death, and calves have been maintained within the enclosure for periods up to 1 month.", "PMID": 502467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5613", "title": "Demyelination and remyelination in the rat central nervous system following ethidium bromide injection.", "content": "Intracisternal injection of ethidium bromide induced status spongiosus with prominent degenerative changes in oligodendroglia in the subpial regions of the central nervous system of the rat. Chronologic investigation of the lesions has revealed that status spongiosus resulted in myelin degeneration, and by the 6th day postinjection many axons were demyelinated. At this time, numerous debris-filled phagocytic cells were observed among the totally naked axons. Vesicular transformation of myelin was the common degenerative change. Features suggestive of separation of myelin lamellae by phagocytic cells were also observed. In the demyelinated areas, oligodendroglial cells disappeared completely. By the 12th day postinjection, remyelination was apparent and numerous active oligodendroglia appeared in association with thinly myelinated axons. Some central nervous system axons were myelinated by Schwann cells. These patterns of demyelination and remyelination observed in ethidium bromide-treated rats were compared with those observed in other demyelinating conditions of varied etiology such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, diphtheria toxin, or lysolecithin injection and cuprizone intoxication.", "contents": "Demyelination and remyelination in the rat central nervous system following ethidium bromide injection. Intracisternal injection of ethidium bromide induced status spongiosus with prominent degenerative changes in oligodendroglia in the subpial regions of the central nervous system of the rat. Chronologic investigation of the lesions has revealed that status spongiosus resulted in myelin degeneration, and by the 6th day postinjection many axons were demyelinated. At this time, numerous debris-filled phagocytic cells were observed among the totally naked axons. Vesicular transformation of myelin was the common degenerative change. Features suggestive of separation of myelin lamellae by phagocytic cells were also observed. In the demyelinated areas, oligodendroglial cells disappeared completely. By the 12th day postinjection, remyelination was apparent and numerous active oligodendroglia appeared in association with thinly myelinated axons. Some central nervous system axons were myelinated by Schwann cells. These patterns of demyelination and remyelination observed in ethidium bromide-treated rats were compared with those observed in other demyelinating conditions of varied etiology such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, diphtheria toxin, or lysolecithin injection and cuprizone intoxication.", "PMID": 502470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5614", "title": "The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the products of protein synthesis by liver mitochondria.", "content": "Ethanol and acetaldehyde, alone or in combination, at physiologic concentrations, significantly inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Mitochondria from rats chronically fed ethanol also display a reduced rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. This effect is further aggravated by addition of ethanol to the incubation medium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of mitochondria fractionated with acetic acid-lubrol, which were incubated in the presence of ethanol or acetaldehyde, revealed a modest over-all decrease in labeling. However, a polypeptide fraction in the molecular weight range of 36,000 to 40,000 was conspicuously decreased. This range includes subunits of cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome b, and ATPase. Liver mitochondria from rats fed ethanol chronically showed a comparable decrease in the 36,000- to 40,000-molecular weight peak after incubation with radioactive leucine in vitro and fractionation with acetic acid-lubrol. Similar results were obtained when mitochondrial protein synthesis was determined in vivo in chronically treated rats. The data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption interferes with mitochondrial membrane biogenesis and that several products are more sensitive to this effect than others.", "contents": "The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the products of protein synthesis by liver mitochondria. Ethanol and acetaldehyde, alone or in combination, at physiologic concentrations, significantly inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Mitochondria from rats chronically fed ethanol also display a reduced rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. This effect is further aggravated by addition of ethanol to the incubation medium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of mitochondria fractionated with acetic acid-lubrol, which were incubated in the presence of ethanol or acetaldehyde, revealed a modest over-all decrease in labeling. However, a polypeptide fraction in the molecular weight range of 36,000 to 40,000 was conspicuously decreased. This range includes subunits of cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome b, and ATPase. Liver mitochondria from rats fed ethanol chronically showed a comparable decrease in the 36,000- to 40,000-molecular weight peak after incubation with radioactive leucine in vitro and fractionation with acetic acid-lubrol. Similar results were obtained when mitochondrial protein synthesis was determined in vivo in chronically treated rats. The data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption interferes with mitochondrial membrane biogenesis and that several products are more sensitive to this effect than others.", "PMID": 502471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5615", "title": "Mesangial uptake and processing of macromolecules in rats with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The uptake and processing of colloidal carbon by the glomerular mesangium was studied in an attempt to determine whether abnormal mesangial function occurs in rats with longstanding streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. The chronically diabetic rats were considerably smaller than their normal littermates receiving a similar dose of colloidal carbon based upon body weight. Thus, further control groups, animals weight-matched with the diabetic rats (younger rats) and littermates of the diabetic rats given the mean quantity of colloidal carbon administered to the diabetic rats, were included. Quantitative evaluation of renal tissues indicated that younger rats have more avid mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon from the circulation and more rapid processing of these macromolecules through the mesangium than the other groups studied. These quantitative studies did not demonstrate any marked impairment in diabetic rats in the over-all capacity of their mesangium to take up and process colloidal carbon when compared with the two groups of littermate nondiabetic animals. However, in those areas of the mesangium thickened by the diabetic process large aggregated of carbon accumulated and persisted over the 6-week period of the study. It appears, therefore, that those areas of the mesangium in diabetic rats with pathologic changes consequent to the diabetic state have significant functional impairment.", "contents": "Mesangial uptake and processing of macromolecules in rats with diabetes mellitus. The uptake and processing of colloidal carbon by the glomerular mesangium was studied in an attempt to determine whether abnormal mesangial function occurs in rats with longstanding streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. The chronically diabetic rats were considerably smaller than their normal littermates receiving a similar dose of colloidal carbon based upon body weight. Thus, further control groups, animals weight-matched with the diabetic rats (younger rats) and littermates of the diabetic rats given the mean quantity of colloidal carbon administered to the diabetic rats, were included. Quantitative evaluation of renal tissues indicated that younger rats have more avid mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon from the circulation and more rapid processing of these macromolecules through the mesangium than the other groups studied. These quantitative studies did not demonstrate any marked impairment in diabetic rats in the over-all capacity of their mesangium to take up and process colloidal carbon when compared with the two groups of littermate nondiabetic animals. However, in those areas of the mesangium thickened by the diabetic process large aggregated of carbon accumulated and persisted over the 6-week period of the study. It appears, therefore, that those areas of the mesangium in diabetic rats with pathologic changes consequent to the diabetic state have significant functional impairment.", "PMID": 502472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5616", "title": "Endothelial regeneration. II. Restitution of endothelial continuity.", "content": "With a modified balloon catheter the endothelium of rat thoracic aortae was completely removed to study the interaction between two important responses of the vessel wall to intimal injury: endothelial regeneration and formation of an intimal fibrocellular thickening. Endothelial cells deriving from the uninjured intercostal arteries regenerated by migration followed by proliferation and proceeded as a continuous sheet at a rate of approximately 0.07 mm. per day in the circumferential direction and approximately 6 times faster in the axial direction. Smooth muscle cells appeared in the intima only in areas which were not covered by regenerating endothelium 7 days after injury. The smooth muscle cells formed a multilayered fibrocellular intimal lesion which reached the maximal thickness after 3 weeks. The continuous sheet of regenerating endothelium covered the intimal smooth muscle cells at a slower rate; 6 weeks after injury large areas located most distant from the source of regenerating endothelium still showed modified smooth muscle cells lining the lumen. However, platelets did not adhere to these smooth muscle cells, and the total amount of intimal thickening did not increase between 3 and 6 weeks after injury. We conclude that, in response to intimal injury, endothelial regeneration precedes the accumulation of intimal smooth muscle cells, and that injured intimal areas, which are rapidly covered by continuous endothelium, are protected from the development of a fibrocellular intimal lesion.", "contents": "Endothelial regeneration. II. Restitution of endothelial continuity. With a modified balloon catheter the endothelium of rat thoracic aortae was completely removed to study the interaction between two important responses of the vessel wall to intimal injury: endothelial regeneration and formation of an intimal fibrocellular thickening. Endothelial cells deriving from the uninjured intercostal arteries regenerated by migration followed by proliferation and proceeded as a continuous sheet at a rate of approximately 0.07 mm. per day in the circumferential direction and approximately 6 times faster in the axial direction. Smooth muscle cells appeared in the intima only in areas which were not covered by regenerating endothelium 7 days after injury. The smooth muscle cells formed a multilayered fibrocellular intimal lesion which reached the maximal thickness after 3 weeks. The continuous sheet of regenerating endothelium covered the intimal smooth muscle cells at a slower rate; 6 weeks after injury large areas located most distant from the source of regenerating endothelium still showed modified smooth muscle cells lining the lumen. However, platelets did not adhere to these smooth muscle cells, and the total amount of intimal thickening did not increase between 3 and 6 weeks after injury. We conclude that, in response to intimal injury, endothelial regeneration precedes the accumulation of intimal smooth muscle cells, and that injured intimal areas, which are rapidly covered by continuous endothelium, are protected from the development of a fibrocellular intimal lesion.", "PMID": 502473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5617", "title": "Morphologic and chemical variation of the kidney lesions in amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The kidneys of 20 patients who died of secondary systemic amyloidosis due to rheumatoid arthritis were studied histologically, and four of these were shown to have an uncommon pattern of deposition with almost no glomerular involvement but heavy deposits in the outer zone of the medulla. In three of the four patients frozen tissue was available. Immunochemical characterization of amyloid fibrils from these three cases showed that the major subunit amyloid fibril protein was protein AA, typical of secondary amyloidosis. Gel chromatography of fibrils revealed an uncommon elution pattern with two retarded major protein peaks. Both these proteins showed immunologic identity with protein AA and had N-terminal amino acid sequences identical with that protein but differed in size obviously due to a shortening of the C-terminal in one of the proteins. The reason for the correlation between the pattern of deposition of amyloid and alterations in protein AA is unclear but might be due to variations in enzymes responsible for the cleavage of the amyloid fibril subunit precursor protein SAA.", "contents": "Morphologic and chemical variation of the kidney lesions in amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The kidneys of 20 patients who died of secondary systemic amyloidosis due to rheumatoid arthritis were studied histologically, and four of these were shown to have an uncommon pattern of deposition with almost no glomerular involvement but heavy deposits in the outer zone of the medulla. In three of the four patients frozen tissue was available. Immunochemical characterization of amyloid fibrils from these three cases showed that the major subunit amyloid fibril protein was protein AA, typical of secondary amyloidosis. Gel chromatography of fibrils revealed an uncommon elution pattern with two retarded major protein peaks. Both these proteins showed immunologic identity with protein AA and had N-terminal amino acid sequences identical with that protein but differed in size obviously due to a shortening of the C-terminal in one of the proteins. The reason for the correlation between the pattern of deposition of amyloid and alterations in protein AA is unclear but might be due to variations in enzymes responsible for the cleavage of the amyloid fibril subunit precursor protein SAA.", "PMID": 502474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5618", "title": "Effects of ethanol on liver microtubules and Golgi apparatus. Possible role in altered hepatic secretion of plasma proteins.", "content": "A combined morphometric and biochemical approach was used to study the effects of alcohol on hepatic microtubules. Feeding of ethanol-containing diets to rats decreased the amount of polymerized tubulin and the number of visible microtubules, and it also produced morphologic alterations of this organelle. These microtubular alterations were reproduced in isolated hepatocytes after incubation with ethanol. Pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, prevented these effects. Two oxidation products of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate, in concentrations likely to occur \"in vivo\" also reproduced the effects of ethanol on microtubules. The alterations of microtubules, induced by either ethanol or its metabolites, were associated with significant increases in the volume and surface densities of the Golgi complex. Moreover, both the microtubular and the Golgi alterations were prevented by inhibiting the oxidation of ethanol with pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. These findings indicate that ethanol oxidation alters liver microtubules; as a likely result, delayed secretion of export proteins ensues with early retention in the Golgi vesicles. After chronic alcohol feeding, there was also a significant increase in the volume of the cytoplasm, which could reflect retention of soluble proteins and water.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on liver microtubules and Golgi apparatus. Possible role in altered hepatic secretion of plasma proteins. A combined morphometric and biochemical approach was used to study the effects of alcohol on hepatic microtubules. Feeding of ethanol-containing diets to rats decreased the amount of polymerized tubulin and the number of visible microtubules, and it also produced morphologic alterations of this organelle. These microtubular alterations were reproduced in isolated hepatocytes after incubation with ethanol. Pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, prevented these effects. Two oxidation products of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate, in concentrations likely to occur \"in vivo\" also reproduced the effects of ethanol on microtubules. The alterations of microtubules, induced by either ethanol or its metabolites, were associated with significant increases in the volume and surface densities of the Golgi complex. Moreover, both the microtubular and the Golgi alterations were prevented by inhibiting the oxidation of ethanol with pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. These findings indicate that ethanol oxidation alters liver microtubules; as a likely result, delayed secretion of export proteins ensues with early retention in the Golgi vesicles. After chronic alcohol feeding, there was also a significant increase in the volume of the cytoplasm, which could reflect retention of soluble proteins and water.", "PMID": 502475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5619", "title": "Bone conduction calibration: current status.", "content": "Attempts to specify normal threshold sensitivity by bone conduction have been unsuccessful because of problems in obtaining reliable measurements from commercially available artificial mastoids. Recent design modifications incorporated in the Bruel and Kjaer 4930 artificial mastoids have resulted in greater uniformity among these units. However, the new design has resulted in impedances that are higher than those recommended in current standards. Bone-conduction thresholds referenced to measurements made on B & K 4930 artificial mastoids with the new design were performed on 60 normal listeners by three participating laboratories. The results are reported for consideration in the development of a reference threshold for hearing by bone conduction.", "contents": "Bone conduction calibration: current status. Attempts to specify normal threshold sensitivity by bone conduction have been unsuccessful because of problems in obtaining reliable measurements from commercially available artificial mastoids. Recent design modifications incorporated in the Bruel and Kjaer 4930 artificial mastoids have resulted in greater uniformity among these units. However, the new design has resulted in impedances that are higher than those recommended in current standards. Bone-conduction thresholds referenced to measurements made on B & K 4930 artificial mastoids with the new design were performed on 60 normal listeners by three participating laboratories. The results are reported for consideration in the development of a reference threshold for hearing by bone conduction.", "PMID": 502484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5620", "title": "Hearing performance inventory.", "content": "The Hearing Performance Inventory (HPI) was developed to assess hearing performance in problem areas experienced in everyday listening. It consists of six sections: (1) Understanding Speech, (2) Intensity, (3) Response to Auditory Failure, (4) Social, (5) Personal, and (6) Occupational. A self-report response style is used. Sentences were written to describe a number of listening situations covering a variety of talker characteristics and communication processes. The development, current status, and clinical implications of the HPI are presented.", "contents": "Hearing performance inventory. The Hearing Performance Inventory (HPI) was developed to assess hearing performance in problem areas experienced in everyday listening. It consists of six sections: (1) Understanding Speech, (2) Intensity, (3) Response to Auditory Failure, (4) Social, (5) Personal, and (6) Occupational. A self-report response style is used. Sentences were written to describe a number of listening situations covering a variety of talker characteristics and communication processes. The development, current status, and clinical implications of the HPI are presented.", "PMID": 502485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5621", "title": "The acquisition of question formation in spoken English and American sign language by two hearing children of deaf parents.", "content": "This longitudinal study investigated the acquisition of question formation in spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL) by two young hearing children of deaf parents. The linguistic environment of the children included varying amounts of exposure and interaction with normal speech and with the nonstandard speech of their deaf parents. This atypical speech environment did not impede the children's acquisition of English question forms. The two children also acquired question forms in ASL that are similar to those produced by deaf children of deaf parents. The two languages, ASL and English, developed in parallel fashion in the two children, and the two systems did not interfere with each other. This dual language development is illustrated by utterances in which the children communicated a sentence in spoken English and ASL simultaneously, with normal English structure in the spoken version and sign language structure in the ASL version.", "contents": "The acquisition of question formation in spoken English and American sign language by two hearing children of deaf parents. This longitudinal study investigated the acquisition of question formation in spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL) by two young hearing children of deaf parents. The linguistic environment of the children included varying amounts of exposure and interaction with normal speech and with the nonstandard speech of their deaf parents. This atypical speech environment did not impede the children's acquisition of English question forms. The two children also acquired question forms in ASL that are similar to those produced by deaf children of deaf parents. The two languages, ASL and English, developed in parallel fashion in the two children, and the two systems did not interfere with each other. This dual language development is illustrated by utterances in which the children communicated a sentence in spoken English and ASL simultaneously, with normal English structure in the spoken version and sign language structure in the ASL version.", "PMID": 502486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5622", "title": "Interpreting ear differences in static compliance measurements.", "content": "The value of static compliance measurements is limited by marked variability and considerable overlap of results among normal and abnormal middle ears. However, a procedure that compares static compliance measurements between the right and left ear of each individual overcomes this problem in large part. The methods and data to support the applicability of this approach for evaluating unilateral middle ear disorders are discussed further.", "contents": "Interpreting ear differences in static compliance measurements. The value of static compliance measurements is limited by marked variability and considerable overlap of results among normal and abnormal middle ears. However, a procedure that compares static compliance measurements between the right and left ear of each individual overcomes this problem in large part. The methods and data to support the applicability of this approach for evaluating unilateral middle ear disorders are discussed further.", "PMID": 502487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5623", "title": "Hyperkinetic dysarthria as an early indicator of impending tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible disturbance of the central nervous system that is associated with the chronic ingestion of neuroleptic medications. Abnormal movements within the oral musculature are characteristic of tardive dyskinesia and are manifested in motor speech production as hyperkinetic dysarthria. Early detection of hyperkinetic dysarthria in patients who have chronically ingested neuroleptic agents may play a critical role in preventing an irreversible condition of tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Hyperkinetic dysarthria as an early indicator of impending tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible disturbance of the central nervous system that is associated with the chronic ingestion of neuroleptic medications. Abnormal movements within the oral musculature are characteristic of tardive dyskinesia and are manifested in motor speech production as hyperkinetic dysarthria. Early detection of hyperkinetic dysarthria in patients who have chronically ingested neuroleptic agents may play a critical role in preventing an irreversible condition of tardive dyskinesia.", "PMID": 502488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5624", "title": "Analysis of tympanometry of a severe to profound hearing-impaired population of school-age children.", "content": "Impedance audiometry provides a reliable technique for identifying undetected middle ear pathologies in children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. In this study, tympanograms were obtained on 104 children with sensorineural hearing losses of 60 dB or more. The tympanograms were classified according to type and were compared for bilateral similarity. A high percentage of the younger children had abnormal tympanograms, with almost half of these children having the same type of abnormal tympanogram bilaterally. The use of impedance audiometry as a screening technique for hearing-impaired school-age children is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of tympanometry of a severe to profound hearing-impaired population of school-age children. Impedance audiometry provides a reliable technique for identifying undetected middle ear pathologies in children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. In this study, tympanograms were obtained on 104 children with sensorineural hearing losses of 60 dB or more. The tympanograms were classified according to type and were compared for bilateral similarity. A high percentage of the younger children had abnormal tympanograms, with almost half of these children having the same type of abnormal tympanogram bilaterally. The use of impedance audiometry as a screening technique for hearing-impaired school-age children is discussed.", "PMID": 502489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5625", "title": "Effects of high-frequency cue reduction on the comprehension of distorted speech.", "content": "Forty-five subjects with sharply sloping sensorineural high-frequency hearing losses were examined for comprehension with a tape containing sentences that had been time-compressed (250 words/min), interrupted, (50 msec on-50 msec off), and masked with speech-spectrum noise (+2 dB S/N) in that order. All subjects yielded normal speech reception thresholds, and generally normal scores on the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6. Distorted-speech testing was completed at 40 dB SL. Subjects with losses at 2 kHz and above were able to comprehend only 50, 65, and 68% of compressed, interrupted, and noise-masked sentences, respectively. In contrast, subjects with losses at 3 kHz and above performed poorer than normal controls by 11.3, 12.5, and 8% points respectively, while subjects within normal hearing sensitivity at 3 kHz performed as well as controls (maximum drop of 4.6 points with noise-masking). The multiplicative hypothesis was upheld in that the performance of subjects with severe high-frequency deficiencies was much poorer than one would predict on the basis of what is known about performance on these tests with either filtering alone or other distortions alone. These subjects, most especially those with severe frequency deficiencies, outperformed by up to 29 percentage points the mean scores of groups of normals given the same test items and distortion conditions, but listening through filtering that simulated the hearing loss of subjects in this study. It was suggested that hypacusics with high-frequency hearing losses can learn to use residual cues efficiently and that it is not altogether permissible to model sensorineural high-frequency losses with normal-hearing subjects using frequency filtering.", "contents": "Effects of high-frequency cue reduction on the comprehension of distorted speech. Forty-five subjects with sharply sloping sensorineural high-frequency hearing losses were examined for comprehension with a tape containing sentences that had been time-compressed (250 words/min), interrupted, (50 msec on-50 msec off), and masked with speech-spectrum noise (+2 dB S/N) in that order. All subjects yielded normal speech reception thresholds, and generally normal scores on the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6. Distorted-speech testing was completed at 40 dB SL. Subjects with losses at 2 kHz and above were able to comprehend only 50, 65, and 68% of compressed, interrupted, and noise-masked sentences, respectively. In contrast, subjects with losses at 3 kHz and above performed poorer than normal controls by 11.3, 12.5, and 8% points respectively, while subjects within normal hearing sensitivity at 3 kHz performed as well as controls (maximum drop of 4.6 points with noise-masking). The multiplicative hypothesis was upheld in that the performance of subjects with severe high-frequency deficiencies was much poorer than one would predict on the basis of what is known about performance on these tests with either filtering alone or other distortions alone. These subjects, most especially those with severe frequency deficiencies, outperformed by up to 29 percentage points the mean scores of groups of normals given the same test items and distortion conditions, but listening through filtering that simulated the hearing loss of subjects in this study. It was suggested that hypacusics with high-frequency hearing losses can learn to use residual cues efficiently and that it is not altogether permissible to model sensorineural high-frequency losses with normal-hearing subjects using frequency filtering.", "PMID": 502490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5626", "title": "The perception of temporally segmented vowels and consonant-vowel syllables.", "content": "The minimum initial-portion durations required by listeners for the correct identification of spoken isolated vowels and consonant-vowel (CV) syllables were determined. Eight vowels [see text] and 64 CVs comprised of each of eight consonants [see text] in combination with each of the eight vowels were used. Segments consisted of the initial 10 to 150 milliseconds of each stimulus in 10-msec steps. The major findings were (1) clues for better than change correct identification of tongue advancement and tongue height values for isolated vowels occur within the first 10 msec of the stimuli whereas approximately 30 msec of the stimuli are needed for the tense-lax feature to reach threshold, (2) clues for better than chance correct identification of place of articulation for the stop consonants are found within the initial 10 msec of the CVs whereas approximately 22 msec are needed for the voicing threshold to reach threshold, and (3) the threshold of voicing increases from front to back place of articulation for the stop consonants. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "The perception of temporally segmented vowels and consonant-vowel syllables. The minimum initial-portion durations required by listeners for the correct identification of spoken isolated vowels and consonant-vowel (CV) syllables were determined. Eight vowels [see text] and 64 CVs comprised of each of eight consonants [see text] in combination with each of the eight vowels were used. Segments consisted of the initial 10 to 150 milliseconds of each stimulus in 10-msec steps. The major findings were (1) clues for better than change correct identification of tongue advancement and tongue height values for isolated vowels occur within the first 10 msec of the stimuli whereas approximately 30 msec of the stimuli are needed for the tense-lax feature to reach threshold, (2) clues for better than chance correct identification of place of articulation for the stop consonants are found within the initial 10 msec of the CVs whereas approximately 22 msec are needed for the voicing threshold to reach threshold, and (3) the threshold of voicing increases from front to back place of articulation for the stop consonants. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 502492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5627", "title": "Perception of vowel features in temporally-segmented noise portions of stop-consonant CV syllables.", "content": "The ability of listeners to identify vowel features, given only segments of the aperiodic portion of CVs, was investigated. Segments of the aperiodic portions of stop consonant CVs, increasing in duration in 10-msec steps from onset, were identified by 18 listeners. The responses were analyzed for the correct identification of vowel features. Coarticulatory effects of the vowel on the aperiodic portion were found to (1) occur early in the aperiodic portion, (2) vary with consonant and vowel, and (3) vary with vowel feature. In general, however, tongue advancement for the vowel was identified correctly most often, tongue height next most often, and the tense versus lax distinction least often. For some CVs, sufficient clues for above chance level of identification of a feature were present during the shortest segments of the aperiodic portion. The findings lend support to the point-of-view that listeners may be able to narrow the choice of the vowel in an unvoiced-stop-consonant CV to a small number of alternatives prior to the beginning of voicing.", "contents": "Perception of vowel features in temporally-segmented noise portions of stop-consonant CV syllables. The ability of listeners to identify vowel features, given only segments of the aperiodic portion of CVs, was investigated. Segments of the aperiodic portions of stop consonant CVs, increasing in duration in 10-msec steps from onset, were identified by 18 listeners. The responses were analyzed for the correct identification of vowel features. Coarticulatory effects of the vowel on the aperiodic portion were found to (1) occur early in the aperiodic portion, (2) vary with consonant and vowel, and (3) vary with vowel feature. In general, however, tongue advancement for the vowel was identified correctly most often, tongue height next most often, and the tense versus lax distinction least often. For some CVs, sufficient clues for above chance level of identification of a feature were present during the shortest segments of the aperiodic portion. The findings lend support to the point-of-view that listeners may be able to narrow the choice of the vowel in an unvoiced-stop-consonant CV to a small number of alternatives prior to the beginning of voicing.", "PMID": 502493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5628", "title": "Effects of five experimental treatments of stuttering.", "content": "Twenty adult stutterers were exposed to each of five experimental treatments: time-out, noise, delayed auditory feedback (DAF), \"wrong\" and metronome. In each session a subject spoke for 20 minutes without treatment (baserate) followed by 30 minutes in one of the five experimental conditions. Before the five treatment sessions, subjects accomplished three pre-experimental tasks: expectancy, changeability, and adaptation tasks. Percent stuttering decreased significantly in all conditions, and stuttering duration reduced significantly in all but the noise condition. The amount of reduction in percent stuttering from baserate to treatment (change score) in time-out was positively related to the change scores in DAF and metronome. Change scores in metronome were positively related to change scores in time-out and \"wrong.\" Percent stuttering change scores in noise, DAF, and \"wrong\" were essentially unrelated. Stuttering duration change scores were related only for the time-out and DAF, and metronome and DAF conditions. In general, the pre-experimental expectancy, changeability, and adaptation scores were unrelated to change scores in any of the experimental conditions. Words spoken per minute did not change significantly from baserate to treatment for any experimental condition except time-out.", "contents": "Effects of five experimental treatments of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers were exposed to each of five experimental treatments: time-out, noise, delayed auditory feedback (DAF), \"wrong\" and metronome. In each session a subject spoke for 20 minutes without treatment (baserate) followed by 30 minutes in one of the five experimental conditions. Before the five treatment sessions, subjects accomplished three pre-experimental tasks: expectancy, changeability, and adaptation tasks. Percent stuttering decreased significantly in all conditions, and stuttering duration reduced significantly in all but the noise condition. The amount of reduction in percent stuttering from baserate to treatment (change score) in time-out was positively related to the change scores in DAF and metronome. Change scores in metronome were positively related to change scores in time-out and \"wrong.\" Percent stuttering change scores in noise, DAF, and \"wrong\" were essentially unrelated. Stuttering duration change scores were related only for the time-out and DAF, and metronome and DAF conditions. In general, the pre-experimental expectancy, changeability, and adaptation scores were unrelated to change scores in any of the experimental conditions. Words spoken per minute did not change significantly from baserate to treatment for any experimental condition except time-out.", "PMID": 502494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5629", "title": "Tempo of spectrum change as a cue in speech-sound discrimination by infants.", "content": "Six- to seven-month-old infants were tested on their ability to discriminate among three speech sounds which differed on the basis of formant-transition duration, a major cue to distinctions among stop, semivowel and diphthong classes. The three speech sounds, [see text] were produced in two different ways. The stimuli for one experiment were two-formant synthetic tokens which differed in formant-transition duration. The stimuli for a second experiment was produced with a computer-modification technique which artificially shortened or lengthened the formant-transition portion of a naturally produced [see text], resulting in tokens of [see text]. The discrimination procedure involved visual reinforcement of a head-turn response following a change from a repeating background stimulus to a contrasting stimulus. Infants in both experiments discriminated [see text]; evidence for [see text] discrimination was obtained for the \"computer modified\" tokens only. These findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms underlying speech perception in infancy.", "contents": "Tempo of spectrum change as a cue in speech-sound discrimination by infants. Six- to seven-month-old infants were tested on their ability to discriminate among three speech sounds which differed on the basis of formant-transition duration, a major cue to distinctions among stop, semivowel and diphthong classes. The three speech sounds, [see text] were produced in two different ways. The stimuli for one experiment were two-formant synthetic tokens which differed in formant-transition duration. The stimuli for a second experiment was produced with a computer-modification technique which artificially shortened or lengthened the formant-transition portion of a naturally produced [see text], resulting in tokens of [see text]. The discrimination procedure involved visual reinforcement of a head-turn response following a change from a repeating background stimulus to a contrasting stimulus. Infants in both experiments discriminated [see text]; evidence for [see text] discrimination was obtained for the \"computer modified\" tokens only. These findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms underlying speech perception in infancy.", "PMID": 502495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5630", "title": "Tympanometry in normal neonates.", "content": "Acoustic conductance and susceptance tympanograms were obtained at 220 and 660 Hz in 34 neonates. The neonates were categorized into three age groups (8-24 hours, 24-60 hours, and 60-96 hours). Single-peaked, double-peaked, and monotonically increasing tympanograms were found. Static values for conductance, susceptance, admittance, resistance, reactance and impedance at the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane were computed from the tympanograms. There were no significant differences in mean static values among the three groups. At 220 Hz, the individual static reactance values were usually smaller than the static resistance values and often assumed a positive sign. At 660 Hz, the individual static reactance values always assumed a negative sign and were approximately equal to the static resistance values. The single- and double-peaked tympanograms apparently were the result of previously identified interactions between static resistance and reactance values. The data were compared to those of infants and adults. Tympanograms at 220 Hz were obtained for 13 of the original subjects at the age of three to four months. The data collected in this group were consistent with those reported in the literature for the same age group.", "contents": "Tympanometry in normal neonates. Acoustic conductance and susceptance tympanograms were obtained at 220 and 660 Hz in 34 neonates. The neonates were categorized into three age groups (8-24 hours, 24-60 hours, and 60-96 hours). Single-peaked, double-peaked, and monotonically increasing tympanograms were found. Static values for conductance, susceptance, admittance, resistance, reactance and impedance at the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane were computed from the tympanograms. There were no significant differences in mean static values among the three groups. At 220 Hz, the individual static reactance values were usually smaller than the static resistance values and often assumed a positive sign. At 660 Hz, the individual static reactance values always assumed a negative sign and were approximately equal to the static resistance values. The single- and double-peaked tympanograms apparently were the result of previously identified interactions between static resistance and reactance values. The data were compared to those of infants and adults. Tympanograms at 220 Hz were obtained for 13 of the original subjects at the age of three to four months. The data collected in this group were consistent with those reported in the literature for the same age group.", "PMID": 502496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5631", "title": "An eye-marking investigation of anticipated and observed stuttering.", "content": "The subjects of this experiment read a list of words and underlined those on which they expected speech difficulty. The matched and non-stutterers were subsequently called upon to read silently a connected passage in which half of these words were present. During this reading, the relation of eye movement to the words read was recorded on film. Frame by frame analysis of the eyes' exact momentary position revealed that the stutterers evidenced significantly more fixations than did the non-stutterers. They also showed significantly more progressive and regressive eye movements. It follows that the overall duration of their eye movements was somewhat shorter. In contrast, the average duration of the stutterers' fixations were significantly longer for those words on which fluency failure had been anticipated and on words on which it was later observed than on those words on which difficulty was not expected and those on which stuttering did not occur. These data suggest that stutterers search among the words to be spoken and sort out those on which they anticipate and on which they have difficulty.", "contents": "An eye-marking investigation of anticipated and observed stuttering. The subjects of this experiment read a list of words and underlined those on which they expected speech difficulty. The matched and non-stutterers were subsequently called upon to read silently a connected passage in which half of these words were present. During this reading, the relation of eye movement to the words read was recorded on film. Frame by frame analysis of the eyes' exact momentary position revealed that the stutterers evidenced significantly more fixations than did the non-stutterers. They also showed significantly more progressive and regressive eye movements. It follows that the overall duration of their eye movements was somewhat shorter. In contrast, the average duration of the stutterers' fixations were significantly longer for those words on which fluency failure had been anticipated and on words on which it was later observed than on those words on which difficulty was not expected and those on which stuttering did not occur. These data suggest that stutterers search among the words to be spoken and sort out those on which they anticipate and on which they have difficulty.", "PMID": 502497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5632", "title": "Acoustic admittance and the aging ear.", "content": "Tympanograms were acquired from 60 subjects, 20 through 79 years of age, with normal hearing and no history of otic pathology. Acoustic conductance and acoustic susceptance at the tympanic membrane (GTM and BTM) were derived and acoustic admittance (YTM) was calculated. Statistical analysis of GTM, BTM and YTM showed no significant variation in values across age decades. Comparison of these data with previous reports suggests that the effect(s) of age on measures of static acoustic admittance, and presumably acoustic impedance, is complex.", "contents": "Acoustic admittance and the aging ear. Tympanograms were acquired from 60 subjects, 20 through 79 years of age, with normal hearing and no history of otic pathology. Acoustic conductance and acoustic susceptance at the tympanic membrane (GTM and BTM) were derived and acoustic admittance (YTM) was calculated. Statistical analysis of GTM, BTM and YTM showed no significant variation in values across age decades. Comparison of these data with previous reports suggests that the effect(s) of age on measures of static acoustic admittance, and presumably acoustic impedance, is complex.", "PMID": 502498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5633", "title": "The structural characteristics of monologues in the speech of normal children: syntactic nonconversational aspects.", "content": "The syntactic nonconversational features of monologue speech were investigated as a companion paper to Gallagher and Craig's (1978) study of the semantic and conversational aspects of monologues. The monologue-dialogue language samples collected by Gallagher and Craig from nine normal subjects, three at Brown's language stages I, II, and III, were analyzed syntactically. The original procedure consisted of the collection of a two-hour language sample from each child containing alternations of dialogue with the examiner and monologue produced during independent play. The results indicate that the syntactic categories that occurred in monologue speech were similar to those appearing in dialogue speech but the percentage frequencies differed. Monologue subsamples can be characterized syntactically as highly structured sequences of revision behavior reflecting a basic metalinguistic performative. The clinical implications of the naturally occurring analysis procedures observed are discussed.", "contents": "The structural characteristics of monologues in the speech of normal children: syntactic nonconversational aspects. The syntactic nonconversational features of monologue speech were investigated as a companion paper to Gallagher and Craig's (1978) study of the semantic and conversational aspects of monologues. The monologue-dialogue language samples collected by Gallagher and Craig from nine normal subjects, three at Brown's language stages I, II, and III, were analyzed syntactically. The original procedure consisted of the collection of a two-hour language sample from each child containing alternations of dialogue with the examiner and monologue produced during independent play. The results indicate that the syntactic categories that occurred in monologue speech were similar to those appearing in dialogue speech but the percentage frequencies differed. Monologue subsamples can be characterized syntactically as highly structured sequences of revision behavior reflecting a basic metalinguistic performative. The clinical implications of the naturally occurring analysis procedures observed are discussed.", "PMID": 502499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5634", "title": "Fundamental frequency perturbation observed in sustained phonation.", "content": "The middle segments of sustained phonations of /i/, produced by six male adults at fo's ranging from 98 to 298 Hz, were examined for cycle-to-cycle frequency perturbation. The voice samples were analyzed by a peak-picking fo analysis program (Horii, 1975). The results showed that, between 98 Hz and 210 Hz, mean jitter size decreased as the fo increased, whereas the corresponding jitter ratios remained relatively constant. Above about 210 Hz, mean jitter remained relatively constant and, consequently, the jitter ratio increased as fo increased. The problems of temporal resolution for vocal jitter studies, vowel-dependent jitter magnitude characteristics and various perturbation measures are discussed.", "contents": "Fundamental frequency perturbation observed in sustained phonation. The middle segments of sustained phonations of /i/, produced by six male adults at fo's ranging from 98 to 298 Hz, were examined for cycle-to-cycle frequency perturbation. The voice samples were analyzed by a peak-picking fo analysis program (Horii, 1975). The results showed that, between 98 Hz and 210 Hz, mean jitter size decreased as the fo increased, whereas the corresponding jitter ratios remained relatively constant. Above about 210 Hz, mean jitter remained relatively constant and, consequently, the jitter ratio increased as fo increased. The problems of temporal resolution for vocal jitter studies, vowel-dependent jitter magnitude characteristics and various perturbation measures are discussed.", "PMID": 502500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5635", "title": "Reflex threshold shift in chinchillas following a prolonged exposure to noise.", "content": "The acoustic reflex is considered to reduce transmission across the middle ear and thereby protect the inner ear from intense sounds. The dynamic properties of this reflex seem to be a function of the duration of the eliciting stimulus. Assessment of the protective action afforded by middle-ear muscle contractions for long-term noise exposures requires the knowledge of how these dynamic properties change under such conditions. Round window electrodes were implanted in eight chinchillas. Changes in the threshold of the acoustic reflex were measured during an eight-hour exposure at 95 dB SPL to an octave-band noise centered at 0.5 kHz. The criterion measure of the acoustic reflex was a change in the amplitude of the cochlear microphonic generated by a 0.5 kHz eliciting tone. Thresholds of the acoustic reflex increased systematically throughout the noise exposure up to approximately 14 dB after 8 hours. The time course of the changes in the threshold of the acoustic reflex was nearly identical to the time course of behaviorally measured changes in the auditory sensitivity as reported by Carder and Miller (1972).", "contents": "Reflex threshold shift in chinchillas following a prolonged exposure to noise. The acoustic reflex is considered to reduce transmission across the middle ear and thereby protect the inner ear from intense sounds. The dynamic properties of this reflex seem to be a function of the duration of the eliciting stimulus. Assessment of the protective action afforded by middle-ear muscle contractions for long-term noise exposures requires the knowledge of how these dynamic properties change under such conditions. Round window electrodes were implanted in eight chinchillas. Changes in the threshold of the acoustic reflex were measured during an eight-hour exposure at 95 dB SPL to an octave-band noise centered at 0.5 kHz. The criterion measure of the acoustic reflex was a change in the amplitude of the cochlear microphonic generated by a 0.5 kHz eliciting tone. Thresholds of the acoustic reflex increased systematically throughout the noise exposure up to approximately 14 dB after 8 hours. The time course of the changes in the threshold of the acoustic reflex was nearly identical to the time course of behaviorally measured changes in the auditory sensitivity as reported by Carder and Miller (1972).", "PMID": 502501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5636", "title": "Cognitive loci of impairments in picture naming by aphasic subjects.", "content": "In order to identify the process or processes responsible for impaired naming by aphasic patients, ten aphasic adults and ten normal adults performed three independent tasks--picture naming, modified Sternberg picture recognition, and modified Sternberg random shape recognition (Sternberg, 1966). Response times and error percentages were the dependent variables. Independent variables in naming were stimulus codability measured in bits of uncertainty (two levels) and number of naming trials (three trials). Independent variables in the recognition tasks were uncertainty (two levels), number of stimuli to be remembered (two or four stimuli) and response type (\"yes\" or \"no\"). The results showed that uncertainty had significant effects on naming but not on recognition performance. The aphasic group produced significantly longer naming response times regardless of uncertainty level. The differences between groups were much greater for high-uncertainty pictures (1100 msec) than for low-uncertainty pictures (270 msec). A comparison of estimates of word retrieval times showed that the two subject groups differed significantly for high-uncertainty but not for low-uncertainty items. It was concluded that (1) use of the term \"word retrieval problem\" rather than \"loss of memory problem\" was justified to describe the major component in the aphasic naming impairment for high-uncertainty items, and (2) when naming low-uncertainty items these aphasic subjects did not demonstrate a word retrieval problem. The results indicate that treatment procedures designed to improve naming should be process rather than content oriented.", "contents": "Cognitive loci of impairments in picture naming by aphasic subjects. In order to identify the process or processes responsible for impaired naming by aphasic patients, ten aphasic adults and ten normal adults performed three independent tasks--picture naming, modified Sternberg picture recognition, and modified Sternberg random shape recognition (Sternberg, 1966). Response times and error percentages were the dependent variables. Independent variables in naming were stimulus codability measured in bits of uncertainty (two levels) and number of naming trials (three trials). Independent variables in the recognition tasks were uncertainty (two levels), number of stimuli to be remembered (two or four stimuli) and response type (\"yes\" or \"no\"). The results showed that uncertainty had significant effects on naming but not on recognition performance. The aphasic group produced significantly longer naming response times regardless of uncertainty level. The differences between groups were much greater for high-uncertainty pictures (1100 msec) than for low-uncertainty pictures (270 msec). A comparison of estimates of word retrieval times showed that the two subject groups differed significantly for high-uncertainty but not for low-uncertainty items. It was concluded that (1) use of the term \"word retrieval problem\" rather than \"loss of memory problem\" was justified to describe the major component in the aphasic naming impairment for high-uncertainty items, and (2) when naming low-uncertainty items these aphasic subjects did not demonstrate a word retrieval problem. The results indicate that treatment procedures designed to improve naming should be process rather than content oriented.", "PMID": 502502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5637", "title": "Toward objective analysis for electroencephalic audiometry.", "content": "Middle-component AERs (8-90 msec) to tone-pips from 10 normal-hearing adults were subjected to three objective methods of response identification. Threshold was then determined for each subject according to four different rules. The criterion score, which considers conjointly latency and amplitude values across the middle-component peaks, was developed as a single-value measure for response-identification and subsequent threshold-determination procedures. One of the response-identification methods was applied to 10 hearing-impaired subjects; the results of the threshold-determination procedures were encouraging. Further directions toward improving objective response analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Toward objective analysis for electroencephalic audiometry. Middle-component AERs (8-90 msec) to tone-pips from 10 normal-hearing adults were subjected to three objective methods of response identification. Threshold was then determined for each subject according to four different rules. The criterion score, which considers conjointly latency and amplitude values across the middle-component peaks, was developed as a single-value measure for response-identification and subsequent threshold-determination procedures. One of the response-identification methods was applied to 10 hearing-impaired subjects; the results of the threshold-determination procedures were encouraging. Further directions toward improving objective response analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 502503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5638", "title": "Effects of cognitive set upon laboratory induced verbal (Freudian) slips.", "content": "Subjects participated in either of three treatments of a task which elicits verbal slips. With equal chance probabilities of eliciting verbal slips related either to electricity or to sex, subjects receiving a situational cognitive set toward electric shocks made more electricity-type verbal slips than sex-type errors, while the opposite was true for a situational cognitive set toward sex, and no difference occurred for a neutral cognitive set. Results provide insight into psycholinguistic processing of both naturally occurring verbal slips and normal error-free speech.", "contents": "Effects of cognitive set upon laboratory induced verbal (Freudian) slips. Subjects participated in either of three treatments of a task which elicits verbal slips. With equal chance probabilities of eliciting verbal slips related either to electricity or to sex, subjects receiving a situational cognitive set toward electric shocks made more electricity-type verbal slips than sex-type errors, while the opposite was true for a situational cognitive set toward sex, and no difference occurred for a neutral cognitive set. Results provide insight into psycholinguistic processing of both naturally occurring verbal slips and normal error-free speech.", "PMID": 502504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5639", "title": "Age and the decoding of coarticulatory cues.", "content": "Thirty-two subjects between the ages of 60 and 80 years listened to tape-recorded voiceless stop + vowel syllables and subsyllabic segments systematically isolated from the syllables by electronic gating. This procedure allowed examination of the ability of older adults to perceive the acoustic effects of coarticulation. Comparison of the performances of subjects in the older age groups with previous data concerning four year olds, 11 year olds, and young adults (Oarnell and Amerman, 1978) revealed a close resemblance between the performance of four year olds and older adults in the proportion of correct syllable identifications, consistency of responses and substitution preferences. On all of these measures, the responses of these two age groups differed significantly from those of the 11 year olds and young adults. The results suggest a reduction in decoding precision for these coarticulatory cues as a function of the aging process.", "contents": "Age and the decoding of coarticulatory cues. Thirty-two subjects between the ages of 60 and 80 years listened to tape-recorded voiceless stop + vowel syllables and subsyllabic segments systematically isolated from the syllables by electronic gating. This procedure allowed examination of the ability of older adults to perceive the acoustic effects of coarticulation. Comparison of the performances of subjects in the older age groups with previous data concerning four year olds, 11 year olds, and young adults (Oarnell and Amerman, 1978) revealed a close resemblance between the performance of four year olds and older adults in the proportion of correct syllable identifications, consistency of responses and substitution preferences. On all of these measures, the responses of these two age groups differed significantly from those of the 11 year olds and young adults. The results suggest a reduction in decoding precision for these coarticulatory cues as a function of the aging process.", "PMID": 502505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5640", "title": "The effects of triamcinolone acetonide on the voice.", "content": "With the exception of the pioneering work by Damst\u00e9 in the mid 1960s and early '70's, no long term quantitative research on voice changes subsequent to drug therapy has been reported. This study reports the effects of a specific cortico-steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, on selected aerodynamic and acoustic parameters reflecting the vocal performance of twenty-one chronic asthmatic steroid dependent individuals. Measurements of the subjects' vocal fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time, oral air volume velocity, and peak intra-oral air pressure during production of selected speech stimuli were made before the introduction of triamcinolone and following the first and second years of drug use. After two years of triamcinolone therapy, significant changes were noted in parameters reflecting laryngeal functioning. Respiratory performance remained unchanged for most subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the possible physiological changes that might have occurred and their implications for the speech-language pathologist and speech scientist in medical management.", "contents": "The effects of triamcinolone acetonide on the voice. With the exception of the pioneering work by Damst\u00e9 in the mid 1960s and early '70's, no long term quantitative research on voice changes subsequent to drug therapy has been reported. This study reports the effects of a specific cortico-steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, on selected aerodynamic and acoustic parameters reflecting the vocal performance of twenty-one chronic asthmatic steroid dependent individuals. Measurements of the subjects' vocal fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time, oral air volume velocity, and peak intra-oral air pressure during production of selected speech stimuli were made before the introduction of triamcinolone and following the first and second years of drug use. After two years of triamcinolone therapy, significant changes were noted in parameters reflecting laryngeal functioning. Respiratory performance remained unchanged for most subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the possible physiological changes that might have occurred and their implications for the speech-language pathologist and speech scientist in medical management.", "PMID": 502506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5641", "title": "Lexical semantics and memory for words in aphasia.", "content": "Aphasic and non-neurological patients were assessed on a word recognition memory task. On any one trial, some words were instances of the same superordinate category, thus presupposing a common abstract conceptual feature, and some words could be linked thematically in the sense of forming context-dependent relations. Observing the temporal order in which patients pointed to the words they recognized permitted an assessment of the extent to which they clustered their responses either in terms of superordinate categories or along thematic lines. The conceptual structures indicated by these clusters were compared with those observed in a previous task requiring judgments of word relatedness. The data suggest that verbal memory limitations in aphasia are only in part linked to constraints on the conceptual features structuring lexical knowledge; and relatedly they raise the possibility that aphasics may have a disturbance of mnemonic processing quite apart from any disruption to language.", "contents": "Lexical semantics and memory for words in aphasia. Aphasic and non-neurological patients were assessed on a word recognition memory task. On any one trial, some words were instances of the same superordinate category, thus presupposing a common abstract conceptual feature, and some words could be linked thematically in the sense of forming context-dependent relations. Observing the temporal order in which patients pointed to the words they recognized permitted an assessment of the extent to which they clustered their responses either in terms of superordinate categories or along thematic lines. The conceptual structures indicated by these clusters were compared with those observed in a previous task requiring judgments of word relatedness. The data suggest that verbal memory limitations in aphasia are only in part linked to constraints on the conceptual features structuring lexical knowledge; and relatedly they raise the possibility that aphasics may have a disturbance of mnemonic processing quite apart from any disruption to language.", "PMID": 502507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5642", "title": "Voicing duration and vocal SPL changes associated with stuttering reduction during singing.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine if stuttering reduction during singing is associated with increased voicing duration and increased vocal SPL. Eight moderate to severe stutterers comprised the experimental group. Eight normal speakers, matched pairwise with the stutterers for sex and age, served as controls. Pre-experimental testing indicated that all subjects knew from memory the melody of the well-known song \"Home on the Range.\" Subsequently, subjects were asked to read aloud and sing altered lyrics of this song to the conventional melody. Results showed that from reading to singing, disfluency frequency decreased significantly among the stutterers. Both groups of subjects significantly increased voicing durations across the two conditions, but only the normal speakers increased vocal SPL during song. These results indicated that the reduction in stutterers' disfluency (stutterings included) during singing was attended by an altered pattern of vocalization that included an increase in voicing duration, but no significant change in vocal SPL. These findings are discussed with reference to vocal tract dynamics, especially those that might promote higher levels of fluency among stutterers.", "contents": "Voicing duration and vocal SPL changes associated with stuttering reduction during singing. This study was conducted to determine if stuttering reduction during singing is associated with increased voicing duration and increased vocal SPL. Eight moderate to severe stutterers comprised the experimental group. Eight normal speakers, matched pairwise with the stutterers for sex and age, served as controls. Pre-experimental testing indicated that all subjects knew from memory the melody of the well-known song \"Home on the Range.\" Subsequently, subjects were asked to read aloud and sing altered lyrics of this song to the conventional melody. Results showed that from reading to singing, disfluency frequency decreased significantly among the stutterers. Both groups of subjects significantly increased voicing durations across the two conditions, but only the normal speakers increased vocal SPL during song. These results indicated that the reduction in stutterers' disfluency (stutterings included) during singing was attended by an altered pattern of vocalization that included an increase in voicing duration, but no significant change in vocal SPL. These findings are discussed with reference to vocal tract dynamics, especially those that might promote higher levels of fluency among stutterers.", "PMID": 502508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5643", "title": "Factors influencing the acoustic-immittance characteristics of the acoustic reflex.", "content": "Measurements of the aural acoustic-immittance (admittance and impedance) characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system in humans during the quiescent (static) and reflexive states were made (N = 36) utilizing a signal-averaging technique. Three pure tones (750, 1000, and 2000 Hz) and broadband noise stimuli elicited the acoustic reflex in 2-dB steps at sound-pressure levels from 84-116 dB (tones) and 66-116 dB (noise) during ascending- and descending-intensity level runs. The contralateral middle-ear activity was monitored with a 220-Hz probe by digitizing the conductance and susceptance outputs of an admittance meter. A computer corrected for the ear-canal volume utilizing measurements made at ear-canal pressures of 0 and --350 daPa and then converted the conductance and susceptance values into admittance and impedance units. The results were reported in absolute and relative immittance units, including components, as a function of both stimulus sound-pressure level and intensity level above the acoustic-reflex threshold. The static immittance of the middle ear changed nonlinearly over time to lower admittance or higher impedance values. The influence of this static-immittance shift on the reflex magnitude was discussed. The largest mean reflex magnitude and the slowest rate of growth were observed with broadband noise, although eight of the 36 subjects demonstrated the largest reflex magnitude in response to one or more of the tonal stimuli. Although static-immittance values and acoustic-reflex thresholds were poorly correlated, the reflex magnitudes were proportional to static immittance. The variability of the reflex measures was similar to the variability of the static-immittance values. Finally, bi-directional changes in resistance during the reflexive state were observed and discussed.", "contents": "Factors influencing the acoustic-immittance characteristics of the acoustic reflex. Measurements of the aural acoustic-immittance (admittance and impedance) characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system in humans during the quiescent (static) and reflexive states were made (N = 36) utilizing a signal-averaging technique. Three pure tones (750, 1000, and 2000 Hz) and broadband noise stimuli elicited the acoustic reflex in 2-dB steps at sound-pressure levels from 84-116 dB (tones) and 66-116 dB (noise) during ascending- and descending-intensity level runs. The contralateral middle-ear activity was monitored with a 220-Hz probe by digitizing the conductance and susceptance outputs of an admittance meter. A computer corrected for the ear-canal volume utilizing measurements made at ear-canal pressures of 0 and --350 daPa and then converted the conductance and susceptance values into admittance and impedance units. The results were reported in absolute and relative immittance units, including components, as a function of both stimulus sound-pressure level and intensity level above the acoustic-reflex threshold. The static immittance of the middle ear changed nonlinearly over time to lower admittance or higher impedance values. The influence of this static-immittance shift on the reflex magnitude was discussed. The largest mean reflex magnitude and the slowest rate of growth were observed with broadband noise, although eight of the 36 subjects demonstrated the largest reflex magnitude in response to one or more of the tonal stimuli. Although static-immittance values and acoustic-reflex thresholds were poorly correlated, the reflex magnitudes were proportional to static immittance. The variability of the reflex measures was similar to the variability of the static-immittance values. Finally, bi-directional changes in resistance during the reflexive state were observed and discussed.", "PMID": 502509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5644", "title": "Children's judgments of utterance appropriateness.", "content": "Judgments of utterance appropriateness were examined in 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year olds to examine the bases for these judgments in a variety of social contexts. The results indicated that the 4- and 5-year olds based their judgments in part on factors such as the available nonlinguistic evidence supporting the utterance and the types of evaluative terms used in the utterance. The judgments of the 6-year olds more closely resembled those of a group of adults, but their judgments were not yet free of some of the factors operative for the younger children. The findings are discussed in terms of the illocutionary and conversational characteristics of the stimulus utterances.", "contents": "Children's judgments of utterance appropriateness. Judgments of utterance appropriateness were examined in 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year olds to examine the bases for these judgments in a variety of social contexts. The results indicated that the 4- and 5-year olds based their judgments in part on factors such as the available nonlinguistic evidence supporting the utterance and the types of evaluative terms used in the utterance. The judgments of the 6-year olds more closely resembled those of a group of adults, but their judgments were not yet free of some of the factors operative for the younger children. The findings are discussed in terms of the illocutionary and conversational characteristics of the stimulus utterances.", "PMID": 502510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5645", "title": "Phrase-level timing patterns in English: effects of emphatic stress location and speaking rate.", "content": "Phrase-level timing patterns in the utterance Bob hit the big dog were studied as a function of emphatic-stress location at two speaking rates. Five emphatic-stress conditions were defined: emphasis on each of the four content words, and one condition with no emphatic stress (neutral emphasis). Three subjects produced twenty repetitions of each condition at both rates. Results showed (1) the effect of emphatic stress on segment duration was not confined to the emphasized segments, but was manifest in nonemphasized segments as well; (2) when emphatic stress occurred near the beginning of the utterance, segment durations toward the end of the utterance were shortened relative to the duration of these segments in the neutral-emphasis utterance; however, for emphatic stress late in the utterance, beginning segments were not so modified; (3) the duration correlate of emphasis varied with position-in-utterance; and (4) increased speaking rate reduced or eliminated timing contrasts observed at the conversational rate, and affected the utterance-final segment differently from segments in other utterance positions.", "contents": "Phrase-level timing patterns in English: effects of emphatic stress location and speaking rate. Phrase-level timing patterns in the utterance Bob hit the big dog were studied as a function of emphatic-stress location at two speaking rates. Five emphatic-stress conditions were defined: emphasis on each of the four content words, and one condition with no emphatic stress (neutral emphasis). Three subjects produced twenty repetitions of each condition at both rates. Results showed (1) the effect of emphatic stress on segment duration was not confined to the emphasized segments, but was manifest in nonemphasized segments as well; (2) when emphatic stress occurred near the beginning of the utterance, segment durations toward the end of the utterance were shortened relative to the duration of these segments in the neutral-emphasis utterance; however, for emphatic stress late in the utterance, beginning segments were not so modified; (3) the duration correlate of emphasis varied with position-in-utterance; and (4) increased speaking rate reduced or eliminated timing contrasts observed at the conversational rate, and affected the utterance-final segment differently from segments in other utterance positions.", "PMID": 502511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5646", "title": "Pragmatic and semantic development in young children with impaired hearing.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to characterize the early pragmatic-semantic communicative development of young hearing-impaired children learning spoken English as a first language. Twelve children with impaired hearing, ranging in age from 22 months to 60 months, were videotaped. Approximately 13 hours of videotaped data from four different communicative settings were analyzed. The pragmatic and semantic categories used by these children varied across age groups. Results are discussed with regard to age, expressive modality, mean length of utterance (MLU), and hearing loss. There was much variation among these parameters in communicative development across children.", "contents": "Pragmatic and semantic development in young children with impaired hearing. The purpose of the study was to characterize the early pragmatic-semantic communicative development of young hearing-impaired children learning spoken English as a first language. Twelve children with impaired hearing, ranging in age from 22 months to 60 months, were videotaped. Approximately 13 hours of videotaped data from four different communicative settings were analyzed. The pragmatic and semantic categories used by these children varied across age groups. Results are discussed with regard to age, expressive modality, mean length of utterance (MLU), and hearing loss. There was much variation among these parameters in communicative development across children.", "PMID": 502512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5647", "title": "Women who stutter: personality and speech characteristics.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine whether adult female stutterers, when compared to adult male stutterers, would (1) present a different pattern of speech fluency or (2) evidence reduced self-esteem or both. Spontaneous speech samples were obtained from 10 adult female stutterers, 10 adult male stutterers, and 10 adult female nonstutterers. All were administered the California Test of Personality and semantic differential forms designed to assess self-concept. The female stutterers produced significantly fewer instances of revision-incomplete phrase than either of the other two groups and were more heterogeneous with respect to total frequency of disfluency. The female stutterers evidenced a significantly higher level of self-esteem than the male stutterers. Moreover, unlike the male stutterers, the female stutterers did not consider themselves handicapped. This investigation indicates that there may be significant differences in the stuttering symptomatology of adults that are related to gender.", "contents": "Women who stutter: personality and speech characteristics. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether adult female stutterers, when compared to adult male stutterers, would (1) present a different pattern of speech fluency or (2) evidence reduced self-esteem or both. Spontaneous speech samples were obtained from 10 adult female stutterers, 10 adult male stutterers, and 10 adult female nonstutterers. All were administered the California Test of Personality and semantic differential forms designed to assess self-concept. The female stutterers produced significantly fewer instances of revision-incomplete phrase than either of the other two groups and were more heterogeneous with respect to total frequency of disfluency. The female stutterers evidenced a significantly higher level of self-esteem than the male stutterers. Moreover, unlike the male stutterers, the female stutterers did not consider themselves handicapped. This investigation indicates that there may be significant differences in the stuttering symptomatology of adults that are related to gender.", "PMID": 502513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5648", "title": "Changes in the probability of stuttering following a stutter: a test of some recent models.", "content": "To test the models of stuttering proposed by Still and Sherrard (1976), six stutterers (two adults and four children between 12 and 14 years old) read 33 or more passages of prose of approximately 200 words, in sessions of 16 or 17 passages. Predictions tested concerned changes in stuttering probability as words elapse following the last stutter. Such changes may be confounded with sequential dependencies among word classes, together with correlations between word classes and stuttering. To allow for this, a multiple regression was carried out on six independent variables--initial phoneme, grammatical class, length of word, position in sentence, session, and familiarity of passage. From this analysis, predicted changes in stuttering probability were generated, and compared with observed probabilities. There was a significant decrease in the difference between observed and expected probabilities over the first 30 words following a stutter. Also, two subjects (the adults) showed an initial increase in rate of stuttering. These results support a combination of the anxiety and feedback models of Still and Sherrard.", "contents": "Changes in the probability of stuttering following a stutter: a test of some recent models. To test the models of stuttering proposed by Still and Sherrard (1976), six stutterers (two adults and four children between 12 and 14 years old) read 33 or more passages of prose of approximately 200 words, in sessions of 16 or 17 passages. Predictions tested concerned changes in stuttering probability as words elapse following the last stutter. Such changes may be confounded with sequential dependencies among word classes, together with correlations between word classes and stuttering. To allow for this, a multiple regression was carried out on six independent variables--initial phoneme, grammatical class, length of word, position in sentence, session, and familiarity of passage. From this analysis, predicted changes in stuttering probability were generated, and compared with observed probabilities. There was a significant decrease in the difference between observed and expected probabilities over the first 30 words following a stutter. Also, two subjects (the adults) showed an initial increase in rate of stuttering. These results support a combination of the anxiety and feedback models of Still and Sherrard.", "PMID": 502514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5649", "title": "An analysis of individual differences in words stuttered.", "content": "Six stutterers (two adults and four children between 12 and 14 years old) read 33 or more passages of prose of approximately 200 words, in sessions of 16 or 17 passages. Words were classified by initial phoneme, grammatical class, length, and position in sentence, and proportions of stutters were examined as a function of these variables. The extensive data allowed a detailed analysis of individual differences, with the following results. Five subjects showed the usual higher rate of stuttering on consonants, though there were differences in which consonants were stuttered most, and one subject showed more stuttering on vowels. A markedly higher rate was found on initial words of sentences in two subjects, and these two subjects were also exceptional in stuttering more on content than function words, and in showing a type of stutter characterized by blocks rather than repetitions. Possible explanations for this pattern are discussed. Contrary to Taylor (1966) there were significant correlations between stuttering and grammatical class even when initial phoneme and word in sentence were held constant. There were no significant changes within sessions. Two subjects showed a significant decrease between sessions, one showed an increase; these changes were due to familiarity with the experimental situation, rather than with passages per se.", "contents": "An analysis of individual differences in words stuttered. Six stutterers (two adults and four children between 12 and 14 years old) read 33 or more passages of prose of approximately 200 words, in sessions of 16 or 17 passages. Words were classified by initial phoneme, grammatical class, length, and position in sentence, and proportions of stutters were examined as a function of these variables. The extensive data allowed a detailed analysis of individual differences, with the following results. Five subjects showed the usual higher rate of stuttering on consonants, though there were differences in which consonants were stuttered most, and one subject showed more stuttering on vowels. A markedly higher rate was found on initial words of sentences in two subjects, and these two subjects were also exceptional in stuttering more on content than function words, and in showing a type of stutter characterized by blocks rather than repetitions. Possible explanations for this pattern are discussed. Contrary to Taylor (1966) there were significant correlations between stuttering and grammatical class even when initial phoneme and word in sentence were held constant. There were no significant changes within sessions. Two subjects showed a significant decrease between sessions, one showed an increase; these changes were due to familiarity with the experimental situation, rather than with passages per se.", "PMID": 502515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5650", "title": "The influence of deviant maternal input on the development of language during the preschool years.", "content": "Language development of five two-year-old hearing children of deaf parents was studied longitudinally. These results were compared with the normal language developmental literature, and analyzed in relation to the form of the mothers' oral input. Three of the deaf mothers were less than 15% intelligible and their MLU was less than 2.0. The children spent less than 20 hours weekly with normal speakers. Frequency and proportion measurements were used to compare these children's utterances with those of children from normal-hearing households studied by Lois Bloom and Roger Brown. The observed children's utterances contained similar categories of semantic-syntactic relations and as many syntactic utterance types as children from hearing households. Furthermore, the children were appropriately acquiring grammatical morphemes in relation to their MLU. The overwhelming majority of the children's utterances adhered to a subject-verb-object order of constituents, and discourse interaction (the ability to add information to another's utterance) was developing. The results indicate that children, when cognitively ready, need little exposure to the normal model language to learn to speak during the early stages of development.", "contents": "The influence of deviant maternal input on the development of language during the preschool years. Language development of five two-year-old hearing children of deaf parents was studied longitudinally. These results were compared with the normal language developmental literature, and analyzed in relation to the form of the mothers' oral input. Three of the deaf mothers were less than 15% intelligible and their MLU was less than 2.0. The children spent less than 20 hours weekly with normal speakers. Frequency and proportion measurements were used to compare these children's utterances with those of children from normal-hearing households studied by Lois Bloom and Roger Brown. The observed children's utterances contained similar categories of semantic-syntactic relations and as many syntactic utterance types as children from hearing households. Furthermore, the children were appropriately acquiring grammatical morphemes in relation to their MLU. The overwhelming majority of the children's utterances adhered to a subject-verb-object order of constituents, and discourse interaction (the ability to add information to another's utterance) was developing. The results indicate that children, when cognitively ready, need little exposure to the normal model language to learn to speak during the early stages of development.", "PMID": 502516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5651", "title": "The first three words.", "content": "The regularly reported influence on stuttering of early sentence position, particularly the first three words, evidently is confounded with the influence of grammatical class, another variable consistently found to correlate with stuttering frequency. Representative samples of English prose are found to contain, in early sentence positions, words of grammatical classes known to be associated with high stuttering frequency. Use of a specially constructed passage, which markedly altered the grammatical class composition of the first three words of sentences, resulted in significant changes in the typical patterns of stuttering frequency associated with word position and grammatical class. The findings lead to an analysis which identifies linguistics stress as the essential feature responsible for the effect on stuttering of both grammatical class and sentence position.", "contents": "The first three words. The regularly reported influence on stuttering of early sentence position, particularly the first three words, evidently is confounded with the influence of grammatical class, another variable consistently found to correlate with stuttering frequency. Representative samples of English prose are found to contain, in early sentence positions, words of grammatical classes known to be associated with high stuttering frequency. Use of a specially constructed passage, which markedly altered the grammatical class composition of the first three words of sentences, resulted in significant changes in the typical patterns of stuttering frequency associated with word position and grammatical class. The findings lead to an analysis which identifies linguistics stress as the essential feature responsible for the effect on stuttering of both grammatical class and sentence position.", "PMID": 502517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5652", "title": "Spectral noise levels and roughness severity ratings for vowels produced by male children.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between spectral noise level (SNL) and perceived roughness in sustained vowels phonated by children. Twenty male children, ten presenting normal vocal quality and ten presenting vocal roughness associated with benign vocal cord lesions, served as subjects. The children individually sustained each of the vowels (Formula: see text) at one intensity and at two pitch levels (comfortable and high). Each vowel recording was analyzed to produce a 3-Hz bandwidth, amplitude-by-frequency acoustic spectrum. The levels of inharmonic (noise) components were measured for the range 100 to 2600 Hz within each vowel spectrum and the mean of those measures provided an index of vowel spectral noise level. Each recorded sample was also rated for degree of roughness, by 11 trained judges, using a five-point, equal-appearing intervals scale. The fundamental vocal frequency (fo) of each production also was measured. The results indicated that four subjects with vocal pathology phonated their vowel productions with a relatively extreme fo when compared to subjects with normal voice quality. It was also found that vowel roughness and SNL differed predictably for individual vowels and that, especially for normal-speaking subjects, roughness and SNL decreased with an increase in fo. Further, for both subject groups, SNL measures were correlated positively and moderately highly with perceived roughness.", "contents": "Spectral noise levels and roughness severity ratings for vowels produced by male children. This study investigated the relationship between spectral noise level (SNL) and perceived roughness in sustained vowels phonated by children. Twenty male children, ten presenting normal vocal quality and ten presenting vocal roughness associated with benign vocal cord lesions, served as subjects. The children individually sustained each of the vowels (Formula: see text) at one intensity and at two pitch levels (comfortable and high). Each vowel recording was analyzed to produce a 3-Hz bandwidth, amplitude-by-frequency acoustic spectrum. The levels of inharmonic (noise) components were measured for the range 100 to 2600 Hz within each vowel spectrum and the mean of those measures provided an index of vowel spectral noise level. Each recorded sample was also rated for degree of roughness, by 11 trained judges, using a five-point, equal-appearing intervals scale. The fundamental vocal frequency (fo) of each production also was measured. The results indicated that four subjects with vocal pathology phonated their vowel productions with a relatively extreme fo when compared to subjects with normal voice quality. It was also found that vowel roughness and SNL differed predictably for individual vowels and that, especially for normal-speaking subjects, roughness and SNL decreased with an increase in fo. Further, for both subject groups, SNL measures were correlated positively and moderately highly with perceived roughness.", "PMID": 502518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5653", "title": "Acoustic characteristics of dysarthria associated with cerebellar disease.", "content": "The speech of five individuals with cerebellar disease and ataxic dysarthria was studied with acoustic analyses of CVC words, words of varying syllabic structure (stem, stem plus suffix, stem plus two suffixes), simple sentences, the Rainbow Passage, and conversation. The most consistent and marked abnormalities observed in spectrograms were alterations of the normal timing pattern, with prolongation of a variety of segments and a tendency toward equalized syllable durations. Vowel formant structure in the CVC words was judged to be essentially normal except for transitional segments. The greater the severity of the dysarthria, the greater the number of segments lengthened and the degree of lengthening of individual segments. The ataxic subjects were inconsistent in durational adjustments of the stem syllable as the number of syllables in a word was varied and generally made smaller reductions than normal subjects as suffixes were added. Disturbances of syllable timing frequently were accompanied by abnormal contours of fundamental frequency, particularly monotone and syllable-falling patterns. These dysprosodic aspects of ataxic dysarthria are discussed in relation to cerebellar function in motor control.", "contents": "Acoustic characteristics of dysarthria associated with cerebellar disease. The speech of five individuals with cerebellar disease and ataxic dysarthria was studied with acoustic analyses of CVC words, words of varying syllabic structure (stem, stem plus suffix, stem plus two suffixes), simple sentences, the Rainbow Passage, and conversation. The most consistent and marked abnormalities observed in spectrograms were alterations of the normal timing pattern, with prolongation of a variety of segments and a tendency toward equalized syllable durations. Vowel formant structure in the CVC words was judged to be essentially normal except for transitional segments. The greater the severity of the dysarthria, the greater the number of segments lengthened and the degree of lengthening of individual segments. The ataxic subjects were inconsistent in durational adjustments of the stem syllable as the number of syllables in a word was varied and generally made smaller reductions than normal subjects as suffixes were added. Disturbances of syllable timing frequently were accompanied by abnormal contours of fundamental frequency, particularly monotone and syllable-falling patterns. These dysprosodic aspects of ataxic dysarthria are discussed in relation to cerebellar function in motor control.", "PMID": 502519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5654", "title": "Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration during stutterers' fluent speech.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate voice onset time (VOT) and durations of frication and aspiration in stutterers' fluent speech. Broadband wound spectrograms were used to measure five adult stutterers' and five adult normally fluent controls' VOT, frication and aspiration durations during fluent productions of 18 word-initial sounds or sound clusters. Results indicate that stutterers' mean VOT for six of the 18 sounds/sound clusters (/p b br pr tw bl/) was significantly different from that of normally fluent speakers. VOT values for four of these 18 sounds/sound clusters (/b bl p tw/) could, to a moderate degree, be predicted from knowledge of whether a subject is a stutterer or a normally fluent speaker. With one exception, aspiration duration for /tw/, stutterers were not significantly different from normally fluent speakers in terms of frication and aspiration durations. These results suggest that stutterers' VOT during fluency is within normal limits and as such is of small assitance in distinguishing between stutterers and normally fluent speakers.", "contents": "Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration during stutterers' fluent speech. The purpose of this study was to investigate voice onset time (VOT) and durations of frication and aspiration in stutterers' fluent speech. Broadband wound spectrograms were used to measure five adult stutterers' and five adult normally fluent controls' VOT, frication and aspiration durations during fluent productions of 18 word-initial sounds or sound clusters. Results indicate that stutterers' mean VOT for six of the 18 sounds/sound clusters (/p b br pr tw bl/) was significantly different from that of normally fluent speakers. VOT values for four of these 18 sounds/sound clusters (/b bl p tw/) could, to a moderate degree, be predicted from knowledge of whether a subject is a stutterer or a normally fluent speaker. With one exception, aspiration duration for /tw/, stutterers were not significantly different from normally fluent speakers in terms of frication and aspiration durations. These results suggest that stutterers' VOT during fluency is within normal limits and as such is of small assitance in distinguishing between stutterers and normally fluent speakers.", "PMID": 502520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5655", "title": "Management of multiple lung metastases.", "content": "During the past seven years, 78 patients with multiple lung metastases under went lung resection. Most of the patients with bilateral lung metastases had lung resection through a median sternotomy rather than by bilateral thoracotomies. \"Local excision\" of the lung lesions was the most frequently used technique in order to preserve as much lung tissue as possible. Sixty-three of the 78 patients received adjuvant therapies following lung resection. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The over-all median survival was 18.3 months. Analysis of the data showed shorter tumor doubling time to be an indicator of poor prognosis, whereas other factors such as disease-free intervals and unilateral vs bilateral metastases did not affect the postoperative survival.", "contents": "Management of multiple lung metastases. During the past seven years, 78 patients with multiple lung metastases under went lung resection. Most of the patients with bilateral lung metastases had lung resection through a median sternotomy rather than by bilateral thoracotomies. \"Local excision\" of the lung lesions was the most frequently used technique in order to preserve as much lung tissue as possible. Sixty-three of the 78 patients received adjuvant therapies following lung resection. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The over-all median survival was 18.3 months. Analysis of the data showed shorter tumor doubling time to be an indicator of poor prognosis, whereas other factors such as disease-free intervals and unilateral vs bilateral metastases did not affect the postoperative survival.", "PMID": 502562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5656", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the breast are described. In one patient the lesion represented a primary breast tumor; in the second, a metastases from primary bonchogenic carcinoma. Neither lesion possessed estrogen receptor protein. This report emphasizes the rarity of epidermoid lesions of the breast and the importance of identifying an extramammary primary source of metastases to the breast.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the breast. Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the breast are described. In one patient the lesion represented a primary breast tumor; in the second, a metastases from primary bonchogenic carcinoma. Neither lesion possessed estrogen receptor protein. This report emphasizes the rarity of epidermoid lesions of the breast and the importance of identifying an extramammary primary source of metastases to the breast.", "PMID": 502563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5657", "title": "Immunotherapy of a murine sarcoma using specific antitumor immune RNA.", "content": "The effect of IRNA therapy in a polyoma-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H mice has been studied. Although a protocol that transferred in vitro cytotoxicity was used, no reduction in incidence of tumors, tumor size, or survival was demonstrated. In one experiment, enhancement of tumor growth occurred. It is concluded that cytotoxicity does not reflect in vivo changes and that therapeutic trials of IRNA are premature.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of a murine sarcoma using specific antitumor immune RNA. The effect of IRNA therapy in a polyoma-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H mice has been studied. Although a protocol that transferred in vitro cytotoxicity was used, no reduction in incidence of tumors, tumor size, or survival was demonstrated. In one experiment, enhancement of tumor growth occurred. It is concluded that cytotoxicity does not reflect in vivo changes and that therapeutic trials of IRNA are premature.", "PMID": 502564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5658", "title": "Reticuloendothelial system (RES) hyperfunction and erythropoietin (Ep) production in the regenerating liver.", "content": "Hepatic cells in rats were evaluated after subtotal hepatectomy using scintillation scanning with technetium sulfur colloid (TSC), autoradiography, and microstereology techniques. The ability of the liver to accumulate TSC increased during the course of the regeneration as did the labeling of Kupffer and parenchymal cells with tritiated thymidine (3H-tdR). Kupffer to parenchymal cell number ratios and Kupffer cell relative areas were also elevated, attaining peak values at 72 hours post-hepatectomy. This period corresponds to the time of peak erythropoietin (Ep) production in rats with regenerating livers after nephrectomy and exposure to hypoxia. These findings suggest that the Kupffer cell may function as a cellular site of Ep formation.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial system (RES) hyperfunction and erythropoietin (Ep) production in the regenerating liver. Hepatic cells in rats were evaluated after subtotal hepatectomy using scintillation scanning with technetium sulfur colloid (TSC), autoradiography, and microstereology techniques. The ability of the liver to accumulate TSC increased during the course of the regeneration as did the labeling of Kupffer and parenchymal cells with tritiated thymidine (3H-tdR). Kupffer to parenchymal cell number ratios and Kupffer cell relative areas were also elevated, attaining peak values at 72 hours post-hepatectomy. This period corresponds to the time of peak erythropoietin (Ep) production in rats with regenerating livers after nephrectomy and exposure to hypoxia. These findings suggest that the Kupffer cell may function as a cellular site of Ep formation.", "PMID": 502565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5659", "title": "Single versus double preoperative intralesional BCG in 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Ninety Fischer 344 female rats were injected subcutaneously with a syngeneic 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. In order to study if repeated doses of preoperative intralesional (IL) BCG were more effective than single doses of IL BCG, and whether the amount of tumor burden influenced the effectiveness of single and/or double doses of BCG, 40 rats had single tumor implants and 50 had double tumor implants. If tumor was allowed to grow for 22 days before resection, all animals eventually died from spontaneous disseminated metastasis (survival for rats with single tumor = 72.8 +/- 12.1 days; for those with double tumors = 63.3 +/- 14.0 days). For rats with single tumors, one dose of IL BCG given 11 days before resection of tumor results in 25% longterm cures. But repeated doses of IL BCG gave much better survival results (43% cures). For rats with two subcutaneous tumors, single doses of preoperative BCG was not effective. Double injections of BCG significantly improved survival results and achieved occasional long-term cures (25%) if the combined tumor volumes were relatively small.", "contents": "Single versus double preoperative intralesional BCG in 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. Ninety Fischer 344 female rats were injected subcutaneously with a syngeneic 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. In order to study if repeated doses of preoperative intralesional (IL) BCG were more effective than single doses of IL BCG, and whether the amount of tumor burden influenced the effectiveness of single and/or double doses of BCG, 40 rats had single tumor implants and 50 had double tumor implants. If tumor was allowed to grow for 22 days before resection, all animals eventually died from spontaneous disseminated metastasis (survival for rats with single tumor = 72.8 +/- 12.1 days; for those with double tumors = 63.3 +/- 14.0 days). For rats with single tumors, one dose of IL BCG given 11 days before resection of tumor results in 25% longterm cures. But repeated doses of IL BCG gave much better survival results (43% cures). For rats with two subcutaneous tumors, single doses of preoperative BCG was not effective. Double injections of BCG significantly improved survival results and achieved occasional long-term cures (25%) if the combined tumor volumes were relatively small.", "PMID": 502566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5660", "title": "Effect of immunochemotherapy on lymphocyte response of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Patients with gastrointestinal cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, or without OK-432 before operation, and lymphocyte response to PHA was examined. Oral administration of 5-FU with or without intramuscular injection of OK-432 did not affect the response. However, treatment with cytostatic drugs in combination with OK-432 markedly augmented the lymphocyte response to PHA, but the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes was not elevated.", "contents": "Effect of immunochemotherapy on lymphocyte response of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Patients with gastrointestinal cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, or without OK-432 before operation, and lymphocyte response to PHA was examined. Oral administration of 5-FU with or without intramuscular injection of OK-432 did not affect the response. However, treatment with cytostatic drugs in combination with OK-432 markedly augmented the lymphocyte response to PHA, but the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes was not elevated.", "PMID": 502567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5661", "title": "Surgical treatment of postintubation tracheal injuries.", "content": "Two hundred-eight patients underwent tracheal resection and reconstruction for postintubation injuries from 1965 to early 1979. All but seven had received ventilatory assistance. Thirty-three had undergone prior attempts at surgical reconstruction. Twenty-three had had endotracheal tubes only. the patients had 112 cuff lesions, 78 stomal, 13 at both levels, and four lesions of uncertain origin. One hundred ninety-four had stenosis with or without accompanying malacic change, four showed \"pure\" malacia, nine had tracheoesophageal fistulas, and one had a tracheoinnominate fistula. There were many laryngeal injuries: 25 of these were major injuries to the low subglottic larynx, necessitating partial or complete removal of the anterior cricoid cartilage. Two hundred sixteen reconstructions were dond, eight for restenosis after initial resection. Cervical approach was used in 126, cervicomediastinal in 83, transthoracic in sic, and cutaneous reconstruction in one. The length of resection extended to 7 cm. Techniques for obtaining tension-free anastomosis included cervical flexion in all, laryngeal release in 20, hilar release in two, and use of partial external splinting in four. Fifty-seven required laryngotracheal anastomosis and nine partial laryngoplasty. Concurrent tracheostomy was rare except in the last group. One hundred-two open stomas were variously managed. There were five deaths (2%)-only one in a truly elective patient. Nine failures (5%) occurred. Ninety-three percent (189 patients) showed good (168) or satisfactory (21) results. Granulations at the suture line, necessitating bronchoscopy, were the most common complication, now seemingly avoided by use of absorbable sutures. Only one patient had postoperative innominate arterial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of postintubation tracheal injuries. Two hundred-eight patients underwent tracheal resection and reconstruction for postintubation injuries from 1965 to early 1979. All but seven had received ventilatory assistance. Thirty-three had undergone prior attempts at surgical reconstruction. Twenty-three had had endotracheal tubes only. the patients had 112 cuff lesions, 78 stomal, 13 at both levels, and four lesions of uncertain origin. One hundred ninety-four had stenosis with or without accompanying malacic change, four showed \"pure\" malacia, nine had tracheoesophageal fistulas, and one had a tracheoinnominate fistula. There were many laryngeal injuries: 25 of these were major injuries to the low subglottic larynx, necessitating partial or complete removal of the anterior cricoid cartilage. Two hundred sixteen reconstructions were dond, eight for restenosis after initial resection. Cervical approach was used in 126, cervicomediastinal in 83, transthoracic in sic, and cutaneous reconstruction in one. The length of resection extended to 7 cm. Techniques for obtaining tension-free anastomosis included cervical flexion in all, laryngeal release in 20, hilar release in two, and use of partial external splinting in four. Fifty-seven required laryngotracheal anastomosis and nine partial laryngoplasty. Concurrent tracheostomy was rare except in the last group. One hundred-two open stomas were variously managed. There were five deaths (2%)-only one in a truly elective patient. Nine failures (5%) occurred. Ninety-three percent (189 patients) showed good (168) or satisfactory (21) results. Granulations at the suture line, necessitating bronchoscopy, were the most common complication, now seemingly avoided by use of absorbable sutures. Only one patient had postoperative innominate arterial hemorrhage.", "PMID": 502569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5662", "title": "Cold-blood potassium cardioplegia: evaluation of glutathione and postischemic cardioplegia.", "content": "Potassium (34 mEq/L) cardioplegia was induced with cold blood (CBK) in three groups of six dogs undergoing 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia at a systemic temperature of 27 degrees +/- 2 degrees and a myocardial temperature of 7 degrees +/- 2 degrees C (crushed ice). Group 1 (CBK) animals were reperfused initially with 400 ml cold blood over 8 to 10 minutes at increasing pressures of up to 75 mm Hg. Group II (CBK-K) dogs were reperfused in the same manner as Group I with the addition of potassium chloride, 30 mEq/L. In Group III (CBKG-KG) glutathione, 30 mg/100 ml, was added to both the pre- and postischemic perfusions with CBK. After 30 minutes of reperfusion control studies were repeated. Heart rate, peak systolic pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, maximum velocity of contractile element, pressure-volume curves, coronary flow distribution, muscle stiffness, and heart water were not significantly different from control values. Total coronary flow and myocardial uptake of oxygen, lactate, and pyruvate did not serve to separate the three groups; the same was true for right ventricular creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate during ischemia and recovery. Ultrastructural myofibrillar lesions were noted in all groups. thus, postischemic cardioplegia and use of a physiological reducing agent do not enhance CBK cardioplegia with topical and systemic hypothermia.", "contents": "Cold-blood potassium cardioplegia: evaluation of glutathione and postischemic cardioplegia. Potassium (34 mEq/L) cardioplegia was induced with cold blood (CBK) in three groups of six dogs undergoing 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia at a systemic temperature of 27 degrees +/- 2 degrees and a myocardial temperature of 7 degrees +/- 2 degrees C (crushed ice). Group 1 (CBK) animals were reperfused initially with 400 ml cold blood over 8 to 10 minutes at increasing pressures of up to 75 mm Hg. Group II (CBK-K) dogs were reperfused in the same manner as Group I with the addition of potassium chloride, 30 mEq/L. In Group III (CBKG-KG) glutathione, 30 mg/100 ml, was added to both the pre- and postischemic perfusions with CBK. After 30 minutes of reperfusion control studies were repeated. Heart rate, peak systolic pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, maximum velocity of contractile element, pressure-volume curves, coronary flow distribution, muscle stiffness, and heart water were not significantly different from control values. Total coronary flow and myocardial uptake of oxygen, lactate, and pyruvate did not serve to separate the three groups; the same was true for right ventricular creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate during ischemia and recovery. Ultrastructural myofibrillar lesions were noted in all groups. thus, postischemic cardioplegia and use of a physiological reducing agent do not enhance CBK cardioplegia with topical and systemic hypothermia.", "PMID": 502572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5663", "title": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin upon enzyme release in relation to collagen degradation in cat palatal mucosa during organ culture.", "content": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on degradation of collagen was studied during 10 days in organ culture of cat palatal mucosa by measuring the release of hydroxyproline to the culture medium. In parallel, the activities of beta-glucuronidaase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as markers for lysosomal and cytosokic enzymes, respectively, were registered in the tissues and in the culture medium and the glucose consumption was also measured. DPH caused a 36% inhibition of the cumulative release of hydroxyproline to the medium. The activities in the media of beta-glucuronidase and LDH showed a 23% and 30% reduction, respectively. The glucose consumption was unaltered by the drug. The results show that one way by which DPH may interfere with collagen degradation is by blocking enzyme release from the cells.", "contents": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin upon enzyme release in relation to collagen degradation in cat palatal mucosa during organ culture. The effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on degradation of collagen was studied during 10 days in organ culture of cat palatal mucosa by measuring the release of hydroxyproline to the culture medium. In parallel, the activities of beta-glucuronidaase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as markers for lysosomal and cytosokic enzymes, respectively, were registered in the tissues and in the culture medium and the glucose consumption was also measured. DPH caused a 36% inhibition of the cumulative release of hydroxyproline to the medium. The activities in the media of beta-glucuronidase and LDH showed a 23% and 30% reduction, respectively. The glucose consumption was unaltered by the drug. The results show that one way by which DPH may interfere with collagen degradation is by blocking enzyme release from the cells.", "PMID": 502611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5664", "title": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin upon degradation of sulphated macromolecules in cat palatal mucosa in vitro.", "content": "The effect of diphenylhydantioin (DPH) upon the degradation of in vivo [35S]-sulphate-labelled proteoglycans was studied in cat palatal mucosa during organ culture. 8-week-old cats were injected intraperitoneally with [35S]-sulphate and 24 hours later the palatal mucosa was taken to organ culture. The release of radioactivity into the culture medium was taken as a measure of degradation of sulphated macromolecules, presumably proteoglycans, and the release of hydroxyproline as an indicator for collagen degradation. A parallel decrease in the release of radioactivity and in the release of hydroxyproline was observed when the culture was done in the presence of DPH (20 mg/l). Chromatography of the culture medium upon Sephadex G-25 revealed that the reduced release of radioactivity was due to a reduction of macromolecular degradation products leaving the amounts of free sulphate in the medium unchanged. The results were interpreted using a two compartment theory for proteoglycan degradation, extracellular breakdown of the protein core resulting in the production of macromolecular degradation products and intracellular lysosomal degradation resulting in free sulphate as the identifiable product. The results indicate that DPH inhibited the extracellular enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans without influencing their intracellular degradation.", "contents": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin upon degradation of sulphated macromolecules in cat palatal mucosa in vitro. The effect of diphenylhydantioin (DPH) upon the degradation of in vivo [35S]-sulphate-labelled proteoglycans was studied in cat palatal mucosa during organ culture. 8-week-old cats were injected intraperitoneally with [35S]-sulphate and 24 hours later the palatal mucosa was taken to organ culture. The release of radioactivity into the culture medium was taken as a measure of degradation of sulphated macromolecules, presumably proteoglycans, and the release of hydroxyproline as an indicator for collagen degradation. A parallel decrease in the release of radioactivity and in the release of hydroxyproline was observed when the culture was done in the presence of DPH (20 mg/l). Chromatography of the culture medium upon Sephadex G-25 revealed that the reduced release of radioactivity was due to a reduction of macromolecular degradation products leaving the amounts of free sulphate in the medium unchanged. The results were interpreted using a two compartment theory for proteoglycan degradation, extracellular breakdown of the protein core resulting in the production of macromolecular degradation products and intracellular lysosomal degradation resulting in free sulphate as the identifiable product. The results indicate that DPH inhibited the extracellular enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans without influencing their intracellular degradation.", "PMID": 502612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5665", "title": "Lidocaine inhibition of rosette formation.", "content": "Lidocaine effects a dose-related block of \"early\" and \"late\" E rosette and EA rosette, but not EAC rosette, formation of human lymphocytes. The block may be reversed by the removal of the drug from the rosetting milieu.", "contents": "Lidocaine inhibition of rosette formation. Lidocaine effects a dose-related block of \"early\" and \"late\" E rosette and EA rosette, but not EAC rosette, formation of human lymphocytes. The block may be reversed by the removal of the drug from the rosetting milieu.", "PMID": 502613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5666", "title": "Alternative designs to study outcomes: the tonsillectomy case.", "content": "This article explores the impact of the tonsillectomy operation using a large data base and several different approaches. The likely range of effects of the surgery and various threats to validity are studied from a quasi-experimental perspective. Information on possible patient self-selection for tonsil surgery is provided. Selection is dealt with from another viewpoint by comparing the outcomes of patients under the care of physicians having a \"high propensity to operate\" with those going to physicians who tend to operate less. Finally, a computer simulation studies the extent to which the measured results of tonsil surgery might be explained by particular selection mechanisms working in conjunction with random processes of episode generation. The \"savings\" in respiratory episodes estimated by the various approaches ranges from 0.1 episodes to approximately 0.8 episode for the year following surgery.", "contents": "Alternative designs to study outcomes: the tonsillectomy case. This article explores the impact of the tonsillectomy operation using a large data base and several different approaches. The likely range of effects of the surgery and various threats to validity are studied from a quasi-experimental perspective. Information on possible patient self-selection for tonsil surgery is provided. Selection is dealt with from another viewpoint by comparing the outcomes of patients under the care of physicians having a \"high propensity to operate\" with those going to physicians who tend to operate less. Finally, a computer simulation studies the extent to which the measured results of tonsil surgery might be explained by particular selection mechanisms working in conjunction with random processes of episode generation. The \"savings\" in respiratory episodes estimated by the various approaches ranges from 0.1 episodes to approximately 0.8 episode for the year following surgery.", "PMID": 502614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5667", "title": "Bioethical decision making: an approach to improve the process.", "content": "Current problems with the decision-making process for bioethical dilemmas are described, with emphasis on the social roles taken in this process by medical experts and laypersons. An approach is presented to improve bioethical decision making. Two consecutive steps are required. First, branching logic is used to separate the bioethical dilemmas into a series of independent, sequential decision points along a decision-making tree. This allows complex dilemmas to be dealt with more easily by resolving the individual component issues in a logical, stepwise fashion. Secondly, explicit criteria are used to decide whether each individual component is ethical or technical in nature. Using these two steps increases the likelihood that the professional and the layperson will assume their appropriate social roles and improve the overall decision-making process. How this approach can be applied to policy-making decisions, in addition to case-by-case deciding, is discussed, as are some of the settings in which the approach might be particularly helpful.", "contents": "Bioethical decision making: an approach to improve the process. Current problems with the decision-making process for bioethical dilemmas are described, with emphasis on the social roles taken in this process by medical experts and laypersons. An approach is presented to improve bioethical decision making. Two consecutive steps are required. First, branching logic is used to separate the bioethical dilemmas into a series of independent, sequential decision points along a decision-making tree. This allows complex dilemmas to be dealt with more easily by resolving the individual component issues in a logical, stepwise fashion. Secondly, explicit criteria are used to decide whether each individual component is ethical or technical in nature. Using these two steps increases the likelihood that the professional and the layperson will assume their appropriate social roles and improve the overall decision-making process. How this approach can be applied to policy-making decisions, in addition to case-by-case deciding, is discussed, as are some of the settings in which the approach might be particularly helpful.", "PMID": 502615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5668", "title": "Consumer impact of a Cold Self-Care Center in a prepaid ambulatory care setting.", "content": "A Cold Self-Care Center was developed to be an alternative to professional care and to encourage more active involvement of consumers in their own care. A sample of the self-selected user population (n = 74) was studied by comparison with a random sample of plan members (n = 104), and the program was evaluated for cost, consumer satisfaction, and impact on behavior, knowledge and attitudes. Users demonstrated higher levels of knowledge about cold care than non-users, indicated more dependency on professional resources, and differed in health-related attitudes and cold-care behavior. The Cold Self-Care Center appears to have had little impact on self-medication behavior. However, it did affect care-seeking behavior. Knowledge of criteria for seeking professional care was greater than in non-users; 20 per cent sought professional care, and 6 per cent anticipated seeking professional care for future colds. General satisfaction with the program was quite high. Speed and ease of use were cited most often as reasons for satisfaction. The Center also was demonstrated to have a favorable impact on clinic costs. A flexible system which is convenient to use and which retains access to professional care when appropriate both can relieve clinic overload and meet the needs of a large percentage of cold patients.", "contents": "Consumer impact of a Cold Self-Care Center in a prepaid ambulatory care setting. A Cold Self-Care Center was developed to be an alternative to professional care and to encourage more active involvement of consumers in their own care. A sample of the self-selected user population (n = 74) was studied by comparison with a random sample of plan members (n = 104), and the program was evaluated for cost, consumer satisfaction, and impact on behavior, knowledge and attitudes. Users demonstrated higher levels of knowledge about cold care than non-users, indicated more dependency on professional resources, and differed in health-related attitudes and cold-care behavior. The Cold Self-Care Center appears to have had little impact on self-medication behavior. However, it did affect care-seeking behavior. Knowledge of criteria for seeking professional care was greater than in non-users; 20 per cent sought professional care, and 6 per cent anticipated seeking professional care for future colds. General satisfaction with the program was quite high. Speed and ease of use were cited most often as reasons for satisfaction. The Center also was demonstrated to have a favorable impact on clinic costs. A flexible system which is convenient to use and which retains access to professional care when appropriate both can relieve clinic overload and meet the needs of a large percentage of cold patients.", "PMID": 502616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5669", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma in the temporal bone.", "content": "Eosinophilic granuloma is an uncommon granulomatous disease which can affect the temporal bone. Although initially silent, the disease may erode the mastoid cortex, destroy the tegmen and extend into the cranial vault, as well as erode the semicircular canals or cochlea. These lesions almost always become infected and can be confused with chronic otomastoiditis. Equally important, temporal bone involvement may represent only one manifestation of a multifocal disease. Between 1940 and 1978, 19 cases of eosinophilic granuloma involving the temporal bone have been recorded in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Registry. Most recently, a 24-year-old white boatswain's mate was sent to the National Naval Medical Center for treatment of unifocal disease which originated in his right mastoid bone. He subsequently underwent modified radical mastoidectomy and received 2500 R cobalt therapy to the temporal bone following surgery. His case history is detailed and the problem of eosinophilic granuloma in the temporal bone is reviewed in depth.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma in the temporal bone. Eosinophilic granuloma is an uncommon granulomatous disease which can affect the temporal bone. Although initially silent, the disease may erode the mastoid cortex, destroy the tegmen and extend into the cranial vault, as well as erode the semicircular canals or cochlea. These lesions almost always become infected and can be confused with chronic otomastoiditis. Equally important, temporal bone involvement may represent only one manifestation of a multifocal disease. Between 1940 and 1978, 19 cases of eosinophilic granuloma involving the temporal bone have been recorded in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Registry. Most recently, a 24-year-old white boatswain's mate was sent to the National Naval Medical Center for treatment of unifocal disease which originated in his right mastoid bone. He subsequently underwent modified radical mastoidectomy and received 2500 R cobalt therapy to the temporal bone following surgery. His case history is detailed and the problem of eosinophilic granuloma in the temporal bone is reviewed in depth.", "PMID": 502682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5670", "title": "Avoidance of early complications following radical neck dissection.", "content": "Multiple factors are associated with the increased risk of postoperative complications following radical neck dissection. Most significant of these are preoperative radiation and entry into the pharynx. The most common of these complications are discussed, and following is a description of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative methods to reduce them. Changes in operative methods and antibiotic coverage were associated with a decrease in wound infection and fistula formation. It is suggested that patients in high risk categories be covered with preoperative, prophylactic gram positive antibiotic coverage, along with Tobramycin.", "contents": "Avoidance of early complications following radical neck dissection. Multiple factors are associated with the increased risk of postoperative complications following radical neck dissection. Most significant of these are preoperative radiation and entry into the pharynx. The most common of these complications are discussed, and following is a description of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative methods to reduce them. Changes in operative methods and antibiotic coverage were associated with a decrease in wound infection and fistula formation. It is suggested that patients in high risk categories be covered with preoperative, prophylactic gram positive antibiotic coverage, along with Tobramycin.", "PMID": 502683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5671", "title": "Plastic surgical education for the otolaryngologist.", "content": "Otolaryngology shares responsibility for provision of plastic surgical services involving facial and cervical structures, but many training programs have been weak in this part of the specialty. Some still are. Beginning in 1963 when a national organization was formed, leading facial plastic surgeons and the senior author analyzed the weaknesses and embarked on a program to correct these educational deficits. There was widespread lack of surgical background, woefully inadequate knowledge of soft tissue techniques, and poor understanding of dynamics involved in cosmetic procedures. Annual meetings, international symposia, numerous courses, and extensive videotape and microfiche production, as well as political and academic recognition, have all helped plastic surgical teaching endeavors at both residency and postgraduate levels. However, much remains to be done. Program directors are the \"key\" people here. Suggestions for future action are presented.", "contents": "Plastic surgical education for the otolaryngologist. Otolaryngology shares responsibility for provision of plastic surgical services involving facial and cervical structures, but many training programs have been weak in this part of the specialty. Some still are. Beginning in 1963 when a national organization was formed, leading facial plastic surgeons and the senior author analyzed the weaknesses and embarked on a program to correct these educational deficits. There was widespread lack of surgical background, woefully inadequate knowledge of soft tissue techniques, and poor understanding of dynamics involved in cosmetic procedures. Annual meetings, international symposia, numerous courses, and extensive videotape and microfiche production, as well as political and academic recognition, have all helped plastic surgical teaching endeavors at both residency and postgraduate levels. However, much remains to be done. Program directors are the \"key\" people here. Suggestions for future action are presented.", "PMID": 502684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5672", "title": "Current management of nasopharyngeal stenosis: indications for Z-plasty.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal stenosis is not commonly seen at present. Formerly most often due to various severe infections of the upper respiratory tract, the most common current etiology is involvement of posterior pillars at the time of tonsillo-adenoidectomy. A brief review of the historical evolution of treating this problem is summarized. Various degrees of stenosis may occur with varying handicaps requiring surgical correction, utilizing plastic and reconstructive surgical techniques. Three such individuals treated by individually designed flaps with successful outcome are reviewed. Caveats regarding the primary surgical procedure and recommendations appropriate to the secondary surgical correction are outlined.", "contents": "Current management of nasopharyngeal stenosis: indications for Z-plasty. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is not commonly seen at present. Formerly most often due to various severe infections of the upper respiratory tract, the most common current etiology is involvement of posterior pillars at the time of tonsillo-adenoidectomy. A brief review of the historical evolution of treating this problem is summarized. Various degrees of stenosis may occur with varying handicaps requiring surgical correction, utilizing plastic and reconstructive surgical techniques. Three such individuals treated by individually designed flaps with successful outcome are reviewed. Caveats regarding the primary surgical procedure and recommendations appropriate to the secondary surgical correction are outlined.", "PMID": 502685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5673", "title": "Surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal stenosis in children.", "content": "Five cases are presented of severe scarring, in the hypopharynx in children, which did not respond to conservative measures. These patients were treated by excision of the scar tissue and reconstitution of the area by Z-plasty, local mucosal flaps, regional chest flaps and colon transfer depending upon the severity of the problem. All had rehabilitation undertaken of the structural integrity of deglutive, respiratory, and vocal mechanisms. It is recommended that in this type of problem early rehabilitation is warranted rather than subjecting the child to prolonged gastrostomy and tracheotomy into puberty. When extended, the morbidity has a physical and psychological affect on these children.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal stenosis in children. Five cases are presented of severe scarring, in the hypopharynx in children, which did not respond to conservative measures. These patients were treated by excision of the scar tissue and reconstitution of the area by Z-plasty, local mucosal flaps, regional chest flaps and colon transfer depending upon the severity of the problem. All had rehabilitation undertaken of the structural integrity of deglutive, respiratory, and vocal mechanisms. It is recommended that in this type of problem early rehabilitation is warranted rather than subjecting the child to prolonged gastrostomy and tracheotomy into puberty. When extended, the morbidity has a physical and psychological affect on these children.", "PMID": 502686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5674", "title": "Lip transposition in patients with facial paralysis.", "content": "Since facial reanimation is not always possible in patients with facial paralysis, one must have alternate methods of reconstruction available. Satisfactory static reconstruction of the face may be accomplished with the use of a brow lift, tarsorrhaphy, and correction of the paralyzed mouth. Transposition of the corner of the mouth utilizing the Z-plasty technique has proven to be an effective method to correct the drooling and garbled speech associated with facial paralysis. When combined with a brow lift and tarsorrhaphy, symmetry of the facial appearance while at rest has also been obtained.", "contents": "Lip transposition in patients with facial paralysis. Since facial reanimation is not always possible in patients with facial paralysis, one must have alternate methods of reconstruction available. Satisfactory static reconstruction of the face may be accomplished with the use of a brow lift, tarsorrhaphy, and correction of the paralyzed mouth. Transposition of the corner of the mouth utilizing the Z-plasty technique has proven to be an effective method to correct the drooling and garbled speech associated with facial paralysis. When combined with a brow lift and tarsorrhaphy, symmetry of the facial appearance while at rest has also been obtained.", "PMID": 502687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5675", "title": "Modified Asai procedure.", "content": "To develop a method of establishing speech in the patient who could not develop esophageal speech after laryngectomy, a modification of the Asai procedure with a specially designed Silastic prosthesis was used in three female patients. All three patients had immediate return of voice and were pleased initially. Eventually, however, because of complicating factors, all three operations were revised back to the original state and the new method considered as a failure. The reason for this presentation is to stimulate other surgeons to consider the problem further and perhaps to glean from this technique some useful considerations.", "contents": "Modified Asai procedure. To develop a method of establishing speech in the patient who could not develop esophageal speech after laryngectomy, a modification of the Asai procedure with a specially designed Silastic prosthesis was used in three female patients. All three patients had immediate return of voice and were pleased initially. Eventually, however, because of complicating factors, all three operations were revised back to the original state and the new method considered as a failure. The reason for this presentation is to stimulate other surgeons to consider the problem further and perhaps to glean from this technique some useful considerations.", "PMID": 502688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5676", "title": "Nasal surgery and airway resistance.", "content": "This study investigates the effects of surgery and bronchodilation on nasal and pulmonary resistance. The plethysmograph is evaluated as a clinical tool for nasal flow studies. The method of adapting the plethysmograph to measure nasal resistance is presented. Discriminant Function Analysis considers the effects of surgery and bronchodilatation on 15 variables. The statistical analysis of 38 cases demonstrates the benefits of improved nasal airway for pulmonary airway resistance. A review of the literature points out many of the difficulties in measuring nasal airflow. The plethysmograph emerges as an available easily adapted clinical tool that overcomes many of the short-comings in earlier techniques and in rhinomanometry. The rhinologist is offered further insight into the nasopulmonary relationship and the use of the plethysmograph to document the effects of nasal surgery.", "contents": "Nasal surgery and airway resistance. This study investigates the effects of surgery and bronchodilation on nasal and pulmonary resistance. The plethysmograph is evaluated as a clinical tool for nasal flow studies. The method of adapting the plethysmograph to measure nasal resistance is presented. Discriminant Function Analysis considers the effects of surgery and bronchodilatation on 15 variables. The statistical analysis of 38 cases demonstrates the benefits of improved nasal airway for pulmonary airway resistance. A review of the literature points out many of the difficulties in measuring nasal airflow. The plethysmograph emerges as an available easily adapted clinical tool that overcomes many of the short-comings in earlier techniques and in rhinomanometry. The rhinologist is offered further insight into the nasopulmonary relationship and the use of the plethysmograph to document the effects of nasal surgery.", "PMID": 502689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5677", "title": "Retropharyngeal abscesses in children revisited.", "content": "Retropharyngeal abscess appears in infancy and early childhood. Because of the advances in antibiotic therapy, the frequency of this disease has decreased considerably. If overlooked, however, the sequelae of retropharyngeal abscess can be disastrous. Of the typical signs and symptoms listed in presentation, the swelling of the posterior pharyngeal wall is referred to as an important diagnostic sign. This presentation will discuss the fallibility of this important sign in the evaluation of a retropharyngeal abscess in children. The size of the pediatric oral cavity and the presence of pooling secretions in the pharynx, due to retropharyngeal tissue swelling, make assessment of swelling of the posterior pharyngeal wall extremely difficult. Radiological assessment of retropharyngeal abscesses cannot differentiate between cellulitis and abscess formation. The presentation will discuss the radiological appearance of a retropharyngeal swelling and discuss the differentiation of abscess formation from cellulitis. The rationale for a therapeutic regime will be developed to validate the concept that with suggestive clinical signs, suggestive radiological diagnosis, and in spite of negative evidence of retropharyngeal swelling by oral examination, justification exists for an examination under anesthesia and incision and/or aspiration of the retropharyngeal abscess.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal abscesses in children revisited. Retropharyngeal abscess appears in infancy and early childhood. Because of the advances in antibiotic therapy, the frequency of this disease has decreased considerably. If overlooked, however, the sequelae of retropharyngeal abscess can be disastrous. Of the typical signs and symptoms listed in presentation, the swelling of the posterior pharyngeal wall is referred to as an important diagnostic sign. This presentation will discuss the fallibility of this important sign in the evaluation of a retropharyngeal abscess in children. The size of the pediatric oral cavity and the presence of pooling secretions in the pharynx, due to retropharyngeal tissue swelling, make assessment of swelling of the posterior pharyngeal wall extremely difficult. Radiological assessment of retropharyngeal abscesses cannot differentiate between cellulitis and abscess formation. The presentation will discuss the radiological appearance of a retropharyngeal swelling and discuss the differentiation of abscess formation from cellulitis. The rationale for a therapeutic regime will be developed to validate the concept that with suggestive clinical signs, suggestive radiological diagnosis, and in spite of negative evidence of retropharyngeal swelling by oral examination, justification exists for an examination under anesthesia and incision and/or aspiration of the retropharyngeal abscess.", "PMID": 502693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5678", "title": "Surgical management of brain tissue herniation into the middle ear and mastoid.", "content": "In the well pneumatized temporal bone, the temporal lobe of the brain is separated from the middle ear and mastoid process by a thin layer of bone known as the tegmen. Congenital defects, infection, and trauma can alter this structure in such a way that cerebral tissue herniates into the ear. This unusual condition may precipitate numerous otologic problems such as hearing loss, trapped squamous epithelium, and the potential for meningitis or encephalitis. The purpose of this paper is to define the problem as well as discuss the diagnosis and surgical management. The authors feel this should be a team effort, in many cases employing the assistance of a neurosurgeon, as the repair must often be intradural. Case histories and an extensive review of the literature are to be included.", "contents": "Surgical management of brain tissue herniation into the middle ear and mastoid. In the well pneumatized temporal bone, the temporal lobe of the brain is separated from the middle ear and mastoid process by a thin layer of bone known as the tegmen. Congenital defects, infection, and trauma can alter this structure in such a way that cerebral tissue herniates into the ear. This unusual condition may precipitate numerous otologic problems such as hearing loss, trapped squamous epithelium, and the potential for meningitis or encephalitis. The purpose of this paper is to define the problem as well as discuss the diagnosis and surgical management. The authors feel this should be a team effort, in many cases employing the assistance of a neurosurgeon, as the repair must often be intradural. Case histories and an extensive review of the literature are to be included.", "PMID": 502695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5679", "title": "Extramastoid cholesteatoma in chronic ear disease: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients who had undergone radical mastoid surgery developed an isolated focus of cholesteatoma embedded in the sternomastoid muscle just below the mastoid tip. In one instance the etiology was felt to be iatrogenic implantation of squamous epithelium. In the second, unrecognized extension from the mastoid tip probably occurred. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss in detail the clinical and pathological features of these two cases.", "contents": "Extramastoid cholesteatoma in chronic ear disease: a report of two cases. Two patients who had undergone radical mastoid surgery developed an isolated focus of cholesteatoma embedded in the sternomastoid muscle just below the mastoid tip. In one instance the etiology was felt to be iatrogenic implantation of squamous epithelium. In the second, unrecognized extension from the mastoid tip probably occurred. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss in detail the clinical and pathological features of these two cases.", "PMID": 502696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5680", "title": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the one and two-year-old child.", "content": "In an effort to substantiate the efficacy of adenotonsillectomy in very young children, 108 procedures in one and two-year-old children were reviewed. After rigid preoperative criteria are met, a meticulous, conservative adenotonsillectomy is performed. A review of all hospital and office records shows the procedure can be safely and simply performed without significant complications. Seventy-nine parents were questioned regarding postoperative problems and results. Of the parents, 96% were satisfied and would have the procedure done again if they had the chance. Eighty-four referring physicians were polled and 87% thought the procedure solved the children's problem altogether or mostly. In conclusion, the results of this study show that, in carefully selected young children using expert anesthesia and atraumatic surgical technique, adenotonsillectomy under the age of three is a safe and gratifying procedure.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the one and two-year-old child. In an effort to substantiate the efficacy of adenotonsillectomy in very young children, 108 procedures in one and two-year-old children were reviewed. After rigid preoperative criteria are met, a meticulous, conservative adenotonsillectomy is performed. A review of all hospital and office records shows the procedure can be safely and simply performed without significant complications. Seventy-nine parents were questioned regarding postoperative problems and results. Of the parents, 96% were satisfied and would have the procedure done again if they had the chance. Eighty-four referring physicians were polled and 87% thought the procedure solved the children's problem altogether or mostly. In conclusion, the results of this study show that, in carefully selected young children using expert anesthesia and atraumatic surgical technique, adenotonsillectomy under the age of three is a safe and gratifying procedure.", "PMID": 502697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5681", "title": "Heterotopic salivary tissue in the neck.", "content": "Six cases of heterotopic salivary gland tissue in the anterolateral neck are presented with a review of their clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Neoplastic transformation, fistulization, and isolated rests represent a spectrum of these uncommon lesions. The embryologic derivation of salivary tissue and close association with the branchial apparatus are discussed. The significance of salivary carcinoma presenting in the neck is reinterpreted in light of the embryogenesis of these heterotopias.", "contents": "Heterotopic salivary tissue in the neck. Six cases of heterotopic salivary gland tissue in the anterolateral neck are presented with a review of their clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Neoplastic transformation, fistulization, and isolated rests represent a spectrum of these uncommon lesions. The embryologic derivation of salivary tissue and close association with the branchial apparatus are discussed. The significance of salivary carcinoma presenting in the neck is reinterpreted in light of the embryogenesis of these heterotopias.", "PMID": 502698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5682", "title": "Endoscopic lateralization of the vocal cord in abductor paralysis of the larynx.", "content": "Endoscopic surgical operations of the larynx have many desirable features, including the conservative nature of these procedures, plus the ability to produce surgical changes predictable from the onset. For several years the direct lateralization of the vocal ligament after the removal of a preassessed amount of thyroarytenoid muscle appeared to be the simplest and most accurate surgical procedure. The resection of this wedge of muscle was easily performed with laryngeal microcautery. Posterior cicatricial webs can be easily removed with this instrument. Simple suturing techniques are also described, including the practicability of using padded buttons plus lead fishing sinkers to adjust the tension and secure these sutures on the surface of the neck. So far 16 patients have been rehabilitated using this technique, including 6 patients with posterior commissure webs. These anatomical techniques should be considered because of their obvious simplicity.", "contents": "Endoscopic lateralization of the vocal cord in abductor paralysis of the larynx. Endoscopic surgical operations of the larynx have many desirable features, including the conservative nature of these procedures, plus the ability to produce surgical changes predictable from the onset. For several years the direct lateralization of the vocal ligament after the removal of a preassessed amount of thyroarytenoid muscle appeared to be the simplest and most accurate surgical procedure. The resection of this wedge of muscle was easily performed with laryngeal microcautery. Posterior cicatricial webs can be easily removed with this instrument. Simple suturing techniques are also described, including the practicability of using padded buttons plus lead fishing sinkers to adjust the tension and secure these sutures on the surface of the neck. So far 16 patients have been rehabilitated using this technique, including 6 patients with posterior commissure webs. These anatomical techniques should be considered because of their obvious simplicity.", "PMID": 502699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5683", "title": "Human laryngeal reinnervation: the Northwestern experience.", "content": "Recent publications have reported impressive success with laryngeal reinnervation utilizing a nerve-muscle pedicle. This innovative surgical procedure is claimed to be useful for unilateral and bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Although the surgical results reported by Tucker have been good, they have lacked corroboration from other centers. We have performed six laryngeal reinnervation procedures at Northwestern University Medical School. Four patients presented with bilateral vocal cord paralysis and two patients  with unilateral paralysis. All six operations were successful in restoring vocal cord function. The technique, problems, and results are discussed. Our experience supports the initial reports of success with this new operation.", "contents": "Human laryngeal reinnervation: the Northwestern experience. Recent publications have reported impressive success with laryngeal reinnervation utilizing a nerve-muscle pedicle. This innovative surgical procedure is claimed to be useful for unilateral and bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Although the surgical results reported by Tucker have been good, they have lacked corroboration from other centers. We have performed six laryngeal reinnervation procedures at Northwestern University Medical School. Four patients presented with bilateral vocal cord paralysis and two patients  with unilateral paralysis. All six operations were successful in restoring vocal cord function. The technique, problems, and results are discussed. Our experience supports the initial reports of success with this new operation.", "PMID": 502700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5684", "title": "Pharyngoceles of the hypopharynx.", "content": "The differential diagnosis of the complaint of dysphagia is extensive; however, a search of the literature gives the impression that pharyngocele as a cause of dysphagia is relatively infrequent, since only 18 well-documented cases have been reported. On the other hand, the author's experience reveals that pharyngocele occurs more commonly than indicated in the literature as, over the past 2 years, 24 patients with pharyngocele have been personally observed. This thesis is divided primarily into three sections: 1. a review of the physiology and anatomy involved in the swollowing mechanism; 2. a review of the English literature regarding pharyngocele, and 3. an evaluation of the author's 24 cases, allowing for discussion and conclusions. It is noted that laryngocele is frequently mistaken for pharyngocele; however, it is pointed out that a correctly performed barium swallow roentgenogram differentiates one from the other. Symptoms of laryngocele, Zenker's diverticulum and pharyngocele can be quite similar. Frequently, pharyngocele can be demonstrated by the Valsalva maneuver. Surgical repair is indicated when the symptoms are severe. Standard pharyngeal mucous membrane closure similar to the procedure utilized in the repair of Zenker's diverticulum should result in resolution of the problem.", "contents": "Pharyngoceles of the hypopharynx. The differential diagnosis of the complaint of dysphagia is extensive; however, a search of the literature gives the impression that pharyngocele as a cause of dysphagia is relatively infrequent, since only 18 well-documented cases have been reported. On the other hand, the author's experience reveals that pharyngocele occurs more commonly than indicated in the literature as, over the past 2 years, 24 patients with pharyngocele have been personally observed. This thesis is divided primarily into three sections: 1. a review of the physiology and anatomy involved in the swollowing mechanism; 2. a review of the English literature regarding pharyngocele, and 3. an evaluation of the author's 24 cases, allowing for discussion and conclusions. It is noted that laryngocele is frequently mistaken for pharyngocele; however, it is pointed out that a correctly performed barium swallow roentgenogram differentiates one from the other. Symptoms of laryngocele, Zenker's diverticulum and pharyngocele can be quite similar. Frequently, pharyngocele can be demonstrated by the Valsalva maneuver. Surgical repair is indicated when the symptoms are severe. Standard pharyngeal mucous membrane closure similar to the procedure utilized in the repair of Zenker's diverticulum should result in resolution of the problem.", "PMID": 502701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5685", "title": "Toward the total rehabilitation of the alaryngeal patient.", "content": "Rehabilitative efforts directed toward the total laryngectomee are receiving increasing interest. Fifteen to 50% of laryngectomees fail to develop speech, and 50% do not return to full employment. Many make poor psychological adjustment. A study was designed wherein laryngectomees and their families were individually interviewed. These people suggested that their rehabilitation could have been facilitated had they been better informed preoperatively. Many expressed a desire for exposure to a speech pathologist and a successfully rehabilitated laryngectomee preoperatively. A total of 1,276 otolaryngologists were surveyed regarding the substance and amount of information they believed patients should receive prior to laryngectomy. Otolaryngologists, in the main, feel that they do fully and adequately inform their patients. Speech pathologists and rehabilitated laryngectomy patients are often called to see patients preoperatively. Nevertheless, we deduce that improvements need to be made to insure that the preoperative patient patient does in fact receive the information and counselling intended.", "contents": "Toward the total rehabilitation of the alaryngeal patient. Rehabilitative efforts directed toward the total laryngectomee are receiving increasing interest. Fifteen to 50% of laryngectomees fail to develop speech, and 50% do not return to full employment. Many make poor psychological adjustment. A study was designed wherein laryngectomees and their families were individually interviewed. These people suggested that their rehabilitation could have been facilitated had they been better informed preoperatively. Many expressed a desire for exposure to a speech pathologist and a successfully rehabilitated laryngectomee preoperatively. A total of 1,276 otolaryngologists were surveyed regarding the substance and amount of information they believed patients should receive prior to laryngectomy. Otolaryngologists, in the main, feel that they do fully and adequately inform their patients. Speech pathologists and rehabilitated laryngectomy patients are often called to see patients preoperatively. Nevertheless, we deduce that improvements need to be made to insure that the preoperative patient patient does in fact receive the information and counselling intended.", "PMID": 502702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5686", "title": "Bone conduction changes following successful tympanoplasty type I.", "content": "Pre and one year postoperative bone conduction (b.c.) thresholds were compared for 50 ears of 48 patients, ranging in age from 14 to 42 years, in whom successful tympanic grafts resulted in at least an average improvement of 10 db for 500 to 4000 Hz. While pre and postoperative data are included for all ears and test frequencies, significant BC improvement is seen only at those frequencies, in each case, where the pre-op BC thresholds were worse than 10 db. Normal pre-op BC thresholds cannot show substantial improvement because of audiometric limitations. The amount of BC shift at each frequency for those with pre-op BC thresholds that were subnormal averaged 6 db at 500 Hz, 13.3 db at 1000 Hz, 13.8 db at 2000 Hz and 9 db at 4000 Hz, all highly significant statistically. There were no significant postoperative BC shifts related either to duration of the disease process, length of postoperative period before final test (all were more than one year) or whether the surgical procedure was tympanoplasty type I or myringoplasty.", "contents": "Bone conduction changes following successful tympanoplasty type I. Pre and one year postoperative bone conduction (b.c.) thresholds were compared for 50 ears of 48 patients, ranging in age from 14 to 42 years, in whom successful tympanic grafts resulted in at least an average improvement of 10 db for 500 to 4000 Hz. While pre and postoperative data are included for all ears and test frequencies, significant BC improvement is seen only at those frequencies, in each case, where the pre-op BC thresholds were worse than 10 db. Normal pre-op BC thresholds cannot show substantial improvement because of audiometric limitations. The amount of BC shift at each frequency for those with pre-op BC thresholds that were subnormal averaged 6 db at 500 Hz, 13.3 db at 1000 Hz, 13.8 db at 2000 Hz and 9 db at 4000 Hz, all highly significant statistically. There were no significant postoperative BC shifts related either to duration of the disease process, length of postoperative period before final test (all were more than one year) or whether the surgical procedure was tympanoplasty type I or myringoplasty.", "PMID": 502703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5687", "title": "Immediate facial rehabilitation in poor prognosis tumor patients.", "content": "Effective rehabilitation of facial paralysis in the poor prognosis tumor patient is best accomplished by the judicious and individualized use of that combination of static or static and dynamic procedures which will correct the major deformities present immediately and with minimal morbidity. This approach may be taken at the time of tumor ablation or later when the effects of paralysis become distressingly evident. In the rare patient whose disease is controlled, additonal dynamic rehabilitative efforts may be considered subsequently.", "contents": "Immediate facial rehabilitation in poor prognosis tumor patients. Effective rehabilitation of facial paralysis in the poor prognosis tumor patient is best accomplished by the judicious and individualized use of that combination of static or static and dynamic procedures which will correct the major deformities present immediately and with minimal morbidity. This approach may be taken at the time of tumor ablation or later when the effects of paralysis become distressingly evident. In the rare patient whose disease is controlled, additonal dynamic rehabilitative efforts may be considered subsequently.", "PMID": 502704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5688", "title": "The effect of irradiation upon the bacterial flora in patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "Twenty-two consecutive patients with cancer of the head and neck, who were to receive a full tumoricidal dose of irradiation to a field that included the oral cavity and pharynx, were studied to determine the effect of the irradiation on their local bacterial flora. Aerobic cultures were taken prior to, at the completion of, and one month after the completion of their irradiation. The percentage of patients with potentially pathogenic organisms increased dramatically as the effect of the irradiation increased. This change in the local flora has obvious implications concerning the increased incidence of postoperative wound infections in patients who have received prior irradiation.", "contents": "The effect of irradiation upon the bacterial flora in patients with head and neck cancer. Twenty-two consecutive patients with cancer of the head and neck, who were to receive a full tumoricidal dose of irradiation to a field that included the oral cavity and pharynx, were studied to determine the effect of the irradiation on their local bacterial flora. Aerobic cultures were taken prior to, at the completion of, and one month after the completion of their irradiation. The percentage of patients with potentially pathogenic organisms increased dramatically as the effect of the irradiation increased. This change in the local flora has obvious implications concerning the increased incidence of postoperative wound infections in patients who have received prior irradiation.", "PMID": 502705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5689", "title": "Tonsil carcinoma--treatment results.", "content": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the tonsil region is one of the most common malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, equal in frequency to laryngeal carcinoma at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. This paper reviews the author's experience in treating these lesions with a combination of 5000 rads preoperatively followed by composite resection. The overall two-year crude survival is 58%. A 60% two-year survival for T3 lesions compares favorably with other series for treatment of T3 lesions.", "contents": "Tonsil carcinoma--treatment results. Epidermoid carcinoma of the tonsil region is one of the most common malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, equal in frequency to laryngeal carcinoma at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. This paper reviews the author's experience in treating these lesions with a combination of 5000 rads preoperatively followed by composite resection. The overall two-year crude survival is 58%. A 60% two-year survival for T3 lesions compares favorably with other series for treatment of T3 lesions.", "PMID": 502706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5690", "title": "Mechanisms of synkinesis.", "content": "When the facial nerve is injured, changes occur in muscle, proximal nerve, distal nerve, and the cell body in the nucleus. All of these changes contribute to the quality of regeneration and repair. This paper describes the usual processes of neuronal regeneration with the objective of a better understanding of why some injuries inevitably result in poor return of motion and synkinesis, while others recover completely. The possible mechanisms of synkinesis include: imperfect regeneration due to axonal misdirection, demyelination, microglial scarring in the facial nucleus, neuron depopulation, multiple axon sprouting, and misdirection of regenerating axons via vertical anastomotic filaments.", "contents": "Mechanisms of synkinesis. When the facial nerve is injured, changes occur in muscle, proximal nerve, distal nerve, and the cell body in the nucleus. All of these changes contribute to the quality of regeneration and repair. This paper describes the usual processes of neuronal regeneration with the objective of a better understanding of why some injuries inevitably result in poor return of motion and synkinesis, while others recover completely. The possible mechanisms of synkinesis include: imperfect regeneration due to axonal misdirection, demyelination, microglial scarring in the facial nucleus, neuron depopulation, multiple axon sprouting, and misdirection of regenerating axons via vertical anastomotic filaments.", "PMID": 502707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5691", "title": "Fatty acid composition of heart cells exposed to thermally oxidized fats.", "content": "Corn oil and olive oil were thermally oxidized, and the free fatty acids from the fresh fats, and from the distillable non-urea-adductable (DNUA) fractions of the thermally oxidized fats were prepared. These were added as emulsions to the medium of primary cultures of heart endothelial and muscle cells from neonatal rats. After exposure for 24 hr, the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the cells was determined. Reflecting the nature of the fat used, the corn oil treatment produced relatively higher concentrations of linoleic acid in the TG and PL fractions compared to the olive oil treatment, in which case the oleic acid level was influenced. Treatment of the cultured cells with components derived from oxidized corn oil or oxidized olive oil resulted in lower concentrations of linoleic an arachidonic acids in the PL moieties compared to the fresh fat controls. However, there were marked increases in arachidonic acid in the TG fractions of both the endothelial and muscle cells. These changes due to the DNUA from thermally oxidized fats indicate a distinct metabolic response to the derivatives formed during thermal oxidation of the fats.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of heart cells exposed to thermally oxidized fats. Corn oil and olive oil were thermally oxidized, and the free fatty acids from the fresh fats, and from the distillable non-urea-adductable (DNUA) fractions of the thermally oxidized fats were prepared. These were added as emulsions to the medium of primary cultures of heart endothelial and muscle cells from neonatal rats. After exposure for 24 hr, the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the cells was determined. Reflecting the nature of the fat used, the corn oil treatment produced relatively higher concentrations of linoleic acid in the TG and PL fractions compared to the olive oil treatment, in which case the oleic acid level was influenced. Treatment of the cultured cells with components derived from oxidized corn oil or oxidized olive oil resulted in lower concentrations of linoleic an arachidonic acids in the PL moieties compared to the fresh fat controls. However, there were marked increases in arachidonic acid in the TG fractions of both the endothelial and muscle cells. These changes due to the DNUA from thermally oxidized fats indicate a distinct metabolic response to the derivatives formed during thermal oxidation of the fats.", "PMID": 502761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5692", "title": "Correlation between skeletal muscle free fatty acid extraction and vascular decompensation during hemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine whether or not a relationship exists between free fatty acid (FFA) extraction by skeletal muscle and onset of irreversible shock. Hind limb skeletal muscle vasculature of anesthetized dogs was surgically isolated from cutaneous tissue and subjected to a modified Wigger's hemorrhage shock protocol which was divided into five stages (I-V). Since the first signs of irreversibility began in stage II, this stage of hypovolemic hypotension was subdivided into IIa, IIb and IIc. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken during each stage for subsequent blood gas and FFA analysis. The data indicated that the onset of severe tissue ischemia and metabolic acidosis occurs concurrently with increased uptake of FFA and skeletal muscle vasodilation (decompensation). A possible physiological explanation for these observations could be related to an increased synthesis and release of PGE1. This agent has been shown by others to inhibit adrenergic neurotransmitter release causing loss of vascular tone.", "contents": "Correlation between skeletal muscle free fatty acid extraction and vascular decompensation during hemorrhagic hypotension. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not a relationship exists between free fatty acid (FFA) extraction by skeletal muscle and onset of irreversible shock. Hind limb skeletal muscle vasculature of anesthetized dogs was surgically isolated from cutaneous tissue and subjected to a modified Wigger's hemorrhage shock protocol which was divided into five stages (I-V). Since the first signs of irreversibility began in stage II, this stage of hypovolemic hypotension was subdivided into IIa, IIb and IIc. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken during each stage for subsequent blood gas and FFA analysis. The data indicated that the onset of severe tissue ischemia and metabolic acidosis occurs concurrently with increased uptake of FFA and skeletal muscle vasodilation (decompensation). A possible physiological explanation for these observations could be related to an increased synthesis and release of PGE1. This agent has been shown by others to inhibit adrenergic neurotransmitter release causing loss of vascular tone.", "PMID": 502762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5693", "title": "A simplified procedure for the determination of betaine in liver.", "content": "A convenient procedure for the determination of hepatic betaine levels is described. The method takes advantage of ethanol precipitation to rid acidified tissue extracts of interfering substances. Betaine is reacted with potassium triiodide to form betaine periodide, which is selectively precipitated via pH adjustment. The precipitate of betaine periodide is dissolved in ethylene dichloride and measured spectrophotometrically. The method is specific, accurate, and simple and showed recoveries of from 97 to 103% at two different levels of added betaine. The applicability of the method was shown when it was demonstrated that diets containing different amounts of choline influenced levels of hepatic betaine.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for the determination of betaine in liver. A convenient procedure for the determination of hepatic betaine levels is described. The method takes advantage of ethanol precipitation to rid acidified tissue extracts of interfering substances. Betaine is reacted with potassium triiodide to form betaine periodide, which is selectively precipitated via pH adjustment. The precipitate of betaine periodide is dissolved in ethylene dichloride and measured spectrophotometrically. The method is specific, accurate, and simple and showed recoveries of from 97 to 103% at two different levels of added betaine. The applicability of the method was shown when it was demonstrated that diets containing different amounts of choline influenced levels of hepatic betaine.", "PMID": 502764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5694", "title": "Membrane lipids in bromodeoxyuridine-differentiated astroglial cells in culture.", "content": "Embryonic hamster astroblasts (NN strain) grown in continuous line were cultivated in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). A decrease in the growth rate of the cells and striking changes in their morphology were observed, the morphology of the cells resembling that of mature astrocytes. Membrane lipids of BrdU-differentiated and standard cells were compared. No modification of the lipid/protein ratio was observed. Phospholipids and cholesterol were increased in the same proportions in the cells, and no modification of the phospholipid distribution was observed. Ganglioside sialic acid remained at the same level, but the ganglioside distribution was highly modified. Complex gangliosides appeared (GM1 and GD1a), while the proportion of simple gangliosides (GM3 and GD3) decreased. However, neither GT1 nor GQ1 were detected in differentiated cells. The distribution of phosphoglyceride acyl groups was highly modified, the proportion of arachidonic and docosapentaenoic acids being 2 to 3 times higher in BrdU-treated cells than in proliferating ones. These results were compared to those obtained with another clonal line of glial cells (C6) which exhibited no morphological differentiation in the presence of BrdU; the lipids of these cells were not modified by such a treatment.", "contents": "Membrane lipids in bromodeoxyuridine-differentiated astroglial cells in culture. Embryonic hamster astroblasts (NN strain) grown in continuous line were cultivated in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). A decrease in the growth rate of the cells and striking changes in their morphology were observed, the morphology of the cells resembling that of mature astrocytes. Membrane lipids of BrdU-differentiated and standard cells were compared. No modification of the lipid/protein ratio was observed. Phospholipids and cholesterol were increased in the same proportions in the cells, and no modification of the phospholipid distribution was observed. Ganglioside sialic acid remained at the same level, but the ganglioside distribution was highly modified. Complex gangliosides appeared (GM1 and GD1a), while the proportion of simple gangliosides (GM3 and GD3) decreased. However, neither GT1 nor GQ1 were detected in differentiated cells. The distribution of phosphoglyceride acyl groups was highly modified, the proportion of arachidonic and docosapentaenoic acids being 2 to 3 times higher in BrdU-treated cells than in proliferating ones. These results were compared to those obtained with another clonal line of glial cells (C6) which exhibited no morphological differentiation in the presence of BrdU; the lipids of these cells were not modified by such a treatment.", "PMID": 502763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5695", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by 2-tetradecylglycidic acid.", "content": "2-Tetradecylglycidic acid (TDGA), a hypoglycemic agent, has been found to be a very effective inhibitor of de novo fatty acid synthesis by isolated hepatocytes. A comparison was made between the effectiveness of TDGA and 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA), a hypolipidemic agent, on the metabolic processes of isolated hepatocytes. These compounds are structurally related and both inhibit fatty acid synthesis; however, they have opposite effects from each other on the oxidation and esterification of fatty acids. TDGA inhibits whereas TOFA stimulates fatty acid oxidation. TDGA stimulates whereas TOFA inhibits fatty acid esterification.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by 2-tetradecylglycidic acid. 2-Tetradecylglycidic acid (TDGA), a hypoglycemic agent, has been found to be a very effective inhibitor of de novo fatty acid synthesis by isolated hepatocytes. A comparison was made between the effectiveness of TDGA and 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA), a hypolipidemic agent, on the metabolic processes of isolated hepatocytes. These compounds are structurally related and both inhibit fatty acid synthesis; however, they have opposite effects from each other on the oxidation and esterification of fatty acids. TDGA inhibits whereas TOFA stimulates fatty acid oxidation. TDGA stimulates whereas TOFA inhibits fatty acid esterification.", "PMID": 502765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5696", "title": "[Correlation between changes in lungs and the composition of amino acids in blood plasma caused by industrial dust. II. Studies on workers occupationally exposed to industrial dust].", "content": "Results of determination of free aminoacids in blood plasma of workers exposed to ceramic and grinding dusts as well as welding fumes are presented. In the blood plasma of those employed in ceramic factory or welders a significant decrease of free aminoacids in comparison with the control group was found except for hydroxyproline, whose content increased during the 25 year-employment. In experiments on animals a significant increase of total aminoacids content in lungs with simultaneous decrease of free aminoacids amount in blood plasma was observed. Similar changes in workers' blood plasma make us conclude that aminoacids content in human lungs may also increase, which is indicative of fibrinogenic processes.", "contents": "[Correlation between changes in lungs and the composition of amino acids in blood plasma caused by industrial dust. II. Studies on workers occupationally exposed to industrial dust]. Results of determination of free aminoacids in blood plasma of workers exposed to ceramic and grinding dusts as well as welding fumes are presented. In the blood plasma of those employed in ceramic factory or welders a significant decrease of free aminoacids in comparison with the control group was found except for hydroxyproline, whose content increased during the 25 year-employment. In experiments on animals a significant increase of total aminoacids content in lungs with simultaneous decrease of free aminoacids amount in blood plasma was observed. Similar changes in workers' blood plasma make us conclude that aminoacids content in human lungs may also increase, which is indicative of fibrinogenic processes.", "PMID": 502839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5697", "title": "[Respiratory tract in workers chronically exposed to cement dust].", "content": "175 men working at productive divisions of a cement plant (average age 39,5 years +/- 8.3, average duration of employment 9.3 years +/- 4.8) and 50 controls (average age 38.7 +/- 11.9 and average duration of employment 10.7 +/- 10.0) were examined. The survey involved: a complex evaluation of respiratory tract, including internal, radiological, spirographic, gasometric and capnographic examinations. The results demonstrated chronic bronchitis in 17% of cement plant workers and in 10% of controls. Qualitatively, chronic bronchitis was more advanced in cement plant workers. Chronic bronchitis prevalence increased with duration of work in exposure to cement dust. Chest radiograms gave no cause for diagnosing pneumoconiosis in any case. Mean values of dynamic spirographic indices were lower than in controls, the differences were, however, statistically insignificant. Instead, the mean values of partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen were statistically significantly lower, than those in controls, though they did not differ much from normal values.", "contents": "[Respiratory tract in workers chronically exposed to cement dust]. 175 men working at productive divisions of a cement plant (average age 39,5 years +/- 8.3, average duration of employment 9.3 years +/- 4.8) and 50 controls (average age 38.7 +/- 11.9 and average duration of employment 10.7 +/- 10.0) were examined. The survey involved: a complex evaluation of respiratory tract, including internal, radiological, spirographic, gasometric and capnographic examinations. The results demonstrated chronic bronchitis in 17% of cement plant workers and in 10% of controls. Qualitatively, chronic bronchitis was more advanced in cement plant workers. Chronic bronchitis prevalence increased with duration of work in exposure to cement dust. Chest radiograms gave no cause for diagnosing pneumoconiosis in any case. Mean values of dynamic spirographic indices were lower than in controls, the differences were, however, statistically insignificant. Instead, the mean values of partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen were statistically significantly lower, than those in controls, though they did not differ much from normal values.", "PMID": 502840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5698", "title": "[Chemical hazards connected with electrochemical machining. I. Toxicity of nitric oxides and chlorine lesions in rats' parenchymatous organs].", "content": "In rats exposed for 12 weeks to the mixture of nitric oxides (0.34--2.81 mg/m3) and chlorine (0.61--1.50 mg/m3) the following changes were found: increased methemoglobin concentration (MetHb), increased partial pressure, increased total carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2 TCO2), increased current dicarbonate concentration (AB), and increased buffer bases (BB). In addition, asparagine transferase activity (aspAT), alanine aminotransferase (A1AT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and hepatic isoenzyme of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH5) in serum were found to be increased. Histopathological examination revealed: inflammatory lesions and edema of pulmonary parenchyma, alveolar emphysema and edema of connective tissue of palpetra derm with mastocytes. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of nitric oxides and chlorine induces, apart from local lesions in conjunctivae, pulmonary lesions leading to respiratory acidosis compensated by metabolic alkalosis, or liberation of indicatory enzymes through impaired cells.", "contents": "[Chemical hazards connected with electrochemical machining. I. Toxicity of nitric oxides and chlorine lesions in rats' parenchymatous organs]. In rats exposed for 12 weeks to the mixture of nitric oxides (0.34--2.81 mg/m3) and chlorine (0.61--1.50 mg/m3) the following changes were found: increased methemoglobin concentration (MetHb), increased partial pressure, increased total carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2 TCO2), increased current dicarbonate concentration (AB), and increased buffer bases (BB). In addition, asparagine transferase activity (aspAT), alanine aminotransferase (A1AT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and hepatic isoenzyme of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH5) in serum were found to be increased. Histopathological examination revealed: inflammatory lesions and edema of pulmonary parenchyma, alveolar emphysema and edema of connective tissue of palpetra derm with mastocytes. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of nitric oxides and chlorine induces, apart from local lesions in conjunctivae, pulmonary lesions leading to respiratory acidosis compensated by metabolic alkalosis, or liberation of indicatory enzymes through impaired cells.", "PMID": 502841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5699", "title": "[Histopathological changes in the kidney of experimental animals caused by lethal doses of thallium].", "content": "The experiment was carried out on 65 white male Wistar rats and 65 white male Swiss mice poisoned with thallium sulfate in doses 30-40 mg/kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed in the 4, 8, 24, 48th hours of experiment and their kidneys were submitted to light and an electron microscopic examination. Protein level in urine and urea level in blood serum of the rats were determined. With the light microscope necrosis of epithelium of Henle loops, hydropic degeneration, swelling and focal necrosis of epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules, and stromal oedema were seen. An electron microscopic study pointed out swelling and degenerative changes in the mitochondria, loss of microvilli in many cells, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and decrease of electron density of basement membranes. Urea level in blood serum and protein level in urine increased.", "contents": "[Histopathological changes in the kidney of experimental animals caused by lethal doses of thallium]. The experiment was carried out on 65 white male Wistar rats and 65 white male Swiss mice poisoned with thallium sulfate in doses 30-40 mg/kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed in the 4, 8, 24, 48th hours of experiment and their kidneys were submitted to light and an electron microscopic examination. Protein level in urine and urea level in blood serum of the rats were determined. With the light microscope necrosis of epithelium of Henle loops, hydropic degeneration, swelling and focal necrosis of epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules, and stromal oedema were seen. An electron microscopic study pointed out swelling and degenerative changes in the mitochondria, loss of microvilli in many cells, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and decrease of electron density of basement membranes. Urea level in blood serum and protein level in urine increased.", "PMID": 502842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5700", "title": "[Sociological profile of Medical Academy graduates undertaking jobs in Industrial Health Services].", "content": "In 1977 nation-wide studies were carried out among Medical Academies graduates, considering their preparation to work as physicians, their plans and professional aspirations. This group included young physicians who had undertaken a job in industrial health service. All those graduates were analysed in terms of: sex, social origin, territorial origin, legal status, family status, place of graduation, and their opinions on their professional preparation. Based on the subjects' answers, a place of specialization in industrial medicine was determined in professional plans of young physicians working within industrial health service. In addition, based on analysed variables, the population of young physicians starting their work in industry immediately after graduation, was comprehensively outlined.", "contents": "[Sociological profile of Medical Academy graduates undertaking jobs in Industrial Health Services]. In 1977 nation-wide studies were carried out among Medical Academies graduates, considering their preparation to work as physicians, their plans and professional aspirations. This group included young physicians who had undertaken a job in industrial health service. All those graduates were analysed in terms of: sex, social origin, territorial origin, legal status, family status, place of graduation, and their opinions on their professional preparation. Based on the subjects' answers, a place of specialization in industrial medicine was determined in professional plans of young physicians working within industrial health service. In addition, based on analysed variables, the population of young physicians starting their work in industry immediately after graduation, was comprehensively outlined.", "PMID": 502843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5701", "title": "[Health and social effects of faciocranial traumas sustained during work in light industry workshops].", "content": "In the years 1967-76 at the laryngological clinic 35 patients with faciocranial traumas sustained during work at a light industry plant were treated. Considerable amounts of serious faciocranial injuries (10 cases), and frequent accompanying injuries (mostly lesions of eyes and central nervous system) were found. Direct social cost of those accidents in terms of hospitalization was 482 days and in terms of disability for work--738 days.", "contents": "[Health and social effects of faciocranial traumas sustained during work in light industry workshops]. In the years 1967-76 at the laryngological clinic 35 patients with faciocranial traumas sustained during work at a light industry plant were treated. Considerable amounts of serious faciocranial injuries (10 cases), and frequent accompanying injuries (mostly lesions of eyes and central nervous system) were found. Direct social cost of those accidents in terms of hospitalization was 482 days and in terms of disability for work--738 days.", "PMID": 502844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5702", "title": "[Necessity for stomatologic treatment of workers at the woodworks factory at Sok\u00f3\u0142ka].", "content": "Clinical examination of dentition, paradontium and mouth hygiene was carried out in 730 workers of the Woodwork Factory in Sok\u00f3\u0142ka and on this basis the demand for stomatologic treatment was estimated. Analysis of the material was carried out, basing on general indices accepted in mass examinations: caries, type of treatment, PMA and OH.", "contents": "[Necessity for stomatologic treatment of workers at the woodworks factory at Sok\u00f3\u0142ka]. Clinical examination of dentition, paradontium and mouth hygiene was carried out in 730 workers of the Woodwork Factory in Sok\u00f3\u0142ka and on this basis the demand for stomatologic treatment was estimated. Analysis of the material was carried out, basing on general indices accepted in mass examinations: caries, type of treatment, PMA and OH.", "PMID": 502845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5703", "title": "[Air concentration of asbestos fibers at work sites].", "content": "The paper presents a method for measuring the concentration of asbestos fibres at workplaces. This method consists in sampling the dusted air onto membrane filters, making the filters transparent and counting asbestos fibres under an optical microscope with a positive phase contrast. Errors in counting asbestos fibres, sampling and precision of the method were discussed (total error of the method). Measurements of the concentration of asbestos fibres in the air at workplaces were made at plants producing asbestos textile products, seal plates, packings and frictional goods. 0.1 fibre/cm3 was the lowest concentration (sensitiveness of the method).", "contents": "[Air concentration of asbestos fibers at work sites]. The paper presents a method for measuring the concentration of asbestos fibres at workplaces. This method consists in sampling the dusted air onto membrane filters, making the filters transparent and counting asbestos fibres under an optical microscope with a positive phase contrast. Errors in counting asbestos fibres, sampling and precision of the method were discussed (total error of the method). Measurements of the concentration of asbestos fibres in the air at workplaces were made at plants producing asbestos textile products, seal plates, packings and frictional goods. 0.1 fibre/cm3 was the lowest concentration (sensitiveness of the method).", "PMID": 502846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5704", "title": "Physiological, psychological and situational stresses in depression during the climacteric.", "content": "The present study examined the characteristics and circumstances which distinguished between groups of depressed and non-depressed menopausal women: 20 women were studied overall. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression levels, while the administration and content analysis of a semistructured interview provided information regarding the presence or absence of stress across a number of variables. While the depressed group were not found to differ significantly from the non-depressed group in terms of stress due to physical symptomatology, they did differ on a number of the psychological and social stress variables, and showed a significantly greater combination of stresses compared with the non-depressed group. Some recommendations concerning management are made.", "contents": "Physiological, psychological and situational stresses in depression during the climacteric. The present study examined the characteristics and circumstances which distinguished between groups of depressed and non-depressed menopausal women: 20 women were studied overall. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression levels, while the administration and content analysis of a semistructured interview provided information regarding the presence or absence of stress across a number of variables. While the depressed group were not found to differ significantly from the non-depressed group in terms of stress due to physical symptomatology, they did differ on a number of the psychological and social stress variables, and showed a significantly greater combination of stresses compared with the non-depressed group. Some recommendations concerning management are made.", "PMID": 502871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5705", "title": "Is the menopausal age rapidly changing?", "content": "A population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden was carried out in 1968--1969. Altogether 1462 women participated (participation rate 90.1%). Five age strata were studied: 38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 (women born in 1930, 1922, 1918, 1914 and 1908, respectively). The same women were re-studied in 1974--1975. Information about menopausal state and, in postmenopausal women, about menopausal age was obtained on both occasions. The information given by the women in 1974--1975 agreed well with the information given in 1968--1969. Very few women started to menstruate again, if the interval since the last menstruation had been 6 mth or longer. The vast majority of the women had a spontaneous menopause. The medians of menopausal age were found to be between 49 yr 7 mth (in women born in 1908) and 50 yr 5 mth (in women born in 1918). There was a tendency towards a continuously increased menopausal age with time as judged from women born in 1908, 1914 and 1918, respectively, but women born in 1922 were found to have a median menopausal age which was more similar to that of the women born in 1908 than that of the women born in 1918. Our sstudy has, thus, not supported the view that the menopausal age in rapidly changing.", "contents": "Is the menopausal age rapidly changing? A population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden was carried out in 1968--1969. Altogether 1462 women participated (participation rate 90.1%). Five age strata were studied: 38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 (women born in 1930, 1922, 1918, 1914 and 1908, respectively). The same women were re-studied in 1974--1975. Information about menopausal state and, in postmenopausal women, about menopausal age was obtained on both occasions. The information given by the women in 1974--1975 agreed well with the information given in 1968--1969. Very few women started to menstruate again, if the interval since the last menstruation had been 6 mth or longer. The vast majority of the women had a spontaneous menopause. The medians of menopausal age were found to be between 49 yr 7 mth (in women born in 1908) and 50 yr 5 mth (in women born in 1918). There was a tendency towards a continuously increased menopausal age with time as judged from women born in 1908, 1914 and 1918, respectively, but women born in 1922 were found to have a median menopausal age which was more similar to that of the women born in 1908 than that of the women born in 1918. Our sstudy has, thus, not supported the view that the menopausal age in rapidly changing.", "PMID": 502872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5706", "title": "Menopausal effects on risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Women of almost identical age but with a different menopausal state were compared in a population study of women, which was carried out in Goteborg, Sweden. The group of women aged 50 comprised about the same number of still menstruating and postmenopausal women and was, therefore, especially suitable for such a comparison. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal 50-yr-old women and seemed to increase with postmenopausal time. The differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were hightly significant. Systolic blood pressure was slightly but significantly different (lower in postmenopausal women), while no difference was found for diastolic blood pressure. It seems that differences in risk factors for ischaemic heart disease could explain part of but not all the association between early menopause and ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Menopausal effects on risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Women of almost identical age but with a different menopausal state were compared in a population study of women, which was carried out in Goteborg, Sweden. The group of women aged 50 comprised about the same number of still menstruating and postmenopausal women and was, therefore, especially suitable for such a comparison. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal 50-yr-old women and seemed to increase with postmenopausal time. The differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were hightly significant. Systolic blood pressure was slightly but significantly different (lower in postmenopausal women), while no difference was found for diastolic blood pressure. It seems that differences in risk factors for ischaemic heart disease could explain part of but not all the association between early menopause and ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 502873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5707", "title": "The effect of smoking on menopausal age.", "content": "A comprehensive population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden was carried out in 1968--1969. Altogether 1462 women in five age strata were studied. The age stratum 50 comprised about the same number of postmenopausal women (n = 161) and women who still menstruated (n = 168). A comparison could, therefore, be made between still menstruating and postmenopausal women of almost identical age. In postmenopausal 50-yr-old women 50% were smokers compared to 26% in 50-yr-old women who still menstruated. The difference was highly significant. Almost all the postmenopausal women had been smokers for many years, which means that they did not start smoking as a consequence of the menopause. It thus seemed that an earlier menopause was a consequence of smoking. The difference could not or only to a small extent be explained by other factors such as differences in body weight between smokers and non-smokers.", "contents": "The effect of smoking on menopausal age. A comprehensive population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden was carried out in 1968--1969. Altogether 1462 women in five age strata were studied. The age stratum 50 comprised about the same number of postmenopausal women (n = 161) and women who still menstruated (n = 168). A comparison could, therefore, be made between still menstruating and postmenopausal women of almost identical age. In postmenopausal 50-yr-old women 50% were smokers compared to 26% in 50-yr-old women who still menstruated. The difference was highly significant. Almost all the postmenopausal women had been smokers for many years, which means that they did not start smoking as a consequence of the menopause. It thus seemed that an earlier menopause was a consequence of smoking. The difference could not or only to a small extent be explained by other factors such as differences in body weight between smokers and non-smokers.", "PMID": 502874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5708", "title": "Age at menopause and its relation to osteoporosis.", "content": "As one phase of a comprehensive population study of women, bone density was determined in the third lumbar vertebra by dual photon absorptiometric technique. The method involves the use of two radionuclides, which both emit gamma radiation but with different energies (241Am with 59.6 keV and 137Cs with 662 keV). Women in three age strata were studied: 46, 54 and 62 yr. All women aged 46 were still menstruating, while the age strata 54 and 62 were subdivided into two groups: those who still menstruated or had been postmenopausal for a short time and those who had been postmenopausal for many years. The bone mineral content was higher in premenopausal or recently postmenopausal 54-yr-old women than in women of the same age who had been postmenopausal for a long time (P less than 0.01). A similar trend was found for women aged 62 (P less than 0.10). The differences could not be explained by differences in other factors studied, such as body weight, body height, smoking habits or physical activity. No significant differences were found when women with similar menopausal status in different age groups were compared.", "contents": "Age at menopause and its relation to osteoporosis. As one phase of a comprehensive population study of women, bone density was determined in the third lumbar vertebra by dual photon absorptiometric technique. The method involves the use of two radionuclides, which both emit gamma radiation but with different energies (241Am with 59.6 keV and 137Cs with 662 keV). Women in three age strata were studied: 46, 54 and 62 yr. All women aged 46 were still menstruating, while the age strata 54 and 62 were subdivided into two groups: those who still menstruated or had been postmenopausal for a short time and those who had been postmenopausal for many years. The bone mineral content was higher in premenopausal or recently postmenopausal 54-yr-old women than in women of the same age who had been postmenopausal for a long time (P less than 0.01). A similar trend was found for women aged 62 (P less than 0.10). The differences could not be explained by differences in other factors studied, such as body weight, body height, smoking habits or physical activity. No significant differences were found when women with similar menopausal status in different age groups were compared.", "PMID": 502875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5709", "title": "Life stresses and depression in the menopause.", "content": "Research on the climacteric has largely concentrated on relationships between ovarian insufficiency, oestrogen deficiency, and climacteric symptoms. Little attention has been paid to those who have no symptoms. It is proposed, in addition to these relationships, that the life events of this period are significantly involved; and that resultant stress may contribute to oestrogen deficiency as opposed to physiologically normal postmenopausal oestrogen levels. In this preliminary study, two groups of women under conditions of relatively low stress and high stress were tested over a period of 15 mth. They were rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression and anxiety and results were compared with the corresponding total urinary oestrogen output. The results, which suggest a significant relationship between stress related to depression and oestrogen levels in the menopause, are discussed and compared with differing life circumstances of the subjects.", "contents": "Life stresses and depression in the menopause. Research on the climacteric has largely concentrated on relationships between ovarian insufficiency, oestrogen deficiency, and climacteric symptoms. Little attention has been paid to those who have no symptoms. It is proposed, in addition to these relationships, that the life events of this period are significantly involved; and that resultant stress may contribute to oestrogen deficiency as opposed to physiologically normal postmenopausal oestrogen levels. In this preliminary study, two groups of women under conditions of relatively low stress and high stress were tested over a period of 15 mth. They were rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression and anxiety and results were compared with the corresponding total urinary oestrogen output. The results, which suggest a significant relationship between stress related to depression and oestrogen levels in the menopause, are discussed and compared with differing life circumstances of the subjects.", "PMID": 502876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5710", "title": "Thermography of menopausal hot flushes.", "content": "The skin temperature changes associated with menopausal hot flushes have been examined by thermography on a small group of patients. The subjective sensation of heat during a flush seems to be out of proportion to the actual skin temperature increase which was only about 1 degrees C on the face, neck and upper chest during this study. The increased temperature on the cheeks often persisted for several minutes after the symptoms of the flush had subsided, whereas sweating on the forehead produced a more rapid local cooling effect. Sequential temperature changes were portrayed by using an AGA Thermovision Model 680 Medical System with a colour isotherm attachment. This study provided colourful objective evidence that the symptoms of menopausal flushing is associated with an increase of skin temperature which may be monitored by thermography.", "contents": "Thermography of menopausal hot flushes. The skin temperature changes associated with menopausal hot flushes have been examined by thermography on a small group of patients. The subjective sensation of heat during a flush seems to be out of proportion to the actual skin temperature increase which was only about 1 degrees C on the face, neck and upper chest during this study. The increased temperature on the cheeks often persisted for several minutes after the symptoms of the flush had subsided, whereas sweating on the forehead produced a more rapid local cooling effect. Sequential temperature changes were portrayed by using an AGA Thermovision Model 680 Medical System with a colour isotherm attachment. This study provided colourful objective evidence that the symptoms of menopausal flushing is associated with an increase of skin temperature which may be monitored by thermography.", "PMID": 502877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5711", "title": "Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy--a cytological assessment.", "content": "The following is an assessment of the maturation value (MV) based upon cytohormonal smears of postmenopausal or hysterectomized patients: (1) There is a negative correlation between the MV and the number of postmenopausal years. (2) There is a positive correlation between MV values higher than 60 and urinary excretion of estrogens. (3) The MV is ideally suited to demonstrate the beneficial effect of various estrogens on the vaginal mucosa. (4) Though its action is delayed, and necessitates a threshold dose of 33 micrograms/kg weight/wk, estriol might be considered as the drug of choice for a beneficial effect on the vaginal mucosa, because of its lack of endometrial action at this dosage.", "contents": "Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy--a cytological assessment. The following is an assessment of the maturation value (MV) based upon cytohormonal smears of postmenopausal or hysterectomized patients: (1) There is a negative correlation between the MV and the number of postmenopausal years. (2) There is a positive correlation between MV values higher than 60 and urinary excretion of estrogens. (3) The MV is ideally suited to demonstrate the beneficial effect of various estrogens on the vaginal mucosa. (4) Though its action is delayed, and necessitates a threshold dose of 33 micrograms/kg weight/wk, estriol might be considered as the drug of choice for a beneficial effect on the vaginal mucosa, because of its lack of endometrial action at this dosage.", "PMID": 502878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5712", "title": "The empty nest process in mid-life men and women.", "content": "A combined clinical and field investigation studied the effects of the empty-nest phase of parenthood on morale and activity level. Data from the clinical study were obtained from two psychotherapy groups conducted for mid-life women, and the field data were obtained from a 5-yr longitudinal study of life stages. Results indicated an increase in morale during the unfolding of the empty nest and suggested that the so-called \"crisis\" of the empty nest may be more myth than reality.", "contents": "The empty nest process in mid-life men and women. A combined clinical and field investigation studied the effects of the empty-nest phase of parenthood on morale and activity level. Data from the clinical study were obtained from two psychotherapy groups conducted for mid-life women, and the field data were obtained from a 5-yr longitudinal study of life stages. Results indicated an increase in morale during the unfolding of the empty nest and suggested that the so-called \"crisis\" of the empty nest may be more myth than reality.", "PMID": 502879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5713", "title": "Investigation of an intracellular hemolytic agent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Lipid fraction of dried cells.", "content": "The dried cells of two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were fractionated by extracting first with water and then with organic solvents. The hemolytic activity of the fractions was determined, and some of them were assayed for their effect in mice. The hemolytic agent present in the water-insoluble fraction was extractable in organic solvents such as 70% aqueous ethanol, chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:0.8) and acetone. The extracts showed no toxic effect in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation. No hemolytic activity was observed in the remaining cell residue, which bore the toxicity.", "contents": "Investigation of an intracellular hemolytic agent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Lipid fraction of dried cells. The dried cells of two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were fractionated by extracting first with water and then with organic solvents. The hemolytic activity of the fractions was determined, and some of them were assayed for their effect in mice. The hemolytic agent present in the water-insoluble fraction was extractable in organic solvents such as 70% aqueous ethanol, chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:0.8) and acetone. The extracts showed no toxic effect in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation. No hemolytic activity was observed in the remaining cell residue, which bore the toxicity.", "PMID": 502896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5714", "title": "Chemical composition of Streptococcus mutans cell walls and their susceptibility to Flavobacterium L-11 enzyme.", "content": "The susceptibility to a cell wall lytic L-11 enzyme from Flavobacterium sp. and the quantitative and/or qualitative composition of the cell walls of some strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and a non-cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mitis were determined. The purified cell walls of S. mutans strains HS-1 (serotype a), BHT (b), NCTC10449 (c), C67-1 (c), C67-25 (c), OMZ 176 (d), MT703 (e), MT557 (f), OMZ65 (g), and AHT (g), and S. mitis CHT contained glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine as well as muramic acid and glucosamine as a peptidoglycan component. Besides these amino acids, significant amounts of threonine were detected in strains HS-1, OMZ65, and AHT cell walls, and considerable amounts of aspartic acid and/or threonine as well as several other amino acids in OMZ176, OMZ65, and CHT cell walls. Rhamnose was a common special component of the cell walls of S. mutans strains BHT, NCTC10449, MT703, B2 (e), MT557, and AHT, and S. mitis CHT. An additional sugar component, glucose, was detected in the cell walls of all of these strains except BHT, and galactose was found in BHT, AHT, and CHT cell walls. Galactosamine was present in S. mitis CHT cell walls. Varying amounts of phosphorus were detected in the cell walls of all the strains examined. The cell walls of all these streptococcal strains except MT703, 6715, and AHT were susceptible to the lytic action of the L-11 enzyme to various extents. No consistent relationship was observed between the amino acid and sugar composition of these cell walls and their susceptibility to the L-11 enzyme. The chemical composition of these cell walls is discussed in terms of the serological classification of S. mutans.", "contents": "Chemical composition of Streptococcus mutans cell walls and their susceptibility to Flavobacterium L-11 enzyme. The susceptibility to a cell wall lytic L-11 enzyme from Flavobacterium sp. and the quantitative and/or qualitative composition of the cell walls of some strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and a non-cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mitis were determined. The purified cell walls of S. mutans strains HS-1 (serotype a), BHT (b), NCTC10449 (c), C67-1 (c), C67-25 (c), OMZ 176 (d), MT703 (e), MT557 (f), OMZ65 (g), and AHT (g), and S. mitis CHT contained glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine as well as muramic acid and glucosamine as a peptidoglycan component. Besides these amino acids, significant amounts of threonine were detected in strains HS-1, OMZ65, and AHT cell walls, and considerable amounts of aspartic acid and/or threonine as well as several other amino acids in OMZ176, OMZ65, and CHT cell walls. Rhamnose was a common special component of the cell walls of S. mutans strains BHT, NCTC10449, MT703, B2 (e), MT557, and AHT, and S. mitis CHT. An additional sugar component, glucose, was detected in the cell walls of all of these strains except BHT, and galactose was found in BHT, AHT, and CHT cell walls. Galactosamine was present in S. mitis CHT cell walls. Varying amounts of phosphorus were detected in the cell walls of all the strains examined. The cell walls of all these streptococcal strains except MT703, 6715, and AHT were susceptible to the lytic action of the L-11 enzyme to various extents. No consistent relationship was observed between the amino acid and sugar composition of these cell walls and their susceptibility to the L-11 enzyme. The chemical composition of these cell walls is discussed in terms of the serological classification of S. mutans.", "PMID": 502897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5715", "title": "Mode of cell separation and arrangement of Staphylococcus.", "content": "The process of cell separation and arrangement of Staphylococcus was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. After two cycles of cell division, the Staphylococcal cells cultured on an agar medium were generally observed to be arranged in three morphological types: linear, square, and crooked arrangements. Results of the examination of cell surface structure revealed that separations had occurred in these clustered cells following two patterns. One type of second separation occurred parallel to the transversal axis of the preceding pair of the parental cells (X-type) and the other occurred tangential to it (Y-type). In the former type, the four daughter cells were usually arranged tetragonally after the separations, and in the latter type they were arranged either linearly or crookedly depending on the direction of the second separation. The final pattern of the cell arrangement was thus determined by the type of septal wall formation and the direction of cell separation. After several cycles of cell divisions, the cells were finally arranged in an irregular grape-like cluster, even though the cross walls were formed regularly at the rectangular face of the preceding cross walls.", "contents": "Mode of cell separation and arrangement of Staphylococcus. The process of cell separation and arrangement of Staphylococcus was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. After two cycles of cell division, the Staphylococcal cells cultured on an agar medium were generally observed to be arranged in three morphological types: linear, square, and crooked arrangements. Results of the examination of cell surface structure revealed that separations had occurred in these clustered cells following two patterns. One type of second separation occurred parallel to the transversal axis of the preceding pair of the parental cells (X-type) and the other occurred tangential to it (Y-type). In the former type, the four daughter cells were usually arranged tetragonally after the separations, and in the latter type they were arranged either linearly or crookedly depending on the direction of the second separation. The final pattern of the cell arrangement was thus determined by the type of septal wall formation and the direction of cell separation. After several cycles of cell divisions, the cells were finally arranged in an irregular grape-like cluster, even though the cross walls were formed regularly at the rectangular face of the preceding cross walls.", "PMID": 502898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5716", "title": "Isolation of influenza A virus from budgerigars and its serological characterization.", "content": "A hemagglutinating agent was isolated from the respiratory organs of budgerigars suffering from diarrhea and malnutrition. This agent, possessing neuraminidase activity, was identified as influenza A virus by the double immunodiffusion test. The results of hemagglutination and neuraminidase-inhibition tests with monospecific antisera to the isolated surface antigens showed that the isolates possessed Hav4 hemagglutinin and Nav1 neuraminidase subunits both of which were closely related to the corresponding antigens of A/duck/Czech/56 (Hav4 Nav1).", "contents": "Isolation of influenza A virus from budgerigars and its serological characterization. A hemagglutinating agent was isolated from the respiratory organs of budgerigars suffering from diarrhea and malnutrition. This agent, possessing neuraminidase activity, was identified as influenza A virus by the double immunodiffusion test. The results of hemagglutination and neuraminidase-inhibition tests with monospecific antisera to the isolated surface antigens showed that the isolates possessed Hav4 hemagglutinin and Nav1 neuraminidase subunits both of which were closely related to the corresponding antigens of A/duck/Czech/56 (Hav4 Nav1).", "PMID": 502902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5717", "title": "[Anaerobic reduction of ferric iron by hydrogen bacteria].", "content": "Ferric iron is a possible electron acceptor for facultative anaerobic processes. A Pseudomonas culture capable of reducing ferric iron with molecular hydrogen has been isolated from marshy soil. The microorganism can grow because of iron reduction. It reduces ferric hydroxide and ferrihydrite, including residues of iron bacteria. The organism reduces also nitrates in nitrites. Reduced iron and nitrite inhibit the growth of the organism, and therefore the concentration of the cells and of reduced iron is not high. The organism can grow with oxygen as an electron acceptor, even at oxygen concentrations below 1%. The organism requires small quantities of yeast extract for growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial reduction of iron with hydrogen may be significant for gaining better insight into processes occurring in flooded soils.", "contents": "[Anaerobic reduction of ferric iron by hydrogen bacteria]. Ferric iron is a possible electron acceptor for facultative anaerobic processes. A Pseudomonas culture capable of reducing ferric iron with molecular hydrogen has been isolated from marshy soil. The microorganism can grow because of iron reduction. It reduces ferric hydroxide and ferrihydrite, including residues of iron bacteria. The organism reduces also nitrates in nitrites. Reduced iron and nitrite inhibit the growth of the organism, and therefore the concentration of the cells and of reduced iron is not high. The organism can grow with oxygen as an electron acceptor, even at oxygen concentrations below 1%. The organism requires small quantities of yeast extract for growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial reduction of iron with hydrogen may be significant for gaining better insight into processes occurring in flooded soils.", "PMID": 502905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5718", "title": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the protein of yeast lipid granules].", "content": "The proteins from the membranes of lipid granules, the plasmalemma and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated from Candida tropicalis cells were analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic spectra of the proteins from these membranes were quite different. It has been proved experimentally that lipid granules from yeast cells growing on n-alkanes and containing large amounts of n-alkanes are not derivatives of the pinocytozing plasmalemma. The membranes of lipid granules are presumed to be formed in the cell de novo upon accumulation of substances of the lipid nature.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the protein of yeast lipid granules]. The proteins from the membranes of lipid granules, the plasmalemma and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated from Candida tropicalis cells were analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic spectra of the proteins from these membranes were quite different. It has been proved experimentally that lipid granules from yeast cells growing on n-alkanes and containing large amounts of n-alkanes are not derivatives of the pinocytozing plasmalemma. The membranes of lipid granules are presumed to be formed in the cell de novo upon accumulation of substances of the lipid nature.", "PMID": 502907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5719", "title": "[Blastobacter viscosus, a new species of methanol-utilizing autotrophic bacteria].", "content": "A strain of budding bacteria capable of autotrophic growth in the atmosphere of H2+O2+CO2 or in a medium with methanol was isolated from activated sludge. The cells are Gram negative nonmotile yellow pleomorphic rods which do not form rosettes. The bacterium is a strict aerobe. It utilizes a wide range of organic compounds (alcohols, sugars and organic acids) as the sources of carbon and energy. The G+C content of DNA is 66.3 +/- 0.9 mol %. Based on the study of morphological, cultural, and physiologo-biochemical properties, the strain has been assigned to the genus Blastobacter. A new species, Blastobacter viscosus sp. nov. different from other known blastobacteria in certain morphological and physiological properties, is described.", "contents": "[Blastobacter viscosus, a new species of methanol-utilizing autotrophic bacteria]. A strain of budding bacteria capable of autotrophic growth in the atmosphere of H2+O2+CO2 or in a medium with methanol was isolated from activated sludge. The cells are Gram negative nonmotile yellow pleomorphic rods which do not form rosettes. The bacterium is a strict aerobe. It utilizes a wide range of organic compounds (alcohols, sugars and organic acids) as the sources of carbon and energy. The G+C content of DNA is 66.3 +/- 0.9 mol %. Based on the study of morphological, cultural, and physiologo-biochemical properties, the strain has been assigned to the genus Blastobacter. A new species, Blastobacter viscosus sp. nov. different from other known blastobacteria in certain morphological and physiological properties, is described.", "PMID": 502906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5720", "title": "[Kinetics of Candida lipolytica yeast growth and biosynthesis of alpha-keto acids with thiamine deficiency in media with different carbon sources].", "content": "The growth kinetics of Candida lipolytica on glucose, acetate and hexadecane was studied in batch cultures at thiamine deficiency. The growth at the deceleration phase is of a linear character. The transition from the exponential phase to the linear one is accompanied with the accumulation of alpha-keto acids in the cultural broth, which is also observed in the stationary phase. The rate of acid production in the linear phase increases as the specific growth rate decreases, and reaches the maximum value in media with different carbon sources at mu = 0.01--0.06 h-1. Apparently, the deceleration of growth is due to a decrease in the activity of a thiamine-dependent enzyme (pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or transketolase) which is a limiting point of biosynthetic processes. Here, a linear growth is determined by the constant activity of this enzyme per unit volume of the cultural broth which, in turn, depends on the constant concentration of the coenzyme, thiamine diphosphate, in the same volume.", "contents": "[Kinetics of Candida lipolytica yeast growth and biosynthesis of alpha-keto acids with thiamine deficiency in media with different carbon sources]. The growth kinetics of Candida lipolytica on glucose, acetate and hexadecane was studied in batch cultures at thiamine deficiency. The growth at the deceleration phase is of a linear character. The transition from the exponential phase to the linear one is accompanied with the accumulation of alpha-keto acids in the cultural broth, which is also observed in the stationary phase. The rate of acid production in the linear phase increases as the specific growth rate decreases, and reaches the maximum value in media with different carbon sources at mu = 0.01--0.06 h-1. Apparently, the deceleration of growth is due to a decrease in the activity of a thiamine-dependent enzyme (pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or transketolase) which is a limiting point of biosynthetic processes. Here, a linear growth is determined by the constant activity of this enzyme per unit volume of the cultural broth which, in turn, depends on the constant concentration of the coenzyme, thiamine diphosphate, in the same volume.", "PMID": 502909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5721", "title": "[Effect of several compounds on the process of reduction of the 20-keto group of corticosteroids by a culture of Mycobacterium globiforme].", "content": "The effect of certain metabolites produced in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats on the reduction of the 20-keto group in a number of corticosteroids (prednisone, prenisolone, 6 alpha-methylprednisolone) was studied with the culture of Mycobacterium globiforme. The metabolites and inhibitors of the respiration chain were found to stimulate the 20 beta-reduction of a steroid molecule. The inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, inhibited the reduction of the 20-keto group in a steroid.", "contents": "[Effect of several compounds on the process of reduction of the 20-keto group of corticosteroids by a culture of Mycobacterium globiforme]. The effect of certain metabolites produced in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats on the reduction of the 20-keto group in a number of corticosteroids (prednisone, prenisolone, 6 alpha-methylprednisolone) was studied with the culture of Mycobacterium globiforme. The metabolites and inhibitors of the respiration chain were found to stimulate the 20 beta-reduction of a steroid molecule. The inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, inhibited the reduction of the 20-keto group in a steroid.", "PMID": 502908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5722", "title": "[Effect of indolylacetic acid on formation of bacteroid forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to study the effect of indolylacetic acid (IAA) on the strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, effective and noneffective with respect to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (L4 and 245a, and 14--73, respectively). IAA at a concentration of 50 mcg/ml and higher inhibited the growth of the bacterium, temporarily delayed celular division, and induced intensive formation of elongated bacteroid-like cells, predominantly Y-shaped or having a clavate shape. Many bacteroid-like cells were capable of division after a certain delay.", "contents": "[Effect of indolylacetic acid on formation of bacteroid forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum]. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of indolylacetic acid (IAA) on the strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, effective and noneffective with respect to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (L4 and 245a, and 14--73, respectively). IAA at a concentration of 50 mcg/ml and higher inhibited the growth of the bacterium, temporarily delayed celular division, and induced intensive formation of elongated bacteroid-like cells, predominantly Y-shaped or having a clavate shape. Many bacteroid-like cells were capable of division after a certain delay.", "PMID": 502911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5723", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between phages and Bacillus thuringiensis cells].", "content": "The interaction of phages belonging to different morphological groups with the cells of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae R and S variants was studied. No adsorption of phages Tg11 and Tg18 on the cells of R variant was found upon infection in a liquid medium. What is characteristic of phage Tg11 is that it is predominantly adsorbed at the poles of S variant cells. Phage Tg18 particles are uniformly distributed along the perimeter of S variant cells. Phage Tg13 is adsorbed on the both variant cells. Phage aggregates with the elements of cell walls having a tetrahonal assembly of the subunits can be revealed in phage Tg13 lysates. The size of the subunits is 7 nm and the distance between their centers is 11 nm. A structured element, apparently the T-layer, is involved in the adsorption of phage Tg13 on the cells.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between phages and Bacillus thuringiensis cells]. The interaction of phages belonging to different morphological groups with the cells of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae R and S variants was studied. No adsorption of phages Tg11 and Tg18 on the cells of R variant was found upon infection in a liquid medium. What is characteristic of phage Tg11 is that it is predominantly adsorbed at the poles of S variant cells. Phage Tg18 particles are uniformly distributed along the perimeter of S variant cells. Phage Tg13 is adsorbed on the both variant cells. Phage aggregates with the elements of cell walls having a tetrahonal assembly of the subunits can be revealed in phage Tg13 lysates. The size of the subunits is 7 nm and the distance between their centers is 11 nm. A structured element, apparently the T-layer, is involved in the adsorption of phage Tg13 on the cells.", "PMID": 502910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5724", "title": "[Effect of hydrogen peroxide and hydrated ferric oxides on the metabolism of soil microflora].", "content": "The effect of hydrogen peroxide and the mineral limonite on the rate of microbial processes was studied in poor and rich soils. The dynamics of CO2 evolution can be registered upon addition of hydrogen peroxide to chernozem samples, which confirms the existence of metabolism of soil microorganisms. In experiments with desert soil, the evolution of O2 increases rather than that of CO2, which is probably due to an increase in the number of microorganisms producing catalase. Limonite stimulates the metabolic activity of microrganisms. The cultural and morphological properties of microflora are described, which are typical of soils incubated in the presence of limonite and hydrogen peroxide. This work supports the conclusion that, theoretically, the ground of Mars may contain microorganisms which have adapted, in the course of evolution, to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and hydrated iron oxides (of the limonite type) in the surrounding medium.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrogen peroxide and hydrated ferric oxides on the metabolism of soil microflora]. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and the mineral limonite on the rate of microbial processes was studied in poor and rich soils. The dynamics of CO2 evolution can be registered upon addition of hydrogen peroxide to chernozem samples, which confirms the existence of metabolism of soil microorganisms. In experiments with desert soil, the evolution of O2 increases rather than that of CO2, which is probably due to an increase in the number of microorganisms producing catalase. Limonite stimulates the metabolic activity of microrganisms. The cultural and morphological properties of microflora are described, which are typical of soils incubated in the presence of limonite and hydrogen peroxide. This work supports the conclusion that, theoretically, the ground of Mars may contain microorganisms which have adapted, in the course of evolution, to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and hydrated iron oxides (of the limonite type) in the surrounding medium.", "PMID": 502913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5725", "title": "[Lipids of saprophytic bacteria produced during growth on a complex organic substrate].", "content": "The composition of lipids and the structure of mycolic acids were studied in Mycobacterium lacticolum var. aliphaticum isolated from soil and grown on MPB. The lipids of all strains were found to contain phosphatidyl inositol mannosides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipin, mycolic and common fatty acids, triglycerides, wax, and several unidentified compounds. The structure of mycolic acids was established by mass spectrometry. The mycolic acids C34:0, C35:0 and C36:0 prevailed in strain 175, and the mycolic acids C34:1, C34:0, C36:1 and C36:0 predominated in strain 180. The composition of minor components was assayed. Variations in the composition of mycolic acids depending on the source of carbon in the medium are discussed.", "contents": "[Lipids of saprophytic bacteria produced during growth on a complex organic substrate]. The composition of lipids and the structure of mycolic acids were studied in Mycobacterium lacticolum var. aliphaticum isolated from soil and grown on MPB. The lipids of all strains were found to contain phosphatidyl inositol mannosides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipin, mycolic and common fatty acids, triglycerides, wax, and several unidentified compounds. The structure of mycolic acids was established by mass spectrometry. The mycolic acids C34:0, C35:0 and C36:0 prevailed in strain 175, and the mycolic acids C34:1, C34:0, C36:1 and C36:0 predominated in strain 180. The composition of minor components was assayed. Variations in the composition of mycolic acids depending on the source of carbon in the medium are discussed.", "PMID": 502914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5726", "title": "[Character of short-term changes in the total number of soil bacteria, including ammonifiers, during the growing season].", "content": "The total incidence of bacteria and the number of ammonificators were assayed to the direct count and plating techniques, respectively, several times within the vegetative period in the course of ten days under the field conditions. The incidence of the former and the latter varied though not in parallel, and the variations were temporal. The total bacterial incidence depended considerably on soil water content; in ammonificators, moisture determined only the level at which their number changed. The character of oscillations is suggestive of the rate of microbial growth at different periods of the vegetative stage. Daily determination of their number several times within the same period may result in contradictory conclusions.", "contents": "[Character of short-term changes in the total number of soil bacteria, including ammonifiers, during the growing season]. The total incidence of bacteria and the number of ammonificators were assayed to the direct count and plating techniques, respectively, several times within the vegetative period in the course of ten days under the field conditions. The incidence of the former and the latter varied though not in parallel, and the variations were temporal. The total bacterial incidence depended considerably on soil water content; in ammonificators, moisture determined only the level at which their number changed. The character of oscillations is suggestive of the rate of microbial growth at different periods of the vegetative stage. Daily determination of their number several times within the same period may result in contradictory conclusions.", "PMID": 502912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5727", "title": "Effects of dc bias currents on ECG electrodes.", "content": "The effects of small dc bias currents on the offset potentials of disposable ECG electrodes (four brands of Ag-AgCl and two brands of stainless steel) were examined. After periods ranging from a few minutes to several days, samples of all electrode types exhibited offset potentials exceeding 200 mV after subjection to dc bias currents over 200 nA. All Ag-AgCl electrodes were able to withstand bias currents of 200 nA with minimal changes in offset for periods up to 7 days. The stainless electrodes exhibited large offset potentials within minutes after subjection to bias currents of only 100 nA.", "contents": "Effects of dc bias currents on ECG electrodes. The effects of small dc bias currents on the offset potentials of disposable ECG electrodes (four brands of Ag-AgCl and two brands of stainless steel) were examined. After periods ranging from a few minutes to several days, samples of all electrode types exhibited offset potentials exceeding 200 mV after subjection to dc bias currents over 200 nA. All Ag-AgCl electrodes were able to withstand bias currents of 200 nA with minimal changes in offset for periods up to 7 days. The stainless electrodes exhibited large offset potentials within minutes after subjection to bias currents of only 100 nA.", "PMID": 502920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5728", "title": "Radio-frequency heating under ECG electrodes.", "content": "ECG electrodes can provide an alternate path for the return of radio-frequency current to an electrosurgical generator. In the process, significant heat rise can take place at the electrode/skin interface. The contribution from the electrode to this heart rise was examined using face-to-face pairs as well as human subject testing. A comparison of various electrode designs revealed a wide range in their RF heating characteristics which affects the probability of burns.", "contents": "Radio-frequency heating under ECG electrodes. ECG electrodes can provide an alternate path for the return of radio-frequency current to an electrosurgical generator. In the process, significant heat rise can take place at the electrode/skin interface. The contribution from the electrode to this heart rise was examined using face-to-face pairs as well as human subject testing. A comparison of various electrode designs revealed a wide range in their RF heating characteristics which affects the probability of burns.", "PMID": 502924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5729", "title": "Development of standard test methods for evaluating defibrillation recovery characteristics of disposable ECG electrodes.", "content": "A clinically relevant test for the measurement of defibrillation overload recovery of prefilled disposable ECG electrodes was developed and is proposed for use in an ECG electrode standard under development by AAMI. Defibrillation overload voltages and currents, as well as electrode polarization recovery voltages, were first measured in animal tests on 12 types of electrodes to allow correlation with various bench tests using a capacitor discharge at 10, 200, or 1000 V. Current overloads absorbed by the electrodes under worst conditions in animal tests were in the range of 2 percent of the defibrillation current flowing through the chest. These overloads were absorbed by most Ag-AgCl electrodes without excessive polarization. However, stainless steel, brass, and tin electrodes tended to polarize to levels that would saturate many ECG monitors. A standard bench test using a 200-V 10-muF capacitor was recommended for inclusion in the AAMI standard to determine whether electrodes are acceptable for use during defibrillation.", "contents": "Development of standard test methods for evaluating defibrillation recovery characteristics of disposable ECG electrodes. A clinically relevant test for the measurement of defibrillation overload recovery of prefilled disposable ECG electrodes was developed and is proposed for use in an ECG electrode standard under development by AAMI. Defibrillation overload voltages and currents, as well as electrode polarization recovery voltages, were first measured in animal tests on 12 types of electrodes to allow correlation with various bench tests using a capacitor discharge at 10, 200, or 1000 V. Current overloads absorbed by the electrodes under worst conditions in animal tests were in the range of 2 percent of the defibrillation current flowing through the chest. These overloads were absorbed by most Ag-AgCl electrodes without excessive polarization. However, stainless steel, brass, and tin electrodes tended to polarize to levels that would saturate many ECG monitors. A standard bench test using a 200-V 10-muF capacitor was recommended for inclusion in the AAMI standard to determine whether electrodes are acceptable for use during defibrillation.", "PMID": 502921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5730", "title": "Optimizing pacing lead design: redesign of the tined lead.", "content": "Technical data derived from experimental and clinical experience in the field of lead/catheter implants formed the basis for developing a set of technical design criteria for pacing leads. Four related levels of technical data were identified: Basic lead components, mode of installation, application site, and mode of use. When the technical data were evaluated, a joint goal between the medical and engineering community evolved--namely, to reduce the total transvenous lead-related reoperation rate (both acute and chronic) from 20-25 percent to below 5 percent. As a result, a new family of leads designed specifically to meet the less than or equal to 5 percent reoperation rate is now available; the first leads introduced are a radical redesign of an earlier tined lead. The development process and results, both experimental and clinical (N greater than 1,005), demonstrate the potential of careful technical definition and communication of biomedical problems between engineering and medical personnel.", "contents": "Optimizing pacing lead design: redesign of the tined lead. Technical data derived from experimental and clinical experience in the field of lead/catheter implants formed the basis for developing a set of technical design criteria for pacing leads. Four related levels of technical data were identified: Basic lead components, mode of installation, application site, and mode of use. When the technical data were evaluated, a joint goal between the medical and engineering community evolved--namely, to reduce the total transvenous lead-related reoperation rate (both acute and chronic) from 20-25 percent to below 5 percent. As a result, a new family of leads designed specifically to meet the less than or equal to 5 percent reoperation rate is now available; the first leads introduced are a radical redesign of an earlier tined lead. The development process and results, both experimental and clinical (N greater than 1,005), demonstrate the potential of careful technical definition and communication of biomedical problems between engineering and medical personnel.", "PMID": 502927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5731", "title": "Physiological and electrical characteristics of the porous endocardial electrode.", "content": "The principal complications in pacemaker therapy involve electrode-tissue instability. A new porous electrode has been devised that allows tissue ingrowth into the electrode interior, improving electrode biocompatibility and resulting in reduced dislodgment incidence, lower pacing thresholds, and improved sensing. Electrode porosity reduces polarization impedance permitting small-electrode design for both improved pacing longevity and optimal sensing function.", "contents": "Physiological and electrical characteristics of the porous endocardial electrode. The principal complications in pacemaker therapy involve electrode-tissue instability. A new porous electrode has been devised that allows tissue ingrowth into the electrode interior, improving electrode biocompatibility and resulting in reduced dislodgment incidence, lower pacing thresholds, and improved sensing. Electrode porosity reduces polarization impedance permitting small-electrode design for both improved pacing longevity and optimal sensing function.", "PMID": 502928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5732", "title": "Time and frequency dependence of disposable ECG electrode-skin impedance.", "content": "The magnitude and phase of disposable electrode-skin impedance were studied as functions of time, 0-48 hours, and frequency, 1 Hz-1 kHz. For both unabraded and mildly abraded skin, the impedance decreased as a function of time steadily or exponentially with time constants of several hours. Impedance decreased as a function of frequency by factors of 2 to 20 with greatest change at low frequencies. For heavily abraded skin, the impedance decreased slightly and then increased as a function of time especially at low frequencies. Impedance imbalance between pairs of identical electrodes applied in a like manner to the forearm were often greater than k omega, nearly equal to individual electrode-skin impedances, and decreased with time. Electrode impedance imbalance is particularly important because it affects noise levels in ECG recordings.", "contents": "Time and frequency dependence of disposable ECG electrode-skin impedance. The magnitude and phase of disposable electrode-skin impedance were studied as functions of time, 0-48 hours, and frequency, 1 Hz-1 kHz. For both unabraded and mildly abraded skin, the impedance decreased as a function of time steadily or exponentially with time constants of several hours. Impedance decreased as a function of frequency by factors of 2 to 20 with greatest change at low frequencies. For heavily abraded skin, the impedance decreased slightly and then increased as a function of time especially at low frequencies. Impedance imbalance between pairs of identical electrodes applied in a like manner to the forearm were often greater than k omega, nearly equal to individual electrode-skin impedances, and decreased with time. Electrode impedance imbalance is particularly important because it affects noise levels in ECG recordings.", "PMID": 502923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5733", "title": "A comparison of gel-to-gel and skin measurements of electrode impedance.", "content": "Utilizing an automated test system, measurements of the 10-Hz impedance were made with electrode pairs joined gel-to-gel and electrode quartets on the skin of the backs of human volunteers. Two skin preparation procedures were examined. As a minimum skin preparation, the electrodes were applied to clean, dry skin from which body hair had been shaved if necessary. As a maximal preparation, the electrodes were applied after mild abrasion of the skin with fine emery cloth. Although the impedances measured for electrodes applied to mildly abraded skin correlated well with measurements made with electrodes of the same brand joined gel-to-gel, virtually no correlation was found if the electrodes were affixed to clean, dry skin.", "contents": "A comparison of gel-to-gel and skin measurements of electrode impedance. Utilizing an automated test system, measurements of the 10-Hz impedance were made with electrode pairs joined gel-to-gel and electrode quartets on the skin of the backs of human volunteers. Two skin preparation procedures were examined. As a minimum skin preparation, the electrodes were applied to clean, dry skin from which body hair had been shaved if necessary. As a maximal preparation, the electrodes were applied after mild abrasion of the skin with fine emery cloth. Although the impedances measured for electrodes applied to mildly abraded skin correlated well with measurements made with electrodes of the same brand joined gel-to-gel, virtually no correlation was found if the electrodes were affixed to clean, dry skin.", "PMID": 502922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5734", "title": "Visualization of the barrier layer through iontophoresis of ferric ions.", "content": "The barrier layer in the intact epidermis of pig skin effectively limits the penetration of ferric ions even under conditions of iontophoresis. This was microscopically demonstrated using a ferric ion salt in conjunction with a soluble ferrocyanide to produce a Prussian blue ferric ferrocyanide precipitate. The effectiveness of various skin preparation techniques in breaking through the epidermal barrier layer was examined, utilizing this chemical reaction to stain the skin.", "contents": "Visualization of the barrier layer through iontophoresis of ferric ions. The barrier layer in the intact epidermis of pig skin effectively limits the penetration of ferric ions even under conditions of iontophoresis. This was microscopically demonstrated using a ferric ion salt in conjunction with a soluble ferrocyanide to produce a Prussian blue ferric ferrocyanide precipitate. The effectiveness of various skin preparation techniques in breaking through the epidermal barrier layer was examined, utilizing this chemical reaction to stain the skin.", "PMID": 502925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5735", "title": "The feasibility of bench tests for disposable ECG electrode adhesiveness.", "content": "The feasibility of recommending one standard bench test that adequately qualifies electrode adhesives for clinical use was examined by UBTL. Small strips, cut from whole, commercially available disposable ECG electrodes, were attached to three types of surfaces, and samples of each type of electrode were peel tested at 15 minutes, 8 hours, and 48 hours after attachment. A program was developed to average, display, and calculate peel strength parameters. Analysis of the data showed that (a) the peel strength of electrodes varied by more than a factor of 10 when measured on human skin, and by more than a factor of 3 when measured on bench test surfaces, and (b) the peel strength of the electrode adhesive strips did not correlate with intact electrode loss on ambulatory subjects. Therefore, UBTL could not recommend one bench test that would measure adhesion performance for all electrode types appropriate for inclusion in an AAMI ECG electrode standard.", "contents": "The feasibility of bench tests for disposable ECG electrode adhesiveness. The feasibility of recommending one standard bench test that adequately qualifies electrode adhesives for clinical use was examined by UBTL. Small strips, cut from whole, commercially available disposable ECG electrodes, were attached to three types of surfaces, and samples of each type of electrode were peel tested at 15 minutes, 8 hours, and 48 hours after attachment. A program was developed to average, display, and calculate peel strength parameters. Analysis of the data showed that (a) the peel strength of electrodes varied by more than a factor of 10 when measured on human skin, and by more than a factor of 3 when measured on bench test surfaces, and (b) the peel strength of the electrode adhesive strips did not correlate with intact electrode loss on ambulatory subjects. Therefore, UBTL could not recommend one bench test that would measure adhesion performance for all electrode types appropriate for inclusion in an AAMI ECG electrode standard.", "PMID": 502926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5736", "title": "Brain damage in infancy and dietary vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "A case of the exclusively breast-fed infant of a vegetarian mother is reported. Neurological deterioration commenced between three and six months of age, and progressed to a comatose premoribund state by the age of nine months. Investigations revealed a mild nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in the mother, and a very severe nutritional B12 deficiency in the infant, with severe megaloblastic anaemia. Treatment of the infant with vitamin B12 resulted in a rapid clinical and haematological improvement, but neurological recovery was incomplete. Evidence is presented that dietary B12 deficiency was the sole cause of the infant's deterioration, and the literature relating to the condition is reviewed. It is recommended that all strict vegetarians (vegans), especially women in the child-bearing age group, take vitamin B12 supplements.", "contents": "Brain damage in infancy and dietary vitamin B12 deficiency. A case of the exclusively breast-fed infant of a vegetarian mother is reported. Neurological deterioration commenced between three and six months of age, and progressed to a comatose premoribund state by the age of nine months. Investigations revealed a mild nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in the mother, and a very severe nutritional B12 deficiency in the infant, with severe megaloblastic anaemia. Treatment of the infant with vitamin B12 resulted in a rapid clinical and haematological improvement, but neurological recovery was incomplete. Evidence is presented that dietary B12 deficiency was the sole cause of the infant's deterioration, and the literature relating to the condition is reviewed. It is recommended that all strict vegetarians (vegans), especially women in the child-bearing age group, take vitamin B12 supplements.", "PMID": 502936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5737", "title": "The thermal behavior of electrolyte-coated metal-foil dispersive electrodes.", "content": "The thermal properties of electrolyte-coated aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) foil dispersive electrodes carrying 700 mA of electrosurgical current for 1 min were studied on seven human subjects ranging in weight from 46 to 84 kg. Calibrated thermographic imaging was used for data analyses. The mean skin temperature rise for the Al-foil electrode was 1 degrees C and for the Cu-foil electrode was 0.5 degrees C. The maximum temperatures occurred at the perimeter of both electrode types and were 3.5 degrees C for the Al-foil and 2.5 degrees C for the Cu-foil electrode. Both electrodes performed adequately under these severe test conditions.", "contents": "The thermal behavior of electrolyte-coated metal-foil dispersive electrodes. The thermal properties of electrolyte-coated aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) foil dispersive electrodes carrying 700 mA of electrosurgical current for 1 min were studied on seven human subjects ranging in weight from 46 to 84 kg. Calibrated thermographic imaging was used for data analyses. The mean skin temperature rise for the Al-foil electrode was 1 degrees C and for the Cu-foil electrode was 0.5 degrees C. The maximum temperatures occurred at the perimeter of both electrode types and were 3.5 degrees C for the Al-foil and 2.5 degrees C for the Cu-foil electrode. Both electrodes performed adequately under these severe test conditions.", "PMID": 502931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5738", "title": "Clinical evaluation of computed tomographic scanning.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) head scans were performed on 100 patients in a neurology ward. The CT scan was diagnostic in 67 patients and suggestive in a further three patients. Computed tomographic scans were most likely to be diagnostic in patients whose symptoms at presentation could be classified as \"traumatic intracranial lesion\", \"space-occupying lesion\", \"acute cerebrovascular lesion\", \"dementia\", and \"epileptic disorder\", and much less likely to be diagnostic if a patient presented differently. In all cases where the CT scan was diagnostic. It was considered that, had a CT scan not been available, alternative tests such as nuclear scan, cerebral angiography or pneumoencephalogram (PEG) would have been performed and would also have been diagnostic; no impact of the CT scan on diagnosis, therapy or patient outcomes was documented. However, in patients who received a CT scan, there was a 91% reduction in the PEGs, 85% reduction in cerebral angiograms, a reduction of 73% in nuclear scans and 31% in electroencephalograms. Computed tomographic scanning costs no more than the tests it replaces in the clinical setting studied, and offers significant advantages in patient comfort and safety.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of computed tomographic scanning. Computed tomographic (CT) head scans were performed on 100 patients in a neurology ward. The CT scan was diagnostic in 67 patients and suggestive in a further three patients. Computed tomographic scans were most likely to be diagnostic in patients whose symptoms at presentation could be classified as \"traumatic intracranial lesion\", \"space-occupying lesion\", \"acute cerebrovascular lesion\", \"dementia\", and \"epileptic disorder\", and much less likely to be diagnostic if a patient presented differently. In all cases where the CT scan was diagnostic. It was considered that, had a CT scan not been available, alternative tests such as nuclear scan, cerebral angiography or pneumoencephalogram (PEG) would have been performed and would also have been diagnostic; no impact of the CT scan on diagnosis, therapy or patient outcomes was documented. However, in patients who received a CT scan, there was a 91% reduction in the PEGs, 85% reduction in cerebral angiograms, a reduction of 73% in nuclear scans and 31% in electroencephalograms. Computed tomographic scanning costs no more than the tests it replaces in the clinical setting studied, and offers significant advantages in patient comfort and safety.", "PMID": 502948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5739", "title": "Low-dosage clonidine (Dixarit) in menopausal flushing.", "content": "Results of an open evaluation of the therapy with low-dosage clonidine (Dixarit) in a series of 20 patients with symptoms of menopausal flushing are presented. Twelve of the 17 patients who completed the 12-week trial noted an improvement in their condition: this improvement was marked in eight patients. The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dosage requirement was 25 microgram three times a day. Postmenopausal women tended to be more refractory to the therapy and required larger dosages for the relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Low-dosage clonidine (Dixarit) in menopausal flushing. Results of an open evaluation of the therapy with low-dosage clonidine (Dixarit) in a series of 20 patients with symptoms of menopausal flushing are presented. Twelve of the 17 patients who completed the 12-week trial noted an improvement in their condition: this improvement was marked in eight patients. The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dosage requirement was 25 microgram three times a day. Postmenopausal women tended to be more refractory to the therapy and required larger dosages for the relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 502951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5740", "title": "The course of untreated mild T3 toxicosis.", "content": "A selected group of 12 patients with mild T3 toxicosis, has been assessed without treatment during a period of from seven to 38 months. Progression to typical hyperthyroidism with combined T4 and T3 excess occurred in one case of solitary toxic adenoma, while a spontaneous remission with return of the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone occurred in one patient with a diffuse goitre. The other 10 patients showed persistence of isolated high levels of T3 without clinical or biochemical progression. These findings suggest that progression to typical hyperthyroidism is infrequent in mild T3 toxicosis. Because of the possible adverse effects of therapy it may be appropriate to observe, rather than treat, some patients with mild clinical and biochemical features of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "The course of untreated mild T3 toxicosis. A selected group of 12 patients with mild T3 toxicosis, has been assessed without treatment during a period of from seven to 38 months. Progression to typical hyperthyroidism with combined T4 and T3 excess occurred in one case of solitary toxic adenoma, while a spontaneous remission with return of the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone occurred in one patient with a diffuse goitre. The other 10 patients showed persistence of isolated high levels of T3 without clinical or biochemical progression. These findings suggest that progression to typical hyperthyroidism is infrequent in mild T3 toxicosis. Because of the possible adverse effects of therapy it may be appropriate to observe, rather than treat, some patients with mild clinical and biochemical features of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 502952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5741", "title": "Successful treatment of ergotamine poisoning with sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "A case of ergotamine overdosage which produced vascular insufficiency in a 26-year-old female is described. She was treated successfully with the intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside and low molecular weight dextran, and anticoagulation with heparin. It is suggested that sodium nitroprusside may represent the drug of first choice in this condition.", "contents": "Successful treatment of ergotamine poisoning with sodium nitroprusside. A case of ergotamine overdosage which produced vascular insufficiency in a 26-year-old female is described. She was treated successfully with the intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside and low molecular weight dextran, and anticoagulation with heparin. It is suggested that sodium nitroprusside may represent the drug of first choice in this condition.", "PMID": 502953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5742", "title": "[Granulocytes in the oral cavity (author's transl)].", "content": "The counting of the granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"salivary corpuscles\", orogranulocytes\") gives an indication to the efficiency of the granulocytopoiesis, because there exist some analogies to the emigration of granulocytes into the tissue. Two different counting methods of the orogranulocytes, their normal values (which are in correlation to the number of teeth), the influence of local factors (like inflammations in the oral cavity), the values of orogranulocytes in myeloproliferative disorders and in agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia respectively are demonstrated. Furthermore the contributions deal with the values of the orogranulocytes during the therapy with glucocorticoids. The methods described are also suitable for the estimation of the efficiency of granulozyte transfusions.", "contents": "[Granulocytes in the oral cavity (author's transl)]. The counting of the granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"salivary corpuscles\", orogranulocytes\") gives an indication to the efficiency of the granulocytopoiesis, because there exist some analogies to the emigration of granulocytes into the tissue. Two different counting methods of the orogranulocytes, their normal values (which are in correlation to the number of teeth), the influence of local factors (like inflammations in the oral cavity), the values of orogranulocytes in myeloproliferative disorders and in agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia respectively are demonstrated. Furthermore the contributions deal with the values of the orogranulocytes during the therapy with glucocorticoids. The methods described are also suitable for the estimation of the efficiency of granulozyte transfusions.", "PMID": 502954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5743", "title": "[Quantitative computerized tomographic bone mineral analysis in patients treated by regular haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative bone measurement has been done on the forearms of 40 patients (aged 20 to 67 years) undergoing long-term haemodialysis treatment. It turned out that trabecular bone shows a more substantial change of the mineralization than does cortical bone. In comparison to an age-correlated undialysed normal range the mean trabecular bone density was found decreased up to 100 percent, whereas cortical bone with a mean demineralization of 10 percent did not appear to be affected by the renal osteodystrophic alterations to that degree. Finally the results show that throughout the course of dialysis treatment there was a trend toward distinct loss of bone mineral with time. No relationship could be demonstrated between the bone mineral values and various biochemical parameters. The estimation of osseous mineral content in both trabecular and cortical bone was done with the aid of an improved computer assisted tomographic method introduced by Rutherford and Pullan.", "contents": "[Quantitative computerized tomographic bone mineral analysis in patients treated by regular haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Quantitative bone measurement has been done on the forearms of 40 patients (aged 20 to 67 years) undergoing long-term haemodialysis treatment. It turned out that trabecular bone shows a more substantial change of the mineralization than does cortical bone. In comparison to an age-correlated undialysed normal range the mean trabecular bone density was found decreased up to 100 percent, whereas cortical bone with a mean demineralization of 10 percent did not appear to be affected by the renal osteodystrophic alterations to that degree. Finally the results show that throughout the course of dialysis treatment there was a trend toward distinct loss of bone mineral with time. No relationship could be demonstrated between the bone mineral values and various biochemical parameters. The estimation of osseous mineral content in both trabecular and cortical bone was done with the aid of an improved computer assisted tomographic method introduced by Rutherford and Pullan.", "PMID": 502959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5744", "title": "Some aspects of social and working rehabilitation of patients with gastrointestinal tumors after radical operations.", "content": "The results of follow-up of 143 patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumors (stomach, 63 patients; colon, 13 patients; rectum, 67 patients) who have undergone radical operations are analyzed. The number of men and women among the examined patients was approximately equal, the age range was from 32 to 61 years, the length of follow-up was from three months to one and one-half years. The patients were regularly examined and questioned at the inpatient and outpatient departments by a surgeon and a psychiatrist. The analysis revealed marked psychogenic reactions, having different clinical forms, in patients of the oncological clinics in connection with a severe stress situation. In most of the cases these reactions were extremely extensive, and the patients were in need of specialized medical assistance (participation of a psychiatrist in their treatment). It is expedient to identify patients with marked psychogenic reactions for special treatment at the time of their acceptance to the clinic. The postoperative period of such patients was accompanied by complications in 58.5% of cases, in comparison with 12.5% in patients with mild psychogenic reactions. After discharge 31 of 62 patients found themselves in a conflict family situation, 24 patients were rather limited in their social contacts; the majority of these patients were not working after the operation. These findings indicate the need for psychotherapeutic support in oncology, plus psychopreventive measures and medical educational propaganda among the population as important components of rehabilitation programs.", "contents": "Some aspects of social and working rehabilitation of patients with gastrointestinal tumors after radical operations. The results of follow-up of 143 patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumors (stomach, 63 patients; colon, 13 patients; rectum, 67 patients) who have undergone radical operations are analyzed. The number of men and women among the examined patients was approximately equal, the age range was from 32 to 61 years, the length of follow-up was from three months to one and one-half years. The patients were regularly examined and questioned at the inpatient and outpatient departments by a surgeon and a psychiatrist. The analysis revealed marked psychogenic reactions, having different clinical forms, in patients of the oncological clinics in connection with a severe stress situation. In most of the cases these reactions were extremely extensive, and the patients were in need of specialized medical assistance (participation of a psychiatrist in their treatment). It is expedient to identify patients with marked psychogenic reactions for special treatment at the time of their acceptance to the clinic. The postoperative period of such patients was accompanied by complications in 58.5% of cases, in comparison with 12.5% in patients with mild psychogenic reactions. After discharge 31 of 62 patients found themselves in a conflict family situation, 24 patients were rather limited in their social contacts; the majority of these patients were not working after the operation. These findings indicate the need for psychotherapeutic support in oncology, plus psychopreventive measures and medical educational propaganda among the population as important components of rehabilitation programs.", "PMID": 502971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5745", "title": "Management of localized thoracic neuroblastoma.", "content": "Thirteen children with localized (Evans stage I or II) thoracic primary neuroblastoma were divided into two groups according to the type of therapy administered, in order to compare the therapeutic efficacy and morbidity of excisional surgery followed by either irradiation alone or irradiation plus chemotherapy (group A) with similar surgery alone (group B). Group A consisted of 6 children (mean age 1 year, 2 months). Complete surgical excision was accomplished in 2 patients, while 4 had microscopic residual. All 6 patients are free of disease at 26--76 months (mean 47 months), including 2 who had recurrent tumor and received additional therapy. Two have developed congestive heart failure and one severe scoliosis secondary to irradiation. Of the 7 children in group B (mean age 2 years, 2 months), 3 had microscopic residual tumor and 2 had adjacent lymph node involvement. After 12--47 months (mean 23 months), no recurrence or surgery-related morbidity has been observed. From these limited data it appears that surgery alone may provide adequate therapy for localized thoracic neuroblastoma and obviate the morbidity associated with multimodal therapy.", "contents": "Management of localized thoracic neuroblastoma. Thirteen children with localized (Evans stage I or II) thoracic primary neuroblastoma were divided into two groups according to the type of therapy administered, in order to compare the therapeutic efficacy and morbidity of excisional surgery followed by either irradiation alone or irradiation plus chemotherapy (group A) with similar surgery alone (group B). Group A consisted of 6 children (mean age 1 year, 2 months). Complete surgical excision was accomplished in 2 patients, while 4 had microscopic residual. All 6 patients are free of disease at 26--76 months (mean 47 months), including 2 who had recurrent tumor and received additional therapy. Two have developed congestive heart failure and one severe scoliosis secondary to irradiation. Of the 7 children in group B (mean age 2 years, 2 months), 3 had microscopic residual tumor and 2 had adjacent lymph node involvement. After 12--47 months (mean 23 months), no recurrence or surgery-related morbidity has been observed. From these limited data it appears that surgery alone may provide adequate therapy for localized thoracic neuroblastoma and obviate the morbidity associated with multimodal therapy.", "PMID": 502972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5746", "title": "Tumor lysis pancreatitis.", "content": "Rapid tumor lysis may produce acute complications including systemic metabolic disturbances and hemorrhage in sites involved by tumor. We have observed two cases of acute pancreatitis induced by the lysis of lymphoma that involved the pancreas. This previously unreported cause of pancreatitis must be added to the list of potential complications associated with effective cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Tumor lysis pancreatitis. Rapid tumor lysis may produce acute complications including systemic metabolic disturbances and hemorrhage in sites involved by tumor. We have observed two cases of acute pancreatitis induced by the lysis of lymphoma that involved the pancreas. This previously unreported cause of pancreatitis must be added to the list of potential complications associated with effective cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 502973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5747", "title": "Patient recall of informed consent.", "content": "The protection of human subjects in research is a shared responsibility. The informed consent procedure was introduced to implement protection of the subjects. The contents of consent forms have been in dispute, and the impact of the procedure on the human subject has caused concern. It was demonstrated that patients with cancer have poor recall of the contents of a signed consent form.", "contents": "Patient recall of informed consent. The protection of human subjects in research is a shared responsibility. The informed consent procedure was introduced to implement protection of the subjects. The contents of consent forms have been in dispute, and the impact of the procedure on the human subject has caused concern. It was demonstrated that patients with cancer have poor recall of the contents of a signed consent form.", "PMID": 502974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5748", "title": "Oligosaccharide transfer from lipid sugar intermediates to endogenous protein(s) of rat liver microsomal subfractions.", "content": "The subcellular localization and characterization of some of the components involved in the glycosylation of asparagine type glycoproteins was attempted using dolichyl diphosphate [14C]mannose oligosaccharide as precursor of the glycosylation reaction in vitro. Isolated rough and smooth microsomal fractions were able to carry out the transfer of the carbohydrate moiety from lipid oligosaccharide to endogenous protein acceptors. The protein glycosylating activity remained practically the same after stripping the vesicles from their robosomes or partially releasing their vesicular content. Isolation of polysomes from rough microsomes after glycosylation has taken place, reveals that a large proportion of mannose labeled glycoproteins is in the membranous fraction. The remaining labeled glycoproteins co-sediment with the polysomal fraction. If the isolation is carried out before glycosylation only the membranous fraction shows enzyme activity, whereas the polysomes alone are not able to carry out glycosylation. All these results taken together indicate that the protein glycosylating enzyme is a structural component of the rough and smooth microsomes of rat liver.", "contents": "Oligosaccharide transfer from lipid sugar intermediates to endogenous protein(s) of rat liver microsomal subfractions. The subcellular localization and characterization of some of the components involved in the glycosylation of asparagine type glycoproteins was attempted using dolichyl diphosphate [14C]mannose oligosaccharide as precursor of the glycosylation reaction in vitro. Isolated rough and smooth microsomal fractions were able to carry out the transfer of the carbohydrate moiety from lipid oligosaccharide to endogenous protein acceptors. The protein glycosylating activity remained practically the same after stripping the vesicles from their robosomes or partially releasing their vesicular content. Isolation of polysomes from rough microsomes after glycosylation has taken place, reveals that a large proportion of mannose labeled glycoproteins is in the membranous fraction. The remaining labeled glycoproteins co-sediment with the polysomal fraction. If the isolation is carried out before glycosylation only the membranous fraction shows enzyme activity, whereas the polysomes alone are not able to carry out glycosylation. All these results taken together indicate that the protein glycosylating enzyme is a structural component of the rough and smooth microsomes of rat liver.", "PMID": 503056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5749", "title": "[Kinetic parameters of superhelical DNA cleavage by endonuclease S1].", "content": "Major kinetic parameters of endonuclease S1 were determined on superhelical bacteriophage PM2 DNA and on relaxed nicked circular PM2 DNA. At 37 degrees and 0,25 M NaCl, the Michaelis constants were respectively 1.7 . 10(-8) M and 1 . 10(-9) M, and catalytic constants were respectively 0.36 sec-1 and 1.2 . 10(-2) sec-1. The inhibition of the enzyme reaction by its product was detected.", "contents": "[Kinetic parameters of superhelical DNA cleavage by endonuclease S1]. Major kinetic parameters of endonuclease S1 were determined on superhelical bacteriophage PM2 DNA and on relaxed nicked circular PM2 DNA. At 37 degrees and 0,25 M NaCl, the Michaelis constants were respectively 1.7 . 10(-8) M and 1 . 10(-9) M, and catalytic constants were respectively 0.36 sec-1 and 1.2 . 10(-2) sec-1. The inhibition of the enzyme reaction by its product was detected.", "PMID": 503058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5750", "title": "[Correlation between conformation distortion of the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone and high optical activity of its compact form].", "content": "Different physico-chemical methods (CD, ORD, small-angle X-ray diffraction, etc) were used for investigating the properties of the DNA compact particles formed in PEG-containing water-salt solutions. It has been shown that small-angle reflection, characteristic of the DNA compact particles, changes from 36.8 A (CPEG = 140 mg/ml) to 25 A (CPEG = 300 mg/ml). The maximal optical activity (the intense negative CD-band and optical rotation [alpha] = 60 000 degrees) are inherent properties of the DNA compact particles formed at CPEG 120--180 mg/ml. The high optical activity points to the twist of DNA chromophores through the DNA molecule resulting in a long-rang pitch (P approximately 2000A). Such macroscopic superhelical structure (diameter 40--30 A) is due to conformational distortion of the DNA double-helix with alternating \"left\" and \"right\" orientation of chromophoes. Disappearance of conformation distortion is accompanied by disappearance of the high optical activity of the DNA compact particles and results in a small-angle reflection of 25 A. Taking into account the reasons of formation of the optically-active DNA compact particles conditions are suggested to conserve high optical activity at CPEG equal to 400 mg/ml.", "contents": "[Correlation between conformation distortion of the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone and high optical activity of its compact form]. Different physico-chemical methods (CD, ORD, small-angle X-ray diffraction, etc) were used for investigating the properties of the DNA compact particles formed in PEG-containing water-salt solutions. It has been shown that small-angle reflection, characteristic of the DNA compact particles, changes from 36.8 A (CPEG = 140 mg/ml) to 25 A (CPEG = 300 mg/ml). The maximal optical activity (the intense negative CD-band and optical rotation [alpha] = 60 000 degrees) are inherent properties of the DNA compact particles formed at CPEG 120--180 mg/ml. The high optical activity points to the twist of DNA chromophores through the DNA molecule resulting in a long-rang pitch (P approximately 2000A). Such macroscopic superhelical structure (diameter 40--30 A) is due to conformational distortion of the DNA double-helix with alternating \"left\" and \"right\" orientation of chromophoes. Disappearance of conformation distortion is accompanied by disappearance of the high optical activity of the DNA compact particles and results in a small-angle reflection of 25 A. Taking into account the reasons of formation of the optically-active DNA compact particles conditions are suggested to conserve high optical activity at CPEG equal to 400 mg/ml.", "PMID": 503060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5751", "title": "[Proteins of polyribosome-bound informosome of germinating wheat embryos].", "content": "Proteins of polyribosome-bound informosomes of germinating wheat embryos were studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. liberation of informosomal proteins was achieved by mild ribonuclease treatment of polyribosomes. It was shown, that proteins of informosomes associated with polyribosomes contain polypeptides with molecular weights of 86 000, 75 000, 72 000, 66 000, 52 000 and 34 000. The milecular weights of two most prominent proteins were 86 000 and 52 000. The treatment of polyribosomes with 0.5 M KCl resulted in the loss of large part of informosomal proteins, which are revealed in the KCl-wash.", "contents": "[Proteins of polyribosome-bound informosome of germinating wheat embryos]. Proteins of polyribosome-bound informosomes of germinating wheat embryos were studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. liberation of informosomal proteins was achieved by mild ribonuclease treatment of polyribosomes. It was shown, that proteins of informosomes associated with polyribosomes contain polypeptides with molecular weights of 86 000, 75 000, 72 000, 66 000, 52 000 and 34 000. The milecular weights of two most prominent proteins were 86 000 and 52 000. The treatment of polyribosomes with 0.5 M KCl resulted in the loss of large part of informosomal proteins, which are revealed in the KCl-wash.", "PMID": 503061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5752", "title": "[Estimation of the distance between the iron-sulfur cluster of Fe-protein and the nearest iron-sulfur cluster of Mo-Fe-protein of nitrogenase on the basis of the inductive-resonance theory of energy transfer].", "content": "The distance between fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA), attached to the HS-group of Fe- and Mo-Fe-protein, and the nearest iron-sulphur cluster (ISC) was determined. For Fe-protein the distance was 18--20 A and for Mo-Fe-protein 12--14 A. The distance between Fe-protein FMA and the nearest Mo-protein ISC determined by complementation of the labelled Fe-protein and native Mo-Fe-protein was 14--16 A. The distance between MO-OFe-protein ISC and complement Fe-protein ISC was 18--20 A. A te-protein ISC permitted to suppose that the electron was transfered from Fe-protein ISC to Mo-Fe-protein ISC by the contact of the ISC or with the help of ATP molecule.", "contents": "[Estimation of the distance between the iron-sulfur cluster of Fe-protein and the nearest iron-sulfur cluster of Mo-Fe-protein of nitrogenase on the basis of the inductive-resonance theory of energy transfer]. The distance between fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA), attached to the HS-group of Fe- and Mo-Fe-protein, and the nearest iron-sulphur cluster (ISC) was determined. For Fe-protein the distance was 18--20 A and for Mo-Fe-protein 12--14 A. The distance between Fe-protein FMA and the nearest Mo-protein ISC determined by complementation of the labelled Fe-protein and native Mo-Fe-protein was 14--16 A. The distance between MO-OFe-protein ISC and complement Fe-protein ISC was 18--20 A. A te-protein ISC permitted to suppose that the electron was transfered from Fe-protein ISC to Mo-Fe-protein ISC by the contact of the ISC or with the help of ATP molecule.", "PMID": 503057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5753", "title": "[Interaction of gene 5 protein of phage f1 with single and double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides].", "content": "The fluorescence method was used to reveal some differences in the interaction of gene 5 protein of phage f1 with single- and double-stranded polynucleotides (DNA). The binding with the duplexes is non-cooperative and the Kapp is twice lower than that for the cooperative formation of the complex with single-stranded structures. In the complex with a double-stranded polynucleotide (DNA) the protein cover 3 nucleotide pairs. The complex dissociates with a lower concentration of salt and the contribution of the energy of nonelectrostatic interactions to the total energy of complex formation for it is lower than for the complex with single-stranded DNA. In the complex of protein with single-stranded structure the fluorescence of the tyrosine (Tyr) residues is quenched to a greater degree and their accessibility to the external quencher is lower than that of the complex with double-stranded polynucleotides (DNA). The suggestion is made that in destabilization of nucleic double helices by gene 5 protein of phage f1, a great role belongs to Tyr residues because of their high affinity to single-stranded structures and because of their different localization in the complexes with single- and double-stranded polynucleotides.", "contents": "[Interaction of gene 5 protein of phage f1 with single and double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides]. The fluorescence method was used to reveal some differences in the interaction of gene 5 protein of phage f1 with single- and double-stranded polynucleotides (DNA). The binding with the duplexes is non-cooperative and the Kapp is twice lower than that for the cooperative formation of the complex with single-stranded structures. In the complex with a double-stranded polynucleotide (DNA) the protein cover 3 nucleotide pairs. The complex dissociates with a lower concentration of salt and the contribution of the energy of nonelectrostatic interactions to the total energy of complex formation for it is lower than for the complex with single-stranded DNA. In the complex of protein with single-stranded structure the fluorescence of the tyrosine (Tyr) residues is quenched to a greater degree and their accessibility to the external quencher is lower than that of the complex with double-stranded polynucleotides (DNA). The suggestion is made that in destabilization of nucleic double helices by gene 5 protein of phage f1, a great role belongs to Tyr residues because of their high affinity to single-stranded structures and because of their different localization in the complexes with single- and double-stranded polynucleotides.", "PMID": 503062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5754", "title": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of highly purified ceruloplasmin mRNA from rat liver].", "content": "Highly purified preparations of mRNA coding for ceruloplasmin (CP) ere isolated from rat liver polyribosomes using indirect immunoprecipitation of CP polysomes and poly(U)-sepharose chromatography of polysomal RNA. The homogeneity of CP mRNA was as high as 86--90%. The molecular weight of CP mRNA is 1.3 . 10(6) daltons which is in excess when compared to the minimal size of mRNA necessary to code for CP precursor (about 700 amino acid residues). The base composition of CP mRNA is of AU-type. The experiments on end-labeling with [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation whowed that CP mRNA contains 3'-terminal poly(A). Poly(U)-sepharose chromatography with stepwise temperature elution revealed length heterogeneity of poly(A) consisting of particular, different thermal subfractions of CP mRNA contain poly(A) consisting of 38, 90 and 165 adenylate residue. 5'-end of CP mRNA is block with inverted 7-methylguanosine (m7G) which is reducible with [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation. This m7G residue is a component of RNAse- and alkali-resistant oligonucleotide, which structure according to net charge value and its shifts after various enzymatic treatments, is m7G5'ppp5'XmpAp.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of highly purified ceruloplasmin mRNA from rat liver]. Highly purified preparations of mRNA coding for ceruloplasmin (CP) ere isolated from rat liver polyribosomes using indirect immunoprecipitation of CP polysomes and poly(U)-sepharose chromatography of polysomal RNA. The homogeneity of CP mRNA was as high as 86--90%. The molecular weight of CP mRNA is 1.3 . 10(6) daltons which is in excess when compared to the minimal size of mRNA necessary to code for CP precursor (about 700 amino acid residues). The base composition of CP mRNA is of AU-type. The experiments on end-labeling with [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation whowed that CP mRNA contains 3'-terminal poly(A). Poly(U)-sepharose chromatography with stepwise temperature elution revealed length heterogeneity of poly(A) consisting of particular, different thermal subfractions of CP mRNA contain poly(A) consisting of 38, 90 and 165 adenylate residue. 5'-end of CP mRNA is block with inverted 7-methylguanosine (m7G) which is reducible with [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation. This m7G residue is a component of RNAse- and alkali-resistant oligonucleotide, which structure according to net charge value and its shifts after various enzymatic treatments, is m7G5'ppp5'XmpAp.", "PMID": 503063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5755", "title": "[Influence of ligands characteristic of selective binding to a certain type of base pairs on DNA helix-coil transition I. Model. Theory].", "content": "The DNA helix-coil transition in the presence of ligands interacting selectively with a certain type or types of base pairs has been considered. A calculation method for estimation the influence of lignads on the melting process for which the knowledge of DNA primary structure is not required was proposed. It has been shown that the reverse temperature shift caused by ligands bound to a given type of base pairs at given kind of regions (helix or coli) is in direct proportion to the fist derivative with respect to the degree of helicity from ratio beta ji/n, where beta ji--number of nitrogen bases of i-type at the regions of j-kind; N--total number of DNA base pairs. It was assumed earlier that this shift was in direct proportion to beta ji/Nj, where Nj--number of base pairs in DNA regions of j-kind. The specificity of lignads interaction with given kinds of bases alters the manner of the melting process of the heteropolynucleotide in comparison with homopolynucleotide only in the case when the DNA primary structure has a strong influence on the position of helix and coli regions along the DNA chain. Only when this conditions is fulfilled the inversion of thermostability of AT- and GC-pairs may affect the shape of the melting curve.", "contents": "[Influence of ligands characteristic of selective binding to a certain type of base pairs on DNA helix-coil transition I. Model. Theory]. The DNA helix-coil transition in the presence of ligands interacting selectively with a certain type or types of base pairs has been considered. A calculation method for estimation the influence of lignads on the melting process for which the knowledge of DNA primary structure is not required was proposed. It has been shown that the reverse temperature shift caused by ligands bound to a given type of base pairs at given kind of regions (helix or coli) is in direct proportion to the fist derivative with respect to the degree of helicity from ratio beta ji/n, where beta ji--number of nitrogen bases of i-type at the regions of j-kind; N--total number of DNA base pairs. It was assumed earlier that this shift was in direct proportion to beta ji/Nj, where Nj--number of base pairs in DNA regions of j-kind. The specificity of lignads interaction with given kinds of bases alters the manner of the melting process of the heteropolynucleotide in comparison with homopolynucleotide only in the case when the DNA primary structure has a strong influence on the position of helix and coli regions along the DNA chain. Only when this conditions is fulfilled the inversion of thermostability of AT- and GC-pairs may affect the shape of the melting curve.", "PMID": 503059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5756", "title": "[Electric computerization is an effective method in molecular-biological investigations].", "content": "Characteristics of electronic computers with respect to their use in molecular-biological investigations are briefly described. Several examples of using electronic computers in conformational investigations, in studies on the structure of biopolymers, chromatography, optico-spectral investigations, etc. are listed.", "contents": "[Electric computerization is an effective method in molecular-biological investigations]. Characteristics of electronic computers with respect to their use in molecular-biological investigations are briefly described. Several examples of using electronic computers in conformational investigations, in studies on the structure of biopolymers, chromatography, optico-spectral investigations, etc. are listed.", "PMID": 503066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5757", "title": "[Eight types of stacking interaction in dinucleotides. Conformational analysis of ApA, ApC, CpA, CpC, GpG].", "content": "On the basis of general stereochemical considerations the classification of the stacking state of dinucleoside phosphate (DNP) including eight types of stacks of nucleic bases has been suggested. With the use of the algorithm, which makes possible determination of the backbone conformation for the given nucleic bases arrangement, the stacking conformes of DNP were analysed by atom-atom potential method. For all compounds different types of stacking conformes were obtained with energy values lower than that for the unstacking state. It follows from the results of calculations that for description of the conformational situation of DNP in solution the \"non-canonical\" conformers should be born in mind. In particular the forms having different sugar conformations in Np- and in pN-parts of the dimers are of interest. The effect of choice of the atom-atom potential functions on optimal conformation of DNP is discussed. For single-stranded RNA several regular and non-regular structures are proposed.", "contents": "[Eight types of stacking interaction in dinucleotides. Conformational analysis of ApA, ApC, CpA, CpC, GpG]. On the basis of general stereochemical considerations the classification of the stacking state of dinucleoside phosphate (DNP) including eight types of stacks of nucleic bases has been suggested. With the use of the algorithm, which makes possible determination of the backbone conformation for the given nucleic bases arrangement, the stacking conformes of DNP were analysed by atom-atom potential method. For all compounds different types of stacking conformes were obtained with energy values lower than that for the unstacking state. It follows from the results of calculations that for description of the conformational situation of DNP in solution the \"non-canonical\" conformers should be born in mind. In particular the forms having different sugar conformations in Np- and in pN-parts of the dimers are of interest. The effect of choice of the atom-atom potential functions on optimal conformation of DNP is discussed. For single-stranded RNA several regular and non-regular structures are proposed.", "PMID": 503064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5758", "title": "[Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubular crystals of catalase].", "content": "On the basis of electron microscope data the structure of tubular crystals of catalase has been determined with resolution of approximately 25 A. The symmetry of the helical packing of molecules is 142/17. The three-dimensional reconstruction has been carried out in real space. The catalase molecule consists of four subunits whose centers from a fairly flattened tetrahedron. The molecule has dimensions of 69X87X92 A.", "contents": "[Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubular crystals of catalase]. On the basis of electron microscope data the structure of tubular crystals of catalase has been determined with resolution of approximately 25 A. The symmetry of the helical packing of molecules is 142/17. The three-dimensional reconstruction has been carried out in real space. The catalase molecule consists of four subunits whose centers from a fairly flattened tetrahedron. The molecule has dimensions of 69X87X92 A.", "PMID": 503065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5759", "title": "Effect of allergenic structure on IgE levels in rats and mice.", "content": "In outbred Lister hooded rats and inbred BALB/c mice, the IgE antibody response to CE induced in the presence of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, is more difficult to suppress with high doses of antigen and/or frequent administration of antigen, than are such responses to DNP4.3-OA. Both types of IgE antibody were assayed by PCA in rats challenged with 1 mg of CE or DNP26-BSA. Unlike the rat system, anti-CE IgE responses could be induced in the BALB/c mouse in the absence of adjuvant. After a long course of weekly injections the IgE titer was the same (1 in 160) in all groups of mice given 6 ng to 630 micrograms/injection. The threshold sensitivity to CE of PCA induced by 1 in 5 dilutions of these sera ranged from 0.3 micrograms for sera from mice immunized with 6 ng per injection up to 10 micrograms for sera from mice immunized with 630 micrograms per injection. Only a small part of this difference in sensitivity could be accounted for by the presence of blocking antibody.", "contents": "Effect of allergenic structure on IgE levels in rats and mice. In outbred Lister hooded rats and inbred BALB/c mice, the IgE antibody response to CE induced in the presence of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, is more difficult to suppress with high doses of antigen and/or frequent administration of antigen, than are such responses to DNP4.3-OA. Both types of IgE antibody were assayed by PCA in rats challenged with 1 mg of CE or DNP26-BSA. Unlike the rat system, anti-CE IgE responses could be induced in the BALB/c mouse in the absence of adjuvant. After a long course of weekly injections the IgE titer was the same (1 in 160) in all groups of mice given 6 ng to 630 micrograms/injection. The threshold sensitivity to CE of PCA induced by 1 in 5 dilutions of these sera ranged from 0.3 micrograms for sera from mice immunized with 6 ng per injection up to 10 micrograms for sera from mice immunized with 630 micrograms per injection. Only a small part of this difference in sensitivity could be accounted for by the presence of blocking antibody.", "PMID": 503082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5760", "title": "Secular trends in human growth, maturation, and development.", "content": "Rates of growth during childhood have increased considerably during the past 50-100 years. Because they are associated with increased rates of maturation, these size increases are maximal at ages when recently measured groups are pubescent but those measured in the past had not reached pubescence. Large secular increases in rates of growth and maturation have occurred in all developed countries but not in many other countries. There have been secular increases in recumbent length at birth in Italy and France but little change in the United States. The secular increase in childhood stature is much more obvious, being about 1.5 cm/decade for 12-year-old children, although for young adults the secular increase in stature has been about 0.4 cm/decade in most developed countries. In the United States these trends have been similar for blacks and whites during childhood but greater for black men than white men. Similarly, secular trends in birth weights have been small, but there have been large trends for children (about 1.5 kg/decade for 12-year-olds). These secular changes in size have been associated with an acceleration of maturation that is most evident in the 0.3 years/decade advancement in age at menarche. This advancement has now ceased in Norway and England. The changes in body proportions during recent decades are less marked than those in body size. Leg length, particularly the length of the thigh, seems to have increased more than stature in men but not women; chest circumference has increased more rapidly than stature in each sex. The relationships between stature and weight have changed in different ways in various national groups. Similarly, the relative changes in head length and head breadth vary with the groups studied. Few sets of data allow conclusions about possible secular trends in body composition, but subcutaneous fat thicknesses have increased, especially at the upper percentiles. Also strength, which reflects muscle mass, has increased absolutely, although it has decreased relative to stature. Undoubtedly the secular trend is due to various factors; the identification of causes is necessarily speculative. Changes in nutrition alone could not account for the trends which exceed the original socioeconomic differentials. In the United States, there have been per capita increases in the intake of protein and fat from animal sources, decreases in carbohydrates and fat from vegetable sources, and little change in caloric intake. It is not clear that these changes constitute better nutrition. The secular trends could reflect environmental improvements, specifically changes in health practices and living conditions leading to improvements in mortality rates and life expectancy. These factors are interrelated with those concerning family size. Also genetic factors, especially heterosis, may have played a small role in causing the secular trends...", "contents": "Secular trends in human growth, maturation, and development. Rates of growth during childhood have increased considerably during the past 50-100 years. Because they are associated with increased rates of maturation, these size increases are maximal at ages when recently measured groups are pubescent but those measured in the past had not reached pubescence. Large secular increases in rates of growth and maturation have occurred in all developed countries but not in many other countries. There have been secular increases in recumbent length at birth in Italy and France but little change in the United States. The secular increase in childhood stature is much more obvious, being about 1.5 cm/decade for 12-year-old children, although for young adults the secular increase in stature has been about 0.4 cm/decade in most developed countries. In the United States these trends have been similar for blacks and whites during childhood but greater for black men than white men. Similarly, secular trends in birth weights have been small, but there have been large trends for children (about 1.5 kg/decade for 12-year-olds). These secular changes in size have been associated with an acceleration of maturation that is most evident in the 0.3 years/decade advancement in age at menarche. This advancement has now ceased in Norway and England. The changes in body proportions during recent decades are less marked than those in body size. Leg length, particularly the length of the thigh, seems to have increased more than stature in men but not women; chest circumference has increased more rapidly than stature in each sex. The relationships between stature and weight have changed in different ways in various national groups. Similarly, the relative changes in head length and head breadth vary with the groups studied. Few sets of data allow conclusions about possible secular trends in body composition, but subcutaneous fat thicknesses have increased, especially at the upper percentiles. Also strength, which reflects muscle mass, has increased absolutely, although it has decreased relative to stature. Undoubtedly the secular trend is due to various factors; the identification of causes is necessarily speculative. Changes in nutrition alone could not account for the trends which exceed the original socioeconomic differentials. In the United States, there have been per capita increases in the intake of protein and fat from animal sources, decreases in carbohydrates and fat from vegetable sources, and little change in caloric intake. It is not clear that these changes constitute better nutrition. The secular trends could reflect environmental improvements, specifically changes in health practices and living conditions leading to improvements in mortality rates and life expectancy. These factors are interrelated with those concerning family size. Also genetic factors, especially heterosis, may have played a small role in causing the secular trends...", "PMID": 503084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5761", "title": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. I. Review of data].", "content": "Authors believe, that the autopsy material of their department characterizes the sudden, unexpected and accidental and violent deaths in the capital. On the basis of the 15 year autopsy material 1057 cases of accidental deaths from poisoning are analyzed according to the year of occurrence, the age and sex of the deceased and the type of poisoning. 7 per cent out of all accidental deaths was poisoning. The number of cases increased evenly and at a progressive rate. The majority of the deceased (675 persons) were males. The frequency of fatal poisoning among females older 60 years of age constantly increased. The number of accidents among children decreased during the period studied.", "contents": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. I. Review of data]. Authors believe, that the autopsy material of their department characterizes the sudden, unexpected and accidental and violent deaths in the capital. On the basis of the 15 year autopsy material 1057 cases of accidental deaths from poisoning are analyzed according to the year of occurrence, the age and sex of the deceased and the type of poisoning. 7 per cent out of all accidental deaths was poisoning. The number of cases increased evenly and at a progressive rate. The majority of the deceased (675 persons) were males. The frequency of fatal poisoning among females older 60 years of age constantly increased. The number of accidents among children decreased during the period studied.", "PMID": 503085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5762", "title": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. II. Carbon monoxide poisoning].", "content": "In the examined 15 year period accidental deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning amounted to 641 persons--341 males and 300 females. The number of poisonings increased evenly and at a progressive rate, although the frequency of carbon monoxide poisoning--among the accidental poisonings--decreased. The majority of the deceased from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning was older 60 years. 90.4 per cent of cases occurred at home. In 37.7 per cent of the cases the source of the gas appeared to be the gap-tap turned off wrongly and in 36.4 per cent the escape of gas. 4.4 per cent of the cases survived. 14.4 per cent of the deceased had alcohol in their blood.", "contents": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. II. Carbon monoxide poisoning]. In the examined 15 year period accidental deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning amounted to 641 persons--341 males and 300 females. The number of poisonings increased evenly and at a progressive rate, although the frequency of carbon monoxide poisoning--among the accidental poisonings--decreased. The majority of the deceased from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning was older 60 years. 90.4 per cent of cases occurred at home. In 37.7 per cent of the cases the source of the gas appeared to be the gap-tap turned off wrongly and in 36.4 per cent the escape of gas. 4.4 per cent of the cases survived. 14.4 per cent of the deceased had alcohol in their blood.", "PMID": 503086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5763", "title": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. III. Alcohol poisoning].", "content": "In the examined 15 year period 174 persons--134 males and 40 females--died from alcohol poisoning. The number of cases of accidental alcohol poisonings has considerably increased. The number of cases of alcohol poisoning has increased at a rate thrice as high as the poisonings of all the other causes. The number of cases in the last third of the 15-year-period was five time higher than in the first third of it. The number of women deceased of alcohol poisoning increased at a greater rate than that of the males. Deaths from alcohol poisoning occurred first of all among the age groups between 40--59. In 67 cases of fatal alcohol poisoning the alcohol level in the serum was under 3 0/00. Regarding the latter, authors emphasize the importance of experts-opinions dealing with indirect cause relationships.", "contents": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. III. Alcohol poisoning]. In the examined 15 year period 174 persons--134 males and 40 females--died from alcohol poisoning. The number of cases of accidental alcohol poisonings has considerably increased. The number of cases of alcohol poisoning has increased at a rate thrice as high as the poisonings of all the other causes. The number of cases in the last third of the 15-year-period was five time higher than in the first third of it. The number of women deceased of alcohol poisoning increased at a greater rate than that of the males. Deaths from alcohol poisoning occurred first of all among the age groups between 40--59. In 67 cases of fatal alcohol poisoning the alcohol level in the serum was under 3 0/00. Regarding the latter, authors emphasize the importance of experts-opinions dealing with indirect cause relationships.", "PMID": 503087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5764", "title": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. IV. Various types of poisoning].", "content": "In the 15-year-period analyzed 242 persons--170 males and 72 females--died from various kind of poisons (alcohol and carbon monoxide excluded). The fatal poisonings were as follows: 69 cases--due to mushroom, 33--organic solvents, 23--23 cases--caustic material (soda and acids), 21--methylalcohol, 18--weedkillers and insecticides. Some types of poisonings seems to be more frequent among males, others among females. The frequency of above mentioned poisonings decreases. The majority of deceased appeared to be of elderly age. The type of poisoning and the age of the deceased are not correlated.", "contents": "[Mortality from accidental poisoning in Budapest during 1961-1975. IV. Various types of poisoning]. In the 15-year-period analyzed 242 persons--170 males and 72 females--died from various kind of poisons (alcohol and carbon monoxide excluded). The fatal poisonings were as follows: 69 cases--due to mushroom, 33--organic solvents, 23--23 cases--caustic material (soda and acids), 21--methylalcohol, 18--weedkillers and insecticides. Some types of poisonings seems to be more frequent among males, others among females. The frequency of above mentioned poisonings decreases. The majority of deceased appeared to be of elderly age. The type of poisoning and the age of the deceased are not correlated.", "PMID": 503088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5765", "title": "[Transformation of the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules in experimental malacoplakia].", "content": "As an effect of administration of the extract of E. coli in the kidney of rats phagolysosomal reaction has been observed, not only in the granulomatous tissue characteristic of malacoplakia, but in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. The latter became similar to the histiocytes of malacoplakis i.e. Hansemann's cells. The transformation of the tubular epithelium in severe cases of malacoplakia was followed by necrosis. In a later phase tubular atrophy came into being, which did not differ from the atrophy caused by other agents, although epithelial cells contained numerous residual body. Authors believe, that granular tubular cells of megalocytic interstitial nephritis--regarded as malacoplakia of the renal cortex--originate from tubular epithelium.", "contents": "[Transformation of the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules in experimental malacoplakia]. As an effect of administration of the extract of E. coli in the kidney of rats phagolysosomal reaction has been observed, not only in the granulomatous tissue characteristic of malacoplakia, but in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. The latter became similar to the histiocytes of malacoplakis i.e. Hansemann's cells. The transformation of the tubular epithelium in severe cases of malacoplakia was followed by necrosis. In a later phase tubular atrophy came into being, which did not differ from the atrophy caused by other agents, although epithelial cells contained numerous residual body. Authors believe, that granular tubular cells of megalocytic interstitial nephritis--regarded as malacoplakia of the renal cortex--originate from tubular epithelium.", "PMID": 503089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5766", "title": "[Ultrastructure and classification of epithelial thymomas].", "content": "4 epithelial thymomas out of 36 various types of it were studied electronmicroscopically. The following types were distinguished: clear cell thymoma, dark cell, solid thymoma, lacunar and spindle cell thymoma. These types of thymomas differ not only morphologically, but clinically. Authors suggest, that these tumours take their origin from the star-shaped clear- and dark medullar epithelial cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and classification of epithelial thymomas]. 4 epithelial thymomas out of 36 various types of it were studied electronmicroscopically. The following types were distinguished: clear cell thymoma, dark cell, solid thymoma, lacunar and spindle cell thymoma. These types of thymomas differ not only morphologically, but clinically. Authors suggest, that these tumours take their origin from the star-shaped clear- and dark medullar epithelial cells.", "PMID": 503090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5767", "title": "[Myasthenia gravis: epithelial cells of the hyperplastic thymus. Morphometric and ultrastructural study].", "content": "Epithelial cells of hyperplastic thymuses, removed because of myasthenia gravis were studied electronmicroscopically and morphometrically. The correlation between the age of patients and the number of epithelial cells of the thymus is discussed. Various type of epithelial cells are distinguished. Authors believe, that in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis beside the presence of lymphoid follicles in the hyperplastic thymus increase of the number of epithelial cells and their activation may take a part.", "contents": "[Myasthenia gravis: epithelial cells of the hyperplastic thymus. Morphometric and ultrastructural study]. Epithelial cells of hyperplastic thymuses, removed because of myasthenia gravis were studied electronmicroscopically and morphometrically. The correlation between the age of patients and the number of epithelial cells of the thymus is discussed. Various type of epithelial cells are distinguished. Authors believe, that in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis beside the presence of lymphoid follicles in the hyperplastic thymus increase of the number of epithelial cells and their activation may take a part.", "PMID": 503091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5768", "title": "[Myocardial damage in hemorrhagic hypotension].", "content": "Damage to the myocard caused by the loss of blood was studied in experiments on dogs. After long-lasting hypotonia focal lesions of the myocard of degenerative type have been found. Desorganization of the myofilaments and invagination of the disc could be seen in the area of the intercalar discs. Filaments in the other regions have not shown any alterations. In the mitochondria hypoxic lesions were revealed. One part of the alterations are not reversible. After 48 hours of survival focal necrosis with hyper contraction and calcification could be observed. It was surrounded by cellular infiltration containing mononuclear cells. Cellular necrosis revealed, may lie on the basis of the central lesion of the circulation appearing after long-lastng hypotonia.", "contents": "[Myocardial damage in hemorrhagic hypotension]. Damage to the myocard caused by the loss of blood was studied in experiments on dogs. After long-lasting hypotonia focal lesions of the myocard of degenerative type have been found. Desorganization of the myofilaments and invagination of the disc could be seen in the area of the intercalar discs. Filaments in the other regions have not shown any alterations. In the mitochondria hypoxic lesions were revealed. One part of the alterations are not reversible. After 48 hours of survival focal necrosis with hyper contraction and calcification could be observed. It was surrounded by cellular infiltration containing mononuclear cells. Cellular necrosis revealed, may lie on the basis of the central lesion of the circulation appearing after long-lastng hypotonia.", "PMID": 503092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5769", "title": "[Changes in the skeletal musculature due to tendon rupture].", "content": "Alterations of the sceletal muscles after spontaneous rupture of the tendon were studied. It was established that after the rupture of the tendon in the muscle activity of the succinedehydrogenase, myofibrillar ATP-ase, creatinphosphokinase and aldolase markedly decreases. After the rupture of the tendon alteration of the proportion of various types of fibers may also be observed i.e. the rate of the fibres of type I considerably decreases. Electron microscopic findings indicate that alterations of the musculature are diffuse first of all elements of contractility are damaged: atrophy and rupture of them can be seen. Fibres of normal ultrastructure were not found at all, which indicates that both types of fibres I and II are equally damaged.", "contents": "[Changes in the skeletal musculature due to tendon rupture]. Alterations of the sceletal muscles after spontaneous rupture of the tendon were studied. It was established that after the rupture of the tendon in the muscle activity of the succinedehydrogenase, myofibrillar ATP-ase, creatinphosphokinase and aldolase markedly decreases. After the rupture of the tendon alteration of the proportion of various types of fibers may also be observed i.e. the rate of the fibres of type I considerably decreases. Electron microscopic findings indicate that alterations of the musculature are diffuse first of all elements of contractility are damaged: atrophy and rupture of them can be seen. Fibres of normal ultrastructure were not found at all, which indicates that both types of fibres I and II are equally damaged.", "PMID": 503093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5770", "title": "[Prevention of testosterone-vasopressin induced necrosis of the kidney cortex by cyproterone acetate].", "content": "After a ten days pretreatment with testosteron-propyonate administration of vasopressin induces bilateral cortical necrosis of kidneys in rats. When testosteron and cyproteron-acetate an androgen-blocking agent were given simultaneously vasopressin did not induce necrosis of the renal cortices. These findings suggest that androgen receptors of the kidney may take a part in eliciting this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Prevention of testosterone-vasopressin induced necrosis of the kidney cortex by cyproterone acetate]. After a ten days pretreatment with testosteron-propyonate administration of vasopressin induces bilateral cortical necrosis of kidneys in rats. When testosteron and cyproteron-acetate an androgen-blocking agent were given simultaneously vasopressin did not induce necrosis of the renal cortices. These findings suggest that androgen receptors of the kidney may take a part in eliciting this phenomenon.", "PMID": 503094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5771", "title": "[Suicide of patients with chronic kidney failure by disconnecting their shunt].", "content": "Two cases of suicide of patients with renal insufficiency and haemodyalisis commited by liquidation of the shunt are reported. Authors stress the importance of prevention and psychotherapy among haemodyalized patients having depression and neurotic complications.", "contents": "[Suicide of patients with chronic kidney failure by disconnecting their shunt]. Two cases of suicide of patients with renal insufficiency and haemodyalisis commited by liquidation of the shunt are reported. Authors stress the importance of prevention and psychotherapy among haemodyalized patients having depression and neurotic complications.", "PMID": 503095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5772", "title": "Ultraviolet radiation induction of endogenous murine type C virus.", "content": "Induction of endogenous type C RNA virus occurred following exposure of mouse cells to ultraviolet radiation. Irradiation of A1-2 cells, derived from the BALB/c mouse, induced endogenous xenotropic type C virus as determined by infectious center focus-forming assay on normal rat-kidney (NRK) cells. Viral induction by UV radiation was compared to that for the halogenated pyrimidines, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IdU) and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Although the fraction of A1-2 cells induced to release virus by UV radiation (0.17%) was less than that observed for IdU (3.0%) and BrdU (0.46%), use of the sensitive infectious center assay demonstrated reproducible UV induction. Dose-response studies showed that the level of viral induction by UV was dependent upon cellular UV exposure. Study of A1-2 cell survival following irradiation showed that optimum viral induction occurred at a UV exposure corresponding to the edge of the shoulder of the survival curve, suggesting that UV sensitivity of the host cell may be a factor limiting the level of induction. Since less radiation was required for viral induction than for inactivation of colony-forming ability, viral induction may be a more sensitive dosimeter of in vitro UV bioeffects than cell survival for this system.", "contents": "Ultraviolet radiation induction of endogenous murine type C virus. Induction of endogenous type C RNA virus occurred following exposure of mouse cells to ultraviolet radiation. Irradiation of A1-2 cells, derived from the BALB/c mouse, induced endogenous xenotropic type C virus as determined by infectious center focus-forming assay on normal rat-kidney (NRK) cells. Viral induction by UV radiation was compared to that for the halogenated pyrimidines, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IdU) and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Although the fraction of A1-2 cells induced to release virus by UV radiation (0.17%) was less than that observed for IdU (3.0%) and BrdU (0.46%), use of the sensitive infectious center assay demonstrated reproducible UV induction. Dose-response studies showed that the level of viral induction by UV was dependent upon cellular UV exposure. Study of A1-2 cell survival following irradiation showed that optimum viral induction occurred at a UV exposure corresponding to the edge of the shoulder of the survival curve, suggesting that UV sensitivity of the host cell may be a factor limiting the level of induction. Since less radiation was required for viral induction than for inactivation of colony-forming ability, viral induction may be a more sensitive dosimeter of in vitro UV bioeffects than cell survival for this system.", "PMID": 503096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5773", "title": "An autoradiographic study of unscheduled DNA synthesis in the germ cells of male mice treated with X-rays and methyl methanesulfonate.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the germ cells of male mice after in vivo treatment with X-rays or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was assayed by use of a quantitative autoradiographic procedure. MMS induced UDS in meiotic through type III elongating spermatid stages, whereas X-rays induced UDS in meiotic through round spermatid stages. No UDS was detected in the most mature spermatid stages present in the testis with either MMS or X-rays. Taking into account differences in DNA content of the various germ-cell stages studied, we concluded that X-rays induced a maximum UDS response in spermatocytes at diakinesis--metaphase I. The level of UDS induced by MMS was about the same in all the stages capable of repair. Chromosome damage and UDS were measured simultaneously in the same spermatocytes at diakinesis 90 min after X-irradiation or MMS treatment. The level of UDS in most of the X-irradiated cells paralleled the extent of chromosome damage induced. A statistical analysis of these results revealed a positive correlation. As expected, MMS induced no chromosome aberrations above control levels. Therefore no correlation was determined between UDS and chromosome damage in this case. The distribution of UDS over the chromosomes treated at diakinesis with MMS or X-rays was studied. It was found that UDS occurred in clusters in the irradiated cells, whereas it was uniformly distributed in the MMS-treated cells.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of unscheduled DNA synthesis in the germ cells of male mice treated with X-rays and methyl methanesulfonate. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the germ cells of male mice after in vivo treatment with X-rays or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was assayed by use of a quantitative autoradiographic procedure. MMS induced UDS in meiotic through type III elongating spermatid stages, whereas X-rays induced UDS in meiotic through round spermatid stages. No UDS was detected in the most mature spermatid stages present in the testis with either MMS or X-rays. Taking into account differences in DNA content of the various germ-cell stages studied, we concluded that X-rays induced a maximum UDS response in spermatocytes at diakinesis--metaphase I. The level of UDS induced by MMS was about the same in all the stages capable of repair. Chromosome damage and UDS were measured simultaneously in the same spermatocytes at diakinesis 90 min after X-irradiation or MMS treatment. The level of UDS in most of the X-irradiated cells paralleled the extent of chromosome damage induced. A statistical analysis of these results revealed a positive correlation. As expected, MMS induced no chromosome aberrations above control levels. Therefore no correlation was determined between UDS and chromosome damage in this case. The distribution of UDS over the chromosomes treated at diakinesis with MMS or X-rays was studied. It was found that UDS occurred in clusters in the irradiated cells, whereas it was uniformly distributed in the MMS-treated cells.", "PMID": 503097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5774", "title": "DNA excision-repair processes in human cells can eliminate the cytotoxic and mutagenic consequences of ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "The ability of DNA excision-repair processes in diploid human fibroblasts to eliminate potentially cytotoxic and mutagenic lesions induced by UV radiation (254 nm) was demonstrated in two ways: (1) Cells with normal rates of excision were compared with cells with an intermediate rate of excision (XP2BE) and cells with an excision rate less than or equal to 1% that of normal (XP12BE) for sensitivity to the killing and mutagenic action of UV radiation. The normal cells proved resistant to doses of UV which reduced the survival of the XP cells to 14% and 0.7%, respectively, and increased the frequency of mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance in the XP cells 5- to 10-fold over background. (2) Cells in confluence were irradiated with cytotoxic and mutagenic doses of UV and allowed to carry out excision repair. After various lengths of time they were replated at lower densities to allow for expression of mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance and/or at cloning densities to assay survival. Normal cells and XP cells with reduced rates of excision repair (from complementation groups C and D) exhibited a gradual increase in survival from an initial level of 15--20% to 100% if held approximately 20 h in confluence. In contrast, XP12BE cells showed no increase from an initial survival of 20% even when held for 7 days. Normal cells irradiated in confluence but prevented from replicating for 7 days exhibited background mutation frequencies, whereas the mutation frequency in XP12BE cells did not change with the time in confluence.", "contents": "DNA excision-repair processes in human cells can eliminate the cytotoxic and mutagenic consequences of ultraviolet irradiation. The ability of DNA excision-repair processes in diploid human fibroblasts to eliminate potentially cytotoxic and mutagenic lesions induced by UV radiation (254 nm) was demonstrated in two ways: (1) Cells with normal rates of excision were compared with cells with an intermediate rate of excision (XP2BE) and cells with an excision rate less than or equal to 1% that of normal (XP12BE) for sensitivity to the killing and mutagenic action of UV radiation. The normal cells proved resistant to doses of UV which reduced the survival of the XP cells to 14% and 0.7%, respectively, and increased the frequency of mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance in the XP cells 5- to 10-fold over background. (2) Cells in confluence were irradiated with cytotoxic and mutagenic doses of UV and allowed to carry out excision repair. After various lengths of time they were replated at lower densities to allow for expression of mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance and/or at cloning densities to assay survival. Normal cells and XP cells with reduced rates of excision repair (from complementation groups C and D) exhibited a gradual increase in survival from an initial level of 15--20% to 100% if held approximately 20 h in confluence. In contrast, XP12BE cells showed no increase from an initial survival of 20% even when held for 7 days. Normal cells irradiated in confluence but prevented from replicating for 7 days exhibited background mutation frequencies, whereas the mutation frequency in XP12BE cells did not change with the time in confluence.", "PMID": 503098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5775", "title": "Ultraviolet mutagenesis of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant human fibroblasts.", "content": "The mutabilities of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP4BE) human fibroblasts by ultraviolet light (UV) were compared under conditions of maximum expression of the 6-thioguanine resistance (TGr) phenotype. Selection was with 20 micrograms TG/ml on populations reseeded at various times after irradiation. Approx. 6--12 days (4--8 population doublings), depending on the UV dose, were necessary for complete expression. The induced mutation frequencies were linear functions of the UV dose but the slope of the line for normal cells extrapolated to zero induced mutants at 3 J/m2. The postreplication repair-defective XP4BE cells showed a higher frequency of TGr colonies than normal fibroblasts when compared at equal UV doses or at equitoxic treatments. The induced frequency of TGr colonies was not a linear function of the logarithm of survival for either cell type. Instead, the initial slope decreased to a constant slope for survivals less than about 50%. The UV doses and induced mutation frequencies corresponding to 37% survival of cloning abilities were 6.7 J/m2 and 6.2 X  10(-5), respectively, for normal cells and 3.75 J/m2 and 17.3 X 10(-5) for the XP4BE cells. The lack of an observable increase in the mutant frequency for normal fibroblasts exposed to slightly lethal UV doses suggests that normal postreplication repair of UV-induced lesions is error-free (or nearly so) until a threshold dose is exceeded.", "contents": "Ultraviolet mutagenesis of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant human fibroblasts. The mutabilities of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP4BE) human fibroblasts by ultraviolet light (UV) were compared under conditions of maximum expression of the 6-thioguanine resistance (TGr) phenotype. Selection was with 20 micrograms TG/ml on populations reseeded at various times after irradiation. Approx. 6--12 days (4--8 population doublings), depending on the UV dose, were necessary for complete expression. The induced mutation frequencies were linear functions of the UV dose but the slope of the line for normal cells extrapolated to zero induced mutants at 3 J/m2. The postreplication repair-defective XP4BE cells showed a higher frequency of TGr colonies than normal fibroblasts when compared at equal UV doses or at equitoxic treatments. The induced frequency of TGr colonies was not a linear function of the logarithm of survival for either cell type. Instead, the initial slope decreased to a constant slope for survivals less than about 50%. The UV doses and induced mutation frequencies corresponding to 37% survival of cloning abilities were 6.7 J/m2 and 6.2 X  10(-5), respectively, for normal cells and 3.75 J/m2 and 17.3 X 10(-5) for the XP4BE cells. The lack of an observable increase in the mutant frequency for normal fibroblasts exposed to slightly lethal UV doses suggests that normal postreplication repair of UV-induced lesions is error-free (or nearly so) until a threshold dose is exceeded.", "PMID": 503099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5776", "title": "Repair of UV-endonuclease-susceptible sites in the 7 complementation groups of xeroderma pigmentosum A through G.", "content": "7 strains of human primary fibroblasts were chosen from the complementation groups A through G of xeroderma pigmentosum; these strains are UV-sensitive and deficient in excision repair of UV damage on the criterion of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). They were compared with normal human fibroblasts and one xeroderma pigmentosum variant with regard to their capacity to remove pyrimidine dimers, induced in their DNA by UV at 253.7 nm. The XP variant showed a normal level of dimer removal, whereas 6 of the other XP strains had a greatly reduced capacity to remove this DNA damage, in agreement with their individual levels of UDS. Strain XP230S (complementation group F), however, only showed a 20% reduction in the removal of dimers, which is much less than expected from the low level of UDS in this strain.", "contents": "Repair of UV-endonuclease-susceptible sites in the 7 complementation groups of xeroderma pigmentosum A through G. 7 strains of human primary fibroblasts were chosen from the complementation groups A through G of xeroderma pigmentosum; these strains are UV-sensitive and deficient in excision repair of UV damage on the criterion of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). They were compared with normal human fibroblasts and one xeroderma pigmentosum variant with regard to their capacity to remove pyrimidine dimers, induced in their DNA by UV at 253.7 nm. The XP variant showed a normal level of dimer removal, whereas 6 of the other XP strains had a greatly reduced capacity to remove this DNA damage, in agreement with their individual levels of UDS. Strain XP230S (complementation group F), however, only showed a 20% reduction in the removal of dimers, which is much less than expected from the low level of UDS in this strain.", "PMID": 503100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5777", "title": "Enhancement of excision-repair efficiency by conditioned medium from density-inhibited cultures in V79 Chinese hamster cells: evidence for excision repair as an error-free repair process.", "content": "Conditioned medium from density-inhibited V79 Chinese hamster cell cultures, given as a post-treatment to UV-irradiated homologous cells, was demonstrated to reduce the lethal action of ultraviolet light by temporarily blocking DNA replication. Since the increased survival was not affected by various non-toxic concentrations of caffeine, such protective effect would be attributable to the prolonged intervention of excision repair before DNA replication during the post-treatment period. The influence of conditioned medium on the UV-induced mutation at the ouabain-resistance locus was also examined and a significant decrease in mutation frequency was noted. The observed reduction in killing and mutation as a result of post-incubation in conditioned medium, which delays DNA replication, would be interpreted as evidence that conditioned medium provides a longer period of time for an error-free excision-repair process, leaving lesion in DNA available for error-prone post-replication repair.", "contents": "Enhancement of excision-repair efficiency by conditioned medium from density-inhibited cultures in V79 Chinese hamster cells: evidence for excision repair as an error-free repair process. Conditioned medium from density-inhibited V79 Chinese hamster cell cultures, given as a post-treatment to UV-irradiated homologous cells, was demonstrated to reduce the lethal action of ultraviolet light by temporarily blocking DNA replication. Since the increased survival was not affected by various non-toxic concentrations of caffeine, such protective effect would be attributable to the prolonged intervention of excision repair before DNA replication during the post-treatment period. The influence of conditioned medium on the UV-induced mutation at the ouabain-resistance locus was also examined and a significant decrease in mutation frequency was noted. The observed reduction in killing and mutation as a result of post-incubation in conditioned medium, which delays DNA replication, would be interpreted as evidence that conditioned medium provides a longer period of time for an error-free excision-repair process, leaving lesion in DNA available for error-prone post-replication repair.", "PMID": 503101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5778", "title": "Electrophysiologic properties of intercostal muscle fibers in human neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Electrophysiologic properties of biopsied normal and diseased intercostal muscle fibers were examined using intracellular microelectrode techniques. The resting potentials of all diseased muscle fibers were found to be depolarized. Those from Duchenne dystrophy patients showed the largest depolarization, followed by those from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and motor neuron disease. All of the diseased fibers except those from myotonia congenita patients demonstrated an imparied ability to generate action potentials. In the latter fibers, the higher-than-normal membrane resistance was associated with hyperexcitability. When the membrane was hyperpolarized to the normal range, however, action potential characteristics in all fibers were near normal, except in motor neuron disease. All action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin. These findings--i.e., that all fibers were capable of generating action potentials when hyperpolarized, and that all action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin--suggest the relative intactness, in the disease studied here of the regenerative sodium conductance mechanism.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic properties of intercostal muscle fibers in human neuromuscular diseases. Electrophysiologic properties of biopsied normal and diseased intercostal muscle fibers were examined using intracellular microelectrode techniques. The resting potentials of all diseased muscle fibers were found to be depolarized. Those from Duchenne dystrophy patients showed the largest depolarization, followed by those from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and motor neuron disease. All of the diseased fibers except those from myotonia congenita patients demonstrated an imparied ability to generate action potentials. In the latter fibers, the higher-than-normal membrane resistance was associated with hyperexcitability. When the membrane was hyperpolarized to the normal range, however, action potential characteristics in all fibers were near normal, except in motor neuron disease. All action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin. These findings--i.e., that all fibers were capable of generating action potentials when hyperpolarized, and that all action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin--suggest the relative intactness, in the disease studied here of the regenerative sodium conductance mechanism.", "PMID": 503103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5779", "title": "Antigenic modulation and receptor loss in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Immunization of groups of rats with 0.1- 100 microgram of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) purified from the electric organ of Torpedo californica resulted in dose-dependent (1) loss of acetylcholine receptor from the rats' muscles, (2) binding of antibodies to many of the receptors remaining in muscle and (3) production of antibodies in serum capable of cross-reacting with receptor solubilized from rat muscle. Addition of antibodies from rats immunized with electric organ acetylcholine receptors to muscle cells in culture caused loss of receptor by accelerating the rate of receptor degradation. Monovalent antibody fragments did not accelerate degradation unless antiantibody was added to cross-link the monovalent antibody fragments bound to receptors. This indicates that cross-linking of receptors by antibody molecules triggers accelerated receptor degradation, leading to receptor loss. The rate of increase in receptor destruction due to antigenic modulation observed in vitro appears sufficient to account for the extent of receptor loss observed in vivo. Endocytosis of antibody cross-linked receptors may be a rate-limiting step common to antigenic modulation in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Antigenic modulation and receptor loss in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Immunization of groups of rats with 0.1- 100 microgram of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) purified from the electric organ of Torpedo californica resulted in dose-dependent (1) loss of acetylcholine receptor from the rats' muscles, (2) binding of antibodies to many of the receptors remaining in muscle and (3) production of antibodies in serum capable of cross-reacting with receptor solubilized from rat muscle. Addition of antibodies from rats immunized with electric organ acetylcholine receptors to muscle cells in culture caused loss of receptor by accelerating the rate of receptor degradation. Monovalent antibody fragments did not accelerate degradation unless antiantibody was added to cross-link the monovalent antibody fragments bound to receptors. This indicates that cross-linking of receptors by antibody molecules triggers accelerated receptor degradation, leading to receptor loss. The rate of increase in receptor destruction due to antigenic modulation observed in vitro appears sufficient to account for the extent of receptor loss observed in vivo. Endocytosis of antibody cross-linked receptors may be a rate-limiting step common to antigenic modulation in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 503104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5780", "title": "Rebound hemodynamic events after the abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in patients with severe chronic heart failure.", "content": "We studied the hemodynamic events that followed abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in 20 patients with severe chronic heart failure. With nitroprusside, cardiac index increased from 1.96 to 2.87 liters per minute per square meter of body-surface area, but it decreased to 1.66 (P less than 0.001) after withdrawal of nitroprusside. Left ventricular filling pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased from 23.9 to 15.3 mm Hg and from 1642 to 921 dyn.sec.cm-5, respectively, with nitroprusside, but increased to 30.4 mm Hg and 2109 dyn.sec.cm-5 (both P less than 0.001) upon its discontinuation. These rebound changes were maximal 10 to 30 minutes after nitroprusside withdrawal and returned to control levels one to three hours later. Although in 17 of 20 patients, these rebound changes caused no or minimal exacerbation of symptoms, pulmonary edema, which resolved in three patients. Activation of reflex vasoconstrictive forces during vasodilator therapy may explain these effects of withdrawal.", "contents": "Rebound hemodynamic events after the abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in patients with severe chronic heart failure. We studied the hemodynamic events that followed abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in 20 patients with severe chronic heart failure. With nitroprusside, cardiac index increased from 1.96 to 2.87 liters per minute per square meter of body-surface area, but it decreased to 1.66 (P less than 0.001) after withdrawal of nitroprusside. Left ventricular filling pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased from 23.9 to 15.3 mm Hg and from 1642 to 921 dyn.sec.cm-5, respectively, with nitroprusside, but increased to 30.4 mm Hg and 2109 dyn.sec.cm-5 (both P less than 0.001) upon its discontinuation. These rebound changes were maximal 10 to 30 minutes after nitroprusside withdrawal and returned to control levels one to three hours later. Although in 17 of 20 patients, these rebound changes caused no or minimal exacerbation of symptoms, pulmonary edema, which resolved in three patients. Activation of reflex vasoconstrictive forces during vasodilator therapy may explain these effects of withdrawal.", "PMID": 503111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5781", "title": "Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency.", "content": "Myoadenylate deaminase (adenosine monophosphate deaminase--AMPDA) was recently shown to be deficient in a group of patients by use of a histochemical and biochemical method based on the elaboration of ammonia by this enzyme as it deaminates 5' AMP. We have confirmed the utility of this histochemical method and the existence of persons deficient in AMPDA through the use of an unrelated assay technique. The lack of enzyme activity is not associated with any inhibitory activity in the muscles of patients with this disorder. The clinical diversity of these patients suggests that this lack may represent a normal variant or a subclinical state rather than an actual disease. The occurrence of AMPDA deficiency in both sexes points to possible autosomal inheritance.", "contents": "Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Myoadenylate deaminase (adenosine monophosphate deaminase--AMPDA) was recently shown to be deficient in a group of patients by use of a histochemical and biochemical method based on the elaboration of ammonia by this enzyme as it deaminates 5' AMP. We have confirmed the utility of this histochemical method and the existence of persons deficient in AMPDA through the use of an unrelated assay technique. The lack of enzyme activity is not associated with any inhibitory activity in the muscles of patients with this disorder. The clinical diversity of these patients suggests that this lack may represent a normal variant or a subclinical state rather than an actual disease. The occurrence of AMPDA deficiency in both sexes points to possible autosomal inheritance.", "PMID": 503106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5782", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of muscle plasmalemma in normal and dystrophic chickens.", "content": "We compared the freeze-fracture morphology of the plasmalemma of the pectoralis major muscle taken from normal and dystrophic chickens at adult, embryonic, and early posthatching stages. Developmental changes were more conspicuous in surface caveolae than in intramembranous particles. The most striking differences between normal and dystrophic muscles were seen in the densities of the caveolae (17/micron2 in the normal adult; 30/micron2 in the dystrophic adult) and in their distribution (rectangular pattern in normals; random arrangement in dystrophics). These differences had already become significant at seven days posthatching and before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This is the earliest development stage at which morphologic abnormalities of plasmalemma have been reported for dystrophic muscle. Variations of surface topography and caveolar morphology, presumably representing secondary changes, were common in adult dystrophic muscle.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of muscle plasmalemma in normal and dystrophic chickens. We compared the freeze-fracture morphology of the plasmalemma of the pectoralis major muscle taken from normal and dystrophic chickens at adult, embryonic, and early posthatching stages. Developmental changes were more conspicuous in surface caveolae than in intramembranous particles. The most striking differences between normal and dystrophic muscles were seen in the densities of the caveolae (17/micron2 in the normal adult; 30/micron2 in the dystrophic adult) and in their distribution (rectangular pattern in normals; random arrangement in dystrophics). These differences had already become significant at seven days posthatching and before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This is the earliest development stage at which morphologic abnormalities of plasmalemma have been reported for dystrophic muscle. Variations of surface topography and caveolar morphology, presumably representing secondary changes, were common in adult dystrophic muscle.", "PMID": 503105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5783", "title": "Coitus and associated amniotic-fluid infections.", "content": "Data were analyzed from 26,886 pregnancies to determine whether coitus is involved in the genesis of amniotic-fluid infections. The frequency of infection was 156 per thousand births when mothers reported coitus once or more per week during the month before delivery, versus 117 per thousand when no coitus was reported (P less than 0.001). The percentage of infected infants who died was 11.0 when there was coitus versus 2.4 when there was no coitus (P less than 0.001). The frequencies of low Apgar scores, neonatal respiratory distress, and hyperbilirubinemia were about doubled when mothers reported coitus. The coitus-associated effects were greater in preterm than in fullterm infants. The pregnancies in the study took place between 1959 and 1966, when national perinatal mortality rates were higher than they are now. Deaths from coitus-associated infections may be less frequent today.", "contents": "Coitus and associated amniotic-fluid infections. Data were analyzed from 26,886 pregnancies to determine whether coitus is involved in the genesis of amniotic-fluid infections. The frequency of infection was 156 per thousand births when mothers reported coitus once or more per week during the month before delivery, versus 117 per thousand when no coitus was reported (P less than 0.001). The percentage of infected infants who died was 11.0 when there was coitus versus 2.4 when there was no coitus (P less than 0.001). The frequencies of low Apgar scores, neonatal respiratory distress, and hyperbilirubinemia were about doubled when mothers reported coitus. The coitus-associated effects were greater in preterm than in fullterm infants. The pregnancies in the study took place between 1959 and 1966, when national perinatal mortality rates were higher than they are now. Deaths from coitus-associated infections may be less frequent today.", "PMID": 503112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5784", "title": "Muscle breakdown and repair in polymyositis: a case study.", "content": "Muscle breakdown and repair were measured by metabolic balance techniques in a patient with polymyositis who was being treated with prednisolone and azathioprine. Changes in body muscle mass that had been estimated from nitrogen and phosphorus balances correlated with antropometric assessments of thigh muscle mass and quadriceps strength. Decline in muscle strength was associated with a net rate of muscle breakdown of 148 g/day. Recovery was associated with a net rate of muscle repair of up to 100 g/day. Early reduction in corticosteroid treatment appeared to enhance the rate of repair. Changes in the isometric contraction force of the quadriceps muscle (but not in clinical symptoms, plasma creatine kinase [CK] or erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] were found to reliably indicate whether the muscle was in a state of breakdown or repair. Treatment of the individual patient may be quantitatively monitored by metabolic balance studies or, more simply, by measurement of muscle strength.", "contents": "Muscle breakdown and repair in polymyositis: a case study. Muscle breakdown and repair were measured by metabolic balance techniques in a patient with polymyositis who was being treated with prednisolone and azathioprine. Changes in body muscle mass that had been estimated from nitrogen and phosphorus balances correlated with antropometric assessments of thigh muscle mass and quadriceps strength. Decline in muscle strength was associated with a net rate of muscle breakdown of 148 g/day. Recovery was associated with a net rate of muscle repair of up to 100 g/day. Early reduction in corticosteroid treatment appeared to enhance the rate of repair. Changes in the isometric contraction force of the quadriceps muscle (but not in clinical symptoms, plasma creatine kinase [CK] or erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] were found to reliably indicate whether the muscle was in a state of breakdown or repair. Treatment of the individual patient may be quantitatively monitored by metabolic balance studies or, more simply, by measurement of muscle strength.", "PMID": 503107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5785", "title": "Increased insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to monocytes after physical training.", "content": "We studied the effect of physical training on in vivo tissue sensitivity to insulin and insulin binding to monocytes in six previously untrained healthy adults. Physical training (one hour of cycle-ergometer exercise four times per week for six weeks) failed to alter body weight but resulted in a 20 per cent increase (P less than 0.02) in maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) and a 30 per cent increase (P less than 0.01) in insulin-mediated glucose uptake (determined by the insulin clamp technique). The increase in insulin sensitivity correlated directly with the rise in VO2 max (P less than 0.05). Binding of [125I]insulin to monocytes also rose by 35 per cent after physical training (P less than 0.02), primarily because of an increase in the concentration of insulin receptors. Our data indicate that physical training increases tissue sensitivity to insulin in proportion to the improvement in physical fitness. Physical training may have a role in the management of insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and maturity-onset diabetes, that is independent of its effects on body weight.", "contents": "Increased insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to monocytes after physical training. We studied the effect of physical training on in vivo tissue sensitivity to insulin and insulin binding to monocytes in six previously untrained healthy adults. Physical training (one hour of cycle-ergometer exercise four times per week for six weeks) failed to alter body weight but resulted in a 20 per cent increase (P less than 0.02) in maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) and a 30 per cent increase (P less than 0.01) in insulin-mediated glucose uptake (determined by the insulin clamp technique). The increase in insulin sensitivity correlated directly with the rise in VO2 max (P less than 0.05). Binding of [125I]insulin to monocytes also rose by 35 per cent after physical training (P less than 0.02), primarily because of an increase in the concentration of insulin receptors. Our data indicate that physical training increases tissue sensitivity to insulin in proportion to the improvement in physical fitness. Physical training may have a role in the management of insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and maturity-onset diabetes, that is independent of its effects on body weight.", "PMID": 503113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5786", "title": "Natural history of male psychologic health: effects of mental health on physical health.", "content": "Four decades ago 204 men were selected as adolescents for an interdisciplinary study of health; since then they have been followed biennially. Of the 185 men who remained in the study and in good health until 1964 (age, 42 +/- 1 years), 100 men remained in excellent physical health over the next 11 years, 54 acquired minor problems, and 31 acquired serious chronic illness or died. Of 59 men with the best mental health, assessed from the age of 21 to 46 years, only two became chronically ill or died by the age of 53. Of the 48 men with the worst mental health from the age of 21 to 46, 18 became chronically ill or died. The relation between previous mental health and subsequent physical health remained statistically significant when the effects on health of alcohol, tobacco use, obesity, and longevity of ancestors were excluded by multiple regression analysis. The data suggest that good mental health retards midlife deterioration in physical health.", "contents": "Natural history of male psychologic health: effects of mental health on physical health. Four decades ago 204 men were selected as adolescents for an interdisciplinary study of health; since then they have been followed biennially. Of the 185 men who remained in the study and in good health until 1964 (age, 42 +/- 1 years), 100 men remained in excellent physical health over the next 11 years, 54 acquired minor problems, and 31 acquired serious chronic illness or died. Of 59 men with the best mental health, assessed from the age of 21 to 46 years, only two became chronically ill or died by the age of 53. Of the 48 men with the worst mental health from the age of 21 to 46, 18 became chronically ill or died. The relation between previous mental health and subsequent physical health remained statistically significant when the effects on health of alcohol, tobacco use, obesity, and longevity of ancestors were excluded by multiple regression analysis. The data suggest that good mental health retards midlife deterioration in physical health.", "PMID": 503127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5787", "title": "Immune complexes and the evolution of Lyme arthritis. Dissemination and localization of abnormal C1q binding activity.", "content": "In a prospective study of 78 patients with Lyme arthritis, abnormal serum C1q binding activity was present at the initial onset of erythema chronicum migrans in nearly all cases. The abnormal binding persisted in patients with subsequent nerve or heart involvement. In contrast, among those with only subsequent arthritis, it usually disappeared within three months (P = 0.018). However, in the synovial fluid of affected joints, abnormal binding was uniformly present, and always to a greater extent than in the circulation. The abnormally reactive material behaved like antigen-antibody complexes. It had a density of 19S or greater, dissociated below pH 4.2, and lacked antiglobulin activity. Cryoprecipitates containing immunoglobulin were good but insensitive predictors of its presence, but immune complexes themselves did not seem primarily responsible for cryoprecipitability. Thus, as judged by C1q binding, immune complexes remain disseminated in certain patients with Lyme arthritis but localize to joints in others.", "contents": "Immune complexes and the evolution of Lyme arthritis. Dissemination and localization of abnormal C1q binding activity. In a prospective study of 78 patients with Lyme arthritis, abnormal serum C1q binding activity was present at the initial onset of erythema chronicum migrans in nearly all cases. The abnormal binding persisted in patients with subsequent nerve or heart involvement. In contrast, among those with only subsequent arthritis, it usually disappeared within three months (P = 0.018). However, in the synovial fluid of affected joints, abnormal binding was uniformly present, and always to a greater extent than in the circulation. The abnormally reactive material behaved like antigen-antibody complexes. It had a density of 19S or greater, dissociated below pH 4.2, and lacked antiglobulin activity. Cryoprecipitates containing immunoglobulin were good but insensitive predictors of its presence, but immune complexes themselves did not seem primarily responsible for cryoprecipitability. Thus, as judged by C1q binding, immune complexes remain disseminated in certain patients with Lyme arthritis but localize to joints in others.", "PMID": 503166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5788", "title": "Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality.", "content": "This study examines mortality rates for 12 surgical procedures of varying complexity in 1498 hospitals to determine whether there is a relation between a hospital's surgical volume and its surgical mortality. The mortality of open-heart surgery, vascular surgery, transurethral resection of the prostate, and coronary bypass decreased with increasing number of operations. Hospitals in which 200 or more of these operations were done annually had death rates, adjusted for case mix, 25 to 41 per cent lower than hospitals with lower volumes. For other procedures, the mortality curve flattened at lower volumes. For example, hospitals doing 50 to 100 total hip replacements attained a mortality rate for this procedure almost as low as that of hospitals doing 200 or more. Some procedures, such as cholecystectomy, showed no relation between volume and mortality. The results may reflect the effect of volume or experience on mortality, or referrals to institutions with better outcomes, as well as a number of other factors, such as patient selection. Regardless of the explanation, these data support the value of regionalization for certain operations.", "contents": "Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality. This study examines mortality rates for 12 surgical procedures of varying complexity in 1498 hospitals to determine whether there is a relation between a hospital's surgical volume and its surgical mortality. The mortality of open-heart surgery, vascular surgery, transurethral resection of the prostate, and coronary bypass decreased with increasing number of operations. Hospitals in which 200 or more of these operations were done annually had death rates, adjusted for case mix, 25 to 41 per cent lower than hospitals with lower volumes. For other procedures, the mortality curve flattened at lower volumes. For example, hospitals doing 50 to 100 total hip replacements attained a mortality rate for this procedure almost as low as that of hospitals doing 200 or more. Some procedures, such as cholecystectomy, showed no relation between volume and mortality. The results may reflect the effect of volume or experience on mortality, or referrals to institutions with better outcomes, as well as a number of other factors, such as patient selection. Regardless of the explanation, these data support the value of regionalization for certain operations.", "PMID": 503167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5789", "title": "[Acute and subchronic experiments on the effects of microcrystalline cellulose on various pharmacological and biochemical parameters in mongrel rabbits].", "content": "The subchronic intravenous application of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), in a dose of 5 mg/kg twice weekly for 10 weeks, resulted in servere crystal embolism in the lungs of the animals. The clinical parameters were either unchanged (erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, differential blood picture, osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes, total serum bilirubin, serum protein and serum protein fractions) or slightly pathological (hemoglobin content, hematocrit, GOT and GPT). The results from tests of the liver function (by means of bromosulphthaleine clearance) and of the renal function as well as the ophthalmologic examination were not indicative of damaged parenchyma or disturbed microcirculation. Intra-arterial infusions of MCC affected the peripheral muscular blood supply, blood pressure and heart rate.", "contents": "[Acute and subchronic experiments on the effects of microcrystalline cellulose on various pharmacological and biochemical parameters in mongrel rabbits]. The subchronic intravenous application of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), in a dose of 5 mg/kg twice weekly for 10 weeks, resulted in servere crystal embolism in the lungs of the animals. The clinical parameters were either unchanged (erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, differential blood picture, osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes, total serum bilirubin, serum protein and serum protein fractions) or slightly pathological (hemoglobin content, hematocrit, GOT and GPT). The results from tests of the liver function (by means of bromosulphthaleine clearance) and of the renal function as well as the ophthalmologic examination were not indicative of damaged parenchyma or disturbed microcirculation. Intra-arterial infusions of MCC affected the peripheral muscular blood supply, blood pressure and heart rate.", "PMID": 503180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5790", "title": "[Spontaneous solubilization of mcuosal peptide hydrolases in rat small intestine].", "content": "In vitro incubations of small intestine preparation lead to the spontaneous release of mucosal enzymes into the incubation medium, due to superficial dissolution and membrane lesions. One-hour anaerobic incubation of everted small intestine segments produces the liberation of from 13% (leucine arylamidase) to 30% (Gly-L-Pro-splitting peptide hydrolase) of the mucosal enzyme activities. Under the conditions of in vivo perfusion, the solubilization rates are from 50 to 80% lower than these values. The tendency to solubilization is only in part reduced to a significant extent by the saturation of the incubation medium with oxygen, but it does not reach the in vivo level. The detectability of membrane-bound and intracellular marker enzymes in the incubation medium permits no conclusions concerning the physiological localization of the released peptidases.", "contents": "[Spontaneous solubilization of mcuosal peptide hydrolases in rat small intestine]. In vitro incubations of small intestine preparation lead to the spontaneous release of mucosal enzymes into the incubation medium, due to superficial dissolution and membrane lesions. One-hour anaerobic incubation of everted small intestine segments produces the liberation of from 13% (leucine arylamidase) to 30% (Gly-L-Pro-splitting peptide hydrolase) of the mucosal enzyme activities. Under the conditions of in vivo perfusion, the solubilization rates are from 50 to 80% lower than these values. The tendency to solubilization is only in part reduced to a significant extent by the saturation of the incubation medium with oxygen, but it does not reach the in vivo level. The detectability of membrane-bound and intracellular marker enzymes in the incubation medium permits no conclusions concerning the physiological localization of the released peptidases.", "PMID": 503181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5791", "title": "[Artificial food. I. Development of a new course in food production-reasons and advantages].", "content": "The causes for the development of a new course in the food production are discussed. The characteristic features and the specific contradictions are dealt with that are connected with the traditional production methods of food. The character of the new methods of food production as well as their economic and technological advantages are considered.", "contents": "[Artificial food. I. Development of a new course in food production-reasons and advantages]. The causes for the development of a new course in the food production are discussed. The characteristic features and the specific contradictions are dealt with that are connected with the traditional production methods of food. The character of the new methods of food production as well as their economic and technological advantages are considered.", "PMID": 503182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5792", "title": "Post-transcriptional control in the early mouse embryo.", "content": "The earliest stages of mouse embryogenesis, from fertilisation to the two-cell stage, are characterised by an extremely low level of RNA synthesis. Indeed, during this period, RNA polymerase II activity and incorporation of labelled precurosrs into heterogeneous RNA are not detectable, and there is no increase in the poly(A) content of the embryo, but rather a slight decrease. The rate of protein synthesis remains low and relatively constant throughout the one- and two-cell stages. However, qualitative analysis of the protein synthetic profile on SDS gels has revealed changes which appear around the late one-cell to early two-cell stage. This early change in the pattern of polypeptide synthesis represents the first major qualitative molecular change found so far in development. We present evidence which suggests that the increased synthesis at the early two-cell stage of a small number of polypeptides of molecular weight 35,000 is not dependent on transcription, but rather represents control at a post-transcriptional level using mRNAs synthesised before fertilisation.", "contents": "Post-transcriptional control in the early mouse embryo. The earliest stages of mouse embryogenesis, from fertilisation to the two-cell stage, are characterised by an extremely low level of RNA synthesis. Indeed, during this period, RNA polymerase II activity and incorporation of labelled precurosrs into heterogeneous RNA are not detectable, and there is no increase in the poly(A) content of the embryo, but rather a slight decrease. The rate of protein synthesis remains low and relatively constant throughout the one- and two-cell stages. However, qualitative analysis of the protein synthetic profile on SDS gels has revealed changes which appear around the late one-cell to early two-cell stage. This early change in the pattern of polypeptide synthesis represents the first major qualitative molecular change found so far in development. We present evidence which suggests that the increased synthesis at the early two-cell stage of a small number of polypeptides of molecular weight 35,000 is not dependent on transcription, but rather represents control at a post-transcriptional level using mRNAs synthesised before fertilisation.", "PMID": 503184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5793", "title": "Ca2+-sensitive gelation of actin filaments by a new protein factor.", "content": "Two protein factors which bind to, and induce gelation of, actin filaments were purified from Ehrlich tumour cells. Filamin induced Ca2+-insensitive gelation, whereas a new protein factor ('actinogelin') was found to induce Ca2+-sensitive gelation.", "contents": "Ca2+-sensitive gelation of actin filaments by a new protein factor. Two protein factors which bind to, and induce gelation of, actin filaments were purified from Ehrlich tumour cells. Filamin induced Ca2+-insensitive gelation, whereas a new protein factor ('actinogelin') was found to induce Ca2+-sensitive gelation.", "PMID": 503187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5794", "title": "Interferon enhances 2-5A synthetase in embryonal carcinoma cells.", "content": "Mouse teratocarcinomas provide a useful model of mammalian differentiation, because the malignant embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells of such tumours may produce various differential cell types in vivo or in vitro. Many EC cell lines have now been established and classified on the basis of their ability to differentiate in vivo into cell types characteristically derived from any of the three germ layers. There is convincing evidence that EC cells can neither produce interferon, nor respond to it by becoming resistant to virus, whereas differentiated cells derived from EC lines behave normally in both respects. We investigated the lack of responsiveness of EC cells towards interferon by measuring the levels of two double-stranded RNA-dependent enzyme activities recently shown to be enhanced by interferon. We report here that on treatment with interferon, EC cells show increased 2-5A synthetase levels comparable to those found in differentiated cells, while there is little or no effect on kinase activity in EC cells, in contrast to their differentiated counterparts.", "contents": "Interferon enhances 2-5A synthetase in embryonal carcinoma cells. Mouse teratocarcinomas provide a useful model of mammalian differentiation, because the malignant embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells of such tumours may produce various differential cell types in vivo or in vitro. Many EC cell lines have now been established and classified on the basis of their ability to differentiate in vivo into cell types characteristically derived from any of the three germ layers. There is convincing evidence that EC cells can neither produce interferon, nor respond to it by becoming resistant to virus, whereas differentiated cells derived from EC lines behave normally in both respects. We investigated the lack of responsiveness of EC cells towards interferon by measuring the levels of two double-stranded RNA-dependent enzyme activities recently shown to be enhanced by interferon. We report here that on treatment with interferon, EC cells show increased 2-5A synthetase levels comparable to those found in differentiated cells, while there is little or no effect on kinase activity in EC cells, in contrast to their differentiated counterparts.", "PMID": 503189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5795", "title": "Naloxone-reversible effect of opioids on pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "A characteristic feature of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus is the formation of broad channels by invagination of the cell membrane. This process, which requires Ca2+, occurs in response to depolarising cations. High Ca2+ levels reduce pinocytosis induced by cations such as Na+ and Tris+, whereas pinocytosis induced by K+ is less affected by Ca2+ (ref. 4). Agents which interfere with the calcium metabolism of the amoeba will therefore either stimulate or inhibit pinocytosis induced by Na+ (ref. 5). Among the agents which are supposed to reduce Ca2+ influx across cell membranes or otherwise decrease cellular availability of Ca2+ are the opiates and opioid peptides, high doses of which have been reported to affect the amoeba. Accordingly, Met-enkephalin, morphine and codeine potentiate the inhibition of pinocytosis caused by Ca2+-binding agents and reverse the calcium blockade of pinocytosis mediated by caffeine. In this report we show that pinocytosis induced by Na+ or Tris+ is suppressed by beta-endorphin, Metenkephalin and morphine. These effects were abolished or diminished by an opiate receptor antagonist, (-)naloxone, by increasing the Na+ concentration, or by addition of Ca2+.", "contents": "Naloxone-reversible effect of opioids on pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus. A characteristic feature of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus is the formation of broad channels by invagination of the cell membrane. This process, which requires Ca2+, occurs in response to depolarising cations. High Ca2+ levels reduce pinocytosis induced by cations such as Na+ and Tris+, whereas pinocytosis induced by K+ is less affected by Ca2+ (ref. 4). Agents which interfere with the calcium metabolism of the amoeba will therefore either stimulate or inhibit pinocytosis induced by Na+ (ref. 5). Among the agents which are supposed to reduce Ca2+ influx across cell membranes or otherwise decrease cellular availability of Ca2+ are the opiates and opioid peptides, high doses of which have been reported to affect the amoeba. Accordingly, Met-enkephalin, morphine and codeine potentiate the inhibition of pinocytosis caused by Ca2+-binding agents and reverse the calcium blockade of pinocytosis mediated by caffeine. In this report we show that pinocytosis induced by Na+ or Tris+ is suppressed by beta-endorphin, Metenkephalin and morphine. These effects were abolished or diminished by an opiate receptor antagonist, (-)naloxone, by increasing the Na+ concentration, or by addition of Ca2+.", "PMID": 503190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5796", "title": "Agonist-induced potentiation of acetylcholine sensitivity in denervated skeletal muscle.", "content": "The entire surface membrane of denervated skeletal muscle is sensitive to the neuromuscular transmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), whereas in innervated muscle only the junctional area is sensitive. It has been proposed that this difference is due to a 'trophic' effect exerted by ACh in innervated muscle to keep the extrajunctional regions of the surface membrane insensitive to its depolarising action. Several studies have demonstrated an agonist-induced potentiation of ACh sensitivity, followed by desensitisation, at the endplate region of normal muscles. The potentiation has been attributed to a cooperative action of ACh on the receptors. Desensitisation of the extrajunctional regions of denervated muscles by ACh has also been described. We now provide evidence that the transmitter itself potentiates the ACh contracture and depolarisation responses of the denervated muscles of the rat in vitro and that it produces this effect by increasing the number of available ACh receptors on the surface membrane.", "contents": "Agonist-induced potentiation of acetylcholine sensitivity in denervated skeletal muscle. The entire surface membrane of denervated skeletal muscle is sensitive to the neuromuscular transmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), whereas in innervated muscle only the junctional area is sensitive. It has been proposed that this difference is due to a 'trophic' effect exerted by ACh in innervated muscle to keep the extrajunctional regions of the surface membrane insensitive to its depolarising action. Several studies have demonstrated an agonist-induced potentiation of ACh sensitivity, followed by desensitisation, at the endplate region of normal muscles. The potentiation has been attributed to a cooperative action of ACh on the receptors. Desensitisation of the extrajunctional regions of denervated muscles by ACh has also been described. We now provide evidence that the transmitter itself potentiates the ACh contracture and depolarisation responses of the denervated muscles of the rat in vitro and that it produces this effect by increasing the number of available ACh receptors on the surface membrane.", "PMID": 503192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5797", "title": "Membrane response to 1-methyladenine requires the presence of the nucleus.", "content": "Meiosis is re-initiated in starfish oocytes by the action of the hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA). It is thought that the primary trigger is localised at the plasma membrane, and early changes reported are the activation of a Na+ pump and variation in membrane potential and conductance. We report here that external application of 1-MA results in an irreversible switching of the starfish oocyte membrane from one stable electrical state to another. This induced change requires the presence of the germinal vesicle.", "contents": "Membrane response to 1-methyladenine requires the presence of the nucleus. Meiosis is re-initiated in starfish oocytes by the action of the hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA). It is thought that the primary trigger is localised at the plasma membrane, and early changes reported are the activation of a Na+ pump and variation in membrane potential and conductance. We report here that external application of 1-MA results in an irreversible switching of the starfish oocyte membrane from one stable electrical state to another. This induced change requires the presence of the germinal vesicle.", "PMID": 503193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5798", "title": "A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland.", "content": "The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, shows a marked circadian rhythm in the pineal glands of various animal species. The regulation mechanism of the N-acetyltransferse rhythm in birds is different from that in mammals. N-Acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal gland is controlled by the central nervous system through the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, while in chicken the endogenous oscillator for N-acetyltransferase rhythm is presumably located in the pineal gland. Recently it has been shown that N-acetyltransferase activity oscillates in a circadian manner in the organ culture of chicken pineal glands. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured under continuous illumination, the nocturnal increase of enzyme activity was suppressed. These observations suggested that chicken pineal gland contains a circadian oscillator, a photoreceptor and melatonin-synthesising machinery. A central question arises whether the circadian oscillation of N-acetyltransferase activity and its response to environmental lighting are generated within the cell or are emergent properties of interaction between different types of pineal cells. I report here that in the dispersed cell culture of chicken pineal gland, N-acetyltransferase activity exhibits a circadian rhythm and responds to environmental lighting in the same manner as in the organ culture.", "contents": "A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland. The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, shows a marked circadian rhythm in the pineal glands of various animal species. The regulation mechanism of the N-acetyltransferse rhythm in birds is different from that in mammals. N-Acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal gland is controlled by the central nervous system through the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, while in chicken the endogenous oscillator for N-acetyltransferase rhythm is presumably located in the pineal gland. Recently it has been shown that N-acetyltransferase activity oscillates in a circadian manner in the organ culture of chicken pineal glands. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured under continuous illumination, the nocturnal increase of enzyme activity was suppressed. These observations suggested that chicken pineal gland contains a circadian oscillator, a photoreceptor and melatonin-synthesising machinery. A central question arises whether the circadian oscillation of N-acetyltransferase activity and its response to environmental lighting are generated within the cell or are emergent properties of interaction between different types of pineal cells. I report here that in the dispersed cell culture of chicken pineal gland, N-acetyltransferase activity exhibits a circadian rhythm and responds to environmental lighting in the same manner as in the organ culture.", "PMID": 503196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5799", "title": "Melatonin, the pineal gland and human puberty.", "content": "Animal experiments have suggested that the pineal gland produces an anti-gonadotropic hormone. The hamster, for example, undergoes reproductive collapse when kept in short-day periods, an effect which is abolished by pinealectomy. Although there is little direct evidence about the endocrine role of the pineal gland in man, it has been noted that tumours of the pineal gland in young boys are associated with precocious puberty and the human pineal gland has been suggested to produce a substance that holds sexual maturation in check. This observation has been extended by Kitay, who has shown that destructive tumours are associated with precocious puberty whereas hyperactive tumours are associated with delayed puberty. However, no studies have described any change of pineal function with normal puberty. Because two pineal indoles, melatonin and methoxytryptophol, have been shown to be antigonadotropic when administered to animals, we have now measured them in schoolchildren. Our findings show that in young boys there is an abrupt fall in the concentration of melatonin with advancing development suggesting that it may play an important physiological role in the control of human puberty.", "contents": "Melatonin, the pineal gland and human puberty. Animal experiments have suggested that the pineal gland produces an anti-gonadotropic hormone. The hamster, for example, undergoes reproductive collapse when kept in short-day periods, an effect which is abolished by pinealectomy. Although there is little direct evidence about the endocrine role of the pineal gland in man, it has been noted that tumours of the pineal gland in young boys are associated with precocious puberty and the human pineal gland has been suggested to produce a substance that holds sexual maturation in check. This observation has been extended by Kitay, who has shown that destructive tumours are associated with precocious puberty whereas hyperactive tumours are associated with delayed puberty. However, no studies have described any change of pineal function with normal puberty. Because two pineal indoles, melatonin and methoxytryptophol, have been shown to be antigonadotropic when administered to animals, we have now measured them in schoolchildren. Our findings show that in young boys there is an abrupt fall in the concentration of melatonin with advancing development suggesting that it may play an important physiological role in the control of human puberty.", "PMID": 503201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5800", "title": "Specific distribution of metabolic alterations in cerebral cortex following apomorphine administration.", "content": "The topographic distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the cerebral cortex closely parallels that of the dopaminergic innervation. In the rat, dopaminergic axons which originate in the mesencephalon are confined to a few discrete regions of the neocortex--anterior cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex (particularly anteromedial and supragenual areas) and the transitional zone between the neocortex and the pyriform cortex. Moreover, biochemical examinations of processes generally considered to be indicative of dopaminergic neuro-transmission--neuronal uptake of labelled dopamine or dopamine-activation of adenylate cyclase activity--have confirmed a highly restricted locus of action of dopaminergic systems in the cerebral cortex. We describe here data obtained using the 2-deoxyglucose technique in conjunction with conventional neuropharmacological techniques, suggesting that the influence of dopaminergic systems on cortical function extends beyond the known confines of the mesocortical dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Specific distribution of metabolic alterations in cerebral cortex following apomorphine administration. The topographic distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the cerebral cortex closely parallels that of the dopaminergic innervation. In the rat, dopaminergic axons which originate in the mesencephalon are confined to a few discrete regions of the neocortex--anterior cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex (particularly anteromedial and supragenual areas) and the transitional zone between the neocortex and the pyriform cortex. Moreover, biochemical examinations of processes generally considered to be indicative of dopaminergic neuro-transmission--neuronal uptake of labelled dopamine or dopamine-activation of adenylate cyclase activity--have confirmed a highly restricted locus of action of dopaminergic systems in the cerebral cortex. We describe here data obtained using the 2-deoxyglucose technique in conjunction with conventional neuropharmacological techniques, suggesting that the influence of dopaminergic systems on cortical function extends beyond the known confines of the mesocortical dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 503202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5801", "title": "Growth and differentiation of aggregating fetal brain cells in a serum-free defined medium.", "content": "Aggregating cultures of mechanically dissociated fetal brain cells provide an excellent system for neurobiological studies of cellular growth and differentiation, but, in common with almost all culture systems, they have the disadvantage that crude serum is required in the medium. Although several cell lines have either been adapted to serum-free conditions or grown normally in serum-free media supplemented with hormones, trace elements and defined serum components, this approach has never been applied to differentiating primary cells of the central nervous system. We now describe the successful cultivation of aggregating fetal rat brain cells in a chemically defined, serum-free medium.", "contents": "Growth and differentiation of aggregating fetal brain cells in a serum-free defined medium. Aggregating cultures of mechanically dissociated fetal brain cells provide an excellent system for neurobiological studies of cellular growth and differentiation, but, in common with almost all culture systems, they have the disadvantage that crude serum is required in the medium. Although several cell lines have either been adapted to serum-free conditions or grown normally in serum-free media supplemented with hormones, trace elements and defined serum components, this approach has never been applied to differentiating primary cells of the central nervous system. We now describe the successful cultivation of aggregating fetal rat brain cells in a chemically defined, serum-free medium.", "PMID": 503203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5802", "title": "Relationship between sister chromatid exchange and mutagenicity, toxicity and DNA damage.", "content": "Reciprocal exchanges of DNA in sister chromatids (SCEs) are induced by various carcinogens and mutagens, although the quantitative relationship between the number of mutations and SCEs induced varies among chemicals. Nevertheless, the analysis of SCE production by various agents is often proposed as a sensitive and quantitative assay for genetic damage of the sort leading to mutation and cancer. In V-79 Chinese hamster cells we have been measuring DNA damage by alkaline elution, mutation induction as detected by 6-thioguanine resistance, and cytotoxicity as detected by colony formation for different physical and chemical agents. Some of the agents produced varying forms of DNA damage but undetectable increases in either mutation or toxicity. We report here that some undetectably mutagenic and/or toxic agents produce increases in SCE frequency and that DNA single-stranded breaks, DNA--DNA interstrand cross-links, and DNA--protein cross-links are not necessary for SCE.", "contents": "Relationship between sister chromatid exchange and mutagenicity, toxicity and DNA damage. Reciprocal exchanges of DNA in sister chromatids (SCEs) are induced by various carcinogens and mutagens, although the quantitative relationship between the number of mutations and SCEs induced varies among chemicals. Nevertheless, the analysis of SCE production by various agents is often proposed as a sensitive and quantitative assay for genetic damage of the sort leading to mutation and cancer. In V-79 Chinese hamster cells we have been measuring DNA damage by alkaline elution, mutation induction as detected by 6-thioguanine resistance, and cytotoxicity as detected by colony formation for different physical and chemical agents. Some of the agents produced varying forms of DNA damage but undetectable increases in either mutation or toxicity. We report here that some undetectably mutagenic and/or toxic agents produce increases in SCE frequency and that DNA single-stranded breaks, DNA--DNA interstrand cross-links, and DNA--protein cross-links are not necessary for SCE.", "PMID": 503206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5803", "title": "Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in bone marrow.", "content": "Langerhans cells constitute a morphologically well characterised subpopulation (3--8%) of mammalian epidermal cells which, in contrast to the bulk of epidermal cells, bear Fc-IgG and C3 receptors, express immune response-associated (Ia) antigens and function as antigen-presenting cells and allogeneic stimulatory cells to primed T lymphocytes. The ontogeny of Langerhans cells has been a subject of considerable debate since their discovery. Although some studies suggest that Langerhans cells are of mesenchymal as opposed to neural or melanocytic origin, direct evidence for this has not been presented. In this study we demonstrate that, after 3 weeks, most of the Langerhans cells (LC) in parenteral skin which had been transplanted on to F1 hybrids were of recipient origin whereas keratinocytes remained of donor origin; this indicates that the LC are derived from a mobile pool of cells. Furthermore, in studies of skin from radiation-induced bone marrow chimaeric animals we found that, depending on the strain combination, up to 80% of the epidermal LC were derived from the bone marrow of the donor animals.", "contents": "Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in bone marrow. Langerhans cells constitute a morphologically well characterised subpopulation (3--8%) of mammalian epidermal cells which, in contrast to the bulk of epidermal cells, bear Fc-IgG and C3 receptors, express immune response-associated (Ia) antigens and function as antigen-presenting cells and allogeneic stimulatory cells to primed T lymphocytes. The ontogeny of Langerhans cells has been a subject of considerable debate since their discovery. Although some studies suggest that Langerhans cells are of mesenchymal as opposed to neural or melanocytic origin, direct evidence for this has not been presented. In this study we demonstrate that, after 3 weeks, most of the Langerhans cells (LC) in parenteral skin which had been transplanted on to F1 hybrids were of recipient origin whereas keratinocytes remained of donor origin; this indicates that the LC are derived from a mobile pool of cells. Furthermore, in studies of skin from radiation-induced bone marrow chimaeric animals we found that, depending on the strain combination, up to 80% of the epidermal LC were derived from the bone marrow of the donor animals.", "PMID": 503208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5804", "title": "The transforming gene of Moloney murine sarcoma virus.", "content": "A cleavage map of the Moloney murine sarcoma viral DNA was constructed and compared with that of a spontaneously occurring deletion mutant. By restriction enzyme analysis, it was shown that a region encompassing over 40% of the viral information was not essential for transformation or rescue of the deletion mutant. The transforming region was further localised by analysis of the transforming activity in tissue culture of isolated restriction fragments of linear duoble-stranded sarcoma viral DNA. In each case, DNA fragments that retained transforming activity preserved the cell-derived insertion sequences of the viral genome. Moreover, such transformants invariably expressed RNA specific to this region. By these two approaches, it was possible to demonstrate that the transforming region of the viral genome begins very near or within the cell-derived insertion sequences. Thus, the transforming gene of this mammalian sarcoma virus originates from within the mouse cell genome.", "contents": "The transforming gene of Moloney murine sarcoma virus. A cleavage map of the Moloney murine sarcoma viral DNA was constructed and compared with that of a spontaneously occurring deletion mutant. By restriction enzyme analysis, it was shown that a region encompassing over 40% of the viral information was not essential for transformation or rescue of the deletion mutant. The transforming region was further localised by analysis of the transforming activity in tissue culture of isolated restriction fragments of linear duoble-stranded sarcoma viral DNA. In each case, DNA fragments that retained transforming activity preserved the cell-derived insertion sequences of the viral genome. Moreover, such transformants invariably expressed RNA specific to this region. By these two approaches, it was possible to demonstrate that the transforming region of the viral genome begins very near or within the cell-derived insertion sequences. Thus, the transforming gene of this mammalian sarcoma virus originates from within the mouse cell genome.", "PMID": 503218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5805", "title": "The analysis of sound by the sprat ear.", "content": "In the acoustico-lateralis systems of vertebrates the individual hair cells are usually polarised in their responses to displacements of the liquid in which they lie, and are often arranged in back-to-back pairs or groups with different polarities. A simple example to investigate, mechanically as well as electrically, is the utriculus of the sprat (Clupea sprattus L.). The acoustico-lateralis system of the sprat and other clupeids has two partly gas-filled bony bullae which transform pressure changes into liquid displacements capable of stimulating the sense organs of the ear and lateral line. With its related structures the utriculus is a very sensitive sound pressure detector which has one population of receptors that respond to the compressions and another that respond to the decompressions of a sound wave. We now give additional evidence that this type of organisation is unlike that of the mammalian cochlea in being specialised more for the detection of phase/time relationships than for frequency analysis.", "contents": "The analysis of sound by the sprat ear. In the acoustico-lateralis systems of vertebrates the individual hair cells are usually polarised in their responses to displacements of the liquid in which they lie, and are often arranged in back-to-back pairs or groups with different polarities. A simple example to investigate, mechanically as well as electrically, is the utriculus of the sprat (Clupea sprattus L.). The acoustico-lateralis system of the sprat and other clupeids has two partly gas-filled bony bullae which transform pressure changes into liquid displacements capable of stimulating the sense organs of the ear and lateral line. With its related structures the utriculus is a very sensitive sound pressure detector which has one population of receptors that respond to the compressions and another that respond to the decompressions of a sound wave. We now give additional evidence that this type of organisation is unlike that of the mammalian cochlea in being specialised more for the detection of phase/time relationships than for frequency analysis.", "PMID": 503221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5806", "title": "Induction and kinetics of natural killer cells in humans following interferon therapy.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) cells are non-B, non-T lymphocytes that effect spontaneous cytolysis of both virus-infected and neoplastically transformed target cells. These NK lymphocytes have been detected in several species including man. Interferon is a primary regulator of natural killer activity. Because NK cells have been implicated in the regulation of tumour cell expression and can be induced by interferon in murine models, we have studied patients receiving large doses of interferon to determine (1) whether interferon could induce NK lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of man, and (2) whether there are characteristic kinetics for the appearance, disappearance and reactivation of NK lymphocytes following interferon therapy. We report here the activation of human NK cells by the systemic inoculation of human subjects with interferon. Five patients received interferon as therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All showed a marked increase in NK cell activity 12--24 h after inoculation. Peak NK activity occurred 18 h after introducing interferon, and thereafter declined rapidly but remained above pre-interferon levels. Induced NK activity occurred with reintroduction of interferon but at lower levels of activity and with different kinetics.", "contents": "Induction and kinetics of natural killer cells in humans following interferon therapy. Natural killer (NK) cells are non-B, non-T lymphocytes that effect spontaneous cytolysis of both virus-infected and neoplastically transformed target cells. These NK lymphocytes have been detected in several species including man. Interferon is a primary regulator of natural killer activity. Because NK cells have been implicated in the regulation of tumour cell expression and can be induced by interferon in murine models, we have studied patients receiving large doses of interferon to determine (1) whether interferon could induce NK lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of man, and (2) whether there are characteristic kinetics for the appearance, disappearance and reactivation of NK lymphocytes following interferon therapy. We report here the activation of human NK cells by the systemic inoculation of human subjects with interferon. Five patients received interferon as therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All showed a marked increase in NK cell activity 12--24 h after inoculation. Peak NK activity occurred 18 h after introducing interferon, and thereafter declined rapidly but remained above pre-interferon levels. Induced NK activity occurred with reintroduction of interferon but at lower levels of activity and with different kinetics.", "PMID": 503223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5807", "title": "Complete nucleotide sequence of an influenza virus haemagglutinin gene from cloned DNA.", "content": "A synthetic fowl plague virus (FPV) haemagglutinin gene has been cloned in bacteria and the complete sequence of the RNA gene deduced. It is 1,742 nucleotides long and the mRNA codes for 56.3 amino acids in an uninterrupted sequence. The nature of some of the important domains in the haemagglutinin has been established, and their structure is discussed in relation to their function. Extensive amino acid sequence homologies exist between FPV and human influenza haemagglutinins.", "contents": "Complete nucleotide sequence of an influenza virus haemagglutinin gene from cloned DNA. A synthetic fowl plague virus (FPV) haemagglutinin gene has been cloned in bacteria and the complete sequence of the RNA gene deduced. It is 1,742 nucleotides long and the mRNA codes for 56.3 amino acids in an uninterrupted sequence. The nature of some of the important domains in the haemagglutinin has been established, and their structure is discussed in relation to their function. Extensive amino acid sequence homologies exist between FPV and human influenza haemagglutinins.", "PMID": 503226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5808", "title": "Nerve sheaths and motoneurone collateral sprouting.", "content": "When disease or injury causes partial loss of innervation from a muscle, the remaining axons sprout and form new connections to the denervated muscle fibres. Sprouting can occur in two ways: from axon terminals (terminal sprouting) or from the intramuscular axons themselves, probably from the nodes of Ranvier (collateral sprouting). Terminal sprouting has been induced experimentally using various methods, including partial denervation, nerve conduction block and nerve transmission block. A common factor in the induction of terminal sprouting seems to be changes in the surface membrane of muscle fibres; these changes and terminal sprouting are prevented by direct stimulation of the muscle. Collateral sprouting has been induced only by partial denervation and is not prevented by direct stimulation. This has been taken as evidence for an earlier suggestion that products of nerve or axon degeneration may be a direct stimulus for collateral sprouting. We report here that axon degeneration products alone are probably not the stimulus for collateral sprouting.", "contents": "Nerve sheaths and motoneurone collateral sprouting. When disease or injury causes partial loss of innervation from a muscle, the remaining axons sprout and form new connections to the denervated muscle fibres. Sprouting can occur in two ways: from axon terminals (terminal sprouting) or from the intramuscular axons themselves, probably from the nodes of Ranvier (collateral sprouting). Terminal sprouting has been induced experimentally using various methods, including partial denervation, nerve conduction block and nerve transmission block. A common factor in the induction of terminal sprouting seems to be changes in the surface membrane of muscle fibres; these changes and terminal sprouting are prevented by direct stimulation of the muscle. Collateral sprouting has been induced only by partial denervation and is not prevented by direct stimulation. This has been taken as evidence for an earlier suggestion that products of nerve or axon degeneration may be a direct stimulus for collateral sprouting. We report here that axon degeneration products alone are probably not the stimulus for collateral sprouting.", "PMID": 503228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5809", "title": "Teratogenic drugs inhibit tumour cell attachment to lectin-coated surfaces.", "content": "Interactions between embryonic cells are generally thought to have a central role in the control of development. When these morphogenic interactions are interrupted by either physical intervention or genetic defects, normal development is impaired. In accord with these experiments, specific interactions between embryonic cells have been demonstrated in several in vitro systems. Many investigators have described homotypic aggregation of chick embryo cells, and heterotypic specificity has been described. Because of the importance of morphogenic cell-cell interactions in development it follows that agents that interfere with these interactions, regardless of the interference mechanism, are potential teratogens. Here we have used a simple in vitro cell to surface recognition system in an attempt to screen for potential teratogens. We have found a very high correlation between inhibitory activity in the in vitro assay and reported teratogenic activity in human or animal studies. This suggests that many teratogenic agents may act by interfering, in an as yet unknown way, in normal cell to cell interactions.", "contents": "Teratogenic drugs inhibit tumour cell attachment to lectin-coated surfaces. Interactions between embryonic cells are generally thought to have a central role in the control of development. When these morphogenic interactions are interrupted by either physical intervention or genetic defects, normal development is impaired. In accord with these experiments, specific interactions between embryonic cells have been demonstrated in several in vitro systems. Many investigators have described homotypic aggregation of chick embryo cells, and heterotypic specificity has been described. Because of the importance of morphogenic cell-cell interactions in development it follows that agents that interfere with these interactions, regardless of the interference mechanism, are potential teratogens. Here we have used a simple in vitro cell to surface recognition system in an attempt to screen for potential teratogens. We have found a very high correlation between inhibitory activity in the in vitro assay and reported teratogenic activity in human or animal studies. This suggests that many teratogenic agents may act by interfering, in an as yet unknown way, in normal cell to cell interactions.", "PMID": 503229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5810", "title": "Antibody-mediated enhancement of Flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines.", "content": "Interactions between animal viruses and antiviral antisera may exceptionally result in an apparent increase in viral infectivity. Halstead and coworkers demonstrated enhanced replication of dengue virus (a Flavivirus, family Togaviridae) in human or simian peripheral blood leucocytes carrying Fc receptors at subneutralising concentrations of antidengue antibody. We have used three continuous cell lines which express macrophage markers to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon. Dengue virus failed to replicate in these cells, but West Nile virus, another Flavivirus, replicated in all three, and we were able to demonstrate reproducibly 50--100-fold enhancement of virus yields in the presence of Flavivirus antisera, the effect also being directly demonstrable in P388D1 cells by increased numbers of virus-induced plaques. The phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral replication is not unique to dengue virus, and may have far wider relevance in other viral infections.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated enhancement of Flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines. Interactions between animal viruses and antiviral antisera may exceptionally result in an apparent increase in viral infectivity. Halstead and coworkers demonstrated enhanced replication of dengue virus (a Flavivirus, family Togaviridae) in human or simian peripheral blood leucocytes carrying Fc receptors at subneutralising concentrations of antidengue antibody. We have used three continuous cell lines which express macrophage markers to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon. Dengue virus failed to replicate in these cells, but West Nile virus, another Flavivirus, replicated in all three, and we were able to demonstrate reproducibly 50--100-fold enhancement of virus yields in the presence of Flavivirus antisera, the effect also being directly demonstrable in P388D1 cells by increased numbers of virus-induced plaques. The phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral replication is not unique to dengue virus, and may have far wider relevance in other viral infections.", "PMID": 503230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5811", "title": "Different receptors for distribution of peanut and ricin agglutinins between inner and outer segments of rod cells.", "content": "Lectins can be used as probes for cell-surface oligosaccharides1-4. These proteins display high specificities for certain haptene sugars, although the details of the sugar linkages and the three-dimensional array of the oligosaccharide may all be involved in determining the affinity of a lectin for its receptor. We have now shown that peanut and ricin agglutinins bind differentially to the surfaces of rod inner and outer segments.", "contents": "Different receptors for distribution of peanut and ricin agglutinins between inner and outer segments of rod cells. Lectins can be used as probes for cell-surface oligosaccharides1-4. These proteins display high specificities for certain haptene sugars, although the details of the sugar linkages and the three-dimensional array of the oligosaccharide may all be involved in determining the affinity of a lectin for its receptor. We have now shown that peanut and ricin agglutinins bind differentially to the surfaces of rod inner and outer segments.", "PMID": 503231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5812", "title": "Energy uptake in the first step of visual excitation.", "content": "Perception of light by the retina starts with the absorption of a photon by 11-cis retinal, which is covalently incorporated into the membrane-bound protein, rhodopsin. The initial result of photon capture is the very rapid formation of a red-shifted species, bathorhodopsin (also known as prelumirhodopsin), which is (meta-)stable at liquid nitrogen temperature but which decomposes at higher temperatures, in the dark, through a series of intermediate stages, resulting in the release of all-trans retinal from the apoprotein, opsin. Bathorhodopsin formation is the only photochemical step in the overall reaction and, therefore, merits investigation. Several models for the process have been proposed, and have been critically reviewed, although no consensus yet exists as to the nature or mechanism of formation of the batho intermediate. I report here on the first direct measurement of photon energy uptake during bathorhodopsin formation from bovine rhodopsin, and on its possible significance.", "contents": "Energy uptake in the first step of visual excitation. Perception of light by the retina starts with the absorption of a photon by 11-cis retinal, which is covalently incorporated into the membrane-bound protein, rhodopsin. The initial result of photon capture is the very rapid formation of a red-shifted species, bathorhodopsin (also known as prelumirhodopsin), which is (meta-)stable at liquid nitrogen temperature but which decomposes at higher temperatures, in the dark, through a series of intermediate stages, resulting in the release of all-trans retinal from the apoprotein, opsin. Bathorhodopsin formation is the only photochemical step in the overall reaction and, therefore, merits investigation. Several models for the process have been proposed, and have been critically reviewed, although no consensus yet exists as to the nature or mechanism of formation of the batho intermediate. I report here on the first direct measurement of photon energy uptake during bathorhodopsin formation from bovine rhodopsin, and on its possible significance.", "PMID": 503236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5813", "title": "[Biological monitoring of water quality].", "content": "The degree of purity of surface waters can be seen from investigations on the communities of life of plant and animal organisms. A great number of organisms characteristic of certain degrees of pollution were classified in the \"saprobic system\", which is still valid. As a supplement to the chemical water analysis, the bio-ecological test is an optional method for characterizing the quality of waters--as, for instance, in the case of the river Lippe.", "contents": "[Biological monitoring of water quality]. The degree of purity of surface waters can be seen from investigations on the communities of life of plant and animal organisms. A great number of organisms characteristic of certain degrees of pollution were classified in the \"saprobic system\", which is still valid. As a supplement to the chemical water analysis, the bio-ecological test is an optional method for characterizing the quality of waters--as, for instance, in the case of the river Lippe.", "PMID": 503237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5814", "title": "[Amatoxins and mushroom poisoning].", "content": "Amatoxins are the sole cause of human Amanita poisoning, inhibition of transcription eventually leading to cell necrosis. The toxins are easily excreted into the bile fluid, a fact which postulates the interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. All therapeutic means should be applied in order to decrease the serum concentration of the toxins as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Amatoxins and mushroom poisoning]. Amatoxins are the sole cause of human Amanita poisoning, inhibition of transcription eventually leading to cell necrosis. The toxins are easily excreted into the bile fluid, a fact which postulates the interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. All therapeutic means should be applied in order to decrease the serum concentration of the toxins as soon as possible.", "PMID": 503239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5815", "title": "New information from bloodstains.", "content": "The traditional philosophy behind the grouping of bloodstains in the Forensic Science Laboratory is described. It is emphasised that while these blood-grouping methods are highly discriminating in the sense that they may distinguish one person's blood from hundreds, or thousands of others, such information may be of limited value in many crime investigations. The reason for this is that such information does not normally relate to physical features of the individual with which we are all familiar such as sex or age. Recent research work is described in which efforts are being made to deduce from small bloodstains information which indicates the donor's sex, age, ethnic origin and perhaps clinical history.", "contents": "New information from bloodstains. The traditional philosophy behind the grouping of bloodstains in the Forensic Science Laboratory is described. It is emphasised that while these blood-grouping methods are highly discriminating in the sense that they may distinguish one person's blood from hundreds, or thousands of others, such information may be of limited value in many crime investigations. The reason for this is that such information does not normally relate to physical features of the individual with which we are all familiar such as sex or age. Recent research work is described in which efforts are being made to deduce from small bloodstains information which indicates the donor's sex, age, ethnic origin and perhaps clinical history.", "PMID": 503242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5816", "title": "[D-Penacillamine. From constituent of penicillins to significant drug].", "content": "D-Penicillamine is used against a variety of diseases. For many years it has been successful in treating Wilson's disease, cystinuria and heavy-metal poisonings. It also proved to be effective against rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis and multiple sclerosis. However, the use of D-penicillamine is still limited owing to the frequent occurrence of considerable, though generally reversible, side effects. This article deals with the history of D-penicillamine as well as the methods of its synthesis, its pharmacokinetics, effects and side effects. In addition, the significance of the stereo isomeric L-penicillamine is discussed.", "contents": "[D-Penacillamine. From constituent of penicillins to significant drug]. D-Penicillamine is used against a variety of diseases. For many years it has been successful in treating Wilson's disease, cystinuria and heavy-metal poisonings. It also proved to be effective against rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis and multiple sclerosis. However, the use of D-penicillamine is still limited owing to the frequent occurrence of considerable, though generally reversible, side effects. This article deals with the history of D-penicillamine as well as the methods of its synthesis, its pharmacokinetics, effects and side effects. In addition, the significance of the stereo isomeric L-penicillamine is discussed.", "PMID": 503243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5817", "title": "Characteristics of histamine tachyphylaxis in canine tracheal smooth muscle.", "content": "In isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle, repeated administrations of histamine result in a rapid reduction in contractile response to about 15% of the initial contraction (tachyphylaxis). Development of this tachyphylaxis is specific inasmuch as: 1) it does not develop to acetylcholine (10(-6) M or 10(-4) M), or serotonin (10(-5) M; and 2) maximally developed histamine tachyphylaxis is not associated with a parallel reduction in response to acetylcholine. Pretreatment with propranolol (10(-5) M) or phentolamine (10(-4) M) does not prevent tachyphylaxis: however, pretreatment with atropine (10(-4) M) does prevent tachyphylaxis in about 50% of the animals tested. Tachyphylaxis to histamine can be reversed in a dose- and time-dependent fashion with prostaglandin synthesis inhibiting agents. The order of potency obtained with such compounds (indomethacin greater than mefenamic acid greater than oxyphenbutazone greater than acetylsalicylic acid) is consistent with potencies for inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis found in the literature. Also, in indomethacin pretreated strips in which tachyphylaxis to histamine was prevented, exogenous addition of PGE2 (1.42 x 10(1-) M to 2.84 x 10(-9) M) and PGA2 in a high concentration (2.9 x 10(-9) M) are capable of selectively reducing the response to histamine without an effect on acetylcholine-induced contractions. These data suggest that the mechanism of histamine tachyphylaxis in the canine tracheal smooth muscle preparation involves prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Characteristics of histamine tachyphylaxis in canine tracheal smooth muscle. In isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle, repeated administrations of histamine result in a rapid reduction in contractile response to about 15% of the initial contraction (tachyphylaxis). Development of this tachyphylaxis is specific inasmuch as: 1) it does not develop to acetylcholine (10(-6) M or 10(-4) M), or serotonin (10(-5) M; and 2) maximally developed histamine tachyphylaxis is not associated with a parallel reduction in response to acetylcholine. Pretreatment with propranolol (10(-5) M) or phentolamine (10(-4) M) does not prevent tachyphylaxis: however, pretreatment with atropine (10(-4) M) does prevent tachyphylaxis in about 50% of the animals tested. Tachyphylaxis to histamine can be reversed in a dose- and time-dependent fashion with prostaglandin synthesis inhibiting agents. The order of potency obtained with such compounds (indomethacin greater than mefenamic acid greater than oxyphenbutazone greater than acetylsalicylic acid) is consistent with potencies for inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis found in the literature. Also, in indomethacin pretreated strips in which tachyphylaxis to histamine was prevented, exogenous addition of PGE2 (1.42 x 10(1-) M to 2.84 x 10(-9) M) and PGA2 in a high concentration (2.9 x 10(-9) M) are capable of selectively reducing the response to histamine without an effect on acetylcholine-induced contractions. These data suggest that the mechanism of histamine tachyphylaxis in the canine tracheal smooth muscle preparation involves prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 503244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5818", "title": "In vivo release of endogenous catecholamines in the hypothalamus.", "content": "The posterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized cats was superfused with a push-pull cannula and the release of the endogenous catecholamines noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine was determined in the superfusate. The rate of release of the three catecholamines followed an ultradian rhythm, the time interval between two adjacent phases of high rate of release being about 70 min. Pretreatment of the animals with reserpine decreased the levels of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and rest of the brain and reduced their rate of release into the superfusate. Hypothalamic superfusion with superfusing fluid of high concentration of potassium and low concentration of sodium enhanced the rate of release of noradrenaline and adrenaline; this effect was abolished when the hypothalamus was superfused with calcium-free solution. Electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus ipsilateral to the superfused hypothalamus increased the release of noradrenaline and adrenaline, stimulation of the contralateral locus coeruleus enhanced the release of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine. In both cases, the rate of release of adrenaline was enhanced to a lesser extent than the rate of release of noradrenaline. The release of noradrenaline and adrenaline was increased to a higher extent on stimulation of the ipsilateral locus coeruleus than on stimulation of the contralateral one.", "contents": "In vivo release of endogenous catecholamines in the hypothalamus. The posterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized cats was superfused with a push-pull cannula and the release of the endogenous catecholamines noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine was determined in the superfusate. The rate of release of the three catecholamines followed an ultradian rhythm, the time interval between two adjacent phases of high rate of release being about 70 min. Pretreatment of the animals with reserpine decreased the levels of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and rest of the brain and reduced their rate of release into the superfusate. Hypothalamic superfusion with superfusing fluid of high concentration of potassium and low concentration of sodium enhanced the rate of release of noradrenaline and adrenaline; this effect was abolished when the hypothalamus was superfused with calcium-free solution. Electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus ipsilateral to the superfused hypothalamus increased the release of noradrenaline and adrenaline, stimulation of the contralateral locus coeruleus enhanced the release of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine. In both cases, the rate of release of adrenaline was enhanced to a lesser extent than the rate of release of noradrenaline. The release of noradrenaline and adrenaline was increased to a higher extent on stimulation of the ipsilateral locus coeruleus than on stimulation of the contralateral one.", "PMID": 503245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5819", "title": "In vivo release of endogenous GABA in the cat hypothalamus.", "content": "The posterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized cats was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula and the release of endogenous GABA from the hypothalamus into the superfusate was studied. The resting release of GABA varied rhythmically, since phases of high rate of release were separated from each other by phases of low rate of release. The time interval between two adjacent phases of high rate of release was about 70 min. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus with the tip of the cannula enhanced the rate of release of GABA in a frequency-dependent way. Superfusion of the hypothalamus with CSF which contained a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium increased the rate of release of GABA; this effect was dependent on the presence of calcium ions in the superfusing fluid. Pretreatment of the cats with reserpine reduced the levels of GABA in hypothalamus and rest of brain and the concentration of GABA in the superfusate as well. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus with a bipolar electrode elicited an increased release of GABA in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "In vivo release of endogenous GABA in the cat hypothalamus. The posterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized cats was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula and the release of endogenous GABA from the hypothalamus into the superfusate was studied. The resting release of GABA varied rhythmically, since phases of high rate of release were separated from each other by phases of low rate of release. The time interval between two adjacent phases of high rate of release was about 70 min. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus with the tip of the cannula enhanced the rate of release of GABA in a frequency-dependent way. Superfusion of the hypothalamus with CSF which contained a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium increased the rate of release of GABA; this effect was dependent on the presence of calcium ions in the superfusing fluid. Pretreatment of the cats with reserpine reduced the levels of GABA in hypothalamus and rest of brain and the concentration of GABA in the superfusate as well. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus with a bipolar electrode elicited an increased release of GABA in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 503246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5820", "title": "Chlorophenylpiperazine: a central serotonin agonist causing powerful anorexia in rats.", "content": "Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine inhibited serotonin and noradrenaline uptake by synaptosomes to the same extent with IC50 of 1.3 x 10(-6) M and 5.8 x 10(-6) M respectively. Dopamine uptake was less affected by meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (IC50 of 2.2 x 10(-5) M). Unlike d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine, the drug did not significantly increase monoamine release in synaptosomal preparations. On the other hand, metachlorophenylpiperazine showed an IC50 of 620 nM in displacing 3H-5HT binding to brain membranes. Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine produced a dose-dependent reduction of food intake and this effect was prevented by a pretreatment with methergoline, a serotonin antagonist. The effect of metachlorophenylpiperazine was not modified by an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, electrolytic lesions of nucleus medianus raphe or ventral noradrenergic bundle, nor by a pretreatment with penfluridol, propranolol or phentolamine. The data suggest that the decrease of food intake induced by metachlorophenylpiperazine depends on its ability to act as a serotonin agonist is the brain. The specificity of the effects on serotonin suggests that this compound could prove an important tool for studies aimed at elucidating the functional role of serotonin in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Chlorophenylpiperazine: a central serotonin agonist causing powerful anorexia in rats. Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine inhibited serotonin and noradrenaline uptake by synaptosomes to the same extent with IC50 of 1.3 x 10(-6) M and 5.8 x 10(-6) M respectively. Dopamine uptake was less affected by meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (IC50 of 2.2 x 10(-5) M). Unlike d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine, the drug did not significantly increase monoamine release in synaptosomal preparations. On the other hand, metachlorophenylpiperazine showed an IC50 of 620 nM in displacing 3H-5HT binding to brain membranes. Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine produced a dose-dependent reduction of food intake and this effect was prevented by a pretreatment with methergoline, a serotonin antagonist. The effect of metachlorophenylpiperazine was not modified by an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, electrolytic lesions of nucleus medianus raphe or ventral noradrenergic bundle, nor by a pretreatment with penfluridol, propranolol or phentolamine. The data suggest that the decrease of food intake induced by metachlorophenylpiperazine depends on its ability to act as a serotonin agonist is the brain. The specificity of the effects on serotonin suggests that this compound could prove an important tool for studies aimed at elucidating the functional role of serotonin in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 503247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5821", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic treatment of tandamine, a new heterocyclic antidepressant, on biogenic amine metabolism and related activities.", "content": "The effects of tandamine, a clinically effective heterocyclic antidepressant, administered either acutely (10 mg/kg i.p.) or chronically (10 mg/kg i.p. daily for 21 days) on biogenic amine uptake and metabolism in the rat were determined and a comparison with desipramine was made. Tandamine, similarly to desipramine, blocked norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat brain and heart following both acute and chronic administration. No effect of tandamine on dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) uptake was observed. Both drugs lowered endogenous brain NE when given chronically but not acutely. In contrast, no such effect on brain DA and 5-HT or heart NE was observed. Tandamine, like desipramine, administered chronically prior to an intraventricular injection of 3H-NE, produced increases in the decline of 3H-NE as indicated by decreased 3H-NE with increased levels of 3H-normetanephrine in brain stem of rats, suggesting an increased turnover of NE. No such effect was observed following acute treatment. Both drugs increased the behavioural effects of L-Dopa following and acute oral administration, with tandamine appearing superior to desipramine at the lower dose examined (10 mg/kg). Tandamine was 57--833 times less effective in binding to rat brain muscarinic receptors than desipramine, imipramine, butriptyline and amitriptyline, respectively. Thus, tandamine affects biogenic amine mechanism following either acute or chronic administration in a fashion similar to desipramine, but unlike desipramine, it exhibits relatively little anticholinergic properties, a further indication of the potential use of tandamine in the treatment of human depression, particularly where an increase in drive is desired.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic treatment of tandamine, a new heterocyclic antidepressant, on biogenic amine metabolism and related activities. The effects of tandamine, a clinically effective heterocyclic antidepressant, administered either acutely (10 mg/kg i.p.) or chronically (10 mg/kg i.p. daily for 21 days) on biogenic amine uptake and metabolism in the rat were determined and a comparison with desipramine was made. Tandamine, similarly to desipramine, blocked norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat brain and heart following both acute and chronic administration. No effect of tandamine on dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) uptake was observed. Both drugs lowered endogenous brain NE when given chronically but not acutely. In contrast, no such effect on brain DA and 5-HT or heart NE was observed. Tandamine, like desipramine, administered chronically prior to an intraventricular injection of 3H-NE, produced increases in the decline of 3H-NE as indicated by decreased 3H-NE with increased levels of 3H-normetanephrine in brain stem of rats, suggesting an increased turnover of NE. No such effect was observed following acute treatment. Both drugs increased the behavioural effects of L-Dopa following and acute oral administration, with tandamine appearing superior to desipramine at the lower dose examined (10 mg/kg). Tandamine was 57--833 times less effective in binding to rat brain muscarinic receptors than desipramine, imipramine, butriptyline and amitriptyline, respectively. Thus, tandamine affects biogenic amine mechanism following either acute or chronic administration in a fashion similar to desipramine, but unlike desipramine, it exhibits relatively little anticholinergic properties, a further indication of the potential use of tandamine in the treatment of human depression, particularly where an increase in drive is desired.", "PMID": 503251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5822", "title": "Inhibition by cholinergic agonists of the prolactin release induced by morphine.", "content": "The cholinergic agonists, pilocarpine, physostigmine and nicotine, inhibited the prolactin release induced by morphine in male rats in vivo. Pilocarpine also inhibited the release of prolactin induced by beta-endorphin or metoclopramide without affecting the basal and haloperidol-stimulated serum prolactin levels. The inhibitory effect of pilocarpine on the morphine-stimulated release of prolactin was antagonized by concurrent administration of atropine but not by atropine methylnitrate or by mecamylamine, while the inhibition by nicotine was antagonized by mecanylamine but not by atropine. The stimulation of prolactin release by morphine and its reversal by pilocarpine were observed after the administration of haloperidol or alpha-methyltyrosine. These results suggest that the central cholinergic system exertes an inhibitory influence on the prolactin release induced by morphine or beta-endorphin and the cholinergic inhibition is not mediated via catecholaminergic neurons.", "contents": "Inhibition by cholinergic agonists of the prolactin release induced by morphine. The cholinergic agonists, pilocarpine, physostigmine and nicotine, inhibited the prolactin release induced by morphine in male rats in vivo. Pilocarpine also inhibited the release of prolactin induced by beta-endorphin or metoclopramide without affecting the basal and haloperidol-stimulated serum prolactin levels. The inhibitory effect of pilocarpine on the morphine-stimulated release of prolactin was antagonized by concurrent administration of atropine but not by atropine methylnitrate or by mecamylamine, while the inhibition by nicotine was antagonized by mecanylamine but not by atropine. The stimulation of prolactin release by morphine and its reversal by pilocarpine were observed after the administration of haloperidol or alpha-methyltyrosine. These results suggest that the central cholinergic system exertes an inhibitory influence on the prolactin release induced by morphine or beta-endorphin and the cholinergic inhibition is not mediated via catecholaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 503252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5823", "title": "Centrally and peripherally mediated inhibition of intestinal motility by opioids.", "content": "Intracerebroventricularly injected morphine is 50-fold more potent in arresting intestinal peristalsis in rats, mice or guinea pigs than morphine administered systemically. Using quaternary naloxone as narcotic antagonist, it has been demonstrated that the peripheral pathway of the centrally mediated constipatory effect of morphine does not involve opioid peptidergic mechanisms. Further, this effect is not due to the release of opioid peptides from the pituitary, since hypophysectomy fails to affect the antipropulsive activity of morphine. On the other hand, the intestinal motility can be affected directly by activation of opiate receptors located in the gut. This was best demonstrated with loperamide, which exhibits predominantly a peripheral site of action. Thus, two mechanisms of the action of morphine on gastrointestinal propulsive activity have been demonstrated. One arises in the central nervous system (CNS) and is mediated peripherally not by opioid peptidergic pathways, whereas the other is due to a direct action of morphine on the gut.", "contents": "Centrally and peripherally mediated inhibition of intestinal motility by opioids. Intracerebroventricularly injected morphine is 50-fold more potent in arresting intestinal peristalsis in rats, mice or guinea pigs than morphine administered systemically. Using quaternary naloxone as narcotic antagonist, it has been demonstrated that the peripheral pathway of the centrally mediated constipatory effect of morphine does not involve opioid peptidergic mechanisms. Further, this effect is not due to the release of opioid peptides from the pituitary, since hypophysectomy fails to affect the antipropulsive activity of morphine. On the other hand, the intestinal motility can be affected directly by activation of opiate receptors located in the gut. This was best demonstrated with loperamide, which exhibits predominantly a peripheral site of action. Thus, two mechanisms of the action of morphine on gastrointestinal propulsive activity have been demonstrated. One arises in the central nervous system (CNS) and is mediated peripherally not by opioid peptidergic pathways, whereas the other is due to a direct action of morphine on the gut.", "PMID": 503253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5824", "title": "Inhibition of PGE1 induced intestinal secretion by the synthetic enkephalin analogue FK 33-824.", "content": "1. The effects of the enkephalin analogue, FK 33-824 were compared with those of morphine and naloxone on the prostaglandin E1-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume and unanaesthetized and pithed rats. 2. FK 33-824 inhibits the prostaglandin E1-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume both in unanaesthetized and pithed rats. 3. Naloxone abolished the inhibitory effect of FK 33-824 in both experimental models. 4. It can be concluded from the experiments in pithed rats that the inhibitory effect of FK 33-824, like that of morphine, on prostaglandin E1-induced secretion is caused by a peripheral action. 5. It is assumed that endogenous enkephalins protect against prostaglandin-mediated loss of fluid into the gut lumen. This protective effect can be mimicked by an enkephalin analogue and blocked by naloxone.", "contents": "Inhibition of PGE1 induced intestinal secretion by the synthetic enkephalin analogue FK 33-824. 1. The effects of the enkephalin analogue, FK 33-824 were compared with those of morphine and naloxone on the prostaglandin E1-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume and unanaesthetized and pithed rats. 2. FK 33-824 inhibits the prostaglandin E1-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume both in unanaesthetized and pithed rats. 3. Naloxone abolished the inhibitory effect of FK 33-824 in both experimental models. 4. It can be concluded from the experiments in pithed rats that the inhibitory effect of FK 33-824, like that of morphine, on prostaglandin E1-induced secretion is caused by a peripheral action. 5. It is assumed that endogenous enkephalins protect against prostaglandin-mediated loss of fluid into the gut lumen. This protective effect can be mimicked by an enkephalin analogue and blocked by naloxone.", "PMID": 503254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5825", "title": "Acetate intolerance in chronic uremic patients.", "content": "The metabolic effects of an acute acetate load have been investigated in chronic uremic patients and in controls. The decay rate of blood acetate levels was significantly lower in patients than in controls. Higher levels of blood acetoacetate and 2-oxoglutarate and plasma triglycerides were observed in the patients after the load. No difference was detectable in plasma levels of unesterified fatty acids and cholesterol between the two groups of subjects. Acetate oxidation in citric acid cycle may be reduced in uremia owing to a lack of coenzyme A. These observations raise the possibility that chronic acetate administration with the dialysate induces hypertriglyceridemia and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients.", "contents": "Acetate intolerance in chronic uremic patients. The metabolic effects of an acute acetate load have been investigated in chronic uremic patients and in controls. The decay rate of blood acetate levels was significantly lower in patients than in controls. Higher levels of blood acetoacetate and 2-oxoglutarate and plasma triglycerides were observed in the patients after the load. No difference was detectable in plasma levels of unesterified fatty acids and cholesterol between the two groups of subjects. Acetate oxidation in citric acid cycle may be reduced in uremia owing to a lack of coenzyme A. These observations raise the possibility that chronic acetate administration with the dialysate induces hypertriglyceridemia and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients.", "PMID": 503262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5826", "title": "Immune deposit nephritis and single-component cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Evidence for a role of circulating IgG-anti-IgG immune complexes in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion.", "content": "2 patients developed the nephrotic syndrome several years after diagnoses of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In both cases light microscopy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining revealed electron-dense deposits and deposition of immunoglobulins and C3. Both patients had single-component IgG cryoglobulinemia. The eluted glomerular-bound protein contained IgG only. IgG in patients' sera, cryoglobulins, and kidney eluate had kappa light chains only. Immune complexes were detected in the sera and in the cryoglobulins by the Clq binding test. Immunoadsorption studies revealed anti-IgG antibodies in the patients' sera, cryoglobulin, and kidney eluate. Direct immunofluorescent studies using the patients' sera, cryoglobulins, and kidney eluate on frozen sections of patients' kidneys were positive, providing additional evidence for the immune complex nature of the glomerulonephritis. The immunohistochemical studies of our patients are suggestive of the presence of circulating IgG-anti-IgG immune complexes and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome in these 2 cases.", "contents": "Immune deposit nephritis and single-component cryoglobulinemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Evidence for a role of circulating IgG-anti-IgG immune complexes in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion. 2 patients developed the nephrotic syndrome several years after diagnoses of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In both cases light microscopy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining revealed electron-dense deposits and deposition of immunoglobulins and C3. Both patients had single-component IgG cryoglobulinemia. The eluted glomerular-bound protein contained IgG only. IgG in patients' sera, cryoglobulins, and kidney eluate had kappa light chains only. Immune complexes were detected in the sera and in the cryoglobulins by the Clq binding test. Immunoadsorption studies revealed anti-IgG antibodies in the patients' sera, cryoglobulin, and kidney eluate. Direct immunofluorescent studies using the patients' sera, cryoglobulins, and kidney eluate on frozen sections of patients' kidneys were positive, providing additional evidence for the immune complex nature of the glomerulonephritis. The immunohistochemical studies of our patients are suggestive of the presence of circulating IgG-anti-IgG immune complexes and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome in these 2 cases.", "PMID": 503263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5827", "title": "Improvement of hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia in incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis by indomethacin.", "content": "A patient with incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) demonstrated hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia. Indomethacin administration resulted in sustained improvement of these abnormalities. The results suggest that overproduction of prostaglandins contributes to hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia in some patients with RTA and that indomethacin may be useful in treating patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Improvement of hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia in incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis by indomethacin. A patient with incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) demonstrated hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia. Indomethacin administration resulted in sustained improvement of these abnormalities. The results suggest that overproduction of prostaglandins contributes to hypercalciuria, potassium wasting and hyperreninemia in some patients with RTA and that indomethacin may be useful in treating patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 503264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5828", "title": "Acute renal failure in marathon runners.", "content": "The Comrades Marathon is a gruelling test of man's stamina and only trained athletes participate. It is surprising that of over 2,000 contestants each year on a 90-km (56.25-mile) course, severe cardiac and renal damage does not occur more often. We are able, however, to report 10 cases over 9 years when renal damage did occur. 3 cases required haemodialysis; 1 had peritoneal dialysis; 2 patients had renal biopsies. Possible idiosyncratic factors are discussed as is the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in marathon runners. The Comrades Marathon is a gruelling test of man's stamina and only trained athletes participate. It is surprising that of over 2,000 contestants each year on a 90-km (56.25-mile) course, severe cardiac and renal damage does not occur more often. We are able, however, to report 10 cases over 9 years when renal damage did occur. 3 cases required haemodialysis; 1 had peritoneal dialysis; 2 patients had renal biopsies. Possible idiosyncratic factors are discussed as is the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis.", "PMID": 503265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5829", "title": "Body fluid changes in hypertensive rats. Their modifications by saline load.", "content": "Subtotal nephrectomy was produced in male Wistar rats and the evolution of arterial pressure, water distribution and electrolytic composition of muscle and arterial tissue were studied. Also, the modifications produced by a chronic administration of saline load were evaluated. The incidence of hypertension is higher in the group that received saline load but the levels of the blood pressure were similar in both groups of hypertensive animals. The total water is increased in all the groups, except at the fourth week in the animals that did not receive saline load, in which it was decreased. The extracellular space is augmented in all groups and the plasma volume increased in the early phases of the experimental period with exception of the normotensive rats without saline load. No alterations were observed in the electrolytic muscle content, and the total water and potassium and chloride content of the arterial tissues was increased without modifications in the sodium content. The possible relationship of these alterations with the development of hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Body fluid changes in hypertensive rats. Their modifications by saline load. Subtotal nephrectomy was produced in male Wistar rats and the evolution of arterial pressure, water distribution and electrolytic composition of muscle and arterial tissue were studied. Also, the modifications produced by a chronic administration of saline load were evaluated. The incidence of hypertension is higher in the group that received saline load but the levels of the blood pressure were similar in both groups of hypertensive animals. The total water is increased in all the groups, except at the fourth week in the animals that did not receive saline load, in which it was decreased. The extracellular space is augmented in all groups and the plasma volume increased in the early phases of the experimental period with exception of the normotensive rats without saline load. No alterations were observed in the electrolytic muscle content, and the total water and potassium and chloride content of the arterial tissues was increased without modifications in the sodium content. The possible relationship of these alterations with the development of hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 503266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5830", "title": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol upon intravascular coagulation in the rat kidney.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats was induced by intravenous infusion of thrombin for 30 min. The glomercular filtration rate was measured as the clearance of polyethylene glycol 1000. The fibrin deposition in organs was quantitated by a method using previous injection of 125I-labelled fibrinogen. Administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prevented the decrease in glomerular filtration rate after infusion of thrombin. This result could be explained by an observed partial redistribution of the fibrin from the kidneys to the lungs.", "contents": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol upon intravascular coagulation in the rat kidney. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats was induced by intravenous infusion of thrombin for 30 min. The glomercular filtration rate was measured as the clearance of polyethylene glycol 1000. The fibrin deposition in organs was quantitated by a method using previous injection of 125I-labelled fibrinogen. Administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prevented the decrease in glomerular filtration rate after infusion of thrombin. This result could be explained by an observed partial redistribution of the fibrin from the kidneys to the lungs.", "PMID": 503267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5831", "title": "Natural history of post-biopsy renal arteriovenous fistula: a 10-year follow-up.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistula of the kidney is a common complication of percutaneous needle biopsy with a reported incidence of as high as 15% in some series. Although a few cases eventually may develop hypertension, cardiomegaly, or congestive heart failure, most heal spontaneously within 1-18 months. Those which do not heal within this time are usually treated surgically and consequently there is little available information concerning the long-term conservative management of this problem. The subject of this report is a patient who has been followed medically for 10 years and who, despite the persistence of a large fistula, remains in good health.", "contents": "Natural history of post-biopsy renal arteriovenous fistula: a 10-year follow-up. Arteriovenous fistula of the kidney is a common complication of percutaneous needle biopsy with a reported incidence of as high as 15% in some series. Although a few cases eventually may develop hypertension, cardiomegaly, or congestive heart failure, most heal spontaneously within 1-18 months. Those which do not heal within this time are usually treated surgically and consequently there is little available information concerning the long-term conservative management of this problem. The subject of this report is a patient who has been followed medically for 10 years and who, despite the persistence of a large fistula, remains in good health.", "PMID": 503268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5832", "title": "Topical thrombin and control of bleeding from the fistula puncture sites in dialyzed patients.", "content": "The length of bleeding from the puncture sites of internal arteriovenous channels was markedly reduced with the use of topical thrombin in 12 patients treated with hemodialysis. This procedure can, therefore, save patient and staff time, minimize recurrent blood loss with each dialysis, and prolong the life of vascular access by diminishing the length of potentially hazardous compression needed for proper hemostasis.", "contents": "Topical thrombin and control of bleeding from the fistula puncture sites in dialyzed patients. The length of bleeding from the puncture sites of internal arteriovenous channels was markedly reduced with the use of topical thrombin in 12 patients treated with hemodialysis. This procedure can, therefore, save patient and staff time, minimize recurrent blood loss with each dialysis, and prolong the life of vascular access by diminishing the length of potentially hazardous compression needed for proper hemostasis.", "PMID": 503269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5833", "title": "Aseptic peritonitis in patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "An 'epidemic' of aseptic peritonitis occurred in our peritoneal dialysis unit, affecting 5 of 20 patients. Acute and convalescent viral titers were normal in all 5. The peritoneal fluid of the affected patients was not tested for endotoxin, but endotoxin was found in subsequent dialysis fluids from two machines in the unit. This endotoxin might have been the causative agent of this outbreak. Rapid recovery ensued in all patients following peritoneal lavage.", "contents": "Aseptic peritonitis in patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis. An 'epidemic' of aseptic peritonitis occurred in our peritoneal dialysis unit, affecting 5 of 20 patients. Acute and convalescent viral titers were normal in all 5. The peritoneal fluid of the affected patients was not tested for endotoxin, but endotoxin was found in subsequent dialysis fluids from two machines in the unit. This endotoxin might have been the causative agent of this outbreak. Rapid recovery ensued in all patients following peritoneal lavage.", "PMID": 503270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5834", "title": "[Tumours of the pineal region: Part II: results of treatment in 23 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The outcome of 23 patients with tumours in the pineal region was investigated following treatment with shunting, irradiation, extirpation or with a combination of these three procedures. The choice of therapy is difficult because in most cases the kind of tumour is unknown. The irradiation of radioresistant lesions however causes an unnecessary injury of the surrounding tissue whereas the trial of extirpation of a radiosensitive tumour exposes the patient to an unnecessary danger. After the results of therapy a method of treatment is proposed.", "contents": "[Tumours of the pineal region: Part II: results of treatment in 23 patients (author's transl)]. The outcome of 23 patients with tumours in the pineal region was investigated following treatment with shunting, irradiation, extirpation or with a combination of these three procedures. The choice of therapy is difficult because in most cases the kind of tumour is unknown. The irradiation of radioresistant lesions however causes an unnecessary injury of the surrounding tissue whereas the trial of extirpation of a radiosensitive tumour exposes the patient to an unnecessary danger. After the results of therapy a method of treatment is proposed.", "PMID": 503271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5835", "title": "Some physical principles of intracranial pressure measurement.", "content": "The general formula for the pressure difference across a curved flexible membrane has been applied to a number of intracranial pressure (I.C.P.) measuring systems and certain criteria deduced for the accurate measurement of I.C.P. The Numoto bag, the implanted extradural transducer and the intracerebral bag have been shown to be acceptable providing these criteria have been met. Some deductions about the magnitude sign and constancy of the zero error have been made. Some other I.C.P. measuring systems have been shown to have serious and unknown zero errors which vary from hour to hour. Because of the curved surface of the ventricle itas been shown that ventricular fluid pressure cannot equal the tissue pressure (though it may closely approximate it) and the difference between the two increases as hydrocephalus progresses.", "contents": "Some physical principles of intracranial pressure measurement. The general formula for the pressure difference across a curved flexible membrane has been applied to a number of intracranial pressure (I.C.P.) measuring systems and certain criteria deduced for the accurate measurement of I.C.P. The Numoto bag, the implanted extradural transducer and the intracerebral bag have been shown to be acceptable providing these criteria have been met. Some deductions about the magnitude sign and constancy of the zero error have been made. Some other I.C.P. measuring systems have been shown to have serious and unknown zero errors which vary from hour to hour. Because of the curved surface of the ventricle itas been shown that ventricular fluid pressure cannot equal the tissue pressure (though it may closely approximate it) and the difference between the two increases as hydrocephalus progresses.", "PMID": 503272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5836", "title": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations in medulloblastomas.", "content": "Electroencephalographic investigations were done in 24 patients suffering from medulloblastoma. All underwent subtotal or total removal of the tumour and a shunt procedure, foowed by irradiation therapy. The most frequent pre-operative finding was general slowing, the degree of which could be correlated to the amount of papilloedema and obstructive hydrocepalus. In about one third of the patients we found abnormal rhythmic theta and delta activities, especially marked in the occipital regions. This could be explained by the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus in the child. In the acute post-operative stage in some cases only the general slowing was worse. A return to normal of the EEG disturbances was seen in the later post-operative course and after irradiation therapy. This return to normal seemed to depend only on the time factor, but not on the mode of treatment.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations in medulloblastomas. Electroencephalographic investigations were done in 24 patients suffering from medulloblastoma. All underwent subtotal or total removal of the tumour and a shunt procedure, foowed by irradiation therapy. The most frequent pre-operative finding was general slowing, the degree of which could be correlated to the amount of papilloedema and obstructive hydrocepalus. In about one third of the patients we found abnormal rhythmic theta and delta activities, especially marked in the occipital regions. This could be explained by the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus in the child. In the acute post-operative stage in some cases only the general slowing was worse. A return to normal of the EEG disturbances was seen in the later post-operative course and after irradiation therapy. This return to normal seemed to depend only on the time factor, but not on the mode of treatment.", "PMID": 503273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5837", "title": "[The importance of axial computer tomography of the neurocranium in neurotraumatology (1) (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography enables exact diagnostic clarification of intracranial lesions in trauma of the neurocranium. Subdural or epidural as well as intracerebral haemorrhages can be localised, and a circumscribed contusion and cerebral oedema become tangible. The article reports on 90 patients subjected to computerized tomography following trauma of the neurocranium. In about 50% of the cases, the trauma had been caused by a traffic accident. About 27% of the accident victims were children and adolescents. In about one-half of the examined persons, subdural or epidural haemorrhages were found, whereas in about 20% of the cases, contusions, partly with mild haemorrhages, were seen. In about 10% of the cases a more or less severe oedema was seen. About 20% of the patients yielded no abnormal finding by CT in accordance with the age of the patient.", "contents": "[The importance of axial computer tomography of the neurocranium in neurotraumatology (1) (author's transl)]. Computer tomography enables exact diagnostic clarification of intracranial lesions in trauma of the neurocranium. Subdural or epidural as well as intracerebral haemorrhages can be localised, and a circumscribed contusion and cerebral oedema become tangible. The article reports on 90 patients subjected to computerized tomography following trauma of the neurocranium. In about 50% of the cases, the trauma had been caused by a traffic accident. About 27% of the accident victims were children and adolescents. In about one-half of the examined persons, subdural or epidural haemorrhages were found, whereas in about 20% of the cases, contusions, partly with mild haemorrhages, were seen. In about 10% of the cases a more or less severe oedema was seen. About 20% of the patients yielded no abnormal finding by CT in accordance with the age of the patient.", "PMID": 503274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5838", "title": "Neurological results in spinal cord metastases.", "content": "Btween 1971 and 1978 140 cases of spinal metastasis treated by decompression or possible removal of secondary neoplasm, were studied. Patients were divided according to their preoperative neurological conditions and then evaluated on the ground of regression of spinal cord and root symptom. The possibility of treating this type of compressive spinal pathology surgically is discussed.", "contents": "Neurological results in spinal cord metastases. Btween 1971 and 1978 140 cases of spinal metastasis treated by decompression or possible removal of secondary neoplasm, were studied. Patients were divided according to their preoperative neurological conditions and then evaluated on the ground of regression of spinal cord and root symptom. The possibility of treating this type of compressive spinal pathology surgically is discussed.", "PMID": 503275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5839", "title": "[Traumatic sinus injuries and their operative treatment in the light of the normal anatomy of the cerebral sinuses and its variations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of our personal experiences, the present day possibilities of operative repair of sinus injuries are reported. The bases for such work is an exact knowledge of the topographical anatomy of the sinuses and its variations, which are described here. In addition to a historical survey of the development of the operative techniques the present-day procedures are described. The frequency and the prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic sinus injuries and their operative treatment in the light of the normal anatomy of the cerebral sinuses and its variations (author's transl)]. In the light of our personal experiences, the present day possibilities of operative repair of sinus injuries are reported. The bases for such work is an exact knowledge of the topographical anatomy of the sinuses and its variations, which are described here. In addition to a historical survey of the development of the operative techniques the present-day procedures are described. The frequency and the prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 503276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5840", "title": "Agenesis of the vermis cerebelli and malformations of the posterior fossa in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Three cases of cerebellar vermis agenesis are reported and the relevant literature (19 other cases) is reviewed. Other posterior fossa malformations, such as a mega-cisterna magna, arachnoid cyst and Dandy-Walker syndrome, are discussed both from the pathological and clinical view point. We put forward a hypothesis that agenesis of the cerebellar vermis and Dandy-Walker syndrome could be regarded as two different stages of the same malformation.", "contents": "Agenesis of the vermis cerebelli and malformations of the posterior fossa in childhood and adolescence. Three cases of cerebellar vermis agenesis are reported and the relevant literature (19 other cases) is reviewed. Other posterior fossa malformations, such as a mega-cisterna magna, arachnoid cyst and Dandy-Walker syndrome, are discussed both from the pathological and clinical view point. We put forward a hypothesis that agenesis of the cerebellar vermis and Dandy-Walker syndrome could be regarded as two different stages of the same malformation.", "PMID": 503277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5841", "title": "Meningioma of the foramen magnum presenting as subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebellar haematoma.", "content": "An unusual case of a posterior fossa meningioma which caused subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and cerebellar haematoma is presented. The possible causes of tumoral bleeding and the surprising clinical course are discussed in the context of the few similar cases reported in the literature. The importance of cerebral CT scan ning in SAH without angiographic demonstration of an aneurysm or angioma is emphasized.", "contents": "Meningioma of the foramen magnum presenting as subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebellar haematoma. An unusual case of a posterior fossa meningioma which caused subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and cerebellar haematoma is presented. The possible causes of tumoral bleeding and the surprising clinical course are discussed in the context of the few similar cases reported in the literature. The importance of cerebral CT scan ning in SAH without angiographic demonstration of an aneurysm or angioma is emphasized.", "PMID": 503278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5842", "title": "Paraplegia due to bilateral angioma of the paracentral area.", "content": "The authors present a case of bilateral angioma of the paracentral area with paraplegia and generalized epileptic seizures. The onset of the disease was after a head injury.", "contents": "Paraplegia due to bilateral angioma of the paracentral area. The authors present a case of bilateral angioma of the paracentral area with paraplegia and generalized epileptic seizures. The onset of the disease was after a head injury.", "PMID": 503279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5843", "title": "Effect of amphetamine on plasma corticosterone in the conscious rat.", "content": "The effect of amphetamine (AMPH) on plasma corticosterone was studied in the conscious, unstressed rat. AMPH (0.5-5.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone. This rise in plasma corticosterone was not altered by the adrenergic blocking agents phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. In contrast, the serotonergic depleting agent p-chloroamphetamine significantly inhibited the AMPH-induced rise in corticosterone. In addition, the serotonergic blocking agent methysergide, but not cyproheptadine, inhibited the corticosterone increase induced by AMPH.", "contents": "Effect of amphetamine on plasma corticosterone in the conscious rat. The effect of amphetamine (AMPH) on plasma corticosterone was studied in the conscious, unstressed rat. AMPH (0.5-5.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone. This rise in plasma corticosterone was not altered by the adrenergic blocking agents phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. In contrast, the serotonergic depleting agent p-chloroamphetamine significantly inhibited the AMPH-induced rise in corticosterone. In addition, the serotonergic blocking agent methysergide, but not cyproheptadine, inhibited the corticosterone increase induced by AMPH.", "PMID": 503280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5844", "title": "Effects of destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythms in plasma corticosterone, body temperature, feeding and plasma thyrotropin.", "content": "To study the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in generating circadian rhythms in female rats, lesions were placed in the SCN or in the medial preoptic (PO) region. Serial blood sampling at 4-hour intervals at 3 and 13 weeks after surgery indicated that complete SCN destruction abolished rhythmic fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels in individual rats. Partial destruction produced less interference, while medial PO lesions that spared the SCN were without effect. Similar effects were noted on daily changes in body temperature at 10 weeks after surgery; however, some rats showed evidence of dissociation of these two rhythmic functions in that some lesions appeared to affect one and not the other. In ancillary studies, it was found that all lesioned groups showed nocturnal feeding patterns similar to those of the controls and that the diurnal pattern in plasma thyrotropin (TSH) levels was altered by complete destruction of the SCN. These data suggest that the SCN are essential for the circadian rhythms in pituitary-adrenal function and body temperature and that separate pacemarkers may be present in these nuclei for these two periodic functions. The SCN may also control rhythmic TSH secretion, but these nuclei and the medial PO region do not appear essential for nocturnal feeding.", "contents": "Effects of destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythms in plasma corticosterone, body temperature, feeding and plasma thyrotropin. To study the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in generating circadian rhythms in female rats, lesions were placed in the SCN or in the medial preoptic (PO) region. Serial blood sampling at 4-hour intervals at 3 and 13 weeks after surgery indicated that complete SCN destruction abolished rhythmic fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels in individual rats. Partial destruction produced less interference, while medial PO lesions that spared the SCN were without effect. Similar effects were noted on daily changes in body temperature at 10 weeks after surgery; however, some rats showed evidence of dissociation of these two rhythmic functions in that some lesions appeared to affect one and not the other. In ancillary studies, it was found that all lesioned groups showed nocturnal feeding patterns similar to those of the controls and that the diurnal pattern in plasma thyrotropin (TSH) levels was altered by complete destruction of the SCN. These data suggest that the SCN are essential for the circadian rhythms in pituitary-adrenal function and body temperature and that separate pacemarkers may be present in these nuclei for these two periodic functions. The SCN may also control rhythmic TSH secretion, but these nuclei and the medial PO region do not appear essential for nocturnal feeding.", "PMID": 503281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5845", "title": "Characterization of a cytosol progesterone receptor in bovine pineal gland.", "content": "The possible existence of pineal progesterone (P) receptors was assessed in 105,000 g supernatants of bovine pineal glands incubated with 3H-P in the presence of 10 microM cortisol. By charcoal adsorption analysis specific binding (defined as the difference between 3H-P binding in the absence and presence of 1,000-fold excess of unlabeled P) attained its maximum after 60 min at 37 degrees C. Binding was abolished by heating the cytosol or by preincubating it with trypsin. A single population of binding sites with a Kd = 1.64 nM and binding site concentration = 34 fmol/mg of cytosol protein was detectable by Scatchard analysis. In competition experiments the B50 progesterone values (nM) were: P (2), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (12), 20 beta-dihydroprogesterone (25), estradiol (158), testosterone (675) and corticosterone (greater than 1,000). After sucrose gradient centrifugation of pineal cytosol incubated with 3H-P a discrete peak of radioactivity in the 7-8 S region of the gradient was observed, and disappeared following incubation with excess unlabeled P. These results indicate that P receptors are present in the bovine pineal gland.", "contents": "Characterization of a cytosol progesterone receptor in bovine pineal gland. The possible existence of pineal progesterone (P) receptors was assessed in 105,000 g supernatants of bovine pineal glands incubated with 3H-P in the presence of 10 microM cortisol. By charcoal adsorption analysis specific binding (defined as the difference between 3H-P binding in the absence and presence of 1,000-fold excess of unlabeled P) attained its maximum after 60 min at 37 degrees C. Binding was abolished by heating the cytosol or by preincubating it with trypsin. A single population of binding sites with a Kd = 1.64 nM and binding site concentration = 34 fmol/mg of cytosol protein was detectable by Scatchard analysis. In competition experiments the B50 progesterone values (nM) were: P (2), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (12), 20 beta-dihydroprogesterone (25), estradiol (158), testosterone (675) and corticosterone (greater than 1,000). After sucrose gradient centrifugation of pineal cytosol incubated with 3H-P a discrete peak of radioactivity in the 7-8 S region of the gradient was observed, and disappeared following incubation with excess unlabeled P. These results indicate that P receptors are present in the bovine pineal gland.", "PMID": 503284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5846", "title": "Hippocampal function and putative corticosterone receptors. Effect of septal lesions.", "content": "In order to investigate the relation between septohippocampal function and hippocampal corticosterone (B) receptors, discrete septal areas were destroyed by electrolytic lesions; the effects of the lesions on cytosol receptor binding of B in the hippocampus were determined 10 or 30 days after lesioning in male rats adrenalectomized 12 h prior to sacrifice. The septal lesions were also characterized functionally by endocrine, neurophysiological and behavioral parameters in the same group of animals. Hippocampal B receptor activity was increased 30 days after lesioning the lateral septal area. The same lesions impaired the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response. The increase was not due to a behavioral deficiency per se as lesions in the parafascicular nucleus did impair acquisition behavior without affecting B receptors. There was no change in B receptor activity 30 days after destruction of the medial septal nucleus, although such a lesion completely abolished the hippocampal theta activity measured at 10 days. In another group of animals hippocampal B receptors were not affected at 10 days after any of the lesions, while a transient increase in basal plasma levels of B was noted at that time. It appears that the hippocampal receptor activity for B depends on the integrity of the efferents from the hippocampus and/or the dorsolateral septal B receptor system rather than on the septal afferents to the hippocampus.", "contents": "Hippocampal function and putative corticosterone receptors. Effect of septal lesions. In order to investigate the relation between septohippocampal function and hippocampal corticosterone (B) receptors, discrete septal areas were destroyed by electrolytic lesions; the effects of the lesions on cytosol receptor binding of B in the hippocampus were determined 10 or 30 days after lesioning in male rats adrenalectomized 12 h prior to sacrifice. The septal lesions were also characterized functionally by endocrine, neurophysiological and behavioral parameters in the same group of animals. Hippocampal B receptor activity was increased 30 days after lesioning the lateral septal area. The same lesions impaired the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response. The increase was not due to a behavioral deficiency per se as lesions in the parafascicular nucleus did impair acquisition behavior without affecting B receptors. There was no change in B receptor activity 30 days after destruction of the medial septal nucleus, although such a lesion completely abolished the hippocampal theta activity measured at 10 days. In another group of animals hippocampal B receptors were not affected at 10 days after any of the lesions, while a transient increase in basal plasma levels of B was noted at that time. It appears that the hippocampal receptor activity for B depends on the integrity of the efferents from the hippocampus and/or the dorsolateral septal B receptor system rather than on the septal afferents to the hippocampus.", "PMID": 503285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5847", "title": "Effects of septal lesions and adrenalectomies on the acquisition and extinction of shuttle avoidance in the rat.", "content": "Rats with septal lesions and rats with both septal lesions and adrenalectomies (SEP-ADX) acquired avoidance behaviors faster and extinguished these behaviors slower than rats with adrenalectomies or control lesions. Rats with septal lesions also showed increased intertrial crossings during habituation, acquisition, and extinction while rats in group SEP-ADX only had increased intertrial crossings during acquisition. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the avoidance performance of rats with septal lesions is a result of neural rather than hormonal factors.", "contents": "Effects of septal lesions and adrenalectomies on the acquisition and extinction of shuttle avoidance in the rat. Rats with septal lesions and rats with both septal lesions and adrenalectomies (SEP-ADX) acquired avoidance behaviors faster and extinguished these behaviors slower than rats with adrenalectomies or control lesions. Rats with septal lesions also showed increased intertrial crossings during habituation, acquisition, and extinction while rats in group SEP-ADX only had increased intertrial crossings during acquisition. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the avoidance performance of rats with septal lesions is a result of neural rather than hormonal factors.", "PMID": 503287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5848", "title": "Less severe ovarian atrophy in hypophysectomized hemiovariectomized rats than in hypophysectomized animals with two ovaries.", "content": "The effect of unilateral ovariectomy (OVX) on the weight of the remaining ovary was studied in hypophysectomized (HYPOX) rats. 2 weeks following hypophysectomy + unilateral OVX the weight loss of the ovary is significantly less than that in HYPOX rats having two ovaries. Present data together with previous findings suggest that a neural pathway between the ovaries and the CNS may be involved in the mechanism of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy following removal of one ovary.", "contents": "Less severe ovarian atrophy in hypophysectomized hemiovariectomized rats than in hypophysectomized animals with two ovaries. The effect of unilateral ovariectomy (OVX) on the weight of the remaining ovary was studied in hypophysectomized (HYPOX) rats. 2 weeks following hypophysectomy + unilateral OVX the weight loss of the ovary is significantly less than that in HYPOX rats having two ovaries. Present data together with previous findings suggest that a neural pathway between the ovaries and the CNS may be involved in the mechanism of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy following removal of one ovary.", "PMID": 503289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5849", "title": "The genesis and significance of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma.", "content": "During a 34-month period, 12 cases of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) were diagnosed among 162 consecutive prospectively studied patients admitted to the Medical College of Virginia with severe closed head injuries. All patients were unresponsive to command and unable to utter formed words at the time of admission. The interval from injury to diagnosis of DTICH by computerized tomography (CT) was within 48 hours in 11 of the 12 cases. Six patients had no decompressive surgery before the development of the lesion. Four patients had undergone decompressive surgery and then developed DTICH on the contralateral side. Two patients developed lesions in the vicinity of the operative site that were thought not to be the result of operation. The development of DTICH was not heralded by neurological deterioration nor by elevation of intracranial pressure. Eleven of the 12 patients had suffered a secondary hypoxic insult soon after the head injury. We suggest that the CT appearance of DTICH is likely to represent hemorrhage into an existing traumatized area and is an epiphenomenon rather than a cause of severe primary and secondary brain damage.", "contents": "The genesis and significance of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma. During a 34-month period, 12 cases of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) were diagnosed among 162 consecutive prospectively studied patients admitted to the Medical College of Virginia with severe closed head injuries. All patients were unresponsive to command and unable to utter formed words at the time of admission. The interval from injury to diagnosis of DTICH by computerized tomography (CT) was within 48 hours in 11 of the 12 cases. Six patients had no decompressive surgery before the development of the lesion. Four patients had undergone decompressive surgery and then developed DTICH on the contralateral side. Two patients developed lesions in the vicinity of the operative site that were thought not to be the result of operation. The development of DTICH was not heralded by neurological deterioration nor by elevation of intracranial pressure. Eleven of the 12 patients had suffered a secondary hypoxic insult soon after the head injury. We suggest that the CT appearance of DTICH is likely to represent hemorrhage into an existing traumatized area and is an epiphenomenon rather than a cause of severe primary and secondary brain damage.", "PMID": 503290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5850", "title": "Rupture of intracranial aneurysms during cerebral angiography: report of ten cases and review of the literautre.", "content": "Ten new cases of intracranial aneurysms that ruptured during cerebral angiography, obtained from four local hospitals and the practices of eight angiographers, are detailed. A review of the literature reveals 28 other well-documented cases. An analysis of this clinical material shows that internal carotid injections are not necessarily more dangerous than common carotid injections. Although critically ill patients are at higher risk and must be treated with caution, there is not enough evidence to warrant a delay in angiography to avoid rupture. The recent trend toward early angiography in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage is reflected in the statistical analysis. A plea for meticulous angiographic technique is advanced.", "contents": "Rupture of intracranial aneurysms during cerebral angiography: report of ten cases and review of the literautre. Ten new cases of intracranial aneurysms that ruptured during cerebral angiography, obtained from four local hospitals and the practices of eight angiographers, are detailed. A review of the literature reveals 28 other well-documented cases. An analysis of this clinical material shows that internal carotid injections are not necessarily more dangerous than common carotid injections. Although critically ill patients are at higher risk and must be treated with caution, there is not enough evidence to warrant a delay in angiography to avoid rupture. The recent trend toward early angiography in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage is reflected in the statistical analysis. A plea for meticulous angiographic technique is advanced.", "PMID": 503291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5851", "title": "Surgical treatment of basilar aneurysms.", "content": "The surgical therapy and results in 17 cases of basilar aneurysms are reported, extending a series of 15 reported previously. Three surgical approaches were used: subtemporal, pterional, and suboccipital. The subtemporal route was satisfactory for most lesions, although the pterional approach has advantages for upper basilar aneurysms projecting either more than 1 cm above the dorsum sellae or directly anteriorly. A low lateral-suboccipital approach is described and recommended for aneurysms of the proximal basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar junction. The recent literature regarding surgical results, classification, pathogenesis, and technical developments for management of these lesions is reviewed. Most of the morbidity resulting from surgery in the midbrain and pontine region is due to direct or indirect injury to perforating vessels. Superiorly directed bifurcation aneurysms carry the highest risk because of their association with perforating vessels. General precepts regarding size, location, patient condition, and timing of operation with respect to aneurysms of the anterior circulation hold true for aneurysms of the posterior circulation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of basilar aneurysms. The surgical therapy and results in 17 cases of basilar aneurysms are reported, extending a series of 15 reported previously. Three surgical approaches were used: subtemporal, pterional, and suboccipital. The subtemporal route was satisfactory for most lesions, although the pterional approach has advantages for upper basilar aneurysms projecting either more than 1 cm above the dorsum sellae or directly anteriorly. A low lateral-suboccipital approach is described and recommended for aneurysms of the proximal basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar junction. The recent literature regarding surgical results, classification, pathogenesis, and technical developments for management of these lesions is reviewed. Most of the morbidity resulting from surgery in the midbrain and pontine region is due to direct or indirect injury to perforating vessels. Superiorly directed bifurcation aneurysms carry the highest risk because of their association with perforating vessels. General precepts regarding size, location, patient condition, and timing of operation with respect to aneurysms of the anterior circulation hold true for aneurysms of the posterior circulation.", "PMID": 503292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5852", "title": "Selective treatment of infants with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Selective treatment of infants with myelomeningocele is said to be beneficial to the infants, their parents, and to society. One group of arguments intended to support this point of view is analyzed. Recent data do not support the factual basis on which these arguments rest; moreover, the moral assumptions that lie behind them should be emphasized. The values held by participants in a discussion of allowing infants to die are as important as facts about treatment options.", "contents": "Selective treatment of infants with myelomeningocele. Selective treatment of infants with myelomeningocele is said to be beneficial to the infants, their parents, and to society. One group of arguments intended to support this point of view is analyzed. Recent data do not support the factual basis on which these arguments rest; moreover, the moral assumptions that lie behind them should be emphasized. The values held by participants in a discussion of allowing infants to die are as important as facts about treatment options.", "PMID": 503293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5853", "title": "Prevention of neurosurgical infection by intraoperative antibiotics.", "content": "For the past 5 years at Mount Sinai Hospital, an intraoperative prophylactic antibiotic regime consisting of intramuscular gentamicin or tobramycin, intravenous vancomycin, and streptomycin irrigating solution, with no preoperative or post operative antibiotics, has provided complete protection against operative infections in neurological surgery. There have been 1732 major clean operative cases with no instance of operative infection and no complication due to the antibiotics.", "contents": "Prevention of neurosurgical infection by intraoperative antibiotics. For the past 5 years at Mount Sinai Hospital, an intraoperative prophylactic antibiotic regime consisting of intramuscular gentamicin or tobramycin, intravenous vancomycin, and streptomycin irrigating solution, with no preoperative or post operative antibiotics, has provided complete protection against operative infections in neurological surgery. There have been 1732 major clean operative cases with no instance of operative infection and no complication due to the antibiotics.", "PMID": 503294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5854", "title": "Hysteresis in the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid absorption minus formation and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the dog.", "content": "In this study the difference between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption and formation (A -- F) was measured as a function of CSF pressure in the living and dead dog. We determined this relationship between A -- F and CSF pressure during both increasing and decreasing CSF pressures. A hysteresis effect was identified in 78% of living animals, but was not seen in the dead animals. This suggests that the mechanism of CSF absorption in the living dog is nonpassive and pressure-sensitive.", "contents": "Hysteresis in the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid absorption minus formation and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the dog. In this study the difference between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption and formation (A -- F) was measured as a function of CSF pressure in the living and dead dog. We determined this relationship between A -- F and CSF pressure during both increasing and decreasing CSF pressures. A hysteresis effect was identified in 78% of living animals, but was not seen in the dead animals. This suggests that the mechanism of CSF absorption in the living dog is nonpassive and pressure-sensitive.", "PMID": 503295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5855", "title": "Closed irrigation-suction technique in the treatment of lumbar laminectomy infection: case report.", "content": "The irrigation-suction technique was used to treat a patient who developed a deep infection after removal of a herniated lumbar disc. The patient made an excellent recovery. The advantages of this modality of treatment over the standard approach to this problem are emphasized.", "contents": "Closed irrigation-suction technique in the treatment of lumbar laminectomy infection: case report. The irrigation-suction technique was used to treat a patient who developed a deep infection after removal of a herniated lumbar disc. The patient made an excellent recovery. The advantages of this modality of treatment over the standard approach to this problem are emphasized.", "PMID": 503296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5856", "title": "Abdominal metastases of primary intracranial yolk sac tumors through ventriculoperitoneal shunts: report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of rare primary intracranial yolk sac tumor are reported. Two cases had a pineal location, whereas the third presented as a suprasellar mass. After the placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunts for relief of hydrocephalus, all of the patients developed metastases restricted to the peritoneum, as demonstrated by autopsy in one patient (Case 1) and clinical and radiographic evidence in two patients (Cases 2 and 3). The peritoneal metastases were directly associated with the death of one patient, but were successfully treated with chemotherapy in another patient, who is still alive more than 2.5 years after initial presentation. The value of ascitic fluid cytology and alpha-fetoprotein determination in the diagnosis of this complication was demonstrated in one patient. These cases emphasize the need for awareness of this mode of metastasis and its potentially lethal effect.", "contents": "Abdominal metastases of primary intracranial yolk sac tumors through ventriculoperitoneal shunts: report of three cases. Three cases of rare primary intracranial yolk sac tumor are reported. Two cases had a pineal location, whereas the third presented as a suprasellar mass. After the placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunts for relief of hydrocephalus, all of the patients developed metastases restricted to the peritoneum, as demonstrated by autopsy in one patient (Case 1) and clinical and radiographic evidence in two patients (Cases 2 and 3). The peritoneal metastases were directly associated with the death of one patient, but were successfully treated with chemotherapy in another patient, who is still alive more than 2.5 years after initial presentation. The value of ascitic fluid cytology and alpha-fetoprotein determination in the diagnosis of this complication was demonstrated in one patient. These cases emphasize the need for awareness of this mode of metastasis and its potentially lethal effect.", "PMID": 503297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5857", "title": "Tension pneumocephalus of the cranial subdural space: a case report.", "content": "A case of subdural tension pneumocephalus is presented. Computerized cranial tomography permitted rapid diagnosis including localization of the air, thus facilitating prompt treatment. Tension pneumocephalus should be considered in a patient with a cerebrospinal fluid drainage device who deteriorates after craniotomy.", "contents": "Tension pneumocephalus of the cranial subdural space: a case report. A case of subdural tension pneumocephalus is presented. Computerized cranial tomography permitted rapid diagnosis including localization of the air, thus facilitating prompt treatment. Tension pneumocephalus should be considered in a patient with a cerebrospinal fluid drainage device who deteriorates after craniotomy.", "PMID": 503299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5858", "title": "Ganglioglioma--neurogliogenic tumor involving the left frontal lobe: case report.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy presented with a 7-month history of headache and projectile vomiting. Computerized axial tomography revealed a large, high density lesion involving the entire left frontal lobe. At operation a 330-g, apparently encapsulated, mildly cystic neoplasm was removed from the region of the left frontal operculum. Microscopic examination demonstrated moderately cellular astrocytic tissue interspersed with several large, bizarre, and occasionally binucleate ganglion cells. The pathological entity of ganglioglioma is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Ganglioglioma--neurogliogenic tumor involving the left frontal lobe: case report. A 5-year-old boy presented with a 7-month history of headache and projectile vomiting. Computerized axial tomography revealed a large, high density lesion involving the entire left frontal lobe. At operation a 330-g, apparently encapsulated, mildly cystic neoplasm was removed from the region of the left frontal operculum. Microscopic examination demonstrated moderately cellular astrocytic tissue interspersed with several large, bizarre, and occasionally binucleate ganglion cells. The pathological entity of ganglioglioma is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 503300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5859", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension without papilledema: case report.", "content": "An obese young man presented the typical features of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), including raised intracranial pressure. Despite elevated intracranial pressure, papilledema did not develop. The syndrome resolved after medical treatment and, on examination 6 months later, the patient was normal. The absence of papilledema in this case is discussed together with data available from the literature.", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension without papilledema: case report. An obese young man presented the typical features of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), including raised intracranial pressure. Despite elevated intracranial pressure, papilledema did not develop. The syndrome resolved after medical treatment and, on examination 6 months later, the patient was normal. The absence of papilledema in this case is discussed together with data available from the literature.", "PMID": 503301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5860", "title": "Interhemispheric and sex differences in the visual evoked response recovery cycle.", "content": "The recovery cycle of the flash-evoked response was studied in 6 female and 6 male right-handed subjects of comparable age. The aim of the study was to evidence possible interhemispheric differences between occipital leads. Two flashes, presented at graded time intervals between 20 and 150 msec, allowed the computation of an amplitude ratio between the second and the first evoked response, considering the III--IV peak-to-peak amplitude. A faster recovery was found for the left hemisphere, with more pronounced interhemispheric differences in male than in female subjects. Women showed a more reduced amplitude recovery than men and a somewhat different time-course of the recovery function. Women also showed less waveshape similarity between evoked responses elicited by the second of a pair of flashes in the right and left hemisphere. These findings are discussed in terms of differences in speed of information processing by both cerebral hemispheres. It is suggested that recovery cycle studies may contribute to brain laterality research and be of particular relevance to psychiatric studies involving assumptions about differential hemispheric excitability.", "contents": "Interhemispheric and sex differences in the visual evoked response recovery cycle. The recovery cycle of the flash-evoked response was studied in 6 female and 6 male right-handed subjects of comparable age. The aim of the study was to evidence possible interhemispheric differences between occipital leads. Two flashes, presented at graded time intervals between 20 and 150 msec, allowed the computation of an amplitude ratio between the second and the first evoked response, considering the III--IV peak-to-peak amplitude. A faster recovery was found for the left hemisphere, with more pronounced interhemispheric differences in male than in female subjects. Women showed a more reduced amplitude recovery than men and a somewhat different time-course of the recovery function. Women also showed less waveshape similarity between evoked responses elicited by the second of a pair of flashes in the right and left hemisphere. These findings are discussed in terms of differences in speed of information processing by both cerebral hemispheres. It is suggested that recovery cycle studies may contribute to brain laterality research and be of particular relevance to psychiatric studies involving assumptions about differential hemispheric excitability.", "PMID": 503303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5861", "title": "Plasma DBH, platelet MAO and proteins of red blood cell membranes in individuals with variants of the normal EEG.", "content": "Plasma DBH, platelet MAO and proteins of red blood cell membranes were examined in healthy male carriers of variants of the normal resting EEG. The variants included low-voltage EEG, badly synchronized alpha-EEG, diffuse beta-EEG and monotonous alpha-EEG. Mean DBH activity of the low-voltage EEG group was only half that of the monotonous alpha-EEG group. No difference between EEG types in platelet MAO activity and in polypeptide pattern of erythrocyte membranes after electrophoresis could be detected.", "contents": "Plasma DBH, platelet MAO and proteins of red blood cell membranes in individuals with variants of the normal EEG. Plasma DBH, platelet MAO and proteins of red blood cell membranes were examined in healthy male carriers of variants of the normal resting EEG. The variants included low-voltage EEG, badly synchronized alpha-EEG, diffuse beta-EEG and monotonous alpha-EEG. Mean DBH activity of the low-voltage EEG group was only half that of the monotonous alpha-EEG group. No difference between EEG types in platelet MAO activity and in polypeptide pattern of erythrocyte membranes after electrophoresis could be detected.", "PMID": 503304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5862", "title": "Lack of counteracting effect of liposomes on benserazide-induced hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "Benserazide induces an increase of serum prolactin in man, possibly as the result of an impairment of the dopamine effect on the pituitary and/or on the outer median eminence caused by the inhibition on L-dopa decarboxylase. On the other hand, liposomes obtained from bovine brain cortex phospholipids reduced serum prolactin possibly through an effect of phosphatidylserine on dopamine biosynthesis at the level of tyrosine hydroxylase. Benserazide, given orally (125 mg) to 5 normal subjects, induced an increase of serum prolactin that did not change when 300 mg of phospholipid liposomes were given intravenously 60 min later. An increase of L-dopa synthesis does not seen to be capable to overcome the effects of the decarboxylase inhibition.", "contents": "Lack of counteracting effect of liposomes on benserazide-induced hyperprolactinemia. Benserazide induces an increase of serum prolactin in man, possibly as the result of an impairment of the dopamine effect on the pituitary and/or on the outer median eminence caused by the inhibition on L-dopa decarboxylase. On the other hand, liposomes obtained from bovine brain cortex phospholipids reduced serum prolactin possibly through an effect of phosphatidylserine on dopamine biosynthesis at the level of tyrosine hydroxylase. Benserazide, given orally (125 mg) to 5 normal subjects, induced an increase of serum prolactin that did not change when 300 mg of phospholipid liposomes were given intravenously 60 min later. An increase of L-dopa synthesis does not seen to be capable to overcome the effects of the decarboxylase inhibition.", "PMID": 503305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5863", "title": "Endorphins in CSF of chronic pain patients, in relation to augmenting-reducing response in visual averaged evoked response.", "content": "In 45 consecutive patients with chronic pain, visual averaged evoked responses (VAER) and the levels of fraction 1 endorphins in CSF were investigated. Patients with an augmenter response in VAER, i.e. the maximum amplitude increases when stimulus intensity is increased, were found to have significantly lower levels of fraction 1 endorphins than patients with a reducer response, i.e. the maximum amplitude in VAER decreases when stimulus intensity is increased. The results indicate that the endorphins function as endogenous antinociceptive factors.", "contents": "Endorphins in CSF of chronic pain patients, in relation to augmenting-reducing response in visual averaged evoked response. In 45 consecutive patients with chronic pain, visual averaged evoked responses (VAER) and the levels of fraction 1 endorphins in CSF were investigated. Patients with an augmenter response in VAER, i.e. the maximum amplitude increases when stimulus intensity is increased, were found to have significantly lower levels of fraction 1 endorphins than patients with a reducer response, i.e. the maximum amplitude in VAER decreases when stimulus intensity is increased. The results indicate that the endorphins function as endogenous antinociceptive factors.", "PMID": 503306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5864", "title": "Effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced prolactin secretion.", "content": "The effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced prolactin secretion was investigated in 10 normal male volunteers. Benztropine had no effect on basal prolactin secretion but significantly enhanced the increased induced by haloperidol. The magnitude of the enhancement, however, was relatively small. These data suggest that in man cholinergic mechanisms have no effect on basal prolactin secretion but exert a weak inhibitory effect under conditions of dopamine receptor blockade. Differences in intrinsic anticholinergic properties may account for some of the variations in potency of different neuroleptics in increasing circulating prolactin concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced prolactin secretion. The effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced prolactin secretion was investigated in 10 normal male volunteers. Benztropine had no effect on basal prolactin secretion but significantly enhanced the increased induced by haloperidol. The magnitude of the enhancement, however, was relatively small. These data suggest that in man cholinergic mechanisms have no effect on basal prolactin secretion but exert a weak inhibitory effect under conditions of dopamine receptor blockade. Differences in intrinsic anticholinergic properties may account for some of the variations in potency of different neuroleptics in increasing circulating prolactin concentrations.", "PMID": 503307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5865", "title": "Periodic homeostatic fluctuations of skin temperature in the sleeping and waking state.", "content": "53 healthly persons were monitored for skin temperature by a Hardy dermal radiometer every 60 sec. Readings continued until a spontaneous cycle appeared. 32 subjects were examined awake and 21 while asleep. A spontaneous rhythm with a mean of 4.25 min was found for the awake subjects, and one of 8.33 for the asleep subjects. To confirm these findings longer recordings were made by a thermocouple electronic thermometer in a further 23 subjects. Observations were continued until the awake subject slept. The results were analyzed by autocorrelation. In 13 records the sleeping rhythm was significantly longer than the waking. Another thermocouple probe in 14 subjects was used to measure axillary temperature. In 7 subjects a shorter cycle was seen while awake and a longer one while they slept. The properties of a perceptual clock are reviewed. It is suggested that the relative awareness of the subject be added to them.", "contents": "Periodic homeostatic fluctuations of skin temperature in the sleeping and waking state. 53 healthly persons were monitored for skin temperature by a Hardy dermal radiometer every 60 sec. Readings continued until a spontaneous cycle appeared. 32 subjects were examined awake and 21 while asleep. A spontaneous rhythm with a mean of 4.25 min was found for the awake subjects, and one of 8.33 for the asleep subjects. To confirm these findings longer recordings were made by a thermocouple electronic thermometer in a further 23 subjects. Observations were continued until the awake subject slept. The results were analyzed by autocorrelation. In 13 records the sleeping rhythm was significantly longer than the waking. Another thermocouple probe in 14 subjects was used to measure axillary temperature. In 7 subjects a shorter cycle was seen while awake and a longer one while they slept. The properties of a perceptual clock are reviewed. It is suggested that the relative awareness of the subject be added to them.", "PMID": 503308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5866", "title": "[Late physiopathological aspects of the Billroth I gastric resection. Analysis of 109 cases].", "content": "Following an assessment of the long-term results of a homogenous series of 109 patients with gastroduodenal ulcer treated surgically according to the Billroth I technique, a personal opinion on this type of gastric resection is given. It may be considered positive, in the light of the data collected, both clinically and functionally. The need is also stressed for further, broader analysis for the purpose of a precise evaluation of the operation.", "contents": "[Late physiopathological aspects of the Billroth I gastric resection. Analysis of 109 cases]. Following an assessment of the long-term results of a homogenous series of 109 patients with gastroduodenal ulcer treated surgically according to the Billroth I technique, a personal opinion on this type of gastric resection is given. It may be considered positive, in the light of the data collected, both clinically and functionally. The need is also stressed for further, broader analysis for the purpose of a precise evaluation of the operation.", "PMID": 503332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5867", "title": "[Primary tumors of the common bile duct. Apropos of 24 cases].", "content": "Surgical management of 24 cases of primary carcinoma of the main extrahepatic bile duct are presented. This tumour forms less than 2% of the cases in which bile duct surgery is required and its intermittent appearance makes rational exploitation of surgical management difficult. Obstructive icterus is the main and constant symptom. Preoperative diagnosis of the obstruction necessarily requires transhepatic cholangiography following incision under local anaesthesia. Resection starting from the middle third of the duct was performed in 4 cases. A palliative biliodigestive shunt was applied in 5 and decompression by means of a Kehr tube was adopted in 11. Intraoperative mortality was high, mainly on account of frequent liver cell damage. In some instances, however, survival was measured in years, even in the absence of surgical resection. Surgery must thus be tailored to the patient's strength. When the patient's condition is good and the tumour is situated in the common bile duct or distal hepatic duct, an internal shunt can always be attempted. When higher segment of the duct are involved, a shunt on a Kehr tube or in the form of a U probably offers the best solution.", "contents": "[Primary tumors of the common bile duct. Apropos of 24 cases]. Surgical management of 24 cases of primary carcinoma of the main extrahepatic bile duct are presented. This tumour forms less than 2% of the cases in which bile duct surgery is required and its intermittent appearance makes rational exploitation of surgical management difficult. Obstructive icterus is the main and constant symptom. Preoperative diagnosis of the obstruction necessarily requires transhepatic cholangiography following incision under local anaesthesia. Resection starting from the middle third of the duct was performed in 4 cases. A palliative biliodigestive shunt was applied in 5 and decompression by means of a Kehr tube was adopted in 11. Intraoperative mortality was high, mainly on account of frequent liver cell damage. In some instances, however, survival was measured in years, even in the absence of surgical resection. Surgery must thus be tailored to the patient's strength. When the patient's condition is good and the tumour is situated in the common bile duct or distal hepatic duct, an internal shunt can always be attempted. When higher segment of the duct are involved, a shunt on a Kehr tube or in the form of a U probably offers the best solution.", "PMID": 503334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5868", "title": "[Adrenal cysts].", "content": "Suprarenal cysts may be clinically silent and discovered by chance, or they may present clinically if they attain marked dimensions by means of compression of surrounding formations. Examinations that lead to precise diagnosis are: direct abdominal X-ray integrated with scanning, echoscanning, urography and selective arterial and especially venous vasography. Two clinical cases that may be considered typical of the two varieties, true cyst and pseudo-cyst, are reported.", "contents": "[Adrenal cysts]. Suprarenal cysts may be clinically silent and discovered by chance, or they may present clinically if they attain marked dimensions by means of compression of surrounding formations. Examinations that lead to precise diagnosis are: direct abdominal X-ray integrated with scanning, echoscanning, urography and selective arterial and especially venous vasography. Two clinical cases that may be considered typical of the two varieties, true cyst and pseudo-cyst, are reported.", "PMID": 503335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5869", "title": "[Anicteric calculosis of the common bile duct].", "content": "In a series of 158 patients who underwent surgical treatment for biliary lithiasis, we have had 109 (69%) lithiasis of the gallbladder (CC) and 48 (31%) lithiasis of the common bile duct. In the last group 19 (38%) were without jaundice (CAEC) and 30 (62%) with jaundice (CIEC). We have compared the three group of patients (CC, CAEC and CIEC). It has come out that CAEC is between CC and CIEC and that attacks of biliary fever and high levels of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases in the serum are the helpful findings for preoperative diagnosis. Intravenous cholangiograms can confirm the diagnosis in 80% of one series but the operative cholangiography remains the definitive test. Finally CAEC seems to be the \"benign\" lithiasis of the common bile duct, a first stage that getting worse will became CIEC.", "contents": "[Anicteric calculosis of the common bile duct]. In a series of 158 patients who underwent surgical treatment for biliary lithiasis, we have had 109 (69%) lithiasis of the gallbladder (CC) and 48 (31%) lithiasis of the common bile duct. In the last group 19 (38%) were without jaundice (CAEC) and 30 (62%) with jaundice (CIEC). We have compared the three group of patients (CC, CAEC and CIEC). It has come out that CAEC is between CC and CIEC and that attacks of biliary fever and high levels of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases in the serum are the helpful findings for preoperative diagnosis. Intravenous cholangiograms can confirm the diagnosis in 80% of one series but the operative cholangiography remains the definitive test. Finally CAEC seems to be the \"benign\" lithiasis of the common bile duct, a first stage that getting worse will became CIEC.", "PMID": 503336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5870", "title": "[A case of hematic pseudocyst of the spleen].", "content": "A case of extremely voluminous haematic pseudocyst of the spleen that provoked serious anaemia is reported. Stress is laid on the rarity of the disease and the preoperative diagnostic difficulties. The pathogenesis, pathological anatomy and clinical aspects on splenic pseudocyst are recalled.", "contents": "[A case of hematic pseudocyst of the spleen]. A case of extremely voluminous haematic pseudocyst of the spleen that provoked serious anaemia is reported. Stress is laid on the rarity of the disease and the preoperative diagnostic difficulties. The pathogenesis, pathological anatomy and clinical aspects on splenic pseudocyst are recalled.", "PMID": 503338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5871", "title": "[A middle esophageal ring].", "content": "The Authors, having observed a case of middle oesophageal web giving rise to severe dysphagia, discuss the aetiopathogenesis, the diagnosis and therapy of these rare oesophageal lesions. Because of its pathological feature, the reported case was succesfully treated by surgical resection of the ring, using a transthoracic approach.", "contents": "[A middle esophageal ring]. The Authors, having observed a case of middle oesophageal web giving rise to severe dysphagia, discuss the aetiopathogenesis, the diagnosis and therapy of these rare oesophageal lesions. Because of its pathological feature, the reported case was succesfully treated by surgical resection of the ring, using a transthoracic approach.", "PMID": 503339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5872", "title": "[Malignant ano-rectal melanoma].", "content": "Malignant melanoma of the anus, anorectal junction and ampulla respectively was observed in 3 patients treated at the Busto Arsizio Hospital's General Surgery Division in the period 1967 to 1978. An account is given of the anatomopathological picture, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis of these forms.", "contents": "[Malignant ano-rectal melanoma]. Malignant melanoma of the anus, anorectal junction and ampulla respectively was observed in 3 patients treated at the Busto Arsizio Hospital's General Surgery Division in the period 1967 to 1978. An account is given of the anatomopathological picture, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis of these forms.", "PMID": 503341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5873", "title": "[Personal experience with bilio-digestive anastomosis].", "content": "The indications and contraindications for the various types of bilio-digestive anastomosis operations are assessed with due allowance for the physiopathological aspects of main bile way function. Careful analysis of the data obtained in pre- and intra-operative investigation permits a precise choice of the required intervention in all cases. The advantages offered by restoral of bile flow at duodenal level, as occurs in EDDP, are stressed.", "contents": "[Personal experience with bilio-digestive anastomosis]. The indications and contraindications for the various types of bilio-digestive anastomosis operations are assessed with due allowance for the physiopathological aspects of main bile way function. Careful analysis of the data obtained in pre- and intra-operative investigation permits a precise choice of the required intervention in all cases. The advantages offered by restoral of bile flow at duodenal level, as occurs in EDDP, are stressed.", "PMID": 503342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5874", "title": "[The choice of operation in perforated gastroduodenal ulcer].", "content": "The main point for a surgeon treating a perforated peptic ulcer is to choose between a simple treatment of the complication and a treatment both of complication and ulcer disease. So, the A. have analysed their series of 58 patients with perforated peptic ulcer: one patient underwent nasogastric suction as suggested by Taylor, 16 patients underwent suture plication of the perforation, 41 underwent immediate gastrectomy. A fully follow-up was performed: in the suture-plication group only 28.5% was symptonfree, the remaining 71.5% had recurrent dyspepsia or underwent definitive gastrectomy. Follow-up results of the immediate gastrectomy patients and elective gastrectomy patients are the same. The A. discuss the different procedures of treatment and their specific indications. Surgical treatment is the selected one and simple suture and immediate gastrectomy are not opposite.", "contents": "[The choice of operation in perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. The main point for a surgeon treating a perforated peptic ulcer is to choose between a simple treatment of the complication and a treatment both of complication and ulcer disease. So, the A. have analysed their series of 58 patients with perforated peptic ulcer: one patient underwent nasogastric suction as suggested by Taylor, 16 patients underwent suture plication of the perforation, 41 underwent immediate gastrectomy. A fully follow-up was performed: in the suture-plication group only 28.5% was symptonfree, the remaining 71.5% had recurrent dyspepsia or underwent definitive gastrectomy. Follow-up results of the immediate gastrectomy patients and elective gastrectomy patients are the same. The A. discuss the different procedures of treatment and their specific indications. Surgical treatment is the selected one and simple suture and immediate gastrectomy are not opposite.", "PMID": 503343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5875", "title": "[Modified Thal operation in the treatment of achalasia of the esophagus].", "content": "The results of modified Thal (cardioplasty with gastric patch) in the surgical treatment of oesophageal achalasia are reported. Clinical, endoscopic, radiological, pHmetric and manometric findings offer evidence of the value of the technique.", "contents": "[Modified Thal operation in the treatment of achalasia of the esophagus]. The results of modified Thal (cardioplasty with gastric patch) in the surgical treatment of oesophageal achalasia are reported. Clinical, endoscopic, radiological, pHmetric and manometric findings offer evidence of the value of the technique.", "PMID": 503344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5876", "title": "[Anti-edema activity of injectable Venoruton in abdominal surgery].", "content": "The anti-oedema activity of an injectable drug (HR; active principle: 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside) was assessed in 60 gastric extrahepatic bile duct, and large intestine surgery patients (30 being used as controls). Gastroscopy (with biopsy), gastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy (with biopsy) and radiological examination were usually performed on the 5th and 10th post-operative days. The drug showed significant therapeutic effects: rapid resolution of oedema, especially at the sutures, leading to early cicatrisation, canalisation and the prevention of dehiscence. Finally, duration of hospitalisation was less than in the untreated cases. The gastroscopic, radiographic and biopsy findings are considered to have shown clear evidence of the drug's action against oedema formation.", "contents": "[Anti-edema activity of injectable Venoruton in abdominal surgery]. The anti-oedema activity of an injectable drug (HR; active principle: 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside) was assessed in 60 gastric extrahepatic bile duct, and large intestine surgery patients (30 being used as controls). Gastroscopy (with biopsy), gastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy (with biopsy) and radiological examination were usually performed on the 5th and 10th post-operative days. The drug showed significant therapeutic effects: rapid resolution of oedema, especially at the sutures, leading to early cicatrisation, canalisation and the prevention of dehiscence. Finally, duration of hospitalisation was less than in the untreated cases. The gastroscopic, radiographic and biopsy findings are considered to have shown clear evidence of the drug's action against oedema formation.", "PMID": 503345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5877", "title": "[Non-appendicular primary pathology of the large intestine as a cause of emergency surgery. Clinico-statistical evaluation of its incidence in a provincial hospital].", "content": "Reference is made to the relevant literature in a description of cases of non-appendicular primary diseases of the large intestine necessitating emergency surgery at the Tradate District Hospital over the last five years. Emphasis is placed on the wide aetiological variety of these cases, their different clinical pictures, the types of operation performed, the possible complications, and the causes of death prior to discharge.", "contents": "[Non-appendicular primary pathology of the large intestine as a cause of emergency surgery. Clinico-statistical evaluation of its incidence in a provincial hospital]. Reference is made to the relevant literature in a description of cases of non-appendicular primary diseases of the large intestine necessitating emergency surgery at the Tradate District Hospital over the last five years. Emphasis is placed on the wide aetiological variety of these cases, their different clinical pictures, the types of operation performed, the possible complications, and the causes of death prior to discharge.", "PMID": 503346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5878", "title": "[Comparative observations on the course of different types of necrosis].", "content": "Histological comparison between cryonecrosis and thermonecrosis has shown that cryonecrosis in generally better delimited and surrounded by a layer of finer and more regular granulation tissue than thermonecrosis. Moreover, the course of the cold lesion is faster and is less open to phenomena of suppurative septic and oedematous phenomena.", "contents": "[Comparative observations on the course of different types of necrosis]. Histological comparison between cryonecrosis and thermonecrosis has shown that cryonecrosis in generally better delimited and surrounded by a layer of finer and more regular granulation tissue than thermonecrosis. Moreover, the course of the cold lesion is faster and is less open to phenomena of suppurative septic and oedematous phenomena.", "PMID": 503347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5879", "title": "[A case of pleuro-pericardial celomic cyst].", "content": "Reference is made to a case of coelomatic pleuropericardiac cyst in an account of the relative clinical silence of this form and the difficulties involved in its differential diagnosis. The aetiology, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of this patient are also described.", "contents": "[A case of pleuro-pericardial celomic cyst]. Reference is made to a case of coelomatic pleuropericardiac cyst in an account of the relative clinical silence of this form and the difficulties involved in its differential diagnosis. The aetiology, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of this patient are also described.", "PMID": 503348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5880", "title": "[A case of acute pancreatitis and ileal volvulus].", "content": "A case of pancreatitis that preceded and complicated, in the postoperative phase, one of ileal volvulus imprisoned in the Douglas and operated two days after admittance is reported. Clinical and laboratory data only permit hypotheses and this uncommon case of associated pathology is reported so that the situation can be borne in mind in the practical solution of surgical emergency.", "contents": "[A case of acute pancreatitis and ileal volvulus]. A case of pancreatitis that preceded and complicated, in the postoperative phase, one of ileal volvulus imprisoned in the Douglas and operated two days after admittance is reported. Clinical and laboratory data only permit hypotheses and this uncommon case of associated pathology is reported so that the situation can be borne in mind in the practical solution of surgical emergency.", "PMID": 503349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5881", "title": "[Clinical study on the use of methergoline for the inhibition of lactation during the puerperium].", "content": "Methergoline was administered for 5 consecutive days starting on the morning after delivery in the block of lactation in 30 patients. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated in terms of milk production, and mammary congestion and pain. The results obtained and the absence of side-effects showed that the drugs was very suitable for this purpose.", "contents": "[Clinical study on the use of methergoline for the inhibition of lactation during the puerperium]. Methergoline was administered for 5 consecutive days starting on the morning after delivery in the block of lactation in 30 patients. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated in terms of milk production, and mammary congestion and pain. The results obtained and the absence of side-effects showed that the drugs was very suitable for this purpose.", "PMID": 503350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5882", "title": "[Uterine surgery. Clinical results in 40 cases].", "content": "The results obtained in 40 cases of uterine malformation following metroplastic surgical correction have been examined. The technique employed is based on the Brett-Palmer technique with some variations designed by P. N. Siliquini aimed at respecting the myometrium of the two matrices.", "contents": "[Uterine surgery. Clinical results in 40 cases]. The results obtained in 40 cases of uterine malformation following metroplastic surgical correction have been examined. The technique employed is based on the Brett-Palmer technique with some variations designed by P. N. Siliquini aimed at respecting the myometrium of the two matrices.", "PMID": 503351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5883", "title": "[Reye's syndrome. Discussion of a clinical case].", "content": "A case of Reye's syndrome in an unweaned child aged 5 1/2 months is reported. The boy presented ingravescent neurological symptomatology accompanied by sporadic gastrointestinal signs and by marked renal impairment, with total, or nearly total absence of pathognomonic laboratory data. The diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy.", "contents": "[Reye's syndrome. Discussion of a clinical case]. A case of Reye's syndrome in an unweaned child aged 5 1/2 months is reported. The boy presented ingravescent neurological symptomatology accompanied by sporadic gastrointestinal signs and by marked renal impairment, with total, or nearly total absence of pathognomonic laboratory data. The diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy.", "PMID": 503352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5884", "title": "[Maternal and neonatal factors determining bilirubinemia during the 1st four days of life].", "content": "The influence of various maternal and neonatal factors on blood bilirubin is examined. An increase in neonatal values may be due to the relatively advanced age of the mother, whereas neonatal age, sex and weight, increase in maternal weight during pregnancy, and maternal body surface area would appear to be without influence.", "contents": "[Maternal and neonatal factors determining bilirubinemia during the 1st four days of life]. The influence of various maternal and neonatal factors on blood bilirubin is examined. An increase in neonatal values may be due to the relatively advanced age of the mother, whereas neonatal age, sex and weight, increase in maternal weight during pregnancy, and maternal body surface area would appear to be without influence.", "PMID": 503353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5885", "title": "[Bulbar hypertension in eye surgery].", "content": "Perfusion althesin, pentazocin and an association of halothane was used in more than 500 eye operations. A number of parameters (left humerus arterial pressure, heart rate, CVP, IOT) were measured and assesed statistically in 21 selected patients and a pathogenetic interpretation of observed bulbar hypotonia attempted. The important bulbar hypotonizing action brought on by this anaesthetic procedure, and the favourable course of surgery with the technique are confirmed.", "contents": "[Bulbar hypertension in eye surgery]. Perfusion althesin, pentazocin and an association of halothane was used in more than 500 eye operations. A number of parameters (left humerus arterial pressure, heart rate, CVP, IOT) were measured and assesed statistically in 21 selected patients and a pathogenetic interpretation of observed bulbar hypotonia attempted. The important bulbar hypotonizing action brought on by this anaesthetic procedure, and the favourable course of surgery with the technique are confirmed.", "PMID": 503354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5886", "title": "[Effect of prolonged nicotinic acid load on the tolbutamide test].", "content": "The action of prolonged, high doses of nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism has been studied. Results were discordant and did not throw light on the problem, and nor does the literature.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged nicotinic acid load on the tolbutamide test]. The action of prolonged, high doses of nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism has been studied. Results were discordant and did not throw light on the problem, and nor does the literature.", "PMID": 503356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5887", "title": "[Breast pneumocystography. 96 tentative cases].", "content": "Successful execution of mammary pneumocystography in 87-96 attempts is reported. A brief description of the method and a statistical assessment of the incidence and features of the cysts observed are followed by the expression of a very favourably judgment on the soundness of the technique, and the presentation of several of the more meaningful cases.", "contents": "[Breast pneumocystography. 96 tentative cases]. Successful execution of mammary pneumocystography in 87-96 attempts is reported. A brief description of the method and a statistical assessment of the incidence and features of the cysts observed are followed by the expression of a very favourably judgment on the soundness of the technique, and the presentation of several of the more meaningful cases.", "PMID": 503357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5888", "title": "[Our experience in preoperative embolization in kidney neoplasms].", "content": "11 cases of preoperative embolization with Spongostan in renal tumours are reported. Contraindications, indications and the by no means negligible advantages which application of this technique offers the surgeon are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Our experience in preoperative embolization in kidney neoplasms]. 11 cases of preoperative embolization with Spongostan in renal tumours are reported. Contraindications, indications and the by no means negligible advantages which application of this technique offers the surgeon are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 503358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5889", "title": "[Facial telethermography in the diagnosis of carotid insufficiency in the extracranial sector].", "content": "The usefulness of facial telethermography in the diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency owing to occlusion of the extracranial vessels is discussed. The method has proved of great assistance in the screening of patients with vascular diseases, and in the choice of a subsequent contrastographic examination. It gave a significant number of positive findings in cases of insufficiency of the internal carotid artery. The number of false positives and false negatives was virtually negligible.", "contents": "[Facial telethermography in the diagnosis of carotid insufficiency in the extracranial sector]. The usefulness of facial telethermography in the diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency owing to occlusion of the extracranial vessels is discussed. The method has proved of great assistance in the screening of patients with vascular diseases, and in the choice of a subsequent contrastographic examination. It gave a significant number of positive findings in cases of insufficiency of the internal carotid artery. The number of false positives and false negatives was virtually negligible.", "PMID": 503359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5890", "title": "[Value of thermography in the postoperative control in direct arterial surgery].", "content": "21 patients suffering from arteriopathy of the lower extremities and treated with a variety of surgical techniques and arterial recanalization have been studied by means of pre- and post-operative angiography and thermography. After analysing the results, the value of thermography, particularly as regards assessment of the surgical results and subsequent long-term controls, is confirmed.", "contents": "[Value of thermography in the postoperative control in direct arterial surgery]. 21 patients suffering from arteriopathy of the lower extremities and treated with a variety of surgical techniques and arterial recanalization have been studied by means of pre- and post-operative angiography and thermography. After analysing the results, the value of thermography, particularly as regards assessment of the surgical results and subsequent long-term controls, is confirmed.", "PMID": 503360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5891", "title": "[Distribution and incidence of malignant tumors in various valleys of the Biella district].", "content": "Statistical assessment is made of the cases of malignant recorded in the Piedmont Tumour Register for the nine Biella districts in the period 1965-1971. Differences in the distribution of tumours were noted. Taken overall, however, the results in the Biella district, the province of Vercelli, and the rest of Piedmont were much the same.", "contents": "[Distribution and incidence of malignant tumors in various valleys of the Biella district]. Statistical assessment is made of the cases of malignant recorded in the Piedmont Tumour Register for the nine Biella districts in the period 1965-1971. Differences in the distribution of tumours were noted. Taken overall, however, the results in the Biella district, the province of Vercelli, and the rest of Piedmont were much the same.", "PMID": 503361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5892", "title": "[Considerations on myocardial scintigraphy with 201thallium after stress].", "content": "An heterogeneous group of 12 patients has been studied with 201thallium myocardial scintigraphy after stress (MSS); has been used an electronic calculator which made it possible to increase the reliability of the method. Eight patients were males, 4 females; the average age were 52.6 years. The 201thallium (1.7-2 mCi) is injected (through a Teflon cannula inserted in the forearm) 1' before the interruption of the stress test on the cycloergometer. After 10' tests are made in AP-LAO and LL view; a second test is carried out after an hour, and, if necessary, after 4-6 hours time. The results are interpreted as: a) positive: absence (++) or obvious defect in perfusion (+); b) negative: normal perfusion (-); c) questionable: activity not significantly reduced (+/-). In some cases, the authors studied correlations and discordances between MSS and clinical, coronarographic and echocardiographic data. It has been considered moreover, the uptake's and release's variations of the radio-isotope in relation with experimental knowledge of myocardial extraction and clearance. We conclude by emphasizing the interest of this method and suggesting some practical considerations: 1) Patients with negative MSS don't need coronarography. 2) Positive MSS, but restricted deficit, good delayed reperfusion, good clinical pharmacological control would permit a delay of coronarography. 3) Clear multiple deficit need coronarography. 4) Usefulness of the MSS for long-term control of the evolution of coronary disease and of patients operated of aortocoronary bypass.", "contents": "[Considerations on myocardial scintigraphy with 201thallium after stress]. An heterogeneous group of 12 patients has been studied with 201thallium myocardial scintigraphy after stress (MSS); has been used an electronic calculator which made it possible to increase the reliability of the method. Eight patients were males, 4 females; the average age were 52.6 years. The 201thallium (1.7-2 mCi) is injected (through a Teflon cannula inserted in the forearm) 1' before the interruption of the stress test on the cycloergometer. After 10' tests are made in AP-LAO and LL view; a second test is carried out after an hour, and, if necessary, after 4-6 hours time. The results are interpreted as: a) positive: absence (++) or obvious defect in perfusion (+); b) negative: normal perfusion (-); c) questionable: activity not significantly reduced (+/-). In some cases, the authors studied correlations and discordances between MSS and clinical, coronarographic and echocardiographic data. It has been considered moreover, the uptake's and release's variations of the radio-isotope in relation with experimental knowledge of myocardial extraction and clearance. We conclude by emphasizing the interest of this method and suggesting some practical considerations: 1) Patients with negative MSS don't need coronarography. 2) Positive MSS, but restricted deficit, good delayed reperfusion, good clinical pharmacological control would permit a delay of coronarography. 3) Clear multiple deficit need coronarography. 4) Usefulness of the MSS for long-term control of the evolution of coronary disease and of patients operated of aortocoronary bypass.", "PMID": 503362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5893", "title": "Eisenmenger's syndrome and pregnancy.", "content": "Two additional cases of successfully managed Eisenmenger's syndrome (ES) during pregnancy are described. A review of the literature on this subject revealed 115 reported cases, of which only 44 (including our two cases) were felt to be adequately documented, representing 70 pregnancies. These formed the material for statistical evaluation. Fifty-two per cent of all patients died in connection with pregnancy. Thirty and three-tenths per cent of all pregnancies results in maternal death. Maternal mortality in first, second, and third pregnancies was not significantly different. A high incidence of maternal death was assoicated with hypovolemia, thromboembolic phenomena and preeclampsia, but mortality was not higher in the toxemia than in the non-toxemia group. Cesarean sections and other operations are associated with extremely high maternal mortality during pregnancy. Thirty-four per cent of all vaginal deliveries, three out of four cesarean sections, and only 1 out of 14 pregnancy interruptions (the only one by hysterotomy) resulted in maternal death. Abortions are significantly safer than any kind of delivery (p less than 0.05). Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most frequent underlying shunt defect. Maternal mortality in association with VSD is higher (60%) than in association with atrial septal defect (ASD) (44%) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (41.7%). The majority of maternal deaths occurred during or within the first week after delivery. Only 25.6 per cent of all pregnancies reached term. At least 54.9 per cent of all deliveries occurred prematurely. Thirty and two-tenths per cent of all infants showed intrauterine growth retardation. This represented almost half of all new borns with available information. Perinatal mortality reached 28.3 per cent and was significantly associated with prematurity (p less than 0.001). Pregnancy is contraindicated in patients with ES. Abortion is the treatment of choice, once pregnancy has occurred. Where interruption of pregnancy is refused, utmost care must be taken to assure maternal and fetal survival. A protocol for the management of such pregnancies is discussed on the basis of available information.", "contents": "Eisenmenger's syndrome and pregnancy. Two additional cases of successfully managed Eisenmenger's syndrome (ES) during pregnancy are described. A review of the literature on this subject revealed 115 reported cases, of which only 44 (including our two cases) were felt to be adequately documented, representing 70 pregnancies. These formed the material for statistical evaluation. Fifty-two per cent of all patients died in connection with pregnancy. Thirty and three-tenths per cent of all pregnancies results in maternal death. Maternal mortality in first, second, and third pregnancies was not significantly different. A high incidence of maternal death was assoicated with hypovolemia, thromboembolic phenomena and preeclampsia, but mortality was not higher in the toxemia than in the non-toxemia group. Cesarean sections and other operations are associated with extremely high maternal mortality during pregnancy. Thirty-four per cent of all vaginal deliveries, three out of four cesarean sections, and only 1 out of 14 pregnancy interruptions (the only one by hysterotomy) resulted in maternal death. Abortions are significantly safer than any kind of delivery (p less than 0.05). Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most frequent underlying shunt defect. Maternal mortality in association with VSD is higher (60%) than in association with atrial septal defect (ASD) (44%) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (41.7%). The majority of maternal deaths occurred during or within the first week after delivery. Only 25.6 per cent of all pregnancies reached term. At least 54.9 per cent of all deliveries occurred prematurely. Thirty and two-tenths per cent of all infants showed intrauterine growth retardation. This represented almost half of all new borns with available information. Perinatal mortality reached 28.3 per cent and was significantly associated with prematurity (p less than 0.001). Pregnancy is contraindicated in patients with ES. Abortion is the treatment of choice, once pregnancy has occurred. Where interruption of pregnancy is refused, utmost care must be taken to assure maternal and fetal survival. A protocol for the management of such pregnancies is discussed on the basis of available information.", "PMID": 503376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5894", "title": "The streak gonad syndrome.", "content": "The streak gonad syndrome is described in detail with a reveiw of the literature and a report on the diagnosis of 38 additional patients. Certain signs and symptoms of the syndrome are always present, ie, female phenotype, primary amenorrhea, infantile breast status, sparse public and axillary hair, infantile external genitalia and vagina, atrophic vaginal smear, immature uterus, high serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, low urinary estrogen, retarded ossification, osteoporosis, and the streak gonad. Therefore, they are considered to be cardinal features. Certain somatic anomalies known as associated stigmata occur with varying frequency in accordance with the karyotype. Thus, patients with the streak gonad syndrome can be classified into groups according to their chromosomal complements. It is believed that the term streak gonad syndrome instead of Turner's syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, or other terms is a much more accurate description of the syndrome, at least from the clinician's point of view.", "contents": "The streak gonad syndrome. The streak gonad syndrome is described in detail with a reveiw of the literature and a report on the diagnosis of 38 additional patients. Certain signs and symptoms of the syndrome are always present, ie, female phenotype, primary amenorrhea, infantile breast status, sparse public and axillary hair, infantile external genitalia and vagina, atrophic vaginal smear, immature uterus, high serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, low urinary estrogen, retarded ossification, osteoporosis, and the streak gonad. Therefore, they are considered to be cardinal features. Certain somatic anomalies known as associated stigmata occur with varying frequency in accordance with the karyotype. Thus, patients with the streak gonad syndrome can be classified into groups according to their chromosomal complements. It is believed that the term streak gonad syndrome instead of Turner's syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, or other terms is a much more accurate description of the syndrome, at least from the clinician's point of view.", "PMID": 503377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5895", "title": "True hermaphroditism with peripheral blood and gonadal karyotyping.", "content": "Eight documented cases of true hermaphroditism have been seen in the reproductive endocrine unit at the Medical College of Georgia since 1969. There was histologic evidence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in all cases. Seven patients had peripheral blood karyotypes: 6 had normal 46,XX peripheral blood karyotypes, and 1 patient had a normal 46,XY blood karyotype. Four of the 7 patients studied had chromosomal analysis of 1 or both gonads. Five gonads were karyotyped as 46,XX and 1 revealed a mosaic gonadal pattern of 46,XX/46,XY. The clinical features, anatomic findings, and cytogenetic studies of these patients are reviewed. Discordant findings in peripheral blood and gonadal chromosomes are discussed.", "contents": "True hermaphroditism with peripheral blood and gonadal karyotyping. Eight documented cases of true hermaphroditism have been seen in the reproductive endocrine unit at the Medical College of Georgia since 1969. There was histologic evidence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in all cases. Seven patients had peripheral blood karyotypes: 6 had normal 46,XX peripheral blood karyotypes, and 1 patient had a normal 46,XY blood karyotype. Four of the 7 patients studied had chromosomal analysis of 1 or both gonads. Five gonads were karyotyped as 46,XX and 1 revealed a mosaic gonadal pattern of 46,XX/46,XY. The clinical features, anatomic findings, and cytogenetic studies of these patients are reviewed. Discordant findings in peripheral blood and gonadal chromosomes are discussed.", "PMID": 503378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5896", "title": "A comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin in the treatment of pelvic infections.", "content": "Seventy-five women admitted with the symptom complex suggestive of pelvic inflammatory disease( PID) were started on a penicillin-aminoglycoside antibiotic regimen. An aminoglycoside, gentamicin or netilmicin (Schering-Plough), was chosen randomly and given parenterally. Forty-two patients received netilmicin and 33 received gentamicin for 5 days. Therapeutic response to the 2 antibiotic regimens was similar. Aminoglycosides have been associated with both nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Blood chemistries were studied in all patients. The only manifested toxicity was in 2 patients treated with gentamicin. Endometrial-endocervical cultures were obtained before and after therapy. The microbacteria isolated by standard culture techniques before therapy revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 69% and 51% of the netilmicin and gentamicin groups, respectively; anaerobic organisms were cultured in about 75% of each group.", "contents": "A comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin in the treatment of pelvic infections. Seventy-five women admitted with the symptom complex suggestive of pelvic inflammatory disease( PID) were started on a penicillin-aminoglycoside antibiotic regimen. An aminoglycoside, gentamicin or netilmicin (Schering-Plough), was chosen randomly and given parenterally. Forty-two patients received netilmicin and 33 received gentamicin for 5 days. Therapeutic response to the 2 antibiotic regimens was similar. Aminoglycosides have been associated with both nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Blood chemistries were studied in all patients. The only manifested toxicity was in 2 patients treated with gentamicin. Endometrial-endocervical cultures were obtained before and after therapy. The microbacteria isolated by standard culture techniques before therapy revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 69% and 51% of the netilmicin and gentamicin groups, respectively; anaerobic organisms were cultured in about 75% of each group.", "PMID": 503379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5897", "title": "T mycoplasma in human reproductive failure.", "content": "In a study of 50 women of child-bearing age, half of whom had infertility problems, it was demonstrated that the infertile group more commonly yielded Ureaplasma urealyticum on culture (84% versus 60%), had more than twice the recoveries from the endocervical canal than fertile women had (80% verse 36%), and grew a much higher log number of T mycoplasma from this locus. No particular serotype predominated as an isolate from infertile women in this study, although antisera to serotype 3 inhibited growth of most of the T mycoplasma recovered. Strains insensitive to erythromycin were recoverable from more than half of the fertile women. Of 143 patients without fertility problems there was no significant difference in Ureaplasma isolation between women who used an intrauterine device (IUD) and those who did not.", "contents": "T mycoplasma in human reproductive failure. In a study of 50 women of child-bearing age, half of whom had infertility problems, it was demonstrated that the infertile group more commonly yielded Ureaplasma urealyticum on culture (84% versus 60%), had more than twice the recoveries from the endocervical canal than fertile women had (80% verse 36%), and grew a much higher log number of T mycoplasma from this locus. No particular serotype predominated as an isolate from infertile women in this study, although antisera to serotype 3 inhibited growth of most of the T mycoplasma recovered. Strains insensitive to erythromycin were recoverable from more than half of the fertile women. Of 143 patients without fertility problems there was no significant difference in Ureaplasma isolation between women who used an intrauterine device (IUD) and those who did not.", "PMID": 503380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5898", "title": "The clitoral index: a bioassay of androgenic stimulation.", "content": "The glans clitoris is a target organ that is responsive to androgenic stimuli and enlarges throughout life. The size of the glans clitoris can be quantitated by determining the clitoral index (CI), which is the product of the sagittal and transverse diameters of the glans. Four hundred ten patients, ranging in age from 17 to 35 years, were examined. Ninety-five percent of 249 normal women had a CI less than 35 mm2. Of 85 patients with clitoromegaly (CI greater than 35 mm2) in addition to at least 1 other clinical sign of excess adrogenic stimulation, 53 (62%) had abnormally high values for either or both total serum testosterone and 17-ketosteroid levels. The CI is a useful bioassay for the clinical recognition of excess androgenic stimulation.", "contents": "The clitoral index: a bioassay of androgenic stimulation. The glans clitoris is a target organ that is responsive to androgenic stimuli and enlarges throughout life. The size of the glans clitoris can be quantitated by determining the clitoral index (CI), which is the product of the sagittal and transverse diameters of the glans. Four hundred ten patients, ranging in age from 17 to 35 years, were examined. Ninety-five percent of 249 normal women had a CI less than 35 mm2. Of 85 patients with clitoromegaly (CI greater than 35 mm2) in addition to at least 1 other clinical sign of excess adrogenic stimulation, 53 (62%) had abnormally high values for either or both total serum testosterone and 17-ketosteroid levels. The CI is a useful bioassay for the clinical recognition of excess androgenic stimulation.", "PMID": 503381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5899", "title": "Microsurgical conization of the cervix by carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "The carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been used to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasis (CIN) by vaporization of colposcopically visible lesions. Recently, several investigators have reported a series of laser-treated CIN with very promising cure rates. The use of the laser to excise cervical tissue surgically has been neglected. A series of patients who have undergone cervical cone biopsies taken by the CO2 laser is presented. The tissue sections obtained from these cone biopsies are suitable for pathologic interpretation and study. The complication rate for cervical conization by laser is very low. Other advantages of this method of cervical conization are discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical conization of the cervix by carbon dioxide laser. The carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been used to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasis (CIN) by vaporization of colposcopically visible lesions. Recently, several investigators have reported a series of laser-treated CIN with very promising cure rates. The use of the laser to excise cervical tissue surgically has been neglected. A series of patients who have undergone cervical cone biopsies taken by the CO2 laser is presented. The tissue sections obtained from these cone biopsies are suitable for pathologic interpretation and study. The complication rate for cervical conization by laser is very low. Other advantages of this method of cervical conization are discussed.", "PMID": 503382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5900", "title": "Accuracy of lymphangiography in the diagnosis of paraaortic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the use of lymphograms as a method of diagnosing cancer of the cervix metastatic to the paraaortic lymph nodes. Twenty-one patients underwent lymphograms, surgical biopsy, and histologic examination of the paraaortic nodes. The specificity of lymphangiographic examinations is not accurate enough to be of clinical significance in the detection of paraaortic lymph node metastasis from carcinoma of the cervix. Lymphangiography can be of assistance in locating suspicious lymph nodes. These nodes should then be biopsied. The final therapeutic decisions should be based on tissue diagnosis.", "contents": "Accuracy of lymphangiography in the diagnosis of paraaortic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix. A study was undertaken to evaluate the use of lymphograms as a method of diagnosing cancer of the cervix metastatic to the paraaortic lymph nodes. Twenty-one patients underwent lymphograms, surgical biopsy, and histologic examination of the paraaortic nodes. The specificity of lymphangiographic examinations is not accurate enough to be of clinical significance in the detection of paraaortic lymph node metastasis from carcinoma of the cervix. Lymphangiography can be of assistance in locating suspicious lymph nodes. These nodes should then be biopsied. The final therapeutic decisions should be based on tissue diagnosis.", "PMID": 503383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5901", "title": "Lipoid cell tumor of the ovary.", "content": "An androgen-secreting tumor of the left ovary was preoperatively localized in a 55-year-old virilized woman by radioimmunoassay of blood androgens. The blood sample was obtained by bilateral catheterization of the ovarian and adrenal veins using a percutaneous retrograde femoral approach. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, and revealed a lipoid cell tumor of the left ovary and right ovarian stromal hyperplasia. Despite early postoperative return of plasma adrogens to the normal range, virilizing signs persisted almost unchanged 1 year after surgery.", "contents": "Lipoid cell tumor of the ovary. An androgen-secreting tumor of the left ovary was preoperatively localized in a 55-year-old virilized woman by radioimmunoassay of blood androgens. The blood sample was obtained by bilateral catheterization of the ovarian and adrenal veins using a percutaneous retrograde femoral approach. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, and revealed a lipoid cell tumor of the left ovary and right ovarian stromal hyperplasia. Despite early postoperative return of plasma adrogens to the normal range, virilizing signs persisted almost unchanged 1 year after surgery.", "PMID": 503384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5902", "title": "Comparison of prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin for induction of labor.", "content": "One hundred nulliparas at term were randomly given oxytocin intravenously or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel (0.5 mg PGE2) intracervically in order to study the effect on cervical ripening and the frequency of successful inductions. In the presence of a favorable cervix both methods seemed equally efficacious in inducing labor. However, when the cervix was unfavorable, 53% of the patients could be delivered with PGE2 gel, compared with 31% when oxytocin was given. In patients with a highly unfavorable cervix this difference was significant (P less than 0.02). In patients not induced into labor, PGE2 gel caused a considerable ripening of the cervix, with a change in Bishop score from 2.9 to 6.3. In patients undelivered after oxytocin stimulation, no change in Bishop score occurred. This effect of locally applied PGE2 gel on cervical ripening was highly significant (P less than 0.001). No adverse maternal or perinatal effects were observed, irrespective of the mode of treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin for induction of labor. One hundred nulliparas at term were randomly given oxytocin intravenously or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel (0.5 mg PGE2) intracervically in order to study the effect on cervical ripening and the frequency of successful inductions. In the presence of a favorable cervix both methods seemed equally efficacious in inducing labor. However, when the cervix was unfavorable, 53% of the patients could be delivered with PGE2 gel, compared with 31% when oxytocin was given. In patients with a highly unfavorable cervix this difference was significant (P less than 0.02). In patients not induced into labor, PGE2 gel caused a considerable ripening of the cervix, with a change in Bishop score from 2.9 to 6.3. In patients undelivered after oxytocin stimulation, no change in Bishop score occurred. This effect of locally applied PGE2 gel on cervical ripening was highly significant (P less than 0.001). No adverse maternal or perinatal effects were observed, irrespective of the mode of treatment.", "PMID": 503385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5903", "title": "Body temperature recordings during oral prostaglandin E2 induction of labor.", "content": "Body temperature measurements have been recorded in 99 patients during the course of labor induction with oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). From the data obtained, there is no evidence that oral PGE2, in the usual dosage for induction of labor, acts as a pyretic agent. If fever is encountered during the course of an oral PGE2 induction, the obstetrician would be advised to look for some other cause for the temperature elevation.", "contents": "Body temperature recordings during oral prostaglandin E2 induction of labor. Body temperature measurements have been recorded in 99 patients during the course of labor induction with oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). From the data obtained, there is no evidence that oral PGE2, in the usual dosage for induction of labor, acts as a pyretic agent. If fever is encountered during the course of an oral PGE2 induction, the obstetrician would be advised to look for some other cause for the temperature elevation.", "PMID": 503386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5904", "title": "Ripening of the term cervix with laminaria.", "content": "Laminaria tents were used to ripen the cervix in cases where induction of labor was indicated and the Bishop score was less than or equal to 5. Induction of labor was significantly more successful in these cases as compared with a matched control group where the cervix had not been ripened.", "contents": "Ripening of the term cervix with laminaria. Laminaria tents were used to ripen the cervix in cases where induction of labor was indicated and the Bishop score was less than or equal to 5. Induction of labor was significantly more successful in these cases as compared with a matched control group where the cervix had not been ripened.", "PMID": 503387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5905", "title": "The fetal and labor outcome of 102 positive contraction stress tests.", "content": "A total of 5447 contraction stress tests (CST) were performed on 3246 high-risk patients during pregnancy. Positive tests occurred in 102 patients (3.1%), 59 of whom had primary cesarean sections. Labor was induced in 40 patients (39.2%), and 17 developed cardiotocographic evidence of fetal distress. In 2 patients labor was terminated due to prolapse of the umblilical cord, and the remaining 21 patients did not develop fetal distress. Fetal distress was more common in patients with proved intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and where the acceleration patterns were not noted during the CST. Only 23% of the patients delivered vaginally. The fetal loss was 100% in those infants weighing less than 1000 g, but no infant weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g died. The overall perinatal mortality was 8.7%. The incidence of late decelerations during labor, low 5-minute Apgar scores, and small-for-date infants was significantly higher in patients with positive stress tests than in a control group of 257 patients with negative stress tests done over the same period of time.", "contents": "The fetal and labor outcome of 102 positive contraction stress tests. A total of 5447 contraction stress tests (CST) were performed on 3246 high-risk patients during pregnancy. Positive tests occurred in 102 patients (3.1%), 59 of whom had primary cesarean sections. Labor was induced in 40 patients (39.2%), and 17 developed cardiotocographic evidence of fetal distress. In 2 patients labor was terminated due to prolapse of the umblilical cord, and the remaining 21 patients did not develop fetal distress. Fetal distress was more common in patients with proved intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and where the acceleration patterns were not noted during the CST. Only 23% of the patients delivered vaginally. The fetal loss was 100% in those infants weighing less than 1000 g, but no infant weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g died. The overall perinatal mortality was 8.7%. The incidence of late decelerations during labor, low 5-minute Apgar scores, and small-for-date infants was significantly higher in patients with positive stress tests than in a control group of 257 patients with negative stress tests done over the same period of time.", "PMID": 503388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5906", "title": "Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation via ultrasonically measured head/abdominal circumference ratios.", "content": "This prospective study examines the reliability of ultrasonically measured head/abdominal (H/A) ratios in detecting uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI)-related intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in 47 patients. Normal H/A ratios were found in 37 (79%) fetuses. None of these infants was classified as small for gestational age (SGA) on newborn pediatric evaluation. Ten fetuses (21%) had H/A ratios greater than +2 SD for gestational age. On this basis, UPI-related IUGR was correctly predicted in all 10 infants. It is concluded that the H/A ratio is a sensitive indicator of UPI-related IUGR. Moreover, this technique is particularly valuable in patients referred for initial scanning after 30 weeks' gestation when it is difficult to distinguish accurately between true IUGR and an \"error in dates\" on the basis of biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements alone.", "contents": "Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation via ultrasonically measured head/abdominal circumference ratios. This prospective study examines the reliability of ultrasonically measured head/abdominal (H/A) ratios in detecting uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI)-related intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in 47 patients. Normal H/A ratios were found in 37 (79%) fetuses. None of these infants was classified as small for gestational age (SGA) on newborn pediatric evaluation. Ten fetuses (21%) had H/A ratios greater than +2 SD for gestational age. On this basis, UPI-related IUGR was correctly predicted in all 10 infants. It is concluded that the H/A ratio is a sensitive indicator of UPI-related IUGR. Moreover, this technique is particularly valuable in patients referred for initial scanning after 30 weeks' gestation when it is difficult to distinguish accurately between true IUGR and an \"error in dates\" on the basis of biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements alone.", "PMID": 503389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5907", "title": "The management of severe toxemia in patients at less than 36 weeks' gestation.", "content": "Fifty-five patients at less than 36 weeks' gestation with severe toxemia were treated conservatively. The pregnancies were continued for a mean duration of 19.2 days and the mean gestation at delivery was 35.2 weeks. Fifty-three percent of the deliveries were by cesarean section. Of the neonates, 56.5% showed severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 17% had asphyxia neonatorum, and 13.2% developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There were 3 stillbirths and 2 neonatal deaths for a mortality rate of 8.9% and a corrected rate of 7.1%.", "contents": "The management of severe toxemia in patients at less than 36 weeks' gestation. Fifty-five patients at less than 36 weeks' gestation with severe toxemia were treated conservatively. The pregnancies were continued for a mean duration of 19.2 days and the mean gestation at delivery was 35.2 weeks. Fifty-three percent of the deliveries were by cesarean section. Of the neonates, 56.5% showed severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 17% had asphyxia neonatorum, and 13.2% developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There were 3 stillbirths and 2 neonatal deaths for a mortality rate of 8.9% and a corrected rate of 7.1%.", "PMID": 503390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5908", "title": "Effects of ethanol on the circulation and acid-base balance of pregnant sheep.", "content": "Nine infusions of 15 cc/kg/120 min of 9.5% ethanol were administered to 4 chronically catheterized ewes, at 109-135 days' gestation. Stabilization periods ranged from 6 to 28 days postoperatively. Maternal and fetal concentrations of ethanol were almost identical (r = 0.9925), with peak levels of 122 +/- 20 mg/100 ml (mean +/- 1 SE) and 121 +/- 19 mg/100 ml, respectively, at the end of infusion. Maternal pH decreased from 7.50 +/- 0.02 to 7.44 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.005) at 120 minutes. Maternal glycemia increased from 76 +/- 14 mg/100 ml to 162 +/- 23 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.005) at 120 minutes. Maternal heart rate, blood pressure, PO2, O2 content, PCO2, and bicarbonate remained unchanged. Fetal PO2 increased during and following infusion from 18.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg to 22.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg (P less than 0.005) at 180 minutes. Fetal blood pressure increased from 51.3 +/- 3.1 mmHg to 53.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg (P less than 0.01) at 30 minutes. Fetal pH, PCO2, glucose, and lactate levels remained unchanged. The authors conclude that ethanol crosses the sheep placenta readily, causes maternal acidosis and hyperglycemia, and increases fetal PO2, blood pressure, and heart rate without any effects on fetal acid-base status.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on the circulation and acid-base balance of pregnant sheep. Nine infusions of 15 cc/kg/120 min of 9.5% ethanol were administered to 4 chronically catheterized ewes, at 109-135 days' gestation. Stabilization periods ranged from 6 to 28 days postoperatively. Maternal and fetal concentrations of ethanol were almost identical (r = 0.9925), with peak levels of 122 +/- 20 mg/100 ml (mean +/- 1 SE) and 121 +/- 19 mg/100 ml, respectively, at the end of infusion. Maternal pH decreased from 7.50 +/- 0.02 to 7.44 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.005) at 120 minutes. Maternal glycemia increased from 76 +/- 14 mg/100 ml to 162 +/- 23 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.005) at 120 minutes. Maternal heart rate, blood pressure, PO2, O2 content, PCO2, and bicarbonate remained unchanged. Fetal PO2 increased during and following infusion from 18.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg to 22.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg (P less than 0.005) at 180 minutes. Fetal blood pressure increased from 51.3 +/- 3.1 mmHg to 53.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg (P less than 0.01) at 30 minutes. Fetal pH, PCO2, glucose, and lactate levels remained unchanged. The authors conclude that ethanol crosses the sheep placenta readily, causes maternal acidosis and hyperglycemia, and increases fetal PO2, blood pressure, and heart rate without any effects on fetal acid-base status.", "PMID": 503391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5909", "title": "Serum levels of placental alkaline phosphatase in high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "A recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) for placental alkaline phosphatase (paf) was used to estimate the maternal serum levels of the enzyme in 51 women with various complications of pregnancy. The results were compared with a reference group of 242 women with apparently normal pregnancies. Women with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) or severe or mild preeclampsia had significantly low weight of the fetoplacental unit. Simultaneous determinations of PAF in maternal serum and the urinary total estrogen/24 hr gave a clear differentiation of the IUGR group from the other pregnancies at risk. All PAF values from risk pregnancies were below the mean values of normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum levels of placental alkaline phosphatase in high-risk pregnancies. A recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) for placental alkaline phosphatase (paf) was used to estimate the maternal serum levels of the enzyme in 51 women with various complications of pregnancy. The results were compared with a reference group of 242 women with apparently normal pregnancies. Women with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) or severe or mild preeclampsia had significantly low weight of the fetoplacental unit. Simultaneous determinations of PAF in maternal serum and the urinary total estrogen/24 hr gave a clear differentiation of the IUGR group from the other pregnancies at risk. All PAF values from risk pregnancies were below the mean values of normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 503392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5910", "title": "Alterations in the prothrombin coagulation pathway due to preeclampsia.", "content": "Circulating plasma levels of human prothrombin antigen and activity were determined in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, eclampsia, or preeclampsia. The ratio of prothrombin antigen to activity (Ag/Act) was within normal limits for all hypertensive patients. However, every untreated preeclamptic patient, as well as 2 eclamptic patients, had abnormal prothrombin antigen to activity ratios.", "contents": "Alterations in the prothrombin coagulation pathway due to preeclampsia. Circulating plasma levels of human prothrombin antigen and activity were determined in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, eclampsia, or preeclampsia. The ratio of prothrombin antigen to activity (Ag/Act) was within normal limits for all hypertensive patients. However, every untreated preeclamptic patient, as well as 2 eclamptic patients, had abnormal prothrombin antigen to activity ratios.", "PMID": 503393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5911", "title": "Evaluation of the FELMA microviscosimeter in predicting fetal lung maturity.", "content": "A new, rapid technique for determining fetal lung maturity, the FELMA, was tested against the standard lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in predicting hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The FELMA was tested on 236 samples, 154 of which were compared with the L/S ratio; 102 neonates were delivered within 48 hours. There was a significant correlation between methods ( r = 0.47). No neonate with a mature FELMA score developed HMD. Of 5 neonates with HMD, 2 had mature L/S ratio in predicting lung immaturity, providing a rapid result without the necessity of thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Evaluation of the FELMA microviscosimeter in predicting fetal lung maturity. A new, rapid technique for determining fetal lung maturity, the FELMA, was tested against the standard lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in predicting hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The FELMA was tested on 236 samples, 154 of which were compared with the L/S ratio; 102 neonates were delivered within 48 hours. There was a significant correlation between methods ( r = 0.47). No neonate with a mature FELMA score developed HMD. Of 5 neonates with HMD, 2 had mature L/S ratio in predicting lung immaturity, providing a rapid result without the necessity of thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 503394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5912", "title": "Proctectomy combined with vulvectomy for carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "Carcinoma of the vulva occasionally involves the anal canal and the lower rectum. A method is presented for removal of the vulva, anus, and distal rectum by the perineal approach.", "contents": "Proctectomy combined with vulvectomy for carcinoma of the vulva. Carcinoma of the vulva occasionally involves the anal canal and the lower rectum. A method is presented for removal of the vulva, anus, and distal rectum by the perineal approach.", "PMID": 503395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5913", "title": "Fetal heart rate tracing during sickle cell crisis: a cause for transient late decelerations.", "content": "A case of maternal sickle cell anemia crisis is presented. A continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) tracing demonstrates late decelerations that reversed when the mother's condition improved. The importance of recognizing this reversible late deceleration problem is discussed in terms of increasing fetal maturity.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate tracing during sickle cell crisis: a cause for transient late decelerations. A case of maternal sickle cell anemia crisis is presented. A continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) tracing demonstrates late decelerations that reversed when the mother's condition improved. The importance of recognizing this reversible late deceleration problem is discussed in terms of increasing fetal maturity.", "PMID": 503396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5914", "title": "Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy: new perspectives.", "content": "Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy is a condition characterized by pruritus, icterus, or both during pregnancy.  A total of 9 pregnancies complicated by cholestatic jaundice are presented. Three of these cases are presented in detail because they reflect complications that can occur with this condition. The literature on cholestatic jaundice is reviewed. This condition has been regarded in the past as benign to the mother and fetus, but these cases and other recent investigations suggest high perinatal mortality and morbidity rates.", "contents": "Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy: new perspectives. Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy is a condition characterized by pruritus, icterus, or both during pregnancy.  A total of 9 pregnancies complicated by cholestatic jaundice are presented. Three of these cases are presented in detail because they reflect complications that can occur with this condition. The literature on cholestatic jaundice is reviewed. This condition has been regarded in the past as benign to the mother and fetus, but these cases and other recent investigations suggest high perinatal mortality and morbidity rates.", "PMID": 503397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5915", "title": "Recurrent endodermal sinus tumor during pregnancy.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who was found to have an endodermal sinus tumor coincident with pregnancy. She maintained a complete clinical response for 12 months after conservative surgery, uterine aspiration, and multiple-agent chemotherapy. Tumor recurrence appeared with a second pregnancy. A healthy infant was delivered despite resumption of chemotherapy. The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy during pregnancy is reviewed.", "contents": "Recurrent endodermal sinus tumor during pregnancy. A case is reported of a patient who was found to have an endodermal sinus tumor coincident with pregnancy. She maintained a complete clinical response for 12 months after conservative surgery, uterine aspiration, and multiple-agent chemotherapy. Tumor recurrence appeared with a second pregnancy. A healthy infant was delivered despite resumption of chemotherapy. The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy during pregnancy is reviewed.", "PMID": 503398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5916", "title": "Endometrioid-type cystadenocarcinoma arising in the mesosalpinx.", "content": "A case is presented of what is believed to be the first reported instance of endometrioid-type cystadenocarcinoma discovered in a paraovarian cyst. The literature on paraovarian carcinomas is reviewed.", "contents": "Endometrioid-type cystadenocarcinoma arising in the mesosalpinx. A case is presented of what is believed to be the first reported instance of endometrioid-type cystadenocarcinoma discovered in a paraovarian cyst. The literature on paraovarian carcinomas is reviewed.", "PMID": 503399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5917", "title": "Brenner tumor and mucinous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy in a patient with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "A 64-year-old woman with a 45,X karyotype and Turner's syndrome and recent onset of right lower quadrant pain was found to have a mucinous cystadenoma with focal areas of borderline malignancy and a typical Brenner tumor in the right adnexa. Ovarian tumors in patients with a 45,X karyotype and Turner's syndrome are extremely rare. The present paper is the first report of concurrence of these 2 tumors in an affected individual. The simultaneous occurrence and intimate admixture of these tumors in a patient believed to be devoid of germ cells would seem to favor a common histogenesis from the germinal epithelium.", "contents": "Brenner tumor and mucinous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy in a patient with Turner's syndrome. A 64-year-old woman with a 45,X karyotype and Turner's syndrome and recent onset of right lower quadrant pain was found to have a mucinous cystadenoma with focal areas of borderline malignancy and a typical Brenner tumor in the right adnexa. Ovarian tumors in patients with a 45,X karyotype and Turner's syndrome are extremely rare. The present paper is the first report of concurrence of these 2 tumors in an affected individual. The simultaneous occurrence and intimate admixture of these tumors in a patient believed to be devoid of germ cells would seem to favor a common histogenesis from the germinal epithelium.", "PMID": 503400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5918", "title": "Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy.", "content": "A case of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy, appropriately diagnosed by conization, is reported. A review of the literature reveals that this neoplasm is rarely encountered during pregnancy. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this unusual lesion are suggested.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy. A case of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy, appropriately diagnosed by conization, is reported. A review of the literature reveals that this neoplasm is rarely encountered during pregnancy. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this unusual lesion are suggested.", "PMID": 503401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5919", "title": "Was the pre-biotic atmosphere of the earth heavily reducing?", "content": "A calculation of the net oxygen released by photosynthesis, and of the possible sinks for such oxygen, shows clearly that the pre-biotic atmosphere of the earth must have been heavily reducing.", "contents": "Was the pre-biotic atmosphere of the earth heavily reducing? A calculation of the net oxygen released by photosynthesis, and of the possible sinks for such oxygen, shows clearly that the pre-biotic atmosphere of the earth must have been heavily reducing.", "PMID": 503453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5920", "title": "Metalloporphyrins and molecular complexes of amino acids with porphyrins in juvenile volcanic ash.", "content": "In samples of juvenile ash of the volcano Tjatja, USSR (that erupted in 1973) metalloporphyrins were found. With respect to the fluorescence spectra free bases of the compounds were close to the pigments that formed in abiogenic synthesis experiments (predominance of long-wave length fluorescence band). The pigments detected occurred in the ash as molecular complexes with amino acids which seem to be a abiogenic origin. These findings are of interest in terms of exploration of the processes of chemical evolution and emergence of life on the Earth.", "contents": "Metalloporphyrins and molecular complexes of amino acids with porphyrins in juvenile volcanic ash. In samples of juvenile ash of the volcano Tjatja, USSR (that erupted in 1973) metalloporphyrins were found. With respect to the fluorescence spectra free bases of the compounds were close to the pigments that formed in abiogenic synthesis experiments (predominance of long-wave length fluorescence band). The pigments detected occurred in the ash as molecular complexes with amino acids which seem to be a abiogenic origin. These findings are of interest in terms of exploration of the processes of chemical evolution and emergence of life on the Earth.", "PMID": 503454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5921", "title": "The radioracemization of amino acids by ionizing radiation: geochemical and cosmochemical implications.", "content": "A number of optically active amino acids, both in the solid state and as sodium or hydrochloride salts in aqueous solution, have been exposed to ionizing radiation from a 3000 Ci60Co gamma-ray source to see if radioracemization might accompany their well-known radiolysis. gamma-Ray doses causing 55--68% radiolysis of solid amino acids typically engendered 2--5% racemization, while aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of amino acids which underwent 53--66% radiolysis showed 5--11% racemization. Amino acid hydrochloride salts in aqueous solution, on the other hand, showed little or no radioracemization accompanying their radiolysis. Both radiolysis and radioracemization were roughly proportional to gamma-ray dose in the range studied (1--36 x 10(6) rads). Mechanisms for the radioracemization of amino acids in the solid state and as aqueous sodium salts are discussed, and the absence of radioracemization for aqueous hydrochloride salts is rationalized. Isovaline, a non-protein amino acid which has been isolated from the Murchison meteorite, contains no alpha-hydrogen atom and is therefore incapable of racemization via the chemical mechanisms by which ordinary amino acids racemize. Nevertheless, isovaline suffers radioracemization in the solid state to an extent comparable to that shown by ordinary amino acids, as do its sodium and hydrochloride salts in the solid state. The sodium salt of isovaline in aqueous solution, however, fails to racemize during its radiolysis. Several implications of the newly described phenomenon of radiomization are pointed out for the fields of geochemistry and cosmochemistry.", "contents": "The radioracemization of amino acids by ionizing radiation: geochemical and cosmochemical implications. A number of optically active amino acids, both in the solid state and as sodium or hydrochloride salts in aqueous solution, have been exposed to ionizing radiation from a 3000 Ci60Co gamma-ray source to see if radioracemization might accompany their well-known radiolysis. gamma-Ray doses causing 55--68% radiolysis of solid amino acids typically engendered 2--5% racemization, while aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of amino acids which underwent 53--66% radiolysis showed 5--11% racemization. Amino acid hydrochloride salts in aqueous solution, on the other hand, showed little or no radioracemization accompanying their radiolysis. Both radiolysis and radioracemization were roughly proportional to gamma-ray dose in the range studied (1--36 x 10(6) rads). Mechanisms for the radioracemization of amino acids in the solid state and as aqueous sodium salts are discussed, and the absence of radioracemization for aqueous hydrochloride salts is rationalized. Isovaline, a non-protein amino acid which has been isolated from the Murchison meteorite, contains no alpha-hydrogen atom and is therefore incapable of racemization via the chemical mechanisms by which ordinary amino acids racemize. Nevertheless, isovaline suffers radioracemization in the solid state to an extent comparable to that shown by ordinary amino acids, as do its sodium and hydrochloride salts in the solid state. The sodium salt of isovaline in aqueous solution, however, fails to racemize during its radiolysis. Several implications of the newly described phenomenon of radiomization are pointed out for the fields of geochemistry and cosmochemistry.", "PMID": 503455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5922", "title": "Antiquity and evolutionary status of bacterial sulfate reduction: sulfur isotope evidence.", "content": "The presently available sedimentary sulfur isotope record for the Precambrian seems to allow the following conclusions: (1) In the Early Archaean, sedimentary delta 34S patterns attributable to bacteriogenic sulfate reduction are generally absent. In particular, the delta 34S spread observed in the Isua banded iron formation (3.7 x 10(9) yr) is extremely narrow and coincides completely with the respective spreads yielded by contemporaneous rocks of assumed mantle derivation. Incipient minor differentiation of the isotope pattersn notably of Archaean sulfates may be accounted for by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria rather than by sulfate reducers. (2) Isotopic evidence of dissimilatory sulfate reduction is first observed in the upper Archaean of the Aldan Shield, Siberia (approximately 3.0 x 10(9) yr) and in the Michipicoten and Woman River banded iron formations of Canada (2.75 x 10(9) yr). This narrows down the possible time of appearance of sulfate respirers to the interval 2.8--3.1 x 10(9) yr. (3) Various lines of evidence indicate that photosynthesis is older than sulfate respiration, the SO4(2-) Utilized by the first sulfate reducers deriving most probably from oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Sulfate respiration must, in turn, have antedated oxygen respiration as O2-respiring multicellular eucaryotes appear late in the Precambrian. (4) With the bulk of sulfate in the Archaean oceans probably produced by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, the accumulation of SO4(2-) in the ancient seas must have preceded the buildup of appreciable steady state levels of free oxygen. Hence, the occurrence of sulfate evaporites in Archaean sediments does not necessarily provide testimony of oxidation weathering on the ancient continents and, consequently, of the existence of an atmospheric oxygen reservoir.", "contents": "Antiquity and evolutionary status of bacterial sulfate reduction: sulfur isotope evidence. The presently available sedimentary sulfur isotope record for the Precambrian seems to allow the following conclusions: (1) In the Early Archaean, sedimentary delta 34S patterns attributable to bacteriogenic sulfate reduction are generally absent. In particular, the delta 34S spread observed in the Isua banded iron formation (3.7 x 10(9) yr) is extremely narrow and coincides completely with the respective spreads yielded by contemporaneous rocks of assumed mantle derivation. Incipient minor differentiation of the isotope pattersn notably of Archaean sulfates may be accounted for by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria rather than by sulfate reducers. (2) Isotopic evidence of dissimilatory sulfate reduction is first observed in the upper Archaean of the Aldan Shield, Siberia (approximately 3.0 x 10(9) yr) and in the Michipicoten and Woman River banded iron formations of Canada (2.75 x 10(9) yr). This narrows down the possible time of appearance of sulfate respirers to the interval 2.8--3.1 x 10(9) yr. (3) Various lines of evidence indicate that photosynthesis is older than sulfate respiration, the SO4(2-) Utilized by the first sulfate reducers deriving most probably from oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Sulfate respiration must, in turn, have antedated oxygen respiration as O2-respiring multicellular eucaryotes appear late in the Precambrian. (4) With the bulk of sulfate in the Archaean oceans probably produced by photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, the accumulation of SO4(2-) in the ancient seas must have preceded the buildup of appreciable steady state levels of free oxygen. Hence, the occurrence of sulfate evaporites in Archaean sediments does not necessarily provide testimony of oxidation weathering on the ancient continents and, consequently, of the existence of an atmospheric oxygen reservoir.", "PMID": 503456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5923", "title": "Archean photoautotrophy: some alternatives and limits.", "content": "From the Archean geological record, one can infer that photoautotrophy evolved early in earth history; however the nature of this photosynthesis -- whether it was predominately or cyanobacterial -- is less clearly understood. General agreement tht the earth's atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas. Accommodating this limitation in various ways, different workers have hypothesized (1) that blue-green algae frist evolved in the Early Proterozoic; (2) that oxygen producing proto-cyanobacteria existed in the Archean, but had no biochemical mechanism for coping with ambient O2; and (3) that true cyanobacteria flourished in the Archean, but did not oxygenate the atmosphere because of high rates of oxygen consumption caused, in part, by the emanation of reduced gases from widespread Archean volcanoes. Inversion of hypothesis three leads to another, as yet unexplored, alternative. It is possible that physiologically modern blue-green algae existed in Archean times, but had low productivity. Increased rates of primary production in the Early Proterozoic era resulted in the atmospheric transition documented in strata of this age. An answer to the question of why productivity should have changed from the Archean to the Proterozoic may lie in the differing tectonic frameworks of the two areas. The earliest evidence of widespread, stable, shallow marine platforms is found in Lower Proterozoic sedimentary sequnces. In such environments, productivity was, and is high. In contrast, Archean shallow water environments are often characterized by rapid rates of clastic and pyroclastic influx -- conditions that reduce rates of benthonic primary production. This hypothesis suggests that the temporal correlation of major shifts in tectonic mode and atmospheric composition may not be fortuitous. It also suggests that sedimentary environments may have constituted a significant limit to the abundance and diversity of early life.", "contents": "Archean photoautotrophy: some alternatives and limits. From the Archean geological record, one can infer that photoautotrophy evolved early in earth history; however the nature of this photosynthesis -- whether it was predominately or cyanobacterial -- is less clearly understood. General agreement tht the earth's atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas. Accommodating this limitation in various ways, different workers have hypothesized (1) that blue-green algae frist evolved in the Early Proterozoic; (2) that oxygen producing proto-cyanobacteria existed in the Archean, but had no biochemical mechanism for coping with ambient O2; and (3) that true cyanobacteria flourished in the Archean, but did not oxygenate the atmosphere because of high rates of oxygen consumption caused, in part, by the emanation of reduced gases from widespread Archean volcanoes. Inversion of hypothesis three leads to another, as yet unexplored, alternative. It is possible that physiologically modern blue-green algae existed in Archean times, but had low productivity. Increased rates of primary production in the Early Proterozoic era resulted in the atmospheric transition documented in strata of this age. An answer to the question of why productivity should have changed from the Archean to the Proterozoic may lie in the differing tectonic frameworks of the two areas. The earliest evidence of widespread, stable, shallow marine platforms is found in Lower Proterozoic sedimentary sequnces. In such environments, productivity was, and is high. In contrast, Archean shallow water environments are often characterized by rapid rates of clastic and pyroclastic influx -- conditions that reduce rates of benthonic primary production. This hypothesis suggests that the temporal correlation of major shifts in tectonic mode and atmospheric composition may not be fortuitous. It also suggests that sedimentary environments may have constituted a significant limit to the abundance and diversity of early life.", "PMID": 503457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5924", "title": "The Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices Classification Panel of the Food And Drug Administration.", "content": "The passage into law in 1976 of the Medical Device Amendments authorized the FDA to regulate the safety and efficacy of medical devices. The effects of this regulation are contrasted with the mode of entry of medical devices onto the market prior to 1976. The structure and operation of Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices Classification Panel is described briefly. Continued input from otolaryngologists and allied professionals is encouraged.", "contents": "The Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices Classification Panel of the Food And Drug Administration. The passage into law in 1976 of the Medical Device Amendments authorized the FDA to regulate the safety and efficacy of medical devices. The effects of this regulation are contrasted with the mode of entry of medical devices onto the market prior to 1976. The structure and operation of Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices Classification Panel is described briefly. Continued input from otolaryngologists and allied professionals is encouraged.", "PMID": 503469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5925", "title": "Solitary neurogenous sarcomas of the head and neck.", "content": "The clinical histories of three patients with neurogenous sarcomas involving the head and neck are detailed. The most satisfactory treatment suggested for such tumors involves combined therapy with chemotherapy, radiation, and radical surgical excision. By so doing, potential patient cure might be further increased and survival rates further improved.", "contents": "Solitary neurogenous sarcomas of the head and neck. The clinical histories of three patients with neurogenous sarcomas involving the head and neck are detailed. The most satisfactory treatment suggested for such tumors involves combined therapy with chemotherapy, radiation, and radical surgical excision. By so doing, potential patient cure might be further increased and survival rates further improved.", "PMID": 503470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5926", "title": "Dermoid cysts of the nose: review of 21 cases.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of histologically confirmed dermoid cysts of the nose are reviewed. The sites involved were the dorsum (18), septum (5), glabella (2), nasal tip (2), and columella (1), with several patients having multiple sites of involvement. Bony or cartilaginous destruction occurred in 14 patients (67%). A sinus tract was evident in ten patients (48%). Complete excision of these lesions is necessary for prevention of recurrence. The differential diagnosis includes hemangiomas, gliomas, encephaloceles, epidermoid cysts, neurofibromas, and lipomas.", "contents": "Dermoid cysts of the nose: review of 21 cases. Twenty-one cases of histologically confirmed dermoid cysts of the nose are reviewed. The sites involved were the dorsum (18), septum (5), glabella (2), nasal tip (2), and columella (1), with several patients having multiple sites of involvement. Bony or cartilaginous destruction occurred in 14 patients (67%). A sinus tract was evident in ten patients (48%). Complete excision of these lesions is necessary for prevention of recurrence. The differential diagnosis includes hemangiomas, gliomas, encephaloceles, epidermoid cysts, neurofibromas, and lipomas.", "PMID": 503471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5927", "title": "Bullous myringitis with sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Bullous myringitis is manifested by moderately severe otalgia associated with vesicles on the tympanic membrane and medial external auditory canal wall. This disease occurs mainly in young adults, most commonly in winter, and is usually preceded or accompanied by an upper respiratory infection. A reversible sensorineural loss developed in three of 22 patients. Complement fixation antibody studies performed on ten patients failed to implicate Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus types A or B, or adenovirus as the causal agent.", "contents": "Bullous myringitis with sensorineural hearing loss. Bullous myringitis is manifested by moderately severe otalgia associated with vesicles on the tympanic membrane and medial external auditory canal wall. This disease occurs mainly in young adults, most commonly in winter, and is usually preceded or accompanied by an upper respiratory infection. A reversible sensorineural loss developed in three of 22 patients. Complement fixation antibody studies performed on ten patients failed to implicate Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus types A or B, or adenovirus as the causal agent.", "PMID": 503473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5928", "title": "The Robinson stapes prosthesis: a 15-year study.", "content": "A report on the stapedectomy procedure using the Robinson stainless steel stapes prosthesis over a 15-year period is presented in a study of 3,200 cases. Short-term results, long-term results, failures, and delayed complications are statistically analyzed. This implant is presently the most frequently used prefabricated stapes prosthesis in the country, and each year more otologic surgeons are adopting this surgical technique.", "contents": "The Robinson stapes prosthesis: a 15-year study. A report on the stapedectomy procedure using the Robinson stainless steel stapes prosthesis over a 15-year period is presented in a study of 3,200 cases. Short-term results, long-term results, failures, and delayed complications are statistically analyzed. This implant is presently the most frequently used prefabricated stapes prosthesis in the country, and each year more otologic surgeons are adopting this surgical technique.", "PMID": 503472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5929", "title": "Gelatin film sandwich in tympanoplasty.", "content": "A technique is presented that utilizes two sheets of gelatin film as a sandwich to provide a scaffold for medial support and lateral cover to fascia grafts while permitting visual inspection of both fascia and tympanic membrane.", "contents": "Gelatin film sandwich in tympanoplasty. A technique is presented that utilizes two sheets of gelatin film as a sandwich to provide a scaffold for medial support and lateral cover to fascia grafts while permitting visual inspection of both fascia and tympanic membrane.", "PMID": 503478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5930", "title": "Side-hole suction for ear surgery.", "content": "Surgical trauma to the soft tissue of the external ear canal and middle ear increases inflammation and scarring. A side-hole suction tip has been found to minimize suction-tip trauma, preclude the need to aspirate through synthetic sponge or cotton, and facilitate graft placement.", "contents": "Side-hole suction for ear surgery. Surgical trauma to the soft tissue of the external ear canal and middle ear increases inflammation and scarring. A side-hole suction tip has been found to minimize suction-tip trauma, preclude the need to aspirate through synthetic sponge or cotton, and facilitate graft placement.", "PMID": 503479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5931", "title": "Nasofrontal angle changes in rhinoplasty.", "content": "In emphasizing changes in the nasal tip, the rhinoplastic surgeon often neglects modifications that should be made in other aspects of the profile. Techniques that advance, retrodisplace, and inferiorly or superiorly displace the nasofrontal angle are discussed, calling attention to this part of the profile. Nasofrontal angle modifications can (1) eliminate certain hazards of tip changing along, (2) make possible effects that cannot be achieved with tip positioning alone, and (3) make rhinoplasty more predictable in certain cases.", "contents": "Nasofrontal angle changes in rhinoplasty. In emphasizing changes in the nasal tip, the rhinoplastic surgeon often neglects modifications that should be made in other aspects of the profile. Techniques that advance, retrodisplace, and inferiorly or superiorly displace the nasofrontal angle are discussed, calling attention to this part of the profile. Nasofrontal angle modifications can (1) eliminate certain hazards of tip changing along, (2) make possible effects that cannot be achieved with tip positioning alone, and (3) make rhinoplasty more predictable in certain cases.", "PMID": 503481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5932", "title": "Ectopic striated muscle in the fallopian canal: a histopathologic report.", "content": "Two temporal bones are discussed that contain ectopic striated muscle in the horizontal fallopian canal. In one instance, this muscle was clearly innervated by a branch from the geniculate ganglion. This is an unusual histologic finding and the innervation to such a muscle has been rarely identified. The facial nerve surgeon should be aware that a mass encountered during decompression may be developmental rather than neoplastic.", "contents": "Ectopic striated muscle in the fallopian canal: a histopathologic report. Two temporal bones are discussed that contain ectopic striated muscle in the horizontal fallopian canal. In one instance, this muscle was clearly innervated by a branch from the geniculate ganglion. This is an unusual histologic finding and the innervation to such a muscle has been rarely identified. The facial nerve surgeon should be aware that a mass encountered during decompression may be developmental rather than neoplastic.", "PMID": 503477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5933", "title": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: incidence and mortality, 1968--1972.", "content": "To determine the number of tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (T-As) from 1968 to 1972 and their associated morbidity and mortality rates, a questionnaire was sent to all the hospitals listed in the Directory of the American Hospital Association (6,759). The data were analyzed and statistical projections were made. An analysis was also made of the summary report of the \"Study on Surgical Services for the United States,\" with regard to the incidence of T-A was also made. The results are presented in the following report.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: incidence and mortality, 1968--1972. To determine the number of tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (T-As) from 1968 to 1972 and their associated morbidity and mortality rates, a questionnaire was sent to all the hospitals listed in the Directory of the American Hospital Association (6,759). The data were analyzed and statistical projections were made. An analysis was also made of the summary report of the \"Study on Surgical Services for the United States,\" with regard to the incidence of T-A was also made. The results are presented in the following report.", "PMID": 503482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5934", "title": "Dacryocystorhinostomy utilizing an anterior lacrimal sac flap to periosteum technique.", "content": "Dacryocystorhinostomy is used in the effective treatment of epiphora secondary to obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. Common causes of obstruction include canalicular disruption, lacrimal sac fibrosis, and external and internal nasal trauma. Most techniques of dacryocystorhinostomy attempt to suture the lacrimal sac mucosa to the nasal mucosa. At best this is technically difficult, and the mucosa frequently tears. A technique is presented using an anteriorly based lacrimal sac pedicle flap sutured to the periosteum of the anterior lacrimal crest. The sutured flap is quite strong, and the procedure is technically simpler than others. A brief description of the causes of lacrimal obstruction is given. The Jones primary and secondary dye tests for lacrimal system patency are reviewed.", "contents": "Dacryocystorhinostomy utilizing an anterior lacrimal sac flap to periosteum technique. Dacryocystorhinostomy is used in the effective treatment of epiphora secondary to obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. Common causes of obstruction include canalicular disruption, lacrimal sac fibrosis, and external and internal nasal trauma. Most techniques of dacryocystorhinostomy attempt to suture the lacrimal sac mucosa to the nasal mucosa. At best this is technically difficult, and the mucosa frequently tears. A technique is presented using an anteriorly based lacrimal sac pedicle flap sutured to the periosteum of the anterior lacrimal crest. The sutured flap is quite strong, and the procedure is technically simpler than others. A brief description of the causes of lacrimal obstruction is given. The Jones primary and secondary dye tests for lacrimal system patency are reviewed.", "PMID": 503485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5935", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle secondary to dental extractions.", "content": "Although osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle secondary to dental extraction is scarcely mentioned in the medical and dental literature, we have seen three cases within a two-year period. The first two patients were examined for an eroded condyle three months and 18 months following the extractions. The third patient, who was treated one month after extraction for acute osteomyelitis of the condyle, has done well. All three patients required operations and administration of long-term antibiotics.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle secondary to dental extractions. Although osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle secondary to dental extraction is scarcely mentioned in the medical and dental literature, we have seen three cases within a two-year period. The first two patients were examined for an eroded condyle three months and 18 months following the extractions. The third patient, who was treated one month after extraction for acute osteomyelitis of the condyle, has done well. All three patients required operations and administration of long-term antibiotics.", "PMID": 503487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5936", "title": "Why not the eighth nerve? Neurovascular compression--probable cause for pulsatile tinnitus.", "content": "Carotid arteriograms on three patients with unilateral pulsatile tinnitus demonstrated an ipsilateral atypical trigeminal artery extending from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery to form the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Illustrations and a dissection of a human fetus with a similar finding show this artery crossing the cochlear nerve near its insertion in the pons. Evidence is presented suggesting that neurovascular compression of the eighth nerve is the source of pulsatile tinnitus in these patients.", "contents": "Why not the eighth nerve? Neurovascular compression--probable cause for pulsatile tinnitus. Carotid arteriograms on three patients with unilateral pulsatile tinnitus demonstrated an ipsilateral atypical trigeminal artery extending from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery to form the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Illustrations and a dissection of a human fetus with a similar finding show this artery crossing the cochlear nerve near its insertion in the pons. Evidence is presented suggesting that neurovascular compression of the eighth nerve is the source of pulsatile tinnitus in these patients.", "PMID": 503480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5937", "title": "Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus.", "content": "Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinuses are uncommon; 60 cases have been reported in the world literature to date. Signs and symptoms are caused by local expansion of the mucocele and include headache (the most common symptom), ocular field deficits, external ophthalmoplegia (particularly the sixth cranial nerve), and proptosis. Radiologic correlation in the form of plain films and polytomorgraphy is the most reliable guide in the diagnosis of sphenoid sinus disease. Therapy of these lesions is surgical, and drainage can be achieved via the external ethmoid or sublabial transseptal route. Three cases are presented: two had classical findings and the third was conspicuous by the presence of aseptic meningitis in the absence of local findings.", "contents": "Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus. Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinuses are uncommon; 60 cases have been reported in the world literature to date. Signs and symptoms are caused by local expansion of the mucocele and include headache (the most common symptom), ocular field deficits, external ophthalmoplegia (particularly the sixth cranial nerve), and proptosis. Radiologic correlation in the form of plain films and polytomorgraphy is the most reliable guide in the diagnosis of sphenoid sinus disease. Therapy of these lesions is surgical, and drainage can be achieved via the external ethmoid or sublabial transseptal route. Three cases are presented: two had classical findings and the third was conspicuous by the presence of aseptic meningitis in the absence of local findings.", "PMID": 503484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5938", "title": "Protrusion of the laryngeal ventricle in a pediatric patient following nasotracheal tube intubation.", "content": "Nasotracheal intubation has been well established as a method for maintaining an artificial airway in children. Approximately 0.5% to 1.0% of cases have complications that require surgical intervention to correct the laryngeal trauma. A complication described as protrusion of the laryngeal ventricle following nasotracheal intubation is reported. The clinical presentation and a rationale for the treatment plan are discussed.", "contents": "Protrusion of the laryngeal ventricle in a pediatric patient following nasotracheal tube intubation. Nasotracheal intubation has been well established as a method for maintaining an artificial airway in children. Approximately 0.5% to 1.0% of cases have complications that require surgical intervention to correct the laryngeal trauma. A complication described as protrusion of the laryngeal ventricle following nasotracheal intubation is reported. The clinical presentation and a rationale for the treatment plan are discussed.", "PMID": 503488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5939", "title": "Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis: a clinical and pathogenic enigma.", "content": "Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, slowly progressive, infectious disease of the respiratory tract that can produce disability and death, if untreated. Once considered an anomaly in the United States, the disease is now seen more frequently in this country, owing to increased travel from endemic areas. This report presents a comprehensive review of the several types of therapy that have been published in the literature. The results of a clinical experiment are also presented.", "contents": "Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis: a clinical and pathogenic enigma. Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, slowly progressive, infectious disease of the respiratory tract that can produce disability and death, if untreated. Once considered an anomaly in the United States, the disease is now seen more frequently in this country, owing to increased travel from endemic areas. This report presents a comprehensive review of the several types of therapy that have been published in the literature. The results of a clinical experiment are also presented.", "PMID": 503491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5940", "title": "Intranasal corticosteroid injection: indications, technique, and complications.", "content": "The intranasal injection of corticosteroids for symptomatic relief of nasal obstruction in selected cases has been described by several authors and widely used for over 25 years. Recently, circulated reports of blindness following such injections caused a number of otolaryngologists to discontinue using the procedure. All reported cases of visual complications following intranasal corticosteroid injection are reviewed, together with the reported experiences of the author and others who have successfully used the technique in thousands of cases. Preliminary topical cocainization of nasal mucosa and slow submucosal injection of a micronized corticosteroid suspension to minimize the risk of vasospasm and embolization involving the ophthalmic circulation are stressed. Indications for the procedure, the most common side effects, and the proper technique of injection are described.", "contents": "Intranasal corticosteroid injection: indications, technique, and complications. The intranasal injection of corticosteroids for symptomatic relief of nasal obstruction in selected cases has been described by several authors and widely used for over 25 years. Recently, circulated reports of blindness following such injections caused a number of otolaryngologists to discontinue using the procedure. All reported cases of visual complications following intranasal corticosteroid injection are reviewed, together with the reported experiences of the author and others who have successfully used the technique in thousands of cases. Preliminary topical cocainization of nasal mucosa and slow submucosal injection of a micronized corticosteroid suspension to minimize the risk of vasospasm and embolization involving the ophthalmic circulation are stressed. Indications for the procedure, the most common side effects, and the proper technique of injection are described.", "PMID": 503490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5941", "title": "Anatomy of the subglottic larynx.", "content": "There is little concensus concerning the boundaries of the subglottic space. To better define the subglottis, 50 head and neck surgeons were asked to define its anatomic limits. In addition, the larynx of each of 25 male and 25 female adult cadavers was removed, and four measurements in the anterior subglottis were taken. The results revealed significantly smaller subglottic dimensions for the women than for the men.", "contents": "Anatomy of the subglottic larynx. There is little concensus concerning the boundaries of the subglottic space. To better define the subglottis, 50 head and neck surgeons were asked to define its anatomic limits. In addition, the larynx of each of 25 male and 25 female adult cadavers was removed, and four measurements in the anterior subglottis were taken. The results revealed significantly smaller subglottic dimensions for the women than for the men.", "PMID": 503489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5942", "title": "Benign chondroblastoma of the temporal bone.", "content": "Benign chondroblastoma is a rare tumor in the temporal bone. It occurs preponderantly in middle-aged men as a mass in the postero-superior region of the ear canal and is accompanied by hearing loss. On pathologic examination, giant cells and focal regions of chondroid differentiation are noted. After the extent of the tumor has been determined, the treatment is surgical removal. Preoperative irradiation may be helpful. Long-term follow-up is essential.", "contents": "Benign chondroblastoma of the temporal bone. Benign chondroblastoma is a rare tumor in the temporal bone. It occurs preponderantly in middle-aged men as a mass in the postero-superior region of the ear canal and is accompanied by hearing loss. On pathologic examination, giant cells and focal regions of chondroid differentiation are noted. After the extent of the tumor has been determined, the treatment is surgical removal. Preoperative irradiation may be helpful. Long-term follow-up is essential.", "PMID": 503493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5943", "title": "Preschool otologic and audiologic screening.", "content": "A study of otologic and audiologic screening of preschool children including tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, and pure-tone screening was carried out at school sites. Subsequent pure-tone threshold tests and otolaryngologic examinations were carried out in a hospital setting. Complete data are available on 1,335 subjects, ages 3 through 5 years. Results are reported in comparison with those of an earlier Pittsburgh screening study. The results of the earlier study showed that loss of hearing sensitivity could not be predicted by the otologic findings, and conversely, the otologic findings could not be predicted by the air conduction thresholds. The results of the present study showed a contribution by tympanometry and acoustic reflexes. The results are evaluated in terms of screening effectiveness in these age groups. One of the recommendations combines an interpretation of certain large negative tympanometric peak pressures (TPP) along with the absence of acoustic reflexes to certain stimuli. The method is more efficient than other aspects of middle ear measurement or of pure-tone screeniing. The efficiency of each procedure is documented. Summary matrices are used to show the effectiveness of each test compared to all other tests in the identification of subjects with hearing or middle ear dysfunction. A protocol for screening evaluation and otologic referral is suggested to effect a balance between over-referral and correct identification.", "contents": "Preschool otologic and audiologic screening. A study of otologic and audiologic screening of preschool children including tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, and pure-tone screening was carried out at school sites. Subsequent pure-tone threshold tests and otolaryngologic examinations were carried out in a hospital setting. Complete data are available on 1,335 subjects, ages 3 through 5 years. Results are reported in comparison with those of an earlier Pittsburgh screening study. The results of the earlier study showed that loss of hearing sensitivity could not be predicted by the otologic findings, and conversely, the otologic findings could not be predicted by the air conduction thresholds. The results of the present study showed a contribution by tympanometry and acoustic reflexes. The results are evaluated in terms of screening effectiveness in these age groups. One of the recommendations combines an interpretation of certain large negative tympanometric peak pressures (TPP) along with the absence of acoustic reflexes to certain stimuli. The method is more efficient than other aspects of middle ear measurement or of pure-tone screeniing. The efficiency of each procedure is documented. Summary matrices are used to show the effectiveness of each test compared to all other tests in the identification of subjects with hearing or middle ear dysfunction. A protocol for screening evaluation and otologic referral is suggested to effect a balance between over-referral and correct identification.", "PMID": 503496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5944", "title": "Suggestions for monitoring patients during treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Guidelines are suggested for the surveillance and prevention of ototoxicity in adults, based on experience and a compilation of opinions from otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists. The influence of dosage and renal function on serum levels and their relevance to ototoxicity are discussed. Indications for testing of inner ear function are considered.", "contents": "Suggestions for monitoring patients during treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Guidelines are suggested for the surveillance and prevention of ototoxicity in adults, based on experience and a compilation of opinions from otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists. The influence of dosage and renal function on serum levels and their relevance to ototoxicity are discussed. Indications for testing of inner ear function are considered.", "PMID": 503492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5945", "title": "Stapedius muscle function tests in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders.", "content": "Muscle weakness and different patterns of fatigability are frequently seen in neuromuscular disorders. The value of a battery of stapedial muscle function tests in the diagnosis and management of these disorders has been evaluated. Each test of stapedial muscle function is described, and case examples of these tests in various neuromuscular disorders including myasthenia gravis and idiopathic facial nerve paralysis are reported.", "contents": "Stapedius muscle function tests in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Muscle weakness and different patterns of fatigability are frequently seen in neuromuscular disorders. The value of a battery of stapedial muscle function tests in the diagnosis and management of these disorders has been evaluated. Each test of stapedial muscle function is described, and case examples of these tests in various neuromuscular disorders including myasthenia gravis and idiopathic facial nerve paralysis are reported.", "PMID": 503498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5946", "title": "The CT scan: pitfalls and posterior fossa cisternography.", "content": "A case of an inadequately enhanced 4-cm acoustic tumor missed by initial CT scan and diagnosed six months later on a second, different CT scanner is reported. The most common pitfall in acoustic tumor diagnosis by CT scan is the inability to resolve tumors less than 1.5 cm. This necessitates a posterior fossa cisternogram. A method of tumor size classification based on CT scan and cisternography is proposed.", "contents": "The CT scan: pitfalls and posterior fossa cisternography. A case of an inadequately enhanced 4-cm acoustic tumor missed by initial CT scan and diagnosed six months later on a second, different CT scanner is reported. The most common pitfall in acoustic tumor diagnosis by CT scan is the inability to resolve tumors less than 1.5 cm. This necessitates a posterior fossa cisternogram. A method of tumor size classification based on CT scan and cisternography is proposed.", "PMID": 503499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5947", "title": "Evaluation of the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test.", "content": "Several investigations were perfomed with normal hearing subjects to determine the effects of presentation level and signal-to-babble ratio on the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test. The SPIN test contains sentences that simulate a range of contextual situations encountered in everyday speech communication. Findings from several representative patients with sensorineural hearing loss demonstrate the possible clinical utility of the test to measure the effects of context on speech discrimination.", "contents": "Evaluation of the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test. Several investigations were perfomed with normal hearing subjects to determine the effects of presentation level and signal-to-babble ratio on the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test. The SPIN test contains sentences that simulate a range of contextual situations encountered in everyday speech communication. Findings from several representative patients with sensorineural hearing loss demonstrate the possible clinical utility of the test to measure the effects of context on speech discrimination.", "PMID": 503495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5948", "title": "Hypercoagulability as a cause of sudden neurosensory hearing loss.", "content": "Fourteen patients with a documented sudden neurosensory hearing loss and four patients with other diseases causing neurosensory hearing loss were studied. The standardized coagulation workup included hematocrit, activated partial thromboplastin generation time, thrombin generation, prothrombin time, phase platelet count, platelet adhesivity, protamine sulfate, serum antithrombin III activity, fibrinogen, and Factor VIII values. Ony those patients having documented evidence of a neurosensory hearing loss occurring within hours or days were included in this study. Eight of the 14 paitents with a documented sudden neurosensory hearing loss satisfied our laboratory criteria for a diagnosis of in vitro hypercoagulability. Three of these patients had abnormal thrombin generation values, 4 had abnormal serum antithrombin III values, and 1 had an elevated platelet count. Four other patients with other diseases causing neurosensory hearing loss did not show evidence of in vitro hypercoagulability. It would appear from this data that coagulation abnormalities play a role in the pathogenesis of sudden neurosensory hearing loss.", "contents": "Hypercoagulability as a cause of sudden neurosensory hearing loss. Fourteen patients with a documented sudden neurosensory hearing loss and four patients with other diseases causing neurosensory hearing loss were studied. The standardized coagulation workup included hematocrit, activated partial thromboplastin generation time, thrombin generation, prothrombin time, phase platelet count, platelet adhesivity, protamine sulfate, serum antithrombin III activity, fibrinogen, and Factor VIII values. Ony those patients having documented evidence of a neurosensory hearing loss occurring within hours or days were included in this study. Eight of the 14 paitents with a documented sudden neurosensory hearing loss satisfied our laboratory criteria for a diagnosis of in vitro hypercoagulability. Three of these patients had abnormal thrombin generation values, 4 had abnormal serum antithrombin III values, and 1 had an elevated platelet count. Four other patients with other diseases causing neurosensory hearing loss did not show evidence of in vitro hypercoagulability. It would appear from this data that coagulation abnormalities play a role in the pathogenesis of sudden neurosensory hearing loss.", "PMID": 503500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5949", "title": "Sterile preparation of the external auditory canal with povidone-iodine.", "content": "Sterile preparation of the external auditory canal is usually not undertaken, although the external auditory canal provides surgical access for several procedures involving the tympanic membrane, middle ear, and vesibule. This is due to the rarity of postoperative wound infections, as well as difficulty in sterilizing the external auditory canal. Four antiseptic solutions commonly used for operative preparation were tested to determine thrir potential for sterilizing the external auditory canal. Povidone-iodine solution was effective in sterilizing 90% of the external auditory canals of children and adults. This simple technique may find clinical use in surgical procedures involving the external auditory canal.", "contents": "Sterile preparation of the external auditory canal with povidone-iodine. Sterile preparation of the external auditory canal is usually not undertaken, although the external auditory canal provides surgical access for several procedures involving the tympanic membrane, middle ear, and vesibule. This is due to the rarity of postoperative wound infections, as well as difficulty in sterilizing the external auditory canal. Four antiseptic solutions commonly used for operative preparation were tested to determine thrir potential for sterilizing the external auditory canal. Povidone-iodine solution was effective in sterilizing 90% of the external auditory canals of children and adults. This simple technique may find clinical use in surgical procedures involving the external auditory canal.", "PMID": 503497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5950", "title": "Cutaneous basosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: a comparative analysis.", "content": "Considerable debate has taken place concerning cutaneous basosquamous carcinomas. Some authors believe they are merely a variant of basal cell carcinoma, based on the apparent rare occurrence of metastases. This comparative study of 33 cases of basosquamous, 1,796 cases of basal cell, and 736 cases of squamous carcinomas arising in the head and neck demonstrates that the basosquamous lesion has the potential to recur and to metastasize, which is similar to squamous cell lesions. An aggressive primary treatment program is recommended.", "contents": "Cutaneous basosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: a comparative analysis. Considerable debate has taken place concerning cutaneous basosquamous carcinomas. Some authors believe they are merely a variant of basal cell carcinoma, based on the apparent rare occurrence of metastases. This comparative study of 33 cases of basosquamous, 1,796 cases of basal cell, and 736 cases of squamous carcinomas arising in the head and neck demonstrates that the basosquamous lesion has the potential to recur and to metastasize, which is similar to squamous cell lesions. An aggressive primary treatment program is recommended.", "PMID": 503502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5951", "title": "Predicting postoperative voice characteristics of spastic dysphonia patients.", "content": "Current treatment of spastic dysphonia may involve unilateral RLN section preceded by a temporary chemical paralysis of one RLN as a diagnostic test. This study compared the immediate postchemical paralysis and postsurgical paralysis voice and speech qualities of 33 spastic dysphonic patients using perceptual, acoustic, and temporal measurements and found that following section of the RLN, there was a decrease in overpressure and aperiodicity, an increase in vocal range, and a reduction of breathiness. Vocal tremor and speech rate were variably affected. It appears that chemical paralysis of the RLN is a fairly accurate means of previewing the postsurgical voice.", "contents": "Predicting postoperative voice characteristics of spastic dysphonia patients. Current treatment of spastic dysphonia may involve unilateral RLN section preceded by a temporary chemical paralysis of one RLN as a diagnostic test. This study compared the immediate postchemical paralysis and postsurgical paralysis voice and speech qualities of 33 spastic dysphonic patients using perceptual, acoustic, and temporal measurements and found that following section of the RLN, there was a decrease in overpressure and aperiodicity, an increase in vocal range, and a reduction of breathiness. Vocal tremor and speech rate were variably affected. It appears that chemical paralysis of the RLN is a fairly accurate means of previewing the postsurgical voice.", "PMID": 503503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5952", "title": "Muscular anatomy of the tonsil and tonsillar bed: a reexamination.", "content": "A study was designed to investigate the muscular relations to the tonsil and tonsillar bed in man. Twenty-one histologically prepared human fetal specimens were examined. Muscle bundles from the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles and the amygdaloglossus muscle were found to relate to the tonsillar capsule in such a way as to suggest that during swallow, the tonsils may be moved laterally to permit a wide and unobstructed pharyngeal port.", "contents": "Muscular anatomy of the tonsil and tonsillar bed: a reexamination. A study was designed to investigate the muscular relations to the tonsil and tonsillar bed in man. Twenty-one histologically prepared human fetal specimens were examined. Muscle bundles from the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles and the amygdaloglossus muscle were found to relate to the tonsillar capsule in such a way as to suggest that during swallow, the tonsils may be moved laterally to permit a wide and unobstructed pharyngeal port.", "PMID": 503501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5953", "title": "Transposition of infrahyoid muscles to replace intrinsic laryngeal muscles: technique and long-time observations on return of function.", "content": "Insertion of the separate motor branches of the caudal laryngeal nerve of the dog separately and atraumatically into a denervated infrahyoid muscle resulted in reinnervation of that muscle, as indicated by the appearance of electromyographic potentials two months postoperatively. When the nerve branches were used to reinnervate a sufficiently large mass of muscle, which was transposed to replace surgically removed intrinsic laryngeal muscles, nearly normal adduction and abduction of the vocal cord was obtained on the experimental side in some dog if ample time were allowed for maturation of nerve fibers and motor end plates. The minimum time for return of effective function under these circumstances was slightly more than 12 months, and function may improve for up to 36 months. A simplified procedure is described for reconstructing the intrinsic laryngeal muscles following submucosal resection. Electromyography is useful in monitoring the progress of reinnervation of muscle, but it is not a reliable indicator of mechanical function.", "contents": "Transposition of infrahyoid muscles to replace intrinsic laryngeal muscles: technique and long-time observations on return of function. Insertion of the separate motor branches of the caudal laryngeal nerve of the dog separately and atraumatically into a denervated infrahyoid muscle resulted in reinnervation of that muscle, as indicated by the appearance of electromyographic potentials two months postoperatively. When the nerve branches were used to reinnervate a sufficiently large mass of muscle, which was transposed to replace surgically removed intrinsic laryngeal muscles, nearly normal adduction and abduction of the vocal cord was obtained on the experimental side in some dog if ample time were allowed for maturation of nerve fibers and motor end plates. The minimum time for return of effective function under these circumstances was slightly more than 12 months, and function may improve for up to 36 months. A simplified procedure is described for reconstructing the intrinsic laryngeal muscles following submucosal resection. Electromyography is useful in monitoring the progress of reinnervation of muscle, but it is not a reliable indicator of mechanical function.", "PMID": 503505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5954", "title": "Unilateral complete aplasia of the inner ear with associated tracheoesophageal fistula: report of a case.", "content": "A case of unilateral complete aplasia of the petrous apex and inner ear associated with H-type tracheoesophageal fistula is reported. polytomography, computerized axial tomography, and plain film radiography confirmed the presence of this rare variant of inner ear aplasia. This patient, who has normal facial nerve function, is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of a nonthalidomide, Michel-type aplasia since the original report of Michel more than a century ago. Unilateral complete inner ear aplasia associated with tracheoesophageal fistula has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Unilateral complete aplasia of the inner ear with associated tracheoesophageal fistula: report of a case. A case of unilateral complete aplasia of the petrous apex and inner ear associated with H-type tracheoesophageal fistula is reported. polytomography, computerized axial tomography, and plain film radiography confirmed the presence of this rare variant of inner ear aplasia. This patient, who has normal facial nerve function, is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of a nonthalidomide, Michel-type aplasia since the original report of Michel more than a century ago. Unilateral complete inner ear aplasia associated with tracheoesophageal fistula has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 503504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5955", "title": "Implications of Ewald's second law for diagnosis of unilateral labyrinthine paralysis.", "content": "The feasibility of replacement of the caloric test with sinusoidal rotatory stimulations of differing frequencies was investigated in ten normal subjects and seven patients with unilateral labyrinthine paralysis. Testing was performed at frequencies ranging from 0.0125 to 0.2 Hz at 60 degrees/sec and at 0.05 Hz at peak velocities of 30 degrees/sec to 180 degrees/sec. Gain, phase, and asymmetry of the nystagmic responses were measured in these groups. Results indicated that the rotatory test was not reliable enough to be used as the sole measure for identifying patients with unilateral labyrinthine lesions.", "contents": "Implications of Ewald's second law for diagnosis of unilateral labyrinthine paralysis. The feasibility of replacement of the caloric test with sinusoidal rotatory stimulations of differing frequencies was investigated in ten normal subjects and seven patients with unilateral labyrinthine paralysis. Testing was performed at frequencies ranging from 0.0125 to 0.2 Hz at 60 degrees/sec and at 0.05 Hz at peak velocities of 30 degrees/sec to 180 degrees/sec. Gain, phase, and asymmetry of the nystagmic responses were measured in these groups. Results indicated that the rotatory test was not reliable enough to be used as the sole measure for identifying patients with unilateral labyrinthine lesions.", "PMID": 503506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5956", "title": "Thermal hazards in mastoid surgery: an evaluation of instruments and irrigation techniques.", "content": "Study of the mechanical properties of three commonly used mastoid drills disclosed major differences in their power and potential for heat production. Based on available information regarding heat tolerance of neural tissue, all drills were found capable of producing hazardous temperature elevations. After testing several irrigation techniques, continuous and copious suction irrigation was found to be most effective in preventing bone heating.", "contents": "Thermal hazards in mastoid surgery: an evaluation of instruments and irrigation techniques. Study of the mechanical properties of three commonly used mastoid drills disclosed major differences in their power and potential for heat production. Based on available information regarding heat tolerance of neural tissue, all drills were found capable of producing hazardous temperature elevations. After testing several irrigation techniques, continuous and copious suction irrigation was found to be most effective in preventing bone heating.", "PMID": 503508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5957", "title": "Further study of the surface morphology of the embryonic mouse cochlear sensory epithelia.", "content": "Histologic development of the mammalian cochlea has been studied by many investigators. In 1978, Li reported on a preliminary scanning electron microscopic study of hair cell development in the embryonic mouse cochlea. The present study further examines the surface morphology of the embryonic cochlea.", "contents": "Further study of the surface morphology of the embryonic mouse cochlear sensory epithelia. Histologic development of the mammalian cochlea has been studied by many investigators. In 1978, Li reported on a preliminary scanning electron microscopic study of hair cell development in the embryonic mouse cochlea. The present study further examines the surface morphology of the embryonic cochlea.", "PMID": 503509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5958", "title": "Sensorineural hearing level in unilateral otosclerosis.", "content": "Preoperative bone conduction threshold measurements were made in the otosclerotic and opposite ears of 25 patients with unilateral otosclerosis to tabulate the sensorineural hearing impairment in this disease. Middle ear otosclerosis was confirmed at surgery in all cases. The bone conduction thresholds at all frequencies measured were similar in the otosclerotic and opposite ears. Adequate masking was applied to the nontest ear to measure an accurate bone conduction threshold in the test ear without producing overmasking.", "contents": "Sensorineural hearing level in unilateral otosclerosis. Preoperative bone conduction threshold measurements were made in the otosclerotic and opposite ears of 25 patients with unilateral otosclerosis to tabulate the sensorineural hearing impairment in this disease. Middle ear otosclerosis was confirmed at surgery in all cases. The bone conduction thresholds at all frequencies measured were similar in the otosclerotic and opposite ears. Adequate masking was applied to the nontest ear to measure an accurate bone conduction threshold in the test ear without producing overmasking.", "PMID": 503510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5959", "title": "Olivocochlear bundle activity recorded in awake cats.", "content": "Multi-unit activity was recorded in awake cats from the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB). Miniature stainless stell concentric electrodes were chronically implanted onto the floor of the fourth ventricle of six animals. There was no activity at the electrode tip in anesthetized animals, while in awake cats a great deal of unit activity could be seen. A correlation between COCB activity and ongoing behavioral activity such as scratching, grooming, yawning, or orientation could not be established. It was found, however, that the multi-unit responses in the COCB statistically increased their firing rate during acoustic stimulation, and a 500-Hz tone was found to be most effective. The electrode locations were histologically confirmed. The present results are similar to other data that describe unit activity in the olivocochlear bundle of decerebrate cats. The capacity to record from this fiber tract in awake animals, however, provides a new tool for studying the peripheral efferent pathway of the auditory system.", "contents": "Olivocochlear bundle activity recorded in awake cats. Multi-unit activity was recorded in awake cats from the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB). Miniature stainless stell concentric electrodes were chronically implanted onto the floor of the fourth ventricle of six animals. There was no activity at the electrode tip in anesthetized animals, while in awake cats a great deal of unit activity could be seen. A correlation between COCB activity and ongoing behavioral activity such as scratching, grooming, yawning, or orientation could not be established. It was found, however, that the multi-unit responses in the COCB statistically increased their firing rate during acoustic stimulation, and a 500-Hz tone was found to be most effective. The electrode locations were histologically confirmed. The present results are similar to other data that describe unit activity in the olivocochlear bundle of decerebrate cats. The capacity to record from this fiber tract in awake animals, however, provides a new tool for studying the peripheral efferent pathway of the auditory system.", "PMID": 503507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5960", "title": "Some tips on face-lifting.", "content": "The face-lift operation is not difficult for the well-trained otolaryngologist. However, as in every surgical procedure, there are certain techniques that facilite its performance and improve results. This paper discusses some of these techniques that have been developed during the past 20 years.", "contents": "Some tips on face-lifting. The face-lift operation is not difficult for the well-trained otolaryngologist. However, as in every surgical procedure, there are certain techniques that facilite its performance and improve results. This paper discusses some of these techniques that have been developed during the past 20 years.", "PMID": 503513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5961", "title": "The tenacity of the frontal sinus mucosa.", "content": "A number of persons in other surgical disciplines express a blatant disregard for the potential dangers of frontal sinus mucosal entrapment. Although bone removal is universally recommended by the otolaryngologic proponents of ablative procedures in the frontal sinus, no comprehensive explanation has been proffered to justify this dictum. To this end, 27 cats had simple excision of the frontal sinus mucosa to see if it is necessary to bur away the inner table of bone to completely eliminate all vestiges of mucosa. Mucosal regrowth was seen in 72%, and suppurative infection, in 17% of the sinuses. Burring away of the frontal sinus inner table must then be considered as an essential part of any ablative procedure of the frontal sinus.", "contents": "The tenacity of the frontal sinus mucosa. A number of persons in other surgical disciplines express a blatant disregard for the potential dangers of frontal sinus mucosal entrapment. Although bone removal is universally recommended by the otolaryngologic proponents of ablative procedures in the frontal sinus, no comprehensive explanation has been proffered to justify this dictum. To this end, 27 cats had simple excision of the frontal sinus mucosa to see if it is necessary to bur away the inner table of bone to completely eliminate all vestiges of mucosa. Mucosal regrowth was seen in 72%, and suppurative infection, in 17% of the sinuses. Burring away of the frontal sinus inner table must then be considered as an essential part of any ablative procedure of the frontal sinus.", "PMID": 503516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5962", "title": "A conceptual approach to local flaps.", "content": "Few procedures offer the surgeon a greater opportunity to exercise his surgical and aesthetic judgement than the design and implementation of local flaps about the head and neck. Considerations include skin color and texture match; adequacy of flap blood supply; size, location, and characteristics of the donor site defect; functional capability of the proposed flap; nature of skin tension lines created; and number of surgical procedures required. A systematic approach to local flap design and implementation is presented, and illustrations of the geometric principles involved are included.", "contents": "A conceptual approach to local flaps. Few procedures offer the surgeon a greater opportunity to exercise his surgical and aesthetic judgement than the design and implementation of local flaps about the head and neck. Considerations include skin color and texture match; adequacy of flap blood supply; size, location, and characteristics of the donor site defect; functional capability of the proposed flap; nature of skin tension lines created; and number of surgical procedures required. A systematic approach to local flap design and implementation is presented, and illustrations of the geometric principles involved are included.", "PMID": 503511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5963", "title": "Moire topography in facial plastic surgery.", "content": "Moire topography, a form of biostereometrics, is a technique that provides one-step contour maps. Facial measurements so obtained may be useful in reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "Moire topography in facial plastic surgery. Moire topography, a form of biostereometrics, is a technique that provides one-step contour maps. Facial measurements so obtained may be useful in reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 503514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5964", "title": "Introductory remarks regarding facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Some of the components of the author's training program at UCLA and in his actual practice in San Diego are compared, the type of surgical cases completed in training and in practice are examined, and the community acceptance of the author's definition of an otolaryngologist is commented on. Some of the conclusions regarding residency programs may be different from those of other specialists. The author's perspective is as a clinical assistant professor one year out of residency with an acute interest in the preparation for actual practice.", "contents": "Introductory remarks regarding facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Some of the components of the author's training program at UCLA and in his actual practice in San Diego are compared, the type of surgical cases completed in training and in practice are examined, and the community acceptance of the author's definition of an otolaryngologist is commented on. Some of the conclusions regarding residency programs may be different from those of other specialists. The author's perspective is as a clinical assistant professor one year out of residency with an acute interest in the preparation for actual practice.", "PMID": 503517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5965", "title": "Otolaryngologic aspects of scuba diving.", "content": "Among the most common injuries encountered by the 700,000 active sport scuba divers in the United States are sinus and otitic barotrauma. The management of these injuries and the identification of high-risk patients during their required pretraining physical examination are discussed.", "contents": "Otolaryngologic aspects of scuba diving. Among the most common injuries encountered by the 700,000 active sport scuba divers in the United States are sinus and otitic barotrauma. The management of these injuries and the identification of high-risk patients during their required pretraining physical examination are discussed.", "PMID": 503518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5966", "title": "Augmentation of facial defects using Mersilene mesh implants.", "content": "The use of Mersilene mesh in both office and hospital practice was surveyed. Seventy patients received a total of 83 implants, 66 (80%) of which were Mersilene mesh. Of these 83 implants, 76 (91%) were used in chin augmentation, preponderantly by the intraoral route. An infection rate of 9% (8) was encountered; 4 (5%) of these required removal. The ideal implant material has not yet been discovered, but hopefully, with continued research and with the sharing of ideas, a more suitable implant will be found.", "contents": "Augmentation of facial defects using Mersilene mesh implants. The use of Mersilene mesh in both office and hospital practice was surveyed. Seventy patients received a total of 83 implants, 66 (80%) of which were Mersilene mesh. Of these 83 implants, 76 (91%) were used in chin augmentation, preponderantly by the intraoral route. An infection rate of 9% (8) was encountered; 4 (5%) of these required removal. The ideal implant material has not yet been discovered, but hopefully, with continued research and with the sharing of ideas, a more suitable implant will be found.", "PMID": 503512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5967", "title": "Radiation-induced carcinoma in a hemangioma.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in repeatedly irradiated buccal hemangioma is reported, and the surgical techniques used in reconstructing the cheek and lips are described.", "contents": "Radiation-induced carcinoma in a hemangioma. A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in repeatedly irradiated buccal hemangioma is reported, and the surgical techniques used in reconstructing the cheek and lips are described.", "PMID": 503521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5968", "title": "Juvenile spindle cell carcinoma.", "content": "Spindle cell carcinoma is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma that is rarely seen in children. The spindle cell pattern is frequently confused with sarcomas. A case of spindle carcinoma in a 14-year-old boy is presented. He is the youngest patient, to the authors' knowledge, with spindle cell carcinoma of the maxilla. Electron microscopic examination is helpful to define the epithelial nature of the spindle cells and can be performed on formalin-fixed tissue. Electron microscopic examination is essential to formulate an optimal treatment plan.", "contents": "Juvenile spindle cell carcinoma. Spindle cell carcinoma is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma that is rarely seen in children. The spindle cell pattern is frequently confused with sarcomas. A case of spindle carcinoma in a 14-year-old boy is presented. He is the youngest patient, to the authors' knowledge, with spindle cell carcinoma of the maxilla. Electron microscopic examination is helpful to define the epithelial nature of the spindle cells and can be performed on formalin-fixed tissue. Electron microscopic examination is essential to formulate an optimal treatment plan.", "PMID": 503519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5969", "title": "Mesenchymoma of larynx and neck.", "content": "A case of mesenchymoma of the larynx and neck with respiratory obstruction is presented. Mesenchymoma is a rare lesion in the head and neck area in which fibrous tissue is accompanied by two other mesenchymal components, often with an infiltrating margin in benign forms. The majority appear in patients under 25 years of age, most commonly in the subcutaneous scalp, cheek, or tongue. There is a 20% recurrence rate. A malignant type also occurs. Wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Mesenchymoma of larynx and neck. A case of mesenchymoma of the larynx and neck with respiratory obstruction is presented. Mesenchymoma is a rare lesion in the head and neck area in which fibrous tissue is accompanied by two other mesenchymal components, often with an infiltrating margin in benign forms. The majority appear in patients under 25 years of age, most commonly in the subcutaneous scalp, cheek, or tongue. There is a 20% recurrence rate. A malignant type also occurs. Wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 503523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5970", "title": "Malignant schwannoma of the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Malignant schwannomas are rare in the head and neck, even though benign schwannomas of this area are common. A case of a malignant schwannoma of the fifth cranial nerve with symptoms of otalgia and serous otitis media is described. About 20 such cases have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Malignant schwannoma of the trigeminal nerve. Malignant schwannomas are rare in the head and neck, even though benign schwannomas of this area are common. A case of a malignant schwannoma of the fifth cranial nerve with symptoms of otalgia and serous otitis media is described. About 20 such cases have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 503524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5971", "title": "Posterior cranial fossa and temporal bone meningioma in a child, appearing as a neck mass.", "content": "Meningiomas are usually benign lesions that rarely involve the temporal bone and rarely occur in children or adolescents. A case of a posterior cranial fossa and temporal bone meningioma in a 9-year-old girl is presented; no similar case was found in the world literature.", "contents": "Posterior cranial fossa and temporal bone meningioma in a child, appearing as a neck mass. Meningiomas are usually benign lesions that rarely involve the temporal bone and rarely occur in children or adolescents. A case of a posterior cranial fossa and temporal bone meningioma in a 9-year-old girl is presented; no similar case was found in the world literature.", "PMID": 503520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5972", "title": "Ganglioneuroma of the C4, C5 interspace.", "content": "Neurogenic tumors in the neck region are relatively infrequent with the exception of those involving the cranial nerves. A case of a ganglioneuroma or neurofibroma involving the nerve root of C4, C5 interspace is reported. The tumor appeared as a mass within the neck with a slight amount of pain in the shoulder and upper arm upon palpation. Surgical exploration revealed a mass superficial to the foramen and erosion of the foramen. Roentgenograms taken in the region demonstrated an extradural mass that was subsequently removed by laminectomy. Postoperatively, the patient did quite well. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Preservation of the nerve should be accomplished if at all possible.", "contents": "Ganglioneuroma of the C4, C5 interspace. Neurogenic tumors in the neck region are relatively infrequent with the exception of those involving the cranial nerves. A case of a ganglioneuroma or neurofibroma involving the nerve root of C4, C5 interspace is reported. The tumor appeared as a mass within the neck with a slight amount of pain in the shoulder and upper arm upon palpation. Surgical exploration revealed a mass superficial to the foramen and erosion of the foramen. Roentgenograms taken in the region demonstrated an extradural mass that was subsequently removed by laminectomy. Postoperatively, the patient did quite well. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Preservation of the nerve should be accomplished if at all possible.", "PMID": 503522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5973", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum extending into the maxillary sinus.", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum extending into the maxillary sinus is presented. These cartilaginous tumors are rare in the head and neck, with only 21 reported in the maxilla and four in the nasal septum. Careful histologic analysis is required for correct diagnosis. The present case was treated with an en bloc ethmoidectomy and medial maxillectomy, followed by fast neutron radiation therapy. The therapeutic program is analyzed for opportunity to provide an excellent chance of cure.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum extending into the maxillary sinus. A case of chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum extending into the maxillary sinus is presented. These cartilaginous tumors are rare in the head and neck, with only 21 reported in the maxilla and four in the nasal septum. Careful histologic analysis is required for correct diagnosis. The present case was treated with an en bloc ethmoidectomy and medial maxillectomy, followed by fast neutron radiation therapy. The therapeutic program is analyzed for opportunity to provide an excellent chance of cure.", "PMID": 503527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5974", "title": "Teratoma of the nasopharynx in the newborn.", "content": "Teratomas of the newborn are rare true neoplasms occasionally arising from the nasopharynx and causing respiratory obstruction. A case requiring immediate tracheostomy is presented along with its subsequent management and eventual extubation. A brief discussion of teratomatous tumors is given. This case represents the youngest patient to receive a tracheostomy.", "contents": "Teratoma of the nasopharynx in the newborn. Teratomas of the newborn are rare true neoplasms occasionally arising from the nasopharynx and causing respiratory obstruction. A case requiring immediate tracheostomy is presented along with its subsequent management and eventual extubation. A brief discussion of teratomatous tumors is given. This case represents the youngest patient to receive a tracheostomy.", "PMID": 503526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5975", "title": "Radiation-induced carcinoma of the temporal bone.", "content": "A case of a patient in whom carcinoma of the right temporal bone developed 39 years after a series of injections of radium chloride is presented. Carcinomas of the temporal bone and paranasal sinuses are a complication of radium administered therapeutically or ingested accidentally by watch dial painters.", "contents": "Radiation-induced carcinoma of the temporal bone. A case of a patient in whom carcinoma of the right temporal bone developed 39 years after a series of injections of radium chloride is presented. Carcinomas of the temporal bone and paranasal sinuses are a complication of radium administered therapeutically or ingested accidentally by watch dial painters.", "PMID": 503525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5976", "title": "[Experiences with miconazole in the prevention and therapy of candidiasis].", "content": "1. The treatment of 26 children suffering from haemoblastoses and tumors by the antimycotic Miconazol is reported on. 2. The application took place prophylactically as well as therapeutically by an oral or intravenous administration. Mycological examinations (stools, urine, throat swab, blood) have been carried through before, during and after the treatment in weekly intervals. 3. The result of treatment is altogether to be called good, invasive mycoses have been prevented and proved Blastomyces infections successfully treated. 4. Side effects like nausea and vomiting were observed only in one case, damages of the haematopoietic system, the liver and kidneys could not have been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Experiences with miconazole in the prevention and therapy of candidiasis]. 1. The treatment of 26 children suffering from haemoblastoses and tumors by the antimycotic Miconazol is reported on. 2. The application took place prophylactically as well as therapeutically by an oral or intravenous administration. Mycological examinations (stools, urine, throat swab, blood) have been carried through before, during and after the treatment in weekly intervals. 3. The result of treatment is altogether to be called good, invasive mycoses have been prevented and proved Blastomyces infections successfully treated. 4. Side effects like nausea and vomiting were observed only in one case, damages of the haematopoietic system, the liver and kidneys could not have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 503539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5977", "title": "[Tetralogy of Fallot in a father and son].", "content": "A family is reported on, in which the tetralogy of Fallot is present in the father and the eldest son. In both the patients a total correction took place. The mother and the second son are healthy.", "contents": "[Tetralogy of Fallot in a father and son]. A family is reported on, in which the tetralogy of Fallot is present in the father and the eldest son. In both the patients a total correction took place. The mother and the second son are healthy.", "PMID": 503540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5978", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma of the temporal bone.", "content": "A case of a 57-year-old man with a 25-year history of untreated basal cell carcinoma of the ear is presented. The lesion resulted in auricular destruction and temporal bone invasion. This case emphasizes the potential destructive ability of basal cell carcinoma. Extensive resection and reconstruction were required for control.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. A case of a 57-year-old man with a 25-year history of untreated basal cell carcinoma of the ear is presented. The lesion resulted in auricular destruction and temporal bone invasion. This case emphasizes the potential destructive ability of basal cell carcinoma. Extensive resection and reconstruction were required for control.", "PMID": 503529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5979", "title": "Element content of intracochlear fluids, outer hair cells, and stria vascularis as determined by energy-dispersive roentgen ray analysis.", "content": "Roentgen ray spectrometry was used to obtain element spectra from isolated samples of perilymph, endolymph, outer hair cells, and stria vascularis obtained by microdissection from the freeze-dried inner ears of chinchillas. The spectra of perilymph and endolymph residues indicated that no cross-contamination of the two cochlear fluids occurs during freeze-drying or sampling. The spectra of outer hair cells suggested that the extracellular fluid in the organ of Corti spaces is similar to perilymph in its ionic content. The spectra of stria vascularis samples indicated low sodium and high phosphorus contents. Energy-dispersive roentgen ray analysis of freeze-dried inner ears appears to be a promising method for low-contamination measurement of ion distribution in the cochlea.", "contents": "Element content of intracochlear fluids, outer hair cells, and stria vascularis as determined by energy-dispersive roentgen ray analysis. Roentgen ray spectrometry was used to obtain element spectra from isolated samples of perilymph, endolymph, outer hair cells, and stria vascularis obtained by microdissection from the freeze-dried inner ears of chinchillas. The spectra of perilymph and endolymph residues indicated that no cross-contamination of the two cochlear fluids occurs during freeze-drying or sampling. The spectra of outer hair cells suggested that the extracellular fluid in the organ of Corti spaces is similar to perilymph in its ionic content. The spectra of stria vascularis samples indicated low sodium and high phosphorus contents. Energy-dispersive roentgen ray analysis of freeze-dried inner ears appears to be a promising method for low-contamination measurement of ion distribution in the cochlea.", "PMID": 503532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5980", "title": "Malignant parapharyngeal schwannoma (neurilemmoma).", "content": "A malignant parapharyngeal neurilemmoma developed in a 45-year-old woman who had had a benign solitary neurilemmoma removed from the same area nine years previously. Incomplete excision was achieved through a mandibulotomy approach. Malignant schwannoma usually is associated with neurofibromatosis and has a poor prognosis, spreading along the nerve of origin or by blood stream. Small localized tumors should be treated aggressively by surgery. The possibility that a previously benign schwannoma underwent malignant transformation must be considered.", "contents": "Malignant parapharyngeal schwannoma (neurilemmoma). A malignant parapharyngeal neurilemmoma developed in a 45-year-old woman who had had a benign solitary neurilemmoma removed from the same area nine years previously. Incomplete excision was achieved through a mandibulotomy approach. Malignant schwannoma usually is associated with neurofibromatosis and has a poor prognosis, spreading along the nerve of origin or by blood stream. Small localized tumors should be treated aggressively by surgery. The possibility that a previously benign schwannoma underwent malignant transformation must be considered.", "PMID": 503531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5981", "title": "Multiple simultaneous paragangliomas of the head and neck in association with multiple retroperitoneal pheochromocytomas.", "content": "A patient in whom multiple, familial, catecholamine-secreting head and neck paragangliomas and retroperitoneal pheochromocytomas were identified is reported. There were at least nine primary and possibly five recurrent neoplasms, the most reported in a single patient. In patients with family history of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma or with multiple tumors, careful laboratory and angiographic studies are indicated to discover additional lesions.", "contents": "Multiple simultaneous paragangliomas of the head and neck in association with multiple retroperitoneal pheochromocytomas. A patient in whom multiple, familial, catecholamine-secreting head and neck paragangliomas and retroperitoneal pheochromocytomas were identified is reported. There were at least nine primary and possibly five recurrent neoplasms, the most reported in a single patient. In patients with family history of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma or with multiple tumors, careful laboratory and angiographic studies are indicated to discover additional lesions.", "PMID": 503530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5982", "title": "The morphologic effects of histamine on the lateral cochlear wall.", "content": "The chinchilla lateral cochlear wall (stria vascularis, spiral ligament, and spiral prominence) was examined by morphologic and histochemical techniques following various doses of intravenous histamine. The three main findings were as follows: (1) the basic ultrastructure was not altered by histamine; (2) there is a time- and dose-dependent change in the rate of stria vascularis vessel permeability to a small protein tracer (horseradish peroxidase), but the mode of transport (large pore system) is unchanged; and (3) glycogen depletion in stria marginal cells occurs with its apparent mobilization into stria intercellular spaces.", "contents": "The morphologic effects of histamine on the lateral cochlear wall. The chinchilla lateral cochlear wall (stria vascularis, spiral ligament, and spiral prominence) was examined by morphologic and histochemical techniques following various doses of intravenous histamine. The three main findings were as follows: (1) the basic ultrastructure was not altered by histamine; (2) there is a time- and dose-dependent change in the rate of stria vascularis vessel permeability to a small protein tracer (horseradish peroxidase), but the mode of transport (large pore system) is unchanged; and (3) glycogen depletion in stria marginal cells occurs with its apparent mobilization into stria intercellular spaces.", "PMID": 503533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5983", "title": "A longitudinal study of cellular changes in experimental otitis media.", "content": "A longitudinal sequential study of otitis media in an experimental animal (cat) using eustachian tube obstruction was done. Fifty animals were used. The continuum of mucoperiosteal changes from one day to six months after obstruction revealed gradual changes that were similar for each animal. Stages were defined, and by using different staining techniques, including immunocytochemistry, an overall middle ear defense system was postulated and documented. Nonspecific as well as specific defense systems, including localized immunity, were described. Effusions were studied in a continuum, and their pathogenesis was discussed.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of cellular changes in experimental otitis media. A longitudinal sequential study of otitis media in an experimental animal (cat) using eustachian tube obstruction was done. Fifty animals were used. The continuum of mucoperiosteal changes from one day to six months after obstruction revealed gradual changes that were similar for each animal. Stages were defined, and by using different staining techniques, including immunocytochemistry, an overall middle ear defense system was postulated and documented. Nonspecific as well as specific defense systems, including localized immunity, were described. Effusions were studied in a continuum, and their pathogenesis was discussed.", "PMID": 503534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5984", "title": "Corneal pain evoked by thermal stimulation.", "content": "The thermal sensitivity of the eyelid and cornea was compared using an automated apparatus to produce stimulus pulses of known magnitude and duration over the range 33--45 degrees C. Subjects reported only temperature sensation when the skin of the upper eyelid was tested; however, corneal stimulation in the same subjects was always perceived as nociceptive. The possibility that other ocular tissues may be involved in the pain responses was shown to be unlikely by direct experimentation or by calculation of heat flow in those tissues. Cornea and eyelid thresholds were compared in relationship to the structural and physical properties of these tissues. It was found that the nerve endings of the corneal epithelium are less sensitive to temperature change when compared to the thermal receptors of the eyelid. It is concluded that the cornea is useful for the experimental study of pain.", "contents": "Corneal pain evoked by thermal stimulation. The thermal sensitivity of the eyelid and cornea was compared using an automated apparatus to produce stimulus pulses of known magnitude and duration over the range 33--45 degrees C. Subjects reported only temperature sensation when the skin of the upper eyelid was tested; however, corneal stimulation in the same subjects was always perceived as nociceptive. The possibility that other ocular tissues may be involved in the pain responses was shown to be unlikely by direct experimentation or by calculation of heat flow in those tissues. Cornea and eyelid thresholds were compared in relationship to the structural and physical properties of these tissues. It was found that the nerve endings of the corneal epithelium are less sensitive to temperature change when compared to the thermal receptors of the eyelid. It is concluded that the cornea is useful for the experimental study of pain.", "PMID": 503550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5985", "title": "Nociceptive flexion reflexes elicited by noxious laser radiant heat in man.", "content": "This study, carried out in humans, is an attempt to elicit nociceptive flexion reflexes and to investigate the sensation reported by the subjects, using thermal stimulation achieved with laser radiant heat. It was found that noxious termal stimulation elicited long latency nociceptive reflexes very well correlated with a pricking pain. Since thermal stimulus is more specific and natural than an electrical one, it seems that this method should be of interest for pain research in man.", "contents": "Nociceptive flexion reflexes elicited by noxious laser radiant heat in man. This study, carried out in humans, is an attempt to elicit nociceptive flexion reflexes and to investigate the sensation reported by the subjects, using thermal stimulation achieved with laser radiant heat. It was found that noxious termal stimulation elicited long latency nociceptive reflexes very well correlated with a pricking pain. Since thermal stimulus is more specific and natural than an electrical one, it seems that this method should be of interest for pain research in man.", "PMID": 503551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5986", "title": "Ratio scaling of pain perception with the submaximum effort tourniquet technique.", "content": "The submaximum effort tourniquet technique (SETT) is becoming more widely used as part of the clinical assessment of chronic pain patients despite little information about the scaling of this technique. Ratio scaling procedures resulted in a linear function, presumed to underlie clinical application of the SETT, for only 11% of the subjects. Therefore, current clinical use of the tourniquet ratio score should be questioned. Normals also obtained significantly more negatively accelerated power functions than pain patients with no difference in tolerances. Differences in these growth curves are discussed with reference to the concept of pain endurance. Continued needs for standardized pain evaluation techniques suggest that this type of psychophysical scaling procedure may improve the precision of some clinical pain assessments.", "contents": "Ratio scaling of pain perception with the submaximum effort tourniquet technique. The submaximum effort tourniquet technique (SETT) is becoming more widely used as part of the clinical assessment of chronic pain patients despite little information about the scaling of this technique. Ratio scaling procedures resulted in a linear function, presumed to underlie clinical application of the SETT, for only 11% of the subjects. Therefore, current clinical use of the tourniquet ratio score should be questioned. Normals also obtained significantly more negatively accelerated power functions than pain patients with no difference in tolerances. Differences in these growth curves are discussed with reference to the concept of pain endurance. Continued needs for standardized pain evaluation techniques suggest that this type of psychophysical scaling procedure may improve the precision of some clinical pain assessments.", "PMID": 503552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5987", "title": "Tooth pulp-driven neurons in somatosensory cortex of primates: role in pain mechanisms including a review of the literature.", "content": "The tooth pulp of primates was stimulated electrically while searching for evoked unit potentials in the cerebral cortex. Control procedures were employed to assure that the electrical stimuli reached only tooth pulp fibers but no extrapulpal sensory fibers. In addition, an electrode was inserted in soft tissue surrounding the tooth for separate excitation of extrapulpal axons. A tooth pulp projection area was identified in the \"face area\" of primary somatosensory cortex. Two major neuron groups were encountered, one excited only by the extrapulpal soft tissue stimulus, the other by tooth pulp stimuli. Within the pulp-projection area, soft tissue-driven neurons were most numerous in superficial cortex of the postcentral gyrus, pulp-driven neurons dominated in deep cortex in the base of the central sulcus. The pulp-driven population divided into several functional subsets: those excited from one pulp only (conceivably capable of localizing pulpal stimuli), those excited from more than one pulp and those excited from both pulp and extrapulpal soft tissue. Within each of these 3 pulp-driven subsets, some units responded to single shock, others only to a train of shocks. Mean discharge latency was shortest for the population excited only from soft tissue, intermediate for pulp-driven units excited by single shock and longest for pulp-driven units excited only by trains of shocks. Both soft tissue and pulp stimuli evoked extensive inhibitory effects. In the Discussion, the possible role of pulp-driven neurons in pain is considered. The functional properties of some neurons are consistent with a role in stimulus localization but those of the remaining neurons suggest other roles in pain. An examination of the literature on cortex and pain suggests that normally somatosensory cortex is important for localizing painful stimuli and that it contributes to other pain mechanisms as well. After certain lesions, somatosensory cortex has the capacity for generating \"central\" pain just like other structures in the nociceptive pathway.", "contents": "Tooth pulp-driven neurons in somatosensory cortex of primates: role in pain mechanisms including a review of the literature. The tooth pulp of primates was stimulated electrically while searching for evoked unit potentials in the cerebral cortex. Control procedures were employed to assure that the electrical stimuli reached only tooth pulp fibers but no extrapulpal sensory fibers. In addition, an electrode was inserted in soft tissue surrounding the tooth for separate excitation of extrapulpal axons. A tooth pulp projection area was identified in the \"face area\" of primary somatosensory cortex. Two major neuron groups were encountered, one excited only by the extrapulpal soft tissue stimulus, the other by tooth pulp stimuli. Within the pulp-projection area, soft tissue-driven neurons were most numerous in superficial cortex of the postcentral gyrus, pulp-driven neurons dominated in deep cortex in the base of the central sulcus. The pulp-driven population divided into several functional subsets: those excited from one pulp only (conceivably capable of localizing pulpal stimuli), those excited from more than one pulp and those excited from both pulp and extrapulpal soft tissue. Within each of these 3 pulp-driven subsets, some units responded to single shock, others only to a train of shocks. Mean discharge latency was shortest for the population excited only from soft tissue, intermediate for pulp-driven units excited by single shock and longest for pulp-driven units excited only by trains of shocks. Both soft tissue and pulp stimuli evoked extensive inhibitory effects. In the Discussion, the possible role of pulp-driven neurons in pain is considered. The functional properties of some neurons are consistent with a role in stimulus localization but those of the remaining neurons suggest other roles in pain. An examination of the literature on cortex and pain suggests that normally somatosensory cortex is important for localizing painful stimuli and that it contributes to other pain mechanisms as well. After certain lesions, somatosensory cortex has the capacity for generating \"central\" pain just like other structures in the nociceptive pathway.", "PMID": 503553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5988", "title": "Periventricular system lesions and stimulation-produced analgesia.", "content": "Three areas within the periventricular system were studied: caudal periaqueductal gray (PAG), rostral PAG, and caudal midline thalamus. Rats were chronically prepared with a bipolar stimulating electrode in one of these areas and two lesion electrodes in another. Current thresholds for stimulation-produced analgesia in the tail-flick test were assessed. Then, lesions were made and thresholds for analgesia re-assessed. Destruction of the caudal PAG consistently produced large increases in thresholds for analgesia at rostral stimulation sites; however, destruction of the rostral areas did not affect thresholds at caudal PAG sites. Lesions in all 3 areas yielded significant reductions in baseline (pre-brain stimulation) tail-flick latencies. Both sham lesioned control animals and animals with small lesions maintained stable baseline latencies and analgesia thresholds. The data support the view that all 3 brain areas studied contribute to the same pain-inhibitory system. They further suggest that stimulation at rostral sites activates elements which connect to or pass through the caudal PAG.", "contents": "Periventricular system lesions and stimulation-produced analgesia. Three areas within the periventricular system were studied: caudal periaqueductal gray (PAG), rostral PAG, and caudal midline thalamus. Rats were chronically prepared with a bipolar stimulating electrode in one of these areas and two lesion electrodes in another. Current thresholds for stimulation-produced analgesia in the tail-flick test were assessed. Then, lesions were made and thresholds for analgesia re-assessed. Destruction of the caudal PAG consistently produced large increases in thresholds for analgesia at rostral stimulation sites; however, destruction of the rostral areas did not affect thresholds at caudal PAG sites. Lesions in all 3 areas yielded significant reductions in baseline (pre-brain stimulation) tail-flick latencies. Both sham lesioned control animals and animals with small lesions maintained stable baseline latencies and analgesia thresholds. The data support the view that all 3 brain areas studied contribute to the same pain-inhibitory system. They further suggest that stimulation at rostral sites activates elements which connect to or pass through the caudal PAG.", "PMID": 503554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5989", "title": "Bone and soft tissue changes in paraplegic patients.", "content": "The loss of bone mineral in 66 paraplegic patients has been measured in the lower femoral shaft by scanning the leg with a beam of mono-energetic radiation from 241Am. The profile of the transmitted radiation was used to determine a parameter which was related to bone mass. The bone mass of paraplegic patients was significantly lower than normal. Persistent paralysis does not lead to a continued fall in bone mass, but once it has fallen, bone mass remains constant. Soft tissues also showed a muscle/fat ratio was lower than normal.", "contents": "Bone and soft tissue changes in paraplegic patients. The loss of bone mineral in 66 paraplegic patients has been measured in the lower femoral shaft by scanning the leg with a beam of mono-energetic radiation from 241Am. The profile of the transmitted radiation was used to determine a parameter which was related to bone mass. The bone mass of paraplegic patients was significantly lower than normal. Persistent paralysis does not lead to a continued fall in bone mass, but once it has fallen, bone mass remains constant. Soft tissues also showed a muscle/fat ratio was lower than normal.", "PMID": 503557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5990", "title": "Fatal intra-peritoneal bladder rupture due to blocked catheter in a paraplegic.", "content": "A female paraplegic developed intraperitoneal rupture of urinary bladder seven weeks after institution of indwelling urethral catheter drainage. Blockage of the catheter precipitated this fatal event. Oliguria after an initial encouraging urinary output despite adequate fluid replacement led us to suspect bladder rupture which was confirmed by urgent cystography. Although emergency laparotomy to repair the rent in the bladder was performed, she succumbed to gram-negative septicemia. Other hazards of indwelling urethral catheter drainage even for short periods are highlighted (though the above complication itself is admittedly rare) with an oft re-emphasised plea to consider earlier the alternative modality of intermittent catheterisation or pharmacotherapy in female patients.", "contents": "Fatal intra-peritoneal bladder rupture due to blocked catheter in a paraplegic. A female paraplegic developed intraperitoneal rupture of urinary bladder seven weeks after institution of indwelling urethral catheter drainage. Blockage of the catheter precipitated this fatal event. Oliguria after an initial encouraging urinary output despite adequate fluid replacement led us to suspect bladder rupture which was confirmed by urgent cystography. Although emergency laparotomy to repair the rent in the bladder was performed, she succumbed to gram-negative septicemia. Other hazards of indwelling urethral catheter drainage even for short periods are highlighted (though the above complication itself is admittedly rare) with an oft re-emphasised plea to consider earlier the alternative modality of intermittent catheterisation or pharmacotherapy in female patients.", "PMID": 503558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5991", "title": "Brain abscess following the insertion of skull tongs.", "content": "Brain abscess is an uncommon complication of the insertion of skull tongs. The two cases reported demonstrate the difficulty that may occur in diagnosis and the high mortality associated with this complication.", "contents": "Brain abscess following the insertion of skull tongs. Brain abscess is an uncommon complication of the insertion of skull tongs. The two cases reported demonstrate the difficulty that may occur in diagnosis and the high mortality associated with this complication.", "PMID": 503559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5992", "title": "Fatal basilar artery occlusion following cervical spine injury.", "content": "A patient rendered acutely quadriplegic in an automobile accident was shown by angiography to have occlusion of the left vertebral artery. One month later, he abruptly became unconscious, apneic and died. Autopsy showed an organised thrombus in the left vertebral artery and a fresh thrombus occluding the entire basilar artery. This case differs from previously reported cases of traumatic vertebral artery thrombosis wherein symptoms of brain stem infarction were more immediately evident.", "contents": "Fatal basilar artery occlusion following cervical spine injury. A patient rendered acutely quadriplegic in an automobile accident was shown by angiography to have occlusion of the left vertebral artery. One month later, he abruptly became unconscious, apneic and died. Autopsy showed an organised thrombus in the left vertebral artery and a fresh thrombus occluding the entire basilar artery. This case differs from previously reported cases of traumatic vertebral artery thrombosis wherein symptoms of brain stem infarction were more immediately evident.", "PMID": 503560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5993", "title": "Spinal cord lesions after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.", "content": "This paper is dealing with spinal cord lesions following diagnostic and therapeutic procedures according to the literature and some personal observations. It becomes quite clear what prices have to be payed using modern methods. There are not only surgical procedures involved. Spinal cord lesions following medical activities cannot be judged as malpractice in any case. Some of these accidents can be avoided by strong indications and sophisticated performance of any procedure.", "contents": "Spinal cord lesions after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This paper is dealing with spinal cord lesions following diagnostic and therapeutic procedures according to the literature and some personal observations. It becomes quite clear what prices have to be payed using modern methods. There are not only surgical procedures involved. Spinal cord lesions following medical activities cannot be judged as malpractice in any case. Some of these accidents can be avoided by strong indications and sophisticated performance of any procedure.", "PMID": 503561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5994", "title": "Paraplegia following cardiovascular surgery.", "content": "A study of recent cases of spinal cord damage following aortic surgery confirmed previous reports that damage was confined to the anterior horn cells of the lumbar and sacral segments of the cord, with preservation of posterior column function and satisfactory bladder control.", "contents": "Paraplegia following cardiovascular surgery. A study of recent cases of spinal cord damage following aortic surgery confirmed previous reports that damage was confined to the anterior horn cells of the lumbar and sacral segments of the cord, with preservation of posterior column function and satisfactory bladder control.", "PMID": 503562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5995", "title": "Surgical injury of the cord and its roots.", "content": "Fifty-two patients sustained spinal cord, nerve root or combined injury following treatment conducted primarily by neurological and orthopaedic surgeons. Most patients did not receive the benefit of appropriate conservative treatment. Correct diagnosis was usually not arrived at even though diagnostic studies were performed sufficiently well to permit such diagnosis. Surgical treatment fell below standard in 86% of the cases in which the issue of adequacy was relevant. Post-operative care was also generally inadequate. The surgeons often failed to detect, diagnose, or reoperate promptly and properly for post-operative paralysis. These adverse results were not related to isolated surgical mishaps, to natural course of the disease, or to the inevitable result of treatment. They stem from a general failure of the surgeon to meet his responsibilities as a practitioner. There are both medical and social implications of this finding.", "contents": "Surgical injury of the cord and its roots. Fifty-two patients sustained spinal cord, nerve root or combined injury following treatment conducted primarily by neurological and orthopaedic surgeons. Most patients did not receive the benefit of appropriate conservative treatment. Correct diagnosis was usually not arrived at even though diagnostic studies were performed sufficiently well to permit such diagnosis. Surgical treatment fell below standard in 86% of the cases in which the issue of adequacy was relevant. Post-operative care was also generally inadequate. The surgeons often failed to detect, diagnose, or reoperate promptly and properly for post-operative paralysis. These adverse results were not related to isolated surgical mishaps, to natural course of the disease, or to the inevitable result of treatment. They stem from a general failure of the surgeon to meet his responsibilities as a practitioner. There are both medical and social implications of this finding.", "PMID": 503563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5996", "title": "Recovery mechanisms from acute hypoglycaemia in complete tetraplegia.", "content": "Acute hypoglycaemia has been achieved in tetraplegic subjects and in healthy controls using insulin. The recovery from hypoglycaemia has been followed by measuring appropriate substrate levels in blood. Abnormal responses of lactate and free fatty acid concentrations were observed; blood glucose recovery proceeded at a normal rate.", "contents": "Recovery mechanisms from acute hypoglycaemia in complete tetraplegia. Acute hypoglycaemia has been achieved in tetraplegic subjects and in healthy controls using insulin. The recovery from hypoglycaemia has been followed by measuring appropriate substrate levels in blood. Abnormal responses of lactate and free fatty acid concentrations were observed; blood glucose recovery proceeded at a normal rate.", "PMID": 503564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5997", "title": "Physiological responses to insulin hypoglycaemia in spinal man.", "content": "The physiologically responses to hypoglycaemia induced by fish insulin were studied in nine tetraplegic subjects with physiological complete cervical spinal cord transection between C4 and C8. During hypoglycaemia there was a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure unlike in normal subjects. This was accompanied by a rise in heart rate. The normal rise in plasma adrenaline levels did not occur. Plasma human insulin levels were suppressed. The usual neuroglycopenic symptoms accompanying hypoglycaemia did not occur in the tetraplegics.", "contents": "Physiological responses to insulin hypoglycaemia in spinal man. The physiologically responses to hypoglycaemia induced by fish insulin were studied in nine tetraplegic subjects with physiological complete cervical spinal cord transection between C4 and C8. During hypoglycaemia there was a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure unlike in normal subjects. This was accompanied by a rise in heart rate. The normal rise in plasma adrenaline levels did not occur. Plasma human insulin levels were suppressed. The usual neuroglycopenic symptoms accompanying hypoglycaemia did not occur in the tetraplegics.", "PMID": 503565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5998", "title": "Acute spinal epidural abscess.", "content": "A case of acute spinal epidural abscess is reported demonstrating many of the important features in the natural history of the disorder. The pathological changes in the cord at the level of the lesion are described. A series of 12 patients is reviewed. The average interval between the initial consultation and the onset of complete paralysis is 5 days and it is essential that the diagnosis is made during this period. Two indicators of prognosis are discussed--the duration of complete paralysis and the extent of sensory disturbance.", "contents": "Acute spinal epidural abscess. A case of acute spinal epidural abscess is reported demonstrating many of the important features in the natural history of the disorder. The pathological changes in the cord at the level of the lesion are described. A series of 12 patients is reviewed. The average interval between the initial consultation and the onset of complete paralysis is 5 days and it is essential that the diagnosis is made during this period. Two indicators of prognosis are discussed--the duration of complete paralysis and the extent of sensory disturbance.", "PMID": 503566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_5999", "title": "Spinal cord involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A review is made of the literature on central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS-SLE). Particular attention is focused on lupus myelopathy. Referring to two well-documented personal cases, the authors describe the characteristic multisystem involvement, protean clinical pattern, serum and cerebrospinal fluid changes, histoimmunologic findings, response to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents and some prognostic features.", "contents": "Spinal cord involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. A review is made of the literature on central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS-SLE). Particular attention is focused on lupus myelopathy. Referring to two well-documented personal cases, the authors describe the characteristic multisystem involvement, protean clinical pattern, serum and cerebrospinal fluid changes, histoimmunologic findings, response to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents and some prognostic features.", "PMID": 503567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6000", "title": "Spinal cord angioma--non-progressive disease?", "content": "In an analysis of 214 patients admitted to the Midland Spinal Injuries Unit with non-traumatic cord damage 18 patients had arteriovenous malformations (AVM of the cord. This paper describes the experience gained by this unit in the rehabilitation of these patients. A brief review of literature is included, essentially to highlight the relentless progress of the disease. The overall rehabilitation potential of these patients was poor. Fifty per cent of patients had further neurological loss during the follow-up period after the onset of paraplegia.", "contents": "Spinal cord angioma--non-progressive disease? In an analysis of 214 patients admitted to the Midland Spinal Injuries Unit with non-traumatic cord damage 18 patients had arteriovenous malformations (AVM of the cord. This paper describes the experience gained by this unit in the rehabilitation of these patients. A brief review of literature is included, essentially to highlight the relentless progress of the disease. The overall rehabilitation potential of these patients was poor. Fifty per cent of patients had further neurological loss during the follow-up period after the onset of paraplegia.", "PMID": 503568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6001", "title": "An evaluation of discrepancy in capacity and contour of the neurogenic bladder as shown on cystography and pyelography.", "content": "A significant difference in the filling of the bladder with contrast medium on intravenous pyelography as compared to cystography has been noted in patients with spinal cord injury. Bladder capacity and contour of the bladder wall have been assessed in 50 patients with impaired bladder innervation consequent upon spinal cord injury. In 32% of the patients the bladder capacity was significantly greater when measured on pyelography than that found in cystography. The causes for this discrepancy in bladder filling on the two examinations are discussed. The possibility of erroneous assessment of the capacity and contour of the neurogenic bladder on cystography is pointed out.", "contents": "An evaluation of discrepancy in capacity and contour of the neurogenic bladder as shown on cystography and pyelography. A significant difference in the filling of the bladder with contrast medium on intravenous pyelography as compared to cystography has been noted in patients with spinal cord injury. Bladder capacity and contour of the bladder wall have been assessed in 50 patients with impaired bladder innervation consequent upon spinal cord injury. In 32% of the patients the bladder capacity was significantly greater when measured on pyelography than that found in cystography. The causes for this discrepancy in bladder filling on the two examinations are discussed. The possibility of erroneous assessment of the capacity and contour of the neurogenic bladder on cystography is pointed out.", "PMID": 503569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6002", "title": "Traumatic atlanto-axial fracture disclocation in a child.", "content": "An 18-month-old child was rendered tetraplegic below C6 in a road traffic accident. There was an associated fracture-dislocation of the atlanto-axial joint. Early management, and the probable role of autonomic dysreflexia in increasing the neurological deficit are considered.", "contents": "Traumatic atlanto-axial fracture disclocation in a child. An 18-month-old child was rendered tetraplegic below C6 in a road traffic accident. There was an associated fracture-dislocation of the atlanto-axial joint. Early management, and the probable role of autonomic dysreflexia in increasing the neurological deficit are considered.", "PMID": 503571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6003", "title": "Dilatation of the resting posterior urethra in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "In 26 patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia after a spinal cord injury the resting posterior urethra at cystography was found either closed as in normal subjects or open to a varying degree. Highest intravesical pressure measured at cystometry during uninhibited detrusor contraction was statistically significantly related to the degree of dilatation of the resting posterior urethra. An even higher correlation coefficient was found between the dilatation of the resting posterior urethra and an arbitrary score calculated on the basis of highest cystometric pressure and duration of disease since spinal cord injury. The possible importance of this finding in relation to incontinence after urethral sphincterotomy is discussed.", "contents": "Dilatation of the resting posterior urethra in spinal cord injury patients. In 26 patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia after a spinal cord injury the resting posterior urethra at cystography was found either closed as in normal subjects or open to a varying degree. Highest intravesical pressure measured at cystometry during uninhibited detrusor contraction was statistically significantly related to the degree of dilatation of the resting posterior urethra. An even higher correlation coefficient was found between the dilatation of the resting posterior urethra and an arbitrary score calculated on the basis of highest cystometric pressure and duration of disease since spinal cord injury. The possible importance of this finding in relation to incontinence after urethral sphincterotomy is discussed.", "PMID": 503572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6004", "title": "Dialysis bone disease in childhood: treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "The effect of 8 months of administration of moderate doses of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OH D3) on radiologic, biologic, and bone histologic changes was assessed in five children on chronic hemodialysis. Osteomalacia, defined by an increase in the thickness index of the osteoid seams and decrease of the calcification rate, was present on the initial bone biopsy of only one patient and improved with the treatment. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its prints on bone tissue, noted in all five children, did not improve in the absence of adequate serum phosphorus control. Furthermore, cancellous bone volume diminished in two patients with the administration of 25 OH D3. This activity of the drug could be related to its inhibitory effect of osteoblastic apposition as demonstrated by the decrease in the calcification rates, while the thickness index of the osteoid seams remains normal. Despite the small number of patients studied, these results suggest the importance of limiting the prescription of 25 OH D3 to children suffering from renal osteodystrophy only after having assessed unequivocally an osteomalacic component by histodynamical criteria. Secondary hyperparathyroidism appears not to be improved with moderate doses of 25 OH D3 in the absence of adequate serum phosphorus control.", "contents": "Dialysis bone disease in childhood: treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The effect of 8 months of administration of moderate doses of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OH D3) on radiologic, biologic, and bone histologic changes was assessed in five children on chronic hemodialysis. Osteomalacia, defined by an increase in the thickness index of the osteoid seams and decrease of the calcification rate, was present on the initial bone biopsy of only one patient and improved with the treatment. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its prints on bone tissue, noted in all five children, did not improve in the absence of adequate serum phosphorus control. Furthermore, cancellous bone volume diminished in two patients with the administration of 25 OH D3. This activity of the drug could be related to its inhibitory effect of osteoblastic apposition as demonstrated by the decrease in the calcification rates, while the thickness index of the osteoid seams remains normal. Despite the small number of patients studied, these results suggest the importance of limiting the prescription of 25 OH D3 to children suffering from renal osteodystrophy only after having assessed unequivocally an osteomalacic component by histodynamical criteria. Secondary hyperparathyroidism appears not to be improved with moderate doses of 25 OH D3 in the absence of adequate serum phosphorus control.", "PMID": 503634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6005", "title": "Sickle cell syndromes. III. Silent-carrier alpha-thalassemia in combination with hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C.", "content": "Silent carrier alpha-thalassemia was identified in two individuals, one with sickle-cell trait and the other hemoglobin (Hb) C trait. Both are parents of a child with characteristic hematologic features of the Hb SC-alpha thalassemia syndrome, including microcytosis and an unbalanced pattern of globin synthesis. In contrast to the typical findings that accompany heterozygous Hb S or Hb C with concomitant alpha-thalassemia trait, neither of the parents had microcytosis nor a percent of the abnormal hemoglobin in their erythrocytes that was below the normal range. In both, however, globin synthesis of peripheral blood reticulocytes was unbalanced, consistent with mild alpha-thalassemia. These findings suggest that the alpha-thalassemia silent carrier may be hematologically indistinguishable from the nonthalassemic individual, even when hemoglobin S or C are present.", "contents": "Sickle cell syndromes. III. Silent-carrier alpha-thalassemia in combination with hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. Silent carrier alpha-thalassemia was identified in two individuals, one with sickle-cell trait and the other hemoglobin (Hb) C trait. Both are parents of a child with characteristic hematologic features of the Hb SC-alpha thalassemia syndrome, including microcytosis and an unbalanced pattern of globin synthesis. In contrast to the typical findings that accompany heterozygous Hb S or Hb C with concomitant alpha-thalassemia trait, neither of the parents had microcytosis nor a percent of the abnormal hemoglobin in their erythrocytes that was below the normal range. In both, however, globin synthesis of peripheral blood reticulocytes was unbalanced, consistent with mild alpha-thalassemia. These findings suggest that the alpha-thalassemia silent carrier may be hematologically indistinguishable from the nonthalassemic individual, even when hemoglobin S or C are present.", "PMID": 503635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6006", "title": "Reduction of cholesterol synthesis by methylxanthines in cultured glial cells.", "content": "Methylxanthines are shown in this study to decrease cholesterol synthesis in cultured C-6 glial cells. Aminophylline (10(-3) M) produced a rapid decline in cholesterol synthesis so that by 6 hr, synthesis in treated cells was less than 20% of that in untreated cells, and by 24 hr, less than 10%. Aminophylline induced parallel changes in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Theophylline and caffeine produced similar effects. Thus, methyxanthines caused a specific, enzyme-mediated reduction in cholesterol synthesis in C-6 glial cells to the developing nervous system, cholesterol synthesis was studied in the presence of 10(-4)M aminophylline. This represents a theophylline concentration in the culture medium that is of the same order of magnitude as that produced in whole brain of animals administered therapeutic doses of aminophylline. Under these conditions, cholesterol synthesis was reduced to approximately 60% of control after 48 and 72 hr.", "contents": "Reduction of cholesterol synthesis by methylxanthines in cultured glial cells. Methylxanthines are shown in this study to decrease cholesterol synthesis in cultured C-6 glial cells. Aminophylline (10(-3) M) produced a rapid decline in cholesterol synthesis so that by 6 hr, synthesis in treated cells was less than 20% of that in untreated cells, and by 24 hr, less than 10%. Aminophylline induced parallel changes in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Theophylline and caffeine produced similar effects. Thus, methyxanthines caused a specific, enzyme-mediated reduction in cholesterol synthesis in C-6 glial cells to the developing nervous system, cholesterol synthesis was studied in the presence of 10(-4)M aminophylline. This represents a theophylline concentration in the culture medium that is of the same order of magnitude as that produced in whole brain of animals administered therapeutic doses of aminophylline. Under these conditions, cholesterol synthesis was reduced to approximately 60% of control after 48 and 72 hr.", "PMID": 503636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6007", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in fetal lambs.", "content": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy was studied in fetal lambs during midgestation. Functional adaptation was correlated with anatomica and biochemical changes by measuring glomerular filtration and clearance of para-amino hippurate (PAH). Normal intrauterine body growth and kidney growth by changes in RNA and DNA over a 72-hr period were studied in twin fetuses. Seventy-two hr after left uninephrectomy in single fetuses, there was a significant increase in weight of the renoprival right kidney as well as a significant increase in renal cortical content of RNA and DNA. The rate of increase in RNA was greater than the increase in DNA. Preliminary studies suggest that an increase in renal function parallels renal hypertrophy in fetal lambs.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in fetal lambs. Compensatory renal hypertrophy was studied in fetal lambs during midgestation. Functional adaptation was correlated with anatomica and biochemical changes by measuring glomerular filtration and clearance of para-amino hippurate (PAH). Normal intrauterine body growth and kidney growth by changes in RNA and DNA over a 72-hr period were studied in twin fetuses. Seventy-two hr after left uninephrectomy in single fetuses, there was a significant increase in weight of the renoprival right kidney as well as a significant increase in renal cortical content of RNA and DNA. The rate of increase in RNA was greater than the increase in DNA. Preliminary studies suggest that an increase in renal function parallels renal hypertrophy in fetal lambs.", "PMID": 503637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6008", "title": "Evidence against a specific effect of serum from patients with cystic fibrosis on sodium-dependent glucose transport in the rat jejunum.", "content": "Sera from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) and normal human sera were assayed for the ability to inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transport in rat brush-border membrane vesicles. Fresh CF and age- and sex-matched control sera were both inhibitory when compared to physiologic saline. The inhibition by CF serum was 44 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD) at a final serum concentration of 6.7%, 67 +/- 34% at 10% serum, and 68 +/- 28% at 20% serum. The ratio of the inhibition of CF sera compared to that of control sera was 1.00, 0.78, and 0.93 at 6.7, 10, and 20% serum concentrations, respectively. Although a slightly greater inhibition by CF serum was observed at a concentration of 10%, this is probably not significant because no difference could be detected at a concentration of 20% serum. Glucose transport in the presence of serum was sensitive to phlorizin indicating that the residual glucose transport was proceeding by the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. These findings suggest that CF serum does not specifically inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. The intravesicular space accessible to glucose was reduced in the presence of CF or control serum. Fresh CF serum was 1.4 times more effective than fresh control serum (P less than 0.01). The presence of substantial vesicle-shrinking activity in control serum indicates that this activity cannot be considered specific for CF.", "contents": "Evidence against a specific effect of serum from patients with cystic fibrosis on sodium-dependent glucose transport in the rat jejunum. Sera from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) and normal human sera were assayed for the ability to inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transport in rat brush-border membrane vesicles. Fresh CF and age- and sex-matched control sera were both inhibitory when compared to physiologic saline. The inhibition by CF serum was 44 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD) at a final serum concentration of 6.7%, 67 +/- 34% at 10% serum, and 68 +/- 28% at 20% serum. The ratio of the inhibition of CF sera compared to that of control sera was 1.00, 0.78, and 0.93 at 6.7, 10, and 20% serum concentrations, respectively. Although a slightly greater inhibition by CF serum was observed at a concentration of 10%, this is probably not significant because no difference could be detected at a concentration of 20% serum. Glucose transport in the presence of serum was sensitive to phlorizin indicating that the residual glucose transport was proceeding by the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. These findings suggest that CF serum does not specifically inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. The intravesicular space accessible to glucose was reduced in the presence of CF or control serum. Fresh CF serum was 1.4 times more effective than fresh control serum (P less than 0.01). The presence of substantial vesicle-shrinking activity in control serum indicates that this activity cannot be considered specific for CF.", "PMID": 503638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6009", "title": "Lysine intolerance in a variant form of citrullinemia.", "content": "An oral loading of lysine (100 mg of lysine-HCL/kg was performed in two patients, 18-and 23-yr-old, with a variant form of citrullinemia. Serum citrulline levels were approximately 10 times higher than control level and lysine levels were within the normal range, in contrast to the classical form of the disease in which serum citrulline is approximately 100 times normal levels and hyperlysinemia is usually present. After lysine loading, lysine levels rose sharply and clearance was decreased. Blood ammonia rose approximately 2.5 times. Lysine, citrulline, and arginine were markedly elevated in urine, collected 90--210 min after the lysine loading. Baseline homocitrulline and homoarginine excretion was elevated and increased further after the load.", "contents": "Lysine intolerance in a variant form of citrullinemia. An oral loading of lysine (100 mg of lysine-HCL/kg was performed in two patients, 18-and 23-yr-old, with a variant form of citrullinemia. Serum citrulline levels were approximately 10 times higher than control level and lysine levels were within the normal range, in contrast to the classical form of the disease in which serum citrulline is approximately 100 times normal levels and hyperlysinemia is usually present. After lysine loading, lysine levels rose sharply and clearance was decreased. Blood ammonia rose approximately 2.5 times. Lysine, citrulline, and arginine were markedly elevated in urine, collected 90--210 min after the lysine loading. Baseline homocitrulline and homoarginine excretion was elevated and increased further after the load.", "PMID": 503639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6010", "title": "Altered polyamine metabolism in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Children with cystic fibrosis excreted elevated urinary levels of all three polyamines--putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Heterozygote parents excreted intermediate concentrations of the polyamines, but not levels significantly different from levels in normal controls. Patients with cystic fibrosis who were administered a tracer amount of [14C]spermidine excreted 11--13% of the radiolabel within 72 hr whereas normal controls excreted 60--76% of the radiolabel within 72 hr. Spermine excretion was positively correlated with increased pathology as assessed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical score, whereas urinary putrescine and spermidine levels were negatively correlated with increased pathology.", "contents": "Altered polyamine metabolism in cystic fibrosis. Children with cystic fibrosis excreted elevated urinary levels of all three polyamines--putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Heterozygote parents excreted intermediate concentrations of the polyamines, but not levels significantly different from levels in normal controls. Patients with cystic fibrosis who were administered a tracer amount of [14C]spermidine excreted 11--13% of the radiolabel within 72 hr whereas normal controls excreted 60--76% of the radiolabel within 72 hr. Spermine excretion was positively correlated with increased pathology as assessed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical score, whereas urinary putrescine and spermidine levels were negatively correlated with increased pathology.", "PMID": 503640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6011", "title": "Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in normal subjects and in patients with homocystinuria.", "content": "A method was developed to quantitate protein-bound homocyst(e)ine using 2-mercaptoethanol. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was discovered in the plasma from normal individuals, ranging from 0.5--2.2 nmole/ml. In two obligatory heterozygotes for classical homocystinuria, plasma protein-bound homocyt(e)ine was 3.5 and 4.8 nmole/ml, respectively. Untreated homozygotes showed approximately a 40-fold increase of plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine. Furthermore, using conventional methods, no free homocystine was detectable in the supernatant of plasma precipitate from two classical homocystinuric patients treated with pyridoxine, but plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine showed a 10-fold increase. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was also demonstrated in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues from a patient with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.", "contents": "Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in normal subjects and in patients with homocystinuria. A method was developed to quantitate protein-bound homocyst(e)ine using 2-mercaptoethanol. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was discovered in the plasma from normal individuals, ranging from 0.5--2.2 nmole/ml. In two obligatory heterozygotes for classical homocystinuria, plasma protein-bound homocyt(e)ine was 3.5 and 4.8 nmole/ml, respectively. Untreated homozygotes showed approximately a 40-fold increase of plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine. Furthermore, using conventional methods, no free homocystine was detectable in the supernatant of plasma precipitate from two classical homocystinuric patients treated with pyridoxine, but plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine showed a 10-fold increase. Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine was also demonstrated in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues from a patient with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.", "PMID": 503641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6012", "title": "Laryngeal chemoreflex in newborn lambs: respiratory and swallowing response to salts, acids, and sugars.", "content": "The laryngeal chemoreflex was tested in a standardized manner in eighteen 1- to 6-day-old lambs. The respiratory and swallowing components of the reflex response to chemical solutions introduced to the larynx were quantified to characterize the function of the receptors and to elucidate what kind of receptors most likely are involved. A relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the respiratory response was found. The response was suppressed with the addition of small amounts of CaCl2, NaCl, and LiCl. NaCl, 0.3--0.6 M, 0.15 M NaCl titrated to a pH of 3--5 with hydrochloric or acetic acid, and 0.25--1.0 M glucose in 0.15 M NaCl elicited the reflex response. A quantitative separation was seen in the respiratory response to equimolar concentrations of the salt solutions as well as to the acid solutions in normal saline with equal pH. The response to glucose was significantly reduced after application of potassium gymnemate (P less than 0.001). A direct relationship between the amount of swallowing and the respiratory response was found (r = 0.83). The laryngeal chemoreflex responses to the stimuli used have certain functional characteristics that are similar to taste receptor responses. This would suggest that the taste bud-like structures present in the laryngeal area are likely receptors for mediation of the reflex.", "contents": "Laryngeal chemoreflex in newborn lambs: respiratory and swallowing response to salts, acids, and sugars. The laryngeal chemoreflex was tested in a standardized manner in eighteen 1- to 6-day-old lambs. The respiratory and swallowing components of the reflex response to chemical solutions introduced to the larynx were quantified to characterize the function of the receptors and to elucidate what kind of receptors most likely are involved. A relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the respiratory response was found. The response was suppressed with the addition of small amounts of CaCl2, NaCl, and LiCl. NaCl, 0.3--0.6 M, 0.15 M NaCl titrated to a pH of 3--5 with hydrochloric or acetic acid, and 0.25--1.0 M glucose in 0.15 M NaCl elicited the reflex response. A quantitative separation was seen in the respiratory response to equimolar concentrations of the salt solutions as well as to the acid solutions in normal saline with equal pH. The response to glucose was significantly reduced after application of potassium gymnemate (P less than 0.001). A direct relationship between the amount of swallowing and the respiratory response was found (r = 0.83). The laryngeal chemoreflex responses to the stimuli used have certain functional characteristics that are similar to taste receptor responses. This would suggest that the taste bud-like structures present in the laryngeal area are likely receptors for mediation of the reflex.", "PMID": 503642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6013", "title": "Malignant hyperphenylalaninemia--clinical features, biochemical findings, and experience with administration of biopterins.", "content": "Four cases of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia (MHPA) are described. Pretreatment serum phenylalanine levels were 1.5, 3.0, 2.4, and 0.9 mmoles/l. Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency was proven in one patient by assays on cultured fibroblastic cells and was presumed in her sibling and in another deceased patient whose parents' fibroblastic cells show approximately 50% of normal enzyme activity. DHPR and phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency were excluded by assays on liver obtained at autopsy in the 4th patient. Parenteral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) corrected the hyperphenylalaninemia and increased the levels of catecholamines and 5-hydroxy-indoles in the one patient studied in life, but BH4 did not reach the cerebrospinal fluid. A 3-wk course of BH4 therapy had no clinical effect. Oral biopterin was absorbed and excreted in the urine, but did not alter the serum phenylalanine level. The frequency of MHPA in Australia was estimated as 7 in 258 patients with phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Malignant hyperphenylalaninemia--clinical features, biochemical findings, and experience with administration of biopterins. Four cases of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia (MHPA) are described. Pretreatment serum phenylalanine levels were 1.5, 3.0, 2.4, and 0.9 mmoles/l. Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency was proven in one patient by assays on cultured fibroblastic cells and was presumed in her sibling and in another deceased patient whose parents' fibroblastic cells show approximately 50% of normal enzyme activity. DHPR and phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency were excluded by assays on liver obtained at autopsy in the 4th patient. Parenteral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) corrected the hyperphenylalaninemia and increased the levels of catecholamines and 5-hydroxy-indoles in the one patient studied in life, but BH4 did not reach the cerebrospinal fluid. A 3-wk course of BH4 therapy had no clinical effect. Oral biopterin was absorbed and excreted in the urine, but did not alter the serum phenylalanine level. The frequency of MHPA in Australia was estimated as 7 in 258 patients with phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 503643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6014", "title": "Chronically reserpinized rat as a model for cystic fibrosis: Na+ transport inhibitory effect in submaxillary saliva.", "content": "The retrograde perfusion assay in the rat parotid gland was used to investigate the effects of salivary secretions from control and reserpine-treated rats on Na+ reabsorption. Results demonstrated that submaxillary saliva from the treated animals caused a 69% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, accompanied by a 28% reduction in the volume of saliva secreted, and a 22% reduction in flow rate. By contrast, submaxillary saliva from control rats caused a 6% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, a 6% reduction in volume, and a 5% reduction in flow rate. Parotid saliva from reserpine-treated rats also inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 39% and caused a 38% reduction in volume and a 33% reduction in flow. Parotid saliva from control rats only inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 2.7% and caused a 4--6% reduction in salivary volumes and flow rates. The inhibition of Na+ reabsorption and the reduction in salivary volume and flow rates caused by submaxillary saliva of reserpine-treated rats were either abolished or significantly reduced when the saliva was previously heated to 100 degrees C, frozen, and then thawed or kept in glass tubes at 4 degrees C for 24 hr. These results indicate that saliva from reserpine-treated rats have comparable effects in this assay system to those of saliva from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and further support its use as an animal model for this disease.", "contents": "Chronically reserpinized rat as a model for cystic fibrosis: Na+ transport inhibitory effect in submaxillary saliva. The retrograde perfusion assay in the rat parotid gland was used to investigate the effects of salivary secretions from control and reserpine-treated rats on Na+ reabsorption. Results demonstrated that submaxillary saliva from the treated animals caused a 69% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, accompanied by a 28% reduction in the volume of saliva secreted, and a 22% reduction in flow rate. By contrast, submaxillary saliva from control rats caused a 6% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, a 6% reduction in volume, and a 5% reduction in flow rate. Parotid saliva from reserpine-treated rats also inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 39% and caused a 38% reduction in volume and a 33% reduction in flow. Parotid saliva from control rats only inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 2.7% and caused a 4--6% reduction in salivary volumes and flow rates. The inhibition of Na+ reabsorption and the reduction in salivary volume and flow rates caused by submaxillary saliva of reserpine-treated rats were either abolished or significantly reduced when the saliva was previously heated to 100 degrees C, frozen, and then thawed or kept in glass tubes at 4 degrees C for 24 hr. These results indicate that saliva from reserpine-treated rats have comparable effects in this assay system to those of saliva from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and further support its use as an animal model for this disease.", "PMID": 503644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6015", "title": "Serum ciliotoxic activity in mutant mice with some hereditary alterations resembling cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum ciliotoxic activity (SCA), which had been described in cystic fibrosis (CF), was studied in mutant mice with some hereditary alterations resembling this inherited disease. A test was developed to detect SCA in biologic fluids by means of a natural vibratile system; it consisted in the incubation of mouse sperm with different CF serum dilutions under controlled conditions, in order to determine the sperm translation cessation time (STCT) and the sperm activity cessation time (SACT). As the findings of this study were similar to those obtained by other authors who have been employing alternative systems, it was decided to apply this method on mice serum. Sera were obtained from male and female 3- to 4-wk-old mice of DBA/2J-cri, C57BL/6J-bgJ, and BALB/c inbred strains; SCA was investigated in affected homozygotes and their +/? siblings were used as controls. Male 8- to 16-wk-old BALB/c mice were employed as sperm donors. Significant differences were found between cri/cri and +/? mice of the DBA/2J-cri strain in both STCT and SACT determinations at 1/10 serum dilution. It is concluded that mouse sperm is a system sensitive enough to detect SCA in biologic fluids from human beings. Likewise, the test of the mouse sperm allowed us to detect SCA in cri/cri mice, turning this mutation into a possible animal model for CF.", "contents": "Serum ciliotoxic activity in mutant mice with some hereditary alterations resembling cystic fibrosis. Serum ciliotoxic activity (SCA), which had been described in cystic fibrosis (CF), was studied in mutant mice with some hereditary alterations resembling this inherited disease. A test was developed to detect SCA in biologic fluids by means of a natural vibratile system; it consisted in the incubation of mouse sperm with different CF serum dilutions under controlled conditions, in order to determine the sperm translation cessation time (STCT) and the sperm activity cessation time (SACT). As the findings of this study were similar to those obtained by other authors who have been employing alternative systems, it was decided to apply this method on mice serum. Sera were obtained from male and female 3- to 4-wk-old mice of DBA/2J-cri, C57BL/6J-bgJ, and BALB/c inbred strains; SCA was investigated in affected homozygotes and their +/? siblings were used as controls. Male 8- to 16-wk-old BALB/c mice were employed as sperm donors. Significant differences were found between cri/cri and +/? mice of the DBA/2J-cri strain in both STCT and SACT determinations at 1/10 serum dilution. It is concluded that mouse sperm is a system sensitive enough to detect SCA in biologic fluids from human beings. Likewise, the test of the mouse sperm allowed us to detect SCA in cri/cri mice, turning this mutation into a possible animal model for CF.", "PMID": 503645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6016", "title": "Changes in CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase activity during rabbit lung development.", "content": "During fetal and neonatal development the specific activity of the enzyme, CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase in rabbit lung tissue increased 8- to 9-fold from day 17 of gestation to adulthood. This developmental increase in enzyme activity was not specific for lung tissue since a similar increase was also observed in liver tissue. The properties of CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase in microsomes prepared from either fetal or adult rabbit lung tissue appeared to be the same. The increase in CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase activity in rabbit lung tissue during development appeared to be reflective of synthesis of new enzyme rather than activation of pre-existing enzyme.", "contents": "Changes in CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase activity during rabbit lung development. During fetal and neonatal development the specific activity of the enzyme, CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase in rabbit lung tissue increased 8- to 9-fold from day 17 of gestation to adulthood. This developmental increase in enzyme activity was not specific for lung tissue since a similar increase was also observed in liver tissue. The properties of CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase in microsomes prepared from either fetal or adult rabbit lung tissue appeared to be the same. The increase in CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase activity in rabbit lung tissue during development appeared to be reflective of synthesis of new enzyme rather than activation of pre-existing enzyme.", "PMID": 503648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6017", "title": "A study of inheritance in progressive intrahepatic cholestasis: hepatic excretory function in unaffected family members.", "content": "In an attempt to identify the heterozygotes state for progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (PIC), hepatic excretory function (131I rose bengal half-life (t1/2) and bromosulpthalein-transport maximum (BSP-Tm) was studied in controls and in eight members of a family, two of whom are affected with PIC. Values for 131I rose bengal t1/2 varied over a wide range in normal controls and were normal in patients with the syndrome of cholestasis and peripheral pulmonic stenosis in whom BSP-Tm and 45 min % retention were abnormal. 131I rose bengal t1/2 was abnormal in seven of eight family members. Despite this, BSP studies, including Tm, percent retention at 45 min, clearance were normal in all unaffected family members with the exception of the mother who has a reduced BSP-Tm. Fasting serum bile acid studies were normal in all unaffected family members. These studies do not clearly define the inheritance in this syndrome and suggest that any of the following three possibilities exist: 1) that the methods employed were not sensitive enough to detect heterozygotes, 2) that the inheritance in this syndrome is heterogenous; for instance, compound heterozygotes or autosomal dominant, or 3) that the family studies here represents a syndrome different from PIC.", "contents": "A study of inheritance in progressive intrahepatic cholestasis: hepatic excretory function in unaffected family members. In an attempt to identify the heterozygotes state for progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (PIC), hepatic excretory function (131I rose bengal half-life (t1/2) and bromosulpthalein-transport maximum (BSP-Tm) was studied in controls and in eight members of a family, two of whom are affected with PIC. Values for 131I rose bengal t1/2 varied over a wide range in normal controls and were normal in patients with the syndrome of cholestasis and peripheral pulmonic stenosis in whom BSP-Tm and 45 min % retention were abnormal. 131I rose bengal t1/2 was abnormal in seven of eight family members. Despite this, BSP studies, including Tm, percent retention at 45 min, clearance were normal in all unaffected family members with the exception of the mother who has a reduced BSP-Tm. Fasting serum bile acid studies were normal in all unaffected family members. These studies do not clearly define the inheritance in this syndrome and suggest that any of the following three possibilities exist: 1) that the methods employed were not sensitive enough to detect heterozygotes, 2) that the inheritance in this syndrome is heterogenous; for instance, compound heterozygotes or autosomal dominant, or 3) that the family studies here represents a syndrome different from PIC.", "PMID": 503649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6018", "title": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol, dopamine, and dobutamine in the newborn dog.", "content": "To compare the hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol, dopamine, and dobutamine in the immature animal, each drug was infused into anesthetized open chest puppies and cardiac output was measured, as were systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and renal artery blood flow. Cardiac output was increased by dopamine and dobutamine. Isoproterenol caused a significantly greater increment of heart rate than either of the other agents to achieve a similar change of cardiac output. Systemic arterial mean blood pressure was increased by dopamine and dobutamine, but decreased by isoproterenol. Dopamine produced a significant increase of renal artery blood flow while renal artery blood flow was unchanged by dobutamine and decreased by isoproterenol.", "contents": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol, dopamine, and dobutamine in the newborn dog. To compare the hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol, dopamine, and dobutamine in the immature animal, each drug was infused into anesthetized open chest puppies and cardiac output was measured, as were systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and renal artery blood flow. Cardiac output was increased by dopamine and dobutamine. Isoproterenol caused a significantly greater increment of heart rate than either of the other agents to achieve a similar change of cardiac output. Systemic arterial mean blood pressure was increased by dopamine and dobutamine, but decreased by isoproterenol. Dopamine produced a significant increase of renal artery blood flow while renal artery blood flow was unchanged by dobutamine and decreased by isoproterenol.", "PMID": 503650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6019", "title": "Iron deficiency in the rat: effects on phenylalanine metabolism.", "content": "Concentrations of phenylalanine in the plasma were markedly elevated in iron-deficient rats and appeared to vary directly with the degree of iron deficiency. Plasma concentrations of phenylalanine returned to control levels within one week after treatment of the iron-deficient rats with iron dextran. The elevated levels of plasma phenylalanine were probably not produced by a deficiency in liver phenylalanine hydroxylase because levels of activity of the enzyme were found to be normal in the livers of the iron-deficient animals.", "contents": "Iron deficiency in the rat: effects on phenylalanine metabolism. Concentrations of phenylalanine in the plasma were markedly elevated in iron-deficient rats and appeared to vary directly with the degree of iron deficiency. Plasma concentrations of phenylalanine returned to control levels within one week after treatment of the iron-deficient rats with iron dextran. The elevated levels of plasma phenylalanine were probably not produced by a deficiency in liver phenylalanine hydroxylase because levels of activity of the enzyme were found to be normal in the livers of the iron-deficient animals.", "PMID": 503651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6020", "title": "Validity of endogenous creatinine clearance in low birthweight infants.", "content": "Despite methodologic problems, endogenous creatinine clearance is commonly used as an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inulin clearance was compared to endogenous creatinine clearance in a group of low birthweight infants to establish the validity of the latter. Thirty-three low birthweight infants (birthweight mean = 1600 g, gestational age mean = 33 wk) were studied between 10 hr and 10 days of age to simultaneously measure GFR by inulin and endogenous creatinine clearances. Inulin and creatinine clearances correlated directly (r = 0.738, P greater than 0.001). The slope of the regression line suggested an overestimation of GFR (inulin clearance) by creatinine clearance at the low GFR range and an underestimation at the high GFR range. The data were divided into two groups by the median inulin clearance (12.5 ml/min/1.73m2). The ratio of creatinine to inulin clearance was significantly higher in the low GFR group (1.28 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.04 SEM, n = 19, P less than 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in plasma creatinine, birthweight, gestational age, incidence of respiratory distress, or oxygen requirements at the time of the studies. Endogenous creatinine clearance represents a good estimation of GFR (inulin clearance) in low birthweight infants. However, at the low GFR range, it represents an overestimation and at the high GFR range, an underestimation.", "contents": "Validity of endogenous creatinine clearance in low birthweight infants. Despite methodologic problems, endogenous creatinine clearance is commonly used as an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inulin clearance was compared to endogenous creatinine clearance in a group of low birthweight infants to establish the validity of the latter. Thirty-three low birthweight infants (birthweight mean = 1600 g, gestational age mean = 33 wk) were studied between 10 hr and 10 days of age to simultaneously measure GFR by inulin and endogenous creatinine clearances. Inulin and creatinine clearances correlated directly (r = 0.738, P greater than 0.001). The slope of the regression line suggested an overestimation of GFR (inulin clearance) by creatinine clearance at the low GFR range and an underestimation at the high GFR range. The data were divided into two groups by the median inulin clearance (12.5 ml/min/1.73m2). The ratio of creatinine to inulin clearance was significantly higher in the low GFR group (1.28 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.04 SEM, n = 19, P less than 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in plasma creatinine, birthweight, gestational age, incidence of respiratory distress, or oxygen requirements at the time of the studies. Endogenous creatinine clearance represents a good estimation of GFR (inulin clearance) in low birthweight infants. However, at the low GFR range, it represents an overestimation and at the high GFR range, an underestimation.", "PMID": 503652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6021", "title": "Sales of nonprescription cold remedies: a unique method of influenza surveillance.", "content": "In 1976, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease sponsored a nationwide network for influenza surveillance. In this paper, in addition to reporting the surveillance findings in Los Angeles, sales of nonprescription cold remedies in a large supermarket chain were evaluated as an indicator of influenza activity in the community. Twenty-seven isolates of influenza B occurred between February 17 and April 26, 1977. Peak influenza B activity occurred from mid-March to early April, 1977. A 5-10% increase in percent of respiratory and febrile respiratory illness seen in outpatient clinics was observed in late December and January. No variation in these statistics occurred during the peak of influenza activity. In contrast, sales of nonprescription cold remedies were apparently influenced by influenza B activity. Peak sales (345% increase) occurred 4 wk after the first influenza B isolate and 1 wk before peak influenza activity was documented by peak rates of isolation.", "contents": "Sales of nonprescription cold remedies: a unique method of influenza surveillance. In 1976, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease sponsored a nationwide network for influenza surveillance. In this paper, in addition to reporting the surveillance findings in Los Angeles, sales of nonprescription cold remedies in a large supermarket chain were evaluated as an indicator of influenza activity in the community. Twenty-seven isolates of influenza B occurred between February 17 and April 26, 1977. Peak influenza B activity occurred from mid-March to early April, 1977. A 5-10% increase in percent of respiratory and febrile respiratory illness seen in outpatient clinics was observed in late December and January. No variation in these statistics occurred during the peak of influenza activity. In contrast, sales of nonprescription cold remedies were apparently influenced by influenza B activity. Peak sales (345% increase) occurred 4 wk after the first influenza B isolate and 1 wk before peak influenza activity was documented by peak rates of isolation.", "PMID": 503653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6022", "title": "Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by the fetal lamb in utero.", "content": "Intestinal digestive function was studied in 12 chronically catheterized third trimester fetal lambs by instilling glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose into their duodenums. Glucose was absorbed rapidly with the peak circulating glucose concentration reached within 1 hr. Fructose was absorbed well, but in contrast to glucose, blood fructose concentration did not peak; it continued to climb for 4 hr. Intraduodenal lactose administration resulted in a rapid rise in blood glucose with the maximum value reached in 1 hr. After receiving either glucose or lactose fetuses older than 130 days showed a faster rise in blood glucose, a greater total increase in glucose and a more rapid return to control levels than the younger fetuses. No change in blood glucose occurred with either maltose or sucrose administration. An increase in lactate concentration and a rise in fetal [H+] were noted after glucose and lactose administration, the only studies in which an increase in blood glucose concentration occurred.", "contents": "Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by the fetal lamb in utero. Intestinal digestive function was studied in 12 chronically catheterized third trimester fetal lambs by instilling glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose into their duodenums. Glucose was absorbed rapidly with the peak circulating glucose concentration reached within 1 hr. Fructose was absorbed well, but in contrast to glucose, blood fructose concentration did not peak; it continued to climb for 4 hr. Intraduodenal lactose administration resulted in a rapid rise in blood glucose with the maximum value reached in 1 hr. After receiving either glucose or lactose fetuses older than 130 days showed a faster rise in blood glucose, a greater total increase in glucose and a more rapid return to control levels than the younger fetuses. No change in blood glucose occurred with either maltose or sucrose administration. An increase in lactate concentration and a rise in fetal [H+] were noted after glucose and lactose administration, the only studies in which an increase in blood glucose concentration occurred.", "PMID": 503654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6023", "title": "Lung fluid balance in awake newborn lambs with pulmonary edema from rapid intravenous infusion of isotonic saline.", "content": "To study pulmonary transvascular filtration of fluid and the normal adaptive response of newborn animals to excessive water in the lungs, we measured lung lymph flow, pulmonary vascular pressures, and the concentration of protein in lymph and plasma of nine unanesthetized 1- to 3-wk-old lambs, before, during, and after a rapid iv infusion of isotonic saline, 130-250 ml/kg.hr for 3-4 hr. During infusions, lung vascular pressures increased, the transvascular gradient of protein osmotic pressure decreased, and there was a 2- to 5-fold increase of lung lymph flow. When infusions stopped, lymph flow decreased, as the concentration of protein in plasma increased and pulmonary vascular pressures decreased to new steady-state levels. The concentration of protein in lymph did not change for several hours after the infusions. Body weight increased by 28% and extravascular lung water content was 19% above normal after saline; these changes were associated with mild tachypnea, hypercarbia, and hypoxemia. Sections of lung from these lambs had prominent cuffs of fluid surrounding large blood vessels.", "contents": "Lung fluid balance in awake newborn lambs with pulmonary edema from rapid intravenous infusion of isotonic saline. To study pulmonary transvascular filtration of fluid and the normal adaptive response of newborn animals to excessive water in the lungs, we measured lung lymph flow, pulmonary vascular pressures, and the concentration of protein in lymph and plasma of nine unanesthetized 1- to 3-wk-old lambs, before, during, and after a rapid iv infusion of isotonic saline, 130-250 ml/kg.hr for 3-4 hr. During infusions, lung vascular pressures increased, the transvascular gradient of protein osmotic pressure decreased, and there was a 2- to 5-fold increase of lung lymph flow. When infusions stopped, lymph flow decreased, as the concentration of protein in plasma increased and pulmonary vascular pressures decreased to new steady-state levels. The concentration of protein in lymph did not change for several hours after the infusions. Body weight increased by 28% and extravascular lung water content was 19% above normal after saline; these changes were associated with mild tachypnea, hypercarbia, and hypoxemia. Sections of lung from these lambs had prominent cuffs of fluid surrounding large blood vessels.", "PMID": 503655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6024", "title": "Serum complement levels in infancy: age related changes.", "content": "Levels of eight complement components and two control proteins, were determined on cord serum from normal full term neonates and serum from healthy infants aged 1 and 6 months. For all proteins, the levels were below the adult normal at birth and rose toward the adult range by age 6 months. In a second group of 271 patients, ages 1-36 months, serum Clq and properdin levels were measured. For both proteins, the mean values in early infancy were more than two SD below the adult range and did not reach the adult range until 18-21 months of age. The Clq concentration was more variable than that for any other component studied. In infants from 11 months-3 yr of age, Clq levels correlated with serum IgG levels, but properdin levels did not.", "contents": "Serum complement levels in infancy: age related changes. Levels of eight complement components and two control proteins, were determined on cord serum from normal full term neonates and serum from healthy infants aged 1 and 6 months. For all proteins, the levels were below the adult normal at birth and rose toward the adult range by age 6 months. In a second group of 271 patients, ages 1-36 months, serum Clq and properdin levels were measured. For both proteins, the mean values in early infancy were more than two SD below the adult range and did not reach the adult range until 18-21 months of age. The Clq concentration was more variable than that for any other component studied. In infants from 11 months-3 yr of age, Clq levels correlated with serum IgG levels, but properdin levels did not.", "PMID": 503656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6025", "title": "Developmental factors contributing to the susceptibility to bradycardia in isolated, cultured fetal mouse hearts.", "content": "A propensity for bradycardia in preterm human infants suggested that the heart rate response to cholinergic stimulation may vary during development. Isolated, intact fetal mouse hearts (FMH) in organ culture were used as a model to explore developmental differences in chronotropic response to cholinergic stimulation. FMH's of gestational ages (GA) from 13-22 days, maintained for 36 hr in culture, were exposed to acetylcholine (AcH) with and without prior addition of physostigmine. Heart rate decreased markedly with 10(-4) and 10(-6) M AcH (84 +/- 3 and 48 +/- 4%) in 13-14 day hearts, but the decrease was progressively blunted with increasing age and was only 7 +/- 3 and 3 +/- 2% at 21-22 days GA. Physostigmine markedly enhanced the cholinergic response in older hearts with 54 +/- 4 and 32 +/- 5% decreases in heart rate with the two doses of AcH at 21-22 days. However, it did not alter the response in younger hearts. The data suggest that the chronotropic response to AcH progressively diminishes with advancing GA and the extent of intrinsic cholinesterase activity at different GA's is, in part, responsible for the decrease.", "contents": "Developmental factors contributing to the susceptibility to bradycardia in isolated, cultured fetal mouse hearts. A propensity for bradycardia in preterm human infants suggested that the heart rate response to cholinergic stimulation may vary during development. Isolated, intact fetal mouse hearts (FMH) in organ culture were used as a model to explore developmental differences in chronotropic response to cholinergic stimulation. FMH's of gestational ages (GA) from 13-22 days, maintained for 36 hr in culture, were exposed to acetylcholine (AcH) with and without prior addition of physostigmine. Heart rate decreased markedly with 10(-4) and 10(-6) M AcH (84 +/- 3 and 48 +/- 4%) in 13-14 day hearts, but the decrease was progressively blunted with increasing age and was only 7 +/- 3 and 3 +/- 2% at 21-22 days GA. Physostigmine markedly enhanced the cholinergic response in older hearts with 54 +/- 4 and 32 +/- 5% decreases in heart rate with the two doses of AcH at 21-22 days. However, it did not alter the response in younger hearts. The data suggest that the chronotropic response to AcH progressively diminishes with advancing GA and the extent of intrinsic cholinesterase activity at different GA's is, in part, responsible for the decrease.", "PMID": 503657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6026", "title": "The zinc, copper, manganese, vanadium, and iodine content of hair from 38 Canadian neonates.", "content": "Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to establish \"normal values\" for the zinc, copper, manganese, vanadium, and iodine concentrations in washed hair samples from Canadian neonates. Sixteen males and 22 females (mean gestation of 40 wk; mean birthweight 3590 g) were included in the study. Their respective mean concentrations +/- SE (parts per million) were 224.0 +/- 6.29; 12.6 +/- 0.61; 0.24 +/- 0.04; 0.05 +/- 0.01; 24.3 +/- 4.76. All the trace elements were normally distributed. No correlations of hair copper, zinc, and manganese with the variables sex, parity, and maternal socioeconomic status were found. A positive correlation for zinc with manganese (0.32; P = 0.024) was apparent, suggesting that the concentrations of these two elements at birth were interrelated. It is concluded that neonatal hair concentrations of copper, manganese, and vanadium were lower than most reported values for older children and adults. In contrast, the hair zinc concentration of the neonates in this study was higher than that of Denver neonates, and may reflect higher body zinc concentrations, perhaps due to regional differences in the trace metal content of the ground water.", "contents": "The zinc, copper, manganese, vanadium, and iodine content of hair from 38 Canadian neonates. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to establish \"normal values\" for the zinc, copper, manganese, vanadium, and iodine concentrations in washed hair samples from Canadian neonates. Sixteen males and 22 females (mean gestation of 40 wk; mean birthweight 3590 g) were included in the study. Their respective mean concentrations +/- SE (parts per million) were 224.0 +/- 6.29; 12.6 +/- 0.61; 0.24 +/- 0.04; 0.05 +/- 0.01; 24.3 +/- 4.76. All the trace elements were normally distributed. No correlations of hair copper, zinc, and manganese with the variables sex, parity, and maternal socioeconomic status were found. A positive correlation for zinc with manganese (0.32; P = 0.024) was apparent, suggesting that the concentrations of these two elements at birth were interrelated. It is concluded that neonatal hair concentrations of copper, manganese, and vanadium were lower than most reported values for older children and adults. In contrast, the hair zinc concentration of the neonates in this study was higher than that of Denver neonates, and may reflect higher body zinc concentrations, perhaps due to regional differences in the trace metal content of the ground water.", "PMID": 503662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6027", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phosphatidylcholine in maternal and fetal rabbit lungs and livers.", "content": "Administration of hydrocortisone to pregnant rabbits caused a decrease in weights of fetal body and lung and an increase in the incorporation of choline into fetal lung PC. The authors found no induction of the enzymes related to the incorporation of choline into PC in fetal lung. Also, there was no stimulation of any enzymatic activity of CDP-choline pathway or PC-lysoPC cycle pathway in maternal lung and liver or fetal liver. In addition to the acceleration of choline incorporation into fetal lung PC by the cortisol, hydrocortisone also significantly stimulated the secretion of lung PC affected by glucocorticoids may also be related to apparent fetal lung maturation.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phosphatidylcholine in maternal and fetal rabbit lungs and livers. Administration of hydrocortisone to pregnant rabbits caused a decrease in weights of fetal body and lung and an increase in the incorporation of choline into fetal lung PC. The authors found no induction of the enzymes related to the incorporation of choline into PC in fetal lung. Also, there was no stimulation of any enzymatic activity of CDP-choline pathway or PC-lysoPC cycle pathway in maternal lung and liver or fetal liver. In addition to the acceleration of choline incorporation into fetal lung PC by the cortisol, hydrocortisone also significantly stimulated the secretion of lung PC affected by glucocorticoids may also be related to apparent fetal lung maturation.", "PMID": 503666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6028", "title": "Monocyte subsets in neonates and children.", "content": "Volumetrically distinct subpopulations of peripheral blood monocytes, termed M1, M2, and M3, were identified in healthy normal adults and children. Because normal neonates have abnormal monocyte chemotaxis, it was determined whether monocyte subpopulations have different chemotactic capabilities and, if so, whether chemotactically active subpopulations were quantitatively deficient in neonates. Chemotaxis tests with zymosan-activated normal human serum as the chemoattractant and purified monocyte subpopulations revealed that large M3 monocytes were capable of significantly more directed migration than were small M1 and M2 monocytes. Volumetric analysis of monocytes from normal newborns rather than demonstrating an absence of M3 cells revealed that these cells were the predominant monocyte subpopulation. Therefore, we conclude that the impaired chemotactic ability of newborn monocytes is due to a functional rather than quantitative deficiency of M3 cells.", "contents": "Monocyte subsets in neonates and children. Volumetrically distinct subpopulations of peripheral blood monocytes, termed M1, M2, and M3, were identified in healthy normal adults and children. Because normal neonates have abnormal monocyte chemotaxis, it was determined whether monocyte subpopulations have different chemotactic capabilities and, if so, whether chemotactically active subpopulations were quantitatively deficient in neonates. Chemotaxis tests with zymosan-activated normal human serum as the chemoattractant and purified monocyte subpopulations revealed that large M3 monocytes were capable of significantly more directed migration than were small M1 and M2 monocytes. Volumetric analysis of monocytes from normal newborns rather than demonstrating an absence of M3 cells revealed that these cells were the predominant monocyte subpopulation. Therefore, we conclude that the impaired chemotactic ability of newborn monocytes is due to a functional rather than quantitative deficiency of M3 cells.", "PMID": 503696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6029", "title": "The mononuclear phagocyte system: role in expression of immunocompetence in neonatal and adult life.", "content": "The cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are critical elements in host defense. They are essential to many specific immune processes in addition to their well-recognized role in nonspecific resistance. In this report we describe studies of the influence of the maturation of this system of cells on the capacity of the neonatal rat to generate specific immune responses. In addition, studies of human cord blood monocyte function are presented along with data demonstrating a previously unrecognized synergistic action between monocytes and a heat labile, nonantibody, serum factor which may play an important role in host defense. Finally, data are presented demonstrating that one of the recognition processes used by monocytes for cellular interaction is dependent upon a system of natural lectin-like receptors on the monocyte cell surface which recognize membrane-bound oligosaccharides on other cells.", "contents": "The mononuclear phagocyte system: role in expression of immunocompetence in neonatal and adult life. The cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are critical elements in host defense. They are essential to many specific immune processes in addition to their well-recognized role in nonspecific resistance. In this report we describe studies of the influence of the maturation of this system of cells on the capacity of the neonatal rat to generate specific immune responses. In addition, studies of human cord blood monocyte function are presented along with data demonstrating a previously unrecognized synergistic action between monocytes and a heat labile, nonantibody, serum factor which may play an important role in host defense. Finally, data are presented demonstrating that one of the recognition processes used by monocytes for cellular interaction is dependent upon a system of natural lectin-like receptors on the monocyte cell surface which recognize membrane-bound oligosaccharides on other cells.", "PMID": 503700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6030", "title": "Electromyographic tension levels in stutterers and normal speakers.", "content": "Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of masseter muscle tension during conversational speech by six adult stutterers were compared to EMG levels of 6 normal speakers. Stutterers' and normal speakers' tension levels were significantly different; however, there was no correlation found between level of tension and severity of stuttering.", "contents": "Electromyographic tension levels in stutterers and normal speakers. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of masseter muscle tension during conversational speech by six adult stutterers were compared to EMG levels of 6 normal speakers. Stutterers' and normal speakers' tension levels were significantly different; however, there was no correlation found between level of tension and severity of stuttering.", "PMID": 503723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6031", "title": "Effect of a group perceptual-motor training program on kindergarten children.", "content": "For 21 boys and 24 girls in a middle-class kindergarten no differences in Identification of Body Parts, Copy Forms, or Motor Skills Test of the Rosner-Richman Perceptual Survey were noted. Scores increased from September to May testing on copying and motor skills, e.g., walking a rail, balancing, handling balls, as expected.", "contents": "Effect of a group perceptual-motor training program on kindergarten children. For 21 boys and 24 girls in a middle-class kindergarten no differences in Identification of Body Parts, Copy Forms, or Motor Skills Test of the Rosner-Richman Perceptual Survey were noted. Scores increased from September to May testing on copying and motor skills, e.g., walking a rail, balancing, handling balls, as expected.", "PMID": 503724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6032", "title": "Prediction of later cognitive behavior from early school perceptual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive performances.", "content": "Multiple regression equations were generated to predict cognitive achievement for 189 young children (ages 57 to 92 mo.) 1 yr. after original administration of a battery of perceptual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive tests. Regression equations generated from maximum R2 improvement techniques indicated that a battery of perceptual and perceptual-motor performances at pre-kindergarten is useful for prediction of cognitive performance 1 yr. later at kindergarten level. This battery included one fine and two gross perceptual-motor tasks, and one visual and two auditory perceptual tasks. Inclusion of original cognitive performances did not improve the optimal prediction equation for this age group. In contrast, cognitive achievement at first grade and, particularly, at second grade levels was best predicted from knowledge of earlier cognitive performances.", "contents": "Prediction of later cognitive behavior from early school perceptual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive performances. Multiple regression equations were generated to predict cognitive achievement for 189 young children (ages 57 to 92 mo.) 1 yr. after original administration of a battery of perceptual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive tests. Regression equations generated from maximum R2 improvement techniques indicated that a battery of perceptual and perceptual-motor performances at pre-kindergarten is useful for prediction of cognitive performance 1 yr. later at kindergarten level. This battery included one fine and two gross perceptual-motor tasks, and one visual and two auditory perceptual tasks. Inclusion of original cognitive performances did not improve the optimal prediction equation for this age group. In contrast, cognitive achievement at first grade and, particularly, at second grade levels was best predicted from knowledge of earlier cognitive performances.", "PMID": 503725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6033", "title": "Color preference for black and white by infants and young children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether a preference for the color white was present in infants and young children. A color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. Data were obtained from a 120-item test in which 12 different pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys in each pair were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Statistical analysis did not support existing literature, refuting the published idea that white preference is a general quality in all human beings.", "contents": "Color preference for black and white by infants and young children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a preference for the color white was present in infants and young children. A color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. Data were obtained from a 120-item test in which 12 different pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys in each pair were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Statistical analysis did not support existing literature, refuting the published idea that white preference is a general quality in all human beings.", "PMID": 503727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6034", "title": "Prediction of maximum speed of human movement by two selected muscular coordination mechanisms and by maximum static strength.", "content": "This study was undertaken to test the predictive value of two selected muscular coordination mechanisms, the sequential order of muscle activation and a specific acceleration-deceleration point of inflection, and of the maximum static strength of agonist and antagonist muscles for maximum speed of human movement. For 22 male subjects 77% of the variance associated with maximum speed of human movement was accounted for by the two mechanisms of muscular coordination investigated and by maximum isometric strength. The results suggest that separate neuromotor systems control human speed and strength and that the interplay between agonist and antagonist muscles is important for maximum speed of human movement.", "contents": "Prediction of maximum speed of human movement by two selected muscular coordination mechanisms and by maximum static strength. This study was undertaken to test the predictive value of two selected muscular coordination mechanisms, the sequential order of muscle activation and a specific acceleration-deceleration point of inflection, and of the maximum static strength of agonist and antagonist muscles for maximum speed of human movement. For 22 male subjects 77% of the variance associated with maximum speed of human movement was accounted for by the two mechanisms of muscular coordination investigated and by maximum isometric strength. The results suggest that separate neuromotor systems control human speed and strength and that the interplay between agonist and antagonist muscles is important for maximum speed of human movement.", "PMID": 503729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6035", "title": "Acquisition and generalization of instruction following behavior in profoundly retarded individuals.", "content": "Four profoundly retarded male residents of a state institution learned to comply with the instructions \"come here,\" \"stay,\" and \"sit.\" Acquisition occurred in a special therapy room and instructions were presented in a fixed sequence. All subjects learned to comply with the instructions in the training environment. Testing occurred in the subject's ward dayroom where instructions were presented in a random sequence. Despite dramatic changes in the stimulus conditions associated with the transfer to the testing situation the subjects performed close to their asymptotic level. Three experimentally naive subjects participated in a second experiment which was similar to the first, except that the number of acquisition sessions and the number of trials per session were reduced. The reduction in number of acquisition trials did not appear to affect performance in the testing environment. The possibility of terminating off-task behavior of institutionalized individuals by eliciting previously acquired instruction following behavior was discussed.", "contents": "Acquisition and generalization of instruction following behavior in profoundly retarded individuals. Four profoundly retarded male residents of a state institution learned to comply with the instructions \"come here,\" \"stay,\" and \"sit.\" Acquisition occurred in a special therapy room and instructions were presented in a fixed sequence. All subjects learned to comply with the instructions in the training environment. Testing occurred in the subject's ward dayroom where instructions were presented in a random sequence. Despite dramatic changes in the stimulus conditions associated with the transfer to the testing situation the subjects performed close to their asymptotic level. Three experimentally naive subjects participated in a second experiment which was similar to the first, except that the number of acquisition sessions and the number of trials per session were reduced. The reduction in number of acquisition trials did not appear to affect performance in the testing environment. The possibility of terminating off-task behavior of institutionalized individuals by eliciting previously acquired instruction following behavior was discussed.", "PMID": 503731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6036", "title": "Behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading.", "content": "Two hearing-impaired children were taught to speechread the names of 18 objects divided into three sets. A multiple baseline across sets of objects was obtained for each subject. Tokens presented contingent upon correct responses to certain sets of names increased the frequencies of those correct responses. Both subjects exhibited positive behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading; correct responses to one set increased above the previously established level when the contingencies for a second set changed from token reinforcement to extinction. The obtained contrast effect was conductive to learning and the procedure was effective in teaching the children to speechread the training words.", "contents": "Behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading. Two hearing-impaired children were taught to speechread the names of 18 objects divided into three sets. A multiple baseline across sets of objects was obtained for each subject. Tokens presented contingent upon correct responses to certain sets of names increased the frequencies of those correct responses. Both subjects exhibited positive behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading; correct responses to one set increased above the previously established level when the contingencies for a second set changed from token reinforcement to extinction. The obtained contrast effect was conductive to learning and the procedure was effective in teaching the children to speechread the training words.", "PMID": 503733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6037", "title": "Visual-field asymmetries in letter recognition: evidence for asymmetry in early visual registration.", "content": "Two experiments on visual-field differences in tachistoscopic letter recognition are described. In the first, a bright pre-exposure field with a black fixation point was used, and the conventionally expected dominance of the right visual field was found. However, a large number of \"blank\" trials were observed, in which subjects completely failed to detect the presence of the flashed target. These \"blanks\" were themselves significantly asymmetric between visual fields, suggesting that asymmetry in early stimulus registration may play an unsuspected role in typical measures of cerebral asymmetry in recognition accuracy. This was confirmed in a second experiment in which use of dark pre-exposure fields eliminated \"blanks\" and led to higher over-all accuracy, with no visual-field differences. Implications for interpretation of laterality data with normal subjects are discussed.", "contents": "Visual-field asymmetries in letter recognition: evidence for asymmetry in early visual registration. Two experiments on visual-field differences in tachistoscopic letter recognition are described. In the first, a bright pre-exposure field with a black fixation point was used, and the conventionally expected dominance of the right visual field was found. However, a large number of \"blank\" trials were observed, in which subjects completely failed to detect the presence of the flashed target. These \"blanks\" were themselves significantly asymmetric between visual fields, suggesting that asymmetry in early stimulus registration may play an unsuspected role in typical measures of cerebral asymmetry in recognition accuracy. This was confirmed in a second experiment in which use of dark pre-exposure fields eliminated \"blanks\" and led to higher over-all accuracy, with no visual-field differences. Implications for interpretation of laterality data with normal subjects are discussed.", "PMID": 503735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6038", "title": "Communication and reasoning skills of deaf and hearing signers.", "content": "Six tests of intellectual performance were administered to 25 deaf and 21 hearing adult signers. The two groups were not significantly different on tests of Lip Reading and Reception of Signed English but the hearing subjects were superior on tests of non-verbal reasoning and perceptual speed. The hearing were greatly superior on a test of verbal reasoning.", "contents": "Communication and reasoning skills of deaf and hearing signers. Six tests of intellectual performance were administered to 25 deaf and 21 hearing adult signers. The two groups were not significantly different on tests of Lip Reading and Reception of Signed English but the hearing subjects were superior on tests of non-verbal reasoning and perceptual speed. The hearing were greatly superior on a test of verbal reasoning.", "PMID": 503736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6039", "title": "Field independence, lateralization and defensive style.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.", "contents": "Field independence, lateralization and defensive style. This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.", "PMID": 503737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6040", "title": "Reported sleep: needed minus obtained sleep, family resemblance, and age.", "content": "For a normal population from 13 to 89 yr. of age there was a correlation of .02 between age and sleep obtained, -.07 between age and sleep needed, and -.33 (p less than .01) between age and sleep needed minus sleep obtained. Also, significant family resemblance was found for all three of the above sleep variables.", "contents": "Reported sleep: needed minus obtained sleep, family resemblance, and age. For a normal population from 13 to 89 yr. of age there was a correlation of .02 between age and sleep obtained, -.07 between age and sleep needed, and -.33 (p less than .01) between age and sleep needed minus sleep obtained. Also, significant family resemblance was found for all three of the above sleep variables.", "PMID": 503738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6041", "title": "Reliability of electromyographic measurements after surface electrode removal and replacement.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of electromyographic measurements after surface electrode removal and replacement. Eight male subjects performed an isometric exercise with the left triceps brachii at loads equivalent to 50, 40, and 30% of their maximum voluntary contractile strength (MVC). Surface electrodes were utilized and the integrated action potentials recorded electromyographically as the muscle contracted. The muscle was tested first in a rested condition and then again after a sustained 30% maximum voluntary contraction. Each one of the subjects was tested three different times with a range of from 2 to 16 days between testing sessions. The electrodes were removed after each testing session. The data were means in centimeters of integrated action potentials over specified time periods. The test-retest correlations for the three testing periods resulted in coefficients ranging from .87 to .99. This was true under all loads and with the muscle either rested or fatigued.", "contents": "Reliability of electromyographic measurements after surface electrode removal and replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of electromyographic measurements after surface electrode removal and replacement. Eight male subjects performed an isometric exercise with the left triceps brachii at loads equivalent to 50, 40, and 30% of their maximum voluntary contractile strength (MVC). Surface electrodes were utilized and the integrated action potentials recorded electromyographically as the muscle contracted. The muscle was tested first in a rested condition and then again after a sustained 30% maximum voluntary contraction. Each one of the subjects was tested three different times with a range of from 2 to 16 days between testing sessions. The electrodes were removed after each testing session. The data were means in centimeters of integrated action potentials over specified time periods. The test-retest correlations for the three testing periods resulted in coefficients ranging from .87 to .99. This was true under all loads and with the muscle either rested or fatigued.", "PMID": 503739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6042", "title": "Effects of personality, perceptual difficulty and pacing of a task on productivity, job satisfaction, and physiological stress.", "content": "The relative psychological, physiological, and performance advantages and disadvantages of utilizing machine-paced and self-paced work were examined by having 12 subjects perform a marking-stapling task at 2 levels of perceptual difficulty and under 2 pacing conditions for 30 min. each. (a) 3 subjects who on the personality tests were identified as introverted, reserved, and trusting preferred to work in the machine-paced condition, while 9 subjects who were identified as extroverted, outgoing and suspicious preferred the self-paced condition, (b) the performance errors in machine-paced operation were 372% higher than for self-paced work, and (c) there were no differences between machine-paced and self-paced work on physiological variables, except for sinus arrhythmia for the task with high perceptual load, and quantity of production.", "contents": "Effects of personality, perceptual difficulty and pacing of a task on productivity, job satisfaction, and physiological stress. The relative psychological, physiological, and performance advantages and disadvantages of utilizing machine-paced and self-paced work were examined by having 12 subjects perform a marking-stapling task at 2 levels of perceptual difficulty and under 2 pacing conditions for 30 min. each. (a) 3 subjects who on the personality tests were identified as introverted, reserved, and trusting preferred to work in the machine-paced condition, while 9 subjects who were identified as extroverted, outgoing and suspicious preferred the self-paced condition, (b) the performance errors in machine-paced operation were 372% higher than for self-paced work, and (c) there were no differences between machine-paced and self-paced work on physiological variables, except for sinus arrhythmia for the task with high perceptual load, and quantity of production.", "PMID": 503740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6043", "title": "Children's autokinetic movement as a function of inferred movement of target shape.", "content": "Four target shapes, a control stimulus (circle) and one each representing geometrical (arrow), representational (car), and symbolic (cross) implied movement were presented to 10 children in each of five age groups of boys and girls (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 yr.) in an autokinetic movement task. While there were no differences in direction of perceived movement with regard to the control stimulus (circle), all other target shapes showed a decrease in the effects of implied movement with increases in age. The minor sex differences were not reported.", "contents": "Children's autokinetic movement as a function of inferred movement of target shape. Four target shapes, a control stimulus (circle) and one each representing geometrical (arrow), representational (car), and symbolic (cross) implied movement were presented to 10 children in each of five age groups of boys and girls (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 yr.) in an autokinetic movement task. While there were no differences in direction of perceived movement with regard to the control stimulus (circle), all other target shapes showed a decrease in the effects of implied movement with increases in age. The minor sex differences were not reported.", "PMID": 503741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6044", "title": "Association of weight and overactivity in institutionalized mentally retarded adults.", "content": "An analysis was conducted on the association between weight and overactivity in a sample of 148 mentally retarded adults. The results indicate an inverse relationship between weight and degree of overactivity.", "contents": "Association of weight and overactivity in institutionalized mentally retarded adults. An analysis was conducted on the association between weight and overactivity in a sample of 148 mentally retarded adults. The results indicate an inverse relationship between weight and degree of overactivity.", "PMID": 503742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6045", "title": "Specificity and differences in three methods of assessing trainable mental retardates' reaction time.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to determine the specificity and differences in reaction time that exist among three manual methods of measurement. This dependent variable was measured from onset of a light stimulus until activation of a microswitch by one of the following methods: depressing or releasing a panel-mounted button or depressing a hand-held button. A rotational order of testing was implemented with 35 trainable mentally retarded subjects. Data indicated marked specificity among the three methods; reaction times were significantly faster with the depressed and hand-held methods than with the released method.", "contents": "Specificity and differences in three methods of assessing trainable mental retardates' reaction time. The purposes of this study were to determine the specificity and differences in reaction time that exist among three manual methods of measurement. This dependent variable was measured from onset of a light stimulus until activation of a microswitch by one of the following methods: depressing or releasing a panel-mounted button or depressing a hand-held button. A rotational order of testing was implemented with 35 trainable mentally retarded subjects. Data indicated marked specificity among the three methods; reaction times were significantly faster with the depressed and hand-held methods than with the released method.", "PMID": 503745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6046", "title": "Pupil dilation, sex of stimulus, and age and sex of observer.", "content": "10-yr.-old, 16-yr.-old, and 20-yr.-old male and female observers (ns = 10; N = 60) rated a number of male and female faces for how 'good-looking' they were. Some of these faces were identical save that in one version the pupils were larger. Pupil dilation in the photographs of males produced no significant effects, whereas pupil dilation in the female photographs caused such faces to be rated as more good-looking by the two oldest groups of male observers. The 10-yr.-old boys and the 16- and 20-yr.-old women rated the female faces with enlarged pupils as significantly less 'good-looking' than the same faces with smaller pupils.", "contents": "Pupil dilation, sex of stimulus, and age and sex of observer. 10-yr.-old, 16-yr.-old, and 20-yr.-old male and female observers (ns = 10; N = 60) rated a number of male and female faces for how 'good-looking' they were. Some of these faces were identical save that in one version the pupils were larger. Pupil dilation in the photographs of males produced no significant effects, whereas pupil dilation in the female photographs caused such faces to be rated as more good-looking by the two oldest groups of male observers. The 10-yr.-old boys and the 16- and 20-yr.-old women rated the female faces with enlarged pupils as significantly less 'good-looking' than the same faces with smaller pupils.", "PMID": 503746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6047", "title": "Time estimation and hyperactivity, replication.", "content": "Three groups of boys included 135 of normal IQ, showing normal activity; 6 were hyperactive and of normal IQ, and 6 showed normal activity but low IQ. Their ability to estimate a 30-sec. interval showed only the 6 normally active boys of low IQ had significantly different elapsed and estimated times. Time estimation is not clinically useful for identifying hyperactive boys.", "contents": "Time estimation and hyperactivity, replication. Three groups of boys included 135 of normal IQ, showing normal activity; 6 were hyperactive and of normal IQ, and 6 showed normal activity but low IQ. Their ability to estimate a 30-sec. interval showed only the 6 normally active boys of low IQ had significantly different elapsed and estimated times. Time estimation is not clinically useful for identifying hyperactive boys.", "PMID": 503747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6048", "title": "Cardiac deceleration and accuracy of performance: recalculation of standard score transform.", "content": "In two previous studies the standard score transform used was based on a standard deviation derived from the mean standard deviations of the raw data in the six classifications employed in the studies rather than on one based on the entire set of raw scores as is the more common practice. The data were reanalyzed using the latter basis and major findings were confirmed. Some of the minor findings, however, were changed. These changes are pointed out and discussed where they occurred.", "contents": "Cardiac deceleration and accuracy of performance: recalculation of standard score transform. In two previous studies the standard score transform used was based on a standard deviation derived from the mean standard deviations of the raw data in the six classifications employed in the studies rather than on one based on the entire set of raw scores as is the more common practice. The data were reanalyzed using the latter basis and major findings were confirmed. Some of the minor findings, however, were changed. These changes are pointed out and discussed where they occurred.", "PMID": 503748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6049", "title": "Use of operational criteria in an office practice for diagnosis of children referred for evaluation of learning or behavior disorders.", "content": "100 consecutively referred school-age children were evaluated for learning or behavior disorders. 45 children had one of three classical neurological syndromes of epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, or childhood migraine. The 26 children with epilepsy required medication adjustment to improve behavior or learning. Operational criteria for childhood depression, specific learning disability, developmental hyperactivity, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were used to establish the correct diagnosis in 55 children. 32 children had a single diagnosis, while 23 children fulfilled the criteria of two diagnostic categories. The diagnostic categorization permitted specific counseling of the child and family, development of a proper school program, and correct pharmacotherapy (when indicated).", "contents": "Use of operational criteria in an office practice for diagnosis of children referred for evaluation of learning or behavior disorders. 100 consecutively referred school-age children were evaluated for learning or behavior disorders. 45 children had one of three classical neurological syndromes of epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, or childhood migraine. The 26 children with epilepsy required medication adjustment to improve behavior or learning. Operational criteria for childhood depression, specific learning disability, developmental hyperactivity, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were used to establish the correct diagnosis in 55 children. 32 children had a single diagnosis, while 23 children fulfilled the criteria of two diagnostic categories. The diagnostic categorization permitted specific counseling of the child and family, development of a proper school program, and correct pharmacotherapy (when indicated).", "PMID": 503749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6050", "title": "Relation between flicker fusion threshold and retinal positions.", "content": "The critical flicker frequencies (CFF) were determined for various locations on the retina. Under the conditions in which pupil size varies little with target luminance and size for a retinal location, two findings were obtained. First, the relation between the CFF value and the retinal location depends basically upon the density distribution of the receptor cells (cones and rods) on the retina. Second, when a large test field is employed, the peripheral area shows a maximal CFF value. These characteristics are explicable in terms of the retinal structure and by assuming some functions for it.", "contents": "Relation between flicker fusion threshold and retinal positions. The critical flicker frequencies (CFF) were determined for various locations on the retina. Under the conditions in which pupil size varies little with target luminance and size for a retinal location, two findings were obtained. First, the relation between the CFF value and the retinal location depends basically upon the density distribution of the receptor cells (cones and rods) on the retina. Second, when a large test field is employed, the peripheral area shows a maximal CFF value. These characteristics are explicable in terms of the retinal structure and by assuming some functions for it.", "PMID": 503750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6051", "title": "Bender visual-motor abilities of slow learners.", "content": "The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 134 rural and 140 urban slow learners (IQ 70 to 84) are compared. Rural slow learners performed significantly below their mental ages more frequently than urban slow learners. Rural and urban slow learners performed developmentally below chronological ages, but as expected for mental ages until CA 10 (MA 8). At this point urban slow learners appeared to perform as expected from MAs, but a significant number of rural slow learners performed below expectations. After CA 14 (MA 11-0) the differences between the urban and rural groups, however, were not significant.", "contents": "Bender visual-motor abilities of slow learners. The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 134 rural and 140 urban slow learners (IQ 70 to 84) are compared. Rural slow learners performed significantly below their mental ages more frequently than urban slow learners. Rural and urban slow learners performed developmentally below chronological ages, but as expected for mental ages until CA 10 (MA 8). At this point urban slow learners appeared to perform as expected from MAs, but a significant number of rural slow learners performed below expectations. After CA 14 (MA 11-0) the differences between the urban and rural groups, however, were not significant.", "PMID": 503751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6052", "title": "Oculomotor programming disturbances in the dementia syndrome.", "content": "Three types of oculomotor programming disturbances are described in patients with the dementia syndrome. This report describes two of these abnormalities, poorly regulated gaze patterns and a programming type of gaze perseveration. All patients showed poorly regulated gaze patterns in contrast to the normal controls, whereas on the whole only the moderately affected patients showed the programming type of gaze perseveration. The third type of oculomotor programming disturbance is efferent perseveration of gaze (a hypokinetic, \"staring\" type of gaze pattern) and can be seen with severe dementia. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Oculomotor programming disturbances in the dementia syndrome. Three types of oculomotor programming disturbances are described in patients with the dementia syndrome. This report describes two of these abnormalities, poorly regulated gaze patterns and a programming type of gaze perseveration. All patients showed poorly regulated gaze patterns in contrast to the normal controls, whereas on the whole only the moderately affected patients showed the programming type of gaze perseveration. The third type of oculomotor programming disturbance is efferent perseveration of gaze (a hypokinetic, \"staring\" type of gaze pattern) and can be seen with severe dementia. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 503752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6053", "title": "Effects of sequence and variety of irrelevant items on visual search.", "content": "An experiment was done to determine how the sequence and variety of irrelevant items affects the speed of visual search. Three subjects searched for a target letter in sequences of predominantly alternating or repeating letters. Search through repeating sequences was faster than search through alternating sequences. Increasing the variety of irrelevant letters slowed search through alternating but not repeating sequences. Implications regarding eye fixations during visual search are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of sequence and variety of irrelevant items on visual search. An experiment was done to determine how the sequence and variety of irrelevant items affects the speed of visual search. Three subjects searched for a target letter in sequences of predominantly alternating or repeating letters. Search through repeating sequences was faster than search through alternating sequences. Increasing the variety of irrelevant letters slowed search through alternating but not repeating sequences. Implications regarding eye fixations during visual search are discussed.", "PMID": 503753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6054", "title": "Human sound frequency preferences.", "content": "205 subjects each chose a \"most pleasant\" sound delivered through an earphone by turning the control knob on a continuously variable audio oscillator. Most subjects chose a frequency in a relatively narrow (approximately 350 Hz) band centered on 399 Hz. The preferences did not appear to be influenced by sex or age.", "contents": "Human sound frequency preferences. 205 subjects each chose a \"most pleasant\" sound delivered through an earphone by turning the control knob on a continuously variable audio oscillator. Most subjects chose a frequency in a relatively narrow (approximately 350 Hz) band centered on 399 Hz. The preferences did not appear to be influenced by sex or age.", "PMID": 503755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6055", "title": "A length aftereffect from grating adaptation: now you see it ... now you don't.", "content": "Adaptation to a grating of short bars has the effect of increasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar, and adaptation to a grating of long bars has the effect of decreasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar. However, decreasing the interspace between the long adaptation bars has the effect of (1) negating the length aftereffect and (2) reducing the apparent width of the test bar viewed by the retina previously adapted to the grating of long bars.", "contents": "A length aftereffect from grating adaptation: now you see it ... now you don't. Adaptation to a grating of short bars has the effect of increasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar, and adaptation to a grating of long bars has the effect of decreasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar. However, decreasing the interspace between the long adaptation bars has the effect of (1) negating the length aftereffect and (2) reducing the apparent width of the test bar viewed by the retina previously adapted to the grating of long bars.", "PMID": 503756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6056", "title": "Effects of background music on musical task performance and subsequent music preference.", "content": "The present study examined the effects of background music on performance of a musical task and on subsequent preference for that music. 60 music and 60 non-music majors heard background music in music-only or music-plus-task conditions, and a third group heard no music in a task-only condition. A preference test of four musical excerpts, including the background [corrected] music excerpt, was administered subsequently to all three groups of subjects. Although music majors scored higher than non-majors, background music did not differentially affect task scores. Music students exhibited a differential preference following both musical conditions, while non-music subjects demonstrated differential preference only following the music-only condition.", "contents": "Effects of background music on musical task performance and subsequent music preference. The present study examined the effects of background music on performance of a musical task and on subsequent preference for that music. 60 music and 60 non-music majors heard background music in music-only or music-plus-task conditions, and a third group heard no music in a task-only condition. A preference test of four musical excerpts, including the background [corrected] music excerpt, was administered subsequently to all three groups of subjects. Although music majors scored higher than non-majors, background music did not differentially affect task scores. Music students exhibited a differential preference following both musical conditions, while non-music subjects demonstrated differential preference only following the music-only condition.", "PMID": 503757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6057", "title": "Labeling, attention and perception, a developmental study.", "content": "96 7- and 9-yr.-olds were under four experimental conditions. A \"distinctive label\" group (n = 24) associated four different gender-cued labels with four infants' faces. An \"equivalent label\" group (m = 24) associated only two of these labels. There were also two no-label groups (ns = 24), \"differential perception\" and \"perception.\" In the former, perceptual cues were provided; no cues were provided in the latter. The main measure was a test of perception. 9-yr.-olds were not affected by the labels, 7-yr.-olds were but more significantly so during initial trials. It is proposed that perception is affected by labels, learning, and selective attention. These effects are determined developmentally. As age increases the effects of verbal cues diminish and of perceptual cues increase. The findings are related to cross-cultural data, indicating that Israeli toddlers classify according to gender earlier than do American children. This is probably because Hebrew more than English contains distinctive linguistic cues related to sex.", "contents": "Labeling, attention and perception, a developmental study. 96 7- and 9-yr.-olds were under four experimental conditions. A \"distinctive label\" group (n = 24) associated four different gender-cued labels with four infants' faces. An \"equivalent label\" group (m = 24) associated only two of these labels. There were also two no-label groups (ns = 24), \"differential perception\" and \"perception.\" In the former, perceptual cues were provided; no cues were provided in the latter. The main measure was a test of perception. 9-yr.-olds were not affected by the labels, 7-yr.-olds were but more significantly so during initial trials. It is proposed that perception is affected by labels, learning, and selective attention. These effects are determined developmentally. As age increases the effects of verbal cues diminish and of perceptual cues increase. The findings are related to cross-cultural data, indicating that Israeli toddlers classify according to gender earlier than do American children. This is probably because Hebrew more than English contains distinctive linguistic cues related to sex.", "PMID": 503759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6058", "title": "Relation of personality characteristics and color preferences.", "content": "150 students responded to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and ranked color plates from the Luscher Color Test. Regression analysis yielded no relationship of predictive significance between the two sets of variables. An ancillary analysis using sets of random numbers in place of the color preference data yielded results basically similar to those produced in the earlier analysis. Males and females rank ordered the colors identically except for yellow, which was significantly more preferred by males than females.", "contents": "Relation of personality characteristics and color preferences. 150 students responded to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and ranked color plates from the Luscher Color Test. Regression analysis yielded no relationship of predictive significance between the two sets of variables. An ancillary analysis using sets of random numbers in place of the color preference data yielded results basically similar to those produced in the earlier analysis. Males and females rank ordered the colors identically except for yellow, which was significantly more preferred by males than females.", "PMID": 503760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6059", "title": "Effect of response class on self-monitoring accuracy.", "content": "The effect of response class on self-monitoring accuracy was investigated in a clinical population. 16 in-patients of a VA hospital self-monitored verbal and nonverbal behaviors in a couterbalanced design. The results supported suggestions of superior self-recording accuracy with nonverbal target behaviors. The implications for clinical use of self-monitoring in assessment are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of response class on self-monitoring accuracy. The effect of response class on self-monitoring accuracy was investigated in a clinical population. 16 in-patients of a VA hospital self-monitored verbal and nonverbal behaviors in a couterbalanced design. The results supported suggestions of superior self-recording accuracy with nonverbal target behaviors. The implications for clinical use of self-monitoring in assessment are discussed.", "PMID": 503761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6060", "title": "Picture-naming interference with good and poor readers.", "content": "22 third grade children of high and low reading ability (ns = 11) were tested for their ability to name pictures while trying to ignore words or nonword strings of letters printed inside the pictures. Nonoverlapping sets of pictures and words were used as stimuli to avoid the possibility of sensitizing subjects to the particular words used in the experiment (Neisser, 1976). Both groups experienced more interference from intra-category than extra-category words, indicating that they processed the words automatically. Only the good readers experienced more interference from pseudowords than consonant strings, suggesting that poor readers are less sensitive than good readers to orthographic regularity.", "contents": "Picture-naming interference with good and poor readers. 22 third grade children of high and low reading ability (ns = 11) were tested for their ability to name pictures while trying to ignore words or nonword strings of letters printed inside the pictures. Nonoverlapping sets of pictures and words were used as stimuli to avoid the possibility of sensitizing subjects to the particular words used in the experiment (Neisser, 1976). Both groups experienced more interference from intra-category than extra-category words, indicating that they processed the words automatically. Only the good readers experienced more interference from pseudowords than consonant strings, suggesting that poor readers are less sensitive than good readers to orthographic regularity.", "PMID": 503762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6061", "title": "Effects of familiarity of music on vigilant performance.", "content": "35 subjects, randomly assigned to five groups in a 2 x 2 + 1 between-subjects design, performed a vigilance task under familiar rock, familiar easy-listening, unfamiliar rock, unfamiliar easy-listening, and no music conditions. Familiar music significantly increased heart rate and percent detections and also mitigated the classical vigilance decrement. Type of music had no significant effect. It was concluded that the psychological chaaracteristics of noise are at least as important as its physical characteristics in determining level of vigilance performance.", "contents": "Effects of familiarity of music on vigilant performance. 35 subjects, randomly assigned to five groups in a 2 x 2 + 1 between-subjects design, performed a vigilance task under familiar rock, familiar easy-listening, unfamiliar rock, unfamiliar easy-listening, and no music conditions. Familiar music significantly increased heart rate and percent detections and also mitigated the classical vigilance decrement. Type of music had no significant effect. It was concluded that the psychological chaaracteristics of noise are at least as important as its physical characteristics in determining level of vigilance performance.", "PMID": 503763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6062", "title": "Strategies for attention allocation in multiple input, multiple response tasks.", "content": "9 tasks involving multiple inputs and multiple responses were administered. The tasks involved monitoring, shadowing, and ignoring, in all combinations, monaural and dichotic meassages. Miss rates were compared to determine the effect of adding additional demands to different tasks. Results suggested that, when a demand was added to a task, attention was allocated away primarily from those demands already receiving the greatest amounts of attention, to accommodate the new demand. When the new demand drew attention toward a channel, those demands already receiving the least amounts of attention gained the largest amounts. There were several exceptions to these trends, suggesting that the total amount of effort available for allocation was apparently an important variable. The implication of the results for research in attention was discussed.", "contents": "Strategies for attention allocation in multiple input, multiple response tasks. 9 tasks involving multiple inputs and multiple responses were administered. The tasks involved monitoring, shadowing, and ignoring, in all combinations, monaural and dichotic meassages. Miss rates were compared to determine the effect of adding additional demands to different tasks. Results suggested that, when a demand was added to a task, attention was allocated away primarily from those demands already receiving the greatest amounts of attention, to accommodate the new demand. When the new demand drew attention toward a channel, those demands already receiving the least amounts of attention gained the largest amounts. There were several exceptions to these trends, suggesting that the total amount of effort available for allocation was apparently an important variable. The implication of the results for research in attention was discussed.", "PMID": 503764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6063", "title": "Field dependence and short-term memory.", "content": "This study examined the relationship between field dependence and short-term memory. It was predicted that relatively field-independent individuals would perform better on short-term memory tests in which a large amount of interference is assumed to be present than would individuals who are more field-dependent. Subjects' appraisals of their own attentional facility, as well as their thoughts and feelings about the experimental tasks, were also elicited, and were looked at in terms of their relationship to field dependence and short-term memory.", "contents": "Field dependence and short-term memory. This study examined the relationship between field dependence and short-term memory. It was predicted that relatively field-independent individuals would perform better on short-term memory tests in which a large amount of interference is assumed to be present than would individuals who are more field-dependent. Subjects' appraisals of their own attentional facility, as well as their thoughts and feelings about the experimental tasks, were also elicited, and were looked at in terms of their relationship to field dependence and short-term memory.", "PMID": 503765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6064", "title": "Border locking and the Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion.", "content": "The Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion (seen on the tiles of a local caf\u00e9) is a M\u00fcnsterberg chequerboard figure, but with horizontal parallel lines which may have any luminance separating the rows of displaced squares. These (the 'mortar' lines) display marked wedge distortion which is especially affected by: contrast of the squares ('tiles'); width of the 'mortar' lines, and their luminance which must not be significantly higher than that of the light squares or lower than that of the dark squares for distortion to occur. An experiment is described from which quantitative data have been obtained by varying these parameters. It is suggested that contiguous regions of different luminance (and contiguous colour regions) are normally held in spatial register by locking from common luminance boundaries. The Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion is attributed to this border locking producing inappropriate contour shifts from neighbouring regions of contrasting luminance when separated by narrow gaps of neutral luminance. Further implications on the border-locking notion are discussed.", "contents": "Border locking and the Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion. The Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion (seen on the tiles of a local caf\u00e9) is a M\u00fcnsterberg chequerboard figure, but with horizontal parallel lines which may have any luminance separating the rows of displaced squares. These (the 'mortar' lines) display marked wedge distortion which is especially affected by: contrast of the squares ('tiles'); width of the 'mortar' lines, and their luminance which must not be significantly higher than that of the light squares or lower than that of the dark squares for distortion to occur. An experiment is described from which quantitative data have been obtained by varying these parameters. It is suggested that contiguous regions of different luminance (and contiguous colour regions) are normally held in spatial register by locking from common luminance boundaries. The Caf\u00e9 Wall illusion is attributed to this border locking producing inappropriate contour shifts from neighbouring regions of contrasting luminance when separated by narrow gaps of neutral luminance. Further implications on the border-locking notion are discussed.", "PMID": 503767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6065", "title": "Three-dimensional perception of planar line segments.", "content": "Two-dimensional line drawings can be perceived as three-dimensional images if they are viewed through a grating of parallel lines placed a short distance above the drawing. The position in space of the images is a function of the angle between the lines in the drawing and those in the viewer grating.", "contents": "Three-dimensional perception of planar line segments. Two-dimensional line drawings can be perceived as three-dimensional images if they are viewed through a grating of parallel lines placed a short distance above the drawing. The position in space of the images is a function of the angle between the lines in the drawing and those in the viewer grating.", "PMID": 503768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6066", "title": "Assessment of depth perception in cats.", "content": "A behavioural method is described for the assessment of depth perception of kittens. Measurement is made of the smallest separation in depth that can be discriminated between two adjacent stimuli under both monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Normal animals can discriminate much smaller separations in depth when using two eyes than with monocular viewing, implying the presence of a cue to depth that is uniquely available with binocular viewing. The test provides a quick and reliable way of screening animals for stereopsis.", "contents": "Assessment of depth perception in cats. A behavioural method is described for the assessment of depth perception of kittens. Measurement is made of the smallest separation in depth that can be discriminated between two adjacent stimuli under both monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Normal animals can discriminate much smaller separations in depth when using two eyes than with monocular viewing, implying the presence of a cue to depth that is uniquely available with binocular viewing. The test provides a quick and reliable way of screening animals for stereopsis.", "PMID": 503769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6067", "title": "Visual-geometric illusions: unisex phenomena.", "content": "The possibility of sex differences in responses to visual-geometric illusions was investigated with the use of forty-five illusion variants and a sample of 221 observers. No difference in illusion magnitude as a function of sex was found. A second experiment measured illusion decrement and transfer of decrement to other illusion configurations. Again there were no significant differences between male and female observers.", "contents": "Visual-geometric illusions: unisex phenomena. The possibility of sex differences in responses to visual-geometric illusions was investigated with the use of forty-five illusion variants and a sample of 221 observers. No difference in illusion magnitude as a function of sex was found. A second experiment measured illusion decrement and transfer of decrement to other illusion configurations. Again there were no significant differences between male and female observers.", "PMID": 503771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6068", "title": "Figure-ground formation by movement: influences and effects.", "content": "A twelve-letter array was segmented into figure and ground by moving some of its letters. Moved letters were shifted one letter-width left of right, independently of each other, in apparent movement. Since the figure of a display attracts attention, identification of letters of the figure segment should show an advantage over letters of the background segment. Three results are of interest. First, moved letters were identified more accurately and faster than stationary letters when only one or two letters moved. Stationary letters showed the advantage when eight of the twelve letters moved. This result suggests that the segment seen as figure is determined by both rapidly encodable letter movement and by the number of moved letters within the display. Second, segmentation of the visual display acids identification of moved letters in less than 90 ms, or well before the eye can move to the selected letter position. Third, letters in the figure segment which are closer to fixation are more likely to be identified than more eccentric letters.", "contents": "Figure-ground formation by movement: influences and effects. A twelve-letter array was segmented into figure and ground by moving some of its letters. Moved letters were shifted one letter-width left of right, independently of each other, in apparent movement. Since the figure of a display attracts attention, identification of letters of the figure segment should show an advantage over letters of the background segment. Three results are of interest. First, moved letters were identified more accurately and faster than stationary letters when only one or two letters moved. Stationary letters showed the advantage when eight of the twelve letters moved. This result suggests that the segment seen as figure is determined by both rapidly encodable letter movement and by the number of moved letters within the display. Second, segmentation of the visual display acids identification of moved letters in less than 90 ms, or well before the eye can move to the selected letter position. Third, letters in the figure segment which are closer to fixation are more likely to be identified than more eccentric letters.", "PMID": 503773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6069", "title": "Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition.", "content": "Three experiments are reported in which recognition of faces from whole faces or internal or external features was compared. In the first experiment, where the faces were of famous people, an advantage was found for identification from internal features. In the second experiment involving unfamiliar faces, however, no difference was found in recognition rates when subjects were given the internal or the external features. In a third experiment famous faces were presented and mixed with other famous faces for a recognition test. As in experiment 1, better recognition occurred from internals as compared with external features. It is argued that the internal representation for familiar faces may be qualitatively different from that for face seen just once. In particular some advantage in feature saliency may accrue to the internal or 'expressive' features of familiar faces. The implications of these results are considered in relation to general theories of face perception and recognition.", "contents": "Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition. Three experiments are reported in which recognition of faces from whole faces or internal or external features was compared. In the first experiment, where the faces were of famous people, an advantage was found for identification from internal features. In the second experiment involving unfamiliar faces, however, no difference was found in recognition rates when subjects were given the internal or the external features. In a third experiment famous faces were presented and mixed with other famous faces for a recognition test. As in experiment 1, better recognition occurred from internals as compared with external features. It is argued that the internal representation for familiar faces may be qualitatively different from that for face seen just once. In particular some advantage in feature saliency may accrue to the internal or 'expressive' features of familiar faces. The implications of these results are considered in relation to general theories of face perception and recognition.", "PMID": 503774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6070", "title": "Salt taste adaptation: the psychophysical effects of adapting solutions and residual stimuli from prior tastings on the taste of sodium chloride.", "content": "The paper reviews how adaptation to sodium chloride, changing in concentration as a result of various experimental procedures, affects measurements of the sensitivity, intensity, and quality of the salt taste. The development of and evidence for the current model that the salt taste depends on an adaptation level (taste zero) determined by the sodium cation concentration is examined and found to be generally supported, despite great methodological complications. It would seem that lower adaptation levels elicit lower thresholds, higher intensity estimates, and altered quality descriptions with predictable effects on psychophysical measures.", "contents": "Salt taste adaptation: the psychophysical effects of adapting solutions and residual stimuli from prior tastings on the taste of sodium chloride. The paper reviews how adaptation to sodium chloride, changing in concentration as a result of various experimental procedures, affects measurements of the sensitivity, intensity, and quality of the salt taste. The development of and evidence for the current model that the salt taste depends on an adaptation level (taste zero) determined by the sodium cation concentration is examined and found to be generally supported, despite great methodological complications. It would seem that lower adaptation levels elicit lower thresholds, higher intensity estimates, and altered quality descriptions with predictable effects on psychophysical measures.", "PMID": 503775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6071", "title": "Attentive fields: valid scientific constructs or elusive theoretical entities: a reply to Pressey.", "content": "Pressey conveys the impression that we misunderstood and misapplied his construct of attentive field. In this rejoinder it is argued that by Pressy's own definition and application of this construct his theory should be able to account for our results.", "contents": "Attentive fields: valid scientific constructs or elusive theoretical entities: a reply to Pressey. Pressey conveys the impression that we misunderstood and misapplied his construct of attentive field. In this rejoinder it is argued that by Pressy's own definition and application of this construct his theory should be able to account for our results.", "PMID": 503776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6072", "title": "Interactions between simultaneous contrast and adaptation to gradual change of luminance.", "content": "Following adaptation to a field of light which was modulated by a rising ramp so that it repetitively grows gradually brighter, a steady test field of light appears to be gradually growing dimmer. In this study, if a small grey spot of constant luminance was centered in the brightening field, it appeared to be growing gradually dimmer by simultaneous contrast. This apparent dimming led to a brightening aftereffect in the spot. It was shown that this spot aftereffect had two independent components: the apparent dimming of the adapting spot produced its own aftereffect (contrast produced an aftereffect) and also the dimming aftereffect in the surround field spatially induced an aftereffect into the spot during the test period (aftereffect produced simultaneous contrast). Thus simultaneous contrast can both precede and follow successive contrast in the visual system.", "contents": "Interactions between simultaneous contrast and adaptation to gradual change of luminance. Following adaptation to a field of light which was modulated by a rising ramp so that it repetitively grows gradually brighter, a steady test field of light appears to be gradually growing dimmer. In this study, if a small grey spot of constant luminance was centered in the brightening field, it appeared to be growing gradually dimmer by simultaneous contrast. This apparent dimming led to a brightening aftereffect in the spot. It was shown that this spot aftereffect had two independent components: the apparent dimming of the adapting spot produced its own aftereffect (contrast produced an aftereffect) and also the dimming aftereffect in the surround field spatially induced an aftereffect into the spot during the test period (aftereffect produced simultaneous contrast). Thus simultaneous contrast can both precede and follow successive contrast in the visual system.", "PMID": 503778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6073", "title": "Salt taste detection: an R-index approach to signal-detection measurements.", "content": "The R-index approach to the signal-detection P(A) index of sensitivity was used to measure taste sensitivity to NaCl solutions. The R-index is the predicted probability of the correct choice of a signal, for a given signal-noise pair. For flow-wise and sipwise presentation, R-indices did not fluctuate significantly, provided subjects could not see the stimuli yet to be presented, indicating a lack of systematic sensitivity drift. The simultaneous measurement of more than one signal strength with reference to a common noise stimulus was seen to be a viable and sensitive procedure. Comparison of flow-wise and sipwise presentation of stimuli using R-indices, indicated that the former elicited greater subject sensitivity to NaCl taste.", "contents": "Salt taste detection: an R-index approach to signal-detection measurements. The R-index approach to the signal-detection P(A) index of sensitivity was used to measure taste sensitivity to NaCl solutions. The R-index is the predicted probability of the correct choice of a signal, for a given signal-noise pair. For flow-wise and sipwise presentation, R-indices did not fluctuate significantly, provided subjects could not see the stimuli yet to be presented, indicating a lack of systematic sensitivity drift. The simultaneous measurement of more than one signal strength with reference to a common noise stimulus was seen to be a viable and sensitive procedure. Comparison of flow-wise and sipwise presentation of stimuli using R-indices, indicated that the former elicited greater subject sensitivity to NaCl taste.", "PMID": 503779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6074", "title": "Genetic and environmental factors in orientation anisotropy: a field study in the British Isles.", "content": "Visual acuity for the detection of gratings at four orientations was measured for groups of ten boys and ten girls aged five to seven years, from the following four populations: Scots in Glasgow, Pakistanis in Glasgow, Gaels in Stornoway (Outer Hebrides) and East Anglians in Littleport (Cambridgeshire fenlands). The Glaswegians, both Scottish and Pakistani, showed the normal pattern of anisotropy, with poorest acuity for oblique orientations; the East Anglians showed no significant anisotropy; while the Gaels were unusual in showing poorest horizontal acuity. A group of fourteen Pakistani children in Stornoway differed slightly from a matched group of Gaels. The group differences bore little relation to the visual environments, and were probably due to genetic or cultural factors. The relatively poor horizontal acuity of the Gaels was not correlated with astigmatism. Sex differences were also found, with the boys showing higher mean acuity and a higher ratio between vertical and oblique acuity.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental factors in orientation anisotropy: a field study in the British Isles. Visual acuity for the detection of gratings at four orientations was measured for groups of ten boys and ten girls aged five to seven years, from the following four populations: Scots in Glasgow, Pakistanis in Glasgow, Gaels in Stornoway (Outer Hebrides) and East Anglians in Littleport (Cambridgeshire fenlands). The Glaswegians, both Scottish and Pakistani, showed the normal pattern of anisotropy, with poorest acuity for oblique orientations; the East Anglians showed no significant anisotropy; while the Gaels were unusual in showing poorest horizontal acuity. A group of fourteen Pakistani children in Stornoway differed slightly from a matched group of Gaels. The group differences bore little relation to the visual environments, and were probably due to genetic or cultural factors. The relatively poor horizontal acuity of the Gaels was not correlated with astigmatism. Sex differences were also found, with the boys showing higher mean acuity and a higher ratio between vertical and oblique acuity.", "PMID": 503780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6075", "title": "A test for contrast-polarity selectivity in the tilt aftereffect.", "content": "The tilt aftereffect (TAE) was studied with adapting and test stimuli consisting of black or white bars (experiment 1), and of luminance edges (experiment 2). Both experiments failed to demonstrate selectivity of the TAE to the polarity of luminance contrast.", "contents": "A test for contrast-polarity selectivity in the tilt aftereffect. The tilt aftereffect (TAE) was studied with adapting and test stimuli consisting of black or white bars (experiment 1), and of luminance edges (experiment 2). Both experiments failed to demonstrate selectivity of the TAE to the polarity of luminance contrast.", "PMID": 503781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6076", "title": "The effect of spatial frequency and contrast on visual persistence.", "content": "The visual persistence of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency and contrast was measured. It was found that the persistence of low-contrast gratings was longer than that of high-contrast stimuli for all spatial frequencies investigated. At higher contrast levels of 1 and 4 cycles deg-1 gratings, a tendency for persistence to be independent of contrast was observed. For 12 cycles deg-1 gratings, however, persistence continued to decrease with increasing contrast. These results are compared with recently published data on other temporal responses, and are discussed in terms of the different properties of sustained and transient channels.", "contents": "The effect of spatial frequency and contrast on visual persistence. The visual persistence of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency and contrast was measured. It was found that the persistence of low-contrast gratings was longer than that of high-contrast stimuli for all spatial frequencies investigated. At higher contrast levels of 1 and 4 cycles deg-1 gratings, a tendency for persistence to be independent of contrast was observed. For 12 cycles deg-1 gratings, however, persistence continued to decrease with increasing contrast. These results are compared with recently published data on other temporal responses, and are discussed in terms of the different properties of sustained and transient channels.", "PMID": 503782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6077", "title": "Decrease in metacontrast masking following adaptation to flicker.", "content": "Selective adaptation was used to explore the characterisitcs of a metacontrast masking stimulus which contribute to its effectiveness in masking the test stimulus. Subjects adapted for 10 s to a configuration like the masking stimulus that was either continuously on or flickering. Following this they viewed a metacontrast presentation and estimated the brightness of the test stimulus. Prior adaptation to a continuously present stimulus did not appreciably affect metacontrast masking; however, masking was greatly reduced following adaptation to flickering stimuli. These results are consistent with recent models of metacontrast masking based on transient and sustained visual channels.", "contents": "Decrease in metacontrast masking following adaptation to flicker. Selective adaptation was used to explore the characterisitcs of a metacontrast masking stimulus which contribute to its effectiveness in masking the test stimulus. Subjects adapted for 10 s to a configuration like the masking stimulus that was either continuously on or flickering. Following this they viewed a metacontrast presentation and estimated the brightness of the test stimulus. Prior adaptation to a continuously present stimulus did not appreciably affect metacontrast masking; however, masking was greatly reduced following adaptation to flickering stimuli. These results are consistent with recent models of metacontrast masking based on transient and sustained visual channels.", "PMID": 503783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6078", "title": "Pattern and flicker detection examined in terms of the nasal-temporal division of the retina.", "content": "Contrast thresholds for the detection of flicker and the detection of pattern were measured for nasal and temporal retinae of each eye separately. While confirming that these two types of threholds can differ, depending on the spatial frequency, the results provide no support for hemiretinal or hemispheric asymmetries in the distribution of the putative pattern and movement channels.", "contents": "Pattern and flicker detection examined in terms of the nasal-temporal division of the retina. Contrast thresholds for the detection of flicker and the detection of pattern were measured for nasal and temporal retinae of each eye separately. While confirming that these two types of threholds can differ, depending on the spatial frequency, the results provide no support for hemiretinal or hemispheric asymmetries in the distribution of the putative pattern and movement channels.", "PMID": 503784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6079", "title": "Exposure-time and spatial-frequency effects in the tilt illusion.", "content": "The exposure durations of a vertical test line and a tilted inducing grating were varied and the tilt illusion thus generated was found to change as a function of this variation. Significant direct effects (acute-angle expansion) and indirect effects (acute-angle contraction) were found to occur at times consistent with Andrew's estimate of the time course of inhibition in the visual system when the inducing grating had a spatial frequency of 10 cycles deg-1. However, a 2.71 cycles deg-1 grating gave significant effects at exposure durations of 10 as well as 1000 ms, while in a further experiment a 10.91 cycles deg-1 grating gave significant effects at 1000 ms only. These results seem to suggest that orientation interactions thought to be due to inhibition (direct effect) and disinhibition (indirect effect) may occur within both sustained and transient channels with concomitant differences in time constants.", "contents": "Exposure-time and spatial-frequency effects in the tilt illusion. The exposure durations of a vertical test line and a tilted inducing grating were varied and the tilt illusion thus generated was found to change as a function of this variation. Significant direct effects (acute-angle expansion) and indirect effects (acute-angle contraction) were found to occur at times consistent with Andrew's estimate of the time course of inhibition in the visual system when the inducing grating had a spatial frequency of 10 cycles deg-1. However, a 2.71 cycles deg-1 grating gave significant effects at exposure durations of 10 as well as 1000 ms, while in a further experiment a 10.91 cycles deg-1 grating gave significant effects at 1000 ms only. These results seem to suggest that orientation interactions thought to be due to inhibition (direct effect) and disinhibition (indirect effect) may occur within both sustained and transient channels with concomitant differences in time constants.", "PMID": 503785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6080", "title": "Angle-matching illusions and perceived line orientation.", "content": "Spatial illusions which occur in angle-matching tasks were examined in six experiments using two different kinds of display. In experiments 1 and 2 illusory errors generally were in the direction predicted by Lennie's hypothesis which states that angle arms are attracted perceptually towards the oblique axes of space, although the display used in these experiments differed from Lennie's. However, experiment 3 showed that these errors might equally be explained by the addition of interactive effects between angle arms (tilt illusions). Parametric investigation of Lennie's figures (experiments 4 and 5) showed that thelargest angular illusion occurred with the largest angle used (45 degrees) and an intermediate line length (2 deg 7 min). These angular illusions were not explicable by the addition of tilt illusions (experiment 6), suggesting that different judgmental processes may underlie orientation and angle estimation.", "contents": "Angle-matching illusions and perceived line orientation. Spatial illusions which occur in angle-matching tasks were examined in six experiments using two different kinds of display. In experiments 1 and 2 illusory errors generally were in the direction predicted by Lennie's hypothesis which states that angle arms are attracted perceptually towards the oblique axes of space, although the display used in these experiments differed from Lennie's. However, experiment 3 showed that these errors might equally be explained by the addition of interactive effects between angle arms (tilt illusions). Parametric investigation of Lennie's figures (experiments 4 and 5) showed that thelargest angular illusion occurred with the largest angle used (45 degrees) and an intermediate line length (2 deg 7 min). These angular illusions were not explicable by the addition of tilt illusions (experiment 6), suggesting that different judgmental processes may underlie orientation and angle estimation.", "PMID": 503786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6081", "title": "Recognition of upright and inverted faces: a correlational study.", "content": "An investigation of ninety-five university admission candidates failed to replicate the finding by Yin of a negative correlation between the ability to recognise upright and inverted faces. A zero correlation was obtained when unknown faces were both learned and recognised upside down, but when well-known faces were presented normally and upside down for identification, a significant positive correlation appeared. Rock has suggested that inverted faces are difficult to recognise because they overtax a mechanism for correcting disoriented stimuli. This explanation satisfactorily accounts for the data with the proviso that, when inverted faces are to be remembered, the best strategy is not to attempt to correct their orientation, but to learn isolated features of the face. This describes the data more parsimoniously than Yin's face-specific mechanism.", "contents": "Recognition of upright and inverted faces: a correlational study. An investigation of ninety-five university admission candidates failed to replicate the finding by Yin of a negative correlation between the ability to recognise upright and inverted faces. A zero correlation was obtained when unknown faces were both learned and recognised upside down, but when well-known faces were presented normally and upside down for identification, a significant positive correlation appeared. Rock has suggested that inverted faces are difficult to recognise because they overtax a mechanism for correcting disoriented stimuli. This explanation satisfactorily accounts for the data with the proviso that, when inverted faces are to be remembered, the best strategy is not to attempt to correct their orientation, but to learn isolated features of the face. This describes the data more parsimoniously than Yin's face-specific mechanism.", "PMID": 503787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6082", "title": "Random-dot stereograms of real objects: observation on stereo faces and moulds.", "content": "A simple technique for producing random-dot stereograms of real objects is described. It is then shown that stereograms of inside-out faces (moulds) cease to be perceptually reversible only when the presentation is truly cyclopean. Further possible applications of the technique are outlined.", "contents": "Random-dot stereograms of real objects: observation on stereo faces and moulds. A simple technique for producing random-dot stereograms of real objects is described. It is then shown that stereograms of inside-out faces (moulds) cease to be perceptually reversible only when the presentation is truly cyclopean. Further possible applications of the technique are outlined.", "PMID": 503788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6083", "title": "The nonequivalence of abrupt and diffuse illusory contours.", "content": "A distinction is drawn between diffuse regions of apparent brightness and illusory, but abrupt, brightness gradients. Differences between the two phenomena are sufficient to disqualify conclusions about one based on observations about the other. It is suggested that diffuse contours may be attributable to peripheral mechanisms while sharp contours may be central or cognitive in origin.", "contents": "The nonequivalence of abrupt and diffuse illusory contours. A distinction is drawn between diffuse regions of apparent brightness and illusory, but abrupt, brightness gradients. Differences between the two phenomena are sufficient to disqualify conclusions about one based on observations about the other. It is suggested that diffuse contours may be attributable to peripheral mechanisms while sharp contours may be central or cognitive in origin.", "PMID": 503789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6084", "title": "Frequency, phase, and colour coding in apparent motion: 2.", "content": "In an earlier paper, Caelli and Finlay demonstrated that the perception of apparent motion was contingent on critical phase relationships between inducing sources, and their spatio-temporal frequency ranges. In their original stimulus red-green centre-surround sources were used and phase-specific inhibition was found at 60 degrees--90 degreee phase angle differences between the complementarily coloured elements. In this experiment we show that, when centre-surround sources are replaced by vertically-horizontally displaced complementary (or identically coloured) sources, symmetrical phase inhibition effects occur with both motions.", "contents": "Frequency, phase, and colour coding in apparent motion: 2. In an earlier paper, Caelli and Finlay demonstrated that the perception of apparent motion was contingent on critical phase relationships between inducing sources, and their spatio-temporal frequency ranges. In their original stimulus red-green centre-surround sources were used and phase-specific inhibition was found at 60 degrees--90 degreee phase angle differences between the complementarily coloured elements. In this experiment we show that, when centre-surround sources are replaced by vertically-horizontally displaced complementary (or identically coloured) sources, symmetrical phase inhibition effects occur with both motions.", "PMID": 503790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6085", "title": "The clinical assessment of the normal and abnormal foot during locomotion.", "content": "The clinical assessment of the weight-bearing foot during locomotion is normally based on subjective judgement rather than on quantitative measurement. Although anatomical abnormalities are often apparent at examination, the accurate assessment of an abnormality of function is more difficult to assess particularly if the abnormality is only apparent under dynamic loading conditions. The many drawbacks in previous methods proposed for the clinical assessment of gait have led to the development of a novel system which allows an immediate quantitative visualization of the magnitude and point of application of the forces applied to the plantar surface of the foot during locomotion. This paper describes the technique and presents visual data on normal locomotion, on abnormal locomotion and the changes induced into a patient's abnormal gait by corrective surgery.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of the normal and abnormal foot during locomotion. The clinical assessment of the weight-bearing foot during locomotion is normally based on subjective judgement rather than on quantitative measurement. Although anatomical abnormalities are often apparent at examination, the accurate assessment of an abnormality of function is more difficult to assess particularly if the abnormality is only apparent under dynamic loading conditions. The many drawbacks in previous methods proposed for the clinical assessment of gait have led to the development of a novel system which allows an immediate quantitative visualization of the magnitude and point of application of the forces applied to the plantar surface of the foot during locomotion. This paper describes the technique and presents visual data on normal locomotion, on abnormal locomotion and the changes induced into a patient's abnormal gait by corrective surgery.", "PMID": 503791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6086", "title": "Locomotion of the hemipelvectomy amputee.", "content": "A locomotion study was performed on a hemipelvectomy amputee wearing a prosthesis. The experimental arrangement described in this paper, combining joint motion developed during walking, a computer analysis of the force pattern between the foot and ground and plotting of pressure point on the foot print, has enabled detailed investigation with demonstration of several abnormal features in the prosthetic gait of a hemipelvectomy amputee.", "contents": "Locomotion of the hemipelvectomy amputee. A locomotion study was performed on a hemipelvectomy amputee wearing a prosthesis. The experimental arrangement described in this paper, combining joint motion developed during walking, a computer analysis of the force pattern between the foot and ground and plotting of pressure point on the foot print, has enabled detailed investigation with demonstration of several abnormal features in the prosthetic gait of a hemipelvectomy amputee.", "PMID": 503792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6087", "title": "Orthoses to fit shoes.", "content": "Orthoses which fit inside shoes have, in many cases in the past, been fashioned to the shape of the patient's foot. It is suggested that improved stability and comfort is achieved if, instead, the outside shape of the foot-piece of the orthosis is fashioned to the inside shape of the footwear. A method for achieving this is described.", "contents": "Orthoses to fit shoes. Orthoses which fit inside shoes have, in many cases in the past, been fashioned to the shape of the patient's foot. It is suggested that improved stability and comfort is achieved if, instead, the outside shape of the foot-piece of the orthosis is fashioned to the inside shape of the footwear. A method for achieving this is described.", "PMID": 503800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6088", "title": "An assessment of a system to monitor the activity of patients in a rehabilitation programme.", "content": "The need for an objective quantitative method of monitoring performance in the natural environment for use in a rehabilitation programme is discussed. A system of monitoring the number of steps taken has been developed for an amputee programme as a first attempt towards this goal. Instrumentation consists of an inexpensive foot switch, a storage unit and a retrieval unit. Early clinical experience indicates this system may be of value in the rehabilitation programme by (1) indicating low or unusual activity and alerting clinical staff to identify the cause. (2) Restricting the over-anxious patient when excessive activity is contra-indicated. (3) Identifying poor use of the prosthesis in the home environment. (4) Providing motivation for patients to set personal goals. (5) Acting as a base line for the evaluation of research and development of new techniques.", "contents": "An assessment of a system to monitor the activity of patients in a rehabilitation programme. The need for an objective quantitative method of monitoring performance in the natural environment for use in a rehabilitation programme is discussed. A system of monitoring the number of steps taken has been developed for an amputee programme as a first attempt towards this goal. Instrumentation consists of an inexpensive foot switch, a storage unit and a retrieval unit. Early clinical experience indicates this system may be of value in the rehabilitation programme by (1) indicating low or unusual activity and alerting clinical staff to identify the cause. (2) Restricting the over-anxious patient when excessive activity is contra-indicated. (3) Identifying poor use of the prosthesis in the home environment. (4) Providing motivation for patients to set personal goals. (5) Acting as a base line for the evaluation of research and development of new techniques.", "PMID": 503802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6089", "title": "[Essential hypertension in the child and adolescent. A preliminary study at an interval of more than one year (author's transl)].", "content": "One to two years after an initial study establishing normal values for blood pressure in a population of 819 children and adolescents, the outcome in 74 individuals, 39 of whom were considered to be hypertensive and the influence of the observer and methods on the collection of cases of hypertension are evaluated. 58% of the hypertensive individuals remained hypertensive. Overweight appeared to be the essential factor in determining the persistence of hypertension. 74 % of the overweight hypertensive subjects remained hypertensive as against a figure of 42 % of subjects with a normal weight prevent arterial hypertension could be considered by preventing excess weight. The influence of the observer is slight if methods and equipment are identical. Failure to follow the reference methodology increases the number of cases of hypertension artificially. In order to avoid this risk, the practitioner should refer to normographic scales, use the same method and apparatus and repeat measurements yearly or twice a year in order to eliminate observer error.", "contents": "[Essential hypertension in the child and adolescent. A preliminary study at an interval of more than one year (author's transl)]. One to two years after an initial study establishing normal values for blood pressure in a population of 819 children and adolescents, the outcome in 74 individuals, 39 of whom were considered to be hypertensive and the influence of the observer and methods on the collection of cases of hypertension are evaluated. 58% of the hypertensive individuals remained hypertensive. Overweight appeared to be the essential factor in determining the persistence of hypertension. 74 % of the overweight hypertensive subjects remained hypertensive as against a figure of 42 % of subjects with a normal weight prevent arterial hypertension could be considered by preventing excess weight. The influence of the observer is slight if methods and equipment are identical. Failure to follow the reference methodology increases the number of cases of hypertension artificially. In order to avoid this risk, the practitioner should refer to normographic scales, use the same method and apparatus and repeat measurements yearly or twice a year in order to eliminate observer error.", "PMID": 503809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6090", "title": "[Ruptured spleen during bacterial endocarditis. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Splenectomy was performed in two patients amongst a group of 120 suffering from bacterial endocarditis. In the first case, rupture of the spleen followed rupture of a partially thrombosed splenic vein and bacteriological specimens were negative despite the presence of multiple infarcted areas, certain of which were suppurative. In the second case surgery was possible before rupture of the spleen. The latter was the site of numerous abcesses, one of which was in the process of fissuration, and bacteriological specimens were positive. The course in both cases was favourable. Twenty two other cases have been found in the literature with 15 deaths. Whilst the prevalence of such complications remains low, their severity is such that routine surveillance of the kidney should be the rule in infectious endocarditis. The methods of such surveillance are discussed, the mechanism of such complications not being fully elucidated: the respective role of splenic infarction, splenic abcess and immunological factors remains to be determined.", "contents": "[Ruptured spleen during bacterial endocarditis. 2 cases (author's transl)]. Splenectomy was performed in two patients amongst a group of 120 suffering from bacterial endocarditis. In the first case, rupture of the spleen followed rupture of a partially thrombosed splenic vein and bacteriological specimens were negative despite the presence of multiple infarcted areas, certain of which were suppurative. In the second case surgery was possible before rupture of the spleen. The latter was the site of numerous abcesses, one of which was in the process of fissuration, and bacteriological specimens were positive. The course in both cases was favourable. Twenty two other cases have been found in the literature with 15 deaths. Whilst the prevalence of such complications remains low, their severity is such that routine surveillance of the kidney should be the rule in infectious endocarditis. The methods of such surveillance are discussed, the mechanism of such complications not being fully elucidated: the respective role of splenic infarction, splenic abcess and immunological factors remains to be determined.", "PMID": 503810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6091", "title": "[Differentiation between parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia. Proof by peroperative Wang floating test (author's transl)].", "content": "It is sometimes very difficult during operation to distinguish a normal parathyroid gland from a hyperplasic gland. The Wang test offers a solution, very simply demonstrating a difference in density between two glandular specimens. Normal parathyroid tissue, with its fat-containing cells, floats, in contrast to hypersecreting glands which are poor in lipid elements. This test was performed in 30 patients and led to the recognition of hyperplasia in 2 cases.", "contents": "[Differentiation between parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia. Proof by peroperative Wang floating test (author's transl)]. It is sometimes very difficult during operation to distinguish a normal parathyroid gland from a hyperplasic gland. The Wang test offers a solution, very simply demonstrating a difference in density between two glandular specimens. Normal parathyroid tissue, with its fat-containing cells, floats, in contrast to hypersecreting glands which are poor in lipid elements. This test was performed in 30 patients and led to the recognition of hyperplasia in 2 cases.", "PMID": 503811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6092", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis: results of 1530 amniotic taps and prospective study of 1023 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results confirmed the fiability and the accuracy of the different acts and technics leading to these diagnosis. A prospective study of the safety of amniocentesis involved more than 1000 subjects. The analysis of the information on the pregnancy, the delivery, the state at birth and after birth of the infant did not show any significant increase of pathologic findings which may be related to immediate or delayed consequences of amniocentesis.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis: results of 1530 amniotic taps and prospective study of 1023 cases (author's transl)]. The results confirmed the fiability and the accuracy of the different acts and technics leading to these diagnosis. A prospective study of the safety of amniocentesis involved more than 1000 subjects. The analysis of the information on the pregnancy, the delivery, the state at birth and after birth of the infant did not show any significant increase of pathologic findings which may be related to immediate or delayed consequences of amniocentesis.", "PMID": 503827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6093", "title": "[Oxyphenisatin, a laxative responsible for chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, still marketed in France (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients suffering from chronic liver disease attributed to oxyphenisatin ingestion are presented. They seem to be the first such cases reported in France. These patients were between 22 and 69 years old, 5 of them were female. Three patients had a chronic active hepatitis (CAH). In these three subjects the onset of the illness was a jaundice ; alanine transaminase (ALAT) exceeded 5 times the upper limit of the normal value ; smooth muscle antibodies were present in 2 patients and antinuclear antibodies in the third. Two other patients had cirrhosis, without chronic active hepatitis ; none presented autoantibodies. The sixth patient suffered from a subacute hepatitis, suggested by the presence of jaundice and ascites, high levels of serum ALAT and a very prolonged prothrombin time ; smooth muscle antibodies were present. In all cases, HBs Ag was absent from serum. Each patient had ingested laxative pills containing oxyphenisatin for 4 to 25 years ; the total amount ingested was comprised between 12.5 and 350 g. The chronic liver diseases reported in this series closely resemble those published in the literature. The lesions observed make it necessary to look for oxyphenisatin ingestion in every patient having CAH or cirrhosis without known etiology. These chronic liver diseases imply the rapid withdrawal of oxyphenisatin from french market, as already enforced in Australia and the United States.", "contents": "[Oxyphenisatin, a laxative responsible for chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, still marketed in France (author's transl)]. Six patients suffering from chronic liver disease attributed to oxyphenisatin ingestion are presented. They seem to be the first such cases reported in France. These patients were between 22 and 69 years old, 5 of them were female. Three patients had a chronic active hepatitis (CAH). In these three subjects the onset of the illness was a jaundice ; alanine transaminase (ALAT) exceeded 5 times the upper limit of the normal value ; smooth muscle antibodies were present in 2 patients and antinuclear antibodies in the third. Two other patients had cirrhosis, without chronic active hepatitis ; none presented autoantibodies. The sixth patient suffered from a subacute hepatitis, suggested by the presence of jaundice and ascites, high levels of serum ALAT and a very prolonged prothrombin time ; smooth muscle antibodies were present. In all cases, HBs Ag was absent from serum. Each patient had ingested laxative pills containing oxyphenisatin for 4 to 25 years ; the total amount ingested was comprised between 12.5 and 350 g. The chronic liver diseases reported in this series closely resemble those published in the literature. The lesions observed make it necessary to look for oxyphenisatin ingestion in every patient having CAH or cirrhosis without known etiology. These chronic liver diseases imply the rapid withdrawal of oxyphenisatin from french market, as already enforced in Australia and the United States.", "PMID": 503828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6094", "title": "[Pituitary microadenoma of Cushing's disease. Course following transsphenoidal excision. Four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Transsphenoidal microsurgery was performed in four patients with a pituitary microadenoma who presented Cushing's disease. Preoperative features were the following: 1) Clinical and laboratory signs of hypercortisolism 2) No radiological evidence of an adrenal tumor 3) Normal or increased ACTH plasma levels 4) Sellar tomograms suggesting the presence of a pituitary microadenoma in only one case. Postoperative outcome after 3 to 30 months follow-up showed persistence or even improved reactivity of the various pituitary functions and especially the early occurence of corticotropin deficiency in all 4 patients. This isolated deficiency regressed spontaneously after 6 and 12 months (2/4 cases). Twenty-four hour studies of ACTH and cortisol profiles and dexamethasone suppression as well as response to metyrapone confirmed the resumption of physiological corticotropin regulation.", "contents": "[Pituitary microadenoma of Cushing's disease. Course following transsphenoidal excision. Four cases (author's transl)]. Transsphenoidal microsurgery was performed in four patients with a pituitary microadenoma who presented Cushing's disease. Preoperative features were the following: 1) Clinical and laboratory signs of hypercortisolism 2) No radiological evidence of an adrenal tumor 3) Normal or increased ACTH plasma levels 4) Sellar tomograms suggesting the presence of a pituitary microadenoma in only one case. Postoperative outcome after 3 to 30 months follow-up showed persistence or even improved reactivity of the various pituitary functions and especially the early occurence of corticotropin deficiency in all 4 patients. This isolated deficiency regressed spontaneously after 6 and 12 months (2/4 cases). Twenty-four hour studies of ACTH and cortisol profiles and dexamethasone suppression as well as response to metyrapone confirmed the resumption of physiological corticotropin regulation.", "PMID": 503829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6095", "title": "[Triangulation external fixation. Biomechanical justification and indications (author's transl)].", "content": "This triangular external fixation apparatus is designed for stabilization of traumatized pelvis or open fractures of the limbs. The proposed assembly demonstrates a higher degree of mechanical stability from the Hoffmann's external fixation apparatus.", "contents": "[Triangulation external fixation. Biomechanical justification and indications (author's transl)]. This triangular external fixation apparatus is designed for stabilization of traumatized pelvis or open fractures of the limbs. The proposed assembly demonstrates a higher degree of mechanical stability from the Hoffmann's external fixation apparatus.", "PMID": 503831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6096", "title": "Complexes of the arginine-rich histone tetramer (H3)2(H4)2 with negatively supercoiled DNA: electron microscopy and chemical cross-linking.", "content": "Tetramers of the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4 associate with supercoiled SV40 DNA either singly, giving tetrameric nucleoprotein complexes or in pairs giving octameric complexes, both of which are visualized as beads in the electron microscope. The relative amounts of the two complexes may be revealed by complete cross-linking of the proteins, followed by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. By electron microscopy of unmodified and of cross-linked complexes, both the tetrameric and the octameric complexes are shown to have a diameter of 8-9 nm and to contain about 145 base pairs (a nucleosome core length) of DNA. The compaction of the DNA in both cases is thus similar to that in the nucleosome, which has a diameter of about 12.5 nm and contains 200 base pairs of DNA.", "contents": "Complexes of the arginine-rich histone tetramer (H3)2(H4)2 with negatively supercoiled DNA: electron microscopy and chemical cross-linking. Tetramers of the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4 associate with supercoiled SV40 DNA either singly, giving tetrameric nucleoprotein complexes or in pairs giving octameric complexes, both of which are visualized as beads in the electron microscope. The relative amounts of the two complexes may be revealed by complete cross-linking of the proteins, followed by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. By electron microscopy of unmodified and of cross-linked complexes, both the tetrameric and the octameric complexes are shown to have a diameter of 8-9 nm and to contain about 145 base pairs (a nucleosome core length) of DNA. The compaction of the DNA in both cases is thus similar to that in the nucleosome, which has a diameter of about 12.5 nm and contains 200 base pairs of DNA.", "PMID": 503840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6097", "title": "The effect of tRNA and tryptophanyl adenylate on limited proteolysis of beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was used to detect changes in the enzyme molecule in the presence of substrates. Trypsinolysis of each of the two identical subunits occurs in succession from the N-terminus as follows: 60 leads to 51 leads to 40 leads to 24 kilodaltons. The transition 51 leads to 40 is hindered in tryptophanyl adenylate.enzyme complex. Yeast tRNATrp accelerates the first steps of hydrolysis and decelerates the transition 40 leads to 24. Once tRNATrp is added to the synthetase.adenylate complex, the protective effect of the adenylate disappears. The same effects are found also in the presence of tRNATrp oxidized with NaI04 and tRNATrp lacking the 3'-terminal adenosine. Oxidized tRNATrp (but not tRNATrp without the 3'-A) accelerates tryptophan-dependent hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the enzyme. A scheme is proposed for the interaction of yeast tRNATrp with beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase involving the association of tRNA with a positively charged site(s) of the enzyme and the changes in the conformation of enzyme manifesting itself in unfolding of the acidic N-terminal fragment of the polypeptide chain and in the exposure of the adenylate.", "contents": "The effect of tRNA and tryptophanyl adenylate on limited proteolysis of beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Limited proteolysis of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was used to detect changes in the enzyme molecule in the presence of substrates. Trypsinolysis of each of the two identical subunits occurs in succession from the N-terminus as follows: 60 leads to 51 leads to 40 leads to 24 kilodaltons. The transition 51 leads to 40 is hindered in tryptophanyl adenylate.enzyme complex. Yeast tRNATrp accelerates the first steps of hydrolysis and decelerates the transition 40 leads to 24. Once tRNATrp is added to the synthetase.adenylate complex, the protective effect of the adenylate disappears. The same effects are found also in the presence of tRNATrp oxidized with NaI04 and tRNATrp lacking the 3'-terminal adenosine. Oxidized tRNATrp (but not tRNATrp without the 3'-A) accelerates tryptophan-dependent hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the enzyme. A scheme is proposed for the interaction of yeast tRNATrp with beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase involving the association of tRNA with a positively charged site(s) of the enzyme and the changes in the conformation of enzyme manifesting itself in unfolding of the acidic N-terminal fragment of the polypeptide chain and in the exposure of the adenylate.", "PMID": 503841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6098", "title": "The polarity of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome.", "content": "We have demonstrated that the 5' termini of the DNAs of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) isolates CM4-184 and Cabb B-JI have free hydroxyl groups accessible for phosphorylation using polynucleotide kinase. This has enabled us, using the Cabb B-JI isolate, to label and identify the 5' nucleotides. Digestion of 5' terminally labelled DNA with EcoRI restriction endonuclease revealed that only three of the eleven single-stranded EcoRI fragments were labelled, those situated adjacent to the three known gaps in the double-stranded genome. Identification of the labelled fragments indicated the polarity of the genome. Hybridization experiments using RNA transcripts from infected leaves gave results consistent with the polarity data and confirmed the direction of transcription. Transcription on the largest DNA strand (alpha strand) is initiated between map units 0.24 and 0.30 and terminates between map units 0.0 and 0.24.", "contents": "The polarity of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome. We have demonstrated that the 5' termini of the DNAs of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) isolates CM4-184 and Cabb B-JI have free hydroxyl groups accessible for phosphorylation using polynucleotide kinase. This has enabled us, using the Cabb B-JI isolate, to label and identify the 5' nucleotides. Digestion of 5' terminally labelled DNA with EcoRI restriction endonuclease revealed that only three of the eleven single-stranded EcoRI fragments were labelled, those situated adjacent to the three known gaps in the double-stranded genome. Identification of the labelled fragments indicated the polarity of the genome. Hybridization experiments using RNA transcripts from infected leaves gave results consistent with the polarity data and confirmed the direction of transcription. Transcription on the largest DNA strand (alpha strand) is initiated between map units 0.24 and 0.30 and terminates between map units 0.0 and 0.24.", "PMID": 503842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6099", "title": "Unique requirements for template primers of DNA polymerase beta from rat ascites hepatoma AH130 cells.", "content": "The optimal condition for the rat DNA polymerase beta activity with (rA)n . (dT)12-18 as a template-primer was determined. The activity was remarkably affected by the concentration of the primer, (dT)12-18' and the mixing ratio of (dT)12-18 to (rA)n. DNA polymerase beta requires higher primer concentration (Km = 11.1 microM with respect to 3'-OH of the primer) than DNA polymerase gamma (Km = 0.04 microM) or oncornaviral DNA polymerase (Km = 0.08 microM) and the enzyme represented the maximum activity in the base ratio of 2:1 with (dT)12-18 and (rA)n suggesting the difference in reaction mechanisms of these enzymes. Under the optimized conditions, the specific activity of the near homogeneous preparation of DNA polymerase beta was 1,000,000 units per mg protein.", "contents": "Unique requirements for template primers of DNA polymerase beta from rat ascites hepatoma AH130 cells. The optimal condition for the rat DNA polymerase beta activity with (rA)n . (dT)12-18 as a template-primer was determined. The activity was remarkably affected by the concentration of the primer, (dT)12-18' and the mixing ratio of (dT)12-18 to (rA)n. DNA polymerase beta requires higher primer concentration (Km = 11.1 microM with respect to 3'-OH of the primer) than DNA polymerase gamma (Km = 0.04 microM) or oncornaviral DNA polymerase (Km = 0.08 microM) and the enzyme represented the maximum activity in the base ratio of 2:1 with (dT)12-18 and (rA)n suggesting the difference in reaction mechanisms of these enzymes. Under the optimized conditions, the specific activity of the near homogeneous preparation of DNA polymerase beta was 1,000,000 units per mg protein.", "PMID": 503843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6100", "title": "The mode of inhibitory action by pyridoxal 5-phosphate on DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta.", "content": "The kinetics of the inhibition of DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta from sea urchin embryos by pyridoxal 5-phosphate were studied. The inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha activity by pyridoxal 5-phosphate was competitive with activated DNA but noncompetitive with each deoxynucleoside triphosphate. With poly(dC)-oligo(dG)12-18 as a template-primer, however, the inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha was competitive with dGTP but noncompetitive with the template-primer. These results suggest that DNA polymerase-alpha interacts with activated DNA and poly(dC)-oligo(dG)12-18 in different ways. The inhibition of DNA polymerase-beta by pyridoxal 5-phosphate was competitive with deoxynucleoside triphosphate using activated DNA as a template-primer and noncompetitive with activated DNA. Using poly(rA)-oligo(dT)12-18 as a template-primer, DNA polymerase-beta activity yielded sigmoid curves against both dTTP and the template-primer concentrations and was inhibited by pyridoxal 5-phosphate noncompetitively with respect to both dTTP and the template-primer. These results indicate that the inhibitory mode of DNA polymerase-alpha by pyridoxal 5-phosphate is different from that of DNA polymerase-beta.", "contents": "The mode of inhibitory action by pyridoxal 5-phosphate on DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta. The kinetics of the inhibition of DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta from sea urchin embryos by pyridoxal 5-phosphate were studied. The inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha activity by pyridoxal 5-phosphate was competitive with activated DNA but noncompetitive with each deoxynucleoside triphosphate. With poly(dC)-oligo(dG)12-18 as a template-primer, however, the inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha was competitive with dGTP but noncompetitive with the template-primer. These results suggest that DNA polymerase-alpha interacts with activated DNA and poly(dC)-oligo(dG)12-18 in different ways. The inhibition of DNA polymerase-beta by pyridoxal 5-phosphate was competitive with deoxynucleoside triphosphate using activated DNA as a template-primer and noncompetitive with activated DNA. Using poly(rA)-oligo(dT)12-18 as a template-primer, DNA polymerase-beta activity yielded sigmoid curves against both dTTP and the template-primer concentrations and was inhibited by pyridoxal 5-phosphate noncompetitively with respect to both dTTP and the template-primer. These results indicate that the inhibitory mode of DNA polymerase-alpha by pyridoxal 5-phosphate is different from that of DNA polymerase-beta.", "PMID": 503844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6101", "title": "Preferential expression of unique sequences adjacent to middle repetitive sequences in mouse cytoplasmic RNA.", "content": "Total single-copy DNA and single-copy DNA contiguous to middle repetitive sequences were isolated from mouse brain by successive hydroxylapatite column chromatographies. These DNAs, termed repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA, were found to constitute 48% of the total single-copy DNA. The saturation hybridization values of these two DNA probes to nuclear RNA and cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA of mouse brain and liver were measured. The saturation hybridization levels of total single-copy DNA to brain and liver nuclear RNA were 13.5% and 8.8%, respectively, and those of repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA to the same RNA samples were 13.3% and 8.5%, respectively. On the contrary, the saturation hybridization levels of single-copy DNA to cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA of brain and liver were 3.8% and 2.0%, respectively, and those of repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA to the same RNA samples were 5.8% and 4.0%, respectively. Similar results were obtained with total cytoplasmic RNA. These results indicate that about half the steady state nuclear RNA is transcribed from repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA, and that cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA is mainly derived from repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA.", "contents": "Preferential expression of unique sequences adjacent to middle repetitive sequences in mouse cytoplasmic RNA. Total single-copy DNA and single-copy DNA contiguous to middle repetitive sequences were isolated from mouse brain by successive hydroxylapatite column chromatographies. These DNAs, termed repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA, were found to constitute 48% of the total single-copy DNA. The saturation hybridization values of these two DNA probes to nuclear RNA and cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA of mouse brain and liver were measured. The saturation hybridization levels of total single-copy DNA to brain and liver nuclear RNA were 13.5% and 8.8%, respectively, and those of repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA to the same RNA samples were 13.3% and 8.5%, respectively. On the contrary, the saturation hybridization levels of single-copy DNA to cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA of brain and liver were 3.8% and 2.0%, respectively, and those of repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA to the same RNA samples were 5.8% and 4.0%, respectively. Similar results were obtained with total cytoplasmic RNA. These results indicate that about half the steady state nuclear RNA is transcribed from repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA, and that cytoplasmic RNA containing polyA is mainly derived from repeat-contiguous single-copy DNA.", "PMID": 503845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6102", "title": "Assembly of an active chromatin structure during replication.", "content": "MSB cells were pulse labeled with 3H-thymidine and the isolated nuclei digested with either staphylococcal nuclease (to about 40% acid solubility) or DNase I (to 15% acid solubility). The purified, nuclease resistant single-copy DNA was then hybridized to nuclear RNA (nRNA). The results of these experiments show that actively transcribed genes are assembled into nucleosome-like structures within 5-10 nucleosomes of the replication fork and that they also acquire a conformation characteristic of actively transcribed nucleosomes (ie, a DNase I sensitive structure) within 20 nucleosomes of the fork. Assuming DNA sequence specific interactions are required for establishing a DNase I sensitive conformation on active genes during each round of replication, our results indicate that a specific recognition event can occur very rapidly and very specifically in eukaryotic cells. The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms responsible for propagating active, chromosomal conformations from mother cells to daughter cells.", "contents": "Assembly of an active chromatin structure during replication. MSB cells were pulse labeled with 3H-thymidine and the isolated nuclei digested with either staphylococcal nuclease (to about 40% acid solubility) or DNase I (to 15% acid solubility). The purified, nuclease resistant single-copy DNA was then hybridized to nuclear RNA (nRNA). The results of these experiments show that actively transcribed genes are assembled into nucleosome-like structures within 5-10 nucleosomes of the replication fork and that they also acquire a conformation characteristic of actively transcribed nucleosomes (ie, a DNase I sensitive structure) within 20 nucleosomes of the fork. Assuming DNA sequence specific interactions are required for establishing a DNase I sensitive conformation on active genes during each round of replication, our results indicate that a specific recognition event can occur very rapidly and very specifically in eukaryotic cells. The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms responsible for propagating active, chromosomal conformations from mother cells to daughter cells.", "PMID": 503846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6103", "title": "Fluoride ion promoted deprotection and transesterification in nucleotide triesters.", "content": "Tetrabutylammonium fluoride will remove phenyl, trichloroethyl and cyanoethyl groups from nucleotides. In addition to the desired nucleotide products other results including chain cleavage, phosphofluoridates and cyanoethylated thymidine units may be obtained depending on the conditions used. Fluoride ion has been used to successfully exchange phenyl and trichloroethyl groups for methyl, ethyl and butyl groups in nucleotide triesters. This represents a rapid high yield route to a variety of phosphate esters. The synthesis of a novel nucleotide analogue in which two chains are bridged through their phosphates is described.", "contents": "Fluoride ion promoted deprotection and transesterification in nucleotide triesters. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride will remove phenyl, trichloroethyl and cyanoethyl groups from nucleotides. In addition to the desired nucleotide products other results including chain cleavage, phosphofluoridates and cyanoethylated thymidine units may be obtained depending on the conditions used. Fluoride ion has been used to successfully exchange phenyl and trichloroethyl groups for methyl, ethyl and butyl groups in nucleotide triesters. This represents a rapid high yield route to a variety of phosphate esters. The synthesis of a novel nucleotide analogue in which two chains are bridged through their phosphates is described.", "PMID": 503847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6104", "title": "Increased binding of ethidium bromide to polynucleotide duplexes containing mismatched bases.", "content": "The binding of the intercalating dye ethidium bromide to a series of synthetic polynucleotide duplexes containing varying concentrations of mismatched bases has been measured by fluorescence titration. The dye binds more strongly to duplexes with mismatches, the estimated increase in affinity being twenty-fold for the series of molecules poly (I).poly (C,Ax) with x denoting the mole fraction of mismatched A residues in the C strand. The results are consistent with one requirement of the Streisinger model for frameshift mutagenesis, namely that frameshifting agents can function by stablizing mismatched transient intermediates in DNA.", "contents": "Increased binding of ethidium bromide to polynucleotide duplexes containing mismatched bases. The binding of the intercalating dye ethidium bromide to a series of synthetic polynucleotide duplexes containing varying concentrations of mismatched bases has been measured by fluorescence titration. The dye binds more strongly to duplexes with mismatches, the estimated increase in affinity being twenty-fold for the series of molecules poly (I).poly (C,Ax) with x denoting the mole fraction of mismatched A residues in the C strand. The results are consistent with one requirement of the Streisinger model for frameshift mutagenesis, namely that frameshifting agents can function by stablizing mismatched transient intermediates in DNA.", "PMID": 503848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6105", "title": "Separation of oligo-RNA by reverse-phase HPLC.", "content": "A rapid and highly reproducible chromatographic technique has been developed for analysis and purification of complex mixtures of oligoribonucleotides. The method utilizes a column of microparticulate porous silica beads fully derivatized with octadecylsilyl groups. The column is eluted with gradients in acetonitrile/water/ammonium acetate pumped at pressures of 1500-300 psi. Most separations are completed in 5-15 min. with usually better than 1% reproducibility of absolute retention times and about 0.1% reproducibility of relative retention times. A single column accomplishes separations of mononucleosides, mononucleotides, and larger oligomers through at least 20-mers. The absolute detection limit is approximately 1 pmole of base though most of the analytical separations described use approximately 1 nmole. In favorable circumstances it is possible to use the analytical colums to purify approximately 1 mg of an oligonucleotide in a single 10-30 min. elution.", "contents": "Separation of oligo-RNA by reverse-phase HPLC. A rapid and highly reproducible chromatographic technique has been developed for analysis and purification of complex mixtures of oligoribonucleotides. The method utilizes a column of microparticulate porous silica beads fully derivatized with octadecylsilyl groups. The column is eluted with gradients in acetonitrile/water/ammonium acetate pumped at pressures of 1500-300 psi. Most separations are completed in 5-15 min. with usually better than 1% reproducibility of absolute retention times and about 0.1% reproducibility of relative retention times. A single column accomplishes separations of mononucleosides, mononucleotides, and larger oligomers through at least 20-mers. The absolute detection limit is approximately 1 pmole of base though most of the analytical separations described use approximately 1 nmole. In favorable circumstances it is possible to use the analytical colums to purify approximately 1 mg of an oligonucleotide in a single 10-30 min. elution.", "PMID": 503849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6106", "title": "Interaction specificities of a platinum metallointercalation reagent to DNA.", "content": "The interaction specificity of salmon sperm DNA with 2-hydroxyethanethionlato(2,2',2''-terpyridine)platinum(II),PtTS has been studied. The results of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, flow dichroism and circular dichroism studies are found to be consistent with an intercalation mode of binding as has been proposed earlier by lippard and coworkers.", "contents": "Interaction specificities of a platinum metallointercalation reagent to DNA. The interaction specificity of salmon sperm DNA with 2-hydroxyethanethionlato(2,2',2''-terpyridine)platinum(II),PtTS has been studied. The results of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, flow dichroism and circular dichroism studies are found to be consistent with an intercalation mode of binding as has been proposed earlier by lippard and coworkers.", "PMID": 503850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6107", "title": "Sub-genomic RNA in Moloney leukemia virus grown in lymphoid-derived cell lines consists primarily of homologous viral RNA.", "content": "Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) grown in 2 lymphoid-derived murine cell lines (JLS-V9 and TB) contained 2 size classes of RNA subunits: 2.8 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) (n = 30) and 1.6 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) (n = 15) daltons. Detectable levels of low molecular weight viral RNA (LMW vRNA) were not present in MoMuLV grown in mouse embryo fibroblasts, nor rat cells, nor was it produced by them when they were infected with MoMuLV containing both species of vRNA. DNA probes complementary to both subunits were synthesized separately using purified reverse transcriptase (R.T.) and calf thymus DNA as primer. Polyadenylated LMW vRNA was selected and, by molecular hybridization was found to be completely homologous with the large RNA subunit. This was confirmed using cDNA probes representing defined regions of the genome. The LMW vRNA therefore contains multiple subsets of the viral RNA, which could correspond to multiple deletion mutants possibly generated by an efficient RNA splicing mechanism. In addition, low levels of non-homologous virus-like RNA were detected in MoMuLV grown in TB (2%) AND NIH/3T3 cells (0.4%).", "contents": "Sub-genomic RNA in Moloney leukemia virus grown in lymphoid-derived cell lines consists primarily of homologous viral RNA. Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) grown in 2 lymphoid-derived murine cell lines (JLS-V9 and TB) contained 2 size classes of RNA subunits: 2.8 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) (n = 30) and 1.6 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) (n = 15) daltons. Detectable levels of low molecular weight viral RNA (LMW vRNA) were not present in MoMuLV grown in mouse embryo fibroblasts, nor rat cells, nor was it produced by them when they were infected with MoMuLV containing both species of vRNA. DNA probes complementary to both subunits were synthesized separately using purified reverse transcriptase (R.T.) and calf thymus DNA as primer. Polyadenylated LMW vRNA was selected and, by molecular hybridization was found to be completely homologous with the large RNA subunit. This was confirmed using cDNA probes representing defined regions of the genome. The LMW vRNA therefore contains multiple subsets of the viral RNA, which could correspond to multiple deletion mutants possibly generated by an efficient RNA splicing mechanism. In addition, low levels of non-homologous virus-like RNA were detected in MoMuLV grown in TB (2%) AND NIH/3T3 cells (0.4%).", "PMID": 503851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6108", "title": "A new series of RNAs associated with the genome of spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) and poly(A)-containing RNA from SFFV-infected cells.", "content": "A series of low molecular weight RNAs (4.5 to 5.5S) as well as other 4 to 7S RNAs were dissociated from genomic RNA of spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) by heating. On two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this series of RNAs gave a series of more than thirty spots. RNase T1 fingerprints of these spots were identical except for differences in 3'-terminal oligonucleotides, which were mainly due to different numbers of uridylic acid residues, larger RNA-molecules containing poly(U)sequences at their 3'-termini. This series of RNAs is also associated with poly(A)-containing nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from SFFV-infected cells.", "contents": "A new series of RNAs associated with the genome of spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) and poly(A)-containing RNA from SFFV-infected cells. A series of low molecular weight RNAs (4.5 to 5.5S) as well as other 4 to 7S RNAs were dissociated from genomic RNA of spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) by heating. On two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this series of RNAs gave a series of more than thirty spots. RNase T1 fingerprints of these spots were identical except for differences in 3'-terminal oligonucleotides, which were mainly due to different numbers of uridylic acid residues, larger RNA-molecules containing poly(U)sequences at their 3'-termini. This series of RNAs is also associated with poly(A)-containing nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from SFFV-infected cells.", "PMID": 503852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6109", "title": "Transcription initiation of Xenopus 5S ribosomal RNA genes in vitro.", "content": "We have studied initiation of transcription of 5S RNA genes in extracts of Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. To aid in this study we developed a general assay for specificity of transcription initiation that does not require accurate termination of transcription. Following in vitro transcription with gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphages, the RNA is digested with pancreatic RNAase and fingerprinted by two dimensional chromatography. A 5S RNA gene with a variant sequence, in which the G residue at position +1 is replaced by a C, initiates transcription at an A residue one nucleotide preceding the C. Although Xenopus RNA polymerase form III can initiate transcription at many sites on plasmid DNA, all of the transcripts start with purines. The majority of these purines are triphosphorylated. When a repeating unit of Xenopus 5s DNA is inserted into the plasmid, initiations at the vector start sites are suppressed and the major labeled 5' oligonucleotide is derived from 5S RNA.", "contents": "Transcription initiation of Xenopus 5S ribosomal RNA genes in vitro. We have studied initiation of transcription of 5S RNA genes in extracts of Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. To aid in this study we developed a general assay for specificity of transcription initiation that does not require accurate termination of transcription. Following in vitro transcription with gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphages, the RNA is digested with pancreatic RNAase and fingerprinted by two dimensional chromatography. A 5S RNA gene with a variant sequence, in which the G residue at position +1 is replaced by a C, initiates transcription at an A residue one nucleotide preceding the C. Although Xenopus RNA polymerase form III can initiate transcription at many sites on plasmid DNA, all of the transcripts start with purines. The majority of these purines are triphosphorylated. When a repeating unit of Xenopus 5s DNA is inserted into the plasmid, initiations at the vector start sites are suppressed and the major labeled 5' oligonucleotide is derived from 5S RNA.", "PMID": 503853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6110", "title": "Rapid quantitation of individual RNA species in a complex population.", "content": "Many investigations require quantitation of one or more individual RNA species in complex populations. Existing methods are tedious when multiple samples are to be assayed. A method is presented which allows rapid and accurate quantitation of many species of RNA simultaneously. Recombinant plasmids containing cDNA inserts are electrophoresed in agarose and blotted to nitrocellulose. After hybridization with labeled RNA and autoradiography, bands are quantitated by scanning. The results were calibrated by solution hybridization. The approach has been validated through the use of plasmids containing inserts of Drosophila cDNA and RNA of cultured cells.", "contents": "Rapid quantitation of individual RNA species in a complex population. Many investigations require quantitation of one or more individual RNA species in complex populations. Existing methods are tedious when multiple samples are to be assayed. A method is presented which allows rapid and accurate quantitation of many species of RNA simultaneously. Recombinant plasmids containing cDNA inserts are electrophoresed in agarose and blotted to nitrocellulose. After hybridization with labeled RNA and autoradiography, bands are quantitated by scanning. The results were calibrated by solution hybridization. The approach has been validated through the use of plasmids containing inserts of Drosophila cDNA and RNA of cultured cells.", "PMID": 503854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6111", "title": "Structure models for DNA in filamentous viruses with phosphates near the center.", "content": "DNA structure models deduced from X-ray and physicochemical  data for Pfl, Xf, and fd viruses have two antiparallel chains wound in helices of approximately 15 A pitch with the phosphates near the structure axes and the bases directed outward. The models, which differ for each virus, are used to interpret ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence data in terms of DNA protein interactions.", "contents": "Structure models for DNA in filamentous viruses with phosphates near the center. DNA structure models deduced from X-ray and physicochemical  data for Pfl, Xf, and fd viruses have two antiparallel chains wound in helices of approximately 15 A pitch with the phosphates near the structure axes and the bases directed outward. The models, which differ for each virus, are used to interpret ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence data in terms of DNA protein interactions.", "PMID": 503855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6112", "title": "A DRB (5,6 dichloro-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole)-resistant adenovirus mRNA.", "content": "5,6-Dichloro-beta-D ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB) inhibits transcription from the major late adenovirus promoter, located on the r-strand at map position 16.3 on the viral genome. 100-500 nucleotides long RNA chains with capped 5'-termini are transcribed from this promoter in the presence of 70 muM DRB. Synthesis of the mRNA for polypeptide IX which is unspliced and maps on the r-strand between positions 9.7 and 10.9 appears, however, to be DRB-resistant although it is transcribed by polymerase II and capped. Translatable mRNA for polypeptide IX is synthesized in the presence of DRB while the mRNAs for the other viral structural proteins are not synthesized. This differential DRB-inhibition of polymerase II transcription suggests either that short mRNAs may escape inhibition or that unspliced mRNAs are insensitive to the drug.", "contents": "A DRB (5,6 dichloro-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole)-resistant adenovirus mRNA. 5,6-Dichloro-beta-D ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB) inhibits transcription from the major late adenovirus promoter, located on the r-strand at map position 16.3 on the viral genome. 100-500 nucleotides long RNA chains with capped 5'-termini are transcribed from this promoter in the presence of 70 muM DRB. Synthesis of the mRNA for polypeptide IX which is unspliced and maps on the r-strand between positions 9.7 and 10.9 appears, however, to be DRB-resistant although it is transcribed by polymerase II and capped. Translatable mRNA for polypeptide IX is synthesized in the presence of DRB while the mRNAs for the other viral structural proteins are not synthesized. This differential DRB-inhibition of polymerase II transcription suggests either that short mRNAs may escape inhibition or that unspliced mRNAs are insensitive to the drug.", "PMID": 503856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6113", "title": "The existence of DNA sequences homologous to adenovirus 5 DNA in the genome of normal rat cells.", "content": "Three discrete bands specifically hybridizing to adenovirus 5 DNA were found in the rat liver DNA restricted BY Bam HI endonuclease and fractionated electrophoretically. The hybridization with different regions of the viral genome takes place. Similar bands are present in the DNA from different lines of adenovirus 5 transformed cells, but in these cases high molecular weight DNA fragments containing the integrated viral genomes can also be found.", "contents": "The existence of DNA sequences homologous to adenovirus 5 DNA in the genome of normal rat cells. Three discrete bands specifically hybridizing to adenovirus 5 DNA were found in the rat liver DNA restricted BY Bam HI endonuclease and fractionated electrophoretically. The hybridization with different regions of the viral genome takes place. Similar bands are present in the DNA from different lines of adenovirus 5 transformed cells, but in these cases high molecular weight DNA fragments containing the integrated viral genomes can also be found.", "PMID": 503857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6114", "title": "A thermostable, sequence-specific restriction endonuclease from Bacillus stearothermophilus: BstPI.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease, BstPI, was purified from a strain of B. stearothermophilus, and its cleavage specificity was determined. The enzyme cleaves at palindromic sites of the general structure: (Formula: see text) where N.N' can be any base pair. It produces phosphorylated 5'-termini which are single stranded over a length of 5 nucleotides. Ends generated by cleavage with BstPI can be rejoined by DNA ligase.", "contents": "A thermostable, sequence-specific restriction endonuclease from Bacillus stearothermophilus: BstPI. A restriction endonuclease, BstPI, was purified from a strain of B. stearothermophilus, and its cleavage specificity was determined. The enzyme cleaves at palindromic sites of the general structure: (Formula: see text) where N.N' can be any base pair. It produces phosphorylated 5'-termini which are single stranded over a length of 5 nucleotides. Ends generated by cleavage with BstPI can be rejoined by DNA ligase.", "PMID": 503858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6115", "title": "Subnucleosome particles containing high mobility group proteins HMG-E and HMG-G originate from transcriptionally active chromatin.", "content": "Subnucleosome particles SN2 and SN3 containing short DNA fragments and non-histone proteins of the high mobility group, HMG-G and HMG-E respectively, were purified from the chromatin preparations of mouse L cells partially digested with staphylococcal nuclease. Labeled DNAs prepared from these particles were hybridized to an excess of nuclear RNA. The binding of subnucleosomal DNA was about 3-fold higher comparing to total cellular DNA fragmented to the same size. Special control experiments showed that DNA.protein complexes present in subnucleosomes SN2 and SN3 preexisted in nontreated nuclei. The conclusion has been drawn that non-histone proteins HMG-G and HMG-E are associated with the DNA of transcriptionally active chromatin and are released by nuclease as subnucleosomes.", "contents": "Subnucleosome particles containing high mobility group proteins HMG-E and HMG-G originate from transcriptionally active chromatin. Subnucleosome particles SN2 and SN3 containing short DNA fragments and non-histone proteins of the high mobility group, HMG-G and HMG-E respectively, were purified from the chromatin preparations of mouse L cells partially digested with staphylococcal nuclease. Labeled DNAs prepared from these particles were hybridized to an excess of nuclear RNA. The binding of subnucleosomal DNA was about 3-fold higher comparing to total cellular DNA fragmented to the same size. Special control experiments showed that DNA.protein complexes present in subnucleosomes SN2 and SN3 preexisted in nontreated nuclei. The conclusion has been drawn that non-histone proteins HMG-G and HMG-E are associated with the DNA of transcriptionally active chromatin and are released by nuclease as subnucleosomes.", "PMID": 503859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6116", "title": "Determination of nucleic acid sequence homologies and relative concentrations by a dot hybridization procedure.", "content": "A dot hybridization method is presented for rapidly determining the relative concentrations of nucleic acids in a mixture, as well as the extent of sequence homology between related RNA or DNA species.", "contents": "Determination of nucleic acid sequence homologies and relative concentrations by a dot hybridization procedure. A dot hybridization method is presented for rapidly determining the relative concentrations of nucleic acids in a mixture, as well as the extent of sequence homology between related RNA or DNA species.", "PMID": 503860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6117", "title": "Restriction endonuclease mapping by crossed contact hybridization: the ribosomal RNA genes of Achlya ambisexualis.", "content": "A rapid, convenient and economical method for the hybridization of electrophoretically resolved RNA to DNA restriction fragments immobilized on nitrocellulose filters is described. DNA was digested, electrophoresed on agarose gels in a wide band and transferred to a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was then placed on the surface of a second gel containing radioactively labeled RNA electrophoresed under denaturing conditions in a similar way. The filter and gel were oriented so that the DNA and RNA bands were perpendicular to one another and the RNA was transferred from the gel through the filter under conditions which promote RNA-DNA hybridization. Following washing, the filter was autoradiographed. RNA-DNA sequence relationships could be conveniently determined from the spots produced at regions of intersection of homologous nucleic acids. The two dimensional array formed in this procedure fascilitates the rapid ordering of DNA restriction fragments. An example of its use for this purpose is presented.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease mapping by crossed contact hybridization: the ribosomal RNA genes of Achlya ambisexualis. A rapid, convenient and economical method for the hybridization of electrophoretically resolved RNA to DNA restriction fragments immobilized on nitrocellulose filters is described. DNA was digested, electrophoresed on agarose gels in a wide band and transferred to a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was then placed on the surface of a second gel containing radioactively labeled RNA electrophoresed under denaturing conditions in a similar way. The filter and gel were oriented so that the DNA and RNA bands were perpendicular to one another and the RNA was transferred from the gel through the filter under conditions which promote RNA-DNA hybridization. Following washing, the filter was autoradiographed. RNA-DNA sequence relationships could be conveniently determined from the spots produced at regions of intersection of homologous nucleic acids. The two dimensional array formed in this procedure fascilitates the rapid ordering of DNA restriction fragments. An example of its use for this purpose is presented.", "PMID": 503861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6118", "title": "The binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to triazine dye conjugates.", "content": "The binding of thirteen aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to thirty two immobilised procion dyes has been investigated. Most dyes bind one or more enzymes. The amino acid substrates are not normally potent eluants, with the notable exception of tryptophan eluting tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from Brown MX-5BR. Phosphate is frequently extremely effective, much more than expected by simple considerations of ionic strength, indicating that many of the dyes are able to mimic the phosphate groups of the phosphodiester backbone of the nucleic acid. Procedures for the purification of methionyl-, tryptophanyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are presented and compared to the conventional purifications of these enzymes. The results indicate the general applicability of these dye columns to the purification of most enzymes of of nucleic acid metabolism and the necessity of investigating as many different dyes as possible for any individual enzyme.", "contents": "The binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to triazine dye conjugates. The binding of thirteen aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to thirty two immobilised procion dyes has been investigated. Most dyes bind one or more enzymes. The amino acid substrates are not normally potent eluants, with the notable exception of tryptophan eluting tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from Brown MX-5BR. Phosphate is frequently extremely effective, much more than expected by simple considerations of ionic strength, indicating that many of the dyes are able to mimic the phosphate groups of the phosphodiester backbone of the nucleic acid. Procedures for the purification of methionyl-, tryptophanyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are presented and compared to the conventional purifications of these enzymes. The results indicate the general applicability of these dye columns to the purification of most enzymes of of nucleic acid metabolism and the necessity of investigating as many different dyes as possible for any individual enzyme.", "PMID": 503862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6119", "title": "Correlation between the presence of tRNA His GUG and the erythropoietic function in foetal sheep liver.", "content": "Histidyl-tRNAs from foetal and adult sheep liver were compared to their reticulocyte counterparts. The combination of various techniques revealed the existence of two histidyl-tRNA species in reticulocytes, one of which was not retained on acetylated DBAE-cellulose columns and was guanylatable. Three histidyl-tRNA isoacceptors were identified in foetal liver. Two of these species were not adsorbed on acetylated DBAE-cellulose but only one was found to be guanylatable. An identical chromatographic behaviour on RPC-5 columns was observed for guanylated histidyl-tRNAs from both origins. These results suggest the occurrence of a GUG anticodon in these guanine-accepting tRNAs. In foetal liver the amount of guanylatable histidyl-tRNA was estimated to be 7% of the total tRNA population. This observation is in agreement with the erythropoietic function of liver during the foetal life.", "contents": "Correlation between the presence of tRNA His GUG and the erythropoietic function in foetal sheep liver. Histidyl-tRNAs from foetal and adult sheep liver were compared to their reticulocyte counterparts. The combination of various techniques revealed the existence of two histidyl-tRNA species in reticulocytes, one of which was not retained on acetylated DBAE-cellulose columns and was guanylatable. Three histidyl-tRNA isoacceptors were identified in foetal liver. Two of these species were not adsorbed on acetylated DBAE-cellulose but only one was found to be guanylatable. An identical chromatographic behaviour on RPC-5 columns was observed for guanylated histidyl-tRNAs from both origins. These results suggest the occurrence of a GUG anticodon in these guanine-accepting tRNAs. In foetal liver the amount of guanylatable histidyl-tRNA was estimated to be 7% of the total tRNA population. This observation is in agreement with the erythropoietic function of liver during the foetal life.", "PMID": 503863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6120", "title": "Cross-linked informofers.", "content": "The proteins of 30S RNP particles containing pre-mRNA (hnRNA) were cross-linked with bifunctional reagents (dimethyl-suberimidate and dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate). Further treatment with 1 or 2 M NaCl dissociates all RNA from protein. However, a significant part of protein particles--informofers being cross-linked survived high salt treatment. Their sedimentation coefficients were close to those of original particles. No RNA could be detected in the informofers even after labeling the cells with a precursor for a long period of time. Sodium dodecylsulfate or urea dissociated cross-linked informofers into oligomeric polypeptides. They could be dissociated by beta-mercaptoethanol treatment if a reversible cross-linked reagent had been used. The resulting polypeptides were represented by informatin. RNP particles (30S RNP or poly-particles) were reconstituted upon mixing of cross-linked informofers with pre-mRNA and removal of 2 M NaCl.", "contents": "Cross-linked informofers. The proteins of 30S RNP particles containing pre-mRNA (hnRNA) were cross-linked with bifunctional reagents (dimethyl-suberimidate and dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate). Further treatment with 1 or 2 M NaCl dissociates all RNA from protein. However, a significant part of protein particles--informofers being cross-linked survived high salt treatment. Their sedimentation coefficients were close to those of original particles. No RNA could be detected in the informofers even after labeling the cells with a precursor for a long period of time. Sodium dodecylsulfate or urea dissociated cross-linked informofers into oligomeric polypeptides. They could be dissociated by beta-mercaptoethanol treatment if a reversible cross-linked reagent had been used. The resulting polypeptides were represented by informatin. RNP particles (30S RNP or poly-particles) were reconstituted upon mixing of cross-linked informofers with pre-mRNA and removal of 2 M NaCl.", "PMID": 503864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6121", "title": "Chemical modification of N6-(N-threonylcarbonyl) adenosine. Part II. Condensation of the carboxyl group with amines.", "content": "Carboxyl group of N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/adenosine was quantitatively modified with amines/aniline, glycine ethyl ester and ethylenediamine/in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide, yielding the respective amides. The reaction was carried out in a water solution of pH about 4 at 20 degrees C and was finished within minutes. The structure of the products was confirmed by UV and PMR spectra, and by chemical reactivity. Under conditions applied for modification of T6A, four common nucleosides and internucleotide linkage of UpA were unreactive, while 5'-AMP was transformed to the respective phosphoramides. At pH 4, the rate of 5'-AMP modification was over 100 times lower than the rate of t6A reaction.", "contents": "Chemical modification of N6-(N-threonylcarbonyl) adenosine. Part II. Condensation of the carboxyl group with amines. Carboxyl group of N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/adenosine was quantitatively modified with amines/aniline, glycine ethyl ester and ethylenediamine/in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide, yielding the respective amides. The reaction was carried out in a water solution of pH about 4 at 20 degrees C and was finished within minutes. The structure of the products was confirmed by UV and PMR spectra, and by chemical reactivity. Under conditions applied for modification of T6A, four common nucleosides and internucleotide linkage of UpA were unreactive, while 5'-AMP was transformed to the respective phosphoramides. At pH 4, the rate of 5'-AMP modification was over 100 times lower than the rate of t6A reaction.", "PMID": 503865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6122", "title": "Evidences for the function of DNA polymerase-beta in unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "content": "The activities of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta isolated from pig spleen were determined at different temperatures and in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitors. The results were compared with parallel estimations of replicative DNA synthesis and UV-induced repair synthesis in spleen cells. In respect to pCMB and aCTP, polymerase-alpha is more sensitive than polymerase-beta and similarly is replication more sensitive than repair. Repair synthesis and the activity of polymerase-beta decreases at temperatures higher than 40 degrees C whereas both replication and the activity of polymerase-alpha are greatly stimulated at elevated temperatures with optima of 45 degrees C (polymerase-alpha) and 41 degrees C (replication). The results favour the hypothesis that polymerase-beta is involved in repair synthesis.", "contents": "Evidences for the function of DNA polymerase-beta in unscheduled DNA synthesis. The activities of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta isolated from pig spleen were determined at different temperatures and in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitors. The results were compared with parallel estimations of replicative DNA synthesis and UV-induced repair synthesis in spleen cells. In respect to pCMB and aCTP, polymerase-alpha is more sensitive than polymerase-beta and similarly is replication more sensitive than repair. Repair synthesis and the activity of polymerase-beta decreases at temperatures higher than 40 degrees C whereas both replication and the activity of polymerase-alpha are greatly stimulated at elevated temperatures with optima of 45 degrees C (polymerase-alpha) and 41 degrees C (replication). The results favour the hypothesis that polymerase-beta is involved in repair synthesis.", "PMID": 503866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6123", "title": "The similarity of DNA sequences remaining bound to scaffold upon nuclease treatment of interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "The fragments of DNA attached to protein skeleton of interphase nuclei or metaphase chromosomes were obtained. Both the method involving restriction endonuclease treatment/1,2/and a novel procedure based on mild staphylococcal nuclease digestion were used. In the latter case, DNA fragments remaining bound to nuclei or chromosomes are not enriched in satellite but only in abundant middle repetitive DNA. The shorter the fragments of attached DNA, the higher the content of middle repetitive DNA in the fraction. It has a slightly higher density in a CsCl gradient comparing to the main DNA. The yield of attached DNA, its distribution in a CsCl density gradient, and its renaturation properties are essentially the same for interphase and metaphase chromosomes. The average size of DNA loops was found to be equal to approximately 60 kb for both metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei. The conclusion has been drawn that the bulk of attachment sites of DNP fibrils to axial chromosomal structures remains unchanged during the cell cycle.", "contents": "The similarity of DNA sequences remaining bound to scaffold upon nuclease treatment of interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes. The fragments of DNA attached to protein skeleton of interphase nuclei or metaphase chromosomes were obtained. Both the method involving restriction endonuclease treatment/1,2/and a novel procedure based on mild staphylococcal nuclease digestion were used. In the latter case, DNA fragments remaining bound to nuclei or chromosomes are not enriched in satellite but only in abundant middle repetitive DNA. The shorter the fragments of attached DNA, the higher the content of middle repetitive DNA in the fraction. It has a slightly higher density in a CsCl gradient comparing to the main DNA. The yield of attached DNA, its distribution in a CsCl density gradient, and its renaturation properties are essentially the same for interphase and metaphase chromosomes. The average size of DNA loops was found to be equal to approximately 60 kb for both metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei. The conclusion has been drawn that the bulk of attachment sites of DNP fibrils to axial chromosomal structures remains unchanged during the cell cycle.", "PMID": 503867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6124", "title": "[The determination of the left ventrical volume curve without background correction and its validation by direct intercomparison with the ejection fractions as determined by biplane laevocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Background corrections applied on the left ventricular volume curve determined by the \"gated blood pool\"--method are based on an estimated rather than on a directly measured background. This imposes an uncertainty on the values determined from the volume curve, especially on the ejection fraction. A method which does not require background correction may be applied if all available measurement and evaluation facilities are utilized fully. High temporal and spatial resolution is of fundamental importance, permitting the exact determination of the time-dependent scintigraphic contour variations of the left ventricle during the mechanical action of the heart. A good criterion of the validity of the volume curves with respect to interfering background radiation is the ejection fraction calculated from these curves. The direct intercomparison of 10 ejection fractions obtained by an expanded \"gated blood pool\"-method, employing cardiac catheterization, immediately before a biplane laevocardiography demonstrated very good agreement. A small systematic underestimation of the ejection fraction by the nuclear method was observed. This understimulation shows that the influence of the true background is small if other interfering count rate contributions or methodical uncertainties are excluded systematically.", "contents": "[The determination of the left ventrical volume curve without background correction and its validation by direct intercomparison with the ejection fractions as determined by biplane laevocardiography (author's transl)]. Background corrections applied on the left ventricular volume curve determined by the \"gated blood pool\"--method are based on an estimated rather than on a directly measured background. This imposes an uncertainty on the values determined from the volume curve, especially on the ejection fraction. A method which does not require background correction may be applied if all available measurement and evaluation facilities are utilized fully. High temporal and spatial resolution is of fundamental importance, permitting the exact determination of the time-dependent scintigraphic contour variations of the left ventricle during the mechanical action of the heart. A good criterion of the validity of the volume curves with respect to interfering background radiation is the ejection fraction calculated from these curves. The direct intercomparison of 10 ejection fractions obtained by an expanded \"gated blood pool\"-method, employing cardiac catheterization, immediately before a biplane laevocardiography demonstrated very good agreement. A small systematic underestimation of the ejection fraction by the nuclear method was observed. This understimulation shows that the influence of the true background is small if other interfering count rate contributions or methodical uncertainties are excluded systematically.", "PMID": 503868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6125", "title": "A radiocolloid study of the reticulo-endothelial system in tropical diseases.", "content": "Radiocolloids were used to study the trapping function of the reticulo-endothelial system in 361 children with infectious or non-infectious tropical diseases. Responses of the system varied not only between different types of diseases but also between individuals suffering from the same type of disease, as illustrated (primarily) by numerous scans of the liver and spleen.", "contents": "A radiocolloid study of the reticulo-endothelial system in tropical diseases. Radiocolloids were used to study the trapping function of the reticulo-endothelial system in 361 children with infectious or non-infectious tropical diseases. Responses of the system varied not only between different types of diseases but also between individuals suffering from the same type of disease, as illustrated (primarily) by numerous scans of the liver and spleen.", "PMID": 503869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6126", "title": "[Experimental investigation with 198Au colloid as to lymph communications between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of a direct connection of lymph drainage between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland was examined using the lymphotropic radioactive tracer 198Au colloid. Twelve rabbits were examined. Six animals were injected with 50 muCi 198Au colloid into the right thyroid lobe and six animals into the right retrobulbar space. Distribution and total body radioactivity was measured in vivo using a scintillation camera with a computer. After 6 hrs tissue specimens of different organs were measured in a well-counter. The discharge of activity from the thyroid after 6 hrs was significantly higher than that from the retrobulbar space (63% versus 33.5%). This was probably due to a higher vascularisation and to a higher degree of lymph drainage of the thyroid. The lymph drainage of the thyroid gland as well as of the retrobulbar space occurred mainly via the lymphonodi cerv. proff. No significant activity was found in the retrobulbar space after thyroid injection or in the thyroid after retrobulbar injection. It may be concluded from these results that there are no direct lymph connections between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland. However, indirect communications via the deep cervical lymph nodes cannot be excluded in the event of reverse lymph flow.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation with 198Au colloid as to lymph communications between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. The problem of a direct connection of lymph drainage between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland was examined using the lymphotropic radioactive tracer 198Au colloid. Twelve rabbits were examined. Six animals were injected with 50 muCi 198Au colloid into the right thyroid lobe and six animals into the right retrobulbar space. Distribution and total body radioactivity was measured in vivo using a scintillation camera with a computer. After 6 hrs tissue specimens of different organs were measured in a well-counter. The discharge of activity from the thyroid after 6 hrs was significantly higher than that from the retrobulbar space (63% versus 33.5%). This was probably due to a higher vascularisation and to a higher degree of lymph drainage of the thyroid. The lymph drainage of the thyroid gland as well as of the retrobulbar space occurred mainly via the lymphonodi cerv. proff. No significant activity was found in the retrobulbar space after thyroid injection or in the thyroid after retrobulbar injection. It may be concluded from these results that there are no direct lymph connections between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland. However, indirect communications via the deep cervical lymph nodes cannot be excluded in the event of reverse lymph flow.", "PMID": 503870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6127", "title": "Relationship of molecular structure to the in vivo-distribution of carbon-11-labeled compounds. V. Carbon-11-labeled N-alkyl-p-iodobenzenesulfonamides.", "content": "Carbon 11-labeled HCN was collected in methanol containing carrier NaCN following bombardment of 99% N2-1% H2 with 22 MeV protons. Ten new N-alkyl-p-iodobenzenesulfonamides were synthesized and labeled with 11C in radiochemical yields averaging 27% by condensation of p-iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride with the 11C-labeled aliphatic amine obtained by reduction of the intermediate 11C-labeled aliphatic nitrile prepared from Na 11CN and the corresponding alkyl bromide. They were chemically characterized and for nine of them the relationship between their molecular structure and their in vivo-distribution in rats was studied. As the length of the alkyl chain was increased from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, the early concentration of activity in most viscera decreased and the urinary excretion increased. Within this range, chains containing an even number of carbon atoms showed greater early tissue concentration of activity than did chains containing an odd number of carbon atoms. For alkyl chains containing greater than 8 carbon atoms the concentration of activity in some tissues increased and urinary excretion decreased. A possible explanation for the results is offered which postulates that early tissue concentration of activity is related to both total lipophilicity of the sulfonamide as well as to the presence of tissue sulfonamide binding sites whose preferred conformation results in hindred binding of sulfonamides with odd-numbered aliphatic chains to a greater extent than with even-numbered aliphatic chains.", "contents": "Relationship of molecular structure to the in vivo-distribution of carbon-11-labeled compounds. V. Carbon-11-labeled N-alkyl-p-iodobenzenesulfonamides. Carbon 11-labeled HCN was collected in methanol containing carrier NaCN following bombardment of 99% N2-1% H2 with 22 MeV protons. Ten new N-alkyl-p-iodobenzenesulfonamides were synthesized and labeled with 11C in radiochemical yields averaging 27% by condensation of p-iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride with the 11C-labeled aliphatic amine obtained by reduction of the intermediate 11C-labeled aliphatic nitrile prepared from Na 11CN and the corresponding alkyl bromide. They were chemically characterized and for nine of them the relationship between their molecular structure and their in vivo-distribution in rats was studied. As the length of the alkyl chain was increased from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, the early concentration of activity in most viscera decreased and the urinary excretion increased. Within this range, chains containing an even number of carbon atoms showed greater early tissue concentration of activity than did chains containing an odd number of carbon atoms. For alkyl chains containing greater than 8 carbon atoms the concentration of activity in some tissues increased and urinary excretion decreased. A possible explanation for the results is offered which postulates that early tissue concentration of activity is related to both total lipophilicity of the sulfonamide as well as to the presence of tissue sulfonamide binding sites whose preferred conformation results in hindred binding of sulfonamides with odd-numbered aliphatic chains to a greater extent than with even-numbered aliphatic chains.", "PMID": 503871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6128", "title": "Studies of gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions. IV. Kinetics of accumulation and role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the distribution of gallium in experimental inflammatory exudates.", "content": "The kinetics of 67Ga accumulation in experimental inflammatory exudates were studied. In six rabbits with S. aureus induced abscesses, serial samples of exudate and blood were obtained at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hrs after intravenous injection of 67Ga. The accumulation of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate was slow with an accumulation half-time of 5.5 hrs. The concentration of 67Ga in the abscesses approached that of blood 48 hrs after injection. Analysis of the distribution of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate revealed that the portion of 67Ga in the cellular fraction (1,600 xg pellet) correlated best with the number of non-viable polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (r = 0.81). Its correlation with total number of PMN and bacteria was r = 0.69 and r = 0.35, respectively. Autoradiographic studies confirmed that the majority of 67Ga in the cellular fraction of the exudate was associated with non-viable PMN's.", "contents": "Studies of gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions. IV. Kinetics of accumulation and role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the distribution of gallium in experimental inflammatory exudates. The kinetics of 67Ga accumulation in experimental inflammatory exudates were studied. In six rabbits with S. aureus induced abscesses, serial samples of exudate and blood were obtained at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hrs after intravenous injection of 67Ga. The accumulation of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate was slow with an accumulation half-time of 5.5 hrs. The concentration of 67Ga in the abscesses approached that of blood 48 hrs after injection. Analysis of the distribution of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate revealed that the portion of 67Ga in the cellular fraction (1,600 xg pellet) correlated best with the number of non-viable polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (r = 0.81). Its correlation with total number of PMN and bacteria was r = 0.69 and r = 0.35, respectively. Autoradiographic studies confirmed that the majority of 67Ga in the cellular fraction of the exudate was associated with non-viable PMN's.", "PMID": 503872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6129", "title": "A simplified method for the determination of intestinal calcium absorption.", "content": "The double-isotope technique for the estimation of intestinal calcium absorption was simplified by using the scintillation liquid Insta-Gel. The urine was mixed with Insta-Gel without any previous preparation. A suitable constitution of the sample was ascertained by preliminary experiments (1 ml urine + 10 ml Insta-Gel); the stability of the samples, the correctness of 45Ca (counting separately as well as mixed with 47Ca) and the linearity of the counting rates of 45Ca obtained in a range of doses over four orders was proved. In 43 subjects aged 20 to 65 years and without any disturbance of calcium metabolism or intestinal function, the average normal value of fractional calcium absorption was 45.9 +/- 1.6% (SEM).", "contents": "A simplified method for the determination of intestinal calcium absorption. The double-isotope technique for the estimation of intestinal calcium absorption was simplified by using the scintillation liquid Insta-Gel. The urine was mixed with Insta-Gel without any previous preparation. A suitable constitution of the sample was ascertained by preliminary experiments (1 ml urine + 10 ml Insta-Gel); the stability of the samples, the correctness of 45Ca (counting separately as well as mixed with 47Ca) and the linearity of the counting rates of 45Ca obtained in a range of doses over four orders was proved. In 43 subjects aged 20 to 65 years and without any disturbance of calcium metabolism or intestinal function, the average normal value of fractional calcium absorption was 45.9 +/- 1.6% (SEM).", "PMID": 503873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6130", "title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of leucylaminoantipyrine in various tissues and subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidney.", "content": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of L-leucylaminoantipyrine occurs in homogenates of kidney, small intestine, liver, lung, brain, spleen, heart and blood plasma. The activity of the drug hydrolyzing enzyme was found in all tested subcellular fractions of liver and kidney. In contrast to L-leucylaminoantipyrine, neither its stereoisomer D-nor 4-L-(N,N-dimethylleucylamino)-antipyrine undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis in any tissue tested. The results suggest, that in vivo L-leucylaminoantipyrine could be very rapidly hydrolyzed to 4-aminoantipyrine.", "contents": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of leucylaminoantipyrine in various tissues and subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidney. Enzymatic hydrolysis of L-leucylaminoantipyrine occurs in homogenates of kidney, small intestine, liver, lung, brain, spleen, heart and blood plasma. The activity of the drug hydrolyzing enzyme was found in all tested subcellular fractions of liver and kidney. In contrast to L-leucylaminoantipyrine, neither its stereoisomer D-nor 4-L-(N,N-dimethylleucylamino)-antipyrine undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis in any tissue tested. The results suggest, that in vivo L-leucylaminoantipyrine could be very rapidly hydrolyzed to 4-aminoantipyrine.", "PMID": 503967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6131", "title": "Effects of p-bromo-methamphetamine (V-111) on conditioned avoidance behavior in rats with lesioned raphe nuclei.", "content": "Effect of treatment with p-bromo-methamphetamine (V-111), the serotonin depleting drug, on two way avoidance conditioning (CAR) was studied in raphe lesioned male Wistar rats. Both sham lesioned and raphe lesioned animals treated with V-111 showed increased avoidance acquisition and increased number of inter-trial responses. Lesions of the raphe nuclei increased by itself the number of avoidance responses, the treatment with V-111 however produced further facilitation of avoidance acquisition. These results are discussed in terms of the role oserotonergic system in the processes of learning and retention of CAR, and direct action of V-111 on serotonergic system of the brain is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of p-bromo-methamphetamine (V-111) on conditioned avoidance behavior in rats with lesioned raphe nuclei. Effect of treatment with p-bromo-methamphetamine (V-111), the serotonin depleting drug, on two way avoidance conditioning (CAR) was studied in raphe lesioned male Wistar rats. Both sham lesioned and raphe lesioned animals treated with V-111 showed increased avoidance acquisition and increased number of inter-trial responses. Lesions of the raphe nuclei increased by itself the number of avoidance responses, the treatment with V-111 however produced further facilitation of avoidance acquisition. These results are discussed in terms of the role oserotonergic system in the processes of learning and retention of CAR, and direct action of V-111 on serotonergic system of the brain is suggested.", "PMID": 503968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6132", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of pyrazo-[3,4-b]-pyridine derivatives. Part I.", "content": "3 (3'-Morpholino-2'-hydroxypropoxy)--7--9 as well as 3 (3'-morpholino-2'-hydroxypropyloamino) 14 -- 16 derivatives of 1-methyl and 1-phenyl pyrazo-[3,4-b]-pyridines were prepared and screened for expected circulatory activity. Compounds 7, 11--14, 20 mg/kg, produced hypotension in cats; Compounds 7 and 14, 50--80 mg/kg, had antiarrhytmic action in BaCl2 -- induced arrhytmic in the rabbit.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of pyrazo-[3,4-b]-pyridine derivatives. Part I. 3 (3'-Morpholino-2'-hydroxypropoxy)--7--9 as well as 3 (3'-morpholino-2'-hydroxypropyloamino) 14 -- 16 derivatives of 1-methyl and 1-phenyl pyrazo-[3,4-b]-pyridines were prepared and screened for expected circulatory activity. Compounds 7, 11--14, 20 mg/kg, produced hypotension in cats; Compounds 7 and 14, 50--80 mg/kg, had antiarrhytmic action in BaCl2 -- induced arrhytmic in the rabbit.", "PMID": 503970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6133", "title": "Some remarks of penicillin and desacetylcephalosporin synthesis by mixed anhydrides method.", "content": "The possibilities of 6-APA and 7-ADCA acylation by means of mixed anhydrides from ethyl chloroformate and cyclic carboxylic acids were investigated. The complexity of acylation course was observed, which depends upon kind of aminoderivative and structure of starting acid, respectively. In the case of mixed anhydrides formed from acid derivatives of which vicinal carbon atoms of ethylene bond built on into appropriate cyclic system were connected with methyl and carboxylic group (-C)CH3=C(COOH(-), it was found, that the main reaction products were: the suitable ureids and ethoxypenicillin or ethoxydesacetylcephalosporin. After treatment of 6-APA or 7-ADCA with different esters of chloroformic acid the corresponding alkoxy-, aralkoxy- or aryloxyderivatives were obtained. The MIC estamination showed, that only penicillin derivatives may be considered as interesting microbicides.", "contents": "Some remarks of penicillin and desacetylcephalosporin synthesis by mixed anhydrides method. The possibilities of 6-APA and 7-ADCA acylation by means of mixed anhydrides from ethyl chloroformate and cyclic carboxylic acids were investigated. The complexity of acylation course was observed, which depends upon kind of aminoderivative and structure of starting acid, respectively. In the case of mixed anhydrides formed from acid derivatives of which vicinal carbon atoms of ethylene bond built on into appropriate cyclic system were connected with methyl and carboxylic group (-C)CH3=C(COOH(-), it was found, that the main reaction products were: the suitable ureids and ethoxypenicillin or ethoxydesacetylcephalosporin. After treatment of 6-APA or 7-ADCA with different esters of chloroformic acid the corresponding alkoxy-, aralkoxy- or aryloxyderivatives were obtained. The MIC estamination showed, that only penicillin derivatives may be considered as interesting microbicides.", "PMID": 503971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6134", "title": "Lack of habituation of pain evoked potentials after naloxone.", "content": "Pain evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in nucleus caudatus (NC) of rabbits after electric stimulation of the dental pulp. After 50--60 noxious stimuli the decrease in amplitude of evoked potentials occured. Naloxone, 1 mg/kg, temporarily abolished this effect and even after 350 noxious stimuli the habituation was not observed. On the other hand, naloxone did not affect the diminution of monosynaptic transcallosal potentials (TC--EP) evoked by repeated stimulation. It may be suggested that the habituation of EPs elicited by pain stimulation is due to endorphin release.", "contents": "Lack of habituation of pain evoked potentials after naloxone. Pain evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in nucleus caudatus (NC) of rabbits after electric stimulation of the dental pulp. After 50--60 noxious stimuli the decrease in amplitude of evoked potentials occured. Naloxone, 1 mg/kg, temporarily abolished this effect and even after 350 noxious stimuli the habituation was not observed. On the other hand, naloxone did not affect the diminution of monosynaptic transcallosal potentials (TC--EP) evoked by repeated stimulation. It may be suggested that the habituation of EPs elicited by pain stimulation is due to endorphin release.", "PMID": 503969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6135", "title": "Effect of papaverine and atropine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered orally.", "content": "The effect of intramuscular injection of atropine and papaverine on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of paracetamol in healthy men was investigated. The open two-compartment model was applied and the calculations were performed using a program for the Hewlett-Packard 9830 B system. An increase of the extent of bioavailability of paracetamol was observed after the atropine administration, however the absorption of the drug was delayed. The administration of papaverine did not change the AUC and Cmax, but tmax was significantly longer.", "contents": "Effect of papaverine and atropine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered orally. The effect of intramuscular injection of atropine and papaverine on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of paracetamol in healthy men was investigated. The open two-compartment model was applied and the calculations were performed using a program for the Hewlett-Packard 9830 B system. An increase of the extent of bioavailability of paracetamol was observed after the atropine administration, however the absorption of the drug was delayed. The administration of papaverine did not change the AUC and Cmax, but tmax was significantly longer.", "PMID": 503972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6136", "title": "[Biomedical materials and products].", "content": "The authors present propositions of definitions and repartition of biomedical materials and products. After a historical review particular groups of biomedical materials were discussed, with special regard to implants.", "contents": "[Biomedical materials and products]. The authors present propositions of definitions and repartition of biomedical materials and products. After a historical review particular groups of biomedical materials were discussed, with special regard to implants.", "PMID": 504024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6137", "title": "Radiation sterilization of cellulose dressing materials.", "content": "The results of investigations in the field of application of 60 Co gamma-irradiation for sterilization of cellulose dressing materials have been presented on the ground of our own experiments. The investigations were carried out for the model objects which are contents of all dressing materials, nowadays used in medical practice: cotton gauze, viscose-cotton gauze, cotton wool and cotton-viscose wool. In the present report there have been discussed the results of the test estimation of sterilized materials immediately after irradiation and during long storage as well (3-5 years after irradiation). The estimation was carried out according to the requirements of Pharmacopoeia. Moreover, the choice of parameters of sterilization process from the view-point of microbiological experiments and estimation of initial contamination degree of irradiated materials have been discussed.", "contents": "Radiation sterilization of cellulose dressing materials. The results of investigations in the field of application of 60 Co gamma-irradiation for sterilization of cellulose dressing materials have been presented on the ground of our own experiments. The investigations were carried out for the model objects which are contents of all dressing materials, nowadays used in medical practice: cotton gauze, viscose-cotton gauze, cotton wool and cotton-viscose wool. In the present report there have been discussed the results of the test estimation of sterilized materials immediately after irradiation and during long storage as well (3-5 years after irradiation). The estimation was carried out according to the requirements of Pharmacopoeia. Moreover, the choice of parameters of sterilization process from the view-point of microbiological experiments and estimation of initial contamination degree of irradiated materials have been discussed.", "PMID": 504025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6138", "title": "[Implantation of prostheses in the treatment of deformations following mastectomy].", "content": "The selection of proper incision is an important problem when removing immense tumors of mammas with immediate or delayed implantation of silicone prosthesis. Transversal incision facilitates - from the technological point of view - the removal of mammary gland. The same goal may be obtained applying incision in submammary furrow. The operation of this type may be done in selected cases of mammary cancers.", "contents": "[Implantation of prostheses in the treatment of deformations following mastectomy]. The selection of proper incision is an important problem when removing immense tumors of mammas with immediate or delayed implantation of silicone prosthesis. Transversal incision facilitates - from the technological point of view - the removal of mammary gland. The same goal may be obtained applying incision in submammary furrow. The operation of this type may be done in selected cases of mammary cancers.", "PMID": 504026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6139", "title": "Risk factors in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Among the identified precursors of cardiovascular disease hypertension acts as a major risk factor. Hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and cigarette smoking are the other major factors that increase the risk of symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other factors influence (obesity, stress, hyperuricaemia, etc.) but are not independent risk factors. More definitive information on the efficacy of multifactorial intervention is needed.", "contents": "Risk factors in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Among the identified precursors of cardiovascular disease hypertension acts as a major risk factor. Hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and cigarette smoking are the other major factors that increase the risk of symptomatic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other factors influence (obesity, stress, hyperuricaemia, etc.) but are not independent risk factors. More definitive information on the efficacy of multifactorial intervention is needed.", "PMID": 504035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6140", "title": "Hypertension, renal function and gout.", "content": "Hypertension was found in 18% of 65 patients with untreated gout, a lower prevalence than that previously reported. The clinical characteristics and renal function of these patients were compared with those of age matched groups of both normotensive gouty subjects and normouricaemic patients. The hypertensive patients had significantly greater body weights than their controls and also had a lower glomerular filtration rate. Other aspects of renal function were not significantly different between the three groups. The association of hypertension with gout and impaired renal function is complicated by many possible contributory factors and a simple cause and effect relationship is unlikely.", "contents": "Hypertension, renal function and gout. Hypertension was found in 18% of 65 patients with untreated gout, a lower prevalence than that previously reported. The clinical characteristics and renal function of these patients were compared with those of age matched groups of both normotensive gouty subjects and normouricaemic patients. The hypertensive patients had significantly greater body weights than their controls and also had a lower glomerular filtration rate. Other aspects of renal function were not significantly different between the three groups. The association of hypertension with gout and impaired renal function is complicated by many possible contributory factors and a simple cause and effect relationship is unlikely.", "PMID": 504036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6141", "title": "Uricosuric therapy and urate solubility in blood and urine.", "content": "In most patients with primary gout hyperuricaemia results from a renal defect in tubular uric acid secretion. An increased endogenous purine biosynthesis is observed in only 2% of all patients with gout. Secondary hyperuricaemai results either from an increased breakdown of endogenous nucleic acids as in polycythaemia or from a decreased renal excretion of uric acid due to drug treatment, renal insufficiency or metabolic disturbances. Hyperuricaemia may be defined either in statistical terms from epidemiological studies of normal and gouty populations or from physicochemical properties of urate. Monosodium urate and uric acid are soluble in water to the extent of 6.32 mmol/l and 0.39 mmol/l respectively. In human plasma saturation of monosodium urate occurs at a concentration of about 0.42 mmol/l. The solubility of uric acid and urate in urine is more complicated as it is affected by changes in pH and salt concentration. Uricosuric drugs decrease serum uric acid concentration by enhancing the renal excretion of uric acid. Effects and side effects of uricosuric therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Uricosuric therapy and urate solubility in blood and urine. In most patients with primary gout hyperuricaemia results from a renal defect in tubular uric acid secretion. An increased endogenous purine biosynthesis is observed in only 2% of all patients with gout. Secondary hyperuricaemai results either from an increased breakdown of endogenous nucleic acids as in polycythaemia or from a decreased renal excretion of uric acid due to drug treatment, renal insufficiency or metabolic disturbances. Hyperuricaemia may be defined either in statistical terms from epidemiological studies of normal and gouty populations or from physicochemical properties of urate. Monosodium urate and uric acid are soluble in water to the extent of 6.32 mmol/l and 0.39 mmol/l respectively. In human plasma saturation of monosodium urate occurs at a concentration of about 0.42 mmol/l. The solubility of uric acid and urate in urine is more complicated as it is affected by changes in pH and salt concentration. Uricosuric drugs decrease serum uric acid concentration by enhancing the renal excretion of uric acid. Effects and side effects of uricosuric therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 504037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6142", "title": "Renal handling of urate: application to the action of tienilic acid.", "content": "The renal handling of urate is complex, involving its filtration by glomeruli, partial tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion and also the reabsorption of a portion of the secreted urate. Studies employing tienilic acid, both acutely and chronically, have suggested that this compound exerts its uricosuric action and decreases the plasma urate by inhibiting renal urate reabsorption. The magnitude of the natriuretic and uricosuric actions of tienilic acid are correlated with the concentration of drug in the urine. Crystal equilibration studies have suggested that tienilic acid should not predispose to crystalluria with either uric acid or monosodium urate.", "contents": "Renal handling of urate: application to the action of tienilic acid. The renal handling of urate is complex, involving its filtration by glomeruli, partial tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion and also the reabsorption of a portion of the secreted urate. Studies employing tienilic acid, both acutely and chronically, have suggested that this compound exerts its uricosuric action and decreases the plasma urate by inhibiting renal urate reabsorption. The magnitude of the natriuretic and uricosuric actions of tienilic acid are correlated with the concentration of drug in the urine. Crystal equilibration studies have suggested that tienilic acid should not predispose to crystalluria with either uric acid or monosodium urate.", "PMID": 504038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6143", "title": "Tienilic acid: pharmacokinetics, salicylate interaction and creatinine secretion studies.", "content": "Tienilic acid is a diuretic-uricosuric compound whose natriuretic site of action is in the cortical diluting segment of the distal nephron. Oral doses of 250 mg given to normal human volunteers provided peak blood levels of 10--11 micrograms/ml at 3--4 hours after administration. Approximately 40% of the dose was recovered in 24 hours, 30% as the parent compound and 10% as the alcohol and diacid metabolites. A 650 mg dose of acetylsalicylic acid significantly decreased the uricosuric effect of tienilic acid by inhibiting uric acid secretion. Urine pH fell significantly with tienilic acid administration. Tienilic acid inhibited salicylate excretion by either competition for tubular secretion or by increasing passive, pH dependent reabsorption. In normal subjects given a creatinine load, tienilic acid did not inhibit creatinine secretion.", "contents": "Tienilic acid: pharmacokinetics, salicylate interaction and creatinine secretion studies. Tienilic acid is a diuretic-uricosuric compound whose natriuretic site of action is in the cortical diluting segment of the distal nephron. Oral doses of 250 mg given to normal human volunteers provided peak blood levels of 10--11 micrograms/ml at 3--4 hours after administration. Approximately 40% of the dose was recovered in 24 hours, 30% as the parent compound and 10% as the alcohol and diacid metabolites. A 650 mg dose of acetylsalicylic acid significantly decreased the uricosuric effect of tienilic acid by inhibiting uric acid secretion. Urine pH fell significantly with tienilic acid administration. Tienilic acid inhibited salicylate excretion by either competition for tubular secretion or by increasing passive, pH dependent reabsorption. In normal subjects given a creatinine load, tienilic acid did not inhibit creatinine secretion.", "PMID": 504040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6144", "title": "The use of tienilic acid in nephrotic syndrome: a clinical study.", "content": "The diuretic and uricosuric activities of tienilic acid 250--50 mg daily over a minimum six week period have been studied in seven patients with the nephrotic syndrome secondary to glomerulonephritis proven by renal biopsy. Tienilic acid failed to control oedema in one patient who had to be withdrawn. In the six other patients a hypouricaemic effect with increased urate clearance was noted. No consistent effects were noted with respect to the serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. No side effects were observed. It is concluded that in nephrotic patients tienilic acid behaves as a mild diuretic with consistent hypouricaemic and uricosuric effects.", "contents": "The use of tienilic acid in nephrotic syndrome: a clinical study. The diuretic and uricosuric activities of tienilic acid 250--50 mg daily over a minimum six week period have been studied in seven patients with the nephrotic syndrome secondary to glomerulonephritis proven by renal biopsy. Tienilic acid failed to control oedema in one patient who had to be withdrawn. In the six other patients a hypouricaemic effect with increased urate clearance was noted. No consistent effects were noted with respect to the serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. No side effects were observed. It is concluded that in nephrotic patients tienilic acid behaves as a mild diuretic with consistent hypouricaemic and uricosuric effects.", "PMID": 504041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6145", "title": "Tienilic acid in hypertension with hyperuricaemia.", "content": "The biochemical and haematological changes seen with tienilic acid in comparison with other diuretics are discussed. Tienilic acid has a profound uricosuric effect which is maintained after 24 weeks of treatment. In the short term serum uric acid was usually lower on tienilic alone than on bendrofluazide and allopurinol.", "contents": "Tienilic acid in hypertension with hyperuricaemia. The biochemical and haematological changes seen with tienilic acid in comparison with other diuretics are discussed. Tienilic acid has a profound uricosuric effect which is maintained after 24 weeks of treatment. In the short term serum uric acid was usually lower on tienilic alone than on bendrofluazide and allopurinol.", "PMID": 504043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6146", "title": "Antihypertensive and renal effects of tienilic acid.", "content": "Tienilic acid, a diuretic agent effective at the cortical diluting segment of the distal tubule, has been found to have equivalent antihypertensive action in a dose of 250 mg twice daily to hydrochlorothiazide in a dose of 50 mg twice daily. Tienilic acid reduced arterial pressure without diminishing renal plasma flow or endogenous creatinine clearance; moreover, it did so whilst achieving hypouricaemia through a uricosuric effect. Hypokalaemia was observed but corrected by supplemental potassium. A transient but reversible, slight elevation in serum creatinine concentration and significant hypertriglyceridaemia were also observed. In conclusion, tienilic acid seems to be a novel diuretic, well-suited for the patient with hypertension, particularly if there is coincidental gout or coexisting hyperuricaemia.", "contents": "Antihypertensive and renal effects of tienilic acid. Tienilic acid, a diuretic agent effective at the cortical diluting segment of the distal tubule, has been found to have equivalent antihypertensive action in a dose of 250 mg twice daily to hydrochlorothiazide in a dose of 50 mg twice daily. Tienilic acid reduced arterial pressure without diminishing renal plasma flow or endogenous creatinine clearance; moreover, it did so whilst achieving hypouricaemia through a uricosuric effect. Hypokalaemia was observed but corrected by supplemental potassium. A transient but reversible, slight elevation in serum creatinine concentration and significant hypertriglyceridaemia were also observed. In conclusion, tienilic acid seems to be a novel diuretic, well-suited for the patient with hypertension, particularly if there is coincidental gout or coexisting hyperuricaemia.", "PMID": 504045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6147", "title": "The effect of thiazide diuretics on coronary risk factors.", "content": "Benzothiadiazine diuretics (thiazides) were introduced twenty years ago (Hollander and Wilkins, 1957), and remain the most commonly used type of antihypertensive drug. Their long term use alone provides smooth control of blood pressure in mild to moderate hypertensives (Beevers, Hamilton and Harpur, 1971), and they are also valuable as adjuvant therapy with other antihypertensive drugs. Whilst thiazides are virtually free of any clinical side effects, they do cause many biochemical changes, the significance of which is uncertain. Many of these biochemical abnormalities are possible risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (C.H.D.), or other serious conditions. The magnitude and importance of these changes are discussed in this review.", "contents": "The effect of thiazide diuretics on coronary risk factors. Benzothiadiazine diuretics (thiazides) were introduced twenty years ago (Hollander and Wilkins, 1957), and remain the most commonly used type of antihypertensive drug. Their long term use alone provides smooth control of blood pressure in mild to moderate hypertensives (Beevers, Hamilton and Harpur, 1971), and they are also valuable as adjuvant therapy with other antihypertensive drugs. Whilst thiazides are virtually free of any clinical side effects, they do cause many biochemical changes, the significance of which is uncertain. Many of these biochemical abnormalities are possible risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (C.H.D.), or other serious conditions. The magnitude and importance of these changes are discussed in this review.", "PMID": 504044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6148", "title": "[Value of lymphoblastic transformation test for diagnosis and treatment of microbial asthmas in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "A lymphoblastic transformation test (LTT) done on 9 germs in 30 patients (270 tests) with bacterial asthma was found positive 117 times out of 170 (43.3%) while the same study done on a control group of 100 non microbial asthma was generally negative (5% of positive responses). Positive LTT confirmed, in 59.2% of cases, the cutaneous tests. In the other cases, discrepancies can be found in both ways: positive LTT and negative cutaneous tests (16.9%) or the reverse (23.9%). The significance of disagreeing results is discussed. Specific desensitizations done only with the bacteria producing agreeing positive reactions, gave interesting though inconstant results.", "contents": "[Value of lymphoblastic transformation test for diagnosis and treatment of microbial asthmas in adults (author's transl)]. A lymphoblastic transformation test (LTT) done on 9 germs in 30 patients (270 tests) with bacterial asthma was found positive 117 times out of 170 (43.3%) while the same study done on a control group of 100 non microbial asthma was generally negative (5% of positive responses). Positive LTT confirmed, in 59.2% of cases, the cutaneous tests. In the other cases, discrepancies can be found in both ways: positive LTT and negative cutaneous tests (16.9%) or the reverse (23.9%). The significance of disagreeing results is discussed. Specific desensitizations done only with the bacteria producing agreeing positive reactions, gave interesting though inconstant results.", "PMID": 504046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6149", "title": "[Non suppurative acute \"bacterial\" pneumonia in alcoholics. Study of 54 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumonia in alcoholics are frequent and often severe. A retrospective study, including two groups of patients, 25 in internal medicine and 29 in intensive care, was undertaken to define the main clinical, prognostic and therapeutical characters of these pneumonias. Death rate was very high in patients admitted to intensive care units (60%) but nil in patients in internal medicine. The principal elements of the prognosis were the existence of a neutropenia at the beginning, the condition of denutrition of the patient, failure to recognize the responsible germ because of an antibiotic treatment given blindly, and the delay of the treatment. The pneumococcus was the most frequently encountered germ (77%). After discussing the mechanisms of the quantitative and qualitative involvement of the neutrophilic leukocytes, the authors stated the measures which would lower the death rate and stressed the value of transtracheal puncture enabling an early bacteriological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Non suppurative acute \"bacterial\" pneumonia in alcoholics. Study of 54 cases (author's transl)]. Pneumonia in alcoholics are frequent and often severe. A retrospective study, including two groups of patients, 25 in internal medicine and 29 in intensive care, was undertaken to define the main clinical, prognostic and therapeutical characters of these pneumonias. Death rate was very high in patients admitted to intensive care units (60%) but nil in patients in internal medicine. The principal elements of the prognosis were the existence of a neutropenia at the beginning, the condition of denutrition of the patient, failure to recognize the responsible germ because of an antibiotic treatment given blindly, and the delay of the treatment. The pneumococcus was the most frequently encountered germ (77%). After discussing the mechanisms of the quantitative and qualitative involvement of the neutrophilic leukocytes, the authors stated the measures which would lower the death rate and stressed the value of transtracheal puncture enabling an early bacteriological diagnosis.", "PMID": 504047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6150", "title": "[Levamisole-induced immunitary responses in patients operated from bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the immunitary responses to Levamisole in a group of patients recently operated for bronchogenic carcinoma. The results were compared with those obtained from two other groups, i.e. one of patients recently operated of bronchogenic carcinoma but not treated with Levamisole and another one of patients recently operated for a non-neoplastic disease and also not treated with Levamisole. All subjects underwent a similar investigation of the cell-mediated and the humoral immunity parameters at the beginning of the study and after 30 days. The comparison of the results showed a depression of the cell-mediated immunity in the patients operated for bronchogenic carcinoma. This depression subsided more promptly in patients submitted to Levamisole therapy. This effect was achieved particularly through a better blastogenic responsiveness to the PHA and an enhanced Rosettes E forming. The use of Levamisole in the pre- and post-operative period is thought to be beneficial in order to avoid distant recurrences. This effect is obtained by a stimulation of host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "[Levamisole-induced immunitary responses in patients operated from bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors studied the immunitary responses to Levamisole in a group of patients recently operated for bronchogenic carcinoma. The results were compared with those obtained from two other groups, i.e. one of patients recently operated of bronchogenic carcinoma but not treated with Levamisole and another one of patients recently operated for a non-neoplastic disease and also not treated with Levamisole. All subjects underwent a similar investigation of the cell-mediated and the humoral immunity parameters at the beginning of the study and after 30 days. The comparison of the results showed a depression of the cell-mediated immunity in the patients operated for bronchogenic carcinoma. This depression subsided more promptly in patients submitted to Levamisole therapy. This effect was achieved particularly through a better blastogenic responsiveness to the PHA and an enhanced Rosettes E forming. The use of Levamisole in the pre- and post-operative period is thought to be beneficial in order to avoid distant recurrences. This effect is obtained by a stimulation of host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 504048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6151", "title": "[Bronchial cytology of \"occult\" lung cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "Having underlined the value of bronchial cytology for the early diagnosis of lung cancers, the authors report 7 observations concerning a particular clinical form: the \"occult\" lung cancer with a malignant cytological precession more or less in advance in relation with the radiological or fibroscopical data. Malignant cells can be found in sputum from 9 months to 8 years beforehand. All histological types can be seen but no cancer of the anaplasic type with small cells was identified either in this series or in the literature. The authors insist also on the difficulty in localizing these cancers in situ at a very early stage. They set apart the insufficiencies of the X-ray results in several observations and the limits of other investigating techniques (bronchography, scintigraphy, echotomography, ...). These tumours seem to have a mild evolutivity.", "contents": "[Bronchial cytology of \"occult\" lung cancers (author's transl)]. Having underlined the value of bronchial cytology for the early diagnosis of lung cancers, the authors report 7 observations concerning a particular clinical form: the \"occult\" lung cancer with a malignant cytological precession more or less in advance in relation with the radiological or fibroscopical data. Malignant cells can be found in sputum from 9 months to 8 years beforehand. All histological types can be seen but no cancer of the anaplasic type with small cells was identified either in this series or in the literature. The authors insist also on the difficulty in localizing these cancers in situ at a very early stage. They set apart the insufficiencies of the X-ray results in several observations and the limits of other investigating techniques (bronchography, scintigraphy, echotomography, ...). These tumours seem to have a mild evolutivity.", "PMID": 504049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6152", "title": "[Nieman-Pick disease revealed by a pulmonary miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease was made in a 26 years old man with chronic pulmonary miliary tuberculosis and splenomegaly. It was confirmed by the drop of sphingomyelinase level in leucocytes and fibroblasts of the skin. The authors showed the presence of foamy cells with sphingomyelin in the spleen and bone marrow. They underlined the value of dosing sphingomyelinase in leucocytes for diagnosis purposes. They also observed blue histocytes in the spleen and bone marrow, next to the foamy cells which are not specific of Niemann-Pick disease and can be found in numerous other affections. This pure visceral form with delayed development without neurological involvement, corresponds to the phenotype B of Crocker.", "contents": "[Nieman-Pick disease revealed by a pulmonary miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease was made in a 26 years old man with chronic pulmonary miliary tuberculosis and splenomegaly. It was confirmed by the drop of sphingomyelinase level in leucocytes and fibroblasts of the skin. The authors showed the presence of foamy cells with sphingomyelin in the spleen and bone marrow. They underlined the value of dosing sphingomyelinase in leucocytes for diagnosis purposes. They also observed blue histocytes in the spleen and bone marrow, next to the foamy cells which are not specific of Niemann-Pick disease and can be found in numerous other affections. This pure visceral form with delayed development without neurological involvement, corresponds to the phenotype B of Crocker.", "PMID": 504050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6153", "title": "[Alveolar proteinosis and acute leucosis. One observation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors observed a pulmonary alvelolar proteinosis in an 11 years old child with acute leucosis. They underlined the exceptional character of this association in a child, while it is known in the adult and almost always with a bad prognosis. A dysimmunity context linked to a hematological disease and/or its treatment, is favoured among the pathogenic hypotheses.", "contents": "[Alveolar proteinosis and acute leucosis. One observation (author's transl)]. The authors observed a pulmonary alvelolar proteinosis in an 11 years old child with acute leucosis. They underlined the exceptional character of this association in a child, while it is known in the adult and almost always with a bad prognosis. A dysimmunity context linked to a hematological disease and/or its treatment, is favoured among the pathogenic hypotheses.", "PMID": 504051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6154", "title": "[Tumours or mediastinal pseudo-tumours of Castleman? One observation (author's transl)].", "content": "Through a routine examination a Castleman tumour of left hilary topography was discovered in a 30 years old man. No recurrence followed exeresis. With regard to this case, the authors underlined the infrequency of these tumours with no preferential mediastinal topography and its occurrence at any age. Diagnosis is often reached after surgery by histological analysis of the tumour which enabled the distinction in two types according to Flendrig: type I plasmocytic with inflammatory signs; type II hyalino-vascular without any inflammatory signs. Surgery usually advised is not without any drawbacks because of the vascularization of the tumour and its adherence to neighbouring organs. But Castleman tumours still set nosological problems and the debate remains opened on the question of a nodal origin or a true neo-formation.", "contents": "[Tumours or mediastinal pseudo-tumours of Castleman? One observation (author's transl)]. Through a routine examination a Castleman tumour of left hilary topography was discovered in a 30 years old man. No recurrence followed exeresis. With regard to this case, the authors underlined the infrequency of these tumours with no preferential mediastinal topography and its occurrence at any age. Diagnosis is often reached after surgery by histological analysis of the tumour which enabled the distinction in two types according to Flendrig: type I plasmocytic with inflammatory signs; type II hyalino-vascular without any inflammatory signs. Surgery usually advised is not without any drawbacks because of the vascularization of the tumour and its adherence to neighbouring organs. But Castleman tumours still set nosological problems and the debate remains opened on the question of a nodal origin or a true neo-formation.", "PMID": 504052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6155", "title": "Purification and properties of guinea pig antithrombin III.", "content": "Guinea pig antithrombin III has been purified from plasma by sequential heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, DE-52 cellulose chromatography, isoelectric focussing, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The final product was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. Purification was 202-fold with a yield of 41%. Antiproteinase activity of antithrombin III was determined by progressive inactivation of thrombin coagulant and amidolytic activity. Heparin cofactor activity was demonstrated by immediate inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III in the presence of minute quantities of heparin. It also could be demonstrated that thrombin inactivation by antithrombin III occurs by formation of a bimolecular complex whose rate of formation is markedly enhanced by minute quantities of heparin.", "contents": "Purification and properties of guinea pig antithrombin III. Guinea pig antithrombin III has been purified from plasma by sequential heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, DE-52 cellulose chromatography, isoelectric focussing, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The final product was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. Purification was 202-fold with a yield of 41%. Antiproteinase activity of antithrombin III was determined by progressive inactivation of thrombin coagulant and amidolytic activity. Heparin cofactor activity was demonstrated by immediate inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III in the presence of minute quantities of heparin. It also could be demonstrated that thrombin inactivation by antithrombin III occurs by formation of a bimolecular complex whose rate of formation is markedly enhanced by minute quantities of heparin.", "PMID": 504072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6156", "title": "The synthesis of 125I-2-iodohistamine for radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Recently radioactively labeled iodohistamines have been claimed to have superior shelf-life to the iodophenols more commonly used in radioimmunoassay of small molecules. This claim is based largely on theoretical considerations; no systematic study has appeared. We found that iodination of histamine on a macroscale proceeds rapidly at pH 7-8.4 to yield principally 2-iodohistamine. With a large excess of iodine, substantial diiodination can be achieved. In 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution, triiodination produces 1,2,5-triiodohistamine; the N-I bond, however, is somewhat labile. 125I-2,5-Diiodohistamine is also somewhat unstable, having a first order decomposition rate of 1.6 X 10(-3) day-1 (t1/2, 182 days), while 125I-2-iodohistamine shows a barely perceptible change in 60 days (7.5 X 10(-5) day-1). The assignment of the first iodine introduced to C-2 is based on a comparison of the NMR spectra of monoiodohistamine and histamine. Iodination with carrier-free iodine-125 using the Hunter-Greenwood procedure (chloramine-T) produces a 76% yield of mono- and a 19% yield of diiodo product which are easily isolable by a single TLC using silica gel in the solvent system, ethanol:ethyl ether:water, 5:5:2.", "contents": "The synthesis of 125I-2-iodohistamine for radioimmunoassay. Recently radioactively labeled iodohistamines have been claimed to have superior shelf-life to the iodophenols more commonly used in radioimmunoassay of small molecules. This claim is based largely on theoretical considerations; no systematic study has appeared. We found that iodination of histamine on a macroscale proceeds rapidly at pH 7-8.4 to yield principally 2-iodohistamine. With a large excess of iodine, substantial diiodination can be achieved. In 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution, triiodination produces 1,2,5-triiodohistamine; the N-I bond, however, is somewhat labile. 125I-2,5-Diiodohistamine is also somewhat unstable, having a first order decomposition rate of 1.6 X 10(-3) day-1 (t1/2, 182 days), while 125I-2-iodohistamine shows a barely perceptible change in 60 days (7.5 X 10(-5) day-1). The assignment of the first iodine introduced to C-2 is based on a comparison of the NMR spectra of monoiodohistamine and histamine. Iodination with carrier-free iodine-125 using the Hunter-Greenwood procedure (chloramine-T) produces a 76% yield of mono- and a 19% yield of diiodo product which are easily isolable by a single TLC using silica gel in the solvent system, ethanol:ethyl ether:water, 5:5:2.", "PMID": 504073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6157", "title": "Zone precipitation chromatography: its use in the isolation of different collagen types.", "content": "Zone Precipitation Chromatography is a useful technique for the initial isolation of the different collagen types in their native configuration. Small quantities of collagen mixtures can be rapidly separated into different collagen types with a relatively high degree of purity, based upon stained protein patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) slab gels. In the commonly used bulk salt preparative method for isolating the different collagens, 50 mg of starting material was needed. Three days were required to complete the procedure. The stained protein patterns on SDS-PAGE slab gels showed about 25% contamination with the bulk purified Type III fraction and 20% contamination with the bulk purified type AB collagen. With Zone Precipitation Chromatography 5 mg of starting material was used and in less than 4 hours the mixture was separated with Types III and AB fractions showing less than 10% contamination from other collagen types. The technique is patterned after the Zone Precipitation method reported by Porath seventeen years ago and utilizes a step-wise sodium chloride gradient to precipitate and redissolve the collagens, eluting from the interbead spaces of a molecular sieve column.", "contents": "Zone precipitation chromatography: its use in the isolation of different collagen types. Zone Precipitation Chromatography is a useful technique for the initial isolation of the different collagen types in their native configuration. Small quantities of collagen mixtures can be rapidly separated into different collagen types with a relatively high degree of purity, based upon stained protein patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) slab gels. In the commonly used bulk salt preparative method for isolating the different collagens, 50 mg of starting material was needed. Three days were required to complete the procedure. The stained protein patterns on SDS-PAGE slab gels showed about 25% contamination with the bulk purified Type III fraction and 20% contamination with the bulk purified type AB collagen. With Zone Precipitation Chromatography 5 mg of starting material was used and in less than 4 hours the mixture was separated with Types III and AB fractions showing less than 10% contamination from other collagen types. The technique is patterned after the Zone Precipitation method reported by Porath seventeen years ago and utilizes a step-wise sodium chloride gradient to precipitate and redissolve the collagens, eluting from the interbead spaces of a molecular sieve column.", "PMID": 504074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6158", "title": "An insert for the reorienting gradient rotor for virus extraction from infected plants.", "content": "A device made of nylon and which is inserted in the bowl of the reorienting gradient rotor is described. This insert acts as a container for holding infected plant tissues for the purpose of separating virus by centrifugal force from intact and fresh plants, from frozen and thawed plants and from plant tissue disintegrated by mechanical means. The extracted fluid represents 80 to 90% of that present in the untreated plant tissue. Electron micrographs taken of concentrates of the viruses prepared by the centrifugation extraction procedure indicate that extraneous materials are reduced to a low level.", "contents": "An insert for the reorienting gradient rotor for virus extraction from infected plants. A device made of nylon and which is inserted in the bowl of the reorienting gradient rotor is described. This insert acts as a container for holding infected plant tissues for the purpose of separating virus by centrifugal force from intact and fresh plants, from frozen and thawed plants and from plant tissue disintegrated by mechanical means. The extracted fluid represents 80 to 90% of that present in the untreated plant tissue. Electron micrographs taken of concentrates of the viruses prepared by the centrifugation extraction procedure indicate that extraneous materials are reduced to a low level.", "PMID": 504075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6159", "title": "Limulus amebocyte lysate - a means to monitor inactivation of lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "A properly selected Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) has been demonstrated to have a good correlation with the in vivo United States Pharmacopeial pyrogen test when testing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inactivated with ethylene oxide, 60 Co irradiation, and dry-heat treatments. Thus, LAL may be used to determine degradation or depyrogenation kinetics of LPS. A criteria for acceptance of an LAL lot for correlation with the USP pyrogen test is described.", "contents": "Limulus amebocyte lysate - a means to monitor inactivation of lipopolysaccharide. A properly selected Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) has been demonstrated to have a good correlation with the in vivo United States Pharmacopeial pyrogen test when testing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inactivated with ethylene oxide, 60 Co irradiation, and dry-heat treatments. Thus, LAL may be used to determine degradation or depyrogenation kinetics of LPS. A criteria for acceptance of an LAL lot for correlation with the USP pyrogen test is described.", "PMID": 504267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6160", "title": "Initiation of maternal behavior in the rat: possible involvement of limbic norepinephrine.", "content": "The dorsal norepinephrine (NE) fiber system was manipulated in pregnant female rats. Brainstem lesions of the dorsal bundle, depleting NE in cortex and hippocampus, resulted in deficits in maternal-behavior onset in primiparous rats. Similarly, fornix-bundle transections, depleting only hippocampal NE, were associated with an absence of pup care. Hypothalamic NE levels, as well as dopamine and serotonin concentrations in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, were not significantly affected by these manipulations. The data are discussed in terms of behavioral specificity, possible hormonal involvement and interactions with diencephalic mechanisms controlling the onset of maternal behavior in the female rat.", "contents": "Initiation of maternal behavior in the rat: possible involvement of limbic norepinephrine. The dorsal norepinephrine (NE) fiber system was manipulated in pregnant female rats. Brainstem lesions of the dorsal bundle, depleting NE in cortex and hippocampus, resulted in deficits in maternal-behavior onset in primiparous rats. Similarly, fornix-bundle transections, depleting only hippocampal NE, were associated with an absence of pup care. Hypothalamic NE levels, as well as dopamine and serotonin concentrations in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, were not significantly affected by these manipulations. The data are discussed in terms of behavioral specificity, possible hormonal involvement and interactions with diencephalic mechanisms controlling the onset of maternal behavior in the female rat.", "PMID": 504291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6161", "title": "Morphine reduces social cohesion in rats.", "content": "The effect of low (1 mg/kg) doses of morphine on maintenance of physical proximity were evaluated in paired rats observed in a 4 square foot test arena. Morphine reliably reduced proximity maintenance time, and this was apparently not due to sedation, since the effect was unmodified by doses of amphetamine which substantially increased motor activity. The effects of naloxone were inconsistent on this measure of social motivation. In general, the results are consistent with the theoretical proposition that a brain neurochemical change which might lead to social attraction is the activation of endogenous opioid systems. When opiate activity is exogenously sustained, animals exhibit a subnormal tendency to be gregarious.", "contents": "Morphine reduces social cohesion in rats. The effect of low (1 mg/kg) doses of morphine on maintenance of physical proximity were evaluated in paired rats observed in a 4 square foot test arena. Morphine reliably reduced proximity maintenance time, and this was apparently not due to sedation, since the effect was unmodified by doses of amphetamine which substantially increased motor activity. The effects of naloxone were inconsistent on this measure of social motivation. In general, the results are consistent with the theoretical proposition that a brain neurochemical change which might lead to social attraction is the activation of endogenous opioid systems. When opiate activity is exogenously sustained, animals exhibit a subnormal tendency to be gregarious.", "PMID": 504292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6162", "title": "The effect of phenobarbital dose upon a variety of drinking related response measures.", "content": "Amount of water ingested, total laps, duration of drinking, amount per lap, laps per minute, and running velocity were investigated as a function of phenobarbital dosage (0 to 60 mg/kg). Twenty-three and a half (23 1/2) hour water deprived females rats served in the experiment. Amount of water ingested, total laps, and duration of drinking all responded similarly to phenobarbital all rose and subsequently fell as a function of phenobarbital dose on the day of drug treatment, rose as a linear function of dose a day later, and had no significant relation with dose 2 days after drug administration. These measures significantly intercorrelate with each other on the day of drug treatment and the day thereafter though not 2 days thereafter. Running velocity largely declines as a function of drug dosage on the day of treatment but is unaffected by the drug thereafter. The other measures show no definite trend. However these measures, running velocity and amount/lap and laps/minute, intercorrelate significantly with each other on the day of treatment and not thereafter. The first group of response measures and the latter group do not consistently correlate with each other. It was concluded that there are two identifiable classes of variables: one motor, which is largely a decremental function of dose, the other uncharacterized, initially rising, then falling as a function of phenobarbital dose on the day of drug treatment.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbital dose upon a variety of drinking related response measures. Amount of water ingested, total laps, duration of drinking, amount per lap, laps per minute, and running velocity were investigated as a function of phenobarbital dosage (0 to 60 mg/kg). Twenty-three and a half (23 1/2) hour water deprived females rats served in the experiment. Amount of water ingested, total laps, and duration of drinking all responded similarly to phenobarbital all rose and subsequently fell as a function of phenobarbital dose on the day of drug treatment, rose as a linear function of dose a day later, and had no significant relation with dose 2 days after drug administration. These measures significantly intercorrelate with each other on the day of drug treatment and the day thereafter though not 2 days thereafter. Running velocity largely declines as a function of drug dosage on the day of treatment but is unaffected by the drug thereafter. The other measures show no definite trend. However these measures, running velocity and amount/lap and laps/minute, intercorrelate significantly with each other on the day of treatment and not thereafter. The first group of response measures and the latter group do not consistently correlate with each other. It was concluded that there are two identifiable classes of variables: one motor, which is largely a decremental function of dose, the other uncharacterized, initially rising, then falling as a function of phenobarbital dose on the day of drug treatment.", "PMID": 504293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6163", "title": "The effects of fenfluramine on schedule-induced drinking in rats.", "content": "The lever pressing of rats was maintained by a fixed-interval 60 sec schedule of food reinforcement. Water bottles were available during sessions and high levels of schedule-induced drinking developed. Both fenfluramine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) produced dose related decreases in this drinking with d-amphetamine approximately four times as potent as fenfluramine. d-Amphetamine produced large increases in overall rates of lever pressing and greatly decreased the duration of postreinforcement pauses. Fenfluramine exerted similar actions but at all doses studied these effects were much less than the effects of d-amphetamine on these measures.", "contents": "The effects of fenfluramine on schedule-induced drinking in rats. The lever pressing of rats was maintained by a fixed-interval 60 sec schedule of food reinforcement. Water bottles were available during sessions and high levels of schedule-induced drinking developed. Both fenfluramine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) produced dose related decreases in this drinking with d-amphetamine approximately four times as potent as fenfluramine. d-Amphetamine produced large increases in overall rates of lever pressing and greatly decreased the duration of postreinforcement pauses. Fenfluramine exerted similar actions but at all doses studied these effects were much less than the effects of d-amphetamine on these measures.", "PMID": 504294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6164", "title": "Stimulus-response relationships in a quickly learned escape from shock: effects of morphine.", "content": "The relationship between stimulus intensity and analgesic effectiveness of morphine was investigated by means of an operant technique. Various doses of morphine were tested in rats trained to press a bar to escape from shocks of varying intensity. Under control conditions a good linear relationship between the log of the stimulus intensity and the log of the speed to press the lever was found. Morphine showed inhibitory effects upon this escape behavior, which were greater at any given dose with greater intensity of the shock. These effects were dose related, that is, the slopes of the shock-response lines decreased by increasing the dose. The data obtained do not appear to be a consequence of a general depressant effect of the drug upon behavior and are in line with several experimental observations showing that in animals, as well as in humans, the magnitude of the analgesic effect of morphine tends to increase as pain severity increases.", "contents": "Stimulus-response relationships in a quickly learned escape from shock: effects of morphine. The relationship between stimulus intensity and analgesic effectiveness of morphine was investigated by means of an operant technique. Various doses of morphine were tested in rats trained to press a bar to escape from shocks of varying intensity. Under control conditions a good linear relationship between the log of the stimulus intensity and the log of the speed to press the lever was found. Morphine showed inhibitory effects upon this escape behavior, which were greater at any given dose with greater intensity of the shock. These effects were dose related, that is, the slopes of the shock-response lines decreased by increasing the dose. The data obtained do not appear to be a consequence of a general depressant effect of the drug upon behavior and are in line with several experimental observations showing that in animals, as well as in humans, the magnitude of the analgesic effect of morphine tends to increase as pain severity increases.", "PMID": 504295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6165", "title": "Effects of sodium pentabarbital on matching behavior in the pigeon.", "content": "Nine pigeons in a matching-to-sample task with 5 alternative stimuli were exposed to 4 dose levels of sodium pentobarbital. Each drug session alternated with a control session, and 6 determinations were made at each dose level. Dose-response curves were obtained, and drug effects are described for position-specific and stimulus-specific behaviors. These results suggest that the drug effect is to weaken control by the sample stimulus and shift control to properties of the comparison stimuli.", "contents": "Effects of sodium pentabarbital on matching behavior in the pigeon. Nine pigeons in a matching-to-sample task with 5 alternative stimuli were exposed to 4 dose levels of sodium pentobarbital. Each drug session alternated with a control session, and 6 determinations were made at each dose level. Dose-response curves were obtained, and drug effects are described for position-specific and stimulus-specific behaviors. These results suggest that the drug effect is to weaken control by the sample stimulus and shift control to properties of the comparison stimuli.", "PMID": 504296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6166", "title": "Differential experience following developmental lead exposure: effects on brain and behavior.", "content": "Long Evans hooded rat pups were exposed to lead (Pb) via the maternal milk supply from Postnatal Day 1 (PN 1) to PN 25. Mothers were fed diets containing either 4% Pb CO3 (High Pb), 0.4% Pb CO3 (Low Pb) or 2.2% Na2 CO3 (Controls) throughout this period. Pups were weaned at PN 30 and littermates randomly assigned to either an Enriched or Isolated environment for a period of 30 days. Increases in activity levels and decreases in passive avoidance latencies were observed in Pb exposed animals. However, there were minimal effects due to Pb on symmetrical maze performance. Experience in the enriched environment had no effect on open field activity levels but resulted in a marked reduction in symmetrical maze errors. While enrichment had no effect on passive avoidance performance in High Pb animals, it was capable of raising latencies in Low Pb animals to Control values. Thus, the therapeutic value of environmental enrichment in Pb exposed animals depends on both the task employed and the severity of the pre-enrichment brain damage. From both brain regional analysis and behavioral testing results, it appeared that the hippocampus was a major site of Pb action. From comparison of blood Pb levels of our animals and those reported in children, it became apparent that the rat may have a greater tolerance for Pb, and as such, caution must be used in making direct comparisons between the two species in terms of blood Pb levels.", "contents": "Differential experience following developmental lead exposure: effects on brain and behavior. Long Evans hooded rat pups were exposed to lead (Pb) via the maternal milk supply from Postnatal Day 1 (PN 1) to PN 25. Mothers were fed diets containing either 4% Pb CO3 (High Pb), 0.4% Pb CO3 (Low Pb) or 2.2% Na2 CO3 (Controls) throughout this period. Pups were weaned at PN 30 and littermates randomly assigned to either an Enriched or Isolated environment for a period of 30 days. Increases in activity levels and decreases in passive avoidance latencies were observed in Pb exposed animals. However, there were minimal effects due to Pb on symmetrical maze performance. Experience in the enriched environment had no effect on open field activity levels but resulted in a marked reduction in symmetrical maze errors. While enrichment had no effect on passive avoidance performance in High Pb animals, it was capable of raising latencies in Low Pb animals to Control values. Thus, the therapeutic value of environmental enrichment in Pb exposed animals depends on both the task employed and the severity of the pre-enrichment brain damage. From both brain regional analysis and behavioral testing results, it appeared that the hippocampus was a major site of Pb action. From comparison of blood Pb levels of our animals and those reported in children, it became apparent that the rat may have a greater tolerance for Pb, and as such, caution must be used in making direct comparisons between the two species in terms of blood Pb levels.", "PMID": 504297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6167", "title": "Simultaneous assay for L-tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, norepinephrine and dopamine in brain.", "content": "A routine simultaneous assay for the title compounds is described, which uses a cation-exchange resin for separations, and standard fluorometric methods for analyses. Practicability of the ion-exchange chromatography is enhanced by means of a novel apparatus, and the procedure has the flexibility to permit extension to other endogenous compounds using published techniques.", "contents": "Simultaneous assay for L-tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, norepinephrine and dopamine in brain. A routine simultaneous assay for the title compounds is described, which uses a cation-exchange resin for separations, and standard fluorometric methods for analyses. Practicability of the ion-exchange chromatography is enhanced by means of a novel apparatus, and the procedure has the flexibility to permit extension to other endogenous compounds using published techniques.", "PMID": 504298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6168", "title": "Naloxone antagonism of electrical stimulation induced tail erection in mice.", "content": "Tail erection was induced by focal electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray through chronically implanted electrodes in mice. The response was current intensity dependent. Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg IP), a specific narcotic antagonist, abolished tail erection produced by low electrical current. In contrast, the tail response elicited by higher current was only partially blocked by naloxone. The results suggest that electrical stimulation induces tail erection by releasing an endogenous opioid peptide from the mesencephalic central gray.", "contents": "Naloxone antagonism of electrical stimulation induced tail erection in mice. Tail erection was induced by focal electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray through chronically implanted electrodes in mice. The response was current intensity dependent. Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg IP), a specific narcotic antagonist, abolished tail erection produced by low electrical current. In contrast, the tail response elicited by higher current was only partially blocked by naloxone. The results suggest that electrical stimulation induces tail erection by releasing an endogenous opioid peptide from the mesencephalic central gray.", "PMID": 504301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6169", "title": "A rapid and inexpensive technique for assessing the reinforcing effects of opiate drugs.", "content": "Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in an apparatus consisting of 2 distinctive interconnected chambers. Choice preferences developed and stabilized over three 30 min exposures. Central injection of morphine or an enkephalin analogue in conjunction with placement upon the nonpreferred side caused a preference shift which was not evident in control subjects. Classical conditioning of opiate effects to distinctive environments may offer a novel means of assessing the hedonic effects of these compounds.", "contents": "A rapid and inexpensive technique for assessing the reinforcing effects of opiate drugs. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in an apparatus consisting of 2 distinctive interconnected chambers. Choice preferences developed and stabilized over three 30 min exposures. Central injection of morphine or an enkephalin analogue in conjunction with placement upon the nonpreferred side caused a preference shift which was not evident in control subjects. Classical conditioning of opiate effects to distinctive environments may offer a novel means of assessing the hedonic effects of these compounds.", "PMID": 504302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6170", "title": "Perinatal naloxone: when does naloxone affect hyperalgesia?", "content": "Pregnant mice were treated with naloxone via subcutaneous implants, from about 5 days prior to parturition. At birth entire litters were cross-fostered so that groups of offspring were exposed to naloxone treated mothers; before birth, after birth to weaning, from about 5 days prior to birth to weaning, or not exposed to naloxone. When tested on a hot-plate at 50 days of age, females either prenatally treated or treated pre- and postnatally showed hyperalgesia to heat. For males, this effect was not evident. This sex difference may have been induced by the cross-fostering procedure.", "contents": "Perinatal naloxone: when does naloxone affect hyperalgesia? Pregnant mice were treated with naloxone via subcutaneous implants, from about 5 days prior to parturition. At birth entire litters were cross-fostered so that groups of offspring were exposed to naloxone treated mothers; before birth, after birth to weaning, from about 5 days prior to birth to weaning, or not exposed to naloxone. When tested on a hot-plate at 50 days of age, females either prenatally treated or treated pre- and postnatally showed hyperalgesia to heat. For males, this effect was not evident. This sex difference may have been induced by the cross-fostering procedure.", "PMID": 504303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6171", "title": "Effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine upon operant response measures in rats.", "content": "Rats responded under a FR20 schedule of water reinforcement by paw-pressing a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Two seven-animal groups differed in terms of the force requirement for reinforcer delivery, i.e., a low-force condition (4-g requirement for reinforcer delivery) or a high-force condition (32-g requirement for reinforcer delivery). Oral dose ranges of chlorpromazine (1.0, 3.0, 9.0 mg/kg) and clozapine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) were evaluated for their effects on intensitive measures of response (i.e., peak force and duration), in addition to the conventional rate measure. Peak force, duration, and rate of response were recorded with a laboratory computer system. Conjoint examination of these three dependent variables revealed that clozapine, a new anti-psychotic agent which produces virtially no extrapyramidal side effects in man, affected FR responding in the same way as did chlorpromazine. More specifically, response rate and peak force declined as a function of dose for each drug. Duration of response tended to be increased at the highest dose for both clozapine and chlorpromazine, but this effect was limited primarily to the high-force condition.", "contents": "Effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine upon operant response measures in rats. Rats responded under a FR20 schedule of water reinforcement by paw-pressing a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Two seven-animal groups differed in terms of the force requirement for reinforcer delivery, i.e., a low-force condition (4-g requirement for reinforcer delivery) or a high-force condition (32-g requirement for reinforcer delivery). Oral dose ranges of chlorpromazine (1.0, 3.0, 9.0 mg/kg) and clozapine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) were evaluated for their effects on intensitive measures of response (i.e., peak force and duration), in addition to the conventional rate measure. Peak force, duration, and rate of response were recorded with a laboratory computer system. Conjoint examination of these three dependent variables revealed that clozapine, a new anti-psychotic agent which produces virtially no extrapyramidal side effects in man, affected FR responding in the same way as did chlorpromazine. More specifically, response rate and peak force declined as a function of dose for each drug. Duration of response tended to be increased at the highest dose for both clozapine and chlorpromazine, but this effect was limited primarily to the high-force condition.", "PMID": 504304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6172", "title": "Dopamine and macromolecule synthesis in rat hippocampus.", "content": "In hippocampus slices both dopamine and apomorphine lead to an increased incorporation of (3H)-fucose into total proteins, whereas the incorporation of (14C)-leucine was unchanged or decreased, respectively. Noradrenaline did not alter the incorporation of both precursors, whereas haloperidol partially reduced the dopamine induced increase in incorporation of fucose. Thus, an induction process of the observed macromolecular changes involving dopaminoceptive structures of hippocampus can be assumed.", "contents": "Dopamine and macromolecule synthesis in rat hippocampus. In hippocampus slices both dopamine and apomorphine lead to an increased incorporation of (3H)-fucose into total proteins, whereas the incorporation of (14C)-leucine was unchanged or decreased, respectively. Noradrenaline did not alter the incorporation of both precursors, whereas haloperidol partially reduced the dopamine induced increase in incorporation of fucose. Thus, an induction process of the observed macromolecular changes involving dopaminoceptive structures of hippocampus can be assumed.", "PMID": 504305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6173", "title": "Effects of a novel experience on rat brain chromatin.", "content": "In this study adult Fischer, inbred rats experienced (1) training to avoid footshock (2) unavoidable footshock or (3) no training or footshock. Each animal was sacrificed at one of several time points (1-60 hours) following experience. Brain chromatin was extracted and used as template for RNA synthesis in vitro. Both groups which received the novel experience demonstrated greater template activity than the unshocked, untrained groups. This effect was brief. The two groups which received the experience did not differ from each other. These results suggest that a brief, novel experience can temporarily alter the transcriptional activity of brain chromatin.", "contents": "Effects of a novel experience on rat brain chromatin. In this study adult Fischer, inbred rats experienced (1) training to avoid footshock (2) unavoidable footshock or (3) no training or footshock. Each animal was sacrificed at one of several time points (1-60 hours) following experience. Brain chromatin was extracted and used as template for RNA synthesis in vitro. Both groups which received the novel experience demonstrated greater template activity than the unshocked, untrained groups. This effect was brief. The two groups which received the experience did not differ from each other. These results suggest that a brief, novel experience can temporarily alter the transcriptional activity of brain chromatin.", "PMID": 504306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6174", "title": "Effects of gamma-acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA on metrazol-activated, and kindled seizures.", "content": "Pretreatment of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a single dose of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) (1200 mg/kg, IP) or gamma-acetylenic GABA (GAG) (100 mg/kg, IP) did not affect the threshold of metrazol-activated generalized seizures, but increased their duration to the point of status epilepticus. In rats with epilepsy kindled by amygdaloid stimulation, a single dose of GVG (800 mg/kg, IP) and five subsequent daily administrations of GAG (80 mg/kg, IP) tended to reduce the motor manifestations of seizures leaving unaffected their electrographic pattern. The effects of GVG and GAG are attributed in part to decreased arousal. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of gamma-acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA on metrazol-activated, and kindled seizures. Pretreatment of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a single dose of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) (1200 mg/kg, IP) or gamma-acetylenic GABA (GAG) (100 mg/kg, IP) did not affect the threshold of metrazol-activated generalized seizures, but increased their duration to the point of status epilepticus. In rats with epilepsy kindled by amygdaloid stimulation, a single dose of GVG (800 mg/kg, IP) and five subsequent daily administrations of GAG (80 mg/kg, IP) tended to reduce the motor manifestations of seizures leaving unaffected their electrographic pattern. The effects of GVG and GAG are attributed in part to decreased arousal. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 504307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6175", "title": "Facilitation of self-stimulation behavior following intracerebral microinjections of opioids into the ventral tegmental area.", "content": "The intracerebral microinjection technique was used to localize sites in the brain where morphine facilitated the self-stimulation rate at hypothalamic electrode sites. Bilateral injections of morphine (2 x 1 microgram) into the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra produced the strongest enhancement at the shortest latencies. At these sites, bilateral injections of 200 ng of morphine also produced a significant enhancement whereas a dose of 50 ng was below threshold for the rate increasing effect. The enhancement by morphine was effectively antagonized by naloxone (5 mg/kg). When injected bilaterally into the same area, D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (2 x 1 microgram) also induced a strong enhancement of self-stimulation lasting for 70 minutes. A possible dopaminergic substrate for the opiate induced behavioral stimulation is discussed.", "contents": "Facilitation of self-stimulation behavior following intracerebral microinjections of opioids into the ventral tegmental area. The intracerebral microinjection technique was used to localize sites in the brain where morphine facilitated the self-stimulation rate at hypothalamic electrode sites. Bilateral injections of morphine (2 x 1 microgram) into the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra produced the strongest enhancement at the shortest latencies. At these sites, bilateral injections of 200 ng of morphine also produced a significant enhancement whereas a dose of 50 ng was below threshold for the rate increasing effect. The enhancement by morphine was effectively antagonized by naloxone (5 mg/kg). When injected bilaterally into the same area, D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (2 x 1 microgram) also induced a strong enhancement of self-stimulation lasting for 70 minutes. A possible dopaminergic substrate for the opiate induced behavioral stimulation is discussed.", "PMID": 504308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6176", "title": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose analgesia: influences of opiate and non-opiate factors.", "content": "Acute administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an antimetabolic glucose analogue induces a powerful analgesia which adapts following repeated administration. 2-DG analgesia displays significant cross-tolerance with morphine, and like morphine analgesia, is potentiated in hypophysectomized rats. The present study examined further the role of opiates in 2-DG analgesia by examining whether the opiate antagonist, naloxone, would affect 2-DG analgesia, and whether ineffective doses of 2-DG and morphine would interact in a synergistic fashion to induce analgesia. Nociceptive thresholds were measured by the flinch-jump test. Naloxone doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg were all ineffective in reducing significantly 2-DG (600 mg/kg) induced pain threshold elevations. Naloxone failed to attenuate 2-DG (350 mg/kg) analgesia whether administered before or after the 2-DG injection. On the other hand, simultaneous administration of sub-analgesic doses of 2-DG (200 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 mg/kg) summated to produce significant analgesia. This, 2-DG analgesia is similar to opiates in its tolerant and summative actions, yet dissimilar in that naloxone is ineffective in reversing its effects.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose analgesia: influences of opiate and non-opiate factors. Acute administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an antimetabolic glucose analogue induces a powerful analgesia which adapts following repeated administration. 2-DG analgesia displays significant cross-tolerance with morphine, and like morphine analgesia, is potentiated in hypophysectomized rats. The present study examined further the role of opiates in 2-DG analgesia by examining whether the opiate antagonist, naloxone, would affect 2-DG analgesia, and whether ineffective doses of 2-DG and morphine would interact in a synergistic fashion to induce analgesia. Nociceptive thresholds were measured by the flinch-jump test. Naloxone doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg were all ineffective in reducing significantly 2-DG (600 mg/kg) induced pain threshold elevations. Naloxone failed to attenuate 2-DG (350 mg/kg) analgesia whether administered before or after the 2-DG injection. On the other hand, simultaneous administration of sub-analgesic doses of 2-DG (200 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 mg/kg) summated to produce significant analgesia. This, 2-DG analgesia is similar to opiates in its tolerant and summative actions, yet dissimilar in that naloxone is ineffective in reversing its effects.", "PMID": 504309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6177", "title": "Differential effects of hypophysectomy upon analgesia induced by two glucoprivic stressors and morphine.", "content": "Pain threshold elevations induced in rats following acute exposure to stressful cold-water swims and to inescapable foot shocks are significantly attenuated by hypophysectomy. The present study investigated the effects of hypophysectomy upon the dose-dependent and time-dependent analgesia induced by morphine and by the glucoprivic agents, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and insulin. Two reflex pain tests, the tail-pinch and the flinch-jump were employed. In normal rats, insulin induced prolonged (180 min) analgesia at doses of 16 U/kg on the tail-pinch test and 256 U/kg on the flinch-jump test. However, the same agents induced small and brief pain threshold elevations in hypophysectomized animals. By contrast, though 2-DG increased both measures in both groups, its effects were more marked in hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomized rats also exhibited a potentiated analgesic effect on both tests following high doses of morphine. On the other hand, low doses of morphine transiently increased tail-pinch thresholds in normal, but not hypophysectomized subjects. These data provide further evidence of multiple pain-inhibitory mechanisms in which the pituitary plays a complex, but integral part.", "contents": "Differential effects of hypophysectomy upon analgesia induced by two glucoprivic stressors and morphine. Pain threshold elevations induced in rats following acute exposure to stressful cold-water swims and to inescapable foot shocks are significantly attenuated by hypophysectomy. The present study investigated the effects of hypophysectomy upon the dose-dependent and time-dependent analgesia induced by morphine and by the glucoprivic agents, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and insulin. Two reflex pain tests, the tail-pinch and the flinch-jump were employed. In normal rats, insulin induced prolonged (180 min) analgesia at doses of 16 U/kg on the tail-pinch test and 256 U/kg on the flinch-jump test. However, the same agents induced small and brief pain threshold elevations in hypophysectomized animals. By contrast, though 2-DG increased both measures in both groups, its effects were more marked in hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomized rats also exhibited a potentiated analgesic effect on both tests following high doses of morphine. On the other hand, low doses of morphine transiently increased tail-pinch thresholds in normal, but not hypophysectomized subjects. These data provide further evidence of multiple pain-inhibitory mechanisms in which the pituitary plays a complex, but integral part.", "PMID": 504310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6178", "title": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-hydroxydopa on development of behavior.", "content": "Rats treated at birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (60 microgram/g, IP) or 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA X2) (60 microgram/g, IP at birth and 48 hr later) exhibited increases in general activity throughout the initial 5 weeks after birth, with peak activity occurring around 20 days postnatally. Activity changes in the 6-OHDOPAx2 group appeared to be due to increased exploratory behavior (ambulation, climbing, rearing, sniffing), while the 6-OHDA changes appeared to be due to the increased self-directed behavior (eating, grooming, scratching). Despite these behavioral differences there was no obvious difference between treated groups in norepinephrine (NE) levels in the various brain regions, i.e., all treatments resulted in a reduction in neocortical and hippocampal NE and an elevation in cerebellar NE. These findings suggest that noradrenergic neurons may be altered to different degrees by each agent in more discrete brain regions than were tested, or that other neurotransmitter systems may be more selectively altered by either of the drug treatments. Because striatal dopamine was unaltered in any of the groups, however, there is reason to question a previously suggested link between minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) and dopamine depletion in the neonatal brain.", "contents": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-hydroxydopa on development of behavior. Rats treated at birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (60 microgram/g, IP) or 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA X2) (60 microgram/g, IP at birth and 48 hr later) exhibited increases in general activity throughout the initial 5 weeks after birth, with peak activity occurring around 20 days postnatally. Activity changes in the 6-OHDOPAx2 group appeared to be due to increased exploratory behavior (ambulation, climbing, rearing, sniffing), while the 6-OHDA changes appeared to be due to the increased self-directed behavior (eating, grooming, scratching). Despite these behavioral differences there was no obvious difference between treated groups in norepinephrine (NE) levels in the various brain regions, i.e., all treatments resulted in a reduction in neocortical and hippocampal NE and an elevation in cerebellar NE. These findings suggest that noradrenergic neurons may be altered to different degrees by each agent in more discrete brain regions than were tested, or that other neurotransmitter systems may be more selectively altered by either of the drug treatments. Because striatal dopamine was unaltered in any of the groups, however, there is reason to question a previously suggested link between minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) and dopamine depletion in the neonatal brain.", "PMID": 504311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6179", "title": "Hypnotic effect of tryptophan analog in rats.", "content": "The effects of DL 2-amino-3-(1-naphthyl) propanoic acid, a tryptophan analog, on sleep and brain chemistry were investigated in rats. Similar to previous findings with tryptophan, the tryptophan analog (30 mg/kg, IP) reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) latency. The reduction in SWS latency occurred at a time when 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration was reduced in the cortex, pons-medulla and striatum-thalamus with no change in the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a major metabolite of 5-HT. At the same time, norepinephrine concentration was reduced in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum-thalamus with a marked reduction (40%) in cortical dopamine (DA). The reduction of cortical DA coincided with a 53% decrease in homovanillic acid, a major metabolite of DA. The behavioral effect of tryptophan analog for six hours, as monitored by the EEG, was an increase in SWS by 25 min and a decrease in waking by 29 min. These data suggest that the effects of the tryptophan analog on sleep may be due to the attenuation of the activity of brain catecholamines and imply that tryptophan may as well produce its hypnotic effect via a similar mechanism.", "contents": "Hypnotic effect of tryptophan analog in rats. The effects of DL 2-amino-3-(1-naphthyl) propanoic acid, a tryptophan analog, on sleep and brain chemistry were investigated in rats. Similar to previous findings with tryptophan, the tryptophan analog (30 mg/kg, IP) reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) latency. The reduction in SWS latency occurred at a time when 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration was reduced in the cortex, pons-medulla and striatum-thalamus with no change in the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a major metabolite of 5-HT. At the same time, norepinephrine concentration was reduced in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum-thalamus with a marked reduction (40%) in cortical dopamine (DA). The reduction of cortical DA coincided with a 53% decrease in homovanillic acid, a major metabolite of DA. The behavioral effect of tryptophan analog for six hours, as monitored by the EEG, was an increase in SWS by 25 min and a decrease in waking by 29 min. These data suggest that the effects of the tryptophan analog on sleep may be due to the attenuation of the activity of brain catecholamines and imply that tryptophan may as well produce its hypnotic effect via a similar mechanism.", "PMID": 504312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6180", "title": "Coeliactomy: differential toxiphobia conditioning with apomorphine and copper sulfate.", "content": "Thirsty coeliac ganglionectomized and sham operated rats consumed more of a novel fluid after a series of presentations, each followed by saline injection, than when apomorphine was injected or copper sulfate intragastrically intubated. Sham rats drank significantly more of this novel solution than ganglionectomized rats following treatments with a very low dose of the peripherally-acting emetic copper sulfate that locally irritates the gastric mucosa. However, sham and ganglionectomized rats drank comparable amounts of the novel fluid following treatments with saline and the two groups drank comparable amounts following treatments with the centrally-acting emetic apomorphine. The results suggest that coeliac ganglionectomy eliminates some, but not all, of the afferent nerves transmitting information concerning visceral toxicosis (produced with intragastric copper sulfate) to the brain.", "contents": "Coeliactomy: differential toxiphobia conditioning with apomorphine and copper sulfate. Thirsty coeliac ganglionectomized and sham operated rats consumed more of a novel fluid after a series of presentations, each followed by saline injection, than when apomorphine was injected or copper sulfate intragastrically intubated. Sham rats drank significantly more of this novel solution than ganglionectomized rats following treatments with a very low dose of the peripherally-acting emetic copper sulfate that locally irritates the gastric mucosa. However, sham and ganglionectomized rats drank comparable amounts of the novel fluid following treatments with saline and the two groups drank comparable amounts following treatments with the centrally-acting emetic apomorphine. The results suggest that coeliac ganglionectomy eliminates some, but not all, of the afferent nerves transmitting information concerning visceral toxicosis (produced with intragastric copper sulfate) to the brain.", "PMID": 504313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6181", "title": "Similar effects of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and a sympathomimetic amine on memory formation.", "content": "Amnesia resulting from inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis by cycloheximide can be prevented by subcutaneous injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (25 mg/kg) or the sympathomimetic amine metaraminol (3.0 mg/kg) administered up to 30 min following learning of a single trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens. The injection has to be made during the life time of labile memory for the prevention of cycloheximide-induced amnesia. On the other hand, amnesia induced by the Na/K ATP'ase inhibitor ouabain can only be prevented if these two agents are administered up to 5 min after learning, i.e. during the life time of short-term memory. In addition, both agents produce a retrieval deficit 90 min after the injection, but only when memory is in long-term storage. These results are compared to those obtained with administration of norepinephrine, d-amphetamine and diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Similar effects of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and a sympathomimetic amine on memory formation. Amnesia resulting from inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis by cycloheximide can be prevented by subcutaneous injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (25 mg/kg) or the sympathomimetic amine metaraminol (3.0 mg/kg) administered up to 30 min following learning of a single trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens. The injection has to be made during the life time of labile memory for the prevention of cycloheximide-induced amnesia. On the other hand, amnesia induced by the Na/K ATP'ase inhibitor ouabain can only be prevented if these two agents are administered up to 5 min after learning, i.e. during the life time of short-term memory. In addition, both agents produce a retrieval deficit 90 min after the injection, but only when memory is in long-term storage. These results are compared to those obtained with administration of norepinephrine, d-amphetamine and diphenylhydantoin.", "PMID": 504314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6182", "title": "Effects of caffeine on FT-1 min schedule induced drinking at different body weights.", "content": "The effects of caffeine (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg/kg) on lever pressing, schedule induced licking, and water consumption induced by a fixed time 1 min schedule of food reinforcement were studied. Changes in these dependent variables were assessed when animals were reduced to 80% of their initial body weight by partial food deprivation and when body weight recovered after the animals were returned to conditions of ad lib feeding. Results indicate similar decreases in licking and drinking at the highest doses of caffeine under both feeding and body weight conditions. The results were compared to previous research which evaluated the effects of caffeine on adjunctive behavior.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on FT-1 min schedule induced drinking at different body weights. The effects of caffeine (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg/kg) on lever pressing, schedule induced licking, and water consumption induced by a fixed time 1 min schedule of food reinforcement were studied. Changes in these dependent variables were assessed when animals were reduced to 80% of their initial body weight by partial food deprivation and when body weight recovered after the animals were returned to conditions of ad lib feeding. Results indicate similar decreases in licking and drinking at the highest doses of caffeine under both feeding and body weight conditions. The results were compared to previous research which evaluated the effects of caffeine on adjunctive behavior.", "PMID": 504315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6183", "title": "Micro-sample gas-chromatographic technique for the analysis of barbiturates.", "content": "A procedure for determining barbiturate levels in micro-samples is described. The method takes advantage of a newly available, sensitive nitrogen-phosphorus detector thereby permitting a simplified analytic procedure.", "contents": "Micro-sample gas-chromatographic technique for the analysis of barbiturates. A procedure for determining barbiturate levels in micro-samples is described. The method takes advantage of a newly available, sensitive nitrogen-phosphorus detector thereby permitting a simplified analytic procedure.", "PMID": 504316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6184", "title": "Serum phenobarbital and barbital concentrations in rats on a limited food regimen.", "content": "Serum barbiturate levels were tracked for several hours in food deprived rats given 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg (SC) of either phenobarbital or barbital. All 3 phenobarbital doses produced peak serum drug levels at 1.5 hr postinjection. Serum barbital concentrations peaked 3 hr after both 60 and 80 mg/kg barbital doses while the 40 mg/kg dose produced a stable low drug level throughout the 4 postinjection hours. For both barbiturates administered, 40 mg/kg doses produced lower serum drug levels than either 60 or 80 mg/kg. The differences in serum drug concentrations between the latter two dose levels were inconsistent over time.", "contents": "Serum phenobarbital and barbital concentrations in rats on a limited food regimen. Serum barbiturate levels were tracked for several hours in food deprived rats given 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg (SC) of either phenobarbital or barbital. All 3 phenobarbital doses produced peak serum drug levels at 1.5 hr postinjection. Serum barbital concentrations peaked 3 hr after both 60 and 80 mg/kg barbital doses while the 40 mg/kg dose produced a stable low drug level throughout the 4 postinjection hours. For both barbiturates administered, 40 mg/kg doses produced lower serum drug levels than either 60 or 80 mg/kg. The differences in serum drug concentrations between the latter two dose levels were inconsistent over time.", "PMID": 504317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6185", "title": "Attenuation of saccharin neophobia by melatonin.", "content": "Administration of Melatonin has been reported to decrease emotionality in the rat as indexed by the defecation response. The present experiment was designed to examine whether Melatonin would attenuate the neophobic response to a novel solution. It was found that Melatonin significantly increased the rat's consumption of a novel saccharin solution suggesting that the emotionality/arousal produced by the intake of this solution was attenuated.", "contents": "Attenuation of saccharin neophobia by melatonin. Administration of Melatonin has been reported to decrease emotionality in the rat as indexed by the defecation response. The present experiment was designed to examine whether Melatonin would attenuate the neophobic response to a novel solution. It was found that Melatonin significantly increased the rat's consumption of a novel saccharin solution suggesting that the emotionality/arousal produced by the intake of this solution was attenuated.", "PMID": 504318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6186", "title": "Serotonergic modulation of yawning.", "content": "Yawning induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of physostigmine (0.15 mgKg-1), in infant or adult rats is potentiated by Lu 10-171 (0.5-10 mgKg-1), a selective serotonin uptake inhibiting drug, which, by itself does not induce yawning. This effect is counteracted by metergoline (5-10 mgKg-1, IP) which blocks serotonin postsynaptic receptors. It is suggested that serotonin may exert a positivie modulating effect on yawning.", "contents": "Serotonergic modulation of yawning. Yawning induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of physostigmine (0.15 mgKg-1), in infant or adult rats is potentiated by Lu 10-171 (0.5-10 mgKg-1), a selective serotonin uptake inhibiting drug, which, by itself does not induce yawning. This effect is counteracted by metergoline (5-10 mgKg-1, IP) which blocks serotonin postsynaptic receptors. It is suggested that serotonin may exert a positivie modulating effect on yawning.", "PMID": 504319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6187", "title": "[Cancerostatically active 6,6a,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepine diastereoisomers (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of many psychotropic drugs on the adenylate cyclase system and its role in the regulation of tumour cell division justify the expectance that potentially psychotropic 1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives (3a,b and 6a,b) will also exert a cancerostatic effect. The synthesis of 6,6a,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepines (4a and b) and their separation into the antileukaemic (L 1210) cis-forms and the inefficacious trans-forms are described. The cis-form 5a, unlike the trans-form 6a, stimulated the adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "[Cancerostatically active 6,6a,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepine diastereoisomers (author's transl)]. The action of many psychotropic drugs on the adenylate cyclase system and its role in the regulation of tumour cell division justify the expectance that potentially psychotropic 1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives (3a,b and 6a,b) will also exert a cancerostatic effect. The synthesis of 6,6a,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-1-benzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,5-benzodiazepines (4a and b) and their separation into the antileukaemic (L 1210) cis-forms and the inefficacious trans-forms are described. The cis-form 5a, unlike the trans-form 6a, stimulated the adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 504329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6188", "title": "A study of the in vitro diffusion kinetics of acetylsalicylic acid using the Sartorius absorption simulator.", "content": "A unidirectional transport condition is often assumed when studying the in vitro diffusion of drugs. The present work describes a kinetic model that can be applied to beyond the first diffusion period. Acetylsalicylic acid was chosen as a model substance and its in vitro diffusion was studied using the Sartorius absorption simulator. The results of the two kinetic models (unidirectional and bidirectional) were in good agreement with each other. The curvature of the corrected substance concentration in the artificial plasma versus time plot can be used as a warning signal to detect passage beyond the first diffusion period.", "contents": "A study of the in vitro diffusion kinetics of acetylsalicylic acid using the Sartorius absorption simulator. A unidirectional transport condition is often assumed when studying the in vitro diffusion of drugs. The present work describes a kinetic model that can be applied to beyond the first diffusion period. Acetylsalicylic acid was chosen as a model substance and its in vitro diffusion was studied using the Sartorius absorption simulator. The results of the two kinetic models (unidirectional and bidirectional) were in good agreement with each other. The curvature of the corrected substance concentration in the artificial plasma versus time plot can be used as a warning signal to detect passage beyond the first diffusion period.", "PMID": 504330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6189", "title": "[The dynamics of drug release from suppositories. Part 2: Phenylpyrazolone derivatives in animal experimentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the in vivo absorption of aminophenazone and aminoantipyrine from suppositories produced by means of, respectively, hydrophilic vehicles (PEG 1000, PEG 1500, PEG 2800, PEG 4000, PEG 5000) and lipophil vehicles (Witepsol H 15 and cocoa butter). It was found that the above-mentioned drugs were absorbed more rapidly from the suppositories with a hydrophilic vehicle than from those with a lipophil vehicle. The absorption time decreased with the increase in molecular mass of the polyethylene glycols used. The absorption times of the two drugs from suppositories with cocoa butter and Witepsol H 15 were relatively short. A correlation has been established between in vitro release and in vivo absorption.", "contents": "[The dynamics of drug release from suppositories. Part 2: Phenylpyrazolone derivatives in animal experimentation (author's transl)]. The authors studied the in vivo absorption of aminophenazone and aminoantipyrine from suppositories produced by means of, respectively, hydrophilic vehicles (PEG 1000, PEG 1500, PEG 2800, PEG 4000, PEG 5000) and lipophil vehicles (Witepsol H 15 and cocoa butter). It was found that the above-mentioned drugs were absorbed more rapidly from the suppositories with a hydrophilic vehicle than from those with a lipophil vehicle. The absorption time decreased with the increase in molecular mass of the polyethylene glycols used. The absorption times of the two drugs from suppositories with cocoa butter and Witepsol H 15 were relatively short. A correlation has been established between in vitro release and in vivo absorption.", "PMID": 504331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6190", "title": "Conditioned-reflex learning of normal juvenile and adult rats exposed to action of substance P and of an SP analogue.", "content": "The actions of both Substance P, a potential neurotransmitter or modulator and of a shortened analogue on learning and memorizing processes are reported in this paper. Sixty male rats, aged 22, 14, and 10 weeks, were exposed to Substance P (Arg-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) and to a shortened hexapeptide analogue (Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-MetNH2), doses being 250 microgram/kg and 500 microgram/kg, to test their action upon learning and memorizing processes, such as acquisition, retention, and ecphoration, by means of a conditioned-reflex locomotor defense method. Response time of all three age groups as well their retention and ecphoration were normal under the impact of hexapeptide. The effects of Substance P were decline of retention in juvenile animals (10 weeks of age) and coupling between the processes of central-nervous afference synthesis, on the one hand, and the efference integral related to motoricity, on the other, in both juvenile and adult animals. A retention test was conducted and showed that discontinuation of application of either peptide over 4 d was followed by complete inhibition of ecphoration. Learning and memorising processes were restorable by reapplication of the peptides. These findings were defined as \"state-dependent learning\". Only slight variation under the impact of both Substance P and the analogue was recordable by non-invasive measurement of systolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Conditioned-reflex learning of normal juvenile and adult rats exposed to action of substance P and of an SP analogue. The actions of both Substance P, a potential neurotransmitter or modulator and of a shortened analogue on learning and memorizing processes are reported in this paper. Sixty male rats, aged 22, 14, and 10 weeks, were exposed to Substance P (Arg-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) and to a shortened hexapeptide analogue (Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-MetNH2), doses being 250 microgram/kg and 500 microgram/kg, to test their action upon learning and memorizing processes, such as acquisition, retention, and ecphoration, by means of a conditioned-reflex locomotor defense method. Response time of all three age groups as well their retention and ecphoration were normal under the impact of hexapeptide. The effects of Substance P were decline of retention in juvenile animals (10 weeks of age) and coupling between the processes of central-nervous afference synthesis, on the one hand, and the efference integral related to motoricity, on the other, in both juvenile and adult animals. A retention test was conducted and showed that discontinuation of application of either peptide over 4 d was followed by complete inhibition of ecphoration. Learning and memorising processes were restorable by reapplication of the peptides. These findings were defined as \"state-dependent learning\". Only slight variation under the impact of both Substance P and the analogue was recordable by non-invasive measurement of systolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 504332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6191", "title": "[The antibacterial activity of some substituted cysteine sulphonamides and peptides containing cysteine sulphonamide].", "content": "The authors investigated the antibacterial activity of some cysteine sulphonamides substituted in the sulphonamide group as well as that of some peptides containing cysteine sulphonamide. They found that the antibacterial activity of these compounds was in part considerably stronger than that of cysteine sulphonamide.", "contents": "[The antibacterial activity of some substituted cysteine sulphonamides and peptides containing cysteine sulphonamide]. The authors investigated the antibacterial activity of some cysteine sulphonamides substituted in the sulphonamide group as well as that of some peptides containing cysteine sulphonamide. They found that the antibacterial activity of these compounds was in part considerably stronger than that of cysteine sulphonamide.", "PMID": 504333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6192", "title": "Effect of moderate exercise on urinary MHPG in depressed patients.", "content": "This study attempted to clarify sources of artefact in biochemical studies with affective disorders in which 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol (MHPG) is used as a measurement of change in central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) turnover. Substantial increases in urinary MHPG excretion occurred in ten of the 11 patients when they increased their level of physical activity (0.5 +/- .14 mg/12 hrs versus 1.54 +/- .49 mg/12 hrs). Increases were also observed in NE (19.2 +/- 5.1 microgram/12 hrs versus 25.2 +/- 3.7 microgram/12 hrs). In four patients in whom cerebrospinal fluid MHPG levels were obtained a consistent increase of MHPG levels was observed during the activity period. Elevation of these metabolites were not correlated with changes in depression as reflected by psychiatric observation and rating scales. These data reveal a considerable amount of lability in urinary and CSF MHPG levels in the face of an unchanging affective state. They ask for careful controls for activity and stress in psychiatric patients when urinary MHPG is used as an index of central NE turnover.", "contents": "Effect of moderate exercise on urinary MHPG in depressed patients. This study attempted to clarify sources of artefact in biochemical studies with affective disorders in which 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol (MHPG) is used as a measurement of change in central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) turnover. Substantial increases in urinary MHPG excretion occurred in ten of the 11 patients when they increased their level of physical activity (0.5 +/- .14 mg/12 hrs versus 1.54 +/- .49 mg/12 hrs). Increases were also observed in NE (19.2 +/- 5.1 microgram/12 hrs versus 25.2 +/- 3.7 microgram/12 hrs). In four patients in whom cerebrospinal fluid MHPG levels were obtained a consistent increase of MHPG levels was observed during the activity period. Elevation of these metabolites were not correlated with changes in depression as reflected by psychiatric observation and rating scales. These data reveal a considerable amount of lability in urinary and CSF MHPG levels in the face of an unchanging affective state. They ask for careful controls for activity and stress in psychiatric patients when urinary MHPG is used as an index of central NE turnover.", "PMID": 504341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6193", "title": "[A comparative study of the longacting neuroleptics perphenazin-enanthate and fluspirilene (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical profile and side-effects of perphenazin-enanthate and fluspirilene were compared in 45 female chronic schizophrenic patients. 100 mg perphenazin-enanthate fortnightly or 8 mg fluspirilene weekly were administered. During the four months' period the psychopathological and somatic symptoms were evaluated by means of the AMP-system and the self-evaluation scale PD-S (v. Zerssen). A covariance analysis was carried out covering 12 AMP syndromes and 6 PD-S factors. The antipsychotic effect of both drugs was similar concerning the paranoid, the hallucinatory-desintegrative and the catatonic syndromes. A significant difference with regard to perphenazin-enanthate was found in the AMP-syndromes of hostility, hypochondria, and autonomic symptoms. Neither drug induced any depression. In the self-rating scale, the factors anxiousness and depressivity were also significantly lower in the perphenazin-enanthate regime. The patients under perphenazin-enanthate required a smaller amount of antiparkinsonian drugs. The more pronounced sedative effect of perphenazin-enanthate can be recommended in hostile and restless schizophrenic patients, whereas fluspirilene should be given to inactive autistic patients.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the longacting neuroleptics perphenazin-enanthate and fluspirilene (author's transl)]. The clinical profile and side-effects of perphenazin-enanthate and fluspirilene were compared in 45 female chronic schizophrenic patients. 100 mg perphenazin-enanthate fortnightly or 8 mg fluspirilene weekly were administered. During the four months' period the psychopathological and somatic symptoms were evaluated by means of the AMP-system and the self-evaluation scale PD-S (v. Zerssen). A covariance analysis was carried out covering 12 AMP syndromes and 6 PD-S factors. The antipsychotic effect of both drugs was similar concerning the paranoid, the hallucinatory-desintegrative and the catatonic syndromes. A significant difference with regard to perphenazin-enanthate was found in the AMP-syndromes of hostility, hypochondria, and autonomic symptoms. Neither drug induced any depression. In the self-rating scale, the factors anxiousness and depressivity were also significantly lower in the perphenazin-enanthate regime. The patients under perphenazin-enanthate required a smaller amount of antiparkinsonian drugs. The more pronounced sedative effect of perphenazin-enanthate can be recommended in hostile and restless schizophrenic patients, whereas fluspirilene should be given to inactive autistic patients.", "PMID": 504342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6194", "title": "[Comparative investigation of action and side effects in intravenous, intramuscular and oral application of fluphenazine dihydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients suffering from acute schizophrenia are subjected to treatment according to different therapy standards, depending on the individual hospital. Hence, the present study aimed at a comparative investigation of the effects and side effects of fluphenazine dihydrochloride administered to 51 acutely diseased schizophrenics via the intravenous, intramuscular and oral routes. It was also interesting to record the assessment of efficacy, painfulness and, as the case may be, repeated selection of the form of application concerned, by the patients themselves. Finally, we also investigated the relations between the age of the patients, duration of previous hospitalisation, and the effects achieved with the three application forms. Documentation was effected via the following examination instruments described and recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), USA; CGI, BPRS, Dotes, APDI and PTR.", "contents": "[Comparative investigation of action and side effects in intravenous, intramuscular and oral application of fluphenazine dihydrochloride (author's transl)]. Patients suffering from acute schizophrenia are subjected to treatment according to different therapy standards, depending on the individual hospital. Hence, the present study aimed at a comparative investigation of the effects and side effects of fluphenazine dihydrochloride administered to 51 acutely diseased schizophrenics via the intravenous, intramuscular and oral routes. It was also interesting to record the assessment of efficacy, painfulness and, as the case may be, repeated selection of the form of application concerned, by the patients themselves. Finally, we also investigated the relations between the age of the patients, duration of previous hospitalisation, and the effects achieved with the three application forms. Documentation was effected via the following examination instruments described and recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), USA; CGI, BPRS, Dotes, APDI and PTR.", "PMID": 504343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6195", "title": "[Comparison of psychiatrist's rating and self rating of schizoprenic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "40 acute schizophrenic in-patients were examined using a rating scale (AMP-system) and a self-report questionnaire (APZ) immediately after their admission and on average 7 weeks later. The aim of the study was to clarify the usefulness of self-report questionnaires in schizophrenic patients. There were four groups of subjects: 1. Patients, who filled in the questionnaire immediately after admission, 2. patients, who did not at this phase of their illness, 3. patients, who filled in the form 7 weeks later during remission and 4. patients, who did not. The main questions were: --Are their any differences in the psychopathology between testable and untestable patients immediately after admission resp. during remission 7 weeks later? --How do the psychiatrist's ratings and the self-ratings correlate in different phases of the illness? If was found that the degree of psychopathology correlated negatively in the acute state with the capacity to perform a self-rating. Seven weeks later during remission this correlation could not be found anymore. Motivational variables of staff and patients in influencing the testability are mentioned. It is also shown that there are selfreports and rating-scales. The correlations are different during the two phases of the illness.", "contents": "[Comparison of psychiatrist's rating and self rating of schizoprenic patients (author's transl)]. 40 acute schizophrenic in-patients were examined using a rating scale (AMP-system) and a self-report questionnaire (APZ) immediately after their admission and on average 7 weeks later. The aim of the study was to clarify the usefulness of self-report questionnaires in schizophrenic patients. There were four groups of subjects: 1. Patients, who filled in the questionnaire immediately after admission, 2. patients, who did not at this phase of their illness, 3. patients, who filled in the form 7 weeks later during remission and 4. patients, who did not. The main questions were: --Are their any differences in the psychopathology between testable and untestable patients immediately after admission resp. during remission 7 weeks later? --How do the psychiatrist's ratings and the self-ratings correlate in different phases of the illness? If was found that the degree of psychopathology correlated negatively in the acute state with the capacity to perform a self-rating. Seven weeks later during remission this correlation could not be found anymore. Motivational variables of staff and patients in influencing the testability are mentioned. It is also shown that there are selfreports and rating-scales. The correlations are different during the two phases of the illness.", "PMID": 504344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6196", "title": "[Treatment of acute schizophrenic stupor: the effect of biperiden (author's transl)].", "content": "The study reports about the intravenous application of Biperiden at patients with acute hypokinetic reaction suffering from schizophrenia of the paranoid-hallucinatory type. In all of the six cases examined a fast abolition of the stupor could be observed. The pathophysiological mechanisms deriving from our clinical experiences are discussed. Furthermore, a therapeutic procedure is suggested to treat acute schizophrenic stupor merely with drugs.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute schizophrenic stupor: the effect of biperiden (author's transl)]. The study reports about the intravenous application of Biperiden at patients with acute hypokinetic reaction suffering from schizophrenia of the paranoid-hallucinatory type. In all of the six cases examined a fast abolition of the stupor could be observed. The pathophysiological mechanisms deriving from our clinical experiences are discussed. Furthermore, a therapeutic procedure is suggested to treat acute schizophrenic stupor merely with drugs.", "PMID": 504345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6197", "title": "Effects of lithium on vigilance, psychomotoric performance and mood.", "content": "It can be expected that investigations on the effect of lithium on the \"normal\" human mind may elucidate the influence of lithium on experience and behaviour during the \"free interval\" of manic-depressive patients. In a placebo-controlled double-blind trial 24 normal healthy volunteers were given lithium sulphate (24--36 mval/die) or placebo over a period of two weeks. The subjects were tested after one and two weeks drug intake using the following tests: quantitative pharmaco-EEG, psychological performance, and mood scales. In comparison to placebo lithium shows decreased flicker fusion threshold, and mood change towards depression (Bf-S). In the resting EEG a decrease of relative slow alpha (7.5--9.0 cps)--and an increase of relative fast beta (20.0--30.0, and 30.0--48.0 cps)--power was observed. The results suggest that lithium leads to decreased vigilance and reduced spontaneous activity.", "contents": "Effects of lithium on vigilance, psychomotoric performance and mood. It can be expected that investigations on the effect of lithium on the \"normal\" human mind may elucidate the influence of lithium on experience and behaviour during the \"free interval\" of manic-depressive patients. In a placebo-controlled double-blind trial 24 normal healthy volunteers were given lithium sulphate (24--36 mval/die) or placebo over a period of two weeks. The subjects were tested after one and two weeks drug intake using the following tests: quantitative pharmaco-EEG, psychological performance, and mood scales. In comparison to placebo lithium shows decreased flicker fusion threshold, and mood change towards depression (Bf-S). In the resting EEG a decrease of relative slow alpha (7.5--9.0 cps)--and an increase of relative fast beta (20.0--30.0, and 30.0--48.0 cps)--power was observed. The results suggest that lithium leads to decreased vigilance and reduced spontaneous activity.", "PMID": 504346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6198", "title": "Rheological properties of skin components under compressive load.", "content": "Characterization was made of the mechanical properties under compression of four major skin components (collagen, elastin, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) placed in a gel matrix. Using the previous theoretical work of Bert et al., thickness under compression was related to degree of hydration and the results expressed in terms of pressure vs. hydration. All measurements were conducted at 14 degrees C, 21 degrees C, and 25 degrees C. Application of the findings to a model based on the finite deformation strain-energy theory of Aubert indicate that collagen, elastin, and chondroitin sulfate show a viscoelastic response under compression. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid and gelatin exhibit rubber-like behavior.", "contents": "Rheological properties of skin components under compressive load. Characterization was made of the mechanical properties under compression of four major skin components (collagen, elastin, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) placed in a gel matrix. Using the previous theoretical work of Bert et al., thickness under compression was related to degree of hydration and the results expressed in terms of pressure vs. hydration. All measurements were conducted at 14 degrees C, 21 degrees C, and 25 degrees C. Application of the findings to a model based on the finite deformation strain-energy theory of Aubert indicate that collagen, elastin, and chondroitin sulfate show a viscoelastic response under compression. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid and gelatin exhibit rubber-like behavior.", "PMID": 504361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6199", "title": "Dose dependence of PGBX, a polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1, for normalization of hereditary diabetes of the mouse.", "content": "A polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1, PGBX, which reactivates phosphorylation in damaged mitochondria, is shown to normalize the high blood glucose, obesity, and excessive appetite of the hereditary diabetic mouse. The degree of normalization is shown to vary with dosage.", "contents": "Dose dependence of PGBX, a polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1, for normalization of hereditary diabetes of the mouse. A polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1, PGBX, which reactivates phosphorylation in damaged mitochondria, is shown to normalize the high blood glucose, obesity, and excessive appetite of the hereditary diabetic mouse. The degree of normalization is shown to vary with dosage.", "PMID": 504362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6200", "title": "Swimbladder membrane protein of an abyssal fish, Coryphaenoides acrolepis.", "content": "Protein components of the membranous foamy tissue collected from the swimbladder of Coryphaenoides acrolepis, a continental slope/deep sea grenadier fish, were partially fractionated and characterized by procedures used successfully for erythrocyte membrane proteins. Methods involving pH and ionic strength adjustment in the presence of EDTA and beta-mercaptoethanol resulted in some protein fractionation but no distinct separation or isolation of membrane proteins. Gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 2B in the presence of dodecyl sulfate partially fractionated protein species between 18,000 and 150,000 molecular weight (as confirmed by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Low molecular weight proteins were resolvable into a few diffuse and streaky bands by dodecyl sulfate and chloral hydrate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the former giving superior reso-ution. A major fraction of large molecular weight protein (greater than or equal to 40 X 10(6)) was not resolved by any method. A possible explanation for these unusual findings is that decompression due to rapid ascent of the fish from deep ocean caused irreversible alteration of swimbladder membrane proteins.", "contents": "Swimbladder membrane protein of an abyssal fish, Coryphaenoides acrolepis. Protein components of the membranous foamy tissue collected from the swimbladder of Coryphaenoides acrolepis, a continental slope/deep sea grenadier fish, were partially fractionated and characterized by procedures used successfully for erythrocyte membrane proteins. Methods involving pH and ionic strength adjustment in the presence of EDTA and beta-mercaptoethanol resulted in some protein fractionation but no distinct separation or isolation of membrane proteins. Gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 2B in the presence of dodecyl sulfate partially fractionated protein species between 18,000 and 150,000 molecular weight (as confirmed by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Low molecular weight proteins were resolvable into a few diffuse and streaky bands by dodecyl sulfate and chloral hydrate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the former giving superior reso-ution. A major fraction of large molecular weight protein (greater than or equal to 40 X 10(6)) was not resolved by any method. A possible explanation for these unusual findings is that decompression due to rapid ascent of the fish from deep ocean caused irreversible alteration of swimbladder membrane proteins.", "PMID": 504363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6201", "title": "Translation of glutamate dehydrogenase mRNA in a reticulocyte cell-free system.", "content": "Messenger RNA template activity for glutamate dehydrogenase was detected in poly(A)-rich RNA extracted from rat liver polysomes. Enzyme synthesized in cell-free reticulocyte system was detected by measuring enzyme activity in the translation incubation mixture using dual wavelength spectrophotometric technique. The translation product was also identified by a partial purification of the labeled synthesized enzyme and by coelectrophoresis with the carrier enzyme preparation from mitochondrial matrix.", "contents": "Translation of glutamate dehydrogenase mRNA in a reticulocyte cell-free system. Messenger RNA template activity for glutamate dehydrogenase was detected in poly(A)-rich RNA extracted from rat liver polysomes. Enzyme synthesized in cell-free reticulocyte system was detected by measuring enzyme activity in the translation incubation mixture using dual wavelength spectrophotometric technique. The translation product was also identified by a partial purification of the labeled synthesized enzyme and by coelectrophoresis with the carrier enzyme preparation from mitochondrial matrix.", "PMID": 504364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6202", "title": "Membrane potential and active transport--an information theory approach.", "content": "A membrane potential stabilizing mechanism is proposed. Permeability is portrayed as controlled by a potential sensor. The active transport system is suggested to be a Maxwell demon able to recognize different ions, and modulate their passage into and out of the cell, without apparent reliance on energy. The idea that information is equivalent to entropy is used to resolve that paradox and construct a model of the active transport system. The non-steady ionic state of muscle cell is deduced; that ionic concentration may determine the condition of muscle is also suggested.", "contents": "Membrane potential and active transport--an information theory approach. A membrane potential stabilizing mechanism is proposed. Permeability is portrayed as controlled by a potential sensor. The active transport system is suggested to be a Maxwell demon able to recognize different ions, and modulate their passage into and out of the cell, without apparent reliance on energy. The idea that information is equivalent to entropy is used to resolve that paradox and construct a model of the active transport system. The non-steady ionic state of muscle cell is deduced; that ionic concentration may determine the condition of muscle is also suggested.", "PMID": 504365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6203", "title": "Lymphocyte culture supernatants prevent sickling of red blood cells.", "content": "Metabisulphate-treated red blood cells from sickle-cell patients were protected from sickling by exposure to supernatants from cultures of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes. Such supernatants, when not thus stimulated, afforded no protection.", "contents": "Lymphocyte culture supernatants prevent sickling of red blood cells. Metabisulphate-treated red blood cells from sickle-cell patients were protected from sickling by exposure to supernatants from cultures of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes. Such supernatants, when not thus stimulated, afforded no protection.", "PMID": 504366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6204", "title": "Successful therapy of heart disease by high potassium together with low sodium in accord with predictions from the associated cation, structured water concept of the cell.", "content": "High potassium together with low sodium in diet and intravenous fluids has been observed clinically by Sodi-Pallares to have a beneficial effect on chronic heart failure and on acute myocardial infarction. Recent studies from the laboratory of Ling indicate that high potassium, low sodium environments can partially restore damaged cell proteins to their normal undamaged configuration. It follows that by this mechanism cell proteins damaged by the chronic or acute hypoxia of heart disease are probably partly repaired when high potassium, low sodium therapy is used.", "contents": "Successful therapy of heart disease by high potassium together with low sodium in accord with predictions from the associated cation, structured water concept of the cell. High potassium together with low sodium in diet and intravenous fluids has been observed clinically by Sodi-Pallares to have a beneficial effect on chronic heart failure and on acute myocardial infarction. Recent studies from the laboratory of Ling indicate that high potassium, low sodium environments can partially restore damaged cell proteins to their normal undamaged configuration. It follows that by this mechanism cell proteins damaged by the chronic or acute hypoxia of heart disease are probably partly repaired when high potassium, low sodium therapy is used.", "PMID": 504367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6205", "title": "Homotransplantation of limbs in rats. A preliminary report on an experimental study with nonspecific immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "We did 97 limb homografts among histoincompatible rats, Wistar and Fischer 344 pairs, and we concluded as follows. 1. Using microvascular anastomoses, rats are technically, immunologically, and economically superior to other animals for the study of limb homografts. 2. The homografted legs in animals without the use of any immunosuppressive agents were rejected by the 14th postoperative day (average, 12.5 days) among the Wistar and Fischer 344 pairs. The common features of limb rejection became clear, both macroscopically and histologically. 3. Rats immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisolone retained the homografted legs intact for 24, 21, and 17 days (when the recipient rat died). Other immunosuppressive drugs (6-MP, prednisolone) did not delay rejection.", "contents": "Homotransplantation of limbs in rats. A preliminary report on an experimental study with nonspecific immunosuppressive drugs. We did 97 limb homografts among histoincompatible rats, Wistar and Fischer 344 pairs, and we concluded as follows. 1. Using microvascular anastomoses, rats are technically, immunologically, and economically superior to other animals for the study of limb homografts. 2. The homografted legs in animals without the use of any immunosuppressive agents were rejected by the 14th postoperative day (average, 12.5 days) among the Wistar and Fischer 344 pairs. The common features of limb rejection became clear, both macroscopically and histologically. 3. Rats immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisolone retained the homografted legs intact for 24, 21, and 17 days (when the recipient rat died). Other immunosuppressive drugs (6-MP, prednisolone) did not delay rejection.", "PMID": 504483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6206", "title": "Use of thirty latissimus dorsi flaps.", "content": "Experiences with 30 latissimus dorsi flaps are described. Used either as a muscle flap, as a myocutaneous flap, or as an \"island\" of skin nourished by a subcutaneous pedicle of muscle and vessels, the flap has an excellent blood supply and is suitable for many repairs of defects of the chest wall.", "contents": "Use of thirty latissimus dorsi flaps. Experiences with 30 latissimus dorsi flaps are described. Used either as a muscle flap, as a myocutaneous flap, or as an \"island\" of skin nourished by a subcutaneous pedicle of muscle and vessels, the flap has an excellent blood supply and is suitable for many repairs of defects of the chest wall.", "PMID": 504487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6207", "title": "Successful correction of velopharyngeal stress incompetence in musicians playing wind instruments.", "content": "Two professional musicians who played wind instruments developed velopharyngeal stress incompetence which prevented them from generating the high intraoral pressures required to play their instruments. In both cases, we did a V-Y pushback with a superiorly-based pharyngeal flap. At 1 1/2 and two years postoperatively, both patients remain free of velopharyngeal incompetence and are actively engaged in their musical careers.", "contents": "Successful correction of velopharyngeal stress incompetence in musicians playing wind instruments. Two professional musicians who played wind instruments developed velopharyngeal stress incompetence which prevented them from generating the high intraoral pressures required to play their instruments. In both cases, we did a V-Y pushback with a superiorly-based pharyngeal flap. At 1 1/2 and two years postoperatively, both patients remain free of velopharyngeal incompetence and are actively engaged in their musical careers.", "PMID": 504488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6208", "title": "Thumb reconstruction in children through metacarpal lengthening.", "content": "In 7 children, aged 10 to 14 years, we did thumb reconstructions by a gradual lengthening of the first metacarpal. In all cases, spontaneous bone consolidation occurred between the distracted fragments. The average period of treatment was 4 months, and a mean metacarpal elongation of 88% was achieved. The quality of the skin sensitivity in the amputation stump was preserved after the lengthening.", "contents": "Thumb reconstruction in children through metacarpal lengthening. In 7 children, aged 10 to 14 years, we did thumb reconstructions by a gradual lengthening of the first metacarpal. In all cases, spontaneous bone consolidation occurred between the distracted fragments. The average period of treatment was 4 months, and a mean metacarpal elongation of 88% was achieved. The quality of the skin sensitivity in the amputation stump was preserved after the lengthening.", "PMID": 504489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6209", "title": "The differing effects of isoxsuprine on muscle flap and skin flap survival in the pig.", "content": "The pretreatment of pigs with isoxsuprine for two weeks resulted in a significant increase in the surviving length of sartorius muscle flaps when compared with untreated flaps on the same animal. However, there was no improvement in the surviving length of neurovascular island skin flaps when these animals were treated with isoxsuprine. The difference in these results is thought to be due to the action of isoxsuprine on the blood supply of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The differing effects of isoxsuprine on muscle flap and skin flap survival in the pig. The pretreatment of pigs with isoxsuprine for two weeks resulted in a significant increase in the surviving length of sartorius muscle flaps when compared with untreated flaps on the same animal. However, there was no improvement in the surviving length of neurovascular island skin flaps when these animals were treated with isoxsuprine. The difference in these results is thought to be due to the action of isoxsuprine on the blood supply of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 504490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6210", "title": "Late development of hematoma around a breast implant, necessitating removal.", "content": "We present a patient who bled into the pocket around a breast implant 2 1/2 years after an augmentation mammaplasty. She had received inflatible silicone prostheses, each containing 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide. Our belief is that this large dosage of corticosteroid was responsible for the late erosion of the medium-sized artery, which caused the hemorrhage. Exploration and evacuation of the hematoma was followed by an uneventful postoperative course.", "contents": "Late development of hematoma around a breast implant, necessitating removal. We present a patient who bled into the pocket around a breast implant 2 1/2 years after an augmentation mammaplasty. She had received inflatible silicone prostheses, each containing 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide. Our belief is that this large dosage of corticosteroid was responsible for the late erosion of the medium-sized artery, which caused the hemorrhage. Exploration and evacuation of the hematoma was followed by an uneventful postoperative course.", "PMID": 504495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6211", "title": "An interpersonal communication analysis of relationship in psychotherapy.", "content": "In psychotherapy theorty, research, and practice, relationship has remained a controversial and elusive construct. Psychoanalytic theorists highlight transference-countertransference factors as central theoretical and technical components, but have yet to translate these constructs into a scientifically useful format. Rogerian theorists have consistently specified the relationship factors of positive regard, empathy, and congruence as \"necessary and sufficient conditions\" for constructive personality change in therapy and have evolved operational anchorings (e.g. Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, and Truax, 1967). Behaviorists (e.g., Wilson and Evans, 1978) conceptualize relationship factors as nonspecific variables which are important in enhancing the social influence and eliciting power of the therapist as an agent of change, while considering most client emotional responses toward the therapist as random factors which are generally irrelevant to the therapeutic process. My purpose in this paper is to offer a conceptual and empirical analysis of relationship in human behavior and in psychotherapy from an interpersonal communication perspective.", "contents": "An interpersonal communication analysis of relationship in psychotherapy. In psychotherapy theorty, research, and practice, relationship has remained a controversial and elusive construct. Psychoanalytic theorists highlight transference-countertransference factors as central theoretical and technical components, but have yet to translate these constructs into a scientifically useful format. Rogerian theorists have consistently specified the relationship factors of positive regard, empathy, and congruence as \"necessary and sufficient conditions\" for constructive personality change in therapy and have evolved operational anchorings (e.g. Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, and Truax, 1967). Behaviorists (e.g., Wilson and Evans, 1978) conceptualize relationship factors as nonspecific variables which are important in enhancing the social influence and eliciting power of the therapist as an agent of change, while considering most client emotional responses toward the therapist as random factors which are generally irrelevant to the therapeutic process. My purpose in this paper is to offer a conceptual and empirical analysis of relationship in human behavior and in psychotherapy from an interpersonal communication perspective.", "PMID": 504511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6212", "title": "A cognitive investigation of schizophrenic delusions.", "content": "Delusions have traditionally been regarded as unmodifiable false beliefs. Both Freud (1911) and Jaspers (1968) argue that there is a unidirectional relationship between a delusional belief and consensually validatable realtiy: the delusion structures reality in accordance with the delusion's demand. In contrast, we postulate that there is a bidirectional interaction between the delusion and external events. We believe that external events might modify the rigid belief when there is a dramatic incongruity between specific beliefs and selected events. The following investigation was motivated by a desire to understand more clearly how some overtly delusional patients come to lose their delusions during the course of treatment for schizophrenia. Do delusions simply melt away under the influence of major tranquilizers, or does the delusional patient play some active part in assessing the validity of this belief?", "contents": "A cognitive investigation of schizophrenic delusions. Delusions have traditionally been regarded as unmodifiable false beliefs. Both Freud (1911) and Jaspers (1968) argue that there is a unidirectional relationship between a delusional belief and consensually validatable realtiy: the delusion structures reality in accordance with the delusion's demand. In contrast, we postulate that there is a bidirectional interaction between the delusion and external events. We believe that external events might modify the rigid belief when there is a dramatic incongruity between specific beliefs and selected events. The following investigation was motivated by a desire to understand more clearly how some overtly delusional patients come to lose their delusions during the course of treatment for schizophrenia. Do delusions simply melt away under the influence of major tranquilizers, or does the delusional patient play some active part in assessing the validity of this belief?", "PMID": 504512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6213", "title": "The consciously rejected child: legal and social issues.", "content": "With increasing frequency, we are observing the phenomenon of the parentally abandoned or rejected child. This can in large measure be attributed to several social/historical developments in American society (Crandall and Grossberg, 1978). Important factors contributing to the phenomenon include the much publicized \"breakdown\" of traditional family structures; increasing divorce rates; the urbanization of the American population, which creates a cloak of social anonymity; and the establishment of a state/federal welfare bureaucracy, which in part supplants the caretaking functions traditionally carried out by parents. Children who become the victims of parental abandonment find themselves in circumstances in which they come to the attention of an remain, at least for a time, the responsiblity of the legal system and the mental health professions. The interaction of these two institutions, with their overlapping obligations of responsibility toward protecting children, often creates its own problems. Problems arise in part from the somewhat different \"interests\" of children whom the legal and mental health professions seek to protect and in part from a lack of mutual understanding and knowledge concerning the respective goals, duties, and professional obligations of the two professions. By becoming familiar with the complexity of legal issues which surround the topic of intrafamily relationships in general and parental rights in particular, the psychiatric practitioner can anticipate certain problems which might occur during the course of treatment and can in some instances specify conditions or introduce safeguards in order to minimize the impact of legal intrusions upon the treatment program. The following discussion is designed to help the practitioner to achieve these goals.", "contents": "The consciously rejected child: legal and social issues. With increasing frequency, we are observing the phenomenon of the parentally abandoned or rejected child. This can in large measure be attributed to several social/historical developments in American society (Crandall and Grossberg, 1978). Important factors contributing to the phenomenon include the much publicized \"breakdown\" of traditional family structures; increasing divorce rates; the urbanization of the American population, which creates a cloak of social anonymity; and the establishment of a state/federal welfare bureaucracy, which in part supplants the caretaking functions traditionally carried out by parents. Children who become the victims of parental abandonment find themselves in circumstances in which they come to the attention of an remain, at least for a time, the responsiblity of the legal system and the mental health professions. The interaction of these two institutions, with their overlapping obligations of responsibility toward protecting children, often creates its own problems. Problems arise in part from the somewhat different \"interests\" of children whom the legal and mental health professions seek to protect and in part from a lack of mutual understanding and knowledge concerning the respective goals, duties, and professional obligations of the two professions. By becoming familiar with the complexity of legal issues which surround the topic of intrafamily relationships in general and parental rights in particular, the psychiatric practitioner can anticipate certain problems which might occur during the course of treatment and can in some instances specify conditions or introduce safeguards in order to minimize the impact of legal intrusions upon the treatment program. The following discussion is designed to help the practitioner to achieve these goals.", "PMID": 504513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6214", "title": "Pathological jealousy.", "content": "Five women with excessive and irrational jealousy of their spouses have long defied my therapeutic efforts and have prompted me to explore the sources and the ramifications of conjugal jealousy. This paper presents my experiences and the formulations that have emerged from them.", "contents": "Pathological jealousy. Five women with excessive and irrational jealousy of their spouses have long defied my therapeutic efforts and have prompted me to explore the sources and the ramifications of conjugal jealousy. This paper presents my experiences and the formulations that have emerged from them.", "PMID": 504514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6215", "title": "Becoming homosexual: a model of gay identity acquisition.", "content": "How do male homosexuals who choose homosexuality as a way of life recall having acquired their gay identities? This question provided the impetus for the descriptive study presented here. Rather than concerning itself with the etiology of homosexuality, this report-- a synthesis of and elaboration on recent investigations of homosexual and/or gay identity--concerns itself with documenting the ways in which a man learns that he is homosexual, how he realizes or decides that he is gay, and how he integrates this affectional and sexual preference into his identity or self-conception.", "contents": "Becoming homosexual: a model of gay identity acquisition. How do male homosexuals who choose homosexuality as a way of life recall having acquired their gay identities? This question provided the impetus for the descriptive study presented here. Rather than concerning itself with the etiology of homosexuality, this report-- a synthesis of and elaboration on recent investigations of homosexual and/or gay identity--concerns itself with documenting the ways in which a man learns that he is homosexual, how he realizes or decides that he is gay, and how he integrates this affectional and sexual preference into his identity or self-conception.", "PMID": 504515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6216", "title": "The menstrual cycle and habituation.", "content": "A group of women were studied over two consecutive menstrual cycles, at about one week intervals. Twenty-one of these women had spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles, 6 women had anovulatory cycles, and 7 were regular users of oral contraceptives. All cycles were converted to classic 28 day cycles. On each visit, a record was obtained of the subject's galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to 21 successive auditory stimuli. It was found that, during ovulatory cycles, a marked change in the rate of habituation of the GSR occurred around day 14 and day 28. During days 1--14 the mean habituation point (number of GSR responses to sound before 3 successive nonresponses) was 12.4 SE 1.6. This dropped to 6.8 SE 1.6 during days 15--28 (2-tailed t test, p less than 0.001). This change was not found for women on oral contraceptives, who showed consistent habituation rates throughout the cycle (mean habituation point 7.2 SE 1.1). The evidence also suggested that women with anovulatory cycles differed from those with ovulatory cycles in that they did not show a chnage in their habituation point around midcycle.", "contents": "The menstrual cycle and habituation. A group of women were studied over two consecutive menstrual cycles, at about one week intervals. Twenty-one of these women had spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles, 6 women had anovulatory cycles, and 7 were regular users of oral contraceptives. All cycles were converted to classic 28 day cycles. On each visit, a record was obtained of the subject's galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to 21 successive auditory stimuli. It was found that, during ovulatory cycles, a marked change in the rate of habituation of the GSR occurred around day 14 and day 28. During days 1--14 the mean habituation point (number of GSR responses to sound before 3 successive nonresponses) was 12.4 SE 1.6. This dropped to 6.8 SE 1.6 during days 15--28 (2-tailed t test, p less than 0.001). This change was not found for women on oral contraceptives, who showed consistent habituation rates throughout the cycle (mean habituation point 7.2 SE 1.1). The evidence also suggested that women with anovulatory cycles differed from those with ovulatory cycles in that they did not show a chnage in their habituation point around midcycle.", "PMID": 504539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6217", "title": "Predictability, attentional focus, sex role orientation, and menstrual-related stress.", "content": "Two separate studies assessed the influence on menstrual distress and related inhibition of such variables as predictability of onset, dispositional susceptibility to cultural expectations, and the attentional focus provided by labels. Greater predictability of onset was associated with more positive feedlings about menstruation in spite of more severe distress. More feminine subjects reported more severe distress, while masculinity was related inversely to inhibition. Subjects reported less distress when the symptoms to which they responded were labeled as related to menstruation. Similarly, subjects' ratings of their general health status were not related to menstrual distress scores if the symptoms were labeled menstrual. Findings are discussed with respect to greater integration of menstrual research into the literature on pain and stress generally.", "contents": "Predictability, attentional focus, sex role orientation, and menstrual-related stress. Two separate studies assessed the influence on menstrual distress and related inhibition of such variables as predictability of onset, dispositional susceptibility to cultural expectations, and the attentional focus provided by labels. Greater predictability of onset was associated with more positive feedlings about menstruation in spite of more severe distress. More feminine subjects reported more severe distress, while masculinity was related inversely to inhibition. Subjects reported less distress when the symptoms to which they responded were labeled as related to menstruation. Similarly, subjects' ratings of their general health status were not related to menstrual distress scores if the symptoms were labeled menstrual. Findings are discussed with respect to greater integration of menstrual research into the literature on pain and stress generally.", "PMID": 504540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6218", "title": "Clinical, genetic and DNA repair studies on a consecutive series of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "We report clinical, genetic and biochemical findings in 13 families with the photosensitive genodermatosis, xeroderma pigmentosum. All patients had a defect in repair of DNA damage provoked by ultraviolet radiation. Eleven patients and their three affected sibs were defective in the excision repair of UVR induced DNA lesions while the other two were defective in post-replication repair. One in the former group was diagnosed prior to the development of permanent skin abnormalities and preventive measures succeeded for almost five years in maintaining a normal appearing skin. In addition, two cases were diagnosed prenatally and aborted therapeutically. Some patients' parents showed slightly reduced repair of UVR induced DNA damage. In xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), the defect in the excision of DNA lesions appears to be due to homozygosity for one of at least seven different mutations and, accordingly, XP patients can be assigned to seven so-called complementation groups, A to G. Of these, groups A, C and D are the most common. Somatic cell fusion allowed three of the families reported here to be assigned to group A, four to group C and four to group D. Fibroblasts of patients from these three groups were shown to differ not only in the degree and kinetics of their residual DNA repair but also in the kinetics with which their defect is complemented by fusion with normal or XP cells of other groups. This confirms that mutations of different genes play a role in XP and provides a basis for understanding how such genes interact to secure repair of DNA lesions in normal cells. We discuss the phenotype of XP from different complementation groups in relation to the severe neurological abnormalities which may develop and must be considered in genetic counselling. We also discuss the biochemical anomalies of XP and the cellular effects of physical and chemical agents which damage DNA. In the practical management of XP, the importance of early differential diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is emphasized. Lastly we review the relationship between DNA repair and skin cancer in XP.", "contents": "Clinical, genetic and DNA repair studies on a consecutive series of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. We report clinical, genetic and biochemical findings in 13 families with the photosensitive genodermatosis, xeroderma pigmentosum. All patients had a defect in repair of DNA damage provoked by ultraviolet radiation. Eleven patients and their three affected sibs were defective in the excision repair of UVR induced DNA lesions while the other two were defective in post-replication repair. One in the former group was diagnosed prior to the development of permanent skin abnormalities and preventive measures succeeded for almost five years in maintaining a normal appearing skin. In addition, two cases were diagnosed prenatally and aborted therapeutically. Some patients' parents showed slightly reduced repair of UVR induced DNA damage. In xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), the defect in the excision of DNA lesions appears to be due to homozygosity for one of at least seven different mutations and, accordingly, XP patients can be assigned to seven so-called complementation groups, A to G. Of these, groups A, C and D are the most common. Somatic cell fusion allowed three of the families reported here to be assigned to group A, four to group C and four to group D. Fibroblasts of patients from these three groups were shown to differ not only in the degree and kinetics of their residual DNA repair but also in the kinetics with which their defect is complemented by fusion with normal or XP cells of other groups. This confirms that mutations of different genes play a role in XP and provides a basis for understanding how such genes interact to secure repair of DNA lesions in normal cells. We discuss the phenotype of XP from different complementation groups in relation to the severe neurological abnormalities which may develop and must be considered in genetic counselling. We also discuss the biochemical anomalies of XP and the cellular effects of physical and chemical agents which damage DNA. In the practical management of XP, the importance of early differential diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is emphasized. Lastly we review the relationship between DNA repair and skin cancer in XP.", "PMID": 504548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6219", "title": "An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys: Examinations of criteria of solanine poisoning.", "content": "Seventy eight schoolboys became ill after eating potato at lunch on the second day of the autumn term. Seventeen of the boys required admission to hospital. The gastrointestinal, circulatory, neurological and dermatological findings and the results of laboratory investigations were in keeping with solanine poisoning. The illness affected the junior boys and all the monitors but no other senior boys or staff. This pattern was compatible with the consumption of a relatively small number of toxic potatoes believed to have come from a bag (A) left in the stores since the summer term. The amount of solanine in potato waste recovered after the meal was excessive as assessed by its anticholinesterase activity. The amount of alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine in the flesh and peel of potatoes from a bag (B) known to have been left from the previous term was high. The anomalously narrow margin between the solanidine alkaloid content reported for normal and toxic potatoes might perhaps result from an excessive synthesis by the latter of additional, related steroids, such as sapogenins and saponins, which, by promoting gastrointestinal absorption or other means, might enhance the toxicity of solanidine alkaloid.", "contents": "An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys: Examinations of criteria of solanine poisoning. Seventy eight schoolboys became ill after eating potato at lunch on the second day of the autumn term. Seventeen of the boys required admission to hospital. The gastrointestinal, circulatory, neurological and dermatological findings and the results of laboratory investigations were in keeping with solanine poisoning. The illness affected the junior boys and all the monitors but no other senior boys or staff. This pattern was compatible with the consumption of a relatively small number of toxic potatoes believed to have come from a bag (A) left in the stores since the summer term. The amount of solanine in potato waste recovered after the meal was excessive as assessed by its anticholinesterase activity. The amount of alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine in the flesh and peel of potatoes from a bag (B) known to have been left from the previous term was high. The anomalously narrow margin between the solanidine alkaloid content reported for normal and toxic potatoes might perhaps result from an excessive synthesis by the latter of additional, related steroids, such as sapogenins and saponins, which, by promoting gastrointestinal absorption or other means, might enhance the toxicity of solanidine alkaloid.", "PMID": 504549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6220", "title": "Hypertension and hyperkalaemia responding to bendrofluazide.", "content": "A 33-year-old man is described with hyperkalaemia, hypertension and acidosis. The blood pressure was 160 to 200 mmHg systolic and 90 to 110 mmHg diastolic and the plasma potassium was between 6.0 and 7.0 mmole per litre. There was no renal disease and creatinine clearance was 103 ml per minute. Plasma renin activity was low and plasma aldosterone was at the lower limit of normal. Sodium deprivation or oral frusemide had little effect on blood pressure, plasma potassium, renin, aldosterone or arginine vasopressin. However, bendrofluazide caused a rapid fall of blood pressure and plasma potassium, and rise of plasma renin, aldosterone and plasma arginine vasopressin. Hypertension and hyperkalaemia is rare in the absence of renal failure. Four similar patients reported previously are reviewed. We suggest that our patient, and perhaps some of those reported earlier had primary abnormality of renal tubular function with impaired secretion of potassium and excessive tubular reabsorption of sodium. The plasma renin activity could be due to volume expansion and the low plasma aldosterone was probably caused by the antagonistic effects of low renin depressing synthesis and hyperkalaemia increasing it. A minor similar tubular abnormality might be the explanation in some of the patients with essential hypertension who have low plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Hypertension and hyperkalaemia responding to bendrofluazide. A 33-year-old man is described with hyperkalaemia, hypertension and acidosis. The blood pressure was 160 to 200 mmHg systolic and 90 to 110 mmHg diastolic and the plasma potassium was between 6.0 and 7.0 mmole per litre. There was no renal disease and creatinine clearance was 103 ml per minute. Plasma renin activity was low and plasma aldosterone was at the lower limit of normal. Sodium deprivation or oral frusemide had little effect on blood pressure, plasma potassium, renin, aldosterone or arginine vasopressin. However, bendrofluazide caused a rapid fall of blood pressure and plasma potassium, and rise of plasma renin, aldosterone and plasma arginine vasopressin. Hypertension and hyperkalaemia is rare in the absence of renal failure. Four similar patients reported previously are reviewed. We suggest that our patient, and perhaps some of those reported earlier had primary abnormality of renal tubular function with impaired secretion of potassium and excessive tubular reabsorption of sodium. The plasma renin activity could be due to volume expansion and the low plasma aldosterone was probably caused by the antagonistic effects of low renin depressing synthesis and hyperkalaemia increasing it. A minor similar tubular abnormality might be the explanation in some of the patients with essential hypertension who have low plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 504550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6221", "title": "Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock.", "content": "Cardiovascular control was studied in five tetraplegic patients with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections. All had been injured less than two weeks previously and were in spinal shock. Blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured at rest and during and after bladder stimulation and application of cold stimuli to skin below the level of the lesion. In three patients the cardiovascular responses to intravenously infused 1-noradrenaline and to the Valsalva manoeuvre were recorded. Measurements were also made in six chronic tetraplegic patients (in whom reflex spinal cord activity had returned) at rest, and during and after bladder stimulation, and in six normal subjects at rest. Average resting blood pressure in the recently injured tetraplegics was 130/57 (mean 81) mmHg, in the chronic tetraplegics 107/55 (mean 73) mmHg and in normal subjects 122/82 (mean 95) mmHg. Average resting heart rate was 64, 73 and 77 beats/min in the three groups respectively. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in both the recently injured and chronic tetraplegics were lower than than in normal subjects. In the recently injured tetraplegics bladder stimulation caused minimal changes in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. In the chronic tetraplegics similar stimulation caused marked hypertension, bradycardia and elevation in plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline levels. Cold stimuli in the recently injured tetraplegics did not change blood pressure or heart rate. In the recently injured tetraplegics intravenous infusion of 1-noradrenaline resulted in greater elevation in blood pressure than normal. There was a decrease in heart rate. One patient was able to perform the Valsalva manoeuvre. His blood pressure responses were consistenly abnormal ('blocked' Valsalva).", "contents": "Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock. Cardiovascular control was studied in five tetraplegic patients with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections. All had been injured less than two weeks previously and were in spinal shock. Blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured at rest and during and after bladder stimulation and application of cold stimuli to skin below the level of the lesion. In three patients the cardiovascular responses to intravenously infused 1-noradrenaline and to the Valsalva manoeuvre were recorded. Measurements were also made in six chronic tetraplegic patients (in whom reflex spinal cord activity had returned) at rest, and during and after bladder stimulation, and in six normal subjects at rest. Average resting blood pressure in the recently injured tetraplegics was 130/57 (mean 81) mmHg, in the chronic tetraplegics 107/55 (mean 73) mmHg and in normal subjects 122/82 (mean 95) mmHg. Average resting heart rate was 64, 73 and 77 beats/min in the three groups respectively. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in both the recently injured and chronic tetraplegics were lower than than in normal subjects. In the recently injured tetraplegics bladder stimulation caused minimal changes in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. In the chronic tetraplegics similar stimulation caused marked hypertension, bradycardia and elevation in plasma noradrenaline but not adrenaline levels. Cold stimuli in the recently injured tetraplegics did not change blood pressure or heart rate. In the recently injured tetraplegics intravenous infusion of 1-noradrenaline resulted in greater elevation in blood pressure than normal. There was a decrease in heart rate. One patient was able to perform the Valsalva manoeuvre. His blood pressure responses were consistenly abnormal ('blocked' Valsalva).", "PMID": 504551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6222", "title": "Treatment of renal bone disease with 1 alpha-hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D3. Clinical, biochemical, radiographic and histological responses.", "content": "Forty patients with severe bone disease and chronic renal failure were treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHD3) or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) for 7--49 months (total = 738 patient months). There were symptomatic, biochemical and radiographic improvements in the majority of patients (greater than 70 per cent). Paired bone biopsies, taken before and during treatment in 26 patients, showed no change in bone matrix area, whereas matrix area decreased in a control group of 26 patients over the same period. There were small but consistent decreases in bone marrow fibrosis and in bone cell (osteoblast and osteoclast) counts in treated patients but not in controls. However, the proportion of patients who showed histological 'cure', in the sense of complete reversal of marrow fibrosis or excess osteoid was no greater in the treated than in the control group...", "contents": "Treatment of renal bone disease with 1 alpha-hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D3. Clinical, biochemical, radiographic and histological responses. Forty patients with severe bone disease and chronic renal failure were treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHD3) or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) for 7--49 months (total = 738 patient months). There were symptomatic, biochemical and radiographic improvements in the majority of patients (greater than 70 per cent). Paired bone biopsies, taken before and during treatment in 26 patients, showed no change in bone matrix area, whereas matrix area decreased in a control group of 26 patients over the same period. There were small but consistent decreases in bone marrow fibrosis and in bone cell (osteoblast and osteoclast) counts in treated patients but not in controls. However, the proportion of patients who showed histological 'cure', in the sense of complete reversal of marrow fibrosis or excess osteoid was no greater in the treated than in the control group...", "PMID": 504552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6223", "title": "Deafness in myxoedema.", "content": "Deafness has been demonstrated in 41 (85 per cent) of a consecutive series of 48 patients with myxoedema. There was no difference between the incidence of high and low frequency hearing loss. Severe myxoedema was associated with a higher incidence of deafness than mild myxoedema. Hearing was retested when patients were euthyroid following treatment with thyroxine. Improvement in hearing was found in 55 out of 75 deaf ears (73 per cent) and return to normal hearing occurred in 17 (23 per cent) of the 75 deaf ears.", "contents": "Deafness in myxoedema. Deafness has been demonstrated in 41 (85 per cent) of a consecutive series of 48 patients with myxoedema. There was no difference between the incidence of high and low frequency hearing loss. Severe myxoedema was associated with a higher incidence of deafness than mild myxoedema. Hearing was retested when patients were euthyroid following treatment with thyroxine. Improvement in hearing was found in 55 out of 75 deaf ears (73 per cent) and return to normal hearing occurred in 17 (23 per cent) of the 75 deaf ears.", "PMID": 504553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6224", "title": "Radiobiological effects and dose-LET spectra.", "content": "To advance our knowledge about radiobiological cell effects typical different cell reactions must be discriminated and studied individually. Today the 2-component theory which distinguishes between repairable beta-reactions and nonrepairable alpha-reactions, is the first step on this road. Such specialized investigations give a more detailed and clearer picture of the cell reactions than the usual RBE comparisons carried out with different radiation types. This is especially important for clinical radiotherapy where it is essential to increase the selectivity between reactions on normal and tumor cells. alpha-values for different types of radiation are communicated.", "contents": "Radiobiological effects and dose-LET spectra. To advance our knowledge about radiobiological cell effects typical different cell reactions must be discriminated and studied individually. Today the 2-component theory which distinguishes between repairable beta-reactions and nonrepairable alpha-reactions, is the first step on this road. Such specialized investigations give a more detailed and clearer picture of the cell reactions than the usual RBE comparisons carried out with different radiation types. This is especially important for clinical radiotherapy where it is essential to increase the selectivity between reactions on normal and tumor cells. alpha-values for different types of radiation are communicated.", "PMID": 504555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6225", "title": "Cell survival over the depth profile after irradiation with a negative pion beam.", "content": "The colony-forming ability of Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in vitro has been investigated throughout the depth dose profile of a negative pion beam. In the peak and 2 cm beyond, the RBE for macroclones (more than 50 cells per clone) was 1.3 and in the plateau region 0.8--1.0. All of the microclones (2-49 cells per clone) were observed as well. The RBE values are the same for peak and somewhat higher for plateau and post peak than found in cell survival studies referring to macroclones.", "contents": "Cell survival over the depth profile after irradiation with a negative pion beam. The colony-forming ability of Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in vitro has been investigated throughout the depth dose profile of a negative pion beam. In the peak and 2 cm beyond, the RBE for macroclones (more than 50 cells per clone) was 1.3 and in the plateau region 0.8--1.0. All of the microclones (2-49 cells per clone) were observed as well. The RBE values are the same for peak and somewhat higher for plateau and post peak than found in cell survival studies referring to macroclones.", "PMID": 504556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6226", "title": "Biological effects of negative pions in monolayers and spheroids of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The therapeutic value of pion irradiation was critically challenged by examining, in a cell culture system, various parameters of biological significance such as relative biological efficiency (RBE), oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), DNA-break formation, changes in cell cycle kinetics and regrowth. In all parameters, pions were superior to conventional low-LET radiation.", "contents": "Biological effects of negative pions in monolayers and spheroids of Chinese hamster cells. The therapeutic value of pion irradiation was critically challenged by examining, in a cell culture system, various parameters of biological significance such as relative biological efficiency (RBE), oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), DNA-break formation, changes in cell cycle kinetics and regrowth. In all parameters, pions were superior to conventional low-LET radiation.", "PMID": 504557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6227", "title": "Chromatid breaks induced in Chinese hamster cells by low doses (12--100 rad) of pi--mesons.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of the fibroblast-like Chinese hamster cell-line 19/1 were irradiated in the G2-phase of the cell cycle by pi--mesons (6 rad/min peak-pion dose rate). Frequencies of induced single- and isochromatid breaks, acentric fragments and interchanges were compared with data obtained from 140 kV X-rays. The RBE-values were for the pion dose peak between 0.8--1.2 and for the pion dose plateau 0.5--0.9. Whereas for single chromatid breaks there was no significant difference between X-rays and peak pions for identical physical doses, the isochromatid breaks alone showed a significantly higher frequency for 100 rad peak pions.", "contents": "Chromatid breaks induced in Chinese hamster cells by low doses (12--100 rad) of pi--mesons. Monolayer cultures of the fibroblast-like Chinese hamster cell-line 19/1 were irradiated in the G2-phase of the cell cycle by pi--mesons (6 rad/min peak-pion dose rate). Frequencies of induced single- and isochromatid breaks, acentric fragments and interchanges were compared with data obtained from 140 kV X-rays. The RBE-values were for the pion dose peak between 0.8--1.2 and for the pion dose plateau 0.5--0.9. Whereas for single chromatid breaks there was no significant difference between X-rays and peak pions for identical physical doses, the isochromatid breaks alone showed a significantly higher frequency for 100 rad peak pions.", "PMID": 504558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6228", "title": "RBE and OER values of negative pion beams from growth inhibition of Vicia faba roots.", "content": "Two pion beams of different momentum width have been used to expose meristems of Vicia Faba roots under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The measurements of the resulting 10 days growth inhibition after exposures at various locations on the pion beam axes have been made and RBE and OER values evaluated for 50% effects compared to 60Co gamma-rays. The results have been related to the fractional doses from star products defined by telescope measurements of stopped pions along the same beams. It has been found that the RBE value increases with the fractional \"star dose\" up to a maximum after which the RBE decreases. The OER values, however, were found to decrease with increasing \"star dose\" fraction rather rapidly after which it was found to be independent of the \"star dose\" contribution.", "contents": "RBE and OER values of negative pion beams from growth inhibition of Vicia faba roots. Two pion beams of different momentum width have been used to expose meristems of Vicia Faba roots under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The measurements of the resulting 10 days growth inhibition after exposures at various locations on the pion beam axes have been made and RBE and OER values evaluated for 50% effects compared to 60Co gamma-rays. The results have been related to the fractional doses from star products defined by telescope measurements of stopped pions along the same beams. It has been found that the RBE value increases with the fractional \"star dose\" up to a maximum after which the RBE decreases. The OER values, however, were found to decrease with increasing \"star dose\" fraction rather rapidly after which it was found to be independent of the \"star dose\" contribution.", "PMID": 504559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6229", "title": "Preclinical radiobiology with pions: RBE--values for mouse skin damage as a function of single doses of pions.", "content": "The macroscopic reaction of the mouse skin was used to derive RBE values for negative pi-Mesons. Hind limbs of mice were irradiated with pions or X-rays. The pions were produced by the 590 MeV accelerator of the Schweizerisches Institut f\u00fcr Nuklearforschung (SIN). Early reaction was assessed over a period of 6--30 days after irradiation with single doses (20--45 Gy). The radiation damage was scored using an arbitrary scale of effect. The time pattern of development of the skin reaction and the subsequent healing after exposure both to pions and X-rays were similar, indicating that depletion and repopulation of the basal cells of the skin were comparable, both after pions and X-rays. RBE values as a function of pion doses at the peak (dose maximum), plateau and at the postpeak (12 mm downstream of the dose maximum) were computed with nonparametric statistical methods. The RBE at the peak and at the plateau relative to X-rays of the same dose rate was 1.15--1.25 and 0.85, respectively. The RBE of peak pions manifested a marked dependence on dose, when plateau pions were chosen as reference radiation. In this experiment there was no significant difference in RBE between peak and postpeak. The importance of some experimental condition (dose rate, irradiation volume) is discussed.", "contents": "Preclinical radiobiology with pions: RBE--values for mouse skin damage as a function of single doses of pions. The macroscopic reaction of the mouse skin was used to derive RBE values for negative pi-Mesons. Hind limbs of mice were irradiated with pions or X-rays. The pions were produced by the 590 MeV accelerator of the Schweizerisches Institut f\u00fcr Nuklearforschung (SIN). Early reaction was assessed over a period of 6--30 days after irradiation with single doses (20--45 Gy). The radiation damage was scored using an arbitrary scale of effect. The time pattern of development of the skin reaction and the subsequent healing after exposure both to pions and X-rays were similar, indicating that depletion and repopulation of the basal cells of the skin were comparable, both after pions and X-rays. RBE values as a function of pion doses at the peak (dose maximum), plateau and at the postpeak (12 mm downstream of the dose maximum) were computed with nonparametric statistical methods. The RBE at the peak and at the plateau relative to X-rays of the same dose rate was 1.15--1.25 and 0.85, respectively. The RBE of peak pions manifested a marked dependence on dose, when plateau pions were chosen as reference radiation. In this experiment there was no significant difference in RBE between peak and postpeak. The importance of some experimental condition (dose rate, irradiation volume) is discussed.", "PMID": 504560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6230", "title": "Long-term effects of negative pions in female mice exposed to whole-body irradiation.", "content": "Long-term effects, especially the incidence of tumors, of whole-body exposure of female NMRI mice with either negative pions (peak or plateau region) or X rays have been studied in comparison to controls. Animals were irradiated at the age of 10 days after birth. The mice were then regularly examined for deaths and signs of severe disease, moribund animals being killed. A detailed histopathological work-up has been performed. The data show that the survival as defined by death or the time of autopsy is significantly lower in irradiated mice in comparison to controls, that there is no difference in reduction of survival between groups treated either with X rays or pions at peak region, but that a difference can be seen when comparing X rays with pions at plateau region. The incidence of ovarian tumors at any particular age is higher in mice treated with X rays or pions than in control groups, but significantly lower in animals exposed to plateau pions than in those treated with peak pions or X rays.", "contents": "Long-term effects of negative pions in female mice exposed to whole-body irradiation. Long-term effects, especially the incidence of tumors, of whole-body exposure of female NMRI mice with either negative pions (peak or plateau region) or X rays have been studied in comparison to controls. Animals were irradiated at the age of 10 days after birth. The mice were then regularly examined for deaths and signs of severe disease, moribund animals being killed. A detailed histopathological work-up has been performed. The data show that the survival as defined by death or the time of autopsy is significantly lower in irradiated mice in comparison to controls, that there is no difference in reduction of survival between groups treated either with X rays or pions at peak region, but that a difference can be seen when comparing X rays with pions at plateau region. The incidence of ovarian tumors at any particular age is higher in mice treated with X rays or pions than in control groups, but significantly lower in animals exposed to plateau pions than in those treated with peak pions or X rays.", "PMID": 504561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6231", "title": "Low-dose effects of X-rays and negative pions on the pronuclear zygote stage of mouse embryos.", "content": "Mouse embryos in the pronuclear-zygote stage (day 0 of gestation) were irradiated with 13.5 rad of 140kV X-rays or negative pions. On day 13 the fetuses were examined for developmental anomalies such as intrauterine death, growth retardation and malformations. Significant decreases in the percentage of normal implantations were obtained with peak pions (high LET) and X-rays, whereas the effect of plateau pions was less obvious. Irradiation with peak pions was more effective than with X-rays by a factor of about 1.7.", "contents": "Low-dose effects of X-rays and negative pions on the pronuclear zygote stage of mouse embryos. Mouse embryos in the pronuclear-zygote stage (day 0 of gestation) were irradiated with 13.5 rad of 140kV X-rays or negative pions. On day 13 the fetuses were examined for developmental anomalies such as intrauterine death, growth retardation and malformations. Significant decreases in the percentage of normal implantations were obtained with peak pions (high LET) and X-rays, whereas the effect of plateau pions was less obvious. Irradiation with peak pions was more effective than with X-rays by a factor of about 1.7.", "PMID": 504562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6232", "title": "Effect of negative pi mesons on vascular permeability of brain in neonatal rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats and their radiation-induced cerebral petechial hemorrhages were used as an experimental system for evaluating the effects of negative pions on healthy tissue and especially on the microvasculature. Dose response curves for peak and plateau pions (dose range 150--250 rad and 100--400 rad, respectively) were obtained and compared with those of 200 kV X-rays of corresponding dose rates. The RBE of the peak pions was 1.1, that of the plateau pions 0.6 resulting in a peak/plateau ratio of 1.8. Implications were made as to the importance of this favorable peak/plateau relationship since the response of the capillary endothelium to pion-irradiation might be one of the limiting factors in radiotherapy.", "contents": "Effect of negative pi mesons on vascular permeability of brain in neonatal rats. Neonatal rats and their radiation-induced cerebral petechial hemorrhages were used as an experimental system for evaluating the effects of negative pions on healthy tissue and especially on the microvasculature. Dose response curves for peak and plateau pions (dose range 150--250 rad and 100--400 rad, respectively) were obtained and compared with those of 200 kV X-rays of corresponding dose rates. The RBE of the peak pions was 1.1, that of the plateau pions 0.6 resulting in a peak/plateau ratio of 1.8. Implications were made as to the importance of this favorable peak/plateau relationship since the response of the capillary endothelium to pion-irradiation might be one of the limiting factors in radiotherapy.", "PMID": 504563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6233", "title": "Effects of rotation on radiographic dimensions of metacarpals.", "content": "An experiment is described which shows that small rotations of metacarpals about their long axes produce small systemmatic changes in the cortical dimensions as measured by radiographic morphometry. The effect is of no significance in cross-sectional studies but is an important source of error in sequential studies.", "contents": "Effects of rotation on radiographic dimensions of metacarpals. An experiment is described which shows that small rotations of metacarpals about their long axes produce small systemmatic changes in the cortical dimensions as measured by radiographic morphometry. The effect is of no significance in cross-sectional studies but is an important source of error in sequential studies.", "PMID": 504618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6234", "title": "Education in radiologic technology: an analysis.", "content": "One of the most important goals for the radiologic technology profession is to base its educational programs on evaluation of competence, therby assuring the employers, consumers, government agencies and other professionals that the profession is striving for quality performance by its graduates. The profession of radiologic technology is in a period of changes as Virginia A. Milligan so adequately described in her Jerman Memorial Lecture, \"The Anatomy of Change\". To achieve cohesiveness and accomplishment of goals, this change must be recognized and accepted, otherwise, fragmentation will result and destruction of the profession will occur from within.", "contents": "Education in radiologic technology: an analysis. One of the most important goals for the radiologic technology profession is to base its educational programs on evaluation of competence, therby assuring the employers, consumers, government agencies and other professionals that the profession is striving for quality performance by its graduates. The profession of radiologic technology is in a period of changes as Virginia A. Milligan so adequately described in her Jerman Memorial Lecture, \"The Anatomy of Change\". To achieve cohesiveness and accomplishment of goals, this change must be recognized and accepted, otherwise, fragmentation will result and destruction of the profession will occur from within.", "PMID": 504621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6235", "title": "Radiographic considerations of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "This article describes Hirshsprung's disease and its radiographic appearance. It gives important features that must be considered when doing a barium enema on children suspected of having the disease. It also explains why these features must be considered.", "contents": "Radiographic considerations of Hirschsprung's disease. This article describes Hirshsprung's disease and its radiographic appearance. It gives important features that must be considered when doing a barium enema on children suspected of having the disease. It also explains why these features must be considered.", "PMID": 504622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6236", "title": "Psychodynamic components in the role of the radiologic technologist.", "content": "The role of the radiologic technologist involves frequent psychosocial transactions and interpersonal relationships. The technologist is called upon to utilize knowledge and skills in the area of human relations in relating to patients, functioning on the allied-health team, and carrying out administrative tasks. This article focuses upon the role of the radiologic technologist as a psychotherapeutic enabler and counselor. While it is well recognized that the technologist does not function as a psychotherapist in the complete sense of the term, there are role components that psychotherapeutic in nature. This article explores, analyzes and elucidates these psychodynamic aspects and provides the reader with guidelines for performance in psychosocial role activities.", "contents": "Psychodynamic components in the role of the radiologic technologist. The role of the radiologic technologist involves frequent psychosocial transactions and interpersonal relationships. The technologist is called upon to utilize knowledge and skills in the area of human relations in relating to patients, functioning on the allied-health team, and carrying out administrative tasks. This article focuses upon the role of the radiologic technologist as a psychotherapeutic enabler and counselor. While it is well recognized that the technologist does not function as a psychotherapist in the complete sense of the term, there are role components that psychotherapeutic in nature. This article explores, analyzes and elucidates these psychodynamic aspects and provides the reader with guidelines for performance in psychosocial role activities.", "PMID": 504623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6237", "title": "[The significance of the migration of disseminated small round opacities in lung disease--with silicosis serving as a model (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographic follow-up studies of cases of silicosis serve as an example to illustrate the migration of nodular lung disease--in order to demonstrate the fact that silicotic pulmonary nodules with dense profusion tend to coalesce resulting in the formation of large opacities. More widely disseminated nodules with less dense profusion can--on the contrary--result in migration towards the periphery of the lung and thus mimick pleural disease by the formation of subpleural nodules.", "contents": "[The significance of the migration of disseminated small round opacities in lung disease--with silicosis serving as a model (author's transl)]. Radiographic follow-up studies of cases of silicosis serve as an example to illustrate the migration of nodular lung disease--in order to demonstrate the fact that silicotic pulmonary nodules with dense profusion tend to coalesce resulting in the formation of large opacities. More widely disseminated nodules with less dense profusion can--on the contrary--result in migration towards the periphery of the lung and thus mimick pleural disease by the formation of subpleural nodules.", "PMID": 504630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6238", "title": "CT scanners: the industry behind the science.", "content": "The history of computerized tomography scanners is an interesting study. Probably no medical technology has made such a spectacular splash as has this one. Coming on the scene just as medical costs were skyrocketing, it has been the subject of much controversy over its medical value in terms of other diagnostic technologies and its high cost. This article details some of the behind-the-scenes activity in the development and production of computerized tomography units.", "contents": "CT scanners: the industry behind the science. The history of computerized tomography scanners is an interesting study. Probably no medical technology has made such a spectacular splash as has this one. Coming on the scene just as medical costs were skyrocketing, it has been the subject of much controversy over its medical value in terms of other diagnostic technologies and its high cost. This article details some of the behind-the-scenes activity in the development and production of computerized tomography units.", "PMID": 504624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6239", "title": "[Xeroradiographic studies of arteriovenous shunts in patients on hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple procedure for visualization of iatrogenic av-shunts in the upper extremity of patients on hemodialysis is presented. During compression proximal to the fistula (applying pressure of more than the patient's systolic value) 45 ml Metrizamide (80 mg iodine/ml) are injected into the venous limb of the shunt. A single xeroradiogram obtained 5-7 seconds later shows the arterial and venous vessels simultaneously. The examination requires less than 15 minutes to perform and is far less discomforting to the patient than arteriography. 42 patients were examined by this method without complications. Pathological findings - including stenoses, pseudoaneurysms and venous thromboses - were confirmed surgically.", "contents": "[Xeroradiographic studies of arteriovenous shunts in patients on hemodialysis (author's transl)]. A simple procedure for visualization of iatrogenic av-shunts in the upper extremity of patients on hemodialysis is presented. During compression proximal to the fistula (applying pressure of more than the patient's systolic value) 45 ml Metrizamide (80 mg iodine/ml) are injected into the venous limb of the shunt. A single xeroradiogram obtained 5-7 seconds later shows the arterial and venous vessels simultaneously. The examination requires less than 15 minutes to perform and is far less discomforting to the patient than arteriography. 42 patients were examined by this method without complications. Pathological findings - including stenoses, pseudoaneurysms and venous thromboses - were confirmed surgically.", "PMID": 504631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6240", "title": "[Angiographic findings in cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiograms of 140 patients with congenital intracerebral aneurysms were examined, and specific angiographic findings correlated to course and prognosis of the patient. Vascular spasm at or near the aneurysm seen shortly after its rupture seems to be a protective measure against further hemorrhage. Persistance of spasm for over a week, however, is a bad prognostic sign. Decreased blood flow in the aneurysmal cavity itself on initial angiography was frequently accompanied by an increase in recurrent hermorrhage. This was also true for aneurymsm with multiple lobulations. A mass effect with midline shift was seen in 20% of the patients.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings in cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)]. The angiograms of 140 patients with congenital intracerebral aneurysms were examined, and specific angiographic findings correlated to course and prognosis of the patient. Vascular spasm at or near the aneurysm seen shortly after its rupture seems to be a protective measure against further hemorrhage. Persistance of spasm for over a week, however, is a bad prognostic sign. Decreased blood flow in the aneurysmal cavity itself on initial angiography was frequently accompanied by an increase in recurrent hermorrhage. This was also true for aneurymsm with multiple lobulations. A mass effect with midline shift was seen in 20% of the patients.", "PMID": 504632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6241", "title": "[Bilateral fusion of the lesser multangulum (trapezoid) and the capitate in Turner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Fusion of the carpal bones, especially the lesser multangulum (trapezoid) and the capitate, are rare. Fusion of the lunate and triquetrum, however, are more common and are more frequent in negroes than in caucasians. The patient presented had Turner's syndrome, retarded bone age and shortening of the fourth metacarpals. Etiology, pathology, symptoms and possible relation to Turner's syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Bilateral fusion of the lesser multangulum (trapezoid) and the capitate in Turner's syndrome (author's transl)]. Fusion of the carpal bones, especially the lesser multangulum (trapezoid) and the capitate, are rare. Fusion of the lunate and triquetrum, however, are more common and are more frequent in negroes than in caucasians. The patient presented had Turner's syndrome, retarded bone age and shortening of the fourth metacarpals. Etiology, pathology, symptoms and possible relation to Turner's syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 504633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6242", "title": "[Enchondroma - radiology and pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 374 cases of enchondroma, 42% of which were localized in the short bones of the hand. The findings in radiology and pathology are presented and discussed, with special attention to the difficulty of classifying these tumors histologically and distinguishing them from chondrosarcoma. The recurrence rate in the short bones of the hand was 9%, and 19% in the long tubular bones. It was especially high after mere currettage of the tumor.", "contents": "[Enchondroma - radiology and pathology (author's transl)]. Analysis of 374 cases of enchondroma, 42% of which were localized in the short bones of the hand. The findings in radiology and pathology are presented and discussed, with special attention to the difficulty of classifying these tumors histologically and distinguishing them from chondrosarcoma. The recurrence rate in the short bones of the hand was 9%, and 19% in the long tubular bones. It was especially high after mere currettage of the tumor.", "PMID": 504634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6243", "title": "Prognostic factors of breast neoplasms detected on screening by mammography and physical examination.", "content": "A total of 183 neoplasms detected on screening women between the ages of 45 and 64 by mammography and physical examination were analyzed according to multiple histologic parameters. In general, tumors apparent only on mammography should be associcated with favorable long-term survival because of their early stage. These lesions had histologic features indicating significant potential for subsequent metastatic spread. This analysis strongly suggests that mammographic screening of asymptomatic women both above and below 50 years of age can substantially reduce breast cancer mortality.", "contents": "Prognostic factors of breast neoplasms detected on screening by mammography and physical examination. A total of 183 neoplasms detected on screening women between the ages of 45 and 64 by mammography and physical examination were analyzed according to multiple histologic parameters. In general, tumors apparent only on mammography should be associcated with favorable long-term survival because of their early stage. These lesions had histologic features indicating significant potential for subsequent metastatic spread. This analysis strongly suggests that mammographic screening of asymptomatic women both above and below 50 years of age can substantially reduce breast cancer mortality.", "PMID": 504635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6244", "title": "The silhouette sign and the inferior vena cava.", "content": "Pulmonary lesions causing obliteration of the normal inferior vena cava (IVC) shadow on the lateral radiograph are described. Retrocardiac mediastinal mass lesions and subpulmonic pleural effusions may also obliterate the IVC contour. Loss of the IVC shadow is an additional radiographic sign of right lower lobe collapse and frequently of disease involving the medial basal segment of the right lower lobe. This finding should be an indication that further investigation is needed to explain the loss of normal aeration.", "contents": "The silhouette sign and the inferior vena cava. Pulmonary lesions causing obliteration of the normal inferior vena cava (IVC) shadow on the lateral radiograph are described. Retrocardiac mediastinal mass lesions and subpulmonic pleural effusions may also obliterate the IVC contour. Loss of the IVC shadow is an additional radiographic sign of right lower lobe collapse and frequently of disease involving the medial basal segment of the right lower lobe. This finding should be an indication that further investigation is needed to explain the loss of normal aeration.", "PMID": 504636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6245", "title": "Basilar pneumothorax in the supine adult.", "content": "A pneumothorax in a supine patient may outline the anterior costophrenic sulcus, resulting in an abrupt curvilinear change in density projected over the right or left upper quadrant, which is normally convex inferiorly. The upper quadrant will also appear relatively lucent. In a small pneumothorax these may be the only radiographic findings when the patient is supine. This can be easily identified on mobile-unit radiographs of limited technical quality. Either finding should lead to a prompt cross-table lateral or decubitus study to confirm the diagnosis and allow estimation of the size of the pneumothorax.", "contents": "Basilar pneumothorax in the supine adult. A pneumothorax in a supine patient may outline the anterior costophrenic sulcus, resulting in an abrupt curvilinear change in density projected over the right or left upper quadrant, which is normally convex inferiorly. The upper quadrant will also appear relatively lucent. In a small pneumothorax these may be the only radiographic findings when the patient is supine. This can be easily identified on mobile-unit radiographs of limited technical quality. Either finding should lead to a prompt cross-table lateral or decubitus study to confirm the diagnosis and allow estimation of the size of the pneumothorax.", "PMID": 504637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6246", "title": "Iodine absorption from the gastrointestinal tract during hypaque-enema examination.", "content": "Iodinated contrast agents administered intravenously or intra-arterially may cause serious reactions in hypersensitive patients. Oral administration of Hypaque (diatrizoate sodium) results in minimal absorption of iodine, but the amount of iodine absorbed with Hypaque-enema studies is unreported. Hypaque-enema examinations were performed in 20 normal, nonsensitive patients and increased serum iodine levels ten to 200 times base-line values, peaking after approximately one hour in patients who had measurements obtained for four hours. Therefore, before Hypague-enema studies, patients must be carefully questioned about their tolerance of iodinated contrast agents, and preparations should be made for possible serious hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Iodine absorption from the gastrointestinal tract during hypaque-enema examination. Iodinated contrast agents administered intravenously or intra-arterially may cause serious reactions in hypersensitive patients. Oral administration of Hypaque (diatrizoate sodium) results in minimal absorption of iodine, but the amount of iodine absorbed with Hypaque-enema studies is unreported. Hypaque-enema examinations were performed in 20 normal, nonsensitive patients and increased serum iodine levels ten to 200 times base-line values, peaking after approximately one hour in patients who had measurements obtained for four hours. Therefore, before Hypague-enema studies, patients must be carefully questioned about their tolerance of iodinated contrast agents, and preparations should be made for possible serious hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 504638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6247", "title": "Hemophilia and the female: considerations for the radiologist.", "content": "Hemophilia A and B are commonly considered male diseases because of their X-linked recessive inheritance, but clinical hemophilia is occasionally seen in females. This may represent an extreme example of the Lyon hypothesis in which a heterozygous female has only the one X chromosome bearing the aberrant gene in the active state.", "contents": "Hemophilia and the female: considerations for the radiologist. Hemophilia A and B are commonly considered male diseases because of their X-linked recessive inheritance, but clinical hemophilia is occasionally seen in females. This may represent an extreme example of the Lyon hypothesis in which a heterozygous female has only the one X chromosome bearing the aberrant gene in the active state.", "PMID": 504639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6248", "title": "Craniosynostosis: correlation of bone scans, radiographs, and surgical findings.", "content": "Skull scintigraphy was performed in 68 children with suspected craniosynostosis after injection of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate. The scans demonstrated four patterns of sutural activity: normal, absent, increased, and wide. When correlated with surgical findings, \"absent\" indicated fused sutures, \"increased\" indicated fusing hyperactive sutures or sutures reacting to fusion elsewhere, and \"wide\" indicated splite sutures. Upon correlation with the radiographs, it was found that when the radiograph was normal, the scan contributed little; when the radiograph was abnormal or equivocal, the scan was often of great assistance in confirming fused sutures and detecting other abnormal sutures.", "contents": "Craniosynostosis: correlation of bone scans, radiographs, and surgical findings. Skull scintigraphy was performed in 68 children with suspected craniosynostosis after injection of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate. The scans demonstrated four patterns of sutural activity: normal, absent, increased, and wide. When correlated with surgical findings, \"absent\" indicated fused sutures, \"increased\" indicated fusing hyperactive sutures or sutures reacting to fusion elsewhere, and \"wide\" indicated splite sutures. Upon correlation with the radiographs, it was found that when the radiograph was normal, the scan contributed little; when the radiograph was abnormal or equivocal, the scan was often of great assistance in confirming fused sutures and detecting other abnormal sutures.", "PMID": 504640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6249", "title": "Paranasal sinus mucoceles in children.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic features of paranasal sinus mucoceles in 6 pediatric patients are discussed. These lesions may be associated with clinical signs of a periorbital or intracranial mass. Characteristic radiographic findings can suggest the preoperative diagnosis, although a sphenoid sinus mucocele may simulate more serious conditions.", "contents": "Paranasal sinus mucoceles in children. The clinical and radiographic features of paranasal sinus mucoceles in 6 pediatric patients are discussed. These lesions may be associated with clinical signs of a periorbital or intracranial mass. Characteristic radiographic findings can suggest the preoperative diagnosis, although a sphenoid sinus mucocele may simulate more serious conditions.", "PMID": 504641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6250", "title": "Lymphography in childhood rhabdomyosarcomas.", "content": "Forty-one children with subdiaphragmatic rhabdomyosarcoma underwent bipedal lymphography. Twenty-two (53.5%) of the lymphograms were interpreted as being positive. In our series, the lower limbs were the most common primary site of involvement, were more frequently involved by the alveolar histologic subtype which carries a poor prognosis, and were associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastases. Positive lymphographic findings in this group of children were similar to those seen in both adults and children with other solid tumors, i.e., the presence of discrete lymph node filling defects. However, in 3 cases, abnormalities more characteristic of lymphoma were identified. Evaluation of lymph node metastases as demonstrated by lymphography has prognostic significance.", "contents": "Lymphography in childhood rhabdomyosarcomas. Forty-one children with subdiaphragmatic rhabdomyosarcoma underwent bipedal lymphography. Twenty-two (53.5%) of the lymphograms were interpreted as being positive. In our series, the lower limbs were the most common primary site of involvement, were more frequently involved by the alveolar histologic subtype which carries a poor prognosis, and were associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastases. Positive lymphographic findings in this group of children were similar to those seen in both adults and children with other solid tumors, i.e., the presence of discrete lymph node filling defects. However, in 3 cases, abnormalities more characteristic of lymphoma were identified. Evaluation of lymph node metastases as demonstrated by lymphography has prognostic significance.", "PMID": 504642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6251", "title": "Normal functional anatomy of the facial artery.", "content": "The functional anatomy of the facial artery consists of a group of constant arterial pedicles nourishing a specific territory and supplied by a variable facial trunk. There is a hemodynamic balance with other variable connecting trunks such as the transverse facial and internal maxillary arteries. Every type of variant, irrespective of its origin, may be understood based on the constant relationships and anastomoses involved. Knowledge of this functional anatomical system is crucial to an understanding of the blood supply to the face.", "contents": "Normal functional anatomy of the facial artery. The functional anatomy of the facial artery consists of a group of constant arterial pedicles nourishing a specific territory and supplied by a variable facial trunk. There is a hemodynamic balance with other variable connecting trunks such as the transverse facial and internal maxillary arteries. Every type of variant, irrespective of its origin, may be understood based on the constant relationships and anastomoses involved. Knowledge of this functional anatomical system is crucial to an understanding of the blood supply to the face.", "PMID": 504643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6252", "title": "Delayed intracranial hematoma in patients with severe head injury.", "content": "Serial computed tomography was peformed on 119 consecutive patients suffering from severe head injury. The development of delayed intracranial hematomas, both intra- and extraaxial, was evaluated by comparing the initial scan with subsequent studies. Ten delayed intracerebral hematomas and nine delayed extracerebral collections were encountered. The occurrence of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage is more frequenct than previously reported and is associated with a poor outcome.", "contents": "Delayed intracranial hematoma in patients with severe head injury. Serial computed tomography was peformed on 119 consecutive patients suffering from severe head injury. The development of delayed intracranial hematomas, both intra- and extraaxial, was evaluated by comparing the initial scan with subsequent studies. Ten delayed intracerebral hematomas and nine delayed extracerebral collections were encountered. The occurrence of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage is more frequenct than previously reported and is associated with a poor outcome.", "PMID": 504644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6253", "title": "High speed synchronous volume computed tomography of the heart.", "content": "A new generation, fully electronic high-speed whole-body computed tomography system is being developed to provide accurate dynamic visualization and measurement of the vital functions of the heart based on rapid changes in its shape, dimensions, and perfusion. This Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction System (DSR) will provide stop-action (1/100 sec.), rapidly sequential (60/sec.) synchronous volume (240 simultaneous, 1mm-thick cross sections) reconstructions and display of the full anatomic extent of the internal and external structures of the heart throughout successive cardiac cycles, and will permit visualization of the three-dimensional vascular anatomy and circulation throughout the myocardium.", "contents": "High speed synchronous volume computed tomography of the heart. A new generation, fully electronic high-speed whole-body computed tomography system is being developed to provide accurate dynamic visualization and measurement of the vital functions of the heart based on rapid changes in its shape, dimensions, and perfusion. This Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction System (DSR) will provide stop-action (1/100 sec.), rapidly sequential (60/sec.) synchronous volume (240 simultaneous, 1mm-thick cross sections) reconstructions and display of the full anatomic extent of the internal and external structures of the heart throughout successive cardiac cycles, and will permit visualization of the three-dimensional vascular anatomy and circulation throughout the myocardium.", "PMID": 504645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6254", "title": "Computed tomography of the retroperitoneum following nephrectomy.", "content": "Twenty-five patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) after nephrectomy. CT was useful in the detection of postoperative complications and local recurrence of tumor. Ultrasound was difficult because of rib artifacts or bowel gas, and a fluid-filled bowel often simulated tumor: oral contrast material was useful during CT. Local recurrence was demonstrated by CT in 8 patients in whom it was clinically suspected. Recurrent tumor was simulated by scarring in 3 cases and by an accessory or residual spleen in 2. Operative complications included one hematoma and one retroperitoneal abscess. CT could be useful in following up selected patients after nephrectomy.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the retroperitoneum following nephrectomy. Twenty-five patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) after nephrectomy. CT was useful in the detection of postoperative complications and local recurrence of tumor. Ultrasound was difficult because of rib artifacts or bowel gas, and a fluid-filled bowel often simulated tumor: oral contrast material was useful during CT. Local recurrence was demonstrated by CT in 8 patients in whom it was clinically suspected. Recurrent tumor was simulated by scarring in 3 cases and by an accessory or residual spleen in 2. Operative complications included one hematoma and one retroperitoneal abscess. CT could be useful in following up selected patients after nephrectomy.", "PMID": 504646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6255", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the stomach, small bowel, and colon.", "content": "A characteristic sonographic pattern that suggests a bowel lesion is pathologically significant in over 90% of patients with this pattern. The authors call this pattern the \"pseudokidney sign\" because it superficially resembles the ultrasonic appearance of the kidney. Although found occasionally in normal persons, this characteristic pattern should always lead the sonographer to consider a bowel lesion. Additional radiographic examinations, such as an upper-gastrointestinal series, small-bowel studies, and barium-enema examinations, are advised for definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the stomach, small bowel, and colon. A characteristic sonographic pattern that suggests a bowel lesion is pathologically significant in over 90% of patients with this pattern. The authors call this pattern the \"pseudokidney sign\" because it superficially resembles the ultrasonic appearance of the kidney. Although found occasionally in normal persons, this characteristic pattern should always lead the sonographer to consider a bowel lesion. Additional radiographic examinations, such as an upper-gastrointestinal series, small-bowel studies, and barium-enema examinations, are advised for definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 504647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6256", "title": "Sonographic patterns of distended, fluid-filled bowel.", "content": "When small or large bowel is distended with fluid, certain characteristic features can be seen on ultrasound which cannot be visualized when the bowel is collapsed. The proximal and distal portions of the small bowel can frequently be differentiated both in vitro and in vivo by the echoes emanating from the valvulae conniventes (\"keyboard sign\"). This depends upon the angle at which the bowel segment is scanned in relation to its long axis, the relative amount of intraluminal fluid and gas, the diameter of the bowel in relation to the beam width of the transducer, and the intrinsic resolution of the scanning system. Similarly, the ascending and transverse colon can be recognized by haustral sacculations, the distal rectosigmoid colon and rectum by the rectal valves. The tubular shape, characteristic arrangement and location, and peristaltic motion of most fluid-filled bowel segments are helpful in differentiating loops of bowel from cystic masses in the abdomen or pelvis.", "contents": "Sonographic patterns of distended, fluid-filled bowel. When small or large bowel is distended with fluid, certain characteristic features can be seen on ultrasound which cannot be visualized when the bowel is collapsed. The proximal and distal portions of the small bowel can frequently be differentiated both in vitro and in vivo by the echoes emanating from the valvulae conniventes (\"keyboard sign\"). This depends upon the angle at which the bowel segment is scanned in relation to its long axis, the relative amount of intraluminal fluid and gas, the diameter of the bowel in relation to the beam width of the transducer, and the intrinsic resolution of the scanning system. Similarly, the ascending and transverse colon can be recognized by haustral sacculations, the distal rectosigmoid colon and rectum by the rectal valves. The tubular shape, characteristic arrangement and location, and peristaltic motion of most fluid-filled bowel segments are helpful in differentiating loops of bowel from cystic masses in the abdomen or pelvis.", "PMID": 504648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6257", "title": "Ultrasonographic localization of the gallbladder.", "content": "A linera echo connecting the gallbladder to the right or main portal vein was seen on ultrasonograms in a high percentage of patients (68%). This echo represents a portion of the main lobar fissure of the liver and appears to be a reliable anatomical indicator of the location of the gallbladder. The anatomical features responsible for this echo are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic localization of the gallbladder. A linera echo connecting the gallbladder to the right or main portal vein was seen on ultrasonograms in a high percentage of patients (68%). This echo represents a portion of the main lobar fissure of the liver and appears to be a reliable anatomical indicator of the location of the gallbladder. The anatomical features responsible for this echo are discussed.", "PMID": 504649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6258", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder wall.", "content": "In a series of 526 consecutive, unprepared patients examined by ultrasound, the gallbladder was visualized in 507 (96%). The average wall thickness was 2 mm or less in 97% of asymptomatic subjects without cholelithiasis and 3 mm or greater in 45% of those with choletithiasis. Pathologic correlation of increased thickness and chronic cholecystitis was made in a subgroup of 47 surgical patients. Local tenderness and mucosal thickening were found in 8 patients with acute cholecystitis. Use of electronic sector scanning is emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder wall. In a series of 526 consecutive, unprepared patients examined by ultrasound, the gallbladder was visualized in 507 (96%). The average wall thickness was 2 mm or less in 97% of asymptomatic subjects without cholelithiasis and 3 mm or greater in 45% of those with choletithiasis. Pathologic correlation of increased thickness and chronic cholecystitis was made in a subgroup of 47 surgical patients. Local tenderness and mucosal thickening were found in 8 patients with acute cholecystitis. Use of electronic sector scanning is emphasized.", "PMID": 504650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6259", "title": "Gallbladder wall thickening: ultrasonic findings.", "content": "Despite the commonplace pathologic occurrence of gallbladder wall thickening in cholecystitis, ultrasonic evaluation of the gallbladder wall has rarely proved useful. Three additional cases of clearly documented ultrasonically visible gallbladder wall thickening are presented to support recent contentions that this may be a new sign of gallbladder disease.", "contents": "Gallbladder wall thickening: ultrasonic findings. Despite the commonplace pathologic occurrence of gallbladder wall thickening in cholecystitis, ultrasonic evaluation of the gallbladder wall has rarely proved useful. Three additional cases of clearly documented ultrasonically visible gallbladder wall thickening are presented to support recent contentions that this may be a new sign of gallbladder disease.", "PMID": 504651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6260", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of common bile duct size.", "content": "A new sonographic technique for demonstration of the common bile duct is described in a prospective study of 200 patients. The mean diameter of the normal common duct was 4.1 mm. A common duct greater than 7 mm in diameter can be seen in (a) nonjaundiced patients with gallstones and/or pancreatitis, or (b) jaundiced patients with common duct obstruction by stone or tumor. A common duct greater than 11 mm in diameter is strongly suggestive of obstruction by stone or tumor.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of common bile duct size. A new sonographic technique for demonstration of the common bile duct is described in a prospective study of 200 patients. The mean diameter of the normal common duct was 4.1 mm. A common duct greater than 7 mm in diameter can be seen in (a) nonjaundiced patients with gallstones and/or pancreatitis, or (b) jaundiced patients with common duct obstruction by stone or tumor. A common duct greater than 11 mm in diameter is strongly suggestive of obstruction by stone or tumor.", "PMID": 504652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6261", "title": "Radionuclide bone imaging as a means of differentiating loosening and infection in patients with a painful total hip prosthesis.", "content": "Twenty patients with 23 painful total hip prostheses were examined by radionuclide imaging (20 cases), arthrography (11 cases), needle aspiration (9 cases), and surgery (19 cases) for the purpose of assessing loosening and/or infection. Bone imaging was most accurate, showing three main distributions of activity: (a) ectopic calcification, (b) focal increased activity at the upper and lower ends of the femoral prosthesis, and (c) diffuse activity. These findings suggest that infection and loosening can be differentiated in many instances. None of the patients with focal activity had infection, compared to 2 of the 3 patients with diffuse uptake.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone imaging as a means of differentiating loosening and infection in patients with a painful total hip prosthesis. Twenty patients with 23 painful total hip prostheses were examined by radionuclide imaging (20 cases), arthrography (11 cases), needle aspiration (9 cases), and surgery (19 cases) for the purpose of assessing loosening and/or infection. Bone imaging was most accurate, showing three main distributions of activity: (a) ectopic calcification, (b) focal increased activity at the upper and lower ends of the femoral prosthesis, and (c) diffuse activity. These findings suggest that infection and loosening can be differentiated in many instances. None of the patients with focal activity had infection, compared to 2 of the 3 patients with diffuse uptake.", "PMID": 504653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6262", "title": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone imaging in the evaluation of total hip prostheses.", "content": "A retrospective study was performed to determine the accuracy of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone imaging in the evaluation of total hip arthrosplasty for lossening and/or infection. Using focally increased activity at the tip of the femoral component or in the region of the acetabular component as a criterion, the examination was 77% specific and 100% sensitive for loosening and/or infection. A possible explanation for the increased uptake at the tip of the femoral component and the role of this examination in the management of a painful total hip prosthesis are discussed.", "contents": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone imaging in the evaluation of total hip prostheses. A retrospective study was performed to determine the accuracy of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone imaging in the evaluation of total hip arthrosplasty for lossening and/or infection. Using focally increased activity at the tip of the femoral component or in the region of the acetabular component as a criterion, the examination was 77% specific and 100% sensitive for loosening and/or infection. A possible explanation for the increased uptake at the tip of the femoral component and the role of this examination in the management of a painful total hip prosthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 504654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6263", "title": "Regression of Hodgkin disease in the mediastinum: a mathematical model.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with mediastinal Hodgkin disease were teated either by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The rates of tumor regression were measured and were fitted into a three-parameter Gompertzian model. Tumor regression was more pronounced and prompt in patients treated with radiotherapy. The Gompertzian model matched the radiation therapy data closely in the first 90 days after initiation of therapy in cases of approximately equal tumor size.", "contents": "Regression of Hodgkin disease in the mediastinum: a mathematical model. Twenty-seven patients with mediastinal Hodgkin disease were teated either by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The rates of tumor regression were measured and were fitted into a three-parameter Gompertzian model. Tumor regression was more pronounced and prompt in patients treated with radiotherapy. The Gompertzian model matched the radiation therapy data closely in the first 90 days after initiation of therapy in cases of approximately equal tumor size.", "PMID": 504655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6264", "title": "Pattern of recurrences in endometrial carcinoma and their management.", "content": "During the period 1961-1971, 177 surgical candidates with clinical Stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated. The pattern of recurrence according to the initial mode of treatment and the high risk factors predisposing to recurrence are presented. The incidence of vaginal vault recurrence was reduced from 7.4% with surgery to 1.2% by the use of adjunctive radiotherapy. Management of recurrence according to site is outlined. The local control rate for patients with local recurrence was 44% and the five-year survival rate after recurrence was 33%.", "contents": "Pattern of recurrences in endometrial carcinoma and their management. During the period 1961-1971, 177 surgical candidates with clinical Stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated. The pattern of recurrence according to the initial mode of treatment and the high risk factors predisposing to recurrence are presented. The incidence of vaginal vault recurrence was reduced from 7.4% with surgery to 1.2% by the use of adjunctive radiotherapy. Management of recurrence according to site is outlined. The local control rate for patients with local recurrence was 44% and the five-year survival rate after recurrence was 33%.", "PMID": 504656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6265", "title": "Intracranial blood clot volume and geometric parameters determined from CT images.", "content": "A method of determining intracranial blood vlot volumes from CT images data is presented. This technique avoids dependence on regular geometric volume approximations. Studies are presented on phantoms of known volume (ranging from 3.5 to 108 cm3) but with varying size, shape, and density relative to the surrounding medium. For a wide range of differential densities across the boundary, these phantom results indicate that volumes may be calculated to an accuracy generally better than +/- 2 cm3. A series of clinical cases, principally hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages, have been studied to demonstrate the technique. Three-dimensional axes, which allow clot localization relative to cerebral anatomy, are defined using the anterior/posterior falx attachment points and the dorsum sellae. Clot volume, center of mass, vector of clot expansion, and shift of anatomical structures are determined. Correlation of these data with clinical outcome and surgery is discussed.", "contents": "Intracranial blood clot volume and geometric parameters determined from CT images. A method of determining intracranial blood vlot volumes from CT images data is presented. This technique avoids dependence on regular geometric volume approximations. Studies are presented on phantoms of known volume (ranging from 3.5 to 108 cm3) but with varying size, shape, and density relative to the surrounding medium. For a wide range of differential densities across the boundary, these phantom results indicate that volumes may be calculated to an accuracy generally better than +/- 2 cm3. A series of clinical cases, principally hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages, have been studied to demonstrate the technique. Three-dimensional axes, which allow clot localization relative to cerebral anatomy, are defined using the anterior/posterior falx attachment points and the dorsum sellae. Clot volume, center of mass, vector of clot expansion, and shift of anatomical structures are determined. Correlation of these data with clinical outcome and surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 504657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6266", "title": "Radiation absorbed dose to the lens in dacryoscintigraphy with 99mTcO4-.", "content": "Calculations of the radiation dose to the lens for 99mTcO4- in dacryoscintigraphy are developed in some detail. The results indicate that the absorbed dose to the germinal epithelium of the lens is 2.2 X 10(-5) to 1.4 X 10(-4) rad/microCi (5.9 x 10(-12) to 3.8 x 10(-11) Gy/Bq) 99mTcO4- under physiological conditions. With blockage of the lacrimal drainage apparatus, the dose to the lens could increase to 4 X 10(-3) rad/microCi (1 X 10(-9) Gy/Bq).", "contents": "Radiation absorbed dose to the lens in dacryoscintigraphy with 99mTcO4-. Calculations of the radiation dose to the lens for 99mTcO4- in dacryoscintigraphy are developed in some detail. The results indicate that the absorbed dose to the germinal epithelium of the lens is 2.2 X 10(-5) to 1.4 X 10(-4) rad/microCi (5.9 x 10(-12) to 3.8 x 10(-11) Gy/Bq) 99mTcO4- under physiological conditions. With blockage of the lacrimal drainage apparatus, the dose to the lens could increase to 4 X 10(-3) rad/microCi (1 X 10(-9) Gy/Bq).", "PMID": 504658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6267", "title": "Radiographic, photofluorographic, and television imaging systems: an evaluation.", "content": "A feasibility study for the photographic recording of fluoroscopic images from a high resolution system is described. Resolution on the television monitor was 2 line pairs/mm, making clinically acceptable recordings possible. Significant reductions in radiation dose to the patient and potential financial savings are indicated if a multiformat camera is developed to photograph the monitor.", "contents": "Radiographic, photofluorographic, and television imaging systems: an evaluation. A feasibility study for the photographic recording of fluoroscopic images from a high resolution system is described. Resolution on the television monitor was 2 line pairs/mm, making clinically acceptable recordings possible. Significant reductions in radiation dose to the patient and potential financial savings are indicated if a multiformat camera is developed to photograph the monitor.", "PMID": 504659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6268", "title": "Cellular response of a rat brain tumor to a therapeutic carbon ion beam.", "content": "Clonogenic cell survival of in situ 9L brain tumors was measured in air-breathing rats and rats killed with nitrogen. Animals were irradiated with BEVALAC accelerated carbon ions in the plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of the specific ionization curve. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for carbon ions in the plateau was 1.2 +/- 0.1 for oxic cells and 1.3 +/- 0.1 for anoxic cells; in the Bragg peak the RBE was 1.6 +/- 0.1 for oxic cells and 2.0 +/- 0.1 for anoxic cells. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) in the plateau was 2.0 +/- 0.1, not significantly different from the 2.1 +/- 0.2 found for x rays. The OER in the Bragg peak was reduced to 1.7 +/- 0.1. For cells having the same radiobiological sensitivity as in situ 9L cells, the neon ion beam may be therapeutically superior; however, this does not preclude selection of the carbon ion beam in many clinical situations.", "contents": "Cellular response of a rat brain tumor to a therapeutic carbon ion beam. Clonogenic cell survival of in situ 9L brain tumors was measured in air-breathing rats and rats killed with nitrogen. Animals were irradiated with BEVALAC accelerated carbon ions in the plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of the specific ionization curve. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for carbon ions in the plateau was 1.2 +/- 0.1 for oxic cells and 1.3 +/- 0.1 for anoxic cells; in the Bragg peak the RBE was 1.6 +/- 0.1 for oxic cells and 2.0 +/- 0.1 for anoxic cells. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) in the plateau was 2.0 +/- 0.1, not significantly different from the 2.1 +/- 0.2 found for x rays. The OER in the Bragg peak was reduced to 1.7 +/- 0.1. For cells having the same radiobiological sensitivity as in situ 9L cells, the neon ion beam may be therapeutically superior; however, this does not preclude selection of the carbon ion beam in many clinical situations.", "PMID": 504660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6269", "title": "Evaluation of hepatobiliary imaging by radionuclide scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and contrast cholangiography.", "content": "Cholescintigraphy, ultrasonography, and contrast cholangiography were compared in 60 patients. Among those having abdominal pain but no biliary disease or jaundice, cholescintigraphy was normal in 14/14, ultrasound in 10/13, and cholangiography in 13/14. Jaundice due to hepatocellular disease was correctly distinguished from complete biliary obstruction by cholescintigraphy in 17/17 patients and by ultrasound in 14/17. In cholelithiasis, ultrasound was abnormal in 10/12 and cholangiography in 7/9. Cholescintigraphy appeared most sensitive to active cholecystitis; only cholangiography and ultrasound visualized gallstones.", "contents": "Evaluation of hepatobiliary imaging by radionuclide scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and contrast cholangiography. Cholescintigraphy, ultrasonography, and contrast cholangiography were compared in 60 patients. Among those having abdominal pain but no biliary disease or jaundice, cholescintigraphy was normal in 14/14, ultrasound in 10/13, and cholangiography in 13/14. Jaundice due to hepatocellular disease was correctly distinguished from complete biliary obstruction by cholescintigraphy in 17/17 patients and by ultrasound in 14/17. In cholelithiasis, ultrasound was abnormal in 10/12 and cholangiography in 7/9. Cholescintigraphy appeared most sensitive to active cholecystitis; only cholangiography and ultrasound visualized gallstones.", "PMID": 504661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6270", "title": "Microfibrillar collagen hemostat: a new transcatheter embolization agent.", "content": "Nine patients underwent transcatheter embolization with a suspension of microfibrillar collagen hemostat (MCH). Four of the patients had large vascular renal tumors, and two had bleeding bladder carcinomas. There was one case each of bleeding rectal tumor, bleeding esophageal varices, and arteriovenous malformation of the shoulder. MCH was highly thrombogenic and could be injected through very small catheters. It was highly effective as an occlusive agent and was able to penetrate the small end-arteries of a lesion. Its main disadvantage is that if normal tissues are inadvertently embolized, there is a risk of ischemic complication.", "contents": "Microfibrillar collagen hemostat: a new transcatheter embolization agent. Nine patients underwent transcatheter embolization with a suspension of microfibrillar collagen hemostat (MCH). Four of the patients had large vascular renal tumors, and two had bleeding bladder carcinomas. There was one case each of bleeding rectal tumor, bleeding esophageal varices, and arteriovenous malformation of the shoulder. MCH was highly thrombogenic and could be injected through very small catheters. It was highly effective as an occlusive agent and was able to penetrate the small end-arteries of a lesion. Its main disadvantage is that if normal tissues are inadvertently embolized, there is a risk of ischemic complication.", "PMID": 504662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6271", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of neoplastic invasion of the base of the tongue.", "content": "Patients with primary carcinoma of the base of the tongue or direct invasion from contiguous areas were examined clinically and with ultrasound, and in some cases with computed tomography (CT), xerography, and polytomography. In all cases, multiple biopsy specimens were obtained. Utrasonography was better than the other imaging methods in delineating disease extent in the tongue itself, while CT and tomography were more useful in evaluating the retropharyngeal and lateral pharyngeal regions. It is suggested that ultrasound be used in the initial evaluation of such patients.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of neoplastic invasion of the base of the tongue. Patients with primary carcinoma of the base of the tongue or direct invasion from contiguous areas were examined clinically and with ultrasound, and in some cases with computed tomography (CT), xerography, and polytomography. In all cases, multiple biopsy specimens were obtained. Utrasonography was better than the other imaging methods in delineating disease extent in the tongue itself, while CT and tomography were more useful in evaluating the retropharyngeal and lateral pharyngeal regions. It is suggested that ultrasound be used in the initial evaluation of such patients.", "PMID": 504663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6272", "title": "Detectability of spherical objects by computed tomography.", "content": "A Lucite phantom was constructed with voids cut in long cylinders, short cylinders and spheres in order to quantitate the effect of partial volume averaging on detectability. Typical scans of varying contrast revealed that the long cylinders cinsistently can be detected to a smaller size than either short cylinders or spheres of the same diameter. The authors feel that low contrast detectability must involve the influence of beam profile on partial volume contrast losses for spherical objects.", "contents": "Detectability of spherical objects by computed tomography. A Lucite phantom was constructed with voids cut in long cylinders, short cylinders and spheres in order to quantitate the effect of partial volume averaging on detectability. Typical scans of varying contrast revealed that the long cylinders cinsistently can be detected to a smaller size than either short cylinders or spheres of the same diameter. The authors feel that low contrast detectability must involve the influence of beam profile on partial volume contrast losses for spherical objects.", "PMID": 504664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6273", "title": "An alternate technique for lower extremity venography.", "content": "An alternate technique of performing lower extremity venography is described for use in patients in whom injection into a superficial vein of the foot is not possible.", "contents": "An alternate technique for lower extremity venography. An alternate technique of performing lower extremity venography is described for use in patients in whom injection into a superficial vein of the foot is not possible.", "PMID": 504665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6274", "title": "The use of xylocaine to diminish leg cramps in venography.", "content": "A double-blind study was performed using the Bettmann-Paulin technique to test the hypothesis that small quantities of Xylocaine mixed with diluted contrast medium would reduce leg cramps in patients during venography. Under random selection, one group of patients received 10 mg/50 ml of Xylocaine per diluted contrast medium; a second group, 20 mg/50 ml; and a third group, plain contrast medium. The findings support the hypothesis, with drug hypersensitivity the only contraindication.", "contents": "The use of xylocaine to diminish leg cramps in venography. A double-blind study was performed using the Bettmann-Paulin technique to test the hypothesis that small quantities of Xylocaine mixed with diluted contrast medium would reduce leg cramps in patients during venography. Under random selection, one group of patients received 10 mg/50 ml of Xylocaine per diluted contrast medium; a second group, 20 mg/50 ml; and a third group, plain contrast medium. The findings support the hypothesis, with drug hypersensitivity the only contraindication.", "PMID": 504666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6275", "title": "Intravenous lidocaine: an effective analgesic for lower extremity venography.", "content": "Lidocaine (60 mg/100 ml) was added to contrast medium (120 ml of Conray-60) in an attempt to decrease pain associated with leg venography in 100 patients. No side effects were seen, and there was a marked reduction in pain as reported by four different examiners in two separate hospital populations.", "contents": "Intravenous lidocaine: an effective analgesic for lower extremity venography. Lidocaine (60 mg/100 ml) was added to contrast medium (120 ml of Conray-60) in an attempt to decrease pain associated with leg venography in 100 patients. No side effects were seen, and there was a marked reduction in pain as reported by four different examiners in two separate hospital populations.", "PMID": 504667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6276", "title": "Pain accompanying leg venography: a comparison of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoates.", "content": "Leg venography with either 50% sodium diatrizoate or 60% meglumine diatrizoate was performed on 31 patients suspected of having deep venous thrombophlebitis. Four of 14 patients receiving meglumine diatrizoate experienced pain during venography, as compared to 14 of 17 patients receiving sodium diatrizoate (p less than 0.004). A second study showed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of pain between two groups of patients receiving either Renografin-45 (6% sodium diatrizoate, 39% meglumine diatrizoate) or Renografin-M-45 (45% meglumine diatrizoate).", "contents": "Pain accompanying leg venography: a comparison of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoates. Leg venography with either 50% sodium diatrizoate or 60% meglumine diatrizoate was performed on 31 patients suspected of having deep venous thrombophlebitis. Four of 14 patients receiving meglumine diatrizoate experienced pain during venography, as compared to 14 of 17 patients receiving sodium diatrizoate (p less than 0.004). A second study showed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of pain between two groups of patients receiving either Renografin-45 (6% sodium diatrizoate, 39% meglumine diatrizoate) or Renografin-M-45 (45% meglumine diatrizoate).", "PMID": 504668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6277", "title": "Tolazoline-augmented arteriography in the evaluation of bone and soft-tissue tumors.", "content": "Twelve patients with bone tumors were prospectively evaluated by arteriography both with and without tolazoline. In general, tolazoline improved definition of tumor extent; however, in 2 patients with highly vascular tumors and 2 patients with hypovascular tumors, tolazoline did not improve visualization. In 3 of the 12 patients, the tolazoline-augmented study was less accurate than the nontolazoline study in defining tumor extent.", "contents": "Tolazoline-augmented arteriography in the evaluation of bone and soft-tissue tumors. Twelve patients with bone tumors were prospectively evaluated by arteriography both with and without tolazoline. In general, tolazoline improved definition of tumor extent; however, in 2 patients with highly vascular tumors and 2 patients with hypovascular tumors, tolazoline did not improve visualization. In 3 of the 12 patients, the tolazoline-augmented study was less accurate than the nontolazoline study in defining tumor extent.", "PMID": 504669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6278", "title": "Lymphography without the use of vital dyes.", "content": "Pedal lymphography was performed without the use of vital dyes in 510 patients. Lymphatic vessels were still readily identifiable by this method, due to their transparency, clarity, elasticity, distensibility, and characteristic branching pattern. Procedure time was shortened by 10-15 minutes without compromising the high success rate.", "contents": "Lymphography without the use of vital dyes. Pedal lymphography was performed without the use of vital dyes in 510 patients. Lymphatic vessels were still readily identifiable by this method, due to their transparency, clarity, elasticity, distensibility, and characteristic branching pattern. Procedure time was shortened by 10-15 minutes without compromising the high success rate.", "PMID": 504670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6279", "title": "Diagnosis of aortic graft infection.", "content": "A technique using the \"skinny\" needle to diagnose aortic graft infection is described. The technique is similar to the standard translumbar technique, except that the needle is directed caudally. Both radiologic and bacterial diagnosis can be made using this technique, and puncture of the graft appears to be without significant consequence.", "contents": "Diagnosis of aortic graft infection. A technique using the \"skinny\" needle to diagnose aortic graft infection is described. The technique is similar to the standard translumbar technique, except that the needle is directed caudally. Both radiologic and bacterial diagnosis can be made using this technique, and puncture of the graft appears to be without significant consequence.", "PMID": 504671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6280", "title": "A safe technique for introduction of the Kimray-Greenfield filter.", "content": "A modification in the introduction of the Kimray-Greenfield filter is described. Rather than advancing the stylet toward the Luer-lok assembly and thereby discharging the filter, the authors propose positioning the carrier containing the closed filter farther into the inferior vena cava, then withdrawing the catheter and carriage while holding the stylet in place. This method reduces the chance for damaging the caval wall.", "contents": "A safe technique for introduction of the Kimray-Greenfield filter. A modification in the introduction of the Kimray-Greenfield filter is described. Rather than advancing the stylet toward the Luer-lok assembly and thereby discharging the filter, the authors propose positioning the carrier containing the closed filter farther into the inferior vena cava, then withdrawing the catheter and carriage while holding the stylet in place. This method reduces the chance for damaging the caval wall.", "PMID": 504672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6281", "title": "An iridium-192 mold for use in treating carcinoma of the soft palate.", "content": "A Lucite sandwich mold containing Iridium-192 wire for use in the treatment of soft palate carcinoma is described. This mold is very simple to use, produces a homogeneous (+/- 10%) radiation field across the midplane of the tumor, and requires minimal machinist time.", "contents": "An iridium-192 mold for use in treating carcinoma of the soft palate. A Lucite sandwich mold containing Iridium-192 wire for use in the treatment of soft palate carcinoma is described. This mold is very simple to use, produces a homogeneous (+/- 10%) radiation field across the midplane of the tumor, and requires minimal machinist time.", "PMID": 504673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6282", "title": "Positioning device for cardiac series.", "content": "The author describes a new positioning device for use during radiography of the chest. This device is particularly helpful when doing a cardiac series.", "contents": "Positioning device for cardiac series. The author describes a new positioning device for use during radiography of the chest. This device is particularly helpful when doing a cardiac series.", "PMID": 504674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6283", "title": "Nonoperative retrieval of impacted intrahepatic biliary stones using the fogarty balloon catheter.", "content": "Nonoperative removal of impacted intrahepatic stones was achieved in 2 patients using a Fogarty balloon catheter. The stones could not be dislodged with a basket. Fluoroscopic monitoring during the procedure reduces the risk of injury to the liver.", "contents": "Nonoperative retrieval of impacted intrahepatic biliary stones using the fogarty balloon catheter. Nonoperative removal of impacted intrahepatic stones was achieved in 2 patients using a Fogarty balloon catheter. The stones could not be dislodged with a basket. Fluoroscopic monitoring during the procedure reduces the risk of injury to the liver.", "PMID": 504675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6284", "title": "An improved technique of loading contrast material for angiography.", "content": "The author describes a new technique which facilitates loading of contrast material into the injector syringe without interrupting the angiographic procedure.", "contents": "An improved technique of loading contrast material for angiography. The author describes a new technique which facilitates loading of contrast material into the injector syringe without interrupting the angiographic procedure.", "PMID": 504676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6285", "title": "Real-time ultrasound: its role in abdominal examinations.", "content": "Until recently, real-time ultrasound has not had a central role in abdominal examinations due to the limited resolution of the scanners. However, a new generation of high-resolution real-time scanners has been introduced in the past year, and these machines are now being promoted as principal abdominal scanners. The authors have used a mechanical, phase-focused, annular array in conjunction with a conventional articulated-arm B-scanner for over a year in more than 2,000 examinations. Based on this experience, they present the argument that high-resolution real-time should be used as the standard technique for abdominal examination, and that it is not necessary to have a conventional articulated-arum scanner as backup.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound: its role in abdominal examinations. Until recently, real-time ultrasound has not had a central role in abdominal examinations due to the limited resolution of the scanners. However, a new generation of high-resolution real-time scanners has been introduced in the past year, and these machines are now being promoted as principal abdominal scanners. The authors have used a mechanical, phase-focused, annular array in conjunction with a conventional articulated-arm B-scanner for over a year in more than 2,000 examinations. Based on this experience, they present the argument that high-resolution real-time should be used as the standard technique for abdominal examination, and that it is not necessary to have a conventional articulated-arum scanner as backup.", "PMID": 504678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6286", "title": "Real-time ultrasound in abdominal examinations.", "content": "Three types of real-time ultrasonic equipment are discussed: sequenced linear arrays, mechancial sector scanners, and phased array systems. Their limitations, including those involving documentation, are briefly reviewed. Although real-time scanners are satisfactory for small, local examinations, they should be used in conjuction with static B-scanners for larger abdominal surveys.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound in abdominal examinations. Three types of real-time ultrasonic equipment are discussed: sequenced linear arrays, mechancial sector scanners, and phased array systems. Their limitations, including those involving documentation, are briefly reviewed. Although real-time scanners are satisfactory for small, local examinations, they should be used in conjuction with static B-scanners for larger abdominal surveys.", "PMID": 504679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6287", "title": "Double bond isomers of cloprostenol.", "content": "The syntheses of five compounds isomeric with the potent luteolytic agent cloprostenol are described. These are the trans-delta 5, cis and trans-delta 4, cis-delta 6 (methyl ester) and cis-delta 13 analogues. The cis-delta 4 isomer is as potent as cloprostenol as a luteolytic agent in hamsters but the others are markedly less so.", "contents": "Double bond isomers of cloprostenol. The syntheses of five compounds isomeric with the potent luteolytic agent cloprostenol are described. These are the trans-delta 5, cis and trans-delta 4, cis-delta 6 (methyl ester) and cis-delta 13 analogues. The cis-delta 4 isomer is as potent as cloprostenol as a luteolytic agent in hamsters but the others are markedly less so.", "PMID": 504688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6288", "title": "A calcitonin-like action of prostaglandin E1.", "content": "The pharmacological effects of PGE1 (6 and 9 days, 2-1,250 micrograms/kg per day subcutaneously) upon the growth and the bone resorption of mammals were studied using the proximal tibia and upper incisor of immature rats along with lead acetate as a time marker, and upon the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels. The following results were obtained. 1. PGE1 hardly affected the body weight or the weight of organs of the rats but apparently inhibited the longitudinal growth of proximal tibia in a dose related manner. 2. PGE1 clearly inhibited not only the longitudinal growth (incisor growth) but also the appositional growth (dentin formation) of incisal dentin. 3. The grade of the inhibitory effect on the growth was in the order of bone growth greater than dentin formation greater than incisor growth. 4. The occurrence of osteoporosis due to a low calcium diet was inhibited by the simultaneous administration of PGE1, the mechanism being considered to be mainly due to the inhibitory effect on the bone resorption. 5. PGE1 lowered the level of serum calcium and the lowering effect was not observed in the thyro-parathyroidectomized rat. From the facts that the above effects were exactly the same as those of calcitonin (1), the possibility that the subcutaneous injection of PGE1 may induce a calcitonin-like action, a part of which may dependent on the calcitonin secretion is suggested.", "contents": "A calcitonin-like action of prostaglandin E1. The pharmacological effects of PGE1 (6 and 9 days, 2-1,250 micrograms/kg per day subcutaneously) upon the growth and the bone resorption of mammals were studied using the proximal tibia and upper incisor of immature rats along with lead acetate as a time marker, and upon the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels. The following results were obtained. 1. PGE1 hardly affected the body weight or the weight of organs of the rats but apparently inhibited the longitudinal growth of proximal tibia in a dose related manner. 2. PGE1 clearly inhibited not only the longitudinal growth (incisor growth) but also the appositional growth (dentin formation) of incisal dentin. 3. The grade of the inhibitory effect on the growth was in the order of bone growth greater than dentin formation greater than incisor growth. 4. The occurrence of osteoporosis due to a low calcium diet was inhibited by the simultaneous administration of PGE1, the mechanism being considered to be mainly due to the inhibitory effect on the bone resorption. 5. PGE1 lowered the level of serum calcium and the lowering effect was not observed in the thyro-parathyroidectomized rat. From the facts that the above effects were exactly the same as those of calcitonin (1), the possibility that the subcutaneous injection of PGE1 may induce a calcitonin-like action, a part of which may dependent on the calcitonin secretion is suggested.", "PMID": 504689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6289", "title": "Prostaglandins contribute to the vasodilation induced by nicotinic acid.", "content": "The significance of endogenously formed prostaglandins in the vasodilation induced by nicotinic acid (NIC) was investigated. The forearm venous plasma level of radioimmunoassayed PGE (R-PGE) and the forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured in 13 healthy male volunteers at rest and during infusion of NIC. Each subject was subsequently re-studied after pretreatment with the PG synthesis inhibitor, naproxen. In the absence of naproxen, NIC infusion resulted in an almost four-fold rise in the release of R-PGE and a 60% increase in FBF. Pretreatment with naproxen did not affect the basal release of R-PGE or the basal FBF but inhibited both the release of R-PGE and the increase in FBF following NIC. The data support the hypothesis that the vasodilating effect of NIC is largely dependent upon an increased vascular formation of PG.", "contents": "Prostaglandins contribute to the vasodilation induced by nicotinic acid. The significance of endogenously formed prostaglandins in the vasodilation induced by nicotinic acid (NIC) was investigated. The forearm venous plasma level of radioimmunoassayed PGE (R-PGE) and the forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured in 13 healthy male volunteers at rest and during infusion of NIC. Each subject was subsequently re-studied after pretreatment with the PG synthesis inhibitor, naproxen. In the absence of naproxen, NIC infusion resulted in an almost four-fold rise in the release of R-PGE and a 60% increase in FBF. Pretreatment with naproxen did not affect the basal release of R-PGE or the basal FBF but inhibited both the release of R-PGE and the increase in FBF following NIC. The data support the hypothesis that the vasodilating effect of NIC is largely dependent upon an increased vascular formation of PG.", "PMID": 504690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6290", "title": "Applications and limitations of measurement of 15-keto,13,14-dihydro prostaglandin E2 in human blood by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "It has been anticipated that the inherent limitations of radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin E (PGE) would be obviated by assays for its major circulating metabolite, 15-keto, 13,14-dihydro PGE2) which has a longer half-life in blood. We examined the effects of PGE2 infusion and alterations in lipolysis in vivo, and of clotting, prolonged storage and hemolysis in vitro, on KH2-PGE2 immunoreactivity in unextracted human plasma and serum samples. Indeed KH2-PGE2 levels rose several hundred fold during infusions of PGE2 at doses which cause little or no increment in peripheral PGE levels. During stimulation of lipolysis by infusions of epinephrine, apparent KH2-PGE2 levels rose five-fold. However, the dilution curve of plasma obtained during stimulation of lipolysis was not parallel to the standard curve; furthermore, apparent KH2-PGE2 levels were correlated strongly with free fatty acid (FFA) levels, suggesting that FFA's cross-reacted in the RIA weakly but significantly due to their very high molar concentration in blood. Clotting and prolonged storage of samples, but not hemolysis, also caused marked apparent increments in KH2-PGE2 levels. Competition curves using dilutions of such samples were again not parallel to the standard curves in plasma or buffer, but resembled dilution curves of samples containing high levels of FFA. These results suggest that handling of human blood samples for KH2-PGE2 measurement must be carefully standardized to avoid significant artifacts which presumably are due in part to fatty acids released from triglyceride stores in vivo or from disrupted membrane phospholipids in vitro. Unextracted plasma appears to be unsatisfactory for use in this RIA.", "contents": "Applications and limitations of measurement of 15-keto,13,14-dihydro prostaglandin E2 in human blood by radioimmunoassay. It has been anticipated that the inherent limitations of radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin E (PGE) would be obviated by assays for its major circulating metabolite, 15-keto, 13,14-dihydro PGE2) which has a longer half-life in blood. We examined the effects of PGE2 infusion and alterations in lipolysis in vivo, and of clotting, prolonged storage and hemolysis in vitro, on KH2-PGE2 immunoreactivity in unextracted human plasma and serum samples. Indeed KH2-PGE2 levels rose several hundred fold during infusions of PGE2 at doses which cause little or no increment in peripheral PGE levels. During stimulation of lipolysis by infusions of epinephrine, apparent KH2-PGE2 levels rose five-fold. However, the dilution curve of plasma obtained during stimulation of lipolysis was not parallel to the standard curve; furthermore, apparent KH2-PGE2 levels were correlated strongly with free fatty acid (FFA) levels, suggesting that FFA's cross-reacted in the RIA weakly but significantly due to their very high molar concentration in blood. Clotting and prolonged storage of samples, but not hemolysis, also caused marked apparent increments in KH2-PGE2 levels. Competition curves using dilutions of such samples were again not parallel to the standard curves in plasma or buffer, but resembled dilution curves of samples containing high levels of FFA. These results suggest that handling of human blood samples for KH2-PGE2 measurement must be carefully standardized to avoid significant artifacts which presumably are due in part to fatty acids released from triglyceride stores in vivo or from disrupted membrane phospholipids in vitro. Unextracted plasma appears to be unsatisfactory for use in this RIA.", "PMID": 504691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6291", "title": "PGE1 metabolism by the perfused rat liver.", "content": "The hepatic and biliary metabolites of PGE1 have been isolated and identified after infusions of PGE1 into isolated rat liver preparations. The results demonstrate that in general PGE1 undergoes metabolism similar to that of PGE2 in the rat and reveals the possibility of a selective PG metabolite transport system across the biliary canalicular membrane.", "contents": "PGE1 metabolism by the perfused rat liver. The hepatic and biliary metabolites of PGE1 have been isolated and identified after infusions of PGE1 into isolated rat liver preparations. The results demonstrate that in general PGE1 undergoes metabolism similar to that of PGE2 in the rat and reveals the possibility of a selective PG metabolite transport system across the biliary canalicular membrane.", "PMID": 504692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6292", "title": "Prostaglandins F in uterine and ovarian compartments and in plasma from the uterine vein, ovarian artery and vein, and abdominal aorta of pseudopregnant rats with and without deciduomata.", "content": "Prostaglandins F were measured in uterine and ovarian compartments and in uterine venous, ovarian arterial and venous and abdominal aorta plasma and the uptake of 3H-PGF2 alpha by ovarian compartments of 240 pseudopregnant rats with or without bilateral deciduomata in five experiments. Concentrations of PGF in deciduomal tissue, uterine venous plasma, ovarian arterial and venous plasma, corpora lutea, and remainder of the ovary and 3H-PGF2 alpha in the ovary were consistently as high or higher in pseudopregnant rats with deciduomata as in the endometrium, ovarian compartments, or samples of plasma from the same blood vessels of pseudopregnant rats without deciduomata. Levels of PGF were consistently 3 to 7 fold higher in uterine venous than in plasma from the abdominal aorta. It is concluded that extended luteal maintenance by deciduomal tissue is by some mechanism other than an inhibition of PGF synthesis by the uterus, transfer of PGF locally to the ovary, or uptake of PGF by the ovarian compartments.", "contents": "Prostaglandins F in uterine and ovarian compartments and in plasma from the uterine vein, ovarian artery and vein, and abdominal aorta of pseudopregnant rats with and without deciduomata. Prostaglandins F were measured in uterine and ovarian compartments and in uterine venous, ovarian arterial and venous and abdominal aorta plasma and the uptake of 3H-PGF2 alpha by ovarian compartments of 240 pseudopregnant rats with or without bilateral deciduomata in five experiments. Concentrations of PGF in deciduomal tissue, uterine venous plasma, ovarian arterial and venous plasma, corpora lutea, and remainder of the ovary and 3H-PGF2 alpha in the ovary were consistently as high or higher in pseudopregnant rats with deciduomata as in the endometrium, ovarian compartments, or samples of plasma from the same blood vessels of pseudopregnant rats without deciduomata. Levels of PGF were consistently 3 to 7 fold higher in uterine venous than in plasma from the abdominal aorta. It is concluded that extended luteal maintenance by deciduomal tissue is by some mechanism other than an inhibition of PGF synthesis by the uterus, transfer of PGF locally to the ovary, or uptake of PGF by the ovarian compartments.", "PMID": 504693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6293", "title": "Role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neutrophil aggregation: a hypothesis.", "content": "Chemotactic substances stimulate neutrophils in suspension to aggregate. Arachidonic acid (but not several structurally related fatty acids) induces a similar neutrophil response. We now report that two blockers of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibit this arachidonic acid-mediated response. Moreover, both blockers also inhibit aggregation stimulated by a synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and their potency in doing so parallels their potency in inhibiting the response to arachidonic acid. These results suggest that metabolites of arachidonic acid may stimulate certain neutrophil functions and be involved in cellular responses to at least some chemotactic substances.", "contents": "Role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neutrophil aggregation: a hypothesis. Chemotactic substances stimulate neutrophils in suspension to aggregate. Arachidonic acid (but not several structurally related fatty acids) induces a similar neutrophil response. We now report that two blockers of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibit this arachidonic acid-mediated response. Moreover, both blockers also inhibit aggregation stimulated by a synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and their potency in doing so parallels their potency in inhibiting the response to arachidonic acid. These results suggest that metabolites of arachidonic acid may stimulate certain neutrophil functions and be involved in cellular responses to at least some chemotactic substances.", "PMID": 504694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6294", "title": "Effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on edema formation and albumin leakage during thermal trauma in the rat.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the inflammatory response, but the contribution of endogenously synthesized PGs to edema formation and increased vascular permeability is not known. Using a 10% scald burn in the rat, we measured water content (as percent, wet minus dry/wet weight) and 131I-RISA leakage (counts/g dry tissue) in scalded and normal skin at 30 minutes and 3 hr post injury. Four groups (10 rats/group) in each time period studied: control; scald; scald, 5 mg/kg indomethacin; scald, 10 mg/kg indomethacin. Indomethacin was administered intravenously 30 minutes before the scald; RISA was injected intravenously 30 min before termination of the study. In all indomethacin-treated groups immunoreactive plasma PGA was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in scalded, untreated groups. All scalded groups showed significantly higher RISA counts and water content than did the control group (p less than 0.01). At 30 min post-injury the indomethacin -treated groups did not differ from the untreated scald group (p greater than 0.20). In the 3 hour study all scalded groups had significantly higher content and RISA counts than control (p less than 0.01). Thus PGs produced during thermal trauma do not greatly contribute to the edema formation and increase in vascular permeability.", "contents": "Effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on edema formation and albumin leakage during thermal trauma in the rat. Prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the inflammatory response, but the contribution of endogenously synthesized PGs to edema formation and increased vascular permeability is not known. Using a 10% scald burn in the rat, we measured water content (as percent, wet minus dry/wet weight) and 131I-RISA leakage (counts/g dry tissue) in scalded and normal skin at 30 minutes and 3 hr post injury. Four groups (10 rats/group) in each time period studied: control; scald; scald, 5 mg/kg indomethacin; scald, 10 mg/kg indomethacin. Indomethacin was administered intravenously 30 minutes before the scald; RISA was injected intravenously 30 min before termination of the study. In all indomethacin-treated groups immunoreactive plasma PGA was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in scalded, untreated groups. All scalded groups showed significantly higher RISA counts and water content than did the control group (p less than 0.01). At 30 min post-injury the indomethacin -treated groups did not differ from the untreated scald group (p greater than 0.20). In the 3 hour study all scalded groups had significantly higher content and RISA counts than control (p less than 0.01). Thus PGs produced during thermal trauma do not greatly contribute to the edema formation and increase in vascular permeability.", "PMID": 504695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6295", "title": "Non-specific antagonism against thromboxane A2 of 7-ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone (EG-626) in contraction of isolated smooth muscles.", "content": "7-Ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone (EG-626) was reported as an antagonist of thromboxane (Tx) A2 in the contraction of rabbit aorta. It was, however, observed that EG-626 did inhibit the contraction of superfused rabbit aorta, but also did inhibit that of rabbit coeliac artery, rat stomach strip and rat colon induced by TxA2, PG endoperoxides, angiotensin II and PGF2 alpha in non-specific manner. EG-626 had no effect on the biosynthesis of PG endoperoxides as well as TxA2. These results indicate that EG-626 is not a TxA2 antagonist, but has a general inhibitory effect on the smooth muscles. This inhibitory effect of EG-626 may be explained by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.", "contents": "Non-specific antagonism against thromboxane A2 of 7-ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone (EG-626) in contraction of isolated smooth muscles. 7-Ethoxycarbonyl-6,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone (EG-626) was reported as an antagonist of thromboxane (Tx) A2 in the contraction of rabbit aorta. It was, however, observed that EG-626 did inhibit the contraction of superfused rabbit aorta, but also did inhibit that of rabbit coeliac artery, rat stomach strip and rat colon induced by TxA2, PG endoperoxides, angiotensin II and PGF2 alpha in non-specific manner. EG-626 had no effect on the biosynthesis of PG endoperoxides as well as TxA2. These results indicate that EG-626 is not a TxA2 antagonist, but has a general inhibitory effect on the smooth muscles. This inhibitory effect of EG-626 may be explained by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.", "PMID": 504697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6296", "title": "[Evaluation of the reproducibility in radioactivity measurements with liquid scintillation counters--intercomparison among several presently available counters of different models (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate the reproducibility in 3H measurements with presently available liquid scintillation counters. A set of 3H samples which have activities ranging from 10(4) to 10(7) dpm were prepared and measured repeatedly in every possible different order with six counters of different models. The results demonstrate that the measured counting rates of the samples are subjected to much greater variations than expected from counting statistics. The poor reproducibility was found to be attributed to rate dependent photomultiplier gain variations. The variations in counting rate as large as 10 per cent was observed in a particular counter. It is also found that rate dependent photomultiplier gain variations can cause the external channel ratio to shift, giving rise to error as large as 9% in the efficiency determination.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the reproducibility in radioactivity measurements with liquid scintillation counters--intercomparison among several presently available counters of different models (author's transl)]. Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate the reproducibility in 3H measurements with presently available liquid scintillation counters. A set of 3H samples which have activities ranging from 10(4) to 10(7) dpm were prepared and measured repeatedly in every possible different order with six counters of different models. The results demonstrate that the measured counting rates of the samples are subjected to much greater variations than expected from counting statistics. The poor reproducibility was found to be attributed to rate dependent photomultiplier gain variations. The variations in counting rate as large as 10 per cent was observed in a particular counter. It is also found that rate dependent photomultiplier gain variations can cause the external channel ratio to shift, giving rise to error as large as 9% in the efficiency determination.", "PMID": 504722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6297", "title": "[Evaluation of the reproducibility in radioactivity measurements with liquid scintillation counters--effect of anomalous count rate-dependent photomultiplier gain variations (author's transl)].", "content": "Time variations in count rate were measured for prolonged period of time using a set of 3H samples and a few other specially prepared samples of 14C, 32P, and 137Cs. Besides, beta-ray spectra of a particular 3H sample were measured as a function of time with a multichannel pulse height analyzer. These measurements lead to the following conclusions: (1) Anomalous count rate variations are attributed to strong dependence of photomultiplier gain on count rate. (2) Different steady state count rates can be observed for 3H samples having activities of approximately 10(5) dps when they are measured immediately after the measurements of background and 3H samples of higher activities. (3) The count rate-dependent effect on photomultiplier gain can be described properly by the current flowing through the tube rather than the count rate. (4) The measurement of the external standard channel ratio using the built-in 137Cs source can affect seriously the successive measurements on 3H samples, while the channels ratio itself exhibits strong time dependence.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the reproducibility in radioactivity measurements with liquid scintillation counters--effect of anomalous count rate-dependent photomultiplier gain variations (author's transl)]. Time variations in count rate were measured for prolonged period of time using a set of 3H samples and a few other specially prepared samples of 14C, 32P, and 137Cs. Besides, beta-ray spectra of a particular 3H sample were measured as a function of time with a multichannel pulse height analyzer. These measurements lead to the following conclusions: (1) Anomalous count rate variations are attributed to strong dependence of photomultiplier gain on count rate. (2) Different steady state count rates can be observed for 3H samples having activities of approximately 10(5) dps when they are measured immediately after the measurements of background and 3H samples of higher activities. (3) The count rate-dependent effect on photomultiplier gain can be described properly by the current flowing through the tube rather than the count rate. (4) The measurement of the external standard channel ratio using the built-in 137Cs source can affect seriously the successive measurements on 3H samples, while the channels ratio itself exhibits strong time dependence.", "PMID": 504723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6298", "title": "[Behaviours of trinitratonitrosyl complexes of ruthenium in dilute nitric acid solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "This study aimed to elucidate the protolysis and condensation processes of the Ru complexes in relation to the concentration of nitric acid. The compositions of the dissociated and undissociated complexes were determined by the extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) and absorption spectroscopy in order to follow the rather rapid protolysis reaction of the complexes. The test solutions were prepared by dissolving the freshly obtained complexes into 0.50-0.001 M nitric acid solutions. The amounts of the undissociated complexes were determined at different elapses of time in the test solutions. The protolysis became significant when the concentration was below 0.15 M, and the dissociation rate suddenly increased at this concentration. At the concentrations above 0.2 M, the absorption peak of the complexes at 480 nm survived even after 144 hours. But below 0.15 M, the formation of dissociation products by protolysis was observed after the disappearance of the absorption peak. The amount of dissociation products rapidly increased after the preparation of the test solution as the concentration decreased below 0.15 M.", "contents": "[Behaviours of trinitratonitrosyl complexes of ruthenium in dilute nitric acid solutions (author's transl)]. This study aimed to elucidate the protolysis and condensation processes of the Ru complexes in relation to the concentration of nitric acid. The compositions of the dissociated and undissociated complexes were determined by the extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) and absorption spectroscopy in order to follow the rather rapid protolysis reaction of the complexes. The test solutions were prepared by dissolving the freshly obtained complexes into 0.50-0.001 M nitric acid solutions. The amounts of the undissociated complexes were determined at different elapses of time in the test solutions. The protolysis became significant when the concentration was below 0.15 M, and the dissociation rate suddenly increased at this concentration. At the concentrations above 0.2 M, the absorption peak of the complexes at 480 nm survived even after 144 hours. But below 0.15 M, the formation of dissociation products by protolysis was observed after the disappearance of the absorption peak. The amount of dissociation products rapidly increased after the preparation of the test solution as the concentration decreased below 0.15 M.", "PMID": 504724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6299", "title": "[In vivo distributions of 111In and/or 3H labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Although 99mTc and 51Cr have been used for lymphocyte labeling, these radionuclides have several disadvantages for study on immunological behaviour of lymphocyte; very high rate elution and low labeling efficiency for both radionuclides, and short half life for 99mTc. Indium-111 has quite suitable physical properties for clinical nuclear medicine, i.e. desirable photon energy (247,173 keV) and 2.8 day half life. 111In-oxine is lipid soluble and is known to pass through the cell membrane and attaches firmly to cytoplasmic component of the cell. On the other hand, 3H-thymidine is well known substance which incorporated to nucleic acid in the cell. In this study, distribution patterns of 111In-oxine and/or 3H-thymidine labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mice were examined and the suitability of 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte for radionuclide imaging in vivo was discussed. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection of 3H and/or 111In labeled lymphocyte, about 12% of lymphocyte were found in the lungs and rest of them were distributed mainly in the blood, kidneys and liver. After 24 hours the activity in the lung decreased markedly and the activity in the liver and kidneys increased with time. Between lymphocyte labeled with 111In-oxine and 3H-thymidine, there is not so much differences in terms of distribution patterns. From this study, it is concluded that the 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte distributes in the same way as 3H labeled one, in spite of different labeling sites. This 111In-oxine labeling method can be used as a useful tool of radionuclide imaging in kinetic studies of lymphocyte in vivo.", "contents": "[In vivo distributions of 111In and/or 3H labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mouse (author's transl)]. Although 99mTc and 51Cr have been used for lymphocyte labeling, these radionuclides have several disadvantages for study on immunological behaviour of lymphocyte; very high rate elution and low labeling efficiency for both radionuclides, and short half life for 99mTc. Indium-111 has quite suitable physical properties for clinical nuclear medicine, i.e. desirable photon energy (247,173 keV) and 2.8 day half life. 111In-oxine is lipid soluble and is known to pass through the cell membrane and attaches firmly to cytoplasmic component of the cell. On the other hand, 3H-thymidine is well known substance which incorporated to nucleic acid in the cell. In this study, distribution patterns of 111In-oxine and/or 3H-thymidine labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mice were examined and the suitability of 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte for radionuclide imaging in vivo was discussed. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection of 3H and/or 111In labeled lymphocyte, about 12% of lymphocyte were found in the lungs and rest of them were distributed mainly in the blood, kidneys and liver. After 24 hours the activity in the lung decreased markedly and the activity in the liver and kidneys increased with time. Between lymphocyte labeled with 111In-oxine and 3H-thymidine, there is not so much differences in terms of distribution patterns. From this study, it is concluded that the 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte distributes in the same way as 3H labeled one, in spite of different labeling sites. This 111In-oxine labeling method can be used as a useful tool of radionuclide imaging in kinetic studies of lymphocyte in vivo.", "PMID": 504725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6300", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of cholylglycine in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of cholylglycines (CG) were determined by radioimmunoassay and that of total bile acids (TBA) by enzymatic method. In normal subjects, serum levels of CG, TBA and CG/TBA ratio were 0.6 +/- 0.4 micronM, 7 +/- 2 micronM and 0.08 +/- 0.06, respectively. They were increased markedly in acute hepatitis and moderately in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Thus, measurement of serum CG as compared with serum TBA appears to be a sensitive liver test.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of cholylglycine in serum (author's transl)]. Serum levels of cholylglycines (CG) were determined by radioimmunoassay and that of total bile acids (TBA) by enzymatic method. In normal subjects, serum levels of CG, TBA and CG/TBA ratio were 0.6 +/- 0.4 micronM, 7 +/- 2 micronM and 0.08 +/- 0.06, respectively. They were increased markedly in acute hepatitis and moderately in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Thus, measurement of serum CG as compared with serum TBA appears to be a sensitive liver test.", "PMID": 504726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6301", "title": "Effects of carbenicillin and phosphomycin on ADP induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "The effects of carbenicillin and phosphomycin separately or simultaneously, on ADP induced platelet aggregation have been studied in vivo. Platelet aggregation, ADP induced, was inhibited by carbenicillin and phosphomycin. The inhibition was proportional to the concentration of antibiotic. A slight inhibition was observed when platelet rich plasma was incubated simultaneously with both antibiotics, but synergy on the ADP-induced platelet aggregation was absent.", "contents": "Effects of carbenicillin and phosphomycin on ADP induced platelet aggregation. The effects of carbenicillin and phosphomycin separately or simultaneously, on ADP induced platelet aggregation have been studied in vivo. Platelet aggregation, ADP induced, was inhibited by carbenicillin and phosphomycin. The inhibition was proportional to the concentration of antibiotic. A slight inhibition was observed when platelet rich plasma was incubated simultaneously with both antibiotics, but synergy on the ADP-induced platelet aggregation was absent.", "PMID": 504765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6302", "title": "[The age as a factor on the nutritive utilization of protein by rainbow trout (author's transl)].", "content": "Nutritive utilization of protein was studied in three age weight rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) groups fed on a 37.5% casein-protein diet. As to digestive efficiency age was found to have no influence on the apparent and true digestibility coefficient for protein. On the other hand Biological Value, Net Protein Utilization and Protein Productive Value decreased with age-weight increases, the results being significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) between these parameters and the age-weight of the animals. Relative intake, weight increment and Protein Efficiency Ratio also decreased with age-weight increases.", "contents": "[The age as a factor on the nutritive utilization of protein by rainbow trout (author's transl)]. Nutritive utilization of protein was studied in three age weight rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) groups fed on a 37.5% casein-protein diet. As to digestive efficiency age was found to have no influence on the apparent and true digestibility coefficient for protein. On the other hand Biological Value, Net Protein Utilization and Protein Productive Value decreased with age-weight increases, the results being significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) between these parameters and the age-weight of the animals. Relative intake, weight increment and Protein Efficiency Ratio also decreased with age-weight increases.", "PMID": 504766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6303", "title": "[Protein nutritive utilization in goats with and without exclusion of rumen and reticulum (author's transl)].", "content": "The digestive utilization of protein in fistulated goats has been studied through a system of three cannulae. The protein digestibility coefficient is greater with casein in the rumen than with it in the abomasum, explainable by a higher ammonium production. On the other hand, with casein in the abomasum the duodenal digest contains more protein, and aminoacid composition improves in quality and quantity. The differences found in the above mentioned results are mainly due to a rumen bacterial action upon aminoacids and the subsequent absorption of the ammonium formed.", "contents": "[Protein nutritive utilization in goats with and without exclusion of rumen and reticulum (author's transl)]. The digestive utilization of protein in fistulated goats has been studied through a system of three cannulae. The protein digestibility coefficient is greater with casein in the rumen than with it in the abomasum, explainable by a higher ammonium production. On the other hand, with casein in the abomasum the duodenal digest contains more protein, and aminoacid composition improves in quality and quantity. The differences found in the above mentioned results are mainly due to a rumen bacterial action upon aminoacids and the subsequent absorption of the ammonium formed.", "PMID": 504767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6304", "title": "[LH and prolactin secretion under constant light in estrogen treated rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma LH and prolactin levels were studied in ovariectomized adult female rats submitted to light-darkness (L:D) or constant light (L:L) schedules, after the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB), 75 micrograms/day for six consecutive days. Previous to the treatment with EB LH levels were lower and prolactin levels higher in the L:L females. On days 1 and 2 after treatment, L:D females showed circadian variations of LH levels, these being higher at 17 h than at 10 h. This pattern disappeared in the L:D females. Prolactin levels increased similarly in both groups. Nine days after treatment, plasma prolactin levels remained high and the circadian pattern of LH in the L:D group disappeared.", "contents": "[LH and prolactin secretion under constant light in estrogen treated rats (author's transl)]. Plasma LH and prolactin levels were studied in ovariectomized adult female rats submitted to light-darkness (L:D) or constant light (L:L) schedules, after the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB), 75 micrograms/day for six consecutive days. Previous to the treatment with EB LH levels were lower and prolactin levels higher in the L:L females. On days 1 and 2 after treatment, L:D females showed circadian variations of LH levels, these being higher at 17 h than at 10 h. This pattern disappeared in the L:D females. Prolactin levels increased similarly in both groups. Nine days after treatment, plasma prolactin levels remained high and the circadian pattern of LH in the L:D group disappeared.", "PMID": 504768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6305", "title": "[Vagal control of larynx resistance to the air flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Air flow larynx resistance changes have been recorded in dogs after electrical stimulation and lesion of the recurrent and vagus cervicalis nerves respectively. Experiments were carried out with glottis in situ and isolated. The effects of the administration of athropine i.v. (0.3 mg/kg) were also studied. Air flow larynx resistance decreased after secting the right recurrent nerves as well as after athropine administration. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the right vagus nerve produced a complex response characterized by an initial apnaea followed by a larynx resistance decrease. After a few seconds the response continued with glottis spasms followed by typical emetic movements. During the emetic movements larynx closed and opened throughout the respiratory cycle, the closing movement being simultaneous with the inspiratory position of the thorax and with minimal values of the intraabdominal pressure. Larynx resistance increased after uni- and bilateral sections of the vagus cervicalis and after the electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the right vagus cervicalis. According to the present results, the possible existence of a controlling reflex of laryngeal sphincter motility, generated at the bronchopulmonary level, is postulated.", "contents": "[Vagal control of larynx resistance to the air flow (author's transl)]. Air flow larynx resistance changes have been recorded in dogs after electrical stimulation and lesion of the recurrent and vagus cervicalis nerves respectively. Experiments were carried out with glottis in situ and isolated. The effects of the administration of athropine i.v. (0.3 mg/kg) were also studied. Air flow larynx resistance decreased after secting the right recurrent nerves as well as after athropine administration. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the right vagus nerve produced a complex response characterized by an initial apnaea followed by a larynx resistance decrease. After a few seconds the response continued with glottis spasms followed by typical emetic movements. During the emetic movements larynx closed and opened throughout the respiratory cycle, the closing movement being simultaneous with the inspiratory position of the thorax and with minimal values of the intraabdominal pressure. Larynx resistance increased after uni- and bilateral sections of the vagus cervicalis and after the electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the right vagus cervicalis. According to the present results, the possible existence of a controlling reflex of laryngeal sphincter motility, generated at the bronchopulmonary level, is postulated.", "PMID": 504769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6306", "title": "Effect of bleeding on irradiation-induced erythropoiesis in the spleen of AKR mice.", "content": "The effect of erythropoietin, increased by bleeding, on the erythropoiesis induced by irradiation in the spleen of AKR mice, has been studied. The following parameters were measured to quantify the erythropoietic activity: the number and size of hematopoietic nodules (colonies) and proerythroblasts in the spleen, the spleen, blood and red-cell 59Fe uptake and the hematocrit and reticulocytes in the blood. Under erythropoietic stimulus an increase in the number and size of colonies was observed and these colonies were observed sooner because of their more rapid growth. The proerythroblasts in the spleen appeared earlier, and there were increases in the spleen, blood and red-cell 59Fe uptake and in the hematocrit and reticulocytes in the blood.", "contents": "Effect of bleeding on irradiation-induced erythropoiesis in the spleen of AKR mice. The effect of erythropoietin, increased by bleeding, on the erythropoiesis induced by irradiation in the spleen of AKR mice, has been studied. The following parameters were measured to quantify the erythropoietic activity: the number and size of hematopoietic nodules (colonies) and proerythroblasts in the spleen, the spleen, blood and red-cell 59Fe uptake and the hematocrit and reticulocytes in the blood. Under erythropoietic stimulus an increase in the number and size of colonies was observed and these colonies were observed sooner because of their more rapid growth. The proerythroblasts in the spleen appeared earlier, and there were increases in the spleen, blood and red-cell 59Fe uptake and in the hematocrit and reticulocytes in the blood.", "PMID": 504770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6307", "title": "Different types of hypercalciuria in patients with renal lithiasis and evidence of the calcium renal waste.", "content": "A study of normal subjects and patients with hypercalciuria and recurrent renal stones has identified three main types of hypercalciuria: complex, absorptive and renal. Complex hypercalciuria is a combination of absorption, renal leak and resorption factors. Absorption and renal leak were examined by means of a 45Ca test. Resorption is defined as an increase of the urinary calcium:creatinine ratio while the subjects are being maintained on an intake of 400 mg of calcium per 24 h.", "contents": "Different types of hypercalciuria in patients with renal lithiasis and evidence of the calcium renal waste. A study of normal subjects and patients with hypercalciuria and recurrent renal stones has identified three main types of hypercalciuria: complex, absorptive and renal. Complex hypercalciuria is a combination of absorption, renal leak and resorption factors. Absorption and renal leak were examined by means of a 45Ca test. Resorption is defined as an increase of the urinary calcium:creatinine ratio while the subjects are being maintained on an intake of 400 mg of calcium per 24 h.", "PMID": 504771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6308", "title": "[Effect of mexiletine on glucose and oxygen uptake in rat brain, liver and myocardial tissue in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of mexiletine on oxygen and glucose consumption was studied both in homogenate and slices of brain, liver and myocardium of Wistar rats. Oxygen consumption was detected by means of Warburg's manometric techniques, and glucose utilization by the enzymatic method of glucose oxidase. Whilst glucose uptake was not modified in any of the studied preparations, mexiletine promoted a significant increase of oxygen consumption in the homogenized slices, and an inhibition in the intact tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of mexiletine on glucose and oxygen uptake in rat brain, liver and myocardial tissue in vitro (author's transl)]. The effect of mexiletine on oxygen and glucose consumption was studied both in homogenate and slices of brain, liver and myocardium of Wistar rats. Oxygen consumption was detected by means of Warburg's manometric techniques, and glucose utilization by the enzymatic method of glucose oxidase. Whilst glucose uptake was not modified in any of the studied preparations, mexiletine promoted a significant increase of oxygen consumption in the homogenized slices, and an inhibition in the intact tissue.", "PMID": 504772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6309", "title": "Effect of ethanol on glucose and tyrosine transport in the rat small intestine.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on the intestinal absorption of glucose and tyrosine in the rat small intestine has been studied. Ethanol inhibits the active transport of these substrates both in incubation and preincubation experiments. Ethanol, besides, increases diffusion of arabinose, which may indicate an unspecific alteration of intestinal permeability.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on glucose and tyrosine transport in the rat small intestine. The effect of ethanol on the intestinal absorption of glucose and tyrosine in the rat small intestine has been studied. Ethanol inhibits the active transport of these substrates both in incubation and preincubation experiments. Ethanol, besides, increases diffusion of arabinose, which may indicate an unspecific alteration of intestinal permeability.", "PMID": 504773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6310", "title": "Oxyphenisatin derivatives and intestinal glucose and tyrosine absorption.", "content": "The effect of oxyphenisatin and three other isatin derivatives on glucose and tyrosine absorption is studied in rat small intestine, in vitro. Compounds with free phenolic groups elicit, even at low concentrations, strong inhibition on active transport, while those with the sulfate-esterified phenolic groups show no effect whatsoever. One minute preincubation with 10(-7) M oxyphenisatin is enough to inhibit sugar absorption completely.", "contents": "Oxyphenisatin derivatives and intestinal glucose and tyrosine absorption. The effect of oxyphenisatin and three other isatin derivatives on glucose and tyrosine absorption is studied in rat small intestine, in vitro. Compounds with free phenolic groups elicit, even at low concentrations, strong inhibition on active transport, while those with the sulfate-esterified phenolic groups show no effect whatsoever. One minute preincubation with 10(-7) M oxyphenisatin is enough to inhibit sugar absorption completely.", "PMID": 504774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6311", "title": "Insulin effects on glucose utilization by human lymphocytes.", "content": "In recently isolated human lymphocytes, no effect of insulin on (U-14C) glucose incorporation into CO2, triglycerides and glycogen, was found over a wide range of insulin concentration. The rates of glucose oxidation, synthesis of triglycerides and synthesis of glycogen are much lower than those observed in chicken and rat adipocytes. The authors discard the possibility of using the human lymphocyte as an instrument in the study of the insulin action on normal and altered human physiology.", "contents": "Insulin effects on glucose utilization by human lymphocytes. In recently isolated human lymphocytes, no effect of insulin on (U-14C) glucose incorporation into CO2, triglycerides and glycogen, was found over a wide range of insulin concentration. The rates of glucose oxidation, synthesis of triglycerides and synthesis of glycogen are much lower than those observed in chicken and rat adipocytes. The authors discard the possibility of using the human lymphocyte as an instrument in the study of the insulin action on normal and altered human physiology.", "PMID": 504775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6312", "title": "[Effect of octanoic acid on the insulin secretion in response to glucose in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of octanoic acid (1.5 mM) on insulin secretion in 4.4 and 16.7 mM glucose stimulation has been studied in rat's isolated and perfused pancreas. The absence of octanoic acid does not produce any significant insulin secretion increase in response to 4.4 mM glucose infusion, whereas its presence produces a significant insulinic response of a monophasic nature. Both in the presence and absence of octanoic acid, the 16.7 mM glucose-stimulation produces a biphasic insulin secretion. The octanoic acid enhances both the first and the second phase of insulin secretion. The present results show that octanoic acid clearly potentiates the insulin secretion in response to 4.4 mM and 16.7 mM glucose.", "contents": "[Effect of octanoic acid on the insulin secretion in response to glucose in vitro (author's transl)]. The effect of octanoic acid (1.5 mM) on insulin secretion in 4.4 and 16.7 mM glucose stimulation has been studied in rat's isolated and perfused pancreas. The absence of octanoic acid does not produce any significant insulin secretion increase in response to 4.4 mM glucose infusion, whereas its presence produces a significant insulinic response of a monophasic nature. Both in the presence and absence of octanoic acid, the 16.7 mM glucose-stimulation produces a biphasic insulin secretion. The octanoic acid enhances both the first and the second phase of insulin secretion. The present results show that octanoic acid clearly potentiates the insulin secretion in response to 4.4 mM and 16.7 mM glucose.", "PMID": 504776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6313", "title": "[Evolution of liver and kidney gluconeogenesis during acute liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Evolution of early renal metabolic adaptation to the rat liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride is studied. Liver glycogen is very rapidly depleted (20% of initial values at 3 h) and liver gluconeogenic capacity is completely inhibited 7 h after carbon tetrachloride treatment. Contrariwise, a gradual enhancement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxikinase activity and gluconeogenic capacity of kidney cortex takes place during this period. Accordingly, renal concentrations of aspartate, malate, and phosphoenolpyruvate indicate that the reaction catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is accelerated in vivo. These findings suggest that metabolic adaptation of kidney cortex in response to liver functional impairment plays an important role early after carbon tetrachloride administration.", "contents": "[Evolution of liver and kidney gluconeogenesis during acute liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride (author's transl)]. Evolution of early renal metabolic adaptation to the rat liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride is studied. Liver glycogen is very rapidly depleted (20% of initial values at 3 h) and liver gluconeogenic capacity is completely inhibited 7 h after carbon tetrachloride treatment. Contrariwise, a gradual enhancement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxikinase activity and gluconeogenic capacity of kidney cortex takes place during this period. Accordingly, renal concentrations of aspartate, malate, and phosphoenolpyruvate indicate that the reaction catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is accelerated in vivo. These findings suggest that metabolic adaptation of kidney cortex in response to liver functional impairment plays an important role early after carbon tetrachloride administration.", "PMID": 504777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6314", "title": "Vasoconstriction of the isolated communicating cerebral artery induced by field electrical stimulation.", "content": "The vasoconstrictor effect elicited by field electrical stimulation of the posterior communicating cerebral artery of the goat was analyzed before and after treatment with pharmacological agents to find out if the adrenergic system was involved in this response. For this purpose, trains of 300 square wave pulses (1-32 Hz, 0.5 msec.) at supramaximal voltage were applies to these arteries producing a frequency-dependent increase in tension. The vasoconstrictor response was significantly reduced by tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-6) M), phentolamine (10(-6) M) and bretylium (5 x 10(-4) M), but it was not modified by cocaine (10(-6) M). The contraction produced by electrical stimulation of arterial segments from goats pretreated with reserpine (0.02 mg/kg/day for three days) and from goats on which a bilateral superior cervical gangliectomy had been performed 12 days previously, was significantly reduced as compared with controls. These results show that a large part of the vasoconstrictor response of the goat cerebral vessels to field electrical stimulation is mediated by an adrenergic mechanism.", "contents": "Vasoconstriction of the isolated communicating cerebral artery induced by field electrical stimulation. The vasoconstrictor effect elicited by field electrical stimulation of the posterior communicating cerebral artery of the goat was analyzed before and after treatment with pharmacological agents to find out if the adrenergic system was involved in this response. For this purpose, trains of 300 square wave pulses (1-32 Hz, 0.5 msec.) at supramaximal voltage were applies to these arteries producing a frequency-dependent increase in tension. The vasoconstrictor response was significantly reduced by tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-6) M), phentolamine (10(-6) M) and bretylium (5 x 10(-4) M), but it was not modified by cocaine (10(-6) M). The contraction produced by electrical stimulation of arterial segments from goats pretreated with reserpine (0.02 mg/kg/day for three days) and from goats on which a bilateral superior cervical gangliectomy had been performed 12 days previously, was significantly reduced as compared with controls. These results show that a large part of the vasoconstrictor response of the goat cerebral vessels to field electrical stimulation is mediated by an adrenergic mechanism.", "PMID": 504778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6315", "title": "Kinetics of intestinal sugar transport, in vivo.", "content": "Sugar absorption by the small intestine has been studied in rat and hamster in vivo, with luminal perfusion, during 1 minute successive periods. Transport is calculated as the difference between absorption and diffusion. The diffusion component is evaluated in the presence of phlorizin or as absorption of sorbose. The resulting KT values for glucose and galactose (rat: 7.7 and 10 mM; hamster: 10 and 14 mM) and 3-0-methyl-glucose (hamster: 25-33 mM) are quite lower than those previously obtained in vivo, but still higher than those in vitro. The physiological levels of glucose in the intestine of normally fed animals imply that the diffusion component plays an important role in the proximal regions of the small intestine, especially in rat.", "contents": "Kinetics of intestinal sugar transport, in vivo. Sugar absorption by the small intestine has been studied in rat and hamster in vivo, with luminal perfusion, during 1 minute successive periods. Transport is calculated as the difference between absorption and diffusion. The diffusion component is evaluated in the presence of phlorizin or as absorption of sorbose. The resulting KT values for glucose and galactose (rat: 7.7 and 10 mM; hamster: 10 and 14 mM) and 3-0-methyl-glucose (hamster: 25-33 mM) are quite lower than those previously obtained in vivo, but still higher than those in vitro. The physiological levels of glucose in the intestine of normally fed animals imply that the diffusion component plays an important role in the proximal regions of the small intestine, especially in rat.", "PMID": 504779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6316", "title": "Influence of luminal Na+ on the intestinal absorption of sugars in vivo.", "content": "The effect of substituting Na+ with Tris, Li+, K+ or mannitol on the intestinal absorption of sugars, in successive periods of 1 minute duration, has been studied in rat and hamster in vivo. The absorption of 2 mM D-glucose, D-galactose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and D-fructose is clearly inhibited in the absence of Na+, up to 70-80%, and returns to its normal value of restoring Na+. The degree of inhibition varies with the sugar, increases on lowering Na+ concentration, reaches maximum values with mannitol as substituent, and minimum with Tris, D-arabinose absorption is not affected by Na+. These results prove once more how important Na+ is in sugar intestinal transport in vivo, while they reveal additional influences of the different substituents on the transport system.", "contents": "Influence of luminal Na+ on the intestinal absorption of sugars in vivo. The effect of substituting Na+ with Tris, Li+, K+ or mannitol on the intestinal absorption of sugars, in successive periods of 1 minute duration, has been studied in rat and hamster in vivo. The absorption of 2 mM D-glucose, D-galactose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and D-fructose is clearly inhibited in the absence of Na+, up to 70-80%, and returns to its normal value of restoring Na+. The degree of inhibition varies with the sugar, increases on lowering Na+ concentration, reaches maximum values with mannitol as substituent, and minimum with Tris, D-arabinose absorption is not affected by Na+. These results prove once more how important Na+ is in sugar intestinal transport in vivo, while they reveal additional influences of the different substituents on the transport system.", "PMID": 504780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6317", "title": "Relationship between modulation by estradiol, progesterone and calcium upon the pharmacological reactivity of uteri of dogs.", "content": "The influence of treatment with estradiol and progesterone, was studied on the contractions induced in immature dog uteri by histamine, acetylcholine, oxytocin and barium chloride, in vitro. Two parameters were measured from dose-response curves: rho and pD2. It was observed that although pD2 values were slightly affected by hormonal treatment, the values of rho for oxytocin and acetylcholine receptors were greatly reduced by estradiol treatment and further decreased by association of estradiol plus progesterone; the effects for histamine and barium chloride were less affected. Increasing Ca2+ concentration in the nutrient solution completely reverted the variations for rho values. The results indicate tat the effect of drugs on the dog uterus depends on the balance between the modulating actions of ovarian hormones and calcium.", "contents": "Relationship between modulation by estradiol, progesterone and calcium upon the pharmacological reactivity of uteri of dogs. The influence of treatment with estradiol and progesterone, was studied on the contractions induced in immature dog uteri by histamine, acetylcholine, oxytocin and barium chloride, in vitro. Two parameters were measured from dose-response curves: rho and pD2. It was observed that although pD2 values were slightly affected by hormonal treatment, the values of rho for oxytocin and acetylcholine receptors were greatly reduced by estradiol treatment and further decreased by association of estradiol plus progesterone; the effects for histamine and barium chloride were less affected. Increasing Ca2+ concentration in the nutrient solution completely reverted the variations for rho values. The results indicate tat the effect of drugs on the dog uterus depends on the balance between the modulating actions of ovarian hormones and calcium.", "PMID": 504784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6318", "title": "Acute effects of acetaldehyde and ethanol on rat heart mitochondria.", "content": "The effects of acute exposure of rat heart mitochondria to ethanol (87, 65, and 45 mM) and acetaldehyde (3, 1, and 0.3 mM) were studied using both glutamate and pyruvate/malate substrates. Mitochondria assayed with pyruvate/malate substrate showed no apparent effects of acute exposure to or 30 min preincubation with ethanol at the three concentrations tested. With glutamate substrate, acute ethanol at 87  and 65 mM produced significant decreases in respiratory control ratio (RCR). With 65 and 45 mM acute ethanol, mitochondrial oxygen consumption (QO2) was significantly decreased. Acute acetaldehyde significantly decreased RCR and QO2 of mitochondria tested with both substrates. The depressive effect was more pronounced with pyruvate/malate substrate than with glutamate substrate. With pyruvate/malate substrate, the ADP/O ratio was also decreased with 3 and 1 mM acetaldehyde. Preincubation with acetaldehyde had no effect on mitochondrial function except for significantly decreased RCR after preincubation with 3 mM acetaldehyde followed by assay with glutamate substrate. The data indicate a depressant effect of acetaldehyde and ethanol on cardiac mitochondria that may contribute to abnormal cardiac biochemistry and function characteristic of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Acute effects of acetaldehyde and ethanol on rat heart mitochondria. The effects of acute exposure of rat heart mitochondria to ethanol (87, 65, and 45 mM) and acetaldehyde (3, 1, and 0.3 mM) were studied using both glutamate and pyruvate/malate substrates. Mitochondria assayed with pyruvate/malate substrate showed no apparent effects of acute exposure to or 30 min preincubation with ethanol at the three concentrations tested. With glutamate substrate, acute ethanol at 87  and 65 mM produced significant decreases in respiratory control ratio (RCR). With 65 and 45 mM acute ethanol, mitochondrial oxygen consumption (QO2) was significantly decreased. Acute acetaldehyde significantly decreased RCR and QO2 of mitochondria tested with both substrates. The depressive effect was more pronounced with pyruvate/malate substrate than with glutamate substrate. With pyruvate/malate substrate, the ADP/O ratio was also decreased with 3 and 1 mM acetaldehyde. Preincubation with acetaldehyde had no effect on mitochondrial function except for significantly decreased RCR after preincubation with 3 mM acetaldehyde followed by assay with glutamate substrate. The data indicate a depressant effect of acetaldehyde and ethanol on cardiac mitochondria that may contribute to abnormal cardiac biochemistry and function characteristic of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 504785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6319", "title": "Alterations in arginine-induced pancreatic hormone release: influence of acute and chronic exposure to ethanol.", "content": "Acute oral administration of ethanol (150 and 750 mg/100g) to fasted rats produced dose-related inhibition of arginine-induced insulin (IRI) release, an elevation of plasma glucagon (IRG) levels and minor effects on blood glucose. In contrast, chronic consumption of ethanol for 10 weeks augmented arginine-induced hyperglycemia and hperinsulinemia. Thus, acute ethanol administration decreased plasma IRI levels at both doses, presumably by suppressing beta cell function; whereas, function of the alpha cell and plasma IRG levels were increased, but only by the high dose of ethanol. In these experiments the effects exerted by ethanol on the pancreatic endocrine responses to arginine infusion varied according to: dose of ethanol administered; duration of exposure to ethanol; and state of nourishment of the subjects.", "contents": "Alterations in arginine-induced pancreatic hormone release: influence of acute and chronic exposure to ethanol. Acute oral administration of ethanol (150 and 750 mg/100g) to fasted rats produced dose-related inhibition of arginine-induced insulin (IRI) release, an elevation of plasma glucagon (IRG) levels and minor effects on blood glucose. In contrast, chronic consumption of ethanol for 10 weeks augmented arginine-induced hyperglycemia and hperinsulinemia. Thus, acute ethanol administration decreased plasma IRI levels at both doses, presumably by suppressing beta cell function; whereas, function of the alpha cell and plasma IRG levels were increased, but only by the high dose of ethanol. In these experiments the effects exerted by ethanol on the pancreatic endocrine responses to arginine infusion varied according to: dose of ethanol administered; duration of exposure to ethanol; and state of nourishment of the subjects.", "PMID": 504786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6320", "title": "Quantitation of isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis with 3H-tetracycline.", "content": "Methods currently used to quantitate myocardial damage and necrosis produced by chemicals are usually time consuming and subjective. These studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of 3H-tetracycline as a means of quantitating myocardial necrosis produced by isoproterenol. Male, Sprague-Dawley derived rats (180-200 g) were treated with (+/-)-isoproterenol HCl (0.1-100 mg/kg, s.c.) or equivalent volumes of saline. After 90 minutes, all rats received 50 uCi/kg of 3H-tetracycline. Rats were sacrificed 3 hours after 3H-tetracycline administration and the hearts were removed and rinsed free of blood. The degree of radioactivity of the heart as determined by liquid scintillation counting was directly proportional to the dose of isoproterenol. Propranolol pretreatment decreased the accumulation of radioactivity in a dose-dependent fashion. Determination of 3H-tetracycline accumulation appears to be a rapid and reliable method for quantitating isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Quantitation of isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis with 3H-tetracycline. Methods currently used to quantitate myocardial damage and necrosis produced by chemicals are usually time consuming and subjective. These studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of 3H-tetracycline as a means of quantitating myocardial necrosis produced by isoproterenol. Male, Sprague-Dawley derived rats (180-200 g) were treated with (+/-)-isoproterenol HCl (0.1-100 mg/kg, s.c.) or equivalent volumes of saline. After 90 minutes, all rats received 50 uCi/kg of 3H-tetracycline. Rats were sacrificed 3 hours after 3H-tetracycline administration and the hearts were removed and rinsed free of blood. The degree of radioactivity of the heart as determined by liquid scintillation counting was directly proportional to the dose of isoproterenol. Propranolol pretreatment decreased the accumulation of radioactivity in a dose-dependent fashion. Determination of 3H-tetracycline accumulation appears to be a rapid and reliable method for quantitating isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 504787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6321", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of graduated doses of DL-6-OH-DOPA upon marsh mice.", "content": "The lethal effects in Marsh mice for a range of DL-6-OH-DOPA levels were ascertained and exceeded those previously reported for 6-OH-DA under comparable conditions. The addition of vitamin \"C\" to the 6-OH-DOPA solution given intraperitoneally increased the lethal effect, as did the intraperitionel route of injection over that of the subcutaneous. Increased water consumption developed the fourth day for those surviving toxic levels of 6-OH-DOPA given subcutaneously as compared with controls. For all mice initially surviving administration of 6-OH-DOPA, tumorigenesis and long-term survival were of the same order as that of the controls. The toxicity of 6-OH-DOPA relating to ferric heme formation more likely involves metmyoglobin than methemoglobin. The combination of direct damage to sympathetic adrenergic cardiac innervation and metmyoglobin formation appears sufficient to account for the lethal effects of 6-OH-DOPA.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of graduated doses of DL-6-OH-DOPA upon marsh mice. The lethal effects in Marsh mice for a range of DL-6-OH-DOPA levels were ascertained and exceeded those previously reported for 6-OH-DA under comparable conditions. The addition of vitamin \"C\" to the 6-OH-DOPA solution given intraperitoneally increased the lethal effect, as did the intraperitionel route of injection over that of the subcutaneous. Increased water consumption developed the fourth day for those surviving toxic levels of 6-OH-DOPA given subcutaneously as compared with controls. For all mice initially surviving administration of 6-OH-DOPA, tumorigenesis and long-term survival were of the same order as that of the controls. The toxicity of 6-OH-DOPA relating to ferric heme formation more likely involves metmyoglobin than methemoglobin. The combination of direct damage to sympathetic adrenergic cardiac innervation and metmyoglobin formation appears sufficient to account for the lethal effects of 6-OH-DOPA.", "PMID": 504788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6322", "title": "Toxicity of digoxin in acutely and chronically heat-exposed rats.", "content": "Rats exposed acutely or chronically to high ambient temperatures (35 degrees C) were much more susceptible to digoxin toxicity than rats kept at 22 degrees C. LD 50 values were 8.8 +/- 1.8 mg/kg in the acute group and 10 +/- 5 2.5 mg/kg in the chronic group, which contrasted with 32.0 +/- 4.4 mg/kg in the control group. Toxic doses of digoxin cause marked hyperthermia in both the acute and chronic groups. Transferring the rats to 22 degrees C not only prevented the extreme hyperthermia, but also prevented death in the acute group (from the expected 100% to 0% mortality) and lowered the incidence of death in the chronic group (from the expected 78.5% to 30.7%). The suggestion is made that death may result from hyperthermia in the heat-exposed rats.", "contents": "Toxicity of digoxin in acutely and chronically heat-exposed rats. Rats exposed acutely or chronically to high ambient temperatures (35 degrees C) were much more susceptible to digoxin toxicity than rats kept at 22 degrees C. LD 50 values were 8.8 +/- 1.8 mg/kg in the acute group and 10 +/- 5 2.5 mg/kg in the chronic group, which contrasted with 32.0 +/- 4.4 mg/kg in the control group. Toxic doses of digoxin cause marked hyperthermia in both the acute and chronic groups. Transferring the rats to 22 degrees C not only prevented the extreme hyperthermia, but also prevented death in the acute group (from the expected 100% to 0% mortality) and lowered the incidence of death in the chronic group (from the expected 78.5% to 30.7%). The suggestion is made that death may result from hyperthermia in the heat-exposed rats.", "PMID": 504789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6323", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the drug phencyclidine (PCP). Levels as low as 50 pg (200 femto-moles) of PCP can be detected. The specificity of the antisera has been investigated by inhibiting the [3H]PCP-anti PCP reaction with the parent drug, metabolites, and other related compounds. Three urinary metabolites, 4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine and 1-phenylcyclohexylamine inhibit 2,5, and 0.002% as effectively as PCP respectively. Plasma samples supplemented with PCP (1.2 to 10,000 ng/ml) can be analyzed directly by this procedure.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the drug phencyclidine (PCP). Levels as low as 50 pg (200 femto-moles) of PCP can be detected. The specificity of the antisera has been investigated by inhibiting the [3H]PCP-anti PCP reaction with the parent drug, metabolites, and other related compounds. Three urinary metabolites, 4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine and 1-phenylcyclohexylamine inhibit 2,5, and 0.002% as effectively as PCP respectively. Plasma samples supplemented with PCP (1.2 to 10,000 ng/ml) can be analyzed directly by this procedure.", "PMID": 504790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6324", "title": "Single point clearance estimation.", "content": "Linear relationships were observed between the log of total body clearance (C1B) and simulated serum concentrations (Cmin) six hours after a test dose of chloramphenicol, as well as between C1B and the reciprocal of Cmin. Correlation coefficients for these relationships were 0.988 and 0.977, respectively. Clearance estimates obtained from a single serum sample following a test dose of a drug may prove to be a useful method of predicting dosage requirements for individual patients.", "contents": "Single point clearance estimation. Linear relationships were observed between the log of total body clearance (C1B) and simulated serum concentrations (Cmin) six hours after a test dose of chloramphenicol, as well as between C1B and the reciprocal of Cmin. Correlation coefficients for these relationships were 0.988 and 0.977, respectively. Clearance estimates obtained from a single serum sample following a test dose of a drug may prove to be a useful method of predicting dosage requirements for individual patients.", "PMID": 504791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6325", "title": "The effects of oleic acid, tolbutamide, and oxyphenbutazone on the binding of warfarin by human serum albumin.", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis studies showed that, at low levels, stearate, palmitate and oleate enhanced the binding of warfarin by human serum albumin, but at high levels of FFA, warfarin was displaced. Tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone separately desplaced warfarin, and this dispplacement was reduced by the presence of low concentrations of oleate while at higher concentrations of oleate displacement occurred. Thus, the binding of warfarin was affected in a complex fashion depending upon the drugs present and the concentration of the FFA.", "contents": "The effects of oleic acid, tolbutamide, and oxyphenbutazone on the binding of warfarin by human serum albumin. Equilibrium dialysis studies showed that, at low levels, stearate, palmitate and oleate enhanced the binding of warfarin by human serum albumin, but at high levels of FFA, warfarin was displaced. Tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone separately desplaced warfarin, and this dispplacement was reduced by the presence of low concentrations of oleate while at higher concentrations of oleate displacement occurred. Thus, the binding of warfarin was affected in a complex fashion depending upon the drugs present and the concentration of the FFA.", "PMID": 504792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6326", "title": "Immunonephelometric assay for urinary total protein and albumin in mice.", "content": "A quantitative immunonephelometric assay for measuring total protein and albumin in mouse urine has been developed. Antisera to whole mouse sera or to mouse albumin was added to aliquots of urine and the antigen-antibody complexes formed were measured by laser nephelometry. Sample volumes were small (20 microliters) and the assay time was 90 minutes. The assays were sensitive to 10 mg/L and within-day and day-to-day precision studies demonstrated coefficients of variation of less than 15%. Average urinary total protein and albumin concentrations for random urine specimens in female C3H mice (age 80-150 days) were 42 and 24 mg/L respectively. Urinary total protein and albumin to creatinine ratios were also determined.", "contents": "Immunonephelometric assay for urinary total protein and albumin in mice. A quantitative immunonephelometric assay for measuring total protein and albumin in mouse urine has been developed. Antisera to whole mouse sera or to mouse albumin was added to aliquots of urine and the antigen-antibody complexes formed were measured by laser nephelometry. Sample volumes were small (20 microliters) and the assay time was 90 minutes. The assays were sensitive to 10 mg/L and within-day and day-to-day precision studies demonstrated coefficients of variation of less than 15%. Average urinary total protein and albumin concentrations for random urine specimens in female C3H mice (age 80-150 days) were 42 and 24 mg/L respectively. Urinary total protein and albumin to creatinine ratios were also determined.", "PMID": 504793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6327", "title": "Decreased pentobarbital sleeptime following a single intraperitoneal injection of cedar-derived sesquiterpenes.", "content": "Within one day after a single IP injection of cedar sesquiterpenes into mice, pentobarbital sleeptime was reduced by 40%. The estimated ED50 is 50 mg terpenes/kg body weight. The mice recovered from this terpene-induced reduction in the strength of hypnosis within 6 days after the terpene injection. The potency of the terpenes, the rapidity of their action, and the duration of their effectiveness in modulating a drug response suggest their usefulness as a pharmacological tool.", "contents": "Decreased pentobarbital sleeptime following a single intraperitoneal injection of cedar-derived sesquiterpenes. Within one day after a single IP injection of cedar sesquiterpenes into mice, pentobarbital sleeptime was reduced by 40%. The estimated ED50 is 50 mg terpenes/kg body weight. The mice recovered from this terpene-induced reduction in the strength of hypnosis within 6 days after the terpene injection. The potency of the terpenes, the rapidity of their action, and the duration of their effectiveness in modulating a drug response suggest their usefulness as a pharmacological tool.", "PMID": 504794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6328", "title": "Cholesteryl iodide-125I as a diagnostic adrenal photoscanning agent. Part - I.", "content": "Cholesteryl iodide-125I was prepared and administered intravenously to rabbits. After six days, tissue distribution studies indicated a good target to non-target ratio with selective concentration in adrenal glands.", "contents": "Cholesteryl iodide-125I as a diagnostic adrenal photoscanning agent. Part - I. Cholesteryl iodide-125I was prepared and administered intravenously to rabbits. After six days, tissue distribution studies indicated a good target to non-target ratio with selective concentration in adrenal glands.", "PMID": 504795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6329", "title": "The sites in the duodenum of receptor areas which affect abomasal emptying in the calf.", "content": "Calves were prepared with abomasal and duodenal cannulae to assess the effects on abomasal emptying of duodenal infusates at different rates and different sites. In two calves infusions of isotonic NaHCO3 or 60 mM HCl 30 cm distal to the pylorus were as effective in controlling abomasal emptying as infusions of the duodenum from 5 cm distal to the pylorus, and in three other calves they were as effective as perfusing the whole duodenum including the most proximal 5 cm. Reducing the rate of duodenal infusion of 60 mM HCl from 10 to 2.5 ml/min diminished its effect from total inhibition of gastric emptying to slight or negligible inhibition. The stimulation of gastric emptying by duodenal infusion of isotonic NaHCO3 solution was undiminished by reduced rates of infusion. It is proposed that in the calf receptors which activate and inhibit gastric emptying are present throughout the duodenum.", "contents": "The sites in the duodenum of receptor areas which affect abomasal emptying in the calf. Calves were prepared with abomasal and duodenal cannulae to assess the effects on abomasal emptying of duodenal infusates at different rates and different sites. In two calves infusions of isotonic NaHCO3 or 60 mM HCl 30 cm distal to the pylorus were as effective in controlling abomasal emptying as infusions of the duodenum from 5 cm distal to the pylorus, and in three other calves they were as effective as perfusing the whole duodenum including the most proximal 5 cm. Reducing the rate of duodenal infusion of 60 mM HCl from 10 to 2.5 ml/min diminished its effect from total inhibition of gastric emptying to slight or negligible inhibition. The stimulation of gastric emptying by duodenal infusion of isotonic NaHCO3 solution was undiminished by reduced rates of infusion. It is proposed that in the calf receptors which activate and inhibit gastric emptying are present throughout the duodenum.", "PMID": 504796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6330", "title": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta resistant to levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole: occurrence of field strains.", "content": "Field strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta, designated PF4 and PF5 respectively, were recovered from a farm on which the sole use of levamisole over a preceding 12 year period led to the development of anthelmintic resistance. The results of field observations and preliminary critical trials in both Merino and crossbred sheep showed that both species have varying degrees of resistance to three major anthelmintics; levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole. Mean worm count reductions for adult T colubriformis (PF4) for therapeutic doses of morantel tartrate, thiabendazole and levamisole in crossbreds were 45.7 per cent, 97.3 per cent and zero respectively, and for Merinos 80.7 per cent, 88.3 per cent and 92.0 per cent respectively. Against O circumcincta the corresponding reductions for crossbreds were 51.4 percent, 95.4 per cent and 20.3 per cent and for Merinos, 52.5 per cent, 73.1 per cent and 29.8 per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in the responses of both parasite species to either levamisole or morantel. This result suggests that resistance to the two chemically unrelated drugs may be co-inherited.", "contents": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta resistant to levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole: occurrence of field strains. Field strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta, designated PF4 and PF5 respectively, were recovered from a farm on which the sole use of levamisole over a preceding 12 year period led to the development of anthelmintic resistance. The results of field observations and preliminary critical trials in both Merino and crossbred sheep showed that both species have varying degrees of resistance to three major anthelmintics; levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole. Mean worm count reductions for adult T colubriformis (PF4) for therapeutic doses of morantel tartrate, thiabendazole and levamisole in crossbreds were 45.7 per cent, 97.3 per cent and zero respectively, and for Merinos 80.7 per cent, 88.3 per cent and 92.0 per cent respectively. Against O circumcincta the corresponding reductions for crossbreds were 51.4 percent, 95.4 per cent and 20.3 per cent and for Merinos, 52.5 per cent, 73.1 per cent and 29.8 per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in the responses of both parasite species to either levamisole or morantel. This result suggests that resistance to the two chemically unrelated drugs may be co-inherited.", "PMID": 504797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6331", "title": "The efficacy of fenbendazole and albendazole against immature and adult stages of benzimidazole-resistant sheep trichostrongylids.", "content": "The efficacy of two recently introduced benzimidazole anthelmintics, albendazole and fenbendazole, was determined for six-day, 10-day and adult stages of resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Albendazole, at 3.8 mg/kg reduced H contortus worm counts by 92.4, 70.8 and 67.1 per cent while fenbendazole, at 5.0 mg/kg, reduced worm burdens by 51.7, 95.5 and 93.4 per cent against six-, 10- and 25-day-old parasites respectively. For T colubriformis, the corresponding reductions with albendazole were 97.7, 95.8 and 64.9 per cent and for fenbendazole 29.0, 66.3 and 33.4 per cent. Compared with susceptible strains of H contortus and T colubriformis, for which therapeutic doses of benzimidazole anthelmintics are generally highly active against all stages of development, the present results show that these drugs do not have a uniform level of activity against all developmental stages of resistant strains.", "contents": "The efficacy of fenbendazole and albendazole against immature and adult stages of benzimidazole-resistant sheep trichostrongylids. The efficacy of two recently introduced benzimidazole anthelmintics, albendazole and fenbendazole, was determined for six-day, 10-day and adult stages of resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Albendazole, at 3.8 mg/kg reduced H contortus worm counts by 92.4, 70.8 and 67.1 per cent while fenbendazole, at 5.0 mg/kg, reduced worm burdens by 51.7, 95.5 and 93.4 per cent against six-, 10- and 25-day-old parasites respectively. For T colubriformis, the corresponding reductions with albendazole were 97.7, 95.8 and 64.9 per cent and for fenbendazole 29.0, 66.3 and 33.4 per cent. Compared with susceptible strains of H contortus and T colubriformis, for which therapeutic doses of benzimidazole anthelmintics are generally highly active against all stages of development, the present results show that these drugs do not have a uniform level of activity against all developmental stages of resistant strains.", "PMID": 504798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6332", "title": "Effect of halothane on isometric contractile properties of muscle from stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs.", "content": "The effect of clinical concentrations of halothane on the isometric contractile properties of muscle in stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs was studied. Exposure to halothane initially increased the percentage of peak twitch tension in the muscle of stress-susceptible pigs whereas the tension gradually decreased in the stress-resistant group of pigs. Halothane may act as a potentiator of muscle contraction in stress-susceptible animals, but this effect is transitory.", "contents": "Effect of halothane on isometric contractile properties of muscle from stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs. The effect of clinical concentrations of halothane on the isometric contractile properties of muscle in stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs was studied. Exposure to halothane initially increased the percentage of peak twitch tension in the muscle of stress-susceptible pigs whereas the tension gradually decreased in the stress-resistant group of pigs. Halothane may act as a potentiator of muscle contraction in stress-susceptible animals, but this effect is transitory.", "PMID": 504799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6333", "title": "The measurement of transplacental magnesium fluxes in the sheep.", "content": "Bi-directional transport rates of magnesium across the placenta of the ewe have been measured towards the end of pregnancy. The results indicated that approximately 0.042 and Mg/h/kg fetal body weight passed from ewe to fetus and that about 0.012 mg Mg/h/kg fetal body weight was transported back to the ewe. There was a significant, although small, positive gradient in plasma magnesium concentration from ewe to fetus.", "contents": "The measurement of transplacental magnesium fluxes in the sheep. Bi-directional transport rates of magnesium across the placenta of the ewe have been measured towards the end of pregnancy. The results indicated that approximately 0.042 and Mg/h/kg fetal body weight passed from ewe to fetus and that about 0.012 mg Mg/h/kg fetal body weight was transported back to the ewe. There was a significant, although small, positive gradient in plasma magnesium concentration from ewe to fetus.", "PMID": 504800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6334", "title": "Plasma phospholipid changes in tick infested N'dama cattle.", "content": "Plasma phospholipid composition and concentration of healthy and tick infested local cattle (N'dama) were studied. Phospholipid concentration was lower in the tick infested cattle. Phospholipid composition was also altered by the tick infestation. The phospholipids mainly affected are phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidyl choline and are absent from the plasma of tick infested cattle.", "contents": "Plasma phospholipid changes in tick infested N'dama cattle. Plasma phospholipid composition and concentration of healthy and tick infested local cattle (N'dama) were studied. Phospholipid concentration was lower in the tick infested cattle. Phospholipid composition was also altered by the tick infestation. The phospholipids mainly affected are phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidyl choline and are absent from the plasma of tick infested cattle.", "PMID": 504801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6335", "title": "A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the droppings of captive birds of prey.", "content": "Fresh droppings were collected from six species of bird of prey (Falconiformes and Strigiformes). Bacteriological examination revealed that the birds' digestive systems were colonised by bacteria found widely in other species of animals. Throughout the survey no Salmonella species were isolated.", "contents": "A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the droppings of captive birds of prey. Fresh droppings were collected from six species of bird of prey (Falconiformes and Strigiformes). Bacteriological examination revealed that the birds' digestive systems were colonised by bacteria found widely in other species of animals. Throughout the survey no Salmonella species were isolated.", "PMID": 504802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6336", "title": "The identification of Moraxella bovis and Neisseria ovis from the eyes of cattle and sheep.", "content": "The cultural characteristics of Moraxella bovis and Neisseria ovis from eyes of cattle and sheep were examined to determine which tests precisely identified the isolates. The elongation test to distinguish the bacillary M vovis from the coccal N ovis, the nitrate reduction and the litmus milk tests were found to be the most reliable.", "contents": "The identification of Moraxella bovis and Neisseria ovis from the eyes of cattle and sheep. The cultural characteristics of Moraxella bovis and Neisseria ovis from eyes of cattle and sheep were examined to determine which tests precisely identified the isolates. The elongation test to distinguish the bacillary M vovis from the coccal N ovis, the nitrate reduction and the litmus milk tests were found to be the most reliable.", "PMID": 504803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6337", "title": "Trypanosomes in the lymph nodes of cattle and sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "The prefemoral lymph nodes of two calves and a sheep infected with a stock of Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by Glossina morsitans were examined histologically for the presence of trypanosomes. Ten days after infection trypanosomes were found in the subcapsular sinuses of the nodes of a calf and the sheep but parasites were absent from the blood at this time. Trypanosomes were also detected in the prefemeral lymph node of the other calf on examination 30 days after infection, when parasites were also present in the blood. These observations provide further evidence that extravascular foci of trypanosomes develop in infections with T congolense and indicate that it should not be regarded as a strict plasma parasite.", "contents": "Trypanosomes in the lymph nodes of cattle and sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The prefemoral lymph nodes of two calves and a sheep infected with a stock of Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by Glossina morsitans were examined histologically for the presence of trypanosomes. Ten days after infection trypanosomes were found in the subcapsular sinuses of the nodes of a calf and the sheep but parasites were absent from the blood at this time. Trypanosomes were also detected in the prefemeral lymph node of the other calf on examination 30 days after infection, when parasites were also present in the blood. These observations provide further evidence that extravascular foci of trypanosomes develop in infections with T congolense and indicate that it should not be regarded as a strict plasma parasite.", "PMID": 504804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6338", "title": "The anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole and haloxon against arrested Haemonchus contortus larvae in sheep.", "content": "In a controlled trial with natural infection of Haemonchus contortus, oxfendazole at 4.53 mg/kg body weight was highly effective against arrested larvae, developmental stages and adult helminths. Haloxon at 40 mg/kg significantly reduced helminth burdens.", "contents": "The anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole and haloxon against arrested Haemonchus contortus larvae in sheep. In a controlled trial with natural infection of Haemonchus contortus, oxfendazole at 4.53 mg/kg body weight was highly effective against arrested larvae, developmental stages and adult helminths. Haloxon at 40 mg/kg significantly reduced helminth burdens.", "PMID": 504805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6339", "title": "Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to swine nasal epithelial cells and its possible role in virulence.", "content": "Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organisms adhered well to swine nasal epithelial cells cultured in vitro, while phase III variants exhibited feeble adherence to the same cells. Similarly, firm attachment of phase I organisms and poor adhesion of phase III organisms to nasal epithelium were demonstrated in experimentally infected piglets. Electron microscopic observations of nasal mucosa infected with phase I organisms showed preferential adherence to the cilia of nasal epithelial cells; the association of bacteria and cilia appeared to be mediated by fuzzy or string-like surface appendages which extended out from the bacterial cell wall. The ability to attach to epithelial cells was significantly reduced by heating the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 1 h or by pretreatment with 1 per cent formalin. Trypsin digestion treatment did not greatly reduce the adherence. Rabbit antisera to living or formalinised phase I organisms markedly impaired the attachment of the bacteria. However, antisera to heated phase I organisms or living phase III organisms did not show inhibitory effects. These data indicate that the heat labile surface component which is specific to phase I organisms may function in the adherence of the bacteria to swine nasal epithelium.", "contents": "Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to swine nasal epithelial cells and its possible role in virulence. Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organisms adhered well to swine nasal epithelial cells cultured in vitro, while phase III variants exhibited feeble adherence to the same cells. Similarly, firm attachment of phase I organisms and poor adhesion of phase III organisms to nasal epithelium were demonstrated in experimentally infected piglets. Electron microscopic observations of nasal mucosa infected with phase I organisms showed preferential adherence to the cilia of nasal epithelial cells; the association of bacteria and cilia appeared to be mediated by fuzzy or string-like surface appendages which extended out from the bacterial cell wall. The ability to attach to epithelial cells was significantly reduced by heating the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 1 h or by pretreatment with 1 per cent formalin. Trypsin digestion treatment did not greatly reduce the adherence. Rabbit antisera to living or formalinised phase I organisms markedly impaired the attachment of the bacteria. However, antisera to heated phase I organisms or living phase III organisms did not show inhibitory effects. These data indicate that the heat labile surface component which is specific to phase I organisms may function in the adherence of the bacteria to swine nasal epithelium.", "PMID": 504806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6340", "title": "Intracellular distribution of copper in the liver of normal and copper loaded sheep.", "content": "Thirteen sheep were dosed repeatedly with copper sulphate in order to induce chronic copper poisoning. Twelve similar sheep acted as controls. Three dosed sheep were killed before haemolysis, six at haemolysis and four after cessation of the haemolytic crisis. The subcellular distribution of Cu, Zn, Fe and lysosomal marker enzymes was investigated in the livers of normal sheep and copper loaded sheep. In control sheep the highest concentration of Cu was in the nuclear fraction. Copper loading increased the concentration of Cu in all fractions. The proportion of Cu in the nuclear fraction continued to increase while that in the heavy mitochondrial fraction decreased. Significant increase in lysosomal enzymes along with electron microscopic studies on pellets of fractions indicated: (a) proliferation of lysosomes, (b) possible localisation of Cu in lysosomes, and (c) sedimentation of the denser lysosomes on N and MH fractions in test sheep with the majority being in the N fraction. Thus the increase in Cu observed in the N fraction is at least partly due to the storage of Cu by lysosomes which sediment with the heavier nuclei. The excessive deposition of Cu in lysosomes and nuclei may lead to cell damage. With increase in hepatic Cu concentration the proportion of Zn and Fe in the cytosol decreased.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of copper in the liver of normal and copper loaded sheep. Thirteen sheep were dosed repeatedly with copper sulphate in order to induce chronic copper poisoning. Twelve similar sheep acted as controls. Three dosed sheep were killed before haemolysis, six at haemolysis and four after cessation of the haemolytic crisis. The subcellular distribution of Cu, Zn, Fe and lysosomal marker enzymes was investigated in the livers of normal sheep and copper loaded sheep. In control sheep the highest concentration of Cu was in the nuclear fraction. Copper loading increased the concentration of Cu in all fractions. The proportion of Cu in the nuclear fraction continued to increase while that in the heavy mitochondrial fraction decreased. Significant increase in lysosomal enzymes along with electron microscopic studies on pellets of fractions indicated: (a) proliferation of lysosomes, (b) possible localisation of Cu in lysosomes, and (c) sedimentation of the denser lysosomes on N and MH fractions in test sheep with the majority being in the N fraction. Thus the increase in Cu observed in the N fraction is at least partly due to the storage of Cu by lysosomes which sediment with the heavier nuclei. The excessive deposition of Cu in lysosomes and nuclei may lead to cell damage. With increase in hepatic Cu concentration the proportion of Zn and Fe in the cytosol decreased.", "PMID": 504807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6341", "title": "Distribution of cardiac output in anaesthetised horses.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere method was used to determine the distribution of cardiac output in six anaesthetised ponies. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output allowed calculation of the tissue perfusions (ml/min/100 g). Allowing for the fact that measurements were carried out on animals under halothane anaesthesia and which had respiratory acidosis, the results were comparable with published values for other species.", "contents": "Distribution of cardiac output in anaesthetised horses. The radioactive microsphere method was used to determine the distribution of cardiac output in six anaesthetised ponies. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output allowed calculation of the tissue perfusions (ml/min/100 g). Allowing for the fact that measurements were carried out on animals under halothane anaesthesia and which had respiratory acidosis, the results were comparable with published values for other species.", "PMID": 504808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6342", "title": "The effects of repeated injections of adrenaline on the response of the fowl to further alarm stimulation.", "content": "Chicks, aged two weeks, were injected with either adrenaline (300 microgram/kg) or saline daily for seven days. One day after the seventh injection it was found that the birds treated with adrenaline had become hypolipacidaemic and hypocholesteraemic and that there had been adrenal hypertrophy and an increase in the adrenal store of cholesterol. Plasma concentrations of glucose and corticosterone were within the normal range. The two groups (adrenaline- or saline-treated) were further subdivided each into two subgroups and were now injected with either adrenaline or saline, and their responses measured over a 120 min period. A significantly shorter period of hyperglycaemia was found in the birds pretreated with adrenaline and given a further injection of the hormone. These birds also showed an enhanced lipacidaemic response but the corticosterone response was not altered.", "contents": "The effects of repeated injections of adrenaline on the response of the fowl to further alarm stimulation. Chicks, aged two weeks, were injected with either adrenaline (300 microgram/kg) or saline daily for seven days. One day after the seventh injection it was found that the birds treated with adrenaline had become hypolipacidaemic and hypocholesteraemic and that there had been adrenal hypertrophy and an increase in the adrenal store of cholesterol. Plasma concentrations of glucose and corticosterone were within the normal range. The two groups (adrenaline- or saline-treated) were further subdivided each into two subgroups and were now injected with either adrenaline or saline, and their responses measured over a 120 min period. A significantly shorter period of hyperglycaemia was found in the birds pretreated with adrenaline and given a further injection of the hormone. These birds also showed an enhanced lipacidaemic response but the corticosterone response was not altered.", "PMID": 504809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6343", "title": "Toxicity of Jatropha curcas in sheep and goats.", "content": "The sequential development of the clinical signs and lesions in the organs of desert sheep and Nubian goats dosed with Jatropha curcas seeds at 0.05, 0.5 and 1 g/kg/day was studied. Diarrhoea, reduced water consumption, dehydration, sunken eyes, inappetence and loss in condition were the important signs of J curcas poisoning in sheep and goats. The main pathological changes were haemorrhage in the rumen, reticulum, lungs, kidneys and heart, catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic enteritis, hepatic fatty change, pulmonary congestion and oedema and straw-coloured fluid in serous cavities. An increase in the concentrations of AST, ammonia, potassium and sodium and a decrease in total protein and calcium were detected in the serum. Haematological changes were haemoconcentration and leucocytosis.", "contents": "Toxicity of Jatropha curcas in sheep and goats. The sequential development of the clinical signs and lesions in the organs of desert sheep and Nubian goats dosed with Jatropha curcas seeds at 0.05, 0.5 and 1 g/kg/day was studied. Diarrhoea, reduced water consumption, dehydration, sunken eyes, inappetence and loss in condition were the important signs of J curcas poisoning in sheep and goats. The main pathological changes were haemorrhage in the rumen, reticulum, lungs, kidneys and heart, catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic enteritis, hepatic fatty change, pulmonary congestion and oedema and straw-coloured fluid in serous cavities. An increase in the concentrations of AST, ammonia, potassium and sodium and a decrease in total protein and calcium were detected in the serum. Haematological changes were haemoconcentration and leucocytosis.", "PMID": 504810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6344", "title": "Ruminal and salivary concentration of some sulphonamides in cows and their effect on rumen flora.", "content": "Sulphadiazine, sulphatiazole and sulphamerazine were shown to be excreted through the ruminal wall and salivary glands of cows. These sulphonamides had a slight inhibitory effect on cellulose digestion and on the activity of rumen infusoria. Acetylation of the sulphonamides occurred to a slight extent. Sulphatiazole was more acetylated (16.2 per cent) than sulphadiazine (7.0 per cent) or sulphamerazine (8.4 per cent). The rate of elimination of the three compounds, as indicated by their half lives, showed that sulphathiazole was the most rapidly excreted (2 h), whereas sulphadiazine and sulphamerazine were more slowly excreted, 5.4 and 7.1 h respectively.", "contents": "Ruminal and salivary concentration of some sulphonamides in cows and their effect on rumen flora. Sulphadiazine, sulphatiazole and sulphamerazine were shown to be excreted through the ruminal wall and salivary glands of cows. These sulphonamides had a slight inhibitory effect on cellulose digestion and on the activity of rumen infusoria. Acetylation of the sulphonamides occurred to a slight extent. Sulphatiazole was more acetylated (16.2 per cent) than sulphadiazine (7.0 per cent) or sulphamerazine (8.4 per cent). The rate of elimination of the three compounds, as indicated by their half lives, showed that sulphathiazole was the most rapidly excreted (2 h), whereas sulphadiazine and sulphamerazine were more slowly excreted, 5.4 and 7.1 h respectively.", "PMID": 504811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6345", "title": "A technique for sampling total rumen contents in sheep.", "content": "The paper describes the manufacture of an easily removable large rumen fistula closure for sheep and a restraining cradle which is used when sampling total rumen contents. Eight sheep have been fitted with the fistula and have been used regularly for nine months. The technique is rapid and simple and the closure is more reliable than other types which are often removed accidentally.", "contents": "A technique for sampling total rumen contents in sheep. The paper describes the manufacture of an easily removable large rumen fistula closure for sheep and a restraining cradle which is used when sampling total rumen contents. Eight sheep have been fitted with the fistula and have been used regularly for nine months. The technique is rapid and simple and the closure is more reliable than other types which are often removed accidentally.", "PMID": 504812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6346", "title": "The role of elastase in the differentiation of Bacteroides nodosus infections in sheep and cattle.", "content": "Eighty-seven Bacteroides nodosus isolates were examined for elastase production by clearing of elastin particles in TAS agar medium. These included 54 ovine virulent isolates, 28 ovine benign isolates and five bovine isolates. In addition 22 ovine virulent, 16 ovine benign and two bovine isolates were examined for decline in proteolytic activity over a 13-day period in the degrading proteinase test using hide power-azure as substrate. There was a remarkable correlation between elastase production, relative stability of proteolytic activity in the hide powder-azure test and virulence of B nodosus. Ovine virulent isolates invariably produced elastase whereas ovine benign isolates and bovine isolates were elastase negative. Bovine isolates produced only mild lesions in the feet of challenged sheep.", "contents": "The role of elastase in the differentiation of Bacteroides nodosus infections in sheep and cattle. Eighty-seven Bacteroides nodosus isolates were examined for elastase production by clearing of elastin particles in TAS agar medium. These included 54 ovine virulent isolates, 28 ovine benign isolates and five bovine isolates. In addition 22 ovine virulent, 16 ovine benign and two bovine isolates were examined for decline in proteolytic activity over a 13-day period in the degrading proteinase test using hide power-azure as substrate. There was a remarkable correlation between elastase production, relative stability of proteolytic activity in the hide powder-azure test and virulence of B nodosus. Ovine virulent isolates invariably produced elastase whereas ovine benign isolates and bovine isolates were elastase negative. Bovine isolates produced only mild lesions in the feet of challenged sheep.", "PMID": 504813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6347", "title": "Resting hemodynamics and oxygen transport in unanesthetized adult cats.", "content": "Characteristics of blood, oxygen transport were determined in seven adult female cats with inlying catheters in the pulmonary artery and a carotid artery. Measurements were made without anesthesia. Cardiac output averaged 167 ml.kg-1.min-1. Blood oxygen capacity averaged 11.6 ml.dl-1. Mean arterial oxygen saturation was 94% and mixed venous oxygen saturation was 49%. Mean oxygen tensions were 97.3% and 36.9 mm Hg in arterial and mixed venous blood, respectively. Mean arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference was 5.1 ml.dl-1, yielding a calculated oxygen consumption of 8.4 ml.kg-1 min-1, 5% higher than the value obtained by spirometric measurements on four of the animals. These data, when compared with previously reported values from species ranging widely in body size, show that the increased oxygen consumption per kg associated with decreasing body size is provided by progressive increases in cardiac output per kg and in arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference. Mixed venous oxygen tension is held within narrow limits in resting, unanesthetized animals.", "contents": "Resting hemodynamics and oxygen transport in unanesthetized adult cats. Characteristics of blood, oxygen transport were determined in seven adult female cats with inlying catheters in the pulmonary artery and a carotid artery. Measurements were made without anesthesia. Cardiac output averaged 167 ml.kg-1.min-1. Blood oxygen capacity averaged 11.6 ml.dl-1. Mean arterial oxygen saturation was 94% and mixed venous oxygen saturation was 49%. Mean oxygen tensions were 97.3% and 36.9 mm Hg in arterial and mixed venous blood, respectively. Mean arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference was 5.1 ml.dl-1, yielding a calculated oxygen consumption of 8.4 ml.kg-1 min-1, 5% higher than the value obtained by spirometric measurements on four of the animals. These data, when compared with previously reported values from species ranging widely in body size, show that the increased oxygen consumption per kg associated with decreasing body size is provided by progressive increases in cardiac output per kg and in arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference. Mixed venous oxygen tension is held within narrow limits in resting, unanesthetized animals.", "PMID": 504825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6348", "title": "Observations on the avian pulmonary and bronchial circulation using labelled microspheres.", "content": "Domestic fowl, ducks, geese, Guinea-fowl, quail and pigeons were anaesthetised with intravenous pentabarbitone sodium. Carbonised microspheres (40,000-60,000), 15 micrometer +/- 5 micrometer in diameter and labelled with 85Sr (3M Company) were injected into the cannulated right atrium. After spontaneous breathing of room air the birds were killed and the radioactivity measured in the spleen, kidneys, brain, lungs and extrapulmonary primary bronchi. Small pieces of lung tissue were removed from the beginning (costal region), middle (costovertebral region), and the end (vertebral region) of the paleopulmonic parabronchi, in the direction of air flow. Microspheres found in samples of parabronchial tissue indicated the relative perfusion rates of the three regions. Thermal panting was induced in six domestic fowl and six pigeons, followed by injection of microspheres. No arteriovenous anastomoses were found to exist across the pulmonary bed in any of the species examined at rest or in the panting domestic fowl and pigeons. The extrapulmonary primary bronchus was found to be well perfused from the pulmonary artery in the domestic fowl and to a lesser extent in the other species. The perfusion of the parabronchi in the domestic fowl and pigeons at rest decreased in the direction of ventilatory gas flow. This blood flow gradient was significantly increased during thermal panting in the domestic fowl, but not in the pigeon.", "contents": "Observations on the avian pulmonary and bronchial circulation using labelled microspheres. Domestic fowl, ducks, geese, Guinea-fowl, quail and pigeons were anaesthetised with intravenous pentabarbitone sodium. Carbonised microspheres (40,000-60,000), 15 micrometer +/- 5 micrometer in diameter and labelled with 85Sr (3M Company) were injected into the cannulated right atrium. After spontaneous breathing of room air the birds were killed and the radioactivity measured in the spleen, kidneys, brain, lungs and extrapulmonary primary bronchi. Small pieces of lung tissue were removed from the beginning (costal region), middle (costovertebral region), and the end (vertebral region) of the paleopulmonic parabronchi, in the direction of air flow. Microspheres found in samples of parabronchial tissue indicated the relative perfusion rates of the three regions. Thermal panting was induced in six domestic fowl and six pigeons, followed by injection of microspheres. No arteriovenous anastomoses were found to exist across the pulmonary bed in any of the species examined at rest or in the panting domestic fowl and pigeons. The extrapulmonary primary bronchus was found to be well perfused from the pulmonary artery in the domestic fowl and to a lesser extent in the other species. The perfusion of the parabronchi in the domestic fowl and pigeons at rest decreased in the direction of ventilatory gas flow. This blood flow gradient was significantly increased during thermal panting in the domestic fowl, but not in the pigeon.", "PMID": 504826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6349", "title": "The interaction between the diaphragm, intercostal/accessory muscles of inspiration and the rib cage.", "content": "During Mueller maneuvers (MM), the volume change of rib cage, delta Vrc, and abdomen, delta Vab, are equal and opposite. Thus delta Vrc = -delta Vab. Substituting delta Prc.Crc for delta Vrc and delta Pab.Cab for delta Vab yields: delta Prc = - delta Pab.Cab/Crc, where delta Prc, delta Pab, Crc and Cab are applied pressures and compliances of rib cage and abdomen respectively. MM performed solely with the diaphragm permits calculations of Prc in terms of observed changes in Pab and pleural pressure, Ppl. Three trained subjects performed MM with no evidence of inspiratory intercostal or abdominal muscle contraction. During the diaphragmatic MM delta Pab was positive and delta Prc negative. The magnitude of delta Prc/delta Pab was 2-6 times greater than that of delta Ppl/delta Pab. We conclude that neither Pab nor Ppl by themselves displace the relaxed rib cage during Mueller maneuvers. A model in which the diaphragm acts both in parallel and in series with the rib cage, and in which Prc is the sum of Pab and a pressure lying between Pab and Ppl explains these results as well as the hypothesis that Pab displaces the relaxed rib cage during quiet breathing.", "contents": "The interaction between the diaphragm, intercostal/accessory muscles of inspiration and the rib cage. During Mueller maneuvers (MM), the volume change of rib cage, delta Vrc, and abdomen, delta Vab, are equal and opposite. Thus delta Vrc = -delta Vab. Substituting delta Prc.Crc for delta Vrc and delta Pab.Cab for delta Vab yields: delta Prc = - delta Pab.Cab/Crc, where delta Prc, delta Pab, Crc and Cab are applied pressures and compliances of rib cage and abdomen respectively. MM performed solely with the diaphragm permits calculations of Prc in terms of observed changes in Pab and pleural pressure, Ppl. Three trained subjects performed MM with no evidence of inspiratory intercostal or abdominal muscle contraction. During the diaphragmatic MM delta Pab was positive and delta Prc negative. The magnitude of delta Prc/delta Pab was 2-6 times greater than that of delta Ppl/delta Pab. We conclude that neither Pab nor Ppl by themselves displace the relaxed rib cage during Mueller maneuvers. A model in which the diaphragm acts both in parallel and in series with the rib cage, and in which Prc is the sum of Pab and a pressure lying between Pab and Ppl explains these results as well as the hypothesis that Pab displaces the relaxed rib cage during quiet breathing.", "PMID": 504827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6350", "title": "A mathematical and graphical analysis of inspiratory muscle action.", "content": "In this paper a mathematical and graphical analysis is presented for the action of the diaphragm and the intercostal/accessory muscles of inspiration, in terms of the pressure developed, the volumes displaced and the work performed by each set of muscles. An analogous model is described which behaves according to the analysis. The critical variable by which the action of the diaphragm and intercostal/accessory muscles can be measured is the change in abdominal pressure Pab. When delta Pab = 0 it is assumed that the diaphragm has contracted isometrically and is acting as a fixator preventing an expiratory displacement of the abdomen. When delta Pab greater than 0 the diaphragm shortens and acts as an agonist. When delta Pab less than 0 the diaphragm lengthens as it contracts, performs negative work and the abdomen is displaced in an expiratory direction. For a given change in lung volume, as delta Pab diminishes, there is progressive recruitment of intercostal/accessory muscles and a progressive increase in the work of breathing over and above that required to produce the same change in lung volume by contraction of the diaphragm alone. For values of delta Pab greater than 0 the sum of diaphragm and intercostal/accessory muscle work is less than the total work, because of an increase in the elastic energy stored in the rib cage. For Pab less than 0 there is a decrease in the elastic energy stored in the rib cage leading to a marked increase in work performed and pressures developed by the intercostal/accessory muscles.", "contents": "A mathematical and graphical analysis of inspiratory muscle action. In this paper a mathematical and graphical analysis is presented for the action of the diaphragm and the intercostal/accessory muscles of inspiration, in terms of the pressure developed, the volumes displaced and the work performed by each set of muscles. An analogous model is described which behaves according to the analysis. The critical variable by which the action of the diaphragm and intercostal/accessory muscles can be measured is the change in abdominal pressure Pab. When delta Pab = 0 it is assumed that the diaphragm has contracted isometrically and is acting as a fixator preventing an expiratory displacement of the abdomen. When delta Pab greater than 0 the diaphragm shortens and acts as an agonist. When delta Pab less than 0 the diaphragm lengthens as it contracts, performs negative work and the abdomen is displaced in an expiratory direction. For a given change in lung volume, as delta Pab diminishes, there is progressive recruitment of intercostal/accessory muscles and a progressive increase in the work of breathing over and above that required to produce the same change in lung volume by contraction of the diaphragm alone. For values of delta Pab greater than 0 the sum of diaphragm and intercostal/accessory muscle work is less than the total work, because of an increase in the elastic energy stored in the rib cage. For Pab less than 0 there is a decrease in the elastic energy stored in the rib cage leading to a marked increase in work performed and pressures developed by the intercostal/accessory muscles.", "PMID": 504828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6351", "title": "Mechanisms controlling inspiration studied by electrical vagal stimulations in rabbits.", "content": "Electrical stimulations of either constant (step) or linearly increasing (ramp) stimulus frequency (F) were applied with different timing during inspiration to the central ends of cut vagi of anaesthetized rabbits. Integrated diaphragmatic activity (Ad) time course during stimulation, after a period of common path (Tu) with control, increased at reduced rate for a substantial period before end-inspiration (Ti). With stimulations maintained into early expiration, the higher F, the shorter Tu and Ti and the smaller end-inspiratory Ad. Delaying the onset of stimulation or using ramp instead of step stimulations, shifted rightwards both F vs. Tu and F vs. Ti relationships which became steeper. With increasing delay, Ad at Ti or Tu became eventually independent of F. Short stimulations ineffective to shorten Ti, prolonged Ti beyond control, end-inspiratory Ad being smaller, the smaller Ti prolongation. (a) vagal input, beyond a time dependent threshold, exerts a graded inhibitory effect on central inspiratory output (CIO); (b) vagal input undergoes a certain degree of integration; (c) vagal inspiratory inhibitory effects are independent of CIO; (d) vagal input prevents some centrally generated activity inhibiting CIO.", "contents": "Mechanisms controlling inspiration studied by electrical vagal stimulations in rabbits. Electrical stimulations of either constant (step) or linearly increasing (ramp) stimulus frequency (F) were applied with different timing during inspiration to the central ends of cut vagi of anaesthetized rabbits. Integrated diaphragmatic activity (Ad) time course during stimulation, after a period of common path (Tu) with control, increased at reduced rate for a substantial period before end-inspiration (Ti). With stimulations maintained into early expiration, the higher F, the shorter Tu and Ti and the smaller end-inspiratory Ad. Delaying the onset of stimulation or using ramp instead of step stimulations, shifted rightwards both F vs. Tu and F vs. Ti relationships which became steeper. With increasing delay, Ad at Ti or Tu became eventually independent of F. Short stimulations ineffective to shorten Ti, prolonged Ti beyond control, end-inspiratory Ad being smaller, the smaller Ti prolongation. (a) vagal input, beyond a time dependent threshold, exerts a graded inhibitory effect on central inspiratory output (CIO); (b) vagal input undergoes a certain degree of integration; (c) vagal inspiratory inhibitory effects are independent of CIO; (d) vagal input prevents some centrally generated activity inhibiting CIO.", "PMID": 504829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6352", "title": "Experimental control of the diaphragm and laryngeal abductor muscles by brain stem arousal systems.", "content": "The effect of mesencephalic central tegmental field (FTC) stimulation in barbiturate anesthetized cats on the activity of the diaphragm and the laryngeal abductors was studied. With brief stimulus trains, two effects were observed: (1) a short latency, stimulus-specific activation of these muscles and (2) phase-switching of the respiratory cycle. The characteristics of short latency driving were as follows: (1) the latency and threshold for activation of the laryngeal abductors was less than for activation of the diaphragm; (2) driving continued for the duration of the stimulus only; and (3) during expiration, the threshold for short latency driving was lowest in the early part of the phase and progressively increased throughout it. Phase-switching had these characteristics: (1) expiration-to-inspiration (E-to-I) phase-switching was obtained in all cases and, in 17% of the cases, stimulation of the same FTC site also produced I-to-E phase-switching; (2) phase-switching was a function of stimulus intensity and the time of stimulation; and (3) during expiration, phase-switching showed a threshold profile opposite to that for short latency driving. These effects could be obtained after bilateral dorsolateral pontine lesions, bilateral vagotomy, and transection at the C8 level. It was concluded that the FTC could influence breathing by two systems. One is relatively direct to respiratory motoneurons and the other engages the oscillator.", "contents": "Experimental control of the diaphragm and laryngeal abductor muscles by brain stem arousal systems. The effect of mesencephalic central tegmental field (FTC) stimulation in barbiturate anesthetized cats on the activity of the diaphragm and the laryngeal abductors was studied. With brief stimulus trains, two effects were observed: (1) a short latency, stimulus-specific activation of these muscles and (2) phase-switching of the respiratory cycle. The characteristics of short latency driving were as follows: (1) the latency and threshold for activation of the laryngeal abductors was less than for activation of the diaphragm; (2) driving continued for the duration of the stimulus only; and (3) during expiration, the threshold for short latency driving was lowest in the early part of the phase and progressively increased throughout it. Phase-switching had these characteristics: (1) expiration-to-inspiration (E-to-I) phase-switching was obtained in all cases and, in 17% of the cases, stimulation of the same FTC site also produced I-to-E phase-switching; (2) phase-switching was a function of stimulus intensity and the time of stimulation; and (3) during expiration, phase-switching showed a threshold profile opposite to that for short latency driving. These effects could be obtained after bilateral dorsolateral pontine lesions, bilateral vagotomy, and transection at the C8 level. It was concluded that the FTC could influence breathing by two systems. One is relatively direct to respiratory motoneurons and the other engages the oscillator.", "PMID": 504830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6353", "title": "Breathing in the potassium depleted rat: the role of metabolic rate and body temperature.", "content": "Rats with dietary potassium (K) depletion have an altered breathing pattern compared to age matched control rats. The K depleted rats also have a decreased body weight gain, basal metabolic rate and body temperature. In this study, age matched controls are underfed (UFC) to match for body weight gain and metabolic rate and controls are exposed to different ambient temperatures to alter metabolism and body temperature. Compared to UFC rats with the same body weight and basal metabolic rate the K depleted rats breathe slower and with a larger tidal volume in the basal state and in response to hypercapnia and hypoxia. With heat stress body temperature is increased in K depleted rats as is metabolic rate. While frequency is increased it is still slower than in controls at the same ambient and body temperatures. We conclude that the low metabolic rate and body temperature of K depleted rats is not the cause of the altered breathing pattern. In addition, it is shown that the hypothermia of K depletion is present only at ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral zone and that is is apparently due to an inability of the K depleted rat to increase metabolic heat production with cold stress.", "contents": "Breathing in the potassium depleted rat: the role of metabolic rate and body temperature. Rats with dietary potassium (K) depletion have an altered breathing pattern compared to age matched control rats. The K depleted rats also have a decreased body weight gain, basal metabolic rate and body temperature. In this study, age matched controls are underfed (UFC) to match for body weight gain and metabolic rate and controls are exposed to different ambient temperatures to alter metabolism and body temperature. Compared to UFC rats with the same body weight and basal metabolic rate the K depleted rats breathe slower and with a larger tidal volume in the basal state and in response to hypercapnia and hypoxia. With heat stress body temperature is increased in K depleted rats as is metabolic rate. While frequency is increased it is still slower than in controls at the same ambient and body temperatures. We conclude that the low metabolic rate and body temperature of K depleted rats is not the cause of the altered breathing pattern. In addition, it is shown that the hypothermia of K depletion is present only at ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral zone and that is is apparently due to an inability of the K depleted rat to increase metabolic heat production with cold stress.", "PMID": 504831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6354", "title": "Arterial pH, airway caliber and response to acetylcholine and catecholamines in vivo.", "content": "Direct assessment of tracheal circumference, which permits evaluation of constriction and dilatation in vivo, was made continuously in intact, pentobarbital-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Immediate response to induction of hypercapnia included tracheal constriction and cessation of normal, vagus-dependent rhythmicity of airway tone. The characteristic constrictor response to acetylcholine was exaggerated significantly during hypercapnic acidosis and returned to normal when arterial pH, but not CSF pH, was corrected by NaHCO3 infusion. Epinephrine produced significant tracheal dilatation (infrequently followed by constriction) and isoproterenol produced only dilatation at normal pH. The catecholamine-induced dilatation was decreased significantly during hypercapnic acidosis, but improved after NaHCO3 infusion. Responses to acetylcholine and epinephrine were the the same as control during alkalemia, whereas the response to isoproterenol was unexplainedly diminished. Thus alkalemia may inhibit the action of isoproterenol; acidemia enhances parasympathomimetic constriction and reduces sympathomimetic dilatation; and correction of arterial pH returns these responses to normal, even if hypercapnia and CSF acidosis persist.", "contents": "Arterial pH, airway caliber and response to acetylcholine and catecholamines in vivo. Direct assessment of tracheal circumference, which permits evaluation of constriction and dilatation in vivo, was made continuously in intact, pentobarbital-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Immediate response to induction of hypercapnia included tracheal constriction and cessation of normal, vagus-dependent rhythmicity of airway tone. The characteristic constrictor response to acetylcholine was exaggerated significantly during hypercapnic acidosis and returned to normal when arterial pH, but not CSF pH, was corrected by NaHCO3 infusion. Epinephrine produced significant tracheal dilatation (infrequently followed by constriction) and isoproterenol produced only dilatation at normal pH. The catecholamine-induced dilatation was decreased significantly during hypercapnic acidosis, but improved after NaHCO3 infusion. Responses to acetylcholine and epinephrine were the the same as control during alkalemia, whereas the response to isoproterenol was unexplainedly diminished. Thus alkalemia may inhibit the action of isoproterenol; acidemia enhances parasympathomimetic constriction and reduces sympathomimetic dilatation; and correction of arterial pH returns these responses to normal, even if hypercapnia and CSF acidosis persist.", "PMID": 504832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6355", "title": "[Acute pseudobulbar palsy related to bilateral infarction of a part of the anterior choroidal arteries territory; a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 73 year old man had a pure, acute pseudobulbar syndrome. The pathological study showed only two infarcts of different ages. They involved uncompletely the territories of both anterior cohroidal arteries. On semi-serial sections, both cortico-bulbar tracts were destroyed whereas the cortico-spinal tracts were spared.", "contents": "[Acute pseudobulbar palsy related to bilateral infarction of a part of the anterior choroidal arteries territory; a case report (author's transl)]. A 73 year old man had a pure, acute pseudobulbar syndrome. The pathological study showed only two infarcts of different ages. They involved uncompletely the territories of both anterior cohroidal arteries. On semi-serial sections, both cortico-bulbar tracts were destroyed whereas the cortico-spinal tracts were spared.", "PMID": 504862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6356", "title": "[Mortality and morbidity after complete surgical removal of 162 intracranial arteriovenous malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 162 arteriovenous malformations (A.V.M.) surgically removed is reported. All patients had a post operative control angiogram showing that the lesion had been totally excised. Supra and infra tentorial A.V.M. are included in the series as well as conscious and comatous patients. The overall mortality has been 11.1% and the mortality in conscious patients has been 6.9%. Mortality is higher when the volume of A.V.M. is over 60 cm3 and when a rupture has occurred. The influence of the operation on epileptic seizures, motor, speech or visual fields deficits has been reviewed in 109 patients who answered to the survey. Morbidity has been higher in patients with a cerebral heamorrhage, therefore the authors advise to operate these patients before the rupture when, for instance, seizures represents the only clinical picture. C.A.T. scan in these epileptic patients is a remarkable investigation to track down A.V.M.", "contents": "[Mortality and morbidity after complete surgical removal of 162 intracranial arteriovenous malformations (author's transl)]. A series of 162 arteriovenous malformations (A.V.M.) surgically removed is reported. All patients had a post operative control angiogram showing that the lesion had been totally excised. Supra and infra tentorial A.V.M. are included in the series as well as conscious and comatous patients. The overall mortality has been 11.1% and the mortality in conscious patients has been 6.9%. Mortality is higher when the volume of A.V.M. is over 60 cm3 and when a rupture has occurred. The influence of the operation on epileptic seizures, motor, speech or visual fields deficits has been reviewed in 109 patients who answered to the survey. Morbidity has been higher in patients with a cerebral heamorrhage, therefore the authors advise to operate these patients before the rupture when, for instance, seizures represents the only clinical picture. C.A.T. scan in these epileptic patients is a remarkable investigation to track down A.V.M.", "PMID": 504863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6357", "title": "[Does posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia exist? A report on eleven cases and the results of oculography (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the anatomical and clinical findings in the very rare cases reported, recent experimental data, and the results of oculography, the authors consider that this condition merits definition as an individual entity. It is usually associated with other disorders of oculomotility which may mask clinical signs, and oculography is necessary to establish the diagnosis. Terminologically, it would appear logical to retain the terms; abduction internuclear ophthalmoplegia (and not, posterior), and adduction internuclear ophthalmoplegia (and not, anterior).", "contents": "[Does posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia exist? A report on eleven cases and the results of oculography (author's transl)]. Based on the anatomical and clinical findings in the very rare cases reported, recent experimental data, and the results of oculography, the authors consider that this condition merits definition as an individual entity. It is usually associated with other disorders of oculomotility which may mask clinical signs, and oculography is necessary to establish the diagnosis. Terminologically, it would appear logical to retain the terms; abduction internuclear ophthalmoplegia (and not, posterior), and adduction internuclear ophthalmoplegia (and not, anterior).", "PMID": 504861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6358", "title": "[Macrosaccadic oscillations in a case of paraneoplastic myoclonic encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormal ocular movements were observed in a patient with myoclonic encephalopathy secondary to branchial carcinoma. Clinical, cinematographic, and oculographic studies demonstrated the presence of rapid, large amplitude, conjugated, horizontal movements which occurred in bursts. They had a tapered appearance and were triggered by fixing vision and jerking movements, while they were abolished by rest and closing the eyelids. These features are similar to those seen in macrosaccadic oscillations. Other types of oscillating ocular movements are discussed as well as the physiopathological features of this disorder.", "contents": "[Macrosaccadic oscillations in a case of paraneoplastic myoclonic encephalopathy (author's transl)]. Abnormal ocular movements were observed in a patient with myoclonic encephalopathy secondary to branchial carcinoma. Clinical, cinematographic, and oculographic studies demonstrated the presence of rapid, large amplitude, conjugated, horizontal movements which occurred in bursts. They had a tapered appearance and were triggered by fixing vision and jerking movements, while they were abolished by rest and closing the eyelids. These features are similar to those seen in macrosaccadic oscillations. Other types of oscillating ocular movements are discussed as well as the physiopathological features of this disorder.", "PMID": 504865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6359", "title": "Ventral hippocampus spikes during sleep, wakefulness, and arousal in the cat.", "content": "The relationship between high amplitude (100--300- micro V) spike potentials (50--100 msec duration) in the ventral hippocampus (VH) and sleep-wakefulness stages was investigated. Forty-eight hours of continuous recordings taken from 5 chronically implanted cats were quantitatively scored for stage by digitized outputs of integrated EEG and electromyographic signals and for VH spikes by automatic devices. (1) A very strong relationship was observed between VH spike rates and EEG stage. Spikes were rare during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS). They were always most frequent during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages, progressively increasing through drowsiness, moderate amplitude slow wave activity, and high amplitude slow wave activity. (2) VH spike rates varied inversely with level of behavioral arousal within wakefulness. Rates were lowest during the presentation of novel experimental stimuli, higher during spontaneous movement, and highest during quiet wakefulness. (3) VH spikes anticipated stage changes independent of the quantified EEG. Spike rates increased from previous baseline levels in the 30 sec epoch of waking immediately preceding NREM sleep onset and in the transition period between PS and NREM sleep. They decreased significantly from previous base-line levels in the 30 sec epoch of NREM sleep preceding either waking or PS. These results show that the VH spike is a potentially useful noncortical indicator of NREM sleep. Within wakefulness and in the anticipation of stage changes it can be a more sensitive indicator of sleep processes or arousal level than the EEG.", "contents": "Ventral hippocampus spikes during sleep, wakefulness, and arousal in the cat. The relationship between high amplitude (100--300- micro V) spike potentials (50--100 msec duration) in the ventral hippocampus (VH) and sleep-wakefulness stages was investigated. Forty-eight hours of continuous recordings taken from 5 chronically implanted cats were quantitatively scored for stage by digitized outputs of integrated EEG and electromyographic signals and for VH spikes by automatic devices. (1) A very strong relationship was observed between VH spike rates and EEG stage. Spikes were rare during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS). They were always most frequent during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages, progressively increasing through drowsiness, moderate amplitude slow wave activity, and high amplitude slow wave activity. (2) VH spike rates varied inversely with level of behavioral arousal within wakefulness. Rates were lowest during the presentation of novel experimental stimuli, higher during spontaneous movement, and highest during quiet wakefulness. (3) VH spikes anticipated stage changes independent of the quantified EEG. Spike rates increased from previous baseline levels in the 30 sec epoch of waking immediately preceding NREM sleep onset and in the transition period between PS and NREM sleep. They decreased significantly from previous base-line levels in the 30 sec epoch of NREM sleep preceding either waking or PS. These results show that the VH spike is a potentially useful noncortical indicator of NREM sleep. Within wakefulness and in the anticipation of stage changes it can be a more sensitive indicator of sleep processes or arousal level than the EEG.", "PMID": 504871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6360", "title": "[Str\u00fcmpell Lorrain's familial spasmodic paraplegia. An anatomical and clinical review and report on a new case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the anatomical and clinical findings in a case of the pure form of Str\u00fcmpell Lorrain's familial spasmodic paraplegia. This hereditary condition of the dominant autosomic type has very monomorphic pathognomonic features which are found in all patients affected. The slowly progressive isolated spastic hypertonia appears exclusively in the upright position and the extent of the disease can be ascertained by clinical observation during walking. The myelino-axial degeneration which is strictly limited to the spinal cord has an elective localization in the crossed pyramidal tracts, is less evident in the direct tracts and is mainly predominant in the lumbosacral and low dorsal regions of the cord. The extension of the process beyond the limits of the extrapyramidal tracts confirms the generally accepted unity of spinocerebellar degenerations. In this case the spinocerebellar tracts were less involved than the lumbar spinal ganglia, as well as their distant axial continuation to Goll's tracts only at the cervical level and until the bulber nucleus gracilis.", "contents": "[Str\u00fcmpell Lorrain's familial spasmodic paraplegia. An anatomical and clinical review and report on a new case (author's transl)]. The authors describe the anatomical and clinical findings in a case of the pure form of Str\u00fcmpell Lorrain's familial spasmodic paraplegia. This hereditary condition of the dominant autosomic type has very monomorphic pathognomonic features which are found in all patients affected. The slowly progressive isolated spastic hypertonia appears exclusively in the upright position and the extent of the disease can be ascertained by clinical observation during walking. The myelino-axial degeneration which is strictly limited to the spinal cord has an elective localization in the crossed pyramidal tracts, is less evident in the direct tracts and is mainly predominant in the lumbosacral and low dorsal regions of the cord. The extension of the process beyond the limits of the extrapyramidal tracts confirms the generally accepted unity of spinocerebellar degenerations. In this case the spinocerebellar tracts were less involved than the lumbar spinal ganglia, as well as their distant axial continuation to Goll's tracts only at the cervical level and until the bulber nucleus gracilis.", "PMID": 504864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6361", "title": "Effect of flurazepam, pentobarbital, and caffeine on arousal threshold.", "content": "After laboratory and procedure adaptation, 6 normal subjects were randomly administered 30 mg flurazepam (twice), 100 mg pentobarbital (twice), 400 mg caffeine (once), and placebo (twice) on nonconsecutive nights. On each night subjects were aroused from standard segments of stage 2 sleep five to eight times with an ascending series of 1,000 Hz tones produced by an audiometer. Arousal threshold and awake threshold after each arousal were measured. Both thresholds were increased by flurazepam and pentobarbital and decreased by caffeine. All of the drugs appeared to modify arousal threshold in a time course fashion such that extreme effects were found during the first half of the night. However, the modifications of waking threshold by caffeine and flurazepam continued throughout the sleep period. The method may be a means of measuring the behavioral time course of drug activity during the sleep period.", "contents": "Effect of flurazepam, pentobarbital, and caffeine on arousal threshold. After laboratory and procedure adaptation, 6 normal subjects were randomly administered 30 mg flurazepam (twice), 100 mg pentobarbital (twice), 400 mg caffeine (once), and placebo (twice) on nonconsecutive nights. On each night subjects were aroused from standard segments of stage 2 sleep five to eight times with an ascending series of 1,000 Hz tones produced by an audiometer. Arousal threshold and awake threshold after each arousal were measured. Both thresholds were increased by flurazepam and pentobarbital and decreased by caffeine. All of the drugs appeared to modify arousal threshold in a time course fashion such that extreme effects were found during the first half of the night. However, the modifications of waking threshold by caffeine and flurazepam continued throughout the sleep period. The method may be a means of measuring the behavioral time course of drug activity during the sleep period.", "PMID": 504872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6362", "title": "[Anatomical and clinical correlations in a case of alexia without agraphia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the anatomical and clinical findings observed in a case of alexia iwthout agraphia due to left posterior cerebral artery infarction, in which there were lesions of the occipital and thalamic regions, the splenium of the corpus callosum, and the hippocampus. They discuss, more particularly, the memory difficulties, and the objects naming trouble.", "contents": "[Anatomical and clinical correlations in a case of alexia without agraphia (author's transl)]. The authors report the anatomical and clinical findings observed in a case of alexia iwthout agraphia due to left posterior cerebral artery infarction, in which there were lesions of the occipital and thalamic regions, the splenium of the corpus callosum, and the hippocampus. They discuss, more particularly, the memory difficulties, and the objects naming trouble.", "PMID": 504866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6363", "title": "[Measurement of multiregional blood volumes: a cerebral vascular autoregulatory phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "The variations in regional cerebral blood volume (RCBV) during controlled severe hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside were studied in a series of 29 patients with aneurysms (14), meningiomas (6) and arteriovenous malformations. Two characteristic variations were noted. The RCBV and mean blood pressure (MPB) vary inversely, this type of variation being known as \"Active variation\". When pathological lesions are present the RCBV and MBP are modified in the same direction in the regions affected and this is called \"Passive variation\". A quantitative study in 21 patients showed that in the healthy regions there was a change from the active to the passive mode of variation for a MBP situated between 44 and 52 mm of mercury.", "contents": "[Measurement of multiregional blood volumes: a cerebral vascular autoregulatory phenomenon (author's transl)]. The variations in regional cerebral blood volume (RCBV) during controlled severe hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside were studied in a series of 29 patients with aneurysms (14), meningiomas (6) and arteriovenous malformations. Two characteristic variations were noted. The RCBV and mean blood pressure (MPB) vary inversely, this type of variation being known as \"Active variation\". When pathological lesions are present the RCBV and MBP are modified in the same direction in the regions affected and this is called \"Passive variation\". A quantitative study in 21 patients showed that in the healthy regions there was a change from the active to the passive mode of variation for a MBP situated between 44 and 52 mm of mercury.", "PMID": 504867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6364", "title": "Sleep onset facilitation by tones.", "content": "In five successive sessions the effect on sleep latencies of three sound stimuli (silence, continuous sound, and an intermittent tone), as well as the combination of a tone plus counting or eye closing, were compared. Tests were conducted under a condition of \"artificial insomnia\": the subjects attempted sleep in the morning after a full night's sleep. No condition approached the latencies after a night of sleep deprivation. The intermittent tone and the tone plus counting were most effective and showed a differential sessions effect. The tone plus eye opening and closing was counterproductive.", "contents": "Sleep onset facilitation by tones. In five successive sessions the effect on sleep latencies of three sound stimuli (silence, continuous sound, and an intermittent tone), as well as the combination of a tone plus counting or eye closing, were compared. Tests were conducted under a condition of \"artificial insomnia\": the subjects attempted sleep in the morning after a full night's sleep. No condition approached the latencies after a night of sleep deprivation. The intermittent tone and the tone plus counting were most effective and showed a differential sessions effect. The tone plus eye opening and closing was counterproductive.", "PMID": 504873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6365", "title": "Effect of growth hormone on memory in mice.", "content": "In order to determine the effects of growth hormone (GH) on long term memory, two experiments were carried out, all involving a common paradigm. Mice were given massed training on a discrimination task and were injected with GH or control substances before and/or after training: retention was measured 4 weeks later. In Experiment 1, different groups of mice were injected with either GH or saline at five different time points relative to original learning (OL): 90, 30, and 5 min before, and 5 and 30 min after. The results showed a significant quadratic trend, in the form of a U-shaped curve for the GH-injected groups at retention. Maximal retention was observed at the 90 min pre-OL and the 30 min post-OL injection groups. Poorest retention was shown by the 5 min pre-OL injection group. In Experiment 2, GH, saline, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were administered at 90 and 5 min pre-OL. In addition, a \"state dependency\" hypothesis was tested using additional groups of mice. The results again showed a severe drop in retention when GH was administered 5 min before OL; differences between the two pre-OL GH injection groups were less marked than in Experiment 1; TSH did not have the same action as GH; and finally, a state dependency interpretation was ruled out. Together the two experiments present results that indicate a selectively GH-induced suppression of memory when GH is administered in close proximity to OL. As the time lapse between the injection of drug and the learning task increases, the inhibitory effect on memory is reversed.", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone on memory in mice. In order to determine the effects of growth hormone (GH) on long term memory, two experiments were carried out, all involving a common paradigm. Mice were given massed training on a discrimination task and were injected with GH or control substances before and/or after training: retention was measured 4 weeks later. In Experiment 1, different groups of mice were injected with either GH or saline at five different time points relative to original learning (OL): 90, 30, and 5 min before, and 5 and 30 min after. The results showed a significant quadratic trend, in the form of a U-shaped curve for the GH-injected groups at retention. Maximal retention was observed at the 90 min pre-OL and the 30 min post-OL injection groups. Poorest retention was shown by the 5 min pre-OL injection group. In Experiment 2, GH, saline, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were administered at 90 and 5 min pre-OL. In addition, a \"state dependency\" hypothesis was tested using additional groups of mice. The results again showed a severe drop in retention when GH was administered 5 min before OL; differences between the two pre-OL GH injection groups were less marked than in Experiment 1; TSH did not have the same action as GH; and finally, a state dependency interpretation was ruled out. Together the two experiments present results that indicate a selectively GH-induced suppression of memory when GH is administered in close proximity to OL. As the time lapse between the injection of drug and the learning task increases, the inhibitory effect on memory is reversed.", "PMID": 504874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6366", "title": "[Present day concepts of the cerebral organization of language based on findings in bilingual Oriental patients with crossed aphasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two right-handed bilingual (English and Cantonese) Chinese patients were observed to have crossed aphasia. A preliminary study of a multiracial population with left hemiplegia did not show a higher incidence of aphasia in Chinese subjects. These two extremely rare cases are interesting examples of a particular type of cerebral organization of language.", "contents": "[Present day concepts of the cerebral organization of language based on findings in bilingual Oriental patients with crossed aphasia (author's transl)]. Two right-handed bilingual (English and Cantonese) Chinese patients were observed to have crossed aphasia. A preliminary study of a multiracial population with left hemiplegia did not show a higher incidence of aphasia in Chinese subjects. These two extremely rare cases are interesting examples of a particular type of cerebral organization of language.", "PMID": 504868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6367", "title": "Excitatory-inhibitory processes in parietal association neurons during reticular activation and sleep-waking cycle.", "content": "Excitatory-inhibitory processes of parietal association neurons were studied during reticular-induced EEG activation and natural sleep-waking cycle. The probability of antidromic invasion in long-axon cells is enhanced following midbrain reticular stimulation and during both waking (W) and desynchronized sleep (D) states compared to slow-wave sleep. The thalamically elicited inhibitory phase occurs with a shorter latency following reticular stimulation and during W and D states; this is due to the reduced duration, during all these experimental conditions, of secondary excitatory processes. The duration of the inhibitory period is shorter during reticular activation; the postinhibitory rebound occurs at shorter latencies and is sharper following reticular stimulation and during W and D states. The similarity between reticular effects and changes during both W and D states is discussed.", "contents": "Excitatory-inhibitory processes in parietal association neurons during reticular activation and sleep-waking cycle. Excitatory-inhibitory processes of parietal association neurons were studied during reticular-induced EEG activation and natural sleep-waking cycle. The probability of antidromic invasion in long-axon cells is enhanced following midbrain reticular stimulation and during both waking (W) and desynchronized sleep (D) states compared to slow-wave sleep. The thalamically elicited inhibitory phase occurs with a shorter latency following reticular stimulation and during W and D states; this is due to the reduced duration, during all these experimental conditions, of secondary excitatory processes. The duration of the inhibitory period is shorter during reticular activation; the postinhibitory rebound occurs at shorter latencies and is sharper following reticular stimulation and during W and D states. The similarity between reticular effects and changes during both W and D states is discussed.", "PMID": 504875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6368", "title": "Motoneuronal excitability during wakefulness and non-REM sleep: H-reflex recovery function in man.", "content": "Comparisons were made in 13 normal young adults of alpha motoneuronal excitability during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (stages 2--4) and wakefulness based on a study of the recovery cycle of the H-reflex after a conditioning stimulus. During sleep, excitability was generally decreased and a peak of secondary facilitation, which characteristically occurs 100--300 msec after the conditioning stimulus during wakefulness, was reduced or absent. A variety of mechanisms, including long-loop reflexes and afferent discharges from reflex muscle contraction and cutaneous fibers, has been proposed to account for this phase of facilitation in the waking recovery curve. However, since studies to date indicate the absence of tonic presynaptic or postsynpatic inhibitory influences acting on the monosynatpic reflex pathway during NREM sleep, but report tonic reduction in fusimotor activity at this time, it is suggested that a primary factor underlying the absence of facilitation during sleep is a reduction in central excitability deriving from depressed fusimotor activity.", "contents": "Motoneuronal excitability during wakefulness and non-REM sleep: H-reflex recovery function in man. Comparisons were made in 13 normal young adults of alpha motoneuronal excitability during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (stages 2--4) and wakefulness based on a study of the recovery cycle of the H-reflex after a conditioning stimulus. During sleep, excitability was generally decreased and a peak of secondary facilitation, which characteristically occurs 100--300 msec after the conditioning stimulus during wakefulness, was reduced or absent. A variety of mechanisms, including long-loop reflexes and afferent discharges from reflex muscle contraction and cutaneous fibers, has been proposed to account for this phase of facilitation in the waking recovery curve. However, since studies to date indicate the absence of tonic presynaptic or postsynpatic inhibitory influences acting on the monosynatpic reflex pathway during NREM sleep, but report tonic reduction in fusimotor activity at this time, it is suggested that a primary factor underlying the absence of facilitation during sleep is a reduction in central excitability deriving from depressed fusimotor activity.", "PMID": 504876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6369", "title": "Effects of sleep deprivation on sleepiness, sleep intensity, and subsequent sleep in the rat.", "content": "The effects of 24 hr of sleep deprivation on cortical EEG and ventral hippocampus EEG recordings, ventral hippocampus spike rates, sleep stages percentages, and bout length measures were studied in rats. Two groups, differing only in the rate and distance they were forced to walk during deprivation by the water wheel method, were recorded continuously (23 hr per day) for one baseline, one deprivation, and two recovery days. During deprivation, microsleeps, increased hippocampal spike rates, and increased amplitude of the EEG recordings all suggested the intrusion of sleep processes. Nonetheless, there was no evidence to support the idea that these animals were not substantially deprived of sleep. No important differences were found in the recovery data of the two groups, even though one group walked three times as far as the other during deprivation. This supports the idea that, in conjunction with large amounts of sleep deprivation, changes in exercise and energy depletion may have little effect on sleep measures. During recovery, increased hippocampal spike rates and bout lengths, as well as increases in EEG amplitude, were interpreted in terms of increased sleep \"intensity.\" High amplitude NREM sleep rebounded first, followed by rebounds in both paradoxical sleep and low amplitude NREM sleep. This pattern was compared to patterns previously reported for humans, cats, and rats. Finally, the tendency for some measures to fall below their baseline levels after an initial rebound was discussed in terms of \"sleep inhibition\" and servomechanism theory.", "contents": "Effects of sleep deprivation on sleepiness, sleep intensity, and subsequent sleep in the rat. The effects of 24 hr of sleep deprivation on cortical EEG and ventral hippocampus EEG recordings, ventral hippocampus spike rates, sleep stages percentages, and bout length measures were studied in rats. Two groups, differing only in the rate and distance they were forced to walk during deprivation by the water wheel method, were recorded continuously (23 hr per day) for one baseline, one deprivation, and two recovery days. During deprivation, microsleeps, increased hippocampal spike rates, and increased amplitude of the EEG recordings all suggested the intrusion of sleep processes. Nonetheless, there was no evidence to support the idea that these animals were not substantially deprived of sleep. No important differences were found in the recovery data of the two groups, even though one group walked three times as far as the other during deprivation. This supports the idea that, in conjunction with large amounts of sleep deprivation, changes in exercise and energy depletion may have little effect on sleep measures. During recovery, increased hippocampal spike rates and bout lengths, as well as increases in EEG amplitude, were interpreted in terms of increased sleep \"intensity.\" High amplitude NREM sleep rebounded first, followed by rebounds in both paradoxical sleep and low amplitude NREM sleep. This pattern was compared to patterns previously reported for humans, cats, and rats. Finally, the tendency for some measures to fall below their baseline levels after an initial rebound was discussed in terms of \"sleep inhibition\" and servomechanism theory.", "PMID": 504877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6370", "title": "Sleep apnea in normal kittens.", "content": "Apneic episodes in normal 10-, 20-, and 40-day-old kittens were assessed with polygraphic recordings. End expiratory apneas, usually preceded by somatic activity and/or augmented breaths, with durations less than 10 sec were observed in quiet sleep, active sleep, and transitions between states in all age groups. The highest apnea density was found at state transitions. Heart rate decelerations occurred before, during, and following apneas, but decelerations were not related to apnea duration. Combined central and obstructive components were associated with 9% of apneas in normal kittens.", "contents": "Sleep apnea in normal kittens. Apneic episodes in normal 10-, 20-, and 40-day-old kittens were assessed with polygraphic recordings. End expiratory apneas, usually preceded by somatic activity and/or augmented breaths, with durations less than 10 sec were observed in quiet sleep, active sleep, and transitions between states in all age groups. The highest apnea density was found at state transitions. Heart rate decelerations occurred before, during, and following apneas, but decelerations were not related to apnea duration. Combined central and obstructive components were associated with 9% of apneas in normal kittens.", "PMID": 504878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6371", "title": "[Prevention of streptococcal infections and post-streptococcal complications].", "content": "Starting from the particularities of the streptococcal infections, and the possibilities for fighting acute forms and the immediate and late complications, multiple aspects are discussed that should be implied by the prophylaxis of this infection in the present stage. Aspects of primary prophylaxis are treated separately, that are related to the limiting of the circulation of the etiologic agent, especially in view of preventing the epidemic forms of the disease. Also aspects of secondary prophylaxis are discussed, aimed at preventing streptococcal re-infections in subjects in whom complications such as rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis have occured. \"Primary prophylaxis\" represents the key to the limitation of the streptococcal infection on the one hand, and of the transformation of acute articular rheumatic fever, of rheumatic carditis and of acute glomerulonephritis in \"rarely encountered\" diseases, on the other.", "contents": "[Prevention of streptococcal infections and post-streptococcal complications]. Starting from the particularities of the streptococcal infections, and the possibilities for fighting acute forms and the immediate and late complications, multiple aspects are discussed that should be implied by the prophylaxis of this infection in the present stage. Aspects of primary prophylaxis are treated separately, that are related to the limiting of the circulation of the etiologic agent, especially in view of preventing the epidemic forms of the disease. Also aspects of secondary prophylaxis are discussed, aimed at preventing streptococcal re-infections in subjects in whom complications such as rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis have occured. \"Primary prophylaxis\" represents the key to the limitation of the streptococcal infection on the one hand, and of the transformation of acute articular rheumatic fever, of rheumatic carditis and of acute glomerulonephritis in \"rarely encountered\" diseases, on the other.", "PMID": 504884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6372", "title": "[Results of the use, for a period of 3 years (1974-1977), in pilot districts, of the complex program of measures for prevention of streptococcal infections and their complications].", "content": "Starting with the year 1974 a total 11 pilot units have been organized, in as many counties in which a complex program of surveillance of streptococcal infections was applied, that had the following objectives: 1. Prevention and fight against acute streptococcal infection ; 2. Prevention of severe complications of acute rheumatic fever of rheumatic carditis and acute glomerulonephritis ; 3. Prevention of relapses of acute rheumatic fever. The establishment and verification of methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis was followed, as well as of therapeutic techniques and dispensarization. The analysis of results obtained after the application for a period of 3 years of the program in high-risk collectivities, and in the conditions of an intensive circulation of some epidemic strains of streptococcus has shown the decrease each year of the incidence of scarlet fever, the increased efficiency of detection of acute non-eruptive (non-rash) streptococcal infections, as well as a significant decrease in the number of cases that developed a first attack of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. A significant decrease was also obtained in the number of relapses and of severe evolution of rheumatic carditis, due to active detection, continuous evidence, prophylaxis and periodic control of cases with acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "[Results of the use, for a period of 3 years (1974-1977), in pilot districts, of the complex program of measures for prevention of streptococcal infections and their complications]. Starting with the year 1974 a total 11 pilot units have been organized, in as many counties in which a complex program of surveillance of streptococcal infections was applied, that had the following objectives: 1. Prevention and fight against acute streptococcal infection ; 2. Prevention of severe complications of acute rheumatic fever of rheumatic carditis and acute glomerulonephritis ; 3. Prevention of relapses of acute rheumatic fever. The establishment and verification of methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis was followed, as well as of therapeutic techniques and dispensarization. The analysis of results obtained after the application for a period of 3 years of the program in high-risk collectivities, and in the conditions of an intensive circulation of some epidemic strains of streptococcus has shown the decrease each year of the incidence of scarlet fever, the increased efficiency of detection of acute non-eruptive (non-rash) streptococcal infections, as well as a significant decrease in the number of cases that developed a first attack of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. A significant decrease was also obtained in the number of relapses and of severe evolution of rheumatic carditis, due to active detection, continuous evidence, prophylaxis and periodic control of cases with acute rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 504886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6373", "title": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis of immediate and late complications of scarlet fever].", "content": "Patients with scarlet fever were followed by clinical and laboratory investigation (bacteriologic and immunologic reactions, etc.), in relation with the early application, and the duration of penicillin therapy. The patients were also followed for a period of 30 days after discharge from the hospital. The results show a decrease in the number of early and late complications, as well as a reduction in the number of carriers of beta-haemolytic streptococcus in those patients in whom penicillin treatment was applied early, and when it was prolonged in the recovery period. The clinical and statistical data stress the pathologic morphology of scarlet fever, and the restructuration of complications when penicillin treatment is applied.", "contents": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis of immediate and late complications of scarlet fever]. Patients with scarlet fever were followed by clinical and laboratory investigation (bacteriologic and immunologic reactions, etc.), in relation with the early application, and the duration of penicillin therapy. The patients were also followed for a period of 30 days after discharge from the hospital. The results show a decrease in the number of early and late complications, as well as a reduction in the number of carriers of beta-haemolytic streptococcus in those patients in whom penicillin treatment was applied early, and when it was prolonged in the recovery period. The clinical and statistical data stress the pathologic morphology of scarlet fever, and the restructuration of complications when penicillin treatment is applied.", "PMID": 504889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6374", "title": "[Streptococcal infections in adults].", "content": "The paper presents the morbidity through streptococcal angina, acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis in two industrial enterprises with different working conditions. This study was performed between 1968 and 1977. In enterprise A, where rheumatogenic conditions were present, streptococcal angina had an yearly attacks vaeried between 0,13 and 0,7 percent, and acute glomerulonephritis between 2,3 and 5,4 percent. In enterprise B, with usual working conditions, angina showed an yearly variation between 2,3 and 5,8 percent, acute rheumatic fever varied between 0,0 and 0,84 percent and there were no cases of acute glomerulonephritis. In two units (collectivities of students) where angina was detected by active methods and prophylactic measures were applied rigurously no post-streptococcal complications were recorded. The authors stress the effects of morbidity through streptococcal infections in adults and recommend an extension of targeted prophylactic programs in high-risk units.", "contents": "[Streptococcal infections in adults]. The paper presents the morbidity through streptococcal angina, acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis in two industrial enterprises with different working conditions. This study was performed between 1968 and 1977. In enterprise A, where rheumatogenic conditions were present, streptococcal angina had an yearly attacks vaeried between 0,13 and 0,7 percent, and acute glomerulonephritis between 2,3 and 5,4 percent. In enterprise B, with usual working conditions, angina showed an yearly variation between 2,3 and 5,8 percent, acute rheumatic fever varied between 0,0 and 0,84 percent and there were no cases of acute glomerulonephritis. In two units (collectivities of students) where angina was detected by active methods and prophylactic measures were applied rigurously no post-streptococcal complications were recorded. The authors stress the effects of morbidity through streptococcal infections in adults and recommend an extension of targeted prophylactic programs in high-risk units.", "PMID": 504887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6375", "title": "[Diagnosis of primary chronic rheumatic carditis in adults].", "content": "The authors maintain that in some cases one can note the so-called primar chronic rheumatic carditis, or apparently primary rheumatic carditis. Streptococcal infections can be held responsible for the eventuality of a sub-clinical evolution of rheumatism, and there which develops as a clinical form of latent rheumatism, and there is the possibility of ulterior development of valvular cardiopathy without a clear history of acute rheumatic fever in the antecedents. One of the groups subjects with maximal exposure to repeated streptococcic infection is represented by the teaching personnel working permanently in school or pre-school children collectivities or with teen-agers, which are both carriers and disseminators of the rheumatogenic streptococcal infection. Of a total of 50 cases of apparently primary chronic valvular cardiopathies that have been followed by the ASCAR personnel, 48 had tonsillary infections in their antecedents, 8 had arthralgia and 4 cases were detected by chance. In school collectivities at high risk prophylaxis with penicillin should be mandatory, both for the students and for the teaching personnel.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of primary chronic rheumatic carditis in adults]. The authors maintain that in some cases one can note the so-called primar chronic rheumatic carditis, or apparently primary rheumatic carditis. Streptococcal infections can be held responsible for the eventuality of a sub-clinical evolution of rheumatism, and there which develops as a clinical form of latent rheumatism, and there is the possibility of ulterior development of valvular cardiopathy without a clear history of acute rheumatic fever in the antecedents. One of the groups subjects with maximal exposure to repeated streptococcic infection is represented by the teaching personnel working permanently in school or pre-school children collectivities or with teen-agers, which are both carriers and disseminators of the rheumatogenic streptococcal infection. Of a total of 50 cases of apparently primary chronic valvular cardiopathies that have been followed by the ASCAR personnel, 48 had tonsillary infections in their antecedents, 8 had arthralgia and 4 cases were detected by chance. In school collectivities at high risk prophylaxis with penicillin should be mandatory, both for the students and for the teaching personnel.", "PMID": 504888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6376", "title": "One man's view of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Despite its many heterogeneous features, Hodgkin's disease is most likely a single neoplastic disorder in which some common viral agent of low virulence and infectivity might be of etiologic importance. Family factors such as birth order influence age of initial exposure, a major determinant of the outcome of infection - clinical disease versus immunity. The various epidemiologic patterns for this lymphoma observed internationally are probably a reflection of different levels of natural immunity acquired in childhood. Host factors might be responsible for the male excess of Hodgkin's disease, particularly in childhood.", "contents": "One man's view of Hodgkin's disease. Despite its many heterogeneous features, Hodgkin's disease is most likely a single neoplastic disorder in which some common viral agent of low virulence and infectivity might be of etiologic importance. Family factors such as birth order influence age of initial exposure, a major determinant of the outcome of infection - clinical disease versus immunity. The various epidemiologic patterns for this lymphoma observed internationally are probably a reflection of different levels of natural immunity acquired in childhood. Host factors might be responsible for the male excess of Hodgkin's disease, particularly in childhood.", "PMID": 504896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6377", "title": "Some clinical considerations on congenital anomalies of the nose.", "content": "The diagnosis and treatment of nasal cysts and fistulas are reviewed on the basis of a material of 16 cases. Definite evidence of cyst size is often unobtainable. Surgery of nasal cysts and fistulas should be done as early as possible to assure unimpaired nasal growth. In secondary fistulas re-operations may be quite problematic. Bifid noses vary substantially in terms of severity. Severity, in fact, will dictate the surgical techniques to be employed, i.e. decortication or external incisions. Saddling, which is a consistent finding can be corrected by preserved cartilage. The results thus obtainable are satisfactory by follow-up evidence. Congenital flat nose is a rare anomaly. Eight cases were encountered in the past 10 years. The techniques of columellar lengthening and strutting of the nasal tip are reviewed.", "contents": "Some clinical considerations on congenital anomalies of the nose. The diagnosis and treatment of nasal cysts and fistulas are reviewed on the basis of a material of 16 cases. Definite evidence of cyst size is often unobtainable. Surgery of nasal cysts and fistulas should be done as early as possible to assure unimpaired nasal growth. In secondary fistulas re-operations may be quite problematic. Bifid noses vary substantially in terms of severity. Severity, in fact, will dictate the surgical techniques to be employed, i.e. decortication or external incisions. Saddling, which is a consistent finding can be corrected by preserved cartilage. The results thus obtainable are satisfactory by follow-up evidence. Congenital flat nose is a rare anomaly. Eight cases were encountered in the past 10 years. The techniques of columellar lengthening and strutting of the nasal tip are reviewed.", "PMID": 504905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6378", "title": "Studies on the tryptophan load test in man.", "content": "Studies on the tryptophan load test were carried out by measuring the urinary excretion of 10 tryptophan metabolites via the kynurenine pathway in 25 healthy men and 20 women after oral L-tryptophan loading with dosages of 2 g. 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg body weight. With increasing doses of the amino acid, a difference was found between the male and female groups in the pattern of excretion of the tryptophan metabolites. In both groups, kynurenine and kynurenic acid were the metabolites excreted in the greatest amounts. The results indicate that the most useful loading dose of L-tryptophan for both men and women is 50 mg/kg body weight, as with 2 g L-tryptophan the excretion of the metabolites is too low and varies too much between the two groups of male and female subjects. On the other hand, the load with 75 mg/kg body weight can cause an overloading, particularly in women. No significant variations in the levels of the metabolites were found in the urine of two female subjects at different stages of the menstrual cycle after loading doses of 2 g and 50 mg/kg body weight. On the basis of the determination of the serum tryptophan levels, the period of urine collection was established as 10 h.", "contents": "Studies on the tryptophan load test in man. Studies on the tryptophan load test were carried out by measuring the urinary excretion of 10 tryptophan metabolites via the kynurenine pathway in 25 healthy men and 20 women after oral L-tryptophan loading with dosages of 2 g. 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg body weight. With increasing doses of the amino acid, a difference was found between the male and female groups in the pattern of excretion of the tryptophan metabolites. In both groups, kynurenine and kynurenic acid were the metabolites excreted in the greatest amounts. The results indicate that the most useful loading dose of L-tryptophan for both men and women is 50 mg/kg body weight, as with 2 g L-tryptophan the excretion of the metabolites is too low and varies too much between the two groups of male and female subjects. On the other hand, the load with 75 mg/kg body weight can cause an overloading, particularly in women. No significant variations in the levels of the metabolites were found in the urine of two female subjects at different stages of the menstrual cycle after loading doses of 2 g and 50 mg/kg body weight. On the basis of the determination of the serum tryptophan levels, the period of urine collection was established as 10 h.", "PMID": 504900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6379", "title": "Results of surgical treatment of choanal atresia.", "content": "During a period of 19 years we have treated 65 infants with choanal atresia. Thirty of them showed a bilateral atresia, thirty-five a unilateral (29 left-sided, 6 right-sided). Fifty patients were girls, fifteen boys. In 27 cases the abnormality was combined with other anomalies. Most infants have been operated upon in the first six months of their life by a transpalatinal approach in general anethesia. From the results the following conclusions can be made: early treatment is the method of choice; restoration of nasal permeability, although minimal, allows normal nutrition and diminishes a number of respiratory infections, due to choking. The transpalatinal approach permits a direct control of the surgical area. It does not inhibit the growth of the hard palate and the function of the soft palate. Failures are caused by difficulties to keep the new passage open.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment of choanal atresia. During a period of 19 years we have treated 65 infants with choanal atresia. Thirty of them showed a bilateral atresia, thirty-five a unilateral (29 left-sided, 6 right-sided). Fifty patients were girls, fifteen boys. In 27 cases the abnormality was combined with other anomalies. Most infants have been operated upon in the first six months of their life by a transpalatinal approach in general anethesia. From the results the following conclusions can be made: early treatment is the method of choice; restoration of nasal permeability, although minimal, allows normal nutrition and diminishes a number of respiratory infections, due to choking. The transpalatinal approach permits a direct control of the surgical area. It does not inhibit the growth of the hard palate and the function of the soft palate. Failures are caused by difficulties to keep the new passage open.", "PMID": 504906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6380", "title": "Corrective procedures in harelip nose deformities.", "content": "The author describes his method of surgical corrections of the hare lip nose which is based on publications in the literature. In addition he has developed his own technique of modelling the nasal top through intracartilagenous incisions and a special technique of stair-step-rim-nasal incision in order to prevent a linear contraction of the enlarged nostril.", "contents": "Corrective procedures in harelip nose deformities. The author describes his method of surgical corrections of the hare lip nose which is based on publications in the literature. In addition he has developed his own technique of modelling the nasal top through intracartilagenous incisions and a special technique of stair-step-rim-nasal incision in order to prevent a linear contraction of the enlarged nostril.", "PMID": 504907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6381", "title": "Leukocyte behaviour in chronic uraemic patients undergoing regular dialysis.", "content": "A review of the literature is followed by the presentation of data obtained during a study of white blood cell kinetics in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment. It was found that contact between white blood cells and the dialyzer results in a very prompt 'neutropenia-neutrophilia' stage and the deposition of billions of white blood cells on the membranes at the end of each treatment. A comparison of intradialytic leukocyte behaviour and the mean baseline white blood cell values was made in a total of 49 patients subdivided in four groups: 1. patients using coil and parallel flow dialyzers; 2. patients using dialyzers of different surface area; 3. patients of different dialytic age; 4. patients employing monoused or re-usable filters. No differences were noted in groups 1 and 4. In contrast, employing large dialyzers and the increasing dialytic age led to a variety of white blood cell patterns. Contrary to the information in the literature on leukocyte adhesion, it was observed that the cell deposits on the membranes and on the bubble trap filters, while predominantly composed of neutrophils, also contained monocytes and lymphocytes in proportions similar to those of the normal differential blood count.", "contents": "Leukocyte behaviour in chronic uraemic patients undergoing regular dialysis. A review of the literature is followed by the presentation of data obtained during a study of white blood cell kinetics in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment. It was found that contact between white blood cells and the dialyzer results in a very prompt 'neutropenia-neutrophilia' stage and the deposition of billions of white blood cells on the membranes at the end of each treatment. A comparison of intradialytic leukocyte behaviour and the mean baseline white blood cell values was made in a total of 49 patients subdivided in four groups: 1. patients using coil and parallel flow dialyzers; 2. patients using dialyzers of different surface area; 3. patients of different dialytic age; 4. patients employing monoused or re-usable filters. No differences were noted in groups 1 and 4. In contrast, employing large dialyzers and the increasing dialytic age led to a variety of white blood cell patterns. Contrary to the information in the literature on leukocyte adhesion, it was observed that the cell deposits on the membranes and on the bubble trap filters, while predominantly composed of neutrophils, also contained monocytes and lymphocytes in proportions similar to those of the normal differential blood count.", "PMID": 504899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6382", "title": "Cellular allergy - one way to ozena? Rhinomanometry and histology in animal experiments compared with clinical aspects.", "content": "Based on rhinorheomanometric examinations supplemented by rhinoscopic and histological findings, evidence could be provided that an allergy of type IV in the Coombs and Gell classification can be challenged in the nasal mucous membrane as well. The tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs was used as test model. A critical evaluation of test results, immunological literature and some related challenge tests as to delayed reactions in human medicine are the reason for assuming the clinical symptoms of hypertrophy preceding ozena to be the clinical correlation to a type IV reaction. This correlation to clinical symptoms is not only borne out by animal experiments but also by years of experience in intranasal challenge tests, in rhinorheomanometry including the preparation of allergens for intranasal challenge.", "contents": "Cellular allergy - one way to ozena? Rhinomanometry and histology in animal experiments compared with clinical aspects. Based on rhinorheomanometric examinations supplemented by rhinoscopic and histological findings, evidence could be provided that an allergy of type IV in the Coombs and Gell classification can be challenged in the nasal mucous membrane as well. The tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs was used as test model. A critical evaluation of test results, immunological literature and some related challenge tests as to delayed reactions in human medicine are the reason for assuming the clinical symptoms of hypertrophy preceding ozena to be the clinical correlation to a type IV reaction. This correlation to clinical symptoms is not only borne out by animal experiments but also by years of experience in intranasal challenge tests, in rhinorheomanometry including the preparation of allergens for intranasal challenge.", "PMID": 504911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6383", "title": "Plasma renin activity in essential hypertension (a critical approach to its significance).", "content": "A study of the frequency distribution of plasma renin activity (PRA) in 123 patients with essential hypertension (EH) produced no evidence of a distinct subpopulation with low renin levels, whether the samples were taken from supine or upright patients. Applying an arbitrary classification criterion, however, low PRA levels were found in 30.1% of patients. There were no significant differences in mean blood pressure, 24-h sodium excretion, and age when groups with low, normal or high PRA levels were compared. The incidence of PRA hyporesponsiveness was similar in the three groups of patients, but increased with age. In the female there was apreponderance of low PRA levels. It is concluded that EH with low PRA levels is not a separate diagnostic entity and, when PRA is low in a hypertensive subject, the possible effects of age, blood pressure, and sex ought to be taken into account before other causes of low PRA are postulated.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in essential hypertension (a critical approach to its significance). A study of the frequency distribution of plasma renin activity (PRA) in 123 patients with essential hypertension (EH) produced no evidence of a distinct subpopulation with low renin levels, whether the samples were taken from supine or upright patients. Applying an arbitrary classification criterion, however, low PRA levels were found in 30.1% of patients. There were no significant differences in mean blood pressure, 24-h sodium excretion, and age when groups with low, normal or high PRA levels were compared. The incidence of PRA hyporesponsiveness was similar in the three groups of patients, but increased with age. In the female there was apreponderance of low PRA levels. It is concluded that EH with low PRA levels is not a separate diagnostic entity and, when PRA is low in a hypertensive subject, the possible effects of age, blood pressure, and sex ought to be taken into account before other causes of low PRA are postulated.", "PMID": 504898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6384", "title": "Insulin binding to target cells (general survey, problems and results in spontaneous obesity).", "content": "Following Yalow and Berson's basic research on the binding of polypeptide hormones to plasma proteins, an integrated picture of hormone-receptor interaction and biological activity has been proposed for insulin in experimental models and in man. The extracellular interaction of the insulin molecule with the cell membrane structure modifies the intracellular metabolism, and it has been suggested that this occurs through the activation of a second messenger or the transduction of an insulin fragment into the cell. The use of monoiodoinsulin has made it possible to perform a series of experiments on cells isolated from the blood (monocytes) or from the tissues (adipocytes) and on plasma membranes prepared by ultracentrifugation. The existence of specific receptor sites for insulin in all cases, both in animals and in man, has been confirmed by mathematical analysis of the binding curves; their non-linear course, as plotted by Scatchard's method, may depend on negative cooperation or on different classes of receptor. From an evaluation of recent studies on human obesity, particularly on adipocytes and circulating monocytes, a new approach to the problem of 'insulin resistance' in obesity has been proposed, and this has shown that a reduction in the number of receptors on the target cells may contribute to peripheral insulin insensitivity. This phenomenon, which seems to be characteristic of the static phase of obesity, is reversible during fasting or weight reduction and may be a compensatory mechanism for hyperinsulinaemia. These results are an example of the significance and applicability of the experimental method of detecting insulin binding to target cells, and suggest a wide application in different endocrinological fields.", "contents": "Insulin binding to target cells (general survey, problems and results in spontaneous obesity). Following Yalow and Berson's basic research on the binding of polypeptide hormones to plasma proteins, an integrated picture of hormone-receptor interaction and biological activity has been proposed for insulin in experimental models and in man. The extracellular interaction of the insulin molecule with the cell membrane structure modifies the intracellular metabolism, and it has been suggested that this occurs through the activation of a second messenger or the transduction of an insulin fragment into the cell. The use of monoiodoinsulin has made it possible to perform a series of experiments on cells isolated from the blood (monocytes) or from the tissues (adipocytes) and on plasma membranes prepared by ultracentrifugation. The existence of specific receptor sites for insulin in all cases, both in animals and in man, has been confirmed by mathematical analysis of the binding curves; their non-linear course, as plotted by Scatchard's method, may depend on negative cooperation or on different classes of receptor. From an evaluation of recent studies on human obesity, particularly on adipocytes and circulating monocytes, a new approach to the problem of 'insulin resistance' in obesity has been proposed, and this has shown that a reduction in the number of receptors on the target cells may contribute to peripheral insulin insensitivity. This phenomenon, which seems to be characteristic of the static phase of obesity, is reversible during fasting or weight reduction and may be a compensatory mechanism for hyperinsulinaemia. These results are an example of the significance and applicability of the experimental method of detecting insulin binding to target cells, and suggest a wide application in different endocrinological fields.", "PMID": 504897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6385", "title": "On nasobronchial reflex in asthmatic patients.", "content": "In 27 asthmatic patients a single cold stimulus into the nose resulted in a sudden increase of airway resistance, measured continuously by a new forced-oscillations-technique. The effect could be blocked by previous intrabronchial application of an anti-cholinergic drug. In laryngectomised patients, who no longer have a connection between the upper and the lower airpathways, cold stimuli into the nose caused a bronchoconstriction just as it did in the asthmatics. So the cold effect must be based on a reflex mechanism.", "contents": "On nasobronchial reflex in asthmatic patients. In 27 asthmatic patients a single cold stimulus into the nose resulted in a sudden increase of airway resistance, measured continuously by a new forced-oscillations-technique. The effect could be blocked by previous intrabronchial application of an anti-cholinergic drug. In laryngectomised patients, who no longer have a connection between the upper and the lower airpathways, cold stimuli into the nose caused a bronchoconstriction just as it did in the asthmatics. So the cold effect must be based on a reflex mechanism.", "PMID": 504912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6386", "title": "Effect of human leukocyte enzymes on tracheal mucosa and its mucociliary activity.", "content": "Human neutrophil granulocytes contain proteolytic enzymes. In purulent bronchial and paranasal secretions these enzymes have been found extra cellulary in complex with enzyme inhibitors as well as in free form indicating saturation of the inhibiting capacity. Isolated human leukocyte enzymes, elastase and neutral protease, were found to arrest the mucociliary activity and subsequently cause superficial tissue destruction. Elastase was found to be the most potent of the enzymes. Experimental studies with elastase together with specific inhibitor indicated the importance of the enzyme inhibitors for the integrity of the mucous membrane.", "contents": "Effect of human leukocyte enzymes on tracheal mucosa and its mucociliary activity. Human neutrophil granulocytes contain proteolytic enzymes. In purulent bronchial and paranasal secretions these enzymes have been found extra cellulary in complex with enzyme inhibitors as well as in free form indicating saturation of the inhibiting capacity. Isolated human leukocyte enzymes, elastase and neutral protease, were found to arrest the mucociliary activity and subsequently cause superficial tissue destruction. Elastase was found to be the most potent of the enzymes. Experimental studies with elastase together with specific inhibitor indicated the importance of the enzyme inhibitors for the integrity of the mucous membrane.", "PMID": 504913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6387", "title": "Determination of serum progesterone levels using a direct 125I-radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A new conventional simple and direct 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum progesterone is described. In comparison with the classical tritiated assays which are preceded by extraction, the assay is more simple, less time-consuming, less subject to error and hence less expensive. In normal cycling females the serum progesterone range during the follicular phase was 0.9 to 5.5 ng/ml (mean 2.5 ng/ml). Levels above 12 ng/ml occurring during the luteal phase are indicative of adequate luteal function. The actual progesterone levels assayed with this method are significantly greater than those found using the classical tritiated technique, and the reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. The assay is also capable of being used to assess the response to treatment for infertility, thus indicating that, in spite of the higher values obtained, there is no impairment in diagnostic sensitivity.", "contents": "Determination of serum progesterone levels using a direct 125I-radioimmunoassay. A new conventional simple and direct 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum progesterone is described. In comparison with the classical tritiated assays which are preceded by extraction, the assay is more simple, less time-consuming, less subject to error and hence less expensive. In normal cycling females the serum progesterone range during the follicular phase was 0.9 to 5.5 ng/ml (mean 2.5 ng/ml). Levels above 12 ng/ml occurring during the luteal phase are indicative of adequate luteal function. The actual progesterone levels assayed with this method are significantly greater than those found using the classical tritiated technique, and the reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. The assay is also capable of being used to assess the response to treatment for infertility, thus indicating that, in spite of the higher values obtained, there is no impairment in diagnostic sensitivity.", "PMID": 504901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6388", "title": "[Epidemiological investigation on epilepsy in children of school age (author's transl)].", "content": "An epidemiological investigation was carried out in 1976-77 on all children attending the fourth year of primary education (9-10 years old) in Venice. The method of analysis was a questionnaire similar to that proposed by Rose (Epilepsy 1973) and by Meighan (Epilepsy 1976). Out of 1838, 1350 answered the questionnaire. The questionnaire synthesises various symptoms of epilepsy in 30 questions starting from the most severe ones. In a second phase the answers were divided into 8 groups: the hypothesis was that the percentage of children with epilepsy in groups 1-3 (high probability to have epilepsy) would be significantly higher than in groups 4-7. In order to test this hypothesis and to assess the discriminating quality of the questionnaire, a random sample of 114 children was submitted to clinical and EEG examination. The final classification in: A) epilepsy; B) febrile convulsions; C) minimal brain disfunction (M.B.D., according to Rose's definition); D) normal, was agreed upon including the heterogeneous information derived from history, neurological examination and EEG interpretation. A statistical elaboration of the findings has shown that the weighted average prevalence rate resulted to be 8.7%; the one relating to febrile convulsions was 27.93%; the one of M.B.D. was 5.2%. The high incidence of apparently positive cases may be explained because of difficulty in understanding some of the terminology used in the questionnaire; such cases, however, have been identified and discarded after a fuller history and neurological examination had been obtained. The problem of false negative cases seems however more important since it may also be caused by prejudice and by the reluctance of many people to accept the idea of epilepsy. For the appraisal of the incidence of this phenomenon we have examined all children (about 90) in two schools of the city indipendently from the answers in the questionnaire: no case of epilepsy was found. Further investigation is being carried out through an inquiry in EEG laboratories, hospitals and private phisicians in order to find out the real number of epileptic children. The incidence of epilepsy estimated with other methods appears similar to our data (Cooper 1965 - Huser and Kurland 1975). As a conclusion the questionnaire survey approach can be effectively used in studies on epilepsy together with epidemiological investigations in the assessment of cases of epilepsy not yet diagnosed as such.", "contents": "[Epidemiological investigation on epilepsy in children of school age (author's transl)]. An epidemiological investigation was carried out in 1976-77 on all children attending the fourth year of primary education (9-10 years old) in Venice. The method of analysis was a questionnaire similar to that proposed by Rose (Epilepsy 1973) and by Meighan (Epilepsy 1976). Out of 1838, 1350 answered the questionnaire. The questionnaire synthesises various symptoms of epilepsy in 30 questions starting from the most severe ones. In a second phase the answers were divided into 8 groups: the hypothesis was that the percentage of children with epilepsy in groups 1-3 (high probability to have epilepsy) would be significantly higher than in groups 4-7. In order to test this hypothesis and to assess the discriminating quality of the questionnaire, a random sample of 114 children was submitted to clinical and EEG examination. The final classification in: A) epilepsy; B) febrile convulsions; C) minimal brain disfunction (M.B.D., according to Rose's definition); D) normal, was agreed upon including the heterogeneous information derived from history, neurological examination and EEG interpretation. A statistical elaboration of the findings has shown that the weighted average prevalence rate resulted to be 8.7%; the one relating to febrile convulsions was 27.93%; the one of M.B.D. was 5.2%. The high incidence of apparently positive cases may be explained because of difficulty in understanding some of the terminology used in the questionnaire; such cases, however, have been identified and discarded after a fuller history and neurological examination had been obtained. The problem of false negative cases seems however more important since it may also be caused by prejudice and by the reluctance of many people to accept the idea of epilepsy. For the appraisal of the incidence of this phenomenon we have examined all children (about 90) in two schools of the city indipendently from the answers in the questionnaire: no case of epilepsy was found. Further investigation is being carried out through an inquiry in EEG laboratories, hospitals and private phisicians in order to find out the real number of epileptic children. The incidence of epilepsy estimated with other methods appears similar to our data (Cooper 1965 - Huser and Kurland 1975). As a conclusion the questionnaire survey approach can be effectively used in studies on epilepsy together with epidemiological investigations in the assessment of cases of epilepsy not yet diagnosed as such.", "PMID": 504914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6389", "title": "[Incidence of chondrocalcinosis in a series of 1,000 surgically excised intervertebral disks].", "content": "This study is based on the histological examination of a series of 1000 intervertebral discs which were excised surgically for a painful spinal or nerve root syndrome. The authors observed in 31 cases (18 men and 13 women) a chondrocalcinosis that was not found clinically (small circumscribed deposits of crystals identified as calcium pyrophosphate after examination in compensated polarized light microscopy). The frequency is higher than that of chondrocalcinosis observed in the menisci excised surgically from the knees of subjects with the same average age; but it is lower than that for the menisci taken from autopsy material of subjects with a higher average age. The histological examination of all surgically excised discs would permit the findings of signs of chondrocalcinosis, thus emphasizing the risk for the patient of a further evolution to arthropathies (spinal or peripheral). This can offer bases for statistical longitudinal studies.", "contents": "[Incidence of chondrocalcinosis in a series of 1,000 surgically excised intervertebral disks]. This study is based on the histological examination of a series of 1000 intervertebral discs which were excised surgically for a painful spinal or nerve root syndrome. The authors observed in 31 cases (18 men and 13 women) a chondrocalcinosis that was not found clinically (small circumscribed deposits of crystals identified as calcium pyrophosphate after examination in compensated polarized light microscopy). The frequency is higher than that of chondrocalcinosis observed in the menisci excised surgically from the knees of subjects with the same average age; but it is lower than that for the menisci taken from autopsy material of subjects with a higher average age. The histological examination of all surgically excised discs would permit the findings of signs of chondrocalcinosis, thus emphasizing the risk for the patient of a further evolution to arthropathies (spinal or peripheral). This can offer bases for statistical longitudinal studies.", "PMID": 504939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6390", "title": "[Preliminary results of arthroplasty of the hip, using a pair of sealed double cups].", "content": "Arthroplasty of the hip with a pair of locked cupolas uses a metal cupola and a polyethylene cotyloid cupola. Ancillary instrumentation and 3 sets of protheses allow an acrylic fixation using a thin layer of cement. The authors report their experience with 75 surface replacement arthroplasties. The initial complications seem related to errors made in at the outset in drilling the femur, thereby compromising the solidity of the neck and the vascularization of the head. These results can be transposed upon the case of total conventional prothesis. The indications, which principally incluse centered coxarthrosis, have been widened to comprise necrosis limited to the femoral head, to rheumatoid polyarthritis, to ankyloses of the hip in a bad position, and to re-setting of non cemented cupolas. These encouraging results should be tempered by their short follow-up period (less than 2 years), and the present uncertainty as to the future performance of the lock joints and the wear of the polyethylene.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of arthroplasty of the hip, using a pair of sealed double cups]. Arthroplasty of the hip with a pair of locked cupolas uses a metal cupola and a polyethylene cotyloid cupola. Ancillary instrumentation and 3 sets of protheses allow an acrylic fixation using a thin layer of cement. The authors report their experience with 75 surface replacement arthroplasties. The initial complications seem related to errors made in at the outset in drilling the femur, thereby compromising the solidity of the neck and the vascularization of the head. These results can be transposed upon the case of total conventional prothesis. The indications, which principally incluse centered coxarthrosis, have been widened to comprise necrosis limited to the femoral head, to rheumatoid polyarthritis, to ankyloses of the hip in a bad position, and to re-setting of non cemented cupolas. These encouraging results should be tempered by their short follow-up period (less than 2 years), and the present uncertainty as to the future performance of the lock joints and the wear of the polyethylene.", "PMID": 504940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6391", "title": "[Cervical arthrosic myelopathies. Study of a series of 35 cases. Pathogenetic and therapeutic reflections].", "content": "A series of 35 myelopathies was studied. The clinical characteristics are detailed. Gaseous myelography remains the best contrast test for establishing this diagnosis, making it possible to distinguish between spinal cords with constriction by stages and \"trestle spinal cords\" these two conditions often seem related. The medical treatments are disappointing, and one can improve the lesional syndrome but rarely the post-lesional syndrome. Surgery by posterior laminectomy gives in the long run only 45 per cent of improvement. On the basis of these observations, the authors state the opinion that the majority of the cases combining a cervicarthrosis and melyopathy after the age of 55, reveal of mixed, vascular and mechanical pathogeny. Surgery appears most useful in young patients whose spinal cord is congenitally constricted and shows sings of clinical distress.", "contents": "[Cervical arthrosic myelopathies. Study of a series of 35 cases. Pathogenetic and therapeutic reflections]. A series of 35 myelopathies was studied. The clinical characteristics are detailed. Gaseous myelography remains the best contrast test for establishing this diagnosis, making it possible to distinguish between spinal cords with constriction by stages and \"trestle spinal cords\" these two conditions often seem related. The medical treatments are disappointing, and one can improve the lesional syndrome but rarely the post-lesional syndrome. Surgery by posterior laminectomy gives in the long run only 45 per cent of improvement. On the basis of these observations, the authors state the opinion that the majority of the cases combining a cervicarthrosis and melyopathy after the age of 55, reveal of mixed, vascular and mechanical pathogeny. Surgery appears most useful in young patients whose spinal cord is congenitally constricted and shows sings of clinical distress.", "PMID": 504941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6392", "title": "[Local osseous blood flow measured with radioactive microspheres: correlations with intra-medullary pressures].", "content": "The authors studied in the dog, using radioactive microspheres, the blood bone outputs of the trochanter, the femoral diaphysis and the tibial diaphysis, and measured, in a simultaneous fashion, the intra-medullar pressures in these bone regions. A same hierarchy of outputs is consistently found in all animals : the trochentarian outputs are always the highest, and next come, in decreasing order, the outputs of the femoral diaphyses and the tibias. On the other hand, the intra-medullar pressures, although differing according to the bone regions, always have rather superposable rates, so that the neighboring intra-medullar pressures always correspond to radically different outputs. It is thereby demonstrated that the intra-medullar pressures, as an isolated parameter, cannot accurately reflect the rate of bone output.", "contents": "[Local osseous blood flow measured with radioactive microspheres: correlations with intra-medullary pressures]. The authors studied in the dog, using radioactive microspheres, the blood bone outputs of the trochanter, the femoral diaphysis and the tibial diaphysis, and measured, in a simultaneous fashion, the intra-medullar pressures in these bone regions. A same hierarchy of outputs is consistently found in all animals : the trochentarian outputs are always the highest, and next come, in decreasing order, the outputs of the femoral diaphyses and the tibias. On the other hand, the intra-medullar pressures, although differing according to the bone regions, always have rather superposable rates, so that the neighboring intra-medullar pressures always correspond to radically different outputs. It is thereby demonstrated that the intra-medullar pressures, as an isolated parameter, cannot accurately reflect the rate of bone output.", "PMID": 504944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6393", "title": "[Axial osteosclerosis with autosomal dominant transmission: a new entity?].", "content": "The authors report on the case of a 26-year-old woman and three members of her family suffering from a benign condensing osteopathy, of dominant autosomic transmission, characterized mainly by a non homogenous hyperopacity of the spine and the pelvis, without alcaline hyperphosphatasemia, and which seems to them different from the condensing ostepathies described up to now.", "contents": "[Axial osteosclerosis with autosomal dominant transmission: a new entity?]. The authors report on the case of a 26-year-old woman and three members of her family suffering from a benign condensing osteopathy, of dominant autosomic transmission, characterized mainly by a non homogenous hyperopacity of the spine and the pelvis, without alcaline hyperphosphatasemia, and which seems to them different from the condensing ostepathies described up to now.", "PMID": 504945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6394", "title": "[Diagnostic criteria in rheumatic pelvispondylitis without radiological sacro-iliac signs. Proposals for updating].", "content": "The authors propose a limited number of changes and additions to criteria for diagnosing spondylitis without the radiological sacro-iliac signs established by S\u00e8ze and Lequesne in 1961, taking into account the evolution of the diagnostic means that have appeared since this date, especially the attempt to locate HLA 27 leucocyte antigen, now a common practice. The application of these revised criteria in 75 cases, including 41 with certain or probable spondylitis, appeared satisfactory.", "contents": "[Diagnostic criteria in rheumatic pelvispondylitis without radiological sacro-iliac signs. Proposals for updating]. The authors propose a limited number of changes and additions to criteria for diagnosing spondylitis without the radiological sacro-iliac signs established by S\u00e8ze and Lequesne in 1961, taking into account the evolution of the diagnostic means that have appeared since this date, especially the attempt to locate HLA 27 leucocyte antigen, now a common practice. The application of these revised criteria in 75 cases, including 41 with certain or probable spondylitis, appeared satisfactory.", "PMID": 504946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6395", "title": "[The patella and the femoro-patellar joint during rheumatoid polyarthritis].", "content": "The authors report 2 series of cases of rheumatoid arthritis, one prospective of 115 cases, the other retrospective of 72 cases, and note the frequency of clinical and radiological patellar and femoro-patellar involvement during this disease. Signs of active rheumatoid disease in the patella were present in 31 cases. The most common lesions of the femoro-patellar joint space are narrowing and lateral dislocation of the patella. The femoro-patellar lesions evolve in parallel to the femoro-tibial lesions, but dissociation is possible. The early detection of a femoro-patellar syndrome permits effective treatment by isometric rehabilitation of the quadriceps. On the most advanced lesions, and when pain is limited to the femur and patella, an operation of reaxation of the patella may provide remarkable functional improvement.", "contents": "[The patella and the femoro-patellar joint during rheumatoid polyarthritis]. The authors report 2 series of cases of rheumatoid arthritis, one prospective of 115 cases, the other retrospective of 72 cases, and note the frequency of clinical and radiological patellar and femoro-patellar involvement during this disease. Signs of active rheumatoid disease in the patella were present in 31 cases. The most common lesions of the femoro-patellar joint space are narrowing and lateral dislocation of the patella. The femoro-patellar lesions evolve in parallel to the femoro-tibial lesions, but dissociation is possible. The early detection of a femoro-patellar syndrome permits effective treatment by isometric rehabilitation of the quadriceps. On the most advanced lesions, and when pain is limited to the femur and patella, an operation of reaxation of the patella may provide remarkable functional improvement.", "PMID": 504947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6396", "title": "[Comparative pathology of vertebral hyperostosis].", "content": "The changes seen in vertebral hyperostosis are due to a slow ossification of the perivertebral connective tissue causing osteophytic spurs and/or bridging of intervertebral ankylosis. The same changes seen in man are also seen in all land and aquatic mammals. This confrontation of comparative pathology emphasizes certain essential points in common. There is a relation between the vertebral hyperostosis and local anatomic and physiologic conditions linked to a ligament insertions. It occurs in bipodisis or tetrapodisis as well as in an aquatic environment. It must be distinguished from an osteoarthritic intervertebral remodeling and the evolution of its bone tissue is dissociated from that of the adjacent vertebral bone tissue. It is frequently observed in relation to general conditions (aging -- diabetes in man -- dietary imbalance in the animal). This example emphasizes the interest that comparative pathology can have for the rheumatologist.", "contents": "[Comparative pathology of vertebral hyperostosis]. The changes seen in vertebral hyperostosis are due to a slow ossification of the perivertebral connective tissue causing osteophytic spurs and/or bridging of intervertebral ankylosis. The same changes seen in man are also seen in all land and aquatic mammals. This confrontation of comparative pathology emphasizes certain essential points in common. There is a relation between the vertebral hyperostosis and local anatomic and physiologic conditions linked to a ligament insertions. It occurs in bipodisis or tetrapodisis as well as in an aquatic environment. It must be distinguished from an osteoarthritic intervertebral remodeling and the evolution of its bone tissue is dissociated from that of the adjacent vertebral bone tissue. It is frequently observed in relation to general conditions (aging -- diabetes in man -- dietary imbalance in the animal). This example emphasizes the interest that comparative pathology can have for the rheumatologist.", "PMID": 504948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6397", "title": "[Lymphocyte populations in the blood and synovial fluid in rheumatoid polyarthritis. Importance of cell electrophoresis].", "content": "We have studied the synovial and blood lymphocyte populations of 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two methods have been used: the membrane markers (E rosette, active E, EA, EAC) and lymphocyte electrophoresis. The authors find no significant difference beteween the blood populations of the patients with the PR and that of the controls. On the other hand, the study of the synovial fluid shows a large number of lymphocytes T forming active rosettes having an electrophoretic mobility of about 1,10. In order to explain the presence of lymphocytes with high affinity for sheep red cells, and having a reduced electric charge in the synovial fluid, we propose two explanations: the first one is a selective filtration through the synovialmembrane of a physiological T subpopulation; the second one is a general modification of the lymphocyte membrane in relation with a stimulation or an intraarticular cellular alteration. In the discussion we report the arguments in favour of the two hypothesis.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte populations in the blood and synovial fluid in rheumatoid polyarthritis. Importance of cell electrophoresis]. We have studied the synovial and blood lymphocyte populations of 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two methods have been used: the membrane markers (E rosette, active E, EA, EAC) and lymphocyte electrophoresis. The authors find no significant difference beteween the blood populations of the patients with the PR and that of the controls. On the other hand, the study of the synovial fluid shows a large number of lymphocytes T forming active rosettes having an electrophoretic mobility of about 1,10. In order to explain the presence of lymphocytes with high affinity for sheep red cells, and having a reduced electric charge in the synovial fluid, we propose two explanations: the first one is a selective filtration through the synovialmembrane of a physiological T subpopulation; the second one is a general modification of the lymphocyte membrane in relation with a stimulation or an intraarticular cellular alteration. In the discussion we report the arguments in favour of the two hypothesis.", "PMID": 504949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6398", "title": "[Silicon, bone tissue and immunity].", "content": "The authors study the activity of a soluble salt of silicium on the evolution of the trabecular bone volume (TBV). They note a significant increase in the TBV, both in drinkable and in injectable form, in relation to a control population not receiving osteotrope medication. They moreover note, in a series of patients treated with silicium compared to a control group, a net increase in circulating lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (especially IgG).", "contents": "[Silicon, bone tissue and immunity]. The authors study the activity of a soluble salt of silicium on the evolution of the trabecular bone volume (TBV). They note a significant increase in the TBV, both in drinkable and in injectable form, in relation to a control population not receiving osteotrope medication. They moreover note, in a series of patients treated with silicium compared to a control group, a net increase in circulating lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (especially IgG).", "PMID": 504950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6399", "title": "Ultrastructural pathology of the adrenal gland in Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Authors studied the ultrastructural pathology of Cushing's syndrome. Some specific features correlated with the pathological aspects of the adrenals could be found. In the hyperplastic adrenal cortex the cytoplasm contains a rich smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. Increased lipid-pigment complexes were also found. The clear cell adenomas showed large lipid vacuoles. In the compact cell adenomas the mitochondria are of variable size and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is well developed; the pigment bodies are frequent. The nuclei and especially the nucleoli are increased in size. In the adrenal carcinoma the nuclear and nucleolar alterations are still more evident. A marked pleomorphism of mitochondria was noticed. The behaviour of the steroidogenic activity in both tumoral and hyperplastic adrenal glands can be assessed using the ultrastructural picture of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum and of the mitochondria as functional parameters.", "contents": "Ultrastructural pathology of the adrenal gland in Cushing's syndrome. Authors studied the ultrastructural pathology of Cushing's syndrome. Some specific features correlated with the pathological aspects of the adrenals could be found. In the hyperplastic adrenal cortex the cytoplasm contains a rich smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. Increased lipid-pigment complexes were also found. The clear cell adenomas showed large lipid vacuoles. In the compact cell adenomas the mitochondria are of variable size and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is well developed; the pigment bodies are frequent. The nuclei and especially the nucleoli are increased in size. In the adrenal carcinoma the nuclear and nucleolar alterations are still more evident. A marked pleomorphism of mitochondria was noticed. The behaviour of the steroidogenic activity in both tumoral and hyperplastic adrenal glands can be assessed using the ultrastructural picture of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum and of the mitochondria as functional parameters.", "PMID": 504955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6400", "title": "Studies on the purification of the antigonadotropic melatonin-free pineal extract.", "content": "Partial purification of a melatonin-free extract obtained from bovine pineal and showing an antigonadotropic activity was studied. The following methods were utilized: Sephadex gel filtration, ultrafiltration, precipitation by alcohol, ammonium sulphate and trichloracetic acid. The fractions obtained by all these procedures as well as the dialysed extract were biologically tested through the mouse uterine test. The protein contents in all the substances studied were assayed by Lowry's method. The results showed that in the extract studied, the antigonadotropic activity was present both in the fraction under 10,000 and in the fraction above 10,000, the latter containing 72% of the proteins from the total extract.", "contents": "Studies on the purification of the antigonadotropic melatonin-free pineal extract. Partial purification of a melatonin-free extract obtained from bovine pineal and showing an antigonadotropic activity was studied. The following methods were utilized: Sephadex gel filtration, ultrafiltration, precipitation by alcohol, ammonium sulphate and trichloracetic acid. The fractions obtained by all these procedures as well as the dialysed extract were biologically tested through the mouse uterine test. The protein contents in all the substances studied were assayed by Lowry's method. The results showed that in the extract studied, the antigonadotropic activity was present both in the fraction under 10,000 and in the fraction above 10,000, the latter containing 72% of the proteins from the total extract.", "PMID": 504956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6401", "title": "Effects of crinofizin administration in experimental diseases with protein anabolism disorders. Studies in the rat.", "content": "The effects of the treatment with Crinofizin, a pineal peptide extract, on certain parameters of the protein metabolism, altered in rat by prolonged deficiency of endogenous insulin (study on animals with streptozotocinic diabetes) or by administration of large doses of cortisone, were studied. The results demonstrated the anabolic effects of the pineal extract treatment which improved the diabetic syndrome and counteracted some catabolic effects subsequent to insulin deficiency, such as weight loss and decrease in the nucleic acid concentration in the liver, or to cortisone excess, such as nitrogen loss. The data obtained open new prospects for the use of Crinofizin in the management of degenerative endocrine diseases through anabolizing hormones failure or catabolizing hormones excess.", "contents": "Effects of crinofizin administration in experimental diseases with protein anabolism disorders. Studies in the rat. The effects of the treatment with Crinofizin, a pineal peptide extract, on certain parameters of the protein metabolism, altered in rat by prolonged deficiency of endogenous insulin (study on animals with streptozotocinic diabetes) or by administration of large doses of cortisone, were studied. The results demonstrated the anabolic effects of the pineal extract treatment which improved the diabetic syndrome and counteracted some catabolic effects subsequent to insulin deficiency, such as weight loss and decrease in the nucleic acid concentration in the liver, or to cortisone excess, such as nitrogen loss. The data obtained open new prospects for the use of Crinofizin in the management of degenerative endocrine diseases through anabolizing hormones failure or catabolizing hormones excess.", "PMID": 504957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6402", "title": "Persistence of circadian rhythms of RNA, DNA and protein in the rat adrenal and thyroid under continuous darkness conditions.", "content": "Continuous darkness regimen applied to rats for 30 days did not significantly alter the patterns of the circadian rhythms of RNA, DNA and total protein in the thyroid and adrenals. These results show that the dominant role of light as a \"Zeitgeber\" cannot be generalized in the case of the biorhythms studied.", "contents": "Persistence of circadian rhythms of RNA, DNA and protein in the rat adrenal and thyroid under continuous darkness conditions. Continuous darkness regimen applied to rats for 30 days did not significantly alter the patterns of the circadian rhythms of RNA, DNA and total protein in the thyroid and adrenals. These results show that the dominant role of light as a \"Zeitgeber\" cannot be generalized in the case of the biorhythms studied.", "PMID": 504958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6403", "title": "The effect of acetyl salicylic acid and dipyridamole on thromboembolic complications in splenectomized patients with myelofibrosis.", "content": "The effect of combined treatment with acetyl salicylic acid and dipyridamole on thrombic phenomena was studied in splenectomized patients with an aggressive form of myelofibrosis. 3 of these patients had thrombotic episodes, shortened platelet survival and an abnormal platelet aggregation pattern. The treatment with antiplatelet drugs resulted in a decreased platelet utilization as evidenced by clinical improvement and an increasing platelet concentration.", "contents": "The effect of acetyl salicylic acid and dipyridamole on thromboembolic complications in splenectomized patients with myelofibrosis. The effect of combined treatment with acetyl salicylic acid and dipyridamole on thrombic phenomena was studied in splenectomized patients with an aggressive form of myelofibrosis. 3 of these patients had thrombotic episodes, shortened platelet survival and an abnormal platelet aggregation pattern. The treatment with antiplatelet drugs resulted in a decreased platelet utilization as evidenced by clinical improvement and an increasing platelet concentration.", "PMID": 504965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6404", "title": "The level of urinary and plasma steroids after oral administration of cyclofenil to hirsute women with menstrual disorders and obesity.", "content": "Cyclofenil 600 mg/day was given to 10 women with excessive skin hair and marked excretion of urinary androgens. The urinary values of androgenic metabolites as well as the plasmatic values of radioimmunoassayable testosterone remained unaltered. A significant increase was noticed in the radioimmunoassayable plasma estradiol. Urinary total estrogens could not be assayed in the women under cyclofenil because of a non-specific color reaction. It was concluded that the estrogenic effects of cyclofenil are mediated, at least partly, by release of gonadotropins from the hypophysis.", "contents": "The level of urinary and plasma steroids after oral administration of cyclofenil to hirsute women with menstrual disorders and obesity. Cyclofenil 600 mg/day was given to 10 women with excessive skin hair and marked excretion of urinary androgens. The urinary values of androgenic metabolites as well as the plasmatic values of radioimmunoassayable testosterone remained unaltered. A significant increase was noticed in the radioimmunoassayable plasma estradiol. Urinary total estrogens could not be assayed in the women under cyclofenil because of a non-specific color reaction. It was concluded that the estrogenic effects of cyclofenil are mediated, at least partly, by release of gonadotropins from the hypophysis.", "PMID": 504960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6405", "title": "RIA measurement of insulin antibodies in human sera using the polyethyleneglycol separation technique.", "content": "A radioimmunological method for the detection and measurement of insulin antibodies in human sera was developed using polyethyleneglycol (PEG) as separation agent. Studies were performed on 150 sera of nondiabetic subjects and on 27 sera collected from diabetic patients treated with insulin. The per cent binding of 125I-insulin in normal sera ranged similarly to control free-insulin serum while in sera from insulin-treated patients8 the binding was significantly greater. The technique is quick (24 hours) and the intra-assay precision (correlation coefficient for replicates) varies from 0.87 to 0.99%. The separation technique using PEG for the precipitation of the antigen-antibody complexes may be extended to the measurement of antibodies for any other substance of lo, molecular weight (under 10,000 daltons).", "contents": "RIA measurement of insulin antibodies in human sera using the polyethyleneglycol separation technique. A radioimmunological method for the detection and measurement of insulin antibodies in human sera was developed using polyethyleneglycol (PEG) as separation agent. Studies were performed on 150 sera of nondiabetic subjects and on 27 sera collected from diabetic patients treated with insulin. The per cent binding of 125I-insulin in normal sera ranged similarly to control free-insulin serum while in sera from insulin-treated patients8 the binding was significantly greater. The technique is quick (24 hours) and the intra-assay precision (correlation coefficient for replicates) varies from 0.87 to 0.99%. The separation technique using PEG for the precipitation of the antigen-antibody complexes may be extended to the measurement of antibodies for any other substance of lo, molecular weight (under 10,000 daltons).", "PMID": 504959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6406", "title": "Serum iron and transferrin saturation in women with special reference to women with low transferrin saturation. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969.", "content": "Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined in a population sample of 1462 women in age strata between 38 and 60. Serum iron and TIBC values were similar in the various ages studied but with a slight trend towards higher serum iron and lower TIBC values in the upper ages. Transferrin saturation was used to divide the material arbitarily into women with and without iron deficiency. The dividing point chosen was 16%. The women thus defined as iron deficient had lower mean haemoglobin values than women in the total population sample and were more often anaemic. They had also lower MCV, MCH and MCHC indices than women in the total population sample. Of these indices, MCH seemed to discriminate the state of iron deficiency better than MCV and MCHC. Except for an increased mean menstrual blood loss no obvious cause of iron deficiency could be found in these women with low transferrin saturation.", "contents": "Serum iron and transferrin saturation in women with special reference to women with low transferrin saturation. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined in a population sample of 1462 women in age strata between 38 and 60. Serum iron and TIBC values were similar in the various ages studied but with a slight trend towards higher serum iron and lower TIBC values in the upper ages. Transferrin saturation was used to divide the material arbitarily into women with and without iron deficiency. The dividing point chosen was 16%. The women thus defined as iron deficient had lower mean haemoglobin values than women in the total population sample and were more often anaemic. They had also lower MCV, MCH and MCHC indices than women in the total population sample. Of these indices, MCH seemed to discriminate the state of iron deficiency better than MCV and MCHC. Except for an increased mean menstrual blood loss no obvious cause of iron deficiency could be found in these women with low transferrin saturation.", "PMID": 504966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6407", "title": "Factors interfering with the cell morphology in smears.", "content": "Factors interfering with the cell morphology in smears were studied. The following artifacts were observed: Lysis of cells with release of granules, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins; fern-like structures due to detachment of protein from glass; rupture of the surface of smears; crystal formations; leakage from cells interfering with the surrounding medium; cell shrinkage, vacuolization; and aggregation of cells caused by gammaglobulins. The concentration and type of plasma protein in the medium greatly influenced the type of artifacts. The technique by which the least artifacts occurred, was cytocentrifugation of cells suspended in a cell protecting medium.", "contents": "Factors interfering with the cell morphology in smears. Factors interfering with the cell morphology in smears were studied. The following artifacts were observed: Lysis of cells with release of granules, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins; fern-like structures due to detachment of protein from glass; rupture of the surface of smears; crystal formations; leakage from cells interfering with the surrounding medium; cell shrinkage, vacuolization; and aggregation of cells caused by gammaglobulins. The concentration and type of plasma protein in the medium greatly influenced the type of artifacts. The technique by which the least artifacts occurred, was cytocentrifugation of cells suspended in a cell protecting medium.", "PMID": 504967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6408", "title": "The effect of combined administration of L-proline and glycine on GH and IRI release in healthy prepuberal children.", "content": "Proline (100 mg/kg b.w.) was given per os and after 30 minutes 10% glycine was i.v. injected to 25 healthy children of both sexes. A positive response (an increase of over 5 ng/ml of serum level of GH) was found in 21 of the 25 children. The insulin test showed a positive response in 24 of the 25 children. It was concluded that the decrease in glycine dosage from 250 mg/kg b.w. (earlier reports by the same authors) to 100 mg/kg b.w. (present data) is generally compensated by l-proline priming. The IRI serum levels were almost unchanged. By l-proline priming, the glycine test can also be applied to subjects with body weight over 40 kg, in doses of 100 mg/kg b.w. for exploring the secretory reserve of the somatotropic axis.", "contents": "The effect of combined administration of L-proline and glycine on GH and IRI release in healthy prepuberal children. Proline (100 mg/kg b.w.) was given per os and after 30 minutes 10% glycine was i.v. injected to 25 healthy children of both sexes. A positive response (an increase of over 5 ng/ml of serum level of GH) was found in 21 of the 25 children. The insulin test showed a positive response in 24 of the 25 children. It was concluded that the decrease in glycine dosage from 250 mg/kg b.w. (earlier reports by the same authors) to 100 mg/kg b.w. (present data) is generally compensated by l-proline priming. The IRI serum levels were almost unchanged. By l-proline priming, the glycine test can also be applied to subjects with body weight over 40 kg, in doses of 100 mg/kg b.w. for exploring the secretory reserve of the somatotropic axis.", "PMID": 504961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6409", "title": "Platelet heterogeneity. Relationship between buoyant density, size, lipid peroxidation and platelet age.", "content": "Human platelets were separated into 2 density populations by repeated centrifugations of platelet-rich plasma at increasing gravitational force. The heaviest platelet fraction was rich in larger platelets. The lightest platelet fraction was rich in smaller platelets. In both fractions and in the platelet button, lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde-MDA-production after addition of thrombin) was measured at basal condition, on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day after aspirin ingestion. At basal conditions and after ingestion of aspirin, MDA production was higher in the heavy-large platelets than in light-small ones, but a parallel increase of MDA production was observed in the light and in the heavy population and in the platelet button. The data are not compatible with the hypothesis that platelet density and size are age-related. Aspirin inhibits platelet lipid peroxidation by permanently acetylating their cyclooxygenase and if the heaviest platelets were the young ones, lipid peroxidation should reappear sooner in them.", "contents": "Platelet heterogeneity. Relationship between buoyant density, size, lipid peroxidation and platelet age. Human platelets were separated into 2 density populations by repeated centrifugations of platelet-rich plasma at increasing gravitational force. The heaviest platelet fraction was rich in larger platelets. The lightest platelet fraction was rich in smaller platelets. In both fractions and in the platelet button, lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde-MDA-production after addition of thrombin) was measured at basal condition, on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day after aspirin ingestion. At basal conditions and after ingestion of aspirin, MDA production was higher in the heavy-large platelets than in light-small ones, but a parallel increase of MDA production was observed in the light and in the heavy population and in the platelet button. The data are not compatible with the hypothesis that platelet density and size are age-related. Aspirin inhibits platelet lipid peroxidation by permanently acetylating their cyclooxygenase and if the heaviest platelets were the young ones, lipid peroxidation should reappear sooner in them.", "PMID": 504968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6410", "title": "Glucagon secretion in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes mellitus and obesity.", "content": "The blood glucagon concentration (fasting and in insulin hypoglycemia) was determined by radioimmunoassay in diabetic patients, relatives of diabetic patients with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with obesity and a group of normal weight subjects. The index of glucagon rise above the fasting level and glucagon release rate were estimated. In relatives of diabetic and obese patients the initial blood glucagon concentration did not differ from that of healthy subjects. However, during insulin hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion was significantly reduced, and in relatives of diabetic patients it also proved to be delayed. A comparison of glucagon and somatostatin changes in the above mentioned patients allows to suggest participation of the somatostatin mechanism in disorders of glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes mellitus and obesity. The blood glucagon concentration (fasting and in insulin hypoglycemia) was determined by radioimmunoassay in diabetic patients, relatives of diabetic patients with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with obesity and a group of normal weight subjects. The index of glucagon rise above the fasting level and glucagon release rate were estimated. In relatives of diabetic and obese patients the initial blood glucagon concentration did not differ from that of healthy subjects. However, during insulin hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion was significantly reduced, and in relatives of diabetic patients it also proved to be delayed. A comparison of glucagon and somatostatin changes in the above mentioned patients allows to suggest participation of the somatostatin mechanism in disorders of glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 504963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6411", "title": "Circulating megakaryocytes in patients with pulmonary inflammation and in patients subjected to cholecystectomy.", "content": "30 patients with pulmonary inflammation and 17 patients subjected to cholecystectomia \u00e0 froid were investigated for circulating megakaryocytes in a cubital vein using the saponin-haemolysis leucoconcentration technique. The number of circulating megakaryocytes was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary inflammation than in healthy humans. In 15 patients with bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and leucocytosis the arithmetic mean was 15.6 megakaryocytes per 1.5 ml blood (range 3 to 47). In 15 patients with bronchitis and a normal leucocyte count the arithmetic mean was similarly 14.1 megakaryocytes per 1.5 ml blood. After cholecystectomy a significant maximum increase in the number of circulating megakaryocytes to 3 times the preoperative value was found on the third postoperative day but not on the other postoperative days. Of the observed megakaryocytes 99% had only a narrow rim of cytoplasm or were naked nuclei.", "contents": "Circulating megakaryocytes in patients with pulmonary inflammation and in patients subjected to cholecystectomy. 30 patients with pulmonary inflammation and 17 patients subjected to cholecystectomia \u00e0 froid were investigated for circulating megakaryocytes in a cubital vein using the saponin-haemolysis leucoconcentration technique. The number of circulating megakaryocytes was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary inflammation than in healthy humans. In 15 patients with bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and leucocytosis the arithmetic mean was 15.6 megakaryocytes per 1.5 ml blood (range 3 to 47). In 15 patients with bronchitis and a normal leucocyte count the arithmetic mean was similarly 14.1 megakaryocytes per 1.5 ml blood. After cholecystectomy a significant maximum increase in the number of circulating megakaryocytes to 3 times the preoperative value was found on the third postoperative day but not on the other postoperative days. Of the observed megakaryocytes 99% had only a narrow rim of cytoplasm or were naked nuclei.", "PMID": 504969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6412", "title": "Familial erythrocytosis.", "content": "Erythrocytosis was found in 3 generations of an English family. The red cell mass was only moderately increased in some of the affected members but was accompanied by an unusually low plasma volume. Oxygen affinity of Hb was normal. Changes in serum and urinary erythropoietin showed an essentially normal pattern throughout a series of venesections. Venesection produced some transient clinical benefit in the older patient but there was no obvious change in the younger ones.", "contents": "Familial erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis was found in 3 generations of an English family. The red cell mass was only moderately increased in some of the affected members but was accompanied by an unusually low plasma volume. Oxygen affinity of Hb was normal. Changes in serum and urinary erythropoietin showed an essentially normal pattern throughout a series of venesections. Venesection produced some transient clinical benefit in the older patient but there was no obvious change in the younger ones.", "PMID": 504970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6413", "title": "The diffusion chamber technique as an in vivo assay in mice for the effectiveness of antitumor agents.", "content": "The diffusion chamber (DC) technique has been applied to the culture of L1210 cells in view of determining their sensitivity to chemotherapic agents. The surviving fraction of L1210 cells cultivated in DC's 4 d after i.v. injection of the host mice with 10 mg/kg of daunorubicin or daunorubicin-DNA was 40% and 9% respectively. The results suggest that the DC technique could be a useful in vivo predictive test for cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "The diffusion chamber technique as an in vivo assay in mice for the effectiveness of antitumor agents. The diffusion chamber (DC) technique has been applied to the culture of L1210 cells in view of determining their sensitivity to chemotherapic agents. The surviving fraction of L1210 cells cultivated in DC's 4 d after i.v. injection of the host mice with 10 mg/kg of daunorubicin or daunorubicin-DNA was 40% and 9% respectively. The results suggest that the DC technique could be a useful in vivo predictive test for cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 504971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6414", "title": "High level of human growth hormone (HGH) in cerebrospinal fluid patients with pituitary tumors.", "content": "Six patients with suprasellar extension of pituitary HGH-secreting tumors showed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) content in human growth hormone (HGH) to be very high, i.e. 164.3 +/- muU/ml (mean +/- SEM) (range 8.4--413.8 muU/ml) as compared to ten patients with uncomplicated acromegaly whose values were 50-fold lower, i.e. 3.4 +/- 0.5 muU/ml (range 0.6--7.0 muU/ml), and nine patients with suprasellar extension of other pituitary tumors, showing also low levels of HGH in the CSF, i.e. 2.9 +/- 0.8 muU/ml (range 0.6--7.2 muU/ml). A control group of 29 normal patients without pituitary or brain diseases showed extremely low values of HGH in the CSF (1.9 +/- 0.2 muU/ml), one third being below the sensitivity limit of the assay method. Another control group of 70 patients with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (n = 18), brain traumatisms (n = 10), brain surgery (n = 20), as well as various brain diseases (n = 22), also showed low HGH levels in the CSF, like the normal control group. It is shown that a high level of HGH in the CSF has a potential usefulness in the diagnosis of suprasellar extension of the pituitary mass in acromegaly.", "contents": "High level of human growth hormone (HGH) in cerebrospinal fluid patients with pituitary tumors. Six patients with suprasellar extension of pituitary HGH-secreting tumors showed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) content in human growth hormone (HGH) to be very high, i.e. 164.3 +/- muU/ml (mean +/- SEM) (range 8.4--413.8 muU/ml) as compared to ten patients with uncomplicated acromegaly whose values were 50-fold lower, i.e. 3.4 +/- 0.5 muU/ml (range 0.6--7.0 muU/ml), and nine patients with suprasellar extension of other pituitary tumors, showing also low levels of HGH in the CSF, i.e. 2.9 +/- 0.8 muU/ml (range 0.6--7.2 muU/ml). A control group of 29 normal patients without pituitary or brain diseases showed extremely low values of HGH in the CSF (1.9 +/- 0.2 muU/ml), one third being below the sensitivity limit of the assay method. Another control group of 70 patients with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (n = 18), brain traumatisms (n = 10), brain surgery (n = 20), as well as various brain diseases (n = 22), also showed low HGH levels in the CSF, like the normal control group. It is shown that a high level of HGH in the CSF has a potential usefulness in the diagnosis of suprasellar extension of the pituitary mass in acromegaly.", "PMID": 504962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6415", "title": "Evaluation of the activated whole blood clotting time (ACT) in vitro.", "content": "The activated whole blood clotting time (ACT) was analyzed in vitro using blood samples from normal individuals and from patients with heart disease, scheduled for open heart surgery. The ACT was found to be normally distributed in a group of normal individuals with a mean of 135 sec. In patients with heart diseases, the average ACT was slightly shorter than in normal individuals. A linear relationship between ACT and heparin concentrations was established. Haemodilution and depletion of platelets did not significantly influence the ACT. When a clean venipuncture with disposable needles is used, ACT is a reliable, uncomplicated bedside technique by which heparinisation can be monitored.", "contents": "Evaluation of the activated whole blood clotting time (ACT) in vitro. The activated whole blood clotting time (ACT) was analyzed in vitro using blood samples from normal individuals and from patients with heart disease, scheduled for open heart surgery. The ACT was found to be normally distributed in a group of normal individuals with a mean of 135 sec. In patients with heart diseases, the average ACT was slightly shorter than in normal individuals. A linear relationship between ACT and heparin concentrations was established. Haemodilution and depletion of platelets did not significantly influence the ACT. When a clean venipuncture with disposable needles is used, ACT is a reliable, uncomplicated bedside technique by which heparinisation can be monitored.", "PMID": 504972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6416", "title": "[Heparin treatment. Comparison between intravenous and subcutaneous administration].", "content": "48 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs were treated with sodium heparin. In 23 patients heparin was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) twice a day and in 25 patients heparin was given by continuous intravenous perfusion (i.v.). Pain and edema disappeared after 8.7 days (s.c.) and 11.7 days (i.v.) respectively. One non fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in each group. A second venography was performed in 24 patients after 7 days of treatment and revealed no difference between the two groups. As judged by repeated thrombin time determination, anticoagulation was ineffective on at least one day in 39% of patients treated subcutaneously and in 60% of patients treated intravenously. The two pulmonary embolisms occurred in patients with ineffective anticoagulation. It is concluded that heparin  may be used either intravenously or subcutaneously in the treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. Thromboembolic complications occurred with both methods of treatment when anticoagulation was ineffective.", "contents": "[Heparin treatment. Comparison between intravenous and subcutaneous administration]. 48 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs were treated with sodium heparin. In 23 patients heparin was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) twice a day and in 25 patients heparin was given by continuous intravenous perfusion (i.v.). Pain and edema disappeared after 8.7 days (s.c.) and 11.7 days (i.v.) respectively. One non fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in each group. A second venography was performed in 24 patients after 7 days of treatment and revealed no difference between the two groups. As judged by repeated thrombin time determination, anticoagulation was ineffective on at least one day in 39% of patients treated subcutaneously and in 60% of patients treated intravenously. The two pulmonary embolisms occurred in patients with ineffective anticoagulation. It is concluded that heparin  may be used either intravenously or subcutaneously in the treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. Thromboembolic complications occurred with both methods of treatment when anticoagulation was ineffective.", "PMID": 504973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6417", "title": "Classification of opioids on the basis of change in seizure threshold in rats.", "content": "Twenty opioids have been subdivided into four classes by using flurothyl-induced seizures in rats to measure dose-response relationships, stereospecificity, naloxone sensitivity, and tolerance-cross-tolerance. The data support current theories of multiple opiate receptor types. Since the receptors involved mediate effects that are antagonized, enhanced, or unaffected by naloxone, the model is uniquely suitable for detecting novel narcotic antagonists that can then be used to differentiate opiate receptors in other systems.", "contents": "Classification of opioids on the basis of change in seizure threshold in rats. Twenty opioids have been subdivided into four classes by using flurothyl-induced seizures in rats to measure dose-response relationships, stereospecificity, naloxone sensitivity, and tolerance-cross-tolerance. The data support current theories of multiple opiate receptor types. Since the receptors involved mediate effects that are antagonized, enhanced, or unaffected by naloxone, the model is uniquely suitable for detecting novel narcotic antagonists that can then be used to differentiate opiate receptors in other systems.", "PMID": 504986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6418", "title": "Reading without a fovea.", "content": "A visual mask moving in synchrony with the eye obliterated foveal vision during reading under certain conditions. When foveal vision was masked, reading became difficult. In another condition, a window of readable text moved in synchrony with the eye, and parafoveal vision was masked on each fixation. The results point out the importance of foveal and parafoveal vision in reading.", "contents": "Reading without a fovea. A visual mask moving in synchrony with the eye obliterated foveal vision during reading under certain conditions. When foveal vision was masked, reading became difficult. In another condition, a window of readable text moved in synchrony with the eye, and parafoveal vision was masked on each fixation. The results point out the importance of foveal and parafoveal vision in reading.", "PMID": 504987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6419", "title": "Phenylethylamine in paranoid chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous amine that is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. Urinary PEA excretion is significantly higher in paranoid chronic schizophrenics than in nonparanoid chronic schizophrenics and normal controls. Diet, hospitalization, and medication do not account for differences in PEA concentrations. These findings offer some indication that PEA may be an endogenous amphetamine.", "contents": "Phenylethylamine in paranoid chronic schizophrenia. Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous amine that is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. Urinary PEA excretion is significantly higher in paranoid chronic schizophrenics than in nonparanoid chronic schizophrenics and normal controls. Diet, hospitalization, and medication do not account for differences in PEA concentrations. These findings offer some indication that PEA may be an endogenous amphetamine.", "PMID": 504988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6420", "title": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding.", "content": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding. Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.", "PMID": 504989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6421", "title": "Stimulation of abducens nucleus supports classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response.", "content": "The acquisition and terminal performance of a classical conditioning group compared with a control group indicated that extension of the nictitating membrane elicited by direct electrical stimulation of the abducens nucleus was successfully conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus. The conditioning so obtained was associative and not due to such nonassociative factors as sensitization, pseudo-conditioning, or alteration in base-rate responding.", "contents": "Stimulation of abducens nucleus supports classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. The acquisition and terminal performance of a classical conditioning group compared with a control group indicated that extension of the nictitating membrane elicited by direct electrical stimulation of the abducens nucleus was successfully conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus. The conditioning so obtained was associative and not due to such nonassociative factors as sensitization, pseudo-conditioning, or alteration in base-rate responding.", "PMID": 504990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6422", "title": "Gamma rays: further evidence for lack of a threshold dose for lethality to human cells.", "content": "In experiments designed to measure human cell survival sith +/- 2 percent accuracy it was found that low doses (21 to 87 rad) of gamma-rays inactivated the colony-forming ability of cultured human cells with a probability of 0.00226 +/- 0.00012 per rad. There appears to be no threshold for the lethality of radiation to human cells in vitro.", "contents": "Gamma rays: further evidence for lack of a threshold dose for lethality to human cells. In experiments designed to measure human cell survival sith +/- 2 percent accuracy it was found that low doses (21 to 87 rad) of gamma-rays inactivated the colony-forming ability of cultured human cells with a probability of 0.00226 +/- 0.00012 per rad. There appears to be no threshold for the lethality of radiation to human cells in vitro.", "PMID": 504991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6423", "title": "Movement disorders of aged rats: reversal by dopamine receptor stimulation.", "content": "When placed in a tank of water, aged rats (24 to 27 months old) showed marked impairments in swimming. Compared with young adult rats (3 to 4 months old), the older animals moved their limbs less vigorously and were less successful in keeping their heads above water. The young, but not old, rats maintained a position nearly horizontal to the water surface and planed across it. These movement dysfunctions of aged rats resemble those seen in young adult animals that have sustained injury to brain dopamine-containing neurons. The swimming impairments of the aged rats were reversed by the dopamine receptor stimulant apomorphine and by the biosynthetic precursor of dopamine, L-dopa. Thus, age-related alterations in brain dopaminergic systems may be responsible for some of the movement disturbances associated with senescence.", "contents": "Movement disorders of aged rats: reversal by dopamine receptor stimulation. When placed in a tank of water, aged rats (24 to 27 months old) showed marked impairments in swimming. Compared with young adult rats (3 to 4 months old), the older animals moved their limbs less vigorously and were less successful in keeping their heads above water. The young, but not old, rats maintained a position nearly horizontal to the water surface and planed across it. These movement dysfunctions of aged rats resemble those seen in young adult animals that have sustained injury to brain dopamine-containing neurons. The swimming impairments of the aged rats were reversed by the dopamine receptor stimulant apomorphine and by the biosynthetic precursor of dopamine, L-dopa. Thus, age-related alterations in brain dopaminergic systems may be responsible for some of the movement disturbances associated with senescence.", "PMID": 504992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6424", "title": "A correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma prolactin concentrations in man.", "content": "Increases in plasma prolactin concentrations produced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, varied inversely with baseline platelet monoamine oxidase activity in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia. In normal volunteers with low monoamine oxidase activity and in unmedicated patients with chronic schizophrenia, plasma prolactin concentrations varied directly with platelet monoamine oxidase activity. No such relationship was found in normal subjects with high platelet monoamine oxidase activity. These data suggest that platelet monoamine oxidase activity reflects monoaminergic activity in the tubero-infundibular system, which in turn affects plasma prolactin concentrations. This relationship may be important in patients with low platelet monoamine oxidase activity, such as some chronic schizophrenics.", "contents": "A correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma prolactin concentrations in man. Increases in plasma prolactin concentrations produced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, varied inversely with baseline platelet monoamine oxidase activity in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia. In normal volunteers with low monoamine oxidase activity and in unmedicated patients with chronic schizophrenia, plasma prolactin concentrations varied directly with platelet monoamine oxidase activity. No such relationship was found in normal subjects with high platelet monoamine oxidase activity. These data suggest that platelet monoamine oxidase activity reflects monoaminergic activity in the tubero-infundibular system, which in turn affects plasma prolactin concentrations. This relationship may be important in patients with low platelet monoamine oxidase activity, such as some chronic schizophrenics.", "PMID": 504993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6425", "title": "Can an ape create a sentence?", "content": "More than 19,000 multisign utterances of an infant chimpanzee (Nim) were analyzed for syntactic and semantic regularities. Lexical regularities were observed in the case of two-sign combinations: particular signs (for example, more) tended to occur in a particular position. These regularities could not be attributed to memorization or to position habits, suggesting that they were structurally constrained. That conclusion, however, was invalidated by videotape analyses, which showed that most of Nim's utterances were prompted by his teacher's prior utterance, and that Nim interrupted his teachers to a much larger extent than a child interrupts an adult's speech. Signed utterances of other apes (as shown on films) revealed similar non-human patterns of discourse.", "contents": "Can an ape create a sentence? More than 19,000 multisign utterances of an infant chimpanzee (Nim) were analyzed for syntactic and semantic regularities. Lexical regularities were observed in the case of two-sign combinations: particular signs (for example, more) tended to occur in a particular position. These regularities could not be attributed to memorization or to position habits, suggesting that they were structurally constrained. That conclusion, however, was invalidated by videotape analyses, which showed that most of Nim's utterances were prompted by his teacher's prior utterance, and that Nim interrupted his teachers to a much larger extent than a child interrupts an adult's speech. Signed utterances of other apes (as shown on films) revealed similar non-human patterns of discourse.", "PMID": 504995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6426", "title": "Dolphin lung collapse and intramuscular circulation during free diving: evidence from nitrogen washout.", "content": "Intramuscular nitrogen tensions in Tursiops truncatus after a schedule of repetitive ocean dives suggest a lung collapse depth of about 70 meters and suggest that intramuscular circulation is maintained during unrestrained diving in the open ocean. Therefore, the bottle-nosed dolphin is not protected by lung collapse from the decompression hazards of dives to depths shallower than 70 meters.", "contents": "Dolphin lung collapse and intramuscular circulation during free diving: evidence from nitrogen washout. Intramuscular nitrogen tensions in Tursiops truncatus after a schedule of repetitive ocean dives suggest a lung collapse depth of about 70 meters and suggest that intramuscular circulation is maintained during unrestrained diving in the open ocean. Therefore, the bottle-nosed dolphin is not protected by lung collapse from the decompression hazards of dives to depths shallower than 70 meters.", "PMID": 505001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6427", "title": "Dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines: significant urinary excretion by alcoholics after alcohol consumption.", "content": "Concentrations of dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines (salsolinol and O-methylated salsolinol) were significantly higher in the daily urine samples of alcoholic subjects admitted for alcohol detoxification than in the daily urine samples of nonalcoholic control subjects. Salsolinol concentrations in alcoholic subjects appeared to drop to trace (control) values 2 to 3 days after admission, following the disappearance of ethanol and its reactive metabolite acetaldehyde from the blood. These results indicate that physiologically active tetrahydroisoquinolines increase in humans during long-term alcohol consumption, presumably because of acetaldehyde's direct condensation with catecholamines. The presence of these or similar condensation products in the urine could be useful as clinical indicators of prior blood acetaldehyde concentrations in chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "Dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines: significant urinary excretion by alcoholics after alcohol consumption. Concentrations of dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines (salsolinol and O-methylated salsolinol) were significantly higher in the daily urine samples of alcoholic subjects admitted for alcohol detoxification than in the daily urine samples of nonalcoholic control subjects. Salsolinol concentrations in alcoholic subjects appeared to drop to trace (control) values 2 to 3 days after admission, following the disappearance of ethanol and its reactive metabolite acetaldehyde from the blood. These results indicate that physiologically active tetrahydroisoquinolines increase in humans during long-term alcohol consumption, presumably because of acetaldehyde's direct condensation with catecholamines. The presence of these or similar condensation products in the urine could be useful as clinical indicators of prior blood acetaldehyde concentrations in chronic alcoholics.", "PMID": 505002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6428", "title": "Temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles.", "content": "The sex of hatchling map turtles is determined by incubation temperature of eggs in the laboratory as well as in nature. Temperature controls sex differentiation rather than causing a differential mortality of sexes. Temperature has no effect on sex determination in a soft-shelled turtle.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles. The sex of hatchling map turtles is determined by incubation temperature of eggs in the laboratory as well as in nature. Temperature controls sex differentiation rather than causing a differential mortality of sexes. Temperature has no effect on sex determination in a soft-shelled turtle.", "PMID": 505003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6429", "title": "Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid.", "content": "After mature rats that had been fed on a vitamin D3-deficient diet were injected with tritium-labeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, radioactivity became concentrated in nuclei of luminal and cryptal epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon; in nuclei of the epithelium of kidney distal tubules including the macula densa, and in podocytes of glomeruli; in nuclei of the epidermis including outer hairshafts and sebaceous glands; and in nuclei of certain cells of the stomach, anterior and posterior pituitary, and parathyroid. These results reveal cell types that contain receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or metabolites of this compound both in known or hypothesized target tissues and in tissues that were previously unknown to participate in vitamin D3 metabolism.", "contents": "Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid. After mature rats that had been fed on a vitamin D3-deficient diet were injected with tritium-labeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, radioactivity became concentrated in nuclei of luminal and cryptal epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon; in nuclei of the epithelium of kidney distal tubules including the macula densa, and in podocytes of glomeruli; in nuclei of the epidermis including outer hairshafts and sebaceous glands; and in nuclei of certain cells of the stomach, anterior and posterior pituitary, and parathyroid. These results reveal cell types that contain receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or metabolites of this compound both in known or hypothesized target tissues and in tissues that were previously unknown to participate in vitamin D3 metabolism.", "PMID": 505004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6430", "title": "A glucose-controlled insulin-delivery system: semisynthetic insulin bound to lectin.", "content": "A stable, biologically active glycosylated insulin derivative that is complementary to the major combining site of concanavalin A has been synthesized. Hormone release is proportional to the quantity of glucose present. Glucose regulation of exogenous insulin delivery could have important applications in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "A glucose-controlled insulin-delivery system: semisynthetic insulin bound to lectin. A stable, biologically active glycosylated insulin derivative that is complementary to the major combining site of concanavalin A has been synthesized. Hormone release is proportional to the quantity of glucose present. Glucose regulation of exogenous insulin delivery could have important applications in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 505005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6431", "title": "Different nucleosome structures on transcribing and nontranscribing ribosomal gene sequences.", "content": "Monomeric DNA lengths from Physarum nuclear chromatin occur in two subunit forms which differ from each other and from higher oligomers of nucleosomes in content of transcribed ribosomal DNA sequences. Labeled DNA restriction fragments from ribosomal RNA coding regions reanneal most rapidly with DNA from a monomeric subunit fraction. A particles, isolated from growing plasmodia and containing 144 base pairs of DNA in an extended conformation. Higher oligomers of nucleosomes are depleted in sequences from transcribing gene regions but are enriched in sequences from the nontranscribed central spacer of the ribosomal DNA palindrome. Nucleosome configuration on two 26S gene intervening sequences resembles that on adjacent coding regions.", "contents": "Different nucleosome structures on transcribing and nontranscribing ribosomal gene sequences. Monomeric DNA lengths from Physarum nuclear chromatin occur in two subunit forms which differ from each other and from higher oligomers of nucleosomes in content of transcribed ribosomal DNA sequences. Labeled DNA restriction fragments from ribosomal RNA coding regions reanneal most rapidly with DNA from a monomeric subunit fraction. A particles, isolated from growing plasmodia and containing 144 base pairs of DNA in an extended conformation. Higher oligomers of nucleosomes are depleted in sequences from transcribing gene regions but are enriched in sequences from the nontranscribed central spacer of the ribosomal DNA palindrome. Nucleosome configuration on two 26S gene intervening sequences resembles that on adjacent coding regions.", "PMID": 505006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6432", "title": "Time-resolved europium(III) excitation spectroscopy: a luminescence probe of metal ion binding sites.", "content": "A laser-induced luminescence technique is introduced for probing the structure and equilibria of lanthanide complexes and lanthanide ion binding to macromolecules. The method involves the excitation of the 7F0 leads to 5D0 transition between nondegenerate levels in the europium(III) ion by means of an intense pulsed dye laser source. Excitation profits obtained by scanning the laser through the transition region reveal distinct peaks characteristic of individual europium(III) ion environments. The technique may be used to characterize the species present in complex equilibria in solution or to study europium(III) binding to macromolecules. Distinct europium(III) binding sites in thermolysin with long and short excited state lifetimes are observed.", "contents": "Time-resolved europium(III) excitation spectroscopy: a luminescence probe of metal ion binding sites. A laser-induced luminescence technique is introduced for probing the structure and equilibria of lanthanide complexes and lanthanide ion binding to macromolecules. The method involves the excitation of the 7F0 leads to 5D0 transition between nondegenerate levels in the europium(III) ion by means of an intense pulsed dye laser source. Excitation profits obtained by scanning the laser through the transition region reveal distinct peaks characteristic of individual europium(III) ion environments. The technique may be used to characterize the species present in complex equilibria in solution or to study europium(III) binding to macromolecules. Distinct europium(III) binding sites in thermolysin with long and short excited state lifetimes are observed.", "PMID": 505007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6433", "title": "Microwaves: effect on thermoregulatory behavior in rats.", "content": "Rats, with their fur clipped, pressed a lever to turn on an infrared lamp while in a cold chamber. When they were exposed to continuous-wave microwaves at 2450 megahertz for 15-minute periods, the rate at which they turned on the infrared lamp decreased as a function of the microwave power density, which ranged between 5 and 20 milliwatts per square centimeter. This result indicates that behaviorally significant levels of heating may occur at an exposure duration and intensities that do not produce measurable changes in many other behavioral measures or in colonic temperature. Further study of how microwaves affect thermoregulatory behavior may help us understand such phenomena as the reported \"nonthermal\" behavioral effects of microwaves.", "contents": "Microwaves: effect on thermoregulatory behavior in rats. Rats, with their fur clipped, pressed a lever to turn on an infrared lamp while in a cold chamber. When they were exposed to continuous-wave microwaves at 2450 megahertz for 15-minute periods, the rate at which they turned on the infrared lamp decreased as a function of the microwave power density, which ranged between 5 and 20 milliwatts per square centimeter. This result indicates that behaviorally significant levels of heating may occur at an exposure duration and intensities that do not produce measurable changes in many other behavioral measures or in colonic temperature. Further study of how microwaves affect thermoregulatory behavior may help us understand such phenomena as the reported \"nonthermal\" behavioral effects of microwaves.", "PMID": 505008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6434", "title": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in adipocyte mitochondria by an insulin-generated mediator from muscle.", "content": "Material in a chromatographic fraction from an extract of insulin-treated muscle stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in addipocyte mitochondria. This action was similar to insulin's activation of the enzyme in a plasma membrane-mitochondria mixture. Neither the chromatographic fraction nor insulin required adenosine triphosphate or magnesium ion (Mg2+), suggesting that both agents acted through a calcium-sensitive phosphatase. This fraction may contain a chemical mediator of insulin action.", "contents": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in adipocyte mitochondria by an insulin-generated mediator from muscle. Material in a chromatographic fraction from an extract of insulin-treated muscle stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in addipocyte mitochondria. This action was similar to insulin's activation of the enzyme in a plasma membrane-mitochondria mixture. Neither the chromatographic fraction nor insulin required adenosine triphosphate or magnesium ion (Mg2+), suggesting that both agents acted through a calcium-sensitive phosphatase. This fraction may contain a chemical mediator of insulin action.", "PMID": 505013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6435", "title": "Vascular smooth muscle: aerobic glycolysis linked to sodium and potassium transport processes.", "content": "Under aerobic conditions, glucose is primarily catabolized by vascular smooth muscle to lactate, in spite of an adequate oxidative capacity. Although this is often considered to be indicative of some nonspecific metabolic insufficiency, there is evidence that aerobic glycolysis is specifically coupled to sodium and potassium transport processes, whereas oxidative metabolism is couple to contracticle energy requirements.", "contents": "Vascular smooth muscle: aerobic glycolysis linked to sodium and potassium transport processes. Under aerobic conditions, glucose is primarily catabolized by vascular smooth muscle to lactate, in spite of an adequate oxidative capacity. Although this is often considered to be indicative of some nonspecific metabolic insufficiency, there is evidence that aerobic glycolysis is specifically coupled to sodium and potassium transport processes, whereas oxidative metabolism is couple to contracticle energy requirements.", "PMID": 505014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6436", "title": "A direct role of dopamine in the rat subthalamic nucleus and an adjacent intrapeduncular area.", "content": "The subthalamic nucleus, a clinically important component of the extrapyramidal motor system, and a lateral area extending into the peduncle contain catecholamine terminals and dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. In addition, dopamine agonists administered in vivo enhance glucose utilization in the region. Thus, neuronal function in this region is directly affected by dopamine and dopaminergic drugs.", "contents": "A direct role of dopamine in the rat subthalamic nucleus and an adjacent intrapeduncular area. The subthalamic nucleus, a clinically important component of the extrapyramidal motor system, and a lateral area extending into the peduncle contain catecholamine terminals and dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. In addition, dopamine agonists administered in vivo enhance glucose utilization in the region. Thus, neuronal function in this region is directly affected by dopamine and dopaminergic drugs.", "PMID": 505015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6437", "title": "Perception of size of one object among many.", "content": "Adaptation to a grating of properly chosen frequency may lead to two apparently conflicting observations: Another grating may then appear to be of increased frequency (compared with its \"unadapted\" frequency) while the individual bars of the grating appear to have widened. This perceived widening parallels previous results with single bars. By attending to only one grating bar, the subject effectively seems to change the grating frequency spectrum to that of a single bar.", "contents": "Perception of size of one object among many. Adaptation to a grating of properly chosen frequency may lead to two apparently conflicting observations: Another grating may then appear to be of increased frequency (compared with its \"unadapted\" frequency) while the individual bars of the grating appear to have widened. This perceived widening parallels previous results with single bars. By attending to only one grating bar, the subject effectively seems to change the grating frequency spectrum to that of a single bar.", "PMID": 505017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6438", "title": "Clonal characteristics of experimentally induced \"atherosclerotic\" lesions in the hybrid hare.", "content": "The female hybrid hare (Lepus timidus x Lepus europaeus) is heterozygous for electrophoretically separable, X-linked isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The isoenzymes of this animal have been used as cellular markers in the study of the clonal origins of experimentally induced atherosclerotic lesions. Aortic lesions produced in the hybrid hare by feeding cholesterol and injuring the aortic wall with a catheter have been shown to have polyclonal characteristics and in this way are fundamentally different from atherosclerotic fibrous plaques in man.", "contents": "Clonal characteristics of experimentally induced \"atherosclerotic\" lesions in the hybrid hare. The female hybrid hare (Lepus timidus x Lepus europaeus) is heterozygous for electrophoretically separable, X-linked isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The isoenzymes of this animal have been used as cellular markers in the study of the clonal origins of experimentally induced atherosclerotic lesions. Aortic lesions produced in the hybrid hare by feeding cholesterol and injuring the aortic wall with a catheter have been shown to have polyclonal characteristics and in this way are fundamentally different from atherosclerotic fibrous plaques in man.", "PMID": 505016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6439", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: concentrations of selenium and other elements.", "content": "Selenium concentrations in the serums of 17 acutely ill Legionnaires' disease patients were significantly lower than in their matching convalescent-phase serums. This trend was not observed in ten similarly paired samples of serum from control patients with pneumonia. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of nickel, copper, bromine, rubidium, lead, barium, or titanium in the serums of Legionnaires' disease and control patients.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: concentrations of selenium and other elements. Selenium concentrations in the serums of 17 acutely ill Legionnaires' disease patients were significantly lower than in their matching convalescent-phase serums. This trend was not observed in ten similarly paired samples of serum from control patients with pneumonia. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of nickel, copper, bromine, rubidium, lead, barium, or titanium in the serums of Legionnaires' disease and control patients.", "PMID": 505018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6440", "title": "Percutaneous needle biopsy for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas is a safe procedure, which may be done inexpensively and rapidly accomplished with high diagnostic accuracy. The major drawback of this technique is the need for a competent cytopathologist for specimen interpretation. It is quite possible, as more trained personnel become available, that percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy may become the technique of choice for establishing the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy.", "contents": "Percutaneous needle biopsy for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas is a safe procedure, which may be done inexpensively and rapidly accomplished with high diagnostic accuracy. The major drawback of this technique is the need for a competent cytopathologist for specimen interpretation. It is quite possible, as more trained personnel become available, that percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy may become the technique of choice for establishing the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy.", "PMID": 505023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6441", "title": "Melorheostosis and the sclerotomes: a radiological correlation.", "content": "Melorheostosis is characterised radiologically by hyperostotic linear densities in bone. These densities have a peculiarly segmental distribution which does not correspond with the anatomical course of blood vessels or mixed nerve roots of the limbs. So far this disbritubion has lacked any valid explanation, although it has been suggested to be a developmental error as a result of an embryonic metameric disturbance. Inman and Saunders in 1944 described a sensory nerve supply to skeletal structures with 'sclerotomes' representing the zones of the skeleton supplied by individual spinal sensory nerves. Radiographs of 30 cases from the Radiological Museum of the Institute of Orthopaedics, London, have been reviewed and an attempt has been made to correlate the sclerosing lesions with the sclerotomes. The investigation was handicapped by paucity of films and clinical information, but in 19 cases the skeletal abnormalities were considered to correspond with a single sclerotome or part thereof. These studies were convincing when films of an affected hand or foot were available. In the remaining 11 cases multiple sclerotomes appeared to be involved and the clinical manifestations were correspondingly more severe. It is proposed that melorheostosis may be the late result of a segmental sensory nerve lesion, to account for its sclerotomal distribution. The association with linear scleroderma is discussed, since it has been suggested that these cutaneous lesions are related to the same nerve segment. Eight cases showed paraarticular ossification of soft tissues which may be related to involvement of a corresponding myotome.", "contents": "Melorheostosis and the sclerotomes: a radiological correlation. Melorheostosis is characterised radiologically by hyperostotic linear densities in bone. These densities have a peculiarly segmental distribution which does not correspond with the anatomical course of blood vessels or mixed nerve roots of the limbs. So far this disbritubion has lacked any valid explanation, although it has been suggested to be a developmental error as a result of an embryonic metameric disturbance. Inman and Saunders in 1944 described a sensory nerve supply to skeletal structures with 'sclerotomes' representing the zones of the skeleton supplied by individual spinal sensory nerves. Radiographs of 30 cases from the Radiological Museum of the Institute of Orthopaedics, London, have been reviewed and an attempt has been made to correlate the sclerosing lesions with the sclerotomes. The investigation was handicapped by paucity of films and clinical information, but in 19 cases the skeletal abnormalities were considered to correspond with a single sclerotome or part thereof. These studies were convincing when films of an affected hand or foot were available. In the remaining 11 cases multiple sclerotomes appeared to be involved and the clinical manifestations were correspondingly more severe. It is proposed that melorheostosis may be the late result of a segmental sensory nerve lesion, to account for its sclerotomal distribution. The association with linear scleroderma is discussed, since it has been suggested that these cutaneous lesions are related to the same nerve segment. Eight cases showed paraarticular ossification of soft tissues which may be related to involvement of a corresponding myotome.", "PMID": 505048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6442", "title": "Computed tomography evaluation of fatty tumors of the somatic soft tissues: clinical utility and radiologic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "The role of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of fatty tumors of the somatic soft tissues was investigated. Six surgically proven cases of fatty tumors were studied preoperatively by CT and standard radiographic means--conventional radiographs, xeroradiography, and angiography. Our case material included a simple lipoma, two infiltrative lipomas, an angiolipoma, and two liposarcomas. The radiologic-pathologic correlation was evaluated with respect to the various imaging modalities. The unique tissue characteristics of fatty tumors makes them particularly adaptable to CT scanning. In addition to its ability to define accurately tissue densities, the facility of CT in depicting depth, size, and extent of the lesion in the axial plane was found to be most useful in the preoperative evaluation of our case material.", "contents": "Computed tomography evaluation of fatty tumors of the somatic soft tissues: clinical utility and radiologic-pathologic correlation. The role of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of fatty tumors of the somatic soft tissues was investigated. Six surgically proven cases of fatty tumors were studied preoperatively by CT and standard radiographic means--conventional radiographs, xeroradiography, and angiography. Our case material included a simple lipoma, two infiltrative lipomas, an angiolipoma, and two liposarcomas. The radiologic-pathologic correlation was evaluated with respect to the various imaging modalities. The unique tissue characteristics of fatty tumors makes them particularly adaptable to CT scanning. In addition to its ability to define accurately tissue densities, the facility of CT in depicting depth, size, and extent of the lesion in the axial plane was found to be most useful in the preoperative evaluation of our case material.", "PMID": 505049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6443", "title": "Unilateral lateral mass compression fractures of the axis.", "content": "Lateral mass compression fractures of the axis involve compression of the pedicle and displacement of the overlying facet, with or without an accompanying fracture of the odontoid. These unilateral fractures are not rare. Correlation is made between clinical cases and cadaver material with analysis of microradiographs. Criteria for recognition of the resultant healed fracture deformity include: (1) Tilting of the odontoid; (2) Loss of the odontoid shoulder on the affected side; (3) Increased downward slope of the affected facet; (4) Lateral compression, possibly with buckling; (5) Asymmetrical apophyseal joints between axis and atlas; and (6) Tilting downward of occiput on affected side, often with evidence of rotation between the occiput and the axis. Not all criteria need be present. Clinical sequelae often include persistent neck pain, limited rotation of the head, and occipital headaches radiating anteriorly.", "contents": "Unilateral lateral mass compression fractures of the axis. Lateral mass compression fractures of the axis involve compression of the pedicle and displacement of the overlying facet, with or without an accompanying fracture of the odontoid. These unilateral fractures are not rare. Correlation is made between clinical cases and cadaver material with analysis of microradiographs. Criteria for recognition of the resultant healed fracture deformity include: (1) Tilting of the odontoid; (2) Loss of the odontoid shoulder on the affected side; (3) Increased downward slope of the affected facet; (4) Lateral compression, possibly with buckling; (5) Asymmetrical apophyseal joints between axis and atlas; and (6) Tilting downward of occiput on affected side, often with evidence of rotation between the occiput and the axis. Not all criteria need be present. Clinical sequelae often include persistent neck pain, limited rotation of the head, and occipital headaches radiating anteriorly.", "PMID": 505050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6444", "title": "[Phenobarbital determination using direct densitometry of thin-layer chromatography].", "content": "A report on the determination of phenobarbital in model specimens of plasma and blood using direct densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms, namely by measurements of fluorescence quenching using remission technique following previous conversion of phenobarbital to sodium salt. Phenobarbital is extracted by three fundamentally different techniques, the results of estimation are given statistical evaluation, and the yield of each of the techniques is compared. Since the processing of 1 ml serum still allows the estimation of quantities as low as 1 microgram per stain the proposed method can be recommended for the determination of toxic levels of phenobarbital in plasma or in blood.", "contents": "[Phenobarbital determination using direct densitometry of thin-layer chromatography]. A report on the determination of phenobarbital in model specimens of plasma and blood using direct densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms, namely by measurements of fluorescence quenching using remission technique following previous conversion of phenobarbital to sodium salt. Phenobarbital is extracted by three fundamentally different techniques, the results of estimation are given statistical evaluation, and the yield of each of the techniques is compared. Since the processing of 1 ml serum still allows the estimation of quantities as low as 1 microgram per stain the proposed method can be recommended for the determination of toxic levels of phenobarbital in plasma or in blood.", "PMID": 505062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6445", "title": "Knee pain in runners.", "content": "Of 149 runners seen with knee pain, 60 had common orthopedic problems as the cause. Eighty-nine had recurring pain but few or no classic findings. These runners were divided into four groups depending on localization of the pain. Gait mechanical problems were identified and treatment regimens developed. Questionnaires were returned by 40 runners who fit into these four pain groups. Treatment by injections, anti-inflammatory agents, and advice to rest or stop running had produced only temporary results. Correction of biomechanical problems related to running relieved or improved the pain in 37 of 40 patients.", "contents": "Knee pain in runners. Of 149 runners seen with knee pain, 60 had common orthopedic problems as the cause. Eighty-nine had recurring pain but few or no classic findings. These runners were divided into four groups depending on localization of the pain. Gait mechanical problems were identified and treatment regimens developed. Questionnaires were returned by 40 runners who fit into these four pain groups. Treatment by injections, anti-inflammatory agents, and advice to rest or stop running had produced only temporary results. Correction of biomechanical problems related to running relieved or improved the pain in 37 of 40 patients.", "PMID": 505065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6446", "title": "Effects of epinephrine, benzalkonium chloride, and intraocular miotics on corneal endothelium.", "content": "Drugs formulated for use both inside and outside of the eye were tested for their potential toxic effects on the corneal endothelium. Commercially available epinephrine 1:1000 was toxic to the corneal endothelium, but solutions diluted fivefold caused no endothelial damage. The toxic agent was the sodium bisulfite 0.1% preservative. Benzalkonium chloride is highly toxic to corneal endothelium in its commonly used concentration of 0.01% and had to be diluted one thousand times to prevent endothelial damage. Ophthalmic medications for extraocular use should never be used intracamerally. Miotics commonly used in surgery during intraocular lens implantation are generally nontoxic to the cornea, though caution is advised in the use of carbachol in patients with preexisting endothelial disease and in patients having procedures in which substantial mechanical trauma to the endothelium may occur.", "contents": "Effects of epinephrine, benzalkonium chloride, and intraocular miotics on corneal endothelium. Drugs formulated for use both inside and outside of the eye were tested for their potential toxic effects on the corneal endothelium. Commercially available epinephrine 1:1000 was toxic to the corneal endothelium, but solutions diluted fivefold caused no endothelial damage. The toxic agent was the sodium bisulfite 0.1% preservative. Benzalkonium chloride is highly toxic to corneal endothelium in its commonly used concentration of 0.01% and had to be diluted one thousand times to prevent endothelial damage. Ophthalmic medications for extraocular use should never be used intracamerally. Miotics commonly used in surgery during intraocular lens implantation are generally nontoxic to the cornea, though caution is advised in the use of carbachol in patients with preexisting endothelial disease and in patients having procedures in which substantial mechanical trauma to the endothelium may occur.", "PMID": 505066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6447", "title": "Clinical and experimental correlations in temporal bone fracture: the facial nerve.", "content": "In this review of 50 patients with fracture of the temporal bone, 11 patients had ipsilateral facial paralysis, three of immediate and eight of delayed onset. Eight patients with complete paralysis of the facial nerve had facial nerve decompression; six of these had incomplete return of function. Only one patient with a delayed complete facial paralysis had complete return of function. The poor functional results in patients with delayed complete facial paralysis due to temporal bone fracture encourage facial nerve decompression in all stable patients with the complete facial paralysis of temporal bone fracture.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental correlations in temporal bone fracture: the facial nerve. In this review of 50 patients with fracture of the temporal bone, 11 patients had ipsilateral facial paralysis, three of immediate and eight of delayed onset. Eight patients with complete paralysis of the facial nerve had facial nerve decompression; six of these had incomplete return of function. Only one patient with a delayed complete facial paralysis had complete return of function. The poor functional results in patients with delayed complete facial paralysis due to temporal bone fracture encourage facial nerve decompression in all stable patients with the complete facial paralysis of temporal bone fracture.", "PMID": 505067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6448", "title": "Carbon dioxide laser in otolaryngology.", "content": "Laser therapy has been an addition to our therapeutic armamentarium. Although in certain conditions (ie, webs, granulomas, and to a lesser degree papillomas) it has been serviceable, conventional methods of treatment are used in the majority of our patients.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide laser in otolaryngology. Laser therapy has been an addition to our therapeutic armamentarium. Although in certain conditions (ie, webs, granulomas, and to a lesser degree papillomas) it has been serviceable, conventional methods of treatment are used in the majority of our patients.", "PMID": 505068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6449", "title": "Acute sarcoidosis occurring during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was established in a 54-year-old woman with a compatible history, as well as patchy alopecia, anemia, arthralgias, and a positive LE cell preparation. Sixteen months later bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes appeared on chest roentgenogram. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed when hypercalcemia and noninfectious, noncaseating epithelioid granulomas were found in the skin and liver. The sarcoidosis remitted with corticosteroid therapy, but slowly advancing renal failure ultimately resulted in the patient's death. We believe the concurrence of SLE and sarcoidosis had not been previously reported in the English literature. Immune mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Acute sarcoidosis occurring during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was established in a 54-year-old woman with a compatible history, as well as patchy alopecia, anemia, arthralgias, and a positive LE cell preparation. Sixteen months later bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes appeared on chest roentgenogram. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed when hypercalcemia and noninfectious, noncaseating epithelioid granulomas were found in the skin and liver. The sarcoidosis remitted with corticosteroid therapy, but slowly advancing renal failure ultimately resulted in the patient's death. We believe the concurrence of SLE and sarcoidosis had not been previously reported in the English literature. Immune mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 505069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6450", "title": "Obstruction of the inferior vena cava complicating hemodialysis in polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "Two patients with polycystic kidney disease and renal failure developed profound hypotension within 30 minutes after starting hemodialysis. After ruling out all recognized causes of hypotension during early dialysis, we found that their vena cavas were obstructed by compression of the vessels against the spinal column by the greatly enlarged polycystic kidneys. Immediately after bilateral nephrectomy, the patients had dialysis, with removal of large amounts of fluid without causing hypotension. We speculate that compression of the vena cava by massively enlarged polycystic kidneys may significantly contribute to the renal insufficiency by greatly increasing renal venous pressure.", "contents": "Obstruction of the inferior vena cava complicating hemodialysis in polycystic kidney disease. Two patients with polycystic kidney disease and renal failure developed profound hypotension within 30 minutes after starting hemodialysis. After ruling out all recognized causes of hypotension during early dialysis, we found that their vena cavas were obstructed by compression of the vessels against the spinal column by the greatly enlarged polycystic kidneys. Immediately after bilateral nephrectomy, the patients had dialysis, with removal of large amounts of fluid without causing hypotension. We speculate that compression of the vena cava by massively enlarged polycystic kidneys may significantly contribute to the renal insufficiency by greatly increasing renal venous pressure.", "PMID": 505070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6451", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome in anti-GBM antibody mediated glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Glomerulonephritis induced by antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane is a well recognized cause of renal disease and is responsible for 5% to 15% of all glomerular disease. The patients usually present with an acute nephritic syndrome followed by rapidly progressive renal failure. We report two patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, and who exhibited differing clinical courses not characteristic of \"rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis\" or Goodpasture's syndrome.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome in anti-GBM antibody mediated glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis induced by antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane is a well recognized cause of renal disease and is responsible for 5% to 15% of all glomerular disease. The patients usually present with an acute nephritic syndrome followed by rapidly progressive renal failure. We report two patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, and who exhibited differing clinical courses not characteristic of \"rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis\" or Goodpasture's syndrome.", "PMID": 505071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6452", "title": "Radiologic appearance of pulmonary South American blastomycosis.", "content": "South American blastomycosis is an uncommon type of systemic fungal disease endemic in the subtropical moist and wet areas of Latin America. Two illustrative cases are presented, with a review of the main pulmonary features of this infection.", "contents": "Radiologic appearance of pulmonary South American blastomycosis. South American blastomycosis is an uncommon type of systemic fungal disease endemic in the subtropical moist and wet areas of Latin America. Two illustrative cases are presented, with a review of the main pulmonary features of this infection.", "PMID": 505072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6453", "title": "Cardiac-pulmonary edema and low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.", "content": "We describe a patient who presented with acute massive pulmonary edema, clinically and on chest roentgenogram. Two hours later the patient became hypotensive and was found to have a low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). The blood pressure returned to normal after administration of fluids. Acute pulmonary edema develops if PCWP rises higher than 25 to 30 mm Hg. In our patient, the elevated PCWP fell to low normal within two hours, when chest roentgenogram and clinical examination still suggested severe pulmonary edema. A phase lag existed between lowering of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and clearing of fluid from the alveolar and interstitial spaces in the lungs. At least three different pathogenetic mechanisms in patients with coronary artery disease can produce this phase lag. Transient global ischemia of the left ventricle was thought to be the responsible mechanism in our patient.", "contents": "Cardiac-pulmonary edema and low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. We describe a patient who presented with acute massive pulmonary edema, clinically and on chest roentgenogram. Two hours later the patient became hypotensive and was found to have a low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). The blood pressure returned to normal after administration of fluids. Acute pulmonary edema develops if PCWP rises higher than 25 to 30 mm Hg. In our patient, the elevated PCWP fell to low normal within two hours, when chest roentgenogram and clinical examination still suggested severe pulmonary edema. A phase lag existed between lowering of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and clearing of fluid from the alveolar and interstitial spaces in the lungs. At least three different pathogenetic mechanisms in patients with coronary artery disease can produce this phase lag. Transient global ischemia of the left ventricle was thought to be the responsible mechanism in our patient.", "PMID": 505073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6454", "title": "Echocardiographically determined mitral valve prolapse in male patients.", "content": "Mitral valve prolapse syndrome is a common clinical entity that may occur as an isolated condition or in association with other cardiovascular diseases. In this retrospective study, 41% (23/56) of the male patients with echocardiographically diagnosed mitral valve prolapse had an additional form of cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Echocardiographically determined mitral valve prolapse in male patients. Mitral valve prolapse syndrome is a common clinical entity that may occur as an isolated condition or in association with other cardiovascular diseases. In this retrospective study, 41% (23/56) of the male patients with echocardiographically diagnosed mitral valve prolapse had an additional form of cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 505074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6455", "title": "Recurrent atraumatic subungual splinter hemorrhages in healthy individuals.", "content": "Four individuals with severe, chronic, recurrent splinter hemorrhages are reported. The duration of splinter hemorrhages ranged between six and 30 years. The fresh lesions were associated with burning sharp pain and tenderness which lasted for a few days. Although commonly located in the distal one third of nails, they were often found in the middle and the proximal third as well. In-depth review of these individuals' history, physical examination, and laboratory values failed to reveal recurrent trauma, drug use, or any underlying systemic disease. Based on these findings we conclude that chronic subungual splinter hemorrhages are nonspecific findings and may be seen in both health and disease states.", "contents": "Recurrent atraumatic subungual splinter hemorrhages in healthy individuals. Four individuals with severe, chronic, recurrent splinter hemorrhages are reported. The duration of splinter hemorrhages ranged between six and 30 years. The fresh lesions were associated with burning sharp pain and tenderness which lasted for a few days. Although commonly located in the distal one third of nails, they were often found in the middle and the proximal third as well. In-depth review of these individuals' history, physical examination, and laboratory values failed to reveal recurrent trauma, drug use, or any underlying systemic disease. Based on these findings we conclude that chronic subungual splinter hemorrhages are nonspecific findings and may be seen in both health and disease states.", "PMID": 505075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6456", "title": "Fever in megaloblastic anemia.", "content": "Charts of 122 patients with megaloblastic anemia due to either B12 or folic acid deficiency were reviewed for the presence of fever. Fever, defined as a temperature of 100 F (37.8 C) or more, was present in approximately 40% of the patients with both. The elevation was usually minimal but was sometimes over 104 F (40 C), usually in those with more severe anemia and thrombocytopenia, and greater elevations of SGOT and bilirubin concentration. In uncomplicated cases, the temperature returned rapidly to normal after adequate vitamin therapy. Failure of the fever to disappear rapidly with treatment should suggest the probability of some cause other than megaloblastic anemia.", "contents": "Fever in megaloblastic anemia. Charts of 122 patients with megaloblastic anemia due to either B12 or folic acid deficiency were reviewed for the presence of fever. Fever, defined as a temperature of 100 F (37.8 C) or more, was present in approximately 40% of the patients with both. The elevation was usually minimal but was sometimes over 104 F (40 C), usually in those with more severe anemia and thrombocytopenia, and greater elevations of SGOT and bilirubin concentration. In uncomplicated cases, the temperature returned rapidly to normal after adequate vitamin therapy. Failure of the fever to disappear rapidly with treatment should suggest the probability of some cause other than megaloblastic anemia.", "PMID": 505076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6457", "title": "Doppler ultrasound in evaluating the localization and severity of peripheral vascular occlusive disease.", "content": "We studied 150 arterial Doppler examinations on 150 patients by obtaining segmental pressures and the analogue wave tracings, and comparing the ankle/arm index to the arteriograms. Each limb was divided into iliofemoral, femoral, popliteal, and trifurcation segments. Of the 793 segments interpreted as normal by arterial Doppler, 758 were confirmed, with 96% true-negative and 4% false-negative results. Of 364 segments shown by arterial Doppler to be abnormal, 328 were confirmed by the arteriogram, ie, 90% true-positive and 10% false-positive results. Thus, a total of 1,157 segments were studied, with 94% correlation with the arteriogram in localizing the peripheral vascular occlusive disease. The ankle/arm index is helpful in determining the severity of the disease. The majority of patients with an ankle/arm index of 0.6 to 0.8 have significant disease. An index of less than 0.6 is indicative of severe disease.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound in evaluating the localization and severity of peripheral vascular occlusive disease. We studied 150 arterial Doppler examinations on 150 patients by obtaining segmental pressures and the analogue wave tracings, and comparing the ankle/arm index to the arteriograms. Each limb was divided into iliofemoral, femoral, popliteal, and trifurcation segments. Of the 793 segments interpreted as normal by arterial Doppler, 758 were confirmed, with 96% true-negative and 4% false-negative results. Of 364 segments shown by arterial Doppler to be abnormal, 328 were confirmed by the arteriogram, ie, 90% true-positive and 10% false-positive results. Thus, a total of 1,157 segments were studied, with 94% correlation with the arteriogram in localizing the peripheral vascular occlusive disease. The ankle/arm index is helpful in determining the severity of the disease. The majority of patients with an ankle/arm index of 0.6 to 0.8 have significant disease. An index of less than 0.6 is indicative of severe disease.", "PMID": 505077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6458", "title": "Minoxidil therapy for refractory hypertension and chronic renal failure.", "content": "Minoxidil, a potent vasodilator antihypertensive agent, was given to 14 patients with severe hypertension uncontrolled by conventional agents. Thirteen patients had elevated serum creatinine levels. Over a period of 20 months (mean duration of administration) minoxidil lowered blood pressure from 194/124 to 147/90 mm Hg (mean values), in combination with furosemide and a sympathetic inhibitor (usually propranolol). Progression of preexisting renal disease was halted in all but three patients. Fluid retention, cardiac failure, and angina were troublesome side effects. The occurrence of hypertrichosis also limited the usefulness of minoxidil, particularly in female patients.", "contents": "Minoxidil therapy for refractory hypertension and chronic renal failure. Minoxidil, a potent vasodilator antihypertensive agent, was given to 14 patients with severe hypertension uncontrolled by conventional agents. Thirteen patients had elevated serum creatinine levels. Over a period of 20 months (mean duration of administration) minoxidil lowered blood pressure from 194/124 to 147/90 mm Hg (mean values), in combination with furosemide and a sympathetic inhibitor (usually propranolol). Progression of preexisting renal disease was halted in all but three patients. Fluid retention, cardiac failure, and angina were troublesome side effects. The occurrence of hypertrichosis also limited the usefulness of minoxidil, particularly in female patients.", "PMID": 505078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6459", "title": "Control of orthopedic nosocomial wound infections.", "content": "The catastrophic effects of deep sepsis as a complication of total joint replacement, especially the hip and the knee, are well documented. This review identifies risk factors predisposing to surgical wound infection. Proven, investigational, and theoretic methods of reducing nosocomial wound infection rates, particularly pertaining to orthopedic procedures, are given.", "contents": "Control of orthopedic nosocomial wound infections. The catastrophic effects of deep sepsis as a complication of total joint replacement, especially the hip and the knee, are well documented. This review identifies risk factors predisposing to surgical wound infection. Proven, investigational, and theoretic methods of reducing nosocomial wound infection rates, particularly pertaining to orthopedic procedures, are given.", "PMID": 505079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6460", "title": "Why is medical school difficult? Or, if it isn't difficult, why it should be.", "content": "Given the intellect and motivation of the idealized contemporary medical student and the structure of contemporary medical education, one might not expect medical school to be difficult; experience dictates otherwise. Since medical school prepares one to become a physician, the inherent difficulty of medical school is expected to lie in the areas of the physician's attitudes, skills, and knowledge. This expectation is not supported; instead it is suggested that the difficulty may actually reside in the fact that the student must negotiate three different learning styles in the course of only two years.", "contents": "Why is medical school difficult? Or, if it isn't difficult, why it should be. Given the intellect and motivation of the idealized contemporary medical student and the structure of contemporary medical education, one might not expect medical school to be difficult; experience dictates otherwise. Since medical school prepares one to become a physician, the inherent difficulty of medical school is expected to lie in the areas of the physician's attitudes, skills, and knowledge. This expectation is not supported; instead it is suggested that the difficulty may actually reside in the fact that the student must negotiate three different learning styles in the course of only two years.", "PMID": 505081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6461", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma diagnosed in three generations of a single family.", "content": "Sixteen families have been reported in which hypernephromas have developed in several members of either one or two generations. This is the first reported instance in which three generations of one family were affected (the patient, the maternal aunt, and the maternal grandmother). For the first time, a complete review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma diagnosed in three generations of a single family. Sixteen families have been reported in which hypernephromas have developed in several members of either one or two generations. This is the first reported instance in which three generations of one family were affected (the patient, the maternal aunt, and the maternal grandmother). For the first time, a complete review of the literature is included.", "PMID": 505082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6462", "title": "Partial trisomy 4q resulting from a familial 4/3 translocation.", "content": "A case of trisomy 4q resulting from a balanced paternal translocation is described. Phenotypic similarity of cases with similar break points included hypoplastic nasal alae, short philtrum and pursed lips, and prominent ears. The birth of the proband was preceded by unexplained infertility, oligospermia in the father, and increased fetal wastage. Each of these features is an appropriate indication for cytogenetic analysis. If such an analysis had been done, the unbalanced translocation state in a liveborn, handicapped child could have been anticipated.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 4q resulting from a familial 4/3 translocation. A case of trisomy 4q resulting from a balanced paternal translocation is described. Phenotypic similarity of cases with similar break points included hypoplastic nasal alae, short philtrum and pursed lips, and prominent ears. The birth of the proband was preceded by unexplained infertility, oligospermia in the father, and increased fetal wastage. Each of these features is an appropriate indication for cytogenetic analysis. If such an analysis had been done, the unbalanced translocation state in a liveborn, handicapped child could have been anticipated.", "PMID": 505083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6463", "title": "A teen-ager with 46,X,del(X)(q21).", "content": "A 19-year-old woman has a chromosome constitution of 46,X,del (X) (pter leads to q21:). X chromatin masses seen in buccal smears were fewer and smaller than normal. The deleted X has more darkly stained regions around the centromere, and the short arm is also shorter. She is 155.5 cm tall and the breasts are normally developed, as are the external genitalia; however, she had primary amenorrhea. There are no evocative somatic malformation of Turner's syndrome.", "contents": "A teen-ager with 46,X,del(X)(q21). A 19-year-old woman has a chromosome constitution of 46,X,del (X) (pter leads to q21:). X chromatin masses seen in buccal smears were fewer and smaller than normal. The deleted X has more darkly stained regions around the centromere, and the short arm is also shorter. She is 155.5 cm tall and the breasts are normally developed, as are the external genitalia; however, she had primary amenorrhea. There are no evocative somatic malformation of Turner's syndrome.", "PMID": 505084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6464", "title": "Christmas bow tragedies.", "content": "Two cases of fatal accidents involving plastic buttons from Christmas bows are described. Although accidents are the commonest cause of death in children less than 3 years old, governmental mechanisms, properly enforced, can be instrumental in preventing such catastrophies.", "contents": "Christmas bow tragedies. Two cases of fatal accidents involving plastic buttons from Christmas bows are described. Although accidents are the commonest cause of death in children less than 3 years old, governmental mechanisms, properly enforced, can be instrumental in preventing such catastrophies.", "PMID": 505086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6465", "title": "Extensive gas in tissues of the forearm after horsebite.", "content": "A 44-year-old man sustained lacerations of the forearm as a result of a horsebite. His arm became swollen after primary closure of the wounds, and a roentgenogram showed gas in the tissues of the forearm. Streptococcus anginosus and S mutans were isolated from the wounds.", "contents": "Extensive gas in tissues of the forearm after horsebite. A 44-year-old man sustained lacerations of the forearm as a result of a horsebite. His arm became swollen after primary closure of the wounds, and a roentgenogram showed gas in the tissues of the forearm. Streptococcus anginosus and S mutans were isolated from the wounds.", "PMID": 505087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6466", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis and consumption of clotting factors by multifocal vasculopathic coagulation.", "content": "We have reported a third case of miliary tuberculosis and associated consumption coagulopathy. It is proposed that clotting factors may be locally consumed, thus producing the syndrome of \"multifocal vasculopathic coagulation.\"", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis and consumption of clotting factors by multifocal vasculopathic coagulation. We have reported a third case of miliary tuberculosis and associated consumption coagulopathy. It is proposed that clotting factors may be locally consumed, thus producing the syndrome of \"multifocal vasculopathic coagulation.\"", "PMID": 505090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6467", "title": "Pheochromocytoma and fibromuscular hyperplasia.", "content": "We have described a case which documents two possible surgical correctable causes for hypertension in a 55-year-old white man. Preoperative renal arteriograms and renal vein renin determinations suggested the possibility of renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular hyperplasia. At operation, a pheochromocytoma was found in the left suprarenal area. The presence of two unusual causes for hypertension in a single patient suggests that more than one remediable cause of hypertension should at least be considered in a given hypertensive patient.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma and fibromuscular hyperplasia. We have described a case which documents two possible surgical correctable causes for hypertension in a 55-year-old white man. Preoperative renal arteriograms and renal vein renin determinations suggested the possibility of renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular hyperplasia. At operation, a pheochromocytoma was found in the left suprarenal area. The presence of two unusual causes for hypertension in a single patient suggests that more than one remediable cause of hypertension should at least be considered in a given hypertensive patient.", "PMID": 505091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6468", "title": "Endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens.", "content": "We have described a case of endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens on a prosthetic Hancock valve, which was cured with a six-week course of ampicillin and gentamicin therapy. Cases of Moraxella septicemia or endocarditis are uncommon, and this apparently represents the first case of Moraxella nonliquefaciens endocarditis on a prosthetic valve. The fastidious growth characteristics of this and similar species may require prolonged incubation of blood cultures and development of different methods for testing the bactericidal activity of the patient's serum.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens. We have described a case of endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens on a prosthetic Hancock valve, which was cured with a six-week course of ampicillin and gentamicin therapy. Cases of Moraxella septicemia or endocarditis are uncommon, and this apparently represents the first case of Moraxella nonliquefaciens endocarditis on a prosthetic valve. The fastidious growth characteristics of this and similar species may require prolonged incubation of blood cultures and development of different methods for testing the bactericidal activity of the patient's serum.", "PMID": 505092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6469", "title": "Opportunistic infections in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are susceptible to infection from a variety of opportunistic pathogens. We have described an elderly man with CLL who had repeated, severe bacterial and fungal infections including recurrent cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated histoplasmosis, Vibrio fetus sepsis, Pasturella tularensis sepsis, and Aspergillus pneumonia. B cell and possible T cell defectiveness in CLL as well as chronic corticosteroid therapy contributed to the weakened host defenses.", "contents": "Opportunistic infections in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are susceptible to infection from a variety of opportunistic pathogens. We have described an elderly man with CLL who had repeated, severe bacterial and fungal infections including recurrent cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated histoplasmosis, Vibrio fetus sepsis, Pasturella tularensis sepsis, and Aspergillus pneumonia. B cell and possible T cell defectiveness in CLL as well as chronic corticosteroid therapy contributed to the weakened host defenses.", "PMID": 505093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6470", "title": "Fatal pulmonary embolism in an adolescent with chickenpox.", "content": "A fatal case of pulmonary emboli associated with varicella in an adolescent is reported. Review of the literature revealed confusion between pulmonary infarction and embolization, the latter having been documented with varicella only in adults before this report. Embolic phenomena should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary symptoms associated with varicella, since their recognition and treatment offers important supportive measures in the care of the frequently critically ill patients.", "contents": "Fatal pulmonary embolism in an adolescent with chickenpox. A fatal case of pulmonary emboli associated with varicella in an adolescent is reported. Review of the literature revealed confusion between pulmonary infarction and embolization, the latter having been documented with varicella only in adults before this report. Embolic phenomena should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary symptoms associated with varicella, since their recognition and treatment offers important supportive measures in the care of the frequently critically ill patients.", "PMID": 505094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6471", "title": "Plasmacytomas of the breast: an unusual manifestation of multiple myeloma.", "content": "One of the presenting findings of the described patient with multiple myeloma was multiple plasmacytomas of the breast. Mammograms obtained before and after chemotherapy demonstrated the response to drugs. The finding of plasmacytomas of the breast is an unusual manifestation of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Plasmacytomas of the breast: an unusual manifestation of multiple myeloma. One of the presenting findings of the described patient with multiple myeloma was multiple plasmacytomas of the breast. Mammograms obtained before and after chemotherapy demonstrated the response to drugs. The finding of plasmacytomas of the breast is an unusual manifestation of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 505095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6472", "title": "Pseudothyrotoxic myopathy: a complication of thionamide therapy in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A hyperthyroid patient treated with methimazole for three weeks developed proximal muscle weakness, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, and thyrotoxic myopathy was diagnosed. The signs and symptoms spontaneously abated when antithyroid medication was discontinued. This case identified a complication of thionamide treatment mimicking thyrotoxic myopathy and points to the therapeutic necessity of making such a differentiation.", "contents": "Pseudothyrotoxic myopathy: a complication of thionamide therapy in hyperthyroidism. A hyperthyroid patient treated with methimazole for three weeks developed proximal muscle weakness, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, and thyrotoxic myopathy was diagnosed. The signs and symptoms spontaneously abated when antithyroid medication was discontinued. This case identified a complication of thionamide treatment mimicking thyrotoxic myopathy and points to the therapeutic necessity of making such a differentiation.", "PMID": 505096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6473", "title": "Soft tissue ameloblastoma.", "content": "A case of massive peripheral ameloblastoma is presented. The lesion had been present for many years and had apparently spread by direct extension. There has been no recurrence after two years of follow-up. Proper oropharyngeal continuity has been maintained by the placement of a maxillary prosthesis.", "contents": "Soft tissue ameloblastoma. A case of massive peripheral ameloblastoma is presented. The lesion had been present for many years and had apparently spread by direct extension. There has been no recurrence after two years of follow-up. Proper oropharyngeal continuity has been maintained by the placement of a maxillary prosthesis.", "PMID": 505097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6474", "title": "Simultaneous bilateral aspiration of foreign bodies.", "content": "Aspiration of foreign bodies into the bronchial lumen continues to be a potential hazard especially in children. Bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, emphysema, or pleuropulmonary fistula may develop if untreated. The treatment of choice is extraction by bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Our patient simultaneously aspirated two squirrel vertebrae, neither of which produced obstruction. The patient's symptoms were due mainly to the partial obstruction secondary to the formation of granulation tissue. One aspirated vertebra was extracted during the diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, but a rigid Jackson bronchoscope was necessary to remove the other foreign body. The patient has since been asymptomatic.", "contents": "Simultaneous bilateral aspiration of foreign bodies. Aspiration of foreign bodies into the bronchial lumen continues to be a potential hazard especially in children. Bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, emphysema, or pleuropulmonary fistula may develop if untreated. The treatment of choice is extraction by bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Our patient simultaneously aspirated two squirrel vertebrae, neither of which produced obstruction. The patient's symptoms were due mainly to the partial obstruction secondary to the formation of granulation tissue. One aspirated vertebra was extracted during the diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, but a rigid Jackson bronchoscope was necessary to remove the other foreign body. The patient has since been asymptomatic.", "PMID": 505098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6475", "title": "Vasodilator correction of hypotension in the postoperative period.", "content": "This case is unusual in that hypotension, as opposed to hypertension, was a consequence of increased sympathetic tone in the postoperative period, but it illustrates the well known fact that patients in compensated congestive heart failure do poorly when faced with an elevated myocardial oxygen need from either increased rate or afterload. Vasodilator therapy was effective in immediately reducing afterload and systolic regurgitant fraction, thereby increasing oxygen supply and lowering myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Vasodilator correction of hypotension in the postoperative period. This case is unusual in that hypotension, as opposed to hypertension, was a consequence of increased sympathetic tone in the postoperative period, but it illustrates the well known fact that patients in compensated congestive heart failure do poorly when faced with an elevated myocardial oxygen need from either increased rate or afterload. Vasodilator therapy was effective in immediately reducing afterload and systolic regurgitant fraction, thereby increasing oxygen supply and lowering myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 505099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6476", "title": "The value of radiography in the initial grading of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The initial chest radiograph obtained in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was evaluated in relation to the clinical and biochemical status of the infant as well as to the prognosis. In 101 neonates a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated.", "contents": "The value of radiography in the initial grading of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. The initial chest radiograph obtained in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome was evaluated in relation to the clinical and biochemical status of the infant as well as to the prognosis. In 101 neonates a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated.", "PMID": 505196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6477", "title": "Fine-needle percutaneous cholangiography followed by drainage of the biliary system: An initial report.", "content": "Fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has gained popularity for investigating patients with obstructive jaundice, after which percutaneous drainage of the biliary tree is frequently carried out. The technique is described and the results from 10 patients in whom the procedure was carried out are discussed.", "contents": "Fine-needle percutaneous cholangiography followed by drainage of the biliary system: An initial report. Fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has gained popularity for investigating patients with obstructive jaundice, after which percutaneous drainage of the biliary tree is frequently carried out. The technique is described and the results from 10 patients in whom the procedure was carried out are discussed.", "PMID": 505197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6478", "title": "Renal amyloidosis in blacks.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of renal amyloidosis in a large general hospital, only 7 cases were found. Patients generally presented with nephrotic syndrome and symptoms of fluid overload; hypertension on presentation was unusual. Renal failure was present in 5 out of 7 patients, and uraemia in 3. The disease was secondary in 5 patients and primary in 2, and the prognosis was uniformly bad.", "contents": "Renal amyloidosis in blacks. In a retrospective survey of renal amyloidosis in a large general hospital, only 7 cases were found. Patients generally presented with nephrotic syndrome and symptoms of fluid overload; hypertension on presentation was unusual. Renal failure was present in 5 out of 7 patients, and uraemia in 3. The disease was secondary in 5 patients and primary in 2, and the prognosis was uniformly bad.", "PMID": 505198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6479", "title": "Breast feeding in Cape Town.", "content": "An interview survey of infant feeding practices was conducted among the mothers of 126 infants, aged 3-4 1/2 months, attending local authority clinics in two subeconomic residential areas of Cape Town. It was found that while at 1 month only 19% of the infants were wholly bottle-fed, at the age of 3-4 1/2 months this proportion was 60%, and only 14% were fully breast-fed. The factors found to be significantly associated with the cessation of breast feeding were young maternal age and maternal employment. A downward trend in the prevalence of breast feeding continues--despite the efforts of health services. Recommendations to promote breast feeding are made.", "contents": "Breast feeding in Cape Town. An interview survey of infant feeding practices was conducted among the mothers of 126 infants, aged 3-4 1/2 months, attending local authority clinics in two subeconomic residential areas of Cape Town. It was found that while at 1 month only 19% of the infants were wholly bottle-fed, at the age of 3-4 1/2 months this proportion was 60%, and only 14% were fully breast-fed. The factors found to be significantly associated with the cessation of breast feeding were young maternal age and maternal employment. A downward trend in the prevalence of breast feeding continues--despite the efforts of health services. Recommendations to promote breast feeding are made.", "PMID": 505199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6480", "title": "Attitude of middle-class mothers to breast feeding. A study in general practice.", "content": "A survey of all mothers in a middle-income, suburban family practice who had been delivered of infants over a 2-year period was conducted. Their attitudes towards breast feeding and the role their doctors had played in influencing them was determined. The survey showed that there is much room for improvement in the promotion and encouragement of breast feeding in the community.", "contents": "Attitude of middle-class mothers to breast feeding. A study in general practice. A survey of all mothers in a middle-income, suburban family practice who had been delivered of infants over a 2-year period was conducted. Their attitudes towards breast feeding and the role their doctors had played in influencing them was determined. The survey showed that there is much room for improvement in the promotion and encouragement of breast feeding in the community.", "PMID": 505200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6481", "title": "Early recognition of infantile autism.", "content": "This article is primarily concerned with the early recognition of infantile autism. Since this syndrome is always a manifestation of disturbed interpersonal relationships, the normal development of an early mother-infant interaction is described. It should thus be easy to observe distorted interaction and to investigate the cause. Autism is one of several manifestations of impaired interaction.", "contents": "Early recognition of infantile autism. This article is primarily concerned with the early recognition of infantile autism. Since this syndrome is always a manifestation of disturbed interpersonal relationships, the normal development of an early mother-infant interaction is described. It should thus be easy to observe distorted interaction and to investigate the cause. Autism is one of several manifestations of impaired interaction.", "PMID": 505201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6482", "title": "Tuberculous endocarditis: A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two patients with tuberculous endocarditis are described. In one patient the condition developed on a mitral valve prosthesis and in the other in thrombus adherent to a ventriculo-atrial shunt.", "contents": "Tuberculous endocarditis: A report of 2 cases. Two patients with tuberculous endocarditis are described. In one patient the condition developed on a mitral valve prosthesis and in the other in thrombus adherent to a ventriculo-atrial shunt.", "PMID": 505202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6483", "title": "[Perforation of the heart during implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. A report on two cases].", "content": "Perforation of the right ventricular wall occurred in 2 patients during implantation of a transvenous temporary pacemaker. Although neither of the patients showed any signs of symptoms of pericardial tamponade, blood was found in the pericardial sac at thoracotomy, by means of which epicardial pacemakers were inserted. The possibility of tamponade should therefore be kept in mind when anaesthetizing patients who received a temporary transvenous pacemaker.", "contents": "[Perforation of the heart during implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. A report on two cases]. Perforation of the right ventricular wall occurred in 2 patients during implantation of a transvenous temporary pacemaker. Although neither of the patients showed any signs of symptoms of pericardial tamponade, blood was found in the pericardial sac at thoracotomy, by means of which epicardial pacemakers were inserted. The possibility of tamponade should therefore be kept in mind when anaesthetizing patients who received a temporary transvenous pacemaker.", "PMID": 505203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6484", "title": "Coronary insufficiency in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Thirteen cases of coronary insufficiency diagnosed in childhood are presented. The aetiology, signs and symptoms and course of the patients are described. Some of the causes of coronary insufficiency are amenable to treatment.", "contents": "Coronary insufficiency in infancy and childhood. Thirteen cases of coronary insufficiency diagnosed in childhood are presented. The aetiology, signs and symptoms and course of the patients are described. Some of the causes of coronary insufficiency are amenable to treatment.", "PMID": 505208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6485", "title": "Hepatic infections. Part I. A serological evaluation of Fab antigens (Fab' and F (ab)2) and antibodies in patients and asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Evidence for the association of Fab (antigen-binding) fragments of IgG and antibodies directed against receptors of these fragments (Fab' and F(ab)2) has been found in patients and asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen. Fab fragments of IgG are often detected in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive sera where the intensity of antibody activity to these determinants is significantly reduced. The formation of strong antibodies to Fab fragments is often observed in association with the presence of hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAb). Comparative studies show that the appearance of Fab fragments in HBsAg-positive sera is not linked to the presence of hepatitis e antigen. This observation was supported by the finding of autologous Fab fragments of IgG in e antibody-positive sera. It was also established that the amount of Fab fragment in the serum is closely associated with the detection of high HBsAg titres. Preliminary investigations suggest that the Fab fragments of IgG detected in the serum of HBsAg-positive patients represent in vivo-digested HBsAb attached to the surface membrane of virus B particles. Further studies are in progress to determine the relationship of Fab fragments with a variety of other immunological events, especially the role of liver enzymes in the cleavage of intact antibodies.", "contents": "Hepatic infections. Part I. A serological evaluation of Fab antigens (Fab' and F (ab)2) and antibodies in patients and asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Evidence for the association of Fab (antigen-binding) fragments of IgG and antibodies directed against receptors of these fragments (Fab' and F(ab)2) has been found in patients and asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen. Fab fragments of IgG are often detected in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive sera where the intensity of antibody activity to these determinants is significantly reduced. The formation of strong antibodies to Fab fragments is often observed in association with the presence of hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAb). Comparative studies show that the appearance of Fab fragments in HBsAg-positive sera is not linked to the presence of hepatitis e antigen. This observation was supported by the finding of autologous Fab fragments of IgG in e antibody-positive sera. It was also established that the amount of Fab fragment in the serum is closely associated with the detection of high HBsAg titres. Preliminary investigations suggest that the Fab fragments of IgG detected in the serum of HBsAg-positive patients represent in vivo-digested HBsAb attached to the surface membrane of virus B particles. Further studies are in progress to determine the relationship of Fab fragments with a variety of other immunological events, especially the role of liver enzymes in the cleavage of intact antibodies.", "PMID": 505209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6486", "title": "Granulomatous ochronosis -- a cosmetic-induced skin disorder in Blacks.", "content": "More skin eruptions than previously are appearing in Blacks after the application of a variety of topical cosmetics. Clinical and histological descriptions of these conditions are reviewed and classified. Four cases of sarcoid-like foreign-body granulomas are reported. The stricter control of cosmetics is recommended.", "contents": "Granulomatous ochronosis -- a cosmetic-induced skin disorder in Blacks. More skin eruptions than previously are appearing in Blacks after the application of a variety of topical cosmetics. Clinical and histological descriptions of these conditions are reviewed and classified. Four cases of sarcoid-like foreign-body granulomas are reported. The stricter control of cosmetics is recommended.", "PMID": 505210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6487", "title": "The effect of remedial teaching on children with learning disabilities.", "content": "A study of questionnaires completed by the parents and class teachers of 70 children with learning diabilities revealed evidence of considerable parental satisfaction with scholastic progress and improved behaviour. These advances were attended by a significant reduction in domestic tension and concern about the children's future. However, teacher ratings indicate that despite prolonged remedial teaching more than half of the group remained at a scholastic level below the average class performance.", "contents": "The effect of remedial teaching on children with learning disabilities. A study of questionnaires completed by the parents and class teachers of 70 children with learning diabilities revealed evidence of considerable parental satisfaction with scholastic progress and improved behaviour. These advances were attended by a significant reduction in domestic tension and concern about the children's future. However, teacher ratings indicate that despite prolonged remedial teaching more than half of the group remained at a scholastic level below the average class performance.", "PMID": 505211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6488", "title": "[Sex education for the general practitioner].", "content": "Patients with sexual problems commonly present in a family practice. The family physician, as the doctor of first contact, is in the best position to manage these problems, but his training in human sexuality is very often insufficient. A plea is made for the proper training of family physicians in family medicine, including human sexuality.", "contents": "[Sex education for the general practitioner]. Patients with sexual problems commonly present in a family practice. The family physician, as the doctor of first contact, is in the best position to manage these problems, but his training in human sexuality is very often insufficient. A plea is made for the proper training of family physicians in family medicine, including human sexuality.", "PMID": 505212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6489", "title": "Management of the perineal wound with constant irrigation and suction after abdominoperineal excision for cancer of the rectum. A new suction/irrigation drain.", "content": "The technique of primary closure of the perineal wound combined with continuous irrigation and suction of the operative site has been used in 21 patients who underwent abdominoperineal excision for cancer of the rectum or anal canal. Primary healing occurred in 19 patients within 18 days, and all patients healed within 2 months. These results are in marked contrast to those in 38 patients treated with constant suction alone, of whom only 17 healed primarily.", "contents": "Management of the perineal wound with constant irrigation and suction after abdominoperineal excision for cancer of the rectum. A new suction/irrigation drain. The technique of primary closure of the perineal wound combined with continuous irrigation and suction of the operative site has been used in 21 patients who underwent abdominoperineal excision for cancer of the rectum or anal canal. Primary healing occurred in 19 patients within 18 days, and all patients healed within 2 months. These results are in marked contrast to those in 38 patients treated with constant suction alone, of whom only 17 healed primarily.", "PMID": 505219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6490", "title": "[Approaches to the analysis of radiographs of the lungs].", "content": "Different approaches to the analysis of radiographs of the lungs are briefly discussed. A systematic routine is proposed, outlined and briefly motivated. It is emphasized that radiological findings must be correlated with clinical findings if meaningful conclusions are to be drawn.", "contents": "[Approaches to the analysis of radiographs of the lungs]. Different approaches to the analysis of radiographs of the lungs are briefly discussed. A systematic routine is proposed, outlined and briefly motivated. It is emphasized that radiological findings must be correlated with clinical findings if meaningful conclusions are to be drawn.", "PMID": 505220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6491", "title": "Interns' attitudes towards aspects of their medical education.", "content": "During December 1977, the last month of the internship year, students who had obtained the M.B. B.Ch. degree at the University of the Witwatersrand at the end of 1976 completed questionnaires to reveal their attitudes towards aspects of their undergraduate education. Sixty-seven per cent of the class responded. The interns thought that their undergraduate education had prepared them ore adequately for manual tasks than for dealing with emotional aspects of patient care, especially a dying patient. More anxiety was aroused when managing a dying patient and his relatives than when performing diagnostic procedures. The health care function of allied professionals was not fully appreciated, and as a result their services were not fully used.", "contents": "Interns' attitudes towards aspects of their medical education. During December 1977, the last month of the internship year, students who had obtained the M.B. B.Ch. degree at the University of the Witwatersrand at the end of 1976 completed questionnaires to reveal their attitudes towards aspects of their undergraduate education. Sixty-seven per cent of the class responded. The interns thought that their undergraduate education had prepared them ore adequately for manual tasks than for dealing with emotional aspects of patient care, especially a dying patient. More anxiety was aroused when managing a dying patient and his relatives than when performing diagnostic procedures. The health care function of allied professionals was not fully appreciated, and as a result their services were not fully used.", "PMID": 505221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6492", "title": "Observations and speculations.", "content": "During 25 years of private practice in East Griqualand I have made a number of observations, mostly on Black patients, which may be of interest to readers, and I would also like to put forward a few speculations about disease as seen in the Black.", "contents": "Observations and speculations. During 25 years of private practice in East Griqualand I have made a number of observations, mostly on Black patients, which may be of interest to readers, and I would also like to put forward a few speculations about disease as seen in the Black.", "PMID": 505222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6493", "title": "Theophylline poisoning in an infant. A case report.", "content": "A case of an infant poisoned with theophylline is described. Theophylline elimination was by first-order kinetics; the implications of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Theophylline poisoning in an infant. A case report. A case of an infant poisoned with theophylline is described. Theophylline elimination was by first-order kinetics; the implications of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 505223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6494", "title": "Sacral dermal sinus: A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of sacral dermal sinus are reported. Although none of the patients developed meningitis, the danger of this serious complication and the need for early diagnosis and surgical excision are emphasized. Invasive radiological investigations may be dangerous and are seldom indicated. The relationship of sacral dermal sinus to other dermal lesions in this area is discussed.", "contents": "Sacral dermal sinus: A report of 3 cases. Three cases of sacral dermal sinus are reported. Although none of the patients developed meningitis, the danger of this serious complication and the need for early diagnosis and surgical excision are emphasized. Invasive radiological investigations may be dangerous and are seldom indicated. The relationship of sacral dermal sinus to other dermal lesions in this area is discussed.", "PMID": 505224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6495", "title": "The scope of primary hospital management for acute myocardial infarction and a suggested management regimen.", "content": "The diagnostic problems in 1 775 patients with chest pain admitted to the Casualty Department of the H.F. Verwoerd Hospital during 1978 are discussed. A series of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted during a 3-month period in 1978 is described. Early diagnosis and treatment, as outlined, should reduce primary and possibly late mortality.", "contents": "The scope of primary hospital management for acute myocardial infarction and a suggested management regimen. The diagnostic problems in 1 775 patients with chest pain admitted to the Casualty Department of the H.F. Verwoerd Hospital during 1978 are discussed. A series of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted during a 3-month period in 1978 is described. Early diagnosis and treatment, as outlined, should reduce primary and possibly late mortality.", "PMID": 505230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6496", "title": "Comparison of 99mTc and 131I scans in thyroid function studies.", "content": "Thyroid function was studied in 170 patients, using technetium-99m (99Tc) and oral radio-iodine (131I); 110 patients had normal thyroid function, and 60 had hyperthyroidism. The 20-minute 99mTc uptake gave an accurate assessment of thyroid function in 95% of patients, and the 24-hour 131I uptake was accurate in 92%. One hundred 99mTc and 131I scintiscans were compared by 3 observers. Scans obtained with each isotope were of comparable quality, and in only 1 patient were both scans of poor quality. 99mTc is as good as 131I for assessing thyroid function and morphology, but has several advantages over 131I.", "contents": "Comparison of 99mTc and 131I scans in thyroid function studies. Thyroid function was studied in 170 patients, using technetium-99m (99Tc) and oral radio-iodine (131I); 110 patients had normal thyroid function, and 60 had hyperthyroidism. The 20-minute 99mTc uptake gave an accurate assessment of thyroid function in 95% of patients, and the 24-hour 131I uptake was accurate in 92%. One hundred 99mTc and 131I scintiscans were compared by 3 observers. Scans obtained with each isotope were of comparable quality, and in only 1 patient were both scans of poor quality. 99mTc is as good as 131I for assessing thyroid function and morphology, but has several advantages over 131I.", "PMID": 505232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6497", "title": "Lumbar epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "An outline of the anatomy, physiology, indications, contraindications, complications and technique of lumbar epidural anaesthesia is presented.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural anaesthesia. An outline of the anatomy, physiology, indications, contraindications, complications and technique of lumbar epidural anaesthesia is presented.", "PMID": 505233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6498", "title": "Bilateral pleural effusions associated with generalized primary lymphoedema and erysipelas. A case report and the probable pathogenesis.", "content": "A case of bilateral pleural effusion in association with generalized primary lymphoedema and erysipelas, but without yellow dystrophic nails, is reported and the probable pathogenesis of the condition discussed. It is known that the primary defect lies in decreased lymphatic drainage. However, the consequent intravascular hypovolaemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism have not previously been demonstrated.", "contents": "Bilateral pleural effusions associated with generalized primary lymphoedema and erysipelas. A case report and the probable pathogenesis. A case of bilateral pleural effusion in association with generalized primary lymphoedema and erysipelas, but without yellow dystrophic nails, is reported and the probable pathogenesis of the condition discussed. It is known that the primary defect lies in decreased lymphatic drainage. However, the consequent intravascular hypovolaemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism have not previously been demonstrated.", "PMID": 505234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6499", "title": "Countercyclical U.S. fertility and its implications.", "content": "The following article is the verbatim text of a report based on research funded by the Social Security Administration and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the Rand Corporation. The report looks at changing fertility rates in the United States and their implications for future population size and age distributions. An economic model of fertility rate is used to explain observed differences in fertility rates amond couples and to predict future rates. The focus is on trends since 1947 because post-World War II data are the most complete. Several explanations for changing fertility rates are examined, and their usefulness in predicting the future is evaluated.", "contents": "Countercyclical U.S. fertility and its implications. The following article is the verbatim text of a report based on research funded by the Social Security Administration and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the Rand Corporation. The report looks at changing fertility rates in the United States and their implications for future population size and age distributions. An economic model of fertility rate is used to explain observed differences in fertility rates amond couples and to predict future rates. The focus is on trends since 1947 because post-World War II data are the most complete. Several explanations for changing fertility rates are examined, and their usefulness in predicting the future is evaluated.", "PMID": 505237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6500", "title": "Reversal of postoperative immunosuppression in man by vitamin A.", "content": "The effects of therapy with vitamin A on immune responsiveness after extensive surgical treatment were studied in vitro. Postoperatively, in control patients, there was depression of the total lymphocyte count and the response in the mixed lymphocyte reaction to a pool of stimulating cells. Treatment with pharmacologic dosages of vitamin A prevented depression of these parameters in the postoperative period. The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and monocyte mediated hemolysis was not consistently altered by operation in control patients, but there was a trend toward increased activity in those receiving vitamin A. Thus, vitamin A appears to be an immunostimulant in man.", "contents": "Reversal of postoperative immunosuppression in man by vitamin A. The effects of therapy with vitamin A on immune responsiveness after extensive surgical treatment were studied in vitro. Postoperatively, in control patients, there was depression of the total lymphocyte count and the response in the mixed lymphocyte reaction to a pool of stimulating cells. Treatment with pharmacologic dosages of vitamin A prevented depression of these parameters in the postoperative period. The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and monocyte mediated hemolysis was not consistently altered by operation in control patients, but there was a trend toward increased activity in those receiving vitamin A. Thus, vitamin A appears to be an immunostimulant in man.", "PMID": 505239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6501", "title": "Experience with hyperselective vagotomy in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Hyperselective vagotomy is a relatively recent surgical procedure used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. We report excellent results in 98 consecutive patients during the last four years. After a mean follow-up period of 2.2 years, the results, according to the classification of Visick, are excellent in a large number of patients. There was a significant gain in body weight in a majority of the patients. The recurrence rate for an ulcer is only 4.5 per cent. There is a significant reduction of basal acid output of 63 per cent, maximal acid output of 46.8 per cent and postinsulin acid output of 73.7 per cent.", "contents": "Experience with hyperselective vagotomy in patients with duodenal ulcer. Hyperselective vagotomy is a relatively recent surgical procedure used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. We report excellent results in 98 consecutive patients during the last four years. After a mean follow-up period of 2.2 years, the results, according to the classification of Visick, are excellent in a large number of patients. There was a significant gain in body weight in a majority of the patients. The recurrence rate for an ulcer is only 4.5 per cent. There is a significant reduction of basal acid output of 63 per cent, maximal acid output of 46.8 per cent and postinsulin acid output of 73.7 per cent.", "PMID": 505240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6502", "title": "Intraoperative assessment of intestinal viability with Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Following preliminary experimental animal studies showing Doppler ultrasound to be reliable in predicting intestinal viability and to correlate well with subserosal thermistor thermometry measurements, the Doppler technique has been used clinically for intraoperative intestinal viability assessment in colon-esophageal bypasses and colonic resections. Our clinical experience has shown Doppler ultrasound to be far superior to traditional predictive criteria. The presence of good Doppler sounds confirms adequate collateral pulsatile blood flow ensuring viability of the intestinal segment, whereas the absence of Doppler sounds indicates the need for appropriate revascularization. Based on the reliability of Doppler ultrasound, its simple technique and its relative inexpensiveness, we recommend the routine use of Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of the quality and adequacy of intestinal blood flow in predicting the viability of a segment of the intestine.", "contents": "Intraoperative assessment of intestinal viability with Doppler ultrasound. Following preliminary experimental animal studies showing Doppler ultrasound to be reliable in predicting intestinal viability and to correlate well with subserosal thermistor thermometry measurements, the Doppler technique has been used clinically for intraoperative intestinal viability assessment in colon-esophageal bypasses and colonic resections. Our clinical experience has shown Doppler ultrasound to be far superior to traditional predictive criteria. The presence of good Doppler sounds confirms adequate collateral pulsatile blood flow ensuring viability of the intestinal segment, whereas the absence of Doppler sounds indicates the need for appropriate revascularization. Based on the reliability of Doppler ultrasound, its simple technique and its relative inexpensiveness, we recommend the routine use of Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of the quality and adequacy of intestinal blood flow in predicting the viability of a segment of the intestine.", "PMID": 505241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6503", "title": "Carcinoma in the supra-ampullary portion of the bile ducts.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts were reviewed and the tumors grouped for surgical evaluation by anatomic locations. Diagnostic techniques of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle as well as angiography have made preoperative diagnosis and evaluation much more accurate. Of 27 patients who fell into the category of supra-ampullary bile duct carcinoma, 12 underwent surgical resection without an operative mortality. Long term results were discouraging, only five patients being described as having actual or potential cures. More aggressive surgical approaches to supra-ampullary carcinoma of the bile ducts offer some expectation of longer palliation and occasional cure.", "contents": "Carcinoma in the supra-ampullary portion of the bile ducts. Thirty-four patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts were reviewed and the tumors grouped for surgical evaluation by anatomic locations. Diagnostic techniques of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle as well as angiography have made preoperative diagnosis and evaluation much more accurate. Of 27 patients who fell into the category of supra-ampullary bile duct carcinoma, 12 underwent surgical resection without an operative mortality. Long term results were discouraging, only five patients being described as having actual or potential cures. More aggressive surgical approaches to supra-ampullary carcinoma of the bile ducts offer some expectation of longer palliation and occasional cure.", "PMID": 505242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6504", "title": "Clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic factors in advanced malignant melanoma.", "content": "A retrospective study of the clinical findings and natural history of 140 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma treated at Wayne State University over a ten year period was done. Multiple organ metastases were diagnosed clinically in 78 per cent of all patients and seen at all autopsies. Routine roentgenograms of the chest did not diagnose metastases to the lung in 27 per cent of the patients. The concimitant elevation of alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase enzymes is suggestive of underlying metastases to the liver even with a negative liver scan or normal liver size. Electroencephalography was found to be sensitive in predicting and confirming metastases to the central nervous system prior to clinical manifestation with a 97 per cent accuracy rate in clinically confirmed instances as compared with a 60 per cent accuracy rate with brain scan. Age, sex and primary site of melanoma did not influence the survival once the disease became disseminated. Patients with a disease-free interval of more than six months statistically have a better chance of survival from the onset of systemic metastases, p = 0.001. Patients with a poor performance status of less than or equal to 40 per cent had a median survival period of one month as compared with six months with 90 per cent performance, p = 0.001. Patients who initially presented with metastases to the skin or lymph nodes without other visceral involvement had a 14 month median survival rate as compared with eight months in patients with metastases to the central nervous system only, four months with metastases to the liver and only one month in patients with multiple organ involvement, p = 0.0001.", "contents": "Clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic factors in advanced malignant melanoma. A retrospective study of the clinical findings and natural history of 140 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma treated at Wayne State University over a ten year period was done. Multiple organ metastases were diagnosed clinically in 78 per cent of all patients and seen at all autopsies. Routine roentgenograms of the chest did not diagnose metastases to the lung in 27 per cent of the patients. The concimitant elevation of alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase enzymes is suggestive of underlying metastases to the liver even with a negative liver scan or normal liver size. Electroencephalography was found to be sensitive in predicting and confirming metastases to the central nervous system prior to clinical manifestation with a 97 per cent accuracy rate in clinically confirmed instances as compared with a 60 per cent accuracy rate with brain scan. Age, sex and primary site of melanoma did not influence the survival once the disease became disseminated. Patients with a disease-free interval of more than six months statistically have a better chance of survival from the onset of systemic metastases, p = 0.001. Patients with a poor performance status of less than or equal to 40 per cent had a median survival period of one month as compared with six months with 90 per cent performance, p = 0.001. Patients who initially presented with metastases to the skin or lymph nodes without other visceral involvement had a 14 month median survival rate as compared with eight months in patients with metastases to the central nervous system only, four months with metastases to the liver and only one month in patients with multiple organ involvement, p = 0.0001.", "PMID": 505243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6505", "title": "Retrospective study of operations for peptic ulcer.", "content": "Over a period of 20 years, 1,109 operations were performed for peptic ulcer. The site was duodenal in 873, gastric in 161 and marginal in 75. Eighty-three closures of perforations resulted in eight deaths and 28 second operations. Excluding closure of perforation and operation for marginal ulcer, the definitive operations and postoperative mortality were 446 gastric resections and 3.5 per cent; 181 truncal vagotomy with gastric resection and 1.6 per cent, and 326 truncal vagotomy with drainage and 3.2 per cent. Recurrence after operation for gastric ulcer was 5.3 per cent and for duodenal ulcer, 7.2 per cent. Based on the total number of operations for duodenal ulcer, a recurrence occurred after 348 gastric resections, 9.2 per cent; after 146 vagotomy with resection, 2.0 per cent, and after 309 vagotomy with drainage, 7.4 per cent.", "contents": "Retrospective study of operations for peptic ulcer. Over a period of 20 years, 1,109 operations were performed for peptic ulcer. The site was duodenal in 873, gastric in 161 and marginal in 75. Eighty-three closures of perforations resulted in eight deaths and 28 second operations. Excluding closure of perforation and operation for marginal ulcer, the definitive operations and postoperative mortality were 446 gastric resections and 3.5 per cent; 181 truncal vagotomy with gastric resection and 1.6 per cent, and 326 truncal vagotomy with drainage and 3.2 per cent. Recurrence after operation for gastric ulcer was 5.3 per cent and for duodenal ulcer, 7.2 per cent. Based on the total number of operations for duodenal ulcer, a recurrence occurred after 348 gastric resections, 9.2 per cent; after 146 vagotomy with resection, 2.0 per cent, and after 309 vagotomy with drainage, 7.4 per cent.", "PMID": 505244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6506", "title": "Cysts and sinuses of the face resulting from dental abscesses.", "content": "Cysts and sinuses of the face and neck should always bring to mind the possibility of causative underlying dental disease. This should be investigated by history, physical examination and appropriate roentgenograms of the teeth. Abscesses of the teeth are the most common dental causes for the suspicious facial mass or sinus tract. Appropriate management includes extraction or root canal therapy of the diseases tooth. Any residual facial scar can later be excised and reconstructed as appropriate.", "contents": "Cysts and sinuses of the face resulting from dental abscesses. Cysts and sinuses of the face and neck should always bring to mind the possibility of causative underlying dental disease. This should be investigated by history, physical examination and appropriate roentgenograms of the teeth. Abscesses of the teeth are the most common dental causes for the suspicious facial mass or sinus tract. Appropriate management includes extraction or root canal therapy of the diseases tooth. Any residual facial scar can later be excised and reconstructed as appropriate.", "PMID": 505245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6507", "title": "Peripheral lymphocytes in carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Changes in peripheral lymphocyte counts have been reported in many different malignant conditions. We have studied 202 patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum and have evaluated the relationship between peripheral lymphocytes and stage of disease as well as sex, location of tumor and carcinoembryonic antigen levels. We found a correlation between advancing stage of disease and lower levels of peripheral lymphocytes. An inverse relationship for carcinoembryonic antigen levels and lymphocyte values was also noted for the entire group as well as for individual Stages B anc C. It was suggested that the combination of both lymphocyte levels and carcinoembryonic antigen determinations might be useful as a prognostic indicator.", "contents": "Peripheral lymphocytes in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Changes in peripheral lymphocyte counts have been reported in many different malignant conditions. We have studied 202 patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum and have evaluated the relationship between peripheral lymphocytes and stage of disease as well as sex, location of tumor and carcinoembryonic antigen levels. We found a correlation between advancing stage of disease and lower levels of peripheral lymphocytes. An inverse relationship for carcinoembryonic antigen levels and lymphocyte values was also noted for the entire group as well as for individual Stages B anc C. It was suggested that the combination of both lymphocyte levels and carcinoembryonic antigen determinations might be useful as a prognostic indicator.", "PMID": 505246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6508", "title": "Pancreatic abscess.", "content": "Compared with the general hospital population of patients with pancreatitis, patients with biliary tract or peptic ulcer disease have de novo pancreatic abscesses develop more commonly than patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. The apparent greater predisposition of the patient with biliary tract or peptic ulcer disease to infection does not seem to be due so much to these patients having potential sources of infection, such as an infected biliary tract or leaking ulcer, as to the fact that many patients with alcoholism and hemorrhagic pancreatitis never survive the fluid loss phase of pancreatitis long enough to have a secondary infection and abscess. The mortality associated with the development of de novo pancreatic abscesses is higher in patients with biliary disease, peptic ulcer or idiopathic pancreatitis in comparison with those patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. Some complications of pancreatic abscesses, such as renal failure, may be avoided through appropriate management of fluid losses during the hemorrhagic phase of pancreatitis preceding absecess formation. Good medical management and aggressive use of newer diagnostic and therapeutic modalities may reduce the mortality and complications of pancreatic abscess. Prompt drainage of an abscess once identified is essential to survival. Proximal colostomy or ileostomy is indicated in the patient with a colonic fistula. Large particulate chunks of necrotic pancreas are not easily evacuated through Penrose, cigarette or sump drains. Marsupialization of the abscess may be considered in patients with this type of abscess.", "contents": "Pancreatic abscess. Compared with the general hospital population of patients with pancreatitis, patients with biliary tract or peptic ulcer disease have de novo pancreatic abscesses develop more commonly than patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. The apparent greater predisposition of the patient with biliary tract or peptic ulcer disease to infection does not seem to be due so much to these patients having potential sources of infection, such as an infected biliary tract or leaking ulcer, as to the fact that many patients with alcoholism and hemorrhagic pancreatitis never survive the fluid loss phase of pancreatitis long enough to have a secondary infection and abscess. The mortality associated with the development of de novo pancreatic abscesses is higher in patients with biliary disease, peptic ulcer or idiopathic pancreatitis in comparison with those patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. Some complications of pancreatic abscesses, such as renal failure, may be avoided through appropriate management of fluid losses during the hemorrhagic phase of pancreatitis preceding absecess formation. Good medical management and aggressive use of newer diagnostic and therapeutic modalities may reduce the mortality and complications of pancreatic abscess. Prompt drainage of an abscess once identified is essential to survival. Proximal colostomy or ileostomy is indicated in the patient with a colonic fistula. Large particulate chunks of necrotic pancreas are not easily evacuated through Penrose, cigarette or sump drains. Marsupialization of the abscess may be considered in patients with this type of abscess.", "PMID": 505247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6509", "title": "The reproducibility of the treadmill walking test for claudication.", "content": "Two standard treadmill walking tests were carried out one week apart upon 117 patients with stable claudication. Although total walking time achieved was reproducible, there was a highly significant delay in the onset of pain during the second test. Absolute limb pressures, determined by Doppler, were reproducible for the group as a whole, although individual variation could be significant. A single walking test is an inadequate assessment of claudication.", "contents": "The reproducibility of the treadmill walking test for claudication. Two standard treadmill walking tests were carried out one week apart upon 117 patients with stable claudication. Although total walking time achieved was reproducible, there was a highly significant delay in the onset of pain during the second test. Absolute limb pressures, determined by Doppler, were reproducible for the group as a whole, although individual variation could be significant. A single walking test is an inadequate assessment of claudication.", "PMID": 505248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6510", "title": "Operative techniques for the treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Operative management of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and its complications requires a repertoire of surgical techniques, many of which are unique to pediatric surgery. Survival rates for infants with this once deadly illness are improving. Choice of the correct operative procedure and precise technical performance of the technique are mandatory for survival of the infant.", "contents": "Operative techniques for the treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Operative management of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and its complications requires a repertoire of surgical techniques, many of which are unique to pediatric surgery. Survival rates for infants with this once deadly illness are improving. Choice of the correct operative procedure and precise technical performance of the technique are mandatory for survival of the infant.", "PMID": 505255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6511", "title": "The role of stress hormones in the catabolic metabolism of shock.", "content": "The role of catecholamines in shock metabolism in dogs was studied by comparing the metabolism of shock due to cardiac tamponade, shock with catecholamine depletion from prior reserpine adminstration and metabolism in the normal dog with continuous epinephrine infusion. It was concluded that the high serum concentrations of catecholamines in shock probably cause the increased blood lactate, initial hyperglycemia and, possibly, the poor free fatty acid oxidation seen in shock, but do not cause the increased protein catabolism of shock. With the simultaneous infusion of glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine in physiologic dosages, catabolic metabolism similar to that observed in shock was established in the normal dog. Lactacidemia, hyperglycemia, poor ability to oxidize free fatty acid and massive protein breakdown were observed. The decreased metabolic rate and diminished fatty acid mobilization of shock were not duplicated in those in the normal group and are probably a function of hypoperfusion. The importance of these observations is that impaired use of fat and increased protein breakdown, as seen in shock and trauma, are mediated by hormonal changes. It follows that there may be the opportunity to reverse or modify this catabolism by hormonal manipulation in the surgical patient.", "contents": "The role of stress hormones in the catabolic metabolism of shock. The role of catecholamines in shock metabolism in dogs was studied by comparing the metabolism of shock due to cardiac tamponade, shock with catecholamine depletion from prior reserpine adminstration and metabolism in the normal dog with continuous epinephrine infusion. It was concluded that the high serum concentrations of catecholamines in shock probably cause the increased blood lactate, initial hyperglycemia and, possibly, the poor free fatty acid oxidation seen in shock, but do not cause the increased protein catabolism of shock. With the simultaneous infusion of glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine in physiologic dosages, catabolic metabolism similar to that observed in shock was established in the normal dog. Lactacidemia, hyperglycemia, poor ability to oxidize free fatty acid and massive protein breakdown were observed. The decreased metabolic rate and diminished fatty acid mobilization of shock were not duplicated in those in the normal group and are probably a function of hypoperfusion. The importance of these observations is that impaired use of fat and increased protein breakdown, as seen in shock and trauma, are mediated by hormonal changes. It follows that there may be the opportunity to reverse or modify this catabolism by hormonal manipulation in the surgical patient.", "PMID": 505256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6512", "title": "Intraoperative hemodilution during elective vascular reconstruction.", "content": "Intraoperative hemodilution and retransfusion were used for blood replacement in 30 patients who underwent elective reconstruction of the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta or femoropopliteal segment. During each operation, 1,000 to 2,000 milliliters of autologous blood were collected through an arterial cannula during induction of anesthesia and the initial stages of operative exposure. Each volume of shed blood was replaced with 1.5 volumes of colloid and crystalloid solutions to maintain a stable intravascular volume despite transient low hematocrit values--mean, 25.8 +/- 2.1 per cent--during the period of maximum blood loss in the surgical field. Collected blood was stored in standard citrate-phosphate-dextrose disposable units and was reinfused at the conclusion of the vascular procedure. Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheters were inserted in an initial study group of 15 patients. Serial blood hematocrit and coagulation studies and hemodynamic parameters were measured or calculated before and after induction of anesthesia, during hemodilution, after reinfusion of autologous blood and 24 hours after operation. Improvement in cardiac output and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance maintained adequate systemic oxygen transport during hemodilution. Transient dilution of coagulation factors was documented by abnormal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, but serious bleeding tendencies did not occur. Twenty-one of the 30 patients received no homologous blood. Considering the entire series of 30 patients, each required only 0.46 +/- 0.87, S.D., unit of homologous blood during operation and the postoperative period.", "contents": "Intraoperative hemodilution during elective vascular reconstruction. Intraoperative hemodilution and retransfusion were used for blood replacement in 30 patients who underwent elective reconstruction of the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta or femoropopliteal segment. During each operation, 1,000 to 2,000 milliliters of autologous blood were collected through an arterial cannula during induction of anesthesia and the initial stages of operative exposure. Each volume of shed blood was replaced with 1.5 volumes of colloid and crystalloid solutions to maintain a stable intravascular volume despite transient low hematocrit values--mean, 25.8 +/- 2.1 per cent--during the period of maximum blood loss in the surgical field. Collected blood was stored in standard citrate-phosphate-dextrose disposable units and was reinfused at the conclusion of the vascular procedure. Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheters were inserted in an initial study group of 15 patients. Serial blood hematocrit and coagulation studies and hemodynamic parameters were measured or calculated before and after induction of anesthesia, during hemodilution, after reinfusion of autologous blood and 24 hours after operation. Improvement in cardiac output and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance maintained adequate systemic oxygen transport during hemodilution. Transient dilution of coagulation factors was documented by abnormal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, but serious bleeding tendencies did not occur. Twenty-one of the 30 patients received no homologous blood. Considering the entire series of 30 patients, each required only 0.46 +/- 0.87, S.D., unit of homologous blood during operation and the postoperative period.", "PMID": 505257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6513", "title": "Maximal cytoreduction, chemotherapy and contact nonspecific immunotherapy for stage III carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "A combination of therapeutic modalities was studied in 38 consecutive patients with intra-abdominally disseminated carcinoma of the ovary. Resection or destruction by electrocoagulation of all visible tumor was possible in 12 patients. Intra-abdominal chemotherapy and immunotherapy were given postoperatively and were continued systemically for one year. Serious postoperative complications and deaths did not occur. Five patients are well at 12, 22, 26, 34 and 49 months, and two are alive with disease at ten and 22 months. For 18 of the remaining 26 patients in group 2, elimination of all visible tumor was not possible technically, and in eight patients in group 3, an irresectable tumor was found. All of these patients received cyclic chemotherapy as those in group 1 but without immunotherapy. Patients in group 2 had a median survival time of about 16 months, no long term survivors and a mortality of 75 per cent at two years. The patients in group 3 had a median survival period of less than three months and were all dead before the end of the first year. Our results in this group are similar to those recently reported by others for patients with equally advanced disease treated by chemoimmunotherapy. Maximal tumor cytoreduction may be the most important of all the treatments we used, and a prerequisite to successful chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Contact nonspecific immunostimulation in this setting appears to be sound and safe and warrants further study to determine its ultimate contribution to patient survival.", "contents": "Maximal cytoreduction, chemotherapy and contact nonspecific immunotherapy for stage III carcinoma of the ovary. A combination of therapeutic modalities was studied in 38 consecutive patients with intra-abdominally disseminated carcinoma of the ovary. Resection or destruction by electrocoagulation of all visible tumor was possible in 12 patients. Intra-abdominal chemotherapy and immunotherapy were given postoperatively and were continued systemically for one year. Serious postoperative complications and deaths did not occur. Five patients are well at 12, 22, 26, 34 and 49 months, and two are alive with disease at ten and 22 months. For 18 of the remaining 26 patients in group 2, elimination of all visible tumor was not possible technically, and in eight patients in group 3, an irresectable tumor was found. All of these patients received cyclic chemotherapy as those in group 1 but without immunotherapy. Patients in group 2 had a median survival time of about 16 months, no long term survivors and a mortality of 75 per cent at two years. The patients in group 3 had a median survival period of less than three months and were all dead before the end of the first year. Our results in this group are similar to those recently reported by others for patients with equally advanced disease treated by chemoimmunotherapy. Maximal tumor cytoreduction may be the most important of all the treatments we used, and a prerequisite to successful chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Contact nonspecific immunostimulation in this setting appears to be sound and safe and warrants further study to determine its ultimate contribution to patient survival.", "PMID": 505258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6514", "title": "Monitoring of heparin therapy with thromboelastography.", "content": "The technique of thromboelastography was used to monitor the administration of heparin to patients with diagnosed deep vein thrombosis. The thromboelastograph uses a mechanical optical system to provide a continuous dynamic measure of the coagulation process. It has been found to be a highly sensitive device for the detection of response to heparin thus allowing a more precise administration of heparin frequently leading to a reduction in the dosage to maintain the coagulation process of the patient within therapeutic range. This allows a more individualized approach to the patient on anticoagulation therapy.", "contents": "Monitoring of heparin therapy with thromboelastography. The technique of thromboelastography was used to monitor the administration of heparin to patients with diagnosed deep vein thrombosis. The thromboelastograph uses a mechanical optical system to provide a continuous dynamic measure of the coagulation process. It has been found to be a highly sensitive device for the detection of response to heparin thus allowing a more precise administration of heparin frequently leading to a reduction in the dosage to maintain the coagulation process of the patient within therapeutic range. This allows a more individualized approach to the patient on anticoagulation therapy.", "PMID": 505259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6515", "title": "Penetrating wounds of the buttock.", "content": "Results of a study of 15 patients with penetrating wounds of the buttock managed during a recent five year period suggest that penetrating trauma to the buttock is a distinct injury syndrome accompanied by serious intestinal, bladder or vascular damage. Following a complete history, physical examination and appropriate roentgenograms, most injuries can be anticipated, but proctoscopy and cystography should be performed upon all patients at risk. Intravenous pyelography, a poor test of bladder integrity, may be misleading and should by supplemented by additional techniques. If a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal injury is suspected, preoperative antibiotic therapy, followed promptly by aggressive intraoperative management of all injuries, is recommended.", "contents": "Penetrating wounds of the buttock. Results of a study of 15 patients with penetrating wounds of the buttock managed during a recent five year period suggest that penetrating trauma to the buttock is a distinct injury syndrome accompanied by serious intestinal, bladder or vascular damage. Following a complete history, physical examination and appropriate roentgenograms, most injuries can be anticipated, but proctoscopy and cystography should be performed upon all patients at risk. Intravenous pyelography, a poor test of bladder integrity, may be misleading and should by supplemented by additional techniques. If a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal injury is suspected, preoperative antibiotic therapy, followed promptly by aggressive intraoperative management of all injuries, is recommended.", "PMID": 505260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6516", "title": "Free intestinal autografts for reconstruction following pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy.", "content": "After pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy in four patients, free intestinal autografts were used for reconstruction. A microvascular technique and a simultaneous two team approach allowed this to be done immediately following the resection. No graft failures have occurred. Good function was present in three of the four patients at the last follow-up examination or at death. Follow-up intervals vary from seven to 15 months postoperatively. Special problems, such as irradiation, tumor site and the relative merits of the large versus the small intestine, are discussed.", "contents": "Free intestinal autografts for reconstruction following pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. After pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy in four patients, free intestinal autografts were used for reconstruction. A microvascular technique and a simultaneous two team approach allowed this to be done immediately following the resection. No graft failures have occurred. Good function was present in three of the four patients at the last follow-up examination or at death. Follow-up intervals vary from seven to 15 months postoperatively. Special problems, such as irradiation, tumor site and the relative merits of the large versus the small intestine, are discussed.", "PMID": 505261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6517", "title": "Renal vascular effects of stroma and stroma-free hemoglobin.", "content": "To assess the renal effects of hemoglobulin infusion, intrarenal hemodynamics were studied in 14 dogs using radioactive microspheres following the infusion of hemoglobin and stroma. Fractional renal microsphere distribution in the outer cortex remained at control levels following the infusion of hemoglobin. When the infusion of stroma followed, there was a 4.3 per cent, p less than 0.01, increase in the outer cortex microsphere distribution at the expense of the inner cortex, p less than 0.05. When the order was reversed, the stroma suspension being infused first, again there was a significant increase in the outer cortex distribution--6.1 per cent; p less than 0.01. When the infusion of hemoglobin followed, the outer cortex microsphere trapping reverted to control levels. These data revealed no effect upon intrarenal blood flow following the infusion of hemoglobin. The previously reported renal toxicity of hemoglobin infusion is, therefore, probably secondary to contamination with stroma. Hemoglobin should be further investigated for use as an ideal resuscitation fluid.", "contents": "Renal vascular effects of stroma and stroma-free hemoglobin. To assess the renal effects of hemoglobulin infusion, intrarenal hemodynamics were studied in 14 dogs using radioactive microspheres following the infusion of hemoglobin and stroma. Fractional renal microsphere distribution in the outer cortex remained at control levels following the infusion of hemoglobin. When the infusion of stroma followed, there was a 4.3 per cent, p less than 0.01, increase in the outer cortex microsphere distribution at the expense of the inner cortex, p less than 0.05. When the order was reversed, the stroma suspension being infused first, again there was a significant increase in the outer cortex distribution--6.1 per cent; p less than 0.01. When the infusion of hemoglobin followed, the outer cortex microsphere trapping reverted to control levels. These data revealed no effect upon intrarenal blood flow following the infusion of hemoglobin. The previously reported renal toxicity of hemoglobin infusion is, therefore, probably secondary to contamination with stroma. Hemoglobin should be further investigated for use as an ideal resuscitation fluid.", "PMID": 505263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6518", "title": "Anorectal abscess.", "content": "A five year retrospective review of anorectal abscesses included 181 admissions in which all but five were explained by the anal glandular hypothesis of causation. Delays in treatment occurred because of misdiagnosis, attempts at nonoperative management and inhospital procrastination. These abscesses are notorious for the recurrence rate after treatment. One-third of the patients in our series had a history of previous abscess and a postoperative recurrence rate of at least 6 per cent. Associated medical problems, such as diabetes mellitus, inflammatory intestinal disease or carcinoma, should be suspected in these patients. The fact that the majority of the patients in our series were afebrile and had minimal leukocytosis is a possible indication that our index of suspicion should be high in any patient with anorectal pain and that we must rely primarily on local findings. Treatment should be prompt incision and drainage under spinal or general anesthesia. Wide unroofing procedures and overzealous attempts at primary fistulotomy are discouraged as is the use of local anesthesia. Associated procedures, such as hemorrhoidectomy, can be safely performed and may prevent certain postoperative complications.", "contents": "Anorectal abscess. A five year retrospective review of anorectal abscesses included 181 admissions in which all but five were explained by the anal glandular hypothesis of causation. Delays in treatment occurred because of misdiagnosis, attempts at nonoperative management and inhospital procrastination. These abscesses are notorious for the recurrence rate after treatment. One-third of the patients in our series had a history of previous abscess and a postoperative recurrence rate of at least 6 per cent. Associated medical problems, such as diabetes mellitus, inflammatory intestinal disease or carcinoma, should be suspected in these patients. The fact that the majority of the patients in our series were afebrile and had minimal leukocytosis is a possible indication that our index of suspicion should be high in any patient with anorectal pain and that we must rely primarily on local findings. Treatment should be prompt incision and drainage under spinal or general anesthesia. Wide unroofing procedures and overzealous attempts at primary fistulotomy are discouraged as is the use of local anesthesia. Associated procedures, such as hemorrhoidectomy, can be safely performed and may prevent certain postoperative complications.", "PMID": 505265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6519", "title": "A technique for peritoneal lavage without risk or complication.", "content": "A technique for peritoneal lavage with an extremely low risk of complications has been developed. This technique has been used on 110 patients by 45 different physicians without morbidity.", "contents": "A technique for peritoneal lavage without risk or complication. A technique for peritoneal lavage with an extremely low risk of complications has been developed. This technique has been used on 110 patients by 45 different physicians without morbidity.", "PMID": 505267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6520", "title": "Structural alterations to the pulmonary circulation in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Like patients with chronic liver disease, those with coma due to fulminant hepatic failure may show arterial hypoxaemia even in the absence of pulmonary complications, and in both it is attributed to increased intrapulmonary arteriovenous admixture. This study is concerned with the structural alterations in the pulmonary circulation of patients who have died from fulminant hepatic failure. Precise quantitative morphometric techniques applied to the injected and inflated lung have shown the major abnormality to be a diffuse dilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed affecting arteries and veins of all structural types. At an intra-acinar level the diameter of arteries accompanying respiratory bronchioles was 232.97 micron (+/-SD 46.35) compared with 177.76 micron (+/-SD 30.43) in controls (P less than 0.01). In two-thirds of the patients pleural spider naevi were seen and, throughout the lung, similar significant dilatation of precapillary vessels; but in only one patient were precapillary anastomoses shown. While intrapulmonary venous admixture undoubtedly contributes to hypoxia in fulminant hepatic failure, its exact relation to the structural changes is not yet determined.", "contents": "Structural alterations to the pulmonary circulation in fulminant hepatic failure. Like patients with chronic liver disease, those with coma due to fulminant hepatic failure may show arterial hypoxaemia even in the absence of pulmonary complications, and in both it is attributed to increased intrapulmonary arteriovenous admixture. This study is concerned with the structural alterations in the pulmonary circulation of patients who have died from fulminant hepatic failure. Precise quantitative morphometric techniques applied to the injected and inflated lung have shown the major abnormality to be a diffuse dilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed affecting arteries and veins of all structural types. At an intra-acinar level the diameter of arteries accompanying respiratory bronchioles was 232.97 micron (+/-SD 46.35) compared with 177.76 micron (+/-SD 30.43) in controls (P less than 0.01). In two-thirds of the patients pleural spider naevi were seen and, throughout the lung, similar significant dilatation of precapillary vessels; but in only one patient were precapillary anastomoses shown. While intrapulmonary venous admixture undoubtedly contributes to hypoxia in fulminant hepatic failure, its exact relation to the structural changes is not yet determined.", "PMID": 505339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6521", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension accompanying ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Management in infancy and early childhood.", "content": "Forty-one infants and children with the combination of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) were encountered over 20 years. Twenty-four presented in infancy with congestive cardiac failure. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 32, the cause in 19 being increased pulmonary blood flow. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was detected in 13 (indicated by a pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio (Rp : RS) greater than 0.24:1 and PVR greater than 4 units). Thus 22% had a pulmonary artery systolic pressure less than 30 mmHg and 68% had a pulmonary vascular resistance below four units, indicating an unusually mild form of the combined condition in these patients. Surgical management is discussed, and in particular the question of simultaneous closure of the defects during infancy. Cardiac failure, resistant to drug treatment, and increased PVR are indications of operation. The PDA should be closed and only if there is no substantial fall in pulmonary artery pressure is the VSD repaired.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension accompanying ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Management in infancy and early childhood. Forty-one infants and children with the combination of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) were encountered over 20 years. Twenty-four presented in infancy with congestive cardiac failure. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 32, the cause in 19 being increased pulmonary blood flow. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was detected in 13 (indicated by a pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio (Rp : RS) greater than 0.24:1 and PVR greater than 4 units). Thus 22% had a pulmonary artery systolic pressure less than 30 mmHg and 68% had a pulmonary vascular resistance below four units, indicating an unusually mild form of the combined condition in these patients. Surgical management is discussed, and in particular the question of simultaneous closure of the defects during infancy. Cardiac failure, resistant to drug treatment, and increased PVR are indications of operation. The PDA should be closed and only if there is no substantial fall in pulmonary artery pressure is the VSD repaired.", "PMID": 505340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6522", "title": "Elective correction of intracardiac lesions resulting from penetrating wounds of the heart.", "content": "Controversy exists regarding the timing and technique of total correction of traumatic intracardiac lesions. Five patients with penetrating wounds of the heart received emergency treatment aimed at securing normal haemodynamics. No attempt was made to identify intracardiac lesions at this stage. Cineangiography two months to seven years later showed aorto-right ventricular fistulae in all patients, associated in two with aortic cusp laceration and in one with an aorto-left atrial fistula. The surgical approach for aorto-right ventricular fistula was through the right ventricle or aorta. Valvar injuries were treated by plastic reconstruction. All patients showed good clinical results when seen four to 11 years later. Traumatic intracardiac lesions in patients with stable haemodynamics after initial treatment should be operated on electively. The aortic approach is preferable for aorto-right ventricular fistulae. Conservative plastic repair of valvar injuries achieves long-term competence thus avoiding prosthetic replacement.", "contents": "Elective correction of intracardiac lesions resulting from penetrating wounds of the heart. Controversy exists regarding the timing and technique of total correction of traumatic intracardiac lesions. Five patients with penetrating wounds of the heart received emergency treatment aimed at securing normal haemodynamics. No attempt was made to identify intracardiac lesions at this stage. Cineangiography two months to seven years later showed aorto-right ventricular fistulae in all patients, associated in two with aortic cusp laceration and in one with an aorto-left atrial fistula. The surgical approach for aorto-right ventricular fistula was through the right ventricle or aorta. Valvar injuries were treated by plastic reconstruction. All patients showed good clinical results when seen four to 11 years later. Traumatic intracardiac lesions in patients with stable haemodynamics after initial treatment should be operated on electively. The aortic approach is preferable for aorto-right ventricular fistulae. Conservative plastic repair of valvar injuries achieves long-term competence thus avoiding prosthetic replacement.", "PMID": 505341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6523", "title": "Surgical treatment of bronchial obstruction in primary tuberculosis in children: report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven children, aged 4 months to 10 years, with bronchial compression due to tuberculous hilar lymphadenitis have been treated surgically since 1974. The indications for surgical treatment were lack of response to chemotherapy and in particular the development of respiratory distress. Excision or curettage of the affected nodes was found to be a safe and sure method of relieving the acute symptoms and preventing permanent damage to the lung.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of bronchial obstruction in primary tuberculosis in children: report of seven cases. Seven children, aged 4 months to 10 years, with bronchial compression due to tuberculous hilar lymphadenitis have been treated surgically since 1974. The indications for surgical treatment were lack of response to chemotherapy and in particular the development of respiratory distress. Excision or curettage of the affected nodes was found to be a safe and sure method of relieving the acute symptoms and preventing permanent damage to the lung.", "PMID": 505342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6524", "title": "Surgical and haemodynamic considerations in middle aortic syndrome.", "content": "Eleven patients with the middle aortic syndrome have been investigated during the past five years. Corrective surgery was possible in seven, five of whom survived. The maximum constriction in most cases was at the thoracoabdominal junction, an area normally surrounded by intestinal lymphatics. This may indicate that the aetiology is related to an immune response to parasitic infestation of the intestines. Comparison of the extent and severity of the disease as found at operation with the results of preoperative investigations such as angiography, radioisotope renography, and measurement of angiotensin in the renal veins showed that in some patients surgical exploration was more accurate in deciding the feasibility and the method of surgical correction.", "contents": "Surgical and haemodynamic considerations in middle aortic syndrome. Eleven patients with the middle aortic syndrome have been investigated during the past five years. Corrective surgery was possible in seven, five of whom survived. The maximum constriction in most cases was at the thoracoabdominal junction, an area normally surrounded by intestinal lymphatics. This may indicate that the aetiology is related to an immune response to parasitic infestation of the intestines. Comparison of the extent and severity of the disease as found at operation with the results of preoperative investigations such as angiography, radioisotope renography, and measurement of angiotensin in the renal veins showed that in some patients surgical exploration was more accurate in deciding the feasibility and the method of surgical correction.", "PMID": 505343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6525", "title": "Alterations to the bronchial and bronchiolar surfaces of adult mice after exposure to high concentrations of oxygen.", "content": "We have studied the effects of inhalation of 95 to 100% oxygen on the surface morphology of the bronchi and bronchioles of adult mice, using scanning electron microscopy. Denudation of cilia and truncation of the remaining cilia were commonly observed during high oxygen exposure. Bleb formation, a \"moth-eaten\" appearance of the non-ciliated cell surface and desquamation of unidentified cells were present in the bronchus after 96 hours of oxygen exposure. Deformation of non-ciliated cells, denudation of cilia, and flattening of the luminal surface were also seen in the bronchiole. For studying the recovery process from acute oxygen damage, we returned mice to room air after four days of high oxygen inhalation and killed them four, seven and 15 days after. There were more variable and complex changes of surface morphology in individual mice during the recovery phase. We observed flattening of the epithelial surface in the bronchiole and bronchus, and noticed that deformation of non-ciliated cells were seen even after 15 days. High oxygen inhalation causes severe morphological changes in the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosa, and those morphological lesions remain for at least two weeks after cessation of oxygen inhalation.", "contents": "Alterations to the bronchial and bronchiolar surfaces of adult mice after exposure to high concentrations of oxygen. We have studied the effects of inhalation of 95 to 100% oxygen on the surface morphology of the bronchi and bronchioles of adult mice, using scanning electron microscopy. Denudation of cilia and truncation of the remaining cilia were commonly observed during high oxygen exposure. Bleb formation, a \"moth-eaten\" appearance of the non-ciliated cell surface and desquamation of unidentified cells were present in the bronchus after 96 hours of oxygen exposure. Deformation of non-ciliated cells, denudation of cilia, and flattening of the luminal surface were also seen in the bronchiole. For studying the recovery process from acute oxygen damage, we returned mice to room air after four days of high oxygen inhalation and killed them four, seven and 15 days after. There were more variable and complex changes of surface morphology in individual mice during the recovery phase. We observed flattening of the epithelial surface in the bronchiole and bronchus, and noticed that deformation of non-ciliated cells were seen even after 15 days. High oxygen inhalation causes severe morphological changes in the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosa, and those morphological lesions remain for at least two weeks after cessation of oxygen inhalation.", "PMID": 505344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6526", "title": "Tantalum inhalation and airway responses.", "content": "We studied the effects of tantalum inhalation bronchography on pulmonary function in 14 normal volunteers. Based on the radiographic type of deposition, the subjects were divided into three groups: (1) subjects who deposited tantalum mainly in the trachea, (2) subjects who deposited tantalum in segmental bronchi without radiographic evidence of bronchospasm, and (3) subjects who deposited tantalum in segmental bronchi with radiographic evidence of bronchospasm. Unlike the first two groups, the third group developed a significant but small decrease in the FEV. Airway reactivity as assessed by methacholine challenge did not explain the difference in response to tantalum in the third group. There were no consistent changes in total lung capacity, residual volume, or closing volume in any of the groups. Even though there were falls in FEV and specific conductance in individuals in groups 2 and 3, these changes did not pose any significant clinical risk.", "contents": "Tantalum inhalation and airway responses. We studied the effects of tantalum inhalation bronchography on pulmonary function in 14 normal volunteers. Based on the radiographic type of deposition, the subjects were divided into three groups: (1) subjects who deposited tantalum mainly in the trachea, (2) subjects who deposited tantalum in segmental bronchi without radiographic evidence of bronchospasm, and (3) subjects who deposited tantalum in segmental bronchi with radiographic evidence of bronchospasm. Unlike the first two groups, the third group developed a significant but small decrease in the FEV. Airway reactivity as assessed by methacholine challenge did not explain the difference in response to tantalum in the third group. There were no consistent changes in total lung capacity, residual volume, or closing volume in any of the groups. Even though there were falls in FEV and specific conductance in individuals in groups 2 and 3, these changes did not pose any significant clinical risk.", "PMID": 505345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6527", "title": "Effect of body position on gas exchange after thoracotomy.", "content": "To determine the effect of change in body position on gas exchange after thoracotomy, 12 patients with potentially resectable lung tumours were studied before and 24 hours after operation. Measurements of arterial blood gas tension (PaO2, PaCO2), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A--adO2), venous admixture effect (Qs/Qt percent), and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt), were made in the supine, and left and right lateral decubitus positions. Preoperatively, altering position did not affect gas exchange significantly. After thoracotomy in the lateral position with the unoperated side dependent, PaO2 was significantly higher, and A--adO2 and Qs/Qt percent significantly lower than in the supine position. Postoperatively, the lateral position with the side of thoracotomy dependent was usually associated with the worst gas exchange. Only three patients achieved their best postoperative gas exchange in this position. In two this may have resulted from dependent small airway closure during tidal breathing, due to airways obstruction and old age, and in the third from postoperative atelectasis in this unoperated lung. No significant changes in mean PaCO2, Vd/Vt, or minute ventilation (VE) occurred with different positioning.", "contents": "Effect of body position on gas exchange after thoracotomy. To determine the effect of change in body position on gas exchange after thoracotomy, 12 patients with potentially resectable lung tumours were studied before and 24 hours after operation. Measurements of arterial blood gas tension (PaO2, PaCO2), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A--adO2), venous admixture effect (Qs/Qt percent), and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt), were made in the supine, and left and right lateral decubitus positions. Preoperatively, altering position did not affect gas exchange significantly. After thoracotomy in the lateral position with the unoperated side dependent, PaO2 was significantly higher, and A--adO2 and Qs/Qt percent significantly lower than in the supine position. Postoperatively, the lateral position with the side of thoracotomy dependent was usually associated with the worst gas exchange. Only three patients achieved their best postoperative gas exchange in this position. In two this may have resulted from dependent small airway closure during tidal breathing, due to airways obstruction and old age, and in the third from postoperative atelectasis in this unoperated lung. No significant changes in mean PaCO2, Vd/Vt, or minute ventilation (VE) occurred with different positioning.", "PMID": 505348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6528", "title": "Tuberculin reactivity as a predictor of survival time in inoperable bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with inoperable bronchial carcinoma who had tuberculin tests at the time of diagnosis were followed up to see if there was any correlation between their degree of tuberculin reactivity and their subsequent survival time. There was a significant difference in survival between positive and negative tuberculin reactors (Log Rank Test P less than 0.05), the former having a median survival time almost twice that of the latter. This did not appear to be related to clinical differences between the groups at the time of testing, and other possible explanations are discussed. Tuberculin testing may be useful in helping to assess prognosis in patients with inoperable bronchial tumours.", "contents": "Tuberculin reactivity as a predictor of survival time in inoperable bronchial carcinoma. One hundred and two patients with inoperable bronchial carcinoma who had tuberculin tests at the time of diagnosis were followed up to see if there was any correlation between their degree of tuberculin reactivity and their subsequent survival time. There was a significant difference in survival between positive and negative tuberculin reactors (Log Rank Test P less than 0.05), the former having a median survival time almost twice that of the latter. This did not appear to be related to clinical differences between the groups at the time of testing, and other possible explanations are discussed. Tuberculin testing may be useful in helping to assess prognosis in patients with inoperable bronchial tumours.", "PMID": 505347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6529", "title": "Effect of posture on lung volume: airway closure and gas exchange in hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.", "content": "The effects of posture on lung volume, airway closure, and gas exchange were studied in eight patients with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. The mean vital capacity in the sitting position was 81% of predicted normal, and in the supine posture fell by a further 19% in right-sided but only 10% in left-sided paralysis. The mean arterial oxygen tension was less than predicted in the sitting posture and fell significantly on lying. Single breath gas transfer factor was normal in all cases whereas the diffusion coefficient was greater than predicted in the sitting posture and rose even further on lying. Closing volume showed no positional change but closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity was higher in the supine position. Regional airways closure was expressed as the relationship expiratory reserve volume minus closing volume. Negative values were found in only two of the subjects in the sitting position but seven had negative values supine, indicating significant airway closure during tidal breathing in this position.", "contents": "Effect of posture on lung volume: airway closure and gas exchange in hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. The effects of posture on lung volume, airway closure, and gas exchange were studied in eight patients with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. The mean vital capacity in the sitting position was 81% of predicted normal, and in the supine posture fell by a further 19% in right-sided but only 10% in left-sided paralysis. The mean arterial oxygen tension was less than predicted in the sitting posture and fell significantly on lying. Single breath gas transfer factor was normal in all cases whereas the diffusion coefficient was greater than predicted in the sitting posture and rose even further on lying. Closing volume showed no positional change but closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity was higher in the supine position. Regional airways closure was expressed as the relationship expiratory reserve volume minus closing volume. Negative values were found in only two of the subjects in the sitting position but seven had negative values supine, indicating significant airway closure during tidal breathing in this position.", "PMID": 505349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6530", "title": "A simple method for the representative sampling of lungs of diverse size.", "content": "The proportion of non-parenchyma (non-gas exchanging tissue) varies with postnatal age and with the distance from the hilum of the lung. We have sampled 11 lungs varying in volume from 24.7 ml to 1308 ml and found that the mid-sagittal slice, or a combination of the two central slices in a lung producing four slices, adequately represents the amount of non-parenchyma and of air in bronchi and bronchioles in the entire lung.", "contents": "A simple method for the representative sampling of lungs of diverse size. The proportion of non-parenchyma (non-gas exchanging tissue) varies with postnatal age and with the distance from the hilum of the lung. We have sampled 11 lungs varying in volume from 24.7 ml to 1308 ml and found that the mid-sagittal slice, or a combination of the two central slices in a lung producing four slices, adequately represents the amount of non-parenchyma and of air in bronchi and bronchioles in the entire lung.", "PMID": 505350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6531", "title": "Imaging sites of airway obstruction and measuring functional responses to bronchodilator treatment in asthma.", "content": "The sites of airway obstruction and dilatation after terbutaline administration were studied by inhalation imaging and pulmonary function tests in 12 stable asthmatic patients. Inhaled terbutaline as a therapeutic aerosol decreased airway resistance (Raw) and improved radioaerosol (Ae) images in nine, delta V max50 in three, and xenon (Xe) images in five of 12 subjects, suggesting that its predominant site of action was on major airways. Subcutaneously injected terbutaline improved Raw, delta V max50, and Ae images in 11 and Xe images in eight subjects indicating that it released bronchospasm in the major and minor airways. These findings in asthma suggest that aerosol and Xe imaging procedures are sensitive indicators of large and small airway obstruction respectively.", "contents": "Imaging sites of airway obstruction and measuring functional responses to bronchodilator treatment in asthma. The sites of airway obstruction and dilatation after terbutaline administration were studied by inhalation imaging and pulmonary function tests in 12 stable asthmatic patients. Inhaled terbutaline as a therapeutic aerosol decreased airway resistance (Raw) and improved radioaerosol (Ae) images in nine, delta V max50 in three, and xenon (Xe) images in five of 12 subjects, suggesting that its predominant site of action was on major airways. Subcutaneously injected terbutaline improved Raw, delta V max50, and Ae images in 11 and Xe images in eight subjects indicating that it released bronchospasm in the major and minor airways. These findings in asthma suggest that aerosol and Xe imaging procedures are sensitive indicators of large and small airway obstruction respectively.", "PMID": 505346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6532", "title": "Debanding and repair of ventricular septal defect: a new technique for older patients.", "content": "Between October 1972 and April 1977 15 patients underwent definitive repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and reconstruction of the pulmonary artery at the banding site. This report presents pre- and post-operative haemodynamic data in 12 patients, seven to 22 years after banding (mean 13.4). Banding of the pulmonary artery was performed before the age of 6 months (mean 4). The indications were increased pulmonary blood flow and intractable heart failure. As we had previously become dissatisfied with patch angioplasty of the main pulmonary artery, we introduced a new technique in this group of excising the site of the band and anastomosing the pulmonary artery end-to-end. The gradient between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery was abolished completely in nine cases and reduced to below 30 mmHg in the remaining three patients. This technique is used only in older patients in whom the banding has persisted for a long time. In children under 2 years of age we usually remove the band and dilate the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Debanding and repair of ventricular septal defect: a new technique for older patients. Between October 1972 and April 1977 15 patients underwent definitive repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and reconstruction of the pulmonary artery at the banding site. This report presents pre- and post-operative haemodynamic data in 12 patients, seven to 22 years after banding (mean 13.4). Banding of the pulmonary artery was performed before the age of 6 months (mean 4). The indications were increased pulmonary blood flow and intractable heart failure. As we had previously become dissatisfied with patch angioplasty of the main pulmonary artery, we introduced a new technique in this group of excising the site of the band and anastomosing the pulmonary artery end-to-end. The gradient between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery was abolished completely in nine cases and reduced to below 30 mmHg in the remaining three patients. This technique is used only in older patients in whom the banding has persisted for a long time. In children under 2 years of age we usually remove the band and dilate the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 505351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6533", "title": "Parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve.", "content": "A parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve occurred in a heart with atrioventricular concordance, double outlet right ventricle, and straddling mitral valve. Although to the best of our knowledge parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve has not previously been reported, in this case its presence was insignificant in relation to the other lesions.", "contents": "Parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve. A parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve occurred in a heart with atrioventricular concordance, double outlet right ventricle, and straddling mitral valve. Although to the best of our knowledge parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve has not previously been reported, in this case its presence was insignificant in relation to the other lesions.", "PMID": 505353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6534", "title": "Low frequency breathing at rest and during exercise in severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "content": "The effect of low frequency breathing compared with spontaneous breathing was examined at rest and during exercise (40 watts) in 12 patients suffering from severe chronic obstructive bronchitis. At rest low frequency breathing improved significantly the alveolar ventilation and the tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. There was no significant change in ventilation minute volume. During exercise low frequency breathing significantly decreased ventilation minute volume, and there was no significant improvement in gas exchange. The decrease in ventilation during low frequency breathing at 40 watts compared with spontaneous breathing at the same lung volume was due to expiratory flow limitation. The findings suggest that this technique may impair exercise tolerance in patients with severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "contents": "Low frequency breathing at rest and during exercise in severe chronic obstructive bronchitis. The effect of low frequency breathing compared with spontaneous breathing was examined at rest and during exercise (40 watts) in 12 patients suffering from severe chronic obstructive bronchitis. At rest low frequency breathing improved significantly the alveolar ventilation and the tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. There was no significant change in ventilation minute volume. During exercise low frequency breathing significantly decreased ventilation minute volume, and there was no significant improvement in gas exchange. The decrease in ventilation during low frequency breathing at 40 watts compared with spontaneous breathing at the same lung volume was due to expiratory flow limitation. The findings suggest that this technique may impair exercise tolerance in patients with severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "PMID": 505352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6535", "title": "Complete heart block in an adult with corrected transposition of the great arteries treated with permanent pacemaker.", "content": "A 53-year-old patient with corrected transposition of the great arteries developed complete heart block with fainting episodes. After temporary pacing through the endocardium of the venous (anatomically left) ventricle, a permanent epicardial pacemaker was implanted. This case shows the progressive nature of the atrioventricular conduction disturbances, which are very common in association with this congenital cardiac anomaly.", "contents": "Complete heart block in an adult with corrected transposition of the great arteries treated with permanent pacemaker. A 53-year-old patient with corrected transposition of the great arteries developed complete heart block with fainting episodes. After temporary pacing through the endocardium of the venous (anatomically left) ventricle, a permanent epicardial pacemaker was implanted. This case shows the progressive nature of the atrioventricular conduction disturbances, which are very common in association with this congenital cardiac anomaly.", "PMID": 505354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6536", "title": "Assay of Fletcher factor (plasma prekallikrein) using an artificial clotting reagent and a modified chromogenic assay.", "content": "An artificial clotting reagent lacking in Fletcher factor (plasma prekallikrein, PPK) was made by mixing human plasma, activated by 5 mg/ml of celite, then kept 16 hours at 37 degrees to destroy most of the plasma kallikrein, plus rabbit plasma (which is devoid of XII and Fletcher activity). Chromogenic assay using a tripeptide substrate was also modified to exclude the interference of the endogenous contact factors. Celite eluate was used instead of kaolin or dextran sulphate for the activation. Using both these methods, it is possible to distinguish between Fletcher trait (PPK deficiency) and other contact factors such as factor XII and HMWK deficiencies, which do not activate with kaolin or dextran sulphate. These simple clotting and enzymatic assays give specific and well correlated results for PPK estimation.", "contents": "Assay of Fletcher factor (plasma prekallikrein) using an artificial clotting reagent and a modified chromogenic assay. An artificial clotting reagent lacking in Fletcher factor (plasma prekallikrein, PPK) was made by mixing human plasma, activated by 5 mg/ml of celite, then kept 16 hours at 37 degrees to destroy most of the plasma kallikrein, plus rabbit plasma (which is devoid of XII and Fletcher activity). Chromogenic assay using a tripeptide substrate was also modified to exclude the interference of the endogenous contact factors. Celite eluate was used instead of kaolin or dextran sulphate for the activation. Using both these methods, it is possible to distinguish between Fletcher trait (PPK deficiency) and other contact factors such as factor XII and HMWK deficiencies, which do not activate with kaolin or dextran sulphate. These simple clotting and enzymatic assays give specific and well correlated results for PPK estimation.", "PMID": 505362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6537", "title": "The turnover in normal dogs of prothrombin and its fragments; effect of induced intravascular coagulation.", "content": "When 125I-labeled canine prothrombin was given to normal adult dogs intravenously, it was calculated that 240% of the plasma prothrombin crossed the capillary barrier per day, 410% of the interstitial prothrombin returned to the blood stream daily, and 79% of the plasmatic prothrombin was catabolized per day. These data are in close agreement with those observed for bovine prothrombin in calves by Takeda (1970). When derived from normal dog prothrombin, prethrombin-1 is a mixture of 2 polypeptides, one larger than the other, and both present in about equal amounts. The longer peptide, \"prethrombin-1-long,\" was catabolized twice as fast as prothrombin, and the shorter, \"prethrombin-1-short,\" 4 times faster. Prothrombin fragment-1 was catabolized by the normal dog still more rapidly. The catabolism of prothrombin was not accelerated in 3 dogs receiving continuous infusions of a thromboplastic emulsion of dog brain. Nor was the level of prothrombin in their plasma remarkably altered.", "contents": "The turnover in normal dogs of prothrombin and its fragments; effect of induced intravascular coagulation. When 125I-labeled canine prothrombin was given to normal adult dogs intravenously, it was calculated that 240% of the plasma prothrombin crossed the capillary barrier per day, 410% of the interstitial prothrombin returned to the blood stream daily, and 79% of the plasmatic prothrombin was catabolized per day. These data are in close agreement with those observed for bovine prothrombin in calves by Takeda (1970). When derived from normal dog prothrombin, prethrombin-1 is a mixture of 2 polypeptides, one larger than the other, and both present in about equal amounts. The longer peptide, \"prethrombin-1-long,\" was catabolized twice as fast as prothrombin, and the shorter, \"prethrombin-1-short,\" 4 times faster. Prothrombin fragment-1 was catabolized by the normal dog still more rapidly. The catabolism of prothrombin was not accelerated in 3 dogs receiving continuous infusions of a thromboplastic emulsion of dog brain. Nor was the level of prothrombin in their plasma remarkably altered.", "PMID": 505363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6538", "title": "Decreased heparin sensitivity of cyclohexanedione-modified factor Xa.", "content": "Modification of 12 arginine residues of bovine Factor Xa with 1,2-cyclohexanedione has resulted in a decrease in heparin sensitivity of the reaction between enzyme and antithrombin-III, whereas the antithrombin-III sensitivity of modified Factor Xa was only slightly affected. It is suggested that heparin accelerates the Factor Xa-antithrombin-III reaction by interacting with Factor Xa.", "contents": "Decreased heparin sensitivity of cyclohexanedione-modified factor Xa. Modification of 12 arginine residues of bovine Factor Xa with 1,2-cyclohexanedione has resulted in a decrease in heparin sensitivity of the reaction between enzyme and antithrombin-III, whereas the antithrombin-III sensitivity of modified Factor Xa was only slightly affected. It is suggested that heparin accelerates the Factor Xa-antithrombin-III reaction by interacting with Factor Xa.", "PMID": 505364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6539", "title": "Intravascular coagulation in autopsy cases with liver diseases.", "content": "184 autopsy cases with liver diseases were examined clinicopathologically with special reference to the incidence and distribution of microthrombi and classic thrombi in various organs. Microthrombi and/or classic thrombi were found in one or more organs in 50.0% to 59.4% of the patients with various liver diseases. But only 4 among 184 patients had many microthrombi in more than three organs and the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation seemed to be low in autopsy cases with liver diseases. Incidence of microthrombi showed no significant difference in the groups with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hemorrhage in the upper alimentary tracts of the patients with liver cirrhosis did not seem to develop by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Consumption of clotting factors in liver diseases seemed to occur by thrombus formation in portal vein and esophageal varices and by hemorrhage in various organs.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation in autopsy cases with liver diseases. 184 autopsy cases with liver diseases were examined clinicopathologically with special reference to the incidence and distribution of microthrombi and classic thrombi in various organs. Microthrombi and/or classic thrombi were found in one or more organs in 50.0% to 59.4% of the patients with various liver diseases. But only 4 among 184 patients had many microthrombi in more than three organs and the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation seemed to be low in autopsy cases with liver diseases. Incidence of microthrombi showed no significant difference in the groups with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hemorrhage in the upper alimentary tracts of the patients with liver cirrhosis did not seem to develop by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Consumption of clotting factors in liver diseases seemed to occur by thrombus formation in portal vein and esophageal varices and by hemorrhage in various organs.", "PMID": 505365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6540", "title": "Effect of diuresis on urokinase excretion rate.", "content": "UK excretion rate in the diuretic state was investigated in human and animal studies. Loading of water, beer or diuretics in man decreased the UK excretion rate as urine flow increased. A linear relation between UK excretion rate and urine specific gravity was observed. Simultaneous loading of water and exercise suppressed the decrease in UK excretion rate and the increase in urine flow. In animal studies, a null value for UK excretion rate was observed as a result of giving physiological saline and/or furosemide, and a remarkable increase in urine flow was induced. These results clearly suggest the existence of a relation between renal function and UK excretion rate.", "contents": "Effect of diuresis on urokinase excretion rate. UK excretion rate in the diuretic state was investigated in human and animal studies. Loading of water, beer or diuretics in man decreased the UK excretion rate as urine flow increased. A linear relation between UK excretion rate and urine specific gravity was observed. Simultaneous loading of water and exercise suppressed the decrease in UK excretion rate and the increase in urine flow. In animal studies, a null value for UK excretion rate was observed as a result of giving physiological saline and/or furosemide, and a remarkable increase in urine flow was induced. These results clearly suggest the existence of a relation between renal function and UK excretion rate.", "PMID": 505366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6541", "title": "The effect of agents which modify platelet behaviour and of magnesium ions on thrombus formation in vivo.", "content": "The ability of potential anti-thrombotic agents to modify platelet-thrombus formation in injured cerebral arteries in the rabbit was tested. Low doses of heparin were without effect, while higher doses produced variable suppression of white body formation but at the expense of bleeding. Aspirin did not inhibit white body formation but another non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, flurbiprofen was able to do so, as was the anti-gout agent, sulphinpyrazone. Magnesium salts both topically and parenterally, suppressed thrombus formation and increased the concentration of ADP which was required to initiate thrombus production at minor injury sites.", "contents": "The effect of agents which modify platelet behaviour and of magnesium ions on thrombus formation in vivo. The ability of potential anti-thrombotic agents to modify platelet-thrombus formation in injured cerebral arteries in the rabbit was tested. Low doses of heparin were without effect, while higher doses produced variable suppression of white body formation but at the expense of bleeding. Aspirin did not inhibit white body formation but another non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, flurbiprofen was able to do so, as was the anti-gout agent, sulphinpyrazone. Magnesium salts both topically and parenterally, suppressed thrombus formation and increased the concentration of ADP which was required to initiate thrombus production at minor injury sites.", "PMID": 505367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6542", "title": "SEM observations on the mechanism of platelet release from megakaryocytes.", "content": "Normal human bone marrow megakaryocytes were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to clarify the mechanism of platelet release. Several types of megakaryocytes were dtected according to their surface appearance, i.e. with wrinkles, ridges, villous formations, round blebs and cells with platelets still attached to the cell membrane. These observations are consistent with the concept that bleb formation is at least one of the mechanisms for platelet liberation.", "contents": "SEM observations on the mechanism of platelet release from megakaryocytes. Normal human bone marrow megakaryocytes were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to clarify the mechanism of platelet release. Several types of megakaryocytes were dtected according to their surface appearance, i.e. with wrinkles, ridges, villous formations, round blebs and cells with platelets still attached to the cell membrane. These observations are consistent with the concept that bleb formation is at least one of the mechanisms for platelet liberation.", "PMID": 505368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6543", "title": "Inhibition of spontaneous platelet aggregation by sulfinpyrazone.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind crossover study in 16 patients with enhanced in vitro spontaneous platelet aggregation, sulfinpyrazone proved to be effective in normalizing platelet aggregability within 4 days after initiation of therapy.", "contents": "Inhibition of spontaneous platelet aggregation by sulfinpyrazone. In a randomized double-blind crossover study in 16 patients with enhanced in vitro spontaneous platelet aggregation, sulfinpyrazone proved to be effective in normalizing platelet aggregability within 4 days after initiation of therapy.", "PMID": 505369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6544", "title": "Creatine phosphate in rat platelets decreased by ADP or thrombin.", "content": "ADP or thrombin caused a transient change in creatine phosphate (CP) content of rat platelets. At 25 degrees C the CP content decreased most 30 sec after the addition of ADP or thrombin and recovered thereafter. ATP or AMP was without effect. The rat platelets aggregated at 25 degrees C by ADP or thrombin, but the changes in CP content by these inducers were also observed in the platelet preparations unable to aggregate by the lack of Ca2+. A persistent chilling made the platelets lose their ability to change CP content. It was suggested that in rat platelets CP is consumed in the early stage of the response to the aggregating agents, presumably donating the energy for shape change.", "contents": "Creatine phosphate in rat platelets decreased by ADP or thrombin. ADP or thrombin caused a transient change in creatine phosphate (CP) content of rat platelets. At 25 degrees C the CP content decreased most 30 sec after the addition of ADP or thrombin and recovered thereafter. ATP or AMP was without effect. The rat platelets aggregated at 25 degrees C by ADP or thrombin, but the changes in CP content by these inducers were also observed in the platelet preparations unable to aggregate by the lack of Ca2+. A persistent chilling made the platelets lose their ability to change CP content. It was suggested that in rat platelets CP is consumed in the early stage of the response to the aggregating agents, presumably donating the energy for shape change.", "PMID": 505370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6545", "title": "Relationship between mepacrine-labelled dense body number, platelet capacity to accumulate 14C-5-HT and platelet density in the Bernard-Soulier and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes.", "content": "We have used the mepacrine-labelling procedure to measure the dense body (serotonin storage organelle) content of the platelets of 2 hereditary disorders where abnormalities in dense body number were suspected. The platelets were incubated with mepacrine and examined by fluorescence microscopy. A mean number of 5.4 +/- 0.8 (SD) dense bodies per platelet was calculated from the data obtained using platelets isolated from 40 normal human subjects. In contrast the platelets of 2 patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome contained an average of 14 and 17 labelled granules. This increase was associated with a much greater capacity of the platelets to accumulate 14C-5-HT. The opposite result was obtained using the platelets from 2 patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome which contained few granules labelled by mepacrine and took up less 14C-5-HT than normal human platelets. Centrifugation of the patients' platelets on discontinuous sucrose gradients showed that the platelets of the 2 Bernard-Soulier patients were much denser than normal whereas a high proportion of low density platelets was observed in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These results further define the platelet abnormalities in the two syndromes and suggest that dense body number may be one of the factors governing platelet density.", "contents": "Relationship between mepacrine-labelled dense body number, platelet capacity to accumulate 14C-5-HT and platelet density in the Bernard-Soulier and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. We have used the mepacrine-labelling procedure to measure the dense body (serotonin storage organelle) content of the platelets of 2 hereditary disorders where abnormalities in dense body number were suspected. The platelets were incubated with mepacrine and examined by fluorescence microscopy. A mean number of 5.4 +/- 0.8 (SD) dense bodies per platelet was calculated from the data obtained using platelets isolated from 40 normal human subjects. In contrast the platelets of 2 patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome contained an average of 14 and 17 labelled granules. This increase was associated with a much greater capacity of the platelets to accumulate 14C-5-HT. The opposite result was obtained using the platelets from 2 patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome which contained few granules labelled by mepacrine and took up less 14C-5-HT than normal human platelets. Centrifugation of the patients' platelets on discontinuous sucrose gradients showed that the platelets of the 2 Bernard-Soulier patients were much denser than normal whereas a high proportion of low density platelets was observed in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These results further define the platelet abnormalities in the two syndromes and suggest that dense body number may be one of the factors governing platelet density.", "PMID": 505374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6546", "title": "Coagulation in the sand crab (Ovalipes bipustulatus).", "content": "The coagulation mechanism of the sand crab (O. bipustulatus) has been investigated. From the coagulocytes (amoebocytes) present in the crab haemolymph (blood), fibrinogen (coagulogen) was isolated. It was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis on S.D.S. polyacrylamide gel and had a molecular weight similar to the A alpha-chain of human fibrinogen. Unlike human fibrinogen. Unlike human fibrinogen it cannot be dissociated by reduction. In fibrin polymerization, a crosslinking process takes place and this process was inhibited by glycine ethyl ester. A fibrin stabilizing factor is present in the crab haemolymph and this protein was able to cross-link human fibrin in the same manner as human factor XIII.", "contents": "Coagulation in the sand crab (Ovalipes bipustulatus). The coagulation mechanism of the sand crab (O. bipustulatus) has been investigated. From the coagulocytes (amoebocytes) present in the crab haemolymph (blood), fibrinogen (coagulogen) was isolated. It was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis on S.D.S. polyacrylamide gel and had a molecular weight similar to the A alpha-chain of human fibrinogen. Unlike human fibrinogen. Unlike human fibrinogen it cannot be dissociated by reduction. In fibrin polymerization, a crosslinking process takes place and this process was inhibited by glycine ethyl ester. A fibrin stabilizing factor is present in the crab haemolymph and this protein was able to cross-link human fibrin in the same manner as human factor XIII.", "PMID": 505375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6547", "title": "Effects of tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "The saliva of the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. It has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on Sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. Unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin III, for optimal anticoagulant activity. It has similar properties to hirudin, but does not elute with a protein peak upon Sephadex fractionation and has a slightly different molecular weight. Salivary gland homogenates contained neither a plasminogen activator nor fibrinolytic activity. The sera of rabbits used to maintain tsetses, which contained precipitating antibodies against saliva, did not neutralize the salivary anticoagulant in vitro. The properties of this anticoagulant suggest that it might be a potentially useful antithrombotic agent in man.", "contents": "Effects of tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis. The saliva of the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. It has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on Sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. Unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin III, for optimal anticoagulant activity. It has similar properties to hirudin, but does not elute with a protein peak upon Sephadex fractionation and has a slightly different molecular weight. Salivary gland homogenates contained neither a plasminogen activator nor fibrinolytic activity. The sera of rabbits used to maintain tsetses, which contained precipitating antibodies against saliva, did not neutralize the salivary anticoagulant in vitro. The properties of this anticoagulant suggest that it might be a potentially useful antithrombotic agent in man.", "PMID": 505376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6548", "title": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by dipyrone in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "ADP induced platelet aggregation was investigated in 48 patients within three days of the first signs of acute myocardial (AMI). Thirty six of them received 1 gram of dipyrone. Twelve patients who did not receive dipyrone served as controls. Platelet aggregation was found severely inhibited in 11 patients who had received dipyrone up to 12 hours before investigation and moderately inhibited among 25 patients who were given the drug 12-24 hours prior to the investigation. All the patients with AMI who did not receive dipyrone, exhibited a state of hyperaggregability evidenced by the presence of a second phase of aggregation even with 0.5 microM ADP. The inhibitory activity of dipyrone on the second phase of platelet aggregation resembles that of other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by dipyrone in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ADP induced platelet aggregation was investigated in 48 patients within three days of the first signs of acute myocardial (AMI). Thirty six of them received 1 gram of dipyrone. Twelve patients who did not receive dipyrone served as controls. Platelet aggregation was found severely inhibited in 11 patients who had received dipyrone up to 12 hours before investigation and moderately inhibited among 25 patients who were given the drug 12-24 hours prior to the investigation. All the patients with AMI who did not receive dipyrone, exhibited a state of hyperaggregability evidenced by the presence of a second phase of aggregation even with 0.5 microM ADP. The inhibitory activity of dipyrone on the second phase of platelet aggregation resembles that of other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 505377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6549", "title": "The accelerating effect of fibrinogen and early fibrinogen degradation products on erythrocyte sedimentation.", "content": "The fibrinogen molecule has a number of biological activities and some of these are shared by the larger degradation products. This study was carried out to investigate the erythrocyte sedimentation-accelerating property of fibrinogen and how this property might be modified by proteolytic digestion with plasmin. The sedimentation rate of washed human red cells suspended in saline, was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of added purified human fibrinogen, down to 250 mg%, below which there was no difference from saline controls. Plasmic digestion of fibrinogen yielding fragment X, did not reduce the accelerating affect on erythrocyte sedimentation, indicating that the intact carboxyl terminal end of the A alpha chain is unnecessary for this phenomenon. Further digestion to fragment Y reduced the effect slightly but digestion to fragments D and E abolished the accelerating effect completely.", "contents": "The accelerating effect of fibrinogen and early fibrinogen degradation products on erythrocyte sedimentation. The fibrinogen molecule has a number of biological activities and some of these are shared by the larger degradation products. This study was carried out to investigate the erythrocyte sedimentation-accelerating property of fibrinogen and how this property might be modified by proteolytic digestion with plasmin. The sedimentation rate of washed human red cells suspended in saline, was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of added purified human fibrinogen, down to 250 mg%, below which there was no difference from saline controls. Plasmic digestion of fibrinogen yielding fragment X, did not reduce the accelerating affect on erythrocyte sedimentation, indicating that the intact carboxyl terminal end of the A alpha chain is unnecessary for this phenomenon. Further digestion to fragment Y reduced the effect slightly but digestion to fragments D and E abolished the accelerating effect completely.", "PMID": 505378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6550", "title": "Evaluation of the in vitro detection of the hypercoagulable state using the thrombin generation test and plasma clot impedance test.", "content": "This study reports the correlation of the thrombin generation test and the plasma clot impedance test with clinical evidence of hypercoagulability. Thrombin generation is increased and the rate of change of plasma from a liquid to a gel (clot impedance) is increased in situations where the risk of thrombosis is increased. These situations include increasing clinical signs and/or symptoms of thromboembolism, positive  lung scans, postoperative total hip replacement, patients over 40 years old, low serum antithrombin III, thrombocytosis, transient cerebral ischemia, and positive isotope venogram for thrombosis. The two tests failed to indicate a significant effect of antiplatelet drugs on the hypercoagulable state. This study shows that the thrombin generation and plasma clot impedance tests are practical, rapid and useful tests for the detection and monitoring of the hypercoagulable state.", "contents": "Evaluation of the in vitro detection of the hypercoagulable state using the thrombin generation test and plasma clot impedance test. This study reports the correlation of the thrombin generation test and the plasma clot impedance test with clinical evidence of hypercoagulability. Thrombin generation is increased and the rate of change of plasma from a liquid to a gel (clot impedance) is increased in situations where the risk of thrombosis is increased. These situations include increasing clinical signs and/or symptoms of thromboembolism, positive  lung scans, postoperative total hip replacement, patients over 40 years old, low serum antithrombin III, thrombocytosis, transient cerebral ischemia, and positive isotope venogram for thrombosis. The two tests failed to indicate a significant effect of antiplatelet drugs on the hypercoagulable state. This study shows that the thrombin generation and plasma clot impedance tests are practical, rapid and useful tests for the detection and monitoring of the hypercoagulable state.", "PMID": 505379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6551", "title": "The effects of citrate and extracellular calcium ions on the platelet release reaction induced by adenosine diphosphate and collagen.", "content": "The ADP-induced release of 3H-serotonin from human platelets in heparinized platelets rich plasma is markedly stimulated by the addition of sodium citrate. The aggregation and release that is induced by collagen is less affected by citrate. Data is presented that supports the view that the effects of citrate on both ADP- and collagen-induced release are largely via alteration of the concentration of ionized calcium in plasma. Collagen can induce release of 3H-serotonin via extracellular calcium-independent and -dependent mechanisms. The possibility that the calcium-dependent mechanism is aggregation-dependent and that the calcium is required for platelet aggregation rather than directly involved in the release reaction is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of citrate and extracellular calcium ions on the platelet release reaction induced by adenosine diphosphate and collagen. The ADP-induced release of 3H-serotonin from human platelets in heparinized platelets rich plasma is markedly stimulated by the addition of sodium citrate. The aggregation and release that is induced by collagen is less affected by citrate. Data is presented that supports the view that the effects of citrate on both ADP- and collagen-induced release are largely via alteration of the concentration of ionized calcium in plasma. Collagen can induce release of 3H-serotonin via extracellular calcium-independent and -dependent mechanisms. The possibility that the calcium-dependent mechanism is aggregation-dependent and that the calcium is required for platelet aggregation rather than directly involved in the release reaction is discussed.", "PMID": 505380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6552", "title": "Factor-XII congenital deficiency. A new family study.", "content": "This report describes two people in a family with Hageman trait (homozygotes) (Factor XII = 0.06%). In addition eight family members were studied to evaluate the inheritance of this congenital deficiency. A study of the Kallikrein-Kininogen system induced by the fragments of Factor XII was carried out. It is concluded that the inheritance is as described by Veltkamp and that the Kallikrein release from the prekallikreinogen (Fletcher factor) \"in vitro\" is related to the amount of Factor XII procoagulant protein.", "contents": "Factor-XII congenital deficiency. A new family study. This report describes two people in a family with Hageman trait (homozygotes) (Factor XII = 0.06%). In addition eight family members were studied to evaluate the inheritance of this congenital deficiency. A study of the Kallikrein-Kininogen system induced by the fragments of Factor XII was carried out. It is concluded that the inheritance is as described by Veltkamp and that the Kallikrein release from the prekallikreinogen (Fletcher factor) \"in vitro\" is related to the amount of Factor XII procoagulant protein.", "PMID": 505391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6553", "title": "Thrombus weight as a measure of hypercoagulability induced by drugs.", "content": "Thrombus weight was used as a measure of the thrombus enhancing effect of drugs in 135 rats. The weight of thrombus formed in one hour, on a 20 x 0.5 mm platinum wire, inserted in the vena cava was taken as a measure of thrombosis. The change in thrombus weight which followed the injection of ellagic acid to activate the coagulation system, adenosine diphosphate to activate the platelets, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid to inhibit the fibrinolytic system, was measured. Pilot studies showed that the drug doses used brought about the appropriate changes in the factors named. The mean thrombus weight in 45 control animals was 1.93 mg. Ellagic acid increased it about five-fold, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid almost two-fold, while adenosine diphosphate reduced it by almost a half. Concurrent controls were used in each case. Clotting tests (whole blood clotting time, kaolin-activated whole blood clotting time, thrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time), performed at the end of the hour, showed no significant correlation with thrombus weight.", "contents": "Thrombus weight as a measure of hypercoagulability induced by drugs. Thrombus weight was used as a measure of the thrombus enhancing effect of drugs in 135 rats. The weight of thrombus formed in one hour, on a 20 x 0.5 mm platinum wire, inserted in the vena cava was taken as a measure of thrombosis. The change in thrombus weight which followed the injection of ellagic acid to activate the coagulation system, adenosine diphosphate to activate the platelets, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid to inhibit the fibrinolytic system, was measured. Pilot studies showed that the drug doses used brought about the appropriate changes in the factors named. The mean thrombus weight in 45 control animals was 1.93 mg. Ellagic acid increased it about five-fold, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid almost two-fold, while adenosine diphosphate reduced it by almost a half. Concurrent controls were used in each case. Clotting tests (whole blood clotting time, kaolin-activated whole blood clotting time, thrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time), performed at the end of the hour, showed no significant correlation with thrombus weight.", "PMID": 505392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6554", "title": "Dose requirement for replacement therapy in hemophilia A.", "content": "In order to determine the correlation between different doses of F. VIII and their clinical effect, 70 children with severe hemophilia A were studied after treatment with single doses of cryoprecipitate. The relationship between plasma F. VIII levels or doses calculated in u/kg of body weight and clinical results followed an exponential curve. Plasma F. VIII levels of 0.35 and 0.53 u/ml corresponded to 95 and 99% satisfactory treatment, respectively. Similar clinical results were obtained with 20 and 31 u/kg. When the in vivo recovery of F. VIII after lyophilized cryoprecipitate was 0.015 u/ml for each u/kg injected, plasma F. VIII levels of 0.30 and 0.47 u/ml respectively were achieved. Since home treatment is largely based on single infusions of F. VIII, it is suggested that moderate and severe hemorrhages be treated with a dose which will provide a plasma F. VIII level of 0.5 u/ml.", "contents": "Dose requirement for replacement therapy in hemophilia A. In order to determine the correlation between different doses of F. VIII and their clinical effect, 70 children with severe hemophilia A were studied after treatment with single doses of cryoprecipitate. The relationship between plasma F. VIII levels or doses calculated in u/kg of body weight and clinical results followed an exponential curve. Plasma F. VIII levels of 0.35 and 0.53 u/ml corresponded to 95 and 99% satisfactory treatment, respectively. Similar clinical results were obtained with 20 and 31 u/kg. When the in vivo recovery of F. VIII after lyophilized cryoprecipitate was 0.015 u/ml for each u/kg injected, plasma F. VIII levels of 0.30 and 0.47 u/ml respectively were achieved. Since home treatment is largely based on single infusions of F. VIII, it is suggested that moderate and severe hemorrhages be treated with a dose which will provide a plasma F. VIII level of 0.5 u/ml.", "PMID": 505399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6555", "title": "The influence of thrombin on the platelet-aggregating activity of human factor VIII. A study with insolubilized thrombin.", "content": "A study was made of the influence of thrombin on the platelet-aggregating activity of human factor VIII with Ristocetin as cofactor. Purified factor VIII and different amounts of a thrombin-Sepharose 2B complex were mixed and incubated for various periods of time. The factor VIII-related platelet-aggregating activities of the filtrates of the incubation mixtures were determined in a test system using formalin-fixed platelets and Ristocetin as cofactor. The results so obtained indicate that thrombin inactivates the platelet-aggregating activity of factor VIII. The filtrates of the incubation mixtures were also tested by a two-stage test system for the clotting activities. Comparison of the influence of thrombin on the clotting- and the platelet-aggregating activities of factor VIII is presented and discussed.", "contents": "The influence of thrombin on the platelet-aggregating activity of human factor VIII. A study with insolubilized thrombin. A study was made of the influence of thrombin on the platelet-aggregating activity of human factor VIII with Ristocetin as cofactor. Purified factor VIII and different amounts of a thrombin-Sepharose 2B complex were mixed and incubated for various periods of time. The factor VIII-related platelet-aggregating activities of the filtrates of the incubation mixtures were determined in a test system using formalin-fixed platelets and Ristocetin as cofactor. The results so obtained indicate that thrombin inactivates the platelet-aggregating activity of factor VIII. The filtrates of the incubation mixtures were also tested by a two-stage test system for the clotting activities. Comparison of the influence of thrombin on the clotting- and the platelet-aggregating activities of factor VIII is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 505400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6556", "title": "Inactivation of factor VIII by a mechanism independent of the generation of thrombin.", "content": "Thrombin first activates and then inactivates factor VIII and for this reason thrombin has been considered responsible for the inactivation of factor VIII which occurs during clotting. Experiments described in this paper indicated that the activity of factor VIII is not reduced in factor IX or factor X deficient sera, while on the other hand this factor becomes inactivated in blood anticoagulated with high concentrations of hirudin which inhibit thrombin activity completely. This suggests that some other factor, besides thrombin, which is generated only in trace amounts in factor IX or factor X deficient plasmas, is also able to inactivate factor VIII. Purified factor X activated with insolubilized trypsin was added to purified preparations of factor VIII, which were free of both fibrinogen and prothrombin. Factor X a was allowed to act for 5-60 minutes and then inactivated with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Depending on the duration of the action of factor X a partial or complete inactivation of factor VIII was observed. This inactivation was also observed in the presence of hirudin, thus excluding the possibility that the effect was due to contamination with trace amounts of thrombin.", "contents": "Inactivation of factor VIII by a mechanism independent of the generation of thrombin. Thrombin first activates and then inactivates factor VIII and for this reason thrombin has been considered responsible for the inactivation of factor VIII which occurs during clotting. Experiments described in this paper indicated that the activity of factor VIII is not reduced in factor IX or factor X deficient sera, while on the other hand this factor becomes inactivated in blood anticoagulated with high concentrations of hirudin which inhibit thrombin activity completely. This suggests that some other factor, besides thrombin, which is generated only in trace amounts in factor IX or factor X deficient plasmas, is also able to inactivate factor VIII. Purified factor X activated with insolubilized trypsin was added to purified preparations of factor VIII, which were free of both fibrinogen and prothrombin. Factor X a was allowed to act for 5-60 minutes and then inactivated with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Depending on the duration of the action of factor X a partial or complete inactivation of factor VIII was observed. This inactivation was also observed in the presence of hirudin, thus excluding the possibility that the effect was due to contamination with trace amounts of thrombin.", "PMID": 505401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6557", "title": "Studies on metabolism of urokinase and mechanism of thrombolysis by urokinase.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected 125I-labeled urokinase (125I-UK) of a molecular weight of 33,000 daltons in normal rabbits and patients with various diseases were investigated. The plasma clearance of 125I-UK in rabbits was described by a biexponential curve within six hours with a half-life of 8 minutes, 2.3 hours, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidneys 15 minutes after iv injection with 125I-UK was 9.6% and 14.0% of the radioactivity injected, respectively. Approximately 80% of the total radioactive material injected was excreted in the urine in 18 hours. No increase in activator activity in the urine was observed after a large amount of UK injection. Activity uptake of 125I-UK by experimentally induced arterial thrombus was little. Lysis of the stasis thrombus was produced by injecting 7.5 x 10(-4) IU of UK in only one out of 8 rabbits. In vitro contact experiment revealed that transfer of 125I-UK to plasma clot is slow (24 hours for 10% of 125I-UK by plasma clot). In 4 patients plasma clearance of 125I-UK was essentially similar to that in rabbits. From the results obtained optimal dosage regimen of UK administration for complete thrombolysis in vivo was discussed.", "contents": "Studies on metabolism of urokinase and mechanism of thrombolysis by urokinase. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected 125I-labeled urokinase (125I-UK) of a molecular weight of 33,000 daltons in normal rabbits and patients with various diseases were investigated. The plasma clearance of 125I-UK in rabbits was described by a biexponential curve within six hours with a half-life of 8 minutes, 2.3 hours, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidneys 15 minutes after iv injection with 125I-UK was 9.6% and 14.0% of the radioactivity injected, respectively. Approximately 80% of the total radioactive material injected was excreted in the urine in 18 hours. No increase in activator activity in the urine was observed after a large amount of UK injection. Activity uptake of 125I-UK by experimentally induced arterial thrombus was little. Lysis of the stasis thrombus was produced by injecting 7.5 x 10(-4) IU of UK in only one out of 8 rabbits. In vitro contact experiment revealed that transfer of 125I-UK to plasma clot is slow (24 hours for 10% of 125I-UK by plasma clot). In 4 patients plasma clearance of 125I-UK was essentially similar to that in rabbits. From the results obtained optimal dosage regimen of UK administration for complete thrombolysis in vivo was discussed.", "PMID": 505403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6558", "title": "Plasminogen activator (urokinase) from cultured cells.", "content": "Secretion of large quantities of urokinase by cultured renal cells suggested tissue culture as a means of production to meet demand for the material and to obtain guidelines for optimization of production. Rates of secretion and overall yields of urokinase from confluent cultures of renal cells have been studied in relation to species differences, effects of passage of cells, inoculum density, and volume of maintenance media. Added in part by an advantage gained through addition of glycine to maintenance media, it is now possible to harvest urokinase at concentrations of the order of 800 CTA units per ml. Such concentrations are of the order of 10(2) times that occurring in human male urine.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator (urokinase) from cultured cells. Secretion of large quantities of urokinase by cultured renal cells suggested tissue culture as a means of production to meet demand for the material and to obtain guidelines for optimization of production. Rates of secretion and overall yields of urokinase from confluent cultures of renal cells have been studied in relation to species differences, effects of passage of cells, inoculum density, and volume of maintenance media. Added in part by an advantage gained through addition of glycine to maintenance media, it is now possible to harvest urokinase at concentrations of the order of 800 CTA units per ml. Such concentrations are of the order of 10(2) times that occurring in human male urine.", "PMID": 505404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6559", "title": "Influence of coagulation on the activation of plasminogen by streptokinase and urokinase.", "content": "Human plasma was mixed with Ca++ or thrombin, and urokinase (UK) or streptokinase (SK) and a chromogenic substrate (S-2251: H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) specific to plasmin. The hydrolysis of S-2251 was higher when clot was formed by the addition of Ca++ or thrombin than in the absence of clot. The hydrolysis of S-2251 by euglobulin in the presence of UK was also higher when clot was formed, thus, inhibitors may not be related to the better activation of plasminogen, in the presence of fibrin clot. It may be suggested that plasminogen was better activated by activators (UK and SK) in the clot than in its absence.", "contents": "Influence of coagulation on the activation of plasminogen by streptokinase and urokinase. Human plasma was mixed with Ca++ or thrombin, and urokinase (UK) or streptokinase (SK) and a chromogenic substrate (S-2251: H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) specific to plasmin. The hydrolysis of S-2251 was higher when clot was formed by the addition of Ca++ or thrombin than in the absence of clot. The hydrolysis of S-2251 by euglobulin in the presence of UK was also higher when clot was formed, thus, inhibitors may not be related to the better activation of plasminogen, in the presence of fibrin clot. It may be suggested that plasminogen was better activated by activators (UK and SK) in the clot than in its absence.", "PMID": 505405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6560", "title": "Purification of urokinase by a beta-naphthamidine affinity column.", "content": "Urokinase was purified by affinity chromatography using 6-amino-naththamidine-(2), a new specific ligand based on the urokinase inhibitor beta-naphthamidine. Urokinase was firmly bound at pH 7.0 and could be eluted at pH 3.0. The protein which passed the column at pH 7.0 without being bound did not contain any urokinase activity. This is an important property because it can be utilized for raising a monospecific urokinase antiserum by absorbing unspecific antibodies with only a minor loss of antiserum titre.", "contents": "Purification of urokinase by a beta-naphthamidine affinity column. Urokinase was purified by affinity chromatography using 6-amino-naththamidine-(2), a new specific ligand based on the urokinase inhibitor beta-naphthamidine. Urokinase was firmly bound at pH 7.0 and could be eluted at pH 3.0. The protein which passed the column at pH 7.0 without being bound did not contain any urokinase activity. This is an important property because it can be utilized for raising a monospecific urokinase antiserum by absorbing unspecific antibodies with only a minor loss of antiserum titre.", "PMID": 505406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6561", "title": "Fibrinolysis in the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "The presence of plasminogen activator in the euglobulin fraction of pigeon plasma, was demonstrated by conspicuous lysis on unheated fibrin plates; human as well as bovine fibrin were susceptible to lysis. The presence of free plasmin in euglobulin fraction was indicated by lysis on heated fibrin plates.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis in the pigeon (Columba livia). The presence of plasminogen activator in the euglobulin fraction of pigeon plasma, was demonstrated by conspicuous lysis on unheated fibrin plates; human as well as bovine fibrin were susceptible to lysis. The presence of free plasmin in euglobulin fraction was indicated by lysis on heated fibrin plates.", "PMID": 505408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6562", "title": "Comparative studies of blood coagulation in hibernating and non-hibernating frogs (Rana tigrina).", "content": "1. During hibernation in frogs (Rana tigrina) there occurs prolongation of several clotting tests, viz, whole blood clotting time, plasma recalcification time, cephalin time and prothrombin time. 2. The ambient body temperature of the frog during winter hibernation is low and the retarded blood clotting at lower temperature may play an important protective role against intravascular thrombosis. 3. Shorter plasma recalcification time in low-spun plasma as compared to high-spun plasma indicated the presence of procoagulant activity in platelets/leucocytes of frogs.", "contents": "Comparative studies of blood coagulation in hibernating and non-hibernating frogs (Rana tigrina). 1. During hibernation in frogs (Rana tigrina) there occurs prolongation of several clotting tests, viz, whole blood clotting time, plasma recalcification time, cephalin time and prothrombin time. 2. The ambient body temperature of the frog during winter hibernation is low and the retarded blood clotting at lower temperature may play an important protective role against intravascular thrombosis. 3. Shorter plasma recalcification time in low-spun plasma as compared to high-spun plasma indicated the presence of procoagulant activity in platelets/leucocytes of frogs.", "PMID": 505409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6563", "title": "Detection of an abnormal plasma clot structure by a simple rigidity assay.", "content": "We report here on a patient whose abnormal fibrin clot was detected via the measurement of clot rigidity with a simple buoyant inner cylinder elastometer. The patient's clinical coagulation studies were all within normal limits except for prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times and high level of fibrin split products. The measured rigidity of the patient's clot was approximately ten times lower than that of a clot formed from normal pooled plasma. Light scattering studies indicated that this modified structure was not caused by a gross change in gel fiber morphology. Antithrombin activity was eliminated as a possible cause of the altered clot structure; this suggests the possibility of a modified fibrinogen. Abnormalities in the reptilase time and fibrinogen levels in two siblings support the hypothesis that the modification is an inherited defect. We suggest that the simple measurement of rigidity can be used rountinely to detect abnormalities in plasma clot structure. The screening for such disorders should be of importance to clinician, patient, and biochemical researcher.", "contents": "Detection of an abnormal plasma clot structure by a simple rigidity assay. We report here on a patient whose abnormal fibrin clot was detected via the measurement of clot rigidity with a simple buoyant inner cylinder elastometer. The patient's clinical coagulation studies were all within normal limits except for prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times and high level of fibrin split products. The measured rigidity of the patient's clot was approximately ten times lower than that of a clot formed from normal pooled plasma. Light scattering studies indicated that this modified structure was not caused by a gross change in gel fiber morphology. Antithrombin activity was eliminated as a possible cause of the altered clot structure; this suggests the possibility of a modified fibrinogen. Abnormalities in the reptilase time and fibrinogen levels in two siblings support the hypothesis that the modification is an inherited defect. We suggest that the simple measurement of rigidity can be used rountinely to detect abnormalities in plasma clot structure. The screening for such disorders should be of importance to clinician, patient, and biochemical researcher.", "PMID": 505410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6564", "title": "An acquired abnormal fibrinogen associated with thromboembolic disease and pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "An abnormal fibrinogen was found in a patient associated with disabling recurrent phlebitis and pulmonary emboli, pseudotumor cerebri, gout and endometriosis. The fibrinogen is characterized by (1) abnormal side-to-side and end-to-end polymerization, (2) abnormal fibrinopeptide release, (3) a delayed gamma-gamma dimerization of the non cross-linked fibrin, (4) a pH optimum of 7--7.8, and (5) a deviation from normal amino acid composition with regard to lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine. Since no defect has been found in any of her three children, and since the prothromin and partial thromboplastin times vary from time to time, it is assumed that the defect is acquired. Liver disease, usually associated with acquired abnormal fibrinogen, has been excluded as an etiological cause since liver function tests and biopsy are completely normal.", "contents": "An acquired abnormal fibrinogen associated with thromboembolic disease and pseudotumor cerebri. An abnormal fibrinogen was found in a patient associated with disabling recurrent phlebitis and pulmonary emboli, pseudotumor cerebri, gout and endometriosis. The fibrinogen is characterized by (1) abnormal side-to-side and end-to-end polymerization, (2) abnormal fibrinopeptide release, (3) a delayed gamma-gamma dimerization of the non cross-linked fibrin, (4) a pH optimum of 7--7.8, and (5) a deviation from normal amino acid composition with regard to lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine. Since no defect has been found in any of her three children, and since the prothromin and partial thromboplastin times vary from time to time, it is assumed that the defect is acquired. Liver disease, usually associated with acquired abnormal fibrinogen, has been excluded as an etiological cause since liver function tests and biopsy are completely normal.", "PMID": 505412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6565", "title": "[Determination of theophylline blood level by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an easy, rapid, selective and reproducible quantitative determination of theophylline using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Plasma theophylline determination is very useful to establish an efficaceous and non toxic posology for each patient.", "contents": "[Determination of theophylline blood level by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The authors describe an easy, rapid, selective and reproducible quantitative determination of theophylline using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Plasma theophylline determination is very useful to establish an efficaceous and non toxic posology for each patient.", "PMID": 505444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6566", "title": "[Dismutation as a metabolic pathway : transformation of the trimethyl 3,5,5, cyclohexanone (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides novel routes of biotransformation of xenobiotic substances recently reported, such as N-glucuronidation of teritary amines and quaternary ammonium componds, N-glucosylation, N-carbamylglucuronide formation from a primary amine, C-glucuronidation, conjugation with long-chain fatty acids, with polypeptides, carbon-chain elongation, stereospecific inversion of configuration at a satured carbon atom, formation of methylthio metabolites, the authors have described a new metabolic pathway: dismutation, in the case of 3,5,5, - trimethylcyclohexanone (dihydroisophorone). As a matter of fact, this compound leads, in vivo, to the formation of isophorone alpha and of cis and trans 3,5,5, - trimethyl cyclohexanols. These compounds, extracted from the urine of treated rats and rabbits, have been identified by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "[Dismutation as a metabolic pathway : transformation of the trimethyl 3,5,5, cyclohexanone (author's transl)]. Besides novel routes of biotransformation of xenobiotic substances recently reported, such as N-glucuronidation of teritary amines and quaternary ammonium componds, N-glucosylation, N-carbamylglucuronide formation from a primary amine, C-glucuronidation, conjugation with long-chain fatty acids, with polypeptides, carbon-chain elongation, stereospecific inversion of configuration at a satured carbon atom, formation of methylthio metabolites, the authors have described a new metabolic pathway: dismutation, in the case of 3,5,5, - trimethylcyclohexanone (dihydroisophorone). As a matter of fact, this compound leads, in vivo, to the formation of isophorone alpha and of cis and trans 3,5,5, - trimethyl cyclohexanols. These compounds, extracted from the urine of treated rats and rabbits, have been identified by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 505445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6567", "title": "[Acute toxicity of orthochloroparanitroanisole (OCNA) and orthochloroparaanisidine (OCPA) (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute effects of two industrial substances were studied in mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs: - lethal concentration 50 (L.D. 50) in mice and rats after intraperitoneal and oral administration; - investigation of cell growth inhibition (Hela cells), I.D.50 = inhibitory dose 50%; - neuropharmacological effects Histopathological investigations and biochemical analysis pointed out hepatic and renal damages; besides hematological disturbances were found. Both products had mild irritant effects on rabbits skin and eyes. They produced skin sensitization in guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Acute toxicity of orthochloroparanitroanisole (OCNA) and orthochloroparaanisidine (OCPA) (author's transl)]. The acute effects of two industrial substances were studied in mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs: - lethal concentration 50 (L.D. 50) in mice and rats after intraperitoneal and oral administration; - investigation of cell growth inhibition (Hela cells), I.D.50 = inhibitory dose 50%; - neuropharmacological effects Histopathological investigations and biochemical analysis pointed out hepatic and renal damages; besides hematological disturbances were found. Both products had mild irritant effects on rabbits skin and eyes. They produced skin sensitization in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 505446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6568", "title": "[Effect of levomepromazine on atrioventricular conduction tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of levomepromazine on sinusal automaticity, myocardial excitability and auriculoventricular conduction have been studied in dogs by measuring the spontaneous heart rate, the effective refractory period of the conduction system, the time of auriculonodal and infrahisian conduction. Chloralose-anaesthetized dogs were administered 5 mg/kg levomepromazine via IV route and 10 mg/kg one hour later. While sinusal automaticity is never altered, the other parameters studied were modified only when high doses were used. Therefore these quinidine-like effects are very unlikely to come up even following suicidal massive ingestion of levomepromazine.", "contents": "[Effect of levomepromazine on atrioventricular conduction tissue (author's transl)]. The effect of levomepromazine on sinusal automaticity, myocardial excitability and auriculoventricular conduction have been studied in dogs by measuring the spontaneous heart rate, the effective refractory period of the conduction system, the time of auriculonodal and infrahisian conduction. Chloralose-anaesthetized dogs were administered 5 mg/kg levomepromazine via IV route and 10 mg/kg one hour later. While sinusal automaticity is never altered, the other parameters studied were modified only when high doses were used. Therefore these quinidine-like effects are very unlikely to come up even following suicidal massive ingestion of levomepromazine.", "PMID": 505447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6569", "title": "The influence of orphenadrine HCl in overdose alone and in combination with droperidol on respiration and circulation in the rat.", "content": "Orphenadrine HCL was intravenously administered to rats under urethane anesthesia to investigate whether the primary cause of death in orphenadrine intoxication is respiratory arrest or cardiac standstill. The spontaneously breathing animals died from apnoe after a mean dose of 63 + 11 mg/kg. The artificially ventilated animals died from cardiac arrest after a mean dose of 144 +/- 47 mg/kg. It was concluded that primary cause of death is respiratory insufficiency and that hypoventilation can mask the cardiotoxicity of orphenadrine. On the analogy of earlier experiments in dogs the ability of droperidol to counteract the influence of orphenadrine was investigated. Droperidol enhanced the influence of orphenadrine on respiration and had no influence on the cardiotoxic influence of orphenadrine in the rat.", "contents": "The influence of orphenadrine HCl in overdose alone and in combination with droperidol on respiration and circulation in the rat. Orphenadrine HCL was intravenously administered to rats under urethane anesthesia to investigate whether the primary cause of death in orphenadrine intoxication is respiratory arrest or cardiac standstill. The spontaneously breathing animals died from apnoe after a mean dose of 63 + 11 mg/kg. The artificially ventilated animals died from cardiac arrest after a mean dose of 144 +/- 47 mg/kg. It was concluded that primary cause of death is respiratory insufficiency and that hypoventilation can mask the cardiotoxicity of orphenadrine. On the analogy of earlier experiments in dogs the ability of droperidol to counteract the influence of orphenadrine was investigated. Droperidol enhanced the influence of orphenadrine on respiration and had no influence on the cardiotoxic influence of orphenadrine in the rat.", "PMID": 505448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6570", "title": "Induction of cataracts in the rat by derivatives of (4' -pyridyl) - 1 piperazine.", "content": "A structure ocular toxicity study in the rat of (4' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine and of some derivatives with psychopharmacological profile, allows some interesting conclusions. (4' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine does not lead to crystalline lens opacity, though some aryloxypropanol or aryloxypropyl derivatives do. At least, (2' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine and one aryloxpropanol derivative do not improve cataract. So the appearance of cataracts is probably due to substitution of an alkylaryl side chain on the N-4 position of (4' - pyridyl) - piperazine.", "contents": "Induction of cataracts in the rat by derivatives of (4' -pyridyl) - 1 piperazine. A structure ocular toxicity study in the rat of (4' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine and of some derivatives with psychopharmacological profile, allows some interesting conclusions. (4' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine does not lead to crystalline lens opacity, though some aryloxypropanol or aryloxypropyl derivatives do. At least, (2' - pyridyl) - 1 piperazine and one aryloxpropanol derivative do not improve cataract. So the appearance of cataracts is probably due to substitution of an alkylaryl side chain on the N-4 position of (4' - pyridyl) - piperazine.", "PMID": 505449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6571", "title": "[Results after split-course irradiation of bronchial carcinoma (2 series) (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns 1092 patients with bronchial carcinoma, exclusively irradiated by means of the split-course method. Only squamous cell carcinomas have a chance to survive the 5-year limit: all stages in 9/328 = 2.7%, T1 and T2 in 5/48 = 10%. The dependence of the effect on the radiation dose can be confirmed for squamous cell carcinoma but not for anaplastic tumors. Doses higher than 4500 rad do not bring about a longer survival for the latter. Advantages of the split-course method are: The treatment is better tolerated, operability of questionably operable cases can be checked once again after the first irradiation, series, the dose may be determined from the therapy effect in every individual case.", "contents": "[Results after split-course irradiation of bronchial carcinoma (2 series) (author's transl)]. This report concerns 1092 patients with bronchial carcinoma, exclusively irradiated by means of the split-course method. Only squamous cell carcinomas have a chance to survive the 5-year limit: all stages in 9/328 = 2.7%, T1 and T2 in 5/48 = 10%. The dependence of the effect on the radiation dose can be confirmed for squamous cell carcinoma but not for anaplastic tumors. Doses higher than 4500 rad do not bring about a longer survival for the latter. Advantages of the split-course method are: The treatment is better tolerated, operability of questionably operable cases can be checked once again after the first irradiation, series, the dose may be determined from the therapy effect in every individual case.", "PMID": 505465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6572", "title": "[Irradiation prophylaxis of keloids and cicatricial hypertrophies (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained for 100 patients by combined surgical and radiation therapy are presented and by means of exemplary cases illustrated. As sson as 24 to 48 hours after excision of the keloid by mostly atraumatic surgical technique, and closing the wound as tension-free as possible, radiation therapy is begun. This takes place under the conditions of surface therapy in single doses of 1.5 Gray two or three times per week up to a total dose of 9 to 12 Gray. Good cosmetic and functional results can be achieved with this technique. The rate of recurrences is extremely low. The radiation load to the patient is so small that it seems justifiable to recommend the combined treatment as the routine method for therapy of keloids. In cases of a known disposition for developing keloids or cicatricial hypertrophies, postoperative radiation therapy is indicated as a prophylactic measure, especially after surgery in the facial region.", "contents": "[Irradiation prophylaxis of keloids and cicatricial hypertrophies (author's transl)]. The results obtained for 100 patients by combined surgical and radiation therapy are presented and by means of exemplary cases illustrated. As sson as 24 to 48 hours after excision of the keloid by mostly atraumatic surgical technique, and closing the wound as tension-free as possible, radiation therapy is begun. This takes place under the conditions of surface therapy in single doses of 1.5 Gray two or three times per week up to a total dose of 9 to 12 Gray. Good cosmetic and functional results can be achieved with this technique. The rate of recurrences is extremely low. The radiation load to the patient is so small that it seems justifiable to recommend the combined treatment as the routine method for therapy of keloids. In cases of a known disposition for developing keloids or cicatricial hypertrophies, postoperative radiation therapy is indicated as a prophylactic measure, especially after surgery in the facial region.", "PMID": 505467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6573", "title": "[Possibilities of variation in skip pendulum irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Irradiation techniques should be judged not by dose distribution only but also by the effort necessary for their realization. Skip pendulum irradiation is a technique excelling not only through suitable dose distribution but through effortless adjustment as well. The possibilities of variation in skip pendulum irradiation are examined, a schedule facilitates the choice of field breadth and pendulum angle. Skip pendulum irradiation should gain importance, too, for the bremsstrahlung from a linear accelerator.", "contents": "[Possibilities of variation in skip pendulum irradiation (author's transl)]. Irradiation techniques should be judged not by dose distribution only but also by the effort necessary for their realization. Skip pendulum irradiation is a technique excelling not only through suitable dose distribution but through effortless adjustment as well. The possibilities of variation in skip pendulum irradiation are examined, a schedule facilitates the choice of field breadth and pendulum angle. Skip pendulum irradiation should gain importance, too, for the bremsstrahlung from a linear accelerator.", "PMID": 505468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6574", "title": "[Are the actual criteria of tumor classification and therapy valuation sufficient for the tumor therapy? (author's transl)].", "content": "The classical notions of tumor diagnosis (classification and diagnostic accuracy) as well as the generally accepted criteria for evaluating the success of the tumor therapy (mortality graphs, survival time and remission) are submitted to a critical examination. It is found that the actual version of these notions and criteria can cause serious errors in diagnosis and valuation. It seems therefore indispensable to complete and correct these generally used notions. However important scientifically founded and precisely defined parameters for tumor therapy and its valuation may be, one must never forget on the other hand that the treatment of a tumor patient is an individual problem and that  the most important task of the oncologist remains to give psychological guidance to every single patient.", "contents": "[Are the actual criteria of tumor classification and therapy valuation sufficient for the tumor therapy? (author's transl)]. The classical notions of tumor diagnosis (classification and diagnostic accuracy) as well as the generally accepted criteria for evaluating the success of the tumor therapy (mortality graphs, survival time and remission) are submitted to a critical examination. It is found that the actual version of these notions and criteria can cause serious errors in diagnosis and valuation. It seems therefore indispensable to complete and correct these generally used notions. However important scientifically founded and precisely defined parameters for tumor therapy and its valuation may be, one must never forget on the other hand that the treatment of a tumor patient is an individual problem and that  the most important task of the oncologist remains to give psychological guidance to every single patient.", "PMID": 505469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6575", "title": "The significance of leucocytosis in the X-irradiated tumour-bed.", "content": "(1) Present experiments confirm previous studies (Beck and Engel[1], 1927) according to which a tumour implanted s.c. into an X-irradiated area of mice is inhibited in its growth by 50 to 66% as compared with the implant of the nonirradiated side of the same animal. In the present series the growth inhibition amounted to practically 50%. (2) Exposure of the mouse skin to X-radiation caused a marked hyperleucocytosis within the first 24 hours, with a rapid decrease to normal levels within 4 or 5 days. (3) The inhibitory effect of X-radiation on the tumour growth and the inflammatory response of the skin (leucocyte count) did not run a parallel course except during the first few days after irradiation. The conclusion is drawn that hyperleucocytosis of the tumour bed is not the only cause for the tumour growth inhibition.", "contents": "The significance of leucocytosis in the X-irradiated tumour-bed. (1) Present experiments confirm previous studies (Beck and Engel[1], 1927) according to which a tumour implanted s.c. into an X-irradiated area of mice is inhibited in its growth by 50 to 66% as compared with the implant of the nonirradiated side of the same animal. In the present series the growth inhibition amounted to practically 50%. (2) Exposure of the mouse skin to X-radiation caused a marked hyperleucocytosis within the first 24 hours, with a rapid decrease to normal levels within 4 or 5 days. (3) The inhibitory effect of X-radiation on the tumour growth and the inflammatory response of the skin (leucocyte count) did not run a parallel course except during the first few days after irradiation. The conclusion is drawn that hyperleucocytosis of the tumour bed is not the only cause for the tumour growth inhibition.", "PMID": 505470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6576", "title": "[Behaviour of the peripheric leucocyte count and leucocyte resistance in rat after acute whole-body irradiation with 60Co-gamma-rays (author's transl)].", "content": "Wistar-rats were exposed to whole-body 60Co gamma irradiation and underwent continuous blood analysis through 70 days. By means of these experiments information as to the reliability of \"values of the leucocyte resistance against ultrasound (LRW)\" should be obtained in order to diagnose radiation injury. For all the dose ranges studied (from 10 R to 500 R) it was possible to ascertain a qualitatively radiation-specific LRW-curve being independent of the behaviour of peripheric leucocyte counts.", "contents": "[Behaviour of the peripheric leucocyte count and leucocyte resistance in rat after acute whole-body irradiation with 60Co-gamma-rays (author's transl)]. Wistar-rats were exposed to whole-body 60Co gamma irradiation and underwent continuous blood analysis through 70 days. By means of these experiments information as to the reliability of \"values of the leucocyte resistance against ultrasound (LRW)\" should be obtained in order to diagnose radiation injury. For all the dose ranges studied (from 10 R to 500 R) it was possible to ascertain a qualitatively radiation-specific LRW-curve being independent of the behaviour of peripheric leucocyte counts.", "PMID": 505471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6577", "title": "Differential radiosensitivity of two mammalian cell lines after hyperthermic pretreatment.", "content": "Hyperthermia in combination with 60Co-gamma-therapy not only increases the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells, it also can create a greater selectivity between individual cell populations. Tw established Chinese hamster cell lines (V79 and B14F28) showed a similar radiosensitivity at 37 degrees C, but exhibited a marked difference in their response to 60Co-gamma-rays when they were pretreated with mild hyperthermia (1 hour at 42 degrees C): About 50% of each cell type survived a dose of 400 rad 60Co-gamma-rays alone, while the same dose delivered in combination with hyperthermia was survived by 40% of the B14F28 cells and by only 2.4% of the V79 cells. Heat alone also caused cell death and cell cycle changes (as measured by flow-microfluorometry) to a different extent: 4 hours at 42 degrees C decreased survival of V79 cells to 1.3% while 70% of the B14F28 cells formed colonies. This differential response to hyperthermic killing and thermal radiosensitization is similar to the different RBE-values for survival of both cell lines after high LET pion irradiation.", "contents": "Differential radiosensitivity of two mammalian cell lines after hyperthermic pretreatment. Hyperthermia in combination with 60Co-gamma-therapy not only increases the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells, it also can create a greater selectivity between individual cell populations. Tw established Chinese hamster cell lines (V79 and B14F28) showed a similar radiosensitivity at 37 degrees C, but exhibited a marked difference in their response to 60Co-gamma-rays when they were pretreated with mild hyperthermia (1 hour at 42 degrees C): About 50% of each cell type survived a dose of 400 rad 60Co-gamma-rays alone, while the same dose delivered in combination with hyperthermia was survived by 40% of the B14F28 cells and by only 2.4% of the V79 cells. Heat alone also caused cell death and cell cycle changes (as measured by flow-microfluorometry) to a different extent: 4 hours at 42 degrees C decreased survival of V79 cells to 1.3% while 70% of the B14F28 cells formed colonies. This differential response to hyperthermic killing and thermal radiosensitization is similar to the different RBE-values for survival of both cell lines after high LET pion irradiation.", "PMID": 505472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6578", "title": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis. III. Effect on lipase activity.", "content": "Treatment of large blood vessels with ionizing irradiation leads to the development of atheromatosis when the serum lipid levels are sufficiently high. In order to answer the question whether a disturbed lipid clearance in the arterial wall plays a role in the accumulation of the lipids it was of interest to examine the effect of X-irradiation on the lipase activity. Triglycerol lipase was tested in a homogenate from rabbit carotid arteries, glycerol-tri-oelate was used as a substrate and the hydrolysis assayed at pH 6.4 at 37 degrees C. Under the conditions used, an hydrolytic activity could be measured of 7.5 nmoles . mg prot-1 . hr-1. The lipase activity was also tested in the carotid arteries obtained from rabbits which had been locally irradiated with 20 Gy of X-rays. No clear radiation effect on the lipase activity was found 4, 8, 20, 24 and 72 hours after irradiation. The accumulation of lipids is thought to be caused by a higher influx of lipids from the serum as a result of endothelial damage by X-irradiation rather than a defect in the clearance capacity of the arterial wall.", "contents": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis. III. Effect on lipase activity. Treatment of large blood vessels with ionizing irradiation leads to the development of atheromatosis when the serum lipid levels are sufficiently high. In order to answer the question whether a disturbed lipid clearance in the arterial wall plays a role in the accumulation of the lipids it was of interest to examine the effect of X-irradiation on the lipase activity. Triglycerol lipase was tested in a homogenate from rabbit carotid arteries, glycerol-tri-oelate was used as a substrate and the hydrolysis assayed at pH 6.4 at 37 degrees C. Under the conditions used, an hydrolytic activity could be measured of 7.5 nmoles . mg prot-1 . hr-1. The lipase activity was also tested in the carotid arteries obtained from rabbits which had been locally irradiated with 20 Gy of X-rays. No clear radiation effect on the lipase activity was found 4, 8, 20, 24 and 72 hours after irradiation. The accumulation of lipids is thought to be caused by a higher influx of lipids from the serum as a result of endothelial damage by X-irradiation rather than a defect in the clearance capacity of the arterial wall.", "PMID": 505473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6579", "title": "Effect of STA-MCA anastomosis on the course of experimental acute MCA embolic occlusion.", "content": "The experiments in this report were designed to evaluate the effect of superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis on the course of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion by emboli while avoiding a vessel clipping technique as well as the use of long-acting barbiturate anesthesia. Dogs were divided into 3 general groups: A) embolus placement 1 h following anastomosis; B) embolus placement 5 h prior to anastomosis; C) control group without anastomosis. Anastomosis prior to MCA occlusion has a favorable clinical effect and reduces the size of an infarction. Anastomosis 5 h after embolus placement is deleterious unless other therapeutic modalities can be shown to delay the course of infarction.", "contents": "Effect of STA-MCA anastomosis on the course of experimental acute MCA embolic occlusion. The experiments in this report were designed to evaluate the effect of superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis on the course of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion by emboli while avoiding a vessel clipping technique as well as the use of long-acting barbiturate anesthesia. Dogs were divided into 3 general groups: A) embolus placement 1 h following anastomosis; B) embolus placement 5 h prior to anastomosis; C) control group without anastomosis. Anastomosis prior to MCA occlusion has a favorable clinical effect and reduces the size of an infarction. Anastomosis 5 h after embolus placement is deleterious unless other therapeutic modalities can be shown to delay the course of infarction.", "PMID": 505474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6580", "title": "Results of electroencephalographic monitoring during 367 carotid endarterectomies. Use of a dedicated minicomputer.", "content": "Three hundred sixty-seven carotid endarterectomies were monitored using routine electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques. In 9.8%, changes in the EEG followed clamping of the internal carotid artery and could roughly be grouped into 6 patterns. The most common (47%) was rapid unilateral or bilateral attenuation of background anesthetic-induced fast EEG activity. Conclusions drawn from studies of the 9 patients who had immediate postoperative neurological deficits of varying degrees are presented as they illustrate monitoring techniques that are useful for early recognition of cerebral ischemia. Thirty-five patients were monitored with both routine and computerized techniques--the latter proved more useful than the former on all counts.", "contents": "Results of electroencephalographic monitoring during 367 carotid endarterectomies. Use of a dedicated minicomputer. Three hundred sixty-seven carotid endarterectomies were monitored using routine electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques. In 9.8%, changes in the EEG followed clamping of the internal carotid artery and could roughly be grouped into 6 patterns. The most common (47%) was rapid unilateral or bilateral attenuation of background anesthetic-induced fast EEG activity. Conclusions drawn from studies of the 9 patients who had immediate postoperative neurological deficits of varying degrees are presented as they illustrate monitoring techniques that are useful for early recognition of cerebral ischemia. Thirty-five patients were monitored with both routine and computerized techniques--the latter proved more useful than the former on all counts.", "PMID": 505475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6581", "title": "Autopsy study of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese men who lived in Hiroshima, Japan, and Honolulu, Hawaii.", "content": "Evidence of cerebrovascular disease at autopsy was compared in 2 groups of men: 186 long-time residents of Hiroshima, Japan, and 253 men of Japanese ancestry long resident in Honolulu, Hawaii. They were 45 to 71 years-of-age at death. Atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis and its major branches, sclerosis of the intraparenchymal arteries and the frequency of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarct were compared in the 2 populations. The Honolulu subjects had significantly more atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis, but less intraparenchymal artery sclerosis and less cerebral infarction. Cerebral hemorrhage was equally frequent in the 2 cities. It was concluded that cerebral infarction is more frequent in Japanese men in Hiroshima than Honolulu, and that men of Japanese ancestry in Honolulu are spared an appreciable risk of cerebral infarction through decreased frequency of intraparenchymal arterial sclerosis despite higher levels of atherosclerosis of large intracranial arteries.", "contents": "Autopsy study of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese men who lived in Hiroshima, Japan, and Honolulu, Hawaii. Evidence of cerebrovascular disease at autopsy was compared in 2 groups of men: 186 long-time residents of Hiroshima, Japan, and 253 men of Japanese ancestry long resident in Honolulu, Hawaii. They were 45 to 71 years-of-age at death. Atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis and its major branches, sclerosis of the intraparenchymal arteries and the frequency of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarct were compared in the 2 populations. The Honolulu subjects had significantly more atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis, but less intraparenchymal artery sclerosis and less cerebral infarction. Cerebral hemorrhage was equally frequent in the 2 cities. It was concluded that cerebral infarction is more frequent in Japanese men in Hiroshima than Honolulu, and that men of Japanese ancestry in Honolulu are spared an appreciable risk of cerebral infarction through decreased frequency of intraparenchymal arterial sclerosis despite higher levels of atherosclerosis of large intracranial arteries.", "PMID": 505476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6582", "title": "Cerebral artery thrombosis and intramural hemorrhage.", "content": "Thirty-nine thrombosed arterial segments of the branches of the circle of Willis were studied by a complete serial section technique. Twenty-two patients had been hypertensive and 8 had hypercholesterolemia before the onset of cerebral artery thrombosis. The histological characteristics of the thrombosed arterial segments were intramural hemorrhage in 28 segments, superficial edema of the fibrous cap of the atheroma of fibrous plaque in 4, rupture of the atheromatous plaque in 1, superficial accumulation of foam cells in the atheroma in 1 and an atheroma or fibrous plaque without any other changes in 5. They were many intramural small blood vessels in the atheroma or fibrous plaques of 22 segments with intramural hemorrhage. Fibrinoid degeneration of these small blood vessels was noted in 5. These findings suggested that intramural hemorrhage from the intramural small blood vessels was the major cause of cerebral artery thrombosis and that persistent hypertension not only promoted cerebral atherosclerosis but also induced hemorrhage from the intramural small blood vessels.", "contents": "Cerebral artery thrombosis and intramural hemorrhage. Thirty-nine thrombosed arterial segments of the branches of the circle of Willis were studied by a complete serial section technique. Twenty-two patients had been hypertensive and 8 had hypercholesterolemia before the onset of cerebral artery thrombosis. The histological characteristics of the thrombosed arterial segments were intramural hemorrhage in 28 segments, superficial edema of the fibrous cap of the atheroma of fibrous plaque in 4, rupture of the atheromatous plaque in 1, superficial accumulation of foam cells in the atheroma in 1 and an atheroma or fibrous plaque without any other changes in 5. They were many intramural small blood vessels in the atheroma or fibrous plaques of 22 segments with intramural hemorrhage. Fibrinoid degeneration of these small blood vessels was noted in 5. These findings suggested that intramural hemorrhage from the intramural small blood vessels was the major cause of cerebral artery thrombosis and that persistent hypertension not only promoted cerebral atherosclerosis but also induced hemorrhage from the intramural small blood vessels.", "PMID": 505477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6583", "title": "A new canine model of proximal internal carotid embolism.", "content": "A new model of internal carotid artery embolism was developed using autologous clot. The clot was prepared by incubating blood at room temperature for 2 hours to inactivate plasminogen activators and then refrigerating it at 4 degrees C for 22 hours. The purpose of the experiment was to devise a model of the intravascular lesion and not of stroke itself. The dog was chosen as the experimental animal since it has a maxillocarotid artery which permits collateral flow beyond proximal internal carotid artery occlusions. A volume of clot measuring 0.25 to 0.30 cc was sufficient to occlude the artery for 48 hours in 80% of the animals without causing major strokes. We have used this model to study clot radiolabeling and suggest it may also have application for evaluating thrombolytic drugs.", "contents": "A new canine model of proximal internal carotid embolism. A new model of internal carotid artery embolism was developed using autologous clot. The clot was prepared by incubating blood at room temperature for 2 hours to inactivate plasminogen activators and then refrigerating it at 4 degrees C for 22 hours. The purpose of the experiment was to devise a model of the intravascular lesion and not of stroke itself. The dog was chosen as the experimental animal since it has a maxillocarotid artery which permits collateral flow beyond proximal internal carotid artery occlusions. A volume of clot measuring 0.25 to 0.30 cc was sufficient to occlude the artery for 48 hours in 80% of the animals without causing major strokes. We have used this model to study clot radiolabeling and suggest it may also have application for evaluating thrombolytic drugs.", "PMID": 505478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6584", "title": "A simplified method for measuring regional blood flow.", "content": "A method of measuring regional blood flow (RBF) that is simple in procedure and calculations is described. By arresting flow promptly after a short pulse of diffusible tracer, it is feasible to equate the tracer retained in the tissue (Cfi) with that delivered by the blood. If the arterial pulse is characterized by its mean concentration (Ca) over a known duration (delta t), RBF can be estimated from Cif/Ca delta t). The error involved is relatively small and can be corrected for. If the amount of tracer injected is known, this procedure also provides an estimate of cardiac output and its fractional distribution to the regions sampled. The values obtained for RBF in 4 regions of brain were similar to those previously reported.", "contents": "A simplified method for measuring regional blood flow. A method of measuring regional blood flow (RBF) that is simple in procedure and calculations is described. By arresting flow promptly after a short pulse of diffusible tracer, it is feasible to equate the tracer retained in the tissue (Cfi) with that delivered by the blood. If the arterial pulse is characterized by its mean concentration (Ca) over a known duration (delta t), RBF can be estimated from Cif/Ca delta t). The error involved is relatively small and can be corrected for. If the amount of tracer injected is known, this procedure also provides an estimate of cardiac output and its fractional distribution to the regions sampled. The values obtained for RBF in 4 regions of brain were similar to those previously reported.", "PMID": 505479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6585", "title": "Cerebral blood flow immediately following brief circulatory stasis.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was studied in rabbits immediately following complete circulatory stasis of varying duration. Systemic arterial pressure was measured continuously. The postischemic circulation was examined both by an infusion of carbon black and, in separate experiments, by injection of 14C-antipyrine into the blood. We examined the relationship between the duration of stasis, the postischemic arterial pressure, and the amount of cerebral reperfusion. As stasis increased from 5 to 30 min the pressure required to achieve reperfusion of the entire brain rose from 20 to 100 torr. Following even temporary exposure to arterial pressures above 110 torr all areas of the brain were generally reperfused. Blood flow in reperfused brain varied directly with arterial pressure, indicating failure of autoregulation. At normal (preischemic) arterial pressure, postischemic cortical flow was twice the normal rate. The data indicate that the pressure required to initiate flow in ischemic brain increases as the duration of stasis is lengthened and that once flow occurs there will be a significant hyperperfusion unless systemic arterial pressure is lowered to the low normal or hypotensive range.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow immediately following brief circulatory stasis. Cerebral blood flow was studied in rabbits immediately following complete circulatory stasis of varying duration. Systemic arterial pressure was measured continuously. The postischemic circulation was examined both by an infusion of carbon black and, in separate experiments, by injection of 14C-antipyrine into the blood. We examined the relationship between the duration of stasis, the postischemic arterial pressure, and the amount of cerebral reperfusion. As stasis increased from 5 to 30 min the pressure required to achieve reperfusion of the entire brain rose from 20 to 100 torr. Following even temporary exposure to arterial pressures above 110 torr all areas of the brain were generally reperfused. Blood flow in reperfused brain varied directly with arterial pressure, indicating failure of autoregulation. At normal (preischemic) arterial pressure, postischemic cortical flow was twice the normal rate. The data indicate that the pressure required to initiate flow in ischemic brain increases as the duration of stasis is lengthened and that once flow occurs there will be a significant hyperperfusion unless systemic arterial pressure is lowered to the low normal or hypotensive range.", "PMID": 505480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6586", "title": "Critical appraisal of cerebral blood flow measured from brain stem and cerebellar regions after 133 Xe inhalation in humans.", "content": "Validity of regional blood flow (rCBF) measurements recorded over the human posterior fossa after 133Xe inhalation was tested. Recording of counts from both brain stem and cerebellum (BSC) was reproducible and contamination by counts derived from surrounding anatomical structures was low and no greater than that found over hemispheres. BSC values were F1 = 99 +/- 19 ml/100g brain/min, F2 = 17 +/- 4 in reasonable agreement with data reported from experimental animals. BSC flow values showed significant correlation with the state of awareness as judged by clinical and EEG evaluation with lowest F1 values in semicoma and step increases in stupor, non-REM sleep, drowsiness, rest, activation, REM sleep and highest values during focal and generalized epileptic seizures.", "contents": "Critical appraisal of cerebral blood flow measured from brain stem and cerebellar regions after 133 Xe inhalation in humans. Validity of regional blood flow (rCBF) measurements recorded over the human posterior fossa after 133Xe inhalation was tested. Recording of counts from both brain stem and cerebellum (BSC) was reproducible and contamination by counts derived from surrounding anatomical structures was low and no greater than that found over hemispheres. BSC values were F1 = 99 +/- 19 ml/100g brain/min, F2 = 17 +/- 4 in reasonable agreement with data reported from experimental animals. BSC flow values showed significant correlation with the state of awareness as judged by clinical and EEG evaluation with lowest F1 values in semicoma and step increases in stupor, non-REM sleep, drowsiness, rest, activation, REM sleep and highest values during focal and generalized epileptic seizures.", "PMID": 505481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6587", "title": "Treatment of acute focal ischemia with continuous CSF drainage and mannitol.", "content": "A simple implanted device was used to occlude acutely the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 32 conscious cats. Groups of 18 cats each were treated with continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, mannitol (1 gm/kg i.v.), or a combination of continuous CSF drainage and mannitol (1 gm/kg i.v.). Eight cats served as a control group. The neurological status of cats treated with mannitol improved transiently. Perfusion with a mixture of colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde was carried out 12 hours following MCA occlusion. Gross swelling of cerebral tissue, distribution of colloidal carbon, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to fluorescein were similar in the 4 groups. Reduction of mean capillary luminal diameter to 4.5 +/- 1.0 micron (control 6.5 +/- 1.0 micron) in the left Sylvian cortex was unaltered by treatment. A significant difference in the distribution of severe neuronal alterations was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Treatment of acute focal ischemia with continuous CSF drainage and mannitol. A simple implanted device was used to occlude acutely the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 32 conscious cats. Groups of 18 cats each were treated with continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, mannitol (1 gm/kg i.v.), or a combination of continuous CSF drainage and mannitol (1 gm/kg i.v.). Eight cats served as a control group. The neurological status of cats treated with mannitol improved transiently. Perfusion with a mixture of colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde was carried out 12 hours following MCA occlusion. Gross swelling of cerebral tissue, distribution of colloidal carbon, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to fluorescein were similar in the 4 groups. Reduction of mean capillary luminal diameter to 4.5 +/- 1.0 micron (control 6.5 +/- 1.0 micron) in the left Sylvian cortex was unaltered by treatment. A significant difference in the distribution of severe neuronal alterations was not demonstrated.", "PMID": 505483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6588", "title": "Circulating platelet aggregates in sickle cell disease patients with and without vaso-occlusion.", "content": "In vivo circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) were evaluated in 18 patients aged 6 to 17 years with sickle cell disease and in 11 age and sex matched normal subjects. Twelve patients with sickle cell disease were in steady state and 6 had vaso-occlusive crises. CPA in patients in steady state were similar to those in normal subjects (mean 6 +/- 1% compared to 5 +/- 2%, respectively), whereas patients with vaso-occlusive crisis in acute state had significantly higher CPA (mean 39 +/- 8%) than patients in steady state or normal control individuals (both p less than 0.001). CPA decreased in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis (mean 11 +/- 4%) on the tenth day, in association with clinical improvement. This study suggests that in vivo platelet aggregate formation activity, although normal in sickle cell disease patients in steady state, is significantly increased in patients with vaso-occlusive crises.", "contents": "Circulating platelet aggregates in sickle cell disease patients with and without vaso-occlusion. In vivo circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) were evaluated in 18 patients aged 6 to 17 years with sickle cell disease and in 11 age and sex matched normal subjects. Twelve patients with sickle cell disease were in steady state and 6 had vaso-occlusive crises. CPA in patients in steady state were similar to those in normal subjects (mean 6 +/- 1% compared to 5 +/- 2%, respectively), whereas patients with vaso-occlusive crisis in acute state had significantly higher CPA (mean 39 +/- 8%) than patients in steady state or normal control individuals (both p less than 0.001). CPA decreased in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis (mean 11 +/- 4%) on the tenth day, in association with clinical improvement. This study suggests that in vivo platelet aggregate formation activity, although normal in sickle cell disease patients in steady state, is significantly increased in patients with vaso-occlusive crises.", "PMID": 505486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6589", "title": "External carotid artery in internal carotid artery occlusion. Angiographic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations.", "content": "Twenty-three instances of internal carotid artery occlusion occurring with minimal neurological deficit in 22 patients are described. Although each of these patients was referred to the neurosurgical service for evaluation for an extracranial-intracranial microvascular bypass procedure, complete arteriographic evaluations of their cerebrovasculature suggested that alternative methods should be the treatment of choice. For each patient reported the ipsilateral external carotid artery was demonstrated by angiography to be an important source of collateral blood supply to the cerebral hemispheres or retinae distal to the occluded internal carotid arteries. Ten patients with no significant atherosclerotic narrowing or ulceration of the external carotid artery have remained free of symptoms of cerebral ischemia for 6 to 40 months. In twelve patients who developed delayed recurrent cerebral or retinal ischemia ipsilateral to their internal carotid artery occlusion, there were found obstructive and/or ulcerative plaques involving the common and/or external carotid arteries. Thromboendarterectomy in 11 of these patients gave complete relief of ischemic symptoms during the 4 to 36 months of postoperative follow up. One of these 12 patients refused operation and went on to develop a major cerebral infarction. Angiographic identification of a functionally important external carotid artery ipsilateral to an internal carotid artery occlusion carries considerable prognostic and therapeutic significance.", "contents": "External carotid artery in internal carotid artery occlusion. Angiographic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations. Twenty-three instances of internal carotid artery occlusion occurring with minimal neurological deficit in 22 patients are described. Although each of these patients was referred to the neurosurgical service for evaluation for an extracranial-intracranial microvascular bypass procedure, complete arteriographic evaluations of their cerebrovasculature suggested that alternative methods should be the treatment of choice. For each patient reported the ipsilateral external carotid artery was demonstrated by angiography to be an important source of collateral blood supply to the cerebral hemispheres or retinae distal to the occluded internal carotid arteries. Ten patients with no significant atherosclerotic narrowing or ulceration of the external carotid artery have remained free of symptoms of cerebral ischemia for 6 to 40 months. In twelve patients who developed delayed recurrent cerebral or retinal ischemia ipsilateral to their internal carotid artery occlusion, there were found obstructive and/or ulcerative plaques involving the common and/or external carotid arteries. Thromboendarterectomy in 11 of these patients gave complete relief of ischemic symptoms during the 4 to 36 months of postoperative follow up. One of these 12 patients refused operation and went on to develop a major cerebral infarction. Angiographic identification of a functionally important external carotid artery ipsilateral to an internal carotid artery occlusion carries considerable prognostic and therapeutic significance.", "PMID": 505484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6590", "title": "Tranexamic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage. A double-blind study.", "content": "The effects of intravenous tranexamic acid were compared with placebo in 64 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. A double-blind procedure was used. One gram of tranexamic acid was given intravenously every 4 hours up to the time of operation on an intracranial arterial aneurysm or for up to 21 days after the first bleeding if operative treatment was not feasible. There were no differences in re-bleeds, morbidity or mortality between the tranexamic and placebo-treated groups. No thromboembolic complications were noted in either group. Our results do not support the use of tranexamic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage in daily doses of 6 g.", "contents": "Tranexamic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage. A double-blind study. The effects of intravenous tranexamic acid were compared with placebo in 64 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. A double-blind procedure was used. One gram of tranexamic acid was given intravenously every 4 hours up to the time of operation on an intracranial arterial aneurysm or for up to 21 days after the first bleeding if operative treatment was not feasible. There were no differences in re-bleeds, morbidity or mortality between the tranexamic and placebo-treated groups. No thromboembolic complications were noted in either group. Our results do not support the use of tranexamic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage in daily doses of 6 g.", "PMID": 505491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6591", "title": "Prognosis in patients with infarction and TIA in carotid territory during and after anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients, 31 with TIA and 86 with cerebral infarction, had angiographically verified atherosclerosis within the relevant carotid artery territory and normal CSF. They were treated with anticoagulants for a mean of 11.1 months. No TIA but 1 cerebral infarction, appearing during inadequate anticoagulant therapy, was registered. Seventy-six of the patients, 20 with TIA and 56 with infarction, were followed for a mean of 4.4 months after cessation of anticoagulants or during inadequate antinecessitating re-institution of anticoagulant therapy. Long-term, anticoagulant treatment can be recommended in carefully selected patients with TIA, and also with infarction in the carotid territory.", "contents": "Prognosis in patients with infarction and TIA in carotid territory during and after anticoagulant therapy. One hundred seventeen patients, 31 with TIA and 86 with cerebral infarction, had angiographically verified atherosclerosis within the relevant carotid artery territory and normal CSF. They were treated with anticoagulants for a mean of 11.1 months. No TIA but 1 cerebral infarction, appearing during inadequate anticoagulant therapy, was registered. Seventy-six of the patients, 20 with TIA and 56 with infarction, were followed for a mean of 4.4 months after cessation of anticoagulants or during inadequate antinecessitating re-institution of anticoagulant therapy. Long-term, anticoagulant treatment can be recommended in carefully selected patients with TIA, and also with infarction in the carotid territory.", "PMID": 505492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6592", "title": "Omental transposition to brain of stroke patients.", "content": "The intact omentum was transposed to the surface of the brain in three aphasic patients who had stabilized following a dominant hemisphere ischemic stroke. The procedure was found to be safe, causing little physical disfigurement. Subjective and objective improvement in these patients, who are on a strict experimental protocol, has provided encouragement to continue this study in a deliberate and critical manner.", "contents": "Omental transposition to brain of stroke patients. The intact omentum was transposed to the surface of the brain in three aphasic patients who had stabilized following a dominant hemisphere ischemic stroke. The procedure was found to be safe, causing little physical disfigurement. Subjective and objective improvement in these patients, who are on a strict experimental protocol, has provided encouragement to continue this study in a deliberate and critical manner.", "PMID": 505487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6593", "title": "Frequency of focal cerebral transient ischemic attacks during a 12 month period. The Copenhagen city heart study.", "content": "As an offshoot of a larger prospective cardiovascular population study, the present study aimed to determine the 12 months frequency of focal cerebral transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in persons randomly selected after age stratification from the Copenhagen city population register. A questionnaire of 5 questions pertaining to cerebrovascular attacks sustained within the last 12 months was distributed to 2,357 persons. The TIA-questionnaire was returned by 88%, of whom 22% responded affirmatively to one or more questions. The positive responders were interviewed by phone, and when suspected of having TIAs they were examined by a neurologist. A total of 11 persons proved to have had TIAs, which for the age group of 60 years and over gives o 12 months frequency of 8/1000. Dizziness, ophthalmologic problems and migraine were the most frequent causes of a \"false\" positive response.", "contents": "Frequency of focal cerebral transient ischemic attacks during a 12 month period. The Copenhagen city heart study. As an offshoot of a larger prospective cardiovascular population study, the present study aimed to determine the 12 months frequency of focal cerebral transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in persons randomly selected after age stratification from the Copenhagen city population register. A questionnaire of 5 questions pertaining to cerebrovascular attacks sustained within the last 12 months was distributed to 2,357 persons. The TIA-questionnaire was returned by 88%, of whom 22% responded affirmatively to one or more questions. The positive responders were interviewed by phone, and when suspected of having TIAs they were examined by a neurologist. A total of 11 persons proved to have had TIAs, which for the age group of 60 years and over gives o 12 months frequency of 8/1000. Dizziness, ophthalmologic problems and migraine were the most frequent causes of a \"false\" positive response.", "PMID": 505493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6594", "title": "Brain stem dysfunction in transient global amnesia.", "content": "A patient with transient global amnesia also had transient bilateral gaze nystagmus which was detected both by conventional bedside examination and upon electronystagmographic recording. The nystagmus was absent one week later indicating recovery of the temporary brain stem deficit. The recording of objective evidence of brain stem dysfunction in the form of gaze nystagmus in a patient who had transient global amnesia, suggests that both were due to a transient ischemic attack involving the cerebral blood supply in the vertebrobasilar distribution.", "contents": "Brain stem dysfunction in transient global amnesia. A patient with transient global amnesia also had transient bilateral gaze nystagmus which was detected both by conventional bedside examination and upon electronystagmographic recording. The nystagmus was absent one week later indicating recovery of the temporary brain stem deficit. The recording of objective evidence of brain stem dysfunction in the form of gaze nystagmus in a patient who had transient global amnesia, suggests that both were due to a transient ischemic attack involving the cerebral blood supply in the vertebrobasilar distribution.", "PMID": 505488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6595", "title": "Effect of intravenous ethanol on cerebral vasospasm produced by subarachnoid blood.", "content": "The cat basilar artery was exposed using the transclival approach. After administration of 5% ethanol via intravenous infusion, vasospasm was produced by applying the animal's fresh arterial blood to the exposed artery. The resultant vasospasm was of markedly reduced intensity and duration as compared to vasospasm in control animals. In ethanol-treated animals with spasm induced from non-autogenous fresh arterial bloof free of ethanol, a reduction in the duration of vasospasm was noted although the initial intensity of spasm was similar to control animals. There was no anti-spasm effect if the ethanol infusion followed the production of vasospasm.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous ethanol on cerebral vasospasm produced by subarachnoid blood. The cat basilar artery was exposed using the transclival approach. After administration of 5% ethanol via intravenous infusion, vasospasm was produced by applying the animal's fresh arterial blood to the exposed artery. The resultant vasospasm was of markedly reduced intensity and duration as compared to vasospasm in control animals. In ethanol-treated animals with spasm induced from non-autogenous fresh arterial bloof free of ethanol, a reduction in the duration of vasospasm was noted although the initial intensity of spasm was similar to control animals. There was no anti-spasm effect if the ethanol infusion followed the production of vasospasm.", "PMID": 505494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6596", "title": "Brain edema during ischemia and after restoration of blood flow. Measurement of water, sodium, potassium content and plasma protein permeability.", "content": "The left cerebral hemisphere of Mongolian gerbils was used to elucidate the mechanisms of brain edema which develop during cerebral ischemia and after restoration of cerebral blood flow following temporary ischemia. Water content was measured by the tissue-drying method. Sodium and potssium ion concentration was measured by flame photometry. Passage of 131I-albumin (RISA) from blood to the cerebral parenchyma was measured on a gamma scintillation counter. Our findings indicate that pure cytotoxic edema develops during ischemia and during a short period after restoration of cerebral blood flow. Vasogenic edema, which is accelerated by the leakage of plasma constitutents from blood due to blood-brain barrier damage, developed after restoration of the cerebral blood flow. After less than 1 hr of ischemia, restoration of the cerebral blood flow drastically reduced the degree of brain edema. However, restoration of the cerebral blood flow greatly worsened the brain edema following more than 3 hr of ischemia.", "contents": "Brain edema during ischemia and after restoration of blood flow. Measurement of water, sodium, potassium content and plasma protein permeability. The left cerebral hemisphere of Mongolian gerbils was used to elucidate the mechanisms of brain edema which develop during cerebral ischemia and after restoration of cerebral blood flow following temporary ischemia. Water content was measured by the tissue-drying method. Sodium and potssium ion concentration was measured by flame photometry. Passage of 131I-albumin (RISA) from blood to the cerebral parenchyma was measured on a gamma scintillation counter. Our findings indicate that pure cytotoxic edema develops during ischemia and during a short period after restoration of cerebral blood flow. Vasogenic edema, which is accelerated by the leakage of plasma constitutents from blood due to blood-brain barrier damage, developed after restoration of the cerebral blood flow. After less than 1 hr of ischemia, restoration of the cerebral blood flow drastically reduced the degree of brain edema. However, restoration of the cerebral blood flow greatly worsened the brain edema following more than 3 hr of ischemia.", "PMID": 505496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6597", "title": "Small animal model for investigation of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "A method for induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a rat model is described. Resolution of the hemorrhage was documented photographically and microscopically at intervals from 1 hr to 8 days. Photographs indicated that most of the hemorrhage was resorbed within 3 days, an observation confirmed microscopically by the amount of red blood cells in the subarachnoid space. Significant cerebral vasospasm was documented within the first 2 days after the induction of hemorrhage with the basilar artery returning to baseline values at an average of 3 days followed by moderate dilatation at 5 to 8 days. The suitability of the rat as an animal model for further investigation of subarachnoid hemorrhage is discussed.", "contents": "Small animal model for investigation of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm. A method for induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a rat model is described. Resolution of the hemorrhage was documented photographically and microscopically at intervals from 1 hr to 8 days. Photographs indicated that most of the hemorrhage was resorbed within 3 days, an observation confirmed microscopically by the amount of red blood cells in the subarachnoid space. Significant cerebral vasospasm was documented within the first 2 days after the induction of hemorrhage with the basilar artery returning to baseline values at an average of 3 days followed by moderate dilatation at 5 to 8 days. The suitability of the rat as an animal model for further investigation of subarachnoid hemorrhage is discussed.", "PMID": 505495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6598", "title": "Serum cardiac enzymes in stroke.", "content": "Serum cardiac enzyme levels (CK, LDH, SGOT) were estimated and the ECG recorded for 4 days following admission of 288 patients (Group I) to a stroke intensive care unit. Sixty-four of these patients, subsequently found not to have strokes, served as controls. Mean serum levels of all 3 cardiac enzymes were elevated in 8% of the 224 patients with stroke. The mean serum enzyme levels in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) did not differ from controls. In a second group of 230 patients with stroke (Group II) serum CK levels were measured and the isoenzyems were fractionated to determine the tissue source of the enzymes. One hundred and one patients had raised total CK values and 25 of these (11%) had raised CK-MB (heart) iso-enzyme, the remainder having CK-MM (skeletal muscle) fraction. No serum CK-BB (brain) iso-enzyme was detected in any patient. Patients with positive serum levels of CK-MB has more evidence of acute myocardial ischemia on ECG (p less than 0.05), and more cardiac arrhythmias (p less than 0.001) than those with normal CK levels. Scattered areas of myocytolysis were found in the myocardium at autopsy in one patient. The acute rise in serum cardiac enzymes which we have recorded in the initial stages of stroke suggest that acute myocardial involvement is a commoner complication than is generally recognized. Also, since the CK-MB rises were modest and progressive, it is more likely that this acute myocardial dysfunction is a consequence, rather than a cause, of the acute cerebrovascular lesion.", "contents": "Serum cardiac enzymes in stroke. Serum cardiac enzyme levels (CK, LDH, SGOT) were estimated and the ECG recorded for 4 days following admission of 288 patients (Group I) to a stroke intensive care unit. Sixty-four of these patients, subsequently found not to have strokes, served as controls. Mean serum levels of all 3 cardiac enzymes were elevated in 8% of the 224 patients with stroke. The mean serum enzyme levels in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) did not differ from controls. In a second group of 230 patients with stroke (Group II) serum CK levels were measured and the isoenzyems were fractionated to determine the tissue source of the enzymes. One hundred and one patients had raised total CK values and 25 of these (11%) had raised CK-MB (heart) iso-enzyme, the remainder having CK-MM (skeletal muscle) fraction. No serum CK-BB (brain) iso-enzyme was detected in any patient. Patients with positive serum levels of CK-MB has more evidence of acute myocardial ischemia on ECG (p less than 0.05), and more cardiac arrhythmias (p less than 0.001) than those with normal CK levels. Scattered areas of myocytolysis were found in the myocardium at autopsy in one patient. The acute rise in serum cardiac enzymes which we have recorded in the initial stages of stroke suggest that acute myocardial involvement is a commoner complication than is generally recognized. Also, since the CK-MB rises were modest and progressive, it is more likely that this acute myocardial dysfunction is a consequence, rather than a cause, of the acute cerebrovascular lesion.", "PMID": 505497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6599", "title": "Chronic subdural hematoma presenting as transient neurologic deficits.", "content": "Four patients with symptoms of transient neurological dysfunction were subsequently found to have chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). The frequency of these episodes diminished significantly after evacuation of the hematoma. The effects of vascular compromise due to the CSDH and to cardiovascular events, more commonly implicated in transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) may be additive. The inclusion of a computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scan in the evaluation of some patients with presumed TIAs is recommended.", "contents": "Chronic subdural hematoma presenting as transient neurologic deficits. Four patients with symptoms of transient neurological dysfunction were subsequently found to have chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). The frequency of these episodes diminished significantly after evacuation of the hematoma. The effects of vascular compromise due to the CSDH and to cardiovascular events, more commonly implicated in transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) may be additive. The inclusion of a computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scan in the evaluation of some patients with presumed TIAs is recommended.", "PMID": 505498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6600", "title": "Brain metabolism following bilateral carotid occlusion in 2 different models of experimental hypertensive rats.", "content": "Brain metabolites and arterial acid-base measurements were made one hr after bilateral carotid artery occlusion in 2 different models of hypertensive rats. Animals used included renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR) with an altered renin-angiotensin system and desoxycorticosterone hypertensive rats (DHR) with low plasma renin activity (PRA). The mean value for supratentorial lactate of 7.41 mM/kg in RHR was significantly higher than in DHR (3.90 MM/kg) or in control normotensive rats (3.10 - 2.56 mM/kg). Concomitantly, the lactate/pyruvate ratio tended to increase and ATP to decrease in RHR only. In these same rats (RHR) infratentorial lactate was also increased. The results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion leads to anaerobic metabolism of the brain in RHR but not in DHR, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system may play some role in the susceptibility to cerebral ischemia following carotid occlusion in the hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Brain metabolism following bilateral carotid occlusion in 2 different models of experimental hypertensive rats. Brain metabolites and arterial acid-base measurements were made one hr after bilateral carotid artery occlusion in 2 different models of hypertensive rats. Animals used included renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR) with an altered renin-angiotensin system and desoxycorticosterone hypertensive rats (DHR) with low plasma renin activity (PRA). The mean value for supratentorial lactate of 7.41 mM/kg in RHR was significantly higher than in DHR (3.90 MM/kg) or in control normotensive rats (3.10 - 2.56 mM/kg). Concomitantly, the lactate/pyruvate ratio tended to increase and ATP to decrease in RHR only. In these same rats (RHR) infratentorial lactate was also increased. The results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion leads to anaerobic metabolism of the brain in RHR but not in DHR, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system may play some role in the susceptibility to cerebral ischemia following carotid occlusion in the hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 505499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6601", "title": "Cerebral vasomotor reactivity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Intravenously injected metaraminol induced a larger blood pressure increase in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive controls (NR) when the pressure was raised from the same starting level. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) response in NR was either perfect autoregulation, partial autoregulation or \"break-through.\" When present, the autoregulatory response was very rapid, i.e. the flow returned to the initial value within 10-15 sec. All SHR showed an initial prompt vasoconstrictor response which was followed after 30-40 sec by a gradual flow increase. The blood pressure elevation was highest in SHR when hypertension was induced by compression of the aorta, which supports the hypothesis that the enhanced response is, at least in part, a consequence of an increased vessel wall to lumen ratio. The characteristic CBF pattern observed in SHR after a metaraminol-induced rise in blood pressure was not seen when the blood pressure was increased by aortic compression, which suggests an effect of the drug separate from its pressor effect. During maximum vasodilatation the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) was considerably higher in SHR than in NR. Assuming an equivalent vessel density in the 2 groups, our results suggest that structural changes in resistance vessels in SHR encroach on the lumen.", "contents": "Cerebral vasomotor reactivity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Intravenously injected metaraminol induced a larger blood pressure increase in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive controls (NR) when the pressure was raised from the same starting level. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) response in NR was either perfect autoregulation, partial autoregulation or \"break-through.\" When present, the autoregulatory response was very rapid, i.e. the flow returned to the initial value within 10-15 sec. All SHR showed an initial prompt vasoconstrictor response which was followed after 30-40 sec by a gradual flow increase. The blood pressure elevation was highest in SHR when hypertension was induced by compression of the aorta, which supports the hypothesis that the enhanced response is, at least in part, a consequence of an increased vessel wall to lumen ratio. The characteristic CBF pattern observed in SHR after a metaraminol-induced rise in blood pressure was not seen when the blood pressure was increased by aortic compression, which suggests an effect of the drug separate from its pressor effect. During maximum vasodilatation the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) was considerably higher in SHR than in NR. Assuming an equivalent vessel density in the 2 groups, our results suggest that structural changes in resistance vessels in SHR encroach on the lumen.", "PMID": 505500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6602", "title": "Platelet coagulant activities in arterial occlusive disease of the eye.", "content": "Ischemic optic neuropathy and retinal arterial occlusion are 2 forms of arterial occlusive disease affecting the eye. Reports in the literature suggest platelet hyperactivity in acute arterial occlusive diseases affecting other organ systems. Therefore, 14 patients with ischemic optic neuropathy and 17 patients with central or branch retinal artery occlusion were studied to determine whether platelets have a role in the pathogenesis of these vascular occlusive disorders. The results of the following investigations were no different in these patients compared with those in 18 control patients with non-vascular eye diseases: prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times, plasma fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, platelet counts and threshold concentrations of ADP, epinephrine and collagen resulting in secondary platelet aggregation and serotonin release. In contrast, platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early stages of intrinsic coagulation were significantly increased in patients with retinal artery occlusion without hypertension or type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, but generally normal in patients with ischemic optic neuropathy and in patients with retinal artery occlusion associated with hypertension, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus and generalized atherosclerosis. These results are consistent with a platelet contribution to retinal arterial occlusive disease in patients without other known contributing factors such as hypertension, serum lipid abnormalities, diabetes mellitus and generalized atherosclerosis and may have implications regarding prophylaxis.", "contents": "Platelet coagulant activities in arterial occlusive disease of the eye. Ischemic optic neuropathy and retinal arterial occlusion are 2 forms of arterial occlusive disease affecting the eye. Reports in the literature suggest platelet hyperactivity in acute arterial occlusive diseases affecting other organ systems. Therefore, 14 patients with ischemic optic neuropathy and 17 patients with central or branch retinal artery occlusion were studied to determine whether platelets have a role in the pathogenesis of these vascular occlusive disorders. The results of the following investigations were no different in these patients compared with those in 18 control patients with non-vascular eye diseases: prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times, plasma fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, platelet counts and threshold concentrations of ADP, epinephrine and collagen resulting in secondary platelet aggregation and serotonin release. In contrast, platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early stages of intrinsic coagulation were significantly increased in patients with retinal artery occlusion without hypertension or type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, but generally normal in patients with ischemic optic neuropathy and in patients with retinal artery occlusion associated with hypertension, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus and generalized atherosclerosis. These results are consistent with a platelet contribution to retinal arterial occlusive disease in patients without other known contributing factors such as hypertension, serum lipid abnormalities, diabetes mellitus and generalized atherosclerosis and may have implications regarding prophylaxis.", "PMID": 505501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6603", "title": "Cerebral arteritis in scleroderma.", "content": "Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare in scleroderma unless there are concomitant abnormalities in renal or lung function or malignant hypertension. A 43-year-old woman with typical scleroderma developed subacute encephalopathy despite absence of the above abnormalities. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a focal arteritis. The patient improved while being given corticosteroids. We believe this case indicates that cerebral arteritis can occur in scleroderma.", "contents": "Cerebral arteritis in scleroderma. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare in scleroderma unless there are concomitant abnormalities in renal or lung function or malignant hypertension. A 43-year-old woman with typical scleroderma developed subacute encephalopathy despite absence of the above abnormalities. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a focal arteritis. The patient improved while being given corticosteroids. We believe this case indicates that cerebral arteritis can occur in scleroderma.", "PMID": 505502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6604", "title": "Fusiform basilar aneurysm simulating carotid transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are extremely unusual. Most show signs of a posterior fossa mass. One case is reported which presented with recurrent transient ischemic attacks suggesting carotid vascular disease. Failure of an appropriate endarterectomy to relieve the symptoms, and later brain stem infarction, led to the correct diagnosis. Whenever recurrent or new symptoms appear following carotid vascular surgery, other diagnoses must be considered.", "contents": "Fusiform basilar aneurysm simulating carotid transient ischemic attacks. Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are extremely unusual. Most show signs of a posterior fossa mass. One case is reported which presented with recurrent transient ischemic attacks suggesting carotid vascular disease. Failure of an appropriate endarterectomy to relieve the symptoms, and later brain stem infarction, led to the correct diagnosis. Whenever recurrent or new symptoms appear following carotid vascular surgery, other diagnoses must be considered.", "PMID": 505503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6605", "title": "An overview of a hierarchy of planning models for Regional Blood Bank Management.", "content": "Optimal regionalization of a blood banking system requires a hierarchical structure based on an analysis of preexisting elements in the region to determine at what level of activity economics of scale, cost effectiveness and efficiency will be greatest. We have applied operations research techniques to segments of the blood service complex. This paper is an overview of the general results of this research. From analysis of the data in each segment, a mathematical response function is developed for such managerial processes as demand forecasting, requirements computation, crossmatch and recycle control at each level of the hierarchy in a regional system. These processes in independent hospital blood banks are contrasted with those in hospital blood banks and transfusion services which are dependent on central blood banks for their supply. An example is presented of a model which is useful in the planning of a regional system. Implementation of these hierarchical models in hospital blood banks can reduce outdating, size of inventories and shortage. In central blood banks, these models can minimize shipment quantities, determine optimal transshipments and the most efficient routing.", "contents": "An overview of a hierarchy of planning models for Regional Blood Bank Management. Optimal regionalization of a blood banking system requires a hierarchical structure based on an analysis of preexisting elements in the region to determine at what level of activity economics of scale, cost effectiveness and efficiency will be greatest. We have applied operations research techniques to segments of the blood service complex. This paper is an overview of the general results of this research. From analysis of the data in each segment, a mathematical response function is developed for such managerial processes as demand forecasting, requirements computation, crossmatch and recycle control at each level of the hierarchy in a regional system. These processes in independent hospital blood banks are contrasted with those in hospital blood banks and transfusion services which are dependent on central blood banks for their supply. An example is presented of a model which is useful in the planning of a regional system. Implementation of these hierarchical models in hospital blood banks can reduce outdating, size of inventories and shortage. In central blood banks, these models can minimize shipment quantities, determine optimal transshipments and the most efficient routing.", "PMID": 505525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6606", "title": "Effects of prolonged room temperature holding of whole blood intended for preparation of components.", "content": "Current FDA regulations require that platelet concentrates must be prepared within four hours of whole blood collection. To determine if this time period was critical for the harvesting of viable platelets and other blood components, whole blood was held at room temperature for four, six or eight hours after which various components were prepared. Our results indicate that up to eight hours storage had no detrimental effect on platelet yield, recovery in vivo or lifespan. AHF activity, supernatant hemoglobin and red blood cell ATP were also unaffected.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged room temperature holding of whole blood intended for preparation of components. Current FDA regulations require that platelet concentrates must be prepared within four hours of whole blood collection. To determine if this time period was critical for the harvesting of viable platelets and other blood components, whole blood was held at room temperature for four, six or eight hours after which various components were prepared. Our results indicate that up to eight hours storage had no detrimental effect on platelet yield, recovery in vivo or lifespan. AHF activity, supernatant hemoglobin and red blood cell ATP were also unaffected.", "PMID": 505526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6607", "title": "Granulocyte progenitor cells (CFU-C) in peripheral blood of normal volunteers following cell collection by continuous flow centrifugation.", "content": "During leukapheresis, the donor undergoes cellular depletion which must be compensated. Moreover, the cellular suspensions obtained contain a certain proportion of granulocyte progenitors that form colonies in agar (CFU-C). These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of a donation by cytapheresis on the number of circulating CFU-C present in the donor. Our investigations were carried out on the day the donation was made, and at further fixed dates for a period of six months. Our study covers 25 cases, corticoid premedication was only given to granulocyte donors and not to platelet donors. In the majority of cases, there were no postdonation effects. A few donors had a less stable circulating CFU-C count than is generally considered normal for a healthy subject. In some, quite wide variations were observed but immature cells never appeared in the circulating blood.", "contents": "Granulocyte progenitor cells (CFU-C) in peripheral blood of normal volunteers following cell collection by continuous flow centrifugation. During leukapheresis, the donor undergoes cellular depletion which must be compensated. Moreover, the cellular suspensions obtained contain a certain proportion of granulocyte progenitors that form colonies in agar (CFU-C). These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of a donation by cytapheresis on the number of circulating CFU-C present in the donor. Our investigations were carried out on the day the donation was made, and at further fixed dates for a period of six months. Our study covers 25 cases, corticoid premedication was only given to granulocyte donors and not to platelet donors. In the majority of cases, there were no postdonation effects. A few donors had a less stable circulating CFU-C count than is generally considered normal for a healthy subject. In some, quite wide variations were observed but immature cells never appeared in the circulating blood.", "PMID": 505527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6608", "title": "The priming of extracorporeal circuits: the effect on canine blood elements.", "content": "Improving hemocompatibility is of major interest in extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Changes in numbers and functions of the blood cells during ECC have been ascribed to the nonphysiologic materials of the circuit. In this study, commonly used priming fluids (banked blood, Ringer's lactated solution, gelatin solution and dextran 70 solution) have been investigated for their influence on numbers and functions of canine thrombocytes, leukocytes and erythrocytes. Infusion of banked blood and Ringer's lactated solution did not affect number and function of the thrombocytes, whereas the plasma expanders caused dramatic, but reversible decreases. Leukocyte numbers were also affected, but only gelatin resulted in a decrease of leukocyte function. No effect on erythrocyte numbers was observed. It is concluded that under these experimental circumstances some priming solutions cause acute intravascular aggregation. To obtain the optimal condition for studying the hemocompatibility of ECC, preferably Ringer's lactated solution should be used.", "contents": "The priming of extracorporeal circuits: the effect on canine blood elements. Improving hemocompatibility is of major interest in extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Changes in numbers and functions of the blood cells during ECC have been ascribed to the nonphysiologic materials of the circuit. In this study, commonly used priming fluids (banked blood, Ringer's lactated solution, gelatin solution and dextran 70 solution) have been investigated for their influence on numbers and functions of canine thrombocytes, leukocytes and erythrocytes. Infusion of banked blood and Ringer's lactated solution did not affect number and function of the thrombocytes, whereas the plasma expanders caused dramatic, but reversible decreases. Leukocyte numbers were also affected, but only gelatin resulted in a decrease of leukocyte function. No effect on erythrocyte numbers was observed. It is concluded that under these experimental circumstances some priming solutions cause acute intravascular aggregation. To obtain the optimal condition for studying the hemocompatibility of ECC, preferably Ringer's lactated solution should be used.", "PMID": 505528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6609", "title": "Anti-Ytb in pregnancy.", "content": "Anti-Ytb was readily eluted from the cord red blood cells of the second child of a mother with both anti-Ytb and anti-Kell in her serum. The baby was Yt (a+b+) and Kell negative. The cord red blood cells were found to have a weakly positive direct antiglobulin test. Clinically evident hemolytic disease of the newborn was not detected.", "contents": "Anti-Ytb in pregnancy. Anti-Ytb was readily eluted from the cord red blood cells of the second child of a mother with both anti-Ytb and anti-Kell in her serum. The baby was Yt (a+b+) and Kell negative. The cord red blood cells were found to have a weakly positive direct antiglobulin test. Clinically evident hemolytic disease of the newborn was not detected.", "PMID": 505530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6610", "title": "Potential danger of thrombosis after plasma exchange in the treatment of patients with immune disease.", "content": "Coagulation studies were serially performed before and after repeated plasma exchange in seven patients with myashtenia gravis. The fall in platelets and coagulation factor activities after plasmapheresis using a replacement material devoid of clotting factors was not so low that bleeding episodes were to be feared and no hemorrhages were observed. In contrast, thrombotic phenomena were suspected in two patients. Antithrombin III fell to undetectable levels in some cases. This finding associated with elevated values of factor VIII related antigen, factor VIII coagulant activity and von Willebrand factor suggested a potential danger of thrombosis in such treated patients.", "contents": "Potential danger of thrombosis after plasma exchange in the treatment of patients with immune disease. Coagulation studies were serially performed before and after repeated plasma exchange in seven patients with myashtenia gravis. The fall in platelets and coagulation factor activities after plasmapheresis using a replacement material devoid of clotting factors was not so low that bleeding episodes were to be feared and no hemorrhages were observed. In contrast, thrombotic phenomena were suspected in two patients. Antithrombin III fell to undetectable levels in some cases. This finding associated with elevated values of factor VIII related antigen, factor VIII coagulant activity and von Willebrand factor suggested a potential danger of thrombosis in such treated patients.", "PMID": 505532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6611", "title": "Preparation of factor VIII concentrates by cryoprecipitate sedimentation.", "content": "A new method for factor VIII concentrate preparation is proposed. The method is the collection of cryoprecipitate after sedimentation at 4 C in a jacketed glass vessel. The final product is standardized (4.0 +/- 0.3 factor VIII units per ml) and can be infused in hemophilic patients regardless of their ABO blood type. Factor VIII recovery (52.2 +/- 6.4%) is comparable to other processes.", "contents": "Preparation of factor VIII concentrates by cryoprecipitate sedimentation. A new method for factor VIII concentrate preparation is proposed. The method is the collection of cryoprecipitate after sedimentation at 4 C in a jacketed glass vessel. The final product is standardized (4.0 +/- 0.3 factor VIII units per ml) and can be infused in hemophilic patients regardless of their ABO blood type. Factor VIII recovery (52.2 +/- 6.4%) is comparable to other processes.", "PMID": 505533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6612", "title": "Problems with a walking donor transfusion program.", "content": "A walking donor transfusion program is outlined in detail. A total of 205 transfusions from 72 walking donors were given to 57 newborns in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit over a nine-month period. The average recipient weighed 1,762 g and the average transfusion was 15 ml of blood. Because a suitable walking donor was not always available when a transfusion was needed, 19 units of regular adult blood were also used to support the program. No immediate or delayed transfusion reactions were noted, but one fatal incident of serum hepatitis transmission occurred. Our experience suggests that a walking donor program carries an inherent significant risk of transmission of hepatitis and alternative methods with strict blood bank control are needed to assure maximum safety in neonatal transfusion.", "contents": "Problems with a walking donor transfusion program. A walking donor transfusion program is outlined in detail. A total of 205 transfusions from 72 walking donors were given to 57 newborns in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit over a nine-month period. The average recipient weighed 1,762 g and the average transfusion was 15 ml of blood. Because a suitable walking donor was not always available when a transfusion was needed, 19 units of regular adult blood were also used to support the program. No immediate or delayed transfusion reactions were noted, but one fatal incident of serum hepatitis transmission occurred. Our experience suggests that a walking donor program carries an inherent significant risk of transmission of hepatitis and alternative methods with strict blood bank control are needed to assure maximum safety in neonatal transfusion.", "PMID": 505529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6613", "title": "Plasma protein fraction: the disappearance of kinin from the solution on storage.", "content": "The kinin produced when plasma protein fraction was heated at 60 C for 10 hours in order to inactivate the agent of hepatitis was shown to lose its activity during storage. There was an 80 per cent loss after three months and negligible activity was detectable after six months of storage. Synthetic bradykinin treated and stored under the same conditions showed no loss in activity.", "contents": "Plasma protein fraction: the disappearance of kinin from the solution on storage. The kinin produced when plasma protein fraction was heated at 60 C for 10 hours in order to inactivate the agent of hepatitis was shown to lose its activity during storage. There was an 80 per cent loss after three months and negligible activity was detectable after six months of storage. Synthetic bradykinin treated and stored under the same conditions showed no loss in activity.", "PMID": 505535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6614", "title": "Modulation of inhibition of the human mitogen response by methylprednisolone.", "content": "The in vitro response of human lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin was inhibited in a dose-related fashion by methylprednisolone added to the cell culture. The inhibition by steroid was 100-fold less than expected from published values of human lymphocyte receptor affinity. The dose response curve for inhibition was complex, frequently featuring a plateau region suggestive of a heterogeneous system, possibly caused by the presence of more than one subpopulation of cells. When lymphocytes were separated by unit velocity sedimentation, slow sedimenting lymphocytes were found to be highly steroid sensitive whereas rapidly sedimenting lymphocytes were steroid resistant. However, the addition of cultured macrophages rendered the steroid-sensitive fractions relatively steroid resistant. Similarly, unseparated peripheral blood lymphocytes at low concentrations were found to be highly steroid sensitive despite the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity was lost by the addition of culture macrophages. Thus, macrophages play a vital role in the relative steroid resistance of human lymphocytes. No evidence was found that macrophages actually reduced steroid concentration in culture, and it is suggested that a cellular interaction is required to increase resistance to steroids.", "contents": "Modulation of inhibition of the human mitogen response by methylprednisolone. The in vitro response of human lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin was inhibited in a dose-related fashion by methylprednisolone added to the cell culture. The inhibition by steroid was 100-fold less than expected from published values of human lymphocyte receptor affinity. The dose response curve for inhibition was complex, frequently featuring a plateau region suggestive of a heterogeneous system, possibly caused by the presence of more than one subpopulation of cells. When lymphocytes were separated by unit velocity sedimentation, slow sedimenting lymphocytes were found to be highly steroid sensitive whereas rapidly sedimenting lymphocytes were steroid resistant. However, the addition of cultured macrophages rendered the steroid-sensitive fractions relatively steroid resistant. Similarly, unseparated peripheral blood lymphocytes at low concentrations were found to be highly steroid sensitive despite the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity was lost by the addition of culture macrophages. Thus, macrophages play a vital role in the relative steroid resistance of human lymphocytes. No evidence was found that macrophages actually reduced steroid concentration in culture, and it is suggested that a cellular interaction is required to increase resistance to steroids.", "PMID": 505541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6615", "title": "Antithrombin III in fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and cryoprecipitate-depleted plasma.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT III) is a plasma protein that inhibits several activated procoagulants. Hereditary disease or acquired conditions such as severe hepatic dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome and intravascular coagulation may be associated with reduced levels of AT III. Its replacement may be essential in controlling thrombosis. In order to determine the most effective form of replacement, we compared AT III biological activity and antigen levels in conventionally prepared fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryoprecipitate depleted plasma (CDP). Both the activity and antigen levels were comparable in all three products (approximately 100%) and AT III was not concentrated in cryoprecipitate. These results indicate that conventionally prepared CDP, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate contain equal quantities volume for volume of AT III. On this basis, all products are equally effective as therapy for AT III deficiency, but CDP and fresh frozen plasma are recommended as convenient sources of this factor.", "contents": "Antithrombin III in fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and cryoprecipitate-depleted plasma. Antithrombin III (AT III) is a plasma protein that inhibits several activated procoagulants. Hereditary disease or acquired conditions such as severe hepatic dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome and intravascular coagulation may be associated with reduced levels of AT III. Its replacement may be essential in controlling thrombosis. In order to determine the most effective form of replacement, we compared AT III biological activity and antigen levels in conventionally prepared fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryoprecipitate depleted plasma (CDP). Both the activity and antigen levels were comparable in all three products (approximately 100%) and AT III was not concentrated in cryoprecipitate. These results indicate that conventionally prepared CDP, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate contain equal quantities volume for volume of AT III. On this basis, all products are equally effective as therapy for AT III deficiency, but CDP and fresh frozen plasma are recommended as convenient sources of this factor.", "PMID": 505534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6616", "title": "Demonstration of a dog liver immunosuppressive factor active in vitro.", "content": "These studies define the presence of an immunosuppressive factor in dog liver that is active in vitro. A crude dog liver extract was prepared by saline extraction and ultracentrifugation. In vitro immunosuppressive activity of the extract was assayed by its influence on standard phytohemagglutinin mitogen stimulation assays (PHA), two-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions, and primed lymphocyte culture (PLC). In six experiments with four extracts, the mean percentage of inhibition (MPI) of dog lymphocytes in PHA mitogen stimulation assays was 102.0 +/- 3.6. In two human MLC experiments, the extract produced an MPI of 102.3 +/- 0.3. In one canine MLC the MPI was 102.5. In three PLC experiments the MPI was 92.7 +/- 8.0, indicating that the extract inhibited sensitization. Cytotoxicity of the extract was shown not to be the mechanism of proliferation inhibition by restimulation of cells washed free of extract, concurrent eosin viability studies, and documentation of normal base proliferation of cells after extract was washed from them. We concluded that there is a naturally occurring immunosuppressive agent in dog liver that is active in vitro as demonstrated by inhibition of PHA MLC, and PLC cellular proliferation assays. The activity is not attributable to cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Demonstration of a dog liver immunosuppressive factor active in vitro. These studies define the presence of an immunosuppressive factor in dog liver that is active in vitro. A crude dog liver extract was prepared by saline extraction and ultracentrifugation. In vitro immunosuppressive activity of the extract was assayed by its influence on standard phytohemagglutinin mitogen stimulation assays (PHA), two-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions, and primed lymphocyte culture (PLC). In six experiments with four extracts, the mean percentage of inhibition (MPI) of dog lymphocytes in PHA mitogen stimulation assays was 102.0 +/- 3.6. In two human MLC experiments, the extract produced an MPI of 102.3 +/- 0.3. In one canine MLC the MPI was 102.5. In three PLC experiments the MPI was 92.7 +/- 8.0, indicating that the extract inhibited sensitization. Cytotoxicity of the extract was shown not to be the mechanism of proliferation inhibition by restimulation of cells washed free of extract, concurrent eosin viability studies, and documentation of normal base proliferation of cells after extract was washed from them. We concluded that there is a naturally occurring immunosuppressive agent in dog liver that is active in vitro as demonstrated by inhibition of PHA MLC, and PLC cellular proliferation assays. The activity is not attributable to cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 505542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6617", "title": "Platelet glycolysis in platelet storage. III. The inability of platelets to utilize exogenous citrate.", "content": "The metabolism of exogenous citrate by freshly collected human platelets has been investigated by measuring the disappearance of citrate from platelet suspensions and by measuring the formation of CO2 and glycogen from purified radioactive citrate. These studies indicate that platelets do not have the capacity to metabolize exogenous citrate.", "contents": "Platelet glycolysis in platelet storage. III. The inability of platelets to utilize exogenous citrate. The metabolism of exogenous citrate by freshly collected human platelets has been investigated by measuring the disappearance of citrate from platelet suspensions and by measuring the formation of CO2 and glycogen from purified radioactive citrate. These studies indicate that platelets do not have the capacity to metabolize exogenous citrate.", "PMID": 505536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6618", "title": "Mechanisms involved in the weak alloimmunogenicity of Thy-1 on mouse brain.", "content": "Immunization of mice with allogeneic brain homogenates fails to elicit an appreciable response to the Thy-1 antigen. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism of the low immunogenicity of allogeneic brain. Immunization of C3H mice with freshly prepared mixtures of AKR/J thymus cells with either AKR/J or C3H brain homogenates elicited a primary response to the Thy-1.1 antigen as effectively as immunization with AKR/J thymus cells. When the mixtures were incubated overnight prior to injection, only AKR/J brain homogenate but not C3H brain homogenate abrogated the capacity of AKR/J thymus cells to elicit an anti-Thy-1.1 response. Suppressor T cells did not seem to be responsible for the inability of brain to elicit an anti-Thy-1 response, as mice that received cyclophosphamide 2 days prior to injection of brain did not produce Thy-1 antibodies. Antigenic competition also did not seem to be the cause for the weak immunogenicity of Thy-1 on brain, as mixtures of thymus and brain were capable of eliciting a primary response. When spleen cells from mice hyperimmunized against Thy-1 were transferred to normal syngeneic mice, subsequent immunization with brain homogenate was capable of eliciting Thy-1 antibodies. These results indicate that Thy-1 on brain may resemble a hapten, in being incapable of eliciting a primary immune response, but behaves like a complete antigen in boosting a secondary response.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in the weak alloimmunogenicity of Thy-1 on mouse brain. Immunization of mice with allogeneic brain homogenates fails to elicit an appreciable response to the Thy-1 antigen. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism of the low immunogenicity of allogeneic brain. Immunization of C3H mice with freshly prepared mixtures of AKR/J thymus cells with either AKR/J or C3H brain homogenates elicited a primary response to the Thy-1.1 antigen as effectively as immunization with AKR/J thymus cells. When the mixtures were incubated overnight prior to injection, only AKR/J brain homogenate but not C3H brain homogenate abrogated the capacity of AKR/J thymus cells to elicit an anti-Thy-1.1 response. Suppressor T cells did not seem to be responsible for the inability of brain to elicit an anti-Thy-1 response, as mice that received cyclophosphamide 2 days prior to injection of brain did not produce Thy-1 antibodies. Antigenic competition also did not seem to be the cause for the weak immunogenicity of Thy-1 on brain, as mixtures of thymus and brain were capable of eliciting a primary response. When spleen cells from mice hyperimmunized against Thy-1 were transferred to normal syngeneic mice, subsequent immunization with brain homogenate was capable of eliciting Thy-1 antibodies. These results indicate that Thy-1 on brain may resemble a hapten, in being incapable of eliciting a primary immune response, but behaves like a complete antigen in boosting a secondary response.", "PMID": 505543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6619", "title": "Use of dextran 150 as a macromolecular agent to improve granulocyte yields on the intermittent flow blood cell separator (Haemonetics Model 30).", "content": "Leukaphereses were performed on the intermittent flow cell separator (Haemonentics Model 30) using citrated dextran 150 as a macromolecular agent to improve separation of granulocytes. A mean of 1.77 X 10(10) granulocytes and 7.73 X 10(11) platelets were obtained without steroid stimulation and 2.65 X 10(10) granulocytes and 8.91 X 10(11) platelets were obtained with steroid stimulation of donors. There were no significant adverse reactions to dextran.", "contents": "Use of dextran 150 as a macromolecular agent to improve granulocyte yields on the intermittent flow blood cell separator (Haemonetics Model 30). Leukaphereses were performed on the intermittent flow cell separator (Haemonentics Model 30) using citrated dextran 150 as a macromolecular agent to improve separation of granulocytes. A mean of 1.77 X 10(10) granulocytes and 7.73 X 10(11) platelets were obtained without steroid stimulation and 2.65 X 10(10) granulocytes and 8.91 X 10(11) platelets were obtained with steroid stimulation of donors. There were no significant adverse reactions to dextran.", "PMID": 505531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6620", "title": "Cross-reactivity among the products of three nonallelic H-2 loci, H-2Ld, H-2Dq, and H-2Kk.", "content": "Cross-reactions of the products of three nonallelic H-2 loci, H-2K, H-2D, and H-2L, have been studied by serological, immunochemical, and cellular immune techniques. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a determinant shared between Ld and Dq molecules but absent on Dd molecules, By cytotoxic screening of sera from individual mice an exceptional anti-Ld serum was found which cross-reacted with an H-2k antigen. Genetic mapping studies suggested that the basis of this activity was an Ld-Kk serological cross-reaction. Cytotoxic T cells generated to Ld alloantigens were also found to recognize a cross-reacting Kk determinant. These studies therefore suggest that L, D, and K are three structurally homologous cell surface glycoproteins that have evolved from a common primordial gene.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity among the products of three nonallelic H-2 loci, H-2Ld, H-2Dq, and H-2Kk. Cross-reactions of the products of three nonallelic H-2 loci, H-2K, H-2D, and H-2L, have been studied by serological, immunochemical, and cellular immune techniques. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a determinant shared between Ld and Dq molecules but absent on Dd molecules, By cytotoxic screening of sera from individual mice an exceptional anti-Ld serum was found which cross-reacted with an H-2k antigen. Genetic mapping studies suggested that the basis of this activity was an Ld-Kk serological cross-reaction. Cytotoxic T cells generated to Ld alloantigens were also found to recognize a cross-reacting Kk determinant. These studies therefore suggest that L, D, and K are three structurally homologous cell surface glycoproteins that have evolved from a common primordial gene.", "PMID": 505544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6621", "title": "Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by the second example of anti-K19.", "content": "A second example of anti-K19 has been identified in the serum of a black patient immunized by blood transfusions. The antibody was responsible for delayed hemolysis of transfused incompatible red blood cells. The patient's red blood cells are K:--19 but are otherwise of common Kell phenotype. The K19 antigen is closely associated with the Kell blood group although there is, as yet, no pedigree information to confirm that it is produced by the Kell gene. Tests on 10,757 group O blood donors have not revealed any further examples of the K:--19 phenotype.", "contents": "Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by the second example of anti-K19. A second example of anti-K19 has been identified in the serum of a black patient immunized by blood transfusions. The antibody was responsible for delayed hemolysis of transfused incompatible red blood cells. The patient's red blood cells are K:--19 but are otherwise of common Kell phenotype. The K19 antigen is closely associated with the Kell blood group although there is, as yet, no pedigree information to confirm that it is produced by the Kell gene. Tests on 10,757 group O blood donors have not revealed any further examples of the K:--19 phenotype.", "PMID": 505537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6622", "title": "Topographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Serbia (Yugoslavia).", "content": "Topographical characteristics of 91 settlements affected by endemic nephropathy in Serbia--the region most frequently attacked by the disease--were analyzed and compared with the other known endemic areas in Yugoslavia. Numerical data were provided on the common characteristics of the affected villages--vicinity of a Danube tributary and low altitude. It was pointed out that only two endemic settlements lie above the altitude of 300 m. It is therefore suggested that investigation of the hydrogeological structure of these villages may provide valuable data, if an agent in water or soil is searched for.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Serbia (Yugoslavia). Topographical characteristics of 91 settlements affected by endemic nephropathy in Serbia--the region most frequently attacked by the disease--were analyzed and compared with the other known endemic areas in Yugoslavia. Numerical data were provided on the common characteristics of the affected villages--vicinity of a Danube tributary and low altitude. It was pointed out that only two endemic settlements lie above the altitude of 300 m. It is therefore suggested that investigation of the hydrogeological structure of these villages may provide valuable data, if an agent in water or soil is searched for.", "PMID": 505548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6623", "title": "The clinical and aetiological pattern of finger clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in Nigerians.", "content": "A study of the clinical and aetiological patterns of finger clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy was carried out over a 15-year period. 116 patients were studied. Pain is not a common symptom in patients with finger clubbing and osteoarthropathy in Nigerians, contrary to what has been reported in the literature. The cause of finger clubbing is predominantly pulmonary in origin, being responsible in 84 per cent of cases. The commonest cause in bronchiectasis, followed by empyema thoracis, bronchial carcinoma and lung abscess. Among the nonpulmonary causes are infective endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is found in 15 cent of the patients with finger clubbing, the commonest cause being carcinoma of the bronchus.", "contents": "The clinical and aetiological pattern of finger clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in Nigerians. A study of the clinical and aetiological patterns of finger clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy was carried out over a 15-year period. 116 patients were studied. Pain is not a common symptom in patients with finger clubbing and osteoarthropathy in Nigerians, contrary to what has been reported in the literature. The cause of finger clubbing is predominantly pulmonary in origin, being responsible in 84 per cent of cases. The commonest cause in bronchiectasis, followed by empyema thoracis, bronchial carcinoma and lung abscess. Among the nonpulmonary causes are infective endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is found in 15 cent of the patients with finger clubbing, the commonest cause being carcinoma of the bronchus.", "PMID": 505549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6624", "title": "Endometriosis among the Hausa/Fulani population of Nigeria.", "content": "In three and half years at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, endometriosis was found in 27 Nigerians (all negroid) and one Caucasian. Age and parity distribution were similar to what has been found in patients elsewhere. In other respects, there were striking differences. The frequency (8.2 percent) is one of the highest reported in the negro. Two fifths were menopausal, majority had associated pelvic inflammatory disease, and nearly all were in women of the lowest socio-economic status. The lesions were rare in the pouch of Douglas and were totally absent from the rectovaginal septum and in the extra peritoneal space.", "contents": "Endometriosis among the Hausa/Fulani population of Nigeria. In three and half years at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, endometriosis was found in 27 Nigerians (all negroid) and one Caucasian. Age and parity distribution were similar to what has been found in patients elsewhere. In other respects, there were striking differences. The frequency (8.2 percent) is one of the highest reported in the negro. Two fifths were menopausal, majority had associated pelvic inflammatory disease, and nearly all were in women of the lowest socio-economic status. The lesions were rare in the pouch of Douglas and were totally absent from the rectovaginal septum and in the extra peritoneal space.", "PMID": 505550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6625", "title": "Clinical and radiological features of neonatal septic arthritis.", "content": "Fourteen neonates (first 28 days of life) with septic arthritis were admitted into the neonatal unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a three year period. The incidence was 6.1 per 1000 admissions. Eight were fullterm, three preterm and two low-birthweight babies. Severe constitutional symptoms consisting of fever (temp. 39 degrees C), abdominal distension and jaundice were uniformly present. The aetiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (6), Proteus  mirabilis (2), and beta haemolytic streptococcus (1), no pathogen was isolated in five patients. There was a possible causal relationship between repeated traumatic femoral venepuncture of the hip in three infants. The early radiologic changes were deep soft tissue swelling, obliteration of fascial plances and widened joint space. Residual damage of the hip joint was noted in one neonate; four died. It is suggested that toxic-looking new-born infants, suspected of septicaemia by examined radiologically for possible arthritis.", "contents": "Clinical and radiological features of neonatal septic arthritis. Fourteen neonates (first 28 days of life) with septic arthritis were admitted into the neonatal unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a three year period. The incidence was 6.1 per 1000 admissions. Eight were fullterm, three preterm and two low-birthweight babies. Severe constitutional symptoms consisting of fever (temp. 39 degrees C), abdominal distension and jaundice were uniformly present. The aetiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (6), Proteus  mirabilis (2), and beta haemolytic streptococcus (1), no pathogen was isolated in five patients. There was a possible causal relationship between repeated traumatic femoral venepuncture of the hip in three infants. The early radiologic changes were deep soft tissue swelling, obliteration of fascial plances and widened joint space. Residual damage of the hip joint was noted in one neonate; four died. It is suggested that toxic-looking new-born infants, suspected of septicaemia by examined radiologically for possible arthritis.", "PMID": 505551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6626", "title": "Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Tanzanian males with typhoid fever.", "content": "The frequency of G-6-PD deficiency in the Dar es Salaam male population is given as 18.7%. In this preliminary study, is reported a frequency of 45% in males with typhoid fever--a figure more than twice the prevalence in the general Dar es Salaam male population. Possible reasons for positive correlation between the two disease states are described.", "contents": "Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Tanzanian males with typhoid fever. The frequency of G-6-PD deficiency in the Dar es Salaam male population is given as 18.7%. In this preliminary study, is reported a frequency of 45% in males with typhoid fever--a figure more than twice the prevalence in the general Dar es Salaam male population. Possible reasons for positive correlation between the two disease states are described.", "PMID": 505552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6627", "title": "Serological evidence of dengue virus activity in children on the Northern Leeward Islands (Netherlands Antilles).", "content": "An arbovirus serologic survey of school children on the Northern Leeward Islands (Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten) using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) detected a high proportion of reactors to dengue types 1,2, and 3. Analysis in relation to age showed an increasing proportion to be positive with increasing age. The results of an all-age survey on St. Eustatius 1970 led to the hypothesis of possible dengue serotype 1 activity on St. Eustatius around 1900, whilst it is thought that dengue type 2 was endemic at other times. In view of the continuous high endemic dengue activity the (re)-appearance of dengue serotype 1 next to type 2 and 3 may be the prelude to the occurrence of the dengue shock syndrome.", "contents": "Serological evidence of dengue virus activity in children on the Northern Leeward Islands (Netherlands Antilles). An arbovirus serologic survey of school children on the Northern Leeward Islands (Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten) using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) detected a high proportion of reactors to dengue types 1,2, and 3. Analysis in relation to age showed an increasing proportion to be positive with increasing age. The results of an all-age survey on St. Eustatius 1970 led to the hypothesis of possible dengue serotype 1 activity on St. Eustatius around 1900, whilst it is thought that dengue type 2 was endemic at other times. In view of the continuous high endemic dengue activity the (re)-appearance of dengue serotype 1 next to type 2 and 3 may be the prelude to the occurrence of the dengue shock syndrome.", "PMID": 505553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6628", "title": "Haemoglobin and erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants among selected tribes in Western Saudi Arabia.", "content": "638 subjects from six tribes in Western Saudi Arabia were tested for haemoglobin and G-6-PD variants. In the bedouins of Harbi and Sahafi tribes there was no sickling but a low frequency of both G-6-PD deficiency (1.7%) and the Gd A+ variant (1.7%) in Harbi. In Mograbi and Mowallad tribes who immigrated recently from Africa, the frequency of Hb S was 4.1 and 3.5%, G-6-PD deficiency 7.5 and 8.5% and the Gd A+ variant 15.1 and 8.5% respectively, which are higher than in bedouins. In Ghamid tribe 4% had Hb S and there was a low frequency of both G-6-PD deficiency (4.8%) and Gd A+ variant (1.6%). However a new B slow variant is common among the Ghamid (16.1%). Hb S frequency in Zahran tribe was 2.6%. Six of the 12 g-6-PD deficient (screening) were found to be positive on starch gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Haemoglobin and erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants among selected tribes in Western Saudi Arabia. 638 subjects from six tribes in Western Saudi Arabia were tested for haemoglobin and G-6-PD variants. In the bedouins of Harbi and Sahafi tribes there was no sickling but a low frequency of both G-6-PD deficiency (1.7%) and the Gd A+ variant (1.7%) in Harbi. In Mograbi and Mowallad tribes who immigrated recently from Africa, the frequency of Hb S was 4.1 and 3.5%, G-6-PD deficiency 7.5 and 8.5% and the Gd A+ variant 15.1 and 8.5% respectively, which are higher than in bedouins. In Ghamid tribe 4% had Hb S and there was a low frequency of both G-6-PD deficiency (4.8%) and Gd A+ variant (1.6%). However a new B slow variant is common among the Ghamid (16.1%). Hb S frequency in Zahran tribe was 2.6%. Six of the 12 g-6-PD deficient (screening) were found to be positive on starch gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 505554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6629", "title": "Unusual manifestations of mycetoma.", "content": "Five cases of mycetoma of bone involving patella, shaft of tibia, medial malleolus, calcaneum and phalanx of great toe are presented. In all the cases bones were extensively damaged with minimal or no involvement of soft tissue, a very unusual feature. Aetiopathogenesis involvement of bone substantiated by facts, is discussed.", "contents": "Unusual manifestations of mycetoma. Five cases of mycetoma of bone involving patella, shaft of tibia, medial malleolus, calcaneum and phalanx of great toe are presented. In all the cases bones were extensively damaged with minimal or no involvement of soft tissue, a very unusual feature. Aetiopathogenesis involvement of bone substantiated by facts, is discussed.", "PMID": 505555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6630", "title": "Hookworm in dogs and cats in the area of Jakarta.", "content": "An investigation of the distribution and prevalence of hookworms in dogs and cats was carried out during the year 1976 in the area of Jakarta. Sixty-eight percent of the dogs harboured A. caninum, whereas 37% harboured A. ceylanicum and 18% A. braziliense and 32.1% as A. ceylanicum. Hookworms were recovered from 78% of the fifty cats; 72% of the cats were infected with A. braziliense and 24% with A.ceylanicum. Among the 1895 hookworms in cats, 73,5% were A. braziliense and 24.5% were A. ceylanicum. Only one female A. tubaeforme was found in one cat.", "contents": "Hookworm in dogs and cats in the area of Jakarta. An investigation of the distribution and prevalence of hookworms in dogs and cats was carried out during the year 1976 in the area of Jakarta. Sixty-eight percent of the dogs harboured A. caninum, whereas 37% harboured A. ceylanicum and 18% A. braziliense and 32.1% as A. ceylanicum. Hookworms were recovered from 78% of the fifty cats; 72% of the cats were infected with A. braziliense and 24% with A.ceylanicum. Among the 1895 hookworms in cats, 73,5% were A. braziliense and 24.5% were A. ceylanicum. Only one female A. tubaeforme was found in one cat.", "PMID": 505556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6631", "title": "A new leptospiral serovar in the Australis serogroup.", "content": "A new serovar in the Australis serogroup is described after parallel investigations by the \"classical\" comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar name ramisi with reference strain Musa is proposed.", "contents": "A new leptospiral serovar in the Australis serogroup. A new serovar in the Australis serogroup is described after parallel investigations by the \"classical\" comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method and by a method derived from factor analysis. The serovar name ramisi with reference strain Musa is proposed.", "PMID": 505557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6632", "title": "The occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in rural inhabitants of Argentina.", "content": "Sera collected during surveys of presumably healthy rural inhabitants of the Provinces of Corrientes and Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina, were examined for serological evidence of leptospirosis. Significant antibody levels (1:100 or greater) were found in 8.7 per cent of 1,029 sera from residents of Corrientes Province. The most frequent reactions occurred against the serotypes australis, hebdomadis group, pomona, and icterohaemorrhagiae. The predominance of antibodies to the Australis group in the country is new and suggests the emergence of leptospirosis in an unrecognized animal reservoir host. Out of 706 sera collected from rural school students and sera from 71 adults in the Province of Neuqu\u00e9n, only 4 (0.5%) showed leptospiral agglutinin in the microscopic agglutination test and these were only at a 1:100 serum dilution. The higher percentage of reactors in the Corrientes population appears to reflect a more favorable environment and a greater risk of infection.", "contents": "The occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in rural inhabitants of Argentina. Sera collected during surveys of presumably healthy rural inhabitants of the Provinces of Corrientes and Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina, were examined for serological evidence of leptospirosis. Significant antibody levels (1:100 or greater) were found in 8.7 per cent of 1,029 sera from residents of Corrientes Province. The most frequent reactions occurred against the serotypes australis, hebdomadis group, pomona, and icterohaemorrhagiae. The predominance of antibodies to the Australis group in the country is new and suggests the emergence of leptospirosis in an unrecognized animal reservoir host. Out of 706 sera collected from rural school students and sera from 71 adults in the Province of Neuqu\u00e9n, only 4 (0.5%) showed leptospiral agglutinin in the microscopic agglutination test and these were only at a 1:100 serum dilution. The higher percentage of reactors in the Corrientes population appears to reflect a more favorable environment and a greater risk of infection.", "PMID": 505558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6633", "title": "Contamination of some fermented Nigerian beverages by carcinogenic nitrosamines.", "content": "A survey to determine the extent of the nitrosamine contamination of some popular fermented Nigerian beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine has been carried out in the Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Kwara and Benue States of Nigeria, following the mass spectrometric detection of these carcinogens in palm wine and nono (sour milk). The indication is that the contamination of the drinks, namely, palm-wine, nono, pito, burukutu, and ogogoro, by both nitrosamines is widespread and occurs at the part per billion level. 0.6 - 22 mu g nitrosamine/l was found by routine thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic methods using authentic nitrosamines as reference standards. Because of the widespread contamination of the test beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine, and the usually frequent occurrence of nitrosamine precursors in nature, it is presumed that these potent and versatile carcinogens could play a significant role in the formation of human cancers in the Nigerian population.", "contents": "Contamination of some fermented Nigerian beverages by carcinogenic nitrosamines. A survey to determine the extent of the nitrosamine contamination of some popular fermented Nigerian beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine has been carried out in the Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Kwara and Benue States of Nigeria, following the mass spectrometric detection of these carcinogens in palm wine and nono (sour milk). The indication is that the contamination of the drinks, namely, palm-wine, nono, pito, burukutu, and ogogoro, by both nitrosamines is widespread and occurs at the part per billion level. 0.6 - 22 mu g nitrosamine/l was found by routine thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic methods using authentic nitrosamines as reference standards. Because of the widespread contamination of the test beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine, and the usually frequent occurrence of nitrosamine precursors in nature, it is presumed that these potent and versatile carcinogens could play a significant role in the formation of human cancers in the Nigerian population.", "PMID": 505559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6634", "title": "A population study in the Maldive islands.", "content": "The Maldive Islands harbour, among 2,000 widely scattered coral islands, 190 atolls at present inhabited by over 128,000 persons. Between 1956-1976 the Royal Air Force occupied an air staging station which resulted in an increase in material and health prosperity, mostly affecting Hittadu Island. The growth rate which was 2.6% for the Maldivian population prior to that period, increased to 4.4%, resulting in a population density of 1,085 per sqkm. The unenviable prospects of the withdrawal are described.", "contents": "A population study in the Maldive islands. The Maldive Islands harbour, among 2,000 widely scattered coral islands, 190 atolls at present inhabited by over 128,000 persons. Between 1956-1976 the Royal Air Force occupied an air staging station which resulted in an increase in material and health prosperity, mostly affecting Hittadu Island. The growth rate which was 2.6% for the Maldivian population prior to that period, increased to 4.4%, resulting in a population density of 1,085 per sqkm. The unenviable prospects of the withdrawal are described.", "PMID": 505560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6635", "title": "Leptospirosis acquired in Surinam.", "content": "A case of leptospirosis seen in the Netherlands but acquired in Surinam is described. Marked jaundice, disturbance of renal function, a first degree atrioventricular block and pancreatic irritation were observed.", "contents": "Leptospirosis acquired in Surinam. A case of leptospirosis seen in the Netherlands but acquired in Surinam is described. Marked jaundice, disturbance of renal function, a first degree atrioventricular block and pancreatic irritation were observed.", "PMID": 505561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6636", "title": "Blastomycosis treated successfully with miconazole.", "content": "A case of disseminated blastomycosis is described, which was treated with miconazole orally. A rapid cure was achieved without side effects. Miconazole seems to be effective and safe in the treatment of blastomycosis.", "contents": "Blastomycosis treated successfully with miconazole. A case of disseminated blastomycosis is described, which was treated with miconazole orally. A rapid cure was achieved without side effects. Miconazole seems to be effective and safe in the treatment of blastomycosis.", "PMID": 505562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6637", "title": "Granuloma inguinale in Botswana.", "content": "Description of the probably first case of granuloma inguinale in Botswana and result of treatment.", "contents": "Granuloma inguinale in Botswana. Description of the probably first case of granuloma inguinale in Botswana and result of treatment.", "PMID": 505563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6638", "title": "Machakos Project studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XIII. Spatial contagion in measles epidemics.", "content": "The Machakos Project has yielded data by which it is possible to analyse spatial aspects of contagion in measles epidemics. Problems of geographical scale and interaction patterns occlude the spatial factor and rather different spectra of outbreaks were seen when the data are analysed at sub-location level. The likely patterns of spatial contagion are indicated and the need for smaller-scale study is pointed out. The role of secondary infection is considered and two proposed approaches to mathematical simulation are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Machakos Project studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XIII. Spatial contagion in measles epidemics. The Machakos Project has yielded data by which it is possible to analyse spatial aspects of contagion in measles epidemics. Problems of geographical scale and interaction patterns occlude the spatial factor and rather different spectra of outbreaks were seen when the data are analysed at sub-location level. The likely patterns of spatial contagion are indicated and the need for smaller-scale study is pointed out. The role of secondary infection is considered and two proposed approaches to mathematical simulation are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 505564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6639", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the DNA-synthesizing cells of the sinoatrial node in mouse embryos according to electron microscopic autoradiographic data].", "content": "By means of electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine a study was made of the differentiation degree of DNA synthesizing muscle cells in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of the heart conductive system of the 18 day old mouse embryos. Clear myocytes (CM), predominating in the SAN at this stage, are irregular in shape, with interdigitating protrusions. Nuclei are clear, spherical or ellipsoidal. One hour following 3H-thymidine injection, about 6% of CM display labeled nuclei; this index is considerably lower than in working ventricular myocardium. Like unlabeled myocytes, CM being in phase S contain sparse, randomly located thin myofibrilles. In some areas of the sarcoplasm, only myofilament bundles and Z-disk material can be seen. The number of CM myofibrilles is always considerably less than in the working ventricular myocytes. Accumulations of intermediate (8--11 nm) filaments are present. Mitochondria with a few cristae are not numerous. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus being relatively well developed, multivesicular bodies, centrioles, and occasional cilia are often seen. Near the centrioles (basal bodies), striated filamentous bundles are found sometimes showing periodic dense lines separated by 50--70 nm. Specialized contacts between CM are rare, being presented only by desmosomes and primitive intercalated discs. Besides CM, sparse small dark cells occur filled with myofibrilles and mitochondria. In the peripheral regions of the node \"transitional\" cells are seen. The SAN of the 18 day old embryo mouse heart grown due to proliferation of CM with a poorly developed myofibrillar apparatus.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the DNA-synthesizing cells of the sinoatrial node in mouse embryos according to electron microscopic autoradiographic data]. By means of electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine a study was made of the differentiation degree of DNA synthesizing muscle cells in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of the heart conductive system of the 18 day old mouse embryos. Clear myocytes (CM), predominating in the SAN at this stage, are irregular in shape, with interdigitating protrusions. Nuclei are clear, spherical or ellipsoidal. One hour following 3H-thymidine injection, about 6% of CM display labeled nuclei; this index is considerably lower than in working ventricular myocardium. Like unlabeled myocytes, CM being in phase S contain sparse, randomly located thin myofibrilles. In some areas of the sarcoplasm, only myofilament bundles and Z-disk material can be seen. The number of CM myofibrilles is always considerably less than in the working ventricular myocytes. Accumulations of intermediate (8--11 nm) filaments are present. Mitochondria with a few cristae are not numerous. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus being relatively well developed, multivesicular bodies, centrioles, and occasional cilia are often seen. Near the centrioles (basal bodies), striated filamentous bundles are found sometimes showing periodic dense lines separated by 50--70 nm. Specialized contacts between CM are rare, being presented only by desmosomes and primitive intercalated discs. Besides CM, sparse small dark cells occur filled with myofibrilles and mitochondria. In the peripheral regions of the node \"transitional\" cells are seen. The SAN of the 18 day old embryo mouse heart grown due to proliferation of CM with a poorly developed myofibrillar apparatus.", "PMID": 505565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6640", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic study of the mitochondria in human embryonic nervous tissue cells in vitro].", "content": "After a 5-min heating of isolated Tradescantia leaves at 49 degrees C the granular component in the nucleoli of parenchyma cells disappears and the nucleoli grow more compact and exclusively fibrillar in structure. Simultaneously, the ability of chloroplasts of these cells for phototaxis is completely inhibited. In leaves placed in a moist chamber at room temperature 48 h after heating a normal ultrastructure of nucleoli and the ability of chloroplasts to respond by phototaxis to change in illuminations are restored almost synchronously.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic study of the mitochondria in human embryonic nervous tissue cells in vitro]. After a 5-min heating of isolated Tradescantia leaves at 49 degrees C the granular component in the nucleoli of parenchyma cells disappears and the nucleoli grow more compact and exclusively fibrillar in structure. Simultaneously, the ability of chloroplasts of these cells for phototaxis is completely inhibited. In leaves placed in a moist chamber at room temperature 48 h after heating a normal ultrastructure of nucleoli and the ability of chloroplasts to respond by phototaxis to change in illuminations are restored almost synchronously.", "PMID": 505566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6641", "title": "[Low-molecular RNA subcellular localization and its binding strength with cellular structures].", "content": "Some fractions of low molecular weight (LMW) nuclear RNAs were shown to be present in the cytoplasm of rat liver cells. In addition to known 4S tRNA, 5S and 5,8S rRNAs U3 and 8S1 LMW nuclear RNAs, 8SII and 8SIII LMW RNAs have been detected in RNA preparations of free total and membrane-bound polysomes. The U3 and 8SI polysoma I RNAs seem to be associated with high molecular weight polysomal RNA. Using thermal phenol fractionation, that some LMW RNAs were shown to be slightly bound to the cellular structures whereas some others are bound more tightly. Considerable amounts of LMW RNAs are tightly bound to the chromosome-nucleolar apparatus. They can be extracted only at 85 degrees C. The data presented are discussed with regard to LMW nuclear and polysomal RNAs functions.", "contents": "[Low-molecular RNA subcellular localization and its binding strength with cellular structures]. Some fractions of low molecular weight (LMW) nuclear RNAs were shown to be present in the cytoplasm of rat liver cells. In addition to known 4S tRNA, 5S and 5,8S rRNAs U3 and 8S1 LMW nuclear RNAs, 8SII and 8SIII LMW RNAs have been detected in RNA preparations of free total and membrane-bound polysomes. The U3 and 8SI polysoma I RNAs seem to be associated with high molecular weight polysomal RNA. Using thermal phenol fractionation, that some LMW RNAs were shown to be slightly bound to the cellular structures whereas some others are bound more tightly. Considerable amounts of LMW RNAs are tightly bound to the chromosome-nucleolar apparatus. They can be extracted only at 85 degrees C. The data presented are discussed with regard to LMW nuclear and polysomal RNAs functions.", "PMID": 505567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6642", "title": "[Kinetic study of a heterogeneous tumor cell population using a mathematical model].", "content": "A mathematical model of a heterogenous tumor as a system of interrelating cell populations is described, including a pool of quiescent cells, cell-to-cell variability in maturation rates, and cell migration from growth area to necrotic one. Computer simulation results are given, model labeled mitoses and labeled index curves for the Lewis carcinoma are compared with experimental data.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of a heterogeneous tumor cell population using a mathematical model]. A mathematical model of a heterogenous tumor as a system of interrelating cell populations is described, including a pool of quiescent cells, cell-to-cell variability in maturation rates, and cell migration from growth area to necrotic one. Computer simulation results are given, model labeled mitoses and labeled index curves for the Lewis carcinoma are compared with experimental data.", "PMID": 505568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6643", "title": "[Subcellular localization of low-molecular RNA in the cells of chick embryos].", "content": "The subcellular distribution of chick embryo low molecular weight RNAs has been studied by the thermal phenol fractionation procedure. The major part of 8SII RNA, earlier discovered in some oncornaviruses and normal cells, was extracted by phenol at 4%. Our results thus give evidence of the cytoplasmic localization of this RNA. Another part of 8SII RNA, which has been extracted at 65 degrees, is thought to consist of newly synthesized molecules located in the nuclei. A similarity in subcellular distribution of low molecular weight RNAs from chick embryo and rat liver has been obtained, i. e. such a distribution may be of universal nature.", "contents": "[Subcellular localization of low-molecular RNA in the cells of chick embryos]. The subcellular distribution of chick embryo low molecular weight RNAs has been studied by the thermal phenol fractionation procedure. The major part of 8SII RNA, earlier discovered in some oncornaviruses and normal cells, was extracted by phenol at 4%. Our results thus give evidence of the cytoplasmic localization of this RNA. Another part of 8SII RNA, which has been extracted at 65 degrees, is thought to consist of newly synthesized molecules located in the nuclei. A similarity in subcellular distribution of low molecular weight RNAs from chick embryo and rat liver has been obtained, i. e. such a distribution may be of universal nature.", "PMID": 505569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6644", "title": "[Effect of low-molecular nonelectrolytes and hypotonia on the contractile responses of frog sartorius muscles].", "content": "The potentiation of contractile responses during prolonged incubation of frog sartorius muscles in a conventional Ringer solution and in a calcium-free Ringer solution which contained 400 mM of urea, acetamide or ethylene glycol was observed when stimulation with single electric impulses and with caffeine was carried out. When the muscles were exposed to a hypotonic solution the reduction in the amplitude of caffeine contractures or their complete disappearance were registered, whereas the electrical stimulation of muscles in the same medium exerted an increase in the amplitude of contractile responses. The addition of 400 mM glycerol to the hypotonic solution caused an increase in the amplitude of contractions under both types of stimulation.", "contents": "[Effect of low-molecular nonelectrolytes and hypotonia on the contractile responses of frog sartorius muscles]. The potentiation of contractile responses during prolonged incubation of frog sartorius muscles in a conventional Ringer solution and in a calcium-free Ringer solution which contained 400 mM of urea, acetamide or ethylene glycol was observed when stimulation with single electric impulses and with caffeine was carried out. When the muscles were exposed to a hypotonic solution the reduction in the amplitude of caffeine contractures or their complete disappearance were registered, whereas the electrical stimulation of muscles in the same medium exerted an increase in the amplitude of contractile responses. The addition of 400 mM glycerol to the hypotonic solution caused an increase in the amplitude of contractions under both types of stimulation.", "PMID": 505571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6645", "title": "[Cellular capacity in tissue culture and in tumors for recovery from the injuries induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea].", "content": "The survival of the LL cell line in the log-phase of growth, and clonogeneic ability of NKLy/LL tumours, derived from a subcutaneous transplantation of these cells to mice, have been investigated. The survival assay of culture cells and cells in tumours was studied both immediately, and 6--72 hours after the treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in concentrations of 0.05 mg/ml in vitro, and of 12.5--200.0 mg/kg injected in vivo. No repair of potentially lethal damages was noticed in tissue culture during a 72 hours incubation in conditioned medium after the MNU treatment, or in small NKLy/LL tumours when analysed 24 hours after the drug injection. Possible mechanisms of an irrepairable damage induction are discussed.", "contents": "[Cellular capacity in tissue culture and in tumors for recovery from the injuries induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea]. The survival of the LL cell line in the log-phase of growth, and clonogeneic ability of NKLy/LL tumours, derived from a subcutaneous transplantation of these cells to mice, have been investigated. The survival assay of culture cells and cells in tumours was studied both immediately, and 6--72 hours after the treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in concentrations of 0.05 mg/ml in vitro, and of 12.5--200.0 mg/kg injected in vivo. No repair of potentially lethal damages was noticed in tissue culture during a 72 hours incubation in conditioned medium after the MNU treatment, or in small NKLy/LL tumours when analysed 24 hours after the drug injection. Possible mechanisms of an irrepairable damage induction are discussed.", "PMID": 505572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6646", "title": "[Myofibril breakdown during spreading damage. III. Isolated rat muscles].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes have been studied in fast (EDL) and slow (SOL) isolated muscles of rats during Zenker's degeneration (ZD). The general pattern of ZD is similar in both the muscles and proceeds in the same way as in the fast skeletal muscles of amphibians: vacuolation of the T-system and of the sarcoplasmic reticulum occur prior to necrosis, and then contraction knots are formed. The latter detach from the rest of the fiber, and myofibrils degrade into clots of electron dense material. Differences in the development of ZD in this muscle are as follows: vacuolation is more strongly pronounced in EDL, contraction and supercontraction of sarcomeres being more characteristic of SOL. In this ZD region of both the muscles, additional membranes are found in some intracrystal spaces of mitochondria, this phenomenon occuring more frequently in SOL. Selective lysis of the Z-line during ZD has been detected only in single EDL Fibres.", "contents": "[Myofibril breakdown during spreading damage. III. Isolated rat muscles]. Ultrastructural changes have been studied in fast (EDL) and slow (SOL) isolated muscles of rats during Zenker's degeneration (ZD). The general pattern of ZD is similar in both the muscles and proceeds in the same way as in the fast skeletal muscles of amphibians: vacuolation of the T-system and of the sarcoplasmic reticulum occur prior to necrosis, and then contraction knots are formed. The latter detach from the rest of the fiber, and myofibrils degrade into clots of electron dense material. Differences in the development of ZD in this muscle are as follows: vacuolation is more strongly pronounced in EDL, contraction and supercontraction of sarcomeres being more characteristic of SOL. In this ZD region of both the muscles, additional membranes are found in some intracrystal spaces of mitochondria, this phenomenon occuring more frequently in SOL. Selective lysis of the Z-line during ZD has been detected only in single EDL Fibres.", "PMID": 505575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6647", "title": "[Action of heavy water on actomyosin pellicular filaments].", "content": "Deuterium oxide (D2O) prolongates the contractile ability of actomyosin threads by 85%. The contraction of actomyosin threads decreases in the presence of D2O by 28%. D2O decreases neutral red sorption by actomyosin threads. The limiting dye sorption (A infinity) decreases by 45 and 31% within the ranges of weak and high concentrations, resp. Thus, deuterium oxide may affect the conformation of protein molecules.", "contents": "[Action of heavy water on actomyosin pellicular filaments]. Deuterium oxide (D2O) prolongates the contractile ability of actomyosin threads by 85%. The contraction of actomyosin threads decreases in the presence of D2O by 28%. D2O decreases neutral red sorption by actomyosin threads. The limiting dye sorption (A infinity) decreases by 45 and 31% within the ranges of weak and high concentrations, resp. Thus, deuterium oxide may affect the conformation of protein molecules.", "PMID": 505576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6648", "title": "[Cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes and the process of their maturation outside the body].", "content": "A cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes, after their removal from follicles and during extracorporeal maturation, has been performed. The heterogeneity of follicular oocytes according to the character of nuclear chromatin was established. It is probably related to the rate of reinitiation of meiosis in vivo and to the rate of atretic process. The dynamics of human ovum maturation in vitro was studied. 50.8% oocytes reached metaphase II in 46 hours of cultivation, but only 22.8% of these had no chromosomal aberrations. It is supposed that the high rate of chromosomal anomalies in vitro is a possible consequence of degenerative changes of oocytes that started still in vivo.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes and the process of their maturation outside the body]. A cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes, after their removal from follicles and during extracorporeal maturation, has been performed. The heterogeneity of follicular oocytes according to the character of nuclear chromatin was established. It is probably related to the rate of reinitiation of meiosis in vivo and to the rate of atretic process. The dynamics of human ovum maturation in vitro was studied. 50.8% oocytes reached metaphase II in 46 hours of cultivation, but only 22.8% of these had no chromosomal aberrations. It is supposed that the high rate of chromosomal anomalies in vitro is a possible consequence of degenerative changes of oocytes that started still in vivo.", "PMID": 505577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6649", "title": "[Factors controlling the recirculation of hematopoietic stem cells. IV. The effect of thymosin on the migration and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells].", "content": "Thymosine, a thymus hormone, restores the thymectomy induced deterioration of the routine pathways of migration and differentiation ofhemopoietic stem cells in mice. Administration of thymosine together with bone marrow cells from thymectomized mice to irradiated recipients also restores the level of migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells. The inducing effect of thymosine on the maturation of T-lymphocyte precursors, which in their turn restore the usual rate of migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells, has been suggested.", "contents": "[Factors controlling the recirculation of hematopoietic stem cells. IV. The effect of thymosin on the migration and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells]. Thymosine, a thymus hormone, restores the thymectomy induced deterioration of the routine pathways of migration and differentiation ofhemopoietic stem cells in mice. Administration of thymosine together with bone marrow cells from thymectomized mice to irradiated recipients also restores the level of migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells. The inducing effect of thymosine on the maturation of T-lymphocyte precursors, which in their turn restore the usual rate of migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells, has been suggested.", "PMID": 505578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6650", "title": "[Clonogenic fibroblast precursors among the peritoneal fluid cells of guinea pigs].", "content": "There are about 2000 (1830 +/- 360) clonogenic precursors of fibroblast (CFU(f)) in the peritoneal liquid of guinea-pig, which form colonies (clones) in the monolayer cultures. The colonies consist of actively proliferating fibroblasts with different morphology. The proportion of colonies with different morphology shows changes during the growth of cultures. During aseptic inflammation the number of CFU(f) in the peritoneal liquid increases by 25, 15 and 4 times after 6 and 24 hours and 3 days, resp., compared to the control. 99% CFU(f) does not proliferate in situ, and the increase of the number of CFU(f) after inflammation is not followed by their proliferation. The irradiation of the peritoneal cavity killed the most of CFU(f)--97-99%. During the aseptic inflammation, the number of CFU(f) increased to 470 +/- 105 during 4 days after the irradiation, which is 5% of the number of CFU(f) on the 3rd day of inflammation for the non-irradiated animals. Thus, no intensive repopulation of clonogenic precursors of fibroblasts occurs in the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "[Clonogenic fibroblast precursors among the peritoneal fluid cells of guinea pigs]. There are about 2000 (1830 +/- 360) clonogenic precursors of fibroblast (CFU(f)) in the peritoneal liquid of guinea-pig, which form colonies (clones) in the monolayer cultures. The colonies consist of actively proliferating fibroblasts with different morphology. The proportion of colonies with different morphology shows changes during the growth of cultures. During aseptic inflammation the number of CFU(f) in the peritoneal liquid increases by 25, 15 and 4 times after 6 and 24 hours and 3 days, resp., compared to the control. 99% CFU(f) does not proliferate in situ, and the increase of the number of CFU(f) after inflammation is not followed by their proliferation. The irradiation of the peritoneal cavity killed the most of CFU(f)--97-99%. During the aseptic inflammation, the number of CFU(f) increased to 470 +/- 105 during 4 days after the irradiation, which is 5% of the number of CFU(f) on the 3rd day of inflammation for the non-irradiated animals. Thus, no intensive repopulation of clonogenic precursors of fibroblasts occurs in the peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 505579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6651", "title": "[Change in the karyotypic structure of mouse and rat rhabdomyosarcomas on their transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye].", "content": "A study has been made of 7 transplatable lines of mice rhabdomyosarcomas and one line of rat rhabdomyosarcoma during their transplantation into the eye anterior chamber subcutaneous tissue. In all, 10 subcutaneous transplants and 15 transplants into the eye anterior chamber (EAC) were examined. Etanol fixed print smears were subjected to the Feulgen reaction to measure the DNA content using a cytophotometer MCPhU-1; 100 cells being measured in each transplant. In the majority of the EAC transplants, a statistically significant decrease of the karyotypic variability was found in additionto the augmentation to the diploid cell ratio as compared to subcutaneously proliferating populations of the same tumour lines. In some cases EAC transplants displayed exclusively diploid (periploid) populations of tumour myoblasts. Shifts in the karyotypic structure of populations towards diploidy, revealed during the cultivation of transplantable rhabdomyosarcomas, may be regarded as a phenomenon of the \"karyotypical normalization\" of tumour cells. The disappearance or sharp decrease of tetraploid or hypertetraploid classes of cells in EAC transplants may be due to the increase of their selective value in condition of immunological privilege of diploid, karyotypically normal cells, and of reduction of the genome mutation frequency in a diploid fraction of tumor myoblast populations.", "contents": "[Change in the karyotypic structure of mouse and rat rhabdomyosarcomas on their transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye]. A study has been made of 7 transplatable lines of mice rhabdomyosarcomas and one line of rat rhabdomyosarcoma during their transplantation into the eye anterior chamber subcutaneous tissue. In all, 10 subcutaneous transplants and 15 transplants into the eye anterior chamber (EAC) were examined. Etanol fixed print smears were subjected to the Feulgen reaction to measure the DNA content using a cytophotometer MCPhU-1; 100 cells being measured in each transplant. In the majority of the EAC transplants, a statistically significant decrease of the karyotypic variability was found in additionto the augmentation to the diploid cell ratio as compared to subcutaneously proliferating populations of the same tumour lines. In some cases EAC transplants displayed exclusively diploid (periploid) populations of tumour myoblasts. Shifts in the karyotypic structure of populations towards diploidy, revealed during the cultivation of transplantable rhabdomyosarcomas, may be regarded as a phenomenon of the \"karyotypical normalization\" of tumour cells. The disappearance or sharp decrease of tetraploid or hypertetraploid classes of cells in EAC transplants may be due to the increase of their selective value in condition of immunological privilege of diploid, karyotypically normal cells, and of reduction of the genome mutation frequency in a diploid fraction of tumor myoblast populations.", "PMID": 505580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6652", "title": "[Analysis of the cellular interaction of 2 transplantable lines in mixed culture].", "content": "A relationship between two transformed cell lines (L and HEp-2) has been studied at different population densities. L cells were inhibited at a low, but not at a high density. We noted specific cell structures in mixed culture at a low density. Crowded cells did not form such structures at the same conditions. Possible alterations of L cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the cellular interaction of 2 transplantable lines in mixed culture]. A relationship between two transformed cell lines (L and HEp-2) has been studied at different population densities. L cells were inhibited at a low, but not at a high density. We noted specific cell structures in mixed culture at a low density. Crowded cells did not form such structures at the same conditions. Possible alterations of L cells are discussed.", "PMID": 505581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6653", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the interstitial cells of the renal papilla in the white rat].", "content": "Interstitial cells of the renal papilla have the phenotypic appearance, being more of a fibroblast than of a histiocyte character. Interstitial cells differ from the \"typical fibroblasts\" in the number of lipid droplets, in the development of cisternae of the Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the number of lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the interstitial cells of the renal papilla in the white rat]. Interstitial cells of the renal papilla have the phenotypic appearance, being more of a fibroblast than of a histiocyte character. Interstitial cells differ from the \"typical fibroblasts\" in the number of lipid droplets, in the development of cisternae of the Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the number of lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria.", "PMID": 505582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6654", "title": "[Effect of different sera on amniotic cell growth in culture].", "content": "The growth properties of the FCS (calf foetus serum), obtained from the blood of died fetals have been investigated, the \"Gibco\" FCS and human serum IV being used as a control. It was shown, that FCS prepared in our laboratory provided the growth and karyotyping of amniotic cells in vitro. This FCS was equally effective for cell planting as was human serum IV and somewhat less effective than the \"Gibco\" FCS. The FCS obtained in our laboratory is not deficient, and cheap. It may be recommended for a wide use in prenatal detection of genetic disorders.", "contents": "[Effect of different sera on amniotic cell growth in culture]. The growth properties of the FCS (calf foetus serum), obtained from the blood of died fetals have been investigated, the \"Gibco\" FCS and human serum IV being used as a control. It was shown, that FCS prepared in our laboratory provided the growth and karyotyping of amniotic cells in vitro. This FCS was equally effective for cell planting as was human serum IV and somewhat less effective than the \"Gibco\" FCS. The FCS obtained in our laboratory is not deficient, and cheap. It may be recommended for a wide use in prenatal detection of genetic disorders.", "PMID": 505583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6655", "title": "The economic effects of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats at a range research station in Kenya.", "content": "A study on the economic effects of naturally acquired trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats over a period of 35 weeks under range conditions in the Kiboko area of Kenya indicated that the financial loss from reduced weight gain and death amounted to 36.2 and 62.9 Kenya shillings per head for goats and sheep respectively. This was derived from the weight loss through death together with the reduced weight gain of the survivors compared with treated animals. The study also compared the efficacy of 3 drug regimes in goats and suggests that although quinapyramine (prophylactic) B.vet.C. provided the longest protective period, the weight increase of the stock under isometamidium chloride treatment was higher. The benefits of the drugs used are discussed.", "contents": "The economic effects of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats at a range research station in Kenya. A study on the economic effects of naturally acquired trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats over a period of 35 weeks under range conditions in the Kiboko area of Kenya indicated that the financial loss from reduced weight gain and death amounted to 36.2 and 62.9 Kenya shillings per head for goats and sheep respectively. This was derived from the weight loss through death together with the reduced weight gain of the survivors compared with treated animals. The study also compared the efficacy of 3 drug regimes in goats and suggests that although quinapyramine (prophylactic) B.vet.C. provided the longest protective period, the weight increase of the stock under isometamidium chloride treatment was higher. The benefits of the drugs used are discussed.", "PMID": 505584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6656", "title": "Studies on the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats in Kenya.", "content": "The epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-infested range area of Kenya was studied for 2 years in various breeds of sheep and goats. Observations, including infection rates, PCV, temperature and weight loss indicated that the exotic breeds were more susceptible to natural trypanosomal infection than the indigenous breeds and that the infection may be severely debilitating and in many cases fatal. Observations of tsetse numbers and rainfall in the grazing area during the first year showed that there was a significant correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall of the previous month. The increase in tsetse numbers, which occurred one month after substantial rainfall, was followed by an increase in the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the animals. However, during the second year when rainfall was low there was no correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall. It was concluded that the seasonal incidence of trypanosomiasis and the possible trypanotolerance of the indigenous breeds are important factors to be considered when initiating a small stock improvement programme for trypanosomiasis-endemic areas.", "contents": "Studies on the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats in Kenya. The epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-infested range area of Kenya was studied for 2 years in various breeds of sheep and goats. Observations, including infection rates, PCV, temperature and weight loss indicated that the exotic breeds were more susceptible to natural trypanosomal infection than the indigenous breeds and that the infection may be severely debilitating and in many cases fatal. Observations of tsetse numbers and rainfall in the grazing area during the first year showed that there was a significant correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall of the previous month. The increase in tsetse numbers, which occurred one month after substantial rainfall, was followed by an increase in the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the animals. However, during the second year when rainfall was low there was no correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall. It was concluded that the seasonal incidence of trypanosomiasis and the possible trypanotolerance of the indigenous breeds are important factors to be considered when initiating a small stock improvement programme for trypanosomiasis-endemic areas.", "PMID": 505585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6657", "title": "Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan, VII. Production of poultry under simulated traditional conditions.", "content": "Observations were made on egg production, egg hatchability and fertility, liveweight and growth characteristics of domestic fowls, Muscovy ducks and pigeons kept under simulated traditional conditions in Southern Darfur. Fowl and ducks produced about 50 eggs a year in 4 1/2 clutches spaced at 80 day intervals and pigeons 17 in 8 1/2 clutches at 43 day intervals. First eggs were laid at about 240 days by the fowls, 213 days by ducks and 132 days by pigeons. The annual weight of eggs produced was 2,013 3,596 and 286 g for fowl, ducks and pigeons respectively, being 1.53, 2.33 and 0.88 times the mean adult female body weight for each species. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were higher in fowls than ducks which were in turn higher than in pigeons. Early growth in pigeons was very rapid. Muscovies achieved mature body weights at about 20 weeks while mature weights in fowls were achieved much later in males than in females.", "contents": "Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan, VII. Production of poultry under simulated traditional conditions. Observations were made on egg production, egg hatchability and fertility, liveweight and growth characteristics of domestic fowls, Muscovy ducks and pigeons kept under simulated traditional conditions in Southern Darfur. Fowl and ducks produced about 50 eggs a year in 4 1/2 clutches spaced at 80 day intervals and pigeons 17 in 8 1/2 clutches at 43 day intervals. First eggs were laid at about 240 days by the fowls, 213 days by ducks and 132 days by pigeons. The annual weight of eggs produced was 2,013 3,596 and 286 g for fowl, ducks and pigeons respectively, being 1.53, 2.33 and 0.88 times the mean adult female body weight for each species. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were higher in fowls than ducks which were in turn higher than in pigeons. Early growth in pigeons was very rapid. Muscovies achieved mature body weights at about 20 weeks while mature weights in fowls were achieved much later in males than in females.", "PMID": 505586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6658", "title": "Ovine facioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) on the Ahmadu Bello University farm.", "content": "Outbreaks of fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) in sheep were observed on the Ahmadu Bello University farm during the end of the dry season in 1972-74 and in 1978. During 1972 especially the pregnant ewes were affected. Pre- and post-mortem exmaination of the affected sheep showed typical signs of acute fascioliasis; the number of flukes in the liver ranged between 77 and 239. The infections were acquired when the animals grazed near the man-made lake on the farm. A limited snail survey revealed the presence of Lymnaea natalensis with the highest incidence of snails as well as of larval Fasciola infections in the snails during the beginning of the dry season. There was an indication that the control measures taken after 1974, i.e. not allowing the animals to graze around the lake especially during the wet season, prevented the occurrence of outbreaks in 1975-77.", "contents": "Ovine facioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) on the Ahmadu Bello University farm. Outbreaks of fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) in sheep were observed on the Ahmadu Bello University farm during the end of the dry season in 1972-74 and in 1978. During 1972 especially the pregnant ewes were affected. Pre- and post-mortem exmaination of the affected sheep showed typical signs of acute fascioliasis; the number of flukes in the liver ranged between 77 and 239. The infections were acquired when the animals grazed near the man-made lake on the farm. A limited snail survey revealed the presence of Lymnaea natalensis with the highest incidence of snails as well as of larval Fasciola infections in the snails during the beginning of the dry season. There was an indication that the control measures taken after 1974, i.e. not allowing the animals to graze around the lake especially during the wet season, prevented the occurrence of outbreaks in 1975-77.", "PMID": 505587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6659", "title": "Efficacy of oxfendazole against naturally acquired gastro-intestinal nematode infestations in buffaloes in Egypt.", "content": "The benzimidazole anthelmintic, oxfendazole, was used as an oral suspension at 4.5 and 2.8 mg/kg to treat naturally infested indigenous buffaloes in Egypt. Worms of the genera Haemonchus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum were identified in the animals prior to treatment. A 100% reduction in faecal egg counts was obtained at the 4.5 mg/kg level when compared to untreated control animals. Reductions in faecal egg counts greater than 90% were recorded at 2.8 mg/kg and these exceeded reductions obtained by drenching with the older benzimidazole anthelmintic, thiabendazole, at 67 and 111 mg/kg.", "contents": "Efficacy of oxfendazole against naturally acquired gastro-intestinal nematode infestations in buffaloes in Egypt. The benzimidazole anthelmintic, oxfendazole, was used as an oral suspension at 4.5 and 2.8 mg/kg to treat naturally infested indigenous buffaloes in Egypt. Worms of the genera Haemonchus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum were identified in the animals prior to treatment. A 100% reduction in faecal egg counts was obtained at the 4.5 mg/kg level when compared to untreated control animals. Reductions in faecal egg counts greater than 90% were recorded at 2.8 mg/kg and these exceeded reductions obtained by drenching with the older benzimidazole anthelmintic, thiabendazole, at 67 and 111 mg/kg.", "PMID": 505589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6660", "title": "The response of Awassi and Merino sheep to primary infection with Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "The possible existence of breed differences in the response of sheep to primary infection with Haemonchus contortus was examined by comparing worm establishment and pathogenic effects of the parasite in Awassi and Merino sheep of haemoglobin type B infected with 500 third stage H. contortus larvae per kg body weight. The results showed that the Merino sheep had lower faecal egg counts and worm burdens and suffered less severe clinical disturbances than sheep of the Awassi breed. This suggests that genetic resistance operates primarily at the level of worm establishment.", "contents": "The response of Awassi and Merino sheep to primary infection with Haemonchus contortus. The possible existence of breed differences in the response of sheep to primary infection with Haemonchus contortus was examined by comparing worm establishment and pathogenic effects of the parasite in Awassi and Merino sheep of haemoglobin type B infected with 500 third stage H. contortus larvae per kg body weight. The results showed that the Merino sheep had lower faecal egg counts and worm burdens and suffered less severe clinical disturbances than sheep of the Awassi breed. This suggests that genetic resistance operates primarily at the level of worm establishment.", "PMID": 505590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6661", "title": "Cell counts in bulked milk supplies from dairy farms of northern Nigeria.", "content": "Somatic cells in 596 milk samples collected from bulked supplies of 3 northern Nigeria dairy farms were counted by an electronic method following a standard method for the preparation of the milk samples. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating low level of infection were 158,597, 166,742 and 155,032 for the 3 farms, without any significant differences. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating herd mastitis averaged 354,768 +/- 66,348 and the pathogenic organisms isolated were Escherichia coli and Staphylocucus aureus. Counts useful for future regular monitoring of somatic cells in bulked milk supplies in northern Nigeria are presented.", "contents": "Cell counts in bulked milk supplies from dairy farms of northern Nigeria. Somatic cells in 596 milk samples collected from bulked supplies of 3 northern Nigeria dairy farms were counted by an electronic method following a standard method for the preparation of the milk samples. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating low level of infection were 158,597, 166,742 and 155,032 for the 3 farms, without any significant differences. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating herd mastitis averaged 354,768 +/- 66,348 and the pathogenic organisms isolated were Escherichia coli and Staphylocucus aureus. Counts useful for future regular monitoring of somatic cells in bulked milk supplies in northern Nigeria are presented.", "PMID": 505591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6662", "title": "Effect of thiabendazole and tincture of iodine on cattle ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum.", "content": "Clinical trials were carried out on 3 groups of 30 Friesian cattle naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum. One group was treated with 3.75% thiabendazole in glycerine, another with 5% tincture of iodine and the last served as the control group without any treatment. Both the preparations were applied locally on the ringworm lesions at 3 day intervals with a total of 4 applications. The percentage of animals cured was 86.7 by thiabendazole and 46.7 by tincture of iodine. No recrudescence was observed during the subsequent 4 months period.", "contents": "Effect of thiabendazole and tincture of iodine on cattle ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Clinical trials were carried out on 3 groups of 30 Friesian cattle naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum. One group was treated with 3.75% thiabendazole in glycerine, another with 5% tincture of iodine and the last served as the control group without any treatment. Both the preparations were applied locally on the ringworm lesions at 3 day intervals with a total of 4 applications. The percentage of animals cured was 86.7 by thiabendazole and 46.7 by tincture of iodine. No recrudescence was observed during the subsequent 4 months period.", "PMID": 505592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6663", "title": "The prevalence of brucellosis among sheep and goats in northern Iraq.", "content": "Out of a total of 2,368 sheep and 3,156 goats tested against brucellosis by the Brewer's card test in the 5 Mohafadhas of the northern region of Iraq, 0.93% and 4.4% respectively were recorded as positive reactors. The highest incidence (1.36%) among sheep was found in the Kirkuk region while the lowest (0.78%) was in the Mosul (Nineveh) region. Among goats the highest incidence (11.55%) was revealed in the Dukho region while the lowest (1.47%) was in the Sulaimaniya region. The need for more detailed work on the incidence and on the isolation of the local strains, as well as the need for a control programme, is also discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of brucellosis among sheep and goats in northern Iraq. Out of a total of 2,368 sheep and 3,156 goats tested against brucellosis by the Brewer's card test in the 5 Mohafadhas of the northern region of Iraq, 0.93% and 4.4% respectively were recorded as positive reactors. The highest incidence (1.36%) among sheep was found in the Kirkuk region while the lowest (0.78%) was in the Mosul (Nineveh) region. Among goats the highest incidence (11.55%) was revealed in the Dukho region while the lowest (1.47%) was in the Sulaimaniya region. The need for more detailed work on the incidence and on the isolation of the local strains, as well as the need for a control programme, is also discussed.", "PMID": 505594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6664", "title": "A computer-aided three-dimensional display system for ultrasonic diagnosis of a breast tumour.", "content": "This paper describes a three-dimensional (3-d) display method by which the shape of an abnormal tissue, say, a breast tumour is represented as a line picture on a cathode ray tube (crt). The 3-d image consists of a set of overlaid contour lines, each of which shows the boundary of the tissue and is obtained from the corresponding B-scan digitized image by using image processing techniques such as smoothing and Laplacian. The system together with the 3-d algorithm is explained and some of the experimental results and pertaining problems are discussed.", "contents": "A computer-aided three-dimensional display system for ultrasonic diagnosis of a breast tumour. This paper describes a three-dimensional (3-d) display method by which the shape of an abnormal tissue, say, a breast tumour is represented as a line picture on a cathode ray tube (crt). The 3-d image consists of a set of overlaid contour lines, each of which shows the boundary of the tissue and is obtained from the corresponding B-scan digitized image by using image processing techniques such as smoothing and Laplacian. The system together with the 3-d algorithm is explained and some of the experimental results and pertaining problems are discussed.", "PMID": 505613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6665", "title": "Effect of intermittent exposure to 3% CO2 on respiration, acid-base balance, and calcium-phosphorus metabolism.", "content": "One subject was exposed for six days to increasing levels of CO2, rising at a constant rate from 0.03 to 3.0% CO2 within a 15-h period followed by 9 h of air breathing. To assess acid-base parameters, arterialized capillary blood was taken from a finger twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 11 p.m.) at times corresponding to the beginning and end of the intermittent exposure to CO2. Venous blood samples were obtained on alternate days at the same times. Urine specimens were collected twice daily. The subject was on a liquid diet. Resting respiratory minute volume (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen tension (PACO2) and PAO2) were measured twice daily. PACO2 and PAO2 were also determined at the end of breath-holding twice daily; CO2 tolerance tests and lung function tests were also carried out. In contrast to the effects of chronic exposure to 3% CO2, the CO2 tolerance tests showed an increased sensitivity (increase of slope) and breath-holding PACO2 did not change, indicating that acclimatization to CO2 did not develop. The ventilatory response to CO2 was not sufficient to prevent CO2 accumulation in the body; this accumulation was eliminated during the nightly air-breathing periods on the fourth and fifth days, indicated by higher values of PaCO2 and PACO2. The known renal response to hypercapnia, consisting of an increased excretion of titratable acidity, ammonia, and hydrogen ion excretion, occurred but was interrupted after the first day and was triggered again on the fourth and fith days when accumulated CO2 was released from body CO2 stores. The second renal response was associated with a marked calcium excretion, which suggests that bone CO2 stores were involved.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent exposure to 3% CO2 on respiration, acid-base balance, and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. One subject was exposed for six days to increasing levels of CO2, rising at a constant rate from 0.03 to 3.0% CO2 within a 15-h period followed by 9 h of air breathing. To assess acid-base parameters, arterialized capillary blood was taken from a finger twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 11 p.m.) at times corresponding to the beginning and end of the intermittent exposure to CO2. Venous blood samples were obtained on alternate days at the same times. Urine specimens were collected twice daily. The subject was on a liquid diet. Resting respiratory minute volume (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen tension (PACO2) and PAO2) were measured twice daily. PACO2 and PAO2 were also determined at the end of breath-holding twice daily; CO2 tolerance tests and lung function tests were also carried out. In contrast to the effects of chronic exposure to 3% CO2, the CO2 tolerance tests showed an increased sensitivity (increase of slope) and breath-holding PACO2 did not change, indicating that acclimatization to CO2 did not develop. The ventilatory response to CO2 was not sufficient to prevent CO2 accumulation in the body; this accumulation was eliminated during the nightly air-breathing periods on the fourth and fifth days, indicated by higher values of PaCO2 and PACO2. The known renal response to hypercapnia, consisting of an increased excretion of titratable acidity, ammonia, and hydrogen ion excretion, occurred but was interrupted after the first day and was triggered again on the fourth and fith days when accumulated CO2 was released from body CO2 stores. The second renal response was associated with a marked calcium excretion, which suggests that bone CO2 stores were involved.", "PMID": 505620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6666", "title": "Proliferation of pneumocyte II cells in prolonged exposure to 1% CO2.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to 1% CO2 in a mixture of 21% O2, balance N2 and were killed at weekly intervals, together with control animals housed in the same type of environmental chamber and exposed to normal ambient CO2. The exposed animals showed a persistent elevation of PaCO2, averaging about 4 mmHg, and a small decrease in pH (-0.04 units). During the whole exposure period standard bicarbonate remained 1-1.5 mEq below control levels, indicating a failure of the kidney to increase bicarbonate reabsorption. Electron microscopic studies after 4 and 6 weeks of exposure to 1% CO2 showed ultrastructural changes of the lungs, consisting of marked increases in the size and number of pneumocyte II cells that were still present two weeks and to a lesser extent four weeks after recovery. Changes in the pneumocyte II cell were postulated to be compensatory reactions to impairing CO2 effects on the alveolar lining cell (Type I cell).", "contents": "Proliferation of pneumocyte II cells in prolonged exposure to 1% CO2. Guinea pigs were exposed to 1% CO2 in a mixture of 21% O2, balance N2 and were killed at weekly intervals, together with control animals housed in the same type of environmental chamber and exposed to normal ambient CO2. The exposed animals showed a persistent elevation of PaCO2, averaging about 4 mmHg, and a small decrease in pH (-0.04 units). During the whole exposure period standard bicarbonate remained 1-1.5 mEq below control levels, indicating a failure of the kidney to increase bicarbonate reabsorption. Electron microscopic studies after 4 and 6 weeks of exposure to 1% CO2 showed ultrastructural changes of the lungs, consisting of marked increases in the size and number of pneumocyte II cells that were still present two weeks and to a lesser extent four weeks after recovery. Changes in the pneumocyte II cell were postulated to be compensatory reactions to impairing CO2 effects on the alveolar lining cell (Type I cell).", "PMID": 505621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6667", "title": "Physiological stresses related to hypercapnia during patrols on submarines.", "content": "Physiological studies on hypercapnic effects carried out on 13 Polaris patrols are summarized. The average CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.7-1% CO2; CO2 was identified as the only environmental contaminant of the submarine atmosphere that has a direct effect on respiration in the concentration range found in the submarine atmosphere. A comparison has been made of physiological effects produced during 42 days of exposure to 1.5% CO2 during laboratory studies (L.S.) with those observed during 50 to 60 days of exposure to 0.7-1% CO2 on patrols (P.S.). A close similarity was found in the effects on respiration and blood electrolytes under both conditions. Respiratory minute volume was elevated by 50-63% because of increased tidal volume. The physiological dead space increased 60%. Vital capacity showed a trend toward a decrease. Studies of acid-base balance carried out during patrols demonstrated cyclic changes in blood pH and bicarbonate; pH and blood bicarbonate fell during the first 17 days of exposure, rose during the subsequent 20 days, and decreased again after 40 days. These cycles cannot be explained on the basis of known renal regulations in CO2-induced acidosis and were not found during exposure to 1.5% CO2. The hypothesis is advanced that these changes in acid-base balance are caused by cycles in CO2 uptake and release in bones. The time constants of the bond CO2 stores fit the observed length of cycles in acid-base balance. Correlation with cycles of calcium metabolism provides further support for this hypothesis. Red cell electrolytes showed similar changes under 1.5% CO2 (L.S.) and 0.7-1% CO2 (P.S.). Red cell sodium increased and potassium decreased. Moreover, red cell calcium also increased under both conditions. The significance of these red cell electrolyte changes in regard to changes in permeability and active transport remains to be clarified. An increased gastric acidity was found during patrol (exposure to 0.8-0.95% CO2). The changes observed during patrols disappeared during the recovery periods.", "contents": "Physiological stresses related to hypercapnia during patrols on submarines. Physiological studies on hypercapnic effects carried out on 13 Polaris patrols are summarized. The average CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.7-1% CO2; CO2 was identified as the only environmental contaminant of the submarine atmosphere that has a direct effect on respiration in the concentration range found in the submarine atmosphere. A comparison has been made of physiological effects produced during 42 days of exposure to 1.5% CO2 during laboratory studies (L.S.) with those observed during 50 to 60 days of exposure to 0.7-1% CO2 on patrols (P.S.). A close similarity was found in the effects on respiration and blood electrolytes under both conditions. Respiratory minute volume was elevated by 50-63% because of increased tidal volume. The physiological dead space increased 60%. Vital capacity showed a trend toward a decrease. Studies of acid-base balance carried out during patrols demonstrated cyclic changes in blood pH and bicarbonate; pH and blood bicarbonate fell during the first 17 days of exposure, rose during the subsequent 20 days, and decreased again after 40 days. These cycles cannot be explained on the basis of known renal regulations in CO2-induced acidosis and were not found during exposure to 1.5% CO2. The hypothesis is advanced that these changes in acid-base balance are caused by cycles in CO2 uptake and release in bones. The time constants of the bond CO2 stores fit the observed length of cycles in acid-base balance. Correlation with cycles of calcium metabolism provides further support for this hypothesis. Red cell electrolytes showed similar changes under 1.5% CO2 (L.S.) and 0.7-1% CO2 (P.S.). Red cell sodium increased and potassium decreased. Moreover, red cell calcium also increased under both conditions. The significance of these red cell electrolyte changes in regard to changes in permeability and active transport remains to be clarified. An increased gastric acidity was found during patrol (exposure to 0.8-0.95% CO2). The changes observed during patrols disappeared during the recovery periods.", "PMID": 505622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6668", "title": "Effect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% CO2 on kidney calcification and ultrastructure of lungs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed for up to 8 weeks to 0.5% CO2, 21% O2, and balance N2. Control groups of the same age were kept simultaneously in environmental chambers on air. A slight increase in PaCO2 and decrease in pH were observed at various periods of exposure to 0.5% CO2. After eight weeks of exposure, an increased kidney calcification, indicated by increased kidney calcium content, was found. Plasma calcium was significantly elevated at this point, apparently because of the release of calcium from bone. After 8 weeks of recovery on air that followed 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2, values had returned to control levels. No significant ultrastructural changes were found in the lungs after 4, 6, and 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% CO2 on kidney calcification and ultrastructure of lungs. Guinea pigs were exposed for up to 8 weeks to 0.5% CO2, 21% O2, and balance N2. Control groups of the same age were kept simultaneously in environmental chambers on air. A slight increase in PaCO2 and decrease in pH were observed at various periods of exposure to 0.5% CO2. After eight weeks of exposure, an increased kidney calcification, indicated by increased kidney calcium content, was found. Plasma calcium was significantly elevated at this point, apparently because of the release of calcium from bone. After 8 weeks of recovery on air that followed 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2, values had returned to control levels. No significant ultrastructural changes were found in the lungs after 4, 6, and 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2.", "PMID": 505623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6669", "title": "Vision of submariners.", "content": "A variety of vision tests have been administered to submariners over the years. The results show that the average submariner, though maintaining a normal, healthy visual system, has distant acuity somewhat below normal and manifests more myopia, esophoria, and less accommodative power than men of comparable age, as documented in the literature. The reasons for these changes are unknown but probably involve confinement; whether confinement peculiar to the submarine of the \"confinement\" of urban living is the more important for these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Vision of submariners. A variety of vision tests have been administered to submariners over the years. The results show that the average submariner, though maintaining a normal, healthy visual system, has distant acuity somewhat below normal and manifests more myopia, esophoria, and less accommodative power than men of comparable age, as documented in the literature. The reasons for these changes are unknown but probably involve confinement; whether confinement peculiar to the submarine of the \"confinement\" of urban living is the more important for these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 505624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6670", "title": "Attitude changes during and after long submarine missions.", "content": "To assess the kind and degree of attitude changes occurring during a 2-month submerged mission, two enlisted crews of one fleet ballistic missile submarine (FBM) (n = 101 each) were administered the Submarine Attitude Questionnaire before and after two 55-day submerged missions interspersed with a rehabilitation period of the same duration. Results showed that time-in-service and pay grade bore a U-shaped relationship to positive attitudes toward the service. During submergence, most attitudes became negative and then reversed polarity during rehabilitation. However, there were no cumulative effects upon attitudes during successive missions. Attitudes pertaining to the realities of the mission (for example, boredom, hazardous aspects) became more negative but recovered faster. On the other hand, attitude changes related to long-range expectancies in terms of goal achievement of the crew members were less likely to recover. Several possible explanations for these attitude changes are discussed in the context of the mission of the FBM submarine. Suggestions for preventing or alleviating untoward attitude changes during long submarine missions are also presented.", "contents": "Attitude changes during and after long submarine missions. To assess the kind and degree of attitude changes occurring during a 2-month submerged mission, two enlisted crews of one fleet ballistic missile submarine (FBM) (n = 101 each) were administered the Submarine Attitude Questionnaire before and after two 55-day submerged missions interspersed with a rehabilitation period of the same duration. Results showed that time-in-service and pay grade bore a U-shaped relationship to positive attitudes toward the service. During submergence, most attitudes became negative and then reversed polarity during rehabilitation. However, there were no cumulative effects upon attitudes during successive missions. Attitudes pertaining to the realities of the mission (for example, boredom, hazardous aspects) became more negative but recovered faster. On the other hand, attitude changes related to long-range expectancies in terms of goal achievement of the crew members were less likely to recover. Several possible explanations for these attitude changes are discussed in the context of the mission of the FBM submarine. Suggestions for preventing or alleviating untoward attitude changes during long submarine missions are also presented.", "PMID": 505625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6671", "title": "Biochemical and hematologic profiles of 1000 submariners.", "content": "Control biochemical and hematologic data were gathered for 1017 healthy submariners who ranged in age from 19.5 to 43.5 years. Means, standard deviation, and frequency distribution are presented for 24 whole blood and serum variables and, where appropriate, for 11 urinary variables. After statistical separation of the effects of aging and length of submarine service, it has been determined that the following correlations were significant in this sample: neutrophil and leucocyte levels, serum cholesterol, and both fasting and postprandial glucose correlated positively with age; serum alkaline phosphatase levels and age correlated negatively. Age-corrected positive correlations were demonstrable between length of submarine service and both serum cholesterol content and alkaline phosphatase activity; after a loading test, glucose levels showed a negative relationship to length of submarine service. Split-sample correlation analyses verified these significant correlations, with the exception of the apparent rise in alkaline phosphatase activity with increasing length of submarine duty.", "contents": "Biochemical and hematologic profiles of 1000 submariners. Control biochemical and hematologic data were gathered for 1017 healthy submariners who ranged in age from 19.5 to 43.5 years. Means, standard deviation, and frequency distribution are presented for 24 whole blood and serum variables and, where appropriate, for 11 urinary variables. After statistical separation of the effects of aging and length of submarine service, it has been determined that the following correlations were significant in this sample: neutrophil and leucocyte levels, serum cholesterol, and both fasting and postprandial glucose correlated positively with age; serum alkaline phosphatase levels and age correlated negatively. Age-corrected positive correlations were demonstrable between length of submarine service and both serum cholesterol content and alkaline phosphatase activity; after a loading test, glucose levels showed a negative relationship to length of submarine service. Split-sample correlation analyses verified these significant correlations, with the exception of the apparent rise in alkaline phosphatase activity with increasing length of submarine duty.", "PMID": 505626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6672", "title": "Cardiovascular risk factors in submariners.", "content": "A sizeable group of biochemical, hematologic and physiologic variables that significantly affect the prognosis for diseases of aging, especially for coronary heart disease (CHD), were studied in 1017 submariners. Skinfold thickness in these subjects was determined to be higher than in most other groups of men of similar age; the total level of body fat was within the range of high normality. Serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, relative weight, and blood pressure appeared to be the factors most directly responsible for the extent of cardiovascular risk in this group of submariners. Though submariners as a group do not apparently have appreciably higher levels of CHD risk than other American men, there was a significant tendency for total risk to increase with length of submarine service as well as with age. A similar age-independent increase in serum cholesterol correlating with length of submarine service was reported earlier. Split-sample analyses support the reliability of the age-corrected correlations of CHD risk with time of submarine service. Although no attempt was made to prove a direct relationship between alcohol consumption or coffee drinking and cardiovascular risk, there were strong correlations noted. These factors, combined with serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and relative weight, deserve consideration as potentially modifiable CHD risks.", "contents": "Cardiovascular risk factors in submariners. A sizeable group of biochemical, hematologic and physiologic variables that significantly affect the prognosis for diseases of aging, especially for coronary heart disease (CHD), were studied in 1017 submariners. Skinfold thickness in these subjects was determined to be higher than in most other groups of men of similar age; the total level of body fat was within the range of high normality. Serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, relative weight, and blood pressure appeared to be the factors most directly responsible for the extent of cardiovascular risk in this group of submariners. Though submariners as a group do not apparently have appreciably higher levels of CHD risk than other American men, there was a significant tendency for total risk to increase with length of submarine service as well as with age. A similar age-independent increase in serum cholesterol correlating with length of submarine service was reported earlier. Split-sample analyses support the reliability of the age-corrected correlations of CHD risk with time of submarine service. Although no attempt was made to prove a direct relationship between alcohol consumption or coffee drinking and cardiovascular risk, there were strong correlations noted. These factors, combined with serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and relative weight, deserve consideration as potentially modifiable CHD risks.", "PMID": 505627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6673", "title": "Analysis of health data from 10 years of Polaris submarine patrols.", "content": "Medical reports from 885 Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarine patrols (7,650,000 man-days) were analyzed. The data were categorized and compared with data obtained by medical personnel from surface fleet personnel (1,215,918 man-days) during a continuous 7--8 months' deployment of surface vessels in 1973. Surface fleet personnel had a higher illness rate in the categories of respiratory, traumatic, gastrointestinal, dermal, infections, and miscellaneous illness, and a lower rate in genitourinary, systemic (including mononucleosis), cranial, and neuropsychiatric illness compared to submarine personnel. Because of improved atmosphere control, a sharp decline in the level of submarine contaminants occurred between 1965--67. Reports from the 1968--73 period showed a decrease in: 1) respiratory; 2) ear, nose, and throat; 3) gastrointestinal; 4) cardiovascular; 5) urologic; and 6) general medical illness categories; the number of general surgery, orthopedics, dental, and eye illness cases was not affected. Neurologic and psychiatric disease showed the only increases in incidence for this period. The overall decrease in illness can be attributed mainly to the fall in the incidence of respiratory disease, known to be affected by reduced air pollution, and the decline in gastrointestinal illness. This decline occurred in a period during which the incidence of both classes of illness went up in the general population, according to the Health Interview Survey published by DHEW. The improvement of atmosphere control in submarines caused a substantial reduction in contaminants (a decline in tobacco smoking also occurred in this period), which led to a decrease in incidence of illness, particularly respiratory disease. No direct causal relationship between reduction in air pollution and reduction in the incidence of disease could be proven within the framework of this study, however.", "contents": "Analysis of health data from 10 years of Polaris submarine patrols. Medical reports from 885 Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarine patrols (7,650,000 man-days) were analyzed. The data were categorized and compared with data obtained by medical personnel from surface fleet personnel (1,215,918 man-days) during a continuous 7--8 months' deployment of surface vessels in 1973. Surface fleet personnel had a higher illness rate in the categories of respiratory, traumatic, gastrointestinal, dermal, infections, and miscellaneous illness, and a lower rate in genitourinary, systemic (including mononucleosis), cranial, and neuropsychiatric illness compared to submarine personnel. Because of improved atmosphere control, a sharp decline in the level of submarine contaminants occurred between 1965--67. Reports from the 1968--73 period showed a decrease in: 1) respiratory; 2) ear, nose, and throat; 3) gastrointestinal; 4) cardiovascular; 5) urologic; and 6) general medical illness categories; the number of general surgery, orthopedics, dental, and eye illness cases was not affected. Neurologic and psychiatric disease showed the only increases in incidence for this period. The overall decrease in illness can be attributed mainly to the fall in the incidence of respiratory disease, known to be affected by reduced air pollution, and the decline in gastrointestinal illness. This decline occurred in a period during which the incidence of both classes of illness went up in the general population, according to the Health Interview Survey published by DHEW. The improvement of atmosphere control in submarines caused a substantial reduction in contaminants (a decline in tobacco smoking also occurred in this period), which led to a decrease in incidence of illness, particularly respiratory disease. No direct causal relationship between reduction in air pollution and reduction in the incidence of disease could be proven within the framework of this study, however.", "PMID": 505628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6674", "title": "Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism, and parathyroid-calcitonin function during prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations on submarines.", "content": "Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and acid-base balance were carried out on three Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines during prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of CO2. The average CO2 concentration in the submarine atmosphere during patrols ranged from 0.85% to 1% CO2. In the three studies, in which 9--15 subjects participated, the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate fell during the first three weeks to a level commensurate with a decrease in plasma calcium and increase in phosphorus. In the fourth week of one patrol, a marked increase was found in urinary calcium excretion, associated with a rise in blood PCO2 and bicarbonate. Urinary calcium excretion decreased again during the 5th to 8th week, with a secondary decrease in blood pH and plasma calcium. During the third patrol, the time course of acid-base changes corresponded well with that found during the second patrol. There was a trend toward an increase in plasma calcium between the fourth and fifth week commensurate with the transient rise in pH and bicarbonate. Plasma parathyroid and calcitonin hormone activities were measured in two patrols and no significant changes were found. Hydroxyproline excretion decreased in the three-week study and remained unchanged in the second patrol, which lasted 57 days. It is suggested that during prolonged exposure to low levels of CO2 (up to 1% CO2), calcium metabolism is controlled by the uptake and release of CO2 in the bones. The resulting phases in bone buffering, rather than renal regulation, determine acid-base balance.", "contents": "Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism, and parathyroid-calcitonin function during prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations on submarines. Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and acid-base balance were carried out on three Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines during prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of CO2. The average CO2 concentration in the submarine atmosphere during patrols ranged from 0.85% to 1% CO2. In the three studies, in which 9--15 subjects participated, the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate fell during the first three weeks to a level commensurate with a decrease in plasma calcium and increase in phosphorus. In the fourth week of one patrol, a marked increase was found in urinary calcium excretion, associated with a rise in blood PCO2 and bicarbonate. Urinary calcium excretion decreased again during the 5th to 8th week, with a secondary decrease in blood pH and plasma calcium. During the third patrol, the time course of acid-base changes corresponded well with that found during the second patrol. There was a trend toward an increase in plasma calcium between the fourth and fifth week commensurate with the transient rise in pH and bicarbonate. Plasma parathyroid and calcitonin hormone activities were measured in two patrols and no significant changes were found. Hydroxyproline excretion decreased in the three-week study and remained unchanged in the second patrol, which lasted 57 days. It is suggested that during prolonged exposure to low levels of CO2 (up to 1% CO2), calcium metabolism is controlled by the uptake and release of CO2 in the bones. The resulting phases in bone buffering, rather than renal regulation, determine acid-base balance.", "PMID": 505630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6675", "title": "Effect of 18-h watch schedules on circadian cycles of physiological functions during submarine patrols.", "content": "Circadian rhythms of body temperatures, pulse rate, and respiration rate were measured in 11 subjects every 4 h during certain periods on two submarine patrols. Data on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also obtained on five crew members during the first period. All the subjects of the first patrol were on an 18-h watch schedule (6 h on, 12 h off). During the second patrol, three subjects were on an 18-h watch schedule and three were on a 24-h watch schedule. Cosinor analysis for positive (P less than 0.05) detection of rhythm demonstrated that all subjects on the 18-h watch schedule developed 18-h cycles of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were then superimposed on the persisting 24-h cycles of the same function. The three subjects on a 24-h watch schedule did not show the 18-h cycles. Moreover, additional 12-, 36-, and 48-h cycles (harmonics and subharmonics of 24-h cycles) were found in all subjects on both patrols, attesting to the disintegration of circadian cycles under these conditions. Average sleep time tended to decrease toward the end of the patrol.", "contents": "Effect of 18-h watch schedules on circadian cycles of physiological functions during submarine patrols. Circadian rhythms of body temperatures, pulse rate, and respiration rate were measured in 11 subjects every 4 h during certain periods on two submarine patrols. Data on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also obtained on five crew members during the first period. All the subjects of the first patrol were on an 18-h watch schedule (6 h on, 12 h off). During the second patrol, three subjects were on an 18-h watch schedule and three were on a 24-h watch schedule. Cosinor analysis for positive (P less than 0.05) detection of rhythm demonstrated that all subjects on the 18-h watch schedule developed 18-h cycles of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were then superimposed on the persisting 24-h cycles of the same function. The three subjects on a 24-h watch schedule did not show the 18-h cycles. Moreover, additional 12-, 36-, and 48-h cycles (harmonics and subharmonics of 24-h cycles) were found in all subjects on both patrols, attesting to the disintegration of circadian cycles under these conditions. Average sleep time tended to decrease toward the end of the patrol.", "PMID": 505631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6676", "title": "Effects on man of 30-day exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (2 %): application to exposure limits.", "content": "Pulmonary function, acid-base balance, renal electrolyte excretion, hematology, biorhythms and psychomotor test results were studied in six men during 30 days of exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (FICO2 = 0.02) with pre- and postexposure periods on air. Alveolar and arterial PCO2 increased and remained constant throughout the CO2 exposure (delta PACO2 = delta PACO2 = 2.5 torr); the rise in expiratory minute volume (delta VE = 60%) was related to the increased tidal volume. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output increased about 10% because of the ventilatory work overload. Physiological dead space increased 8% without an alveolar-arterial PCO2 difference. Respiratory acidosis was mild (delta pH approximately or equal to 0.01) and the renal response was slight. There was no variation in plasma electrolytes, except a slight decrease in potassium. Red blood cell count decreased, showing a confinement effect. Adaptation to exercise was slightly impaired. Results of electrobiological and psychomotor tests and biorhythm evaluations showed no variation; application of these findings to CO2 exposure limits is discussed.", "contents": "Effects on man of 30-day exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (2 %): application to exposure limits. Pulmonary function, acid-base balance, renal electrolyte excretion, hematology, biorhythms and psychomotor test results were studied in six men during 30 days of exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (FICO2 = 0.02) with pre- and postexposure periods on air. Alveolar and arterial PCO2 increased and remained constant throughout the CO2 exposure (delta PACO2 = delta PACO2 = 2.5 torr); the rise in expiratory minute volume (delta VE = 60%) was related to the increased tidal volume. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output increased about 10% because of the ventilatory work overload. Physiological dead space increased 8% without an alveolar-arterial PCO2 difference. Respiratory acidosis was mild (delta pH approximately or equal to 0.01) and the renal response was slight. There was no variation in plasma electrolytes, except a slight decrease in potassium. Red blood cell count decreased, showing a confinement effect. Adaptation to exercise was slightly impaired. Results of electrobiological and psychomotor tests and biorhythm evaluations showed no variation; application of these findings to CO2 exposure limits is discussed.", "PMID": 505632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6677", "title": "The Whitaker test.", "content": "Since obstruction can be satisfactorily defined only in dynamic terms, it is not surprising that in a difficult case, a dynamic means of investigation is needed. The dynamic approach described in detail has been proved to be of great value in a variety of clinical situations. Further, both the apparatus and the technique are well within the scope of any urologist with access to radiologic equipment.", "contents": "The Whitaker test. Since obstruction can be satisfactorily defined only in dynamic terms, it is not surprising that in a difficult case, a dynamic means of investigation is needed. The dynamic approach described in detail has been proved to be of great value in a variety of clinical situations. Further, both the apparatus and the technique are well within the scope of any urologist with access to radiologic equipment.", "PMID": 505672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6678", "title": "Nephroscopy.", "content": "Nephroscopy has become an increasingly important adjunctive procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected calyceal calculi, essential renal hematuria, and selected forms of renal tumors. Great advances have been made in the instrumentation and technical aspects of the procedure, and it is hoped that further progress in these areas will render nonoperative renal endoscopy useful even in cases of renal hematuria and infected kidneys.", "contents": "Nephroscopy. Nephroscopy has become an increasingly important adjunctive procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected calyceal calculi, essential renal hematuria, and selected forms of renal tumors. Great advances have been made in the instrumentation and technical aspects of the procedure, and it is hoped that further progress in these areas will render nonoperative renal endoscopy useful even in cases of renal hematuria and infected kidneys.", "PMID": 505673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6679", "title": "Retrograde brush biopsy of the ureter and renal pelvis.", "content": "In resonse to the limitations of urinary cytology which have resulted in a high incidence of false negative reports, a technique of retrograde brush biopsy has been developed. This technique aids in the diagnosis of carcinomas of the ureteral and renal collecting systems, thereby permitting earlier and more intensive treatment of malignant lesions of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Retrograde brush biopsy of the ureter and renal pelvis. In resonse to the limitations of urinary cytology which have resulted in a high incidence of false negative reports, a technique of retrograde brush biopsy has been developed. This technique aids in the diagnosis of carcinomas of the ureteral and renal collecting systems, thereby permitting earlier and more intensive treatment of malignant lesions of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 505674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6680", "title": "Urine cytology of transitional cell neoplasms.", "content": "The extrinsic and intrinsic factors which influence the interpretation of cytologic findings are explained in detail. Although plagued by limitations that have yielded false-positive and false-negative results, through research, attempts are being made to improve the efficacy of urine cytology in the detection of neoplasms of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Urine cytology of transitional cell neoplasms. The extrinsic and intrinsic factors which influence the interpretation of cytologic findings are explained in detail. Although plagued by limitations that have yielded false-positive and false-negative results, through research, attempts are being made to improve the efficacy of urine cytology in the detection of neoplasms of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 505675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6681", "title": "Observations upon techniques for reconstruction of the urethral meatus, the hypospadiac glans deformity and the penile urethra.", "content": "Many minimal defects of the terminal urethra may be left untreated; others may be considerably improved by a simple one-stage extension to a terminal position by one of the many one-stage \"flap-strip\" procedures. Patients with a marked ventriflexed glans are much better treated by the \"kippered-glans\" procedure; undertaken as a two-stage procedure, the functional and the cosmetic results  of this procedure are extremely good and reliable. The results of one-stage procedures reflect the experience and the judgement of the surgeon but they tend to be less perfect and furthermore there is always an element of \"double or quits\" inasmuch as complications may require revision procedures. Thus a minor surgical dilemma arises because both the cosmetic and the functional results of a two-stage \"kippered-glans\" procedure for severe hypospadiac deformities tend to be better than those achieved for minor deformities by one-stage flap-strip or glans-flap procedures.", "contents": "Observations upon techniques for reconstruction of the urethral meatus, the hypospadiac glans deformity and the penile urethra. Many minimal defects of the terminal urethra may be left untreated; others may be considerably improved by a simple one-stage extension to a terminal position by one of the many one-stage \"flap-strip\" procedures. Patients with a marked ventriflexed glans are much better treated by the \"kippered-glans\" procedure; undertaken as a two-stage procedure, the functional and the cosmetic results  of this procedure are extremely good and reliable. The results of one-stage procedures reflect the experience and the judgement of the surgeon but they tend to be less perfect and furthermore there is always an element of \"double or quits\" inasmuch as complications may require revision procedures. Thus a minor surgical dilemma arises because both the cosmetic and the functional results of a two-stage \"kippered-glans\" procedure for severe hypospadiac deformities tend to be better than those achieved for minor deformities by one-stage flap-strip or glans-flap procedures.", "PMID": 505676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6682", "title": "Stone incidence as related to water hardness in different geographical regions of the United States.", "content": "A survey of 1974 discharge data from United States hospitals shows an apparent increase in urolithiasis. A negative correlation has been found between the geographical distribution of the relative frequency of hospital discharges, a diagnosis of urolithiasis, and reported water hardness.", "contents": "Stone incidence as related to water hardness in different geographical regions of the United States. A survey of 1974 discharge data from United States hospitals shows an apparent increase in urolithiasis. A negative correlation has been found between the geographical distribution of the relative frequency of hospital discharges, a diagnosis of urolithiasis, and reported water hardness.", "PMID": 505678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6683", "title": "Composition of renal stones and their frequency in a stone clinic: relationship to parameters of mineral metabolism in serum and urine.", "content": "Stone analyses (kidney, upper urinary tract) of the department of Urology, University of Erlangen, from a four-year-period (1974-1977) have been recorded with emphasis to stone composition, sex and age of the pertinent stone forming patients. During this time period there were no substantial changes as regards the per cent frequency of the various stone types. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate (CaOx), followed by uric acid, calcium phosphate (CaP), struvite and cystine. Stone analyses were mostly requested for patients between 46 and 55 years of age. Stone incidence in our clinic is calculated to be 1.22 times higher in males than females, especially beyond 36 years of age. The frequency peaks are: pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx 36-45 years; CaOx with additional mineral phases (mostly CaP) 46-55 years; uric acid 56-65 years; CaP 26-35 years. From those patients who underwent further investigations in searching for metabolic abnormalities serum concentrations, urine mineral clearances in fasting urine samples, and activity products of stone forming mineral phases in sequentially collected specimens from 24 h and 2 h fasting urine had been measured and compared with values from healthy control subjects. In urolithiasis (idiopathic) there is a normal parathyroid hormone blood level, a generally lower serum inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentration. In pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx and uric acid lithiasis serum uric acid and creatinine are higher than in controls, urine pH and calcium clearance in some groups are different too. Clearances of magnesium, uric acid, phosphate, sodium are within normal limits in urolithiasis. When expressing the propensity to form stones in terms of activity products, then only uric acid lithiasis deviates substantially from normal. All other stone types differ only slightly or not at all from each other and controls respectively. It is concluded that 1) in our geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; 2) there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; 3) measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.", "contents": "Composition of renal stones and their frequency in a stone clinic: relationship to parameters of mineral metabolism in serum and urine. Stone analyses (kidney, upper urinary tract) of the department of Urology, University of Erlangen, from a four-year-period (1974-1977) have been recorded with emphasis to stone composition, sex and age of the pertinent stone forming patients. During this time period there were no substantial changes as regards the per cent frequency of the various stone types. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate (CaOx), followed by uric acid, calcium phosphate (CaP), struvite and cystine. Stone analyses were mostly requested for patients between 46 and 55 years of age. Stone incidence in our clinic is calculated to be 1.22 times higher in males than females, especially beyond 36 years of age. The frequency peaks are: pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx 36-45 years; CaOx with additional mineral phases (mostly CaP) 46-55 years; uric acid 56-65 years; CaP 26-35 years. From those patients who underwent further investigations in searching for metabolic abnormalities serum concentrations, urine mineral clearances in fasting urine samples, and activity products of stone forming mineral phases in sequentially collected specimens from 24 h and 2 h fasting urine had been measured and compared with values from healthy control subjects. In urolithiasis (idiopathic) there is a normal parathyroid hormone blood level, a generally lower serum inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentration. In pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx and uric acid lithiasis serum uric acid and creatinine are higher than in controls, urine pH and calcium clearance in some groups are different too. Clearances of magnesium, uric acid, phosphate, sodium are within normal limits in urolithiasis. When expressing the propensity to form stones in terms of activity products, then only uric acid lithiasis deviates substantially from normal. All other stone types differ only slightly or not at all from each other and controls respectively. It is concluded that 1) in our geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; 2) there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; 3) measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.", "PMID": 505679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6684", "title": "Pitfalls in parathyroid evaluation in patients with calcium urolithiasis.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Pitfalls in parathyroid evaluation in patients with calcium urolithiasis. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 505680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6685", "title": "The incidence of urinary tract calculi after small-intestinal bypass operations for treatment of obesity.", "content": "Jejunoileal bypass operations have been used for more than 20 years for the treatment of massive obesity. This treatment results in malabsorption with diarrhoea, especially during the first year after the operation. A high incidence of urinary tract calculi have been found in these patients (4, 5, 15, 19, 24). Other known late complications are transient disturbances in liver function and electrolyte balance (5).", "contents": "The incidence of urinary tract calculi after small-intestinal bypass operations for treatment of obesity. Jejunoileal bypass operations have been used for more than 20 years for the treatment of massive obesity. This treatment results in malabsorption with diarrhoea, especially during the first year after the operation. A high incidence of urinary tract calculi have been found in these patients (4, 5, 15, 19, 24). Other known late complications are transient disturbances in liver function and electrolyte balance (5).", "PMID": 505681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6686", "title": "A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. IV. Experimental investigations of the intrarenal crystallisation of calcium oxalate in rabbit.", "content": "Rabbits were given glyoxylic acid to induce intrarenal calcium oxalate crystal formation. The point of crystallisation in the renal tubule, the structure and the composition of the intrarenal crystals were studied. The initial crystallisation takes place in the proximal tubule. Calcium phosphate formation was excluded by microprobe examination. The comparison of the structures of the intrarenally formed crystals with those of Whewellite stones by scanning electron microscopy and the examination of isolated crystals by x-ray diffraction showed the intratubular crystals to consist of Whewellite.", "contents": "A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. IV. Experimental investigations of the intrarenal crystallisation of calcium oxalate in rabbit. Rabbits were given glyoxylic acid to induce intrarenal calcium oxalate crystal formation. The point of crystallisation in the renal tubule, the structure and the composition of the intrarenal crystals were studied. The initial crystallisation takes place in the proximal tubule. Calcium phosphate formation was excluded by microprobe examination. The comparison of the structures of the intrarenally formed crystals with those of Whewellite stones by scanning electron microscopy and the examination of isolated crystals by x-ray diffraction showed the intratubular crystals to consist of Whewellite.", "PMID": 505683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6687", "title": "Rapid and direct gas chromatographic determination of oxalic acid in urine.", "content": "The known methods of oxalic acid determination are not suitable for reliable, rapid and economical routine analysis. A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed which dispenses with separation operations and measures oxalic acid as a diethylester by means of back-flushing, and using malonic acid as an internal standard. One determination can be conducted within 6 to 8 min. and preparation of the specimen takes about the same amount of time. If the gas chromatographic conditions are changed and more time is permitted for analysis, numerous other extractable acidic metabolites can also be determined.", "contents": "Rapid and direct gas chromatographic determination of oxalic acid in urine. The known methods of oxalic acid determination are not suitable for reliable, rapid and economical routine analysis. A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed which dispenses with separation operations and measures oxalic acid as a diethylester by means of back-flushing, and using malonic acid as an internal standard. One determination can be conducted within 6 to 8 min. and preparation of the specimen takes about the same amount of time. If the gas chromatographic conditions are changed and more time is permitted for analysis, numerous other extractable acidic metabolites can also be determined.", "PMID": 505684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6688", "title": "Seasonal and geographic variations in urinary composition in England, Scotland and Wales.", "content": "Aliquots of 24 hour urine samples were collected from a series of normal doctors in various areas of England, Scotland and Wales. The total volume was recorded and aliquots sent in for analysis for sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, urate, magnesium and oxalate. Geographical variations in urinary composition were small except for a raised oxalate content in Scotland. Likewise, seasonal variations were small and not systematic with the notable exception of a summer rise in oxalate content in all areas.", "contents": "Seasonal and geographic variations in urinary composition in England, Scotland and Wales. Aliquots of 24 hour urine samples were collected from a series of normal doctors in various areas of England, Scotland and Wales. The total volume was recorded and aliquots sent in for analysis for sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, urate, magnesium and oxalate. Geographical variations in urinary composition were small except for a raised oxalate content in Scotland. Likewise, seasonal variations were small and not systematic with the notable exception of a summer rise in oxalate content in all areas.", "PMID": 505685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6689", "title": "[Sonographic examination of scrotum and testes with a new scanning technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The subject of this report is an improved technique for sonographic examination of the scrotum and the testes. The method is simple; by using a waterbath, a mechanical compression of the testes is avoided. In all sections the scrotum may be continually observed and a good picture reproduction is possible. The report concerns the results of a prospective examination of 37 patients. The diagnoses of their condition could be confirmed by surgery or by follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[Sonographic examination of scrotum and testes with a new scanning technique (author's transl)]. The subject of this report is an improved technique for sonographic examination of the scrotum and the testes. The method is simple; by using a waterbath, a mechanical compression of the testes is avoided. In all sections the scrotum may be continually observed and a good picture reproduction is possible. The report concerns the results of a prospective examination of 37 patients. The diagnoses of their condition could be confirmed by surgery or by follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 505686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6690", "title": "[Spontaneous fistulae and abscesses of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous cutaneous fistulae and abscesses of the renal pelvis and ureter have become rare. Six case reports demonstrate their etiology and differential diagnostic problems. If there is no underlying urologic disease, above all no urolithiasis, other causes of fistulae and abscesses should be kept in mind, the most frequent of these being Crohn's disease.", "contents": "[Spontaneous fistulae and abscesses of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)]. Spontaneous cutaneous fistulae and abscesses of the renal pelvis and ureter have become rare. Six case reports demonstrate their etiology and differential diagnostic problems. If there is no underlying urologic disease, above all no urolithiasis, other causes of fistulae and abscesses should be kept in mind, the most frequent of these being Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 505687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6691", "title": "[Lipid A antibody titers in patients after ureterosigmoidostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Lipid A antibody titers were determined over a period of 6 months by passive hemolysis test in 10 patiens who underwent cystectomy and ureterosigmoidostomy. Preoperative the sera of all patients had no detectable anti lipid A activity. After 4 weeks 4 patients showed significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers. Only in these 4 patients the titers remained elevated up to six months. The significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers in these patients were caused by a non-obstructive infection of the kidneys. The serological determination of lipid A antibody titers appears to be an appropriate method for detecting pyelonephritis after ureterosigmoidostomy.", "contents": "[Lipid A antibody titers in patients after ureterosigmoidostomy (author's transl)]. Lipid A antibody titers were determined over a period of 6 months by passive hemolysis test in 10 patiens who underwent cystectomy and ureterosigmoidostomy. Preoperative the sera of all patients had no detectable anti lipid A activity. After 4 weeks 4 patients showed significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers. Only in these 4 patients the titers remained elevated up to six months. The significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers in these patients were caused by a non-obstructive infection of the kidneys. The serological determination of lipid A antibody titers appears to be an appropriate method for detecting pyelonephritis after ureterosigmoidostomy.", "PMID": 505688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6692", "title": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology in malignant tumors of the testis? (author's transl)].", "content": "Fine-needle aspirates and tissue prints of 23 malignant tumors of the testis were obtained after surgery. In all cases malignancy was recognized by cytological examination. Only in two cases there was a discrepancy between cytological and histological classification. Malignant teratoma undifferentiated (MTU) was cytologically diagnosed in two cases verified as malignant teratoma intermediate (MTI) by histology. The value of fine-needle biopsy in diagnosis of malignant tumors of the testis is discussed.", "contents": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology in malignant tumors of the testis? (author's transl)]. Fine-needle aspirates and tissue prints of 23 malignant tumors of the testis were obtained after surgery. In all cases malignancy was recognized by cytological examination. Only in two cases there was a discrepancy between cytological and histological classification. Malignant teratoma undifferentiated (MTU) was cytologically diagnosed in two cases verified as malignant teratoma intermediate (MTI) by histology. The value of fine-needle biopsy in diagnosis of malignant tumors of the testis is discussed.", "PMID": 505689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6693", "title": "[Renal arteriovenous fistula due to blunt trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare condition of formation of a renal arteriovenous fistula after blunt renal trauma is described. Renal angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The auscultation of a vascular murmur in the upper abdomen is most suggestive of this lesion.", "contents": "[Renal arteriovenous fistula due to blunt trauma (author's transl)]. A rare condition of formation of a renal arteriovenous fistula after blunt renal trauma is described. Renal angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The auscultation of a vascular murmur in the upper abdomen is most suggestive of this lesion.", "PMID": 505690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6694", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy after prostatectomy? (author's transl)].", "content": "This prospective study shows, that, neither an antibiotic prophylaxis of abacteriuric patients nor postoperative treatment of an asymptomatic urinary tract infection after transurethral prostatectomy have a significant influence on the clinical complications or the microbiologic results. After suprapubic prostatectomy complications in the control group were not significantly more frequent than in the group with antimicrobial prophylaxis. Patients with asymptomatic urinary tract infections before suprapubic prostatectomy had better clinical results, if they were treated with antibiotics as compared to a control group, although the difference control group was not significant. The correlation between consumption of antibiotics and development of resistant in pathogenic organisms forced us to use a more critical approach in the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy. This study shows clearly, that aseptic operations do not need an antibiotic protection and that faulty of asepsis cannot be corrected by antibiotics.", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy after prostatectomy? (author's transl)]. This prospective study shows, that, neither an antibiotic prophylaxis of abacteriuric patients nor postoperative treatment of an asymptomatic urinary tract infection after transurethral prostatectomy have a significant influence on the clinical complications or the microbiologic results. After suprapubic prostatectomy complications in the control group were not significantly more frequent than in the group with antimicrobial prophylaxis. Patients with asymptomatic urinary tract infections before suprapubic prostatectomy had better clinical results, if they were treated with antibiotics as compared to a control group, although the difference control group was not significant. The correlation between consumption of antibiotics and development of resistant in pathogenic organisms forced us to use a more critical approach in the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy. This study shows clearly, that aseptic operations do not need an antibiotic protection and that faulty of asepsis cannot be corrected by antibiotics.", "PMID": 505691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6695", "title": "[Late changes of the testicular tissue in experimental torsion of the spermatic cord (author's transl)].", "content": "In three experimental groups and a control group unilateral or bilateral torsion of the testicle were carried out in 195 mature rats. The testicles were retorted at various intervals up to 24 hours. Four weeks and three months following the torsion the retorted as well as the contralateral normal testicles were examined morphologically and histologically. A total testicular torsion is fully reversable after one hour in all cases and after 2 hours in 40% of the cases. The Sertoli cells are destroyed after 6 hours and the Leydig cells after 10 hours. The time causing irreversable tissue damage therefore appears to be shorter than generally assumed, and the germinative epithelium is reacting faster than the testosterone producing Leydig cells. No changes were noted in the contralateral normal testis.", "contents": "[Late changes of the testicular tissue in experimental torsion of the spermatic cord (author's transl)]. In three experimental groups and a control group unilateral or bilateral torsion of the testicle were carried out in 195 mature rats. The testicles were retorted at various intervals up to 24 hours. Four weeks and three months following the torsion the retorted as well as the contralateral normal testicles were examined morphologically and histologically. A total testicular torsion is fully reversable after one hour in all cases and after 2 hours in 40% of the cases. The Sertoli cells are destroyed after 6 hours and the Leydig cells after 10 hours. The time causing irreversable tissue damage therefore appears to be shorter than generally assumed, and the germinative epithelium is reacting faster than the testosterone producing Leydig cells. No changes were noted in the contralateral normal testis.", "PMID": 505692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6696", "title": "Techniques of urinary undiversion surgery in children.", "content": "During the past eight years, reestablishment of previously diverted urinary tracts has become more frequent. During the past three years, 11 patients have been evaluated and 7 subsequently operated on to reestablish continuity of the urinary tract. Four patients were eliminated from surgical consideration because of the extent of renal disease. The surgical procedures involve the use of ileum as well as the transureteroureterostomy with the psoas hitch procedure to reestablish urinary continuity. Examination of the over-all results illustrates urinary undiversion surgery in children is worthwhile. The initial results with neuropathic bladder disease has been a little discouraging, and more data will be required before a conclusion can be reached.", "contents": "Techniques of urinary undiversion surgery in children. During the past eight years, reestablishment of previously diverted urinary tracts has become more frequent. During the past three years, 11 patients have been evaluated and 7 subsequently operated on to reestablish continuity of the urinary tract. Four patients were eliminated from surgical consideration because of the extent of renal disease. The surgical procedures involve the use of ileum as well as the transureteroureterostomy with the psoas hitch procedure to reestablish urinary continuity. Examination of the over-all results illustrates urinary undiversion surgery in children is worthwhile. The initial results with neuropathic bladder disease has been a little discouraging, and more data will be required before a conclusion can be reached.", "PMID": 505694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6697", "title": "New surgical method for one-stage total remodeling of massively dilated and tortuous ureter: tapering in situ technique.", "content": "During the past five years a surgical technique for extensive ureteral tailoring and preservation of its blood supply has been developed. Seventeen congenitally dilated and tortuous ureters were operated on. One-stage surgical remodeling involved excision of the ureteral kinks, total tapering from the ureterovesical to the ureteropelvic junctions, and ureteroneocystostomy. The rationale, technique, pitfalls, and results are discussed. In situ ureteral remodeling is indicated in massive ureteral dilatation and tortuosity, secondary operation following previous diversion or tailoring, and multiple obstructions in the same ureter. The success with these procedures suggests that one-stage surgical reconstruction in the most dilated and tortuous ureter, that would have been considered for skin exteriorization or multistaged tailoring can be accomplished safely with gratifying results.", "contents": "New surgical method for one-stage total remodeling of massively dilated and tortuous ureter: tapering in situ technique. During the past five years a surgical technique for extensive ureteral tailoring and preservation of its blood supply has been developed. Seventeen congenitally dilated and tortuous ureters were operated on. One-stage surgical remodeling involved excision of the ureteral kinks, total tapering from the ureterovesical to the ureteropelvic junctions, and ureteroneocystostomy. The rationale, technique, pitfalls, and results are discussed. In situ ureteral remodeling is indicated in massive ureteral dilatation and tortuosity, secondary operation following previous diversion or tailoring, and multiple obstructions in the same ureter. The success with these procedures suggests that one-stage surgical reconstruction in the most dilated and tortuous ureter, that would have been considered for skin exteriorization or multistaged tailoring can be accomplished safely with gratifying results.", "PMID": 505695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6698", "title": "Technetium-99 pelvic scan: use in follow-up of penile revascularization bypass operations.", "content": "Technetium-99 scans have been tried to demonstrate patency of a graft in patients who have had vascular bypass procedures for vascular impotency. In 4 of 6 patients, patency was demonstrated. The technique is of value in assessing postoperative graft patency of the penile bypass procedures and may obviate the need for postoperative angiography.", "contents": "Technetium-99 pelvic scan: use in follow-up of penile revascularization bypass operations. Technetium-99 scans have been tried to demonstrate patency of a graft in patients who have had vascular bypass procedures for vascular impotency. In 4 of 6 patients, patency was demonstrated. The technique is of value in assessing postoperative graft patency of the penile bypass procedures and may obviate the need for postoperative angiography.", "PMID": 505696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6699", "title": "Cold knife optical urethrotomy.", "content": "Cold knife optical urethrotomy with the Sachse urethrotome was used in 44 patients with urethral strictures. Appraisal if the results, after a mean follow-up of fourteen months, showed 77.3 per cent success rate regarding urine flow rates and 81.8 per cent regarding subjective response of the patient.", "contents": "Cold knife optical urethrotomy. Cold knife optical urethrotomy with the Sachse urethrotome was used in 44 patients with urethral strictures. Appraisal if the results, after a mean follow-up of fourteen months, showed 77.3 per cent success rate regarding urine flow rates and 81.8 per cent regarding subjective response of the patient.", "PMID": 505697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6700", "title": "Invasive bladder carcinoma treated by radical cystectomy: survival of patients.", "content": "Sixty-three patients underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder carcinoma at West Virginia University Medical Center from 1961 to 1978. Survival statistics are presented and discussed in comparison with alternative modes of therapy. A brief discussion of complications is also presented.", "contents": "Invasive bladder carcinoma treated by radical cystectomy: survival of patients. Sixty-three patients underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder carcinoma at West Virginia University Medical Center from 1961 to 1978. Survival statistics are presented and discussed in comparison with alternative modes of therapy. A brief discussion of complications is also presented.", "PMID": 505698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6701", "title": "Pattern of urolithiasis in Brooklyn, New York.", "content": "Crystallographic analysis of 261 upper urinary tract calculi from patients in Brooklyn is presented. Calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite stones predominate. We could not confirm the hypothesis that uric acid forms a nidus in calcium oxalate urolithiasis in spite of a percentage of uric acid calculi more than twice the national average.", "contents": "Pattern of urolithiasis in Brooklyn, New York. Crystallographic analysis of 261 upper urinary tract calculi from patients in Brooklyn is presented. Calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite stones predominate. We could not confirm the hypothesis that uric acid forms a nidus in calcium oxalate urolithiasis in spite of a percentage of uric acid calculi more than twice the national average.", "PMID": 505699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6702", "title": "Endarterectomy and patchgraft angioplasty in treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension.", "content": "From 1962 to 1978, 56 patients underwent transrenal endarterectomy as surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Over-all results were 39 per cent cured, 36 per cent improved, and 25 per cent failed. Criteria for selecting patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease for surgical treatment are reviewed. Transrenal endarterectomy is a simple operation and should continue to be applied in the management of properly selected patients.", "contents": "Endarterectomy and patchgraft angioplasty in treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension. From 1962 to 1978, 56 patients underwent transrenal endarterectomy as surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Over-all results were 39 per cent cured, 36 per cent improved, and 25 per cent failed. Criteria for selecting patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease for surgical treatment are reviewed. Transrenal endarterectomy is a simple operation and should continue to be applied in the management of properly selected patients.", "PMID": 505700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6703", "title": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of kidney: a new perspective.", "content": "A retrospective review of cases of renal adenocarcinoma during a five-year period revealed 6 cases with a papillary histologic organization. Closer examination indicates that papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is a slow-growing neoplasm with a clinical prognosis that appears to be considerably better than in other types of cellular organization.", "contents": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of kidney: a new perspective. A retrospective review of cases of renal adenocarcinoma during a five-year period revealed 6 cases with a papillary histologic organization. Closer examination indicates that papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is a slow-growing neoplasm with a clinical prognosis that appears to be considerably better than in other types of cellular organization.", "PMID": 505701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6704", "title": "Simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "The second case of simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma is described. Methods of managing bilateral renal tumors are reviewed.", "contents": "Simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma. The second case of simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma is described. Methods of managing bilateral renal tumors are reviewed.", "PMID": 505702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6705", "title": "Adenocarcinoma in multilocular renal cyst.", "content": "The fifth case of a patient with a multilocular cystic nephroma with an associated adenocarcinoma is reported. The histology of the tumor and biochemical analysis of the cyst fluid are presented and the literature summarized.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma in multilocular renal cyst. The fifth case of a patient with a multilocular cystic nephroma with an associated adenocarcinoma is reported. The histology of the tumor and biochemical analysis of the cyst fluid are presented and the literature summarized.", "PMID": 505703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6706", "title": "Cholesterol granuloma of right testis.", "content": "A case of cholesterol granuloma of the testis is presented. This lesion might be caused by trauma and inflammation. The difference between cholesterol granuloma and lipogranuloma of the external genitalia is emphasized.", "contents": "Cholesterol granuloma of right testis. A case of cholesterol granuloma of the testis is presented. This lesion might be caused by trauma and inflammation. The difference between cholesterol granuloma and lipogranuloma of the external genitalia is emphasized.", "PMID": 505705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6707", "title": "Malignant pericystitis plastica.", "content": "A case of infiltrative bladder tumor presenting as diffuse perivesical and periureteral fibrosis is presented and termed malignant pericystitis plastica.", "contents": "Malignant pericystitis plastica. A case of infiltrative bladder tumor presenting as diffuse perivesical and periureteral fibrosis is presented and termed malignant pericystitis plastica.", "PMID": 505706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6708", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of pear-shaped bladder.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used to distinguish between pelvic lipomatosis and idiopathic inferior vena caval thrombosis as a cause of a pear-shaped bladder seen on intravenous urography. The findings on CT were explicit in explaining the patient's clinical problem.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of pear-shaped bladder. Computed tomography (CT) was used to distinguish between pelvic lipomatosis and idiopathic inferior vena caval thrombosis as a cause of a pear-shaped bladder seen on intravenous urography. The findings on CT were explicit in explaining the patient's clinical problem.", "PMID": 505708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6709", "title": "Angiomyolipoma: characteristic images by ultrasound and computed tomography.", "content": "The ultrasonographic and computed tomographic images of renal angiomyolipoma are sufficiently characteristic to permit accurate radiologic diagnosis. If low-density, fat-containing areas are demonstrated, a confident diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma may be made and appropriate management planned.", "contents": "Angiomyolipoma: characteristic images by ultrasound and computed tomography. The ultrasonographic and computed tomographic images of renal angiomyolipoma are sufficiently characteristic to permit accurate radiologic diagnosis. If low-density, fat-containing areas are demonstrated, a confident diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma may be made and appropriate management planned.", "PMID": 505709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6710", "title": "Use and abuse of retrograde pyelography.", "content": "Retrograde pyelography to demonstrate the renal pelvis and ureters is a common urologic procedure. Newer contrast materials and better radiographic techniques have obviated many of the previous indications for retrograde studies were independently reviewed by two urologists and a radiologist to determine if the studies were indicated, appropriately timed, informative, and complete. Our results indicate a high percentage of these examinations are incompletely performed and uninformative and could have been replaced by noninvasive studies. What constitutes a complete retrograde study and when to utilize this examination is discussed.", "contents": "Use and abuse of retrograde pyelography. Retrograde pyelography to demonstrate the renal pelvis and ureters is a common urologic procedure. Newer contrast materials and better radiographic techniques have obviated many of the previous indications for retrograde studies were independently reviewed by two urologists and a radiologist to determine if the studies were indicated, appropriately timed, informative, and complete. Our results indicate a high percentage of these examinations are incompletely performed and uninformative and could have been replaced by noninvasive studies. What constitutes a complete retrograde study and when to utilize this examination is discussed.", "PMID": 505710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6711", "title": "[Surgical treatment of osseous paronychia in children].", "content": "Bony panaritium was treated in 48 children from 1 to 15 years of age by a new method consisting in the early and careful removal of the purulent-necrotic substrate and making the continuous suture. The most rational access to the injured phalanx (oval and semioval incisions) were found. Local regional forms of anesthesia (conduction and intraosseous anesthesia) and general anesthesia were used. The analysis of remote results has shown the children treated by this methods to be able to work, play and perform fine and exact manipulations.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of osseous paronychia in children]. Bony panaritium was treated in 48 children from 1 to 15 years of age by a new method consisting in the early and careful removal of the purulent-necrotic substrate and making the continuous suture. The most rational access to the injured phalanx (oval and semioval incisions) were found. Local regional forms of anesthesia (conduction and intraosseous anesthesia) and general anesthesia were used. The analysis of remote results has shown the children treated by this methods to be able to work, play and perform fine and exact manipulations.", "PMID": 505780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6712", "title": "[Prolonged peripheral arteriovenous perfusion with a membrane oxygenator].", "content": "The authors have developed the optimal method of performing prolonged veno-arterial perfusion and studied its influence on the animal organism. In 22 experiments a membrane oxygenator on the national film \"Sigma\" was used. It has been established that for successful performing of prolonged veno-arterial perfusion it is necessary to strictly maintain the circulating blood volume and take measures to prevent disorders in the microcirculation. The blood trauma in the membrane oxygenator with the \"Sigma\" film is inimal.", "contents": "[Prolonged peripheral arteriovenous perfusion with a membrane oxygenator]. The authors have developed the optimal method of performing prolonged veno-arterial perfusion and studied its influence on the animal organism. In 22 experiments a membrane oxygenator on the national film \"Sigma\" was used. It has been established that for successful performing of prolonged veno-arterial perfusion it is necessary to strictly maintain the circulating blood volume and take measures to prevent disorders in the microcirculation. The blood trauma in the membrane oxygenator with the \"Sigma\" film is inimal.", "PMID": 505784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6713", "title": "[Use of fiber endoscopes for a therapeutic purpose in gastrointestinal tract diseases].", "content": "The authors' experience counts more than 8000 endoscopic examinations of the gastro-intestinal tract. The possibilities of the curative use of fibroendoscopes are analyzed. The indications and contraindications for transendoscopic polypectomy and questions of the technique of endoscopic polypectomy are discussed. The operations and treatment with the use of fibroendoscopes are highly effective and well endurable by the patients including elderly and old people.", "contents": "[Use of fiber endoscopes for a therapeutic purpose in gastrointestinal tract diseases]. The authors' experience counts more than 8000 endoscopic examinations of the gastro-intestinal tract. The possibilities of the curative use of fibroendoscopes are analyzed. The indications and contraindications for transendoscopic polypectomy and questions of the technique of endoscopic polypectomy are discussed. The operations and treatment with the use of fibroendoscopes are highly effective and well endurable by the patients including elderly and old people.", "PMID": 505785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6714", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the prevention of wound infection in open injury to the locomotor apparatus].", "content": "Hyberbaric oxygenation in altitude chambers OKA-MT was used in the complex of prophylactic measures against wound infection in 91 patients with open traumas of the extremities (fractures, amputations, etc.). The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the external respiration was studied by the method of spirography. Tetrapolar rheography was used to follow the central hemodynamics. A number of immune parameteres were also studied. Hyperbaric oxygenation was established to abolish hyperventilation and myocardium hyperdynamia, to accelerate the recovery of the neutrophil phagocytic activity and immunoglobulin level, to contribute to the quicker diminishing of edema in the wound area and healing of the stump and open fracture without suppuration, early formation of dry necrosis with a distinct line of demarcation.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the prevention of wound infection in open injury to the locomotor apparatus]. Hyberbaric oxygenation in altitude chambers OKA-MT was used in the complex of prophylactic measures against wound infection in 91 patients with open traumas of the extremities (fractures, amputations, etc.). The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the external respiration was studied by the method of spirography. Tetrapolar rheography was used to follow the central hemodynamics. A number of immune parameteres were also studied. Hyperbaric oxygenation was established to abolish hyperventilation and myocardium hyperdynamia, to accelerate the recovery of the neutrophil phagocytic activity and immunoglobulin level, to contribute to the quicker diminishing of edema in the wound area and healing of the stump and open fracture without suppuration, early formation of dry necrosis with a distinct line of demarcation.", "PMID": 505786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6715", "title": "[Surgical errors in acute diseases of the abdominal cavity organs].", "content": "Case histories of dead patients were analyzed in whose life-time errors were made in diagnosis of acute abdomen. It was established that in 90 patients acute abdomen was hypodiagnozed, in 10 cases the abdominal catastrophe was hyperdiagnozed, in 4 patients the localization of the injured organ was not determined properly. The error found mainly resulted from atypical course of the disease due to age of the patients, medication effects and abnormal disposition of the injured organ, as well as to concomitant diseases and complications. The role of the attention factor in the genesis of errors is emphasized.", "contents": "[Surgical errors in acute diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. Case histories of dead patients were analyzed in whose life-time errors were made in diagnosis of acute abdomen. It was established that in 90 patients acute abdomen was hypodiagnozed, in 10 cases the abdominal catastrophe was hyperdiagnozed, in 4 patients the localization of the injured organ was not determined properly. The error found mainly resulted from atypical course of the disease due to age of the patients, medication effects and abnormal disposition of the injured organ, as well as to concomitant diseases and complications. The role of the attention factor in the genesis of errors is emphasized.", "PMID": 505790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6716", "title": "[Dynamics of the total proteolytic activity and kinin system components of the blood in acute cholecystitis].", "content": "Under study was the dynamics of changes of the activity of components of the kinin system and proteolytic activity of blood in 32 patients with acute cholecystitis. The results have shown that cholecystic patients and patients with the diseases of biliary ducts, especially in the exacerbation stage, have pronounced shifts in the kinin system components and in the proteolytic activity of blood as a whole. In clinical conditions the proteolytic activity data can be used for determining the severity and development of acute cholecystitis. The use of protease inhibitors in the inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary ducts results in a decreased blood proteolytic activity and thereby contributes to more rapid recovery of patients with such disorders.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the total proteolytic activity and kinin system components of the blood in acute cholecystitis]. Under study was the dynamics of changes of the activity of components of the kinin system and proteolytic activity of blood in 32 patients with acute cholecystitis. The results have shown that cholecystic patients and patients with the diseases of biliary ducts, especially in the exacerbation stage, have pronounced shifts in the kinin system components and in the proteolytic activity of blood as a whole. In clinical conditions the proteolytic activity data can be used for determining the severity and development of acute cholecystitis. The use of protease inhibitors in the inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary ducts results in a decreased blood proteolytic activity and thereby contributes to more rapid recovery of patients with such disorders.", "PMID": 505795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6717", "title": "[Artificial circulation method in operations on the liver].", "content": "The method of parallel and isolated artificial circulation in the liver is described on the basis of 97 experimental operations on dogs of various weights. The paper gives a brief description of the apparatus for the regional perfusion of the liver and portable oxygenator. The composition of the perfusate and main criteria of the liver perfusion adequacy are considered, including the hemodynamic shifts and disorders in the hepatic functions under the artificial circulation in the liver. The perfusion is estimated in different temperature regimens, the advantages of the hyperthermal perfusion over normal and hypothermal ones being also shown. The method of artificial circulation is recommended in vast resections of the liver, in transplantation and in the treatment of hepatic malignancies.", "contents": "[Artificial circulation method in operations on the liver]. The method of parallel and isolated artificial circulation in the liver is described on the basis of 97 experimental operations on dogs of various weights. The paper gives a brief description of the apparatus for the regional perfusion of the liver and portable oxygenator. The composition of the perfusate and main criteria of the liver perfusion adequacy are considered, including the hemodynamic shifts and disorders in the hepatic functions under the artificial circulation in the liver. The perfusion is estimated in different temperature regimens, the advantages of the hyperthermal perfusion over normal and hypothermal ones being also shown. The method of artificial circulation is recommended in vast resections of the liver, in transplantation and in the treatment of hepatic malignancies.", "PMID": 505796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6718", "title": "[Cryosurgery of alveolar hydatid disease of the liver].", "content": "The authors describe an original cryoapparatus for cryosurgical operations on the liver. They have studied cryostimulation of the liver in experiment in 22 dogs and established that the destroyed portions of the liver turned into a tender cicatrice within 2--3 weeks. Cryoresection created homeostasis only of fine vessels. Large vessels and ducts require isolated ligation in the incision plane. Operations were performed on 6 patients with alveococcosis of the liver subjected to cryodestruction of parasitogenic nodes and 1 cryoresection of the liver with a favourable outcome. The authors positively estimate the effect of cryosurgery on parasitogenic nodes in alveococcosis because such procedures result in the death of the parasite.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery of alveolar hydatid disease of the liver]. The authors describe an original cryoapparatus for cryosurgical operations on the liver. They have studied cryostimulation of the liver in experiment in 22 dogs and established that the destroyed portions of the liver turned into a tender cicatrice within 2--3 weeks. Cryoresection created homeostasis only of fine vessels. Large vessels and ducts require isolated ligation in the incision plane. Operations were performed on 6 patients with alveococcosis of the liver subjected to cryodestruction of parasitogenic nodes and 1 cryoresection of the liver with a favourable outcome. The authors positively estimate the effect of cryosurgery on parasitogenic nodes in alveococcosis because such procedures result in the death of the parasite.", "PMID": 505797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6719", "title": "[Characteristics of operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct in emergency surgery].", "content": "On the basis of 73 operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct (TLD) its cervical part is analyzed anatomically. A proposition is made to divide TLD into four types: magistral, dendroid,scattered and discontinuous. Four variants of the discharge of TLD are distinguished. The anatomical data obtained allowed using a tourniquet on the thoracic duct in order to increase the lymphoresis depending on the anatomical structure of the duct. This technique gives a 30% increase of lymphoresis, and increased desintoxication effect of the operation and a better recovery of the natural lymph flow after removing the tourniquet.", "contents": "[Characteristics of operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct in emergency surgery]. On the basis of 73 operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct (TLD) its cervical part is analyzed anatomically. A proposition is made to divide TLD into four types: magistral, dendroid,scattered and discontinuous. Four variants of the discharge of TLD are distinguished. The anatomical data obtained allowed using a tourniquet on the thoracic duct in order to increase the lymphoresis depending on the anatomical structure of the duct. This technique gives a 30% increase of lymphoresis, and increased desintoxication effect of the operation and a better recovery of the natural lymph flow after removing the tourniquet.", "PMID": 505798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6720", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of hypertension due to a bilateral lesion of the renal arteries].", "content": "The paper analyzes experience of the surgical treatment of bilateral lesions of the renal arteries in 52 patients who were subjected to 64 operations. The authors have shown that lesions of the both renal arteries in patients with renovascular hypertension can be observed in 28,9% of cases. In most cases atherosclerosis and aorto-arteritis are responsible for such lesions. The authors support the two-step operations in bilateral lesions of the renal arteries. Late results of such operations are favourable in 82% of cases.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of hypertension due to a bilateral lesion of the renal arteries]. The paper analyzes experience of the surgical treatment of bilateral lesions of the renal arteries in 52 patients who were subjected to 64 operations. The authors have shown that lesions of the both renal arteries in patients with renovascular hypertension can be observed in 28,9% of cases. In most cases atherosclerosis and aorto-arteritis are responsible for such lesions. The authors support the two-step operations in bilateral lesions of the renal arteries. Late results of such operations are favourable in 82% of cases.", "PMID": 505799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6721", "title": "[Change in pancreatic exocrine function in acute appendicitis].", "content": "In order to study changes in the functional state of the pancreas 1572 investigations of the blood and urine amylase, atoxylresistant lipase of the blood serum before operation were performed in different postoperative periods in 131 patients with acute appendicitis. The enzyme activity was established to increase, especially in destructive forms of appendicitis and in elderly patients.", "contents": "[Change in pancreatic exocrine function in acute appendicitis]. In order to study changes in the functional state of the pancreas 1572 investigations of the blood and urine amylase, atoxylresistant lipase of the blood serum before operation were performed in different postoperative periods in 131 patients with acute appendicitis. The enzyme activity was established to increase, especially in destructive forms of appendicitis and in elderly patients.", "PMID": 505800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6722", "title": "[Colonic diverticulitis and appendicitis].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the clinical data has shown that a complicated diverticulitis can often simulate the clinical picture of acute appendicitis. The methods of diagnosis and surgery of the complicated diverticulum are recommended in which the operations in many steps (extraperitonization, colostomy, cecostomy, resection) are considered to be preferable.", "contents": "[Colonic diverticulitis and appendicitis]. A retrospective analysis of the clinical data has shown that a complicated diverticulitis can often simulate the clinical picture of acute appendicitis. The methods of diagnosis and surgery of the complicated diverticulum are recommended in which the operations in many steps (extraperitonization, colostomy, cecostomy, resection) are considered to be preferable.", "PMID": 505801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6723", "title": "[Pathogenesis and the diagnosis of postoperative thromboses of the mesenteric vessels].", "content": "The examination of 36 patients with postoperative disorders of the circulation in the mesenterial vessels has shown postoperative infarctions of the intestine to be most frequently observed in elderly patients after surgery on the abdominal organs. Inflammatory-purulent diseases of the abdominal organs against the background of cardiovascular diseases are of special importance.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis and the diagnosis of postoperative thromboses of the mesenteric vessels]. The examination of 36 patients with postoperative disorders of the circulation in the mesenterial vessels has shown postoperative infarctions of the intestine to be most frequently observed in elderly patients after surgery on the abdominal organs. Inflammatory-purulent diseases of the abdominal organs against the background of cardiovascular diseases are of special importance.", "PMID": 505802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6724", "title": "[Changes in the autonomic ganglia after a laparotomy and in diffuse peritonitis].", "content": "The pathomorphological alterations of the vegetative ganglia of the stomach, intestine and celiac plexus were found by the authors to be identical in the dogs subjected to laparotomy and in those dead of diffuse peritonitis within the first 3 days. The severity of the injury is dependent on the degree of the functional stress due to traumatic injury and the development of intoxication--on the inflammation. In peritonitis these alterations are observed against the background of the disturbed regional blood circulation.", "contents": "[Changes in the autonomic ganglia after a laparotomy and in diffuse peritonitis]. The pathomorphological alterations of the vegetative ganglia of the stomach, intestine and celiac plexus were found by the authors to be identical in the dogs subjected to laparotomy and in those dead of diffuse peritonitis within the first 3 days. The severity of the injury is dependent on the degree of the functional stress due to traumatic injury and the development of intoxication--on the inflammation. In peritonitis these alterations are observed against the background of the disturbed regional blood circulation.", "PMID": 505803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6725", "title": "[Relapse symptom complex in rectal cancer after radical surgical interventions].", "content": "The analysis of 78 questionnaires of patients with recurrence of rectal cancer was performed which revealed this complication of surgery to occur in 60% of cases within a year after operation. Recurrences of the rectum cancer show a characteristic complex of symptoms with a certain structure of painful sensations as a central criterion.", "contents": "[Relapse symptom complex in rectal cancer after radical surgical interventions]. The analysis of 78 questionnaires of patients with recurrence of rectal cancer was performed which revealed this complication of surgery to occur in 60% of cases within a year after operation. Recurrences of the rectum cancer show a characteristic complex of symptoms with a certain structure of painful sensations as a central criterion.", "PMID": 505804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6726", "title": "[Electroexcision method of treating hemorrhoids in the acute period].", "content": "Electroexcision of hemorrhoidal nodes was performed in 71 patients with hemorrhoids in the acute phase complicated with anorectal thrombosis, ulceration and hemorrhage. The stages of surgery are described. Data of coagulograms, expediency of the local durant analgesia in the postoperation period are presented. The method is radical, bloodless. It allows shortening the time of stationary treatment and the duration of disability. All the operated patients showed good near and late results.", "contents": "[Electroexcision method of treating hemorrhoids in the acute period]. Electroexcision of hemorrhoidal nodes was performed in 71 patients with hemorrhoids in the acute phase complicated with anorectal thrombosis, ulceration and hemorrhage. The stages of surgery are described. Data of coagulograms, expediency of the local durant analgesia in the postoperation period are presented. The method is radical, bloodless. It allows shortening the time of stationary treatment and the duration of disability. All the operated patients showed good near and late results.", "PMID": 505805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6727", "title": "[Diagnostic and treatment problems with osteoblastoclastoma in adults].", "content": "Under analysis were 199 patients with osteoblastoclastoma (OBC), 178 patients having benign and 21 malignant forms. Rentgencontrast and radioisotopic methods were used in addition to clinical general X-ray methods for diagnosis of OBC. For the treatment of benign OBC preserving-restorative operations were made, while in malignant forms both preserving-restorative and invalidating operations had to be fulfilled. Late results of treatment of all the patients within the period from 1 to 10 years are described.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and treatment problems with osteoblastoclastoma in adults]. Under analysis were 199 patients with osteoblastoclastoma (OBC), 178 patients having benign and 21 malignant forms. Rentgencontrast and radioisotopic methods were used in addition to clinical general X-ray methods for diagnosis of OBC. For the treatment of benign OBC preserving-restorative operations were made, while in malignant forms both preserving-restorative and invalidating operations had to be fulfilled. Late results of treatment of all the patients within the period from 1 to 10 years are described.", "PMID": 505806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6728", "title": "[Optimal local hypothermia regimen in the experimental resection of the single kidney].", "content": "The morphological and functional changes of the single kidney were investigated in experiment on 133 dogs after removal of 45--50% of its tissue. Resection of the single kidney under normothermal conditions was established to result in the animal's death within 1--14 days due to acute renal insufficiency. The operation executed under conditions of cooling to 25 degrees C is of high risk. Resection under 5 degrees C hypothermia fails to cause an acute renal insufficiency but considerably disturbs the renal function. The use of local hypothermia to 15 degrees C in resection of the single kidney gives the optimal temperature regimen since it prevents the development of acute renal insufficiency and the compensatory-restorative processes in the kidney can develop successfully.", "contents": "[Optimal local hypothermia regimen in the experimental resection of the single kidney]. The morphological and functional changes of the single kidney were investigated in experiment on 133 dogs after removal of 45--50% of its tissue. Resection of the single kidney under normothermal conditions was established to result in the animal's death within 1--14 days due to acute renal insufficiency. The operation executed under conditions of cooling to 25 degrees C is of high risk. Resection under 5 degrees C hypothermia fails to cause an acute renal insufficiency but considerably disturbs the renal function. The use of local hypothermia to 15 degrees C in resection of the single kidney gives the optimal temperature regimen since it prevents the development of acute renal insufficiency and the compensatory-restorative processes in the kidney can develop successfully.", "PMID": 505807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6729", "title": "[Substantiation of the surgical approaches in Dupuytren's contracture and the technic of the operations].", "content": "The work substantiates the operative access in aponeurectomy for the Dupuytren's contracture realized by a wave-shaped incision in the zone of pathologically changed aponeurosis depending on the individual disposition of nodulous indurations and on a certain height of skin grafts in relation to the base. The operation technique is also described with special reference to possible errors resulting in serious sequelae. The complications observed are also described. Their number is less than that in the data of other papers which shows the positive result of the work as a whole.", "contents": "[Substantiation of the surgical approaches in Dupuytren's contracture and the technic of the operations]. The work substantiates the operative access in aponeurectomy for the Dupuytren's contracture realized by a wave-shaped incision in the zone of pathologically changed aponeurosis depending on the individual disposition of nodulous indurations and on a certain height of skin grafts in relation to the base. The operation technique is also described with special reference to possible errors resulting in serious sequelae. The complications observed are also described. Their number is less than that in the data of other papers which shows the positive result of the work as a whole.", "PMID": 505808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6730", "title": "[Endarterectomy of the femoral and popliteal arteries].", "content": "The experience of 127 operations for endarterectomy of occlusions of the femoral and popliteal arteries in 122 patients is analyzed. The remote results were observed for 10 years. The cumulative analysis within 10 years after operations have shown 27% of endarectomized arteries to remain passable. The best results were obtained when using the gaseous method modified by the authors, for correction of short occlusions in combination with good outflow pathways. With this form of pathology 68% of arteries are found to be passable within 10 postoperative years.", "contents": "[Endarterectomy of the femoral and popliteal arteries]. The experience of 127 operations for endarterectomy of occlusions of the femoral and popliteal arteries in 122 patients is analyzed. The remote results were observed for 10 years. The cumulative analysis within 10 years after operations have shown 27% of endarectomized arteries to remain passable. The best results were obtained when using the gaseous method modified by the authors, for correction of short occlusions in combination with good outflow pathways. With this form of pathology 68% of arteries are found to be passable within 10 postoperative years.", "PMID": 505809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6731", "title": "[Metabolic activity of the gastrocnemius muscles in atherosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the extremities].", "content": "The histochemical investigation of the oxidizing-reducing enzymes in the gastrocnemius muscle was carried out on the material of 42 patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta and the extremity arteries. The results obtained were compared with the muscle blood flow value and the level of the partial strain of oxygen in the gastrocnemius muscle. A conclusion is made that it is expedient to investigate the level of metabolic activity of muscles of the injured extremity for the estimation of the vitability of muscles which is very important for solving the question about the possible revascularization of the extremity in severe ischemia due to chronic occlusing process in the extremity arteries.", "contents": "[Metabolic activity of the gastrocnemius muscles in atherosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the extremities]. The histochemical investigation of the oxidizing-reducing enzymes in the gastrocnemius muscle was carried out on the material of 42 patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta and the extremity arteries. The results obtained were compared with the muscle blood flow value and the level of the partial strain of oxygen in the gastrocnemius muscle. A conclusion is made that it is expedient to investigate the level of metabolic activity of muscles of the injured extremity for the estimation of the vitability of muscles which is very important for solving the question about the possible revascularization of the extremity in severe ischemia due to chronic occlusing process in the extremity arteries.", "PMID": 505810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6732", "title": "[Interrelationship of the venous and arterial blood flows in chronic venous diseases of the lower extremities].", "content": "The data obtained evidence that the tone of the arterial vessels increases in 55% of patients with decompensated varicose dilatation of the lower extremity veins. In the postthrombophlebitic disease the arterial tone is disturbed in 80% of patients. It is supposed that the spasm of the arterial vessels of the lower extremities in chronic phlebopathology is a compensatory-adaptational response to the deteriorated venous outflow.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of the venous and arterial blood flows in chronic venous diseases of the lower extremities]. The data obtained evidence that the tone of the arterial vessels increases in 55% of patients with decompensated varicose dilatation of the lower extremity veins. In the postthrombophlebitic disease the arterial tone is disturbed in 80% of patients. It is supposed that the spasm of the arterial vessels of the lower extremities in chronic phlebopathology is a compensatory-adaptational response to the deteriorated venous outflow.", "PMID": 505811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6733", "title": "[Aneurysms of operated vessels].", "content": "Basing on the experience of treatment of 17 patients with 19 aneurisms which appeared after different operations on the vessels the authors propose a classification of this new kind of aneurisms and a more moderate tactics of surgery in such pathology. They propose the types of reconstructive operations and discuss their results.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of operated vessels]. Basing on the experience of treatment of 17 patients with 19 aneurisms which appeared after different operations on the vessels the authors propose a classification of this new kind of aneurisms and a more moderate tactics of surgery in such pathology. They propose the types of reconstructive operations and discuss their results.", "PMID": 505812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6734", "title": "[Subfascial ligation of the communicating crural veins in the comprehensive surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in light of the late results].", "content": "The authors show that subfascial ligation of the communicating veins in the operation of choice in complex surgery of the varicose disease of the veins in decompensated stages. It is supported by absence of relapses in the near and late results of 300 cases.", "contents": "[Subfascial ligation of the communicating crural veins in the comprehensive surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in light of the late results]. The authors show that subfascial ligation of the communicating veins in the operation of choice in complex surgery of the varicose disease of the veins in decompensated stages. It is supported by absence of relapses in the near and late results of 300 cases.", "PMID": 505814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6735", "title": "[Prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia after operations of the thyroid gland].", "content": "A new technique for prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia has been developed. The technique consists in suturing the softened portion of the trachea to the dura mater graft which had been previously fixed to its healthy portions. Such a technique allows performing reliable fixation of the tracheomalacia portion in an extended state and thereby to prevent asphyxia, The technique was used in 11 operated patients and gave good results.", "contents": "[Prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia after operations of the thyroid gland]. A new technique for prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia has been developed. The technique consists in suturing the softened portion of the trachea to the dura mater graft which had been previously fixed to its healthy portions. Such a technique allows performing reliable fixation of the tracheomalacia portion in an extended state and thereby to prevent asphyxia, The technique was used in 11 operated patients and gave good results.", "PMID": 505813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6736", "title": "[Organ conserving operations in children with spleen injuries using glues].", "content": "A method of organ-preserving operations in children with injured spleen with the use of glue is described. The method is recommended for a wider use in child surgery.", "contents": "[Organ conserving operations in children with spleen injuries using glues]. A method of organ-preserving operations in children with injured spleen with the use of glue is described. The method is recommended for a wider use in child surgery.", "PMID": 505820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6737", "title": "[Treatment of noma of the face and its results].", "content": "The authors treated 53 patients with face noma and its sequelae. The method of treatment and the technique of plastic operations on the face are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of noma of the face and its results]. The authors treated 53 patients with face noma and its sequelae. The method of treatment and the technique of plastic operations on the face are described.", "PMID": 505823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6738", "title": "[New method of \"shunt-respiration\" in the resection of the thoracic trachea].", "content": "A method of intubation of the terminal portion of the inferior lobular bronchus through the lung tissue in resection of the thoracic portion of the trachea is described. The method of \"shunt-respiration\" was used in experiment.", "contents": "[New method of \"shunt-respiration\" in the resection of the thoracic trachea]. A method of intubation of the terminal portion of the inferior lobular bronchus through the lung tissue in resection of the thoracic portion of the trachea is described. The method of \"shunt-respiration\" was used in experiment.", "PMID": 505824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6739", "title": "[Continuous peridural anesthesia in thoraco-abdominal surgery in children].", "content": "The authors have generalized the experience of using continuous peridural anesthesia in 204 children of different ages after operations on thoraic and abdomenal organs in acute pneumonias and marked enteroparesis. The efficiency of this method (96,1%) is shown. The authors believe the continous peridural anesthesia to be the method of choice after injuring operations and in stable enteropareses caused by peritonitis, pneumonia.", "contents": "[Continuous peridural anesthesia in thoraco-abdominal surgery in children]. The authors have generalized the experience of using continuous peridural anesthesia in 204 children of different ages after operations on thoraic and abdomenal organs in acute pneumonias and marked enteroparesis. The efficiency of this method (96,1%) is shown. The authors believe the continous peridural anesthesia to be the method of choice after injuring operations and in stable enteropareses caused by peritonitis, pneumonia.", "PMID": 505825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6740", "title": "[Effect of panangin on potassium level in patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis].", "content": "Daily injections of panangin to patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis results in the increased concentration of potassium in biological media of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of panangin on potassium level in patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis]. Daily injections of panangin to patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis results in the increased concentration of potassium in biological media of the organism.", "PMID": 505826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6741", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute suppurative destructive lesions of the lungs and pleura in sepsis].", "content": "Eleven patients with metastatic acute purulent-destructuve processes in the lungs and pleura in sepsis were operated on. Fifteen operations were performed: 3 lobectomy, 1 pneumonectomy, 8 drainages of the pleural cavity with its sanitation, 1 drainage of a pulmonary abscess with thoracocentesis and 1 thoracotomy. Sepsis was treated by complex methods. Nine patients were discharged in a good condition. Two patients died.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute suppurative destructive lesions of the lungs and pleura in sepsis]. Eleven patients with metastatic acute purulent-destructuve processes in the lungs and pleura in sepsis were operated on. Fifteen operations were performed: 3 lobectomy, 1 pneumonectomy, 8 drainages of the pleural cavity with its sanitation, 1 drainage of a pulmonary abscess with thoracocentesis and 1 thoracotomy. Sepsis was treated by complex methods. Nine patients were discharged in a good condition. Two patients died.", "PMID": 505827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6742", "title": "[Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis with dimexid, protease inhibitors and proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "Acute osteomyelitis of the tibial bone was induced in 100 young rabbits. Four series of experiments were conducted. Treatment of osteomyelitis began from the 15th day after challenge. Antibiotics were used for the treatment of all the animals. The best results were obtained in the series where rabbits were injected dimexid intraosseously in addition to antibiotics. Unsatisfactory results were obtained in the series where the animals were given tripsin in addition to antibiotics. In 14 rabbits extensive phlegmonas developed and 8 rabbits died. Roentgenograms revealed extensive destruction of bones.", "contents": "[Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis with dimexid, protease inhibitors and proteolytic enzymes]. Acute osteomyelitis of the tibial bone was induced in 100 young rabbits. Four series of experiments were conducted. Treatment of osteomyelitis began from the 15th day after challenge. Antibiotics were used for the treatment of all the animals. The best results were obtained in the series where rabbits were injected dimexid intraosseously in addition to antibiotics. Unsatisfactory results were obtained in the series where the animals were given tripsin in addition to antibiotics. In 14 rabbits extensive phlegmonas developed and 8 rabbits died. Roentgenograms revealed extensive destruction of bones.", "PMID": 505832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6743", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cardial and gastroesophageal neoplasms].", "content": "The experience in surgical treatment of cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach in 1003 patients is described. The transpleural access was used in 452 operations. The authors believe that long-term results of the surgery are mostly dependent on the spread of tumour and the type of tumour growth.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cardial and gastroesophageal neoplasms]. The experience in surgical treatment of cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach in 1003 patients is described. The transpleural access was used in 452 operations. The authors believe that long-term results of the surgery are mostly dependent on the spread of tumour and the type of tumour growth.", "PMID": 505833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6744", "title": "[Bacterial proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of purulent wounds].", "content": "The enzyme therapy, the application of microbial proteases in particular, is one of rational ways of removing necrotic tissues from purulent wounds. The use of proteolytic enzymes combined with the methods of early closure of granulated wounds (primary, primary-delayed, early secondary sutures) considerably reduces the terms of treatment of patients with purulent wounds.", "contents": "[Bacterial proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of purulent wounds]. The enzyme therapy, the application of microbial proteases in particular, is one of rational ways of removing necrotic tissues from purulent wounds. The use of proteolytic enzymes combined with the methods of early closure of granulated wounds (primary, primary-delayed, early secondary sutures) considerably reduces the terms of treatment of patients with purulent wounds.", "PMID": 505834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6745", "title": "[Postoperative complications and mortality in 3d stage cancer of the proximal part of the stomach].", "content": "The author has made an analysis of postoperative complications and fatal outcomes in cancer of stage-III of the proximal portion of the stomach. An increased volume of the operation, involvement of the esophagus, transpleural access used in patients older than 50 increased the number of complications and fatal outcomes.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications and mortality in 3d stage cancer of the proximal part of the stomach]. The author has made an analysis of postoperative complications and fatal outcomes in cancer of stage-III of the proximal portion of the stomach. An increased volume of the operation, involvement of the esophagus, transpleural access used in patients older than 50 increased the number of complications and fatal outcomes.", "PMID": 505835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6746", "title": "[Role of splenectomy in the surgery of acute and chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors have formulated the indications for splenectomy in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical observations are presented.", "contents": "[Role of splenectomy in the surgery of acute and chronic pancreatitis]. The authors have formulated the indications for splenectomy in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical observations are presented.", "PMID": 505836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6747", "title": "[Pancreatitis and hyperlipemia].", "content": "Hyperlipemia was revealed in 3 of 26 patients who died from an acute destructive pancreatitis. The level of lipids was as high as 2000--5000 mg%. Hyperlipemia when combined with destructive pancreatitis should be considered to be a poor prognostic sign.", "contents": "[Pancreatitis and hyperlipemia]. Hyperlipemia was revealed in 3 of 26 patients who died from an acute destructive pancreatitis. The level of lipids was as high as 2000--5000 mg%. Hyperlipemia when combined with destructive pancreatitis should be considered to be a poor prognostic sign.", "PMID": 505837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6748", "title": "[Working capacity of patients subjected to surgery for acute pancreatitis].", "content": "Under study was the state of 215 patients operated upon for acute pancreatitis. Rehabilitation of their working capacity was noted in 84 cases. 73,7% of the patients resumed their former activities, 16,6% of the patients did it 2--10 months later, 4 patients dropped their work due to the family circumstances, 4 patients were recognized to be invalids.", "contents": "[Working capacity of patients subjected to surgery for acute pancreatitis]. Under study was the state of 215 patients operated upon for acute pancreatitis. Rehabilitation of their working capacity was noted in 84 cases. 73,7% of the patients resumed their former activities, 16,6% of the patients did it 2--10 months later, 4 patients dropped their work due to the family circumstances, 4 patients were recognized to be invalids.", "PMID": 505838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6749", "title": "[Morphology of the pancreatic gland following Billroth-2 resection of the stomach and reconstructive surgery].", "content": "The results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that dystrophic changes arise in the pancreas following resection of two-thirds of the stomach after Hofmeister-Finsterer due to inadequate stimulation of its function during digestion and proceed according to the \"atrophy due to unfunctioning\" type. Early recovery of the duodenal passage of food by the reconstructive gastrojejunoduodenal plasty is an effective method of surgical correction of postgastrectomy disorders in the pancreas functioning and prevents the development of irreversible morphological changes in it. Reconstructive operations performed against the background of a pronounced postgastrectomy pancreatodystrophy in most cases result in aggravation of chronic pancreatitis and give unsatisfactory results.", "contents": "[Morphology of the pancreatic gland following Billroth-2 resection of the stomach and reconstructive surgery]. The results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that dystrophic changes arise in the pancreas following resection of two-thirds of the stomach after Hofmeister-Finsterer due to inadequate stimulation of its function during digestion and proceed according to the \"atrophy due to unfunctioning\" type. Early recovery of the duodenal passage of food by the reconstructive gastrojejunoduodenal plasty is an effective method of surgical correction of postgastrectomy disorders in the pancreas functioning and prevents the development of irreversible morphological changes in it. Reconstructive operations performed against the background of a pronounced postgastrectomy pancreatodystrophy in most cases result in aggravation of chronic pancreatitis and give unsatisfactory results.", "PMID": 505839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6750", "title": "[Late results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy in the light of clinico-rentgenological and clinico-endoscopic findings].", "content": "The authors discuss remote results of choledochoduodenostomy in 105 patients examined clinically, rentgenologically and endoscopically for 1--7 years. Good and excellent remote results were obtained in 87,6% of patients. Poor and staisfactory results were shown by patients with stenosis of anastomosis and recurrent pancreatitis. One of the causes of jondice and cholangitis is an obstruction of the ducts with food masses in patients with anastomosis of less than 0,5 cm size, believed by the authors to be critical.", "contents": "[Late results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy in the light of clinico-rentgenological and clinico-endoscopic findings]. The authors discuss remote results of choledochoduodenostomy in 105 patients examined clinically, rentgenologically and endoscopically for 1--7 years. Good and excellent remote results were obtained in 87,6% of patients. Poor and staisfactory results were shown by patients with stenosis of anastomosis and recurrent pancreatitis. One of the causes of jondice and cholangitis is an obstruction of the ducts with food masses in patients with anastomosis of less than 0,5 cm size, believed by the authors to be critical.", "PMID": 505840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6751", "title": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the single kidney].", "content": "A technique for the surgical treatment of patients with cavernous tuberculosis of the solitary kidney has been developed. An early surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the solitary kidney with the ureteral stricture is proved as well as the advantages of ureteropyelostomy over other ways of elimination of urine.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the single kidney]. A technique for the surgical treatment of patients with cavernous tuberculosis of the solitary kidney has been developed. An early surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the solitary kidney with the ureteral stricture is proved as well as the advantages of ureteropyelostomy over other ways of elimination of urine.", "PMID": 505841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6752", "title": "[Revascularization of the left side of the heart using splenocoronary anastomoses].", "content": "An original technique developed by the authors was used in 51 experiments on dogs. Under study were the ECG-dynamics, the volume of the retrograde bloodflow and blood pressure in the splenic and anterior interventricular arteries before and after creating the retrograde spleno-coronary anastomosis. The results of studies of hemodynamics at this operation have confirmed its physiological adequacy.", "contents": "[Revascularization of the left side of the heart using splenocoronary anastomoses]. An original technique developed by the authors was used in 51 experiments on dogs. Under study were the ECG-dynamics, the volume of the retrograde bloodflow and blood pressure in the splenic and anterior interventricular arteries before and after creating the retrograde spleno-coronary anastomosis. The results of studies of hemodynamics at this operation have confirmed its physiological adequacy.", "PMID": 505842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6753", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery for acute disease of the arterial circulation in the extremities].", "content": "On 40 operated patients 41 operations were performed for acute arterial obstruction and arterial lesions. The reconstructive operations were most frequently performed on the femoral-popliteal zone (23 operations). Positive results were obtained in 36 cases. Amputations were performed in 2 patients. 3 patients died.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery for acute disease of the arterial circulation in the extremities]. On 40 operated patients 41 operations were performed for acute arterial obstruction and arterial lesions. The reconstructive operations were most frequently performed on the femoral-popliteal zone (23 operations). Positive results were obtained in 36 cases. Amputations were performed in 2 patients. 3 patients died.", "PMID": 505843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6754", "title": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of ectasia of the deep veins of the lower extremities].", "content": "Ectasia of profound veins is a peculiar form of the venous insufficiency of lower extremities resulting in disturbed blood outflow. Ectasia may be congenital and acquired. In the latter case phlebectasia of profound veins may develop without phlebitis or as a result of it. The cardinal symptoms are bursting pains and edemas due to loads in the vertical posture. A reliable diagnosis of this disease can be made by means of angiography only. It is expedient to differentiate compensated and decompensated ectasia of profound veins. In the latter cases it is necessary to perform a resection of communicating veins in combination with fascioplasty and removal of subcutaneous veins. In compensated cases veinectomies might be sufficient but the patients should be given more strict recommendations.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of ectasia of the deep veins of the lower extremities]. Ectasia of profound veins is a peculiar form of the venous insufficiency of lower extremities resulting in disturbed blood outflow. Ectasia may be congenital and acquired. In the latter case phlebectasia of profound veins may develop without phlebitis or as a result of it. The cardinal symptoms are bursting pains and edemas due to loads in the vertical posture. A reliable diagnosis of this disease can be made by means of angiography only. It is expedient to differentiate compensated and decompensated ectasia of profound veins. In the latter cases it is necessary to perform a resection of communicating veins in combination with fascioplasty and removal of subcutaneous veins. In compensated cases veinectomies might be sufficient but the patients should be given more strict recommendations.", "PMID": 505844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6755", "title": "[Achievements, problems and prospects of hand surgery].", "content": "The paper briefly describes the experience of the Leningrad center of hand surgery and accident stations.", "contents": "[Achievements, problems and prospects of hand surgery]. The paper briefly describes the experience of the Leningrad center of hand surgery and accident stations.", "PMID": 505845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6756", "title": "[Natural immunity in destructive appendicitis in children].", "content": "The activity of natural immunity factors in appendicitis reached its maximum in the period from 24 till 48 hours and then decreased. In most patients with low level of natural immunity preoperative clinical manifestations were less pronounced, the postoperation period being inactive.", "contents": "[Natural immunity in destructive appendicitis in children]. The activity of natural immunity factors in appendicitis reached its maximum in the period from 24 till 48 hours and then decreased. In most patients with low level of natural immunity preoperative clinical manifestations were less pronounced, the postoperation period being inactive.", "PMID": 505846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6757", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary and pleural complications following pneumonia in children].", "content": "Study of remote results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary-pleural complications of acute pneumonia in children permitted evaluating the efficiency of various methods. Drainage of the pleural cavity resulted in complete recovery if the suffering was caused by a small subpleural zone of necrosis. Suturing of destructive foci and atypical resections failed to result in a recovery. Anatomical resections gave favourable results in most critical patients. In acute period a differential approach to such patients is necessary.", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary and pleural complications following pneumonia in children]. Study of remote results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary-pleural complications of acute pneumonia in children permitted evaluating the efficiency of various methods. Drainage of the pleural cavity resulted in complete recovery if the suffering was caused by a small subpleural zone of necrosis. Suturing of destructive foci and atypical resections failed to result in a recovery. Anatomical resections gave favourable results in most critical patients. In acute period a differential approach to such patients is necessary.", "PMID": 505847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6758", "title": "[Functional and morphological basis for surgical treatment of tuberculous empyemas in children and adolescents].", "content": "The experience of surgery of tuberculous empyemas in 67 children and juveniles aged 5 to 18 shows significantly better indices of pulmonary ventilation in the postoperative period. The pathologic study of pleural layers removed during operations has shown that prolonged therapy of tuberculous empyemas with non-specific chemical drugs fails to eliminate morphological signs of the specific process in the pleural layers.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological basis for surgical treatment of tuberculous empyemas in children and adolescents]. The experience of surgery of tuberculous empyemas in 67 children and juveniles aged 5 to 18 shows significantly better indices of pulmonary ventilation in the postoperative period. The pathologic study of pleural layers removed during operations has shown that prolonged therapy of tuberculous empyemas with non-specific chemical drugs fails to eliminate morphological signs of the specific process in the pleural layers.", "PMID": 505848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6759", "title": "[Tumors as a cause of acute abdomen in children].", "content": "The authors share their experience in treating children aged 1 day to 14 years with acute processes in the abdomen induced by various tumors. During 10 years 51 patients have been observed. \"Acute abdomen\" was induced by tumors and cysts of ovaries (16 patients), lymphangiomas, cysts and tumors of the mesentery, greater and lesser omentum, retroperitoneal cavity (14 patients), intestinal tumors (7), small  pelvis tumors (6), tumors of kidneys (4), liver (3), cyst of the pancreatic gland (1). The clinical picture of the disease, possible timely diagnosing and tactics are presented. All the patients were operated urgently. After operation 44 patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital, 7 patients died.", "contents": "[Tumors as a cause of acute abdomen in children]. The authors share their experience in treating children aged 1 day to 14 years with acute processes in the abdomen induced by various tumors. During 10 years 51 patients have been observed. \"Acute abdomen\" was induced by tumors and cysts of ovaries (16 patients), lymphangiomas, cysts and tumors of the mesentery, greater and lesser omentum, retroperitoneal cavity (14 patients), intestinal tumors (7), small  pelvis tumors (6), tumors of kidneys (4), liver (3), cyst of the pancreatic gland (1). The clinical picture of the disease, possible timely diagnosing and tactics are presented. All the patients were operated urgently. After operation 44 patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital, 7 patients died.", "PMID": 505849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6760", "title": "[Status of peripheral circulation in children with ununited fractures of the forearm bones].", "content": "Malunions of bone fractures is one of the causes of changes in the circulation of the injured extremity. Reography is the most effective method to diagnose vascular disorders in children.", "contents": "[Status of peripheral circulation in children with ununited fractures of the forearm bones]. Malunions of bone fractures is one of the causes of changes in the circulation of the injured extremity. Reography is the most effective method to diagnose vascular disorders in children.", "PMID": 505850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6761", "title": "[Endoscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal wound healing after gastric resection for ulcer and cancer].", "content": "Fibrogastroscopy was performed in 125 patients operated for ulcer and gastric cancer in the early postoperation period. In 26 patients the examination was performed urgently when postoperative complications were suspected. The comparative endoscopic evaluation has revealed that in patients with gastric cancer, when inflammatory processes of the stump mucosa were less pronounced, the wounded surface of the gastroenterostomy epithelized more slowly. The method of fibrogastroscopy allows to early diagnose a failure of gastrointestinal sutures.", "contents": "[Endoscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal wound healing after gastric resection for ulcer and cancer]. Fibrogastroscopy was performed in 125 patients operated for ulcer and gastric cancer in the early postoperation period. In 26 patients the examination was performed urgently when postoperative complications were suspected. The comparative endoscopic evaluation has revealed that in patients with gastric cancer, when inflammatory processes of the stump mucosa were less pronounced, the wounded surface of the gastroenterostomy epithelized more slowly. The method of fibrogastroscopy allows to early diagnose a failure of gastrointestinal sutures.", "PMID": 505851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6762", "title": "[Role of hospital infection in the occurrence of suppurative complications in children with the use of compression-distraction osteosynthesis].", "content": "The authors have performed clinico-bacteriological investigations in 100 patients. Compressional-distractional osteosynthesis was used to correct deformities of the extremities. In 56 children purulent-inflammatory complications were observed. The main pathogenic agent of purulent complications was staphylococcus. The same phagotypes of staphylococcus were isolated from the skin around the wire, rhinopharynx of the children and medical personnel as well as the air of the hospital rooms.", "contents": "[Role of hospital infection in the occurrence of suppurative complications in children with the use of compression-distraction osteosynthesis]. The authors have performed clinico-bacteriological investigations in 100 patients. Compressional-distractional osteosynthesis was used to correct deformities of the extremities. In 56 children purulent-inflammatory complications were observed. The main pathogenic agent of purulent complications was staphylococcus. The same phagotypes of staphylococcus were isolated from the skin around the wire, rhinopharynx of the children and medical personnel as well as the air of the hospital rooms.", "PMID": 505852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6763", "title": "[Effect of premedication and various anesthetics on intraocular pressure].", "content": "On the basis of investigations of the intraocular pressure in 172 patients the authors conclude that when choosing anesthetics and other drugs it is necessary to take into consideration their influence upon the intraocular pressure. In patients with high intraocular pressure the peridural anesthesia is expedient.", "contents": "[Effect of premedication and various anesthetics on intraocular pressure]. On the basis of investigations of the intraocular pressure in 172 patients the authors conclude that when choosing anesthetics and other drugs it is necessary to take into consideration their influence upon the intraocular pressure. In patients with high intraocular pressure the peridural anesthesia is expedient.", "PMID": 505856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6764", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of the morphological dissociation of coagulated blood reaction in mechanical jaundice of varying origin].", "content": "The authors report on the diagnostic value of the reaction of morphological dissociation of the coagulated blood, which, in addition to other clinico-rentgen-laboratory data, can be used as an additional and helpful hematological test for differential diagnosis in a mechanical jaundice of various geneses (obstructive jaundice, hepatocirrhosis, malignant tumors).", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of the morphological dissociation of coagulated blood reaction in mechanical jaundice of varying origin]. The authors report on the diagnostic value of the reaction of morphological dissociation of the coagulated blood, which, in addition to other clinico-rentgen-laboratory data, can be used as an additional and helpful hematological test for differential diagnosis in a mechanical jaundice of various geneses (obstructive jaundice, hepatocirrhosis, malignant tumors).", "PMID": 505866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6765", "title": "[Ways to decrease the number of diagnostic errors and to improve the treatment results in acute appendicitis].", "content": "The investigation of 2114 patients admitted for acute appendicitis has shown that after an examination by the surgeon and the blood and urine tests the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was rejected in 922 patients (43%). Out of 1192 patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis 183 patients (15,4%) did not confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis after additional examination and observation of the patients.", "contents": "[Ways to decrease the number of diagnostic errors and to improve the treatment results in acute appendicitis]. The investigation of 2114 patients admitted for acute appendicitis has shown that after an examination by the surgeon and the blood and urine tests the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was rejected in 922 patients (43%). Out of 1192 patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis 183 patients (15,4%) did not confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis after additional examination and observation of the patients.", "PMID": 505868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6766", "title": "[Rheoencephalography and the study of the pulsation of the cervical vascular network in the diagnosis of goiter and neck and mediastinal tumors].", "content": "The authors have applied rheography of the brain and sphygmography of the vessels of the neck and mediastinum for the diagnosis of compression of the neck vessels and organs in goiter and tumors of retrosternal and deep cervical localization. The methods allow to recognize stenosing of the vessels in early stages and facilitate the diagnosis of these conditions.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalography and the study of the pulsation of the cervical vascular network in the diagnosis of goiter and neck and mediastinal tumors]. The authors have applied rheography of the brain and sphygmography of the vessels of the neck and mediastinum for the diagnosis of compression of the neck vessels and organs in goiter and tumors of retrosternal and deep cervical localization. The methods allow to recognize stenosing of the vessels in early stages and facilitate the diagnosis of these conditions.", "PMID": 505872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6767", "title": "[Multiple primary stomach tumors].", "content": "The observations over 15 cases of primary multiple stomach tumors (1.93% of cases of stomach cancer) are presented in the article. The synchronous tumors were diagnosed in 5 patients, the metachronous ones--in 10. As a rule, the synchronous lesion of the stomach is recognized at the operation or at histological study of ablaed stomach. In metachronous evolution of tumors cancer of the stomach stump was found within the follow-up period--from 2 to 26 years. To choose the volume of a surgical intervention for cancer of the stomach, it is expedient to carry out the biopsy of the mucous membrane from various sites during gastroscopy. The patients, operated upon for cancer of the stomach, need an active follow-up without time limitation.", "contents": "[Multiple primary stomach tumors]. The observations over 15 cases of primary multiple stomach tumors (1.93% of cases of stomach cancer) are presented in the article. The synchronous tumors were diagnosed in 5 patients, the metachronous ones--in 10. As a rule, the synchronous lesion of the stomach is recognized at the operation or at histological study of ablaed stomach. In metachronous evolution of tumors cancer of the stomach stump was found within the follow-up period--from 2 to 26 years. To choose the volume of a surgical intervention for cancer of the stomach, it is expedient to carry out the biopsy of the mucous membrane from various sites during gastroscopy. The patients, operated upon for cancer of the stomach, need an active follow-up without time limitation.", "PMID": 505877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6768", "title": "[Use of large doses of hydrocortisone in the overall treatment of the victims of severe mechanical injury at the prehospitalization stage].", "content": "The combination of infusion preparations with large doses of hydrocortisone (15--20 mg/kg) is highly recommended for severe mechanical traumas at the prehospital period stage. In so doing, a less amount of infusion preparations is needed to combat a dangerous hypotension and the period of its noxious effect upon the organism shortens, as well. Besides, more favorable conditions for the transportation of the patient to hospital and for his further management are set up.", "contents": "[Use of large doses of hydrocortisone in the overall treatment of the victims of severe mechanical injury at the prehospitalization stage]. The combination of infusion preparations with large doses of hydrocortisone (15--20 mg/kg) is highly recommended for severe mechanical traumas at the prehospital period stage. In so doing, a less amount of infusion preparations is needed to combat a dangerous hypotension and the period of its noxious effect upon the organism shortens, as well. Besides, more favorable conditions for the transportation of the patient to hospital and for his further management are set up.", "PMID": 505878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6769", "title": "[Method of extrafocal osteosynthesis of compound fractures of the lower end of the radius].", "content": "The Ilizarov device was used for extrafocal osteosynthesis in complex fractures of the distal end of radius. With the aid of the device the bone fragments can be joined and kept in a correct position till a callus is formed. The mean time of fixation in the apparatus is equal to 21 days. In 114 patients 117 operations were performed. Good remote results were obtained in 73 of 99 patients (73,7%), satisfactory results in 25 (25,3%).", "contents": "[Method of extrafocal osteosynthesis of compound fractures of the lower end of the radius]. The Ilizarov device was used for extrafocal osteosynthesis in complex fractures of the distal end of radius. With the aid of the device the bone fragments can be joined and kept in a correct position till a callus is formed. The mean time of fixation in the apparatus is equal to 21 days. In 114 patients 117 operations were performed. Good remote results were obtained in 73 of 99 patients (73,7%), satisfactory results in 25 (25,3%).", "PMID": 505880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6770", "title": "[Conservative drainage of the pleural cavity in children].", "content": "New kinds of polyvinylchloride drains of the given shape providing their parietal position in the pleural cavity are proposed. It gives more complete expansion of the lung and excludes pressure upon it. The proposed method of the introduction of the given drains into the pleural cavity is not very injurying and provides tight closing of the injury canal around the drain. Drains of various diameters are used according to age groups of the patients. The use of the drains described allows to considerably decrease the number of complications in drainage.", "contents": "[Conservative drainage of the pleural cavity in children]. New kinds of polyvinylchloride drains of the given shape providing their parietal position in the pleural cavity are proposed. It gives more complete expansion of the lung and excludes pressure upon it. The proposed method of the introduction of the given drains into the pleural cavity is not very injurying and provides tight closing of the injury canal around the drain. Drains of various diameters are used according to age groups of the patients. The use of the drains described allows to considerably decrease the number of complications in drainage.", "PMID": 505885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6771", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia associated with canine distemper virus infection.", "content": "Eight dogs with severe neurologic signs, including seizures, had polioencephalomalacia of the pyriform cortex, Ammon's horn and deep structures in the temporal lobe. The polioencephalomalacia was considered to be a consequence of canine distemper virus infection based on clinical signs, typical inclusions, the demonstration of viral antigens in the lesions and of characteristic paramyxovirus nucleocapsids by electron microscopy. Little evidence for neuronal destruction by direct viral activity was found. Selective nerve cell necrosis was attributed to ischemia (vascular lesions and seizure induced consumptive anoxia) and immune mechanisms. The selective involvement of the rhinencephalic structures was thought to be related to the mode of entry and spread of the virus.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia associated with canine distemper virus infection. Eight dogs with severe neurologic signs, including seizures, had polioencephalomalacia of the pyriform cortex, Ammon's horn and deep structures in the temporal lobe. The polioencephalomalacia was considered to be a consequence of canine distemper virus infection based on clinical signs, typical inclusions, the demonstration of viral antigens in the lesions and of characteristic paramyxovirus nucleocapsids by electron microscopy. Little evidence for neuronal destruction by direct viral activity was found. Selective nerve cell necrosis was attributed to ischemia (vascular lesions and seizure induced consumptive anoxia) and immune mechanisms. The selective involvement of the rhinencephalic structures was thought to be related to the mode of entry and spread of the virus.", "PMID": 505890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6772", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia in the dog.", "content": "Disturbance of cerebral blood flow from causes such as meningitis, thromboembolic disease and atherosclerosis was considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia in 25 dogs. In dogs with polioencephalomalacia of undetermined cause, the distribution of lesions in neocortex and paleocortex suggested a change of neuronal metabolism secondary to cerebral anoxia/ischemia. Five dogs with canine distemper infection had bilateral necrosis of the hippocampus and pyriform cortex. Convulsions, central visual impairment and hemiparesis were the most prominent neurologic signs.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia in the dog. Disturbance of cerebral blood flow from causes such as meningitis, thromboembolic disease and atherosclerosis was considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia in 25 dogs. In dogs with polioencephalomalacia of undetermined cause, the distribution of lesions in neocortex and paleocortex suggested a change of neuronal metabolism secondary to cerebral anoxia/ischemia. Five dogs with canine distemper infection had bilateral necrosis of the hippocampus and pyriform cortex. Convulsions, central visual impairment and hemiparesis were the most prominent neurologic signs.", "PMID": 505891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6773", "title": "Lesions of spontaneous canine viral enteritis.", "content": "Spontaneous enteric disease characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and high mortality occurred in puppies from commercial kennels in three midwestern states. Microscopic lesions resembling those of panleukopenia in cats were seen in the intestines. The predominant features were necrosis of crypt epithelium, collapse or dilation of crypt lumina and villous atrophy. Viral particles morphologically resembling parvovirus were found in the feces by direct electron microscopy. The canine virus reacted with antibody to feline panleukopenia virus by immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescent antibody was used to detect virus in the crypt epithelium of affected dogs. Feline kidney cells inoculated with fecal preparations had cytopathic effect and positive fluorescence by fluorescent antibody technique.", "contents": "Lesions of spontaneous canine viral enteritis. Spontaneous enteric disease characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and high mortality occurred in puppies from commercial kennels in three midwestern states. Microscopic lesions resembling those of panleukopenia in cats were seen in the intestines. The predominant features were necrosis of crypt epithelium, collapse or dilation of crypt lumina and villous atrophy. Viral particles morphologically resembling parvovirus were found in the feces by direct electron microscopy. The canine virus reacted with antibody to feline panleukopenia virus by immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescent antibody was used to detect virus in the crypt epithelium of affected dogs. Feline kidney cells inoculated with fecal preparations had cytopathic effect and positive fluorescence by fluorescent antibody technique.", "PMID": 505892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6774", "title": "Feline anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. The neoplasm, which was locally invasive, was formed by groups of pleomorphic cells arranged in an endocrine-like pattern. The cells were found, spindle, fusiform or irregular; some were large and multinucleated with up to 50 nuclei. Metastases were in the lungs, pleura and regional lymph nodes. Microscopically, both thyroid glands were involved; areas of transition from a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma to an anaplastic form were seen.", "contents": "Feline anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. The neoplasm, which was locally invasive, was formed by groups of pleomorphic cells arranged in an endocrine-like pattern. The cells were found, spindle, fusiform or irregular; some were large and multinucleated with up to 50 nuclei. Metastases were in the lungs, pleura and regional lymph nodes. Microscopically, both thyroid glands were involved; areas of transition from a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma to an anaplastic form were seen.", "PMID": 505893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6775", "title": "Ultrastructure of canine urinary bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Luminal and intraepithelial asymmetric unit membrane plaques were found in the urinary bladder urothelium of normal dogs. Tight junctions were found only at the apical poles of the luminal cells. In four dogs with spontaneous urinary bladder carcinomas the asymmetric unit membrane plaques were replaced by symmetric unit membrane. In the neoplastic luminal cells the tight junctions were partially attenuated. Invasive and metastatic neoplastic cells had some tight junction at the stromal interface. Some gap junctions were seen in the normal urothelium but not in the neoplastic cells. The amount of desmosomes in the neoplastic cells varied according to their direction of differentiation (transitional, squamous or glandular).", "contents": "Ultrastructure of canine urinary bladder carcinoma. Luminal and intraepithelial asymmetric unit membrane plaques were found in the urinary bladder urothelium of normal dogs. Tight junctions were found only at the apical poles of the luminal cells. In four dogs with spontaneous urinary bladder carcinomas the asymmetric unit membrane plaques were replaced by symmetric unit membrane. In the neoplastic luminal cells the tight junctions were partially attenuated. Invasive and metastatic neoplastic cells had some tight junction at the stromal interface. Some gap junctions were seen in the normal urothelium but not in the neoplastic cells. The amount of desmosomes in the neoplastic cells varied according to their direction of differentiation (transitional, squamous or glandular).", "PMID": 505894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6776", "title": "Mycotoxicosis produced in swine by cultural products of an isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus. II. Clinicopathologic changes.", "content": "Rice culture of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus ochraceus was fed at a concentration of 25% to weanling pigs for 10 days. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage. Activities of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were increased in the urine but not in the serum. Serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine were high. Cellular and granular casts, blood, protein, and glucose were in the urine of pigs fed toxic diet. Serum concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- were unchanged, but concentrations of these electrolytes were reduced in the urine.", "contents": "Mycotoxicosis produced in swine by cultural products of an isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus. II. Clinicopathologic changes. Rice culture of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus ochraceus was fed at a concentration of 25% to weanling pigs for 10 days. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage. Activities of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were increased in the urine but not in the serum. Serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine were high. Cellular and granular casts, blood, protein, and glucose were in the urine of pigs fed toxic diet. Serum concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- were unchanged, but concentrations of these electrolytes were reduced in the urine.", "PMID": 505895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6777", "title": "Reversal by testosterone of atrophy of accessory genital glands of castrated male sheep. A histologic and morphometric study.", "content": "The histologic features of male accessory genital glands of entire sheep (group I), castrated sheep (group II), castrated sheep treated with 40 daily intramuscular injections of 50 milligrams testosterone propionate (group III), and castrated sheep treated with 600 milligrams testosterone propionate 72 hours before death (group IV) were compared. Sheep were castrated at 3 months old and all sheep were killed when 15 months old. Volume fractions of glandular tissue, intralobular fibromuscular tissue and perilobular fibromuscular tissue of the seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands fluctuated significantly (P less than 0.05) during postcastration atrophy and after repeated testosterone treatment. Atrophy in sheep in group II was least in the prostate but greatest in Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles and ampullae of vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicle plexi, whose cytons had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) degree of shrinkage, also were atrophied. After treatment with testosterone the postcastration atrophy of plexal neurons was almost reversed in sheep in group III. There also was hypertrophy of epithelial cells but the testosterone treatment failed to reduce to normal the fibromuscular volume fraction of the accessory genital glands. Testosterone propionate treatment of sheep in group IV failed to elicit appreciable morphologic changes. These results are compared with our previous findings on the content and uptake of zinc by the accessory genital glands. It is suggested that accumulation of zinc in the accessory genital glands of sheep is not necessarily closely linked to normal histologic appearance.", "contents": "Reversal by testosterone of atrophy of accessory genital glands of castrated male sheep. A histologic and morphometric study. The histologic features of male accessory genital glands of entire sheep (group I), castrated sheep (group II), castrated sheep treated with 40 daily intramuscular injections of 50 milligrams testosterone propionate (group III), and castrated sheep treated with 600 milligrams testosterone propionate 72 hours before death (group IV) were compared. Sheep were castrated at 3 months old and all sheep were killed when 15 months old. Volume fractions of glandular tissue, intralobular fibromuscular tissue and perilobular fibromuscular tissue of the seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands fluctuated significantly (P less than 0.05) during postcastration atrophy and after repeated testosterone treatment. Atrophy in sheep in group II was least in the prostate but greatest in Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles and ampullae of vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicle plexi, whose cytons had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) degree of shrinkage, also were atrophied. After treatment with testosterone the postcastration atrophy of plexal neurons was almost reversed in sheep in group III. There also was hypertrophy of epithelial cells but the testosterone treatment failed to reduce to normal the fibromuscular volume fraction of the accessory genital glands. Testosterone propionate treatment of sheep in group IV failed to elicit appreciable morphologic changes. These results are compared with our previous findings on the content and uptake of zinc by the accessory genital glands. It is suggested that accumulation of zinc in the accessory genital glands of sheep is not necessarily closely linked to normal histologic appearance.", "PMID": 505896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6778", "title": "A disc growth-inhibition test for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes.", "content": "A disc growth-INHIBITION (GI) test was developed for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. Tests with antisera against six spirochaetes, including two strains of T hyodysenteriae revealed four serological types among the six strains. The two strains of T hyodysenteriae represented one type. The test was specific in that there were no cross-reactions between the four types. Using antisera to two strains of T hyodysenteriae, it was possible to distinguish 11 strains isolated from cases of swine dysentery from nine other intestinal spirochaetes, seven from pigs, one from a cat and one from a chicken. The GI test seems to have potential as a simple, specific screening test for T hyodysenteriae.", "contents": "A disc growth-inhibition test for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. A disc growth-INHIBITION (GI) test was developed for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. Tests with antisera against six spirochaetes, including two strains of T hyodysenteriae revealed four serological types among the six strains. The two strains of T hyodysenteriae represented one type. The test was specific in that there were no cross-reactions between the four types. Using antisera to two strains of T hyodysenteriae, it was possible to distinguish 11 strains isolated from cases of swine dysentery from nine other intestinal spirochaetes, seven from pigs, one from a cat and one from a chicken. The GI test seems to have potential as a simple, specific screening test for T hyodysenteriae.", "PMID": 505906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6779", "title": "Surgical intervention to relieve dystocia in a python.", "content": "The surgical procedure adopted to remove non-riable eggs from the oviduct of a python, Python anchitae, is described. Recovery was satisfactory, although it was not possible to establish whether reproduction was impaired. Reasons for the type of anaesthesia used and the choice of incision made are given.", "contents": "Surgical intervention to relieve dystocia in a python. The surgical procedure adopted to remove non-riable eggs from the oviduct of a python, Python anchitae, is described. Recovery was satisfactory, although it was not possible to establish whether reproduction was impaired. Reasons for the type of anaesthesia used and the choice of incision made are given.", "PMID": 505907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6780", "title": "The irritancy of chlorhexidine gluconate in the genital tract of the mare.", "content": "Uterine irrigation was carried out in eight Welsh pony mares using 50 ml of chlorhexidine gluconate solution diluted to give active ingredient concentrations of 0.25 per cent to 2 per cent. Treatment was repeated up to twice in mares showing no adverse effects and irritancy of treatment judged on clinical symptoms and uterine biopsy. Results indicated the inadvisability of using a higher concentration than 0.25 per cent. Three daily applications of a diluted surgical scub solution containing 2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate to the penis of an arab stallion failed to produce symptoms or irritation. An in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration test performed with the contagious equine metritis organism confirmed its high sensitivity to both chlorhexidine gluconate preparations.", "contents": "The irritancy of chlorhexidine gluconate in the genital tract of the mare. Uterine irrigation was carried out in eight Welsh pony mares using 50 ml of chlorhexidine gluconate solution diluted to give active ingredient concentrations of 0.25 per cent to 2 per cent. Treatment was repeated up to twice in mares showing no adverse effects and irritancy of treatment judged on clinical symptoms and uterine biopsy. Results indicated the inadvisability of using a higher concentration than 0.25 per cent. Three daily applications of a diluted surgical scub solution containing 2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate to the penis of an arab stallion failed to produce symptoms or irritation. An in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration test performed with the contagious equine metritis organism confirmed its high sensitivity to both chlorhexidine gluconate preparations.", "PMID": 505917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6781", "title": "An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977.", "content": "A disease causing increased mortality and abortion in domestic animals during a 1977 epizootic in Egypt was identified as Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. The epizootic included extensive human involvement reflected clinically as either an acute febrile, ocular, encephalitic, or fatal haemorrhagic form of RVF disease. The virus was again isolated from humans and animals during a second RVF epizootic in the summer of 1978.", "contents": "An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977. A disease causing increased mortality and abortion in domestic animals during a 1977 epizootic in Egypt was identified as Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. The epizootic included extensive human involvement reflected clinically as either an acute febrile, ocular, encephalitic, or fatal haemorrhagic form of RVF disease. The virus was again isolated from humans and animals during a second RVF epizootic in the summer of 1978.", "PMID": 505918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6782", "title": "Acute immunoallergic hemolysis with acute renal failure induced by catechin.", "content": "A young woman, 25 years old, being treated for her veinous system with EucatexR (a drug including catechins) presented an acute intravascular hemolysis with an acute renal failure. The finding of anti-Eucatex and anti-catechins antibodies in the serum and on the red cells of the patient proved the immuno-allergic nature of this hemolysis. A renal biopsy showed lesions of acute tubular nephritis but no immune depots. The patient recovered after a treatment by hemodialysis.", "contents": "Acute immunoallergic hemolysis with acute renal failure induced by catechin. A young woman, 25 years old, being treated for her veinous system with EucatexR (a drug including catechins) presented an acute intravascular hemolysis with an acute renal failure. The finding of anti-Eucatex and anti-catechins antibodies in the serum and on the red cells of the patient proved the immuno-allergic nature of this hemolysis. A renal biopsy showed lesions of acute tubular nephritis but no immune depots. The patient recovered after a treatment by hemodialysis.", "PMID": 505923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6783", "title": "Paraquat poisoning: Experience of Poison Control Centers in France.", "content": "Seventy acute intoxications with paraquat have been collected in 11 out of the 17 French Poison Control Centers from 1970 to 1977. The main route of intoxication is oral ingestion and accounts for all the lethal cases (24). Accidental ingestion may be severe : 7 deaths out of 25 cases but suicidal intoxications have a more important morality rate : 17 deaths out of 22 cases. The addition of an emetic to the formulation of this herbicide will lower the severity of this acute poisoning and will be demonstrated by the survey of the next cases of paraquat poisoning.", "contents": "Paraquat poisoning: Experience of Poison Control Centers in France. Seventy acute intoxications with paraquat have been collected in 11 out of the 17 French Poison Control Centers from 1970 to 1977. The main route of intoxication is oral ingestion and accounts for all the lethal cases (24). Accidental ingestion may be severe : 7 deaths out of 25 cases but suicidal intoxications have a more important morality rate : 17 deaths out of 22 cases. The addition of an emetic to the formulation of this herbicide will lower the severity of this acute poisoning and will be demonstrated by the survey of the next cases of paraquat poisoning.", "PMID": 505929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6784", "title": "Selection of a high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup procedure for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fatty biological extracts.", "content": "Two different high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup methods, absorption chromatography and nonaqueous reversed-phase chromatography, were investigated and their respective adventages discussed. The first was performed on 5 cm silica and alumina columsn, while for the latter a 5 cm octadecylilica column was used. Optimum mobile phase moderator concentrations were selected in order to achieve complete separation between the most retained organochlorine pesticide (endosulfan sulfate) and lipids on absorption columns. Separation efficiency was controlled by monitoring the eluate at 205 nm. The specific application fields of the described approaches were indicated and their possibility to preclude extracts from up to mg of lipid substances proved.", "contents": "Selection of a high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup procedure for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fatty biological extracts. Two different high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup methods, absorption chromatography and nonaqueous reversed-phase chromatography, were investigated and their respective adventages discussed. The first was performed on 5 cm silica and alumina columsn, while for the latter a 5 cm octadecylilica column was used. Optimum mobile phase moderator concentrations were selected in order to achieve complete separation between the most retained organochlorine pesticide (endosulfan sulfate) and lipids on absorption columns. Separation efficiency was controlled by monitoring the eluate at 205 nm. The specific application fields of the described approaches were indicated and their possibility to preclude extracts from up to mg of lipid substances proved.", "PMID": 505944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6785", "title": "Determination of terbutaline in post mortem human tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative analysis of terbutaline in human tissues. Gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass fragmentography are used for selective and sensitive detection. A detection limit of 1.5 ng of the free drug per gram tissue is observed when 0.5 g of the dry tissue is used. No interference from the major metabolite, the sulphate conjugate of terbutaline, is found. Finally the method is applied to the post mortem tissues of two persons who used terbutaline frequently.", "contents": "Determination of terbutaline in post mortem human tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method is described for the quantitative analysis of terbutaline in human tissues. Gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass fragmentography are used for selective and sensitive detection. A detection limit of 1.5 ng of the free drug per gram tissue is observed when 0.5 g of the dry tissue is used. No interference from the major metabolite, the sulphate conjugate of terbutaline, is found. Finally the method is applied to the post mortem tissues of two persons who used terbutaline frequently.", "PMID": 505949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6786", "title": "EC-GLC determination of the herbicidal monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid mecoprop in tissues, urine and plasma after derivatization with pentafluorobenzylbromide.", "content": "An EC-GLC method for the determination of the systemic herbicide methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (meco prop), a monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid, in 0.5 gram of rabbit tissues and in one ml human urine and plasma, is presented. Monohalogenated chlorophenoxyalkyl acids can reach a high sensitivity for electron-capture detection as pentafluorbenzylester derivatives; so their minimum detectable amount is about 5 pg. A test-tube micro-extraction method for MCPP fromurine, plasma and homogenized tissues with benzene, after acidification with 2 N HC1, the derivatization the residue, and the column clean-up over silicagel, are described in detail. Results of recovery studies with variation-coefficient determination are given by analysis of spiked tissues liver and brain, urine and plasma using p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid (CPIB) as the internal standard. With this method other chlorophynoxyalkyl acid herbicides also can be determined in biological post-mortem material", "contents": "EC-GLC determination of the herbicidal monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid mecoprop in tissues, urine and plasma after derivatization with pentafluorobenzylbromide. An EC-GLC method for the determination of the systemic herbicide methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (meco prop), a monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid, in 0.5 gram of rabbit tissues and in one ml human urine and plasma, is presented. Monohalogenated chlorophenoxyalkyl acids can reach a high sensitivity for electron-capture detection as pentafluorbenzylester derivatives; so their minimum detectable amount is about 5 pg. A test-tube micro-extraction method for MCPP fromurine, plasma and homogenized tissues with benzene, after acidification with 2 N HC1, the derivatization the residue, and the column clean-up over silicagel, are described in detail. Results of recovery studies with variation-coefficient determination are given by analysis of spiked tissues liver and brain, urine and plasma using p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid (CPIB) as the internal standard. With this method other chlorophynoxyalkyl acid herbicides also can be determined in biological post-mortem material", "PMID": 505951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6787", "title": "Acute intoxication by phenformine hyperlactatemia reversible with extra-renal purification.", "content": "The authors report the observation of an acute intoxication with 25.5 g of metaformin, 2.5 g of phenobarbital and 12.5 g of belladonna extract in a 53 year-old diabetic patient having been treated with metformin for 5 years. The evolution was dominated by the association of a barbituric coma with an hyperlactatemia which reached 21 mmol/l during the 18th hour and normalized at the 36th hour thanks to an hemodialysis on polyacrilonitrile membrane, which was carried out for 24 hours. The biological evolution was determined in considering the barbitemia, lactacidemia and metforminemia rates. An hepatic biopsy made during the decrease of the hyperlactatemia enabled to consider histological lesions of steatosis and ultrastructural lesions of mitochondrial alteration, already described in the course of pathological hyperlactatemia.", "contents": "Acute intoxication by phenformine hyperlactatemia reversible with extra-renal purification. The authors report the observation of an acute intoxication with 25.5 g of metaformin, 2.5 g of phenobarbital and 12.5 g of belladonna extract in a 53 year-old diabetic patient having been treated with metformin for 5 years. The evolution was dominated by the association of a barbituric coma with an hyperlactatemia which reached 21 mmol/l during the 18th hour and normalized at the 36th hour thanks to an hemodialysis on polyacrilonitrile membrane, which was carried out for 24 hours. The biological evolution was determined in considering the barbitemia, lactacidemia and metforminemia rates. An hepatic biopsy made during the decrease of the hyperlactatemia enabled to consider histological lesions of steatosis and ultrastructural lesions of mitochondrial alteration, already described in the course of pathological hyperlactatemia.", "PMID": 505958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6788", "title": "Isolation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by means of XAD-columns and thin layer chromatography.", "content": "The potentials of XAD-columns for the isolation of quaternary ammonium compounds from aqueous media have been investigated. When adequate amounts of counter ions (perchlorate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate) were added to the aqueous sample, to the column pretreatment fluid and to the aqueous washing fluid, most quaternary compounds investigated were retained on the column and could be recovered by elution with methanol. Quantitation of decamethonium isolated in this way from urine samples could be performed on silicagel thin layer plates through visualization with iodine, followed by densitometric evaluation. Detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml. Recoveries at the 1 microgram/ml level were between 80-90% with variation coefficients of less than 10%.", "contents": "Isolation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by means of XAD-columns and thin layer chromatography. The potentials of XAD-columns for the isolation of quaternary ammonium compounds from aqueous media have been investigated. When adequate amounts of counter ions (perchlorate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate) were added to the aqueous sample, to the column pretreatment fluid and to the aqueous washing fluid, most quaternary compounds investigated were retained on the column and could be recovered by elution with methanol. Quantitation of decamethonium isolated in this way from urine samples could be performed on silicagel thin layer plates through visualization with iodine, followed by densitometric evaluation. Detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml. Recoveries at the 1 microgram/ml level were between 80-90% with variation coefficients of less than 10%.", "PMID": 505960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6789", "title": "2, 2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide, a sedative of new importance.", "content": "The introduction of prescription duty in the F.R. of Germany for bromo-ureas has led to a substitution by 2,2-diethyl-4-pentenamide in some common sedatives. Extraction of this drug and its main metabolite from biological material and detection by TLC and GLC is described. Concentrations is blood and urine are determined after therapeutic dosage and in cases of chronic and acute intoxications including monitoring. Post mortem levels in specimen and body fluids after suicides are reported.", "contents": "2, 2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide, a sedative of new importance. The introduction of prescription duty in the F.R. of Germany for bromo-ureas has led to a substitution by 2,2-diethyl-4-pentenamide in some common sedatives. Extraction of this drug and its main metabolite from biological material and detection by TLC and GLC is described. Concentrations is blood and urine are determined after therapeutic dosage and in cases of chronic and acute intoxications including monitoring. Post mortem levels in specimen and body fluids after suicides are reported.", "PMID": 505965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6790", "title": "Chloral hydrate poisoning: its mechanism and therapy.", "content": "Chloral hydrate is a dangerous hypnotic drug to prescribe. Lethal dose can be a small as 4 gm. Nowadays the effects on the circulatory system are most dangerous. Which metabolite is responsible remains to be investigated. Haemoperfusion seems to be best method of lowering plasma levels of the metabolites, although the clearance of trichloroacetic acid is considered lower than of trichloroethanol.", "contents": "Chloral hydrate poisoning: its mechanism and therapy. Chloral hydrate is a dangerous hypnotic drug to prescribe. Lethal dose can be a small as 4 gm. Nowadays the effects on the circulatory system are most dangerous. Which metabolite is responsible remains to be investigated. Haemoperfusion seems to be best method of lowering plasma levels of the metabolites, although the clearance of trichloroacetic acid is considered lower than of trichloroethanol.", "PMID": 505984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6791", "title": "The effects of physostigmine on amitriptyline induced cardiotoxicity in dogs.", "content": "When 0.5 mgs of physostigmine salicylate was injected intravenously into adult beagle dogs which had been severely poisoned with amitriptyline, a transient improvement in cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, intraventricular conduction and in the maximum rate of rise of arterial blood pressure (arterial dP/dT max.) was observed. These effects were maximal at 15-20 minutes after injection and had largely disappeared 30 to 35 minutes after the injection.", "contents": "The effects of physostigmine on amitriptyline induced cardiotoxicity in dogs. When 0.5 mgs of physostigmine salicylate was injected intravenously into adult beagle dogs which had been severely poisoned with amitriptyline, a transient improvement in cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, intraventricular conduction and in the maximum rate of rise of arterial blood pressure (arterial dP/dT max.) was observed. These effects were maximal at 15-20 minutes after injection and had largely disappeared 30 to 35 minutes after the injection.", "PMID": 505986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6792", "title": "Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning.", "content": "Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning in three persons is reported. Three hours after exposure, symptomatology began by chills, vomiting, diarrhea and chest pain. Two patients, respectively 67 and 77 year old, presented severe pulmonary edema, then neurological symptoms with tremor and coma. This toxic pulmonary edema, which entailed artificial ventilation, was followed in both cases by an acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis which led to death respectively after six and sixteen days. In the third case (a thirty eight year old patient) a skin rash, erythematous and pustuliform was observed. Analysis for total mercury by flameless atomic absorption showed very high mercury levels in blood and urine of the three patients. The effect of treatment by Dimercaptopropanol on renal excretion of mercury was studied. Optic and electron microscopy of the lung of the two patients who died showed the pulmonary changes of acute interstitial fibrosis.", "contents": "Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning. Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning in three persons is reported. Three hours after exposure, symptomatology began by chills, vomiting, diarrhea and chest pain. Two patients, respectively 67 and 77 year old, presented severe pulmonary edema, then neurological symptoms with tremor and coma. This toxic pulmonary edema, which entailed artificial ventilation, was followed in both cases by an acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis which led to death respectively after six and sixteen days. In the third case (a thirty eight year old patient) a skin rash, erythematous and pustuliform was observed. Analysis for total mercury by flameless atomic absorption showed very high mercury levels in blood and urine of the three patients. The effect of treatment by Dimercaptopropanol on renal excretion of mercury was studied. Optic and electron microscopy of the lung of the two patients who died showed the pulmonary changes of acute interstitial fibrosis.", "PMID": 505988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6793", "title": "Prussian blue in the treatment of thallium intoxication.", "content": "Five cases of severe thallium poisoning are presented. Dithizone treatment in one case resulted in worsening of the clinical signs with death of the patient. All the other patients, including a newborn baby with transplacentar intoxication, were successfully treated with Prussian Blue.", "contents": "Prussian blue in the treatment of thallium intoxication. Five cases of severe thallium poisoning are presented. Dithizone treatment in one case resulted in worsening of the clinical signs with death of the patient. All the other patients, including a newborn baby with transplacentar intoxication, were successfully treated with Prussian Blue.", "PMID": 505989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6794", "title": "Death from acute poisoning in man.", "content": "This retrospective study concerns the fatal cases of human poisoning which were collected by computer in the french Poison Control Centers. It involves 865 toxic deaths mainly suicides. The most frequent toxic substances which accounted for lethal cases were in order of importance : psychotropic and cardiotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants, digitalis, ajmaline), domestic products (caustics, carbon monoxide) and other chemicals (trichloroethylfene, paraquat, and organophosphates).", "contents": "Death from acute poisoning in man. This retrospective study concerns the fatal cases of human poisoning which were collected by computer in the french Poison Control Centers. It involves 865 toxic deaths mainly suicides. The most frequent toxic substances which accounted for lethal cases were in order of importance : psychotropic and cardiotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants, digitalis, ajmaline), domestic products (caustics, carbon monoxide) and other chemicals (trichloroethylfene, paraquat, and organophosphates).", "PMID": 505991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6795", "title": "An evaluation of the use of hemoperfusion in acute poisoning.", "content": "We considered the use of hemoperfusion in the treatment of severe intoxications frequently seen in the Netherlands, primarily involving barbiturates and especially Vesparax (a combination of secobarbital, brallobarbital and hydroxyzine HCl) overdoses. In about 60% of the cases in which hemoperfusion seemed indicated, at least one barbiturate was involved; in about 20%, a Vesparax poisoning was found. From the obtained results it has been proven that for an adapted evaluation of hemoperfusion, in most cases it is not sufficient to determine merely the pre- and post-perfusion plasma levels, but also plasma levels have to be monitored during perfusion at the in- and out-let of the hemoperfusion column. Using these data, clearances and the total amount of drug removed were calculated. A comparison has been made with the elimination by forced diuresis. In some cases plasma elimination half-life values during and after perfusion have been computed and compared.", "contents": "An evaluation of the use of hemoperfusion in acute poisoning. We considered the use of hemoperfusion in the treatment of severe intoxications frequently seen in the Netherlands, primarily involving barbiturates and especially Vesparax (a combination of secobarbital, brallobarbital and hydroxyzine HCl) overdoses. In about 60% of the cases in which hemoperfusion seemed indicated, at least one barbiturate was involved; in about 20%, a Vesparax poisoning was found. From the obtained results it has been proven that for an adapted evaluation of hemoperfusion, in most cases it is not sufficient to determine merely the pre- and post-perfusion plasma levels, but also plasma levels have to be monitored during perfusion at the in- and out-let of the hemoperfusion column. Using these data, clearances and the total amount of drug removed were calculated. A comparison has been made with the elimination by forced diuresis. In some cases plasma elimination half-life values during and after perfusion have been computed and compared.", "PMID": 505996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6796", "title": "Outline literature retrieval in poison control.", "content": "As for the systems to choose, we would advocate to start with only one, in order to learn perfectly a first retrieval language. TOXLINE, at the time being, is probably the best choice. EXCERPTA MEDICA, on the other hand, if it can be made more up-to-date, could become a very important competitor. As for the most recent literature, SCISEARCH is likely to remain unbeatable.", "contents": "Outline literature retrieval in poison control. As for the systems to choose, we would advocate to start with only one, in order to learn perfectly a first retrieval language. TOXLINE, at the time being, is probably the best choice. EXCERPTA MEDICA, on the other hand, if it can be made more up-to-date, could become a very important competitor. As for the most recent literature, SCISEARCH is likely to remain unbeatable.", "PMID": 505997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6797", "title": "An unusual case of carbamazepine poisoning with a near-fatal relapse after two days.", "content": "A severe case of carbamazepine is described in which the drug and its major metabolite were monitored by means of HPLC. After two days of treatment a dramatic rise in plasma concentration of carbamazepine and its metabolite was observed, accompanied by a relapse into deep coma, then followed by a rapid elimination of the drugs and complete recovery within 4 days. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena and potential therapeutic measures are being discussed.", "contents": "An unusual case of carbamazepine poisoning with a near-fatal relapse after two days. A severe case of carbamazepine is described in which the drug and its major metabolite were monitored by means of HPLC. After two days of treatment a dramatic rise in plasma concentration of carbamazepine and its metabolite was observed, accompanied by a relapse into deep coma, then followed by a rapid elimination of the drugs and complete recovery within 4 days. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena and potential therapeutic measures are being discussed.", "PMID": 506000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6798", "title": "[Metablism of DL-selenomethionine in growing chicks].", "content": "The experiments made use of growing male birds. They were given orally 4 muCi of 75Se per kg liveweight each under the form of DL-selenium-methionine, and were bled (via the wing vein) at fixed intervals. Studied was the radioactivity in the liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, brain, testes, femoral muscles, and breast bone. The amount of 75Se excreted through the feces and urine was examined at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour following the introduction of selenium-methionine. It was found that the resorption of 75Se-selenium-methionine through the digestive tract of birds as registered by the radioactivity of the blood was most intensive between the 3rd and the 6th hour, after which a decline was observed. Most intensive was the metabolism of selenium-methionine in the kidneys, spleen, testes, and pancreas, Comparatively lower is the metabolism of this agent in the breast bone and in the brain. Radioactivity of selenium-methionine was lowest in the femoral muscle. No substantial differences were established in its metabolism in the various organs and tissues studied at the 6th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour. As musch as 18.19 per cent of the introduced amount of selenium-methionine was excreted for 72 hours through the feces and urine.", "contents": "[Metablism of DL-selenomethionine in growing chicks]. The experiments made use of growing male birds. They were given orally 4 muCi of 75Se per kg liveweight each under the form of DL-selenium-methionine, and were bled (via the wing vein) at fixed intervals. Studied was the radioactivity in the liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, brain, testes, femoral muscles, and breast bone. The amount of 75Se excreted through the feces and urine was examined at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour following the introduction of selenium-methionine. It was found that the resorption of 75Se-selenium-methionine through the digestive tract of birds as registered by the radioactivity of the blood was most intensive between the 3rd and the 6th hour, after which a decline was observed. Most intensive was the metabolism of selenium-methionine in the kidneys, spleen, testes, and pancreas, Comparatively lower is the metabolism of this agent in the breast bone and in the brain. Radioactivity of selenium-methionine was lowest in the femoral muscle. No substantial differences were established in its metabolism in the various organs and tissues studied at the 6th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour. As musch as 18.19 per cent of the introduced amount of selenium-methionine was excreted for 72 hours through the feces and urine.", "PMID": 506058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6799", "title": "[Changes in the serum proteins and blood picture of cows suffering with chronic vesical hematuria].", "content": "Studies were carried out in a region where hematuria has been recorded. Examined were 79 cows--32 with macrohematuria, 23 with microhematuria, 22 with no deviations, and 2 with experimentally induced hematuria. op in the total proteins was found in the animals of the first group. A lowering trend was observed also of the percent content of albumins as well as a rising one of the total albumins in cows with chronic vesical hematuria, the rise of the globulin percent being chiefly due to changes in the gamma-globulin fraction. Pronounced erythropenia was likewise observed in such animals along with a drop of the hemoglobin content. No substantial changes, however, were established in the ratio of the individual leukocyte classes nor were there any visible deviations in the total leukocyte count.", "contents": "[Changes in the serum proteins and blood picture of cows suffering with chronic vesical hematuria]. Studies were carried out in a region where hematuria has been recorded. Examined were 79 cows--32 with macrohematuria, 23 with microhematuria, 22 with no deviations, and 2 with experimentally induced hematuria. op in the total proteins was found in the animals of the first group. A lowering trend was observed also of the percent content of albumins as well as a rising one of the total albumins in cows with chronic vesical hematuria, the rise of the globulin percent being chiefly due to changes in the gamma-globulin fraction. Pronounced erythropenia was likewise observed in such animals along with a drop of the hemoglobin content. No substantial changes, however, were established in the ratio of the individual leukocyte classes nor were there any visible deviations in the total leukocyte count.", "PMID": 506059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6800", "title": "[Serum sialic acid concentration in healthy cattle and cattle with bronchopneumonia].", "content": "Studied was the content of sialic acid in the blood serum of cattle at different age and in the conditions of bronchopneumonia. It was found that at birth the calves showed considerably higher values of sialic acid as against the adult normal animals. At the age of 15--30 days sialic acid in calves reached the level in adult animals. In diseased animals (bronchopneumonia and arthritis) sialic acid rose dependably. It is believed that this is the result of inflammatory and destructive processes as with intensive treatment the blood level of sialic acid drops to that in normal animals. The determination of sialic acid level in the blood serum is suggested as a routine method in veterinary medicine to control the general status and the recovery of animals.", "contents": "[Serum sialic acid concentration in healthy cattle and cattle with bronchopneumonia]. Studied was the content of sialic acid in the blood serum of cattle at different age and in the conditions of bronchopneumonia. It was found that at birth the calves showed considerably higher values of sialic acid as against the adult normal animals. At the age of 15--30 days sialic acid in calves reached the level in adult animals. In diseased animals (bronchopneumonia and arthritis) sialic acid rose dependably. It is believed that this is the result of inflammatory and destructive processes as with intensive treatment the blood level of sialic acid drops to that in normal animals. The determination of sialic acid level in the blood serum is suggested as a routine method in veterinary medicine to control the general status and the recovery of animals.", "PMID": 506060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6801", "title": "[Effect of the triazine herbicide herbazine-50 on the nitrate-nitrite concentration of corn].", "content": "Studied were the changes in the nitrate-nitrite content of maize grown on areas treated with herbazine-50 and artificial nitrogen fertilizers. The chemical analysis of various parts of the plant (stem. leaves, flowers and grains) revealed that the content of nitrates and nitrites was highest in the ears, and lowest in the leaves. Highest was also the content of nitrates and nitrites in all parts of the plant in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at the rate of 4 kg of a. i. per hectare as well as with artificial nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha), followed by maize obtained from areas where ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha were introduced only. Slightly lower amounts of nitrates and nitrites were found in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at 4 kg/ha only, and lowest was their content in maize from areas that were neither fertilized nor treated with herbazine-50.", "contents": "[Effect of the triazine herbicide herbazine-50 on the nitrate-nitrite concentration of corn]. Studied were the changes in the nitrate-nitrite content of maize grown on areas treated with herbazine-50 and artificial nitrogen fertilizers. The chemical analysis of various parts of the plant (stem. leaves, flowers and grains) revealed that the content of nitrates and nitrites was highest in the ears, and lowest in the leaves. Highest was also the content of nitrates and nitrites in all parts of the plant in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at the rate of 4 kg of a. i. per hectare as well as with artificial nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha), followed by maize obtained from areas where ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha were introduced only. Slightly lower amounts of nitrates and nitrites were found in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at 4 kg/ha only, and lowest was their content in maize from areas that were neither fertilized nor treated with herbazine-50.", "PMID": 506061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6802", "title": "[Conformational changes in the membranes of cells infected with Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "Studied were the conformational changes in the membranes of BHK cells infected with two ND virus strains varying in their virulence, by means of determining the binding sites in the membranes with the fluorchrome ANS. These changes set in immediately after the adsorption of the strongly virulent strain Petleshkov as well as from the second to fourth hour following the infection of the cells with the less virulent strain Rousseff. It is believed that such changes in the membranes of infected cells are due to the invasion of the virus into them, which is accompanied by fusion.", "contents": "[Conformational changes in the membranes of cells infected with Newcastle disease virus]. Studied were the conformational changes in the membranes of BHK cells infected with two ND virus strains varying in their virulence, by means of determining the binding sites in the membranes with the fluorchrome ANS. These changes set in immediately after the adsorption of the strongly virulent strain Petleshkov as well as from the second to fourth hour following the infection of the cells with the less virulent strain Rousseff. It is believed that such changes in the membranes of infected cells are due to the invasion of the virus into them, which is accompanied by fusion.", "PMID": 506062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6803", "title": "[Several pharmacokinetic studies on \"Farmakhim\" tylosin phosphate].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the resorption in the digestive tract the binding with the tissue elements, the dissemination within the body, and the residual amounts of tylosine \"Pharmachim\" phosphate and its pelleted drug formulation tylosine-200. It was found that tylosine-200 was well resorbed by the intestinal mucosa of pigs and birds, and was weakly and variably utilized by calves. The blood concentrations of tylosine-200 in pigs and birds in the first hours following treatment surpassed by 1 to 5 times those resulting from the administering of the analogous therapeutic formula Tylan AF 99 of the Elanco Firm. The tylosine phosphate was found to combine reversely with the tissue in birds and pigs. The quantitative indices of this process were used to specify the actual content of the antibiotic in the body. Experiments with birds and pigs revealed that the tylosine phosphate released from tylosine 220 pellets invaded to a virious extent organs, tissues, and fluids and passed through seroses, and the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers. It was excreted in substantial amounts with the urine and the bile. It was established that on the 5th day after the administration of the drug was discontinued the body of mammals and birds was practically free from the preparation. No differences in the distribution within the body and the retention were found between tylosine-200 and Tylan AF 99.", "contents": "[Several pharmacokinetic studies on \"Farmakhim\" tylosin phosphate]. Studies were carried out on the resorption in the digestive tract the binding with the tissue elements, the dissemination within the body, and the residual amounts of tylosine \"Pharmachim\" phosphate and its pelleted drug formulation tylosine-200. It was found that tylosine-200 was well resorbed by the intestinal mucosa of pigs and birds, and was weakly and variably utilized by calves. The blood concentrations of tylosine-200 in pigs and birds in the first hours following treatment surpassed by 1 to 5 times those resulting from the administering of the analogous therapeutic formula Tylan AF 99 of the Elanco Firm. The tylosine phosphate was found to combine reversely with the tissue in birds and pigs. The quantitative indices of this process were used to specify the actual content of the antibiotic in the body. Experiments with birds and pigs revealed that the tylosine phosphate released from tylosine 220 pellets invaded to a virious extent organs, tissues, and fluids and passed through seroses, and the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers. It was excreted in substantial amounts with the urine and the bile. It was established that on the 5th day after the administration of the drug was discontinued the body of mammals and birds was practically free from the preparation. No differences in the distribution within the body and the retention were found between tylosine-200 and Tylan AF 99.", "PMID": 506063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6804", "title": "[Clinical TNM classification of malignant soft tissue neoplasms].", "content": "A project for the classification of malignant soft tissue tumors according to the TNM system is suggested for a wide discussion. The classification takes into account the effect of some leading factors (histological type of a tumor, its size, the state of regional lymph nodes, the degree of the adjacent tissues infiltration) on the prognosis of this affection. Tumors staging is done through combining various grades of T, N, M criteria.", "contents": "[Clinical TNM classification of malignant soft tissue neoplasms]. A project for the classification of malignant soft tissue tumors according to the TNM system is suggested for a wide discussion. The classification takes into account the effect of some leading factors (histological type of a tumor, its size, the state of regional lymph nodes, the degree of the adjacent tissues infiltration) on the prognosis of this affection. Tumors staging is done through combining various grades of T, N, M criteria.", "PMID": 506173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6805", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of nodular fasciitis].", "content": "A clinico-morphological analysis of 32 observations of nodular fascitis enabled the recognition of a number of signs (a rapid growth, polymorphism of the cellular and structural content, infiltration of the adjacent tissues), which might simulate a malignant character of the lesion. Whereas the analysis also revealed some distinguishing features of soft tissue neoplasms resembling nodular fascitis.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of nodular fasciitis]. A clinico-morphological analysis of 32 observations of nodular fascitis enabled the recognition of a number of signs (a rapid growth, polymorphism of the cellular and structural content, infiltration of the adjacent tissues), which might simulate a malignant character of the lesion. Whereas the analysis also revealed some distinguishing features of soft tissue neoplasms resembling nodular fascitis.", "PMID": 506174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6806", "title": "[Radioisotope and biochemical methods in the study of exocrine function of the pancreas and small intestine at early periods after gastrectomy for cancer].", "content": "77 patients were examined during a period from 1 to 30 days following gastrectomy for cancer. Depression of the exocrine function of the pancreas was observed. The concentration of amylase, lipase and trypsin was found to be reduced during the first 5 days after the operation. Following 19-30 days the amylase concentration is restored, the lipolytic activity is enhanced, whereas the tryptic one remained considerably impaired. The small intestine functioning is markedly disturbed, the processes of hydrolysis and fat absorption suffering most of all; the protein absorption is changed but to a less extent.", "contents": "[Radioisotope and biochemical methods in the study of exocrine function of the pancreas and small intestine at early periods after gastrectomy for cancer]. 77 patients were examined during a period from 1 to 30 days following gastrectomy for cancer. Depression of the exocrine function of the pancreas was observed. The concentration of amylase, lipase and trypsin was found to be reduced during the first 5 days after the operation. Following 19-30 days the amylase concentration is restored, the lipolytic activity is enhanced, whereas the tryptic one remained considerably impaired. The small intestine functioning is markedly disturbed, the processes of hydrolysis and fat absorption suffering most of all; the protein absorption is changed but to a less extent.", "PMID": 506175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6807", "title": "[Polyposition hepatoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of liver metastases].", "content": "The examination of 308 patients with oncological lesions has shown that polyposition hepatoscintigraphy with a colloid solution Tc--99m improves the diagnosis of metastatic invasion of the liver by 17.8% compared with the routine one-projection hepatoscintigraphy. Some errors which are likely to arise in interpreting the lateral and posterior hepatoscintigrams are described.", "contents": "[Polyposition hepatoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of liver metastases]. The examination of 308 patients with oncological lesions has shown that polyposition hepatoscintigraphy with a colloid solution Tc--99m improves the diagnosis of metastatic invasion of the liver by 17.8% compared with the routine one-projection hepatoscintigraphy. Some errors which are likely to arise in interpreting the lateral and posterior hepatoscintigrams are described.", "PMID": 506176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6808", "title": "[Alkylating derivatives of 2-amino-2-desoxy-1,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-D-glucopyranose (synthesis and experimental study)].", "content": "The writers report the results of synthesis and experimental studies of 2-amino-2-desoxy-1, 3, 4, 6-tetraacetyl-D-glucopyranose derivatives acylated by n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl acetic acid (chlorophenacyl), n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl-N-acetyl-DL-alanine (acetylsarcolysin) and n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl-N-acetyl-DL-alanyl-DL-valine (acetylsarcolysin valine). Studies on the antitumor activity were carried out on mice with 8 different transplantable tumors. The addition of glucosamine to alkylating substances containing biologically active components was found to change their properties. The new type derivatives are watersoluble, show less molar toxicity and mainly high activity on plasmocytoma MOPC-406 (from 97% of the survival rate to 50% of cure).", "contents": "[Alkylating derivatives of 2-amino-2-desoxy-1,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-D-glucopyranose (synthesis and experimental study)]. The writers report the results of synthesis and experimental studies of 2-amino-2-desoxy-1, 3, 4, 6-tetraacetyl-D-glucopyranose derivatives acylated by n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl acetic acid (chlorophenacyl), n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl-N-acetyl-DL-alanine (acetylsarcolysin) and n-di-/2-chloroethyl/aminophenyl-N-acetyl-DL-alanyl-DL-valine (acetylsarcolysin valine). Studies on the antitumor activity were carried out on mice with 8 different transplantable tumors. The addition of glucosamine to alkylating substances containing biologically active components was found to change their properties. The new type derivatives are watersoluble, show less molar toxicity and mainly high activity on plasmocytoma MOPC-406 (from 97% of the survival rate to 50% of cure).", "PMID": 506177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6809", "title": "[Pathogenetic bases of oncologic risk].", "content": "Modern concepts on the etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors are reported, two basic links being distinguished-genetic factors and environmental factors--modifying ones. The specific weight of both factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of different oncological affections is varied. Based on the analysis of the modern concepts of the origin and development of a tumor the authors have elaborated a working scheme of selection of oncological risk groups among the population. The modifying factors being of primary importance for tumor growth are grouped by the authors into exogenous and endogenous ones. It is suggested to judge the degree of their manifestation in different individuals by the duration of their effect. The working scheme concerned may provide a logical basis for assessment of risk groups in various oncological lesions, but it needs some further verification in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic bases of oncologic risk]. Modern concepts on the etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors are reported, two basic links being distinguished-genetic factors and environmental factors--modifying ones. The specific weight of both factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of different oncological affections is varied. Based on the analysis of the modern concepts of the origin and development of a tumor the authors have elaborated a working scheme of selection of oncological risk groups among the population. The modifying factors being of primary importance for tumor growth are grouped by the authors into exogenous and endogenous ones. It is suggested to judge the degree of their manifestation in different individuals by the duration of their effect. The working scheme concerned may provide a logical basis for assessment of risk groups in various oncological lesions, but it needs some further verification in clinical practice.", "PMID": 506178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6810", "title": "[Transthoracic puncture in the diagnosis of peripheral cancer of the lung].", "content": "Transthoracic needle biopsy was performed in 134 patients with peripheral coin lesions of the lung. The mentioned technic is very valuable diagnostically and enables the precise diagnosis to be established in the vast majority of patients with coin lesions of the lung in the shortest time possible. Transthoracic needle biopsy, when performed properly, is not a hazardous procedure, that makes it possible to recommend this technic for diagnosing peripheral coin lesions of the lung.", "contents": "[Transthoracic puncture in the diagnosis of peripheral cancer of the lung]. Transthoracic needle biopsy was performed in 134 patients with peripheral coin lesions of the lung. The mentioned technic is very valuable diagnostically and enables the precise diagnosis to be established in the vast majority of patients with coin lesions of the lung in the shortest time possible. Transthoracic needle biopsy, when performed properly, is not a hazardous procedure, that makes it possible to recommend this technic for diagnosing peripheral coin lesions of the lung.", "PMID": 506179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6811", "title": "[Split-course radiotherapy of squamous cell cancer of the lung].", "content": "The results of a continuous (110 patients) and split course (117 patients) radiotherapy for inoperable central squamous cell cancer of the lung are reported. The study comprised only patients treated radically. A 3-year follow-up showed the following rate of survival in the first and second series: 1 year--52% and 54%, 2 years--29% and 26%, 3 years--18% and 14%, the average survival--16.4 months and 16.1 months correspondingly. However, the split course seems to be more advantageous, since it is better tolerated by patients and the radiation reaction is less pronounced.", "contents": "[Split-course radiotherapy of squamous cell cancer of the lung]. The results of a continuous (110 patients) and split course (117 patients) radiotherapy for inoperable central squamous cell cancer of the lung are reported. The study comprised only patients treated radically. A 3-year follow-up showed the following rate of survival in the first and second series: 1 year--52% and 54%, 2 years--29% and 26%, 3 years--18% and 14%, the average survival--16.4 months and 16.1 months correspondingly. However, the split course seems to be more advantageous, since it is better tolerated by patients and the radiation reaction is less pronounced.", "PMID": 506180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6812", "title": "[Risk groups as related to gastric cancer].", "content": "Under examination were the features of life, labour, habits, inheritance pattern, a type of diet, the course of the disease in 440 gastric cancer patients. The most typical and frequently observed factors were singled out. The material obtained was processed by an electronic computer. The informative value of the risk factors was checked by selection, using questionnaires of patients irrespective of the reason of their referring to the clinic. The age of patients over 40 and the character of work should become the basic indication for limiting the number of persons subject to a gastrological examination.", "contents": "[Risk groups as related to gastric cancer]. Under examination were the features of life, labour, habits, inheritance pattern, a type of diet, the course of the disease in 440 gastric cancer patients. The most typical and frequently observed factors were singled out. The material obtained was processed by an electronic computer. The informative value of the risk factors was checked by selection, using questionnaires of patients irrespective of the reason of their referring to the clinic. The age of patients over 40 and the character of work should become the basic indication for limiting the number of persons subject to a gastrological examination.", "PMID": 506181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6813", "title": "[Immunity indices in patients with cancer of the uterine body treated with 17-alpha-oxyprogesterone-capronate].", "content": "Based on the findings in 163 endometrial cancer patients, it is shown that following their treatment with 17-alpha-oxyprogesterone-capronate (17-OPC) there occur differential changes in some indices of the cell and humoral immunity: less frequent positive results of delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) with the tumor-associated antigen and more frequent ones with tuberculin; less number of positive responses of the Hougne microprecipitation reaction with tumor-associated and embryonal antigens. Simultaneously, the same patients show a reduced functional activity of immune lymphocytes -- RBT and RSFSR.", "contents": "[Immunity indices in patients with cancer of the uterine body treated with 17-alpha-oxyprogesterone-capronate]. Based on the findings in 163 endometrial cancer patients, it is shown that following their treatment with 17-alpha-oxyprogesterone-capronate (17-OPC) there occur differential changes in some indices of the cell and humoral immunity: less frequent positive results of delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) with the tumor-associated antigen and more frequent ones with tuberculin; less number of positive responses of the Hougne microprecipitation reaction with tumor-associated and embryonal antigens. Simultaneously, the same patients show a reduced functional activity of immune lymphocytes -- RBT and RSFSR.", "PMID": 506182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6814", "title": "[Late results of ilio-inguinal lymphadenectomy in melanoblastoma of the skin of lower limbs].", "content": "Under examination were 3--5--10 year results of ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy in 83 patients with skin melanoblastoma of the lower extremity. It is found that the status of inguinal and especially iliac lymphnodes is of primary importance for patients' survival. The latter were metastases involved in 24 cases (28.9%). Metastases may also develop in intact inguinal lymphnodes (in 4 cases). A 3-year survival, if one group of regional lymphnodes is involved (inguinal or iliac), is 20% lower than in the intact noes. With both groups of the nodes involved it is 4 times lower. A 5--10 year survival with involved inguinal nodes is 2 twice as low as with intact nodes. In iliac lymphnodes metastases there was no 5-year survival. Most poor results were noted in melanoblastoma located on the foot.", "contents": "[Late results of ilio-inguinal lymphadenectomy in melanoblastoma of the skin of lower limbs]. Under examination were 3--5--10 year results of ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy in 83 patients with skin melanoblastoma of the lower extremity. It is found that the status of inguinal and especially iliac lymphnodes is of primary importance for patients' survival. The latter were metastases involved in 24 cases (28.9%). Metastases may also develop in intact inguinal lymphnodes (in 4 cases). A 3-year survival, if one group of regional lymphnodes is involved (inguinal or iliac), is 20% lower than in the intact noes. With both groups of the nodes involved it is 4 times lower. A 5--10 year survival with involved inguinal nodes is 2 twice as low as with intact nodes. In iliac lymphnodes metastases there was no 5-year survival. Most poor results were noted in melanoblastoma located on the foot.", "PMID": 506183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6815", "title": "[Genome of defective interfering influenza virus particles: multiple reactivation of \"incomplete\" virus detectable by counting hemadsorbing cells].", "content": "Gel electrophoresis reveals additional segments of low molecular mass in RNA preparations of \"incomplete\" (produced by passages of undiluted material according to von Magnus) influenza virus which are lacking in RNA of the standard virus. When MDCK cells are inoculated with the \"incomplete\" virus, synthesis of virus-specific proteins is observed but the pattern of relationships between the intensity of the synthesis and multiplicity of infection is different from that of the standard virus. Quantitative determination of infectivity by counting of haemadsorbing cells demonston the dilution of the \"incomplete\" virus in contrast to the linear dependence in infection with the standard virus. Neither the virus-specific protein synthesis nor cell conversion into the haemadsorbing state can be due to the admixture of infectious particles in \"incomplete\" virus preparations and indicate an effect of the type of multiple activation of virus genome expression.", "contents": "[Genome of defective interfering influenza virus particles: multiple reactivation of \"incomplete\" virus detectable by counting hemadsorbing cells]. Gel electrophoresis reveals additional segments of low molecular mass in RNA preparations of \"incomplete\" (produced by passages of undiluted material according to von Magnus) influenza virus which are lacking in RNA of the standard virus. When MDCK cells are inoculated with the \"incomplete\" virus, synthesis of virus-specific proteins is observed but the pattern of relationships between the intensity of the synthesis and multiplicity of infection is different from that of the standard virus. Quantitative determination of infectivity by counting of haemadsorbing cells demonston the dilution of the \"incomplete\" virus in contrast to the linear dependence in infection with the standard virus. Neither the virus-specific protein synthesis nor cell conversion into the haemadsorbing state can be due to the admixture of infectious particles in \"incomplete\" virus preparations and indicate an effect of the type of multiple activation of virus genome expression.", "PMID": 506197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6816", "title": "[Influenza virus A/Anas acute/Maritime Territory/730/76(H3N2) isolated from wild ducks in the Maritime Territory].", "content": "A strain A/Anas acuta/Primorie/730/76 was isolated in the autumn of 1976 from wild pintails in the Primorskiy kray, USSR, and found by the H1 and neuraminidase activity inhibition test to be antigenically related to the reference A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain. The CFT showed the A/Anas acuta/Primorie/730/76 strain to contain in its hemagglutinin 3 antigenic determinants: two common with the A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain and one the strain-specific, lacking in the human influenza viruses of the H3N2 antigenic formula.", "contents": "[Influenza virus A/Anas acute/Maritime Territory/730/76(H3N2) isolated from wild ducks in the Maritime Territory]. A strain A/Anas acuta/Primorie/730/76 was isolated in the autumn of 1976 from wild pintails in the Primorskiy kray, USSR, and found by the H1 and neuraminidase activity inhibition test to be antigenically related to the reference A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain. The CFT showed the A/Anas acuta/Primorie/730/76 strain to contain in its hemagglutinin 3 antigenic determinants: two common with the A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain and one the strain-specific, lacking in the human influenza viruses of the H3N2 antigenic formula.", "PMID": 506200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6817", "title": "[Comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of the polypeptides from avian influenza viruses type A].", "content": "A comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of polypeptides of avian influenza viruses was carried out; molecular weights of polypeptides and their percent content were determined. Strains isolated from one host and possessing different hemagglutinin serotypes were found to have different electrophoregrams due to differences in the position of the light or heavy chain of hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinins (Hav7, Heq2, H3) and (Hav1, Heq1) in virions isolated from different hosts had similar electrophoretic mobilities of the heavy and particulary light chain. No significant variations in the molecular weights of NP and M proteins of all the viruses under study were found. No identity in the electrophoretic mobility and content of P1--P3 proteins in different strains of avian influenza virus was found.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of the polypeptides from avian influenza viruses type A]. A comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of polypeptides of avian influenza viruses was carried out; molecular weights of polypeptides and their percent content were determined. Strains isolated from one host and possessing different hemagglutinin serotypes were found to have different electrophoregrams due to differences in the position of the light or heavy chain of hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinins (Hav7, Heq2, H3) and (Hav1, Heq1) in virions isolated from different hosts had similar electrophoretic mobilities of the heavy and particulary light chain. No significant variations in the molecular weights of NP and M proteins of all the viruses under study were found. No identity in the electrophoretic mobility and content of P1--P3 proteins in different strains of avian influenza virus was found.", "PMID": 506203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6818", "title": "[Interrelationships between the interfering capacity of an \"incomplete\" virus and its infectivity].", "content": "A comparative analysis of UV inactivation curves of the interfering activity of \"incomplete\" influenza virus and infectivity showed certain differences in the structures responsible for these functions. All the data exclude the role of virus protein and virus-induced interferon of \"incomplete\" influenza virus and suggest that RNA is responsible for this interference. The size of the \"target\" of the \"incomplete\" virus interfering capacity calculated on the basis of sensitivity to UV-light is approximately 40 times as small as that of the \"target\" responsible for infectivity. The analogous pattern of UV inactivation in the standard influenza virus and the so-called Magnus virus suggests that in the latter the infectivity is due to the presence of complete virions in the preparation.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between the interfering capacity of an \"incomplete\" virus and its infectivity]. A comparative analysis of UV inactivation curves of the interfering activity of \"incomplete\" influenza virus and infectivity showed certain differences in the structures responsible for these functions. All the data exclude the role of virus protein and virus-induced interferon of \"incomplete\" influenza virus and suggest that RNA is responsible for this interference. The size of the \"target\" of the \"incomplete\" virus interfering capacity calculated on the basis of sensitivity to UV-light is approximately 40 times as small as that of the \"target\" responsible for infectivity. The analogous pattern of UV inactivation in the standard influenza virus and the so-called Magnus virus suggests that in the latter the infectivity is due to the presence of complete virions in the preparation.", "PMID": 506202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6819", "title": "[Characteristics of the structural organization and transcriptase activity of the influenza virus nucleoid].", "content": "The state of the secondary structure of RNA and proteins comprising nucleoids (cores) and RNP of influenza virus was evaluated comparatively. The identity of RNA conformation in these particles and differences from free RNA conformation due to less marked secondary structure were found. Core proteins were predominantly represented by the beta-framework, and RNP as an alpha-helix. The specific transcriptase activity of the core is significantly lower than RNP activity of influenza virus.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the structural organization and transcriptase activity of the influenza virus nucleoid]. The state of the secondary structure of RNA and proteins comprising nucleoids (cores) and RNP of influenza virus was evaluated comparatively. The identity of RNA conformation in these particles and differences from free RNA conformation due to less marked secondary structure were found. Core proteins were predominantly represented by the beta-framework, and RNP as an alpha-helix. The specific transcriptase activity of the core is significantly lower than RNP activity of influenza virus.", "PMID": 506199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6820", "title": "[Production of recombinants antigenically identical to influenza virus strains circulating in nature].", "content": "Recombination of a human influenza virus with an avian influenza virus produced a H2Nav2 recombinant with the antigenic properties analogous to those of avian influenza virus (H2Nav2) isolated from wild ducks in the Far East, USSR. Recombination of two avian influenza viruses yielded a recombinant H2N2, an antigenic analogues of influenza A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus which had started an epidemic of influenza in 1957.", "contents": "[Production of recombinants antigenically identical to influenza virus strains circulating in nature]. Recombination of a human influenza virus with an avian influenza virus produced a H2Nav2 recombinant with the antigenic properties analogous to those of avian influenza virus (H2Nav2) isolated from wild ducks in the Far East, USSR. Recombination of two avian influenza viruses yielded a recombinant H2N2, an antigenic analogues of influenza A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus which had started an epidemic of influenza in 1957.", "PMID": 506201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6821", "title": "Hypoglycemic coma with ketoacidosis in nondiabetic alcoholics.", "content": "Five nondiabetic, chronically alcoholic patients presented in a comatose state during a two month prospective study and were found to be ketoacidotic. All of the patients were men, 28 to 59 years old. The usual history was one of chronic heavy, daily alcohol consumption until one to three days before presentation, when persistent anorexia, abdominal distress, nausea and vomiting commenced, with abstention from food thereafter. The patients were found to be in hypoglycemic coma, with diaphoresis, tachypnea and tachycardia, and immediately awoke when intravenous infusion of glucose was started. Serum glucose ranged between 19 and 27 mg per dl, the average arterial pH was 7.19 and the mean anion gap was 25 mEq per liter. Reaction with Acetest tablets was positive for ketones in both serum and urine in three of the patients. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate was elevated in the four patients in whom it was measured. Lactic acidosis was not present. All patients were managed with prolonged intravenous infusions of glucose and saline solutions, and within 12 to 18 hours they were feeling well and findings on serum chemistry studies were normal. Follow-up after three months showed no repeated difficulties. The combination of alcoholic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic coma in nondiabetic persons has not been described in the literature as a clinical entity; it may, however, represent a common but unrecognized syndrome. Therefore, because of its potentially serious consequences and because treatment is simple and effective, this entity must be thought of in alcoholic patients with altered mental status.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic coma with ketoacidosis in nondiabetic alcoholics. Five nondiabetic, chronically alcoholic patients presented in a comatose state during a two month prospective study and were found to be ketoacidotic. All of the patients were men, 28 to 59 years old. The usual history was one of chronic heavy, daily alcohol consumption until one to three days before presentation, when persistent anorexia, abdominal distress, nausea and vomiting commenced, with abstention from food thereafter. The patients were found to be in hypoglycemic coma, with diaphoresis, tachypnea and tachycardia, and immediately awoke when intravenous infusion of glucose was started. Serum glucose ranged between 19 and 27 mg per dl, the average arterial pH was 7.19 and the mean anion gap was 25 mEq per liter. Reaction with Acetest tablets was positive for ketones in both serum and urine in three of the patients. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate was elevated in the four patients in whom it was measured. Lactic acidosis was not present. All patients were managed with prolonged intravenous infusions of glucose and saline solutions, and within 12 to 18 hours they were feeling well and findings on serum chemistry studies were normal. Follow-up after three months showed no repeated difficulties. The combination of alcoholic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic coma in nondiabetic persons has not been described in the literature as a clinical entity; it may, however, represent a common but unrecognized syndrome. Therefore, because of its potentially serious consequences and because treatment is simple and effective, this entity must be thought of in alcoholic patients with altered mental status.", "PMID": 506212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6822", "title": "Epidemiologic clues to the cause of melanoma.", "content": "An intensive search found that 146 cases of cutaneous or ocular melanoma had occurred among residents of Lane County, Oregon, from 1958 through 1972. Of these cases, 35 led to death. Countywide, increasing incidence rates were corroborated by increasing death rates for both sexes. Risk of disease was highest in a moist, flat residential area near the intersection of two rivers in the county's urban portion and in its agricultural area. The incidence pattern strongly suggested local cycles in subcounty units. Although overall melanoma risk was higher in urban areas, an apparent widespread rural epidemic was identified, beginning abruptly in 1965 and lasting several years. If similar geographic and temporal characteristics can be identified in other localities, the search for an etiologic agent could focus on a smaller range of possibilities.", "contents": "Epidemiologic clues to the cause of melanoma. An intensive search found that 146 cases of cutaneous or ocular melanoma had occurred among residents of Lane County, Oregon, from 1958 through 1972. Of these cases, 35 led to death. Countywide, increasing incidence rates were corroborated by increasing death rates for both sexes. Risk of disease was highest in a moist, flat residential area near the intersection of two rivers in the county's urban portion and in its agricultural area. The incidence pattern strongly suggested local cycles in subcounty units. Although overall melanoma risk was higher in urban areas, an apparent widespread rural epidemic was identified, beginning abruptly in 1965 and lasting several years. If similar geographic and temporal characteristics can be identified in other localities, the search for an etiologic agent could focus on a smaller range of possibilities.", "PMID": 506211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6823", "title": "[Persistence of the vaccinia virus and interferon production in the organs of vaccinated white mice].", "content": "Experiments in white mice vaccinated intradermally with live smallpox vaccine demonstrated penetration and long-term persistence of vaccinia virus in the spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and brain. In the same organs interferon was detected. After a certain period of time interferon was found in higher titers and for longer periods than in the blood of the animals which indicates its production directly in these organs.", "contents": "[Persistence of the vaccinia virus and interferon production in the organs of vaccinated white mice]. Experiments in white mice vaccinated intradermally with live smallpox vaccine demonstrated penetration and long-term persistence of vaccinia virus in the spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and brain. In the same organs interferon was detected. After a certain period of time interferon was found in higher titers and for longer periods than in the blood of the animals which indicates its production directly in these organs.", "PMID": 506205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6824", "title": "[Change in the nature of the persistence of alpha- and flaviviruses in the body of BALB/c strain mice with a mixed infection with leukovirus].", "content": "The features of pathogenesis of infection caused in adult Balb/c mice intraperitoneally infected with Sindbis virus, virulent or attenuated strains of West Nile (WN) virus, individually or in combination with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) were studied. The influence of the latter on the course of togavirus infections was characterized by 3 features: (a) different effects on the visceral and neural phases of the pathogenesis (increased period of viremia and virus reproduction in the viscera did not lead to stimulation of virus reproduction in the CNS); (b) changes in the time of togavirus persistence in the infectious form; (c) the dependence of the observed effect on the togavirus properties.", "contents": "[Change in the nature of the persistence of alpha- and flaviviruses in the body of BALB/c strain mice with a mixed infection with leukovirus]. The features of pathogenesis of infection caused in adult Balb/c mice intraperitoneally infected with Sindbis virus, virulent or attenuated strains of West Nile (WN) virus, individually or in combination with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) were studied. The influence of the latter on the course of togavirus infections was characterized by 3 features: (a) different effects on the visceral and neural phases of the pathogenesis (increased period of viremia and virus reproduction in the viscera did not lead to stimulation of virus reproduction in the CNS); (b) changes in the time of togavirus persistence in the infectious form; (c) the dependence of the observed effect on the togavirus properties.", "PMID": 506204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6825", "title": "[Fragmentation of the DNA of simian adenovirus type 38 by using restriction endonucleases].", "content": "The effect of restricting endonucleases Eco R I, BgI II and Sal I on simian adenovirus type 38 (SV-38) DNA was studied. Bgl II restrictase cleaves the virus DNA into 4 fragments, A, B, G, and D, with molecular weights 9.3 x 10(6), 3.3 x 10(6), and 2.9 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. After restriction with Eco R I and Sal I SV-38 DNA cleaves into 5 and 6 fragments, respectively. The molecular weights of Eco R I fragments are A--8.2 x 10(6), B--6.5 x 10(6), C--4.0 x 10(6), D--1.27 x 10(6), and of Sal I fragments: A--6.5 x 10(6), B--5.4 x 10(6), C--4.2 x 10(6), D--2.8 x 10(6), E--2.5 x 10(6), and F--0.25 x 10(6). By restriction of DNA-protein compex by means of partial DNA hydrolysis, combined Bgl II and Eco R I hydrolysis and secondary restriction of a fragment eluted from the agar gel, the alternation of Eco R I and Bgl II fragments in SV-38 genome was determined.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of the DNA of simian adenovirus type 38 by using restriction endonucleases]. The effect of restricting endonucleases Eco R I, BgI II and Sal I on simian adenovirus type 38 (SV-38) DNA was studied. Bgl II restrictase cleaves the virus DNA into 4 fragments, A, B, G, and D, with molecular weights 9.3 x 10(6), 3.3 x 10(6), and 2.9 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. After restriction with Eco R I and Sal I SV-38 DNA cleaves into 5 and 6 fragments, respectively. The molecular weights of Eco R I fragments are A--8.2 x 10(6), B--6.5 x 10(6), C--4.0 x 10(6), D--1.27 x 10(6), and of Sal I fragments: A--6.5 x 10(6), B--5.4 x 10(6), C--4.2 x 10(6), D--2.8 x 10(6), E--2.5 x 10(6), and F--0.25 x 10(6). By restriction of DNA-protein compex by means of partial DNA hydrolysis, combined Bgl II and Eco R I hydrolysis and secondary restriction of a fragment eluted from the agar gel, the alternation of Eco R I and Bgl II fragments in SV-38 genome was determined.", "PMID": 506208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6826", "title": "[Chronic measles neuroinfection in Syrian hamsters].", "content": "Measles neuroinfection was studied in 3-week Syrian hamsters inoculated intracerebrally with the neurovirulent Edmonston-42 strain of measles virus. The infectious virus was shown to be recoverable from the animals' brains both early after infection (up to 16 days) and at later intervals (28--63 days). At the same intervals (up to 69 days), measles antigen was demonstrated in brain impressions. All the animals under study had RNA-containing inclusions in some cells, slight cellular infiltrates and some oedema. Brains of a number of animals showed moderate inflammatory changes, dystrophic lesions in neurons, and microglial proliferation. The influence of the age and general resistance to the pattern of the course of measles neuroinfection in Syrian hamsters was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Chronic measles neuroinfection in Syrian hamsters]. Measles neuroinfection was studied in 3-week Syrian hamsters inoculated intracerebrally with the neurovirulent Edmonston-42 strain of measles virus. The infectious virus was shown to be recoverable from the animals' brains both early after infection (up to 16 days) and at later intervals (28--63 days). At the same intervals (up to 69 days), measles antigen was demonstrated in brain impressions. All the animals under study had RNA-containing inclusions in some cells, slight cellular infiltrates and some oedema. Brains of a number of animals showed moderate inflammatory changes, dystrophic lesions in neurons, and microglial proliferation. The influence of the age and general resistance to the pattern of the course of measles neuroinfection in Syrian hamsters was demonstrated.", "PMID": 506206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6827", "title": "[Differences in the properties of the interferons produced by the leukocytes of healthy persons and of cancer and leukemia patients].", "content": "In vitro production of interferon by blood leukocytes from patients with lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, cancer tumours, pneumonia, as well as by leukocytes of mice with Rauscher leukemia, and mice in the condition of hyporeactivity to interferon inducer was studied. Alongside with quantitative differences in interferon production, biological differences in the properties of interferons produced of normal and sick humans and animals were revealed. The biological differences consist in that the interferon produced by leukocytes from cancer and leukemia patients interacting with homologous cell culture is conducive to more rapid formation of resistance to the indicator virus than the interferon produced by normal leukocytes. Thus, resistance of the homologous cell culture to the infection with the indicator vesicular stomatitis virus developed within 1--2 hours after contact with leukocyte interferon from patients and only within 5--6 hours after contact with that of normal subjects. This finding is not specific for cancer and leukemia, as the same was observed with specimens from patients with pneumonia and from mice hyporeactive to interferon inducer. It is suggested that patients with cancer and leukemia have a state of interferon hyporeactivity.", "contents": "[Differences in the properties of the interferons produced by the leukocytes of healthy persons and of cancer and leukemia patients]. In vitro production of interferon by blood leukocytes from patients with lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, cancer tumours, pneumonia, as well as by leukocytes of mice with Rauscher leukemia, and mice in the condition of hyporeactivity to interferon inducer was studied. Alongside with quantitative differences in interferon production, biological differences in the properties of interferons produced of normal and sick humans and animals were revealed. The biological differences consist in that the interferon produced by leukocytes from cancer and leukemia patients interacting with homologous cell culture is conducive to more rapid formation of resistance to the indicator virus than the interferon produced by normal leukocytes. Thus, resistance of the homologous cell culture to the infection with the indicator vesicular stomatitis virus developed within 1--2 hours after contact with leukocyte interferon from patients and only within 5--6 hours after contact with that of normal subjects. This finding is not specific for cancer and leukemia, as the same was observed with specimens from patients with pneumonia and from mice hyporeactive to interferon inducer. It is suggested that patients with cancer and leukemia have a state of interferon hyporeactivity.", "PMID": 506207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6828", "title": "[Disorders in the murine chromosome apparatus induced by immunization with a complex of antiviral vaccines].", "content": "Immunization of mice with a number of live virus vaccines (poliovaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine) given consecutively at 14-day intervals resulted in increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of the animals after the completion of the entire vaccination course (14 and 30 days after the last vaccination). Measles vaccine and, particularly, smallpox vaccine exert a significant harmful effect on the karyotype of the bone marrow cells. The effect on the chromosomes of the vaccines given consecutively differs somewhat from the individual effect of each of them.", "contents": "[Disorders in the murine chromosome apparatus induced by immunization with a complex of antiviral vaccines]. Immunization of mice with a number of live virus vaccines (poliovaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine) given consecutively at 14-day intervals resulted in increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of the animals after the completion of the entire vaccination course (14 and 30 days after the last vaccination). Measles vaccine and, particularly, smallpox vaccine exert a significant harmful effect on the karyotype of the bone marrow cells. The effect on the chromosomes of the vaccines given consecutively differs somewhat from the individual effect of each of them.", "PMID": 506209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6829", "title": "Bacterial meningitis in Washington state.", "content": "During 1977 the state of Washington maintained a surveillance system for reporting cases of bacterial meningitis. Hemophilus influenzae meningitis was the most common etiologic agent causing bacterial meningitis. A high incidence rate for H. influenzae meningitis was found among American Indians less than five years ago. A focus of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis was found in Pierce County among military dependents or persons who had family members or relatives working or attending school with Fort Lewis Army Base personnel. Although relationships between the individual cases were not detected, the surveillance system continues to seek some association.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis in Washington state. During 1977 the state of Washington maintained a surveillance system for reporting cases of bacterial meningitis. Hemophilus influenzae meningitis was the most common etiologic agent causing bacterial meningitis. A high incidence rate for H. influenzae meningitis was found among American Indians less than five years ago. A focus of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis was found in Pierce County among military dependents or persons who had family members or relatives working or attending school with Fort Lewis Army Base personnel. Although relationships between the individual cases were not detected, the surveillance system continues to seek some association.", "PMID": 506227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6830", "title": "[Infarction of the spinal cord in the posterior spinal arterial supply area as a result of intervertebral disc embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "A female patient aged 49 developed an acute transverse lesion of the spinal cord from D11 downwards. Autopsy revealed spinal cord infarcts mainly in the dorsal parts corresponding to the posterior spinal arterial supply area, caused by multiple arterial and venous fibrocartilaginous emboli. This particular cause of spinal vascular syndrome has been reported previously only in 11 patients, all outside Austria. This case report serves to stress the poor clinical delineation of a distinct \"posterior spinal syndrome\". The source of the emboli is the intervertebral disc, mainly the nucleus pulposus. The spinal cord vessels are probably entered by the following route: extrusion of disc material into the venous bone marrow sinus (probably favoured by trauma or endocrine factors) yield basivertebral veins yield internal vertebral venous plexus; the spread is supported by blood stream changes caused by increased intraabdominal/intrathoracic pressure; there is also the possibility of direct penetration of disc material into the internal vertebral plexus, as demonstrated in dogs yield radicular veins yield meningeal and cord veins; sometimes entry occurs through arteriovenous shunts into cord arteries. The true incidence of this condition is unknown since cases are likely to be overlooked in the absence of extensive histopathological investigation.", "contents": "[Infarction of the spinal cord in the posterior spinal arterial supply area as a result of intervertebral disc embolism (author's transl)]. A female patient aged 49 developed an acute transverse lesion of the spinal cord from D11 downwards. Autopsy revealed spinal cord infarcts mainly in the dorsal parts corresponding to the posterior spinal arterial supply area, caused by multiple arterial and venous fibrocartilaginous emboli. This particular cause of spinal vascular syndrome has been reported previously only in 11 patients, all outside Austria. This case report serves to stress the poor clinical delineation of a distinct \"posterior spinal syndrome\". The source of the emboli is the intervertebral disc, mainly the nucleus pulposus. The spinal cord vessels are probably entered by the following route: extrusion of disc material into the venous bone marrow sinus (probably favoured by trauma or endocrine factors) yield basivertebral veins yield internal vertebral venous plexus; the spread is supported by blood stream changes caused by increased intraabdominal/intrathoracic pressure; there is also the possibility of direct penetration of disc material into the internal vertebral plexus, as demonstrated in dogs yield radicular veins yield meningeal and cord veins; sometimes entry occurs through arteriovenous shunts into cord arteries. The true incidence of this condition is unknown since cases are likely to be overlooked in the absence of extensive histopathological investigation.", "PMID": 506288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6831", "title": "[Occlusive cerebrovascular disease without angiographic evidence of stenosis of cerebral arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographs of patients suffering from transient ischaemic attacks and ischaemic strokes were reviewed. No clinical data were given to the examiners and their diagnoses were then compared with the case histories. In 33 out of 69 patients the angiographs showed no arterial stenosis in the area corresponding to the neurological deficit. However, in this group of patients the incidence of elongation and dilatation of the arteries was significantly higher than in the group with visible stenosis. Among the patients without visible stenoses there was also a significantly higher incidence of hypertension, especially with an elevation of the diastolic blood pressure, and of symptoms related to the brain stem. The possibility is discussed that a special form of occlusive cerebrovascular disease exists, whereby the characteristic angiographic features are not circumscribed stenoses, but a generalized elongation and dilatation of the arteries. Neurological deficits may be caused by occlusion of the minor cerebral vessels which cannot be detected by angiography.", "contents": "[Occlusive cerebrovascular disease without angiographic evidence of stenosis of cerebral arteries (author's transl)]. The angiographs of patients suffering from transient ischaemic attacks and ischaemic strokes were reviewed. No clinical data were given to the examiners and their diagnoses were then compared with the case histories. In 33 out of 69 patients the angiographs showed no arterial stenosis in the area corresponding to the neurological deficit. However, in this group of patients the incidence of elongation and dilatation of the arteries was significantly higher than in the group with visible stenosis. Among the patients without visible stenoses there was also a significantly higher incidence of hypertension, especially with an elevation of the diastolic blood pressure, and of symptoms related to the brain stem. The possibility is discussed that a special form of occlusive cerebrovascular disease exists, whereby the characteristic angiographic features are not circumscribed stenoses, but a generalized elongation and dilatation of the arteries. Neurological deficits may be caused by occlusion of the minor cerebral vessels which cannot be detected by angiography.", "PMID": 506289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6832", "title": "[Is enostosis frontalis a disease process? (author's transl)].", "content": "2851 radiodiagnostic examinations of the skull made in a psychiatric hospital between 1958 and 1977 were reviewed for enostosis frontalis. Out of 1398 female patients there were 125 cases of enostosis frontalis, whereas out of the 1453 male there were only 5. Hence, in females, this is a frequent condition (9%) and shows no correlation with manifest hormonal disease or any particular neuro-psychiatric disturbance. Enostosis frontalis in females can be considered to be an inconstant secondary sex characteristic. In male patients this condition is extremely rare (0.32%). The case histories of the male patients are reported. Endocrine disturbances, cerebral dysplasia and psychiatric disease in connection with mental retardation seem to be associated with enostosis frontalis in men.", "contents": "[Is enostosis frontalis a disease process? (author's transl)]. 2851 radiodiagnostic examinations of the skull made in a psychiatric hospital between 1958 and 1977 were reviewed for enostosis frontalis. Out of 1398 female patients there were 125 cases of enostosis frontalis, whereas out of the 1453 male there were only 5. Hence, in females, this is a frequent condition (9%) and shows no correlation with manifest hormonal disease or any particular neuro-psychiatric disturbance. Enostosis frontalis in females can be considered to be an inconstant secondary sex characteristic. In male patients this condition is extremely rare (0.32%). The case histories of the male patients are reported. Endocrine disturbances, cerebral dysplasia and psychiatric disease in connection with mental retardation seem to be associated with enostosis frontalis in men.", "PMID": 506290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6833", "title": "[Direct percutaneous carotid angiography with the Potts-Cournand cannula system (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for carotid angiography and the complications of this procedure are described. A report is given on the technique used in this department for direct percutaneous carotid angiography. A comparison of the PC cannula system in current use -- available in throw-away package form -- with the Buchtala cannula system shows a reduction in the incidence of intra/extramural contrast agent injections.", "contents": "[Direct percutaneous carotid angiography with the Potts-Cournand cannula system (author's transl)]. The indications for carotid angiography and the complications of this procedure are described. A report is given on the technique used in this department for direct percutaneous carotid angiography. A comparison of the PC cannula system in current use -- available in throw-away package form -- with the Buchtala cannula system shows a reduction in the incidence of intra/extramural contrast agent injections.", "PMID": 506291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6834", "title": "[Cervical incompetence after previous cervical dilatation and curettage (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a total of 3502 deliveries over a period of two years 254 patients (7.25%) had a surgical closure of the cervix according to Shirodkar because of cervical incompetence. All 3502 records were reviewed with regard to previous obstetrical and gynecological history. In the group with Shirodkar operation the percentage of women with a history of spontaneous or induced abortions was almost twice as high as in the comparison group. The reason for the development of cervical incompetence could be a trauma to the endocervix due to mechanical dilatation since diagnostic or therapeutic dilatation and curettage was found five times more often in women with Shirodkar operation than in patients without cervical incompetence. The results show that dilatation and curettage for any indication should be performed as carefully as possible, especially in younger women of childbearing age. Chemical dilatation of the endocervix--for example with prostaglandins--seems to be preferable to mechanical dilatation.", "contents": "[Cervical incompetence after previous cervical dilatation and curettage (author's transl)]. Out of a total of 3502 deliveries over a period of two years 254 patients (7.25%) had a surgical closure of the cervix according to Shirodkar because of cervical incompetence. All 3502 records were reviewed with regard to previous obstetrical and gynecological history. In the group with Shirodkar operation the percentage of women with a history of spontaneous or induced abortions was almost twice as high as in the comparison group. The reason for the development of cervical incompetence could be a trauma to the endocervix due to mechanical dilatation since diagnostic or therapeutic dilatation and curettage was found five times more often in women with Shirodkar operation than in patients without cervical incompetence. The results show that dilatation and curettage for any indication should be performed as carefully as possible, especially in younger women of childbearing age. Chemical dilatation of the endocervix--for example with prostaglandins--seems to be preferable to mechanical dilatation.", "PMID": 506292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6835", "title": "[Selective coronary angiography with jodamide (author's transl)].", "content": "In 188 coronary angiographies Jodamide was found to be a substance which resulted in good to excellent contrasts and is so the best basis for an exact evaluation. It caused a transient fall of heart rate and blood pressure. Changes of E.C.G. disappeared quickly. Severe disturbances of the heart rhythm didn't appear. Severe general reactions were seldom and never fatal. More frequently mild reactions occurred, but only in two cases a therapy was necessary. The results show that Jodamide is an excellent contrast medium for selective coronary angiography.", "contents": "[Selective coronary angiography with jodamide (author's transl)]. In 188 coronary angiographies Jodamide was found to be a substance which resulted in good to excellent contrasts and is so the best basis for an exact evaluation. It caused a transient fall of heart rate and blood pressure. Changes of E.C.G. disappeared quickly. Severe disturbances of the heart rhythm didn't appear. Severe general reactions were seldom and never fatal. More frequently mild reactions occurred, but only in two cases a therapy was necessary. The results show that Jodamide is an excellent contrast medium for selective coronary angiography.", "PMID": 506293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6836", "title": "[High dose gestagen therapy following primary radiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "By a high dose gestagen therapy following primary radiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma it was possible to reduce the recurrence-rate 12 months after therapy in comparison with a control-group without gestagen therapy by more than 50%. Therefore this method is recommended not only for treatment of far advanced carcinoma of the endometrium but also as prophylactic therapy in cases of early endometrium cancer.", "contents": "[High dose gestagen therapy following primary radiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)]. By a high dose gestagen therapy following primary radiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma it was possible to reduce the recurrence-rate 12 months after therapy in comparison with a control-group without gestagen therapy by more than 50%. Therefore this method is recommended not only for treatment of far advanced carcinoma of the endometrium but also as prophylactic therapy in cases of early endometrium cancer.", "PMID": 506294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6837", "title": "[Oxygen therapy by means of an oxygen concentrator (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen for therapy of chronically hypoxemic patients can be supplied by an oxygen concentrator (De Vilbiss, DeVO2). By these means longterm oxygen therapy can be carried out on a round-the-clock-basis without risk of hypercapnia and without the need of handling the refill of oxygen containers. 9 patients in severe respiratory failure were treated with 2 to 4 l/min from the concentrator through 4 hour 4 days. Serial bloodgas analyses showed marked improvement of hypoxemia in all patients and prevention of exercise-induced failure in one patient. The oxygen concentrator therefore is suitable for the home treatment of patients with severe hypoxemia.", "contents": "[Oxygen therapy by means of an oxygen concentrator (author's transl)]. Oxygen for therapy of chronically hypoxemic patients can be supplied by an oxygen concentrator (De Vilbiss, DeVO2). By these means longterm oxygen therapy can be carried out on a round-the-clock-basis without risk of hypercapnia and without the need of handling the refill of oxygen containers. 9 patients in severe respiratory failure were treated with 2 to 4 l/min from the concentrator through 4 hour 4 days. Serial bloodgas analyses showed marked improvement of hypoxemia in all patients and prevention of exercise-induced failure in one patient. The oxygen concentrator therefore is suitable for the home treatment of patients with severe hypoxemia.", "PMID": 506295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6838", "title": "[Meckel's diverticulum and its complications].", "content": "In the last 8 years 15 cases of Meckel's diverticulum were observed, 6 of them with complications: three times inflammation (with two perforations), each once invagination, incarceration and occult bleeding from carcinoids. All complicated and 7 bland diverticula were removed and the intestine oversewed. The postoperative course was normal. Two cases were not treated. Considering possible complications it is recommended to search for a Meckel's diverticulum at each uncomplicated appendectomy or inferior laparotomy and to remove it if found.", "contents": "[Meckel's diverticulum and its complications]. In the last 8 years 15 cases of Meckel's diverticulum were observed, 6 of them with complications: three times inflammation (with two perforations), each once invagination, incarceration and occult bleeding from carcinoids. All complicated and 7 bland diverticula were removed and the intestine oversewed. The postoperative course was normal. Two cases were not treated. Considering possible complications it is recommended to search for a Meckel's diverticulum at each uncomplicated appendectomy or inferior laparotomy and to remove it if found.", "PMID": 506296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6839", "title": "[Dynamics of the leukocyte migration inhibition test with HbS Ag during the acute phase of virus hepatitis b].", "content": "The authors analysed the dynamics of leukocytes migration inhibitory test and its prognostic aspects in 38 patient with viral hepatitis B. In the first group -- 19 patients with decreasing migration index in the first evaluation (mean value 0.44) it was observed the shorter time of the Hepatitis-BS-antigenemia with the normalisation of hepatic laboratory parameters in comparison to the second group -- 19 patients with normal migration index in the first examination (mean value 0.96). The authors discussed the prognostic meaning of leukocytes migration inhibitory test in the course of viral hepatitis type B.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the leukocyte migration inhibition test with HbS Ag during the acute phase of virus hepatitis b]. The authors analysed the dynamics of leukocytes migration inhibitory test and its prognostic aspects in 38 patient with viral hepatitis B. In the first group -- 19 patients with decreasing migration index in the first evaluation (mean value 0.44) it was observed the shorter time of the Hepatitis-BS-antigenemia with the normalisation of hepatic laboratory parameters in comparison to the second group -- 19 patients with normal migration index in the first examination (mean value 0.96). The authors discussed the prognostic meaning of leukocytes migration inhibitory test in the course of viral hepatitis type B.", "PMID": 506346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6840", "title": "[Prognosis of functional peripheral ischemias after partial body vibration].", "content": "In 125 patients with acknowledged occupational damage due to vibration the results of oscillography of two consecutive expertises were compared at intervals of three years. On the one hand it could be shown that at younger age (less than 50 years) an improvement in functional peripheral circulatory disorders is possible, but on the other hand with increasing interval from the exposition to vibration a downward tendency to deterioration of acral circulatory disorders can be observed.", "contents": "[Prognosis of functional peripheral ischemias after partial body vibration]. In 125 patients with acknowledged occupational damage due to vibration the results of oscillography of two consecutive expertises were compared at intervals of three years. On the one hand it could be shown that at younger age (less than 50 years) an improvement in functional peripheral circulatory disorders is possible, but on the other hand with increasing interval from the exposition to vibration a downward tendency to deterioration of acral circulatory disorders can be observed.", "PMID": 506347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6841", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics].", "content": "To test the influence of hypoxia upon the pulmonary gaseous exchange and the hemodynamics of the pulmonary circulation 12 healthy test-persons at the age from 33 to 47 years (mean = 36.7 years) were submitted to a pulmonary and cardiocirculatory basis-investigation with determination of VK, VE, VO2, VCO2, Hb, PO2A/a, PCO2A/a, pH, BE, HR, ECG, PVd, PAp, SV, HZV, RL. These investigations were followed by stress examination by means of the bicycle-ergometry in four rectangular steps under conditions of normoxia from 95.5 to 97.3 kPa, x = 96.5 kPa (716 to 730 torr, mean = 723.6 torr) and of hypobarohypoxia in a low-pressure chambre at 66.5 kPa (500 torr) each of 6 min duration. Under the influence of hypoxia a PO2a-decrease in the sense of partial insufficiency could be already observed at rest under conditions of a decreased alveolar oxygen-partial-pressure. At this simultaneously increases the CO2-exhalation. At the same time was found a significant increase of the systolic peripheric and the diastolic pulmonary-arterial pressure. At the increasing step-by-step ergometric employment under conditions of the hypoxia stress were growing significance evidence of different reactions of the pulmonary and cardiocirculatory parameters occurred.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics]. To test the influence of hypoxia upon the pulmonary gaseous exchange and the hemodynamics of the pulmonary circulation 12 healthy test-persons at the age from 33 to 47 years (mean = 36.7 years) were submitted to a pulmonary and cardiocirculatory basis-investigation with determination of VK, VE, VO2, VCO2, Hb, PO2A/a, PCO2A/a, pH, BE, HR, ECG, PVd, PAp, SV, HZV, RL. These investigations were followed by stress examination by means of the bicycle-ergometry in four rectangular steps under conditions of normoxia from 95.5 to 97.3 kPa, x = 96.5 kPa (716 to 730 torr, mean = 723.6 torr) and of hypobarohypoxia in a low-pressure chambre at 66.5 kPa (500 torr) each of 6 min duration. Under the influence of hypoxia a PO2a-decrease in the sense of partial insufficiency could be already observed at rest under conditions of a decreased alveolar oxygen-partial-pressure. At this simultaneously increases the CO2-exhalation. At the same time was found a significant increase of the systolic peripheric and the diastolic pulmonary-arterial pressure. At the increasing step-by-step ergometric employment under conditions of the hypoxia stress were growing significance evidence of different reactions of the pulmonary and cardiocirculatory parameters occurred.", "PMID": 506348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6842", "title": "[A pneumotest pilot study on the irritative stress on the respiratory tract of miners].", "content": "In 13 miners over a 3-week period series of measurements were carried out underground by means of the pneumotest-apparatus (V2/V1-ventilation parameter). The investigations have demonstrated that the mining exposition under conditions of the occupational limits does not lead to an impairment of the state of health.", "contents": "[A pneumotest pilot study on the irritative stress on the respiratory tract of miners]. In 13 miners over a 3-week period series of measurements were carried out underground by means of the pneumotest-apparatus (V2/V1-ventilation parameter). The investigations have demonstrated that the mining exposition under conditions of the occupational limits does not lead to an impairment of the state of health.", "PMID": 506350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6843", "title": "[The insulin test].", "content": "Since its introduction through Hollander 30 years ago the interpretation of the value of the insulin test following vagotomy have been discussed. For the individual patient no correlation between the incidence of ulcer recurrence and the result of the insulin test has been found. In addition, the risk of hypoglycemia seems to be too high for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, to evaluate the outcome after vagotomy basal acid output, pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion and endoscopy are emphasized as reliable methods.", "contents": "[The insulin test]. Since its introduction through Hollander 30 years ago the interpretation of the value of the insulin test following vagotomy have been discussed. For the individual patient no correlation between the incidence of ulcer recurrence and the result of the insulin test has been found. In addition, the risk of hypoglycemia seems to be too high for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, to evaluate the outcome after vagotomy basal acid output, pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion and endoscopy are emphasized as reliable methods.", "PMID": 506351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6844", "title": "[Morphologic alterations of the gastric mucosa following vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A progression in the development of gastritis is not observed following selective proximal vagotomy. Morphometrically, a moderate compensatory foveolar hyperplasia can be noticed in addition to a reduction of parietal cells. Paralleles can be found concerning the ultrastructural alterations of parietal cells following vagotomy or after anticholinergic treatment. They consist in an increase of lamellar osmiophilic bodies, reduction of tubulovesicles, a narrow canalicular lumen and sparse mitochondria. A few years after vagotomy, the parietal cells appear rather unstimulated. After vagotomy, numerous antral G-cells can be demonstrated, with ultrastructural features of increased secretory activity in correlation to raised plasma gastrin levels. This moderate G-cells hyperplasia may, however, already exist preoperatively with the duodenal ulcer. 5 years after vagotomy, there is no pronounced alteration concerning the number of granular or agranular vesicles inside the terminal axons. Experimentally, a degeneration of sympathetic nerves has been described a few days after vagotomy.", "contents": "[Morphologic alterations of the gastric mucosa following vagotomy (author's transl)]. A progression in the development of gastritis is not observed following selective proximal vagotomy. Morphometrically, a moderate compensatory foveolar hyperplasia can be noticed in addition to a reduction of parietal cells. Paralleles can be found concerning the ultrastructural alterations of parietal cells following vagotomy or after anticholinergic treatment. They consist in an increase of lamellar osmiophilic bodies, reduction of tubulovesicles, a narrow canalicular lumen and sparse mitochondria. A few years after vagotomy, the parietal cells appear rather unstimulated. After vagotomy, numerous antral G-cells can be demonstrated, with ultrastructural features of increased secretory activity in correlation to raised plasma gastrin levels. This moderate G-cells hyperplasia may, however, already exist preoperatively with the duodenal ulcer. 5 years after vagotomy, there is no pronounced alteration concerning the number of granular or agranular vesicles inside the terminal axons. Experimentally, a degeneration of sympathetic nerves has been described a few days after vagotomy.", "PMID": 506352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6845", "title": "[Vagotomy and serum gastrin levels (author's transl)].", "content": "Following selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) in duodenal ulcer patients basal acid output (BAO) and peak acid output (PAO) decrease by 79,3% and 41,8% respectively. Serum gastrin levels increase by 83% within the first five days after operation. Patients having had a SPV release evidently more gastrin after test meals as compared with the results before vagotomy. In consideration of the elevated praeoperative values insulin hypoglycaemia does not cause an augmented secretion of gastrin. There is no correlation between the fall in acid secretion and the increase in gastrin levels. Acidification of the gastric antrum (pH 2,0) did not influence the raised serum gastrin levels at the 10. day and one year after operation. There is a close correlation (r=0,94) between the percental increase in the basal gastrin concentration and the percental change of the vagal influence on the secretion of the parietal cell. It is postulated that together with the dissection of stimulating vagal fibres reaching the parietal cells other fibres are cut which cause an inhibition of gastrin release from the antral G-cells. Thus, the disinhibition of an oxyntopyloric reflex may account for the increase in serum gastrin levels after SPV.", "contents": "[Vagotomy and serum gastrin levels (author's transl)]. Following selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) in duodenal ulcer patients basal acid output (BAO) and peak acid output (PAO) decrease by 79,3% and 41,8% respectively. Serum gastrin levels increase by 83% within the first five days after operation. Patients having had a SPV release evidently more gastrin after test meals as compared with the results before vagotomy. In consideration of the elevated praeoperative values insulin hypoglycaemia does not cause an augmented secretion of gastrin. There is no correlation between the fall in acid secretion and the increase in gastrin levels. Acidification of the gastric antrum (pH 2,0) did not influence the raised serum gastrin levels at the 10. day and one year after operation. There is a close correlation (r=0,94) between the percental increase in the basal gastrin concentration and the percental change of the vagal influence on the secretion of the parietal cell. It is postulated that together with the dissection of stimulating vagal fibres reaching the parietal cells other fibres are cut which cause an inhibition of gastrin release from the antral G-cells. Thus, the disinhibition of an oxyntopyloric reflex may account for the increase in serum gastrin levels after SPV.", "PMID": 506353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6846", "title": "[Influence of truncal vagotomy on serum- GIP and glucose homeostasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Truncal and selective proximal vagotomy cause in an increase of basal GIP-levels. There was no difference between the postprandial GIP release before and after vagotomy. However after extragastric vagotomy in dogs postprandial GIP-levels showed a significant increase in comparison to intact animals.", "contents": "[Influence of truncal vagotomy on serum- GIP and glucose homeostasis (author's transl)]. Truncal and selective proximal vagotomy cause in an increase of basal GIP-levels. There was no difference between the postprandial GIP release before and after vagotomy. However after extragastric vagotomy in dogs postprandial GIP-levels showed a significant increase in comparison to intact animals.", "PMID": 506354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6847", "title": "[Release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or secretin after vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The question has been risen whether \"pancreatic polypeptide\" (PP) determination is a suitable index for a successful vagotomy. Three months after truncal vagotomy (TV) there was only a slight postprandial increase of PP levels whereas five years after TV a normal PP response was found compared to controls. Vagal induced PP release was completely abolished after TV. Selective proximal vagotomy did not influence vagal and food stimulated PP release significantly. It can be concluded that PP determination does not prove to be a suitable index for a successful vagotomy.", "contents": "[Release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or secretin after vagotomy (author's transl)]. The question has been risen whether \"pancreatic polypeptide\" (PP) determination is a suitable index for a successful vagotomy. Three months after truncal vagotomy (TV) there was only a slight postprandial increase of PP levels whereas five years after TV a normal PP response was found compared to controls. Vagal induced PP release was completely abolished after TV. Selective proximal vagotomy did not influence vagal and food stimulated PP release significantly. It can be concluded that PP determination does not prove to be a suitable index for a successful vagotomy.", "PMID": 506355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6848", "title": "[Vagotomy and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective proximal vagotomy does not influence the function of the cardia. Only high intrathoracic vagotomy results in a decrease of LES pressure. Esophagitis, which is found in a high percentage of preoperative duodenal ulcer patients, heals after SPV.", "contents": "[Vagotomy and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (author's transl)]. Selective proximal vagotomy does not influence the function of the cardia. Only high intrathoracic vagotomy results in a decrease of LES pressure. Esophagitis, which is found in a high percentage of preoperative duodenal ulcer patients, heals after SPV.", "PMID": 506356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6849", "title": "[Gastric motility after vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Ulcer disease cause a change of gastric emptying; in patients with gastric ulcer gastric emptying of a semisolid meal is delayed as well as in patients with stenosis in the pyloricregion; patients with an uncomplicated duodenal ulceration shows an accelerated gastric emptying. 2. Vagotomy results in relation to the type of vagotomy and to the degree of desection of anteral muscles a delay of gastric emptying of a semi solid and liquid food until over the 6th postoperative month. 3. After selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) the gastric emptying is also but shortly delayed. 4. There is a correlation between the disturbed gastric emptying after vagotomy and the altered absorption of glucose.", "contents": "[Gastric motility after vagotomy (author's transl)]. 1. Ulcer disease cause a change of gastric emptying; in patients with gastric ulcer gastric emptying of a semisolid meal is delayed as well as in patients with stenosis in the pyloricregion; patients with an uncomplicated duodenal ulceration shows an accelerated gastric emptying. 2. Vagotomy results in relation to the type of vagotomy and to the degree of desection of anteral muscles a delay of gastric emptying of a semi solid and liquid food until over the 6th postoperative month. 3. After selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) the gastric emptying is also but shortly delayed. 4. There is a correlation between the disturbed gastric emptying after vagotomy and the altered absorption of glucose.", "PMID": 506357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6850", "title": "[Duodenogastric reflux following vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Intragastric concentrations of bile acids, lysolecithin, 14C-bile acids, pH-value, bacterial growth and gastric mucosa histology were analysed in 47 patients following selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty. Without pyloroplasty there were normal amounts of lysolecithin, bile acids and 14C-marked bile acids. Following pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz and Jabouly) the reflux values were 2 to 4 times higher. This increase of reflux after pyloroplasty was only one fifth of that following gastric resection. Only 20% of the vagotomized stomachs showed a bacterial contamination, an atrophic gastritis could be observed in 20% of the pyloroplasty-patients. The results demonstrate, that in selective proximal vagotomy there is no, in combination with pyloroplasty only a slight reflux gastritis.", "contents": "[Duodenogastric reflux following vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty (author's transl)]. Intragastric concentrations of bile acids, lysolecithin, 14C-bile acids, pH-value, bacterial growth and gastric mucosa histology were analysed in 47 patients following selective proximal vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty. Without pyloroplasty there were normal amounts of lysolecithin, bile acids and 14C-marked bile acids. Following pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz and Jabouly) the reflux values were 2 to 4 times higher. This increase of reflux after pyloroplasty was only one fifth of that following gastric resection. Only 20% of the vagotomized stomachs showed a bacterial contamination, an atrophic gastritis could be observed in 20% of the pyloroplasty-patients. The results demonstrate, that in selective proximal vagotomy there is no, in combination with pyloroplasty only a slight reflux gastritis.", "PMID": 506358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6851", "title": "[Postvagotomy-diarrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "Postvagotomy-diarrhea, a troublesome complication of truncal vagotomy, seems to be caused by an increased concentration of bile acids reaching the colon due to intestinal hurry. Whether a dilatation of the gallbladder may contribute to bile acid malabsorption with its consequences of watery diarrhea cannot be decided at the moment. The beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine or aluminiumhydroxide-containing antacids supports the concept that postvagotomy-diarrhea is induced by bile acids.", "contents": "[Postvagotomy-diarrhea (author's transl)]. Postvagotomy-diarrhea, a troublesome complication of truncal vagotomy, seems to be caused by an increased concentration of bile acids reaching the colon due to intestinal hurry. Whether a dilatation of the gallbladder may contribute to bile acid malabsorption with its consequences of watery diarrhea cannot be decided at the moment. The beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine or aluminiumhydroxide-containing antacids supports the concept that postvagotomy-diarrhea is induced by bile acids.", "PMID": 506359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6852", "title": "[The histology of gastric mucosa in B II-stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "131 patients operated on for gastric ulcer according to Gillroth II were investigated with gastroscopy and biopsy. The histology of the gastric mucosa was correlated with the time elapsed since resection. In most cases gastritis shows no difference between anastomosis and stump. In up to 12% gastritis in the stump was more pronounced that at the anastomosis. In the stump any form of gastritis can be seen even more than 20 years afer resection. Atrophic changes are more often to be found in the resected stomach and develop more rapidly than in the normal stomach. They probably result from the coincidence of the lost protective function of the mucous membrane after resection of the gastrin-producing antrum with the potentially damaging action of the contents of small intestine.", "contents": "[The histology of gastric mucosa in B II-stomach (author's transl)]. 131 patients operated on for gastric ulcer according to Gillroth II were investigated with gastroscopy and biopsy. The histology of the gastric mucosa was correlated with the time elapsed since resection. In most cases gastritis shows no difference between anastomosis and stump. In up to 12% gastritis in the stump was more pronounced that at the anastomosis. In the stump any form of gastritis can be seen even more than 20 years afer resection. Atrophic changes are more often to be found in the resected stomach and develop more rapidly than in the normal stomach. They probably result from the coincidence of the lost protective function of the mucous membrane after resection of the gastrin-producing antrum with the potentially damaging action of the contents of small intestine.", "PMID": 506360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6853", "title": "[Coronary reserve, left ventricular function, and coronary risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction, but normal coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "In 5 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and previous myocardial infarction (left ventricular a- or dyscinesia), measurement of coronary reserve revealed normal values. On average, patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries were younger than patients with angiographically proven obstructive coronary lesions (p less than 0,001), and did not exhibit a rise in coronary risk factors. These results suggest that in some cases myocardial infarction is due to acute, completely reversible occlusion or severe stenosis of larger coronary arteries without morphological or functional defects of coronary arteries detectable later on.", "contents": "[Coronary reserve, left ventricular function, and coronary risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction, but normal coronary arteries (author's transl)]. In 5 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and previous myocardial infarction (left ventricular a- or dyscinesia), measurement of coronary reserve revealed normal values. On average, patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries were younger than patients with angiographically proven obstructive coronary lesions (p less than 0,001), and did not exhibit a rise in coronary risk factors. These results suggest that in some cases myocardial infarction is due to acute, completely reversible occlusion or severe stenosis of larger coronary arteries without morphological or functional defects of coronary arteries detectable later on.", "PMID": 506362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6854", "title": "[Echocardiographic determination of the severity of mitral stenosis by the mitral valve closure index (author's transl)].", "content": "In 34 patients with mitral stenosis or combined mitral valve disease class II, III or IV (NYHA), the mitral valve closure index (MVCI, Shiu et al. 1977), based on the rate of diastolic apposition of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflet echos, and the diastolic closure rate (EF-slope) were determined and compared with hemodynamic data such as mean left atrial pressure (PLA), mean diastolic pressure gradient across the stenotic valve (DP) and mitral valve orifice area (Q), calculated by the Gorlin formula. MVCI and EF-slope correlated more favorably with DP (MVCIr = -0.71, EF-sloper = -0.53) than with Q and PLA. The results were not different in patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation. Using MVCI or EF-slope thie discrimination between severe and moderate or between moderate and light mitral stenosis was uncertain. Nevertheless, MVCI below 30 was associated with light, above 50 with severe mitral stenosis. In spite of the relationship between MVCI or EF-slope and the severity of mitral stenosis, in the individual case an exact quantification of mitral stenosis is not possible due to the great variability of echocardiographic data. For the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis the mitral valve closure index is not superior to the EF-slope.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic determination of the severity of mitral stenosis by the mitral valve closure index (author's transl)]. In 34 patients with mitral stenosis or combined mitral valve disease class II, III or IV (NYHA), the mitral valve closure index (MVCI, Shiu et al. 1977), based on the rate of diastolic apposition of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflet echos, and the diastolic closure rate (EF-slope) were determined and compared with hemodynamic data such as mean left atrial pressure (PLA), mean diastolic pressure gradient across the stenotic valve (DP) and mitral valve orifice area (Q), calculated by the Gorlin formula. MVCI and EF-slope correlated more favorably with DP (MVCIr = -0.71, EF-sloper = -0.53) than with Q and PLA. The results were not different in patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation. Using MVCI or EF-slope thie discrimination between severe and moderate or between moderate and light mitral stenosis was uncertain. Nevertheless, MVCI below 30 was associated with light, above 50 with severe mitral stenosis. In spite of the relationship between MVCI or EF-slope and the severity of mitral stenosis, in the individual case an exact quantification of mitral stenosis is not possible due to the great variability of echocardiographic data. For the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis the mitral valve closure index is not superior to the EF-slope.", "PMID": 506363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6855", "title": "[Echocardiographic findings and function analysis of the left ventricle in infants with endocardial fibroelastosis (author's transl)].", "content": "7 infants with the clinical picture and the typical hemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings of endocardial fibroelastosis were studied echocardiographically. The echocardiograms were digitized and analyzed by the method of Gibson and Brown and compared with those of 8 normal infants. The echoes of EFE-patients showed a nearly twice as large LV-diameter. The mitral valve was displaced posteriorly, the septal motion in 4 of them abnormal. The shortening fraction was significantly reduced, the LPEP/LVET quotient increased. The comparison of LPEP with the Q to mitral valve closing interval revealed a considerable prolongation of isovolumetric contraction time. The result of computer analysis was a decrease of peak Vcf and maximum lengthening rate. The echocardiographic pattern is typical but not pathognomonic, it gives no prognostic information.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic findings and function analysis of the left ventricle in infants with endocardial fibroelastosis (author's transl)]. 7 infants with the clinical picture and the typical hemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings of endocardial fibroelastosis were studied echocardiographically. The echocardiograms were digitized and analyzed by the method of Gibson and Brown and compared with those of 8 normal infants. The echoes of EFE-patients showed a nearly twice as large LV-diameter. The mitral valve was displaced posteriorly, the septal motion in 4 of them abnormal. The shortening fraction was significantly reduced, the LPEP/LVET quotient increased. The comparison of LPEP with the Q to mitral valve closing interval revealed a considerable prolongation of isovolumetric contraction time. The result of computer analysis was a decrease of peak Vcf and maximum lengthening rate. The echocardiographic pattern is typical but not pathognomonic, it gives no prognostic information.", "PMID": 506364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6856", "title": "[Simultaneous measurement of indirect (Doppler-ultrasonic-technique) and direct arterial systolic blood pressure of the human radial artery (author's transl)].", "content": "At 28 subjects without arterial occlusive disease, the systolic blood pressure of the radial artery was recorded simultaneously by means of the Doppler Ultrasonic Auscultatory Method (Doppler Ultrasonic Wall Motion Technique) and by intraarterial needle and strain-gauge manometer, and the results were compared. In the overall collective the mean values of the systolic pressure were nearly identical (139.6 and 139.7 mm Hg). This applies also to the standard deviation (+/- 19,9 and +/- 19,4). The correlation coefficient was 0.90. These results point to the validity of the indirect measurement of the peripheral systolic pressure by means of the Ultrasonic Doppler Technique. However, there must be taken into consideration that in a particular case there can arise a larger deviation at normal arteria. Possibilities of technical errors at the blood pressure recorded by intraarterial needle and strain-gauge manometer as well as on determining the blood pressure with compression method will be considered. It is concluded that Doppler Method provides a sensitive and accurate noninvasive approach for measurement of peripheral systolic arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Simultaneous measurement of indirect (Doppler-ultrasonic-technique) and direct arterial systolic blood pressure of the human radial artery (author's transl)]. At 28 subjects without arterial occlusive disease, the systolic blood pressure of the radial artery was recorded simultaneously by means of the Doppler Ultrasonic Auscultatory Method (Doppler Ultrasonic Wall Motion Technique) and by intraarterial needle and strain-gauge manometer, and the results were compared. In the overall collective the mean values of the systolic pressure were nearly identical (139.6 and 139.7 mm Hg). This applies also to the standard deviation (+/- 19,9 and +/- 19,4). The correlation coefficient was 0.90. These results point to the validity of the indirect measurement of the peripheral systolic pressure by means of the Ultrasonic Doppler Technique. However, there must be taken into consideration that in a particular case there can arise a larger deviation at normal arteria. Possibilities of technical errors at the blood pressure recorded by intraarterial needle and strain-gauge manometer as well as on determining the blood pressure with compression method will be considered. It is concluded that Doppler Method provides a sensitive and accurate noninvasive approach for measurement of peripheral systolic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 506365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6857", "title": "[Treatment of a severe temporary heart arrhythmia by transvenous pacing in a neonate (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of the treatment of a neonate with bradycardia (cardiac dysrhythmia) with an external transvenous pacemaker. At the age of 19 days the child developed repeated and critical dysrhythmias which made intubation and artificial respiration necessary. Conservative therapy attempts were without success. A stimulation-catheter was inserted through the internal jugularis vein and an external Demand-pacemaker connected to it. The stimulation-catheter was disconnected after 12 days with the complete cessation of the initial frequent bradycardia episodes. The cause of the cardiac dysrhythmia could not be clearly found. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome and Phase-IV block are being discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of a severe temporary heart arrhythmia by transvenous pacing in a neonate (author's transl)]. Report of the treatment of a neonate with bradycardia (cardiac dysrhythmia) with an external transvenous pacemaker. At the age of 19 days the child developed repeated and critical dysrhythmias which made intubation and artificial respiration necessary. Conservative therapy attempts were without success. A stimulation-catheter was inserted through the internal jugularis vein and an external Demand-pacemaker connected to it. The stimulation-catheter was disconnected after 12 days with the complete cessation of the initial frequent bradycardia episodes. The cause of the cardiac dysrhythmia could not be clearly found. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome and Phase-IV block are being discussed.", "PMID": 506366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6858", "title": "[The relative ejection time under different conditions of cardiac stress and in aortic valve disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 51 healthy young people the carotid arterial pulse wave was registered externally during bicycle-exercise in a lying position. The ejection time in relation to the duration of diastole (not pulse period or heart rate!) increased significantly. These results are compared with measurements made by Schulz (15) who found normal ejection times in tachycardia provoked by pacer-stimulation and shortened values during isoproterenol-induced tachycardia. Women have longer ejection times than men especially under physical stress. In 18 patients suffering from aortic insufficiency, ejection times were slightly prolonged and in 28 patients who had a systolic pressure gradient of more than 20 mm Hg between the left ventricle and the aorta ejection times were markedly prolonged. There is also a significant positive correlation between ejection time and pressure gradient. The authors consider that the autonomic innervation plays an important role in the duration of ejection time in normal subjects while in patients with aortic heart disease the ejection time is predominantly influenced by mechanical factors. For the diagnosis of the severity of aortic stenosis measurements of ejection time are only useful in connection with other clinical parameters (pulse pressure, creast time of the arterial pulse wave).", "contents": "[The relative ejection time under different conditions of cardiac stress and in aortic valve disease (author's transl)]. In 51 healthy young people the carotid arterial pulse wave was registered externally during bicycle-exercise in a lying position. The ejection time in relation to the duration of diastole (not pulse period or heart rate!) increased significantly. These results are compared with measurements made by Schulz (15) who found normal ejection times in tachycardia provoked by pacer-stimulation and shortened values during isoproterenol-induced tachycardia. Women have longer ejection times than men especially under physical stress. In 18 patients suffering from aortic insufficiency, ejection times were slightly prolonged and in 28 patients who had a systolic pressure gradient of more than 20 mm Hg between the left ventricle and the aorta ejection times were markedly prolonged. There is also a significant positive correlation between ejection time and pressure gradient. The authors consider that the autonomic innervation plays an important role in the duration of ejection time in normal subjects while in patients with aortic heart disease the ejection time is predominantly influenced by mechanical factors. For the diagnosis of the severity of aortic stenosis measurements of ejection time are only useful in connection with other clinical parameters (pulse pressure, creast time of the arterial pulse wave).", "PMID": 506367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6859", "title": "[Psychological aspects of the situation of widows/widowers].", "content": "It is argued that role-theory partly accounts for the neglect of the situation of the widowed within gerontological research. A selection of some important aspects of empirical evidence concerning the Anglo-American scientific research on the widowed is discussed; these are; --the time of mourning --the importance of sex differences --the importance of age --the significance of \"anticipation\" --\"life styles\" of widows.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of the situation of widows/widowers]. It is argued that role-theory partly accounts for the neglect of the situation of the widowed within gerontological research. A selection of some important aspects of empirical evidence concerning the Anglo-American scientific research on the widowed is discussed; these are; --the time of mourning --the importance of sex differences --the importance of age --the significance of \"anticipation\" --\"life styles\" of widows.", "PMID": 506369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6860", "title": "[Sociological aspects of widowhood].", "content": "The process to become a widow or a widower and the analysis of the social situation of widowed persons is getting an increasing attention in gerontology. Of special concern are older widows, who have quite a time to live. Hereby are their situation within their family-life cycle and the event of the spouse's death especially analyzed. The overtaking of the role as a widow is much dependent of capacities which are learned in an earlier life span. Many widows have problems in newly learning role elements which are traditional dominated by men. Concerning loneliness and social contacts of older widows, different studies show only few widows much lonely and an only small reduction of social contacts after becoming a widow.", "contents": "[Sociological aspects of widowhood]. The process to become a widow or a widower and the analysis of the social situation of widowed persons is getting an increasing attention in gerontology. Of special concern are older widows, who have quite a time to live. Hereby are their situation within their family-life cycle and the event of the spouse's death especially analyzed. The overtaking of the role as a widow is much dependent of capacities which are learned in an earlier life span. Many widows have problems in newly learning role elements which are traditional dominated by men. Concerning loneliness and social contacts of older widows, different studies show only few widows much lonely and an only small reduction of social contacts after becoming a widow.", "PMID": 506368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6861", "title": "[Requirements for security for widows according to their needs. Remarks on the discussion on dependents' allowance in West Germany].", "content": "The article is concerned with the present regulations of the old-age-pension for widows. At first the author discusses the legislator's assumptions of different financial needs between widows and widowers. Thereby he considers the last decision of the West German Bundesverfassungsgericht on the rate of the old-age-pension for widows (June 1978). New researches on the consumption of aged people give reason to criticise the present financial regulation, which places 60% of the deceased husband's old-age-pension at the widow's disposal. This is confirmed by new consumer data of the West German Statistisches Bundesamt as well as by the results of an empirical research study on the consumer behavior of aged people, carried out by the Institut f\u00fcr Sozialforschung und Gesellschaftspolitik, Cologne. The main interest is to show the consequences of different financial regulations for widows and widowers on their consumer behavior. In this context the article deals especially with the attitudes of aged people towards the differences in the survivor's pension and with the process of economical adaption after the death of the husband.", "contents": "[Requirements for security for widows according to their needs. Remarks on the discussion on dependents' allowance in West Germany]. The article is concerned with the present regulations of the old-age-pension for widows. At first the author discusses the legislator's assumptions of different financial needs between widows and widowers. Thereby he considers the last decision of the West German Bundesverfassungsgericht on the rate of the old-age-pension for widows (June 1978). New researches on the consumption of aged people give reason to criticise the present financial regulation, which places 60% of the deceased husband's old-age-pension at the widow's disposal. This is confirmed by new consumer data of the West German Statistisches Bundesamt as well as by the results of an empirical research study on the consumer behavior of aged people, carried out by the Institut f\u00fcr Sozialforschung und Gesellschaftspolitik, Cologne. The main interest is to show the consequences of different financial regulations for widows and widowers on their consumer behavior. In this context the article deals especially with the attitudes of aged people towards the differences in the survivor's pension and with the process of economical adaption after the death of the husband.", "PMID": 506372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6862", "title": "[Widowhood from the perspective of the theory of learned helplessness].", "content": "Applying Seligman's theory of learned helplessness to the situation of the widowed means that the spouse's death and the resulting events may be seen as incidents which are not under the influence of the living partner. Therefore widowed persons will show the helplessness which Seligman described and the motivational, cognitive, and affective consequences--at least when these persons could hardly control their living conditions before. A secondary analysis (survey on 65 to 85 year-olds) which could not use all relevant variables delivers results in agreement with the hypotheses.", "contents": "[Widowhood from the perspective of the theory of learned helplessness]. Applying Seligman's theory of learned helplessness to the situation of the widowed means that the spouse's death and the resulting events may be seen as incidents which are not under the influence of the living partner. Therefore widowed persons will show the helplessness which Seligman described and the motivational, cognitive, and affective consequences--at least when these persons could hardly control their living conditions before. A secondary analysis (survey on 65 to 85 year-olds) which could not use all relevant variables delivers results in agreement with the hypotheses.", "PMID": 506373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6863", "title": "[Economic situation of widows in West Germany].", "content": "The distribution of old-age pensions in the Federal Republic is a very inequal one. Widows, who only get a pension from the social insurance are constituting the main potential of poverty: in 1977 more than 30% of them (i.e. more than 1/2 million) were in income level below 600 DM monthly. Consequently it is not only necessary to reform the pension insurance system for future cases, but also a general improvement of current widows' pensions has to be implemented.", "contents": "[Economic situation of widows in West Germany]. The distribution of old-age pensions in the Federal Republic is a very inequal one. Widows, who only get a pension from the social insurance are constituting the main potential of poverty: in 1977 more than 30% of them (i.e. more than 1/2 million) were in income level below 600 DM monthly. Consequently it is not only necessary to reform the pension insurance system for future cases, but also a general improvement of current widows' pensions has to be implemented.", "PMID": 506371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6864", "title": "[Social problems of single elderly women in West Germany. Problems and results of an empirical research into their position of life].", "content": "The article is concerned with a socio-political point of view of this question and thereby reports upon results of an empirical research study on the situation of aged women living alone in three big cities of the Federal Republic. At first it is shown that the financial problems of aged women are due to the structure of the West German social security system. Secondly it is tried to prove that the degree of social integration of aged women is determined by their economic status and by their sex-role-defined socialisation and education. The article ends in discussing the social needs of aged women living alone and in proposing short- and long-dated socio-political measures to improve their social situation.", "contents": "[Social problems of single elderly women in West Germany. Problems and results of an empirical research into their position of life]. The article is concerned with a socio-political point of view of this question and thereby reports upon results of an empirical research study on the situation of aged women living alone in three big cities of the Federal Republic. At first it is shown that the financial problems of aged women are due to the structure of the West German social security system. Secondly it is tried to prove that the degree of social integration of aged women is determined by their economic status and by their sex-role-defined socialisation and education. The article ends in discussing the social needs of aged women living alone and in proposing short- and long-dated socio-political measures to improve their social situation.", "PMID": 506370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6865", "title": "[The aged among Gypsies].", "content": "In former investigations in the changes in elder people's life the importance of general social conditions, for instance their economic conditions, has been shown. So for instance the often reported loss of functions of the elders in the highly industrialized western cultures and the seperation from the family can not be observed in other cultures in the same extent. Several investigations among Gypsies as an autonomous cultural group have made evident that, more often than in western cultures, elder Gypsies live in the same household with their grown-up children. Also old Gypsies take a number of functions and tasks in the family and clan, that in part even become more important with their growing age. The fact that almost all German Gypsies (Sinti) have settled and their growing integration into German society suggested, that there might be a change in the situation and importance of old Gypsies. In our investigations in 64 German Gypsy families we found the three-generation-household clearly changed. But in the same time grown-up children and their parents try to live as close as possible. More than half of the interviewed persons lived in direct neighborhood of their parents resp. their grown-up children. It could be also demonstrated, that old Gypsies still have a great importance in conserving and mediating old traditions. So in spite of some external changes no real local or social isolation of old Gypsies could be found in this investigation.", "contents": "[The aged among Gypsies]. In former investigations in the changes in elder people's life the importance of general social conditions, for instance their economic conditions, has been shown. So for instance the often reported loss of functions of the elders in the highly industrialized western cultures and the seperation from the family can not be observed in other cultures in the same extent. Several investigations among Gypsies as an autonomous cultural group have made evident that, more often than in western cultures, elder Gypsies live in the same household with their grown-up children. Also old Gypsies take a number of functions and tasks in the family and clan, that in part even become more important with their growing age. The fact that almost all German Gypsies (Sinti) have settled and their growing integration into German society suggested, that there might be a change in the situation and importance of old Gypsies. In our investigations in 64 German Gypsy families we found the three-generation-household clearly changed. But in the same time grown-up children and their parents try to live as close as possible. More than half of the interviewed persons lived in direct neighborhood of their parents resp. their grown-up children. It could be also demonstrated, that old Gypsies still have a great importance in conserving and mediating old traditions. So in spite of some external changes no real local or social isolation of old Gypsies could be found in this investigation.", "PMID": 506374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6866", "title": "[Communication between inhabitants of homes for the aged. Intra- and extramural orientation and differential relationships to life satisfaction and self-experienced abilities to establish human contacts].", "content": "To correct stereotyped images of global deficits concerning social life in homes for the aged, we present facts about different aspects of social life in three such homes in Hamburg and analyze the differential relations of these variables to life-satisfaction. By reconstructing the preceding day with the aged subjects, we were able to provide relatively precise behavioral measures of social contact. Per day in the average 3 to 5 hours of the up to 15 hours waking-time were spent with social contacts. These behavioral measures draw a quite differentiated picture of the institutions, which corresponds less to the image, usually ascribed to the specific housing categories, but seems to be more influenced by certain aspects of their social and physical environment. Interesting relations between social behavior and life-satisfaction show up in our population of aged people. While correlations between life-satisfaction and realized contacts with different kinds of partners (eg. friends, relatives, neighbors) are neglectible, the amount of group-contact--either selfinitiated or offered by the administration--shows consistent and rather close connections to different measures of life-satisfaction. If these results could be replicated in consecutive studies, they would imply important practical consequences.", "contents": "[Communication between inhabitants of homes for the aged. Intra- and extramural orientation and differential relationships to life satisfaction and self-experienced abilities to establish human contacts]. To correct stereotyped images of global deficits concerning social life in homes for the aged, we present facts about different aspects of social life in three such homes in Hamburg and analyze the differential relations of these variables to life-satisfaction. By reconstructing the preceding day with the aged subjects, we were able to provide relatively precise behavioral measures of social contact. Per day in the average 3 to 5 hours of the up to 15 hours waking-time were spent with social contacts. These behavioral measures draw a quite differentiated picture of the institutions, which corresponds less to the image, usually ascribed to the specific housing categories, but seems to be more influenced by certain aspects of their social and physical environment. Interesting relations between social behavior and life-satisfaction show up in our population of aged people. While correlations between life-satisfaction and realized contacts with different kinds of partners (eg. friends, relatives, neighbors) are neglectible, the amount of group-contact--either selfinitiated or offered by the administration--shows consistent and rather close connections to different measures of life-satisfaction. If these results could be replicated in consecutive studies, they would imply important practical consequences.", "PMID": 506376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6867", "title": "[Treatment of the sick elderly in households accommodating several generations].", "content": "Multigenerational households with widowed persons aged 70 and more have been studied in order to determine the relationship between the following two groups of variables: (a) variables in the aged person describing the existence and degree of an organic mental impairment due to a dementive process and of other signs of physical illnesses. (b) variables in her daughter or daughter in law consisting of selfratings of psychosomatic complaints and of attitude-scales. Results were as follows: (a) If there were indications of personality changes due to an organic brain syndrom the relatives had a lower degree of life-satisfaction and more frequently suffered from psychosomatic symptoms and interpersonal stress than those, whose old relatives showed an unaltered personality. (b) A great number of comparisons failed to show any statistical differences. Especially severe physical illness, organic brain syndrome and the need for physical care were not related to life satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints, stress due to emotional involvement and the attitude towards home-care. Our attempt to explain the missing correlations led to the following factors: the small size of the sample, self-selection of the sample and possibly inappropriate operationalisation and measurement of variables. In respect to these results the ongoing study will be modified in some details: There will be a qualitative analysis of transcribed semi-structured interviews. The proportion of families with severely demented relatives will be increased. In an additional step we shall examine families, who have decided to transfer their old member into an institution.", "contents": "[Treatment of the sick elderly in households accommodating several generations]. Multigenerational households with widowed persons aged 70 and more have been studied in order to determine the relationship between the following two groups of variables: (a) variables in the aged person describing the existence and degree of an organic mental impairment due to a dementive process and of other signs of physical illnesses. (b) variables in her daughter or daughter in law consisting of selfratings of psychosomatic complaints and of attitude-scales. Results were as follows: (a) If there were indications of personality changes due to an organic brain syndrom the relatives had a lower degree of life-satisfaction and more frequently suffered from psychosomatic symptoms and interpersonal stress than those, whose old relatives showed an unaltered personality. (b) A great number of comparisons failed to show any statistical differences. Especially severe physical illness, organic brain syndrome and the need for physical care were not related to life satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints, stress due to emotional involvement and the attitude towards home-care. Our attempt to explain the missing correlations led to the following factors: the small size of the sample, self-selection of the sample and possibly inappropriate operationalisation and measurement of variables. In respect to these results the ongoing study will be modified in some details: There will be a qualitative analysis of transcribed semi-structured interviews. The proportion of families with severely demented relatives will be increased. In an additional step we shall examine families, who have decided to transfer their old member into an institution.", "PMID": 506375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6868", "title": "[Psychometric procedures and questionnaires in geronto-psychological research].", "content": "This paper presents the Nuremberg-Geriatric Inventory (NAI), a test and questionnaire battery for geronto-psychological and pharmacological problems. This inventory consists of three modified subtests of the Wechsler-Adult-Intelligence-Scale (WAIS), a maze-pathway, a modified Trail Making test (ZVT), a psychological rating scale, a rating scale for activities-of-daily-living, a self-rating and a questionnaire, containing problems of growing old. The objectivity, reliability and validity of all tests and scales are described, as well as some norms for different groups of patients. First experiences and results using this inventory in longitudinal studies and pharmacological investigations are reported.", "contents": "[Psychometric procedures and questionnaires in geronto-psychological research]. This paper presents the Nuremberg-Geriatric Inventory (NAI), a test and questionnaire battery for geronto-psychological and pharmacological problems. This inventory consists of three modified subtests of the Wechsler-Adult-Intelligence-Scale (WAIS), a maze-pathway, a modified Trail Making test (ZVT), a psychological rating scale, a rating scale for activities-of-daily-living, a self-rating and a questionnaire, containing problems of growing old. The objectivity, reliability and validity of all tests and scales are described, as well as some norms for different groups of patients. First experiences and results using this inventory in longitudinal studies and pharmacological investigations are reported.", "PMID": 506377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6869", "title": "[Guttman scales for the comprehension of vigor and sociability in the elderly: comparative validation between self assessment and expert estimates of actual life accomplishments of inhabitants of old-age homes].", "content": "In a previous article we described the development of two Guttman-scales for the self-assessment of functional health and sociability of old people. In this publication different aspects of scale-validity are examined. Together with corresponding expert-ratings and a measure of subjective health the two self-ratings are evaluated with regard to their relations to behavioral data. While the functional health scale reaches high coefficients of scalability and good validity, the sociability-scale still is in need of further improvement.", "contents": "[Guttman scales for the comprehension of vigor and sociability in the elderly: comparative validation between self assessment and expert estimates of actual life accomplishments of inhabitants of old-age homes]. In a previous article we described the development of two Guttman-scales for the self-assessment of functional health and sociability of old people. In this publication different aspects of scale-validity are examined. Together with corresponding expert-ratings and a measure of subjective health the two self-ratings are evaluated with regard to their relations to behavioral data. While the functional health scale reaches high coefficients of scalability and good validity, the sociability-scale still is in need of further improvement.", "PMID": 506378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6870", "title": "Noninvasive determination of carotid artery operability by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Indirect periorbital screening techniques may detect obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery, but they do not distinguish operable stenosis from inoperable occlusion. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, direct interrogation of carotid artery flow velocity by Doppler ultrasound was added to periorbital screening of 97 arteries in 53 patients. Analysis of results suggests that this assessment can improve diagnostic accuracy and distinguish stenosis from occlusion of the internal carotid arteries in stroke-prone patients.", "contents": "Noninvasive determination of carotid artery operability by Doppler ultrasound. Indirect periorbital screening techniques may detect obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery, but they do not distinguish operable stenosis from inoperable occlusion. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, direct interrogation of carotid artery flow velocity by Doppler ultrasound was added to periorbital screening of 97 arteries in 53 patients. Analysis of results suggests that this assessment can improve diagnostic accuracy and distinguish stenosis from occlusion of the internal carotid arteries in stroke-prone patients.", "PMID": 506428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6871", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma: twenty years of experience.", "content": "In a long-term study of 166 patients with renal cell carcinoma, the authors found that earlier diagnosis and radical nephrectomy resulted in improved survival in patients with localized lesions, but the outlook for patients with advanced disease showed little improvement. Enhanced diagnostic techniques during the study period include ultrasonography and radionuclide scanning with technetium glucoheptonate. Therapeutic advances include renal artery embolization and bench surgery, with autotransplantation or donor transplantation of limited value in selected cases.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma: twenty years of experience. In a long-term study of 166 patients with renal cell carcinoma, the authors found that earlier diagnosis and radical nephrectomy resulted in improved survival in patients with localized lesions, but the outlook for patients with advanced disease showed little improvement. Enhanced diagnostic techniques during the study period include ultrasonography and radionuclide scanning with technetium glucoheptonate. Therapeutic advances include renal artery embolization and bench surgery, with autotransplantation or donor transplantation of limited value in selected cases.", "PMID": 506429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6872", "title": "S aureus endocarditis: a review and plea for early surgery.", "content": "In a study of 31 cases and a review of the literature, Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis was distinguished from that due to other organisms by the absence of prior valvular disease, by the presence of debilitating illness or acute onset, and by a toxic fulminant course. Availability of semi-synthetic penicillins decreased mortality from 90% to about 50%, with death due to heart failure rather than sepsis. Valvular replacement may improve survival if employed at the first signs of cardiac decompensation, rather than after medical therapy has failed to stabilize a downhill course.", "contents": "S aureus endocarditis: a review and plea for early surgery. In a study of 31 cases and a review of the literature, Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis was distinguished from that due to other organisms by the absence of prior valvular disease, by the presence of debilitating illness or acute onset, and by a toxic fulminant course. Availability of semi-synthetic penicillins decreased mortality from 90% to about 50%, with death due to heart failure rather than sepsis. Valvular replacement may improve survival if employed at the first signs of cardiac decompensation, rather than after medical therapy has failed to stabilize a downhill course.", "PMID": 506430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6873", "title": "Cancer trends: surgical adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer.", "content": "Adequate surgical resection is the most effective primary treatment of potentially curable cancer of the colon and rectum. Radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy are being evaluated in clinical trials to see if they should be recommended for adjuvant therapy.", "contents": "Cancer trends: surgical adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Adequate surgical resection is the most effective primary treatment of potentially curable cancer of the colon and rectum. Radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy are being evaluated in clinical trials to see if they should be recommended for adjuvant therapy.", "PMID": 506431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6874", "title": "High-fiber diet: its role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus reviewed.", "content": "Dietary manipulation has long been a mainstay of treatment of adult-onset diabetes. Weight loss and a diet low in refined carbohydrate have often allowed either reduction or discontinuation of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The evidence presented in this review suggests that complex carbohydrates and high-fiber compounds can play a significant role in this dietary manipulation and merit further study. The mechanism by which hyperglycemia is ameliorated may be the increased viscosity of intestinal contents with slower small bowel transit time resulting in slow, but sustained absorption of glucose.", "contents": "High-fiber diet: its role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus reviewed. Dietary manipulation has long been a mainstay of treatment of adult-onset diabetes. Weight loss and a diet low in refined carbohydrate have often allowed either reduction or discontinuation of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The evidence presented in this review suggests that complex carbohydrates and high-fiber compounds can play a significant role in this dietary manipulation and merit further study. The mechanism by which hyperglycemia is ameliorated may be the increased viscosity of intestinal contents with slower small bowel transit time resulting in slow, but sustained absorption of glucose.", "PMID": 506434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6875", "title": "Determination of dimeric glycerol in monoglycerides by HPLC.", "content": "New regulations limit the amount of diglycerol that may be present in partial glycerides used as food emulsifiers. Dimeric glycerol can be easily determined by HPLC on silica columns using acetonitrile: water partition and RI detection. Results for free diglycerol and total diglycerol obtained with a number of monoglyceride samples are given.", "contents": "Determination of dimeric glycerol in monoglycerides by HPLC. New regulations limit the amount of diglycerol that may be present in partial glycerides used as food emulsifiers. Dimeric glycerol can be easily determined by HPLC on silica columns using acetonitrile: water partition and RI detection. Results for free diglycerol and total diglycerol obtained with a number of monoglyceride samples are given.", "PMID": 506487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6876", "title": "[Petrographic study of human and animal kidney stones].", "content": "1. It is necessary for the detection of the nature of the formation of renal calculi for the purpose of a correct diagnosis and the prevention of relapses to study it according to a complex method for every concrete case. 2. The zonal structure of the calculi is conditioned by different mineral composition which proves their variable medium of formation; this must obligatorily be taken into consideration when the constituents of the drugs are selected. 3. It is useful to examine completely the central part of the calculus under the electron microscope according to the suspension method for the purpose of the detection of the crystallisation centres which may have existed as minute particles. 4. For the rapid establishment of the composition of the renal calculi a thermic analysis must be performed with the help of which during 30 minutes the mineral composition of the calculus as well as the gauging mass for thermominerals which form the renal calculi may preliminarily be estimated.", "contents": "[Petrographic study of human and animal kidney stones]. 1. It is necessary for the detection of the nature of the formation of renal calculi for the purpose of a correct diagnosis and the prevention of relapses to study it according to a complex method for every concrete case. 2. The zonal structure of the calculi is conditioned by different mineral composition which proves their variable medium of formation; this must obligatorily be taken into consideration when the constituents of the drugs are selected. 3. It is useful to examine completely the central part of the calculus under the electron microscope according to the suspension method for the purpose of the detection of the crystallisation centres which may have existed as minute particles. 4. For the rapid establishment of the composition of the renal calculi a thermic analysis must be performed with the help of which during 30 minutes the mineral composition of the calculus as well as the gauging mass for thermominerals which form the renal calculi may preliminarily be estimated.", "PMID": 506493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6877", "title": "[Increased transaminase activity in the patients and personnel of dialysis centers and problem of its assessment].", "content": "Within the general hepatitis prevention on dialysis wards regular controls of the liver values and the HBsAG/AK are necessary for the patients and the personnel. The general symptom which is frequently found in these cases -- increased transaminase -- demands a diagnostic clarification and the exclusion of an acute virus hepatitis. Using all examination methods which are at present at our disposal and taking into consideration epidemiologic criteria and the total clinical picture a decision must be done which is right for the patient and the entire dialysis personnel. Own clinical observations refer to the fact that isolated increases of the liver enzyme in dialysis patients must not be traced back a priori to a virus hepatitis, but that these may also be caused by other endogenic and exogenic noxae. In the observation period of 10 years was evident that in an existing infectious hepatitis the increase of the liver enzyme was accompanied by clinical complaints.", "contents": "[Increased transaminase activity in the patients and personnel of dialysis centers and problem of its assessment]. Within the general hepatitis prevention on dialysis wards regular controls of the liver values and the HBsAG/AK are necessary for the patients and the personnel. The general symptom which is frequently found in these cases -- increased transaminase -- demands a diagnostic clarification and the exclusion of an acute virus hepatitis. Using all examination methods which are at present at our disposal and taking into consideration epidemiologic criteria and the total clinical picture a decision must be done which is right for the patient and the entire dialysis personnel. Own clinical observations refer to the fact that isolated increases of the liver enzyme in dialysis patients must not be traced back a priori to a virus hepatitis, but that these may also be caused by other endogenic and exogenic noxae. In the observation period of 10 years was evident that in an existing infectious hepatitis the increase of the liver enzyme was accompanied by clinical complaints.", "PMID": 506494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6878", "title": "Chronic synovitis with marked infiltration of granulocytes in a patient with an unusual development of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The case described concerns a patient initially presenting the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, including the presence of nodules, and slowly developing into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Besides the signs of chronic inflammation in the synovial tissue, many granulocytes and PAS-positive macrophages were present. At electronmicroscopy the basal membranes of the vessels were multilaminated and the endothelial cells enlarged while many macrophages contained large clumps of electrondense material which could easily be interpreted as rough endoplasmatic reticulum (RER) of plasma cells. Immunoflourescence studies showed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in the vessel walls of the synovium, thus suggesting an immune-complex pathogenesis.", "contents": "Chronic synovitis with marked infiltration of granulocytes in a patient with an unusual development of systemic lupus erythematosus. The case described concerns a patient initially presenting the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, including the presence of nodules, and slowly developing into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Besides the signs of chronic inflammation in the synovial tissue, many granulocytes and PAS-positive macrophages were present. At electronmicroscopy the basal membranes of the vessels were multilaminated and the endothelial cells enlarged while many macrophages contained large clumps of electrondense material which could easily be interpreted as rough endoplasmatic reticulum (RER) of plasma cells. Immunoflourescence studies showed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in the vessel walls of the synovium, thus suggesting an immune-complex pathogenesis.", "PMID": 506490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6879", "title": "[Number of basophils and triglyceride levels in patients with gout].", "content": "Comparing a group of gouty patients with age and sex matched group of patients in a general medical ward without history of arthritis, we failed to confirm and increase in the absolute or relative basophil count. Total white cell count and packed cell volume were similar in both groups of patients. However, fasting serum triglyceride and serum uric acid were increased, as expected, in the gouty group.", "contents": "[Number of basophils and triglyceride levels in patients with gout]. Comparing a group of gouty patients with age and sex matched group of patients in a general medical ward without history of arthritis, we failed to confirm and increase in the absolute or relative basophil count. Total white cell count and packed cell volume were similar in both groups of patients. However, fasting serum triglyceride and serum uric acid were increased, as expected, in the gouty group.", "PMID": 506492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6880", "title": "[Tubular nephropathy in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "Disc electrophoresis and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) of urine are sensitive indicators of renal damage. In 28 from 50 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis, a tubular proteinuria and a high urinary NAG-excretion and in 10 other patients one of these pathological parameters were detected. A positive correlation with disease activity was noted. Both methods are able to demonstrate a rheumatoid involvement of renal function.", "contents": "[Tubular nephropathy in chronic polyarthritis]. Disc electrophoresis and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) of urine are sensitive indicators of renal damage. In 28 from 50 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis, a tubular proteinuria and a high urinary NAG-excretion and in 10 other patients one of these pathological parameters were detected. A positive correlation with disease activity was noted. Both methods are able to demonstrate a rheumatoid involvement of renal function.", "PMID": 506488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6881", "title": "Late neuropathological findings after acute rubella encephalitis.", "content": "Neurophathological findings are reported in a 15-year-old boy who died 8 months after acute rubella encephalitis. There are widespread bilateral necroses in large areas of the cerebral cortex with a diffuse macroglial and microglial reaction. In basal ganglia, degenerative changes and a more or less pronounced rarefication of nerve cells as well as very small cystic areas and glial scars are observed. In the white matter, neither foci of demyelination nor perivascular cuffings nor focal gliosis occurred. The results are compared with other observations in the literature. It is concluded that rubells encephalitis is a disease of a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms and has a variety of clinical and morhpological features. It may evidently be caused by direct viral invasion of the CNS or by hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Late neuropathological findings after acute rubella encephalitis. Neurophathological findings are reported in a 15-year-old boy who died 8 months after acute rubella encephalitis. There are widespread bilateral necroses in large areas of the cerebral cortex with a diffuse macroglial and microglial reaction. In basal ganglia, degenerative changes and a more or less pronounced rarefication of nerve cells as well as very small cystic areas and glial scars are observed. In the white matter, neither foci of demyelination nor perivascular cuffings nor focal gliosis occurred. The results are compared with other observations in the literature. It is concluded that rubells encephalitis is a disease of a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms and has a variety of clinical and morhpological features. It may evidently be caused by direct viral invasion of the CNS or by hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 506518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6882", "title": "[Malignant angioblastic mesothelioma of the pericardium (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a malignant angioblastic pericardial mesothelioma of a 43 year old woman. According to formation of typical clefts and tubes and differentiation of blood capillaries and questionable immature blood cells the pericardial boundary tissue is considered as starting zone of the tumor. The pericardial boundary tissue is derived from coelomic eqpithelium.", "contents": "[Malignant angioblastic mesothelioma of the pericardium (author's transl)]. Report on a malignant angioblastic pericardial mesothelioma of a 43 year old woman. According to formation of typical clefts and tubes and differentiation of blood capillaries and questionable immature blood cells the pericardial boundary tissue is considered as starting zone of the tumor. The pericardial boundary tissue is derived from coelomic eqpithelium.", "PMID": 506520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6883", "title": "[A case of malacoplakia of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of malacoplakia of the prostate gland in a 75-year-old man is reported. This special type of granulomatous prostatitis was diagnosed by histological examination of biopsyn material. There were typical Michaelis-Gutmann corpusculates within the inflammation area. The structure of these inclusion bodies was investigated by electron microscopy. Characteristic concentric ring-shaped structures were seen as well as corpusculates which are composed of irregular cristalloid material. Some Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were found to contain short cell membrane-like structures. By histochemical investigation, both the cells possessing inclusion bodies as well as the Michaelis-Gutmann corpusculates themselves gave positive acid phosphatase reactions. The case is described because of the rarity of the malacoplakia of the prostate gland and with respect to the differential diagnosis of malignant prostate gland disease.", "contents": "[A case of malacoplakia of the prostate (author's transl)]. A case of malacoplakia of the prostate gland in a 75-year-old man is reported. This special type of granulomatous prostatitis was diagnosed by histological examination of biopsyn material. There were typical Michaelis-Gutmann corpusculates within the inflammation area. The structure of these inclusion bodies was investigated by electron microscopy. Characteristic concentric ring-shaped structures were seen as well as corpusculates which are composed of irregular cristalloid material. Some Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were found to contain short cell membrane-like structures. By histochemical investigation, both the cells possessing inclusion bodies as well as the Michaelis-Gutmann corpusculates themselves gave positive acid phosphatase reactions. The case is described because of the rarity of the malacoplakia of the prostate gland and with respect to the differential diagnosis of malignant prostate gland disease.", "PMID": 506522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6884", "title": "[A rare localization of a liposarcoma of the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of diagnosis and classification of liposarcomas and of origin of liposarcomas in preexistent lipomas are discussed at the example of a liposarcoma of the skin of the nose that has still not been found in literature.", "contents": "[A rare localization of a liposarcoma of the skin (author's transl)]. Problems of diagnosis and classification of liposarcomas and of origin of liposarcomas in preexistent lipomas are discussed at the example of a liposarcoma of the skin of the nose that has still not been found in literature.", "PMID": 506523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6885", "title": "[Central venous catheterism; 10 years experience (author's transl)].", "content": "The catheters were inserted by puncture or venous cut down of the subclavian-jugular-or the brachial vein. Misplacement of the catheter and its complications are analysed. Mortality rate of 1771 central venous catheters (1968 to 1977) is 0,2%.", "contents": "[Central venous catheterism; 10 years experience (author's transl)]. The catheters were inserted by puncture or venous cut down of the subclavian-jugular-or the brachial vein. Misplacement of the catheter and its complications are analysed. Mortality rate of 1771 central venous catheters (1968 to 1977) is 0,2%.", "PMID": 506525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6886", "title": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Intraoperative autotransfusion is an advantageous and safe method of blood replacement. In our clinic this method is established as a routine procedure in all cases with suspected massive bleeding. We used the IAT in 141 cases of surgical haemorrhage. The mean indications for IAT in surgery were emergency operations necessitated by blunt abdominal or thoracic trauma. Altogether 390 l of blood have been retransfused with an AT -- volume per patient ranging from 1 to 20 l. On an average 2,8 l per patient were transfused. Contraindications of blood replacement are tumour surgery, septic surgery, contamination by large intestinal contents and rupture of the uterus. For anticoagulation ACD-solution has been used, only in vascular surgery systemic heparinization was preferred. The main advantages of autologous intraoperative transfusion are the immediate availability of blood, the absence of the risk of hepatitis and of incompatibility reactions, reduction of pressure on the blood banks and lower transfusion costs.", "contents": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion (author's transl)]. Intraoperative autotransfusion is an advantageous and safe method of blood replacement. In our clinic this method is established as a routine procedure in all cases with suspected massive bleeding. We used the IAT in 141 cases of surgical haemorrhage. The mean indications for IAT in surgery were emergency operations necessitated by blunt abdominal or thoracic trauma. Altogether 390 l of blood have been retransfused with an AT -- volume per patient ranging from 1 to 20 l. On an average 2,8 l per patient were transfused. Contraindications of blood replacement are tumour surgery, septic surgery, contamination by large intestinal contents and rupture of the uterus. For anticoagulation ACD-solution has been used, only in vascular surgery systemic heparinization was preferred. The main advantages of autologous intraoperative transfusion are the immediate availability of blood, the absence of the risk of hepatitis and of incompatibility reactions, reduction of pressure on the blood banks and lower transfusion costs.", "PMID": 506528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6887", "title": "[Roentgendiagnostics of suture insufficiency and fistulation after operations of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The early roentgen examination permits the recognition of postoperative complications. Direct and indirect signs of suture insufficiency may be observed. An insufficiency can be proven by oral administration of watersoluble contrast substances or by extern filling of the fistula. The most frequent indirect sign is the extraintestinal air in constant position. Sonography and roentgen diagnostics complete each other, computer tomography may give similar results.", "contents": "[Roentgendiagnostics of suture insufficiency and fistulation after operations of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)]. The early roentgen examination permits the recognition of postoperative complications. Direct and indirect signs of suture insufficiency may be observed. An insufficiency can be proven by oral administration of watersoluble contrast substances or by extern filling of the fistula. The most frequent indirect sign is the extraintestinal air in constant position. Sonography and roentgen diagnostics complete each other, computer tomography may give similar results.", "PMID": 506529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6888", "title": "[Hyperthyreosis and gravidity (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of incidence, diagnosis, therapy, and clinical peculiarities of hyperthyreosis in gravidity, with reference being made to literature as well as to the authors' own experience. It is strongly suggested that thyreostatic treatment may yield good success even under the conditions of gravidity, provided that certain peculiarities are taken into due consideration. Conclusions then are drawn for efficient organisation of medical attention to pregnant patients with thyroid diseases.", "contents": "[Hyperthyreosis and gravidity (author's transl)]. An account is given of incidence, diagnosis, therapy, and clinical peculiarities of hyperthyreosis in gravidity, with reference being made to literature as well as to the authors' own experience. It is strongly suggested that thyreostatic treatment may yield good success even under the conditions of gravidity, provided that certain peculiarities are taken into due consideration. Conclusions then are drawn for efficient organisation of medical attention to pregnant patients with thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 506530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6889", "title": "[Perinatal mortality and morbidity for childbirths from breech presentation at Gynaecological Hospital of Jena University, between 1966 and 1976/(77) (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were conducted at the Gynaecological Hospital of Jena University, between 1966 and 1976, into perinatal mortality and morbidity, in the context of 950 childbirths from breech presentation. Unambiguous decline in uncleared perinatal mortality was characterised by a numerical drop from 11.7. per cent in 1966/67 to 6.3 per cent in 1976/77.-Cleared perinatal mortality went down, similarly, for the same period of time, from 6.1 per cent to 2.5 per cent.-Uncleared perinatal mortality in the context of caesarean section was 0.65 per cent, while that related to vaginal delivery amounted to ten per cent. The cleared figures (after correction) were 0.54 and 5.4 per cent, the difference having been statistically secured with high significance. A decisive role was played, in that context, by the introduction of selective section as of 1975. Intranatal mortality has ever since dropped to zero, as compared to 1.9 per cent between 1966 and 1974.-Acidosis morbidity due to breech presentation was three times as high as that associated with cephalic delivery. The Apgar score was zero in 6.4 per cent of all children born by vaginal delivery. Therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality and morbidity for childbirths from breech presentation at Gynaecological Hospital of Jena University, between 1966 and 1976/(77) (author's transl)]. Studies were conducted at the Gynaecological Hospital of Jena University, between 1966 and 1976, into perinatal mortality and morbidity, in the context of 950 childbirths from breech presentation. Unambiguous decline in uncleared perinatal mortality was characterised by a numerical drop from 11.7. per cent in 1966/67 to 6.3 per cent in 1976/77.-Cleared perinatal mortality went down, similarly, for the same period of time, from 6.1 per cent to 2.5 per cent.-Uncleared perinatal mortality in the context of caesarean section was 0.65 per cent, while that related to vaginal delivery amounted to ten per cent. The cleared figures (after correction) were 0.54 and 5.4 per cent, the difference having been statistically secured with high significance. A decisive role was played, in that context, by the introduction of selective section as of 1975. Intranatal mortality has ever since dropped to zero, as compared to 1.9 per cent between 1966 and 1974.-Acidosis morbidity due to breech presentation was three times as high as that associated with cephalic delivery. The Apgar score was zero in 6.4 per cent of all children born by vaginal delivery. Therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 506531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6890", "title": "[Results obtained from more intensive antenatal and intranatal attention to gemini pregnancy at gynaecological hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt region (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies undertaken into gemini births between 1968 and 1977 have shown that reduction in perinatal mortality has been obtainable from high-intensity programmes of antenatal and intranatal attention to multiparae. Perinatal mortality had accounted for 13.4 per cent, between 1968 and 1974, and dropped to 7.4 per cent, between 1975 and 1977. This achievement is analysed and discussed. More improvement may best be expected from earlier detection of gemini pregnancy and earlier action of intensive care.", "contents": "[Results obtained from more intensive antenatal and intranatal attention to gemini pregnancy at gynaecological hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt region (author's transl)]. Studies undertaken into gemini births between 1968 and 1977 have shown that reduction in perinatal mortality has been obtainable from high-intensity programmes of antenatal and intranatal attention to multiparae. Perinatal mortality had accounted for 13.4 per cent, between 1968 and 1974, and dropped to 7.4 per cent, between 1975 and 1977. This achievement is analysed and discussed. More improvement may best be expected from earlier detection of gemini pregnancy and earlier action of intensive care.", "PMID": 506532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6891", "title": "[Triplet pregnancy with papyraceous foetuses (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported is the case of a primigravida, 22 years of age, with a triplet pregnancy. Two of the three foetuses were papyraceous. One case of this kind is related to 32,800 deliveries. An attempt was made towards aetiopathogenetic elucidation of the phenomenon.", "contents": "[Triplet pregnancy with papyraceous foetuses (author's transl)]. Reported is the case of a primigravida, 22 years of age, with a triplet pregnancy. Two of the three foetuses were papyraceous. One case of this kind is related to 32,800 deliveries. An attempt was made towards aetiopathogenetic elucidation of the phenomenon.", "PMID": 506533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6892", "title": "[The toxoplasmin skin test (st) - a safe method to reveal endured contact with toxoplasma gondii? (author's transl)].", "content": "Toxoplasmin skin tests were applied to 4.341 pregnant women, between August 1975 and December 1977, and 30 per cent of them were serologically tested by means of DT and FR. Findings were in fair agreement in 87 per cent of all cases. This result was compared to similar examinations conducted earlier in the past. Discrepancies in excess of 30 per cent were quoted elsewhere in literature. Possible causes are discussed in greater detail. - A clearcut correlation was found to exist between the intensity of dermal response to toxoplasmin skin tests and agreement between such tests, on the one hand, and serological results, on the other. That agreement, remarkably, followed a linear correlation with the age of the pregnant women concerned. The gaps between responses widened along with decreasing age. - Differences between negative ST and serological tests were recorded from as much as 27 per cent. In such cases, serological confirmation should be sought immediately. Serological verification is considered to be essential to all poor positive responses to ST, defined by the author as erythema of the skin below 10 mm in diameter, where the discrepancy figure had been nearly 28 per cent. The amount of agreement regarding skin responses above 10 mm in diameter was 98.6 per cent, an acceptable magnitude. - With all the above limitations, ST is an uninvolved and inexpensive screening method by which to detect endured toxoplasmosis. It is, therefore, suitable for proper selection, particularly at the beginning of pregnancy.", "contents": "[The toxoplasmin skin test (st) - a safe method to reveal endured contact with toxoplasma gondii? (author's transl)]. Toxoplasmin skin tests were applied to 4.341 pregnant women, between August 1975 and December 1977, and 30 per cent of them were serologically tested by means of DT and FR. Findings were in fair agreement in 87 per cent of all cases. This result was compared to similar examinations conducted earlier in the past. Discrepancies in excess of 30 per cent were quoted elsewhere in literature. Possible causes are discussed in greater detail. - A clearcut correlation was found to exist between the intensity of dermal response to toxoplasmin skin tests and agreement between such tests, on the one hand, and serological results, on the other. That agreement, remarkably, followed a linear correlation with the age of the pregnant women concerned. The gaps between responses widened along with decreasing age. - Differences between negative ST and serological tests were recorded from as much as 27 per cent. In such cases, serological confirmation should be sought immediately. Serological verification is considered to be essential to all poor positive responses to ST, defined by the author as erythema of the skin below 10 mm in diameter, where the discrepancy figure had been nearly 28 per cent. The amount of agreement regarding skin responses above 10 mm in diameter was 98.6 per cent, an acceptable magnitude. - With all the above limitations, ST is an uninvolved and inexpensive screening method by which to detect endured toxoplasmosis. It is, therefore, suitable for proper selection, particularly at the beginning of pregnancy.", "PMID": 506534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6893", "title": "[Approach to repeated pregnancy of women with uterine malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of uterine malformation are described in this paper. Each of them had a previous history of a full-term pregnancy. In nine cases earlier diagnosis had been based on histerosalpingography. Caesarean section had to be performed on five cases for abnormal presentations, while seven deliveries had been normal. Diagnosis was made for three cases more recently during various gynaecological procedures.", "contents": "[Approach to repeated pregnancy of women with uterine malformation (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of uterine malformation are described in this paper. Each of them had a previous history of a full-term pregnancy. In nine cases earlier diagnosis had been based on histerosalpingography. Caesarean section had to be performed on five cases for abnormal presentations, while seven deliveries had been normal. Diagnosis was made for three cases more recently during various gynaecological procedures.", "PMID": 506535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6894", "title": "[Struma with euthyroidism in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Non-toxic struma manifestations are likely to increase along with hormonal stress situations. An existing struma may continue to grow. Struma treatment is always indicated and of particular necessity in a stress situation. An account is given of pathophysiological fundamentals, the need for and problems relating to thyroid hormone therapy in pregnancy, with reference being made to literature data as well as to the authors' own experience from examining 60 pregnant patients with non-toxic struma.", "contents": "[Struma with euthyroidism in pregnancy (author's transl)]. Non-toxic struma manifestations are likely to increase along with hormonal stress situations. An existing struma may continue to grow. Struma treatment is always indicated and of particular necessity in a stress situation. An account is given of pathophysiological fundamentals, the need for and problems relating to thyroid hormone therapy in pregnancy, with reference being made to literature data as well as to the authors' own experience from examining 60 pregnant patients with non-toxic struma.", "PMID": 506536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6895", "title": "Mode of action of colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13.", "content": "The bacteriocins colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13 are bactericidal proteins which are excreted by producing cells as a complex of two polypeptides, present in equimolar amounts. The high-molecular weight component is responsible for the biochemical lesion induced by these bacteriocins. The low-molecular weight component, the so-called immunity protein, was shown to act as inhibitor of the high-molecular weight component. Colicin E2, freed from immunity protein, causes endonucleolytic degradation of DNA. Colicin E3 and cloacin DF13, freed from immunity protein, induce ribosome inactivation by endoribonucleolytic cleavage of 16S rRNA. A possible role of the immunity protein in the killing activity of the bacteriocins is not quite clear. Probably it keeps the high-molecular weight component in the right configuration for penetration of the cell wall layers. Studies on structure-function relationships have shown that cloacin DF13 has a domain-type structure. Various properties have been located in the hydrophilic C-terminal part of the molecule.", "contents": "Mode of action of colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13. The bacteriocins colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13 are bactericidal proteins which are excreted by producing cells as a complex of two polypeptides, present in equimolar amounts. The high-molecular weight component is responsible for the biochemical lesion induced by these bacteriocins. The low-molecular weight component, the so-called immunity protein, was shown to act as inhibitor of the high-molecular weight component. Colicin E2, freed from immunity protein, causes endonucleolytic degradation of DNA. Colicin E3 and cloacin DF13, freed from immunity protein, induce ribosome inactivation by endoribonucleolytic cleavage of 16S rRNA. A possible role of the immunity protein in the killing activity of the bacteriocins is not quite clear. Probably it keeps the high-molecular weight component in the right configuration for penetration of the cell wall layers. Studies on structure-function relationships have shown that cloacin DF13 has a domain-type structure. Various properties have been located in the hydrophilic C-terminal part of the molecule.", "PMID": 506538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6896", "title": "[Four new Salmonella species and three serological variants of subgenus III (Arizona) (author's transl)].", "content": "Four new strains of Salmonella and three serological variants described in this paper were isolated from free living snakes (Vipera berus L. and Natrix natrix L.) of Northern Germany. All strains belong to the subgenus III of the genus Salmonella. For the first time a representative of subgenus III in the Salmonella group M with the serological formula S. arizonae 28:Z10:Z57 was isolated. 1) S. (6),14:1,v:z (Ar. 7 a,7c:23-31) 2) S. 17:Z10:e,n,X,Z15:Z56 (Ar. 12:27-28-38) 3) S. 21:1,v:Z57 (Ar. 22:23-40a,40c) 4) S. 28:Z10:Z57 (Ar. 35:27-40a,40c) 5) S. 38:(k):Z35:Z56 (Ar. 16:22-21-38) 6) S. 43:1,v:Z56 (Ar. 21:23-38) 7) S. 50:Z10:Z:Z56 (Ar. 9a,9c:27-31-38)", "contents": "[Four new Salmonella species and three serological variants of subgenus III (Arizona) (author's transl)]. Four new strains of Salmonella and three serological variants described in this paper were isolated from free living snakes (Vipera berus L. and Natrix natrix L.) of Northern Germany. All strains belong to the subgenus III of the genus Salmonella. For the first time a representative of subgenus III in the Salmonella group M with the serological formula S. arizonae 28:Z10:Z57 was isolated. 1) S. (6),14:1,v:z (Ar. 7 a,7c:23-31) 2) S. 17:Z10:e,n,X,Z15:Z56 (Ar. 12:27-28-38) 3) S. 21:1,v:Z57 (Ar. 22:23-40a,40c) 4) S. 28:Z10:Z57 (Ar. 35:27-40a,40c) 5) S. 38:(k):Z35:Z56 (Ar. 16:22-21-38) 6) S. 43:1,v:Z56 (Ar. 21:23-38) 7) S. 50:Z10:Z:Z56 (Ar. 9a,9c:27-31-38)", "PMID": 506539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6897", "title": "Antibodies against Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and s\u00e3o paulo in pigs: possible occurrence and importance for the intracutaneous test for leptospirosis.", "content": "Leptospirin for the diagnosis of leptospirosis by an intracutaneous test contains antigenic material from 5 pathogenic Leptospira serotypes (10). During experiments with rabbits and pigs, leptospirin was injected into 6 pigs which had been infected artificially with apathogenic Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and s\u00e3o paulo. Three out of the 6 pigs showed a positive leptospirin reaction (11). This interfering reaction in animals having been infected with apathogenic L. biflexa was the reason to investigate the occurrence of biflexa antibodies in pigs from different areas in Germany by the microscopic agglutination. None of the 854 pigs showed biflexa antibodies producing a 50% agglutination at a serum dilution of 1:100. If at all, pigs may become infected naturally by L. biflexa; this apparently seems to be a rare incident. An impairment of the diagnostic value of leptospirin by L. biflexa antibodies can be excluded.", "contents": "Antibodies against Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and s\u00e3o paulo in pigs: possible occurrence and importance for the intracutaneous test for leptospirosis. Leptospirin for the diagnosis of leptospirosis by an intracutaneous test contains antigenic material from 5 pathogenic Leptospira serotypes (10). During experiments with rabbits and pigs, leptospirin was injected into 6 pigs which had been infected artificially with apathogenic Leptospira biflexa serotypes patoc and s\u00e3o paulo. Three out of the 6 pigs showed a positive leptospirin reaction (11). This interfering reaction in animals having been infected with apathogenic L. biflexa was the reason to investigate the occurrence of biflexa antibodies in pigs from different areas in Germany by the microscopic agglutination. None of the 854 pigs showed biflexa antibodies producing a 50% agglutination at a serum dilution of 1:100. If at all, pigs may become infected naturally by L. biflexa; this apparently seems to be a rare incident. An impairment of the diagnostic value of leptospirin by L. biflexa antibodies can be excluded.", "PMID": 506540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6898", "title": "[Mycobacteria in arthropodes of different biotopes (author's transl)].", "content": "Many arthropodes are found in close contact with soil and other material contaminated by mycobacteria. In order to clear up their importance as potential carriers of germs of the MAIS complex (Mycobacterium avium, intracellulare, scrofulaceum), we investigated 835 samples of arthropodes taken from different biotopes. Following a treatment according to the cultural method developed by us (Beerwerth, 1967), we isolated 606 strains of mycobacteria from 302 (36.0%) out of 835 samples. Incubation at room temperature was more effective than incubation at 37 degrees C. 96 (15.8%) in 606 strains did not grow at 37 degrees C. In arthropodes taken from pasture-ground we mainly found mycobacteria of group II according to Runyon, while in arthropodes from arable land, stables and saw mills mycobacteria of group III predominated. Samples of arthropodes taken from forests, moorland and waters showed a comparatively similar spectrum of species. Strains of the MAIS complex - M. avium, intracellulare, scrofulaceum - were frequent in areas of saw mills (80 = 20.5% in 356 strains), but rarely found amongst the remaining biotopes (11 = 4.4% in 250 species). Mycobacteria were chiefly isolated from larvae and imagines living in permanent contact with soil and less from winged shapes. The epidemiological importance of arthropodes spreading pathogenic mycobacteria should not be overvalued.", "contents": "[Mycobacteria in arthropodes of different biotopes (author's transl)]. Many arthropodes are found in close contact with soil and other material contaminated by mycobacteria. In order to clear up their importance as potential carriers of germs of the MAIS complex (Mycobacterium avium, intracellulare, scrofulaceum), we investigated 835 samples of arthropodes taken from different biotopes. Following a treatment according to the cultural method developed by us (Beerwerth, 1967), we isolated 606 strains of mycobacteria from 302 (36.0%) out of 835 samples. Incubation at room temperature was more effective than incubation at 37 degrees C. 96 (15.8%) in 606 strains did not grow at 37 degrees C. In arthropodes taken from pasture-ground we mainly found mycobacteria of group II according to Runyon, while in arthropodes from arable land, stables and saw mills mycobacteria of group III predominated. Samples of arthropodes taken from forests, moorland and waters showed a comparatively similar spectrum of species. Strains of the MAIS complex - M. avium, intracellulare, scrofulaceum - were frequent in areas of saw mills (80 = 20.5% in 356 strains), but rarely found amongst the remaining biotopes (11 = 4.4% in 250 species). Mycobacteria were chiefly isolated from larvae and imagines living in permanent contact with soil and less from winged shapes. The epidemiological importance of arthropodes spreading pathogenic mycobacteria should not be overvalued.", "PMID": 506541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6899", "title": "Isolation and characterization of influenza a viruses from wild free-flying ducks in Hokkaido, Japan.", "content": "Three influenza A viruses possessing hemagglutinin-Hav7 and neuraminidase-N2 were isolated from 20 wild free-flying ducks in Hokkaido, Japan in autumn, 1977. The neuraminidase antigen of these viruses cross-reacted with the Asian influenza virus (H2 N2) but reacted scarcely with the Hong Kong strain (H3 N2Y in cross neuraminidase-inhibition tests.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of influenza a viruses from wild free-flying ducks in Hokkaido, Japan. Three influenza A viruses possessing hemagglutinin-Hav7 and neuraminidase-N2 were isolated from 20 wild free-flying ducks in Hokkaido, Japan in autumn, 1977. The neuraminidase antigen of these viruses cross-reacted with the Asian influenza virus (H2 N2) but reacted scarcely with the Hong Kong strain (H3 N2Y in cross neuraminidase-inhibition tests.", "PMID": 506542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6900", "title": "[Local and systemic antibody response after vaccination with 3 different types of vaccines against influenza I. Hemagglutinationinhibiting antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study on the formation of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies after vaccination with 3 different types of Influenza Vaccines (Whole virion, Splitvirion, and Subunit type) was performed in adults and children. The study populations were homogeneous as regards age and pre-immunization antibody profile. The following results were obtained: 1) Strain specific conversion rates for the A component (A/Victoria/3/75 H3N2) were 77% with the whole virion vaccine, 79% with the Splitvirion vaccine and 91% with the Subunit vaccine. The antibody conversion factors calculated on the basis of the geometric mean titers (GMT) were 5.0, 6,7 and 9.0 respectively. A fourfold increase in titers was observed in 68% of vaccinees with the whole virion vaccine, in 55% of vaccinees with the Splitvirion vaccine, and in 70% of vaccinees with the Subunit vaccine. 2) Local antibody formation on the basis of conversion rates yielded values of 18% (whole virion), 22% (Splitvirion), and 28% (Subunit vaccine). 3) Systemic antibody responses revealed predominantly strain and subtype specificity as opposed to local antibody formation which was also directed towards older sybtypes. This phenomenon was more pronounced in adults than in children. 4) A significant correlation was found between the local antibody production and the concentration of hemagglutination inhibiting serum antibodies as well as between the IgA concentration in nasal wash fluid and the percentage of individuals exhibiting local antibody formation in the upper respiratory tract system. 5) In children 6-14 years of age the antibody conversion rates were found to be 91-100% for the A component with the 3 vaccines under study. The GMT for the respective vaccines A, B and S ranged from 1:170 over 1:139 to 1:211. 6) With regard to the induction of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to the B component of the vaccine (B/Hongkong/8/73) either vaccine proved to be of insufficinet potency. Though conversion rates of 6/ to 77% (60-90% in children) were observed the GMT range was only 1:17 to 1:21 (1:21 to 1:35 in children). Only 29 to 35% of the adults and about one half of the children developed antibodies of greater than or equal to 1:40 after vaccination. With regard to this observation it has to be discussed whether one shouldn't consider monovalent A vaccines for future use in influenza vaccination campaigns.", "contents": "[Local and systemic antibody response after vaccination with 3 different types of vaccines against influenza I. Hemagglutinationinhibiting antibodies (author's transl)]. A comparative study on the formation of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies after vaccination with 3 different types of Influenza Vaccines (Whole virion, Splitvirion, and Subunit type) was performed in adults and children. The study populations were homogeneous as regards age and pre-immunization antibody profile. The following results were obtained: 1) Strain specific conversion rates for the A component (A/Victoria/3/75 H3N2) were 77% with the whole virion vaccine, 79% with the Splitvirion vaccine and 91% with the Subunit vaccine. The antibody conversion factors calculated on the basis of the geometric mean titers (GMT) were 5.0, 6,7 and 9.0 respectively. A fourfold increase in titers was observed in 68% of vaccinees with the whole virion vaccine, in 55% of vaccinees with the Splitvirion vaccine, and in 70% of vaccinees with the Subunit vaccine. 2) Local antibody formation on the basis of conversion rates yielded values of 18% (whole virion), 22% (Splitvirion), and 28% (Subunit vaccine). 3) Systemic antibody responses revealed predominantly strain and subtype specificity as opposed to local antibody formation which was also directed towards older sybtypes. This phenomenon was more pronounced in adults than in children. 4) A significant correlation was found between the local antibody production and the concentration of hemagglutination inhibiting serum antibodies as well as between the IgA concentration in nasal wash fluid and the percentage of individuals exhibiting local antibody formation in the upper respiratory tract system. 5) In children 6-14 years of age the antibody conversion rates were found to be 91-100% for the A component with the 3 vaccines under study. The GMT for the respective vaccines A, B and S ranged from 1:170 over 1:139 to 1:211. 6) With regard to the induction of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to the B component of the vaccine (B/Hongkong/8/73) either vaccine proved to be of insufficinet potency. Though conversion rates of 6/ to 77% (60-90% in children) were observed the GMT range was only 1:17 to 1:21 (1:21 to 1:35 in children). Only 29 to 35% of the adults and about one half of the children developed antibodies of greater than or equal to 1:40 after vaccination. With regard to this observation it has to be discussed whether one shouldn't consider monovalent A vaccines for future use in influenza vaccination campaigns.", "PMID": 506543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6901", "title": "[Studies on the increase of weights of lymphatic glands, of lymph and peritoneal fluid and their contents of chymotrypsin and virus in pigs suffering hog cholera (author's transl)].", "content": "Swine fever is conceived as a disorder of the enzyme systems, that are controled by serine proteases. The virus is replicated in the cells of the lymphomycoid complex, whereby the production of a chymotrypsin is induced. In swine fever the lymphatic glands and the lymph flow are increased. Fifteen normal pigs had chymotrypsin contents in the lymph of the body lymphnodes of 0,4 U/l, nine pigs suffering hog cholera 1,5 U/l. In the intestinal lymphnodes the chymotrypsin concentration was normally 2,9 U/l and in swine fever 3,5 U/l. Chymotrypsin which is present may induce the production of further chymotrypsin. Fourteen pigs suffering from swine fever showed increased peritoneal fluids (50 to 120 ml), whereby chymotrypsin was found in 5 cases. The lymphflow was assumed to be five times higher, when compared to control animals. This entails a seven-fold increase of chymotrypsin which enters the blood stream. In some cases the virus titers are higher in the lymph specimen and peritoneal fluids than in the serum. Increase of chymotrypsin concentration reduces the resistance of the virus in the lymph. Obviously the virus is spread in the body migrating with the lymph flow. However, the increasing chymotrypsin concentration seems to inactivate the virus and lymph retains its defense character. Detection of the fluorescent antigen is correlated with the evidence of the proteolytic precipitating antigen. After infection with the virus of swine vesicular disease increase of chymotrypsin is also evidenced in the lymph but to a lower degree. Therefore in swine fever the lymphnodes cause chymotrypsin formation to an extent which may explain the pathophysiological disorders in those physiological systems, that are controled by serine proteases.", "contents": "[Studies on the increase of weights of lymphatic glands, of lymph and peritoneal fluid and their contents of chymotrypsin and virus in pigs suffering hog cholera (author's transl)]. Swine fever is conceived as a disorder of the enzyme systems, that are controled by serine proteases. The virus is replicated in the cells of the lymphomycoid complex, whereby the production of a chymotrypsin is induced. In swine fever the lymphatic glands and the lymph flow are increased. Fifteen normal pigs had chymotrypsin contents in the lymph of the body lymphnodes of 0,4 U/l, nine pigs suffering hog cholera 1,5 U/l. In the intestinal lymphnodes the chymotrypsin concentration was normally 2,9 U/l and in swine fever 3,5 U/l. Chymotrypsin which is present may induce the production of further chymotrypsin. Fourteen pigs suffering from swine fever showed increased peritoneal fluids (50 to 120 ml), whereby chymotrypsin was found in 5 cases. The lymphflow was assumed to be five times higher, when compared to control animals. This entails a seven-fold increase of chymotrypsin which enters the blood stream. In some cases the virus titers are higher in the lymph specimen and peritoneal fluids than in the serum. Increase of chymotrypsin concentration reduces the resistance of the virus in the lymph. Obviously the virus is spread in the body migrating with the lymph flow. However, the increasing chymotrypsin concentration seems to inactivate the virus and lymph retains its defense character. Detection of the fluorescent antigen is correlated with the evidence of the proteolytic precipitating antigen. After infection with the virus of swine vesicular disease increase of chymotrypsin is also evidenced in the lymph but to a lower degree. Therefore in swine fever the lymphnodes cause chymotrypsin formation to an extent which may explain the pathophysiological disorders in those physiological systems, that are controled by serine proteases.", "PMID": 506545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6902", "title": "[Further investigations concerning the reaction between haptoglobin and T4-antigen-carrying streptocci (author's transl)].", "content": "The median level of haptoglobin types 2-2 and 2-1 was found to be proportional to the agglutination titer of T4 antigen-carrying streptococci (Fig. 1). This relationship need not exist in individual sera since, as seen from Table 1, high agglutination titers may be caused by sera with low levels of haptoglobin. Thus the agglutination reaction might depend not only on the quantity of haptoglobin but also on other factor(s) (at least in individual serum samples). - On the other hand, different agglutination titers did not correlate with the quantity of T4 antigen either. A strain of Strep. pyogenes, type 60, was agglutinated at high titers by sera with a high level of haptoglobin in spite of its low ability to absorb haptoglobin. This was in contrast to a strain of group G (20488) which had a high capacity both to become agglutinated and to absorb haptoglobin (Table 2). Absorption of haptoglobin by affinity chromatography decreased the agglutination titer for T4 streptococci. - The reaction between haptoglobin and T4-streptocci did not fix complement. No differences were found between sera of haptoglobin types 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 with respect to the amount of C, C3, C4, and C3A, respectively (Tables 3-5).", "contents": "[Further investigations concerning the reaction between haptoglobin and T4-antigen-carrying streptocci (author's transl)]. The median level of haptoglobin types 2-2 and 2-1 was found to be proportional to the agglutination titer of T4 antigen-carrying streptococci (Fig. 1). This relationship need not exist in individual sera since, as seen from Table 1, high agglutination titers may be caused by sera with low levels of haptoglobin. Thus the agglutination reaction might depend not only on the quantity of haptoglobin but also on other factor(s) (at least in individual serum samples). - On the other hand, different agglutination titers did not correlate with the quantity of T4 antigen either. A strain of Strep. pyogenes, type 60, was agglutinated at high titers by sera with a high level of haptoglobin in spite of its low ability to absorb haptoglobin. This was in contrast to a strain of group G (20488) which had a high capacity both to become agglutinated and to absorb haptoglobin (Table 2). Absorption of haptoglobin by affinity chromatography decreased the agglutination titer for T4 streptococci. - The reaction between haptoglobin and T4-streptocci did not fix complement. No differences were found between sera of haptoglobin types 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 with respect to the amount of C, C3, C4, and C3A, respectively (Tables 3-5).", "PMID": 506546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6903", "title": "Tracing of pseudamonas aeruginosa infection by the use of commercial antisera and pyocin production and the evaluation of the results on the basis of the chi2 test.", "content": "One hundred randomly collected Psuedomonas aeruginosa isolates were examined during a two months period of time in order to determine their origin in a hospital environment. Initially, neither the source of the isolates, nor the patients' names were known. The serogroups were determined with commercial antisera, and the pyocin patterns were established with the simplified method of mitomycin C induced pyocin production. The results were analysed in the chi2 test. A highly significant probability value (p less than 00004) was taken as evidence of the identity of the isolates, especially among strains originating from the neurosurgical, surgical and medical intensive care units investigated. The simplified method of the originally devised mitomycin C induced pyocin production with a selected number of 'indicator' strains in conjunction with the initial serogroup determination by the commercially available antisera, allowed a rapid tracing of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. This combined method is recommended as an easy and useful epidemiological tool for the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital acquired infections.", "contents": "Tracing of pseudamonas aeruginosa infection by the use of commercial antisera and pyocin production and the evaluation of the results on the basis of the chi2 test. One hundred randomly collected Psuedomonas aeruginosa isolates were examined during a two months period of time in order to determine their origin in a hospital environment. Initially, neither the source of the isolates, nor the patients' names were known. The serogroups were determined with commercial antisera, and the pyocin patterns were established with the simplified method of mitomycin C induced pyocin production. The results were analysed in the chi2 test. A highly significant probability value (p less than 00004) was taken as evidence of the identity of the isolates, especially among strains originating from the neurosurgical, surgical and medical intensive care units investigated. The simplified method of the originally devised mitomycin C induced pyocin production with a selected number of 'indicator' strains in conjunction with the initial serogroup determination by the commercially available antisera, allowed a rapid tracing of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. This combined method is recommended as an easy and useful epidemiological tool for the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital acquired infections.", "PMID": 506549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6904", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on sera from patients with leptospirosis caused by leptospires from different serogroups and on sera from a control group. The CIE using an antigen prepared from a single leptospira strain agreed with the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of different antigens in 91% of the leptospirosis sera. CIE was sensitive and specific, comparatively easy to perform, used little amounts of serum and antigen, gave rapid results and allowed the examination of large numbers of specimens at a time.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied on sera from patients with leptospirosis caused by leptospires from different serogroups and on sera from a control group. The CIE using an antigen prepared from a single leptospira strain agreed with the microscopic agglutination test using a battery of different antigens in 91% of the leptospirosis sera. CIE was sensitive and specific, comparatively easy to perform, used little amounts of serum and antigen, gave rapid results and allowed the examination of large numbers of specimens at a time.", "PMID": 506550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6905", "title": "[Nicotinamidase and the so-called pyrazinamidase in mycobacteria; the simultaneous occurrence of both activites (author's transl)].", "content": "Nicotin- and the so-called pyrazinamidase (in the following: \"pyrazinamidase\") have been found in strains of four mycobacteria species, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. bovis and M. microti. These findings are in contradiction to those summarized in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1974). The reason for the discrepancies is that the original method (B\u00f6nicke, 1961) for amidase determination has not taken the following aspects into consideration: a) The inducibility of the nicotin- and \"pyrazinamidase\" (example: M. fortuitum); b) The temperature sensitivity of these enzymes (M. gastri); c) The light sensitivity of nicotinamidase (in photochromogenic M. gastri strains); d) The optimal substrate concentration which must be at least 4 mM instead of 0,8 mm. The following consequences can be drawn for the taxonomy and biochemistry of the tested organisms: e) The species status of M. gastri should be annuled. The main difference between M. gastri and M. kansasii consists only of the non-agglutinability of M. gastri by anti-M. kansasii serum. \"Pyrazinamidase\" and also nitrate reductase (Tarnok et al., in press) are positive in strains of both species; f) M. bovis possesses nicotin- and \"pyrazinamidase\" as M. tuberculosis too. Thus, these two species are more closely related than suggested earlier; g) Till now, no Mycobacterium has been found showing nicotinamidase without \"pyrazinamidase\" activity (or vice versa). It seems to be very probable that nicotinamidase, an enzyme of low substrate specificity, is able to hydrolyze several compounds with a nicotinamide-like structure such as pyrazinamide. Thus, we suggest the annulment of the term pyrazinamidase or the employment of quotation marks (\"pyrazinamidase\") to show the fictitious value of this designation.", "contents": "[Nicotinamidase and the so-called pyrazinamidase in mycobacteria; the simultaneous occurrence of both activites (author's transl)]. Nicotin- and the so-called pyrazinamidase (in the following: \"pyrazinamidase\") have been found in strains of four mycobacteria species, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. bovis and M. microti. These findings are in contradiction to those summarized in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1974). The reason for the discrepancies is that the original method (B\u00f6nicke, 1961) for amidase determination has not taken the following aspects into consideration: a) The inducibility of the nicotin- and \"pyrazinamidase\" (example: M. fortuitum); b) The temperature sensitivity of these enzymes (M. gastri); c) The light sensitivity of nicotinamidase (in photochromogenic M. gastri strains); d) The optimal substrate concentration which must be at least 4 mM instead of 0,8 mm. The following consequences can be drawn for the taxonomy and biochemistry of the tested organisms: e) The species status of M. gastri should be annuled. The main difference between M. gastri and M. kansasii consists only of the non-agglutinability of M. gastri by anti-M. kansasii serum. \"Pyrazinamidase\" and also nitrate reductase (Tarnok et al., in press) are positive in strains of both species; f) M. bovis possesses nicotin- and \"pyrazinamidase\" as M. tuberculosis too. Thus, these two species are more closely related than suggested earlier; g) Till now, no Mycobacterium has been found showing nicotinamidase without \"pyrazinamidase\" activity (or vice versa). It seems to be very probable that nicotinamidase, an enzyme of low substrate specificity, is able to hydrolyze several compounds with a nicotinamide-like structure such as pyrazinamide. Thus, we suggest the annulment of the term pyrazinamidase or the employment of quotation marks (\"pyrazinamidase\") to show the fictitious value of this designation.", "PMID": 506551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6906", "title": "[A method for production of Coxiella burnetii antigen and cell walls by guanidiniumchloride extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "By use of 6-molar guanidinium chloride a potent Coxiella burnetii antigen could be produced for diagnostic purposes from infected yolk sacs, with little technical expense. This treatment did not only a cause remarkably purifying effect (Tab. 1) but also the extraction of soluble cytoplasmic substance. From guanidinium chloride-treated suspensions a highly purified and uniform suspension of cell walls could be separated by Saccharose Density Gradient centrifugation (Fig. 2). Guanidine extracted organisms retained their full antigenic potential with respect to Phase I and Phase II and lacked anticomplementary activity. Such preparations can be used for serological tests like complement fixation reaction or Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and are particularly suitable for biochemical studies of Phase antigens of Coxiella burnetii.", "contents": "[A method for production of Coxiella burnetii antigen and cell walls by guanidiniumchloride extraction (author's transl)]. By use of 6-molar guanidinium chloride a potent Coxiella burnetii antigen could be produced for diagnostic purposes from infected yolk sacs, with little technical expense. This treatment did not only a cause remarkably purifying effect (Tab. 1) but also the extraction of soluble cytoplasmic substance. From guanidinium chloride-treated suspensions a highly purified and uniform suspension of cell walls could be separated by Saccharose Density Gradient centrifugation (Fig. 2). Guanidine extracted organisms retained their full antigenic potential with respect to Phase I and Phase II and lacked anticomplementary activity. Such preparations can be used for serological tests like complement fixation reaction or Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and are particularly suitable for biochemical studies of Phase antigens of Coxiella burnetii.", "PMID": 506552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6907", "title": "The effect of nifurtimox on experimental infections with trypanosomatidae other than Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "The influence of Nifurtimox on Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. gambiense, T. lewisi, T. rhodesiense, T. vivax, Leishmania donovani and L. tropica has been studied in animals and in vitro. The drug was active against all of them but there are considerable differences in sensitivity of the various species as well as of different strains of T. rhodesiense. For the treatment of T. rhodesiense a single high dosage was more efficient than the same dose divided into many smaller applications. The latter dose schedule is more suitable for the treatment of T. cruzi and T. lewisi. L. donovani and L. tropica responded to Nifurtimox but only in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of nifurtimox on experimental infections with trypanosomatidae other than Trypanosoma cruzi. The influence of Nifurtimox on Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. gambiense, T. lewisi, T. rhodesiense, T. vivax, Leishmania donovani and L. tropica has been studied in animals and in vitro. The drug was active against all of them but there are considerable differences in sensitivity of the various species as well as of different strains of T. rhodesiense. For the treatment of T. rhodesiense a single high dosage was more efficient than the same dose divided into many smaller applications. The latter dose schedule is more suitable for the treatment of T. cruzi and T. lewisi. L. donovani and L. tropica responded to Nifurtimox but only in vitro.", "PMID": 506553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6908", "title": "Incidence of chicken coccidia from broiler houses in Japan, 1973-1977.", "content": "A survey was made on the incidence of coccidial oocysts in 11,365 fecal samples from Japanese broiler houses during five years from 1973 to 1977. The Eimerian species were identified by a combination of two methods, examination of oocyst morphology and chicken passage test. Oocysts were detected from 7,526 (66.2%) of the samples tested during five years. Annual variation was statistically significant at the 5% level. Coccidial incidence during July to September (corresponding to summer season) was found to be higher than that of other seasons. With regard to regional variation, incidence found in the north-eastern half of Japan was lower than that in the south-western half. Oocyst detection rate increased up to 40 days of age in chickens and kept plateau thereafter. Eimeria acervulina predominated throughout the years, seasons, regions and age of chickens. Other species of Eimeria were subjected to wide fluctuation while the survey was carried out.", "contents": "Incidence of chicken coccidia from broiler houses in Japan, 1973-1977. A survey was made on the incidence of coccidial oocysts in 11,365 fecal samples from Japanese broiler houses during five years from 1973 to 1977. The Eimerian species were identified by a combination of two methods, examination of oocyst morphology and chicken passage test. Oocysts were detected from 7,526 (66.2%) of the samples tested during five years. Annual variation was statistically significant at the 5% level. Coccidial incidence during July to September (corresponding to summer season) was found to be higher than that of other seasons. With regard to regional variation, incidence found in the north-eastern half of Japan was lower than that in the south-western half. Oocyst detection rate increased up to 40 days of age in chickens and kept plateau thereafter. Eimeria acervulina predominated throughout the years, seasons, regions and age of chickens. Other species of Eimeria were subjected to wide fluctuation while the survey was carried out.", "PMID": 506554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6909", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in mouse peritoneal exudate cells during infection with Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Infections of mouse peritoneal exudate cells with trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii (BK strain) were studied by means of electron microscopy. After i.p. injection of Toxoplasma-trophozoites macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes migrate into the peritoneal cavity of mice. All these cells can be parasitized by T. gondii. Multiplication of phagocytosed trophozoites is not inhibited, but obviously the infected cells favour their growth.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in mouse peritoneal exudate cells during infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Infections of mouse peritoneal exudate cells with trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii (BK strain) were studied by means of electron microscopy. After i.p. injection of Toxoplasma-trophozoites macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes migrate into the peritoneal cavity of mice. All these cells can be parasitized by T. gondii. Multiplication of phagocytosed trophozoites is not inhibited, but obviously the infected cells favour their growth.", "PMID": 506555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6910", "title": "A routine method for assaying the anti-toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Latex agglutination test on human sera preabsorbed with protein A-bearing staphylococcal cells.", "content": "The authors investigated the procedure which demonstrates, by means of the latex agglutination test (LA) the residual IgM antibody activities in sera preabsorbed with protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus and evaluated the usefulness of this technique with the following results. (1) LA (Toxotest-LA, Eikenkagaku Co.) gave clear-cut and reproducible agglutination patterns. Its specificity was comparable to that of HA and its sensitivity was somewhat lower than that of HA. (2) The absorption of 0.2 ml of 1:10 dilution of many test sera with the sediment of 0.5 ml of a 10% bacterial suspension for ten minutes or more provides the suitable condition for the absorption procedure. (3) HA-positive 183 sera revealed no residual antibody activities after absorption. These are supposed to derive from persons with a long-standing infection. Sera from 4 laboratory infection cases, from 2 toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy cases and from a pregnant woman, showed more or less residual activities. In 5 out of 7 sera tested, the residual activities were 2-ME sensitive, indicating the presence of specific IgM antibodies. (4) The specific and the total IgM were reduced slightly by the absorption procedure.", "contents": "A routine method for assaying the anti-toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Latex agglutination test on human sera preabsorbed with protein A-bearing staphylococcal cells. The authors investigated the procedure which demonstrates, by means of the latex agglutination test (LA) the residual IgM antibody activities in sera preabsorbed with protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus and evaluated the usefulness of this technique with the following results. (1) LA (Toxotest-LA, Eikenkagaku Co.) gave clear-cut and reproducible agglutination patterns. Its specificity was comparable to that of HA and its sensitivity was somewhat lower than that of HA. (2) The absorption of 0.2 ml of 1:10 dilution of many test sera with the sediment of 0.5 ml of a 10% bacterial suspension for ten minutes or more provides the suitable condition for the absorption procedure. (3) HA-positive 183 sera revealed no residual antibody activities after absorption. These are supposed to derive from persons with a long-standing infection. Sera from 4 laboratory infection cases, from 2 toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy cases and from a pregnant woman, showed more or less residual activities. In 5 out of 7 sera tested, the residual activities were 2-ME sensitive, indicating the presence of specific IgM antibodies. (4) The specific and the total IgM were reduced slightly by the absorption procedure.", "PMID": 506556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6911", "title": "[Effect of lead and carbon monoxide under the condition of diabetic metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The NZO-Mice were used to study the influence of carbon monoxide and lead under the condition of diabetic metabolism. The animals treated with 80 ppm (COHb 10.81) showed significantly lower tolerance for glucose. Even after removing the burden of carbon monoxide for 50 days, the blood sugar level after glucose tolerance test remained in experimental animals significantly higher than in controls (20-min-value). The NZO-Mice after enteral lead exposition showed no significant changes of the condition of the diabetic metabolism after the glucose tolerance test. However, the NZO-Mice, compared to NMRI mice and rats, reached significantly higher level of blood sugar.", "contents": "[Effect of lead and carbon monoxide under the condition of diabetic metabolism (author's transl)]. The NZO-Mice were used to study the influence of carbon monoxide and lead under the condition of diabetic metabolism. The animals treated with 80 ppm (COHb 10.81) showed significantly lower tolerance for glucose. Even after removing the burden of carbon monoxide for 50 days, the blood sugar level after glucose tolerance test remained in experimental animals significantly higher than in controls (20-min-value). The NZO-Mice after enteral lead exposition showed no significant changes of the condition of the diabetic metabolism after the glucose tolerance test. However, the NZO-Mice, compared to NMRI mice and rats, reached significantly higher level of blood sugar.", "PMID": 506557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6912", "title": "[Autoradiographic investigations on the effect of city smog extract on DNA synthesis and cell cycle of mammalian cells in vitro. II. Alterations of the cell cycle of hamsters kidney cells and hamster embryonic cells in presence of city smog extract (author's transl)].", "content": "We used the autoradiographic method according to Quastler and Sherman to analyse alterations in the cell cycle under the influence of city smog extracts. Investigations were performed on logarithmically growing cultures of kidney and embryonic cells of the Syrian golden hamster. Low concentrations of city smog extracts (0.125 micrograms/ml Benzo(a)pyren-equivalent) induced a remarkable delay of cell entrance into DNA-synthesis. Furthermore a considerable prolongation of generation time and phase of DNA-synthesis was detected. The number of mitosis was strongly reduced. Already a doubling of concentration of city smog extract caused an almost complete breakdown of the cell cycle and a disappearing of mitosis for a time period of 10 hours. Our results strongly indicate that city smog extracts lead to a severe alteration of the molecular biology of the cell. Taking this in consideration, it can be assumed that a long term exposure of human beings to the city smog could induce an injury of health.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic investigations on the effect of city smog extract on DNA synthesis and cell cycle of mammalian cells in vitro. II. Alterations of the cell cycle of hamsters kidney cells and hamster embryonic cells in presence of city smog extract (author's transl)]. We used the autoradiographic method according to Quastler and Sherman to analyse alterations in the cell cycle under the influence of city smog extracts. Investigations were performed on logarithmically growing cultures of kidney and embryonic cells of the Syrian golden hamster. Low concentrations of city smog extracts (0.125 micrograms/ml Benzo(a)pyren-equivalent) induced a remarkable delay of cell entrance into DNA-synthesis. Furthermore a considerable prolongation of generation time and phase of DNA-synthesis was detected. The number of mitosis was strongly reduced. Already a doubling of concentration of city smog extract caused an almost complete breakdown of the cell cycle and a disappearing of mitosis for a time period of 10 hours. Our results strongly indicate that city smog extracts lead to a severe alteration of the molecular biology of the cell. Taking this in consideration, it can be assumed that a long term exposure of human beings to the city smog could induce an injury of health.", "PMID": 506558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6913", "title": "Repeated exposure to furfural vapour: 13-week study in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The sub-acute inhalation toxicity of furfural was studied in Syrian golden hamsters. Four groups of ten males and ten females each were repeatedly exposed to furfural vapour at concentrations of 0, 20, 115 and 552 ppm (0, 77, 448 and 2165 mg/m3 air) respectively for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week during a period of 13 weeks. At the highest exposure level furfural induced irritation of the eyes and nose, slight growth retardation and atrophy along with hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. At 115 ppm atrophy and hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium were the only adverse effects observed that could be attributed to furfural. No compound-related alterations were detected at the lowest exposure concentration of 20 ppm (77 mg/m3 air) which was, therefore, accepted as a no-toxic effect level.", "contents": "Repeated exposure to furfural vapour: 13-week study in Syrian golden hamsters. The sub-acute inhalation toxicity of furfural was studied in Syrian golden hamsters. Four groups of ten males and ten females each were repeatedly exposed to furfural vapour at concentrations of 0, 20, 115 and 552 ppm (0, 77, 448 and 2165 mg/m3 air) respectively for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week during a period of 13 weeks. At the highest exposure level furfural induced irritation of the eyes and nose, slight growth retardation and atrophy along with hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. At 115 ppm atrophy and hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium were the only adverse effects observed that could be attributed to furfural. No compound-related alterations were detected at the lowest exposure concentration of 20 ppm (77 mg/m3 air) which was, therefore, accepted as a no-toxic effect level.", "PMID": 506559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6914", "title": "[Serological reactivity of healthy and ill people in relation to antigens from Bacteroides-serotypes (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated sera of healthy and ill people with different diagnoses to their reactivity against antigens isolated from six serotypes A--E2 (subspecies) of Bacteroides fragilis in indirect hemagglutination tests. These investigations were conducted partly in Poland and partly in the Netherlands. - In many cases antibodies towards several serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis were present in the healthy. In the Netherlands we found antibodies towards serotypes C and E2; in Poland serotypes D and E1 seem to be predominant in the healthy, whereas some reactivity towards other serotypes also could be observed (see table 1). - Hemagglutinationtiters in sera of the ill were frequently increased. In these sera we found also reactivity towards serotypes which are absent or rare in the healthy (see tables 2, 4 and 5). Sera of patients with carcinoma or sarcoma displayed high titers and especially reactivity towards those serotypes which are absent or rare in the healthy (see tables 3, 4 and 5).", "contents": "[Serological reactivity of healthy and ill people in relation to antigens from Bacteroides-serotypes (author's transl)]. We investigated sera of healthy and ill people with different diagnoses to their reactivity against antigens isolated from six serotypes A--E2 (subspecies) of Bacteroides fragilis in indirect hemagglutination tests. These investigations were conducted partly in Poland and partly in the Netherlands. - In many cases antibodies towards several serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis were present in the healthy. In the Netherlands we found antibodies towards serotypes C and E2; in Poland serotypes D and E1 seem to be predominant in the healthy, whereas some reactivity towards other serotypes also could be observed (see table 1). - Hemagglutinationtiters in sera of the ill were frequently increased. In these sera we found also reactivity towards serotypes which are absent or rare in the healthy (see tables 2, 4 and 5). Sera of patients with carcinoma or sarcoma displayed high titers and especially reactivity towards those serotypes which are absent or rare in the healthy (see tables 3, 4 and 5).", "PMID": 506560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6915", "title": "[About the antimicrobial activity of substituted aromatic aldehydes and alcohols (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of serveral chemicals a number of substituted benzaldehydes and benzylalcohols was investigated under standardized conditions following the method of DGHM (German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology) against bacteria, dermatophytes and moulds. The germicidal activity, demonstrated by the suspension test, is generally low except under special conditions (low or high pH-value). The germistatic activity, demonstrated by the MIC-test, is much higher than the germicidal effect (figs. 1--4). The relation structure-germistatic activity is discussed.", "contents": "[About the antimicrobial activity of substituted aromatic aldehydes and alcohols (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of serveral chemicals a number of substituted benzaldehydes and benzylalcohols was investigated under standardized conditions following the method of DGHM (German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology) against bacteria, dermatophytes and moulds. The germicidal activity, demonstrated by the suspension test, is generally low except under special conditions (low or high pH-value). The germistatic activity, demonstrated by the MIC-test, is much higher than the germicidal effect (figs. 1--4). The relation structure-germistatic activity is discussed.", "PMID": 506561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6916", "title": "[Disinfectants based on peracid-splitting compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "All organic peracids are capable of damaging enzymes of the microbial cell irreversibly by oxidation and can thus kill microbes. When using organic peracids as a disinfectant it is expedient to prepare them immediately prior to use. This is possible by employing mixtures in powder form of acid depots (anhydrides, amides, esters) and hydrogen peroxide depots which react together with water only at the time of preparing the solution to form a balanced system, the active complex proper, comprising organic peracid, organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water.", "contents": "[Disinfectants based on peracid-splitting compounds (author's transl)]. All organic peracids are capable of damaging enzymes of the microbial cell irreversibly by oxidation and can thus kill microbes. When using organic peracids as a disinfectant it is expedient to prepare them immediately prior to use. This is possible by employing mixtures in powder form of acid depots (anhydrides, amides, esters) and hydrogen peroxide depots which react together with water only at the time of preparing the solution to form a balanced system, the active complex proper, comprising organic peracid, organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water.", "PMID": 506562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6917", "title": "[On the sporocidal action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the suspension test the action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) and--for the purpose of a comparison--elemental chlorine and Chloramine-T on three different spore strains at pH 7.0 and room temperature has been investigated. DBI proved to be a desinfecting agent by which at a concentration of 0.01 M positive halogene (= 1.45 g DBI/I) in 15--60 minutes (depending on the spore strain) a reliable kill can be achieved. Although using elemental chlorine shorter kill rates have been obtained (Chloramine-T was without any effect) DBI shows some advantages which also suggest its use in practice. As possible reasons for the differing efficiency of the three investigated substances the equilibrium concentrations of the hydrolysis products (HOCl resp. HOBr) and diffusion effects are discussed.", "contents": "[On the sporocidal action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (author's transl)]. Using the suspension test the action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) and--for the purpose of a comparison--elemental chlorine and Chloramine-T on three different spore strains at pH 7.0 and room temperature has been investigated. DBI proved to be a desinfecting agent by which at a concentration of 0.01 M positive halogene (= 1.45 g DBI/I) in 15--60 minutes (depending on the spore strain) a reliable kill can be achieved. Although using elemental chlorine shorter kill rates have been obtained (Chloramine-T was without any effect) DBI shows some advantages which also suggest its use in practice. As possible reasons for the differing efficiency of the three investigated substances the equilibrium concentrations of the hydrolysis products (HOCl resp. HOBr) and diffusion effects are discussed.", "PMID": 506563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6918", "title": "Study on the possibility of adopting a complex method in Blattella germanica (L.) control on board ships.", "content": "Campaings to control the German cockroach, Blattela germanica, were conducted at 14-day intervals over a period of 5.5 months on two merchant vessels of similar size and type. On one ship only the chemical \"Gertoks\", carbamate insecticide containing 1% propoxur was applied, and on the second ship two preparations simultaneously, a chemical and a biological--\"Biotrol 25 W\" containing Bacillus thuringiensis. - In order to assess the success of the control, the extent of infestation in the accomodation was determined immediately before and 24 h after the spraying. - The susceptibility of the cockroaches caught on the ships, to the two preparations applied, was also determined. It was found that \"Gertoks\" was an efficient preparation, the biopreparation \"Biotrol 25 W\" being less efficient. - A certain increase in resistance of the cockroaches to both preparations, was noted. - The above observations indicate that a considerable drop in numbers of population of cockroaches can be achieved if the ship's crew carry out systematic thorough spraying of ships quarters infested by cockroaches, with Gertoks\". They also confirm previous suggestions that complex method in B. germanica control on board ships is possible, using chemical and biological preparations containing Bac. thuringiensis spores simultaneously.", "contents": "Study on the possibility of adopting a complex method in Blattella germanica (L.) control on board ships. Campaings to control the German cockroach, Blattela germanica, were conducted at 14-day intervals over a period of 5.5 months on two merchant vessels of similar size and type. On one ship only the chemical \"Gertoks\", carbamate insecticide containing 1% propoxur was applied, and on the second ship two preparations simultaneously, a chemical and a biological--\"Biotrol 25 W\" containing Bacillus thuringiensis. - In order to assess the success of the control, the extent of infestation in the accomodation was determined immediately before and 24 h after the spraying. - The susceptibility of the cockroaches caught on the ships, to the two preparations applied, was also determined. It was found that \"Gertoks\" was an efficient preparation, the biopreparation \"Biotrol 25 W\" being less efficient. - A certain increase in resistance of the cockroaches to both preparations, was noted. - The above observations indicate that a considerable drop in numbers of population of cockroaches can be achieved if the ship's crew carry out systematic thorough spraying of ships quarters infested by cockroaches, with Gertoks\". They also confirm previous suggestions that complex method in B. germanica control on board ships is possible, using chemical and biological preparations containing Bac. thuringiensis spores simultaneously.", "PMID": 506564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6919", "title": "[Nutritive antibiotic additives in animal feeding stuffs--a further form of environmental pollution (author's transl)].", "content": "Feeding domestic animals with mycelia, a by-product of vitamine production, gave rise to the side effect of markedly improved utilization of the fodder. This effect is not due to the vitamine and protein content but to the antibiotic content of this waste product. The nutritive effect was brought about by a larger number of different antibiotics in concentrations which were considerably lower than the therapeutically required doses. Therefore we speak, in this connection, of a nutritive addition of antibiotics to animal fodder. Since at the time of introducing this feeding method only the mutational resistance to antibiotics of pathogens was known and since the nutritive dosaging cannot select such therapeutically relevant degrees of resistance of the germs, no importance was attached to the development of the resistance and its effect on human medicine. However, during the last decade it has been found that the feeding of antibiotics is indeed capable of selecting the plasmidic resistance to antibiotics of the gram-negative intestinal bacteria in the faeces of the animals. For pigs, calves and hens--to quote only the most important animals--now contain a coliflora almost completely studded with R-factors. Owing to the transmissibility of the plasmids and the epidemiologically short path from animal to man, dangers emerge for the human medicine from this nutritive selection. Therefore the use of all antibiotics which select resistance plasmids, should be avoided in animal feed stuffs. It would be best, if antibiotics used in human medicine were not used in veterinary practice.", "contents": "[Nutritive antibiotic additives in animal feeding stuffs--a further form of environmental pollution (author's transl)]. Feeding domestic animals with mycelia, a by-product of vitamine production, gave rise to the side effect of markedly improved utilization of the fodder. This effect is not due to the vitamine and protein content but to the antibiotic content of this waste product. The nutritive effect was brought about by a larger number of different antibiotics in concentrations which were considerably lower than the therapeutically required doses. Therefore we speak, in this connection, of a nutritive addition of antibiotics to animal fodder. Since at the time of introducing this feeding method only the mutational resistance to antibiotics of pathogens was known and since the nutritive dosaging cannot select such therapeutically relevant degrees of resistance of the germs, no importance was attached to the development of the resistance and its effect on human medicine. However, during the last decade it has been found that the feeding of antibiotics is indeed capable of selecting the plasmidic resistance to antibiotics of the gram-negative intestinal bacteria in the faeces of the animals. For pigs, calves and hens--to quote only the most important animals--now contain a coliflora almost completely studded with R-factors. Owing to the transmissibility of the plasmids and the epidemiologically short path from animal to man, dangers emerge for the human medicine from this nutritive selection. Therefore the use of all antibiotics which select resistance plasmids, should be avoided in animal feed stuffs. It would be best, if antibiotics used in human medicine were not used in veterinary practice.", "PMID": 506565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6920", "title": "[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers. IV. Communication: microbial immission in the vicinity of wet cooling towers (author's transl)].", "content": "From the emission rates of the bacterial cooling tower emission determined in field measurements (see Comm. II) the mortality rate of enterbacteria on soil, grass and solid surfaces and the mortality rate in the atmosphere taken from literature the immission rates and the long-term effect on microbial surface flora were calculated and compared with our own measurements. The values used in the calculations include large margins for error. The atmospheric germ counts determined by experiment were no higher than the calculated values; they fluctuated in terms of concentration between 20 KBE m-3 and 200 KBE m-3 in ranges which were measured in areas with little or no anthropogenic influences. The maximum long-term surface load which occurs under these assumptions is 2.3.10(5) KBE M-2. This relatively small additional load (approx. 10(-3%) would hardly be noticeable in a number of colonies of approximately 10(10) KBE m-2 normally occurring in soil and grass samples.", "contents": "[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers. IV. Communication: microbial immission in the vicinity of wet cooling towers (author's transl)]. From the emission rates of the bacterial cooling tower emission determined in field measurements (see Comm. II) the mortality rate of enterbacteria on soil, grass and solid surfaces and the mortality rate in the atmosphere taken from literature the immission rates and the long-term effect on microbial surface flora were calculated and compared with our own measurements. The values used in the calculations include large margins for error. The atmospheric germ counts determined by experiment were no higher than the calculated values; they fluctuated in terms of concentration between 20 KBE m-3 and 200 KBE m-3 in ranges which were measured in areas with little or no anthropogenic influences. The maximum long-term surface load which occurs under these assumptions is 2.3.10(5) KBE M-2. This relatively small additional load (approx. 10(-3%) would hardly be noticeable in a number of colonies of approximately 10(10) KBE m-2 normally occurring in soil and grass samples.", "PMID": 506566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6921", "title": "[Reptile brain cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates].", "content": "Studies have been made on the content of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates, as well as on their fatty acid composition in the brain of reptiles, subclass Anapsida (tortoises Emys orbicularis and Testudo horsfieldi) and subclass Lepidosauria (lizards Agama caucasica, A. sanguinolenta, Phrynocephalus mystaceus and snake Natrix tesselata). Total content of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates is higher in the brain of Lepidosaurians than in that of Anapsids. In the brain of tortoises, the content of cerebroside fraction with hydroxy fatty acids is significantly higher than of the fraction with normal fatty acids, which is also typical of the brain of homoiothermic mammals and birds. In the brain of Lepidosaurians, concentration of hydroxycerebrosides is considerably lower than of cerebrosides with normal fatty acids, which is similar to lower vertebrates -- amphibians and fishes. Low content of hydroxycerebrosides was found in all the Lepidosaurians investigated, irrespectively of their ecological conditions, being therefore dependent on their phylogenetic position. The composition of fatty acids, both normal and hydroxyderivates, as well as that of glycolipids from the brain of Anapsids and Lepidosaurians is essentially similar. However, some interspecific differences were noted in the pattern of fatty acids of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates of the brain, which concern the content of saturated and long chain fatty acids.", "contents": "[Reptile brain cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates]. Studies have been made on the content of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates, as well as on their fatty acid composition in the brain of reptiles, subclass Anapsida (tortoises Emys orbicularis and Testudo horsfieldi) and subclass Lepidosauria (lizards Agama caucasica, A. sanguinolenta, Phrynocephalus mystaceus and snake Natrix tesselata). Total content of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates is higher in the brain of Lepidosaurians than in that of Anapsids. In the brain of tortoises, the content of cerebroside fraction with hydroxy fatty acids is significantly higher than of the fraction with normal fatty acids, which is also typical of the brain of homoiothermic mammals and birds. In the brain of Lepidosaurians, concentration of hydroxycerebrosides is considerably lower than of cerebrosides with normal fatty acids, which is similar to lower vertebrates -- amphibians and fishes. Low content of hydroxycerebrosides was found in all the Lepidosaurians investigated, irrespectively of their ecological conditions, being therefore dependent on their phylogenetic position. The composition of fatty acids, both normal and hydroxyderivates, as well as that of glycolipids from the brain of Anapsids and Lepidosaurians is essentially similar. However, some interspecific differences were noted in the pattern of fatty acids of cerebrosides and cerebroside sulfates of the brain, which concern the content of saturated and long chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 506587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6922", "title": "[Comparative study of binding of Scorpaena porcus scorpion fish insulin and pig insulin by specific muscle plasma membrane receptors].", "content": "Insulin from the scorpion-fish and porcine insulin have been compared with respect to their capacity to interact with the specific receptors in plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers of rats. Both insulins inhibited membrane binding of insulin-125J; the dose of porcine insulin which inhibited binding by 50% was equal to 3.7 nM, that of fish insulin -- to 100 nM. These figures indicated lower affinity of fish insulin to mammalian receptors (4% of the porcine affinity), being in accordance with lower biological activity of fish insulin in diaphragmal test. Other peculiarity of fish insulin was revealed in studies on dissociation of insulin-125J, which was previously bound to isolated diaphragm muscle of the rat. In contrast to mammalian insulin, it was not capable of increasing the dissociation when being added to a solution in doses from 7.10(-11) to 7.10(-9) M. This fact is analysed in term of the \"site--site\" interactions concept.", "contents": "[Comparative study of binding of Scorpaena porcus scorpion fish insulin and pig insulin by specific muscle plasma membrane receptors]. Insulin from the scorpion-fish and porcine insulin have been compared with respect to their capacity to interact with the specific receptors in plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers of rats. Both insulins inhibited membrane binding of insulin-125J; the dose of porcine insulin which inhibited binding by 50% was equal to 3.7 nM, that of fish insulin -- to 100 nM. These figures indicated lower affinity of fish insulin to mammalian receptors (4% of the porcine affinity), being in accordance with lower biological activity of fish insulin in diaphragmal test. Other peculiarity of fish insulin was revealed in studies on dissociation of insulin-125J, which was previously bound to isolated diaphragm muscle of the rat. In contrast to mammalian insulin, it was not capable of increasing the dissociation when being added to a solution in doses from 7.10(-11) to 7.10(-9) M. This fact is analysed in term of the \"site--site\" interactions concept.", "PMID": 506588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6923", "title": "[Sex differences in the gonadotropins of the Black Sea plaice Scophthalmus maeoticus].", "content": "No quantitative differences in the effect of acetone-dried pituitaries from male and female plaice upon loach-recipients (Misgurnus fossilis) have been found in testing the activity of the glands on plaice-recipients. This fact suggests the existence of qualitative differences between gonadotropins from plaice males and females. This conclusion was supported in the experiments on the effect of purified gonadotropic fractions, isolated separately from male and female hypophyses, on maturation of the loach. Three gonadotropic fractions obtained by preparative disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, differ in their biological activity and electrophoretic mobility. The activity of gonadotropic fractions in males is higher, than in females; electrophoretic mobility of two fractions is also higher in males, whereas the third fraction does not exhibit sexual differences.", "contents": "[Sex differences in the gonadotropins of the Black Sea plaice Scophthalmus maeoticus]. No quantitative differences in the effect of acetone-dried pituitaries from male and female plaice upon loach-recipients (Misgurnus fossilis) have been found in testing the activity of the glands on plaice-recipients. This fact suggests the existence of qualitative differences between gonadotropins from plaice males and females. This conclusion was supported in the experiments on the effect of purified gonadotropic fractions, isolated separately from male and female hypophyses, on maturation of the loach. Three gonadotropic fractions obtained by preparative disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, differ in their biological activity and electrophoretic mobility. The activity of gonadotropic fractions in males is higher, than in females; electrophoretic mobility of two fractions is also higher in males, whereas the third fraction does not exhibit sexual differences.", "PMID": 506589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6924", "title": "[Comparative analysis of thermoregulation in the nests of certain species of social insects].", "content": "Studies have been made on thermal regulation in the nests of families of the honey bee Apis mellifera, wasp Dolihovespula silvestris and bumblebees Bombus terrestris, B. agrorum and B. lapidaris during their maximum development. It was shown that thermoregulation significantly stimulated the brood in the nest. Among the species investigated, the highest thermoregulatory capacities are exhibited by honey bees, this fact being associated with the large number of individuals in their colonies. During cooling, bees group around the brood and their bodies make a cover of thermal insulation. Sheltering of the nests plays the main role in heat preservation of wasps and bumblebees. The latter, using contact method of heating of cells with the brood, provide rather constant temperature for its development. Honey bees, wasps and bumblebees react to overheating in the nests essentially in a similar way, i. e. by active aeration of their nests by vigorous wing beatings. The frequency of beatings increases with the increase in temperature.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of thermoregulation in the nests of certain species of social insects]. Studies have been made on thermal regulation in the nests of families of the honey bee Apis mellifera, wasp Dolihovespula silvestris and bumblebees Bombus terrestris, B. agrorum and B. lapidaris during their maximum development. It was shown that thermoregulation significantly stimulated the brood in the nest. Among the species investigated, the highest thermoregulatory capacities are exhibited by honey bees, this fact being associated with the large number of individuals in their colonies. During cooling, bees group around the brood and their bodies make a cover of thermal insulation. Sheltering of the nests plays the main role in heat preservation of wasps and bumblebees. The latter, using contact method of heating of cells with the brood, provide rather constant temperature for its development. Honey bees, wasps and bumblebees react to overheating in the nests essentially in a similar way, i. e. by active aeration of their nests by vigorous wing beatings. The frequency of beatings increases with the increase in temperature.", "PMID": 506590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6925", "title": "[Changes in the sensitivity of the heart of marine mollusks to acetylcholine during the spawning period].", "content": "In experiments on 5 species of marine bivalve molluscs (Spisula sachalinensis, Callista brevisiphonata, Mactra sulcatoria, Peronidia venulosa, Mya japonica) it has been shown that the level of sensitivity of cardiac muscle to ACh corresponds to functional condition of the reproductive system. During the discharge of mature sexual products, significant increase in the sensitivity to the mediator is observed -- from threshold ACh concentrations about 10(-9) M to 10(-15)--10(-17) M during spawning. If the spawning time is shifted, the onset of the increase in cardiac sensitivity is shifted as well. This parallelism is absent in species with portional mode of reproduction -- Crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus difficilis.", "contents": "[Changes in the sensitivity of the heart of marine mollusks to acetylcholine during the spawning period]. In experiments on 5 species of marine bivalve molluscs (Spisula sachalinensis, Callista brevisiphonata, Mactra sulcatoria, Peronidia venulosa, Mya japonica) it has been shown that the level of sensitivity of cardiac muscle to ACh corresponds to functional condition of the reproductive system. During the discharge of mature sexual products, significant increase in the sensitivity to the mediator is observed -- from threshold ACh concentrations about 10(-9) M to 10(-15)--10(-17) M during spawning. If the spawning time is shifted, the onset of the increase in cardiac sensitivity is shifted as well. This parallelism is absent in species with portional mode of reproduction -- Crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus difficilis.", "PMID": 506591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6926", "title": "[Type II neurons in the trunk of the cockroach Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Staining the nervous system by methylene blue, studies have been made on the topography and structure of type II neurones in the trunk of the cockroach. Small quantity of cells innervating various tissues was found together with 3 varieties of neurones, located near the nervous trunks, as well as 4 pairs of the abdominal stretch receptors (one pair of unicellular and one pair of bicellular receptors in tergites and sternites).", "contents": "[Type II neurons in the trunk of the cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Staining the nervous system by methylene blue, studies have been made on the topography and structure of type II neurones in the trunk of the cockroach. Small quantity of cells innervating various tissues was found together with 3 varieties of neurones, located near the nervous trunks, as well as 4 pairs of the abdominal stretch receptors (one pair of unicellular and one pair of bicellular receptors in tergites and sternites).", "PMID": 506593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6927", "title": "[Demonstration of different type cholinoreceptors on the membrane of an isolated Planorbarius corneus mollusk membrane].", "content": "In experiments on isolated and identified neurones of the pedal ganglion of the gastropod mollusc P. corneus, it was demonstrated that biphasic response to ACh may be obtained both to superfusion and electrophoretic application. Fast (depolarizing) phase may be imitated by a nicotinomimetic drug, suberyldicholine, and blocked by d-tubocurarine. These data indicate that this phase results from activation of nicotinic cholinoreceptors. Slow (hyperpolarizing) phase may be evoked by a muscarinomimetic, dioxolane F-2268, which is taken as an indication of the muscarinic nature of cholinoreceptors responsible for this phase. Experiments on completely isolated neurones directly show that both kinds of cholinoreceptors belong to the same neurone. Biphasic pattern of the response depends on the level of the membrane potential and on the conditions of ACh application. The fast phase is more evident at membrane hyperpolarization, the slow one--at depolarization. The fast phase is more readily obtained by superfusion by high concentrations of ACh or at close position of electrophoretic micropipette to neuronal surface, whereas the slow phase may be easily obtained by superfusion with low concentrations of ACh or when the micropipette is not attached so closely to the cell.", "contents": "[Demonstration of different type cholinoreceptors on the membrane of an isolated Planorbarius corneus mollusk membrane]. In experiments on isolated and identified neurones of the pedal ganglion of the gastropod mollusc P. corneus, it was demonstrated that biphasic response to ACh may be obtained both to superfusion and electrophoretic application. Fast (depolarizing) phase may be imitated by a nicotinomimetic drug, suberyldicholine, and blocked by d-tubocurarine. These data indicate that this phase results from activation of nicotinic cholinoreceptors. Slow (hyperpolarizing) phase may be evoked by a muscarinomimetic, dioxolane F-2268, which is taken as an indication of the muscarinic nature of cholinoreceptors responsible for this phase. Experiments on completely isolated neurones directly show that both kinds of cholinoreceptors belong to the same neurone. Biphasic pattern of the response depends on the level of the membrane potential and on the conditions of ACh application. The fast phase is more evident at membrane hyperpolarization, the slow one--at depolarization. The fast phase is more readily obtained by superfusion by high concentrations of ACh or at close position of electrophoretic micropipette to neuronal surface, whereas the slow phase may be easily obtained by superfusion with low concentrations of ACh or when the micropipette is not attached so closely to the cell.", "PMID": 506592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6928", "title": "[Embryogenetic features of the serum protein composition of chicken blood].", "content": "Protein composition of the blood serum in chick embryos of two breeds and in their hybrids has been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significant changes in the proportion of protein components of pre-albumin, albumin and post-albumin zones during prenatal development of chicks were observed. These changes are alleviated in hybrid embryos. The decrease in protein content of post-albumin zone, which contains foetoproteins, takes place to the end of incubation. This decrease is less significant in hybrid chicks as compared to that in the original hen breeds.", "contents": "[Embryogenetic features of the serum protein composition of chicken blood]. Protein composition of the blood serum in chick embryos of two breeds and in their hybrids has been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significant changes in the proportion of protein components of pre-albumin, albumin and post-albumin zones during prenatal development of chicks were observed. These changes are alleviated in hybrid embryos. The decrease in protein content of post-albumin zone, which contains foetoproteins, takes place to the end of incubation. This decrease is less significant in hybrid chicks as compared to that in the original hen breeds.", "PMID": 506594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6929", "title": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. I. A method of expressing the results based on a comparison with a standard and using a logarithmic scale].", "content": "The sources of errors in the quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the passive hemagglutination inhibition test are considered. The influence of some factors (the quality of erythrocyte diagnostic reagents, the non-standard working dose of the antiserum) can be reduced if in each test the material under study is compared with a known preparation having known serological activity (standard preparation). A suggestion is made on the advisability of expressing the results of the test in the logarithmic (log2) scale of serological activity units (SAU), where the activity of 100 IU/ml is considered to be 10 units. The serological activity of the standard preparation used in this research was determined against a set of Hyland reference sera. The average level and varibility of immunoglobulin content in the sera of healthy adults were determined with the use of 104 serum samples. The average level was 10.2 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgG, 10,4 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgA and 9.6 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgM, with sigma for all immunoglobulins being about 1.0. The reproducibility of the passive hemagglutination inhibition test was satisfactory; the variability of the results after repeated tests seldom exceeded 1 SAU.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. I. A method of expressing the results based on a comparison with a standard and using a logarithmic scale]. The sources of errors in the quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the passive hemagglutination inhibition test are considered. The influence of some factors (the quality of erythrocyte diagnostic reagents, the non-standard working dose of the antiserum) can be reduced if in each test the material under study is compared with a known preparation having known serological activity (standard preparation). A suggestion is made on the advisability of expressing the results of the test in the logarithmic (log2) scale of serological activity units (SAU), where the activity of 100 IU/ml is considered to be 10 units. The serological activity of the standard preparation used in this research was determined against a set of Hyland reference sera. The average level and varibility of immunoglobulin content in the sera of healthy adults were determined with the use of 104 serum samples. The average level was 10.2 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgG, 10,4 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgA and 9.6 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgM, with sigma for all immunoglobulins being about 1.0. The reproducibility of the passive hemagglutination inhibition test was satisfactory; the variability of the results after repeated tests seldom exceeded 1 SAU.", "PMID": 506601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6930", "title": "[Immunological properties of malignant and nonmalignant L-cell sublines. I. Obtaining a malignant L-cell subline and its immunological cross reactivity with nonmalignant cells].", "content": "LS cells, the malignant subline of benign L cells, were obtained from L cells by selection carried out by means of their cultivation in the abdominal cavity of allogenic mice. When inoculated subcutaneously in a dose of 1 x 10(6) into the back, LS cells took and progressively grew in 70% of syngeneic animals. The preliminary immunization with L cells protected 30% of mice inoculated subsequently with L cells.", "contents": "[Immunological properties of malignant and nonmalignant L-cell sublines. I. Obtaining a malignant L-cell subline and its immunological cross reactivity with nonmalignant cells]. LS cells, the malignant subline of benign L cells, were obtained from L cells by selection carried out by means of their cultivation in the abdominal cavity of allogenic mice. When inoculated subcutaneously in a dose of 1 x 10(6) into the back, LS cells took and progressively grew in 70% of syngeneic animals. The preliminary immunization with L cells protected 30% of mice inoculated subsequently with L cells.", "PMID": 506603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6931", "title": "[Hemolytic properties of El Tor cholera vibrios].", "content": "The hemolytic factor of Vibrio cholerae, biotype eltor, is bound to the cellular structures and can be liberated into the environment. The inhibiting action of proteases on the hemolytic activity of vibrios suggests that the proteinaceous hemolysin component of these organisms plays an important role in the process of red blood cell lysis. The inhibition of the hemolytic activity of vibrios by Ca2+ ions seems to be connected with the activation of intracellular phospholipases.", "contents": "[Hemolytic properties of El Tor cholera vibrios]. The hemolytic factor of Vibrio cholerae, biotype eltor, is bound to the cellular structures and can be liberated into the environment. The inhibiting action of proteases on the hemolytic activity of vibrios suggests that the proteinaceous hemolysin component of these organisms plays an important role in the process of red blood cell lysis. The inhibition of the hemolytic activity of vibrios by Ca2+ ions seems to be connected with the activation of intracellular phospholipases.", "PMID": 506605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6932", "title": "[Isolation of nonagglutinating vibrios in acute gastrointestinal diseases in Kiev Province].", "content": "The results of the bacteriological examination of material obtained from 71 patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases for the presence of vibrioflora, as well as the results of surveying different groups of population for the detection of vibrio-carriers are presented. The clinical and epidemiological data obtained in the course of various diseases caused by nonagglutinating vibrios are analyzed. The biological properties of nonagglutionating vibrio cultures isolated from patients and vibrio-carriers are described. The data thus obtained substantiate the necessity of carefully evaluating nonagglutinating vibrio cultures isolated from humans with due regard for the existing epidemic situation.", "contents": "[Isolation of nonagglutinating vibrios in acute gastrointestinal diseases in Kiev Province]. The results of the bacteriological examination of material obtained from 71 patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases for the presence of vibrioflora, as well as the results of surveying different groups of population for the detection of vibrio-carriers are presented. The clinical and epidemiological data obtained in the course of various diseases caused by nonagglutinating vibrios are analyzed. The biological properties of nonagglutionating vibrio cultures isolated from patients and vibrio-carriers are described. The data thus obtained substantiate the necessity of carefully evaluating nonagglutinating vibrio cultures isolated from humans with due regard for the existing epidemic situation.", "PMID": 506606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6933", "title": "[Nonpathogenic Neisseria on the mucosa of the respiratory tract in healthy persons and patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma].", "content": "The comparative study of Neisseria strains, isolated from the bronchi and the pharynx of healthy persons and infectious asthma patients, was made. Nonpathogenic Neisseria isolated from bronchial asthma patients were represented by the same species as those in the pharyngeal flora of healthy persons. Only N. perflava occurred in the pharynx and the bronchi of infectious asthma patients twice as often as in healthy persons. Neisseria colonies in the R-form were shown to prevail in the cultures obtained by the inoculation of the smears taken from asthma patients.", "contents": "[Nonpathogenic Neisseria on the mucosa of the respiratory tract in healthy persons and patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma]. The comparative study of Neisseria strains, isolated from the bronchi and the pharynx of healthy persons and infectious asthma patients, was made. Nonpathogenic Neisseria isolated from bronchial asthma patients were represented by the same species as those in the pharyngeal flora of healthy persons. Only N. perflava occurred in the pharynx and the bronchi of infectious asthma patients twice as often as in healthy persons. Neisseria colonies in the R-form were shown to prevail in the cultures obtained by the inoculation of the smears taken from asthma patients.", "PMID": 506607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6934", "title": "Preparation of subcellular fractions from granulation tissue by density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "The 7000 g pellet of homogenized mature sponge-induced granulation tissue was fractionated by centrifugation in a stepwise sucrose gradient in order to study the synthesis and secretion of collagen and other components of this tissue on the subcellular level. As indicated by chemical and enzymatic assays, by electron microscopy and by incorporation experiments, the collagen-synthethesizing rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction was isolated free from the secretory vesicles (smooth endoplasmic membranes and Golgi elements) and fibrous extracellular matrix. Collagen differed from other proteins in the distribution among the subcellular fractions. In pulse-chase experiment the translocation of 14C-labelled collagen was demonstrated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum through the secretory vesicles to extracellular fibrillar collagen. This fractionation method will be used to study the modulation of collagen synthesis and secretion in the reparative tissue.", "contents": "Preparation of subcellular fractions from granulation tissue by density gradient centrifugation. The 7000 g pellet of homogenized mature sponge-induced granulation tissue was fractionated by centrifugation in a stepwise sucrose gradient in order to study the synthesis and secretion of collagen and other components of this tissue on the subcellular level. As indicated by chemical and enzymatic assays, by electron microscopy and by incorporation experiments, the collagen-synthethesizing rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction was isolated free from the secretory vesicles (smooth endoplasmic membranes and Golgi elements) and fibrous extracellular matrix. Collagen differed from other proteins in the distribution among the subcellular fractions. In pulse-chase experiment the translocation of 14C-labelled collagen was demonstrated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum through the secretory vesicles to extracellular fibrillar collagen. This fractionation method will be used to study the modulation of collagen synthesis and secretion in the reparative tissue.", "PMID": 506608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6935", "title": "Chemical modification of rat liver arginase.", "content": "Chemical modifications were used to search for catalytically important residues of rat liver arginase. The results of carbamoylation, nitration and diazotization suggest that lysyl and tyrosyl residues are not involved in the catalytic function of arginase. The modification of 5--6 tryptophanyl residues by N-bromosuccinimide or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide led to about 90% inhibition of the enzyme activity. Photooxidation of 21 histydyl residues also led to considerable inactivation of arginase. The modification of tryptophanyl and histidyl residues did not cause dissociation of the enzyme into subunits.", "contents": "Chemical modification of rat liver arginase. Chemical modifications were used to search for catalytically important residues of rat liver arginase. The results of carbamoylation, nitration and diazotization suggest that lysyl and tyrosyl residues are not involved in the catalytic function of arginase. The modification of 5--6 tryptophanyl residues by N-bromosuccinimide or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide led to about 90% inhibition of the enzyme activity. Photooxidation of 21 histydyl residues also led to considerable inactivation of arginase. The modification of tryptophanyl and histidyl residues did not cause dissociation of the enzyme into subunits.", "PMID": 506610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6936", "title": "Adenine cycle in hepatopancreocytes of Helix pomatia (Gastropoda).", "content": "Intact hepatopancreocytes were obtained from hibernating or active purinotelic snails, H. pomatia (Gastropoda). When incubated with [14C]glycine or [14C]formate, they synthesized de novo purine compounds, including also adenylates, adenosine and adenine. Hepatopancreocytes resynthesized also adenylates and other purine compounds from [3H]adenine or from [3H]adenosine split by the H. pomatia cell enzyme to adenine; the resynthesis of ADP+ATP was proportional to adenine concentration. Thus all reactions of the postulated adenine cycle: AMP leads to adenosine leads to adenine leads to AMP occur in the intact hepatopancreocytes; this cycle could probably be responsible for maintenance of the high level of adenylates during winter sleep.", "contents": "Adenine cycle in hepatopancreocytes of Helix pomatia (Gastropoda). Intact hepatopancreocytes were obtained from hibernating or active purinotelic snails, H. pomatia (Gastropoda). When incubated with [14C]glycine or [14C]formate, they synthesized de novo purine compounds, including also adenylates, adenosine and adenine. Hepatopancreocytes resynthesized also adenylates and other purine compounds from [3H]adenine or from [3H]adenosine split by the H. pomatia cell enzyme to adenine; the resynthesis of ADP+ATP was proportional to adenine concentration. Thus all reactions of the postulated adenine cycle: AMP leads to adenosine leads to adenine leads to AMP occur in the intact hepatopancreocytes; this cycle could probably be responsible for maintenance of the high level of adenylates during winter sleep.", "PMID": 506611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6937", "title": "Isolation of wheat ribosomes free of high molecular weight inhibitors of the natural messenger translation.", "content": "The cell-free extract from wheat germ contains an inhibitor interfering with translation of a natural template (BMV RNA). The inhibitor affects neither the translation of poly(U) nor the aminoacylation of tRNA. It exhibits the activity of protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37). The inhibitor is found in lipoprotein aggregates which can be separated from ribosomes on Sepharose 2B column. Ribosomes purified on the Sepharose are several times more active in translation of BMV RNA than those isolated by conventional methods.", "contents": "Isolation of wheat ribosomes free of high molecular weight inhibitors of the natural messenger translation. The cell-free extract from wheat germ contains an inhibitor interfering with translation of a natural template (BMV RNA). The inhibitor affects neither the translation of poly(U) nor the aminoacylation of tRNA. It exhibits the activity of protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37). The inhibitor is found in lipoprotein aggregates which can be separated from ribosomes on Sepharose 2B column. Ribosomes purified on the Sepharose are several times more active in translation of BMV RNA than those isolated by conventional methods.", "PMID": 506612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6938", "title": "Acyl esters of polyprenols: specificity of microsomal transacylase for polyprenols of different chain length and saturation.", "content": "Transfer of fatty acids from phospholipids to polyprenols, catalysed by the transacylase from rat liver microsomes, was investigated. The specificity of the enzyme for polyprenols of different chain length and different degree of saturation was studied using individual isoprenologues, the preparation of which in highly tritiated form is described. It was found that short-chain polyprenols are better substrates for the enzyme than long-chain polyprenols, and alpha-saturated better than unsaturated or multiply saturated polyprenols. Short-chain, alpha-saturated single isoprenologues were several-fold more active as acyl acceptors than natural dolichol.", "contents": "Acyl esters of polyprenols: specificity of microsomal transacylase for polyprenols of different chain length and saturation. Transfer of fatty acids from phospholipids to polyprenols, catalysed by the transacylase from rat liver microsomes, was investigated. The specificity of the enzyme for polyprenols of different chain length and different degree of saturation was studied using individual isoprenologues, the preparation of which in highly tritiated form is described. It was found that short-chain polyprenols are better substrates for the enzyme than long-chain polyprenols, and alpha-saturated better than unsaturated or multiply saturated polyprenols. Short-chain, alpha-saturated single isoprenologues were several-fold more active as acyl acceptors than natural dolichol.", "PMID": 506613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6939", "title": "Methylation and tautomerism of 1-substituted 5-fluorocytosines.", "content": "1. Methylation and thiation of 5-fluorouracil led to 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouracil, the amination of which was examined under various conditions. At high dilution, and in the presence of a large excess of NH3, 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouracil was converted to 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluorocytosine in 60% yield. 2. Two procedures were employed for methylation of 5-fluoro-1-methylcytosine and 5-fluorocytidine. Treatment of each of these with diazomethane in alcohol-ether gave a complex mixture of products, the major one of which was the desired 3-methyl derivative. By contrast, treatment with methyl iodide in dimethylsulphoxide led exclusively to the 3-methyl derivatives in much better yeilds. 3. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and pKa values are presented for 1-substituted N-methyl-5-fluoro- and 5-bromo-cytosines. The basicity method was applied to determine the tautomeric equilibrium constants of the 1-substituted 5-halogenocytosines. The results show that the proportion of the imino forms of these compounds is of the same order of magnitude as for 1-substituted cytosines, and hence is unlikely to account for the observed mutagenic effects of 1-substituted 5-halogenocytosines.", "contents": "Methylation and tautomerism of 1-substituted 5-fluorocytosines. 1. Methylation and thiation of 5-fluorouracil led to 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouracil, the amination of which was examined under various conditions. At high dilution, and in the presence of a large excess of NH3, 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouracil was converted to 1,3-dimethyl-5-fluorocytosine in 60% yield. 2. Two procedures were employed for methylation of 5-fluoro-1-methylcytosine and 5-fluorocytidine. Treatment of each of these with diazomethane in alcohol-ether gave a complex mixture of products, the major one of which was the desired 3-methyl derivative. By contrast, treatment with methyl iodide in dimethylsulphoxide led exclusively to the 3-methyl derivatives in much better yeilds. 3. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and pKa values are presented for 1-substituted N-methyl-5-fluoro- and 5-bromo-cytosines. The basicity method was applied to determine the tautomeric equilibrium constants of the 1-substituted 5-halogenocytosines. The results show that the proportion of the imino forms of these compounds is of the same order of magnitude as for 1-substituted cytosines, and hence is unlikely to account for the observed mutagenic effects of 1-substituted 5-halogenocytosines.", "PMID": 506614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6940", "title": "Effect of anaerobiosis and glucose on the content of haem and its precursors in intact yeast cells.", "content": "The content of haem and its precursors was determined in yeast cells grown under various conditions. The cells grown aerobically on 2% galactose contain about three times more haem (about 300 nmoles/g dry wt.) than the cells grown on 10% glucose. A trace amount of haem was found in anoxia irrespective of the carbon source used. The \"efficiency\" of the first enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway--delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase--expressed as the sum of all intermediates of the pathway in the cells grown on galactose, is similar in anaerobic and aerobic cells. The \"efficiency\" of the second enzyme--ALA dehydratase--is lower about three times both in anoxia and under conditions of glucose repression. In anoxia, not haem but delta-aminolevulinic acid is the main biosynthetic product. The role of glucose repression and of the feedback mechanisms in regulation of haem synthesis in yeast is discussed. A method for haem determination in the intact yeast cells, based on the formation of pyridine haemochrome, is described.", "contents": "Effect of anaerobiosis and glucose on the content of haem and its precursors in intact yeast cells. The content of haem and its precursors was determined in yeast cells grown under various conditions. The cells grown aerobically on 2% galactose contain about three times more haem (about 300 nmoles/g dry wt.) than the cells grown on 10% glucose. A trace amount of haem was found in anoxia irrespective of the carbon source used. The \"efficiency\" of the first enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway--delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase--expressed as the sum of all intermediates of the pathway in the cells grown on galactose, is similar in anaerobic and aerobic cells. The \"efficiency\" of the second enzyme--ALA dehydratase--is lower about three times both in anoxia and under conditions of glucose repression. In anoxia, not haem but delta-aminolevulinic acid is the main biosynthetic product. The role of glucose repression and of the feedback mechanisms in regulation of haem synthesis in yeast is discussed. A method for haem determination in the intact yeast cells, based on the formation of pyridine haemochrome, is described.", "PMID": 506615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6941", "title": "Conformation of the N(CH3)2 group in cytosine and in simple model pyrimidines and pyridines. Steric effects of ortho-methyl substitution on infrared spectra and molecular dipole moments.", "content": "Infrared spectra of amino and dimethylamino derivatives with and without an ortho-methyl group of 4- and 5-substituted pyrimidines, 4-substituted pyridine, benzene and of the respective cytosines were recorded in the region of skeletal ring vibrations. Integrated intensities of ring vibration(s) v8 at about 1600 cm-1 sensitive to the presence of electron-donating substituents were used for elucidation of the steric effects of ortho-methyl on the mesomeric interaction between the -N(CH3)2 group and the ring. Molecular dipole moments were also determined experimentally in benzene for simple pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives and analysed vectorially with the use of component group moments in terms of the N(CH3)2 group conformation. The data point to a progressive twist of the dimethylamino group in hindered derivatives in the order: pyrimidine-5 greater than pyridine-4 greater than pyrimidine-4. They are also in agreement with the essential planarity of sterically crowded m41,4,4,5cytosine.", "contents": "Conformation of the N(CH3)2 group in cytosine and in simple model pyrimidines and pyridines. Steric effects of ortho-methyl substitution on infrared spectra and molecular dipole moments. Infrared spectra of amino and dimethylamino derivatives with and without an ortho-methyl group of 4- and 5-substituted pyrimidines, 4-substituted pyridine, benzene and of the respective cytosines were recorded in the region of skeletal ring vibrations. Integrated intensities of ring vibration(s) v8 at about 1600 cm-1 sensitive to the presence of electron-donating substituents were used for elucidation of the steric effects of ortho-methyl on the mesomeric interaction between the -N(CH3)2 group and the ring. Molecular dipole moments were also determined experimentally in benzene for simple pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives and analysed vectorially with the use of component group moments in terms of the N(CH3)2 group conformation. The data point to a progressive twist of the dimethylamino group in hindered derivatives in the order: pyrimidine-5 greater than pyridine-4 greater than pyrimidine-4. They are also in agreement with the essential planarity of sterically crowded m41,4,4,5cytosine.", "PMID": 506616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6942", "title": "RNA synthesis in newly isolated and cultivated mesophyll protoplasts.", "content": "Tobacco leaf mesophyll protoplasts exhibit low incorporation of [3H]uridine and 32P into RNA, up to 12 h of cultivation, irrespective of the presence of phytohormones. After 24 h of cultivation a dramatic increase in RNA synthesis is observed; it is the highest in the heterogeneous nucleoplasmic RNA fraction. The protoplasts cultivated in the absence of phytohormones show lower incorporation of precursors.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in newly isolated and cultivated mesophyll protoplasts. Tobacco leaf mesophyll protoplasts exhibit low incorporation of [3H]uridine and 32P into RNA, up to 12 h of cultivation, irrespective of the presence of phytohormones. After 24 h of cultivation a dramatic increase in RNA synthesis is observed; it is the highest in the heterogeneous nucleoplasmic RNA fraction. The protoplasts cultivated in the absence of phytohormones show lower incorporation of precursors.", "PMID": 506617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6943", "title": "Structure and tautomerism of the neutral and monoanionic forms of 2-thiouracil, 2,4-dithiouracil, their nucleosides, and some related derivatives.", "content": "Ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric techniques have been utilized to demonstrate that the monoanionic form of 2-thiouracil in aqueous medium consists of an equilibrium mixture of two tautomeric monoanions, one due to dissociation of the N1 proton, the other to dissociation of the N3 proton, in the approximate ratio 1:1. In contrast to 2,4-diketopyrimidines, and 4-thiouracil, where monoanion formation involves charge delocalization, the two tautomeric monoanions of 2-thiouracil appear to have the charge localized on the O4 position. The neutral forms of 2,4-dithiouracil and 2,4-dithiouridine are in the dithione form in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. The monoanionic form of 2,4-dithiouracil consists of a mixture of two tautomeric monoanions, the predominant one of which is that with the proton on the ring N3, and with charge delocalization on both isomeric monoanions. Such charge delocalization is also present in the monoanion of 2,4-dithiouridine. For the reference compound 2-methylthiopyrimidone-4, the dominant, virtually exclusive, form in chloroform is that with the hydrogen localized on the ring N3, whereas in aqueous medium there is a 1:1 equilibrium mixture of two neutral tautomeric forms, one with the hydrogen on N3, the other with the hydrogen on N1.", "contents": "Structure and tautomerism of the neutral and monoanionic forms of 2-thiouracil, 2,4-dithiouracil, their nucleosides, and some related derivatives. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric techniques have been utilized to demonstrate that the monoanionic form of 2-thiouracil in aqueous medium consists of an equilibrium mixture of two tautomeric monoanions, one due to dissociation of the N1 proton, the other to dissociation of the N3 proton, in the approximate ratio 1:1. In contrast to 2,4-diketopyrimidines, and 4-thiouracil, where monoanion formation involves charge delocalization, the two tautomeric monoanions of 2-thiouracil appear to have the charge localized on the O4 position. The neutral forms of 2,4-dithiouracil and 2,4-dithiouridine are in the dithione form in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. The monoanionic form of 2,4-dithiouracil consists of a mixture of two tautomeric monoanions, the predominant one of which is that with the proton on the ring N3, and with charge delocalization on both isomeric monoanions. Such charge delocalization is also present in the monoanion of 2,4-dithiouridine. For the reference compound 2-methylthiopyrimidone-4, the dominant, virtually exclusive, form in chloroform is that with the hydrogen localized on the ring N3, whereas in aqueous medium there is a 1:1 equilibrium mixture of two neutral tautomeric forms, one with the hydrogen on N3, the other with the hydrogen on N1.", "PMID": 506618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6944", "title": "Oligo(A) and double-stranded segments in polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA from cytoplasm and nuclei of chick embryo.", "content": "Chick embryonic RNA was fractionated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and poly(U)-Sepharose into three classes: poly(A)+RNA containing poly(A) segments of 100 and more residues, poly(A)-oligo(A)+RNA containing oligo(A) segments of about 25 residues, and poly(A)-oligo(A)-RNA which bound to neither of the beds used and which contained double-stranded segments of 300 and more base pairs. These three classes of RNA were found in cytoplasmic as well as in heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Double-stranded segments in hnRNA, unlike those in cytoplasmic RNA, were intermolecular in nature; this may explain the occurrence of \"giant\" molecules in hnRNA.", "contents": "Oligo(A) and double-stranded segments in polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA from cytoplasm and nuclei of chick embryo. Chick embryonic RNA was fractionated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and poly(U)-Sepharose into three classes: poly(A)+RNA containing poly(A) segments of 100 and more residues, poly(A)-oligo(A)+RNA containing oligo(A) segments of about 25 residues, and poly(A)-oligo(A)-RNA which bound to neither of the beds used and which contained double-stranded segments of 300 and more base pairs. These three classes of RNA were found in cytoplasmic as well as in heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Double-stranded segments in hnRNA, unlike those in cytoplasmic RNA, were intermolecular in nature; this may explain the occurrence of \"giant\" molecules in hnRNA.", "PMID": 506619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6945", "title": "[Hepatic function in vivo and in the isolated liver of rats poisoned with parathion].", "content": "Enzyme determinations and hepatic histological studies were carried out in normal rats and in rats intoxicated with the organophosphorus pesticide parathion. No significative evidence of hepatocellular damage was seen in parathion -- intoxicated rats as responsible of the impaired bile flow and sulfobromophthalein biliary excretion that were previously reported. On the contrary, the isolated perfused rat liver from normal and intoxicated rats showed a similar behavior when the perfusate flow through the liver was maintained at a similar rate. We conclude that altered hepatic blood flow may be a factor determinant of an impairment of bile flow and of biliary excretion of several organic anions like sulphobromopthalein that were observed in parathion -- intoxicated rats.", "contents": "[Hepatic function in vivo and in the isolated liver of rats poisoned with parathion]. Enzyme determinations and hepatic histological studies were carried out in normal rats and in rats intoxicated with the organophosphorus pesticide parathion. No significative evidence of hepatocellular damage was seen in parathion -- intoxicated rats as responsible of the impaired bile flow and sulfobromophthalein biliary excretion that were previously reported. On the contrary, the isolated perfused rat liver from normal and intoxicated rats showed a similar behavior when the perfusate flow through the liver was maintained at a similar rate. We conclude that altered hepatic blood flow may be a factor determinant of an impairment of bile flow and of biliary excretion of several organic anions like sulphobromopthalein that were observed in parathion -- intoxicated rats.", "PMID": 506642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6946", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease developing in the course of a chronic liver disease with ulcerative colitis immunosuppressed with azathioprine].", "content": "A case of a 49 year old patient suffering from ulcerative colitis and chronic hepatitis with cirrothic transformation is presented who under prolonged immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine 50 mg daily and 10 mg daily of prednisone developed Hodgkins disease whose diagnosis was at the autopsy. The association between hepatic cirrhosis and lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphosarcoma and lymphatic leukemia were already described (19,20). Recently, an article was published on a similar case to ours (23) in which the patient, suffering from chronic hepatopathy submitted to azathioprine and corticoids, developed Hodgkin's disease. The link between ulcerative colitis, the chronic hepatopathy and the development of Hodgkin's disease that could have arisen as a consequence of the prolonged immunosuppressive treatment are discussed. The apparition of malignancies in patients submitted to immunosuppression owing to renal transplantation are compared with the apparition of malignancies in patients submitted to immunosuppression because of a number of other diseases.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease developing in the course of a chronic liver disease with ulcerative colitis immunosuppressed with azathioprine]. A case of a 49 year old patient suffering from ulcerative colitis and chronic hepatitis with cirrothic transformation is presented who under prolonged immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine 50 mg daily and 10 mg daily of prednisone developed Hodgkins disease whose diagnosis was at the autopsy. The association between hepatic cirrhosis and lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphosarcoma and lymphatic leukemia were already described (19,20). Recently, an article was published on a similar case to ours (23) in which the patient, suffering from chronic hepatopathy submitted to azathioprine and corticoids, developed Hodgkin's disease. The link between ulcerative colitis, the chronic hepatopathy and the development of Hodgkin's disease that could have arisen as a consequence of the prolonged immunosuppressive treatment are discussed. The apparition of malignancies in patients submitted to immunosuppression owing to renal transplantation are compared with the apparition of malignancies in patients submitted to immunosuppression because of a number of other diseases.", "PMID": 506643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6947", "title": "[Biliary lipids and the cholesterol saturation rate in relation to lecithin administration by oral route].", "content": "Lecithin is, at present, a contradictory drug to increase the solubility degree of bile cholesterol. Our main purpose in this work was to study the lipidic bile composition of gallstone patients under lecithin treatment, in order to value its action on biliary lipids and cholesterol saturation rate. Men and women with gallstones and radiologically functioning gallbladder were included. They were divided into 2 groups: \"A\", including 12 patients and \"B\", 13. In both groups, percentage values of cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acids and cholesterol saturation rate were determined, before and after the administration of lecithin, everyday during a period of 30 years, 8 grams on group \"A\" and 2 grams placebo, on group \"B\". No significant differences were found in the studied samples. Before and after the administration of 8 grams of lecithin orally. Total bile acids: 67--78 +/- 4,42, 72,07 +/- 4,61 p greater than 0,05; cholesterol; 15,88 +/- 2,29, 1689 +/- 2,87 p greater than 0,05; phospholipids 16,25 +/- 3,10, 12,04 +/- 2,29 p greater than 0,05; cholesterol saturation rate; 1,70 +/- 0,24, 2,10 +/- 0,36 p greater than 0,05. It is concluded that lecithin orally administered on patients with the established characteristics and diet and the used methodology results in a useless treatment to increase the solubility of bile cholesterol.", "contents": "[Biliary lipids and the cholesterol saturation rate in relation to lecithin administration by oral route]. Lecithin is, at present, a contradictory drug to increase the solubility degree of bile cholesterol. Our main purpose in this work was to study the lipidic bile composition of gallstone patients under lecithin treatment, in order to value its action on biliary lipids and cholesterol saturation rate. Men and women with gallstones and radiologically functioning gallbladder were included. They were divided into 2 groups: \"A\", including 12 patients and \"B\", 13. In both groups, percentage values of cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acids and cholesterol saturation rate were determined, before and after the administration of lecithin, everyday during a period of 30 years, 8 grams on group \"A\" and 2 grams placebo, on group \"B\". No significant differences were found in the studied samples. Before and after the administration of 8 grams of lecithin orally. Total bile acids: 67--78 +/- 4,42, 72,07 +/- 4,61 p greater than 0,05; cholesterol; 15,88 +/- 2,29, 1689 +/- 2,87 p greater than 0,05; phospholipids 16,25 +/- 3,10, 12,04 +/- 2,29 p greater than 0,05; cholesterol saturation rate; 1,70 +/- 0,24, 2,10 +/- 0,36 p greater than 0,05. It is concluded that lecithin orally administered on patients with the established characteristics and diet and the used methodology results in a useless treatment to increase the solubility of bile cholesterol.", "PMID": 506644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6948", "title": "[Caustic esophagogastric lesions].", "content": "The authors treated is an emergency, severe esofagogastric lesions, in adults, by caustics ingestions. They present seven cases and discuss six deaths. Critical analysis of these observations compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature, permit one to consider the therapeutic indications. The early surgical treatment is suggested as the best way to obtain a more acceptable survival.", "contents": "[Caustic esophagogastric lesions]. The authors treated is an emergency, severe esofagogastric lesions, in adults, by caustics ingestions. They present seven cases and discuss six deaths. Critical analysis of these observations compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature, permit one to consider the therapeutic indications. The early surgical treatment is suggested as the best way to obtain a more acceptable survival.", "PMID": 506645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6949", "title": "[Intestinal resorption with 3H labeled enzyme mixture (wobenzyme)].", "content": "0.2 g of an enzyme mixture (Wobenzym) labelled with 3H-acetic anhydride, were given orally to guinea pigs, which were arranged in 4 groups of 5 animals. The animals of each group were sacrificed at intervals of 30 minutes, 2, 4 and 24 hours after application. Radioactivity of the small and large intestine, plasma, urine, liver, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle were determined. It could be shown that the labelled mixture of enzymes was absorbed from the intestine and was demonstrable in significant amounts in plasma, urine, heart, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle.", "contents": "[Intestinal resorption with 3H labeled enzyme mixture (wobenzyme)]. 0.2 g of an enzyme mixture (Wobenzym) labelled with 3H-acetic anhydride, were given orally to guinea pigs, which were arranged in 4 groups of 5 animals. The animals of each group were sacrificed at intervals of 30 minutes, 2, 4 and 24 hours after application. Radioactivity of the small and large intestine, plasma, urine, liver, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle were determined. It could be shown that the labelled mixture of enzymes was absorbed from the intestine and was demonstrable in significant amounts in plasma, urine, heart, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 506656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6950", "title": "[Radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium-90-silicate. Results compared to aurum-198-colloid and whole body radiation load].", "content": "The results of the radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium-90 silicate in 36 joints, are reported. In comparison to the radiogold therapy in 64 joint, yttrium-90 was a little more effective. Additionally, the body distribution of radioactive yttrium after radiosynoviorthesis of knee joints, was measured in 6 patients. It could be shown that the uptake of the regional lymphnodes was between 4 and 5% of the yttrium administered. The radiation dose of the regional lymphnodes certainly exceeds 1000 rad. The results point to the importance of a careful selection of patients for radiosynoviorthesis.", "contents": "[Radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium-90-silicate. Results compared to aurum-198-colloid and whole body radiation load]. The results of the radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium-90 silicate in 36 joints, are reported. In comparison to the radiogold therapy in 64 joint, yttrium-90 was a little more effective. Additionally, the body distribution of radioactive yttrium after radiosynoviorthesis of knee joints, was measured in 6 patients. It could be shown that the uptake of the regional lymphnodes was between 4 and 5% of the yttrium administered. The radiation dose of the regional lymphnodes certainly exceeds 1000 rad. The results point to the importance of a careful selection of patients for radiosynoviorthesis.", "PMID": 506657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6951", "title": "[The effect of aldosterone antagonists in juvenile heart surgery].", "content": "In children with congenital heart disease duration and extent of hyperaldosteronism and the influence of spironolactone after surgery with a heart-lung-machine, were evaluated by direct measurement of plasma aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism as seen in 11 patients without spironolactone-therapy after surgery did not persist very long. 14 children receiving spironolactone immediately after surgery showed an onset of drug efficacy at a period when plasma aldosterone in the group without spironolactone had begun to fall. As a practical consequence, spironolactone treatment should be initiated a few days prior to surgery in order to achieve full efficacy on the day of surgery.", "contents": "[The effect of aldosterone antagonists in juvenile heart surgery]. In children with congenital heart disease duration and extent of hyperaldosteronism and the influence of spironolactone after surgery with a heart-lung-machine, were evaluated by direct measurement of plasma aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism as seen in 11 patients without spironolactone-therapy after surgery did not persist very long. 14 children receiving spironolactone immediately after surgery showed an onset of drug efficacy at a period when plasma aldosterone in the group without spironolactone had begun to fall. As a practical consequence, spironolactone treatment should be initiated a few days prior to surgery in order to achieve full efficacy on the day of surgery.", "PMID": 506658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6952", "title": "[Studies of the thrombocytopoietic factor. III. Modification of the method of determination of serum thrombocytopoietic activity].", "content": "A medification of the previously described method of thrombocytopoietic activity (ATS) determination is reported using mouse instead of rats as laboratory animals. This makes possible to reduce significantly the volume of blood necessary for ATS determination. The error of the method was 8.6--11.6% when the results were calculated in impulses per 1 mg of platelet protein (imp/mg BP) and 5.5--9.2% when presented as a percentage of total activity adsorbed to the platelets.", "contents": "[Studies of the thrombocytopoietic factor. III. Modification of the method of determination of serum thrombocytopoietic activity]. A medification of the previously described method of thrombocytopoietic activity (ATS) determination is reported using mouse instead of rats as laboratory animals. This makes possible to reduce significantly the volume of blood necessary for ATS determination. The error of the method was 8.6--11.6% when the results were calculated in impulses per 1 mg of platelet protein (imp/mg BP) and 5.5--9.2% when presented as a percentage of total activity adsorbed to the platelets.", "PMID": 506655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6953", "title": "[Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in a diffusion chamber in vivo].", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in vivo. For control aims experiments were done also lymphocytes without PHA. In the investigations the technique of diffusion chamber was used. Chambers with lymphocytes (1 X 10(6) cells in a chamber) were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. On the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 10th, 13th, 17th and 29th days of culture the number of cells and the proportions of blast cells and small lymphocytes were determined. It was demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to PHA proliferated in vivo. This was expressed initially as a rise in the blood cell count and this rise decreased more slowly than the number of cells in non-stimulated cultures.", "contents": "[Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in a diffusion chamber in vivo]. Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in vivo. For control aims experiments were done also lymphocytes without PHA. In the investigations the technique of diffusion chamber was used. Chambers with lymphocytes (1 X 10(6) cells in a chamber) were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. On the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 10th, 13th, 17th and 29th days of culture the number of cells and the proportions of blast cells and small lymphocytes were determined. It was demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to PHA proliferated in vivo. This was expressed initially as a rise in the blood cell count and this rise decreased more slowly than the number of cells in non-stimulated cultures.", "PMID": 506653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6954", "title": "[Value of low ionic-strength salt solution in indirect antiglobulin tests with erhythrocytes].", "content": "A series of comparative investigations were carried out for estimation of the value of the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) in the modification of L\u00f6w and Messeter in which a suspension of erythrocytes in low ionic-strength salt solution called by the authors LISS, is used for incubation of erythrocytes with tested serum, that is in phase I of this test. The results of these experiments demonstrated a significant superiority of this modification over the conventional techniques, particularly over the tile technique used generally in this country. The IAT-LISE method allows not only phase I to be reduced from 60 to 20 minutes, but increasing the intensity of the reaction it facilitates also detection of blood group antibodies and extends the range of their discovery, which is of particular importance in the compatibility tests before blood transfusion. These results were a basis for routine application of this method nad it was concluded that the IAT-LISS modification should be introduced widely in the Polish serological laboratories. Attention is called to a number of technical details important to obtain reproducible and une quivocal results.", "contents": "[Value of low ionic-strength salt solution in indirect antiglobulin tests with erhythrocytes]. A series of comparative investigations were carried out for estimation of the value of the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) in the modification of L\u00f6w and Messeter in which a suspension of erythrocytes in low ionic-strength salt solution called by the authors LISS, is used for incubation of erythrocytes with tested serum, that is in phase I of this test. The results of these experiments demonstrated a significant superiority of this modification over the conventional techniques, particularly over the tile technique used generally in this country. The IAT-LISE method allows not only phase I to be reduced from 60 to 20 minutes, but increasing the intensity of the reaction it facilitates also detection of blood group antibodies and extends the range of their discovery, which is of particular importance in the compatibility tests before blood transfusion. These results were a basis for routine application of this method nad it was concluded that the IAT-LISS modification should be introduced widely in the Polish serological laboratories. Attention is called to a number of technical details important to obtain reproducible and une quivocal results.", "PMID": 506654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6955", "title": "M\u00f6bius syndrome. Neuropathologic observations.", "content": "Neuropathologic findings in an infant with congenital right facial and bilateral lateral rectus palsy (M\u00f6bius syndrome) are presented. Multiple microscopic foci of necrosis were found in the lower pontine tegmentum, involving the region of the intramedullary course of 6th and 7th cranial nerves. The significance of pathologic findings in this infant and 14 additional published cases of M\u00f6bius syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "M\u00f6bius syndrome. Neuropathologic observations. Neuropathologic findings in an infant with congenital right facial and bilateral lateral rectus palsy (M\u00f6bius syndrome) are presented. Multiple microscopic foci of necrosis were found in the lower pontine tegmentum, involving the region of the intramedullary course of 6th and 7th cranial nerves. The significance of pathologic findings in this infant and 14 additional published cases of M\u00f6bius syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 506685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6956", "title": "Demyelination produced by experimental allergic neuritis serum and anti-galactocerebroside antiserum in CNS cultures. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Cultures of mouse cerebellum were exposed to sera from rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis induced by whole peripheral nerve immunization (WN-EAN) and to rabbit anti-galactocerebroside (GC) antisera, and were studied by electron microscopy. Both antisera produced almost identical demyelinative patterns. These consisted of large intramyelinic splittings, \"smudged\" changes of myelin, degeneration of oligodendrocytes, and phagocytosis of myelin by astrocytes, changes similar to those described after application of whole spinal cord-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (WM-EAE) sera. In addition, patterns which have been considered more characteristic of in vivo demyelinative lesions have been found, susch as vesicular disruption of myelin lamellae and peeling off and phagocytosis of myelin by phagocytic mononuclear cells with electron dense cytoplasm. The morphologic similarities between demyelinative patterns in central nervous system (CNS) cultures induced by anti-GC antiserum and WN-EAN serum and WM-EAE serum, and the fact that elevated antibody titers to GC are found in sera from rabbits with WN-EAN and WM-EAE (Saida, et al., 1977), support the concept that anti-GC antibody is the major factor in the production of CNS demyelination in vitro by sera from rabbits with WN-EAN and WN-EAE.", "contents": "Demyelination produced by experimental allergic neuritis serum and anti-galactocerebroside antiserum in CNS cultures. An ultrastructural study. Cultures of mouse cerebellum were exposed to sera from rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis induced by whole peripheral nerve immunization (WN-EAN) and to rabbit anti-galactocerebroside (GC) antisera, and were studied by electron microscopy. Both antisera produced almost identical demyelinative patterns. These consisted of large intramyelinic splittings, \"smudged\" changes of myelin, degeneration of oligodendrocytes, and phagocytosis of myelin by astrocytes, changes similar to those described after application of whole spinal cord-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (WM-EAE) sera. In addition, patterns which have been considered more characteristic of in vivo demyelinative lesions have been found, susch as vesicular disruption of myelin lamellae and peeling off and phagocytosis of myelin by phagocytic mononuclear cells with electron dense cytoplasm. The morphologic similarities between demyelinative patterns in central nervous system (CNS) cultures induced by anti-GC antiserum and WN-EAN serum and WM-EAE serum, and the fact that elevated antibody titers to GC are found in sera from rabbits with WN-EAN and WM-EAE (Saida, et al., 1977), support the concept that anti-GC antibody is the major factor in the production of CNS demyelination in vitro by sera from rabbits with WN-EAN and WN-EAE.", "PMID": 506686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6957", "title": "Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy.", "content": "The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampal gyrus, substantia nigra, pontine nuclei and locus coeruleus of the brain was postmortem studied in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy. Straight tubules and twisted tubules were observed in both the cortical and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles. Most tubules appeared separately in each neuron but a few straight tubules were mixed with the twisted tubules in the cortical tangles. The implication and possible significance of this findings are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy. The fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampal gyrus, substantia nigra, pontine nuclei and locus coeruleus of the brain was postmortem studied in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy. Straight tubules and twisted tubules were observed in both the cortical and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles. Most tubules appeared separately in each neuron but a few straight tubules were mixed with the twisted tubules in the cortical tangles. The implication and possible significance of this findings are discussed.", "PMID": 506687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6958", "title": "T-tubule endocytosis in dystrophic chicken muscle and its relation to muscle fiber degeneration.", "content": "Pectoralis muscles from normal and dystrophic chickens were investigated 2 h after an i.v. injection of horseradish peroxidase, by cytochemical and biochemical techniques to demonstrate peroxidase activity. Light microscopic examination of dystrophic muscles showed that peroxidase activity could be detected inside a population of fibers, in deliminated bodies often restricted to segments of the muscle fiber. Such bodies containing peroxidase were not observed in normal muscle fibers. Electron microscopy of dystrophic muscle fibers revealed that numerous vesicles containing peroxidase were frequently present in fiber regions with signs of cytoplasmic degradation. These vesicles, which occasionally were found to be coated, were 50--100 nm in size and appeared to be derived from t-tubules. Larger (up to 1.7 micrometers) inclusions containing peroxidase and delimited by a single membrane were also present at degenerating areas of dystrophic muscle fibers. These bodies seemed to be formed by fusion between several primary t-tubule vesicles and probably also lysosomes. Vacuoles containing the peroxidase were frequently encountered. Biochemical determination of horseradish peroxidase activity, performed after extensive washing of the muscle tissue, showed that dystrophic muscles contained about twice as much peroxidase as normal control muscles. It is suggested that endocytosis from t-tubules is an early and essential pathological phenomenon in dystrophic muscle fibers, which may be related to lysosomal function and muscle fiber degeneration", "contents": "T-tubule endocytosis in dystrophic chicken muscle and its relation to muscle fiber degeneration. Pectoralis muscles from normal and dystrophic chickens were investigated 2 h after an i.v. injection of horseradish peroxidase, by cytochemical and biochemical techniques to demonstrate peroxidase activity. Light microscopic examination of dystrophic muscles showed that peroxidase activity could be detected inside a population of fibers, in deliminated bodies often restricted to segments of the muscle fiber. Such bodies containing peroxidase were not observed in normal muscle fibers. Electron microscopy of dystrophic muscle fibers revealed that numerous vesicles containing peroxidase were frequently present in fiber regions with signs of cytoplasmic degradation. These vesicles, which occasionally were found to be coated, were 50--100 nm in size and appeared to be derived from t-tubules. Larger (up to 1.7 micrometers) inclusions containing peroxidase and delimited by a single membrane were also present at degenerating areas of dystrophic muscle fibers. These bodies seemed to be formed by fusion between several primary t-tubule vesicles and probably also lysosomes. Vacuoles containing the peroxidase were frequently encountered. Biochemical determination of horseradish peroxidase activity, performed after extensive washing of the muscle tissue, showed that dystrophic muscles contained about twice as much peroxidase as normal control muscles. It is suggested that endocytosis from t-tubules is an early and essential pathological phenomenon in dystrophic muscle fibers, which may be related to lysosomal function and muscle fiber degeneration", "PMID": 506688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6959", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the cerebrospinal fluid in visna.", "content": "An electron microscopic examination was done on 8 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Icelandic sheep infected by the intracerebral route with visna virus. The specimens were collected 1 month, 2 months, and 4 years after infection. A differentail cell count done on low-power electron micrographs showed that the cellular exudate was composed of mononuclear cells mainly macrophages and lymphocytes with a few plasma cells. Macrophages were with one exception more numerous than lymphocytes and an increased proportion of macrophages showed evidence of phagocytosis with time after infection. Reactive lymphocytes were in general more numerous than small lymphocytes. Various stages in the maturation of plasma cells were observed. The cellular composition in the CSF is compatible with the view that visna is an immunopathological process. Myelin figures and fragments of myelinated axons were observed in two specimens indicating an active myelin-breakdown. The possibility that escape of myelin into the CSF may lead to sensitization to myelin antigens and perpetuation of this chronic neurologic affection is discussed. Visna virions could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the cerebrospinal fluid in visna. An electron microscopic examination was done on 8 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Icelandic sheep infected by the intracerebral route with visna virus. The specimens were collected 1 month, 2 months, and 4 years after infection. A differentail cell count done on low-power electron micrographs showed that the cellular exudate was composed of mononuclear cells mainly macrophages and lymphocytes with a few plasma cells. Macrophages were with one exception more numerous than lymphocytes and an increased proportion of macrophages showed evidence of phagocytosis with time after infection. Reactive lymphocytes were in general more numerous than small lymphocytes. Various stages in the maturation of plasma cells were observed. The cellular composition in the CSF is compatible with the view that visna is an immunopathological process. Myelin figures and fragments of myelinated axons were observed in two specimens indicating an active myelin-breakdown. The possibility that escape of myelin into the CSF may lead to sensitization to myelin antigens and perpetuation of this chronic neurologic affection is discussed. Visna virions could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 506689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6960", "title": "Blood-brain barrier opening to horseradish peroxidase in acute arterial hypertension.", "content": "Acute arterial hypertension was induced in male Wistar rats using two experimental techniques: (1) i.v. injection of Aramine and (2) infusion of physiological saline as a bolus via internal carotid artery. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected i.v. prior to both experimental procedures and subsequently localized in the brain by light and electron microscopy. In the saline infusion (pressure pulse) model, colloidal lanthanum was also applied as a diffusion tracer following fixation of the cerebral endothelium. In the Aramine model, extravsation of HRP correlated with abrupt elevation of blood pressure. In the pressure pulse model HRP extravasation was consistently visualized in the affected hemisphere. Electron microscopy showed consistent labeling of plasmalemmal vesicles by HRP in segments of cerebral endothelium. However, HRP was also clearly visualized in junctional pools suggesting focal opening of endothelial tight junctions as a pathway for extravasation of this tracer in both hypertensive models. Colloidal lanthanum not transported by plasmalemmal vesicles across endothelium after fixation of the brain also bypassed consecutive membrane appositions of endothelial tight junctions indicating existance of interendothelial pathways to macromolecules in acute arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier opening to horseradish peroxidase in acute arterial hypertension. Acute arterial hypertension was induced in male Wistar rats using two experimental techniques: (1) i.v. injection of Aramine and (2) infusion of physiological saline as a bolus via internal carotid artery. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected i.v. prior to both experimental procedures and subsequently localized in the brain by light and electron microscopy. In the saline infusion (pressure pulse) model, colloidal lanthanum was also applied as a diffusion tracer following fixation of the cerebral endothelium. In the Aramine model, extravsation of HRP correlated with abrupt elevation of blood pressure. In the pressure pulse model HRP extravasation was consistently visualized in the affected hemisphere. Electron microscopy showed consistent labeling of plasmalemmal vesicles by HRP in segments of cerebral endothelium. However, HRP was also clearly visualized in junctional pools suggesting focal opening of endothelial tight junctions as a pathway for extravasation of this tracer in both hypertensive models. Colloidal lanthanum not transported by plasmalemmal vesicles across endothelium after fixation of the brain also bypassed consecutive membrane appositions of endothelial tight junctions indicating existance of interendothelial pathways to macromolecules in acute arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 506690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6961", "title": "Apert's syndrome with central nervous system anomalies.", "content": "The pathologic anatomy of the central nervous system is described in a patient with Apert's syndrome. Multiple developmental anomalies of the brain were noted including disturbances of rhinencephalic organization. The association between maldevelopment of the rhinencephalon and the face is well known. Cranial vault malformations may also be associated with maldevelopment of the rhinencephalon.", "contents": "Apert's syndrome with central nervous system anomalies. The pathologic anatomy of the central nervous system is described in a patient with Apert's syndrome. Multiple developmental anomalies of the brain were noted including disturbances of rhinencephalic organization. The association between maldevelopment of the rhinencephalon and the face is well known. Cranial vault malformations may also be associated with maldevelopment of the rhinencephalon.", "PMID": 506691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6962", "title": "Pseudoviral hollow-cored vesicles in multiple sclerosis brain.", "content": "Novel, superficially 'virus-like' hollow-cored particles 50--60 nm in diameter were found in the perivascular extracellular space of the brain from a patient who died with acute multiple sclerosis (MS). It is concluded that they are not virions but are derived from myelin undergoing vesicular demyelination. This case demonstrates the need for caution in the interpretation of unusual electron microscopic appearances.", "contents": "Pseudoviral hollow-cored vesicles in multiple sclerosis brain. Novel, superficially 'virus-like' hollow-cored particles 50--60 nm in diameter were found in the perivascular extracellular space of the brain from a patient who died with acute multiple sclerosis (MS). It is concluded that they are not virions but are derived from myelin undergoing vesicular demyelination. This case demonstrates the need for caution in the interpretation of unusual electron microscopic appearances.", "PMID": 506692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6963", "title": "Pituitary adenomas secreting more than two hormones.", "content": "A case of pituitary adenoma secreting more than two hormones is presented. Morphological findings of this tumor have been correlated with biological behavior and with hormonal activity.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas secreting more than two hormones. A case of pituitary adenoma secreting more than two hormones is presented. Morphological findings of this tumor have been correlated with biological behavior and with hormonal activity.", "PMID": 506693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6964", "title": "Encephalopathy in infantile hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "The cases are described of two sibs who developed hepatic cirrhosis in early infancy, accompanied by profound mental retardation. Post mortem in one sib there were multiple foci of demyelination with abundant cellular infiltration, scattered throughout the brain. These unusual pathological changes are briefly commented.", "contents": "Encephalopathy in infantile hepatic cirrhosis. The cases are described of two sibs who developed hepatic cirrhosis in early infancy, accompanied by profound mental retardation. Post mortem in one sib there were multiple foci of demyelination with abundant cellular infiltration, scattered throughout the brain. These unusual pathological changes are briefly commented.", "PMID": 506694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6965", "title": "Optic neuropathy in a horse.", "content": "A 10-month-old thoroughbred colt developed sudden complete blindness; no other neurological abnormality was detected. At necropsy 3.5 months later lesions were confined to both optic pathways in which there was extensive degeneration of axons and myelin and gliosis. The cause of the optic lesion was not determined but the lesion may be a toxic neuropathy.", "contents": "Optic neuropathy in a horse. A 10-month-old thoroughbred colt developed sudden complete blindness; no other neurological abnormality was detected. At necropsy 3.5 months later lesions were confined to both optic pathways in which there was extensive degeneration of axons and myelin and gliosis. The cause of the optic lesion was not determined but the lesion may be a toxic neuropathy.", "PMID": 506696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6966", "title": "Skeletal muscular atrophy in malignant tumour diseases: neurogenic or unspecific?", "content": "Muscles from patients who had died from malignant tumours were examined with regard to changes in the intramuscular nerve twigs and the axon terminals or the motor end-plates, respectively. Three muscles from each of 120 cases were obtained at autopsy and stained with conventional methods. Nineteen cases with pronounced small-group and sometimes large-group atrophy were selected. Myelin and axon preparations displayed various changes of the small nerve branches and the axon terminals. Their significance for the atrophy frequently observed in the muscles of cancer patients is discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal muscular atrophy in malignant tumour diseases: neurogenic or unspecific? Muscles from patients who had died from malignant tumours were examined with regard to changes in the intramuscular nerve twigs and the axon terminals or the motor end-plates, respectively. Three muscles from each of 120 cases were obtained at autopsy and stained with conventional methods. Nineteen cases with pronounced small-group and sometimes large-group atrophy were selected. Myelin and axon preparations displayed various changes of the small nerve branches and the axon terminals. Their significance for the atrophy frequently observed in the muscles of cancer patients is discussed.", "PMID": 506697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6967", "title": "Observations of amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques by the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Blood vessels with amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques in the cortices of the brains with Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. the results obtained were as follows: The blood vessels with amyloid angiopathy were surrounded by solid substances. The senile plaques consisted of rough solid substances, contained degenerated cell processes, and almost all plaques existed around the degenerated capillaries with amyloid angiopathy. From the above described findings, we suggest that the senile plaque has an extremely cose relationship to the capillary which had undergone amyloid angiopathy.", "contents": "Observations of amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques by the scanning electron microscope. Blood vessels with amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques in the cortices of the brains with Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. the results obtained were as follows: The blood vessels with amyloid angiopathy were surrounded by solid substances. The senile plaques consisted of rough solid substances, contained degenerated cell processes, and almost all plaques existed around the degenerated capillaries with amyloid angiopathy. From the above described findings, we suggest that the senile plaque has an extremely cose relationship to the capillary which had undergone amyloid angiopathy.", "PMID": 506698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6968", "title": "Neurofibrillary changes in the cerebral cortex of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).", "content": "Biopsy fragments from the frontal cortex of one patient with SSPE were studied with ultrastructural methods. Special attention was given to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles observed in all cortical layers. These tangles were composed either of filaments with a diameter of 10 -- 12 nm or of paired helical filaments 22 -- 24 nm at their widest and periodically reduced to 10 nm about every 80 nm. These tangles were observed in all cortical layers, while those formed by single filaments were only visualized in layer 3. The simultaneous appearance of both types of tangles in the same patient suggests that they may be chemically related, which is in keeping with recent chemical data concerning the nature of the neurofilament protein subunit.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary changes in the cerebral cortex of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Biopsy fragments from the frontal cortex of one patient with SSPE were studied with ultrastructural methods. Special attention was given to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles observed in all cortical layers. These tangles were composed either of filaments with a diameter of 10 -- 12 nm or of paired helical filaments 22 -- 24 nm at their widest and periodically reduced to 10 nm about every 80 nm. These tangles were observed in all cortical layers, while those formed by single filaments were only visualized in layer 3. The simultaneous appearance of both types of tangles in the same patient suggests that they may be chemically related, which is in keeping with recent chemical data concerning the nature of the neurofilament protein subunit.", "PMID": 506699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6969", "title": "The role of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration. I. A quantitative teased fibre study.", "content": "It is conventionally accepted that during the early stages of Wallerian degeneration of myelinated peripheral nerve fibres Schmidt-Lanterman incisures represent the sites at which the myelin sheath, together with enclosed axoplasm, is segmented into myelin ovoids. This mechanism is considered by some authors to be facilitated by the progressive intercalation of additional incisures in order to allow the later division of primary ovoids. We have demonstrated that this reported increase in the number of incisures is a misinterpretation of the changes occurring. By 36 h after crush of the rat sural nerve most myelinated fibres showed segmentation at incisures to form myelin ovoids. At 12 h and 24 h after crush, however, no ovoids were apparent and the number of incisures present was determined from teased fibres by light microscopy using oil immersion. There was no increase in the number of incisures either internodally or paranodally at 12 h and 24 h compared with a normal control population of fibres. However at 12 h, and to a greater extent at 24 h, incisures were more readily apparent than in normal fibres. It is likely, therefore, that previous reports have confused an increase in the number of incisures with an increase in their perceptibility resulting from their progressive dilatation.", "contents": "The role of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration. I. A quantitative teased fibre study. It is conventionally accepted that during the early stages of Wallerian degeneration of myelinated peripheral nerve fibres Schmidt-Lanterman incisures represent the sites at which the myelin sheath, together with enclosed axoplasm, is segmented into myelin ovoids. This mechanism is considered by some authors to be facilitated by the progressive intercalation of additional incisures in order to allow the later division of primary ovoids. We have demonstrated that this reported increase in the number of incisures is a misinterpretation of the changes occurring. By 36 h after crush of the rat sural nerve most myelinated fibres showed segmentation at incisures to form myelin ovoids. At 12 h and 24 h after crush, however, no ovoids were apparent and the number of incisures present was determined from teased fibres by light microscopy using oil immersion. There was no increase in the number of incisures either internodally or paranodally at 12 h and 24 h compared with a normal control population of fibres. However at 12 h, and to a greater extent at 24 h, incisures were more readily apparent than in normal fibres. It is likely, therefore, that previous reports have confused an increase in the number of incisures with an increase in their perceptibility resulting from their progressive dilatation.", "PMID": 506700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6970", "title": "The role of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration. II. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "The electron microscopy of changes at Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration has been described only briefly previously. We have demonstrated that the changes up to 36 h after nerve crush are chiefly peri-incisural. At 12 h and 24 h 'incisural dilatation' consisted of an intraperiod line separation of peri-incisural myelin lamellae, which began among inner (adaxonal) lamellae extending later to outer (abaxonal) lamellae. The incisure itself showed little or no change. At 36 h, ovoid formation was apparent in most fibres. The sites of fibre cleavage to form ovoids occurred adjacent to incisures at the focal regions of myelin lamellae separation. Even within ovoids the incisures themselves remained intact at 36 h. The fine structural changes at incisures following nerve crush provide an understanding of the increased perceptibility of incisures by light microscopy during early Wallerian degeneration.", "contents": "The role of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration. II. An electron microscopic study. The electron microscopy of changes at Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in Wallerian degeneration has been described only briefly previously. We have demonstrated that the changes up to 36 h after nerve crush are chiefly peri-incisural. At 12 h and 24 h 'incisural dilatation' consisted of an intraperiod line separation of peri-incisural myelin lamellae, which began among inner (adaxonal) lamellae extending later to outer (abaxonal) lamellae. The incisure itself showed little or no change. At 36 h, ovoid formation was apparent in most fibres. The sites of fibre cleavage to form ovoids occurred adjacent to incisures at the focal regions of myelin lamellae separation. Even within ovoids the incisures themselves remained intact at 36 h. The fine structural changes at incisures following nerve crush provide an understanding of the increased perceptibility of incisures by light microscopy during early Wallerian degeneration.", "PMID": 506701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6971", "title": "Prekallikrein activator and kallikrein in acetone- and kaolin-activated rat plasma.", "content": "Activation of plasminogen-free rat citrated plasma (RCPL-P) with acetone/kaolin yielded BAEe-esterase activities of 0.6--0.8 U/ml. Gel filtration demonstrated one single peak of BAEe-esterase activity (mol. wt. approximately 135000) with a kininogenase-esterase ratio (3.3) close to that known for human plasma kallikrein (2.7). Similarly activated rat citrated plasma (RCPL) revealed on gel filtration an additional esterase peak (mol. wt, approximately 47,000) with a low kininogenase-esterase ratio (0.3), and should accordingly not be used for a BAEe-esterase assay of rat plasma kallikrein. Acetone activation of RCPL-P and of RCPL yielded prekallikrein activator (PKA) activities which were about doubled by treatment with kaolin to 1.9--2.1 and 3.5--4.2 PKA-U/ml respectively. Gel filtration of acetone-activated RCPL-P or RCPL revealed two peaks of PKA activity, mol. wt. approximately 110,000 corresponding to activated factor XII (XIIa), and mol. wt. approximately 33,000 corresponding to XII fragments (XIIf). Kaolin-treatment of acetone-activated RCPL-P, but not of RCPL, caused an extensive fragmentation of XIIa to the 4--6 times more active XIIf. The lower yield of PKA-activity in acetone/kaolin-activated RCPL-P, as compared with activated RCPL, seems to be due to the absence of a factor of significance for the activation of factor XII, which is not plasmin, plasma kallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen.", "contents": "Prekallikrein activator and kallikrein in acetone- and kaolin-activated rat plasma. Activation of plasminogen-free rat citrated plasma (RCPL-P) with acetone/kaolin yielded BAEe-esterase activities of 0.6--0.8 U/ml. Gel filtration demonstrated one single peak of BAEe-esterase activity (mol. wt. approximately 135000) with a kininogenase-esterase ratio (3.3) close to that known for human plasma kallikrein (2.7). Similarly activated rat citrated plasma (RCPL) revealed on gel filtration an additional esterase peak (mol. wt, approximately 47,000) with a low kininogenase-esterase ratio (0.3), and should accordingly not be used for a BAEe-esterase assay of rat plasma kallikrein. Acetone activation of RCPL-P and of RCPL yielded prekallikrein activator (PKA) activities which were about doubled by treatment with kaolin to 1.9--2.1 and 3.5--4.2 PKA-U/ml respectively. Gel filtration of acetone-activated RCPL-P or RCPL revealed two peaks of PKA activity, mol. wt. approximately 110,000 corresponding to activated factor XII (XIIa), and mol. wt. approximately 33,000 corresponding to XII fragments (XIIf). Kaolin-treatment of acetone-activated RCPL-P, but not of RCPL, caused an extensive fragmentation of XIIa to the 4--6 times more active XIIf. The lower yield of PKA-activity in acetone/kaolin-activated RCPL-P, as compared with activated RCPL, seems to be due to the absence of a factor of significance for the activation of factor XII, which is not plasmin, plasma kallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen.", "PMID": 506739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6972", "title": "The succulent euphorbias of Nigeria. III. Structure and potency of the aromatic ester diterpenes of Euphorbia poissonii Pax.", "content": "The latex of Euphorbia poissonii was found to contain irritant aromatic diterpene esters based upon resiniferonol, 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol and 12-deoxyphorbol. Four resiniferonol esters, 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-[p-hydroxy-phenylacetate]; 9,13,14-orthophenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-[m-methoxy-m'-hydroxy-phenylacetate]; 9,13,14-orthophenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-acetate and resiniferonol-14-0-phenylacetate-20-0-[m-methoxy-m'-hydroxy-phenylacetate], were identified. Two further esters were identified as 12-deoxy-16-0-[2-methylbutyroyl]-phorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-0-acetate and 12-deoxy-16-0-[2-methylbutyroyl]-phorbol-13-0-phenylacetate. These compounds represent the first aromatic esters of this parent diterpene to be obtained from natural sources. The third group of compounds were identified as 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-[p-hydroxy-phenylacetate]-20-0-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-[p-acetoxy-phenylacetate]-20-0-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-0-acetate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate. The irritant potency of the ten pure compounds was obtained using a mouse ear method for assessment of the irritant dose 50%.", "contents": "The succulent euphorbias of Nigeria. III. Structure and potency of the aromatic ester diterpenes of Euphorbia poissonii Pax. The latex of Euphorbia poissonii was found to contain irritant aromatic diterpene esters based upon resiniferonol, 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol and 12-deoxyphorbol. Four resiniferonol esters, 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-[p-hydroxy-phenylacetate]; 9,13,14-orthophenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-[m-methoxy-m'-hydroxy-phenylacetate]; 9,13,14-orthophenylacetyl-resiniferonol-20-0-acetate and resiniferonol-14-0-phenylacetate-20-0-[m-methoxy-m'-hydroxy-phenylacetate], were identified. Two further esters were identified as 12-deoxy-16-0-[2-methylbutyroyl]-phorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-0-acetate and 12-deoxy-16-0-[2-methylbutyroyl]-phorbol-13-0-phenylacetate. These compounds represent the first aromatic esters of this parent diterpene to be obtained from natural sources. The third group of compounds were identified as 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-[p-hydroxy-phenylacetate]-20-0-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-[p-acetoxy-phenylacetate]-20-0-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-0-acetate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate. The irritant potency of the ten pure compounds was obtained using a mouse ear method for assessment of the irritant dose 50%.", "PMID": 506740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6973", "title": "Interaction studies between three antidepressant drugs (chlorimipramine, imipramine and zimelidine) and noradrenaline, tyramine and vagal stimulation on the heart rate and blood pressure in dogs.", "content": "Anaesthetized Beagle dogs were given increasing intravenous doses of imipramine, chlorimipramine or zimelidine. At each dose interval the interference of the drug administered with the effects on blood pressure and heart rate of vagal stimulation, NA injection and tyramine injection was investigated. Also, the in vitro uptake of 5-HT into platelets after in vivo administration to unanaesthetized dogs of 5 mg chlorimipramine or 5 mg zimelidine was studied. Chlorimipramine and zimelidine were found to be about equipotent as regards 5 HT-uptake into platelets after in vivo administration. Imipramine and chlorimipramine potentiated the effects of NA after the 2 mg/kg dose. Imipramine but not chlorimipramine interfered with the effects of tyramine after the 4 mg/kg dose. Zimelidine did not interfere with either NA or tyramine at any dose level studied (maximal cumulative dose 62 mg/kg). The effect of vagal stimulation was significantly inhibited after 8 mg/kg (cumulative dose 14 mg/kg) of imipramine and 16 mg/kg (cumulative dose 30 mg/kg) of chlorimipramine and zimelidine, respectively. It is concluded that zimelidine in comparison with imipramine and chlorimipramine has no or at most a slight effect on peripheral adrenergic neurones. It has less pronounced anticholinergic properties than imipramine but is about equipotent to chlorimipramine in this respect.", "contents": "Interaction studies between three antidepressant drugs (chlorimipramine, imipramine and zimelidine) and noradrenaline, tyramine and vagal stimulation on the heart rate and blood pressure in dogs. Anaesthetized Beagle dogs were given increasing intravenous doses of imipramine, chlorimipramine or zimelidine. At each dose interval the interference of the drug administered with the effects on blood pressure and heart rate of vagal stimulation, NA injection and tyramine injection was investigated. Also, the in vitro uptake of 5-HT into platelets after in vivo administration to unanaesthetized dogs of 5 mg chlorimipramine or 5 mg zimelidine was studied. Chlorimipramine and zimelidine were found to be about equipotent as regards 5 HT-uptake into platelets after in vivo administration. Imipramine and chlorimipramine potentiated the effects of NA after the 2 mg/kg dose. Imipramine but not chlorimipramine interfered with the effects of tyramine after the 4 mg/kg dose. Zimelidine did not interfere with either NA or tyramine at any dose level studied (maximal cumulative dose 62 mg/kg). The effect of vagal stimulation was significantly inhibited after 8 mg/kg (cumulative dose 14 mg/kg) of imipramine and 16 mg/kg (cumulative dose 30 mg/kg) of chlorimipramine and zimelidine, respectively. It is concluded that zimelidine in comparison with imipramine and chlorimipramine has no or at most a slight effect on peripheral adrenergic neurones. It has less pronounced anticholinergic properties than imipramine but is about equipotent to chlorimipramine in this respect.", "PMID": 506741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6974", "title": "The binding of phenprocoumon to human plasma proteins.", "content": "By in vitro experiments with equilibrium dialysis and 5 micrograms PPC per ml an average of 99.7 +/- 0.2% was bound to serum proteins. The binding in a solution with the albumin concentration which was present in the serum samples did not differ from this binding or from the binding in plasma where coagulation was prevented with either heparin or citrate. The binding constant in albumin solutions at 37 degrees was 4.5 +/- 0.31/mol x 10(-5) and an average of 1.16 +/- 0.04 primary binding sites was found. The association constant for the PPC albumin interaction was temperature dependent and the results of thermodynamic calculations suggested a combined ionic and non-polar type of binding as the change in enthalpy contributed with 40% of change in free energy. A large positive entropy change was found (15.79 Kcal/mol/degree K). The addition of phytomenadione to albumin solutions and of menadione to plasma caused a considerable decrease in the protein bound fraction of PPC, indicating the relevance of a study concerning the possible clinical consequences of these interactions.", "contents": "The binding of phenprocoumon to human plasma proteins. By in vitro experiments with equilibrium dialysis and 5 micrograms PPC per ml an average of 99.7 +/- 0.2% was bound to serum proteins. The binding in a solution with the albumin concentration which was present in the serum samples did not differ from this binding or from the binding in plasma where coagulation was prevented with either heparin or citrate. The binding constant in albumin solutions at 37 degrees was 4.5 +/- 0.31/mol x 10(-5) and an average of 1.16 +/- 0.04 primary binding sites was found. The association constant for the PPC albumin interaction was temperature dependent and the results of thermodynamic calculations suggested a combined ionic and non-polar type of binding as the change in enthalpy contributed with 40% of change in free energy. A large positive entropy change was found (15.79 Kcal/mol/degree K). The addition of phytomenadione to albumin solutions and of menadione to plasma caused a considerable decrease in the protein bound fraction of PPC, indicating the relevance of a study concerning the possible clinical consequences of these interactions.", "PMID": 506743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6975", "title": "Haematological effects of nickel toxicity on a fresh water teleost, Colisa fasciatus.", "content": "Colisa fasciatus, a freshwater teleost, were exposed for 90 hrs to 45 p.p.m. nickel sulphate under static test conditions. The treatment resulted in leucopenia due to reduction in the number of small lymphocytes and polycythemia with concomitant increases in the haematocrit and haemoglobin values, and in retardation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the moribund fish. No differences in total thrombocyte count, clotting time, and hepatosomatic index were found between the control and the treated fish. Lymphopenia and erythrocytosis may be used in presumptive monitoring nickel toxicity in fish.", "contents": "Haematological effects of nickel toxicity on a fresh water teleost, Colisa fasciatus. Colisa fasciatus, a freshwater teleost, were exposed for 90 hrs to 45 p.p.m. nickel sulphate under static test conditions. The treatment resulted in leucopenia due to reduction in the number of small lymphocytes and polycythemia with concomitant increases in the haematocrit and haemoglobin values, and in retardation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the moribund fish. No differences in total thrombocyte count, clotting time, and hepatosomatic index were found between the control and the treated fish. Lymphopenia and erythrocytosis may be used in presumptive monitoring nickel toxicity in fish.", "PMID": 506744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6976", "title": "Displacement of nortriptyline and uptake of 14C-lidocaine in the lung after administration of 14C-lidocaine to nortriptyline intoxicated pigs.", "content": "Six anaesthetized Swedish land-race pigs were intoxicated by an intravenous infusion of nortriptyline-HCl (NT) up to a concentration of 4.58 +/- 0.58 (mean +/- S.E.M.) microM in arterial whole blood. A rapid injection of 2 mg/kg b.wt. lidocaine-HCl in the right atrium was followed by a rise in arterial whole blood concentration of NT up to a maximum of 7.32 +/- 0.28 microM NT. Amount displaced NT from the cardio-pulmonary circulation after the 14C-lidocaine bolus, was calculated to be 0.66 +/- 0.03 mumol. Lung uptake of 14C-lidocaine during first-pass through the lung was not influenced to any statistically signficant degree compared to a control group. Thus, first pass uptake (FPU) was 30 +/- 8 (mean +/- S.E.M.)% and 39 +/- 5% respectively. The duration of the QRS-complex of the ECG was increased (P less than 0.01) during the infusion of NT from 0.07 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- S.E.M.) sec. to 0.14 +/- 0.02 sec. when 250 mg NT-HCl had been administered. The QRS-duration was decreased (P less than 0.01) after the injection of the 14C-lidocaine bolus to 0.09 +/- 0.01 sec. Mean arterial blood pressure and heartrate decreased slightly during the infusion of NT, but did not change immediately after the 14C-lidocaine bolus.", "contents": "Displacement of nortriptyline and uptake of 14C-lidocaine in the lung after administration of 14C-lidocaine to nortriptyline intoxicated pigs. Six anaesthetized Swedish land-race pigs were intoxicated by an intravenous infusion of nortriptyline-HCl (NT) up to a concentration of 4.58 +/- 0.58 (mean +/- S.E.M.) microM in arterial whole blood. A rapid injection of 2 mg/kg b.wt. lidocaine-HCl in the right atrium was followed by a rise in arterial whole blood concentration of NT up to a maximum of 7.32 +/- 0.28 microM NT. Amount displaced NT from the cardio-pulmonary circulation after the 14C-lidocaine bolus, was calculated to be 0.66 +/- 0.03 mumol. Lung uptake of 14C-lidocaine during first-pass through the lung was not influenced to any statistically signficant degree compared to a control group. Thus, first pass uptake (FPU) was 30 +/- 8 (mean +/- S.E.M.)% and 39 +/- 5% respectively. The duration of the QRS-complex of the ECG was increased (P less than 0.01) during the infusion of NT from 0.07 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- S.E.M.) sec. to 0.14 +/- 0.02 sec. when 250 mg NT-HCl had been administered. The QRS-duration was decreased (P less than 0.01) after the injection of the 14C-lidocaine bolus to 0.09 +/- 0.01 sec. Mean arterial blood pressure and heartrate decreased slightly during the infusion of NT, but did not change immediately after the 14C-lidocaine bolus.", "PMID": 506745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6977", "title": "Interaction of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rats as shown by gastro-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, and plasma concentrations.", "content": "The interaction of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was studied in rats. Concurrent oral administration of sodium salicylate (SS) or salicylic acid (SA) and indomethacin (IND) significantly reduced the gastro-ulcerogenicity and the plasma concentrations of IND. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) failed to do so. IND had no significant influence on plasma concentrations of SA. Simultaneous administration of SS and IND intraperitoneally or subcutaneously showed the same pattern of interaction as for oral administration. Concurrent oral administration of SS and IND exerted similar anti-inflammatory activity as the single drugs. SS significantly antagonized the ulcerogenicity of ibuprofen and tended to antagonize the ulcerogenic activity of ASA, phenylbutazone, tolfenamic acid and naproxen. The results suggest that in rats SS and SA (but not ASA) interact with IND concerning both gastro-ulcerogenicity and plasma concentrations of IND (but not of SA) and that the interaction is systemic in nature. We propose that the ulcerogenic interaction might be explained partly by the reduced IND plasma concentrations and partly by a weaker inhibition by SS of the prostaglandin system in the rat stomach.", "contents": "Interaction of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rats as shown by gastro-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, and plasma concentrations. The interaction of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was studied in rats. Concurrent oral administration of sodium salicylate (SS) or salicylic acid (SA) and indomethacin (IND) significantly reduced the gastro-ulcerogenicity and the plasma concentrations of IND. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) failed to do so. IND had no significant influence on plasma concentrations of SA. Simultaneous administration of SS and IND intraperitoneally or subcutaneously showed the same pattern of interaction as for oral administration. Concurrent oral administration of SS and IND exerted similar anti-inflammatory activity as the single drugs. SS significantly antagonized the ulcerogenicity of ibuprofen and tended to antagonize the ulcerogenic activity of ASA, phenylbutazone, tolfenamic acid and naproxen. The results suggest that in rats SS and SA (but not ASA) interact with IND concerning both gastro-ulcerogenicity and plasma concentrations of IND (but not of SA) and that the interaction is systemic in nature. We propose that the ulcerogenic interaction might be explained partly by the reduced IND plasma concentrations and partly by a weaker inhibition by SS of the prostaglandin system in the rat stomach.", "PMID": 506746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6978", "title": "Intravenous glucose tolerance in lithium treated rats.", "content": "A method for performing intravenous glucose tolerance tests in anaesthetized rats was developed, and factors influencing basal glucose tolerance was investigated. Glucose tolerance increased with increasing weight and body temperature, but decreased with fasting. Lithium administration increased glucose tolerance. The increase varied with the dose and the time interval between administration and glucose tolerance test. There was an immediate increase in glucose tolerance after lithium administration, which lasted under special conditions up to 24 hours. The duration was depending on the dose given and the fasting state of the animal.", "contents": "Intravenous glucose tolerance in lithium treated rats. A method for performing intravenous glucose tolerance tests in anaesthetized rats was developed, and factors influencing basal glucose tolerance was investigated. Glucose tolerance increased with increasing weight and body temperature, but decreased with fasting. Lithium administration increased glucose tolerance. The increase varied with the dose and the time interval between administration and glucose tolerance test. There was an immediate increase in glucose tolerance after lithium administration, which lasted under special conditions up to 24 hours. The duration was depending on the dose given and the fasting state of the animal.", "PMID": 506747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6979", "title": "Interactions between 1,2--propanediol (propylene glycol) and hexobarbital.", "content": "The interaction between 1,2--propanediol and hexobarbital was studied with an anaesthesia threshold method, where hexobarbital is infused intravenously. The dose needed to obtain a burst suppression of one second or more is determined and given as per cent of a pre-experimental value obtained in the same rat. The effect of varying the interval between the intraperitoneal injection of 1,2--propanediol (2.06 g/kg) and the threshold determination was investigated. In the intervals, 10--50 min., the hexobarbital threshold doses were significantly decreased by 13--27% (n = 7--18). Four different doses between 0.25 and 2.06 g/kg of 1,2--propanediol were then tested after a fixed interval of 30 min. As in the time interval study the thresholds after 2.06 g/kg were significantly decreased. No certain depressant effect was seen with 1.03 and 0.52 g/kg. With the lowest tested dose of 1,2-propanediol (0.25 g/kg) there was instead a significant increase in the threshold dose (13%). This might be an excitatory effect, which could correspond to the well-known effect, seen with low doses of other depressants for instance ethanol.", "contents": "Interactions between 1,2--propanediol (propylene glycol) and hexobarbital. The interaction between 1,2--propanediol and hexobarbital was studied with an anaesthesia threshold method, where hexobarbital is infused intravenously. The dose needed to obtain a burst suppression of one second or more is determined and given as per cent of a pre-experimental value obtained in the same rat. The effect of varying the interval between the intraperitoneal injection of 1,2--propanediol (2.06 g/kg) and the threshold determination was investigated. In the intervals, 10--50 min., the hexobarbital threshold doses were significantly decreased by 13--27% (n = 7--18). Four different doses between 0.25 and 2.06 g/kg of 1,2--propanediol were then tested after a fixed interval of 30 min. As in the time interval study the thresholds after 2.06 g/kg were significantly decreased. No certain depressant effect was seen with 1.03 and 0.52 g/kg. With the lowest tested dose of 1,2-propanediol (0.25 g/kg) there was instead a significant increase in the threshold dose (13%). This might be an excitatory effect, which could correspond to the well-known effect, seen with low doses of other depressants for instance ethanol.", "PMID": 506748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6980", "title": "The gliovascular interphase in irradiated brain tissue. Electron microscopic investigations. Horseradish peroxidase transport.", "content": "The gliovascular interphase in irradiated brain tissue. Electron microscopic investigations. Horseradish peroxidase transport. Acta physiol. pol., 1979, 30 (4): 455--468. The gliovascular junction which is the morphological element of the blood-brain barrier was studied. For damaging the barrier 44 Wistar rats received single dose of 800 rads of gamma radiation from Co60. The observations were carried out in electron microscope and capillary permeability was tested by means of horseradish peroxidase. It was found that: astrocytes play a significant role in the normal function of the barrier maintaining efficient active transport, the capillary vessel is a barrier to transport of macromolecular substances which cannot pass into the brain tissue under normal conditions.", "contents": "The gliovascular interphase in irradiated brain tissue. Electron microscopic investigations. Horseradish peroxidase transport. The gliovascular interphase in irradiated brain tissue. Electron microscopic investigations. Horseradish peroxidase transport. Acta physiol. pol., 1979, 30 (4): 455--468. The gliovascular junction which is the morphological element of the blood-brain barrier was studied. For damaging the barrier 44 Wistar rats received single dose of 800 rads of gamma radiation from Co60. The observations were carried out in electron microscope and capillary permeability was tested by means of horseradish peroxidase. It was found that: astrocytes play a significant role in the normal function of the barrier maintaining efficient active transport, the capillary vessel is a barrier to transport of macromolecular substances which cannot pass into the brain tissue under normal conditions.", "PMID": 506750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6981", "title": "'Distensibility' of the papaverine-relaxed vascular bed in human subcutaneous tissue.", "content": "The effect of an increase in vascular transmural pressure upon the blood flow in two subcutaneous vascular beds, maximally dilated by papaverine was studied in 6 healthy humans. Blood flow was measured on the dorsum of the hand and at the lateral malleolus by the local 133Xe washout technique. Increase in vascular transmural pressure was induced by lowering the labelled area various distances below heart level. Lowering the area caused an increase in blood flow. The increase was less pronounced in the legs than in the hand. As arterial perfusion pressure head remained constant during lowering, this indicates that the relative decrease in vascular resistance was smaller in the leg than in the hand. Experimental edema did not influence the relative decrease in vascular resistance. The results suggest that 'distensibility' of the resistance vessels is smaller in the leg than in the hand. This might be due to a structural adaptation of the vascular wall in vessels often subjected to increased hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "'Distensibility' of the papaverine-relaxed vascular bed in human subcutaneous tissue. The effect of an increase in vascular transmural pressure upon the blood flow in two subcutaneous vascular beds, maximally dilated by papaverine was studied in 6 healthy humans. Blood flow was measured on the dorsum of the hand and at the lateral malleolus by the local 133Xe washout technique. Increase in vascular transmural pressure was induced by lowering the labelled area various distances below heart level. Lowering the area caused an increase in blood flow. The increase was less pronounced in the legs than in the hand. As arterial perfusion pressure head remained constant during lowering, this indicates that the relative decrease in vascular resistance was smaller in the leg than in the hand. Experimental edema did not influence the relative decrease in vascular resistance. The results suggest that 'distensibility' of the resistance vessels is smaller in the leg than in the hand. This might be due to a structural adaptation of the vascular wall in vessels often subjected to increased hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 506757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6982", "title": "Chronoendocrinological studies in athletes. Circadian rhythms of T3, TSH, cortisol and testosterone.", "content": "Endocrine functions were studied in 83 healthy athletes, maintained under normal light-dark conditions, with normal activity-sleep patterns. In these subjects statistically significant circadian rhythms of T3, TSH, cortisol (CSL) and testosterone (T) were found; for each hormone two or three different types of circadian rhythm (with peaks of acrophase between: 6.30 a.m. and 1.30 a.m., 1.30 p.m. and 10.30 p.m., 10.30 p.m. and 6.30 p.m.) were observed. The following correlations have been demonstrated between the length of participation (in years) in performance sports and the mean circadian blood hormone concentration: a negative one for CSL (p less than 0.01) and a positive one for TSH (p less than 0.05). An increase of the mean circadian values of T concentration in venous blood was found in females fencers (n = 9).", "contents": "Chronoendocrinological studies in athletes. Circadian rhythms of T3, TSH, cortisol and testosterone. Endocrine functions were studied in 83 healthy athletes, maintained under normal light-dark conditions, with normal activity-sleep patterns. In these subjects statistically significant circadian rhythms of T3, TSH, cortisol (CSL) and testosterone (T) were found; for each hormone two or three different types of circadian rhythm (with peaks of acrophase between: 6.30 a.m. and 1.30 a.m., 1.30 p.m. and 10.30 p.m., 10.30 p.m. and 6.30 p.m.) were observed. The following correlations have been demonstrated between the length of participation (in years) in performance sports and the mean circadian blood hormone concentration: a negative one for CSL (p less than 0.01) and a positive one for TSH (p less than 0.05). An increase of the mean circadian values of T concentration in venous blood was found in females fencers (n = 9).", "PMID": 506751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6983", "title": "Chronoendocrinological studies in athletes. Circadian rhythms of HGH and IRI.", "content": "The serum concentrations of HGH and IRI studied over a 24-hour span in 83 healthy athletes under normal rest conditions in a normal living environment show statistically significant rhythms, validated and quantified by cosinor analysis; for each hormone three different types of the circadian rhythm (with a peak of acrophase between: 6.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., 1.30 p.m. and 10.30 p.m., 10.30 p.m. and 6.30 a.m.) were observed. The IRI response to a meal load underwent cyclic variations during the day.", "contents": "Chronoendocrinological studies in athletes. Circadian rhythms of HGH and IRI. The serum concentrations of HGH and IRI studied over a 24-hour span in 83 healthy athletes under normal rest conditions in a normal living environment show statistically significant rhythms, validated and quantified by cosinor analysis; for each hormone three different types of the circadian rhythm (with a peak of acrophase between: 6.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., 1.30 p.m. and 10.30 p.m., 10.30 p.m. and 6.30 a.m.) were observed. The IRI response to a meal load underwent cyclic variations during the day.", "PMID": 506752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6984", "title": "Effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) on haemoglobin affinity to oxygen in fetal and early postnatal period of life in pigs.", "content": "The reported investigations demonstrated a low concentration of 2,3-DPG in fetal erythrocytes (4.52 mumol/g Hb) and a high affinity of haemoglobin in these erythrocytes to oxygen (P50 = 4.35 mm Hg) as compared with the values in adult pigs (30.91 mumol of 2,3-DPG/g Hb and P50 = 7.36 mm Hg). In the postnatal period the values of these parameters changed rapidly, with the most intense changes taking place within the first three days of life of suckling pigs, and the values typical of adult pigs were reached about the seventh day of life. No differences were observed in the structure of fetal and adult haemoglobin. The affinity to oxygen of haemoglobin solutions obtained from fetuses and adult pigs without 2,3-DPG was identical, and addition of exogenous 2,3-DPG caused indentical shifts of the dissociation curves of both haemoglobins. The factors responsible for the differnces in haemoglobin affinity to oxygen in the development of pigs are changes in the concentration of 2,3-DPG in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) on haemoglobin affinity to oxygen in fetal and early postnatal period of life in pigs. The reported investigations demonstrated a low concentration of 2,3-DPG in fetal erythrocytes (4.52 mumol/g Hb) and a high affinity of haemoglobin in these erythrocytes to oxygen (P50 = 4.35 mm Hg) as compared with the values in adult pigs (30.91 mumol of 2,3-DPG/g Hb and P50 = 7.36 mm Hg). In the postnatal period the values of these parameters changed rapidly, with the most intense changes taking place within the first three days of life of suckling pigs, and the values typical of adult pigs were reached about the seventh day of life. No differences were observed in the structure of fetal and adult haemoglobin. The affinity to oxygen of haemoglobin solutions obtained from fetuses and adult pigs without 2,3-DPG was identical, and addition of exogenous 2,3-DPG caused indentical shifts of the dissociation curves of both haemoglobins. The factors responsible for the differnces in haemoglobin affinity to oxygen in the development of pigs are changes in the concentration of 2,3-DPG in the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 506753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6985", "title": "The effects of changes in the carotid sinus baroreceptor activity on splanchnic blood flow in anesthetized man.", "content": "In 9 patients being subjected to abdominal surgery, electromagnetic blood flow measurements were obtained from the hepatic, mesenteric and iliac beds while the carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated by carotid sinus massage. Carotid sinus stimulation produced an average maximum decrease in mean arterial pressure of 21%. Hepatic and mesenteric blood flows decreased by 15% and calculated vascular resistances were not significantly changed in these vascular beds. Iliac blood flow, on the other hand, showed a slight increase and iliac vascular resistance was decreased by 29%. It is concluded that the splanchnic vascular bed is of less importance in the carotid sinus baroreflex control of systemic arterial pressure in anesthetized man.", "contents": "The effects of changes in the carotid sinus baroreceptor activity on splanchnic blood flow in anesthetized man. In 9 patients being subjected to abdominal surgery, electromagnetic blood flow measurements were obtained from the hepatic, mesenteric and iliac beds while the carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated by carotid sinus massage. Carotid sinus stimulation produced an average maximum decrease in mean arterial pressure of 21%. Hepatic and mesenteric blood flows decreased by 15% and calculated vascular resistances were not significantly changed in these vascular beds. Iliac blood flow, on the other hand, showed a slight increase and iliac vascular resistance was decreased by 29%. It is concluded that the splanchnic vascular bed is of less importance in the carotid sinus baroreflex control of systemic arterial pressure in anesthetized man.", "PMID": 506758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6986", "title": "Principal mechanisms controlling penile retraction and protrusion in rabbits.", "content": "The effects on penile volume of nerve stimulations and drugs injected into the systemic circulation were studied plethysmographically. Dilator responses at selective perfusion of the penile artery were studied by measuring the perfusion pressure. The main results and conclusions are: The penis has an adrenergic vasoconstrictor supply coming from the sacrococcygeal parts of the sympathetic chains. A very low (0.2 Hz) vasomotor tone keeps the penis relaxed. If this tone is interrupted the penis will protrude but autoregulation will soon take over and eventually produce hyperinvolution of the penis. Two vasodilator paths, both with pelvic ganglionic relays, were found. 1) The pelvic parasympathetic nerves, probably having mainly non-cholinergic postganglionic neurons and operating quite effectively at low frequencies. 2) The sympathetic hypogastric nerves, presumably having at least partly cholinergic postganglionic neurons which, apart from muscarinic dilation of minute inflow resistance vessels to the erectile tissue, may also work by suppression of excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission. The pelvic and hypogastric vasodilator outflows work synergistically. The vasoconstrictor nerves are very strong and efficient antagonists of the vasodilator nerves.", "contents": "Principal mechanisms controlling penile retraction and protrusion in rabbits. The effects on penile volume of nerve stimulations and drugs injected into the systemic circulation were studied plethysmographically. Dilator responses at selective perfusion of the penile artery were studied by measuring the perfusion pressure. The main results and conclusions are: The penis has an adrenergic vasoconstrictor supply coming from the sacrococcygeal parts of the sympathetic chains. A very low (0.2 Hz) vasomotor tone keeps the penis relaxed. If this tone is interrupted the penis will protrude but autoregulation will soon take over and eventually produce hyperinvolution of the penis. Two vasodilator paths, both with pelvic ganglionic relays, were found. 1) The pelvic parasympathetic nerves, probably having mainly non-cholinergic postganglionic neurons and operating quite effectively at low frequencies. 2) The sympathetic hypogastric nerves, presumably having at least partly cholinergic postganglionic neurons which, apart from muscarinic dilation of minute inflow resistance vessels to the erectile tissue, may also work by suppression of excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission. The pelvic and hypogastric vasodilator outflows work synergistically. The vasoconstrictor nerves are very strong and efficient antagonists of the vasodilator nerves.", "PMID": 506759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6987", "title": "Certain phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of patients with primary hyperlipidaemia.", "content": "The investigations were carried out in 30 patients with primary hyperlipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed form). The serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, and in the erythrocytes the levels of AMP, ADP, ATP, ATP complex with Fe, MP, HDP and DGP were determined. Twenty blood donors served as a control group. The obtained results showed a statistically highly significant rise in ADP concentration in all investigated subgroups of hyperlipidaemic subjects, and a non-significant quantitative shift of other determined phosphate compounds.", "contents": "Certain phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of patients with primary hyperlipidaemia. The investigations were carried out in 30 patients with primary hyperlipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed form). The serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, and in the erythrocytes the levels of AMP, ADP, ATP, ATP complex with Fe, MP, HDP and DGP were determined. Twenty blood donors served as a control group. The obtained results showed a statistically highly significant rise in ADP concentration in all investigated subgroups of hyperlipidaemic subjects, and a non-significant quantitative shift of other determined phosphate compounds.", "PMID": 506754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6988", "title": "Analysis of the length response to a force step in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder.", "content": "Responses to isotonic quick release of AC-stimulated smooth muscle strips from rabbit urinary bladder were analysed. Releases were performed at the peak of contraction and at a preset tension level in the contraction and relaxation phase. In other expts. responses at 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C were compared. The length response always consisted of 3 parts: (1) elastic recoil, (2) rapid length change (isotonic transient), (3) steady length change. Qualitatively, phases (1)-(3) could be distinguished also in responses to isotonic quick stretch. The immediate elastic recoils, phase (1), were described by exponential stress-strain relations. Stiffness was found to be somewhat lower during relaxation than during contraction. No effect of temperature on the elastic recoil was seen. The initial velocity in phase (2) was 2-3 times greater than the velocity 100 ms after release. By means of computer analysis of the length records during phases (2) and (3) two decaying exponential processes with widely different time constants could be separated. The time constant of the faster process was of the order of 15-30 ms at 37 degrees C. It decreased with increasing force steps and with increasing temperature. The amount of shortening associated with this process was correlated with the size of the force step, reaching a maximum of about 1.2% of the muscle length. The shortening velocities in phase (3), measured 100 ms after release, were described by Hill's equation. Vmax in the rising part and at the peak of contraction were 0.7 and 0.6 L/s respectively at 37 degrees C. Lower values were found during relaxation and at 27 degrees C. We suggest that part of the elastic recoil in phase (1) occurs in structures associated with the individual cross-bridges, that phase (2) is dominated by a change in the distribution of conformations of bridges in the attached position and that the shortening rate in phase (3) is determined by the entire cycle of events during turnover of bridges after the muscle has adapted to the new load. Observations on the force response to length steps and on shifts from isometric to afterloaded isotonic contraction and vice versa are consistent with this interpretation.", "contents": "Analysis of the length response to a force step in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder. Responses to isotonic quick release of AC-stimulated smooth muscle strips from rabbit urinary bladder were analysed. Releases were performed at the peak of contraction and at a preset tension level in the contraction and relaxation phase. In other expts. responses at 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C were compared. The length response always consisted of 3 parts: (1) elastic recoil, (2) rapid length change (isotonic transient), (3) steady length change. Qualitatively, phases (1)-(3) could be distinguished also in responses to isotonic quick stretch. The immediate elastic recoils, phase (1), were described by exponential stress-strain relations. Stiffness was found to be somewhat lower during relaxation than during contraction. No effect of temperature on the elastic recoil was seen. The initial velocity in phase (2) was 2-3 times greater than the velocity 100 ms after release. By means of computer analysis of the length records during phases (2) and (3) two decaying exponential processes with widely different time constants could be separated. The time constant of the faster process was of the order of 15-30 ms at 37 degrees C. It decreased with increasing force steps and with increasing temperature. The amount of shortening associated with this process was correlated with the size of the force step, reaching a maximum of about 1.2% of the muscle length. The shortening velocities in phase (3), measured 100 ms after release, were described by Hill's equation. Vmax in the rising part and at the peak of contraction were 0.7 and 0.6 L/s respectively at 37 degrees C. Lower values were found during relaxation and at 27 degrees C. We suggest that part of the elastic recoil in phase (1) occurs in structures associated with the individual cross-bridges, that phase (2) is dominated by a change in the distribution of conformations of bridges in the attached position and that the shortening rate in phase (3) is determined by the entire cycle of events during turnover of bridges after the muscle has adapted to the new load. Observations on the force response to length steps and on shifts from isometric to afterloaded isotonic contraction and vice versa are consistent with this interpretation.", "PMID": 506760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6989", "title": "Glucagon effect on glycogen content of chicken liver and muscles.", "content": "The experiments were carried out on broiler chickens divided randomly into two groups differing in the feeding level and, consequently, in the rate of weight gain. Half the chickens in each group were given a single dose of glucagon 150 micrograms/kg, and the other half received a control solution of glycine buffer. The chickens were investigated 1--1.5 hour after feeding and after 18--20 hours of starvation using the technique of biopsy of the liver and the external pectoral muscle. In the biopsy specimens the glycogen level was determined immediately before glucagon administration and 30--60--90 minutes after the injection. It was found that glucagon injection caused either a rise or a fall in the glycogen level in the liver and that the trend of these changes depended on the feeding level of the chickens and on the duration of starvation of the birds before treatment. The glycogen level in the pectoral muscle of the chickens kept on the higher feeding level was observed to fall one hour after glucagon administration.", "contents": "Glucagon effect on glycogen content of chicken liver and muscles. The experiments were carried out on broiler chickens divided randomly into two groups differing in the feeding level and, consequently, in the rate of weight gain. Half the chickens in each group were given a single dose of glucagon 150 micrograms/kg, and the other half received a control solution of glycine buffer. The chickens were investigated 1--1.5 hour after feeding and after 18--20 hours of starvation using the technique of biopsy of the liver and the external pectoral muscle. In the biopsy specimens the glycogen level was determined immediately before glucagon administration and 30--60--90 minutes after the injection. It was found that glucagon injection caused either a rise or a fall in the glycogen level in the liver and that the trend of these changes depended on the feeding level of the chickens and on the duration of starvation of the birds before treatment. The glycogen level in the pectoral muscle of the chickens kept on the higher feeding level was observed to fall one hour after glucagon administration.", "PMID": 506756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6990", "title": "Electromechanical delay in skeletal muscle under normal movement conditions.", "content": "Electromechanical delays (EMD), the time from onset of EMG activity to change in acceleration or deceleration of the forearm, were studied in concentric and eccentric contractions of biceps and triceps brachii muscles. Horizontal flexion and extension movements were performed at varying speeds by 10 subjects. EMD time in concentric contractions for biceps was 41 +/- 13 ms and for triceps was 26 +/- 11 ms and was not influenced by the velocity of the movement. In eccentric contractions at the slow velocity the biceps EMD time was 38 +/- 13 ms and shortened to 28 +/- 10 ms at the faster velocity. The eccentric triceps EMD, however, was not significantly altered by movement velocity and averaged 30 +/- 7 ms. The data provided support for the hypothesis that stretching of the series elastic component, to a point where muscle force can be detected, is the primary determinant of the EMD phenomenon. However, there are complex interactions of the effects on EMD of muscle fiber type composition, whether the contraction is concentric or eccentric, and the velocity of the movement as well as possible gamma system influence. These complications require that consideration of electromechanical delay be made when phasic relationships between muscle force or joint torque generation from different muscles are inferred from EMGs.", "contents": "Electromechanical delay in skeletal muscle under normal movement conditions. Electromechanical delays (EMD), the time from onset of EMG activity to change in acceleration or deceleration of the forearm, were studied in concentric and eccentric contractions of biceps and triceps brachii muscles. Horizontal flexion and extension movements were performed at varying speeds by 10 subjects. EMD time in concentric contractions for biceps was 41 +/- 13 ms and for triceps was 26 +/- 11 ms and was not influenced by the velocity of the movement. In eccentric contractions at the slow velocity the biceps EMD time was 38 +/- 13 ms and shortened to 28 +/- 10 ms at the faster velocity. The eccentric triceps EMD, however, was not significantly altered by movement velocity and averaged 30 +/- 7 ms. The data provided support for the hypothesis that stretching of the series elastic component, to a point where muscle force can be detected, is the primary determinant of the EMD phenomenon. However, there are complex interactions of the effects on EMD of muscle fiber type composition, whether the contraction is concentric or eccentric, and the velocity of the movement as well as possible gamma system influence. These complications require that consideration of electromechanical delay be made when phasic relationships between muscle force or joint torque generation from different muscles are inferred from EMGs.", "PMID": 506761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6991", "title": "Heparin effect on the activity of certain lysosomal hydrolases in dog pancreas (in vivo investigations).", "content": "The effect of heparin doses of 1.5 and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight on pancreatic lysosomes was investigated in vivo in dogs. Latent activity of beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsins in whole pancreatic homogenate, in the subfraction sedimenting at 15 000 x g, and in the supernatant was determined as an index of lysosomal stability. In the whole homogenate a rise in the total activity of beta-glucuronidase was observed, proportional to heparin dose while there was no effect of heparin on the latent activity of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. On the other hand, the proportion of the latent activity of cathepsins in their total activity increased in heparin-treated dogs, which points to a direct stabilizing effect of the drug on pancreatic lysosomes in the dog. Investigations of subfractions gave, in part only, results approaching those obtained in the whole homogenate.", "contents": "Heparin effect on the activity of certain lysosomal hydrolases in dog pancreas (in vivo investigations). The effect of heparin doses of 1.5 and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight on pancreatic lysosomes was investigated in vivo in dogs. Latent activity of beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsins in whole pancreatic homogenate, in the subfraction sedimenting at 15 000 x g, and in the supernatant was determined as an index of lysosomal stability. In the whole homogenate a rise in the total activity of beta-glucuronidase was observed, proportional to heparin dose while there was no effect of heparin on the latent activity of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. On the other hand, the proportion of the latent activity of cathepsins in their total activity increased in heparin-treated dogs, which points to a direct stabilizing effect of the drug on pancreatic lysosomes in the dog. Investigations of subfractions gave, in part only, results approaching those obtained in the whole homogenate.", "PMID": 506755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6992", "title": "Gastric acid secretion and drinking in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during acidic or hyperosmotic perfusion of the intestine.", "content": "Cods were equipped with cannulae for drainage of the stomach and for separate perfusion of the stomach and intestine. Acidity, volume, and osmolality of the gastric outflow were measured. During perfusion of the intestine with a near-isosmotic saline (1 part sea-water, 2 parts distilled water, '33% SW') and the stomach with pure ('100%') SW, gastric acid output was high and volume output slightly above the infused volume. The osmolality of the gastric perfusate decreased during passage of the stomach. It was concluded that no drinking occurred, and that the decreased osmolality was due to dilution by gastric secretions and osmotically lost water. When substituting the isosmotic intestinal perfusion to a dehydrating perfusion (100% SW), gastric acid secretion was depressed but volume output was unaffected. Also perfusion of the intestine with acidified 33% SW depressed gastric acid secretion and in addition increased volume and osmolality of the gastric outflow. The results suggest that perfusion of the intestine depress the drinking reflex and that this depression is surmounted by intestinal acidification. Possible mediators of the intestinal feed-back mechanism for the inhibition of gastric acid secretion are discussed.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion and drinking in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during acidic or hyperosmotic perfusion of the intestine. Cods were equipped with cannulae for drainage of the stomach and for separate perfusion of the stomach and intestine. Acidity, volume, and osmolality of the gastric outflow were measured. During perfusion of the intestine with a near-isosmotic saline (1 part sea-water, 2 parts distilled water, '33% SW') and the stomach with pure ('100%') SW, gastric acid output was high and volume output slightly above the infused volume. The osmolality of the gastric perfusate decreased during passage of the stomach. It was concluded that no drinking occurred, and that the decreased osmolality was due to dilution by gastric secretions and osmotically lost water. When substituting the isosmotic intestinal perfusion to a dehydrating perfusion (100% SW), gastric acid secretion was depressed but volume output was unaffected. Also perfusion of the intestine with acidified 33% SW depressed gastric acid secretion and in addition increased volume and osmolality of the gastric outflow. The results suggest that perfusion of the intestine depress the drinking reflex and that this depression is surmounted by intestinal acidification. Possible mediators of the intestinal feed-back mechanism for the inhibition of gastric acid secretion are discussed.", "PMID": 506762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6993", "title": "Effects of 1,3-diaminopropane on testosterone induced hypertrophy and polyamine synthesis in mouse kidney.", "content": "The effects of prolonged treatment with 1,3-diaminopropane, a structural analogue of putrescine, on polyamine metabolism and growth in kidney tissue, were studied in mice in which renal hypertrophy was induced by testosterone treatment. Injections of 1,3-diaminopropane resulted in an almost total suppression of the testosterone induced stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and prevented the accumulation of putrescine and spermidine in the kidneys. Renal spermine concentration was even lowered. Administration of 1,3-diaminopropane effectively prevented the testosterone induced increase in renal weight and RNA. In mice receiving 1,3-diaminopropane proteinuria was observed and histological examination revealed renal damage. Due to the nephrotoxic action of 1,3-diaminopropane caution is essential in relating the prevention of renal hypertrophy and the inhibition of polyamine synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of 1,3-diaminopropane on testosterone induced hypertrophy and polyamine synthesis in mouse kidney. The effects of prolonged treatment with 1,3-diaminopropane, a structural analogue of putrescine, on polyamine metabolism and growth in kidney tissue, were studied in mice in which renal hypertrophy was induced by testosterone treatment. Injections of 1,3-diaminopropane resulted in an almost total suppression of the testosterone induced stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and prevented the accumulation of putrescine and spermidine in the kidneys. Renal spermine concentration was even lowered. Administration of 1,3-diaminopropane effectively prevented the testosterone induced increase in renal weight and RNA. In mice receiving 1,3-diaminopropane proteinuria was observed and histological examination revealed renal damage. Due to the nephrotoxic action of 1,3-diaminopropane caution is essential in relating the prevention of renal hypertrophy and the inhibition of polyamine synthesis.", "PMID": 506764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6994", "title": "Human forearm and kidney conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins.", "content": "The capacity of the human forearm and kidney to synthetize different prostaglandins (PGs) was studied, together with the quantitative relationship between the various PGs formed in these organs. 14C-labelled arachidonic acid (14C-AA) was infused in healthy male volunteers at a constant rate into the brachial or the renal artery, with simultaneous sampling of regional venous blood. The venous plasma content of 14C-PGs was extracted, separated with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified using fractionated liquid scintillation spectrometry. Most of the 14C-AA infused was metabolized and radiopeaks parallel to unlabelled standards of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (Me) were obtained. The chromatograms of both the forearm and the kidney plasma contained all the peaks described, but the relative distribution of the 14C-PGs differed between the two tissues. In the cubital venous plasma, the main PG (apart from Me) was 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, indicating a considerable synthesis of PGI2 in the forearm. In the renal venous plasma, on the other hand, PGD2 accounted for the largest part of the authentic 14C-PGs found. Besides the tissue differences, large inter-individual variations were observed. The results demonstrate the existence of both a considerable tissue specificity and an appreciable inter-individual variation in the local conversion of AA to PGs in man.", "contents": "Human forearm and kidney conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The capacity of the human forearm and kidney to synthetize different prostaglandins (PGs) was studied, together with the quantitative relationship between the various PGs formed in these organs. 14C-labelled arachidonic acid (14C-AA) was infused in healthy male volunteers at a constant rate into the brachial or the renal artery, with simultaneous sampling of regional venous blood. The venous plasma content of 14C-PGs was extracted, separated with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified using fractionated liquid scintillation spectrometry. Most of the 14C-AA infused was metabolized and radiopeaks parallel to unlabelled standards of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (Me) were obtained. The chromatograms of both the forearm and the kidney plasma contained all the peaks described, but the relative distribution of the 14C-PGs differed between the two tissues. In the cubital venous plasma, the main PG (apart from Me) was 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, indicating a considerable synthesis of PGI2 in the forearm. In the renal venous plasma, on the other hand, PGD2 accounted for the largest part of the authentic 14C-PGs found. Besides the tissue differences, large inter-individual variations were observed. The results demonstrate the existence of both a considerable tissue specificity and an appreciable inter-individual variation in the local conversion of AA to PGs in man.", "PMID": 506765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6995", "title": "Ribonuclease activities in developing experimental granulation tissue with reference to polysomes.", "content": "The Mg2+-precipitable polysomes in experimental granulation tissue increase up to three weeks and decrease slowly thereafter. Polysomes from young granulation tissue are, on a weight basis, more active in cell-free protein synthesis than polysomes from old granulation tissue. RNase activity is highest in polysomes from 1-week tissue. The polysomes contain both acid and alkaline RNase, but the alkaline RNase is the latent form, manifested by the addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB). The high RNase activity of granulation tissue renders the analysis of polysomal patterns and functions of the polysomes difficult. In the post-polysomal supernatant of granulation tissue the RNase activity is highest in 2-4 week old tissue; it is maximal at pH 7-8 and only slightly influenced by pCMB.", "contents": "Ribonuclease activities in developing experimental granulation tissue with reference to polysomes. The Mg2+-precipitable polysomes in experimental granulation tissue increase up to three weeks and decrease slowly thereafter. Polysomes from young granulation tissue are, on a weight basis, more active in cell-free protein synthesis than polysomes from old granulation tissue. RNase activity is highest in polysomes from 1-week tissue. The polysomes contain both acid and alkaline RNase, but the alkaline RNase is the latent form, manifested by the addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB). The high RNase activity of granulation tissue renders the analysis of polysomal patterns and functions of the polysomes difficult. In the post-polysomal supernatant of granulation tissue the RNase activity is highest in 2-4 week old tissue; it is maximal at pH 7-8 and only slightly influenced by pCMB.", "PMID": 506766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6996", "title": "Changes in penile volume during some cardiovascular reflexes and reactions in rabbit.", "content": "The effect of various cardiovascular reflexes and reactions on the plethysmographically recorded penile volume in rabbit was investigated. Stimulation of the aortic nerve or direct stimulation of the carotid sinus produced increase in penile volume, while carotid occlusion produced decrease. Brief volume load or protoveratrine given into the right atrium produced increase in penile volume. Asphyxia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, cyanide and lobeline produced decrease in penile volume, while hypocapnia increased it. Moderate blood taps decreased penile volume, while hypocapnia increased it. Moderate blood taps decreased penile volume. With the exception of the response to asphyxia all these reactions required intact vasomotor nerves. Clonidine increased penile volume if vasomotor nerves were intact but decreased it if the penis was decentralized. Penile volume decreased in shivering animals but increased on warming. Carotid occlusion impaired erectile responses to hypogastric and pelvic nerve stimulation. In certain experiments this effect was more pronounced in the latter case. It is concluded that the medullary neuron pool responsible for penile vasomotor tone participates in general reflex cardiovascular homeostasis and that this may have implications for normal erectile responses.", "contents": "Changes in penile volume during some cardiovascular reflexes and reactions in rabbit. The effect of various cardiovascular reflexes and reactions on the plethysmographically recorded penile volume in rabbit was investigated. Stimulation of the aortic nerve or direct stimulation of the carotid sinus produced increase in penile volume, while carotid occlusion produced decrease. Brief volume load or protoveratrine given into the right atrium produced increase in penile volume. Asphyxia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, cyanide and lobeline produced decrease in penile volume, while hypocapnia increased it. Moderate blood taps decreased penile volume, while hypocapnia increased it. Moderate blood taps decreased penile volume. With the exception of the response to asphyxia all these reactions required intact vasomotor nerves. Clonidine increased penile volume if vasomotor nerves were intact but decreased it if the penis was decentralized. Penile volume decreased in shivering animals but increased on warming. Carotid occlusion impaired erectile responses to hypogastric and pelvic nerve stimulation. In certain experiments this effect was more pronounced in the latter case. It is concluded that the medullary neuron pool responsible for penile vasomotor tone participates in general reflex cardiovascular homeostasis and that this may have implications for normal erectile responses.", "PMID": 506767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6997", "title": "Intramural blood flows and flow distribution in the feline small intestine during arterial hypotension.", "content": "The vascular reactions of the parallel-coupled vascular sections of the small intestine were studied during hypotension at two different levels of intestinal arterial inflow pressure, using a 85Kr elimination technique. The regional hypotension was accomplished by partially occluding the superior mesenteric artery with a clamp and maintained for 2 h. At the higher level (50-55 mmHg) total intestinal blood flow decreased but not to the same relative extent as blood pressure due to the autoregulatory capacity of the intestinal vascular bed. The flow autoregulation was also reflected in a decreased blood flow resistance. The distribution of blood to the muscularis and mucosa-submucosa layer, respectively, did not change significantly during or after hypotension as compared to the prehypotensive level, since the relative flow decrease was the same in the mucosa-submucosa and in themuscularis. At the lower arterial pressure level (30-35 mmHg) a more marked decrease of intestinal blood flow and flow resistance was observed as compared to the experiments performed at the 50-55 mmHg pressure level. Moreover, muscularis blood flow was relatively more decreased than blood flow in the mucosa-submucosa implying the fraction of total blood flow diverted to the muscularis was significantly decreased. Despite this redistribution of blood flow, a histological damage was apparent only in the mucosa, particularly at the villous tips.", "contents": "Intramural blood flows and flow distribution in the feline small intestine during arterial hypotension. The vascular reactions of the parallel-coupled vascular sections of the small intestine were studied during hypotension at two different levels of intestinal arterial inflow pressure, using a 85Kr elimination technique. The regional hypotension was accomplished by partially occluding the superior mesenteric artery with a clamp and maintained for 2 h. At the higher level (50-55 mmHg) total intestinal blood flow decreased but not to the same relative extent as blood pressure due to the autoregulatory capacity of the intestinal vascular bed. The flow autoregulation was also reflected in a decreased blood flow resistance. The distribution of blood to the muscularis and mucosa-submucosa layer, respectively, did not change significantly during or after hypotension as compared to the prehypotensive level, since the relative flow decrease was the same in the mucosa-submucosa and in themuscularis. At the lower arterial pressure level (30-35 mmHg) a more marked decrease of intestinal blood flow and flow resistance was observed as compared to the experiments performed at the 50-55 mmHg pressure level. Moreover, muscularis blood flow was relatively more decreased than blood flow in the mucosa-submucosa implying the fraction of total blood flow diverted to the muscularis was significantly decreased. Despite this redistribution of blood flow, a histological damage was apparent only in the mucosa, particularly at the villous tips.", "PMID": 506768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6998", "title": "Studies on ocular blood flow and retinal capillary permeability to sodium in pigs.", "content": "A surgical technique was developed in pigs that permits access to the retinal venous plexus surrounding the optic nerve. The effect of surgery on ocular blood flow and capillary permeability was evaluated. Blood flow, determined by the labelled microsphere technique, did not differ significantly between operated and control eyes. Increased intraocular pressure in the operated eye reduced blood flow through the choroid and the anterior uvea in proportion to the reduction in perfusion pressure, while in the retina a smaller reduction in blood flow occurred indicating that autoregulatory mechanisms are involved in the control of retinal blood flow. The capillary permeability to sodium was studied by the single injection technique, using albumin as a reference substance. The fractional initial extractions from the choroidal and the retinal vessels were 0.77 and -0.001 respectively. The absence of a sodium extraction from the retinal vessel indicates that this part of the blood-retinal barrier was intact and that the blood drained by the retinal plexus is not mixed with blood from other sources.", "contents": "Studies on ocular blood flow and retinal capillary permeability to sodium in pigs. A surgical technique was developed in pigs that permits access to the retinal venous plexus surrounding the optic nerve. The effect of surgery on ocular blood flow and capillary permeability was evaluated. Blood flow, determined by the labelled microsphere technique, did not differ significantly between operated and control eyes. Increased intraocular pressure in the operated eye reduced blood flow through the choroid and the anterior uvea in proportion to the reduction in perfusion pressure, while in the retina a smaller reduction in blood flow occurred indicating that autoregulatory mechanisms are involved in the control of retinal blood flow. The capillary permeability to sodium was studied by the single injection technique, using albumin as a reference substance. The fractional initial extractions from the choroidal and the retinal vessels were 0.77 and -0.001 respectively. The absence of a sodium extraction from the retinal vessel indicates that this part of the blood-retinal barrier was intact and that the blood drained by the retinal plexus is not mixed with blood from other sources.", "PMID": 506769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_6999", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the secretory-granule volume of the principal cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "Experiments in mice were performed in order to investigate whether vagal activity could affect glycoprotein secretion from gallbladder principal cells. This cell type was studied with the electron microscope in control animals and after electric stimulation of the right or left nervus vagus. The volume density of glycoprotein containing granules was determined using morphometry. It was found that stimulation of the left vagus nerve significantly reduced the relative cellular volume of secretory granules in the principal cells of the gallbladder. Right vagus stimulation was accompanied by a weak but insignificant increase in secretory granule content. It is suggested that the left vagus nerve may exert a direct influence on glycoprotein secretion from gallbladder principal cells.", "contents": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the secretory-granule volume of the principal cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium. Experiments in mice were performed in order to investigate whether vagal activity could affect glycoprotein secretion from gallbladder principal cells. This cell type was studied with the electron microscope in control animals and after electric stimulation of the right or left nervus vagus. The volume density of glycoprotein containing granules was determined using morphometry. It was found that stimulation of the left vagus nerve significantly reduced the relative cellular volume of secretory granules in the principal cells of the gallbladder. Right vagus stimulation was accompanied by a weak but insignificant increase in secretory granule content. It is suggested that the left vagus nerve may exert a direct influence on glycoprotein secretion from gallbladder principal cells.", "PMID": 506770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7000", "title": "A study on the role of endogenous prostaglandins in the development of exercise-induced and post-occlusive hyperemia in human limbs.", "content": "The contribution of endogenous PGs to the development of functional (exercise-induced) and reactive (post-occlusive) hyperemia was investigated in healthy volunteers. Leg blood flow during dynamic leg exercise was estimated by an indicator dilution technique. Forearm blood flow during supine leg exercise and forearm and calf blood flow following 5 min of arterial occlusion were measured plethysmographically. All subjects were examined before and after pretreatment with indomethacin, a PG synthesis inhibitor. During leg exercise, and in the absence of indomethacin, a 10-fold rise in leg blood flow was observed. Forearm blood flow increased moderately. Both these blood flow effects of exercise were unaffected by indomethacin. Following arterial occlusion a marked hyperemia developed in the forearm and the calf. Indomethacin significantly reduced the magnitude of the reactive hyperemia both in the forearm and in the calf, decreasing both the peak value and the duration of the vasodilation. These data reveal differences between the mechanisms behind functional and reactive hyperemia in man, suggesting an appreciable contribution of endogenous PGs to post-occlusive vasodilation only.", "contents": "A study on the role of endogenous prostaglandins in the development of exercise-induced and post-occlusive hyperemia in human limbs. The contribution of endogenous PGs to the development of functional (exercise-induced) and reactive (post-occlusive) hyperemia was investigated in healthy volunteers. Leg blood flow during dynamic leg exercise was estimated by an indicator dilution technique. Forearm blood flow during supine leg exercise and forearm and calf blood flow following 5 min of arterial occlusion were measured plethysmographically. All subjects were examined before and after pretreatment with indomethacin, a PG synthesis inhibitor. During leg exercise, and in the absence of indomethacin, a 10-fold rise in leg blood flow was observed. Forearm blood flow increased moderately. Both these blood flow effects of exercise were unaffected by indomethacin. Following arterial occlusion a marked hyperemia developed in the forearm and the calf. Indomethacin significantly reduced the magnitude of the reactive hyperemia both in the forearm and in the calf, decreasing both the peak value and the duration of the vasodilation. These data reveal differences between the mechanisms behind functional and reactive hyperemia in man, suggesting an appreciable contribution of endogenous PGs to post-occlusive vasodilation only.", "PMID": 506771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7001", "title": "Effects of somatic treatments on mood in endogenous depression.", "content": "The effects of ECT, amitriptyline, clomipramine, maprotiline and desipramine on the course of endogenous depression were compared in 105 patients using repeated self-administered mood questionnaires as the outcome measure. Remission was more rapid after ECT therapy than psychopharmacological treatment, but the absolute improvement did not differ significantly between ECT and other somatic therapies. Improvement in response to clomipramine was more rapid than to other psychopharmacological agents, and did not differ from that in response to ECT. The advantages and disadvantages of ECT for endogenous depression are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of somatic treatments on mood in endogenous depression. The effects of ECT, amitriptyline, clomipramine, maprotiline and desipramine on the course of endogenous depression were compared in 105 patients using repeated self-administered mood questionnaires as the outcome measure. Remission was more rapid after ECT therapy than psychopharmacological treatment, but the absolute improvement did not differ significantly between ECT and other somatic therapies. Improvement in response to clomipramine was more rapid than to other psychopharmacological agents, and did not differ from that in response to ECT. The advantages and disadvantages of ECT for endogenous depression are discussed.", "PMID": 506781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7002", "title": "Interprofessional communicability and reliability of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) as assessed by video-taped interviews.", "content": "Five raters: two experienced psychiatrists, two psychologists (one acquainted with the use of the scale and one new to it) and an untrained social worker, participated in training sessions in the use of the CPRS. Videotaped interviews were used for assessing the level of inter-rater reliability and the communicability of the CPRS to unexperienced raters. As in previous studies, it was found that the CPRS is easily communicable and that a very satisfactory level of agreement among raters can be achieved.", "contents": "Interprofessional communicability and reliability of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) as assessed by video-taped interviews. Five raters: two experienced psychiatrists, two psychologists (one acquainted with the use of the scale and one new to it) and an untrained social worker, participated in training sessions in the use of the CPRS. Videotaped interviews were used for assessing the level of inter-rater reliability and the communicability of the CPRS to unexperienced raters. As in previous studies, it was found that the CPRS is easily communicable and that a very satisfactory level of agreement among raters can be achieved.", "PMID": 506782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7003", "title": "Factors affecting the experience of the initial psychiatric consultation in outpatients with anxiety states.", "content": "The experience of the first consultation was measured by a questionnaire in 42 outpatients with neurotic anxiety tension states. The correlation between this experience and the doctor's level of experience, the sex combinations of doctors and patients and the personality of the patient, as measured by an inventory 1-2 years after the end of the drug study (35 patients completed the inventory), was studied. Patients who had had a more favourable experience had more often been interviewed by doctors with longer psychiatric experience. Female patients tended to report a more favourable experience with male doctors than male patients did. Patients with a less favourable experience deviated more from the norms of the personality inventory with regard to, for instance, passive dependency than patients with a more favourable experience did, but the difference between the groups was not significant.", "contents": "Factors affecting the experience of the initial psychiatric consultation in outpatients with anxiety states. The experience of the first consultation was measured by a questionnaire in 42 outpatients with neurotic anxiety tension states. The correlation between this experience and the doctor's level of experience, the sex combinations of doctors and patients and the personality of the patient, as measured by an inventory 1-2 years after the end of the drug study (35 patients completed the inventory), was studied. Patients who had had a more favourable experience had more often been interviewed by doctors with longer psychiatric experience. Female patients tended to report a more favourable experience with male doctors than male patients did. Patients with a less favourable experience deviated more from the norms of the personality inventory with regard to, for instance, passive dependency than patients with a more favourable experience did, but the difference between the groups was not significant.", "PMID": 506783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7004", "title": "Electrooculographic (EOG) findings in manic-depressive illness.", "content": "An electrooculographic (EOG) study was carried out in 20 depressed (12 with retarded and eight with agitated depression) and in 12 manic patients. Compared with controls, EOG ratios obtained from our patient's groups differed significantly and were low in depressive and high in manic patients. Appropriate treatment (tricyclics to depressives and haloperidol to manics) restored EOG ratio values to control levels. The observed EOG changes in manic-depressive illness are discussed in terms of their origin and the involvement of a neuroendocrine, dopamine-controlled, mechanism is postulated.", "contents": "Electrooculographic (EOG) findings in manic-depressive illness. An electrooculographic (EOG) study was carried out in 20 depressed (12 with retarded and eight with agitated depression) and in 12 manic patients. Compared with controls, EOG ratios obtained from our patient's groups differed significantly and were low in depressive and high in manic patients. Appropriate treatment (tricyclics to depressives and haloperidol to manics) restored EOG ratio values to control levels. The observed EOG changes in manic-depressive illness are discussed in terms of their origin and the involvement of a neuroendocrine, dopamine-controlled, mechanism is postulated.", "PMID": 506784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7005", "title": "Factors related to drug compliance and attrition in neurotic outpatients treated with anxiolytics.", "content": "Forty-six outpatients with anxiety-tension states took part in a study on the effects of anxiolytic drugs. At the first interview ratings were performed and the patients answered a questionnaire as to their experience of the consultation (n = 42). Based on follow-up examinations after 2, 4 and 8 weeks, three groups were formed: completers, who did not experience side-effects to be of such intensity that they changed the recommended dose (n = 15); deviators, who due to side-effects changed the recommended dose temporarily or permanently (n = 20); and attritors (n = 7). One to two years after the end of the drug study a personality inventory was sent out by post. It was returned by 35 patients. 1) Completers, deviators and attritors were similar with regard to age, education and social class. 2) They were also similar with regard to initial distress level. 3) Completers had the highest scores on scales measuring the personality traits defence of status and guilt-feelings and on the factor inex neurotic self-assertiveness, while attritors had the lowest scores. 4) Completers, deviators and attritors were similar with regard to experience of the first consultation. 5) Patients with a more favourable experience of the first consultation reported taking lower doses of the drugs.", "contents": "Factors related to drug compliance and attrition in neurotic outpatients treated with anxiolytics. Forty-six outpatients with anxiety-tension states took part in a study on the effects of anxiolytic drugs. At the first interview ratings were performed and the patients answered a questionnaire as to their experience of the consultation (n = 42). Based on follow-up examinations after 2, 4 and 8 weeks, three groups were formed: completers, who did not experience side-effects to be of such intensity that they changed the recommended dose (n = 15); deviators, who due to side-effects changed the recommended dose temporarily or permanently (n = 20); and attritors (n = 7). One to two years after the end of the drug study a personality inventory was sent out by post. It was returned by 35 patients. 1) Completers, deviators and attritors were similar with regard to age, education and social class. 2) They were also similar with regard to initial distress level. 3) Completers had the highest scores on scales measuring the personality traits defence of status and guilt-feelings and on the factor inex neurotic self-assertiveness, while attritors had the lowest scores. 4) Completers, deviators and attritors were similar with regard to experience of the first consultation. 5) Patients with a more favourable experience of the first consultation reported taking lower doses of the drugs.", "PMID": 506785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7006", "title": "Personality and depressive illness.", "content": "This paper reports an investigation into the relationship between personality (as measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire) and depressive illness type, as determined by responses to the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire. When the effects of age and depressive severity are accounted for, a significant difference emerges between \"endogenous\" and \"non-endogenous\" depressive states in that the former are associated with a lower score on Factor E, indicating a more submissive, dependent personality. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Personality and depressive illness. This paper reports an investigation into the relationship between personality (as measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire) and depressive illness type, as determined by responses to the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire. When the effects of age and depressive severity are accounted for, a significant difference emerges between \"endogenous\" and \"non-endogenous\" depressive states in that the former are associated with a lower score on Factor E, indicating a more submissive, dependent personality. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 506786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7007", "title": "Female alcoholics. V. Morbidity.", "content": "Data from the public health insurance societies regarding 66 female alcoholics, hospitalized for the first time for alcoholism at the Department of Alcohol Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, were studied, and the developmental pattern of morbidity was compared with that of 68 male alcoholics fulfilling the same criteria. The observation period was 15 years. The progress of the alcoholism was not reflected in data from the social insurance societies up to the time of the first clinical treatment. However, the morbidity increased in both sexes after the treatment period, with higher disability, severity, and frequency rates, a large number of persons with disability pensions and increasing social stigmatization. The proportion of women granted disability pensions increased to significantly higher values than that of men, and that of women in the general population. The women had significantly fewer registrations in social registers than the men during the whole period. Women and older patients had higher disability rates, more sick-days due to \"mental diseases\" and a higher severity rate before admission. All differences were equalized in the last part of the study.", "contents": "Female alcoholics. V. Morbidity. Data from the public health insurance societies regarding 66 female alcoholics, hospitalized for the first time for alcoholism at the Department of Alcohol Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, were studied, and the developmental pattern of morbidity was compared with that of 68 male alcoholics fulfilling the same criteria. The observation period was 15 years. The progress of the alcoholism was not reflected in data from the social insurance societies up to the time of the first clinical treatment. However, the morbidity increased in both sexes after the treatment period, with higher disability, severity, and frequency rates, a large number of persons with disability pensions and increasing social stigmatization. The proportion of women granted disability pensions increased to significantly higher values than that of men, and that of women in the general population. The women had significantly fewer registrations in social registers than the men during the whole period. Women and older patients had higher disability rates, more sick-days due to \"mental diseases\" and a higher severity rate before admission. All differences were equalized in the last part of the study.", "PMID": 506787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7008", "title": "Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder.", "content": "Personality variables were assessed in outpatients with primary affective disorder by use of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and the Marke Nyman Temperament Scale (MNTS). Significant differences between diagnostic groups were initially noted for the extraversion and neuroticism scales of the MPI. However, when mood was more rigorously controlled for, these differences largely disappeared, while interdiagnostic differences for the solidity scale of the MNTS emerged. The findings suggest that these measured aspects of personality may be quite state (mood) dependent even when patients are given test instructions previously reported to minimize mood effects. This was born out in a follow-up study for the N scale, but not the E scale, of the MPI. These data indicate that assessment of neuroticism in affectively ill patients will be contaminated by the presence of even mild depressive symptoms, a finding that has important implications for studies of personality in affective disorder.", "contents": "Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder. Personality variables were assessed in outpatients with primary affective disorder by use of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and the Marke Nyman Temperament Scale (MNTS). Significant differences between diagnostic groups were initially noted for the extraversion and neuroticism scales of the MPI. However, when mood was more rigorously controlled for, these differences largely disappeared, while interdiagnostic differences for the solidity scale of the MNTS emerged. The findings suggest that these measured aspects of personality may be quite state (mood) dependent even when patients are given test instructions previously reported to minimize mood effects. This was born out in a follow-up study for the N scale, but not the E scale, of the MPI. These data indicate that assessment of neuroticism in affectively ill patients will be contaminated by the presence of even mild depressive symptoms, a finding that has important implications for studies of personality in affective disorder.", "PMID": 506788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7009", "title": "Depression: factors related to 10-year prognosis.", "content": "The 10 years' course of a series of 83 moderately severe depressions is presented, as well as factors governing the clinical and work prognosis. Depression was the fundamental disturbance in 75 cases during the index period. The depression was endogenous in 67 cases, reactive in eight, and neurotic in six cases. In the follow-up the drop-out from personal examination was 6.4%. Twenty per cent of the patients had been (almost) entirely free from symptoms of depression during the period of observation, 5% had been continuously depressive. There were no suicides. Twenty-seven patients felt some decrease in working capacity during the depressions, but only seven were unable to continue their previous work and three had changed work to prevent relapses. Fourteen of the patients had been sick-listed for more than 1 year of the observation period. Favourable factors for long-term course were: high intellectual capacity (for work prognosis, W), afraid of hurting others (W), white collar work (W), slight depression of mood during index period (for clinical course, C), favourable immediate outcome after index period (W). Unfavourable factors for long-term course were: low intellectual capacity (W), hysteroid personality (C), syntonic personality (W), asthenic personality, sensitivity to praise (C), tendency to feel under observation (W), and some symptoms during the index period: tendency to seclusion (C), ideas of reference (C), dryness of mouth (C), difficulty in falling asleep (C), dreamlike feeling (C), supplicating attitude (C). The implications of the results for nosology, care, and prevention of depressive states are discussed.", "contents": "Depression: factors related to 10-year prognosis. The 10 years' course of a series of 83 moderately severe depressions is presented, as well as factors governing the clinical and work prognosis. Depression was the fundamental disturbance in 75 cases during the index period. The depression was endogenous in 67 cases, reactive in eight, and neurotic in six cases. In the follow-up the drop-out from personal examination was 6.4%. Twenty per cent of the patients had been (almost) entirely free from symptoms of depression during the period of observation, 5% had been continuously depressive. There were no suicides. Twenty-seven patients felt some decrease in working capacity during the depressions, but only seven were unable to continue their previous work and three had changed work to prevent relapses. Fourteen of the patients had been sick-listed for more than 1 year of the observation period. Favourable factors for long-term course were: high intellectual capacity (for work prognosis, W), afraid of hurting others (W), white collar work (W), slight depression of mood during index period (for clinical course, C), favourable immediate outcome after index period (W). Unfavourable factors for long-term course were: low intellectual capacity (W), hysteroid personality (C), syntonic personality (W), asthenic personality, sensitivity to praise (C), tendency to feel under observation (W), and some symptoms during the index period: tendency to seclusion (C), ideas of reference (C), dryness of mouth (C), difficulty in falling asleep (C), dreamlike feeling (C), supplicating attitude (C). The implications of the results for nosology, care, and prevention of depressive states are discussed.", "PMID": 506789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7010", "title": "Effect of physical training on different categories of patients with intermittent claudication.", "content": "The effect of supervised training was studied in 68 patients with intermittent claudication. Maximal walking distance was measured on a treadmill. Eight of the patients had resting pain in the leg when recumbent (group A), 25 had an initial walking distance of less than 500 m (group B), 11 had an initial walking distance of 500--1 000 m (group C), 24 had coronary insufficiency (group D). The study shows that training should be undertaken for at least three months. In some patients with resting pain, training led to relief of pain and surgical treatment was not necessary. Almost all patients without signs of coronary insufficiency increased their walking distance, compared to only 14 of the 24 patients with coronary insufficiency. Walking distance increased significantly in groups B and C and no significant difference was found between patients and proximal or distal arterial stenosis.", "contents": "Effect of physical training on different categories of patients with intermittent claudication. The effect of supervised training was studied in 68 patients with intermittent claudication. Maximal walking distance was measured on a treadmill. Eight of the patients had resting pain in the leg when recumbent (group A), 25 had an initial walking distance of less than 500 m (group B), 11 had an initial walking distance of 500--1 000 m (group C), 24 had coronary insufficiency (group D). The study shows that training should be undertaken for at least three months. In some patients with resting pain, training led to relief of pain and surgical treatment was not necessary. Almost all patients without signs of coronary insufficiency increased their walking distance, compared to only 14 of the 24 patients with coronary insufficiency. Walking distance increased significantly in groups B and C and no significant difference was found between patients and proximal or distal arterial stenosis.", "PMID": 506797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7011", "title": "Prognostic significance of lymphopenia in sarcoidosis.", "content": "During 1959--67, sarcoidosis were diagnosed in a series of 140 patients. All were followed up and 22 developed chronic sarcoidosis. In 134 patients (20 with chronic course) the initial granulocyte, monocyte and lymphocyte counts were known. No differences in granulocyte values were seen between different groups of sarcoidosis patients. Patients with erythema nodosum had significantly increased monocyte levels. Lymphopenia below 1 000/microliter was seen in only 7.5% of the patients. Lymphocyte counts below 1 500 microliter were a common finding, especially in patients developing chronic sarcoidosis. Significantly decreased lymphocyte values were also seen in patients older than 40 years at the time of diagnosis, in patients negative to 10 TU of PPD and in those with a disease requiring treatment with corticosteroids. A correlation was found between initial lymphopenia and less favourable prognosis, 85% of the patients having a very good prognosis. Patients with initial lymphopenia must be carefully followed up. The initial presence of erythema nodosum does not always guarantee a good prognosis.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of lymphopenia in sarcoidosis. During 1959--67, sarcoidosis were diagnosed in a series of 140 patients. All were followed up and 22 developed chronic sarcoidosis. In 134 patients (20 with chronic course) the initial granulocyte, monocyte and lymphocyte counts were known. No differences in granulocyte values were seen between different groups of sarcoidosis patients. Patients with erythema nodosum had significantly increased monocyte levels. Lymphopenia below 1 000/microliter was seen in only 7.5% of the patients. Lymphocyte counts below 1 500 microliter were a common finding, especially in patients developing chronic sarcoidosis. Significantly decreased lymphocyte values were also seen in patients older than 40 years at the time of diagnosis, in patients negative to 10 TU of PPD and in those with a disease requiring treatment with corticosteroids. A correlation was found between initial lymphopenia and less favourable prognosis, 85% of the patients having a very good prognosis. Patients with initial lymphopenia must be carefully followed up. The initial presence of erythema nodosum does not always guarantee a good prognosis.", "PMID": 506798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7012", "title": "Metabolic effects of glucocorticoid and ethanol administration in phenformin- and metformin-treated obese diabetics.", "content": "Glucocorticoid administration for 24 hours to phenformin-treated obese diabetics increased blood lactate and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio to higher levels than those found when only one drug was given. In one of 10 subjects, a metabolic acidosis with a blood lactate of 6.2 mmol developed during simultaneous administration of the two drugs. Diabetics treated with phenformin or metformin in equipotent dosages exhibited the highest blood lactate, L/P ratio, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels during phenformin treatment, both before and during glucocorticoid administration. Ethanol administration to biguanide-treated diabetics resulted in identical increases in blood lactate and L/P ratio during phenformin and metformin treatment. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phenformin has a stronger inhibitory effect of gluconeogenesis than metformin. This may be one reason why lactic acidosis is seen much more often in phenformin- than metformin-treated patients.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of glucocorticoid and ethanol administration in phenformin- and metformin-treated obese diabetics. Glucocorticoid administration for 24 hours to phenformin-treated obese diabetics increased blood lactate and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio to higher levels than those found when only one drug was given. In one of 10 subjects, a metabolic acidosis with a blood lactate of 6.2 mmol developed during simultaneous administration of the two drugs. Diabetics treated with phenformin or metformin in equipotent dosages exhibited the highest blood lactate, L/P ratio, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels during phenformin treatment, both before and during glucocorticoid administration. Ethanol administration to biguanide-treated diabetics resulted in identical increases in blood lactate and L/P ratio during phenformin and metformin treatment. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phenformin has a stronger inhibitory effect of gluconeogenesis than metformin. This may be one reason why lactic acidosis is seen much more often in phenformin- than metformin-treated patients.", "PMID": 506799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7013", "title": "Myocardial infarction in Malm\u00f6 during the 10-year period 1963--1972.", "content": "Myocardial infarctions in Malm\u00f6 during the 10-year period 1963--1972 have been studied. The mortality from myocardial infarction decreased significantly among men during this period but not among women. The incidence of hospital-treated infarction increased significantly among men, mainly due to an increase in primary infarctions. The one-year survival in this hospital material did not improve during the period. The number of days of sick-leave during 12 months before primary infarction was significantly higher than expected. The duration of sick-leave during the year after primary infarction remained unchanged throughout the period. The mortality figures relate to all age groups, comprising 2 111 men and 1 409 women. The hospital incidence relates to men and women aged 65 years or below and comprises 1 323 men and 279 women during the period concerned. The reduced mortality and increased incidence of hospital-treated infarction are probaby explained by the fact that more men seek hospital treatment, leading to a better prognosis. The long duration of sick-leave after infarction is probably due to causes other than strictly medical factors.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in Malm\u00f6 during the 10-year period 1963--1972. Myocardial infarctions in Malm\u00f6 during the 10-year period 1963--1972 have been studied. The mortality from myocardial infarction decreased significantly among men during this period but not among women. The incidence of hospital-treated infarction increased significantly among men, mainly due to an increase in primary infarctions. The one-year survival in this hospital material did not improve during the period. The number of days of sick-leave during 12 months before primary infarction was significantly higher than expected. The duration of sick-leave during the year after primary infarction remained unchanged throughout the period. The mortality figures relate to all age groups, comprising 2 111 men and 1 409 women. The hospital incidence relates to men and women aged 65 years or below and comprises 1 323 men and 279 women during the period concerned. The reduced mortality and increased incidence of hospital-treated infarction are probaby explained by the fact that more men seek hospital treatment, leading to a better prognosis. The long duration of sick-leave after infarction is probably due to causes other than strictly medical factors.", "PMID": 506800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7014", "title": "Dobutamine in left heart failure after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Dobutamine, a new positive inotropic drug, was given as i.v. infusion at a rate of 2.5--7.5 micrograms/kg/min to nine male patients with a moderately severe left heart failure. The patients were treated in our CCU for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and had PEP/LVET above 0.40 on routine registrations of systolic time intervals, PEP (preejection phase), PEPI (PEP corrected for heart rate), LVET (left ventricular ejection time) and LVETI (LVET corrected for heart rate). Dobutamine increased contractility, measured as shortening of PEP and PEPI, and also increased ejection fraction, measured as PEP/LVET. Concomitantly, heart rate increased significantly but no changes were noted in systolic or diastolic BPs. The positive inotropic effect of dobutamine was thus accompanied by a positive chronotropic effect, which limits the usefulness of the drug in patients with recent AMI.", "contents": "Dobutamine in left heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. Dobutamine, a new positive inotropic drug, was given as i.v. infusion at a rate of 2.5--7.5 micrograms/kg/min to nine male patients with a moderately severe left heart failure. The patients were treated in our CCU for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and had PEP/LVET above 0.40 on routine registrations of systolic time intervals, PEP (preejection phase), PEPI (PEP corrected for heart rate), LVET (left ventricular ejection time) and LVETI (LVET corrected for heart rate). Dobutamine increased contractility, measured as shortening of PEP and PEPI, and also increased ejection fraction, measured as PEP/LVET. Concomitantly, heart rate increased significantly but no changes were noted in systolic or diastolic BPs. The positive inotropic effect of dobutamine was thus accompanied by a positive chronotropic effect, which limits the usefulness of the drug in patients with recent AMI.", "PMID": 506801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7015", "title": "Atenolol administered once daily in primary hypertension. Effects on blood pressure in relation to pre-treatment plasma renin activity.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect on the selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, atenolol, given in doses of 100 and 200 mg once daily, was evaluated in 37 patients with primary hypertension. The drug induced an efficient reduction of BP, and in the whole patient series there was no difference in BP on either dosage. Exercise tests, performed in 10 patients, showed the same degree of partial beta-blockade 24 hours after intake of 100 and 200 mg atenolol. PRA decreased during treatment with atenolol but there was no correlation between the stimulated pretreatment renin level and the antihypertensive effect of atenolol. Side-effects were few and 35 out of 37 patients continued on atenolol treatment. Central nervous side-effects were not seen.", "contents": "Atenolol administered once daily in primary hypertension. Effects on blood pressure in relation to pre-treatment plasma renin activity. The antihypertensive effect on the selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, atenolol, given in doses of 100 and 200 mg once daily, was evaluated in 37 patients with primary hypertension. The drug induced an efficient reduction of BP, and in the whole patient series there was no difference in BP on either dosage. Exercise tests, performed in 10 patients, showed the same degree of partial beta-blockade 24 hours after intake of 100 and 200 mg atenolol. PRA decreased during treatment with atenolol but there was no correlation between the stimulated pretreatment renin level and the antihypertensive effect of atenolol. Side-effects were few and 35 out of 37 patients continued on atenolol treatment. Central nervous side-effects were not seen.", "PMID": 506802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7016", "title": "Pernicious anaemia as a risk factor in gastric cancer.", "content": "In order to assess the risk of gastric cancer (GC) developing in patients with pernicious anaemia (PA), the prevalence of PA was analysed in all patients with GC notified to the Danish Cancer Registry in 1972. Among 877 patients with GC, PA had previously been diagnosed in 19 (2.2%). In seven of these, PA had been diagnosed only shortly before GC. Accordingly, the diagnosis of PA could be regarded as unquestionable only in the remaining 12 cases (1.3%). In either case, the frequency of PA was significantly higher than in a reference group of patients with cancer of the colon who had been selected in the same way. Calculation of the incidence of GC in PA patients showed that this was about three times higher than in the general population. The annual risk of GC was calculated to be 0.3%. In PA patients, the tumour was primarily localized to the body and fundus of the stomach, whereas it mainly involved the antral and pyloric region in patients without PA. In view of the low cancer rate it is concluded that routine gastroscopy and barium meal examination are not indicated in PA patients in general. Whenever a patient with PA complains of dyspepsia, examinations with gastroscopy and barium meal should, however, be carried out on liberal indications.", "contents": "Pernicious anaemia as a risk factor in gastric cancer. In order to assess the risk of gastric cancer (GC) developing in patients with pernicious anaemia (PA), the prevalence of PA was analysed in all patients with GC notified to the Danish Cancer Registry in 1972. Among 877 patients with GC, PA had previously been diagnosed in 19 (2.2%). In seven of these, PA had been diagnosed only shortly before GC. Accordingly, the diagnosis of PA could be regarded as unquestionable only in the remaining 12 cases (1.3%). In either case, the frequency of PA was significantly higher than in a reference group of patients with cancer of the colon who had been selected in the same way. Calculation of the incidence of GC in PA patients showed that this was about three times higher than in the general population. The annual risk of GC was calculated to be 0.3%. In PA patients, the tumour was primarily localized to the body and fundus of the stomach, whereas it mainly involved the antral and pyloric region in patients without PA. In view of the low cancer rate it is concluded that routine gastroscopy and barium meal examination are not indicated in PA patients in general. Whenever a patient with PA complains of dyspepsia, examinations with gastroscopy and barium meal should, however, be carried out on liberal indications.", "PMID": 506804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7017", "title": "Relief of pruritus as an early sign of spinal cord compression in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In a patient with advanced Hodgkin's disease (HD) associated with generalized pruritus, an unexpected relief of itching was found to be an early sign of spinal cord compression. Following irradiation of an extradural mass at the Th II level, itching recurred. Although the mechanisms bringing about itching in HD are unknown, the relief and recurrence of the symptom in our patient are in line with a peripheral origin of pruritus in the disease. Spontaneous relief of pruritus in HD despite other signs of active disease should prompt a neurological examination, since early recognition and treatment of spinal cord compression in lymphoma are important to avoid residual neurological disability.", "contents": "Relief of pruritus as an early sign of spinal cord compression in Hodgkin's disease. In a patient with advanced Hodgkin's disease (HD) associated with generalized pruritus, an unexpected relief of itching was found to be an early sign of spinal cord compression. Following irradiation of an extradural mass at the Th II level, itching recurred. Although the mechanisms bringing about itching in HD are unknown, the relief and recurrence of the symptom in our patient are in line with a peripheral origin of pruritus in the disease. Spontaneous relief of pruritus in HD despite other signs of active disease should prompt a neurological examination, since early recognition and treatment of spinal cord compression in lymphoma are important to avoid residual neurological disability.", "PMID": 506805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7018", "title": "Isochromosome 17 in a patient with a myeloproliferative disorders terminating in eosinophilic leukemia.", "content": "A patient is described, who for more than two years had a myeloproliferative disorder which terminated in eosinophilic leukemia. Chromosome analysis revealed an isochromosome 17 in all metaphases of bone marrow cells. This abnormality has now been found in two out of six patients with eosinophilic leukemia investigated by banding techniques, and may therefore have etiologic importance. Chromosome analysis in the hypereosinophilic syndrome has practical value for differentiating malignant and non-malignant disease.", "contents": "Isochromosome 17 in a patient with a myeloproliferative disorders terminating in eosinophilic leukemia. A patient is described, who for more than two years had a myeloproliferative disorder which terminated in eosinophilic leukemia. Chromosome analysis revealed an isochromosome 17 in all metaphases of bone marrow cells. This abnormality has now been found in two out of six patients with eosinophilic leukemia investigated by banding techniques, and may therefore have etiologic importance. Chromosome analysis in the hypereosinophilic syndrome has practical value for differentiating malignant and non-malignant disease.", "PMID": 506806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7019", "title": "Isovolemic hemodilution in erythrocytosis secondary to chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease often present with a combination of respiratory and circulatory insufficiency. In secondary erythrocytosis (polycythemia) blood viscosity rises and further impairs peripheral oxygenation. Against this background, a patient with acute exacerbation of a chronic respiratory disease with secondary erythrocytosis was treated with isovolemic hemodilution during two periods of hospitalization. During each of these two periods, hemodilution was achieved by removing 1 700 and 1750 ml blood, respectively, and replacing this simultaneously by infusing equal volumes of dextran 70 (Maacrodex). The patient's general condition improved, her dependence on supplementary oxygen drastically decreased and the blood gas values improved after hemodilution. The progress of the disease in this case suggests that the raised hematocrit rather than hypervolemia contributed to the patient's poor condition. It also illustrates that too intensive diuretic therapy in cardiac insufficiency with concomitant erythrocytosis can lead to hemoconcentration and thereby add to the strain on an already overloaded circulation.", "contents": "Isovolemic hemodilution in erythrocytosis secondary to chronic obstructive lung disease. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease often present with a combination of respiratory and circulatory insufficiency. In secondary erythrocytosis (polycythemia) blood viscosity rises and further impairs peripheral oxygenation. Against this background, a patient with acute exacerbation of a chronic respiratory disease with secondary erythrocytosis was treated with isovolemic hemodilution during two periods of hospitalization. During each of these two periods, hemodilution was achieved by removing 1 700 and 1750 ml blood, respectively, and replacing this simultaneously by infusing equal volumes of dextran 70 (Maacrodex). The patient's general condition improved, her dependence on supplementary oxygen drastically decreased and the blood gas values improved after hemodilution. The progress of the disease in this case suggests that the raised hematocrit rather than hypervolemia contributed to the patient's poor condition. It also illustrates that too intensive diuretic therapy in cardiac insufficiency with concomitant erythrocytosis can lead to hemoconcentration and thereby add to the strain on an already overloaded circulation.", "PMID": 506807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7020", "title": "Auto-shaping or orienting?", "content": "Four experiments were carried out to study the development of the orienting response (OR) under different experimental conditions in the cat and rat. In Experiment I and II (cat) and Experiment IV (rat) classical CS-US pairing was used (with food, shock and water reinforcers, respectively). In Experiment III (cat) an instrumental pedal press response was brought under the control of a discriminative signal. In all four experiments the auditory CS was spatially discontiguous with reinforcement in order t o separate CS directed orienting responses from US related activities. Exposure to CS signalling food or water caused the animals to orient to it throughout conditioning (up to 700 trials) and this overt responding was absent if CS predicted aversive reinforcers. OR was consistently followed by goal (US) directed anticipatory activities. It is proposed that the CS directed auto-shaped response (\"sign-tracking\") is identical with the conditional orienting response, and that the spatio-temporal patterning of behaviors is influenced both by CS and US.", "contents": "Auto-shaping or orienting? Four experiments were carried out to study the development of the orienting response (OR) under different experimental conditions in the cat and rat. In Experiment I and II (cat) and Experiment IV (rat) classical CS-US pairing was used (with food, shock and water reinforcers, respectively). In Experiment III (cat) an instrumental pedal press response was brought under the control of a discriminative signal. In all four experiments the auditory CS was spatially discontiguous with reinforcement in order t o separate CS directed orienting responses from US related activities. Exposure to CS signalling food or water caused the animals to orient to it throughout conditioning (up to 700 trials) and this overt responding was absent if CS predicted aversive reinforcers. OR was consistently followed by goal (US) directed anticipatory activities. It is proposed that the CS directed auto-shaped response (\"sign-tracking\") is identical with the conditional orienting response, and that the spatio-temporal patterning of behaviors is influenced both by CS and US.", "PMID": 506810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7021", "title": "Maintenance of signal directed behavior in a response dependent paradigm: a systems approach.", "content": "Rats were trained in a straight alley to repeatedly press a bar placed at one end of the alley until a discriminative signal (SD) appeared and to run for water reward (Rd) available at the other end. During training SD was spatially contiguous with Rd, then SD was placed above the bar (spatially discontiguous with Rd). In Experiment I subjects were trained for ten days, in Experiment II to equal level of performance before cue rearrangement. Experiment III applied systems analysis. Making SD spatially discontiguous with Rd caused abrupt and characteristic changes in many of the parameters observed (e.g., start-time, bar press perseveration, bar press topography, rearing, intertribal runs, defecation). If rats were initially trained under SD -Rd spatial discontiguity condition, making SD spatially contiguous with reward did not deteriorate their performance. It was concluded that: (i) rats learn and maintain responding to informative signals also in response dependent paradigms, (ii) spatial location of cue is of substantial importance for animals, and cue rearrangement will necessarily modify the topography of the learned response, (iii) the findings exclude the adventitious reinforcement explanation of signal directed behaviors, and question the validity of the concept of equivalent associability.", "contents": "Maintenance of signal directed behavior in a response dependent paradigm: a systems approach. Rats were trained in a straight alley to repeatedly press a bar placed at one end of the alley until a discriminative signal (SD) appeared and to run for water reward (Rd) available at the other end. During training SD was spatially contiguous with Rd, then SD was placed above the bar (spatially discontiguous with Rd). In Experiment I subjects were trained for ten days, in Experiment II to equal level of performance before cue rearrangement. Experiment III applied systems analysis. Making SD spatially discontiguous with Rd caused abrupt and characteristic changes in many of the parameters observed (e.g., start-time, bar press perseveration, bar press topography, rearing, intertribal runs, defecation). If rats were initially trained under SD -Rd spatial discontiguity condition, making SD spatially contiguous with reward did not deteriorate their performance. It was concluded that: (i) rats learn and maintain responding to informative signals also in response dependent paradigms, (ii) spatial location of cue is of substantial importance for animals, and cue rearrangement will necessarily modify the topography of the learned response, (iii) the findings exclude the adventitious reinforcement explanation of signal directed behaviors, and question the validity of the concept of equivalent associability.", "PMID": 506811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7022", "title": "Instrumental conditioned responses in cats with bulbar pyramid and red nucleus lesions.", "content": "Adult cats were trained to insert a forelimb into horizontally mounted transparent cylinders and then either depress a barrier or pull a sliding tray against resistance in order to receive food reward. Unilateral lesions of both bulbar pyramid and red nucleus resulted in severe neurological deficits. However, the instrumental tasks were soon accomplished at preoperative levels of rapidity and strength, although movements of the digits and wrist were reduced and adjustive movements occurred chiefly at more proximal joints. These results support our hypothesis that conditioned and unconditioned behaviors are mediated through different mechanisms.", "contents": "Instrumental conditioned responses in cats with bulbar pyramid and red nucleus lesions. Adult cats were trained to insert a forelimb into horizontally mounted transparent cylinders and then either depress a barrier or pull a sliding tray against resistance in order to receive food reward. Unilateral lesions of both bulbar pyramid and red nucleus resulted in severe neurological deficits. However, the instrumental tasks were soon accomplished at preoperative levels of rapidity and strength, although movements of the digits and wrist were reduced and adjustive movements occurred chiefly at more proximal joints. These results support our hypothesis that conditioned and unconditioned behaviors are mediated through different mechanisms.", "PMID": 506812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7023", "title": "Spontaneous locomotor activity and food and water intake in rats with medial amygdala lesions.", "content": "Locomotor activity was studied with the method of electromagnetic activity meters, before and after operation in rats bilaterally lesioned in medial amygdala, and in a sham-operated control. Two activity tests were performed daily. In the first test spontaneous activity was recorded for a 30 min period without access to food or water. The second test measured 12 h of nocturnal activity with full access to food and water. Bilateral destruction of the medial amygdala resulted in an increase of locomotor activity in the 30 min test and a decrease in locomotor activity in the 12 h test. Postoperative decrease in food and water intake and body weight were only transient. These results point to a participation of the medial amygdala in the complex mechanism of locomotor activity and alimentary motivation.", "contents": "Spontaneous locomotor activity and food and water intake in rats with medial amygdala lesions. Locomotor activity was studied with the method of electromagnetic activity meters, before and after operation in rats bilaterally lesioned in medial amygdala, and in a sham-operated control. Two activity tests were performed daily. In the first test spontaneous activity was recorded for a 30 min period without access to food or water. The second test measured 12 h of nocturnal activity with full access to food and water. Bilateral destruction of the medial amygdala resulted in an increase of locomotor activity in the 30 min test and a decrease in locomotor activity in the 12 h test. Postoperative decrease in food and water intake and body weight were only transient. These results point to a participation of the medial amygdala in the complex mechanism of locomotor activity and alimentary motivation.", "PMID": 506813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7024", "title": "Laryngeal effects of serotonin in rabbits.", "content": "Changes in laryngeal resistance to airflow have been measured in rabbits during spontaneous breathing, while larynx was isolated \"in situ\". Intravenous injections of serotonin resulted in variable apnoea followed by rapid, shallow breathing, coupled with increases in laryngeal inspiratory and expiratory resistances. These laryngeal responses persisted after cutting vagi in the chest. The \"central\" actions of serotonin seem to be responsible for stimulatory laryngeal effects.", "contents": "Laryngeal effects of serotonin in rabbits. Changes in laryngeal resistance to airflow have been measured in rabbits during spontaneous breathing, while larynx was isolated \"in situ\". Intravenous injections of serotonin resulted in variable apnoea followed by rapid, shallow breathing, coupled with increases in laryngeal inspiratory and expiratory resistances. These laryngeal responses persisted after cutting vagi in the chest. The \"central\" actions of serotonin seem to be responsible for stimulatory laryngeal effects.", "PMID": 506814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7025", "title": "Innervation of the ureterovesical junction musculature of man.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the innervation of the human ureterovesical junction was studied. Three different nerve terminals were distinguished among the smooth muscle cells. 1. Nerve processes containing predominantly small granular vesicles (40--60 nm in diameter). 2. Other nerve fibres contained predominantly small round agranular vesicles (30--50 nm in diameter). 3. Processes with large granulated vesicles (80--120 nm in diameter). The first type may be adrenergic, the second cholinergic and the third may originate from the local nerve cells. The gap between the nerve fibres and muscle cells was 300 to 500 nm wide and no synaptic thickenings were observed. This suggests that the transmitter may influence several muscle cells, and the different nerve fibres may directly innervate the smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Innervation of the ureterovesical junction musculature of man. The ultrastructure of the innervation of the human ureterovesical junction was studied. Three different nerve terminals were distinguished among the smooth muscle cells. 1. Nerve processes containing predominantly small granular vesicles (40--60 nm in diameter). 2. Other nerve fibres contained predominantly small round agranular vesicles (30--50 nm in diameter). 3. Processes with large granulated vesicles (80--120 nm in diameter). The first type may be adrenergic, the second cholinergic and the third may originate from the local nerve cells. The gap between the nerve fibres and muscle cells was 300 to 500 nm wide and no synaptic thickenings were observed. This suggests that the transmitter may influence several muscle cells, and the different nerve fibres may directly innervate the smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 506815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7026", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of human gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis.", "content": "The mucosa of 17 gallbladders removed because of cholelithiasis was examined by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a mulberry-like organization of the normal human gallbladder mucosa. In acute inflammation, circumscribed ulcers were often seen; along their margins the epithelial cells were swollen and isolated from the surrounding cells. In chronic cholecystitis there was an extensive lack of epithelium on the irregularly oriented folds of the mucosa and the characteristic mulberry-like organization was preserved only in islets.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of human gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis. The mucosa of 17 gallbladders removed because of cholelithiasis was examined by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a mulberry-like organization of the normal human gallbladder mucosa. In acute inflammation, circumscribed ulcers were often seen; along their margins the epithelial cells were swollen and isolated from the surrounding cells. In chronic cholecystitis there was an extensive lack of epithelium on the irregularly oriented folds of the mucosa and the characteristic mulberry-like organization was preserved only in islets.", "PMID": 506816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7027", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics, secretory and phagocytotic activity of Paneth cells.", "content": "Paneth cells in the depth of Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts were studied ultrastructurally in three human jejunal biopsy material. Fine structural elements were observed indicative of phagocytosis. It is also assumed that the cells had regulatory function of normal intestinal flora. The importance of ultrastructural examinations of Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts under pathological conditions is emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics, secretory and phagocytotic activity of Paneth cells. Paneth cells in the depth of Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts were studied ultrastructurally in three human jejunal biopsy material. Fine structural elements were observed indicative of phagocytosis. It is also assumed that the cells had regulatory function of normal intestinal flora. The importance of ultrastructural examinations of Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts under pathological conditions is emphasized.", "PMID": 506817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7028", "title": "Differential distribution of small and large neurons in the sacrococcygeal dorsal root ganglia of the cat.", "content": "The differential distribution of small and large neurons in the sacrococcygeal dorsal root ganglia of the cat was disclosed by measuring the short diameter of the perikarya. The measured values were systematically charted along the rostro-caudal axis of the ganglion. This approach permitted to delineate small and large neurons; the short diameter of the former being less, that of the latter more, than 22 micrometers. Small neurons (69% of the population) are distributed along the entire length of the ganglions, while large neurons are clustered in the distal half. The same histological specimens were appropriate to show that if only every 8th section was used for counting the number of perikarya (the number of the nucleoli was interpreted as that of the perikarya) the result was not significantly different (less than +/- 5%) from that gained by a total count. The significance of the inhomogeneous distribution of ganglion cells was discussed within the emerging concept of the topological arrangement of the perikarya in the ganglion, on the one hand, and the termination of the central branch of the neurons in the spinal cord, on the other.", "contents": "Differential distribution of small and large neurons in the sacrococcygeal dorsal root ganglia of the cat. The differential distribution of small and large neurons in the sacrococcygeal dorsal root ganglia of the cat was disclosed by measuring the short diameter of the perikarya. The measured values were systematically charted along the rostro-caudal axis of the ganglion. This approach permitted to delineate small and large neurons; the short diameter of the former being less, that of the latter more, than 22 micrometers. Small neurons (69% of the population) are distributed along the entire length of the ganglions, while large neurons are clustered in the distal half. The same histological specimens were appropriate to show that if only every 8th section was used for counting the number of perikarya (the number of the nucleoli was interpreted as that of the perikarya) the result was not significantly different (less than +/- 5%) from that gained by a total count. The significance of the inhomogeneous distribution of ganglion cells was discussed within the emerging concept of the topological arrangement of the perikarya in the ganglion, on the one hand, and the termination of the central branch of the neurons in the spinal cord, on the other.", "PMID": 506818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7029", "title": "Effect of CH-123 on vascular cholesterol deposition in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits.", "content": "The effect of CH-123, a new antiarteriosclerotic pyrido-1,2a-pyramide derivate was checked in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. Cholesterol deposition was found to continue after 4-week cholesterol feeding even after the cholesterol level had returned to normal. This allowed to study the action of drugs in a phase dominated by lipid apposition to the vascular wall. In the experiments, clofibrate was used for reference. As judged by the lipid values in serum and aortic wall, CH-123 reduced substantially the deposition of lipids, mainly of cholesterol, into the aortic wall.", "contents": "Effect of CH-123 on vascular cholesterol deposition in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. The effect of CH-123, a new antiarteriosclerotic pyrido-1,2a-pyramide derivate was checked in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. Cholesterol deposition was found to continue after 4-week cholesterol feeding even after the cholesterol level had returned to normal. This allowed to study the action of drugs in a phase dominated by lipid apposition to the vascular wall. In the experiments, clofibrate was used for reference. As judged by the lipid values in serum and aortic wall, CH-123 reduced substantially the deposition of lipids, mainly of cholesterol, into the aortic wall.", "PMID": 506819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7030", "title": "The role of function in the formation of the skull.", "content": "Partial resection of the mandible, resection of the chewing muscles, amputation of extremities and ligature of the common carotid artery were performed in animals different in chewing type (dogs, sheep, rabbits and rats). These studies revealed a close relation between shape and function. It was shown that changes in function have a decisive effect on the development and shaping of the skull bones and musculature.", "contents": "The role of function in the formation of the skull. Partial resection of the mandible, resection of the chewing muscles, amputation of extremities and ligature of the common carotid artery were performed in animals different in chewing type (dogs, sheep, rabbits and rats). These studies revealed a close relation between shape and function. It was shown that changes in function have a decisive effect on the development and shaping of the skull bones and musculature.", "PMID": 506820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7031", "title": "Localization of 3H-serotonin in the adrenal medullary cells of newborn rats.", "content": "In newborn rats serotonin was found to bind the membranes of adrenal medullary cells, to the wall of their vesicles and could be demonstrated also in the nucleus. The observations allowed conclusions concerning the cellular mechanisms of serotonin action.", "contents": "Localization of 3H-serotonin in the adrenal medullary cells of newborn rats. In newborn rats serotonin was found to bind the membranes of adrenal medullary cells, to the wall of their vesicles and could be demonstrated also in the nucleus. The observations allowed conclusions concerning the cellular mechanisms of serotonin action.", "PMID": 506821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7032", "title": "Localization of 3H-histamine in the nucleus of Tetrahymena.", "content": "3H-histamine was incorporated by Tetrahymena partly into membrane-associated structures (cilia), partly into intra-cytoplasmic localizations, and above all into food vacuoles. A considerable amount appeared in the nucleus, in practically exclusive association with the heterochromatin.", "contents": "Localization of 3H-histamine in the nucleus of Tetrahymena. 3H-histamine was incorporated by Tetrahymena partly into membrane-associated structures (cilia), partly into intra-cytoplasmic localizations, and above all into food vacuoles. A considerable amount appeared in the nucleus, in practically exclusive association with the heterochromatin.", "PMID": 506822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7033", "title": "Histological differential diagnosis of aseptic bone-necrosis.", "content": "Differentiation between traumatic and vascular aseptic bone-necrosis is a serious problem in everyday practice. This paper considers the theoretical background of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Histological differential diagnosis of aseptic bone-necrosis. Differentiation between traumatic and vascular aseptic bone-necrosis is a serious problem in everyday practice. This paper considers the theoretical background of differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 506823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7034", "title": "Occupational therapy and occupational medicine-a merger.", "content": "A working model for occupational therapy intervention in an industrial setting is presented. The model addresses both preventive and problem-solving aspects of practice. An overview of relevant industrial sociology, a discussion of the model, and implications for the therapist are given as well as the viability and benefits of a merger despite the disparate value systems associated with industry and the health services.", "contents": "Occupational therapy and occupational medicine-a merger. A working model for occupational therapy intervention in an industrial setting is presented. The model addresses both preventive and problem-solving aspects of practice. An overview of relevant industrial sociology, a discussion of the model, and implications for the therapist are given as well as the viability and benefits of a merger despite the disparate value systems associated with industry and the health services.", "PMID": 506876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7035", "title": "Structured learning therapy: development and evaluation.", "content": "This paper describes the procedures, materials, and evaluation of Structured Learning Therapy, one of several skill training therapies to emerge in recent years. A number of issues are considered in regard to enhanced outcomes for such therapies, particularly means for more successful transfer of newly learned skills from therapy to real-life settings, and prescriptive use of such psycho-educational treatments.", "contents": "Structured learning therapy: development and evaluation. This paper describes the procedures, materials, and evaluation of Structured Learning Therapy, one of several skill training therapies to emerge in recent years. A number of issues are considered in regard to enhanced outcomes for such therapies, particularly means for more successful transfer of newly learned skills from therapy to real-life settings, and prescriptive use of such psycho-educational treatments.", "PMID": 506877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7036", "title": "A light probe adapted for use in training the blind.", "content": "The application of modern electronics technology has produced a number of new sensory aids for the blind. Serious limitations are presented, however, by the high cost and sophisticated training and maintenance requirements some of the new aids demand. This paper describes the design and development of an economical light sensor. Construction notes, including complete parts requirements, are given. Prototype applications to blind rehabilitation training and suggested uses as a personal sensory aid are discussed and critically evaluated.", "contents": "A light probe adapted for use in training the blind. The application of modern electronics technology has produced a number of new sensory aids for the blind. Serious limitations are presented, however, by the high cost and sophisticated training and maintenance requirements some of the new aids demand. This paper describes the design and development of an economical light sensor. Construction notes, including complete parts requirements, are given. Prototype applications to blind rehabilitation training and suggested uses as a personal sensory aid are discussed and critically evaluated.", "PMID": 506878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7037", "title": "Feeding and toileting devices for a child with arthrogryposis.", "content": "Patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita have many problems with activities of daily living because of limited upper and lower extremity joint motion and muscle strength. Feeding and toileting are two activities frequently performed at home and at school that may require one or two people to assist the child. A feeding device and a toileting ramp made from readily available materials have improved a child's independence at home and at school, have been of cosmetic and psychological value, and have minimized the need for assistance by one or more people. The feeding device may also be used for writing and art activities. No future dental problems are anticipated with the use of the feeding device over a period of time. Fabricating and training time with the feeding device is about one hour for each process. The fabricating and training time with the toileting ramp is lengthier with several hours required for each process. Patients with extensive involvement from burns or muscular dystrophy can also benefit from use of the feeding device.", "contents": "Feeding and toileting devices for a child with arthrogryposis. Patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita have many problems with activities of daily living because of limited upper and lower extremity joint motion and muscle strength. Feeding and toileting are two activities frequently performed at home and at school that may require one or two people to assist the child. A feeding device and a toileting ramp made from readily available materials have improved a child's independence at home and at school, have been of cosmetic and psychological value, and have minimized the need for assistance by one or more people. The feeding device may also be used for writing and art activities. No future dental problems are anticipated with the use of the feeding device over a period of time. Fabricating and training time with the feeding device is about one hour for each process. The fabricating and training time with the toileting ramp is lengthier with several hours required for each process. Patients with extensive involvement from burns or muscular dystrophy can also benefit from use of the feeding device.", "PMID": 506879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7038", "title": "A classification of wheelchair seating.", "content": "Selecting a wheelchair cushion for a person with a physical disability can be confusing and difficult. Because many cushions are commercially available and because no single cushion will work for all patient categories, the therapist needs to be aware not only of the factors that influence the selection of the cushion such as patient activity level and lifestyle, but also of the differences that exist among all the cushions she or he might recommend.", "contents": "A classification of wheelchair seating. Selecting a wheelchair cushion for a person with a physical disability can be confusing and difficult. Because many cushions are commercially available and because no single cushion will work for all patient categories, the therapist needs to be aware not only of the factors that influence the selection of the cushion such as patient activity level and lifestyle, but also of the differences that exist among all the cushions she or he might recommend.", "PMID": 506881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7039", "title": "Analysis of exercise-induced R wave amplitude changes in detection of coronary artery disease in asymptomatic men with left bundle branch block.", "content": "The exercise electrocardiograms of 44 asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block were analyzed for changes in R wave amplitude. Results were correlated with findings on selective coronary angiography. There were two subgroups: 7 men with significant angiographic coronary artery disease (Group I) and 37 with normal coronary angiograms (Group II). Exercise induced an increase in R wave amplitude in all seven men with coronary artery disease but in only 10 of the 37 men without significant coronary artery disease. This criterion thus had a sensitivity of 100 percent but a poor specificity of 73 percent, a predictive value of 41 percent and an accuracy rate of 77 percent for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The greater the increase in R wave amplitude the greater was the likelihood of some degree of left ventricular dysfunction as measured by wall motion abnormalities and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The increase in R wave amplitude with exercise appears to be a sensitive test in identifying coronary artery disease in asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block.", "contents": "Analysis of exercise-induced R wave amplitude changes in detection of coronary artery disease in asymptomatic men with left bundle branch block. The exercise electrocardiograms of 44 asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block were analyzed for changes in R wave amplitude. Results were correlated with findings on selective coronary angiography. There were two subgroups: 7 men with significant angiographic coronary artery disease (Group I) and 37 with normal coronary angiograms (Group II). Exercise induced an increase in R wave amplitude in all seven men with coronary artery disease but in only 10 of the 37 men without significant coronary artery disease. This criterion thus had a sensitivity of 100 percent but a poor specificity of 73 percent, a predictive value of 41 percent and an accuracy rate of 77 percent for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The greater the increase in R wave amplitude the greater was the likelihood of some degree of left ventricular dysfunction as measured by wall motion abnormalities and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The increase in R wave amplitude with exercise appears to be a sensitive test in identifying coronary artery disease in asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block.", "PMID": 506928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7040", "title": "Right ventricular diastolic pressure in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Right ventricular hemodynamics were evaluated in 179 patients with coronary artery disease to determine the effects of chronic ischemia on right ventricular diastolic pressure. Abnormal right ventricular filling pressures occurred only in patients with an abnormal right ventricular systolic pressure or an abnormal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Of the 63 patients whose right ventricle was stressed by an increased systolic load secondary to passive pulmonary hypertension, 44 (72 percent) had an abnormal right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In this group obstruction of vessels serving the right ventricular free wall or septum, or both, was almost universal (43 of 44, 98 percent) and a significantly increased incidence of inferior infarction (P less than 0.05) was noted. Such obstruction was significantly less frequent in patients with normal filling pressures (10 of 17, 59 percent; P less than 0.001). Compared with patients with coronary artery disease, patients with passive pulmonary hypertension due to aortic stenosis or mitral stenosis had significantly greater degrees of pulmonary hypertension (P less than 0.05) yet slightly lesser elevations of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. These data suggest that in patients with ischemic heart disease the right ventricle exhibits diastolic dysfunction at lower levels of afterload stress than it would with normal coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Right ventricular diastolic pressure in coronary artery disease. Right ventricular hemodynamics were evaluated in 179 patients with coronary artery disease to determine the effects of chronic ischemia on right ventricular diastolic pressure. Abnormal right ventricular filling pressures occurred only in patients with an abnormal right ventricular systolic pressure or an abnormal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Of the 63 patients whose right ventricle was stressed by an increased systolic load secondary to passive pulmonary hypertension, 44 (72 percent) had an abnormal right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In this group obstruction of vessels serving the right ventricular free wall or septum, or both, was almost universal (43 of 44, 98 percent) and a significantly increased incidence of inferior infarction (P less than 0.05) was noted. Such obstruction was significantly less frequent in patients with normal filling pressures (10 of 17, 59 percent; P less than 0.001). Compared with patients with coronary artery disease, patients with passive pulmonary hypertension due to aortic stenosis or mitral stenosis had significantly greater degrees of pulmonary hypertension (P less than 0.05) yet slightly lesser elevations of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. These data suggest that in patients with ischemic heart disease the right ventricle exhibits diastolic dysfunction at lower levels of afterload stress than it would with normal coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 506930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7041", "title": "Echocardiographic recognition of atrioventricular valve stenosis associated with endocardial cushion defect: pathologic and surgical correlates.", "content": "The association of either mitral or tricuspid stenosis with endocardial cushion defects has been well recognized pathologically but is infrequenctly diagnosed clinically. M mode echocardiographic features such as markedly disproportionate ventricular size, abnormal mitral or tricuspid diastolic echoes or failure to define adequately an atrioventricular (A-V) valve are strongly suggestive of associated stenosis of that valve. In this study mitral stenosis in association with endocardial cushion defect was correctly diagnosed in four of five patients. In the fifth patient (the first seen) the condition was easily diagnosed retrospectively. Tricuspid stenosis was similarly diagnosed prospectively in three of four patients. Significant stenosis was not overlooked or misdiagnosed in any patient with an endocardial cushion defect. Significant stenosis of an A-V valve in association with endocardial cushion defect carries a high mortality. It is important to recognize the combined lesion clinically because infants with it are not suitable for total surgical correction. Palliative surgical procedures with aggressive medical therapy probably offer the infant the best chance of surviving until ventricular growth may render corrective surgery feasible.", "contents": "Echocardiographic recognition of atrioventricular valve stenosis associated with endocardial cushion defect: pathologic and surgical correlates. The association of either mitral or tricuspid stenosis with endocardial cushion defects has been well recognized pathologically but is infrequenctly diagnosed clinically. M mode echocardiographic features such as markedly disproportionate ventricular size, abnormal mitral or tricuspid diastolic echoes or failure to define adequately an atrioventricular (A-V) valve are strongly suggestive of associated stenosis of that valve. In this study mitral stenosis in association with endocardial cushion defect was correctly diagnosed in four of five patients. In the fifth patient (the first seen) the condition was easily diagnosed retrospectively. Tricuspid stenosis was similarly diagnosed prospectively in three of four patients. Significant stenosis was not overlooked or misdiagnosed in any patient with an endocardial cushion defect. Significant stenosis of an A-V valve in association with endocardial cushion defect carries a high mortality. It is important to recognize the combined lesion clinically because infants with it are not suitable for total surgical correction. Palliative surgical procedures with aggressive medical therapy probably offer the infant the best chance of surviving until ventricular growth may render corrective surgery feasible.", "PMID": 506935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7042", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in children with congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 37 children with congestive cardiomyopathy. Left atrial and left ventricular diameters were approximately 1.5 times that predicted by body weight, whereas systolic decrease in left ventricular diameter (shortening fraction) and increase in posterior wall thickness were half that of normal children. The ratio of left ventricular preejection period to ejection time was increased in 25 patients and normal in 10. The mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening was decreased in 30 of 34 patients and averaged 52 percent of that predicted by heart rate. The shortening fraction was higher in the 12 patients who were asympatomatic at the time of study than in the 25 who had symptoms of congestive heart failure (19.6 +/- 2.4 standard error of the mean versus 14.6 +/- 1.2) (P less than 0.05). In 11 patients whose condition improved after therapy with digoxin and diuretic drugs, serial echocardiograms showed significant increases in shortening fraction and posterior wall thickening and decreases in left atrial diameter and the ratio of preejection period to ejection time. However, one or more indexes of left ventricular function remained abnormal, despite the resolution of symptoms and a return of heart size to normal as judged from the chest roentgenogram.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in children with congestive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 37 children with congestive cardiomyopathy. Left atrial and left ventricular diameters were approximately 1.5 times that predicted by body weight, whereas systolic decrease in left ventricular diameter (shortening fraction) and increase in posterior wall thickness were half that of normal children. The ratio of left ventricular preejection period to ejection time was increased in 25 patients and normal in 10. The mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening was decreased in 30 of 34 patients and averaged 52 percent of that predicted by heart rate. The shortening fraction was higher in the 12 patients who were asympatomatic at the time of study than in the 25 who had symptoms of congestive heart failure (19.6 +/- 2.4 standard error of the mean versus 14.6 +/- 1.2) (P less than 0.05). In 11 patients whose condition improved after therapy with digoxin and diuretic drugs, serial echocardiograms showed significant increases in shortening fraction and posterior wall thickening and decreases in left atrial diameter and the ratio of preejection period to ejection time. However, one or more indexes of left ventricular function remained abnormal, despite the resolution of symptoms and a return of heart size to normal as judged from the chest roentgenogram.", "PMID": 506936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7043", "title": "Endocardial cushion defect associated with cor triatriatum sinistrum or supravalve mitral ring.", "content": "Clinical and angiographic or autopsy data, or both, on three children with a subdivided left atrium (cor triatriatum) and an associated endocardial cushion defect are reviewed. (One child had ostium primum defect, and two had complete atrioventricular [A-V] canal.) A fourth patient demonstrates the difficulties in differentiating subdivided left atrium from supravalve mitral stenosis in the presence of an endocardial cushion defect. The clinical findings are greatly influenced by the endocardial cushion defect. A pressure gradient between the pulmonary wedge and (left or right) ventricular end-diastolic pressures in patients with an endocardial cushion defect indicates pulmonary venous obstruction and should alert one to the possibility of these combined lesions. The exact diagnosis is made with injections of angiographic contrast medium into the proximal and distal left atrial chambers, to documented the respective relations of the pulmonary veins, left atrial appendage and A-V valves to these atrial chambers. All three patients with an endocardial cushion defect and a subdivided left atrium had an associated patent ductus arteriosus. The common association of subdivided left atrium with intracardiac, pulmonary venous and aortic anomalies is again demonstrated.", "contents": "Endocardial cushion defect associated with cor triatriatum sinistrum or supravalve mitral ring. Clinical and angiographic or autopsy data, or both, on three children with a subdivided left atrium (cor triatriatum) and an associated endocardial cushion defect are reviewed. (One child had ostium primum defect, and two had complete atrioventricular [A-V] canal.) A fourth patient demonstrates the difficulties in differentiating subdivided left atrium from supravalve mitral stenosis in the presence of an endocardial cushion defect. The clinical findings are greatly influenced by the endocardial cushion defect. A pressure gradient between the pulmonary wedge and (left or right) ventricular end-diastolic pressures in patients with an endocardial cushion defect indicates pulmonary venous obstruction and should alert one to the possibility of these combined lesions. The exact diagnosis is made with injections of angiographic contrast medium into the proximal and distal left atrial chambers, to documented the respective relations of the pulmonary veins, left atrial appendage and A-V valves to these atrial chambers. All three patients with an endocardial cushion defect and a subdivided left atrium had an associated patent ductus arteriosus. The common association of subdivided left atrium with intracardiac, pulmonary venous and aortic anomalies is again demonstrated.", "PMID": 506937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7044", "title": "Electrophysiologic effect of digitalis on sinoatrial nodal function in children.", "content": "Despite the prevalence of digitalis usage in children, the electrophysiologic effects of digitalis on sinoatrial (S-A) nodal function is unknown in this age group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of digitalis on sinoatrial conduction time as well as on S-A nodal automatically. Ten subjects (mean age 10.5 years) underwent electrophysiologic assessment of S-A nodal function before and 30 minutes after administration of ouabain (0.01 mg/kg). Total S-A conduction time increased in each subject and the mean value after ouabain (182 msec +/- 13 standard errors of the mean [SEM]) was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than before (149 msec +/- 11). The sinus cycle length was variable after ouabain (P greater than 0.1). The corrected sinus nodal recovery time also was variable (P greater than 0.1), decreasing substantially in three subjects. Mechanisms of the effect of digitalis on the S-A node and atrium are proposed and discussed. It is concluded that digitalis prolongs the S-A conduction time in children with normal S-A nodal function. By prolonging the S-A conduction time, digitalis may artifactually shorten corrected S-A nodal recovery time in some patients.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effect of digitalis on sinoatrial nodal function in children. Despite the prevalence of digitalis usage in children, the electrophysiologic effects of digitalis on sinoatrial (S-A) nodal function is unknown in this age group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of digitalis on sinoatrial conduction time as well as on S-A nodal automatically. Ten subjects (mean age 10.5 years) underwent electrophysiologic assessment of S-A nodal function before and 30 minutes after administration of ouabain (0.01 mg/kg). Total S-A conduction time increased in each subject and the mean value after ouabain (182 msec +/- 13 standard errors of the mean [SEM]) was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than before (149 msec +/- 11). The sinus cycle length was variable after ouabain (P greater than 0.1). The corrected sinus nodal recovery time also was variable (P greater than 0.1), decreasing substantially in three subjects. Mechanisms of the effect of digitalis on the S-A node and atrium are proposed and discussed. It is concluded that digitalis prolongs the S-A conduction time in children with normal S-A nodal function. By prolonging the S-A conduction time, digitalis may artifactually shorten corrected S-A nodal recovery time in some patients.", "PMID": 506938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7045", "title": "Hypovolemia and hypotension complicating management of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.", "content": "After the acute onset of heart failure and in the absence of acute myocardial infarction, plasma volume may occasionally be depleted to the extent that the patient presents with clinical signs of circulatory shock. In five patients, the acute onset of clinical and radiographic signs of cardiogenic pulmonary edema were associated with reduction in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was within normal limits but a reduction in plasma volume was demonstrated, which is best explained by the rapid translocation of plasma water that represented pulmonary (and most likely also peripheral) edema fluid. The infusion of 5 percent albumin solution significantly increased cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and cardiac work, reversed lactic acidosis, enhanced furosemide-induced diuresis and was followed by a decrease in both clinical and radiographic signs of pulmonary edema. These observations confirm that volume expansion may constitute appropriate treatment for some patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema who may present with hypotension and who are unresponsive to conventional therapy.", "contents": "Hypovolemia and hypotension complicating management of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. After the acute onset of heart failure and in the absence of acute myocardial infarction, plasma volume may occasionally be depleted to the extent that the patient presents with clinical signs of circulatory shock. In five patients, the acute onset of clinical and radiographic signs of cardiogenic pulmonary edema were associated with reduction in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was within normal limits but a reduction in plasma volume was demonstrated, which is best explained by the rapid translocation of plasma water that represented pulmonary (and most likely also peripheral) edema fluid. The infusion of 5 percent albumin solution significantly increased cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and cardiac work, reversed lactic acidosis, enhanced furosemide-induced diuresis and was followed by a decrease in both clinical and radiographic signs of pulmonary edema. These observations confirm that volume expansion may constitute appropriate treatment for some patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema who may present with hypotension and who are unresponsive to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 506939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7046", "title": "M mode and cross-sectional echocardiographic features of flail posterior mitral leaflets.", "content": "Seventeen patients with accepted M mode echocardiographic criteria for flail mitral leaflet were studied. M mode echocardiograms revealed characteristic disordered mitral valve motion: (1) 16 (94 percent) had chaotic diastolic mitral motion; (2) 14 (82 percent) had systolic mitral flutter; (3) 14 (82 percent) had systolic left atrial echoes; and (4) 12 (71 percent) had systolic mitral valve prolapse. In 8 patients (47 percent) all four findings were present, with three findings present in 16 (35 percent) and two findings present in 13 (18 percent); none had fewer than two findings. Cross-sectional echocardiographic studies in 10 patients revealed a systolic whipping motion of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium in all, abnormal systolic mitral coaptation in all and an abnormal mass of systolic left atrial echoes in 4. None of the first three M mode criteria were observed in 230 patients with uncomplicated \"mid systolic click-late systolic murmur\" syndrome; cross-sectional echocardiography in 30 of 230 patients revealed normal systolic mitral coaptation and no systolic whipping of the tip of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium.", "contents": "M mode and cross-sectional echocardiographic features of flail posterior mitral leaflets. Seventeen patients with accepted M mode echocardiographic criteria for flail mitral leaflet were studied. M mode echocardiograms revealed characteristic disordered mitral valve motion: (1) 16 (94 percent) had chaotic diastolic mitral motion; (2) 14 (82 percent) had systolic mitral flutter; (3) 14 (82 percent) had systolic left atrial echoes; and (4) 12 (71 percent) had systolic mitral valve prolapse. In 8 patients (47 percent) all four findings were present, with three findings present in 16 (35 percent) and two findings present in 13 (18 percent); none had fewer than two findings. Cross-sectional echocardiographic studies in 10 patients revealed a systolic whipping motion of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium in all, abnormal systolic mitral coaptation in all and an abnormal mass of systolic left atrial echoes in 4. None of the first three M mode criteria were observed in 230 patients with uncomplicated \"mid systolic click-late systolic murmur\" syndrome; cross-sectional echocardiography in 30 of 230 patients revealed normal systolic mitral coaptation and no systolic whipping of the tip of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium.", "PMID": 506941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7047", "title": "Increased right ventricular wall thickness on echocardiography in amyloid infiltrative cardiomyopathy.", "content": "In six patients with clinically significant amyloid infiltrative cardiomyopathy, echocardiographic right ventricular anterior wall thickness was significantly increased (mean 7.5 +/- 2.3 mm; range 5 to 10 mm). This finding in conjunction with the previously described abnormalities of the left ventricle (symmetric increase in wall thickness, diffuse hypokinesia, and small to normal left ventricular diastolic dimension) is consistent with the findings of a diffuse myocardial infiltrative process and should minimize confusion with constrictive pericarditis.", "contents": "Increased right ventricular wall thickness on echocardiography in amyloid infiltrative cardiomyopathy. In six patients with clinically significant amyloid infiltrative cardiomyopathy, echocardiographic right ventricular anterior wall thickness was significantly increased (mean 7.5 +/- 2.3 mm; range 5 to 10 mm). This finding in conjunction with the previously described abnormalities of the left ventricle (symmetric increase in wall thickness, diffuse hypokinesia, and small to normal left ventricular diastolic dimension) is consistent with the findings of a diffuse myocardial infiltrative process and should minimize confusion with constrictive pericarditis.", "PMID": 506942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7048", "title": "Acquired cyanotic heart disease secondary to traumatic tricuspid regurgitation. Case report with a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency leading to right atrial enlargement and to a patent foramen ovale with right to left shunting is presented. Six similar cases previously reported are reviewed. The time course of clinical deterioration was related to the type of tricuspid valve damage incurred. Papillary muscle rupture led to surgery within a year, whereas less severe chordal damage allowed a more benign course that lasted from 10 to 25 years from the time of injury to the time of surgery. Surgical repair of the incompetent tricuspid valve and closure of the atrial septal defect led to significant improvement. The diagnostic usefulness of radionuclide imaging and echocardiography is demonstrated in this case. A mechanism of right to left interatrial shunting in the presence of normal pulmonary arterial pressures is proposed; this invokes phasic increases in right atrial pressure from tricuspid insufficiency and streaming of blood from the inferior vena cava into the left atrium across a patent foramen ovale in a manner that resembles conditions in the fetal circulation.", "contents": "Acquired cyanotic heart disease secondary to traumatic tricuspid regurgitation. Case report with a review of the literature. A case of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency leading to right atrial enlargement and to a patent foramen ovale with right to left shunting is presented. Six similar cases previously reported are reviewed. The time course of clinical deterioration was related to the type of tricuspid valve damage incurred. Papillary muscle rupture led to surgery within a year, whereas less severe chordal damage allowed a more benign course that lasted from 10 to 25 years from the time of injury to the time of surgery. Surgical repair of the incompetent tricuspid valve and closure of the atrial septal defect led to significant improvement. The diagnostic usefulness of radionuclide imaging and echocardiography is demonstrated in this case. A mechanism of right to left interatrial shunting in the presence of normal pulmonary arterial pressures is proposed; this invokes phasic increases in right atrial pressure from tricuspid insufficiency and streaming of blood from the inferior vena cava into the left atrium across a patent foramen ovale in a manner that resembles conditions in the fetal circulation.", "PMID": 506944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7049", "title": "Alterations within the rat thyroid gland during vitamin A deficiency.", "content": "Thyroid glands from female rats kept vitamin A deficient for one, two, and three months were examined by electron microscopy. After one month on the diet, no consistent alterations were noted. After two months, the colloid in some follicles displayed a peripheral zone of decreased density. In addition, ultimobranchial follicles within the gland had become keratinized. After two to three months on the diet, cells were seen entering the colloid. Many of these cells were identified as follicular cells since they often occurred in groups and occasionally exhibited remnants of desmosomes. Often the cells within the colloid appeared vacuolated, and by light microscopy were thought to contain lipid. However, electron microscopy revealed that these cells contained many digestive vacuoles rather than lipid droplets. Quantitative and autoradiographic studies indicated that thyroids of vitamin A deficient rats took up less radioiodide than thyroids of control rats. The keratinization of ultimorbranchial follicles in vitamin-A deficiency has been suggested as preliminary in the histogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, an effect of vitamin A deficiency on thyroid follicular cells has not heretofore been reported. It's possible that the presence of follicular cells in the colloid reflects an accelerated turnover of these cells and could indicate an early pathological sign.", "contents": "Alterations within the rat thyroid gland during vitamin A deficiency. Thyroid glands from female rats kept vitamin A deficient for one, two, and three months were examined by electron microscopy. After one month on the diet, no consistent alterations were noted. After two months, the colloid in some follicles displayed a peripheral zone of decreased density. In addition, ultimobranchial follicles within the gland had become keratinized. After two to three months on the diet, cells were seen entering the colloid. Many of these cells were identified as follicular cells since they often occurred in groups and occasionally exhibited remnants of desmosomes. Often the cells within the colloid appeared vacuolated, and by light microscopy were thought to contain lipid. However, electron microscopy revealed that these cells contained many digestive vacuoles rather than lipid droplets. Quantitative and autoradiographic studies indicated that thyroids of vitamin A deficient rats took up less radioiodide than thyroids of control rats. The keratinization of ultimorbranchial follicles in vitamin-A deficiency has been suggested as preliminary in the histogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, an effect of vitamin A deficiency on thyroid follicular cells has not heretofore been reported. It's possible that the presence of follicular cells in the colloid reflects an accelerated turnover of these cells and could indicate an early pathological sign.", "PMID": 506950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7050", "title": "An evolutionary view of the male reproductive tract and sperm maturation in a monotreme mammal--the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus.", "content": "In exploring the evolution and adaptive significance of epididymal function, we have studied the male excurrent duct and spermatozoa of a monotreme mammal--the echidna. Sperm maturation in the echidna excurrent duct appears simpler than that in most therians examined. Furthermore, neither the duct nor the spermatozoa of the echidna display specific therian characteristics; they bear a much closer resemblance to those of non-passerine birds. The echidna spermatozoon is filiform, the sperm tail has no distinctive features, and the anterior seventh of the undulating nucleus is covered by a modest acrosome. Immediately behind this a restricted apposition between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope constitutes a post-acrosomal ring. This is evident also in some reptiles and marsupials, whereas in Eutheria such a membrane association appears as the posterior ring at the base of the sperm nucleus. Maturation of spermatozoa in the Wolffian duct of the echidna appears to be expressed only in a changing capacity for motility and in loss of the cytoplasmic droplet. Neither surface, structural nor acrosomal changes that characterize sperm maturation in therian mammals have been detected in maturing echidna spermatozoa. The echidna duct displays little of the regional complexity of the epithelium that typifies this duct in the Theria. Of five regions distinguishable on the basis of epithelial morphology, the first two appear to be counterparts of efferent ducts by virtue of a low columnar, partially ciliated epithelium. The tall pseudo-stratified Golgi-rich epithelium of the major portion of the duct broadly resembles that of the therian epididymis, but it displays only two structurally distinguishable regions, the more distal being the site of a dense luminal secretion. The foamy epithelial cells of the fifth and terminal region, characterized by a mass of supra-nuclear vesicles and rough ER, suggest a secretory function that may in some way contribute significantly to the ejaculate, for accessory glands are poorly developed in monotremes. The possibility is considered that the relative complexity of epididymal function and sperm structure in therian mammals could have been determined by evolutionary change in the milieu of the female tract, and/or in the character of the egg vestments that the fertilizing spermatozoon must penetrate.", "contents": "An evolutionary view of the male reproductive tract and sperm maturation in a monotreme mammal--the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. In exploring the evolution and adaptive significance of epididymal function, we have studied the male excurrent duct and spermatozoa of a monotreme mammal--the echidna. Sperm maturation in the echidna excurrent duct appears simpler than that in most therians examined. Furthermore, neither the duct nor the spermatozoa of the echidna display specific therian characteristics; they bear a much closer resemblance to those of non-passerine birds. The echidna spermatozoon is filiform, the sperm tail has no distinctive features, and the anterior seventh of the undulating nucleus is covered by a modest acrosome. Immediately behind this a restricted apposition between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope constitutes a post-acrosomal ring. This is evident also in some reptiles and marsupials, whereas in Eutheria such a membrane association appears as the posterior ring at the base of the sperm nucleus. Maturation of spermatozoa in the Wolffian duct of the echidna appears to be expressed only in a changing capacity for motility and in loss of the cytoplasmic droplet. Neither surface, structural nor acrosomal changes that characterize sperm maturation in therian mammals have been detected in maturing echidna spermatozoa. The echidna duct displays little of the regional complexity of the epithelium that typifies this duct in the Theria. Of five regions distinguishable on the basis of epithelial morphology, the first two appear to be counterparts of efferent ducts by virtue of a low columnar, partially ciliated epithelium. The tall pseudo-stratified Golgi-rich epithelium of the major portion of the duct broadly resembles that of the therian epididymis, but it displays only two structurally distinguishable regions, the more distal being the site of a dense luminal secretion. The foamy epithelial cells of the fifth and terminal region, characterized by a mass of supra-nuclear vesicles and rough ER, suggest a secretory function that may in some way contribute significantly to the ejaculate, for accessory glands are poorly developed in monotremes. The possibility is considered that the relative complexity of epididymal function and sperm structure in therian mammals could have been determined by evolutionary change in the milieu of the female tract, and/or in the character of the egg vestments that the fertilizing spermatozoon must penetrate.", "PMID": 506951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7051", "title": "Fine structure of the liver in the larval lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.; hepatocytes and sinusoids.", "content": "The ultrastructure of hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and hepatic sinusoids of the larval lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, was examined using thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured tissues. The liver is a \"tubular gland\" with hepatocytes arranged in a tubular fashion around large bile canaliculi. Hepatocytes are roughly conical in shape, with their tapered apices facing a bile canalicular lumen. They possess extensive rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi complex, abundant mitochondria, and varying numbers of large secondary lysosomes. Both secondary lysosomes and the Golgi complex are concentrated in the apical or peribiliary cytoplasm, indicating a possible role in bile secretion. The apical surfaces of the hepatocytes bear numerous elongate microvilli and occasional cilia, which project into the bile canaliculi. The hepatocytes are joined, apically, by junctional complexes composed of zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes. In freeze-fracture, the zonulae occludentes are of variable apicobasal depth and consist of honeycomb-like meshworks of fibrils. Spaces of variable width frequently appear in the P-face grooves, indicating that the zonulae occludentes are \"leaky.\" Numerous communicating (gap) junctions join the hepatocytes laterally. Varying numbers of lateral microvilli project into the intercellular spaces and, basally, the plasma membrane is deeply infolded, resulting in the formation of apparently interdigitating basal processes resting upon a thin basal lamina. Sinusoids are composed of both a heavily-fenestrated, continuous endothelium, and phagocytic reticulo-endothelial (Kupffer) cells. Depsite the difference in arrangement of their hepatocytes, the mammalian and lamprey livers show similar ultrastructural features.", "contents": "Fine structure of the liver in the larval lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.; hepatocytes and sinusoids. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and hepatic sinusoids of the larval lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, was examined using thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured tissues. The liver is a \"tubular gland\" with hepatocytes arranged in a tubular fashion around large bile canaliculi. Hepatocytes are roughly conical in shape, with their tapered apices facing a bile canalicular lumen. They possess extensive rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi complex, abundant mitochondria, and varying numbers of large secondary lysosomes. Both secondary lysosomes and the Golgi complex are concentrated in the apical or peribiliary cytoplasm, indicating a possible role in bile secretion. The apical surfaces of the hepatocytes bear numerous elongate microvilli and occasional cilia, which project into the bile canaliculi. The hepatocytes are joined, apically, by junctional complexes composed of zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes. In freeze-fracture, the zonulae occludentes are of variable apicobasal depth and consist of honeycomb-like meshworks of fibrils. Spaces of variable width frequently appear in the P-face grooves, indicating that the zonulae occludentes are \"leaky.\" Numerous communicating (gap) junctions join the hepatocytes laterally. Varying numbers of lateral microvilli project into the intercellular spaces and, basally, the plasma membrane is deeply infolded, resulting in the formation of apparently interdigitating basal processes resting upon a thin basal lamina. Sinusoids are composed of both a heavily-fenestrated, continuous endothelium, and phagocytic reticulo-endothelial (Kupffer) cells. Depsite the difference in arrangement of their hepatocytes, the mammalian and lamprey livers show similar ultrastructural features.", "PMID": 506952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7052", "title": "Morphogenesis of the truncus arteriosus of the chick embryo heart: tissue reorganization during septation.", "content": "Septation of the truncus arteriosus of the normal chick embryo heart was surveyed systematically with the light microscope. Tissue from replicate samples at successive periods of development was sectioned within an arbitrary coordinate system based on positional reference points along the external surface of the heart. Correlation of several aspects of tissue morphology within this spatial and temporal reference-frame yielded a new description of tissue associations and kinetics during septation. A stable complex of tissue structures appeared in the downstream, distal truncus at Stage 25 and persisted throughout the septation process. This complex consisted of (1) the cephalic margin of the myocardial sheath, and (2) the adjacent bifurcation of the vascular lumen, linked together by (3) the newly condensed Y-shaped strap of cells forming the aorticopulmonary septum. The apparent motion of this septation-complex toward the ventricle(s), the appearance within the thoracic cavity of the adjacent segments of the aortic arches, and measures of tissue length and width suggested that septation was accompanied, and perhaps initiated, by increased tension along the truncus. The truncal ridges remained upstream from the complex, with mesenchymal condensations beneath the endocardium differentiating into the definitive semilunar valves. Downstream from the bifurcation, mesenchyme in the aortic arch region condensed around the separate lumens to form the smooth muscular tunica media of the great arteries. The epicardium developed in a caudocephalic direction along the heart tube. Vagal innervation approached the heart cephalocaudally. Capillaries formed along the dividing truncus in both directions. Autoradiography following 3H-thymidine labelling demonstrated reduced DNA synthetic activity in the cephalic margin of the myocardium and aorticopulmonary septum, compared with the associated loose mesenchyme.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the truncus arteriosus of the chick embryo heart: tissue reorganization during septation. Septation of the truncus arteriosus of the normal chick embryo heart was surveyed systematically with the light microscope. Tissue from replicate samples at successive periods of development was sectioned within an arbitrary coordinate system based on positional reference points along the external surface of the heart. Correlation of several aspects of tissue morphology within this spatial and temporal reference-frame yielded a new description of tissue associations and kinetics during septation. A stable complex of tissue structures appeared in the downstream, distal truncus at Stage 25 and persisted throughout the septation process. This complex consisted of (1) the cephalic margin of the myocardial sheath, and (2) the adjacent bifurcation of the vascular lumen, linked together by (3) the newly condensed Y-shaped strap of cells forming the aorticopulmonary septum. The apparent motion of this septation-complex toward the ventricle(s), the appearance within the thoracic cavity of the adjacent segments of the aortic arches, and measures of tissue length and width suggested that septation was accompanied, and perhaps initiated, by increased tension along the truncus. The truncal ridges remained upstream from the complex, with mesenchymal condensations beneath the endocardium differentiating into the definitive semilunar valves. Downstream from the bifurcation, mesenchyme in the aortic arch region condensed around the separate lumens to form the smooth muscular tunica media of the great arteries. The epicardium developed in a caudocephalic direction along the heart tube. Vagal innervation approached the heart cephalocaudally. Capillaries formed along the dividing truncus in both directions. Autoradiography following 3H-thymidine labelling demonstrated reduced DNA synthetic activity in the cephalic margin of the myocardium and aorticopulmonary septum, compared with the associated loose mesenchyme.", "PMID": 506953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7053", "title": "Involution of the female Mullerian duct of the fetal rat in the organ-culture assay for the detection of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance.", "content": "The study of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) has been made possible because of the organ-culture bioassay devised by Picon ('69) for detecting MIS in vitro. We have studied the degeneration of the female Mullerian duct of the rat fetus, the target tissue of the assay, with electron microscopy. We have observed that the involution of the female Mullerian duct in the organ-culture assay follows a pattern of degeneration similar to the normal involution of the male Mullerian duct under the influence of MIS from the fetal testis (Price et al., '77). This involution involves alterations in the duct epithelium subsequent to a response of the mesenchyme surrounding the duct. The degeneration of a specific organ system under the direct influence of a specific factor, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, represents an example of \"programmed cell death.\"", "contents": "Involution of the female Mullerian duct of the fetal rat in the organ-culture assay for the detection of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance. The study of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) has been made possible because of the organ-culture bioassay devised by Picon ('69) for detecting MIS in vitro. We have studied the degeneration of the female Mullerian duct of the rat fetus, the target tissue of the assay, with electron microscopy. We have observed that the involution of the female Mullerian duct in the organ-culture assay follows a pattern of degeneration similar to the normal involution of the male Mullerian duct under the influence of MIS from the fetal testis (Price et al., '77). This involution involves alterations in the duct epithelium subsequent to a response of the mesenchyme surrounding the duct. The degeneration of a specific organ system under the direct influence of a specific factor, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, represents an example of \"programmed cell death.\"", "PMID": 506954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7054", "title": "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone production in the pars tuberalis of hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were identified by immunocytochemistry in the same cells of the pituitary pars tuberalis, following hypophysectomy in the rat. A marked hyperplasia and hypertrophy of these cells occurred in response to hypophysectomy. These findings are discussed in light of the potential for hormone production by pars tuberalis gonadotropes following hypophysectomy performed as part of an experimental protocol, as well as that performed for palliation of human metstatic breast cancer.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone production in the pars tuberalis of hypophysectomized rats. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were identified by immunocytochemistry in the same cells of the pituitary pars tuberalis, following hypophysectomy in the rat. A marked hyperplasia and hypertrophy of these cells occurred in response to hypophysectomy. These findings are discussed in light of the potential for hormone production by pars tuberalis gonadotropes following hypophysectomy performed as part of an experimental protocol, as well as that performed for palliation of human metstatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 506955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7055", "title": "Aglomerular pathways in intrarenal microvasculature of aged rats.", "content": "By means of silicone rubber injections, we confirmed the existence of several types of aglomerular arterial pathways within kidneys of aged rats. In superficial cortex some interlobular arteries divide to form aglomerular branches (Ludwig's arterioles) towards cortex corticis. In juxtamedullary cortex these pathways are relatively more numerous, they comprise: (a) Vasa Recta Vera, (b) glomeruli in which afferent and efferent arterioles form a continuous vessel and (c) glomeruli with two efferent vessels, one by-passing glomerular tuft. In addition, results obtained in the rat by the microsphere technique are in agreement with our morphological observations.", "contents": "Aglomerular pathways in intrarenal microvasculature of aged rats. By means of silicone rubber injections, we confirmed the existence of several types of aglomerular arterial pathways within kidneys of aged rats. In superficial cortex some interlobular arteries divide to form aglomerular branches (Ludwig's arterioles) towards cortex corticis. In juxtamedullary cortex these pathways are relatively more numerous, they comprise: (a) Vasa Recta Vera, (b) glomeruli in which afferent and efferent arterioles form a continuous vessel and (c) glomeruli with two efferent vessels, one by-passing glomerular tuft. In addition, results obtained in the rat by the microsphere technique are in agreement with our morphological observations.", "PMID": 506956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7056", "title": "25 Hydroxycholecalciferol levels in Beduin women in labor and in cord blood of their infants.", "content": "25 Hydroxycholecalciferol levels were measured in eight Beduin mothers in labor and in the cord blood of their infants, and compared with values in 42 Sephardi Israeli women in labor and the cord blood of their offspring. Beduin baby cord blood had a mean 25 hydroxycholecalciferol concentration of 3.78 ng/ml +/- 3.22 (SD) being about half of their mothers' level in labor. Values in Sephardi women and cord blood were 3 times higher. PTH levels were lower and calcium concentrations were higher in cord blood (P less than 0.001) in both groups when compared to their mothers' blood. The relevance of these findings to the high incidence of infantile rickets and hyypocalcemia in Beduin children is discussed.", "contents": "25 Hydroxycholecalciferol levels in Beduin women in labor and in cord blood of their infants. 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol levels were measured in eight Beduin mothers in labor and in the cord blood of their infants, and compared with values in 42 Sephardi Israeli women in labor and the cord blood of their offspring. Beduin baby cord blood had a mean 25 hydroxycholecalciferol concentration of 3.78 ng/ml +/- 3.22 (SD) being about half of their mothers' level in labor. Values in Sephardi women and cord blood were 3 times higher. PTH levels were lower and calcium concentrations were higher in cord blood (P less than 0.001) in both groups when compared to their mothers' blood. The relevance of these findings to the high incidence of infantile rickets and hyypocalcemia in Beduin children is discussed.", "PMID": 506960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7057", "title": "The effect of diet on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions in normal man.", "content": "The effect of dietary sodium and potassium on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions was studied in normal subjects. In 10 subjects, left ventricular end diastolic volume was found to be 18.8 greater, and systolic volume 17.1% higher with zoo mEq sodium diet than on a 1Omeq sodium diet (P less than 0.025). While receiving an ad libitum diet, the subjects were found to have an end diastolic volume of 107.9 +/- 6.4 ml SE and an end systolic volume of 45.2 +/- 2.7 ml SE. During sodium depletion, values fell to 101.3 +/- 5.7 ml SE and 38.6 +/- 2.9 ml SE, respectively, then on a high sodium diet rose to 120.3 +/- 7.0 ml SE and 45.2 +/- 2.7 ml SE, respectively. Heart rate fell during sodium repletion by 4.2% (P less than 0.05) while mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance did not change significantly. In contrast, seven subjects consuming a diet containing 25 and 200 mEq potassium in seqeucne, the sodium intake remaining constant, did not display significant changes in cardiac dimension, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, or vascular resistance. It is concluded that dietary sodium significantly effects the size of a nonfailing left ventricle, an effect that must be considered when single or sequential echocardiograms are interpreted.", "contents": "The effect of diet on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions in normal man. The effect of dietary sodium and potassium on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions was studied in normal subjects. In 10 subjects, left ventricular end diastolic volume was found to be 18.8 greater, and systolic volume 17.1% higher with zoo mEq sodium diet than on a 1Omeq sodium diet (P less than 0.025). While receiving an ad libitum diet, the subjects were found to have an end diastolic volume of 107.9 +/- 6.4 ml SE and an end systolic volume of 45.2 +/- 2.7 ml SE. During sodium depletion, values fell to 101.3 +/- 5.7 ml SE and 38.6 +/- 2.9 ml SE, respectively, then on a high sodium diet rose to 120.3 +/- 7.0 ml SE and 45.2 +/- 2.7 ml SE, respectively. Heart rate fell during sodium repletion by 4.2% (P less than 0.05) while mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance did not change significantly. In contrast, seven subjects consuming a diet containing 25 and 200 mEq potassium in seqeucne, the sodium intake remaining constant, did not display significant changes in cardiac dimension, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, or vascular resistance. It is concluded that dietary sodium significantly effects the size of a nonfailing left ventricle, an effect that must be considered when single or sequential echocardiograms are interpreted.", "PMID": 506964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7058", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic action of dietary fiber unrelated to fecal bulking effect.", "content": "Twenty-two healthy volunteers took approximately 20 g/day of concentrated dietary fiber from either carrot, cabbage, apple, bran, or guar gum or 31 g from pectin,  added for 3-week periods to controlled diets. Total serum cholesterol fell by 13% on both guar and pectin (P less than 0.01) with no significant change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Over the 3-week supplementation period, the other fibers were without effect with the exception of carrot, where both control and test high density lipoprotein levels fell (P less than 0.05 and less than 0.01, respectively). If, however, the 3rd week of the control was compared with the 3rd test week, the values for total cholesterol were 7% lower after apple (P less than 0.02) while after carrot the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 10% lower than the control (P less than 0.01). No significant change was seen in serum triglyceride or body weight either as judged by differences over the 3-week periods or by comparing test and control values at 3 weeks. Comparison of stool weights obtained in this study indicate that the fecal bulking action of dietary fiber is independent of its hypocholesterolaemic effect.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic action of dietary fiber unrelated to fecal bulking effect. Twenty-two healthy volunteers took approximately 20 g/day of concentrated dietary fiber from either carrot, cabbage, apple, bran, or guar gum or 31 g from pectin,  added for 3-week periods to controlled diets. Total serum cholesterol fell by 13% on both guar and pectin (P less than 0.01) with no significant change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Over the 3-week supplementation period, the other fibers were without effect with the exception of carrot, where both control and test high density lipoprotein levels fell (P less than 0.05 and less than 0.01, respectively). If, however, the 3rd week of the control was compared with the 3rd test week, the values for total cholesterol were 7% lower after apple (P less than 0.02) while after carrot the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 10% lower than the control (P less than 0.01). No significant change was seen in serum triglyceride or body weight either as judged by differences over the 3-week periods or by comparing test and control values at 3 weeks. Comparison of stool weights obtained in this study indicate that the fecal bulking action of dietary fiber is independent of its hypocholesterolaemic effect.", "PMID": 506965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7059", "title": "The effect of dietary fiber on postprandial serum digoxin concentration in man.", "content": "The postprandial digoxin concentrations in serum were measured for 4 hr by radioimmunological assay in six healthy volunteers who had received 0.8 mg beta-acetyldigoxin by the oral route. Digoxin was given together with a formula diet containing as admixture, respectively, wheat bran, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, and carob seed flour. The various additions did not reduce the mean digoxin concentrations in serum. After carob seed flour, the concentrations were significantly (P less than 5%) higher, as compared to the control. After microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, and wheat bran the mean peak concentrations were reached later than in the control state.", "contents": "The effect of dietary fiber on postprandial serum digoxin concentration in man. The postprandial digoxin concentrations in serum were measured for 4 hr by radioimmunological assay in six healthy volunteers who had received 0.8 mg beta-acetyldigoxin by the oral route. Digoxin was given together with a formula diet containing as admixture, respectively, wheat bran, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, and carob seed flour. The various additions did not reduce the mean digoxin concentrations in serum. After carob seed flour, the concentrations were significantly (P less than 5%) higher, as compared to the control. After microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, and wheat bran the mean peak concentrations were reached later than in the control state.", "PMID": 506966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7060", "title": "Antipyrine pharmacokinetics and D-glucaric excretion in kwashiorkor.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation were studied in 15 children with kwashiorkor on admission to the hospital and again after 3 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation. Microsomal oxidation as measured by antipyrine half-life and clearance was shown to be depressed in the acute phase of malnutrition (T 1/2 = 7.9 +/- 5.0 hr, clearance = 8.4 +/- 5.1 ml/min) improving with nutritional rehabilitation (T 1/2 = 4.3 +/- 2.3 hr, clearance = 15.5 +/- 8.7 ml/min). Urinary D-glucaric acid excretion increased from 60.6 +/- 42.2 mumoles/24 hr to 121.8 +/- 105.0 mumoles/24 hr over the same time period. Evidence is thus presented that both hepatic microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation are depressed in the acute phase of kwashiorkor but recover with nutritional rehabilitation.", "contents": "Antipyrine pharmacokinetics and D-glucaric excretion in kwashiorkor. Hepatic microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation were studied in 15 children with kwashiorkor on admission to the hospital and again after 3 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation. Microsomal oxidation as measured by antipyrine half-life and clearance was shown to be depressed in the acute phase of malnutrition (T 1/2 = 7.9 +/- 5.0 hr, clearance = 8.4 +/- 5.1 ml/min) improving with nutritional rehabilitation (T 1/2 = 4.3 +/- 2.3 hr, clearance = 15.5 +/- 8.7 ml/min). Urinary D-glucaric acid excretion increased from 60.6 +/- 42.2 mumoles/24 hr to 121.8 +/- 105.0 mumoles/24 hr over the same time period. Evidence is thus presented that both hepatic microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation are depressed in the acute phase of kwashiorkor but recover with nutritional rehabilitation.", "PMID": 506967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7061", "title": "Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young women, older men, and young men and the factorial estimation of adult human protein requirements.", "content": "Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses and urinary urea nitrogen and creatinine excretion levels were determined in 11 young women (four of whom used oral contraceptives), eight older men, and five young men. Values for obligatory nitrogen losses in the young women who did not use oral contraceptives were similar to those observed previously in young women and lower than those reported for young men. Our values for older men were lower than previously reported values for obligatory losses observed in young and elderly men, but similar to previously reported values for young women and to values for our women who did not use oral contraceptives. The four oral contraceptive users had significantly higher levels of total urinary and fecal obligatory nitrogen losses than the nonusers in our study. When values from our study and values from other recent studies are considered, variations in obligatory nitrogen losses appear to be larger among individuals within an age-sex group than the observed differences between groups. When the intakes of protein recommended as safe by the Food aculated from obligatory nitrogen losses per se, the recommended levels appear to be only marginally adequate.", "contents": "Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young women, older men, and young men and the factorial estimation of adult human protein requirements. Obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses and urinary urea nitrogen and creatinine excretion levels were determined in 11 young women (four of whom used oral contraceptives), eight older men, and five young men. Values for obligatory nitrogen losses in the young women who did not use oral contraceptives were similar to those observed previously in young women and lower than those reported for young men. Our values for older men were lower than previously reported values for obligatory losses observed in young and elderly men, but similar to previously reported values for young women and to values for our women who did not use oral contraceptives. The four oral contraceptive users had significantly higher levels of total urinary and fecal obligatory nitrogen losses than the nonusers in our study. When values from our study and values from other recent studies are considered, variations in obligatory nitrogen losses appear to be larger among individuals within an age-sex group than the observed differences between groups. When the intakes of protein recommended as safe by the Food aculated from obligatory nitrogen losses per se, the recommended levels appear to be only marginally adequate.", "PMID": 506969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7062", "title": "Urinary sodium and blood pressure in vegetarians.", "content": "Urinary sodium, potassium urea, creatinine, uric acid, plasma urea, creatinine, cholesterol, blood pressures, height, weight, and skinfold thickness were measured in some or all of 106 matched pairs of vegetarians (mainly Seventh-Day Adventists) and nonvegetarians. Mean blood pressures were lower in vegetarians (141.9/88.9 mm) than nonvegeterians (148.0/90.9 mm) but the urinary excretion of sodium was higher, although not significantly, in the vegetarians (mean of 169.7 compared with 161.2 mmole/day). The vegetarians also had a higher urinary potassium excretion (62.9 mmole/day) than the nonvegetarians (54.8 mmole/day) thus giving them a lower mean sodium to potassium ratio (3.0 compared with 3.3). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures correlated positively with plasma cholesterol levels which were less in vegetarians (6.0 mmole/liter) than nonvegetarians (6.6 mmole/liter). They also correlated positively with the urinary sodium to potassium ratio, but only in nonvegetarians. It was concluded that dietary sodium does not explain the blood pressure differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians.", "contents": "Urinary sodium and blood pressure in vegetarians. Urinary sodium, potassium urea, creatinine, uric acid, plasma urea, creatinine, cholesterol, blood pressures, height, weight, and skinfold thickness were measured in some or all of 106 matched pairs of vegetarians (mainly Seventh-Day Adventists) and nonvegetarians. Mean blood pressures were lower in vegetarians (141.9/88.9 mm) than nonvegeterians (148.0/90.9 mm) but the urinary excretion of sodium was higher, although not significantly, in the vegetarians (mean of 169.7 compared with 161.2 mmole/day). The vegetarians also had a higher urinary potassium excretion (62.9 mmole/day) than the nonvegetarians (54.8 mmole/day) thus giving them a lower mean sodium to potassium ratio (3.0 compared with 3.3). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures correlated positively with plasma cholesterol levels which were less in vegetarians (6.0 mmole/liter) than nonvegetarians (6.6 mmole/liter). They also correlated positively with the urinary sodium to potassium ratio, but only in nonvegetarians. It was concluded that dietary sodium does not explain the blood pressure differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians.", "PMID": 506970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7063", "title": "Calcium deficiency in rural black children in South Africa--a comparison between rural and urban communities.", "content": "The prevalence of biochemical abnormalities usually associated with rickets was investigated in three black school-going populations, one from a rural community, one from a small urban community, and one from a large urban area. A high prevalence of biochemical abnormalities was found in the rural community, where 13.2% of children were hypocalcemic and 41.5% had elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations. No hypocalcemia was detected in the children from the large urban area. Urinary calcium excretion was lowest in the community with the highest prevalence of hypocalcimia and elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Dietary calcium intake in those children with biochemical abnormalities was estimated at 125 mg/day, compared with 337 mg/day in those children with normal biochemistry. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of the biochemical abnormalities in the rural community is due to a low dietary intake of calcium.", "contents": "Calcium deficiency in rural black children in South Africa--a comparison between rural and urban communities. The prevalence of biochemical abnormalities usually associated with rickets was investigated in three black school-going populations, one from a rural community, one from a small urban community, and one from a large urban area. A high prevalence of biochemical abnormalities was found in the rural community, where 13.2% of children were hypocalcemic and 41.5% had elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations. No hypocalcemia was detected in the children from the large urban area. Urinary calcium excretion was lowest in the community with the highest prevalence of hypocalcimia and elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Dietary calcium intake in those children with biochemical abnormalities was estimated at 125 mg/day, compared with 337 mg/day in those children with normal biochemistry. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of the biochemical abnormalities in the rural community is due to a low dietary intake of calcium.", "PMID": 506971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7064", "title": "Absorption of iron from breakfast meals.", "content": "The absorption of nonheme iron from nine common Western type breakfasts was studied in 129 subjects using extrinsic labeling with radioiron. In one group the iron absorption from a continental type of breakfast served with coffee was standardized against the absorption from a reference dose of derrous ascorbate (3 mg Fe). In all subsequent experiments the absorption from this breakfast was compared with one of the other breakfast meals served on alternate days and each labeled with a different radioiron isotope. The bioavailability of iron in the different breakfast meals varied markedly. There was almost a 6-fold idfference in absorption (0.07 to 0.40 mg) despite of the fact that the iron content only varied from 2.8 to 4.2 mg. The most marked effect was seen with tea which reduced the absorption to less than half and with orange juice which increased the absorption two and a half times. The present findings must be considered when giving dietary advice to groups of subjects who are known to have a critical iron balance. The present results also imply that an evaluation of the iron nutrition in a population cannot only be based on the daily dietary intake of iron but must also include the bioavailability of iron in frequently consumed meals.", "contents": "Absorption of iron from breakfast meals. The absorption of nonheme iron from nine common Western type breakfasts was studied in 129 subjects using extrinsic labeling with radioiron. In one group the iron absorption from a continental type of breakfast served with coffee was standardized against the absorption from a reference dose of derrous ascorbate (3 mg Fe). In all subsequent experiments the absorption from this breakfast was compared with one of the other breakfast meals served on alternate days and each labeled with a different radioiron isotope. The bioavailability of iron in the different breakfast meals varied markedly. There was almost a 6-fold idfference in absorption (0.07 to 0.40 mg) despite of the fact that the iron content only varied from 2.8 to 4.2 mg. The most marked effect was seen with tea which reduced the absorption to less than half and with orange juice which increased the absorption two and a half times. The present findings must be considered when giving dietary advice to groups of subjects who are known to have a critical iron balance. The present results also imply that an evaluation of the iron nutrition in a population cannot only be based on the daily dietary intake of iron but must also include the bioavailability of iron in frequently consumed meals.", "PMID": 506972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7065", "title": "Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man. III. Effects of ascorbic acid on zinc absorption.", "content": "As ascorbic acid is known to enhance the absorption of dietary iron and to inhibit the absorption of dietary copper, studies were undertaken to examine the effect of ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of zinc in human subjects. The index of absorption was the change in plasma zinc concentration after a 110-mg aqueous dose of ZnSO4.7H2O (containing 25 mg of elemental zinc). Doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g of ascorbic acid, representing a spectrum of Zn:ascorbic acid molar ratios from the dietary to the pharmacological range, failed to produce any significant change in the pattern of zinc absorption. Moreover, 2.0 g of ascorbic acid, equivalent to a Zn:ascorbic acid ratio of 0.145 failed to improve the absorption of 108 mg of elemental zinc incorporated into 120 g of black bean gruel. Ascorbic acid over a range of dosages commonly consumed by man had no demonstrable effect on the absorption of inorganic zinc.", "contents": "Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man. III. Effects of ascorbic acid on zinc absorption. As ascorbic acid is known to enhance the absorption of dietary iron and to inhibit the absorption of dietary copper, studies were undertaken to examine the effect of ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of zinc in human subjects. The index of absorption was the change in plasma zinc concentration after a 110-mg aqueous dose of ZnSO4.7H2O (containing 25 mg of elemental zinc). Doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g of ascorbic acid, representing a spectrum of Zn:ascorbic acid molar ratios from the dietary to the pharmacological range, failed to produce any significant change in the pattern of zinc absorption. Moreover, 2.0 g of ascorbic acid, equivalent to a Zn:ascorbic acid ratio of 0.145 failed to improve the absorption of 108 mg of elemental zinc incorporated into 120 g of black bean gruel. Ascorbic acid over a range of dosages commonly consumed by man had no demonstrable effect on the absorption of inorganic zinc.", "PMID": 506973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7066", "title": "Zinc nutritional status of young middle-income children and effects of consuming zinc-fortified breakfast cereals.", "content": "The effects of consuming zinc-fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals were determined in a double-blind controlled study. The 96 healthy young children who participated (mean age 58 months) consumed either zinc-fortified cereal, providing 25% United States Recommended Dietary Allowance per 1 ounce serving (test children) or nonzinc-fortified cereals (controls) for a 9-month period. The test children were calculated on average to receive an additional 2.57 mg of zinc per day from this fortification program. This increment increased their mean daily zinc intake to a level that approached the Recommended Dietary Allowance (10 mg) of the National Academy of Sciences for children less than 10 years of age. By the end of the period, the test children (combined sexes) had a mean increment of plasma zinc that was 6.5 micrograms/dl greater than that of the control children (P less than 0.02). The test girls had a greater increment (28.5 micrograms/g) in hair zinc content than controls girls (P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in other biochemical parameters including plasma copper and serum cholesterol. No significant differences in food intake or growth velocity were associated with the consumption of the zinc-fortified cereal. Multiple sex and time related differences occurred in plasma, hair, urine, and parotid saliva zinc concentrations that were unrelated to the type of cereal consumed.", "contents": "Zinc nutritional status of young middle-income children and effects of consuming zinc-fortified breakfast cereals. The effects of consuming zinc-fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals were determined in a double-blind controlled study. The 96 healthy young children who participated (mean age 58 months) consumed either zinc-fortified cereal, providing 25% United States Recommended Dietary Allowance per 1 ounce serving (test children) or nonzinc-fortified cereals (controls) for a 9-month period. The test children were calculated on average to receive an additional 2.57 mg of zinc per day from this fortification program. This increment increased their mean daily zinc intake to a level that approached the Recommended Dietary Allowance (10 mg) of the National Academy of Sciences for children less than 10 years of age. By the end of the period, the test children (combined sexes) had a mean increment of plasma zinc that was 6.5 micrograms/dl greater than that of the control children (P less than 0.02). The test girls had a greater increment (28.5 micrograms/g) in hair zinc content than controls girls (P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in other biochemical parameters including plasma copper and serum cholesterol. No significant differences in food intake or growth velocity were associated with the consumption of the zinc-fortified cereal. Multiple sex and time related differences occurred in plasma, hair, urine, and parotid saliva zinc concentrations that were unrelated to the type of cereal consumed.", "PMID": 506975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7067", "title": "Serum cholesterol and diseases in Nigerians.", "content": "A study of 3451 cholesterol determinations in different diseases was carried out. The mean cholesterol levels for male and female adults and children with different diseases were compared with values for their healthy counterparts. Sickle cell anemia, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly, tuberculosis, and diabetic, nutritional, ataxic, and tropical neuropathies in male and female adults were associated with reduced cholesterol level while in children malnutrition and anemia were the main causes of low cholesterol levels. Obesity and hypertension caused an elevated level but the mean values were within the range for adult Nigerians in the high income group. Only nephrotic syndrome in both adult and children was associated with a markedly increased cholesterol level in Nigerians of low income status.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and diseases in Nigerians. A study of 3451 cholesterol determinations in different diseases was carried out. The mean cholesterol levels for male and female adults and children with different diseases were compared with values for their healthy counterparts. Sickle cell anemia, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly, tuberculosis, and diabetic, nutritional, ataxic, and tropical neuropathies in male and female adults were associated with reduced cholesterol level while in children malnutrition and anemia were the main causes of low cholesterol levels. Obesity and hypertension caused an elevated level but the mean values were within the range for adult Nigerians in the high income group. Only nephrotic syndrome in both adult and children was associated with a markedly increased cholesterol level in Nigerians of low income status.", "PMID": 506976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7068", "title": "Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. VI. Methodological study comparing the 24-hour recall and the dietary history interview.", "content": "The aim of the study was to evaluate and to compare the 24-hr recall method with the dietary history method as used in a food consumption survey of children. Information on the dietary intkake was obtained by 24-hour recall from 158 children and by the history method from 134. The interviews are repeated 7 months later. In addition, 741 children were interviewed by both methods on the same occasion. The repeatability of the results was analyzed both at the individual and at the group level. The correlation coefficients between the first and second interview in terms of the individual intakes of energy and nutrients were fairly low for both methods. At the group level the results of repeated 24-hr recalls were in good agreement. The dietary history method, however, gave significantly different mean intakes when repeated. The correlation coefficients between the values obtained by the 24-hr recall and the history method varied from 0.20 (vitamin A) to 0.50 (energy). The history method gave consistently higher mean values than the 24-hr recall. Neither of the methods can be considered suitable for the measurement of an individual child's dietary intake. The 24-hr recall is preferable for food consumption surveys of groups of children.", "contents": "Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. VI. Methodological study comparing the 24-hour recall and the dietary history interview. The aim of the study was to evaluate and to compare the 24-hr recall method with the dietary history method as used in a food consumption survey of children. Information on the dietary intkake was obtained by 24-hour recall from 158 children and by the history method from 134. The interviews are repeated 7 months later. In addition, 741 children were interviewed by both methods on the same occasion. The repeatability of the results was analyzed both at the individual and at the group level. The correlation coefficients between the first and second interview in terms of the individual intakes of energy and nutrients were fairly low for both methods. At the group level the results of repeated 24-hr recalls were in good agreement. The dietary history method, however, gave significantly different mean intakes when repeated. The correlation coefficients between the values obtained by the 24-hr recall and the history method varied from 0.20 (vitamin A) to 0.50 (energy). The history method gave consistently higher mean values than the 24-hr recall. Neither of the methods can be considered suitable for the measurement of an individual child's dietary intake. The 24-hr recall is preferable for food consumption surveys of groups of children.", "PMID": 506978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7069", "title": "The effects of stimulation of ear acupuncture points on the body's pain threshold.", "content": "Six ear acupuncture points, one non-acupuncture ear point, and the body locus Ho-Ku (LI-4) were electrically stimulated in order to compare the effects of stimulation on the body's pain threshold at selected loci on various points on the body by measurement with a radiation heat-type Pain Meter on 5 subjects. The ear points, with the exception of the non-acupuncture ear point, were found to be effective even in peripheral body regions in varying degrees. Ear stimulation did not increase the threshold as rapidly as Ho-Ku. In all cases where the pain threshold was raised, the effect persisted after electrical stimulation had stopped.", "contents": "The effects of stimulation of ear acupuncture points on the body's pain threshold. Six ear acupuncture points, one non-acupuncture ear point, and the body locus Ho-Ku (LI-4) were electrically stimulated in order to compare the effects of stimulation on the body's pain threshold at selected loci on various points on the body by measurement with a radiation heat-type Pain Meter on 5 subjects. The ear points, with the exception of the non-acupuncture ear point, were found to be effective even in peripheral body regions in varying degrees. Ear stimulation did not increase the threshold as rapidly as Ho-Ku. In all cases where the pain threshold was raised, the effect persisted after electrical stimulation had stopped.", "PMID": 506987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7070", "title": "The sedative effect of acupuncture.", "content": "Eight patients with diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were treated with acupuncture. Six of them showed good to moderate response while 2 had no change. The endorphin theory in applying acupuncture is discussed.", "contents": "The sedative effect of acupuncture. Eight patients with diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were treated with acupuncture. Six of them showed good to moderate response while 2 had no change. The endorphin theory in applying acupuncture is discussed.", "PMID": 506988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7071", "title": "Traditional and modern medicine in Malaysia.", "content": "Malaysia has a large variety of traditional medical systems that are a direct reflection of the wide ethnic diversity of its population. These can be grouped into four basic varieties, namely, traditional \"native,\" traditional Chinese, traditional Indian and modern medicine, examples of which are described. In spite of the great inroads made by modern medicine, the traditional systems are firmly established. Patients move from one system to another or use several systems simultaneously. The integration of the traditional Malay birth attendant into the health team is described. The forces influencing the development, acceptance and integration of the medical systems is discussed.", "contents": "Traditional and modern medicine in Malaysia. Malaysia has a large variety of traditional medical systems that are a direct reflection of the wide ethnic diversity of its population. These can be grouped into four basic varieties, namely, traditional \"native,\" traditional Chinese, traditional Indian and modern medicine, examples of which are described. In spite of the great inroads made by modern medicine, the traditional systems are firmly established. Patients move from one system to another or use several systems simultaneously. The integration of the traditional Malay birth attendant into the health team is described. The forces influencing the development, acceptance and integration of the medical systems is discussed.", "PMID": 506989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7072", "title": "Eosinophilic cystitis. A study of 16 cases.", "content": "The authors describe 16 examples of eosinophilic cystitis. Cases were predominately in older men, and usually were associated with other conditions of the bladder or prostate. In contrast, most of the 21 cases reported in the English language were in women and children who had a low incidence of associated bladder conditions, but often had allergic disorders and eosinophilia. It appears that either bladder injury or allergy predisposes to eosinophilic cystitis. The bladder-injury type probably occurs fairly commonly and can be misdiagnosed both clinically and pathologically. In most of the present series, the clinical diagnosis was carcinoma of the bladder, and some biopsy specimens superficially resembled specimens from cases of nonspecific chronic inflammation. There was muscle necrosis in most examples, and significant replacement fibrosis of muscle in all the latter sometimes masquerading as mucosal fibrosis. Giemsa stain for eosinophils and trichrome stain for muscle fibrosis are helpful diagnostic aids. Also, eosinophilic cystitis appears related to allergic cystitis and interstitial cystitis.", "contents": "Eosinophilic cystitis. A study of 16 cases. The authors describe 16 examples of eosinophilic cystitis. Cases were predominately in older men, and usually were associated with other conditions of the bladder or prostate. In contrast, most of the 21 cases reported in the English language were in women and children who had a low incidence of associated bladder conditions, but often had allergic disorders and eosinophilia. It appears that either bladder injury or allergy predisposes to eosinophilic cystitis. The bladder-injury type probably occurs fairly commonly and can be misdiagnosed both clinically and pathologically. In most of the present series, the clinical diagnosis was carcinoma of the bladder, and some biopsy specimens superficially resembled specimens from cases of nonspecific chronic inflammation. There was muscle necrosis in most examples, and significant replacement fibrosis of muscle in all the latter sometimes masquerading as mucosal fibrosis. Giemsa stain for eosinophils and trichrome stain for muscle fibrosis are helpful diagnostic aids. Also, eosinophilic cystitis appears related to allergic cystitis and interstitial cystitis.", "PMID": 506991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7073", "title": "Lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum. A report of 38 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Thirty-eight cases of lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum are presented and analyzed, together with those previously reported. Available data indicate that this entity is more likely to be seen in the seventh to eighth decade of life, in Caucasians, and with age-associated increases of epicardial fat. It differs from cardiac lipoma, which is a true neoplasm occurring in a younger age group. It is probably more frequent than reported as it is usually not looked for. Atrial arrhythmias sometimetimes coexist with this lesion, but a cause-and-effect relationship would be difficult to prove. The lesion should be included in the differential consideration of atrial masses found by ultrasound, cineangiocardiogram, and gated radionuclide cardiac imaging.", "contents": "Lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum. A report of 38 cases and review of the literature. Thirty-eight cases of lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum are presented and analyzed, together with those previously reported. Available data indicate that this entity is more likely to be seen in the seventh to eighth decade of life, in Caucasians, and with age-associated increases of epicardial fat. It differs from cardiac lipoma, which is a true neoplasm occurring in a younger age group. It is probably more frequent than reported as it is usually not looked for. Atrial arrhythmias sometimetimes coexist with this lesion, but a cause-and-effect relationship would be difficult to prove. The lesion should be included in the differential consideration of atrial masses found by ultrasound, cineangiocardiogram, and gated radionuclide cardiac imaging.", "PMID": 506992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7074", "title": "Phencyclidine abuse. Clinical findings and concentrations in biological fluids after nonfatal intoxication.", "content": "Phencyclidine concentrations were measured in the plasmas of 22 patients with nonfatal phencyclidine intoxication using gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector. Concentrations found ranged from less than 10 to 812 micrograms/l, and except for the systolic blood pressure (r = 0.60, P less than 0.05), showed no significant correlation with the physical findings. The most common physical findings were combativeness-agitation (64%), depressed level of consciousness (50%), hypertension (43%), moiosis (43%), and tachycardia (43%). Phencyclidine concentrations measured in the erythrocytes of seven of the patients were generally higher than concentrations in the corresponding plasmas (erythrocyte:plasma concentration ratios ranged from 3.1 to 37.9), suggesting that the binding of phencyclidine to plasma proteins is low. Erythrocytic concentrations also showed no significant correlation with either the physical findings or the plasma concentrations of phencyclidine. For 15 unselected urines the concentrations of phencyclidine showed no significant correlation with urinary pH.", "contents": "Phencyclidine abuse. Clinical findings and concentrations in biological fluids after nonfatal intoxication. Phencyclidine concentrations were measured in the plasmas of 22 patients with nonfatal phencyclidine intoxication using gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector. Concentrations found ranged from less than 10 to 812 micrograms/l, and except for the systolic blood pressure (r = 0.60, P less than 0.05), showed no significant correlation with the physical findings. The most common physical findings were combativeness-agitation (64%), depressed level of consciousness (50%), hypertension (43%), moiosis (43%), and tachycardia (43%). Phencyclidine concentrations measured in the erythrocytes of seven of the patients were generally higher than concentrations in the corresponding plasmas (erythrocyte:plasma concentration ratios ranged from 3.1 to 37.9), suggesting that the binding of phencyclidine to plasma proteins is low. Erythrocytic concentrations also showed no significant correlation with either the physical findings or the plasma concentrations of phencyclidine. For 15 unselected urines the concentrations of phencyclidine showed no significant correlation with urinary pH.", "PMID": 506993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7075", "title": "Selective IgA deviciency in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "content": "A selective IgA deficiency was found in five of 15 random patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Immunologic studies of 32 members of the five families showed low IgA in 17 of the members, associated with elevated IgM in 20, without other significant immune abnormalities. The immunoglobulin pattern and the variability of symptoms in this familial peripheral neuropathy suggest that a thymic or gut-associated immune deficiency or both, may be causally related to the disease process.", "contents": "Selective IgA deviciency in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. A selective IgA deficiency was found in five of 15 random patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Immunologic studies of 32 members of the five families showed low IgA in 17 of the members, associated with elevated IgM in 20, without other significant immune abnormalities. The immunoglobulin pattern and the variability of symptoms in this familial peripheral neuropathy suggest that a thymic or gut-associated immune deficiency or both, may be causally related to the disease process.", "PMID": 506994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7076", "title": "Serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores. I. Correlation with absence of iron in biopsy specimens.", "content": "Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and percentage saturation of transferrin have classically been used to demonstrate a hypoferremic state; however, these tests may not discriminate between depleted iron stores and conditions associated with defective reticuloendothelial release of iron. Estimation of stainable iron in the bone marrow biopsy specimen is then the most practical way to assess body iron stores. With the availability of a radioimmunoassay procedure for serum ferritin, we undertook a prospective study to determine whether serum ferritin concentrations might replace assessment of the marrow biopsy iron stores as an indicator of hypoferremia. Iron stores were absent from bone marrow biopsy specimens from 104 patients. A good correlation between low serum ferritin levels and absence of iron stores in biopsy specimens was found for 91 patients (87.5%). Thirteen (12.5%) had normal serum ferritin concentrations with absence of biopsy iron. These individuals had hematopoietic malignancies or active hepatic disease, or were receiving iron therapy. In this group, a bone marrow biopsy would still be necessary for evaluation of a hypoferremic state, even though the serum ferritin concentration might be normal.", "contents": "Serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores. I. Correlation with absence of iron in biopsy specimens. Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and percentage saturation of transferrin have classically been used to demonstrate a hypoferremic state; however, these tests may not discriminate between depleted iron stores and conditions associated with defective reticuloendothelial release of iron. Estimation of stainable iron in the bone marrow biopsy specimen is then the most practical way to assess body iron stores. With the availability of a radioimmunoassay procedure for serum ferritin, we undertook a prospective study to determine whether serum ferritin concentrations might replace assessment of the marrow biopsy iron stores as an indicator of hypoferremia. Iron stores were absent from bone marrow biopsy specimens from 104 patients. A good correlation between low serum ferritin levels and absence of iron stores in biopsy specimens was found for 91 patients (87.5%). Thirteen (12.5%) had normal serum ferritin concentrations with absence of biopsy iron. These individuals had hematopoietic malignancies or active hepatic disease, or were receiving iron therapy. In this group, a bone marrow biopsy would still be necessary for evaluation of a hypoferremic state, even though the serum ferritin concentration might be normal.", "PMID": 506995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7077", "title": "Manual and computerized cumulative reporting systems for the clinical microbiology laboratory.", "content": "A manual and a computerized system that produce cumulative updated reports from the clinical microbiology laboratory are described. Each system gives the physician a report that is clearly formatted, cumulative, readily updated, and written in conversational terms with minimal abbreviations. The report formats and updating sequences are nearly identical, so that one system can easily replace or back up the other. The cost and complexity of the hardware and software for the computerized system are modest, so that these are suitable for the moderate-sized hospital laboratory processing fewer than 10,000 specimens per year. Also, the laboratory personnel in our community-based nonteaching hospital were able to develop, set up, and support these systems without external consultation or purchased services. Therefore, the improved quality of reporting based on these types of systems can now be available to all laboratories without regard to size or workload.", "contents": "Manual and computerized cumulative reporting systems for the clinical microbiology laboratory. A manual and a computerized system that produce cumulative updated reports from the clinical microbiology laboratory are described. Each system gives the physician a report that is clearly formatted, cumulative, readily updated, and written in conversational terms with minimal abbreviations. The report formats and updating sequences are nearly identical, so that one system can easily replace or back up the other. The cost and complexity of the hardware and software for the computerized system are modest, so that these are suitable for the moderate-sized hospital laboratory processing fewer than 10,000 specimens per year. Also, the laboratory personnel in our community-based nonteaching hospital were able to develop, set up, and support these systems without external consultation or purchased services. Therefore, the improved quality of reporting based on these types of systems can now be available to all laboratories without regard to size or workload.", "PMID": 506996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7078", "title": "Leucomalachite green assay for free hemoglobin in serum.", "content": "A new colorimetric assay for the determination of serum free hemoglobin utilizing the noncarcinogenic compound leucomalachite green is described. The reaction is complete in 8 min, with the resulting color stable for at least 30 min. The absorption maximum for the leucomalachite green reaction product was observed at 617 nm. Precision studies at 50 and 300 mg/l free hemoglobin concentrations resulted in within-run variations of 1.9 and 1.7%, while the day-to-day variations were 6.9 and 4.0%, respectively. Accuracy studies at concentrations of 50, 150 and 300 mg/l resulted in recoveries of 88, 95 and 98% of theoretical values.", "contents": "Leucomalachite green assay for free hemoglobin in serum. A new colorimetric assay for the determination of serum free hemoglobin utilizing the noncarcinogenic compound leucomalachite green is described. The reaction is complete in 8 min, with the resulting color stable for at least 30 min. The absorption maximum for the leucomalachite green reaction product was observed at 617 nm. Precision studies at 50 and 300 mg/l free hemoglobin concentrations resulted in within-run variations of 1.9 and 1.7%, while the day-to-day variations were 6.9 and 4.0%, respectively. Accuracy studies at concentrations of 50, 150 and 300 mg/l resulted in recoveries of 88, 95 and 98% of theoretical values.", "PMID": 506997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7079", "title": "In-vitro activities of cefamandole and cephalothin against 1,881 clinical isolates. A multi-center study.", "content": "By use of an agardilution technic, 1,881 clinical isolates were tested against cefamandole and cephalothin. The isolates represented 18 genera, recovered in five geographically separate centers within the United States. The majority of strains were susceptible (MICs less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml) to both drugs. Cefamandole showed greater activity against most of the bacterial pathogens. Enterococci, Serratia spp., and Acinetobacter spp. were resistant to both drugs. Cephalothin was more active against Staphylococcus aureus, and both cephalosporins were relatively inactive against methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Enterobacter spp. and indole-positive Proteus spp. were susceptible to cefamandole but resistant to cephalothin.", "contents": "In-vitro activities of cefamandole and cephalothin against 1,881 clinical isolates. A multi-center study. By use of an agardilution technic, 1,881 clinical isolates were tested against cefamandole and cephalothin. The isolates represented 18 genera, recovered in five geographically separate centers within the United States. The majority of strains were susceptible (MICs less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml) to both drugs. Cefamandole showed greater activity against most of the bacterial pathogens. Enterococci, Serratia spp., and Acinetobacter spp. were resistant to both drugs. Cephalothin was more active against Staphylococcus aureus, and both cephalosporins were relatively inactive against methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Enterobacter spp. and indole-positive Proteus spp. were susceptible to cefamandole but resistant to cephalothin.", "PMID": 506998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7080", "title": "Ultrastructure of myofibroblasts and decidualized cells in leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata.", "content": "A case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata studied by light and transmission electron microscopy is reported. The lesion, from a pregnant woman, was found to contain predominantly myofibroblasts and decidualized cells in a rich collagen stroma, while relatively few leiomyocytes and fibroblasts were observed. The development and fate of this entity are discussed in view of the present findings and those previously reported.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of myofibroblasts and decidualized cells in leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. A case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata studied by light and transmission electron microscopy is reported. The lesion, from a pregnant woman, was found to contain predominantly myofibroblasts and decidualized cells in a rich collagen stroma, while relatively few leiomyocytes and fibroblasts were observed. The development and fate of this entity are discussed in view of the present findings and those previously reported.", "PMID": 506999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7081", "title": "Septicemia caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis.", "content": "A case of septicemia caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis is reported. This represents the first definitive case of disease produced by this yellow-pigmented, nonfermentative bacillus.", "contents": "Septicemia caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis. A case of septicemia caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis is reported. This represents the first definitive case of disease produced by this yellow-pigmented, nonfermentative bacillus.", "PMID": 507000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7082", "title": "Coping with poor prognosis in the pediatric intensive care unit. The Cassandra prophecy.", "content": "The intensive-care pediatrician who prophesies to parents that their child's illness is irreversible may encounter denial and hostility. The physician may compare his plight to that of Cassandra--the mythical Greek prophetess of doom, who was cursed to see into the future and not be believed. Four cases are reported in which parents rejected their child's hopeless prognosis, counterprophesied miraculous cures, resolved to obtain exorcism, criticized the care, or accused nurses of neglect. This produced a painful breakdown in the usually harmonious relationships between doctors, nurses, and parents. Parental denial as a coping mechanism is discussed. Guidelines are presented for the prevention and/or early recognition and management of the Cassandra Prophecy phenomenon. A miraculous recovery in one case is a potent reminder to physicians and nurses that they do not have the gift of divine prophecy and cannot see with certainty into the future.", "contents": "Coping with poor prognosis in the pediatric intensive care unit. The Cassandra prophecy. The intensive-care pediatrician who prophesies to parents that their child's illness is irreversible may encounter denial and hostility. The physician may compare his plight to that of Cassandra--the mythical Greek prophetess of doom, who was cursed to see into the future and not be believed. Four cases are reported in which parents rejected their child's hopeless prognosis, counterprophesied miraculous cures, resolved to obtain exorcism, criticized the care, or accused nurses of neglect. This produced a painful breakdown in the usually harmonious relationships between doctors, nurses, and parents. Parental denial as a coping mechanism is discussed. Guidelines are presented for the prevention and/or early recognition and management of the Cassandra Prophecy phenomenon. A miraculous recovery in one case is a potent reminder to physicians and nurses that they do not have the gift of divine prophecy and cannot see with certainty into the future.", "PMID": 507004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7083", "title": "The usefulness of lateral neck roentgenograms in laryngotracheobronchitis.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of lateral neck roentgenograms when laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is the suggested diagnosis, three pediatric radiologists were asked to examine a series of lateral neck roentgenograms of subjects with LTB and controls. In six of the group with LTB, the roentgenograms were unreadable. Given adequate roentgenograms, the radiologists diagnosed or excluded LTB with a high degree of accuracy (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 92%). However, their predictions of severity based on the roentgenograms showed a poor correlation with measures of clinical severity. The clinical severity of those with unreadable roentgenograms was significantly greater.", "contents": "The usefulness of lateral neck roentgenograms in laryngotracheobronchitis. To evaluate the usefulness of lateral neck roentgenograms when laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is the suggested diagnosis, three pediatric radiologists were asked to examine a series of lateral neck roentgenograms of subjects with LTB and controls. In six of the group with LTB, the roentgenograms were unreadable. Given adequate roentgenograms, the radiologists diagnosed or excluded LTB with a high degree of accuracy (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 92%). However, their predictions of severity based on the roentgenograms showed a poor correlation with measures of clinical severity. The clinical severity of those with unreadable roentgenograms was significantly greater.", "PMID": 507005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7084", "title": "Streptococcus bovis meningitis in a neonate.", "content": "Neonatal infections have been caused by Streptococcus bovis, a nonenterococcal group D Streptococcus. A recent case of neonatal meningitis caused by this organism prompted a literature review regarding appropriate antibiotic therapy. Although most reports suggested penicillin therapy alone for S bovis meningitis, isolates of this organism that were as resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin as the enterococcus have been recovered. Therefor, it was recommended that until the results of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration tests are known both an aminoglycoside and a penicillin be used simultaneously. Proved susceptibility to the penicillin would justify discontinuation of the aminoglycoside therapy. Physicians caring for neonates with S bovis should be aware that some strains may be resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin.", "contents": "Streptococcus bovis meningitis in a neonate. Neonatal infections have been caused by Streptococcus bovis, a nonenterococcal group D Streptococcus. A recent case of neonatal meningitis caused by this organism prompted a literature review regarding appropriate antibiotic therapy. Although most reports suggested penicillin therapy alone for S bovis meningitis, isolates of this organism that were as resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin as the enterococcus have been recovered. Therefor, it was recommended that until the results of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration tests are known both an aminoglycoside and a penicillin be used simultaneously. Proved susceptibility to the penicillin would justify discontinuation of the aminoglycoside therapy. Physicians caring for neonates with S bovis should be aware that some strains may be resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin.", "PMID": 507006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7085", "title": "Familial cirrhosis.", "content": "Three pairs of siblings with cirrhosis were investigated. The histopathological examination of the liver biopsy specimens and the laboratory findings did not give any clue about the cause of the disease. The presence of familial cirrhosis was considered.", "contents": "Familial cirrhosis. Three pairs of siblings with cirrhosis were investigated. The histopathological examination of the liver biopsy specimens and the laboratory findings did not give any clue about the cause of the disease. The presence of familial cirrhosis was considered.", "PMID": 507007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7086", "title": "Gallium 67 scanning for the diagnosis of infection in children.", "content": "Gallium 67 scintigraphy was studied prospectively in 26 children with clinically suspected abscesses. Scan interpretation agreed with the clinical outcome in 21 patients (81%). The true-negative rate was 71% and the true-positive rate was 92%. False-positive scans were related to bleeding and bone infarcts. False-negative scans were related to neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/cu mm) and to lesions smaller than 1 cm. Gallium scanning is a safe and reliable method of diagnosis of infection in children, except for patients with neutropenia or whose lesions are smaller than 1 cm. Two-hour scans may be useful in some patients, particularly those with osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Gallium 67 scanning for the diagnosis of infection in children. Gallium 67 scintigraphy was studied prospectively in 26 children with clinically suspected abscesses. Scan interpretation agreed with the clinical outcome in 21 patients (81%). The true-negative rate was 71% and the true-positive rate was 92%. False-positive scans were related to bleeding and bone infarcts. False-negative scans were related to neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/cu mm) and to lesions smaller than 1 cm. Gallium scanning is a safe and reliable method of diagnosis of infection in children, except for patients with neutropenia or whose lesions are smaller than 1 cm. Two-hour scans may be useful in some patients, particularly those with osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 507008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7087", "title": "Diaphragmatic elevation in neonatal myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "In two infants born to mothers with myotonic dystrophy, chest roentgenograms showed elevation of the right sides of the diaphragms. These findings aided in the diagnoses of the neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy and the diagnoses were confirmed at autopsy. Diaphragmatic elevation in neonatal myotonic dystrophy is important to differentiate from diaphragmatic abnormalities that may be amenable to surgery. Accurate early diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling is important in the management of this disorder.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic elevation in neonatal myotonic dystrophy. In two infants born to mothers with myotonic dystrophy, chest roentgenograms showed elevation of the right sides of the diaphragms. These findings aided in the diagnoses of the neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy and the diagnoses were confirmed at autopsy. Diaphragmatic elevation in neonatal myotonic dystrophy is important to differentiate from diaphragmatic abnormalities that may be amenable to surgery. Accurate early diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling is important in the management of this disorder.", "PMID": 507009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7088", "title": "Posterolateral (Bochdalek's) diaphragmatic hernia in sisters.", "content": "Two siblings with identical left posterolateral diaphragmatic (Bochdalek's) hernias are described. To our knowledge, there is one earlier description of siblings in which the diaphragmatic defects have been defined as posterolateral. The observation of these two families with a defect that is usually sporadic raises the possibility of etiologic heterogeneity among posterolateral defects of the diaphragm. Although overall recurrence risk is probably small, prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound should be possible and may improve perinatal management in familial cases.", "contents": "Posterolateral (Bochdalek's) diaphragmatic hernia in sisters. Two siblings with identical left posterolateral diaphragmatic (Bochdalek's) hernias are described. To our knowledge, there is one earlier description of siblings in which the diaphragmatic defects have been defined as posterolateral. The observation of these two families with a defect that is usually sporadic raises the possibility of etiologic heterogeneity among posterolateral defects of the diaphragm. Although overall recurrence risk is probably small, prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound should be possible and may improve perinatal management in familial cases.", "PMID": 507010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7089", "title": "Career dynamics of female heroin addicts.", "content": "Heroin use histories and related institutional involvements were obtained from 30 female heroin addicts. Presence of intimate (vs casual) companions at first heroin use strongly differentiated subsequent high vs low consumption patterns. Intimate others were precipitants in 60% of all treatment episodes; the duration of such episodes was nearly double that for self-precipitated admissions. Concurrent familial determinants were indicated in virtually all accounts of current consumption patterns. It is concluded that romantic/kinship units and liasons of female addicts are an important focus for research, policy, and therapeutic interest.", "contents": "Career dynamics of female heroin addicts. Heroin use histories and related institutional involvements were obtained from 30 female heroin addicts. Presence of intimate (vs casual) companions at first heroin use strongly differentiated subsequent high vs low consumption patterns. Intimate others were precipitants in 60% of all treatment episodes; the duration of such episodes was nearly double that for self-precipitated admissions. Concurrent familial determinants were indicated in virtually all accounts of current consumption patterns. It is concluded that romantic/kinship units and liasons of female addicts are an important focus for research, policy, and therapeutic interest.", "PMID": 507017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7090", "title": "Alcohol and drug abuse treatment: perceived effectiveness of inpatient combined treatment programs.", "content": "The present study did not address directly the comparative superiority of treatment approaches for combined versus separate treatment. It reflects, instead, the perceptions of staff and clients from the programs visited, the available literature, information gathered in the search for combined programs, and program processes and outcomes. The primary hypothesis generated by the study proposed that, given a receptive treatment staff, it is probable that combined treatment has the flexibility to provide treatment to both drug and alcohol abusers that is at least as effective and probably more efficient than separate treatment. Until empirical evidence that clearly delineates problems associated with combined treatment is obtaned, it was suggested that the selection of a combined or separate treatment paradigm is best determined by the needs of the community and the attitudes of the treatment staff.", "contents": "Alcohol and drug abuse treatment: perceived effectiveness of inpatient combined treatment programs. The present study did not address directly the comparative superiority of treatment approaches for combined versus separate treatment. It reflects, instead, the perceptions of staff and clients from the programs visited, the available literature, information gathered in the search for combined programs, and program processes and outcomes. The primary hypothesis generated by the study proposed that, given a receptive treatment staff, it is probable that combined treatment has the flexibility to provide treatment to both drug and alcohol abusers that is at least as effective and probably more efficient than separate treatment. Until empirical evidence that clearly delineates problems associated with combined treatment is obtaned, it was suggested that the selection of a combined or separate treatment paradigm is best determined by the needs of the community and the attitudes of the treatment staff.", "PMID": 507018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7091", "title": "Fire deaths and drinking: data from the Ontario fire reporting system.", "content": "Data on recorded alcohol impairment of 264 victims of fatal fires in Ontario in 1976 are analyzed. Male victims were twice as likely to be impaired as females, and impairment was more common among those under 50 years of age. Alcohol impairment was most often noted in victims of fires at night and on weekends. Overall, 31% of adult victims were reported as alcohol impaired. The Ontario data suggests alcohol involvement in victims was not associated with smoking as a cause of the fire.", "contents": "Fire deaths and drinking: data from the Ontario fire reporting system. Data on recorded alcohol impairment of 264 victims of fatal fires in Ontario in 1976 are analyzed. Male victims were twice as likely to be impaired as females, and impairment was more common among those under 50 years of age. Alcohol impairment was most often noted in victims of fires at night and on weekends. Overall, 31% of adult victims were reported as alcohol impaired. The Ontario data suggests alcohol involvement in victims was not associated with smoking as a cause of the fire.", "PMID": 507019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7092", "title": "A twenty-year follow-up of narcotic addicts in Tucson, Arizona.", "content": "This preliminary report from an epidemiological study of heroin addiction in Tucson, Arizona, 1956-1976, examines the status of heroin addicts 20 years after they have been identified as narcotics abusers, focusing on the maturation hypothesis which holds that heroin addicts tend to cease use of narcotics spontaneously by age forty. A cohort of 51 subjects was identified from Public Records of Court Appearances for narcotic offenses during a 36-month period (1955-1957), located and, where possible, interviewed. Records from a minimum of two agencies (law enforcement, corrections, treatment, welfare) were used to establish current status of the individual with reference to the use of narcotics and/or other drugs. Demographic, ethnic, socioeconomic makeup of the sample, as well as criminal involvement and treatment episodes, is included. After 20 years, one individual is drug-free or abstinent. Twenty-three are considered still addicted to heroin, 16 of these are in prison; seven are addicted to methadone or alcohol. Thirteen are dead. Six could not be located; however, five could be traced well beyond 1956 through criminal activities. All but one person have passed their fortieth birthdays. For these 51 addicts, the maturation hypothesis does not hold.", "contents": "A twenty-year follow-up of narcotic addicts in Tucson, Arizona. This preliminary report from an epidemiological study of heroin addiction in Tucson, Arizona, 1956-1976, examines the status of heroin addicts 20 years after they have been identified as narcotics abusers, focusing on the maturation hypothesis which holds that heroin addicts tend to cease use of narcotics spontaneously by age forty. A cohort of 51 subjects was identified from Public Records of Court Appearances for narcotic offenses during a 36-month period (1955-1957), located and, where possible, interviewed. Records from a minimum of two agencies (law enforcement, corrections, treatment, welfare) were used to establish current status of the individual with reference to the use of narcotics and/or other drugs. Demographic, ethnic, socioeconomic makeup of the sample, as well as criminal involvement and treatment episodes, is included. After 20 years, one individual is drug-free or abstinent. Twenty-three are considered still addicted to heroin, 16 of these are in prison; seven are addicted to methadone or alcohol. Thirteen are dead. Six could not be located; however, five could be traced well beyond 1956 through criminal activities. All but one person have passed their fortieth birthdays. For these 51 addicts, the maturation hypothesis does not hold.", "PMID": 507020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7093", "title": "The impact of Vietnam service on heroin-addicted veterans.", "content": "Age-matched samples of Vietnam veterans and veterans who did not serve in Vietnam were surveyed at the time that they applied for treatment of heroin addiction. Vietnam veterans were more likely to have begun using heroin during their military service, and they were more likely to say that their service experiences had affected their use of drugs, usually citing relief of fear and tensions of war. Veterans who had not been in Vietnam were somewhat more likely to have begun using drugs after service, and generally indicated that their military experiences had not affected their drug use. When they did cite an effect of service, the factors usually indicated were boredom and a lack of meaningful activity. Attitudes toward narcotic use were negative in both groups, but significantly less so among Vietnam veterans. However, these attitudes did not relate to patterns of current or past drug use. Groups did not differ in the extent of or reasons for current illicit drug use, but non-Vietnam veterans reported more alcohol use. The Vietnam war was mentioned by one Vietnam veteran and by no non-Vietnam veterans as a reason for continuing narcotic use. Few other differences were found. Notably, typical treatment course over a 5-year follow-up period was similar in the two study groups.", "contents": "The impact of Vietnam service on heroin-addicted veterans. Age-matched samples of Vietnam veterans and veterans who did not serve in Vietnam were surveyed at the time that they applied for treatment of heroin addiction. Vietnam veterans were more likely to have begun using heroin during their military service, and they were more likely to say that their service experiences had affected their use of drugs, usually citing relief of fear and tensions of war. Veterans who had not been in Vietnam were somewhat more likely to have begun using drugs after service, and generally indicated that their military experiences had not affected their drug use. When they did cite an effect of service, the factors usually indicated were boredom and a lack of meaningful activity. Attitudes toward narcotic use were negative in both groups, but significantly less so among Vietnam veterans. However, these attitudes did not relate to patterns of current or past drug use. Groups did not differ in the extent of or reasons for current illicit drug use, but non-Vietnam veterans reported more alcohol use. The Vietnam war was mentioned by one Vietnam veteran and by no non-Vietnam veterans as a reason for continuing narcotic use. Few other differences were found. Notably, typical treatment course over a 5-year follow-up period was similar in the two study groups.", "PMID": 507021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7094", "title": "Reentry concerns of incarcerated substance abusers.", "content": "To facilitate planning of a state-wide reentry program for parolees with histories of drug and alcohol abuse, group interviews were conducted to determine the perceived problems and reentry service needs of 110 male and female inmates of Oregon correctional institutions. Expressed concerns about problems related to frustrations of prison experience, familial and peer relationships, parole supervision, and day-to-day survival skills point to significant gaps and biases in existing reentry services planned from an \"objective\" viewpoint that slights direct assessment of potential clients' needs.", "contents": "Reentry concerns of incarcerated substance abusers. To facilitate planning of a state-wide reentry program for parolees with histories of drug and alcohol abuse, group interviews were conducted to determine the perceived problems and reentry service needs of 110 male and female inmates of Oregon correctional institutions. Expressed concerns about problems related to frustrations of prison experience, familial and peer relationships, parole supervision, and day-to-day survival skills point to significant gaps and biases in existing reentry services planned from an \"objective\" viewpoint that slights direct assessment of potential clients' needs.", "PMID": 507022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7095", "title": "Emergency room admissions for acute drug reactions in a VA hospital.", "content": "To determine the extent to which veterans used a VA Emergency Room (ER) for the treatment of acute drug reactions, the ER log of a VA Hospital was examined to ascertain the number of drug-related visits during the past 24 months. The low base rate suggests that veterans do not rely on a VA ER for the treatment of acute drug reactions and that proper medical supervision and medication management is maintained in the majority of cases. Those who did utilize a VA ER appear to be young (age range 25 to 34), used legally prescribed drugs in combination with alcohol or tranquilizers, and were often suicidal. More attention to the crisis state precipitated by the acute drug reaction is recommended.", "contents": "Emergency room admissions for acute drug reactions in a VA hospital. To determine the extent to which veterans used a VA Emergency Room (ER) for the treatment of acute drug reactions, the ER log of a VA Hospital was examined to ascertain the number of drug-related visits during the past 24 months. The low base rate suggests that veterans do not rely on a VA ER for the treatment of acute drug reactions and that proper medical supervision and medication management is maintained in the majority of cases. Those who did utilize a VA ER appear to be young (age range 25 to 34), used legally prescribed drugs in combination with alcohol or tranquilizers, and were often suicidal. More attention to the crisis state precipitated by the acute drug reaction is recommended.", "PMID": 507023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7096", "title": "The reliability of biographical information obtained from court-stipulated clients newly admitted to treatment.", "content": "An exhaustive test-retest reliability study was made of the intake interview used by Abraxas' residential drug program. The study is notable in that (1) 143 wide-ranging questionnaire variables were examined, (2) all tested clients were under court pressure, and (3) the second interview was given after an average of 8 months in treatment. Reliability coefficients for 50% of the 143 items were found to be greater than or equal to .70, 83 were greater than or equal to .50, and the lowest coefficient recorded was .24. Although the clients tended to suppress some sensitive material in the first interview, it was concluded that considerable self-reported information can be obtained from court-stipulated clients within a few days after admission.", "contents": "The reliability of biographical information obtained from court-stipulated clients newly admitted to treatment. An exhaustive test-retest reliability study was made of the intake interview used by Abraxas' residential drug program. The study is notable in that (1) 143 wide-ranging questionnaire variables were examined, (2) all tested clients were under court pressure, and (3) the second interview was given after an average of 8 months in treatment. Reliability coefficients for 50% of the 143 items were found to be greater than or equal to .70, 83 were greater than or equal to .50, and the lowest coefficient recorded was .24. Although the clients tended to suppress some sensitive material in the first interview, it was concluded that considerable self-reported information can be obtained from court-stipulated clients within a few days after admission.", "PMID": 507024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7097", "title": "Second-year alcoholism treatment outcome evaluation with a focus on Mexican-American patients.", "content": "This is an evaluation of an Alcohol Treatment Unit with a focus on a comparison of Mexican-American and Anglo-American outcomes. Social adjustment on a target cohort of 75 was measured on a standard rating instrument (SAI) 2 years after discharge from the hospital. The overall successfulness of the program was 39%; the validity of the Treatment Difficulty Scale (a composite index of anticipated treatment difficulty) was demonstrated for both ethnic groups and both first and second year outcome results; and the average stability of first year findings of SAI components as compared to second year results was shown to be 79%. Use of a standardized index of pretreatment patient characteristics was recommended to facilitate comparative program evaluation research.", "contents": "Second-year alcoholism treatment outcome evaluation with a focus on Mexican-American patients. This is an evaluation of an Alcohol Treatment Unit with a focus on a comparison of Mexican-American and Anglo-American outcomes. Social adjustment on a target cohort of 75 was measured on a standard rating instrument (SAI) 2 years after discharge from the hospital. The overall successfulness of the program was 39%; the validity of the Treatment Difficulty Scale (a composite index of anticipated treatment difficulty) was demonstrated for both ethnic groups and both first and second year outcome results; and the average stability of first year findings of SAI components as compared to second year results was shown to be 79%. Use of a standardized index of pretreatment patient characteristics was recommended to facilitate comparative program evaluation research.", "PMID": 507025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7098", "title": "Hypernephroma with nonmetastatic liver dysfunction (Stauffer's syndrome) and hypercalcemia. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of renal carcinoma with hepatic dysfunction and hypercalcemia is described. The literature on Stauffer's syndrome has been reviewed and the pathogenesis of this syndrome discussed. It is stressed that the presence of hepatic dysfunction should not be considered a contraindication to surgery since its manifestations have been observed to regress in many cases following removal of the tumor.", "contents": "Hypernephroma with nonmetastatic liver dysfunction (Stauffer's syndrome) and hypercalcemia. Case report and review of the literature. A case of renal carcinoma with hepatic dysfunction and hypercalcemia is described. The literature on Stauffer's syndrome has been reviewed and the pathogenesis of this syndrome discussed. It is stressed that the presence of hepatic dysfunction should not be considered a contraindication to surgery since its manifestations have been observed to regress in many cases following removal of the tumor.", "PMID": 507026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7099", "title": "Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation related to oral contraceptives. A study of two patients showing ultrastructural changes.", "content": "Two patients who have been on oral contraceptives for five and six years developed sinusoidal dilatation. Hepatic enlargement, tenderness and pain disappeared after the discontinuance of steroid drugs. Ultrastructural changes included dilatation of endoplasmic reticula with accumulation of granular electron dense material, disruption of mitochondrial membranes and deposits of collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces between hepatocytes and in the spaces of Disse. Possible relationship of this condition to peliosis hepatis and focal nodular hyperplasia are discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation related to oral contraceptives. A study of two patients showing ultrastructural changes. Two patients who have been on oral contraceptives for five and six years developed sinusoidal dilatation. Hepatic enlargement, tenderness and pain disappeared after the discontinuance of steroid drugs. Ultrastructural changes included dilatation of endoplasmic reticula with accumulation of granular electron dense material, disruption of mitochondrial membranes and deposits of collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces between hepatocytes and in the spaces of Disse. Possible relationship of this condition to peliosis hepatis and focal nodular hyperplasia are discussed.", "PMID": 507027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7100", "title": "Abnormalities of the bile duct associated with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The association of abnormalities of the common bile duct with chronic inflammatory disease of the pancreas is described in this report in which the important diagnostic role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is emphasized in this disease entity. ERCP was utilized as a single diagnostic modality in 27 patients (15 females) in whom both the biliary tree and pancreatic ducts were demonstrated. Abnormalities of the pancreatic duct were noted in all patients while the associated changes of the common bile duct were noted in 12 (44%--7 females). The role of ERCP in confirming the diagnosis and its importance in planning specific therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the bile duct associated with chronic pancreatitis. The association of abnormalities of the common bile duct with chronic inflammatory disease of the pancreas is described in this report in which the important diagnostic role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is emphasized in this disease entity. ERCP was utilized as a single diagnostic modality in 27 patients (15 females) in whom both the biliary tree and pancreatic ducts were demonstrated. Abnormalities of the pancreatic duct were noted in all patients while the associated changes of the common bile duct were noted in 12 (44%--7 females). The role of ERCP in confirming the diagnosis and its importance in planning specific therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 507029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7101", "title": "Amelioration of pancreatitis with azathioprine.", "content": "An experimental method was developed for the production of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis of uniform lethality in dogs, using the injection of a bile trypsin mixture into the major pancreatic duct. Fifteen of the 20 dogs treated with azathioprine survived as opposed to none of the ten treated conservatively.", "contents": "Amelioration of pancreatitis with azathioprine. An experimental method was developed for the production of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis of uniform lethality in dogs, using the injection of a bile trypsin mixture into the major pancreatic duct. Fifteen of the 20 dogs treated with azathioprine survived as opposed to none of the ten treated conservatively.", "PMID": 507030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7102", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following jejunoileal by-pass.", "content": "Four cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following ileojejunal by-pass in 37 patients are described and the literature reviewed. This complication is usually a self-limited condition, responding to conservative management.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following jejunoileal by-pass. Four cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following ileojejunal by-pass in 37 patients are described and the literature reviewed. This complication is usually a self-limited condition, responding to conservative management.", "PMID": 507031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7103", "title": "Canidida infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract superadded upon chemical injury with acids.", "content": "Two male patients, who presented with Candida albicans infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, superadded over local mucosal injury due to corrosive chemical agents and chronic alcoholism have been described. Such an association of prior local injury with this type of fungal infection has not been hitherto documented. One of these patients had a gastric antral stricture due to ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid and Candida esophagitis, whereas the other had severe erosive gastritis and Candida gastritis following ingestion of thiocyanates.", "contents": "Canidida infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract superadded upon chemical injury with acids. Two male patients, who presented with Candida albicans infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, superadded over local mucosal injury due to corrosive chemical agents and chronic alcoholism have been described. Such an association of prior local injury with this type of fungal infection has not been hitherto documented. One of these patients had a gastric antral stricture due to ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid and Candida esophagitis, whereas the other had severe erosive gastritis and Candida gastritis following ingestion of thiocyanates.", "PMID": 507032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7104", "title": "Liver abscess. A complication of regional enteritis.", "content": "A patient with liver abscess in association with regional enteritis is reported. Liver abscess should be suspected in patients with regional enteritis who present with fever, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, liver tenderness, right upper quadrant pain or hepatomegaly.", "contents": "Liver abscess. A complication of regional enteritis. A patient with liver abscess in association with regional enteritis is reported. Liver abscess should be suspected in patients with regional enteritis who present with fever, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, liver tenderness, right upper quadrant pain or hepatomegaly.", "PMID": 507033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7105", "title": "Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis.", "content": "In an attempt to identify the incidence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis the records of 67 infants were reviewed. Twenty-two infants were found to have direct bilirubin concentrations greater than 1.0 mg./dl. Among 11 infants who underwent intrauterine exchange transfusion, nine (82%) had conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Of the remaining 56 infants without the procedure, only 13 (23%) showed evidence of this complication. To predict infants at risk of developing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, the ratio of hematocrit and total bilirubin concentration in cord blood (H/B ratio) was examined.", "contents": "Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis. In an attempt to identify the incidence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis the records of 67 infants were reviewed. Twenty-two infants were found to have direct bilirubin concentrations greater than 1.0 mg./dl. Among 11 infants who underwent intrauterine exchange transfusion, nine (82%) had conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Of the remaining 56 infants without the procedure, only 13 (23%) showed evidence of this complication. To predict infants at risk of developing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, the ratio of hematocrit and total bilirubin concentration in cord blood (H/B ratio) was examined.", "PMID": 507034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7106", "title": "Suture granuloma of the stomach following splenectomy.", "content": "An unusual case of a suture granuloma developing four years after splenectomy and stimulating an intramural gastric neoplasm is presented. Radiologist should be aware of this entity and include it in their differential diagnosis of intramural gastric masses in postoperative patients.", "contents": "Suture granuloma of the stomach following splenectomy. An unusual case of a suture granuloma developing four years after splenectomy and stimulating an intramural gastric neoplasm is presented. Radiologist should be aware of this entity and include it in their differential diagnosis of intramural gastric masses in postoperative patients.", "PMID": 507035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7107", "title": "Laboratory-based surveillance of influenza virus in the United States during the winter of 1977-1978. I. Periods of prevalence of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A strains, their relative rates of isolation in different age groups, and detection of antigenic variants.", "content": "Influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from outbreaks and epidemics of disease during the period December 1977 to March 1978. For the last two months of this period, H1N1 strains of influenza A were also responsible for epidemics. In some regions (e.g., Hawaii) co-circulation of H1N1 AND H3N2 strains occurred, whereas in other regions (e.g., Wisconsin) isolation of H3N2 strains had almost ceased prior to isolation of H1N1 strains. Few influenza B isolates were reported. Analysis of the ages of patients from whom specimens were submitted for influenza virus isolation confirmed that, whereas H3N2 strains were isolated from persons of all ages, greater than 97 per cent of H1N1 isolates in six states analyzed were recovered from patients less than 26 years old, although specimens were tested from older persons who were ill during the period of prevalence of H1N1 influenza. The majority of H3N2 isolates tested by hemagglutinin-inhibition reaction were similar to A/Texas/1/77, and the majority of H1N1 isolates were similar to A/USSR/90/77. Antigenic analysis of isolates, however, identified a small number of variants of H3N2 and H1N1 strains.", "contents": "Laboratory-based surveillance of influenza virus in the United States during the winter of 1977-1978. I. Periods of prevalence of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A strains, their relative rates of isolation in different age groups, and detection of antigenic variants. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from outbreaks and epidemics of disease during the period December 1977 to March 1978. For the last two months of this period, H1N1 strains of influenza A were also responsible for epidemics. In some regions (e.g., Hawaii) co-circulation of H1N1 AND H3N2 strains occurred, whereas in other regions (e.g., Wisconsin) isolation of H3N2 strains had almost ceased prior to isolation of H1N1 strains. Few influenza B isolates were reported. Analysis of the ages of patients from whom specimens were submitted for influenza virus isolation confirmed that, whereas H3N2 strains were isolated from persons of all ages, greater than 97 per cent of H1N1 isolates in six states analyzed were recovered from patients less than 26 years old, although specimens were tested from older persons who were ill during the period of prevalence of H1N1 influenza. The majority of H3N2 isolates tested by hemagglutinin-inhibition reaction were similar to A/Texas/1/77, and the majority of H1N1 isolates were similar to A/USSR/90/77. Antigenic analysis of isolates, however, identified a small number of variants of H3N2 and H1N1 strains.", "PMID": 507036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7108", "title": "Laboratory-based surveillance of influenza virus in the United States during the winter of 1977--1978. II. Isolation of a mixture of A/Victoria- and A/USSR-like viruses from a single person during an epidemic in Wyoming, USA, January 1978.", "content": "At a time when outbreaks and sporadic cases of influenza caused a A/Victoria/3/75-like and A/Texas/1/77-like H3N2 strain of influenza were occurring in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA, about 60% of the students of a high school in Cheyenne, Wyoming, were involved in an outbreak of influenza-like illness. Six influenza A(H1N1) virus isolates were obtained from throat swabs collected from 12 of these students. Virus isolated from a seventh student, however, contained a mixture of H1 and H3 (A/Victoria/3/75-like) hemagglutinins and N1 and N2 neuraminidases, as shown by the ability to clone from the mixture viruses with antigenic components H1N1, H3N1, and H3N2. An antigenic hybrid virus with H3N1 composition was re-isolated from the original throat swab. The results show that one student was shedding a mixture of A/Victoria/3/75(H3N2)-like and A/USSR/90/77(H1N1)-like viruses at the time his throat swab was taken.", "contents": "Laboratory-based surveillance of influenza virus in the United States during the winter of 1977--1978. II. Isolation of a mixture of A/Victoria- and A/USSR-like viruses from a single person during an epidemic in Wyoming, USA, January 1978. At a time when outbreaks and sporadic cases of influenza caused a A/Victoria/3/75-like and A/Texas/1/77-like H3N2 strain of influenza were occurring in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA, about 60% of the students of a high school in Cheyenne, Wyoming, were involved in an outbreak of influenza-like illness. Six influenza A(H1N1) virus isolates were obtained from throat swabs collected from 12 of these students. Virus isolated from a seventh student, however, contained a mixture of H1 and H3 (A/Victoria/3/75-like) hemagglutinins and N1 and N2 neuraminidases, as shown by the ability to clone from the mixture viruses with antigenic components H1N1, H3N1, and H3N2. An antigenic hybrid virus with H3N1 composition was re-isolated from the original throat swab. The results show that one student was shedding a mixture of A/Victoria/3/75(H3N2)-like and A/USSR/90/77(H1N1)-like viruses at the time his throat swab was taken.", "PMID": 507037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7109", "title": "Estrogen use and blood pressure in later life.", "content": "Use of oral estrogens did not alter the blood pressure (BP) or BP lability of women aged 52--87. The effect was similar in normotensives and women who were hypertensive before starting estrogen. Compared with nonusers of estrogen, users had lower systolic pressures, but did not differ in diastolic blood pressure, lability, frequency of doctor visits or BP determination, obesity, smoking or use of alcohol or psychotropic medication. The data neither confirm a previously reported association between estrogen use and hypertension nor do they suggest pre-selection of users for hypertension or labile BP.", "contents": "Estrogen use and blood pressure in later life. Use of oral estrogens did not alter the blood pressure (BP) or BP lability of women aged 52--87. The effect was similar in normotensives and women who were hypertensive before starting estrogen. Compared with nonusers of estrogen, users had lower systolic pressures, but did not differ in diastolic blood pressure, lability, frequency of doctor visits or BP determination, obesity, smoking or use of alcohol or psychotropic medication. The data neither confirm a previously reported association between estrogen use and hypertension nor do they suggest pre-selection of users for hypertension or labile BP.", "PMID": 507038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7110", "title": "Familial aggregation of blood pressure and weight in adoptive families. I. Comparisons of blood pressure and weight statistics among families with adopted, natural, or both natural and adopted children.", "content": "Tests of homogeneity of means, variances and correlations for systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP and weight among subdivisions of a smple of adoptive families are presented. The means and variances of either type of BP, but not weight, were not significantly heterogeneous among families grouped according to the number of parents and children, natural and/or adopted, in the family unit. Estimates of correlation between family members wree not heterogeneous among subdivisions for each of the three variables. Our results indicate that these data are suitable for a genetic analysis of familial aggregation. Pooled correlations suggest that the degree of resemblance of BP and of weight between family members varies within and across generations. Correlations involving the adoptees were significantly different from zero only for diastolic BP.", "contents": "Familial aggregation of blood pressure and weight in adoptive families. I. Comparisons of blood pressure and weight statistics among families with adopted, natural, or both natural and adopted children. Tests of homogeneity of means, variances and correlations for systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP and weight among subdivisions of a smple of adoptive families are presented. The means and variances of either type of BP, but not weight, were not significantly heterogeneous among families grouped according to the number of parents and children, natural and/or adopted, in the family unit. Estimates of correlation between family members wree not heterogeneous among subdivisions for each of the three variables. Our results indicate that these data are suitable for a genetic analysis of familial aggregation. Pooled correlations suggest that the degree of resemblance of BP and of weight between family members varies within and across generations. Correlations involving the adoptees were significantly different from zero only for diastolic BP.", "PMID": 507039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7111", "title": "Familial aggregation of blood pressure and weight in adoptive families. II. Estimation of the relative contributions of genetic and common environmental factors to blood pressure correlations between family members.", "content": "An analysis of the familial aggregation of blood pressure (BP) was conducted to provide estimates of the role of genes and household environment in determining the phenotypic resemblance between biologically related family members. The biological model used for this analysis parameterizes the correlations between family members into the contributions of genetic and environmental variability shared within and across generations. Hypothesis testing about different parameters in the model suggests that shared environment explains larger fractions of the parent-natural child and the full sib correlations for diastolic BP than for systolic BP. For diastolic BP, children in a household share the effects of common environment in addition to the effects which they share with their parents. Dependence of the degree of resemblance between household members on the effects of environmental factors shared within and a-ross generations is not explained by the variability of length of cohabitation among individuals.", "contents": "Familial aggregation of blood pressure and weight in adoptive families. II. Estimation of the relative contributions of genetic and common environmental factors to blood pressure correlations between family members. An analysis of the familial aggregation of blood pressure (BP) was conducted to provide estimates of the role of genes and household environment in determining the phenotypic resemblance between biologically related family members. The biological model used for this analysis parameterizes the correlations between family members into the contributions of genetic and environmental variability shared within and across generations. Hypothesis testing about different parameters in the model suggests that shared environment explains larger fractions of the parent-natural child and the full sib correlations for diastolic BP than for systolic BP. For diastolic BP, children in a household share the effects of common environment in addition to the effects which they share with their parents. Dependence of the degree of resemblance between household members on the effects of environmental factors shared within and a-ross generations is not explained by the variability of length of cohabitation among individuals.", "PMID": 507040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7112", "title": "Measurement criteria for group echocardiographic studies.", "content": "This study reports the reproducibility achieved both within an observer and between observers measuring left heart echocardiographic dimensions using standard measurement criteria in school age children. These criteria define acceptable interfaces as: 1) a single dominant line; 2) continuity at the point of measurement of at least 5 mm in length; and 3) display of specific motion characteristics for the cardiac structure to be measured. The within observer intraclass correlation coefficient for interventricular septum, diastolic dimension, systolic dimension, left ventricular posterior wall, left atrium and aorta averaged 0.94 (range 0.87--0.98). The coefficient of variation averaged 3.6% (range 2--7.5%). The least reproducible dimension was left ventricular posterior wall. The day-to-day variability within a single subject of echocardiographic determined cardiac dimensions was small for all measurements. The standard deviation of error for all variables was no more than 0.3 mm. A system using screening criteria and standardized measurement techniques can provide the degree of precision necessary to begin investigating echocardiographic differences in group studies.", "contents": "Measurement criteria for group echocardiographic studies. This study reports the reproducibility achieved both within an observer and between observers measuring left heart echocardiographic dimensions using standard measurement criteria in school age children. These criteria define acceptable interfaces as: 1) a single dominant line; 2) continuity at the point of measurement of at least 5 mm in length; and 3) display of specific motion characteristics for the cardiac structure to be measured. The within observer intraclass correlation coefficient for interventricular septum, diastolic dimension, systolic dimension, left ventricular posterior wall, left atrium and aorta averaged 0.94 (range 0.87--0.98). The coefficient of variation averaged 3.6% (range 2--7.5%). The least reproducible dimension was left ventricular posterior wall. The day-to-day variability within a single subject of echocardiographic determined cardiac dimensions was small for all measurements. The standard deviation of error for all variables was no more than 0.3 mm. A system using screening criteria and standardized measurement techniques can provide the degree of precision necessary to begin investigating echocardiographic differences in group studies.", "PMID": 507041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7113", "title": "Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clay layers at defined depths.", "content": "Twelve strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were isolated from the soil and water of a sheep paddock over a two-year period. The organism was recovered from the clay layer of the soil profile as well as from water that seeps into this layer during the \"wet\" season. Five isolates were obtained before the commencement of the \"wet\" season; environmental factors appear to play an important role in the survival of Ps. pseudomallei during the \"dry\" season. Lower isolation rates were recorded than those indicated by workers in southeast Asia and Iran.", "contents": "Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clay layers at defined depths. Twelve strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were isolated from the soil and water of a sheep paddock over a two-year period. The organism was recovered from the clay layer of the soil profile as well as from water that seeps into this layer during the \"wet\" season. Five isolates were obtained before the commencement of the \"wet\" season; environmental factors appear to play an important role in the survival of Ps. pseudomallei during the \"dry\" season. Lower isolation rates were recorded than those indicated by workers in southeast Asia and Iran.", "PMID": 507042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7114", "title": "Circulation and migration of small blood lymphocytes in the rat: II. Study of the lymphocyte selective migration by light and electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Fourteen male Wistar rats were the recipients of labeled small lymphocytes (1.5 x 10(7) each) collected from the peripheral blood of syngeneic donors. The migrating labeled lymphocytes were traced in the various organs from one to 60 minutes following their transfusion. Sections from the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, ileum, liver, lung, and kidney were analyzed morphologically by autoradiographic studies. The results showed that some of the labeled small blood lymphocytes migrate to the lymph node and bone marrow as early as one minute following transfusion; their exodus from these two organs occurs within three minutes. In the case of the spleen, the lymphocytes did not migrate selectively to the marginal zone of the lymphoid follicles until ten minutes following transfusion. The electron microscopic study of the spleen and lymph node showed that the labeled lymphocytes selectively migrate to certain areas which consist of reticulum cells, macrophages, unlabeled lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The term \"immunocompetent zones\" is proposed for these areas because of the biological significance of this selective migration with reference to immunity.", "contents": "Circulation and migration of small blood lymphocytes in the rat: II. Study of the lymphocyte selective migration by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Fourteen male Wistar rats were the recipients of labeled small lymphocytes (1.5 x 10(7) each) collected from the peripheral blood of syngeneic donors. The migrating labeled lymphocytes were traced in the various organs from one to 60 minutes following their transfusion. Sections from the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, ileum, liver, lung, and kidney were analyzed morphologically by autoradiographic studies. The results showed that some of the labeled small blood lymphocytes migrate to the lymph node and bone marrow as early as one minute following transfusion; their exodus from these two organs occurs within three minutes. In the case of the spleen, the lymphocytes did not migrate selectively to the marginal zone of the lymphoid follicles until ten minutes following transfusion. The electron microscopic study of the spleen and lymph node showed that the labeled lymphocytes selectively migrate to certain areas which consist of reticulum cells, macrophages, unlabeled lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The term \"immunocompetent zones\" is proposed for these areas because of the biological significance of this selective migration with reference to immunity.", "PMID": 507044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7115", "title": "Chemical modification of nuclear proteins by erythropoietin.", "content": "The spleen of the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse was employed as a model system to study the effect of erythropoietin on enzymes that chemically modify nuclear proteins. At selected time intervals after in vivo administration of erythropoietin, acetyltransferase and methyltransferase activity were measured in nuclei isolated from the spleens of treated mice. In addition, the incorporation of labeled methyl and acetate groups into individual histone proteins was also examined. A 36% increase in nuclear acetyltransferase activity was observed eight hours after administration of erythropoietin, whereas nuclear methyltransferase activity increased by 42% 24 hours after administration of the hormone. Selective acetylation or methylation of individual histone proteins was not observed, and it is concluded that activation of transcription by erythropoietin is not the result of acetylation or methylation of nuclear proteins.", "contents": "Chemical modification of nuclear proteins by erythropoietin. The spleen of the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse was employed as a model system to study the effect of erythropoietin on enzymes that chemically modify nuclear proteins. At selected time intervals after in vivo administration of erythropoietin, acetyltransferase and methyltransferase activity were measured in nuclei isolated from the spleens of treated mice. In addition, the incorporation of labeled methyl and acetate groups into individual histone proteins was also examined. A 36% increase in nuclear acetyltransferase activity was observed eight hours after administration of erythropoietin, whereas nuclear methyltransferase activity increased by 42% 24 hours after administration of the hormone. Selective acetylation or methylation of individual histone proteins was not observed, and it is concluded that activation of transcription by erythropoietin is not the result of acetylation or methylation of nuclear proteins.", "PMID": 507046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7116", "title": "The aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome.", "content": "Occasionally it is difficult to differentiate paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) from idiopathic aplastic anemia in patients who present with pancytopenia and an aplastic bone marrow. Patients with PNH may not have an abnormal acid hemolysis test, and patients with aplastic anemia may present with evidence of abnormal sucrose lysis, acid hemolysis, and antibody-mediated complement hemolysis. Demonstration of a population of red blood cells which are highly susceptible to antibody-mediated complement lysis makes a diagnosis of PNH probable. Donor red blood cell survival studies, which distinguish intracorpuscular from extracorpuscular hemolytic disorders, permit differentiation of the two disorders.", "contents": "The aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome. Occasionally it is difficult to differentiate paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) from idiopathic aplastic anemia in patients who present with pancytopenia and an aplastic bone marrow. Patients with PNH may not have an abnormal acid hemolysis test, and patients with aplastic anemia may present with evidence of abnormal sucrose lysis, acid hemolysis, and antibody-mediated complement hemolysis. Demonstration of a population of red blood cells which are highly susceptible to antibody-mediated complement lysis makes a diagnosis of PNH probable. Donor red blood cell survival studies, which distinguish intracorpuscular from extracorpuscular hemolytic disorders, permit differentiation of the two disorders.", "PMID": 507047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7117", "title": "Bone lesions in primary amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis primarily involving bone is described in a 59-year-old male pateint. Well circumscribed lytic lesions of the skeleton raised the possibility of myelomatosis. The prolonged insidious course of the disease was uncomplicated by hypercalcemia, pathological fracture, or hematologic abnormalities. The clinical course, together with histological findings and strongly positive bone scan, were the distinguishing features. The osseous manifestations without plasma cell tumor appears to be a rare occurrence in amyloidosis.", "contents": "Bone lesions in primary amyloidosis. Amyloidosis primarily involving bone is described in a 59-year-old male pateint. Well circumscribed lytic lesions of the skeleton raised the possibility of myelomatosis. The prolonged insidious course of the disease was uncomplicated by hypercalcemia, pathological fracture, or hematologic abnormalities. The clinical course, together with histological findings and strongly positive bone scan, were the distinguishing features. The osseous manifestations without plasma cell tumor appears to be a rare occurrence in amyloidosis.", "PMID": 507049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7118", "title": "Congenital universal muscular hypoplasia: evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance.", "content": "Congenital universal muscular hypoplasia has been confused with similar diseases in the past. Evidence presented in this paper distinguishes this disorder from other phenotypically similar ones and indicates that it is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder.", "contents": "Congenital universal muscular hypoplasia: evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. Congenital universal muscular hypoplasia has been confused with similar diseases in the past. Evidence presented in this paper distinguishes this disorder from other phenotypically similar ones and indicates that it is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder.", "PMID": 507050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7119", "title": "Alpha-thalassemia in blacks is due to gene deletion.", "content": "We used molecular hybridization to test if alpha-thalassemia is due to gene deletion in the black. In 10 families with clinically well-defined alpha-thalassemia-1 (alpha-thal-1), hydribization of alpha-globin cDNA was reduced to the same level as that found in Asians with alpha-thal-1, where two of the four normally present alpha-globin genes are deleted. A black child with hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease also has three globin genes deleted, as do Asian patients with Hb H disease. We conclude that alpha-thalassemia in the black is most commonly due to gene deletion.", "contents": "Alpha-thalassemia in blacks is due to gene deletion. We used molecular hybridization to test if alpha-thalassemia is due to gene deletion in the black. In 10 families with clinically well-defined alpha-thalassemia-1 (alpha-thal-1), hydribization of alpha-globin cDNA was reduced to the same level as that found in Asians with alpha-thal-1, where two of the four normally present alpha-globin genes are deleted. A black child with hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease also has three globin genes deleted, as do Asian patients with Hb H disease. We conclude that alpha-thalassemia in the black is most commonly due to gene deletion.", "PMID": 507051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7120", "title": "In search of non-random X inactivation: studies of fetal membranes heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Extraembryonic membranes and fetal tissues were obtained from 55 specimens of 5--11 weeks conceptual age. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic phenotype was determined and correlated with that of maternal blood. Fifteen specimens were heterozygous for G6PD A, and for nine of these the maternal allele could be determined. In none of these specimens did the isozyme pattern of the membraneous chorion or chorionic villi differ significantly from that of fetal tissue. We have obtained no evidence of non-random inactivation in extraembryonic membranes of human fetal specimens at this stage of development.", "contents": "In search of non-random X inactivation: studies of fetal membranes heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Extraembryonic membranes and fetal tissues were obtained from 55 specimens of 5--11 weeks conceptual age. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic phenotype was determined and correlated with that of maternal blood. Fifteen specimens were heterozygous for G6PD A, and for nine of these the maternal allele could be determined. In none of these specimens did the isozyme pattern of the membraneous chorion or chorionic villi differ significantly from that of fetal tissue. We have obtained no evidence of non-random inactivation in extraembryonic membranes of human fetal specimens at this stage of development.", "PMID": 507052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7121", "title": "Genetic linkage between hereditary hemochromatosis and HLA.", "content": "A large Mormon pedigree of a proband with hemochromatosis was studied, using transferrin saturation as the quantitative phenotypic trait. The analysis indicated that the inheritance of hemochromatosis was recessive, with partial expression in some heterozygotes. The lod score of 6.88 (theta = .0) was strongly indicative of linkage between the hemochromatosis locus and the human major histocompatibility (HLA) loci.", "contents": "Genetic linkage between hereditary hemochromatosis and HLA. A large Mormon pedigree of a proband with hemochromatosis was studied, using transferrin saturation as the quantitative phenotypic trait. The analysis indicated that the inheritance of hemochromatosis was recessive, with partial expression in some heterozygotes. The lod score of 6.88 (theta = .0) was strongly indicative of linkage between the hemochromatosis locus and the human major histocompatibility (HLA) loci.", "PMID": 507053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7122", "title": "Normal adult with absent HEX A: immunoreactive HEX A is present.", "content": "Fibroblasts from a normal adult with absent hexosaminidase A (HEX A) activity were demonstrated to possess immunoreactive HEX A as measured by GM2 beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity which precipitated with specific anti-HEX A antibodies. Possible explanations for the molecular defect are presented.", "contents": "Normal adult with absent HEX A: immunoreactive HEX A is present. Fibroblasts from a normal adult with absent hexosaminidase A (HEX A) activity were demonstrated to possess immunoreactive HEX A as measured by GM2 beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity which precipitated with specific anti-HEX A antibodies. Possible explanations for the molecular defect are presented.", "PMID": 507054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7123", "title": "Medical paternalism and the rule of law: a reply to Dr. Relman.", "content": "In this Article, Professor Baron challenges the position taken recently by Dr. Arnold Relman in this journal that the 1977 Saikewicz decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts was incorrect in calling for routine judicial resolution of decisions whether to provide life-prolonging treatment to terminally ill incompetent patients. First, Professor Baron argues that Dr. Relman's position that doctors should make such decisions is based upon an outmoded, paternalistic view of the doctor-patient relationship. Second, he points out the importance of guaranteeing to such decisions the special qualities of process which characterize decision making by courts and which are not present when such decisions are made by doctors. Finally, he argues that Dr. Relman has overestimated the social costs of bringing Saikewicz-type cases before the courts and that those costs which are inevitable are more than offset by the qualities of process that the court system can offer in such matters.", "contents": "Medical paternalism and the rule of law: a reply to Dr. Relman. In this Article, Professor Baron challenges the position taken recently by Dr. Arnold Relman in this journal that the 1977 Saikewicz decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts was incorrect in calling for routine judicial resolution of decisions whether to provide life-prolonging treatment to terminally ill incompetent patients. First, Professor Baron argues that Dr. Relman's position that doctors should make such decisions is based upon an outmoded, paternalistic view of the doctor-patient relationship. Second, he points out the importance of guaranteeing to such decisions the special qualities of process which characterize decision making by courts and which are not present when such decisions are made by doctors. Finally, he argues that Dr. Relman has overestimated the social costs of bringing Saikewicz-type cases before the courts and that those costs which are inevitable are more than offset by the qualities of process that the court system can offer in such matters.", "PMID": 507055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7124", "title": "Reconciling Quinlan and Saikewicz: decision making for the terminally ill incompetent.", "content": "One of the most perplexing problems in the medicolegal field concerns the criteria on which decisions not to treat terminally ill incompetent patients should be made. These decisions traditionally have been made by physicians in hospitals--sometimes with the assistance of the patient's family--on the basis of their perceptions of the patient's \"best interests.\" Recently, two state supreme courts have ruled on this question. The New Jersey Supreme Court, in the Quinlan case, developed a medical prognosis criterion, and permitted the patient's guardian, family, and physicians to apply it with the concurrence of a hospital \"ethics committee.\" The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in the Saikewicz case, adopted, on different facts, the test of \"substituted judgment\" to be applied by a probate court after an adjudicatory hearing. The two cases have been interpreted by many in the medical profession as representing conflicting viewpoints--one supportive of traditional medical decision making and the other distrustful of it. It is the thesis of this Article that Quinlan and Saikewicz are in fundamental agreement and can be reconciled by the next state supreme court that rules on this question. Both courts enunciate a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining treatment, based on the right to privacy. They agree that incompetents should be afforded the opportunity to exercise this right, and that certain state interests can overcome it. They agree also that physicians should be permitted to make medical judgments, and that societal judgments belong in the courts. The differences in how the opinions are perceived result from the interplay of several factors: the differences in the facts of the cases; the inarticulate use of the term \"ethics committee\" by the Quinlan court; the literal interpretation of the role of such a committee by the Saikewicz court; a desire for 100 percent immunity on the part of physicians and hospital administrators in Massachusetts; and advice from their counsel on how such immunity can be guaranteed. It is the author's hope that this Article will help to dispel much of the misinformation surrounding these two cases, and to refocus the debate on how decisions should be made for the terminally ill incompetent patient on the real issues regarding criteria and the decision-making process that remain to be resolved.", "contents": "Reconciling Quinlan and Saikewicz: decision making for the terminally ill incompetent. One of the most perplexing problems in the medicolegal field concerns the criteria on which decisions not to treat terminally ill incompetent patients should be made. These decisions traditionally have been made by physicians in hospitals--sometimes with the assistance of the patient's family--on the basis of their perceptions of the patient's \"best interests.\" Recently, two state supreme courts have ruled on this question. The New Jersey Supreme Court, in the Quinlan case, developed a medical prognosis criterion, and permitted the patient's guardian, family, and physicians to apply it with the concurrence of a hospital \"ethics committee.\" The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in the Saikewicz case, adopted, on different facts, the test of \"substituted judgment\" to be applied by a probate court after an adjudicatory hearing. The two cases have been interpreted by many in the medical profession as representing conflicting viewpoints--one supportive of traditional medical decision making and the other distrustful of it. It is the thesis of this Article that Quinlan and Saikewicz are in fundamental agreement and can be reconciled by the next state supreme court that rules on this question. Both courts enunciate a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining treatment, based on the right to privacy. They agree that incompetents should be afforded the opportunity to exercise this right, and that certain state interests can overcome it. They agree also that physicians should be permitted to make medical judgments, and that societal judgments belong in the courts. The differences in how the opinions are perceived result from the interplay of several factors: the differences in the facts of the cases; the inarticulate use of the term \"ethics committee\" by the Quinlan court; the literal interpretation of the role of such a committee by the Saikewicz court; a desire for 100 percent immunity on the part of physicians and hospital administrators in Massachusetts; and advice from their counsel on how such immunity can be guaranteed. It is the author's hope that this Article will help to dispel much of the misinformation surrounding these two cases, and to refocus the debate on how decisions should be made for the terminally ill incompetent patient on the real issues regarding criteria and the decision-making process that remain to be resolved.", "PMID": 507056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7125", "title": "Patient Compensation Funds: legislative responses to the medical malpractice crisis.", "content": "Fifteen states have created Patient Compensation Funds in response to the increased cost and reduced availability of medical malpractice insurance associated with the so-called \"medical malpractice crisis.\" Patient Compensation Fund statutes limit health care providers' liability to a specified amount, and establish state-administered funds to compensate victorious malpractice plaintiffs for damage awards in excess of that amount. This Note examines the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism, evaluates its effectiveness as a compensation system for malpractice victims, and recommends particular provisions that might enhance its effectiveness. The Note concludes that the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism is an effective means of increasing the availability and of reducing the cost of medical malpractice insurance, and should be adopted by other states experiencing a \"medical malpractice crisis.\"", "contents": "Patient Compensation Funds: legislative responses to the medical malpractice crisis. Fifteen states have created Patient Compensation Funds in response to the increased cost and reduced availability of medical malpractice insurance associated with the so-called \"medical malpractice crisis.\" Patient Compensation Fund statutes limit health care providers' liability to a specified amount, and establish state-administered funds to compensate victorious malpractice plaintiffs for damage awards in excess of that amount. This Note examines the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism, evaluates its effectiveness as a compensation system for malpractice victims, and recommends particular provisions that might enhance its effectiveness. The Note concludes that the Patient Compensation Fund mechanism is an effective means of increasing the availability and of reducing the cost of medical malpractice insurance, and should be adopted by other states experiencing a \"medical malpractice crisis.\"", "PMID": 507062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7126", "title": "Medical paternalism or legal imperialism: not the only alternatives for handling Saikewicz-type cases.", "content": "In 1977, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held in the Saikewicz case that the probate court is the proper tribunal for making decisions whether to give or withhold \"life-prolonging treatment\" for terminally ill incompetent patients. This ruling provoked debate in the medical and legal communities. Dr. Arnold Relman, Editor of The New England Journal of Medicine, argues that Saikewicz encroaches on existing sound medical practice and requires decision-making machinery that is impractical and inhumane. Relman contends that treatment decision for terminally ill incompetents in Saikewicz-type cases should be made by the physician in consultation with the patient's family. Law professor Charles Baron, in contrast, defends Saikewicz's judicialization approach, arguing that such decision must bemade in an adversary framework that approximates the ideal of the rule of law. In the present Article, Professor Buchanan argues that Relman's criticism of Saikewicz rests on a defective, medical paternalist view of the physician-patient relationship, and that Baron's support of Saikewicz is based on an unjustifiable, legal imperalist view of decision making for incompetents. In Buchanan's view, Relman's approach fails to distinguish appropriately between the making of medical judgments and the making of moral judgments and wrongly assumes that the patient's family typically cannot understand the elements of the decision, while Baron's approach unjustifiably extends the sphere of the legal process by ignoring the special moral relationship that usually exists between the family and its incompetent member. Buchanan proposes an alternative decision-making approach that he believes incorporates the merits, while remedying the defects, of both Baron's and Relman's approaches. The alternative is based on three propositions. (1) The proper presumption in Saikewicz-type cases is that the family of an incompetent is to make decisions concerning treatment. (2) This presumption of the family's dominant role in decision making is defeasible: protection of the patient's rights requires that decisions be made within a framework that allows vigorous discussion and accoutability through impartial review and that provides for legal intervention when necessary. (3) The institutional framework for implementing the features listed in the preceding proposition will rely heavily upon an ethics committee that is neither an all-medical prognosis committee nor an administrative agency of the hospital. Besides evaluating and responding to the Relman and Baron approaches, Buchanan examines the contribution to the Saikewicz debate made by law-and-medicine professor George Annas. In essence, Buchanan rejects Annas's argument that, taken together, the Saikewicz opinion and the Quinlan opinion of the Supreme Court of New Jersey delineate a proper division of medical and legal decision-making responsibility concerning terminally ill incompetents. Buchanan concludes that, contrary to Annas's view, those two cases are not reconcilable.", "contents": "Medical paternalism or legal imperialism: not the only alternatives for handling Saikewicz-type cases. In 1977, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held in the Saikewicz case that the probate court is the proper tribunal for making decisions whether to give or withhold \"life-prolonging treatment\" for terminally ill incompetent patients. This ruling provoked debate in the medical and legal communities. Dr. Arnold Relman, Editor of The New England Journal of Medicine, argues that Saikewicz encroaches on existing sound medical practice and requires decision-making machinery that is impractical and inhumane. Relman contends that treatment decision for terminally ill incompetents in Saikewicz-type cases should be made by the physician in consultation with the patient's family. Law professor Charles Baron, in contrast, defends Saikewicz's judicialization approach, arguing that such decision must bemade in an adversary framework that approximates the ideal of the rule of law. In the present Article, Professor Buchanan argues that Relman's criticism of Saikewicz rests on a defective, medical paternalist view of the physician-patient relationship, and that Baron's support of Saikewicz is based on an unjustifiable, legal imperalist view of decision making for incompetents. In Buchanan's view, Relman's approach fails to distinguish appropriately between the making of medical judgments and the making of moral judgments and wrongly assumes that the patient's family typically cannot understand the elements of the decision, while Baron's approach unjustifiably extends the sphere of the legal process by ignoring the special moral relationship that usually exists between the family and its incompetent member. Buchanan proposes an alternative decision-making approach that he believes incorporates the merits, while remedying the defects, of both Baron's and Relman's approaches. The alternative is based on three propositions. (1) The proper presumption in Saikewicz-type cases is that the family of an incompetent is to make decisions concerning treatment. (2) This presumption of the family's dominant role in decision making is defeasible: protection of the patient's rights requires that decisions be made within a framework that allows vigorous discussion and accoutability through impartial review and that provides for legal intervention when necessary. (3) The institutional framework for implementing the features listed in the preceding proposition will rely heavily upon an ethics committee that is neither an all-medical prognosis committee nor an administrative agency of the hospital. Besides evaluating and responding to the Relman and Baron approaches, Buchanan examines the contribution to the Saikewicz debate made by law-and-medicine professor George Annas. In essence, Buchanan rejects Annas's argument that, taken together, the Saikewicz opinion and the Quinlan opinion of the Supreme Court of New Jersey delineate a proper division of medical and legal decision-making responsibility concerning terminally ill incompetents. Buchanan concludes that, contrary to Annas's view, those two cases are not reconcilable.", "PMID": 507063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7127", "title": "Relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay.", "content": "The relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay was studied. The medical records of 77 cases of pyelonephritis were reviewed retrospectively. Appropriateness of antimicrobial drug therapy was judged by three types of explicit screening criteria: drug-specific, patient-specific, and match of drug to infecting organism. Patients whose therapy passed all the criteria were hospitalized, on the average, two days less than those whose therapy failed one or more of the criteria. This was a significant difference (p less than 0.05). Age, seriousness of the pyelonephritis, or method of payment appeared to have no significant moderating effect on this result. However, the increased length of stay may not have been associated with only inappropriate prescribing, because the inappropriately prescribing physicians kept their patients hospitalized longer beyond the point of symptom remission than did the appropriately prescribing physicians. The study suggest that successful interventions for improving drug therapy could result in large cost savings.", "contents": "Relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay. The relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay was studied. The medical records of 77 cases of pyelonephritis were reviewed retrospectively. Appropriateness of antimicrobial drug therapy was judged by three types of explicit screening criteria: drug-specific, patient-specific, and match of drug to infecting organism. Patients whose therapy passed all the criteria were hospitalized, on the average, two days less than those whose therapy failed one or more of the criteria. This was a significant difference (p less than 0.05). Age, seriousness of the pyelonephritis, or method of payment appeared to have no significant moderating effect on this result. However, the increased length of stay may not have been associated with only inappropriate prescribing, because the inappropriately prescribing physicians kept their patients hospitalized longer beyond the point of symptom remission than did the appropriately prescribing physicians. The study suggest that successful interventions for improving drug therapy could result in large cost savings.", "PMID": 507074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7128", "title": "Administrative approach to disaster preparedness in the pharmacy.", "content": "Disaster planning for a hospital pharmacy department is discussed. During a crisis, the type of behavior exhibited by hospital personnel and the community can be used to predict the situation's severity and to prepare a response. During disasters, it is important to focus on accomplishing tasks by defining employees' roles, establishing chains of communication, delegating authority to competent persons, limiting decision-making by persons other than those in command and defining the boundaries of pharmacy's involvement in the disaster. A case study of pharmacy operations during a crisis is presented, with guidelines for assessing the situation, establishing priorities, identifying resources and executing a response. Hospital pharmacy administrators must display a high degree of creativeness and responsibility during disasters, but training in the principles of disaster management can be helpful.", "contents": "Administrative approach to disaster preparedness in the pharmacy. Disaster planning for a hospital pharmacy department is discussed. During a crisis, the type of behavior exhibited by hospital personnel and the community can be used to predict the situation's severity and to prepare a response. During disasters, it is important to focus on accomplishing tasks by defining employees' roles, establishing chains of communication, delegating authority to competent persons, limiting decision-making by persons other than those in command and defining the boundaries of pharmacy's involvement in the disaster. A case study of pharmacy operations during a crisis is presented, with guidelines for assessing the situation, establishing priorities, identifying resources and executing a response. Hospital pharmacy administrators must display a high degree of creativeness and responsibility during disasters, but training in the principles of disaster management can be helpful.", "PMID": 507075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7129", "title": "Pharmacy practice in an operating room complex.", "content": "The steps involved in establishing a comprehensive pharmaceutical service in an operating and recovery room complex is described. Objectives of the operating room pharmaceutical satellite were to: (1) improve control of distribution, storage and charging for all drugs, especially Schedule II controlled substances; (2) reduce inventory costs and loss of revenue; (3) improve compliance with the drug formulary; and (4) establish patient-oriented pharmaceutical services. The pharmacy satellite improved inventory control and patient charging, assured continual access to all drugs and appropriate security for controlled substances, and expanded the pharmacy department's clinical, drug information and research activities.", "contents": "Pharmacy practice in an operating room complex. The steps involved in establishing a comprehensive pharmaceutical service in an operating and recovery room complex is described. Objectives of the operating room pharmaceutical satellite were to: (1) improve control of distribution, storage and charging for all drugs, especially Schedule II controlled substances; (2) reduce inventory costs and loss of revenue; (3) improve compliance with the drug formulary; and (4) establish patient-oriented pharmaceutical services. The pharmacy satellite improved inventory control and patient charging, assured continual access to all drugs and appropriate security for controlled substances, and expanded the pharmacy department's clinical, drug information and research activities.", "PMID": 507076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7130", "title": "Developing drug-use profiles from drug-charge records.", "content": "The potential for developing a drug-use profile from drug-charge records was studied at an 830-bed community hospital. Patient drug charges were reviewed retrospectively for one year (1975) to identify: (1) which key drugs accounted for a high percentage of cost and usage; (2) where key drugs were used within the hospital; (3) how they were used; and (4) who were the chief prescribers. Of the drugs used, 8% accounted for 80% of total drug product costs. Seven drug groups (10% of the total drug groups) appeared in the top 10 of both drug cost and quantity categories. Six individual drugs also appeared in the top 10 of both categories. According to cost, cephalosporin antibiotics were ranked first among drug groups but were sixth according to quantity. Analgesics-antipyretics were ranked first among drug groups by quantity and second by cost. Cephalothin was ranked first among individual drugs by cost and was not in the top 10 in quantity. Diazepam was ranked first among individual drugs by quantity and third by cost. Patients' drug-charge records can be used effectively to generate drug-use profiles for ongoing drug use review, quality assurance and cost containment programs.", "contents": "Developing drug-use profiles from drug-charge records. The potential for developing a drug-use profile from drug-charge records was studied at an 830-bed community hospital. Patient drug charges were reviewed retrospectively for one year (1975) to identify: (1) which key drugs accounted for a high percentage of cost and usage; (2) where key drugs were used within the hospital; (3) how they were used; and (4) who were the chief prescribers. Of the drugs used, 8% accounted for 80% of total drug product costs. Seven drug groups (10% of the total drug groups) appeared in the top 10 of both drug cost and quantity categories. Six individual drugs also appeared in the top 10 of both categories. According to cost, cephalosporin antibiotics were ranked first among drug groups but were sixth according to quantity. Analgesics-antipyretics were ranked first among drug groups by quantity and second by cost. Cephalothin was ranked first among individual drugs by cost and was not in the top 10 in quantity. Diazepam was ranked first among individual drugs by quantity and third by cost. Patients' drug-charge records can be used effectively to generate drug-use profiles for ongoing drug use review, quality assurance and cost containment programs.", "PMID": 507077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7131", "title": "Predicting warfarin maintenance dosage based on initial response.", "content": "The relationship between initial response to warfarin sodium, as measured by prothrombin time, and warfarin maintenance dose was studied. Hospital patients received 10 mg of warfarin sodium daily until the prothrombin ratio (patient's prothrombin time/control) was 1.5 to 2.5. Patients subsequently were maintained at that warfarin dosage which maintained prothrombin ratios within this range. Twenty-two patients completed the study. A correlation was found between maintenance dose and the logarithm of the prothrombin ratio on the third day after initiating warfarin therapy (p less than 0.01, r = -0.74). There was no relationship between maintenance dose and the number of days needed to reach therapeutic response. Patients with baseline prothrombin ratios of less than one took significantly longer to reach therapeutic response than did patients with baselines of greater than one (p less than 0.01y. A simple yet scientific approach to determining warfarin maintenance dosage would seem to be feasible. The correlation found between maintenance dose and prothrombin ratio in this study would have to be applied cautiously and only after further validation.", "contents": "Predicting warfarin maintenance dosage based on initial response. The relationship between initial response to warfarin sodium, as measured by prothrombin time, and warfarin maintenance dose was studied. Hospital patients received 10 mg of warfarin sodium daily until the prothrombin ratio (patient's prothrombin time/control) was 1.5 to 2.5. Patients subsequently were maintained at that warfarin dosage which maintained prothrombin ratios within this range. Twenty-two patients completed the study. A correlation was found between maintenance dose and the logarithm of the prothrombin ratio on the third day after initiating warfarin therapy (p less than 0.01, r = -0.74). There was no relationship between maintenance dose and the number of days needed to reach therapeutic response. Patients with baseline prothrombin ratios of less than one took significantly longer to reach therapeutic response than did patients with baselines of greater than one (p less than 0.01y. A simple yet scientific approach to determining warfarin maintenance dosage would seem to be feasible. The correlation found between maintenance dose and prothrombin ratio in this study would have to be applied cautiously and only after further validation.", "PMID": 507078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7132", "title": "Effect of filtration on complications of postoperative intravenous therapy.", "content": "The incidence of intravenous complications (phlebitis) and the length of hospital stay in postoperative patients whose infusions were filtered through inline final filters were compared with those in patients whose infusions were not filtered. Identical i.v. solutions were administered to 150 postoperative orthopedic patients randomly assigned to three study groups: control (no filter), 5-micrometers membrane filter and 0.45-micrometers membrane filter. An i.v. therapy team of seven nurses inspected patients for phlebitis. The phlebitis rate of the control group (27%) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than that of the 0.45-micrometers filter group (6%) but not significantly different (p less than 0.9) from that of the 5-micrometers filter group (22%). In a subgroup of 104 patients undergoing total hip replacement, the mean reduction in length of postoperative hospital stay compared with the control group (13.6 days) was: 5-micrometers filter group--3.4 days (p less than 0.01); and 0.45-micrometer filter group--3.3 days (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that final filters can be used to reduce the incidence of phlebitis-related i.v. complications and thereby reduce the length of hospital stay.", "contents": "Effect of filtration on complications of postoperative intravenous therapy. The incidence of intravenous complications (phlebitis) and the length of hospital stay in postoperative patients whose infusions were filtered through inline final filters were compared with those in patients whose infusions were not filtered. Identical i.v. solutions were administered to 150 postoperative orthopedic patients randomly assigned to three study groups: control (no filter), 5-micrometers membrane filter and 0.45-micrometers membrane filter. An i.v. therapy team of seven nurses inspected patients for phlebitis. The phlebitis rate of the control group (27%) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than that of the 0.45-micrometers filter group (6%) but not significantly different (p less than 0.9) from that of the 5-micrometers filter group (22%). In a subgroup of 104 patients undergoing total hip replacement, the mean reduction in length of postoperative hospital stay compared with the control group (13.6 days) was: 5-micrometers filter group--3.4 days (p less than 0.01); and 0.45-micrometer filter group--3.3 days (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that final filters can be used to reduce the incidence of phlebitis-related i.v. complications and thereby reduce the length of hospital stay.", "PMID": 507079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7133", "title": "Deterioration of stannous ion in radiopharmaceutical kits during storage.", "content": "The deterioration of stannous ion (Sn++) in inhouse-prepared and commercial radiopharmaceutical kits was studied. Sn++ content of three types of nonlyophilized, deoxygenated, aqueous inhouse-prepared kits [diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), pyrophosphate and glucoheptonate] and of three commercially prepared kits (two lyophilized pyrophosphate kits and one diphosphonate in sealed glass ampul kit) was measured by differential pulse polarography. Inhouse-prepared kits were assayed initially and after storage for 6, 12, 24 and 48 days at 24, 5 and -18 C. Commercial kits were assayed initially and after storage for 12, 24 and 48 days at 5 and 24 C. Of the inhouse-prepared kits, Sn++ stability when stored for 48 days at 5 and 24 C. Freezer storage should be used, when possible, to insure maximum stability of Sn++ in inhouse-prepared, nonlyophilized ratiopharmaceutical kits. The commercial procedures of lyophilization and of sealing the reagent in a sealed glass ampul prolong Sn++ stability.", "contents": "Deterioration of stannous ion in radiopharmaceutical kits during storage. The deterioration of stannous ion (Sn++) in inhouse-prepared and commercial radiopharmaceutical kits was studied. Sn++ content of three types of nonlyophilized, deoxygenated, aqueous inhouse-prepared kits [diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), pyrophosphate and glucoheptonate] and of three commercially prepared kits (two lyophilized pyrophosphate kits and one diphosphonate in sealed glass ampul kit) was measured by differential pulse polarography. Inhouse-prepared kits were assayed initially and after storage for 6, 12, 24 and 48 days at 24, 5 and -18 C. Commercial kits were assayed initially and after storage for 12, 24 and 48 days at 5 and 24 C. Of the inhouse-prepared kits, Sn++ stability when stored for 48 days at 5 and 24 C. Freezer storage should be used, when possible, to insure maximum stability of Sn++ in inhouse-prepared, nonlyophilized ratiopharmaceutical kits. The commercial procedures of lyophilization and of sealing the reagent in a sealed glass ampul prolong Sn++ stability.", "PMID": 507080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7134", "title": "ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting papers: 1967--1978.", "content": "Trends in the types of topics of papers presented at the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists' Midyear Clinical Meetings from 1967 to 1978 are reviewed. A total of 1,210 abstracts of papers presented at the 12 meetings were reviewed. Twenty-three subject categories were identified. Papers were subdivided into four different study types--review, case report, report, and study. Topics such as general hospital pharmacy, management and administration, and drug distribution were emphasized more during the early years of the meeting. Papers on role evaluation, adverse drug reactions and drug use review were presented more frequently in the early 1970s. Therapeutics and general clinical pharmacy were topics consistently emphasized. Case reports increased from 0% in 1967, to 2% in 1972, to 6% in 1978. Review papers decreased from 72% in 1967, to 11% in 1972, to 3% in 1978. Studies increased from 4% in 1967, to 28% in 1972, to 43% in 1978. Concentration on increasing the number of studies presented at the meeting will advance hospital pharmacy and thus improve patient care.", "contents": "ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting papers: 1967--1978. Trends in the types of topics of papers presented at the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists' Midyear Clinical Meetings from 1967 to 1978 are reviewed. A total of 1,210 abstracts of papers presented at the 12 meetings were reviewed. Twenty-three subject categories were identified. Papers were subdivided into four different study types--review, case report, report, and study. Topics such as general hospital pharmacy, management and administration, and drug distribution were emphasized more during the early years of the meeting. Papers on role evaluation, adverse drug reactions and drug use review were presented more frequently in the early 1970s. Therapeutics and general clinical pharmacy were topics consistently emphasized. Case reports increased from 0% in 1967, to 2% in 1972, to 6% in 1978. Review papers decreased from 72% in 1967, to 11% in 1972, to 3% in 1978. Studies increased from 4% in 1967, to 28% in 1972, to 43% in 1978. Concentration on increasing the number of studies presented at the meeting will advance hospital pharmacy and thus improve patient care.", "PMID": 507081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7135", "title": "Infections caused by aterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring.", "content": "Utilizing a semiquantitative technique for culturing vascular catheters, we prospectively studied the risk and profile of infection caused by arterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring in 95 patients with a high risk of nosocomial infection. Of 130 catheters, 23 (18 per cent) produced local infection (larger than or equal to 15 colonies on semi-quantitative culture) and five septicemia (4 per cent). Sixteen of the 23 local infections and all septicemias occurred with catheter placements exceeding four days (p less than 0.001). Other factors associated with an increased risk of infection included insertion by surgical cut-down rather than percutaneously (ninefold increased rate of bacteremia, p = 0.008) and the presence of local inflammation (12-fold increase, p = 0.009). Systemic antimicrobial therapy (given to 80 per cent of the entire group and to four of the five with septicemia) did not protect against catheter-related infection but may account for the predominance of enterococci, Candida and gram-negative bacilli in these infections. Twelve per cent of all nosocomial bacteremias occurring in this critical care unit population originated from an arterial catheter. Indwelling arterial catheters pose a significant risk of bacteremic infection to ctirically ill patients. The percutaneous mode of placement is preferred; when prolonged arterial cannulation is required, the site should be rotated every four days. Local pain or inflammation, or clinical signs of sepsis without an obvious source should prompt removal and culture of the catheter.", "contents": "Infections caused by aterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring. Utilizing a semiquantitative technique for culturing vascular catheters, we prospectively studied the risk and profile of infection caused by arterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring in 95 patients with a high risk of nosocomial infection. Of 130 catheters, 23 (18 per cent) produced local infection (larger than or equal to 15 colonies on semi-quantitative culture) and five septicemia (4 per cent). Sixteen of the 23 local infections and all septicemias occurred with catheter placements exceeding four days (p less than 0.001). Other factors associated with an increased risk of infection included insertion by surgical cut-down rather than percutaneously (ninefold increased rate of bacteremia, p = 0.008) and the presence of local inflammation (12-fold increase, p = 0.009). Systemic antimicrobial therapy (given to 80 per cent of the entire group and to four of the five with septicemia) did not protect against catheter-related infection but may account for the predominance of enterococci, Candida and gram-negative bacilli in these infections. Twelve per cent of all nosocomial bacteremias occurring in this critical care unit population originated from an arterial catheter. Indwelling arterial catheters pose a significant risk of bacteremic infection to ctirically ill patients. The percutaneous mode of placement is preferred; when prolonged arterial cannulation is required, the site should be rotated every four days. Local pain or inflammation, or clinical signs of sepsis without an obvious source should prompt removal and culture of the catheter.", "PMID": 507085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7136", "title": "Mezlocillin in the therapy of serious infections.", "content": "Mezlocillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin chemically related to ampicillin which is more active than carbenicillin against Ps. aeruginosa, B. fragilis and Strep. faecalis and which inhibits many Klebsiella, was evaluated in the therapy of 34 episodes of infection in 26 patients. Infection sites included pulmonary, urinary tract and tissue infections, including peritonitis. Seven patients had bacteremia. Clinical cures were achieved in 83 per cent and bacteria cures in 76 per cent of infections. Cure was achieved with mezlocillin in patients with infections caused by carbenicillin-resistant species. Adverse effects of therapy were minimal, one rash and one episode of reversible neutropenia. Serum and body flevels of susceptible organisms.uid levels were easily maintained above the inhibitory levels of susceptible organisms. Mezlocillin was a safe, well tolerated and effective antibiotic in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Mezlocillin in the therapy of serious infections. Mezlocillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin chemically related to ampicillin which is more active than carbenicillin against Ps. aeruginosa, B. fragilis and Strep. faecalis and which inhibits many Klebsiella, was evaluated in the therapy of 34 episodes of infection in 26 patients. Infection sites included pulmonary, urinary tract and tissue infections, including peritonitis. Seven patients had bacteremia. Clinical cures were achieved in 83 per cent and bacteria cures in 76 per cent of infections. Cure was achieved with mezlocillin in patients with infections caused by carbenicillin-resistant species. Adverse effects of therapy were minimal, one rash and one episode of reversible neutropenia. Serum and body flevels of susceptible organisms.uid levels were easily maintained above the inhibitory levels of susceptible organisms. Mezlocillin was a safe, well tolerated and effective antibiotic in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 507086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7137", "title": "Renal function in gout. V. Factors influencing the renal hemodynamics.", "content": "Renal hemodynamics as measured by inulin clearance (Cinulin) and para-aminohippurate clearance (CPAH) was evaluated in 149 patients with primary gout over intervals of two to 22 years. In over 30 per cent of the patients plasma urate was greater than 10 mg/dl and urinary uric acid greater than 800 mg/min. A linear trend in decreasing frequency of hyperuricemia and excessive uricosuria is significantly related to the patient's age at the onset of gout. Group I consisted of 84 patients with uncomplicated gout in both clearance studies. Cinulin and CPAH were somewhat lower in patients larger than or equal to 50 years of age with longer duration of gout. Further reduction in clearances was minimal at the second clearance study in intervals of approximately 10 years. Group II included 27 patients who had no associated disease at the time of the first clearance study but in whom associated disease had developed by the time of the second clearance study. A striking reduction in Cinulin and CPAH was noted, especially in those 50 years old or above. There were 38 patients in group III with associated diseases at the time of both clearance studies. They had lower Cinulin and CPAH at the time of the first study, particularly the older patients. Further reduction during the second study was less striking than that in group II. Analyses of variance suggest that various coexisting vascular diseases with associated nephropathy have the most significant impact on the status of renal function in gout, with aging the second most important and duration of gout, the third.", "contents": "Renal function in gout. V. Factors influencing the renal hemodynamics. Renal hemodynamics as measured by inulin clearance (Cinulin) and para-aminohippurate clearance (CPAH) was evaluated in 149 patients with primary gout over intervals of two to 22 years. In over 30 per cent of the patients plasma urate was greater than 10 mg/dl and urinary uric acid greater than 800 mg/min. A linear trend in decreasing frequency of hyperuricemia and excessive uricosuria is significantly related to the patient's age at the onset of gout. Group I consisted of 84 patients with uncomplicated gout in both clearance studies. Cinulin and CPAH were somewhat lower in patients larger than or equal to 50 years of age with longer duration of gout. Further reduction in clearances was minimal at the second clearance study in intervals of approximately 10 years. Group II included 27 patients who had no associated disease at the time of the first clearance study but in whom associated disease had developed by the time of the second clearance study. A striking reduction in Cinulin and CPAH was noted, especially in those 50 years old or above. There were 38 patients in group III with associated diseases at the time of both clearance studies. They had lower Cinulin and CPAH at the time of the first study, particularly the older patients. Further reduction during the second study was less striking than that in group II. Analyses of variance suggest that various coexisting vascular diseases with associated nephropathy have the most significant impact on the status of renal function in gout, with aging the second most important and duration of gout, the third.", "PMID": 507087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7138", "title": "The pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in diabetic patients.", "content": "Patients with diabetes generally exhibit normal plasma catecholamine responses to standing. Some have blunted norepinephrine responses and postural hypotension-hypoadrenergic postural hypotension due to classic diabetic adrenergic neuropathy. Others, including some with postural hypotension, have exaggerated norepinephrine responses to standing. In order to clarify the pathogenesis of this hyperadrenergic state which occurs in a subset of diabetic patients, we studied aldosterone secretion, vascular and metabolic responsiveness to the administration of norepinephrine, and intravascular volumes in four diabetic patients who were selected for their exaggerated plasma norepinephrine responses to standing. Three of the four patients also exhibited (hyperadrenergic) postural hypotension. None of the hyperadrenergic diabetic patients had evidence of hypoaldosteronism or vascular resistance to norepinephrine, but all four patients had subnormal red blood cell masses and the mean (+/-SE) red blood cell mass (13.1 +/- 1.0 ml/kg) was approximately half of that of age- and sex-matched diabetic controls (26.5 +/- 2.7 ml/kg, p less than 0.01). Thus, intravascular volume contraction, specifically a reduction in the red blood cell mass, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic state observed in a subset of diabetic patients and in the pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in affected diabetic patients.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes generally exhibit normal plasma catecholamine responses to standing. Some have blunted norepinephrine responses and postural hypotension-hypoadrenergic postural hypotension due to classic diabetic adrenergic neuropathy. Others, including some with postural hypotension, have exaggerated norepinephrine responses to standing. In order to clarify the pathogenesis of this hyperadrenergic state which occurs in a subset of diabetic patients, we studied aldosterone secretion, vascular and metabolic responsiveness to the administration of norepinephrine, and intravascular volumes in four diabetic patients who were selected for their exaggerated plasma norepinephrine responses to standing. Three of the four patients also exhibited (hyperadrenergic) postural hypotension. None of the hyperadrenergic diabetic patients had evidence of hypoaldosteronism or vascular resistance to norepinephrine, but all four patients had subnormal red blood cell masses and the mean (+/-SE) red blood cell mass (13.1 +/- 1.0 ml/kg) was approximately half of that of age- and sex-matched diabetic controls (26.5 +/- 2.7 ml/kg, p less than 0.01). Thus, intravascular volume contraction, specifically a reduction in the red blood cell mass, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic state observed in a subset of diabetic patients and in the pathogenesis of hyperadrenergic postural hypotension in affected diabetic patients.", "PMID": 507088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7139", "title": "Transient S-T segment elevation in unstable angina: prognostic significance.", "content": "The clinical and prognostic significance of the direction of the S-T segment shift on the 12-lead electrocardiogram was evaluated in medically treated patients with unstable angina pectoris. Long-term mortality and morbidity of 11 patients with transient S-T segment elevation (group I) were compared to that of 21 patients with transient S-T segment depression (group II). The average follow-up duration was 62 months. There was no significant difference between groups I and II with respect to survival or nonfatal myocardial infarction over a five-year period. Mortality was related to the extent of coronary artery disease and left venticular ejection fraction rather than to the direction of the S-T segment shift.", "contents": "Transient S-T segment elevation in unstable angina: prognostic significance. The clinical and prognostic significance of the direction of the S-T segment shift on the 12-lead electrocardiogram was evaluated in medically treated patients with unstable angina pectoris. Long-term mortality and morbidity of 11 patients with transient S-T segment elevation (group I) were compared to that of 21 patients with transient S-T segment depression (group II). The average follow-up duration was 62 months. There was no significant difference between groups I and II with respect to survival or nonfatal myocardial infarction over a five-year period. Mortality was related to the extent of coronary artery disease and left venticular ejection fraction rather than to the direction of the S-T segment shift.", "PMID": 507091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7140", "title": "Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis.", "content": "Two patients with extremely high blood methanol concentrations (260 and 282 mg/dl) were successfully treated using pharmacokinetic dosing of ethanol, hemodialysis and supportive measures. Both patients recovered completely without residual ophthalmologic deficits. Early hemodialysis and inhibition of methanol metabolism with effective ethanol concentrations were attributed to the patients' full recovery. Methanol elimination was enhanced by hemodialysis as evidenced by a decrease in half-life from eight to two and a half hours. Methanol dialysance was 98 ml/min. A dosage regimen for ethanol was devised, utilizing dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters and the ethanol dialysance (100 to 120 ml/min) from these two patients. An ethanol loading dose of 0.6 g/kg should be administered to an adult with an acute methanol ingestion. This dose will produce a blood ethanol concentration of approximately 100 mg/dl which can be maintained by an ethanol infusion of 66 mg/kg/hour for nondrinkers to 154 mg/kg/hour for chronic ethanol drinkers. Hemodialysis should be initiated if the blood methanol concentration is greater than 50 mg/dl. If hemodialysis is initiated, the ethanol infusion should be increased by 7.2 g/hour.", "contents": "Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis. Two patients with extremely high blood methanol concentrations (260 and 282 mg/dl) were successfully treated using pharmacokinetic dosing of ethanol, hemodialysis and supportive measures. Both patients recovered completely without residual ophthalmologic deficits. Early hemodialysis and inhibition of methanol metabolism with effective ethanol concentrations were attributed to the patients' full recovery. Methanol elimination was enhanced by hemodialysis as evidenced by a decrease in half-life from eight to two and a half hours. Methanol dialysance was 98 ml/min. A dosage regimen for ethanol was devised, utilizing dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters and the ethanol dialysance (100 to 120 ml/min) from these two patients. An ethanol loading dose of 0.6 g/kg should be administered to an adult with an acute methanol ingestion. This dose will produce a blood ethanol concentration of approximately 100 mg/dl which can be maintained by an ethanol infusion of 66 mg/kg/hour for nondrinkers to 154 mg/kg/hour for chronic ethanol drinkers. Hemodialysis should be initiated if the blood methanol concentration is greater than 50 mg/dl. If hemodialysis is initiated, the ethanol infusion should be increased by 7.2 g/hour.", "PMID": 507092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7141", "title": "A follow-up study of 48 patients with Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "A follow-up study of 48 patients with Reiter's syndrome was carried out in an attempt to clarify the clinical course of the disease. The mean age at the onset of Reiter's syndrome was 27.1 years (range 15 to 52 years) and when seen at follow-up 32.5 years (range 19 to 58 years). The average time from the onset of the first attack of peripheral arthritis to the time of follow-up was six and a half years (range 0.5 to 27 years). Only three patients had diarrhea prior to the onset of Reiter's syndrome. At follow-up 22 per cent of the patients were asymptomatic, 24 per cent had recurrent minor symptoms, 24 per cent had recurrent moderate symptoms, and 30 per cent had recurrent major symptoms. However, even in the last group, all patients were in functional classes 1 or 2 between the flares of disease. No patients in the series were in functional class 3 or 4, and 30 per cent were in class 1.", "contents": "A follow-up study of 48 patients with Reiter's syndrome. A follow-up study of 48 patients with Reiter's syndrome was carried out in an attempt to clarify the clinical course of the disease. The mean age at the onset of Reiter's syndrome was 27.1 years (range 15 to 52 years) and when seen at follow-up 32.5 years (range 19 to 58 years). The average time from the onset of the first attack of peripheral arthritis to the time of follow-up was six and a half years (range 0.5 to 27 years). Only three patients had diarrhea prior to the onset of Reiter's syndrome. At follow-up 22 per cent of the patients were asymptomatic, 24 per cent had recurrent minor symptoms, 24 per cent had recurrent moderate symptoms, and 30 per cent had recurrent major symptoms. However, even in the last group, all patients were in functional classes 1 or 2 between the flares of disease. No patients in the series were in functional class 3 or 4, and 30 per cent were in class 1.", "PMID": 507093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7142", "title": "Fatty liver hepatitis and cirrhosis in obese patients.", "content": "Liver function and liver biopsy findings were studied in a selected group of 29 overweight patients. Fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, fatty fibrosis and fatty cirrhosis were seen with equal frequency. Diabetes was also present with an equal incidence in each of these four pathologic groups. Lipoprotein abnormalities, particularly type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, were found mostly in the two groups with the lesions with less fibrosis (fatty liver and fatty hepatitis). The pathologic picture resembled that of alcohol and postjejunoileal bypass-induced liver diseases suggesting a common denominator in these three conditions.", "contents": "Fatty liver hepatitis and cirrhosis in obese patients. Liver function and liver biopsy findings were studied in a selected group of 29 overweight patients. Fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, fatty fibrosis and fatty cirrhosis were seen with equal frequency. Diabetes was also present with an equal incidence in each of these four pathologic groups. Lipoprotein abnormalities, particularly type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, were found mostly in the two groups with the lesions with less fibrosis (fatty liver and fatty hepatitis). The pathologic picture resembled that of alcohol and postjejunoileal bypass-induced liver diseases suggesting a common denominator in these three conditions.", "PMID": 507094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7143", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in acromegalic patients.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac anatomy and function in 25 patients with accromegaly. Eighty per cent of the patients (20 of 25) had abnormal echocardiograms including 13 patients without other signs or symptoms of cardiac involvement. The most common abnormality was increased left ventricular mass with concentric left ventricular wall thickening, which was found in 64 per cent (16 of 25) of the patients. Increased left ventricular transverse dimension at end diastole was found in 36 per cent (nine of 25) of the patients. Other echocardiographic abnormalities found included left atrial or aortic root enlargement (three patients), disproportionate septal thickening (one patient) and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (three patients). Since five of the patients with increased left ventricular mass had no history of hypertension or hyperthyroidism, the increased mass cannot be ascribed solely to these conditions commonly associated with acromegaly. Furthermore, the degree of cardiac hypertrophy showed no significant correlation with pre- or post-treatment growth hormone levels, or with known duration of acromegaly prior to treatment. Thus, although the pathophysiology and significance of cardiac abnormalities in acromegalic patients is not yeat fully understood, echocardiography does provide a sensitive tool for detecting such abnormalities before they are otherwise apparent.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in acromegalic patients. Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac anatomy and function in 25 patients with accromegaly. Eighty per cent of the patients (20 of 25) had abnormal echocardiograms including 13 patients without other signs or symptoms of cardiac involvement. The most common abnormality was increased left ventricular mass with concentric left ventricular wall thickening, which was found in 64 per cent (16 of 25) of the patients. Increased left ventricular transverse dimension at end diastole was found in 36 per cent (nine of 25) of the patients. Other echocardiographic abnormalities found included left atrial or aortic root enlargement (three patients), disproportionate septal thickening (one patient) and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (three patients). Since five of the patients with increased left ventricular mass had no history of hypertension or hyperthyroidism, the increased mass cannot be ascribed solely to these conditions commonly associated with acromegaly. Furthermore, the degree of cardiac hypertrophy showed no significant correlation with pre- or post-treatment growth hormone levels, or with known duration of acromegaly prior to treatment. Thus, although the pathophysiology and significance of cardiac abnormalities in acromegalic patients is not yeat fully understood, echocardiography does provide a sensitive tool for detecting such abnormalities before they are otherwise apparent.", "PMID": 507095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7144", "title": "Altered collagen composition in a prolapsing mitral valve with ruptured chordae tendineae.", "content": "A patient presented with mitral valve prolapse, ruptured chordae tendineae, severe mitral regurgitation and congestive heart failure. Pathologic studies demonstrated myxomatous changes of both mitral leaflets. Collagen analysis of the valve and of the chordae tendineae revealed the presence of type I collagen in normal quantities and a striking absence of type III and AB collagens. The altered collagen in this patient's mitral valve probably contributed to the development of his mitral valve disorder.", "contents": "Altered collagen composition in a prolapsing mitral valve with ruptured chordae tendineae. A patient presented with mitral valve prolapse, ruptured chordae tendineae, severe mitral regurgitation and congestive heart failure. Pathologic studies demonstrated myxomatous changes of both mitral leaflets. Collagen analysis of the valve and of the chordae tendineae revealed the presence of type I collagen in normal quantities and a striking absence of type III and AB collagens. The altered collagen in this patient's mitral valve probably contributed to the development of his mitral valve disorder.", "PMID": 507098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7145", "title": "Long-term survival with diffuse interstitial pulmonary amyloidosis.", "content": "A 51 year old man presenting with amyloidosis involving the lungs, the testes, the skin and the stomach has been followed for eight years. Serial pulmonary function tests revealed slowly progressive physiologic deterioration. The various clinical features and the lengths of survival in the previously reported cases of diffuse interstitial pulmonary amyloidosis are reviewed. The unusually long survival of this patient and its implications are discussed.", "contents": "Long-term survival with diffuse interstitial pulmonary amyloidosis. A 51 year old man presenting with amyloidosis involving the lungs, the testes, the skin and the stomach has been followed for eight years. Serial pulmonary function tests revealed slowly progressive physiologic deterioration. The various clinical features and the lengths of survival in the previously reported cases of diffuse interstitial pulmonary amyloidosis are reviewed. The unusually long survival of this patient and its implications are discussed.", "PMID": 507099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7146", "title": "Disseminated granulomatous acanthamoeba infection presenting as an unusual skin lesion.", "content": "A fatal case of disseminated granulomatous infection with a skin lesion and focal encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba astronyxis is reported. Indirect fluorescent antibody tests of both tissue and serum from the patient established the diagnosis. The administration of amphotericin B is ineffective in vitro and has not been effective in vivo. It is recommended that corticosteroid therapy be avoided because it may aggravate the disease. Physicians caring for diseases caused by free-living ameba may call the CDC Parasitic Drug Service.", "contents": "Disseminated granulomatous acanthamoeba infection presenting as an unusual skin lesion. A fatal case of disseminated granulomatous infection with a skin lesion and focal encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba astronyxis is reported. Indirect fluorescent antibody tests of both tissue and serum from the patient established the diagnosis. The administration of amphotericin B is ineffective in vitro and has not been effective in vivo. It is recommended that corticosteroid therapy be avoided because it may aggravate the disease. Physicians caring for diseases caused by free-living ameba may call the CDC Parasitic Drug Service.", "PMID": 507100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7147", "title": "Severe mixed metabolic acidosis secondary to rhabdomyolysis.", "content": "A patient with severe metabolic acidosis in association with rhabdomyolysis and nonoliguric acute renal failure is presented. Evaluation of his acidosis indicated a large excess of unmeasured anions as well as evidence of a renal acidifying defect. We conclude that the metabolic acidosis seen with myoglobinuric acute renal failure may represent a mixed acid-base disturbance.", "contents": "Severe mixed metabolic acidosis secondary to rhabdomyolysis. A patient with severe metabolic acidosis in association with rhabdomyolysis and nonoliguric acute renal failure is presented. Evaluation of his acidosis indicated a large excess of unmeasured anions as well as evidence of a renal acidifying defect. We conclude that the metabolic acidosis seen with myoglobinuric acute renal failure may represent a mixed acid-base disturbance.", "PMID": 507101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7148", "title": "Eosinophilia, elevated immunoglobulin E level and chronic enteritis due to intestinal helminthiasis.", "content": "Recurrent urticaria, abdominal pain, peripheral eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulin E and small bowel abnormalities on roentgenograms prompted evaluation of a 36 year old man for intestinal parasitism. Evidence for helminthiasis as the cause of his symptoms included changing antibody titers to helminth antigens and a dramatic response to therapy. Helminth larvae or eggs were not recovered. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, the most likely cause of the illness, is discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophilia, elevated immunoglobulin E level and chronic enteritis due to intestinal helminthiasis. Recurrent urticaria, abdominal pain, peripheral eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulin E and small bowel abnormalities on roentgenograms prompted evaluation of a 36 year old man for intestinal parasitism. Evidence for helminthiasis as the cause of his symptoms included changing antibody titers to helminth antigens and a dramatic response to therapy. Helminth larvae or eggs were not recovered. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, the most likely cause of the illness, is discussed.", "PMID": 507102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7149", "title": "An evaluation of the self-study process.", "content": "Results of an evaluation of the self-study process in clinical laboratory sciences education accreditation are presented. The evaluation included questionnaires for program officials and site surveyors, follow-up personal interviews, and comparisons of time required to critique and prepare analytical reports for self-studies. The primary goals of the study were to determine the usefulness and validity of the self-study process. The results indicate generally positive trends and identify components in need of further refinement.", "contents": "An evaluation of the self-study process. Results of an evaluation of the self-study process in clinical laboratory sciences education accreditation are presented. The evaluation included questionnaires for program officials and site surveyors, follow-up personal interviews, and comparisons of time required to critique and prepare analytical reports for self-studies. The primary goals of the study were to determine the usefulness and validity of the self-study process. The results indicate generally positive trends and identify components in need of further refinement.", "PMID": 507105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7150", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin A1 on renal hemodynamics in pregnancy toxemia.", "content": "PGA1 was infused at a constant rate for 2 hours in 35 pregnant women in the third trimester. Twenty-five patients had clinical manifestations of pregnancy toxemia and 10 served as control subjects. Two dose levels (0.5 to 1.0 mug/kg/min) were investigated and obstetric aspects as well as renal hemodynamics were evaluated. At the high-dose level, the drug induced labor in half the subjects (toxemia patients and control subjects) and elicited a hypotensive response only in hypertensive cases. A marked increase in GFR and RPF was achieved at both dose levels in all cases. Plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and urea levels were unaltered. Also, the infusions did not induce any appreciable diuresis or natriuresis. Tph mechanisms of the induced changes and possible etiologic involvement of PGA1 in toxemia are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin A1 on renal hemodynamics in pregnancy toxemia. PGA1 was infused at a constant rate for 2 hours in 35 pregnant women in the third trimester. Twenty-five patients had clinical manifestations of pregnancy toxemia and 10 served as control subjects. Two dose levels (0.5 to 1.0 mug/kg/min) were investigated and obstetric aspects as well as renal hemodynamics were evaluated. At the high-dose level, the drug induced labor in half the subjects (toxemia patients and control subjects) and elicited a hypotensive response only in hypertensive cases. A marked increase in GFR and RPF was achieved at both dose levels in all cases. Plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and urea levels were unaltered. Also, the infusions did not induce any appreciable diuresis or natriuresis. Tph mechanisms of the induced changes and possible etiologic involvement of PGA1 in toxemia are discussed.", "PMID": 507109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7151", "title": "Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "Blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), red cell volume (RCV), cardiac output (CO), and organ blood flows were measured in nonpregnant (Group I), 10 to 19 days' pregnant (Group II), and 20 to 30 days' pregnant (Group III) rabbits. BV, PV, and RCV increased throughout pregnancy, with maximum increase during the second third of gestation. CO peaked during the second third of gestation and then decreased. Mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased. Total reproductive blood flow increased throughout pregnancy but when calculated per unit of weight it did not change. Redistribution of blood flow within the reproductive organs occurred, with ovarian and placental flow per unit of weight increasing and myometrial flow/unit of weight decreasing. Splenic flow decreased significantly; liver flow decreased. The flow to the lungs and kidneys remained unchanged. The data suggested that major hemodynamic changes occur during the first two thirds of gestation and this period appears to test the competency of the maternal organism to adapt to the needs of pregnancy. The last one third of gestation is characterized by the fetoplacental unit interaction.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy in the rabbit. Blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), red cell volume (RCV), cardiac output (CO), and organ blood flows were measured in nonpregnant (Group I), 10 to 19 days' pregnant (Group II), and 20 to 30 days' pregnant (Group III) rabbits. BV, PV, and RCV increased throughout pregnancy, with maximum increase during the second third of gestation. CO peaked during the second third of gestation and then decreased. Mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased. Total reproductive blood flow increased throughout pregnancy but when calculated per unit of weight it did not change. Redistribution of blood flow within the reproductive organs occurred, with ovarian and placental flow per unit of weight increasing and myometrial flow/unit of weight decreasing. Splenic flow decreased significantly; liver flow decreased. The flow to the lungs and kidneys remained unchanged. The data suggested that major hemodynamic changes occur during the first two thirds of gestation and this period appears to test the competency of the maternal organism to adapt to the needs of pregnancy. The last one third of gestation is characterized by the fetoplacental unit interaction.", "PMID": 507110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7152", "title": "Oxytocin challenge test for antepartum fetal assessment. Report of a clinical experience.", "content": "OCT's were performed 1,209 times on 533 fetuses at risk for UPI. OCT interpretation was negative for 72% of tests, and there were were no fetal deaths within a week following a negative test. Our data thus support the concept that the use of the OCT for fetal surveillance most frequently justifies a course of nonintervention. Of 69 fetuses with positive test, 47 were subjected to the stresses of labor with maternal hyperoxygenation and lateral poisoning. Twenty of these 47 (43%) tolerated labor without biophysical evidence of distress. Reactivity of the FHR, when present during a positive test, significantly increased the likelihood that a fetus would tolerate labor. The fetal and perinatal mortality rates in the patients identified as a risk for UPI and studied with OCT's were no greater than in a comparable group of pregnancies without identifiable risk for UPI and not studied with OCT's.", "contents": "Oxytocin challenge test for antepartum fetal assessment. Report of a clinical experience. OCT's were performed 1,209 times on 533 fetuses at risk for UPI. OCT interpretation was negative for 72% of tests, and there were were no fetal deaths within a week following a negative test. Our data thus support the concept that the use of the OCT for fetal surveillance most frequently justifies a course of nonintervention. Of 69 fetuses with positive test, 47 were subjected to the stresses of labor with maternal hyperoxygenation and lateral poisoning. Twenty of these 47 (43%) tolerated labor without biophysical evidence of distress. Reactivity of the FHR, when present during a positive test, significantly increased the likelihood that a fetus would tolerate labor. The fetal and perinatal mortality rates in the patients identified as a risk for UPI and studied with OCT's were no greater than in a comparable group of pregnancies without identifiable risk for UPI and not studied with OCT's.", "PMID": 507112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7153", "title": "Fetal baseline heart rate variability estimation. I. Comparison of clinical and stochastic quantification techniques.", "content": "Baseline fetal heart rate variability is an important parameter in the evaluation of fetal status during the intrapartum period. Prior descriptions of variability have largely been either visual-subjective or stochastic in nature. Unfortunately, correlation between the two has not been substantiated. Sample heart rate tracings were evaluated for variability by a panel of nine experts. Interobserver agreement in the evaluation of variability was high; correlation between visual subjective and stochastic methods was low. The implications are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal baseline heart rate variability estimation. I. Comparison of clinical and stochastic quantification techniques. Baseline fetal heart rate variability is an important parameter in the evaluation of fetal status during the intrapartum period. Prior descriptions of variability have largely been either visual-subjective or stochastic in nature. Unfortunately, correlation between the two has not been substantiated. Sample heart rate tracings were evaluated for variability by a panel of nine experts. Interobserver agreement in the evaluation of variability was high; correlation between visual subjective and stochastic methods was low. The implications are discussed.", "PMID": 507113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7154", "title": "Blood flow to fetal organs as a function of arterial oxygen content.", "content": "In a sheep preparation the blood flow to fetal organs was studied 3 to 10 days after surgery by means of the microsphere technique over a range of fetal arterial O2 content from 6 to 1 mM. Blood flows to neural tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem), heart, and the adrenals increased in inverse relation to arterial O2 content. As a result the arterial supply of O2 to these organs tended to remain constant over the O2 range studied. Blood flow to the fetal lungs decreased progressively with hypoxia. The blood flow to kidneys, digestive tract, pancreas, and carcass had a tendency to remain constant or increase gradually in the transition from high to moderately low levels of arterial O2 content and then to decrease abruptly in more severe hypoxia. Umbilical blood flow did not change systematically in relation to arterial O2 content.", "contents": "Blood flow to fetal organs as a function of arterial oxygen content. In a sheep preparation the blood flow to fetal organs was studied 3 to 10 days after surgery by means of the microsphere technique over a range of fetal arterial O2 content from 6 to 1 mM. Blood flows to neural tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem), heart, and the adrenals increased in inverse relation to arterial O2 content. As a result the arterial supply of O2 to these organs tended to remain constant over the O2 range studied. Blood flow to the fetal lungs decreased progressively with hypoxia. The blood flow to kidneys, digestive tract, pancreas, and carcass had a tendency to remain constant or increase gradually in the transition from high to moderately low levels of arterial O2 content and then to decrease abruptly in more severe hypoxia. Umbilical blood flow did not change systematically in relation to arterial O2 content.", "PMID": 507116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7155", "title": "A comparison of medroxyprogesterone serum concentrations by the oral or intramuscular route in patients with persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "A randomized study, comparing serum medroxyprogesterone concentrations by the oral and intramuscular routes, was performed on 22 patients with persistent or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma by six institutions of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. The oral group (11 patients) received cutaneous Provera (medroxyprogesterone), 50 mg three times a day, and the intramuscular group (11 patients) received 300 mg of Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone) weekly for at least 2 months. Serum levels were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after administration and every day for the first week and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. The mean serum levels (nanograms per milliliter) of medroxyprogesterone in the oral group were consistently higher than the corresponding mean levels of the intramuscular group. In addition, from the first through eighth weeks, the measurements (medians) for the oral group were statistically higher than those for the intramuscular group. Although the study indicates a significant increase in serum levels achieved by the oral route, the follow-up period of patients under study is too early to evaluate its clinical effectiveness as compared to the intramuscular route.", "contents": "A comparison of medroxyprogesterone serum concentrations by the oral or intramuscular route in patients with persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. A randomized study, comparing serum medroxyprogesterone concentrations by the oral and intramuscular routes, was performed on 22 patients with persistent or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma by six institutions of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. The oral group (11 patients) received cutaneous Provera (medroxyprogesterone), 50 mg three times a day, and the intramuscular group (11 patients) received 300 mg of Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone) weekly for at least 2 months. Serum levels were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after administration and every day for the first week and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks. The mean serum levels (nanograms per milliliter) of medroxyprogesterone in the oral group were consistently higher than the corresponding mean levels of the intramuscular group. In addition, from the first through eighth weeks, the measurements (medians) for the oral group were statistically higher than those for the intramuscular group. Although the study indicates a significant increase in serum levels achieved by the oral route, the follow-up period of patients under study is too early to evaluate its clinical effectiveness as compared to the intramuscular route.", "PMID": 507117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7156", "title": "Corpus luteum surgery.", "content": "The corpus luteum is responsible for a substantial number of emergency operations, some of which prove to be unnecessary and others which are unnecessarily complex. The routine utilization of culdocentesis and pregnancy testing will identify the large majority of those patients who can safely be treated by expectant observation or who should first be investigated by a diagnostic operative technique, such as laparoscopy, before an exploratory laparotomy is performed. When a laparotomy is performed, the ovary should be conserved whenever possible. An analysis of two hundred consecutive emergency operations for ruptured corpus luteum or corpus luteum cyst support these observations.", "contents": "Corpus luteum surgery. The corpus luteum is responsible for a substantial number of emergency operations, some of which prove to be unnecessary and others which are unnecessarily complex. The routine utilization of culdocentesis and pregnancy testing will identify the large majority of those patients who can safely be treated by expectant observation or who should first be investigated by a diagnostic operative technique, such as laparoscopy, before an exploratory laparotomy is performed. When a laparotomy is performed, the ovary should be conserved whenever possible. An analysis of two hundred consecutive emergency operations for ruptured corpus luteum or corpus luteum cyst support these observations.", "PMID": 507118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7157", "title": "Pelvic colonization with Actinomyces in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Recent reports suggest a relationship between intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) use and colonization or infection of the genital tract with Actinomyces species. This prospective, case-controlled study was designed to determine the incidence of colonization or infection with Actinomyces in IUD users. None of 50 control patients and four of 50 study patients (8%) had Actinomyces identified. None of the patients with positive results had symptomatic pelvic infection. Cervical cytology was effective in detecting each of the four study patients with positive results. It appears that the presence of any type of IUD is a major predisposing factor to colonization with Actinomyces.", "contents": "Pelvic colonization with Actinomyces in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Recent reports suggest a relationship between intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) use and colonization or infection of the genital tract with Actinomyces species. This prospective, case-controlled study was designed to determine the incidence of colonization or infection with Actinomyces in IUD users. None of 50 control patients and four of 50 study patients (8%) had Actinomyces identified. None of the patients with positive results had symptomatic pelvic infection. Cervical cytology was effective in detecting each of the four study patients with positive results. It appears that the presence of any type of IUD is a major predisposing factor to colonization with Actinomyces.", "PMID": 507119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7158", "title": "The results of treatment of microinvasive carcinoma (stage iA) of the uterine cervix by means of simple and extended hysterectomy.", "content": "At the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Tohoku University, radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy had been performed on patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix before 1966. Investigation of lymph nodes of 90 patients treated in this manner has shown no lymph node metastasis of tumor cells in any of them. Since 1967, microinvasive carcinoma has been treated as a matter of principle by extended hysterectomy without lymphadenectomy. From that time until 1974, 119 cases of microinvasive carcinoma have been treated by extended hysterectomy and 69 such cases by simple hysterectomy. The 5-year relative survival rate was 0.989 for extended hysterectomy patients and 1.008 for simple hysterectomy patients. Together, a 5-year relative survival rate of 0.992 was obtained.", "contents": "The results of treatment of microinvasive carcinoma (stage iA) of the uterine cervix by means of simple and extended hysterectomy. At the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Tohoku University, radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy had been performed on patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix before 1966. Investigation of lymph nodes of 90 patients treated in this manner has shown no lymph node metastasis of tumor cells in any of them. Since 1967, microinvasive carcinoma has been treated as a matter of principle by extended hysterectomy without lymphadenectomy. From that time until 1974, 119 cases of microinvasive carcinoma have been treated by extended hysterectomy and 69 such cases by simple hysterectomy. The 5-year relative survival rate was 0.989 for extended hysterectomy patients and 1.008 for simple hysterectomy patients. Together, a 5-year relative survival rate of 0.992 was obtained.", "PMID": 507120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7159", "title": "Immediate effect of amniocentesis on fetal breathing and gross body movements.", "content": "The incidence of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) has been observed to be significantly reduced at 24 and 48 hours after amniocentesis. The cause is unknown. We studied the immediate effects of amniocentesis on two fetal variables, FBMs and gross body movements (FMs). No effect was observed in the incidence of FBMs but an immediate increase in FMs occurred.", "contents": "Immediate effect of amniocentesis on fetal breathing and gross body movements. The incidence of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) has been observed to be significantly reduced at 24 and 48 hours after amniocentesis. The cause is unknown. We studied the immediate effects of amniocentesis on two fetal variables, FBMs and gross body movements (FMs). No effect was observed in the incidence of FBMs but an immediate increase in FMs occurred.", "PMID": 507121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7160", "title": "Appraisal of \"rigid\" blood glucose control during pregnancy in the overtly diabetic woman.", "content": "The degree of maternal glucose control achieved during the third trimester of pregnancy was evaluated for 120 overtly diabetic women hospitalized on a high-risk pregnancy ward. \"Rigid\" blood glucose control, defined as a mean preprandial plasma glucose concentration less than 115 mg/dl was achieved in only 14% of these women. Although mean preprandial plasmal glucose concentrations ranged between 115 and 172 mg/dl in 66% of women and exceeded 172 mg/dl in 20%, the perinatal salvage rate was greater than 95%. Pregnancies of those women whose mean plasma glucose levels exceeded 172 mg/dl required earlier intervention for signs of fetal jeopardy, but the degree of glucose control was not significantly related to either perinatal death or neonatal morbidity. These results suggest that maternal hyperglycemia exceeding a mean preprandial glucose concentration of 172 mg/dl is to be avoided, whereas, at the other extreme, mean glucose levels less than 115 mg/dl or \"rigid\" control is unnecessary for a successful perinatal outcome.", "contents": "Appraisal of \"rigid\" blood glucose control during pregnancy in the overtly diabetic woman. The degree of maternal glucose control achieved during the third trimester of pregnancy was evaluated for 120 overtly diabetic women hospitalized on a high-risk pregnancy ward. \"Rigid\" blood glucose control, defined as a mean preprandial plasma glucose concentration less than 115 mg/dl was achieved in only 14% of these women. Although mean preprandial plasmal glucose concentrations ranged between 115 and 172 mg/dl in 66% of women and exceeded 172 mg/dl in 20%, the perinatal salvage rate was greater than 95%. Pregnancies of those women whose mean plasma glucose levels exceeded 172 mg/dl required earlier intervention for signs of fetal jeopardy, but the degree of glucose control was not significantly related to either perinatal death or neonatal morbidity. These results suggest that maternal hyperglycemia exceeding a mean preprandial glucose concentration of 172 mg/dl is to be avoided, whereas, at the other extreme, mean glucose levels less than 115 mg/dl or \"rigid\" control is unnecessary for a successful perinatal outcome.", "PMID": 507128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7161", "title": "Carbohydrate tolerance in gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Among 42 patients with GD, one had clinical diabetes and 10 had chemical diabetes (26%) when tested by OGTT. The insulinogenic index was lower in patients with chemical diabetes than in patients with normal OGTT. Among 19 patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, similarly tested, three had chemical diabetes (15%). In a prospective study of 29 patients with GD tested repeatedly, the incidence of diabetic OGTT increased significantly with age. As glucose tolerance deteriorated, the plasma insulin response was delayed and the insulinogenic index decreased. The carbohydrate tolerance was unrelated to weight, estrogen replacement therapy, chromosomal pattern, and GH response. In six GD cases studied at a 6 year interval, the tolerance to oral glucose decreased with time whereas glucose utilization following its intravenous injection or tolbutamide administration was only slightly diminished; the plasma insulin was reduced by approximately 50% in response to each of these stimulations. These studies suggest that carbohydrate intolerance is frequently associated with GD and is due to a diminished beta-cell function.", "contents": "Carbohydrate tolerance in gonadal dysgenesis. Among 42 patients with GD, one had clinical diabetes and 10 had chemical diabetes (26%) when tested by OGTT. The insulinogenic index was lower in patients with chemical diabetes than in patients with normal OGTT. Among 19 patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, similarly tested, three had chemical diabetes (15%). In a prospective study of 29 patients with GD tested repeatedly, the incidence of diabetic OGTT increased significantly with age. As glucose tolerance deteriorated, the plasma insulin response was delayed and the insulinogenic index decreased. The carbohydrate tolerance was unrelated to weight, estrogen replacement therapy, chromosomal pattern, and GH response. In six GD cases studied at a 6 year interval, the tolerance to oral glucose decreased with time whereas glucose utilization following its intravenous injection or tolbutamide administration was only slightly diminished; the plasma insulin was reduced by approximately 50% in response to each of these stimulations. These studies suggest that carbohydrate intolerance is frequently associated with GD and is due to a diminished beta-cell function.", "PMID": 507129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7162", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects and factors related to survival in 384 Registry cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix.", "content": "Three hundred and eight-four cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix accessioned in the Registry as of December 31, 1978, have been analyzed. The annual incidence of these tumors has been found to correspond closely to the estimated usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for pregnancy support in the United States. The annual incidence of the DES-associated cases appears to have dropped in the United States in the past 2 years in comparison to 1973 to 1975. The risk of tumor development appears to be higher in young women exposed to DES early in intrauterine life than in those exposed later. The carcinomas are rare before the age of 14 years and an irregular peak in the age-incidence curve appears between 17 and 21 years followed by a decline. The 5-year survival rate is better for women over the age of 19 years than for younger patients, and a higher frequency oral contraceptive usage did not appear to influence the behavior of the tumor and the improved survival in those using this medication appears to be related to greater medical surveillance.", "contents": "Epidemiologic aspects and factors related to survival in 384 Registry cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. Three hundred and eight-four cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix accessioned in the Registry as of December 31, 1978, have been analyzed. The annual incidence of these tumors has been found to correspond closely to the estimated usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for pregnancy support in the United States. The annual incidence of the DES-associated cases appears to have dropped in the United States in the past 2 years in comparison to 1973 to 1975. The risk of tumor development appears to be higher in young women exposed to DES early in intrauterine life than in those exposed later. The carcinomas are rare before the age of 14 years and an irregular peak in the age-incidence curve appears between 17 and 21 years followed by a decline. The 5-year survival rate is better for women over the age of 19 years than for younger patients, and a higher frequency oral contraceptive usage did not appear to influence the behavior of the tumor and the improved survival in those using this medication appears to be related to greater medical surveillance.", "PMID": 507130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7163", "title": "Changes in amniotic fluid glucose, beta-hydroxy-butyrate, glycerol, and lactate concentration in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Amniotic fluid glucose, beta OH butyrate, glycerol, and lactate concentrations were measured in 75 samples collected in the third trimester of pregnancy from 50 diabetic patients, all but four of whom required insulin. Increases in maternal fasting plasma sugar were accompanied by corresponding increases in amniotic fluid glucose and on occasion increases in amniotic fluid beta OH butyrate. These data correspond to previous reports of placental glucose transfer and in addition, provide statistically significant evidence of placental betaOH butyrate transfer since the hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic fetus of a diabetic mother would be a poor primary source for ketogenesis. Relatively poor correlation of elevated fluid levels of these solutes to fetal outcome probably reflects a low incidence of maternal hyperglycemia, ketogenesis. Relatively poor correlation of elevated fluid levels of these solutes to fetal outcome probably reflects a low incidence of maternal hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and over-all reduced neonatal morbidity-mortality rates in this group of metabolically well-controlled, predominantly insulin-requiring diabetic patients managed in a regional high-risk perinatal center.", "contents": "Changes in amniotic fluid glucose, beta-hydroxy-butyrate, glycerol, and lactate concentration in diabetic pregnancy. Amniotic fluid glucose, beta OH butyrate, glycerol, and lactate concentrations were measured in 75 samples collected in the third trimester of pregnancy from 50 diabetic patients, all but four of whom required insulin. Increases in maternal fasting plasma sugar were accompanied by corresponding increases in amniotic fluid glucose and on occasion increases in amniotic fluid beta OH butyrate. These data correspond to previous reports of placental glucose transfer and in addition, provide statistically significant evidence of placental betaOH butyrate transfer since the hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic fetus of a diabetic mother would be a poor primary source for ketogenesis. Relatively poor correlation of elevated fluid levels of these solutes to fetal outcome probably reflects a low incidence of maternal hyperglycemia, ketogenesis. Relatively poor correlation of elevated fluid levels of these solutes to fetal outcome probably reflects a low incidence of maternal hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and over-all reduced neonatal morbidity-mortality rates in this group of metabolically well-controlled, predominantly insulin-requiring diabetic patients managed in a regional high-risk perinatal center.", "PMID": 507131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7164", "title": "Oxytocin challenge test results compared with simultaneously studied serum human placental lactogen and free estriol levels in high-risk pregnant women.", "content": "Three perinatal health indicators (serum human placental lactogen [hPL] levels, serum free estriol [E3] levels, and OCT) were simultaneously completed in 149 high-risk women who were more than 34 weeks pregnant. There was a significant correlation between the hPL and E3 results (r = 0.28, p less than 0.01). There was a 15.4% positive OCT result rate and the blood hormone values for the negative and positive OCT groups were compared. There was a significantly lower hPL value in the positive OCT group (4.7 +/- S.E.M. 0.4 vs. 6.2 +/- S.E.M. 0.2 micrograms/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively), whereas the free E3 levels were not different in these two OCT groups (14.8 +/- S.E.M. 1.5 vs. 16.3 +/- S.E.M. 0.7 ng/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively). The free E3 value did not help in predicting the OCT result as the low free E3 subgroup had the same frequency of positive OCT result as did the over-all group. There was a highly significant increase in the positive OCT results (42.9%) in women with a low hPL value (p less than 0.01). In those women with an hPL value of 6.0 microgram/ml or more there were only 8% positive OCT's. It is concluded that on hPL test at about 34 weeks of gestation could be used to screen pregnant women, and if the value were low (less than 4.0 microgram/ml) an OCT evaluation test would be indicated, for there is a very high frequency of positive results in that subgroup of women.", "contents": "Oxytocin challenge test results compared with simultaneously studied serum human placental lactogen and free estriol levels in high-risk pregnant women. Three perinatal health indicators (serum human placental lactogen [hPL] levels, serum free estriol [E3] levels, and OCT) were simultaneously completed in 149 high-risk women who were more than 34 weeks pregnant. There was a significant correlation between the hPL and E3 results (r = 0.28, p less than 0.01). There was a 15.4% positive OCT result rate and the blood hormone values for the negative and positive OCT groups were compared. There was a significantly lower hPL value in the positive OCT group (4.7 +/- S.E.M. 0.4 vs. 6.2 +/- S.E.M. 0.2 micrograms/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively), whereas the free E3 levels were not different in these two OCT groups (14.8 +/- S.E.M. 1.5 vs. 16.3 +/- S.E.M. 0.7 ng/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively). The free E3 value did not help in predicting the OCT result as the low free E3 subgroup had the same frequency of positive OCT result as did the over-all group. There was a highly significant increase in the positive OCT results (42.9%) in women with a low hPL value (p less than 0.01). In those women with an hPL value of 6.0 microgram/ml or more there were only 8% positive OCT's. It is concluded that on hPL test at about 34 weeks of gestation could be used to screen pregnant women, and if the value were low (less than 4.0 microgram/ml) an OCT evaluation test would be indicated, for there is a very high frequency of positive results in that subgroup of women.", "PMID": 507132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7165", "title": "Effects of dietary lead and zinc on pregnancy.", "content": "In order to further understand the effects of ingested Pb on pregnancy and the possible interaction of the trace element Zn with Pb, groups of dated pregnant rats were fed 10, 50, 100, 200, or 500 mg/L of Pb in water throughout pregnancy. A control group with no Pb, but diet ad lib, and a pair-fed control group with no Pb were also studied. Maternal average daily food consumption was significantly reduced at 50 mg/L of Pb and up. Total and net maternal weights were significantly reduced at 50 mg/L of Pb and up. Pair feeding at the 200 mg/L level improved maternal weight gain but not to control levels. Zn, 200 mg/L, supplement at the 200 mg/L of Pb level caused no improvement nor did ad lib diet with Pb removed after 16 days. Fetal weight decreased progressively as Pb levels were increased. Pair feeding at the 200 mg/L Pb of level and Zn, 200 mg/L, supplement with 200 mg/L of Pb significantly increased fetal weight but not to control levels. Placental weight was unchanged throughout. The results indicate that Pb-induced fetal growth retardation is due to reduced maternal food and energy intake, as well as to direct effect on the fetus. Excess dietary Zn improves fetal growth, probably by increasing maternal food consumption.", "contents": "Effects of dietary lead and zinc on pregnancy. In order to further understand the effects of ingested Pb on pregnancy and the possible interaction of the trace element Zn with Pb, groups of dated pregnant rats were fed 10, 50, 100, 200, or 500 mg/L of Pb in water throughout pregnancy. A control group with no Pb, but diet ad lib, and a pair-fed control group with no Pb were also studied. Maternal average daily food consumption was significantly reduced at 50 mg/L of Pb and up. Total and net maternal weights were significantly reduced at 50 mg/L of Pb and up. Pair feeding at the 200 mg/L level improved maternal weight gain but not to control levels. Zn, 200 mg/L, supplement at the 200 mg/L of Pb level caused no improvement nor did ad lib diet with Pb removed after 16 days. Fetal weight decreased progressively as Pb levels were increased. Pair feeding at the 200 mg/L Pb of level and Zn, 200 mg/L, supplement with 200 mg/L of Pb significantly increased fetal weight but not to control levels. Placental weight was unchanged throughout. The results indicate that Pb-induced fetal growth retardation is due to reduced maternal food and energy intake, as well as to direct effect on the fetus. Excess dietary Zn improves fetal growth, probably by increasing maternal food consumption.", "PMID": 507133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7166", "title": "The precursors of endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "For many years, a variety of abnormal endometrial lesions have been linked to endometrial cancer but have been designated as hyperplasia and classified by modifying adjectives such as cystic, adenomatous, atypical, moderate, and severe. Though descriptively distinctive, there are enough consistent histologic transitions between them to designate the entire group as belonging to a continuous spectrum from benign to malignant. Furthermore, because these epithelial lesions demonstrate not just hyperplasia but significant disorderly growth patterns, it has been suggested that they be referred to as dysplasias. In order to evaluate the association of these types of dysplasia to cancer, two groups of patients were studied. In one group, the histologic states of the endometrium of patients with endometrial cancer were retrospectively analyzed. In the second group of patients, who were selected for study because the endometria were diagnosed as belonging to the dysplastic groups, the subsequent endometrial histology was prospectively studied. The findings suggest that there is a recognizable group of endometrial lesions with an association to endometrial cancer strong enought to label and treat them as neoplastic.", "contents": "The precursors of endometrial carcinoma. For many years, a variety of abnormal endometrial lesions have been linked to endometrial cancer but have been designated as hyperplasia and classified by modifying adjectives such as cystic, adenomatous, atypical, moderate, and severe. Though descriptively distinctive, there are enough consistent histologic transitions between them to designate the entire group as belonging to a continuous spectrum from benign to malignant. Furthermore, because these epithelial lesions demonstrate not just hyperplasia but significant disorderly growth patterns, it has been suggested that they be referred to as dysplasias. In order to evaluate the association of these types of dysplasia to cancer, two groups of patients were studied. In one group, the histologic states of the endometrium of patients with endometrial cancer were retrospectively analyzed. In the second group of patients, who were selected for study because the endometria were diagnosed as belonging to the dysplastic groups, the subsequent endometrial histology was prospectively studied. The findings suggest that there is a recognizable group of endometrial lesions with an association to endometrial cancer strong enought to label and treat them as neoplastic.", "PMID": 507134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7167", "title": "Uterine metabolism of gonadal steroids during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate and uterine extraction of (3H)progesterone, (3H)estradiol, and (14C)estrone were studied at the time of hysterectomy in six women on or before day 12 of the menstrual cycle, in three women after day 12, and in one postmenopausal woman. The metabolic clearance rates of progesterone, estradiol, and estrone were in the same range as for normal women as previously reported by us. The uterine extraction for progesterone ranged between 12% and 37% on or before day 12 and 0% to 5% after day 12, and was 7.4% in the postmenopausal woman. The uterine extraction of estradiol was 0% to 25% on or before day 12, and 0%, 4%, and 22% after day 12 and was 18% in the postmenopausal woman. The uterine extraction of estrone was 7% to 24.5% on or before day 12 and 0% after day 12 and was 18% in the postmenopausal woman. The across-uterine interconversion of estradiol to estrone was 0% to 2.7% and of estrone to estradiol 0% to 2.6%. Both conversions appeared to be independent of the day of the menstrual cycle. The results suggest that the uterine metabolism of progesterone and estrone and perhaps estradiol is lower in the luteal phase of the cycle as compared to the follicular phase and that the conversion of estradiol to estrone may not be a major reaction of estradiol metabolism in the human uterus.", "contents": "Uterine metabolism of gonadal steroids during the menstrual cycle. The metabolic clearance rate and uterine extraction of (3H)progesterone, (3H)estradiol, and (14C)estrone were studied at the time of hysterectomy in six women on or before day 12 of the menstrual cycle, in three women after day 12, and in one postmenopausal woman. The metabolic clearance rates of progesterone, estradiol, and estrone were in the same range as for normal women as previously reported by us. The uterine extraction for progesterone ranged between 12% and 37% on or before day 12 and 0% to 5% after day 12, and was 7.4% in the postmenopausal woman. The uterine extraction of estradiol was 0% to 25% on or before day 12, and 0%, 4%, and 22% after day 12 and was 18% in the postmenopausal woman. The uterine extraction of estrone was 7% to 24.5% on or before day 12 and 0% after day 12 and was 18% in the postmenopausal woman. The across-uterine interconversion of estradiol to estrone was 0% to 2.7% and of estrone to estradiol 0% to 2.6%. Both conversions appeared to be independent of the day of the menstrual cycle. The results suggest that the uterine metabolism of progesterone and estrone and perhaps estradiol is lower in the luteal phase of the cycle as compared to the follicular phase and that the conversion of estradiol to estrone may not be a major reaction of estradiol metabolism in the human uterus.", "PMID": 507135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7168", "title": "Breech delivery: evaluation of the method of delivery on perinatal results and maternal morbidity.", "content": "A retrospective study of 460 single-gestation infants in breech position was conducted at the University of Colorado Medical Center to assess the impact of a policy for the selection of cases for vaginal delivery. Among infants weighing more than 2,500 grams, there was an increase in the cesarean section rate from 13% to 54%, with an associated increase in maternal morbidity from 7% to 15%. This occurred with no significant reduction in adverse perinatal outcome. However, a case-by-case review suggests that more frequent and timely cesarean sections would have further reduced perinatal morbidity and deaths among term infants. Among the infants weighing 2,500 grams or less there was an increase in cesarean births from 5% to 55% following the introduction of the strict criteria for vaginal delivery. Among the infants weighing 1,501 to 2,500 grams there was no significant difference in survival between the cesarean and vaginally delivered patients. Although infants weighing 501 to 1,500 grams delivered by cesarean section survived more frequently than did those delivered vaginally, the differences in perinatal deaths may have been due to a higher birth weight in the cesarean-delivered infants or an over-all improvement in neonatal intensive care for infants of very low birth weight.", "contents": "Breech delivery: evaluation of the method of delivery on perinatal results and maternal morbidity. A retrospective study of 460 single-gestation infants in breech position was conducted at the University of Colorado Medical Center to assess the impact of a policy for the selection of cases for vaginal delivery. Among infants weighing more than 2,500 grams, there was an increase in the cesarean section rate from 13% to 54%, with an associated increase in maternal morbidity from 7% to 15%. This occurred with no significant reduction in adverse perinatal outcome. However, a case-by-case review suggests that more frequent and timely cesarean sections would have further reduced perinatal morbidity and deaths among term infants. Among the infants weighing 2,500 grams or less there was an increase in cesarean births from 5% to 55% following the introduction of the strict criteria for vaginal delivery. Among the infants weighing 1,501 to 2,500 grams there was no significant difference in survival between the cesarean and vaginally delivered patients. Although infants weighing 501 to 1,500 grams delivered by cesarean section survived more frequently than did those delivered vaginally, the differences in perinatal deaths may have been due to a higher birth weight in the cesarean-delivered infants or an over-all improvement in neonatal intensive care for infants of very low birth weight.", "PMID": 507136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7169", "title": "Rewiew of ovarian cancer at the University of Texas Systems Cancer Center, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute.", "content": "The records of 2,115 patients with ovarian cancer who were treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas, during the 30 year period from 1944 to 1973 were reviewed. Ninety percent of the patients had an epithelial cancer of the ovary. The important prognostic factors include stage and grade of tumor and the presence or absence of ascites. Probably the most important prognostic factor, however, was the size of the largest tumor mass that remained after initial surgery. The patient's age and socioeconomic level were also influencing factors in the survival rate in this series of patients. Most of the patients had advanced disease when first examined and received some type of adjunctive postoperative treatment. The survival of patients who received postoperative irradiation, when compared by stage and size of the largest residual tumor mass, was improved over those who received chemotherapy.", "contents": "Rewiew of ovarian cancer at the University of Texas Systems Cancer Center, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The records of 2,115 patients with ovarian cancer who were treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas, during the 30 year period from 1944 to 1973 were reviewed. Ninety percent of the patients had an epithelial cancer of the ovary. The important prognostic factors include stage and grade of tumor and the presence or absence of ascites. Probably the most important prognostic factor, however, was the size of the largest tumor mass that remained after initial surgery. The patient's age and socioeconomic level were also influencing factors in the survival rate in this series of patients. Most of the patients had advanced disease when first examined and received some type of adjunctive postoperative treatment. The survival of patients who received postoperative irradiation, when compared by stage and size of the largest residual tumor mass, was improved over those who received chemotherapy.", "PMID": 507137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7170", "title": "Prophylactic transfusions of normal red blood cells during pregnancies complicated by sickle cell hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Prophylactic transfusions of normal donor red cells were administered during 37 pregnancies to women with sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, or sickle cell-beta thalassemia disease. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, the transfusions were administered intermittently throughout the rest of the pregnancy in such amounts and at such frequencies that no more than 60% of the circulating red cells contained hemoglobin S and the hematocrit was above 25. The maternal mortality rate was zero and maternal morbidity as the consequence of the sickle cell hemoglobinopathy was minimal. The perinatal mortality rate was appreciably reduced when compared to that previously observed without prophylactic transfusions but perinatal morbidity was still excessive. Evidence that the intrauterine environment was compromised, in spite of the transfusions consisted of an increased frequency of growth-retarded fetuses, of meconium staining of amnionic fluid, and of ominous decelerations of fetal heart rate. Morbidity from the transfusions was troublesome. Nonetheless, it is concluded tentatively that both the mother with a sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and her fetus are likely to benefit from prophylactic transfusions of normal donor red cells administered during one pregnancy according to the protocol employed in this study.", "contents": "Prophylactic transfusions of normal red blood cells during pregnancies complicated by sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Prophylactic transfusions of normal donor red cells were administered during 37 pregnancies to women with sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, or sickle cell-beta thalassemia disease. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, the transfusions were administered intermittently throughout the rest of the pregnancy in such amounts and at such frequencies that no more than 60% of the circulating red cells contained hemoglobin S and the hematocrit was above 25. The maternal mortality rate was zero and maternal morbidity as the consequence of the sickle cell hemoglobinopathy was minimal. The perinatal mortality rate was appreciably reduced when compared to that previously observed without prophylactic transfusions but perinatal morbidity was still excessive. Evidence that the intrauterine environment was compromised, in spite of the transfusions consisted of an increased frequency of growth-retarded fetuses, of meconium staining of amnionic fluid, and of ominous decelerations of fetal heart rate. Morbidity from the transfusions was troublesome. Nonetheless, it is concluded tentatively that both the mother with a sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and her fetus are likely to benefit from prophylactic transfusions of normal donor red cells administered during one pregnancy according to the protocol employed in this study.", "PMID": 507138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7171", "title": "The incidence of fundus lesions in septicemia.", "content": "Ophthalmoscopic examination in a series of septicemic patients with positive blood cultures revealed a significant number of patients with fundus lesions. Review of the medical diagnoses and laboratory data did not show any consistent abnormalities differentiating between septic patients with or without fundus lesions. Septicemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cotton wool lesions, hemorrhages, or white-centered hemorrhages in the retina.", "contents": "The incidence of fundus lesions in septicemia. Ophthalmoscopic examination in a series of septicemic patients with positive blood cultures revealed a significant number of patients with fundus lesions. Review of the medical diagnoses and laboratory data did not show any consistent abnormalities differentiating between septic patients with or without fundus lesions. Septicemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cotton wool lesions, hemorrhages, or white-centered hemorrhages in the retina.", "PMID": 507139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7172", "title": "Sudden occlusion of the retinal and posterior choroidal circulations in a youth.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy was stabbed above the left eye and had subsequent loss of both retinal and choroidal perfusion to the posterior segment. Ophthalmoscopic examination ten days after the injury disclosed intense nerve fiber layer edema, most prominent in the posterior pole, and absence of a cherry-red spot. Intravenous fluorescein angiography showed no filling of retinal vessels and only patchy, segmental, peripapillary choroidal filling, probably secondary to collateral circulation developing from the episcleral arterial plexus. Leakage of dye from the peripapillary choroid into the overlying retina was caused by ischemic necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium. Follow-up examination 11 days later revealed marked sclerosis of the smaller arterioles, optic pallor, atrophic retinal pigment epithelial changes, and loss of retinal substance, most marked in the posterior pole.", "contents": "Sudden occlusion of the retinal and posterior choroidal circulations in a youth. A 14-year-old boy was stabbed above the left eye and had subsequent loss of both retinal and choroidal perfusion to the posterior segment. Ophthalmoscopic examination ten days after the injury disclosed intense nerve fiber layer edema, most prominent in the posterior pole, and absence of a cherry-red spot. Intravenous fluorescein angiography showed no filling of retinal vessels and only patchy, segmental, peripapillary choroidal filling, probably secondary to collateral circulation developing from the episcleral arterial plexus. Leakage of dye from the peripapillary choroid into the overlying retina was caused by ischemic necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium. Follow-up examination 11 days later revealed marked sclerosis of the smaller arterioles, optic pallor, atrophic retinal pigment epithelial changes, and loss of retinal substance, most marked in the posterior pole.", "PMID": 507140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7173", "title": "Radiation retinopathy after irradiation of intracranial lesions.", "content": "Six patients developed a mild retinopathy after radiation therapy for intracranial lesions. The retinopathy, consisting of capillary microaneurysms, cotton-wool patches, and telangiectasis, developed after a latent period that varied between nine months and three years. The visual acuity remained within normal limits. The severity of the retinopathy is related to the retinal or optic nerve dose of radiation.", "contents": "Radiation retinopathy after irradiation of intracranial lesions. Six patients developed a mild retinopathy after radiation therapy for intracranial lesions. The retinopathy, consisting of capillary microaneurysms, cotton-wool patches, and telangiectasis, developed after a latent period that varied between nine months and three years. The visual acuity remained within normal limits. The severity of the retinopathy is related to the retinal or optic nerve dose of radiation.", "PMID": 507141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7174", "title": "Foveal cone electroretinograms in retinitis pigmentosa and juvenile maular degeneration.", "content": "Foveal cone electroretinograms were elicited with a hand-held stimulator-ophthalmoscope from 16 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 17 patients with juvenile macular degeneration. Among 11 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuities of 6/9 (20/30) or better, eight had foveal cone ERGs that were normal in amplitude and b-wave implicit time; all five patients tested with visual acuities of 6/12 (20/40) to 6/18 (20/60) had foveal cone ERGs that were reduced in amplitude and normal in implicit time. All patients with juvenile macular degeneration and visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or worse showed subnormal amplitudes with normal or delayed implicit times, or responses indistinguishable from noise. Amplitudes tended to be smaller and delays greater among patients with juvenile macular degeneration and visual acuities of 6/60 (20/200) or worse.", "contents": "Foveal cone electroretinograms in retinitis pigmentosa and juvenile maular degeneration. Foveal cone electroretinograms were elicited with a hand-held stimulator-ophthalmoscope from 16 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 17 patients with juvenile macular degeneration. Among 11 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuities of 6/9 (20/30) or better, eight had foveal cone ERGs that were normal in amplitude and b-wave implicit time; all five patients tested with visual acuities of 6/12 (20/40) to 6/18 (20/60) had foveal cone ERGs that were reduced in amplitude and normal in implicit time. All patients with juvenile macular degeneration and visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or worse showed subnormal amplitudes with normal or delayed implicit times, or responses indistinguishable from noise. Amplitudes tended to be smaller and delays greater among patients with juvenile macular degeneration and visual acuities of 6/60 (20/200) or worse.", "PMID": 507142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7175", "title": "Ophthalmology and the carotid artery.", "content": "During the last three decades, carotid artery occlusive disease has changed from an obscure and rarely diagnosed condition to a clearly understood and frequently seen neurologic disorder. Its medical management and its surgical treatment are constantly improving. Ophthalmologists, together with neurologists, have contributed greatly to the understanding of the ocular signs and symptoms of carotid artery disease. Using his knowledge of these signs and symptoms, the ophthalmologist may make a significant contribution in the diagnosis and treatment of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "contents": "Ophthalmology and the carotid artery. During the last three decades, carotid artery occlusive disease has changed from an obscure and rarely diagnosed condition to a clearly understood and frequently seen neurologic disorder. Its medical management and its surgical treatment are constantly improving. Ophthalmologists, together with neurologists, have contributed greatly to the understanding of the ocular signs and symptoms of carotid artery disease. Using his knowledge of these signs and symptoms, the ophthalmologist may make a significant contribution in the diagnosis and treatment of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "PMID": 507143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7176", "title": "Uveal malignant melanoma in three generations of the same family.", "content": "Three patients in three successive generations from the same family had choroidal malignant melanoma. The third generation patient had multiple primary malignancies; his siblings also had multiple malignancies. Chromosome studies of the third generation patient revealed no abnormality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second such pedigree reported.", "contents": "Uveal malignant melanoma in three generations of the same family. Three patients in three successive generations from the same family had choroidal malignant melanoma. The third generation patient had multiple primary malignancies; his siblings also had multiple malignancies. Chromosome studies of the third generation patient revealed no abnormality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second such pedigree reported.", "PMID": 507144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7177", "title": "Mapping the representation of the visual field by electrical stimulation of human visual cortex.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of human visual cortex produces punctuate phosphenes in the visual field. This phenomenon, which is being explored as the basis for a visual prosthesis for the blind, also provides the first electrophysiological information about the retinocortical map in man. Stimulation of points clustered on the surface of the visual cortex produces phosphenes clustered in visual space. However, adjacent surface electrodes located on opposite sides of a sulcus can produce widely separated phosphenes, because the intervening cortex is buried and inaccessible to stimulation. Such electrodes can also produce multiple phosphenes by simultaneously stimulating both banks of the sulcus. Electrodes which are widely spaced on the brain can produce phosphenes close together in visual space providing they stimulate cortex corresponding to overlapping maps in areas 17 and 18. Analysis of the phosphene map indicates that successive stimulation of points further from the tip of the occipital pole produces phosphenes progressively more distant from the fixation point. Successive stimulation of points along the orthogonal dorsoventral dimension produces a progressive change in phosphene bearing. These results confirm the general view of cortical organization derived from field defect studies in man, and from anatomical and electrophysiological studies in monkeys, and provide a new tool for more detailed study of retinotopic projections in man.", "contents": "Mapping the representation of the visual field by electrical stimulation of human visual cortex. Electrical stimulation of human visual cortex produces punctuate phosphenes in the visual field. This phenomenon, which is being explored as the basis for a visual prosthesis for the blind, also provides the first electrophysiological information about the retinocortical map in man. Stimulation of points clustered on the surface of the visual cortex produces phosphenes clustered in visual space. However, adjacent surface electrodes located on opposite sides of a sulcus can produce widely separated phosphenes, because the intervening cortex is buried and inaccessible to stimulation. Such electrodes can also produce multiple phosphenes by simultaneously stimulating both banks of the sulcus. Electrodes which are widely spaced on the brain can produce phosphenes close together in visual space providing they stimulate cortex corresponding to overlapping maps in areas 17 and 18. Analysis of the phosphene map indicates that successive stimulation of points further from the tip of the occipital pole produces phosphenes progressively more distant from the fixation point. Successive stimulation of points along the orthogonal dorsoventral dimension produces a progressive change in phosphene bearing. These results confirm the general view of cortical organization derived from field defect studies in man, and from anatomical and electrophysiological studies in monkeys, and provide a new tool for more detailed study of retinotopic projections in man.", "PMID": 507145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7178", "title": "Adverse effects experienced by patients taking timolol.", "content": "Adverse effects involving one or more organ systems occurred in 38 of 165 patients with various types of glaucoma when timolol was added to their glaucoma therapy. It was necessary to discontinue timolol because of these side effects in 15 (9%) of the patients. Double-masked studies will be necessary to clarify the relationship of these adverse effects to the use of timolol.", "contents": "Adverse effects experienced by patients taking timolol. Adverse effects involving one or more organ systems occurred in 38 of 165 patients with various types of glaucoma when timolol was added to their glaucoma therapy. It was necessary to discontinue timolol because of these side effects in 15 (9%) of the patients. Double-masked studies will be necessary to clarify the relationship of these adverse effects to the use of timolol.", "PMID": 507146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7179", "title": "Corneal anesthesia after timolol maleate therapy.", "content": "Symptomatic superficial punctate keratitis associated with complete corneal anesthesia occurred in three patients after they had been taking timolol maleate for glaucoma. After discontinuation of the timolol maleate and substitution of conventional antiglaucomatous collyria, the keratitis gradually cleared with restoration of normal corneal sensitivity. Corneal sensitivity, measured in 25 additional patients taking timolol maleate, was markedly diminished in four patients, all of whom were elderly and had been using the drug for a minimum of three months. Timolol maleate does appear to have some local anesthetic properties in human cornea after chronic use by susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Corneal anesthesia after timolol maleate therapy. Symptomatic superficial punctate keratitis associated with complete corneal anesthesia occurred in three patients after they had been taking timolol maleate for glaucoma. After discontinuation of the timolol maleate and substitution of conventional antiglaucomatous collyria, the keratitis gradually cleared with restoration of normal corneal sensitivity. Corneal sensitivity, measured in 25 additional patients taking timolol maleate, was markedly diminished in four patients, all of whom were elderly and had been using the drug for a minimum of three months. Timolol maleate does appear to have some local anesthetic properties in human cornea after chronic use by susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 507147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7180", "title": "Recurrent herpetic angular blepharitis in an adult.", "content": "A 36-year-old man had several episodes of left angular blepharoconjunctivitis associated with upper respiratory infections, herpes labialis, or emotional stress. The clinical diagnosis had always been a blepharitis of bacterial origin. During the last attack, cytologic examination of a scraping obtained from an eyelid pustule vesicle revealed multinucleated keratinocytes, diagnostic of a herpetic infection. Virologic studies proved that herpes simplex virus type 1 was the causal agent.", "contents": "Recurrent herpetic angular blepharitis in an adult. A 36-year-old man had several episodes of left angular blepharoconjunctivitis associated with upper respiratory infections, herpes labialis, or emotional stress. The clinical diagnosis had always been a blepharitis of bacterial origin. During the last attack, cytologic examination of a scraping obtained from an eyelid pustule vesicle revealed multinucleated keratinocytes, diagnostic of a herpetic infection. Virologic studies proved that herpes simplex virus type 1 was the causal agent.", "PMID": 507148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7181", "title": "Schirmer test and break-up time of tear film in normal subjects.", "content": "We examined the precorneal film, the Schirmer test No. 1, and the break-up time tests in 440 healthy young students. There were no statistically significant differences (1) between men and women from the same origin who were brought up in the same environment, (2) between students from different ethnic origins who were brought up in the same environment, and (3) between students of the same origin who were brought up in different environments. Gradual seasonal changes in climatic factors, such as temperature, humidity, visibility, and barometric pressure, seem to have no appreciable effect on the Schirmer test No. 1 or break-up time test.", "contents": "Schirmer test and break-up time of tear film in normal subjects. We examined the precorneal film, the Schirmer test No. 1, and the break-up time tests in 440 healthy young students. There were no statistically significant differences (1) between men and women from the same origin who were brought up in the same environment, (2) between students from different ethnic origins who were brought up in the same environment, and (3) between students of the same origin who were brought up in different environments. Gradual seasonal changes in climatic factors, such as temperature, humidity, visibility, and barometric pressure, seem to have no appreciable effect on the Schirmer test No. 1 or break-up time test.", "PMID": 507149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7182", "title": "A mirror for hemianopia.", "content": "I devised a small mirror for hemianopia that is mounted on a clip placed over the spectacle frames on the nasal side. The mirror is adjustable so that the peripheral retina is stimulated by any motion reflected in the mirror when the eye is gazing straight ahead.", "contents": "A mirror for hemianopia. I devised a small mirror for hemianopia that is mounted on a clip placed over the spectacle frames on the nasal side. The mirror is adjustable so that the peripheral retina is stimulated by any motion reflected in the mirror when the eye is gazing straight ahead.", "PMID": 507150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7183", "title": "Optic disk edema in sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman had bilateral optic disk edema. A granulomatous uveitis and macular edema subsequently ensued. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from an area of marked hilar adenopathy revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell tubercles. No other associated systemic findings were noted, and after a course of topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy, the ocular manifestations disappeared.", "contents": "Optic disk edema in sarcoidosis. A 24-year-old woman had bilateral optic disk edema. A granulomatous uveitis and macular edema subsequently ensued. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from an area of marked hilar adenopathy revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell tubercles. No other associated systemic findings were noted, and after a course of topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy, the ocular manifestations disappeared.", "PMID": 507151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7184", "title": "New suspension of operating microscope and chair.", "content": "We developed a new operating microscope system consisting of magnetically locked suspension for the microscope, an operating chair that makes synchronous coaxial rotation with the microscopy, and has a cryostat and electric coagulator built into its back, and a slit lamp with brighter illumination. The new operating microscope system, which permits a wider range of motion and a clearer view of the operative field than conventional microscopes, has proved useful in such surgical procedures as the running suture in corneal transplantation, loop fixation in intraocular lens implantation, preparation of an intrascleral pocket in detachment surgery, open sky vitrectomy, and decompression of the optic canal.", "contents": "New suspension of operating microscope and chair. We developed a new operating microscope system consisting of magnetically locked suspension for the microscope, an operating chair that makes synchronous coaxial rotation with the microscopy, and has a cryostat and electric coagulator built into its back, and a slit lamp with brighter illumination. The new operating microscope system, which permits a wider range of motion and a clearer view of the operative field than conventional microscopes, has proved useful in such surgical procedures as the running suture in corneal transplantation, loop fixation in intraocular lens implantation, preparation of an intrascleral pocket in detachment surgery, open sky vitrectomy, and decompression of the optic canal.", "PMID": 507152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7185", "title": "Adjustable length infusion needle for Ocutome vitrectomy.", "content": "We devised an adjustable length infusion needle for Ocutome vitrectomy. Visualization of the tip of the infusion terminal is not necessary and the risk of infusion into the uvea is eliminated.", "contents": "Adjustable length infusion needle for Ocutome vitrectomy. We devised an adjustable length infusion needle for Ocutome vitrectomy. Visualization of the tip of the infusion terminal is not necessary and the risk of infusion into the uvea is eliminated.", "PMID": 507153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7186", "title": "Limbal extraction of posterior segment foreign bodies.", "content": "In aphakic patients, we devised a technique for forceps removal of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies through the corneoscleral limbus. Enlargement of the pars plana incision was not necessary.", "contents": "Limbal extraction of posterior segment foreign bodies. In aphakic patients, we devised a technique for forceps removal of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies through the corneoscleral limbus. Enlargement of the pars plana incision was not necessary.", "PMID": 507154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7187", "title": "The changing scene of intraocular implant lens surgery.", "content": "A review of lens implant surgery using different implant styles and both methods of cataract extraction revealed that there is little difference in the final visual acuity regardless of which implant or cataract technique is used. There appears to be a higher rate of cystoid macular edema with the intracapsular technique and a higher rate of corneal edema with the extracapsular technique. A modern attitude toward this technologic explosion insists more than ever on conventional points of view regarding patients' needs.", "contents": "The changing scene of intraocular implant lens surgery. A review of lens implant surgery using different implant styles and both methods of cataract extraction revealed that there is little difference in the final visual acuity regardless of which implant or cataract technique is used. There appears to be a higher rate of cystoid macular edema with the intracapsular technique and a higher rate of corneal edema with the extracapsular technique. A modern attitude toward this technologic explosion insists more than ever on conventional points of view regarding patients' needs.", "PMID": 507160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7188", "title": "A critical analysis of the long-term results of trabeculectomy.", "content": "We analyzed the long-term results of trabeculectomy in a homogeneous group of 90 eyes (75 patients) followed up one to five years after surgery. The effect on intraocular pressure was considered stable after one year; complete success was achieved in 69 (71%) of cases with a further in 8 (9%) partial success in eight (9%). The pressure-lowering effect was closely related to the presence of a filtering bleb. The main complication was the late appearance of lens opacities, although these seemed less frequent than after other antiglaucoma operations. Lens opacities were particularly frequent in hypotonic eyes and may depend upon the process of aqueous humor filtration itself.", "contents": "A critical analysis of the long-term results of trabeculectomy. We analyzed the long-term results of trabeculectomy in a homogeneous group of 90 eyes (75 patients) followed up one to five years after surgery. The effect on intraocular pressure was considered stable after one year; complete success was achieved in 69 (71%) of cases with a further in 8 (9%) partial success in eight (9%). The pressure-lowering effect was closely related to the presence of a filtering bleb. The main complication was the late appearance of lens opacities, although these seemed less frequent than after other antiglaucoma operations. Lens opacities were particularly frequent in hypotonic eyes and may depend upon the process of aqueous humor filtration itself.", "PMID": 507161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7189", "title": "Continuous wave argon laser iridectomy in angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "By using a continuous wave argon laser in a multiburn fashion, successful iridectomies were achieved in 42 out of 45 phakic eyes with either acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Five of the successful procedures required multiple sittings on different days or abandonment of the primary treatment site in favor of an alternate site, or both, to attain patency. Within the immediate postoperative period, ten eyes needed retreatment to eliminate moderate pigment proliferation at the perforation site. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis under topical anesthesia, usually required less than one-half hour for completion, and resulted in only minimal complications. Therefore, continuous wave argon laser iridectomy appears to present a viable alternative to surgical iridectomy for the definitive treatment of angle-closure glaucoma, although long-term evaluation of this modality of therapy is presently unavailable.", "contents": "Continuous wave argon laser iridectomy in angle-closure glaucoma. By using a continuous wave argon laser in a multiburn fashion, successful iridectomies were achieved in 42 out of 45 phakic eyes with either acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Five of the successful procedures required multiple sittings on different days or abandonment of the primary treatment site in favor of an alternate site, or both, to attain patency. Within the immediate postoperative period, ten eyes needed retreatment to eliminate moderate pigment proliferation at the perforation site. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis under topical anesthesia, usually required less than one-half hour for completion, and resulted in only minimal complications. Therefore, continuous wave argon laser iridectomy appears to present a viable alternative to surgical iridectomy for the definitive treatment of angle-closure glaucoma, although long-term evaluation of this modality of therapy is presently unavailable.", "PMID": 507162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7190", "title": "Efficacy and patient acceptance of pilocarpine gel.", "content": "Fifteen patients with symmetrically increased intraocular pressure (IOP) participated in a single-masked random 30-day clinical trial comparing 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride gel applied at bedtime to one eye with 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride drops instilled four times daily in the fellow eye. Both forms of pilocarpine reduced IOP significantly at 8 A.M., 12 noon, and 4 P.M. (P less than .01). At these times there was no significant difference in effect between the two forms of pilocarpine (P greater than .05). The mean IOP of eyes treated with gel showed no significant difference from the pretreatment value at 10 P.M. (P = .37), whereas at this time eyes treated with drops did maintain a significant IOP reduction (P = .02). At 10 P.M. pilocarpine drops reduced IOP significantly more than did pilocarpine gel (P = .002). Pupil diameter was affected by the gel and drops in a similar pattern to that of IOP. Patients tolerated the gel with few side effects and were pleased by the convenience of administration once daily.", "contents": "Efficacy and patient acceptance of pilocarpine gel. Fifteen patients with symmetrically increased intraocular pressure (IOP) participated in a single-masked random 30-day clinical trial comparing 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride gel applied at bedtime to one eye with 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride drops instilled four times daily in the fellow eye. Both forms of pilocarpine reduced IOP significantly at 8 A.M., 12 noon, and 4 P.M. (P less than .01). At these times there was no significant difference in effect between the two forms of pilocarpine (P greater than .05). The mean IOP of eyes treated with gel showed no significant difference from the pretreatment value at 10 P.M. (P = .37), whereas at this time eyes treated with drops did maintain a significant IOP reduction (P = .02). At 10 P.M. pilocarpine drops reduced IOP significantly more than did pilocarpine gel (P = .002). Pupil diameter was affected by the gel and drops in a similar pattern to that of IOP. Patients tolerated the gel with few side effects and were pleased by the convenience of administration once daily.", "PMID": 507163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7191", "title": "An analysis of visual acuity, visual fields, and disk cupping in childhood glaucoma.", "content": "We analyzed the long-term functional results in 102 eyes of 59 patients with childhood glaucoma with specific reference to the pattern of optic nerve damage. Optic disk photography and quantitative perimetry were used to judge the degree of damage that had been sustained. There was a predilection for initial visual field damage in the arcuate area, followed by further arcuate and nasal field loss, similar to the pattern of visual field loss seen in adult glaucoma. In children, as in adults, neural tissue appeared to be lost preferentially at the vertical disk poles. The selective pattern of glaucomatous optic nerve damage seemed not to depend upon the age of the optic nerve structures. In contrast to adult eyes, the scleral canal in children apparently enlarges with high IOP. Thus, disk cup size increase in children could occur from neural tissue loss, from scleral canal enlargement, or from a combination of the two processes.", "contents": "An analysis of visual acuity, visual fields, and disk cupping in childhood glaucoma. We analyzed the long-term functional results in 102 eyes of 59 patients with childhood glaucoma with specific reference to the pattern of optic nerve damage. Optic disk photography and quantitative perimetry were used to judge the degree of damage that had been sustained. There was a predilection for initial visual field damage in the arcuate area, followed by further arcuate and nasal field loss, similar to the pattern of visual field loss seen in adult glaucoma. In children, as in adults, neural tissue appeared to be lost preferentially at the vertical disk poles. The selective pattern of glaucomatous optic nerve damage seemed not to depend upon the age of the optic nerve structures. In contrast to adult eyes, the scleral canal in children apparently enlarges with high IOP. Thus, disk cup size increase in children could occur from neural tissue loss, from scleral canal enlargement, or from a combination of the two processes.", "PMID": 507164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7192", "title": "Comparison of photographic techniques and films used in stereophotogrammetry of the optic disk.", "content": "We compared photogrammetric measurements of optic cup volume, area, and depth made from two types of stereophotography and two types of film to determine their effect on the precision of the measurements. We found that measurements from simultaneous stereophotography (Donaldson stereoscopic fundus camera) had a smaller range of values and a smaller mean percent error than measurements from consecutive stereophotography (Zeiss Fundus Flash II camera). However, a Student's t-test for related measures showed no significant difference. The measurements from Kodachrome 25 film and Kodak Photomicrography film varied in range and mean percent error without a pattern. The Student's t-test for related measures showed no significant difference.", "contents": "Comparison of photographic techniques and films used in stereophotogrammetry of the optic disk. We compared photogrammetric measurements of optic cup volume, area, and depth made from two types of stereophotography and two types of film to determine their effect on the precision of the measurements. We found that measurements from simultaneous stereophotography (Donaldson stereoscopic fundus camera) had a smaller range of values and a smaller mean percent error than measurements from consecutive stereophotography (Zeiss Fundus Flash II camera). However, a Student's t-test for related measures showed no significant difference. The measurements from Kodachrome 25 film and Kodak Photomicrography film varied in range and mean percent error without a pattern. The Student's t-test for related measures showed no significant difference.", "PMID": 507165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7193", "title": "Hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy of Stickler.", "content": "The ocular histopathologic findings in three patients with the Stickler syndrome from two families included the following: total retinal detachment with marked folding, disorganization of the retina, and a preretinal membrane. The progression of the fundus lesions was followed up in two patients during the course of 30 and 24 years. Many cases variously reported as Wagner's disease, familial retinal detachment, hyaloideoretinopathy with cleft palate, and the Pierre Robin syndrome probably were the Stickler syndrome.", "contents": "Hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy of Stickler. The ocular histopathologic findings in three patients with the Stickler syndrome from two families included the following: total retinal detachment with marked folding, disorganization of the retina, and a preretinal membrane. The progression of the fundus lesions was followed up in two patients during the course of 30 and 24 years. Many cases variously reported as Wagner's disease, familial retinal detachment, hyaloideoretinopathy with cleft palate, and the Pierre Robin syndrome probably were the Stickler syndrome.", "PMID": 507166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7194", "title": "Ocular manifestations and treatment of hemifacial atrophy.", "content": "Enophthalmos, flattening of the maxilla that may progress to inferior orbital rim and floor defects, eyelid atrophy, and slight relative hypotony occurred in patients with hemifacial atrophy. Less common manifestations included pupillary and iris abnormalities, vertical muscle imbalances, and retinal changes. The prognosis for vision was good. Fluid silicone injection was the major modality in treatment and the results were generally excellent.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations and treatment of hemifacial atrophy. Enophthalmos, flattening of the maxilla that may progress to inferior orbital rim and floor defects, eyelid atrophy, and slight relative hypotony occurred in patients with hemifacial atrophy. Less common manifestations included pupillary and iris abnormalities, vertical muscle imbalances, and retinal changes. The prognosis for vision was good. Fluid silicone injection was the major modality in treatment and the results were generally excellent.", "PMID": 507167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7195", "title": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy associated with cerebral vasculitis and homonymous hemianopia.", "content": "An 18-year-old man developed acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and homonymous hemianopia. Cerebral angiography showed cerebral vasculitis probably with occipital infarction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case with such concomitant visual defects. Other published reports suggest that such cerebral vasculitis may not be unusual in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "contents": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy associated with cerebral vasculitis and homonymous hemianopia. An 18-year-old man developed acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and homonymous hemianopia. Cerebral angiography showed cerebral vasculitis probably with occipital infarction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case with such concomitant visual defects. Other published reports suggest that such cerebral vasculitis may not be unusual in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "PMID": 507168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7196", "title": "Surgical management of macular pucker after retinal reattachment surgery.", "content": "We used vitrectomy techniques to remove epiretinal membranes that caused reduced visual acuity in 13 consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise successful retinal reattachment surgery. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each case. An iatrogenic retinal tear (successfully repaired) occurred in one eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in two eyes. Despite such risks, and that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 6/9 (20/30), the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision.", "contents": "Surgical management of macular pucker after retinal reattachment surgery. We used vitrectomy techniques to remove epiretinal membranes that caused reduced visual acuity in 13 consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise successful retinal reattachment surgery. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each case. An iatrogenic retinal tear (successfully repaired) occurred in one eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in two eyes. Despite such risks, and that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 6/9 (20/30), the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision.", "PMID": 507169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7197", "title": "The role of vitrectomy instrumentation in the treatment of severe traumatic hyphema.", "content": "Eight patients with severe traumatic hyphemas underwent clot evacuation with vitrectomy instrumentation. The patients were followed up for periods of one to four years. No significant intraoperative complications were noted, but one eye developed a postoperative flat anterior chamber and another developed multiple staphylomas with uncontrolled glaucoma, leading to the eventual enucleation. Seven of the eight operated eyes achieved intraocular pressure control in the early postoperative period, and this control was sustained throughout the course of follow-up without antiglaucomatous medication. These same seven eyes had final visual acuities of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "contents": "The role of vitrectomy instrumentation in the treatment of severe traumatic hyphema. Eight patients with severe traumatic hyphemas underwent clot evacuation with vitrectomy instrumentation. The patients were followed up for periods of one to four years. No significant intraoperative complications were noted, but one eye developed a postoperative flat anterior chamber and another developed multiple staphylomas with uncontrolled glaucoma, leading to the eventual enucleation. Seven of the eight operated eyes achieved intraocular pressure control in the early postoperative period, and this control was sustained throughout the course of follow-up without antiglaucomatous medication. These same seven eyes had final visual acuities of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "PMID": 507170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7198", "title": "Extraction of magnetic foreign bodies from the clear lens.", "content": "In 20 patients with magnetic foreign bodies in the clear lens, I closed the apperture in the anterior lens capsule by a fibrin cover after extraction of the foreign body. The lens remained clear in 17 patients; total cataract was formed in three. Two of these three patients had had a foreign body in the lens for a longer period of time, and at the time of the extraction the signs of lens siderosis were marked. The cause of the cataract progression in the third subject was not clear. There were no complications of operation or in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Extraction of magnetic foreign bodies from the clear lens. In 20 patients with magnetic foreign bodies in the clear lens, I closed the apperture in the anterior lens capsule by a fibrin cover after extraction of the foreign body. The lens remained clear in 17 patients; total cataract was formed in three. Two of these three patients had had a foreign body in the lens for a longer period of time, and at the time of the extraction the signs of lens siderosis were marked. The cause of the cataract progression in the third subject was not clear. There were no complications of operation or in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 507171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7199", "title": "Automatic diaphragm control for television camera used in microsurgery.", "content": "We developed an automated diaphragm control to achieve constant good exposure during televised microsurgery by using a commercially available diaphragm control for a movie camera and modifying slightly the television camera.", "contents": "Automatic diaphragm control for television camera used in microsurgery. We developed an automated diaphragm control to achieve constant good exposure during televised microsurgery by using a commercially available diaphragm control for a movie camera and modifying slightly the television camera.", "PMID": 507172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7200", "title": "Streaks (schlieren) as a sign of rhegmatogenous detachment in vitreous surgery.", "content": "Schlieren or streaks can be observed as light passes through incompletely mixed fluids having different refractive indices. During vitreous surgery, the vitreous humor is replaced by an aqueous solution whose density and refractive index differ from those of subretinal fluid. The observation of schlieren during vitrectomy therefore suggests the presence of subretinal fluid and a retinal hole. After observing this sign, a careful search should be made for the retinal break if it has not been previously diagnosed.", "contents": "Streaks (schlieren) as a sign of rhegmatogenous detachment in vitreous surgery. Schlieren or streaks can be observed as light passes through incompletely mixed fluids having different refractive indices. During vitreous surgery, the vitreous humor is replaced by an aqueous solution whose density and refractive index differ from those of subretinal fluid. The observation of schlieren during vitrectomy therefore suggests the presence of subretinal fluid and a retinal hole. After observing this sign, a careful search should be made for the retinal break if it has not been previously diagnosed.", "PMID": 507174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7201", "title": "The effect of unsuspected carotid-cavernous fistula in enucleation.", "content": "An 18-year-old man with an unsuspected carotid-cavernous fistula underwent enucleation as the result of a severe localized perforating ocular trauma. Potentially lethal bleeding occurred that was difficult to control. Auscultation of the orbit should be performed in all cases before eye enucleation to avoid the possibility of overlooking a carotid cavernous fistula.", "contents": "The effect of unsuspected carotid-cavernous fistula in enucleation. An 18-year-old man with an unsuspected carotid-cavernous fistula underwent enucleation as the result of a severe localized perforating ocular trauma. Potentially lethal bleeding occurred that was difficult to control. Auscultation of the orbit should be performed in all cases before eye enucleation to avoid the possibility of overlooking a carotid cavernous fistula.", "PMID": 507176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7202", "title": "Independence of convergence and divergence: norms, age trends, and potentiation in mechanized prism vergence tests.", "content": "Motor-driven prism stereoscope vergence tests, base in break, base in recovery, base out break, and base out recovery, repeated three times (BIB, BIR, BOB, BOR X 3) were given to three separate groups. Two instruments with different speeds were used. Repeated testing shows a slight trend to convergence in slower machines. The results from both machines are still comparable. Means are similar to previously published norms from hand-turned instruments, but the variance of scores is about twice as large and there is an eso trend at near. The motor drive aids discrimination, since Ss who are capable can now follow with smooth vergences over a wider range. In general, there is no substantial trend with age between 3 and 25 years other than those which may be due to decreasing response times. Vergence scores can be adequately reduced to two independent factors, loading on convergence and divergence, respectively, which suggests that there are two processes varying independently in maturation and therapy as well as assessment.", "contents": "Independence of convergence and divergence: norms, age trends, and potentiation in mechanized prism vergence tests. Motor-driven prism stereoscope vergence tests, base in break, base in recovery, base out break, and base out recovery, repeated three times (BIB, BIR, BOB, BOR X 3) were given to three separate groups. Two instruments with different speeds were used. Repeated testing shows a slight trend to convergence in slower machines. The results from both machines are still comparable. Means are similar to previously published norms from hand-turned instruments, but the variance of scores is about twice as large and there is an eso trend at near. The motor drive aids discrimination, since Ss who are capable can now follow with smooth vergences over a wider range. In general, there is no substantial trend with age between 3 and 25 years other than those which may be due to decreasing response times. Vergence scores can be adequately reduced to two independent factors, loading on convergence and divergence, respectively, which suggests that there are two processes varying independently in maturation and therapy as well as assessment.", "PMID": 507183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7203", "title": "Contrast thresholds vs border enhancement: sensitivity to retinal defocus.", "content": "The two visual responses, contrast threshold and border enhancement, are both affected by retinal image quality. Thus, with increasing defocus of the retinal image contrast thresholds with sinusoidal line gratings increase, and the enhanced region near a border becomes wider. These two visual responses were compared to determine their suitability as gauges of retinal image quality. Border enhancement was found to be more sensitive to deterioration of the retinal image in the form of defocus than contrast thresholds throughout the greater portion of the grating frequency spectrum. However, the contrast threshold increases in sensitivity toward cutoff frequency, and beyond a certain high frequency it surpasses border enhancement in that respect. At the same time, for these optimum frequencies, the contrast range is exhausted within a relatively small defocus range. Therefore, a limitation is imposed on the usefulness of the contrast threshold as an index of retinal image quality.", "contents": "Contrast thresholds vs border enhancement: sensitivity to retinal defocus. The two visual responses, contrast threshold and border enhancement, are both affected by retinal image quality. Thus, with increasing defocus of the retinal image contrast thresholds with sinusoidal line gratings increase, and the enhanced region near a border becomes wider. These two visual responses were compared to determine their suitability as gauges of retinal image quality. Border enhancement was found to be more sensitive to deterioration of the retinal image in the form of defocus than contrast thresholds throughout the greater portion of the grating frequency spectrum. However, the contrast threshold increases in sensitivity toward cutoff frequency, and beyond a certain high frequency it surpasses border enhancement in that respect. At the same time, for these optimum frequencies, the contrast range is exhausted within a relatively small defocus range. Therefore, a limitation is imposed on the usefulness of the contrast threshold as an index of retinal image quality.", "PMID": 507184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7204", "title": "Knowledge and use of eye care services by college and health professional students: implications for the profession.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of 1277 students in colleges of liberal arts, medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, and podiatry was undertaken in an effort to determine their knowledge and use of vision care services. Students were asked to define the differences among optometrists, ophthalmologists, and opticians. Utilization, type of practitioner used, and site of examination are reported. About 56% had had an examination within the past year. Optometrists provided at least 40% of the examinations, but the confusion in the minds of the students is revealed by the fact that some said they were examined by opticians, some by the Department of Motor Vehicles, and some by a person they were not able to identify. Clearly, optometry and the related disciplines have a responsibility to clarify the public confusion.", "contents": "Knowledge and use of eye care services by college and health professional students: implications for the profession. A questionnaire survey of 1277 students in colleges of liberal arts, medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, and podiatry was undertaken in an effort to determine their knowledge and use of vision care services. Students were asked to define the differences among optometrists, ophthalmologists, and opticians. Utilization, type of practitioner used, and site of examination are reported. About 56% had had an examination within the past year. Optometrists provided at least 40% of the examinations, but the confusion in the minds of the students is revealed by the fact that some said they were examined by opticians, some by the Department of Motor Vehicles, and some by a person they were not able to identify. Clearly, optometry and the related disciplines have a responsibility to clarify the public confusion.", "PMID": 507186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7205", "title": "Strabismic amblyopia in infants.", "content": "Monocular acuities, in two infants with nonaccommodative comitant esotropia, were measured before and during occlusion therapy. The results indicate that strabismic amblyopia is present within the first year of life and that the infant visual system is remarkably sensitive to short periods of monocular occlusion during this time period.", "contents": "Strabismic amblyopia in infants. Monocular acuities, in two infants with nonaccommodative comitant esotropia, were measured before and during occlusion therapy. The results indicate that strabismic amblyopia is present within the first year of life and that the infant visual system is remarkably sensitive to short periods of monocular occlusion during this time period.", "PMID": 507187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7206", "title": "Ischemic myocardial cell injury. Prevention by chlorpromazine of an accelerated phospholipid degradation and associated membrane dysfunction.", "content": "Ligation of the left coronary artery of an adult rat heart results in the reproducible ischemic cell death of the entire free wall of the left ventricular myocardium. The time course of the development of the cellular changes is biphasic. The subendocardial and subepicardial cells die within the first few hours. The main mass of free-wall myocardium reacts more slowly, with morphologic evidence of irreversible cell injury developing after 12 hours. Measurement of the increases in total free wall Ca++ reflected this biphasic pattern. There was a rapid 3-fold rise in total Ca++ during the first 4 hours. Between 4 and 12 hours the Ca++ was constant. Between 12 and 30 hours there was a second increase that reached a level some 8-10 times the control value. Treatment with chlorpromazine before and subsequent to surgery prevented the appearance of ischemic cell death in the main portion of the free-wall myocardium for at least 24 hours without affecting the reaction of the subepicardial and subendocardial cells. Chlorpromazine also inhibited the second phase of Ca++ accumulation. An accelerated degradation of phospholipids was observed with a 33% decrease in total phospholipids by 12 hours. Phosphatidylethanolamine was reduced by 50% and phosphatidylcholine by 25% without increases in the corresponding lysophospholipids. Chlorpromazine prevented the accelerated degradation and consequent loss of phospholipid. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum showed a time-dependent loss of phospholipid with a parallel loss of active Ca++ uptake that reach 60% with a total lipid depletion from these membranes of 33% by 12 hours. Twelve-hour ischemic sarcoplasmic reticulum exhibited a 6--7-fold increase in passive permeability to Ca++. Chlorpromazine protected against the loss of phospholipids, the inhibition of Ca++ uptake, and the increased Ca++ permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These observations indicate that rat myocardial cells react to lethal doses of ischemia in a manner similar to the reaction of liver cells described previously. In both cases the evidence implies that a disturbance in phospholipid metabolism and its associated membrane dysfunction is the critical alteration that produces irreversible cell injury in ischemia.", "contents": "Ischemic myocardial cell injury. Prevention by chlorpromazine of an accelerated phospholipid degradation and associated membrane dysfunction. Ligation of the left coronary artery of an adult rat heart results in the reproducible ischemic cell death of the entire free wall of the left ventricular myocardium. The time course of the development of the cellular changes is biphasic. The subendocardial and subepicardial cells die within the first few hours. The main mass of free-wall myocardium reacts more slowly, with morphologic evidence of irreversible cell injury developing after 12 hours. Measurement of the increases in total free wall Ca++ reflected this biphasic pattern. There was a rapid 3-fold rise in total Ca++ during the first 4 hours. Between 4 and 12 hours the Ca++ was constant. Between 12 and 30 hours there was a second increase that reached a level some 8-10 times the control value. Treatment with chlorpromazine before and subsequent to surgery prevented the appearance of ischemic cell death in the main portion of the free-wall myocardium for at least 24 hours without affecting the reaction of the subepicardial and subendocardial cells. Chlorpromazine also inhibited the second phase of Ca++ accumulation. An accelerated degradation of phospholipids was observed with a 33% decrease in total phospholipids by 12 hours. Phosphatidylethanolamine was reduced by 50% and phosphatidylcholine by 25% without increases in the corresponding lysophospholipids. Chlorpromazine prevented the accelerated degradation and consequent loss of phospholipid. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum showed a time-dependent loss of phospholipid with a parallel loss of active Ca++ uptake that reach 60% with a total lipid depletion from these membranes of 33% by 12 hours. Twelve-hour ischemic sarcoplasmic reticulum exhibited a 6--7-fold increase in passive permeability to Ca++. Chlorpromazine protected against the loss of phospholipids, the inhibition of Ca++ uptake, and the increased Ca++ permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These observations indicate that rat myocardial cells react to lethal doses of ischemia in a manner similar to the reaction of liver cells described previously. In both cases the evidence implies that a disturbance in phospholipid metabolism and its associated membrane dysfunction is the critical alteration that produces irreversible cell injury in ischemia.", "PMID": 507189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7207", "title": "Hypophyseal adenoma--a case report follow-up.", "content": "A patient with bitemporal hemianopia due to a pituitary tumor was followed postsurgically for 4 years. Visual fields and acuities were assessed at regular intervals under the same lighting conditions and with the same instrumentation. The changes in the visual field were both striking and unusual, as they did not correlate with those reported in the literature in other patients with pituitary tumors.", "contents": "Hypophyseal adenoma--a case report follow-up. A patient with bitemporal hemianopia due to a pituitary tumor was followed postsurgically for 4 years. Visual fields and acuities were assessed at regular intervals under the same lighting conditions and with the same instrumentation. The changes in the visual field were both striking and unusual, as they did not correlate with those reported in the literature in other patients with pituitary tumors.", "PMID": 507188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7208", "title": "Diverse cardiovascular responses to aortic constriction in normotensive Sprague-Dawley versus spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Normotensive, Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were subjected to aortic ligature. The systolic blood pressure of S-D rats was increased by +/- 80 mm Hg, whereas the blood pressure of SH rats with pre-existent hypertension increased only slightly, +/- 9 mm Hg. The S-D rats developed myocardial and renal infarcts as well as polyarteritis nodosa; the SH rats developed testicular and microadrenocortical infarcts only. Aortic-ligated S-D rats had elevated creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactic hydrogenase levels and manifested hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Corticosterone levels increased in aortic-ligated S-D rats but decreased in SH rats. Collateralization about the site of aortic ligature appeared to be the same in both strains. It is suggested that the acutely induced hypertension in S-D rats rather than SH rats and differences in adrenal steroidogenesis between the two strains would best account for the dichotomous cardiovascular response to aortic constriction.", "contents": "Diverse cardiovascular responses to aortic constriction in normotensive Sprague-Dawley versus spontaneously hypertensive rats. Normotensive, Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were subjected to aortic ligature. The systolic blood pressure of S-D rats was increased by +/- 80 mm Hg, whereas the blood pressure of SH rats with pre-existent hypertension increased only slightly, +/- 9 mm Hg. The S-D rats developed myocardial and renal infarcts as well as polyarteritis nodosa; the SH rats developed testicular and microadrenocortical infarcts only. Aortic-ligated S-D rats had elevated creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactic hydrogenase levels and manifested hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Corticosterone levels increased in aortic-ligated S-D rats but decreased in SH rats. Collateralization about the site of aortic ligature appeared to be the same in both strains. It is suggested that the acutely induced hypertension in S-D rats rather than SH rats and differences in adrenal steroidogenesis between the two strains would best account for the dichotomous cardiovascular response to aortic constriction.", "PMID": 507190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7209", "title": "Chemically induced bidirectional differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro.", "content": "N,N-dimethylacetamide, hexamethylene bisacetamide, and Polybrene induced rapid and extensive differentiation in vitro in an otherwise slowly differentiating subline of embryonal carcinoma cells. The type of differentiated cell induced was dependent on the spatial organization of the stem cells during drug treatment. In monalayer culture \"epithelial\" cells were produced exclusively. However, treatment of aggregated suspension cultures yielded predominantly \"fibroblast-like\" cells. The undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells and the two differentiated cell types were morphologically distinct when examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and they had differences in cell surface antigens. Both differential cell types  produced large amounts of fibronectin, whereas the embryonal carcinoma cells produced only minimal amounts. This system provides a convenient way to induce relatively synchronous differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells into specific differentiated cell types.", "contents": "Chemically induced bidirectional differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro. N,N-dimethylacetamide, hexamethylene bisacetamide, and Polybrene induced rapid and extensive differentiation in vitro in an otherwise slowly differentiating subline of embryonal carcinoma cells. The type of differentiated cell induced was dependent on the spatial organization of the stem cells during drug treatment. In monalayer culture \"epithelial\" cells were produced exclusively. However, treatment of aggregated suspension cultures yielded predominantly \"fibroblast-like\" cells. The undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells and the two differentiated cell types were morphologically distinct when examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and they had differences in cell surface antigens. Both differential cell types  produced large amounts of fibronectin, whereas the embryonal carcinoma cells produced only minimal amounts. This system provides a convenient way to induce relatively synchronous differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells into specific differentiated cell types.", "PMID": 507191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7210", "title": "The selection and characterization of an invasive variant of the B16 melanoma.", "content": "Several in vitro properties of two variant cell lines of the B16 melanoma (B16-F10 and B16-BL6) with markedly different spontaneous metastatic behavior were examined. The two cell lines were compared with regard to their in vitro growth rate, ability to migrate, ability to adhere to a variety of substrata, detachment rates, production of plasminogen activator, and cell surface proteins as determined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Growth rates in vitro, attachment rates, and qualitative patterns of cell surface proteins were almost identical. B16-F10 cells (the less spontaneously metastatic line) produced greater amounts of plasminogen activator, were more motile in vitro, and detached more readily from plastic than the more invasive B16-BL6 cells. The study of tumor cell variants, selected for different biologic behavior, is a valuable approach to the elucidation of those mechanisms responsible for their malignant activity.", "contents": "The selection and characterization of an invasive variant of the B16 melanoma. Several in vitro properties of two variant cell lines of the B16 melanoma (B16-F10 and B16-BL6) with markedly different spontaneous metastatic behavior were examined. The two cell lines were compared with regard to their in vitro growth rate, ability to migrate, ability to adhere to a variety of substrata, detachment rates, production of plasminogen activator, and cell surface proteins as determined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Growth rates in vitro, attachment rates, and qualitative patterns of cell surface proteins were almost identical. B16-F10 cells (the less spontaneously metastatic line) produced greater amounts of plasminogen activator, were more motile in vitro, and detached more readily from plastic than the more invasive B16-BL6 cells. The study of tumor cell variants, selected for different biologic behavior, is a valuable approach to the elucidation of those mechanisms responsible for their malignant activity.", "PMID": 507192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7211", "title": "Immunologic studies of membrane mutants of a highly metastatic murine tumor.", "content": "MDAY-D2 is a highly tumorigenic and anaplastic DBA/2 strain murine transplantable tumor capable of rapid and widespread spontaneous metastatic growth. It was therefore chosen as an ideal murine tumor model for the study of factors affecting metastatic growth. Two approaches were taken in an effort to obtain stable qualitative and quantitative low-metastatic variants of MDAY-D2, namely, cloning of multiple sublines and derivation of lectin-resistant (LecR) mutants. In the first method, 20 clones were isolated, and of these, three initially showed a marked reducstion in ability to metastasize from a subcutaneous site. However, these clones proved to be unstable both in vivo and in vitro. In the LecR selection experiments, 18 independent variants were obtained using chemical mutagenesis followed by treatment with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or concanavalin A (Con A). All of the variants proved to be highly metastatic except two WGAR variants, designated MDWI and MDW3. They proved to be nontumorigenic in normal DBA/2 hosts even when as many as 5 X 10(6) cells were injected, and this was found to be a stable change. Despite this fact, the nontumorigens an unchanged expression of H-2d and Ly-6.2 alloantigens and Fc receptors. The variants were, however, tumorigenic and metastatic in severely immunosuppressed (nude) mice, but not in moderately immunosuppressed 250-R-irradiated DBA/2 hosts. The results demonstrate that 1) stable membrane mutant sublines possessing radically altered growth properties in vivo can occasionally be obtained by selection of LecR variants, and 2) their growth and metastatic properties can be greatly affected by the immunologic status of the host. The possibility that the chemical mutagen treatment itself induced, or was responsible for, MDW1 and MDW3 variant formation is also discussed.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of membrane mutants of a highly metastatic murine tumor. MDAY-D2 is a highly tumorigenic and anaplastic DBA/2 strain murine transplantable tumor capable of rapid and widespread spontaneous metastatic growth. It was therefore chosen as an ideal murine tumor model for the study of factors affecting metastatic growth. Two approaches were taken in an effort to obtain stable qualitative and quantitative low-metastatic variants of MDAY-D2, namely, cloning of multiple sublines and derivation of lectin-resistant (LecR) mutants. In the first method, 20 clones were isolated, and of these, three initially showed a marked reducstion in ability to metastasize from a subcutaneous site. However, these clones proved to be unstable both in vivo and in vitro. In the LecR selection experiments, 18 independent variants were obtained using chemical mutagenesis followed by treatment with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or concanavalin A (Con A). All of the variants proved to be highly metastatic except two WGAR variants, designated MDWI and MDW3. They proved to be nontumorigenic in normal DBA/2 hosts even when as many as 5 X 10(6) cells were injected, and this was found to be a stable change. Despite this fact, the nontumorigens an unchanged expression of H-2d and Ly-6.2 alloantigens and Fc receptors. The variants were, however, tumorigenic and metastatic in severely immunosuppressed (nude) mice, but not in moderately immunosuppressed 250-R-irradiated DBA/2 hosts. The results demonstrate that 1) stable membrane mutant sublines possessing radically altered growth properties in vivo can occasionally be obtained by selection of LecR variants, and 2) their growth and metastatic properties can be greatly affected by the immunologic status of the host. The possibility that the chemical mutagen treatment itself induced, or was responsible for, MDW1 and MDW3 variant formation is also discussed.", "PMID": 507193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7212", "title": "Some characteristics of metastasis in man.", "content": "The studies of experimental cancer metastasis are only truly meaningful to the degree that knowledge applicable to the therapeutic problem of cancer metastasis in man ensues from them. The salient features of cancer metastasis in man, therefore, are important to the laboratory researcher, for they provide a framework for which the relevance of an experimental model system must be judged. This brief discussion of some of the clinical characteristics of metastasis in man demonstrates the wide spectrum of biologic behavior and the complex multifaceted nature of this problem. It must be concluded that a complex interaction between tumor cells and host mechanisms eventually governs whether or not metastasis occurs in man.", "contents": "Some characteristics of metastasis in man. The studies of experimental cancer metastasis are only truly meaningful to the degree that knowledge applicable to the therapeutic problem of cancer metastasis in man ensues from them. The salient features of cancer metastasis in man, therefore, are important to the laboratory researcher, for they provide a framework for which the relevance of an experimental model system must be judged. This brief discussion of some of the clinical characteristics of metastasis in man demonstrates the wide spectrum of biologic behavior and the complex multifaceted nature of this problem. It must be concluded that a complex interaction between tumor cells and host mechanisms eventually governs whether or not metastasis occurs in man.", "PMID": 507194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7213", "title": "Properties of metastatic and nonmetastatic cloned subpopulations of an ultraviolet-light-induced murine fibrosarcoma of recent origin.", "content": "The present studies were designed to evaluate whether tumor cell properties such as growth rate, chromosome number, anchorage-independent growth, susceptibility to lymphocyte- or macrophage-mediated lysis in vitro, and antigenicity in vivo correlated with metastatic potential. A murine fibrosarcoma of recent origin induced in a C3H- mouse by chronic irradiation with ultraviolet light was used. Cells from the parent tumor and its clones were grown in culture. No single property of tumor cells that was measured in vitro or in vivo predicted or correlated with their metastatic potential. In order for metastasis to occur, all steps of the process must be completed. Therefore, interruption of the sequence at any stage can prevent the production of visible metastasis. It was concluded that the search for a single property common to all metastatic cells in a large variety of neoplasms is likely to be unproductive.", "contents": "Properties of metastatic and nonmetastatic cloned subpopulations of an ultraviolet-light-induced murine fibrosarcoma of recent origin. The present studies were designed to evaluate whether tumor cell properties such as growth rate, chromosome number, anchorage-independent growth, susceptibility to lymphocyte- or macrophage-mediated lysis in vitro, and antigenicity in vivo correlated with metastatic potential. A murine fibrosarcoma of recent origin induced in a C3H- mouse by chronic irradiation with ultraviolet light was used. Cells from the parent tumor and its clones were grown in culture. No single property of tumor cells that was measured in vitro or in vivo predicted or correlated with their metastatic potential. In order for metastasis to occur, all steps of the process must be completed. Therefore, interruption of the sequence at any stage can prevent the production of visible metastasis. It was concluded that the search for a single property common to all metastatic cells in a large variety of neoplasms is likely to be unproductive.", "PMID": 507195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7214", "title": "Psychiatric education at the crossroads: issues and future directions.", "content": "Psychiatric education is currently facing many critical issues. Their resolution will determine the future availability of psychiatrists and is dependent on the development of new strategies that will require a reorientation in several aspects of current psychiatric education. This may be necessary if the vitality of psychiatry as a specialized branch of medicine is to be maintained and the relevance of psychiatric training and practice to service needs and research objectives is to be increased.", "contents": "Psychiatric education at the crossroads: issues and future directions. Psychiatric education is currently facing many critical issues. Their resolution will determine the future availability of psychiatrists and is dependent on the development of new strategies that will require a reorientation in several aspects of current psychiatric education. This may be necessary if the vitality of psychiatry as a specialized branch of medicine is to be maintained and the relevance of psychiatric training and practice to service needs and research objectives is to be increased.", "PMID": 507200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7215", "title": "The sequelae and nonsequelae of conjugal bereavement.", "content": "The author reviews prospective studies of bereavement, which show that widows and widowers suffer from significant depressive symptoms in the first year. Young widows and widowers may have more physical distress and take more drugs. There are few changes among older men and women in physical health, visits to physicians, and hospitalizations. Psychiatric consultation and hospitalization are rare and tend to occur early in a bereavement rather than later. There is probably an increase in mortality only among older widowers in the first year. The death of one's spouse is a psychologically stressful event; however, during the first year men and women cope with the loss with minimal morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "The sequelae and nonsequelae of conjugal bereavement. The author reviews prospective studies of bereavement, which show that widows and widowers suffer from significant depressive symptoms in the first year. Young widows and widowers may have more physical distress and take more drugs. There are few changes among older men and women in physical health, visits to physicians, and hospitalizations. Psychiatric consultation and hospitalization are rare and tend to occur early in a bereavement rather than later. There is probably an increase in mortality only among older widowers in the first year. The death of one's spouse is a psychologically stressful event; however, during the first year men and women cope with the loss with minimal morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 507201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7216", "title": "Families of manic-depressive patients: effect of treatment.", "content": "The authors studied the families of 12 patients with bipolar manic-depressive illness. They measured family stability using a life events scale for a 2-year period before lithium treatment and for 2 years during lithium treatment. The patients responded well to treatment; they were able to resume normal roles within the family. The life events scores decreased substantially during treatment in comparison with before treatment. The most severe impact of the illness was found in the children: 45% (N = 10) were moderately ill or symptomatic. The authors discuss the effect of manic-depressive illness on the family system as a whole and emphasize the need to combine psychosocial treatment with lithium treatment.", "contents": "Families of manic-depressive patients: effect of treatment. The authors studied the families of 12 patients with bipolar manic-depressive illness. They measured family stability using a life events scale for a 2-year period before lithium treatment and for 2 years during lithium treatment. The patients responded well to treatment; they were able to resume normal roles within the family. The life events scores decreased substantially during treatment in comparison with before treatment. The most severe impact of the illness was found in the children: 45% (N = 10) were moderately ill or symptomatic. The authors discuss the effect of manic-depressive illness on the family system as a whole and emphasize the need to combine psychosocial treatment with lithium treatment.", "PMID": 507202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7217", "title": "Joint custody: solution or illusion?", "content": "Although the phrase \"joint custody\" is in popular use, the concept lacks standard definitin; parents who express interest in this form of disposition have widely differing objectives and expectations. The authors discuss the need for determining the primary objectives of the parties involved and for exploring the potential for achieving these through joint custody as well as through other alternatives. They examine the benefits of joint custody as well as the risks engendered by this type of arrangement and make a number of specific recommendations. They conclude that joint custody should be considered and explored, together with other available alternatives, and awarded only in appropriate cases.", "contents": "Joint custody: solution or illusion? Although the phrase \"joint custody\" is in popular use, the concept lacks standard definitin; parents who express interest in this form of disposition have widely differing objectives and expectations. The authors discuss the need for determining the primary objectives of the parties involved and for exploring the potential for achieving these through joint custody as well as through other alternatives. They examine the benefits of joint custody as well as the risks engendered by this type of arrangement and make a number of specific recommendations. They conclude that joint custody should be considered and explored, together with other available alternatives, and awarded only in appropriate cases.", "PMID": 507203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7218", "title": "The invested partner in sexual disorders: a profile.", "content": "To determine the relevant psychosexual characteristics of invested partners of patients with sexual disorders, the authors administered the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) to 51 invested partners and 200 normal volunteers. Female invested partners (N = 18) participated in a significantly more constricted range of specific sexual activities and revealed significantly lower sexual drive than the normal women. Tbey also had significantly lower scores on the femininity component of the gender role definition subtest. Male invested partners (N = 33) also showed significantly lower femininity scores and had somewhat lower scores on endorsement of specific sexual experiences. Degree of sexual satisfaction in the invested partners was comparable to that of their sexually dysfunctional partners.", "contents": "The invested partner in sexual disorders: a profile. To determine the relevant psychosexual characteristics of invested partners of patients with sexual disorders, the authors administered the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) to 51 invested partners and 200 normal volunteers. Female invested partners (N = 18) participated in a significantly more constricted range of specific sexual activities and revealed significantly lower sexual drive than the normal women. Tbey also had significantly lower scores on the femininity component of the gender role definition subtest. Male invested partners (N = 33) also showed significantly lower femininity scores and had somewhat lower scores on endorsement of specific sexual experiences. Degree of sexual satisfaction in the invested partners was comparable to that of their sexually dysfunctional partners.", "PMID": 507204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7219", "title": "Effect of clozapine on human serum prolactin levels.", "content": "The authors determined serum prolactin levels in 13 patients receiving clozapine, an antipsychotic drug that does not produce extrapyramidal side effects. Morning serum prolactin levels, 11 hours after the last dose, were not elevated during chronic treatment with clozapine in any subject despite its therapeutic effects. Serum prolactin levels were moderately increased between 90 minutes and 4 hours after administration of very high doses of oral clozapine in 4 patients but were smaller than those produced by chlorpromazine in other subjects. The authors suggest that clozapine in other subjects. The authors suggest that clozapine may achieve its antipsychotic effect differently than do classical neuroleptics and that sustained prolactin increases are not essential for antipsychotic action.", "contents": "Effect of clozapine on human serum prolactin levels. The authors determined serum prolactin levels in 13 patients receiving clozapine, an antipsychotic drug that does not produce extrapyramidal side effects. Morning serum prolactin levels, 11 hours after the last dose, were not elevated during chronic treatment with clozapine in any subject despite its therapeutic effects. Serum prolactin levels were moderately increased between 90 minutes and 4 hours after administration of very high doses of oral clozapine in 4 patients but were smaller than those produced by chlorpromazine in other subjects. The authors suggest that clozapine in other subjects. The authors suggest that clozapine may achieve its antipsychotic effect differently than do classical neuroleptics and that sustained prolactin increases are not essential for antipsychotic action.", "PMID": 507205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7220", "title": "Intrapsychic structural effects of psychiatric research.", "content": "The authors observed that many psychotic patients on a clinical/research ward incorporated various aspects of research organization into their own evolving intrapsychic structures. This process had either beneficial or deleterious clinical effects, depending on the attributes of the research and the specific mental functions to which these attributes became attached. The observations resulted in the development of a set of recommendations for maximizing the therapeutic usefulness of this phenomenon and minimizing its countertherapeutic drawbacks.", "contents": "Intrapsychic structural effects of psychiatric research. The authors observed that many psychotic patients on a clinical/research ward incorporated various aspects of research organization into their own evolving intrapsychic structures. This process had either beneficial or deleterious clinical effects, depending on the attributes of the research and the specific mental functions to which these attributes became attached. The observations resulted in the development of a set of recommendations for maximizing the therapeutic usefulness of this phenomenon and minimizing its countertherapeutic drawbacks.", "PMID": 507206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7221", "title": "Ethnic density and psychiatric hospitalization: hazards of minority status.", "content": "The relationship between ethnic density (the relative size of a given ethnic group in a multi-ethnic neighborhood) and risk for psychiatric hospitalization was explored for black, white, and Puerto Rican residents of New York City's 338 health areas. The author found that the smaller the ethnic group, the higher its hospitalization rate in comparison to both the rate of other residents in the same area and that of members of the same ethnic group living in areas where they constituted a numerical majority. Analysis of sociodemographic variables showed that the effect of ethnic density on risk for psychiatric hospitalization cannot be accounted for by differences in poverty, family cohesiveness, or population mobility.", "contents": "Ethnic density and psychiatric hospitalization: hazards of minority status. The relationship between ethnic density (the relative size of a given ethnic group in a multi-ethnic neighborhood) and risk for psychiatric hospitalization was explored for black, white, and Puerto Rican residents of New York City's 338 health areas. The author found that the smaller the ethnic group, the higher its hospitalization rate in comparison to both the rate of other residents in the same area and that of members of the same ethnic group living in areas where they constituted a numerical majority. Analysis of sociodemographic variables showed that the effect of ethnic density on risk for psychiatric hospitalization cannot be accounted for by differences in poverty, family cohesiveness, or population mobility.", "PMID": 507207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7222", "title": "The evolution of modern psychiatric care in Nigeria.", "content": "The author discussed the development of modern psychiatric care in Nigeria. There are two primary conceptual orientations among mental health workers in the country--the \"non-culture bound\" and the \"culture-bound\" approaches to mental health care. The effectiveness of modern psychiatric care in this society might well depend on the extent to which commonly accepted notions of mental illness are accommodated by professional care agents.", "contents": "The evolution of modern psychiatric care in Nigeria. The author discussed the development of modern psychiatric care in Nigeria. There are two primary conceptual orientations among mental health workers in the country--the \"non-culture bound\" and the \"culture-bound\" approaches to mental health care. The effectiveness of modern psychiatric care in this society might well depend on the extent to which commonly accepted notions of mental illness are accommodated by professional care agents.", "PMID": 507208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7223", "title": "Common mistakes in psychotherapy.", "content": "To better monitor the psychotherapy training of psychiatric residents and to understand therapist factors involved in a negative outcome to psychotherapy, the authors surveyed 20 supervisors on the frequency of mistakes made by resident therapists. Among the mistakes most commonly made were wanting to be liked by patients, premature interpretations, overuse of intellectualization, inability to tolerate patients' aggression, and avoidance of fee setting. The authors conclude that the mitigation of the most common errors requires open discussion of countertransference issues.", "contents": "Common mistakes in psychotherapy. To better monitor the psychotherapy training of psychiatric residents and to understand therapist factors involved in a negative outcome to psychotherapy, the authors surveyed 20 supervisors on the frequency of mistakes made by resident therapists. Among the mistakes most commonly made were wanting to be liked by patients, premature interpretations, overuse of intellectualization, inability to tolerate patients' aggression, and avoidance of fee setting. The authors conclude that the mitigation of the most common errors requires open discussion of countertransference issues.", "PMID": 507210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7224", "title": "Violence associated with phencyclidine abuse.", "content": "Violence associated with chronic phencyclidine (PCP) abuse was investigated by administering a structured interview to 16 chronic PCP abusers. A more intensive study was done of another individual who committed murder and self-mutilation under the influence of PCP. The results suggest that there is no consistent association between PCP-related violence and a history of violence not related to drug or alcohol abuse. The author defines four types of violence associated with chronic PCP abuse.", "contents": "Violence associated with phencyclidine abuse. Violence associated with chronic phencyclidine (PCP) abuse was investigated by administering a structured interview to 16 chronic PCP abusers. A more intensive study was done of another individual who committed murder and self-mutilation under the influence of PCP. The results suggest that there is no consistent association between PCP-related violence and a history of violence not related to drug or alcohol abuse. The author defines four types of violence associated with chronic PCP abuse.", "PMID": 507211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7225", "title": "Colleagues' responses to the pregnant psychiatric resident.", "content": "A number of researchers have suggested that the pregnant psychiatrist has many intrapsychic conflicts, as a result of the pregnancy, which influence her interactions with colleagues. In contrast, the authors suggest that colleagues' reactions to the pregnancy may be based on their intrapsychic conflicts, which create internal conflicts for the pregnant psychiatrist and affect her relationships with her colleagues. The authors present case reports involving psychiatric residents that illustrate their thesis.", "contents": "Colleagues' responses to the pregnant psychiatric resident. A number of researchers have suggested that the pregnant psychiatrist has many intrapsychic conflicts, as a result of the pregnancy, which influence her interactions with colleagues. In contrast, the authors suggest that colleagues' reactions to the pregnancy may be based on their intrapsychic conflicts, which create internal conflicts for the pregnant psychiatrist and affect her relationships with her colleagues. The authors present case reports involving psychiatric residents that illustrate their thesis.", "PMID": 507212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7226", "title": "Identification and evaluation of competencies of public health nutritionists.", "content": "The Delphi Technique was used to elicit a number of essential competencies expected of the \"entry-level\" public health nutritionist from members of Graduate Faculties of Programs in Public Health Nutrition. Questionnaires composed of \"competency statements\" were constructed from these responses and sent to practitioners in public health nutrition. The questionnaire requested evaluation of the \"necessity\" of each competency. Responses served as the basis for \"factor analysis\" procedures, employed to obtain clusters of competency functions expected of the nutritionist. From the 109 competency items originally identified, 17 competency scales were derived from the factor analysis. A ranking from both faculties and practitioners revealed that both groups highly rated competencies to communicate, to counsel and deal with clients/patients, and to interpret scientific data in \"lay language.\" Less important in the ranking were competencies which dealt with administrative abilities, program planning, legislative activism, and consumer advocacy. These findings have cimplications for the practitioner in public health nutrition as well as for academic groups who must plan and evaluate curricula in public health nutrition and in other fields of public health.", "contents": "Identification and evaluation of competencies of public health nutritionists. The Delphi Technique was used to elicit a number of essential competencies expected of the \"entry-level\" public health nutritionist from members of Graduate Faculties of Programs in Public Health Nutrition. Questionnaires composed of \"competency statements\" were constructed from these responses and sent to practitioners in public health nutrition. The questionnaire requested evaluation of the \"necessity\" of each competency. Responses served as the basis for \"factor analysis\" procedures, employed to obtain clusters of competency functions expected of the nutritionist. From the 109 competency items originally identified, 17 competency scales were derived from the factor analysis. A ranking from both faculties and practitioners revealed that both groups highly rated competencies to communicate, to counsel and deal with clients/patients, and to interpret scientific data in \"lay language.\" Less important in the ranking were competencies which dealt with administrative abilities, program planning, legislative activism, and consumer advocacy. These findings have cimplications for the practitioner in public health nutrition as well as for academic groups who must plan and evaluate curricula in public health nutrition and in other fields of public health.", "PMID": 507240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7227", "title": "A student community dental experience with migrant farmworker families and the rural poor.", "content": "For the past six years, 78 dental students have worked with 25 rural dentists to provide over 31,000 dental health services to migrant patients for all of Colorado's agricultural communities. In 1977, each of 19 dental students averaged over $538 per week in value of comprehensive dental services, including preventive and peridontal services (36 per cent, N=3,006); restorative services (46 per cent, N = 3,904); surgical services (8 per cent, N = 705); services in pulp therapy (5 per cent, N = 413); and an additional 5 per cent (N = 412) in miscellaneous services. A unique combination of federal resources from the Departments of Labor, and of Health, Education and Welfare, were combined through the Colorado State Health Department and the University of Colorado Medical Censtrated by: 1) a relatively low extraction to restoration ratio (1 to 5) when compared to reported studies (1 to 2); 2) a relatively low extract to root canal therapy (10  to 1) when compared to reported studies (400 to 1); 3) no statistical difference between students and rural practitioners in the quality of services as determined by peer review study. This dental program is an integrated component of a comprehensive program combining student and professional services in medicine, nursing, nutrition, and health education.", "contents": "A student community dental experience with migrant farmworker families and the rural poor. For the past six years, 78 dental students have worked with 25 rural dentists to provide over 31,000 dental health services to migrant patients for all of Colorado's agricultural communities. In 1977, each of 19 dental students averaged over $538 per week in value of comprehensive dental services, including preventive and peridontal services (36 per cent, N=3,006); restorative services (46 per cent, N = 3,904); surgical services (8 per cent, N = 705); services in pulp therapy (5 per cent, N = 413); and an additional 5 per cent (N = 412) in miscellaneous services. A unique combination of federal resources from the Departments of Labor, and of Health, Education and Welfare, were combined through the Colorado State Health Department and the University of Colorado Medical Censtrated by: 1) a relatively low extraction to restoration ratio (1 to 5) when compared to reported studies (1 to 2); 2) a relatively low extract to root canal therapy (10  to 1) when compared to reported studies (400 to 1); 3) no statistical difference between students and rural practitioners in the quality of services as determined by peer review study. This dental program is an integrated component of a comprehensive program combining student and professional services in medicine, nursing, nutrition, and health education.", "PMID": 507241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7228", "title": "A survey of mental health service coverage within health maintenance organizations.", "content": "This 1978 national survey of all operating Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) provided information on the current status of mental health services utilization and service coverage within HMOs. It achieved a 68 per cent response rate. Approximately 90 per cent (108) of the HMOs offered mental health services through basic or supplemental coverage plans; HMO organization characteristics reflected relative heterogeneity; the mean monthly costs for basic health plan coverage (physical and mental health services) were $33.85 (for individuals) and $95.15 (for families); HMOs reported lower physical and mental health hospital utilization and higher ambulatory utilization when compared to more traditional forms of health insurance coverage. The present coverage and uitlization of mental health services within HMOs reflect greater variability of benefits and utilization within HMOs. There is need for further studies of mental health utilization in relation to organizational structure and delivery pattern relationships within HMOs.", "contents": "A survey of mental health service coverage within health maintenance organizations. This 1978 national survey of all operating Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) provided information on the current status of mental health services utilization and service coverage within HMOs. It achieved a 68 per cent response rate. Approximately 90 per cent (108) of the HMOs offered mental health services through basic or supplemental coverage plans; HMO organization characteristics reflected relative heterogeneity; the mean monthly costs for basic health plan coverage (physical and mental health services) were $33.85 (for individuals) and $95.15 (for families); HMOs reported lower physical and mental health hospital utilization and higher ambulatory utilization when compared to more traditional forms of health insurance coverage. The present coverage and uitlization of mental health services within HMOs reflect greater variability of benefits and utilization within HMOs. There is need for further studies of mental health utilization in relation to organizational structure and delivery pattern relationships within HMOs.", "PMID": 507242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7229", "title": "Utilization of services of an HMO by new enrollees.", "content": "This study investigates whether there is a built-up demand for health services that surfaces when people enroll through a group plan in a Health Maintenance Organization. The study population consists of newly enrolled subscriber units of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Oregon Region). The utilization variables examined include the number of inpatient and outpatient contacts with the Plan, the number and type of specific services performed, and the type of outpatient contact. The enrollees were followed over 12 quarters (three years). The analysis showed that the first quarter stood out in three respects: its average number of inpatient and outpatient contacts were the lowest of any quarter; the mean numbers of radiology services and laboratory tests per outpatient contact were the highest during this quarter; and the highest proportion of regularly scheduled contacts and the lowest rate of patient cancellation of visits occurred during the first quarter. Hence, these data are not supportive of the idea of a built-up demand. Rather they suggest that the enrollee requires some time to learn how to deal with the system; and, once a new member contacts the system, the system may perform a number of tests to obtain baseline data about the enrolee. Additional analysis did not suggest the presence of any time trends in the utilization data.", "contents": "Utilization of services of an HMO by new enrollees. This study investigates whether there is a built-up demand for health services that surfaces when people enroll through a group plan in a Health Maintenance Organization. The study population consists of newly enrolled subscriber units of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Oregon Region). The utilization variables examined include the number of inpatient and outpatient contacts with the Plan, the number and type of specific services performed, and the type of outpatient contact. The enrollees were followed over 12 quarters (three years). The analysis showed that the first quarter stood out in three respects: its average number of inpatient and outpatient contacts were the lowest of any quarter; the mean numbers of radiology services and laboratory tests per outpatient contact were the highest during this quarter; and the highest proportion of regularly scheduled contacts and the lowest rate of patient cancellation of visits occurred during the first quarter. Hence, these data are not supportive of the idea of a built-up demand. Rather they suggest that the enrollee requires some time to learn how to deal with the system; and, once a new member contacts the system, the system may perform a number of tests to obtain baseline data about the enrolee. Additional analysis did not suggest the presence of any time trends in the utilization data.", "PMID": 507243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7230", "title": "Attitudes of women and men physicians.", "content": "Attitudinal data obtained from interviewing random samples of women and men physicians in metropolitan Detroit indicated that women were generally more liberal and egalitarian than men. Older women were more liberal/egalitarian than older men while younger men were closer in attitudes to younger women. Within specialities, women and men physicians frequently held similar attitudinal scores; however, controlling for age, sex accounted for more variation than did specialty. A weighted combination of variables which together most significantly discriminated between age and sex subgroups pointed to a sensitivity dimension. This was stronger in the women; yet men demonstrating a similar sensitivity were found in almost every age and specialty grouping. Although younger men physicians are less conservative than older men physicians, both younger and older women physicians demonstrated strong liberalism/egalitarianism.", "contents": "Attitudes of women and men physicians. Attitudinal data obtained from interviewing random samples of women and men physicians in metropolitan Detroit indicated that women were generally more liberal and egalitarian than men. Older women were more liberal/egalitarian than older men while younger men were closer in attitudes to younger women. Within specialities, women and men physicians frequently held similar attitudinal scores; however, controlling for age, sex accounted for more variation than did specialty. A weighted combination of variables which together most significantly discriminated between age and sex subgroups pointed to a sensitivity dimension. This was stronger in the women; yet men demonstrating a similar sensitivity were found in almost every age and specialty grouping. Although younger men physicians are less conservative than older men physicians, both younger and older women physicians demonstrated strong liberalism/egalitarianism.", "PMID": 507244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7231", "title": "The stability of health and illness behavior: results from a 16-year follow-up.", "content": "In 1977, 302 young adults who were among 350 children first studied in 1961 responded to a questionnaire related to their health and illness behavior. Ten types of adult health and illness behaviors and orientations are examined including seat belt use, smoking, exercise, drinking, and risk taking. These patterns are associated only to a modest degree, and patterns of health and illness behavior appear to have low levels of continuity over a 16-year period (correlations varying from .02 to .20).", "contents": "The stability of health and illness behavior: results from a 16-year follow-up. In 1977, 302 young adults who were among 350 children first studied in 1961 responded to a questionnaire related to their health and illness behavior. Ten types of adult health and illness behaviors and orientations are examined including seat belt use, smoking, exercise, drinking, and risk taking. These patterns are associated only to a modest degree, and patterns of health and illness behavior appear to have low levels of continuity over a 16-year period (correlations varying from .02 to .20).", "PMID": 507245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7232", "title": "A comparison of age-specific burn injury rates in five Massachusetts communities.", "content": "We measured burn incidence rates for residents of five Massachusetts cities. The data set included all non-occupational burn injuries and cases of smoke inhalation requiring treatment on an inpatient or an outpatient basis in a hospital, occurring between October 1, 1973 and September 30, 1976. Rates of burn injuries by age, and by burn type were calculated for each city. Examination of the data revealed large differences in the magnitude of the age-specific incidence rates among cities but remarkably similar patterns of rates for each city. Differences in the economic status among the cities and among census tracts within the cities appeared to explain a large proportion of the variation in the crude burn rates. A similar specificity of certain types of burn injury by age and sex was common to each city. These findings can be used by health education specialists to design and implement burn prevention programs in these communities appropriate for those individuals at highest risk.", "contents": "A comparison of age-specific burn injury rates in five Massachusetts communities. We measured burn incidence rates for residents of five Massachusetts cities. The data set included all non-occupational burn injuries and cases of smoke inhalation requiring treatment on an inpatient or an outpatient basis in a hospital, occurring between October 1, 1973 and September 30, 1976. Rates of burn injuries by age, and by burn type were calculated for each city. Examination of the data revealed large differences in the magnitude of the age-specific incidence rates among cities but remarkably similar patterns of rates for each city. Differences in the economic status among the cities and among census tracts within the cities appeared to explain a large proportion of the variation in the crude burn rates. A similar specificity of certain types of burn injury by age and sex was common to each city. These findings can be used by health education specialists to design and implement burn prevention programs in these communities appropriate for those individuals at highest risk.", "PMID": 507246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7233", "title": "Smoking cessation program: baseline carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate levels as predictors of outcome.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-two smokers who participated in an aggressive smoking cessation program underwent analysis of expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) at entry and one year later. Persons who failed to quit smoking had higher baseline CO and SCN and smoked more cigarettes per day than did those who succeeded in quitting. The use of CO, SCN, number of cigarettes smoked, age, and blood pressure at baseline permitted accurate classification of over 70 per cent of the subjects into groups which would succeed and fail in their effort to quit smoking. Persons who failed to quit reduced the reported number of cigaretts smoked per day by one-third, but there was no corresponding reduction in CO and SCN, suggesting that self-reporting of a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked may not lead to a corresponding decline in exposure.", "contents": "Smoking cessation program: baseline carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate levels as predictors of outcome. One hundred and sixty-two smokers who participated in an aggressive smoking cessation program underwent analysis of expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) at entry and one year later. Persons who failed to quit smoking had higher baseline CO and SCN and smoked more cigarettes per day than did those who succeeded in quitting. The use of CO, SCN, number of cigarettes smoked, age, and blood pressure at baseline permitted accurate classification of over 70 per cent of the subjects into groups which would succeed and fail in their effort to quit smoking. Persons who failed to quit reduced the reported number of cigaretts smoked per day by one-third, but there was no corresponding reduction in CO and SCN, suggesting that self-reporting of a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked may not lead to a corresponding decline in exposure.", "PMID": 507247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7234", "title": "Putting environmental economics in perspective: case study of Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico.", "content": "Environmental control costs can be made to appear much larger in impact than they actually are by placing costs in misleading contexts or failing to provide perspective. It is essential for continued public support of environmental health programs that this practice be countered by more meaningful presentations of economic data. As an example, analytic methods appropriate to the case of a large coal-fired power plant in northwestern New Mexico are developed and disucssed. Pollution control expenditures at the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico were presented to the public as costing $82 annually. Although this figure may be the correct one, data were collected and analyzed to show that this cost represented an increase of only 5 to 60 cents on a $100 electricity bill for the consumer of electricity.", "contents": "Putting environmental economics in perspective: case study of Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico. Environmental control costs can be made to appear much larger in impact than they actually are by placing costs in misleading contexts or failing to provide perspective. It is essential for continued public support of environmental health programs that this practice be countered by more meaningful presentations of economic data. As an example, analytic methods appropriate to the case of a large coal-fired power plant in northwestern New Mexico are developed and disucssed. Pollution control expenditures at the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico were presented to the public as costing $82 annually. Although this figure may be the correct one, data were collected and analyzed to show that this cost represented an increase of only 5 to 60 cents on a $100 electricity bill for the consumer of electricity.", "PMID": 507248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7235", "title": "Evaluation of drug abuse rehabilitation efforts: a review.", "content": "During the 1960s, three modalities of treatment aimed at rehabilitation of the drug abuser (methadone maintenance, outpatient drug free treatment, and the residential therapeutic community) were developed. Large amounts of public and private monies have gone to supporting these modalities; little evaluation as to the efficacy of such rehabilitation efforts has been done. This paper attempts to delineate the evaluative research efforts undertaken in the drug abuse field to date. In addition, the findings of an eight-year evaluation of six drug treatment programs in Newark, NJ are presented. The authors propose a paradigm for quick, effective evaluation of drug and alcohol programs at minimal cost.", "contents": "Evaluation of drug abuse rehabilitation efforts: a review. During the 1960s, three modalities of treatment aimed at rehabilitation of the drug abuser (methadone maintenance, outpatient drug free treatment, and the residential therapeutic community) were developed. Large amounts of public and private monies have gone to supporting these modalities; little evaluation as to the efficacy of such rehabilitation efforts has been done. This paper attempts to delineate the evaluative research efforts undertaken in the drug abuse field to date. In addition, the findings of an eight-year evaluation of six drug treatment programs in Newark, NJ are presented. The authors propose a paradigm for quick, effective evaluation of drug and alcohol programs at minimal cost.", "PMID": 507249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7236", "title": "Awareness, opinion and behavioral intention of urban women regarding mammography.", "content": "A representative sample of women living in metropolitan Los Angeles were asked what they heard and what they believed about mammography and whether they would obtain a mammogram if their doctor advised it. Forty percent of these women said they had not heard of mammography even after the procedure was described. Few of those who had heard of mammography had negative feelings about it. Further, 93 percent of the overall sample said they would obtain a mammogram if their physician recommended it.", "contents": "Awareness, opinion and behavioral intention of urban women regarding mammography. A representative sample of women living in metropolitan Los Angeles were asked what they heard and what they believed about mammography and whether they would obtain a mammogram if their doctor advised it. Forty percent of these women said they had not heard of mammography even after the procedure was described. Few of those who had heard of mammography had negative feelings about it. Further, 93 percent of the overall sample said they would obtain a mammogram if their physician recommended it.", "PMID": 507250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7237", "title": "A longitudinal evaluation of blood pressure in children.", "content": "Blood pressure levels obtained on two occasions, one year apart, were evaluated among 212 children. An overall correlation of .65 was obtained for systolic pressure and .43 for diastolic pressure. The results suggest that adult levels of correlation are not reached in childhood  and that screening programs must consider the relative lability of children's measurements in establishing referral criteria.", "contents": "A longitudinal evaluation of blood pressure in children. Blood pressure levels obtained on two occasions, one year apart, were evaluated among 212 children. An overall correlation of .65 was obtained for systolic pressure and .43 for diastolic pressure. The results suggest that adult levels of correlation are not reached in childhood  and that screening programs must consider the relative lability of children's measurements in establishing referral criteria.", "PMID": 507251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7238", "title": "Clinical methods in smoking cessation: description and evaluation of a stop smoking clinic.", "content": "This study reports the results of the Kaiser-Permanente Stop Smoking Clinic and describes the philosophy and methods employed by the clinic in treating addictive smoking behavior. Of the 1,128 clients who registered for the group program, 57 per cent are abstinent six months after quitting smoking and 47 per cent are abstinent at one year. The clinic methods used are described in detail. They attempt to relate smoking behavior to the larger phenomenon of addiction.", "contents": "Clinical methods in smoking cessation: description and evaluation of a stop smoking clinic. This study reports the results of the Kaiser-Permanente Stop Smoking Clinic and describes the philosophy and methods employed by the clinic in treating addictive smoking behavior. Of the 1,128 clients who registered for the group program, 57 per cent are abstinent six months after quitting smoking and 47 per cent are abstinent at one year. The clinic methods used are described in detail. They attempt to relate smoking behavior to the larger phenomenon of addiction.", "PMID": 507255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7239", "title": "A comparison of the intradermal and subcutaneous routes of influenza vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 (swine flu) and A/Victoria/75: report of a study and review of the literature.", "content": "A trail of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes. Volunteers 18 to 24 years old were randomized into equal groups, one group receiving 0.1 ml of vaccine intradermally and the other receiving 0.5 ml subcutaneously. For the A/Victoria vaccine, the immunogenicity of the intradermal route seemed superior; for A/New Jersey vaccine, the routes were equivalent. Adverse reactions were minimal and equivalent for both groups. In times of vaccine shortage, the intradermal route is considered to stretch vaccine supplies. Field trials of new influenza vaccines should include evaluation of the immunogenicity of and adverse reactions caused by the same vaccine given by different routes in varied dosages.", "contents": "A comparison of the intradermal and subcutaneous routes of influenza vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 (swine flu) and A/Victoria/75: report of a study and review of the literature. A trail of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes. Volunteers 18 to 24 years old were randomized into equal groups, one group receiving 0.1 ml of vaccine intradermally and the other receiving 0.5 ml subcutaneously. For the A/Victoria vaccine, the immunogenicity of the intradermal route seemed superior; for A/New Jersey vaccine, the routes were equivalent. Adverse reactions were minimal and equivalent for both groups. In times of vaccine shortage, the intradermal route is considered to stretch vaccine supplies. Field trials of new influenza vaccines should include evaluation of the immunogenicity of and adverse reactions caused by the same vaccine given by different routes in varied dosages.", "PMID": 507256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7240", "title": "Recombinant DNA research: the scope and limits of regulation.", "content": "The paper provides an overview of public policy issues pertaining to the use of gene-splicing (recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]) techniques in research and for industrial applications. Included is a discussion of the regulatory framework at the federal and institutional levels. The principal limitation of the current federal guidelines is its failure to provide mandatory coverage for private sector activities. Four municipalities and two states have passed their own legislation to remedy the situation. These enactments and their tie-in to the public health sector are examined.", "contents": "Recombinant DNA research: the scope and limits of regulation. The paper provides an overview of public policy issues pertaining to the use of gene-splicing (recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]) techniques in research and for industrial applications. Included is a discussion of the regulatory framework at the federal and institutional levels. The principal limitation of the current federal guidelines is its failure to provide mandatory coverage for private sector activities. Four municipalities and two states have passed their own legislation to remedy the situation. These enactments and their tie-in to the public health sector are examined.", "PMID": 507257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7241", "title": "Validation of students' self-reported cigarette smoking status with plasma cotinine levels.", "content": "Plasma cotinine levels were measured in 137 students (ages 14 to 17 years), as an independent validation of self-reported cigarette smoking status. Ninety-five per cent of the students who reported daily cigarette smoking had detectable cotinine levels. In contract, only 2 per cent of students who reported that they never smoke cigarettes had detectable levels of plasma cotinine. Results suggest that adolescents can report accurately on their smoking status if sufficient assurance of confidentiality is stressed.", "contents": "Validation of students' self-reported cigarette smoking status with plasma cotinine levels. Plasma cotinine levels were measured in 137 students (ages 14 to 17 years), as an independent validation of self-reported cigarette smoking status. Ninety-five per cent of the students who reported daily cigarette smoking had detectable cotinine levels. In contract, only 2 per cent of students who reported that they never smoke cigarettes had detectable levels of plasma cotinine. Results suggest that adolescents can report accurately on their smoking status if sufficient assurance of confidentiality is stressed.", "PMID": 507259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7242", "title": "Changes in the cigarette consumption of smokers in relation to changes in tar/nicotine content of cigarettes smoked.", "content": "Over a 13-year period, 59 per cent of 28,561 smokers decreased the tar and nicotine (T/N) level in the cigarettes they smoked without changing the number of cigarettes smoked to any important extent. On the other hand, more than 54 per cent of the \"less than one pack a day\" smokers as compared to only 25 per cent of the \"one pack or more a day\" smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked. Nicotine dependency plays a minor role in determining the smoking habits of those who continue to smoke on a long-term basis.", "contents": "Changes in the cigarette consumption of smokers in relation to changes in tar/nicotine content of cigarettes smoked. Over a 13-year period, 59 per cent of 28,561 smokers decreased the tar and nicotine (T/N) level in the cigarettes they smoked without changing the number of cigarettes smoked to any important extent. On the other hand, more than 54 per cent of the \"less than one pack a day\" smokers as compared to only 25 per cent of the \"one pack or more a day\" smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked. Nicotine dependency plays a minor role in determining the smoking habits of those who continue to smoke on a long-term basis.", "PMID": 507260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7243", "title": "Diabetes among the three affiliated tribes: correlation with degree of Indian inheritance.", "content": "The health records of all members of the Three Affiliated Indian Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota were reviewed in order to define the extent of diabetes in this population. Full-inheritance Indians age 35 years and older have a known prevalence rate of diabetes of 22.3 per cent; persons between half- and full-inheritance Indian have a rate of 14.9 per cent; persons less than one-half Indian inheritance have a rate of 4.1 per cent, the same as whites living on this reservation. Below age 35, diabetes is rare among all racial subgroups.", "contents": "Diabetes among the three affiliated tribes: correlation with degree of Indian inheritance. The health records of all members of the Three Affiliated Indian Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota were reviewed in order to define the extent of diabetes in this population. Full-inheritance Indians age 35 years and older have a known prevalence rate of diabetes of 22.3 per cent; persons between half- and full-inheritance Indian have a rate of 14.9 per cent; persons less than one-half Indian inheritance have a rate of 4.1 per cent, the same as whites living on this reservation. Below age 35, diabetes is rare among all racial subgroups.", "PMID": 507261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7244", "title": "Assessing depression outcomes in group practice clinics.", "content": "The application of a protocol for the initial assessment of medical care outcomes of geriatric depression management in four multispecialty group practice clinics is described. The clinical findings of this study are limited, but the protocol for the assessment of depression outcomes was found to be feasible, practical and acceptable in all four clinics. The success of the study has positive implications both for improving management of depressed clinic patients and for adapting this quality assurance approach to other health conditions and care settings.", "contents": "Assessing depression outcomes in group practice clinics. The application of a protocol for the initial assessment of medical care outcomes of geriatric depression management in four multispecialty group practice clinics is described. The clinical findings of this study are limited, but the protocol for the assessment of depression outcomes was found to be feasible, practical and acceptable in all four clinics. The success of the study has positive implications both for improving management of depressed clinic patients and for adapting this quality assurance approach to other health conditions and care settings.", "PMID": 507262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7245", "title": "Natural history of anterior cruciate tears.", "content": "An evaluation of 361 patients with documented anterior cruciate tears was carried out with analysis of mechanisms, symptomatology, physical findings, and limitations. At the time of injury, patients generally heard a loud pop and felt their knee \"slide apart\" with a subsequent hemarthrosis. Internal tibial rotation was described as the principal mechanism of iniury in 81.6% of the patients. Less than 20% had a triad type injury. A \"crossover\" test enabled reproduction of the mechanism. On a 100 point scale, those with \"no repair\" scored a mean of 55.4, direct repairs 56.7, pes transfers 59.6, and modified MacIntosh 88.9 points. The natural course of a patient can often be projected. A Continuing comparative study of results from treatment regimens and procedures is indicated.", "contents": "Natural history of anterior cruciate tears. An evaluation of 361 patients with documented anterior cruciate tears was carried out with analysis of mechanisms, symptomatology, physical findings, and limitations. At the time of injury, patients generally heard a loud pop and felt their knee \"slide apart\" with a subsequent hemarthrosis. Internal tibial rotation was described as the principal mechanism of iniury in 81.6% of the patients. Less than 20% had a triad type injury. A \"crossover\" test enabled reproduction of the mechanism. On a 100 point scale, those with \"no repair\" scored a mean of 55.4, direct repairs 56.7, pes transfers 59.6, and modified MacIntosh 88.9 points. The natural course of a patient can often be projected. A Continuing comparative study of results from treatment regimens and procedures is indicated.", "PMID": 507265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7246", "title": "Foot orthotic devices to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics.", "content": "Excessive foot pronation has been speculated to be a cause of leg and foot problems among runners. Foot orthotic devices are often used to modify this condition. Examination of the records of 180 patients treated for various running injuries showed that 83 individuals (46%) were prescribed orthotic devices and that 65 of these runners (78%) were able to return to their previous running programs. In order to assess further the effects of this type of orthotic device, six runners were selected from this group and filmed using two cameras (200 frames/sec) under three conditions: (1) barefoot, (2) regular shoe, and (3) regular shoe plus orthotic device. Both the period of pronation and the amount of maximum pronation were significantly reduced by using the foot orthotic device. The data support the conclusion that foot orthotic devices can be successfully used to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics during the support phase of running.", "contents": "Foot orthotic devices to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics. Excessive foot pronation has been speculated to be a cause of leg and foot problems among runners. Foot orthotic devices are often used to modify this condition. Examination of the records of 180 patients treated for various running injuries showed that 83 individuals (46%) were prescribed orthotic devices and that 65 of these runners (78%) were able to return to their previous running programs. In order to assess further the effects of this type of orthotic device, six runners were selected from this group and filmed using two cameras (200 frames/sec) under three conditions: (1) barefoot, (2) regular shoe, and (3) regular shoe plus orthotic device. Both the period of pronation and the amount of maximum pronation were significantly reduced by using the foot orthotic device. The data support the conclusion that foot orthotic devices can be successfully used to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics during the support phase of running.", "PMID": 507269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7247", "title": "Proplast leader for use in cruciate ligament reconstruction.", "content": "A synthetic leader has been used in 18 cases of medial one-third patellar tendon substitution for the anterior cruciate ligament and in 10 cases of posterior cruciate substitution using the medial head of the gastrocnemius tendon. The device adds length and facilitates manipulation of the transplanted tissues. There have been no problems with biocompatibility and there have been no instances of staple loosening or disruption of the junction between the stabilizer and transplanted tissues. Early results with the anterior cruciate substitutions suggest thet anchoring the transfer in bony tunnels in both the tibia and femur does not allow sufficient flexibility to prevent stretching or disruption of the tendon transfer.", "contents": "Proplast leader for use in cruciate ligament reconstruction. A synthetic leader has been used in 18 cases of medial one-third patellar tendon substitution for the anterior cruciate ligament and in 10 cases of posterior cruciate substitution using the medial head of the gastrocnemius tendon. The device adds length and facilitates manipulation of the transplanted tissues. There have been no problems with biocompatibility and there have been no instances of staple loosening or disruption of the junction between the stabilizer and transplanted tissues. Early results with the anterior cruciate substitutions suggest thet anchoring the transfer in bony tunnels in both the tibia and femur does not allow sufficient flexibility to prevent stretching or disruption of the tendon transfer.", "PMID": 507266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7248", "title": "Knee injury in skiing. A multifaceted approach.", "content": "During the past four ski seasons, all 1,141 ski injuries which occurred in a large northern Vermont ski area were evaluated prospectively. Of these injuries, 21.6% involved knee ligaments and 18.6% involved sprains of the medial collateral ligament. Females sustained a disproportionately high incidence of Grade I medial collateral sprains, but suffered the more severe sprains at a rate similar to that of males. Individuals who were smaller, younger, less experienced, and less skilled sustained a higher incidence of Grade I injuries. Skiers suffering complete tears of the medial collateral ligament were no smaller, younger, or less skilled or experienced than our control population. Medial collateral sprains are produced primarily by external rotation and valgus forces. Two-mode release bindings are insensitive to several loading configurations which could produce knee sprains. Bindings which allow release in roll, shear, and twist at the heel, as well as twist at the toe and forward lean, appear to be necessary to protect the knee.", "contents": "Knee injury in skiing. A multifaceted approach. During the past four ski seasons, all 1,141 ski injuries which occurred in a large northern Vermont ski area were evaluated prospectively. Of these injuries, 21.6% involved knee ligaments and 18.6% involved sprains of the medial collateral ligament. Females sustained a disproportionately high incidence of Grade I medial collateral sprains, but suffered the more severe sprains at a rate similar to that of males. Individuals who were smaller, younger, less experienced, and less skilled sustained a higher incidence of Grade I injuries. Skiers suffering complete tears of the medial collateral ligament were no smaller, younger, or less skilled or experienced than our control population. Medial collateral sprains are produced primarily by external rotation and valgus forces. Two-mode release bindings are insensitive to several loading configurations which could produce knee sprains. Bindings which allow release in roll, shear, and twist at the heel, as well as twist at the toe and forward lean, appear to be necessary to protect the knee.", "PMID": 507267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7249", "title": "Women in sports: the Naval Academy experience.", "content": "Women were first admitted to the United States Naval Academy with the Class of 1980. The physical performance of 63 women in that class along with 69 in the Class of 1981 and 78 in the Class of 1982 is compared to the performance of a random sample of male midshipmen in the same Classes. The Department of Physical Education made some adjustments in the fitness program for women but did not change the objectives. The number of hours of physical education was the same for the men and women. Performance tests show that the women have scored better than had been anticipated and that the scores have improved with each Class. The women have averaged three times as many visits to the orthopaedic clinic for stress-related injuries than the men, but as the women have become acclimated to a more active life, they have sought medical attention for these problems less often. The women in these three Classes have had no trauma-related orthopaedic surgery. It is anticipated that when women midshipmen begin to participate in the same vigorous sports as men, e.g., soccer, lacrosse, and others, that injuries will increase. We conclude that physical fitness requirements for women will become increasingly similar to the men's requirements. At this time, the performance of women is often a result of society's conditioning rather than apparent physiologic differences between the sexes.", "contents": "Women in sports: the Naval Academy experience. Women were first admitted to the United States Naval Academy with the Class of 1980. The physical performance of 63 women in that class along with 69 in the Class of 1981 and 78 in the Class of 1982 is compared to the performance of a random sample of male midshipmen in the same Classes. The Department of Physical Education made some adjustments in the fitness program for women but did not change the objectives. The number of hours of physical education was the same for the men and women. Performance tests show that the women have scored better than had been anticipated and that the scores have improved with each Class. The women have averaged three times as many visits to the orthopaedic clinic for stress-related injuries than the men, but as the women have become acclimated to a more active life, they have sought medical attention for these problems less often. The women in these three Classes have had no trauma-related orthopaedic surgery. It is anticipated that when women midshipmen begin to participate in the same vigorous sports as men, e.g., soccer, lacrosse, and others, that injuries will increase. We conclude that physical fitness requirements for women will become increasingly similar to the men's requirements. At this time, the performance of women is often a result of society's conditioning rather than apparent physiologic differences between the sexes.", "PMID": 507273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7250", "title": "Reversibility of histopathological changes in the ovaries in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni after niridazole treatment.", "content": "Atrophy of the corpus luteum cells, and nuclear alterations of the interstitial cells, are constantly found in the ovaries of mice with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection. In order to investigate whether these pathological changes are reversible, 2 months after infection of mice niridazole was administered orally for 10 days in a daily dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Uninfected and infected untreated groups served as controls. The frequency of normal ovaries was much greater in animals cured of infection than in the infected controls. In some animals, unilateral ovariectomy was performed; the histopathological changes in the ovaries removed before treatment were absent in the remaining ovaries 4 weeks after treatment. These findings indicate that ovarian alterations in murine schistosomiasis mansoni can be reversed by adequate antischistosomal treatment.", "contents": "Reversibility of histopathological changes in the ovaries in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni after niridazole treatment. Atrophy of the corpus luteum cells, and nuclear alterations of the interstitial cells, are constantly found in the ovaries of mice with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection. In order to investigate whether these pathological changes are reversible, 2 months after infection of mice niridazole was administered orally for 10 days in a daily dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Uninfected and infected untreated groups served as controls. The frequency of normal ovaries was much greater in animals cured of infection than in the infected controls. In some animals, unilateral ovariectomy was performed; the histopathological changes in the ovaries removed before treatment were absent in the remaining ovaries 4 weeks after treatment. These findings indicate that ovarian alterations in murine schistosomiasis mansoni can be reversed by adequate antischistosomal treatment.", "PMID": 507278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7251", "title": "Value of examination for fecal leukocytes in the early diagnosis of shigellosis.", "content": "Fecal specimens from 101 patients with diarrhea were cultured and also examined with methylene blue for leukocytes. Thirty-six patients had leukocytes in their stools and 29 had culture-proven shigellosis. The sensitivity of fecal leukocytes in shigellosis was 95% (19/20) when cup specimens were obtained, and 44% (4/9) when swab or diaper specimens were examined. Only 45% of the patients with shigellosis who provided cup specimens had grossly bloody dysentery. Twelve other patients had fecal leukocytes but no demonstrable invasive bacterial pathogens. Methylene blue examination was useful in identifying motile trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and eggs or larvae of other heavy intestinal paraistic infections. Among patients with naturally-acquired acute diarrhea, methylene blue examination of stools for leukocytes is much more sensitive than examination for blood in predicting a positive culture for Shigella spp. It is also of value in detecting parasites.", "contents": "Value of examination for fecal leukocytes in the early diagnosis of shigellosis. Fecal specimens from 101 patients with diarrhea were cultured and also examined with methylene blue for leukocytes. Thirty-six patients had leukocytes in their stools and 29 had culture-proven shigellosis. The sensitivity of fecal leukocytes in shigellosis was 95% (19/20) when cup specimens were obtained, and 44% (4/9) when swab or diaper specimens were examined. Only 45% of the patients with shigellosis who provided cup specimens had grossly bloody dysentery. Twelve other patients had fecal leukocytes but no demonstrable invasive bacterial pathogens. Methylene blue examination was useful in identifying motile trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and eggs or larvae of other heavy intestinal paraistic infections. Among patients with naturally-acquired acute diarrhea, methylene blue examination of stools for leukocytes is much more sensitive than examination for blood in predicting a positive culture for Shigella spp. It is also of value in detecting parasites.", "PMID": 507279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7252", "title": "Tears of the pectoralis major muscle.", "content": "Nine athletes (men, 22 to 40 years old) who sustained tears of the pectoralis major muscle are described. Four were treated by the authors and five patients' cases were reviewed from records of orthopaedic surgeons for the National Football League. Eight of the nine patients sustained tears from excessive tension; one was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a direct blow. Five patients were treated conservatively and obtained good results (normal range of motion, mild pain, and weakness). They agreed that they could not return to their previous athletic functional ability. The other four were treated surgically and obtained excellent results (normal range of motion, excellent strength). They were able to return to vigorous athletic performance.", "contents": "Tears of the pectoralis major muscle. Nine athletes (men, 22 to 40 years old) who sustained tears of the pectoralis major muscle are described. Four were treated by the authors and five patients' cases were reviewed from records of orthopaedic surgeons for the National Football League. Eight of the nine patients sustained tears from excessive tension; one was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a direct blow. Five patients were treated conservatively and obtained good results (normal range of motion, mild pain, and weakness). They agreed that they could not return to their previous athletic functional ability. The other four were treated surgically and obtained excellent results (normal range of motion, excellent strength). They were able to return to vigorous athletic performance.", "PMID": 507270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7253", "title": "Immune responses in bats following intranasal infection with Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "Groups of bats (Artibeus lituratus) were infected by the intranasal instillation of a suspension of mycelia and spore particles of Histoplasma capsulatum containing either 10(4) or 10(6) viable units. Bats infected with the high dose had viable H. capsulatum in the lungs, liver, spleen and gut as early as 2 weeks post-infection. Complement-fixing antibodies to the organism were detectable 3 weeks after infection, whereas precipitating antibodies were not persent until 5 weeks. Significantly delayed hypersensitivity to histoplasmin was noted at 2 and 4 weeks after infection. By 9 weeks, delayed hypersensitivity had waned, while antibodies could still be demonstrated. The observation that bats are susceptible to respiratory infection with H. capsulatum suggests a mechanism by which the disease may be maintained within a colony. Delayed hypersensitivity appears to be a sensitive, but transient, indicator of active histoplasmosis in bats.", "contents": "Immune responses in bats following intranasal infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Groups of bats (Artibeus lituratus) were infected by the intranasal instillation of a suspension of mycelia and spore particles of Histoplasma capsulatum containing either 10(4) or 10(6) viable units. Bats infected with the high dose had viable H. capsulatum in the lungs, liver, spleen and gut as early as 2 weeks post-infection. Complement-fixing antibodies to the organism were detectable 3 weeks after infection, whereas precipitating antibodies were not persent until 5 weeks. Significantly delayed hypersensitivity to histoplasmin was noted at 2 and 4 weeks after infection. By 9 weeks, delayed hypersensitivity had waned, while antibodies could still be demonstrated. The observation that bats are susceptible to respiratory infection with H. capsulatum suggests a mechanism by which the disease may be maintained within a colony. Delayed hypersensitivity appears to be a sensitive, but transient, indicator of active histoplasmosis in bats.", "PMID": 507280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7254", "title": "Epidemic dengue fever in Puerto Rico, 1977: a cost analysis.", "content": "During the period July-December 1977, a widespread epidemic of dengue fever occurred in Puerto Rico. The cost of the epidemic was calculated, using upper and lower limit incidence figures, in terms of direct costs (medical care and epidemic control measures) and indirect costs (lost production of ill workers and parents of ill children). Direct costs were estimated to range between $2.4 and $4.7 million. Indirect costs were calculated by using current (1977) employment and wage data and population extrapolations from the 1970 census, and entailed a loss to the Puerto Rico economy of from $3.7 to $10.9 million. The total cost of this epidemic, therefore, was estimated to be in a range of $6.0 to $15.6 million, of which epidemic control measures comprised 7.8--20.2%.", "contents": "Epidemic dengue fever in Puerto Rico, 1977: a cost analysis. During the period July-December 1977, a widespread epidemic of dengue fever occurred in Puerto Rico. The cost of the epidemic was calculated, using upper and lower limit incidence figures, in terms of direct costs (medical care and epidemic control measures) and indirect costs (lost production of ill workers and parents of ill children). Direct costs were estimated to range between $2.4 and $4.7 million. Indirect costs were calculated by using current (1977) employment and wage data and population extrapolations from the 1970 census, and entailed a loss to the Puerto Rico economy of from $3.7 to $10.9 million. The total cost of this epidemic, therefore, was estimated to be in a range of $6.0 to $15.6 million, of which epidemic control measures comprised 7.8--20.2%.", "PMID": 507281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7255", "title": "Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The comparative susceptibility of 13 geographic strains of Aedes aegypti to oral infection with dengue viruses was studied by feeding the mosquitoes on a virus-erythrocyte-sugar suspension. Significant variation in susceptibility to four dengue serotypes was observed among the geographic strains tested. Mosquito strains which were more susceptible to one serotype were also more susceptible to the other serotypes, suggesting that the factors controlling susceptibility were the same for all types. The amount of virus required to infect mosquitoes orally varied inversely with the susceptibility of the geographic strain. Thresholds of infection were not the same for dengue types 1, 2, 3 and 4. There was no apparent difference in infectivity between prototype and recently isolated strains of dengue types 1 and 3. Crossing experimentibility as the resistant parent. No difference was observed between resistant and susceptible mosquito strains in the rate or the amount of viral replication after infection by the parenteral route, or in their ability to transmit dengue 2 virus after infection by the oral route.", "contents": "Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti. The comparative susceptibility of 13 geographic strains of Aedes aegypti to oral infection with dengue viruses was studied by feeding the mosquitoes on a virus-erythrocyte-sugar suspension. Significant variation in susceptibility to four dengue serotypes was observed among the geographic strains tested. Mosquito strains which were more susceptible to one serotype were also more susceptible to the other serotypes, suggesting that the factors controlling susceptibility were the same for all types. The amount of virus required to infect mosquitoes orally varied inversely with the susceptibility of the geographic strain. Thresholds of infection were not the same for dengue types 1, 2, 3 and 4. There was no apparent difference in infectivity between prototype and recently isolated strains of dengue types 1 and 3. Crossing experimentibility as the resistant parent. No difference was observed between resistant and susceptible mosquito strains in the rate or the amount of viral replication after infection by the parenteral route, or in their ability to transmit dengue 2 virus after infection by the oral route.", "PMID": 507282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7256", "title": "Transmission of Venezuelan encephalitis virus by naturally infected Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus.", "content": "During August 1977 two of 975 Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus collected from an enzootic marsh habitat on the Pacific coast of Guatemala transmitted VE virus to hamsters. Eight VE strains were isolated from Cu. opisthopus. The minimal level of VE infection in this species during July-August 1977 at La Avellana, Guatemala was 1/128 (8/1,021), and the prevalence of Cu. (Mel.) opisthopus transmitting VE virus was 1/487 (2/975). This mosquito was the predominant species attacking humans at that time, suggesting that Cu. opisthopus is a vector of VE virus to man as well as a vector in enzootic cycles in Guatemala. These studies establish Cu. opisthopus as the third proven enzootic vector of VE virus.", "contents": "Transmission of Venezuelan encephalitis virus by naturally infected Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus. During August 1977 two of 975 Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus collected from an enzootic marsh habitat on the Pacific coast of Guatemala transmitted VE virus to hamsters. Eight VE strains were isolated from Cu. opisthopus. The minimal level of VE infection in this species during July-August 1977 at La Avellana, Guatemala was 1/128 (8/1,021), and the prevalence of Cu. (Mel.) opisthopus transmitting VE virus was 1/487 (2/975). This mosquito was the predominant species attacking humans at that time, suggesting that Cu. opisthopus is a vector of VE virus to man as well as a vector in enzootic cycles in Guatemala. These studies establish Cu. opisthopus as the third proven enzootic vector of VE virus.", "PMID": 507283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7257", "title": "Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by in vitro cultivation of saline aspirates in Schneider's Drosophila Medium.", "content": "A culture system was developed and evaluated as an improved diagnostic procedure for human infections of New and Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Needle aspirates of 55 suspect lesions from 40 human cases were made by injecting and withdrawing sterile saline from the outer margin of a lesion. Aspirates were inoculated and cultured in an insect cell culture medium, Schneider's Drosophila Medium, supplemented with 30% fetal bovine serum. Paralleled cultures in a blood-based medium, NNN, were used as a basis of comparison for sensitivity. Promastigotes were observed in 37 of 55 (67%) of the Schneider's Medium cultures on an average of 6.0 days, as compared to only 8 of 55 of the NNN cultures on an average of 11.6 days.", "contents": "Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by in vitro cultivation of saline aspirates in Schneider's Drosophila Medium. A culture system was developed and evaluated as an improved diagnostic procedure for human infections of New and Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Needle aspirates of 55 suspect lesions from 40 human cases were made by injecting and withdrawing sterile saline from the outer margin of a lesion. Aspirates were inoculated and cultured in an insect cell culture medium, Schneider's Drosophila Medium, supplemented with 30% fetal bovine serum. Paralleled cultures in a blood-based medium, NNN, were used as a basis of comparison for sensitivity. Promastigotes were observed in 37 of 55 (67%) of the Schneider's Medium cultures on an average of 6.0 days, as compared to only 8 of 55 of the NNN cultures on an average of 11.6 days.", "PMID": 507285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7258", "title": "Dirofilaria in the abdominal cavity of a man in Japan.", "content": "A case of human dirofilariasis of the abdominal cavity is reported from Japan. The patient, a 74-year-old man, died of liver cancer; postmortem examination revealed a granulomatous mass on the mesentery. In histologic sections there were cross-sections of a mature female nematode identified as a Dirofilaria. The cuticle had a smooth surface and consisted of four distinct layers. The inner cuticular layer had internal lateral longitudinal ridges, and the musculature of the body wall was of the high polymyarian type. On the basis of morphology of the worm, it is suggested that this may represent the first human case of Dirofilaria immitis occurring in the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "Dirofilaria in the abdominal cavity of a man in Japan. A case of human dirofilariasis of the abdominal cavity is reported from Japan. The patient, a 74-year-old man, died of liver cancer; postmortem examination revealed a granulomatous mass on the mesentery. In histologic sections there were cross-sections of a mature female nematode identified as a Dirofilaria. The cuticle had a smooth surface and consisted of four distinct layers. The inner cuticular layer had internal lateral longitudinal ridges, and the musculature of the body wall was of the high polymyarian type. On the basis of morphology of the worm, it is suggested that this may represent the first human case of Dirofilaria immitis occurring in the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 507286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7259", "title": "The cryopreservation and in vitro cultivation of larval Onchocerca volvulus.", "content": "A system developed in our laboratory for the in vitro cultivation of larval Onchocerca volvulus is being employed in a series of morphogenetic, physiologic, chemotherapeutic and immunologic investigations of this parasite. Because of the need for a large and readily available supply of living worms for this work, cryogenic techniques are being used for the long-term preservation of larval parasites collected in various endemic areas of Guatemala, C.A. To date, microfilariae have survived frozen storage in human cutaneous tissues (excised nodules and skin snips) for as long as 504 days, and viable larvae, in all stages of development have been recovered from the black fly vectors (Simulium ochraceum and S. metallicum) kept frozen for 396 days. That cryopreservation does not appear to affect these parasites adversely is indicated by the fact that microfilariae derived from frozen tissues do not differ from those obtained from fresh tissues on the basis of: 1) numbers and vigor of emergent microfilariae; 2) survival and morphogenesis of microfilariae during cultivation in vitro for 24 days; 3) glucose utilization during 72 hours of incubation; and 4) their incorporation of 3H-amino acids as determined after 18 hours of incubation. Details of methodology for cryopreservation and in vitro cultivation, together with resultant data, are presented herein.", "contents": "The cryopreservation and in vitro cultivation of larval Onchocerca volvulus. A system developed in our laboratory for the in vitro cultivation of larval Onchocerca volvulus is being employed in a series of morphogenetic, physiologic, chemotherapeutic and immunologic investigations of this parasite. Because of the need for a large and readily available supply of living worms for this work, cryogenic techniques are being used for the long-term preservation of larval parasites collected in various endemic areas of Guatemala, C.A. To date, microfilariae have survived frozen storage in human cutaneous tissues (excised nodules and skin snips) for as long as 504 days, and viable larvae, in all stages of development have been recovered from the black fly vectors (Simulium ochraceum and S. metallicum) kept frozen for 396 days. That cryopreservation does not appear to affect these parasites adversely is indicated by the fact that microfilariae derived from frozen tissues do not differ from those obtained from fresh tissues on the basis of: 1) numbers and vigor of emergent microfilariae; 2) survival and morphogenesis of microfilariae during cultivation in vitro for 24 days; 3) glucose utilization during 72 hours of incubation; and 4) their incorporation of 3H-amino acids as determined after 18 hours of incubation. Details of methodology for cryopreservation and in vitro cultivation, together with resultant data, are presented herein.", "PMID": 507287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7260", "title": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The evaluation of patients with inadequate control of diastolic blood pressure for surgically correctable forms of hypertension led to the detection and surgical treatment of 56 patients. Detection was facilitated by the use of hypertensive intravenous pyelography and Hippuran renal Scanning. Aortography proved the presence of renal artery disease and renal vein renin assay established its significance in the etiology of the patients' hypertension. Renal artery reconstruction was performed in 50 patients, including 5 who also had reconstruction of major aortoiliac lesions. The extent of renal artery disease precluded arterial reconstruction in six patients, who required nephrectomy. Two postoperative deaths occurred, for a mortality rate of 3.6 per cent. Improvement in mean diastolic blood pressure for the total group of patients from 118 mm Hg preoperatively to 86 mm Hg postoperatively was achieved. Forty-six patients (85 per cent) have a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less; in 5 patients the diastolic blood pressure is 91 to 100 mm Hg but is at least 20 mm Hg lower than the preorative level.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. The evaluation of patients with inadequate control of diastolic blood pressure for surgically correctable forms of hypertension led to the detection and surgical treatment of 56 patients. Detection was facilitated by the use of hypertensive intravenous pyelography and Hippuran renal Scanning. Aortography proved the presence of renal artery disease and renal vein renin assay established its significance in the etiology of the patients' hypertension. Renal artery reconstruction was performed in 50 patients, including 5 who also had reconstruction of major aortoiliac lesions. The extent of renal artery disease precluded arterial reconstruction in six patients, who required nephrectomy. Two postoperative deaths occurred, for a mortality rate of 3.6 per cent. Improvement in mean diastolic blood pressure for the total group of patients from 118 mm Hg preoperatively to 86 mm Hg postoperatively was achieved. Forty-six patients (85 per cent) have a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less; in 5 patients the diastolic blood pressure is 91 to 100 mm Hg but is at least 20 mm Hg lower than the preorative level.", "PMID": 507289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7261", "title": "Prevention of distal embolism during arterial reconstruction.", "content": "Distal embolization of fragmented laminated thrombus and atheroma producing peripheral ischemia or gangrene is an underemphasized complication of arterial reconstruction. A set of techniques has been developed to minimize this important complication. To assess their effectiveness, the incidence of distal embolism in patients undergoing resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm with and without the use of these techniques was studied. In the 434 patients who underwent elective resection of abdominal aneurysm, measures to prevent distal embolism were used in all cases. The incidence of distal embolism was only 0.23 per cent (1 of 434), in contrast to reported incidences of up to 11 per cent. In the 21 patients who underwent emergency resection of ruptured aneurysm, these techniques were not used due to the need for early proximal control for resuscitation; distal embolism of atheromatous material occurred in 2 cases, an incidence of 9 per cent. The application of these techniques to other peripheral vascular procedures has resulted in similar low rates of postoperative distal ischemia.", "contents": "Prevention of distal embolism during arterial reconstruction. Distal embolization of fragmented laminated thrombus and atheroma producing peripheral ischemia or gangrene is an underemphasized complication of arterial reconstruction. A set of techniques has been developed to minimize this important complication. To assess their effectiveness, the incidence of distal embolism in patients undergoing resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm with and without the use of these techniques was studied. In the 434 patients who underwent elective resection of abdominal aneurysm, measures to prevent distal embolism were used in all cases. The incidence of distal embolism was only 0.23 per cent (1 of 434), in contrast to reported incidences of up to 11 per cent. In the 21 patients who underwent emergency resection of ruptured aneurysm, these techniques were not used due to the need for early proximal control for resuscitation; distal embolism of atheromatous material occurred in 2 cases, an incidence of 9 per cent. The application of these techniques to other peripheral vascular procedures has resulted in similar low rates of postoperative distal ischemia.", "PMID": 507290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7262", "title": "Extremity revascularization: a decade of experience.", "content": "Operative management provides low risk palliation for symptomatic occlusive disease of the leg. Survival is adversely affected by associated conditions. The rate of limb salvage was 70 per cent at 2 years in patients with gangrene. Bypass grafting did not increase the risk of subsequent amputation (mortality 11 per cent), and therefore primary amputation should be avoided.", "contents": "Extremity revascularization: a decade of experience. Operative management provides low risk palliation for symptomatic occlusive disease of the leg. Survival is adversely affected by associated conditions. The rate of limb salvage was 70 per cent at 2 years in patients with gangrene. Bypass grafting did not increase the risk of subsequent amputation (mortality 11 per cent), and therefore primary amputation should be avoided.", "PMID": 507291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7263", "title": "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy.", "content": "The mastectomy patient presenting to the plastic surgeon often relates a profound sense of deformity. The current state of the art in breast reconstruction allows the plastic surgeon to intelligently address this deformity with procedures capable of achieving pleasing aesthetic results. If adequate soft tissue is present, implantation in the submuscular plane has proved satisfactory. However, if soft tissue deficiencies exist, highly acceptable results have been consistently achieved using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "contents": "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The mastectomy patient presenting to the plastic surgeon often relates a profound sense of deformity. The current state of the art in breast reconstruction allows the plastic surgeon to intelligently address this deformity with procedures capable of achieving pleasing aesthetic results. If adequate soft tissue is present, implantation in the submuscular plane has proved satisfactory. However, if soft tissue deficiencies exist, highly acceptable results have been consistently achieved using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "PMID": 507292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7264", "title": "Bilaterality and the prosthetic repair of large recurrent inguinal hernias.", "content": "From 1966 to 1977, 396 men aged 25 to 89 years (mean 58) underwent 505 repairs for recurrent inguinal herniation (including bilateral defects and recurrences). Since by 1972 it was realized that the approach precluded an effective relaxing incision, when this was indicated (66 per cent) a Marlex prosthesis was used. Seventy-four patients underwent 83 repairs with this material; 26 (35 per cent) had had previous repairs for recurrence, 29 (40 per cent) underwent contralateral herniorrhpahy, whereas another 12 (16 percent) underwent bilateral repair. Fifty-five (2 of 3) protrusions were direct. None of the patients died. Although overall 110 (22 per cent) of the operations failed, only 6 of 83 hernias (7 per cent) in which Marlex was used recurred, with a mean follow-up study of 4 years. It is important to use a large enough piece of plastic and remove attenuated fascia from around the defect. No infection or extrusion occurred. Preperitoneal placement of Marlex is recommended for difficult, repeatedly recurrent inguinal hernias.", "contents": "Bilaterality and the prosthetic repair of large recurrent inguinal hernias. From 1966 to 1977, 396 men aged 25 to 89 years (mean 58) underwent 505 repairs for recurrent inguinal herniation (including bilateral defects and recurrences). Since by 1972 it was realized that the approach precluded an effective relaxing incision, when this was indicated (66 per cent) a Marlex prosthesis was used. Seventy-four patients underwent 83 repairs with this material; 26 (35 per cent) had had previous repairs for recurrence, 29 (40 per cent) underwent contralateral herniorrhpahy, whereas another 12 (16 percent) underwent bilateral repair. Fifty-five (2 of 3) protrusions were direct. None of the patients died. Although overall 110 (22 per cent) of the operations failed, only 6 of 83 hernias (7 per cent) in which Marlex was used recurred, with a mean follow-up study of 4 years. It is important to use a large enough piece of plastic and remove attenuated fascia from around the defect. No infection or extrusion occurred. Preperitoneal placement of Marlex is recommended for difficult, repeatedly recurrent inguinal hernias.", "PMID": 507293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7265", "title": "Bilateral bleb excision through median sternotomy.", "content": "We believe that when the indications for operation for spontaneous pneumothorax are met, the procedure of choice is bilateral resection of apical blebs and pleural abrasion through a median sternotomy. This approach allows easy access to both lungs and pleural spaces for a condition that is bilateral 100 per cent of the time. The operative morbidity is minimal and it essentially eliminates both ipsilateral and contralateral recurrence of pneumothorax with an operation that is of lesser rather than greater magnitude.", "contents": "Bilateral bleb excision through median sternotomy. We believe that when the indications for operation for spontaneous pneumothorax are met, the procedure of choice is bilateral resection of apical blebs and pleural abrasion through a median sternotomy. This approach allows easy access to both lungs and pleural spaces for a condition that is bilateral 100 per cent of the time. The operative morbidity is minimal and it essentially eliminates both ipsilateral and contralateral recurrence of pneumothorax with an operation that is of lesser rather than greater magnitude.", "PMID": 507294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7266", "title": "Reappraisal of intravenous procaine as a short-acting anesthetic adjuvant.", "content": "Our data in 74 patients demonstrate that procaine hydrochloride is a safe anesthetic adjuvant in doses of 1 mg/kg/min even when total doses are 5 to 7 g. Blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic variables, and blood gases were not adversely affected. Patients had no nausea or untoward postanesthesia symptoms. Emergence from anesthesia was rapid, within less than 15 minutes in all patients, and most were fully awake before leaving the operating room. In two patients in whom blood levels were studied the drug disappeared within 40 minutes. Procaine is inexpensive, $1.16 for 10 g, and it is not a known liver or kidney toxin. Until studies on cardiovascular dynamics and analgesic effects as in whom a low plasma cholinesterase activity is present or suspected. The clinical appraisal in 56 patients indicates its usefulness in suppressing premature venticular contractions and cough reflexes during endoscopic procedures in the respiratory tract. Procaine can be used to advantage in supplementing general anesthesia in outpatient surgery because of its brief action. For these reasons, the drug merits further study.", "contents": "Reappraisal of intravenous procaine as a short-acting anesthetic adjuvant. Our data in 74 patients demonstrate that procaine hydrochloride is a safe anesthetic adjuvant in doses of 1 mg/kg/min even when total doses are 5 to 7 g. Blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic variables, and blood gases were not adversely affected. Patients had no nausea or untoward postanesthesia symptoms. Emergence from anesthesia was rapid, within less than 15 minutes in all patients, and most were fully awake before leaving the operating room. In two patients in whom blood levels were studied the drug disappeared within 40 minutes. Procaine is inexpensive, $1.16 for 10 g, and it is not a known liver or kidney toxin. Until studies on cardiovascular dynamics and analgesic effects as in whom a low plasma cholinesterase activity is present or suspected. The clinical appraisal in 56 patients indicates its usefulness in suppressing premature venticular contractions and cough reflexes during endoscopic procedures in the respiratory tract. Procaine can be used to advantage in supplementing general anesthesia in outpatient surgery because of its brief action. For these reasons, the drug merits further study.", "PMID": 507295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7267", "title": "Hydatid disease of the liver.", "content": "Twenty cases of hyadatid disease of the liver are described. The clinical manifestations of hydatid cyst of the liver and diagnostic procedures such as ultrasound and computerized axial tomographic scan of the liver are presented. In the last 10 cases, aspiration of hydatid fluid without opening the exocyst initially reduced the incidence of complications significantly. The application of a vacuum suction to the exocyst postoperatively enhances liver regeneration.", "contents": "Hydatid disease of the liver. Twenty cases of hyadatid disease of the liver are described. The clinical manifestations of hydatid cyst of the liver and diagnostic procedures such as ultrasound and computerized axial tomographic scan of the liver are presented. In the last 10 cases, aspiration of hydatid fluid without opening the exocyst initially reduced the incidence of complications significantly. The application of a vacuum suction to the exocyst postoperatively enhances liver regeneration.", "PMID": 507296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7268", "title": "Sepsis in the management of complicated biliary disorders.", "content": "Postoperative sepsis developed in 72 per cent of 25 patients with noncalculous proximal biliary tract obstruction. Six episodes of shock and one death resulted. Twenty-eight per cent of septic events occurred despite the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. The incidence of septic complications was similar regardless of the biliary drainage procedure used. Despite the advent of broad spectrum antibiotics and improved surgical techniques for biliary decompression, sepsis remains a serious and frequent complication in patients with chronic bile duct obstruction.", "contents": "Sepsis in the management of complicated biliary disorders. Postoperative sepsis developed in 72 per cent of 25 patients with noncalculous proximal biliary tract obstruction. Six episodes of shock and one death resulted. Twenty-eight per cent of septic events occurred despite the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. The incidence of septic complications was similar regardless of the biliary drainage procedure used. Despite the advent of broad spectrum antibiotics and improved surgical techniques for biliary decompression, sepsis remains a serious and frequent complication in patients with chronic bile duct obstruction.", "PMID": 507297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7269", "title": "Cholecystosonography for the decision to operate when acute cholecystitis is suspected.", "content": "Forty-four patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis underwent immediate cholecystosonography, and if the findings were interpreted as showing gallstones, surgery was performed. The accuracy was 91 per cent. The routine use of cholecystosonography in acutely ill patients is recommended.", "contents": "Cholecystosonography for the decision to operate when acute cholecystitis is suspected. Forty-four patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis underwent immediate cholecystosonography, and if the findings were interpreted as showing gallstones, surgery was performed. The accuracy was 91 per cent. The routine use of cholecystosonography in acutely ill patients is recommended.", "PMID": 507298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7270", "title": "Surgical decision-making in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. Internal versus external drainage.", "content": "One hundred patients with documented pancreatic pseudocysts who underwent surgical drainage are reported on. Accurate assessment of the size and location of the pseudocyst using ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, angiography, and upper gastrointestinal roentgenography is essential. After diagnosis, the next 4 to 7 weeks is a critical period, after which surgical intervention becomes mandatory if the cyst has not resolved. This period between diagnosis and operation is hazardous and demands close clinical follow-up. When oepration is required, the preferred procedure continues to be internal drainage because it is associated with less morbidity and a lower mortality. However, external drainage appears to be a suitable second choice. Fewer than 10 per cent of the patients in this series who underwent external drainage developed fistulas, and the overall rate of late morbidity was acceptable.", "contents": "Surgical decision-making in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. Internal versus external drainage. One hundred patients with documented pancreatic pseudocysts who underwent surgical drainage are reported on. Accurate assessment of the size and location of the pseudocyst using ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, angiography, and upper gastrointestinal roentgenography is essential. After diagnosis, the next 4 to 7 weeks is a critical period, after which surgical intervention becomes mandatory if the cyst has not resolved. This period between diagnosis and operation is hazardous and demands close clinical follow-up. When oepration is required, the preferred procedure continues to be internal drainage because it is associated with less morbidity and a lower mortality. However, external drainage appears to be a suitable second choice. Fewer than 10 per cent of the patients in this series who underwent external drainage developed fistulas, and the overall rate of late morbidity was acceptable.", "PMID": 507299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7271", "title": "Use of the barium enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and its complications.", "content": "The value of barium enema examination in diagnosing acute appendicitis in patients with equivocal findings has been confirmed by our experience with five patients. Cecal spasm, extrinsic compression of the cecum, nonvisualization of the appendix, and partial visualization of the appendix appear to be useful roentgenographic signs, either singly or in combination, in diagnosing acute appendicitis. We have had absolute pathologic correlation between the barium enema findings andthe subsequent clinical course of all the patients in whom we conducted this examination. When performed by an experienced radiologist, the barium enema examination carries no increased risk, and we have seen no complications from this procedure.", "contents": "Use of the barium enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and its complications. The value of barium enema examination in diagnosing acute appendicitis in patients with equivocal findings has been confirmed by our experience with five patients. Cecal spasm, extrinsic compression of the cecum, nonvisualization of the appendix, and partial visualization of the appendix appear to be useful roentgenographic signs, either singly or in combination, in diagnosing acute appendicitis. We have had absolute pathologic correlation between the barium enema findings andthe subsequent clinical course of all the patients in whom we conducted this examination. When performed by an experienced radiologist, the barium enema examination carries no increased risk, and we have seen no complications from this procedure.", "PMID": 507300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7272", "title": "Obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication.", "content": "The obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication can be devastating. They are much more easily prevented than treated. The technical considerations in avoiding these complications are conceptually simple. The fundoplication should be done over a large intraesophageal stent. A no. 50 or 60 French dilator is appropriate and, in addition, the fundoplication should be left loose. If the fundoplication is to be left in the chest, the hiatus must be widely enlarged so that there is not the slightest hint of obstruction at the level of the diagphragm. Care must be taken in this case to approximate stomach to diaphragm. The Nissen fundoplication should be carried out using heavy sutures with generous bites of the stomach on both sides as well as bites of the esophageal wall and perhaps also the proximal stomach. If careful attention is paid to these technical details, the obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication should be eliminated.", "contents": "Obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication. The obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication can be devastating. They are much more easily prevented than treated. The technical considerations in avoiding these complications are conceptually simple. The fundoplication should be done over a large intraesophageal stent. A no. 50 or 60 French dilator is appropriate and, in addition, the fundoplication should be left loose. If the fundoplication is to be left in the chest, the hiatus must be widely enlarged so that there is not the slightest hint of obstruction at the level of the diagphragm. Care must be taken in this case to approximate stomach to diaphragm. The Nissen fundoplication should be carried out using heavy sutures with generous bites of the stomach on both sides as well as bites of the esophageal wall and perhaps also the proximal stomach. If careful attention is paid to these technical details, the obstructive complications of the Nissen fundoplication should be eliminated.", "PMID": 507302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7273", "title": "Major complications of percutaneous subclavian vein catheters.", "content": "New and reportedly safet techniques for subclavian venipuncture with the passage of central venous catheters appear regularly in the surgical literature [55--59]; yet reports of major complications continue to appear as well. We have reported on eight patients with major complications of percutaneous subclavian vein catheters, two of whom died. In our own hospital an improved educational program for junior house staff and nurses has been instituted. Better supervision of junior house staff when performing this potentially lethal technique is necessary. Daily inspection of catheters, early removal of unnecessary catheters, and improved equipment should help to prevent these complications in the future.", "contents": "Major complications of percutaneous subclavian vein catheters. New and reportedly safet techniques for subclavian venipuncture with the passage of central venous catheters appear regularly in the surgical literature [55--59]; yet reports of major complications continue to appear as well. We have reported on eight patients with major complications of percutaneous subclavian vein catheters, two of whom died. In our own hospital an improved educational program for junior house staff and nurses has been instituted. Better supervision of junior house staff when performing this potentially lethal technique is necessary. Daily inspection of catheters, early removal of unnecessary catheters, and improved equipment should help to prevent these complications in the future.", "PMID": 507303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7274", "title": "Short-term femoral vein catheterization. A safe alternative venous access?", "content": "Results of femoral vein catheterization were compared with those of subclavian and antecubital vein catheterization in 2,345 combat casualties during treatment of hypovolemic shock. Femoral vein catheterization was successful in 95.5 per cent of cases. Accidental arterial puncture occurred in 6.3 per cent, hematomas in 1.3 per cent, and infection in 1.4 per cent. Subclavian vein catheterization was successful in 92.4 per cent. Arterial puncture occurred in 0.4 per cent, hematomas in 0.3 per cent, infection in 1.1 per cent, pneumothorax in 1.4 per cent, and hydrothorax in 0.4 per cent. Antecubital vein catheterization was successful in 77.6 per cent, infection developed in 3.3 per cent, and phlebitis occurred in 5.6 per cent. No clinically detectable phlebitis occurred after either femoral or subclavian vein catheterization. The low morbidity of femoral vein catheterization in this series suggests that this approach be considered when short-term massive intravenous fluid administration is indicated in the treatment of circulatory collapse or cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Short-term femoral vein catheterization. A safe alternative venous access? Results of femoral vein catheterization were compared with those of subclavian and antecubital vein catheterization in 2,345 combat casualties during treatment of hypovolemic shock. Femoral vein catheterization was successful in 95.5 per cent of cases. Accidental arterial puncture occurred in 6.3 per cent, hematomas in 1.3 per cent, and infection in 1.4 per cent. Subclavian vein catheterization was successful in 92.4 per cent. Arterial puncture occurred in 0.4 per cent, hematomas in 0.3 per cent, infection in 1.1 per cent, pneumothorax in 1.4 per cent, and hydrothorax in 0.4 per cent. Antecubital vein catheterization was successful in 77.6 per cent, infection developed in 3.3 per cent, and phlebitis occurred in 5.6 per cent. No clinically detectable phlebitis occurred after either femoral or subclavian vein catheterization. The low morbidity of femoral vein catheterization in this series suggests that this approach be considered when short-term massive intravenous fluid administration is indicated in the treatment of circulatory collapse or cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 507304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7275", "title": "Fungal infection of the burn wound.", "content": "Six of 92 patients with invasive mycotic infection of the burn wound survived. These patients demonstrate the value of prompt diagnosis and expdeitious debridement of the infected tissue in successfully managing this dangerous infection.", "contents": "Fungal infection of the burn wound. Six of 92 patients with invasive mycotic infection of the burn wound survived. These patients demonstrate the value of prompt diagnosis and expdeitious debridement of the infected tissue in successfully managing this dangerous infection.", "PMID": 507305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7276", "title": "Fatal hepatic hemorrhage after trauma.", "content": "Two hundred twenty-five cases of acute hepatic trauma were reviewed. Thirty-four patients died, 28 (82 per cent) as a direct result of exsanguination. The successful management of hemorrhage associated with severe liver injuries requires early diagnosis, prompt hemostasis and restoration of blood volume, close attention to coagulation factors, and the precise application of surgical techniques.", "contents": "Fatal hepatic hemorrhage after trauma. Two hundred twenty-five cases of acute hepatic trauma were reviewed. Thirty-four patients died, 28 (82 per cent) as a direct result of exsanguination. The successful management of hemorrhage associated with severe liver injuries requires early diagnosis, prompt hemostasis and restoration of blood volume, close attention to coagulation factors, and the precise application of surgical techniques.", "PMID": 507306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7277", "title": "Activated clotting time (ACT) monitoring of intraoperative heparinization in peripheral vascular surgery.", "content": "We conclude that (1) the activated clotting time (ACT) is an accurate method of monitoring anti-coagulation during peripheral vascular surgery and can easily be performed by a technician in the operating room or at the bedside; (2) an initial heparinizing dose of 120 to 130 units/kg is adequate in 95 per cent of the patients; (3) the ACT should be maintained at greater than twice the control values (180 to 200 seconds), which required supplementation within 2 hours in 21 per cent; (4) the response to heparin is twofold: an initial sensitivity or resistance followed by an independent and variable rate of consumption; (5) the patient's heparin dose-response curve should be used to calculate the amount of supplemental heparin needed to maintain the ACT at a safe level; (6) protamine should be given if the ACT at the conclusion of the operation is greater than 150 seconds (50 per cent of our patients); and (7) a final ACT 15 to 30 minutes postoperatively should be obtained to ensure adequate reversal or to detect heparin rebound or depletion of clotting factors.", "contents": "Activated clotting time (ACT) monitoring of intraoperative heparinization in peripheral vascular surgery. We conclude that (1) the activated clotting time (ACT) is an accurate method of monitoring anti-coagulation during peripheral vascular surgery and can easily be performed by a technician in the operating room or at the bedside; (2) an initial heparinizing dose of 120 to 130 units/kg is adequate in 95 per cent of the patients; (3) the ACT should be maintained at greater than twice the control values (180 to 200 seconds), which required supplementation within 2 hours in 21 per cent; (4) the response to heparin is twofold: an initial sensitivity or resistance followed by an independent and variable rate of consumption; (5) the patient's heparin dose-response curve should be used to calculate the amount of supplemental heparin needed to maintain the ACT at a safe level; (6) protamine should be given if the ACT at the conclusion of the operation is greater than 150 seconds (50 per cent of our patients); and (7) a final ACT 15 to 30 minutes postoperatively should be obtained to ensure adequate reversal or to detect heparin rebound or depletion of clotting factors.", "PMID": 507308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7278", "title": "Vertebral arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "Vertebral arteriovenous fistulas are rare. A report of two cases is presented with problems related to diagnosis and therapy. An alternative approach to surgical management is given.", "contents": "Vertebral arteriovenous fistulas. Vertebral arteriovenous fistulas are rare. A report of two cases is presented with problems related to diagnosis and therapy. An alternative approach to surgical management is given.", "PMID": 507310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7279", "title": "Lower extremity amputation: review of 110 cases.", "content": "Very significant morbidity and mortality continue to accompany lower extremity amputations. In this study 90 patients underwent 110 amputations over a 4 year period. The overall complication rate was 40 per cent and the overall mortality rate 12.2 per cent. The patients at greatest risk were the above knee amputees greater than 60 years of age with peripheral vascular disease. Amputation of the lower extremity must be recognized as a major, life-threatening procedure. Careful preoperative evaluation of cardiac, pulmonary, and nutritional status along with efforts to prevent sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal ulceration, and renal failure are necessary if the mortality accompanying these procedures is to be reduced.", "contents": "Lower extremity amputation: review of 110 cases. Very significant morbidity and mortality continue to accompany lower extremity amputations. In this study 90 patients underwent 110 amputations over a 4 year period. The overall complication rate was 40 per cent and the overall mortality rate 12.2 per cent. The patients at greatest risk were the above knee amputees greater than 60 years of age with peripheral vascular disease. Amputation of the lower extremity must be recognized as a major, life-threatening procedure. Careful preoperative evaluation of cardiac, pulmonary, and nutritional status along with efforts to prevent sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal ulceration, and renal failure are necessary if the mortality accompanying these procedures is to be reduced.", "PMID": 507312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7280", "title": "Intravenous erythromycin in acute chest infections in critically ill patients.", "content": "Superinfections with resistant micro-organisms have recently become an increasing problem in hospital patients and are throught to be contributed to by inappropriate use of newer, broad-spectrum antibiotics. Erythromycin exhibits a more limited spectrum of antibacterial activity and was therefore re-evaluated in the treatment of acute chest infections in critically ill patients. Twenty-one patients were given erythromycin in a dose of 1.8 g per day by continuous intravenous infusion for up to five days. A satisfactory clinical response occurred in ten patients, in all of whom erythromycin-sensitive micro-organisms were isolated from sputum. An unsatisfactory response occurred in six patients, all associated with micro-organisms insensitive to erythromycin and requiring alternative antibiotic treatment. No undesirable side-effects were noted. It is concluded that erythromycin is a safe and useful agent in the routine treatment of acute chest infections in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Intravenous erythromycin in acute chest infections in critically ill patients. Superinfections with resistant micro-organisms have recently become an increasing problem in hospital patients and are throught to be contributed to by inappropriate use of newer, broad-spectrum antibiotics. Erythromycin exhibits a more limited spectrum of antibacterial activity and was therefore re-evaluated in the treatment of acute chest infections in critically ill patients. Twenty-one patients were given erythromycin in a dose of 1.8 g per day by continuous intravenous infusion for up to five days. A satisfactory clinical response occurred in ten patients, in all of whom erythromycin-sensitive micro-organisms were isolated from sputum. An unsatisfactory response occurred in six patients, all associated with micro-organisms insensitive to erythromycin and requiring alternative antibiotic treatment. No undesirable side-effects were noted. It is concluded that erythromycin is a safe and useful agent in the routine treatment of acute chest infections in critically ill patients.", "PMID": 507348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7281", "title": "The short term distribution of thiopentone in the dog.", "content": "Rapid sampling of arterial blood following intravenous infusion of thiopentone at various speeds has demonstrated that the peak concentrations for doses given over five seconds are at least twice those for doses given over fifteen seconds. The area under the curves and the dispersed arterial concentrations show no significant difference between infection speeds.", "contents": "The short term distribution of thiopentone in the dog. Rapid sampling of arterial blood following intravenous infusion of thiopentone at various speeds has demonstrated that the peak concentrations for doses given over five seconds are at least twice those for doses given over fifteen seconds. The area under the curves and the dispersed arterial concentrations show no significant difference between infection speeds.", "PMID": 507349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7282", "title": "Althesin for neuroanaesthesia.", "content": "Althesin was used as a induction agent then diluted and administered as a controlled infusion for 60 patients undergoing 66 procedures. Increment doses of fentanyl were given to provide additional analgesia. There was delayed awakening in 7 patients (12.1%), 3 of whom responded rapidly to narcotic reversal with naloxone. Intracerebral pathology and surgical trauma contributed to the slow recovery in the other 4 patients. Evidence is presented that Althesin infusions reduce the narcotic requirement. Althesin anaesthesia provides good neurosurgical conditions without delay in recovery.", "contents": "Althesin for neuroanaesthesia. Althesin was used as a induction agent then diluted and administered as a controlled infusion for 60 patients undergoing 66 procedures. Increment doses of fentanyl were given to provide additional analgesia. There was delayed awakening in 7 patients (12.1%), 3 of whom responded rapidly to narcotic reversal with naloxone. Intracerebral pathology and surgical trauma contributed to the slow recovery in the other 4 patients. Evidence is presented that Althesin infusions reduce the narcotic requirement. Althesin anaesthesia provides good neurosurgical conditions without delay in recovery.", "PMID": 507350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7283", "title": "Central neural blockade and caesarian section II: patient assessment of the procedure.", "content": "A confidential questionnaire was sent to 62 mothers who had chosen central neural blockade for caesarian section. 82.5% replied to open and closed questions about their motives for and memories of the experience. Despite several sources of discomfort during surgery and in the postoperative period the overall response was overwhelmingly positive towards the procedure. The results of this pilot study indicate the importance of considering maternal aspirations prior to caesarian section, and allowing the informed mother to choose between central neural blockade and general anaesthesia whenever possible.", "contents": "Central neural blockade and caesarian section II: patient assessment of the procedure. A confidential questionnaire was sent to 62 mothers who had chosen central neural blockade for caesarian section. 82.5% replied to open and closed questions about their motives for and memories of the experience. Despite several sources of discomfort during surgery and in the postoperative period the overall response was overwhelmingly positive towards the procedure. The results of this pilot study indicate the importance of considering maternal aspirations prior to caesarian section, and allowing the informed mother to choose between central neural blockade and general anaesthesia whenever possible.", "PMID": 507351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7284", "title": "The vestibulo-ocular (caloric) reflex in the diagnosis of cerebral death.", "content": "Correlation between vestibulo-ocular (caloric) reflex and the electroencephalogram was examined in 25 apparently brain-dead and 17 severely brain-injured patients. Among the apparently cerebrally dead, 3 patients still had some EEG activity and in 2, there was some response to caloric testing. In the control group of patients some EEG activity was present in all, and the caloric response was absent in 1. It is concluded that absence of caloric response has similar power to the electroencephalogram in confirming cerebral death. The diagnosis, however, must be made on the total information available, including history and examination of the patient. The policy of the Intensive Care Unit of Prince Henry Hospital in this regard is outlined.", "contents": "The vestibulo-ocular (caloric) reflex in the diagnosis of cerebral death. Correlation between vestibulo-ocular (caloric) reflex and the electroencephalogram was examined in 25 apparently brain-dead and 17 severely brain-injured patients. Among the apparently cerebrally dead, 3 patients still had some EEG activity and in 2, there was some response to caloric testing. In the control group of patients some EEG activity was present in all, and the caloric response was absent in 1. It is concluded that absence of caloric response has similar power to the electroencephalogram in confirming cerebral death. The diagnosis, however, must be made on the total information available, including history and examination of the patient. The policy of the Intensive Care Unit of Prince Henry Hospital in this regard is outlined.", "PMID": 507352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7285", "title": "Practical anaesthesia: the anaesthetic management of major spinal surgery in children.", "content": "The anaesthetic management of patients requiring surgical correction of idiopathic scoliosis using the Harrington Rod Instrumentation Technique is discussed. Special emphasis is made of the need to minimise blood loss, to limit homologous blood transfusions and to provide adequate postoperative analgesia.", "contents": "Practical anaesthesia: the anaesthetic management of major spinal surgery in children. The anaesthetic management of patients requiring surgical correction of idiopathic scoliosis using the Harrington Rod Instrumentation Technique is discussed. Special emphasis is made of the need to minimise blood loss, to limit homologous blood transfusions and to provide adequate postoperative analgesia.", "PMID": 507353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7286", "title": "Case report: high sympathetic block with ptosis after lumbar epidural analgesia in an obstetric patient.", "content": "Following lumbar epidural analgesia, a 26 year old primigravida developed right ptosis and other signs of paralysis of the right sympathetic supply to the head and neck. The case is discussed and compared with cases of Horner's syndrome which have followed epidural analgesia. It was probably due to differential sympathetic blockade.", "contents": "Case report: high sympathetic block with ptosis after lumbar epidural analgesia in an obstetric patient. Following lumbar epidural analgesia, a 26 year old primigravida developed right ptosis and other signs of paralysis of the right sympathetic supply to the head and neck. The case is discussed and compared with cases of Horner's syndrome which have followed epidural analgesia. It was probably due to differential sympathetic blockade.", "PMID": 507354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7287", "title": "Proliferation kinetics in the mammary gland of the mouse during postnatal development.", "content": "Radioautographic studies after incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the mammary gland of the mouse demonstrate a decrease in the rate of mitosis in parenchymal epithelial cells from 80/1000 cells in the first week of life to 15/1000 cells in the 2nd week and an increase again at the 25th day of life of 100/1000 cells. The labeled nuclei are distributed irregularly in the glandular epithelium. The highest mitotic activity is found at the bifurcation of ducts and at the base of sprouting end buds. In contrast labeled myoepithelial cells are distributed uniformly throughout all parts of the developing gland. The external shape of the nipple of the female mammary gland is a result of local differences in the rate of mitosis of the basal cell layer of the epidermis and the epithelium of the nipple anlage.", "contents": "Proliferation kinetics in the mammary gland of the mouse during postnatal development. Radioautographic studies after incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the mammary gland of the mouse demonstrate a decrease in the rate of mitosis in parenchymal epithelial cells from 80/1000 cells in the first week of life to 15/1000 cells in the 2nd week and an increase again at the 25th day of life of 100/1000 cells. The labeled nuclei are distributed irregularly in the glandular epithelium. The highest mitotic activity is found at the bifurcation of ducts and at the base of sprouting end buds. In contrast labeled myoepithelial cells are distributed uniformly throughout all parts of the developing gland. The external shape of the nipple of the female mammary gland is a result of local differences in the rate of mitosis of the basal cell layer of the epidermis and the epithelium of the nipple anlage.", "PMID": 507363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7288", "title": "Investigations into the mechanism of progesterone release by rat lutein cells.", "content": "Vinblastine treatment blocks progesterone release from the lutein cells of superovulated immature rat ovaries, without impairing hormone synthesis, and induces the accumulation of electron-dense granules, 0.2--0.3 micron in diameter, at the juxta-sinusoidal poles of the cells. The hypothesis is advanced that these granules are true secretory organelles and that an exocytotic mechanism underlies the progesterone release from rat lutein cells.", "contents": "Investigations into the mechanism of progesterone release by rat lutein cells. Vinblastine treatment blocks progesterone release from the lutein cells of superovulated immature rat ovaries, without impairing hormone synthesis, and induces the accumulation of electron-dense granules, 0.2--0.3 micron in diameter, at the juxta-sinusoidal poles of the cells. The hypothesis is advanced that these granules are true secretory organelles and that an exocytotic mechanism underlies the progesterone release from rat lutein cells.", "PMID": 507364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7289", "title": "Growth retardation in rat fetuses induced by chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ).", "content": "Maternal administration of 100 mg/kg of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on 14th gestation day led to a significant (P less than 0.001) intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in rat fetuses collected from 16th--20th days of gestation. Besides weight of the fetus, other measurements were used to assess the stunted growth, e.g. CR length, tail length and trans-umbilical distance (TUD). The latter was as efficacious as the weight since with each one of them the IUGR was found in 88% of fetuses at--2SD level on 20th day of gestation. The different components of the fetal environments, e.g. weight and volume of placenta, length of the umbilical cord, weight and volume of amniotic fluid were also investigated which showed a positive correlation between alteration in the fetal environment and IUGR.", "contents": "Growth retardation in rat fetuses induced by chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ). Maternal administration of 100 mg/kg of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on 14th gestation day led to a significant (P less than 0.001) intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in rat fetuses collected from 16th--20th days of gestation. Besides weight of the fetus, other measurements were used to assess the stunted growth, e.g. CR length, tail length and trans-umbilical distance (TUD). The latter was as efficacious as the weight since with each one of them the IUGR was found in 88% of fetuses at--2SD level on 20th day of gestation. The different components of the fetal environments, e.g. weight and volume of placenta, length of the umbilical cord, weight and volume of amniotic fluid were also investigated which showed a positive correlation between alteration in the fetal environment and IUGR.", "PMID": 507365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7290", "title": "Functional anatomy of physiologic atresia in human and mammal embryogenesis.", "content": "1. Physiological atresias represent temporal functionate structures that appear and disappear in various organs at different stages in embryonic development. 2. The phenomen of physiological atresia has its morphological and time characteristics in different organs and systems. The universal occurrence of the epithelial adhesion observed in the viscera and natural apertures in the body have functional significance for the embryo in its adaptation to the development in the amniotic medium. 3. Deviations in recanalization of fetal occlusions result in the appearance of congenital atresia and other defects in the development. This is grounded by some indirect evidences. 4. Detailed a knowledge of embryogenesis has clinical importance in explaining the observed congenital anomaly and for their diagnosis and correction.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of physiologic atresia in human and mammal embryogenesis. 1. Physiological atresias represent temporal functionate structures that appear and disappear in various organs at different stages in embryonic development. 2. The phenomen of physiological atresia has its morphological and time characteristics in different organs and systems. The universal occurrence of the epithelial adhesion observed in the viscera and natural apertures in the body have functional significance for the embryo in its adaptation to the development in the amniotic medium. 3. Deviations in recanalization of fetal occlusions result in the appearance of congenital atresia and other defects in the development. This is grounded by some indirect evidences. 4. Detailed a knowledge of embryogenesis has clinical importance in explaining the observed congenital anomaly and for their diagnosis and correction.", "PMID": 507366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7291", "title": "An anatomical study of the brains of Dipodomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Heteromyidae).", "content": "Whole brains and Nissl-stained serial sections of 3 species of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis, D. ordii, D. merriami) were compared for interspecific differences. Neuroanatomical variations were conservative in nature. Examination of the cerebellum revealed possible differences in locomotion and ecology. Dipodomys ordii exhibited more neurological evidence for increased specialization of the hindlimbs, while D. merriami had the least differentiated cerebellar surface, thereby suggesting more stereotyped movements of the hindlimbs. Dipodomys spectabilis had abilities that lie somewhere between those of D. ordii and D. merriami. Stereological analysis demonstrated little difference in the percent of total brain volume comprising the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem; and it revealed the relative position of the cranial nerve nuclei.", "contents": "An anatomical study of the brains of Dipodomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Heteromyidae). Whole brains and Nissl-stained serial sections of 3 species of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis, D. ordii, D. merriami) were compared for interspecific differences. Neuroanatomical variations were conservative in nature. Examination of the cerebellum revealed possible differences in locomotion and ecology. Dipodomys ordii exhibited more neurological evidence for increased specialization of the hindlimbs, while D. merriami had the least differentiated cerebellar surface, thereby suggesting more stereotyped movements of the hindlimbs. Dipodomys spectabilis had abilities that lie somewhere between those of D. ordii and D. merriami. Stereological analysis demonstrated little difference in the percent of total brain volume comprising the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem; and it revealed the relative position of the cranial nerve nuclei.", "PMID": 507367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7292", "title": "[The growth function w = e (sin (pi/2(t/te)(p))) (2q) and its properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Preceding investigations into increase functions of organic growth and their integration to growth functions have repeatedly shown curves looking like axially deformed harmonic functions. Arising from this experience the function W = E (sin (pi/2)t/tE)(p)))(2q) is considered and shown to be settled between growth functions of the increase types dW/dt = ktp(E--W)n and dW/dt = kWm(tE--t)q respectively. After gaining relations of the parameters to the basic values of growth and time graphs are given for the growth and increase functions in general and for 1 = 1 and p = 1 as special cases.", "contents": "[The growth function w = e (sin (pi/2(t/te)(p))) (2q) and its properties (author's transl)]. Preceding investigations into increase functions of organic growth and their integration to growth functions have repeatedly shown curves looking like axially deformed harmonic functions. Arising from this experience the function W = E (sin (pi/2)t/tE)(p)))(2q) is considered and shown to be settled between growth functions of the increase types dW/dt = ktp(E--W)n and dW/dt = kWm(tE--t)q respectively. After gaining relations of the parameters to the basic values of growth and time graphs are given for the growth and increase functions in general and for 1 = 1 and p = 1 as special cases.", "PMID": 507368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7293", "title": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt = k Wm/tp and their integrals (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuing systematical investigations into increase functions the type dW/dt = k Wm/tp is treated. This case yields 2 types of integrals or growth functions according to m = 1 and m greater than 1 respectively, both reaching adultness after infinite time. Approximation to the final value W = E can be quite different following the amount of m and p especially. Examples are given for comparing the growth function with that of Janoschek (1957) implying 3 parameters instead of four.", "contents": "[Increase functions of the type dW/dt = k Wm/tp and their integrals (author's transl)]. Continuing systematical investigations into increase functions the type dW/dt = k Wm/tp is treated. This case yields 2 types of integrals or growth functions according to m = 1 and m greater than 1 respectively, both reaching adultness after infinite time. Approximation to the final value W = E can be quite different following the amount of m and p especially. Examples are given for comparing the growth function with that of Janoschek (1957) implying 3 parameters instead of four.", "PMID": 507369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7294", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Purkinje fibres of the pig heart.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Purkinje fibres (P-fibres) from the septal walls and the septomarginal trabecula was performed on deparaffinized sections, the identification in SEM made possible by comparative light microscopy. The myofibrils in P-fibres from the septal walls were arranged in a cart-wheel fashion, whereas P-fibres from the septomarginal trabecula showed a nearly parallel alignment of the contractile material. Z-line ridges resembling the T-tubules of the myocardial fibres were observed in both kinds of P-fibres. The myofibrillar arrangements are discussed in relation to the expected mechanical stress put upon P-fibres in the 2 locations during systolic-diastolic activity. An adaptive function of the contractile material to the mechanical stress is suggested and the possible need of a T-tubular system is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Purkinje fibres of the pig heart. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Purkinje fibres (P-fibres) from the septal walls and the septomarginal trabecula was performed on deparaffinized sections, the identification in SEM made possible by comparative light microscopy. The myofibrils in P-fibres from the septal walls were arranged in a cart-wheel fashion, whereas P-fibres from the septomarginal trabecula showed a nearly parallel alignment of the contractile material. Z-line ridges resembling the T-tubules of the myocardial fibres were observed in both kinds of P-fibres. The myofibrillar arrangements are discussed in relation to the expected mechanical stress put upon P-fibres in the 2 locations during systolic-diastolic activity. An adaptive function of the contractile material to the mechanical stress is suggested and the possible need of a T-tubular system is discussed.", "PMID": 507370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7295", "title": "A critical revaluation of fibre arrangement in the mid-zone (stratum reticulare) of human corium.", "content": "Investigation of in situ fixed skin clearly showed distinct arrangement and orientation of collagenous fibre bundles clearly visible only after in situ fixation of whole bodies. Light microscopy seems especially useful to study gross fibre and fibre bundle arrangement, whereas scanning electron microscopy is better suited to study the finer details of fibres and fibre bundles and their arrangement. 2 main directions of fibre bundles were found. The orientation was corresponding to the main mechanical stresses exerted to the skin. No clear start and ending of the fibre bundles could be distinguished. They seem to be arranged in a 3 dimensional texture. Fibres are branching off from one bundle and merge again either with a branch of the same bundle or with a branch of another bundle, in a higher or a lower layer of this 3 dimensional texture. In addition to the 2 main directions of the bundle orientation thin fibres are penetrating the whole texture in various directions. This is especially prominent in regions where vessels, hairbulbs or glands are protruding into the stratum reticulare. A quantitative study of fibre and fibre bundle orientation using semithin sections is under current investigation applying an automatic image analysis system.", "contents": "A critical revaluation of fibre arrangement in the mid-zone (stratum reticulare) of human corium. Investigation of in situ fixed skin clearly showed distinct arrangement and orientation of collagenous fibre bundles clearly visible only after in situ fixation of whole bodies. Light microscopy seems especially useful to study gross fibre and fibre bundle arrangement, whereas scanning electron microscopy is better suited to study the finer details of fibres and fibre bundles and their arrangement. 2 main directions of fibre bundles were found. The orientation was corresponding to the main mechanical stresses exerted to the skin. No clear start and ending of the fibre bundles could be distinguished. They seem to be arranged in a 3 dimensional texture. Fibres are branching off from one bundle and merge again either with a branch of the same bundle or with a branch of another bundle, in a higher or a lower layer of this 3 dimensional texture. In addition to the 2 main directions of the bundle orientation thin fibres are penetrating the whole texture in various directions. This is especially prominent in regions where vessels, hairbulbs or glands are protruding into the stratum reticulare. A quantitative study of fibre and fibre bundle orientation using semithin sections is under current investigation applying an automatic image analysis system.", "PMID": 507371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7296", "title": "A quantitative analysis of bone tissue formation in different regions of the spongiosa in the dog skeleton.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out on the relationship between the extent of bone tissue formation and the architecture of the \"tubular\" and \"lamellar\" components of the spongiosa within shaft bone ends, the anterior and posterior epiphyses and the intermediate portions of vertebral bodies in 3 dogs (aged 6 months, 2 and 3 years) treated for 3 consecutive days with tetracycline. The ratio of the extent of labelled surfaces to the sum of labelled plus unlabelled ones indicates the bone formation rate, referred to as osteogenic activity (OA). In the growing animal, a higher osteogenic activity is displayed by the \"tubular\" spongiosa, which lies peripherally in the metaphyses of shaft bones and consists of strong trabeculae nearly parallel to one another, and apparently arranged according to the distribution of mechanical stresses. In the adult dogs, the relatively higher osteogenic activity recorded in \"lamellar\" spongiosa appears to depend on a marked reduction in the osteogenic activity in the \"tubular\" spongiosa. In the vertebrae, osteogenic activity is higher in the central portion than in extremities solely during the period of growth in length: in the adult, the value of osteogenic activity was found to be practically uniform throughout the vertebral body. The \"tubular\" spongiosa, therefore, would be more actively involved in the remodelling of the metaphyses while the bone increases in length; the same would occur in the intermediate portion of the vertebral body. The reconstruction of the \"lamellar\" spongiosa, presumably less involved mechanically than the \"tubular\" spongiosa, would rather be an expression of bone mineral metabolism. A close relationship between spongiosa structure and osteogenic activity would occur at the ends of long bones and within the vertebral body.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of bone tissue formation in different regions of the spongiosa in the dog skeleton. An investigation has been carried out on the relationship between the extent of bone tissue formation and the architecture of the \"tubular\" and \"lamellar\" components of the spongiosa within shaft bone ends, the anterior and posterior epiphyses and the intermediate portions of vertebral bodies in 3 dogs (aged 6 months, 2 and 3 years) treated for 3 consecutive days with tetracycline. The ratio of the extent of labelled surfaces to the sum of labelled plus unlabelled ones indicates the bone formation rate, referred to as osteogenic activity (OA). In the growing animal, a higher osteogenic activity is displayed by the \"tubular\" spongiosa, which lies peripherally in the metaphyses of shaft bones and consists of strong trabeculae nearly parallel to one another, and apparently arranged according to the distribution of mechanical stresses. In the adult dogs, the relatively higher osteogenic activity recorded in \"lamellar\" spongiosa appears to depend on a marked reduction in the osteogenic activity in the \"tubular\" spongiosa. In the vertebrae, osteogenic activity is higher in the central portion than in extremities solely during the period of growth in length: in the adult, the value of osteogenic activity was found to be practically uniform throughout the vertebral body. The \"tubular\" spongiosa, therefore, would be more actively involved in the remodelling of the metaphyses while the bone increases in length; the same would occur in the intermediate portion of the vertebral body. The reconstruction of the \"lamellar\" spongiosa, presumably less involved mechanically than the \"tubular\" spongiosa, would rather be an expression of bone mineral metabolism. A close relationship between spongiosa structure and osteogenic activity would occur at the ends of long bones and within the vertebral body.", "PMID": 507373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7297", "title": "Study of the grasping spines and teeth of 6 chaetognath species observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The grasping spines and teeth of 6 species of Chaetognatha have been studied with the scanning electron microscope, describing in the grasping spines: curvature, surface, ridge and insertion and in the teeth, its characters and their arrangement on the head.", "contents": "Study of the grasping spines and teeth of 6 chaetognath species observed by scanning electron microscopy. The grasping spines and teeth of 6 species of Chaetognatha have been studied with the scanning electron microscope, describing in the grasping spines: curvature, surface, ridge and insertion and in the teeth, its characters and their arrangement on the head.", "PMID": 507374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7298", "title": "[Differentiated vascularization of Dogiel's cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I/2 cells within plexus myentericus (Auerbach) ganglia of the pig (author's transl)].", "content": "It could be proved that the typ I/2-cells are the preferred capillarized nerve cells not only in the plexus Schabadasch (Stach 1977a), but also in the plexus Auerbach. It underlines the special importance of this type of cells for the function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. Our findings concerning the vascularisation of the intramural nerve plexuses allow to conclude that the regular blood-supply is decisively important for a normal function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. The knowledge of these facts might be of interest for gastroenterology.", "contents": "[Differentiated vascularization of Dogiel's cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I/2 cells within plexus myentericus (Auerbach) ganglia of the pig (author's transl)]. It could be proved that the typ I/2-cells are the preferred capillarized nerve cells not only in the plexus Schabadasch (Stach 1977a), but also in the plexus Auerbach. It underlines the special importance of this type of cells for the function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. Our findings concerning the vascularisation of the intramural nerve plexuses allow to conclude that the regular blood-supply is decisively important for a normal function of the nervous system of the intestinal wall. The knowledge of these facts might be of interest for gastroenterology.", "PMID": 507375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7299", "title": "Development of reflexogenic zone innervation of the human cardiovascular system.", "content": "The development of the innervation of the human branchial aortic arches and the heart has been investigated. The early growth of nerve fibres to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th aortic arches has been established. Evidence of the transformation of the 1st and 2nd aortic arches and the 4th right one into highly sensitive zones is presented. The order in which nerve connections of the arch regions which develop into reflexogenic zones in a definitive organism are formed is demonstrated. The cranial nerve fibres grow first, and are followed by the sympathetic trunk fibers. Investigations carried out on the extensive material corroborate Koch's hypothesis (1931) that all aortic arches of the embryo develop into reflexogenic zones.", "contents": "Development of reflexogenic zone innervation of the human cardiovascular system. The development of the innervation of the human branchial aortic arches and the heart has been investigated. The early growth of nerve fibres to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th aortic arches has been established. Evidence of the transformation of the 1st and 2nd aortic arches and the 4th right one into highly sensitive zones is presented. The order in which nerve connections of the arch regions which develop into reflexogenic zones in a definitive organism are formed is demonstrated. The cranial nerve fibres grow first, and are followed by the sympathetic trunk fibers. Investigations carried out on the extensive material corroborate Koch's hypothesis (1931) that all aortic arches of the embryo develop into reflexogenic zones.", "PMID": 507376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7300", "title": "The sequential development of the higher visual centers in the C.N.S. of the quail.", "content": "The development of the optic tectum and the main nuclei of the visual pathways were studied in the quail and correlated with retinal development. The lateral geniculate nuclei began to establish by the 8th day of ineubation and the optic fibre reached the optic tectum by the 10th day, a time when the retina acquired its inner segments. By the 14th day when the retina became fully development, the cytological architecture in the tectum and the appearing of the other visual nuclei were completed.", "contents": "The sequential development of the higher visual centers in the C.N.S. of the quail. The development of the optic tectum and the main nuclei of the visual pathways were studied in the quail and correlated with retinal development. The lateral geniculate nuclei began to establish by the 8th day of ineubation and the optic fibre reached the optic tectum by the 10th day, a time when the retina acquired its inner segments. By the 14th day when the retina became fully development, the cytological architecture in the tectum and the appearing of the other visual nuclei were completed.", "PMID": 507377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7301", "title": "Effect of insulin on vaginal epithelium cells from castrated female rats. II. Studies on exfolative cytology.", "content": "The effect of insulin (single subcutaneous injection, 3 IU/100 g body weight) on the vaginal epithelium cells of female adult castrated rats was studied. An increase in nuclear volume and modification of the cytological picture suggesting an activation of cellular metabolism were observed. This anabolic effect of insulin is observed in other cells of the organism, and is not confined to vaginal epithelium cells.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on vaginal epithelium cells from castrated female rats. II. Studies on exfolative cytology. The effect of insulin (single subcutaneous injection, 3 IU/100 g body weight) on the vaginal epithelium cells of female adult castrated rats was studied. An increase in nuclear volume and modification of the cytological picture suggesting an activation of cellular metabolism were observed. This anabolic effect of insulin is observed in other cells of the organism, and is not confined to vaginal epithelium cells.", "PMID": 507378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7302", "title": "The retrotransverse groove (canal) in the Indian atlas vertebrae.", "content": "The incidence of retrotransverse groove (canal) in the Indian atlas vertebrae was 43.93 percent. The groove was present in 31 (25.20 percent) specimens, canal in 14 (11.40 percent) specimens and canal and groove in 9 (7.33 percent) specimens.", "contents": "The retrotransverse groove (canal) in the Indian atlas vertebrae. The incidence of retrotransverse groove (canal) in the Indian atlas vertebrae was 43.93 percent. The groove was present in 31 (25.20 percent) specimens, canal in 14 (11.40 percent) specimens and canal and groove in 9 (7.33 percent) specimens.", "PMID": 507379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7303", "title": "[The morphological analysis of human canalis infraorbitalis and foramen infraorbitale (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors carried out an analysis of metric characteristics of canalis infraorbitalis and foramen infraorbitale on the material of 186 skulls of adult individuals coming from the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Medical Academy in Wroc\u0142aw. They also analysed various shapes of foramen infraorbitale with regard to asymmetry. They found that the position of foramen infraorbitale in the sagittal plane and transverse plane of the face is characterized by great anatomical variability. They andicate cases the consideration of which may contribute to the decrease in the number of failure during local anesthesia of branches of n. infraorbitalis. It is concluded that the shape of foramen infraorbitale and the occurance of asymmetry of its modification may undergo population variability.", "contents": "[The morphological analysis of human canalis infraorbitalis and foramen infraorbitale (author's transl)]. The authors carried out an analysis of metric characteristics of canalis infraorbitalis and foramen infraorbitale on the material of 186 skulls of adult individuals coming from the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Medical Academy in Wroc\u0142aw. They also analysed various shapes of foramen infraorbitale with regard to asymmetry. They found that the position of foramen infraorbitale in the sagittal plane and transverse plane of the face is characterized by great anatomical variability. They andicate cases the consideration of which may contribute to the decrease in the number of failure during local anesthesia of branches of n. infraorbitalis. It is concluded that the shape of foramen infraorbitale and the occurance of asymmetry of its modification may undergo population variability.", "PMID": 507380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7304", "title": "Incidence of interparietal bones in adult skulls of Agra Region.", "content": "A study of 500 skulls of Agra region revealed that the interparietal bone was present in a total number of 8 cases (1.6%). It was single in 2 cases (0.4%) and multiple in 5 cases (1%). In one case it was present as unilateral interparietal bone. The preinterparietal bone was present in 4 cases (0.8%). It was single in 2 cases (0.4%) and multiple in 2 cases (0.4%).", "contents": "Incidence of interparietal bones in adult skulls of Agra Region. A study of 500 skulls of Agra region revealed that the interparietal bone was present in a total number of 8 cases (1.6%). It was single in 2 cases (0.4%) and multiple in 5 cases (1%). In one case it was present as unilateral interparietal bone. The preinterparietal bone was present in 4 cases (0.8%). It was single in 2 cases (0.4%) and multiple in 2 cases (0.4%).", "PMID": 507381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7305", "title": "[On the ultrastructure of the parotid and submandibular gland of the mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Viverridae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The parotid and submandibular glands of the mongoose are described. Essential differences between the 2 glands were recognized in the acini; however, the intra- and interlobular ducts are built up similarly. The parotid gland is acinar. Its secretory cells are filled with distinct types of granula, which show a considerable variation of size and structure of their secretory material. Organelles are found sparsely. The submandibular gland, however, is tubuloacinar. Its tubuli are capped with cells which belong to the demilunes of v. EBNER, but because of their pale granules they occupy an exceptional position. As the acinar cells of the parotid gland, they form intercellular canaliculi by their plasmalemmata. In the secretory cells of the tubules an intimate contact between the rER and the granules is observed. The intralobular duct surface is built up by an onelayered epithelial cell formation. The cytoplasm of the intercalated duct cells is rich in bundles of filaments, and these cells contain mitochondria with a particular dense matrix. Some microvilli cover the apical surface. In the cells of the striated ducts several populations of granules differing in size and electron density are found. The material of the dense granules shows a marginal plate-like condensation, sometimes it cristallizes. It is supposed that they were released by an apocrine extrusion mechanism. Terminal axons innervate the acini, the duct cells, and also the myoepithelial cells. The findings are compared with the well-known morphology of the salivary glands of the cat.", "contents": "[On the ultrastructure of the parotid and submandibular gland of the mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Viverridae) (author's transl)]. The parotid and submandibular glands of the mongoose are described. Essential differences between the 2 glands were recognized in the acini; however, the intra- and interlobular ducts are built up similarly. The parotid gland is acinar. Its secretory cells are filled with distinct types of granula, which show a considerable variation of size and structure of their secretory material. Organelles are found sparsely. The submandibular gland, however, is tubuloacinar. Its tubuli are capped with cells which belong to the demilunes of v. EBNER, but because of their pale granules they occupy an exceptional position. As the acinar cells of the parotid gland, they form intercellular canaliculi by their plasmalemmata. In the secretory cells of the tubules an intimate contact between the rER and the granules is observed. The intralobular duct surface is built up by an onelayered epithelial cell formation. The cytoplasm of the intercalated duct cells is rich in bundles of filaments, and these cells contain mitochondria with a particular dense matrix. Some microvilli cover the apical surface. In the cells of the striated ducts several populations of granules differing in size and electron density are found. The material of the dense granules shows a marginal plate-like condensation, sometimes it cristallizes. It is supposed that they were released by an apocrine extrusion mechanism. Terminal axons innervate the acini, the duct cells, and also the myoepithelial cells. The findings are compared with the well-known morphology of the salivary glands of the cat.", "PMID": 507382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7306", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the Tuft cell in some epithelia of the domestic ruminants (author's transl)].", "content": "The celltype here described, was discovered during an investigation of the epithelium of the main excretory ducts of the liver and the pancreas, as well as the conjunctiva, the organ of Jacobson and the glandular stomach of domestic ruminants. This s.c. Tuft cell in every case was shown to contain the following main characteristics: 1. Pearshape with a narrow apex, and a wide and round base. 2. Large spherical or ovoid nucleus. 3. Cellapex with unusually wide microvilli extending above the surface of the epithelium. 4. Filamentbundels of the microvilli radiating to the perinuclear space. 5. Electrondense small and big granules in the distal part of the cell or in the area around the nucleus. Tuftcells are possibly receptor cells with special additional functions that have adapted to various epithelial types.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the Tuft cell in some epithelia of the domestic ruminants (author's transl)]. The celltype here described, was discovered during an investigation of the epithelium of the main excretory ducts of the liver and the pancreas, as well as the conjunctiva, the organ of Jacobson and the glandular stomach of domestic ruminants. This s.c. Tuft cell in every case was shown to contain the following main characteristics: 1. Pearshape with a narrow apex, and a wide and round base. 2. Large spherical or ovoid nucleus. 3. Cellapex with unusually wide microvilli extending above the surface of the epithelium. 4. Filamentbundels of the microvilli radiating to the perinuclear space. 5. Electrondense small and big granules in the distal part of the cell or in the area around the nucleus. Tuftcells are possibly receptor cells with special additional functions that have adapted to various epithelial types.", "PMID": 507383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7307", "title": "The various forms of outer segment disk shedding in the albino rats.", "content": "The forms of shedding of outer segment disks were observed in the retinas of albino rats. Different forms included those coming from the tips and sides of the outer segments and many other variations. All these detached disks began to undergo morphological changes before being taken into the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "The various forms of outer segment disk shedding in the albino rats. The forms of shedding of outer segment disks were observed in the retinas of albino rats. Different forms included those coming from the tips and sides of the outer segments and many other variations. All these detached disks began to undergo morphological changes before being taken into the pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 507385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7308", "title": "[Contribution to the study of biliary ducts of the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus)--the ramus principalis sinister (author's transl)].", "content": "The ramus principalis sinister of the biliary duct was studied in 44 adult animals. The ramus principalis sinister, when individualized, appeared free of affluents in 4 preparation (9%). In 91% of the preparations there were always affluents coming from lobi sinistri lateralis and medialis. Together with these branches, other preparations were seen: only from lobi quadrati (59%); ramus processi quadrati and ramus processi papillaris (16%); ramus lobi quadrati draining into ramus lobi sinistri medialis and this into ramus principalis sinistri (9%); ramus principalis dexter (2.3%); ramus sinistri medialis draining into ramus processi papillaris (2.3%) ramus lobi quadrati and ramus lobi sinistri ventralis draining into ramus lobi sinistri and this into ramus principalis sinister (2.3%). The ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri lateralis, papillaris ramus dorsomedialis, ramus ventromedialis lobi sinistri lateralis, ramus lobi sinistri medialis, ramus lobi quadrati, ramus processi papillaris drain, as main collectors, the dorsal, dorsomedial, ventromedial and ventral areas of the lobi sinistri lateralis, lobi sinistri medialis, lobi quadrati and processi papillaris regions respectively.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of biliary ducts of the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus)--the ramus principalis sinister (author's transl)]. The ramus principalis sinister of the biliary duct was studied in 44 adult animals. The ramus principalis sinister, when individualized, appeared free of affluents in 4 preparation (9%). In 91% of the preparations there were always affluents coming from lobi sinistri lateralis and medialis. Together with these branches, other preparations were seen: only from lobi quadrati (59%); ramus processi quadrati and ramus processi papillaris (16%); ramus lobi quadrati draining into ramus lobi sinistri medialis and this into ramus principalis sinistri (9%); ramus principalis dexter (2.3%); ramus sinistri medialis draining into ramus processi papillaris (2.3%) ramus lobi quadrati and ramus lobi sinistri ventralis draining into ramus lobi sinistri and this into ramus principalis sinister (2.3%). The ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri lateralis, papillaris ramus dorsomedialis, ramus ventromedialis lobi sinistri lateralis, ramus lobi sinistri medialis, ramus lobi quadrati, ramus processi papillaris drain, as main collectors, the dorsal, dorsomedial, ventromedial and ventral areas of the lobi sinistri lateralis, lobi sinistri medialis, lobi quadrati and processi papillaris regions respectively.", "PMID": 507386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7309", "title": "Histogenesis of experimental open neural defects in the early chick embryo.", "content": "The chick embryo is a useful experimental model for investigating neural dysraphism. Windowing at 26 h incubation is by itself teratogenic, resulting in predominantly neural tube defects. A histological study of a regular series of specimens between pre-neurulation and later stages was undertaken. Open brain defects occurred at every stage after the expected closure of the anterior neuropore, suggesting that they arose by non-closure, myeloschisis was preceded by a characteristic triangular shape of the rhomboid sinus. Serial sections revealed regular open defects, with separation between the neural plate and tail-bud sources of neural tissue, but continuity of the neural plate into the caudal region. These findings suggest that myeloschisis arises by nonclosure of the neural folds. The establishment of myeloschisis was followed by local separation of the notochord from an open area of neural tube, but not by overgrowth of neural tissue. Myelodysplasia appeared at about the time of expected closure of the rhomboid sinus. Serial sections revealed irregular open defects, with complete absence of neural plate material and formation of the cord tissue from tailbud material alone. The lesions were accompanied by extensive cystic and hemorrhagic changes in local mesoderm, with reduction in somite volume. There was no associated notochordal separation.", "contents": "Histogenesis of experimental open neural defects in the early chick embryo. The chick embryo is a useful experimental model for investigating neural dysraphism. Windowing at 26 h incubation is by itself teratogenic, resulting in predominantly neural tube defects. A histological study of a regular series of specimens between pre-neurulation and later stages was undertaken. Open brain defects occurred at every stage after the expected closure of the anterior neuropore, suggesting that they arose by non-closure, myeloschisis was preceded by a characteristic triangular shape of the rhomboid sinus. Serial sections revealed regular open defects, with separation between the neural plate and tail-bud sources of neural tissue, but continuity of the neural plate into the caudal region. These findings suggest that myeloschisis arises by nonclosure of the neural folds. The establishment of myeloschisis was followed by local separation of the notochord from an open area of neural tube, but not by overgrowth of neural tissue. Myelodysplasia appeared at about the time of expected closure of the rhomboid sinus. Serial sections revealed irregular open defects, with complete absence of neural plate material and formation of the cord tissue from tailbud material alone. The lesions were accompanied by extensive cystic and hemorrhagic changes in local mesoderm, with reduction in somite volume. There was no associated notochordal separation.", "PMID": 507387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7310", "title": "[A generalized form of the Bertalanffy functions of organic growth (author's transl)].", "content": "A historical review of the derivation of the Bertalanffy functions of lenght and mass growth (1934) with a critical evaluation of the concept is given. After extending the development to a surface growth function a generalization of the 3 formulas based on critical ideas of Bertalanffy is established giving room for intermediate growth behaviour. Finally the properties of the generalized function are presented, and the limits of application illustrated with the aid of graphs.", "contents": "[A generalized form of the Bertalanffy functions of organic growth (author's transl)]. A historical review of the derivation of the Bertalanffy functions of lenght and mass growth (1934) with a critical evaluation of the concept is given. After extending the development to a surface growth function a generalization of the 3 formulas based on critical ideas of Bertalanffy is established giving room for intermediate growth behaviour. Finally the properties of the generalized function are presented, and the limits of application illustrated with the aid of graphs.", "PMID": 507388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7311", "title": "Phenytoin (dilantin)-induced cleft lip and palate in A/J mice: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "High incidences of cleft lip and palate (CLP) produced by maternal intraperitoneal administration of 75 mg/kg phenytoin on gestational day 10 to A/J mice are associated with a severe size reduction in the lateral nasal process. Scanning and transmission EM analyses of this region demonstrate a marked change in the morphology of the mesenchymal cells underlying the surface epithelium in treated versus control day 11 (7-tail somite) embryos: long, branching cellular processes, which form a dense meshwork that appears to interact with the epithelial basement lamina in control embryos are undeveloped or absent in phenytoin-treated embryos. The ultrastructural morphology of these cell processes is described and their possible importance in normal development is discussed. Scanning EM observations of incomplete clefts of the lip which frequently result from phenytoin treatment indicate that Simonart's bands form from fusion of the lateral and medial nasal processes in association with a lack of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process.", "contents": "Phenytoin (dilantin)-induced cleft lip and palate in A/J mice: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. High incidences of cleft lip and palate (CLP) produced by maternal intraperitoneal administration of 75 mg/kg phenytoin on gestational day 10 to A/J mice are associated with a severe size reduction in the lateral nasal process. Scanning and transmission EM analyses of this region demonstrate a marked change in the morphology of the mesenchymal cells underlying the surface epithelium in treated versus control day 11 (7-tail somite) embryos: long, branching cellular processes, which form a dense meshwork that appears to interact with the epithelial basement lamina in control embryos are undeveloped or absent in phenytoin-treated embryos. The ultrastructural morphology of these cell processes is described and their possible importance in normal development is discussed. Scanning EM observations of incomplete clefts of the lip which frequently result from phenytoin treatment indicate that Simonart's bands form from fusion of the lateral and medial nasal processes in association with a lack of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process.", "PMID": 507390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7312", "title": "The course, relations and distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches in the cat.", "content": "The course, relations and distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches in the cat are described. The nerves have been studied by dissection, histologically and by using electrophysiological techniques. Dissection revealed a basic pattern on which some individual variation was superimposed. The inferior alveolar nerve has three branches supplying the alveolar process (alveolar branches), one branch supplying the canine and incisor region (canine/incisor branch) and four mental branches (posterior, main and 2 anterior). Fibres supplying the teeth were found in all except the mental branches. Pulpal, periodontal and buccal gingival margin fibres from an individual tooth generally travelled together, but often in more than one branch. Branched axons supplying both tooth pulp and an area of mental skin were found. The axons branched at the point of separation of the appropriate mental nerve from the main trunk. A cutaneous midline overlap of 1-2 mm was found, but there was no transmedian innervation of tooth pulps.", "contents": "The course, relations and distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches in the cat. The course, relations and distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches in the cat are described. The nerves have been studied by dissection, histologically and by using electrophysiological techniques. Dissection revealed a basic pattern on which some individual variation was superimposed. The inferior alveolar nerve has three branches supplying the alveolar process (alveolar branches), one branch supplying the canine and incisor region (canine/incisor branch) and four mental branches (posterior, main and 2 anterior). Fibres supplying the teeth were found in all except the mental branches. Pulpal, periodontal and buccal gingival margin fibres from an individual tooth generally travelled together, but often in more than one branch. Branched axons supplying both tooth pulp and an area of mental skin were found. The axons branched at the point of separation of the appropriate mental nerve from the main trunk. A cutaneous midline overlap of 1-2 mm was found, but there was no transmedian innervation of tooth pulps.", "PMID": 507391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7313", "title": "Maturation of the proximal tubule in the puppy kidney: a comparison to the adult.", "content": "Two- to four-day-old beagle puppy kidneys were preapred for transmission and scanning electron microscopy and compared to similarly prepared adult tissues. Proximal tubules of puppy kidneys which contained nephrons in various stages of differentiation were examined and maturational changes were described. Lateral surface contours of proximal tubular cells were initially smooth and relatively unfolded, but progressively acquired complex processes that may be recognized as lateral ridges and lateral-basal processes. Basal projections began as short, stubby processes and gradually took on either a narrow, plate-like or finger-like appearance. Mitochondria lysosomes and apical vacuoles increased in number as the tubules matured. Mitochondria lacked orientation in outer cortical tubules, but exhibited some vertical arrangement within basal processes in inner cortical tubules. Despite features indicating advanced maturation of tubules in the inner cortex, puppy kidneys lacked the lipid droplets characteristic of the adult. Thus, differentiation of this portion of the developing nephron into S1, S2 and S3 segments was not possible at day 4. Morphometric analyses of the lateral and basal membrane surface concentration of proximal convulted tubules from the puppy revealed all cells to have a significantly smaller membrane area than that of the adult. However, the inner cortical cells of the puppy had a greater surface concentration than those of the outer cortex. The reduced transport capacity of the puppy proximal tubule may be realted to the lack of segmentation and/or reduced lateral-basal surface area.", "contents": "Maturation of the proximal tubule in the puppy kidney: a comparison to the adult. Two- to four-day-old beagle puppy kidneys were preapred for transmission and scanning electron microscopy and compared to similarly prepared adult tissues. Proximal tubules of puppy kidneys which contained nephrons in various stages of differentiation were examined and maturational changes were described. Lateral surface contours of proximal tubular cells were initially smooth and relatively unfolded, but progressively acquired complex processes that may be recognized as lateral ridges and lateral-basal processes. Basal projections began as short, stubby processes and gradually took on either a narrow, plate-like or finger-like appearance. Mitochondria lysosomes and apical vacuoles increased in number as the tubules matured. Mitochondria lacked orientation in outer cortical tubules, but exhibited some vertical arrangement within basal processes in inner cortical tubules. Despite features indicating advanced maturation of tubules in the inner cortex, puppy kidneys lacked the lipid droplets characteristic of the adult. Thus, differentiation of this portion of the developing nephron into S1, S2 and S3 segments was not possible at day 4. Morphometric analyses of the lateral and basal membrane surface concentration of proximal convulted tubules from the puppy revealed all cells to have a significantly smaller membrane area than that of the adult. However, the inner cortical cells of the puppy had a greater surface concentration than those of the outer cortex. The reduced transport capacity of the puppy proximal tubule may be realted to the lack of segmentation and/or reduced lateral-basal surface area.", "PMID": 507392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7314", "title": "The occurrence of ciliated and mucous cells in the peripapillary trench of the rat tongue.", "content": "Ciliated cells surrounded by mucous cells were found near the base of the peripapillary trench of the rat circumvallate papilla. The ciliated cells occurred singly or in small groups. Each cilium showed the nin plus two filament pattern characteristic of motile cilia. We consider that these cells function in wetting the taste pores, circulating saliva containing tastants and removal of debris from the papillary trench.", "contents": "The occurrence of ciliated and mucous cells in the peripapillary trench of the rat tongue. Ciliated cells surrounded by mucous cells were found near the base of the peripapillary trench of the rat circumvallate papilla. The ciliated cells occurred singly or in small groups. Each cilium showed the nin plus two filament pattern characteristic of motile cilia. We consider that these cells function in wetting the taste pores, circulating saliva containing tastants and removal of debris from the papillary trench.", "PMID": 507393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7315", "title": "Corpus luteum growth and plasma progesterone levels in unilaterally ovariectomized pregnant rats.", "content": "Unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) was carried out on rats at Day 8 of gestation: term is Day 23. The effect on peripheral plasma progesterone levels at Day 16 and on growth and cellular changes in the remaining corporalutea (CL) at Day 17 was determined by comparison with results from control and sham-operated rats. ULO increased the volume of remaining CL by 18% at Day 17. At Day 16 this effect was only apparent in rats with three or fewer CL remaining. CL hypertrophy was due to an increase in the volume of individual luteal cells and not to cell hyperplasia. Luteal cell nuclear volume also increased as did the number of endothelial cells per corpus luteum. The proportion of the corpus luteum occupied by vascular space did not alter. ULO had little effect on mean plasma progesterone levels at Day 16 (92 +/- 7 ng/ml treated; 86 +/- 11 ng/ml controls). In rats with three or fewer CL remaining, however, progesterone levels were low (51 +/- 7 ng/ml). It was concluded that ULO can enhance the growth of corpora lutea and perhaps increase their rate of progesterone production.", "contents": "Corpus luteum growth and plasma progesterone levels in unilaterally ovariectomized pregnant rats. Unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) was carried out on rats at Day 8 of gestation: term is Day 23. The effect on peripheral plasma progesterone levels at Day 16 and on growth and cellular changes in the remaining corporalutea (CL) at Day 17 was determined by comparison with results from control and sham-operated rats. ULO increased the volume of remaining CL by 18% at Day 17. At Day 16 this effect was only apparent in rats with three or fewer CL remaining. CL hypertrophy was due to an increase in the volume of individual luteal cells and not to cell hyperplasia. Luteal cell nuclear volume also increased as did the number of endothelial cells per corpus luteum. The proportion of the corpus luteum occupied by vascular space did not alter. ULO had little effect on mean plasma progesterone levels at Day 16 (92 +/- 7 ng/ml treated; 86 +/- 11 ng/ml controls). In rats with three or fewer CL remaining, however, progesterone levels were low (51 +/- 7 ng/ml). It was concluded that ULO can enhance the growth of corpora lutea and perhaps increase their rate of progesterone production.", "PMID": 507394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7316", "title": "Synthesis of secretory and plasma membrane glycoproteins by striated duct cells of rat salivary glands as visualized by radioautography after 3H-fucose injection.", "content": "The ability of the striated ducts of rat salivary glands to incorporate 3H-fucose into glycoprotein was studied by light and electron microscope radioautography. At 3.5 to 20 minutes after intravenous injection, the majority of the radioautographic grains in the ducts of the parotid gland were localized to the Golgi apparatus. By 40 minutes, the percentage of grains over the Golgi apparatus had decreased; a corresponding increase in grains occurred over small (0.1-0.4 micrometer) apical granules and the highly infolded basal and lateral plasma membranes. By two hours, less than 10% of the label was associated with the Golgi apparatus, while 26% and 28% were attributed to the apical granules and plasma membrane, respectively. By 8 to 12 hours after injection, the number of grains over the apical cytoplasm had decreased, suggesint luminal discharge of the apical granules. In contrast, the basal and lateral plasma membranes remained labeled up to 30 hours after injection as judged by the distribution of grains in light microscope radioautographs. Mitochondria appeared capable of independent incorporation of fucose, accounting for about 20% of the grains from ten minutes to two hours after injection. Comparable results were obtained in the striated ducts of the submandibular and sublingual glands. These results indicate that the striated duct cells readily incorporate 3H-fucose into newly-synthesized glycoproteins. A portion of these are secretory glycoproteins which are packaged and stored in the apical granules, and a portion are membrane glycoproteins which are incorporated into the extensive plasma membrane of these cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of secretory and plasma membrane glycoproteins by striated duct cells of rat salivary glands as visualized by radioautography after 3H-fucose injection. The ability of the striated ducts of rat salivary glands to incorporate 3H-fucose into glycoprotein was studied by light and electron microscope radioautography. At 3.5 to 20 minutes after intravenous injection, the majority of the radioautographic grains in the ducts of the parotid gland were localized to the Golgi apparatus. By 40 minutes, the percentage of grains over the Golgi apparatus had decreased; a corresponding increase in grains occurred over small (0.1-0.4 micrometer) apical granules and the highly infolded basal and lateral plasma membranes. By two hours, less than 10% of the label was associated with the Golgi apparatus, while 26% and 28% were attributed to the apical granules and plasma membrane, respectively. By 8 to 12 hours after injection, the number of grains over the apical cytoplasm had decreased, suggesint luminal discharge of the apical granules. In contrast, the basal and lateral plasma membranes remained labeled up to 30 hours after injection as judged by the distribution of grains in light microscope radioautographs. Mitochondria appeared capable of independent incorporation of fucose, accounting for about 20% of the grains from ten minutes to two hours after injection. Comparable results were obtained in the striated ducts of the submandibular and sublingual glands. These results indicate that the striated duct cells readily incorporate 3H-fucose into newly-synthesized glycoproteins. A portion of these are secretory glycoproteins which are packaged and stored in the apical granules, and a portion are membrane glycoproteins which are incorporated into the extensive plasma membrane of these cells.", "PMID": 507395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7317", "title": "Selective labeling of mesenteric lymph nodes: cell production and emigration of newly formed lymphocytes to other organs.", "content": "Lymphocyte production by mesenteric lymph nodes of normal young pigs was studied by intranodal injections of either tritiated thymidine or tritiated deoxycytidine as DNA precursors. One or two days after selective labeling of the mesenteric lymph nodes the relative and absolute number of lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph nodes were determined autoradiographically in the following organs: mesenteric, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, Peyer's patches, tonsil, different regions of the gut, lung and liver. The overall cell production of mesenteric lymph nodes, as derived from the sum of all labeled cells one day after labeling, was estimated to be about 7 X 10(9) lymphocytes. Up to 40% of all newly formed lymphocytes had already left the lymph nodes within one day and were found in all organs studied. There was a preferential homing to the mucosa of the small intestine, but a considerable number migrated to the spleen and even to the thymus and bone marrow. In lymphoid organs all labeled cells were small and medium-sized lymphocytes one and two days after labeling. In cervical lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and Peyer's patches the relative distribution to T and B cell areas was determined. There was an obvious preference of newly formed lymph node cells to home to T cell areas. The differences of labeling between thymidine or deoxycytidine were surprisingly low.", "contents": "Selective labeling of mesenteric lymph nodes: cell production and emigration of newly formed lymphocytes to other organs. Lymphocyte production by mesenteric lymph nodes of normal young pigs was studied by intranodal injections of either tritiated thymidine or tritiated deoxycytidine as DNA precursors. One or two days after selective labeling of the mesenteric lymph nodes the relative and absolute number of lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph nodes were determined autoradiographically in the following organs: mesenteric, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, Peyer's patches, tonsil, different regions of the gut, lung and liver. The overall cell production of mesenteric lymph nodes, as derived from the sum of all labeled cells one day after labeling, was estimated to be about 7 X 10(9) lymphocytes. Up to 40% of all newly formed lymphocytes had already left the lymph nodes within one day and were found in all organs studied. There was a preferential homing to the mucosa of the small intestine, but a considerable number migrated to the spleen and even to the thymus and bone marrow. In lymphoid organs all labeled cells were small and medium-sized lymphocytes one and two days after labeling. In cervical lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and Peyer's patches the relative distribution to T and B cell areas was determined. There was an obvious preference of newly formed lymph node cells to home to T cell areas. The differences of labeling between thymidine or deoxycytidine were surprisingly low.", "PMID": 507396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7318", "title": "Cytological events associated with in vitro aged and fertilized rabbit eggs.", "content": "The morphogenetic events associated with rabbit eggs aged in vitro for 12 to 50 hours prior to mixing with sperm have been examined by light and electron microscopy. After 12 hours in culture, morphological alterations of the meiotic spindle and the cortex of unfertilized eggs were evident. By 24 to 50 hours in culture, unfertilized eggs contained subnuclei, structures which formed when individual and/or groups of meiotic chromosomes dispersed and becmae invested by a double-laminated structure reminiscent of a nuclear envelope. Although most eggs obtained 11.5 to 12 hours after induced ovulation and in vitro fertilized displayed morphogenetic patterns similar to those described for in vivo fertilized ova, some (10%) contained three pronuclei. Many eggs obtained 13 to 15 hours after induced ovulation and subsequently mixed with sperm in vitro appeared to undergo processes of fertilization typical of in vivo fertilized eggs, however, approximately 30% contained subnuclei in association with the male pronucleus. Few eggs (15%) aged 12 hours prior to in vitro fertilization displayed patterns of pronuclear development and association typical of fertilized unaged ova. Subnuclei developed in many of the fertilized ova. Supernumerary sperm nuclei, which did not develop into male pronuclei, were observed in some zygotes. Cleavage of eggs aged 12 hours prior to fertilization was abnormal or retarded. After 24 hours in culture approximately 16% of the eggs fertilized. Seventy percent of the fertilized eggs failed to support the development of a male or female pronucleus.", "contents": "Cytological events associated with in vitro aged and fertilized rabbit eggs. The morphogenetic events associated with rabbit eggs aged in vitro for 12 to 50 hours prior to mixing with sperm have been examined by light and electron microscopy. After 12 hours in culture, morphological alterations of the meiotic spindle and the cortex of unfertilized eggs were evident. By 24 to 50 hours in culture, unfertilized eggs contained subnuclei, structures which formed when individual and/or groups of meiotic chromosomes dispersed and becmae invested by a double-laminated structure reminiscent of a nuclear envelope. Although most eggs obtained 11.5 to 12 hours after induced ovulation and in vitro fertilized displayed morphogenetic patterns similar to those described for in vivo fertilized ova, some (10%) contained three pronuclei. Many eggs obtained 13 to 15 hours after induced ovulation and subsequently mixed with sperm in vitro appeared to undergo processes of fertilization typical of in vivo fertilized eggs, however, approximately 30% contained subnuclei in association with the male pronucleus. Few eggs (15%) aged 12 hours prior to in vitro fertilization displayed patterns of pronuclear development and association typical of fertilized unaged ova. Subnuclei developed in many of the fertilized ova. Supernumerary sperm nuclei, which did not develop into male pronuclei, were observed in some zygotes. Cleavage of eggs aged 12 hours prior to fertilization was abnormal or retarded. After 24 hours in culture approximately 16% of the eggs fertilized. Seventy percent of the fertilized eggs failed to support the development of a male or female pronucleus.", "PMID": 507397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7319", "title": "Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on microtubule location and surface structure in murine mast cells.", "content": "\"Uncouplers\" of oxidative phosphorylation (sodium azide, DNP, and oligomycin) alter the location of microtubules within murine mast cells. Both cytoplasmic microtubules, perpendicular to the plasma membrane within cell surface folds, and intranuclear microtubules were observed. In addition, one or more dense plaque-like structures adjacent the plasma membrane in mast cells appeared following incubation in the antimetabolities. Intranuclear microtubules and cytoplasmic microtubules within the cell surface ridges disappeared in azide-treated mast cells that were reincubated or \"recovered\" in PBS. However, both these structures remained in oligomycin- and DNP-treated murine mast cells following reincubation.", "contents": "Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on microtubule location and surface structure in murine mast cells. \"Uncouplers\" of oxidative phosphorylation (sodium azide, DNP, and oligomycin) alter the location of microtubules within murine mast cells. Both cytoplasmic microtubules, perpendicular to the plasma membrane within cell surface folds, and intranuclear microtubules were observed. In addition, one or more dense plaque-like structures adjacent the plasma membrane in mast cells appeared following incubation in the antimetabolities. Intranuclear microtubules and cytoplasmic microtubules within the cell surface ridges disappeared in azide-treated mast cells that were reincubated or \"recovered\" in PBS. However, both these structures remained in oligomycin- and DNP-treated murine mast cells following reincubation.", "PMID": 507398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7320", "title": "Regeneration of acini in submandibular gland autografts.", "content": "Regeneration of submandibular gland (SMG) secretory parenchyma is remarkably impaired in salivary gland diseases and under experimental conditions such as in tissue culture and after isografting. In our study acinar regeneration was found to depend on the site where the SMG tissue was implanted. Implantation of several 2-3 mm3 fragments of SMG subcutaneously in the back of the same donor adult male rat resulted in initial necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration of the autograft. Then there was epithelial proliferation with the appearance within 28 days of lobules which contained numerous duct-like structures and only a few or no acini. In contrast, implanting SMG fragments in the anatomical bed of the donor gland resulted in the appearance of a more differentiated autograft. Although the initial tissue changes were similar to those seen in the autografts in the subcutaneous tissues of the back, the SMG autograft in the neck also contained numerous acini by 42 and 56 days after implantation. These data support the view that the implantation site influences the course of cytodifferentiation in SMG autografts.", "contents": "Regeneration of acini in submandibular gland autografts. Regeneration of submandibular gland (SMG) secretory parenchyma is remarkably impaired in salivary gland diseases and under experimental conditions such as in tissue culture and after isografting. In our study acinar regeneration was found to depend on the site where the SMG tissue was implanted. Implantation of several 2-3 mm3 fragments of SMG subcutaneously in the back of the same donor adult male rat resulted in initial necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration of the autograft. Then there was epithelial proliferation with the appearance within 28 days of lobules which contained numerous duct-like structures and only a few or no acini. In contrast, implanting SMG fragments in the anatomical bed of the donor gland resulted in the appearance of a more differentiated autograft. Although the initial tissue changes were similar to those seen in the autografts in the subcutaneous tissues of the back, the SMG autograft in the neck also contained numerous acini by 42 and 56 days after implantation. These data support the view that the implantation site influences the course of cytodifferentiation in SMG autografts.", "PMID": 507399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7321", "title": "Distribution of taste buds on fungiform and circumvallate papillae of bovine tongue.", "content": "The distribution of taste buds on the fungiform and circumvallate papillae of the cow tongue has been determined. The two tongues studied were from Holstein-Friesian cows four to six years of age; they contained 14,765 and 21,691 taste buds, respectively. The tip of the tongue is well supplied with fungiform papillae, and the posterior portion contains the circumvallate papillae. The midportion of the tongue contains relatively few taste papillae. The fungiform papillae contained 1,580 and 1,838 taste buds on the two tongues, respectively, and the circumvallate papillae were estimated to contain 13,185 and 19,853 taste buds. The highest concentration of taste buds therefore occurs in the circumvallate papillae; these relatively few papillae contain approximately 90% of the taste buds. On a circumvallate papilla, taste buds are found only on the papillary sidewall, with none either on the apical surface of the papilla or on the outer wall of the moat.", "contents": "Distribution of taste buds on fungiform and circumvallate papillae of bovine tongue. The distribution of taste buds on the fungiform and circumvallate papillae of the cow tongue has been determined. The two tongues studied were from Holstein-Friesian cows four to six years of age; they contained 14,765 and 21,691 taste buds, respectively. The tip of the tongue is well supplied with fungiform papillae, and the posterior portion contains the circumvallate papillae. The midportion of the tongue contains relatively few taste papillae. The fungiform papillae contained 1,580 and 1,838 taste buds on the two tongues, respectively, and the circumvallate papillae were estimated to contain 13,185 and 19,853 taste buds. The highest concentration of taste buds therefore occurs in the circumvallate papillae; these relatively few papillae contain approximately 90% of the taste buds. On a circumvallate papilla, taste buds are found only on the papillary sidewall, with none either on the apical surface of the papilla or on the outer wall of the moat.", "PMID": 507400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7322", "title": "Fiber size distribution in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat.", "content": "The pennate flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat has been shown to have a compartmentalized distribution of muscle fiber types. The possibility exists that the oxidative regions of the FCR are primarily concerned with fine movements including postural adjustments, while fast-twitch glycolytic region is used more for phasic movements. Muscle fiber diameters were measured for all three fiber types to determine if there was a compartmentalization of fiber size that might reflect differences in motor performance between the different regions of the same muscle. This study has demonstrated that the oxidative fiber types are significantly larger in the oxidative compartment when compared with the same fiber types in the glycolytic compartment and that the cross-sectional area of the oxidative region is dominated by oxidative fibers. The glycolytic fibers are significantly larger in the glycolytic compartment when compared to those in the oxidative region of the muscle and they constitute the major fiber type in this region.", "contents": "Fiber size distribution in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat. The pennate flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat has been shown to have a compartmentalized distribution of muscle fiber types. The possibility exists that the oxidative regions of the FCR are primarily concerned with fine movements including postural adjustments, while fast-twitch glycolytic region is used more for phasic movements. Muscle fiber diameters were measured for all three fiber types to determine if there was a compartmentalization of fiber size that might reflect differences in motor performance between the different regions of the same muscle. This study has demonstrated that the oxidative fiber types are significantly larger in the oxidative compartment when compared with the same fiber types in the glycolytic compartment and that the cross-sectional area of the oxidative region is dominated by oxidative fibers. The glycolytic fibers are significantly larger in the glycolytic compartment when compared to those in the oxidative region of the muscle and they constitute the major fiber type in this region.", "PMID": 507401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7323", "title": "Development of villus absorptive cells in the human fetal small intestine: a morphological and morphometric study.", "content": "We describe the sequential ultrastructural changes in villus absorptive cells of human fetal small intestine between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation. In concert with villus formation at 9 to 10 weeks, a complex membranous system designated the apical tubular system appeared in the apical cytonous system designated the apical tubular system appeared in the apical cytoplasm of absorptive cells. The apical tubular system consisted of deep invaginations of plasma membrane and membrane-bounded vesicles and tubules. Some elements of this system were characterized by linear arrays of particles on the inner (luminal) membrane leaflet. After villus formation, many lysosomal elements designated \"meconium corpuscles\" also appeared in the apical cytoplasm. Modified morphometric studies suggested that both the apical tubular system and the lysosomal elements were more extensively developed in the distal than in the proximal intestine, were most abundant at 15 to 17 weeks, and decreased by 18 to 22 weeks. Morhpometry also showed an inverse relationship between the relative surface density of the apical tubular system and microvillus membrane, suggesting the possible derivation of elements of the former from the apical plasma membrane. Exposure of intestine to ferritin for 8 to 40 minutes in vitro revealed ferritin in elements of the apical tubular system of 12- to 20-week fetuses. There was no evidence of transport of ferritin across absorptive cells. Distinctive membranous bodies composed of convoluted membrane-bound cisternae separated by narrow channels of cytoplasmic matrix were seen in the Golgi region and apical cytoplasm of fetal absorptive cells between 14 and 22 weeks. In a single 22-week fetus, there was marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a decrease in cytoplasmic glycogen and loss of most lysosomal and apical tubular elements in the proximal but not the distal intestine. Thus, by the end of the second trimester, the structure of absorptive cells in proximal intestine was remarkably similar to absorptive cells in adult intestine.", "contents": "Development of villus absorptive cells in the human fetal small intestine: a morphological and morphometric study. We describe the sequential ultrastructural changes in villus absorptive cells of human fetal small intestine between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation. In concert with villus formation at 9 to 10 weeks, a complex membranous system designated the apical tubular system appeared in the apical cytonous system designated the apical tubular system appeared in the apical cytoplasm of absorptive cells. The apical tubular system consisted of deep invaginations of plasma membrane and membrane-bounded vesicles and tubules. Some elements of this system were characterized by linear arrays of particles on the inner (luminal) membrane leaflet. After villus formation, many lysosomal elements designated \"meconium corpuscles\" also appeared in the apical cytoplasm. Modified morphometric studies suggested that both the apical tubular system and the lysosomal elements were more extensively developed in the distal than in the proximal intestine, were most abundant at 15 to 17 weeks, and decreased by 18 to 22 weeks. Morhpometry also showed an inverse relationship between the relative surface density of the apical tubular system and microvillus membrane, suggesting the possible derivation of elements of the former from the apical plasma membrane. Exposure of intestine to ferritin for 8 to 40 minutes in vitro revealed ferritin in elements of the apical tubular system of 12- to 20-week fetuses. There was no evidence of transport of ferritin across absorptive cells. Distinctive membranous bodies composed of convoluted membrane-bound cisternae separated by narrow channels of cytoplasmic matrix were seen in the Golgi region and apical cytoplasm of fetal absorptive cells between 14 and 22 weeks. In a single 22-week fetus, there was marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a decrease in cytoplasmic glycogen and loss of most lysosomal and apical tubular elements in the proximal but not the distal intestine. Thus, by the end of the second trimester, the structure of absorptive cells in proximal intestine was remarkably similar to absorptive cells in adult intestine.", "PMID": 507402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7324", "title": "Anatomic models of the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the rat.", "content": "Models of the lung airways of a rat were developed from complete measurements of the tracheobronchial airways. A silicone rubber cast of the tracheobronchial airways of a rat lung was prepared and all individual airway segments down to and including the terminal bronchioles were measured to obtain the segment diameters, lengths, branching angles and angles of inclination to gravity. Models of the rat tracheobronchial airways were constructed based on the original measurements and the subsequent analysis. Some mathematical assumptions about acinar anatomy distal to terminal bronchioles were made to extend the models to include pulmonary regions. Emphasis was placed on the \"Typical Path Lung Model\" which used one typical pathway to represent either a whole lung or a lobe of the lung. The models are simple and can be applied in calculation of physiologic variables or particle deposition during inhalation in various lobes of the lung.", "contents": "Anatomic models of the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the rat. Models of the lung airways of a rat were developed from complete measurements of the tracheobronchial airways. A silicone rubber cast of the tracheobronchial airways of a rat lung was prepared and all individual airway segments down to and including the terminal bronchioles were measured to obtain the segment diameters, lengths, branching angles and angles of inclination to gravity. Models of the rat tracheobronchial airways were constructed based on the original measurements and the subsequent analysis. Some mathematical assumptions about acinar anatomy distal to terminal bronchioles were made to extend the models to include pulmonary regions. Emphasis was placed on the \"Typical Path Lung Model\" which used one typical pathway to represent either a whole lung or a lobe of the lung. The models are simple and can be applied in calculation of physiologic variables or particle deposition during inhalation in various lobes of the lung.", "PMID": 507403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7325", "title": "A morphometric analysis of the glomerular capillary wall of a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice.", "content": "An investigation was performed on a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice to study those aspects of the renal glomerulus which have in the past been implicated in the etiology of renal parenchymal hypertension. Morphometric analyses were carried out utilizing a computerized graphic data analysing system on information obtained through transmission electron microscopy. Chronically hypertensive animals exhibited thinner basement membranes with numerous sub-epithelial focal thickenings, which were largely absent from the normotensive controls. No difference was noted in the width of the epithelial slit pores (interpedicelar spaces). The glomerular capillary loops of the hypertensive animals appeared otherwise unremarkable, as did the urinary space and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. No evidence of renal parenchymal pathologies implicated in the etiology of systemic hypertension was observed, therefore, these animals would seem to be suitable models for human essential hypertension.", "contents": "A morphometric analysis of the glomerular capillary wall of a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice. An investigation was performed on a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice to study those aspects of the renal glomerulus which have in the past been implicated in the etiology of renal parenchymal hypertension. Morphometric analyses were carried out utilizing a computerized graphic data analysing system on information obtained through transmission electron microscopy. Chronically hypertensive animals exhibited thinner basement membranes with numerous sub-epithelial focal thickenings, which were largely absent from the normotensive controls. No difference was noted in the width of the epithelial slit pores (interpedicelar spaces). The glomerular capillary loops of the hypertensive animals appeared otherwise unremarkable, as did the urinary space and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. No evidence of renal parenchymal pathologies implicated in the etiology of systemic hypertension was observed, therefore, these animals would seem to be suitable models for human essential hypertension.", "PMID": 507405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7326", "title": "Localization of tritiated norepinephrine in the renal arteriolar nerves.", "content": "The innervation of the glomerular arterioles was investigated by light and electron microscopy autoradiography for localization of exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. By light microscopy accumulations of grains were seen associated with afferent arterioles and in lesser numbers with efferent arterioles and neighboring tubules. Accumulations of grains were noted to be in contact with juxtaglomerular granular cells. Electron microscopy autoradiography revealed that nearly two-thirds of the silver grains were on axons. Most of the label was on varicosities packed with small, clear and dense-cored, vesicles. Most varicosities, including those in contact with smooth muscle, juxtaglomerular granular or tubular cells, were labeled. Some varicosities which appeared unlabeled in a given section were labeled in subsequent sections. These findings are consistent with the notion that the glomerular arterioles are innervated mainly by adrenergic nerves. This view is supported by the previously reported observations of the concomitant virtual disappearance of fluorescent and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves from the region of the glomerular arterioles after two injections of six-hydroxydoapmine (a drug which selectively destroys adrenergic nerves) and the presence of small dense-cored vesicles in all axons of the juxtaglomerular region when examined by serial section electron microscopy.", "contents": "Localization of tritiated norepinephrine in the renal arteriolar nerves. The innervation of the glomerular arterioles was investigated by light and electron microscopy autoradiography for localization of exogenous tritiated norepinephrine. By light microscopy accumulations of grains were seen associated with afferent arterioles and in lesser numbers with efferent arterioles and neighboring tubules. Accumulations of grains were noted to be in contact with juxtaglomerular granular cells. Electron microscopy autoradiography revealed that nearly two-thirds of the silver grains were on axons. Most of the label was on varicosities packed with small, clear and dense-cored, vesicles. Most varicosities, including those in contact with smooth muscle, juxtaglomerular granular or tubular cells, were labeled. Some varicosities which appeared unlabeled in a given section were labeled in subsequent sections. These findings are consistent with the notion that the glomerular arterioles are innervated mainly by adrenergic nerves. This view is supported by the previously reported observations of the concomitant virtual disappearance of fluorescent and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves from the region of the glomerular arterioles after two injections of six-hydroxydoapmine (a drug which selectively destroys adrenergic nerves) and the presence of small dense-cored vesicles in all axons of the juxtaglomerular region when examined by serial section electron microscopy.", "PMID": 507406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7327", "title": "Unipolarity of fibroblasts in rodent periodontal ligament.", "content": "In order to investigate whether fibroblasts in rodent periodontal ligament have a structural polarity, the position of the Golgi apparatus or the centriolar region in the cells was studied using light and electron microscopy. It appeared that, in the periodontal ligament of continuously erupting mouse and rat incisors, centrioles in fibroblasts on the tooth side of the ligament are preferably located in the anterior (occlusally directed) part of the cytoplasm. Polarity of fibroblasts in a single direction was less pronounced or absent on the bone side of the tissue. In the mouse, fibroblasts in the connective tissue adjacent to the incisor also contained an extensive system of cytoplasmic microtubules, whereas in the fibroblasts on the bone side of the ligament microtubules were less frequent. Unipolarity of fibroblasts was also observed in the periodontal ligament of the rat maxillary first molar, which is characterized by a limited eruption. Here, the Golgi region was usually situated in that pole of the cells that was directed towards the alveolar wall and the occlusal plane. It is suggested that structural polarity of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament of rodent teeth is associated with orientation of functional activities of the cells, such as unidirectional movement or unidirectional deposition or phagocytosis of collagen.", "contents": "Unipolarity of fibroblasts in rodent periodontal ligament. In order to investigate whether fibroblasts in rodent periodontal ligament have a structural polarity, the position of the Golgi apparatus or the centriolar region in the cells was studied using light and electron microscopy. It appeared that, in the periodontal ligament of continuously erupting mouse and rat incisors, centrioles in fibroblasts on the tooth side of the ligament are preferably located in the anterior (occlusally directed) part of the cytoplasm. Polarity of fibroblasts in a single direction was less pronounced or absent on the bone side of the tissue. In the mouse, fibroblasts in the connective tissue adjacent to the incisor also contained an extensive system of cytoplasmic microtubules, whereas in the fibroblasts on the bone side of the ligament microtubules were less frequent. Unipolarity of fibroblasts was also observed in the periodontal ligament of the rat maxillary first molar, which is characterized by a limited eruption. Here, the Golgi region was usually situated in that pole of the cells that was directed towards the alveolar wall and the occlusal plane. It is suggested that structural polarity of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament of rodent teeth is associated with orientation of functional activities of the cells, such as unidirectional movement or unidirectional deposition or phagocytosis of collagen.", "PMID": 507407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7328", "title": "Morphologic features of the caudal neurosecretory system in the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis.", "content": "The caudal neurosecretory system of the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, captured in freshwater, was examined. Neurosecretory cells were identified readily in terminal spinal cord segments. The axonal processes of these neurosecretory cells formed a discrete, ventrally placed bundle which terminated in a conspicuous ventral enlargement from the filum terminale. This enlargement comprises the neurohaemal contact zone or urophysis. The neurosecretory terminals were engorged with secretory granules in these fishes from a freshwater environment. The non-neuronal component of the urophysis also was examined in this study. These glial cells were dispersed throughout the urophysis. Most often they were found ensheathing the terminal neurosecretory processes. These cells showed a resemblance to neurohypophysial pituicytes. Although mentioned in the literature, these glial cells have not been examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the glial cells and their relation to the neurosecretory constituents are described in this report.", "contents": "Morphologic features of the caudal neurosecretory system in the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis. The caudal neurosecretory system of the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, captured in freshwater, was examined. Neurosecretory cells were identified readily in terminal spinal cord segments. The axonal processes of these neurosecretory cells formed a discrete, ventrally placed bundle which terminated in a conspicuous ventral enlargement from the filum terminale. This enlargement comprises the neurohaemal contact zone or urophysis. The neurosecretory terminals were engorged with secretory granules in these fishes from a freshwater environment. The non-neuronal component of the urophysis also was examined in this study. These glial cells were dispersed throughout the urophysis. Most often they were found ensheathing the terminal neurosecretory processes. These cells showed a resemblance to neurohypophysial pituicytes. Although mentioned in the literature, these glial cells have not been examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the glial cells and their relation to the neurosecretory constituents are described in this report.", "PMID": 507409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7329", "title": "[Proposal on standardization of parasitic cycles].", "content": "The author proposes to unify the schemes of the development and the cycles of the diverse parasitic organisms. The definite hosts (as well as the mature stages) should always be put on the right side, but the larval stages and the intermediate hosts on the left. By this procedure, some terms get unnecessary and the stages and cycles become comparable. This enables to make more clear some epidemiological questions (blind routes etc.). Furthermore it makes teaching in schools and colleges easier, also in health training. Furthermore it promotes international understanding.", "contents": "[Proposal on standardization of parasitic cycles]. The author proposes to unify the schemes of the development and the cycles of the diverse parasitic organisms. The definite hosts (as well as the mature stages) should always be put on the right side, but the larval stages and the intermediate hosts on the left. By this procedure, some terms get unnecessary and the stages and cycles become comparable. This enables to make more clear some epidemiological questions (blind routes etc.). Furthermore it makes teaching in schools and colleges easier, also in health training. Furthermore it promotes international understanding.", "PMID": 507442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7330", "title": "[Parasites of the GDR. 3. Endoparasites of the hare (Lepus europeus)].", "content": "96 Hares from the eastern region of the Dresden district were examined for endoparasites and the results compared with those of other authors from GDR and the neighbouring countries. Out of the 27 endoparasites which up till now are recorded in the middle european region in GDR are found 6 Coccidia-spp.: Eimeria leporis, E. robertsoni, E. townsendi, E. semisculpta, E. europaea, E. hungarica and the helminths: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Cittotaenia denticulata, Andrya rhopalocephala, Mosgovoyia pectinata, Cysticercus pisiformis, Graphidium strigosum, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Strongyloides papillosus, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichuris leporis, T. sylvilagus and Protostrongylus pulmonalis. The infection-extensity and -intensity is discussed in relation to the density of hare population and the ecological situation in the hunting-grounds.", "contents": "[Parasites of the GDR. 3. Endoparasites of the hare (Lepus europeus)]. 96 Hares from the eastern region of the Dresden district were examined for endoparasites and the results compared with those of other authors from GDR and the neighbouring countries. Out of the 27 endoparasites which up till now are recorded in the middle european region in GDR are found 6 Coccidia-spp.: Eimeria leporis, E. robertsoni, E. townsendi, E. semisculpta, E. europaea, E. hungarica and the helminths: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Cittotaenia denticulata, Andrya rhopalocephala, Mosgovoyia pectinata, Cysticercus pisiformis, Graphidium strigosum, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Strongyloides papillosus, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichuris leporis, T. sylvilagus and Protostrongylus pulmonalis. The infection-extensity and -intensity is discussed in relation to the density of hare population and the ecological situation in the hunting-grounds.", "PMID": 507443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7331", "title": "[Ascaridia platyceri n.sp., a new species of nematode from parrots].", "content": "A new species of bird parasitic nematode, Ascaridia platyceri n. sp., is described from the small intestine of Platycerus eximius and 8 further species of Psittacidae maintained in Zoological Gardens and private holdings in the GDR. The new species differs from the 3 species of Ascaridia hitherto known from parrots mainly in the shape of the anterior border of the lips as well as in the number and position of the caudal papillae in the male.", "contents": "[Ascaridia platyceri n.sp., a new species of nematode from parrots]. A new species of bird parasitic nematode, Ascaridia platyceri n. sp., is described from the small intestine of Platycerus eximius and 8 further species of Psittacidae maintained in Zoological Gardens and private holdings in the GDR. The new species differs from the 3 species of Ascaridia hitherto known from parrots mainly in the shape of the anterior border of the lips as well as in the number and position of the caudal papillae in the male.", "PMID": 507444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7332", "title": "[Accessory glands in the reproductive system of the male insect].", "content": "Males of insects and ticks influenced the physiology of reproduction of mated females with the secretes of accessory sexual glands (aD) much more than was supposed in the past. The monocoitic behaviour of the females of some species of insects is caused by various secretions (e.g. Matrone in mosquitoes, monogamic factors in the house fly, sexpeptides in Drosophila). Furthermore the preoviposition period is shortened by these secretions whereas the productivity is increased. The food uptake and the autogeny were influenced as well. Besides this other patterns of behaviour changed (e. g. flight activity). Because of their simple structure, the accessory glands are suitable for biochemical investigations. However, in most cases the physiological functions are unknown.--The present knowledge on the functions of the accessory glands is reviewed with special regard to the modes of action of secretions of the accessory glands.", "contents": "[Accessory glands in the reproductive system of the male insect]. Males of insects and ticks influenced the physiology of reproduction of mated females with the secretes of accessory sexual glands (aD) much more than was supposed in the past. The monocoitic behaviour of the females of some species of insects is caused by various secretions (e.g. Matrone in mosquitoes, monogamic factors in the house fly, sexpeptides in Drosophila). Furthermore the preoviposition period is shortened by these secretions whereas the productivity is increased. The food uptake and the autogeny were influenced as well. Besides this other patterns of behaviour changed (e. g. flight activity). Because of their simple structure, the accessory glands are suitable for biochemical investigations. However, in most cases the physiological functions are unknown.--The present knowledge on the functions of the accessory glands is reviewed with special regard to the modes of action of secretions of the accessory glands.", "PMID": 507445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7333", "title": "[Radioactive labeling of Blatella germanica].", "content": "For ecological investigations in natural populations of Blatella germanica a new method of dry incorporation of a porcelain tracer is developed. The quality of this method in contrast with other non radioactive and at present radioactive methods depends on the stable position of the tracer and the possibility of taking different marking substances for individually marking a large number of experimental animals. The identification bases on the previously investigated half-life values. The new method in combination with the recaptivate method is a good possibility to analyse a population of cockroaches.", "contents": "[Radioactive labeling of Blatella germanica]. For ecological investigations in natural populations of Blatella germanica a new method of dry incorporation of a porcelain tracer is developed. The quality of this method in contrast with other non radioactive and at present radioactive methods depends on the stable position of the tracer and the possibility of taking different marking substances for individually marking a large number of experimental animals. The identification bases on the previously investigated half-life values. The new method in combination with the recaptivate method is a good possibility to analyse a population of cockroaches.", "PMID": 507446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7334", "title": "Arrhythmias in chronic pulmonary disease.", "content": "Arrhythmias often complicate the course of patients with severe respiratory disease; the frequency of arrhythmias in patients with this condition approaches that seen with acute myocardial infarction. No one rhythm disturbance predominates, but rapid atrial and ventricular rhythms are characteristic. In the setting of acute respiratory failure, several conditions may predispose to arrhythmias. Hypoxemia, a serum pH that is too high or too low, and a low serum potassium may produce arrhythmias by disturbing the myocardial cellular milieu. Drugs such as digitalis, epinephrine, and theophylline may also act as myocardial irritants. The first step in therapy is to careful examination, it is helpful to note the specific effect of the arrhythmia on the patient. Some rhythm disturbances are well tolerated, while others are associated with serious problems in ventilation and perfusion. In many cases the control of respiration, correction of pH and electrolyte imbalance, and provision of bronchial hygiene will restore a normal sinus rhythm. Such measures are essential even when antiarrhythmic drugs or cardioversion are needed.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in chronic pulmonary disease. Arrhythmias often complicate the course of patients with severe respiratory disease; the frequency of arrhythmias in patients with this condition approaches that seen with acute myocardial infarction. No one rhythm disturbance predominates, but rapid atrial and ventricular rhythms are characteristic. In the setting of acute respiratory failure, several conditions may predispose to arrhythmias. Hypoxemia, a serum pH that is too high or too low, and a low serum potassium may produce arrhythmias by disturbing the myocardial cellular milieu. Drugs such as digitalis, epinephrine, and theophylline may also act as myocardial irritants. The first step in therapy is to careful examination, it is helpful to note the specific effect of the arrhythmia on the patient. Some rhythm disturbances are well tolerated, while others are associated with serious problems in ventilation and perfusion. In many cases the control of respiration, correction of pH and electrolyte imbalance, and provision of bronchial hygiene will restore a normal sinus rhythm. Such measures are essential even when antiarrhythmic drugs or cardioversion are needed.", "PMID": 507453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7335", "title": "Protective effects of propranolol on the exercise-induced reduction of blood flow in arteriopathic patients.", "content": "The vascular steal phenomenow, that is, the shunting of blood from ischemic to normally perfused areas, is commonly observed during exercise in the affected limbs of patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Propranolol was administered to 18 arteriopathic patients before the exercise to ascertain whether the reverse situation can be induced. The results indicate that before propranolol administration, Jantsch's index (used to quantify the plethysmographic waves) decreased from 0.53 +/- 0.05 to 0.33 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001) at 1 minute, and to 0.38 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001) at 5 minutes after the end of the exercise. When the exercise was repeated after propranolol, Jantsch's index did not change. These findings indicate that propranolol can inhibit exercise-induced vascular steal.", "contents": "Protective effects of propranolol on the exercise-induced reduction of blood flow in arteriopathic patients. The vascular steal phenomenow, that is, the shunting of blood from ischemic to normally perfused areas, is commonly observed during exercise in the affected limbs of patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Propranolol was administered to 18 arteriopathic patients before the exercise to ascertain whether the reverse situation can be induced. The results indicate that before propranolol administration, Jantsch's index (used to quantify the plethysmographic waves) decreased from 0.53 +/- 0.05 to 0.33 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001) at 1 minute, and to 0.38 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001) at 5 minutes after the end of the exercise. When the exercise was repeated after propranolol, Jantsch's index did not change. These findings indicate that propranolol can inhibit exercise-induced vascular steal.", "PMID": 507454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7336", "title": "Terminating ventricular fibrillation by chest thump.", "content": "A 41-year-old man with a surgically closed atrial septal defect presented with anginalike symptoms of 5 years duration. While undergoing coronary arteriorgraphy, the patient sustained ventricular fibrillation which was converted successfully to sinus rhythm by a chest thump. This is the first reported case of such conversion. The mechanism of mechanical conversion from ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation, to sinus rhythm may be that the mechanical stimulus interrupts a re-entry pathway or depresses ectopic impulses to allow the normal sinoatrial rhythm to emerge.", "contents": "Terminating ventricular fibrillation by chest thump. A 41-year-old man with a surgically closed atrial septal defect presented with anginalike symptoms of 5 years duration. While undergoing coronary arteriorgraphy, the patient sustained ventricular fibrillation which was converted successfully to sinus rhythm by a chest thump. This is the first reported case of such conversion. The mechanism of mechanical conversion from ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation, to sinus rhythm may be that the mechanical stimulus interrupts a re-entry pathway or depresses ectopic impulses to allow the normal sinoatrial rhythm to emerge.", "PMID": 507455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7337", "title": "Echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates in Prinzmetal angina pectoris: a case report.", "content": "In a patient suffering from Prinzmetal angina pectoris, ischemic attacks of the anterior left ventricular wall were associated with the following changes: fall in cardiac output; increased left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) and volume; flattening of the septal motion; marked reduction of the mitral valve early diastolic amplitude and rate of opening; and marked reduction of the systolic closure velocity. It is suggested that LVDP rise depends, at least in part, on variations in left ventricular diastolic volume and segmental wall motion, and that disruption of the mitral valve motion derives from changes in LVDP and flow through the mitral orifice.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates in Prinzmetal angina pectoris: a case report. In a patient suffering from Prinzmetal angina pectoris, ischemic attacks of the anterior left ventricular wall were associated with the following changes: fall in cardiac output; increased left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) and volume; flattening of the septal motion; marked reduction of the mitral valve early diastolic amplitude and rate of opening; and marked reduction of the systolic closure velocity. It is suggested that LVDP rise depends, at least in part, on variations in left ventricular diastolic volume and segmental wall motion, and that disruption of the mitral valve motion derives from changes in LVDP and flow through the mitral orifice.", "PMID": 507456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7338", "title": "Negative P waves in lead V6 during right ventricular pacing.", "content": "A negative P wave in lead V6 has been proposed as the most reliable criterion of left atrial rhythm, useful in differentiating it from nodal arrhythmias. In this report the electrocardiograms of two patients with right ventricular paced rhythms with 1:1 retrograde atrial capture are shown. The retrograde P waves inscribed after the ORS were negative in polarity in lead V6 in both cases. This documents that an impulse entering the atria from the AV junction can be associated with rightwardly oriented P waves and suggests that the proposed criterion for left atrial rhythm is unreliable.", "contents": "Negative P waves in lead V6 during right ventricular pacing. A negative P wave in lead V6 has been proposed as the most reliable criterion of left atrial rhythm, useful in differentiating it from nodal arrhythmias. In this report the electrocardiograms of two patients with right ventricular paced rhythms with 1:1 retrograde atrial capture are shown. The retrograde P waves inscribed after the ORS were negative in polarity in lead V6 in both cases. This documents that an impulse entering the atria from the AV junction can be associated with rightwardly oriented P waves and suggests that the proposed criterion for left atrial rhythm is unreliable.", "PMID": 507457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7339", "title": "Study of respiratory influence on the intensity of heart sound in normal subjects.", "content": "The amplitudes of the first and second heart sounds were recorded during quiet natural breathing in 31 normal subjects. A total of 3,656 and 3,016 heart beats were available at the apex and pulmonic areas respectively. The intensities of the first and second heart sounds were found to be increased during expiration. This respiratory tendency in the heart sounds was less prominent during the transitional phase between expiration and inspiration. Therefore we suggest that respiratory changes in heart sounds should be evaluated with a heart beat located at or close to the center of each inspiration and expiration. Respiratory alteration in the intensity of heart sounds is one of the commonest auscultatory pitfalls. Auscultatory evaluation of the intensity of heart sounds should thus be performed carefully, with the respiratory changes kept in mind.", "contents": "Study of respiratory influence on the intensity of heart sound in normal subjects. The amplitudes of the first and second heart sounds were recorded during quiet natural breathing in 31 normal subjects. A total of 3,656 and 3,016 heart beats were available at the apex and pulmonic areas respectively. The intensities of the first and second heart sounds were found to be increased during expiration. This respiratory tendency in the heart sounds was less prominent during the transitional phase between expiration and inspiration. Therefore we suggest that respiratory changes in heart sounds should be evaluated with a heart beat located at or close to the center of each inspiration and expiration. Respiratory alteration in the intensity of heart sounds is one of the commonest auscultatory pitfalls. Auscultatory evaluation of the intensity of heart sounds should thus be performed carefully, with the respiratory changes kept in mind.", "PMID": 507460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7340", "title": "Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in patients without acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) has been reported in patients with acute myocardial infarction, digitalis excess, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and in patients with rheumatic, primary myocardial, and hypertensive heart disease. Discovery of AIVR in 2 patients without heart disease led us to review reports from 700 Holter monitor studies. Seven patients without recent myocardial infarction were studied retrospectively. Three of the 7 had no evidence of heart disease; 5 of the 7 had abnormalities of the central nervous system. Examples of AIVR show approximation of the sinus rate and ectopic rate; onset and offset occur abruptly or with sinus rate slowing and fusion beats. One patient remained in AIVR for up to 10 minutes accompanied by retrograde atrial capture. The rhythm's acceleration with exercise suggests that it is under autonomic influence, a phenomenon also seen in CNS stimulation studies in dogs. AIVR occurs infrequently in patients without demonstrable heart disease. Our experience suggests a good prognosis, but further study is needed onthe natural history of AIVR in asymptomatic patients and on the necessity of treatment.", "contents": "Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in patients without acute myocardial infarction. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) has been reported in patients with acute myocardial infarction, digitalis excess, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and in patients with rheumatic, primary myocardial, and hypertensive heart disease. Discovery of AIVR in 2 patients without heart disease led us to review reports from 700 Holter monitor studies. Seven patients without recent myocardial infarction were studied retrospectively. Three of the 7 had no evidence of heart disease; 5 of the 7 had abnormalities of the central nervous system. Examples of AIVR show approximation of the sinus rate and ectopic rate; onset and offset occur abruptly or with sinus rate slowing and fusion beats. One patient remained in AIVR for up to 10 minutes accompanied by retrograde atrial capture. The rhythm's acceleration with exercise suggests that it is under autonomic influence, a phenomenon also seen in CNS stimulation studies in dogs. AIVR occurs infrequently in patients without demonstrable heart disease. Our experience suggests a good prognosis, but further study is needed onthe natural history of AIVR in asymptomatic patients and on the necessity of treatment.", "PMID": 507462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7341", "title": "Mechanical hemolytic anemia after repair of ruptured chordae tendineae of mitral valve apparatus.", "content": "A case of mechanical hemolytic anemia following mitral valvuloplasty for ruptured chordae tendineae is described. We postulate that intravascular hemolysis is the result of whiplash motion caused by the loose ends of the ruptured chordae tendineae and the disrupted suture material attached to the mitral valve apparatus.", "contents": "Mechanical hemolytic anemia after repair of ruptured chordae tendineae of mitral valve apparatus. A case of mechanical hemolytic anemia following mitral valvuloplasty for ruptured chordae tendineae is described. We postulate that intravascular hemolysis is the result of whiplash motion caused by the loose ends of the ruptured chordae tendineae and the disrupted suture material attached to the mitral valve apparatus.", "PMID": 507463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7342", "title": "Plain roentgenographic estimation of pulmonary vascular pressures: an improved technique: a catheter-correlated study of 215 patients with mitral valvular disease.", "content": "Our improvement on Turner's technique enabled more accurate plain x-ray estimation of pulmonary venous pressure (PVP) up to 60 mm and of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) up to 150 mm in 215 patients catheterized for mitral valvular disease. Our improvement comprises (1) five main pulmonary artery (MPA) grades 0 to IV according to its area and volume; (2) modified pressure values assigned for MPA and kinetic energy of the right ventricle (required to pump blood into the pulmonary arterial bed) according to MPA grades; and (3) nine PVP grades from 0 to 8 with corresponding assigned PVP values. These modifications have enhanced the accuracy of the technique up to 85 to 95%.", "contents": "Plain roentgenographic estimation of pulmonary vascular pressures: an improved technique: a catheter-correlated study of 215 patients with mitral valvular disease. Our improvement on Turner's technique enabled more accurate plain x-ray estimation of pulmonary venous pressure (PVP) up to 60 mm and of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) up to 150 mm in 215 patients catheterized for mitral valvular disease. Our improvement comprises (1) five main pulmonary artery (MPA) grades 0 to IV according to its area and volume; (2) modified pressure values assigned for MPA and kinetic energy of the right ventricle (required to pump blood into the pulmonary arterial bed) according to MPA grades; and (3) nine PVP grades from 0 to 8 with corresponding assigned PVP values. These modifications have enhanced the accuracy of the technique up to 85 to 95%.", "PMID": 507465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7343", "title": "Studies on the chemical nature of the lipidic J blood-group substance of cattle.", "content": "Total lipids extracted from J-positive cattle serum, erythrocytes or spleen exhibit J blood-group activity. The J subsance is concentrated in a lipid fraction obtained by column chromatography. Following mild alkaline hydrolysis or reduction with complex hydrides (LiAlH4, LiBH4), the J activity remains detectable in this lipid fraction even though all acyl ester groups have been destroyed as revealed by ester group determination. This disagrees with the suggestion that fatty acyl esters are essential for J activity. This was confirmed by experiments with a water-soluble J-active product prepared by ozone treatment of glycosphingolipids from bovine spleen. The results of these experiments are in favour of a glycosphingolipid containing anunusually lang oligosaccharide chain. Furthermore, it appears that the terminal moiety of the J determinant is not necessarily an N-acetyl galactosamine unit as suggested previously.", "contents": "Studies on the chemical nature of the lipidic J blood-group substance of cattle. Total lipids extracted from J-positive cattle serum, erythrocytes or spleen exhibit J blood-group activity. The J subsance is concentrated in a lipid fraction obtained by column chromatography. Following mild alkaline hydrolysis or reduction with complex hydrides (LiAlH4, LiBH4), the J activity remains detectable in this lipid fraction even though all acyl ester groups have been destroyed as revealed by ester group determination. This disagrees with the suggestion that fatty acyl esters are essential for J activity. This was confirmed by experiments with a water-soluble J-active product prepared by ozone treatment of glycosphingolipids from bovine spleen. The results of these experiments are in favour of a glycosphingolipid containing anunusually lang oligosaccharide chain. Furthermore, it appears that the terminal moiety of the J determinant is not necessarily an N-acetyl galactosamine unit as suggested previously.", "PMID": 507466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7344", "title": "Polymorphism of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes.", "content": "Three individual variants of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes were found by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The phenotype in leucocytes showed the same appearance as polymorphic forms of liver acid phosphatase in the same bird. The study of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution of the phenotypes of acid phosphatase in leucocytes also indicated that they are controlled by the same pair of codominant autosomal alleles as the phenotypes in the liver. Acid phosphatase is polymorphic in all six strains of chickens studied.", "contents": "Polymorphism of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes. Three individual variants of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes were found by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The phenotype in leucocytes showed the same appearance as polymorphic forms of liver acid phosphatase in the same bird. The study of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution of the phenotypes of acid phosphatase in leucocytes also indicated that they are controlled by the same pair of codominant autosomal alleles as the phenotypes in the liver. Acid phosphatase is polymorphic in all six strains of chickens studied.", "PMID": 507467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7345", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in pigs.", "content": "Genetic variants of serum alkaline phosphatase were studied by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in the Z\u0142otnicka Pstra breed of pigs. Two regions of alkaline phosphatase migration were observed. A single fraction in region I and four different phenotypes: AB, B, BC and BD in region II, were found. For AB, B and BC phenotypes the genetic control by three alleles AkpA, AkpB and AkpC is suggested. The observed segregation ratios in some cases deviated significantly from the expected ones.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in pigs. Genetic variants of serum alkaline phosphatase were studied by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in the Z\u0142otnicka Pstra breed of pigs. Two regions of alkaline phosphatase migration were observed. A single fraction in region I and four different phenotypes: AB, B, BC and BD in region II, were found. For AB, B and BC phenotypes the genetic control by three alleles AkpA, AkpB and AkpC is suggested. The observed segregation ratios in some cases deviated significantly from the expected ones.", "PMID": 507468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7346", "title": "Development and genetic differences of complement activity in rabbits.", "content": "The ontogeny of haemolytic complement in rabbit serum and the genetic differences of the activity in five strains of adult rabbits were investigated by single radial haemolysis in gel and a microtiter method with purified complement components and the appropriate haemolytic intermediate cells. The haemolytic complement activity was found as early as the 15th day of foetal life, and increased with age reaching approximately adult level by the 120th day of life. Marked strain differences in both total haemolytic activity and C3 levels of adult rabbit sera were observed. The repeatability of haemolytic activity for an individual serum taken at different times was higher than that for C3 level was observed. An inherited complement deficiency, due to the lack of C6, was found in a strain of Angora rabbits. The genetic studies confirmed that this complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.", "contents": "Development and genetic differences of complement activity in rabbits. The ontogeny of haemolytic complement in rabbit serum and the genetic differences of the activity in five strains of adult rabbits were investigated by single radial haemolysis in gel and a microtiter method with purified complement components and the appropriate haemolytic intermediate cells. The haemolytic complement activity was found as early as the 15th day of foetal life, and increased with age reaching approximately adult level by the 120th day of life. Marked strain differences in both total haemolytic activity and C3 levels of adult rabbit sera were observed. The repeatability of haemolytic activity for an individual serum taken at different times was higher than that for C3 level was observed. An inherited complement deficiency, due to the lack of C6, was found in a strain of Angora rabbits. The genetic studies confirmed that this complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.", "PMID": 507469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7347", "title": "Genetic tags applied to the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.).", "content": "Three biochemical gene markers test the hypothesis that the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), along the west European continental shelf are one race. The three polymorphic loci were serum transferrin (Tf), eye vitreous fluid butyric esterase (Es) and liver superoxide dismutase (Sod). Five transferrin alleles, three esterase alleles and two superoxide dismutase alleles were identified. Heterogeneity tests on genotype frequency distribution for twelve areas ranging from Norway to Biscay revealed no significant variation. The results using these genetic tags are consistent with the unit race hypothesis for hake throughout the sea areas sampled.", "contents": "Genetic tags applied to the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.). Three biochemical gene markers test the hypothesis that the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), along the west European continental shelf are one race. The three polymorphic loci were serum transferrin (Tf), eye vitreous fluid butyric esterase (Es) and liver superoxide dismutase (Sod). Five transferrin alleles, three esterase alleles and two superoxide dismutase alleles were identified. Heterogeneity tests on genotype frequency distribution for twelve areas ranging from Norway to Biscay revealed no significant variation. The results using these genetic tags are consistent with the unit race hypothesis for hake throughout the sea areas sampled.", "PMID": 507470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7348", "title": "Blood groups of Nigerian cattle. Comparative aspects.", "content": "Cattle, red cell antigens as determined by a selected battery of 37 reagents characterizing genes at 10 major loci in 101 Zebu, 63 Ndama and 78 Muturu from Nigeria, have been compared with corresponding red cell antigens of a total of 257 Bos taurus cattle in Norway, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Hungary and USA. The Zebu cattle, represented by the three subtypes Gudali, Red Bororo and Shuwa Arab, showed the highest number of red cell factors. Ndama and Muturu cattle had a significantly lower number of blood factors than the Zebu cattle. The lowest number of blood factors were found in European Bos taurus breeds.", "contents": "Blood groups of Nigerian cattle. Comparative aspects. Cattle, red cell antigens as determined by a selected battery of 37 reagents characterizing genes at 10 major loci in 101 Zebu, 63 Ndama and 78 Muturu from Nigeria, have been compared with corresponding red cell antigens of a total of 257 Bos taurus cattle in Norway, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Hungary and USA. The Zebu cattle, represented by the three subtypes Gudali, Red Bororo and Shuwa Arab, showed the highest number of red cell factors. Ndama and Muturu cattle had a significantly lower number of blood factors than the Zebu cattle. The lowest number of blood factors were found in European Bos taurus breeds.", "PMID": 507471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7349", "title": "Genetically determined electrophoretic variants of the major urinary protein (Mup) complex in mouse urine.", "content": "The major urinary protein (Mup-complex) excreted in mouse urine, has been studied electrophoretically both on starch gel and on cellogel. On stargel six anodally migrating protein bands were observed. These bands are designated component 3, 2', 1, and 4 (i.e. two bands) in the order of decreasing mobility toward the anode. The slower protein band of component 4 on starch gel was not observed on cellogel. By testing mouse inbred strains, we were able to dinstinguish five male and four female Mup phenotypes. Test crosses suggested a four-allelic (a, b, c, d,) variation with regard to components 2', 2 and 1: 'group A' strains showed component 1, 'group B' strains components 1 and 2, 'group C' and 'group F' strains none, and 'group D' strains showed components 1 and 2'. Component 3 may be encoded by another Mup locus, although no crossing-over has been observed: presence (A, B, D, and F strains), absence (C strains). Insufficiently reproducible demonstration of the variation with regard to component 4, forced us to exclude this component for strain distinction. The Mup phenotypes described, can be useful for the detection of certain strain contaminations, especially if F1 hybrid Mup phenotypes are distinguishable.", "contents": "Genetically determined electrophoretic variants of the major urinary protein (Mup) complex in mouse urine. The major urinary protein (Mup-complex) excreted in mouse urine, has been studied electrophoretically both on starch gel and on cellogel. On stargel six anodally migrating protein bands were observed. These bands are designated component 3, 2', 1, and 4 (i.e. two bands) in the order of decreasing mobility toward the anode. The slower protein band of component 4 on starch gel was not observed on cellogel. By testing mouse inbred strains, we were able to dinstinguish five male and four female Mup phenotypes. Test crosses suggested a four-allelic (a, b, c, d,) variation with regard to components 2', 2 and 1: 'group A' strains showed component 1, 'group B' strains components 1 and 2, 'group C' and 'group F' strains none, and 'group D' strains showed components 1 and 2'. Component 3 may be encoded by another Mup locus, although no crossing-over has been observed: presence (A, B, D, and F strains), absence (C strains). Insufficiently reproducible demonstration of the variation with regard to component 4, forced us to exclude this component for strain distinction. The Mup phenotypes described, can be useful for the detection of certain strain contaminations, especially if F1 hybrid Mup phenotypes are distinguishable.", "PMID": 507473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7350", "title": "An unusual transferrin variant in sheep.", "content": "An unusual variant, Tf Aw, has been found in sheep transferrins. It position in starch gel electrophoresis is identical with the variant Tf A, but the intensity of corresponding bands is substantially lower. Family analyses prove that the variant Aw is genetically controlled and represents either the product of an unusual allele Tf Aw or the interaction between the allele Tf A and a hypothetical modifying locus.", "contents": "An unusual transferrin variant in sheep. An unusual variant, Tf Aw, has been found in sheep transferrins. It position in starch gel electrophoresis is identical with the variant Tf A, but the intensity of corresponding bands is substantially lower. Family analyses prove that the variant Aw is genetically controlled and represents either the product of an unusual allele Tf Aw or the interaction between the allele Tf A and a hypothetical modifying locus.", "PMID": 507474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7351", "title": "Analysis of alloantisera against bovine lymphocytes. Joint report of the 1st International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) workshop.", "content": "The results and agreements of the 1 international BoLA workshop, held in Edinburgh, Scotland in August 1978, are reported. Most of these concern the results from a comparison test of 249 alloantisera to bovine lymphocytes, the antisera being contributed by 9 laboratories. These sera were compared directly in Edinburgh on a panel of lymphocytes from 130 cattle of 21 breeds. In the microlymphocytotoxicity test used 75% of the sera reacted. Sixty eight of these sera were grouped into clusters according to their reaction patterns against the lymphocyte panel. Eleven of these clusters were clearly defined and were given workshop BoLA designations. In addition 22 sera were assigned to subgroups of the agreed clusters. There was no evidence that the method of production of the sera had any effect on their specificity. Although genetic data was not available, the phenotypes of the test panel of lymphocytes are consistent with the clusters detecting antigens controlled by multiple alleles at a single autosomal locus. It was agreed to name the genetic region where this putative locus is located BoLA (bovine lymphocyte antigen).", "contents": "Analysis of alloantisera against bovine lymphocytes. Joint report of the 1st International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) workshop. The results and agreements of the 1 international BoLA workshop, held in Edinburgh, Scotland in August 1978, are reported. Most of these concern the results from a comparison test of 249 alloantisera to bovine lymphocytes, the antisera being contributed by 9 laboratories. These sera were compared directly in Edinburgh on a panel of lymphocytes from 130 cattle of 21 breeds. In the microlymphocytotoxicity test used 75% of the sera reacted. Sixty eight of these sera were grouped into clusters according to their reaction patterns against the lymphocyte panel. Eleven of these clusters were clearly defined and were given workshop BoLA designations. In addition 22 sera were assigned to subgroups of the agreed clusters. There was no evidence that the method of production of the sera had any effect on their specificity. Although genetic data was not available, the phenotypes of the test panel of lymphocytes are consistent with the clusters detecting antigens controlled by multiple alleles at a single autosomal locus. It was agreed to name the genetic region where this putative locus is located BoLA (bovine lymphocyte antigen).", "PMID": 507476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7352", "title": "Production of foetally stimulated lymphocytotoxic antibodies by primiparous cows.", "content": "Serum samples from groups of heifers at different pregnancy-related stages (preconception, month of pregnancy, and postpartum) were examined for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Only a few weak and transitory antibodies were observed before or during the first pregnancy. These did not appear to be foetally stimulated. Strong or medium strength antibodies were detected in first or second month postpartum samples from 8 of 27 heifers (30%). The reactive sera were in every case reactive with the offspring of the cows from which the respective sera were collected.", "contents": "Production of foetally stimulated lymphocytotoxic antibodies by primiparous cows. Serum samples from groups of heifers at different pregnancy-related stages (preconception, month of pregnancy, and postpartum) were examined for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Only a few weak and transitory antibodies were observed before or during the first pregnancy. These did not appear to be foetally stimulated. Strong or medium strength antibodies were detected in first or second month postpartum samples from 8 of 27 heifers (30%). The reactive sera were in every case reactive with the offspring of the cows from which the respective sera were collected.", "PMID": 507477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7353", "title": "Breed differences in frequency of BoLA specificities.", "content": "A total of 675 cattle of five purebred and one crossbred group were tested for lymphocyte antigens. The purebred animals represented progeny of 107 sires. Lymphocytotoxicity sera obtained from parous cows were used to detect six antigens which are controlled by codominant alleles at the BoLA-TxA locus. Gene frequencies for the six alleles varied within breeds and large differences were observed between breeds for a given allele.", "contents": "Breed differences in frequency of BoLA specificities. A total of 675 cattle of five purebred and one crossbred group were tested for lymphocyte antigens. The purebred animals represented progeny of 107 sires. Lymphocytotoxicity sera obtained from parous cows were used to detect six antigens which are controlled by codominant alleles at the BoLA-TxA locus. Gene frequencies for the six alleles varied within breeds and large differences were observed between breeds for a given allele.", "PMID": 507478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7354", "title": "Serum IgE levels in healthy black American children: a case for environmental influences on IgE.", "content": "Serum IgE was determined in 115 healthy, non-atopic black American children, aged 0-16 years, living in Urban Chicago. The mean IgE level varied from 1.48 u/ml at birth to 70 u/ml at adolescence. These values are comparable to those observed in American whites but differ significantly from the IgE levels of both African blacks and European Caucasians. Thus, environmental factors apparently exert a strong influence on IgE production in non-atopic individual.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in healthy black American children: a case for environmental influences on IgE. Serum IgE was determined in 115 healthy, non-atopic black American children, aged 0-16 years, living in Urban Chicago. The mean IgE level varied from 1.48 u/ml at birth to 70 u/ml at adolescence. These values are comparable to those observed in American whites but differ significantly from the IgE levels of both African blacks and European Caucasians. Thus, environmental factors apparently exert a strong influence on IgE production in non-atopic individual.", "PMID": 507479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7355", "title": "Terbutaline elixir in preschool children with chronic asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind, single-dose trial asthmatic children, ages two to six years, received 25, 50 or 100 ug/kg terbutaline and placebo on four consecutive days. After ingestion of all doses and placebo mean pulmonary index score and mean total respiratory resistance (Rrs), measured by forced oscillation decreased significantly at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, with maximal decrease at two hours. A dose response was apparent but was significant only between doses of 25 ug/kg and 50 ug/kg at four hours. Adverse effects included elevation of heart rate two hours after the 100 ug/kg dose and tremor. In a subsequent nine-week, single-blind trial clinical wheezing was completely prevented by terbutaline 50 ug/kg tid in five of eight patients and by 75 or 100 ug/kg tid in two patients. Baseline Rrs did not decrease. No adverse ophthalmologic, hematologic or biochemical changes were observed.", "contents": "Terbutaline elixir in preschool children with chronic asthma. In a double-blind, single-dose trial asthmatic children, ages two to six years, received 25, 50 or 100 ug/kg terbutaline and placebo on four consecutive days. After ingestion of all doses and placebo mean pulmonary index score and mean total respiratory resistance (Rrs), measured by forced oscillation decreased significantly at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, with maximal decrease at two hours. A dose response was apparent but was significant only between doses of 25 ug/kg and 50 ug/kg at four hours. Adverse effects included elevation of heart rate two hours after the 100 ug/kg dose and tremor. In a subsequent nine-week, single-blind trial clinical wheezing was completely prevented by terbutaline 50 ug/kg tid in five of eight patients and by 75 or 100 ug/kg tid in two patients. Baseline Rrs did not decrease. No adverse ophthalmologic, hematologic or biochemical changes were observed.", "PMID": 507480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7356", "title": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. II. Correlations of skin tests with mold frequency.", "content": "A mold survey in and out of the homes of 145 allergy patients was conducted over the course of a year and frequency of mold recovery was correlated with skin test reactivity in 131 of these patients. The highest percentage correlation with positive skin test and finding mold in the home was with Cladosporium. Penicillium and Alternaria, while Helminthosporium, Fusarium, Aureobasidium (Pullularia) and Mucor each had correlations of one percent or less. The 0-10 age group was the most skin test reactive to molds in general while the over-50 age group was the least reactive. The percentage of patients sensitive to Alternaria also responding to other mold antigens was the highest with Helminthosporium. Since Helminthosporium was rarely recovered in this survey the data suggest that cross reactivity and not dual reactivity between Alternaria and Helminthosporium is occurring.", "contents": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. II. Correlations of skin tests with mold frequency. A mold survey in and out of the homes of 145 allergy patients was conducted over the course of a year and frequency of mold recovery was correlated with skin test reactivity in 131 of these patients. The highest percentage correlation with positive skin test and finding mold in the home was with Cladosporium. Penicillium and Alternaria, while Helminthosporium, Fusarium, Aureobasidium (Pullularia) and Mucor each had correlations of one percent or less. The 0-10 age group was the most skin test reactive to molds in general while the over-50 age group was the least reactive. The percentage of patients sensitive to Alternaria also responding to other mold antigens was the highest with Helminthosporium. Since Helminthosporium was rarely recovered in this survey the data suggest that cross reactivity and not dual reactivity between Alternaria and Helminthosporium is occurring.", "PMID": 507481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7357", "title": "The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on immediate skin reactions and metabolic responses in asthmatic patients.", "content": "The varied effects of intradermal injection of isoproterenol and propranolol on the immediate skin reaction were studied in relation to the metabolic responses to the intravenous injection of epinephrine. In asthmatic patients whose skin reaction was not suppressed with 10(-7) M isoproterenol, the hyperglycemic response after the injection of epinephrine was significantly reduced.", "contents": "The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on immediate skin reactions and metabolic responses in asthmatic patients. The varied effects of intradermal injection of isoproterenol and propranolol on the immediate skin reaction were studied in relation to the metabolic responses to the intravenous injection of epinephrine. In asthmatic patients whose skin reaction was not suppressed with 10(-7) M isoproterenol, the hyperglycemic response after the injection of epinephrine was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 507483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7358", "title": "An ultrastructural study on the interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the chicken tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Seven-day-old chickens wee intratracheally inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The tracheas collected 6 and 14 days after chickens were inoculated were subjected to titration of mycoplasma and examination by light and electron microscopy. The mycoplasma organisms grew well; 10(7) to 10(8) color-changing units in a milligram of tissue were determined. Tracheal lesions occurred in close association with the presence of mycoplasmas and were characterized by degeneration of the epithelial cells and inflammatory cellular infiltration of the mucosa. Mycoplasmas were predominantly found extracellularly and only rarely in phagocytic vacuoles of the epithelial cells. Although the mycoplasmas exhibited considerable pleomorphism in size and shape, most of them were oval or round, and the largest diameters were between 300 and 700 mn. Elongated and irregular forms were also observed, particularly in those mycoplasmas adhering to the epithelial cells. The organism had a limiting unit membrane, the fibrillar nuclear area, the peripheral cytoplasmic area containing numerous ribosomes, and a terminal bleb structure. Mycoplasmas attached to the epithelial cells by their blebs close to the host cell membrane. At the attachment site, neither fusion of the membranes of the mycoplasma and host cell nor injury to the host cell membrane could be demonstrated. Nevertheless, seemingly, the intimate association between the adhering mycoplasmas and the epithelial cells might be an important factor in pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study on the interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the chicken tracheal epithelium. Seven-day-old chickens wee intratracheally inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The tracheas collected 6 and 14 days after chickens were inoculated were subjected to titration of mycoplasma and examination by light and electron microscopy. The mycoplasma organisms grew well; 10(7) to 10(8) color-changing units in a milligram of tissue were determined. Tracheal lesions occurred in close association with the presence of mycoplasmas and were characterized by degeneration of the epithelial cells and inflammatory cellular infiltration of the mucosa. Mycoplasmas were predominantly found extracellularly and only rarely in phagocytic vacuoles of the epithelial cells. Although the mycoplasmas exhibited considerable pleomorphism in size and shape, most of them were oval or round, and the largest diameters were between 300 and 700 mn. Elongated and irregular forms were also observed, particularly in those mycoplasmas adhering to the epithelial cells. The organism had a limiting unit membrane, the fibrillar nuclear area, the peripheral cytoplasmic area containing numerous ribosomes, and a terminal bleb structure. Mycoplasmas attached to the epithelial cells by their blebs close to the host cell membrane. At the attachment site, neither fusion of the membranes of the mycoplasma and host cell nor injury to the host cell membrane could be demonstrated. Nevertheless, seemingly, the intimate association between the adhering mycoplasmas and the epithelial cells might be an important factor in pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 507485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7359", "title": "Luminal lymphoid cells of the cloacal bursa.", "content": "Following cloacal bursal lavage of 1- to 4-week-old White Leghorn chickens, substantial numbers of viable mononuclear cells can be demonstrated in the effluent. These cells are predominantly lymphocytes and have been examined by light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Their possible origin, fate, and function are discussed.", "contents": "Luminal lymphoid cells of the cloacal bursa. Following cloacal bursal lavage of 1- to 4-week-old White Leghorn chickens, substantial numbers of viable mononuclear cells can be demonstrated in the effluent. These cells are predominantly lymphocytes and have been examined by light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Their possible origin, fate, and function are discussed.", "PMID": 507486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7360", "title": "Survey of leptospiral agglutinins in the sera of swine of southeastern Alabama.", "content": "The occurrence of leptospirosis in swine of southeastern Alabama was determined. A total of 627 sera were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, with live antigens of 12 serovars. Of the sera tested, 121 (19.3%) had a titer of 1:100 or greater to the serovars employed. The percentage distribution of sera with titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 among serovars most commonly reported was as follows: Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, 3.8%; icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.3%; canicola, 1.6%; hardjo, 0.7%; and grippotyphosa, 0.16%. Of the less commonly recognized leptospiral serovars, the percentages reacting were as follows: ballum, 4.9%; autumnalis, 3.2%; pyrogenes, 1.1%; and bataviae, 0.4%. None of the sera reacted with antigen of serovars australis, tarassovi, or wolffi.", "contents": "Survey of leptospiral agglutinins in the sera of swine of southeastern Alabama. The occurrence of leptospirosis in swine of southeastern Alabama was determined. A total of 627 sera were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, with live antigens of 12 serovars. Of the sera tested, 121 (19.3%) had a titer of 1:100 or greater to the serovars employed. The percentage distribution of sera with titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 among serovars most commonly reported was as follows: Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, 3.8%; icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.3%; canicola, 1.6%; hardjo, 0.7%; and grippotyphosa, 0.16%. Of the less commonly recognized leptospiral serovars, the percentages reacting were as follows: ballum, 4.9%; autumnalis, 3.2%; pyrogenes, 1.1%; and bataviae, 0.4%. None of the sera reacted with antigen of serovars australis, tarassovi, or wolffi.", "PMID": 507487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7361", "title": "Fascicular nerve biopsy in the dog.", "content": "A nerve fascicular biopsy technique that preserves the functional integrity of the parent nerve is reported in the dog. Fascicular biopsies from ulnar and peroneal nerves did not produce clinical sensory or motor deficits. Electrodiagnostic testing for the modalities of latency, duration, amplitude, and conduction velocities were not markedly altered after fascicular biopsies. Morphometric analysis of muscle fiber types, delineated by histochemic techniques, revealed no statistical (P greater than 0.05) difference between muscles from biopsied or control limbs. Fascicular biopsies resulted in small neuromas in all dogs.", "contents": "Fascicular nerve biopsy in the dog. A nerve fascicular biopsy technique that preserves the functional integrity of the parent nerve is reported in the dog. Fascicular biopsies from ulnar and peroneal nerves did not produce clinical sensory or motor deficits. Electrodiagnostic testing for the modalities of latency, duration, amplitude, and conduction velocities were not markedly altered after fascicular biopsies. Morphometric analysis of muscle fiber types, delineated by histochemic techniques, revealed no statistical (P greater than 0.05) difference between muscles from biopsied or control limbs. Fascicular biopsies resulted in small neuromas in all dogs.", "PMID": 507488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7362", "title": "Efficacy of avermectin B1a against microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Avermectin B1a given at a dose level of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg of body weight caused rapid removal of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae from the blood of dogs with heartworm infections. If the adult worms were also killed with an arsenical (melarsoprol), the removal of microfilariae was permanent.", "contents": "Efficacy of avermectin B1a against microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. Avermectin B1a given at a dose level of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg of body weight caused rapid removal of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae from the blood of dogs with heartworm infections. If the adult worms were also killed with an arsenical (melarsoprol), the removal of microfilariae was permanent.", "PMID": 507489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7363", "title": "Canine atypical malignant lymphoma.", "content": "An instance of canine malignant lymphoma with some similarities to human Hodgkin's disease is described. Although the clinical data were all within normal limits, the histopathologic changes indicated that in many organs, the normal cell architecture was replaced by a pleomorphic cell population.", "contents": "Canine atypical malignant lymphoma. An instance of canine malignant lymphoma with some similarities to human Hodgkin's disease is described. Although the clinical data were all within normal limits, the histopathologic changes indicated that in many organs, the normal cell architecture was replaced by a pleomorphic cell population.", "PMID": 507490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7364", "title": "Survival of contagious equine metritis bacteria in transport media.", "content": "Survival of bacteria that cause contagious equine metritis (CEM) was evaluated in Amies modified transport (AMT) medium, in AMT medium with charcoal, and in Stuart transport medium at 37, 22, 4, and -70 C. The CEM bacteria suspended in transport media survived at 22, 4, and -70 C for longer periods in AMT medium with charcoal than they did in AMT and Stuart transport media. In 1 day, the number of bacteria in exudate stored in the absence of any transport medium decreased 15-fold at 22 C and twofold at 4 C. The CEM bacteria were isolated from exudate on cotton-tipped swabs from all three transport media at 4 and -70 C on day 10, the termination of the experiment. However at 4 C, the survival of CEM bacteria was greater in AMT medium with charcoal than it was in AMT and Stuart transport media.", "contents": "Survival of contagious equine metritis bacteria in transport media. Survival of bacteria that cause contagious equine metritis (CEM) was evaluated in Amies modified transport (AMT) medium, in AMT medium with charcoal, and in Stuart transport medium at 37, 22, 4, and -70 C. The CEM bacteria suspended in transport media survived at 22, 4, and -70 C for longer periods in AMT medium with charcoal than they did in AMT and Stuart transport media. In 1 day, the number of bacteria in exudate stored in the absence of any transport medium decreased 15-fold at 22 C and twofold at 4 C. The CEM bacteria were isolated from exudate on cotton-tipped swabs from all three transport media at 4 and -70 C on day 10, the termination of the experiment. However at 4 C, the survival of CEM bacteria was greater in AMT medium with charcoal than it was in AMT and Stuart transport media.", "PMID": 507491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7365", "title": "Prevalence of mycoplasmal bovine mastitis in California.", "content": "Seven species of mycoplasma plus one or more unknown species were found to cause bovine mastitis in California. Both the frequency of cases and number of species of mycoplasma in samples received at the laboratory have increased from 1976 to 1978. By survey, nearly 4% of samples of bulk tank milk from dairy farms were found to contain mycoplasma of potential pathogenic significance. Acholeplasma laidlawii was frequently isolated from samples both from cows and from farm bulk tanks during wet, rainy weather in the spring of 1978, apparently as contaminants only. The prevalence of positive bulk tank milk samples in an area appeared to parallel the prevalence of clinical mycoplasmal mastitis problem herds.", "contents": "Prevalence of mycoplasmal bovine mastitis in California. Seven species of mycoplasma plus one or more unknown species were found to cause bovine mastitis in California. Both the frequency of cases and number of species of mycoplasma in samples received at the laboratory have increased from 1976 to 1978. By survey, nearly 4% of samples of bulk tank milk from dairy farms were found to contain mycoplasma of potential pathogenic significance. Acholeplasma laidlawii was frequently isolated from samples both from cows and from farm bulk tanks during wet, rainy weather in the spring of 1978, apparently as contaminants only. The prevalence of positive bulk tank milk samples in an area appeared to parallel the prevalence of clinical mycoplasmal mastitis problem herds.", "PMID": 507492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7366", "title": "Appositional bone formation rates in the Beagle.", "content": "Measurements of haversian appositional bone formation rates were carried out on 400 haversian systems in 28-month-old standardized research colony-raised Beagles, using the midshaft of the 11th rib. The appositional bone formation rate was gradual and regular when the circumference of the outer tetracycline ring was more than 0.35 mm, but the regularity of the measured rate disappeared when the outer tetracycline ring circumference was less than 0.35 mm. Erroneous conclusions could be drawn from measurements of appositional bone formation rate in these animals if this fact were not taken into consideration, and we concluded that in pre- and postexperimental biopsy sections in the ribs of these animals, haversian systems with tetracycline ring circumferences above 0.35 mm must be measured in both situations if the differences in appositional bone formation rate are to be construed as being truly significant.", "contents": "Appositional bone formation rates in the Beagle. Measurements of haversian appositional bone formation rates were carried out on 400 haversian systems in 28-month-old standardized research colony-raised Beagles, using the midshaft of the 11th rib. The appositional bone formation rate was gradual and regular when the circumference of the outer tetracycline ring was more than 0.35 mm, but the regularity of the measured rate disappeared when the outer tetracycline ring circumference was less than 0.35 mm. Erroneous conclusions could be drawn from measurements of appositional bone formation rate in these animals if this fact were not taken into consideration, and we concluded that in pre- and postexperimental biopsy sections in the ribs of these animals, haversian systems with tetracycline ring circumferences above 0.35 mm must be measured in both situations if the differences in appositional bone formation rate are to be construed as being truly significant.", "PMID": 507493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7367", "title": "Intraconal contrast orbitography in the dog.", "content": "Intraconal contrast orbitograms were obtained, using a nonionic water-soluble contrast agent, on 15 normal dogs to evaluate the technique and to define the basal orbitogram. Thirty-three intraconal orbitograms were prepared, utilizing three different injection techniques. In 21 of the intraconal orbitograms, the orbital cone was well outlined with contrast or with the optic nerve visible (or both). These were judged to be of satisfactory diagnostic quality. In the 12 other studies, the presence of most of the contrast material outside the orbital cone resulted in failure to identify the intraconal structures. These were, therefore, classified as nondiagnostic. The contrast agent used provided an adequate density and persisted in the orbital cone long enough for radiograms to be obtained. Serious complications did not appear during the study. Intraconal orbitography provides a safe method for evaluating the orbital cone.", "contents": "Intraconal contrast orbitography in the dog. Intraconal contrast orbitograms were obtained, using a nonionic water-soluble contrast agent, on 15 normal dogs to evaluate the technique and to define the basal orbitogram. Thirty-three intraconal orbitograms were prepared, utilizing three different injection techniques. In 21 of the intraconal orbitograms, the orbital cone was well outlined with contrast or with the optic nerve visible (or both). These were judged to be of satisfactory diagnostic quality. In the 12 other studies, the presence of most of the contrast material outside the orbital cone resulted in failure to identify the intraconal structures. These were, therefore, classified as nondiagnostic. The contrast agent used provided an adequate density and persisted in the orbital cone long enough for radiograms to be obtained. Serious complications did not appear during the study. Intraconal orbitography provides a safe method for evaluating the orbital cone.", "PMID": 507494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7368", "title": "Evaluation of gamma radiation therapy in experimentally induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs.", "content": "Acute bile-trypsin pancreatitis was induced in two groups of six dogs each. One group was given supportive treatment only; the second group was treated with irradiation of the pancreas (400 rad). A third group of six dogs was irradiated, but pancreatitis was not induced. A 13-fold increase in survival time was observed in the dogs with pancreatitis which had been irradiated. Irradiation alone was found to reduce the volume of pancreatic secretion with a relative increase in trypsin content. Modification of the inflammatory reaction by irradiation and reduction in pancreatic secretion probably account for the therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Evaluation of gamma radiation therapy in experimentally induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs. Acute bile-trypsin pancreatitis was induced in two groups of six dogs each. One group was given supportive treatment only; the second group was treated with irradiation of the pancreas (400 rad). A third group of six dogs was irradiated, but pancreatitis was not induced. A 13-fold increase in survival time was observed in the dogs with pancreatitis which had been irradiated. Irradiation alone was found to reduce the volume of pancreatic secretion with a relative increase in trypsin content. Modification of the inflammatory reaction by irradiation and reduction in pancreatic secretion probably account for the therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 507495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7369", "title": "Adrenocortical suppression in dogs on daily and alternate-day prednisone administration.", "content": "Three groups of eight normal dogs each were orally given prednisone at doses of 0.22 mg/kg of body weight/day, 0.55 mg/kg/day, or 1.1 mg/kg on alternate mornings. Four dogs served as nontreated controls. Samples were obtained from members of each group to determine baseline serum cortisol and ACTH-stimulated cortisol values and histologic features in the lateral thoracic skin before prednisone administration, and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of administration. Some animals from each group were necropsied after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of prednisone administration. Each course of prednisone administration resulted in adrenocortical atrophy and hypofunction, but adrenocortical suppression was less severe and slower in onset in the group given prednisone on alternate days. Extra-adrenal effects observed were atrophy of the skin and focal, fatty change of the liver. These changes were most evident in dogs given daily pharmacologic doses of prednisone (0.55 mg/kg/day). Fewer extra-adrenal effects were observed in dogs given alternate-day therapy. There were no extra-adrenal lesions in the dogs given equivalent glucocorticoid replacement doses (0.22 mg/kg/day).", "contents": "Adrenocortical suppression in dogs on daily and alternate-day prednisone administration. Three groups of eight normal dogs each were orally given prednisone at doses of 0.22 mg/kg of body weight/day, 0.55 mg/kg/day, or 1.1 mg/kg on alternate mornings. Four dogs served as nontreated controls. Samples were obtained from members of each group to determine baseline serum cortisol and ACTH-stimulated cortisol values and histologic features in the lateral thoracic skin before prednisone administration, and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of administration. Some animals from each group were necropsied after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of prednisone administration. Each course of prednisone administration resulted in adrenocortical atrophy and hypofunction, but adrenocortical suppression was less severe and slower in onset in the group given prednisone on alternate days. Extra-adrenal effects observed were atrophy of the skin and focal, fatty change of the liver. These changes were most evident in dogs given daily pharmacologic doses of prednisone (0.55 mg/kg/day). Fewer extra-adrenal effects were observed in dogs given alternate-day therapy. There were no extra-adrenal lesions in the dogs given equivalent glucocorticoid replacement doses (0.22 mg/kg/day).", "PMID": 507496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7370", "title": "Variations in the canine thoracic duct system and the effects of surgical occlusion demonstrated by rapid aqueous lymphography, using an intestinal lymphatic trunk.", "content": "An alternative method for lymphography was developed in an attempt to improve the outlining of the thoracic duct system. Lymphograms obtained on 20 normal dogs demonstrated a large extent of anatomic variation. A complete obstruction of the thoracic duct was created in six dogs through transpleural resection and ligation. The lymphatic system responded by opening lymphaticovenous anastomoses proximal to the site of obstruction.", "contents": "Variations in the canine thoracic duct system and the effects of surgical occlusion demonstrated by rapid aqueous lymphography, using an intestinal lymphatic trunk. An alternative method for lymphography was developed in an attempt to improve the outlining of the thoracic duct system. Lymphograms obtained on 20 normal dogs demonstrated a large extent of anatomic variation. A complete obstruction of the thoracic duct was created in six dogs through transpleural resection and ligation. The lymphatic system responded by opening lymphaticovenous anastomoses proximal to the site of obstruction.", "PMID": 507497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7371", "title": "Feline lymphocytes: observations on surface membrane concanavalin A receptor mobility.", "content": "The mechanics of concanavalin A receptor mobility of the feline lymphocyte surface membrane were investigated, utilizing fluorescein-labeled lectin to quantitate lymphocyte capping. The results of this study indicated that lectin concentration and buffer selection were critical for extensive receptor redistribution with cap formation of feline lymphocytes. Maximal capping was obtained with 50 microgram of concanavalin A/ml of minimal essential medium. The mean capping rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased significantly with colchicine exposure at 10(-7) M concentration. The mean values of capping increased slightly with advancing age of feline donors, although this difference was not statistically significant. Concurrent work has indicated that concanavalin A capping may be useful in the study of immunosuppression in feline leukemia virus-infected cats.", "contents": "Feline lymphocytes: observations on surface membrane concanavalin A receptor mobility. The mechanics of concanavalin A receptor mobility of the feline lymphocyte surface membrane were investigated, utilizing fluorescein-labeled lectin to quantitate lymphocyte capping. The results of this study indicated that lectin concentration and buffer selection were critical for extensive receptor redistribution with cap formation of feline lymphocytes. Maximal capping was obtained with 50 microgram of concanavalin A/ml of minimal essential medium. The mean capping rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased significantly with colchicine exposure at 10(-7) M concentration. The mean values of capping increased slightly with advancing age of feline donors, although this difference was not statistically significant. Concurrent work has indicated that concanavalin A capping may be useful in the study of immunosuppression in feline leukemia virus-infected cats.", "PMID": 507498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7372", "title": "Transfer of insulin-binding antibodies from nanny goats to kids.", "content": "In 30 female goats hyperimmunized with bovine insulin, antibody concentrations in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were taken from the newborn lambs immediately after birth and during the 12 weeks thereafter. Twin lambs were separated and reared in either a colostrum-fed or a colostrum-deprived group. Bovine insulin was added to the milk rations of colostrum-deprived lambs. At the age of 10 weeks, these kids were given a single dose of 1 IU of insulin in combination with complete Freund's adjuvant. Colostrum from nanny goats was also secured for further investigations. Most of the hyperimmunized adult goats responded with the development of insulin antibodies. Their kids were born without these specific immunoglobulins, but several hours after they were allowed to suckle colostrum, the antibody concentration reached values comparable with the values measured in the nanny's blood. Colostrum-deprived kids did not show an increase in binding capacity. The addition of insulin to the milk rations of bottle-fed kids did not act as a primer in antibody production. Immunoglobulins in blood serum of nanny goats and kids and in colostral whey belong mainly to the IgG class. These results indicate that in goats, maternal insulin antibodies are transferred from nanny to offspring only by colostrum.", "contents": "Transfer of insulin-binding antibodies from nanny goats to kids. In 30 female goats hyperimmunized with bovine insulin, antibody concentrations in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were taken from the newborn lambs immediately after birth and during the 12 weeks thereafter. Twin lambs were separated and reared in either a colostrum-fed or a colostrum-deprived group. Bovine insulin was added to the milk rations of colostrum-deprived lambs. At the age of 10 weeks, these kids were given a single dose of 1 IU of insulin in combination with complete Freund's adjuvant. Colostrum from nanny goats was also secured for further investigations. Most of the hyperimmunized adult goats responded with the development of insulin antibodies. Their kids were born without these specific immunoglobulins, but several hours after they were allowed to suckle colostrum, the antibody concentration reached values comparable with the values measured in the nanny's blood. Colostrum-deprived kids did not show an increase in binding capacity. The addition of insulin to the milk rations of bottle-fed kids did not act as a primer in antibody production. Immunoglobulins in blood serum of nanny goats and kids and in colostral whey belong mainly to the IgG class. These results indicate that in goats, maternal insulin antibodies are transferred from nanny to offspring only by colostrum.", "PMID": 507499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7373", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in the horse.", "content": "Ketamine HCl was administered IV to xylazine HCl-treated horses. The plasma concentration of ketamine was measured several times after administration of the drug and these data were used to develop a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The distribution and the elimination phase half-lives averaged 2.9 and 42 minutes. The volume of the central compartment averaged 212 ml/kg of body weight and the volume of the peripheral compartment was approximately threefold larger. The total body clearance of ketamine averaged 26.6 ml/minute/kg. Plasma protein binding of ketamine averaged 50% over the concentration limits of 0.3 to 20 microgram/ml. The duration of anesthesia from a single 2.2 mg/kg IV bolus dose of ketamine HCl appeared to be determined largely by distribution; 40% of this dose was predicted to remain in the horse at the time of its recovery from anesthesia.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in the horse. Ketamine HCl was administered IV to xylazine HCl-treated horses. The plasma concentration of ketamine was measured several times after administration of the drug and these data were used to develop a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The distribution and the elimination phase half-lives averaged 2.9 and 42 minutes. The volume of the central compartment averaged 212 ml/kg of body weight and the volume of the peripheral compartment was approximately threefold larger. The total body clearance of ketamine averaged 26.6 ml/minute/kg. Plasma protein binding of ketamine averaged 50% over the concentration limits of 0.3 to 20 microgram/ml. The duration of anesthesia from a single 2.2 mg/kg IV bolus dose of ketamine HCl appeared to be determined largely by distribution; 40% of this dose was predicted to remain in the horse at the time of its recovery from anesthesia.", "PMID": 507501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7374", "title": "Physiologic alterations in the horse produced by food and water deprivation during periods of high environmental temperatures.", "content": "Eight normal horses were held without access to food or water for 72 hours during a period of high environmental temperatures. During this period, the horses had an average weight loss of 51.6 kg (10.7% of body weight). Highly significant (P less than 0.001) decreases in extracellular fluid volume (18.6 L) and plasma volume (5 L) were observed during this period as compared with base-line values. Plasma protein, sodium, chloride, and osmolality progressively increased in response to the dehydration, whereas packed cell volume, plasma potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate were not significantly altered. The dehydration and clinicopathologic alterations produced were similar to those observed in other species in which the principal problem was a water deficit. After the end of the experimental dehydration period, the horses replaced 62% of the weight loss during a 1-hour period with access to water only.", "contents": "Physiologic alterations in the horse produced by food and water deprivation during periods of high environmental temperatures. Eight normal horses were held without access to food or water for 72 hours during a period of high environmental temperatures. During this period, the horses had an average weight loss of 51.6 kg (10.7% of body weight). Highly significant (P less than 0.001) decreases in extracellular fluid volume (18.6 L) and plasma volume (5 L) were observed during this period as compared with base-line values. Plasma protein, sodium, chloride, and osmolality progressively increased in response to the dehydration, whereas packed cell volume, plasma potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate were not significantly altered. The dehydration and clinicopathologic alterations produced were similar to those observed in other species in which the principal problem was a water deficit. After the end of the experimental dehydration period, the horses replaced 62% of the weight loss during a 1-hour period with access to water only.", "PMID": 507502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7375", "title": "Effect of exercise, phenylbutazone, and furosemide on the plasma renin activity and angiotensin I in horses.", "content": "Circulating concentrations of angiotensin I and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in 45 Thoroughbreds before prerace medication (at rest), 1 to 1 1/2 hours before racing but after prerace medication (prerace), within 15 minutes after racing (immediately postrace), and between 1 to 2 hours after racing. Angiotensin I was measured by radioimmunoassay, and PRA was determined by the rate of generation of angiotensin I in plasma incubated at 37 C. Irrespective of prerace medication, there was a marked increase in angiotensin I (0.478 +/- 0.034 to 0.848 +/- 0.051 ng/ml) and PRA (0.191 +/- 0.018 to 0.522 +/- 0.061 ng/hour/ml) from the at-rest samples to the immediate-postrace samples, with the exception of anhidrotic horses in which increases in angiotensin I (0.7131 +/- 0.0794 to 0.8081 +/- 0.0608 ng/ml) and PRA (0.1635 +/- 0.0379 to 0.2176 +/- 0.0437 ng/hour/ml) were not as marked as they were in other horses. Administration of 1 mg of furosemide/kg 2 hours before racing caused an increase in PRA from 0.2438 +/- 0.0324 to 0.3706 +/- 0.1110 ng/hour/ml, whereas horses under the influence of 4 mg of phenylbutazone/kg had a decrease in PRA from 0.2090 +/- 0.0440 to 0.0669 +/- 0.0206 ng/hour/ml. Marked increases in angiotensin I and in PRA did not occur when horses were administered furosemide and phenylbutazone as prerace medication.", "contents": "Effect of exercise, phenylbutazone, and furosemide on the plasma renin activity and angiotensin I in horses. Circulating concentrations of angiotensin I and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in 45 Thoroughbreds before prerace medication (at rest), 1 to 1 1/2 hours before racing but after prerace medication (prerace), within 15 minutes after racing (immediately postrace), and between 1 to 2 hours after racing. Angiotensin I was measured by radioimmunoassay, and PRA was determined by the rate of generation of angiotensin I in plasma incubated at 37 C. Irrespective of prerace medication, there was a marked increase in angiotensin I (0.478 +/- 0.034 to 0.848 +/- 0.051 ng/ml) and PRA (0.191 +/- 0.018 to 0.522 +/- 0.061 ng/hour/ml) from the at-rest samples to the immediate-postrace samples, with the exception of anhidrotic horses in which increases in angiotensin I (0.7131 +/- 0.0794 to 0.8081 +/- 0.0608 ng/ml) and PRA (0.1635 +/- 0.0379 to 0.2176 +/- 0.0437 ng/hour/ml) were not as marked as they were in other horses. Administration of 1 mg of furosemide/kg 2 hours before racing caused an increase in PRA from 0.2438 +/- 0.0324 to 0.3706 +/- 0.1110 ng/hour/ml, whereas horses under the influence of 4 mg of phenylbutazone/kg had a decrease in PRA from 0.2090 +/- 0.0440 to 0.0669 +/- 0.0206 ng/hour/ml. Marked increases in angiotensin I and in PRA did not occur when horses were administered furosemide and phenylbutazone as prerace medication.", "PMID": 507503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7376", "title": "Effects of postural drainage, exercise, and cough on mucus clearance in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The effects of postural drainage, exercise, and cough on mucus clearance were compared in 8 patients with chronic bronchitis. A bolus of 99mTc albumin aerosol was inhaled at a high inspiratory flow rate to enhance proximal deposition. Retention of deposited aerosol in the lung, as a function of time, was quantified using a gamma camera and subsequent computer analysis. Coughing greatly accelerated total lung (P less than 0.005) and peripheral (P less than 0.005) mucus clearance. Exercise resulted in much smaller changes than did cough, but significantly increased total lung clearance (P less than 0.005). Postural drainage in which coughing was prohibited did not alter clearance. These results have therapeutic implications and stress the importance of controlling cough when evaluating therapeutic interventions by these techniques.", "contents": "Effects of postural drainage, exercise, and cough on mucus clearance in chronic bronchitis. The effects of postural drainage, exercise, and cough on mucus clearance were compared in 8 patients with chronic bronchitis. A bolus of 99mTc albumin aerosol was inhaled at a high inspiratory flow rate to enhance proximal deposition. Retention of deposited aerosol in the lung, as a function of time, was quantified using a gamma camera and subsequent computer analysis. Coughing greatly accelerated total lung (P less than 0.005) and peripheral (P less than 0.005) mucus clearance. Exercise resulted in much smaller changes than did cough, but significantly increased total lung clearance (P less than 0.005). Postural drainage in which coughing was prohibited did not alter clearance. These results have therapeutic implications and stress the importance of controlling cough when evaluating therapeutic interventions by these techniques.", "PMID": 507505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7377", "title": "Effects of sulfur oxides and respirable particles on human health. Methodology and demography of populations in study.", "content": "As part of a study of health effects of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, we have established a cohort of adults 25 to 74 yr of age in 6 communities who will be followed prospectively. At the conclusion of our first cycle of measuring the health of adults in 6 sites we found that, although we used different sampling frames, our samples were close to the distribution shown in the U.S. Census for age, sex, and occupation, with the possible exception of one city. Analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that for both age- and height-adjusted values for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and for selected rates of various respiratory symptoms standardized for age, differences among smoking groups were apparent. Differences in these parameters between sites suggest trends that were associated with levels of pollution. Further analyses of the prospective data currently being collected will be required before definitive statements can be made about the effect of specific levels of exposure.", "contents": "Effects of sulfur oxides and respirable particles on human health. Methodology and demography of populations in study. As part of a study of health effects of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, we have established a cohort of adults 25 to 74 yr of age in 6 communities who will be followed prospectively. At the conclusion of our first cycle of measuring the health of adults in 6 sites we found that, although we used different sampling frames, our samples were close to the distribution shown in the U.S. Census for age, sex, and occupation, with the possible exception of one city. Analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that for both age- and height-adjusted values for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and for selected rates of various respiratory symptoms standardized for age, differences among smoking groups were apparent. Differences in these parameters between sites suggest trends that were associated with levels of pollution. Further analyses of the prospective data currently being collected will be required before definitive statements can be made about the effect of specific levels of exposure.", "PMID": 507507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7378", "title": "Analysis of the cores of asbestos bodies from members of the general population: patients with probable low-degree exposure to asbestos.", "content": "Asbestos bodies were isolated from the lungs of 21 patients who had 300 to 9,000 of such bodies/g of lung tissue, a concentration frequently found in manual laborers in the general population who are not primary asbestos workers. All of the 123 bodies examined by electron diffraction produced diffraction patterns consistent with amphibole varieties of asbestos. Electron microprobe analysis (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) of 46 bodies revealed that 38 of the cores were composed of the commercial amphiboles, amosite and crocidolite, whereas only 8 were composed of the noncommercial amphiboles, anthophyllite and tremolite. Review of the occupations of these patients revealed that all but one had blue-collar jobs. For many of these persons, putative sources of asbestos exposure such as construction work could be defined, but for some, the source could not be determined. One woman was apparently exposed to asbestos in the practice of her hobby of ceramics, in which she used anthophyllite-contaminated clay. We concluded that commercial amosite/crocidolite asbestos forms the cores of most asbestos bodies in manual laborers in the general population and that the source is usually occupational.", "contents": "Analysis of the cores of asbestos bodies from members of the general population: patients with probable low-degree exposure to asbestos. Asbestos bodies were isolated from the lungs of 21 patients who had 300 to 9,000 of such bodies/g of lung tissue, a concentration frequently found in manual laborers in the general population who are not primary asbestos workers. All of the 123 bodies examined by electron diffraction produced diffraction patterns consistent with amphibole varieties of asbestos. Electron microprobe analysis (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) of 46 bodies revealed that 38 of the cores were composed of the commercial amphiboles, amosite and crocidolite, whereas only 8 were composed of the noncommercial amphiboles, anthophyllite and tremolite. Review of the occupations of these patients revealed that all but one had blue-collar jobs. For many of these persons, putative sources of asbestos exposure such as construction work could be defined, but for some, the source could not be determined. One woman was apparently exposed to asbestos in the practice of her hobby of ceramics, in which she used anthophyllite-contaminated clay. We concluded that commercial amosite/crocidolite asbestos forms the cores of most asbestos bodies in manual laborers in the general population and that the source is usually occupational.", "PMID": 507508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7379", "title": "Hypoxemia during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Arterial oxygenation at rest and during maximal treadmill exercise was studied in a group of 17 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients who developed exertional hypoxemia (subgroup 1) were compared to others who did not (subgroup 2). There was no significant difference between the 2 subgroups at rest in terms of mixed venous PO2, cardiac output, or venous admixture. Subgroup 1 had more severe respiratory impairment than subgroup 2, but there was marked overlap of their respective lung volumes and flows. Both subgroups showed the same extent of desaturation of mixed venous blood during maximal treadmill exercise, so that exertional hypoxemia cannot be explained on the basis of low mixed venous O2. The marked difference between subgroup 1 and subgroup 2 was that the latter showed decreased venous admixture on exercise. Because of the relative constancy of mixed venous blood desaturation, arterial saturation was closely correlated with venous admixture both at rest (r = 0.931) and during exercise (r = 0.985).", "contents": "Hypoxemia during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arterial oxygenation at rest and during maximal treadmill exercise was studied in a group of 17 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients who developed exertional hypoxemia (subgroup 1) were compared to others who did not (subgroup 2). There was no significant difference between the 2 subgroups at rest in terms of mixed venous PO2, cardiac output, or venous admixture. Subgroup 1 had more severe respiratory impairment than subgroup 2, but there was marked overlap of their respective lung volumes and flows. Both subgroups showed the same extent of desaturation of mixed venous blood during maximal treadmill exercise, so that exertional hypoxemia cannot be explained on the basis of low mixed venous O2. The marked difference between subgroup 1 and subgroup 2 was that the latter showed decreased venous admixture on exercise. Because of the relative constancy of mixed venous blood desaturation, arterial saturation was closely correlated with venous admixture both at rest (r = 0.931) and during exercise (r = 0.985).", "PMID": 507509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7380", "title": "Experimental chemotherapy of histoplasmosis in nude mice.", "content": "Nude (nu/nu) mice were infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and treated with varying doses of 3 drug regimens: oral ambruticin, intraperitoneal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B plus oral rifampin. Therapy with amphotericin B alone was the most effective regimen. High-dose ambruticin (50 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours) led to significantly prolonged survival compared to that of untreated control animals, but no long-term cures. Addition of rifampin produced no benefit and might actually have decreased the efficacy of amphotericin B; this combination may be deleterious in a setting of immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Experimental chemotherapy of histoplasmosis in nude mice. Nude (nu/nu) mice were infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and treated with varying doses of 3 drug regimens: oral ambruticin, intraperitoneal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B plus oral rifampin. Therapy with amphotericin B alone was the most effective regimen. High-dose ambruticin (50 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours) led to significantly prolonged survival compared to that of untreated control animals, but no long-term cures. Addition of rifampin produced no benefit and might actually have decreased the efficacy of amphotericin B; this combination may be deleterious in a setting of immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 507510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7381", "title": "The effect of a respiratory tract infection on histamine-induced changes in lung mechanics and irritant receptor discharge in dogs.", "content": "The effects of intravenously administered histamine on total lung resistance (RL), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), and the discharge of lung irritant receptors have been measured in normal dogs and in dogs whose upper respiratory tract was naturally infected with the organism Bordetella bronchiseptica. The resting values for RL and irritant receptor discharge were similar for the infected and control dogs, but Cdyn was significantly lower in the infected group of dogs. Intravenous administration of 20 microgram of histamine/kg of body weight produced significantly greater direct and reflex changes in RL in the infected dogs than in the control animals. The changes in Cdyn in both groups of animals were similar. Intravenous administration of histamine (20 microgram/kg) produced a significantly greater increase in the rate of discharge of lung irritant receptors found in infected dogs than in control dogs. A possible mechanism responsible for the hyperreactivity to histamine is seen in the hypersensitivity of the irritant receptors introduced by the epithelial lesions observed in the infected dogs.", "contents": "The effect of a respiratory tract infection on histamine-induced changes in lung mechanics and irritant receptor discharge in dogs. The effects of intravenously administered histamine on total lung resistance (RL), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), and the discharge of lung irritant receptors have been measured in normal dogs and in dogs whose upper respiratory tract was naturally infected with the organism Bordetella bronchiseptica. The resting values for RL and irritant receptor discharge were similar for the infected and control dogs, but Cdyn was significantly lower in the infected group of dogs. Intravenous administration of 20 microgram of histamine/kg of body weight produced significantly greater direct and reflex changes in RL in the infected dogs than in the control animals. The changes in Cdyn in both groups of animals were similar. Intravenous administration of histamine (20 microgram/kg) produced a significantly greater increase in the rate of discharge of lung irritant receptors found in infected dogs than in control dogs. A possible mechanism responsible for the hyperreactivity to histamine is seen in the hypersensitivity of the irritant receptors introduced by the epithelial lesions observed in the infected dogs.", "PMID": 507511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7382", "title": "Lung mucociliary clearance after anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation.", "content": "Anesthesia and controlled ventilation for 2 h delays mucociliary clearance from the lung. To elucidate the contribution of controlled ventilation, mucociliary clearance was assessed by tantalum bronchography and serial chest roentgenograms in 6 dogs. After an induction dose of 25 mg of thiopental/kg of body weight, tantalum insufflation, and immediate recovery from anesthesia, 7 +/- 7 per cent of the tantalum remained in peripheral airways at 6 h. This was not significantly different from the 16 +/- 7 per cent remaining at 6 hours when the dogs had breathed humidified air spontaneously through an endotracheal tube during 2 hours of anesthesia with thiopental (total, 40 mg/kg of body weight). However, when ventilation was controlled during 2 h of anesthesia with 40 mg of thiopental/kg, with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg or 30 ml/kg, and with a partially deflated endotracheal tube cuff, 43 +/- 11 per cent and 48 +/- 9 per cent of the tantalum, respectively, remained in peripheral airways at 6 h. We conclude that peripheral lung mucociliary clearance is delayed by mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube, even with an inspiratory air leak, independent of the tidal volume chosen.", "contents": "Lung mucociliary clearance after anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Anesthesia and controlled ventilation for 2 h delays mucociliary clearance from the lung. To elucidate the contribution of controlled ventilation, mucociliary clearance was assessed by tantalum bronchography and serial chest roentgenograms in 6 dogs. After an induction dose of 25 mg of thiopental/kg of body weight, tantalum insufflation, and immediate recovery from anesthesia, 7 +/- 7 per cent of the tantalum remained in peripheral airways at 6 h. This was not significantly different from the 16 +/- 7 per cent remaining at 6 hours when the dogs had breathed humidified air spontaneously through an endotracheal tube during 2 hours of anesthesia with thiopental (total, 40 mg/kg of body weight). However, when ventilation was controlled during 2 h of anesthesia with 40 mg of thiopental/kg, with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg or 30 ml/kg, and with a partially deflated endotracheal tube cuff, 43 +/- 11 per cent and 48 +/- 9 per cent of the tantalum, respectively, remained in peripheral airways at 6 h. We conclude that peripheral lung mucociliary clearance is delayed by mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube, even with an inspiratory air leak, independent of the tidal volume chosen.", "PMID": 507512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7383", "title": "Aspergillosis and atopy in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were studied for colonization and sensitization by Aspergillus organisms. The fungus was cultured from 21 of 37 (57%) patients who produced sputum. The non-CF sputum isolation rate was 6.5%. Sputum hyphae were seen in 95% of patients with positive cultures. Sputum eosinophilia accompanied colonization by Aspergillus. Aspergillus precipitins were found in 37% of CF patients; positive immediate skin tests were found in 39%. \"Atopy\" defined by skin test criteria was found in 46%. All of these findings were more common in patients with more severe disease (p less than 0.05). CF patients had predominant mold sensitivity in contrast to predominant pollen sensitivity in a control group of asthmatic subjects. Serum IgE concentrations were increased in 22% of CF patients. CF patients who had increased serum concentrations of IgE were more likely to have a family history of atopy. Wheezing was more common in those who were atopic, especially the group with predominant mold sensitivity who had more severe disease. Four patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) during the time of study and follow-up. A fifth patient had ABPA diagnosed before the study. The incidence of ABPA during a 2-yr period in our CF population was 11%.", "contents": "Aspergillosis and atopy in cystic fibrosis. Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were studied for colonization and sensitization by Aspergillus organisms. The fungus was cultured from 21 of 37 (57%) patients who produced sputum. The non-CF sputum isolation rate was 6.5%. Sputum hyphae were seen in 95% of patients with positive cultures. Sputum eosinophilia accompanied colonization by Aspergillus. Aspergillus precipitins were found in 37% of CF patients; positive immediate skin tests were found in 39%. \"Atopy\" defined by skin test criteria was found in 46%. All of these findings were more common in patients with more severe disease (p less than 0.05). CF patients had predominant mold sensitivity in contrast to predominant pollen sensitivity in a control group of asthmatic subjects. Serum IgE concentrations were increased in 22% of CF patients. CF patients who had increased serum concentrations of IgE were more likely to have a family history of atopy. Wheezing was more common in those who were atopic, especially the group with predominant mold sensitivity who had more severe disease. Four patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) during the time of study and follow-up. A fifth patient had ABPA diagnosed before the study. The incidence of ABPA during a 2-yr period in our CF population was 11%.", "PMID": 507513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7384", "title": "Effect of infusing histamine into pulmonary or bronchial artery on sheep pulmonary fluid balance.", "content": "We determined the dose-response curve for the effect of histamine on pulmonary fluid and protein exchange when histamine was infused directly into the bronchial artery or pulmonary circulation in anesthetized sheep with a right thoracotomy and an acutely prepared lung lymph fistula. We measured pulmonary hemodynamics, lung lymph flow, and lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratios in 14 sheep. We infused histamine at constant rates of 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 micrograms/kg . min until a steady state was achieved at each level for 1 h. In the bronchial circulation the lowest effective dose of histamine was 1 microgram/kg . min, which increased lymph flow at constant ratio of lymph to plasma protein concentration. Lymph flow increased further as the dose of infused histamine increased. Infusions into the pulmonary circulation had similar effects, but in addition, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased. The dose-response curves for the effects of histamine on lung lymph and protein flow were identical for the 2 routes of infusion. The effect of histamine was to increase lung microvascular permeability modestly. We conclude that the site of continued action of histamine is probably in the pulmonary microcirculation, because for any given infusion rate, the local concentration of histamine in the bronchial microcirculation must be much greater than that in the pulmonary microcirculation because the ratio of blood flows is so different.", "contents": "Effect of infusing histamine into pulmonary or bronchial artery on sheep pulmonary fluid balance. We determined the dose-response curve for the effect of histamine on pulmonary fluid and protein exchange when histamine was infused directly into the bronchial artery or pulmonary circulation in anesthetized sheep with a right thoracotomy and an acutely prepared lung lymph fistula. We measured pulmonary hemodynamics, lung lymph flow, and lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratios in 14 sheep. We infused histamine at constant rates of 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 micrograms/kg . min until a steady state was achieved at each level for 1 h. In the bronchial circulation the lowest effective dose of histamine was 1 microgram/kg . min, which increased lymph flow at constant ratio of lymph to plasma protein concentration. Lymph flow increased further as the dose of infused histamine increased. Infusions into the pulmonary circulation had similar effects, but in addition, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased. The dose-response curves for the effects of histamine on lung lymph and protein flow were identical for the 2 routes of infusion. The effect of histamine was to increase lung microvascular permeability modestly. We conclude that the site of continued action of histamine is probably in the pulmonary microcirculation, because for any given infusion rate, the local concentration of histamine in the bronchial microcirculation must be much greater than that in the pulmonary microcirculation because the ratio of blood flows is so different.", "PMID": 507514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7385", "title": "Transport of water and solutes across sheep visceral pleura.", "content": "The fluid and solute transport properties of pleural tissue were studied using specimens of intact visceral pleura from adult sheep lungs. After thoracotomy, a shallow incision through the pleural surface permitted 10-cm2 by 10-micrometer pieces of visceral pleura free of lung parenchyma to be peeled off the lung surface. The pleura was then mounted as a planar sheet separating 2 reservoirs of Krebs-Ringer solution. Electrical potential and resistance, hydraulic water permeability, and diffusional permeability to water and several hydrophilic solutes were measured. The results showed that (1) no spontaneous voltage difference was present across the pleura; (2) electrical resistance (27.1 omega/cm2) was very low; (3) hydraulic water permeability was extremely high (1.64 X 10(-8) ml/dyne-s); and (4) diffusional permeability was high, varying from 5.24 X 10(-4) cm/s for water to 4 X 10(-5) cm/s for hemoglobin. Blue dextran (molecular weight, 2 X 10(6) daltons) did not cross the pleura in measurable quantities. We concluded that the isolated visceral pleura of the adult sheep is an extremely \"leaky\" tissue that probably does not actively transport salt and water. These findings are consistent with a passive model of pleural fluid formation and reabsorption, and suggest that the transport properties of normal pleural tissue are unlikely to be responsible for any differences in composition between interstitial and pleural fluids.", "contents": "Transport of water and solutes across sheep visceral pleura. The fluid and solute transport properties of pleural tissue were studied using specimens of intact visceral pleura from adult sheep lungs. After thoracotomy, a shallow incision through the pleural surface permitted 10-cm2 by 10-micrometer pieces of visceral pleura free of lung parenchyma to be peeled off the lung surface. The pleura was then mounted as a planar sheet separating 2 reservoirs of Krebs-Ringer solution. Electrical potential and resistance, hydraulic water permeability, and diffusional permeability to water and several hydrophilic solutes were measured. The results showed that (1) no spontaneous voltage difference was present across the pleura; (2) electrical resistance (27.1 omega/cm2) was very low; (3) hydraulic water permeability was extremely high (1.64 X 10(-8) ml/dyne-s); and (4) diffusional permeability was high, varying from 5.24 X 10(-4) cm/s for water to 4 X 10(-5) cm/s for hemoglobin. Blue dextran (molecular weight, 2 X 10(6) daltons) did not cross the pleura in measurable quantities. We concluded that the isolated visceral pleura of the adult sheep is an extremely \"leaky\" tissue that probably does not actively transport salt and water. These findings are consistent with a passive model of pleural fluid formation and reabsorption, and suggest that the transport properties of normal pleural tissue are unlikely to be responsible for any differences in composition between interstitial and pleural fluids.", "PMID": 507515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7386", "title": "Large airway obstruction secondary to endobronchial coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "When clinically apparent, coccidioidomycosis usually presents either as an interstitial pulmonary infiltrate or, later in its course, a parenchymal nodule often with cavitation. The present report concerns a young adult woman whose presentation was one of shortness of breath with wheezing and stridor, secondary to a localized endobronchial coccidiodal granuloma producing nearly complete obstruction of the right mainstem bronchus. Such a presentation has not been reported previously in an adult. The possible association of serious fungal disease with previous jejunoileal bypass surgery is discussed.", "contents": "Large airway obstruction secondary to endobronchial coccidioidomycosis. When clinically apparent, coccidioidomycosis usually presents either as an interstitial pulmonary infiltrate or, later in its course, a parenchymal nodule often with cavitation. The present report concerns a young adult woman whose presentation was one of shortness of breath with wheezing and stridor, secondary to a localized endobronchial coccidiodal granuloma producing nearly complete obstruction of the right mainstem bronchus. Such a presentation has not been reported previously in an adult. The possible association of serious fungal disease with previous jejunoileal bypass surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 507516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7387", "title": "The effect of smoking cessation on pulmonary function: a 30-month follow-up of two smoking cessation clinics.", "content": "To obtain further information about the effects of cessation of smoking on pulmonary function, we followed subjects who attended 2 smoking cessation clinics during a period of 30 months. This paper reports the results from 15 persons who succeeded in stopping smoking for the full 30-month period and from 42 who did not succeed for more than one month. Testing included a respiratory questionnaire, spirometry, and the single-breath N2 test. Standardized methods, the same equipment, and the same experienced personnel were used throughout the study. We found that forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity, closing capacity as a percentage of total lung capacity, and the slope of the alveolar plateau of the single-breath N2 test all improved significantly in the subjects who stopped smoking. This improvement continued for as long as 6 to 8 months, and then remained stable. There was no sex difference in the response to smoking cessation, nor could we find a threshold of function below which cessation did not result in improvement. On the contrary, those subjects with the greatest impairment initially showed the greatest improvement. Respiratory symptoms virtually disappeared in those who stopped smoking. Subjects who continued to smoke showed an initial improvement in some function tests, probably due to a marked decrease in consumption, but no significant improvement during the whole period. We concluded from this study that cessation of smoking results in definite improvement in pulmonary function, that there is greater improvement in persons who begin with impaired function than in those whose function is initially normal, that respiratory symptoms disappear rapidly.", "contents": "The effect of smoking cessation on pulmonary function: a 30-month follow-up of two smoking cessation clinics. To obtain further information about the effects of cessation of smoking on pulmonary function, we followed subjects who attended 2 smoking cessation clinics during a period of 30 months. This paper reports the results from 15 persons who succeeded in stopping smoking for the full 30-month period and from 42 who did not succeed for more than one month. Testing included a respiratory questionnaire, spirometry, and the single-breath N2 test. Standardized methods, the same equipment, and the same experienced personnel were used throughout the study. We found that forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity, closing capacity as a percentage of total lung capacity, and the slope of the alveolar plateau of the single-breath N2 test all improved significantly in the subjects who stopped smoking. This improvement continued for as long as 6 to 8 months, and then remained stable. There was no sex difference in the response to smoking cessation, nor could we find a threshold of function below which cessation did not result in improvement. On the contrary, those subjects with the greatest impairment initially showed the greatest improvement. Respiratory symptoms virtually disappeared in those who stopped smoking. Subjects who continued to smoke showed an initial improvement in some function tests, probably due to a marked decrease in consumption, but no significant improvement during the whole period. We concluded from this study that cessation of smoking results in definite improvement in pulmonary function, that there is greater improvement in persons who begin with impaired function than in those whose function is initially normal, that respiratory symptoms disappear rapidly.", "PMID": 507517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7388", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in pulmonary macrophages from rabbits breathing iron oxide.", "content": "The effects of an in vivo exposure to a nontoxic particle, iron oxide, on lysosomal hydrolases in pulmonary macrophages were examined. Rabbits breathed a submicron-sized aerosol of iron oxide for 3 h (mass concentration, 186 to 222 mg/m3). Macrophages were recovered by lung lavage 0, 12, 18, and 24 h later. The number of cells lavaged after iron oxide was significantly greater than the control number, whereas the amount of protein recovered per 10(8) cells decreased, suggesting the influx of smaller cells. Macrophages from animals exposed to iron oxide reacted histochemically for acid phosphatase showed increased stain intensity and redistribution of enzyme within the cytoplasm. Considerable cell-to-cell variability in enzyme activity was evident in these macrophages. Homogenates of cells exposed to iron oxide assayed for 6 lysosomal acid hydrolases showed little change in specific activity or in total enzyme per 10(8) cells when compared to homogenates of cells from control animals. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that exposure to iron oxide caused an increase in lysosome heterogeneity over that seen in control preparations and the appearance of a population of lysosomes of increased density. An aerosol of iron oxide did not greatly alter the average concentrations of lysosomal enzymes in pulmonary macrophages, but did stimulate recruitment of new cells and thus increases the total amount of some enzymes in the lung.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in pulmonary macrophages from rabbits breathing iron oxide. The effects of an in vivo exposure to a nontoxic particle, iron oxide, on lysosomal hydrolases in pulmonary macrophages were examined. Rabbits breathed a submicron-sized aerosol of iron oxide for 3 h (mass concentration, 186 to 222 mg/m3). Macrophages were recovered by lung lavage 0, 12, 18, and 24 h later. The number of cells lavaged after iron oxide was significantly greater than the control number, whereas the amount of protein recovered per 10(8) cells decreased, suggesting the influx of smaller cells. Macrophages from animals exposed to iron oxide reacted histochemically for acid phosphatase showed increased stain intensity and redistribution of enzyme within the cytoplasm. Considerable cell-to-cell variability in enzyme activity was evident in these macrophages. Homogenates of cells exposed to iron oxide assayed for 6 lysosomal acid hydrolases showed little change in specific activity or in total enzyme per 10(8) cells when compared to homogenates of cells from control animals. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that exposure to iron oxide caused an increase in lysosome heterogeneity over that seen in control preparations and the appearance of a population of lysosomes of increased density. An aerosol of iron oxide did not greatly alter the average concentrations of lysosomal enzymes in pulmonary macrophages, but did stimulate recruitment of new cells and thus increases the total amount of some enzymes in the lung.", "PMID": 507519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7389", "title": "Generation and use of three types of iron-oxide aerosol.", "content": "Three distinct submicrometric aerosols of iron oxide can be reproducibly generated by combustion of iron pentacarbonyl vapors under varying conditions. Each aerosol was sized with a concentric aerosol spectrometer and was examined with an electron microscope; the specific surface area of each aerosol type was also determined. The \"feathers\" hematite has a man median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.17 micrometer and a large surface area because it is an agglomerate of units 0.005 micrometer in diameter. The \"birdshot\" hematite has a MMAD of 0.31 micrometer, but has a smaller surface area because the subunits are 0.03 micrometer in diameter. The third aerosol, \"gamma-oxide,\" has a MMAD of 0.73 micrometer and has crystalline subunits 0.2 micrometer in diameter; it is a magnetic form of hematite, gamma-Fe2O3. These aerosols are well suited for studies of deposition and clearance in animal lungs because the particles can be visualized in both light and electron microscopy and can be quantified colorimetrically. The magnetic properties of gamma-Fe2O3 permit enhancement of deposition and noninvasive detection.", "contents": "Generation and use of three types of iron-oxide aerosol. Three distinct submicrometric aerosols of iron oxide can be reproducibly generated by combustion of iron pentacarbonyl vapors under varying conditions. Each aerosol was sized with a concentric aerosol spectrometer and was examined with an electron microscope; the specific surface area of each aerosol type was also determined. The \"feathers\" hematite has a man median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.17 micrometer and a large surface area because it is an agglomerate of units 0.005 micrometer in diameter. The \"birdshot\" hematite has a MMAD of 0.31 micrometer, but has a smaller surface area because the subunits are 0.03 micrometer in diameter. The third aerosol, \"gamma-oxide,\" has a MMAD of 0.73 micrometer and has crystalline subunits 0.2 micrometer in diameter; it is a magnetic form of hematite, gamma-Fe2O3. These aerosols are well suited for studies of deposition and clearance in animal lungs because the particles can be visualized in both light and electron microscopy and can be quantified colorimetrically. The magnetic properties of gamma-Fe2O3 permit enhancement of deposition and noninvasive detection.", "PMID": 507520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7390", "title": "The significance of wheezing in chronic airflow obstruction.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with chronic airflow obstruction were examined prospectively to determine the relationships among wheezing intensity, severity of obstruction, and response to inhaled isoproterenol. For each patient, expiratory wheezing scores were assigned during deep unforced breathing and during forced vital capacity efforts at spirometry. Unforced wheezing scores were independently correlated with severity of obstruction (r = 0.42) and bronchodilator response (r = 0.46), but these correlations did not permit consistent prediction of either variable for clinical purposes. The highest wheezing scores, however, were uniformly associated with moderate or severe obstruction. Twenty-nine of 48 patients with wheezing but only 3 of 35 patients without wheezing demonstrated 15% or greater improvement in one-second forced expiratory volume after bronchodilator inhalation (p less than 0.001). Wheezing during forced exhalation was not correlated with either degree of obstruction or bronchodilator response.", "contents": "The significance of wheezing in chronic airflow obstruction. Eighty-three patients with chronic airflow obstruction were examined prospectively to determine the relationships among wheezing intensity, severity of obstruction, and response to inhaled isoproterenol. For each patient, expiratory wheezing scores were assigned during deep unforced breathing and during forced vital capacity efforts at spirometry. Unforced wheezing scores were independently correlated with severity of obstruction (r = 0.42) and bronchodilator response (r = 0.46), but these correlations did not permit consistent prediction of either variable for clinical purposes. The highest wheezing scores, however, were uniformly associated with moderate or severe obstruction. Twenty-nine of 48 patients with wheezing but only 3 of 35 patients without wheezing demonstrated 15% or greater improvement in one-second forced expiratory volume after bronchodilator inhalation (p less than 0.001). Wheezing during forced exhalation was not correlated with either degree of obstruction or bronchodilator response.", "PMID": 507523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7391", "title": "Changes in pulmonary function after naturally acquired respiratory infection in normal persons.", "content": "Changes in pulmonary function due to naturally occurring respiratory tract infection were examinated in 26 normal healthy volunteers during a period of 6 months. Forced expiratory maneuvers in each volunteer were recorded at 2-wk intervals throughout the study and daily during illness. Significant impairment of peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and maximal mid-expiratory flow rate at 50% of the vital capacity was observed during infection, whereas changes in the maximal expiratory flow rate at 75% of vital capacity were nonsignificant. From these results, we conclude that large airways are certainly affected during uncomplicated respiratory infections in normal healthy persons and from the changes observed in FVC we suggest that more widespread involvement of the small airways may occur.", "contents": "Changes in pulmonary function after naturally acquired respiratory infection in normal persons. Changes in pulmonary function due to naturally occurring respiratory tract infection were examinated in 26 normal healthy volunteers during a period of 6 months. Forced expiratory maneuvers in each volunteer were recorded at 2-wk intervals throughout the study and daily during illness. Significant impairment of peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and maximal mid-expiratory flow rate at 50% of the vital capacity was observed during infection, whereas changes in the maximal expiratory flow rate at 75% of vital capacity were nonsignificant. From these results, we conclude that large airways are certainly affected during uncomplicated respiratory infections in normal healthy persons and from the changes observed in FVC we suggest that more widespread involvement of the small airways may occur.", "PMID": 507524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7392", "title": "Detection of respiratory mechanical dysfunction by forced random noise impedance parameters.", "content": "Respiratory mechanical parameters were computed from forced random noise impedance data in normal adults (group 1), asymptomatic smokers (group 2), and patients with obstructive pulmonary disease (group 3). Mean values for all derived parameters were significantly different (p less than 0.025) for group 3. Mean values of resonant frequency, the ratio of low-frequency (5 to 9 Hz) resistance to high-frequency resistance (15 to 19 Hz), and conductance normalized by height, were significantly different (p less than 0.05) between groups 1 and 2. This approach appears to yield respiratory mechanical parameters that are sensitive to mechanical alterations induced by early pulmonary disease. The rapid, noninvasive, and effort-independent nature of this approach make it especially useful for epidemiologic studies and for studies of \"noncooperative\" subjects.", "contents": "Detection of respiratory mechanical dysfunction by forced random noise impedance parameters. Respiratory mechanical parameters were computed from forced random noise impedance data in normal adults (group 1), asymptomatic smokers (group 2), and patients with obstructive pulmonary disease (group 3). Mean values for all derived parameters were significantly different (p less than 0.025) for group 3. Mean values of resonant frequency, the ratio of low-frequency (5 to 9 Hz) resistance to high-frequency resistance (15 to 19 Hz), and conductance normalized by height, were significantly different (p less than 0.05) between groups 1 and 2. This approach appears to yield respiratory mechanical parameters that are sensitive to mechanical alterations induced by early pulmonary disease. The rapid, noninvasive, and effort-independent nature of this approach make it especially useful for epidemiologic studies and for studies of \"noncooperative\" subjects.", "PMID": 507525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7393", "title": "Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases.", "content": "Blastomycosis is not generally recognized to be a self-limited pulmonary infection. We report 13 patients with blastomycosis who followed a self-limited course. Presenting complaints were usually those of an acute pulmonary infection with fever, productive cough, and pleurtiic chest pain. The duration of symtpoms before diagnosis was usuallms were variable and not diagnostic. The blastomycin skin test and complement-fixing serologies to blastomycin were generally not helpful. In all patients the diagnosis was made by either cultural or visual identification of the organism from sputum, bronchial washings, or pleural fluid. All patients were improving both clinically and by chest roentgenograms by the time the diagnosis was reached, and thus therapy was withheld. Follow-up of these 13 patients ranged from 5 months to 8 yr (mean, 43 months), and in no instance has there been any evidence of reactivation of the illness.", "contents": "Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases. Blastomycosis is not generally recognized to be a self-limited pulmonary infection. We report 13 patients with blastomycosis who followed a self-limited course. Presenting complaints were usually those of an acute pulmonary infection with fever, productive cough, and pleurtiic chest pain. The duration of symtpoms before diagnosis was usuallms were variable and not diagnostic. The blastomycin skin test and complement-fixing serologies to blastomycin were generally not helpful. In all patients the diagnosis was made by either cultural or visual identification of the organism from sputum, bronchial washings, or pleural fluid. All patients were improving both clinically and by chest roentgenograms by the time the diagnosis was reached, and thus therapy was withheld. Follow-up of these 13 patients ranged from 5 months to 8 yr (mean, 43 months), and in no instance has there been any evidence of reactivation of the illness.", "PMID": 507527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7394", "title": "IgA and IgG antibody activities of serum and bronchoalveolar fluid from symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders.", "content": "Serum IgA and IgG antibody activities against pigeon serum were measured in 16 symptomatic pigeon breeders, 20 asymptomatic pigeon breeders, and 3 normal subjects by radioimmunoassay. The IgA and IgG antibody activities against pigeon antigen of the group of patients with disease was significantly greater than those of patients in the asymptomatic and the control group. The overlap of results for the symptomatic and asymptomatic breeders limits the diagnostic value of these individual IgA or IgG antibody determinations. Bronchoalveolar fluid and serum samples from a smaller group of pigeon breeders who underwent lung lavage were available for studies of antibody activity against pigeon serum. Ten asymptomatic and 6 symptomatic breeders were available for study. Both IgG and IgA antibody activities were detected by radioimmunoassay in serum samples and bronchoalveolar fluid. The IgA antibody activity determined by the radioimmunoassay was higher in the respiratory secretions.", "contents": "IgA and IgG antibody activities of serum and bronchoalveolar fluid from symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders. Serum IgA and IgG antibody activities against pigeon serum were measured in 16 symptomatic pigeon breeders, 20 asymptomatic pigeon breeders, and 3 normal subjects by radioimmunoassay. The IgA and IgG antibody activities against pigeon antigen of the group of patients with disease was significantly greater than those of patients in the asymptomatic and the control group. The overlap of results for the symptomatic and asymptomatic breeders limits the diagnostic value of these individual IgA or IgG antibody determinations. Bronchoalveolar fluid and serum samples from a smaller group of pigeon breeders who underwent lung lavage were available for studies of antibody activity against pigeon serum. Ten asymptomatic and 6 symptomatic breeders were available for study. Both IgG and IgA antibody activities were detected by radioimmunoassay in serum samples and bronchoalveolar fluid. The IgA antibody activity determined by the radioimmunoassay was higher in the respiratory secretions.", "PMID": 507528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7395", "title": "Increased alveolar epithelial permeability with acid aspiration: the effects of high-dose steroids.", "content": "Using the in vivo, liquid-filled dog lung model, we found that aspriation of acid with a pH of 2.5 or less led to increased alveolar epithelial permeability for albumin (molecular weight, 69,000 daltons; molecular radius, 35 a) and exogenously administered, polydispersed dextrans (molecular weight, 150,000 to 170,000 daltons: approximately molecular radius, 100 a). This increased permeability occurred with a large-volume (3 to 5 ml/kg) or small-volume (1 to 1.5 ml/kg) aspirate and with acid nebulization (1 to 1.5 ml/kg). When animals were either pretreated (30 min before aspiration) or post-treated (30 min after aspiration) with 30 mg of methylprednisolone/kg of body weight, there was no improvement in the increased permeability associated with acid aspiration. We conclude that, acutely, steroids have no effect on the increased alveolar epithelial permeability associated with acid aspiration.", "contents": "Increased alveolar epithelial permeability with acid aspiration: the effects of high-dose steroids. Using the in vivo, liquid-filled dog lung model, we found that aspriation of acid with a pH of 2.5 or less led to increased alveolar epithelial permeability for albumin (molecular weight, 69,000 daltons; molecular radius, 35 a) and exogenously administered, polydispersed dextrans (molecular weight, 150,000 to 170,000 daltons: approximately molecular radius, 100 a). This increased permeability occurred with a large-volume (3 to 5 ml/kg) or small-volume (1 to 1.5 ml/kg) aspirate and with acid nebulization (1 to 1.5 ml/kg). When animals were either pretreated (30 min before aspiration) or post-treated (30 min after aspiration) with 30 mg of methylprednisolone/kg of body weight, there was no improvement in the increased permeability associated with acid aspiration. We conclude that, acutely, steroids have no effect on the increased alveolar epithelial permeability associated with acid aspiration.", "PMID": 507529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7396", "title": "Normal lung growth and response after pneumonectomy in rats at various ages.", "content": "Lung growth was accompanied by alveolar multiplication in rats from 4 to 10 wk of age; the multiplication then ceased until 14 wk of age, and in this latter interval the alveolar walls appeared to lengthen. The relationship between size of surface alveoli and size of internal alveoli of the lower lobe changed with age, and the relationship was not altered by pneumonectomy. The surface alveoli were smaller than internal alveoli at 4 wk of age, the same size at 6 and 10 wk of age, and larger at 14 wk of age. Four-week-old rats responded to pneumonectomy with an increase in size of the contralateral lung and an increase in the number of alveoli. Direct alveolar counts did not show a significant increase in number of alveoli after pneumonectomy in 8- and 12-wk-old rats. the alveolar surface area incresed almost directly with the increase in gas-exchanging lung volume in 8-wk-old rats, suggesting that alveolar multiplication might have occurred. In 12-wk-old rats, however, the alveolar surface area increased to the 0.71 power of the increase in gas-exchanging lung volume, suggesting that alveolar enlargement, rather than alveolar multiplication, had occurred. Taken in conjunction with the data for growth in normal and sham-operated animals, these results suggest that compensatory alveolar multiplication is part of the adaptive response to pneumonectomy when this operation is performed at a time at which alveolar multiplication normally occurs. When pneumonectomy is performed after alveolar multiplication has ceased, the adaptive response is primarily one of air-space enlargement. Lung volume, weight, surface area, and protein responses to pneumonectomy were smaller at 12 wek of age than at 4 and 8 wk of age.", "contents": "Normal lung growth and response after pneumonectomy in rats at various ages. Lung growth was accompanied by alveolar multiplication in rats from 4 to 10 wk of age; the multiplication then ceased until 14 wk of age, and in this latter interval the alveolar walls appeared to lengthen. The relationship between size of surface alveoli and size of internal alveoli of the lower lobe changed with age, and the relationship was not altered by pneumonectomy. The surface alveoli were smaller than internal alveoli at 4 wk of age, the same size at 6 and 10 wk of age, and larger at 14 wk of age. Four-week-old rats responded to pneumonectomy with an increase in size of the contralateral lung and an increase in the number of alveoli. Direct alveolar counts did not show a significant increase in number of alveoli after pneumonectomy in 8- and 12-wk-old rats. the alveolar surface area incresed almost directly with the increase in gas-exchanging lung volume in 8-wk-old rats, suggesting that alveolar multiplication might have occurred. In 12-wk-old rats, however, the alveolar surface area increased to the 0.71 power of the increase in gas-exchanging lung volume, suggesting that alveolar enlargement, rather than alveolar multiplication, had occurred. Taken in conjunction with the data for growth in normal and sham-operated animals, these results suggest that compensatory alveolar multiplication is part of the adaptive response to pneumonectomy when this operation is performed at a time at which alveolar multiplication normally occurs. When pneumonectomy is performed after alveolar multiplication has ceased, the adaptive response is primarily one of air-space enlargement. Lung volume, weight, surface area, and protein responses to pneumonectomy were smaller at 12 wek of age than at 4 and 8 wk of age.", "PMID": 507530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7397", "title": "Basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and capillaries: quantitative changes with aging and in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Epithelial and capillary basal laminae (BL) of alveoli are significantly thicker in diabetics than they are in age-matched control subjects. The degree of thickening does not correlate significantly with patient age or with known duration of diabetes. The thickness of both types of BL in the lungs correlates significantly with thickness of BL in renal tubules and muscle capillaries. However, in muscle capillaries and in renal tubules, the BL deposits are 5 to 10 times greater than they are in the lungs. The effects of BL changes on pulmonary function remain to be explored.", "contents": "Basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and capillaries: quantitative changes with aging and in diabetes mellitus. Epithelial and capillary basal laminae (BL) of alveoli are significantly thicker in diabetics than they are in age-matched control subjects. The degree of thickening does not correlate significantly with patient age or with known duration of diabetes. The thickness of both types of BL in the lungs correlates significantly with thickness of BL in renal tubules and muscle capillaries. However, in muscle capillaries and in renal tubules, the BL deposits are 5 to 10 times greater than they are in the lungs. The effects of BL changes on pulmonary function remain to be explored.", "PMID": 507532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7398", "title": "Massive spontaneous hemoperitoneum due to rupture of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Review of 153 cases of massive spontaneous hemoperitoneum following visceral arterial rupture showed that 94% of all young women and 100% of all pregnant women had ruptured congenital splenic artery aneurysms at the time of hemorrhage, whereas young males bled from a variety of sources. Individuals who were 45 years old or older bled either from lesions of the celiac axis or its branches (66%) or from arterial mesenteric system lesions (34%). Only 22% of the older individuals of either sex bled from splenic artery sources. Arterial hypertension was present in 40% and previous or simultaneous intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 9% of the older patients. There were no survivors among those in whom the bleeding source was not operatively controlled. With operation, 79% of the younger patients and 57% of the older ones survived. Results emphasize the high mortality of visceral artery rupture with intraperitoneal bleeding. Prophylactic excision is advised for all complicated aneurysms regardless of age and all uncomplicated aneurysms in healthy individuals, especially in fertile or pregnent women.", "contents": "Massive spontaneous hemoperitoneum due to rupture of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. Review of 153 cases of massive spontaneous hemoperitoneum following visceral arterial rupture showed that 94% of all young women and 100% of all pregnant women had ruptured congenital splenic artery aneurysms at the time of hemorrhage, whereas young males bled from a variety of sources. Individuals who were 45 years old or older bled either from lesions of the celiac axis or its branches (66%) or from arterial mesenteric system lesions (34%). Only 22% of the older individuals of either sex bled from splenic artery sources. Arterial hypertension was present in 40% and previous or simultaneous intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 9% of the older patients. There were no survivors among those in whom the bleeding source was not operatively controlled. With operation, 79% of the younger patients and 57% of the older ones survived. Results emphasize the high mortality of visceral artery rupture with intraperitoneal bleeding. Prophylactic excision is advised for all complicated aneurysms regardless of age and all uncomplicated aneurysms in healthy individuals, especially in fertile or pregnent women.", "PMID": 507533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7399", "title": "Traumatic splenic injury: splenectomy vs. repair.", "content": "Splenectomy has been the standard treatment during this century for traumatic splenic injuries. Because of the association between asplenia and overwhelming sepsis, recent attempts have been made to repair injured spleens. Details of splenic anatomy and blood supply allow prediction of the usual type of splenic injury that can be repaired. By utilizing a topical hemostatic agent, capsular sutures, and arterial ligation, severely traumatized spleens have been repaired. Postoperative splenic scanning is available in assessing remaining splenic tissue. The present and future ramifications of reparative splenic surgery are presented.", "contents": "Traumatic splenic injury: splenectomy vs. repair. Splenectomy has been the standard treatment during this century for traumatic splenic injuries. Because of the association between asplenia and overwhelming sepsis, recent attempts have been made to repair injured spleens. Details of splenic anatomy and blood supply allow prediction of the usual type of splenic injury that can be repaired. By utilizing a topical hemostatic agent, capsular sutures, and arterial ligation, severely traumatized spleens have been repaired. Postoperative splenic scanning is available in assessing remaining splenic tissue. The present and future ramifications of reparative splenic surgery are presented.", "PMID": 507534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7400", "title": "Two-year review of hand infections at a municipal hospital.", "content": "Although an unromantic topic, the management of hand infection can tax the patience and skill of the modern day surgeon. The addition of antibiotics to the surgeon's armamentarium have made the job easier than in the days of Kanavel and Koch but has not altered the basic surgical principles of elevation, immobilization and properly planned drainage. Awareness of hand anatomy in relation to infection and awareness of special categories of problems are necessary in preventing crippling deformities in one of our most precious possessions--the hand.", "contents": "Two-year review of hand infections at a municipal hospital. Although an unromantic topic, the management of hand infection can tax the patience and skill of the modern day surgeon. The addition of antibiotics to the surgeon's armamentarium have made the job easier than in the days of Kanavel and Koch but has not altered the basic surgical principles of elevation, immobilization and properly planned drainage. Awareness of hand anatomy in relation to infection and awareness of special categories of problems are necessary in preventing crippling deformities in one of our most precious possessions--the hand.", "PMID": 507535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7401", "title": "Flexible sigmoidoscopy: is it of value?", "content": "The use of 60 cm flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope increases the potential for finding significant colonic disease beyond the cutomary 25 cm. Patient comfort and cost effectiveness recommended the procedure for routine examination and for short operating colonoscopy.", "contents": "Flexible sigmoidoscopy: is it of value? The use of 60 cm flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope increases the potential for finding significant colonic disease beyond the cutomary 25 cm. Patient comfort and cost effectiveness recommended the procedure for routine examination and for short operating colonoscopy.", "PMID": 507536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7402", "title": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa: changes in acetylcholinesterase activity.", "content": "Infiltration of the gastric fundic submucosa with 25 per cent ethyl alcohol markedly reduces the mean acetylcholinesterase rate of activity in the fundic mucosa and submucosa. This can be considered as evidence for a reduction in the acetylcholine concentration caused by a destruction of the submucosal plexus.", "contents": "Chemoneurolysis of the canine gastric submucosa: changes in acetylcholinesterase activity. Infiltration of the gastric fundic submucosa with 25 per cent ethyl alcohol markedly reduces the mean acetylcholinesterase rate of activity in the fundic mucosa and submucosa. This can be considered as evidence for a reduction in the acetylcholine concentration caused by a destruction of the submucosal plexus.", "PMID": 507538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7403", "title": "The use of stapling devices in the management of postgastrectomy syndromes.", "content": "By the use of the stapling devices, a large spectrum of postgastrectomy syndromes can be managed with minimal manipulation and dissection, shortened operative time, decreased blood loss and spillage, and reduced morbidity while attaining uniformly good amelioration of symptoms. As others have recommended, the application of these techniques at the primary procedure should be considered. The author's experience in ten primary procedures has been quite gratifying to date.", "contents": "The use of stapling devices in the management of postgastrectomy syndromes. By the use of the stapling devices, a large spectrum of postgastrectomy syndromes can be managed with minimal manipulation and dissection, shortened operative time, decreased blood loss and spillage, and reduced morbidity while attaining uniformly good amelioration of symptoms. As others have recommended, the application of these techniques at the primary procedure should be considered. The author's experience in ten primary procedures has been quite gratifying to date.", "PMID": 507539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7404", "title": "Occult liver abscess and foreign body perforation of the bowel.", "content": "A unique case of foreign body perforation of the ileum and large occult liver abscess is reported. Preoperative abdominal ultrasonography localized the abscess cavities, permitting successful drainage and eventual full recovery of the patient. Due to the serious morbidity and mortality associated with undrained hepatic abscess, the possibility of this complication should be remembered in all patients with localized inflammatory conditions of the abdomen, particularly when hepatic dysfunction is unexplained.", "contents": "Occult liver abscess and foreign body perforation of the bowel. A unique case of foreign body perforation of the ileum and large occult liver abscess is reported. Preoperative abdominal ultrasonography localized the abscess cavities, permitting successful drainage and eventual full recovery of the patient. Due to the serious morbidity and mortality associated with undrained hepatic abscess, the possibility of this complication should be remembered in all patients with localized inflammatory conditions of the abdomen, particularly when hepatic dysfunction is unexplained.", "PMID": 507540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7405", "title": "Cystadenoma of the common bile duct demonstrated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Benign neoplasms of the extrahepatic biliary tract are uncommon and rarely diagnosed preoperatively. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography will demonstrate such lesions, and, if contrast outlines only the wall of the mass, a benign tumor may be suspected. An example of a cystadenoma of the common bile duct demonstrating this principle is presented.", "contents": "Cystadenoma of the common bile duct demonstrated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Benign neoplasms of the extrahepatic biliary tract are uncommon and rarely diagnosed preoperatively. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography will demonstrate such lesions, and, if contrast outlines only the wall of the mass, a benign tumor may be suspected. An example of a cystadenoma of the common bile duct demonstrating this principle is presented.", "PMID": 507541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7406", "title": "Chylothorax following division of patient ductus arteriosus in an adult.", "content": "A case of postoperative chylothorax following division of a patent ductus arteriosus in an adult is presented. The patient recovered following reoperation for ligation of the thoracic duct after an 11-day trial of conservative management. Arguments for conservative and operative management are discussed and the anatomy of the thoracic duct is shown.", "contents": "Chylothorax following division of patient ductus arteriosus in an adult. A case of postoperative chylothorax following division of a patent ductus arteriosus in an adult is presented. The patient recovered following reoperation for ligation of the thoracic duct after an 11-day trial of conservative management. Arguments for conservative and operative management are discussed and the anatomy of the thoracic duct is shown.", "PMID": 507544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7407", "title": "Primary tumors of the small intestine.", "content": "Seventy-two malignant and 19 benign tumors were seen at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, from 1950 to 1976. Of these, 44 malignant and 14 benign tumors were seen in the clinical setting--the remainder were found at autopsy. Carcinoid tumors were the most common malignant tumors, followed by adenocarcinoma, lymphoma and leiomyosarcoma. Patients with malignant tumors usually presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and weight loss. The most common clinical signs were anemia, abdominal tenderness and abdominal distention. The most useful diagnostic tests were upper GI series and plain x-ray of the abdomen. Twenty-one (50%) five year survivals and 14 (33%) ten year survivals were obtained with small bowel malignancies. The majority of the five and ten year survivals were patients who had carcinoid tumors and lymphoma. Various theories on the causation of small bowel malignancies are discussed.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the small intestine. Seventy-two malignant and 19 benign tumors were seen at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, from 1950 to 1976. Of these, 44 malignant and 14 benign tumors were seen in the clinical setting--the remainder were found at autopsy. Carcinoid tumors were the most common malignant tumors, followed by adenocarcinoma, lymphoma and leiomyosarcoma. Patients with malignant tumors usually presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and weight loss. The most common clinical signs were anemia, abdominal tenderness and abdominal distention. The most useful diagnostic tests were upper GI series and plain x-ray of the abdomen. Twenty-one (50%) five year survivals and 14 (33%) ten year survivals were obtained with small bowel malignancies. The majority of the five and ten year survivals were patients who had carcinoid tumors and lymphoma. Various theories on the causation of small bowel malignancies are discussed.", "PMID": 507546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7408", "title": "Acute appendicitis during pregnancy.", "content": "From this study, we note: (1) misdiagnosis of appendicitis in pregnancy is comparable to that of the general female population; (2) with a maternal mortality of zero per cent, the operation is safe even when complicated by perforation; (3) fetal mortality is minimal; (4) clinical judgement rather than laboratory data must be relied on for diagnosis; and (5) the pregnant patient presenting with abdominal pain should be assessed and treated as one would any patient with the same complaint. The general use of this principle may explain the marked improvement in maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in recent years.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis during pregnancy. From this study, we note: (1) misdiagnosis of appendicitis in pregnancy is comparable to that of the general female population; (2) with a maternal mortality of zero per cent, the operation is safe even when complicated by perforation; (3) fetal mortality is minimal; (4) clinical judgement rather than laboratory data must be relied on for diagnosis; and (5) the pregnant patient presenting with abdominal pain should be assessed and treated as one would any patient with the same complaint. The general use of this principle may explain the marked improvement in maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in recent years.", "PMID": 507547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7409", "title": "Deep vein thrombosis following aortic surgery: prospective evaluation of I125 fibrinogen and impedance plethysmography.", "content": "A prospective comparison of I125 Fibrinogen uptake testing (FUT) and Impedance Plethysmography (IPG) was made in 22 patients (44 limbs) following aortic reconstructive surgery to determine the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Normal FUT was obtained in 34 limbs, whereas ten limbs had abnormal uptake over the calf area consistent with venous thrombosis. Nine of the ten limbs with a positive scan underwent phlebography. All venograms and IPG readings obtained were normal. No evidence of DVT following aortic surgery was noted in this study. A high incidence of false positive FUT was evident. IPG is noninvasive, reliable and relatively inexpensive and is therefore recommended if prospective evaluation for DVT in patients undergoing aortic surgery is desired.", "contents": "Deep vein thrombosis following aortic surgery: prospective evaluation of I125 fibrinogen and impedance plethysmography. A prospective comparison of I125 Fibrinogen uptake testing (FUT) and Impedance Plethysmography (IPG) was made in 22 patients (44 limbs) following aortic reconstructive surgery to determine the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Normal FUT was obtained in 34 limbs, whereas ten limbs had abnormal uptake over the calf area consistent with venous thrombosis. Nine of the ten limbs with a positive scan underwent phlebography. All venograms and IPG readings obtained were normal. No evidence of DVT following aortic surgery was noted in this study. A high incidence of false positive FUT was evident. IPG is noninvasive, reliable and relatively inexpensive and is therefore recommended if prospective evaluation for DVT in patients undergoing aortic surgery is desired.", "PMID": 507548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7410", "title": "Central vessel trauma.", "content": "During a 24 month period, 30 patients were treated for central vessel trauma (CVT). Injured vessels included all of the major arteries and veins in the chesk, neck and abdomen except the infrarenal aorta. Overall survival was 70 per cent. Experience with specific injuries is reviewed with commentary on surgical access to difficult areas including the thoracic outlet, suprarenal aorta and inferior vena cava. Common factors in the nine deaths are reviewed with the findings that cardiac arrest at any time during pre- or intraoperative management is uniformly lethal; emergency thoracotomy for control of bleeding carries an expectedly high mortality; cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta to control hemoperitoneum has a limit of tolerance of about one hour, and prolonged shock, whether compensated or profound is poorly tolerated and is associated with a high mortality.", "contents": "Central vessel trauma. During a 24 month period, 30 patients were treated for central vessel trauma (CVT). Injured vessels included all of the major arteries and veins in the chesk, neck and abdomen except the infrarenal aorta. Overall survival was 70 per cent. Experience with specific injuries is reviewed with commentary on surgical access to difficult areas including the thoracic outlet, suprarenal aorta and inferior vena cava. Common factors in the nine deaths are reviewed with the findings that cardiac arrest at any time during pre- or intraoperative management is uniformly lethal; emergency thoracotomy for control of bleeding carries an expectedly high mortality; cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta to control hemoperitoneum has a limit of tolerance of about one hour, and prolonged shock, whether compensated or profound is poorly tolerated and is associated with a high mortality.", "PMID": 507549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7411", "title": "Transaxillary sympathectomy in the treatment of hyperhidrosis of the upper limb.", "content": "Idiopathic (primary) hyperhidrosis is a common and distressing condition. Excessive axillary sweating responds to local excision of the eccrine glands. In severe cases, sympathectomy may be indicated to deal with hyperhidrosis of the hands and feet. The surgical anatomy of transthoracic sympathectomy is described.", "contents": "Transaxillary sympathectomy in the treatment of hyperhidrosis of the upper limb. Idiopathic (primary) hyperhidrosis is a common and distressing condition. Excessive axillary sweating responds to local excision of the eccrine glands. In severe cases, sympathectomy may be indicated to deal with hyperhidrosis of the hands and feet. The surgical anatomy of transthoracic sympathectomy is described.", "PMID": 507560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7412", "title": "Tumors of the salivary glands.", "content": "In a series of 65 salivary gland tumors seen in patients over eight years, 86 per cent were seen in the parotid gland, fewer than 10 per cent were in the submandibular gland, and none were in the sublingual gland. The remaining tumors were in minor salivary glands. About one half of the patients were in the sixth decade of life. Over 80 per cent of the lesions were benign; 50 per cent were from 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, and the average delay between discovery and removal was over two years. In only one patient was there facial nerve involvement.", "contents": "Tumors of the salivary glands. In a series of 65 salivary gland tumors seen in patients over eight years, 86 per cent were seen in the parotid gland, fewer than 10 per cent were in the submandibular gland, and none were in the sublingual gland. The remaining tumors were in minor salivary glands. About one half of the patients were in the sixth decade of life. Over 80 per cent of the lesions were benign; 50 per cent were from 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, and the average delay between discovery and removal was over two years. In only one patient was there facial nerve involvement.", "PMID": 507562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7413", "title": "Anatomic complications of abdominal surgery with special reference to the ureter.", "content": "Respect and knowledge of and for the ureter should be in every surgeons armamentarium. An intravenous pyelogram should be done in selected cases for precise definition of the location and nature of any pathologic or anamolous condition of the ureters.", "contents": "Anatomic complications of abdominal surgery with special reference to the ureter. Respect and knowledge of and for the ureter should be in every surgeons armamentarium. An intravenous pyelogram should be done in selected cases for precise definition of the location and nature of any pathologic or anamolous condition of the ureters.", "PMID": 507563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7414", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the submandibular triangle.", "content": "The topographic anatomy of the submandibular triangle and its contents are described in terms of four surgical planes, with considerations of the anatomic complications during surgery. Attention is called to the importance of identifying and sparing five nerves in this triangle--the mandibular and cervical branches of the facial nerve, the hypoglossal nerve, the lingual nerve, and the chorda tympani.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the submandibular triangle. The topographic anatomy of the submandibular triangle and its contents are described in terms of four surgical planes, with considerations of the anatomic complications during surgery. Attention is called to the importance of identifying and sparing five nerves in this triangle--the mandibular and cervical branches of the facial nerve, the hypoglossal nerve, the lingual nerve, and the chorda tympani.", "PMID": 507567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7415", "title": "A thoracolumbar incision of many parts.", "content": "The thoracolumbar incision developed by Newton and Dwyer has not seemed to receive the attention it perhaps deserves outside of orthopedic surgical circles. In selected instances, it can be used quite effectively in other types of surgery and may solve very difficult problems of approach and exposure. A fairly detailed description of the technique is given and some of its potential uses outlined. Briefly, the author's own limited experience with its use is presented and examples of clinical problems in the use of the incision are used for illustration.", "contents": "A thoracolumbar incision of many parts. The thoracolumbar incision developed by Newton and Dwyer has not seemed to receive the attention it perhaps deserves outside of orthopedic surgical circles. In selected instances, it can be used quite effectively in other types of surgery and may solve very difficult problems of approach and exposure. A fairly detailed description of the technique is given and some of its potential uses outlined. Briefly, the author's own limited experience with its use is presented and examples of clinical problems in the use of the incision are used for illustration.", "PMID": 507568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7416", "title": "Orbital decompression.", "content": "A new technique for exposure of the orbit for decompression of the orbit is described. It may be used for other purposes such as orbital fracture repair, orbital exploration for tumors in the inferior orbit, or reconstruction of the orbit by a variety of methods. The technique provides ready, broad exposure. The approach also avoids not uncommon complications of the eyelid, approaches to the orbit such as skin shrinkage and ectropion of the lower lid. It also results in minimal cosmetic deformity.", "contents": "Orbital decompression. A new technique for exposure of the orbit for decompression of the orbit is described. It may be used for other purposes such as orbital fracture repair, orbital exploration for tumors in the inferior orbit, or reconstruction of the orbit by a variety of methods. The technique provides ready, broad exposure. The approach also avoids not uncommon complications of the eyelid, approaches to the orbit such as skin shrinkage and ectropion of the lower lid. It also results in minimal cosmetic deformity.", "PMID": 507569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7417", "title": "Obstructive jaundice secondary to nonbiliary extrahepatic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Two patients with persistent obstructive jaundice secondary to chronic pancreatitis and one patient with this picture secondary to a periduodenal fibrosis are reported. The infrequent occurrence of obstructive jaundice in such inflammatory processes is noted and it is suggested that the presence of a circular muscle coat in the common bile duct protects it from inflammatory narrowing. The need for preoperative anatomic evaluation by radiographic techniques is discussed along with methods of therapy.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice secondary to nonbiliary extrahepatic inflammatory disease. Two patients with persistent obstructive jaundice secondary to chronic pancreatitis and one patient with this picture secondary to a periduodenal fibrosis are reported. The infrequent occurrence of obstructive jaundice in such inflammatory processes is noted and it is suggested that the presence of a circular muscle coat in the common bile duct protects it from inflammatory narrowing. The need for preoperative anatomic evaluation by radiographic techniques is discussed along with methods of therapy.", "PMID": 507570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7418", "title": "[A programm of childhood accident prevention, 1979 (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents a programm for prevention of children's accidents written by the Committee for Prevention of Children's Accidents (Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Pediatr\u00eda) and delivered to the Public Health Department. The programm has three parts: The first deals with the need of a stronger action in preventive measures. The second gives general lines of action and organization. The third suggests technical and educatives advices for prevention of each class of accident.", "contents": "[A programm of childhood accident prevention, 1979 (author's transl)]. This paper presents a programm for prevention of children's accidents written by the Committee for Prevention of Children's Accidents (Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Pediatr\u00eda) and delivered to the Public Health Department. The programm has three parts: The first deals with the need of a stronger action in preventive measures. The second gives general lines of action and organization. The third suggests technical and educatives advices for prevention of each class of accident.", "PMID": 507573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7419", "title": "[Long term renal function following acute failure in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A long-term follow-up study of 27 survivors of acute renal failure in newborns was performed. A study of the evolution of renal function was possible in 20 cases, with follow-up periods ranging from 15 to 62 months (mean follow-up: 38 months). Renal function was determined by assessing glomerular filtration rate, free-water reabsorption, tubular reabsorption of phosphate and acidification ability. Results show a marked difference, according to the etiology of the acuete renal failure, between the two groups studied: 1) Most of those displaying renal failure following neonatal hipoxia, maintained persistent nephrological sequels. II) Parameters of renal function normalized between 6 and 12 months of age in those in which renal failure was related to hypovolemic shock, caused by hypertonic dehydration. Of the six patients with acute renal failure caused by neonatal hypoxia and shock (group 1), only one displayed normal renal function after 17 months. In the remaining fire patients, glomerular filtration rate continued to decrease even after three years. Three of them displayed urinary acidification disorders. An alteration in free-water reabsorption was found in the majority of the patients in both groups during the first year. This alteration persisted after three years in only four patients of group 1, although in relation to decreased glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "[Long term renal function following acute failure in the newborn (author's transl)]. A long-term follow-up study of 27 survivors of acute renal failure in newborns was performed. A study of the evolution of renal function was possible in 20 cases, with follow-up periods ranging from 15 to 62 months (mean follow-up: 38 months). Renal function was determined by assessing glomerular filtration rate, free-water reabsorption, tubular reabsorption of phosphate and acidification ability. Results show a marked difference, according to the etiology of the acuete renal failure, between the two groups studied: 1) Most of those displaying renal failure following neonatal hipoxia, maintained persistent nephrological sequels. II) Parameters of renal function normalized between 6 and 12 months of age in those in which renal failure was related to hypovolemic shock, caused by hypertonic dehydration. Of the six patients with acute renal failure caused by neonatal hypoxia and shock (group 1), only one displayed normal renal function after 17 months. In the remaining fire patients, glomerular filtration rate continued to decrease even after three years. Three of them displayed urinary acidification disorders. An alteration in free-water reabsorption was found in the majority of the patients in both groups during the first year. This alteration persisted after three years in only four patients of group 1, although in relation to decreased glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 507574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7420", "title": "[Critical pulmonary stenosis in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen infants carrying pulmonary stenosis with a complete interventricular wall whose most frequent clinical data are: precocius cyanosis, congestive cardiac insufficiency and in 25% of them hypoxic crises are presented. Complementary explorations of this entity are not definitive, but clinical diagnosis described with evolutional cardiomegaly at the expense of the right cavities and pulmonary ischemia forces authors to think that there is a severe obstruction of the infumdibulum with complete interventricular septum. The different parameters which have been proposed to evaluate severity of the stenosis are discussed and compared, finding among them significative differences. Authors consider the concept of the right diminutive ventricle, finding in these cases the electrocardiographic pattern rS in V1 and observing a great mortality both spontaneous and postsurgical. The high mortality of this heart disease, both in its' natural evolution as well as after surgery is to be pointed out as in most published series.", "contents": "[Critical pulmonary stenosis in infants (author's transl)]. Eighteen infants carrying pulmonary stenosis with a complete interventricular wall whose most frequent clinical data are: precocius cyanosis, congestive cardiac insufficiency and in 25% of them hypoxic crises are presented. Complementary explorations of this entity are not definitive, but clinical diagnosis described with evolutional cardiomegaly at the expense of the right cavities and pulmonary ischemia forces authors to think that there is a severe obstruction of the infumdibulum with complete interventricular septum. The different parameters which have been proposed to evaluate severity of the stenosis are discussed and compared, finding among them significative differences. Authors consider the concept of the right diminutive ventricle, finding in these cases the electrocardiographic pattern rS in V1 and observing a great mortality both spontaneous and postsurgical. The high mortality of this heart disease, both in its' natural evolution as well as after surgery is to be pointed out as in most published series.", "PMID": 507575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7421", "title": "[Inguinal hernia and testicular feminization in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of Morris Syndrome were detected among 103 girls admitted to the hospital for inguinal hernia. Diagnosis was made possible by routine sexual chromatine study in oral mucosa smear, but it can also be suspected when familial antecedents of amenorrhea exist. An early diagnosis of this condition is imperative in order to provide the patient with an adequate medical and surgical management, including the conservation of the gonads until pubertal age.", "contents": "[Inguinal hernia and testicular feminization in childhood (author's transl)]. Three cases of Morris Syndrome were detected among 103 girls admitted to the hospital for inguinal hernia. Diagnosis was made possible by routine sexual chromatine study in oral mucosa smear, but it can also be suspected when familial antecedents of amenorrhea exist. An early diagnosis of this condition is imperative in order to provide the patient with an adequate medical and surgical management, including the conservation of the gonads until pubertal age.", "PMID": 507576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7422", "title": "[Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) in a 6 1/2 year old girl is presented. The patient had received penicillin and streptomycin for four days two weeks before the onset, and was admitted to the hospital with epidermal lesions characteristic of the bullous stage of Lyell's disease. A biopsy of the skin confirmed the diagnosis. Cultures of blood, skin and exudate from the bullae were negative, and immunological tests were normal. No immunohistologic studies on the skin biopsy were done. The patient was treated with cephalosporins and corticosteroids, and the evolution was favorable. The main clinical traits found in this patient are discussed on the light of information available from previous reports. Several aspects of the diagnosis, management, and natural history of the disease are also discussed.", "contents": "[Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) (author's transl)]. One case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) in a 6 1/2 year old girl is presented. The patient had received penicillin and streptomycin for four days two weeks before the onset, and was admitted to the hospital with epidermal lesions characteristic of the bullous stage of Lyell's disease. A biopsy of the skin confirmed the diagnosis. Cultures of blood, skin and exudate from the bullae were negative, and immunological tests were normal. No immunohistologic studies on the skin biopsy were done. The patient was treated with cephalosporins and corticosteroids, and the evolution was favorable. The main clinical traits found in this patient are discussed on the light of information available from previous reports. Several aspects of the diagnosis, management, and natural history of the disease are also discussed.", "PMID": 507577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7423", "title": "Three new Salmonella serotypes of subgenera I, II and III and four serological variants.", "content": "Description of three new Salmonella serotypes of the subgenera I, II and III, and four serological variants which have been isolated and diagnosed in 1977-1978 at the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Institute of Hygiene, Hamburg. The strains are as follows: S. blitta 47:y:e,n,x; S. II 1, 40:Z42:1,5,7; S. III arizonae 52:k:Z53 (Arizona 31:29:25); S. infantis with phase 2 R antigen 6,7:r:1,11; S. stuivenberg var. Z13-1,3,19:1,Z28:1,5; S. III arizonae 35:k:Z53 (Arizona 20:29:25) var. fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable); S. III arizonae 38:Z10:Z53 (Arizona 16:27:25) var. fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable).", "contents": "Three new Salmonella serotypes of subgenera I, II and III and four serological variants. Description of three new Salmonella serotypes of the subgenera I, II and III, and four serological variants which have been isolated and diagnosed in 1977-1978 at the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Institute of Hygiene, Hamburg. The strains are as follows: S. blitta 47:y:e,n,x; S. II 1, 40:Z42:1,5,7; S. III arizonae 52:k:Z53 (Arizona 31:29:25); S. infantis with phase 2 R antigen 6,7:r:1,11; S. stuivenberg var. Z13-1,3,19:1,Z28:1,5; S. III arizonae 35:k:Z53 (Arizona 20:29:25) var. fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable); S. III arizonae 38:Z10:Z53 (Arizona 16:27:25) var. fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable).", "PMID": 507619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7424", "title": "Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of counter electrophoresis, complement fixation and radioimmunoassay for detecting antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "Sensitivity and specificity of anti-HBc detection by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), complement fixation (CF) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests were compared in sera from 69 patients with chronic hepatitis, 61 black African people suffering from primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 50 controls composed of French country people. CEP and CF tests gave the same results in detecting anti-HBc antibodies. The RIA test was found to be more sensitive and seems to be more specific than CEP and CF.", "contents": "Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of counter electrophoresis, complement fixation and radioimmunoassay for detecting antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of anti-HBc detection by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), complement fixation (CF) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests were compared in sera from 69 patients with chronic hepatitis, 61 black African people suffering from primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 50 controls composed of French country people. CEP and CF tests gave the same results in detecting anti-HBc antibodies. The RIA test was found to be more sensitive and seems to be more specific than CEP and CF.", "PMID": 507622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7425", "title": "[Hepatitis B vaccine: characterization of the polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to realize a new kind of hepatitis B vaccine, the polypeptide components of the outer-coat of the hepatitis B virus have been studied. The characterization of the polypeptides of purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was performed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven polypeptides were observed, designated P1 to P7, according to their increasing molecular weight: P1 (MW = 24,000), P2 (MW = 32,500) and P6 (MW = 78,000) represented the major components. When the reducing action was increased and followed by alkylation and citraconylation, a single polypeptide of low MW (5,000 less than MW less than 10,000) was isolated from HBsAg.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B vaccine: characterization of the polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen (author's transl)]. In order to realize a new kind of hepatitis B vaccine, the polypeptide components of the outer-coat of the hepatitis B virus have been studied. The characterization of the polypeptides of purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was performed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven polypeptides were observed, designated P1 to P7, according to their increasing molecular weight: P1 (MW = 24,000), P2 (MW = 32,500) and P6 (MW = 78,000) represented the major components. When the reducing action was increased and followed by alkylation and citraconylation, a single polypeptide of low MW (5,000 less than MW less than 10,000) was isolated from HBsAg.", "PMID": 507623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7426", "title": "Degradation of lignocellulosic material and humus formation by fungi.", "content": "Cellulase activity and degradation of cellulose and lignin in wheat straw and formation of humus during degradation by Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium solani, Paecilomyces varioti, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichoderma viride QM9414 were studied. C. globosum, F. solani, P. varioti and P. chrysogenum produced little or no cellulase when grown on cellulose powder. However, all produced cellulase (filter paper degrading activity) when grown on wheat straw. All the cultures degraded cellulose and lignin to some extent, but P. varioti was the most efficient in cellulose and lignin degradation. There was an increase in humus-like substances after inoculation with fungi.", "contents": "Degradation of lignocellulosic material and humus formation by fungi. Cellulase activity and degradation of cellulose and lignin in wheat straw and formation of humus during degradation by Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium solani, Paecilomyces varioti, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichoderma viride QM9414 were studied. C. globosum, F. solani, P. varioti and P. chrysogenum produced little or no cellulase when grown on cellulose powder. However, all produced cellulase (filter paper degrading activity) when grown on wheat straw. All the cultures degraded cellulose and lignin to some extent, but P. varioti was the most efficient in cellulose and lignin degradation. There was an increase in humus-like substances after inoculation with fungi.", "PMID": 507620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7427", "title": "[Amoebae in the water supply: an epidemiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Drinking water samples (836) of various origins have been examined for amoebae. For collector water, half of the samples are contamined without influence of the origin. So, occurrence of amoeba in underground waters is discussed. Filtration and disinfection are generally inefficient. Bottles of drinking water are very often polluted during bottling. International mineral waters of french origin are not so damaged during conditioning operation. Bacteria and amoebae populations are quite independant and can't be indicators one for another. Thermophilic amoebae strains are very rare and any pathogenic amoeba has been found during the study.", "contents": "[Amoebae in the water supply: an epidemiological study (author's transl)]. Drinking water samples (836) of various origins have been examined for amoebae. For collector water, half of the samples are contamined without influence of the origin. So, occurrence of amoeba in underground waters is discussed. Filtration and disinfection are generally inefficient. Bottles of drinking water are very often polluted during bottling. International mineral waters of french origin are not so damaged during conditioning operation. Bacteria and amoebae populations are quite independant and can't be indicators one for another. Thermophilic amoebae strains are very rare and any pathogenic amoeba has been found during the study.", "PMID": 507621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7428", "title": "[Six new serotypes of \"Flavobacterium meningosepticum\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Six new serotypes (G to L) of Flavobacterium meningosepticum are described herein. Cross-reactions between the 12 serotypes, A to L (including the 6 serotypes A to F of Owen and Lapage, 1974) are described. Sixty-six strains isolated in France (61 from Strasbourg) belong to the following serotypes (with number of strains): A (1), F (4), G (51), H (1), I (1), J (6), K (1) and L (1). Use of meningosepticum serotyping is recommended as an epidemiological tool.", "contents": "[Six new serotypes of \"Flavobacterium meningosepticum\" (author's transl)]. Six new serotypes (G to L) of Flavobacterium meningosepticum are described herein. Cross-reactions between the 12 serotypes, A to L (including the 6 serotypes A to F of Owen and Lapage, 1974) are described. Sixty-six strains isolated in France (61 from Strasbourg) belong to the following serotypes (with number of strains): A (1), F (4), G (51), H (1), I (1), J (6), K (1) and L (1). Use of meningosepticum serotyping is recommended as an epidemiological tool.", "PMID": 507635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7429", "title": "Experimental Salmonella abortus ovis infection of normal or primo-infected CD1 mice.", "content": "CD1 mice were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with sublethal doses of Salmonella abortus ovis. Kinetic studies demonstrate the invasion and multiplication potentiality of these bacteria in normal mice. Primo-infected mice challenged subcutaneously into a hind footpad manifest an increased capacity to withstand the dissemination of the challenge bacteria from the inoculated region and to control the bacterial population in the draining lymph node and in the spleen.", "contents": "Experimental Salmonella abortus ovis infection of normal or primo-infected CD1 mice. CD1 mice were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with sublethal doses of Salmonella abortus ovis. Kinetic studies demonstrate the invasion and multiplication potentiality of these bacteria in normal mice. Primo-infected mice challenged subcutaneously into a hind footpad manifest an increased capacity to withstand the dissemination of the challenge bacteria from the inoculated region and to control the bacterial population in the draining lymph node and in the spleen.", "PMID": 507636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7430", "title": "[An automatic bacteriophage distributor (author's transl)].", "content": "The apparatus described in this article can distribute simultaneously 22 drops of different phage suspensions at a rate of 13,200 drops per hour, which is superior than the one obtained with the presently available apparatuses. It could eventually be attached to a Petri dish distributor.", "contents": "[An automatic bacteriophage distributor (author's transl)]. The apparatus described in this article can distribute simultaneously 22 drops of different phage suspensions at a rate of 13,200 drops per hour, which is superior than the one obtained with the presently available apparatuses. It could eventually be attached to a Petri dish distributor.", "PMID": 507638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7431", "title": "[Sero-epidemiological characteristics of the MENINGOCOCCAL carrier state in Greece (author's transl)].", "content": "Nasopharyngeal swabs for the isolation and identification of meningococci, and blood specimens for the detection of antimeningococcal A, B and C antibodies were obtained from 341 Army and Navy recruits in the spring and autumn 1977. Samples were taken twice, at the arrival at the training camp and after 25 days. The main findings are as follows. 1) About 1/3 of the inductees at the arrival at the training camp were carriers of meningococci. Strains of serogroup B were more prevalent, followed by non-typable strains and strains of group C. After 25 days of residence in the camp the prevalence of carriers of meningococci has increased by 42%, and about half of the recruits were carriers. The prevalence of serogroup C has increased by 86%, of the non-typable strains by 48% and of serogroup B by 36%. 2) At the induction, 73% of the recruits had anti-B antibodies, whereas the corresponding figure was 33% for anti-A and 24% for anti-C. After 25 days in the camp the prevalence of anti-B antibodies was 83%, of anti-A 36% and of anti-C 47%. 3). At the induction the prevalence of meningococci B was higher among those who had no anti-B antibodies. Furthermore, the probability of a recruit who was not carrier of meningococcus B at the induction to become a carrier of meningococcus B at the second sampling was higher when he had no anti-B antibodies at the induction. Similar associations were not evident for serogroups A and C probably on account of the much smaller numbers in these groups. 4) The carrier state is associated with an increase of the titre of the corresponding antibodies.", "contents": "[Sero-epidemiological characteristics of the MENINGOCOCCAL carrier state in Greece (author's transl)]. Nasopharyngeal swabs for the isolation and identification of meningococci, and blood specimens for the detection of antimeningococcal A, B and C antibodies were obtained from 341 Army and Navy recruits in the spring and autumn 1977. Samples were taken twice, at the arrival at the training camp and after 25 days. The main findings are as follows. 1) About 1/3 of the inductees at the arrival at the training camp were carriers of meningococci. Strains of serogroup B were more prevalent, followed by non-typable strains and strains of group C. After 25 days of residence in the camp the prevalence of carriers of meningococci has increased by 42%, and about half of the recruits were carriers. The prevalence of serogroup C has increased by 86%, of the non-typable strains by 48% and of serogroup B by 36%. 2) At the induction, 73% of the recruits had anti-B antibodies, whereas the corresponding figure was 33% for anti-A and 24% for anti-C. After 25 days in the camp the prevalence of anti-B antibodies was 83%, of anti-A 36% and of anti-C 47%. 3). At the induction the prevalence of meningococci B was higher among those who had no anti-B antibodies. Furthermore, the probability of a recruit who was not carrier of meningococcus B at the induction to become a carrier of meningococcus B at the second sampling was higher when he had no anti-B antibodies at the induction. Similar associations were not evident for serogroups A and C probably on account of the much smaller numbers in these groups. 4) The carrier state is associated with an increase of the titre of the corresponding antibodies.", "PMID": 507637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7432", "title": "Preliminary characterization of the particles from productive and abortive infections of L cells by fowl plague virus.", "content": "Particles produced during the abortive infection of L cells by fowl plague virus (Dobson strain) have been characterized and compared to the infectious particles produced by a mutant of this virus adapted to mammalian cells. The former are of apparently normal morphology but most of them are non-infectious. They have the same RNA/protein ratio as the infectious particles and the same polypeptide composition. They contain also the same RNA segments as those found in infectious particles. Possible reasons for the defectiveness of these particles are discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of the particles from productive and abortive infections of L cells by fowl plague virus. Particles produced during the abortive infection of L cells by fowl plague virus (Dobson strain) have been characterized and compared to the infectious particles produced by a mutant of this virus adapted to mammalian cells. The former are of apparently normal morphology but most of them are non-infectious. They have the same RNA/protein ratio as the infectious particles and the same polypeptide composition. They contain also the same RNA segments as those found in infectious particles. Possible reasons for the defectiveness of these particles are discussed.", "PMID": 507639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7433", "title": "[Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. Presentation of a sub-glottal small cell laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone or Schwartz-Bartter syndrome is considered to be a paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome, most frequently associated with a small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. The authors present a case of sub-glottal laryngeal carcinoma discovered several months after the onset of clinical (disturbances of conscious level) and laboratory (hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, blood hypo-osmolarity which preservation of urinary sodium output) manifestations which form the original features of this syndrome, the criteria of which are reviewed. The y conclude by the need for complete examination, not excluding unusual sites of primary tumour.", "contents": "[Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. Presentation of a sub-glottal small cell laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone or Schwartz-Bartter syndrome is considered to be a paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome, most frequently associated with a small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. The authors present a case of sub-glottal laryngeal carcinoma discovered several months after the onset of clinical (disturbances of conscious level) and laboratory (hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, blood hypo-osmolarity which preservation of urinary sodium output) manifestations which form the original features of this syndrome, the criteria of which are reviewed. The y conclude by the need for complete examination, not excluding unusual sites of primary tumour.", "PMID": 507641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7434", "title": "[Lymphadenopathies associated with carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 287 cases of carcinoma of laryngeal origin, treated by total or horizontal sub-glottal laryngectomy, the authors study the prognosis in lymphadenopathies. This prognosis is envisaged in the light of the international nomenclature NO, N1, N2, N3, in relation to the size of the nodes and, finally, in relation to the surgical or radiotherapeutic treatment given to the node areas. The authors emphasise the need for bilateral surgery to the node areas, this procedure being all the more extensive when the lymphadenopathy is larger. On the basis of this size, a choice must be made between radical dissection, extended cellulo-adenectomy (or functional excision).", "contents": "[Lymphadenopathies associated with carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. On the basis of 287 cases of carcinoma of laryngeal origin, treated by total or horizontal sub-glottal laryngectomy, the authors study the prognosis in lymphadenopathies. This prognosis is envisaged in the light of the international nomenclature NO, N1, N2, N3, in relation to the size of the nodes and, finally, in relation to the surgical or radiotherapeutic treatment given to the node areas. The authors emphasise the need for bilateral surgery to the node areas, this procedure being all the more extensive when the lymphadenopathy is larger. On the basis of this size, a choice must be made between radical dissection, extended cellulo-adenectomy (or functional excision).", "PMID": 507640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7435", "title": "[Two cases of total ophthalmoplegia after section of the vidian nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of complete ophthalmoplegia occurring during surgical section of the homolateral vidian nerve for chronic nasal obstruction due in one case to hypertrophic rhinitis and in the other to nasal polyposis. In both cases, whilst there was more or less complete regression of the oculomotor paralyses, unilateral amaurosis persisted as a permanent sequela. This paper is published with the aim of drawing attention to the possibility of complications which are out of proportion with the initial symptomatic discomfort and which may occur whatever the surgical approach used since one of the operations was performed via a pure endonasal approach whilst the other was transmaxillary. In both cases there was no damage to the orbit during surgery and the most likely pathogenesis would appear to be a reflex aciton.", "contents": "[Two cases of total ophthalmoplegia after section of the vidian nerve (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of complete ophthalmoplegia occurring during surgical section of the homolateral vidian nerve for chronic nasal obstruction due in one case to hypertrophic rhinitis and in the other to nasal polyposis. In both cases, whilst there was more or less complete regression of the oculomotor paralyses, unilateral amaurosis persisted as a permanent sequela. This paper is published with the aim of drawing attention to the possibility of complications which are out of proportion with the initial symptomatic discomfort and which may occur whatever the surgical approach used since one of the operations was performed via a pure endonasal approach whilst the other was transmaxillary. In both cases there was no damage to the orbit during surgery and the most likely pathogenesis would appear to be a reflex aciton.", "PMID": 507643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7436", "title": "[Carcinoma of the nasal sub-septum (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 13 cases, the authors describe the anatomical characteristics and course of primary carcinomas of the nasal sub-septum. This is a transitional form between nasal carcinomas and those of the nasal fossa. The cases described were treated either by conventional radiotherapy (200 Kv) or by electron therapy. The successful results obtained (12/13) confirmed the value of irradiation in this special site, without the risk of radionecrosis. The technique should conform with precise rule, as in all tumours of the face or nasal pyramid and the quality of the results obtained is compared favourable with those of all other methods.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the nasal sub-septum (author's transl)]. On the basis of 13 cases, the authors describe the anatomical characteristics and course of primary carcinomas of the nasal sub-septum. This is a transitional form between nasal carcinomas and those of the nasal fossa. The cases described were treated either by conventional radiotherapy (200 Kv) or by electron therapy. The successful results obtained (12/13) confirmed the value of irradiation in this special site, without the risk of radionecrosis. The technique should conform with precise rule, as in all tumours of the face or nasal pyramid and the quality of the results obtained is compared favourable with those of all other methods.", "PMID": 507642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7437", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic pitfalls of a bilateral acoustic neurinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of bilateral fluctuating deafness accompanied by vertigo and assumed to be Menier's syndrome, a diagnostic hypothesis supported by the effectiveness, on repeated occasions, of medical treatment. In fact, progressive worsening of hearing led to the finding of a bilateral perceptive deafness with a complex vestibular syndrome, whilst tomograms of the petrous temporal bones revealed bilateral acoustic neurinomas. The results of special investigations in this case are analysed: audiometry, Sisi (?) test adaptation, nystagmography, in the light of the radiological findings. It was decided to operate upon the tumour which was larger radiologically. In addition, it revealed multiple neurofibromas of neighboursing nerves (von Recklinghausen's disease). The mid-term course is described. The article ends with a review of clinical concepts in such cases and an attempt to classify therapeutic attitudes to bilateral acoustic neuromas.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic pitfalls of a bilateral acoustic neurinoma (author's transl)]. A case of bilateral fluctuating deafness accompanied by vertigo and assumed to be Menier's syndrome, a diagnostic hypothesis supported by the effectiveness, on repeated occasions, of medical treatment. In fact, progressive worsening of hearing led to the finding of a bilateral perceptive deafness with a complex vestibular syndrome, whilst tomograms of the petrous temporal bones revealed bilateral acoustic neurinomas. The results of special investigations in this case are analysed: audiometry, Sisi (?) test adaptation, nystagmography, in the light of the radiological findings. It was decided to operate upon the tumour which was larger radiologically. In addition, it revealed multiple neurofibromas of neighboursing nerves (von Recklinghausen's disease). The mid-term course is described. The article ends with a review of clinical concepts in such cases and an attempt to classify therapeutic attitudes to bilateral acoustic neuromas.", "PMID": 507656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7438", "title": "[Wegener's granulomatosis with atypical beginning (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of Wegener's disease starting in the sub-maxillary region and spreading to the auricular region. The diagnosis was evoked by the correlation between the granulomatous lesions observed in the sub-maxillary region and on the tympanic membrane; there was also renal failure of rapid onset. A remission of five months has been obtained by treatment with corticosteroids and immunodepressant agents. Around this case the authors collected 267 cases from the literature and point out the rarity of the auricular form and the exceptional nature of the sub-maxillary localization of this disease.", "contents": "[Wegener's granulomatosis with atypical beginning (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of Wegener's disease starting in the sub-maxillary region and spreading to the auricular region. The diagnosis was evoked by the correlation between the granulomatous lesions observed in the sub-maxillary region and on the tympanic membrane; there was also renal failure of rapid onset. A remission of five months has been obtained by treatment with corticosteroids and immunodepressant agents. Around this case the authors collected 267 cases from the literature and point out the rarity of the auricular form and the exceptional nature of the sub-maxillary localization of this disease.", "PMID": 507655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7439", "title": "[Evolutive stages of the iliac compression syndrome (Cockett's syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The term of Cockett's syndrome stands for a lower limb dysfunction with venous stasis originating from the left common iliac compression by the right common iliac artery at the pelvis inlet level. For the authors, there are three evolutive stages. First stage: a simple compression without any anatomic venous parietal lesion. Second stage: to the previous, are added left common iliac vein lesions consisting of an inner vascular band formation. This must be surgically treated to remove the obstacle. Third stage: the final evolution: the ilio-femorale thrombosis. Therefore, the diagnosis must be done as early as possible. It lies on the left lower limb phlebography.", "contents": "[Evolutive stages of the iliac compression syndrome (Cockett's syndrome) (author's transl)]. The term of Cockett's syndrome stands for a lower limb dysfunction with venous stasis originating from the left common iliac compression by the right common iliac artery at the pelvis inlet level. For the authors, there are three evolutive stages. First stage: a simple compression without any anatomic venous parietal lesion. Second stage: to the previous, are added left common iliac vein lesions consisting of an inner vascular band formation. This must be surgically treated to remove the obstacle. Third stage: the final evolution: the ilio-femorale thrombosis. Therefore, the diagnosis must be done as early as possible. It lies on the left lower limb phlebography.", "PMID": 507658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7440", "title": "[Skin fibrosis in hyperthyroidism treated by sotalol and radioactive iodine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present detailed data about skin fibrosis appearing in hyperthyroidism treated by Sotalol and radioactive iodine. Cutaneous thickening is discovered quite rapidly when the patient is monitored daily (as in case 4). It is asymptomatic and no other features of scleroderma are found. Regression occurs within 4-10 months. Histologically, fibrosis is located in the entire dermis. Dermal appendages are normal and no inflammatory changes occur. No anomalies of collagen structure and fibroblasts have been observed ultrastructurally. Immunological studies (direct immunofluorescence of the skin, lymphocyte transformation and leucocyte migration tests with Sotalol) were normal. The mechanism is unknown, but an immunological or a toxic one is excluded; however a pharmacological action is possible. The role of other betablockers must be assessed by a randomised study.", "contents": "[Skin fibrosis in hyperthyroidism treated by sotalol and radioactive iodine (author's transl)]. The authors present detailed data about skin fibrosis appearing in hyperthyroidism treated by Sotalol and radioactive iodine. Cutaneous thickening is discovered quite rapidly when the patient is monitored daily (as in case 4). It is asymptomatic and no other features of scleroderma are found. Regression occurs within 4-10 months. Histologically, fibrosis is located in the entire dermis. Dermal appendages are normal and no inflammatory changes occur. No anomalies of collagen structure and fibroblasts have been observed ultrastructurally. Immunological studies (direct immunofluorescence of the skin, lymphocyte transformation and leucocyte migration tests with Sotalol) were normal. The mechanism is unknown, but an immunological or a toxic one is excluded; however a pharmacological action is possible. The role of other betablockers must be assessed by a randomised study.", "PMID": 507661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7441", "title": "[Leg ulcer. Vascular and thrombosis factors. Each responsibility of those factors? (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the authors try to specify the leg ulcers physiopathology. They have first studied the vascular deficits, and they are able to conclude that this deficit is not the only factor responsible for the thrombosis. They try to rediscover the factors which could lead to the thrombosis, on the created local conditions (circulatory slackening, cooling, ischemia), by using clinical and biological \"check-ups\" as well as an exploration of the clotting. In many patients we find an anomaly such as: clotting \"check-ups\" disturbance, thrombocyte hyperaggregability, fibrinolysis deficit, antithrombin III deficit, cryoprecipitate, circulating immune complexes, hepatic \"check-up\" alteration. It is difficult to establish an accurate relation between these anomalies and a thrombosis but the frequent existence of such anomalies makes us think that they play a part in the ulcerations coming-up.", "contents": "[Leg ulcer. Vascular and thrombosis factors. Each responsibility of those factors? (author's transl)]. In this paper the authors try to specify the leg ulcers physiopathology. They have first studied the vascular deficits, and they are able to conclude that this deficit is not the only factor responsible for the thrombosis. They try to rediscover the factors which could lead to the thrombosis, on the created local conditions (circulatory slackening, cooling, ischemia), by using clinical and biological \"check-ups\" as well as an exploration of the clotting. In many patients we find an anomaly such as: clotting \"check-ups\" disturbance, thrombocyte hyperaggregability, fibrinolysis deficit, antithrombin III deficit, cryoprecipitate, circulating immune complexes, hepatic \"check-up\" alteration. It is difficult to establish an accurate relation between these anomalies and a thrombosis but the frequent existence of such anomalies makes us think that they play a part in the ulcerations coming-up.", "PMID": 507659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7442", "title": "[Pellagra: a disease resurging in Zaire. A study of 231 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "231 cases of pellagra among 8,000 consulting patients has been observed from May 1977 to June 1978 in the Dermatological Dispensary of the Hospital G.E.C.A.-Mines of Lumbumbashi (Zaire). This disease by nutritional deficiency can be easily recognized especially through its dermatological symptomatology. It occurs mainly in young patients fed solely on maize, but the most severe cases have been observed in prisoners. Three age groups seem particularly prone to pellagra: children after weaning, pubescent adolescents in quick growing age, grown-up women during pregnancy and lactation. Vitaminotherapy is effective in a few days; a simultaneous treatment of intestinal parasites has to be required. The incidence of this endemic pellagra worsened after the war of May 1978, reaching 7 p. 100 among the population around the main towns of the province Shaba.", "contents": "[Pellagra: a disease resurging in Zaire. A study of 231 cases (author's transl)]. 231 cases of pellagra among 8,000 consulting patients has been observed from May 1977 to June 1978 in the Dermatological Dispensary of the Hospital G.E.C.A.-Mines of Lumbumbashi (Zaire). This disease by nutritional deficiency can be easily recognized especially through its dermatological symptomatology. It occurs mainly in young patients fed solely on maize, but the most severe cases have been observed in prisoners. Three age groups seem particularly prone to pellagra: children after weaning, pubescent adolescents in quick growing age, grown-up women during pregnancy and lactation. Vitaminotherapy is effective in a few days; a simultaneous treatment of intestinal parasites has to be required. The incidence of this endemic pellagra worsened after the war of May 1978, reaching 7 p. 100 among the population around the main towns of the province Shaba.", "PMID": 507662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7443", "title": "[Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: epidermal hyperplasia with transepithelial elimination (author's transl)].", "content": "CNH strongly resembles, both clinically and histopathologically, other lesions showing transepithelial elimination. WE studied 14 cases, only one of which was a woman. Ths lesions had either a smooth surface or a scaly one. Histological findings were rather poor in the smooth lesions; the scaly lesions, instead, which were more advanced, showed epidermal proliferation and perforation, dermal acidophilic necrosis, transepithelial elimination, granulation tissue, and perichondritis. Actinic elastic degeneration seemed to be the first alteration; it was present in all. This, together with the repeated adverse climatic factors and the fact that circulation is of the terminal type in the region affected, is followed by the acidophilic necrosis between the apex of the cartilage and the epidermis. The processes which take place in both cartilage and epidermis are secondary to the dermal lesion. The former perforates and this is followed by elimination of the altered tissues. Persistence of the lesion is to be ascribed to the fact that the diseased cartilage can not be eliminated completely. CNH is the most frequent of the conditions which show transepithelial elimination. It is less frequent in women because they protect themselves from adverse climatic factors by covering their ears with their hair.", "contents": "[Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: epidermal hyperplasia with transepithelial elimination (author's transl)]. CNH strongly resembles, both clinically and histopathologically, other lesions showing transepithelial elimination. WE studied 14 cases, only one of which was a woman. Ths lesions had either a smooth surface or a scaly one. Histological findings were rather poor in the smooth lesions; the scaly lesions, instead, which were more advanced, showed epidermal proliferation and perforation, dermal acidophilic necrosis, transepithelial elimination, granulation tissue, and perichondritis. Actinic elastic degeneration seemed to be the first alteration; it was present in all. This, together with the repeated adverse climatic factors and the fact that circulation is of the terminal type in the region affected, is followed by the acidophilic necrosis between the apex of the cartilage and the epidermis. The processes which take place in both cartilage and epidermis are secondary to the dermal lesion. The former perforates and this is followed by elimination of the altered tissues. Persistence of the lesion is to be ascribed to the fact that the diseased cartilage can not be eliminated completely. CNH is the most frequent of the conditions which show transepithelial elimination. It is less frequent in women because they protect themselves from adverse climatic factors by covering their ears with their hair.", "PMID": 507660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7444", "title": "Abdominal gynaecological emergencies in the surgical unit.", "content": "We have studied two types of emergency cases that occurred in the surgical unit who were found to have gynaecological aetiology: 1) patients with the so-called \"morbus acutum dexter\", i.e. appendicitis, or a gynaecological disease and 2) late complications in patients who had earlier benign gynaecological disease, usually such as tumour and surgery for it. The material with seven years follow-up consisted of 97 patients, who were treated during the periods 1959--60 and 1969--70. The relative numbers in both groups increased during the latter period. Of the patients in the reproductive age with suspected appendicitis, gynaecological diseases--mostly ovarian tumours with complications--constituted 7.6% of patients who had undergone appendicectomy in the surgical unit during the former period and 9.6% during the latter. The late complications consisted mainly of small bowel obstruction, resulting from adhesions caused by previous gynaecological surgery. The time interval between initial surgery and the obstruction was rather long, 3.5 years on the average. In the surgical unit the surgery was carried out in about two thirds of these patients. Our analysis demonstrates the necessity of recognizing cases with gynaecological aetiology as a significant factor in surgical practice; it has to be taken into consideration both in surgical and gynaecological education.", "contents": "Abdominal gynaecological emergencies in the surgical unit. We have studied two types of emergency cases that occurred in the surgical unit who were found to have gynaecological aetiology: 1) patients with the so-called \"morbus acutum dexter\", i.e. appendicitis, or a gynaecological disease and 2) late complications in patients who had earlier benign gynaecological disease, usually such as tumour and surgery for it. The material with seven years follow-up consisted of 97 patients, who were treated during the periods 1959--60 and 1969--70. The relative numbers in both groups increased during the latter period. Of the patients in the reproductive age with suspected appendicitis, gynaecological diseases--mostly ovarian tumours with complications--constituted 7.6% of patients who had undergone appendicectomy in the surgical unit during the former period and 9.6% during the latter. The late complications consisted mainly of small bowel obstruction, resulting from adhesions caused by previous gynaecological surgery. The time interval between initial surgery and the obstruction was rather long, 3.5 years on the average. In the surgical unit the surgery was carried out in about two thirds of these patients. Our analysis demonstrates the necessity of recognizing cases with gynaecological aetiology as a significant factor in surgical practice; it has to be taken into consideration both in surgical and gynaecological education.", "PMID": 507738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7445", "title": "Necrosis of the colon and the rectum after resection of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Two male patients with gangrene of the rectum and left colon following operation for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm are reported. Both patients were in shock over a prolonged period, but ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the presence of insufficient collateral circulation to the large bowel was regarded as the main responsible factor for the visceral infarction. Both patients died postoperatively. The anatomical and pathophysiological factors generally involved in the development of colon ischaemia after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery are analyzed. The different modalities of prevention of colon necrosis, diagnosis and management of the established lesions are described.", "contents": "Necrosis of the colon and the rectum after resection of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Two male patients with gangrene of the rectum and left colon following operation for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm are reported. Both patients were in shock over a prolonged period, but ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the presence of insufficient collateral circulation to the large bowel was regarded as the main responsible factor for the visceral infarction. Both patients died postoperatively. The anatomical and pathophysiological factors generally involved in the development of colon ischaemia after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery are analyzed. The different modalities of prevention of colon necrosis, diagnosis and management of the established lesions are described.", "PMID": 507739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7446", "title": "Arthrodesis in failed knee replacement in eight rheumatoid patients.", "content": "The series of eight rheumatoid patients is presented in whom arthrodesis of the knee had been performed after a failed knee replacement. Compression arthrodesis was used as a salvage procedure. The fusion rate was 75% (6/8 knees). In two patients arthrodesis was attempted three times before fusion occurred. The causes of failure are discussed. The compression technique of Charnley or Hoffman is recommended but with two frames. When the arthrodeses were properly fixed fusion seemed to occur in 2-3 months.", "contents": "Arthrodesis in failed knee replacement in eight rheumatoid patients. The series of eight rheumatoid patients is presented in whom arthrodesis of the knee had been performed after a failed knee replacement. Compression arthrodesis was used as a salvage procedure. The fusion rate was 75% (6/8 knees). In two patients arthrodesis was attempted three times before fusion occurred. The causes of failure are discussed. The compression technique of Charnley or Hoffman is recommended but with two frames. When the arthrodeses were properly fixed fusion seemed to occur in 2-3 months.", "PMID": 507740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7447", "title": "Regression of lymphomatous polyposis of the rectum after COP-treatment.", "content": "A case of localized lymphomatous polyposis of the rectum successfully treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP regimen) is reported and the literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Regression of lymphomatous polyposis of the rectum after COP-treatment. A case of localized lymphomatous polyposis of the rectum successfully treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP regimen) is reported and the literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 507741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7448", "title": "Rupture of the penis.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the penis is a rare accident. One or both corpora cavernosa may be affected. Approximately one third of the cases are associated with rupture of the urethra. In view of previous studies, and the present case reports both of which occurred during the same night, the authors propose primary surgical repair of the corpora cavernosa.", "contents": "Rupture of the penis. Traumatic rupture of the penis is a rare accident. One or both corpora cavernosa may be affected. Approximately one third of the cases are associated with rupture of the urethra. In view of previous studies, and the present case reports both of which occurred during the same night, the authors propose primary surgical repair of the corpora cavernosa.", "PMID": 507742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7449", "title": "The effect of lynestrenol and norethindrone on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in subjects with gestational diabetes.", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different low-dose progestogens--norethindrone 0.3 mg per day and lynestrenol 0.5 mg per day--on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women who have had gestational diabetes. Fifteen patients were treated with norethindrone and 17 with lynestrenol, over a period of one year. The control group consisted of 13 women using an IUD. In both treatment groups all the women had normal OGTT curves during the use of norethindrone or lynestrenol. A very slight deterioration in the glucose tolerance was observed in the norethindrone group. There was no deterioration in the glucose tolerance in the lynestrenol and the IUD groups. We could not find any significant changes in mean fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values.", "contents": "The effect of lynestrenol and norethindrone on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in subjects with gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different low-dose progestogens--norethindrone 0.3 mg per day and lynestrenol 0.5 mg per day--on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women who have had gestational diabetes. Fifteen patients were treated with norethindrone and 17 with lynestrenol, over a period of one year. The control group consisted of 13 women using an IUD. In both treatment groups all the women had normal OGTT curves during the use of norethindrone or lynestrenol. A very slight deterioration in the glucose tolerance was observed in the norethindrone group. There was no deterioration in the glucose tolerance in the lynestrenol and the IUD groups. We could not find any significant changes in mean fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values.", "PMID": 507743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7450", "title": "The effect of sequential oral contraceptive pill (Fysioquens) administration on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a new sequential oral contraceptive pill, Fysioquens, (7 tablets containing 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 15 tablets containing 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol plus 1 mg lynestrenol) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In our investigation we found slight changes in the carbohydrate metabolism during and after treatment with Fysioquens but it was chiefly the changes in plasma insulin response during glucose tolerance tests that were significant. We could not find any significant changes in mean fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride values.", "contents": "The effect of sequential oral contraceptive pill (Fysioquens) administration on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a new sequential oral contraceptive pill, Fysioquens, (7 tablets containing 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 15 tablets containing 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol plus 1 mg lynestrenol) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In our investigation we found slight changes in the carbohydrate metabolism during and after treatment with Fysioquens but it was chiefly the changes in plasma insulin response during glucose tolerance tests that were significant. We could not find any significant changes in mean fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride values.", "PMID": 507744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7451", "title": "Metals in spinal cord tissue of patients dying of motor neuron disease.", "content": "To evaluate the role of toxic metals in causing motor neuron disease (MND), we used a photon-excited, energy-dispersive x-ray analytical system to measure the metal content of spinal ventral horn tissue. Specimens were taken from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of 7 patients who died of MND and the results compared with those found in 12 control patients. Anterior horn lead levels were elevated in MND patients compared to controls (mean, 40.7 micrograms/gm versus 14.6 micrograms/gm; p less than 0.05) and lead levels correlated with the duration of illness (r = +0.84, p less than 0.05). Only 2 MND patients had detectable manganese levels (72.3 and 132.2 micrograms/gm) whereas 1 control had detectable manganese (14.3 micrograms/gm). One MND patient had 244 micrograms/gm selenium, but 3 controls had levels of 180, 58, and 62. Patients with the histories of greatest environmental exposure to metals during life exhibited the highest tissue levels of metals after death; despite chelation therapy for about a year, high lead levels remained in their tissue.", "contents": "Metals in spinal cord tissue of patients dying of motor neuron disease. To evaluate the role of toxic metals in causing motor neuron disease (MND), we used a photon-excited, energy-dispersive x-ray analytical system to measure the metal content of spinal ventral horn tissue. Specimens were taken from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of 7 patients who died of MND and the results compared with those found in 12 control patients. Anterior horn lead levels were elevated in MND patients compared to controls (mean, 40.7 micrograms/gm versus 14.6 micrograms/gm; p less than 0.05) and lead levels correlated with the duration of illness (r = +0.84, p less than 0.05). Only 2 MND patients had detectable manganese levels (72.3 and 132.2 micrograms/gm) whereas 1 control had detectable manganese (14.3 micrograms/gm). One MND patient had 244 micrograms/gm selenium, but 3 controls had levels of 180, 58, and 62. Patients with the histories of greatest environmental exposure to metals during life exhibited the highest tissue levels of metals after death; despite chelation therapy for about a year, high lead levels remained in their tissue.", "PMID": 507754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7452", "title": "Use of a self-administered questionnaire for detection of transient cerebral ischemic attacks: I. Survey of elderly persons living in retirement facilities.", "content": "A self-administered questionnaire designed to identify people with transient cerebral ischemia (TIA) in large population groups was distributed to approximately 10,000 elderly persons living in public and private retirement facilities in the United States. The population resided in eight cities, and 74% completed the survey. Transient focal neurological symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of TIA within the previous year were reported by 6.4% of the respondents. Uncertain manifestations of TIA, i.e., dizziness, light-headedness, or loss of balance, were noted by an additional 15.4%; the remaining 78.2% had no manifestations of this disorder. A clinical history for TIA was taken by a neurologist in a sample of 1,712 respondents to determine the validity of the questionnaire responses. Thirty (7.1%) of 423 persons presumed by the questionnaire to have TIA met the standard clinical criteria for the diagnosis. An additional 8 cases of TIA were found by the neurologist among the 1,289 interviewed persons presumed by the questionnaire to have uncertain TIA or no evidence of the disorder. The twelve-month period prevalence of TIA was estimated to be 8.2 per 1,000 in the total respondent population and 5.8 per 1,000 among those without a history of prior completed stroke. Despite the high proportion of false-positive neurological symptoms of TIA elicited by the questionnaire, this survey instrument nevertheless screened out for further study the 6% of the population in whom 55% of the TIAs occurred.", "contents": "Use of a self-administered questionnaire for detection of transient cerebral ischemic attacks: I. Survey of elderly persons living in retirement facilities. A self-administered questionnaire designed to identify people with transient cerebral ischemia (TIA) in large population groups was distributed to approximately 10,000 elderly persons living in public and private retirement facilities in the United States. The population resided in eight cities, and 74% completed the survey. Transient focal neurological symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of TIA within the previous year were reported by 6.4% of the respondents. Uncertain manifestations of TIA, i.e., dizziness, light-headedness, or loss of balance, were noted by an additional 15.4%; the remaining 78.2% had no manifestations of this disorder. A clinical history for TIA was taken by a neurologist in a sample of 1,712 respondents to determine the validity of the questionnaire responses. Thirty (7.1%) of 423 persons presumed by the questionnaire to have TIA met the standard clinical criteria for the diagnosis. An additional 8 cases of TIA were found by the neurologist among the 1,289 interviewed persons presumed by the questionnaire to have uncertain TIA or no evidence of the disorder. The twelve-month period prevalence of TIA was estimated to be 8.2 per 1,000 in the total respondent population and 5.8 per 1,000 among those without a history of prior completed stroke. Despite the high proportion of false-positive neurological symptoms of TIA elicited by the questionnaire, this survey instrument nevertheless screened out for further study the 6% of the population in whom 55% of the TIAs occurred.", "PMID": 507755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7453", "title": "Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in infants and children.", "content": "Clinical and electroencephalographic data on 7 infants and children with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS) in their electroencephalograms were reviewed. The waveform, periodicity, and transitory nature of these discharges were similar to those reported in adults. In children, as in adults, PLEDs reflect severe underlying brain dysfunction which is often associated with metabolic and structural abnormalities. In adults, PLEDs are usually associated with altered states of consciousness and with acute unilateral cerebral lesions; in children, however, they often occur with little or no alteration in consciousness and with chronic, diffuse lesions of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in infants and children. Clinical and electroencephalographic data on 7 infants and children with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS) in their electroencephalograms were reviewed. The waveform, periodicity, and transitory nature of these discharges were similar to those reported in adults. In children, as in adults, PLEDs reflect severe underlying brain dysfunction which is often associated with metabolic and structural abnormalities. In adults, PLEDs are usually associated with altered states of consciousness and with acute unilateral cerebral lesions; in children, however, they often occur with little or no alteration in consciousness and with chronic, diffuse lesions of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 507756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7454", "title": "Dynamic properties of partially denervated muscle.", "content": "The mechanical and electrical properties of the partially denervated first dorsal interosseous muscle were measured in 14 patients and 14 normal control subjects. The following variables were studied during isometric contraction: maximum voluntary contraction; maximum rate of rise of tension in a rapid voluntary contraction; amplitude, rate of rise, time to peak, and duration of peak of the compound muscle action potential; twitch force, maximum rate of rise, contraction time, and half-relaxation time; and tetanic (50 Hz) force, rate of rise, and tetanus/twitch ratio. The force produced during repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 10, 20, 50, and 100 impulses per second was also analyzed. The major findings were: (1) decreased load bearing (voluntary contraction, twitch, and tetanus), (2) prolonged twitch contraction times and half-relaxation times, (3) decreased tetanus/twitch ratio, and (4) preserved rate of rise of tension.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of partially denervated muscle. The mechanical and electrical properties of the partially denervated first dorsal interosseous muscle were measured in 14 patients and 14 normal control subjects. The following variables were studied during isometric contraction: maximum voluntary contraction; maximum rate of rise of tension in a rapid voluntary contraction; amplitude, rate of rise, time to peak, and duration of peak of the compound muscle action potential; twitch force, maximum rate of rise, contraction time, and half-relaxation time; and tetanic (50 Hz) force, rate of rise, and tetanus/twitch ratio. The force produced during repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 10, 20, 50, and 100 impulses per second was also analyzed. The major findings were: (1) decreased load bearing (voluntary contraction, twitch, and tetanus), (2) prolonged twitch contraction times and half-relaxation times, (3) decreased tetanus/twitch ratio, and (4) preserved rate of rise of tension.", "PMID": 507757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7455", "title": "The cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis and precise localization.", "content": "The cubital tunnel syndrome is a subgroup of ulnar neuropathies arising at the elbow, with nerve entrapment under the aponeurosis connecting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. To separate this condition more clearly from tardy ulnar palsy, the clinical and electrophysiological features of 9 patients are presented, 6 of whom had the syndrome bilaterally. There was no history of trauma and no clinical or roentgenographic evidence of joint deformity in any of the patients. In 9 of the 15 ulnar nerves, abnormal conduction was localized to the level of the cubital tunnel (1.5 to 3.5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle). The findings were confirmed intraoperatively in 7 patients and corresponded to a tight band compressing the ulnar nerve and causing narrowing at the cubital tunnel with swelling proximally. This syndrome represents a common and distinct subgroup of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow.", "contents": "The cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis and precise localization. The cubital tunnel syndrome is a subgroup of ulnar neuropathies arising at the elbow, with nerve entrapment under the aponeurosis connecting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. To separate this condition more clearly from tardy ulnar palsy, the clinical and electrophysiological features of 9 patients are presented, 6 of whom had the syndrome bilaterally. There was no history of trauma and no clinical or roentgenographic evidence of joint deformity in any of the patients. In 9 of the 15 ulnar nerves, abnormal conduction was localized to the level of the cubital tunnel (1.5 to 3.5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle). The findings were confirmed intraoperatively in 7 patients and corresponded to a tight band compressing the ulnar nerve and causing narrowing at the cubital tunnel with swelling proximally. This syndrome represents a common and distinct subgroup of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow.", "PMID": 507758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7456", "title": "Evaluation of insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Only 2 of 6 patients with myotonic dystrophy had glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. All, however, had markedly reduced insulin binding to specific receptors on circulating monocytes. A significant difference in receptor affinity for insulin was observed, but the difference in affinity was not as marked as that in the amount of 125I-insulin bound per cell, which was sixfold greater in control cells. No evidence for a circulating factor competing with insulin for binding sites could be demonstrated. These alterations in binding did not directly correlate with glucose intolerance or hyperinsulinemia and are consistent with a postulated generalized membrane defect. Study of the insulin receptor in this disorder may uncover regulatory mechanisms in normal and pathological conditions, including myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Evaluation of insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy. Only 2 of 6 patients with myotonic dystrophy had glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. All, however, had markedly reduced insulin binding to specific receptors on circulating monocytes. A significant difference in receptor affinity for insulin was observed, but the difference in affinity was not as marked as that in the amount of 125I-insulin bound per cell, which was sixfold greater in control cells. No evidence for a circulating factor competing with insulin for binding sites could be demonstrated. These alterations in binding did not directly correlate with glucose intolerance or hyperinsulinemia and are consistent with a postulated generalized membrane defect. Study of the insulin receptor in this disorder may uncover regulatory mechanisms in normal and pathological conditions, including myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 507759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7457", "title": "Failure of chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In view of the favorable claims of Cook and others, an open trial of chronic dorsal column stimulation was undertaken in 9 patients who had moderately advanced multiple sclerosis (MS) but were still ambulatory. No objective improvement was noted by either author during the postoperative observation period of 6 to 37 months; the occasional subjective improvement was ascribed to placebo effect. This procedure can no longer be recommended for MS patients.", "contents": "Failure of chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. In view of the favorable claims of Cook and others, an open trial of chronic dorsal column stimulation was undertaken in 9 patients who had moderately advanced multiple sclerosis (MS) but were still ambulatory. No objective improvement was noted by either author during the postoperative observation period of 6 to 37 months; the occasional subjective improvement was ascribed to placebo effect. This procedure can no longer be recommended for MS patients.", "PMID": 507760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7458", "title": "Ophthalmoplegia and bulbar palsy in variant form of maple syrup urine disease.", "content": "This is the third reported case of a neonate with ophthalmoplegia in whom the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was delayed into infancy. In this case, the demonstration of significant residual branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase activities suggests that this atypical presentation may be characteristic of the MSUD variant form.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegia and bulbar palsy in variant form of maple syrup urine disease. This is the third reported case of a neonate with ophthalmoplegia in whom the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was delayed into infancy. In this case, the demonstration of significant residual branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase activities suggests that this atypical presentation may be characteristic of the MSUD variant form.", "PMID": 507761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7459", "title": "Cerebral embolism from septal fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery.", "content": "A rare type of fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery, in the form of a septum, was observed in a patient suffering from recurrent cerebral infarctions. Angiography demonstrated growth of the lesion and documented the presence of an intraluminal thrombus attached to it. Comparison with reported cases of the more common \"string of beads\" lesion of fibromuscular dysplasia suggests that the risk for development of ischemic neurological problems is higher for this type of fibromuscular lesion. Surgical correction is recommended, especially for symptomatic patients.", "contents": "Cerebral embolism from septal fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery. A rare type of fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery, in the form of a septum, was observed in a patient suffering from recurrent cerebral infarctions. Angiography demonstrated growth of the lesion and documented the presence of an intraluminal thrombus attached to it. Comparison with reported cases of the more common \"string of beads\" lesion of fibromuscular dysplasia suggests that the risk for development of ischemic neurological problems is higher for this type of fibromuscular lesion. Surgical correction is recommended, especially for symptomatic patients.", "PMID": 507762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7460", "title": "Lidase treatment of spinal cord transected rats.", "content": "Russian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols outlined by Matinian and Andreasian, we repeated a portion of their experiment using a Lidase preparation manufactured in the USSR. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiate proline by regenerated corticospinal axons. The only difference between treated and control animals was that the mean total body weight of the treated animals increased more than that of controls (p less than 0.05). No animal walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.", "contents": "Lidase treatment of spinal cord transected rats. Russian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols outlined by Matinian and Andreasian, we repeated a portion of their experiment using a Lidase preparation manufactured in the USSR. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiate proline by regenerated corticospinal axons. The only difference between treated and control animals was that the mean total body weight of the treated animals increased more than that of controls (p less than 0.05). No animal walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.", "PMID": 507763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7461", "title": "[Role of the components in the methylation system in the cobalamin-dependent gentamycin biosynthesis by a Micromonospora purpurea culture].", "content": "It was found that under conditions of a short-term cultivation of the Co-deficient mycelium of M. purpurea var. violaces 1935 in the synthetic medium the level of gentamicin biosynthesis increased on the average by 2--2.5 times when cyancobalamine, methylcobalamine, L-methionine or L-serine were added to the medium. Glycine and H2-pholate increased the gentamicin yield on the average by 1.5--1.8 times. When the concentration of L-methionine in the medium was optimal, production of gentamicin by the Co-deficient mycelium markedly increased on addition of extra amounts of cyancobalamine into the medium. An analogous high level of gentamicin biosynthesis was observed in the absence of L-methionine, when combinations of H2-pholate and L-serine or cyancobalamine, H2-pholate and glycine were added to the medium. The data of the study indicate that the pholate-dependent neogenesis of -CH3 group and the methyl-B12-dependent resynthesis of L-methionine play an important functional role in biosynthesis of gentamicin.", "contents": "[Role of the components in the methylation system in the cobalamin-dependent gentamycin biosynthesis by a Micromonospora purpurea culture]. It was found that under conditions of a short-term cultivation of the Co-deficient mycelium of M. purpurea var. violaces 1935 in the synthetic medium the level of gentamicin biosynthesis increased on the average by 2--2.5 times when cyancobalamine, methylcobalamine, L-methionine or L-serine were added to the medium. Glycine and H2-pholate increased the gentamicin yield on the average by 1.5--1.8 times. When the concentration of L-methionine in the medium was optimal, production of gentamicin by the Co-deficient mycelium markedly increased on addition of extra amounts of cyancobalamine into the medium. An analogous high level of gentamicin biosynthesis was observed in the absence of L-methionine, when combinations of H2-pholate and L-serine or cyancobalamine, H2-pholate and glycine were added to the medium. The data of the study indicate that the pholate-dependent neogenesis of -CH3 group and the methyl-B12-dependent resynthesis of L-methionine play an important functional role in biosynthesis of gentamicin.", "PMID": 507775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7462", "title": "[Significance of determining novobiocin sensitivity in the taxonomy of staphylococci].", "content": "Novobiocin sensitivity of 96 strains belonging to various staphylococcal species was studied. It was noted that Staph. saprophyticus significantly differed from Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis with respect to the above antibiotic. The MIC up to 2 micrograms/ml and the growth inhibition zones of 26--35 mm in diameter were characteristic of Staph. aureau and Staph. epidermidis, while the respective figures for most of the strains of Staph. saprophyticus were 32--64 micrograms/ml and 12--17 mm. However, 28 percent of the strains of Staph. saprophyticus did not differ with respect to their movobiocin sensitivity from the other 2 species. It is concluded that the \"novobiocin test\" may be used for differentiation of staphylococci, within the genera. At the same time it was shown that the method of the paper sensitivity discs compares very favourably with the method of serial dilutions in agar not only because of its simplicity and convenience of manipulation with single strains, but also of the possibility of identifying the population heterogenicity with respect to novobiocin sensitivity.", "contents": "[Significance of determining novobiocin sensitivity in the taxonomy of staphylococci]. Novobiocin sensitivity of 96 strains belonging to various staphylococcal species was studied. It was noted that Staph. saprophyticus significantly differed from Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis with respect to the above antibiotic. The MIC up to 2 micrograms/ml and the growth inhibition zones of 26--35 mm in diameter were characteristic of Staph. aureau and Staph. epidermidis, while the respective figures for most of the strains of Staph. saprophyticus were 32--64 micrograms/ml and 12--17 mm. However, 28 percent of the strains of Staph. saprophyticus did not differ with respect to their movobiocin sensitivity from the other 2 species. It is concluded that the \"novobiocin test\" may be used for differentiation of staphylococci, within the genera. At the same time it was shown that the method of the paper sensitivity discs compares very favourably with the method of serial dilutions in agar not only because of its simplicity and convenience of manipulation with single strains, but also of the possibility of identifying the population heterogenicity with respect to novobiocin sensitivity.", "PMID": 507776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7463", "title": "[Bacteriocin properties of Lactobacillus fermenti, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri].", "content": "Four bacteriocins of L. fermenti, 3 bacteriocins of L. brevis and 1 bacteriocin of L. buchneri were studied with respect to morphology of the inhibition growth zones of the indicator strains, capacity for diffusion through cellophane, sensitivity to high temperature, bacterial proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain, nucleases and lysozyme. According to the differences in their properties the bacteriocins were classified as belonging to 8 types, including 4 types of L. fermenti bacteriocins and 3 types of L. brevis bacteriocins.", "contents": "[Bacteriocin properties of Lactobacillus fermenti, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri]. Four bacteriocins of L. fermenti, 3 bacteriocins of L. brevis and 1 bacteriocin of L. buchneri were studied with respect to morphology of the inhibition growth zones of the indicator strains, capacity for diffusion through cellophane, sensitivity to high temperature, bacterial proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain, nucleases and lysozyme. According to the differences in their properties the bacteriocins were classified as belonging to 8 types, including 4 types of L. fermenti bacteriocins and 3 types of L. brevis bacteriocins.", "PMID": 507777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7464", "title": "[Comparative study of the interaction of cephalosporins with blood serum proteins and organ homogenates].", "content": "Interaction of 7 semisynthetic antibiotics (cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephazolin, cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin) with proteins of human, bovine and rabbit blood serum, as well as organ and tissue homogenates of rats was studied comparatively. The study showed that binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum depended on both the chemical structure of the antibiotic and the species affiliation of the protein substrate. The binding lvels of cephazolin and cephalotin by the blood serum proteins (except bovine serum) were the highest, while the binding level of cephaloridine was the lowest. A significant decrease in the values of binding by the serum proteins of the drugs with high percentage of binding was observed when the drug concentrations in solution were increased. Binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum proteins was in most cases completely reversible. The activity of the cephalosporins decreased in the presence of the rat organ and tissue homogenates. The levels of the activity decrease as compared to the theoretical ones were the highest with the use of cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin. The lowest values of detection of these antibiotics were noted on their incubation with the liver, kidneys and lungs.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the interaction of cephalosporins with blood serum proteins and organ homogenates]. Interaction of 7 semisynthetic antibiotics (cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephazolin, cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin) with proteins of human, bovine and rabbit blood serum, as well as organ and tissue homogenates of rats was studied comparatively. The study showed that binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum depended on both the chemical structure of the antibiotic and the species affiliation of the protein substrate. The binding lvels of cephazolin and cephalotin by the blood serum proteins (except bovine serum) were the highest, while the binding level of cephaloridine was the lowest. A significant decrease in the values of binding by the serum proteins of the drugs with high percentage of binding was observed when the drug concentrations in solution were increased. Binding of the cephalosporins by the blood serum proteins was in most cases completely reversible. The activity of the cephalosporins decreased in the presence of the rat organ and tissue homogenates. The levels of the activity decrease as compared to the theoretical ones were the highest with the use of cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin. The lowest values of detection of these antibiotics were noted on their incubation with the liver, kidneys and lungs.", "PMID": 507778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7465", "title": "[Biochemical analysis of the microvillose membranes of the small intestine mucosa of dogs after levorin administration].", "content": "The effect of oral levorin used for a prolonged period of time on the lipid composition and activity of alkaline phosphatase and invertase of the microvilli membranes of the small intestinal enterocytes of old dogs was studied. Higher ratios of cholesterol/phospholipids in the membranes and inactivation of alkaline phosphatase and invertase were noted in the old dogs as compared to the young ones. Exposure of the old dogs to levorin had a significant effect on the microvilli membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells. It was evident from a lower ratio of cholesterol/phospholipids in the membranes and stimulation of the alkaline phosphatase activity. It is supposed that the changes in the state of the microvilli membranes of the small intestinal mucosa due to levorin play a definite role in the mechanism of its hypercholesterolemic action.", "contents": "[Biochemical analysis of the microvillose membranes of the small intestine mucosa of dogs after levorin administration]. The effect of oral levorin used for a prolonged period of time on the lipid composition and activity of alkaline phosphatase and invertase of the microvilli membranes of the small intestinal enterocytes of old dogs was studied. Higher ratios of cholesterol/phospholipids in the membranes and inactivation of alkaline phosphatase and invertase were noted in the old dogs as compared to the young ones. Exposure of the old dogs to levorin had a significant effect on the microvilli membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells. It was evident from a lower ratio of cholesterol/phospholipids in the membranes and stimulation of the alkaline phosphatase activity. It is supposed that the changes in the state of the microvilli membranes of the small intestinal mucosa due to levorin play a definite role in the mechanism of its hypercholesterolemic action.", "PMID": 507779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7466", "title": "[Carminomycin induction of single-stranded DNA breaks in Micrococcus luteus cells].", "content": "The effect of carminomycin, an amtitumor antibiotic from the anthracycline group on DNA of M. luteus cells was studied. It was shown that carminomycin induced one-thread breaks in DNA. The antibiotic effect was proportional to its concentration and depended on the time of the cell exposure. When the incubation time with carminomycin was longer, there was observed disappearance of a significant part of the breaks. The lower was the antibiotic concentration, the rapider was the process, especially after removal of the antibiotic from the medium. Induction of the one-thread breaks by carminomycin in DNA of the cells of the mutant strain DB-7 of M. luteus was more difficult than in that of the cells of the wild type strain which was indicative of the enzymatic character of most of the breaks and of a special role of UV-endonuclease of M. luteus in this process. On the basis of carminomycin hypersensitivity of the mutant it was concluded that the above enzyme was probably involved in reparation of the DNA damages induced by carminomycin. No two-thread breaks induced by the antibiotic were detected.", "contents": "[Carminomycin induction of single-stranded DNA breaks in Micrococcus luteus cells]. The effect of carminomycin, an amtitumor antibiotic from the anthracycline group on DNA of M. luteus cells was studied. It was shown that carminomycin induced one-thread breaks in DNA. The antibiotic effect was proportional to its concentration and depended on the time of the cell exposure. When the incubation time with carminomycin was longer, there was observed disappearance of a significant part of the breaks. The lower was the antibiotic concentration, the rapider was the process, especially after removal of the antibiotic from the medium. Induction of the one-thread breaks by carminomycin in DNA of the cells of the mutant strain DB-7 of M. luteus was more difficult than in that of the cells of the wild type strain which was indicative of the enzymatic character of most of the breaks and of a special role of UV-endonuclease of M. luteus in this process. On the basis of carminomycin hypersensitivity of the mutant it was concluded that the above enzyme was probably involved in reparation of the DNA damages induced by carminomycin. No two-thread breaks induced by the antibiotic were detected.", "PMID": 507780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7467", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic indices of penicillin and semicillin (ampicillin) in kidney diseases in children].", "content": "The kinetics of penicillin and semicillin was studied in 80 children at the age of 5 to 14 suffering from glomerulonephritis and pyelonephrities. The Bertolotti penicillin test revealed an isolated or associated (with lowered glomerular filtration and function of the osmotic concentration) decrease in the secretory function of the proxymal nephron in the patients without the signs of chronic renal insufficiency. The results of the study on the pharmacokinetics of simicillin indicated definite regularities in its excretion with urine as dependent on the period of its use and the state of the renal function. When semicillin was used in therapeutic doses, its concentration in urine exceeded the MIC with respect to all bacteria isolated from the urine specimens of the patients with pyelonephritis. Control of the antibiotic blood levels in children with kidney diseases at the stage of chronic renal insufficiency is necessary for choosing the optimal dose and intervals between the drug injections.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic indices of penicillin and semicillin (ampicillin) in kidney diseases in children]. The kinetics of penicillin and semicillin was studied in 80 children at the age of 5 to 14 suffering from glomerulonephritis and pyelonephrities. The Bertolotti penicillin test revealed an isolated or associated (with lowered glomerular filtration and function of the osmotic concentration) decrease in the secretory function of the proxymal nephron in the patients without the signs of chronic renal insufficiency. The results of the study on the pharmacokinetics of simicillin indicated definite regularities in its excretion with urine as dependent on the period of its use and the state of the renal function. When semicillin was used in therapeutic doses, its concentration in urine exceeded the MIC with respect to all bacteria isolated from the urine specimens of the patients with pyelonephritis. Control of the antibiotic blood levels in children with kidney diseases at the stage of chronic renal insufficiency is necessary for choosing the optimal dose and intervals between the drug injections.", "PMID": 507782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7468", "title": "Sanguicin, a bacteriocin of oral Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "Streptococcus sanguis strain N-2 was found to produce a bacteriocin (sanguicin) which accumulates intracellularly. It was purified by sequential procedures about 98-fold with a recovery of 37% and appeared to be homogeneous on gel electrophoresis. Sanguicin was heat labile and was destroyed by digestion with pronase. The growth of several species of oral indigenous microorganisms was inhibited by sanguicin, of which Bacteriodes melaninogenicus was most susceptible. Sanguicin acted on susceptible cells as a bacteriostatic agent.", "contents": "Sanguicin, a bacteriocin of oral Streptococcus sanguis. Streptococcus sanguis strain N-2 was found to produce a bacteriocin (sanguicin) which accumulates intracellularly. It was purified by sequential procedures about 98-fold with a recovery of 37% and appeared to be homogeneous on gel electrophoresis. Sanguicin was heat labile and was destroyed by digestion with pronase. The growth of several species of oral indigenous microorganisms was inhibited by sanguicin, of which Bacteriodes melaninogenicus was most susceptible. Sanguicin acted on susceptible cells as a bacteriostatic agent.", "PMID": 507783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7469", "title": "Latent infections of sensory ganglia as influenced by phosphonoformate treatment of herpes simplex virus-induced skin infections in hairless mice.", "content": "Topical treatment with 3% phosphonoformate of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV)-induced skin infections of hairless mice reduced the severity of skin lesions when the treatment was initiated 3 h after virus inoculation in the lumbosacral area or 3 and 24 h after inoculation in the orofacial area. The mortality was significantly reduced in lumbosacral-infected mice and was completely prevented in orofacial-infected mice when the treatment was initiated with a delay of 24 h after virus inoculation. However, phosphonoformate did not prevent the establishment of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in the spinal and trigeminal ganglia, even when treatment was initiated as early as 3 h after infection.", "contents": "Latent infections of sensory ganglia as influenced by phosphonoformate treatment of herpes simplex virus-induced skin infections in hairless mice. Topical treatment with 3% phosphonoformate of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV)-induced skin infections of hairless mice reduced the severity of skin lesions when the treatment was initiated 3 h after virus inoculation in the lumbosacral area or 3 and 24 h after inoculation in the orofacial area. The mortality was significantly reduced in lumbosacral-infected mice and was completely prevented in orofacial-infected mice when the treatment was initiated with a delay of 24 h after virus inoculation. However, phosphonoformate did not prevent the establishment of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in the spinal and trigeminal ganglia, even when treatment was initiated as early as 3 h after infection.", "PMID": 507784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7470", "title": "In vitro activity of LY127935.", "content": "The activity of LY127935, a beta-lactam antibiotic of novel structure, was studied in vitro against facultative gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacteroides fragilis. The strains were recent clinical isolates, many of which were relatively resistant to other antibiotics. LY127935 exhibited striking activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., Serratia marcescens, and B. fragilis with median minimum inhibitory concentrations of less than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml. It was somewhat less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus. Cefotaxime (HR 756) showed very similar activity except that it was substantially weaker against B. fragilis. LY127935 was more active than cefamandole, cefoxitin, or piperacillin; it was also as potent as tobramycin or amikacin against all species except for P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "In vitro activity of LY127935. The activity of LY127935, a beta-lactam antibiotic of novel structure, was studied in vitro against facultative gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacteroides fragilis. The strains were recent clinical isolates, many of which were relatively resistant to other antibiotics. LY127935 exhibited striking activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., Serratia marcescens, and B. fragilis with median minimum inhibitory concentrations of less than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml. It was somewhat less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus. Cefotaxime (HR 756) showed very similar activity except that it was substantially weaker against B. fragilis. LY127935 was more active than cefamandole, cefoxitin, or piperacillin; it was also as potent as tobramycin or amikacin against all species except for P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 507785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7471", "title": "Purification and characterization of agrocin 84.", "content": "A procedure for the rapid purification of milligram quantities of agrocin 84, a bacteriocin-like compound produced by Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84, has been developed. This procedure, which employs charcoal adsorption, ion-exchange, sieving chromatography, and continuous-flow electrophoresis, can yield agrocin 84 which is 65% pure on a dry weight basis. The purest preparations were strongly ultraviolet absorbing, with a maximum at 264 nm (epsilon 7.0/264 = 22,675 cm2 - M-1) and a minimum at 227 nm (ratio of 264 to 227 nm, 6.00). As has been reported, agrocin 84 contains an unusual phosphoramidate or 6-N-acyl linkage to adenine. Adenine, glucose, and phosphate are present in a 1:1:2 molar ratio. The molecular weight was estimated to be 1,350.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of agrocin 84. A procedure for the rapid purification of milligram quantities of agrocin 84, a bacteriocin-like compound produced by Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84, has been developed. This procedure, which employs charcoal adsorption, ion-exchange, sieving chromatography, and continuous-flow electrophoresis, can yield agrocin 84 which is 65% pure on a dry weight basis. The purest preparations were strongly ultraviolet absorbing, with a maximum at 264 nm (epsilon 7.0/264 = 22,675 cm2 - M-1) and a minimum at 227 nm (ratio of 264 to 227 nm, 6.00). As has been reported, agrocin 84 contains an unusual phosphoramidate or 6-N-acyl linkage to adenine. Adenine, glucose, and phosphate are present in a 1:1:2 molar ratio. The molecular weight was estimated to be 1,350.", "PMID": 507786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7472", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of human isolates of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Seventeen human strains of Pasteurella multocida, biochemically similar to, if not identical with, isolates of animal origins, were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents utilizing a microtiter broth dilution technique. Ten of these isolates were also tested against 11 antibiotics by disk diffusion. The most active drugs with respect to the median minimal inhibitory concentration (micrograms per milliliter) were tetracycline (0.09), penicillin G (0.78), ampicillin (0.78), carbenicillin (1.56), cephalothin (1.56), and chloramphenicol (1.56). With the exception of tetracycline, the median minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration values were equal or differed by no more than a factor of two. The semisynthetic penicillins clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides had relatively low activities, suggesting that these agents would be poor choices for the treatment of P. multocida infections.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of human isolates of Pasteurella multocida. Seventeen human strains of Pasteurella multocida, biochemically similar to, if not identical with, isolates of animal origins, were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents utilizing a microtiter broth dilution technique. Ten of these isolates were also tested against 11 antibiotics by disk diffusion. The most active drugs with respect to the median minimal inhibitory concentration (micrograms per milliliter) were tetracycline (0.09), penicillin G (0.78), ampicillin (0.78), carbenicillin (1.56), cephalothin (1.56), and chloramphenicol (1.56). With the exception of tetracycline, the median minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration values were equal or differed by no more than a factor of two. The semisynthetic penicillins clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides had relatively low activities, suggesting that these agents would be poor choices for the treatment of P. multocida infections.", "PMID": 507787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7473", "title": "LY127935, a novel oxa-beta-lactam: an in vitro comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The in vitro activities of LY127935 (LY) were compared with those of other beta-lactam antibiotics. LY was highly active (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] range 0.06 to 0.25 micrograms/ml) against the common Enterobacteriaceae (including Providencia stuartiia, Enterobacter, and Serrati marcescens), 8 to 16 times more active than cefoxitin, cefuroxime, or cefazolin, and from one-half to one-eighth as active as cefotaxime (HR756). The activity of LY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with MICs of 4 and 64 micrograms/ml for 50 and 90% of test strains, respectively) was essentially similar to that of cefotaxime, but was only one-half as active as CGP 7174/E. LY, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime were essentially equally active against Bacteroides fragilis--each was more active than cefuroxime and cefazolin. Against Staphylococcus aureus, LY (50% MIC and 90% MIC of 4 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively) was less active than cefotaxime, cefoxitin, or cefuroxime and one-eighth as active as cefazolin. The composition and pH of the culture medium had little effect on the activity of LY, although 7.2 appeared to be the optimum pH.", "contents": "LY127935, a novel oxa-beta-lactam: an in vitro comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics. The in vitro activities of LY127935 (LY) were compared with those of other beta-lactam antibiotics. LY was highly active (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] range 0.06 to 0.25 micrograms/ml) against the common Enterobacteriaceae (including Providencia stuartiia, Enterobacter, and Serrati marcescens), 8 to 16 times more active than cefoxitin, cefuroxime, or cefazolin, and from one-half to one-eighth as active as cefotaxime (HR756). The activity of LY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with MICs of 4 and 64 micrograms/ml for 50 and 90% of test strains, respectively) was essentially similar to that of cefotaxime, but was only one-half as active as CGP 7174/E. LY, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime were essentially equally active against Bacteroides fragilis--each was more active than cefuroxime and cefazolin. Against Staphylococcus aureus, LY (50% MIC and 90% MIC of 4 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively) was less active than cefotaxime, cefoxitin, or cefuroxime and one-eighth as active as cefazolin. The composition and pH of the culture medium had little effect on the activity of LY, although 7.2 appeared to be the optimum pH.", "PMID": 507788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7474", "title": "Clinicopharmacological evaluation of amoxicillin and probenecid against bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Forty-three infants and children with bacterial meningitis were treated intravenously with 200 mg of amoxicillin sodium per kg per day for 10 days. (Patients were initially treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol until the bacterial etiology was defined.) Patients were randomly treated with amoxicillin only or with amoxicillin and four doses of probenecid (10 mg/kg per dose) orally every 6 h for 24 h before the lumbar puncture at day 10. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained on days 1, 5, and 10 of therapy for antibiotic assay. The mean peak serum concentration of amoxicillin of 49.2 micrograms/ml was increased to 61.4 micrograms/ml in patients who received probenecid. The half-life in serum (1.5 h) and area under the curve with probenecid (112.5 micrograms/ml-h) were increased compared with those of amoxicillin alone (1.3 h and 82.2 micrograms/ml-h). The mean peak CSF concentrations on days 1 and 5 were similar, but day 1 concentrations remained between 2.0 micrograms/ml and 5.0 micrograms/ml throughout the 4 h after a dose, whereas the day 5 values decreased at the same decay rate as that in serum. All CSF concentrations were lower on day 10, but patients receiving probenecid had peak values occurring at 1 hr rather than at 0.5 h, and levels were significantly greater at 1 and 2 h after a dose. There were no deaths and patients responded well to treatment.", "contents": "Clinicopharmacological evaluation of amoxicillin and probenecid against bacterial meningitis. Forty-three infants and children with bacterial meningitis were treated intravenously with 200 mg of amoxicillin sodium per kg per day for 10 days. (Patients were initially treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol until the bacterial etiology was defined.) Patients were randomly treated with amoxicillin only or with amoxicillin and four doses of probenecid (10 mg/kg per dose) orally every 6 h for 24 h before the lumbar puncture at day 10. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained on days 1, 5, and 10 of therapy for antibiotic assay. The mean peak serum concentration of amoxicillin of 49.2 micrograms/ml was increased to 61.4 micrograms/ml in patients who received probenecid. The half-life in serum (1.5 h) and area under the curve with probenecid (112.5 micrograms/ml-h) were increased compared with those of amoxicillin alone (1.3 h and 82.2 micrograms/ml-h). The mean peak CSF concentrations on days 1 and 5 were similar, but day 1 concentrations remained between 2.0 micrograms/ml and 5.0 micrograms/ml throughout the 4 h after a dose, whereas the day 5 values decreased at the same decay rate as that in serum. All CSF concentrations were lower on day 10, but patients receiving probenecid had peak values occurring at 1 hr rather than at 0.5 h, and levels were significantly greater at 1 and 2 h after a dose. There were no deaths and patients responded well to treatment.", "PMID": 507789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7475", "title": "Correlation of aminoglycoside dosages with serum concentrations during therapy of serious gram-negative bacillary disease.", "content": "We prospectively evaluated serum aminoglycoside (AMG) concentrations in 120 patients who received gentamicin or tobramycin for serious gram-negative bacillary disease. AMG serum concentrations were assayed by microbiological and radioimmunoassay techniques. Correlation between the two assay methods was good. When AMG doses were based on total body weight, there was no significant correlation between AMG dosage administered and serum concentrations in patients with either normal or abnormal renal function. The use of ideal body weight for calculation of AMG dosage improved this correlation significantly except in hemodialysis patients. AMG-induced nephrotoxicity occurred in 13 patients. No significant association was noted between the occurrence of toxicity and the specific AMG given or with other commonly recognized risk factors. Among study groups, peak AMG serum concentrations failed to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organism in 17 to 33% of the cases. Serum inhibitory levels of greater than or equal to 1:8 were not associated with improved survival. There was no significant difference in mortality between the gentamicin- and tobramycin-treated groups. We advise base-line serum AMG levels in seriously ill patients with gram-negative bacillary disease and additional bacteriological studies in selected situations.", "contents": "Correlation of aminoglycoside dosages with serum concentrations during therapy of serious gram-negative bacillary disease. We prospectively evaluated serum aminoglycoside (AMG) concentrations in 120 patients who received gentamicin or tobramycin for serious gram-negative bacillary disease. AMG serum concentrations were assayed by microbiological and radioimmunoassay techniques. Correlation between the two assay methods was good. When AMG doses were based on total body weight, there was no significant correlation between AMG dosage administered and serum concentrations in patients with either normal or abnormal renal function. The use of ideal body weight for calculation of AMG dosage improved this correlation significantly except in hemodialysis patients. AMG-induced nephrotoxicity occurred in 13 patients. No significant association was noted between the occurrence of toxicity and the specific AMG given or with other commonly recognized risk factors. Among study groups, peak AMG serum concentrations failed to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organism in 17 to 33% of the cases. Serum inhibitory levels of greater than or equal to 1:8 were not associated with improved survival. There was no significant difference in mortality between the gentamicin- and tobramycin-treated groups. We advise base-line serum AMG levels in seriously ill patients with gram-negative bacillary disease and additional bacteriological studies in selected situations.", "PMID": 507790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7476", "title": "Cochlear toxicity of butikacin (UK-18,892), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, in guinea pigs.", "content": "The cochleotoxic potential of butikacin (UK-18,892), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, has been evaluated in neonatal guinea pigs in comparison with amikacin, gentamicin, and kanamycin A. All compounds produced a dose-related increase of the mean threshold sound intensity required to elicit Preyer's reflex. Butikacin produced a similar level of cochlear toxicity to that of kanamycin A, but tended to be less cochleotoxic than amikacin. Gentamicin was the least cochleotoxic.", "contents": "Cochlear toxicity of butikacin (UK-18,892), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, in guinea pigs. The cochleotoxic potential of butikacin (UK-18,892), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, has been evaluated in neonatal guinea pigs in comparison with amikacin, gentamicin, and kanamycin A. All compounds produced a dose-related increase of the mean threshold sound intensity required to elicit Preyer's reflex. Butikacin produced a similar level of cochlear toxicity to that of kanamycin A, but tended to be less cochleotoxic than amikacin. Gentamicin was the least cochleotoxic.", "PMID": 507791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7477", "title": "Anaerobic infection in cancer patients: comparative evaluation of clindamycin and cefoxitin.", "content": "Clindamycin and cefoxitin with or without gentamicin were administered to cancer patients having localized infections presumably caused by anaerobic pathogens. The rates of favorable response were 89% in patients receiving clindamycine alone and 78% in patients receiving cefoxitin alone. When the total experience is considered (clindamycin or cefoxitin with and without gentamicin), 20 of 24 patients (83%) responded to clindamycin and 18 of 22 (82%) responded to cefoxitin. Both therapies were well tolerated. Clindamycin was found to be more effective than cefoxitin in eradicating the offending anaerobic pathogens from the site of infection. Aerobic pathogens were frequently isolated along with anaerobes from the infectious sites in this series; their susceptibility or resistance to clindamycin or cefoxitin did not influence the therapeutic response.", "contents": "Anaerobic infection in cancer patients: comparative evaluation of clindamycin and cefoxitin. Clindamycin and cefoxitin with or without gentamicin were administered to cancer patients having localized infections presumably caused by anaerobic pathogens. The rates of favorable response were 89% in patients receiving clindamycine alone and 78% in patients receiving cefoxitin alone. When the total experience is considered (clindamycin or cefoxitin with and without gentamicin), 20 of 24 patients (83%) responded to clindamycin and 18 of 22 (82%) responded to cefoxitin. Both therapies were well tolerated. Clindamycin was found to be more effective than cefoxitin in eradicating the offending anaerobic pathogens from the site of infection. Aerobic pathogens were frequently isolated along with anaerobes from the infectious sites in this series; their susceptibility or resistance to clindamycin or cefoxitin did not influence the therapeutic response.", "PMID": 507792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7478", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of antibiotic susceptibility disks.", "content": "The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility disks by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated. Methods are presented for the potency determination of mecillinam, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin alone and in various combinations. Good agreement between HPLC and microbiological data is observed for potency determinations with recoveries of greater than 95%. Relative standard deviations of lower than 2% are recorded for each HPLC method. HPLC methods offer improved accuracy and greater precision when compared to the standard microbiological methods of analysis for susceptibility disks.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of antibiotic susceptibility disks. The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility disks by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated. Methods are presented for the potency determination of mecillinam, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin alone and in various combinations. Good agreement between HPLC and microbiological data is observed for potency determinations with recoveries of greater than 95%. Relative standard deviations of lower than 2% are recorded for each HPLC method. HPLC methods offer improved accuracy and greater precision when compared to the standard microbiological methods of analysis for susceptibility disks.", "PMID": 507793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7479", "title": "Piperacillin susceptibility tests by the single-disk agar diffusion technique.", "content": "Piperacillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin with a spectrum of activity broader than that of carbenicillin or ticarcillin. Studies were performed to establish standards for agar diffusion susceptibility tests with piperacillin disks. Tests with 100-, 150-, and 200-micrograms piperacillin disks and with 100-micrograms carbenicillin disks were evaluated. With both penicillins, 100-micrograms disks were satisfactory, in spite of the fact that piperacillin is a larger molecule and diffuses at a slower rate. With both carbenicillin and piperacillin disks, resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced zones less than or equal to 28 mm and susceptible strains gave zones greater than or equal to 29 mm in diameter. When testing other microorganisms, zone standards of less than or equal to 13 mm for resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml) and greater than or equal to 17 mm for susceptible (minimal inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml) are recommended for tests with 100-micrograms piperacillin disks. Similar zone standards are currently recommended for carbenicillin and ticarcillin disk tests.", "contents": "Piperacillin susceptibility tests by the single-disk agar diffusion technique. Piperacillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin with a spectrum of activity broader than that of carbenicillin or ticarcillin. Studies were performed to establish standards for agar diffusion susceptibility tests with piperacillin disks. Tests with 100-, 150-, and 200-micrograms piperacillin disks and with 100-micrograms carbenicillin disks were evaluated. With both penicillins, 100-micrograms disks were satisfactory, in spite of the fact that piperacillin is a larger molecule and diffuses at a slower rate. With both carbenicillin and piperacillin disks, resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced zones less than or equal to 28 mm and susceptible strains gave zones greater than or equal to 29 mm in diameter. When testing other microorganisms, zone standards of less than or equal to 13 mm for resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml) and greater than or equal to 17 mm for susceptible (minimal inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml) are recommended for tests with 100-micrograms piperacillin disks. Similar zone standards are currently recommended for carbenicillin and ticarcillin disk tests.", "PMID": 507794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7480", "title": "Ceforanide: in vitro and clinical evaluation.", "content": "Ceforanide, a new cephalosporin antibiotic with a long half-life (3 h), can be administered twice daily. We evaluated its antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy. Twenty-seven patients with infections due to susceptible organisms received ceforanide, 0.5, 1, or 2 g, intramuscularly or intravenously every 12 h for 6 to 28 days. In vitro studies with the clinical isolates from 27 patients treated plus 263 additional isolates showed that ceforanide was active against cephalothin-susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. In addition, ceforanide inhibited 65% of cephalothin-resistant Escherichia coli and 65% of Enterobacter spp. at </=12.5 mug/ml. After a single 1-g intramuscular dose, the mean peak plasma concentration at 1 h was 48.9 mug/ml and that at 12 h was 4.7 mug/ml. Plasma accumulation occurred in some patients. The infections included 10 pneumonias, 3 with bacteremia and 1 with empyema; 11 soft tissue infections, 4 with abscesses and 3 with sepsis; and 3 urinary tract infections. One case each of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and septic thrombophlebitis, all due to Staphylococcus aureus, were treated. Clinical response was satisfactory in all patients; bacteriological response was satisfactory in 26 of 27 patients. Ceforanide was well tolerated. Three patients developed mild increases in liver enzymes, and one developed slight eosinophilia. In another case, the antibiotic was discontinued because of a fivefold rise in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) and a twofold rise in lactic acid dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Ceforanide: in vitro and clinical evaluation. Ceforanide, a new cephalosporin antibiotic with a long half-life (3 h), can be administered twice daily. We evaluated its antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy. Twenty-seven patients with infections due to susceptible organisms received ceforanide, 0.5, 1, or 2 g, intramuscularly or intravenously every 12 h for 6 to 28 days. In vitro studies with the clinical isolates from 27 patients treated plus 263 additional isolates showed that ceforanide was active against cephalothin-susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. In addition, ceforanide inhibited 65% of cephalothin-resistant Escherichia coli and 65% of Enterobacter spp. at </=12.5 mug/ml. After a single 1-g intramuscular dose, the mean peak plasma concentration at 1 h was 48.9 mug/ml and that at 12 h was 4.7 mug/ml. Plasma accumulation occurred in some patients. The infections included 10 pneumonias, 3 with bacteremia and 1 with empyema; 11 soft tissue infections, 4 with abscesses and 3 with sepsis; and 3 urinary tract infections. One case each of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and septic thrombophlebitis, all due to Staphylococcus aureus, were treated. Clinical response was satisfactory in all patients; bacteriological response was satisfactory in 26 of 27 patients. Ceforanide was well tolerated. Three patients developed mild increases in liver enzymes, and one developed slight eosinophilia. In another case, the antibiotic was discontinued because of a fivefold rise in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) and a twofold rise in lactic acid dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 507795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7481", "title": "Use of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid for prescreening for antitumor compounds.", "content": "The interactions of PM-2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with 20 known antineoplastic agents were studied using agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorescence assay systems. Actinomycin D and adriamycin (and all other anthracyclines studied) induced superhelical conformational changes in PM-2 DNA. Bleomycin A2, tallysomycin, neocarzinostatin, macromomycin, and hedamycin degraded PM-2 DNA under various conditions. The potential utility of PM-2 DNA as an antitumor antibiotic prescreening tool was further studied by examining the effects of 200 broths on PM-2 DNA employing both fluorescence and agarose gel electrophorectic assays. The assays were shown to be sensitive and rapid and to provide information not provided by other prescreens with which the PM-2 DNA assays were compared.", "contents": "Use of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid for prescreening for antitumor compounds. The interactions of PM-2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with 20 known antineoplastic agents were studied using agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorescence assay systems. Actinomycin D and adriamycin (and all other anthracyclines studied) induced superhelical conformational changes in PM-2 DNA. Bleomycin A2, tallysomycin, neocarzinostatin, macromomycin, and hedamycin degraded PM-2 DNA under various conditions. The potential utility of PM-2 DNA as an antitumor antibiotic prescreening tool was further studied by examining the effects of 200 broths on PM-2 DNA employing both fluorescence and agarose gel electrophorectic assays. The assays were shown to be sensitive and rapid and to provide information not provided by other prescreens with which the PM-2 DNA assays were compared.", "PMID": 507796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7482", "title": "Cinoxacin: pharmacokinetics and tolerance in patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cinoxacin, a new antibacterial compound related to nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, were investigated in 22 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. After oral administration of cinoxacin at 500 mg every 12 h for 7 days to all patients, the drug was found to be well tolerated. The urine concentrations of cinoxacin in all patients far exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations for susceptible organisms commonly found in urinary tract infections. The serum half-life of cinoxacin in patients with normal renal function was approximately 2.7 h but increased to approximately 8.5 h in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min. No undue drug accumulation was demonstrated in any patient group during the treatment. Highly significant correlations were found between the elimination rate constant and creatinine clearance and also between the elimination half-life and serum creatinine. The bioavailability of cinoxacin was independent of renal function.", "contents": "Cinoxacin: pharmacokinetics and tolerance in patients with normal and impaired renal function. The pharmacokinetics of cinoxacin, a new antibacterial compound related to nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, were investigated in 22 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. After oral administration of cinoxacin at 500 mg every 12 h for 7 days to all patients, the drug was found to be well tolerated. The urine concentrations of cinoxacin in all patients far exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations for susceptible organisms commonly found in urinary tract infections. The serum half-life of cinoxacin in patients with normal renal function was approximately 2.7 h but increased to approximately 8.5 h in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min. No undue drug accumulation was demonstrated in any patient group during the treatment. Highly significant correlations were found between the elimination rate constant and creatinine clearance and also between the elimination half-life and serum creatinine. The bioavailability of cinoxacin was independent of renal function.", "PMID": 507797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7483", "title": "Lithium compound treatment and psoriasis.", "content": "Observations were made of 12 cases of psoriasis that developed and three cases of psoriasis that became exacerbated during treatment with lithium compounds. Only two patients had a family history of psoriasis, and results of a search for increased frequencies of the histocompatibility antigens seen in psoriasis vulgaris were negative. The clinical features were identical to severe psoriasis vulgaris and the diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination performed in six cases. However, the skin changes disappeared or returned to pretreatment level after withdrawal of lithium compounds. A positive provocation test result was obtained in two cases, the secondary latency time being shorter than the primary. We suggest that the psoriasis was induced or exacerbated by lithium compounds.", "contents": "Lithium compound treatment and psoriasis. Observations were made of 12 cases of psoriasis that developed and three cases of psoriasis that became exacerbated during treatment with lithium compounds. Only two patients had a family history of psoriasis, and results of a search for increased frequencies of the histocompatibility antigens seen in psoriasis vulgaris were negative. The clinical features were identical to severe psoriasis vulgaris and the diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination performed in six cases. However, the skin changes disappeared or returned to pretreatment level after withdrawal of lithium compounds. A positive provocation test result was obtained in two cases, the secondary latency time being shorter than the primary. We suggest that the psoriasis was induced or exacerbated by lithium compounds.", "PMID": 507859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7484", "title": "Effects of emollients on ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema of the skin.", "content": "Several commonly used emollients were studied as to their effectiveness in absorbing and filtering erythema-causing ultraviolet radiation in the 280 to 315 nm range (UVB). Planter's Peanut Oil (Standard Brands) and Mazola Corn Oil (Best Foods Inc) had no effect; Alpha Keri Bath Oil (Westwood Pharmaceuticals), mineral oil, and Johnson's Baby Oil (Johnson & Johnson Co) had minimal effects. Vaseline Petroleum Jelly (Chesebrough-Ponds Inc), petrolatum, and hydrophilic ointment substantially reduced the erythema that was induced by exposure to low doses of UVB radiation. Therefore, these emollients may interfere with the therapeutic effects of the ultraviolet radiation component of the Goeckerman treatment when it is administered in low doses to patients with psoriasis.", "contents": "Effects of emollients on ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema of the skin. Several commonly used emollients were studied as to their effectiveness in absorbing and filtering erythema-causing ultraviolet radiation in the 280 to 315 nm range (UVB). Planter's Peanut Oil (Standard Brands) and Mazola Corn Oil (Best Foods Inc) had no effect; Alpha Keri Bath Oil (Westwood Pharmaceuticals), mineral oil, and Johnson's Baby Oil (Johnson & Johnson Co) had minimal effects. Vaseline Petroleum Jelly (Chesebrough-Ponds Inc), petrolatum, and hydrophilic ointment substantially reduced the erythema that was induced by exposure to low doses of UVB radiation. Therefore, these emollients may interfere with the therapeutic effects of the ultraviolet radiation component of the Goeckerman treatment when it is administered in low doses to patients with psoriasis.", "PMID": 507860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7485", "title": "Ungual lichen planus. Lichen planus of the nail.", "content": "Although reports in the literature are sparse, a definite relationship exists between nail anomalies and lichen planus. Ungual lichen planus may occur without any mucocutaneous signs, as has been documented by histologic studies. It may be the initial and most important clinical manifestation of the disease process, and permanent anonychia may result unless corticosteroid therapy is initiated promptly. Increased awareness of nail involvement will result in a more frequent diagnosis and better understanding of the disorder.", "contents": "Ungual lichen planus. Lichen planus of the nail. Although reports in the literature are sparse, a definite relationship exists between nail anomalies and lichen planus. Ungual lichen planus may occur without any mucocutaneous signs, as has been documented by histologic studies. It may be the initial and most important clinical manifestation of the disease process, and permanent anonychia may result unless corticosteroid therapy is initiated promptly. Increased awareness of nail involvement will result in a more frequent diagnosis and better understanding of the disorder.", "PMID": 507861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7486", "title": "Amyloid deposition after psoriasis therapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Histologic examination of skin from 52 patients under continued treatment with methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation (PUVA) disclosed small superficial dermal deposits in six subjects who had completed one year of therapy and in six subjects who had completed two years of therapy. These deposits, by light and electron microscopic criteria, are similar to those of lichen amyloidosus. Amyloid deposition should be regarded as a possible complication of PUVA therapy.", "contents": "Amyloid deposition after psoriasis therapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light. Histologic examination of skin from 52 patients under continued treatment with methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation (PUVA) disclosed small superficial dermal deposits in six subjects who had completed one year of therapy and in six subjects who had completed two years of therapy. These deposits, by light and electron microscopic criteria, are similar to those of lichen amyloidosus. Amyloid deposition should be regarded as a possible complication of PUVA therapy.", "PMID": 507862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7487", "title": "Skin cancer and arsenical intoxication from well water.", "content": "A case of acute arsenical intoxication arising from ingested well water containing only 1.2 ppm of arsenic is reported. After a latent period of 14 years, multiple cutaneous basal cell carcinomas developed. The water was analyzed for a variety of other trace elements and compounds and no evidence for the existence of other carcinogens was found. This study strengthens the concept that arsenic is a carcinogen. The role of a possible selenium deficiency is also discussed.", "contents": "Skin cancer and arsenical intoxication from well water. A case of acute arsenical intoxication arising from ingested well water containing only 1.2 ppm of arsenic is reported. After a latent period of 14 years, multiple cutaneous basal cell carcinomas developed. The water was analyzed for a variety of other trace elements and compounds and no evidence for the existence of other carcinogens was found. This study strengthens the concept that arsenic is a carcinogen. The role of a possible selenium deficiency is also discussed.", "PMID": 507863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7488", "title": "Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Association with epidermal nevus syndrome.", "content": "A female infant was noted at birth to have severe skeletal anomalies of the right upper and lowere extremities. These anomalies were associated with an inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). Like the noninflammatory type of epidermal nevus, ILVEN may be a component of the epidermal nevus syndrome.", "contents": "Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Association with epidermal nevus syndrome. A female infant was noted at birth to have severe skeletal anomalies of the right upper and lowere extremities. These anomalies were associated with an inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). Like the noninflammatory type of epidermal nevus, ILVEN may be a component of the epidermal nevus syndrome.", "PMID": 507864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7489", "title": "Erythematous generalized granuloma annulare.", "content": "Two elderly patients had a distinctive generalized, erythematous form of granuloma annulare. The granulomatous changes were shown to be located superficially in the dermis. One patient had diabetes mellitus and carcinoma of the breast. Both patients had pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "Erythematous generalized granuloma annulare. Two elderly patients had a distinctive generalized, erythematous form of granuloma annulare. The granulomatous changes were shown to be located superficially in the dermis. One patient had diabetes mellitus and carcinoma of the breast. Both patients had pulmonary emphysema.", "PMID": 507865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7490", "title": "Disseminated granuloma annulare treated with low-dose chlorambucil.", "content": "Disseminated granuloma annulare (DGA) is a frequently severe chronic and disfiguring disease that is resistant to conventional methods of therapy. In a patient with DGA, low-dose chlorambucil therapy (2 mg three times daily, orally administered) resulted in dramatic and rapid clearing of all lesions in a short period of time. To my knowledge, this is the fourth case reported in which this therapeutic modality was used.", "contents": "Disseminated granuloma annulare treated with low-dose chlorambucil. Disseminated granuloma annulare (DGA) is a frequently severe chronic and disfiguring disease that is resistant to conventional methods of therapy. In a patient with DGA, low-dose chlorambucil therapy (2 mg three times daily, orally administered) resulted in dramatic and rapid clearing of all lesions in a short period of time. To my knowledge, this is the fourth case reported in which this therapeutic modality was used.", "PMID": 507866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7491", "title": "Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Occurrence in blacks with discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In two black patients, squamous cell carcinoma of the lip developed within lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). The association of DLE and squamous cell carcinoma is unusual in blacks, as is the anatomical site involved in these cases. Enhanced metastatic potential may be present when squamous cell carcinoma arises in DLE of the lips.", "contents": "Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Occurrence in blacks with discoid lupus erythematosus. In two black patients, squamous cell carcinoma of the lip developed within lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). The association of DLE and squamous cell carcinoma is unusual in blacks, as is the anatomical site involved in these cases. Enhanced metastatic potential may be present when squamous cell carcinoma arises in DLE of the lips.", "PMID": 507867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7492", "title": "Generalized pustular psoriasis.", "content": "In a patient with a long history of classical psoriasis, a widespread pustular eruption suddenly developed. The precipitating factor appeared to be a high-dose, progesterone-containing hormone preparation. The clinical appearance and manifestations in this patient were typical of pustular psoriasis.", "contents": "Generalized pustular psoriasis. In a patient with a long history of classical psoriasis, a widespread pustular eruption suddenly developed. The precipitating factor appeared to be a high-dose, progesterone-containing hormone preparation. The clinical appearance and manifestations in this patient were typical of pustular psoriasis.", "PMID": 507868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7493", "title": "Ultrastructure of eccrine cystadenoma. A case report.", "content": "A case of eccrine cystadenoma was studied by electron microscopy. The tumor showed two types of cells, luminal and basal cells. The cells lacked the characteristics of the secretory segment of the sweat glands. The features of the luminal cells are similar to those of the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. In some areas, the lesion showed features characteristic of apocrine gland structure. Nuclear bodies were very frequent. The ultrastructural findings of eccrine cystadenoma support an origin from the ductal portion of eccrine sweat glands.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of eccrine cystadenoma. A case report. A case of eccrine cystadenoma was studied by electron microscopy. The tumor showed two types of cells, luminal and basal cells. The cells lacked the characteristics of the secretory segment of the sweat glands. The features of the luminal cells are similar to those of the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. In some areas, the lesion showed features characteristic of apocrine gland structure. Nuclear bodies were very frequent. The ultrastructural findings of eccrine cystadenoma support an origin from the ductal portion of eccrine sweat glands.", "PMID": 507869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7494", "title": "Bilateral verrucous carcinoma of the feet.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman had had bilateral verrucous carcinoma of the feet for ten years. The tumors had been treated many times as extensive verruca vulgaris before a biopsy was performed and the true neoplastic nature of the lesion recognized. This case illustrates the necessity of performing biopsies on atypical or frequently unresponsive verrucous tumors.", "contents": "Bilateral verrucous carcinoma of the feet. A 51-year-old woman had had bilateral verrucous carcinoma of the feet for ten years. The tumors had been treated many times as extensive verruca vulgaris before a biopsy was performed and the true neoplastic nature of the lesion recognized. This case illustrates the necessity of performing biopsies on atypical or frequently unresponsive verrucous tumors.", "PMID": 507870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7495", "title": "Thermal keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma in situ associated with erythema ab igne.", "content": "A 60-year-old black woman had a large hyperkeratotic lesion and multiple smaller hyperkeratotic papules and plaques on the lower part of her legs in areas of erythema ab igne. Histologic examination of the largest lesion showed hyperplastic carcinoma in situ and the multiple smaller lesions showed varying degrees of squamous cell atypia and dermal elastosis. Histologically, these lesions were identical to solar-induced atypia, indicating that squamous cell carcinoma arising in erythema ab igne may be biologically similar to actinic carcinoma. Discussed here are clinical and histologic features of the thermal-induced lesions and other types of thermal-induced carcinomas.", "contents": "Thermal keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma in situ associated with erythema ab igne. A 60-year-old black woman had a large hyperkeratotic lesion and multiple smaller hyperkeratotic papules and plaques on the lower part of her legs in areas of erythema ab igne. Histologic examination of the largest lesion showed hyperplastic carcinoma in situ and the multiple smaller lesions showed varying degrees of squamous cell atypia and dermal elastosis. Histologically, these lesions were identical to solar-induced atypia, indicating that squamous cell carcinoma arising in erythema ab igne may be biologically similar to actinic carcinoma. Discussed here are clinical and histologic features of the thermal-induced lesions and other types of thermal-induced carcinomas.", "PMID": 507871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7496", "title": "Auricular sporotrichosis in a brick mason.", "content": "A case of cutaneous sporotrichosis involving the auricle of a brick mason is reported. Despite the infrequency of such an infection, sporotrichosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of perichondritis. The occupational associations with Sporothrix schenckii are reviewed and the relationship with bricks is emphasized.", "contents": "Auricular sporotrichosis in a brick mason. A case of cutaneous sporotrichosis involving the auricle of a brick mason is reported. Despite the infrequency of such an infection, sporotrichosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of perichondritis. The occupational associations with Sporothrix schenckii are reviewed and the relationship with bricks is emphasized.", "PMID": 507872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7497", "title": "Linear melorheostotic scleroderma with hypertrichosis.", "content": "On the basis of clinical features and histological findings, cutaneous manifestations of linear melorheostotic scleroderma are apparently derived from a localized proliferative disorder and are not secondary to bone changes. If the hypertrichosis has the same origin as the osteocutaneous changes, melorheostosis may represent a congenital disorder with both ectodermic and mesodermic components.", "contents": "Linear melorheostotic scleroderma with hypertrichosis. On the basis of clinical features and histological findings, cutaneous manifestations of linear melorheostotic scleroderma are apparently derived from a localized proliferative disorder and are not secondary to bone changes. If the hypertrichosis has the same origin as the osteocutaneous changes, melorheostosis may represent a congenital disorder with both ectodermic and mesodermic components.", "PMID": 507873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7498", "title": "Management of necrotizing vasculitis with colchicine. Improvement in patients with cutaneous lesions and Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "Six patients with necrotizing vasculitis were treated with oral colchicine as part of an open study. Four patients with cutaneous vasculitis and normal levels of serum complement and one patient with vasculitis associated with Behcet's syndrome demonstrated clinical improvement while receiving colchicine. One patient with cryoglobulinemia, hypocomplementemia, and cutaneous vasculitis showed no response to colchicine therapy. In three patients, clinical improvement persisted after its withdrawal. Colchicine may be effective in controlling cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and Behcet's syndrome through its effect on polymorphnuclear leukocyte function.", "contents": "Management of necrotizing vasculitis with colchicine. Improvement in patients with cutaneous lesions and Behcet's syndrome. Six patients with necrotizing vasculitis were treated with oral colchicine as part of an open study. Four patients with cutaneous vasculitis and normal levels of serum complement and one patient with vasculitis associated with Behcet's syndrome demonstrated clinical improvement while receiving colchicine. One patient with cryoglobulinemia, hypocomplementemia, and cutaneous vasculitis showed no response to colchicine therapy. In three patients, clinical improvement persisted after its withdrawal. Colchicine may be effective in controlling cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and Behcet's syndrome through its effect on polymorphnuclear leukocyte function.", "PMID": 507883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7499", "title": "Wound healing. The effects of topical antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The effect of four commonly used topical antimicrobial agents on the rate of reepithelialization of clean wounds was evaluated in white domestic pigs. Neosporin Ointment was found to significantly increase the rate of reepithelialization by 25%, while Furacin significantly retarded the healing rate by 24%. Pharmadine, a preparation containing povidone-iodine, did not affect the rate of healing. Both Silvadene and its vehicle significantly increased the rate of reepithelialization by 28% and 21%, respectively. The effects of these agents cannot be explained on the basis of their antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Wound healing. The effects of topical antimicrobial agents. The effect of four commonly used topical antimicrobial agents on the rate of reepithelialization of clean wounds was evaluated in white domestic pigs. Neosporin Ointment was found to significantly increase the rate of reepithelialization by 25%, while Furacin significantly retarded the healing rate by 24%. Pharmadine, a preparation containing povidone-iodine, did not affect the rate of healing. Both Silvadene and its vehicle significantly increased the rate of reepithelialization by 28% and 21%, respectively. The effects of these agents cannot be explained on the basis of their antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 507884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7500", "title": "A simple technique for managing digital mucous cysts.", "content": "Digital mucous cysts can be effectively managed by multiple needlings and expression of contents. This simple technique cures about two thirds of the lesions. Most of those remaining are reduced to small asymptomatic nodules.", "contents": "A simple technique for managing digital mucous cysts. Digital mucous cysts can be effectively managed by multiple needlings and expression of contents. This simple technique cures about two thirds of the lesions. Most of those remaining are reduced to small asymptomatic nodules.", "PMID": 507885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7501", "title": "Congenital herpes simplex virus infections. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three infants with congenital herpes simplex virus infection were examined and treated. One demonstrated findings of individual vesicles on an erythematous base; another had pustules. The children were treated with vidarabine intravenously. Two of the three survived. The literature suggests a potential increase in the occurrence of this infection in neonates. Since the dermatologist is often asked to aid in the diagnosis of this entity and early recognition is vital, it is important to be familiar with the possible causes of vesicopustular lesions, as well as the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and current forms of treatment of congenital herpes simplex virus infections.", "contents": "Congenital herpes simplex virus infections. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three infants with congenital herpes simplex virus infection were examined and treated. One demonstrated findings of individual vesicles on an erythematous base; another had pustules. The children were treated with vidarabine intravenously. Two of the three survived. The literature suggests a potential increase in the occurrence of this infection in neonates. Since the dermatologist is often asked to aid in the diagnosis of this entity and early recognition is vital, it is important to be familiar with the possible causes of vesicopustular lesions, as well as the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and current forms of treatment of congenital herpes simplex virus infections.", "PMID": 507886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7502", "title": "Fluoroderma.", "content": "Papulonodular eruptions from certain bromide and iodide preparations are widely recognized entities, but skin lesions following fluoride ingestion are rare. Modern prophylaxis for postirradiation dental caries includes the use of fluoride gel preparations applied to the teeth. In two patients receiving such therapy a papulonodular eruption developed, similar to the recognized halogenodermas. These cases may help to increase awareness of this entity.", "contents": "Fluoroderma. Papulonodular eruptions from certain bromide and iodide preparations are widely recognized entities, but skin lesions following fluoride ingestion are rare. Modern prophylaxis for postirradiation dental caries includes the use of fluoride gel preparations applied to the teeth. In two patients receiving such therapy a papulonodular eruption developed, similar to the recognized halogenodermas. These cases may help to increase awareness of this entity.", "PMID": 507887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7503", "title": "Sarcoidosis appearing initially as polymyositis.", "content": "Polymyositis is an idiopathic progressive muscle disease. Occasionally, sarcoidosis can be associated with a polymyositis-like picture, both clinically and on laboratory investigation. However, serial sections of muscle biopsies will usually demonstrate sarcoid granulomas. A case of sarcoidosis that began as polymyositis with diffuse interstitial pneumonitis is presented.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis appearing initially as polymyositis. Polymyositis is an idiopathic progressive muscle disease. Occasionally, sarcoidosis can be associated with a polymyositis-like picture, both clinically and on laboratory investigation. However, serial sections of muscle biopsies will usually demonstrate sarcoid granulomas. A case of sarcoidosis that began as polymyositis with diffuse interstitial pneumonitis is presented.", "PMID": 507888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7504", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma. Occurrence in mycosis fungoides treated with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "In two patients with mycosis fungoides, a squamous cell carcinoma developed during therapy with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). In both patients the carcinoma developed on areas not usually exposed to sunlight. Before receiving PUVA therapy one patient had been treated with topically applied thiotepa and x-ray irradiation, while in the other patient PUVA was the only treatment received except for topical corticosteroids. The carcinomas developed after a total UVA dose of 2,042 and 1,296 joules/sq cm, respectively.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma. Occurrence in mycosis fungoides treated with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation. In two patients with mycosis fungoides, a squamous cell carcinoma developed during therapy with psoralens plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). In both patients the carcinoma developed on areas not usually exposed to sunlight. Before receiving PUVA therapy one patient had been treated with topically applied thiotepa and x-ray irradiation, while in the other patient PUVA was the only treatment received except for topical corticosteroids. The carcinomas developed after a total UVA dose of 2,042 and 1,296 joules/sq cm, respectively.", "PMID": 507889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7505", "title": "Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two female patients had eruptions with the morphologic and histologic features of reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. However, both cases had features that differed from previous descriptions. In one case the eruption developed three to four weeks after a single erythemogenic sun exposure and faded after two to three weeks. The rash could be reproduced by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) or UVC radiation. In the other patient, the eruption involved the arms and face and spared the trunk, which is a more characteristic site of involvement; it was associated with a history of exacerbation following sun exposure, but the rash could not be reproduced on phototesting.", "contents": "Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. Report of two cases. Two female patients had eruptions with the morphologic and histologic features of reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. However, both cases had features that differed from previous descriptions. In one case the eruption developed three to four weeks after a single erythemogenic sun exposure and faded after two to three weeks. The rash could be reproduced by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) or UVC radiation. In the other patient, the eruption involved the arms and face and spared the trunk, which is a more characteristic site of involvement; it was associated with a history of exacerbation following sun exposure, but the rash could not be reproduced on phototesting.", "PMID": 507890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7506", "title": "Some gerontologic considerations in the practice of dermatology.", "content": "Gerontology and geriatrics are areas of increasing importance in medicine today. Although changes in the appearance and behavior of human skin have long been noted to accompany aging, physicians have only recently begun to consider the impact of such an age-associated change on the manifestations of dermatologic disease and on the dermatologic management of elderly patients. Gerontologic studies in such fields as immunology, epidermal cell kinetics, DNA damage and repair, and therapeutics are potentially of great relevance to the practicing dermatologist and deserve increased emphasis within our specialty.", "contents": "Some gerontologic considerations in the practice of dermatology. Gerontology and geriatrics are areas of increasing importance in medicine today. Although changes in the appearance and behavior of human skin have long been noted to accompany aging, physicians have only recently begun to consider the impact of such an age-associated change on the manifestations of dermatologic disease and on the dermatologic management of elderly patients. Gerontologic studies in such fields as immunology, epidermal cell kinetics, DNA damage and repair, and therapeutics are potentially of great relevance to the practicing dermatologist and deserve increased emphasis within our specialty.", "PMID": 507891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7507", "title": "Congenital fibre type disproportion myopathy. A histological diagnosis with an uncertain clinical outlook.", "content": "Nine children with congenital fibre type disproportion (CFTD) are described. Their muscle biopsies contained type 1 fibres which were smaller than the largest type 2 fibres by at least 13.5%. Attention is drawn to the variable natural history of this disorder which generally carries a good prognosis but may sometimes be associated with fatal respiratory problems. For important therapeutic, genetic, and prognostic reasons CFTD must be distinguished from other conditions with similar histochemical or clinical features.", "contents": "Congenital fibre type disproportion myopathy. A histological diagnosis with an uncertain clinical outlook. Nine children with congenital fibre type disproportion (CFTD) are described. Their muscle biopsies contained type 1 fibres which were smaller than the largest type 2 fibres by at least 13.5%. Attention is drawn to the variable natural history of this disorder which generally carries a good prognosis but may sometimes be associated with fatal respiratory problems. For important therapeutic, genetic, and prognostic reasons CFTD must be distinguished from other conditions with similar histochemical or clinical features.", "PMID": 507896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7508", "title": "Echocardiographic findings of large patent ductus arteriosus in the very low birthweight infant before and after treatment with indomethacin.", "content": "17 very low birthweight infants (mean birthweight 850 g) with large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were studied by echocardiography before and after treatment with indomethacin. Before treatment left heart dimensions were increased suggesting large left-to-right shunt. Echographic measurements of augmented left ventricular (LV) contraction could be attributed to increase in preload, and reduction in afterload in PDA. After indomethacin, in infants showing clinical response, left heart dimensions returned rapidly to normal and LV contraction became normal or reduced. Two infants had reduced LV contraction with persistent pulmonary oedema suggesting LV failure. In contrast, infants showing no clinical response to the drug also had no significant changes in echographic measurements. Right ventricular systolic time intervals (RPEP/RVET) did not alter after indomethacin treatment in either group, suggesting that the drug does not increase pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings of large patent ductus arteriosus in the very low birthweight infant before and after treatment with indomethacin. 17 very low birthweight infants (mean birthweight 850 g) with large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were studied by echocardiography before and after treatment with indomethacin. Before treatment left heart dimensions were increased suggesting large left-to-right shunt. Echographic measurements of augmented left ventricular (LV) contraction could be attributed to increase in preload, and reduction in afterload in PDA. After indomethacin, in infants showing clinical response, left heart dimensions returned rapidly to normal and LV contraction became normal or reduced. Two infants had reduced LV contraction with persistent pulmonary oedema suggesting LV failure. In contrast, infants showing no clinical response to the drug also had no significant changes in echographic measurements. Right ventricular systolic time intervals (RPEP/RVET) did not alter after indomethacin treatment in either group, suggesting that the drug does not increase pulmonary vascular resistance.", "PMID": 507897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7509", "title": "Lost to follow up: a study of nonattendance at a general paediatric outpatient clinic.", "content": "50 children defined as persistent outpatient nonattenders were compared with 50 children who regularly attended the same clinics. Several factors were often found in the group of nonattenders: (a) initial referral via casualty without a letter from the family doctor, (b) hospital admission before the first outpatient appointment, (c) recognition of multiple medical problems, and (d) evidence of diffuse social problems affecting the family. 34 of the nonattenders had at least 2 of these factors, compared with only 9 children in the other group. Many of these problems can be identified at the initial consultation, and perhaps other methods of continuing health care should be provided for these children.", "contents": "Lost to follow up: a study of nonattendance at a general paediatric outpatient clinic. 50 children defined as persistent outpatient nonattenders were compared with 50 children who regularly attended the same clinics. Several factors were often found in the group of nonattenders: (a) initial referral via casualty without a letter from the family doctor, (b) hospital admission before the first outpatient appointment, (c) recognition of multiple medical problems, and (d) evidence of diffuse social problems affecting the family. 34 of the nonattenders had at least 2 of these factors, compared with only 9 children in the other group. Many of these problems can be identified at the initial consultation, and perhaps other methods of continuing health care should be provided for these children.", "PMID": 507898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7510", "title": "Oral fat loading test: a reliable procedure for the study of fat malabsorption in children.", "content": "Oral triglyceride (TG) loading tests were performed in four groups of children: normal controls, patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea (CND), biopsy-proved mucosal pathology (MP), and disturbed intraluminal fat malabsorption (IFM). The rise of plasma TG levels greater than or equal to 55 mg/100 ml (greater than or equal to 0.6 mmol/l) can discriminate between patients with gastrointestinal disease and normal controls or patients with functional disturbances. The postmeal plasma TG rise correlates well with the coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) in normal subjects, patients with CND, and patients with IFM, but not in patients with MP who showed a disproportionally low plasma TG rise compared with their CFA. This test can serve as a useful tool in diagnosis and clinical evaluation for children with gastrointestinal disorders.", "contents": "Oral fat loading test: a reliable procedure for the study of fat malabsorption in children. Oral triglyceride (TG) loading tests were performed in four groups of children: normal controls, patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea (CND), biopsy-proved mucosal pathology (MP), and disturbed intraluminal fat malabsorption (IFM). The rise of plasma TG levels greater than or equal to 55 mg/100 ml (greater than or equal to 0.6 mmol/l) can discriminate between patients with gastrointestinal disease and normal controls or patients with functional disturbances. The postmeal plasma TG rise correlates well with the coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) in normal subjects, patients with CND, and patients with IFM, but not in patients with MP who showed a disproportionally low plasma TG rise compared with their CFA. This test can serve as a useful tool in diagnosis and clinical evaluation for children with gastrointestinal disorders.", "PMID": 507899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7511", "title": "Serum cholecystokinin, basal acid secretion, and infantile pyloric stenosis.", "content": "The fasting serum cholecystokinin-like activity was measured in 21 infants with pyloric stenosis and in 13 normal controls. No significant difference was found between the two groups. The basal acid secretion was measured by continuously aspirating the previously emptied stomach for one hour. The basal gastric volume and the total and the free acidity were all greater in the pyloric group.", "contents": "Serum cholecystokinin, basal acid secretion, and infantile pyloric stenosis. The fasting serum cholecystokinin-like activity was measured in 21 infants with pyloric stenosis and in 13 normal controls. No significant difference was found between the two groups. The basal acid secretion was measured by continuously aspirating the previously emptied stomach for one hour. The basal gastric volume and the total and the free acidity were all greater in the pyloric group.", "PMID": 507900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7512", "title": "Prolonged QT interval and cardiac arrhythmias in two neonates: sudden infant death syndrome in one case.", "content": "Two neonates with arrhythmias and the long QT syndrome are described. The arrhythmias were detected in utero and both infants were apparently well after birth. The first infant, although well, had a bradycardia for the first 9 days of life. A normal heart rate was documented at 10 days but a prolonged QT interval was not appreciated on the ECG. He was discharged from hospital but died suddenly and unexpectedly 3 days later. A post-mortem examination failed to find a cause for his death which therefore fell into the category of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A retrospective analysis of the perinatal electrocardiogram showed a probable junctional rhythm with 2:1 conduction to the ventricle; the QT interval was prolonged at 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.63). The second infant had a QT interval of 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.54) and frequent ventricular premature beats on a 24-hour electrocardiogram. She was treated with propranolol and remains well 2 years later. Sudden infant death has often been described in the siblings of children with the long QT syndrome and one other report described a case of SIDS which was said to have had a prolonged QT interval on the perinatal ECG. This report, however, provides unquestionable evidence, in one case, of an association between the long QT syndrome and SIDS.", "contents": "Prolonged QT interval and cardiac arrhythmias in two neonates: sudden infant death syndrome in one case. Two neonates with arrhythmias and the long QT syndrome are described. The arrhythmias were detected in utero and both infants were apparently well after birth. The first infant, although well, had a bradycardia for the first 9 days of life. A normal heart rate was documented at 10 days but a prolonged QT interval was not appreciated on the ECG. He was discharged from hospital but died suddenly and unexpectedly 3 days later. A post-mortem examination failed to find a cause for his death which therefore fell into the category of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A retrospective analysis of the perinatal electrocardiogram showed a probable junctional rhythm with 2:1 conduction to the ventricle; the QT interval was prolonged at 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.63). The second infant had a QT interval of 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.54) and frequent ventricular premature beats on a 24-hour electrocardiogram. She was treated with propranolol and remains well 2 years later. Sudden infant death has often been described in the siblings of children with the long QT syndrome and one other report described a case of SIDS which was said to have had a prolonged QT interval on the perinatal ECG. This report, however, provides unquestionable evidence, in one case, of an association between the long QT syndrome and SIDS.", "PMID": 507901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7513", "title": "The diagnosis of coeliac disease. A commentary on the current practices of members of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN).", "content": "In 1977, 53 members of ESPGAN completed a questionnaire on their current practice in diagnosing coeliac disease. The usefulness of the 'Interlaken' criteria enumerated 9 years previously was reassessed. Details were obtained about the initial diagnostic approach, the acceptable histological criteria of the initial jejunal biopsy, and the timing, technique, response, and interpretation of early and late rechallenges with gluten. Answers indicated that, although the initial mucosal lesion is usually 'flat' at the time of diagnosis, a few infants may present at a time when the mucosal lesion is less completely damaged. Furthermore, the degree of histological change after gluten challenge that is acceptable as a positive response may vary according to the state of the mucosa before challenge. It was noted that there are still no generally agreed criteria by which the histological lesions may be described, so that (after further discussions at the Third International Coeliac Conference in Galway) a European panel has been set up to make recommendations. In the experience of ESPGAN members, most coeliac children will have a histological relapse within 2 years of reintroduction of gluten. But a small number of unorthodox cases were reported that suggest that (a) histological relapse may take longer than 2 years to appear, or (b) the degree of sensitivity to gluten may vary at different ages. Very long-term follow-up will be needed to explain these anomalies. Meanwhile the search continues for 'the basic defect'.", "contents": "The diagnosis of coeliac disease. A commentary on the current practices of members of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN). In 1977, 53 members of ESPGAN completed a questionnaire on their current practice in diagnosing coeliac disease. The usefulness of the 'Interlaken' criteria enumerated 9 years previously was reassessed. Details were obtained about the initial diagnostic approach, the acceptable histological criteria of the initial jejunal biopsy, and the timing, technique, response, and interpretation of early and late rechallenges with gluten. Answers indicated that, although the initial mucosal lesion is usually 'flat' at the time of diagnosis, a few infants may present at a time when the mucosal lesion is less completely damaged. Furthermore, the degree of histological change after gluten challenge that is acceptable as a positive response may vary according to the state of the mucosa before challenge. It was noted that there are still no generally agreed criteria by which the histological lesions may be described, so that (after further discussions at the Third International Coeliac Conference in Galway) a European panel has been set up to make recommendations. In the experience of ESPGAN members, most coeliac children will have a histological relapse within 2 years of reintroduction of gluten. But a small number of unorthodox cases were reported that suggest that (a) histological relapse may take longer than 2 years to appear, or (b) the degree of sensitivity to gluten may vary at different ages. Very long-term follow-up will be needed to explain these anomalies. Meanwhile the search continues for 'the basic defect'.", "PMID": 507902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7514", "title": "Caffeine secretion into breast milk.", "content": "Serum and milk concentrations of caffeine were measured in 5 breast-feeding mothers after a standardised oral dose of caffeine. Peak concentrations of caffeine in serum and milk were attained 60 minutes later. Binding of caffeine by constituents of serum and breast milk was low (25 and 3.2% respectively). In breast milk, caffeine binding is associated with the cream layer, and correlates with the butter fat content. Caffeine does not diffuse freely into breast milk and concentrations in milk are lower than in maternal serum.", "contents": "Caffeine secretion into breast milk. Serum and milk concentrations of caffeine were measured in 5 breast-feeding mothers after a standardised oral dose of caffeine. Peak concentrations of caffeine in serum and milk were attained 60 minutes later. Binding of caffeine by constituents of serum and breast milk was low (25 and 3.2% respectively). In breast milk, caffeine binding is associated with the cream layer, and correlates with the butter fat content. Caffeine does not diffuse freely into breast milk and concentrations in milk are lower than in maternal serum.", "PMID": 507903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7515", "title": "Recurrent osteolytic lesions and subcutaneous fat necrosis in association with a developmental pancreatic cyst.", "content": "A girl had repeated episodes of widespread osteolysis, subcutaneous fat necrosis, and periarticular fat necrosis mimicking arthritis. Her symptoms persisted for 4 years, after in initial episode of severe abdominal pain, and were accompanied by only minor abdominal symptoms. She was found to have a developmental pancreatic cyst (which was excised).", "contents": "Recurrent osteolytic lesions and subcutaneous fat necrosis in association with a developmental pancreatic cyst. A girl had repeated episodes of widespread osteolysis, subcutaneous fat necrosis, and periarticular fat necrosis mimicking arthritis. Her symptoms persisted for 4 years, after in initial episode of severe abdominal pain, and were accompanied by only minor abdominal symptoms. She was found to have a developmental pancreatic cyst (which was excised).", "PMID": 507904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7516", "title": "Lumbar punctures, meningitis, and persisting pleocytosis.", "content": "A retrospective survey of children with haemophilus and pneumococcal meningitis was carried out to assess the significance of persistent CSF pleocytosis and the need for repeat lumbar punctures after adequate treatment. Persistent pleocytosis was noted in 9 of 27 patients with haemophilus meningitis; this tended to be present in those with higher initial CSF white blood counts and lower initial CSF glucose contents. No sequelae were noted in those with persistent pleocytosis. Repeat lumbar punctures were not of clinical benefit and tended to result in longer treatment which was not warranted.", "contents": "Lumbar punctures, meningitis, and persisting pleocytosis. A retrospective survey of children with haemophilus and pneumococcal meningitis was carried out to assess the significance of persistent CSF pleocytosis and the need for repeat lumbar punctures after adequate treatment. Persistent pleocytosis was noted in 9 of 27 patients with haemophilus meningitis; this tended to be present in those with higher initial CSF white blood counts and lower initial CSF glucose contents. No sequelae were noted in those with persistent pleocytosis. Repeat lumbar punctures were not of clinical benefit and tended to result in longer treatment which was not warranted.", "PMID": 507905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7517", "title": "Confirmation of gestational age by external physical characteristics (total maturity score).", "content": "The use of the total maturity score (TMS) as a means of estimating gestational age was assessed in a population of 76 low birthweight infants (less than or equal to 2500 g) and 80 matched controls (greater than 2500 g) all of certain gestational ages. The gestational ages, derived from the last menstrual period and from the TMS, were similar except in preterm low birthweight infants. The discrepancy in this group was attributed to the structure of the scoring system. It is concluded that the TMS is a convenient and accurate method of assessing gestational age in term babies.", "contents": "Confirmation of gestational age by external physical characteristics (total maturity score). The use of the total maturity score (TMS) as a means of estimating gestational age was assessed in a population of 76 low birthweight infants (less than or equal to 2500 g) and 80 matched controls (greater than 2500 g) all of certain gestational ages. The gestational ages, derived from the last menstrual period and from the TMS, were similar except in preterm low birthweight infants. The discrepancy in this group was attributed to the structure of the scoring system. It is concluded that the TMS is a convenient and accurate method of assessing gestational age in term babies.", "PMID": 507906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7518", "title": "Role of viruses and bacteria in acute wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a study of sputum.", "content": "Sputum, nasal swabs, and throat swabs were obtained from 22 children aged between 5 and 15 years during 72 attacks of wheezy bronchitis. A virus, most commonly a rhinovirus, was isolated in 49% of all episodes and in 64% of 22 severe episodes requiring treatment with corticosteroids; the isolation rate was higher early in the illness than later. Virus was recovered more often from sputum than from the nose or throat, suggesting that viral replication occurs freely in the lower respiratory tract: the cytological findings in sputum were compatible with an inflammatory response to viral infection. Pathogenic bacteria appeared to play a minor role compared with viruses, and routine antibiotic treatment was probably of little value in moost cases. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of childhood wheezy bronchitis.", "contents": "Role of viruses and bacteria in acute wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a study of sputum. Sputum, nasal swabs, and throat swabs were obtained from 22 children aged between 5 and 15 years during 72 attacks of wheezy bronchitis. A virus, most commonly a rhinovirus, was isolated in 49% of all episodes and in 64% of 22 severe episodes requiring treatment with corticosteroids; the isolation rate was higher early in the illness than later. Virus was recovered more often from sputum than from the nose or throat, suggesting that viral replication occurs freely in the lower respiratory tract: the cytological findings in sputum were compatible with an inflammatory response to viral infection. Pathogenic bacteria appeared to play a minor role compared with viruses, and routine antibiotic treatment was probably of little value in moost cases. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of childhood wheezy bronchitis.", "PMID": 507912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7519", "title": "Changing incidence of neonatal hypermethioninaemia: implications for the detection of homocystinuria.", "content": "The Guthrie test was used to measure blood methionine concentrations in 670 764 neonates during the period from May 1970 to December 1977. Raised values (greater than 4 mg/100 ml; 268 mumol/l) were found in 147 babies (6--14 days old) and 55 of these still had raised values when retested 2--6 weeks later. 48 infants had transient hypermethioninaemia of at least 3 weeks' duration, one had a more persistent form associated with abnormal liver function tests, 3 had different forms of homocystinuria, and one infant, who was asymptomatic at the time of detection, had hypermethioninaemia associated with a rapidly fatal form of tyrosinamiea (tyrosinosis). Two infants could not be followed up. Transient hypermethioninaemia has not been detected in this laboratory since 1975. There was a greatly reduced incidence of transient hypermethioninaemia in girls after 1972 and in boys after 1975; this may have been due to recent changes in infant practices in the UK. Homocystinuria was last detected in this laboratory in 1972; the apparent change in incidence is significant (P less than 0.05) and suggests that the diagnostic value of this screening procedure should be reassessed.", "contents": "Changing incidence of neonatal hypermethioninaemia: implications for the detection of homocystinuria. The Guthrie test was used to measure blood methionine concentrations in 670 764 neonates during the period from May 1970 to December 1977. Raised values (greater than 4 mg/100 ml; 268 mumol/l) were found in 147 babies (6--14 days old) and 55 of these still had raised values when retested 2--6 weeks later. 48 infants had transient hypermethioninaemia of at least 3 weeks' duration, one had a more persistent form associated with abnormal liver function tests, 3 had different forms of homocystinuria, and one infant, who was asymptomatic at the time of detection, had hypermethioninaemia associated with a rapidly fatal form of tyrosinamiea (tyrosinosis). Two infants could not be followed up. Transient hypermethioninaemia has not been detected in this laboratory since 1975. There was a greatly reduced incidence of transient hypermethioninaemia in girls after 1972 and in boys after 1975; this may have been due to recent changes in infant practices in the UK. Homocystinuria was last detected in this laboratory in 1972; the apparent change in incidence is significant (P less than 0.05) and suggests that the diagnostic value of this screening procedure should be reassessed.", "PMID": 507913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7520", "title": "Critical assessment of small bowel biopsy in children.", "content": "176 biopsies of small bowel mucosa taken during a 5-year period from 162 children were reviewed, and 92 of them were subjected to quantitative measurement using surface/volume ratio and intraepithelial lymphocyte counting. There was good general agreement between stereomicroscopical appearance of fresh tissue, routine pathology reporting, and our independent histological assessment. Most of those in which there was divergence of opinion (11--15%) had intermediate mucosal changes. There was a significant difference between the surface/volume ratio for each of the three grades of histology (P less than 0.001, less than 0.001, less than 0.01), indicating a relationship between qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment. The range of measurements in intermediate biopsies overlapped those of the other two grades. In the 92 biopsies there was a correlation between surface/volume ratio and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (r = -0.56; P less than 0.001) which may reflect our clinical experience, in that 88% of the biopsies were graded as either normal or flat (probable coeliac disease). Very short children had shorter villi than those with nonspecific diarrhoea and a more normal height.", "contents": "Critical assessment of small bowel biopsy in children. 176 biopsies of small bowel mucosa taken during a 5-year period from 162 children were reviewed, and 92 of them were subjected to quantitative measurement using surface/volume ratio and intraepithelial lymphocyte counting. There was good general agreement between stereomicroscopical appearance of fresh tissue, routine pathology reporting, and our independent histological assessment. Most of those in which there was divergence of opinion (11--15%) had intermediate mucosal changes. There was a significant difference between the surface/volume ratio for each of the three grades of histology (P less than 0.001, less than 0.001, less than 0.01), indicating a relationship between qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment. The range of measurements in intermediate biopsies overlapped those of the other two grades. In the 92 biopsies there was a correlation between surface/volume ratio and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (r = -0.56; P less than 0.001) which may reflect our clinical experience, in that 88% of the biopsies were graded as either normal or flat (probable coeliac disease). Very short children had shorter villi than those with nonspecific diarrhoea and a more normal height.", "PMID": 507914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7521", "title": "Use of growth hormone-gel.", "content": "We evaluated the efficacy of a depot preparation of growth hormone (GH) in a 15% gelatin solution (GH-gel) in the treatment of 15 growth hormone-deficient children. The studies were designed to see if prolonging absorption of GH to achieve lower more physiological concentrations of GH in plasma would decrease the frequency of injection, reduce the amount of GH needed for effective therapeutic response, and improve the response to long-term treatment. We found that after a single dose of GH-gel the plasma concentrations of GH were lower than those achieved after the standard aqueous preparation. The preparation was efficacious in promoting growth and our 1st study of 6 patients suggested that GH-gel given twice a week had a growth response equal to that of the three-times a week aqueous schedule. However both schedules resulted in the frequently observed decreased growth rate during the second treatment year. Our 2nd study, attempting to ameliorate this waning effect by using the GH-gel preparation twice a week in a weight-adjusted dose during the entire second year did not resolve the problem. Thus, GH in depot gel results in more physiological plasma concentrations of GH and may be beneficial in reducing the quantity of hormone needed and the injection frequency but it does not offer a solution to the waning response to the long-term administration of GH.", "contents": "Use of growth hormone-gel. We evaluated the efficacy of a depot preparation of growth hormone (GH) in a 15% gelatin solution (GH-gel) in the treatment of 15 growth hormone-deficient children. The studies were designed to see if prolonging absorption of GH to achieve lower more physiological concentrations of GH in plasma would decrease the frequency of injection, reduce the amount of GH needed for effective therapeutic response, and improve the response to long-term treatment. We found that after a single dose of GH-gel the plasma concentrations of GH were lower than those achieved after the standard aqueous preparation. The preparation was efficacious in promoting growth and our 1st study of 6 patients suggested that GH-gel given twice a week had a growth response equal to that of the three-times a week aqueous schedule. However both schedules resulted in the frequently observed decreased growth rate during the second treatment year. Our 2nd study, attempting to ameliorate this waning effect by using the GH-gel preparation twice a week in a weight-adjusted dose during the entire second year did not resolve the problem. Thus, GH in depot gel results in more physiological plasma concentrations of GH and may be beneficial in reducing the quantity of hormone needed and the injection frequency but it does not offer a solution to the waning response to the long-term administration of GH.", "PMID": 507915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7522", "title": "Pulmonary hypoplasia: lung weight and radial alveolar count as criteria of diagnosis.", "content": "A working definition of pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) was established by retrospective assessment of lung growth both in recognised and hypothetical PH-associated conditions. Lung weight: body weight ratios (LW:BW) were calculated, and morphometry was determined by the radial alveolar count (RAC) (Emery and Mithal, 1960). Both parameters were reduced compared with those of normal controls in diaphragmatic hernia, anencephalus, anuric renal anomalies, chondrodystrophies, and osteogenesis inperfecta. Comparison of LW:BW ratio and RAC indicated that the RAC was the more reliable criterion of PH, LW:BW ratio of less than or equal to 0.012 (67%) of mean normal ratio) and/or RAC of less than or equal to 4.1 (75% of mean normal count) are suggested as diagnostic criteria of PH. Evidence of PH was incidentally discovered in a number of clinically unsuspected cases and retrospectively clarified the clinical and radiological findings. Routine assessment of lung growth should be an essential part of the neonatal necropsy.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypoplasia: lung weight and radial alveolar count as criteria of diagnosis. A working definition of pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) was established by retrospective assessment of lung growth both in recognised and hypothetical PH-associated conditions. Lung weight: body weight ratios (LW:BW) were calculated, and morphometry was determined by the radial alveolar count (RAC) (Emery and Mithal, 1960). Both parameters were reduced compared with those of normal controls in diaphragmatic hernia, anencephalus, anuric renal anomalies, chondrodystrophies, and osteogenesis inperfecta. Comparison of LW:BW ratio and RAC indicated that the RAC was the more reliable criterion of PH, LW:BW ratio of less than or equal to 0.012 (67%) of mean normal ratio) and/or RAC of less than or equal to 4.1 (75% of mean normal count) are suggested as diagnostic criteria of PH. Evidence of PH was incidentally discovered in a number of clinically unsuspected cases and retrospectively clarified the clinical and radiological findings. Routine assessment of lung growth should be an essential part of the neonatal necropsy.", "PMID": 507916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7523", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome.", "content": "Five patients with neonatal small left colon syndrome are described together with some early investigative studies on rectal biopsy material. Current reports on this condition are reviewed. The precise aetiology remains unknown, but vigilance and early referral are recommended in view of the several reports of colonic perforation.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome. Five patients with neonatal small left colon syndrome are described together with some early investigative studies on rectal biopsy material. Current reports on this condition are reviewed. The precise aetiology remains unknown, but vigilance and early referral are recommended in view of the several reports of colonic perforation.", "PMID": 507918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7524", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after drug-induced immunosuppression.", "content": "A girl developed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Eight years earlier she had had measles infection contracted shortly after cytotoxic treatment and radiotherapy for a spinal neuroblastoma. The case illustrates that typical SSPE, like immunosuppressive measles encephalopathy, can arise after drug-induced immunosuppression, and supports the view that these diseases probably represent opposite ends of a spectrum induced by measles virus infection in an individual with some form of immunological deficiency.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after drug-induced immunosuppression. A girl developed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Eight years earlier she had had measles infection contracted shortly after cytotoxic treatment and radiotherapy for a spinal neuroblastoma. The case illustrates that typical SSPE, like immunosuppressive measles encephalopathy, can arise after drug-induced immunosuppression, and supports the view that these diseases probably represent opposite ends of a spectrum induced by measles virus infection in an individual with some form of immunological deficiency.", "PMID": 507919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7525", "title": "Response of neonatal hypocalcaemia to 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Administration of 1 alpha-OH-D3 to hypocalcaemic neonates (mean +/- SD, serum calcium 1.50 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) significantly increased serum calcium in all 24 infants within 48 hours after starting therapy (mean +/- SD 1.83 +/- 0.23 mmol/1). The time required to correct hypocalcaemia was significantly shorter (2.04 +/- 0.56 days) in infants treated with 1 alpha-OH-D3, than in 24 infants treated with calcium gluconate infusions (4.12 +/- 1.0 days). Treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3 was effective, easy to maintain, and produced no side effects.", "contents": "Response of neonatal hypocalcaemia to 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Administration of 1 alpha-OH-D3 to hypocalcaemic neonates (mean +/- SD, serum calcium 1.50 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) significantly increased serum calcium in all 24 infants within 48 hours after starting therapy (mean +/- SD 1.83 +/- 0.23 mmol/1). The time required to correct hypocalcaemia was significantly shorter (2.04 +/- 0.56 days) in infants treated with 1 alpha-OH-D3, than in 24 infants treated with calcium gluconate infusions (4.12 +/- 1.0 days). Treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3 was effective, easy to maintain, and produced no side effects.", "PMID": 507920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7526", "title": "Munchausen syndrome by proxy in twins.", "content": "A family is described in which twin infants had repeated admissions for apparent haemoptysis. It was proved that the mother was simulating these episodes and she eventually injured one of the children with a pin. The mother has subsequently shown some evidence of a Munchausen tendency in herself.", "contents": "Munchausen syndrome by proxy in twins. A family is described in which twin infants had repeated admissions for apparent haemoptysis. It was proved that the mother was simulating these episodes and she eventually injured one of the children with a pin. The mother has subsequently shown some evidence of a Munchausen tendency in herself.", "PMID": 507921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7527", "title": "Decreased DNA repair activity in sunburn cells. A possible pathogenetic factor of the epidermal sunburn reaction.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the formation of sunburn cells is unknown. Based on autoradiographic methods the unscheduled DNA repair synthesis of UV-induced thymin dimers was investigated in vivo in sunburn cells and in irradiated but histologically normal stratum spinosum cells. The results show a significant lower number of sparsly labeled cells in the sunburn cell-population (13.2 +/- 2.5; mean) when compared to the population of normal stratum spinosum cells (57.8 +/- 7.5; mean). These data indicate that the population of those epidermal cells, which become manifest as sunburn cells 24 h after UV exposure exhibit a reduced DNA repair of UV induced thymine dimers immediately after UV irradiation. Nuclear factors thus seem to play at least some role in the origin of sunburn cells.", "contents": "Decreased DNA repair activity in sunburn cells. A possible pathogenetic factor of the epidermal sunburn reaction. The pathogenesis of the formation of sunburn cells is unknown. Based on autoradiographic methods the unscheduled DNA repair synthesis of UV-induced thymin dimers was investigated in vivo in sunburn cells and in irradiated but histologically normal stratum spinosum cells. The results show a significant lower number of sparsly labeled cells in the sunburn cell-population (13.2 +/- 2.5; mean) when compared to the population of normal stratum spinosum cells (57.8 +/- 7.5; mean). These data indicate that the population of those epidermal cells, which become manifest as sunburn cells 24 h after UV exposure exhibit a reduced DNA repair of UV induced thymine dimers immediately after UV irradiation. Nuclear factors thus seem to play at least some role in the origin of sunburn cells.", "PMID": 507925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7528", "title": "The measurement of coenzyme A and a coenzyme A-dependent enzyme. In microdissected epidermal material using coupled enzyme and bioluminescent reactions.", "content": "A sensitive micromethod for the determination of Coenzyme A and its esters down to about 0.2 pmol in a volume of 10 microliters and of the activity of citrate synthase is outlined. Epidermal material from healthy and psoriatic skin was utilized in microgram quantity as tissue source. The assay utilizes the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction to yield NADH on addition of free Coenzyme A and the subsequent measurement of NADH by a bioluminescent reaction with Acromobacter fischerii. The total Coenzyme A content in six healthy subjects measured in stratum Malpighii was 1.58 +/- 0.19 mmol per kg dry weight. In six psoriatic patients non-involved and involved epidermis contained 1.51 +/- 0.27 and 1.50 +/- 0.25 mmol/kg, respectively. Long-chain acyl-Coenzyme A comprised about 20% in lesion-free skin and 60% of total content in the involved psoriatic epidermis. The activity of citrate synthase in basal layers of healthy epidermis was 0.30 +/- 0.04 mkat/kg dry weight.", "contents": "The measurement of coenzyme A and a coenzyme A-dependent enzyme. In microdissected epidermal material using coupled enzyme and bioluminescent reactions. A sensitive micromethod for the determination of Coenzyme A and its esters down to about 0.2 pmol in a volume of 10 microliters and of the activity of citrate synthase is outlined. Epidermal material from healthy and psoriatic skin was utilized in microgram quantity as tissue source. The assay utilizes the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction to yield NADH on addition of free Coenzyme A and the subsequent measurement of NADH by a bioluminescent reaction with Acromobacter fischerii. The total Coenzyme A content in six healthy subjects measured in stratum Malpighii was 1.58 +/- 0.19 mmol per kg dry weight. In six psoriatic patients non-involved and involved epidermis contained 1.51 +/- 0.27 and 1.50 +/- 0.25 mmol/kg, respectively. Long-chain acyl-Coenzyme A comprised about 20% in lesion-free skin and 60% of total content in the involved psoriatic epidermis. The activity of citrate synthase in basal layers of healthy epidermis was 0.30 +/- 0.04 mkat/kg dry weight.", "PMID": 507926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7529", "title": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. II. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in psoriasis vulgaris.", "content": "Affected and unaffected skin from patients with vulgar psoriasis and normal skin from a control group were investigated for the presence of fibronectin with an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In the control group, fibronectin is missing in the epidermis, but is found in the basement membrane zone of the dermo-epidermal junction area, in the papillary and the reticular dermis, and in the vascular and neural systems of the skin. The same distribution is also found in unaffected psoriatic skin, whereas in affected skin a change in the distribution of fibronectin is found in the dermis and in the basement membranes, together with the presence of fibronectin in the epidermis, mainly in the cornified layers.", "contents": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. II. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in psoriasis vulgaris. Affected and unaffected skin from patients with vulgar psoriasis and normal skin from a control group were investigated for the presence of fibronectin with an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In the control group, fibronectin is missing in the epidermis, but is found in the basement membrane zone of the dermo-epidermal junction area, in the papillary and the reticular dermis, and in the vascular and neural systems of the skin. The same distribution is also found in unaffected psoriatic skin, whereas in affected skin a change in the distribution of fibronectin is found in the dermis and in the basement membranes, together with the presence of fibronectin in the epidermis, mainly in the cornified layers.", "PMID": 507927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7530", "title": "Tactile corpuscle-like structures in a case of plexiform neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Tactile corpuscle-like structures were identified in a plexiform neurofibroma, which was localized on the right cranial hemisphere os a 16-year-old boy and had necessitated repeated surgery. These structures were studied by light and electron microscopy. The origin of their component cells is, however, still controversial. We believe to have accumulated sufficient evidence for a Schwann cell origin of these cells.", "contents": "Tactile corpuscle-like structures in a case of plexiform neurofibromatosis. Tactile corpuscle-like structures were identified in a plexiform neurofibroma, which was localized on the right cranial hemisphere os a 16-year-old boy and had necessitated repeated surgery. These structures were studied by light and electron microscopy. The origin of their component cells is, however, still controversial. We believe to have accumulated sufficient evidence for a Schwann cell origin of these cells.", "PMID": 507928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7531", "title": "In vitro examination of cell proliferation in dermatofibroma and in the overlying epidermis.", "content": "In nine typical cases of dermatofibroma autoradiographic methods were used to examine the proliferative activity in the tumor and in the overlying epidermis. The number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the dermal nodular lesions was extremely low (0 -- 0.1%). In seven of nine skin lesions acanthosis was to be seen in the overlying epidermis. The quantity of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epidermis overlying the dermatofibroma was not related to the thickness of the epidermis and remained independent, whether the predominant element in the tumor is fibrillar or cellular. In this study we were able to demonstrate the existence of a direct relation between the degree of epidermal proliferation and the distance between the tumor and the epidermis. The duration of DNA-synthesis was constant.", "contents": "In vitro examination of cell proliferation in dermatofibroma and in the overlying epidermis. In nine typical cases of dermatofibroma autoradiographic methods were used to examine the proliferative activity in the tumor and in the overlying epidermis. The number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the dermal nodular lesions was extremely low (0 -- 0.1%). In seven of nine skin lesions acanthosis was to be seen in the overlying epidermis. The quantity of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epidermis overlying the dermatofibroma was not related to the thickness of the epidermis and remained independent, whether the predominant element in the tumor is fibrillar or cellular. In this study we were able to demonstrate the existence of a direct relation between the degree of epidermal proliferation and the distance between the tumor and the epidermis. The duration of DNA-synthesis was constant.", "PMID": 507929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7532", "title": "Dopamine effects on the microcirculation and veins of the skin after local application and their changes by antagonistic drugs.", "content": "Dopamine causes reflex erythema, central blanching, and piloerection depending on the dose and the type of application wheal reaction. Intracutaneous application shows from 1.5 gamma/0.1 ml wheal formation, erythema, piloerection, and blanching combined with increased heat radiation from the skin surface (AGA thermovision). Epicutaneous application from 500 ml (occlusive patch test) following horny layer stripping, causes marked blanching with weak piloerection. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/1,000 (60 s, 0.5 mA) causes only blanching and weak surrounding erythema; application of dopamine 1/100 additionally causes piloerection. This application shows no changing of infrared radiation. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/100 or 50 gamma/0.1 ml i.c. in a blanched area after locally applied corticosteroids (McKenzie test) shows diminution of infrared radiation proved by AGA thermovision thermography. Antihistaminics, applied externally, decrease reddening, wheal development as well as blanching by dopamine. Guanethedine (1% in eucerin) increases the blanching phenomenon (false transmitter effect of dopamine). Phentolamine 1% in W/O emulsion is without effect on dopamine reaction. Caffeine ointment (4%) reduces erythema and accentuates the degree of blanching. Oral haloperidol has no influence on the dopamine skin reaction, but increases the blanching in areas of antihistamine treatment. Skin veins and varices show marked vasoconstriction within 10 min after iontophoretic (1 : 100, 3.5 mA, 60 s) or i.c. application (50 gamma/0.2 ml).", "contents": "Dopamine effects on the microcirculation and veins of the skin after local application and their changes by antagonistic drugs. Dopamine causes reflex erythema, central blanching, and piloerection depending on the dose and the type of application wheal reaction. Intracutaneous application shows from 1.5 gamma/0.1 ml wheal formation, erythema, piloerection, and blanching combined with increased heat radiation from the skin surface (AGA thermovision). Epicutaneous application from 500 ml (occlusive patch test) following horny layer stripping, causes marked blanching with weak piloerection. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/1,000 (60 s, 0.5 mA) causes only blanching and weak surrounding erythema; application of dopamine 1/100 additionally causes piloerection. This application shows no changing of infrared radiation. Iontophoretic application of dopamine 1/100 or 50 gamma/0.1 ml i.c. in a blanched area after locally applied corticosteroids (McKenzie test) shows diminution of infrared radiation proved by AGA thermovision thermography. Antihistaminics, applied externally, decrease reddening, wheal development as well as blanching by dopamine. Guanethedine (1% in eucerin) increases the blanching phenomenon (false transmitter effect of dopamine). Phentolamine 1% in W/O emulsion is without effect on dopamine reaction. Caffeine ointment (4%) reduces erythema and accentuates the degree of blanching. Oral haloperidol has no influence on the dopamine skin reaction, but increases the blanching in areas of antihistamine treatment. Skin veins and varices show marked vasoconstriction within 10 min after iontophoretic (1 : 100, 3.5 mA, 60 s) or i.c. application (50 gamma/0.2 ml).", "PMID": 507930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7533", "title": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibroblasts. V. Influence of anabolic steroids on the inhibitory effects of clobetasol-17-propionate on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis.", "content": "As previously found, the glucocorticosteroid clobetasol-17-propionate inhibits cell proliferation during the early growth stage of normal baby foreskin fibroblasts and collagen synthesis in confluent cultures of these cells. The degree of inhibition of cell proliferation decreases with increasing cell density and, moreover, is transient. The anabolic steroids nandrolone and nandrolone-phenyl-propionate have similar effects on these cells. Likewise the magnitude of the inhibition is dose-dependent. When present together the two types of drug do not act in an additive manner. Even at low concentrations the anabolic steroids abolish the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticosteroid on cell proliferation. Furthermore, in this case only the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticosteroid on collagen synthesis is found and there is no further increase in this effect due to the presence of the anabolic steroids. Our results imply that the use of low concentrations of anabolic steroids combined with glucocorticosteroids in topical application to the skin may abolish some of the undesirable side effects of the glucocorticosteroids.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibroblasts. V. Influence of anabolic steroids on the inhibitory effects of clobetasol-17-propionate on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. As previously found, the glucocorticosteroid clobetasol-17-propionate inhibits cell proliferation during the early growth stage of normal baby foreskin fibroblasts and collagen synthesis in confluent cultures of these cells. The degree of inhibition of cell proliferation decreases with increasing cell density and, moreover, is transient. The anabolic steroids nandrolone and nandrolone-phenyl-propionate have similar effects on these cells. Likewise the magnitude of the inhibition is dose-dependent. When present together the two types of drug do not act in an additive manner. Even at low concentrations the anabolic steroids abolish the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticosteroid on cell proliferation. Furthermore, in this case only the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticosteroid on collagen synthesis is found and there is no further increase in this effect due to the presence of the anabolic steroids. Our results imply that the use of low concentrations of anabolic steroids combined with glucocorticosteroids in topical application to the skin may abolish some of the undesirable side effects of the glucocorticosteroids.", "PMID": 507931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7534", "title": "[The BCG as coadjuvant in the treatment of bladder carcinoma].", "content": "Thirty one patients with bladder carcinoma of different grades and stages were treated by endoscopic surgery and oral administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). They were randomly separated in two groups: one was treated surgically and the other was treated surgically and with the BCG. According to the ability to develop an immune response to the antigens, patients were divided into three groups. The group who had been treated by endoscopic surgery only had 7 patients with recurrent bladder cancer during a median interval of 30 months. The group treated surgically and with BCG had only one patient with bladder cancer recurrence within a median follow-up period of 30 months. The results obtained with the use of BCG inducing tumor regression seem to indicate a favorable response.", "contents": "[The BCG as coadjuvant in the treatment of bladder carcinoma]. Thirty one patients with bladder carcinoma of different grades and stages were treated by endoscopic surgery and oral administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). They were randomly separated in two groups: one was treated surgically and the other was treated surgically and with the BCG. According to the ability to develop an immune response to the antigens, patients were divided into three groups. The group who had been treated by endoscopic surgery only had 7 patients with recurrent bladder cancer during a median interval of 30 months. The group treated surgically and with BCG had only one patient with bladder cancer recurrence within a median follow-up period of 30 months. The results obtained with the use of BCG inducing tumor regression seem to indicate a favorable response.", "PMID": 507944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7535", "title": "[Vesico-ureteral reflex. Medical treatment].", "content": "We have reviewed the problem of vesico-ureteral reflux in children and comment upon the selection guidelines followed for indicating medical treatment, on the basis of the clinical picture and the radiographic and analytical findings. We assess the results obtained (58.06% of cures) as a result of which we stress the need for conservative treatment in cases of moderate refluxes.", "contents": "[Vesico-ureteral reflex. Medical treatment]. We have reviewed the problem of vesico-ureteral reflux in children and comment upon the selection guidelines followed for indicating medical treatment, on the basis of the clinical picture and the radiographic and analytical findings. We assess the results obtained (58.06% of cures) as a result of which we stress the need for conservative treatment in cases of moderate refluxes.", "PMID": 507946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7536", "title": "[Diagnostic value of computerized axial tomography in urology].", "content": "A study is made of the diagnostic value of computerized axial tomographies in 57 patients suffering from urogenital pathology. Only three mistakes which may be attributed to a wrong assessment of the sections support its high degree of reliability. The CAT does not replace the intravenous urography. With regard to other more aggressive means (angiography, endoscopy) or less determining ones (isotopes, ultrasounds), it establishes some stricter indications for the same. The main indications of the CAT in Urology are the study of non-cystic, kidney masses as well as non-functioning kidneys, retroperitoneum and suprarenal glands and finally the establishment of the tumoural stage of prostate, bladder and testicle neoformations. The future of the CAT offers great possibilities as certain technical problems are solved and at the same time as greater experience is gained and its price reduced, all of which constitute factors which currently limit its clinical use.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of computerized axial tomography in urology]. A study is made of the diagnostic value of computerized axial tomographies in 57 patients suffering from urogenital pathology. Only three mistakes which may be attributed to a wrong assessment of the sections support its high degree of reliability. The CAT does not replace the intravenous urography. With regard to other more aggressive means (angiography, endoscopy) or less determining ones (isotopes, ultrasounds), it establishes some stricter indications for the same. The main indications of the CAT in Urology are the study of non-cystic, kidney masses as well as non-functioning kidneys, retroperitoneum and suprarenal glands and finally the establishment of the tumoural stage of prostate, bladder and testicle neoformations. The future of the CAT offers great possibilities as certain technical problems are solved and at the same time as greater experience is gained and its price reduced, all of which constitute factors which currently limit its clinical use.", "PMID": 507945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7537", "title": "[Structure of secondary or exogenous prostatic calculi].", "content": "Out of a series of 70 prostatic stones, we found 8 considered to be \"secondary\" or \"exogenous\" (i.e. originated inside the acinis, following the initial crystallization of the components of the orine introduced into the acini) which underwent crystallographic analysis, using basically the \"fine plate\" to determine their structure. There were found to be two types of stones: one kin essentially uric (5 in all) and others essentially oxalic (3). We observed that these may be formed by pure substances as in the case of two uric stones but generally the nucleus is made up of uric or oxalic components with a tendency in the periphery to form concentric layers of apatite or whitlockite, similar to those observed in primary or endogenous prostatic stones, accompanied by other oxalic or uric components or not. We found that both the uric acid (anhydrous) as well as the oxalates may adopt the same strucutre presented by the urinary stones (renal, vesical) but the anhydrous, uric acid may also present in the nucleus of a stone, an association of 3 structures (granuloporous + fibrosoradiated + palisaded) which does not occur in urinary stones and it may also form a structure which we call \"concretioning\" which has not previously been described.", "contents": "[Structure of secondary or exogenous prostatic calculi]. Out of a series of 70 prostatic stones, we found 8 considered to be \"secondary\" or \"exogenous\" (i.e. originated inside the acinis, following the initial crystallization of the components of the orine introduced into the acini) which underwent crystallographic analysis, using basically the \"fine plate\" to determine their structure. There were found to be two types of stones: one kin essentially uric (5 in all) and others essentially oxalic (3). We observed that these may be formed by pure substances as in the case of two uric stones but generally the nucleus is made up of uric or oxalic components with a tendency in the periphery to form concentric layers of apatite or whitlockite, similar to those observed in primary or endogenous prostatic stones, accompanied by other oxalic or uric components or not. We found that both the uric acid (anhydrous) as well as the oxalates may adopt the same strucutre presented by the urinary stones (renal, vesical) but the anhydrous, uric acid may also present in the nucleus of a stone, an association of 3 structures (granuloporous + fibrosoradiated + palisaded) which does not occur in urinary stones and it may also form a structure which we call \"concretioning\" which has not previously been described.", "PMID": 507947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7538", "title": "[Priapism: analysis and results of surgical treatment in 9 cases].", "content": "A review is made of nine cases of priapism, seven of which were idiopathic and two secondary. The different etiological and clinical aspects are analyzed. All the patients underwent surgical treatment, with 42.8% of good, long-term results and the authors always recommend aggressive and early, surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Priapism: analysis and results of surgical treatment in 9 cases]. A review is made of nine cases of priapism, seven of which were idiopathic and two secondary. The different etiological and clinical aspects are analyzed. All the patients underwent surgical treatment, with 42.8% of good, long-term results and the authors always recommend aggressive and early, surgical treatment.", "PMID": 507948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7539", "title": "Neutrophil function in anergic surgical patients: neutrophil adherence and chemotaxis.", "content": "Skin test anergy (A) to recall antigens identifies surgical patients at high risk for sepsis. We studied neutrophil function in such patients to assess any alteration in their host defense mechanisms. Neutrophil adherence was measured with a modified adherence assay capable of measuring the adherence of neutrophils in whole blood or purified neutrophil suspensions, and neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed by the Boyeden technique. Twenty-one laboratory controls had a neutrophil adherence of 71.5 +/- 3.8% (mean +/-SD) and chemotaxis of 128.1 +/- 2.4,micro (mean +/-SD). Fifty-four hospitalized patients with normal skin tests had neutrophil adherence of 72.5 +/- 13.1% (p ~ 0.5 relative to control) and chemotaxis of 123.3 +/- 3.1 micro (p ~ 0.5). Twenty three relatively anergic patients had values of 84.3 +/- 7.9% (p < 0.001) and 103.7 +/- 2.0 micro (p < 0.001). Forty five A patients had adherence of 85.0 +/- 7.0% (p < 0.001) and chemotaxis of 90.4 +/- 2.9 micro (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between increased neutrophil adherence and decreased chemotaxis r = 0.81 has p < 0.0005. A factor which increased the adherence of normal control neutrophils was found in the plasma but not the serum of anergic patients. Inhibitors of control neutrophil chemotaxis have been shown in both serum and plasma of patients with decreased autologous neutrophil chemotaxis. We propose that this altered neutrophil function (possibly with other defects) in anergic patients may compromise their host defenses and render them susceptible to infection.", "contents": "Neutrophil function in anergic surgical patients: neutrophil adherence and chemotaxis. Skin test anergy (A) to recall antigens identifies surgical patients at high risk for sepsis. We studied neutrophil function in such patients to assess any alteration in their host defense mechanisms. Neutrophil adherence was measured with a modified adherence assay capable of measuring the adherence of neutrophils in whole blood or purified neutrophil suspensions, and neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed by the Boyeden technique. Twenty-one laboratory controls had a neutrophil adherence of 71.5 +/- 3.8% (mean +/-SD) and chemotaxis of 128.1 +/- 2.4,micro (mean +/-SD). Fifty-four hospitalized patients with normal skin tests had neutrophil adherence of 72.5 +/- 13.1% (p ~ 0.5 relative to control) and chemotaxis of 123.3 +/- 3.1 micro (p ~ 0.5). Twenty three relatively anergic patients had values of 84.3 +/- 7.9% (p < 0.001) and 103.7 +/- 2.0 micro (p < 0.001). Forty five A patients had adherence of 85.0 +/- 7.0% (p < 0.001) and chemotaxis of 90.4 +/- 2.9 micro (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between increased neutrophil adherence and decreased chemotaxis r = 0.81 has p < 0.0005. A factor which increased the adherence of normal control neutrophils was found in the plasma but not the serum of anergic patients. Inhibitors of control neutrophil chemotaxis have been shown in both serum and plasma of patients with decreased autologous neutrophil chemotaxis. We propose that this altered neutrophil function (possibly with other defects) in anergic patients may compromise their host defenses and render them susceptible to infection.", "PMID": 507967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7540", "title": "Mass in the head of the pancreas in cholestatic jaundice: carcinoma or pancreatitis?", "content": "The clinical, biochemical and radiological findings in 16 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas were compared with that of 13 with cholestatic jaundice due to chronic pancreatitis. Patients presenting with malignancy had more severe hyperbilirubinemia (18.5 +/- 2.1 vs 5.6 +/- 1.6 p to ten days of hospital admission was the single most accurate test distinguishing carcinoma from pancreatitis. The mean bilirubin rose in carcinoma but fell in pancreatitis (mean net change 15.1 +/- 2.9 vs 3.9 +/- 0.6, p less than 0.001). Calcification in the pancreatic region was identified on a flat plate of the abdomen in 8/13 with pancreatitis but 0/16 with malignancy. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was helpful in defining the site of biliary obstruction but the radiologist was unable to clearly predict the definitive diagnosis in five of the 29 patients. A point score based upon the major significant differences noted, predicted the presence or absence of malignancy in all patients (16/16 vs 0/13, p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Mass in the head of the pancreas in cholestatic jaundice: carcinoma or pancreatitis? The clinical, biochemical and radiological findings in 16 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas were compared with that of 13 with cholestatic jaundice due to chronic pancreatitis. Patients presenting with malignancy had more severe hyperbilirubinemia (18.5 +/- 2.1 vs 5.6 +/- 1.6 p to ten days of hospital admission was the single most accurate test distinguishing carcinoma from pancreatitis. The mean bilirubin rose in carcinoma but fell in pancreatitis (mean net change 15.1 +/- 2.9 vs 3.9 +/- 0.6, p less than 0.001). Calcification in the pancreatic region was identified on a flat plate of the abdomen in 8/13 with pancreatitis but 0/16 with malignancy. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was helpful in defining the site of biliary obstruction but the radiologist was unable to clearly predict the definitive diagnosis in five of the 29 patients. A point score based upon the major significant differences noted, predicted the presence or absence of malignancy in all patients (16/16 vs 0/13, p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 507968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7541", "title": "Splenectomy for Gaucher's disease.", "content": "The records of ten patients who underwent splenectomy for Gaucher's disease were reviewed. All patients had the adult type of the disease. The indications for splenectomy were hypersplenism and mechanical problems. The hematological picture returned to normal in all cases and has remained so throughout the follow-up period. The different forms Gaucher's disease and specific diagnostic tests are discussed. Even though splenectomy is indicated when hematological and mechanical problems exist, selective enzymatic replacement therapy seems to be the preferred future mode of treatment.", "contents": "Splenectomy for Gaucher's disease. The records of ten patients who underwent splenectomy for Gaucher's disease were reviewed. All patients had the adult type of the disease. The indications for splenectomy were hypersplenism and mechanical problems. The hematological picture returned to normal in all cases and has remained so throughout the follow-up period. The different forms Gaucher's disease and specific diagnostic tests are discussed. Even though splenectomy is indicated when hematological and mechanical problems exist, selective enzymatic replacement therapy seems to be the preferred future mode of treatment.", "PMID": 507969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7542", "title": "Thrombotic complications of heparin therapy: including six cases of heparin--induced skin necrosis.", "content": "Thrombotic complications of heparin administration were observed in eight patients during a two year period. At sites of subcutaneous heparin injection, six patients developed areas of the skin and subcutaneous necrosis. Systemic thrombotic events and thrombocytopenia were observed in two of these patients when they received intravenous heparin and in two other patients who did not have primary skin necrosis. The complications included peripheral ischemia in three patients (two requiring amputation), myocardial infarction in two, and a cerebral infarction in one. All patients were receiving heparin for at least six days before complications occurred. Seven patients received heparin of bovine origin. Heparin-induced in vitro platelet aggregation was present in all six of the eight patients tested. (It was marked in four of these patients). It is theorized that skin necrosis and the other thrombotic complications observed are the result of heparin-induced in vivo platelet aggregation followed by intravascular thrombosis. Heparin-induced skin necrosis is a rare but serious hazard encountered with prophylactic heparin regimens. If heparin-induced thrombosis is present, the further use of heparin is contraindicated in most instances.", "contents": "Thrombotic complications of heparin therapy: including six cases of heparin--induced skin necrosis. Thrombotic complications of heparin administration were observed in eight patients during a two year period. At sites of subcutaneous heparin injection, six patients developed areas of the skin and subcutaneous necrosis. Systemic thrombotic events and thrombocytopenia were observed in two of these patients when they received intravenous heparin and in two other patients who did not have primary skin necrosis. The complications included peripheral ischemia in three patients (two requiring amputation), myocardial infarction in two, and a cerebral infarction in one. All patients were receiving heparin for at least six days before complications occurred. Seven patients received heparin of bovine origin. Heparin-induced in vitro platelet aggregation was present in all six of the eight patients tested. (It was marked in four of these patients). It is theorized that skin necrosis and the other thrombotic complications observed are the result of heparin-induced in vivo platelet aggregation followed by intravascular thrombosis. Heparin-induced skin necrosis is a rare but serious hazard encountered with prophylactic heparin regimens. If heparin-induced thrombosis is present, the further use of heparin is contraindicated in most instances.", "PMID": 507970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7543", "title": "Saphenous neuralgia: a complication of vascular reconstructions below the inguinal ligament.", "content": "Although relatively frequent in our experience saphenous neuralgia (SN) is not usually reported as a complication of vascular operations below the inguinal ligament. In 55 patients undergoing extended deep femoral angioplasty (EDFA, n = 28) and femoropopliteal bypass graft (FPBG, n = 27) special attention was paid to incidence and severity of postoperative SN. Severe early postoperative SN was seen in 8/28 patients with EDFA and in 6/27 with FPBG. Milder SN was seen in 10 more patients with EDFA, and 3 other developed SN many months after surgery. The milder forms of SN and late SN were not encountered after FPBG. SN usually improved with the passage of time, and at last follow-up averaging 18 months for EDFA and 33 months for FPBG there remained only 23 patients with mild SN (15 after EDFA and 8 after FPBG). The etiology of SN appears to be trauma to the nerve sustained during operation. Age, sex, diabetes, or the addition of lumbar sympathectomy to the vascular operation did not affect the risk of sustaining early postoperative SN. Increased awareness of this complication may help to understand its pathophysiology better, and possibly to decrease its incidence.", "contents": "Saphenous neuralgia: a complication of vascular reconstructions below the inguinal ligament. Although relatively frequent in our experience saphenous neuralgia (SN) is not usually reported as a complication of vascular operations below the inguinal ligament. In 55 patients undergoing extended deep femoral angioplasty (EDFA, n = 28) and femoropopliteal bypass graft (FPBG, n = 27) special attention was paid to incidence and severity of postoperative SN. Severe early postoperative SN was seen in 8/28 patients with EDFA and in 6/27 with FPBG. Milder SN was seen in 10 more patients with EDFA, and 3 other developed SN many months after surgery. The milder forms of SN and late SN were not encountered after FPBG. SN usually improved with the passage of time, and at last follow-up averaging 18 months for EDFA and 33 months for FPBG there remained only 23 patients with mild SN (15 after EDFA and 8 after FPBG). The etiology of SN appears to be trauma to the nerve sustained during operation. Age, sex, diabetes, or the addition of lumbar sympathectomy to the vascular operation did not affect the risk of sustaining early postoperative SN. Increased awareness of this complication may help to understand its pathophysiology better, and possibly to decrease its incidence.", "PMID": 507971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7544", "title": "Vascular access grafts for chemotherapy. Use in forty patients at M. D. Anderson Hospital.", "content": "Forty-two arteriovenous grafts were placed to provide vascular access in 40 patients with poor or sclerosed superficial veins. Thirty-nine patients had malignant disease and required chemotherapy, while one patient with aplastic anemia needed frequent transfusions. Thirty-two grafts were placed in the arm (27 straight and 5 loop), and ten in the leg (femoral-femoral loop). Thirty-seven shunts consisted of 6 mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and five were 6 mm Dacron((R)). The straight brachial artery to axillary vein PTFE graft was preferred, while the PTFE femoral loop graft was a satisfactory alternative. The loop arm graft was associated with a high complication rate and is no longer used. Local anesthesia was employed in all cases except for a 3-year-old child. There was no operative mortality and no severe morbidity, despite subsequent myelosuppression by chemotherapeutic agents injected via these grafts. Thirty patients are alive, while ten died of their malignancy. Twenty-six grafts are functional and have been in place an average 4.4 months (range: 1 to 14 mo.). Acceptance by patients and particularly by personnel in the out-patient chemotherapy unit has been enthusiastic. Vascular access grafts can be inserted safely and provide a convenient route for drawing blood samples, and for administering chemotherapy and intermittent intravenous therapy in selected patients with neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Vascular access grafts for chemotherapy. Use in forty patients at M. D. Anderson Hospital. Forty-two arteriovenous grafts were placed to provide vascular access in 40 patients with poor or sclerosed superficial veins. Thirty-nine patients had malignant disease and required chemotherapy, while one patient with aplastic anemia needed frequent transfusions. Thirty-two grafts were placed in the arm (27 straight and 5 loop), and ten in the leg (femoral-femoral loop). Thirty-seven shunts consisted of 6 mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and five were 6 mm Dacron((R)). The straight brachial artery to axillary vein PTFE graft was preferred, while the PTFE femoral loop graft was a satisfactory alternative. The loop arm graft was associated with a high complication rate and is no longer used. Local anesthesia was employed in all cases except for a 3-year-old child. There was no operative mortality and no severe morbidity, despite subsequent myelosuppression by chemotherapeutic agents injected via these grafts. Thirty patients are alive, while ten died of their malignancy. Twenty-six grafts are functional and have been in place an average 4.4 months (range: 1 to 14 mo.). Acceptance by patients and particularly by personnel in the out-patient chemotherapy unit has been enthusiastic. Vascular access grafts can be inserted safely and provide a convenient route for drawing blood samples, and for administering chemotherapy and intermittent intravenous therapy in selected patients with neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 507972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7545", "title": "Intrapulmonary clotting and fibrinolysis during abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.", "content": "Intravascular clotting and fibrinolysis (C and F) are events which often accompany major surgical trauma. Their role in inducing cardiopulmonary failure is debated and prompted this study of 13 patients undergoing elective AAA. Following intubation, anesthesia and pressure breathing fibrinolytic activity (FA) in arterial blood exceeded that in mixed venous blood (p < 0.001) indicating pulmonary secretion of proteolytic activity. Fibrinogen, plasminogen and fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were normal. During surgery, fibrinogen and plasminogen fell (p < 0.001) while nonplasmin mediated FA and FDPs rose (p < .001). Despite heparinization (5000 U IV) aortic clamping (avg 56 min) led to evidence of C and F within the lungs. Arterial fibrinogen was 33.2 mg/ml lower than mixed venous blood (p < 0.01) and plasminogen was 0.47 Sherry units lower (p < 0.001). Soluble fibrin monomer appeared in arterial blood (p < 0.01). At the same time nonplasmin mediated FA was consumed within the lungs (p < 0.01) and FDPs were produced (44.6 microg/ml higher in arterial blood, p < 0.001). Similar changes were noted after aortic declamping. The transient 5.3 ml/cm H(2)0 fall in dynamic compliance was unrelated to C and F. Pulmonary vascular resistance and arterial pressure were unchanged. During wound closure intrapulmonary C and F ceased. Postoperatively (6 h), the physiologic shunt of 15.1% was similar to tbe preoperative value of 13.3%. All C and F factors returned to normal except FDPs which remained elevated. An average of 0.2 U blood was given prior to aortic clamping and 3.1 U during clamping. Neither the volume nor the type of blood (7 patients received washed RBCs) influenced pulmonary C and F. The results show that pressure breathing will alter pulmonary metabolism from clearance to secretion of fibrinolytic activity. Surgery leads to systemic C and F while intrapulmonary C and F is triggered by aortic clamping despite IV heparin. Delayed functional consequences of C and F are possible. Immediate postoperative effects are not apparent.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary clotting and fibrinolysis during abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Intravascular clotting and fibrinolysis (C and F) are events which often accompany major surgical trauma. Their role in inducing cardiopulmonary failure is debated and prompted this study of 13 patients undergoing elective AAA. Following intubation, anesthesia and pressure breathing fibrinolytic activity (FA) in arterial blood exceeded that in mixed venous blood (p < 0.001) indicating pulmonary secretion of proteolytic activity. Fibrinogen, plasminogen and fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were normal. During surgery, fibrinogen and plasminogen fell (p < 0.001) while nonplasmin mediated FA and FDPs rose (p < .001). Despite heparinization (5000 U IV) aortic clamping (avg 56 min) led to evidence of C and F within the lungs. Arterial fibrinogen was 33.2 mg/ml lower than mixed venous blood (p < 0.01) and plasminogen was 0.47 Sherry units lower (p < 0.001). Soluble fibrin monomer appeared in arterial blood (p < 0.01). At the same time nonplasmin mediated FA was consumed within the lungs (p < 0.01) and FDPs were produced (44.6 microg/ml higher in arterial blood, p < 0.001). Similar changes were noted after aortic declamping. The transient 5.3 ml/cm H(2)0 fall in dynamic compliance was unrelated to C and F. Pulmonary vascular resistance and arterial pressure were unchanged. During wound closure intrapulmonary C and F ceased. Postoperatively (6 h), the physiologic shunt of 15.1% was similar to tbe preoperative value of 13.3%. All C and F factors returned to normal except FDPs which remained elevated. An average of 0.2 U blood was given prior to aortic clamping and 3.1 U during clamping. Neither the volume nor the type of blood (7 patients received washed RBCs) influenced pulmonary C and F. The results show that pressure breathing will alter pulmonary metabolism from clearance to secretion of fibrinolytic activity. Surgery leads to systemic C and F while intrapulmonary C and F is triggered by aortic clamping despite IV heparin. Delayed functional consequences of C and F are possible. Immediate postoperative effects are not apparent.", "PMID": 507973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7546", "title": "Venous capacitance and outflow in the postoperative patient.", "content": "Venous capacitance and outflow were measured in a series of 50 unselected patients undergoing a variety of general surgical procedures. Studies done prior to operation and the morning after demonstrated a fall in capacitance and outflow that was related to the degree of ambulation. Fully ambulatory patients demonstrated no changes. Males under the age of 40 were unchanged regardless of the type of operation or degree of ambulation. It is likely that the observed changes reflected a reduction in arterial flow but alterations in venous tone cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Venous capacitance and outflow in the postoperative patient. Venous capacitance and outflow were measured in a series of 50 unselected patients undergoing a variety of general surgical procedures. Studies done prior to operation and the morning after demonstrated a fall in capacitance and outflow that was related to the degree of ambulation. Fully ambulatory patients demonstrated no changes. Males under the age of 40 were unchanged regardless of the type of operation or degree of ambulation. It is likely that the observed changes reflected a reduction in arterial flow but alterations in venous tone cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 507974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7547", "title": "Portal hypertension secondary to choledochal cyst.", "content": "Two patients with portal hypertension secondary to choledochal cyst are reported and combined with four others previously reported in the literature. Choledochal cysts may, by extrensic compression, cause partial or complete portal vein obstruction, portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Needle biopsy of the liver is probably not a reliable means of differentiating choledochal cyst from other intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension. Internal drainage of the choledochal cyst has been performed in four patients and in each instance resulted in satisfactory portal decompression.", "contents": "Portal hypertension secondary to choledochal cyst. Two patients with portal hypertension secondary to choledochal cyst are reported and combined with four others previously reported in the literature. Choledochal cysts may, by extrensic compression, cause partial or complete portal vein obstruction, portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Needle biopsy of the liver is probably not a reliable means of differentiating choledochal cyst from other intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension. Internal drainage of the choledochal cyst has been performed in four patients and in each instance resulted in satisfactory portal decompression.", "PMID": 507975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7548", "title": "Thoracic outlet syndrome: current concepts of treatment.", "content": "This current concept of treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome based on a personal experience with 304 patients, resulted in complete (85%) or partial (7%) relief of symptoms in 92% of operated patients. The diagnosis centers upon a thorough history and the exclusion of other causes of arm and shoulder pain utilizing a strict flow pattern of differential diagnosis. Angiography and electromyography are of limited value and are only performed in selected cases. Operation should be reserved for the thoroughly evaluated patient who continues to have pain despite adequate conservative therapy. Transaxillary removal of the first rib, fibromuscular bands and cervical rib, when present, is the operation of choice.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet syndrome: current concepts of treatment. This current concept of treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome based on a personal experience with 304 patients, resulted in complete (85%) or partial (7%) relief of symptoms in 92% of operated patients. The diagnosis centers upon a thorough history and the exclusion of other causes of arm and shoulder pain utilizing a strict flow pattern of differential diagnosis. Angiography and electromyography are of limited value and are only performed in selected cases. Operation should be reserved for the thoroughly evaluated patient who continues to have pain despite adequate conservative therapy. Transaxillary removal of the first rib, fibromuscular bands and cervical rib, when present, is the operation of choice.", "PMID": 507976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7549", "title": "The value of transperineal injection for the diagnosis of imperforate anus.", "content": "Imperforate anus is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in the newborn and the exact estimation of the level of the blind rectal pouch is of primary importance. We present 11 cases of imperforate anus and demonstrate the accurate location of the rectal pouch by transperineal injection of contrast media. This method shows an advantage in comparison to the classical plain roentgenogram in the inverted position of the baby. No unnecessary colostomies were performed since intraduction of the transperineal injection. The method is simple and there were no complications due to injection 10-15 cc of 20% Hypaque. Further studies are not in progress to demonstrate the presence or absence of an associated internal fistula in all cases.", "contents": "The value of transperineal injection for the diagnosis of imperforate anus. Imperforate anus is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in the newborn and the exact estimation of the level of the blind rectal pouch is of primary importance. We present 11 cases of imperforate anus and demonstrate the accurate location of the rectal pouch by transperineal injection of contrast media. This method shows an advantage in comparison to the classical plain roentgenogram in the inverted position of the baby. No unnecessary colostomies were performed since intraduction of the transperineal injection. The method is simple and there were no complications due to injection 10-15 cc of 20% Hypaque. Further studies are not in progress to demonstrate the presence or absence of an associated internal fistula in all cases.", "PMID": 507977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7550", "title": "Successful management of early stroke after carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "This paper concerns the management of stroke coming on in the early postoperative period after successful carotid endarterectomy. Our experience in effectively reversing hemiplegia in three such consecutive patients forms the basis of this report. The value of instant reoperation is emphasized, and several factors that facilitate urgent reoperation have been identified. These include omission of preoperative angiography, immediate reexploration under local anesthesia, and rapid restoration of cerebral flow by insertion of a shunt. Our experience would indicate that reversal of neurological deficit in such patients can be accomplished if reoperation is carried out within one hour of onset of stroke. All three patients managed by these criteria recovered and were neurologically intact eight to twelve months later. These results are in contrast to the failure to reverse stroke noted by us and others when the above measures were not followed.", "contents": "Successful management of early stroke after carotid endarterectomy. This paper concerns the management of stroke coming on in the early postoperative period after successful carotid endarterectomy. Our experience in effectively reversing hemiplegia in three such consecutive patients forms the basis of this report. The value of instant reoperation is emphasized, and several factors that facilitate urgent reoperation have been identified. These include omission of preoperative angiography, immediate reexploration under local anesthesia, and rapid restoration of cerebral flow by insertion of a shunt. Our experience would indicate that reversal of neurological deficit in such patients can be accomplished if reoperation is carried out within one hour of onset of stroke. All three patients managed by these criteria recovered and were neurologically intact eight to twelve months later. These results are in contrast to the failure to reverse stroke noted by us and others when the above measures were not followed.", "PMID": 507978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7551", "title": "Aortoplasty compared with resection for coarctation of the aorta in young children.", "content": "We repaired coarctation of the aorta in a group of 18 children less than 3 years old, using either resection with end-to-end anastomosis (8 patients, Group 1) or patch graft aortoplasty (10 patients, Group 2). The two groups were similar preoperatively in age, pressure difference between proximal and distal aorta (delta PA0), and severity of aortic arch hypoplasia. Three patients, all less than 2 months old, died early postoperatively. Among the survivors, the right brachial artery systolic pressure was significantly higher in Group 1 (133.1 +/- 7.0 mm Hg) (mean +/- standard error of the mean) than in Group 2 (102.5 +/- 7.2 mm Hg) (p less than 0.05). The delta PA0 was significantly higher in Group 1 (33.0 +/- 7.5 mm Hg) than in Group 2 (5.1 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) (p less than 0.01). Three patients in Group 1 required reoperation and were treated with patch graft aortoplasty; relief of delta PO0 was complete in 2. Patch graft aortoplasty is more effective than resection in reducing proximal aortic systolic pressure and in relieving delta PA0 in infants and small children with coarctation of the aorta.", "contents": "Aortoplasty compared with resection for coarctation of the aorta in young children. We repaired coarctation of the aorta in a group of 18 children less than 3 years old, using either resection with end-to-end anastomosis (8 patients, Group 1) or patch graft aortoplasty (10 patients, Group 2). The two groups were similar preoperatively in age, pressure difference between proximal and distal aorta (delta PA0), and severity of aortic arch hypoplasia. Three patients, all less than 2 months old, died early postoperatively. Among the survivors, the right brachial artery systolic pressure was significantly higher in Group 1 (133.1 +/- 7.0 mm Hg) (mean +/- standard error of the mean) than in Group 2 (102.5 +/- 7.2 mm Hg) (p less than 0.05). The delta PA0 was significantly higher in Group 1 (33.0 +/- 7.5 mm Hg) than in Group 2 (5.1 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) (p less than 0.01). Three patients in Group 1 required reoperation and were treated with patch graft aortoplasty; relief of delta PO0 was complete in 2. Patch graft aortoplasty is more effective than resection in reducing proximal aortic systolic pressure and in relieving delta PA0 in infants and small children with coarctation of the aorta.", "PMID": 507980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7552", "title": "Surgical treatment of atrial myxomas: early and late results of 11 operations and review of the literature.", "content": "Eleven patients underwent surgical excision of atrial myxomas during a 15-year period, with no hospital deaths. The operation consisted of excision of the tumor with a generous portion of atrial septum or wall. Patch reconstruction of the atrial septum was required in most patients. There were 2 late deaths (14 and 121 months after operation). Late recurrences have been reported in other series but no recurrences were diagnosed in any of the patients in this series reexamined by echocardiography 7 to 156 months (mean, 48 months) after operation. Late functional results were excellent (78%, New York Heart Association Class D. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of atrial myxomas: early and late results of 11 operations and review of the literature. Eleven patients underwent surgical excision of atrial myxomas during a 15-year period, with no hospital deaths. The operation consisted of excision of the tumor with a generous portion of atrial septum or wall. Patch reconstruction of the atrial septum was required in most patients. There were 2 late deaths (14 and 121 months after operation). Late recurrences have been reported in other series but no recurrences were diagnosed in any of the patients in this series reexamined by echocardiography 7 to 156 months (mean, 48 months) after operation. Late functional results were excellent (78%, New York Heart Association Class D. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 507981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7553", "title": "Open lung biopsy in diagnosing pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "From July, 1973, to June, 1977, 25 patients in an immunosuppressed state from underlying reticuloendothelial neoplasm or associated chemotherapy, underwent open biopsy of the lung at the University of Maryland Hospital for diagnosis of unilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Eight patients were in marked respiratory distress, 13 in moderate distress, and 4 in little or no distress at the time of open lung biopsy. There were 3 postoperative deaths (12%). The operation-related morbidity was 1 out of 25 (4%). Two of the patients who died were found to have irreversible pulmonary fibrosis secondary to bleomycin drug therapy. The subsequent treatment of all 25 patients was influenced by the biopsy findings as follows: upgrading the disease stage or establishing treatment failure in 11 patients; establishing the presence of inflammatory disease in 3 patients; establishing the diagnosis of fibrosis associated with drug treatment without recurrent disease or infection in 11 patients. The preferability of open lung biopsy as opposed to transbronchial or percutaneous techniques is discussed.", "contents": "Open lung biopsy in diagnosing pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. From July, 1973, to June, 1977, 25 patients in an immunosuppressed state from underlying reticuloendothelial neoplasm or associated chemotherapy, underwent open biopsy of the lung at the University of Maryland Hospital for diagnosis of unilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Eight patients were in marked respiratory distress, 13 in moderate distress, and 4 in little or no distress at the time of open lung biopsy. There were 3 postoperative deaths (12%). The operation-related morbidity was 1 out of 25 (4%). Two of the patients who died were found to have irreversible pulmonary fibrosis secondary to bleomycin drug therapy. The subsequent treatment of all 25 patients was influenced by the biopsy findings as follows: upgrading the disease stage or establishing treatment failure in 11 patients; establishing the presence of inflammatory disease in 3 patients; establishing the diagnosis of fibrosis associated with drug treatment without recurrent disease or infection in 11 patients. The preferability of open lung biopsy as opposed to transbronchial or percutaneous techniques is discussed.", "PMID": 507982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7554", "title": "Treatment of inoperable lung carcinoma: a combined modality approach.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with inoperable lung carcinoma other than of the small cell type who received cis diamminedichloro platinum (II)-based combination chemotherapy were further treated with all available treatment modalities: radiation therapy, lung resection, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. There were 2 operative deaths, and 2 patients died 6 and 8 months postoperatively of cardiac causes. Postmortem examination on these 4 patients revealed no evidence of residual tumor. The remaining 20 patients are alive 7 to 33 months from the onset of chemotherapy and 4 to 27 months following lung resection. These results, although preliminary, are encouraging, and further study is in progress.", "contents": "Treatment of inoperable lung carcinoma: a combined modality approach. Twenty-four patients with inoperable lung carcinoma other than of the small cell type who received cis diamminedichloro platinum (II)-based combination chemotherapy were further treated with all available treatment modalities: radiation therapy, lung resection, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. There were 2 operative deaths, and 2 patients died 6 and 8 months postoperatively of cardiac causes. Postmortem examination on these 4 patients revealed no evidence of residual tumor. The remaining 20 patients are alive 7 to 33 months from the onset of chemotherapy and 4 to 27 months following lung resection. These results, although preliminary, are encouraging, and further study is in progress.", "PMID": 507983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7555", "title": "Acquired benign bronchoesophageal fistulas in the adult.", "content": "In a twenty-year period we have seen 7 patients with acquired nonmalignant bronchoesophageal fistulas at the Vanderbilt University Affiliated Hospitals. There were 5 men and 2 women ranging from 24 to 82 years old. Six patients were seen initially with a history of pulmonary inflammatory disease with cough and fever or with an abnormal chest roentgenogram. One patient had a traumatic fistula following blunt chest trauma. Six of the patients were treated surgically with no operative mortality. Five were repaired through a right-sided thoracotomy with division of the fistulous tract and closure of the bronchus and esophagus. One patient required esophageal resection and later reconstruction for permanent fistula closure. The remaining patient was diagnosed at bronchoscopy and was not treated surgically because of supervening complications following an extensive abdominal operation. Once the diagnosis was established, operative management resulted in complete closure of the fistulas, with no mortality and no late recurrences in these patients.", "contents": "Acquired benign bronchoesophageal fistulas in the adult. In a twenty-year period we have seen 7 patients with acquired nonmalignant bronchoesophageal fistulas at the Vanderbilt University Affiliated Hospitals. There were 5 men and 2 women ranging from 24 to 82 years old. Six patients were seen initially with a history of pulmonary inflammatory disease with cough and fever or with an abnormal chest roentgenogram. One patient had a traumatic fistula following blunt chest trauma. Six of the patients were treated surgically with no operative mortality. Five were repaired through a right-sided thoracotomy with division of the fistulous tract and closure of the bronchus and esophagus. One patient required esophageal resection and later reconstruction for permanent fistula closure. The remaining patient was diagnosed at bronchoscopy and was not treated surgically because of supervening complications following an extensive abdominal operation. Once the diagnosis was established, operative management resulted in complete closure of the fistulas, with no mortality and no late recurrences in these patients.", "PMID": 507984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7556", "title": "Diagnosis and management of major tracheobronchial injuries.", "content": "From 1968 to 1978, 14 patients were treated for major tracheal or bronchial injury. Five injuries resulted from blunt trauma and nine from penetrating injury. Of the 5 patients with injury due to blunt trauma, three had avulsions of the right main bronchus from the trachea. In 2 of them, the injury was associated with stellate tears of the distal trachea and bronchus. The simple avulsion was repaired by a primary anastomosis of the right main bronchus to the distal trachea. For the other 2 patients, treatment consisted of right pneumonectomy. The remaining 2 patients in this group had complete transection of the trachea and underwent primary repair. Of the 9 patients with a penetrating injury, 4 had lacerations of the cervical trachea which were treated with neck exploration and tracheostomy. Three patients with partial transections of the cervical or upper mediastinal trachea were treated by primary closure. The other 2 patients had gunshot wounds to the distal right lateral trachea, which were treated by right thoracotomy and primary closure. There were no deaths, and the subsequent course was generally good in all patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of major tracheobronchial injuries. From 1968 to 1978, 14 patients were treated for major tracheal or bronchial injury. Five injuries resulted from blunt trauma and nine from penetrating injury. Of the 5 patients with injury due to blunt trauma, three had avulsions of the right main bronchus from the trachea. In 2 of them, the injury was associated with stellate tears of the distal trachea and bronchus. The simple avulsion was repaired by a primary anastomosis of the right main bronchus to the distal trachea. For the other 2 patients, treatment consisted of right pneumonectomy. The remaining 2 patients in this group had complete transection of the trachea and underwent primary repair. Of the 9 patients with a penetrating injury, 4 had lacerations of the cervical trachea which were treated with neck exploration and tracheostomy. Three patients with partial transections of the cervical or upper mediastinal trachea were treated by primary closure. The other 2 patients had gunshot wounds to the distal right lateral trachea, which were treated by right thoracotomy and primary closure. There were no deaths, and the subsequent course was generally good in all patients.", "PMID": 507985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7557", "title": "Ten years' experience with pulmonary autograft replacements for aortic valve disease.", "content": "Pulmonary autograft valves have been used to replace isolated, diseased aortic valves for 10 years, with a long-term survival of 73%. The low incidence of degeneration supports the principle that the autograft valve is a potentially permanent valve replacement. Operative mortality is now less than 5%, despite the longer, more complex operation. The current use of fresh homograft valves for the pulmonary replacement has contributed to these excellent long-term results.", "contents": "Ten years' experience with pulmonary autograft replacements for aortic valve disease. Pulmonary autograft valves have been used to replace isolated, diseased aortic valves for 10 years, with a long-term survival of 73%. The low incidence of degeneration supports the principle that the autograft valve is a potentially permanent valve replacement. Operative mortality is now less than 5%, despite the longer, more complex operation. The current use of fresh homograft valves for the pulmonary replacement has contributed to these excellent long-term results.", "PMID": 507986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7558", "title": "A simple technique for tension-free pericardial closure.", "content": "Closure of the pericardium after cardiac operations is desirable but is not always possible to achieve. We describe here a simple technique for tension-free, anterior closure of the pericardium.", "contents": "A simple technique for tension-free pericardial closure. Closure of the pericardium after cardiac operations is desirable but is not always possible to achieve. We describe here a simple technique for tension-free, anterior closure of the pericardium.", "PMID": 507987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7559", "title": "A new clamp for patch graft angioplasty of coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "A new clamp controls the great vessels in the region of aortic coarctation, allowing unhampered access to the aortotomy in patch graft angioplasty.", "contents": "A new clamp for patch graft angioplasty of coarctation of the aorta. A new clamp controls the great vessels in the region of aortic coarctation, allowing unhampered access to the aortotomy in patch graft angioplasty.", "PMID": 507988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7560", "title": "Sodium-dependence of p-aminohippurate transport by rat kidney cortex slices.", "content": "The effect of medium Na+ concentration on p-amino-hippuric acid (PAH) uptake and efflux were investigated in rat kidney cortex slices. The uptake during 10 min incubation was taken as a measure of the initial influx. At a fixed Na+ concentration, the uptake curve (amount of uptake against substrate concentration) consisted of two distinct components; one linear with medium PAH concentration and the other obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Only the latter was dependent on the Na+ concentration. A reduction of medium Na+ concentration resulted in an increase in Kt for PAH, while Vmax for PAH remained unchanged. In the absence of Na+, the component obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics still existed, and Vmax for PAH was identical with that in the presence of Na+. The reciprocals of Kt were linearly proportional to medium Na+ concentration. Such kinetic properties could be interpreted on the basis of a kinetic model in which PAH was assumed to be transported across the cell membrane by forming both binary (carrier-PAH, SX) and ternary (NaXS) complexes. An elevation or reduction of Na+ concentration in efflux media caused an immediate decrease or increase in the rate constant for PAH efflux, respectively. Addition of a competitive inhibitor (hippurate) to efflux medium also caused an immediate increase in the rate constant. From these observations, it was concluded that PAH transport in rat kidney was mediated through both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent carrier processes at the peritubular membrane.", "contents": "Sodium-dependence of p-aminohippurate transport by rat kidney cortex slices. The effect of medium Na+ concentration on p-amino-hippuric acid (PAH) uptake and efflux were investigated in rat kidney cortex slices. The uptake during 10 min incubation was taken as a measure of the initial influx. At a fixed Na+ concentration, the uptake curve (amount of uptake against substrate concentration) consisted of two distinct components; one linear with medium PAH concentration and the other obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Only the latter was dependent on the Na+ concentration. A reduction of medium Na+ concentration resulted in an increase in Kt for PAH, while Vmax for PAH remained unchanged. In the absence of Na+, the component obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics still existed, and Vmax for PAH was identical with that in the presence of Na+. The reciprocals of Kt were linearly proportional to medium Na+ concentration. Such kinetic properties could be interpreted on the basis of a kinetic model in which PAH was assumed to be transported across the cell membrane by forming both binary (carrier-PAH, SX) and ternary (NaXS) complexes. An elevation or reduction of Na+ concentration in efflux media caused an immediate decrease or increase in the rate constant for PAH efflux, respectively. Addition of a competitive inhibitor (hippurate) to efflux medium also caused an immediate increase in the rate constant. From these observations, it was concluded that PAH transport in rat kidney was mediated through both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent carrier processes at the peritubular membrane.", "PMID": 507989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7561", "title": "Cardiovascular and autonomic actions of ciclazindol and tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "The novel antidepressant ciclazindol had no significant effect on blood pressure at doses of up to 25.6 mg/kg i.v. in anaesthetised rats. Desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline and amitriptyline evoked significant decreases at 0.8-1.6 mg/kg. Ciclazindol had no sustained haemodynamic actions in anaesthetised cats apart from a small rise in dp/dt. The ECG waveform showed only minor voltage changes. Desipramine and nortriptyline elevated haemodynamic variables at low doses but decreases occurred at higher doses. Amitripyline and imipramine decreased blood pressure. ECG changes evoked by the tricyclics included QRS complex distortion, ventricular ectopic beats, nodal rhythm, bundle branch block and ventricular tachycardia. In skin wheal tests ciclazindol was equiactive with the tricyclics as a local anaesthetic. In isolated tissues ciclazindol was not anticholinergic, showed no marked antagonism of 5-HT, potentiated responses to noradrenaline and was weakly antihistaminic. Ciclazindol appears to be pharmacologically different from the tricyclics and may not produce the unwanted side effects associated with these compounds.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and autonomic actions of ciclazindol and tricyclic antidepressants. The novel antidepressant ciclazindol had no significant effect on blood pressure at doses of up to 25.6 mg/kg i.v. in anaesthetised rats. Desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline and amitriptyline evoked significant decreases at 0.8-1.6 mg/kg. Ciclazindol had no sustained haemodynamic actions in anaesthetised cats apart from a small rise in dp/dt. The ECG waveform showed only minor voltage changes. Desipramine and nortriptyline elevated haemodynamic variables at low doses but decreases occurred at higher doses. Amitripyline and imipramine decreased blood pressure. ECG changes evoked by the tricyclics included QRS complex distortion, ventricular ectopic beats, nodal rhythm, bundle branch block and ventricular tachycardia. In skin wheal tests ciclazindol was equiactive with the tricyclics as a local anaesthetic. In isolated tissues ciclazindol was not anticholinergic, showed no marked antagonism of 5-HT, potentiated responses to noradrenaline and was weakly antihistaminic. Ciclazindol appears to be pharmacologically different from the tricyclics and may not produce the unwanted side effects associated with these compounds.", "PMID": 507990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7562", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of droperidol on sinoatrial nodal fibers.", "content": "The influence of 1 and 5 mg/l of droperidol on rabbit sinus node intracellular recordings was evaluated. At 1 mg/l the drug merely prolonged the spontaneous basic cycle by reducing phase 4 slope of the action potential. At the higher concentration, droperidol induced a more pronounced effect of these variables and after 20 min perfusion, it also decreased the upstroke velocity and the threshold potential. Further exposure continued to reduce spontaneous rate, until irregular failure of impulse initiation and subthreshold oscillations appeared. After 45 min exposure to droperidol, only subthreshold oscillations could be recorded. Isoproterenol (0.2 mg/l) rapidly restored normal action potentials, while acetylcholine (0.5 mg/l) caused an immediate arrest leaving a stable level of membrane potential. The activity of droperidol in 1 mg/l concentration could be dependent on a partial blockade of the sodium leakage current, while at higher concentrations of 5 mg/l the drug seems to provoke a total blockade of Na--Ca slow channels. Subthreshold oscillations could be explained by changes in K conductance together with a remanent of the sodium leakage current.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of droperidol on sinoatrial nodal fibers. The influence of 1 and 5 mg/l of droperidol on rabbit sinus node intracellular recordings was evaluated. At 1 mg/l the drug merely prolonged the spontaneous basic cycle by reducing phase 4 slope of the action potential. At the higher concentration, droperidol induced a more pronounced effect of these variables and after 20 min perfusion, it also decreased the upstroke velocity and the threshold potential. Further exposure continued to reduce spontaneous rate, until irregular failure of impulse initiation and subthreshold oscillations appeared. After 45 min exposure to droperidol, only subthreshold oscillations could be recorded. Isoproterenol (0.2 mg/l) rapidly restored normal action potentials, while acetylcholine (0.5 mg/l) caused an immediate arrest leaving a stable level of membrane potential. The activity of droperidol in 1 mg/l concentration could be dependent on a partial blockade of the sodium leakage current, while at higher concentrations of 5 mg/l the drug seems to provoke a total blockade of Na--Ca slow channels. Subthreshold oscillations could be explained by changes in K conductance together with a remanent of the sodium leakage current.", "PMID": 507991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7563", "title": "Comparison between the pressor response and the rise in plasma catecholamines induced by acutely elevated intracranial pressure.", "content": "The influence of an abrupt elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) on arterial blood pressure and on plasma catecholamines was studied and compared both in anaesthetized rats and cats. In rats, the elevation of ICP to 160 mm Hg caused an immediate rise in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline also increased, though much slower than the circulatory changes. The duration of the pressor response was reduced after either reserpinization or adrenalectomy and virtually abolished after a combination of both pretreatments. The rise in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline was virtually abolished in rats pretreated with reserpine or subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy. Acute elevation of ICP up to 160 mm Hg also caused pressor and chronotropic responses in cats, which were reduced by preceding reserpinization and adrenalectomy and abolished by a combination of both pretreatments. The rise in plasma noradrenaline was similar to that in rats, also with respect to its development, which proved to be much slower than that of the circulatory changes. The rise in plasma adrenaline was much less pronounced in cats. Pretreatment with reserpine or adrenalectomy virtually abolished the ICP-induced rise in plasma noradrenaline. Reserpine pretreatment had relatively little influence on the rise in plasma adrenaline but bilateral adrenalectomy virtually abolished it. In venous blood directly obtained from the adrenal gland the rise in plasma noradrenaline ICP elevation caused a rapid increase in plasma catecholamines, which could be reduced by pretreatment with reserpine. Our experiments confirm the hypothesis that the elevation of ICP causes an increase in sympathetic tone. The determination of plasma catecholamines, however, is not an adequate method to study rapidly occurring changes in sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Comparison between the pressor response and the rise in plasma catecholamines induced by acutely elevated intracranial pressure. The influence of an abrupt elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) on arterial blood pressure and on plasma catecholamines was studied and compared both in anaesthetized rats and cats. In rats, the elevation of ICP to 160 mm Hg caused an immediate rise in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline also increased, though much slower than the circulatory changes. The duration of the pressor response was reduced after either reserpinization or adrenalectomy and virtually abolished after a combination of both pretreatments. The rise in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline was virtually abolished in rats pretreated with reserpine or subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy. Acute elevation of ICP up to 160 mm Hg also caused pressor and chronotropic responses in cats, which were reduced by preceding reserpinization and adrenalectomy and abolished by a combination of both pretreatments. The rise in plasma noradrenaline was similar to that in rats, also with respect to its development, which proved to be much slower than that of the circulatory changes. The rise in plasma adrenaline was much less pronounced in cats. Pretreatment with reserpine or adrenalectomy virtually abolished the ICP-induced rise in plasma noradrenaline. Reserpine pretreatment had relatively little influence on the rise in plasma adrenaline but bilateral adrenalectomy virtually abolished it. In venous blood directly obtained from the adrenal gland the rise in plasma noradrenaline ICP elevation caused a rapid increase in plasma catecholamines, which could be reduced by pretreatment with reserpine. Our experiments confirm the hypothesis that the elevation of ICP causes an increase in sympathetic tone. The determination of plasma catecholamines, however, is not an adequate method to study rapidly occurring changes in sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 507992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7564", "title": "The effects of drugs and electrical field stimulation on the human lower oesophageal sphincter.", "content": "Acetylcholine, bethanechol, pentagastrin and dopamine contracted muscle strips cut transversely from the human lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). In the presence of hyoscine the contraction to acetylcholine was changed to a relaxation; tolerance was observed to the effect of pentagastrin. Metoclopramide and adenosine triphosphate were only partially effective on LOS muscle, some strips were unresponsive, others gave small contractions. Noradrenaline, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and histamine relaxed LOS muscle, relaxations to noradrenaline were blocked by propranolol. In contrast to drug action the response of LOS muscle to electrical field stimulation was dependent on the exact origin of the muscle strip. Muscle cut adjacent to the oesophagogastric junction only relaxed, strips cut progressively more rostral to this point showed a biphasic response with the after contraction becoming more obvious as the distance from the oesophagogastric junction increased. Relaxation of LOS muscle to electrical field stimulation appeared to involve non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. It is suggested that muscle obtained from the terminal oesophagus may be identified as the LOS if it responds to electrical field stimulation with only a relaxation.", "contents": "The effects of drugs and electrical field stimulation on the human lower oesophageal sphincter. Acetylcholine, bethanechol, pentagastrin and dopamine contracted muscle strips cut transversely from the human lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). In the presence of hyoscine the contraction to acetylcholine was changed to a relaxation; tolerance was observed to the effect of pentagastrin. Metoclopramide and adenosine triphosphate were only partially effective on LOS muscle, some strips were unresponsive, others gave small contractions. Noradrenaline, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and histamine relaxed LOS muscle, relaxations to noradrenaline were blocked by propranolol. In contrast to drug action the response of LOS muscle to electrical field stimulation was dependent on the exact origin of the muscle strip. Muscle cut adjacent to the oesophagogastric junction only relaxed, strips cut progressively more rostral to this point showed a biphasic response with the after contraction becoming more obvious as the distance from the oesophagogastric junction increased. Relaxation of LOS muscle to electrical field stimulation appeared to involve non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. It is suggested that muscle obtained from the terminal oesophagus may be identified as the LOS if it responds to electrical field stimulation with only a relaxation.", "PMID": 507993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7565", "title": "The action of acetaldehyde on the intracellular electrical activities of the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "The effect of acetaldehyde on the membrane potential and the membrane resistance of the guinea-pig taenia coli has been studied with an intracellular recording technique. Application of acetaldehyde in the concentration of between 5 and 20 mM produces reduction or elimination of the spontaneous spike activity and hyperpolarization of the membrane. The amplitude and the rates of rise and fall of the action potential are reduced by the drug. The duration of the spike is slightly prolonged. Acetaldehyde also reduces the amplitude of the evoked action potential produced by externally applied cathodal stimulation in twice hypertonic solution. Electronic potentials induced by anodal current are reduced both in size and time course by acetaldehyde during the stage of hyperpolarization.", "contents": "The action of acetaldehyde on the intracellular electrical activities of the guinea-pig taenia coli. The effect of acetaldehyde on the membrane potential and the membrane resistance of the guinea-pig taenia coli has been studied with an intracellular recording technique. Application of acetaldehyde in the concentration of between 5 and 20 mM produces reduction or elimination of the spontaneous spike activity and hyperpolarization of the membrane. The amplitude and the rates of rise and fall of the action potential are reduced by the drug. The duration of the spike is slightly prolonged. Acetaldehyde also reduces the amplitude of the evoked action potential produced by externally applied cathodal stimulation in twice hypertonic solution. Electronic potentials induced by anodal current are reduced both in size and time course by acetaldehyde during the stage of hyperpolarization.", "PMID": 507994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7566", "title": "Action of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine on the metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in rat brain.", "content": "S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) (0.1 to 30 mg/kg/i.p.) increased 3H-norepinephrine synthesis from 3H-tyrosine in the rat brain stem and mid brain, but did not alter its tissular level. It decreased both the serotonin level and the formation of 3H-serotonin from 3H-tryptophan and increased the formation of 3H-5hydroxyindolacetic acid. Its effects began 1 hr after administration and was still present 6 hr later. It did not alter dopamine metabolism. A correlation between the hynotic effect of SAH and the modification of the metabolism of cerebral monoamines was pointed out.", "contents": "Action of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine on the metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in rat brain. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) (0.1 to 30 mg/kg/i.p.) increased 3H-norepinephrine synthesis from 3H-tyrosine in the rat brain stem and mid brain, but did not alter its tissular level. It decreased both the serotonin level and the formation of 3H-serotonin from 3H-tryptophan and increased the formation of 3H-5hydroxyindolacetic acid. Its effects began 1 hr after administration and was still present 6 hr later. It did not alter dopamine metabolism. A correlation between the hynotic effect of SAH and the modification of the metabolism of cerebral monoamines was pointed out.", "PMID": 507995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7567", "title": "Cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: indomethacin and ketoprofen.", "content": "The cellular uptake and intracellular localization of indomethacin and ketoprofen were studied on rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro. The two drugs are taken up by the cells, but to a lesser extent for ketoprofen than for indomethacin. Inside fibroblasts ketoprofen is rapidly metabolized whereas indomethacin seems accumulated as such inside the cells. After different incubation times, ketoprofen is partly associated to the cytosol and partly to another cellular component, probably the endoplasmic reticulum. Indomethacin on the other hand is almost exclusively distributed inside the cytosol. No clear association of the two drugs can be found with the lysosomes.", "contents": "Cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: indomethacin and ketoprofen. The cellular uptake and intracellular localization of indomethacin and ketoprofen were studied on rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro. The two drugs are taken up by the cells, but to a lesser extent for ketoprofen than for indomethacin. Inside fibroblasts ketoprofen is rapidly metabolized whereas indomethacin seems accumulated as such inside the cells. After different incubation times, ketoprofen is partly associated to the cytosol and partly to another cellular component, probably the endoplasmic reticulum. Indomethacin on the other hand is almost exclusively distributed inside the cytosol. No clear association of the two drugs can be found with the lysosomes.", "PMID": 507996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7568", "title": "The respiratory effects of 1-cis-2-(a-dimethylamino-m-hydroxybenzyl) cyclohexanol-HCl and pentazocine in man.", "content": "The respiratory effects of 1-cis-2-(a-dimethylamino-m-hydroxybenzyl) cyclohexanol-HCl (WY-15,705) were compared to those of pentazocine when given intramuscularly to man. It was found that WY-15,705 was 2.8 times as potent in terms of its respiratory depressant effects.", "contents": "The respiratory effects of 1-cis-2-(a-dimethylamino-m-hydroxybenzyl) cyclohexanol-HCl and pentazocine in man. The respiratory effects of 1-cis-2-(a-dimethylamino-m-hydroxybenzyl) cyclohexanol-HCl (WY-15,705) were compared to those of pentazocine when given intramuscularly to man. It was found that WY-15,705 was 2.8 times as potent in terms of its respiratory depressant effects.", "PMID": 507997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7569", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the actions of anticonvulsants against different chemical convulsants.", "content": "Anticonvulsants were tested on mice for their effectiveness against different chemical convulsants. Ethosuximide is very effective against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), but ineffective against 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP) which is an inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) synthesis. Trimethadione, chlordiazepoxide and mesuximide are less effective against 3-MP than against PTZ. The same tendency was apparent, though falling short of statistical significance, with phenobarbital, mephenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid, whereas aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) appeared to be somewhat more effective against 3-MP than against PTZ. Several anticonvulsants were tested also against bicuculline (BIC), picrotoxin (PIC) and bemegride (BEM), and profiles depicting their relative capacities to antagonize the convulsants were constructed. These show major differences and few resemblances. Likewise the convulsants show little resemblance to each other in their patterns of sensitivity to different anticonvulsants. The data do not support the concept that PTZ, BEM, BIC or PIC induce seizures primarily by blockading GABA-mediated inhibition, since their patterns are so unlike that of 3-MP. The profiles of clinically used anticonvulsants suggest that none of those tested acts primarily on the GABA system, since all are so unlike that of AOAA.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the actions of anticonvulsants against different chemical convulsants. Anticonvulsants were tested on mice for their effectiveness against different chemical convulsants. Ethosuximide is very effective against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), but ineffective against 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP) which is an inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) synthesis. Trimethadione, chlordiazepoxide and mesuximide are less effective against 3-MP than against PTZ. The same tendency was apparent, though falling short of statistical significance, with phenobarbital, mephenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid, whereas aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) appeared to be somewhat more effective against 3-MP than against PTZ. Several anticonvulsants were tested also against bicuculline (BIC), picrotoxin (PIC) and bemegride (BEM), and profiles depicting their relative capacities to antagonize the convulsants were constructed. These show major differences and few resemblances. Likewise the convulsants show little resemblance to each other in their patterns of sensitivity to different anticonvulsants. The data do not support the concept that PTZ, BEM, BIC or PIC induce seizures primarily by blockading GABA-mediated inhibition, since their patterns are so unlike that of 3-MP. The profiles of clinically used anticonvulsants suggest that none of those tested acts primarily on the GABA system, since all are so unlike that of AOAA.", "PMID": 507998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7570", "title": "The effects of methyl-3-O-methyl gallate on isolated nerve activity.", "content": "Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M30MG), extracted from Crinodendron hookerianum Gay, decreased both sciatic nerve accommodation and the amplitude of the compound action potential and increased the threshold to rectangular and exponential currents applied to the isolated sciatic nerve in a manner similar to that observed when tetrodotoxin is applied to the nerve. M30MG would act mainly on the large nerve fibres by a mechanism probably resembling that of tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "The effects of methyl-3-O-methyl gallate on isolated nerve activity. Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M30MG), extracted from Crinodendron hookerianum Gay, decreased both sciatic nerve accommodation and the amplitude of the compound action potential and increased the threshold to rectangular and exponential currents applied to the isolated sciatic nerve in a manner similar to that observed when tetrodotoxin is applied to the nerve. M30MG would act mainly on the large nerve fibres by a mechanism probably resembling that of tetrodotoxin.", "PMID": 508000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7571", "title": "Effects of nomifensine on the isolated vas deferens of the rat.", "content": "The effects of nomifensine on the rat isolated vas deferens was studied. Nomifensine (7.60 X 10(-11) molar--7.60 X 10(-8) molar) enhanced the stimulant effects of dopamine and prevented the inhibitory action of pimozide on dopamine-induced contractions. Higher concentrations of nomifensine blocked the effects of dopamine noncompetitively (pD2' = 7.25 +/- 0.12). Nomifensine (7.60 X 10(-9) molar--3.80 X 10(-6) molar) enhanced noradrenaline-induced contractions and reduced phentolamine-induced antagonism of noradrenaline. Higher concentrations of nomifensine blocked the effects of noradrenaline competitively (pA2 = 5.50 +/- 0.06). Guanethidine induced supersensitivity of the vas to noradrenaline and further enhanced the potentiating effect of nomifensine. The effect of 5-HT was reduced competitively by nomifensine (pA2 = 7.50 +/- 0.10). Desipramine produced a similar preferential enhancement of dopamine-induced contractions and antagonized dopamine at higher concentrations. It is concluded that nomifensine may act prejunctionally by inhibiting uptake of the amines and postjunctionally by blocking the receptors.", "contents": "Effects of nomifensine on the isolated vas deferens of the rat. The effects of nomifensine on the rat isolated vas deferens was studied. Nomifensine (7.60 X 10(-11) molar--7.60 X 10(-8) molar) enhanced the stimulant effects of dopamine and prevented the inhibitory action of pimozide on dopamine-induced contractions. Higher concentrations of nomifensine blocked the effects of dopamine noncompetitively (pD2' = 7.25 +/- 0.12). Nomifensine (7.60 X 10(-9) molar--3.80 X 10(-6) molar) enhanced noradrenaline-induced contractions and reduced phentolamine-induced antagonism of noradrenaline. Higher concentrations of nomifensine blocked the effects of noradrenaline competitively (pA2 = 5.50 +/- 0.06). Guanethidine induced supersensitivity of the vas to noradrenaline and further enhanced the potentiating effect of nomifensine. The effect of 5-HT was reduced competitively by nomifensine (pA2 = 7.50 +/- 0.10). Desipramine produced a similar preferential enhancement of dopamine-induced contractions and antagonized dopamine at higher concentrations. It is concluded that nomifensine may act prejunctionally by inhibiting uptake of the amines and postjunctionally by blocking the receptors.", "PMID": 508001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7572", "title": "Effect of sodium taurocholate on hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of organic anions in rats.", "content": "Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of some exogenous organic anions administered simultaneously with sodium taurocholate (TC) have been investigated in anaesthetized (1.2 g/kg urethane i.p.) rats. TC (100 or 200 mumol/kg i.v.) significantly increased the biliary excretion of indocyanine green (ICG), bromcresol green (BCG), rose bengal (RB) and bromsulphthalein (BSP). The biliary excretion rates of eosine (EO) and bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) were not affected by TC. However, simultaneously given TC significantly reduced the biliary excretion of amaranth (AM). The effect of TC on the biliary excretion rates of organic anions seems to depend on the properties of the anions investigated. ICG, BCG, RB and BSP depress bile production, inhibit mitochondrial respiration and are excreted at low rates. Biliary excretion of these anions was enhanced by TC. EO, BSP-GSH and AM had no depressing effect on the function of liver cells and showed higher excretory rates than the above-mentioned substances. The changes in biliary flow measured during excretion of drugs did not parallel the changes in biliary excretion rate. The hepatic uptake of all organic anions studied was depressed by TC. This finding indicates that no correlation exists between the effects of TC on hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of organic anions.", "contents": "Effect of sodium taurocholate on hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of organic anions in rats. Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of some exogenous organic anions administered simultaneously with sodium taurocholate (TC) have been investigated in anaesthetized (1.2 g/kg urethane i.p.) rats. TC (100 or 200 mumol/kg i.v.) significantly increased the biliary excretion of indocyanine green (ICG), bromcresol green (BCG), rose bengal (RB) and bromsulphthalein (BSP). The biliary excretion rates of eosine (EO) and bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) were not affected by TC. However, simultaneously given TC significantly reduced the biliary excretion of amaranth (AM). The effect of TC on the biliary excretion rates of organic anions seems to depend on the properties of the anions investigated. ICG, BCG, RB and BSP depress bile production, inhibit mitochondrial respiration and are excreted at low rates. Biliary excretion of these anions was enhanced by TC. EO, BSP-GSH and AM had no depressing effect on the function of liver cells and showed higher excretory rates than the above-mentioned substances. The changes in biliary flow measured during excretion of drugs did not parallel the changes in biliary excretion rate. The hepatic uptake of all organic anions studied was depressed by TC. This finding indicates that no correlation exists between the effects of TC on hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of organic anions.", "PMID": 508002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7573", "title": "In vitro activities of some synthetic substance P analogs.", "content": "Substance P (SP) and several analogs and fragments have been synthesized and evaluated on non-stimulated and stimulated guinea-pig ileum. In the former test system the potency order was as follows: SP(4--11) greater than SP = [Tyr7]-SP = [Eth11]-SP = [Nle11]-SP greater than [Dala9]-SP greater than SP(7--1) = [Tyr7]-SP(7--11) greater than [Eth11]-SP(7--11) greater than [DAla9]-SP(7--11) greater than [Nle11]-SP(7--11) greater than SP(1--7). The spasmogenic activity of SP and analogs was preserved in the same potency order on stimulated guinea-pig ileum; none of these modifications resulted in an analog with narcotic-like activity. These data are discussed in terms of a hypothetical SP receptor in extravascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "In vitro activities of some synthetic substance P analogs. Substance P (SP) and several analogs and fragments have been synthesized and evaluated on non-stimulated and stimulated guinea-pig ileum. In the former test system the potency order was as follows: SP(4--11) greater than SP = [Tyr7]-SP = [Eth11]-SP = [Nle11]-SP greater than [Dala9]-SP greater than SP(7--1) = [Tyr7]-SP(7--11) greater than [Eth11]-SP(7--11) greater than [DAla9]-SP(7--11) greater than [Nle11]-SP(7--11) greater than SP(1--7). The spasmogenic activity of SP and analogs was preserved in the same potency order on stimulated guinea-pig ileum; none of these modifications resulted in an analog with narcotic-like activity. These data are discussed in terms of a hypothetical SP receptor in extravascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 508003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7574", "title": "Antagonism of some contractile responses to prostaglandins by cyproheptadine.", "content": "In the present study antagonism of the contractile responses to PGE1 and PGF2 alpha, by cyproheptadine on isolated rat stomach strip, rabbit uterus, guinea-pig ileum and rabbit jejunum is documented. Cyproheptadine blocks the responses to PGE1, PGF2 alpha, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine in extremely small concentrations varying from 10 ng to 1 microgram/ml. The blockade is persistant, provided the exposure is prolonged. However, it does not antagonise the responses of adrenaline on guinea-pig seminal vesicle. Polyphloretine phosphate was used in the concentration of 2.5 to 100 micrograms/ml on the rat stomach strip, rabbit jejunum and rabbit uterus; it failed to produce any blockade of contractile responses to prostaglandins. It is concluded that cyproheptadine nonspecifically antagonised the responses to acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha in extremely small concentrations.", "contents": "Antagonism of some contractile responses to prostaglandins by cyproheptadine. In the present study antagonism of the contractile responses to PGE1 and PGF2 alpha, by cyproheptadine on isolated rat stomach strip, rabbit uterus, guinea-pig ileum and rabbit jejunum is documented. Cyproheptadine blocks the responses to PGE1, PGF2 alpha, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine in extremely small concentrations varying from 10 ng to 1 microgram/ml. The blockade is persistant, provided the exposure is prolonged. However, it does not antagonise the responses of adrenaline on guinea-pig seminal vesicle. Polyphloretine phosphate was used in the concentration of 2.5 to 100 micrograms/ml on the rat stomach strip, rabbit jejunum and rabbit uterus; it failed to produce any blockade of contractile responses to prostaglandins. It is concluded that cyproheptadine nonspecifically antagonised the responses to acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, PGE1 and PGF2 alpha in extremely small concentrations.", "PMID": 508004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7575", "title": "Cutaneous vascular histamine H1 and H2 receptors in the guinea-pig: the histamine skin wheal as a cutaneous vascular model.", "content": "The roles of histamine H1 and H2 receptors in histamine skin wheals were studied in the guinea-pig. Intradermal injections of histamine, 0.125--2 micrograms/0.1 ml, produced wheals in a dose dependent manner. Pyrilamine maleate (3.2 mg/kg p.o., pretreatment for 1 hour) produced a dose dependent shift of the histamine wheal dose-response curve to the right in a parallel fashion. Metiamide, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg p.o., had no effect on the histamine dose-response curve. However, a combination of metiamide (10 or 30 mg/kg) and pyrilamine (3.2 mg/kg) further increased the effect of pyrilamine. It is concluded that both H1 and H2 receptors are involved in histamine-induced wheals in the guinea-pig.", "contents": "Cutaneous vascular histamine H1 and H2 receptors in the guinea-pig: the histamine skin wheal as a cutaneous vascular model. The roles of histamine H1 and H2 receptors in histamine skin wheals were studied in the guinea-pig. Intradermal injections of histamine, 0.125--2 micrograms/0.1 ml, produced wheals in a dose dependent manner. Pyrilamine maleate (3.2 mg/kg p.o., pretreatment for 1 hour) produced a dose dependent shift of the histamine wheal dose-response curve to the right in a parallel fashion. Metiamide, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg p.o., had no effect on the histamine dose-response curve. However, a combination of metiamide (10 or 30 mg/kg) and pyrilamine (3.2 mg/kg) further increased the effect of pyrilamine. It is concluded that both H1 and H2 receptors are involved in histamine-induced wheals in the guinea-pig.", "PMID": 508005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7576", "title": "Effects of lithium on time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia and ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "The effects of lithium on the time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia and onset of ventricular tachycardia were determined in mice. The mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with 1.73, 3.0, 5.1 and 8.8 mEq lithium chloride/kg/day for 5 days, or 8.8 mEq LiCl/kg/day i.p. for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. Lithium prolonged the onset-time to ventricular tachycardia, and this effect was both dose and time dependent. Under these conditions, lithium pretreatment had no effect on the time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia. The LD50 was 15.3 mEq/kg. The observed prolongation of the onset of ventricular tachycardia can be explained in part by the influence of lithium on myocardial cations and catecholamines, and the pharmacologic effect of lithium on Purkinje fibers.", "contents": "Effects of lithium on time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia and ventricular tachycardia. The effects of lithium on the time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia and onset of ventricular tachycardia were determined in mice. The mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with 1.73, 3.0, 5.1 and 8.8 mEq lithium chloride/kg/day for 5 days, or 8.8 mEq LiCl/kg/day i.p. for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. Lithium prolonged the onset-time to ventricular tachycardia, and this effect was both dose and time dependent. Under these conditions, lithium pretreatment had no effect on the time to onset of aconitine-induced initial arrhythmia. The LD50 was 15.3 mEq/kg. The observed prolongation of the onset of ventricular tachycardia can be explained in part by the influence of lithium on myocardial cations and catecholamines, and the pharmacologic effect of lithium on Purkinje fibers.", "PMID": 508007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7577", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular reactivity in rats subjected to haemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The effect of glucocorticoids on the cardiovascular responses evoked by catecholamines and angiotensin in haemorrhagic shock was investigated in rats. In the intact preparation, cardiovascular responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and angiotensin immediately after induction of haemorrhage improved the pressor responses of all the three pressor agents but it was ineffective when given in late stages of shock. Prednisolone and betamethasone improved selectively more the adrenaline responses. Treatment with all the three glucocorticoids improved the pressor responses evoked by noradrenaline and isoprenaline in isolated perfused hind-quarters of the rat but the pressor response evoked by adrenaline was only potentiated by prednisolone and betamethasone treatment. Glucocorticoid treatment in early stages prevented only the impairment of inotropic responses but did not improve the chronotropic responses in the isolated perfused heart of rat. The present study confirms the clinical observation that glucocorticoids prove beneficial only if administered in early stages of shock, and that this may be due to (i) prevention of the peripheral vasoconstrictor action of vasoactive substances such as catecholamines and angiotensin (released in shock) and (ii) prevention of the release of toxic factors such as a myocardial depressant factor.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular reactivity in rats subjected to haemorrhagic shock. The effect of glucocorticoids on the cardiovascular responses evoked by catecholamines and angiotensin in haemorrhagic shock was investigated in rats. In the intact preparation, cardiovascular responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and angiotensin immediately after induction of haemorrhage improved the pressor responses of all the three pressor agents but it was ineffective when given in late stages of shock. Prednisolone and betamethasone improved selectively more the adrenaline responses. Treatment with all the three glucocorticoids improved the pressor responses evoked by noradrenaline and isoprenaline in isolated perfused hind-quarters of the rat but the pressor response evoked by adrenaline was only potentiated by prednisolone and betamethasone treatment. Glucocorticoid treatment in early stages prevented only the impairment of inotropic responses but did not improve the chronotropic responses in the isolated perfused heart of rat. The present study confirms the clinical observation that glucocorticoids prove beneficial only if administered in early stages of shock, and that this may be due to (i) prevention of the peripheral vasoconstrictor action of vasoactive substances such as catecholamines and angiotensin (released in shock) and (ii) prevention of the release of toxic factors such as a myocardial depressant factor.", "PMID": 508008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7578", "title": "The effect of secretin on peripheral arterial blood flow.", "content": "Arterial blood flow was measured in 18 arteries leading to nearly all major organs in the anesthetized dog, to obtain information about the specificity of the blood flow effects caused by secretin. This gastro-intestinal hormone was administered intravenously in a sequence of bolus injections (0.001--4 U/kg). Blood flow increase in the pancreatico-duodenal arteries was highest of all arteries observed. This flow increase in the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery was also found in its truncal artery (gastroduodenal a.), but to a less extend: the effect was diluted by the other--less reacting--branch (right gastro-epiploic a.) of the same truncal artery. We conclude that secretin preferentially increased blood flow in the pancreatico-duodenal arteries. Since secretin effects on heart rate and arterial pressure were but small, the flow increase in the pancreatico-duodenal area were caused by a lowering of the resistance of the pancreatico-duodenal vasculature. Comparison between the flow responses, elicited by secretin (Boots) and secretin (Karolinska), is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of secretin on peripheral arterial blood flow. Arterial blood flow was measured in 18 arteries leading to nearly all major organs in the anesthetized dog, to obtain information about the specificity of the blood flow effects caused by secretin. This gastro-intestinal hormone was administered intravenously in a sequence of bolus injections (0.001--4 U/kg). Blood flow increase in the pancreatico-duodenal arteries was highest of all arteries observed. This flow increase in the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery was also found in its truncal artery (gastroduodenal a.), but to a less extend: the effect was diluted by the other--less reacting--branch (right gastro-epiploic a.) of the same truncal artery. We conclude that secretin preferentially increased blood flow in the pancreatico-duodenal arteries. Since secretin effects on heart rate and arterial pressure were but small, the flow increase in the pancreatico-duodenal area were caused by a lowering of the resistance of the pancreatico-duodenal vasculature. Comparison between the flow responses, elicited by secretin (Boots) and secretin (Karolinska), is discussed.", "PMID": 508009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7579", "title": "Effects of propranolol in chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats.", "content": "Propranolol administered subcutaneously in a dise of 30 mg/kg twice a day for 3 weeks did not significantly lower systolic tail blood pressure (STBP) in chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats. Plasma renin activity (PRA) measured at the end of the treatment was not significantly different in propranolol treated and dextrose treated rats, although there was marked bradycardia in propranolol treated rats. However, 3 out of 10 propranolol treated hypertensive rats had pressures in the normotensive range during the last week of therapy. PRA values in these three rats were significantly lower than those in dextrose treated hypertensive rats. STBP on day 20 showed a positive correlation with PRA in both propranolol (r = 0.90, p less than 0.01) and dextrose (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01) treated hypertensive rats. Hypertension was associated with an increase in heart weight, which was significantly blunted but not abolished by propranolol treatment. Thus, propranolol did not decrease blood pressure in most rats with chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension; when it did lower blood pressure, its antihypertensive effect appeared related to its renin suppression effect. Furthermore, propranolol mitigated hypertension induced cardiac hypertrophy, independently of its antihypertensive effect.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol in chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats. Propranolol administered subcutaneously in a dise of 30 mg/kg twice a day for 3 weeks did not significantly lower systolic tail blood pressure (STBP) in chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in rats. Plasma renin activity (PRA) measured at the end of the treatment was not significantly different in propranolol treated and dextrose treated rats, although there was marked bradycardia in propranolol treated rats. However, 3 out of 10 propranolol treated hypertensive rats had pressures in the normotensive range during the last week of therapy. PRA values in these three rats were significantly lower than those in dextrose treated hypertensive rats. STBP on day 20 showed a positive correlation with PRA in both propranolol (r = 0.90, p less than 0.01) and dextrose (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01) treated hypertensive rats. Hypertension was associated with an increase in heart weight, which was significantly blunted but not abolished by propranolol treatment. Thus, propranolol did not decrease blood pressure in most rats with chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension; when it did lower blood pressure, its antihypertensive effect appeared related to its renin suppression effect. Furthermore, propranolol mitigated hypertension induced cardiac hypertrophy, independently of its antihypertensive effect.", "PMID": 508010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7580", "title": "Protective effect of cetraxate, a new antiulcer drug, against serotonin-induced ulcer.", "content": "Cetraxate increased gastric mucosal blood flow and inhibited the decrease in blood content of the rat gastric preparation, as induced by serotonin. In addition, this compound decreased the inside pressure of the rat stomach and the tone of the rat fundus strip and inhibited the increase in gastric emptying rate induced by serotonin. Further effects of the drug were decrease in the tone of isolated rabbit aorta and inhibition of platelet aggregation as induced by thrombin. Decrease in the vascular resistance was apparently related to increase in the gastric blood flow. These experimental results suggest that the antiulcer effect of cetraxate is due to the improvement of blood circulation in the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Protective effect of cetraxate, a new antiulcer drug, against serotonin-induced ulcer. Cetraxate increased gastric mucosal blood flow and inhibited the decrease in blood content of the rat gastric preparation, as induced by serotonin. In addition, this compound decreased the inside pressure of the rat stomach and the tone of the rat fundus strip and inhibited the increase in gastric emptying rate induced by serotonin. Further effects of the drug were decrease in the tone of isolated rabbit aorta and inhibition of platelet aggregation as induced by thrombin. Decrease in the vascular resistance was apparently related to increase in the gastric blood flow. These experimental results suggest that the antiulcer effect of cetraxate is due to the improvement of blood circulation in the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 508012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7581", "title": "Chenodeoxycholic acid-induced diarrhea in rats: effects of atropine and codeine.", "content": "Orally administered chenodeoxycholic acid (300 mg/kg) produced diarrhea and accumulation of gastro-intestinal fluid in rats. The fluid in the stomach and small intestine remained accumulated even after the accumulated colonic fluid and the diarrheal excretion decreased. When instilled into an intestinal closed-loop, chenodeoxycholic acid caused a marked inhibition of fluid absorption in the colon and jejunum but less effect in the ileum. On the contrary, an intravenous administration of chenodeoxycholic acid caused neither diarrhea nor impairment of colonic absorption of fluid. Atropine and codeine (10 mg/kg s.c.) blocked or at least delayed the diarrhea produced by oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid. The antidiarrheal activity of codeine was found to be more potent and longer-lasting than that of atropine. Both drugs delayed the passage of chenodeoxycholic acid containing gastric fluid into the duodenum, but neither of them prevented chenodeoxycholic acid-induced jejunal secretion of fluid and electrolytes. These results indicate that the diarrheal excretion by chenodeoxycholic acid was ascribable to the impairment of fluid absorption in the colonic mucosa and partly to the activation of gastro-intestinal propulsive motility.", "contents": "Chenodeoxycholic acid-induced diarrhea in rats: effects of atropine and codeine. Orally administered chenodeoxycholic acid (300 mg/kg) produced diarrhea and accumulation of gastro-intestinal fluid in rats. The fluid in the stomach and small intestine remained accumulated even after the accumulated colonic fluid and the diarrheal excretion decreased. When instilled into an intestinal closed-loop, chenodeoxycholic acid caused a marked inhibition of fluid absorption in the colon and jejunum but less effect in the ileum. On the contrary, an intravenous administration of chenodeoxycholic acid caused neither diarrhea nor impairment of colonic absorption of fluid. Atropine and codeine (10 mg/kg s.c.) blocked or at least delayed the diarrhea produced by oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid. The antidiarrheal activity of codeine was found to be more potent and longer-lasting than that of atropine. Both drugs delayed the passage of chenodeoxycholic acid containing gastric fluid into the duodenum, but neither of them prevented chenodeoxycholic acid-induced jejunal secretion of fluid and electrolytes. These results indicate that the diarrheal excretion by chenodeoxycholic acid was ascribable to the impairment of fluid absorption in the colonic mucosa and partly to the activation of gastro-intestinal propulsive motility.", "PMID": 508013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7582", "title": "Lactic acidosis and liver disease.", "content": "Both acute and chronic hepatic insufficiency can result in lactate accumulation and lactic acidosis; data from both types of patients were compared. In the chronic group, an acute precipitating event was identified in seven of nine subjects. Four had sepsis and three had gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In these patients, results from most tests of hepatic function were not altered dramatically. There were no long-term survivors in this group. In contrast, patients with acute hepatic failure had striking alterations in their results of hepatic function tests. Notable prolongation of the prothrombin time was always present initially and antedated other abnormalities of hepatic function. Three of seven patients in this group survived. Hypoglycemia was seen in both groups and in two subjects with acute hepatic insufficiency, glucose administration alone resulted in rapid lowering of lactate levels.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis and liver disease. Both acute and chronic hepatic insufficiency can result in lactate accumulation and lactic acidosis; data from both types of patients were compared. In the chronic group, an acute precipitating event was identified in seven of nine subjects. Four had sepsis and three had gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In these patients, results from most tests of hepatic function were not altered dramatically. There were no long-term survivors in this group. In contrast, patients with acute hepatic failure had striking alterations in their results of hepatic function tests. Notable prolongation of the prothrombin time was always present initially and antedated other abnormalities of hepatic function. Three of seven patients in this group survived. Hypoglycemia was seen in both groups and in two subjects with acute hepatic insufficiency, glucose administration alone resulted in rapid lowering of lactate levels.", "PMID": 508018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7583", "title": "Short-term therapy of severe hypertension. Hemodynamic correlates of the antihypertensive response in man.", "content": "Ten severely hypertensive patients were randomized into five treatment groups: vasodilators; vasodilators plus diuretics; sympatholytics; sympatholytics plus diuretics; and sympatholytics, diuretics, and vasodialtors. Cardiac index was measured daily by echocardiography, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) calculated. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and creatinine clearance (CCR) were measured every other day. There was no difference in antihypertensive response. Seven patients, whose initial TPR was high, responded to treatment with a fall in TPR, regardless of regimen. Three patients with a high pretreatment cardiac index responded with a fall in cardiac index. Changes in TPR or cardiac index were not related to changes in CCR. There was no correlation between PRA and either blood pressure or TPR. It is concluded that the pretreatment hemodynamic status of severely hypertensive patients is the major determinant of the hemodynamic response to antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "Short-term therapy of severe hypertension. Hemodynamic correlates of the antihypertensive response in man. Ten severely hypertensive patients were randomized into five treatment groups: vasodilators; vasodilators plus diuretics; sympatholytics; sympatholytics plus diuretics; and sympatholytics, diuretics, and vasodialtors. Cardiac index was measured daily by echocardiography, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) calculated. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and creatinine clearance (CCR) were measured every other day. There was no difference in antihypertensive response. Seven patients, whose initial TPR was high, responded to treatment with a fall in TPR, regardless of regimen. Three patients with a high pretreatment cardiac index responded with a fall in cardiac index. Changes in TPR or cardiac index were not related to changes in CCR. There was no correlation between PRA and either blood pressure or TPR. It is concluded that the pretreatment hemodynamic status of severely hypertensive patients is the major determinant of the hemodynamic response to antihypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 508019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7584", "title": "The 'CREST' syndrome. Comparison with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "The CREST syndrome refers to a disorder comprising the manifestations of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Thirteen CREST patients (two with CRST) were compared with 26 patients with systemic sclerosis but without the full manifestations of the CRST syndrome. No significant difference was found between the groups in the age of onset of Raynaud's phenomenon, degree of multiphasic digital color changes, ulcerations of fingers, sclerodactyly, or in the frequency of abnormal esophageal peristalsis or dysphagia. Laboratory results were similar, including the frequency of an elevated ESR. However, the CREST patients had a significantly lower frequency of arthralgia (54%) and arthritis (15%) than did those with scleroderma (88% and 65%, respectively). All but one of the CREST patients were women, which was a greater proportion than found among scleroderma cases (69%), and all were white (P less than .05). Most patients with the CREST syndrome had rather severe acrosclerosis. At last evaluation, four patients were chronically ill and three had died. The CREST and CRST syndromes are closely related disorders that seem to be part of the spectrum of systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "The 'CREST' syndrome. Comparison with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The CREST syndrome refers to a disorder comprising the manifestations of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Thirteen CREST patients (two with CRST) were compared with 26 patients with systemic sclerosis but without the full manifestations of the CRST syndrome. No significant difference was found between the groups in the age of onset of Raynaud's phenomenon, degree of multiphasic digital color changes, ulcerations of fingers, sclerodactyly, or in the frequency of abnormal esophageal peristalsis or dysphagia. Laboratory results were similar, including the frequency of an elevated ESR. However, the CREST patients had a significantly lower frequency of arthralgia (54%) and arthritis (15%) than did those with scleroderma (88% and 65%, respectively). All but one of the CREST patients were women, which was a greater proportion than found among scleroderma cases (69%), and all were white (P less than .05). Most patients with the CREST syndrome had rather severe acrosclerosis. At last evaluation, four patients were chronically ill and three had died. The CREST and CRST syndromes are closely related disorders that seem to be part of the spectrum of systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 508020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7585", "title": "Gonococcal endocarditis in the antibiotic era.", "content": "Since the introduction of penicillin in 1942, there have been only 11 culture-proven cases of gonococcal endocarditis in the English literature. Most patients are under 30 years of age and have no history of heart disease. The aortic valve is often involved and aortic regurgitation is common. The bacteriologic diagnosis can be difficult and may require more than six blood cultures and a long incubation period. Circulating immune complexes appear to be the cause of many of the extracardiac manifestations. The three new cases reported herein and review of the literature emphasize the distinctive features of gonococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Gonococcal endocarditis in the antibiotic era. Since the introduction of penicillin in 1942, there have been only 11 culture-proven cases of gonococcal endocarditis in the English literature. Most patients are under 30 years of age and have no history of heart disease. The aortic valve is often involved and aortic regurgitation is common. The bacteriologic diagnosis can be difficult and may require more than six blood cultures and a long incubation period. Circulating immune complexes appear to be the cause of many of the extracardiac manifestations. The three new cases reported herein and review of the literature emphasize the distinctive features of gonococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 508021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7586", "title": "Bacteremic infection in hemodialysis.", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 133 episodes of bacteremic infection in 112 hemodialysis patients. The frequency of bacteremic infection was 9.5% in patients with chronic renal failure and 10.9% in patients with acute renal failure. In patients with acute renal failure, pneumonia and intra-abdominal abscess were the most frequent sources of septicemia. Sepsis was usually due to Gram-negative organisms and mortality was high. In patients with chronic renal failure, infection of the shunt or fistula was the most common cause, was frequently due to Staphylococcus organism, and had a more favorable survival rate. Gram-negative septicemia from a nonaccess source in patients with chronic renal failure was associated with a higher mortality. Bacterial endocarditis and septic pulmonary emboli occurred in 3.6% of septic episodes and 0.35% of patients at risk and had very low mortality. A low threshold for obtaining blood cultures and early antibiotic treatment are believed to be important in the treatment of bacteremic infections in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.", "contents": "Bacteremic infection in hemodialysis. This is a retrospective study of 133 episodes of bacteremic infection in 112 hemodialysis patients. The frequency of bacteremic infection was 9.5% in patients with chronic renal failure and 10.9% in patients with acute renal failure. In patients with acute renal failure, pneumonia and intra-abdominal abscess were the most frequent sources of septicemia. Sepsis was usually due to Gram-negative organisms and mortality was high. In patients with chronic renal failure, infection of the shunt or fistula was the most common cause, was frequently due to Staphylococcus organism, and had a more favorable survival rate. Gram-negative septicemia from a nonaccess source in patients with chronic renal failure was associated with a higher mortality. Bacterial endocarditis and septic pulmonary emboli occurred in 3.6% of septic episodes and 0.35% of patients at risk and had very low mortality. A low threshold for obtaining blood cultures and early antibiotic treatment are believed to be important in the treatment of bacteremic infections in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.", "PMID": 508022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7587", "title": "The role of growth hormone in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.", "content": "The secretory response of somatotropic hormone (STH) to arginine hydrochloride stimulation (0.5 g/kg) was studied in 13 postmenopausal women. Eight showed evidence of osteoporosis, based on clinical and morphoradiological data and on metacarpal cortical thickness measurement, and five had normal bone mass. In addition, the response to levodopa (500 mg) was determined in four of the osteoporotic patients. Baseline STH concentrations in the osteoporotic subjects did not differ from those in the nonosteoporotic group, but the latter showed a significant increase over the former at 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after stimulation. Similar findings were obtained with levodopa stimulation. Without necessarily implying a cause-effect relationship, our data appear to support the hypothesis that the poor secretory response of STH may be to some degree responsible for the osteopenia observed during the climateric.", "contents": "The role of growth hormone in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The secretory response of somatotropic hormone (STH) to arginine hydrochloride stimulation (0.5 g/kg) was studied in 13 postmenopausal women. Eight showed evidence of osteoporosis, based on clinical and morphoradiological data and on metacarpal cortical thickness measurement, and five had normal bone mass. In addition, the response to levodopa (500 mg) was determined in four of the osteoporotic patients. Baseline STH concentrations in the osteoporotic subjects did not differ from those in the nonosteoporotic group, but the latter showed a significant increase over the former at 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after stimulation. Similar findings were obtained with levodopa stimulation. Without necessarily implying a cause-effect relationship, our data appear to support the hypothesis that the poor secretory response of STH may be to some degree responsible for the osteopenia observed during the climateric.", "PMID": 508023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7588", "title": "Comparison of nonseptic and septic bursitis. Further observations on the treatment of septic bursitis.", "content": "Of 30 cases of olecranon and prepatellar bursitis, ten were septic. Fever, tenderness, peribursal cellulitis, and skin involvement over the bursa were more common in the septic cases. A high leukocyte count, low bursal-to-serum glucose ratio, and positive Gram-stained smear of the bursal fluid distinguished septic from nonseptic bursitis. Rheumatoid arthritis and gout may be accompanied by nonseptic bursitis. Septic bursitis may be associated with a sympathetic sterile effusion in a neighboring joint or adjacent fascial space. The duration of antibiotic treatment necessary to sterilize bursal fluid was proportional to the length of time infection had been present. A prospective antibiotic program disclosed an average of 12 days for successful therapy. A bactericidal agent against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the drug of choice.", "contents": "Comparison of nonseptic and septic bursitis. Further observations on the treatment of septic bursitis. Of 30 cases of olecranon and prepatellar bursitis, ten were septic. Fever, tenderness, peribursal cellulitis, and skin involvement over the bursa were more common in the septic cases. A high leukocyte count, low bursal-to-serum glucose ratio, and positive Gram-stained smear of the bursal fluid distinguished septic from nonseptic bursitis. Rheumatoid arthritis and gout may be accompanied by nonseptic bursitis. Septic bursitis may be associated with a sympathetic sterile effusion in a neighboring joint or adjacent fascial space. The duration of antibiotic treatment necessary to sterilize bursal fluid was proportional to the length of time infection had been present. A prospective antibiotic program disclosed an average of 12 days for successful therapy. A bactericidal agent against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the drug of choice.", "PMID": 508024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7589", "title": "Carotid sinus syncope induced by malignant tumors in the neck. Emergence of vasodepressor manifestations following pacemaker therapy.", "content": "Three patients had carotid sinus syncope secondary to malignant neoplasms in the neck. Pacemaker therapy controlled the cardioinhibitory reflex with bradycardia, but the patients manifested varying episodes of hypotension due to a vasodepressor reflex that most likely resulted from persistent irritation of the carotid sinus by the tumor. These episodes seemed to be self-limiting. Surgical treatment in resistant cases is a possibility.", "contents": "Carotid sinus syncope induced by malignant tumors in the neck. Emergence of vasodepressor manifestations following pacemaker therapy. Three patients had carotid sinus syncope secondary to malignant neoplasms in the neck. Pacemaker therapy controlled the cardioinhibitory reflex with bradycardia, but the patients manifested varying episodes of hypotension due to a vasodepressor reflex that most likely resulted from persistent irritation of the carotid sinus by the tumor. These episodes seemed to be self-limiting. Surgical treatment in resistant cases is a possibility.", "PMID": 508025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7590", "title": "Acute viral hepatitis with bridging hepatic necrosis. An overview.", "content": "Bridging hepatic necrosis in the setting of acute viral hepatitis (BHN/AVH) represents an enigmatic syndrome inasmuch as its incidence, significance, course, and therapeutic response have not been clearly defined. It has been thought that this histologic finding carries a high risk of early mortality or evolution to chronic active hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. The data are sparse, and largely based on retrospective studies in selected populations. Steroids have not proved to be effective thus far, while drugs used in other forms of serious liver disease (eg, penicillamine, colchicine) have not been tried. A recent prospective study indicates that BHN/AVN may be a far more benign entity than was previously suspected. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the significance of this lesion as well as the need for and response to medical therapy.", "contents": "Acute viral hepatitis with bridging hepatic necrosis. An overview. Bridging hepatic necrosis in the setting of acute viral hepatitis (BHN/AVH) represents an enigmatic syndrome inasmuch as its incidence, significance, course, and therapeutic response have not been clearly defined. It has been thought that this histologic finding carries a high risk of early mortality or evolution to chronic active hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. The data are sparse, and largely based on retrospective studies in selected populations. Steroids have not proved to be effective thus far, while drugs used in other forms of serious liver disease (eg, penicillamine, colchicine) have not been tried. A recent prospective study indicates that BHN/AVN may be a far more benign entity than was previously suspected. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the significance of this lesion as well as the need for and response to medical therapy.", "PMID": 508026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7591", "title": "Hypercalcemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is described in whom hypercalcemia occurred in association with elevation of the peripheral lymphocyte count and expansion of total tumor mass. Hypercalcemia was ameliorated with the institution of chemotherapy for the leukemic process and subsequent fall in WBC count and decrease in total tumor burden; hypercalcemia recurred with relapse of the leukemic process. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, when measured, was inappropriately elevated for the degree of hypercalcemia. The hypercalcemia would appear to be a direct consequence of the leukemia, and possibly involved secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like polypeptide by the CLL cells. Although a possible role for either an osteoclast-activating substance or prostaglandins was not excluded, they would not account for the elevated serum iPTH levels observed.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is described in whom hypercalcemia occurred in association with elevation of the peripheral lymphocyte count and expansion of total tumor mass. Hypercalcemia was ameliorated with the institution of chemotherapy for the leukemic process and subsequent fall in WBC count and decrease in total tumor burden; hypercalcemia recurred with relapse of the leukemic process. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, when measured, was inappropriately elevated for the degree of hypercalcemia. The hypercalcemia would appear to be a direct consequence of the leukemia, and possibly involved secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like polypeptide by the CLL cells. Although a possible role for either an osteoclast-activating substance or prostaglandins was not excluded, they would not account for the elevated serum iPTH levels observed.", "PMID": 508029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7592", "title": "Pituitary pseudotumor. Mimicry of recurrent prolactinoma by a chronic intrasellar hematoma.", "content": "In the increasing cohort of patients being observed after pituitary microneurosurgery for prolactin-secreting adenomas, tumor recurrence remains a concern. We describe a patient with a prolactinoma treated by transsphenoidal pituitary surgery who resumed cyclic menses for one year postoperatively before manifesting progressive headaches, intermittent diplopia, secondary amenorrhea, and anterior pituitary failure. Invasive and noninvasive neuroradiologic procedures suggested recurrent tumor with suprasellar extension. However, reoperation of the pituitary disclosed a chronic intrasellar hematoma expanding under increased pressure within the enclosed sellar space. We discuss a putative mechanism for the pathophysiology of this syndrome, and tentatively designate it \"pituitary pseudotumor\". Recognition of this entity is important not only because reoperation is required for accurate diagnosis, but also because treatment with radiotherapy or bromocriptine mesylate for presumptive tumor progression or recurrence would be ineffective.", "contents": "Pituitary pseudotumor. Mimicry of recurrent prolactinoma by a chronic intrasellar hematoma. In the increasing cohort of patients being observed after pituitary microneurosurgery for prolactin-secreting adenomas, tumor recurrence remains a concern. We describe a patient with a prolactinoma treated by transsphenoidal pituitary surgery who resumed cyclic menses for one year postoperatively before manifesting progressive headaches, intermittent diplopia, secondary amenorrhea, and anterior pituitary failure. Invasive and noninvasive neuroradiologic procedures suggested recurrent tumor with suprasellar extension. However, reoperation of the pituitary disclosed a chronic intrasellar hematoma expanding under increased pressure within the enclosed sellar space. We discuss a putative mechanism for the pathophysiology of this syndrome, and tentatively designate it \"pituitary pseudotumor\". Recognition of this entity is important not only because reoperation is required for accurate diagnosis, but also because treatment with radiotherapy or bromocriptine mesylate for presumptive tumor progression or recurrence would be ineffective.", "PMID": 508030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7593", "title": "[Relation of the energy content of fats and proteins as an indicator of energy-protein potential of population diets].", "content": "The protein-calorie (Po/o) and the protein value (NDpCalo/o) have been proposed as indices to evaluate the potentiality of diets to meet protein and calorie needs of a given population. The fat-calorie to protein-calorie ratio (G/P) is presented as a complementary index, considering the possibility that the values of Po/o and NDpCalo/o can be adequate but that the energy density of the diets is too low, as might be the case in many rural communities of the developing countries. On the basis of the evidence discussed in this paper, the G/P ratio estimated as adequate is 2.5, and values lower than 2 can be considered as nutritionally unacceptable.", "contents": "[Relation of the energy content of fats and proteins as an indicator of energy-protein potential of population diets]. The protein-calorie (Po/o) and the protein value (NDpCalo/o) have been proposed as indices to evaluate the potentiality of diets to meet protein and calorie needs of a given population. The fat-calorie to protein-calorie ratio (G/P) is presented as a complementary index, considering the possibility that the values of Po/o and NDpCalo/o can be adequate but that the energy density of the diets is too low, as might be the case in many rural communities of the developing countries. On the basis of the evidence discussed in this paper, the G/P ratio estimated as adequate is 2.5, and values lower than 2 can be considered as nutritionally unacceptable.", "PMID": 508045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7594", "title": "[Attempts to influence birth in swine with dexamethasone. 2. Effect of DXMS on adrenal mass and cell nuclear volume of the fascicular zone in piglets].", "content": "The adrenal weights of spontaneously born piglets, immediately after parturition, were significantly higher than those of piglets from sows in whom parturition had been induced by DXMS. The differences between mean values went down with DXMS treatment started later in advanced pregnancy. Mean absolute and relative adrenal weights of the DXMS groups came closer to those of the untreated controls on the tenth day of piglet age. Cell nucleus volumes of the zona fasciculata were normal in all groups and did not reveal any influence of DXMS treatment in any of the newborn piglets. The mean values were 89.9 micron3 in the control group and 87.6 micron3 in experimental group V (75 mg DXMS per animal and die on 109th through 111th days of pregnancy).", "contents": "[Attempts to influence birth in swine with dexamethasone. 2. Effect of DXMS on adrenal mass and cell nuclear volume of the fascicular zone in piglets]. The adrenal weights of spontaneously born piglets, immediately after parturition, were significantly higher than those of piglets from sows in whom parturition had been induced by DXMS. The differences between mean values went down with DXMS treatment started later in advanced pregnancy. Mean absolute and relative adrenal weights of the DXMS groups came closer to those of the untreated controls on the tenth day of piglet age. Cell nucleus volumes of the zona fasciculata were normal in all groups and did not reveal any influence of DXMS treatment in any of the newborn piglets. The mean values were 89.9 micron3 in the control group and 87.6 micron3 in experimental group V (75 mg DXMS per animal and die on 109th through 111th days of pregnancy).", "PMID": 508059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7595", "title": "[Pathomorphological changes in the skeletal muscles (musculus longissimus dorsi) in swine following varied transport stresses and resting periods prior to slaughter].", "content": "The M. longissimus dorsi of 171 pigs were histologically examined for pathological signs. Acute hyaline-plaque degenerations and necrosis (hsD/N) in various degrees of manifestation were recorded from 42.7 and hyaline transverse ligaments (hQb) from 22.8 per cent of all cases. The occurrence of hsD/N following container transport was lower with significance (33.3 per cent) than that following lorry transport (50.5 per cent). The form of transport failed to have any substantive effect on the occurrence of hQb, the figures being 20.5 per cent for container and 24.7 per cent for lorry. Short resting periods, between 0.5 and 1.2 hours, were followed with significantly higher occurrence of hsD/N, as compared to longer resting periods, between five and eight or 23 hours. These pathological findings were not further reduced by extending the resting period from something between five and eight to 20 hours. The pathological hsD/N and hQb findings were recordable from both PSE pork (hsD/N = 51.4 per cent, hQb = 25.7 per cent) and from pork without any quality shortcomings (hsD/N = 39.7 per cent, hQb = 22.1 per cent), but the number of hsD/N cases in the context of PSE pork tended to be higher than that in high-quality pork. No sex dependence was established. The results are discussed under the aspect of aetiopathogenesis of stress-borne myopathy.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological changes in the skeletal muscles (musculus longissimus dorsi) in swine following varied transport stresses and resting periods prior to slaughter]. The M. longissimus dorsi of 171 pigs were histologically examined for pathological signs. Acute hyaline-plaque degenerations and necrosis (hsD/N) in various degrees of manifestation were recorded from 42.7 and hyaline transverse ligaments (hQb) from 22.8 per cent of all cases. The occurrence of hsD/N following container transport was lower with significance (33.3 per cent) than that following lorry transport (50.5 per cent). The form of transport failed to have any substantive effect on the occurrence of hQb, the figures being 20.5 per cent for container and 24.7 per cent for lorry. Short resting periods, between 0.5 and 1.2 hours, were followed with significantly higher occurrence of hsD/N, as compared to longer resting periods, between five and eight or 23 hours. These pathological findings were not further reduced by extending the resting period from something between five and eight to 20 hours. The pathological hsD/N and hQb findings were recordable from both PSE pork (hsD/N = 51.4 per cent, hQb = 25.7 per cent) and from pork without any quality shortcomings (hsD/N = 39.7 per cent, hQb = 22.1 per cent), but the number of hsD/N cases in the context of PSE pork tended to be higher than that in high-quality pork. No sex dependence was established. The results are discussed under the aspect of aetiopathogenesis of stress-borne myopathy.", "PMID": 508060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7596", "title": "[Glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and selenium concentration in blood of untreated and selenium-treated rabbits].", "content": "White New Zealander rabbits were tested for erythrocyte-borne reference values of glutathion peroxidase Px activity, with correlations being established between that activity and selenium content of the blood. The average glutathion peroxidase Px activity in untreated clinically intact rabbits was 11.8 K/g Hb. That value doubled following five selenium applications in therapeutic dosage. The values empirically determined were well adapted to normal distribution. Selenium concentrations recorded from organs of control animals were in fair agreement with values established in earlier studies (Wiesner et al., 1978). The correlation coefficient was r = 0.7117 (n = 44, alpha less than 0.001). The equation of regressive straight line Y oder X (\u0177) was \u0177 = -5.3 + 59.94x, and that of X over Y (\u0177) was \u0177 = 0,27 + 0,0095y, when Y defined the activity of glutathion peroxidase Px and X the selenium level in the blood.", "contents": "[Glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and selenium concentration in blood of untreated and selenium-treated rabbits]. White New Zealander rabbits were tested for erythrocyte-borne reference values of glutathion peroxidase Px activity, with correlations being established between that activity and selenium content of the blood. The average glutathion peroxidase Px activity in untreated clinically intact rabbits was 11.8 K/g Hb. That value doubled following five selenium applications in therapeutic dosage. The values empirically determined were well adapted to normal distribution. Selenium concentrations recorded from organs of control animals were in fair agreement with values established in earlier studies (Wiesner et al., 1978). The correlation coefficient was r = 0.7117 (n = 44, alpha less than 0.001). The equation of regressive straight line Y oder X (\u0177) was \u0177 = -5.3 + 59.94x, and that of X over Y (\u0177) was \u0177 = 0,27 + 0,0095y, when Y defined the activity of glutathion peroxidase Px and X the selenium level in the blood.", "PMID": 508061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7597", "title": "[Critical remarks on the investigation methods of coergistic effects of acute oral toxicity of combination insecticides].", "content": "Often the application of fractions of the LD50 (e.g. 1/4 LD50, 1/2 LD50) is unavoidable due to technical conditions in the experiment (e.g. in case of substances with low toxicity and in case of very steep slope functions). But if ever possible, dosage of equitoxic amounts (LD10, LD50 etc.) should be prefered, because of higher reliability in the choice of dosage and evaluation of the results. Benefits and disadvantages of the two experimental principles are demonstrated by results of own investigations.", "contents": "[Critical remarks on the investigation methods of coergistic effects of acute oral toxicity of combination insecticides]. Often the application of fractions of the LD50 (e.g. 1/4 LD50, 1/2 LD50) is unavoidable due to technical conditions in the experiment (e.g. in case of substances with low toxicity and in case of very steep slope functions). But if ever possible, dosage of equitoxic amounts (LD10, LD50 etc.) should be prefered, because of higher reliability in the choice of dosage and evaluation of the results. Benefits and disadvantages of the two experimental principles are demonstrated by results of own investigations.", "PMID": 508062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7598", "title": "Carbon as an implant material in orthopaedic surgery.", "content": "Carbon is a material of proven value in many fields of medicine. It has only minor reactions compared with other materials, but does have unfavourable mechanical characteristics. New kinds of carbon with similar physical characteristics to other materials, e.g. steel and ceramic, have now been developed.", "contents": "Carbon as an implant material in orthopaedic surgery. Carbon is a material of proven value in many fields of medicine. It has only minor reactions compared with other materials, but does have unfavourable mechanical characteristics. New kinds of carbon with similar physical characteristics to other materials, e.g. steel and ceramic, have now been developed.", "PMID": 508065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7599", "title": "Total replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints.", "content": "We report three cases of alloplastic replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints. The indications and operative technique are described. The femoral shaft of polyethylene can be manufactured within a short time and may be individually adapted to standard replacements of the hip and knee. The operation may be performed even on older patients, it preserves the limb and allows early mobilisation with full weight bearing.", "contents": "Total replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints. We report three cases of alloplastic replacement of the femur and its adjacent joints. The indications and operative technique are described. The femoral shaft of polyethylene can be manufactured within a short time and may be individually adapted to standard replacements of the hip and knee. The operation may be performed even on older patients, it preserves the limb and allows early mobilisation with full weight bearing.", "PMID": 508066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7600", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia in the light of new diagnostic methods.", "content": "Various screening tests provide a detailed representation of fibrous dysplasia: thermography, scintigraphy, computer tomography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, microradiography and fluorescence microscopy. The stationary nature of clinical and X-ray findings contrasts with the intensive structural changes that occur. The above-mentioned methods are examined with regard to differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia in the light of new diagnostic methods. Various screening tests provide a detailed representation of fibrous dysplasia: thermography, scintigraphy, computer tomography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, microradiography and fluorescence microscopy. The stationary nature of clinical and X-ray findings contrasts with the intensive structural changes that occur. The above-mentioned methods are examined with regard to differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 508067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7601", "title": "The morphology of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement: surface structures and causes of their origin.", "content": "This study deals with the correlation between the polymerizing bone cement and the surrounding tissue. The surface structures of bone cements, polymerized in air, in tissue medium (in vitro) and in human bone during implantation were investigated and compared with the contours of the tissue of the implant bed. Basing on the dimensional differences it was differentiated between contours of 1st order and 2nd order: contours of 1st order are within the macroscopic range, contours of 2nd order within the microscopic range. The surface of bone cement polymerized in living human tissue differed essentially from samples polymerized under laboratory conditions. The differences are to be seen macroscopically in the coarse relief as well as microscopically in the shape and the connection of the superficial methylmethacrylate beads. Bone cements, polymerized in air show an ideal, even and closed surface. Bone cements, polymerized in tissue medium exhibit macroscopically some wrinkles, in the microscopic range their contours are either closed (samples prepolymerized at 22 degrees C) or partly open and partly closed (samples prepolymerized at 24 degrees C). The surface of bone cement implants, retrieved from human bones are characterized macroscopically by a marked wrinkled and papillary relief, microscopically by flattened beads, and most often by an irregular, rough and open surface with isolated beads giving almost the impression of a porous surface structure. The character of the surface of the bone cement originates from external, mechanical influences, from changes in the volume of the bone cement and from effects of the surrounding tissues. The surface of the bone cement implanted in human bone conforms exactly with the contour of the adjacent tissue; the tissue contour is infact a negative of the cement surface. The incomplete connection between the superficial PMMA beads seems to be of some practical value: In areas, where the PMMA beads are largely isolated, the mechanical stressability of the \"polymer composite\" is relatively low. Under high load, beads and bead-clusters may break off the surface. Shattering of bone cement implants possibly may start from such an open, porous surface area where PMMA beads are extensive isolated.", "contents": "The morphology of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement: surface structures and causes of their origin. This study deals with the correlation between the polymerizing bone cement and the surrounding tissue. The surface structures of bone cements, polymerized in air, in tissue medium (in vitro) and in human bone during implantation were investigated and compared with the contours of the tissue of the implant bed. Basing on the dimensional differences it was differentiated between contours of 1st order and 2nd order: contours of 1st order are within the macroscopic range, contours of 2nd order within the microscopic range. The surface of bone cement polymerized in living human tissue differed essentially from samples polymerized under laboratory conditions. The differences are to be seen macroscopically in the coarse relief as well as microscopically in the shape and the connection of the superficial methylmethacrylate beads. Bone cements, polymerized in air show an ideal, even and closed surface. Bone cements, polymerized in tissue medium exhibit macroscopically some wrinkles, in the microscopic range their contours are either closed (samples prepolymerized at 22 degrees C) or partly open and partly closed (samples prepolymerized at 24 degrees C). The surface of bone cement implants, retrieved from human bones are characterized macroscopically by a marked wrinkled and papillary relief, microscopically by flattened beads, and most often by an irregular, rough and open surface with isolated beads giving almost the impression of a porous surface structure. The character of the surface of the bone cement originates from external, mechanical influences, from changes in the volume of the bone cement and from effects of the surrounding tissues. The surface of the bone cement implanted in human bone conforms exactly with the contour of the adjacent tissue; the tissue contour is infact a negative of the cement surface. The incomplete connection between the superficial PMMA beads seems to be of some practical value: In areas, where the PMMA beads are largely isolated, the mechanical stressability of the \"polymer composite\" is relatively low. Under high load, beads and bead-clusters may break off the surface. Shattering of bone cement implants possibly may start from such an open, porous surface area where PMMA beads are extensive isolated.", "PMID": 508068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7602", "title": "Surgical treatment of malignant secondary tumors of the humerus: report of 45 cases.", "content": "Data from a series of 45 internal fixations for malignant secondary tumors of the humerus are analyzed. The tumors occurred late in the evolution of the cancer, and represented 24% of appendicular bone metastases for which operations were performed. Statistics of the patients, fractures, treatment, and results are presented and conclusions drawn. Prognosis should be related to the types of primary tumor. Blind nailing or pinning is recommended, and indications for preventive osteosynthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of malignant secondary tumors of the humerus: report of 45 cases. Data from a series of 45 internal fixations for malignant secondary tumors of the humerus are analyzed. The tumors occurred late in the evolution of the cancer, and represented 24% of appendicular bone metastases for which operations were performed. Statistics of the patients, fractures, treatment, and results are presented and conclusions drawn. Prognosis should be related to the types of primary tumor. Blind nailing or pinning is recommended, and indications for preventive osteosynthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 508069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7603", "title": "[Indications and complications in the treatment of infected femur pseudarthroses (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications given, the adequately dimensioned plate osteosynthesis must be preferred to any other treatment for stabilizing an infected femur pseudarthrosis, regardless of the osseous support. Otherwise the fixateur externe is indicated. Its assembly on the upper leg requires a special knowledge which reflects the individual bone- and soft-tissue-assessments. We distinguish between fixateur type I to IV on the upper leg, all of which are exemplified. Complications are at first mainly loss of blood and infective activity, later chronic soft-tissue fistulae, abscesses, osteomyelitic residual cavities, and spontaneous fractures. A study analyses the treatment and the late results of 96 infected femur pseudarthroses.", "contents": "[Indications and complications in the treatment of infected femur pseudarthroses (author's transl)]. Indications given, the adequately dimensioned plate osteosynthesis must be preferred to any other treatment for stabilizing an infected femur pseudarthrosis, regardless of the osseous support. Otherwise the fixateur externe is indicated. Its assembly on the upper leg requires a special knowledge which reflects the individual bone- and soft-tissue-assessments. We distinguish between fixateur type I to IV on the upper leg, all of which are exemplified. Complications are at first mainly loss of blood and infective activity, later chronic soft-tissue fistulae, abscesses, osteomyelitic residual cavities, and spontaneous fractures. A study analyses the treatment and the late results of 96 infected femur pseudarthroses.", "PMID": 508070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7604", "title": "Adhesive capsulitis of the ankle (frozen ankle).", "content": "Adhesive capsulitis or \"frozen ankle\" is a syndrome resulting from repeated ankle sprains, or perhaps following immobilization after trauma. Ankle arthrography is a useful and safe diagnostic procedure in this syndrome. Typical arthrographic features are described together with case histories of two patients with frozen ankle. We suggest that early mobilization of the patient following trauma is particularly important in preventing the development of a forzen ankle syndrome.", "contents": "Adhesive capsulitis of the ankle (frozen ankle). Adhesive capsulitis or \"frozen ankle\" is a syndrome resulting from repeated ankle sprains, or perhaps following immobilization after trauma. Ankle arthrography is a useful and safe diagnostic procedure in this syndrome. Typical arthrographic features are described together with case histories of two patients with frozen ankle. We suggest that early mobilization of the patient following trauma is particularly important in preventing the development of a forzen ankle syndrome.", "PMID": 508071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7605", "title": "Chronic compartmental syndrome of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles: report of a case treated with fasciotomy.", "content": "A 32-year-old man with a chronic compartmental syndrome of the muscle bellies of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles was successfully treated by fasciotomy of the muscle sheath. It is pointed out that this condition was primarily due to hypertrophy of the muscles combined with overuse edema. This condition should be differentiated from De Quervain's disease.", "contents": "Chronic compartmental syndrome of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles: report of a case treated with fasciotomy. A 32-year-old man with a chronic compartmental syndrome of the muscle bellies of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles was successfully treated by fasciotomy of the muscle sheath. It is pointed out that this condition was primarily due to hypertrophy of the muscles combined with overuse edema. This condition should be differentiated from De Quervain's disease.", "PMID": 508072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7606", "title": "Epidemiologic profile of long-term stroke disability: the Framingham study.", "content": "One hundred forty-eight long-term stroke survivors and 148 control persons matched for age and sex, from the Framingham Study cohort, were examined for residual functional disability. Prevalence rates for 9 specific types of functional deficit ranged from 15% for institutionalization, to 63% for decreased vocational function in the group of stroke survivors. The comparable rates in the control group were significantly lower. Cardiovascular comorbidity was greater in stroke survivors than in controls. Removal of its apparent effects on function decreased the magnitude, but not the overall pattern, of documented disability in both groups. The most severe disabilities, institutionalization, dependence in mobility, and dependence in self-care, were the least prevalent. The more frequently documented types of functional deficit were those in which psychosocial and environmental factors are significant determinants.", "contents": "Epidemiologic profile of long-term stroke disability: the Framingham study. One hundred forty-eight long-term stroke survivors and 148 control persons matched for age and sex, from the Framingham Study cohort, were examined for residual functional disability. Prevalence rates for 9 specific types of functional deficit ranged from 15% for institutionalization, to 63% for decreased vocational function in the group of stroke survivors. The comparable rates in the control group were significantly lower. Cardiovascular comorbidity was greater in stroke survivors than in controls. Removal of its apparent effects on function decreased the magnitude, but not the overall pattern, of documented disability in both groups. The most severe disabilities, institutionalization, dependence in mobility, and dependence in self-care, were the least prevalent. The more frequently documented types of functional deficit were those in which psychosocial and environmental factors are significant determinants.", "PMID": 508073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7607", "title": "Training sensory awareness and spatial organization in people with right brain damage.", "content": "Building on a methodology to improve scanning and academic skill performance behavior in persons with acquired right brain damage due to stroke, this study presents 2 additional treatment methods: training in sensory awareness and spatial organization. The 53 patients studied were divided into two groups, experimental (N = 30) and control (N = 23). The experimental group received a treatment program incorporating the 2 new methods as well as a condensed version of the original program. The controls received standard rehabilitation. Both groups were retested after 1 month. Analyses revealed that the performance of those in the experimental group exceeded that of the controls, that those patients in the experimental group with severe impairments improved more than those with mild impairments, and that combined multiple-treatment produces greater generalization than the original single treatment program.", "contents": "Training sensory awareness and spatial organization in people with right brain damage. Building on a methodology to improve scanning and academic skill performance behavior in persons with acquired right brain damage due to stroke, this study presents 2 additional treatment methods: training in sensory awareness and spatial organization. The 53 patients studied were divided into two groups, experimental (N = 30) and control (N = 23). The experimental group received a treatment program incorporating the 2 new methods as well as a condensed version of the original program. The controls received standard rehabilitation. Both groups were retested after 1 month. Analyses revealed that the performance of those in the experimental group exceeded that of the controls, that those patients in the experimental group with severe impairments improved more than those with mild impairments, and that combined multiple-treatment produces greater generalization than the original single treatment program.", "PMID": 508074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7608", "title": "Positional feedback and electrical stimulation: an automated treatment for the hemiplegic wrist.", "content": "Positional feedback (PF) and electrical stimulation were combined in a new treatment modality for facilitating wrist extension in stroke patients. Thirty adult hemiparetic patients lacking normal voluntary wrist extension were randomly placed in control and study groups. The control group received conventional therapy while the study group received positional feedback stimulation training (PFST) in addition to conventional treatment. At the end of the 4-week program, study patients showed a 280% increase in isometric extension torque when the wrist was positioned in 30 degrees of extension and 70% increase when positioned in 30 degrees of flexion. Control patients showed no significant changes in torque. Study patients made an average 200% gain in selective range of motion over their starting levels while controls made only a 50% increase. Treatment using automated PFST equipment allows controlled repetitive isotonic exercise and facilitation of wrist extension without continuous one-on-one therapist/patient supervision.", "contents": "Positional feedback and electrical stimulation: an automated treatment for the hemiplegic wrist. Positional feedback (PF) and electrical stimulation were combined in a new treatment modality for facilitating wrist extension in stroke patients. Thirty adult hemiparetic patients lacking normal voluntary wrist extension were randomly placed in control and study groups. The control group received conventional therapy while the study group received positional feedback stimulation training (PFST) in addition to conventional treatment. At the end of the 4-week program, study patients showed a 280% increase in isometric extension torque when the wrist was positioned in 30 degrees of extension and 70% increase when positioned in 30 degrees of flexion. Control patients showed no significant changes in torque. Study patients made an average 200% gain in selective range of motion over their starting levels while controls made only a 50% increase. Treatment using automated PFST equipment allows controlled repetitive isotonic exercise and facilitation of wrist extension without continuous one-on-one therapist/patient supervision.", "PMID": 508075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7609", "title": "Dysarthria in adults: physiologic approach to rehabilitation.", "content": "A case study is used to illustrate a physical approach to the speech rehabilitation of adults with dysarthria. The approach emphasizes the component-by-component analysis of the peripheral speech mechanism, where the selection and sequencing of treatment procedures follow directly from the physiologic nature and severity of involvement in each component. The selection and sequencing of procedures also are conditioned by the inherent physical interdependencies of these component parts. Several biofeedback procedures of our own are incorporated that have not been reported previously. The case illustration is of a young man injured in an auto accident whose speech intelligibility improves from approximately 5-10% to 95% during the rehabilitation period. Effects of treatment upon individual components of the speech mechanism are illustrated.", "contents": "Dysarthria in adults: physiologic approach to rehabilitation. A case study is used to illustrate a physical approach to the speech rehabilitation of adults with dysarthria. The approach emphasizes the component-by-component analysis of the peripheral speech mechanism, where the selection and sequencing of treatment procedures follow directly from the physiologic nature and severity of involvement in each component. The selection and sequencing of procedures also are conditioned by the inherent physical interdependencies of these component parts. Several biofeedback procedures of our own are incorporated that have not been reported previously. The case illustration is of a young man injured in an auto accident whose speech intelligibility improves from approximately 5-10% to 95% during the rehabilitation period. Effects of treatment upon individual components of the speech mechanism are illustrated.", "PMID": 508076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7610", "title": "Burke stroke time-oriented profile (BUSTOP): an overview of patient function.", "content": "A simple multidisciplinary time-oriented computer-compatible functional profile is described for the quantitative assessment of stroke patients and their progress during rehabilitation. The reasons for developing a new rating scale as well as the implications for computer analysis of the data collected are discussed.", "contents": "Burke stroke time-oriented profile (BUSTOP): an overview of patient function. A simple multidisciplinary time-oriented computer-compatible functional profile is described for the quantitative assessment of stroke patients and their progress during rehabilitation. The reasons for developing a new rating scale as well as the implications for computer analysis of the data collected are discussed.", "PMID": 508077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7611", "title": "Time-oriented functional profile: practical applications in a stroke data-base model.", "content": "The feasibility of transferring data from a large computerized stroke data-base system (BUSTOP) to an existing time-oriented system of proven utility (ARAMIS) is demonstrated. Potential advantages of a time-oriented data-base system include: determination of prognostic indicators, suggestions for therapeutic intervention, analysis of experimental treatment programs, development of units of cost effectiveness and provision for uniform methods of auditing stroke care. This demonstration project shows that a large-scale stroke data-base system is feasible using existing computer models which are currently collecting and analyzing data-base statistics.", "contents": "Time-oriented functional profile: practical applications in a stroke data-base model. The feasibility of transferring data from a large computerized stroke data-base system (BUSTOP) to an existing time-oriented system of proven utility (ARAMIS) is demonstrated. Potential advantages of a time-oriented data-base system include: determination of prognostic indicators, suggestions for therapeutic intervention, analysis of experimental treatment programs, development of units of cost effectiveness and provision for uniform methods of auditing stroke care. This demonstration project shows that a large-scale stroke data-base system is feasible using existing computer models which are currently collecting and analyzing data-base statistics.", "PMID": 508078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7612", "title": "Post-void residual alerting device.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive device is described which alerts nursing staff upon spontaneous voiding by a patient with spinal cord injury. This facilitates measurement of the post-void residual urine volume which is useful in the management of neurogenic bladder.", "contents": "Post-void residual alerting device. A simple, inexpensive device is described which alerts nursing staff upon spontaneous voiding by a patient with spinal cord injury. This facilitates measurement of the post-void residual urine volume which is useful in the management of neurogenic bladder.", "PMID": 508079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7613", "title": "[Utilization of alimentary ribonucleic acid in calf N-metabolism].", "content": "In order to get hints concerning the utilisation of nucleic acids in the N-metabolism of ruminants, a N-balance experiment with not yet ruminating calves was carried out. An admixture of 0, 1.875 and 3.75% yeast ribonucleic acid (groups I-III) was given to a milk substitute feed with low purine and pyrimidine contents. The RNA admixture amounted to 10 resp. 20% of the diet protein-N. The daily feed per animal amounted to 1710 g. Apart from the N-balance the digestibility of RNA and some N-fractions in urine were registered. The excretion of nitrogen, RNA or desoxy ribonucleic acid in the feces of the calves was hardly changed by the RNA intake. Thus an extensive digestibility of RNA can be stated. The renale nitrogen excretion increased in group II by an amount which nearly corresponded to the RNA intake, and in group III it even increased overproportionally. As the N-balance showed, there was a low utilisation of the RNA-N of 12% (non-significant), whereas in group III the N-increase was negatively influenced. The N-excretion in urine connected with the RNA-intake could mainly be traced back to increased urea and allantoine values. The conclusions from these results were that nucleic acids of 10 to 20% of the feed protein are only of a low resp. no nutritive nitrogen value.", "contents": "[Utilization of alimentary ribonucleic acid in calf N-metabolism]. In order to get hints concerning the utilisation of nucleic acids in the N-metabolism of ruminants, a N-balance experiment with not yet ruminating calves was carried out. An admixture of 0, 1.875 and 3.75% yeast ribonucleic acid (groups I-III) was given to a milk substitute feed with low purine and pyrimidine contents. The RNA admixture amounted to 10 resp. 20% of the diet protein-N. The daily feed per animal amounted to 1710 g. Apart from the N-balance the digestibility of RNA and some N-fractions in urine were registered. The excretion of nitrogen, RNA or desoxy ribonucleic acid in the feces of the calves was hardly changed by the RNA intake. Thus an extensive digestibility of RNA can be stated. The renale nitrogen excretion increased in group II by an amount which nearly corresponded to the RNA intake, and in group III it even increased overproportionally. As the N-balance showed, there was a low utilisation of the RNA-N of 12% (non-significant), whereas in group III the N-increase was negatively influenced. The N-excretion in urine connected with the RNA-intake could mainly be traced back to increased urea and allantoine values. The conclusions from these results were that nucleic acids of 10 to 20% of the feed protein are only of a low resp. no nutritive nitrogen value.", "PMID": 508080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7614", "title": "[Metabolism of colostomized laying hens with 15N-labeled wheat. 3. Incorporation of 15N into and its distribution over follicles of various stages of development, the restovar and the oviduct].", "content": "Of colostomised hens fed with labelled wheat protein the atom-% 15N-excess (15N') was ascertained in the bigger follicles, the restovar and the oviduct from the total N, the lysine-N, histidine-N and arginine-N. The labelling of the basic amino acids decreases the smaller the follicles are. In contrast to the yolk, in which a constant relation between the three amino acids was found, the relations were inconsistent and typical of the individual hens. In the atom-% 15N' in the three amino acids in the restovar and the oviduct there were greater differences between the hens. In the lysine, histidine and arginine we found, on an average, 21.2% of the total labelled N of the follicles.", "contents": "[Metabolism of colostomized laying hens with 15N-labeled wheat. 3. Incorporation of 15N into and its distribution over follicles of various stages of development, the restovar and the oviduct]. Of colostomised hens fed with labelled wheat protein the atom-% 15N-excess (15N') was ascertained in the bigger follicles, the restovar and the oviduct from the total N, the lysine-N, histidine-N and arginine-N. The labelling of the basic amino acids decreases the smaller the follicles are. In contrast to the yolk, in which a constant relation between the three amino acids was found, the relations were inconsistent and typical of the individual hens. In the atom-% 15N' in the three amino acids in the restovar and the oviduct there were greater differences between the hens. In the lysine, histidine and arginine we found, on an average, 21.2% of the total labelled N of the follicles.", "PMID": 508081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7615", "title": "[Performance dependence of the lysine requirement of fattening sows. 1. Effect of energy and amino acid consumption on fattening performance].", "content": "Seven variants with graduated energy and amino acid levels were tested at 105 growing sows in a live weight range between 30 and 120 kg. The weight increase and the energy expenditure showed a distinct dependence on the energy level of the ration and are mainly determined by the energy intake. Up to a live weight of 90 kg a 20% lysine over- or undersupply in comparison with the norm had no influence on the growth intensity of the animals. On the low and medium energy levels there was a tendency of superiority of the animals which received feeds rich in protein in the section between 90 and 120 kg. In the variant with a high energy level, however, a diminishing increase was detected in the last third of the fattening period in connection with the growing lysine level. The overall most suitable result was achieved in variant M 120 with a daily increase of 675 g and an energy expenditure of 2.04 kilo energetic feed units for pigs per kg increase.", "contents": "[Performance dependence of the lysine requirement of fattening sows. 1. Effect of energy and amino acid consumption on fattening performance]. Seven variants with graduated energy and amino acid levels were tested at 105 growing sows in a live weight range between 30 and 120 kg. The weight increase and the energy expenditure showed a distinct dependence on the energy level of the ration and are mainly determined by the energy intake. Up to a live weight of 90 kg a 20% lysine over- or undersupply in comparison with the norm had no influence on the growth intensity of the animals. On the low and medium energy levels there was a tendency of superiority of the animals which received feeds rich in protein in the section between 90 and 120 kg. In the variant with a high energy level, however, a diminishing increase was detected in the last third of the fattening period in connection with the growing lysine level. The overall most suitable result was achieved in variant M 120 with a daily increase of 675 g and an energy expenditure of 2.04 kilo energetic feed units for pigs per kg increase.", "PMID": 508083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7616", "title": "[Utilization of 15N-labelled urea by laying hens. 1. Survey of the literature, 15N-excretion in feces and urine].", "content": "Three colostomated leghorn hybrids with an average laying performance of 75% received a ration with 17.7% crude protein and an energy content of 519 energetic feed units for hens per kg mixed feed over a period of 8 days. In the first six days of the experiment the 1%-supplement of urea to the ration was labelled. Its atom-% 15N excess (15N') amounted to 96.06%. During the last two days the urea supplement was not labelled. The total N, trichloracetic acid (TCA)-soluble N and the ammonia N were determined in the feces samples collected daily. In the urine samples collected daily the total N, urea N and ammonia N per hen were determined as well. In all samples the atom-% 15N excess (15N') was measured. The percentage of 14N in feces of the 14N dose was, on an average of the three hens, 21.3% and the analogous quota of 15N' 4.6%. The quota of ammonia 14N of the total 14N in feces had an average of 2.5%, the corresponding 15N' quota was 10.1%. The atom-% 15N' of the urea N in urine was considerably above that of the total urine N and had a maximum of more than 50%. The quota of urine 14N of the 14N taken in had an average of 44.4%, and the corresponding 15N' quota was 56.9%. On an average of the three hens, 61.6% of the 15N' were excreted in feces and urine during the 8-day test period.", "contents": "[Utilization of 15N-labelled urea by laying hens. 1. Survey of the literature, 15N-excretion in feces and urine]. Three colostomated leghorn hybrids with an average laying performance of 75% received a ration with 17.7% crude protein and an energy content of 519 energetic feed units for hens per kg mixed feed over a period of 8 days. In the first six days of the experiment the 1%-supplement of urea to the ration was labelled. Its atom-% 15N excess (15N') amounted to 96.06%. During the last two days the urea supplement was not labelled. The total N, trichloracetic acid (TCA)-soluble N and the ammonia N were determined in the feces samples collected daily. In the urine samples collected daily the total N, urea N and ammonia N per hen were determined as well. In all samples the atom-% 15N excess (15N') was measured. The percentage of 14N in feces of the 14N dose was, on an average of the three hens, 21.3% and the analogous quota of 15N' 4.6%. The quota of ammonia 14N of the total 14N in feces had an average of 2.5%, the corresponding 15N' quota was 10.1%. The atom-% 15N' of the urea N in urine was considerably above that of the total urine N and had a maximum of more than 50%. The quota of urine 14N of the 14N taken in had an average of 44.4%, and the corresponding 15N' quota was 56.9%. On an average of the three hens, 61.6% of the 15N' were excreted in feces and urine during the 8-day test period.", "PMID": 508084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7617", "title": "[Lysine requirement of fattening sows depending on their performance. 2. Relations between energy consumption and live weight increase].", "content": "105 growing sows in the live weight range were fed with 7 test rations with graduated energy and amino acid levels. The growth intensity was very much influenced by the daily energy consumption. On the basis of regression analysis the following linear relation between daily weight increase (y in g per kg live weight0,75) and the daily energy consumption (x in energetic feed units for pigs per kg live weight0,75) was calculated: y = -13,79 + 0,7037 x (r = 0,84, sb -0,0295). The interpolation with regard to live weight balance resulted in a maintenance requirement of 19,8 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 70 kcal net energy fat for pigs per kg live weight0,75. The methods of assessment chosen showed an increase of the energy requirement per 100 g additional live weight increase per day of a constant amount, independent of the live weight, of 142 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 497 kcal net energy fat for pigs.", "contents": "[Lysine requirement of fattening sows depending on their performance. 2. Relations between energy consumption and live weight increase]. 105 growing sows in the live weight range were fed with 7 test rations with graduated energy and amino acid levels. The growth intensity was very much influenced by the daily energy consumption. On the basis of regression analysis the following linear relation between daily weight increase (y in g per kg live weight0,75) and the daily energy consumption (x in energetic feed units for pigs per kg live weight0,75) was calculated: y = -13,79 + 0,7037 x (r = 0,84, sb -0,0295). The interpolation with regard to live weight balance resulted in a maintenance requirement of 19,8 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 70 kcal net energy fat for pigs per kg live weight0,75. The methods of assessment chosen showed an increase of the energy requirement per 100 g additional live weight increase per day of a constant amount, independent of the live weight, of 142 energetic feed units for pigs resp. 497 kcal net energy fat for pigs.", "PMID": 508085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7618", "title": "[Protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 3. Results of the fractionation of ileum chyme after feeding various rations].", "content": "Growing female pigs provided with re-entrant ileum resp. ileocecal cannulae received 6 different rations (fattening feed I and II for pigs, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine resp. wheat + wheat gluten + lysine, N-free mixture). The ileum chyme was separated into the fractions supernatant 1 and sediment 1 and by a treatment of supernatant 1 with trichloracetic acid and subsequent centrifuging into supernatant 2 and sediment 2. In the complete chyme as well as in all fractions the crude protein and amino acid contents were determined. The distribution in per cent of the crude protein and the amino acids over the fractions was calculated as well. The influence of the rations, in particular rations of dried skim milk, on the amino acid pattern of the complete chyme and the chyme fractions could be established. An influence of the rations could not be recognised on sediment 2 only, which indicates a uniform amino acid pattern of these probably endogenous proteins. The percentage of crude protein and amino acids in the fractions was also influenced by the rations.", "contents": "[Protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 3. Results of the fractionation of ileum chyme after feeding various rations]. Growing female pigs provided with re-entrant ileum resp. ileocecal cannulae received 6 different rations (fattening feed I and II for pigs, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine resp. wheat + wheat gluten + lysine, N-free mixture). The ileum chyme was separated into the fractions supernatant 1 and sediment 1 and by a treatment of supernatant 1 with trichloracetic acid and subsequent centrifuging into supernatant 2 and sediment 2. In the complete chyme as well as in all fractions the crude protein and amino acid contents were determined. The distribution in per cent of the crude protein and the amino acids over the fractions was calculated as well. The influence of the rations, in particular rations of dried skim milk, on the amino acid pattern of the complete chyme and the chyme fractions could be established. An influence of the rations could not be recognised on sediment 2 only, which indicates a uniform amino acid pattern of these probably endogenous proteins. The percentage of crude protein and amino acids in the fractions was also influenced by the rations.", "PMID": 508086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7619", "title": "On the mechanism of arginine requirement for adenovirus synthesis.", "content": "The effects of arginine deprivation on the synthesis and processing of viral proteins and the assembly of incomplete and complete virions were studied during infection with human adenovirus type 2. Arginine deprivation greatly reduced the synthesis of all viral proteins, particularly the precursor to core protein VII. The inhibition was completely reversible by the addition of arginine to the medium. Arginine deprivation between 7 and 20 hours post-infection inhibited the processing of PVII to VII, suggesting that PVII is not cleaved autocatalytically. The assembly of incomplete virions was sensitive to arginine deprivation only prior to 20 hours, while the assembly of complete virions was dependent on the continuous presence of arginine. This observation supports the hypothesis that incomplete virions are precursors of complete virions. The experiments on the PVII-specific endoprotease activity showed that arginine deprivation caused only slight reduction in the in vitro activity, although no activity was observed in vivo. The present results lead to the hypothesis that arginine deficiency inhibits the synthesis of a functional protein essential for virion maturation, other than the synthesis or processing of PVII.", "contents": "On the mechanism of arginine requirement for adenovirus synthesis. The effects of arginine deprivation on the synthesis and processing of viral proteins and the assembly of incomplete and complete virions were studied during infection with human adenovirus type 2. Arginine deprivation greatly reduced the synthesis of all viral proteins, particularly the precursor to core protein VII. The inhibition was completely reversible by the addition of arginine to the medium. Arginine deprivation between 7 and 20 hours post-infection inhibited the processing of PVII to VII, suggesting that PVII is not cleaved autocatalytically. The assembly of incomplete virions was sensitive to arginine deprivation only prior to 20 hours, while the assembly of complete virions was dependent on the continuous presence of arginine. This observation supports the hypothesis that incomplete virions are precursors of complete virions. The experiments on the PVII-specific endoprotease activity showed that arginine deprivation caused only slight reduction in the in vitro activity, although no activity was observed in vivo. The present results lead to the hypothesis that arginine deficiency inhibits the synthesis of a functional protein essential for virion maturation, other than the synthesis or processing of PVII.", "PMID": 508092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7620", "title": "[Protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 4. Digestibility of crude protein and amino acids and rate of passage through the duodenum and ileum and the total digestive tract of growing pigs].", "content": "The crude protein digestibility and the amino acid absorption of six female pigs (average live weight 61 kg) with duodenal and ileocecal re-entrant cannulae, which were fed with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine ration and an N-free ration, were determined in various segments of the intestines. Comparative experiments concerning the N-metabolism with pigs without and with cannulae showed that the animals renormalised their metabolism 14 days after narcosis and fistulation of the intestines. The extents of secretion and absorption of the various amino acids vary as it is shown from the values of the apparent and true digestibility resp. rate of passage through various segments of the intestines. While for methionine and glutamic acid absorption exceeds endogenous secretion already in the duodenum, the amino acids with a high endogenous quota (glycine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan) are, even at the terminal ileum, not as well absorbed as the others. Methionine is obviously synthesised on a large scale by the colon flora and excreted in feces. The fractionation of the duodenal and ileum chyme after feeding wheat + wheat gluten + lysine as well as N-free mixture, into the fractions \"solid particles\", \"peptides-free amino acids\" and \"proteines precipitable by trichlor-acetic acid\" supplies information on the degree of protein degradation in various segments of the intestines.", "contents": "[Protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 4. Digestibility of crude protein and amino acids and rate of passage through the duodenum and ileum and the total digestive tract of growing pigs]. The crude protein digestibility and the amino acid absorption of six female pigs (average live weight 61 kg) with duodenal and ileocecal re-entrant cannulae, which were fed with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine ration and an N-free ration, were determined in various segments of the intestines. Comparative experiments concerning the N-metabolism with pigs without and with cannulae showed that the animals renormalised their metabolism 14 days after narcosis and fistulation of the intestines. The extents of secretion and absorption of the various amino acids vary as it is shown from the values of the apparent and true digestibility resp. rate of passage through various segments of the intestines. While for methionine and glutamic acid absorption exceeds endogenous secretion already in the duodenum, the amino acids with a high endogenous quota (glycine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan) are, even at the terminal ileum, not as well absorbed as the others. Methionine is obviously synthesised on a large scale by the colon flora and excreted in feces. The fractionation of the duodenal and ileum chyme after feeding wheat + wheat gluten + lysine as well as N-free mixture, into the fractions \"solid particles\", \"peptides-free amino acids\" and \"proteines precipitable by trichlor-acetic acid\" supplies information on the degree of protein degradation in various segments of the intestines.", "PMID": 508087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7621", "title": "Effect of trisodium phosphonoformate in genital infection of female guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus type 2.", "content": "A genital herpesvirus type 2 infection in guinea pigs has been used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of phosphonoformate on the infection. An early topical treatment prevented the appearance of vesicles and histopathological changes and no virus could be recovered. When treatment, either topical or both systemic and topical, was delayed to 24 hours post infection no therapeutic effect was observed.", "contents": "Effect of trisodium phosphonoformate in genital infection of female guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus type 2. A genital herpesvirus type 2 infection in guinea pigs has been used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of phosphonoformate on the infection. An early topical treatment prevented the appearance of vesicles and histopathological changes and no virus could be recovered. When treatment, either topical or both systemic and topical, was delayed to 24 hours post infection no therapeutic effect was observed.", "PMID": 508093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7622", "title": "[Interaction between the temperature of the surroundings, performance and level of feed for growing pigs].", "content": "Investigations of the performance of growing pigs in the live weight range of 30 to 60 kg kept individually and in groups with ad libitum and rationed feeding were carried out in two air-conditioned rooms. The air temperature in the individual experiments was 20 degrees C, 10 degrees C and 5 degrees C, the relative atmospheric moisture in all experiments was between 70 and 80%. A diminished growth of 24 g per day per degrees C below 20 degrees could be ascertained for pigs kept individually. The diminishing of the growth can be compensated by an increase of the feed intake of 1.3 g per kg live weight, day and degrees C resp. the intake of metabolisable energy of 4 kcal per kg live weight, day and degrees C until the capacity of feed consumption is reached.", "contents": "[Interaction between the temperature of the surroundings, performance and level of feed for growing pigs]. Investigations of the performance of growing pigs in the live weight range of 30 to 60 kg kept individually and in groups with ad libitum and rationed feeding were carried out in two air-conditioned rooms. The air temperature in the individual experiments was 20 degrees C, 10 degrees C and 5 degrees C, the relative atmospheric moisture in all experiments was between 70 and 80%. A diminished growth of 24 g per day per degrees C below 20 degrees could be ascertained for pigs kept individually. The diminishing of the growth can be compensated by an increase of the feed intake of 1.3 g per kg live weight, day and degrees C resp. the intake of metabolisable energy of 4 kcal per kg live weight, day and degrees C until the capacity of feed consumption is reached.", "PMID": 508088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7623", "title": "[Participation of bile and pancreatic juice in the secretion of endogenous nitrogen into the digestive tract of sheep].", "content": "The amount of bile and pancreas juice excreted and the amount of urea-N and total-N discharged by the bile and pancreas juice into the duodenum was established in eight experiments with two full-grown sheep of the merino species and with a live weight of 50 kg. For this purpose they had permanent cannulae for the measuring of the passage of bile and pancreas juice which was carried out at 1-hour intervals in the course of 24 hours beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning. During 24 hours 245.3 +/- 6.3 mg urea and 4,418.1 +/- 85.8 mg total-N were discharged with bile and pancreas juice, of which 186.9 +/- 9.6 mg urea and 2,095.3 +/- 119.7 mg total-N were discharged in the bile and 58.5 mg urea-N and 2322.8 +/- 52.9 mg total-N were discharged in the pancreas juice. The amount of pancreas juice secreted and its nitrogen is constant in the course of the day (between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and of the night (between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) In the daytime the secretion of bile and its nitrogen is significantly higher than at night. (p less 0.05). The concentration of urea-N and of total-N remained constant throughout the whole day. The amount of bile and pancreas juice secreted correlated greatly significantly with the amount of nitrogen (urea-N and total-N) discharged in bile and pancreas juice. The results indicate that, within the enterohepatalous circulation of endogenous urea, its secretion in bile and pancreas juice is quantitatively less important. The amount of total-N which gets from the endogenous pool into the duodenum is high and corresponds to approximately one third of the metabolic nitrogen which the animals consume daily with their feed.", "contents": "[Participation of bile and pancreatic juice in the secretion of endogenous nitrogen into the digestive tract of sheep]. The amount of bile and pancreas juice excreted and the amount of urea-N and total-N discharged by the bile and pancreas juice into the duodenum was established in eight experiments with two full-grown sheep of the merino species and with a live weight of 50 kg. For this purpose they had permanent cannulae for the measuring of the passage of bile and pancreas juice which was carried out at 1-hour intervals in the course of 24 hours beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning. During 24 hours 245.3 +/- 6.3 mg urea and 4,418.1 +/- 85.8 mg total-N were discharged with bile and pancreas juice, of which 186.9 +/- 9.6 mg urea and 2,095.3 +/- 119.7 mg total-N were discharged in the bile and 58.5 mg urea-N and 2322.8 +/- 52.9 mg total-N were discharged in the pancreas juice. The amount of pancreas juice secreted and its nitrogen is constant in the course of the day (between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and of the night (between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) In the daytime the secretion of bile and its nitrogen is significantly higher than at night. (p less 0.05). The concentration of urea-N and of total-N remained constant throughout the whole day. The amount of bile and pancreas juice secreted correlated greatly significantly with the amount of nitrogen (urea-N and total-N) discharged in bile and pancreas juice. The results indicate that, within the enterohepatalous circulation of endogenous urea, its secretion in bile and pancreas juice is quantitatively less important. The amount of total-N which gets from the endogenous pool into the duodenum is high and corresponds to approximately one third of the metabolic nitrogen which the animals consume daily with their feed.", "PMID": 508089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7624", "title": "[Localization of the lamellated corpuscle neurons of the cat large intestine mesentery].", "content": "Electrical activity and ultrastructure of lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) of the cat large intestine mesentery were studied 10 days after uni- and bilateral extirpation of the lumbar spinal ganglia. Terminal degenerated in all the receptors, and there were no electrical reactions at bilateral extripation of ganglia L3-L4, they were preserved in some receptors at bilateral extirpation of ganglia L2-L3 and L4-L5 and at unilateral extirpation of ganglia L3-L4. Structure of the receptors and electrical reactions were preserved in all the lamellated corpuscles at bilateral extirpation at the level of L1-L2 and L5-L6. After enucleation of the corpuscles from the large intestine mesentery, in some neurons of ganglia L3-L4, chromatolysis was observed. After the caudal mesenteric nerve was sectioned, there were no electrical reactions in the lamellated corpuscles of the large intestine mesentery. Hence, the sensitive neurons-theri peripheral processes participate in the formation of the lamellated corpuscles of the cat large intestine mesentery-are situated in the lumbar ganglia L3 and L4.", "contents": "[Localization of the lamellated corpuscle neurons of the cat large intestine mesentery]. Electrical activity and ultrastructure of lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) of the cat large intestine mesentery were studied 10 days after uni- and bilateral extirpation of the lumbar spinal ganglia. Terminal degenerated in all the receptors, and there were no electrical reactions at bilateral extripation of ganglia L3-L4, they were preserved in some receptors at bilateral extirpation of ganglia L2-L3 and L4-L5 and at unilateral extirpation of ganglia L3-L4. Structure of the receptors and electrical reactions were preserved in all the lamellated corpuscles at bilateral extirpation at the level of L1-L2 and L5-L6. After enucleation of the corpuscles from the large intestine mesentery, in some neurons of ganglia L3-L4, chromatolysis was observed. After the caudal mesenteric nerve was sectioned, there were no electrical reactions in the lamellated corpuscles of the large intestine mesentery. Hence, the sensitive neurons-theri peripheral processes participate in the formation of the lamellated corpuscles of the cat large intestine mesentery-are situated in the lumbar ganglia L3 and L4.", "PMID": 508095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7625", "title": "Protease treatment and chemical crosslinking of a flavivirus: tick borne encephalitis virus.", "content": "Tick-borne encephalitis virus was treated with pronase or thermolysin. The resulting particles were banded in sucrose gradients and analyzed for polypeptide composition. Both enzymes caused a reduction in particle density from 1.19 to 1.15--1.16 g/cm3. No loss of viral lipid or nucleic acid could be observed. SDS-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis showed that only the core protein V2 was unchanged whereas the envelope proteins V3 and V1 had disappeared from their original positions in the PAGE profile. Instead a new peptide(s) with molecular weight of 4000--6000 was found in which hydrophobic amino-acids were enriched. Crosslinking by dimethyl-3.3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) made the virus resistent to solubilization of the envelope proteins by TX-100. This could be interpreted by the formation of a dense envelope protein network around the nucleocapsid preventing its liberation by TX-100. Some data however indicate that direct crosslinking of at least one of the envelope proteins with the core cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Protease treatment and chemical crosslinking of a flavivirus: tick borne encephalitis virus. Tick-borne encephalitis virus was treated with pronase or thermolysin. The resulting particles were banded in sucrose gradients and analyzed for polypeptide composition. Both enzymes caused a reduction in particle density from 1.19 to 1.15--1.16 g/cm3. No loss of viral lipid or nucleic acid could be observed. SDS-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis showed that only the core protein V2 was unchanged whereas the envelope proteins V3 and V1 had disappeared from their original positions in the PAGE profile. Instead a new peptide(s) with molecular weight of 4000--6000 was found in which hydrophobic amino-acids were enriched. Crosslinking by dimethyl-3.3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) made the virus resistent to solubilization of the envelope proteins by TX-100. This could be interpreted by the formation of a dense envelope protein network around the nucleocapsid preventing its liberation by TX-100. Some data however indicate that direct crosslinking of at least one of the envelope proteins with the core cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 508094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7626", "title": "[Fascia canals of the greater sciatic foramen and their practical importance].", "content": "Fasciae and fat tissue spaces in the gluteal region, topography of the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina have been studied by means of a complex anatomical experimental technique. The suprapiriform foramen should be considered as a fascialosseous canal, as it is 4-4.5 cm long and 0.6-1.0 cm wide. It is formed by the upper margin of the greater sciatic notch covered with a thin fascia, fasciae of the gluteal and piriform muscles and the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia. The proper fascial vaginae of the upper gluteal vessels and nerves are adhered to fascial walls of the canal. This peculiarity is used for the method of ligation of the superior gluteal artery within the limits of the suprapiriform canal. The infrapiriform foramen is either narrow or wide enough (up to 2.0 cm in diameter). Inferior gluteal vessels at the level of the sacrospinous ligament go from the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia into the duplicature of the deeper layer of musculus gluteus maximus. The inferior gluteal nerve, above the lower margin of the piriform muscle, ajoining the vessels gets into the fissure of the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia, under the lower margin neurovascular fasciculus also goes through the fissure of the pelvic fascial parietal layer, downward and parallel to the inferior gluteal vessels. The knowledge of possible ways of connections through the canals of the greater sciatic foramen, fat tissue spaces at the subperitoneal level of the small pelvis and the gluteal region is of great practical value.", "contents": "[Fascia canals of the greater sciatic foramen and their practical importance]. Fasciae and fat tissue spaces in the gluteal region, topography of the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina have been studied by means of a complex anatomical experimental technique. The suprapiriform foramen should be considered as a fascialosseous canal, as it is 4-4.5 cm long and 0.6-1.0 cm wide. It is formed by the upper margin of the greater sciatic notch covered with a thin fascia, fasciae of the gluteal and piriform muscles and the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia. The proper fascial vaginae of the upper gluteal vessels and nerves are adhered to fascial walls of the canal. This peculiarity is used for the method of ligation of the superior gluteal artery within the limits of the suprapiriform canal. The infrapiriform foramen is either narrow or wide enough (up to 2.0 cm in diameter). Inferior gluteal vessels at the level of the sacrospinous ligament go from the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia into the duplicature of the deeper layer of musculus gluteus maximus. The inferior gluteal nerve, above the lower margin of the piriform muscle, ajoining the vessels gets into the fissure of the parietal layer of the pelvic fascia, under the lower margin neurovascular fasciculus also goes through the fissure of the pelvic fascial parietal layer, downward and parallel to the inferior gluteal vessels. The knowledge of possible ways of connections through the canals of the greater sciatic foramen, fat tissue spaces at the subperitoneal level of the small pelvis and the gluteal region is of great practical value.", "PMID": 508096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7627", "title": "[Feed value of straw materials in the in vitro system. 3. Measurement of in vitro protein synthesis on the basis of the incorporation of 15N in the TCA-precipitable fraction of rumen fluid].", "content": "For several reasons the utilisation of 15N for the characterisation of the microbial protein synthesis in the artificial rumen seems to be, in contrast to the incorporation of 35S, not very suitable in order to characterise the feed value of straw materials.", "contents": "[Feed value of straw materials in the in vitro system. 3. Measurement of in vitro protein synthesis on the basis of the incorporation of 15N in the TCA-precipitable fraction of rumen fluid]. For several reasons the utilisation of 15N for the characterisation of the microbial protein synthesis in the artificial rumen seems to be, in contrast to the incorporation of 35S, not very suitable in order to characterise the feed value of straw materials.", "PMID": 508091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7628", "title": "[Differentiation of mesothelial cells during their reparative regeneration].", "content": "The investigation on regenerative processes of mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum was performed in 120 white mice under the effect of certain irritants producing lesions various in depth and intensity. Nuclear-cytoplasmic relations and ultramicroscopic cellular rearrangement were studied during the process of differentiation of the mesothelial regenerate. Two periods of the regenerative process are stated and it is demonstrated that rearrangement of the mesothelial cells and the mode of their division depend on intensity of the lesions. When the peritoneal lesion is severe, at the first stages of regeneration (the 1st period) rearrangement of cells towards their hypertrophy and increased functional activity is predominant in the mesothelium. Further (the 2d period), the number of mitotically dividing cells is increasing in the mesothelial regenerate and in rearrangement of the mesothelial cells the processes connected with a partial loss of their signs of specialization predominate. The transition from one period into another is gradual and duration of each depends on intensity of the lesion.", "contents": "[Differentiation of mesothelial cells during their reparative regeneration]. The investigation on regenerative processes of mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum was performed in 120 white mice under the effect of certain irritants producing lesions various in depth and intensity. Nuclear-cytoplasmic relations and ultramicroscopic cellular rearrangement were studied during the process of differentiation of the mesothelial regenerate. Two periods of the regenerative process are stated and it is demonstrated that rearrangement of the mesothelial cells and the mode of their division depend on intensity of the lesions. When the peritoneal lesion is severe, at the first stages of regeneration (the 1st period) rearrangement of cells towards their hypertrophy and increased functional activity is predominant in the mesothelium. Further (the 2d period), the number of mitotically dividing cells is increasing in the mesothelial regenerate and in rearrangement of the mesothelial cells the processes connected with a partial loss of their signs of specialization predominate. The transition from one period into another is gradual and duration of each depends on intensity of the lesion.", "PMID": 508097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7629", "title": "[Information of the structuro-functional characteristics of sympathetic afferents].", "content": "Visceral nerves have a lot of sensitive conductors of double nature. One of them are presented by dendrites of pseudounipolar cells of cerebrospinal nodes, others - in the form of amyelinic (or, sometimes, fine myelinic) fibres - are axons of peripheral sensitive neurons (of the IId Dogil's type). By means of experimental morphological and electrod physiological analyses performed in 36 dogs, a possible connection of intraenteric neurons of the IId Dogiel's type with the spinal cord is demonstrated, at least with in the level of 5-10 thoracic segments. The centripetal fibres from the jejunum go together with the intestinal, coeliac nerves, intranodular, white and grey connective branches of the sympathetic trunk and, further - with posterior and anterior roots of the cerebrospinal nerves. The coeliac nerves serve as an important collector of the sympathetic afferents along their way from the peritoneal cavity. A part of axons of the peripheral sensitive neurons end in presynaptic buds of a terminal type on the motoneurons in the prevertebral (coeliac plexus) and the paravertebral (thoracic sympathetic trunk) sympathetic ganglia accepting the positoin of the afferent link in the systems of extracentral reflex arcs. Owing to this sign, sensitive cells of the IId Dogiel's type are justly named \"sympathetic afferent neurons\". Elements of the peripheral (sympathetic) afferent system are remarkable for their diffuse localization, that is corroborated by: an extreme dispersity of trophic centers (cells of the IId Dogiel' type); their axons form synapses with motor cells of numerous and sometimes unstable, individually changeable sympathetic ganglia; transfer of the centripetal sensitive fibres into the spinal cord via posterior and anterior roots.", "contents": "[Information of the structuro-functional characteristics of sympathetic afferents]. Visceral nerves have a lot of sensitive conductors of double nature. One of them are presented by dendrites of pseudounipolar cells of cerebrospinal nodes, others - in the form of amyelinic (or, sometimes, fine myelinic) fibres - are axons of peripheral sensitive neurons (of the IId Dogil's type). By means of experimental morphological and electrod physiological analyses performed in 36 dogs, a possible connection of intraenteric neurons of the IId Dogiel's type with the spinal cord is demonstrated, at least with in the level of 5-10 thoracic segments. The centripetal fibres from the jejunum go together with the intestinal, coeliac nerves, intranodular, white and grey connective branches of the sympathetic trunk and, further - with posterior and anterior roots of the cerebrospinal nerves. The coeliac nerves serve as an important collector of the sympathetic afferents along their way from the peritoneal cavity. A part of axons of the peripheral sensitive neurons end in presynaptic buds of a terminal type on the motoneurons in the prevertebral (coeliac plexus) and the paravertebral (thoracic sympathetic trunk) sympathetic ganglia accepting the positoin of the afferent link in the systems of extracentral reflex arcs. Owing to this sign, sensitive cells of the IId Dogiel's type are justly named \"sympathetic afferent neurons\". Elements of the peripheral (sympathetic) afferent system are remarkable for their diffuse localization, that is corroborated by: an extreme dispersity of trophic centers (cells of the IId Dogiel' type); their axons form synapses with motor cells of numerous and sometimes unstable, individually changeable sympathetic ganglia; transfer of the centripetal sensitive fibres into the spinal cord via posterior and anterior roots.", "PMID": 508098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7630", "title": "[Effective factors for the reduced feed intake of milk cows fed with rations containing urea].", "content": "In two experiments with milk cows with permanent rumen fistula it was investigated whether, apart from urea being unpalatable, further physiologic parameters are responsible for the reduced feed intake. In experiment I the cows received 2, 3 resp 4% urea orally with barley coarse meal, or an equivalent amount was given continuously from the beginning of the feeding over a period of three hours through the fistula. When 2, 3 resp. 4% urea were given orally, the consumption went down in the first 30 min to 58, 52 resp. 40%. When urea was given rumenally, no depression of the consumption could be observed. There were distinct relations with the NH3-concentration in the rumen fluid. At 20 to 35 mg per 100 ml there was no resp. a slight depressioon only and at 40 mg a significant depression. When the concentration rose to greater than 50 mg, consumption was stopped. In experiment II the rumenal application of urea began two hours before the feeding. The high NH3-level shortly after the beginning of feeding (58 mg/100 ml) caused a stop in the feed consumption. No relation could be observed between the urea concentration in veinous blood and the feed intake.", "contents": "[Effective factors for the reduced feed intake of milk cows fed with rations containing urea]. In two experiments with milk cows with permanent rumen fistula it was investigated whether, apart from urea being unpalatable, further physiologic parameters are responsible for the reduced feed intake. In experiment I the cows received 2, 3 resp 4% urea orally with barley coarse meal, or an equivalent amount was given continuously from the beginning of the feeding over a period of three hours through the fistula. When 2, 3 resp. 4% urea were given orally, the consumption went down in the first 30 min to 58, 52 resp. 40%. When urea was given rumenally, no depression of the consumption could be observed. There were distinct relations with the NH3-concentration in the rumen fluid. At 20 to 35 mg per 100 ml there was no resp. a slight depressioon only and at 40 mg a significant depression. When the concentration rose to greater than 50 mg, consumption was stopped. In experiment II the rumenal application of urea began two hours before the feeding. The high NH3-level shortly after the beginning of feeding (58 mg/100 ml) caused a stop in the feed consumption. No relation could be observed between the urea concentration in veinous blood and the feed intake.", "PMID": 508090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7631", "title": "[Reaction between the mechanocytes of hematopoietic organs in collagen gel].", "content": "Interactions between stromal mechanocytes of hemopoietic organs were studied at their cultivation in three-dimentional collagen gel. It was demonstrated that cellular cords appearing between fibroblast colonies and between fragments of hemopoietic organs are of fibroblastic nature. They are not resulted from organic or specific peculiarities, or from discharge of substances attracting fibroblasts. A linear dependence between the amount of fibrorow or spleen was noted. Fibroblast colonies formed by the hamster bone marrow and splenic cells, as well as by passaged fibroblasts of the guinea pig bone marrow were obtained. In order to form colonies by the passaged fibroblasts it is necessary to add of irradiated cells. Its effect, besides the medium conditioning, is evidently, in restriction of fibroblast mobility in collagen gel.", "contents": "[Reaction between the mechanocytes of hematopoietic organs in collagen gel]. Interactions between stromal mechanocytes of hemopoietic organs were studied at their cultivation in three-dimentional collagen gel. It was demonstrated that cellular cords appearing between fibroblast colonies and between fragments of hemopoietic organs are of fibroblastic nature. They are not resulted from organic or specific peculiarities, or from discharge of substances attracting fibroblasts. A linear dependence between the amount of fibrorow or spleen was noted. Fibroblast colonies formed by the hamster bone marrow and splenic cells, as well as by passaged fibroblasts of the guinea pig bone marrow were obtained. In order to form colonies by the passaged fibroblasts it is necessary to add of irradiated cells. Its effect, besides the medium conditioning, is evidently, in restriction of fibroblast mobility in collagen gel.", "PMID": 508099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7632", "title": "Pseudostereoscopic illusion caused by interhemispheric temporal disparity: clinical and experimental observations.", "content": "An extension of Pulfrich's pseudostereoscopic illusion to a situation without interocular disparity, ie, even under purely monocular circumstances, was clinically observed and experimentally produced. The perceived distortion of the movement of a swinging pendulum was found to depend on different combinations of interhemispheric disparity induced by selective prolongation of the conduction time from the nasal or temporal retina to the corresponding hemisphere. In patients, tumor pressure caused the slower conduction time. In normal subjects, neutral density filters covering different visual fields produced similar conduction delays under experimental conditions. Recording the visually evoked response from over each hemisphere provided an objective tool for demonstration and measurement of interhemispheric differences of retinocortical conduction times in various clinical and experimental setups.", "contents": "Pseudostereoscopic illusion caused by interhemispheric temporal disparity: clinical and experimental observations. An extension of Pulfrich's pseudostereoscopic illusion to a situation without interocular disparity, ie, even under purely monocular circumstances, was clinically observed and experimentally produced. The perceived distortion of the movement of a swinging pendulum was found to depend on different combinations of interhemispheric disparity induced by selective prolongation of the conduction time from the nasal or temporal retina to the corresponding hemisphere. In patients, tumor pressure caused the slower conduction time. In normal subjects, neutral density filters covering different visual fields produced similar conduction delays under experimental conditions. Recording the visually evoked response from over each hemisphere provided an objective tool for demonstration and measurement of interhemispheric differences of retinocortical conduction times in various clinical and experimental setups.", "PMID": 508120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7633", "title": "Identifying epileptic foci on contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic scans.", "content": "There is a statistically significant association between lateralization of interictal epileptic foci and lateralization of numerical changes between enhanced and unenhanced grossly normal computerized tomographic (CT) scans in the area of the suspected focus. This CT change, lateralized to the side of the focus compared to the homologous opposite brain, is a relative increase in CT values after enhancement. This change is seen in both right or left frontal and temporal foci, and is independent of the time of the last seizure, but is not reliably present if there is a gross abnormality on the CT scan. The technique provides additional evidence of lateralization in epileptic patients without clearly lateralized EEG findings.", "contents": "Identifying epileptic foci on contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic scans. There is a statistically significant association between lateralization of interictal epileptic foci and lateralization of numerical changes between enhanced and unenhanced grossly normal computerized tomographic (CT) scans in the area of the suspected focus. This CT change, lateralized to the side of the focus compared to the homologous opposite brain, is a relative increase in CT values after enhancement. This change is seen in both right or left frontal and temporal foci, and is independent of the time of the last seizure, but is not reliably present if there is a gross abnormality on the CT scan. The technique provides additional evidence of lateralization in epileptic patients without clearly lateralized EEG findings.", "PMID": 508121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7634", "title": "Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release in epileptic patients.", "content": "Oral taurine at doses of 375 to 8,000 mg/day (16 to 150 mg/kg/day) was administered to six patients with mixed seizure disorders refractory to standard anticonvulsant treatment. No improvement in seizure control was observed. During taurine tolerance testing, a substantial rise in plasma growth hormone concentration was noted in four of the six patients. Mean baseline concentrations of 3.0 +/- 2.3 and 1.3 +/- 0.9 ng/mL were increased to mean peak concentrations of 17.1 +/- 2.4 (P less than .005) and 20.4 +/- 5.1 ng/mL (P less  than .025), respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration was also noted to be higher in two of three patients two weeks after initiation of tauerine. Initial HVA concentrations of 20.3 and 28.2 ng/mL increased to 37.2 and 54.2 ng/mL, respectively. The possible effect of taurine on central dopaminergic mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release in epileptic patients. Oral taurine at doses of 375 to 8,000 mg/day (16 to 150 mg/kg/day) was administered to six patients with mixed seizure disorders refractory to standard anticonvulsant treatment. No improvement in seizure control was observed. During taurine tolerance testing, a substantial rise in plasma growth hormone concentration was noted in four of the six patients. Mean baseline concentrations of 3.0 +/- 2.3 and 1.3 +/- 0.9 ng/mL were increased to mean peak concentrations of 17.1 +/- 2.4 (P less than .005) and 20.4 +/- 5.1 ng/mL (P less  than .025), respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration was also noted to be higher in two of three patients two weeks after initiation of tauerine. Initial HVA concentrations of 20.3 and 28.2 ng/mL increased to 37.2 and 54.2 ng/mL, respectively. The possible effect of taurine on central dopaminergic mechanisms is discussed.", "PMID": 508122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7635", "title": "Unilateral visual loss in bright light. An unusual symptom of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "content": "Five patients with carotid artery occlusive disease had unilateral visual loss in bright light. All five had reduced retinal artery pressure on the side of the visual loss, and arteriograms showed either an occlusion or a high-grade stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Unilateral visual loss in bright light may indicate ipsilateral carotid artery occlusive disease and may reflect the inability of borderline circulation to sustain the increased retinal metabolic activity associated with exposure to bright light.", "contents": "Unilateral visual loss in bright light. An unusual symptom of carotid artery occlusive disease. Five patients with carotid artery occlusive disease had unilateral visual loss in bright light. All five had reduced retinal artery pressure on the side of the visual loss, and arteriograms showed either an occlusion or a high-grade stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Unilateral visual loss in bright light may indicate ipsilateral carotid artery occlusive disease and may reflect the inability of borderline circulation to sustain the increased retinal metabolic activity associated with exposure to bright light.", "PMID": 508123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7636", "title": "Spontaneous internal carotid dissection, hemicrania, and Horner's syndrome.", "content": "We describe five patients with angiographic features of dissecting aneurysm of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery who were seen initially with unilateral headaches and ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis. This combination of symptoms is a rather common mode of manifestation of this entity.", "contents": "Spontaneous internal carotid dissection, hemicrania, and Horner's syndrome. We describe five patients with angiographic features of dissecting aneurysm of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery who were seen initially with unilateral headaches and ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis. This combination of symptoms is a rather common mode of manifestation of this entity.", "PMID": 508124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7637", "title": "Effect of intracerebral vasculitis on regional cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the xenon 133-inhalation method in a 40-year-old man during an acute exacerbation of intracranial vasculitis. Neurologic function was quantitated by the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological test battery. The patient was also studied during remission that was induced by steroid therapy. Vasculitis produced a diffuse encephalopathy with generalized reduction in cerebral blood flow. During remission, only local symptoms secondary to a small cerebral infarction remained and regional cerebral blood flow returned to the normal range. There seems to be a close correlation between the severity of symptoms in cerebral vasculitis and reduction of flow through diseased vessels.", "contents": "Effect of intracerebral vasculitis on regional cerebral blood flow. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the xenon 133-inhalation method in a 40-year-old man during an acute exacerbation of intracranial vasculitis. Neurologic function was quantitated by the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological test battery. The patient was also studied during remission that was induced by steroid therapy. Vasculitis produced a diffuse encephalopathy with generalized reduction in cerebral blood flow. During remission, only local symptoms secondary to a small cerebral infarction remained and regional cerebral blood flow returned to the normal range. There seems to be a close correlation between the severity of symptoms in cerebral vasculitis and reduction of flow through diseased vessels.", "PMID": 508125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7638", "title": "Retinal hemorrhages. Its significance in 100 patients with acute encephalopathy of unknown cause.", "content": "A total of 94 patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and it was strongly suspected in the remaining six patients. Acute encephalopathy associated with independent ocular hemorrhage due to hypoxia, multiple emboli, or bleeding tendencies was not a diagnostic problem during this study. Aneurysms occurred in 64 patients (combined with vascular malformations in four), isolated vascular malformations in four; \"spontaneous\" hematomas in 13, evidence of cryptic head trauma in six, hemorrhage from a glioblastoma in one, and no cause was identified in six patients. Retinal hemorrhages were more prominent ipsilateral to the site of intracranial bleeding. No single aneurysm location predominated and multiple aneurysms were common. The high mortality of 56% supports previous conclusions that retinal hemorrhages tend to accompany severe intracranial bleeding.", "contents": "Retinal hemorrhages. Its significance in 100 patients with acute encephalopathy of unknown cause. A total of 94 patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and it was strongly suspected in the remaining six patients. Acute encephalopathy associated with independent ocular hemorrhage due to hypoxia, multiple emboli, or bleeding tendencies was not a diagnostic problem during this study. Aneurysms occurred in 64 patients (combined with vascular malformations in four), isolated vascular malformations in four; \"spontaneous\" hematomas in 13, evidence of cryptic head trauma in six, hemorrhage from a glioblastoma in one, and no cause was identified in six patients. Retinal hemorrhages were more prominent ipsilateral to the site of intracranial bleeding. No single aneurysm location predominated and multiple aneurysms were common. The high mortality of 56% supports previous conclusions that retinal hemorrhages tend to accompany severe intracranial bleeding.", "PMID": 508126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7639", "title": "Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis.", "content": "In a controlled trial of amitriptyline hydrochloride in migraine prophylaxis, 100 patients received placebo for a four-week baseline period and then were randomized in double-blind fashion to therapy with amitriptyline (47 subjects) or placebo (53 subjects) for another four to eight weeks. Subjects received up to four 25-mg tablets of amitriptyline hydrochloride or identical placebo per day. Comparing the first and second four-week periods for each patient, the conditions of 55.3% of amitriptyline subjects as opposed to 34.0% of placebo subjects were greater than or equal to 50% improved and the difference between amitriptyline and placebo response rates was significant (P less than .05). Nondepressed subjects with severe migraine and depressed subjects with less severe migraine responded best to amitriptyline, whereas depressed subjects with severe migraine had little headache relief. Amitritryline is an effective antimigraine agent and the antimigraine effect seems relatively independent of antidepressant activity.", "contents": "Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis. In a controlled trial of amitriptyline hydrochloride in migraine prophylaxis, 100 patients received placebo for a four-week baseline period and then were randomized in double-blind fashion to therapy with amitriptyline (47 subjects) or placebo (53 subjects) for another four to eight weeks. Subjects received up to four 25-mg tablets of amitriptyline hydrochloride or identical placebo per day. Comparing the first and second four-week periods for each patient, the conditions of 55.3% of amitriptyline subjects as opposed to 34.0% of placebo subjects were greater than or equal to 50% improved and the difference between amitriptyline and placebo response rates was significant (P less than .05). Nondepressed subjects with severe migraine and depressed subjects with less severe migraine responded best to amitriptyline, whereas depressed subjects with severe migraine had little headache relief. Amitritryline is an effective antimigraine agent and the antimigraine effect seems relatively independent of antidepressant activity.", "PMID": 508127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7640", "title": "Biphasic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A young man with episodes characteristic of familial normokalemic periodic paralysis was restudied after a change in the nature of his attacks. He now has spontaneously occurring and provokable episodes of both hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralyses that are superimposed on a persistent myopathy. Hypokalemia seems to be associated with facilitated entry of glucose and potassium into muscles, whereas resistance to glucose and potassium entry accompanies hyperkalemia. The possibility that episodes of both hypokalemic and hyperkalemic weaknesses can occur in one person should be considered in pathogenic postulates regarding periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Biphasic periodic paralysis. A young man with episodes characteristic of familial normokalemic periodic paralysis was restudied after a change in the nature of his attacks. He now has spontaneously occurring and provokable episodes of both hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralyses that are superimposed on a persistent myopathy. Hypokalemia seems to be associated with facilitated entry of glucose and potassium into muscles, whereas resistance to glucose and potassium entry accompanies hyperkalemia. The possibility that episodes of both hypokalemic and hyperkalemic weaknesses can occur in one person should be considered in pathogenic postulates regarding periodic paralysis.", "PMID": 508128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7641", "title": "Asterixis in focal brain lesions.", "content": "Asterixis was observed in 20 cases of focal brain lesions. Metabolic or toxic factors were excluded. An electromyogram study of asterixis was carried out in nine cases to establish the diagnosis. The site of the focal lesion was either parietal or mesencephalic and was always contralateral to the asterixis. \"Focal asterixis\" could result from a dysfunction of the sensorimotor integration in the parietal lobe and the midbrain.", "contents": "Asterixis in focal brain lesions. Asterixis was observed in 20 cases of focal brain lesions. Metabolic or toxic factors were excluded. An electromyogram study of asterixis was carried out in nine cases to establish the diagnosis. The site of the focal lesion was either parietal or mesencephalic and was always contralateral to the asterixis. \"Focal asterixis\" could result from a dysfunction of the sensorimotor integration in the parietal lobe and the midbrain.", "PMID": 508129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7642", "title": "Quadriparesis and nuclear oculomotor palsy with total bilateral ptosis mimicking coma: a mesencephalic 'locked-in syndrome\"?", "content": "Upper lid and vertical eye movements are usually preserved in patients with the \"locked-in\" syndrome, a condition manifested by anarthria, spastic quadriparesis, and intact mental function, and caused by lesions in the ventral portion of the pons. We describe a presumed mesencephalic \"locked-in\" syndrome in a patient who had total bilateral ptosis at the onset of his disease and later on experienced complete bilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis.", "contents": "Quadriparesis and nuclear oculomotor palsy with total bilateral ptosis mimicking coma: a mesencephalic 'locked-in syndrome\"? Upper lid and vertical eye movements are usually preserved in patients with the \"locked-in\" syndrome, a condition manifested by anarthria, spastic quadriparesis, and intact mental function, and caused by lesions in the ventral portion of the pons. We describe a presumed mesencephalic \"locked-in\" syndrome in a patient who had total bilateral ptosis at the onset of his disease and later on experienced complete bilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis.", "PMID": 508130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7643", "title": "Basal ganglia calcification in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.", "content": "The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) appears to be a distinctive disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, heart block, and elevated CSF protein levels. Recent reports have suggested that abnormalities of muscle mitochondria may also be a consistent finding in KSS. We recently examined a patient with KSS whose skeletal muscle contained abnormal mitochondria. In addition, a computerized tomographic scan of the head showed cerebellar and brain stem atrophy, as well as calcification in the region of the basal ganglia.", "contents": "Basal ganglia calcification in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) appears to be a distinctive disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, heart block, and elevated CSF protein levels. Recent reports have suggested that abnormalities of muscle mitochondria may also be a consistent finding in KSS. We recently examined a patient with KSS whose skeletal muscle contained abnormal mitochondria. In addition, a computerized tomographic scan of the head showed cerebellar and brain stem atrophy, as well as calcification in the region of the basal ganglia.", "PMID": 508131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7644", "title": "Trial of baclofen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "A trial of the antispastic drug baclofen was made in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Some patients noted reduction of tonus and spasticity; but others had no benefit, nor was the course of the disease altered by long-term administration of baclofen. No major side effects occurred.", "contents": "Trial of baclofen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A trial of the antispastic drug baclofen was made in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Some patients noted reduction of tonus and spasticity; but others had no benefit, nor was the course of the disease altered by long-term administration of baclofen. No major side effects occurred.", "PMID": 508132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7645", "title": "Primary glioblastoma of the pineal gland.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman had Parinaud's syndrome, difficulty in walking, and dementia. A diagnosis of pineal tumor was based on clinical as well as arteriographic and computerized tomography findings. At operation, the tumor was found to be limited to the pineal gland. Histologically, it had the features of a classical glioblastoma.", "contents": "Primary glioblastoma of the pineal gland. A 68-year-old woman had Parinaud's syndrome, difficulty in walking, and dementia. A diagnosis of pineal tumor was based on clinical as well as arteriographic and computerized tomography findings. At operation, the tumor was found to be limited to the pineal gland. Histologically, it had the features of a classical glioblastoma.", "PMID": 508133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7646", "title": "Sciatic nerve entrapment by pentazocine-induced muscle fibrosis: a case report.", "content": "A progressive bilateral sciatic neuropathy appeared in a 52-year-old man as an unusual complication of pentazocine-induced muscle fibrosis. Surgical neurolysis showed that the sciatic nerves were firmly compressed by large fibrous bands involving the entire gluteal musculature.", "contents": "Sciatic nerve entrapment by pentazocine-induced muscle fibrosis: a case report. A progressive bilateral sciatic neuropathy appeared in a 52-year-old man as an unusual complication of pentazocine-induced muscle fibrosis. Surgical neurolysis showed that the sciatic nerves were firmly compressed by large fibrous bands involving the entire gluteal musculature.", "PMID": 508134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7647", "title": "Cerebral mucormycosis: an unusual case.", "content": "A 36-year-old obese woman with hyperglycemia and immunosuppression died of bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion associated with mucormycosis. This report describes a rare case in which cerebral mucormycosis occurred without the usual preceding clinical evidence of nasal and orbital infection.", "contents": "Cerebral mucormycosis: an unusual case. A 36-year-old obese woman with hyperglycemia and immunosuppression died of bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion associated with mucormycosis. This report describes a rare case in which cerebral mucormycosis occurred without the usual preceding clinical evidence of nasal and orbital infection.", "PMID": 508135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7648", "title": "Brainstem auditory-evoked responses. Normal variation as a function of stimulus and subject characteristics.", "content": "Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs) were elicited from 64 neurologically and audiometrically normal adults and 77 normal, full-term neonates with broadband rarefaction or condensation clicks at sensation levels (hearing levels in neonates) of 30 to 70 dB and at rates of ten and 80 clicks per second. In addition to the known effects of rate, previously unrecognized effects of acoustic phase and stimulus intensity on BAER interpeak latencies (IPLs), and an interaction of all three stimulus parameters, were found. Stimulus characteristics, age, and sex can account for much of the inter- and intrasubject variability of BAER IPLs and morphology. The BAER effects of many of these variables and their interactions have not been appreciated in clinical applications of BAER. Recognition and control of such reducible, methodological sources of BAER variability will enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the test in neurologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Brainstem auditory-evoked responses. Normal variation as a function of stimulus and subject characteristics. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs) were elicited from 64 neurologically and audiometrically normal adults and 77 normal, full-term neonates with broadband rarefaction or condensation clicks at sensation levels (hearing levels in neonates) of 30 to 70 dB and at rates of ten and 80 clicks per second. In addition to the known effects of rate, previously unrecognized effects of acoustic phase and stimulus intensity on BAER interpeak latencies (IPLs), and an interaction of all three stimulus parameters, were found. Stimulus characteristics, age, and sex can account for much of the inter- and intrasubject variability of BAER IPLs and morphology. The BAER effects of many of these variables and their interactions have not been appreciated in clinical applications of BAER. Recognition and control of such reducible, methodological sources of BAER variability will enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the test in neurologic diagnosis.", "PMID": 508145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7649", "title": "Phenytoin and carbamazepine in production of cleft palates in mice. Comparison of teratogenic effects.", "content": "The teratogenic activity of two anticonvulsant drugs, phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine, was studied in pregnant mice fed phenytoin and carbamazepine during days 8 to 13. Incidence of palatal defects and other abnormalities correlated with increasing dosages and blood levels of the drugs. Phenytoin produced a much higher incidence of teratogenic effects than carbamazepine.", "contents": "Phenytoin and carbamazepine in production of cleft palates in mice. Comparison of teratogenic effects. The teratogenic activity of two anticonvulsant drugs, phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine, was studied in pregnant mice fed phenytoin and carbamazepine during days 8 to 13. Incidence of palatal defects and other abnormalities correlated with increasing dosages and blood levels of the drugs. Phenytoin produced a much higher incidence of teratogenic effects than carbamazepine.", "PMID": 508146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7650", "title": "Facial recognition in patients with focal brain lesions.", "content": "The performances of patients with radiologically or surgically verified focal lesions on a test requiring the identification of unfamiliar faces were investigated. Nonaphasic patients with posterior right hemisphere lesions and aphasic patients with substantial impairment in language comprehension showed a notably high frequency of defect. The frequency of defective performance in nonaphasic patients with right anterior lesions was higher than normal but less than that of the previously mentioned groups. Nonaphasic patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasic patients without substantial impairment in language comprehension performed on a level comparable with that of control subjects. It is concluded that the identification of unfamiliar faces is a bihemispheric process, possibly involving linguistic as well as visuoperceptive components.", "contents": "Facial recognition in patients with focal brain lesions. The performances of patients with radiologically or surgically verified focal lesions on a test requiring the identification of unfamiliar faces were investigated. Nonaphasic patients with posterior right hemisphere lesions and aphasic patients with substantial impairment in language comprehension showed a notably high frequency of defect. The frequency of defective performance in nonaphasic patients with right anterior lesions was higher than normal but less than that of the previously mentioned groups. Nonaphasic patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasic patients without substantial impairment in language comprehension performed on a level comparable with that of control subjects. It is concluded that the identification of unfamiliar faces is a bihemispheric process, possibly involving linguistic as well as visuoperceptive components.", "PMID": 508147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7651", "title": "Adult polysaccharidosis. Clinicopathological, ultrastructural, and biochemical features.", "content": "An abnormal polysaccharide in the form of cytoplasmic spheroids was found in the nervous system and systemic organs of a man with a progressive neurological disorder characterized by onset at 47 years of age, severe weakness, sensory loss, and dementia. Results of biochemical analysis showed a marked increase in brain and heart polysaccharide that was resistant to digestion by a mixture of glucosidases and that exhibited an iodine-complex spectrum higher than that of normal glyocgen. Results of histochemical studies were consistent with the results of biochemical analysis and further defined the branching characteristics of the stored polysaccharide. Electron microscopy showed the cytoplasmic location of the spheroids, which were granular and filamentous.", "contents": "Adult polysaccharidosis. Clinicopathological, ultrastructural, and biochemical features. An abnormal polysaccharide in the form of cytoplasmic spheroids was found in the nervous system and systemic organs of a man with a progressive neurological disorder characterized by onset at 47 years of age, severe weakness, sensory loss, and dementia. Results of biochemical analysis showed a marked increase in brain and heart polysaccharide that was resistant to digestion by a mixture of glucosidases and that exhibited an iodine-complex spectrum higher than that of normal glyocgen. Results of histochemical studies were consistent with the results of biochemical analysis and further defined the branching characteristics of the stored polysaccharide. Electron microscopy showed the cytoplasmic location of the spheroids, which were granular and filamentous.", "PMID": 508148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7652", "title": "Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with neurological lesions.", "content": "Short latency somatosensory potentials following median nerve stimulation were recorded in patients grouped according to anatomic location of neurological lesion. Patients with cerebral lesions causing severe sensory deficit lacked a major positive wave of cortical origin that in normal subjects peaked at a mean latency of 20.5 ms. Patients with severe cervical spinal cord disease lacked all of the normal somatosensory response except for the earliest component attributed to peripheral nerve activity. Patients with brain-stem lesions showed delayed latencies of later waves and prolonged interwave latencies. However, auditory evoked potentials measured in the group with brain-stem lesions were more helpful in localization. Analysis of short latency somatosensory potentials can discriminate between peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain-stem, and cerebral lesions. Further experience and refinement of technique of measurement should increase the value of this procedure.", "contents": "Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with neurological lesions. Short latency somatosensory potentials following median nerve stimulation were recorded in patients grouped according to anatomic location of neurological lesion. Patients with cerebral lesions causing severe sensory deficit lacked a major positive wave of cortical origin that in normal subjects peaked at a mean latency of 20.5 ms. Patients with severe cervical spinal cord disease lacked all of the normal somatosensory response except for the earliest component attributed to peripheral nerve activity. Patients with brain-stem lesions showed delayed latencies of later waves and prolonged interwave latencies. However, auditory evoked potentials measured in the group with brain-stem lesions were more helpful in localization. Analysis of short latency somatosensory potentials can discriminate between peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain-stem, and cerebral lesions. Further experience and refinement of technique of measurement should increase the value of this procedure.", "PMID": 508149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7653", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in only one of identical twins. A seven-year follow-up.", "content": "We report a seven-year follow-up of identical twins, in one of whom subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) developed. Primary measles infection occurred simultaneous in both twins at age 4. The affected twin sustained a grade 1 closed head injury within six months of her primary measles infection. At age 13, SSPE was diagnosed following the onset of personality change and myoclonic seizures. Measles antibody level was elevated in the serum and CSF. After remaining in stage 2 for five years, rapid mental and neurological deterioration occurred. Measles antibody level remained elevated, and oligoclonal IgG was present in both serum and CSF. Results of neurological examination as well as virological and immunological tests were normal in the unaffected twin. Besides the occurrence of head injury, factors known to be associated with SSPE were not obviously different in the twins. We have been unable to determine a difference that would easily explain the occurrence of SSPE in only one of two identical twins.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in only one of identical twins. A seven-year follow-up. We report a seven-year follow-up of identical twins, in one of whom subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) developed. Primary measles infection occurred simultaneous in both twins at age 4. The affected twin sustained a grade 1 closed head injury within six months of her primary measles infection. At age 13, SSPE was diagnosed following the onset of personality change and myoclonic seizures. Measles antibody level was elevated in the serum and CSF. After remaining in stage 2 for five years, rapid mental and neurological deterioration occurred. Measles antibody level remained elevated, and oligoclonal IgG was present in both serum and CSF. Results of neurological examination as well as virological and immunological tests were normal in the unaffected twin. Besides the occurrence of head injury, factors known to be associated with SSPE were not obviously different in the twins. We have been unable to determine a difference that would easily explain the occurrence of SSPE in only one of two identical twins.", "PMID": 508150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7654", "title": "Myoclonus with electrocerebral silence in a patient receiving penicillin.", "content": "Multifocal myoclonus is a well-recognized complication of high doses of penicillin. In man, the site of origin of penicillin-induced myoclonus has not been clearly established, but there is evidence from animal studies that it may originate at a cortical, subcoritcal, or spinal level. We report a case of multifocal myoclonus occurring in a patient receiving large doses of penicillin. The myoclonus appeared when there was no clinical or EEG evidence of upper brain stem or cerebral function. The observations reported suggest that penicillin-induced myoclonus may occur in man and may originate at a caudal brain stem or spinal level.", "contents": "Myoclonus with electrocerebral silence in a patient receiving penicillin. Multifocal myoclonus is a well-recognized complication of high doses of penicillin. In man, the site of origin of penicillin-induced myoclonus has not been clearly established, but there is evidence from animal studies that it may originate at a cortical, subcoritcal, or spinal level. We report a case of multifocal myoclonus occurring in a patient receiving large doses of penicillin. The myoclonus appeared when there was no clinical or EEG evidence of upper brain stem or cerebral function. The observations reported suggest that penicillin-induced myoclonus may occur in man and may originate at a caudal brain stem or spinal level.", "PMID": 508151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7655", "title": "Bicycle ergometry and gas exchange measurements in neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Using bicycle ergometry with computerized respiratory gas exchange measurements, we compared exercise capacities in patients with various neuromuscular diseases to those in normal controls. As expected, male and female patients had significantly reduced maximum work capacities (kilopond-meters per minute per kilogram of body weight) and maximal oxygen consumptions. The oxygen cost of exercise was normal in the majority of patients, although some appeared to have abnormally high oxygen consumptions during exercise. Breathing patterns during exercise, particularly in regard to onset of hyperventilation, were similar in patients and controls.", "contents": "Bicycle ergometry and gas exchange measurements in neuromuscular diseases. Using bicycle ergometry with computerized respiratory gas exchange measurements, we compared exercise capacities in patients with various neuromuscular diseases to those in normal controls. As expected, male and female patients had significantly reduced maximum work capacities (kilopond-meters per minute per kilogram of body weight) and maximal oxygen consumptions. The oxygen cost of exercise was normal in the majority of patients, although some appeared to have abnormally high oxygen consumptions during exercise. Breathing patterns during exercise, particularly in regard to onset of hyperventilation, were similar in patients and controls.", "PMID": 508157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7656", "title": "Frequency-amplitude gradient: a new parameter for interpreting pediatric sleep EEGs.", "content": "We describe an EEG pattern in pediatric sleep records, called the frequency-amplitude gradient (FAG). This pattern is a progressive decrement in voltage from occipital to frontal areas, with an accompanying decrease in slow frequencies in the same posterior-anterior direction. We report the results of examining 100 sleep records of children between birth and 10 years of age, with a review of the clinical diagnoses. There is a positive correlation between the severity of illness and the presence or absence of FAG. Furthermore, acute illnesses appear to be associated with the transient loss of the FAG, and with its return to normal with clinical recovery. The presence or absence of a FAG should be incorporated into the criteria for determining the normality of pediatric sleep EEGs.", "contents": "Frequency-amplitude gradient: a new parameter for interpreting pediatric sleep EEGs. We describe an EEG pattern in pediatric sleep records, called the frequency-amplitude gradient (FAG). This pattern is a progressive decrement in voltage from occipital to frontal areas, with an accompanying decrease in slow frequencies in the same posterior-anterior direction. We report the results of examining 100 sleep records of children between birth and 10 years of age, with a review of the clinical diagnoses. There is a positive correlation between the severity of illness and the presence or absence of FAG. Furthermore, acute illnesses appear to be associated with the transient loss of the FAG, and with its return to normal with clinical recovery. The presence or absence of a FAG should be incorporated into the criteria for determining the normality of pediatric sleep EEGs.", "PMID": 508158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7657", "title": "Spongy degeneration of the CNS: an instance of the rare juvenile form.", "content": "To our knowledge, the juvenile form of spongy degeneration of the CNS (SD-CNS); van Bogaert-Bertrand disease) has been described previously only three times. We report the case of 21 1/4-year-old Japanese woman who was first seen at the age of 11 with growth retardation, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. Her progressive neurodegenerative disease included retinitis pigmentosa, blindness, partial deafness, cerebellar dysfunction, hyporeflexia, and muscle wasting. Simultaneous endocrine defects were diabetes mellitus and probable hyperaldosteronism. Heart block developed later. She died of bronchopneumonia. Autopsy showed CNS stigmas typical of spongy degeneration. Additional findings included peripheral nerve demyelination, neurogenic muscle atrophy, pituitary and pancreatic atrophy, right adrenal agenesis, and a left adrenal coritcal lipid-cell adenoma. To our knowledge, our patient was the oldest survivor, the first patient of Japanese ancestry, and had a unique concurrence of certain oculoendocrine defects.", "contents": "Spongy degeneration of the CNS: an instance of the rare juvenile form. To our knowledge, the juvenile form of spongy degeneration of the CNS (SD-CNS); van Bogaert-Bertrand disease) has been described previously only three times. We report the case of 21 1/4-year-old Japanese woman who was first seen at the age of 11 with growth retardation, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. Her progressive neurodegenerative disease included retinitis pigmentosa, blindness, partial deafness, cerebellar dysfunction, hyporeflexia, and muscle wasting. Simultaneous endocrine defects were diabetes mellitus and probable hyperaldosteronism. Heart block developed later. She died of bronchopneumonia. Autopsy showed CNS stigmas typical of spongy degeneration. Additional findings included peripheral nerve demyelination, neurogenic muscle atrophy, pituitary and pancreatic atrophy, right adrenal agenesis, and a left adrenal coritcal lipid-cell adenoma. To our knowledge, our patient was the oldest survivor, the first patient of Japanese ancestry, and had a unique concurrence of certain oculoendocrine defects.", "PMID": 508159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7658", "title": "Periodic EEG activity in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type).", "content": "Serial EEGs with early and progressive bilateral periodic activity were recorded from a patient with clinically \"atypical\" but pathologically confirmed subcoritcal arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type). This disease should be considered as a diagnostic possibility when periodic EEG activity is encountered, particularly when dementia, hypertension, and focal neurologic signs coexist. At times, white matter lesions may contribute to the production of periodic EEG activity.", "contents": "Periodic EEG activity in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type). Serial EEGs with early and progressive bilateral periodic activity were recorded from a patient with clinically \"atypical\" but pathologically confirmed subcoritcal arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type). This disease should be considered as a diagnostic possibility when periodic EEG activity is encountered, particularly when dementia, hypertension, and focal neurologic signs coexist. At times, white matter lesions may contribute to the production of periodic EEG activity.", "PMID": 508160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7659", "title": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: clinicopathological comparison with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Clinical and neuropathological observations in chronic, relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are reported and compared with data available for multiple sclerosis (MS). Clinical, relapsing EAE was found in 95 of 119 of the strain 13 and 22 of 57 of the Hartley guinea pigs immunized. Examination of the brains and spinal cords of the guinea pigs showed a high incidence of macroscopically visible, demyelinated plaques. The topographic distribution of lesions resembled a pattern similar to that described in MS. Microscopic features of the lesions consisted of perivenous inflammation, primary demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, and reactive gliosis. It is concluded that, with the exception of minor differences, the clinical and pathological alterations in chronic, relapsing EAE closely resemble those found in MS.", "contents": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: clinicopathological comparison with multiple sclerosis. Clinical and neuropathological observations in chronic, relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are reported and compared with data available for multiple sclerosis (MS). Clinical, relapsing EAE was found in 95 of 119 of the strain 13 and 22 of 57 of the Hartley guinea pigs immunized. Examination of the brains and spinal cords of the guinea pigs showed a high incidence of macroscopically visible, demyelinated plaques. The topographic distribution of lesions resembled a pattern similar to that described in MS. Microscopic features of the lesions consisted of perivenous inflammation, primary demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, and reactive gliosis. It is concluded that, with the exception of minor differences, the clinical and pathological alterations in chronic, relapsing EAE closely resemble those found in MS.", "PMID": 508161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7660", "title": "Effect of physostigmine on constructional and memory tasks in Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "We performed a double-blind study of the effect of physostigmine vs saline on the performance of memory and constructional tasks in a patient with probable Alzheimer's disease. On the days of physostigmine administration, a remarkable improvement in copying figures was observed. However, physostigmine administration had only a limited effect on memory performance. The results are interpreted in the context of recent biochemical studies of the brain in Alzheimer's disease, which suggest selective loss in the central cholinergic system.", "contents": "Effect of physostigmine on constructional and memory tasks in Alzheimer's disease. We performed a double-blind study of the effect of physostigmine vs saline on the performance of memory and constructional tasks in a patient with probable Alzheimer's disease. On the days of physostigmine administration, a remarkable improvement in copying figures was observed. However, physostigmine administration had only a limited effect on memory performance. The results are interpreted in the context of recent biochemical studies of the brain in Alzheimer's disease, which suggest selective loss in the central cholinergic system.", "PMID": 508162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7661", "title": "Delayed hyperbaric treatment of cerebral air embolism: report of a case.", "content": "A 23-year-old woman with Eisenmenger's complex had a cerebral air embolism with resultant severe neurologic impairment while undergoing phlebotomy for secondary polycythemia. She was treated with hyperbaric therapy 29 hours after the original accident with almost complete recovery of neurologic function.", "contents": "Delayed hyperbaric treatment of cerebral air embolism: report of a case. A 23-year-old woman with Eisenmenger's complex had a cerebral air embolism with resultant severe neurologic impairment while undergoing phlebotomy for secondary polycythemia. She was treated with hyperbaric therapy 29 hours after the original accident with almost complete recovery of neurologic function.", "PMID": 508163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7662", "title": "Apraxic agraphia with neglect-induced paragraphia.", "content": "Agraphia may result from the loss or unavailability of the memory of movements necessary to form written letters. For this mechanism to be invoked, it must first be demonstrated that there is no language deficit and that there is no disconnection between language and motor areas. A left-handed patient demonstrated bilateral agraphia and apraxia, but not aphasia, following a right parietal infarction. Preservation of the ability to type with the left hand demonstrated that the right hemisphere was not disconnected from language input. In addition, paragraphic errors while typing were shown to be secondary to left hemispatial neglect.", "contents": "Apraxic agraphia with neglect-induced paragraphia. Agraphia may result from the loss or unavailability of the memory of movements necessary to form written letters. For this mechanism to be invoked, it must first be demonstrated that there is no language deficit and that there is no disconnection between language and motor areas. A left-handed patient demonstrated bilateral agraphia and apraxia, but not aphasia, following a right parietal infarction. Preservation of the ability to type with the left hand demonstrated that the right hemisphere was not disconnected from language input. In addition, paragraphic errors while typing were shown to be secondary to left hemispatial neglect.", "PMID": 508164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7663", "title": "Unusual anomaly of the anterior cerebral artery: report of a case.", "content": "The rare occurrence of a low intracavernous internal carotid bifuraction is reported. The anterior cerebral blood supply emanated from this source. Two separate aneurysms at the bifurcation of the anomalous single anterior cerebral artery were operated on one year apart.", "contents": "Unusual anomaly of the anterior cerebral artery: report of a case. The rare occurrence of a low intracavernous internal carotid bifuraction is reported. The anterior cerebral blood supply emanated from this source. Two separate aneurysms at the bifurcation of the anomalous single anterior cerebral artery were operated on one year apart.", "PMID": 508165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7664", "title": "Paralysis of divergence in an adult with aqueductal stenosis: case report.", "content": "Paralysis of divergence was observed in an adult with membranous aqueductal stenosis. This association has not previously been reported, although the clinical syndrome of divergence paralysis has been described in several other neurologic disorders, which are reviewed. Recognition of the clinical syndrome of paralysis of divergence is important, since it may occur as an early sign of increased intracranial pressure and since it has been observed in several conditions that are amenable to treatment.", "contents": "Paralysis of divergence in an adult with aqueductal stenosis: case report. Paralysis of divergence was observed in an adult with membranous aqueductal stenosis. This association has not previously been reported, although the clinical syndrome of divergence paralysis has been described in several other neurologic disorders, which are reviewed. Recognition of the clinical syndrome of paralysis of divergence is important, since it may occur as an early sign of increased intracranial pressure and since it has been observed in several conditions that are amenable to treatment.", "PMID": 508166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7665", "title": "CNS listeriosis: rhomboencephalitis in a healthy, immunocompetent person.", "content": "A previously healthy woman had a febrile illness resembling aseptic meningoencephalitis. With the exception of mild increase in both CSF pressure and protein concentration, initial findings were normal, including negative bacterial cultures. Bilateral pyramidal and cerebellar signs with multiple lower cranial nerve pareses developed over a 48-hour period beginning on the tenth hospital day. Repeated blood and CSF studies had previously been nondiagnostic, but at that time, cultures became positive for Listeria monocytogenes. No underlying systemic disease or immunodeficiency was discovered. With appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapy, she made slow but significant improvement and, by the time of discharge from the hospital, had only minimal residual neurologic deficit. Clinical aspects of CNS listeriosis including the rare pontomedullary involvement are discussed.", "contents": "CNS listeriosis: rhomboencephalitis in a healthy, immunocompetent person. A previously healthy woman had a febrile illness resembling aseptic meningoencephalitis. With the exception of mild increase in both CSF pressure and protein concentration, initial findings were normal, including negative bacterial cultures. Bilateral pyramidal and cerebellar signs with multiple lower cranial nerve pareses developed over a 48-hour period beginning on the tenth hospital day. Repeated blood and CSF studies had previously been nondiagnostic, but at that time, cultures became positive for Listeria monocytogenes. No underlying systemic disease or immunodeficiency was discovered. With appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapy, she made slow but significant improvement and, by the time of discharge from the hospital, had only minimal residual neurologic deficit. Clinical aspects of CNS listeriosis including the rare pontomedullary involvement are discussed.", "PMID": 508167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7666", "title": "Massive spinal cord necrosis in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Spinal cord lesions are rare in schistosomiasis. Schistosomal ova usually elicit a granulomatous myelitis in which necrotic foci are sometimes observed, but necrotic foci are sometimes observed, but extensive cord necrosis is exceptional. A 19-year-old Brazilian woman had transverse myelitis that ended fatally one month and a half thereafter. Autopsy disclosed a total myelonecrosis below T-4, and ova at Schistosoma mansoni were demonstrated in the necrotic cord tissue and leptomeniges. This is, to our knowledge, the most extensive necrosis of the spinal cord reported to date in schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Massive spinal cord necrosis in schistosomiasis. Spinal cord lesions are rare in schistosomiasis. Schistosomal ova usually elicit a granulomatous myelitis in which necrotic foci are sometimes observed, but necrotic foci are sometimes observed, but extensive cord necrosis is exceptional. A 19-year-old Brazilian woman had transverse myelitis that ended fatally one month and a half thereafter. Autopsy disclosed a total myelonecrosis below T-4, and ova at Schistosoma mansoni were demonstrated in the necrotic cord tissue and leptomeniges. This is, to our knowledge, the most extensive necrosis of the spinal cord reported to date in schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 508168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7667", "title": "Continuous muscle fiber activity: a case with unusual clinical features.", "content": "A patient with continuous muscle fiber activity is described. From our search of the literature, we believe this is the oldest patient with a reported case of this disorder, and the symptoms and treatment varied from previously reported cases in these respects: symptoms remained confined to the lower extremities after 18 months had elapsed, there was no response to phenytoin sodium or carbamazepine, and the patient required a full dose of tubocurarine chloride to stop the abnormal myoelectric potentials. A site of dysfunction in the unbranched motor axon is suggested as the locus of generation of the stimulus for the abnormal myoelectric activity.", "contents": "Continuous muscle fiber activity: a case with unusual clinical features. A patient with continuous muscle fiber activity is described. From our search of the literature, we believe this is the oldest patient with a reported case of this disorder, and the symptoms and treatment varied from previously reported cases in these respects: symptoms remained confined to the lower extremities after 18 months had elapsed, there was no response to phenytoin sodium or carbamazepine, and the patient required a full dose of tubocurarine chloride to stop the abnormal myoelectric potentials. A site of dysfunction in the unbranched motor axon is suggested as the locus of generation of the stimulus for the abnormal myoelectric activity.", "PMID": 508169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7668", "title": "Proliferative endotheliopathy with iris abnormalities. The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.", "content": "Sixteen cases of essential iris atrophy and two of iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome were reviewed retrospectively by light and electron microscopy. Varying degrees of corneal endothelial proliferation onto the trabecular meshwork and anterior iris were seen in all cases. The demonstration of an endothelial-abnormal basement membrane complex on the anterior iridic surface, deep to synechias in over half the cases, indicates that endothelialization may be primary, since it precedes the formation of anterior synechias. Pathologic and clinical evidence suggests that the iris nevus syndrome, Chandler's syndrome, and essential iris atrophy represent a continuum of clinical manifestations of a single disease process involving proliferation of the corneal endothelial and characteristic iris abnormalities; the latter may be secondary to variations in the pattern, rate, and extent of endothelial proliferation. We suggest the term \"proliferative endotheliopathy\" to emphasize the common pathogenetic role of corneal endothelial proliferation in all three entities (iris nevus syndrome, Chandler's syndrome, and essential iris atrophy). A more succinct alternate term is \"the iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome.\"", "contents": "Proliferative endotheliopathy with iris abnormalities. The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Sixteen cases of essential iris atrophy and two of iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome were reviewed retrospectively by light and electron microscopy. Varying degrees of corneal endothelial proliferation onto the trabecular meshwork and anterior iris were seen in all cases. The demonstration of an endothelial-abnormal basement membrane complex on the anterior iridic surface, deep to synechias in over half the cases, indicates that endothelialization may be primary, since it precedes the formation of anterior synechias. Pathologic and clinical evidence suggests that the iris nevus syndrome, Chandler's syndrome, and essential iris atrophy represent a continuum of clinical manifestations of a single disease process involving proliferation of the corneal endothelial and characteristic iris abnormalities; the latter may be secondary to variations in the pattern, rate, and extent of endothelial proliferation. We suggest the term \"proliferative endotheliopathy\" to emphasize the common pathogenetic role of corneal endothelial proliferation in all three entities (iris nevus syndrome, Chandler's syndrome, and essential iris atrophy). A more succinct alternate term is \"the iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome.\"", "PMID": 508177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7669", "title": "Corneal decompensation in Chandler's syndrome. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "A corneal button obtained from a 58-year-old woman with Chandler's syndrome was studied by light and electron microscopy. Clinically, the patient had mild unilateral glaucoma, slight changes in the iris, endothelial dystrophy, and corneal edema that was increasingly sensitive to intraocular pressure. Corneal pathology included loss of large numbers of endothelial cells with consequent exposure of Descemet's membrane. Endothelial cells demonstrated irregular shape, partial loss of tight junctions, and increased numbers of cytoplasmic filaments. Some endothelial cells appeared metaplastic or perhaps were replaced by cells from some source other than the cornea. Proliferation of cells was not apparent. A thin layer of acellular tissue, containing long-spacing collagen and 15-nm-wide fibrils, was interposed between normal Descemet's membrane and the endothelium. These observations suggest a basis for the corneal edema that distinguishes Chandler's syndrome from other forms of essential iris atrophy.", "contents": "Corneal decompensation in Chandler's syndrome. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. A corneal button obtained from a 58-year-old woman with Chandler's syndrome was studied by light and electron microscopy. Clinically, the patient had mild unilateral glaucoma, slight changes in the iris, endothelial dystrophy, and corneal edema that was increasingly sensitive to intraocular pressure. Corneal pathology included loss of large numbers of endothelial cells with consequent exposure of Descemet's membrane. Endothelial cells demonstrated irregular shape, partial loss of tight junctions, and increased numbers of cytoplasmic filaments. Some endothelial cells appeared metaplastic or perhaps were replaced by cells from some source other than the cornea. Proliferation of cells was not apparent. A thin layer of acellular tissue, containing long-spacing collagen and 15-nm-wide fibrils, was interposed between normal Descemet's membrane and the endothelium. These observations suggest a basis for the corneal edema that distinguishes Chandler's syndrome from other forms of essential iris atrophy.", "PMID": 508178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7670", "title": "Rieger's syndrome. A case report with a 15-year follow-up.", "content": "A 15-year follow-up examination of a boy with Rieger's syndrome showed that the anterior segment changes in this disease may be slowly progressive in the absence of glaucoma or miotic treatment. The patient also had two recently recognized systemic features of the syndrome, umbilicus cutis and hypospadias.", "contents": "Rieger's syndrome. A case report with a 15-year follow-up. A 15-year follow-up examination of a boy with Rieger's syndrome showed that the anterior segment changes in this disease may be slowly progressive in the absence of glaucoma or miotic treatment. The patient also had two recently recognized systemic features of the syndrome, umbilicus cutis and hypospadias.", "PMID": 508179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7671", "title": "Subretinal fibrosis in retinal detachment.", "content": "In a series of 629 consecutive retinal detachments, 20 (3%) eyes had preoperative subretinal fibrosis without preretinal fibrosis. The incidence varied in a linear fashion with the duration of the detachment, varying from 0.8% in cases less than one month old to 22% in cases estimated to be more than two years old. Nineteen of the 20 detachments were anatomically cured by scleral buckling.", "contents": "Subretinal fibrosis in retinal detachment. In a series of 629 consecutive retinal detachments, 20 (3%) eyes had preoperative subretinal fibrosis without preretinal fibrosis. The incidence varied in a linear fashion with the duration of the detachment, varying from 0.8% in cases less than one month old to 22% in cases estimated to be more than two years old. Nineteen of the 20 detachments were anatomically cured by scleral buckling.", "PMID": 508180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7672", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation of the ciliary processes in cases of aphakic glaucoma.", "content": "A new procedure for the treatment of uncontrolled aphakic glaucoma has been the subject of a carefully conducted prospective clinical trial in 14 patients. The study spanned more than five years. The transpupillary argon laser photocoagulation of the ciliary process procedure, done on an outpatient basis, shows promise as a convenient, low-risk, and useful alternative procedure in selected aphakic glaucoma cases that are poorly controlled by medical or surgical measures. This new approach may also be used as an adjunct in the medical and/or surgical management of aphakic ciliary block glaucoma. The magnitude of intraocular pressure reduction is directly related to the number of ciliary processes coagulated and the level of laser energy applied. The indications for this new procedure are generally similar to that of the cyclocryotherapy.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation of the ciliary processes in cases of aphakic glaucoma. A new procedure for the treatment of uncontrolled aphakic glaucoma has been the subject of a carefully conducted prospective clinical trial in 14 patients. The study spanned more than five years. The transpupillary argon laser photocoagulation of the ciliary process procedure, done on an outpatient basis, shows promise as a convenient, low-risk, and useful alternative procedure in selected aphakic glaucoma cases that are poorly controlled by medical or surgical measures. This new approach may also be used as an adjunct in the medical and/or surgical management of aphakic ciliary block glaucoma. The magnitude of intraocular pressure reduction is directly related to the number of ciliary processes coagulated and the level of laser energy applied. The indications for this new procedure are generally similar to that of the cyclocryotherapy.", "PMID": 508181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7673", "title": "Intraocular pressure response to topically administered fluorometholone.", "content": "Certain corticosteroids, including fluorometholone, have been reported to have a low propensity for elevating intraocular pressure. Our clinical impression was that the incidence of IOP increase with fluorometholone may be higher than reported. This study was to determine the incidence and degree of IOP response to 0.1% fluorometholone suspension in 43 patients demonstrated to be responsive to 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution. Twenty-six patients (60.5%) had IOP increases of 5 mm Hg or more while receiving fluorometholone, and three patients (7%) demonstrated pressure rises greater than 15 mm Hg. Fluorometholone can significantly raise IOP in a significant number of corticosteroid responders.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure response to topically administered fluorometholone. Certain corticosteroids, including fluorometholone, have been reported to have a low propensity for elevating intraocular pressure. Our clinical impression was that the incidence of IOP increase with fluorometholone may be higher than reported. This study was to determine the incidence and degree of IOP response to 0.1% fluorometholone suspension in 43 patients demonstrated to be responsive to 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution. Twenty-six patients (60.5%) had IOP increases of 5 mm Hg or more while receiving fluorometholone, and three patients (7%) demonstrated pressure rises greater than 15 mm Hg. Fluorometholone can significantly raise IOP in a significant number of corticosteroid responders.", "PMID": 508182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7674", "title": "Hemolytic ghost cell glaucoma. Further studies.", "content": "Three variations of ghost cell glaucoma that occur following cataract extraction are presented. The most common variant occurred when a large, anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhage complicated the immediate postoperative course. Weeks later, as the anterior chamber hemorrhage cleared, ghost cells that had formed within the vitreous cavity passed forward into the anterior chamber and obstructed the aqueous outflow channels. Ultramicroscopy of aqueous specimens confirmed that RBC ghost were the major aqueous component and were therefore the cause of the glaucoma, distinguishing this glaucoma from glaucoma due to macrophages and RBC debris. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of hemorrhagic vitreous showed that RBCs disintegrated into ghosts and denatured extracellular hemoglobin aggregates. The latter, common in the vitreous, were bound within vitreous strands, accounting for their absence in the anterior chambers of patients with ghost cell glaucoma. In correlation with clinical findings, perfusion studies showed that neither fresh RBCs nor ghosts could pass through an intact anterior hyaloid face.", "contents": "Hemolytic ghost cell glaucoma. Further studies. Three variations of ghost cell glaucoma that occur following cataract extraction are presented. The most common variant occurred when a large, anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhage complicated the immediate postoperative course. Weeks later, as the anterior chamber hemorrhage cleared, ghost cells that had formed within the vitreous cavity passed forward into the anterior chamber and obstructed the aqueous outflow channels. Ultramicroscopy of aqueous specimens confirmed that RBC ghost were the major aqueous component and were therefore the cause of the glaucoma, distinguishing this glaucoma from glaucoma due to macrophages and RBC debris. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of hemorrhagic vitreous showed that RBCs disintegrated into ghosts and denatured extracellular hemoglobin aggregates. The latter, common in the vitreous, were bound within vitreous strands, accounting for their absence in the anterior chambers of patients with ghost cell glaucoma. In correlation with clinical findings, perfusion studies showed that neither fresh RBCs nor ghosts could pass through an intact anterior hyaloid face.", "PMID": 508183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7675", "title": "Simultaneous bilateral retinal arterial occlusions treated by exchange transfusions.", "content": "Bilateral retinal vascular occlusions occurred simultaneously in a 25-year-old man. They were treated by exchange transfusions. After the transfusions, the patency of the previously occluded vessels was reestablished. Subsequently, the patient recovered good central vision. It is interesting to speculate how exchange transfusions, used during the past few years for treatment of life-threatening situations, may be useful for the treatment of retinal arterial occlusions in patients with sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Simultaneous bilateral retinal arterial occlusions treated by exchange transfusions. Bilateral retinal vascular occlusions occurred simultaneously in a 25-year-old man. They were treated by exchange transfusions. After the transfusions, the patency of the previously occluded vessels was reestablished. Subsequently, the patient recovered good central vision. It is interesting to speculate how exchange transfusions, used during the past few years for treatment of life-threatening situations, may be useful for the treatment of retinal arterial occlusions in patients with sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 508184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7676", "title": "Optimal frequency of topical prednisolone administration.", "content": "The relationship between the frequency with which 0.125% and 1.0% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspensions are instilled and the anti-inflammatory effect they achieve in the cornea was studied. Within the time limits of the experimental protocol, application of the drug at four-hour intervals failed to produce an effect while hourly administration of both concentrations of the corticosteroid produced a substantial anti-inflammatory effect. Instillation at 15-minute intervals resulted in a significantly (P less than .05) greater reduction of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes invading the cornea than did administration of the medication every hour. If five doses of prednisolone acetate were applied topically at one-minute intervals each hour, both concentrations of this corticosteroid produced a therapeutic effect in the cornea equal to that achieved by administration of the drug every 15 minutes.", "contents": "Optimal frequency of topical prednisolone administration. The relationship between the frequency with which 0.125% and 1.0% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspensions are instilled and the anti-inflammatory effect they achieve in the cornea was studied. Within the time limits of the experimental protocol, application of the drug at four-hour intervals failed to produce an effect while hourly administration of both concentrations of the corticosteroid produced a substantial anti-inflammatory effect. Instillation at 15-minute intervals resulted in a significantly (P less than .05) greater reduction of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes invading the cornea than did administration of the medication every hour. If five doses of prednisolone acetate were applied topically at one-minute intervals each hour, both concentrations of this corticosteroid produced a therapeutic effect in the cornea equal to that achieved by administration of the drug every 15 minutes.", "PMID": 508185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7677", "title": "Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery. I. Animal experimentation.", "content": "Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery is used to produce localized closure of vascular channels and chorioretinal adhesion in the albino rabbit. The retinal lesion is sharply demarcated because of the high tissue absorption of CO2 laser radiation. Varying degrees of chorioretinal adhesion can be achieved. The CO2 laser photocautery technique may provide a suitable method of closing vessels and sealing retinal tears at the time of vitrectomy. Accurate placement of the cautery tip on the target area can be accomplished under stereoscopic magnified viewing with the operating microscope and contact lens. Electrical shock hazard is completely eliminated with the CO2 laser energy modality.", "contents": "Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery. I. Animal experimentation. Intraocular carbon dioxide laser photocautery is used to produce localized closure of vascular channels and chorioretinal adhesion in the albino rabbit. The retinal lesion is sharply demarcated because of the high tissue absorption of CO2 laser radiation. Varying degrees of chorioretinal adhesion can be achieved. The CO2 laser photocautery technique may provide a suitable method of closing vessels and sealing retinal tears at the time of vitrectomy. Accurate placement of the cautery tip on the target area can be accomplished under stereoscopic magnified viewing with the operating microscope and contact lens. Electrical shock hazard is completely eliminated with the CO2 laser energy modality.", "PMID": 508186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7678", "title": "Quantification of visual fields for statistical analysis.", "content": "The importance of visual fields in the study of ocular vascular disorders prompted the development of a method to convert visual fields plotted on a Goldmann perimeter into a digital form so that the data could be analyzed and stored by a computer. An instrument called a scotometer was designed to measure the visual fields and the various scotomata, and a data coding form was developed to facilitate the entry of the data into the computer. After extensive testing, this method is now being used in several clinical trials. Statistics have been computed that support the reliability of the coding process.", "contents": "Quantification of visual fields for statistical analysis. The importance of visual fields in the study of ocular vascular disorders prompted the development of a method to convert visual fields plotted on a Goldmann perimeter into a digital form so that the data could be analyzed and stored by a computer. An instrument called a scotometer was designed to measure the visual fields and the various scotomata, and a data coding form was developed to facilitate the entry of the data into the computer. After extensive testing, this method is now being used in several clinical trials. Statistics have been computed that support the reliability of the coding process.", "PMID": 508187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7679", "title": "Herpes simplex keratitis treatment with vitamin A.", "content": "We produced chronic experimental herpetic keratitis by dropping PH-strain herpes simplex virus on scarified rabbit corneas and then injecting the rabbits subconjunctivally with low doses of corticosteroid (namely, triamcinolone acetonide suspension). Vitamin-A-treated rabbits developed milder, more rapidly healing epithelial lesions than untreated rabbits. Whereas most of the untreated rabbits developed moderate or severe stromal disease, most of the vitamin-A-treated rabbits developed only mild stromal disease or none at all.", "contents": "Herpes simplex keratitis treatment with vitamin A. We produced chronic experimental herpetic keratitis by dropping PH-strain herpes simplex virus on scarified rabbit corneas and then injecting the rabbits subconjunctivally with low doses of corticosteroid (namely, triamcinolone acetonide suspension). Vitamin-A-treated rabbits developed milder, more rapidly healing epithelial lesions than untreated rabbits. Whereas most of the untreated rabbits developed moderate or severe stromal disease, most of the vitamin-A-treated rabbits developed only mild stromal disease or none at all.", "PMID": 508188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7680", "title": "The tarsal strip procedure.", "content": "We have developed a procedure that is particularly useful for (1) paralytic or senile upper and lower eyelid laxity, (2) lateral canthal tendon laxity or malposition, and (3) iatrogenic phimosis associated with recurrent entropion or ectropion after traditional lid-shortening procedures. Lateral canthal tendon laxity or elongation is the primary problem in the majority of these cases, and eyelid tightening with use of lateral tarsal strips corrects this deformity. The midtarsal portion of the eyelid, which is usually resected in traditional lid-shortening procedures, is seldom elongated, and recurrences of laxity are common secondary to further stretching of lax tendons. The technique involves a lateral canthotomy and transection of the appropriate crus of the lateral canthal tendon. The eyelid is then split into anterior and posterior lamellae, and tarsal strips are fashioned from the posterior lamella. The tarsal strips are sutured to periosteum at the lateral orbital wall, adjusting the height and tension of the lateral canthus. This technique gives a normal appearance to the lateral canthal angle and has yielded good results in 51 cases.", "contents": "The tarsal strip procedure. We have developed a procedure that is particularly useful for (1) paralytic or senile upper and lower eyelid laxity, (2) lateral canthal tendon laxity or malposition, and (3) iatrogenic phimosis associated with recurrent entropion or ectropion after traditional lid-shortening procedures. Lateral canthal tendon laxity or elongation is the primary problem in the majority of these cases, and eyelid tightening with use of lateral tarsal strips corrects this deformity. The midtarsal portion of the eyelid, which is usually resected in traditional lid-shortening procedures, is seldom elongated, and recurrences of laxity are common secondary to further stretching of lax tendons. The technique involves a lateral canthotomy and transection of the appropriate crus of the lateral canthal tendon. The eyelid is then split into anterior and posterior lamellae, and tarsal strips are fashioned from the posterior lamella. The tarsal strips are sutured to periosteum at the lateral orbital wall, adjusting the height and tension of the lateral canthus. This technique gives a normal appearance to the lateral canthal angle and has yielded good results in 51 cases.", "PMID": 508189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7681", "title": "A new lens for closed pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "A new prismatic type of lens enables a more peripheral view of the vitreous cavity. The surface in contact with the cornea is concave. The opposite surface is plano but inclined to produce a prismatic effect of 15 degrees or 25 degrees. A cannula attached to the lens provides corneal irrigation. Although this lens was originally designed for vitrectomy use, it is also useful for diagnostic biomicroscopy of the vitreous and fundus in the office.", "contents": "A new lens for closed pars plana vitrectomy. A new prismatic type of lens enables a more peripheral view of the vitreous cavity. The surface in contact with the cornea is concave. The opposite surface is plano but inclined to produce a prismatic effect of 15 degrees or 25 degrees. A cannula attached to the lens provides corneal irrigation. Although this lens was originally designed for vitrectomy use, it is also useful for diagnostic biomicroscopy of the vitreous and fundus in the office.", "PMID": 508190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7682", "title": "Childhood rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck.", "content": "The most common soft tissue sarcoma occurring in infants and children is rhabdomyosarcoma, the head and neck being a frequently involved site. Treatment philosophy underwent an evolution in 1968 from radical surgery with or without adjunctive radiation therapy to a planned protocol incorporating surgery and irradiation with combination cyclic chemotherapy involving vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. This study represents an analysis of 35 infants and children treated at Columbus Children's Hospital from 1955 to 1976. An evaluation of factors is discussed with respect to effect on survival. The fact that the study includes the full spectrum of treatment philosophies ranging from the previous program of aggressive surgical resection to the current multimodality approach permits a unique opportunity to analyze the success of the recent therapeutic program.", "contents": "Childhood rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck. The most common soft tissue sarcoma occurring in infants and children is rhabdomyosarcoma, the head and neck being a frequently involved site. Treatment philosophy underwent an evolution in 1968 from radical surgery with or without adjunctive radiation therapy to a planned protocol incorporating surgery and irradiation with combination cyclic chemotherapy involving vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. This study represents an analysis of 35 infants and children treated at Columbus Children's Hospital from 1955 to 1976. An evaluation of factors is discussed with respect to effect on survival. The fact that the study includes the full spectrum of treatment philosophies ranging from the previous program of aggressive surgical resection to the current multimodality approach permits a unique opportunity to analyze the success of the recent therapeutic program.", "PMID": 508194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7683", "title": "Management of the eye socket in cancer of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "There are several basic techniques for obtaining acceptable closure of the orbital defect following exenteration. The approach to reconstructing a socket in the method chosen should be the one that gives the best cosmetic result while not compromising the surgical excision and the possibility of cure. Few surgeons have attempted to correct the deformity of orbital exenteration so that an artificial eye can be worn. We have found that approximately 20% of those patients undergoing radical ablation of the orbit quality for simultaneous reconstruction of the eye socket. The technique of a cheek-eyelid-conjunctiva flap allows for immediate reconsturction of the eye socket and the fitting of a prosthesis.", "contents": "Management of the eye socket in cancer of the paranasal sinuses. There are several basic techniques for obtaining acceptable closure of the orbital defect following exenteration. The approach to reconstructing a socket in the method chosen should be the one that gives the best cosmetic result while not compromising the surgical excision and the possibility of cure. Few surgeons have attempted to correct the deformity of orbital exenteration so that an artificial eye can be worn. We have found that approximately 20% of those patients undergoing radical ablation of the orbit quality for simultaneous reconstruction of the eye socket. The technique of a cheek-eyelid-conjunctiva flap allows for immediate reconsturction of the eye socket and the fitting of a prosthesis.", "PMID": 508195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7684", "title": "Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone.", "content": "Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone are rare neoplasms. Eight new cases are reported and a review of the literature is presented. These tumors are benign, slow growing, and composed predominantly of mature bone. Although they may occur anywhere in the temporal bone, they are prevalent in the mastoid and squama. Except for cortical lesions that are seen initially as cosmetic deformities, these tumors are usually unsuspected roentgenographic findings. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic osteomas. Mastoid lesions are readily excised. Tumors involving the middle and inner ear are most frequently small and tend to remain stable in size; consequently they are usually managed expectantly.", "contents": "Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone. Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone are rare neoplasms. Eight new cases are reported and a review of the literature is presented. These tumors are benign, slow growing, and composed predominantly of mature bone. Although they may occur anywhere in the temporal bone, they are prevalent in the mastoid and squama. Except for cortical lesions that are seen initially as cosmetic deformities, these tumors are usually unsuspected roentgenographic findings. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic osteomas. Mastoid lesions are readily excised. Tumors involving the middle and inner ear are most frequently small and tend to remain stable in size; consequently they are usually managed expectantly.", "PMID": 508196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7685", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate.", "content": "We performed a retrospective study of 106 patients with carcinoma of the soft palate who were treated at two university hospitals. Computer analysis using a new interactive data base program called MING was made to determine Berkson-Gage survival and Gehan tests of statistical significance. Statistically significant associations with an increased survival included the following: smaller lesions, a clinically negative neck examination. well- and moderately well-differentiated histopathologic features, radiation therapy dose of less than or equal to 6,300 rads, absence of a simultaneous primary, and surgical salvage. No statistically significant differences were seen with age, sex, stage, or the number of days during which patients were treated with radiation therapy. There appears to be a need for a prospective, multi-institutional, randomized therapy study to solidify treatment policy. Consideration should be given to combine surgery-radiation vs radiation therapy alone.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate. We performed a retrospective study of 106 patients with carcinoma of the soft palate who were treated at two university hospitals. Computer analysis using a new interactive data base program called MING was made to determine Berkson-Gage survival and Gehan tests of statistical significance. Statistically significant associations with an increased survival included the following: smaller lesions, a clinically negative neck examination. well- and moderately well-differentiated histopathologic features, radiation therapy dose of less than or equal to 6,300 rads, absence of a simultaneous primary, and surgical salvage. No statistically significant differences were seen with age, sex, stage, or the number of days during which patients were treated with radiation therapy. There appears to be a need for a prospective, multi-institutional, randomized therapy study to solidify treatment policy. Consideration should be given to combine surgery-radiation vs radiation therapy alone.", "PMID": 508197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7686", "title": "Is the lacrimal apparatus injured following cosmetic rhinoplasty?", "content": "A study was undertaken to test the validity of the belief that lacrimal apparatus injury is common in patients who undergo a cosmetic rhinoplasty. Dacryocystography was done in 15 patients immediately following the lateral osteotomy, and there was no evidence of lacrimal sac injury or extravasation of the dye in any patient.", "contents": "Is the lacrimal apparatus injured following cosmetic rhinoplasty? A study was undertaken to test the validity of the belief that lacrimal apparatus injury is common in patients who undergo a cosmetic rhinoplasty. Dacryocystography was done in 15 patients immediately following the lateral osteotomy, and there was no evidence of lacrimal sac injury or extravasation of the dye in any patient.", "PMID": 508198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7687", "title": "Penetrating wounds of the head and neck.", "content": "Wounding capability of bullets is primarily releated to velocity. Bullet mass and shape, and specific gravity of body tissues being struck by the missile, are lesser factors. Seventy cases of penetrating wounds of the head and neck were treated during a six-year period. Vascular injuries were more common with neck wounds, while face and head injuries (extracranial) were similar to maxillofacial trauma. It is recognized that hemorrhage at the base of the skull is difficult to treat, and contemporary training in temporal bone and base of skull surgery is mandatory for the critical management of these wounds.", "contents": "Penetrating wounds of the head and neck. Wounding capability of bullets is primarily releated to velocity. Bullet mass and shape, and specific gravity of body tissues being struck by the missile, are lesser factors. Seventy cases of penetrating wounds of the head and neck were treated during a six-year period. Vascular injuries were more common with neck wounds, while face and head injuries (extracranial) were similar to maxillofacial trauma. It is recognized that hemorrhage at the base of the skull is difficult to treat, and contemporary training in temporal bone and base of skull surgery is mandatory for the critical management of these wounds.", "PMID": 508199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7688", "title": "Titration and optimal dose treatment vs conventional treatment for allergy.", "content": "Ninety-five patients whose therapy with conventional allergy management failed subsequently were treated by the serial dilution titration and optimal dosage technique. The conditions of 82 of them (86.3%) were managed successfully by this method.", "contents": "Titration and optimal dose treatment vs conventional treatment for allergy. Ninety-five patients whose therapy with conventional allergy management failed subsequently were treated by the serial dilution titration and optimal dosage technique. The conditions of 82 of them (86.3%) were managed successfully by this method.", "PMID": 508200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7689", "title": "Myoglobin of the shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni: isolation and amino acid sequence.", "content": "Myoglobin isolated from red muscle of the shark H. portusjacksoni was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex and gel-filtration. Amino acid analysis and sequence determination showed 148 amino acid residues. The amino terminal residue is acetylated as shown by mass spectrographic analysis of N-terminal peptides. There is a deletion of four residues at the amino terminal end as well as one residue in the CD interhelical area relative to other myoglobins. The complete amino acid sequence has been determined following digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and staphylococcal protease. Sequences of the purified peptides were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure. The amino acid sequence showed approximately 85 differences from mammalian, monotreme and bird myoglobins. The date of divergence of the shark H. portusjacksoni from these other orders was estimated at 450 +/- 16 million years, based on the number of amino acid differences between species and allowing for multiple mutations during the evolutionary period. This estimate agrees well with similar estimates made using alpha- and beta-globin sequences, in contrast to widely differing estimates of dates of divergence for monotremes using the same three globin chains. Compared with myoglobins from species previously studied, there are many more differences in amino acid sequences, and in many positions residues are found that are more characteristic of alpha- and beta-globins, suggesting a conservation of residues over a long period of evolutionary time. There are fewer stabilizing hydrogen bonds and salt-linkages than in other myoglobins.", "contents": "Myoglobin of the shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni: isolation and amino acid sequence. Myoglobin isolated from red muscle of the shark H. portusjacksoni was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex and gel-filtration. Amino acid analysis and sequence determination showed 148 amino acid residues. The amino terminal residue is acetylated as shown by mass spectrographic analysis of N-terminal peptides. There is a deletion of four residues at the amino terminal end as well as one residue in the CD interhelical area relative to other myoglobins. The complete amino acid sequence has been determined following digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and staphylococcal protease. Sequences of the purified peptides were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure. The amino acid sequence showed approximately 85 differences from mammalian, monotreme and bird myoglobins. The date of divergence of the shark H. portusjacksoni from these other orders was estimated at 450 +/- 16 million years, based on the number of amino acid differences between species and allowing for multiple mutations during the evolutionary period. This estimate agrees well with similar estimates made using alpha- and beta-globin sequences, in contrast to widely differing estimates of dates of divergence for monotremes using the same three globin chains. Compared with myoglobins from species previously studied, there are many more differences in amino acid sequences, and in many positions residues are found that are more characteristic of alpha- and beta-globins, suggesting a conservation of residues over a long period of evolutionary time. There are fewer stabilizing hydrogen bonds and salt-linkages than in other myoglobins.", "PMID": 508202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7690", "title": "Relationship between protein synthesis and secretion in liver cells and the state of the adenine nucleotide system.", "content": "Adenine nucleotide levels could be precisely and reproducibly adjusted in liver cell suspensions by partially depleting the ATP pool with D-fructose or glycerol. Thus, it was possible to quantitatively correlate rates of protein synthesis and secretion with intracellular levels of ATP and with derived parameters, such as the adenylate energy charge. Half the maximum rate of incorporation of leucine into protein was observed at an energy charge of 0.80, a ratio of ATP to ADP of 2.6, and an ATP level of 1.05 mumol per g of wet cells. Proteins were secreted with half the maximum rate at an energy charge of 0.85, a ratio of ATP to ADP of 3.1 and an ATP concentration of 1.1 mumol per g of wet cells. Protein secretion did not depend on continued synthesis. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation inhibited protein secretion in addition to protein synthesis, in contrast to observations by other authors on liver slices.", "contents": "Relationship between protein synthesis and secretion in liver cells and the state of the adenine nucleotide system. Adenine nucleotide levels could be precisely and reproducibly adjusted in liver cell suspensions by partially depleting the ATP pool with D-fructose or glycerol. Thus, it was possible to quantitatively correlate rates of protein synthesis and secretion with intracellular levels of ATP and with derived parameters, such as the adenylate energy charge. Half the maximum rate of incorporation of leucine into protein was observed at an energy charge of 0.80, a ratio of ATP to ADP of 2.6, and an ATP level of 1.05 mumol per g of wet cells. Proteins were secreted with half the maximum rate at an energy charge of 0.85, a ratio of ATP to ADP of 3.1 and an ATP concentration of 1.1 mumol per g of wet cells. Protein secretion did not depend on continued synthesis. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation inhibited protein secretion in addition to protein synthesis, in contrast to observations by other authors on liver slices.", "PMID": 508203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7691", "title": "Cell proliferation and cortical cell production in relation to wool growth.", "content": "The relationship of wool growth to cell proliferation in the follicle bulb and to the subsequent migration and growth of the fibre cortical cells was investigated in 10 Peppin Merino sheep. These sheep had been maintained on a low, medium or high level of nutrient intake to ensure a wide range in wool growth. The number and mitotic activity of the germinal cells in the follicle bulb were determined after administration of colchicine. Cortical cell size was measured following isolation of the fibre cells by acid-treatment of wool. The average fibre production of the follicle varied from 4.1 x 10(4) to 13.2 x 10(4) micron3/day in these sheep. There were also substantial differences between sheep in the mitotic activity of the germinal cells in the bulb, the rate of cell proliferation being highly correlated with the average daily fibre production of the follicle (r = + 0.88, n = 10). However, the size of the germinal cell population differed from sheep to sheep and was not closely related to the level of fibre production (r = + 0.48, n = 10). The average turnover time of these cells was inversely related to fibre production and varied from 41.6 to 19.4 h (r = -0.82, n = 10). Multiple regression analysis of the data showed that the average daily fibre production of the follicle was largely determined by the number of germinal cells present in the bulb and their rate of proliferation (R = +0.95, n = 10). Variations in cell turnover time and in cortical cell size were not significant in influencing the rate of fibre production. In these sheep, the average cortical cell varied in size from 658 to 1279 micron 3 and the positive correlation (r = + 0.83, n = 10) found between cell size and fibre production is considered to merely reflect an allometric relationship. The proportion of germinal cells contributing to the fibre cortex was found to be small and variable, ranging from 9.4 to 17.8%. Furthermore, this proportion was not related to the nutritional level of these sheep, and it is thought that the variability in the distribution of cells to the fibre may be attributed to genetic differences between sheep.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and cortical cell production in relation to wool growth. The relationship of wool growth to cell proliferation in the follicle bulb and to the subsequent migration and growth of the fibre cortical cells was investigated in 10 Peppin Merino sheep. These sheep had been maintained on a low, medium or high level of nutrient intake to ensure a wide range in wool growth. The number and mitotic activity of the germinal cells in the follicle bulb were determined after administration of colchicine. Cortical cell size was measured following isolation of the fibre cells by acid-treatment of wool. The average fibre production of the follicle varied from 4.1 x 10(4) to 13.2 x 10(4) micron3/day in these sheep. There were also substantial differences between sheep in the mitotic activity of the germinal cells in the bulb, the rate of cell proliferation being highly correlated with the average daily fibre production of the follicle (r = + 0.88, n = 10). However, the size of the germinal cell population differed from sheep to sheep and was not closely related to the level of fibre production (r = + 0.48, n = 10). The average turnover time of these cells was inversely related to fibre production and varied from 41.6 to 19.4 h (r = -0.82, n = 10). Multiple regression analysis of the data showed that the average daily fibre production of the follicle was largely determined by the number of germinal cells present in the bulb and their rate of proliferation (R = +0.95, n = 10). Variations in cell turnover time and in cortical cell size were not significant in influencing the rate of fibre production. In these sheep, the average cortical cell varied in size from 658 to 1279 micron 3 and the positive correlation (r = + 0.83, n = 10) found between cell size and fibre production is considered to merely reflect an allometric relationship. The proportion of germinal cells contributing to the fibre cortex was found to be small and variable, ranging from 9.4 to 17.8%. Furthermore, this proportion was not related to the nutritional level of these sheep, and it is thought that the variability in the distribution of cells to the fibre may be attributed to genetic differences between sheep.", "PMID": 508204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7692", "title": "Acute effects of lithium on central dopamine and serotonin activity reflected by inhibition of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat.", "content": "The acute administration of lithium chloride significantly inhibits both prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat. In terms of known neuroendocrine relationships this finding indicates that lithium administration alters both dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) activity in the hypothalamus. The data suggest that DA activity is increased (inhibiting prolactin release) and 5-HT activity is decreased (reducing growth hormone stimulation). The data are in agreement with fluorescent histological studies on the effects of chronic lithium administration and suggest that endocrine parameters may be used to provide neuropharmacological information about compounds which alter brain monoamine activity.", "contents": "Acute effects of lithium on central dopamine and serotonin activity reflected by inhibition of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat. The acute administration of lithium chloride significantly inhibits both prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat. In terms of known neuroendocrine relationships this finding indicates that lithium administration alters both dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) activity in the hypothalamus. The data suggest that DA activity is increased (inhibiting prolactin release) and 5-HT activity is decreased (reducing growth hormone stimulation). The data are in agreement with fluorescent histological studies on the effects of chronic lithium administration and suggest that endocrine parameters may be used to provide neuropharmacological information about compounds which alter brain monoamine activity.", "PMID": 508205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7693", "title": "A simple procedure for the assay of brain biogenic amines by selected-ion monitoring: its application to the elucidation of the mechanism of prolactin release induced by 3-iodo-L-tyrosine.", "content": "A simple method for the assay of brain biogenic amines by selected-ion monitoring was applied to examination of the effects of 3-iodo-L-tyrosine on the hypothalamic-median eminence concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the rat. Thirty minutes after its administration iodotyrosine (50 mg/kg) caused a highly significant (P less than 0.0005) rise in serum prolactin and a highly significant (P less than 0.0025) fall in the concentration of dopamine in the hypothalamus and median eminence where the levels reached 50% of control levels. Less marked but significant falls were also observed in the hypothalamic (P less than 0.05) and median eminence (P less than 0.0025) concentrations of noradrenaline after iodotyrosine administration. Serotonin concentration was significantly reduced (P less than 0.025) in the median eminence but not in the hypothalamus after iodotyrosine administration. These findings suggest that iodotyrosine exerts its prolactin stimulating effect by blockage of dopamine synthesis rather than by receptor blockade.", "contents": "A simple procedure for the assay of brain biogenic amines by selected-ion monitoring: its application to the elucidation of the mechanism of prolactin release induced by 3-iodo-L-tyrosine. A simple method for the assay of brain biogenic amines by selected-ion monitoring was applied to examination of the effects of 3-iodo-L-tyrosine on the hypothalamic-median eminence concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the rat. Thirty minutes after its administration iodotyrosine (50 mg/kg) caused a highly significant (P less than 0.0005) rise in serum prolactin and a highly significant (P less than 0.0025) fall in the concentration of dopamine in the hypothalamus and median eminence where the levels reached 50% of control levels. Less marked but significant falls were also observed in the hypothalamic (P less than 0.05) and median eminence (P less than 0.0025) concentrations of noradrenaline after iodotyrosine administration. Serotonin concentration was significantly reduced (P less than 0.025) in the median eminence but not in the hypothalamus after iodotyrosine administration. These findings suggest that iodotyrosine exerts its prolactin stimulating effect by blockage of dopamine synthesis rather than by receptor blockade.", "PMID": 508206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7694", "title": "Plasma insulin concentrations during infusions of potassium and sodium chloride solutions into conscious splenectomized sheep.", "content": "Haematocrit values, plasma osmolality and the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and insulin were measured in carotid arterial blood before, during and after intravenous infusion of NaCl (0.5 mol 1-1) and KCl (0.5 mol 1-1) at 2 ml min-1 for 105 min into six conscious splenectomized sheep. Hypertonic NaCl infusion was associated with a fall in haematocrit of 1.30 +/- 0.10% (P less than 0.001) and no consistent change in plasma insulin concentration occurred during this infusion. Hypertonic KCl infusion caused the haematocrit to increase by 1.70 +/- 0.39% (P less than 0.001) and the plasma insulin concentration to increase by 60.0 +/- 16.3 mu U ml-1 (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that this increase in insulin concentration was caused by elevation of the plasma potassium concentration and was not due to coincident increases in plasma chloride concentration or osmolality. Shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume during KCl infusion made no major contribution to the increase in insulin concentration which was probably the result of increased release from the pancreas.", "contents": "Plasma insulin concentrations during infusions of potassium and sodium chloride solutions into conscious splenectomized sheep. Haematocrit values, plasma osmolality and the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and insulin were measured in carotid arterial blood before, during and after intravenous infusion of NaCl (0.5 mol 1-1) and KCl (0.5 mol 1-1) at 2 ml min-1 for 105 min into six conscious splenectomized sheep. Hypertonic NaCl infusion was associated with a fall in haematocrit of 1.30 +/- 0.10% (P less than 0.001) and no consistent change in plasma insulin concentration occurred during this infusion. Hypertonic KCl infusion caused the haematocrit to increase by 1.70 +/- 0.39% (P less than 0.001) and the plasma insulin concentration to increase by 60.0 +/- 16.3 mu U ml-1 (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that this increase in insulin concentration was caused by elevation of the plasma potassium concentration and was not due to coincident increases in plasma chloride concentration or osmolality. Shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume during KCl infusion made no major contribution to the increase in insulin concentration which was probably the result of increased release from the pancreas.", "PMID": 508208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7695", "title": "Foetal and placental growth in the mouse after pre-implantation development in vitro under oxygen concentrations of 5 and 20%.", "content": "Blastocysts which developed from two-cell mouse embryos in culture tubes containing an atmosphere with 20% oxygen had approximately 20% fewer blastomeres than blastocysts which developed under an oxygen concentration of 5%. When these smaller blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant foster mothers, the foetuses developing were as viable as those developing from blastocysts cultured under 5% oxygen, indicating their ability to regulate for a lower blastomere number by at least day 17 of development. The transfer operation itself had no adverse effect on foetal or placental growth. However, culture of blastocysts in vitro did depress foetal though not placental growth, suggesting that the inner cell mass is more susceptible than the trophectoderm to culture in vitro. Foetal but not placental growth was lower following the transfer of blastocysts to a day-3 rather than a day-4 uterus. Four cases of placental fusion were found. In one case, the foetuses were contained within the same embryonic sac and may have been twins.", "contents": "Foetal and placental growth in the mouse after pre-implantation development in vitro under oxygen concentrations of 5 and 20%. Blastocysts which developed from two-cell mouse embryos in culture tubes containing an atmosphere with 20% oxygen had approximately 20% fewer blastomeres than blastocysts which developed under an oxygen concentration of 5%. When these smaller blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant foster mothers, the foetuses developing were as viable as those developing from blastocysts cultured under 5% oxygen, indicating their ability to regulate for a lower blastomere number by at least day 17 of development. The transfer operation itself had no adverse effect on foetal or placental growth. However, culture of blastocysts in vitro did depress foetal though not placental growth, suggesting that the inner cell mass is more susceptible than the trophectoderm to culture in vitro. Foetal but not placental growth was lower following the transfer of blastocysts to a day-3 rather than a day-4 uterus. Four cases of placental fusion were found. In one case, the foetuses were contained within the same embryonic sac and may have been twins.", "PMID": 508209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7696", "title": "Variations in plasma thyroxine concentrations throughout one year in penned sheep on a uniform feed intake.", "content": "Plasma total thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay throughout one year in 10 sheep maintained indoors under natural light and consuming a constant amount of feed. Plasma T4 concentrations varied throughout the year, the highest and lowest values occurring in the spring and autumn months respectively. The mean of all observations was 5.4 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl. The changes observed did not appear to correlate with changes in ambient temperature, day length or with reported changes in wool growth.", "contents": "Variations in plasma thyroxine concentrations throughout one year in penned sheep on a uniform feed intake. Plasma total thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay throughout one year in 10 sheep maintained indoors under natural light and consuming a constant amount of feed. Plasma T4 concentrations varied throughout the year, the highest and lowest values occurring in the spring and autumn months respectively. The mean of all observations was 5.4 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl. The changes observed did not appear to correlate with changes in ambient temperature, day length or with reported changes in wool growth.", "PMID": 508210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7697", "title": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. IX. Sex chromosomes of the greater glider (Marsupialia: Petauridae).", "content": "The greater glider, currently but incorrectly known as Schoinobates volans, is widely distributed in forested regions in eastern Australia. All animals studied from six different localities had 20 autosomes but there were four chromosomally distinct populations. At Royal National Park, N.S.W., all female greater gliders studied had 22 chromosomes including two large submetacentric X chromosomes with subterminal secondary constrictions in their longer arms. This form of X chromosome occurred also at Bondo State Forest, Myall Lakes and Coff's Harbour, N.S.W., and at Eidsvold, Qld. At Coomooboolaroo, Qld, the X chromosome was also a large submetacentric but a secondary constriction occurred in the shorter arm. Two chromosomally distinct types apparently occur in Royal National Park, one with XY males as in all other populations, and one with XY1Y2 males. Y or Y1, but not Y2, chromosomes were eliminated from the bone marrow in all populations but were present in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Animals from Bondo State Forest had three or more acrocentric or metacentric supernumerary chromosomes.", "contents": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. IX. Sex chromosomes of the greater glider (Marsupialia: Petauridae). The greater glider, currently but incorrectly known as Schoinobates volans, is widely distributed in forested regions in eastern Australia. All animals studied from six different localities had 20 autosomes but there were four chromosomally distinct populations. At Royal National Park, N.S.W., all female greater gliders studied had 22 chromosomes including two large submetacentric X chromosomes with subterminal secondary constrictions in their longer arms. This form of X chromosome occurred also at Bondo State Forest, Myall Lakes and Coff's Harbour, N.S.W., and at Eidsvold, Qld. At Coomooboolaroo, Qld, the X chromosome was also a large submetacentric but a secondary constriction occurred in the shorter arm. Two chromosomally distinct types apparently occur in Royal National Park, one with XY males as in all other populations, and one with XY1Y2 males. Y or Y1, but not Y2, chromosomes were eliminated from the bone marrow in all populations but were present in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Animals from Bondo State Forest had three or more acrocentric or metacentric supernumerary chromosomes.", "PMID": 508211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7698", "title": "Conceptual frameworks and the philosophical foundations of general living systems theory.", "content": "The continued expansion and fragmentation of biological disciplines impede education, communication, and efficient advance of biological research. Reversing these trends may require a unification of theories and concepts from all levels of biological organization. One form of this unification is the statement of generalizations that apply to all living systems. We explore the philosophical foundations of general theories of living systems by analyzing conceptual frameworks as they apply to biology. This analysis examines the relation of empirical observation, theories, and conceptual frameworks within the context of an individual scientist's conceptual continuum. Also presented are a small set of translevel generalizations that articulate our conceptual framework of living systems in terms of organismic system organization, the environmental system-organismic system dyad, system capacity, and system incorporation. A set of procedural rules are stated which suggest minimum criteria for the evaluation of the explanatory adequacy of biological theories. The relation of this work to other similar analyses and syntheses of biological knowledge is discussed.", "contents": "Conceptual frameworks and the philosophical foundations of general living systems theory. The continued expansion and fragmentation of biological disciplines impede education, communication, and efficient advance of biological research. Reversing these trends may require a unification of theories and concepts from all levels of biological organization. One form of this unification is the statement of generalizations that apply to all living systems. We explore the philosophical foundations of general theories of living systems by analyzing conceptual frameworks as they apply to biology. This analysis examines the relation of empirical observation, theories, and conceptual frameworks within the context of an individual scientist's conceptual continuum. Also presented are a small set of translevel generalizations that articulate our conceptual framework of living systems in terms of organismic system organization, the environmental system-organismic system dyad, system capacity, and system incorporation. A set of procedural rules are stated which suggest minimum criteria for the evaluation of the explanatory adequacy of biological theories. The relation of this work to other similar analyses and syntheses of biological knowledge is discussed.", "PMID": 508232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7699", "title": "Is thiamine pyrophosphatase a reliable marker of the neuronal Golgi apparatus? A critical analysis.", "content": "The thiamine pyrophosphatase histochemical technique is believed to be a suitable approach to the selective staining of the Golgi vesicles of all animal cells, icluding the neuron. However, during the past decade a considerable number of data have been published, suggesting that the TPPase is in general a membrane-associated enzyme in the brain, which can be found in subcellular fractions other than Golgi lamellae. It has therefore become necessary to reconsider the view that thiamine pyrophosphatase is an exclusive marker enzyme of the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Is thiamine pyrophosphatase a reliable marker of the neuronal Golgi apparatus? A critical analysis. The thiamine pyrophosphatase histochemical technique is believed to be a suitable approach to the selective staining of the Golgi vesicles of all animal cells, icluding the neuron. However, during the past decade a considerable number of data have been published, suggesting that the TPPase is in general a membrane-associated enzyme in the brain, which can be found in subcellular fractions other than Golgi lamellae. It has therefore become necessary to reconsider the view that thiamine pyrophosphatase is an exclusive marker enzyme of the Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 508233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7700", "title": "Effects of moderate coronary stenosis on myocardial flow reserve in man and in the dog.", "content": "The influence of coronary stenosis on resting blood flow (201Tl-uptake) and myocardial flow reserve (bicycle ergometry) is studied in 18 patients with coronary disease. Severe coronary stenosis of 75--90% caused a reduced 201Tl-uptake both at rest and peak exercise. In contrast to this group patients with a 50--60% stenosis have a normal scintigram at rest but focal defects of 201Tl-uptake at peak exercise. Results are compared with experimental data obtained after acute coronary constriction and simultaneous coronary dilatation (myocardial flow reserve, MFR) in 12 dogs. 60% coronary constriction causes a 37% decrease of poststenotic MFR measured with tracer microspheres. Changes of transmural flow distribution (endo/epi ratio) are minor in the left ventricular free wall but significant in the poststenotic septum (endo/epi = .84). It is concluded that even a moderate coronary stenosis of 60% not affecting resting blood flow becomes \"critical\" under conditions of high flow velocities.", "contents": "Effects of moderate coronary stenosis on myocardial flow reserve in man and in the dog. The influence of coronary stenosis on resting blood flow (201Tl-uptake) and myocardial flow reserve (bicycle ergometry) is studied in 18 patients with coronary disease. Severe coronary stenosis of 75--90% caused a reduced 201Tl-uptake both at rest and peak exercise. In contrast to this group patients with a 50--60% stenosis have a normal scintigram at rest but focal defects of 201Tl-uptake at peak exercise. Results are compared with experimental data obtained after acute coronary constriction and simultaneous coronary dilatation (myocardial flow reserve, MFR) in 12 dogs. 60% coronary constriction causes a 37% decrease of poststenotic MFR measured with tracer microspheres. Changes of transmural flow distribution (endo/epi ratio) are minor in the left ventricular free wall but significant in the poststenotic septum (endo/epi = .84). It is concluded that even a moderate coronary stenosis of 60% not affecting resting blood flow becomes \"critical\" under conditions of high flow velocities.", "PMID": 508235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7701", "title": "Measurement of flow velocity in the model circulation by videodensitometry. Methodological investigations.", "content": "The relation between videodensitometrically measured front velocity and electromagnetically assessed flow was examined in a circulatory model with continuous as well as pulsatile flow (89 experiments). The diameter of the tubes in the videodensitometric measuring section was 0.305 to 0.518 cm. A linear correlation was proved in flow velocities up to Reynold's number Re = 225. The exact flow, measured electromagnetically, was overestimated in continuous flow by 21% (r = 0.99, Syx = +/- 14.5 ml/min) and in pulsatile flow by 24% (r = 0.98, Syx = +/- 20.8 ml/min). In view of these results the phasic and average flow can be calculated accurately using videodensitometric techniques.", "contents": "Measurement of flow velocity in the model circulation by videodensitometry. Methodological investigations. The relation between videodensitometrically measured front velocity and electromagnetically assessed flow was examined in a circulatory model with continuous as well as pulsatile flow (89 experiments). The diameter of the tubes in the videodensitometric measuring section was 0.305 to 0.518 cm. A linear correlation was proved in flow velocities up to Reynold's number Re = 225. The exact flow, measured electromagnetically, was overestimated in continuous flow by 21% (r = 0.99, Syx = +/- 14.5 ml/min) and in pulsatile flow by 24% (r = 0.98, Syx = +/- 20.8 ml/min). In view of these results the phasic and average flow can be calculated accurately using videodensitometric techniques.", "PMID": 508236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7702", "title": "Newly built facilities for ballistocardiography at the Polytechnic of Turin.", "content": "The role of recent research started in Italy, funded by the National Research Council, is stressed. The newly built Bcg facilities at the Polytechnic of Turin are concisely described. Current experimental research concerns the evaluation of a new type of concave-convex Bcg bed. Results from three healthy male individuals are shown and briefly discussed.", "contents": "Newly built facilities for ballistocardiography at the Polytechnic of Turin. The role of recent research started in Italy, funded by the National Research Council, is stressed. The newly built Bcg facilities at the Polytechnic of Turin are concisely described. Current experimental research concerns the evaluation of a new type of concave-convex Bcg bed. Results from three healthy male individuals are shown and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 508242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7703", "title": "Morphological alterations of non-varicose and varicose veins. (A morphological contribution to the discussion on pathogenesis of varicose veins).", "content": "Venous valves do not play a role in pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Their number remains constant during life time. In varicose veins their insufficiency is secondary. Intimal fibrosis is no prerequisite for the development of varicose veins. It is a frequent finding in non-varicose veins of all age groups. Fibrosis of media and adventitia is no early morphological alteration in varicose veins. Fibrotic replacement of smooth muscles represents a late stage of varicosis. Degenerative lesions of deep leg veins are rare even at old age. The deep veins are not influenced by sclerotic lesions of the adjacent arteries. Preexisting intimal fibrosis in autogenous graft veins may be one of several factors which induce an overshooting intimal proliferation. Degenerative alterations (fibrotic lesions of the wall layers, insufficiency of the valves) are secondary phenomena in pathogenesis of varicose veins which follow a functional deficiency of the smooth musculature.", "contents": "Morphological alterations of non-varicose and varicose veins. (A morphological contribution to the discussion on pathogenesis of varicose veins). Venous valves do not play a role in pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Their number remains constant during life time. In varicose veins their insufficiency is secondary. Intimal fibrosis is no prerequisite for the development of varicose veins. It is a frequent finding in non-varicose veins of all age groups. Fibrosis of media and adventitia is no early morphological alteration in varicose veins. Fibrotic replacement of smooth muscles represents a late stage of varicosis. Degenerative lesions of deep leg veins are rare even at old age. The deep veins are not influenced by sclerotic lesions of the adjacent arteries. Preexisting intimal fibrosis in autogenous graft veins may be one of several factors which induce an overshooting intimal proliferation. Degenerative alterations (fibrotic lesions of the wall layers, insufficiency of the valves) are secondary phenomena in pathogenesis of varicose veins which follow a functional deficiency of the smooth musculature.", "PMID": 508238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7704", "title": "Comparative recording of the heart beat by ultralow frequency and direct body methods with evidence of their basic clinical identity.", "content": "An attempt has been made to validate the d-v-a modification of the direct body electromagnetic shin bar in the ballistocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function. Its essential mirror reflections of body movements recorded with Ulf have been amply illustrated. A plea is made for a resumption of interest in its wider clinical application within a rigid correlative framework.", "contents": "Comparative recording of the heart beat by ultralow frequency and direct body methods with evidence of their basic clinical identity. An attempt has been made to validate the d-v-a modification of the direct body electromagnetic shin bar in the ballistocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function. Its essential mirror reflections of body movements recorded with Ulf have been amply illustrated. A plea is made for a resumption of interest in its wider clinical application within a rigid correlative framework.", "PMID": 508246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7705", "title": "Ballistocardiographic correlation with invasive and noninvasive characteristics of cardiac ejection and designation of the initial point.", "content": "Noninvasive Bcg, ACG, ECC, CP and PCG were correlated simultaneously or by superimposition with the intraventricular and intra-aortic pressure pulse curves. Corresponding alterations in terms of one another have been demonstrated. These made possible delineation of the three phases of initial ejection by marking the points of initial and full opening of the aortic valve cusps (phase 2) in the Bcg, ACG and PCG. Possible prolongation of the interval between them may be seen in the severely diseased, dyskinetic heart which may perhaps be attributed to a 'sinusoidal' Bcg with prolonged H ejection time. The relation of S4 and S3 to mitral leaflet motion and their reflection in the Bcg has been emphasized.", "contents": "Ballistocardiographic correlation with invasive and noninvasive characteristics of cardiac ejection and designation of the initial point. Noninvasive Bcg, ACG, ECC, CP and PCG were correlated simultaneously or by superimposition with the intraventricular and intra-aortic pressure pulse curves. Corresponding alterations in terms of one another have been demonstrated. These made possible delineation of the three phases of initial ejection by marking the points of initial and full opening of the aortic valve cusps (phase 2) in the Bcg, ACG and PCG. Possible prolongation of the interval between them may be seen in the severely diseased, dyskinetic heart which may perhaps be attributed to a 'sinusoidal' Bcg with prolonged H ejection time. The relation of S4 and S3 to mitral leaflet motion and their reflection in the Bcg has been emphasized.", "PMID": 508247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7706", "title": "Minimum average configuration for a set of 'n' independent Bcg events.", "content": "Since the analysis of the Bcg signal in the time domain is conveniently performed on a one-heartbeat block obtained by averaging a number of such blocks extracted from a continuous recording, the problem exists of which is the best relative phasing of the blocks before averaging. Supposing that each block has been expanded in a truncated Fourier series, an algorithm is found that allows one to determine the relative phase shift of the blocks; this is done by imposing the requirement that the integral variance over the period be a minimum. The influence of this procedure is tested on the width of confidence limits of a measure of signal dispersion of two different Bcg beds.", "contents": "Minimum average configuration for a set of 'n' independent Bcg events. Since the analysis of the Bcg signal in the time domain is conveniently performed on a one-heartbeat block obtained by averaging a number of such blocks extracted from a continuous recording, the problem exists of which is the best relative phasing of the blocks before averaging. Supposing that each block has been expanded in a truncated Fourier series, an algorithm is found that allows one to determine the relative phase shift of the blocks; this is done by imposing the requirement that the integral variance over the period be a minimum. The influence of this procedure is tested on the width of confidence limits of a measure of signal dispersion of two different Bcg beds.", "PMID": 508244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7707", "title": "Up-to-date access to cardiovascular problems.", "content": "The regulatory systems that control the pump function of the heart are the mechanisms that modulate the level of myocardial contractility and the lenght-tension relationship. The Frank-Starling relationship is important in balancing -- beat-to-beat -- the outputs of both ventricles. More drastic changes in circulatory dynamics, as during exercise and in old age, are accompanied by changes in myocardial contractility. The young heart normally becomes smaller during exercise, even though the cardiac output is markedly increased. The increased myocardial contractility and the normal distensibility make it possible that the length-tension curve moves to the left and upward. The old heart and the failing heart tend to a relative dilation, even though the cardiac output is markedly decreased. Because of the diminished myocardial contractility in combination with the decreased distensibility, the length-tension curve is moved to the right and downward.", "contents": "Up-to-date access to cardiovascular problems. The regulatory systems that control the pump function of the heart are the mechanisms that modulate the level of myocardial contractility and the lenght-tension relationship. The Frank-Starling relationship is important in balancing -- beat-to-beat -- the outputs of both ventricles. More drastic changes in circulatory dynamics, as during exercise and in old age, are accompanied by changes in myocardial contractility. The young heart normally becomes smaller during exercise, even though the cardiac output is markedly increased. The increased myocardial contractility and the normal distensibility make it possible that the length-tension curve moves to the left and upward. The old heart and the failing heart tend to a relative dilation, even though the cardiac output is markedly decreased. Because of the diminished myocardial contractility in combination with the decreased distensibility, the length-tension curve is moved to the right and downward.", "PMID": 508243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7708", "title": "Clinical and physiological findings when the cardiac contraction is incoordinate compared with those found in matched cases with well-coordinated hearts.", "content": "A group of patients in whom the Bcg, the pulse derivative and the ventriculogram all agreed that cardiac incoordination was present has been compared with another group in which the same three tests agreed that the heartbeat was well coordinated. By pairing the cases we have demonstrated that those with cardiac incoordination showed significantly more angina pectoris, more coronary arteriosclerosis, more abnormal electrocardiograms, a slowed pulse rate and a smaller ejection fraction than did the corresponding cases. The other physiological functions measured were not significantly different in the two groups. Evidently, incoordination of the cardiac contraction is associated with other evidences of severe coronary heart disease. One can regard it as the physiological consequences of the irregular interruptions of coronary blood supply which characterize the pathological anatomy of this disease, and can expect it to appear late in its course.", "contents": "Clinical and physiological findings when the cardiac contraction is incoordinate compared with those found in matched cases with well-coordinated hearts. A group of patients in whom the Bcg, the pulse derivative and the ventriculogram all agreed that cardiac incoordination was present has been compared with another group in which the same three tests agreed that the heartbeat was well coordinated. By pairing the cases we have demonstrated that those with cardiac incoordination showed significantly more angina pectoris, more coronary arteriosclerosis, more abnormal electrocardiograms, a slowed pulse rate and a smaller ejection fraction than did the corresponding cases. The other physiological functions measured were not significantly different in the two groups. Evidently, incoordination of the cardiac contraction is associated with other evidences of severe coronary heart disease. One can regard it as the physiological consequences of the irregular interruptions of coronary blood supply which characterize the pathological anatomy of this disease, and can expect it to appear late in its course.", "PMID": 508245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7709", "title": "Studies on the Bcg signal in infants.", "content": "In this report, we studied the relationship between respiratory and cardiac rates derived from a modified Bcg and for comparison from the thermistor and the ECG in infants from a new-born baby to a 13-year-old boy. The results with fair correlation coefficients support us in our opinion that this method is worth taking into consideration. Although the number of disturbances is not negligible, this indirect method offers a harmless control of vital parameters in childhood and adolescence. It gives reliable data without any trouble to the patients. In a period of increasing malpractice accusations, it could be of some interest to have a monitoring device working without any direct contact with the patient.", "contents": "Studies on the Bcg signal in infants. In this report, we studied the relationship between respiratory and cardiac rates derived from a modified Bcg and for comparison from the thermistor and the ECG in infants from a new-born baby to a 13-year-old boy. The results with fair correlation coefficients support us in our opinion that this method is worth taking into consideration. Although the number of disturbances is not negligible, this indirect method offers a harmless control of vital parameters in childhood and adolescence. It gives reliable data without any trouble to the patients. In a period of increasing malpractice accusations, it could be of some interest to have a monitoring device working without any direct contact with the patient.", "PMID": 508248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7710", "title": "The value of echocardiography in assessing the severity of mitral stenosis.", "content": "In a group of 24 patients having pure mitral stenosis, the relation between the echo parameters of the mitral valve and pressures in the pulmonary circulation was studied. On the basis of the authors' results, it was concluded that the sensitivity of one-dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis can be further improved by measuring not only the widely accepted parameters, such as the diastolic closing velocity and the motion amplitude of the AML, but also by taking into account the echodiameter of the mitral orifice. Besides, careful observation of the motion pattern of the PML might be of use for distinguishing between a mild and moderate degree of mitral stenosis.", "contents": "The value of echocardiography in assessing the severity of mitral stenosis. In a group of 24 patients having pure mitral stenosis, the relation between the echo parameters of the mitral valve and pressures in the pulmonary circulation was studied. On the basis of the authors' results, it was concluded that the sensitivity of one-dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis can be further improved by measuring not only the widely accepted parameters, such as the diastolic closing velocity and the motion amplitude of the AML, but also by taking into account the echodiameter of the mitral orifice. Besides, careful observation of the motion pattern of the PML might be of use for distinguishing between a mild and moderate degree of mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 508249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7711", "title": "Cardiac dynamics during the work load as studied by polycardiography.", "content": "Changes in systolic time intervals during the work load point to the differences in their control mechanisms. The exponential decay of the parameters shows sinusoidal oscillations. The number of oscillations is short in cycle length and isometric contraction time; it is the greatest in the ejection period.", "contents": "Cardiac dynamics during the work load as studied by polycardiography. Changes in systolic time intervals during the work load point to the differences in their control mechanisms. The exponential decay of the parameters shows sinusoidal oscillations. The number of oscillations is short in cycle length and isometric contraction time; it is the greatest in the ejection period.", "PMID": 508251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7712", "title": "Sphygmographic assessment of arterial distensibility in patients at risk of degenerative arterial disease.", "content": "The paper deals with the application of carotid resonance electrosphygmography (CRESG) to primary arterial hypertension (PAH) and primary hyperlipoproteinaemia (PHLP). On a group of 145 patients with PAH (and a control group of 63 healthy persons) aged 20--50 years and on a group of 30 patients with PHLP (plus a control group of 43 healthy persons) aged 30--60 years, the records were taken bilaterally. In both groups significant quantitative differences in the sphygmograms were found which are indicative for reduced distensibility and indirectly for the degeneration of the arterial wall. It is concluded that an effective follow-up of the progress of degenerative changes can be made by CRESG.", "contents": "Sphygmographic assessment of arterial distensibility in patients at risk of degenerative arterial disease. The paper deals with the application of carotid resonance electrosphygmography (CRESG) to primary arterial hypertension (PAH) and primary hyperlipoproteinaemia (PHLP). On a group of 145 patients with PAH (and a control group of 63 healthy persons) aged 20--50 years and on a group of 30 patients with PHLP (plus a control group of 43 healthy persons) aged 30--60 years, the records were taken bilaterally. In both groups significant quantitative differences in the sphygmograms were found which are indicative for reduced distensibility and indirectly for the degeneration of the arterial wall. It is concluded that an effective follow-up of the progress of degenerative changes can be made by CRESG.", "PMID": 508252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7713", "title": "Early diastole in mitral valve disease.", "content": "Noninvasive findings from the study of early diastole in patients with mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation are reported. Isovolumic relaxation time and the opening phase of the mitral valve are the main subintervals of early diastole. In mitral stenosis, a 3rd subinterval, the ECHO X-E phase, is described. Also, the effect of the cardiac cycle length on these intervals is studied, as well as the relationship between the opening snap, the O point of the apexcardiogram and the mitral echographic curve in early diastole.", "contents": "Early diastole in mitral valve disease. Noninvasive findings from the study of early diastole in patients with mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation are reported. Isovolumic relaxation time and the opening phase of the mitral valve are the main subintervals of early diastole. In mitral stenosis, a 3rd subinterval, the ECHO X-E phase, is described. Also, the effect of the cardiac cycle length on these intervals is studied, as well as the relationship between the opening snap, the O point of the apexcardiogram and the mitral echographic curve in early diastole.", "PMID": 508250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7714", "title": "Dynamic characteristics of the thorax connected with the heart action.", "content": "We determined the indices of local vibrations (resonance frequency, damping coefficient, stiffness constant, extinction time) and transfer function H(s) . 10(-6) for three somatotypes and three respiratory positions on 88 points of the thorax. The examinees were males (age 21 years). We found the resonance frequencies of 36.86--54.75 cps, damping coefficient (delta) 0.121--0.217. This means the damping is less than critical (delta = 1). We applied shocks (a force of 2 N) with a reflex hammer on 88 points of the thorax. The force diminished from the exciting place (say ictus) to the recording place (accelerometer on the sternum) from 2 to 0.2 N. The athletic type has the highest resonance frequency and stiffness constant; the leptosomic type has the highest damping; the longest extinction time belongs to the pyknic type. The pyknic type has also the highest value of the transfer function. The respiratory position (quiet respiration, Valsalva and M\u00fcller experiment) influences the values of the indices of local vibrations and of the transfer function. The influence is evident especially on the intercostal points: the transfer of the oscillations is alleviated at a higher stiffness of the thorax (Valsalva; the value of H(S) . 10(-6) rises from 7.00 to 9.39 sec2), it deteriorates at a small stiffness of the thorax (in M\u00fcller's experiment falls to 2.78 sec2). With the fall in the intrathoracic pressure the damping in the intercostal points decreases. On the basis of experiments the conclusion was made that a short testing of the thorax of an examinee will give the dynamic characteristics of the thorax (indices of local vibrations and transfer functions) of the individual. This procedure will alleviate the quantitative use of noninvasive mechanical methods in the assessment of the cardiovascular function.", "contents": "Dynamic characteristics of the thorax connected with the heart action. We determined the indices of local vibrations (resonance frequency, damping coefficient, stiffness constant, extinction time) and transfer function H(s) . 10(-6) for three somatotypes and three respiratory positions on 88 points of the thorax. The examinees were males (age 21 years). We found the resonance frequencies of 36.86--54.75 cps, damping coefficient (delta) 0.121--0.217. This means the damping is less than critical (delta = 1). We applied shocks (a force of 2 N) with a reflex hammer on 88 points of the thorax. The force diminished from the exciting place (say ictus) to the recording place (accelerometer on the sternum) from 2 to 0.2 N. The athletic type has the highest resonance frequency and stiffness constant; the leptosomic type has the highest damping; the longest extinction time belongs to the pyknic type. The pyknic type has also the highest value of the transfer function. The respiratory position (quiet respiration, Valsalva and M\u00fcller experiment) influences the values of the indices of local vibrations and of the transfer function. The influence is evident especially on the intercostal points: the transfer of the oscillations is alleviated at a higher stiffness of the thorax (Valsalva; the value of H(S) . 10(-6) rises from 7.00 to 9.39 sec2), it deteriorates at a small stiffness of the thorax (in M\u00fcller's experiment falls to 2.78 sec2). With the fall in the intrathoracic pressure the damping in the intercostal points decreases. On the basis of experiments the conclusion was made that a short testing of the thorax of an examinee will give the dynamic characteristics of the thorax (indices of local vibrations and transfer functions) of the individual. This procedure will alleviate the quantitative use of noninvasive mechanical methods in the assessment of the cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 508256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7715", "title": "Evaluation of the pulse contour method in beat-to-beat determination of the cardiac output in small laboratory animals.", "content": "The pulse contour method was used for determining beat-to-beat stroke volume in small laboratory animals. A good correlation was found between stroke volume values determined by the pulse contour method and figures obtained by dye dilution. The pressure volume proportionality factor KA from Bourgeois' formula for the pulse contour determination of stroke volume was less stable under changing haemodynamic conditions compared with the results of other authors obtained from larger laboratory animals.", "contents": "Evaluation of the pulse contour method in beat-to-beat determination of the cardiac output in small laboratory animals. The pulse contour method was used for determining beat-to-beat stroke volume in small laboratory animals. A good correlation was found between stroke volume values determined by the pulse contour method and figures obtained by dye dilution. The pressure volume proportionality factor KA from Bourgeois' formula for the pulse contour determination of stroke volume was less stable under changing haemodynamic conditions compared with the results of other authors obtained from larger laboratory animals.", "PMID": 508254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7716", "title": "Comparative examination of the pulse of both right and left carotid arteries.", "content": "The technique of CRESG secured on both arteries simultaneously is applied as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. A group of 42 persons (healthy and patients, 7 females and 35 males) aged 19--66 years was examined. In 14 of them X-ray angiography and in 5 of these 14 cases the additional surgical procedure confirmed the diagnosis. A difference of less than or equal to 10% between left and right upstroke time is shown in all subjects with decreased distensibility and signifies a generalized atherosclerotic process in all central arteries. Greater asymetry in bilateral CRESG is caused by a local more pronounced left/right arterial lesion. It is concluded that simultaneous left/right CRESG help to differentiate between generalized and localized arterial lesions.", "contents": "Comparative examination of the pulse of both right and left carotid arteries. The technique of CRESG secured on both arteries simultaneously is applied as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. A group of 42 persons (healthy and patients, 7 females and 35 males) aged 19--66 years was examined. In 14 of them X-ray angiography and in 5 of these 14 cases the additional surgical procedure confirmed the diagnosis. A difference of less than or equal to 10% between left and right upstroke time is shown in all subjects with decreased distensibility and signifies a generalized atherosclerotic process in all central arteries. Greater asymetry in bilateral CRESG is caused by a local more pronounced left/right arterial lesion. It is concluded that simultaneous left/right CRESG help to differentiate between generalized and localized arterial lesions.", "PMID": 508253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7717", "title": "Influence of diastolic fibre orientation on the left ventricular power generation.", "content": "A mathematical model is described which in a simplified way, without directly taking into account the elastic properties of the heart wall, describes the EDV which corresponds to the experimental data. The model further describes the power generation of the left ventricle at high EDV. The volume density of power is expressed with a product of three factors (1) average density of the CE, (2) a factor which contains the inotropic properties of a single CE and (3) a form factor, which involves structural changes in the heart wall at various EDV.", "contents": "Influence of diastolic fibre orientation on the left ventricular power generation. A mathematical model is described which in a simplified way, without directly taking into account the elastic properties of the heart wall, describes the EDV which corresponds to the experimental data. The model further describes the power generation of the left ventricle at high EDV. The volume density of power is expressed with a product of three factors (1) average density of the CE, (2) a factor which contains the inotropic properties of a single CE and (3) a form factor, which involves structural changes in the heart wall at various EDV.", "PMID": 508255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7718", "title": "Further observations on modelling of the cardiovascular function in the electrical model.", "content": "In 1976 the fourth type of the electrical model of the cardiovascular function was constructed, showing formal and electronic changes: inverting system, hysteresis comparator (for the valve function), simulation of the insufficiency and the stenosis of the valves. The analog values were established but they are not yet definitive. The important values are: pressure 100 mm Hg = 100mV; flow 100 ml/sec = 137 microA. The action of the heart is given by changing capacity; the contractility is characterized by systolic capacity (CS). The diastolic capacity (CD) is not yet variable (CD = 4,000 microF) and consequently the diastolic pressure is always near to zero. The pressure curves of the left ventricle and of the aorta of cardiac patients with aortic valve disease were simulated. For comparison purposes only two clinical records and electrical model simulation records are given in this paper. In the patients (only aortic stenosis is given here) left heart catheterization was carried out. A case of coronary heart disease is also shown. The curves (simulated) are satisfactory and reflect the events in the compression chamber. The values of the parameters, which were used in the stimulation, represent the analysis of the clinical curves and a functional characterization of the situation. Besides these simulations the effect of valve changes on the pressure in the left ventricle, aorta and large arteries was also studied. With the aim of extending the integrative view of the use of the electrical model, an attempt of comparing the time course of capacity changes and the time course of inner surface changes of the left ventricle was made. The cinecardioangiographic data, obtained in an invasive way, were used for the purpose of obtaining the inner surface of the left ventricle. From pressure and surface data the cardiac forces (isometric, average and also total force per minute) were calculated and compared with the normal state, taken from the literature. The total force per minute includes the sum of systolic durations per minute and characterizes the energy expenses of the heart. Further data must be obtained by different cardiographic techniques in order to obtain a solid basis for the use of indirect methods, where the electrical model would be helpful as a noninvasive integrative tool in the assessment of the cardiovascular function.", "contents": "Further observations on modelling of the cardiovascular function in the electrical model. In 1976 the fourth type of the electrical model of the cardiovascular function was constructed, showing formal and electronic changes: inverting system, hysteresis comparator (for the valve function), simulation of the insufficiency and the stenosis of the valves. The analog values were established but they are not yet definitive. The important values are: pressure 100 mm Hg = 100mV; flow 100 ml/sec = 137 microA. The action of the heart is given by changing capacity; the contractility is characterized by systolic capacity (CS). The diastolic capacity (CD) is not yet variable (CD = 4,000 microF) and consequently the diastolic pressure is always near to zero. The pressure curves of the left ventricle and of the aorta of cardiac patients with aortic valve disease were simulated. For comparison purposes only two clinical records and electrical model simulation records are given in this paper. In the patients (only aortic stenosis is given here) left heart catheterization was carried out. A case of coronary heart disease is also shown. The curves (simulated) are satisfactory and reflect the events in the compression chamber. The values of the parameters, which were used in the stimulation, represent the analysis of the clinical curves and a functional characterization of the situation. Besides these simulations the effect of valve changes on the pressure in the left ventricle, aorta and large arteries was also studied. With the aim of extending the integrative view of the use of the electrical model, an attempt of comparing the time course of capacity changes and the time course of inner surface changes of the left ventricle was made. The cinecardioangiographic data, obtained in an invasive way, were used for the purpose of obtaining the inner surface of the left ventricle. From pressure and surface data the cardiac forces (isometric, average and also total force per minute) were calculated and compared with the normal state, taken from the literature. The total force per minute includes the sum of systolic durations per minute and characterizes the energy expenses of the heart. Further data must be obtained by different cardiographic techniques in order to obtain a solid basis for the use of indirect methods, where the electrical model would be helpful as a noninvasive integrative tool in the assessment of the cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 508257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7719", "title": "Ballistocardiography: past, present and future.", "content": "In this paper, an analysis is given of the present state of ballistocardiography. It is concluded that several aspects of the method have to be improved before successful application in medicine can follow. These aspects are, for example, (a) physiological backgrounds of the method, and (b) signal analysis of the ballistocardiogram. Recent developments on these items are discussed and some preliminary results are given. Research on ballistocardiography is worthwhile to be continuing, since the method offers good perspectives for application in preventive medicine (early detection of coronary heart disease) and in clinical medicine.", "contents": "Ballistocardiography: past, present and future. In this paper, an analysis is given of the present state of ballistocardiography. It is concluded that several aspects of the method have to be improved before successful application in medicine can follow. These aspects are, for example, (a) physiological backgrounds of the method, and (b) signal analysis of the ballistocardiogram. Recent developments on these items are discussed and some preliminary results are given. Research on ballistocardiography is worthwhile to be continuing, since the method offers good perspectives for application in preventive medicine (early detection of coronary heart disease) and in clinical medicine.", "PMID": 508258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7720", "title": "Direct body ballistocardiography: a 25 year survey. Landmarks in its representation of cardiac dynamics.", "content": "The direct body Bcg has been shown to reflect various expressions of the known physiological principles of cardiac dynamics. Emphasis has been placed on the identification and characteristics of the individual segment rather than on gross pattern variability for proper Bcg pattern evaluation. Its sensitivity in the detection of early myocardial infarction with particular attention to its initial HI forces has been described. The significance of the simple Master two-step test (double) in eliciting the amplification or deterioration of these forces as a measure of myocardial integrity has also been emphasized. With this proposed definitive direction, there is call for widely organized attempts to clarify its potential as an important adjuvant in the study of clinical heart disease.", "contents": "Direct body ballistocardiography: a 25 year survey. Landmarks in its representation of cardiac dynamics. The direct body Bcg has been shown to reflect various expressions of the known physiological principles of cardiac dynamics. Emphasis has been placed on the identification and characteristics of the individual segment rather than on gross pattern variability for proper Bcg pattern evaluation. Its sensitivity in the detection of early myocardial infarction with particular attention to its initial HI forces has been described. The significance of the simple Master two-step test (double) in eliciting the amplification or deterioration of these forces as a measure of myocardial integrity has also been emphasized. With this proposed definitive direction, there is call for widely organized attempts to clarify its potential as an important adjuvant in the study of clinical heart disease.", "PMID": 508259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7721", "title": "Kinetocardiography: past and present.", "content": "Kinetocardiography (KCG) records the absolute displacement of several points of the precordium. KCG utilizes only the low frequency motions (0--30 Hz). Computer availability allows for many improved methods of KCG evaluation. Amplitude and time normalization make averaging of curves more meaningful. Determining the mean of many KCGs of patients with the same disease offers a useful means of comparison. Of more recent interest is the possibility of comparing preoperative to postoperative curves of patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Greatly increased total systolic retraction is evidenced in patients with improved clinical findings.", "contents": "Kinetocardiography: past and present. Kinetocardiography (KCG) records the absolute displacement of several points of the precordium. KCG utilizes only the low frequency motions (0--30 Hz). Computer availability allows for many improved methods of KCG evaluation. Amplitude and time normalization make averaging of curves more meaningful. Determining the mean of many KCGs of patients with the same disease offers a useful means of comparison. Of more recent interest is the possibility of comparing preoperative to postoperative curves of patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Greatly increased total systolic retraction is evidenced in patients with improved clinical findings.", "PMID": 508260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7722", "title": "Clinical application of carotid electrosphygmography.", "content": "A short historical review of sphygmography and a description of the contour together with the genesis of the arterial pulse wave is given. An own procedure of quantitative analysis of the carotid sphygmogram is described. The scope of these investigations was an attempt to determine sphygmographic criteria for arterial distensibility, showing the degeneration of the arteries. First it is reported about the original technique of the carotid resonance electrosphygmography (CRESG), then the advantages resulting from long-term investigations (especially with arterial atheriosclerotic patients compared with normal subjects) are stressed. Secondly, the practical value of CRESG, substantiated with X-ray aortography, pathological findings and experiments on dogs is shown. In two groups (70 healthy subjects and 221 patients with reduced distensibility of the arterial wall) a significant correlation between PWV in the aorta and quantitative sphygmographic data could be shown. Thirdly, the usefulness of CRESG as a noninvasive method in the quantitative assessment of arterial damage is concluded especially for the case of atherosclerosis and hypertension. The further development of this original method in evaluating arterial ageing, the arterial changes in hypertensive patients and in different other pathological situations may promote a broader clinical application of CRESG.", "contents": "Clinical application of carotid electrosphygmography. A short historical review of sphygmography and a description of the contour together with the genesis of the arterial pulse wave is given. An own procedure of quantitative analysis of the carotid sphygmogram is described. The scope of these investigations was an attempt to determine sphygmographic criteria for arterial distensibility, showing the degeneration of the arteries. First it is reported about the original technique of the carotid resonance electrosphygmography (CRESG), then the advantages resulting from long-term investigations (especially with arterial atheriosclerotic patients compared with normal subjects) are stressed. Secondly, the practical value of CRESG, substantiated with X-ray aortography, pathological findings and experiments on dogs is shown. In two groups (70 healthy subjects and 221 patients with reduced distensibility of the arterial wall) a significant correlation between PWV in the aorta and quantitative sphygmographic data could be shown. Thirdly, the usefulness of CRESG as a noninvasive method in the quantitative assessment of arterial damage is concluded especially for the case of atherosclerosis and hypertension. The further development of this original method in evaluating arterial ageing, the arterial changes in hypertensive patients and in different other pathological situations may promote a broader clinical application of CRESG.", "PMID": 508261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7723", "title": "Genesis of the sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram.", "content": "The functional uniformity of the heart and vessels is studied. The idea of the genesis of the carotid sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram (GS-KCG) was developed on the basis of the analysis of the KCG and carotid-sphygmographic (CSG) pattern obtained in 10 young healthy adults. Two of these examinees were additionally examined under the influence of a s.c. injection of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA). Two kinds of transducers for the displacement of the chest wall and of the carotid region were used (photoelectric and resonance receiver). They did not touch the skin and were placed in four positions on the thorax; three of them are routine auscultatory positions (ictus, ERB, aorta), one was the carotid artery pulse position. Amplitude and time intervals at rest and under the influence of catecholamines were determined and their interrelationship studied. The amplitudes are more variable than the intervals. The genesis of the waves was studied on the basis of the records in four positions. On this basis, a uniform hypothesis about the genesis of the KCG and CSG waves is derived. From this hypothesis and from the existence of a reflection wave starting at the aorta, the concept of the genesis of the sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram was developed: the deformation starts at the aorta, is directed to the apex, is there reflected and propagated to the carotid artery. The validity of this concept of the GS-KCG is proved on the basis of experiments with adrenaline and noradrenaline. The quantitative data of peaks and waves from four positions show a stability of the KCG and CSG pattern despite the influence of catecholamines. A comparison is made between the apex cardiogram (ACG) and KCG and determinants of the characteristic pattern of chest movements are given. It was further concluded that the technique of measuring reflection wave velocity (=intracardiac velocity) and pulse wave velocity (=vascular, mixed) can be used as a test for individual reactivity of the cardiovascular system. The wave velocities and the carotid amplitude can help in detecting a disposition towards coronary disease.", "contents": "Genesis of the sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram. The functional uniformity of the heart and vessels is studied. The idea of the genesis of the carotid sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram (GS-KCG) was developed on the basis of the analysis of the KCG and carotid-sphygmographic (CSG) pattern obtained in 10 young healthy adults. Two of these examinees were additionally examined under the influence of a s.c. injection of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA). Two kinds of transducers for the displacement of the chest wall and of the carotid region were used (photoelectric and resonance receiver). They did not touch the skin and were placed in four positions on the thorax; three of them are routine auscultatory positions (ictus, ERB, aorta), one was the carotid artery pulse position. Amplitude and time intervals at rest and under the influence of catecholamines were determined and their interrelationship studied. The amplitudes are more variable than the intervals. The genesis of the waves was studied on the basis of the records in four positions. On this basis, a uniform hypothesis about the genesis of the KCG and CSG waves is derived. From this hypothesis and from the existence of a reflection wave starting at the aorta, the concept of the genesis of the sphygmogram from the kinetocardiogram was developed: the deformation starts at the aorta, is directed to the apex, is there reflected and propagated to the carotid artery. The validity of this concept of the GS-KCG is proved on the basis of experiments with adrenaline and noradrenaline. The quantitative data of peaks and waves from four positions show a stability of the KCG and CSG pattern despite the influence of catecholamines. A comparison is made between the apex cardiogram (ACG) and KCG and determinants of the characteristic pattern of chest movements are given. It was further concluded that the technique of measuring reflection wave velocity (=intracardiac velocity) and pulse wave velocity (=vascular, mixed) can be used as a test for individual reactivity of the cardiovascular system. The wave velocities and the carotid amplitude can help in detecting a disposition towards coronary disease.", "PMID": 508262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7724", "title": "Nutritional requirement and its assessment, with special reference to energy, protein and calcium.", "content": "If food is plentiful the requirement for energy is met by an accurate system of control so that intake balances expenditure. Energy requirements are therefore often assessed by measuring energy intakes. Intakes of protein, however, are no measure of protein requirements and the amounts customarily taken in Western diets are considerably more than man needs. The requirements for calcium are difficult to assess, for they are affected not only by age, but by other constituents of the diet, by the time of year, by individual peculiarities and by the previous intake. There is a physiological loss of calcium from the body starting in middle age which is not prevented by a high calcium intake.", "contents": "Nutritional requirement and its assessment, with special reference to energy, protein and calcium. If food is plentiful the requirement for energy is met by an accurate system of control so that intake balances expenditure. Energy requirements are therefore often assessed by measuring energy intakes. Intakes of protein, however, are no measure of protein requirements and the amounts customarily taken in Western diets are considerably more than man needs. The requirements for calcium are difficult to assess, for they are affected not only by age, but by other constituents of the diet, by the time of year, by individual peculiarities and by the previous intake. There is a physiological loss of calcium from the body starting in middle age which is not prevented by a high calcium intake.", "PMID": 508269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7725", "title": "Relevance of a borderline vitamin deficiency in relation to the question of vitamin requirement.", "content": "A definition is given for the terms of latent and borderline vitamin deficiency, and the vitamin requirement and optimal vitamin supply, respectively, are discussed in relation to these two terms. The upper limit of the latent vitamin deficiency status can be used to define the optimal intake of vitamins, whereas the lower limit indicates the minimum requirement. The impact on health of a latent vitamin deficiency lies in the risk of falling into a manifest vitamin deficiency during sudden stress, whereas, in borderline vitamin deficiency status, some health functions are affected so that a problem of public health may arise and countermeasures should be taken.", "contents": "Relevance of a borderline vitamin deficiency in relation to the question of vitamin requirement. A definition is given for the terms of latent and borderline vitamin deficiency, and the vitamin requirement and optimal vitamin supply, respectively, are discussed in relation to these two terms. The upper limit of the latent vitamin deficiency status can be used to define the optimal intake of vitamins, whereas the lower limit indicates the minimum requirement. The impact on health of a latent vitamin deficiency lies in the risk of falling into a manifest vitamin deficiency during sudden stress, whereas, in borderline vitamin deficiency status, some health functions are affected so that a problem of public health may arise and countermeasures should be taken.", "PMID": 508272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7726", "title": "Fortification of foods in industrial and developing countries.", "content": "Sophisticated consumers of the future will not only feed themselves better; they will be far less prone to the victims of ignorance, the misplaced enthusiasm of the food faddist, the hucksterism of the charlatan, and the malice of those who inflate their egos, and earn their living by alarming others. There is much to be concerned about in the years ahead and our efforts should be expended on the right points -- and one of these right points will be an orderly and intelligent expansion of the concept of food fortification. The rationale for this is because too many of us, and far more in other parts of the world, do not consume, or have the opportunity to consume, a variety of foods that provide in adequate amounts the some 50 nutrients known to be necessary for good nutrition. A proper variety of foods, when available and when consumed, will provide the best nutrition each of us can obtain genetically. Intelligent fortification of certain key foods will assist in obtaining this adequate nutrition by those who do not or cannot consume this desired and proper variety of foods.", "contents": "Fortification of foods in industrial and developing countries. Sophisticated consumers of the future will not only feed themselves better; they will be far less prone to the victims of ignorance, the misplaced enthusiasm of the food faddist, the hucksterism of the charlatan, and the malice of those who inflate their egos, and earn their living by alarming others. There is much to be concerned about in the years ahead and our efforts should be expended on the right points -- and one of these right points will be an orderly and intelligent expansion of the concept of food fortification. The rationale for this is because too many of us, and far more in other parts of the world, do not consume, or have the opportunity to consume, a variety of foods that provide in adequate amounts the some 50 nutrients known to be necessary for good nutrition. A proper variety of foods, when available and when consumed, will provide the best nutrition each of us can obtain genetically. Intelligent fortification of certain key foods will assist in obtaining this adequate nutrition by those who do not or cannot consume this desired and proper variety of foods.", "PMID": 508274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7727", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in the oestrogenic response of the chick M\u00fcllerian duct as measured by chromatin template and ribonucleic acid initiation capacity.", "content": "Assays of transcription in vitro, with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or wheat-germ RNA polymerase II, were used to characterize chromatin templates isolated from the left M\u00fcllerian duct of the chick embryo during normal development, and during development in the presence of diethylstilboestrol. Control M\u00fcllerian-duct template capacity with E. coli RNA polymerase decreased from 6.42% on day 10 to 4.34% by day 15 of development. Similar results were found with wheat-germ RNA polymerase II. In the presence of rifampicin and heparin, the prokaryotic enzyme transcribed a number-average RNA chain of 670 nucleotide residues, at an average rate of 110 nucleotide residues/min, from M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin of all developmental stages. From day 10 to day 15 there was a 44% decrease in the number of initiation sites for E. coli RNA polymerase on M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin. A 47% decline was observed when these chromatins were transcribed with excess RNA polymerase II in the presence of rifamycin Af/013. Signs of increasing responsiveness to oestrogen developed between days 10 and 16. Embryos exposed to maximally responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol for 2 days showed increases in M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin template capacity, RNA-chain initiation sites, wet weight, protein and RNA. The changes seen in the oviduct of the 1-week-old chick injected for 2 days with diethylstilboestrol were defined as 100% responses. By comparison, the M\u00fcllerian duct, after exposure to diethylstilboestrol from day 10 to day 12, from day 13 to day 15 or from day 16 to day 18, showed a 15%, 39% and 72% template response respectively, and a 42%, 56% and 85% initiation-site change respectively. A similar developmental trend was observed in all parameters. It is concluded that oestrogenic responsiveness in the developing M\u00fcllerian duct increases from day 10 to nearly maximal values by day 16 of development, and that this transition is paralleled by a progressive restriction of genomic activity.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in the oestrogenic response of the chick M\u00fcllerian duct as measured by chromatin template and ribonucleic acid initiation capacity. Assays of transcription in vitro, with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or wheat-germ RNA polymerase II, were used to characterize chromatin templates isolated from the left M\u00fcllerian duct of the chick embryo during normal development, and during development in the presence of diethylstilboestrol. Control M\u00fcllerian-duct template capacity with E. coli RNA polymerase decreased from 6.42% on day 10 to 4.34% by day 15 of development. Similar results were found with wheat-germ RNA polymerase II. In the presence of rifampicin and heparin, the prokaryotic enzyme transcribed a number-average RNA chain of 670 nucleotide residues, at an average rate of 110 nucleotide residues/min, from M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin of all developmental stages. From day 10 to day 15 there was a 44% decrease in the number of initiation sites for E. coli RNA polymerase on M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin. A 47% decline was observed when these chromatins were transcribed with excess RNA polymerase II in the presence of rifamycin Af/013. Signs of increasing responsiveness to oestrogen developed between days 10 and 16. Embryos exposed to maximally responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol for 2 days showed increases in M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin template capacity, RNA-chain initiation sites, wet weight, protein and RNA. The changes seen in the oviduct of the 1-week-old chick injected for 2 days with diethylstilboestrol were defined as 100% responses. By comparison, the M\u00fcllerian duct, after exposure to diethylstilboestrol from day 10 to day 12, from day 13 to day 15 or from day 16 to day 18, showed a 15%, 39% and 72% template response respectively, and a 42%, 56% and 85% initiation-site change respectively. A similar developmental trend was observed in all parameters. It is concluded that oestrogenic responsiveness in the developing M\u00fcllerian duct increases from day 10 to nearly maximal values by day 16 of development, and that this transition is paralleled by a progressive restriction of genomic activity.", "PMID": 508283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7728", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Prenatal effect of oestrogenic hormone on tubular-gland cell morphogenesis and ovalbumin-gene expression in the chick M\u00fcllerian duct.", "content": "The effects of diethylstilboestrol on morphogenesis and cyto-differentiation of the chick-embryo left M\u00fcllerian duct were examined. Embryos were treated at different stages of development with maximal-responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol over a 5-day interval. The shell gland and magnum regions of the M\u00fcllerian duct were then assayed for growth and histological morphogenesis. The results were correlated with diethylstilboestrol-induced ovalbumin-gene expression as measured by ovalbumin-mRNA (mRNAov) accumulation and the relative rate of ovalbumin synthesis. Treatment of the embryo from day 10 to day 15 of incubation induces morphogenesis of tubular-gland cells in the M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum. Although these cells constitute 10% of the total cell population and contain an average of 8000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, ovalbumin synthesis is only 0.85% of total magnum protein synthesis. The M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 13 to day 18 of incubation contains about 30% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 7000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, but ovalbumin synthesis is only 3.25% of total magnum protein synthesis. The M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 16 to day 21 of incubation contains about 50% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 6500 mRNAov molecules per cell, and ovalbumin synthesis is 10% of total magnum protein synthesis. Oestrogen responsiveness develops simultaneously in the M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum and shell-gland regions. Compared with the rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced oviduct growth, the relative rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced M\u00fcllerian-duct growth increases with embryonic age, from 20-fold lower in the 10-day embryo to only 3-fold lower in the 16-day embryo. All results are discussed in comparison with the responses to oestrogen of the immature chick oviduct, and in terms of the ontogeny of hormone-competent epithelial and stromal components of the M\u00fcllerian duct. It is concluded that the development of oestrogenic competence in the embryonic M\u00fcllerian duct is a multiphasic phenomenon. A dramatic increase in hormone responsiveness in the M\u00fcllerian duct occurs between days 10 and 16 of development, and a less dramatic final maturation of oestrogen responsiveness occurs between day 16 of development and 1 week after hatching.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Prenatal effect of oestrogenic hormone on tubular-gland cell morphogenesis and ovalbumin-gene expression in the chick M\u00fcllerian duct. The effects of diethylstilboestrol on morphogenesis and cyto-differentiation of the chick-embryo left M\u00fcllerian duct were examined. Embryos were treated at different stages of development with maximal-responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol over a 5-day interval. The shell gland and magnum regions of the M\u00fcllerian duct were then assayed for growth and histological morphogenesis. The results were correlated with diethylstilboestrol-induced ovalbumin-gene expression as measured by ovalbumin-mRNA (mRNAov) accumulation and the relative rate of ovalbumin synthesis. Treatment of the embryo from day 10 to day 15 of incubation induces morphogenesis of tubular-gland cells in the M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum. Although these cells constitute 10% of the total cell population and contain an average of 8000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, ovalbumin synthesis is only 0.85% of total magnum protein synthesis. The M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 13 to day 18 of incubation contains about 30% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 7000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, but ovalbumin synthesis is only 3.25% of total magnum protein synthesis. The M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 16 to day 21 of incubation contains about 50% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 6500 mRNAov molecules per cell, and ovalbumin synthesis is 10% of total magnum protein synthesis. Oestrogen responsiveness develops simultaneously in the M\u00fcllerian-duct magnum and shell-gland regions. Compared with the rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced oviduct growth, the relative rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced M\u00fcllerian-duct growth increases with embryonic age, from 20-fold lower in the 10-day embryo to only 3-fold lower in the 16-day embryo. All results are discussed in comparison with the responses to oestrogen of the immature chick oviduct, and in terms of the ontogeny of hormone-competent epithelial and stromal components of the M\u00fcllerian duct. It is concluded that the development of oestrogenic competence in the embryonic M\u00fcllerian duct is a multiphasic phenomenon. A dramatic increase in hormone responsiveness in the M\u00fcllerian duct occurs between days 10 and 16 of development, and a less dramatic final maturation of oestrogen responsiveness occurs between day 16 of development and 1 week after hatching.", "PMID": 508284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7729", "title": "Lactose synthesis in the rat, and the effects of litter size and malnutrition.", "content": "1. The rate of lactose synthesis per g of mammary tissue, measured in vivo by a radioisotopic technique, rose 13-fold between parturition and day 16 of lactation in the rat, but was unaffected by wide variation in litter size. 2. The increase reflected a greater tissue content of galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), and was augmented by a rise in the total weight of mammary tissue. Superimposed on this were unpredictable changes in the functional efficiency of the enzyme. 3. Lactose synthesis in 14-day-lactating rats, permitted only 76% of the food intake of paired control rats over the previous 3 weeks, showed a pronounced diurnal variation at an overall rate markedly below that in control rats. 4. Such nutritional deficiency did not affect the tissue content of galactosyltransferase, but impaired its functional efficiency in a manner reversed by renewed feeding or by the preparation and incubation of acini in vitro. 5. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased at parturition and with increasing litter size, and remained relatively unchanged during lactation and malnutrition.", "contents": "Lactose synthesis in the rat, and the effects of litter size and malnutrition. 1. The rate of lactose synthesis per g of mammary tissue, measured in vivo by a radioisotopic technique, rose 13-fold between parturition and day 16 of lactation in the rat, but was unaffected by wide variation in litter size. 2. The increase reflected a greater tissue content of galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), and was augmented by a rise in the total weight of mammary tissue. Superimposed on this were unpredictable changes in the functional efficiency of the enzyme. 3. Lactose synthesis in 14-day-lactating rats, permitted only 76% of the food intake of paired control rats over the previous 3 weeks, showed a pronounced diurnal variation at an overall rate markedly below that in control rats. 4. Such nutritional deficiency did not affect the tissue content of galactosyltransferase, but impaired its functional efficiency in a manner reversed by renewed feeding or by the preparation and incubation of acini in vitro. 5. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased at parturition and with increasing litter size, and remained relatively unchanged during lactation and malnutrition.", "PMID": 508285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7730", "title": "Studies on the isolation and properties of renin granules from the rat kidney cortex.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to isolate and investigate some physicochemical properties of renin granules from the rat kidney cortex. Two preparations of subcellular organelles were used: a primary-granule fraction, which allowed the properties of lysosomes to be compared simultaneously with those of renin granules, and a semi-purified preparation of the latter. The specific activity of renin in the primary-granule preparations was about 4-fold higher than in the original homogenate; that of the semi-purified renin-granule preparation was about 18-fold higher than in the homogenate, and consisted mainly of electron-dense granules but some mitochondria were also observed. Renin and acid phosphatase release from the primary-granule preparation was increased by lowering osmolality, by a low-molecular-weight solute (glucose) and by Triton X-100 or digitonin. Enzyme release was decreased by lowering the incubation temperature (4 degrees C) or the presence of CaCl2. Renin release from the partially purified granule preparation was not affected by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and ATP.", "contents": "Studies on the isolation and properties of renin granules from the rat kidney cortex. The present study was undertaken to isolate and investigate some physicochemical properties of renin granules from the rat kidney cortex. Two preparations of subcellular organelles were used: a primary-granule fraction, which allowed the properties of lysosomes to be compared simultaneously with those of renin granules, and a semi-purified preparation of the latter. The specific activity of renin in the primary-granule preparations was about 4-fold higher than in the original homogenate; that of the semi-purified renin-granule preparation was about 18-fold higher than in the homogenate, and consisted mainly of electron-dense granules but some mitochondria were also observed. Renin and acid phosphatase release from the primary-granule preparation was increased by lowering osmolality, by a low-molecular-weight solute (glucose) and by Triton X-100 or digitonin. Enzyme release was decreased by lowering the incubation temperature (4 degrees C) or the presence of CaCl2. Renin release from the partially purified granule preparation was not affected by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and ATP.", "PMID": 508286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7731", "title": "Endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by non-parenchymal rat liver cells. Comparative study of lysosomal-enzyme uptake by hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells.", "content": "Cultured non-parenchymal rat liver cells internalize human urine alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, human skin beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and pig kidney alpha-mannosidase. Different heat-stabilities of endocytosed and endogenous alpha-mannosidase activity provided indirect evidence that the increase in intracellular activity resulted from uptake. The high efficiency and the saturation kinetics of uptake indicated that these enzymes become internalized by adsorptive endocytosis. Competition experiments with glycoproteins bearing known carbohydrates at their non-reducing terminals, with mannans, methyl glycosides and monosaccharides, established that the uptake of these three lysosomal enzymes is mediated by the binding to cell-surface receptors that recognize mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues. The decreased uptake after treatment of these enzymes with either beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase or alpha-mannosidase was in accordance with the results of the inhibition experiments. Removal of oligosaccharides of the high-mannose type by treatment with endoglucosaminidase H inhibited uptake almost completely, suggesting that the sugars recognized by cell-surface receptors of non-parenchymal liver cells are located in the outer core of these oligosaccharides. A comparison of the uptake of these three lysosomal enzymes by parenchymal and non-parenchymal rat liver cells indicates that infused alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is taken up preferentially by hepatocytes, whereas alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase are localized predominantly in non-parenchymal rat liver cells.", "contents": "Endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by non-parenchymal rat liver cells. Comparative study of lysosomal-enzyme uptake by hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells. Cultured non-parenchymal rat liver cells internalize human urine alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, human skin beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and pig kidney alpha-mannosidase. Different heat-stabilities of endocytosed and endogenous alpha-mannosidase activity provided indirect evidence that the increase in intracellular activity resulted from uptake. The high efficiency and the saturation kinetics of uptake indicated that these enzymes become internalized by adsorptive endocytosis. Competition experiments with glycoproteins bearing known carbohydrates at their non-reducing terminals, with mannans, methyl glycosides and monosaccharides, established that the uptake of these three lysosomal enzymes is mediated by the binding to cell-surface receptors that recognize mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues. The decreased uptake after treatment of these enzymes with either beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase or alpha-mannosidase was in accordance with the results of the inhibition experiments. Removal of oligosaccharides of the high-mannose type by treatment with endoglucosaminidase H inhibited uptake almost completely, suggesting that the sugars recognized by cell-surface receptors of non-parenchymal liver cells are located in the outer core of these oligosaccharides. A comparison of the uptake of these three lysosomal enzymes by parenchymal and non-parenchymal rat liver cells indicates that infused alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is taken up preferentially by hepatocytes, whereas alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase are localized predominantly in non-parenchymal rat liver cells.", "PMID": 508287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7732", "title": "Biosynthesis of skin collagens in normal and diabetic mice.", "content": "Synthesis of collagens in vitro was studied on minced mouse skins incubated with [3H]-proline in organ-culture conditions. A comparative study was carried out on genetically diabetic mice (KK strain) and control mice (Swiss strain). After incubation, neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagens were extracted. The insoluble dermis was digested by pepsin and type I and type III collagens separated by differential precipitation in neutral salt solutions. Type I and Type III collagens were characterized by ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography, amino acid analysis and by the characterization of CNBr peptides. In diabetic-mouse skin, the relative proportion of type III collagen was significantly higher than in control-mouse skin. The incorporation of radioactively labelled proline into hydroxyproline of type III collagen was significantly faster in diabetic-mouse skin than in control-mouse skin. No significant modifications in the total collagen content of the skin or of their rates of synthesis were observed between the two strains. Alteration in the ratio of type III to type I collagen in the diabetic-mouse skin can be interpreted as a sign of alteration of the regulation of collagen biosynthesis and may be related to the structural alterations observed in the diabetic intercellular matrix.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of skin collagens in normal and diabetic mice. Synthesis of collagens in vitro was studied on minced mouse skins incubated with [3H]-proline in organ-culture conditions. A comparative study was carried out on genetically diabetic mice (KK strain) and control mice (Swiss strain). After incubation, neutral-salt-soluble and acid-soluble collagens were extracted. The insoluble dermis was digested by pepsin and type I and type III collagens separated by differential precipitation in neutral salt solutions. Type I and Type III collagens were characterized by ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography, amino acid analysis and by the characterization of CNBr peptides. In diabetic-mouse skin, the relative proportion of type III collagen was significantly higher than in control-mouse skin. The incorporation of radioactively labelled proline into hydroxyproline of type III collagen was significantly faster in diabetic-mouse skin than in control-mouse skin. No significant modifications in the total collagen content of the skin or of their rates of synthesis were observed between the two strains. Alteration in the ratio of type III to type I collagen in the diabetic-mouse skin can be interpreted as a sign of alteration of the regulation of collagen biosynthesis and may be related to the structural alterations observed in the diabetic intercellular matrix.", "PMID": 508288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7733", "title": "4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation by rat skeletal-muscle mitochondria.", "content": "1. Oxidative decarboxylation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-oxoisocaproate) by mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle showed biphasic kinetics. Two apparent Km values of 9.1 micronM and 0.78 mM were established. In broken mitochondria the rate of oxidation was lower and only the higher apparent Km value was found. 2. Isovalerylcarnitine inhibited 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation in the presence and absence of carnitine, but isovaleryl-CoA had no inhibitory effect. 3. Addition of ADP enhanced 4-methyl-2-oxopentanolate oxidation. Malate, succinate and 2-oxoglutarate additionally increased the rate of oxidation, but in the absence of ADP succinate and 2-oxoglutarate inhibited. 4. Addition of rotenone and simultaneous addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) and valinomycin markedly decreased 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation. 5. These observations indicate that the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex is situated on the inner side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. 6. In mitochondria and homogenates CO2 was only produced by oxidative decarbosylation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. In intact muscle oxidation of this oxo acid proceeds more to completeness. 7. The physiological significance of intermediate formation during oxidation of branched-chain amino acids is discussed.", "contents": "4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation by rat skeletal-muscle mitochondria. 1. Oxidative decarboxylation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-oxoisocaproate) by mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle showed biphasic kinetics. Two apparent Km values of 9.1 micronM and 0.78 mM were established. In broken mitochondria the rate of oxidation was lower and only the higher apparent Km value was found. 2. Isovalerylcarnitine inhibited 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation in the presence and absence of carnitine, but isovaleryl-CoA had no inhibitory effect. 3. Addition of ADP enhanced 4-methyl-2-oxopentanolate oxidation. Malate, succinate and 2-oxoglutarate additionally increased the rate of oxidation, but in the absence of ADP succinate and 2-oxoglutarate inhibited. 4. Addition of rotenone and simultaneous addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) and valinomycin markedly decreased 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate oxidation. 5. These observations indicate that the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex is situated on the inner side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. 6. In mitochondria and homogenates CO2 was only produced by oxidative decarbosylation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. In intact muscle oxidation of this oxo acid proceeds more to completeness. 7. The physiological significance of intermediate formation during oxidation of branched-chain amino acids is discussed.", "PMID": 508289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7734", "title": "Activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in homogenates of developing rat brain.", "content": "The specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase increases when homogenates of developing rat brain are incubated at 37 degrees C or kept on ice. This increase is completely blocked by the addition of F- to the homogenization medium and the assay mixture. The capacity for activation of the reductase is greatest during the early postnatal period and declines as brain maturation proceeds. The data suggest that catalytic modification of the reductase may play a role in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in the developing brain.", "contents": "Activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in homogenates of developing rat brain. The specific activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase increases when homogenates of developing rat brain are incubated at 37 degrees C or kept on ice. This increase is completely blocked by the addition of F- to the homogenization medium and the assay mixture. The capacity for activation of the reductase is greatest during the early postnatal period and declines as brain maturation proceeds. The data suggest that catalytic modification of the reductase may play a role in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in the developing brain.", "PMID": 508290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7735", "title": "Effect of calcipenia on proteoglycan metabolism and aggregation in normal articular cartilage in vitro.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in normal adult dog knee cartilage cultured in medium containing 0, 0.3 MM- and 0.9 mM-Ca2+ was 52, 67 and 78%, respectively, of that in cartilage from the same joints cultured in a normal concentration of Ca2+, i.e. 1.8 mM. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the rate of degradiation of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultured in the absence of Ca2+ was similar to that of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultured in 1.8 mM-Ca2+. Although [35S]sulphate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans was decreased in the presence of calcipenia, [3H]leucine incorporation into protein was unaffected. The average hydrodynamic size of newly synthesized proteoglycan aggregates and purified disaggregated proteoglycans from cartilage cultured in the absence of Ca2+ was similar to that of aggregates and disaggregated proteoglycans from cartilage cultured in 1.8 mM-Ca2+.", "contents": "Effect of calcipenia on proteoglycan metabolism and aggregation in normal articular cartilage in vitro. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in normal adult dog knee cartilage cultured in medium containing 0, 0.3 MM- and 0.9 mM-Ca2+ was 52, 67 and 78%, respectively, of that in cartilage from the same joints cultured in a normal concentration of Ca2+, i.e. 1.8 mM. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the rate of degradiation of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultured in the absence of Ca2+ was similar to that of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultured in 1.8 mM-Ca2+. Although [35S]sulphate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans was decreased in the presence of calcipenia, [3H]leucine incorporation into protein was unaffected. The average hydrodynamic size of newly synthesized proteoglycan aggregates and purified disaggregated proteoglycans from cartilage cultured in the absence of Ca2+ was similar to that of aggregates and disaggregated proteoglycans from cartilage cultured in 1.8 mM-Ca2+.", "PMID": 508291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7736", "title": "Effects of antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on secretion in human platelets. Differential inhibition of the secretion of acid hydrolases and adenine nucleotides.", "content": "1. Shape change, aggregation and secretion of dense-granule constituents in platelets differ in their dependence on cellular energy metabolism. The possibility that such a difference also exists between secretion of dense-granule constituents and acid hydrolases was investigated. 2. Human platelets were incubated with [(14)C]adenine in plasma, and then washed and resuspended in salt solutions. The effects of incubating the cells with antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on the concentrations of [(14)C]ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and inosine plus hypoxanthine and on thrombin-induced secretion of ATP plus ADP and acid hydrolases were studied. The metabolic inhibitors only affected (14)C-labelled nucleotides, whereas thrombin only liberated unlabelled ATP and ADP. 3. The extent of secretion decreased progressively with time during incubation with the metabolic inhibitors. At any time the secretion of acid hydrolases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase was inhibited to a greater extent than secretion of ATP plus ADP (dense-granule secretion). 4. Incubation with the metabolic inhibitors shifted the log (dose)-response relationship to higher thrombin concentrations, and with a greater shift for acid hydrolase secretion than for dense-granule secretion. 5. Antimycin, when present alone, caused a marked decrease in the rate of acid hydrolase secretion, but had no effect on dense-granule secretion. 6. These results further support the view that acid hydrolase secretion and dense-granule secretion are separate processes with different requirements for ATP energy. Acid hydrolase secretion, but not dense-granule secretion, appears to depend on a simultaneous rapid generation of ATP, which can be accomplished by oxidative, but not by glycolytic, ATP production.", "contents": "Effects of antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on secretion in human platelets. Differential inhibition of the secretion of acid hydrolases and adenine nucleotides. 1. Shape change, aggregation and secretion of dense-granule constituents in platelets differ in their dependence on cellular energy metabolism. The possibility that such a difference also exists between secretion of dense-granule constituents and acid hydrolases was investigated. 2. Human platelets were incubated with [(14)C]adenine in plasma, and then washed and resuspended in salt solutions. The effects of incubating the cells with antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on the concentrations of [(14)C]ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and inosine plus hypoxanthine and on thrombin-induced secretion of ATP plus ADP and acid hydrolases were studied. The metabolic inhibitors only affected (14)C-labelled nucleotides, whereas thrombin only liberated unlabelled ATP and ADP. 3. The extent of secretion decreased progressively with time during incubation with the metabolic inhibitors. At any time the secretion of acid hydrolases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase was inhibited to a greater extent than secretion of ATP plus ADP (dense-granule secretion). 4. Incubation with the metabolic inhibitors shifted the log (dose)-response relationship to higher thrombin concentrations, and with a greater shift for acid hydrolase secretion than for dense-granule secretion. 5. Antimycin, when present alone, caused a marked decrease in the rate of acid hydrolase secretion, but had no effect on dense-granule secretion. 6. These results further support the view that acid hydrolase secretion and dense-granule secretion are separate processes with different requirements for ATP energy. Acid hydrolase secretion, but not dense-granule secretion, appears to depend on a simultaneous rapid generation of ATP, which can be accomplished by oxidative, but not by glycolytic, ATP production.", "PMID": 508292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7737", "title": "Role of insulin receptors in the changing metabolism of adipose tissue during pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "Changes in the volume, the rates of fatty acid synthesis and synthesis of the glycerol moiety of acylglycerols, the activity of lipoprotein lipase, and the number and affinity of insulin receptors of adipocytes, and concentrations of serum insulin, prolactin and progesterone were determined in virgin rats and in rats at various stages of pregnancy and lactation. Changes in the metabolic activities of adipose tissue appeared to be synchronized and primarily comprised a marked decrease in anabolic activity around parturition. In contrast, the number of insulin receptors (Kd 1.5 nM) per adipocyte doubled during pregnancy before returning to normal values around parturition. It is postulated that the increase in the number of insulin receptors is an adaptation to counteract the effects of insulin-antagonistic hormones during pregnancy and that the decrease in the number of receptors is primarily responsible for the loss of anabolic activity around parturition.", "contents": "Role of insulin receptors in the changing metabolism of adipose tissue during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Changes in the volume, the rates of fatty acid synthesis and synthesis of the glycerol moiety of acylglycerols, the activity of lipoprotein lipase, and the number and affinity of insulin receptors of adipocytes, and concentrations of serum insulin, prolactin and progesterone were determined in virgin rats and in rats at various stages of pregnancy and lactation. Changes in the metabolic activities of adipose tissue appeared to be synchronized and primarily comprised a marked decrease in anabolic activity around parturition. In contrast, the number of insulin receptors (Kd 1.5 nM) per adipocyte doubled during pregnancy before returning to normal values around parturition. It is postulated that the increase in the number of insulin receptors is an adaptation to counteract the effects of insulin-antagonistic hormones during pregnancy and that the decrease in the number of receptors is primarily responsible for the loss of anabolic activity around parturition.", "PMID": 508293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7738", "title": "Isoepoxydon, a new metabolite of the patulin pathway in Penicillium urticae.", "content": "A patulin-negative mutant (J1) of Penicillium urticae (N.R.R.L. 2159A) was known to accumulate about 100mg per litre quantities of the 5,6-epoxygentisyl quinone, (-)-phyllostine and another metabolite (UIII). Both were derived from acetate and hence were polyketides. Purified UIII (m.p. 53 degrees C, [alpha](32) (D)+206 degrees , lambda(methanol) (max.) 240nm; epsilon 3806 litre.mol(-1).cm(-1)) was characterized as a partially reduced derivative of (-)-phyllostine and was found to be a diastereoisomer of the known phytotoxin, (+)-epoxydon. Hence its designation as (+)-iso- or epi-epoxydon. From (1)H n.m.r. and c.d. data the stereochemistry of the epoxide ring in (+)-isoepoxydon was determined to be identical with that in (+)-epoxydon (i.e. R,R) but the configuration of the secondary alcohol at C-4 was S rather than R as in (+)-epoxydon. Isoepoxydon (compound UIII) is therefore (4S,5R,6R)-5,6-epoxy-4-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one. The boat conformation in which the C-4 hydroxy group is axial is preferred. In the range of 1mm to 5mm, the antibiotic activity of (+)-isoepoxydon against Bacillus subtilis sp. was 56% of that obtained with patulin. Over a period of 1 to 3h, [(14)C]isoepoxydon was efficiently converted into patulin by a shake culture of the parent strain of P. urticae. The precursor relationship of isoepoxydon to patulin was confirmed by feeding unlabelled isoepoxydon (1mm) to a washed-cell suspension of a mutant (J2) in which, over a period of 3 to 5h, a better than 60% conversion into patulin was attained. The enzymic relationship between isoepoxydon and phyllostine and their positions in the late portion of the patulin biosynthetic pathway are discussed.", "contents": "Isoepoxydon, a new metabolite of the patulin pathway in Penicillium urticae. A patulin-negative mutant (J1) of Penicillium urticae (N.R.R.L. 2159A) was known to accumulate about 100mg per litre quantities of the 5,6-epoxygentisyl quinone, (-)-phyllostine and another metabolite (UIII). Both were derived from acetate and hence were polyketides. Purified UIII (m.p. 53 degrees C, [alpha](32) (D)+206 degrees , lambda(methanol) (max.) 240nm; epsilon 3806 litre.mol(-1).cm(-1)) was characterized as a partially reduced derivative of (-)-phyllostine and was found to be a diastereoisomer of the known phytotoxin, (+)-epoxydon. Hence its designation as (+)-iso- or epi-epoxydon. From (1)H n.m.r. and c.d. data the stereochemistry of the epoxide ring in (+)-isoepoxydon was determined to be identical with that in (+)-epoxydon (i.e. R,R) but the configuration of the secondary alcohol at C-4 was S rather than R as in (+)-epoxydon. Isoepoxydon (compound UIII) is therefore (4S,5R,6R)-5,6-epoxy-4-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one. The boat conformation in which the C-4 hydroxy group is axial is preferred. In the range of 1mm to 5mm, the antibiotic activity of (+)-isoepoxydon against Bacillus subtilis sp. was 56% of that obtained with patulin. Over a period of 1 to 3h, [(14)C]isoepoxydon was efficiently converted into patulin by a shake culture of the parent strain of P. urticae. The precursor relationship of isoepoxydon to patulin was confirmed by feeding unlabelled isoepoxydon (1mm) to a washed-cell suspension of a mutant (J2) in which, over a period of 3 to 5h, a better than 60% conversion into patulin was attained. The enzymic relationship between isoepoxydon and phyllostine and their positions in the late portion of the patulin biosynthetic pathway are discussed.", "PMID": 508294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7739", "title": "Kinetics of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "3-O-Methyl-D-glucose transport across the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes was followed for net entry of the sugar into sugar-free cells (zero trans entry), net exit of sugar into sugar-free medium (zero trans exit) and for unidirectional entry and exit fluxes when cells had been equilibrated with sugar in the extracellular medium (equilibrium exchange entry and exit). These measurements were performed at 20 degrees C and pH 7.4 by the use of simple manual methods. Initial rates of transport showed a Michaelis--Menten dependency on the sugar concentration at the cis side of the membrane over the range of concentrations tested (100 microM to 100 mM). Transport was found to be symmetrical with no evidence of substrate stimulation of transport from the trans side of the membrane. Parameters (mean values +/- S.E.M.) of transport were estimated as Vmax. 86.2 +/- 9.7 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 18.1 +/- 5.9 mM for exchange entry, Vmax. 78.8 +/- 5.3 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 17.6 +/- 3.5 mM for exchange exit, Vmax. 84.1 +/- 8.4 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 16.8 +/- 4.6 mM for zero trans exit.", "contents": "Kinetics of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose transport across the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes was followed for net entry of the sugar into sugar-free cells (zero trans entry), net exit of sugar into sugar-free medium (zero trans exit) and for unidirectional entry and exit fluxes when cells had been equilibrated with sugar in the extracellular medium (equilibrium exchange entry and exit). These measurements were performed at 20 degrees C and pH 7.4 by the use of simple manual methods. Initial rates of transport showed a Michaelis--Menten dependency on the sugar concentration at the cis side of the membrane over the range of concentrations tested (100 microM to 100 mM). Transport was found to be symmetrical with no evidence of substrate stimulation of transport from the trans side of the membrane. Parameters (mean values +/- S.E.M.) of transport were estimated as Vmax. 86.2 +/- 9.7 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 18.1 +/- 5.9 mM for exchange entry, Vmax. 78.8 +/- 5.3 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 17.6 +/- 3.5 mM for exchange exit, Vmax. 84.1 +/- 8.4 mmol/litre of cell water per min and Km 16.8 +/- 4.6 mM for zero trans exit.", "PMID": 508295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7740", "title": "Calcium ions and cell fusion. Effects of chemical fusogens on the permeability of erythrocytes to calcium and other ions.", "content": "1. Fusogenic and non-fusogenic chemicals were tesetd for their ability to allow 45Ca2+ and 3H2O to enter hen and human erythrocytes. 2. The ratio of 45Ca2+/3H2O in treated cells to that in untreated cells is referred to as the entry ratio. 3. Within 1 min at 37 degrees C both water-soluble and lipid-soluble fusogens increased the value of the entry ratio, which reached maximum values in 5--10 min. 4. Values of the entry ratio in the range of 4--12 were found under conditions that led to cell fusion. 5. Closely related but non-fusogenic chemicals did not significantly alter the entry ratio. 6. The entry ratios for 86Rb+, 22Na+ and 35SO42- were also significantly increased by both lipid-soluble and water-soluble fusogens, though the increases were not as large as those for 45Ca2+. 7. It is suggested that fusogenic compounds increase the permeability of biological membranes to ions, and that an increase in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ initiates or facilitates events that lead to the chemically induced fusion of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Calcium ions and cell fusion. Effects of chemical fusogens on the permeability of erythrocytes to calcium and other ions. 1. Fusogenic and non-fusogenic chemicals were tesetd for their ability to allow 45Ca2+ and 3H2O to enter hen and human erythrocytes. 2. The ratio of 45Ca2+/3H2O in treated cells to that in untreated cells is referred to as the entry ratio. 3. Within 1 min at 37 degrees C both water-soluble and lipid-soluble fusogens increased the value of the entry ratio, which reached maximum values in 5--10 min. 4. Values of the entry ratio in the range of 4--12 were found under conditions that led to cell fusion. 5. Closely related but non-fusogenic chemicals did not significantly alter the entry ratio. 6. The entry ratios for 86Rb+, 22Na+ and 35SO42- were also significantly increased by both lipid-soluble and water-soluble fusogens, though the increases were not as large as those for 45Ca2+. 7. It is suggested that fusogenic compounds increase the permeability of biological membranes to ions, and that an increase in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ initiates or facilitates events that lead to the chemically induced fusion of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 508296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7741", "title": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Glucose-turnover values and futile-cycle activities obtained with 14C- and 3H-labelled glucose.", "content": "1. A trace amount of glucose labelled with 14C uniformly and with 3H at position 2, 3 or 6 was injected intravenously into starved rats to measure the turnover rate of blood glucose. 2. Reliable estimates were made based on the semilogarithmic plot of specific radioactivity of the glucose contained in whole blood samples taken from the tail vein. 3. Glucose turned over more rapidly in hyperthyroid and more slowly in hypothyroid than in euthyroid rats. The percentage contribution of glucose recycling (determined from the difference in replacement rates between [U-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose) to the glucose utilization increased on induction of hyperthyroidism. 4. Futile cycles between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate (determined from the difference between replacement rates of [2-3H]glucose and [6-3H]glucose) were activated and inactivated by induction of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states respectively. 5. The hepatic content of glycogen was much lower in hyper- and hypo-thyroid than in euthyroid rats. The enhanced glucose production in hyperthyroid rats resulted from not only activationof hepatic gluconeogenesis but also diversion of the final product of gluconeogenesis from liver glycogen to blood glucose. In hypothyroidism, the inhibition of gluconeogensis led to suppression of both glucose production and glycogenesis in the liver.", "contents": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Glucose-turnover values and futile-cycle activities obtained with 14C- and 3H-labelled glucose. 1. A trace amount of glucose labelled with 14C uniformly and with 3H at position 2, 3 or 6 was injected intravenously into starved rats to measure the turnover rate of blood glucose. 2. Reliable estimates were made based on the semilogarithmic plot of specific radioactivity of the glucose contained in whole blood samples taken from the tail vein. 3. Glucose turned over more rapidly in hyperthyroid and more slowly in hypothyroid than in euthyroid rats. The percentage contribution of glucose recycling (determined from the difference in replacement rates between [U-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose) to the glucose utilization increased on induction of hyperthyroidism. 4. Futile cycles between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate (determined from the difference between replacement rates of [2-3H]glucose and [6-3H]glucose) were activated and inactivated by induction of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states respectively. 5. The hepatic content of glycogen was much lower in hyper- and hypo-thyroid than in euthyroid rats. The enhanced glucose production in hyperthyroid rats resulted from not only activationof hepatic gluconeogenesis but also diversion of the final product of gluconeogenesis from liver glycogen to blood glucose. In hypothyroidism, the inhibition of gluconeogensis led to suppression of both glucose production and glycogenesis in the liver.", "PMID": 508297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7742", "title": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Minor role of endogenous insulin in thyroid-dependent changes in glucose turnover.", "content": "1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement (glucose turnover) as well as its recycling were determined in rats by using [U-14C]- and [2-3H]-, [3-3H]- or [6-3H]-glucose. 2. In euthyroid rats, the blood concentration of glucose was 1.5 times and its turnover rate was 2 times as high in the fed state as in the starved state; consequently the rate coefficient, a measure of the capacity of rats to utilize blood glucose, was also higher in the former than in the latter. 3. Induction of mild diabetes by streptozotocin exerted little influence on the content and turnover of blood glucose in the starved state, whereas it caused hyperglycaemia and a decrease in the rate coefficient after feeding. 4. Induction of hyperthyroidism caused increases in rates and rate coefficients of glucose turnover to substantially the same extent whether or not the plasma concentration of insulin was lowered by treatment with streptozotocin or injection with anti-insulin serum. 5. It is concluded that thyroid hormones are capable of enhancing glucose turnover in the starved state independently of endogenous insulin, which plays a significant role in increasing glucose utilization in the fed state.", "contents": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Minor role of endogenous insulin in thyroid-dependent changes in glucose turnover. 1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement (glucose turnover) as well as its recycling were determined in rats by using [U-14C]- and [2-3H]-, [3-3H]- or [6-3H]-glucose. 2. In euthyroid rats, the blood concentration of glucose was 1.5 times and its turnover rate was 2 times as high in the fed state as in the starved state; consequently the rate coefficient, a measure of the capacity of rats to utilize blood glucose, was also higher in the former than in the latter. 3. Induction of mild diabetes by streptozotocin exerted little influence on the content and turnover of blood glucose in the starved state, whereas it caused hyperglycaemia and a decrease in the rate coefficient after feeding. 4. Induction of hyperthyroidism caused increases in rates and rate coefficients of glucose turnover to substantially the same extent whether or not the plasma concentration of insulin was lowered by treatment with streptozotocin or injection with anti-insulin serum. 5. It is concluded that thyroid hormones are capable of enhancing glucose turnover in the starved state independently of endogenous insulin, which plays a significant role in increasing glucose utilization in the fed state.", "PMID": 508298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7743", "title": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Relation of catecholamine actions to thyroid activity in controlling glucose turnover.", "content": "1. In euthyroid rats, treatment with reserpine of 6-hydroxydopamine, which deprived neuronal terminals of catecholamines, resulted in increases in rates and rate coefficients for blood glucose turnover in the starved states as determined by decay of [U-14C,6-3H]-glucose. Conversely, the injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline into starved euthyroid rats caused a marked decrease in rate coeeficients for glucose turnover. There was no change in the percentage glucose recycling under these conditions. 2. Adrenaline and noradrenaline caused more pronounced hyperglycaemia in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid rats owing to the greater activation of hepatic glucose production. 3. The increase in glucose turnover characteristics of hyperthyroidism was observed even after treatment with an alpha- or beta-adrenergic antagonist, showing the insignificant role of the balance between alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the thyroid-dependent metabolic changes. 4. Rate coefficients for glucose turnover were not affected by reserpine treatment or catecholamine injections when rats had been rendered hyperthyroid. 5. Thus catecholamines are direct determinants of glucose-turnover rates in the starved state, and depend to some extent on the prevailing thyroid state.", "contents": "Metabolism of glucose in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats in vivo. Relation of catecholamine actions to thyroid activity in controlling glucose turnover. 1. In euthyroid rats, treatment with reserpine of 6-hydroxydopamine, which deprived neuronal terminals of catecholamines, resulted in increases in rates and rate coefficients for blood glucose turnover in the starved states as determined by decay of [U-14C,6-3H]-glucose. Conversely, the injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline into starved euthyroid rats caused a marked decrease in rate coeeficients for glucose turnover. There was no change in the percentage glucose recycling under these conditions. 2. Adrenaline and noradrenaline caused more pronounced hyperglycaemia in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid rats owing to the greater activation of hepatic glucose production. 3. The increase in glucose turnover characteristics of hyperthyroidism was observed even after treatment with an alpha- or beta-adrenergic antagonist, showing the insignificant role of the balance between alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the thyroid-dependent metabolic changes. 4. Rate coefficients for glucose turnover were not affected by reserpine treatment or catecholamine injections when rats had been rendered hyperthyroid. 5. Thus catecholamines are direct determinants of glucose-turnover rates in the starved state, and depend to some extent on the prevailing thyroid state.", "PMID": 508299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7744", "title": "Interactions in vivo between oxidation of non-esterified fatty acids and gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat.", "content": "Metabolic interactions between fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were investigated in vivo in 16h-old newborn rats under various nutritional states. As the newborn rat has no white adipose tissue, starvation from birth induces a low rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in inhibited in the starved newborn rat when compared with the suckling rat, which receives fatty acids through the milk, at the steps catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These inhibitions are rapidly reversed by triacylglycerol feeding. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by pent-4-enoate in the suckling animal mimics the effect of starvation on the pattern of hepatic gluconeogenic metabolites. It is concluded that, in the newborn rat in vivo, hepatic fatty acids oxidation can increase the gluconeogenic flux by providing the acetyl-CoA necessary for the reaction catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase and the reducing equivalents (NADH) to displace the reversible reaction catalysed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the direction of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Interactions in vivo between oxidation of non-esterified fatty acids and gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat. Metabolic interactions between fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were investigated in vivo in 16h-old newborn rats under various nutritional states. As the newborn rat has no white adipose tissue, starvation from birth induces a low rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in inhibited in the starved newborn rat when compared with the suckling rat, which receives fatty acids through the milk, at the steps catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These inhibitions are rapidly reversed by triacylglycerol feeding. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by pent-4-enoate in the suckling animal mimics the effect of starvation on the pattern of hepatic gluconeogenic metabolites. It is concluded that, in the newborn rat in vivo, hepatic fatty acids oxidation can increase the gluconeogenic flux by providing the acetyl-CoA necessary for the reaction catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase and the reducing equivalents (NADH) to displace the reversible reaction catalysed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the direction of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 508300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7745", "title": "Hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipases of rat liver lysosomes.", "content": "(1) The hydrolysis of (32)P- or myo-[2-(3)H]inositol-labelled rat liver microsomal phospholipids by rat liver lysosomal enzymes has been studied. (2) The relative rates of hydrolysis of phospholipids at pH4.5 are: sphingomyelin>phosphatidylethanolamine>phosphatidylcholine> phosphatidylinositol. (3) The predominant products of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis are their corresponding lyso-compounds, indicating a slow rate of total deacylation. (4) Ca(2+) inhibits the hydrolysis of all phospholipids, though only appreciably at high (>5mm) concentration. The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin is considerably less sensitive to Ca(2+) than that of glycerophospholipids. (5) Analysis of the water-soluble products of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis (by using myo-[(3)H]inositol-labelled microsomal fraction as a substrate) produced evidence that more than 95% of the product is phosphoinositol, which was derived by direct cleavage from phosphatidylinositol, rather than by hydrolysis of glycerophosphoinositol. (6) This production of phosphoinositol, allied with negligible lysophosphatidylinositol formation and a detectable accumulation of diacylglycerol, indicates that lysosomes hydrolyse membrane phosphatidylinositol almost exclusively in a phospholipase C-like manner. (7) Comparisons are drawn between the hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes of membrane substrates and that of pure phospholipid substrates, and also the possible role of phosphatidylinositol-specific lysosomal phospholipase C in cellular phosphatidylinositol catabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipases of rat liver lysosomes. (1) The hydrolysis of (32)P- or myo-[2-(3)H]inositol-labelled rat liver microsomal phospholipids by rat liver lysosomal enzymes has been studied. (2) The relative rates of hydrolysis of phospholipids at pH4.5 are: sphingomyelin>phosphatidylethanolamine>phosphatidylcholine> phosphatidylinositol. (3) The predominant products of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis are their corresponding lyso-compounds, indicating a slow rate of total deacylation. (4) Ca(2+) inhibits the hydrolysis of all phospholipids, though only appreciably at high (>5mm) concentration. The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin is considerably less sensitive to Ca(2+) than that of glycerophospholipids. (5) Analysis of the water-soluble products of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis (by using myo-[(3)H]inositol-labelled microsomal fraction as a substrate) produced evidence that more than 95% of the product is phosphoinositol, which was derived by direct cleavage from phosphatidylinositol, rather than by hydrolysis of glycerophosphoinositol. (6) This production of phosphoinositol, allied with negligible lysophosphatidylinositol formation and a detectable accumulation of diacylglycerol, indicates that lysosomes hydrolyse membrane phosphatidylinositol almost exclusively in a phospholipase C-like manner. (7) Comparisons are drawn between the hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes of membrane substrates and that of pure phospholipid substrates, and also the possible role of phosphatidylinositol-specific lysosomal phospholipase C in cellular phosphatidylinositol catabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 508301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7746", "title": "Identification of isobutyronitrile and isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether as volatile microbial catabolites of valine.", "content": "G.l.c.--mass-spectral analysis of headspace above cultures of Aeromonas and Moraxella spp. indicates the presence of isobutyronitrile, isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether, methacrylonitrile and possibly methacrylaldoxime O-methyl ether. Accumulation of these catabolites is maximal under low oxygen concentrations and is enhanced by enrichment of the medium with valine. Isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether is established as the compound observed but not identified in previous studies with other bacterial species involved in spoilage of meat and chicken.", "contents": "Identification of isobutyronitrile and isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether as volatile microbial catabolites of valine. G.l.c.--mass-spectral analysis of headspace above cultures of Aeromonas and Moraxella spp. indicates the presence of isobutyronitrile, isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether, methacrylonitrile and possibly methacrylaldoxime O-methyl ether. Accumulation of these catabolites is maximal under low oxygen concentrations and is enhanced by enrichment of the medium with valine. Isobutyraldoxime O-methyl ether is established as the compound observed but not identified in previous studies with other bacterial species involved in spoilage of meat and chicken.", "PMID": 508302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7747", "title": "Composition and spectral properties of a cytochrome-enriched fraction obtained from chloroplasts by digitonin treatment.", "content": "A cytochrome-enriched fraction obtained from chloroplasts after treatment with the detergent digitonin contained cytochromes f, b-559LP and b-563 in the approximate proportions 1:1:2, close to those observed in unfractionated chloroplasts. The spectrum of cytochrome b-563 at temperature of liquid N2 showed a single asymmetrical alpha-band with a maximum at 561 nm.", "contents": "Composition and spectral properties of a cytochrome-enriched fraction obtained from chloroplasts by digitonin treatment. A cytochrome-enriched fraction obtained from chloroplasts after treatment with the detergent digitonin contained cytochromes f, b-559LP and b-563 in the approximate proportions 1:1:2, close to those observed in unfractionated chloroplasts. The spectrum of cytochrome b-563 at temperature of liquid N2 showed a single asymmetrical alpha-band with a maximum at 561 nm.", "PMID": 508303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7748", "title": "The maximum activities of enzymes that are involved in substrate cycles in liver and muscle of obese mice.", "content": "The maximum activities of some dehydrogenases and enzymes involved in substrate cycles are increased in both liver and muscle of obese mice. This suggests that endocrine control rather than maximum capacity of the activities of enzymes constituting such cycles is impaired in obese mice.", "contents": "The maximum activities of enzymes that are involved in substrate cycles in liver and muscle of obese mice. The maximum activities of some dehydrogenases and enzymes involved in substrate cycles are increased in both liver and muscle of obese mice. This suggests that endocrine control rather than maximum capacity of the activities of enzymes constituting such cycles is impaired in obese mice.", "PMID": 508304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7749", "title": "Glycosylation of exogenous protein by endoplasmic-reticulum membranes from castor-bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm.", "content": "Endoplasmic-reticulum membranes isolated from the endosperm tissue of 3-day-old castor-bean (Ricinus communis) seedlings catalysed the enzymic transfer of the sugar moiety from an oligosaccharide--lipid to a chemically unfolded form of ribonuclease A.", "contents": "Glycosylation of exogenous protein by endoplasmic-reticulum membranes from castor-bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm. Endoplasmic-reticulum membranes isolated from the endosperm tissue of 3-day-old castor-bean (Ricinus communis) seedlings catalysed the enzymic transfer of the sugar moiety from an oligosaccharide--lipid to a chemically unfolded form of ribonuclease A.", "PMID": 508305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7750", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by a lectin from Momordica charantia and by other haemagglutinins.", "content": "Protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate is inhibited by the haemagglutinating lectins from Momordica charantia and Crotalaria juncea seeds and from the roe of Rutilus rutilus, and by a commercial preparation of the mitogenic lectin from Phytolacca americana. The haemagglutinins from the seeds of Ricinus communis and of Vicia cracca acquired inhibitory activity after their reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by a lectin from Momordica charantia and by other haemagglutinins. Protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate is inhibited by the haemagglutinating lectins from Momordica charantia and Crotalaria juncea seeds and from the roe of Rutilus rutilus, and by a commercial preparation of the mitogenic lectin from Phytolacca americana. The haemagglutinins from the seeds of Ricinus communis and of Vicia cracca acquired inhibitory activity after their reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 508306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7751", "title": "Approach to the study of the role of sex hormones in autoimmunity.", "content": "Investigators from this laboratory have been studying sex hormones in normal and autoimmune mice for the past 10 years. We have found that immune responses to DNa are influenced by sex hormones. Androgens reduce and estrogens increase both spontaneous and immunization-induced antibodies to single-stranded DNA in NZB X NZW, NZB X C3H, NZB X CBA, NZB X DBA mice. Treatment of female NZB/W mice with testosterone or 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone retards the progress of autoimmunity. Castration is not necessary for this effect. In contrast, danazol has no favorable effect on the disease process. Estrogens cause a marked acceleration of autoimmunity and a reduction in thymus weight. During the course of these studies, we found that a number of problems or variables arise in studying sex hormone effects, including: 1) X-linked genes, 2) metabolism of testosterone to estrogens, 3) dose of hormone, 4) age at which administration is initiated, 5) differential effects of sex hormones on different autoantibodies and various immune responses.", "contents": "Approach to the study of the role of sex hormones in autoimmunity. Investigators from this laboratory have been studying sex hormones in normal and autoimmune mice for the past 10 years. We have found that immune responses to DNa are influenced by sex hormones. Androgens reduce and estrogens increase both spontaneous and immunization-induced antibodies to single-stranded DNA in NZB X NZW, NZB X C3H, NZB X CBA, NZB X DBA mice. Treatment of female NZB/W mice with testosterone or 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone retards the progress of autoimmunity. Castration is not necessary for this effect. In contrast, danazol has no favorable effect on the disease process. Estrogens cause a marked acceleration of autoimmunity and a reduction in thymus weight. During the course of these studies, we found that a number of problems or variables arise in studying sex hormone effects, including: 1) X-linked genes, 2) metabolism of testosterone to estrogens, 3) dose of hormone, 4) age at which administration is initiated, 5) differential effects of sex hormones on different autoantibodies and various immune responses.", "PMID": 508371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7752", "title": "Alterations of estrogen metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Estradiol metabolism in 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 29 normal controls was studied by measurement of urinary metabolites after injection of labeled 3H-estradiol. Patients with SLE manifested increased 16-hydroxylation of estrone. Diseases men differed from diseases women to the extent that only 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone was elevated in men, whereas women had elevations of both 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone and estriol. These data suggest that patients with SLE have abnormal patterns of estradiol metabolism, leading to increased estrogenic activity.", "contents": "Alterations of estrogen metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Estradiol metabolism in 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 29 normal controls was studied by measurement of urinary metabolites after injection of labeled 3H-estradiol. Patients with SLE manifested increased 16-hydroxylation of estrone. Diseases men differed from diseases women to the extent that only 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone was elevated in men, whereas women had elevations of both 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone and estriol. These data suggest that patients with SLE have abnormal patterns of estradiol metabolism, leading to increased estrogenic activity.", "PMID": 508372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7753", "title": "The role of the endocrine thymus in female reproduction.", "content": "Neonatal thymectomy in mice induces ovarian disturbances, indicating some relationship between the thymus and the ovaries. The mechanism of the relationship, however, is not fully understood. One approach to elucidating the complex relationship has been to measure circulating hormone levels in thymectomized animals and those with small thymus glands, and compare these levels with those found in control animals. The data indicate that a thymus-pituitary-ovarian axis exists and that thymus disturbances may hasten the aging processes of the ovaries.", "contents": "The role of the endocrine thymus in female reproduction. Neonatal thymectomy in mice induces ovarian disturbances, indicating some relationship between the thymus and the ovaries. The mechanism of the relationship, however, is not fully understood. One approach to elucidating the complex relationship has been to measure circulating hormone levels in thymectomized animals and those with small thymus glands, and compare these levels with those found in control animals. The data indicate that a thymus-pituitary-ovarian axis exists and that thymus disturbances may hasten the aging processes of the ovaries.", "PMID": 508374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7754", "title": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B virus. I. History.", "content": "Sex differences related to responses to hepatitis B infection are reviewed. In most human populations there is a higher prevalence of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (persistently HBsAg+) among males than females. Females are more likely than males to produce anti-HBs in response to infection. Diseases associated with increased frequencies of carriers are more prevalent among males. The response of parents to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection appears to affect the sex ratio at birth of their offspring. Couples in which either parent is a carrier have higher sex ratios (higher proportion of males) compared with couples in which neither parent is HBsAg+. Couples in which the mother is anti-HBs+ have children with lower sex ratios than either carriers or uninfected couples.", "contents": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B virus. I. History. Sex differences related to responses to hepatitis B infection are reviewed. In most human populations there is a higher prevalence of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (persistently HBsAg+) among males than females. Females are more likely than males to produce anti-HBs in response to infection. Diseases associated with increased frequencies of carriers are more prevalent among males. The response of parents to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection appears to affect the sex ratio at birth of their offspring. Couples in which either parent is a carrier have higher sex ratios (higher proportion of males) compared with couples in which neither parent is HBsAg+. Couples in which the mother is anti-HBs+ have children with lower sex ratios than either carriers or uninfected couples.", "PMID": 508376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7755", "title": "The antiatheromatous action of silicon.", "content": "Silicon is a constituent of connective and elastic tissues. Administered intravenously or per os in rabbits, it inhibits experimental atheromas normally induced by an atheromatous diet, making atheromatous plaques much rarer and lipid deposits more superficial. Though the mechanism of silicon's antiatheromatous action remains shadowy, the impermeability's rise of the arterial wall is probably not the only influencing factor, because the arterial walls of animals under silicon do show a higher lipid concentration with respect to control animals. The preservation of the structure of elastic fibers, as well as of ground substance, and the absence of an increase in oleic acid in the aortic wall may also explain the rareness of atheromatous plaques.", "contents": "The antiatheromatous action of silicon. Silicon is a constituent of connective and elastic tissues. Administered intravenously or per os in rabbits, it inhibits experimental atheromas normally induced by an atheromatous diet, making atheromatous plaques much rarer and lipid deposits more superficial. Though the mechanism of silicon's antiatheromatous action remains shadowy, the impermeability's rise of the arterial wall is probably not the only influencing factor, because the arterial walls of animals under silicon do show a higher lipid concentration with respect to control animals. The preservation of the structure of elastic fibers, as well as of ground substance, and the absence of an increase in oleic acid in the aortic wall may also explain the rareness of atheromatous plaques.", "PMID": 508383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7756", "title": "Fibrin and atherogenesis--a hypothesis.", "content": "It has recently been found that endothelial cells exhibit an unusual change in cellular behavior in response to contact with fibrin. The possible implications of this finding with regard to the mechanism of atherogenesis are discussed. It is proposed that mural fibrin in vivo may produce a disorganized endothelium which can act as a nidus for further fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. In the presence of inadequate fibrinolysis, a prolonged endothelial lesion could occur which may eventually result in atheromatous plaque formation. This view of atherogenesis requires reduced fibrinolytic activity as a prerequisite for plaque formation, a requirement which is in agreement with currently known data associating atherogenic risk factors with inhibited fibrinolysis.", "contents": "Fibrin and atherogenesis--a hypothesis. It has recently been found that endothelial cells exhibit an unusual change in cellular behavior in response to contact with fibrin. The possible implications of this finding with regard to the mechanism of atherogenesis are discussed. It is proposed that mural fibrin in vivo may produce a disorganized endothelium which can act as a nidus for further fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. In the presence of inadequate fibrinolysis, a prolonged endothelial lesion could occur which may eventually result in atheromatous plaque formation. This view of atherogenesis requires reduced fibrinolytic activity as a prerequisite for plaque formation, a requirement which is in agreement with currently known data associating atherogenic risk factors with inhibited fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 508384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7757", "title": "Effects of increasing concentrations of minocin on the motility of bovine spermatozoa processed in various extenders.", "content": "The effect of minocycline hydrochloride (Minocin) on bovine spermatozoa was studied in eggyolk-citrate, Tris buffer and whole milk extenders. Each of the extenders contained penicillin, streptomycin, lincomycin-spectinomycin and four levels of minocin (10, 260, 510 and 760 mug/ml). Split ejaculates from Holstein sires were diluted in each of the extenders. This was followed by microscopic evaluation for progressive motility after initial dilution at 32 degrees C, after cooling at 5 degrees C and complete dilution, immediately after freezing and after 14 days of storage in liquid nitrogen. Under the experimental conditions employed, a decrease in the percent progressive motility was observed in the eggyolk-citrate and Tris buffer extenders with increasing concentration of minocin. Little or no difference in the percent progressive motility in the whole milk extender, either before or after freezing was observed when the minocin concentration was elevated.", "contents": "Effects of increasing concentrations of minocin on the motility of bovine spermatozoa processed in various extenders. The effect of minocycline hydrochloride (Minocin) on bovine spermatozoa was studied in eggyolk-citrate, Tris buffer and whole milk extenders. Each of the extenders contained penicillin, streptomycin, lincomycin-spectinomycin and four levels of minocin (10, 260, 510 and 760 mug/ml). Split ejaculates from Holstein sires were diluted in each of the extenders. This was followed by microscopic evaluation for progressive motility after initial dilution at 32 degrees C, after cooling at 5 degrees C and complete dilution, immediately after freezing and after 14 days of storage in liquid nitrogen. Under the experimental conditions employed, a decrease in the percent progressive motility was observed in the eggyolk-citrate and Tris buffer extenders with increasing concentration of minocin. Little or no difference in the percent progressive motility in the whole milk extender, either before or after freezing was observed when the minocin concentration was elevated.", "PMID": 508386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7758", "title": "A computer-based obstetric data retrieval system.", "content": "A computer-based obstetric patient data retrieval system is described which permits physicians with no prior computer knowledge or experience to access a patient data base. The advantages are minimal physician instruction, opportunity to examine maternal and neonatal outcome of defined diagnostic or therapeutic subsets of the data base, and rapid recall of individual patients' data, without need for continuous assistance from computer specialists. Disadvantages are the costs and our inability to interface our medical information with hospital business office data. Two brief examples of use of the system are provided.", "contents": "A computer-based obstetric data retrieval system. A computer-based obstetric patient data retrieval system is described which permits physicians with no prior computer knowledge or experience to access a patient data base. The advantages are minimal physician instruction, opportunity to examine maternal and neonatal outcome of defined diagnostic or therapeutic subsets of the data base, and rapid recall of individual patients' data, without need for continuous assistance from computer specialists. Disadvantages are the costs and our inability to interface our medical information with hospital business office data. Two brief examples of use of the system are provided.", "PMID": 508387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7759", "title": "Eosinophilc polymyositis.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic polymyositis is reported. Tender muscle swelling was followed by proximal weakness, creatinine kinase elevation, and electromyographic features typical of polymyositis. Severe myocarditis, pericarditis and heart failure were present. Muscle biopsy specimen showed active myositis with eosinophil infiltrate. Unlike previous cases, blood eosinophils count was normal. The clinical response to corticosteroids was excellent, and a relapse occurring as steroid dose was lowered responded rapidly to an increased dose of prednisolone. Eosinophilic polymyositis may be a component of a general systemic illness with prominent cardiac involvement.", "contents": "Eosinophilc polymyositis. A case of eosinophilic polymyositis is reported. Tender muscle swelling was followed by proximal weakness, creatinine kinase elevation, and electromyographic features typical of polymyositis. Severe myocarditis, pericarditis and heart failure were present. Muscle biopsy specimen showed active myositis with eosinophil infiltrate. Unlike previous cases, blood eosinophils count was normal. The clinical response to corticosteroids was excellent, and a relapse occurring as steroid dose was lowered responded rapidly to an increased dose of prednisolone. Eosinophilic polymyositis may be a component of a general systemic illness with prominent cardiac involvement.", "PMID": 508394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7760", "title": "Reproductive toxicity of caffeine in Musca dosmestica.", "content": "Marked changes in fecundity were noticed in houseflies fed caffeine in the diet. Partial treatment of male and female flies with caffeine also altered the oviposition pattern. Hatchability of the eggs was reduced significantly by caffeine. Concomitant with the oviposition effect, ovarian growth was retarded, resulting in abnormal ovaries and malformed eggs. Histological studies of growth-inhibited ovaries revealed that differentiation of the oocytes was blocked. Caffeine-fed female flies showed an accumulation of hemolymph portein. In contrast, caffeine-fed male flies showed a decrease in hemolymph protein compared with controls. Several changes in the electropherogram of hemolymph protein was observed in caffeine-treated flies. Biochemical analyses of ovaries isolated from caffeine-fed flies showed that they had less RNA and protein than controls.", "contents": "Reproductive toxicity of caffeine in Musca dosmestica. Marked changes in fecundity were noticed in houseflies fed caffeine in the diet. Partial treatment of male and female flies with caffeine also altered the oviposition pattern. Hatchability of the eggs was reduced significantly by caffeine. Concomitant with the oviposition effect, ovarian growth was retarded, resulting in abnormal ovaries and malformed eggs. Histological studies of growth-inhibited ovaries revealed that differentiation of the oocytes was blocked. Caffeine-fed female flies showed an accumulation of hemolymph portein. In contrast, caffeine-fed male flies showed a decrease in hemolymph protein compared with controls. Several changes in the electropherogram of hemolymph protein was observed in caffeine-treated flies. Biochemical analyses of ovaries isolated from caffeine-fed flies showed that they had less RNA and protein than controls.", "PMID": 508397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7761", "title": "Correlates of broad MMPI categories.", "content": "Investigated behavioral correlates of MMPI profiles of 363 male psychiatric Ss, classified by the Goldberg system and by two systems based on Welsh's factor scales A and R. For each profile category, frequency of occurrence for 81 behavioral descriptors from an adjective check-list was compared with frequency in the remaining categories. Two of the systems were compared with classification by code-type. Categories were not differentiated strongly on the basis of behavioral descriptors, although some trends were indicated. This study supports the position that interpretive systems that provide relatively few classification alternatives are of limited value in the interpretation of individual profiles. The results are discussed in terms of category heterogeneity.", "contents": "Correlates of broad MMPI categories. Investigated behavioral correlates of MMPI profiles of 363 male psychiatric Ss, classified by the Goldberg system and by two systems based on Welsh's factor scales A and R. For each profile category, frequency of occurrence for 81 behavioral descriptors from an adjective check-list was compared with frequency in the remaining categories. Two of the systems were compared with classification by code-type. Categories were not differentiated strongly on the basis of behavioral descriptors, although some trends were indicated. This study supports the position that interpretive systems that provide relatively few classification alternatives are of limited value in the interpretation of individual profiles. The results are discussed in terms of category heterogeneity.", "PMID": 508399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7762", "title": "[Specific activity and release of norepinephrine in isolated and perfused rabbit hearts under various oxygen pressure].", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-tyrosine into norepinephrine of rabbit hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 11 mM glucose and gassed with 95% O2 - 5% CO2 (control) or 80% O2 - 5% CO2 15% N2 (hypoxic) or 95% N2 - 5% CO2 (anoxic), was studied. In the control hearts a constant specific activity of norepinephrine without any release of catecholamine into coronary effluent was measured after 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes. The hypoxic perfusion while not causing any release of norepinephrine, produced a significant increase in tyrosine incorporation into norepinephrine. The specific activity of norepinephrine and its release into coronary effluent were increased by anoxic perfusion; this effect was most evident when the glucose was replaced with a solution containing 11 mM mannitol. These results suggest that the synthesis of norepinephrine in isolated hearts, lacking of sympathetic innervation, may be affected by different condition of oxygen supply.", "contents": "[Specific activity and release of norepinephrine in isolated and perfused rabbit hearts under various oxygen pressure]. The incorporation of 3H-tyrosine into norepinephrine of rabbit hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 11 mM glucose and gassed with 95% O2 - 5% CO2 (control) or 80% O2 - 5% CO2 15% N2 (hypoxic) or 95% N2 - 5% CO2 (anoxic), was studied. In the control hearts a constant specific activity of norepinephrine without any release of catecholamine into coronary effluent was measured after 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes. The hypoxic perfusion while not causing any release of norepinephrine, produced a significant increase in tyrosine incorporation into norepinephrine. The specific activity of norepinephrine and its release into coronary effluent were increased by anoxic perfusion; this effect was most evident when the glucose was replaced with a solution containing 11 mM mannitol. These results suggest that the synthesis of norepinephrine in isolated hearts, lacking of sympathetic innervation, may be affected by different condition of oxygen supply.", "PMID": 508405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7763", "title": "[Enzymatic exonuclease poly(A) degradation activity in liver nucleus and cytoplasm of rats].", "content": "Poly(A) degrading activities are detectable in nuclear, nucleoplasmic, cytoplasmic extracts and chromatin preparations from rat liver. More than 75% of the activity has been found within the nucleus; most of the nuclear activity is chromatin bound. Poly(A) degradation appears to occur largely via exonucleolitic cleavage.", "contents": "[Enzymatic exonuclease poly(A) degradation activity in liver nucleus and cytoplasm of rats]. Poly(A) degrading activities are detectable in nuclear, nucleoplasmic, cytoplasmic extracts and chromatin preparations from rat liver. More than 75% of the activity has been found within the nucleus; most of the nuclear activity is chromatin bound. Poly(A) degradation appears to occur largely via exonucleolitic cleavage.", "PMID": 508406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7764", "title": "[Separate extraction of 2 fractions of Mn++-dependent poly-A polymerase activity in liver cell nuclei of rats].", "content": "Part of the Mn++-dependent poly(A) polymerase activity of rat liver nuclei leaks out of the organelles when they are suspended in isotonic sucrose. With 0.5 ml/g fresh tissue of medium or more no increase in enzyme leaking out occurs after 30 min. Three repeated isotonic suspensions yelded all the activity thus obtainable (about 25% of total). Increasing the ionic strength of the suspension medium causes dramatic inactivation of the residual activity both in the extracted fraction and in the remaining one. It is confirmed that the bound activity is attached to chromatin.", "contents": "[Separate extraction of 2 fractions of Mn++-dependent poly-A polymerase activity in liver cell nuclei of rats]. Part of the Mn++-dependent poly(A) polymerase activity of rat liver nuclei leaks out of the organelles when they are suspended in isotonic sucrose. With 0.5 ml/g fresh tissue of medium or more no increase in enzyme leaking out occurs after 30 min. Three repeated isotonic suspensions yelded all the activity thus obtainable (about 25% of total). Increasing the ionic strength of the suspension medium causes dramatic inactivation of the residual activity both in the extracted fraction and in the remaining one. It is confirmed that the bound activity is attached to chromatin.", "PMID": 508407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7765", "title": "Innate behaviour of mice studied in a double Y maze.", "content": "A test to study mice innate behaviour was realized. Groups of mice ran a double Y maze and chose one of the four possible exits. The results showed with a high probability level that mice had a very clear preference for a choice rather than the other ones.", "contents": "Innate behaviour of mice studied in a double Y maze. A test to study mice innate behaviour was realized. Groups of mice ran a double Y maze and chose one of the four possible exits. The results showed with a high probability level that mice had a very clear preference for a choice rather than the other ones.", "PMID": 508408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7766", "title": "Internal and external factors which modify the innate behaviour of the mouse in the double Y maze.", "content": "A test to study an innate behaviour of mice was standardized and the factors which could modify the results were examined. A track left by a mouse had effect upon the choices of the next one, the homogeneity of light at the exits was important, whereas orientations of the maze were not relevant and finally the significance of the test was increased when a maze with floating single-directional doors was used.", "contents": "Internal and external factors which modify the innate behaviour of the mouse in the double Y maze. A test to study an innate behaviour of mice was standardized and the factors which could modify the results were examined. A track left by a mouse had effect upon the choices of the next one, the homogeneity of light at the exits was important, whereas orientations of the maze were not relevant and finally the significance of the test was increased when a maze with floating single-directional doors was used.", "PMID": 508409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7767", "title": "Effect of mescaline on an innate behaviour of mice.", "content": "The action of mescaline on mice innate behaviour was studied. In the first experiment the drug modified the innate behaviour of mice. The dose-effect curve was obtained by the second. The results pointed out that, in the range of doses examined, there was one for which the disruptive action of mescaline reach the maximum so that mice behaviour became completely casual.", "contents": "Effect of mescaline on an innate behaviour of mice. The action of mescaline on mice innate behaviour was studied. In the first experiment the drug modified the innate behaviour of mice. The dose-effect curve was obtained by the second. The results pointed out that, in the range of doses examined, there was one for which the disruptive action of mescaline reach the maximum so that mice behaviour became completely casual.", "PMID": 508410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7768", "title": "[Artificial pancreas: study methods and control of glycemia equilibrium in diabetic patients].", "content": "The artificial endocrine pancreas or artificial beta cell, consists of a continuous blood glucose monitoring system, a computered set-up which responds to glycemia and the hormone delivery system. This system provides a technique which can completely normalize blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients, during both food assumption and after. This paper deals with the characteristics of the artificial beta cell, its possible applications and its limits.", "contents": "[Artificial pancreas: study methods and control of glycemia equilibrium in diabetic patients]. The artificial endocrine pancreas or artificial beta cell, consists of a continuous blood glucose monitoring system, a computered set-up which responds to glycemia and the hormone delivery system. This system provides a technique which can completely normalize blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients, during both food assumption and after. This paper deals with the characteristics of the artificial beta cell, its possible applications and its limits.", "PMID": 508411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7769", "title": "[Biochemical and clinical studies of 2 new Italian cases of Hb G-Ferrara heterozygosis].", "content": "The Authors report the data concerning a family coming from Ficarolo (Rovigo). The father and one son were found hematologically healthy, but resulted carriers of Hb G-Ferrara. This is an unstable rare pigment with a replacement in the beta 57 (E-1) helicoidal position. The type and site of the mutation explain the \"in vitro\" molecular instability; on the other hand, this latter doesn't seem to cause any hematological disorder, even if an increased met-Hb production was found when affected blood was incubated at 37 degrees C for two hours in sterile conditions.", "contents": "[Biochemical and clinical studies of 2 new Italian cases of Hb G-Ferrara heterozygosis]. The Authors report the data concerning a family coming from Ficarolo (Rovigo). The father and one son were found hematologically healthy, but resulted carriers of Hb G-Ferrara. This is an unstable rare pigment with a replacement in the beta 57 (E-1) helicoidal position. The type and site of the mutation explain the \"in vitro\" molecular instability; on the other hand, this latter doesn't seem to cause any hematological disorder, even if an increased met-Hb production was found when affected blood was incubated at 37 degrees C for two hours in sterile conditions.", "PMID": 508412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7770", "title": "[Analysis of cerebellar proteins and glycoproteins in adult cattle. I. Con A positive glycoproteins].", "content": "The cerebellar glycoproteins of bovine have been separated by affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose and analyzed by poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some soluble Con A binding glycoproteins are common to the insoluble (membrane bound) glycoproteins suggesting a relationship between the two classes of molecules. The data support the hypothesis that some of the soluble glycoproteins can be considered precursors of the insoluble.", "contents": "[Analysis of cerebellar proteins and glycoproteins in adult cattle. I. Con A positive glycoproteins]. The cerebellar glycoproteins of bovine have been separated by affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose and analyzed by poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some soluble Con A binding glycoproteins are common to the insoluble (membrane bound) glycoproteins suggesting a relationship between the two classes of molecules. The data support the hypothesis that some of the soluble glycoproteins can be considered precursors of the insoluble.", "PMID": 508413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7771", "title": "[Early changes of liver microsomal lipids in acute thiobenzamide poisoning].", "content": "The administration to rats of Thiobenzamide, a new liver toxin, induces the early appearance of conjugated dienes among microsomal lipids. Along with an increased malonic dialdehyde \"in vitro\", the finding suggests lipid peroxidation to occur.", "contents": "[Early changes of liver microsomal lipids in acute thiobenzamide poisoning]. The administration to rats of Thiobenzamide, a new liver toxin, induces the early appearance of conjugated dienes among microsomal lipids. Along with an increased malonic dialdehyde \"in vitro\", the finding suggests lipid peroxidation to occur.", "PMID": 508414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7772", "title": "Increase in the preneoplastic liver lesions by thioacetamide followed by repeated partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Thioacetamide administration at low dose induces minimal changes in rat liver. Following withdrawal of the drug, the extent of the subsequent cholangiofibrosis and hyperplastic hepatocyte proliferation is strongly enhanced by partial hepatectomies performed monthly on the same animal.", "contents": "Increase in the preneoplastic liver lesions by thioacetamide followed by repeated partial hepatectomy. Thioacetamide administration at low dose induces minimal changes in rat liver. Following withdrawal of the drug, the extent of the subsequent cholangiofibrosis and hyperplastic hepatocyte proliferation is strongly enhanced by partial hepatectomies performed monthly on the same animal.", "PMID": 508415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7773", "title": "[Effects of catecholamine treatment on UDPG levels in white and red skeletal muscle].", "content": "Adrenaline causes of 5 fold increase of glucose-6-phosphate and of glucose-1-phosphate both in the white extensor digitorum longus and in the red soleus (where the levels of the two sugar phosphates are significantly lower). On the other hand, UDPG levels--which are similar in the two muscles--are significantly decreased after adrenaline. It has been concluded that the levels of glucose-1-phosphate and of UDPG in muscle are not bound to change together.", "contents": "[Effects of catecholamine treatment on UDPG levels in white and red skeletal muscle]. Adrenaline causes of 5 fold increase of glucose-6-phosphate and of glucose-1-phosphate both in the white extensor digitorum longus and in the red soleus (where the levels of the two sugar phosphates are significantly lower). On the other hand, UDPG levels--which are similar in the two muscles--are significantly decreased after adrenaline. It has been concluded that the levels of glucose-1-phosphate and of UDPG in muscle are not bound to change together.", "PMID": 508416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7774", "title": "[Modifications in glycogen following white and red muscle denervation in rats].", "content": "Native glycogen was prepared from intact and 12 and 36 h denervated white and red rat muscles, ultracentrifuged on a sucrose density gradient (3) and the fractions stained by the iodine method (4). An increase of the optical density of the fractions showing a relatively high density was observed, which may be related to the well known changes of muscle glycogen levels after denervation.", "contents": "[Modifications in glycogen following white and red muscle denervation in rats]. Native glycogen was prepared from intact and 12 and 36 h denervated white and red rat muscles, ultracentrifuged on a sucrose density gradient (3) and the fractions stained by the iodine method (4). An increase of the optical density of the fractions showing a relatively high density was observed, which may be related to the well known changes of muscle glycogen levels after denervation.", "PMID": 508417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7775", "title": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns of human lymphocytes before and after blast formation].", "content": "The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern of human lymphocitic cells has been determined in several people before and after stimulation by mitogenic lectins at different times after the start of the culture. A very significant change take place in the LDH 5 which can reach a greater concentration towards the other isoenzymes at the 72 h from the mitogenic stimulus, even if it starts from a smaller concentration.", "contents": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns of human lymphocytes before and after blast formation]. The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern of human lymphocitic cells has been determined in several people before and after stimulation by mitogenic lectins at different times after the start of the culture. A very significant change take place in the LDH 5 which can reach a greater concentration towards the other isoenzymes at the 72 h from the mitogenic stimulus, even if it starts from a smaller concentration.", "PMID": 508418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7776", "title": "[Effects of stereochemically different fatty acids on blood cholesterol in rats].", "content": "In the present study some observations about the effects of stereochemically different fatty acids on cholesterolaemia are reported. It is well known that high in EFA diets are useful for cholesterol metabolism: in fact cholesterol is preferably esterificated by EFA. Because of the increasing intake of fats, as high in hydrogenated EFA margarines, it has been verified whether such a technological process, inducing structural modifications, affects or not the ipocholesterolemic effect of EFA, particularly linoleic acid. Actually this research has shown such an effect to fail in presence of trans fatty acids and has pointed out some implications of lipid metabolism which are related to the different stereochemical configurations.", "contents": "[Effects of stereochemically different fatty acids on blood cholesterol in rats]. In the present study some observations about the effects of stereochemically different fatty acids on cholesterolaemia are reported. It is well known that high in EFA diets are useful for cholesterol metabolism: in fact cholesterol is preferably esterificated by EFA. Because of the increasing intake of fats, as high in hydrogenated EFA margarines, it has been verified whether such a technological process, inducing structural modifications, affects or not the ipocholesterolemic effect of EFA, particularly linoleic acid. Actually this research has shown such an effect to fail in presence of trans fatty acids and has pointed out some implications of lipid metabolism which are related to the different stereochemical configurations.", "PMID": 508419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7777", "title": "Total fasting and postprandial serum bile acids determination by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in normal subjects.", "content": "Total serum bile acids (SBA) have been evaluated in 28 healthy subjects by an enzymatic-fluorimetric method using the enzyme 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The healthy subjects showed a value of 2.78 +/- 1.84 microM/1 (mean +/- SD), ranging 0.5 to 4.7 microM/1. In addition, two hours postprandial evaluation of SBA was carried out in five of the above subjects. The mean value of SBA before and after the meal was 2.58 +/- 1.4 and 8.73 +/- 1.7 microM/1 respectively and the postprandial increase was found statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The present method for quantitative determination of SBA seems to be sensitive, reliable and useful as a routine clinical aid.", "contents": "Total fasting and postprandial serum bile acids determination by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in normal subjects. Total serum bile acids (SBA) have been evaluated in 28 healthy subjects by an enzymatic-fluorimetric method using the enzyme 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The healthy subjects showed a value of 2.78 +/- 1.84 microM/1 (mean +/- SD), ranging 0.5 to 4.7 microM/1. In addition, two hours postprandial evaluation of SBA was carried out in five of the above subjects. The mean value of SBA before and after the meal was 2.58 +/- 1.4 and 8.73 +/- 1.7 microM/1 respectively and the postprandial increase was found statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The present method for quantitative determination of SBA seems to be sensitive, reliable and useful as a routine clinical aid.", "PMID": 508420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7778", "title": "Tachyphylactic action of high doses of pentagastrin.", "content": "The study of the human LES was performed with manometrical methods for atropine action on gastrine tachyphylaxis. Our study points out that there is a complex self regulating neuronal circuit in the LES contraction. We discuss some hypothesis for the LES control. In particular ACh could activate an inhibitory adrenergic muscarinic receptor.", "contents": "Tachyphylactic action of high doses of pentagastrin. The study of the human LES was performed with manometrical methods for atropine action on gastrine tachyphylaxis. Our study points out that there is a complex self regulating neuronal circuit in the LES contraction. We discuss some hypothesis for the LES control. In particular ACh could activate an inhibitory adrenergic muscarinic receptor.", "PMID": 508421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7779", "title": "Response to nor-epinephrine, isoprenaline and spironolactone derivatives in normal and hypertensive rats.", "content": "In normal as well as in experimentally hypertensive rats the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate response-time curves are investigated following administration of nor-epinephrine, isoprenaline, spironolactone and K-canrenoate. The results stress the pharmacological effect dependence on integrity of homeostatic blood pressure mechanisms. alpha and beta receptor systems, as well as renine-angiotensine-aldo sterone system show different response-kinetic in mononefrectomized and mononefrectomized plus controlateral renal stenosis rats (Grollmann's model), in comparison with normal. While in normal rats the spironolactones evoke an hypertensive effect in experimentally renal hypertensive rats they reduce pressure to normal values.", "contents": "Response to nor-epinephrine, isoprenaline and spironolactone derivatives in normal and hypertensive rats. In normal as well as in experimentally hypertensive rats the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate response-time curves are investigated following administration of nor-epinephrine, isoprenaline, spironolactone and K-canrenoate. The results stress the pharmacological effect dependence on integrity of homeostatic blood pressure mechanisms. alpha and beta receptor systems, as well as renine-angiotensine-aldo sterone system show different response-kinetic in mononefrectomized and mononefrectomized plus controlateral renal stenosis rats (Grollmann's model), in comparison with normal. While in normal rats the spironolactones evoke an hypertensive effect in experimentally renal hypertensive rats they reduce pressure to normal values.", "PMID": 508422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7780", "title": "[Influence of desoxycorticosterone on the reaction of isolated segments of coronary arteries to noradrenaline in the presence of pyrogallol].", "content": "The effect of the desoxycorticosterone on the noradrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries waw studied in vitro, after a known inhibitor of COMT, pyrogallol. Relaxation induced by noradrenaline was enhanced by desoxycorticosterone. Relaxation in response to noradrenaline was increased by desoxycorticosterone. Pyrogallol potentiated the responses of coronary strips to noradrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of desoxycorticosterone. It is concluded that desoxycorticosterone enhances the reponse of coronary smooth muscle to noradrenaline by inhibiting and enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecolamines.", "contents": "[Influence of desoxycorticosterone on the reaction of isolated segments of coronary arteries to noradrenaline in the presence of pyrogallol]. The effect of the desoxycorticosterone on the noradrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries waw studied in vitro, after a known inhibitor of COMT, pyrogallol. Relaxation induced by noradrenaline was enhanced by desoxycorticosterone. Relaxation in response to noradrenaline was increased by desoxycorticosterone. Pyrogallol potentiated the responses of coronary strips to noradrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of desoxycorticosterone. It is concluded that desoxycorticosterone enhances the reponse of coronary smooth muscle to noradrenaline by inhibiting and enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecolamines.", "PMID": 508423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7781", "title": "[Influence of bioflavonoid (4-methylesculetin) on the reaction of isolated calf hepatic artery to serotonin].", "content": "The effect of 4-metilesculetin on strips of calf hepatic arteries was investigated. 4-metilesculetin antagonizes the contraction induced by 5-HT probably through activation of the synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins.", "contents": "[Influence of bioflavonoid (4-methylesculetin) on the reaction of isolated calf hepatic artery to serotonin]. The effect of 4-metilesculetin on strips of calf hepatic arteries was investigated. 4-metilesculetin antagonizes the contraction induced by 5-HT probably through activation of the synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins.", "PMID": 508424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7782", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of methergoline on serotonin induced contraction of isolated strips of coronary arteries].", "content": "Metergoline (antiserotonin drug) prevents the contraction induced by serotonin on strips of isolated coronary arteries. Moreover when metergoline is added at the maximal contraction, it induces relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle preceeded by a brevious phase of contraction.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of methergoline on serotonin induced contraction of isolated strips of coronary arteries]. Metergoline (antiserotonin drug) prevents the contraction induced by serotonin on strips of isolated coronary arteries. Moreover when metergoline is added at the maximal contraction, it induces relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle preceeded by a brevious phase of contraction.", "PMID": 508425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7783", "title": "[Shore species varieties in Lake Piediluco ((Umbria: Terni). Food and degree of parasitism of lake fish].", "content": "Lake Piediluco is a small natural lake in Umbria, Italy, which is regulated by hydroelectricity demands. Two artificials tributaries flow into it at the north end and create a lotic zona. The lake is rich in algae and hydrophytes. There are many sponge colonies and a great number of rheophil and limnophile caddis flies (40 species), gasteropods and bivalves. In the intestinal content of fishes the trichoptera larvae are very numerous. The fishes, which have been carefully investigated for parasites, are not seriously damaged.", "contents": "[Shore species varieties in Lake Piediluco ((Umbria: Terni). Food and degree of parasitism of lake fish]. Lake Piediluco is a small natural lake in Umbria, Italy, which is regulated by hydroelectricity demands. Two artificials tributaries flow into it at the north end and create a lotic zona. The lake is rich in algae and hydrophytes. There are many sponge colonies and a great number of rheophil and limnophile caddis flies (40 species), gasteropods and bivalves. In the intestinal content of fishes the trichoptera larvae are very numerous. The fishes, which have been carefully investigated for parasites, are not seriously damaged.", "PMID": 508426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7784", "title": "[Mechanisms of detecting organic cholephilic anions in man: comparative studies on plasma depuration of rifamycin-SV. Interference of nicotinic acid and phenobarbital].", "content": "We have studied plasmatic half-life of R-SV administered alone and in association with nicotinic acid, before and after treatment with phenobarbital, in 10 normobilirubinaemic subjects and in 10 patients Gilbert's syndrome, used like controls. Ouer results confirm the existence of some alterations of drug-metabolism produced by associated administration of other drugs, in both healthy and hyperbilirubinaemic subjects, and in these one even more.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of detecting organic cholephilic anions in man: comparative studies on plasma depuration of rifamycin-SV. Interference of nicotinic acid and phenobarbital]. We have studied plasmatic half-life of R-SV administered alone and in association with nicotinic acid, before and after treatment with phenobarbital, in 10 normobilirubinaemic subjects and in 10 patients Gilbert's syndrome, used like controls. Ouer results confirm the existence of some alterations of drug-metabolism produced by associated administration of other drugs, in both healthy and hyperbilirubinaemic subjects, and in these one even more.", "PMID": 508427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7785", "title": "[Air embolism due to limited high grade barometric depression as evidenced in vivo].", "content": "The Authors supply documentary evidence for the aeroembolism of auricular lobe vessels photographed in transillumination of living albino rabbits exposed to high grade barometric depression (850 g/cm2) limited on the top of the head.", "contents": "[Air embolism due to limited high grade barometric depression as evidenced in vivo]. The Authors supply documentary evidence for the aeroembolism of auricular lobe vessels photographed in transillumination of living albino rabbits exposed to high grade barometric depression (850 g/cm2) limited on the top of the head.", "PMID": 508430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7786", "title": "[The temporary occlusion of middle cerebral artery in cats--the correlation between the rCBF and the histological changes (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlation between the changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the histological changes were examined using the middle cerebral arterial (MCA) occlusion model in cats. A total of 24 adult cats were tracheostomized and anesthetized by inhalation of halothane. The right MCA was clipped by the transorbital approach. Two hours after the application, the clip was removed and the brain was recirculated for two hours. Then, the brain was perfusion-fixated and the histological studies were carried out. The animals were separated into two groups according to the severity of histological damages using light and electron microscope. Severe cortical damage was present in 8 cats (Group A). In the remaining 16 cats, little or no cortical damage was found (Group B). The averaged rCBF values before occlusion were 45.4 +/- 2.3 ml/100 gm/min in group A and 46.5 +/- 1.6 in group B, showing no statistically significant difference. Between these two groups, however, there was a statistically significant difference in the averaged rCBF values during the ischemic period. In group A, the averaged rCBF values during MCA occlusion was only 6.8 +/- 0.9 and in group B, it was 25.3 +/- 0.8. In the recirculation period, there was a prompt and uniform recovery of rCBF in group B. Whereas in group A, a marked diversity of rCBF ranging from oligemia to hyperemia ensued. This is presumably a reflection of inhomogeneous blood flow, or patchy non-filling of the cerebral cortex. The critical values of rCBF as to the occurrence of severe cortical damage in two-hours MCA occlusion is considered to lie between the lowest value of group B and the highest value of group A, i.e., around 12--15 ml/100 gm/min.", "contents": "[The temporary occlusion of middle cerebral artery in cats--the correlation between the rCBF and the histological changes (author's transl)]. The correlation between the changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the histological changes were examined using the middle cerebral arterial (MCA) occlusion model in cats. A total of 24 adult cats were tracheostomized and anesthetized by inhalation of halothane. The right MCA was clipped by the transorbital approach. Two hours after the application, the clip was removed and the brain was recirculated for two hours. Then, the brain was perfusion-fixated and the histological studies were carried out. The animals were separated into two groups according to the severity of histological damages using light and electron microscope. Severe cortical damage was present in 8 cats (Group A). In the remaining 16 cats, little or no cortical damage was found (Group B). The averaged rCBF values before occlusion were 45.4 +/- 2.3 ml/100 gm/min in group A and 46.5 +/- 1.6 in group B, showing no statistically significant difference. Between these two groups, however, there was a statistically significant difference in the averaged rCBF values during the ischemic period. In group A, the averaged rCBF values during MCA occlusion was only 6.8 +/- 0.9 and in group B, it was 25.3 +/- 0.8. In the recirculation period, there was a prompt and uniform recovery of rCBF in group B. Whereas in group A, a marked diversity of rCBF ranging from oligemia to hyperemia ensued. This is presumably a reflection of inhomogeneous blood flow, or patchy non-filling of the cerebral cortex. The critical values of rCBF as to the occurrence of severe cortical damage in two-hours MCA occlusion is considered to lie between the lowest value of group B and the highest value of group A, i.e., around 12--15 ml/100 gm/min.", "PMID": 508431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7787", "title": "[Neuropsychological studies of two subjects after the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum. (Part 2. The auditory recognition by the dichotic listening test) (author's transl)].", "content": "We made the neuropsychological auditory studies of two right-handed subjects who had undergone the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum for the pineal operation (the teratoma by the histopathological examination). The transection grades were 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. The truncus and splenium of the second subject were flat by the compression of the tumor. We examined these subjects by the some audiolocigal methods. 1. Pure tone audiometry. 2. Fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry. 3. SISI test (short increment sensitivity index test). 4. Speech audiometry. 5. Distorted speech test (filtered speech test). 6. Binaural fusion test. 7. Dichotic listening test. The tasks used for the dichotic listening test were following. Different digits (one pair, three pairs), different words (from two to four syllables) and different vowels and consonants were presented simultaneously to the two ears by means of a dual-channel tape recorder with stereophonic earphone. The result shows that the first subject (whose section of the spelenium was 2.0 cm) shows a slight but not significant superiority on the right ear to the one pair digits and words (p less than 0.1), and the second subject (whose section of the splenium was 2.5 cm and whose splenium and truncus of the corpus callusum were flatten by the compression of the tumor) shows a significant superiority on the right ear to the one pair digits, words, three pairs digits and vowels (p less than 0.05). But there was no definitive abnormalities at the pure tone audiometry, the fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, SISI test, distorted speech test and binaural fusion test of two cases. The result shows that the commissure fibres of the auditory perception of the speech of two hemispheres connect through from splenium to the truncus of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological studies of two subjects after the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum. (Part 2. The auditory recognition by the dichotic listening test) (author's transl)]. We made the neuropsychological auditory studies of two right-handed subjects who had undergone the transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum for the pineal operation (the teratoma by the histopathological examination). The transection grades were 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. The truncus and splenium of the second subject were flat by the compression of the tumor. We examined these subjects by the some audiolocigal methods. 1. Pure tone audiometry. 2. Fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry. 3. SISI test (short increment sensitivity index test). 4. Speech audiometry. 5. Distorted speech test (filtered speech test). 6. Binaural fusion test. 7. Dichotic listening test. The tasks used for the dichotic listening test were following. Different digits (one pair, three pairs), different words (from two to four syllables) and different vowels and consonants were presented simultaneously to the two ears by means of a dual-channel tape recorder with stereophonic earphone. The result shows that the first subject (whose section of the spelenium was 2.0 cm) shows a slight but not significant superiority on the right ear to the one pair digits and words (p less than 0.1), and the second subject (whose section of the splenium was 2.5 cm and whose splenium and truncus of the corpus callusum were flatten by the compression of the tumor) shows a significant superiority on the right ear to the one pair digits, words, three pairs digits and vowels (p less than 0.05). But there was no definitive abnormalities at the pure tone audiometry, the fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, SISI test, distorted speech test and binaural fusion test of two cases. The result shows that the commissure fibres of the auditory perception of the speech of two hemispheres connect through from splenium to the truncus of the corpus callosum.", "PMID": 508438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7788", "title": "[The anti-tumor effect of ACNU and X-irradiation on mouse glioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-tumor activities of ACNU and X-irradiation on methylcholanthrene induced glioma in C57BL mice were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments using cultured glioma cells (MGB cells), the synchronization of cell cycle was done by excess addition of thymidine, and the anti-tumor cell effect were investigated by mean of determinations of DNA synthesis, mitotic index and the number of the living cells following the treatments. As the results, it appeared obvious that ACNU was most effective on MGB cells in S phase and X-irradiation in M phase. As to the combined therapy of ACNU and X-irradiation, the anti-tumor effect was most remarkable when the cells were treated by X-irradiation in the G2, M phase, which were hervested by addition of ACNU 44 hours before irradiation. However simultaneous treatment of ACNU and X-irradiation on the cells in G1 phase was not so remarkable. In vivo experiments the anti-tumor effect of ACNU and X-irradiation on subcutaneously or intracranially transplanted glioma in mice was investigated. Either ACNU 10 mg/kg or local X-irradiation 1240 rads showed inhibitory effect on the tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of the tumor bearing mice. The combination therapy was more effective than ACNU or X-irradiation alone, particularly combination therapy of ACNU and repeated small doses irradiation of X-ray was remarkably effective. Evidence obtained indicates that the combination therapy of ACNU and X-irradiation have synnergistic anti-tumor effect on experimental mouse glioma.", "contents": "[The anti-tumor effect of ACNU and X-irradiation on mouse glioma (author's transl)]. Anti-tumor activities of ACNU and X-irradiation on methylcholanthrene induced glioma in C57BL mice were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments using cultured glioma cells (MGB cells), the synchronization of cell cycle was done by excess addition of thymidine, and the anti-tumor cell effect were investigated by mean of determinations of DNA synthesis, mitotic index and the number of the living cells following the treatments. As the results, it appeared obvious that ACNU was most effective on MGB cells in S phase and X-irradiation in M phase. As to the combined therapy of ACNU and X-irradiation, the anti-tumor effect was most remarkable when the cells were treated by X-irradiation in the G2, M phase, which were hervested by addition of ACNU 44 hours before irradiation. However simultaneous treatment of ACNU and X-irradiation on the cells in G1 phase was not so remarkable. In vivo experiments the anti-tumor effect of ACNU and X-irradiation on subcutaneously or intracranially transplanted glioma in mice was investigated. Either ACNU 10 mg/kg or local X-irradiation 1240 rads showed inhibitory effect on the tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of the tumor bearing mice. The combination therapy was more effective than ACNU or X-irradiation alone, particularly combination therapy of ACNU and repeated small doses irradiation of X-ray was remarkably effective. Evidence obtained indicates that the combination therapy of ACNU and X-irradiation have synnergistic anti-tumor effect on experimental mouse glioma.", "PMID": 508442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7789", "title": "[Morphological changes of platelets in disturbed cerebral microcirculation--a clinical study using a scanning electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "Many factors are known that contribute to the pathogenesis of the cerebral microcirculatory disturbances, but, there are few reports investigating the roles of the intravascular components directly. The present study was undertaken to evaluate morphological changes of platelets in patients with cerebral damage, in relation to neurological signs, especially consciousness levels. Morphological changes of platelets were observed in 72 patients with intracranial organic lesions. These lesions included subarachnoid hemorrhages, hypertensive cerebral hemorrhages, cerebral infarctions, brain tumors, chronic subdural hematomas, and acute epidural hematomas. Two blood samples were taken, one from the internal jugular vein (the blood after cerebral perfusion), the other from the cubital vein (systemic blood). After fixative procedures with 1% glutaraldehyde, the differences in the three-dimensional structures of platelets were compared, using a scanning electron microscope. In general, remarkably activated forms of platelets were found in the blood after cerebral perfusion in cases with severely impaired consciousness in the acute stage. But, in cases without severe neurological deficits, such changes of platelet forms were rarely seen. A close relationship was suggested between the degree of neurological damage (especially consciousness levels) and that of platelet activation in the acute stage. In the chronic stage, these changes of platelets in the cerebral blood disappeared. Changes of platelet forms were not found in the systemic blood from the cubital vein, even in the acute stage. It is clinically suggested that morphological changes of platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disturbed cerebral microcirculation. Obstruction of cerebral microvasculature may be caused, mechanically by the activated platelets themselves, and/or chemically by vasoconstrictive substances released from these platelets. Therefore, in the treatment of these intracranial organic lesions, it is concluded that the possible roles of activated platelets should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Morphological changes of platelets in disturbed cerebral microcirculation--a clinical study using a scanning electron microscope (author's transl)]. Many factors are known that contribute to the pathogenesis of the cerebral microcirculatory disturbances, but, there are few reports investigating the roles of the intravascular components directly. The present study was undertaken to evaluate morphological changes of platelets in patients with cerebral damage, in relation to neurological signs, especially consciousness levels. Morphological changes of platelets were observed in 72 patients with intracranial organic lesions. These lesions included subarachnoid hemorrhages, hypertensive cerebral hemorrhages, cerebral infarctions, brain tumors, chronic subdural hematomas, and acute epidural hematomas. Two blood samples were taken, one from the internal jugular vein (the blood after cerebral perfusion), the other from the cubital vein (systemic blood). After fixative procedures with 1% glutaraldehyde, the differences in the three-dimensional structures of platelets were compared, using a scanning electron microscope. In general, remarkably activated forms of platelets were found in the blood after cerebral perfusion in cases with severely impaired consciousness in the acute stage. But, in cases without severe neurological deficits, such changes of platelet forms were rarely seen. A close relationship was suggested between the degree of neurological damage (especially consciousness levels) and that of platelet activation in the acute stage. In the chronic stage, these changes of platelets in the cerebral blood disappeared. Changes of platelet forms were not found in the systemic blood from the cubital vein, even in the acute stage. It is clinically suggested that morphological changes of platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disturbed cerebral microcirculation. Obstruction of cerebral microvasculature may be caused, mechanically by the activated platelets themselves, and/or chemically by vasoconstrictive substances released from these platelets. Therefore, in the treatment of these intracranial organic lesions, it is concluded that the possible roles of activated platelets should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 508443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7790", "title": "[Sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele associated with agenesis of corpus callosum and median cleft lip and palate--report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele are reported. Patients are a 1 year 7 month old boy and a 3 year old boy. Although sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele is reasonably classified as a type of basal meningoencephalocele, the authors could not find out any reports on cases designated as such. The reason must be in difficulty to differentiate the sphenoethmoidal type from the transsphenoidal type. Authors could differentiate them using CT scan. Two other cases were found in cases reported as transsphenoidal type. Further, it is assumed that these four cases including our two cases were accompanied with agenesis of corpus callosum and median cleft lip and palate. Despite the fact that the respective anomalies are rare, they are completely the same, which signifies the possibility that 1) sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele, 2) agenesis of corpus callosum and 3) median cleft lip and palate are a single unit of congenital anomalies. It probably should be considered that the cause for these malformations were present even before the formation of the lips which takes place earliest, that is, sixth week of gestation.", "contents": "[Sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele associated with agenesis of corpus callosum and median cleft lip and palate--report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele are reported. Patients are a 1 year 7 month old boy and a 3 year old boy. Although sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele is reasonably classified as a type of basal meningoencephalocele, the authors could not find out any reports on cases designated as such. The reason must be in difficulty to differentiate the sphenoethmoidal type from the transsphenoidal type. Authors could differentiate them using CT scan. Two other cases were found in cases reported as transsphenoidal type. Further, it is assumed that these four cases including our two cases were accompanied with agenesis of corpus callosum and median cleft lip and palate. Despite the fact that the respective anomalies are rare, they are completely the same, which signifies the possibility that 1) sphenoethmoidal meningoencephalocele, 2) agenesis of corpus callosum and 3) median cleft lip and palate are a single unit of congenital anomalies. It probably should be considered that the cause for these malformations were present even before the formation of the lips which takes place earliest, that is, sixth week of gestation.", "PMID": 508444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7791", "title": "Diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi by two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "Sixteen patients had two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of the presence or absence of left ventricular thrombi and anatomical, radiological, or clinical confirmation of the diagnosis. Eleven patients had positive diagnoses, which were confirmed in 10 and possibly incorrect in one. Five other records were reviewed because the patients had undergone aneurysmectomy after two-dimensional echocardiograms: three were true negative and two were false negative studies.", "contents": "Diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi by two-dimensional echocardiography. Sixteen patients had two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of the presence or absence of left ventricular thrombi and anatomical, radiological, or clinical confirmation of the diagnosis. Eleven patients had positive diagnoses, which were confirmed in 10 and possibly incorrect in one. Five other records were reviewed because the patients had undergone aneurysmectomy after two-dimensional echocardiograms: three were true negative and two were false negative studies.", "PMID": 508446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7792", "title": "Displacement of pacemaker leads--a 10-year survey.", "content": "Displacement of endocardial pacemaker leads from the initial site at the time of implantation is a major cause of unpredictable pacemaker failure. In this survey, we have made a retrospective study of the effectiveness of the attempts made by two manufacturers to design leads to reduce the frequency of this occurrence. The cumulative displacement records of 5 types of leads (Medtronic types 5818, 6904, 6901, and 6950, and Cardiac Pacemakers Inc. type 4210) have been studied, and show that Medtronic 5818 and 6950, and CPI 4210 leads are superior in this respect.", "contents": "Displacement of pacemaker leads--a 10-year survey. Displacement of endocardial pacemaker leads from the initial site at the time of implantation is a major cause of unpredictable pacemaker failure. In this survey, we have made a retrospective study of the effectiveness of the attempts made by two manufacturers to design leads to reduce the frequency of this occurrence. The cumulative displacement records of 5 types of leads (Medtronic types 5818, 6904, 6901, and 6950, and Cardiac Pacemakers Inc. type 4210) have been studied, and show that Medtronic 5818 and 6950, and CPI 4210 leads are superior in this respect.", "PMID": 508447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7793", "title": "Assessment of endocardial leads for permanent cardiac pacing.", "content": "Catheter tip dislocation is the main complication of permanent pacemaker implantation using the subclavian vein. In this study of 50 patients we compared the incidence of complications using two endocardial electrodes specially designed to prevent tip dislocation. One catheter had a helical endocardial electrode and the other had retractable nylon barbs. The helical electrode was superior in every respect and we recommend its use for pacing through the subclavian vein.", "contents": "Assessment of endocardial leads for permanent cardiac pacing. Catheter tip dislocation is the main complication of permanent pacemaker implantation using the subclavian vein. In this study of 50 patients we compared the incidence of complications using two endocardial electrodes specially designed to prevent tip dislocation. One catheter had a helical endocardial electrode and the other had retractable nylon barbs. The helical electrode was superior in every respect and we recommend its use for pacing through the subclavian vein.", "PMID": 508448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7794", "title": "Nomogram to calculate oxygen consumption.", "content": "A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of the oxygen consumption from the expired minute volume and the fractional concentrations of expired CO2 and O2.", "contents": "Nomogram to calculate oxygen consumption. A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of the oxygen consumption from the expired minute volume and the fractional concentrations of expired CO2 and O2.", "PMID": 508450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7795", "title": "Value of electrocardiogram in predicting and estimating infarct size in man.", "content": "The value of the electrocardiogram in assessing infarct size was studied using serial estimates of the MB isomer of creatine kinase (CK MB) in plasma, serial 35 lead praecordial maps in 28 patients with anterior myocardial infarction, and serial 12 lead electrocardiograms in 17 patients with inferior myocardial infarction. In patients with anterior infarcts, sigma ST, sigma R, sigma Q, sigma R/(Q+S), and the number of sites with ST elevation more than 2 mm or with QS waves, were obtained from each map. Correlation between both maximum sigma Q and maximum sigma ST with cumulative CK MB was highly significant. There was also a significant correlation between sigma R and sigma R/(Q+S) with cumulative CK MB. There was no significant correlation between maximum number of sites with ST elevation or with Q or QS waves and cumulative CK MB. Maximum sigma ST and number of sites with ST elevation predicted maximum sigma Q and number of sites with QS or Q waves at a time when infarction was not complete. In patients with inferior infarcts, there was a significant correlation between maximum sigma Q and maximum sigma ST in leads II, III, and a VF, and cumulative CK MB. This study shows that all the waves in the electrocardiogram are useful in assessing infarct size. The fact that maximum sigma ST predicts final sigma Q may be used to assess the efficacy of interventions designed to salvage ischaemic myocardium.", "contents": "Value of electrocardiogram in predicting and estimating infarct size in man. The value of the electrocardiogram in assessing infarct size was studied using serial estimates of the MB isomer of creatine kinase (CK MB) in plasma, serial 35 lead praecordial maps in 28 patients with anterior myocardial infarction, and serial 12 lead electrocardiograms in 17 patients with inferior myocardial infarction. In patients with anterior infarcts, sigma ST, sigma R, sigma Q, sigma R/(Q+S), and the number of sites with ST elevation more than 2 mm or with QS waves, were obtained from each map. Correlation between both maximum sigma Q and maximum sigma ST with cumulative CK MB was highly significant. There was also a significant correlation between sigma R and sigma R/(Q+S) with cumulative CK MB. There was no significant correlation between maximum number of sites with ST elevation or with Q or QS waves and cumulative CK MB. Maximum sigma ST and number of sites with ST elevation predicted maximum sigma Q and number of sites with QS or Q waves at a time when infarction was not complete. In patients with inferior infarcts, there was a significant correlation between maximum sigma Q and maximum sigma ST in leads II, III, and a VF, and cumulative CK MB. This study shows that all the waves in the electrocardiogram are useful in assessing infarct size. The fact that maximum sigma ST predicts final sigma Q may be used to assess the efficacy of interventions designed to salvage ischaemic myocardium.", "PMID": 508451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7796", "title": "Familial aggregation of coronary heart disease in a high incidence area (North Karelia, Finland).", "content": "Occurrence of coronary heart disease was assessed in families of 211 men under the age of 56 from East Finland. Fifty men were survivors of recent myocardial infarctions, 55 had died of myocardial infarction, 53 suffered from uncomplicated angina pectoris, and 53 were healthy reference men. Overall prevalence of coronary heart disease was similar in familes of all case probands. By age 70, case fathers had a 6 times greater cumulative risk (a 36% chance) of dying from coronary heart disease than reference fathers, whereas there was only a small difference between case and reference mothers. Cumulative risk of developing fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease by age 65 was 4.5-fold for case brothers (70%) and 2.6-fold for case sisters (40%), when compared with reference sibs. The risk was greatest for case sibs with a parental, especially a maternal, history of premature coronary heart disease. Clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease showed similarities within sibships. Cardiac deaths were commonest in sibs of the fatal myocardial infarction probands, whereas angina was commonest in sibs of the angina pectoris probands.", "contents": "Familial aggregation of coronary heart disease in a high incidence area (North Karelia, Finland). Occurrence of coronary heart disease was assessed in families of 211 men under the age of 56 from East Finland. Fifty men were survivors of recent myocardial infarctions, 55 had died of myocardial infarction, 53 suffered from uncomplicated angina pectoris, and 53 were healthy reference men. Overall prevalence of coronary heart disease was similar in familes of all case probands. By age 70, case fathers had a 6 times greater cumulative risk (a 36% chance) of dying from coronary heart disease than reference fathers, whereas there was only a small difference between case and reference mothers. Cumulative risk of developing fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease by age 65 was 4.5-fold for case brothers (70%) and 2.6-fold for case sisters (40%), when compared with reference sibs. The risk was greatest for case sibs with a parental, especially a maternal, history of premature coronary heart disease. Clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease showed similarities within sibships. Cardiac deaths were commonest in sibs of the fatal myocardial infarction probands, whereas angina was commonest in sibs of the angina pectoris probands.", "PMID": 508452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7797", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of acute beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Acebutolol ('Sectral'), a cardioselective beta-blocking drug, was administered intravenously in a dose of 25 mg to 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. All of them were in a stable condition on antifailure regimens. The drug resulted in a statistically significant decline in left ventricular contractility as judged by peak left ventricular dP/dT and the contractility index. The mean aortic blood pressure also fell. There was a significant increase in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes. Mean values for heart rate, ejection fraction, left ventricular stroke work index, and cardiac output also fell, but the results were not statistically significant. Left ventricular distensibility as judged by the slope of the diastolic pressure-volume relation also improved significantly. A reduction in myocardial energy requirements, improved compliance, and lowering of arterial pressure would be haemodynamically advantageous. However, further cardiac dilatation and reduction contractility--the basic defects in congestive cardiomyopathy--could lead to further deterioration.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of acute beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Acebutolol ('Sectral'), a cardioselective beta-blocking drug, was administered intravenously in a dose of 25 mg to 10 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. All of them were in a stable condition on antifailure regimens. The drug resulted in a statistically significant decline in left ventricular contractility as judged by peak left ventricular dP/dT and the contractility index. The mean aortic blood pressure also fell. There was a significant increase in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes. Mean values for heart rate, ejection fraction, left ventricular stroke work index, and cardiac output also fell, but the results were not statistically significant. Left ventricular distensibility as judged by the slope of the diastolic pressure-volume relation also improved significantly. A reduction in myocardial energy requirements, improved compliance, and lowering of arterial pressure would be haemodynamically advantageous. However, further cardiac dilatation and reduction contractility--the basic defects in congestive cardiomyopathy--could lead to further deterioration.", "PMID": 508453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7798", "title": "Relation of plasma aldosterone concentration to diuretic treatment in patients with severe heart disease.", "content": "To assess the relation of hyperaldosteronism and potassium depletion to the intensity of diuretic therapy we have measured plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay and total exchangeable potassium by radioisotope dilution in 24 patients when they were stable at the end of their preparation for cardiac operation. Some patients required intensive frusemide therapy to reach an optimal state for operation and many showed hyperaldosteronism. Plasma aldosterone was significantly related to daily dose of frusemide (r=0.77). Depletion of total exchangeable potassium expressed in terms of predicted weight was significantly related to plasma aldosterone (r= -0.64). The reduction in total exchangeable potassium is interpreted as chiefly related to loss of lean tissue mass from the wasting that leads to cardiac cachexia, but evidence is presented on the basis of measurements of extracellular fluid volume as sulphate space (20 patients) of entry of sodium into the cells which may indicate a true cellular potassium loss. Although plasma potassium is usually easily maintained with oral potassium supplements or aldosterone antagonists, we postulate that intensive diuretic therapy in severe heart disease may provoke hyperaldosteronism which accentuates potassium loss and may contribute to wasting and to intracellular potassium depletion in critical tissue, such as myocardium.", "contents": "Relation of plasma aldosterone concentration to diuretic treatment in patients with severe heart disease. To assess the relation of hyperaldosteronism and potassium depletion to the intensity of diuretic therapy we have measured plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay and total exchangeable potassium by radioisotope dilution in 24 patients when they were stable at the end of their preparation for cardiac operation. Some patients required intensive frusemide therapy to reach an optimal state for operation and many showed hyperaldosteronism. Plasma aldosterone was significantly related to daily dose of frusemide (r=0.77). Depletion of total exchangeable potassium expressed in terms of predicted weight was significantly related to plasma aldosterone (r= -0.64). The reduction in total exchangeable potassium is interpreted as chiefly related to loss of lean tissue mass from the wasting that leads to cardiac cachexia, but evidence is presented on the basis of measurements of extracellular fluid volume as sulphate space (20 patients) of entry of sodium into the cells which may indicate a true cellular potassium loss. Although plasma potassium is usually easily maintained with oral potassium supplements or aldosterone antagonists, we postulate that intensive diuretic therapy in severe heart disease may provoke hyperaldosteronism which accentuates potassium loss and may contribute to wasting and to intracellular potassium depletion in critical tissue, such as myocardium.", "PMID": 508454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7799", "title": "PRediction of infarct size by enzymatic techniques: modification of a method and clinical application.", "content": "In an attempt to develop improved methods of prediction of infarct size by enzymatic methods, Shell's original algorithm has been critically evaluated in an unselected series of patients. Poor performance of the model is partly the result of a systematic source of error associated with its mathematical formulation. A new model devoid of such limitations has therefore been developed. Residual deviations between predicted and observed CK release seem to be related to frequent and unpredictable extensions of infarction which could be verified by independent clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic criteria. The modified model may possibly be applied to the evaluation of agents aimed at limiting the spread of irreversible injury.", "contents": "PRediction of infarct size by enzymatic techniques: modification of a method and clinical application. In an attempt to develop improved methods of prediction of infarct size by enzymatic methods, Shell's original algorithm has been critically evaluated in an unselected series of patients. Poor performance of the model is partly the result of a systematic source of error associated with its mathematical formulation. A new model devoid of such limitations has therefore been developed. Residual deviations between predicted and observed CK release seem to be related to frequent and unpredictable extensions of infarction which could be verified by independent clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic criteria. The modified model may possibly be applied to the evaluation of agents aimed at limiting the spread of irreversible injury.", "PMID": 508455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7800", "title": "Pericardial tamponade in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "The frequency of pericardial disease in scleroderma found at necropsy in high. The clinical recognition of pericarditis with or without effusion is rare and tamponade with haemodynamic impairment is exceptional. Three patients with scleroderma presented with an acute syndrome of dyspnoea, chest pain, and cardiomegaly requiring pericardiocentesis for relief of pericardial tamponade. One patient died. The mechanism of the pericardial effusion remains unknown. The haemodynamic data recorded from one patient suggested that pericardial fibrosis in scleroderma may predispose to pericardial tamponade.", "contents": "Pericardial tamponade in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The frequency of pericardial disease in scleroderma found at necropsy in high. The clinical recognition of pericarditis with or without effusion is rare and tamponade with haemodynamic impairment is exceptional. Three patients with scleroderma presented with an acute syndrome of dyspnoea, chest pain, and cardiomegaly requiring pericardiocentesis for relief of pericardial tamponade. One patient died. The mechanism of the pericardial effusion remains unknown. The haemodynamic data recorded from one patient suggested that pericardial fibrosis in scleroderma may predispose to pericardial tamponade.", "PMID": 508457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7801", "title": "Infective endocarditis with glomerulonephritis associated with cat chlamydia (C. psittaci) infection.", "content": "A patient with glomerulonephritis and endocarditis is described who had evidence of feline Chlamydia psittaci infection. Treatment with antichlamydial drugs resulted in resolution of the glomerulonephritis and the endocarditis. It is recommended that screening for chlamydia is included in the investigation of patients with suspected or obscure endocarditis.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis with glomerulonephritis associated with cat chlamydia (C. psittaci) infection. A patient with glomerulonephritis and endocarditis is described who had evidence of feline Chlamydia psittaci infection. Treatment with antichlamydial drugs resulted in resolution of the glomerulonephritis and the endocarditis. It is recommended that screening for chlamydia is included in the investigation of patients with suspected or obscure endocarditis.", "PMID": 508458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7802", "title": "Isolated congenital absence of coronary sinus.", "content": "A case is reported in which contrast angiography showed complete absence of the coronary sinus, the cardiac veins draining separately into left and right atria. Normal systemic venous drainage was demonstrated by contrast cross-sectional echocardiographic methods and later confirmed by conventional angiographic injections. In addition, angiography showed a stenosis in the anomalous cardiac vein draining into left atrium accounting for the presence of a continuous murmur for which the patient was initially referred.", "contents": "Isolated congenital absence of coronary sinus. A case is reported in which contrast angiography showed complete absence of the coronary sinus, the cardiac veins draining separately into left and right atria. Normal systemic venous drainage was demonstrated by contrast cross-sectional echocardiographic methods and later confirmed by conventional angiographic injections. In addition, angiography showed a stenosis in the anomalous cardiac vein draining into left atrium accounting for the presence of a continuous murmur for which the patient was initially referred.", "PMID": 508459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7803", "title": "Noradrenaline producing phaeochromocytomas with absent pressor response to beta-blockade.", "content": "In 2 patients with phaeochromocytoma, effective beta-blockade was obtained with propranolol (40 mg twice a day for 3 days) or acebutolol (400 mg twice a day for 3 days) without any effect on the blood pressure. In both patients the excretion of noradrenaline predominated over that of adrenaline, a picture found in most cases of phaeochromocytoma. A hypertensive response to beta-blockade might be expected in patients with an adrenaline-secreting tumour. It cannot be a regular event or constitute a diagnostic test in patients with suspected phaeochromocytoma.", "contents": "Noradrenaline producing phaeochromocytomas with absent pressor response to beta-blockade. In 2 patients with phaeochromocytoma, effective beta-blockade was obtained with propranolol (40 mg twice a day for 3 days) or acebutolol (400 mg twice a day for 3 days) without any effect on the blood pressure. In both patients the excretion of noradrenaline predominated over that of adrenaline, a picture found in most cases of phaeochromocytoma. A hypertensive response to beta-blockade might be expected in patients with an adrenaline-secreting tumour. It cannot be a regular event or constitute a diagnostic test in patients with suspected phaeochromocytoma.", "PMID": 508460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7804", "title": "Aggregation of coronary risk factors in families of men with fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease.", "content": "The occurrence of main coronary risk factors was assessed in the families of 211 men under age 56 from East Finland. Fifty men were survivors of a recent myocardial infarction, 55 had died of myocardial infarction, 53 suffered from uncomplicated angina, and 53 were healthy reference men. Familial hyperlipidaemia was twice and familial hypertension three times as common in case as in reference families; other risk factors were equally common in both. Familial hypercholesterolaemia was commonest in the families of men with fatal myocardial infarction, and multiple type familial hyperlipidaemia in those of men with angina. Any increase in familial aggregation of coronary heart disease was invariably paralleled by increased aggregation of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, with the most impressive aggregation of both traits in case families with a maternal history of early coronary death. It is concluded that most of the familial aggregation of coronary heart disease is mediated by familial aggregations of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension.", "contents": "Aggregation of coronary risk factors in families of men with fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease. The occurrence of main coronary risk factors was assessed in the families of 211 men under age 56 from East Finland. Fifty men were survivors of a recent myocardial infarction, 55 had died of myocardial infarction, 53 suffered from uncomplicated angina, and 53 were healthy reference men. Familial hyperlipidaemia was twice and familial hypertension three times as common in case as in reference families; other risk factors were equally common in both. Familial hypercholesterolaemia was commonest in the families of men with fatal myocardial infarction, and multiple type familial hyperlipidaemia in those of men with angina. Any increase in familial aggregation of coronary heart disease was invariably paralleled by increased aggregation of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, with the most impressive aggregation of both traits in case families with a maternal history of early coronary death. It is concluded that most of the familial aggregation of coronary heart disease is mediated by familial aggregations of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension.", "PMID": 508467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7805", "title": "Haemodynamic and electrocardiographic accompaniments of resting postprandial angina.", "content": "The early postprandial changes in 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and history of postprandial angina were studied by the continuous recording on magnetic tape of the electrocardiogram and haemodynamic variables. The significant changes 20 minutes after a meal not followed by angina included increases in cardiac index and stroke index, with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. When angina developed after a meal, there were significant increases in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance with decreases in stroke index at the onset of pain rather than at the onset of ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities. The first haemodynamic variable to change was pulmonary capillery wedge pressure which tended to increase coincident in time with the electrocardiographic abnormalities. In all cases, postprandial angina occurred within 25 minutes after a meal. In every instance, there was little or no change in the product of heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure at the onset of the ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities at a time when the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure had begun to rise. Postprandial angina, like many cases of rest angina, may rise on the basis of a primary decrease in myocardial perfusion, the nature of which is unclear but merits further investigation.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and electrocardiographic accompaniments of resting postprandial angina. The early postprandial changes in 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and history of postprandial angina were studied by the continuous recording on magnetic tape of the electrocardiogram and haemodynamic variables. The significant changes 20 minutes after a meal not followed by angina included increases in cardiac index and stroke index, with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. When angina developed after a meal, there were significant increases in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance with decreases in stroke index at the onset of pain rather than at the onset of ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities. The first haemodynamic variable to change was pulmonary capillery wedge pressure which tended to increase coincident in time with the electrocardiographic abnormalities. In all cases, postprandial angina occurred within 25 minutes after a meal. In every instance, there was little or no change in the product of heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure at the onset of the ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities at a time when the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure had begun to rise. Postprandial angina, like many cases of rest angina, may rise on the basis of a primary decrease in myocardial perfusion, the nature of which is unclear but merits further investigation.", "PMID": 508470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7806", "title": "Exercise testing in men with significant left main coronary disease.", "content": "The exercise tests of 26 male patients with significant left main disease were compared with those of 51 patients with three-vessel disease and 38 patients with two-vessel disease. Exercise-induced ischaemia (chest pain and/or greater than 1 mm ST segment change) occurred in 100 per cent of left main, 69 per cent of three-vessel, and 45 per cent of two-vessel disease patients. Though the mean peak work load was significantly higher in the two-vessel disease group than in those with three-vessel of left main disease, there was a wide overlap between groups. No intergroup differences were found in mean peak heart rates. In patients taking propranolol, no differences in mean peak work loads and heart rates were seen. The study showed that the absence of an exercise-induced abnormal electrocardiographic response virtually excludes left main disease. As judged by exercise performance, the presence of left main disease did not correlate with the severity of the patient's symptomatology. Propranolol did not influence the frequency of an ischaemic response in patients with left main or three-vessel disease.", "contents": "Exercise testing in men with significant left main coronary disease. The exercise tests of 26 male patients with significant left main disease were compared with those of 51 patients with three-vessel disease and 38 patients with two-vessel disease. Exercise-induced ischaemia (chest pain and/or greater than 1 mm ST segment change) occurred in 100 per cent of left main, 69 per cent of three-vessel, and 45 per cent of two-vessel disease patients. Though the mean peak work load was significantly higher in the two-vessel disease group than in those with three-vessel of left main disease, there was a wide overlap between groups. No intergroup differences were found in mean peak heart rates. In patients taking propranolol, no differences in mean peak work loads and heart rates were seen. The study showed that the absence of an exercise-induced abnormal electrocardiographic response virtually excludes left main disease. As judged by exercise performance, the presence of left main disease did not correlate with the severity of the patient's symptomatology. Propranolol did not influence the frequency of an ischaemic response in patients with left main or three-vessel disease.", "PMID": 508471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7807", "title": "Projection of electrocardiographic signs in praecordial maps after exercise in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Praecordial surface maps of the electrocardiogram were recorded before and after exercise using 16 electrodes covering the left hemithorax. The ST segment and R and S wave changes were measured in the praecordial maps from 20 individuals with no detectable cardiovascular disease. These showed no significant alteration in ST segments of R/S. In contrast in 40 patients with angiocardiographically proven coronary artery disease it was possible clearly to outline the distribution, severity, and time course of praecordial areas of ST segment depression (36 patients) and ST segment elevation (10 patients). In addition these praecordial areas of ST segment changes were accompanied by a regional and significant fall in the R/S. The praecordial electrocardiogram with exercise complements the anatomical information obtained from the coronary arteriogram by clearly outlining electrocardiographic projections of regional myocardial ischaemia or cell death.", "contents": "Projection of electrocardiographic signs in praecordial maps after exercise in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Praecordial surface maps of the electrocardiogram were recorded before and after exercise using 16 electrodes covering the left hemithorax. The ST segment and R and S wave changes were measured in the praecordial maps from 20 individuals with no detectable cardiovascular disease. These showed no significant alteration in ST segments of R/S. In contrast in 40 patients with angiocardiographically proven coronary artery disease it was possible clearly to outline the distribution, severity, and time course of praecordial areas of ST segment depression (36 patients) and ST segment elevation (10 patients). In addition these praecordial areas of ST segment changes were accompanied by a regional and significant fall in the R/S. The praecordial electrocardiogram with exercise complements the anatomical information obtained from the coronary arteriogram by clearly outlining electrocardiographic projections of regional myocardial ischaemia or cell death.", "PMID": 508472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7808", "title": "Vasomotor responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Cardiovascular responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre were examined in 19 non-diabetic subjects and 32 diabetic patients, some with signs of autonomic dysfunction. All the non-diabetic subjects showed an overshoot in systemic arterial pressure and a bradycardia after the manoeuvre, and in 11 of them only forearm vasoconstriction occurred. However, in eight non-diabetic subjects a forearm vasodilatation was observed at some stage after the Valsalva manoeuvre. Similar patterns of vasomotor responses were seen in some of the diabetic patients. However, those diabetics with postural hypotension showed a systemic arterial hypotension after the Valsalva manoeuvre with no significant change in forearm vascular resistance. Such a response is abnormal but forearm vasodilatation alone may not be.", "contents": "Vasomotor responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre were examined in 19 non-diabetic subjects and 32 diabetic patients, some with signs of autonomic dysfunction. All the non-diabetic subjects showed an overshoot in systemic arterial pressure and a bradycardia after the manoeuvre, and in 11 of them only forearm vasoconstriction occurred. However, in eight non-diabetic subjects a forearm vasodilatation was observed at some stage after the Valsalva manoeuvre. Similar patterns of vasomotor responses were seen in some of the diabetic patients. However, those diabetics with postural hypotension showed a systemic arterial hypotension after the Valsalva manoeuvre with no significant change in forearm vascular resistance. Such a response is abnormal but forearm vasodilatation alone may not be.", "PMID": 508473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7809", "title": "Effect of ventricular function on left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis.", "content": "Since recognition of factors which modify the duration of ejection in aortic stenosis is of clinical importance, the relations among rate-corrected left ventricular ejection time, aortic valve area, and determinants of ventricular performance were studied in 54 catheterised patients. In patients with a normal cardiac index, increasing duration of ejection was linearly related to increasing obstruction. In patients with failing ventricles, on the other hand, the ejection time was less prolonged, and the duration of ejection was unrelated to valve area. At fixed valve area, relation with cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean aortic valve pressure gradient, mean aortic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure could not adequately explain the observed scatter in ejection time. This suggests a multifactorial basis for the wide range of ejection times observed with severe aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Effect of ventricular function on left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis. Since recognition of factors which modify the duration of ejection in aortic stenosis is of clinical importance, the relations among rate-corrected left ventricular ejection time, aortic valve area, and determinants of ventricular performance were studied in 54 catheterised patients. In patients with a normal cardiac index, increasing duration of ejection was linearly related to increasing obstruction. In patients with failing ventricles, on the other hand, the ejection time was less prolonged, and the duration of ejection was unrelated to valve area. At fixed valve area, relation with cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean aortic valve pressure gradient, mean aortic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure could not adequately explain the observed scatter in ejection time. This suggests a multifactorial basis for the wide range of ejection times observed with severe aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 508475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7810", "title": "Syndrome of valvular pulmonary stenosis and valvular aortic stenosis with atrial septal defect.", "content": "Clinical and morphological findings are described in 2 adults with combined valvular pulmonary and aortic stenosis with atrial septal defect, an extremely rare combination of lesions. The direction of the shunt via the atrial septal defect in this combination appears to be dependent on the relative degree of outflow obstruction on the right side compared with the left side of the heart. In 1 patient the degree of obstruction at the pulmonary valve was nearly three times that at the aortic valve and, therefore, the shunt was right to left and the patient was severely cyanotic. In the other patient, the degree of obstruction at the pulmonary valve was slightly less than that at the aortic valve and, therefore, the shunt was entirely left to right and the patient was acyanotic. Diagnosis of an associated obstructive lesion on the left side of the heart in a patient with an obstructive lesion on the right side of the heart is essential because operative relief of the right-sided obstruction without relief of the left-sided obstruction may lead to rapid, fatal pulmonary congestion.", "contents": "Syndrome of valvular pulmonary stenosis and valvular aortic stenosis with atrial septal defect. Clinical and morphological findings are described in 2 adults with combined valvular pulmonary and aortic stenosis with atrial septal defect, an extremely rare combination of lesions. The direction of the shunt via the atrial septal defect in this combination appears to be dependent on the relative degree of outflow obstruction on the right side compared with the left side of the heart. In 1 patient the degree of obstruction at the pulmonary valve was nearly three times that at the aortic valve and, therefore, the shunt was right to left and the patient was severely cyanotic. In the other patient, the degree of obstruction at the pulmonary valve was slightly less than that at the aortic valve and, therefore, the shunt was entirely left to right and the patient was acyanotic. Diagnosis of an associated obstructive lesion on the left side of the heart in a patient with an obstructive lesion on the right side of the heart is essential because operative relief of the right-sided obstruction without relief of the left-sided obstruction may lead to rapid, fatal pulmonary congestion.", "PMID": 508476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7811", "title": "Multilevel block in the atrioventricular node during atrial tachycardia and flutter alternating with Wenckebach phenomenon.", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 100 patients with rapid and regular PP intervals during atrial arrhythmias (because of atrial tachycardia or flutter, or pacing) were examined for periods of irregular atrioventricular conduction. This irregular conduction corresponds to an alternating Wenckebach phenomenon, of a type that can be determined from simple rules. The different types of conduction encountered in different patients and the changes seen in the same patient suggest that the atrioventricular node functions physiologically with 3 levels of sequential block. The different prevalence of the 2 types of alternating Wenckebach block may reflect functional differences at the level of the atrioventricular node.", "contents": "Multilevel block in the atrioventricular node during atrial tachycardia and flutter alternating with Wenckebach phenomenon. The electrocardiograms of 100 patients with rapid and regular PP intervals during atrial arrhythmias (because of atrial tachycardia or flutter, or pacing) were examined for periods of irregular atrioventricular conduction. This irregular conduction corresponds to an alternating Wenckebach phenomenon, of a type that can be determined from simple rules. The different types of conduction encountered in different patients and the changes seen in the same patient suggest that the atrioventricular node functions physiologically with 3 levels of sequential block. The different prevalence of the 2 types of alternating Wenckebach block may reflect functional differences at the level of the atrioventricular node.", "PMID": 508477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7812", "title": "Free adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion related to occupational stress.", "content": "Urinary levels of free adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured in two groups of healthy male industrial workers exposed to alternate four-day periods of working conditions with and without time stress, to test the hypothesis that the sympathetic nervous system is overactivated by occupational stress. Thirty confectionary workers alternated piece-work (payment by results) and work with a fixed daily wage while 30 metal workers alternated work on an assembly line with work off it. Under time stress urinary free adrenaline was 450 per cent and noradrenaline 230 per cent of the levels for similar work without time stress but involving equal oxygen consumption. These differences were statistically highly significant and they persisted on retesting after six months of alternating work regimens. They support the concept that occupational stress in industrial workers influences the adrenosympathetic system and they indicate a possible method for assessing the effects of high levels of sympathetic activity on the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Free adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion related to occupational stress. Urinary levels of free adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured in two groups of healthy male industrial workers exposed to alternate four-day periods of working conditions with and without time stress, to test the hypothesis that the sympathetic nervous system is overactivated by occupational stress. Thirty confectionary workers alternated piece-work (payment by results) and work with a fixed daily wage while 30 metal workers alternated work on an assembly line with work off it. Under time stress urinary free adrenaline was 450 per cent and noradrenaline 230 per cent of the levels for similar work without time stress but involving equal oxygen consumption. These differences were statistically highly significant and they persisted on retesting after six months of alternating work regimens. They support the concept that occupational stress in industrial workers influences the adrenosympathetic system and they indicate a possible method for assessing the effects of high levels of sympathetic activity on the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 508478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7813", "title": "Renal artery stenosis with severe hypertension. A rare case with detailed assessment of renin-angiotensin system before and after development of lesion.", "content": "The rare opportunity arose to assess in detail the renin-angiotensin system before and after the development of a renal artery stenosis with severe hypertension. Peripheral plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were known to be normal before the development of renal artery stenosis, and there were no lateralising features on renal vein sampling. Acute hypertension associated with very high peripheral plasma concentrations of renin and angiotensin II, and with pronounced lateralisation on renal vein sampling followed the development of acute unilateral renal artery stenosis. These measurements all returned to normal after nephrectomy, conforming with the pattern of changes previously established only in experimental animals.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis with severe hypertension. A rare case with detailed assessment of renin-angiotensin system before and after development of lesion. The rare opportunity arose to assess in detail the renin-angiotensin system before and after the development of a renal artery stenosis with severe hypertension. Peripheral plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were known to be normal before the development of renal artery stenosis, and there were no lateralising features on renal vein sampling. Acute hypertension associated with very high peripheral plasma concentrations of renin and angiotensin II, and with pronounced lateralisation on renal vein sampling followed the development of acute unilateral renal artery stenosis. These measurements all returned to normal after nephrectomy, conforming with the pattern of changes previously established only in experimental animals.", "PMID": 508479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7814", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries associated with a double left ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "A case is described in which, at semilunar valve level, the aorta and pulmonary artery arose from inappropriate ventricles. Despite this, the outflow tracts to both vessels originated from the left ventricle. Embryologically, it is speculated that this anomaly is the result of normal rotation of the proximal conus, without concomitant truncal inversion, and excessive leftward shift of the proximal conus and conal septum or anterior and rightward deviation of the anterior segment of the ventricular septum. Surgical repair using a double conduit between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery and left ventricle and aorta, respectively, was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries associated with a double left ventricular outflow tract. A case is described in which, at semilunar valve level, the aorta and pulmonary artery arose from inappropriate ventricles. Despite this, the outflow tracts to both vessels originated from the left ventricle. Embryologically, it is speculated that this anomaly is the result of normal rotation of the proximal conus, without concomitant truncal inversion, and excessive leftward shift of the proximal conus and conal septum or anterior and rightward deviation of the anterior segment of the ventricular septum. Surgical repair using a double conduit between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery and left ventricle and aorta, respectively, was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 508480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7815", "title": "Superior vena cava stenosis at site of intersection of two pacing electrodes.", "content": "Superior vena cava obstruction is described in a patient with two endocardial pacing electrodes. At necropsy a severe stenosis of the venous lumen was found at the site of intersection of the two catheters. There was no evidence of thrombus formation. Venous wall stenosis is an unusual complication of transvenous pacing and is probably favoured by the presence of two electrodes.", "contents": "Superior vena cava stenosis at site of intersection of two pacing electrodes. Superior vena cava obstruction is described in a patient with two endocardial pacing electrodes. At necropsy a severe stenosis of the venous lumen was found at the site of intersection of the two catheters. There was no evidence of thrombus formation. Venous wall stenosis is an unusual complication of transvenous pacing and is probably favoured by the presence of two electrodes.", "PMID": 508481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7816", "title": "An animal model for the investigation of adverse responses to i.v. anesthetic agents and their solvents.", "content": "In man the number of adverse responses to the Cremophor-containing anaesthetic agents Althesin and propanidid (Epontol) has been reported to be greater than that encountered with thiopentone. The response of the mini-pig to repeated injection of a range of i.v. anaesthetics and their solvents has been investigated in an attempt to ascertain the possible role of Cremophor in the production of these responses. A second injection of Cremophor EL or the Cremophor/Micellophor-containing agents Althesin and propanidid (Epontol), given 7 days after the first, produced a high frequency of adverse responses. On only one occasion, when alphaxalone and alphadolone were given in a mixture of alcohol and propylene glycol, was an abnormal response seen on the first administration of any agent. The second administration of alphaxalone and alphadolone in the same solvent produced abnormal responses in two of four pigs. No such responses were seen when propanidid was administered in alcohol and propylene glycol or when this solvent mixture was given alone. No abnormal responses were seen following the repeated administration of thiopentone. A marked increase in arterial pressure, and an immediate but transient marked decrease in the numbers of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes, were consistent findings in animals showing adverse responses. No abnormal responses were found when the interval between two administrations of Althesin was extended to 3 weeks.", "contents": "An animal model for the investigation of adverse responses to i.v. anesthetic agents and their solvents. In man the number of adverse responses to the Cremophor-containing anaesthetic agents Althesin and propanidid (Epontol) has been reported to be greater than that encountered with thiopentone. The response of the mini-pig to repeated injection of a range of i.v. anaesthetics and their solvents has been investigated in an attempt to ascertain the possible role of Cremophor in the production of these responses. A second injection of Cremophor EL or the Cremophor/Micellophor-containing agents Althesin and propanidid (Epontol), given 7 days after the first, produced a high frequency of adverse responses. On only one occasion, when alphaxalone and alphadolone were given in a mixture of alcohol and propylene glycol, was an abnormal response seen on the first administration of any agent. The second administration of alphaxalone and alphadolone in the same solvent produced abnormal responses in two of four pigs. No such responses were seen when propanidid was administered in alcohol and propylene glycol or when this solvent mixture was given alone. No abnormal responses were seen following the repeated administration of thiopentone. A marked increase in arterial pressure, and an immediate but transient marked decrease in the numbers of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes, were consistent findings in animals showing adverse responses. No abnormal responses were found when the interval between two administrations of Althesin was extended to 3 weeks.", "PMID": 508486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7817", "title": "Effects of metoprolol on systemic haemodynamics, myocardial performance and the coronary circulation during halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of metoprolol 1 mg kg-1 i.v. on the systemic and coronary circulations and on myocardial performance were studied in nine open-chested dogs ventilated with halothane 0.8% in oxygen at normocarbia. In terms of the chronotropic effect, this dose of metoprolol produced a substantial shift to the right of the dose-response curve to isoprenaline; substantial reductions of arterial pressure (10%), cardiac output (21%), aortic blood acceleration (13%), left ventricular dP/dt max (13%) and left ventricular power (25%) were observed. Both preload, represented by left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and afterload, represented by systemic vascular resistance, increased. Left circumflex coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by approximately the same amount as peak ventricular power.", "contents": "Effects of metoprolol on systemic haemodynamics, myocardial performance and the coronary circulation during halothane anaesthesia. The effects of metoprolol 1 mg kg-1 i.v. on the systemic and coronary circulations and on myocardial performance were studied in nine open-chested dogs ventilated with halothane 0.8% in oxygen at normocarbia. In terms of the chronotropic effect, this dose of metoprolol produced a substantial shift to the right of the dose-response curve to isoprenaline; substantial reductions of arterial pressure (10%), cardiac output (21%), aortic blood acceleration (13%), left ventricular dP/dt max (13%) and left ventricular power (25%) were observed. Both preload, represented by left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and afterload, represented by systemic vascular resistance, increased. Left circumflex coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by approximately the same amount as peak ventricular power.", "PMID": 508487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7818", "title": "Inhibition of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline by ketamine in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "The effect of ketamine on the uptake of 3H-noradrenaline in the isolated perfused rat heart was studied. A dose-dependent inhibition of uptake by both neuronal and extraneuronal processes was found. These effects may account for the positive chronotropic and pressor effects of the drug.", "contents": "Inhibition of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline by ketamine in the isolated perfused rat heart. The effect of ketamine on the uptake of 3H-noradrenaline in the isolated perfused rat heart was studied. A dose-dependent inhibition of uptake by both neuronal and extraneuronal processes was found. These effects may account for the positive chronotropic and pressor effects of the drug.", "PMID": 508488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7819", "title": "Metabolism of synthane: comparison with in vivo and in vitro defluorination of other halogenated hydrocarbon anaesthetics.", "content": "Aerobic defluorination of the inhalation anaesthetic agent, synthane, was compared with that of methoxyflurane, enflurane and halothane and with two other anaesthetics, isoflurane and sevoflurane. In vitro, in microsomes prepared from phenobarbitone-induced and control livers, synthane and halothane were not defluorinated. The relative order of defluorination of the other anaesthetics was methoxyflurane greater than enflurane greater than isoflurane. In vivo, following 4 h of 1.2% (MAC) synthane anaesthesia, urinary inorganic fluoride excretion was increased by only a trivial amount and only in phenobarbitone-treated rats; polyuria was not observed. Synthane is the least metabolized of the fluorinated ether anaesthetics; its administration will not result in inorganic fluoride nephropathy. An index of nephrotoxic potential for fluorinated anaesthetic agents was formulated utilizing in vitro fluoride production data and oil: gas partition coefficients.", "contents": "Metabolism of synthane: comparison with in vivo and in vitro defluorination of other halogenated hydrocarbon anaesthetics. Aerobic defluorination of the inhalation anaesthetic agent, synthane, was compared with that of methoxyflurane, enflurane and halothane and with two other anaesthetics, isoflurane and sevoflurane. In vitro, in microsomes prepared from phenobarbitone-induced and control livers, synthane and halothane were not defluorinated. The relative order of defluorination of the other anaesthetics was methoxyflurane greater than enflurane greater than isoflurane. In vivo, following 4 h of 1.2% (MAC) synthane anaesthesia, urinary inorganic fluoride excretion was increased by only a trivial amount and only in phenobarbitone-treated rats; polyuria was not observed. Synthane is the least metabolized of the fluorinated ether anaesthetics; its administration will not result in inorganic fluoride nephropathy. An index of nephrotoxic potential for fluorinated anaesthetic agents was formulated utilizing in vitro fluoride production data and oil: gas partition coefficients.", "PMID": 508489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7820", "title": "Ambient air contamination in a dental outpatient theatre.", "content": "The extent of air contamination by halothane in an operating session was correlated with the number of patients, the total usage of halothane, refilling a vaporizer and the number of hyperventilating patients per session. Trichloroethylene content of theatre air correlated only with total usage and refilling a vaporizer. A very strong personal association (P smaller than 0.001) was found between the anaesthetist and the extent of air contamination with halothane. The association was weaker (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) for trichloroethylene. The median ambient air contamination with halothane in the vicinity of the faces of anaesthetists and dental surgeons was between six and nine times greater than the median air contamination at the fixed sampling sites (P smaller than 0.005).", "contents": "Ambient air contamination in a dental outpatient theatre. The extent of air contamination by halothane in an operating session was correlated with the number of patients, the total usage of halothane, refilling a vaporizer and the number of hyperventilating patients per session. Trichloroethylene content of theatre air correlated only with total usage and refilling a vaporizer. A very strong personal association (P smaller than 0.001) was found between the anaesthetist and the extent of air contamination with halothane. The association was weaker (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) for trichloroethylene. The median ambient air contamination with halothane in the vicinity of the faces of anaesthetists and dental surgeons was between six and nine times greater than the median air contamination at the fixed sampling sites (P smaller than 0.005).", "PMID": 508490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7821", "title": "Laminar flow enclosure-a possible risk to the patient.", "content": "A retrospective comparison was made between two groups of 50 adult patients who underwent open-heart surgery in an operating suite with two adjacent rooms, one of which was equipped with a laminar flow enclosure. Core and body surface temperatures were measured at 15-min intervals for the 1st h after commencement of surgery. Patients in a laminar flow enclosure showed a significantly greater decrease in core temperature with time. Possible means of counteracting this are suggested.", "contents": "Laminar flow enclosure-a possible risk to the patient. A retrospective comparison was made between two groups of 50 adult patients who underwent open-heart surgery in an operating suite with two adjacent rooms, one of which was equipped with a laminar flow enclosure. Core and body surface temperatures were measured at 15-min intervals for the 1st h after commencement of surgery. Patients in a laminar flow enclosure showed a significantly greater decrease in core temperature with time. Possible means of counteracting this are suggested.", "PMID": 508491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7822", "title": "Plasma concentrations of alphaxalone during continuous infusion of Althesin.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of alphaxalone have been measured during various rates of continuous infusion of Althesin used to supplement nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia in man. There was an approximately linear relationship between the plasma concentration of alphaxalone and the rate of infusion of Althesin. The rate of uptake of alphaxalone into the liver did not appear to be impaired in the presence of the steroid myoneural blocking agent pancuronium, or in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of alphaxalone during continuous infusion of Althesin. Plasma concentrations of alphaxalone have been measured during various rates of continuous infusion of Althesin used to supplement nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia in man. There was an approximately linear relationship between the plasma concentration of alphaxalone and the rate of infusion of Althesin. The rate of uptake of alphaxalone into the liver did not appear to be impaired in the presence of the steroid myoneural blocking agent pancuronium, or in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 508492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7823", "title": "Dose-related haemodynamic effects of continuous infusions of Althesin in man.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of infusions of Althesin at various rates to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia have been studied in seven spontaneously breathing patients and11 patients ventilated artificially to normal PaCO2. During spontaneous breathing, increasing rates of Althesin infusion were associated with increases in heart rate and cardiac output. The modest decrease in arterial pressure (-5%) was the result of a decrease in vascular resistance. Increasing rates of Althesin rates of Althesin infusion (up to eight times the minimum infusion rate) caused dose-dependent decreases of arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, whereas heart rate and cardiac output were increased slightly at all rates of infusion.", "contents": "Dose-related haemodynamic effects of continuous infusions of Althesin in man. The cardiovascular effects of infusions of Althesin at various rates to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia have been studied in seven spontaneously breathing patients and11 patients ventilated artificially to normal PaCO2. During spontaneous breathing, increasing rates of Althesin infusion were associated with increases in heart rate and cardiac output. The modest decrease in arterial pressure (-5%) was the result of a decrease in vascular resistance. Increasing rates of Althesin rates of Althesin infusion (up to eight times the minimum infusion rate) caused dose-dependent decreases of arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, whereas heart rate and cardiac output were increased slightly at all rates of infusion.", "PMID": 508493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7824", "title": "Metabolic effects of induced hypotension with trimetaphan and sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "In two groups of patients undergoing induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and standard bicarbonate did not differ significantly between the groups. In the nine patients who received trimetaphan there was a progressive, but statistically non-significant, decrease in mean lactate. Nitroprusside (15 patients) was associated with a small increase in mean lactate, but at low dosage there was a small decrease. No relationship to dose rate of nitroprusside was found with these short-term infusions. It is concluded that sodium nitroprusside can be used safely for induced hypotension at doses less than 1.5 mg kg-1 and that simple blood-gas analysis is adequate for the assessment of toxic effects when greater doses are given.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of induced hypotension with trimetaphan and sodium nitroprusside. In two groups of patients undergoing induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and standard bicarbonate did not differ significantly between the groups. In the nine patients who received trimetaphan there was a progressive, but statistically non-significant, decrease in mean lactate. Nitroprusside (15 patients) was associated with a small increase in mean lactate, but at low dosage there was a small decrease. No relationship to dose rate of nitroprusside was found with these short-term infusions. It is concluded that sodium nitroprusside can be used safely for induced hypotension at doses less than 1.5 mg kg-1 and that simple blood-gas analysis is adequate for the assessment of toxic effects when greater doses are given.", "PMID": 508494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7825", "title": "Increased carbon dioxide production in two patients with malignant hyperpyrexia and its control by dantolene.", "content": "Two patients with successfully treated malignant hyperpyrexia are reported. Carbon dioxide output, calculated from the respiratory minute volume and PaCO2, was found to be greatly increased in both patients. In the patient who received dantolene 7.5 mg kg-1 the carbon dioxide output decreased rapidly to normal values, whereas in the other patient carbon dioxide output remained increased for several hours.", "contents": "Increased carbon dioxide production in two patients with malignant hyperpyrexia and its control by dantolene. Two patients with successfully treated malignant hyperpyrexia are reported. Carbon dioxide output, calculated from the respiratory minute volume and PaCO2, was found to be greatly increased in both patients. In the patient who received dantolene 7.5 mg kg-1 the carbon dioxide output decreased rapidly to normal values, whereas in the other patient carbon dioxide output remained increased for several hours.", "PMID": 508495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7826", "title": "An endobronchial cuff indicator for use in thoracic surgery.", "content": "A simple apparatus and a method are described by which an exact end-point can be attained in inflating the bronchial cuff of a double-lumen tube, and accidental collapse of the cuff detected.", "contents": "An endobronchial cuff indicator for use in thoracic surgery. A simple apparatus and a method are described by which an exact end-point can be attained in inflating the bronchial cuff of a double-lumen tube, and accidental collapse of the cuff detected.", "PMID": 508496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7827", "title": "Performance studies with diazepam and its hydroxylated metabolites.", "content": "1 Visuo-motor coordination has been used to study the immediate and residual effects of benzodiazepines on performance in man. The technique provides dose and time response data related to the decrement and the persistence of impaired performance. 2 With the overnight ingestion of flurazepam hydrochloride 30 mg and nitrazepam 10 mg, performance was impaired to 16 h and, at least, 19 h, respectively. Performance was not impaired after the overnight ingestion of diazepam, 5 and 10 mg, temazepam 10, 20 and 30 mg or oxazepam 15 and 30 mg. However, with temazepam 30 mg there was a trend toward impaired performance,, and with oxazepam 45 mg, performance was impaired 10 h after ingestion. With morning ingestion, coordination was impaired 0.5 and 2.5 h after diazepam 10 mg, at 0.5 h after temazepam 20 mg, and after oxazepam 30 mg at 2.5 and 4.5 hours. 3 The studies suggest that diazepam 5-10 mg, temazepam 10-20 mg and oxazepam 15-30 mg may be of use in the management of sleep disturbance when impaired performance the next day is to be avoided.", "contents": "Performance studies with diazepam and its hydroxylated metabolites. 1 Visuo-motor coordination has been used to study the immediate and residual effects of benzodiazepines on performance in man. The technique provides dose and time response data related to the decrement and the persistence of impaired performance. 2 With the overnight ingestion of flurazepam hydrochloride 30 mg and nitrazepam 10 mg, performance was impaired to 16 h and, at least, 19 h, respectively. Performance was not impaired after the overnight ingestion of diazepam, 5 and 10 mg, temazepam 10, 20 and 30 mg or oxazepam 15 and 30 mg. However, with temazepam 30 mg there was a trend toward impaired performance,, and with oxazepam 45 mg, performance was impaired 10 h after ingestion. With morning ingestion, coordination was impaired 0.5 and 2.5 h after diazepam 10 mg, at 0.5 h after temazepam 20 mg, and after oxazepam 30 mg at 2.5 and 4.5 hours. 3 The studies suggest that diazepam 5-10 mg, temazepam 10-20 mg and oxazepam 15-30 mg may be of use in the management of sleep disturbance when impaired performance the next day is to be avoided.", "PMID": 508502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7828", "title": "Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behaviour.", "content": "1 An acute dose comparison against placebo of the effects of nitrazepam 5 mg and temazepam 15 and 30 mg on measures of arousal and performance and on subjective assessment of sleep was carried out in 20 subjects with a history of using night-time medication for insomnia. 2 Amylobarbitone (100 mg) was included as an active control and each drug was given in hard gelatin capsules. Subjects reported improved sleep with nitrazepam 5 mg and temazepam 30 mg, but there was evidence of impaired performance the next day with temazepam 30 mg. 3 The effect of temazepam 20 mg prepared in the Scherer formulation was compared against placebo in a further ten subjects. The subjects reported improved sleep without evidence of impaired performance the next day.", "contents": "Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behaviour. 1 An acute dose comparison against placebo of the effects of nitrazepam 5 mg and temazepam 15 and 30 mg on measures of arousal and performance and on subjective assessment of sleep was carried out in 20 subjects with a history of using night-time medication for insomnia. 2 Amylobarbitone (100 mg) was included as an active control and each drug was given in hard gelatin capsules. Subjects reported improved sleep with nitrazepam 5 mg and temazepam 30 mg, but there was evidence of impaired performance the next day with temazepam 30 mg. 3 The effect of temazepam 20 mg prepared in the Scherer formulation was compared against placebo in a further ten subjects. The subjects reported improved sleep without evidence of impaired performance the next day.", "PMID": 508503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7829", "title": "Clinical significance of prescribing hypnotics in general practice.", "content": "1 The causes of insomnia are considered, including those amenable to improvement of the sleep environment and medical treatment. 2 The use of hypnotics is discussed and the investigation of new drugs in general practice reviewed.", "contents": "Clinical significance of prescribing hypnotics in general practice. 1 The causes of insomnia are considered, including those amenable to improvement of the sleep environment and medical treatment. 2 The use of hypnotics is discussed and the investigation of new drugs in general practice reviewed.", "PMID": 508504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7830", "title": "Effect of the antihistamines, brompheniramine maleate and triprolidine hydrochloride, on performance in man.", "content": "1 Effects of brompheniramine maleate (4 and 12 mg) and triprolidine hydrochloride (2.5 and 10 mg) on visuo-motor coordination, and on subjective assessments of performance, well-being and sleep were each studied in six subjects at 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 h after ingestion. The doses refer to immediate and sustained release preparations respectively. 2. Triprolidine hydrochloride (2.5 mg) had an immediate effect on performance which persisted to 3.0 h, and the sustained release preparation (10 mg) impaired performance from 1.5 to 5.0 h. Brompheniramine maleate (4 mg) impaired performance from 1.5 to 3.0 h, and the sustained release preparation (12 mg) impaired performance at 1.5 h. There were no consistent changes in the subjective assessments of performance, or of well-being and sleep. 3. The studies emphasize the variable effects of antihistamines on performance, and suggest that effects on performance of sustained release preparations may be similar to those of the usual form. Sustained release preparations may provide an advantage in clinical practice if the antihistaminic activity is prolonged.", "contents": "Effect of the antihistamines, brompheniramine maleate and triprolidine hydrochloride, on performance in man. 1 Effects of brompheniramine maleate (4 and 12 mg) and triprolidine hydrochloride (2.5 and 10 mg) on visuo-motor coordination, and on subjective assessments of performance, well-being and sleep were each studied in six subjects at 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 h after ingestion. The doses refer to immediate and sustained release preparations respectively. 2. Triprolidine hydrochloride (2.5 mg) had an immediate effect on performance which persisted to 3.0 h, and the sustained release preparation (10 mg) impaired performance from 1.5 to 5.0 h. Brompheniramine maleate (4 mg) impaired performance from 1.5 to 3.0 h, and the sustained release preparation (12 mg) impaired performance at 1.5 h. There were no consistent changes in the subjective assessments of performance, or of well-being and sleep. 3. The studies emphasize the variable effects of antihistamines on performance, and suggest that effects on performance of sustained release preparations may be similar to those of the usual form. Sustained release preparations may provide an advantage in clinical practice if the antihistaminic activity is prolonged.", "PMID": 508506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7831", "title": "Impairment of drug metabolism in polycystic non-parasitic liver disease.", "content": "1. Drug-metabolizing capacity in cases of polycystic non-parasitic liver disease was investigated using plasma antipyrine clearance as an index. 2. The four subjects with maternally inherited polycystic liver metabolized antipyrine at a significantly slower rate than the six other members of the family. 3. This reduction in antipyrine metabolism is due to the loss of active liver parenchyma, and is probably also influenced by alterations in the vascular bed due to compression by the enlarged cysts.", "contents": "Impairment of drug metabolism in polycystic non-parasitic liver disease. 1. Drug-metabolizing capacity in cases of polycystic non-parasitic liver disease was investigated using plasma antipyrine clearance as an index. 2. The four subjects with maternally inherited polycystic liver metabolized antipyrine at a significantly slower rate than the six other members of the family. 3. This reduction in antipyrine metabolism is due to the loss of active liver parenchyma, and is probably also influenced by alterations in the vascular bed due to compression by the enlarged cysts.", "PMID": 508507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7832", "title": "The influence of food on the bioavailability of new formulations of erythromycin stearate and base.", "content": "1. The effect of food on the bioavailability of two new formulations of erythromycin, 1) erythromycin stearate, 500 mg (Erythrocin, 250 mg capsule-shaped tablets) and 2) erythromycin base, 500 mg (Eryc, 250 mg capsules containing enteric-coated pellets) was studied in 16 healthy subjects. 2. The study was a balanced, randomized Latin square design and was conducted on 4 days. The four treatments were erythromycin stearate immediately before (EB) and after EA) breakfast and erythromycin base immediately before (eB) and after (eA) breakfast. 3. The mean +/- s.d. maximal plasma erythromycin concentrations were 2.09 +/- 1.06, 0.37 +/- 0.40, 1.8+ +/- 1.15 and 1.91 +/- 1.57 micrograms/ml and the mean +/- s.d. times at which these occurred were 1.3 +/- 0.7, 2.3 +/- 0.9, 4.4 +/- 1.9 and 4.3 +/- 1.1 h for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 4. The mean +/- s.d. areas under the curves (0 to 8 h) were 4.99 +/- 2.41, 1.04 +/- 1.57, 4.93 +/- 2.98 and 4.98 +/- 3.14 for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 5. The bioavailability of erythromycin stearate was significantly reduced by the prior administration of food, whereas the absorption of the base was not inhibited by food.", "contents": "The influence of food on the bioavailability of new formulations of erythromycin stearate and base. 1. The effect of food on the bioavailability of two new formulations of erythromycin, 1) erythromycin stearate, 500 mg (Erythrocin, 250 mg capsule-shaped tablets) and 2) erythromycin base, 500 mg (Eryc, 250 mg capsules containing enteric-coated pellets) was studied in 16 healthy subjects. 2. The study was a balanced, randomized Latin square design and was conducted on 4 days. The four treatments were erythromycin stearate immediately before (EB) and after EA) breakfast and erythromycin base immediately before (eB) and after (eA) breakfast. 3. The mean +/- s.d. maximal plasma erythromycin concentrations were 2.09 +/- 1.06, 0.37 +/- 0.40, 1.8+ +/- 1.15 and 1.91 +/- 1.57 micrograms/ml and the mean +/- s.d. times at which these occurred were 1.3 +/- 0.7, 2.3 +/- 0.9, 4.4 +/- 1.9 and 4.3 +/- 1.1 h for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 4. The mean +/- s.d. areas under the curves (0 to 8 h) were 4.99 +/- 2.41, 1.04 +/- 1.57, 4.93 +/- 2.98 and 4.98 +/- 3.14 for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 5. The bioavailability of erythromycin stearate was significantly reduced by the prior administration of food, whereas the absorption of the base was not inhibited by food.", "PMID": 508509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7833", "title": "Variability of plasma catecholamine levels: age, duration of posture and time of day.", "content": "1. In order to define factors which influence plasma catecholamine levels, and which might be controlled in the interests of reproducability and comparability, plasma noradrenaline plus adrenaline (NA + A) was measured repeatedly in normal subjects by a double isotope technique. 2. Age and posture were important determinants for plasma NA + A levels, whereas time of day was less important. 3. Levels were higher in old men aged 70--92 years than in young men aged 19--28 years, measured after 30 min or 9 h (overnight) recumbency, or after 5 min standing. 4. Duration of recumbency and of upright posture were both important. Recumbent levels were lower after 9 h (overnight) than after 30 min (mid-morning). Upright posture caused an increase in levels within 2 min. Levels peaked between 5 and 20 min, were lower after 12 h than after 20 min, but upright levels were always higher than levels after 9  h recumbency. 5. During continuous recumbency, levels were lowest at 24.00 h, and increased thereafter. During a second hospitalisation, levels at 09.00 h were again higher than levels at 06.00 h after overnight recumbency. 6. Variability of levels obtained by repeated sampling was lower while sitting, during a normal upright day, than after 30 min recumbency. Upright legels may be a better index of cardiovascular sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Variability of plasma catecholamine levels: age, duration of posture and time of day. 1. In order to define factors which influence plasma catecholamine levels, and which might be controlled in the interests of reproducability and comparability, plasma noradrenaline plus adrenaline (NA + A) was measured repeatedly in normal subjects by a double isotope technique. 2. Age and posture were important determinants for plasma NA + A levels, whereas time of day was less important. 3. Levels were higher in old men aged 70--92 years than in young men aged 19--28 years, measured after 30 min or 9 h (overnight) recumbency, or after 5 min standing. 4. Duration of recumbency and of upright posture were both important. Recumbent levels were lower after 9 h (overnight) than after 30 min (mid-morning). Upright posture caused an increase in levels within 2 min. Levels peaked between 5 and 20 min, were lower after 12 h than after 20 min, but upright levels were always higher than levels after 9  h recumbency. 5. During continuous recumbency, levels were lowest at 24.00 h, and increased thereafter. During a second hospitalisation, levels at 09.00 h were again higher than levels at 06.00 h after overnight recumbency. 6. Variability of levels obtained by repeated sampling was lower while sitting, during a normal upright day, than after 30 min recumbency. Upright legels may be a better index of cardiovascular sympathetic activity.", "PMID": 508510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7834", "title": "Blood pressure reduction by incremental infusion of labetalol in patients with severe hypertension.", "content": "1. Labetalol was given by incremental intravenous infusion to nineteen severely hypertensive patients, of whom nine were refractory to previous oral antihypertensive therapy. 2. Smooth reduction of arterial pressure was achieved in twelve subjects; one remained resistant to labetalol up to 160 mg/h; a sudden fall in pressure occurred in the remaining six. No serious complications were encountered. Blood pressure control was accompanied by slight byt significant reduction in heart rate and in plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations. 3. The administration of labetalol in this way appears to be a useful technique in patients requiring rapid reduction of arterial pressure, although close and continuous supervision is necessary.", "contents": "Blood pressure reduction by incremental infusion of labetalol in patients with severe hypertension. 1. Labetalol was given by incremental intravenous infusion to nineteen severely hypertensive patients, of whom nine were refractory to previous oral antihypertensive therapy. 2. Smooth reduction of arterial pressure was achieved in twelve subjects; one remained resistant to labetalol up to 160 mg/h; a sudden fall in pressure occurred in the remaining six. No serious complications were encountered. Blood pressure control was accompanied by slight byt significant reduction in heart rate and in plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations. 3. The administration of labetalol in this way appears to be a useful technique in patients requiring rapid reduction of arterial pressure, although close and continuous supervision is necessary.", "PMID": 508511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7835", "title": "A study of the disposition of alpha-methyldopa in newborn infants following its administration to the mother for the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy.", "content": "1 The nine infants participating in this study were born to mothers who received continuous therapy with alpha-methyldopa (0.75-2.0 g/day) for several weeks extending to the time of delivery. 2 The concentration of free and total (free plus conjugated) alpha-methyldopa was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord plasma and maternal plasma at delivery; also in urine collected over time intervals from neonates during the first days after birth. 3 The results indicate that alpha-methyldopa administered to the mother is present in the infant at birth at a level comparable to the maternal level and persists for some days. The ratio of conjugated to free drug increases with time after birth. 4 The excretion of free and conjugated alpha-methyldopa in the urine indicated that the drug is slowly eliminated in the neonate by excretion in the urine and apparently by metabolism, mainly to the sulphate conjugate. 5 The concentration of free and conjugated alpha-methyldopa in amniotic fluid tended to be higher than in umbilical cord plasma but lower than in neonatal urine, conjugated drug predominated.", "contents": "A study of the disposition of alpha-methyldopa in newborn infants following its administration to the mother for the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. 1 The nine infants participating in this study were born to mothers who received continuous therapy with alpha-methyldopa (0.75-2.0 g/day) for several weeks extending to the time of delivery. 2 The concentration of free and total (free plus conjugated) alpha-methyldopa was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord plasma and maternal plasma at delivery; also in urine collected over time intervals from neonates during the first days after birth. 3 The results indicate that alpha-methyldopa administered to the mother is present in the infant at birth at a level comparable to the maternal level and persists for some days. The ratio of conjugated to free drug increases with time after birth. 4 The excretion of free and conjugated alpha-methyldopa in the urine indicated that the drug is slowly eliminated in the neonate by excretion in the urine and apparently by metabolism, mainly to the sulphate conjugate. 5 The concentration of free and conjugated alpha-methyldopa in amniotic fluid tended to be higher than in umbilical cord plasma but lower than in neonatal urine, conjugated drug predominated.", "PMID": 508547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7836", "title": "The effect of intravenous disopyramide phosphate on recurrent paroxysmal tachycardias.", "content": "1 Reccurent paroxysmal atrial, atrioventricular and ventricular tachycardias in 50 patients without acute coronary insufficiency, heart failure or metabolic abnormlity were treated with disopyramide phosphate in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight infused over 5 min. 2 Conversion to sinus rhythm within 10 min of the completed infusion occurred in 10 of 14 (71%) patients with paroxysmal 'lone' atrial fibrillation, 3 of 7 (43%) patients with paroxysmal atrial flutter, 6 of 9 (67%) patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, 5 of 9 (56%) patients with paroxysmal atrioventricular tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and 8 of 11 (73%) patients with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. 3 Side effects: significant systemic hypotension in 3, high grade AV block in 1, an increased ventricular response producing symptoms in 4, post conversion asystole in 1 land sinus bradycardia in 2. 4 The anti-arrhythmic effect and arrhythmogenic side effects may be related to both the direct membrane stabilizing effect and the anticholinergic effect of disopyramide.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous disopyramide phosphate on recurrent paroxysmal tachycardias. 1 Reccurent paroxysmal atrial, atrioventricular and ventricular tachycardias in 50 patients without acute coronary insufficiency, heart failure or metabolic abnormlity were treated with disopyramide phosphate in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight infused over 5 min. 2 Conversion to sinus rhythm within 10 min of the completed infusion occurred in 10 of 14 (71%) patients with paroxysmal 'lone' atrial fibrillation, 3 of 7 (43%) patients with paroxysmal atrial flutter, 6 of 9 (67%) patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, 5 of 9 (56%) patients with paroxysmal atrioventricular tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and 8 of 11 (73%) patients with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. 3 Side effects: significant systemic hypotension in 3, high grade AV block in 1, an increased ventricular response producing symptoms in 4, post conversion asystole in 1 land sinus bradycardia in 2. 4 The anti-arrhythmic effect and arrhythmogenic side effects may be related to both the direct membrane stabilizing effect and the anticholinergic effect of disopyramide.", "PMID": 508548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7837", "title": "Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor.", "content": "1 Single dose intravenous gentamicin kinetics (2.4 mg/kg) were studied in six children with kwashiorkor. It was observed, that therapeutic drug concentrations were achieved which should be neither oto- nor nephrotoxic. 2 Due to the diminished glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow seen in the acute phase of kwashiorkor, gentamicin half-life was prolonged (229.0 +/- 94.8 min) at this time returning to normal (178.5 +/- 99.5 min) with nutritional rehabilitation.", "contents": "Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor. 1 Single dose intravenous gentamicin kinetics (2.4 mg/kg) were studied in six children with kwashiorkor. It was observed, that therapeutic drug concentrations were achieved which should be neither oto- nor nephrotoxic. 2 Due to the diminished glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow seen in the acute phase of kwashiorkor, gentamicin half-life was prolonged (229.0 +/- 94.8 min) at this time returning to normal (178.5 +/- 99.5 min) with nutritional rehabilitation.", "PMID": 508549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7838", "title": "The kinetics of salivary elimination of cyclophosphamide in man.", "content": "1 The concentrations of cyclophosphamide in plasma and saliva were determined in seven patients following administration of single doses of cyclophosphamide during chemotherapy for lymphoma. 2 The saliva/plasma ratio was 0.77 +/- 0.24 (s.d.) and showed no time-dependence being rapidly established following intravenous and oral administration. 3 The T 1/2 of cyclophosphamide (8.38 +/- 2.25 h) determined from salivary measurements was not significantly different from that in plasma (8.24 +/- 2.60 h). It  was not possible to estimate the apparent volume of distribution or total body clearance utilizing the salivary cyclophosphamide concentration without appropriate correction for the saliva/plasma concentration ratio. 4 The binding to the plasma protein of normal plasma of cyclophosphamide was 13.4 +/- 5.3%. The Scatchard plot for binding to bovine serum albumin indicates only weak binding to non-specific sites. 5 Salivary cyclophosphamide therefore indicates the concentration of the unbound fraction of plasma cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "The kinetics of salivary elimination of cyclophosphamide in man. 1 The concentrations of cyclophosphamide in plasma and saliva were determined in seven patients following administration of single doses of cyclophosphamide during chemotherapy for lymphoma. 2 The saliva/plasma ratio was 0.77 +/- 0.24 (s.d.) and showed no time-dependence being rapidly established following intravenous and oral administration. 3 The T 1/2 of cyclophosphamide (8.38 +/- 2.25 h) determined from salivary measurements was not significantly different from that in plasma (8.24 +/- 2.60 h). It  was not possible to estimate the apparent volume of distribution or total body clearance utilizing the salivary cyclophosphamide concentration without appropriate correction for the saliva/plasma concentration ratio. 4 The binding to the plasma protein of normal plasma of cyclophosphamide was 13.4 +/- 5.3%. The Scatchard plot for binding to bovine serum albumin indicates only weak binding to non-specific sites. 5 Salivary cyclophosphamide therefore indicates the concentration of the unbound fraction of plasma cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 508550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7839", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of pemoline in plasma, saliva and urine following oral administration.", "content": "1 Pemoline concentrations were measured in plasma and saliva following a single oral dose (37.5 or 50.0 mg) to healthy volunteers. In addition urinary excretion rates and cumulative urinary excretion of the parent compound and its oxazolidinedione metabolite were determined. 2 The plasma curves exhibited a mean elimination half-live of 11.0 +/- 1.2 h (n=4). Peak levels were reached at 2.7 +/- 0.6 h (n=4). The saliva concentrations were about 50% lower than the corresponding plasma concentrations during the elimination phase. During the absorption phase irregularities in the saliva to plasma concentration ratios were observed. 3 In urine 47.0 +/- 8.4% of the dose (n=6) administered was excreted as unchanged drug and only 3.7 +/- 0.8% (n=3) as the oxazolidinedione metabolite. Urinary half-lives were slightly shorter than the corresponding plasma half-lives.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of pemoline in plasma, saliva and urine following oral administration. 1 Pemoline concentrations were measured in plasma and saliva following a single oral dose (37.5 or 50.0 mg) to healthy volunteers. In addition urinary excretion rates and cumulative urinary excretion of the parent compound and its oxazolidinedione metabolite were determined. 2 The plasma curves exhibited a mean elimination half-live of 11.0 +/- 1.2 h (n=4). Peak levels were reached at 2.7 +/- 0.6 h (n=4). The saliva concentrations were about 50% lower than the corresponding plasma concentrations during the elimination phase. During the absorption phase irregularities in the saliva to plasma concentration ratios were observed. 3 In urine 47.0 +/- 8.4% of the dose (n=6) administered was excreted as unchanged drug and only 3.7 +/- 0.8% (n=3) as the oxazolidinedione metabolite. Urinary half-lives were slightly shorter than the corresponding plasma half-lives.", "PMID": 508551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7840", "title": "Kinetics of placentally transferred phenytoin and its p-hydroxylated metabolites in newborn infants.", "content": "1 The kinetics of phenytoin and its main metabolites, unconjugated and conjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin were studied in newborn infants of epileptic mothers that were treated with phenytoin during the pregnancy. 2 In two of the infants phenytoin was eliminated by an apparent zero-order process followed by an apparent first-order process. In the other two infants the mode of elimination could not be characterized. 3 The decline of plasma conjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin was parallel to that of phenytoin. In contrast, the plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin remained grossly constant during the first 3 to 4 days.", "contents": "Kinetics of placentally transferred phenytoin and its p-hydroxylated metabolites in newborn infants. 1 The kinetics of phenytoin and its main metabolites, unconjugated and conjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin were studied in newborn infants of epileptic mothers that were treated with phenytoin during the pregnancy. 2 In two of the infants phenytoin was eliminated by an apparent zero-order process followed by an apparent first-order process. In the other two infants the mode of elimination could not be characterized. 3 The decline of plasma conjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin was parallel to that of phenytoin. In contrast, the plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-hydroxy-phenytoin remained grossly constant during the first 3 to 4 days.", "PMID": 508552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7841", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide intravenously and orally determined by liquid chromatography.", "content": "1 A rapid and sensitive method, based on liquid chromatography, has been developed for determination of metoclopramide concentrations in plasma and urine samples. Concentrations down to 15 nmol/1 (5 ng/ml) of plasma and 100 nmol/1 (30 ng/ml) of urine could be determined with a relative standard deviation of less than or equal to 10%. The method was used to study disposition of metoclopramide in healthy volunteers following single doses intravenously and orally as aqueous solution and a slow release tablet. 2 The initial distribution after intravenous administration was very rapid. The elimination half-life postdistribution was 4.9 h. The apparent volume of distribution, Vd, was 3.0 1/kg body weight. On average 19% was excreted unchanged after intravenous administration of 5 and 10 mg (15 and 30 mumol) of drug. The rate of absorption of metoclopramide was delayed after administration of a slow release tablet and the maximum plasma concentration was about 50% lower than after a solution. The extent of bioavailability was the same following the two different formulations suggesting a first-pass elimination of 25-40%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide intravenously and orally determined by liquid chromatography. 1 A rapid and sensitive method, based on liquid chromatography, has been developed for determination of metoclopramide concentrations in plasma and urine samples. Concentrations down to 15 nmol/1 (5 ng/ml) of plasma and 100 nmol/1 (30 ng/ml) of urine could be determined with a relative standard deviation of less than or equal to 10%. The method was used to study disposition of metoclopramide in healthy volunteers following single doses intravenously and orally as aqueous solution and a slow release tablet. 2 The initial distribution after intravenous administration was very rapid. The elimination half-life postdistribution was 4.9 h. The apparent volume of distribution, Vd, was 3.0 1/kg body weight. On average 19% was excreted unchanged after intravenous administration of 5 and 10 mg (15 and 30 mumol) of drug. The rate of absorption of metoclopramide was delayed after administration of a slow release tablet and the maximum plasma concentration was about 50% lower than after a solution. The extent of bioavailability was the same following the two different formulations suggesting a first-pass elimination of 25-40%.", "PMID": 508553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7842", "title": "Comparative effects of imipramine and dothiepin on salivary rate in normal volunteers.", "content": "1 Imipramine induced significant reduction in salivary rate compared to placebo in a cross-over, double-blind study of twelve normal volunteers. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the reduction in salivary rate induced by dothiepin and placebo. 2 Comparison of salivary rates showed no significant difference between the drugs in the initial and cross-over treatment periods. However, pooled observations from the initial and cross-over treatment periods indicated that imipramine produced a significantly greater reduction in salivary rate than dothiepin. 3 The results suggest that dothiepin would cause far less dryness of mouth compared to imipramine. This feature might ensure greater therapeutic compliance.", "contents": "Comparative effects of imipramine and dothiepin on salivary rate in normal volunteers. 1 Imipramine induced significant reduction in salivary rate compared to placebo in a cross-over, double-blind study of twelve normal volunteers. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the reduction in salivary rate induced by dothiepin and placebo. 2 Comparison of salivary rates showed no significant difference between the drugs in the initial and cross-over treatment periods. However, pooled observations from the initial and cross-over treatment periods indicated that imipramine produced a significantly greater reduction in salivary rate than dothiepin. 3 The results suggest that dothiepin would cause far less dryness of mouth compared to imipramine. This feature might ensure greater therapeutic compliance.", "PMID": 508554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7843", "title": "Fenamates may antagonize the actions of prostaglandin endoperoxides in human myometrium.", "content": "1 The prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U-46619 potently contracted human isolated myometrium, suggesting that prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) may be a major stimulant of myometrial contractions. 2 Sodium mefenamate, flufenamate or meclofenamate 2 microgram/ml greatly reduced contractions of the myometrium induced by the PGH2 analogue. 3 Flufenamate, but not the other two drugs, also significantly inhibited contractions to acetylcholine. 4 Sodium meclofenamate 2 microgram/ml did not consistently antagonize contractions to PGF2alpha. 5 The relief of dysmenorrhoea by fenamates may be explained both by inhibition of PG synthesis, and by antagonism of contractions to PGH2 produced by incompletely blocked PG synthesis.", "contents": "Fenamates may antagonize the actions of prostaglandin endoperoxides in human myometrium. 1 The prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U-46619 potently contracted human isolated myometrium, suggesting that prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) may be a major stimulant of myometrial contractions. 2 Sodium mefenamate, flufenamate or meclofenamate 2 microgram/ml greatly reduced contractions of the myometrium induced by the PGH2 analogue. 3 Flufenamate, but not the other two drugs, also significantly inhibited contractions to acetylcholine. 4 Sodium meclofenamate 2 microgram/ml did not consistently antagonize contractions to PGF2alpha. 5 The relief of dysmenorrhoea by fenamates may be explained both by inhibition of PG synthesis, and by antagonism of contractions to PGH2 produced by incompletely blocked PG synthesis.", "PMID": 508555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7844", "title": "The interaction of varying doses of dipyridamole and acetyl salicylic acid on the inhibition of platelet functions and their effect on bleeding time.", "content": "1 In normal volunteers maximum reductions in platelet functions, collagen aggregation, adhesion and PF4 availability, were achieved using combined doses of 50 mg three times daily dipyridamole + 180 mg ASA or 75 mg three times daily dipyridamole + 120 mg ASA daily. 2 These doses did not prolong the bleeding time. 3 A synergistic effect has been demonstrated with 25 mg dipyridamole three times daily and 60 mg ASA. 4 At higher doses the effects on platelet functions were additive up to the maximal response. 5 The effect of low doses of ASA on platelet function was cumulative. 6 As lower doses of ASA in the combination studied inhibit platelet functions maximally without altering the bleeding time and probably without inhibiting prostacyclin, we suggest that these combinations of dipyridamole and ASA merit consideration in future clinical trials.", "contents": "The interaction of varying doses of dipyridamole and acetyl salicylic acid on the inhibition of platelet functions and their effect on bleeding time. 1 In normal volunteers maximum reductions in platelet functions, collagen aggregation, adhesion and PF4 availability, were achieved using combined doses of 50 mg three times daily dipyridamole + 180 mg ASA or 75 mg three times daily dipyridamole + 120 mg ASA daily. 2 These doses did not prolong the bleeding time. 3 A synergistic effect has been demonstrated with 25 mg dipyridamole three times daily and 60 mg ASA. 4 At higher doses the effects on platelet functions were additive up to the maximal response. 5 The effect of low doses of ASA on platelet function was cumulative. 6 As lower doses of ASA in the combination studied inhibit platelet functions maximally without altering the bleeding time and probably without inhibiting prostacyclin, we suggest that these combinations of dipyridamole and ASA merit consideration in future clinical trials.", "PMID": 508556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7845", "title": "Probenecid: an unexplained effect on cephalosporin pharmacology.", "content": "1 The influence of probenecid on serum levels and urinary excretion of orally administered cephradine and cefaclor has been investigated. 2 Probenecid caused serum levels of both antibiotics to be increased and also prolonged. Urinary excretion of antibiotic activity was slightly but not significantly decreased by probenecid during the initial 6 h postdosing. It was significantly increased in 6-12 h urine, but only a small percentage of the doses were excreted during that period. 3 The increased serum levels of antibiotic were greater than could be accounted for by reduced elimination rate alone. Possible mechanisms to account for increased circulating levels of antibiotic in the presence of probenecid are discussed in the light of previous observations on probenecid induced changes in tissue distribution of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Probenecid: an unexplained effect on cephalosporin pharmacology. 1 The influence of probenecid on serum levels and urinary excretion of orally administered cephradine and cefaclor has been investigated. 2 Probenecid caused serum levels of both antibiotics to be increased and also prolonged. Urinary excretion of antibiotic activity was slightly but not significantly decreased by probenecid during the initial 6 h postdosing. It was significantly increased in 6-12 h urine, but only a small percentage of the doses were excreted during that period. 3 The increased serum levels of antibiotic were greater than could be accounted for by reduced elimination rate alone. Possible mechanisms to account for increased circulating levels of antibiotic in the presence of probenecid are discussed in the light of previous observations on probenecid induced changes in tissue distribution of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 508557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7846", "title": "Response of the solid Guerin epitheliomas of rats to fractionated irradiation and a new 4-nitroimidazole.", "content": "The transplantable Guerin epithelioma in Wistar rats was used to test the in vivo effectiveness of 1-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxypropyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (P1) as a tumour-cell radiosensitizer after its oral administration at relatively low doses. The radiosensitizing ability of P1 was compared with that of metronidazole. The results indicate that P1 is less toxic than metronidazole, and greater concentrations of P1 in blood and tumour tissues are obtained for the same administered dose of the compounds. The radiosensitizing ability of P1, determined from tumour-regression rates and local-control percentage at 130 days, was higher than that of metronidazole.", "contents": "Response of the solid Guerin epitheliomas of rats to fractionated irradiation and a new 4-nitroimidazole. The transplantable Guerin epithelioma in Wistar rats was used to test the in vivo effectiveness of 1-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxypropyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (P1) as a tumour-cell radiosensitizer after its oral administration at relatively low doses. The radiosensitizing ability of P1 was compared with that of metronidazole. The results indicate that P1 is less toxic than metronidazole, and greater concentrations of P1 in blood and tumour tissues are obtained for the same administered dose of the compounds. The radiosensitizing ability of P1, determined from tumour-regression rates and local-control percentage at 130 days, was higher than that of metronidazole.", "PMID": 508563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7847", "title": "Effects of pretreatment with phenobarbitone and phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of misonidazole in mice.", "content": "Concentrations of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole (MIS) and its O-demethylated metabolite Ro 05-9963 were determined in plasma (or blood), brain and tumour after injection of 1 g/kg MIS i.p. to control mice or mice pretreated with 4-6 daily injections of phenobarbitone or phenytoin. Analysis was by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenobarbitone and phenytoin did not alter the peak MIS concentration in plasma, brain or tumor. However, the apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2) for MIS was reduced by 20-67%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was decreased by 23-49% in plasma, brain and tumour. The decrease in MIS t 1/2 was associated with an initially increased Ro 05-9963 metabolite concentration. However, the AUC for total 2-nitromidazole (MIS + Ro 05-9963) in plasma, tumour and brain was reduced by 20-50%. Urinary excretion of MIS and its metabolites accounted for 15-42% of the injected dose, and was unaltered by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin. Tumour/plasm and brain/plasma concentration ratios for MIS, and tumour/plasma ratios for Ro 05-9963 were very similar, but the brain/tumour ratios for Ro 05-9963 were considerably lower. Tissue/plasma ratios were unaltered by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin. The acute LD50 for MIS was increased from 1.54 to 1.90 g/kg after phenobarbitone pretreatment and 1.78 g/kg after phenytoin pretreatment. In addition, pretreatment with either compound shortened the duration of the MIS-induced decrease in body temperature. These data suggest that pretreatment with microsomal-enzyme-inducing agents may reduce the toxicity of MIS without affecting the radiosensitization. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of MIS toxicity is also discussed.", "contents": "Effects of pretreatment with phenobarbitone and phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of misonidazole in mice. Concentrations of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole (MIS) and its O-demethylated metabolite Ro 05-9963 were determined in plasma (or blood), brain and tumour after injection of 1 g/kg MIS i.p. to control mice or mice pretreated with 4-6 daily injections of phenobarbitone or phenytoin. Analysis was by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenobarbitone and phenytoin did not alter the peak MIS concentration in plasma, brain or tumor. However, the apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2) for MIS was reduced by 20-67%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was decreased by 23-49% in plasma, brain and tumour. The decrease in MIS t 1/2 was associated with an initially increased Ro 05-9963 metabolite concentration. However, the AUC for total 2-nitromidazole (MIS + Ro 05-9963) in plasma, tumour and brain was reduced by 20-50%. Urinary excretion of MIS and its metabolites accounted for 15-42% of the injected dose, and was unaltered by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin. Tumour/plasm and brain/plasma concentration ratios for MIS, and tumour/plasma ratios for Ro 05-9963 were very similar, but the brain/tumour ratios for Ro 05-9963 were considerably lower. Tissue/plasma ratios were unaltered by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or phenytoin. The acute LD50 for MIS was increased from 1.54 to 1.90 g/kg after phenobarbitone pretreatment and 1.78 g/kg after phenytoin pretreatment. In addition, pretreatment with either compound shortened the duration of the MIS-induced decrease in body temperature. These data suggest that pretreatment with microsomal-enzyme-inducing agents may reduce the toxicity of MIS without affecting the radiosensitization. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of MIS toxicity is also discussed.", "PMID": 508562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7848", "title": "Timing of indomethacin in the control of prostaglandins, osteoclasts and bone destruction produced by VX2 carcinoma in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were injected with VX2 cancer cells into the left thigh or tibia, and given indomethacin 1-16 mg/kg daily starting on the day before tumour implantation or 7, 14 or 21 days after implantation. Indomethacin at 2 mg/kg and above from before tumour implantation reduced osteoclast proliferation and the amount of prostaglandin-like material extracted from homogenates of excised tumours, but the inhibition of bone destruction in vivo was significant only with indomethacin at 4 mg/kg and above. Indomethacin at 8 mg/kg reduced osteoclast proliferation and bone destruction, but the effect was statistically significant only when given within 7 days of inoculation with the tumour. The place of indomethacin and other inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis has not yet been established in the management of patients with skeletal metastases. Drug administration might need to be started at the time of diagnosis and removal of the primary tumour, rather than when skeletal metastases are evident.", "contents": "Timing of indomethacin in the control of prostaglandins, osteoclasts and bone destruction produced by VX2 carcinoma in rabbits. Rabbits were injected with VX2 cancer cells into the left thigh or tibia, and given indomethacin 1-16 mg/kg daily starting on the day before tumour implantation or 7, 14 or 21 days after implantation. Indomethacin at 2 mg/kg and above from before tumour implantation reduced osteoclast proliferation and the amount of prostaglandin-like material extracted from homogenates of excised tumours, but the inhibition of bone destruction in vivo was significant only with indomethacin at 4 mg/kg and above. Indomethacin at 8 mg/kg reduced osteoclast proliferation and bone destruction, but the effect was statistically significant only when given within 7 days of inoculation with the tumour. The place of indomethacin and other inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis has not yet been established in the management of patients with skeletal metastases. Drug administration might need to be started at the time of diagnosis and removal of the primary tumour, rather than when skeletal metastases are evident.", "PMID": 508564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7849", "title": "Erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Recently developed techniques for the investigation of iron kinetics were used to study the disturbance of iron metabolism in 19 untreated patients with Hodgkin's diseases (HD). The erythroid abnormality in newly diagnosed HD appears to be confined to those patients with systemic symptoms of weight loss, night sweats and fever, and consists of depression of marrow erythroid activity. These patients had a significnatly lower haemoglobin and serum iron concentration and a higher serum ferritin concentration, both when compared to normal subjects and to those patients with HD who lacked systemic symptoms. Ineffective erythropoiesis and red-cell destruction were not significantly increased. The present findings, confirm that HD patients with systemic symptoms have a depression of erythropoiesis, and that in these patients the marrow fails to respond to the stimulus of mild anaemia.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in Hodgkin's disease. Recently developed techniques for the investigation of iron kinetics were used to study the disturbance of iron metabolism in 19 untreated patients with Hodgkin's diseases (HD). The erythroid abnormality in newly diagnosed HD appears to be confined to those patients with systemic symptoms of weight loss, night sweats and fever, and consists of depression of marrow erythroid activity. These patients had a significnatly lower haemoglobin and serum iron concentration and a higher serum ferritin concentration, both when compared to normal subjects and to those patients with HD who lacked systemic symptoms. Ineffective erythropoiesis and red-cell destruction were not significantly increased. The present findings, confirm that HD patients with systemic symptoms have a depression of erythropoiesis, and that in these patients the marrow fails to respond to the stimulus of mild anaemia.", "PMID": 508565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7850", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, D and E concentrations in lymphomas.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured in 105 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 80 with non-HD lymphomas. Significant increases in IgG and IgE occurred in the whole HD group. When compared with the histological types of HD, increases of IgG, IgA AND IgE were seen in nodular sclerosis and of IgE alone in mixed-cellularity and lymphocyte-predominant types. In relation to the stage of disease spread, increases of IgG, IgA AND IgE occurred in Stages II and III, while in Stage IV, although IgE was raised, IgM in males and IgD fell significantly. Paired serum samples taken 10-14 months apart showed falls of IgM and IgD after radiotherapy, and of all Ig classes except IgD after chemotherapy. Decreased levels of IgM in females, IgG and IgA were found in the non-HD lymphomas. When analysed in terms of lymphnode histology, decreased IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE occurred in well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, decreased IgA alone in poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas and decreased IgD in nodular types of lymphoma.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, D and E concentrations in lymphomas. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured in 105 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 80 with non-HD lymphomas. Significant increases in IgG and IgE occurred in the whole HD group. When compared with the histological types of HD, increases of IgG, IgA AND IgE were seen in nodular sclerosis and of IgE alone in mixed-cellularity and lymphocyte-predominant types. In relation to the stage of disease spread, increases of IgG, IgA AND IgE occurred in Stages II and III, while in Stage IV, although IgE was raised, IgM in males and IgD fell significantly. Paired serum samples taken 10-14 months apart showed falls of IgM and IgD after radiotherapy, and of all Ig classes except IgD after chemotherapy. Decreased levels of IgM in females, IgG and IgA were found in the non-HD lymphomas. When analysed in terms of lymphnode histology, decreased IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE occurred in well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, decreased IgA alone in poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas and decreased IgD in nodular types of lymphoma.", "PMID": 508566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7851", "title": "Isoenzymes of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase in uterine cancer.", "content": "Electrophoresis of cytosol prepared from normal and malignant tissue samples of uterine cervix and endometrium revealed interesting differences which may be relevant to the characteristic alterations in glucose metabolism associated with tumour development. Hexokinase II was detected in 30% of the cancer material from both sources, but in none of the samples of normal cervix. A duplet band of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrognease was seen in the majority of the cancer samples but in no sample of normal cervix; it appeared to be partly due to ageing of the sample, and is not phenotypically related to the malignant process. Analysis of genetic variance for phosphoglucomutase at the PGM1 locus revealed a highly significant excess of the PGM1-1 phenotype in patients with cancer of the endometrium, which may reflect susceptibility to endometrial cancer in patients with this phenotype. At the PGM2 locus, samples of malignant cervix were deficient in \"Band f\" compared with normal cervix samples, all of which showed this band. Conversely, gene products of the PGM3 locus were found in most samples of malignant cervix and a small minority of normal cervix samples. Compared with the isomorphic distribution of lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in normal uterine tissue, cancers showed a shift towards either a more anodal or a more cathodal pattern. The former may be associated with tumours enjoying a good oxygen supply, and the latter with tumours which, because of their depth or poor blood supply have to function under less aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase in uterine cancer. Electrophoresis of cytosol prepared from normal and malignant tissue samples of uterine cervix and endometrium revealed interesting differences which may be relevant to the characteristic alterations in glucose metabolism associated with tumour development. Hexokinase II was detected in 30% of the cancer material from both sources, but in none of the samples of normal cervix. A duplet band of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrognease was seen in the majority of the cancer samples but in no sample of normal cervix; it appeared to be partly due to ageing of the sample, and is not phenotypically related to the malignant process. Analysis of genetic variance for phosphoglucomutase at the PGM1 locus revealed a highly significant excess of the PGM1-1 phenotype in patients with cancer of the endometrium, which may reflect susceptibility to endometrial cancer in patients with this phenotype. At the PGM2 locus, samples of malignant cervix were deficient in \"Band f\" compared with normal cervix samples, all of which showed this band. Conversely, gene products of the PGM3 locus were found in most samples of malignant cervix and a small minority of normal cervix samples. Compared with the isomorphic distribution of lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in normal uterine tissue, cancers showed a shift towards either a more anodal or a more cathodal pattern. The former may be associated with tumours enjoying a good oxygen supply, and the latter with tumours which, because of their depth or poor blood supply have to function under less aerobic conditions.", "PMID": 508567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7852", "title": "Competition between foetal tissue and macrophage-dependent natural tumour resistance.", "content": "Prolonged interaction in vitro between C. parvum-induced adherent predominantly phagocytic rat peritoneal cells and syngeneic or xenogeneic tumour targets consistently produces marked cytotoxicity. In the presence of irradiated foetal liver cells, expression of cytotoxicity is blocked in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of liver cells to compete with tumour targets is rapidly lost after birth. Irradiated liver cells from adult donors showed no such competition with tumour cells. The in vivo growth in ascites form of rat fibrosarcoma cells of low immunogenicity is significantly enhanced by irradiated foetal liver cells administered locally shortly before or on the day of tumour-cell challenge. The findings may provide an indication as to the nature of the structures recognized as non-self by mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Competition between foetal tissue and macrophage-dependent natural tumour resistance. Prolonged interaction in vitro between C. parvum-induced adherent predominantly phagocytic rat peritoneal cells and syngeneic or xenogeneic tumour targets consistently produces marked cytotoxicity. In the presence of irradiated foetal liver cells, expression of cytotoxicity is blocked in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of liver cells to compete with tumour targets is rapidly lost after birth. Irradiated liver cells from adult donors showed no such competition with tumour cells. The in vivo growth in ascites form of rat fibrosarcoma cells of low immunogenicity is significantly enhanced by irradiated foetal liver cells administered locally shortly before or on the day of tumour-cell challenge. The findings may provide an indication as to the nature of the structures recognized as non-self by mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 508568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7853", "title": "Lung cancer in Greater Bombay: correlations with religion and smoking habits.", "content": "The resident population of Greater Bombay was analysed for the incidence of lung cancer and other variables of possible significance to lung cancer incidence. During a 10-year period from 1964-73, 2177 lung cancer cases (1861 males, 316 females) were registered, from a population pool consisting of 5.24 million persons (3.07 million males, 2.17 million females). The average annual incidence of lung cancer was 13.6 per 10(5) males but only 3.3 per 10(5) females, age-adjusted to the Standard World Population. The incidence in non-Parsi males (14.0) was almost double the figure in Parsi males (6.8). There was however no significant difference in incidence between non-Parsi (3.8) and Parsi females (3.3). Time-trend analyses did not reveal statistically significant differences in the incidence of lung cancer in any particular (male or female) age group. The data from death certificates for the same 10-year period 1964-73, showed that the age-adjusted rates (standardized to the world population) were 11.0 and 3.3 per 10(5), for males and females, in the total population. In a retrospective study, 792 males with lung cancer (42.6% of 1861 male cancer patients) for whom detailed smoking history is available, were matched for age and community with randomly selected controls, obtained from the voters list of the Greater Bombay Corporation, and significant statistical association was found between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. All smokers appear to be at high risk (16.8) compared with non-smokers. The relative risk in bidi smokers was however 19.3, even higher than in cigarette smokers (896). Hindu, Muslim and Christian smokers are apparently at identical risks. A dose-reponse relationship was found in bidi and cigarette smokers.", "contents": "Lung cancer in Greater Bombay: correlations with religion and smoking habits. The resident population of Greater Bombay was analysed for the incidence of lung cancer and other variables of possible significance to lung cancer incidence. During a 10-year period from 1964-73, 2177 lung cancer cases (1861 males, 316 females) were registered, from a population pool consisting of 5.24 million persons (3.07 million males, 2.17 million females). The average annual incidence of lung cancer was 13.6 per 10(5) males but only 3.3 per 10(5) females, age-adjusted to the Standard World Population. The incidence in non-Parsi males (14.0) was almost double the figure in Parsi males (6.8). There was however no significant difference in incidence between non-Parsi (3.8) and Parsi females (3.3). Time-trend analyses did not reveal statistically significant differences in the incidence of lung cancer in any particular (male or female) age group. The data from death certificates for the same 10-year period 1964-73, showed that the age-adjusted rates (standardized to the world population) were 11.0 and 3.3 per 10(5), for males and females, in the total population. In a retrospective study, 792 males with lung cancer (42.6% of 1861 male cancer patients) for whom detailed smoking history is available, were matched for age and community with randomly selected controls, obtained from the voters list of the Greater Bombay Corporation, and significant statistical association was found between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. All smokers appear to be at high risk (16.8) compared with non-smokers. The relative risk in bidi smokers was however 19.3, even higher than in cigarette smokers (896). Hindu, Muslim and Christian smokers are apparently at identical risks. A dose-reponse relationship was found in bidi and cigarette smokers.", "PMID": 508569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7854", "title": "Correlation between cancer mortality and alcoholic beverage in Japan.", "content": "Geographical correlations between standardized, mortality ratios (SMRs) of cancers and consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages (sak\u00e9 synthetic sak\u00e9, shochu, beer, wine, and whisky), of cigarettes, and urbanization were examined for all 46 prefectures in Japan. Suggestive correlations were observed between cancer of the oesophagus in males and both shochu and whisky (r = 0.27 and 0.22 respectively), between cancer of the rectum in males and wine (r = 0.45), and between cancer of the prostate and shochu (r = 0.50). These correlations were also confirmed in the partial correlations between SMRs of cancers and consumption of alcoholic beverages, controlling for the two variables urbanization and consumption of cigarettes. Alhtough cancers of other sites were also correlated with certain types of alcoholic beverages, their associations seemed to be secondary to other factors. The validity of higher-order partial correlations and the problems of correlation study are also referred to.", "contents": "Correlation between cancer mortality and alcoholic beverage in Japan. Geographical correlations between standardized, mortality ratios (SMRs) of cancers and consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages (sak\u00e9 synthetic sak\u00e9, shochu, beer, wine, and whisky), of cigarettes, and urbanization were examined for all 46 prefectures in Japan. Suggestive correlations were observed between cancer of the oesophagus in males and both shochu and whisky (r = 0.27 and 0.22 respectively), between cancer of the rectum in males and wine (r = 0.45), and between cancer of the prostate and shochu (r = 0.50). These correlations were also confirmed in the partial correlations between SMRs of cancers and consumption of alcoholic beverages, controlling for the two variables urbanization and consumption of cigarettes. Alhtough cancers of other sites were also correlated with certain types of alcoholic beverages, their associations seemed to be secondary to other factors. The validity of higher-order partial correlations and the problems of correlation study are also referred to.", "PMID": 508570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7855", "title": "Cancer mortality in 1970-1972 among Polish-born migrants to England and Wales.", "content": "The 1970-72 cancer mortality of Polish migrants to England and Wales is compared with the cancer mortality prevailing in England and Wales and in Poland. Small numbers limit the analyses to the most frequent cancer sites only. The main findings are: (a) Compared with mortality rates in both their country of birth and of adoption, Polish migrants displayed intermediate values for cancers of the stomach, intestinal tract, and lung. For age-groups over 74 years, lung-cancer mortality among the migrants appears, however, to be higher than in both Poland and England and Wales. (b) A distinctly higher mortality among Polish migrants than either in Poland or England and Wales was apparent for lymphomas in both sexes, and for leukaemia and oesophageal cancer in males. (c) Female breast-cancer mortality among Polish migrants was much higher than in Poland, being close to the high mortality rates prevailing in England and Wales. The present findings are compared with the results of similar studies of Polish migrants to the United States and Australia and reasons for observed differences are advanced.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in 1970-1972 among Polish-born migrants to England and Wales. The 1970-72 cancer mortality of Polish migrants to England and Wales is compared with the cancer mortality prevailing in England and Wales and in Poland. Small numbers limit the analyses to the most frequent cancer sites only. The main findings are: (a) Compared with mortality rates in both their country of birth and of adoption, Polish migrants displayed intermediate values for cancers of the stomach, intestinal tract, and lung. For age-groups over 74 years, lung-cancer mortality among the migrants appears, however, to be higher than in both Poland and England and Wales. (b) A distinctly higher mortality among Polish migrants than either in Poland or England and Wales was apparent for lymphomas in both sexes, and for leukaemia and oesophageal cancer in males. (c) Female breast-cancer mortality among Polish migrants was much higher than in Poland, being close to the high mortality rates prevailing in England and Wales. The present findings are compared with the results of similar studies of Polish migrants to the United States and Australia and reasons for observed differences are advanced.", "PMID": 508571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7856", "title": "Tumorigenicity of the hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) in rats.", "content": "Ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate), a hypolipidaemic drug which induces hepatomegaly and proliferation of peroxisomes in liver cells of rats and mice, was fed to 15 male F344 rats at a dietary concentration of 0.5% (v/w) for up to 28 months. Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in 10/11 (91%) rats killed between 24 and 28 months. Other tumours included carcinoma of the pancreas (2 rats), leiomyoma of the small intestine (1 rat) and a large dermatofibrosarcoma (1 rat). Clofibrate is the third hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator demonstrated to be hepatocarcinogenic in rats. These studies suggest that hypolipidaemic agents which are capable of producing a sustained hepatomegalic and peroxisome-proliferative effect also induce liver tumours.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of the hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) in rats. Ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate), a hypolipidaemic drug which induces hepatomegaly and proliferation of peroxisomes in liver cells of rats and mice, was fed to 15 male F344 rats at a dietary concentration of 0.5% (v/w) for up to 28 months. Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in 10/11 (91%) rats killed between 24 and 28 months. Other tumours included carcinoma of the pancreas (2 rats), leiomyoma of the small intestine (1 rat) and a large dermatofibrosarcoma (1 rat). Clofibrate is the third hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator demonstrated to be hepatocarcinogenic in rats. These studies suggest that hypolipidaemic agents which are capable of producing a sustained hepatomegalic and peroxisome-proliferative effect also induce liver tumours.", "PMID": 508572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7857", "title": "Host treatments affecting artificial pulmonary metastases: interpretation of loss of radioactively labelled cells from lungs.", "content": "The effect has been examined of various host treatments (C. parvum injection, immunization, thoracic irradiation, cyclophosphamide injection, and anticoagulation) on both lung colony formation and clearance of radioactive cells from the lungs after i.v. injection of tumour cells. Two tumour-host models have been used: the non-immunogenic KHT tumour in C3H/Km mice, and the immunogenic EMT6 tumour in BALB/c/Ka mice. Even for the at most weakly immunogenic KHT tumour, the number of artificial pulmonary metastases could be modified by a factor of up to 10(4) by different host treatments before i.v. inoculation of tumour cells. For all pretreatments except immunization, the shape of the curve of loss of radioactivity from the lungs vs time was biphasic, with an initial steep portion representing intravascular death of the tumor cells, followed 1--2 days after tumour-cell injection by a shallow exponential curve. It was concluded that the shallow slope represented spontaneous death of tumour cells in the perivascular tissues. Essentially all the injected tumour cells lodged initially in the lungs, and this was unaffected by the different host treatments. Furthermore, except for specific immunization, cell death in the perivascular tissues was also unaffected by host treatment. However, the survival of the tumour cells during the 24 h after injection (before they became extravascular) was extremely dependent on the particular host pretreatment. It would appear from these studies that host treatments such as C. parvum injection or anticoagulation can markedly affect the number of blood-borne pulmonary metastases, but they will only be effective if given before the tumor cells arrive in the lung vasculature.", "contents": "Host treatments affecting artificial pulmonary metastases: interpretation of loss of radioactively labelled cells from lungs. The effect has been examined of various host treatments (C. parvum injection, immunization, thoracic irradiation, cyclophosphamide injection, and anticoagulation) on both lung colony formation and clearance of radioactive cells from the lungs after i.v. injection of tumour cells. Two tumour-host models have been used: the non-immunogenic KHT tumour in C3H/Km mice, and the immunogenic EMT6 tumour in BALB/c/Ka mice. Even for the at most weakly immunogenic KHT tumour, the number of artificial pulmonary metastases could be modified by a factor of up to 10(4) by different host treatments before i.v. inoculation of tumour cells. For all pretreatments except immunization, the shape of the curve of loss of radioactivity from the lungs vs time was biphasic, with an initial steep portion representing intravascular death of the tumor cells, followed 1--2 days after tumour-cell injection by a shallow exponential curve. It was concluded that the shallow slope represented spontaneous death of tumour cells in the perivascular tissues. Essentially all the injected tumour cells lodged initially in the lungs, and this was unaffected by the different host treatments. Furthermore, except for specific immunization, cell death in the perivascular tissues was also unaffected by host treatment. However, the survival of the tumour cells during the 24 h after injection (before they became extravascular) was extremely dependent on the particular host pretreatment. It would appear from these studies that host treatments such as C. parvum injection or anticoagulation can markedly affect the number of blood-borne pulmonary metastases, but they will only be effective if given before the tumor cells arrive in the lung vasculature.", "PMID": 508577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7858", "title": "Levels of adenosine deaminase in some experimental animal tumours and the possible therapeutic effect of the ADA inhibitor 2-deoxy-coformycin.", "content": "The intracellular adenosine deaminase activities (ADA) in 12 different experimental animal tumours were measured. Unlike the leukaemic lymphoblasts of man, those of two spontaneous rat leukaemias did not have elevated levels of the enzyme. Very high levels were found in a rat plasma-cell tumour (IR 461) and an attempt was made to treat such tumours with the specific enzyme inhibitor, 2-deoxy-coformycin. The shortage of this drug prevented a systematic study, but a daily dose of 8 mg/kg had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of tumours.", "contents": "Levels of adenosine deaminase in some experimental animal tumours and the possible therapeutic effect of the ADA inhibitor 2-deoxy-coformycin. The intracellular adenosine deaminase activities (ADA) in 12 different experimental animal tumours were measured. Unlike the leukaemic lymphoblasts of man, those of two spontaneous rat leukaemias did not have elevated levels of the enzyme. Very high levels were found in a rat plasma-cell tumour (IR 461) and an attempt was made to treat such tumours with the specific enzyme inhibitor, 2-deoxy-coformycin. The shortage of this drug prevented a systematic study, but a daily dose of 8 mg/kg had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of tumours.", "PMID": 508578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7859", "title": "Cell-cycle inhibition by misonidazole of human cells cultivated in vitro under aerobic conditions.", "content": "By means of flow cytometric recording of DNA histograms and counting of cells in synchronized populations, we have found that misonidazole (MIS) in clinically relevant concentrations induces cell-kinetic changes in human cells (NHIK 3025) cultivated in vitro under aerobic conditions. The effect seems to be a general lengthening of the cell cycle, affecting all phases. However, induction of this effect is phase-dependent, since only cells exposed to MIS during mitosis and/or early G1 will suffer significant cell-cycle prolongation. In exponentially growing populations this effect of MIS leads to a transient increase in the fraction of G1 cells and a corresponding decrease in the fraction of S cells. The possible significance of this effect for the clinical use of MIS is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-cycle inhibition by misonidazole of human cells cultivated in vitro under aerobic conditions. By means of flow cytometric recording of DNA histograms and counting of cells in synchronized populations, we have found that misonidazole (MIS) in clinically relevant concentrations induces cell-kinetic changes in human cells (NHIK 3025) cultivated in vitro under aerobic conditions. The effect seems to be a general lengthening of the cell cycle, affecting all phases. However, induction of this effect is phase-dependent, since only cells exposed to MIS during mitosis and/or early G1 will suffer significant cell-cycle prolongation. In exponentially growing populations this effect of MIS leads to a transient increase in the fraction of G1 cells and a corresponding decrease in the fraction of S cells. The possible significance of this effect for the clinical use of MIS is discussed.", "PMID": 508579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7860", "title": "Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe.", "content": "The relationship between melanoma incidence and latitude was investigated in North American and Europe, using the data collected by 43 population-based cancer registries. In North America melanoma incidence increased with decreasing latitude, supporting the role of UV light in the induction of melanoma. Within England the data from the National Cancer Registration scheme also showed that trend of decreased frequency of melanoma with decreasing latitude. In contrast, across Europe the trend was in the opposite direction, of increasing melanoma incidence with increasing latitude. It is suggested that across Europe there is a range of skin colour from dark in the south to light in the north, which gives rise to a range of susceptibility to the induction of melanoma by UV. The effect of this susceptibility must be large enough to overwhelm the opposing effect of decreased UV intensity at higher latitudes, and this emphasizes the dangers of excessive solar exposure to fair-skinned individuals. The populations of England may be a sufficiently random mix of skin colour, owing to repeated invasions, for the effect of UV intensity to be observed.", "contents": "Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe. The relationship between melanoma incidence and latitude was investigated in North American and Europe, using the data collected by 43 population-based cancer registries. In North America melanoma incidence increased with decreasing latitude, supporting the role of UV light in the induction of melanoma. Within England the data from the National Cancer Registration scheme also showed that trend of decreased frequency of melanoma with decreasing latitude. In contrast, across Europe the trend was in the opposite direction, of increasing melanoma incidence with increasing latitude. It is suggested that across Europe there is a range of skin colour from dark in the south to light in the north, which gives rise to a range of susceptibility to the induction of melanoma by UV. The effect of this susceptibility must be large enough to overwhelm the opposing effect of decreased UV intensity at higher latitudes, and this emphasizes the dangers of excessive solar exposure to fair-skinned individuals. The populations of England may be a sufficiently random mix of skin colour, owing to repeated invasions, for the effect of UV intensity to be observed.", "PMID": 508580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7861", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of albumin in rats during treatment with a carcinogenic dose of N-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "The chronic administration of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-2-AAF) to rats causes a loss of hepatic cytoplasmic RNA, particularly from the endoplasmic-membrane fractions. At the end of the complete carcinogenic dose, the level of amino-acid incorporation into proalbumin is normal, despite the loss of 35% of membrane-bound RNA. The secretion of albumin, however, is inhibited. This inhibition of secretion is apparently the result of a change in membrane flow and differentiation; transfer of nascent protein from smooth-surfaced vesicles to the Golgi apparatus is blocked. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of albumin in rats during treatment with a carcinogenic dose of N-2-acetylaminofluorene. The chronic administration of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-2-AAF) to rats causes a loss of hepatic cytoplasmic RNA, particularly from the endoplasmic-membrane fractions. At the end of the complete carcinogenic dose, the level of amino-acid incorporation into proalbumin is normal, despite the loss of 35% of membrane-bound RNA. The secretion of albumin, however, is inhibited. This inhibition of secretion is apparently the result of a change in membrane flow and differentiation; transfer of nascent protein from smooth-surfaced vesicles to the Golgi apparatus is blocked. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 508581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7862", "title": "Mercuric chloride-induced renal tubular necrosis in the rat.", "content": "A light microscopic study of the renal tubulonecrotic lesion in rats given a small dose of HgCl2 is described. The changes consist of a rapidly developing vacuolation of the cytoplasm with loss of basophilic staining within 4 h that leads to cell breakdown, fragmentation and dissolution by 48 h. Nuclear changes appear to set in later. Permanent patchy fibrotic lesions were found in the kidneys at 10 days. The animals pass a large amount of urine of low osmolarity, low Na+, K+ and Cl- for a period of 3 days accompanied by an increased water intake. Nevertheless there appeared to be no water or ionic imbalance between daily inputs and outputs. Blood urea levels were greatly increased for 3 days, but did not return to normal by the 10th day.", "contents": "Mercuric chloride-induced renal tubular necrosis in the rat. A light microscopic study of the renal tubulonecrotic lesion in rats given a small dose of HgCl2 is described. The changes consist of a rapidly developing vacuolation of the cytoplasm with loss of basophilic staining within 4 h that leads to cell breakdown, fragmentation and dissolution by 48 h. Nuclear changes appear to set in later. Permanent patchy fibrotic lesions were found in the kidneys at 10 days. The animals pass a large amount of urine of low osmolarity, low Na+, K+ and Cl- for a period of 3 days accompanied by an increased water intake. Nevertheless there appeared to be no water or ionic imbalance between daily inputs and outputs. Blood urea levels were greatly increased for 3 days, but did not return to normal by the 10th day.", "PMID": 508584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7863", "title": "A histopathological study of the effects of intravenously administered lambda carrageenan in the mouse, with particular reference to the macrophage system.", "content": "Intravenously administered lambda-carrageenan rapidly precipitates in the marginal zone of the spleen, the hepatic sinuses and the capillaries of the heart, lung, kidney and adrenal gland. Extensive coagulative necrosis of the liver and myocardium is seen at 24 h. Phagocytosis occurs at 3 days, and is associated with transformation of the lymphocytes of the splenic white pulp. Circulating carrageenan-containing macrophages adhere to vascular endothelium in the lung and at 6 days are situated beneath it. At 30 days carrageenan granulomas have formed in the spleen and liver, probably as a result of macrophage recirculation.", "contents": "A histopathological study of the effects of intravenously administered lambda carrageenan in the mouse, with particular reference to the macrophage system. Intravenously administered lambda-carrageenan rapidly precipitates in the marginal zone of the spleen, the hepatic sinuses and the capillaries of the heart, lung, kidney and adrenal gland. Extensive coagulative necrosis of the liver and myocardium is seen at 24 h. Phagocytosis occurs at 3 days, and is associated with transformation of the lymphocytes of the splenic white pulp. Circulating carrageenan-containing macrophages adhere to vascular endothelium in the lung and at 6 days are situated beneath it. At 30 days carrageenan granulomas have formed in the spleen and liver, probably as a result of macrophage recirculation.", "PMID": 508585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7864", "title": "Myocardial infarction in spontaneously hypertensive rats with superimposed adrenal-regeneration hypertension.", "content": "The elevated blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was further exacerbated by subjecting these animals to surgically induced adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH). When chronic abnormally high blood pressure had been in effect for 12 weeks, the animals were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarction with isoprenaline. Hypertensive but intact SHR survived better than ARH-treated animals. Circulating enzyme (CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH), lipid and glucose levels and BUN manifested much greater excursions commensurate with more extensive myocardial infarction in ARH-treated than in intact SHR. ARH-treated SHR displayed a high incidence of atrial and ventricular thrombi associated with frequent left ventricular aneurysm formation. It is suggested that the more extensive myocardial connective tissue and ground-substance degeneration in ARH-treated SHR is due to the impoverished steroidogenic capacity of their regenerated adrenal glands.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in spontaneously hypertensive rats with superimposed adrenal-regeneration hypertension. The elevated blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was further exacerbated by subjecting these animals to surgically induced adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH). When chronic abnormally high blood pressure had been in effect for 12 weeks, the animals were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarction with isoprenaline. Hypertensive but intact SHR survived better than ARH-treated animals. Circulating enzyme (CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH), lipid and glucose levels and BUN manifested much greater excursions commensurate with more extensive myocardial infarction in ARH-treated than in intact SHR. ARH-treated SHR displayed a high incidence of atrial and ventricular thrombi associated with frequent left ventricular aneurysm formation. It is suggested that the more extensive myocardial connective tissue and ground-substance degeneration in ARH-treated SHR is due to the impoverished steroidogenic capacity of their regenerated adrenal glands.", "PMID": 508586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7865", "title": "Thrombosis induced in vivo in the femoral artery of rats. An electron microscopic study of myointimal growth.", "content": "Minor injury and thrombosis, induced in a short arterial segment by the successive applications of a weak electric current and a dilute solution of ADP, is followed by rapid reconstitution of the endothelium and protracted growth of the medial smooth-muscle cells (SMC). Previous investigations of their early stages have shown that both processes are platelet-dependent. In the present investigation the arterial-wall reaction was followed up to the eighth day. By that time the growth of SMC had abated and the artery wall had regained a normal structure. Locally repeating the electric treatment consistently caused an infiltration of the inner media by blood elements, notably platelets. Rupture of the lamina elastica interna (LEI) was an additional feature in one out of 6 repeatedly treated arteries. Despite greater initial damage, repair of the artery wall proceeded normally in the majority of cases. In 2 out of 7 arteries, however, the SMC of the inner media exhibited cytologic evidence of still active stimulation and disordered growth on the eighth day. In one of the 2 arteries, the LEI had ruptured over wide areas where myointimal thickening was observed. Intimal denudation was brief in all cases so that the release of mitogenic factors by insudated platelets and the disruption of the LEI are more likely to have been the effective agents of myointimal growth.", "contents": "Thrombosis induced in vivo in the femoral artery of rats. An electron microscopic study of myointimal growth. Minor injury and thrombosis, induced in a short arterial segment by the successive applications of a weak electric current and a dilute solution of ADP, is followed by rapid reconstitution of the endothelium and protracted growth of the medial smooth-muscle cells (SMC). Previous investigations of their early stages have shown that both processes are platelet-dependent. In the present investigation the arterial-wall reaction was followed up to the eighth day. By that time the growth of SMC had abated and the artery wall had regained a normal structure. Locally repeating the electric treatment consistently caused an infiltration of the inner media by blood elements, notably platelets. Rupture of the lamina elastica interna (LEI) was an additional feature in one out of 6 repeatedly treated arteries. Despite greater initial damage, repair of the artery wall proceeded normally in the majority of cases. In 2 out of 7 arteries, however, the SMC of the inner media exhibited cytologic evidence of still active stimulation and disordered growth on the eighth day. In one of the 2 arteries, the LEI had ruptured over wide areas where myointimal thickening was observed. Intimal denudation was brief in all cases so that the release of mitogenic factors by insudated platelets and the disruption of the LEI are more likely to have been the effective agents of myointimal growth.", "PMID": 508587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7866", "title": "The toxic effects of long-term, oral administration of L-tryptophan in rats with portacaval shunt.", "content": "The oral, long-term administration of 200 mg/kg of L-tryptophan to rats previously submitted to a portacaval shunt causes significant loss of body weight, muscular hypertonicity and aggressivity, as well as marked alterations of the liver structure. Conversely, the same treatment is well tolerated by control animals. It is postulated that the derangement of tryptophan metabolism normally occurring in rats with portacaval shunt is by itself insufficient to induce behavioural changes and liver damage, which, on the contrary, develop when tryptophan metabolism is further altered by the administration of the amino acid to the animals for a long period of time.", "contents": "The toxic effects of long-term, oral administration of L-tryptophan in rats with portacaval shunt. The oral, long-term administration of 200 mg/kg of L-tryptophan to rats previously submitted to a portacaval shunt causes significant loss of body weight, muscular hypertonicity and aggressivity, as well as marked alterations of the liver structure. Conversely, the same treatment is well tolerated by control animals. It is postulated that the derangement of tryptophan metabolism normally occurring in rats with portacaval shunt is by itself insufficient to induce behavioural changes and liver damage, which, on the contrary, develop when tryptophan metabolism is further altered by the administration of the amino acid to the animals for a long period of time.", "PMID": 508588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7867", "title": "The effect of Gaboon viper venom on iron exchange in the rat.", "content": "Plasma iron turnover (PIT) has been measured by means of 59Fe in rats treated with the haemorrhagic venom of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica). Venom was administered on 3 occasions over a period of 9 days and after this time PIT had fallen from 1045 micrograms/kg/day in normal animals to 449 micrograms/kg/day in envenomated animals. Plasma iron half-life was markedly increased from 64.8 min to 417.6 min and this change was associated with a reduced uptake of 59Fe by the liver. However, marrow and spleen uptake of 59Fe was normal, as were the red-cell indices, MCH, MCV and MCHC. There was a slight reduction in total red-cell numbers and haemoglobin concentration as a result of the mild internal haemorrhage induced by the venom. It is concluded that Gaboon viper venom produces a marked disturbance of iron handling by the liver without an associated change in erythropoiesis. The mild haemorrhage was insufficient to produce a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. The results of the study provide further confirmation of the belief that standard ferrokinetic measurements give only limited information on erythropoietic status.", "contents": "The effect of Gaboon viper venom on iron exchange in the rat. Plasma iron turnover (PIT) has been measured by means of 59Fe in rats treated with the haemorrhagic venom of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica). Venom was administered on 3 occasions over a period of 9 days and after this time PIT had fallen from 1045 micrograms/kg/day in normal animals to 449 micrograms/kg/day in envenomated animals. Plasma iron half-life was markedly increased from 64.8 min to 417.6 min and this change was associated with a reduced uptake of 59Fe by the liver. However, marrow and spleen uptake of 59Fe was normal, as were the red-cell indices, MCH, MCV and MCHC. There was a slight reduction in total red-cell numbers and haemoglobin concentration as a result of the mild internal haemorrhage induced by the venom. It is concluded that Gaboon viper venom produces a marked disturbance of iron handling by the liver without an associated change in erythropoiesis. The mild haemorrhage was insufficient to produce a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. The results of the study provide further confirmation of the belief that standard ferrokinetic measurements give only limited information on erythropoietic status.", "PMID": 508589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7868", "title": "Activated charcoal haemoperfusion via an extracorporeal circuit in the unrestrained and unanaesthetized rat.", "content": "Repeated haemoperfusion over activated charcoal was performed in unanaesthetized and unrestrained rats, using a specially designed system. This allowed the effects of haemoperfusion on body weight, organ weight and various biochemical and haematological parameters to be studied, without the possible influence of repeated stress and exposure to anaesthetic agents. The procedure was well tolerated, even after 4 consecutive haemoperfusions. Changes in body weight occurred, but no significant difference was noticed between animals subjected to 4 consecutive haemoperfusions and those perfused through empty columns. Organ weight of liver and spleen were comparable to control values, but kidney weight increased after haemoperfusion over activated charcoal, but not in control animals. A progressive rise in leucocyte count was found after successive haemoperfusions, but levels returned to normal 21 days after their initial operative procedure. Platelet counts fell after charcoal haemoperfusion, but returned to within normal levels before the next perfusion.", "contents": "Activated charcoal haemoperfusion via an extracorporeal circuit in the unrestrained and unanaesthetized rat. Repeated haemoperfusion over activated charcoal was performed in unanaesthetized and unrestrained rats, using a specially designed system. This allowed the effects of haemoperfusion on body weight, organ weight and various biochemical and haematological parameters to be studied, without the possible influence of repeated stress and exposure to anaesthetic agents. The procedure was well tolerated, even after 4 consecutive haemoperfusions. Changes in body weight occurred, but no significant difference was noticed between animals subjected to 4 consecutive haemoperfusions and those perfused through empty columns. Organ weight of liver and spleen were comparable to control values, but kidney weight increased after haemoperfusion over activated charcoal, but not in control animals. A progressive rise in leucocyte count was found after successive haemoperfusions, but levels returned to normal 21 days after their initial operative procedure. Platelet counts fell after charcoal haemoperfusion, but returned to within normal levels before the next perfusion.", "PMID": 508590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7869", "title": "Histological grading and sequential morphological changes during the production of acute duodenal ulcers.", "content": "A method of grading histological changes in the duodenum and the sequential morphological appearances during the development of acute duodenal ulceration is described. After s.c. infusion of ulcerogenic doses of gastric secretagogues, rats were killed hourly and the duodenal lesions were graded from 1, which was the earliest change seen consisting of focal necrosis of the tips of villi to 6, which showed perforation of duodenal ulcer. For the first 4 h the duodenum was normal but after this there was progressive necrosis of the mucosa and submucosa, and inflammatory-cell infiltration. From 18 h rats were shown to have duodenal ulcers with or without perforation.", "contents": "Histological grading and sequential morphological changes during the production of acute duodenal ulcers. A method of grading histological changes in the duodenum and the sequential morphological appearances during the development of acute duodenal ulceration is described. After s.c. infusion of ulcerogenic doses of gastric secretagogues, rats were killed hourly and the duodenal lesions were graded from 1, which was the earliest change seen consisting of focal necrosis of the tips of villi to 6, which showed perforation of duodenal ulcer. For the first 4 h the duodenum was normal but after this there was progressive necrosis of the mucosa and submucosa, and inflammatory-cell infiltration. From 18 h rats were shown to have duodenal ulcers with or without perforation.", "PMID": 508591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7870", "title": "Pathogenicity of different strains of Rift Valley fever virus in Swiss albino mice.", "content": "Laboratory mice were inoculated with 3 different strains of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV): namely, the prototype, the Nigerian, and the Lunyo variant strains of RVFV. Animals were inoculated with either infective mouse brain or serum by the i.c. or i.p. route and organs of inoculated animals examined for virus content and histopathological changes. Animals inoculated with either the classical or the Nigerian encephalitis only, to a ditropism involving mild lesions in the brain and liver or the typically severe RVFV hepatitis. The type of lesion shown was dependent on the source of inoculum and the route of inoculation. On the other hand, animals inoculated by the i.c. route with the infective brain material of the Lunyo variant virus showed a mild encephalitis, while the use of the i.p. route or infective blood source of the Lunyo virus resulted in the development of typical RVFV hepatitis. Typical intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies were found in both the brain and liver of animals inoculated with the Lunyo variant virus. These inclusion bodies were found only in the livers of mice inoculated with the infective blood material of either the prototype or the Nigerian strain. There was no correlation between the virus titres in the different organs and the severity of histopathological lesions.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of different strains of Rift Valley fever virus in Swiss albino mice. Laboratory mice were inoculated with 3 different strains of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV): namely, the prototype, the Nigerian, and the Lunyo variant strains of RVFV. Animals were inoculated with either infective mouse brain or serum by the i.c. or i.p. route and organs of inoculated animals examined for virus content and histopathological changes. Animals inoculated with either the classical or the Nigerian encephalitis only, to a ditropism involving mild lesions in the brain and liver or the typically severe RVFV hepatitis. The type of lesion shown was dependent on the source of inoculum and the route of inoculation. On the other hand, animals inoculated by the i.c. route with the infective brain material of the Lunyo variant virus showed a mild encephalitis, while the use of the i.p. route or infective blood source of the Lunyo virus resulted in the development of typical RVFV hepatitis. Typical intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies were found in both the brain and liver of animals inoculated with the Lunyo variant virus. These inclusion bodies were found only in the livers of mice inoculated with the infective blood material of either the prototype or the Nigerian strain. There was no correlation between the virus titres in the different organs and the severity of histopathological lesions.", "PMID": 508592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7871", "title": "The effects of steroids and glucagon on the morphological changes in the duct-ligated pancreas of the rat.", "content": "Ligation of the rat pancreatic duct produced degeneration of the exocrine acinar tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The injection of methyl prednisolone for 5 days following duct ligation produced a marked reduction in the inflammatory-cell infiltrate whereas the administration of glucagon or a combination of glucagon and methyl prednisolone produced only a mild reduction in acinar degeneration. Administration of the drugs for 5 days after duct ligation and examination of the pancreas after 3 months showed no differences in the degree of cellular infiltration and acinar degeneration between controls and those that had received glucagon or glucagon and methyl prednisolone. However, those rats that had received only methyl prednisolone showed fibrosis, a minimal inflammatory-cell infiltrate and a considerable reduction in exocrine tissue. Mild degranulation of the islets of Langerhans was observed in those rats that received methyl prednisolone, alone or in combination with glucagon, and at 3 months the islets appeared normal. The implications for pancreatic transplantation are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of steroids and glucagon on the morphological changes in the duct-ligated pancreas of the rat. Ligation of the rat pancreatic duct produced degeneration of the exocrine acinar tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The injection of methyl prednisolone for 5 days following duct ligation produced a marked reduction in the inflammatory-cell infiltrate whereas the administration of glucagon or a combination of glucagon and methyl prednisolone produced only a mild reduction in acinar degeneration. Administration of the drugs for 5 days after duct ligation and examination of the pancreas after 3 months showed no differences in the degree of cellular infiltration and acinar degeneration between controls and those that had received glucagon or glucagon and methyl prednisolone. However, those rats that had received only methyl prednisolone showed fibrosis, a minimal inflammatory-cell infiltrate and a considerable reduction in exocrine tissue. Mild degranulation of the islets of Langerhans was observed in those rats that received methyl prednisolone, alone or in combination with glucagon, and at 3 months the islets appeared normal. The implications for pancreatic transplantation are discussed.", "PMID": 508593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7872", "title": "8-MOP plasma levels in PUVA problem cases with psoriasis.", "content": "8-MOP plasma levels of psoriatic patients poorly responsive to PUVA treatment (PUVA problem cases) (N = 14) and of psoriatic patients with adequate response to photochemotherapy (N = 7) were measured for 8 h after oral ingestion of 0.6-0.8 mg/kg body weight, using a gas chromatographic method. We investigated whether there are any differences in the course of the plasma kinetics between the two groups. Problem patients showed significantly lower 8-MOP plasma levels than the control group. Furthermore, the 8-MOP plasma levels increased more rapidly in the control group than in these problem patients. Deviations in time of the maximum 8-MOP plasma levels from the expected 2 h peak could be observed in 50% of the problem cases compared to only 14% of the control patients. There is no correlation between the dose and the 8-MOP plasma level achieved in the two groups, i.e. higher doses do not result in high levels. In individual cases there is not always a correlation between the plasma maximum of 8-MOP at the time of UV-A irradiation and the response to treatment. Adjustment of the UV-A irradiation to coincide with the maximum plasma levels led to an improvement in therapeutic results for three problem patients.", "contents": "8-MOP plasma levels in PUVA problem cases with psoriasis. 8-MOP plasma levels of psoriatic patients poorly responsive to PUVA treatment (PUVA problem cases) (N = 14) and of psoriatic patients with adequate response to photochemotherapy (N = 7) were measured for 8 h after oral ingestion of 0.6-0.8 mg/kg body weight, using a gas chromatographic method. We investigated whether there are any differences in the course of the plasma kinetics between the two groups. Problem patients showed significantly lower 8-MOP plasma levels than the control group. Furthermore, the 8-MOP plasma levels increased more rapidly in the control group than in these problem patients. Deviations in time of the maximum 8-MOP plasma levels from the expected 2 h peak could be observed in 50% of the problem cases compared to only 14% of the control patients. There is no correlation between the dose and the 8-MOP plasma level achieved in the two groups, i.e. higher doses do not result in high levels. In individual cases there is not always a correlation between the plasma maximum of 8-MOP at the time of UV-A irradiation and the response to treatment. Adjustment of the UV-A irradiation to coincide with the maximum plasma levels led to an improvement in therapeutic results for three problem patients.", "PMID": 508594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7873", "title": "Psoralen photochemotherapy of psoriasis.", "content": "The value of PUVA therapy in selected patients with severe psoriasis has been confirmed. Suppression of the disease was incomplete in those patients whose disease was unstable, with associated seborrhoeic dermatitic features. No consistent change in the proportion of epidermal cells in DNA synthesis could  be demonstrated during regression of the psoriasis as a result of PUVA therapy.", "contents": "Psoralen photochemotherapy of psoriasis. The value of PUVA therapy in selected patients with severe psoriasis has been confirmed. Suppression of the disease was incomplete in those patients whose disease was unstable, with associated seborrhoeic dermatitic features. No consistent change in the proportion of epidermal cells in DNA synthesis could  be demonstrated during regression of the psoriasis as a result of PUVA therapy.", "PMID": 508595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7874", "title": "Histological changes produced in skin by equally erythemogenic doses of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and UV-A with psoralens.", "content": "The sequential light microscopic histological changes produced in human skin by a single exposure of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and oral 8-methoxypsoralen plus UV-A (PUVA) causing approximately equal degress of delayed erythema response, have been evaluated. UV-C and UV-B affect the epidermis to a greater degree than UV-A, while UV-A affects the dermis to a greater degree than UV-B and UV-C. PUVA has prominent effects on both epidermis and dermis, differing in degree from those changes induced by UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C and are longer lasting. The sequence of histological changes following UV exposure is completed more rapidly after exposure to shorter UV wavelengths.", "contents": "Histological changes produced in skin by equally erythemogenic doses of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and UV-A with psoralens. The sequential light microscopic histological changes produced in human skin by a single exposure of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and oral 8-methoxypsoralen plus UV-A (PUVA) causing approximately equal degress of delayed erythema response, have been evaluated. UV-C and UV-B affect the epidermis to a greater degree than UV-A, while UV-A affects the dermis to a greater degree than UV-B and UV-C. PUVA has prominent effects on both epidermis and dermis, differing in degree from those changes induced by UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C and are longer lasting. The sequence of histological changes following UV exposure is completed more rapidly after exposure to shorter UV wavelengths.", "PMID": 508596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7875", "title": "Levamisole therapy for multiple warts.", "content": "Levamisole, a wide-spectrum antiparasitic drug, increases cellular immunity in vivo and in vitro. Patients with verruca vulgaris may have defective cell mediated immune mechanisms. Levamisole was given to twenty-two patients with multiple warts, 5 mg/kg body weight on 3 consecutive days every fortnight. Patients' lymphocytes were studied for E-rosette formation before therapy. E-rosette counts were lower in patients compared with controls and a significant increase was obtained after in vitro incubation with levamisole. Seventeen patients were cured in 1-4 months, there were four failures and one patient showed marked improvement. It is concluded that patients with multiple warts have defective cell-mediated mechanisms as far as the E-rosette count is concerned and that levamisole increases in vitro E-rosette formation and is useful in the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Levamisole therapy for multiple warts. Levamisole, a wide-spectrum antiparasitic drug, increases cellular immunity in vivo and in vitro. Patients with verruca vulgaris may have defective cell mediated immune mechanisms. Levamisole was given to twenty-two patients with multiple warts, 5 mg/kg body weight on 3 consecutive days every fortnight. Patients' lymphocytes were studied for E-rosette formation before therapy. E-rosette counts were lower in patients compared with controls and a significant increase was obtained after in vitro incubation with levamisole. Seventeen patients were cured in 1-4 months, there were four failures and one patient showed marked improvement. It is concluded that patients with multiple warts have defective cell-mediated mechanisms as far as the E-rosette count is concerned and that levamisole increases in vitro E-rosette formation and is useful in the treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 508597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7876", "title": "Hereditary hypotrichosis. A previously undescribed syndrome.", "content": "A syndrome of hereditary hypotrichosis with an unusual natural history and clinical features was encountered in a Caucasian family of four generations with a total of twenty-four members of whom eleven were affected. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. The loss of hair involved the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes and body hair, manifesting itself in the school years and progressing to almost complete baldness. There were no associated abnormalities and no sex limitation. Clinical, genetic, biochemical, mechanical, histological and immunological aspects were studied. Essential differences between this type of hereditary hypotrichosis and others previously recorded are stressed.", "contents": "Hereditary hypotrichosis. A previously undescribed syndrome. A syndrome of hereditary hypotrichosis with an unusual natural history and clinical features was encountered in a Caucasian family of four generations with a total of twenty-four members of whom eleven were affected. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. The loss of hair involved the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes and body hair, manifesting itself in the school years and progressing to almost complete baldness. There were no associated abnormalities and no sex limitation. Clinical, genetic, biochemical, mechanical, histological and immunological aspects were studied. Essential differences between this type of hereditary hypotrichosis and others previously recorded are stressed.", "PMID": 508598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7877", "title": "Cutis mamorata telangiectatica congenita in two sisters.", "content": "Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita was observed in two adult sisters. The condition appeared at birth and did not change much with age. In one sister the condition was accompanied by hypertension, acrocyanosis and ulceration of the big toe. On the basis of a comparison of the symptoms in patients and their relatives, the authors assume that Van Lohuizen syndrome is a dominantly inherited genetic disorder with low penetrance and great intrafamilial variability.", "contents": "Cutis mamorata telangiectatica congenita in two sisters. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita was observed in two adult sisters. The condition appeared at birth and did not change much with age. In one sister the condition was accompanied by hypertension, acrocyanosis and ulceration of the big toe. On the basis of a comparison of the symptoms in patients and their relatives, the authors assume that Van Lohuizen syndrome is a dominantly inherited genetic disorder with low penetrance and great intrafamilial variability.", "PMID": 508599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7878", "title": "5-Methoxypsoralen (Bergapten) in photochemotherapy of psoriasis.", "content": "5-Methoxypsoralen (5-MOP, Bergapten) was evaluated as a potential photosensitizing drug in oral photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Treatment results indicate that (1) 5-MOP is as effective as, and in high doses more effective than, 8-methoxypsoralen in clearing psoriatic lesions; (2) therapeutic doses of 5-MOP do not lead to erythema; the acute side-effects of 8-MOP PUVA therapy--erythema, blistering, pruritus--are thus avoided; (3) even high doses of 5-MOP are not followed by nausea. 5-MOP PUVA therapy thus represents a real alternative to 8-MOP PUVA, its advantages over 8-MOP PUVA being greater safety and patient acceptance.", "contents": "5-Methoxypsoralen (Bergapten) in photochemotherapy of psoriasis. 5-Methoxypsoralen (5-MOP, Bergapten) was evaluated as a potential photosensitizing drug in oral photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Treatment results indicate that (1) 5-MOP is as effective as, and in high doses more effective than, 8-methoxypsoralen in clearing psoriatic lesions; (2) therapeutic doses of 5-MOP do not lead to erythema; the acute side-effects of 8-MOP PUVA therapy--erythema, blistering, pruritus--are thus avoided; (3) even high doses of 5-MOP are not followed by nausea. 5-MOP PUVA therapy thus represents a real alternative to 8-MOP PUVA, its advantages over 8-MOP PUVA being greater safety and patient acceptance.", "PMID": 508604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7879", "title": "DNA repair synthesis in human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation used in PUVA (psoralen and UV-A) therapy for psoriasis.", "content": "The ultraviolet radiation used for PUVA therapy stimulated DNA repair activity in normal human skin and in the uninvolved skin from psoriatic patients. The activity detected by autoradiography increased linearly with exposure time. No stimulation was observed when the UV-B component was removed from the incident radiation by filtration through glass. Therefore UV-B damage to DNA was found responsible for the activity detected following exposure to the unfiltered PUVA light source.", "contents": "DNA repair synthesis in human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation used in PUVA (psoralen and UV-A) therapy for psoriasis. The ultraviolet radiation used for PUVA therapy stimulated DNA repair activity in normal human skin and in the uninvolved skin from psoriatic patients. The activity detected by autoradiography increased linearly with exposure time. No stimulation was observed when the UV-B component was removed from the incident radiation by filtration through glass. Therefore UV-B damage to DNA was found responsible for the activity detected following exposure to the unfiltered PUVA light source.", "PMID": 508605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7880", "title": "Studies on the plasma membrane of normal and psoriatic keratinocytes. I. Preparation of material and morphological characterization.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of isolated keratinocytes suitable for subsequent biochemical studies. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the maturation process is accompanied by an increase in cell size and a shortening and eventual loss of microvilli. Psoriatic keratinocytes are distinguishable by exhibiting longer microvilli at all levels of maturation.", "contents": "Studies on the plasma membrane of normal and psoriatic keratinocytes. I. Preparation of material and morphological characterization. A method is described for the preparation of isolated keratinocytes suitable for subsequent biochemical studies. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the maturation process is accompanied by an increase in cell size and a shortening and eventual loss of microvilli. Psoriatic keratinocytes are distinguishable by exhibiting longer microvilli at all levels of maturation.", "PMID": 508606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7881", "title": "Prolonged BCG treatment of melanoma: does it suppress the immune capacity?", "content": "The immunological status of seven patients with disseminated melanoma during BCG scarification was followed. As parameters, the total peripheral blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, serum immunoglobulin levels, natural ABO blood group antibodies, lymphocyte responses in vitro to PHA and PPD, and skin reactivity against PPD and candidin were followed during a period of 2--36  months. The EAC-rosette-forming cells increased and the E-rosette-forming cells decreased during prolonged BCG therapy. The skin reactions and lymphocyte responses showed in most patients conversion from negative to positive or augmentation at the start of the therapy. Later on, however, the values in most patients dropped before disseminated disease became clinically apparent. In the only surviving patient the values first increased, remained high, and after 100 weeks treatment decreased. After 140 weeks' treatment immunological parameters are similar to pre-treatment levels. The possibility that prolonged intensive BCG treatment might eventually suppress the immune system, and thus result in an enhanced risk of dissemination of the disease, is discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged BCG treatment of melanoma: does it suppress the immune capacity? The immunological status of seven patients with disseminated melanoma during BCG scarification was followed. As parameters, the total peripheral blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, serum immunoglobulin levels, natural ABO blood group antibodies, lymphocyte responses in vitro to PHA and PPD, and skin reactivity against PPD and candidin were followed during a period of 2--36  months. The EAC-rosette-forming cells increased and the E-rosette-forming cells decreased during prolonged BCG therapy. The skin reactions and lymphocyte responses showed in most patients conversion from negative to positive or augmentation at the start of the therapy. Later on, however, the values in most patients dropped before disseminated disease became clinically apparent. In the only surviving patient the values first increased, remained high, and after 100 weeks treatment decreased. After 140 weeks' treatment immunological parameters are similar to pre-treatment levels. The possibility that prolonged intensive BCG treatment might eventually suppress the immune system, and thus result in an enhanced risk of dissemination of the disease, is discussed.", "PMID": 508607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7882", "title": "Atopic disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were found to have an increased incidence of atopic disorders compared to an age and sex matched control group. The increase in incidence was statistically significant for atopic eczema and any atopic disorder. Serum immunoglobulins (including IgE) were estimated in forty-five dermatitis herpetiformis patients and no significant abnormalities were found.", "contents": "Atopic disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were found to have an increased incidence of atopic disorders compared to an age and sex matched control group. The increase in incidence was statistically significant for atopic eczema and any atopic disorder. Serum immunoglobulins (including IgE) were estimated in forty-five dermatitis herpetiformis patients and no significant abnormalities were found.", "PMID": 508608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7883", "title": "Skin conductance conditioning with dyshidrotic eczema patients.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with dyshidrotic eczema were trained either to decrease or to increase the electrical conductivity of the skin. Skin conductance has been found to be related to epidermal water content as well as emotional variables, both of which have suggested links to eczema. Subjects trained to decrease skin conductance showed clinical improvement more often than the controls who were trained in the opposite direction. They also showed a significant decrease in measured conductance and anxiety. The controls showed increased anxiety and no significant changes in skin conductance level.", "contents": "Skin conductance conditioning with dyshidrotic eczema patients. Thirty-three patients with dyshidrotic eczema were trained either to decrease or to increase the electrical conductivity of the skin. Skin conductance has been found to be related to epidermal water content as well as emotional variables, both of which have suggested links to eczema. Subjects trained to decrease skin conductance showed clinical improvement more often than the controls who were trained in the opposite direction. They also showed a significant decrease in measured conductance and anxiety. The controls showed increased anxiety and no significant changes in skin conductance level.", "PMID": 508609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7884", "title": "The normal trichogram of pubic hair.", "content": "The parameters of the trichogram of the pubic hair were studied with a previously described technique. Measurements were made on males and on non-pregnant, pregnant and post-partum females. In males and non-pregnant females denisty and rate of growth steadily decrease with age. There was a higher percentage of telogens in women. Hair thickness was not modified. The most important findings are related to pregnancy and post-partum which did not induce any change in the parameters of the trichogram of the public area. These findings indicate a behaviour of the pubic hair different from the scalp and axillary hair.", "contents": "The normal trichogram of pubic hair. The parameters of the trichogram of the pubic hair were studied with a previously described technique. Measurements were made on males and on non-pregnant, pregnant and post-partum females. In males and non-pregnant females denisty and rate of growth steadily decrease with age. There was a higher percentage of telogens in women. Hair thickness was not modified. The most important findings are related to pregnancy and post-partum which did not induce any change in the parameters of the trichogram of the public area. These findings indicate a behaviour of the pubic hair different from the scalp and axillary hair.", "PMID": 508610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7885", "title": "Quantitative microbiology of human vulva.", "content": "The microbial flora of the vulva is described and compared with the flora of the forearm by utilizing the detergent scrub method. Microbial counts were higher on the vulva (2.8 x 10(6)/cm2) than on the forearm (6.4 x 10(2)/cm2). Lipophilic diphtheroids, coagulase negative staphylococci, micrococci, non-lipophilic diphtheroids and lactobacilli formed the dominant flora of the vulva. Streptococci, Gram negative rods and yeasts were also noted. The highest incidence of S. aureus was noted on the vulva (67%) followed by perianal (30%), nose (30%), and the forearm (11%).", "contents": "Quantitative microbiology of human vulva. The microbial flora of the vulva is described and compared with the flora of the forearm by utilizing the detergent scrub method. Microbial counts were higher on the vulva (2.8 x 10(6)/cm2) than on the forearm (6.4 x 10(2)/cm2). Lipophilic diphtheroids, coagulase negative staphylococci, micrococci, non-lipophilic diphtheroids and lactobacilli formed the dominant flora of the vulva. Streptococci, Gram negative rods and yeasts were also noted. The highest incidence of S. aureus was noted on the vulva (67%) followed by perianal (30%), nose (30%), and the forearm (11%).", "PMID": 508611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7886", "title": "Skin diseases in Zambia.", "content": "This is the first report on the incidence of skin diseases in Zambians. A diagnostic analysis of 12,610 patients seen over the past year in the Dermatology Clinic at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, is presented. The common diseases as well as the peculiarities are discussed. The need to develop research centres in various regions of Africa is emphasized in order to provide better insight into the special dermatological problems seen in the black Africans.", "contents": "Skin diseases in Zambia. This is the first report on the incidence of skin diseases in Zambians. A diagnostic analysis of 12,610 patients seen over the past year in the Dermatology Clinic at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, is presented. The common diseases as well as the peculiarities are discussed. The need to develop research centres in various regions of Africa is emphasized in order to provide better insight into the special dermatological problems seen in the black Africans.", "PMID": 508612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7887", "title": "Male pattern alopecia and coronary artery disease in men.", "content": "The prevalence of male pattern alopecia, coronary artery disease, hypertension and smoking habits were studied in 478 male Caucasian hospital in-patients, over the age of 20 years. No association was shown between coronary artery disease and either male pattern alopecia, premature male pattern alopecia or male pattern alopecia with a positive family history.", "contents": "Male pattern alopecia and coronary artery disease in men. The prevalence of male pattern alopecia, coronary artery disease, hypertension and smoking habits were studied in 478 male Caucasian hospital in-patients, over the age of 20 years. No association was shown between coronary artery disease and either male pattern alopecia, premature male pattern alopecia or male pattern alopecia with a positive family history.", "PMID": 508613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7888", "title": "Aggressive basal cell carcinoma in Nigerians.", "content": "It is important to emphasize that basal cell carcinoma occurs in black Africans, a fact denied in some reports. The present study shows that the disease appears to behave more aggressively in the African, particularly in albinos, than in Caucasians. In albinos preventive measures should be employed regularly.", "contents": "Aggressive basal cell carcinoma in Nigerians. It is important to emphasize that basal cell carcinoma occurs in black Africans, a fact denied in some reports. The present study shows that the disease appears to behave more aggressively in the African, particularly in albinos, than in Caucasians. In albinos preventive measures should be employed regularly.", "PMID": 508614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7889", "title": "A modified non-radioisotope method for measurement of platelet production time.", "content": "Platelet production time (PPT), based on the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) production prior to and after the intake of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), was determined in 20 healthy subjects. High MDA levels were produced by stimulating platelet lipid peroxidation with arachidonic acid, resulting in a reliable, sensitive and accurate technique. PPT correlated well with platelet survival time measured by 51Cr autologous labelled platelets when both methods were used simultaneously in the same patients. This modified non-radioisotope method might serve as a useful aid in the diagnosis of platelet disorders, thromboembolic diseases associated with increased platelet consumption and for the evaluation of drugs affecting platelet function.", "contents": "A modified non-radioisotope method for measurement of platelet production time. Platelet production time (PPT), based on the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) production prior to and after the intake of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), was determined in 20 healthy subjects. High MDA levels were produced by stimulating platelet lipid peroxidation with arachidonic acid, resulting in a reliable, sensitive and accurate technique. PPT correlated well with platelet survival time measured by 51Cr autologous labelled platelets when both methods were used simultaneously in the same patients. This modified non-radioisotope method might serve as a useful aid in the diagnosis of platelet disorders, thromboembolic diseases associated with increased platelet consumption and for the evaluation of drugs affecting platelet function.", "PMID": 508615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7890", "title": "Haemophilia 'A' in a 46,X,i(Xq) female.", "content": "A phenotypically normal female, with negative family history for bleeding disorders, was found to be affected by severe haemophilia A. All laboratory tests performed confirmed the diagnosis. Chromosome analysis showed the presence of an X isochromosome of the long arm in every cell. It is hypothesized that the propositus inherited the affected X from her mother, a probable carrier, and the isochromosome, of paternal origin, was not able to mask the abnormal gene.", "contents": "Haemophilia 'A' in a 46,X,i(Xq) female. A phenotypically normal female, with negative family history for bleeding disorders, was found to be affected by severe haemophilia A. All laboratory tests performed confirmed the diagnosis. Chromosome analysis showed the presence of an X isochromosome of the long arm in every cell. It is hypothesized that the propositus inherited the affected X from her mother, a probable carrier, and the isochromosome, of paternal origin, was not able to mask the abnormal gene.", "PMID": 508616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7891", "title": "Blocking and binding type antibodies against all major vitamin B12-binders in a pernicious anaemia serum.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of blocking and binding antibodies to intrinsic factor (IF), transcobalamin (TC- II, TC I) and other R type vitamin B12 proteins in the serum of a patient with treated pernicious anaemia (PA) is reported here for the first time. The dialysed and purified immunoglobulin-G (IgG), but not the immunoglobulin-M (IgM), from a PA patient neutralized the total unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UB12BC) of human gastric juice, saliva and serum and also of rabbit serum, suggesting that the PA IgG contained blocking antibodies against, IF, TC II, TC I and other R-binders. In addition, the PA IgG and IgM preparations contained binding antibodies since they could form macromolecular complexes with 57Co-B12 bound to IF, TC I or TC II so that each one of the latter was totally excluded from Sephadex G-200. The presence of the binding antibodies was further confirmed by the formation of radioactive precipitation lines on agarose with each one of the vitamin B12-binders bound to 58Co-B12. The PA serum did not exhibit any measurable UB12BC after dialysis against 7.5 M guanidine-HCl followed by renaturation with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). But it did form TC I and TC II complexes with 57Co-B12 when the latter was added during the renaturation step indicating that the serum contained circulating immunoglobulin-TC complexes. The blocking antibodies should be distinguished from the previously described binding antibodies. The blocking of the binding of vitamin B12 to TCs resulted in relatively lower serum vitamin B12 levels in the present case in contrast to the presence of binding antibodies where high serum vitamin B12 levels have been reported. In addition, the binding antibodies form immunocomplexes with TCs which can easily be detected because they can bind radioactive vitamin B12 while the corresponding immunocomplexes of blocking antibodies are hidden because they prevent the binding of the vitamin to TCs.", "contents": "Blocking and binding type antibodies against all major vitamin B12-binders in a pernicious anaemia serum. The simultaneous occurrence of blocking and binding antibodies to intrinsic factor (IF), transcobalamin (TC- II, TC I) and other R type vitamin B12 proteins in the serum of a patient with treated pernicious anaemia (PA) is reported here for the first time. The dialysed and purified immunoglobulin-G (IgG), but not the immunoglobulin-M (IgM), from a PA patient neutralized the total unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UB12BC) of human gastric juice, saliva and serum and also of rabbit serum, suggesting that the PA IgG contained blocking antibodies against, IF, TC II, TC I and other R-binders. In addition, the PA IgG and IgM preparations contained binding antibodies since they could form macromolecular complexes with 57Co-B12 bound to IF, TC I or TC II so that each one of the latter was totally excluded from Sephadex G-200. The presence of the binding antibodies was further confirmed by the formation of radioactive precipitation lines on agarose with each one of the vitamin B12-binders bound to 58Co-B12. The PA serum did not exhibit any measurable UB12BC after dialysis against 7.5 M guanidine-HCl followed by renaturation with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). But it did form TC I and TC II complexes with 57Co-B12 when the latter was added during the renaturation step indicating that the serum contained circulating immunoglobulin-TC complexes. The blocking antibodies should be distinguished from the previously described binding antibodies. The blocking of the binding of vitamin B12 to TCs resulted in relatively lower serum vitamin B12 levels in the present case in contrast to the presence of binding antibodies where high serum vitamin B12 levels have been reported. In addition, the binding antibodies form immunocomplexes with TCs which can easily be detected because they can bind radioactive vitamin B12 while the corresponding immunocomplexes of blocking antibodies are hidden because they prevent the binding of the vitamin to TCs.", "PMID": 508617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7892", "title": "Inherited lack of transcobalamin II in serum and megaloblastic anaemia: a further patient.", "content": "We have studied a patient, unrelated to the patients previously described, with inherited lack of the vitamin B12 binding protein Transcobalamin II. Severe haematological abnormalities were found within a few weeks of birth and responded to treatment with both vitamin B12 and folic acid. He was maintained in partial remission with such treatment until adolescence, except for a time in early childhood when folic acid alone was given and he suffered severe neurological deterioration. A the age of 18 years he was admitted to hospital because of convulsions; the deoxyuridine suppression test showed intracellular deficiency of B12 despite a normal serum B12 and normal haemoglobin concentration. His serum failed to promote the uptake of radioactive B12 by bone marrow cells, and analysis of serum B12 binding proteins demonstrated the lack of Transcobalamin II. Treatment with injections of 1000 micrograms of B12 three times weekly corrected the abnormality shown in the deoxyuridine suppression test; following this treatment, together with changes in anticonvulsive therapy, he remains healthy without occurrence of further convulsions, and is haematologically normal.", "contents": "Inherited lack of transcobalamin II in serum and megaloblastic anaemia: a further patient. We have studied a patient, unrelated to the patients previously described, with inherited lack of the vitamin B12 binding protein Transcobalamin II. Severe haematological abnormalities were found within a few weeks of birth and responded to treatment with both vitamin B12 and folic acid. He was maintained in partial remission with such treatment until adolescence, except for a time in early childhood when folic acid alone was given and he suffered severe neurological deterioration. A the age of 18 years he was admitted to hospital because of convulsions; the deoxyuridine suppression test showed intracellular deficiency of B12 despite a normal serum B12 and normal haemoglobin concentration. His serum failed to promote the uptake of radioactive B12 by bone marrow cells, and analysis of serum B12 binding proteins demonstrated the lack of Transcobalamin II. Treatment with injections of 1000 micrograms of B12 three times weekly corrected the abnormality shown in the deoxyuridine suppression test; following this treatment, together with changes in anticonvulsive therapy, he remains healthy without occurrence of further convulsions, and is haematologically normal.", "PMID": 508619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7893", "title": "Determinants of haemoglobin level in sickle cell-haemoglobin C disease.", "content": "The determinants of steady state haemoglobin levels in sickle cell-haemoglobin C (SC) disease were investigated by measuring routine haematological and biochemical indices, red cell survival, oxygen affinity, pitted erythrocytes, and red cell and plasma volumes in 31 adult patients (15 male; 16 female). Red cell survival was shortened in all subjects, and was positively correlated with haemoglobin level. However, many haemoglobin values were within the normal range, especially in male subjects. Palpable splenomegaly, which occured in 53% of patients, did not appear to affect haemoglobin level, red cell survival, plasma volume, or red cell volume, but was associated with lower platelet counts and decreased pitted red cells. Sex related differences were found in total haemoglobin, packed cell volume, conductivity cell volume, red cell count, and in the blood volume measurements. Red cell, plasma and total blood volumes in patients varied with weight and cube of height in manner observed in normal subjects, although red cell volumes were lower and plasma volumes were greater than in normal subjects of given height and weight. Anaemia in SC disease is related to the haemolytic rate but the major determinant appears to be an inappropriate increase in plasma volume.", "contents": "Determinants of haemoglobin level in sickle cell-haemoglobin C disease. The determinants of steady state haemoglobin levels in sickle cell-haemoglobin C (SC) disease were investigated by measuring routine haematological and biochemical indices, red cell survival, oxygen affinity, pitted erythrocytes, and red cell and plasma volumes in 31 adult patients (15 male; 16 female). Red cell survival was shortened in all subjects, and was positively correlated with haemoglobin level. However, many haemoglobin values were within the normal range, especially in male subjects. Palpable splenomegaly, which occured in 53% of patients, did not appear to affect haemoglobin level, red cell survival, plasma volume, or red cell volume, but was associated with lower platelet counts and decreased pitted red cells. Sex related differences were found in total haemoglobin, packed cell volume, conductivity cell volume, red cell count, and in the blood volume measurements. Red cell, plasma and total blood volumes in patients varied with weight and cube of height in manner observed in normal subjects, although red cell volumes were lower and plasma volumes were greater than in normal subjects of given height and weight. Anaemia in SC disease is related to the haemolytic rate but the major determinant appears to be an inappropriate increase in plasma volume.", "PMID": 508620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7894", "title": "Clinical and laboratory findings in the initial diagnosis of homozygous beta thalassaemia in Fars Province, Iran.", "content": "The initial clinical and laboratory presentations in 141 cases of homozygous beta thalassaemia in Fars Province, Iran, are presented. About one third of the patients were first diagnosed when they were over 4 years of age. The possible reasons for the high prevalence of the disease in Iran is described.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory findings in the initial diagnosis of homozygous beta thalassaemia in Fars Province, Iran. The initial clinical and laboratory presentations in 141 cases of homozygous beta thalassaemia in Fars Province, Iran, are presented. About one third of the patients were first diagnosed when they were over 4 years of age. The possible reasons for the high prevalence of the disease in Iran is described.", "PMID": 508621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7895", "title": "Viability of red cells stored in diminished concentration of citrate.", "content": "A comparison was made between the post-transfusion survival of red cells stored in standard ACD-A and in modified ACD-A, containing two-thirds the amount of citrate. Measurements of survival after 28 d storage in both solutions were made in each of six subjects. Mean post-transfusion survival with the two solutions was almost identical. When the results in one subject in whom survival was particularly bad with both solutions were omitted mean values at 24 h were 74.0% for standard ACD-A and 74.9% for modified ACD-A. It is concluded that viability is just as well maintained in modified ACD-A as in standard ACD-A. The results also provide further evidence of large differences between donors with respect to the maintenance of red cell viability during storage.", "contents": "Viability of red cells stored in diminished concentration of citrate. A comparison was made between the post-transfusion survival of red cells stored in standard ACD-A and in modified ACD-A, containing two-thirds the amount of citrate. Measurements of survival after 28 d storage in both solutions were made in each of six subjects. Mean post-transfusion survival with the two solutions was almost identical. When the results in one subject in whom survival was particularly bad with both solutions were omitted mean values at 24 h were 74.0% for standard ACD-A and 74.9% for modified ACD-A. It is concluded that viability is just as well maintained in modified ACD-A as in standard ACD-A. The results also provide further evidence of large differences between donors with respect to the maintenance of red cell viability during storage.", "PMID": 508622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7896", "title": "Splenic irradiation in myelofibrosis: effect on circulating myeloid progenitor cells.", "content": "We have investigated the mechanism of splenic irradiation-induced granulocytopenia in two patients with myelofibrosis and marked splenomegaly. Serial assays were performed for circulating granulocyte-monocyte progenitors capable of colony formation in vitro (CFU-C). For comparison, similar studies were performed on two patients receiving whole brain irradiation for glioma. Splenic irradiation caused a significant decrease in circulating CFU-C in the myelofibrosis patients. There was no decrease in circulating CFU-C in the brain-irradiated patients. No radiation-induced humoral inhibitor of granulopoiesis and no increased CFU-C radiosensitivity could be demonstrated in the myelofibrosis patients. These observations, taken together with previous data on splenic blood flow and pooling, suggest that the major mechanism of irradiation-induced granulocytopenia in myelofibrosis is destruction of proliferating precursor cells in the splenic tissue and sinusoids.", "contents": "Splenic irradiation in myelofibrosis: effect on circulating myeloid progenitor cells. We have investigated the mechanism of splenic irradiation-induced granulocytopenia in two patients with myelofibrosis and marked splenomegaly. Serial assays were performed for circulating granulocyte-monocyte progenitors capable of colony formation in vitro (CFU-C). For comparison, similar studies were performed on two patients receiving whole brain irradiation for glioma. Splenic irradiation caused a significant decrease in circulating CFU-C in the myelofibrosis patients. There was no decrease in circulating CFU-C in the brain-irradiated patients. No radiation-induced humoral inhibitor of granulopoiesis and no increased CFU-C radiosensitivity could be demonstrated in the myelofibrosis patients. These observations, taken together with previous data on splenic blood flow and pooling, suggest that the major mechanism of irradiation-induced granulocytopenia in myelofibrosis is destruction of proliferating precursor cells in the splenic tissue and sinusoids.", "PMID": 508623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7897", "title": "Platelets and surface-mediated clotting activity.", "content": "In contrast to previously reported studies, no evidence could be adduced for the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by platelets, whether or not these cells had been incubated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP).", "contents": "Platelets and surface-mediated clotting activity. In contrast to previously reported studies, no evidence could be adduced for the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by platelets, whether or not these cells had been incubated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP).", "PMID": 508624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7898", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation: binding of factor VIII to platelets.", "content": "The effect of ristocetin on the binding of [125I]factor VIII to platelets was studied. High and low affinity F.VIII binding sites exist on platelets. The high affinity sites bind 13 times more F.VIII than the low affinity sites. Ristocetin increased the binding of F.VIII to both types of binding sites by increasing the affinity of F.VIII for the platelet and increasing the total number of platelet binding sites. Chymotrypsin-treated platelets were not aggregated by ristocetin and F.VIII: these platelets have less of the major platelet membrane glycoproteins and bind much less [125I]F.VIII than do buffer-treated platelets with and without ristocetin.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation: binding of factor VIII to platelets. The effect of ristocetin on the binding of [125I]factor VIII to platelets was studied. High and low affinity F.VIII binding sites exist on platelets. The high affinity sites bind 13 times more F.VIII than the low affinity sites. Ristocetin increased the binding of F.VIII to both types of binding sites by increasing the affinity of F.VIII for the platelet and increasing the total number of platelet binding sites. Chymotrypsin-treated platelets were not aggregated by ristocetin and F.VIII: these platelets have less of the major platelet membrane glycoproteins and bind much less [125I]F.VIII than do buffer-treated platelets with and without ristocetin.", "PMID": 508625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7899", "title": "Transitional myeloproliferative disorder.", "content": "Eleven patients have been observed with clinical features of both polycythaemia vera and myelofibrosis. Detailed follow-up and repeated haematological and isotopic investigations, including the assessment of erythropoietic distribution by 52Fe scanning, over a 10 year period, have indicated that patients who initially present with this syndrome may remain in a steady state for several years and that this transitional syndrome does not necessarily imply an active or irreversible transformation into classical myelofibrosis. Therapy with iron, folic acid, alkylating agents, splenectomy or splenic irradiation may reduce the extramedullary component of myeloproliferation and allow occasional patients to revert to more classical polycythaemia vera. Radioactive phosphorus (32P) therapy may be inappropriate in polycythaemic patients with dominant extramedullary erythropoiesis, as this form of therapy has a preferential medullary action and may selectively encourage extramedullary myeloproliferation.", "contents": "Transitional myeloproliferative disorder. Eleven patients have been observed with clinical features of both polycythaemia vera and myelofibrosis. Detailed follow-up and repeated haematological and isotopic investigations, including the assessment of erythropoietic distribution by 52Fe scanning, over a 10 year period, have indicated that patients who initially present with this syndrome may remain in a steady state for several years and that this transitional syndrome does not necessarily imply an active or irreversible transformation into classical myelofibrosis. Therapy with iron, folic acid, alkylating agents, splenectomy or splenic irradiation may reduce the extramedullary component of myeloproliferation and allow occasional patients to revert to more classical polycythaemia vera. Radioactive phosphorus (32P) therapy may be inappropriate in polycythaemic patients with dominant extramedullary erythropoiesis, as this form of therapy has a preferential medullary action and may selectively encourage extramedullary myeloproliferation.", "PMID": 508626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7900", "title": "The reticulin content of bone marrow in acute leukaemia in adults.", "content": "Marrow reticulin was studied by trephine biopsy in 44 patients with adult acute leukaemia at presentation and subsequently during the course of their illness. The findings indicate that: (1) an increase in marrow reticulin is common at presentation in patients with both acute lymphoblastic and acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia; (2) effective anti-leukaemic therapy results in resolution of some or all of the increased marrow reticulin and is not contraindicated, even in patients with a marked increase in marrow reticulin; and (3) reappearance of an increase in marrow reticulin may be a sign of relapse of the leukaemia.", "contents": "The reticulin content of bone marrow in acute leukaemia in adults. Marrow reticulin was studied by trephine biopsy in 44 patients with adult acute leukaemia at presentation and subsequently during the course of their illness. The findings indicate that: (1) an increase in marrow reticulin is common at presentation in patients with both acute lymphoblastic and acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia; (2) effective anti-leukaemic therapy results in resolution of some or all of the increased marrow reticulin and is not contraindicated, even in patients with a marked increase in marrow reticulin; and (3) reappearance of an increase in marrow reticulin may be a sign of relapse of the leukaemia.", "PMID": 508627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7901", "title": "The effect of iron deficiency on whole blood viscosity in polycythaemic patients.", "content": "Iron deficiency leads to a significant increase in whole blood viscosity in polycythaemic patients. This can be corrected by simultaneous treatment with iron and venesection. In patients with polycythaemia secondary to hypoxia the haemoglobin concentration may be increased by treating coexisting iron deficiency, without altering the whole blood viscosity, thus increasing oxygen availability to the tissues. Values for whole blood viscosity can be derived from the peripheral blood Hb and MCH, allowing therapeutic decisions to be made on the basis of a simple haematological examination.", "contents": "The effect of iron deficiency on whole blood viscosity in polycythaemic patients. Iron deficiency leads to a significant increase in whole blood viscosity in polycythaemic patients. This can be corrected by simultaneous treatment with iron and venesection. In patients with polycythaemia secondary to hypoxia the haemoglobin concentration may be increased by treating coexisting iron deficiency, without altering the whole blood viscosity, thus increasing oxygen availability to the tissues. Values for whole blood viscosity can be derived from the peripheral blood Hb and MCH, allowing therapeutic decisions to be made on the basis of a simple haematological examination.", "PMID": 508628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7902", "title": "Abnormal mitochondrial DNA in acute leukaemia and lymphoma.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination was carried out on mitochondrial DNA molecules isolated from leucocytes in seven cases of acute leukaemia or leukaemic-phase poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. There was a marked shift from the predominant circular monomeric form in normal leucocytes to circles with twice the normal circumference, as well as multiple interlocking circles in two of the four cases of untreated acute leukaemia, and in one of untreated lymphoma. This abnormal pattern of mitochondrial DNA evidently reflects an intrinsic aberration in the processing of mitochondrial DNA in some leukaemias and lymphomas, as it occurred in the absence of prior therapy with alkylating agents known to interact with DNA. Up to 47% of total mitochondrial DNA was present in such complex forms, which on steric grounds should be unsuitable as a template for replication of free monomers and possibly for messenger RNA production. The latter may be pertinent to previously reported abnormalities in acute leukaemia leucocytes which could be related to abnormal production of gene products of mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Abnormal mitochondrial DNA in acute leukaemia and lymphoma. Electron microscopic examination was carried out on mitochondrial DNA molecules isolated from leucocytes in seven cases of acute leukaemia or leukaemic-phase poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. There was a marked shift from the predominant circular monomeric form in normal leucocytes to circles with twice the normal circumference, as well as multiple interlocking circles in two of the four cases of untreated acute leukaemia, and in one of untreated lymphoma. This abnormal pattern of mitochondrial DNA evidently reflects an intrinsic aberration in the processing of mitochondrial DNA in some leukaemias and lymphomas, as it occurred in the absence of prior therapy with alkylating agents known to interact with DNA. Up to 47% of total mitochondrial DNA was present in such complex forms, which on steric grounds should be unsuitable as a template for replication of free monomers and possibly for messenger RNA production. The latter may be pertinent to previously reported abnormalities in acute leukaemia leucocytes which could be related to abnormal production of gene products of mitochondrial DNA.", "PMID": 508629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7903", "title": "Impaired microtubule assembly and polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome correctable by ascorbic acid.", "content": "It was previously shown that the abnormal surface characteristics and defective bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) are correlated with impaired microtubule assembly, and in one patient direct electron microscopic evidence for an anomaly in microtubule assembly following surface membrane activation by concanavalin A (Con A). We show that very few microtubules are visible in CHS leucocytes from two additional patients under conditions where normal PMNs contain abundant microtubules, and that both in vivo and in vitro exposure of the CHS leucocytes to ascorbic acid promotes the assembly of microtubules. This agent, which normalizes chemotaxis and degranulation in CHS leucocytes, is shown also to correct granulocyte adherence in these leucocytes. It is suggested that the improved clinical course of patients with CHS following treatment with ascorbic acid is related at least in part to improvement of microtubule assembly and PMN function by the ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Impaired microtubule assembly and polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome correctable by ascorbic acid. It was previously shown that the abnormal surface characteristics and defective bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) are correlated with impaired microtubule assembly, and in one patient direct electron microscopic evidence for an anomaly in microtubule assembly following surface membrane activation by concanavalin A (Con A). We show that very few microtubules are visible in CHS leucocytes from two additional patients under conditions where normal PMNs contain abundant microtubules, and that both in vivo and in vitro exposure of the CHS leucocytes to ascorbic acid promotes the assembly of microtubules. This agent, which normalizes chemotaxis and degranulation in CHS leucocytes, is shown also to correct granulocyte adherence in these leucocytes. It is suggested that the improved clinical course of patients with CHS following treatment with ascorbic acid is related at least in part to improvement of microtubule assembly and PMN function by the ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 508630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7904", "title": "Typical hairy-cell leukaemia with IgGk paraproteinaemia.", "content": "A case of hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) with IgG(k) paraprotein is described. The typical clinico-pathological features of the patient are stressed, and it is shown that the hairy cells (HCs) were producing and secreting IgGk. The case is placed in a more general context by the demonstration that HCs from other typical cases of HCL produce and secrete IgG. These findings conclusively demonstrate that HCL is a B-cell disease.", "contents": "Typical hairy-cell leukaemia with IgGk paraproteinaemia. A case of hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) with IgG(k) paraprotein is described. The typical clinico-pathological features of the patient are stressed, and it is shown that the hairy cells (HCs) were producing and secreting IgGk. The case is placed in a more general context by the demonstration that HCs from other typical cases of HCL produce and secrete IgG. These findings conclusively demonstrate that HCL is a B-cell disease.", "PMID": 508631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7905", "title": "Junctional structures in haemopoiesis: a study of bone marrow using freeze-fracture and lanthanum impregnation techniques.", "content": "Intercellular regions of contact in the haemopoietic compartment of normal rat bone marrow were studied using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques. Small adhering junctions (like desmosomes and their variants) were found between haemopoietic and stromal cells but tight, gap or septate junctions could not be identified. These findings are in agreement with the concept that extensive junctional structures may be inconsistent with orderly development of this transient cell system, preventing the delivery of mature cells into the circulation and resulting in ineffective haemopoiesis. Occasionally 'pinching off' of a portion of the cytoplasm of erythroid cells by stromal cells was seen, providing a means for intercellular communication. Structures similar to intercellular bridges responsible for direct intercellular communication were also seen.", "contents": "Junctional structures in haemopoiesis: a study of bone marrow using freeze-fracture and lanthanum impregnation techniques. Intercellular regions of contact in the haemopoietic compartment of normal rat bone marrow were studied using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques. Small adhering junctions (like desmosomes and their variants) were found between haemopoietic and stromal cells but tight, gap or septate junctions could not be identified. These findings are in agreement with the concept that extensive junctional structures may be inconsistent with orderly development of this transient cell system, preventing the delivery of mature cells into the circulation and resulting in ineffective haemopoiesis. Occasionally 'pinching off' of a portion of the cytoplasm of erythroid cells by stromal cells was seen, providing a means for intercellular communication. Structures similar to intercellular bridges responsible for direct intercellular communication were also seen.", "PMID": 508632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7906", "title": "Studies of ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II.", "content": "Erythrokinetic parameters were estimated in six patients suffering from congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (CDA II) by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics. A wide variation in effectiveness of erythroid activity was observed, and a significant negative correlation was found between ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis. In four patients with prominent peripheral haemolysis, splenectomy was carried out. Marked improvement in their clinical condition and in haemoglobin level resulted.", "contents": "Studies of ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II. Erythrokinetic parameters were estimated in six patients suffering from congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (CDA II) by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics. A wide variation in effectiveness of erythroid activity was observed, and a significant negative correlation was found between ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis. In four patients with prominent peripheral haemolysis, splenectomy was carried out. Marked improvement in their clinical condition and in haemoglobin level resulted.", "PMID": 508633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7907", "title": "Phagocytosis of nucleated and mature beta thalassaemic red blood cells by mouse macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Physiological or experimental decrease in sialic acid (SA) content on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane is believed to play an important role in the recognition of these cells by macrophages. Since there is a 20-30% decrease in the SA content on the membrane of thalassaemic RBC, the interaction between macrophages and these RBC was studied in vitro. Using mouse peritoneal macrophages, it was found that these macrophages 'recognize' and phagocytize thalassaemic RBC while RBC from normal donors are hardly phagocytized. The average level of phagocytosis of thalassaemic RBC from splenectomized patients was found to be 22-fold higher than that of RBC from normal donors. The phagocytized cells consisted of both mature and nucleated RBC. Mouse peritoneal macrophages seem to be a useful in vitro system for the study of the accelerated sequestration and shortened life span of thalassaemic RBC.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of nucleated and mature beta thalassaemic red blood cells by mouse macrophages in vitro. Physiological or experimental decrease in sialic acid (SA) content on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane is believed to play an important role in the recognition of these cells by macrophages. Since there is a 20-30% decrease in the SA content on the membrane of thalassaemic RBC, the interaction between macrophages and these RBC was studied in vitro. Using mouse peritoneal macrophages, it was found that these macrophages 'recognize' and phagocytize thalassaemic RBC while RBC from normal donors are hardly phagocytized. The average level of phagocytosis of thalassaemic RBC from splenectomized patients was found to be 22-fold higher than that of RBC from normal donors. The phagocytized cells consisted of both mature and nucleated RBC. Mouse peritoneal macrophages seem to be a useful in vitro system for the study of the accelerated sequestration and shortened life span of thalassaemic RBC.", "PMID": 508634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7908", "title": "Fluxes of plasma transcobalamins following saturating doses of vitamin B12 in man.", "content": "The three vitamin B12 binding proteins in plasma were saturated with vitamin B12 by an intravenous injection of 57Co-vitamin B12. All three unsaturated vitamin B12 binding proteins reappeared in plasma in detectable amounts within 15 min of the clearance of unbound vitamin B12 from plasma.", "contents": "Fluxes of plasma transcobalamins following saturating doses of vitamin B12 in man. The three vitamin B12 binding proteins in plasma were saturated with vitamin B12 by an intravenous injection of 57Co-vitamin B12. All three unsaturated vitamin B12 binding proteins reappeared in plasma in detectable amounts within 15 min of the clearance of unbound vitamin B12 from plasma.", "PMID": 508635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7909", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Jamaica.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was detected in 16 (69.6%) of a group of 23 neonates who had unexplained moderate or severe jaundice. This proportion is significantly more than the 9.4% observed or the 22.2% expected in Jamaican neonates who are not moderately or severely jaundiced (P less than 0.003), and significantly more than the 12.6% observed or the 21.0% expected in older Jamaican children and adults (P less than 0.003). Phenobarbitone therapy and phototherapy reduced the need for exchange transfusion but this was necessary in eight patients. Two babies developed kernicterus and one died. On the other hand, only two of 21 neonates who were identified as G6PD deficient at birth subsequently became moderately or severely jaundiced, and this could be attributed to other causes in both cases. These findings indicate that apparently spontaneous neonatal jaundice is important in infants who have the G6PD A--enzyme. However, the jaundice is probably precipitated by unknown factors to which the G6PD deficient neonate is more susceptible than the infant who is not G6PD deficient. THere is also a slightly increased incidence of G6PD deficiency in neonates who develop jaundice because of ABO or Rh(D) iso-immune disease, infection or prematurity.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Jamaica. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was detected in 16 (69.6%) of a group of 23 neonates who had unexplained moderate or severe jaundice. This proportion is significantly more than the 9.4% observed or the 22.2% expected in Jamaican neonates who are not moderately or severely jaundiced (P less than 0.003), and significantly more than the 12.6% observed or the 21.0% expected in older Jamaican children and adults (P less than 0.003). Phenobarbitone therapy and phototherapy reduced the need for exchange transfusion but this was necessary in eight patients. Two babies developed kernicterus and one died. On the other hand, only two of 21 neonates who were identified as G6PD deficient at birth subsequently became moderately or severely jaundiced, and this could be attributed to other causes in both cases. These findings indicate that apparently spontaneous neonatal jaundice is important in infants who have the G6PD A--enzyme. However, the jaundice is probably precipitated by unknown factors to which the G6PD deficient neonate is more susceptible than the infant who is not G6PD deficient. THere is also a slightly increased incidence of G6PD deficiency in neonates who develop jaundice because of ABO or Rh(D) iso-immune disease, infection or prematurity.", "PMID": 508636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7910", "title": "Storage pool disease: comparative fluorescence microscopical, cytochemical and biochemical studies on amine-storing organelles of human blood platelets.", "content": "The platelet content of ATP, ADP, serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline as well as the net uptake of radiolabelled 5-HT and mepacrine were subnormal in six patients with Storage Pool Disease (SPD). Fewer amine-storing organelles were found by fluorescence microscopy with the fluorescent probe mepacrine and by electron microscopy with a cytochemical (uranaffin) reaction specific for 5'-phosphonucleotides. Both methods showed that SPD platelets have atypical organelles with a reduced capacity to store amines, 5'-phosphonucleotides and mepacrine. The changes were most marked in platelets of the two patients who also had oculocutaneous albinism.", "contents": "Storage pool disease: comparative fluorescence microscopical, cytochemical and biochemical studies on amine-storing organelles of human blood platelets. The platelet content of ATP, ADP, serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline as well as the net uptake of radiolabelled 5-HT and mepacrine were subnormal in six patients with Storage Pool Disease (SPD). Fewer amine-storing organelles were found by fluorescence microscopy with the fluorescent probe mepacrine and by electron microscopy with a cytochemical (uranaffin) reaction specific for 5'-phosphonucleotides. Both methods showed that SPD platelets have atypical organelles with a reduced capacity to store amines, 5'-phosphonucleotides and mepacrine. The changes were most marked in platelets of the two patients who also had oculocutaneous albinism.", "PMID": 508638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7911", "title": "A cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in ethylene oxide production workers.", "content": "Ethylene oxide, important as an intermediate product in the chemical industry and for sterilising hospital equipment, is mutagenic in several organisms; carcinogenicity has been suspected although this had not been supported by clinical data. Ethylene oxide has been produced by a Swedish company since the beginning of the 1940s. This paper describes a cohort study of the mortality and the cancer incidence among full-time exposed workers in ethylene oxide production, a group of maintenance workers with intermittent exposure and a group of unexposed controls. Investigation of the production processes in the building at different times has shown that workers were exposed to ethylene dichloride, ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene, and small amounts of bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether as well as to ethylene oxide and traces of other chemicals. The full-time exposed cohort shows a considerable excess mortality deriving mainly from increased mortality from tumours and also from diseases of the circulatory system. The cancer incidence study, including living persons with malignancies, showed a significant excess in the full-time cohort. Of the 16 patients with tumours in the two more exposed cohorts there were three cases of leukaemia, six of tumours in the alimentary tract and four of urogenital malignancy. The excess mortality and cancer incidence cannot be attributed to any particular chemical in the production process, but ethylene oxide and ethylene dichloride are the prime suspects.", "contents": "A cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in ethylene oxide production workers. Ethylene oxide, important as an intermediate product in the chemical industry and for sterilising hospital equipment, is mutagenic in several organisms; carcinogenicity has been suspected although this had not been supported by clinical data. Ethylene oxide has been produced by a Swedish company since the beginning of the 1940s. This paper describes a cohort study of the mortality and the cancer incidence among full-time exposed workers in ethylene oxide production, a group of maintenance workers with intermittent exposure and a group of unexposed controls. Investigation of the production processes in the building at different times has shown that workers were exposed to ethylene dichloride, ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene, and small amounts of bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether as well as to ethylene oxide and traces of other chemicals. The full-time exposed cohort shows a considerable excess mortality deriving mainly from increased mortality from tumours and also from diseases of the circulatory system. The cancer incidence study, including living persons with malignancies, showed a significant excess in the full-time cohort. Of the 16 patients with tumours in the two more exposed cohorts there were three cases of leukaemia, six of tumours in the alimentary tract and four of urogenital malignancy. The excess mortality and cancer incidence cannot be attributed to any particular chemical in the production process, but ethylene oxide and ethylene dichloride are the prime suspects.", "PMID": 508639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7912", "title": "UK Naval Dockyards asbestosis study: survey of the sample population aged 50-59 years.", "content": "As part of a general morbidity study of all civilian employees in the four Royal Naval Dockyards, the clinical, radiological and physiological effects of exposure to asbestos in 1200 men aged 50-59 years were studied in detail. The sample included all men on the Register of Asbestos Workers, one in three of those currently in occupations where intermittent exposure to asbestos may occur, and one in 30 of the remainder. The conclusions are mainly in accord with those of the comprehensive morbidity study of all the civilian dockyard workers, and show that smoking played a large part in increasing prevalence rates of radiographic, clinical, and physiological abnormalities in this population. A sub-group of 39 men, who were working as asbestos laggers or sprayers before 1957, was identified. These men showed much more extensive disease than any other sub-group, yet, even so, the smokers were worse than the non-smokers. Of these smokers, 48% had small opacities of category 1/1 or more, 76% reported that they coughed during the day and 53% had crepitations; forced expiratory volume and transfer factor were also markedly reduced in these 21 smokers. Although asbestos exposure had been intermittent for the majority of the population, the prevalences of pleural thickening, small opacities, current respiratory symptoms and crepitations were shown to be related to duration of exposure to asbestos.", "contents": "UK Naval Dockyards asbestosis study: survey of the sample population aged 50-59 years. As part of a general morbidity study of all civilian employees in the four Royal Naval Dockyards, the clinical, radiological and physiological effects of exposure to asbestos in 1200 men aged 50-59 years were studied in detail. The sample included all men on the Register of Asbestos Workers, one in three of those currently in occupations where intermittent exposure to asbestos may occur, and one in 30 of the remainder. The conclusions are mainly in accord with those of the comprehensive morbidity study of all the civilian dockyard workers, and show that smoking played a large part in increasing prevalence rates of radiographic, clinical, and physiological abnormalities in this population. A sub-group of 39 men, who were working as asbestos laggers or sprayers before 1957, was identified. These men showed much more extensive disease than any other sub-group, yet, even so, the smokers were worse than the non-smokers. Of these smokers, 48% had small opacities of category 1/1 or more, 76% reported that they coughed during the day and 53% had crepitations; forced expiratory volume and transfer factor were also markedly reduced in these 21 smokers. Although asbestos exposure had been intermittent for the majority of the population, the prevalences of pleural thickening, small opacities, current respiratory symptoms and crepitations were shown to be related to duration of exposure to asbestos.", "PMID": 508640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7913", "title": "Oral and pharyngeal cancer in the North-west and West Yorkshire regions of England, and occupation.", "content": "Patients with oral or pharyngeal cancer in the two main textile regions of England were matched for age and sex with patients having cancers not known to be associated with textile work. Data were recorded on age, sex, cancer site, and smoking, chewing and drinking habits together with dental and occupational history. There were 102 and 61 matched pairs of males and 52 and 60 matched pairs of females in the North-west and West Yorkshire regions respectively. There were significantly (P less than 0.05) more textile workers in the cases compared with their matched controls for only the females in the North-west. No particular type of textile work occurred more frequently for the cases than the controls in all four matched comparisons. Only for the males in the North-west were there significant differences (P less than 0.05) in the proportions of textile workers in the three cancer sites of the tongue, mouth and pharynx. These results do not confirm the association between textile work and oral or pharyngeal cancer found by the mortality study of Moss and Lee (1974). The results for the association between oral or pharyngeal cancer and smoking, drinking, chewing and wearing of dentures are discussed.", "contents": "Oral and pharyngeal cancer in the North-west and West Yorkshire regions of England, and occupation. Patients with oral or pharyngeal cancer in the two main textile regions of England were matched for age and sex with patients having cancers not known to be associated with textile work. Data were recorded on age, sex, cancer site, and smoking, chewing and drinking habits together with dental and occupational history. There were 102 and 61 matched pairs of males and 52 and 60 matched pairs of females in the North-west and West Yorkshire regions respectively. There were significantly (P less than 0.05) more textile workers in the cases compared with their matched controls for only the females in the North-west. No particular type of textile work occurred more frequently for the cases than the controls in all four matched comparisons. Only for the males in the North-west were there significant differences (P less than 0.05) in the proportions of textile workers in the three cancer sites of the tongue, mouth and pharynx. These results do not confirm the association between textile work and oral or pharyngeal cancer found by the mortality study of Moss and Lee (1974). The results for the association between oral or pharyngeal cancer and smoking, drinking, chewing and wearing of dentures are discussed.", "PMID": 508641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7914", "title": "Mill effect and dose-response relationships in byssinosis.", "content": "Four hundred and eighty-six textile workers in three cotton mills and one wool/synthetic mill were studied for symptoms and functional effects of workroom exposure to dust. Byssinosis was found in 5.7% of 386 cotton workers, with an apparent threshold level of 0.5 mg cotton dust/m3 of air. Mean post-shift functional declines were greater in workers exposed to greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/m3. Workers with byssinosis were unequally distributed, however, with respect to job category and mill; and these variables, rather than current dust exposure levels, accounted for the observed distribution of byssinosis prevalence rates. Variation in biological potency of different samples of cotton dust could be responsible for 'mill effect', the residual variation in response rates by mill after controlling for variation due to dust exposure. A number of other potential influencing variables that are likely to be distributed unequally by mill should also be considered. Mill effect should be assessed in large-scale studies of byssinosis, most of which have analysed biological response rates by combining mill and other variables to examine first-order effects of dust dosage. In such analyses, much of the observed variability may be due to factors other than dust dosage.", "contents": "Mill effect and dose-response relationships in byssinosis. Four hundred and eighty-six textile workers in three cotton mills and one wool/synthetic mill were studied for symptoms and functional effects of workroom exposure to dust. Byssinosis was found in 5.7% of 386 cotton workers, with an apparent threshold level of 0.5 mg cotton dust/m3 of air. Mean post-shift functional declines were greater in workers exposed to greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/m3. Workers with byssinosis were unequally distributed, however, with respect to job category and mill; and these variables, rather than current dust exposure levels, accounted for the observed distribution of byssinosis prevalence rates. Variation in biological potency of different samples of cotton dust could be responsible for 'mill effect', the residual variation in response rates by mill after controlling for variation due to dust exposure. A number of other potential influencing variables that are likely to be distributed unequally by mill should also be considered. Mill effect should be assessed in large-scale studies of byssinosis, most of which have analysed biological response rates by combining mill and other variables to examine first-order effects of dust dosage. In such analyses, much of the observed variability may be due to factors other than dust dosage.", "PMID": 508642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7915", "title": "Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels.", "content": "Dose-response relationships between blood lead levels and toxic effects have been evaluated in 160 lead workers in two smelters and a chemicals plant. Blood lead levels ranged from 0.77 to 13.51 mumol/litre (16-280 microgram/dl). Clinical evidence of toxic exposure was found in 70 workers (44%), including colic in 33, wrist or ankle extensor muscle weakness in 12, anaemia (Hgb less than 8.69 mumol/litre (Hb/4) or 14.0 gm/dl) in 27, elevated blood urea nitrogen (greater than or equal to 7.14 mmol/litre or 20 mg/dl) in 28, and possible encephalopathy in two. No toxicity was detected at blood lead levels below 1.93 mumol/litre (40 microgram/dl). However, 13% of workers with blood lead levels of 1.93 to 3.81 mumol/litre (40-79 microgram/dl) had extensor muscle weakness or gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia was found in 5% of workers with lead levels of 1.93-2.85 mumol/litre (40-59 microgram/dl), in 14% with levels of 2.90 to 3.81 mumol/litre (60-79 microgram/dl), and in 36% with levels greater than or equal to 3.86 mumol/litre (80 microgram/dl). Elevated blood urea nitrogen occurred in long-term lead workers. All but three workers with increased blood urea nitrogen had at least four years occupational lead exposure, and nine had received oral chelation; eight of this group had reduced creatinine clearance, and eight had decreased renal concentrating ability. These data support the establishment of a permissible biological limit for blood lead at a level between 1.93 and 2.90 mumol/litre (40-60 microgram/dl).", "contents": "Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels. Dose-response relationships between blood lead levels and toxic effects have been evaluated in 160 lead workers in two smelters and a chemicals plant. Blood lead levels ranged from 0.77 to 13.51 mumol/litre (16-280 microgram/dl). Clinical evidence of toxic exposure was found in 70 workers (44%), including colic in 33, wrist or ankle extensor muscle weakness in 12, anaemia (Hgb less than 8.69 mumol/litre (Hb/4) or 14.0 gm/dl) in 27, elevated blood urea nitrogen (greater than or equal to 7.14 mmol/litre or 20 mg/dl) in 28, and possible encephalopathy in two. No toxicity was detected at blood lead levels below 1.93 mumol/litre (40 microgram/dl). However, 13% of workers with blood lead levels of 1.93 to 3.81 mumol/litre (40-79 microgram/dl) had extensor muscle weakness or gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia was found in 5% of workers with lead levels of 1.93-2.85 mumol/litre (40-59 microgram/dl), in 14% with levels of 2.90 to 3.81 mumol/litre (60-79 microgram/dl), and in 36% with levels greater than or equal to 3.86 mumol/litre (80 microgram/dl). Elevated blood urea nitrogen occurred in long-term lead workers. All but three workers with increased blood urea nitrogen had at least four years occupational lead exposure, and nine had received oral chelation; eight of this group had reduced creatinine clearance, and eight had decreased renal concentrating ability. These data support the establishment of a permissible biological limit for blood lead at a level between 1.93 and 2.90 mumol/litre (40-60 microgram/dl).", "PMID": 508643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7916", "title": "5-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in blood of rabbits given tin or lead.", "content": "The activity of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) in rabbit blood is significantly inhibited by tin. Intravenous administration of tin (0.48 or 4.8 mumol/kg body weight) causes a decrease in the activity of the enzyme by 60% or 94% respectively. The effects of tin and lead on ALAD differ: inhibition by tin is not affected by pre-incubation at 50-60 degrees C, whereas the inhibitory effect of lead is increased by the same pretreatment. The optimum pH for rabbit blood ALAD is 6.8 in control rabbits. This optimum shifts to pH 5.8-6.0 in the blood of tin-treated rabbits, with or without pre-incubation at 60 degrees C for 5 min, while a similar shift is prevented by the same pre-incubation after lead treatment. Recovery to normal activity is faster after tin than after lead treatment.", "contents": "5-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in blood of rabbits given tin or lead. The activity of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) in rabbit blood is significantly inhibited by tin. Intravenous administration of tin (0.48 or 4.8 mumol/kg body weight) causes a decrease in the activity of the enzyme by 60% or 94% respectively. The effects of tin and lead on ALAD differ: inhibition by tin is not affected by pre-incubation at 50-60 degrees C, whereas the inhibitory effect of lead is increased by the same pretreatment. The optimum pH for rabbit blood ALAD is 6.8 in control rabbits. This optimum shifts to pH 5.8-6.0 in the blood of tin-treated rabbits, with or without pre-incubation at 60 degrees C for 5 min, while a similar shift is prevented by the same pre-incubation after lead treatment. Recovery to normal activity is faster after tin than after lead treatment.", "PMID": 508644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7917", "title": "The distribution and metabolism of nickel carbonyl in mice.", "content": "The distribution of 63Ni- and 14C-labelled nickel carbonyl was studied in mice by whole-body autoradiography and by liquid scintillation counting. Radioactivity from Ni(14CO)4 was found almost exclusively in the blood, probably because of the formation of 14CO-haemoglobin. After the administration of 63Ni(CO)4 the highest level of 63Ni was found in the lung. Other tissues accumulating a high amount of 63Ni were the brain and spinal cord, the heart muscle, the diaphragm, brown fat, the adrenal cortex and the corpora lutea of the ovaries. A high level of 63Ni was also present in the kidneys and the urinary bladder. Experiments designed to establish whether the nickel in the lung, the brain, the heart muscle and the blood was present in a non-ionised form, or as a cation, suggest that nickel is bound to these tissues in the cationic state (Ni++).", "contents": "The distribution and metabolism of nickel carbonyl in mice. The distribution of 63Ni- and 14C-labelled nickel carbonyl was studied in mice by whole-body autoradiography and by liquid scintillation counting. Radioactivity from Ni(14CO)4 was found almost exclusively in the blood, probably because of the formation of 14CO-haemoglobin. After the administration of 63Ni(CO)4 the highest level of 63Ni was found in the lung. Other tissues accumulating a high amount of 63Ni were the brain and spinal cord, the heart muscle, the diaphragm, brown fat, the adrenal cortex and the corpora lutea of the ovaries. A high level of 63Ni was also present in the kidneys and the urinary bladder. Experiments designed to establish whether the nickel in the lung, the brain, the heart muscle and the blood was present in a non-ionised form, or as a cation, suggest that nickel is bound to these tissues in the cationic state (Ni++).", "PMID": 508645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7918", "title": "Aspects of the patient intake process in a psychotherapy clinic.", "content": "Recent interest in psychotherapy services in the National Health Service has raised questions regarding the availability of existing psychotherapy facilities. In attempting to answer some of these questions, a study was made of aspects of the referral and assessment segments of the intake process of 180 patients referred in 1975 to the Paddington Centre for Psychotherapy Adult Out-patient Department. Of this group, 137 were referred for individual psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, 82 of whom were offered assessment interviews, 45 offered treatment and 40 actually began treatment during the study period. An additional seven patients originally assessed for group therapy were offered and began individual treatment. Some characteristics of the referral population, the referring agencies, the effects of a waiting list, and the phenomenon of dropouts are discussed and compared with findings from other Centres.", "contents": "Aspects of the patient intake process in a psychotherapy clinic. Recent interest in psychotherapy services in the National Health Service has raised questions regarding the availability of existing psychotherapy facilities. In attempting to answer some of these questions, a study was made of aspects of the referral and assessment segments of the intake process of 180 patients referred in 1975 to the Paddington Centre for Psychotherapy Adult Out-patient Department. Of this group, 137 were referred for individual psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, 82 of whom were offered assessment interviews, 45 offered treatment and 40 actually began treatment during the study period. An additional seven patients originally assessed for group therapy were offered and began individual treatment. Some characteristics of the referral population, the referring agencies, the effects of a waiting list, and the phenomenon of dropouts are discussed and compared with findings from other Centres.", "PMID": 508646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7919", "title": "Some psycho-social consequences of multiple sclerosis: problems of social interaction and group identity.", "content": "The study was concerned with the psycho-social consequences for married couples of multiple sclerosis being contracted by one of the partners. In particular, problems of social interaction and group identity were explored. In determining their mode of interaction with healthy people such couples can choose between normalizing, i.e. endeavouring to carry on their relationships with other people according to their pre-illness pattern, or of disassociating, i.e. turning away from former associates and seeking a new peer group among others with like affliction. In nearly every case husband and wife agreed on the choice of stratagem, a majority of the couples forming the sample opting for disassociation. Membership of the Multiple Sclerosis Society was much more usual among the disassociating couples than among those 'normalizing'. The variables of age, sex, social class and severity of illness were not found to affect the mode of interaction, whereas place of residence and medical interest in them, as perceived by patients and their spouses, were influencing factors.", "contents": "Some psycho-social consequences of multiple sclerosis: problems of social interaction and group identity. The study was concerned with the psycho-social consequences for married couples of multiple sclerosis being contracted by one of the partners. In particular, problems of social interaction and group identity were explored. In determining their mode of interaction with healthy people such couples can choose between normalizing, i.e. endeavouring to carry on their relationships with other people according to their pre-illness pattern, or of disassociating, i.e. turning away from former associates and seeking a new peer group among others with like affliction. In nearly every case husband and wife agreed on the choice of stratagem, a majority of the couples forming the sample opting for disassociation. Membership of the Multiple Sclerosis Society was much more usual among the disassociating couples than among those 'normalizing'. The variables of age, sex, social class and severity of illness were not found to affect the mode of interaction, whereas place of residence and medical interest in them, as perceived by patients and their spouses, were influencing factors.", "PMID": 508647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7920", "title": "Compensation-neurosis and the psycho-social requirements of the family.", "content": "This paper discusses the application of basic theories of family functioning to understanding the syndrome consisting of abnormal-illness behaviour centred around a recompensable illness or injury. It sets out the socio-cultural matrix out of which it arises and postulates that compensation-neurosis may be viewed as a homeostatic response of the family system when major psycho-social requirements are not being met and the family is under stress or in crisis. It looks at two common paradigms of compensation-neurosis as met in the rehabilitation unit of a large hospital, and at the application of the theory, and gives further examples of homeostatic adjustments to meet family requirements such as those of attachment. It also uses group and inter-group dynamics to further clarify the syndrome in psycho-social terms. It goes on the discuss the implications of these theories for prevention and management of this difficult syndrome.", "contents": "Compensation-neurosis and the psycho-social requirements of the family. This paper discusses the application of basic theories of family functioning to understanding the syndrome consisting of abnormal-illness behaviour centred around a recompensable illness or injury. It sets out the socio-cultural matrix out of which it arises and postulates that compensation-neurosis may be viewed as a homeostatic response of the family system when major psycho-social requirements are not being met and the family is under stress or in crisis. It looks at two common paradigms of compensation-neurosis as met in the rehabilitation unit of a large hospital, and at the application of the theory, and gives further examples of homeostatic adjustments to meet family requirements such as those of attachment. It also uses group and inter-group dynamics to further clarify the syndrome in psycho-social terms. It goes on the discuss the implications of these theories for prevention and management of this difficult syndrome.", "PMID": 508648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7921", "title": "Locus of control and contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practice.", "content": "A series of 100 interviews with women attending ante-natal clinics at two Sydney public hospitals assessed their contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice and locus of personal control (whether they believed they controlled their own lives). Multiple regression analyses showed that locus of control was significantly related to their attitudes to contraception, but not to their contraceptive knowledge or practice. The implications of that finding for family planning programmes and sex education are discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practice. A series of 100 interviews with women attending ante-natal clinics at two Sydney public hospitals assessed their contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice and locus of personal control (whether they believed they controlled their own lives). Multiple regression analyses showed that locus of control was significantly related to their attitudes to contraception, but not to their contraceptive knowledge or practice. The implications of that finding for family planning programmes and sex education are discussed.", "PMID": 508649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7922", "title": "Cultural differences in body perception during pregnancy.", "content": "A longitudinal study of body image change during pregnancy was conducted to test what aspects of body perception are sensitive to psychological change. Fifty-five black and 30 white women who were primiparous, less than 4 months pregnant and at least 17 years old, were interviewed during their first and third trimester as well as 6 weeks post partum. Awareness of one's stomach as measured by the Stomach Focus score of the Body Focus Questionnaire was sensitive to body changes which accompany pregnancy. However, the black women did not change in awareness of their stomachs following delivery as the white women did. The Body Distortion Questionnaire revealed that the black women felt most distorted at 9 months of pregnancy but the white women declined in body distortion. Both groups reported less distortion following parturition. Thus, cultural as well as psychological and physiological factors influence the way in which the body is perceived and experienced during pregnancy.", "contents": "Cultural differences in body perception during pregnancy. A longitudinal study of body image change during pregnancy was conducted to test what aspects of body perception are sensitive to psychological change. Fifty-five black and 30 white women who were primiparous, less than 4 months pregnant and at least 17 years old, were interviewed during their first and third trimester as well as 6 weeks post partum. Awareness of one's stomach as measured by the Stomach Focus score of the Body Focus Questionnaire was sensitive to body changes which accompany pregnancy. However, the black women did not change in awareness of their stomachs following delivery as the white women did. The Body Distortion Questionnaire revealed that the black women felt most distorted at 9 months of pregnancy but the white women declined in body distortion. Both groups reported less distortion following parturition. Thus, cultural as well as psychological and physiological factors influence the way in which the body is perceived and experienced during pregnancy.", "PMID": 508650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7923", "title": "The reasons people give for taking overdoses: a further inquiry.", "content": "A representative sample of 41 cases of self-poisoning was studied in depth. In each case 'reasons' for taking the overdose, both stated spontaneously and chosen from a presented list, were recorded. The commonest spontaneous reason was the 'wish to die'. Nearly one-third indicated some non-suicidal purpose early in the interview and consistently denied suicidal intent subsequently. Apart from suicidal intent, reasons chosen from the list bore little resemblance to reasons that had been offered earlier in the interview and are therefore of uncertain relevance. Three psychiatric judges attributed reasons for each case based on common-sense criteria. Several reasons were seldom or never chosen by them; four were chosen frequently with good agreement, i.e. communicating hostility, influencing others, relieving a state of mind and suicidal intent. The first two were the most frequently chosen, attributed to 71 per cent and 54 per cent of cases respectively. They were the reasons chosen least frequently by the self-poisoners themselves. Of 23 (56 per cent) subjects indicating suicidal intent, 12 (29 per cent) were judged to be suicidal by psychiatrists. These were not clearly distinguishable on the basis of their original interviews, except that those judged suicidal tended to indicate suicidal intent early in the interviews. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The reasons people give for taking overdoses: a further inquiry. A representative sample of 41 cases of self-poisoning was studied in depth. In each case 'reasons' for taking the overdose, both stated spontaneously and chosen from a presented list, were recorded. The commonest spontaneous reason was the 'wish to die'. Nearly one-third indicated some non-suicidal purpose early in the interview and consistently denied suicidal intent subsequently. Apart from suicidal intent, reasons chosen from the list bore little resemblance to reasons that had been offered earlier in the interview and are therefore of uncertain relevance. Three psychiatric judges attributed reasons for each case based on common-sense criteria. Several reasons were seldom or never chosen by them; four were chosen frequently with good agreement, i.e. communicating hostility, influencing others, relieving a state of mind and suicidal intent. The first two were the most frequently chosen, attributed to 71 per cent and 54 per cent of cases respectively. They were the reasons chosen least frequently by the self-poisoners themselves. Of 23 (56 per cent) subjects indicating suicidal intent, 12 (29 per cent) were judged to be suicidal by psychiatrists. These were not clearly distinguishable on the basis of their original interviews, except that those judged suicidal tended to indicate suicidal intent early in the interviews. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 508651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7924", "title": "The border between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions in the borderline patient.", "content": "In this paper some of the mental mechanisms deployed by borderline patients are described and illustrated with clinical material. It is suggested that the term borderline has three distinct but related meanings. First, it refers to a clinical category of patients, borderline between neurosis and psychosis who, while not frankly psychotic, tend to use psychotic mechanisms. Second, it refers to a metaphor representing the subjective experience of these patients who are unable to find a permanent identity but feel themselves sitting on the fence between a variety of different identities in a borderline position. Third, it can refer to a theoretical formulation of the level of development at which these patients function. I propose that in terms of mental mechanisms, they function as if on the border between the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions as outlined by Melanie Klein. Some of the consequences of the failure to experience and work through depressive anxieties are discussed.", "contents": "The border between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions in the borderline patient. In this paper some of the mental mechanisms deployed by borderline patients are described and illustrated with clinical material. It is suggested that the term borderline has three distinct but related meanings. First, it refers to a clinical category of patients, borderline between neurosis and psychosis who, while not frankly psychotic, tend to use psychotic mechanisms. Second, it refers to a metaphor representing the subjective experience of these patients who are unable to find a permanent identity but feel themselves sitting on the fence between a variety of different identities in a borderline position. Third, it can refer to a theoretical formulation of the level of development at which these patients function. I propose that in terms of mental mechanisms, they function as if on the border between the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions as outlined by Melanie Klein. Some of the consequences of the failure to experience and work through depressive anxieties are discussed.", "PMID": 508654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7925", "title": "Psychosexual personality traits, fixation and neuroticism.", "content": "Three tests of oral and anal psychosexual personality traits, OOQ, OPQ and ai3Q, together with the EPI were administered to 128 subjects, to test the hypothesis that psychosexual fixation was related to neuroticism. This hypothesis was supported by the results.", "contents": "Psychosexual personality traits, fixation and neuroticism. Three tests of oral and anal psychosexual personality traits, OOQ, OPQ and ai3Q, together with the EPI were administered to 128 subjects, to test the hypothesis that psychosexual fixation was related to neuroticism. This hypothesis was supported by the results.", "PMID": 508655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7926", "title": "Detection of fetal risk in postmaturity.", "content": "Ninety-seven postmature pregnancies were monitored by amnioscopy or amniocentesis (to determine presence or absence of meconium), oxytocin challenge tests (OCT), 24-hour urinary oestriol estimations and fetal movement counts. The colour of the amniotic fluid and the result of the OCT predicted almost all cases of fetal distress in labour and infants with low Apgar scores. Oestriol estimations and fetal movement counts predicted fetal distress only when combined with other positive tests. Of 50 patients with no abnormal test results, 49 had uneventful labours. The Caesarean section rate was not above average and all babies were liveborn.", "contents": "Detection of fetal risk in postmaturity. Ninety-seven postmature pregnancies were monitored by amnioscopy or amniocentesis (to determine presence or absence of meconium), oxytocin challenge tests (OCT), 24-hour urinary oestriol estimations and fetal movement counts. The colour of the amniotic fluid and the result of the OCT predicted almost all cases of fetal distress in labour and infants with low Apgar scores. Oestriol estimations and fetal movement counts predicted fetal distress only when combined with other positive tests. Of 50 patients with no abnormal test results, 49 had uneventful labours. The Caesarean section rate was not above average and all babies were liveborn.", "PMID": 508656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7927", "title": "Dynamic fetal cephalometry.", "content": "An iterative method of fetal cephalometry for use with real time scanners is described using a flow chart. The method is shown to be capable of yielding measurements having a standard deivation of less than 1 mm and we have found it to be superior to the combined A and B scan technique from which it is derived.", "contents": "Dynamic fetal cephalometry. An iterative method of fetal cephalometry for use with real time scanners is described using a flow chart. The method is shown to be capable of yielding measurements having a standard deivation of less than 1 mm and we have found it to be superior to the combined A and B scan technique from which it is derived.", "PMID": 508657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7928", "title": "Amniotic fluid optical density determination as a rapid test for assessment of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios and optical densities at 650 nm were determined for 158 samples of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. A further 24 samples collected by vaginal aspiration from patients with spontaneous rupture of the membranes were also analysed. The relation between the L/S ratio and the optical density suggests that the more rapidly obtainable optical density measurement could be used as a screening procedure for fetal pulmonary maturity. A valid estimate of maturity by optical density is not possible in amniotic fluid aspirated from the vagina.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid optical density determination as a rapid test for assessment of fetal lung maturity. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios and optical densities at 650 nm were determined for 158 samples of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. A further 24 samples collected by vaginal aspiration from patients with spontaneous rupture of the membranes were also analysed. The relation between the L/S ratio and the optical density suggests that the more rapidly obtainable optical density measurement could be used as a screening procedure for fetal pulmonary maturity. A valid estimate of maturity by optical density is not possible in amniotic fluid aspirated from the vagina.", "PMID": 508658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7929", "title": "The effects of ergometrine on the lower oesophageal sphincter tone at caesarean section.", "content": "The effect of intravenous ergometrine 0.5 mg during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section on lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) function was investigated in eight patients. Ergometrine increased the LOS pressure markedly (p less than 0.005).", "contents": "The effects of ergometrine on the lower oesophageal sphincter tone at caesarean section. The effect of intravenous ergometrine 0.5 mg during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section on lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) function was investigated in eight patients. Ergometrine increased the LOS pressure markedly (p less than 0.005).", "PMID": 508659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7930", "title": "Chlormethiazole treatment and breast feeding.", "content": "Four mothers receiving chlormethiazole for pre-eclampsia and their babies were the subjects of the investigation. Blood samples at delivery and blood and breast milk samples in the postpartum period were analysed for chlormethiazole. Concentrations ranged from 1.340 to 1.640 micrograms/g of sample of umbilical artery blood at birth, and fell to 0.010 to 0.153 micrograms/g in capillary blood 20 to 26 hours later. After the start of breast feeding, chlormethiazole in the babies was detectable in only 3 out of 27 serial blood samples and was 0.018, 0.009 and 0.006 micrograms/g. The highest calculated amount of chlormethiazole ingested at a breast feed was 37.2 micrograms. It is suggested that breast feeding should not be delayed solely on account of chlormethiazole therapy.", "contents": "Chlormethiazole treatment and breast feeding. Four mothers receiving chlormethiazole for pre-eclampsia and their babies were the subjects of the investigation. Blood samples at delivery and blood and breast milk samples in the postpartum period were analysed for chlormethiazole. Concentrations ranged from 1.340 to 1.640 micrograms/g of sample of umbilical artery blood at birth, and fell to 0.010 to 0.153 micrograms/g in capillary blood 20 to 26 hours later. After the start of breast feeding, chlormethiazole in the babies was detectable in only 3 out of 27 serial blood samples and was 0.018, 0.009 and 0.006 micrograms/g. The highest calculated amount of chlormethiazole ingested at a breast feed was 37.2 micrograms. It is suggested that breast feeding should not be delayed solely on account of chlormethiazole therapy.", "PMID": 508660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7931", "title": "The effect of an injectable progestogen contraceptive on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "In 26 women receiving either medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) injections or combined oestrogen-progestogen pills for contraception, tests of coagulation and fibrinolysis were performed before treatment, and after 8, 16 and 24 weeks of therapy. In the medroxyprogesterone group no significant changes were induced in fibrinogen, the vitamin K-dependent factors, or antithrombin III. Plasminogen levels fell during therapy, and were significantly lower than pre-treatment values after 16 and 24 weeks. By contrast, the 13 women receiving oral contraceptives showed raised levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen after 8 weeks of treatment, and of factors VII and X after 24 weeks. These data suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate injections induce fewer changes in the blood coagulation system than oral contraceptives.", "contents": "The effect of an injectable progestogen contraceptive on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. In 26 women receiving either medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) injections or combined oestrogen-progestogen pills for contraception, tests of coagulation and fibrinolysis were performed before treatment, and after 8, 16 and 24 weeks of therapy. In the medroxyprogesterone group no significant changes were induced in fibrinogen, the vitamin K-dependent factors, or antithrombin III. Plasminogen levels fell during therapy, and were significantly lower than pre-treatment values after 16 and 24 weeks. By contrast, the 13 women receiving oral contraceptives showed raised levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen after 8 weeks of treatment, and of factors VII and X after 24 weeks. These data suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate injections induce fewer changes in the blood coagulation system than oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 508662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7932", "title": "The effect of menopausal status and sequential mestranol and norethisterone on serum cholesterol, triglyceride and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns.", "content": "The serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns of 35 postmenopausal women, who subsequently received sequential mestranol and norethisterone, were compared with those of 35 premenopasual women of the same age and weight. The postmenopausal women had a significantly higher level of serum cholesterol (p less than 0.01) than the premenopausal women, and a significant reduction (p less than 0.001) occurred in this group after two months of therapy. There was no significant difference in level of serum cholesterol between the premenopausal group and the postmenopausal group receiving sequential mestranol and norethisterone for two months. The serum triglycerides were not significantly higher in the postmenopausal group but there was a significant increase (p less than 0.001) after two months of therapy. The marked alteration in lipid levels at the menopause may in part account for the great increase in coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women but whether these changes are reversible by giving hormone therapy remains speculative.", "contents": "The effect of menopausal status and sequential mestranol and norethisterone on serum cholesterol, triglyceride and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns of 35 postmenopausal women, who subsequently received sequential mestranol and norethisterone, were compared with those of 35 premenopasual women of the same age and weight. The postmenopausal women had a significantly higher level of serum cholesterol (p less than 0.01) than the premenopausal women, and a significant reduction (p less than 0.001) occurred in this group after two months of therapy. There was no significant difference in level of serum cholesterol between the premenopausal group and the postmenopausal group receiving sequential mestranol and norethisterone for two months. The serum triglycerides were not significantly higher in the postmenopausal group but there was a significant increase (p less than 0.001) after two months of therapy. The marked alteration in lipid levels at the menopause may in part account for the great increase in coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women but whether these changes are reversible by giving hormone therapy remains speculative.", "PMID": 508663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7933", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of the MiMark endometrial cell sampler in 101 patients with postmenopausal bleeding.", "content": "The efficacy of the MiMark endometrial cell sampler in the cytological assessment of endometrium was evaluated in 101 patients with postmenopausal bleeding. The apparatus was successful in daignosing all but one of the endometrial carcinomas in the series. Reports of its accuracy in diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia and other endometrial pathology cannot be substantiated.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of the MiMark endometrial cell sampler in 101 patients with postmenopausal bleeding. The efficacy of the MiMark endometrial cell sampler in the cytological assessment of endometrium was evaluated in 101 patients with postmenopausal bleeding. The apparatus was successful in daignosing all but one of the endometrial carcinomas in the series. Reports of its accuracy in diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia and other endometrial pathology cannot be substantiated.", "PMID": 508664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7934", "title": "Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents and renal failure in pregnancy successfully managed by intermittent haemodialysis. Case report.", "content": "A 26-year-old patient with no previous history of renal disease developed acute non-streptococcal crescentile glomerulonephritis with severe renal failure in the 17th week of her second pregnancy. It became necessary to treat her with haemodialysis to maintain the blood urea around 25 mmol/l. The haemoglobin was maintained above 9 g/dl with regular blood transfusion and the blood pressure was controlled with hypotensive drugs. Measurement of fetal biparietal diameter and human placental lactogen indicated normal fetal growth and placental function. The patient spontaneously delivered a healthy infant at 32 weeks. Haemodialysis requirements decreased post partum and the patient even managed without dialysis for 12 weeks. Renal function, however, remained severely impaired and maintenance haemodilysis was again necessary at nine months post partum. Glomerulonephritis complicating pregnancy is reviewed and the management of acute and chronic renal failure in pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents and renal failure in pregnancy successfully managed by intermittent haemodialysis. Case report. A 26-year-old patient with no previous history of renal disease developed acute non-streptococcal crescentile glomerulonephritis with severe renal failure in the 17th week of her second pregnancy. It became necessary to treat her with haemodialysis to maintain the blood urea around 25 mmol/l. The haemoglobin was maintained above 9 g/dl with regular blood transfusion and the blood pressure was controlled with hypotensive drugs. Measurement of fetal biparietal diameter and human placental lactogen indicated normal fetal growth and placental function. The patient spontaneously delivered a healthy infant at 32 weeks. Haemodialysis requirements decreased post partum and the patient even managed without dialysis for 12 weeks. Renal function, however, remained severely impaired and maintenance haemodilysis was again necessary at nine months post partum. Glomerulonephritis complicating pregnancy is reviewed and the management of acute and chronic renal failure in pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 508665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7935", "title": "Haemangioma of the fallopian tube. Case report.", "content": "I present the sixth report of a patient with a haemangioma of the Fallopian tube and the first from the United Kingdom. The patient presented with an acute abdomen due to haemoperitoneum.", "contents": "Haemangioma of the fallopian tube. Case report. I present the sixth report of a patient with a haemangioma of the Fallopian tube and the first from the United Kingdom. The patient presented with an acute abdomen due to haemoperitoneum.", "PMID": 508666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7936", "title": "Fertility in women with Turner's syndrome. Case report and review of literature.", "content": "A successful pregnancy in a woman with Turner's syndrome with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype is described. The literature contains reports of a total of nine pregnancies in seven women with a 45,X karyotype and 56 pregnancies in 23 women with mosaicism and a 45,X cell line, as well as a 46,XX and/or 47,XXX cell line. Fifteen of the latter 56 pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortion (27 per cent), and four ended in the delivery of a stillborn child; 12 of the 37 liveborn infants (32 per cent) had a physical or mental abnormality, and 8 (22 per cent) had a chromosome abnormality. Three had Down's syndrome, and five had a 45,X cell line. Due to the relatively high (8 per cent) incidence of Down's syndrome among liveborn infants of women with Turner's syndrome, amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping should be advised.", "contents": "Fertility in women with Turner's syndrome. Case report and review of literature. A successful pregnancy in a woman with Turner's syndrome with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype is described. The literature contains reports of a total of nine pregnancies in seven women with a 45,X karyotype and 56 pregnancies in 23 women with mosaicism and a 45,X cell line, as well as a 46,XX and/or 47,XXX cell line. Fifteen of the latter 56 pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortion (27 per cent), and four ended in the delivery of a stillborn child; 12 of the 37 liveborn infants (32 per cent) had a physical or mental abnormality, and 8 (22 per cent) had a chromosome abnormality. Three had Down's syndrome, and five had a 45,X cell line. Due to the relatively high (8 per cent) incidence of Down's syndrome among liveborn infants of women with Turner's syndrome, amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping should be advised.", "PMID": 508669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7937", "title": "Subjective recording of fetal movement.", "content": "A group of 137 patients, 113 of whom had obstetric complications, recorded fetal movements by a subjective method. Low fetal movement counts were associated with maternal cigarette smoking and prolongation of pregnancy and high counts with maternal ingestion of sedatives or tranquillizers, abnormal fetal heart rate in labour and a true knot in the umbilical cord. The absence of fetal movement during four consecutive 20-minute counting-sessions was not associated with poor fetal outcome. Further investigations to assess the usefulness of fetal movement counting are recommended. Such investigations should take into account the limitations imposed by the methods and the obstetric population for study.", "contents": "Subjective recording of fetal movement. A group of 137 patients, 113 of whom had obstetric complications, recorded fetal movements by a subjective method. Low fetal movement counts were associated with maternal cigarette smoking and prolongation of pregnancy and high counts with maternal ingestion of sedatives or tranquillizers, abnormal fetal heart rate in labour and a true knot in the umbilical cord. The absence of fetal movement during four consecutive 20-minute counting-sessions was not associated with poor fetal outcome. Further investigations to assess the usefulness of fetal movement counting are recommended. Such investigations should take into account the limitations imposed by the methods and the obstetric population for study.", "PMID": 508670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7938", "title": "Effect of amniotomy on fetal breathing movements.", "content": "Fetal breathing movements were recorded by real-time ultrasound before and after artificial rupture of the membranes. Fifteen normal pregnancies between 39 and 41 weeks gestation were studied. A significant increase in breathing incidence and maximum breathing rate was observed in the first 10 minutes after amniotomy.", "contents": "Effect of amniotomy on fetal breathing movements. Fetal breathing movements were recorded by real-time ultrasound before and after artificial rupture of the membranes. Fifteen normal pregnancies between 39 and 41 weeks gestation were studied. A significant increase in breathing incidence and maximum breathing rate was observed in the first 10 minutes after amniotomy.", "PMID": 508671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7939", "title": "Amniotic fluid squalene and fetal maturity.", "content": "Gas chromatographic profiles of neutral lipids in amniotic fluid pellets were analysed for 51 specimens collected from patients in the last two months of pregnancy. The most noticeable change was a large increase in squalene relative to other components in samples at term. By expressing data as a ratio of squalene to cholesterol (S/C), it was possible to accurately predict which amniotic fluid specimens came from patients whose pregnancies were of a gestation of 40 weeks or later. Highest values for S/C and for squalene were obtained for pregnancies which were several weeks overdue.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid squalene and fetal maturity. Gas chromatographic profiles of neutral lipids in amniotic fluid pellets were analysed for 51 specimens collected from patients in the last two months of pregnancy. The most noticeable change was a large increase in squalene relative to other components in samples at term. By expressing data as a ratio of squalene to cholesterol (S/C), it was possible to accurately predict which amniotic fluid specimens came from patients whose pregnancies were of a gestation of 40 weeks or later. Highest values for S/C and for squalene were obtained for pregnancies which were several weeks overdue.", "PMID": 508672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7940", "title": "Poly-plethysmographic study on the effects of ritodrine on the cardiovascular system of patients in labour.", "content": "The effects of ritodrine infusion on the cardiovascular system of six women in threatened or premature labour are reported. In contrast to other betamimetics, ritodrine caused a moderate rise in systolic blood pressure, the corresponding fall in diastolic pressure leading to a widened pulse pressure but no risk of hypotension. Ritodrine caused a rise in cardiac output, and was well tolerated by the patients. Special care should be taken in treating patients with known heart disease.", "contents": "Poly-plethysmographic study on the effects of ritodrine on the cardiovascular system of patients in labour. The effects of ritodrine infusion on the cardiovascular system of six women in threatened or premature labour are reported. In contrast to other betamimetics, ritodrine caused a moderate rise in systolic blood pressure, the corresponding fall in diastolic pressure leading to a widened pulse pressure but no risk of hypotension. Ritodrine caused a rise in cardiac output, and was well tolerated by the patients. Special care should be taken in treating patients with known heart disease.", "PMID": 508673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7941", "title": "The distribution of polyamine oxidase activity in the fetomaternal compartments.", "content": "Polyamine oxidase activity was measured in different compartments of the feto-maternal unit by a radiochemical method. The activity in the retroplacental serum (mainly of intervillous origin) was 20 to 30 times higher than in maternal uterine or peripheral venous blood sera. No activity was found in the fetal cord blood sera. The enzyme level in the maternal peripheral sera fell to undetectable levels within 72 hours post partum. Preliminary data indicate that the enzyme might be produced by the decidua rather than by the placenta. It is suggested that the enzyme may constitute an important part of a supposed local immunological barrier formed at the placental bed to help to protect the fetal allograft from maternal immune rejection through a local suppressive effect on maternal cellular immunity.", "contents": "The distribution of polyamine oxidase activity in the fetomaternal compartments. Polyamine oxidase activity was measured in different compartments of the feto-maternal unit by a radiochemical method. The activity in the retroplacental serum (mainly of intervillous origin) was 20 to 30 times higher than in maternal uterine or peripheral venous blood sera. No activity was found in the fetal cord blood sera. The enzyme level in the maternal peripheral sera fell to undetectable levels within 72 hours post partum. Preliminary data indicate that the enzyme might be produced by the decidua rather than by the placenta. It is suggested that the enzyme may constitute an important part of a supposed local immunological barrier formed at the placental bed to help to protect the fetal allograft from maternal immune rejection through a local suppressive effect on maternal cellular immunity.", "PMID": 508674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7942", "title": "Effect of lisuride on inhibition of lactation and serum prolactin.", "content": "Lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, was given to 53 women to inhibit lactation; 26 women had 300 micrograms daily and 27 had 600 micrograms daily for seven days. Eight lactating women acted as controls. Lisuride effectively inhibited lactation and also suppressed the serum prolactin levels; the latter effect was dose related. Lisuride produced no untoward side effects.", "contents": "Effect of lisuride on inhibition of lactation and serum prolactin. Lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, was given to 53 women to inhibit lactation; 26 women had 300 micrograms daily and 27 had 600 micrograms daily for seven days. Eight lactating women acted as controls. Lisuride effectively inhibited lactation and also suppressed the serum prolactin levels; the latter effect was dose related. Lisuride produced no untoward side effects.", "PMID": 508675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7943", "title": "Association of juvenile disciform maculopathy with HLA B15.", "content": "Twenty patients with juvenile disciform maculopathy (JDM), which clinically cannot be differentiated from presumed ocular histoplasmosis, are presented. Histocompatibility antigen typing showed an increase in HLA B15, but this increase was not significant with respect to the corrected P-value. We are reporting our results in the hope of encouraging those who have cases of JDM in Europe to consider histocompatibility antigens and in particular HLA B15.", "contents": "Association of juvenile disciform maculopathy with HLA B15. Twenty patients with juvenile disciform maculopathy (JDM), which clinically cannot be differentiated from presumed ocular histoplasmosis, are presented. Histocompatibility antigen typing showed an increase in HLA B15, but this increase was not significant with respect to the corrected P-value. We are reporting our results in the hope of encouraging those who have cases of JDM in Europe to consider histocompatibility antigens and in particular HLA B15.", "PMID": 508676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7944", "title": "The inferior oblique as muscle of choice for biopsies of extraocular muscles.", "content": "Suitable biopsies can easily be taken from the inferior oblique muscle without unwanted side effects from the belly of this muscle, allowing complete examination by light and electron microscopy. The inferior oblique is the muscle of choice for biopsy studies of extraocular muscle.", "contents": "The inferior oblique as muscle of choice for biopsies of extraocular muscles. Suitable biopsies can easily be taken from the inferior oblique muscle without unwanted side effects from the belly of this muscle, allowing complete examination by light and electron microscopy. The inferior oblique is the muscle of choice for biopsy studies of extraocular muscle.", "PMID": 508677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7945", "title": "Tissue response to the Fadenoperation.", "content": "The Fadenoperation was performed on 24 rabbit eyes. In 8 eyes the globe and muscle were removed intact and in 16 eyes the muscle was dissected from the sclera to determine the site and degree of attachment. The greatest degree of adherence was found between the muscle and the sclera at the site of the suture, less attachment at the lateral and medial border of the muscle, less in the central area close to the suture site, and least in the central anterior area. The Fadenoperation creates adherence of the muscle to the sclera. Its clinical usefulness will, however, depend on clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Tissue response to the Fadenoperation. The Fadenoperation was performed on 24 rabbit eyes. In 8 eyes the globe and muscle were removed intact and in 16 eyes the muscle was dissected from the sclera to determine the site and degree of attachment. The greatest degree of adherence was found between the muscle and the sclera at the site of the suture, less attachment at the lateral and medial border of the muscle, less in the central area close to the suture site, and least in the central anterior area. The Fadenoperation creates adherence of the muscle to the sclera. Its clinical usefulness will, however, depend on clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 508678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7946", "title": "The intraocular penetration of cefuroxime after parenteral administration.", "content": "Cefuroxime (Zinacef) is a new second generation cephalosporin which is resistant to beta-lactamases produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, with an antibacterial spectrum that includes practically all likely ocular pathogens except pseudomonas. It is shown to penetrate into the eye after intravenous (1.5g) or intramuscular (1 g) injection and achieve therapeutic concentrations, with absence of side effects. Cefuroxime is therefore a useful antibiotic for ophthalimic infections and should have a role in combination with gentamicin in intraocular infections, particularly those of unknown aetiology.", "contents": "The intraocular penetration of cefuroxime after parenteral administration. Cefuroxime (Zinacef) is a new second generation cephalosporin which is resistant to beta-lactamases produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, with an antibacterial spectrum that includes practically all likely ocular pathogens except pseudomonas. It is shown to penetrate into the eye after intravenous (1.5g) or intramuscular (1 g) injection and achieve therapeutic concentrations, with absence of side effects. Cefuroxime is therefore a useful antibiotic for ophthalimic infections and should have a role in combination with gentamicin in intraocular infections, particularly those of unknown aetiology.", "PMID": 508679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7947", "title": "Systemic absorption of topically applied chloramphenicol eyedrops.", "content": "Five children under the age of 9 years had topical chloramphenicol drops administered 2-hourly to each eye for 5 to 7 days. Systemic absorption was not detected by 2 sensitive assays for the drug. The hazards of topical chloramphenicol and reports in the current literature are discussed.", "contents": "Systemic absorption of topically applied chloramphenicol eyedrops. Five children under the age of 9 years had topical chloramphenicol drops administered 2-hourly to each eye for 5 to 7 days. Systemic absorption was not detected by 2 sensitive assays for the drug. The hazards of topical chloramphenicol and reports in the current literature are discussed.", "PMID": 508680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7948", "title": "Systemic absorption of topical and subconjunctival gentamicin.", "content": "Ten patients received ocular gentamicin therapy topically or subconjunctivally. Systemic absorption was not detected after topical use but was detected after subconjuctival administration. The relative safety of ocular gentamicin therapy is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Systemic absorption of topical and subconjunctival gentamicin. Ten patients received ocular gentamicin therapy topically or subconjunctivally. Systemic absorption was not detected after topical use but was detected after subconjuctival administration. The relative safety of ocular gentamicin therapy is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 508681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7949", "title": "Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe syndrome).", "content": "A Jewish-Iranian family suffered from lipoid proteinosis. The 8 affected siblings were from consanguineous matings and presented a wide range of phenotypic expressions. Minimal manifestations in 2 heterozygote carriers and the possibility of autosomal recessive inheritance are discussed.", "contents": "Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe syndrome). A Jewish-Iranian family suffered from lipoid proteinosis. The 8 affected siblings were from consanguineous matings and presented a wide range of phenotypic expressions. Minimal manifestations in 2 heterozygote carriers and the possibility of autosomal recessive inheritance are discussed.", "PMID": 508682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7950", "title": "Orbitofacial mucormycosis with unusual pathological features.", "content": "A 52-year-old man with mild diabetes and acute stem cell leukaemia developed an orbitofacial mucormycosis. Cultures showed the fungus to be Rhizopus oryzae. Vigorous treatment with amphotericin B and other bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics for a concurrent sepsis failed to suppress the infections, and the patient died. On post-mortem examination characteristic haematoxylin-staining, broad, aseptate fungal hyphae were found in the right eye, orbit, and lung. A striking and unusual feature of this case is the presence of brightly birefringent crystals within the severely degenerated eye. These were found by histochemical staining and x-ray diffraction studies to be calcium salts of fatty acids, apparently liberated from necrotic adipose tissue of the orbit.", "contents": "Orbitofacial mucormycosis with unusual pathological features. A 52-year-old man with mild diabetes and acute stem cell leukaemia developed an orbitofacial mucormycosis. Cultures showed the fungus to be Rhizopus oryzae. Vigorous treatment with amphotericin B and other bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics for a concurrent sepsis failed to suppress the infections, and the patient died. On post-mortem examination characteristic haematoxylin-staining, broad, aseptate fungal hyphae were found in the right eye, orbit, and lung. A striking and unusual feature of this case is the presence of brightly birefringent crystals within the severely degenerated eye. These were found by histochemical staining and x-ray diffraction studies to be calcium salts of fatty acids, apparently liberated from necrotic adipose tissue of the orbit.", "PMID": 508683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7951", "title": "Ophthalmological features of Aicardi's syndrome: report of two cases.", "content": "Two Greek female patients with Aicardi's syndrome are presented. The clinical picture, electroencephalogram, computer axial tomography scan, and the ophthalmological findings in these patients are described. The ocular features are emphasised because they can establish the diagnosis of this rare syndrome.", "contents": "Ophthalmological features of Aicardi's syndrome: report of two cases. Two Greek female patients with Aicardi's syndrome are presented. The clinical picture, electroencephalogram, computer axial tomography scan, and the ophthalmological findings in these patients are described. The ocular features are emphasised because they can establish the diagnosis of this rare syndrome.", "PMID": 508684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7952", "title": "Corneal ulceration following measles in Nigerian children.", "content": "Acute corneal ulceration in malnourished children is the commonest cause of childhood blindness in Northern Nigeria and usually develops after measles. Other severe diseases in malnourished children rarely precipitate corneal ulceration. A survey in a school for blind children showed that 69% of the children were blind from corneal disease, and a survey of children with corneal scars showed that at least 42% were caused by ulceration after measles. The clinical appearance of the active ulcers was very varied. The serum retinol-binding protein and prealbumin levels in children with corneal ulcers following measles were below normal, but a group of malnourished children without eye complaints following measles were found to have even lower levels. Thus a specific deficiency of vitamin A does not appear to be the primary cause of these ulcers, though it may be a contributory one. A specific measles keratitis and secondary herpes simplex infectious may be local factors contributing to this ulceration, and there is nearly always a background of protein calorie malnutrition. Racial factors may also be of some significance.", "contents": "Corneal ulceration following measles in Nigerian children. Acute corneal ulceration in malnourished children is the commonest cause of childhood blindness in Northern Nigeria and usually develops after measles. Other severe diseases in malnourished children rarely precipitate corneal ulceration. A survey in a school for blind children showed that 69% of the children were blind from corneal disease, and a survey of children with corneal scars showed that at least 42% were caused by ulceration after measles. The clinical appearance of the active ulcers was very varied. The serum retinol-binding protein and prealbumin levels in children with corneal ulcers following measles were below normal, but a group of malnourished children without eye complaints following measles were found to have even lower levels. Thus a specific deficiency of vitamin A does not appear to be the primary cause of these ulcers, though it may be a contributory one. A specific measles keratitis and secondary herpes simplex infectious may be local factors contributing to this ulceration, and there is nearly always a background of protein calorie malnutrition. Racial factors may also be of some significance.", "PMID": 508686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7953", "title": "Xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomised prospective study.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with central vein occlusion were evaluated for the effects of scatter xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation. Thirty-four eyes (2 eyes of 1 patient) were randomly divided into a treatment (15 eyes) and a nontreatment group (19 eyes). The average follow-up per eye has been 29 months. The visual prognosis was not significantly better in either group. There was no difference in the development of fundus neovascularisation between groups. None of the patients in the treated group developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Two patients in the nontreatment group initially had rubeosis and 3 developed it after entry. All 5 involved eyes developed neovascular glaucoma. A significantly greater amount of central retinal capillary drop-out was present in the untreated eyes that developed rubeosis than those untreated eyes which did not. The eyes in the treated group had a similar range of capillary drop-out area, but none of these eyes developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Panretinal photocoagulation prevented the development of rubeosis and neovascular glaucoma in susceptible eyes.", "contents": "Xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomised prospective study. Thirty-three patients with central vein occlusion were evaluated for the effects of scatter xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation. Thirty-four eyes (2 eyes of 1 patient) were randomly divided into a treatment (15 eyes) and a nontreatment group (19 eyes). The average follow-up per eye has been 29 months. The visual prognosis was not significantly better in either group. There was no difference in the development of fundus neovascularisation between groups. None of the patients in the treated group developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Two patients in the nontreatment group initially had rubeosis and 3 developed it after entry. All 5 involved eyes developed neovascular glaucoma. A significantly greater amount of central retinal capillary drop-out was present in the untreated eyes that developed rubeosis than those untreated eyes which did not. The eyes in the treated group had a similar range of capillary drop-out area, but none of these eyes developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Panretinal photocoagulation prevented the development of rubeosis and neovascular glaucoma in susceptible eyes.", "PMID": 508687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7954", "title": "Metastatic tapioca iris melanoma.", "content": "A case of metastatic tapioca melanoma of the iris in a 12-year-old girl is reported. The patient had heterochromia, a red painful eye, and was treated for iritis with secondary glaucoma. In the course of 5 months iris lesions with the clinical appearance of tapioca pudding developed, and biopsy disclosed a melanoma. The eye was immediately enucleated, and pathological examination showed a melanoma with predominantly epithelioid-type cells which had infiltrated the angle, the posterior chamber, and the surgical wounds. Conjunctival extension was noted 10 months after enucleation, and regional lymph node metastases were found 4 months later. Previously reported cases are reviewed and compared with the present case.", "contents": "Metastatic tapioca iris melanoma. A case of metastatic tapioca melanoma of the iris in a 12-year-old girl is reported. The patient had heterochromia, a red painful eye, and was treated for iritis with secondary glaucoma. In the course of 5 months iris lesions with the clinical appearance of tapioca pudding developed, and biopsy disclosed a melanoma. The eye was immediately enucleated, and pathological examination showed a melanoma with predominantly epithelioid-type cells which had infiltrated the angle, the posterior chamber, and the surgical wounds. Conjunctival extension was noted 10 months after enucleation, and regional lymph node metastases were found 4 months later. Previously reported cases are reviewed and compared with the present case.", "PMID": 508689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7955", "title": "Microcysts of the human iris pigment epithelium.", "content": "Microcysts of the iris pigment epithelium have been described in association with diabetes mellitus, systemic mucopolysaccharidoses. Menkes's syndrome, and in neonates. Our study covers 68 cases obtained at necropsy. We specifically examined the iris pigment epithelium for vacuolation. We found that microcysts are more widespread than previously thought. In our series 57.3% of the cases reviewed by the light microscope showed microcysts. Of interest was the relationship of malignant neoplasm to iris pigment epithelium microcyst: 69.4% of cases with malignancy showed microcyst, whereas only 30% of the cases without neoplasms showed microcysts. Patients treated with exogenous steroid also had a raised incidence of microcysts.", "contents": "Microcysts of the human iris pigment epithelium. Microcysts of the iris pigment epithelium have been described in association with diabetes mellitus, systemic mucopolysaccharidoses. Menkes's syndrome, and in neonates. Our study covers 68 cases obtained at necropsy. We specifically examined the iris pigment epithelium for vacuolation. We found that microcysts are more widespread than previously thought. In our series 57.3% of the cases reviewed by the light microscope showed microcysts. Of interest was the relationship of malignant neoplasm to iris pigment epithelium microcyst: 69.4% of cases with malignancy showed microcyst, whereas only 30% of the cases without neoplasms showed microcysts. Patients treated with exogenous steroid also had a raised incidence of microcysts.", "PMID": 508690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7956", "title": "Cauterising iris scissors.", "content": "The cauterising iris scissors described here are a modification achieved by suitably insulating the standard De Wecker's iris scissors. This modification provides in addition to cutting an advantageous cauterising effect, which could prove useful in the surgery of eye conditions with high risk of bleeding or metastasis. It utilises the optimum electric current range of 20-40 mA.", "contents": "Cauterising iris scissors. The cauterising iris scissors described here are a modification achieved by suitably insulating the standard De Wecker's iris scissors. This modification provides in addition to cutting an advantageous cauterising effect, which could prove useful in the surgery of eye conditions with high risk of bleeding or metastasis. It utilises the optimum electric current range of 20-40 mA.", "PMID": 508691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7957", "title": "Juxtapapillary choroiditis in association with rising antichlamydial antibody.", "content": "We present the case of a 21-year-old girl with a uniocular juxtapapillary choroiditis. During the course of her illness the titre of antichlamydial IgG increased from 1/32 to 1/4096 against Chlamydia trachomatis TRIC serotypes J and C, and antichlamydial IgM appeared in her blood. Toxoplasma dye test was positive at a level of 1/128 but no increase in the titre of antibody was detected during the course of her infection. The relevance of these findings to her ocular lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Juxtapapillary choroiditis in association with rising antichlamydial antibody. We present the case of a 21-year-old girl with a uniocular juxtapapillary choroiditis. During the course of her illness the titre of antichlamydial IgG increased from 1/32 to 1/4096 against Chlamydia trachomatis TRIC serotypes J and C, and antichlamydial IgM appeared in her blood. Toxoplasma dye test was positive at a level of 1/128 but no increase in the titre of antibody was detected during the course of her infection. The relevance of these findings to her ocular lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 508692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7958", "title": "Lysophosphatidyl choline in the aqueous humour during ocular inflammation.", "content": "Phospholipase A and lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) have been shown to induce significant changes in the lens permeability in vitro to cations and soluble proteins. During uveal inflammation, in various experimental models and in man as well, the levels of LPC in the aqueous humour have been shown to reach values which are harmful to the lens in vitro. In addition, a phospholipase is thought to be activated during the antigen + antibody + complement sequence. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and the possible role of the lens as a source of autoantigens in recurrent uveitis.", "contents": "Lysophosphatidyl choline in the aqueous humour during ocular inflammation. Phospholipase A and lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) have been shown to induce significant changes in the lens permeability in vitro to cations and soluble proteins. During uveal inflammation, in various experimental models and in man as well, the levels of LPC in the aqueous humour have been shown to reach values which are harmful to the lens in vitro. In addition, a phospholipase is thought to be activated during the antigen + antibody + complement sequence. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and the possible role of the lens as a source of autoantigens in recurrent uveitis.", "PMID": 508693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7959", "title": "Interference of 50 Hz electrical cortical potentials evoked by TV systems.", "content": "Application of TV systems for generating patterned stimuli for the examination of the electrical cortical potentials has disadvantages caused by the frame frequency of 50 Hz of TV sets. Apart from a larger variability in latency times of the electrical potentials as compared to the results obtained by projector systems, a 50-Hz noise on the recordings mediated through the visual system may be seen. These disadvantages can be ameliorated by increasing the frame frequency of the TV set.", "contents": "Interference of 50 Hz electrical cortical potentials evoked by TV systems. Application of TV systems for generating patterned stimuli for the examination of the electrical cortical potentials has disadvantages caused by the frame frequency of 50 Hz of TV sets. Apart from a larger variability in latency times of the electrical potentials as compared to the results obtained by projector systems, a 50-Hz noise on the recordings mediated through the visual system may be seen. These disadvantages can be ameliorated by increasing the frame frequency of the TV set.", "PMID": 508694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7960", "title": "Rebound nystagmus: EOG analysis of a case with a floccular tumour.", "content": "Eye movements were recorded and quantitatively analysed in a patient with a tumour initially involving the cerebellar flocculus. Ocular motor abnormalities included (1) impaired smooth pursuit, (2) impaired cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex when fixating an object rotating with the head, and (3) gaze paretic and rebound nystagmus. Comparable findings have been reported in monkeys with experimental floccular lesions. The rebound nystagmus (but not the other ocular motor abnormalities) disappeared when the tumour appeared to invade the brain stem in the region near the vestibular nuclei. This finding suggests that the floccular lesion unmasked a bias which created rebound nystagmus and that the bias probably arose in the vestibular nuclei.", "contents": "Rebound nystagmus: EOG analysis of a case with a floccular tumour. Eye movements were recorded and quantitatively analysed in a patient with a tumour initially involving the cerebellar flocculus. Ocular motor abnormalities included (1) impaired smooth pursuit, (2) impaired cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex when fixating an object rotating with the head, and (3) gaze paretic and rebound nystagmus. Comparable findings have been reported in monkeys with experimental floccular lesions. The rebound nystagmus (but not the other ocular motor abnormalities) disappeared when the tumour appeared to invade the brain stem in the region near the vestibular nuclei. This finding suggests that the floccular lesion unmasked a bias which created rebound nystagmus and that the bias probably arose in the vestibular nuclei.", "PMID": 508695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7961", "title": "Use of electroacoustic localisation in the management of intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "A new model of the electroacoustic discriminator and localiser has been put into production, and this paper reports on the preproduction model during its trial period in the management of patients with intraocular foreign bodies. Its particular advantage in localisation at the time of surgery and the procedure for using it are described. The visual results following surgical extraction of 17 cases of magnetic foreign bodies in the posterior segment are outlined.", "contents": "Use of electroacoustic localisation in the management of intraocular foreign bodies. A new model of the electroacoustic discriminator and localiser has been put into production, and this paper reports on the preproduction model during its trial period in the management of patients with intraocular foreign bodies. Its particular advantage in localisation at the time of surgery and the procedure for using it are described. The visual results following surgical extraction of 17 cases of magnetic foreign bodies in the posterior segment are outlined.", "PMID": 508696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7962", "title": "Gentamicin penetration and decay in the human aqueous.", "content": "The penetration of gentamicin into human aqueous was measured after intensive drops or subconjunctival injection of the antibiotic. The drop regimen proved ineffective in producing a therapeutically effective level. After a single 40 mg subconjunctival injection an effective concentration was achieved in 2 hours and maintained for 24 hours. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Gentamicin penetration and decay in the human aqueous. The penetration of gentamicin into human aqueous was measured after intensive drops or subconjunctival injection of the antibiotic. The drop regimen proved ineffective in producing a therapeutically effective level. After a single 40 mg subconjunctival injection an effective concentration was achieved in 2 hours and maintained for 24 hours. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 508697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7963", "title": "Changes in body composition after thermal injury in the rat.", "content": "1. The effects on body composition, measured by direct techniques, of a controlled 25% body-surface-area thermal injury have been studied in two groups of forty male Wistar rats. 2. The extent of weight loss in the animals was directly related to their energy deficit resulting from a combination of injury, food intake and rat of wound healing. 3. Body fat proved the most labile source of tissue energy, decreasing to a minimum of approximately 30 g/kg body-weight. 4. Relationships between water and fat, and water and protein seen in control animals were not significantly different in the traumatized group.", "contents": "Changes in body composition after thermal injury in the rat. 1. The effects on body composition, measured by direct techniques, of a controlled 25% body-surface-area thermal injury have been studied in two groups of forty male Wistar rats. 2. The extent of weight loss in the animals was directly related to their energy deficit resulting from a combination of injury, food intake and rat of wound healing. 3. Body fat proved the most labile source of tissue energy, decreasing to a minimum of approximately 30 g/kg body-weight. 4. Relationships between water and fat, and water and protein seen in control animals were not significantly different in the traumatized group.", "PMID": 508698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7964", "title": "The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine.", "content": "1. The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine was compared with that of a standard pellet diet and of a fibre-free basal diet. 2. The length and wet weight of the small bowel was significantly greater inpect in-fed rats than in either pellet- or basal-diet-fed rats. 3. Histological measurements of longitudinal sections from the small bowel showed a significantly greater crypt depth and muscle layer thickness in the mid-jejunum and ileum of the pectin fed rats. Villous height showed less variation. 4. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (EC 3.4.11.1) in mucosal scrapings was significantly lower in the upper jejunum of pectin-fed rats compared with either of the other dietary groups. The differences were not so marked in mid-jejunum or ileum. 5. Glucose absorption measured in vivo from jejunal and ileal loops was similar in all three dietary groups. 6. With two minor exceptions there were no significant differences in any of these measurements between the pellet- and basal-diet-fed rats. 7. These findings could be explained by increased epithelial cell turnover caused by pectin. The possible mechanisms of this are discussed. 8. The effect of pectin on the human small bowel requires study before it can be widely prescribed in man.", "contents": "The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine. 1. The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine was compared with that of a standard pellet diet and of a fibre-free basal diet. 2. The length and wet weight of the small bowel was significantly greater inpect in-fed rats than in either pellet- or basal-diet-fed rats. 3. Histological measurements of longitudinal sections from the small bowel showed a significantly greater crypt depth and muscle layer thickness in the mid-jejunum and ileum of the pectin fed rats. Villous height showed less variation. 4. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (EC 3.4.11.1) in mucosal scrapings was significantly lower in the upper jejunum of pectin-fed rats compared with either of the other dietary groups. The differences were not so marked in mid-jejunum or ileum. 5. Glucose absorption measured in vivo from jejunal and ileal loops was similar in all three dietary groups. 6. With two minor exceptions there were no significant differences in any of these measurements between the pellet- and basal-diet-fed rats. 7. These findings could be explained by increased epithelial cell turnover caused by pectin. The possible mechanisms of this are discussed. 8. The effect of pectin on the human small bowel requires study before it can be widely prescribed in man.", "PMID": 508699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7965", "title": "WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. The effects of ascorbic acid and protein supplementation on the response of pregnant women to iron, pteroylglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin therapy.", "content": "1. A study was conducted in two centres in southern and northern India of the effects of the addition of ascorbic acid and protein supplements to iron, pteroyglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin, in the prophylaxis and treatment of anaemia of pregnancy. 2. A dose of 500 mg ascorbic acid/d had no beneficial effect. Women who received 15 g calcium caseinate/d showed a superior haematological response. The reasons for this are unknown, but are more likely attributable to an increased absorption of the supplemental iron than to the correction of a protein deficiency.", "contents": "WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. The effects of ascorbic acid and protein supplementation on the response of pregnant women to iron, pteroylglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin therapy. 1. A study was conducted in two centres in southern and northern India of the effects of the addition of ascorbic acid and protein supplements to iron, pteroyglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin, in the prophylaxis and treatment of anaemia of pregnancy. 2. A dose of 500 mg ascorbic acid/d had no beneficial effect. Women who received 15 g calcium caseinate/d showed a superior haematological response. The reasons for this are unknown, but are more likely attributable to an increased absorption of the supplemental iron than to the correction of a protein deficiency.", "PMID": 508701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7966", "title": "WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. The effect of parenteral iron administration in the control of anaemia of pregnancy.", "content": "1. The relative efficacy of oral and parenteral iron administration in the prophylaxis and treatment of Fe-deficiency anaemia of pregnancy has been studied. 2. Intravenous administration of Fe by total dose infusion of Fe dextran was not superior to oral Fe 120 mg/d, 6 d/week for 10-12 weeks. 3. Intramuscular Fe dextran, 100 mg twice per week for 10-12 weeks, produced a significantly greater rise in mean haemoglobin concentration than oral Fe therapy. 4. The superiority of intramuscular Fe as compared with intravenous Fe is probably related to the different handling of the Fe dextran by the reticulo-endothelial system. 5. In spite of the better response to intramuscular Fe dextran, it is not recommended for public health practice because of the risks associated with its use and the much higher cost of the preparation and its delivery.", "contents": "WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. The effect of parenteral iron administration in the control of anaemia of pregnancy. 1. The relative efficacy of oral and parenteral iron administration in the prophylaxis and treatment of Fe-deficiency anaemia of pregnancy has been studied. 2. Intravenous administration of Fe by total dose infusion of Fe dextran was not superior to oral Fe 120 mg/d, 6 d/week for 10-12 weeks. 3. Intramuscular Fe dextran, 100 mg twice per week for 10-12 weeks, produced a significantly greater rise in mean haemoglobin concentration than oral Fe therapy. 4. The superiority of intramuscular Fe as compared with intravenous Fe is probably related to the different handling of the Fe dextran by the reticulo-endothelial system. 5. In spite of the better response to intramuscular Fe dextran, it is not recommended for public health practice because of the risks associated with its use and the much higher cost of the preparation and its delivery.", "PMID": 508702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7967", "title": "Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life.", "content": "1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 microgram; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973). 2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.", "contents": "Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life. 1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 microgram; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973). 2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.", "PMID": 508703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7968", "title": "Zinc deficiency in the West of Scotland? A dietary intake study.", "content": "1. The intake of zinc in the West of Scotland was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, in ninety-six items of food which make up the local standard diet for 1 week. 2. The diet contained less Zn than the recommended daily allowance ((US) National Academy of Sciences, 1974). This finding either indicates the need for a revision of the suggested allowances or suggests that a change of diet is necessary. 3. The change could be made simply by the substitution of wholemeal flour for white flour. Other changes in diet were considered but they were unlikely to be acceptable. Even with changes the requirement of pregnant or lactating women would not be met. If the recommended allowances are valid these women must be deficient in Zn.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in the West of Scotland? A dietary intake study. 1. The intake of zinc in the West of Scotland was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, in ninety-six items of food which make up the local standard diet for 1 week. 2. The diet contained less Zn than the recommended daily allowance ((US) National Academy of Sciences, 1974). This finding either indicates the need for a revision of the suggested allowances or suggests that a change of diet is necessary. 3. The change could be made simply by the substitution of wholemeal flour for white flour. Other changes in diet were considered but they were unlikely to be acceptable. Even with changes the requirement of pregnant or lactating women would not be met. If the recommended allowances are valid these women must be deficient in Zn.", "PMID": 508704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7969", "title": "Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children.", "content": "1. The effect of varying protein intake at two energy levels of 334 and 418 kJ/kg body-weight was studied in four preschool children belonging to the low socio-economic group. 2. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between N intake and N rentention. From this relationship, the protein requirement of the children at adequate energy intake was calculated. 3. At adequate energy intake (418 kJ/kg body-weight) the protein requirement of the children was 1.33 g/kg. On decreasing the energy intake by 20% to 334 kJ/kg body-weight the protein requirement was found to be increased by 20% to 1.64 g/kg. 4. Based on this study, a safe level of protein intake for Indian preschool children subsisting on a diet based predominantly on vegetable proteins has been suggested.", "contents": "Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children. 1. The effect of varying protein intake at two energy levels of 334 and 418 kJ/kg body-weight was studied in four preschool children belonging to the low socio-economic group. 2. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between N intake and N rentention. From this relationship, the protein requirement of the children at adequate energy intake was calculated. 3. At adequate energy intake (418 kJ/kg body-weight) the protein requirement of the children was 1.33 g/kg. On decreasing the energy intake by 20% to 334 kJ/kg body-weight the protein requirement was found to be increased by 20% to 1.64 g/kg. 4. Based on this study, a safe level of protein intake for Indian preschool children subsisting on a diet based predominantly on vegetable proteins has been suggested.", "PMID": 508705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7970", "title": "Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 2. The role of distention and tactile input from compartments of the stomach.", "content": "1. Sheep equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to ground and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay except for periods of up to 6 h immediately before experimental sessions in which food intake was measured while various stomach compartments were either distended or subjected to tactile stimulation from a probe. 2. Inserting a probe, consisting of two collapsed balloons tied onto the end of a polyethylene tube, into the reticulum depressed intake by 24% after 30 min of feeding (P less than 0.025). Compensatory feeding was observed during the 30 min period immediately following removal of the probes. There were no effects of having a probe in the abomascum. 3. Distension of the reticulum with 0-800 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.2 g/ml after 30 min of feeding (P less than 0.05). Removing the balloons from the animals allowed them to make up the deficit in intake completely within 30 min. Distending the rumen by 800 ml had no effect on intake (P greater than 0.05). Distending the abomasum with up to 1000 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.11 g/ml after 30 min of feeding with compensatory feeding being significant (P less than 0.05) but incomplete. 4. Combinations of reticular distension up to 800 ml and of abomasal distension up to 1200 ml did not have additive depressing effects on intake.", "contents": "Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 2. The role of distention and tactile input from compartments of the stomach. 1. Sheep equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to ground and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay except for periods of up to 6 h immediately before experimental sessions in which food intake was measured while various stomach compartments were either distended or subjected to tactile stimulation from a probe. 2. Inserting a probe, consisting of two collapsed balloons tied onto the end of a polyethylene tube, into the reticulum depressed intake by 24% after 30 min of feeding (P less than 0.025). Compensatory feeding was observed during the 30 min period immediately following removal of the probes. There were no effects of having a probe in the abomascum. 3. Distension of the reticulum with 0-800 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.2 g/ml after 30 min of feeding (P less than 0.05). Removing the balloons from the animals allowed them to make up the deficit in intake completely within 30 min. Distending the rumen by 800 ml had no effect on intake (P greater than 0.05). Distending the abomasum with up to 1000 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.11 g/ml after 30 min of feeding with compensatory feeding being significant (P less than 0.05) but incomplete. 4. Combinations of reticular distension up to 800 ml and of abomasal distension up to 1200 ml did not have additive depressing effects on intake.", "PMID": 508706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7971", "title": "A comparison of the dye-binding and fluorodinitrobenzene methods for determining reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates.", "content": "1. Twenty-eight leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) samples, subjected to different thermal treatments, were produced from five curd batches. For these samples, the fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine values gave closer agreement with dye-binding lysine (DBL) than with the dye-binding capacity (DBC). 2. No relationship was established between the dye-bound-after-propionylation (DBAP) and the histidine + arginine value. 3. Comparison of dye-bound-protein values with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen x 6.25 for the LPC samples showed the heat-damaged samples to lie below the regression line for the other samples. 4. Reactive-lysine values by dye-binding and by FDNB methods correlated well with total lysine, but the slopes of the regression line indicated closer agreement for values for samples not damaged by heat. 5. The correlation coefficients between DBC and total basic amino acids, DBC and histidine + arginine + DBL, and DBC and histidine + arginine + FDNB-reactive lysine were similar. 6. There was no correlation between the lightness of colour of the LPC samples and the availability of lysine.", "contents": "A comparison of the dye-binding and fluorodinitrobenzene methods for determining reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates. 1. Twenty-eight leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) samples, subjected to different thermal treatments, were produced from five curd batches. For these samples, the fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine values gave closer agreement with dye-binding lysine (DBL) than with the dye-binding capacity (DBC). 2. No relationship was established between the dye-bound-after-propionylation (DBAP) and the histidine + arginine value. 3. Comparison of dye-bound-protein values with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen x 6.25 for the LPC samples showed the heat-damaged samples to lie below the regression line for the other samples. 4. Reactive-lysine values by dye-binding and by FDNB methods correlated well with total lysine, but the slopes of the regression line indicated closer agreement for values for samples not damaged by heat. 5. The correlation coefficients between DBC and total basic amino acids, DBC and histidine + arginine + DBL, and DBC and histidine + arginine + FDNB-reactive lysine were similar. 6. There was no correlation between the lightness of colour of the LPC samples and the availability of lysine.", "PMID": 508707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7972", "title": "Intraruminal injection of urea and changes in secretion of parotid saliva in sheep.", "content": "1. Sheep were injected with varying doses of urea into the rumen and changes in the amount of saliva secreted from one parotid gland were studied. When the dose of urea was 0.1-0.2 g/kg, the secretion underwent no change. When the dose was 0.3 g/kg, the secretion was inhibited. When the dose was 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg, there was a marked inhibition in the secretion. 2. There was a close relationship between the ammonia level of the jugular blood and the inhibition of salivary secretion. When the ammonia level exceeded approximately 0.28 mmol/l, the secretion was inhibited abruptly. 3. Salivary secretion and rumen movement were inhibited when the blood ammonia level exceeded 0.28 mmol/l, after injection of ammonium acetate into the jugular vein. 4. Based on the results mentioned previously, the mechanism of inhibition on the secretion of parotid saliva is discussed in relation to the domestic ruminant in which urea had been injected into the rumen.", "contents": "Intraruminal injection of urea and changes in secretion of parotid saliva in sheep. 1. Sheep were injected with varying doses of urea into the rumen and changes in the amount of saliva secreted from one parotid gland were studied. When the dose of urea was 0.1-0.2 g/kg, the secretion underwent no change. When the dose was 0.3 g/kg, the secretion was inhibited. When the dose was 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg, there was a marked inhibition in the secretion. 2. There was a close relationship between the ammonia level of the jugular blood and the inhibition of salivary secretion. When the ammonia level exceeded approximately 0.28 mmol/l, the secretion was inhibited abruptly. 3. Salivary secretion and rumen movement were inhibited when the blood ammonia level exceeded 0.28 mmol/l, after injection of ammonium acetate into the jugular vein. 4. Based on the results mentioned previously, the mechanism of inhibition on the secretion of parotid saliva is discussed in relation to the domestic ruminant in which urea had been injected into the rumen.", "PMID": 508710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7973", "title": "Estimation of heat production from heart-rate measurements in cattle.", "content": "1. Heat production and heart rate of seven steers were measured simultaneously using either a calorimetric chamber or head-cage. 2. The relationship between heat production and heart rate for each animal was best described by linear regression. 3. Differences between individual animals made separate 'calibration equations' necessary for each animal. 4. Accuracy of prediction of heat production from heart rate was better than +/- 10% in all instances. 5. It is concluded that frequent measurement of heart rate appears to offer a practical method for estimation of heat production of free-range animals.", "contents": "Estimation of heat production from heart-rate measurements in cattle. 1. Heat production and heart rate of seven steers were measured simultaneously using either a calorimetric chamber or head-cage. 2. The relationship between heat production and heart rate for each animal was best described by linear regression. 3. Differences between individual animals made separate 'calibration equations' necessary for each animal. 4. Accuracy of prediction of heat production from heart rate was better than +/- 10% in all instances. 5. It is concluded that frequent measurement of heart rate appears to offer a practical method for estimation of heat production of free-range animals.", "PMID": 508711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7974", "title": "Nitrogen digestion in sheep given poor-quality indigenous hill herbages.", "content": "1. In two experiments, the sites of digestion of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and the amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were measured in mature wether sheep given diets of indigenous hill herbage (Agrostis-Festuca and heather). 2. Duodenal and ileal flow values were obtained using 103Ru-phenanthroline and 51Cr-EDTA markers in animals prepared with simple (T-shaped) cannulas. Amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were estimated from measurements of the transfer of plasma urea carbon into rumen bicarbonate and the production rate of rumen bicarbonate using 14C-labelled urea and bicarbonate respectively. 3. The flows of NAN at the duodenum and ileum were linearly related to the intake of herbage (P less than 0.001). There was a net gain of non-ammonia N anterior to the duodenum on both diets (at an intake of 460 g organic matter (OM)/d, 3.7 g NAN/d on Agrostis-Festuca and 3.3 g NAN/d on heather). 4. Net digestibility of NAN entering the small intestine was within a normal range on the Agrostis-Festuca (0.58 at 460 g OM intake) diet but low on the heather diet (0.43 at 460 g OM intake). 5. It was calculated that at 460 g OM intake only 0.9 and 1.1 g/d respectively of the duodenal NAN on the Agrostis-Festuca and heather diets could have been derived from urea-N recycled to the rumen. Thus 2.8 g and 2.2 g/d had to be accounted for as non-urea endogenous NAN.", "contents": "Nitrogen digestion in sheep given poor-quality indigenous hill herbages. 1. In two experiments, the sites of digestion of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and the amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were measured in mature wether sheep given diets of indigenous hill herbage (Agrostis-Festuca and heather). 2. Duodenal and ileal flow values were obtained using 103Ru-phenanthroline and 51Cr-EDTA markers in animals prepared with simple (T-shaped) cannulas. Amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were estimated from measurements of the transfer of plasma urea carbon into rumen bicarbonate and the production rate of rumen bicarbonate using 14C-labelled urea and bicarbonate respectively. 3. The flows of NAN at the duodenum and ileum were linearly related to the intake of herbage (P less than 0.001). There was a net gain of non-ammonia N anterior to the duodenum on both diets (at an intake of 460 g organic matter (OM)/d, 3.7 g NAN/d on Agrostis-Festuca and 3.3 g NAN/d on heather). 4. Net digestibility of NAN entering the small intestine was within a normal range on the Agrostis-Festuca (0.58 at 460 g OM intake) diet but low on the heather diet (0.43 at 460 g OM intake). 5. It was calculated that at 460 g OM intake only 0.9 and 1.1 g/d respectively of the duodenal NAN on the Agrostis-Festuca and heather diets could have been derived from urea-N recycled to the rumen. Thus 2.8 g and 2.2 g/d had to be accounted for as non-urea endogenous NAN.", "PMID": 508712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7975", "title": "Effect of sodium chloride deficiency on basal metabolism in broiler chickens.", "content": "1. Male broiler chickens were given a sodium chloride-deficient or NaCl-adequate diet from 7 to 21 d of age in Expt 1 and 28 to 56 d of age in Expt 2. 2. NaCl-deficient chickens had a markedly poorer growth and food conversion efficiency than those given the NaCl-adequate diet. 3. NaCl deficiency was associated with an increase in basal metabolic rate and increases in oxygen consumption, heat production and respiratory quotients were also noted. The glycogen content of chicken livers was also higher. 4. MEasurements of acid-base balance were found to be changed in NaCl-deficient chickens. Values for pH and bicarbonate content in blood plasma were lowered. 5. NaCl deficiency increased the packed cell volume and thyroxine level in blood plasma. Sodium and chloride contents in blood were lowered. 6. Results are discussed in relation to the decreased food conversion in NaCl-deficient chickens.", "contents": "Effect of sodium chloride deficiency on basal metabolism in broiler chickens. 1. Male broiler chickens were given a sodium chloride-deficient or NaCl-adequate diet from 7 to 21 d of age in Expt 1 and 28 to 56 d of age in Expt 2. 2. NaCl-deficient chickens had a markedly poorer growth and food conversion efficiency than those given the NaCl-adequate diet. 3. NaCl deficiency was associated with an increase in basal metabolic rate and increases in oxygen consumption, heat production and respiratory quotients were also noted. The glycogen content of chicken livers was also higher. 4. MEasurements of acid-base balance were found to be changed in NaCl-deficient chickens. Values for pH and bicarbonate content in blood plasma were lowered. 5. NaCl deficiency increased the packed cell volume and thyroxine level in blood plasma. Sodium and chloride contents in blood were lowered. 6. Results are discussed in relation to the decreased food conversion in NaCl-deficient chickens.", "PMID": 508713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7976", "title": "The mechanism of passage of endogenous urea through the rumen wall and the role of ureolytic epithelial bacteria in the urea flux.", "content": "1. The rumen urea concentration in gnotobiotic lambs lacking ureolytic bacteria was equal to that of blood. 2. Bacterial urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activity in sheep fed by intraruminal and intra-abomasal infusion was inversely related to rumen ammonia concentration. 3. A model is proposed for the facilitation and control of urea flux by wall-found ureolytic bacteria.", "contents": "The mechanism of passage of endogenous urea through the rumen wall and the role of ureolytic epithelial bacteria in the urea flux. 1. The rumen urea concentration in gnotobiotic lambs lacking ureolytic bacteria was equal to that of blood. 2. Bacterial urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activity in sheep fed by intraruminal and intra-abomasal infusion was inversely related to rumen ammonia concentration. 3. A model is proposed for the facilitation and control of urea flux by wall-found ureolytic bacteria.", "PMID": 508714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7977", "title": "Foetal plasma magnesium levels during maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia in ewes.", "content": "1. The influence of maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia of foetal plasma magnesium levels was studied in pregnant ewes between the 120th and the 145th day of gestation using a permanent catheter inserted in utero into the left aorta of the foetus on the 115th day of gestation. 2. In seven ewes, carrying eleven foetuses, the injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol induced a hypomagnesaemia which lasted 72 h. This had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels. 3. In five ewes, carrying six foetuses, hypermagnesaemia induced by a 2 h magnesium chloride infusion had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels. 4. These results provide evidence that in sheep during the last 20 d of gestation the foetal regulation of plasma Mg is independent of the maternal plasma Mg levels.", "contents": "Foetal plasma magnesium levels during maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia in ewes. 1. The influence of maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia of foetal plasma magnesium levels was studied in pregnant ewes between the 120th and the 145th day of gestation using a permanent catheter inserted in utero into the left aorta of the foetus on the 115th day of gestation. 2. In seven ewes, carrying eleven foetuses, the injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol induced a hypomagnesaemia which lasted 72 h. This had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels. 3. In five ewes, carrying six foetuses, hypermagnesaemia induced by a 2 h magnesium chloride infusion had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels. 4. These results provide evidence that in sheep during the last 20 d of gestation the foetal regulation of plasma Mg is independent of the maternal plasma Mg levels.", "PMID": 508715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7978", "title": "The 3-methylhistidine content of human tissues.", "content": "1. The amount of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH) has been measured in eighty-eight samples of tissue taken post-mortem from five adults. 2. The highest concentration (mumol/g fat-free dry weight) of 3-MeH was in skeletal muscle (3.31 +/- 0.05); intermediate values (2-3) were found in cardiac muscle and those tissues containing smooth muscle; and low values (less than 1) occurred in parenchymal tissues such as liver and kidney. 3. There was little variation between the mean 3-MeH content of striated muscles in different individuals, and no significant difference between the 3-MeH concentrations of striated muscles taken from six different sites. 4. The results suggest that it is justifiable to use values obtained from single muscles to calculate the rate of myofibrillar breakdown from urinary 3-MeH excretion.", "contents": "The 3-methylhistidine content of human tissues. 1. The amount of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH) has been measured in eighty-eight samples of tissue taken post-mortem from five adults. 2. The highest concentration (mumol/g fat-free dry weight) of 3-MeH was in skeletal muscle (3.31 +/- 0.05); intermediate values (2-3) were found in cardiac muscle and those tissues containing smooth muscle; and low values (less than 1) occurred in parenchymal tissues such as liver and kidney. 3. There was little variation between the mean 3-MeH content of striated muscles in different individuals, and no significant difference between the 3-MeH concentrations of striated muscles taken from six different sites. 4. The results suggest that it is justifiable to use values obtained from single muscles to calculate the rate of myofibrillar breakdown from urinary 3-MeH excretion.", "PMID": 508716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7979", "title": "Photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "Individual species of the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin, a retinal-protein complex of Halobacteria, were studied in aqueous suspensions of the \"purple membrane\" at room temperature by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy with flow systems. Two pronounced deuterium shifts were found in the RR spectra of the all-trans complex BR-570 in H2O-D2O suspensions. The first is ascribed to C=NH+ (C=ND+) stretching vibrations of the protonated Schiff base which links retinal to opsin. The second is assigned tentatively to an \"X-H\" (\"X-D\") bending mode, where \"X\" is an atom which carries an exchangeable proton. A RR spectrum of the 13-cis-retinal complex \"BR-548\" could be deduced from spectra of the dark-adapted purple membrane. The RR spectrum of the M-412 intermediate was monitored in a double-beam pump-probe experiment. The main vibrational features of the intermediate M' in the reaction M-412 in equilibrium hv M' leads to delta BR-570 could be deduced from a photostationary mixture of M-412 and M'. Difference procedures were applied to obtain RR spectra of the L-550 intermediate and of two new long-lived species, R1'-590 and R2-550. From kinetic data it is suggested that T1'-590 links the proton-translocating cycle to the \"13-cis\" cycle of BR-548. The protonation and isomeric states of the different species are discussed in light of the new spectroscopic and kinetic data. It is found that conformational changes during the photochemical cycle play an important role.", "contents": "Photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Individual species of the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin, a retinal-protein complex of Halobacteria, were studied in aqueous suspensions of the \"purple membrane\" at room temperature by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy with flow systems. Two pronounced deuterium shifts were found in the RR spectra of the all-trans complex BR-570 in H2O-D2O suspensions. The first is ascribed to C=NH+ (C=ND+) stretching vibrations of the protonated Schiff base which links retinal to opsin. The second is assigned tentatively to an \"X-H\" (\"X-D\") bending mode, where \"X\" is an atom which carries an exchangeable proton. A RR spectrum of the 13-cis-retinal complex \"BR-548\" could be deduced from spectra of the dark-adapted purple membrane. The RR spectrum of the M-412 intermediate was monitored in a double-beam pump-probe experiment. The main vibrational features of the intermediate M' in the reaction M-412 in equilibrium hv M' leads to delta BR-570 could be deduced from a photostationary mixture of M-412 and M'. Difference procedures were applied to obtain RR spectra of the L-550 intermediate and of two new long-lived species, R1'-590 and R2-550. From kinetic data it is suggested that T1'-590 links the proton-translocating cycle to the \"13-cis\" cycle of BR-548. The protonation and isomeric states of the different species are discussed in light of the new spectroscopic and kinetic data. It is found that conformational changes during the photochemical cycle play an important role.", "PMID": 508721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7980", "title": "Influence of terminal 3' phosphates or 2',3'-cyclic phosphates on the conformations of oligoriboadenylates, oligoribocytidylates, and the corresponding monomers.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of chemically synthesized adenylate and cytidylate dinucleotides and trinucleotides bearing terminal 3' phosphates have been compared under a variety of conditions with the spectra obtained from the corresponding oligomers with 2',3'-terminal cyclic phosphate groups. Similar comparisons for the mononucleotides are also presented. Although the base stacking of an oligomer with a terminal cyclic phosphate might be expected to be greater than that of the corresponding oligomer with a 3' phosphate from charge repulsion considerations, the magnitudes of the Cotton effects in the former class are always considerably smaller than those in the latter class. This suggests a decreased stacking. The implications of these observations are discussed in light of the compelling crystallographic evidence that cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate adopts an unusual sugar puckering and the syn conformation.", "contents": "Influence of terminal 3' phosphates or 2',3'-cyclic phosphates on the conformations of oligoriboadenylates, oligoribocytidylates, and the corresponding monomers. The circular dichroism spectra of chemically synthesized adenylate and cytidylate dinucleotides and trinucleotides bearing terminal 3' phosphates have been compared under a variety of conditions with the spectra obtained from the corresponding oligomers with 2',3'-terminal cyclic phosphate groups. Similar comparisons for the mononucleotides are also presented. Although the base stacking of an oligomer with a terminal cyclic phosphate might be expected to be greater than that of the corresponding oligomer with a 3' phosphate from charge repulsion considerations, the magnitudes of the Cotton effects in the former class are always considerably smaller than those in the latter class. This suggests a decreased stacking. The implications of these observations are discussed in light of the compelling crystallographic evidence that cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate adopts an unusual sugar puckering and the syn conformation.", "PMID": 508725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7981", "title": "Inhibition of procollagen cell-free synthesis by amino-terminal extension peptides.", "content": "Peptides prepared from the amino termini of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(III) collagen chains inhibit the production of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2 by rat calvaria rna in a reticulocyte cell-free system. The synthesis of other proteins was not altered, suggesting a specific effect on collagen production. Various peptides from the helical region of the alpha 1(I) chain did not alter translation. These studies, taken together with earlier studies showing inhibition of collagen synthesis by cells in culture receiving the amino-terminal peptides, are consistent with a regulatory function in collagen synthesis for the amino-terminal peptides from procollagen.", "contents": "Inhibition of procollagen cell-free synthesis by amino-terminal extension peptides. Peptides prepared from the amino termini of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(III) collagen chains inhibit the production of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2 by rat calvaria rna in a reticulocyte cell-free system. The synthesis of other proteins was not altered, suggesting a specific effect on collagen production. Various peptides from the helical region of the alpha 1(I) chain did not alter translation. These studies, taken together with earlier studies showing inhibition of collagen synthesis by cells in culture receiving the amino-terminal peptides, are consistent with a regulatory function in collagen synthesis for the amino-terminal peptides from procollagen.", "PMID": 508730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7982", "title": "Isotope ratios in photosynthetic oxygen.", "content": "Axenic suspensions of the fresh water green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii were illuminated under aerobic conditions. The released gas mixture was introduced into the ion source of an isotope mass spectrometer, which recorded the 18O/16O ratio. The 18O content of the photosynthetic oxygen (approximately 0.199%) exceeded that of the cell water (approximately 0.197%) significantly.", "contents": "Isotope ratios in photosynthetic oxygen. Axenic suspensions of the fresh water green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii were illuminated under aerobic conditions. The released gas mixture was introduced into the ion source of an isotope mass spectrometer, which recorded the 18O/16O ratio. The 18O content of the photosynthetic oxygen (approximately 0.199%) exceeded that of the cell water (approximately 0.197%) significantly.", "PMID": 508731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7983", "title": "Radiative and nonradiative transitions in subchloroplast particles highly enriched in P-700.", "content": "Radiative and nonradiative processes were investigated in subchloroplast particles highly enriched in P-700 (1 P-700 to 10 chlorophyll molecules) according to the method of classical fluorescence and of photoacoustical spectroscopy. The envelope of fluorescence spectrum divided into three Gaussian bands and their quantum yields of fluorescence were calculated. Indpendently the quantum yield of fluorescence was determined from the spectral course of the photoacoustical signal. Finally, the estimate of the photochemical activity of P-700, based upon the measured fluorescence quantum yield and upon the measured nonradiative losses of excitation energy, was done.", "contents": "Radiative and nonradiative transitions in subchloroplast particles highly enriched in P-700. Radiative and nonradiative processes were investigated in subchloroplast particles highly enriched in P-700 (1 P-700 to 10 chlorophyll molecules) according to the method of classical fluorescence and of photoacoustical spectroscopy. The envelope of fluorescence spectrum divided into three Gaussian bands and their quantum yields of fluorescence were calculated. Indpendently the quantum yield of fluorescence was determined from the spectral course of the photoacoustical signal. Finally, the estimate of the photochemical activity of P-700, based upon the measured fluorescence quantum yield and upon the measured nonradiative losses of excitation energy, was done.", "PMID": 508732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7984", "title": "Photooxidation of the cytochrome b-559 in the presence of various substituted 2-anilinothiophenes and of some other compounds, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Five substituted 2-anilinothiophenes and two substituted carbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazones were comparatively studied with respect to their capacities for inducing photooxidation of the cytochrome b-559 in chloroplast fragments and in whole cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (wild type and P-700-lacking mutant Fl 5). In addition, some other compounds: antimycin A, picric acid, tetraphenylboron and NH4Cl were also tested. Cytochrome b-559 photooxidations were clearly observed in the presence of 2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene (ANT 2p), 2-(3,4,5-trichloro)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene (ANT 2s), 2-(4-chloro)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and, with greater amplitudes, in the presence of carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, both in whole cells and in chloroplast fragments. Picric acid, antimycin A and tetraphenylboron were also able to induce cytochrome b-559 photooxidation in chloroplast fragments, but not in whole cells. In the wild type, the highest photoinduced redox changes were 1.1 (carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone) and 0.6 (ANT 2p, ANT 2s) mumol of oxidized cytochrome b-559/1 mmol of chlorophyll, corresponding to 40% and 23% of the redox changes which could be induced chemically. All these cytochrome b-559 photooxidations, the greater part of which was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and occurred in the mutant Fl 5, appeared to be mainly Photosystem II-dependent reactions. But 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-insensitive Photosystem I-dependent photooxidations of cytochrome b-559 occurred also in the wild type. On the other hand, 2-(4-dimethylamine)-anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene, 2-N-methyl-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and NH4Cl did not induce any cytochrome b-559 photooxidation. These results were discussed taking in consideration the nature of the molecular substitutions of the various tested substances and their respective acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y of photosynthesis capacities which had been defined elsewhere by Renger (Renger, G. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 256, 428-439) for spinach chloroplasts. Like the acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y effect, the capacity for inducing the cytochrome b-559 photooxidation appeared dependent on the acidity of the NH group and on the number of halogenous substituents in the aromatic ring of the molecule. The greatest action towards cytochrome b-559 photooxidation was obtained with the most active acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y agents: carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, ANT 2p and ANT 2s.", "contents": "Photooxidation of the cytochrome b-559 in the presence of various substituted 2-anilinothiophenes and of some other compounds, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Five substituted 2-anilinothiophenes and two substituted carbonylcyanide-phenylhydrazones were comparatively studied with respect to their capacities for inducing photooxidation of the cytochrome b-559 in chloroplast fragments and in whole cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (wild type and P-700-lacking mutant Fl 5). In addition, some other compounds: antimycin A, picric acid, tetraphenylboron and NH4Cl were also tested. Cytochrome b-559 photooxidations were clearly observed in the presence of 2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene (ANT 2p), 2-(3,4,5-trichloro)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene (ANT 2s), 2-(4-chloro)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and, with greater amplitudes, in the presence of carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, both in whole cells and in chloroplast fragments. Picric acid, antimycin A and tetraphenylboron were also able to induce cytochrome b-559 photooxidation in chloroplast fragments, but not in whole cells. In the wild type, the highest photoinduced redox changes were 1.1 (carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone) and 0.6 (ANT 2p, ANT 2s) mumol of oxidized cytochrome b-559/1 mmol of chlorophyll, corresponding to 40% and 23% of the redox changes which could be induced chemically. All these cytochrome b-559 photooxidations, the greater part of which was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichloropheny)-1,1-dimethylurea and occurred in the mutant Fl 5, appeared to be mainly Photosystem II-dependent reactions. But 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-insensitive Photosystem I-dependent photooxidations of cytochrome b-559 occurred also in the wild type. On the other hand, 2-(4-dimethylamine)-anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene, 2-N-methyl-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and NH4Cl did not induce any cytochrome b-559 photooxidation. These results were discussed taking in consideration the nature of the molecular substitutions of the various tested substances and their respective acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y of photosynthesis capacities which had been defined elsewhere by Renger (Renger, G. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 256, 428-439) for spinach chloroplasts. Like the acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y effect, the capacity for inducing the cytochrome b-559 photooxidation appeared dependent on the acidity of the NH group and on the number of halogenous substituents in the aromatic ring of the molecule. The greatest action towards cytochrome b-559 photooxidation was obtained with the most active acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y agents: carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, ANT 2p and ANT 2s.", "PMID": 508733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7985", "title": "Photochemically active pigment-protein complexes from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii.", "content": "Photochemically active pigment-protein complexes were prepared from a bacteriochlorophyll a containing membrane preparation of the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. The preparations contained about 75 and 35 bacteriochlorophyll a molecules per reaction center and had molecular weights of 6 . 10(5) and 3.5 . 10(5), respectively. Some of the other properties of these preparations are described.", "contents": "Photochemically active pigment-protein complexes from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. Photochemically active pigment-protein complexes were prepared from a bacteriochlorophyll a containing membrane preparation of the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. The preparations contained about 75 and 35 bacteriochlorophyll a molecules per reaction center and had molecular weights of 6 . 10(5) and 3.5 . 10(5), respectively. Some of the other properties of these preparations are described.", "PMID": 508734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7986", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a rubredoxin and two ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio africanus.", "content": "Rubredoxin and two distinct ferredoxins have been purified from Desulfovibrio africanus. The rubredoxin has a molecular weight of 6000 while the ferredoxins appear to be dimers of identical subunits of approximately 6000 to 7000 molecular weight. Rubredoxin contains one iron atom, no acid-labile sulfide and four cysteine residues per molecule. Its absorbance ratio A278/A490 is 2.23 and its amino acid composition is characterized by the absence of leucine and a preponderance of acidic amino acids. The two ferredoxins, designated I and II, are readily separated on DEAE-cellulose. The amino acid compositions of ferredoxins I and II show them to be different protein species; the greater number of acidic amino acid residues in ferredoxin I than in ferredoxin II appears to account for separation based on electronic charge. Both ferredoxins contain four iron atoms, four acid-labile residues per molecule. Spectra of the two ferredoxins differ from those of ferredoxins of other Desulfovibrio species by exhibiting a pronounced absorption peak at 283 nm consistent with an unusual high content of aromatic residues. The A385/A283 absorbance ratio of ferredoxins I and II are 0.56 and 0.62, respectively. The N-terminal sequencing data of the two ferredoxins clearly indicate that ferredoxins I and II are different protein species. However, the two proteins exhibit a high degree of homology.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a rubredoxin and two ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio africanus. Rubredoxin and two distinct ferredoxins have been purified from Desulfovibrio africanus. The rubredoxin has a molecular weight of 6000 while the ferredoxins appear to be dimers of identical subunits of approximately 6000 to 7000 molecular weight. Rubredoxin contains one iron atom, no acid-labile sulfide and four cysteine residues per molecule. Its absorbance ratio A278/A490 is 2.23 and its amino acid composition is characterized by the absence of leucine and a preponderance of acidic amino acids. The two ferredoxins, designated I and II, are readily separated on DEAE-cellulose. The amino acid compositions of ferredoxins I and II show them to be different protein species; the greater number of acidic amino acid residues in ferredoxin I than in ferredoxin II appears to account for separation based on electronic charge. Both ferredoxins contain four iron atoms, four acid-labile residues per molecule. Spectra of the two ferredoxins differ from those of ferredoxins of other Desulfovibrio species by exhibiting a pronounced absorption peak at 283 nm consistent with an unusual high content of aromatic residues. The A385/A283 absorbance ratio of ferredoxins I and II are 0.56 and 0.62, respectively. The N-terminal sequencing data of the two ferredoxins clearly indicate that ferredoxins I and II are different protein species. However, the two proteins exhibit a high degree of homology.", "PMID": 508735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7987", "title": "Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Panicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate species: evidence for a limited C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis.", "content": "Panicum milioides, a naturally occurring species with C4-like Kranz leaf anatomy, is intermediate between C3 and C4 plants with respect to photo-respiration and the associated oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. This paper presents direct evidence for a limited degree of C4 photosynthesis in this C3-C4 intermediate species based on: (a) the appearance of 24% of the total 14C fixed following 4 s photosynthesis in 14CO2-air by excised leaves in malate and aspartate and the complete transfer of label from the C4 acids to Calvin cycle intermediates within a 15 s chase in 12CO2-air; (b) pyruvate- or alanine-enhanced light-dependent CO2 fixation and pyruvate stimulation ote- or alanine-enhanced light-dependent CO2 fixation and pyruvate stimulation of oxaloacetate- or 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent O2 evolution by illuminated mesophyll protoplasts, but not bundle sheath strands; and (c) NAD-malic enzyme-dependent decarboxylation of C4 acids at the C-4 carboxyl position, C4 acid-dependent O2 evolution, and 14CO2 donation from (4-14C)C4 acids to Calvin cycle intermediates during photosynthesis by bundle sheath strands, but not mesophyll protoplasts. However, P. milloides differs from C4 plants in that the activity of the C4 cycle enzymes is only 15 to 30% of a C4 Panicum species and the Calvin cycle and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are present in both cell types. From these and related studies (Rathnam, C.K.M. and Chollet, R. (1979) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 193, 346-354; (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 801-808) we conclude that reduced photorespiration in P. milioides is due to a limited degree of NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 photosynthesis permitting an increase in pCO2 at the site of bundle sheath, but not mesophyll, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.", "contents": "Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Panicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate species: evidence for a limited C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Panicum milioides, a naturally occurring species with C4-like Kranz leaf anatomy, is intermediate between C3 and C4 plants with respect to photo-respiration and the associated oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. This paper presents direct evidence for a limited degree of C4 photosynthesis in this C3-C4 intermediate species based on: (a) the appearance of 24% of the total 14C fixed following 4 s photosynthesis in 14CO2-air by excised leaves in malate and aspartate and the complete transfer of label from the C4 acids to Calvin cycle intermediates within a 15 s chase in 12CO2-air; (b) pyruvate- or alanine-enhanced light-dependent CO2 fixation and pyruvate stimulation ote- or alanine-enhanced light-dependent CO2 fixation and pyruvate stimulation of oxaloacetate- or 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent O2 evolution by illuminated mesophyll protoplasts, but not bundle sheath strands; and (c) NAD-malic enzyme-dependent decarboxylation of C4 acids at the C-4 carboxyl position, C4 acid-dependent O2 evolution, and 14CO2 donation from (4-14C)C4 acids to Calvin cycle intermediates during photosynthesis by bundle sheath strands, but not mesophyll protoplasts. However, P. milloides differs from C4 plants in that the activity of the C4 cycle enzymes is only 15 to 30% of a C4 Panicum species and the Calvin cycle and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are present in both cell types. From these and related studies (Rathnam, C.K.M. and Chollet, R. (1979) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 193, 346-354; (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 801-808) we conclude that reduced photorespiration in P. milioides is due to a limited degree of NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 photosynthesis permitting an increase in pCO2 at the site of bundle sheath, but not mesophyll, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.", "PMID": 508736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7988", "title": "Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a monitor of nanosecond reduction of the photooxidized primary donor P-680 Of photosystem II.", "content": "1. Changes in the fluorescence yield of aerobic Chlorella vulgaris have been measured in laser flashes of 15 ns, 30 ns and 350 ns half time. The kinetics after the first flash given after a 3 min dark period could be simulated on a computer using the hypothesis that the oxidized acceptor Q and primary donor P+ are fluorescence quenchers, and Q- is a weak quencher, and that the reduction time for P+ is 20-35 ns. 2. The P+ reduction time for at least an appreciable part of the reaction centers was found to be longer after the second and subsequent flashes. In the first 5 flashes an oscillation was observed. Under steady state conditions, with a pulse separation of 3 s, a reduction time for P+ of about 400 ns for all reaction centers gave the best correspondence between computed and experimental fluorescence kinetics.", "contents": "Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a monitor of nanosecond reduction of the photooxidized primary donor P-680 Of photosystem II. 1. Changes in the fluorescence yield of aerobic Chlorella vulgaris have been measured in laser flashes of 15 ns, 30 ns and 350 ns half time. The kinetics after the first flash given after a 3 min dark period could be simulated on a computer using the hypothesis that the oxidized acceptor Q and primary donor P+ are fluorescence quenchers, and Q- is a weak quencher, and that the reduction time for P+ is 20-35 ns. 2. The P+ reduction time for at least an appreciable part of the reaction centers was found to be longer after the second and subsequent flashes. In the first 5 flashes an oscillation was observed. Under steady state conditions, with a pulse separation of 3 s, a reduction time for P+ of about 400 ns for all reaction centers gave the best correspondence between computed and experimental fluorescence kinetics.", "PMID": 508737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7989", "title": "Surface potential and reaction of the membrane-bound electron transfer components. II. Integrity of the chloroplast membrane and reaction of P-700.", "content": "Electrostatic characteristics of the membrane in the vicinity of P-700 were estimated by analyzing the salt and detergent effects on its reaction rate with ionic reagents using the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory in various preparations of chloroplasts. Upon disruption of thylakoid membranes by sonic treatment or by treatment with digitonin, the reaction rate markedly increased, while the estimated surface charge density became smaller. It was concluded that the membrane surface which determines the reaction rate between P-700 and the ionic reagents changed as the disruption of thylakoid structure. The outer thylakoid surface had more negative charges than the inner one. Changes in the electrical potential profile across the thylakoid membrane during the illumination were also discussed from these results.", "contents": "Surface potential and reaction of the membrane-bound electron transfer components. II. Integrity of the chloroplast membrane and reaction of P-700. Electrostatic characteristics of the membrane in the vicinity of P-700 were estimated by analyzing the salt and detergent effects on its reaction rate with ionic reagents using the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory in various preparations of chloroplasts. Upon disruption of thylakoid membranes by sonic treatment or by treatment with digitonin, the reaction rate markedly increased, while the estimated surface charge density became smaller. It was concluded that the membrane surface which determines the reaction rate between P-700 and the ionic reagents changed as the disruption of thylakoid structure. The outer thylakoid surface had more negative charges than the inner one. Changes in the electrical potential profile across the thylakoid membrane during the illumination were also discussed from these results.", "PMID": 508738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7990", "title": "Quenching of fluorescence by triplet excited states in chloroplasts.", "content": "The fluorescence quantum yield in spinach chloroplasts at room temperature has been studied utilizing a 0.5-4.0 mus duration dye laser flash of varying intensities as an excitation source. The yield (phi) and carotenoid triplet concentration were monitored both during and following the laser flash. The triplet concentration was monitored by transient absorption spectoscopy at 515 nm, while the yield phi following the laser was probed with a low intensity xenon flash. The fluorescence is quenched by factors of up to 10-12, depending on the intensity of the flash and the time interval following the onset of the flash. This quenching is attributed to a quencher Q whose concentration is denoted by Q. The relative instantaneous concentration of Q was calculated from phi utilizing the Stern-Volmer equation, and its buildup and decay kinetics were compared to those of carotenoid triplets. At high flash intensities (greater than 10(16) photon . cm-2) the decay kinetics of Q are slower than those of the carotenoid triplets, while at lower flash intensities they are similar. Q is sensitive to oxygen and it is proposed that Q, at the higher intensities, is a trapped chlorophyll triplet. This hypothesis accounts well for the continuing rise of the carotenoid triplet concentration for 1-2 mus after the cessation of the laser pulse by a slow detrapping mechanism, and the subsequent capture of the triplet energy by carotenoid molecules. At the maximum laser intensities, the carotenoid triplet concentration is about one per 100 chlorophyll molecules. The maximum chlorophyll ion concentration generated by the laser pulses was estimated to be below 0.8 ions/100 chlorophyll molecules. None of the observations described here were altered when a picosecond pulse laser train was substituted for the microsecond pulse. A simple kinetic model describing the generation of singlets and triplets (by intersystem crossing), and their subsequent interaction leading to fluorescence quenching, accounts well for the observations. The two coupled differential equations describing the time dependent evolution of singlet and triplet excited states are solved numerically. Using a single-triplet bimolecular rate constant of gammast = 10(-8) cm3 . s-1, the following observations can be accounted for: (1) the rapid initial drop in phi and its subsequent levelling off with increasing time during the laser pulse, (2) the buildup of the triplets during the pulse, and (3) the integrated yield of triplets per pulse as a function of the energy of the flash.", "contents": "Quenching of fluorescence by triplet excited states in chloroplasts. The fluorescence quantum yield in spinach chloroplasts at room temperature has been studied utilizing a 0.5-4.0 mus duration dye laser flash of varying intensities as an excitation source. The yield (phi) and carotenoid triplet concentration were monitored both during and following the laser flash. The triplet concentration was monitored by transient absorption spectoscopy at 515 nm, while the yield phi following the laser was probed with a low intensity xenon flash. The fluorescence is quenched by factors of up to 10-12, depending on the intensity of the flash and the time interval following the onset of the flash. This quenching is attributed to a quencher Q whose concentration is denoted by Q. The relative instantaneous concentration of Q was calculated from phi utilizing the Stern-Volmer equation, and its buildup and decay kinetics were compared to those of carotenoid triplets. At high flash intensities (greater than 10(16) photon . cm-2) the decay kinetics of Q are slower than those of the carotenoid triplets, while at lower flash intensities they are similar. Q is sensitive to oxygen and it is proposed that Q, at the higher intensities, is a trapped chlorophyll triplet. This hypothesis accounts well for the continuing rise of the carotenoid triplet concentration for 1-2 mus after the cessation of the laser pulse by a slow detrapping mechanism, and the subsequent capture of the triplet energy by carotenoid molecules. At the maximum laser intensities, the carotenoid triplet concentration is about one per 100 chlorophyll molecules. The maximum chlorophyll ion concentration generated by the laser pulses was estimated to be below 0.8 ions/100 chlorophyll molecules. None of the observations described here were altered when a picosecond pulse laser train was substituted for the microsecond pulse. A simple kinetic model describing the generation of singlets and triplets (by intersystem crossing), and their subsequent interaction leading to fluorescence quenching, accounts well for the observations. The two coupled differential equations describing the time dependent evolution of singlet and triplet excited states are solved numerically. Using a single-triplet bimolecular rate constant of gammast = 10(-8) cm3 . s-1, the following observations can be accounted for: (1) the rapid initial drop in phi and its subsequent levelling off with increasing time during the laser pulse, (2) the buildup of the triplets during the pulse, and (3) the integrated yield of triplets per pulse as a function of the energy of the flash.", "PMID": 508739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7991", "title": "Calcium ion binding to lobster nerve membranes.", "content": "The binding of 45Ca2+ to membrane material isolated from lobster walking leg nerves was studied using a rapid filtration technique. In solutions of high ionic strength (450 mM), the amount of 45Ca2+ bound to this membrane material was found to be highly dependent on the monovalent cation used in the incubating solution. The amount of 45Ca2+ bound was larger when the membranes were incubated in a KCl solution compared to when they were incubated in a NaCl solution. This difference was attributed to the ability of these closed membrane vesicles to accumulate Ca2+ into the vesicle when incubating in a KCl solution but not in a NaCl solution. This accumulation of Ca2+ was found to be independent of metabolic energy and depended primarily on the absence of Na+ from the incubation medium. At low ionic strength, the membranes formed open fragments and the amount of Ca2+ bound was no longer sensitive to the monovalent cation species in the incubation solution. The 45Ca2+ bound under these low ionic strength conditions was considered to be bound to anionic sites on the membranes.", "contents": "Calcium ion binding to lobster nerve membranes. The binding of 45Ca2+ to membrane material isolated from lobster walking leg nerves was studied using a rapid filtration technique. In solutions of high ionic strength (450 mM), the amount of 45Ca2+ bound to this membrane material was found to be highly dependent on the monovalent cation used in the incubating solution. The amount of 45Ca2+ bound was larger when the membranes were incubated in a KCl solution compared to when they were incubated in a NaCl solution. This difference was attributed to the ability of these closed membrane vesicles to accumulate Ca2+ into the vesicle when incubating in a KCl solution but not in a NaCl solution. This accumulation of Ca2+ was found to be independent of metabolic energy and depended primarily on the absence of Na+ from the incubation medium. At low ionic strength, the membranes formed open fragments and the amount of Ca2+ bound was no longer sensitive to the monovalent cation species in the incubation solution. The 45Ca2+ bound under these low ionic strength conditions was considered to be bound to anionic sites on the membranes.", "PMID": 508740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7992", "title": "The use of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids to determine fluidity and polarity gradients in phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "A set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid probes (n = 2, 6, 9, 12) have been used to examine gradients in fluorescence polarization, lifetime (tau F), relative quantum yield (phi rel) and positions of emission maxima (lambda max) through bilayers composed of synthetic phospholipids. The fluorophores of these probes report the environment at a graded series of depths from the surface to the centre of the bilayer structure. 1. Polarizations decrease as the fluorophore is moved deeper into the bilayer indicating greater rotational motion of the fluorophore in the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer. 2. The different responses of the probe diphenylhexatriene and the anthroyloxy fatty acids to the action of cholesterol on lipid bilayers are discussed in terms of the orientation of these probes in the bilayer and the types of anisotropic rotational motions which result in depolarization of fluorescence. 3. Stearic acid derivatives which have the fluorophore in the 6-, 9- and 12-positions along the acyl chain have a similar response to solvent polarity as measured by values of lambda max and phi rel in a variety of organic solvents. 4. The position of the emission maximum has little dependence on solvent viscosity, but viscosity does change the degree of vibrational structure seen in the emission spectrum. The vibrational structure itself may be used as an indication of the 'mciroviscosity' gradient in the transverse plane of the bilayer. 5. Values of lambda max, tau F and phi rel indicate that a gradient of polarity exists from the surface to the centre of the bilayer. For dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the crystalline phase, cholesterol acts to make this polarity gradient shallower.", "contents": "The use of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids to determine fluidity and polarity gradients in phospholipid bilayers. A set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid probes (n = 2, 6, 9, 12) have been used to examine gradients in fluorescence polarization, lifetime (tau F), relative quantum yield (phi rel) and positions of emission maxima (lambda max) through bilayers composed of synthetic phospholipids. The fluorophores of these probes report the environment at a graded series of depths from the surface to the centre of the bilayer structure. 1. Polarizations decrease as the fluorophore is moved deeper into the bilayer indicating greater rotational motion of the fluorophore in the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer. 2. The different responses of the probe diphenylhexatriene and the anthroyloxy fatty acids to the action of cholesterol on lipid bilayers are discussed in terms of the orientation of these probes in the bilayer and the types of anisotropic rotational motions which result in depolarization of fluorescence. 3. Stearic acid derivatives which have the fluorophore in the 6-, 9- and 12-positions along the acyl chain have a similar response to solvent polarity as measured by values of lambda max and phi rel in a variety of organic solvents. 4. The position of the emission maximum has little dependence on solvent viscosity, but viscosity does change the degree of vibrational structure seen in the emission spectrum. The vibrational structure itself may be used as an indication of the 'mciroviscosity' gradient in the transverse plane of the bilayer. 5. Values of lambda max, tau F and phi rel indicate that a gradient of polarity exists from the surface to the centre of the bilayer. For dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the crystalline phase, cholesterol acts to make this polarity gradient shallower.", "PMID": 508741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7993", "title": "On the interpretation of binding isotherms in complex biological systems. Apparent homogeneity of some heterogeneous systems.", "content": "A simple treatment of the effect of site heterogeneity upon binding isotherms is presented, which is applicable to the analysis of data obtained from measurements of hormone, drug, or lectin binding to membranes and cell surfaces. Using this treatment, isotherms corresponding to various distributions of binding constants have been fitted to examples of experimental binding data ordinarily interpreted in the context of a homogeneous binding site model. It is found that these data do not permit one to exclude the alternate possibility of a broad distribution of the binding constant K. If a homogeneous binding site model can be satisfactorily fitted to the data, it is probable that the value of K obtained by this procedure is equal or nearly equal to the number average value of K in the actual (unknown) distribution.", "contents": "On the interpretation of binding isotherms in complex biological systems. Apparent homogeneity of some heterogeneous systems. A simple treatment of the effect of site heterogeneity upon binding isotherms is presented, which is applicable to the analysis of data obtained from measurements of hormone, drug, or lectin binding to membranes and cell surfaces. Using this treatment, isotherms corresponding to various distributions of binding constants have been fitted to examples of experimental binding data ordinarily interpreted in the context of a homogeneous binding site model. It is found that these data do not permit one to exclude the alternate possibility of a broad distribution of the binding constant K. If a homogeneous binding site model can be satisfactorily fitted to the data, it is probable that the value of K obtained by this procedure is equal or nearly equal to the number average value of K in the actual (unknown) distribution.", "PMID": 508742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7994", "title": "Phase transition characteristics of diphosphatidyl-glycerol (cardiolipin) and stereoisomeric phosphatidyldiacylglycerol bilayers. Mono- and divalent metal ion effects.", "content": "Synthesis and phase transition chaaracteristics of aqueous dispersions of the homologous (12 : 0, 14 : 0, 16 : 0) diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipins) and phosphatidyldiacylglycerols are reported. Electron microscopy of the negatively stained aqueous dispersions reveals a characteristic lamellar structure suggesting that these phospholipid molecules are organized as bilayers in the aqueous dispersions. The phase transition temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy of transition (delta H) increase monotonically with chain length in the cardiolipin and phosphatidyldiacylglycerol series; Tm for phosphatidyldiacylglycerol is higher than that for cardiolipin of the same chain-length. The transition temperatures for the enantiomeric sn-3,3- and sn-1,1-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol and for the diastereomeric, meso-sn-1,3-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol are approximately the same. The molar enthalpy for the transition of cardiolipin-NH+4 bilayers is approximately twice the value for the phosphatidylcholines of the same chain length, i.e., the molar enthalpy per acyl chain is approximately the same in the two systems. The transition temperatures for metal ion salts of C16-cardiolipin exhibit a biphasic dependence upon the unhydrated ionic radii, i.e., the highest Tm is observed for Ca2+-cardiolipin and decreases for the salts of ions with smaller and larger ionic radii than that of Ca2+. The lowest Tm is observed for Rb+-cardiolipin. Monovalent metal salts of cardiolipin exhibit two phase transitions. This effect may result from different conformational packing of the four acyl chains due to differences in metal-phosphate binding.", "contents": "Phase transition characteristics of diphosphatidyl-glycerol (cardiolipin) and stereoisomeric phosphatidyldiacylglycerol bilayers. Mono- and divalent metal ion effects. Synthesis and phase transition chaaracteristics of aqueous dispersions of the homologous (12 : 0, 14 : 0, 16 : 0) diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipins) and phosphatidyldiacylglycerols are reported. Electron microscopy of the negatively stained aqueous dispersions reveals a characteristic lamellar structure suggesting that these phospholipid molecules are organized as bilayers in the aqueous dispersions. The phase transition temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy of transition (delta H) increase monotonically with chain length in the cardiolipin and phosphatidyldiacylglycerol series; Tm for phosphatidyldiacylglycerol is higher than that for cardiolipin of the same chain-length. The transition temperatures for the enantiomeric sn-3,3- and sn-1,1-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol and for the diastereomeric, meso-sn-1,3-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol are approximately the same. The molar enthalpy for the transition of cardiolipin-NH+4 bilayers is approximately twice the value for the phosphatidylcholines of the same chain length, i.e., the molar enthalpy per acyl chain is approximately the same in the two systems. The transition temperatures for metal ion salts of C16-cardiolipin exhibit a biphasic dependence upon the unhydrated ionic radii, i.e., the highest Tm is observed for Ca2+-cardiolipin and decreases for the salts of ions with smaller and larger ionic radii than that of Ca2+. The lowest Tm is observed for Rb+-cardiolipin. Monovalent metal salts of cardiolipin exhibit two phase transitions. This effect may result from different conformational packing of the four acyl chains due to differences in metal-phosphate binding.", "PMID": 508743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7995", "title": "Ca2+ binding sites in plasma membranes of rat liver and hepatoma cells, and effect of concanavalin A on the Ca2+ binding sites and cellular uptake of Ca2+.", "content": "1. Plasma membranes isolated from rat livers and ascites hepatoma cells (AH-130, AH-7974) were assayed for specific Ca2+ binding sites using 45Ca2+ and a Millipore filtration technique. The presence of higher (Kd = 1.4--1.5 . 10(-5) M) and lower (Kd = 0.9--1.0 . 10(-4) M) affinity sites in both liver and hepatoma membranes was observed. The hepatoma plasma membranes however, showed 1.4--2.1-fold as many Ca2+ binding sites (higher and lower affinity sites) as the liver plasma membranes on the basis of protein. 2. Concanavalin A stimulated the specific Ca2+ binding to liver and hepatoma plasma membranes, showing a maximal stimulation (3--5-fold) at 100 microgram/ml. Succinyl concanavalin A was less effective, whereas wheat germ agglutinin and ricinus lectin were ineffective. 3. Concanavalin A stimulated the Ca2+ uptake by AH-7974 cells. The concanavalin A-mediated stimulation of Ca2+ uptake showed lectin-concentrations and Ca2+-concentration dependencies similar to those in the concanavalin A-mediated stimulation of Ca2+ binding.", "contents": "Ca2+ binding sites in plasma membranes of rat liver and hepatoma cells, and effect of concanavalin A on the Ca2+ binding sites and cellular uptake of Ca2+. 1. Plasma membranes isolated from rat livers and ascites hepatoma cells (AH-130, AH-7974) were assayed for specific Ca2+ binding sites using 45Ca2+ and a Millipore filtration technique. The presence of higher (Kd = 1.4--1.5 . 10(-5) M) and lower (Kd = 0.9--1.0 . 10(-4) M) affinity sites in both liver and hepatoma membranes was observed. The hepatoma plasma membranes however, showed 1.4--2.1-fold as many Ca2+ binding sites (higher and lower affinity sites) as the liver plasma membranes on the basis of protein. 2. Concanavalin A stimulated the specific Ca2+ binding to liver and hepatoma plasma membranes, showing a maximal stimulation (3--5-fold) at 100 microgram/ml. Succinyl concanavalin A was less effective, whereas wheat germ agglutinin and ricinus lectin were ineffective. 3. Concanavalin A stimulated the Ca2+ uptake by AH-7974 cells. The concanavalin A-mediated stimulation of Ca2+ uptake showed lectin-concentrations and Ca2+-concentration dependencies similar to those in the concanavalin A-mediated stimulation of Ca2+ binding.", "PMID": 508744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7996", "title": "Distribution of sulfhydryl groups in intestinal brush border membranes. Localization of side-chains essential for glucose transport and phlorizin binding.", "content": "1. Brush border membrane vesicles from rabbit small intestine were found to contain 46 nmol SH groups/mg protein, 52% of which could react with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, a membrane permeating probe. Only 18% of the total SH-groups reacted with the impermeant probe 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), indicating that only this fraction is externally located. 2. Brush border membrane vesicles could be disrupted by a gentle treatment with deoxycholate, releasing most of their electron-dense core material. In deoxycholate-treated vesicles most of the SH groups that reacted with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine react with 5,5'-dibiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), suggesting that both membrane surfaces became exposed to the extravesicular medium. 3. In intact vesicles (1.2 mg protein/ml), the binding of phlorizin (a competitive inhibitor of the monosaccharide transport system) was 50% inhibited by 67 microM of the penetrating organomercurial p-chloromercuribenzoate, but was about ten times less sensitive to the poorly permeating p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate. In contrast, binding of phlorizin to leaky (deoxycholate-treated) membranes was equally susceptible to either reagent. 4. Mercurial inhibition of phlorizin binding could be reversed by dithioerythritol in both sealed and leaky membranes, whereas the less permeant thiol L-glutathione (reduced form) could only revert the inhibition in leaky membranes.", "contents": "Distribution of sulfhydryl groups in intestinal brush border membranes. Localization of side-chains essential for glucose transport and phlorizin binding. 1. Brush border membrane vesicles from rabbit small intestine were found to contain 46 nmol SH groups/mg protein, 52% of which could react with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, a membrane permeating probe. Only 18% of the total SH-groups reacted with the impermeant probe 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), indicating that only this fraction is externally located. 2. Brush border membrane vesicles could be disrupted by a gentle treatment with deoxycholate, releasing most of their electron-dense core material. In deoxycholate-treated vesicles most of the SH groups that reacted with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine react with 5,5'-dibiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), suggesting that both membrane surfaces became exposed to the extravesicular medium. 3. In intact vesicles (1.2 mg protein/ml), the binding of phlorizin (a competitive inhibitor of the monosaccharide transport system) was 50% inhibited by 67 microM of the penetrating organomercurial p-chloromercuribenzoate, but was about ten times less sensitive to the poorly permeating p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate. In contrast, binding of phlorizin to leaky (deoxycholate-treated) membranes was equally susceptible to either reagent. 4. Mercurial inhibition of phlorizin binding could be reversed by dithioerythritol in both sealed and leaky membranes, whereas the less permeant thiol L-glutathione (reduced form) could only revert the inhibition in leaky membranes.", "PMID": 508745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7997", "title": "Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins is increased specifically in neurites of differentiating neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins was determined in differentiating C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells by fluorescence photo-bleaching recovery measurements. It is demonstrated that upon differentiation the lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins is increased specifically in the extending neurites. This indicates the appearance of a topographical heterogeneity in the cell membrane, whereby more fluid domains become located in the membrane of the neurites.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins is increased specifically in neurites of differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins was determined in differentiating C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells by fluorescence photo-bleaching recovery measurements. It is demonstrated that upon differentiation the lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins is increased specifically in the extending neurites. This indicates the appearance of a topographical heterogeneity in the cell membrane, whereby more fluid domains become located in the membrane of the neurites.", "PMID": 508746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7998", "title": "A characteristic membrane protein of liver peroxisomes inducible by clofibrate.", "content": "In sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis the membranes of rat liver peroxisomes show nine main protein bands (40 000--100 000 dalton); the 40 000-dalton polypeptide cannot be resolved from the membrane by deoxycholate. Treatment of the rats with clofibrate largely increases this protein and another one (about 80 000 dalton) in the peroxisomal but not in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proliferation of peroxisomes seems to be connected with the insertion of specific proteins into the membrane.", "contents": "A characteristic membrane protein of liver peroxisomes inducible by clofibrate. In sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis the membranes of rat liver peroxisomes show nine main protein bands (40 000--100 000 dalton); the 40 000-dalton polypeptide cannot be resolved from the membrane by deoxycholate. Treatment of the rats with clofibrate largely increases this protein and another one (about 80 000 dalton) in the peroxisomal but not in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proliferation of peroxisomes seems to be connected with the insertion of specific proteins into the membrane.", "PMID": 508747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_7999", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of capacitation. II. Evidence for lipid transfer between plasma membrane of rat sperm and serum albumin during capacitation in vitro.", "content": "1. Evidence has been provided for the transfer of phosphatidyl[14C]choline and [3H]cholesterol between bovine serum albumin and cauda epididymal rat spermatozoa in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium, which can promote sperm capacitation. 2. An analysis of the lipid composition in both albumin and spermatozoa revealed that phospholipid levels decreased in the protein and increased by roughly comparable amounts in sperm cells during incubation in vitro. 3. Cholesterol (free + ester) increased in albumin and decreased in spermatozoa. Changes in the amount of esterified cholesterol were solely responsible for the increase associated with albumin, whereas whole sperm cell extracts showed a significant decline in free cholesterol. 4. The composition of albumin-bound fatty acids did not alter appreciably as a result of incubation with spermatozoa. 5. Rates of [14C]palmitic acid utilization by spermatozoa suggest that lipid synthesis accounted for less than 5% of the changes observed under the conditions of this study. 6. These results are interpreted as broadly supporting our previous proposal that lipid exchange between albumin and sperm cells is implicated in sperm capacitation in vitro. Specifically, the results are compatible with the idea that a decreased cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in the sperm plasma membrane facilitates this transformation.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of capacitation. II. Evidence for lipid transfer between plasma membrane of rat sperm and serum albumin during capacitation in vitro. 1. Evidence has been provided for the transfer of phosphatidyl[14C]choline and [3H]cholesterol between bovine serum albumin and cauda epididymal rat spermatozoa in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium, which can promote sperm capacitation. 2. An analysis of the lipid composition in both albumin and spermatozoa revealed that phospholipid levels decreased in the protein and increased by roughly comparable amounts in sperm cells during incubation in vitro. 3. Cholesterol (free + ester) increased in albumin and decreased in spermatozoa. Changes in the amount of esterified cholesterol were solely responsible for the increase associated with albumin, whereas whole sperm cell extracts showed a significant decline in free cholesterol. 4. The composition of albumin-bound fatty acids did not alter appreciably as a result of incubation with spermatozoa. 5. Rates of [14C]palmitic acid utilization by spermatozoa suggest that lipid synthesis accounted for less than 5% of the changes observed under the conditions of this study. 6. These results are interpreted as broadly supporting our previous proposal that lipid exchange between albumin and sperm cells is implicated in sperm capacitation in vitro. Specifically, the results are compatible with the idea that a decreased cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in the sperm plasma membrane facilitates this transformation.", "PMID": 508748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8000", "title": "86Rb+ fluxes in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a function of membrane cholesterol content.", "content": "Steady-state fluxes of 86Rb+ (as a tracer for K+) were measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) and a mutant (CR1) defective in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis; the membrane cholesterol content of this mutant was varied by growing it on a range of cholesterol supplements to lipid-free medium (Sinensky, M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 75, 1247--1249). Analogous to previous findings in ascites tumor cells, 86Rb+ influx in the parent strain was differentiated into a ouabain-inhibitable 'pump' flux, furosemide-sensitive, chloride-dependent exchange diffusion, and a residual 'leak' flux. On the basis of this flux characterization, 86Rb+ pump and leak fluxes were measured in the mutant as a function of membrane cholesterol content. Pump and leak fluxes, when expressed per ml cell water, were independent of the cholesterol content of the mutant. Moreover, 86Rb+ fluxes in the mutant were equal to those in the parent strain. Our data imply that the flux behavior of K+ in the steady state is independent of the ordering of membrane lipid acyl chains.", "contents": "86Rb+ fluxes in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a function of membrane cholesterol content. Steady-state fluxes of 86Rb+ (as a tracer for K+) were measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) and a mutant (CR1) defective in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis; the membrane cholesterol content of this mutant was varied by growing it on a range of cholesterol supplements to lipid-free medium (Sinensky, M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 75, 1247--1249). Analogous to previous findings in ascites tumor cells, 86Rb+ influx in the parent strain was differentiated into a ouabain-inhibitable 'pump' flux, furosemide-sensitive, chloride-dependent exchange diffusion, and a residual 'leak' flux. On the basis of this flux characterization, 86Rb+ pump and leak fluxes were measured in the mutant as a function of membrane cholesterol content. Pump and leak fluxes, when expressed per ml cell water, were independent of the cholesterol content of the mutant. Moreover, 86Rb+ fluxes in the mutant were equal to those in the parent strain. Our data imply that the flux behavior of K+ in the steady state is independent of the ordering of membrane lipid acyl chains.", "PMID": 508750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8001", "title": "Asymmetry in the renewal of molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine in the rat-erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "1. Rat-blood phospholipids were labeled in vivo with [32P]phosphate. The erythrocytes were treated with phospholipase A2 plus sphingomyelinase to discriminate between the labeling patterns of the phospholipids from the inner and outer layer of the membrane. 2. The specific activities of the more unsaturated classes of phosphatidylcholine were higher in the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane than in the inner layer. The disaturated class, however, had the highest specific activity in the inner layer. 3. After incubating 32P-labeled erythrocytes in unlabeled plasma, the labeling pattern recovered in the molecular classes of plasma phosphatidylcholine was very similar to that of the phosphatidylcholines in the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane. 4. It is proposed that the exchange of phosphatidylcholines between plasma and the outer layer of the erythrocyte is mainly responsible for the renewal of the unsaturated phosphatidylcholines of the erythrocyte, and that the acylation activity of the erythrocyte is directed towards the formation of disaturated phosphatidylcholines at the inside of the membrane.", "contents": "Asymmetry in the renewal of molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine in the rat-erythrocyte membrane. 1. Rat-blood phospholipids were labeled in vivo with [32P]phosphate. The erythrocytes were treated with phospholipase A2 plus sphingomyelinase to discriminate between the labeling patterns of the phospholipids from the inner and outer layer of the membrane. 2. The specific activities of the more unsaturated classes of phosphatidylcholine were higher in the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane than in the inner layer. The disaturated class, however, had the highest specific activity in the inner layer. 3. After incubating 32P-labeled erythrocytes in unlabeled plasma, the labeling pattern recovered in the molecular classes of plasma phosphatidylcholine was very similar to that of the phosphatidylcholines in the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane. 4. It is proposed that the exchange of phosphatidylcholines between plasma and the outer layer of the erythrocyte is mainly responsible for the renewal of the unsaturated phosphatidylcholines of the erythrocyte, and that the acylation activity of the erythrocyte is directed towards the formation of disaturated phosphatidylcholines at the inside of the membrane.", "PMID": 508751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8002", "title": "A possible role of rhodopsin in maintaining bilayer structure in the photoreceptor membrane.", "content": "31P-NMR measurements demonstrate that at 37 degrees C, independent of the photolytic state of the photopigment rhodopsin, the lipids in the photo-receptormembrane are almost exclusively organised in a bilayer. In strong contrast, the 31P-NMR spectra of the extracted lipids are characteristic for the hexagonal HII phase and an isotropic phase. The isotropic phase is characterised by freeze-fracture electron microscopy as particles and pits on smooth surfaces, possibly indicating inverted micelles. These results suggest a structural role for rhodopsin in maintaining the photoreceptor membrane lipids in a bilayer configuration.", "contents": "A possible role of rhodopsin in maintaining bilayer structure in the photoreceptor membrane. 31P-NMR measurements demonstrate that at 37 degrees C, independent of the photolytic state of the photopigment rhodopsin, the lipids in the photo-receptormembrane are almost exclusively organised in a bilayer. In strong contrast, the 31P-NMR spectra of the extracted lipids are characteristic for the hexagonal HII phase and an isotropic phase. The isotropic phase is characterised by freeze-fracture electron microscopy as particles and pits on smooth surfaces, possibly indicating inverted micelles. These results suggest a structural role for rhodopsin in maintaining the photoreceptor membrane lipids in a bilayer configuration.", "PMID": 508752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8003", "title": "Interactions of La3+ with phosphatidylserine vesicles. Binding, phase transition, leakage and fusion.", "content": "The interaction of La3+ with phosphatidylserine vesicles is elucidated by binding studies, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, freeze fracture electron microscopy, and release of vesicle contents. La3+ effectively competes with Ca2+ for phosphatidylserine binding sites. The saturation level is close to a La/lipid ratio of 1:3. A concentration of 0.1 mM of La3+ is sufficient to induce fusion between sonicated vesicles.", "contents": "Interactions of La3+ with phosphatidylserine vesicles. Binding, phase transition, leakage and fusion. The interaction of La3+ with phosphatidylserine vesicles is elucidated by binding studies, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, freeze fracture electron microscopy, and release of vesicle contents. La3+ effectively competes with Ca2+ for phosphatidylserine binding sites. The saturation level is close to a La/lipid ratio of 1:3. A concentration of 0.1 mM of La3+ is sufficient to induce fusion between sonicated vesicles.", "PMID": 508753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8004", "title": "Selective decoration of hydrophilic moieties of membrane molecules in freeze fracture.", "content": "Selective decoration of the hydrophilic moieties of phospholipid molecules on freeze fractured bilayer faces was made using residue water vapor in an oil-free vacuum unit. The preferential decoration technique was applied to label structural faults of bilayers, such as domain boundaries and other regions of molecular dislocation which are not visible by conventional morphological observations.", "contents": "Selective decoration of hydrophilic moieties of membrane molecules in freeze fracture. Selective decoration of the hydrophilic moieties of phospholipid molecules on freeze fractured bilayer faces was made using residue water vapor in an oil-free vacuum unit. The preferential decoration technique was applied to label structural faults of bilayers, such as domain boundaries and other regions of molecular dislocation which are not visible by conventional morphological observations.", "PMID": 508754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8005", "title": "The maxi-circle of Trypanosoma brucei kinetoplast DNA.", "content": "We have constructed a fragment map of the maxi-circle component from kinetoplast DNA networks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei (East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization strain No. 427), using restriction endonucleases PstI, HapII, EcoRI, BglI, HindIII, HhaI, SstI, XbaI, HaeIII and Sau-96I. Although the 20 kilo-base pair map contains 30 fragments, there is a 6.5 kilo-base pair 'silent' segment which lacks recognition sites for any of these enzymes. In CsCl intact kinetoplast DNA has a buoyant density of 1.690 g/cm3, whereas a kinetoplast DNA fraction enriched in maxi-circle sequences contains an additional component at 1.682 g/cm3. The possibility that the 'silent' segment is very rich in A + T is discussed.", "contents": "The maxi-circle of Trypanosoma brucei kinetoplast DNA. We have constructed a fragment map of the maxi-circle component from kinetoplast DNA networks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei (East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization strain No. 427), using restriction endonucleases PstI, HapII, EcoRI, BglI, HindIII, HhaI, SstI, XbaI, HaeIII and Sau-96I. Although the 20 kilo-base pair map contains 30 fragments, there is a 6.5 kilo-base pair 'silent' segment which lacks recognition sites for any of these enzymes. In CsCl intact kinetoplast DNA has a buoyant density of 1.690 g/cm3, whereas a kinetoplast DNA fraction enriched in maxi-circle sequences contains an additional component at 1.682 g/cm3. The possibility that the 'silent' segment is very rich in A + T is discussed.", "PMID": 508755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8006", "title": "Precursor-product relationships between thymidine nucleotides and DNA in mammalian cells. II. Studies with dTDP and dTTP on cells partially lysed by Brij-58.", "content": "Cells from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures were partially lysed with Brij-58 and incubated in a reaction mixture containing deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and permitting semiconservative DNA replication. The reaction mixture was supplemented with [3H]dTTP and [14C]dTDP or, alternatively, with [14C]dTTP and [3H]dTDP, and at different times, 3H and 14C specific activities of dTTP and dTDP, as well as 3H/14C ratios in DNA were determined. Isotope ratios in DNA were in good agreement with those expected if dTTP but not dTDP was used as the proximate precursor for DNA synthesis. These data support the conclusion that the thymidine nucleotide used as proximate substrate for DNA replication is dTTP.", "contents": "Precursor-product relationships between thymidine nucleotides and DNA in mammalian cells. II. Studies with dTDP and dTTP on cells partially lysed by Brij-58. Cells from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures were partially lysed with Brij-58 and incubated in a reaction mixture containing deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and permitting semiconservative DNA replication. The reaction mixture was supplemented with [3H]dTTP and [14C]dTDP or, alternatively, with [14C]dTTP and [3H]dTDP, and at different times, 3H and 14C specific activities of dTTP and dTDP, as well as 3H/14C ratios in DNA were determined. Isotope ratios in DNA were in good agreement with those expected if dTTP but not dTDP was used as the proximate precursor for DNA synthesis. These data support the conclusion that the thymidine nucleotide used as proximate substrate for DNA replication is dTTP.", "PMID": 508757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8007", "title": "Hydroxyapatite chromatography of short single-stranded DNA.", "content": "Short single-stranded segments of calf thymus DNA were obtained by random cleavage with DNAase I. After treatment with various concentrations of DNAase I, fragment sizes were estimated using the ratio of total to terminal phosphorus. DNA populations ranging from 4--180 bases were obtained. Fragments with lengths up to 1140 were generated by shearing in a Virtis homogenizer. The hydroxyapatite elution profiles of sized populations were determined by elution with phosphate gradients. A curve relating elution molarities to single-strand chain length was 'biphasic', with the elution molarity being extremely sensitive to chain lengths below 50 nucleotides but much less sensitive to chain lengths above 100 nucleotides. These results show that single-stranded fragments below 50 nucleotides elute from hydroxyapatite appreciably before high molecular-weight denatured DNA using phosphate gradients. This is an important consideration when using hydroxyapatite to fractionate DNA populations which contain short single strands.", "contents": "Hydroxyapatite chromatography of short single-stranded DNA. Short single-stranded segments of calf thymus DNA were obtained by random cleavage with DNAase I. After treatment with various concentrations of DNAase I, fragment sizes were estimated using the ratio of total to terminal phosphorus. DNA populations ranging from 4--180 bases were obtained. Fragments with lengths up to 1140 were generated by shearing in a Virtis homogenizer. The hydroxyapatite elution profiles of sized populations were determined by elution with phosphate gradients. A curve relating elution molarities to single-strand chain length was 'biphasic', with the elution molarity being extremely sensitive to chain lengths below 50 nucleotides but much less sensitive to chain lengths above 100 nucleotides. These results show that single-stranded fragments below 50 nucleotides elute from hydroxyapatite appreciably before high molecular-weight denatured DNA using phosphate gradients. This is an important consideration when using hydroxyapatite to fractionate DNA populations which contain short single strands.", "PMID": 508758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8008", "title": "Direct in vitro photoaffinity labeling of DNA with daunorubicin, adriamycin, and rubidazone.", "content": "Irradiation by daylight fluorescent lamps, of a physical complex of duplex DNA with either daunorubicin, adriamycin, or rubidazone produced covalent adducts to DNA. The photoincorporated drug could not be extracted by phenol extraction which removed 99% of the non-photolyzed drug from its physical complex with DNA. The photoadduct was also stable to dialysis, Mg2+ addition, column chromatography, and thermal denaturation and alkali treatment of the DNA. The photoinduced adduct was proportional to the amount of incident irradiation, and the amount of DNA present, and as much as 30--45% of the drug which was physically associated could be photoincorporated. The drugs were not incorporated extensively into single-stranded DNA which lacks the ability to bind these antitumor agents by intercalation. Although the photochemical mechanisms of photoaffinity labeling DNA with these antineoplastic agents are unknown, this approach may prove to be useful for trageting their cellular sites of actions.", "contents": "Direct in vitro photoaffinity labeling of DNA with daunorubicin, adriamycin, and rubidazone. Irradiation by daylight fluorescent lamps, of a physical complex of duplex DNA with either daunorubicin, adriamycin, or rubidazone produced covalent adducts to DNA. The photoincorporated drug could not be extracted by phenol extraction which removed 99% of the non-photolyzed drug from its physical complex with DNA. The photoadduct was also stable to dialysis, Mg2+ addition, column chromatography, and thermal denaturation and alkali treatment of the DNA. The photoinduced adduct was proportional to the amount of incident irradiation, and the amount of DNA present, and as much as 30--45% of the drug which was physically associated could be photoincorporated. The drugs were not incorporated extensively into single-stranded DNA which lacks the ability to bind these antitumor agents by intercalation. Although the photochemical mechanisms of photoaffinity labeling DNA with these antineoplastic agents are unknown, this approach may prove to be useful for trageting their cellular sites of actions.", "PMID": 508759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8009", "title": "Stability of bacterial messenger RNA in mesophiles and thermophiles.", "content": "The decay of [3H]uridine-labeled mRNA was measured in the mesophile, Bacillus licheniformis (grown at 37 degrees C and 46 degrees C), and in the thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus (grown at 46 degrees C and 55 degrees C). For each organism, the half-life of the mRNA decreased as the growth temperature was increased. The stability index (half-life of mRNA/doubling time of cells), however, was remarkably constant for each organism regardless of the growth temperature. It is concluded that these results support the concept that kinetic considerations play a significant role in the explanation of thermophily.", "contents": "Stability of bacterial messenger RNA in mesophiles and thermophiles. The decay of [3H]uridine-labeled mRNA was measured in the mesophile, Bacillus licheniformis (grown at 37 degrees C and 46 degrees C), and in the thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus (grown at 46 degrees C and 55 degrees C). For each organism, the half-life of the mRNA decreased as the growth temperature was increased. The stability index (half-life of mRNA/doubling time of cells), however, was remarkably constant for each organism regardless of the growth temperature. It is concluded that these results support the concept that kinetic considerations play a significant role in the explanation of thermophily.", "PMID": 508760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8010", "title": "Fate of mRNA following disaggregation of brain polysomes after administration of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide in vivo.", "content": "Intravenous injection of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide into young rabbits induced a transient brain-specific disaggregation of polysomes to monosomes. Investigation of the fate of mRNA revealed that brain poly(A+)mRNA was conserved. In particular, mRNA coding for brain-specific S100 protein was not degraded, nor was it released into free ribonucleoprotein particles. Following the (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide-induced disaggregation of polysomes, mRNA shifted from polysomes and accumulated on monosomes. Formation of a blocked monosome complex, which contained intact mRNA and 40-S plus 60-S ribosomal subunits but lacked nascent peptide chains, suggested that (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide inhibited brain protein synthesis at a specific stage of late initiation or early elongation.", "contents": "Fate of mRNA following disaggregation of brain polysomes after administration of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide in vivo. Intravenous injection of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide into young rabbits induced a transient brain-specific disaggregation of polysomes to monosomes. Investigation of the fate of mRNA revealed that brain poly(A+)mRNA was conserved. In particular, mRNA coding for brain-specific S100 protein was not degraded, nor was it released into free ribonucleoprotein particles. Following the (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide-induced disaggregation of polysomes, mRNA shifted from polysomes and accumulated on monosomes. Formation of a blocked monosome complex, which contained intact mRNA and 40-S plus 60-S ribosomal subunits but lacked nascent peptide chains, suggested that (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide inhibited brain protein synthesis at a specific stage of late initiation or early elongation.", "PMID": 508761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8011", "title": "Enzymatic preparation of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) by thiophosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate.", "content": "The very useful radiolabeled ATP analog, adenosine 5-O-(3-[35S] thiotriphosphate) or [35S] ATPgammaS, has been prepared by a technique based on the thiophosphorylation of ADP that results in much higher yields of [35S] ATPgammaS than does a thiophosphate exchange method [1].", "contents": "Enzymatic preparation of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) by thiophosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate. The very useful radiolabeled ATP analog, adenosine 5-O-(3-[35S] thiotriphosphate) or [35S] ATPgammaS, has been prepared by a technique based on the thiophosphorylation of ADP that results in much higher yields of [35S] ATPgammaS than does a thiophosphate exchange method [1].", "PMID": 508762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8012", "title": "A physical map of bovine mitochondrial DNA from a single animal.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA has been isolated from the liver of an individual Holstein cow and a physical map has been derived for the 38 cleavage sites made by restriction endonucleases: Ava I, Bam HI, Bgl II, Bst EII, Eco RI, Hha I, Hin dIII, Hpa I, Kpn I, Pst I, Sac I, Sal I, Xba I, and Xho I. Sufficient mitochondrial DNA (approx. 16 mg) could be isolated, allowing this map to serve as the basis for detailed physical, genetic and nucleotide sequence studies in an individual mammal.", "contents": "A physical map of bovine mitochondrial DNA from a single animal. Mitochondrial DNA has been isolated from the liver of an individual Holstein cow and a physical map has been derived for the 38 cleavage sites made by restriction endonucleases: Ava I, Bam HI, Bgl II, Bst EII, Eco RI, Hha I, Hin dIII, Hpa I, Kpn I, Pst I, Sac I, Sal I, Xba I, and Xho I. Sufficient mitochondrial DNA (approx. 16 mg) could be isolated, allowing this map to serve as the basis for detailed physical, genetic and nucleotide sequence studies in an individual mammal.", "PMID": 508763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8013", "title": "Characterization of long and short repetitive sequences in the sea urchin genome.", "content": "Long and short repetitive sequences were purified from the DNA of Paracentrotus lividus under conditions designed to optimize the yield of complete, end to end sequences. Double-stranded long repeat DNA prepared in this manner ranged in length from approximately 3000 to 15 000 nucleotide pairs with average sizes of approximately 6000 base pairs. In the electron microscope, long repeat DNA was observed to possess continuous sequences that often appeared to be terminated by one or more loops and/or fold backs. Long repeat DNA sequences, resheared to 300 base pairs, were found to have an average melting point identical to that for sheared native DNA. Thus, the reassociated duplexes of long repetitive DNA seem to possess very few mismatched base pairs. Reassociation kinetic analyses indicate that the majority of the long repeat sequences are reiterated only 4--7 times per haploid amount of DNA. Melt-reassociation analyses of short repetitive DNA, at several criteria, support the previously held concept that these sequences belong the sets or families of sequences which are inexact copies of one another. Our studies also support hypotheses suggesting that short repetitive sequences belong to families which may have arisen via distinct salttatory events. The relationships between long and short repetitive DNA sequences are considered with respect to widely held concepts of their sequence organization, evolution, and possible functions within eucaryotic genomes. A model for the possible organization of short repeats within long repetitive DNA sequences is also presented.", "contents": "Characterization of long and short repetitive sequences in the sea urchin genome. Long and short repetitive sequences were purified from the DNA of Paracentrotus lividus under conditions designed to optimize the yield of complete, end to end sequences. Double-stranded long repeat DNA prepared in this manner ranged in length from approximately 3000 to 15 000 nucleotide pairs with average sizes of approximately 6000 base pairs. In the electron microscope, long repeat DNA was observed to possess continuous sequences that often appeared to be terminated by one or more loops and/or fold backs. Long repeat DNA sequences, resheared to 300 base pairs, were found to have an average melting point identical to that for sheared native DNA. Thus, the reassociated duplexes of long repetitive DNA seem to possess very few mismatched base pairs. Reassociation kinetic analyses indicate that the majority of the long repeat sequences are reiterated only 4--7 times per haploid amount of DNA. Melt-reassociation analyses of short repetitive DNA, at several criteria, support the previously held concept that these sequences belong the sets or families of sequences which are inexact copies of one another. Our studies also support hypotheses suggesting that short repetitive sequences belong to families which may have arisen via distinct salttatory events. The relationships between long and short repetitive DNA sequences are considered with respect to widely held concepts of their sequence organization, evolution, and possible functions within eucaryotic genomes. A model for the possible organization of short repeats within long repetitive DNA sequences is also presented.", "PMID": 508764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8014", "title": "The secondary structure of bacteriophage DNA in situ. VIII. The reaction of sodium bisulphite with intraphage cytosine as a probe for studying the DNA-protein interaction.", "content": "To obtain data on the viral nucleoprotein a study has been made of the reaction of sodium bisulphite with cytosine in the intraphage DNA of the phage Sd. The CHlO4 hydrolysates of the bisulphite-modified phage Sd have demonstrated a decrease of 18% in the cytosine content and the presence of the products with the properties of cytosyl-amino acids (the main amino acid responsible for the DNA-protein interaction involving cytosine is lysine). But when prior to hydrolysis the modified phage was disintegrated under mild conditions in 0.1--1 M NaCl solution or Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7), neither the decrease in the cytosine content nor cytosyl-amino acids have been found. An exception is the heating of the phage at 70 degrees C in a medium containing 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.9--8.5), when an 18% decrease in the cytosine content and subsequent appearance of cytosyl-amino acids have also been observed. The presence of cytosyl-amino acids which are the nucleotide-protein cross-links is confirmed by the results of viscometry, equilibrium centrifugation in cesium sulphate gradient and determinations of the survival percentage. It is suggested that the reaction between bisulphite and cytosine in the phage Sd stops at the stage of the intermediate product C5-C6-dihydro-C6-sulphopyrimidine whose amino group is shielded by interaction with protein (product VII). This product can exist only under in situ conditions: with disintegration of nucleoprotein (destruction of phage particles or ejection of the DNA) in phosphate-free media the product VII reverts into the initial cytosine. Under the conditions of acid hydrolysis or destruction of phage in the presence of phosphate ions product VII undergoes transamination with cleavage of SO3 and restoration of the C5-C6 double bond producing cytosyl-amino acids. The factors determining the stability of the product VII are discussed.", "contents": "The secondary structure of bacteriophage DNA in situ. VIII. The reaction of sodium bisulphite with intraphage cytosine as a probe for studying the DNA-protein interaction. To obtain data on the viral nucleoprotein a study has been made of the reaction of sodium bisulphite with cytosine in the intraphage DNA of the phage Sd. The CHlO4 hydrolysates of the bisulphite-modified phage Sd have demonstrated a decrease of 18% in the cytosine content and the presence of the products with the properties of cytosyl-amino acids (the main amino acid responsible for the DNA-protein interaction involving cytosine is lysine). But when prior to hydrolysis the modified phage was disintegrated under mild conditions in 0.1--1 M NaCl solution or Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7), neither the decrease in the cytosine content nor cytosyl-amino acids have been found. An exception is the heating of the phage at 70 degrees C in a medium containing 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.9--8.5), when an 18% decrease in the cytosine content and subsequent appearance of cytosyl-amino acids have also been observed. The presence of cytosyl-amino acids which are the nucleotide-protein cross-links is confirmed by the results of viscometry, equilibrium centrifugation in cesium sulphate gradient and determinations of the survival percentage. It is suggested that the reaction between bisulphite and cytosine in the phage Sd stops at the stage of the intermediate product C5-C6-dihydro-C6-sulphopyrimidine whose amino group is shielded by interaction with protein (product VII). This product can exist only under in situ conditions: with disintegration of nucleoprotein (destruction of phage particles or ejection of the DNA) in phosphate-free media the product VII reverts into the initial cytosine. Under the conditions of acid hydrolysis or destruction of phage in the presence of phosphate ions product VII undergoes transamination with cleavage of SO3 and restoration of the C5-C6 double bond producing cytosyl-amino acids. The factors determining the stability of the product VII are discussed.", "PMID": 508765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8015", "title": "Repair of daughter strand gaps in nascent DNA from mouse epidermal cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of [methyl-3H]thymidine-pulse-labeled DNA was used to study the effect of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide I), a potent mutagen and carcinogen, and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide II), a weaker mutagen and carcinogen, on the size of newly synthesized DNA in primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells. Both isomers caused a dose-dependent decrease in the size of newly synthesized DNA and in the rate of [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. When the pulse time was increased in the treated cells so that the amount of [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation was equal to the control, newly synthesized DNA from exposed cells was still considerably smaller than DNA from control cells. The low molecular weight of the nascent DNA from treated cells was consistent with, but not indicative of, the presence of gaps in the nascent DNA from the treated cells. Evidence of gapped DNA synthesis was obtained by treatment of extracted DNA with a single-strand specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa. The endonuclease treatment did not significantly alter the profile of [methyl-3H]thymidine prelabeled DNA from benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide-treated cultures but did introduce double-stand breaks in pulse-labeled DNA from treated cultures. The numbers of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide I or [3H]benzo[a]pyrenediol epoxide II-DNA-bound adducts and daughter strand gaps were compared at several dose levels. Treatment with either isomer yielded one gap in the nascent DNA/DNA-bound adduct. Pulse-chase experiments showed that gaps in the nascent DNA were closed with time.", "contents": "Repair of daughter strand gaps in nascent DNA from mouse epidermal cells treated with dihydrodiol epoxide derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene. Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of [methyl-3H]thymidine-pulse-labeled DNA was used to study the effect of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide I), a potent mutagen and carcinogen, and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide II), a weaker mutagen and carcinogen, on the size of newly synthesized DNA in primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells. Both isomers caused a dose-dependent decrease in the size of newly synthesized DNA and in the rate of [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. When the pulse time was increased in the treated cells so that the amount of [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation was equal to the control, newly synthesized DNA from exposed cells was still considerably smaller than DNA from control cells. The low molecular weight of the nascent DNA from treated cells was consistent with, but not indicative of, the presence of gaps in the nascent DNA from the treated cells. Evidence of gapped DNA synthesis was obtained by treatment of extracted DNA with a single-strand specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa. The endonuclease treatment did not significantly alter the profile of [methyl-3H]thymidine prelabeled DNA from benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide-treated cultures but did introduce double-stand breaks in pulse-labeled DNA from treated cultures. The numbers of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide I or [3H]benzo[a]pyrenediol epoxide II-DNA-bound adducts and daughter strand gaps were compared at several dose levels. Treatment with either isomer yielded one gap in the nascent DNA/DNA-bound adduct. Pulse-chase experiments showed that gaps in the nascent DNA were closed with time.", "PMID": 508766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8016", "title": "Partial purification of deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase and its effect on DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (EC 3.6.U.23) has been partially purified from HeLa S3 cells, and found to have an apparent molecular weight of 50--55 000 by gel filtration under non-denaturing conditions. The enzyme is specific for the hydrolysis of dUTP, requires Mg2+ and is inhibited by EDTA. The apparent Km for dUTP is 0.1 microM. Isolated HeLa cell nuclei were treated with dUTPase before pulse-labelling with [3H]dTTP which also had been pretreated with dUTPase. This pretreatment changed neither the total amount nor the size of the primary DNA pieces. A role for dUTP incorporation in their genesis can therefore be excluded and these primary DNA pieces are considered to be true intermediates in discontinuous DNA replication.", "contents": "Partial purification of deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase and its effect on DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei. Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (EC 3.6.U.23) has been partially purified from HeLa S3 cells, and found to have an apparent molecular weight of 50--55 000 by gel filtration under non-denaturing conditions. The enzyme is specific for the hydrolysis of dUTP, requires Mg2+ and is inhibited by EDTA. The apparent Km for dUTP is 0.1 microM. Isolated HeLa cell nuclei were treated with dUTPase before pulse-labelling with [3H]dTTP which also had been pretreated with dUTPase. This pretreatment changed neither the total amount nor the size of the primary DNA pieces. A role for dUTP incorporation in their genesis can therefore be excluded and these primary DNA pieces are considered to be true intermediates in discontinuous DNA replication.", "PMID": 508767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8017", "title": "1,3-beta-D-glucanases from Pisum sativum seedlings. II. Substrate specificities and enzymic action patterns.", "content": "Two purified pea 1,3-beta-D-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.6) hydrolyse laminarin (degree of polymerization 20), laminaridextrins (degree of polymerization 3--7), and their reduced 3H-derivatives, 1,3-beta-D-glucans which are partially substituted (carboxymethyl-pachyman) or crystalline (curdlan), and mixed-linkage beta-glucans. Enzyme kinetics and product-formation indicate endo-hydrolase activity with weak transglycosylase capacity. The enzymes do not hydrolyse beta-glucosides, the 1,3 linkage adjacent to the reducing end of chains, or cellulose and its derivatives. They degrade mixed-linkage beta-glucans, in a manner similar to Rhizopus arrhizus endo-1,3-beta-D-glucanase, to form the products expected from hydrolysis of linkages adjacent to 1,3-beta linkages. With respect to action patterns, glucanase I (from apical growing tissue) differs from glucanase II (from basal maturing tissue) in several respects: (a) on a molar basis, I generates reducing groups from all substances more rapidly than II; (b) lower laminaridextrins are hydrolysed by I at the non-reducing terminal linkage, while II preferentially hydrolyses internal linkages; (c) laminarin is hydrolysed to lower laminaridextrins by I more rapidly than II, but I takes longer than II to completely degrade laminarin chains; (d) the enzymes are differentially sensitive to different classes of non-competitive inhibitors. It is concluded that these beta-glucanases differ in such a way that I preferentially continues to degrade fragments produced by endo-hydrolytic attack on long chains ('multiple attack' action pattern), while II hydrolyses internal linkages of the longest chains available ('multi-chain attack').", "contents": "1,3-beta-D-glucanases from Pisum sativum seedlings. II. Substrate specificities and enzymic action patterns. Two purified pea 1,3-beta-D-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.6) hydrolyse laminarin (degree of polymerization 20), laminaridextrins (degree of polymerization 3--7), and their reduced 3H-derivatives, 1,3-beta-D-glucans which are partially substituted (carboxymethyl-pachyman) or crystalline (curdlan), and mixed-linkage beta-glucans. Enzyme kinetics and product-formation indicate endo-hydrolase activity with weak transglycosylase capacity. The enzymes do not hydrolyse beta-glucosides, the 1,3 linkage adjacent to the reducing end of chains, or cellulose and its derivatives. They degrade mixed-linkage beta-glucans, in a manner similar to Rhizopus arrhizus endo-1,3-beta-D-glucanase, to form the products expected from hydrolysis of linkages adjacent to 1,3-beta linkages. With respect to action patterns, glucanase I (from apical growing tissue) differs from glucanase II (from basal maturing tissue) in several respects: (a) on a molar basis, I generates reducing groups from all substances more rapidly than II; (b) lower laminaridextrins are hydrolysed by I at the non-reducing terminal linkage, while II preferentially hydrolyses internal linkages; (c) laminarin is hydrolysed to lower laminaridextrins by I more rapidly than II, but I takes longer than II to completely degrade laminarin chains; (d) the enzymes are differentially sensitive to different classes of non-competitive inhibitors. It is concluded that these beta-glucanases differ in such a way that I preferentially continues to degrade fragments produced by endo-hydrolytic attack on long chains ('multiple attack' action pattern), while II hydrolyses internal linkages of the longest chains available ('multi-chain attack').", "PMID": 508768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8018", "title": "A latent gelatin specific proteinase of human leucocytes and its activation.", "content": "1. Gelatin specific proteinase (gelatinase) exists in human leucocytes extracts mainly in a latent form. 2. It is activated by different proteinases as well as by some chemicals (urea, NaSCN, HgCl2). 3. Non-proteolytic activation of latent gelatinase and the decreasing of its molecular weight associated with it strongly suggests that it is an enzyme-inhibitor complex.", "contents": "A latent gelatin specific proteinase of human leucocytes and its activation. 1. Gelatin specific proteinase (gelatinase) exists in human leucocytes extracts mainly in a latent form. 2. It is activated by different proteinases as well as by some chemicals (urea, NaSCN, HgCl2). 3. Non-proteolytic activation of latent gelatinase and the decreasing of its molecular weight associated with it strongly suggests that it is an enzyme-inhibitor complex.", "PMID": 508769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8019", "title": "Comparative studies on the mechanism of activation of the two human trypsinogens.", "content": "The activation of human trypsinogens 1 and 2 by porcine enterokinase at pH 5.6 shows that the two human zymogens are equivalent substrates for this enzyme and that both proteins are activated faster than the cationic bovine trypsinogen. At pH 8.0 and in the presence of 20 mM calcium the two human trypsinogens are activated by either human trypsin at the same rate but the affinity of both trypsins is higher for trypsinogen 1 than for trypsinogen 2. Two Ca2+ binding sites are identified in the two human zymogens and their pK(Ca2+) values determined. For trypsinogen 1 the values are respectively of 2.8 and 3.3 for the primary and secondary Ca2+ binding sites, and for trypsinogen 2 of 3.4 and 2.7. These values are markedly different from those obtained for bovine cationic trypsinogen, especially in the case of trypsinogen 1. These results point out a different degree of saturation of the calcium binding sites of the 2 human zymogens that must exist in physiological conditions, suggesting different biological activities of the two trypsinogens.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the mechanism of activation of the two human trypsinogens. The activation of human trypsinogens 1 and 2 by porcine enterokinase at pH 5.6 shows that the two human zymogens are equivalent substrates for this enzyme and that both proteins are activated faster than the cationic bovine trypsinogen. At pH 8.0 and in the presence of 20 mM calcium the two human trypsinogens are activated by either human trypsin at the same rate but the affinity of both trypsins is higher for trypsinogen 1 than for trypsinogen 2. Two Ca2+ binding sites are identified in the two human zymogens and their pK(Ca2+) values determined. For trypsinogen 1 the values are respectively of 2.8 and 3.3 for the primary and secondary Ca2+ binding sites, and for trypsinogen 2 of 3.4 and 2.7. These values are markedly different from those obtained for bovine cationic trypsinogen, especially in the case of trypsinogen 1. These results point out a different degree of saturation of the calcium binding sites of the 2 human zymogens that must exist in physiological conditions, suggesting different biological activities of the two trypsinogens.", "PMID": 508771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8020", "title": "Biphasic kinetics of metal ion reactivation of trypsin-thiol complexes.", "content": "This report describes biphasic kinetic data obtained when trypsin was inhibited by a thiol-containing inhibitor present in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and then subjected to addition of Hg2+, Cu2+ or Ag+. This resulted in an initial re-activation of the trypsin, followed by inhibition of the enzyme with the addition of higher concentrations of these ions. The significance of these observations is 2-fold: (i) help to elucidate the mechanism of metal ion activation of latent enzymes, and (ii) also indicate that, in certain circumstances, the concentration of added metal ion determines whether the metal acts as an activator or an inhibitor of enzyme activity.", "contents": "Biphasic kinetics of metal ion reactivation of trypsin-thiol complexes. This report describes biphasic kinetic data obtained when trypsin was inhibited by a thiol-containing inhibitor present in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and then subjected to addition of Hg2+, Cu2+ or Ag+. This resulted in an initial re-activation of the trypsin, followed by inhibition of the enzyme with the addition of higher concentrations of these ions. The significance of these observations is 2-fold: (i) help to elucidate the mechanism of metal ion activation of latent enzymes, and (ii) also indicate that, in certain circumstances, the concentration of added metal ion determines whether the metal acts as an activator or an inhibitor of enzyme activity.", "PMID": 508772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8021", "title": "An enzyme-polymer film prepared with the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing photosensitive aromatic azido groups.", "content": "Photochemical reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing aromatic azido groups was applied for immobilization of beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21.) in poly(vinyl alcohol) film. Photo-crosslinking and immobilization reactions proceeded by light irradiation for 25 min in air. The immobilized enzyme showed approx. 40% of its native enzyme activity with an apparent Michaelis constant of 3.9 mM. The Michaelis constant of the native enzyme was 2.3 mM. Some properties of the immobilized and native enzyme are compared.", "contents": "An enzyme-polymer film prepared with the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing photosensitive aromatic azido groups. Photochemical reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing aromatic azido groups was applied for immobilization of beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21.) in poly(vinyl alcohol) film. Photo-crosslinking and immobilization reactions proceeded by light irradiation for 25 min in air. The immobilized enzyme showed approx. 40% of its native enzyme activity with an apparent Michaelis constant of 3.9 mM. The Michaelis constant of the native enzyme was 2.3 mM. Some properties of the immobilized and native enzyme are compared.", "PMID": 508773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8022", "title": "The stereoconfiguration of newly formed molecules of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in BHK cells.", "content": "Newly formed molecules of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (known also as lysobisphosphatidic acid), which were labeled with 32Pi in cultured BHK cells during relatively short pulses, were subjected to stereoanalysis. In contrast to the high proportion of sn-1-glycerophosphate residues in the bulk of the bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate molecules, the newly formed molecules were rich in sn-3-glycerophosphate residues.", "contents": "The stereoconfiguration of newly formed molecules of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in BHK cells. Newly formed molecules of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (known also as lysobisphosphatidic acid), which were labeled with 32Pi in cultured BHK cells during relatively short pulses, were subjected to stereoanalysis. In contrast to the high proportion of sn-1-glycerophosphate residues in the bulk of the bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate molecules, the newly formed molecules were rich in sn-3-glycerophosphate residues.", "PMID": 508774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8023", "title": "A selective deficiency of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase in guinea pigs.", "content": "The properties of postheparin plasma triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzymes were investigated in guinea pig and rat. In rat, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase were separated on a heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. In postheparin plasma of guinea pig, however, hepatic triacylglycerol lipase was almost completely absent, while lipoprotein lipase was present. Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase was also deficient in the liver tissue extract of guinea pig. Plasma lipoprotein compositions of high-fat fed and control guinea pigs were analyzed. One of the outstanding changes found in high-fat fed animals was the presence of chylomicronemia. One guinea pig showed gross hyperlipemia with triacylglycerol concentrations of 2715 mg/100 ml. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations of each lipoprotein fraction of very low density, intermediate density, low density and high density lipoproteins from high-fat fed animals were almost the same as those of the corresponding lipoprotein fractions from controls. Discussion was focused on the development of chylomicronemia in relation to the defects of triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzyme systems in this animal.", "contents": "A selective deficiency of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase in guinea pigs. The properties of postheparin plasma triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzymes were investigated in guinea pig and rat. In rat, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase were separated on a heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. In postheparin plasma of guinea pig, however, hepatic triacylglycerol lipase was almost completely absent, while lipoprotein lipase was present. Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase was also deficient in the liver tissue extract of guinea pig. Plasma lipoprotein compositions of high-fat fed and control guinea pigs were analyzed. One of the outstanding changes found in high-fat fed animals was the presence of chylomicronemia. One guinea pig showed gross hyperlipemia with triacylglycerol concentrations of 2715 mg/100 ml. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations of each lipoprotein fraction of very low density, intermediate density, low density and high density lipoproteins from high-fat fed animals were almost the same as those of the corresponding lipoprotein fractions from controls. Discussion was focused on the development of chylomicronemia in relation to the defects of triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzyme systems in this animal.", "PMID": 508775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8024", "title": "Synthesis of various kinds of esters by four microbial lipases.", "content": "Ester synthesis by microbial lipases, using homogeneous enzyme preparations, were investigated. The amount of synthesized ester was estimated by alkalimetry, and products were identified by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Lipases from Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized esters from oleic acid and various primary alcohols. Only Geotrichum candidum lipase synthesized esters of secondary alcohols. Esters of tertiary alcohols, phenols or sugar alcohols were not synthesized by any lipase. Rather high concentrations of alcohol were required to synthesize the esters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or trimethylene glycol. Lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar synthesized oleyl esters of various fatty acids and some dibasic acids. In contrast, lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized oleyl esters only from medium or long chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Synthesis of various kinds of esters by four microbial lipases. Ester synthesis by microbial lipases, using homogeneous enzyme preparations, were investigated. The amount of synthesized ester was estimated by alkalimetry, and products were identified by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Lipases from Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized esters from oleic acid and various primary alcohols. Only Geotrichum candidum lipase synthesized esters of secondary alcohols. Esters of tertiary alcohols, phenols or sugar alcohols were not synthesized by any lipase. Rather high concentrations of alcohol were required to synthesize the esters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or trimethylene glycol. Lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar synthesized oleyl esters of various fatty acids and some dibasic acids. In contrast, lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized oleyl esters only from medium or long chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 508776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8025", "title": "Solution properties of sulfated monohydroxy bile salts. Relative insolubility of the disodium salt of glycolithocholate sulfate.", "content": "Physical-chemical properties of the major sulfated monohydroxy bile salts of man are described. In general, the sulfates are significantly more water-soluble than the non-sulfated species as a result of lower critical micellar temperatures, high aqueous monomeric solubilities and critical micellar concentrations. Nevertheless, at 37 degrees C the disodium salt of glycolithocholate sulfate, the major monohydroxy bile salt of man is not more soluble than its non-sulfated form. Since aqueous solubility correlates inversely with the cholestatic potential of bile salts, our results suggest that this sulfate may be potentially hepatoxic. Micellar solubility of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by the majority of non-sulfated and sulfated monohydroxy bile salts is slight. Nonetheless, phosphatidylcholine is very well solubilized by taurolithocholate sulfate but cholesterol solubility is not increased appreciably. Cholesterol saturation in model bile systems of taurochenodeoxycholate and phosphatidylcholine is impaired by the addition of sulfated lithocholate conjugates but with physiological bile salt compositions this reduction is not significant.", "contents": "Solution properties of sulfated monohydroxy bile salts. Relative insolubility of the disodium salt of glycolithocholate sulfate. Physical-chemical properties of the major sulfated monohydroxy bile salts of man are described. In general, the sulfates are significantly more water-soluble than the non-sulfated species as a result of lower critical micellar temperatures, high aqueous monomeric solubilities and critical micellar concentrations. Nevertheless, at 37 degrees C the disodium salt of glycolithocholate sulfate, the major monohydroxy bile salt of man is not more soluble than its non-sulfated form. Since aqueous solubility correlates inversely with the cholestatic potential of bile salts, our results suggest that this sulfate may be potentially hepatoxic. Micellar solubility of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by the majority of non-sulfated and sulfated monohydroxy bile salts is slight. Nonetheless, phosphatidylcholine is very well solubilized by taurolithocholate sulfate but cholesterol solubility is not increased appreciably. Cholesterol saturation in model bile systems of taurochenodeoxycholate and phosphatidylcholine is impaired by the addition of sulfated lithocholate conjugates but with physiological bile salt compositions this reduction is not significant.", "PMID": 508777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8026", "title": "Studies on the transverse localization of lysophospholipase II in bovine liver microsomes by immunological techniques.", "content": "1. Lysophospholipase activity solubilized from bovine liver microsomes could be precipitated for more than 80% by antibodies evoked in rabbits against the purified bovine liver lysophospholipase II. 2. After solubilization of the microsomes in 1.5% sodium deoxycholate, an immunoprecipitate containing lysophospholipase II in enzymically active form could be isolated. 3. Microsomal lysophospholipase activity was completely inhibited by [3H]diisopropylphosphofluoridate. Enzyme labelled in this way was isolated by immunoprecipitation from control and chymotrypsin-treated microsomes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrohporesis of the immunoprecipitates showed that chymotrypsin treatment of intact microsomes had no influence on the molecular weight of the enzyme. 4. Attempts to label the lysophospholipase II in microsomes by lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination or by reaction with the diazonium salt of [125I]iodosulfanilic acid were negative, although both techniques labelled other microsomal proteins efficiently. 5. Antibody absorption experiments gave no indication for the presence of lysophospholipase antigenic sites on the outside surface of microsomes. 6. These experiments are interpreted to indicate that lysophospholipase II is exclusively located at the luminal side of the microsomal membrane.", "contents": "Studies on the transverse localization of lysophospholipase II in bovine liver microsomes by immunological techniques. 1. Lysophospholipase activity solubilized from bovine liver microsomes could be precipitated for more than 80% by antibodies evoked in rabbits against the purified bovine liver lysophospholipase II. 2. After solubilization of the microsomes in 1.5% sodium deoxycholate, an immunoprecipitate containing lysophospholipase II in enzymically active form could be isolated. 3. Microsomal lysophospholipase activity was completely inhibited by [3H]diisopropylphosphofluoridate. Enzyme labelled in this way was isolated by immunoprecipitation from control and chymotrypsin-treated microsomes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrohporesis of the immunoprecipitates showed that chymotrypsin treatment of intact microsomes had no influence on the molecular weight of the enzyme. 4. Attempts to label the lysophospholipase II in microsomes by lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination or by reaction with the diazonium salt of [125I]iodosulfanilic acid were negative, although both techniques labelled other microsomal proteins efficiently. 5. Antibody absorption experiments gave no indication for the presence of lysophospholipase antigenic sites on the outside surface of microsomes. 6. These experiments are interpreted to indicate that lysophospholipase II is exclusively located at the luminal side of the microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 508778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8027", "title": "Comparison of rates of hydrolysis of N-oleoyl and N-stearoyl glucocerebroside in patients with Gaucher's disease.", "content": "The deficiency of oleic acid as one of the fatty acids in glucocerebrosides that accumulate (31--77 mg/g dry weight) in the spleen in patients with Gaucher's disease was confirmed in 9 cases. In an effort to account for the 10-fold difference between the oleoyl glycocerebroside content of glucocerebrosides in spleen from controls and patients with Gaucher's disease, we compared the ability of extracts of spleen and fibroblasts from individuals with various forms of Gaucher's disease and controls to hydrolyze [14C]stearoyl and [3H]oleoyl glucocerebroside. The residual glucosylceramidase activity in patients with Gaucher's disease hydrolyzes the glucose moiety of oleoyl glucocerebroside at approximately the same rate as that of stearoyl glucocerebroside. Similarly, the more active glucosylceramidase of control tissue acts upon both oleoyl and stearoyl glucocerebrosides with equal efficiency. These observations indicate that a mutation affecting the substrate specificity of glucosylceramidase cannot account for the lack of oleic acid-containing glucocerebrosides in patients with Gaucher's disease. Thus, the hypothesis that the difference in fatty acid composition found in glucocerebroside is obtained as a result of a mutation affecting the specificity of the residual glucosylceramidase must be rejected.", "contents": "Comparison of rates of hydrolysis of N-oleoyl and N-stearoyl glucocerebroside in patients with Gaucher's disease. The deficiency of oleic acid as one of the fatty acids in glucocerebrosides that accumulate (31--77 mg/g dry weight) in the spleen in patients with Gaucher's disease was confirmed in 9 cases. In an effort to account for the 10-fold difference between the oleoyl glycocerebroside content of glucocerebrosides in spleen from controls and patients with Gaucher's disease, we compared the ability of extracts of spleen and fibroblasts from individuals with various forms of Gaucher's disease and controls to hydrolyze [14C]stearoyl and [3H]oleoyl glucocerebroside. The residual glucosylceramidase activity in patients with Gaucher's disease hydrolyzes the glucose moiety of oleoyl glucocerebroside at approximately the same rate as that of stearoyl glucocerebroside. Similarly, the more active glucosylceramidase of control tissue acts upon both oleoyl and stearoyl glucocerebrosides with equal efficiency. These observations indicate that a mutation affecting the substrate specificity of glucosylceramidase cannot account for the lack of oleic acid-containing glucocerebrosides in patients with Gaucher's disease. Thus, the hypothesis that the difference in fatty acid composition found in glucocerebroside is obtained as a result of a mutation affecting the specificity of the residual glucosylceramidase must be rejected.", "PMID": 508779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8028", "title": "Free and esterified cholesterol concentration and cholesteryl ester composition in the ovaries of maturing and superovulated immature rats.", "content": "The cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentration and cholesteryl ester composition were determined in the ovaries of immature rats, sexually mature rats and superovulated immature rats. The immature rat ovary accumulated cholesteryl esters, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into these esters. The cholesteryl esters decreased in concentration and changed in composition with the onset of the first estrous cycle. Superovulation of immature rats, by injection of 50 I.U. pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, caused a decrease in the cholesteryl ester concentration of the ovary within 24 h and specific depletion of some esters, particularly those of 20 : 1 and 22 : 6 acids. Human choriogonadotropin, administered 54 h later, induced synchronous luteinization of the ovaries and was followed by increases in the concentration of free and esterified cholesterol and preferential accumulation of the esters of 20 : 4, 22 : 4, 4, 22 : 5 and 22 : 6 acids. Acute stimulation of luteinized ovaries by a second injection of the rats with 25 I.U. of human choriogonadotropin resulted in preferential hydrolysis of the esters of 18 : 1, 20 : 4, 22 : 4 and 22 : 5 acids.", "contents": "Free and esterified cholesterol concentration and cholesteryl ester composition in the ovaries of maturing and superovulated immature rats. The cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentration and cholesteryl ester composition were determined in the ovaries of immature rats, sexually mature rats and superovulated immature rats. The immature rat ovary accumulated cholesteryl esters, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into these esters. The cholesteryl esters decreased in concentration and changed in composition with the onset of the first estrous cycle. Superovulation of immature rats, by injection of 50 I.U. pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, caused a decrease in the cholesteryl ester concentration of the ovary within 24 h and specific depletion of some esters, particularly those of 20 : 1 and 22 : 6 acids. Human choriogonadotropin, administered 54 h later, induced synchronous luteinization of the ovaries and was followed by increases in the concentration of free and esterified cholesterol and preferential accumulation of the esters of 20 : 4, 22 : 4, 4, 22 : 5 and 22 : 6 acids. Acute stimulation of luteinized ovaries by a second injection of the rats with 25 I.U. of human choriogonadotropin resulted in preferential hydrolysis of the esters of 18 : 1, 20 : 4, 22 : 4 and 22 : 5 acids.", "PMID": 508780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8029", "title": "Dietary regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase from rat intestine.", "content": "The effect of dietary cholesterol on rat intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) varied depending upon whether animals received the dietary cholesterol with polyunsaturated or saturated fats. When cholesterol was fed with polyunsaturates, the enzyme activity in both the jejunum and ileum was significantly suppressed, whereas only the enzyme in the jejunum was significantly suppressed when cholesterol was given with saturated fats. It is concluded that dietary cholesterol has a negative feedback effect on intestinal cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "Dietary regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase from rat intestine. The effect of dietary cholesterol on rat intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) varied depending upon whether animals received the dietary cholesterol with polyunsaturated or saturated fats. When cholesterol was fed with polyunsaturates, the enzyme activity in both the jejunum and ileum was significantly suppressed, whereas only the enzyme in the jejunum was significantly suppressed when cholesterol was given with saturated fats. It is concluded that dietary cholesterol has a negative feedback effect on intestinal cholesterol synthesis.", "PMID": 508781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8030", "title": "Exchange of methyl hydrogens in ethanol during incorporation in bile acids in vivo.", "content": "[2,2,2-2H]Ethanol was administered continuously to bile fistula rats for 72 h, with or without (--)-hydroxycitrate. The deuterium labelling of biliary bile acids was determined by GC-MS and 13C NMR. Difference spectra between 2H,1H- and 1H-decoupled 13C NMR spectra showed the presence of partly deuterated methyl and methylene groups in methyl cholate, indicating exchange of deuterium in [2,2,2-2H]ethanol for protium prior to or during incorporation of acetate into the bile acid. The extent of exchange was 20--30% as calculated from the isotopic composition of a fragment ion containing one methyl and one methylene group derived from C-2 of acetate. The exchange was unaffected by (--)-hydroxycitrate, indicating that it was not due to reversible incorporation of deuterated acetate into citrate. About 60% of the acetyl-CoA serving as precursor of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were derived from ethanol. This value was not changed by administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate. The half-life time of cholesterol molecules acting as precursors of both bile acids was about 50 h in the presence of (--)-hydroxycitrate, which is about the same as previously found in the absence of the inhibitor.", "contents": "Exchange of methyl hydrogens in ethanol during incorporation in bile acids in vivo. [2,2,2-2H]Ethanol was administered continuously to bile fistula rats for 72 h, with or without (--)-hydroxycitrate. The deuterium labelling of biliary bile acids was determined by GC-MS and 13C NMR. Difference spectra between 2H,1H- and 1H-decoupled 13C NMR spectra showed the presence of partly deuterated methyl and methylene groups in methyl cholate, indicating exchange of deuterium in [2,2,2-2H]ethanol for protium prior to or during incorporation of acetate into the bile acid. The extent of exchange was 20--30% as calculated from the isotopic composition of a fragment ion containing one methyl and one methylene group derived from C-2 of acetate. The exchange was unaffected by (--)-hydroxycitrate, indicating that it was not due to reversible incorporation of deuterated acetate into citrate. About 60% of the acetyl-CoA serving as precursor of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were derived from ethanol. This value was not changed by administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate. The half-life time of cholesterol molecules acting as precursors of both bile acids was about 50 h in the presence of (--)-hydroxycitrate, which is about the same as previously found in the absence of the inhibitor.", "PMID": 508782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8031", "title": "Regulation of ether lipids and their precursors in relation to glycolysis in cultured neoplastic cells.", "content": "Tumors typically show high rates of glycolysis and elevated levels of ether lipids, particularly the alkyldiacylglycerols; thus, we investigated the relationship between ether lipid accumulation and glucose metabolism in a neoplastic cell line (B2-1). The B2-1 cells grown in 5.5 mM galactose in the absence of glucose produced very low levels of alkyldiacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, lactic acid, and dihydroxyacetone-P. Increasing concentrations of glucose caused a progressive increase in lactic acid, dihydroxyacetone-P, and up to a ten-fold increase in alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. Glucose supplements also caused an increased incorporation of [9,10-3H]palmitic acid into alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. These metabolic changes appeared to be independent of altered growth rates of the cells. The addition of hexadecanol along with glucose to the cultures resulted in a shorter lag and a more rapid rate of accumulation of alkyldiacylglycerols; hexadecanol supplements alone had no effect. The extent of uptake and oxidation of hexadecanol was similar in both the glucose and galactose-grown cells. These results indicate that the levels of alkyldiacylglycerols in neoplastic cells can be regulated by the extent their precursors are formed from glucose.", "contents": "Regulation of ether lipids and their precursors in relation to glycolysis in cultured neoplastic cells. Tumors typically show high rates of glycolysis and elevated levels of ether lipids, particularly the alkyldiacylglycerols; thus, we investigated the relationship between ether lipid accumulation and glucose metabolism in a neoplastic cell line (B2-1). The B2-1 cells grown in 5.5 mM galactose in the absence of glucose produced very low levels of alkyldiacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, lactic acid, and dihydroxyacetone-P. Increasing concentrations of glucose caused a progressive increase in lactic acid, dihydroxyacetone-P, and up to a ten-fold increase in alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. Glucose supplements also caused an increased incorporation of [9,10-3H]palmitic acid into alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. These metabolic changes appeared to be independent of altered growth rates of the cells. The addition of hexadecanol along with glucose to the cultures resulted in a shorter lag and a more rapid rate of accumulation of alkyldiacylglycerols; hexadecanol supplements alone had no effect. The extent of uptake and oxidation of hexadecanol was similar in both the glucose and galactose-grown cells. These results indicate that the levels of alkyldiacylglycerols in neoplastic cells can be regulated by the extent their precursors are formed from glucose.", "PMID": 508783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8032", "title": "Polar lipids of Pseudomonas vesicularis. Presence of a heptosyldiacylglycerol.", "content": "The individual polar lipids produced by Psuedomonas vesicularis NCTC 10 900 during surface culture have been isolated. The major lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, a phosphatidyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyldiacylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylglycerol. 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosylglycerol, and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 yields 4)-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol. These are also the major polar lipids of Pseudomonas diminuta. Additional lipids present in P. vesicularis are unidentified carotenoids and a novel lipid characterised as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glycero-D-glucoheptopyranosylglycerol. A cis-octadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid are the major fatty acids: C15 and C17 acids are significant minor components. The fatty methyl ester fractions derived from three of the lipids (most notably the glucosyldiacylglycerol) contained substantial amounts of a compound with chromatographic properties resembling those of an octadecenoic ester: the identity and origin or this compound remained uncertain.", "contents": "Polar lipids of Pseudomonas vesicularis. Presence of a heptosyldiacylglycerol. The individual polar lipids produced by Psuedomonas vesicularis NCTC 10 900 during surface culture have been isolated. The major lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, a phosphatidyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyldiacylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylglycerol. 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosylglycerol, and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 yields 4)-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol. These are also the major polar lipids of Pseudomonas diminuta. Additional lipids present in P. vesicularis are unidentified carotenoids and a novel lipid characterised as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glycero-D-glucoheptopyranosylglycerol. A cis-octadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid are the major fatty acids: C15 and C17 acids are significant minor components. The fatty methyl ester fractions derived from three of the lipids (most notably the glucosyldiacylglycerol) contained substantial amounts of a compound with chromatographic properties resembling those of an octadecenoic ester: the identity and origin or this compound remained uncertain.", "PMID": 508784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8033", "title": "Effects of various oxygenated sterols on cellular sterol biosynthesis in Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to 25-hydroxycholesterol.", "content": "The effects of a wide variety of oxygenated sterols upon sterol biosynthesis and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34) activity in a wild-type clone and in a 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant clone of Chinese hamster lung (Dede) cells are described. Derivatives of cholesterol which were oxygenated in the 6, 7 or 15 positions of the sterol nucleus or in the 20, 22, 24 or 25 positions of the sterol side chain were shown to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis and reductase activity in the wild-type cells but none of these substitutions had any effect on the 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant A2 clone. A 32-hydroxylated derivative of lanosterol also suppressed sterol synthesis and reductase activity in wild-type cells but had no significant effect upon the A2 line. It was also appraent that a complete sterol side chain was necessary for inhibitory activity. Studies of a wide range of inhibitory sterols indicated that there was a close correlation between their effects upon sterol synthesis and reductase activity and that their inhibitory action was specific for sterol biosynthesis since little effect was observed upon fatty acid or CO2 synthesis. Previous studies had shown that the uptake of 25-hydroxycholesterol by the resistant A2 line was unimpaired and the present results indicate that metabolism of this oxygenated sterol is also unaltered. These results, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that the resistant A2 line is defective in feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis and that all of the oxygenated sterols tested suppress the biosynthetic pathway through at least one common step.", "contents": "Effects of various oxygenated sterols on cellular sterol biosynthesis in Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to 25-hydroxycholesterol. The effects of a wide variety of oxygenated sterols upon sterol biosynthesis and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34) activity in a wild-type clone and in a 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant clone of Chinese hamster lung (Dede) cells are described. Derivatives of cholesterol which were oxygenated in the 6, 7 or 15 positions of the sterol nucleus or in the 20, 22, 24 or 25 positions of the sterol side chain were shown to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis and reductase activity in the wild-type cells but none of these substitutions had any effect on the 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant A2 clone. A 32-hydroxylated derivative of lanosterol also suppressed sterol synthesis and reductase activity in wild-type cells but had no significant effect upon the A2 line. It was also appraent that a complete sterol side chain was necessary for inhibitory activity. Studies of a wide range of inhibitory sterols indicated that there was a close correlation between their effects upon sterol synthesis and reductase activity and that their inhibitory action was specific for sterol biosynthesis since little effect was observed upon fatty acid or CO2 synthesis. Previous studies had shown that the uptake of 25-hydroxycholesterol by the resistant A2 line was unimpaired and the present results indicate that metabolism of this oxygenated sterol is also unaltered. These results, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that the resistant A2 line is defective in feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis and that all of the oxygenated sterols tested suppress the biosynthetic pathway through at least one common step.", "PMID": 508785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8034", "title": "Effects of ML-236B on cholesterol metabolism in mice and rats: lack of hypocholesterolemic activity in normal animals.", "content": "ML-263B (compactin), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, is very effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels in animal species such as hens, dogs, monkeys and man. In the present studies, the effect of this drug on cholesterol metabolism in several strains of mice and rats was studied. The results indicate that, when administered for a longer period, the drug showed no hypocholesterolemic activity in these species under either normo- or hypercholesterolemic conditions, except for rats treated with the detergent Triton WR-1339. The administration of ML-236B caused a significant decrease in fecal excretion of bile acids and in the hepatic levels of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and produced a marked increase in hepatic levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, resulting in no inhibition of hepatic sterol synthesis, even in the presence of the drug in the active form(s). It is concluded that the lack of hypocholesterolemic activity of ML-236B in mice and rats could, at least partly, be explained by these unexpected results.", "contents": "Effects of ML-236B on cholesterol metabolism in mice and rats: lack of hypocholesterolemic activity in normal animals. ML-263B (compactin), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, is very effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels in animal species such as hens, dogs, monkeys and man. In the present studies, the effect of this drug on cholesterol metabolism in several strains of mice and rats was studied. The results indicate that, when administered for a longer period, the drug showed no hypocholesterolemic activity in these species under either normo- or hypercholesterolemic conditions, except for rats treated with the detergent Triton WR-1339. The administration of ML-236B caused a significant decrease in fecal excretion of bile acids and in the hepatic levels of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and produced a marked increase in hepatic levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, resulting in no inhibition of hepatic sterol synthesis, even in the presence of the drug in the active form(s). It is concluded that the lack of hypocholesterolemic activity of ML-236B in mice and rats could, at least partly, be explained by these unexpected results.", "PMID": 508786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8035", "title": "The structure of canine intestinal trihexosylceramide.", "content": "One of the neutral glycosphingolipids isolated from dog intestine has a mobility on thin-layer chromatography and a carbohydrate composition similar to trihexosylceramides. Structural analysis has shown that it consists largely of isoglobotriaosylceramide, galactosyl(alpha-1-3)galactosyl(beta-1-4)glucosyl(beta 1-1')ceramide.", "contents": "The structure of canine intestinal trihexosylceramide. One of the neutral glycosphingolipids isolated from dog intestine has a mobility on thin-layer chromatography and a carbohydrate composition similar to trihexosylceramides. Structural analysis has shown that it consists largely of isoglobotriaosylceramide, galactosyl(alpha-1-3)galactosyl(beta-1-4)glucosyl(beta 1-1')ceramide.", "PMID": 508787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8036", "title": "Effect of alcohols on the collagen-phosphatidylcholine interaction.", "content": "The interaction of phosphatidylcholine dispersions with acid soluble collagen separated from the skin of one month-old swine was studied to define the conditions facilitating the association of the collagen with lipids. When acid soluble collagen and phosphatidylcholine dispersions were incubated in 75 mM citrate buffer of pH 3.7 at 25 degrees C, the reisolated collagen fibrils did not contain appreciable amounts of phosphatidylcholine. However, the presence of n-propanol greatly promoted the retention of phosphatidylcholine, the amount of phosphatidylcholine associated being nearly 30% of collagen on a weight basis under optimal conditions. In contrast, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol did not appreciably enhance the association of phosphatidylcholine with collagen. A limited inhibition of phosphatidylcholine retention was observed upon addition of sodium chloride to the propanol medium. The interaction of phosphatidylcholine with acid soluble collagen decreased sharply when temperature was increased above 30 degrees C; almost no phosphatidylcholine-collagen association occured at 40 degrees C. It appears that the enhanced association in the presence of n-propanol is due to a looseing of the collagen triple helix that exposes hydrophobic sites necessary for the interaction. However, the conversion of the triple helical structure to the random coil conformation by heating prevents the association of phosphatidylcholine with acid soluble collagen.", "contents": "Effect of alcohols on the collagen-phosphatidylcholine interaction. The interaction of phosphatidylcholine dispersions with acid soluble collagen separated from the skin of one month-old swine was studied to define the conditions facilitating the association of the collagen with lipids. When acid soluble collagen and phosphatidylcholine dispersions were incubated in 75 mM citrate buffer of pH 3.7 at 25 degrees C, the reisolated collagen fibrils did not contain appreciable amounts of phosphatidylcholine. However, the presence of n-propanol greatly promoted the retention of phosphatidylcholine, the amount of phosphatidylcholine associated being nearly 30% of collagen on a weight basis under optimal conditions. In contrast, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol did not appreciably enhance the association of phosphatidylcholine with collagen. A limited inhibition of phosphatidylcholine retention was observed upon addition of sodium chloride to the propanol medium. The interaction of phosphatidylcholine with acid soluble collagen decreased sharply when temperature was increased above 30 degrees C; almost no phosphatidylcholine-collagen association occured at 40 degrees C. It appears that the enhanced association in the presence of n-propanol is due to a looseing of the collagen triple helix that exposes hydrophobic sites necessary for the interaction. However, the conversion of the triple helical structure to the random coil conformation by heating prevents the association of phosphatidylcholine with acid soluble collagen.", "PMID": 508788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8037", "title": "The presence of citrulline in epidermal proteins.", "content": "Citrulline is present in the stratum corneum proteins of human, cow snout, pig snout and guinea pig epidermis but is absent from the stratum corneum proteins of frog, mouse, turtle, rat and hamster epidermis. The amino acid is released by acid hydrolysis and ranges from 1.7 to 5.5 residues per thousand residues of protein amino acid. Protein derived citrulline co-chromatographs with authentic L-citrulline on an amino acid analyzer, on Dowex-50, on Dowex-2 and on thin-layer chromatography. Dansylated material co-chromatographed with authentic dansyl-L-citrulline in two thin-layer chromatography systems. Labelling experiments have shown that the protein bound citrulline is derived from protein bound arginine and probably results from enzymatic conversion of the guanido group to the ureido group.", "contents": "The presence of citrulline in epidermal proteins. Citrulline is present in the stratum corneum proteins of human, cow snout, pig snout and guinea pig epidermis but is absent from the stratum corneum proteins of frog, mouse, turtle, rat and hamster epidermis. The amino acid is released by acid hydrolysis and ranges from 1.7 to 5.5 residues per thousand residues of protein amino acid. Protein derived citrulline co-chromatographs with authentic L-citrulline on an amino acid analyzer, on Dowex-50, on Dowex-2 and on thin-layer chromatography. Dansylated material co-chromatographed with authentic dansyl-L-citrulline in two thin-layer chromatography systems. Labelling experiments have shown that the protein bound citrulline is derived from protein bound arginine and probably results from enzymatic conversion of the guanido group to the ureido group.", "PMID": 508789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8038", "title": "Polypeptides of the synaptic membrane antigens D1, D2, and D3.", "content": "The rat brain synaptic membrane antigens D1, D2, and D3 were labelled by 125I and precipitated by antibodies in a crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The precipitates were stained, scraped off, reduced, and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The D1 antigen was composed of two polypeptide chains, apparent molecular weights 50 300 and 116 000 D2 of only one polypeptide chain, apparent molecular weight 139 000, and D3 of three polypeptides, apparent molecular weights 14 100, 23 500, and 34 400. Higher apparent molecular weight polypeptides were present in variable amounts in the D3 precipitate, except when the synaptic membrane extracts had been pre-treated with phospholipase D.", "contents": "Polypeptides of the synaptic membrane antigens D1, D2, and D3. The rat brain synaptic membrane antigens D1, D2, and D3 were labelled by 125I and precipitated by antibodies in a crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The precipitates were stained, scraped off, reduced, and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The D1 antigen was composed of two polypeptide chains, apparent molecular weights 50 300 and 116 000 D2 of only one polypeptide chain, apparent molecular weight 139 000, and D3 of three polypeptides, apparent molecular weights 14 100, 23 500, and 34 400. Higher apparent molecular weight polypeptides were present in variable amounts in the D3 precipitate, except when the synaptic membrane extracts had been pre-treated with phospholipase D.", "PMID": 508791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8039", "title": "Isolation of an acidic protein from the armadillo submandibular gland.", "content": "An acidic protein fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 34 000 has been isolated from the Cetavlon-treated, mucin-free supernatant of the armadillo submandibular gland 0.01 M NaCl extract. This purified material, which was obtained in a yield of 0.45%/g wet gland, contains 24 mol % acidic amino acids and 4 mol % basic amino acids. Hexosamines, sialic acid, and neutral sugars represent 7% of the dry sample weight. In polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, a single protein band was observed. The acidic protein fraction is highly reactive with the Lowry phenol reagent, giving a protein value 83% higher than that obtained by summation of its anhydrous amino acids, and is explained by the occurrence of peptide linkages peculiar to this material. The presence of other basophilic components besides mucus glycoproteins within the salivary gland of the armadillo may have physiological significance.", "contents": "Isolation of an acidic protein from the armadillo submandibular gland. An acidic protein fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 34 000 has been isolated from the Cetavlon-treated, mucin-free supernatant of the armadillo submandibular gland 0.01 M NaCl extract. This purified material, which was obtained in a yield of 0.45%/g wet gland, contains 24 mol % acidic amino acids and 4 mol % basic amino acids. Hexosamines, sialic acid, and neutral sugars represent 7% of the dry sample weight. In polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, a single protein band was observed. The acidic protein fraction is highly reactive with the Lowry phenol reagent, giving a protein value 83% higher than that obtained by summation of its anhydrous amino acids, and is explained by the occurrence of peptide linkages peculiar to this material. The presence of other basophilic components besides mucus glycoproteins within the salivary gland of the armadillo may have physiological significance.", "PMID": 508792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8040", "title": "Alteration in tryptic peptide patterns of ferritins purified from human colon carcinoma.", "content": "Ferritin from malignant tissue differs electrophoretically from normal ferritin. The molecular basis of this difference has not yet been defined. Malignant tissue contains a mixture of ferritins from normal cells, inflammatory cells as well as cancer cells. GW-39 is a pure colon carcinoma cell system that synthesizes human carcinoembryonic antigen. Therefore, ferritin was isolated from normal colon mucosa and colon cancer tissues, as well as from the colon carcinoma cell line, to clarify the molecular relationship between normal and malignant ferritins. Colon carcinoma ferritin differs in primary structure from normal colon mucosal ferritin and contains at least six additional different tryptic peptides. These six peptides were also found in the ferritin from the colon carcinoma cell line. These data suggest that the alteration in ferritin structure occurs at the cellular level and is associated with the malignant state.", "contents": "Alteration in tryptic peptide patterns of ferritins purified from human colon carcinoma. Ferritin from malignant tissue differs electrophoretically from normal ferritin. The molecular basis of this difference has not yet been defined. Malignant tissue contains a mixture of ferritins from normal cells, inflammatory cells as well as cancer cells. GW-39 is a pure colon carcinoma cell system that synthesizes human carcinoembryonic antigen. Therefore, ferritin was isolated from normal colon mucosa and colon cancer tissues, as well as from the colon carcinoma cell line, to clarify the molecular relationship between normal and malignant ferritins. Colon carcinoma ferritin differs in primary structure from normal colon mucosal ferritin and contains at least six additional different tryptic peptides. These six peptides were also found in the ferritin from the colon carcinoma cell line. These data suggest that the alteration in ferritin structure occurs at the cellular level and is associated with the malignant state.", "PMID": 508793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8041", "title": "Effect of sulfhydryl reagents and protease inhibitors on sodium dodecyl sulfate-heat induced dissociation of Ricinus communis agglutinin.", "content": "Ricinus communis agglutinin dissociated to lower molecular weight forms when heated in sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of reducing agents, while ricin was little affected by such treatment. The data suggest that strong noncovalent bonds hold together two A-B heterodimers in the Ricinus communis agglutinin tetramer. Protease inhibitors such as diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethansefulonyl fluoride, and EDTA, did not prevent the sodium dodecyl sulfate-heat induced dissociation; however, sulfhydryl specific reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-chloromercuribenzoate) were effective. Titration of the lectins in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that ricin contains one sulfhydryl and Ricinus communis agglutinin four sulfhydryl groups, none of which react in the presence of 8 M urea. The sulfhydryl groups that could be titrated in the intact proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate were on the A chains.", "contents": "Effect of sulfhydryl reagents and protease inhibitors on sodium dodecyl sulfate-heat induced dissociation of Ricinus communis agglutinin. Ricinus communis agglutinin dissociated to lower molecular weight forms when heated in sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of reducing agents, while ricin was little affected by such treatment. The data suggest that strong noncovalent bonds hold together two A-B heterodimers in the Ricinus communis agglutinin tetramer. Protease inhibitors such as diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethansefulonyl fluoride, and EDTA, did not prevent the sodium dodecyl sulfate-heat induced dissociation; however, sulfhydryl specific reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-chloromercuribenzoate) were effective. Titration of the lectins in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that ricin contains one sulfhydryl and Ricinus communis agglutinin four sulfhydryl groups, none of which react in the presence of 8 M urea. The sulfhydryl groups that could be titrated in the intact proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate were on the A chains.", "PMID": 508794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8042", "title": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from seeds of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC.", "content": "A lectin from seeds of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC, has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on a Bio-Gel lactobionate adsorbent. The lectin is rich in acidic amino acids, and after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, appeared as a single band of pI5.5 The molecular weight of the lectin is 46 000 +/- 2000 as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis detected a single type of subunit with a molecular weight of 29 000 +/- 3000. The lectin has specificity for receptors containing D-galactose and agglutinates trypsinized human red blood cells of all three ABO types. Of the tested inhibitors of hemagglutination caused by winged bean lectin, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside was the most potent. Lactose was the most active oligosaccharide tested, and other oligosaccharides containing alpha-linked D-galactose were much less inhibitory.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from seeds of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC. A lectin from seeds of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC, has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on a Bio-Gel lactobionate adsorbent. The lectin is rich in acidic amino acids, and after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, appeared as a single band of pI5.5 The molecular weight of the lectin is 46 000 +/- 2000 as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis detected a single type of subunit with a molecular weight of 29 000 +/- 3000. The lectin has specificity for receptors containing D-galactose and agglutinates trypsinized human red blood cells of all three ABO types. Of the tested inhibitors of hemagglutination caused by winged bean lectin, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside was the most potent. Lactose was the most active oligosaccharide tested, and other oligosaccharides containing alpha-linked D-galactose were much less inhibitory.", "PMID": 508795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8043", "title": "Characterization of a membrane protein from cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The resultant antiserum had one major antibody activity against an antigen called the Torpedo vesicle antigen. This antigen could not be demonstrated in muscle, liver or blood and is therefore, suggested to be nervous-tissue specific. The vesicle antigen was quantified in various parts of the nervous system and in subcellular fractions of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and was found to be highly enriched in synaptic vesicle membranes. The antigen bound to concanavalin A, thereby demonstrating the presence of a carbohydrate moiety. By means of charge-shift electrophoresis, amphiphilicity was demonstrated, indicating that the Torpedo vesicle antigen is an intrinsic membrane protein. The antigen was immunochemically unrelated to other brain specific proteins such as 14-3-2, S-100, the glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptin. Furthermore, it was unrelated to two other membrane proteins, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase, present in Torpedo electric organ. The antiserum against Torpedo synaptic vesicles did not react with preparations of rat brain synaptic vesicles or ox adrenal medullary chromaffin granules.", "contents": "Characterization of a membrane protein from cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Rabbits were immunized with cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The resultant antiserum had one major antibody activity against an antigen called the Torpedo vesicle antigen. This antigen could not be demonstrated in muscle, liver or blood and is therefore, suggested to be nervous-tissue specific. The vesicle antigen was quantified in various parts of the nervous system and in subcellular fractions of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and was found to be highly enriched in synaptic vesicle membranes. The antigen bound to concanavalin A, thereby demonstrating the presence of a carbohydrate moiety. By means of charge-shift electrophoresis, amphiphilicity was demonstrated, indicating that the Torpedo vesicle antigen is an intrinsic membrane protein. The antigen was immunochemically unrelated to other brain specific proteins such as 14-3-2, S-100, the glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptin. Furthermore, it was unrelated to two other membrane proteins, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase, present in Torpedo electric organ. The antiserum against Torpedo synaptic vesicles did not react with preparations of rat brain synaptic vesicles or ox adrenal medullary chromaffin granules.", "PMID": 508796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8044", "title": "Purification of bovine adrenocortical and brain tubulin. A comparative study.", "content": "Microtubules from the cow adrenal cortex and brain were purified by three cycles of the temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization procedure. Whereas tubulin comprised approximately 8--10% of soluble brain protein, it comprised only 0.5-1.0% of the soluble adrenocortical protein. The partially purified tubulin from both sources gave similar results in the following studies: (1) [3H]colchicine binding examined by Scatchard analysis revealed an apparent Ka of 1 . 10(6) M-1 and a colchicine/tubulin molar binding ratio of 0.4-0.6; (2) tyrosylation studies using a specific tubulin-tyrosine ligase (which adds a tyrosine residue to the C-terminal glutamate or glutamine of the alpha-chain) in conjunction with carboxypeptidase A (which recovers the tyrosine) and (3) amino acid analysis. Examination of protein bands, in addition to the tubulin doublet of 55 000 molecular weight, on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a difference between the two tubulin preparations. The adrenocortical preparation had protein bands corresponding to apparent molecular weight of 36 000, 60 000, and 68 000. In contrast the brain preparation had only proteins of molecular weights greater than 200 000 (these bands were absent in all adrenal preparations). It would thus appear that if proteins which copurify with tubulin through repeated cycles of polymerization-depolymerization play a role in either microtubule formation or function there is a distinct difference between neural and non-neural tissue.", "contents": "Purification of bovine adrenocortical and brain tubulin. A comparative study. Microtubules from the cow adrenal cortex and brain were purified by three cycles of the temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization procedure. Whereas tubulin comprised approximately 8--10% of soluble brain protein, it comprised only 0.5-1.0% of the soluble adrenocortical protein. The partially purified tubulin from both sources gave similar results in the following studies: (1) [3H]colchicine binding examined by Scatchard analysis revealed an apparent Ka of 1 . 10(6) M-1 and a colchicine/tubulin molar binding ratio of 0.4-0.6; (2) tyrosylation studies using a specific tubulin-tyrosine ligase (which adds a tyrosine residue to the C-terminal glutamate or glutamine of the alpha-chain) in conjunction with carboxypeptidase A (which recovers the tyrosine) and (3) amino acid analysis. Examination of protein bands, in addition to the tubulin doublet of 55 000 molecular weight, on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a difference between the two tubulin preparations. The adrenocortical preparation had protein bands corresponding to apparent molecular weight of 36 000, 60 000, and 68 000. In contrast the brain preparation had only proteins of molecular weights greater than 200 000 (these bands were absent in all adrenal preparations). It would thus appear that if proteins which copurify with tubulin through repeated cycles of polymerization-depolymerization play a role in either microtubule formation or function there is a distinct difference between neural and non-neural tissue.", "PMID": 508797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8045", "title": "Evidence for a structural role for chlorophyll in chlorophyll-protein complexes.", "content": "1. Chymotrypsin treatment of spinach chloroplast membranes does not change the electrophoretic mobility of either chlorophyll-protein complex 1 or 2. 2. The extraction of lipids with 80% acetone after treatment of the membranes with chymotrypsin reveals that the polypeptide components of both chlorophyll-protein complexes had been extensively digested. The extraction of carotenes with petroleum ether under the same conditions does not change the electrophoretic mobility of the chlorophyll-protein complexes. 3. Fluorescence polarisation studies of chlorophyll-protein complex 2 reveal that the chymotrypsin digestion of this complex does not result in changes of mutual orientation or distance apart of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b or carotenoid. 4. Two polypeptide components have been detected after lipid extraction of electrophoretically purified chlorophyll-protein complexes 1 and 2. The SDS molecular weights are 24 000 and 27 000 for complex 2, and 68 000 and 64 000 for complex 1. 5. We conclude that chlorophyll performs an important structural function in both chlorophyll-protein complexes.", "contents": "Evidence for a structural role for chlorophyll in chlorophyll-protein complexes. 1. Chymotrypsin treatment of spinach chloroplast membranes does not change the electrophoretic mobility of either chlorophyll-protein complex 1 or 2. 2. The extraction of lipids with 80% acetone after treatment of the membranes with chymotrypsin reveals that the polypeptide components of both chlorophyll-protein complexes had been extensively digested. The extraction of carotenes with petroleum ether under the same conditions does not change the electrophoretic mobility of the chlorophyll-protein complexes. 3. Fluorescence polarisation studies of chlorophyll-protein complex 2 reveal that the chymotrypsin digestion of this complex does not result in changes of mutual orientation or distance apart of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b or carotenoid. 4. Two polypeptide components have been detected after lipid extraction of electrophoretically purified chlorophyll-protein complexes 1 and 2. The SDS molecular weights are 24 000 and 27 000 for complex 2, and 68 000 and 64 000 for complex 1. 5. We conclude that chlorophyll performs an important structural function in both chlorophyll-protein complexes.", "PMID": 508798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8046", "title": "Bovine type I collagen: A study of cross-linking in various mature tissues.", "content": "The cyanogen bromide peptides from insoluble and pepsin solubilised type I collagen of bovine bone, dentine, meniscus, tendon, skin and cornea were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case alpha 1CB6 was shown to be the only peptide of molecular weight greater than 10 000 involved in cross-linking. The major helical peptides alpha 1CB3, alpha 1CB8, alpha 1CB7 and alpha 2CB4 were not implicated in cross-linking in any tissue either by end overlap or helix-helix interaction. The C-terminal alpha 2 chain peptide alpha 2CB3,5, which contains a large helical region, was not involved in cross-linking to any large peptides, although a slight increase in molecular weight in all tissues examined did suggest a possible interaction(s) with a very small peptide of molecular weight 4--5000.", "contents": "Bovine type I collagen: A study of cross-linking in various mature tissues. The cyanogen bromide peptides from insoluble and pepsin solubilised type I collagen of bovine bone, dentine, meniscus, tendon, skin and cornea were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case alpha 1CB6 was shown to be the only peptide of molecular weight greater than 10 000 involved in cross-linking. The major helical peptides alpha 1CB3, alpha 1CB8, alpha 1CB7 and alpha 2CB4 were not implicated in cross-linking in any tissue either by end overlap or helix-helix interaction. The C-terminal alpha 2 chain peptide alpha 2CB3,5, which contains a large helical region, was not involved in cross-linking to any large peptides, although a slight increase in molecular weight in all tissues examined did suggest a possible interaction(s) with a very small peptide of molecular weight 4--5000.", "PMID": 508799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8047", "title": "The anti-proteolytic behavior of lathyrogens.", "content": "The lathyrogens, beta-aminopropionitrile and alpha-aminoacetonitrile inhibit both the esterolytic and proteolytic activity of trypsin at a concentration of 100 mM. Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrate that inhibition is competitive, with alpha-aminoacetonitrile being the more potent inhibitor. The enzyme associated with and capable of digesting tropoelastin is inhibited by both lathyrogens when tested against its natural substrate, tropoelastin. Administration of alpha-aminoacetonitrile-HCl to the diet of young chicks (0.1% w/w) resulted in a 62% increase in the yield of tropoelastin and significant reduction in fatality as compared to beta-aminopropionitrile-fumarate.", "contents": "The anti-proteolytic behavior of lathyrogens. The lathyrogens, beta-aminopropionitrile and alpha-aminoacetonitrile inhibit both the esterolytic and proteolytic activity of trypsin at a concentration of 100 mM. Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrate that inhibition is competitive, with alpha-aminoacetonitrile being the more potent inhibitor. The enzyme associated with and capable of digesting tropoelastin is inhibited by both lathyrogens when tested against its natural substrate, tropoelastin. Administration of alpha-aminoacetonitrile-HCl to the diet of young chicks (0.1% w/w) resulted in a 62% increase in the yield of tropoelastin and significant reduction in fatality as compared to beta-aminopropionitrile-fumarate.", "PMID": 508800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8048", "title": "Inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate associated with decrease in N-acetyl-L-glutamate concentration in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Pent-4-enoate at 0.1 to 1.0 mM strongly inhibited urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Pent-4-enoate at the same concentrations markedly decreased concentrations of N-acetyl-L-glutamate, an essential activator of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase-I (EC 2.7.2.5), and the decrease was well in parallel with the inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate. This compound also lowered cellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of acetylglutamate synthase (EC 2.3.1.1). Pent-4-enoate in a dose of 1 mM did not significantly affect cellular concentrations of ATP, and had no direct effect on acetylglutamate synthase activity. These results suggest that the inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate is due to decrease in N-acetyl-L-glutamate concentration and that the decrease is probably brought about by decreased rate of its synthesis due to the lowered concentration of cellular acetyl-CoA.", "contents": "Inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate associated with decrease in N-acetyl-L-glutamate concentration in isolated rat hepatocytes. Pent-4-enoate at 0.1 to 1.0 mM strongly inhibited urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Pent-4-enoate at the same concentrations markedly decreased concentrations of N-acetyl-L-glutamate, an essential activator of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase-I (EC 2.7.2.5), and the decrease was well in parallel with the inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate. This compound also lowered cellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of acetylglutamate synthase (EC 2.3.1.1). Pent-4-enoate in a dose of 1 mM did not significantly affect cellular concentrations of ATP, and had no direct effect on acetylglutamate synthase activity. These results suggest that the inhibition of urea synthesis by pent-4-enoate is due to decrease in N-acetyl-L-glutamate concentration and that the decrease is probably brought about by decreased rate of its synthesis due to the lowered concentration of cellular acetyl-CoA.", "PMID": 508801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8049", "title": "Binding and degradation of insulin by plasma membranes from bovine liver isolated by a large scale preparation.", "content": "With the large-scale preparation described, as much as 1 kg of bovine liver can be processed, giving a yield of more than 1 g plasma membrane protein. From analytical and morphological criteria the plasma membrane fraction isolated mainly derives from bile-canalicular and contiguous areas of the hepatocytes. The insulin binding activity is quite similar to insulin receptors in other cell systems and membrane preparations. Insulin-degrading activity is very low in the isolated plasma fraction. Most of degrading activity is located in a microsomal membrane fraction. Nevertheless the Km and the pH dependence of the insulin-degrading activity in both fractions are nearly identical. From these studies we conclude that binding and degradation of insulin are two independent processes located on different cell organelles.", "contents": "Binding and degradation of insulin by plasma membranes from bovine liver isolated by a large scale preparation. With the large-scale preparation described, as much as 1 kg of bovine liver can be processed, giving a yield of more than 1 g plasma membrane protein. From analytical and morphological criteria the plasma membrane fraction isolated mainly derives from bile-canalicular and contiguous areas of the hepatocytes. The insulin binding activity is quite similar to insulin receptors in other cell systems and membrane preparations. Insulin-degrading activity is very low in the isolated plasma fraction. Most of degrading activity is located in a microsomal membrane fraction. Nevertheless the Km and the pH dependence of the insulin-degrading activity in both fractions are nearly identical. From these studies we conclude that binding and degradation of insulin are two independent processes located on different cell organelles.", "PMID": 508802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8050", "title": "Glycoproteins from experimental granulation tissue and their effects on collagen synthesis in embryonic chick tendon cells.", "content": "Buffer-soluble and pronase-liberated glycoproteins from experimental granulation tissue were fractionated by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The age of the granuloma was reflected in the gel filtration pattern. Two glycoproteins were isolated, purified to homogeneity and analyzed for their carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. The collagen synthesis in embryonic chick tendon cells was measured in the presence of these fractions, which were found to be inhibiting even at 10(-6) M. These glycoproteins may be significant in the feedback regulation of the development of granulation tissue and fibrosis.", "contents": "Glycoproteins from experimental granulation tissue and their effects on collagen synthesis in embryonic chick tendon cells. Buffer-soluble and pronase-liberated glycoproteins from experimental granulation tissue were fractionated by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The age of the granuloma was reflected in the gel filtration pattern. Two glycoproteins were isolated, purified to homogeneity and analyzed for their carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. The collagen synthesis in embryonic chick tendon cells was measured in the presence of these fractions, which were found to be inhibiting even at 10(-6) M. These glycoproteins may be significant in the feedback regulation of the development of granulation tissue and fibrosis.", "PMID": 508803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8051", "title": "N-delta-acetylornithine and S-methylcysteine in blood plasma.", "content": "N-delta-Acetylornithine and S-methylcysteine have been identified as minor components of deproteinized blood plasma of human and bovine blood. Human blood plasma contains a variable amount of acetylornithine, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.4 mumol/l (range 0.8--0.2 mumol/l). Urine contains a very small amount of acetylornithine, approximately 1 nmol/mg creatinine (1 mumol/day). Human blood plasma contains 3.9 +/- 1.9 mumol/l (range 1.4--6.5 mumol/l) of S-methylcysteine. Urine contains approximately 5 nmol/mg creatinine; after acid hydrolysis the amount is increased to 20 nmol/mg creatinine.", "contents": "N-delta-acetylornithine and S-methylcysteine in blood plasma. N-delta-Acetylornithine and S-methylcysteine have been identified as minor components of deproteinized blood plasma of human and bovine blood. Human blood plasma contains a variable amount of acetylornithine, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.4 mumol/l (range 0.8--0.2 mumol/l). Urine contains a very small amount of acetylornithine, approximately 1 nmol/mg creatinine (1 mumol/day). Human blood plasma contains 3.9 +/- 1.9 mumol/l (range 1.4--6.5 mumol/l) of S-methylcysteine. Urine contains approximately 5 nmol/mg creatinine; after acid hydrolysis the amount is increased to 20 nmol/mg creatinine.", "PMID": 508804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8052", "title": "In vitro binding of protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX to components in the matrix of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The matrix fraction of rat liver mitochondria contains several components capable of binding protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX in vitro. When binding is analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, two main groups of components can be separated; i.e. one of high and one of low molecular weight. Experimental evidence is presented indicating a protein nature of these components, and at least six species were detected by gel electrophoresis. The binding of protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX to matrix components is also evident from a marked change in the heme and porphyrin absorbance spectra in the presence of added matrix. The data obtained indicate that the matrix fraction has a high total binding capacity for heme, but the affinity for heme of the various components seems to be different. Based on the separation of bound and free heme by gel electrophoresis it is concluded that the heme-binding capacity of the high affinity components does not exceed 14 nmol heme . mg-1 protein.", "contents": "In vitro binding of protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX to components in the matrix of rat liver mitochondria. The matrix fraction of rat liver mitochondria contains several components capable of binding protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX in vitro. When binding is analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, two main groups of components can be separated; i.e. one of high and one of low molecular weight. Experimental evidence is presented indicating a protein nature of these components, and at least six species were detected by gel electrophoresis. The binding of protoheme IX and protoporphyrin IX to matrix components is also evident from a marked change in the heme and porphyrin absorbance spectra in the presence of added matrix. The data obtained indicate that the matrix fraction has a high total binding capacity for heme, but the affinity for heme of the various components seems to be different. Based on the separation of bound and free heme by gel electrophoresis it is concluded that the heme-binding capacity of the high affinity components does not exceed 14 nmol heme . mg-1 protein.", "PMID": 508805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8053", "title": "An approximation method for estimating cell loss from a growing tumor.", "content": "A simple self-consistent calculational scheme is developed for estimating cell loss for a growing tumor (or other population) when the growth fraction can be estimated at regular intervals. This is applied to published data for a particular much-studied Ehrlich ascites tumor. The loss rate is found to be substantially higher than that estimated by previous, less precise means.", "contents": "An approximation method for estimating cell loss from a growing tumor. A simple self-consistent calculational scheme is developed for estimating cell loss for a growing tumor (or other population) when the growth fraction can be estimated at regular intervals. This is applied to published data for a particular much-studied Ehrlich ascites tumor. The loss rate is found to be substantially higher than that estimated by previous, less precise means.", "PMID": 508806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8054", "title": "Concanavalin A stimulation of plasminogen activator production in pig kidney cells in culture.", "content": "Addition of subtoxic doses of the lectin concanavalin A to growing subconfluent monolayer cultures of pig kidney cells causes an increase in extra- and intracellular plasminogen activator activity which is reversibly inhibited by actinomycin D, cycloheximide and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. These results suggest that cell surface events may play an important modulatory role in plasminogen activator production.", "contents": "Concanavalin A stimulation of plasminogen activator production in pig kidney cells in culture. Addition of subtoxic doses of the lectin concanavalin A to growing subconfluent monolayer cultures of pig kidney cells causes an increase in extra- and intracellular plasminogen activator activity which is reversibly inhibited by actinomycin D, cycloheximide and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. These results suggest that cell surface events may play an important modulatory role in plasminogen activator production.", "PMID": 508807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8055", "title": "Bacterial metabolism of propane-1,2-diol.", "content": "The pathway of propane-1,2-diol metabolism by a species of Flavobacterium able to grow on the diol as the sole source of carbon was influenced by the degree of aeration of the growth medium. Under strongly aerobic conditions the diol was exclusively catabolised to lactaldehyde by an initial diol oxidase, subsequently metabolised to pyruvate and then oxidised to CO2 by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Under microaerophilic conditions some propane-1,2-diol was catabolised by the oxidase-initiated pathway, but some diol was alternatively catabolised by an inducible diol dehydrase to propionaldehyde and subsequently reduced to n-propanol as an end product of metabolism.", "contents": "Bacterial metabolism of propane-1,2-diol. The pathway of propane-1,2-diol metabolism by a species of Flavobacterium able to grow on the diol as the sole source of carbon was influenced by the degree of aeration of the growth medium. Under strongly aerobic conditions the diol was exclusively catabolised to lactaldehyde by an initial diol oxidase, subsequently metabolised to pyruvate and then oxidised to CO2 by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Under microaerophilic conditions some propane-1,2-diol was catabolised by the oxidase-initiated pathway, but some diol was alternatively catabolised by an inducible diol dehydrase to propionaldehyde and subsequently reduced to n-propanol as an end product of metabolism.", "PMID": 508808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8056", "title": "The effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid-stimulating hormone-induced alterations in iodothyronine secretion from perfused dog thyroids.", "content": "The aim of this study was to see whether the inhibitory effect of propylthiouracil on thyroidal secretion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) could be reproduced in intensively stimulated thyroids, and to elucidate whether an increase in the fractional deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to T3 and rT3 during iodothyronine secretion might be responsible for the transient fall in the T4/T3 and T4/rT3 ratios in thyroid secretion seen in the early phase after stimulation of thyroid secretion. For this purpose T4, T3 and rT3 were measured in effluent from isolated dog thyroid lobes perfused in a non-recirculation system using a synthetic hormone free medium. 1 mmol/1 propylthiouracil induced a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulated T3 and rT3 release while the release of T4 was unaffected. This supports our previous conclusion that T4 is partially monodeiodinated to T3 and rT3 during thyroid secretion. Infusion of 1 mmol/l propylthiouracil for 30 min or 3 mmol/l propylthiouracil for 120 min did not abolish the transient fall in effluent T4/T3 and T4/rT3 induced by TSH stimulation. Thus, this phenomenon seems not to depend on intrathyroidal iodothyronine deiodinating processes.", "contents": "The effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid-stimulating hormone-induced alterations in iodothyronine secretion from perfused dog thyroids. The aim of this study was to see whether the inhibitory effect of propylthiouracil on thyroidal secretion of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) could be reproduced in intensively stimulated thyroids, and to elucidate whether an increase in the fractional deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to T3 and rT3 during iodothyronine secretion might be responsible for the transient fall in the T4/T3 and T4/rT3 ratios in thyroid secretion seen in the early phase after stimulation of thyroid secretion. For this purpose T4, T3 and rT3 were measured in effluent from isolated dog thyroid lobes perfused in a non-recirculation system using a synthetic hormone free medium. 1 mmol/1 propylthiouracil induced a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulated T3 and rT3 release while the release of T4 was unaffected. This supports our previous conclusion that T4 is partially monodeiodinated to T3 and rT3 during thyroid secretion. Infusion of 1 mmol/l propylthiouracil for 30 min or 3 mmol/l propylthiouracil for 120 min did not abolish the transient fall in effluent T4/T3 and T4/rT3 induced by TSH stimulation. Thus, this phenomenon seems not to depend on intrathyroidal iodothyronine deiodinating processes.", "PMID": 508809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8057", "title": "Characterization of mucin isolated from rat tracheal transplants.", "content": "Subcutaneous rat tracheal grafts yield several milligrams of secretions from which a homogeneous mucin fraction was isolated and purified. Histological evidence demonstrated that a normal mucociliary epithelium and mucous secretion were maintained for the 4-6 weeks of the experiment. The collected secretions were initially characterized by column chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B which separated the excluded high molecular weight mucins (unpurified mucin fraction) from most of the serum-type glycoproteins and proteins, including albumin. A reductive alkylation treatment of the unpurified mucin fraction followed by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography removed contaminating protein and most of the mannose-containing material from the mucin fraction. The void volume material from this column produced a single high molecular weight band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate agarose/acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified mucin fraction contained 16.5% protein and primarily galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid. This fraction also underwent beta-elimination in the presence of alkaline borohydride, demonstrating the presence of O-glycosidic linkages.", "contents": "Characterization of mucin isolated from rat tracheal transplants. Subcutaneous rat tracheal grafts yield several milligrams of secretions from which a homogeneous mucin fraction was isolated and purified. Histological evidence demonstrated that a normal mucociliary epithelium and mucous secretion were maintained for the 4-6 weeks of the experiment. The collected secretions were initially characterized by column chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B which separated the excluded high molecular weight mucins (unpurified mucin fraction) from most of the serum-type glycoproteins and proteins, including albumin. A reductive alkylation treatment of the unpurified mucin fraction followed by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography removed contaminating protein and most of the mannose-containing material from the mucin fraction. The void volume material from this column produced a single high molecular weight band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate agarose/acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified mucin fraction contained 16.5% protein and primarily galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid. This fraction also underwent beta-elimination in the presence of alkaline borohydride, demonstrating the presence of O-glycosidic linkages.", "PMID": 508810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8058", "title": "Isolation of human pituitary prolactin.", "content": "A process developed earlier for the extraction of human follitropin, lutropin, thyrotropin and growth hormone from homogenized frozen pituitaries provided a residue utilized for the isolation of prolactin. The isolation procedure involved extraction at pH 9.8, molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B, hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100 Superfine, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B using a convex gradient. The progressive purification was guided by radioimmunoassays. The final product was obtained in yields of 31 microgram/gland, and was equipotent with a pituitary preparation (VLS-3) supplied by the National Pituitary Agency (NIH, Bethesda, U.S.A.). Contamination hormones negligible (less than 0.05%). No heterogeneity of the isolated prolactin was observed by sedimentation-equilibrium analysis in the ultracentrifuge, by SDS electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel or by molecular sieve chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. These different techniques gave values in the range of 21 000-23 000 for the molecular weight of prolactin. In free zone electrophoresis, and also in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the prolactin preparation was, however, heterogeneous and resolved at alkaline pH into three distinct components. The former technique permitted isolation and assay of the components, indicating that they were all fully active.", "contents": "Isolation of human pituitary prolactin. A process developed earlier for the extraction of human follitropin, lutropin, thyrotropin and growth hormone from homogenized frozen pituitaries provided a residue utilized for the isolation of prolactin. The isolation procedure involved extraction at pH 9.8, molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B, hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100 Superfine, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B using a convex gradient. The progressive purification was guided by radioimmunoassays. The final product was obtained in yields of 31 microgram/gland, and was equipotent with a pituitary preparation (VLS-3) supplied by the National Pituitary Agency (NIH, Bethesda, U.S.A.). Contamination hormones negligible (less than 0.05%). No heterogeneity of the isolated prolactin was observed by sedimentation-equilibrium analysis in the ultracentrifuge, by SDS electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel or by molecular sieve chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. These different techniques gave values in the range of 21 000-23 000 for the molecular weight of prolactin. In free zone electrophoresis, and also in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the prolactin preparation was, however, heterogeneous and resolved at alkaline pH into three distinct components. The former technique permitted isolation and assay of the components, indicating that they were all fully active.", "PMID": 508811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8059", "title": "Protein kinase activity and endogenous phosphorylation in subfractions of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria were subfractionated into outer membrane, intermembrane and mitoplast (inner membrane and matrix) fractions. Of the recovered protein kinase activity, 80-90% was found in the intermembrane fraction, while the rest was associated with mitoplasts. The intermembrane protein kinase was stimulated by cyclic AMP, while the mitoplast enzyme was stimulated by the nucleotide only after treatment with Triton X-100. Extracted protein kinase resolved into three peaks on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. All three peaks were present both in the intermembrane fraction and in mitoplasts. One peak corresponded to the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, one was a cyclic AMP-independent enzyme, and the third was the cyclic AMP-dependent type II enzyme. The endogenous incorporation of phosphate was particularly high in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and occurred also in the mitoplast fraction. The incorporation in mitoplasts was to a double band of Mr 47 500, and in outer membranes to apparently heterogeneous material of comparatively low molecular weight.", "contents": "Protein kinase activity and endogenous phosphorylation in subfractions of rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria were subfractionated into outer membrane, intermembrane and mitoplast (inner membrane and matrix) fractions. Of the recovered protein kinase activity, 80-90% was found in the intermembrane fraction, while the rest was associated with mitoplasts. The intermembrane protein kinase was stimulated by cyclic AMP, while the mitoplast enzyme was stimulated by the nucleotide only after treatment with Triton X-100. Extracted protein kinase resolved into three peaks on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. All three peaks were present both in the intermembrane fraction and in mitoplasts. One peak corresponded to the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, one was a cyclic AMP-independent enzyme, and the third was the cyclic AMP-dependent type II enzyme. The endogenous incorporation of phosphate was particularly high in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and occurred also in the mitoplast fraction. The incorporation in mitoplasts was to a double band of Mr 47 500, and in outer membranes to apparently heterogeneous material of comparatively low molecular weight.", "PMID": 508812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8060", "title": "[Postluminescence of the marine green alga Ulva fenestrata in millisecond and decisecond attenuation intervals].", "content": "Excitation and radiation spectra of the stationary level of postluminescence of marine green alga tallom were measured in millisecond and decisecond attenuation intervals. On the basis of these data and of temperature and light relationships of postluminescence the conclusion is drawn concerning the existence of three independent pigment systems within the range of Photosystem-2, which are responsible for luminescence generation within the given limits of attenuation.", "contents": "[Postluminescence of the marine green alga Ulva fenestrata in millisecond and decisecond attenuation intervals]. Excitation and radiation spectra of the stationary level of postluminescence of marine green alga tallom were measured in millisecond and decisecond attenuation intervals. On the basis of these data and of temperature and light relationships of postluminescence the conclusion is drawn concerning the existence of three independent pigment systems within the range of Photosystem-2, which are responsible for luminescence generation within the given limits of attenuation.", "PMID": 508814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8061", "title": "[Radiation entropy and its role in the process of photosynthesis].", "content": "The paper deals with the following problems: 1) radiation entropy and the value of maximum performance coefficient of photosynthesizing systems eta m; 2) problem of physical meaning of eta m and on its association with real processes in photosynthesis. It has been shown that for calculating entropy of nonequilibrium radiation its origin should be known and that the value eta m does not practically limit the processes which proceed in photosynthesis.", "contents": "[Radiation entropy and its role in the process of photosynthesis]. The paper deals with the following problems: 1) radiation entropy and the value of maximum performance coefficient of photosynthesizing systems eta m; 2) problem of physical meaning of eta m and on its association with real processes in photosynthesis. It has been shown that for calculating entropy of nonequilibrium radiation its origin should be known and that the value eta m does not practically limit the processes which proceed in photosynthesis.", "PMID": 508813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8062", "title": "[Effect of hepatic adhesion factor, contactin, on the mechanical properties of ultrastructural elements of hepatocyte contact].", "content": "Injection of isotonic fluid under heightened pressure 20--30 mm of Hg into the bed of the liver reveals inhomogeneity of the mechanical properties of the simple junction of heptacytes: the zone where the divergence of the contact surfaces is observed is interrupted by highly adhesive regions (HAR) where the normal distance between the membranes is preserved. The adhesive factor acts as an organizer of the inhomogeneity of the simple junction: when it is introduced in vivo, new HAR appear in the simple junction. On account of contact-tropic activity of adhesive factor we termed it--contactin.", "contents": "[Effect of hepatic adhesion factor, contactin, on the mechanical properties of ultrastructural elements of hepatocyte contact]. Injection of isotonic fluid under heightened pressure 20--30 mm of Hg into the bed of the liver reveals inhomogeneity of the mechanical properties of the simple junction of heptacytes: the zone where the divergence of the contact surfaces is observed is interrupted by highly adhesive regions (HAR) where the normal distance between the membranes is preserved. The adhesive factor acts as an organizer of the inhomogeneity of the simple junction: when it is introduced in vivo, new HAR appear in the simple junction. On account of contact-tropic activity of adhesive factor we termed it--contactin.", "PMID": 508819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8063", "title": "[Mathematical model of electrogenic transport through biomembranes via oligomeric channels capable of conformational transitions].", "content": "A mathematical model of electrogenic ion transport across biomembranes by oligomeric channels liable to conformational transformations has been derived. The model describes changes with time of the membrane potential and near--membrane ion concentrations. Different types of the channel conductance regulation such as activation or inhibition by the permeating ions and membrane potential have been considered. It appears that in the presence of such regulations 1) the channel voltage-current curves have negative resistance regions; 2) the dependence of the quasisteady state (or resting) potential on the ion concentrations in the solution is of hysteresis nature; 3) the model may have multiple steady-state and oscillating solutions.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of electrogenic transport through biomembranes via oligomeric channels capable of conformational transitions]. A mathematical model of electrogenic ion transport across biomembranes by oligomeric channels liable to conformational transformations has been derived. The model describes changes with time of the membrane potential and near--membrane ion concentrations. Different types of the channel conductance regulation such as activation or inhibition by the permeating ions and membrane potential have been considered. It appears that in the presence of such regulations 1) the channel voltage-current curves have negative resistance regions; 2) the dependence of the quasisteady state (or resting) potential on the ion concentrations in the solution is of hysteresis nature; 3) the model may have multiple steady-state and oscillating solutions.", "PMID": 508821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8064", "title": "[Sodium currents in muscles incubated in potassium-free Ringer's solution. Effect of ouabain on unidirectional sodium currents].", "content": "Frog sartorius muscles subjected to loading with Na in K-free Ringer solution in the cold were subsequently labelled with 22Na. The uptake of 22Na is not sensitive to ouabain (10(-4) M) while sodium efflux is decreased by oubain. It is concluded that ouabain-sensitive Na-for Na interchange is not present in this condition. Possibly ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux is partly or completely potassium-requiring fraction since some K (approximately 10 microM) is inevitably present in K-free solution. The increase in the rate constant for potassium loss in the presence of ouabain favours this supposition.", "contents": "[Sodium currents in muscles incubated in potassium-free Ringer's solution. Effect of ouabain on unidirectional sodium currents]. Frog sartorius muscles subjected to loading with Na in K-free Ringer solution in the cold were subsequently labelled with 22Na. The uptake of 22Na is not sensitive to ouabain (10(-4) M) while sodium efflux is decreased by oubain. It is concluded that ouabain-sensitive Na-for Na interchange is not present in this condition. Possibly ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux is partly or completely potassium-requiring fraction since some K (approximately 10 microM) is inevitably present in K-free solution. The increase in the rate constant for potassium loss in the presence of ouabain favours this supposition.", "PMID": 508822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8065", "title": "[Formation and stability of dissipative structures].", "content": "The nonlinear interaction of the disturbed wave packet modes has been analysed within nonlinear parabolic equation. There has also been designed the approach to a limit cycle regime of an isolated mode, the analytical stability criterion of the obtained solutions having separated the existance spheres of isolated and multimode regimes. Stochastization and self-organization processes taking place during the formation of dissipative structures have been studied by methods of random function theory.", "contents": "[Formation and stability of dissipative structures]. The nonlinear interaction of the disturbed wave packet modes has been analysed within nonlinear parabolic equation. There has also been designed the approach to a limit cycle regime of an isolated mode, the analytical stability criterion of the obtained solutions having separated the existance spheres of isolated and multimode regimes. Stochastization and self-organization processes taking place during the formation of dissipative structures have been studied by methods of random function theory.", "PMID": 508824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8066", "title": "[Relationship between incurrent flow, calcium ion concentration and membrane potential].", "content": "A dependence of the inward current across the cell membrane giant neurones at garden snail was investigated under voltage champ. It has been concluded that there are two components of the inward current: a calcium-dependent and I0. The latter current probably was carried by sodium ions. The inward Ca current (ICa) is then given as a function [Ca]2+ by: formula (see text) : KCa is a dissociation constant of the sites in outer part channel independent of membrane voltage. The experimental data are interpreted by two barrier membrane model bases of absolute reaction rate Eyring's theory.", "contents": "[Relationship between incurrent flow, calcium ion concentration and membrane potential]. A dependence of the inward current across the cell membrane giant neurones at garden snail was investigated under voltage champ. It has been concluded that there are two components of the inward current: a calcium-dependent and I0. The latter current probably was carried by sodium ions. The inward Ca current (ICa) is then given as a function [Ca]2+ by: formula (see text) : KCa is a dissociation constant of the sites in outer part channel independent of membrane voltage. The experimental data are interpreted by two barrier membrane model bases of absolute reaction rate Eyring's theory.", "PMID": 508820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8067", "title": "[Growth, elastic and inelastic deformations in morphogenetic processes].", "content": "On the basis of rheological equation of standard body (as a physical state equation) the stress relaxation or deformation delay (the creep) accompanying the growth of adjacent layers (the model) or the growth of acetabularia apex are studied. It is shown that both initial geometrical characteristics of elastic and viscoelastic deformations determine final morphogenetic complication of bioconstructions, while time characteristics of deformations--the viscosity parameters of growth. Additional morphogenetic switching of development occurs during abrupt (of the phase type) changes in materials states resulting, among other things, from metabolic catastrophs. And vice versa, \"catastrophic\" changes in the shape of the morphogenetic system affects the course of metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Growth, elastic and inelastic deformations in morphogenetic processes]. On the basis of rheological equation of standard body (as a physical state equation) the stress relaxation or deformation delay (the creep) accompanying the growth of adjacent layers (the model) or the growth of acetabularia apex are studied. It is shown that both initial geometrical characteristics of elastic and viscoelastic deformations determine final morphogenetic complication of bioconstructions, while time characteristics of deformations--the viscosity parameters of growth. Additional morphogenetic switching of development occurs during abrupt (of the phase type) changes in materials states resulting, among other things, from metabolic catastrophs. And vice versa, \"catastrophic\" changes in the shape of the morphogenetic system affects the course of metabolic processes.", "PMID": 508823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8068", "title": "[Temperature transitions of spectrin in solution and in erythrocyte membranes].", "content": "Temperature transitions of spectrin in solution and in human erythrocyte membranes are recorded in the region t greater than 40 degrees C by irreversible changes in protein fluorescence spectra. Structural changes are completed 20 min after the sample incubation at an increased temperature. Both for isolated spectrin and for erythrocyte ghosts the temperature of half-transition is 46 +/- 1 degree C. There is no transition in the membranes after the removal of spectrin. Transitions in erythrocyte ghosts and in spectrin solution disappear at pH 5 when spectrin is in an aggregated state. Spectrin is suggested to be responsible for the transitions at 50 degrees C; its state in the cells areas more thermostable than in isolated membranes.", "contents": "[Temperature transitions of spectrin in solution and in erythrocyte membranes]. Temperature transitions of spectrin in solution and in human erythrocyte membranes are recorded in the region t greater than 40 degrees C by irreversible changes in protein fluorescence spectra. Structural changes are completed 20 min after the sample incubation at an increased temperature. Both for isolated spectrin and for erythrocyte ghosts the temperature of half-transition is 46 +/- 1 degree C. There is no transition in the membranes after the removal of spectrin. Transitions in erythrocyte ghosts and in spectrin solution disappear at pH 5 when spectrin is in an aggregated state. Spectrin is suggested to be responsible for the transitions at 50 degrees C; its state in the cells areas more thermostable than in isolated membranes.", "PMID": 508833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8069", "title": "[Chemiluminescent study of the antiradical activity of tocopherol analogs and homologs].", "content": "Antioxidative peculiarities of the effect of tocopherol derivatives are considered. Attempts are made to reveal interrelation between tocopherol pharmacological effect and antiradical activity of its derivatives exemplified by an elementary reaction of tocopherol interaction with free peroxide radicals (FR). It is shown that the presence of free hydroxyl groups, number and location of CH3--groups in tocopherol benzol ring produce a significant effect on tocopherol ability to react with FR. The length of lateral phitil chain produces no appreciable effect on the rate of tocopherol reaction with free radicals. The values of energy activation in this reaction are calculated for tocopherol derivatives. Correlation between biological and antiradical activity of tocopherol homologs is shown. The absence of such correlation for tocopherol analogs is explained by the difference in the ability of analogs to be incorporated into biological membranes. Possible tocopherol regulations of the rates of free radical processes proceeding in lipid membranes are considered.", "contents": "[Chemiluminescent study of the antiradical activity of tocopherol analogs and homologs]. Antioxidative peculiarities of the effect of tocopherol derivatives are considered. Attempts are made to reveal interrelation between tocopherol pharmacological effect and antiradical activity of its derivatives exemplified by an elementary reaction of tocopherol interaction with free peroxide radicals (FR). It is shown that the presence of free hydroxyl groups, number and location of CH3--groups in tocopherol benzol ring produce a significant effect on tocopherol ability to react with FR. The length of lateral phitil chain produces no appreciable effect on the rate of tocopherol reaction with free radicals. The values of energy activation in this reaction are calculated for tocopherol derivatives. Correlation between biological and antiradical activity of tocopherol homologs is shown. The absence of such correlation for tocopherol analogs is explained by the difference in the ability of analogs to be incorporated into biological membranes. Possible tocopherol regulations of the rates of free radical processes proceeding in lipid membranes are considered.", "PMID": 508835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8070", "title": "[Regulation of the reaction rate of ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria].", "content": "High concentrations of respiration inhibitors are known to sharply decrease the membrane potential in mitochondria. The effect of relatively low concentrations of oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors on the value of membrane potential of intact mitochondria and on the rate of respiration and phosphorylation as well was studied. It has been found that within a certain concentration range the inhibitors of oxidative phsophorylation--malonic acid, sodium cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrozonecarbonylcyanide, sharply decrease the phosphorylation rate (by 70 divided by 90%) but do not practically a affect the membrane potential value of intact mitochondria in the state 3 according to Chance.", "contents": "[Regulation of the reaction rate of ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria]. High concentrations of respiration inhibitors are known to sharply decrease the membrane potential in mitochondria. The effect of relatively low concentrations of oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors on the value of membrane potential of intact mitochondria and on the rate of respiration and phosphorylation as well was studied. It has been found that within a certain concentration range the inhibitors of oxidative phsophorylation--malonic acid, sodium cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrozonecarbonylcyanide, sharply decrease the phosphorylation rate (by 70 divided by 90%) but do not practically a affect the membrane potential value of intact mitochondria in the state 3 according to Chance.", "PMID": 508831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8071", "title": "Development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. I. Kinetics.", "content": "Kinetics of the development of orientation tuning are inferred from quantitative analysis of extracellular recordings in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. 712 visual cells were classified in three functional groups: a) non-specific cells, and b) immature cells which are not as orientation selective as c) specific cells. Power regression and covariance analysis indicate that the \"critical period\" begins before 19 days and that the kinetics of the immature pool are the same in both rearing conditions. A catenary process of development of orientation selectivity is proposed, the immature compartment being a transit pool between non-specific and specific cells. Two sequential stages occur: 1) the realisation of an intrinsic programme of maturation, by which cortical specificity appears at eye opening and increases independently of visual experience 2) a phase of \"epigenesis\" beginning at 19 days, during which functional modification depends on visual experience.", "contents": "Development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. I. Kinetics. Kinetics of the development of orientation tuning are inferred from quantitative analysis of extracellular recordings in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. 712 visual cells were classified in three functional groups: a) non-specific cells, and b) immature cells which are not as orientation selective as c) specific cells. Power regression and covariance analysis indicate that the \"critical period\" begins before 19 days and that the kinetics of the immature pool are the same in both rearing conditions. A catenary process of development of orientation selectivity is proposed, the immature compartment being a transit pool between non-specific and specific cells. Two sequential stages occur: 1) the realisation of an intrinsic programme of maturation, by which cortical specificity appears at eye opening and increases independently of visual experience 2) a phase of \"epigenesis\" beginning at 19 days, during which functional modification depends on visual experience.", "PMID": 508841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8072", "title": "[Heat denaturation of crystalline and dissolved leghemoglobin].", "content": "Heat transitions in crystals of leghemoglobin (LH) are studied by means of scanning microcalorimetry and microscopy. It has been found that LH crystals do not melt and their loss of crystal lattice is due to the denaturation of protein globules inside the crystal. Peculiarities of the crystal state (as compared to the solution) are shown in an increase in the cooperative character of heat transition and relaxation time of the system. Subsequent consideration of different variants of correlation of two stages of heat absorption by LH crystals made it possible to determine the type of physical process proceeding in the object by the shape of calorimetric curve. Both observed peaks of heat absorption were grouped with intramolecular processes of different thermodynamic properties. The first peak of heat absorption is a manifestation of intramolecular mobility, both of individual protein segments in relation to each other and of individual segments of alpha-helical regions. Thus microcalorimetry allows a study of peculiar intramolecular dynamics of globular proteins precisely in the crystal state, because the crystal as if synchronizes the movement of individual molecules at the expense of the unification of their kinetic energy, surroundings and mutual orientation.", "contents": "[Heat denaturation of crystalline and dissolved leghemoglobin]. Heat transitions in crystals of leghemoglobin (LH) are studied by means of scanning microcalorimetry and microscopy. It has been found that LH crystals do not melt and their loss of crystal lattice is due to the denaturation of protein globules inside the crystal. Peculiarities of the crystal state (as compared to the solution) are shown in an increase in the cooperative character of heat transition and relaxation time of the system. Subsequent consideration of different variants of correlation of two stages of heat absorption by LH crystals made it possible to determine the type of physical process proceeding in the object by the shape of calorimetric curve. Both observed peaks of heat absorption were grouped with intramolecular processes of different thermodynamic properties. The first peak of heat absorption is a manifestation of intramolecular mobility, both of individual protein segments in relation to each other and of individual segments of alpha-helical regions. Thus microcalorimetry allows a study of peculiar intramolecular dynamics of globular proteins precisely in the crystal state, because the crystal as if synchronizes the movement of individual molecules at the expense of the unification of their kinetic energy, surroundings and mutual orientation.", "PMID": 508837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8073", "title": "Development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. II. Models.", "content": "The development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex is described by first-order kinetics between three functional compartments chained in a catenary mode. A first model is presented, in which two unidirectional kinetics with constant exchange coefficients, symmetrical in their effects, function in an alternating mode depending on the presence or absence of visual experience. The failure of this model to simulate the modifications induced by a delayed visual experience, when the exchange coefficients are identified to fit normal and dark rearing, supports the hypothesis that the maturation process consequent to interaction with visual environment is dependent on the date at which it is allowed to take place. A second model is then proposed, in which exchange coefficients are piecewise linear functions of time. In order to correctly predict the functional effects of restricted visual experience following prior dark rearing, it is assumed that visuomotor experience during the critical period permits the expression of a non-linear \"modifiability gradient\" which may have been masked up to this point by the absence of vision or eye movements.", "contents": "Development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark reared kittens. II. Models. The development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex is described by first-order kinetics between three functional compartments chained in a catenary mode. A first model is presented, in which two unidirectional kinetics with constant exchange coefficients, symmetrical in their effects, function in an alternating mode depending on the presence or absence of visual experience. The failure of this model to simulate the modifications induced by a delayed visual experience, when the exchange coefficients are identified to fit normal and dark rearing, supports the hypothesis that the maturation process consequent to interaction with visual environment is dependent on the date at which it is allowed to take place. A second model is then proposed, in which exchange coefficients are piecewise linear functions of time. In order to correctly predict the functional effects of restricted visual experience following prior dark rearing, it is assumed that visuomotor experience during the critical period permits the expression of a non-linear \"modifiability gradient\" which may have been masked up to this point by the absence of vision or eye movements.", "PMID": 508842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8074", "title": "[Synchronous conformational oscillations in the titer of sulfhydryl groups in protein solutions. Reversible oxidation as a possible cause of this phenomenon].", "content": "In solutions of creatine kinase, actin and lactic dehydrogenase oscillations of SH-groups are revealed by three independent methods using three different reagents AgNO3, PCMB, DTNB. The variations of the SH-group titre remain after denaturation of the individual protein solution portions. In the solutions of predenaturated proteins no titre oscillations are observed. Possible cause of the observed oscillations of SH-groups titre may be reversible SH--SS transformation.", "contents": "[Synchronous conformational oscillations in the titer of sulfhydryl groups in protein solutions. Reversible oxidation as a possible cause of this phenomenon]. In solutions of creatine kinase, actin and lactic dehydrogenase oscillations of SH-groups are revealed by three independent methods using three different reagents AgNO3, PCMB, DTNB. The variations of the SH-group titre remain after denaturation of the individual protein solution portions. In the solutions of predenaturated proteins no titre oscillations are observed. Possible cause of the observed oscillations of SH-groups titre may be reversible SH--SS transformation.", "PMID": 508836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8075", "title": "[Infrared spectroscopic study of DNA--lipid interactions. DNA compacting on disperse particles].", "content": "Within the range of relative humidity (r. h.) 0 to 92% there were obtained IR-spectra (4000--900 cm-1) of undeuterated and deuterated films of rat liver lipids, both in the free state and in the complex with native (nDNA) and heat-denaturated DNA (dDNA). Found peculiarities of IR-spectroscopic realization of the complex-formation are explained qualitatively. One of the peculiarities is hyperchromism of lipid bands and hypochromism of the bands of DNA bases. Lipids are shown to despiralize nDNA in the course of their interaction. A suggestion is advanced concerning the nature of basic contacts which form the complex DNA-lipid. It is found that nDNA unlike dDNA produces an inhibiting effect on lipids oxidation and their subsequent hydrolysis. The mechanism of the phenomenon is discussed. The ideas on DNA compactization resulting from its coiling on different protein and nonprotein particles are developed.", "contents": "[Infrared spectroscopic study of DNA--lipid interactions. DNA compacting on disperse particles]. Within the range of relative humidity (r. h.) 0 to 92% there were obtained IR-spectra (4000--900 cm-1) of undeuterated and deuterated films of rat liver lipids, both in the free state and in the complex with native (nDNA) and heat-denaturated DNA (dDNA). Found peculiarities of IR-spectroscopic realization of the complex-formation are explained qualitatively. One of the peculiarities is hyperchromism of lipid bands and hypochromism of the bands of DNA bases. Lipids are shown to despiralize nDNA in the course of their interaction. A suggestion is advanced concerning the nature of basic contacts which form the complex DNA-lipid. It is found that nDNA unlike dDNA produces an inhibiting effect on lipids oxidation and their subsequent hydrolysis. The mechanism of the phenomenon is discussed. The ideas on DNA compactization resulting from its coiling on different protein and nonprotein particles are developed.", "PMID": 508839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8076", "title": "[Impulse NMR study of the mobility of water adsorbed onto cellulose].", "content": "An impulse method of nuclear magnetic resonance was used for measuring the times of spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating system of coordinates (RSC) for water molecules adsorbed on cottone cellulose. It has been shown that within the temperature region -10 divided by -40 degrees C the spin-lattice relaxation of water in RSC is conditioned by intermolecular interactions modulated with translation movement. The selfdiffusion coefficient of adsorbed water for the sample with 55% humidity at -10 degrees C is determined as 2.0.10(-9) cm2/s and decreases to 0.3.10(-9) cm2s at -40 degrees C, with activation energy of diffusion equalling 8.1 kcal/mol.", "contents": "[Impulse NMR study of the mobility of water adsorbed onto cellulose]. An impulse method of nuclear magnetic resonance was used for measuring the times of spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating system of coordinates (RSC) for water molecules adsorbed on cottone cellulose. It has been shown that within the temperature region -10 divided by -40 degrees C the spin-lattice relaxation of water in RSC is conditioned by intermolecular interactions modulated with translation movement. The selfdiffusion coefficient of adsorbed water for the sample with 55% humidity at -10 degrees C is determined as 2.0.10(-9) cm2/s and decreases to 0.3.10(-9) cm2s at -40 degrees C, with activation energy of diffusion equalling 8.1 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 508838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8077", "title": "Excitation parameters of the repetitive firing mechanism from a statistical evaluation of nerve impulse trains.", "content": "Repetitive firing of single tonic neurones is modeled to include in detail both membrane excitation kinetics and electrotonic effects due to membrane non-uniformities in the impulse encoder region. The model is evaluated dynamically and compared with similar data obtained from the crayfish stretch receptor neuron. Two dynamic techniques utilizing small amplitude sinusoidal signals are employed. One technique is used to fix the values of two parameters which relate to the electrotonic control of membrane potential in the interspike interval and to the relaxation time of the K-conductance during repetitive firing. The other technique is employed as a consistency check. The dynamics are particularly sensitive to the K-channel relaxation time in the interspike interval.", "contents": "Excitation parameters of the repetitive firing mechanism from a statistical evaluation of nerve impulse trains. Repetitive firing of single tonic neurones is modeled to include in detail both membrane excitation kinetics and electrotonic effects due to membrane non-uniformities in the impulse encoder region. The model is evaluated dynamically and compared with similar data obtained from the crayfish stretch receptor neuron. Two dynamic techniques utilizing small amplitude sinusoidal signals are employed. One technique is used to fix the values of two parameters which relate to the electrotonic control of membrane potential in the interspike interval and to the relaxation time of the K-conductance during repetitive firing. The other technique is employed as a consistency check. The dynamics are particularly sensitive to the K-channel relaxation time in the interspike interval.", "PMID": 508843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8078", "title": "[Description of the ratios between metabolite concentrations in a polyenzyme system].", "content": "It was demonstrated that the relations between substrate and product concentrations for a reaction catalyzed by michaelian enzyme incorporated in a multienzyme system can be graphically represented by a diverging set of straight lines intersecting in one point, the flux velocity being treated as a parameter. A competitive inhibitor shifts the intersection point along the line of equilibrium state. The relations between the concentrations of more than two reagents are represented by a set of equivelocity surfaces. The relations between substrate and product concentrations for a kinetically cooperative reaction conforming to the graphical representation by the second--order curves were analyzed. The stability criterion was obtained for a multienzyme system with the first enzyme allosterically regulated by products of subsequent reactions.", "contents": "[Description of the ratios between metabolite concentrations in a polyenzyme system]. It was demonstrated that the relations between substrate and product concentrations for a reaction catalyzed by michaelian enzyme incorporated in a multienzyme system can be graphically represented by a diverging set of straight lines intersecting in one point, the flux velocity being treated as a parameter. A competitive inhibitor shifts the intersection point along the line of equilibrium state. The relations between the concentrations of more than two reagents are represented by a set of equivelocity surfaces. The relations between substrate and product concentrations for a kinetically cooperative reaction conforming to the graphical representation by the second--order curves were analyzed. The stability criterion was obtained for a multienzyme system with the first enzyme allosterically regulated by products of subsequent reactions.", "PMID": 508840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8079", "title": "After hyperpolarization conductance time-course and repetitive firing in a motoneurone model with early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system.", "content": "Early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system (GK), responsible for the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in spinal alpha motoneurones, has been introduced in a motoneurone model whose GK kinetics give rise to an exponentially decaying AHP conductance. After this modification, the model displays a plateau shaped time-course of the AHP conductance and a faster shortening of the first interval during repetitive firing induced by current steps of increasing intensities. Both features increase the resemblance between the model and the motoneurone behaviour. Comparison with real motoneurones also suggests that GK inactivation may be more developed in \"slow\" than in \"fast\" motoneurones.", "contents": "After hyperpolarization conductance time-course and repetitive firing in a motoneurone model with early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system. Early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system (GK), responsible for the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in spinal alpha motoneurones, has been introduced in a motoneurone model whose GK kinetics give rise to an exponentially decaying AHP conductance. After this modification, the model displays a plateau shaped time-course of the AHP conductance and a faster shortening of the first interval during repetitive firing induced by current steps of increasing intensities. Both features increase the resemblance between the model and the motoneurone behaviour. Comparison with real motoneurones also suggests that GK inactivation may be more developed in \"slow\" than in \"fast\" motoneurones.", "PMID": 508844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8080", "title": "Study on the transient characteristic in the human visual system using masking experiments.", "content": "In this paper the visual masking effect is interpreted on the basic of the transient characteristic in two dimensional neuronal networks. The study investigates the suitability of the effect for use as a measurement method. It is shown that the stimulus distribution in space can be scanned at different points in time and that various dynamic characteristic values of the system can be measured.", "contents": "Study on the transient characteristic in the human visual system using masking experiments. In this paper the visual masking effect is interpreted on the basic of the transient characteristic in two dimensional neuronal networks. The study investigates the suitability of the effect for use as a measurement method. It is shown that the stimulus distribution in space can be scanned at different points in time and that various dynamic characteristic values of the system can be measured.", "PMID": 508845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8081", "title": "The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as a model for neuronal activity. I. Mean and variance of the firing time.", "content": "Mean and variance of the first passage time through a constant boundary for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process are determined by a straight-forward differentiation of the Laplace transform of the first passage time probability density function. The results of some numerical computations are discussed to shed some light on the input-output behavior of a formal neuron whose dynamics is modeled by a diffusion process of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type.", "contents": "The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as a model for neuronal activity. I. Mean and variance of the firing time. Mean and variance of the first passage time through a constant boundary for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process are determined by a straight-forward differentiation of the Laplace transform of the first passage time probability density function. The results of some numerical computations are discussed to shed some light on the input-output behavior of a formal neuron whose dynamics is modeled by a diffusion process of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type.", "PMID": 508846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8082", "title": "Neural representation of the acoustic biotope. A comparison of the response of auditory neurons to tonal and natural stimuli in the cat.", "content": "Cats were stimulated with tones and with natural sounds selected from the normal acoustic environment of the animal. Neural activity evoked by the natural sounds and tones was recorded in the cochlear nucleus and in the medial geniculate body. The set of biological sounds proved to be effective in influencing neural activity of single cells at both levels in the auditory system. At the level of the cochlear nucleus the response of a neuron evoked by a natural sound stimulus could be understood reasonably well on the basis of the structure of the spectrograms of the natural sounds and the unit's responses to tones. At the level of the medial geniculate body analysis with tones did not provide sufficient information to explain the responses to natural sounds. At this level the use of an ensemble of natural sound stimuli allows the investigation of neural properties, which are not seen by analysis with simple artificial stimuli. Guidelines for the construction of an ensemble of complex natural sound stimuli, based on the ecology and ethology of the animal under investigation are discussed. This stimulus ensemble is defined as the Acoustic Biotope.", "contents": "Neural representation of the acoustic biotope. A comparison of the response of auditory neurons to tonal and natural stimuli in the cat. Cats were stimulated with tones and with natural sounds selected from the normal acoustic environment of the animal. Neural activity evoked by the natural sounds and tones was recorded in the cochlear nucleus and in the medial geniculate body. The set of biological sounds proved to be effective in influencing neural activity of single cells at both levels in the auditory system. At the level of the cochlear nucleus the response of a neuron evoked by a natural sound stimulus could be understood reasonably well on the basis of the structure of the spectrograms of the natural sounds and the unit's responses to tones. At the level of the medial geniculate body analysis with tones did not provide sufficient information to explain the responses to natural sounds. At this level the use of an ensemble of natural sound stimuli allows the investigation of neural properties, which are not seen by analysis with simple artificial stimuli. Guidelines for the construction of an ensemble of complex natural sound stimuli, based on the ecology and ethology of the animal under investigation are discussed. This stimulus ensemble is defined as the Acoustic Biotope.", "PMID": 508847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8083", "title": "Nonlinear dynamics of paleocortex manifested in the olfactory EEG.", "content": "The olfactory bulb is the first central component in a highly sensitive yet markedly stable sensory system. It receives a surge of receptor activity with each inspiration and transmits output as a brief burst of oscillatory activity that is most clearly seen in the EEG. These properties together with the known anatomy and physiology of the bulb are used as design criteria to synthesize, evaluate and solve a set of nonlinear differential equations that represent lumped bulbar dynamics. According to the model bulbar processing is in two stages. In the outer layers the interneurons perform the operations of input range compression, integration, clipping, holding, and bias control. In the inner layers the input surge is converted to a burst, which is transmitted by the mitral cells as a pulse density wave. The phase, frequency duration and amplitude of the wave convey information centrally about both the input and the state of the system. The model suffices to replicate the forms of the EEG burst; the pulse probability distributions conditional on the EEG; the waveforms of averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and post stimulus time (PST) histograms from the bulb and cortex; and the changes in waveform induced by behavioral control of attentiveness and habituation. It is inferred that with selective attention there is a permanent change in the strength of mutually excitatory connections among excitatory neurons, and that with habituation there is a reversible change in the effectiveness of excitatory synapses. The limitations and deficiencies of the model and the need for centrifugal controls of bulbocortical function are discussed.", "contents": "Nonlinear dynamics of paleocortex manifested in the olfactory EEG. The olfactory bulb is the first central component in a highly sensitive yet markedly stable sensory system. It receives a surge of receptor activity with each inspiration and transmits output as a brief burst of oscillatory activity that is most clearly seen in the EEG. These properties together with the known anatomy and physiology of the bulb are used as design criteria to synthesize, evaluate and solve a set of nonlinear differential equations that represent lumped bulbar dynamics. According to the model bulbar processing is in two stages. In the outer layers the interneurons perform the operations of input range compression, integration, clipping, holding, and bias control. In the inner layers the input surge is converted to a burst, which is transmitted by the mitral cells as a pulse density wave. The phase, frequency duration and amplitude of the wave convey information centrally about both the input and the state of the system. The model suffices to replicate the forms of the EEG burst; the pulse probability distributions conditional on the EEG; the waveforms of averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and post stimulus time (PST) histograms from the bulb and cortex; and the changes in waveform induced by behavioral control of attentiveness and habituation. It is inferred that with selective attention there is a permanent change in the strength of mutually excitatory connections among excitatory neurons, and that with habituation there is a reversible change in the effectiveness of excitatory synapses. The limitations and deficiencies of the model and the need for centrifugal controls of bulbocortical function are discussed.", "PMID": 508848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8084", "title": "Expected waiting time for the visual response.", "content": "Let the light-quanta be absorbed in the retina according to a Poisson process. The present paper derives bounds for the expected waiting time for an occurrence of a visual response. These bounds can serve as control limits for a proposed coincidence threshold. An upper bound for the probability that a visual response has not occurred in (0,t) is derived and is used to obtain an upper bound for the mean visual threshold.", "contents": "Expected waiting time for the visual response. Let the light-quanta be absorbed in the retina according to a Poisson process. The present paper derives bounds for the expected waiting time for an occurrence of a visual response. These bounds can serve as control limits for a proposed coincidence threshold. An upper bound for the probability that a visual response has not occurred in (0,t) is derived and is used to obtain an upper bound for the mean visual threshold.", "PMID": 508849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8085", "title": "[Correlation of the increase in DNA methylation and antioxidant activity of mouse liver nuclear lipids after administration of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma].", "content": "The content of 5'-methylcytosine in total DNA of mouse liver increases 2--2,5-fold 3 hrs after a single intraperitoneal injection of antioxidant (4-methyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol) (20 or 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight) and makes up to 2--2.4 mol.%. The methylation of liver DNA is also increased more than 2-fold in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma. The DNA isolated from mouse liver after administration of antioxidant or during cancer growth markedly differs from liver DNA of intact animals in its CH3-accepting ability under in vitro methylation by the methylase complex from Enterobacter cloacea. The changes in DNA methylation in mouse liver under the effects of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma are correlated with the changes in the antioxidant activity of liver nuclear lipids.", "contents": "[Correlation of the increase in DNA methylation and antioxidant activity of mouse liver nuclear lipids after administration of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma]. The content of 5'-methylcytosine in total DNA of mouse liver increases 2--2,5-fold 3 hrs after a single intraperitoneal injection of antioxidant (4-methyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol) (20 or 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight) and makes up to 2--2.4 mol.%. The methylation of liver DNA is also increased more than 2-fold in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma. The DNA isolated from mouse liver after administration of antioxidant or during cancer growth markedly differs from liver DNA of intact animals in its CH3-accepting ability under in vitro methylation by the methylase complex from Enterobacter cloacea. The changes in DNA methylation in mouse liver under the effects of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma are correlated with the changes in the antioxidant activity of liver nuclear lipids.", "PMID": 508852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8086", "title": "[Cathepsins D from normal and some human neoplasms].", "content": "Cathepsins D were isolated from human liver and spleen, from three malignant tumours (kidney cancer, sarcoma, spleen tumour caused by chronic myeloleucosis) and from one non-malignant tumour (uterine myoma). The isolation procedure involved adsorption on pepstatin-Sepharose and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100. A comparative study of the properties of these enzymes was carried out. The molecular weights, specific proteolytic activity toward hemoglobin and the synthetic hexapeptide Acetyl-Val-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Thr, carbohydrate content and type of dissociation of the molecules into polypeptide fragments during electrophoresis in the presence of DS-Na were determined. All the enzymes under study had molecular weights of about 45 000 except uterine myoma cathepsins (mol. weight 95 000). The latter cathepsin also differed from the other enzymes in its higher carbohydrate content.", "contents": "[Cathepsins D from normal and some human neoplasms]. Cathepsins D were isolated from human liver and spleen, from three malignant tumours (kidney cancer, sarcoma, spleen tumour caused by chronic myeloleucosis) and from one non-malignant tumour (uterine myoma). The isolation procedure involved adsorption on pepstatin-Sepharose and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100. A comparative study of the properties of these enzymes was carried out. The molecular weights, specific proteolytic activity toward hemoglobin and the synthetic hexapeptide Acetyl-Val-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Thr, carbohydrate content and type of dissociation of the molecules into polypeptide fragments during electrophoresis in the presence of DS-Na were determined. All the enzymes under study had molecular weights of about 45 000 except uterine myoma cathepsins (mol. weight 95 000). The latter cathepsin also differed from the other enzymes in its higher carbohydrate content.", "PMID": 508853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8087", "title": "[Study of heterogeneity of chromatin endonuclease fragments, using fractionation by step-wise endonucleolysis].", "content": "Isolated nuclei from rat liver were incubated at different time intervals under conditions, optimal for manifestation of the Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease activity. After each of the 6 endonucleolyses chromatin was extracted and 6 chromatin fractions (I--VI) and \"residual\" chromatin were collected.  A comparative analysis of the \"early\" (I--III) and \"late\" chromatin fractions revealed an increased RNA content in the \"late\" fractions and changes in the composition of the non-histone proteins. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gel concentration gradient demonstrated that fractions I--III predominantly contain high molecular weight fragments whereas fractions IV-VI are represented by highly fragmented chromatin. Each fraction was characterized by peculiar shapes of alkaline denaturation curves and by heterogeneity of charges of their constituent chromatin fragments.", "contents": "[Study of heterogeneity of chromatin endonuclease fragments, using fractionation by step-wise endonucleolysis]. Isolated nuclei from rat liver were incubated at different time intervals under conditions, optimal for manifestation of the Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease activity. After each of the 6 endonucleolyses chromatin was extracted and 6 chromatin fractions (I--VI) and \"residual\" chromatin were collected.  A comparative analysis of the \"early\" (I--III) and \"late\" chromatin fractions revealed an increased RNA content in the \"late\" fractions and changes in the composition of the non-histone proteins. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gel concentration gradient demonstrated that fractions I--III predominantly contain high molecular weight fragments whereas fractions IV-VI are represented by highly fragmented chromatin. Each fraction was characterized by peculiar shapes of alkaline denaturation curves and by heterogeneity of charges of their constituent chromatin fragments.", "PMID": 508854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8088", "title": "[Lipolytic effects of a synthetic tetradecapeptide, corresponding to 31-44 amino acid sequence of human somatotropin].", "content": "A synthetic tetradecapeptide 31--44 developed a fast lipolytic effect in rats and rabbits in vivo and in vitro. The concentration of plasma fatty acid was maximal after 30 min following the injection and came down to the initial level after 60--120 min. The effect was prolonged when the tetradecapeptide was injected in the form of Zn-suspension. Both in rats and rabbits the in vivo lipolytic effect of native somatotropin was pronounced only after a 2-hr latency. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide did not prevent the lipolytic effect of the tetradecapeptide in isolated adipose tissue; however, this effect was not exerted in the absence of Ca2+. The hexapeptide fragment of tetradecapeptide was inactive in rats in vivo, but had a slight effect an isolated rat adipose tissue when taken at high doses. Thus, the lipolytic effect of the tetradecapeptide requires Ca2+ and is more pronounced in rabbits than in rats. Contrary to somatotropin, the effect of tetradecapeptide is fast and independent of RNA and protein synthesis. These data and previously shown tetradecapeptide lipolytic effect on isolated human adipose tissue suggest that the tetradecapeptide possesses structural features required for the lipolytic effect of the whole hormone.", "contents": "[Lipolytic effects of a synthetic tetradecapeptide, corresponding to 31-44 amino acid sequence of human somatotropin]. A synthetic tetradecapeptide 31--44 developed a fast lipolytic effect in rats and rabbits in vivo and in vitro. The concentration of plasma fatty acid was maximal after 30 min following the injection and came down to the initial level after 60--120 min. The effect was prolonged when the tetradecapeptide was injected in the form of Zn-suspension. Both in rats and rabbits the in vivo lipolytic effect of native somatotropin was pronounced only after a 2-hr latency. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide did not prevent the lipolytic effect of the tetradecapeptide in isolated adipose tissue; however, this effect was not exerted in the absence of Ca2+. The hexapeptide fragment of tetradecapeptide was inactive in rats in vivo, but had a slight effect an isolated rat adipose tissue when taken at high doses. Thus, the lipolytic effect of the tetradecapeptide requires Ca2+ and is more pronounced in rabbits than in rats. Contrary to somatotropin, the effect of tetradecapeptide is fast and independent of RNA and protein synthesis. These data and previously shown tetradecapeptide lipolytic effect on isolated human adipose tissue suggest that the tetradecapeptide possesses structural features required for the lipolytic effect of the whole hormone.", "PMID": 508855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8089", "title": "[Reversible precipitation of the glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver by La3+ ions].", "content": "It was shown that La3+ ions are capable of precipitating the glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver. Treatment of cytosol containing either free receptor or the hormonereceptor complex with 0,005 M La(NO3)3 results in recptor precipitation. The pellet is readily dissolved in buffer with EDTA. Transcortin and transcortin-like proteins are not affected by La3+ ions. The lanthanium-treated receptor does not lose its ability to bind DNA and chromatin in vitro. It is suggested that precipitation by La3+ ions can be used for separation of the receptor from transcortin and transcortin-like proteins as well as for evaluation of binding parameters for steroid-receptor complexes in rat liver cytosol.", "contents": "[Reversible precipitation of the glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver by La3+ ions]. It was shown that La3+ ions are capable of precipitating the glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver. Treatment of cytosol containing either free receptor or the hormonereceptor complex with 0,005 M La(NO3)3 results in recptor precipitation. The pellet is readily dissolved in buffer with EDTA. Transcortin and transcortin-like proteins are not affected by La3+ ions. The lanthanium-treated receptor does not lose its ability to bind DNA and chromatin in vitro. It is suggested that precipitation by La3+ ions can be used for separation of the receptor from transcortin and transcortin-like proteins as well as for evaluation of binding parameters for steroid-receptor complexes in rat liver cytosol.", "PMID": 508856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8090", "title": "[Use of protein-mediated lipid exchange for studies of membrane-bound enzymes. Properties of monoamine oxidase activated by phosphatidylcholine].", "content": "Protein-mediated lipid exchange between phosphatidylcholine liposomes and hepatoma mitochondria was used to alter the lipid composition of the mitochondria and the resulting changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase were studied. Introduction of additional amounts of phosphatidylcholine substantially increased the activity of the enzyme, but did not affect its substrate specificity and the enzyme sensitivity to inhibitors (chlorgyline and deprenyl). The thermal stability of the enzyme was not increased under supplementation of the hepatoma mitochondria with phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "[Use of protein-mediated lipid exchange for studies of membrane-bound enzymes. Properties of monoamine oxidase activated by phosphatidylcholine]. Protein-mediated lipid exchange between phosphatidylcholine liposomes and hepatoma mitochondria was used to alter the lipid composition of the mitochondria and the resulting changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase were studied. Introduction of additional amounts of phosphatidylcholine substantially increased the activity of the enzyme, but did not affect its substrate specificity and the enzyme sensitivity to inhibitors (chlorgyline and deprenyl). The thermal stability of the enzyme was not increased under supplementation of the hepatoma mitochondria with phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 508857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8091", "title": "[Efflux of Ca2+ from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum during AMP deamination].", "content": "Deamination of AMP in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum followed by an increase in pH from 6,5 up to 8,0 leads in a liberation of part of Ca2+ from the SR vesicles. This effect is enhanced by K+, which activate the deamination, and is suppressed by Mg2+, which inhibit the reaction. The activating effect of AMP on Ca2+ efflux from the vesicles markedly decreases after AMP deaminase dissociation from the vesicles and is restored after reconstitution of their deaminase activity. Substitution of IMP for AMP causes a decrease of Ca2+ efflux from the vesicles. The data obtained are in good agreement with the assumption that the ammonium formation from AMP can favour the release of Ca2+ from some vesicles of SR.", "contents": "[Efflux of Ca2+ from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum during AMP deamination]. Deamination of AMP in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum followed by an increase in pH from 6,5 up to 8,0 leads in a liberation of part of Ca2+ from the SR vesicles. This effect is enhanced by K+, which activate the deamination, and is suppressed by Mg2+, which inhibit the reaction. The activating effect of AMP on Ca2+ efflux from the vesicles markedly decreases after AMP deaminase dissociation from the vesicles and is restored after reconstitution of their deaminase activity. Substitution of IMP for AMP causes a decrease of Ca2+ efflux from the vesicles. The data obtained are in good agreement with the assumption that the ammonium formation from AMP can favour the release of Ca2+ from some vesicles of SR.", "PMID": 508858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8092", "title": "[Two sites of ubisemiquinone binding in mitochondrial succinate oxidase].", "content": "The inhibiting effects of several phenol compounds on electron transfer in the respiratory chain of submitochondrial particles were studied. It was shown that the terminal part of the succinate dehydrogenase complex contains a site, which specifically binds the negatively charged phenols (e. g. pentachlorophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2-methoxy-4,6-dibromophenol). The efficiency of the inhibitor anion binding by this site is increased 12-fold after introduction of a methoxy-group into the o-position of 2,4-dibromophenol. Since this site binds both methoxy- and negatively charged phenol groups, it can also act as a possible site of ubisemiquinone interaction with succinate dehydrogenase. Based on the structural similiarity of the b-c1 complex inhibitors, e. g. antimycin, o-hydroxybenzoic acid amides, 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-quinones, and ubisemiquinone, an assumption has been made on possible ubisemiquinone binding between cytochromes b and c1. A structural analysis of phenols inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and the b-c1 complex revealed that in the region between cytochromes b and c1 there act only the inhimitors which contain: a) a negatively charged phenol group; b) a group comprising a heteroatom with an undepleted electron pair and which can act as a ligand, and c) a hydrophobic residue.", "contents": "[Two sites of ubisemiquinone binding in mitochondrial succinate oxidase]. The inhibiting effects of several phenol compounds on electron transfer in the respiratory chain of submitochondrial particles were studied. It was shown that the terminal part of the succinate dehydrogenase complex contains a site, which specifically binds the negatively charged phenols (e. g. pentachlorophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2-methoxy-4,6-dibromophenol). The efficiency of the inhibitor anion binding by this site is increased 12-fold after introduction of a methoxy-group into the o-position of 2,4-dibromophenol. Since this site binds both methoxy- and negatively charged phenol groups, it can also act as a possible site of ubisemiquinone interaction with succinate dehydrogenase. Based on the structural similiarity of the b-c1 complex inhibitors, e. g. antimycin, o-hydroxybenzoic acid amides, 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-quinones, and ubisemiquinone, an assumption has been made on possible ubisemiquinone binding between cytochromes b and c1. A structural analysis of phenols inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and the b-c1 complex revealed that in the region between cytochromes b and c1 there act only the inhimitors which contain: a) a negatively charged phenol group; b) a group comprising a heteroatom with an undepleted electron pair and which can act as a ligand, and c) a hydrophobic residue.", "PMID": 508859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8093", "title": "[Properties and quaternary structure of ribulosediphosphate carboxylase from the leaves of Elymus (Psathyrosachys) junceus].", "content": "The enzyme ribulosdiphosphate carboxylase was isilated from the leaves of Elymus (Psathyrosachys) junceus. The enzyme was found homogenous during disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and analytical ultracentrifugation. The sedimentation coefficient for the enzyme is 17,4S. The enzyme molecular weight as determined by the sedimentation equilibrium technique is equal to 540000. The enzyme molecule consists of 2 types of subunits, i.e. the larger subunit has m.w. of 55000, the smaller one--12900. The number of large subunits is 8, that of small ones--8. The specific activity of the homogenous enzyme makes up to 2,45 mkmoles of CO2 per min per mg of protin (pH 8,0, 30 degrees). The purified enzyme was stable in Mg2+- and dithiothreitol-containing buffers for 3--4 weeks at 4 degrees and for 5--6 months at --20 degrees. The amino acid composition of the enzyme molecule is similar to that of the enzyme from spinach leaves.", "contents": "[Properties and quaternary structure of ribulosediphosphate carboxylase from the leaves of Elymus (Psathyrosachys) junceus]. The enzyme ribulosdiphosphate carboxylase was isilated from the leaves of Elymus (Psathyrosachys) junceus. The enzyme was found homogenous during disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and analytical ultracentrifugation. The sedimentation coefficient for the enzyme is 17,4S. The enzyme molecular weight as determined by the sedimentation equilibrium technique is equal to 540000. The enzyme molecule consists of 2 types of subunits, i.e. the larger subunit has m.w. of 55000, the smaller one--12900. The number of large subunits is 8, that of small ones--8. The specific activity of the homogenous enzyme makes up to 2,45 mkmoles of CO2 per min per mg of protin (pH 8,0, 30 degrees). The purified enzyme was stable in Mg2+- and dithiothreitol-containing buffers for 3--4 weeks at 4 degrees and for 5--6 months at --20 degrees. The amino acid composition of the enzyme molecule is similar to that of the enzyme from spinach leaves.", "PMID": 508860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8094", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of verapamil on the acetylcholinesterase activity of skeletal muscle sarcolemma].", "content": "It has been found that verapamil reversibly inhibits \"in vitro\" the activity of membrane--bound and solubilized sarcolemmal acetylcholinesterase. The kinetic analysis has demonstrated a competitive type of inhibition at verapamil concentrations less than 100 mkM and a mixed one at higher verapamil concentrations. The apparent Ki values are similar to or approximately 5,0.10(-5) M and similar to or approximately 3,0.10(-4) M for both types of inhibition, respectively. The effect of vereapamil and Ca2+ on acetylcholinesterase is independent and non-competitive. An increase in the ionic strength leads to a decrease of the verapamil-induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. It is suggested that verapamil interacts with the anionic groups of both free and acylated enzyme.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of verapamil on the acetylcholinesterase activity of skeletal muscle sarcolemma]. It has been found that verapamil reversibly inhibits \"in vitro\" the activity of membrane--bound and solubilized sarcolemmal acetylcholinesterase. The kinetic analysis has demonstrated a competitive type of inhibition at verapamil concentrations less than 100 mkM and a mixed one at higher verapamil concentrations. The apparent Ki values are similar to or approximately 5,0.10(-5) M and similar to or approximately 3,0.10(-4) M for both types of inhibition, respectively. The effect of vereapamil and Ca2+ on acetylcholinesterase is independent and non-competitive. An increase in the ionic strength leads to a decrease of the verapamil-induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. It is suggested that verapamil interacts with the anionic groups of both free and acylated enzyme.", "PMID": 508861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8095", "title": "[Molecular structure of aminopeptidase A from bovine kidney].", "content": "Using gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0,5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was found that aminopeptidase A has a molecular weight of 65 000 +/- 2000 and is made up of two subunits with mol. weights of 33 000 +/- 2000. Each subunit consists of two polypeptide chains with mol. weights of 22 000 +/- 2000 and 12 000. During enzyme dissociation into subunits the aspartylnaphtylamidase activity is lost, while the glutamylnaphtylamidase activity is retained.", "contents": "[Molecular structure of aminopeptidase A from bovine kidney]. Using gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0,5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was found that aminopeptidase A has a molecular weight of 65 000 +/- 2000 and is made up of two subunits with mol. weights of 33 000 +/- 2000. Each subunit consists of two polypeptide chains with mol. weights of 22 000 +/- 2000 and 12 000. During enzyme dissociation into subunits the aspartylnaphtylamidase activity is lost, while the glutamylnaphtylamidase activity is retained.", "PMID": 508862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8096", "title": "[Kinetic patterns of their reactions catalyzed by membrane-bound monoamine oxidase].", "content": "The initial rate (v) versus initial substrate concentration [S]0 plots for the reaction of serotonin deamination catalyzed by rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase are characterized by complicated non-hyperbolic patterns. The shapes of the curves in the plots depend on the age and strain of the animals used or on alterations in the physico-chemical state of mitochondria caused by freezing -- thawing and swelling in hypotonic solutions. The v versus [S]0 plots for other substrates (e. g. tyramine) do not obey the Michaelis -- Menten equation as well. In order to interpret the kinetic patterns described a model of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase structure and function has been proposed. The model is based on the assumption that both catalytic and regulatory allosteric sites are present on the surface of monoamine oxidase molecules. In the process of serotonin or tyramine binding the monoamine oxidases exhibit cooperative properties which are characteristic for the allosteric enzymes. The model also suggests an active regulatory role of the mitochondrial membrane itself.", "contents": "[Kinetic patterns of their reactions catalyzed by membrane-bound monoamine oxidase]. The initial rate (v) versus initial substrate concentration [S]0 plots for the reaction of serotonin deamination catalyzed by rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase are characterized by complicated non-hyperbolic patterns. The shapes of the curves in the plots depend on the age and strain of the animals used or on alterations in the physico-chemical state of mitochondria caused by freezing -- thawing and swelling in hypotonic solutions. The v versus [S]0 plots for other substrates (e. g. tyramine) do not obey the Michaelis -- Menten equation as well. In order to interpret the kinetic patterns described a model of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase structure and function has been proposed. The model is based on the assumption that both catalytic and regulatory allosteric sites are present on the surface of monoamine oxidase molecules. In the process of serotonin or tyramine binding the monoamine oxidases exhibit cooperative properties which are characteristic for the allosteric enzymes. The model also suggests an active regulatory role of the mitochondrial membrane itself.", "PMID": 508863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8097", "title": "[Age- and tissue-specific differences in intragenome distribution of 5'-methylcytosine in cow's DNA].", "content": "In aged animals the content of 5'-methylcytosine (m5C) in total thymus DNA (1,29 mol.%) and heart muscle (1,10 mol.%) is decreased by 30 and 40%, respectively as compared to that in the 8-months-old embryos. No differences in the GC-content and reassociation kinetics of these DNAs have been revealed. Consequently, the age differences in the m5C content are caused by the decrease in DNA methylation upon ageing. The degree of DNA methylation in various organs (thymus, heart) is different. Upon ageing the degree of genome methylation is decreased and the pattern of methylation is changed: the m5C content is decreased in the repeated sequences and remains practically unchanged in the unique ones. The level of methylation in thymus DNA of moderately (C0t = 4--400) and highly (C0t less than 4) repeated sequences is thereby decreased almost in the same degree. In heart DNA of aged cows the hypomethylation of highly repeated sequences is more pronounced as compared to the moderately repeated ones. The age- and tissue-specific decrease of DNA methylation is regarded as a possible mechanism responsible for the decrease of transcription and functional activity of the cells upon ageing.", "contents": "[Age- and tissue-specific differences in intragenome distribution of 5'-methylcytosine in cow's DNA]. In aged animals the content of 5'-methylcytosine (m5C) in total thymus DNA (1,29 mol.%) and heart muscle (1,10 mol.%) is decreased by 30 and 40%, respectively as compared to that in the 8-months-old embryos. No differences in the GC-content and reassociation kinetics of these DNAs have been revealed. Consequently, the age differences in the m5C content are caused by the decrease in DNA methylation upon ageing. The degree of DNA methylation in various organs (thymus, heart) is different. Upon ageing the degree of genome methylation is decreased and the pattern of methylation is changed: the m5C content is decreased in the repeated sequences and remains practically unchanged in the unique ones. The level of methylation in thymus DNA of moderately (C0t = 4--400) and highly (C0t less than 4) repeated sequences is thereby decreased almost in the same degree. In heart DNA of aged cows the hypomethylation of highly repeated sequences is more pronounced as compared to the moderately repeated ones. The age- and tissue-specific decrease of DNA methylation is regarded as a possible mechanism responsible for the decrease of transcription and functional activity of the cells upon ageing.", "PMID": 508864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8098", "title": "[Effect of calcium ions on creatine kinase systems of myocardial cells].", "content": "The kinetics of the creatine phosphokinase reaction catalyzed by different creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes from the heart and the mechanism of the regulatory action of calcium ions on this reaction have been studied. It has been shown that the kinetic parameters of the reaction in the presence of calcium are similar to those in the presence of magnesium with the exception of the maximal rate of the reverse reaction, which is about three times lower in the presence of calcium. Calcium ions are able to exert a significant regulatory action on the CPK reaction. Simultaneous regulation of the CPK reaction by calcium and magnesium ions can be quantitatively described by a kinetic model, which takes into account the formation of complexes of adenine nucleotides with calcium and magnesium. The mechanism of the CPK reaction regulation by metal ions involves changes in concentrations of the metal -- adenine nucleotide compexes. The regulatory action of calcium on the creatine kinase reaction is the same for all CPK isoenzymes studied.", "contents": "[Effect of calcium ions on creatine kinase systems of myocardial cells]. The kinetics of the creatine phosphokinase reaction catalyzed by different creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes from the heart and the mechanism of the regulatory action of calcium ions on this reaction have been studied. It has been shown that the kinetic parameters of the reaction in the presence of calcium are similar to those in the presence of magnesium with the exception of the maximal rate of the reverse reaction, which is about three times lower in the presence of calcium. Calcium ions are able to exert a significant regulatory action on the CPK reaction. Simultaneous regulation of the CPK reaction by calcium and magnesium ions can be quantitatively described by a kinetic model, which takes into account the formation of complexes of adenine nucleotides with calcium and magnesium. The mechanism of the CPK reaction regulation by metal ions involves changes in concentrations of the metal -- adenine nucleotide compexes. The regulatory action of calcium on the creatine kinase reaction is the same for all CPK isoenzymes studied.", "PMID": 508865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8099", "title": "[Ganglioside composition of normal and leukemic bovine lymphocytes].", "content": "The ganglioside composition of bovine peripheral lymphocytes was shown to change sharply under lymphoid leukemia. In normal lymph, lymph nodes, spleen and blood lymphocytes the major ganglioside is N-glycolylhematoside, whereas in calf thymus lymphocytes appreciable amounts of more polar components (GM1- and GD1a-like gangliosides) were found. In leukemic lymphocytes isolated from the same tissues the hematoside content is decreased, while the amount of more polar gangliosides is increased. Possible causes of the altered ganglioside pattern in leukemic lymphocytes are discussed.", "contents": "[Ganglioside composition of normal and leukemic bovine lymphocytes]. The ganglioside composition of bovine peripheral lymphocytes was shown to change sharply under lymphoid leukemia. In normal lymph, lymph nodes, spleen and blood lymphocytes the major ganglioside is N-glycolylhematoside, whereas in calf thymus lymphocytes appreciable amounts of more polar components (GM1- and GD1a-like gangliosides) were found. In leukemic lymphocytes isolated from the same tissues the hematoside content is decreased, while the amount of more polar gangliosides is increased. Possible causes of the altered ganglioside pattern in leukemic lymphocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 508867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8100", "title": "[Induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system of rat liver by combined administration of testosterone and phenobarbital].", "content": "A comparative study of the ability of phenobarbital, testosterone and their combination to induce the liver microsomal monooxygenase system after 9-day administration of these compounds to intact male and female rats was carried out. It was shown that administration of testosterone does not increase the level of cytochromes P450 and b5 in the livers of male and female rats. However, after a combined administration of the two compounds testosterone significantly enhances the inducing effects of phenobarbital (i. e. superinduction) in female rats; no such effect was observed in the livers of male rats. The rates of oxidation of hexobarbital, ethylmorphine and testosterone by liver microsomes are also increased after a combined administration of the two inducers. However, the additive effects of the two substances on substrate oxidation are observed when the latter was calculated per mole of cytochrome P450. An administration of testosterone to male rats does not result in an increase of the rate of hexobarbital and testosterone oxidation by isolated liver microsomes.", "contents": "[Induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system of rat liver by combined administration of testosterone and phenobarbital]. A comparative study of the ability of phenobarbital, testosterone and their combination to induce the liver microsomal monooxygenase system after 9-day administration of these compounds to intact male and female rats was carried out. It was shown that administration of testosterone does not increase the level of cytochromes P450 and b5 in the livers of male and female rats. However, after a combined administration of the two compounds testosterone significantly enhances the inducing effects of phenobarbital (i. e. superinduction) in female rats; no such effect was observed in the livers of male rats. The rates of oxidation of hexobarbital, ethylmorphine and testosterone by liver microsomes are also increased after a combined administration of the two inducers. However, the additive effects of the two substances on substrate oxidation are observed when the latter was calculated per mole of cytochrome P450. An administration of testosterone to male rats does not result in an increase of the rate of hexobarbital and testosterone oxidation by isolated liver microsomes.", "PMID": 508868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8101", "title": "[Membrane proteins of chloroplasts of intact and TMV-infected tobacco plants].", "content": "The effects of viral infection on the membrane proteins from tobacco plant chloroplasts differing in their stability for TMV infection were studied. It was shown that the changes in the chloroplasts of labile and resistant tobacco varieties are oppositely directed. The data from amino-acid analysis, SH-group determination and infrared spectra of the membrane proteins of the resistant variety are indicative of conformational changes caused by disruption of the hydrogen bonds, which stabilize the protein, by changes in aggregability, etc. due to infection and metabolic disturbances in the infected cell. The conformational changes in the chloroplasts of the stable variety are adaptive and affect the biological activity, enzymatic and immunological properties and energy metabolism of the chloroplasts.", "contents": "[Membrane proteins of chloroplasts of intact and TMV-infected tobacco plants]. The effects of viral infection on the membrane proteins from tobacco plant chloroplasts differing in their stability for TMV infection were studied. It was shown that the changes in the chloroplasts of labile and resistant tobacco varieties are oppositely directed. The data from amino-acid analysis, SH-group determination and infrared spectra of the membrane proteins of the resistant variety are indicative of conformational changes caused by disruption of the hydrogen bonds, which stabilize the protein, by changes in aggregability, etc. due to infection and metabolic disturbances in the infected cell. The conformational changes in the chloroplasts of the stable variety are adaptive and affect the biological activity, enzymatic and immunological properties and energy metabolism of the chloroplasts.", "PMID": 508869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8102", "title": "[Filtration-fluorescence determination of DNA sedimentation profiles].", "content": "A method for determination of DNA sedimentation profiles in density gradients of sucrose or salts is proposed. The method consists in isolation and purification of DNA from the fractions by molecular filtration and a subsequent determination of DNA content by the fluorescence of the DNA-ethidium bromide complex.", "contents": "[Filtration-fluorescence determination of DNA sedimentation profiles]. A method for determination of DNA sedimentation profiles in density gradients of sucrose or salts is proposed. The method consists in isolation and purification of DNA from the fractions by molecular filtration and a subsequent determination of DNA content by the fluorescence of the DNA-ethidium bromide complex.", "PMID": 508870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8103", "title": "[Purification and some physico-chemical properties of myocardial adenylate deaminase].", "content": "A procedure for isolation of adenylate deaminase from duck heart muscle has been developed. The method includes extraction of enzyme, chromatography on cellulose phosphate, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was purified approximately 4000-fold with a yield of 25%. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed that the enzyme contains no proteins other than adenylate deaminase. The enzyme has a UV absorption spectrum typical for proteins which contain no nucleic acid impurities. Using sievorptive chromatography, it was shown that the myocardial extract contains two adenylate deaminase forms, which are tetramers with mol. weights of 190 000 and 240 000. The molecular weights of the subunits are 47 000 and 63 000, respectively. In the oligomeric form the enzyme is only detected at high enzyme concentrations and in the presence of large amounts of substrate.", "contents": "[Purification and some physico-chemical properties of myocardial adenylate deaminase]. A procedure for isolation of adenylate deaminase from duck heart muscle has been developed. The method includes extraction of enzyme, chromatography on cellulose phosphate, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was purified approximately 4000-fold with a yield of 25%. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed that the enzyme contains no proteins other than adenylate deaminase. The enzyme has a UV absorption spectrum typical for proteins which contain no nucleic acid impurities. Using sievorptive chromatography, it was shown that the myocardial extract contains two adenylate deaminase forms, which are tetramers with mol. weights of 190 000 and 240 000. The molecular weights of the subunits are 47 000 and 63 000, respectively. In the oligomeric form the enzyme is only detected at high enzyme concentrations and in the presence of large amounts of substrate.", "PMID": 508871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8104", "title": "[Isolation and properties of poly(A)-mRNA from mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-21].", "content": "The non-degradable immunoglobulin polyribosomes were isolated from mouse plasmocytoma MORS-21 according to a previously developed immunochemical procedure. The physico-chemical and biological properties of poly (A)-mRNA isolated from individual polyribosomes were studied. The mRNA preparations obtained can be used as a model for studies of current problems of gene engineering.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of poly(A)-mRNA from mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-21]. The non-degradable immunoglobulin polyribosomes were isolated from mouse plasmocytoma MORS-21 according to a previously developed immunochemical procedure. The physico-chemical and biological properties of poly (A)-mRNA isolated from individual polyribosomes were studied. The mRNA preparations obtained can be used as a model for studies of current problems of gene engineering.", "PMID": 508872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8105", "title": "[Intracellular and extracellular alkaloids of Penicillium roqueforti].", "content": "The alkaloid composition of mycelium and culture liquid filtrate of the fungus Penicillium roqueforti IBPM-F-141 was studied. The new metabolite--3,12-dihydroroquefortine, a derivative of roquefortine, the main component of the alkaloid fraction of this culture, has been isolated for the first time. The structure of 3,12-dihydroroquefortine was determined by chemical and physico-chemical methods. In addition to roquefortine and 3,12-dihydroroquefortine, representatives of a new alkaloid group, the clavine alkaloids, e. g. isofumigaclavine A, isofumigaclavine B and festuclavine, were also isolated and identified. The data on the content of these compounds in mycelium and culture medium are presented.", "contents": "[Intracellular and extracellular alkaloids of Penicillium roqueforti]. The alkaloid composition of mycelium and culture liquid filtrate of the fungus Penicillium roqueforti IBPM-F-141 was studied. The new metabolite--3,12-dihydroroquefortine, a derivative of roquefortine, the main component of the alkaloid fraction of this culture, has been isolated for the first time. The structure of 3,12-dihydroroquefortine was determined by chemical and physico-chemical methods. In addition to roquefortine and 3,12-dihydroroquefortine, representatives of a new alkaloid group, the clavine alkaloids, e. g. isofumigaclavine A, isofumigaclavine B and festuclavine, were also isolated and identified. The data on the content of these compounds in mycelium and culture medium are presented.", "PMID": 508873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8106", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of glycerolipids from potato leaves].", "content": "A method for rapid isolation of glyco- and phospholipids from potato leaves by a two-fold separation in a thin layer of silica gel is described. Using gas-liquid chromatography, the fatty acid compositions of monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride, sulfolipid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid and non-identified lipid from potato leaves were determined. The monogalactosyl diglyceride was found to contain up to 25% of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienic acid. Trans-3-hexadecenic acid as well as phosphatidyl glycerol is a constituent component of phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidyl glycerol and the non-identified lipid.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of glycerolipids from potato leaves]. A method for rapid isolation of glyco- and phospholipids from potato leaves by a two-fold separation in a thin layer of silica gel is described. Using gas-liquid chromatography, the fatty acid compositions of monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride, sulfolipid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid and non-identified lipid from potato leaves were determined. The monogalactosyl diglyceride was found to contain up to 25% of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienic acid. Trans-3-hexadecenic acid as well as phosphatidyl glycerol is a constituent component of phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidyl glycerol and the non-identified lipid.", "PMID": 508874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8107", "title": "Smooth pursuit eye movements and attention in psychiatric patients.", "content": "The effects of two putative attention-engaging maneuvers on tracking performance were studied in three groups of subjects: inpatients (n = 19), outpatients (n = 19), and controls (n = 20). One method involved realerting subjects during tracking by repeating instructions to track carefully. The second method, a signal detection task incorporated into the tracking stimulus, required that subjects signal their perception of brief interruptions of the tracking light by pressing a hand-held button. The tracking performance of inpatients was significantly inferior to that of both outpatients and controls, whereas tracking performance of these two latter groups did not differ. Verbal realerting did not significantly improve tracking performance in any group; moreover, during the administration of these instructions there was an increase in tracking errors in inpatients. Inpatients also made more tracking errors than comparison groups during signal detection trials. Other subject factors of possible relevance to tracking performance, e.g., age, gender, and level of arousal, were found not to covary with tracking accuracy in a manner which would explain the observed group differences. It is unlikely that voluntary inattention is the basis for the observed impaired tracking in hospitalized psychiatric patients; the data are more consistent with an interpretation based on heightened distractibility or information overload in these patients.", "contents": "Smooth pursuit eye movements and attention in psychiatric patients. The effects of two putative attention-engaging maneuvers on tracking performance were studied in three groups of subjects: inpatients (n = 19), outpatients (n = 19), and controls (n = 20). One method involved realerting subjects during tracking by repeating instructions to track carefully. The second method, a signal detection task incorporated into the tracking stimulus, required that subjects signal their perception of brief interruptions of the tracking light by pressing a hand-held button. The tracking performance of inpatients was significantly inferior to that of both outpatients and controls, whereas tracking performance of these two latter groups did not differ. Verbal realerting did not significantly improve tracking performance in any group; moreover, during the administration of these instructions there was an increase in tracking errors in inpatients. Inpatients also made more tracking errors than comparison groups during signal detection trials. Other subject factors of possible relevance to tracking performance, e.g., age, gender, and level of arousal, were found not to covary with tracking accuracy in a manner which would explain the observed group differences. It is unlikely that voluntary inattention is the basis for the observed impaired tracking in hospitalized psychiatric patients; the data are more consistent with an interpretation based on heightened distractibility or information overload in these patients.", "PMID": 508880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8108", "title": "\"Mental set\" in controls, postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, and \"organics\".", "content": "Subjects consisted of (normal) controls, postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, and \"organics\" (a miscellaneous group of patients with acquired organic brain disorders including posttraumatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease, Beh\u00e7et's disease, Huntington's chorea and poststroke encephalopathy). \"Mental set\" was measured by comparisons of simple auditory-manual reaction times (RTs) at preparatory intervals (PIs) of 2, 5, and 10 sec following \"warning\" light flashes. First, the PIs were varied randomly over 48 trials (irregular procedure); then, each of the three PIs was held constant for 16 successive trials (regular procedure). Overall RTs increased significantly and progressively from controls to postalcoholics to chronic schizophrenics to organics. Mean differences between irregular and regular RTs at each PI were either significantly less for postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, as well as chronic schizophrenics and organics show distinct impairment of \"mental set,\" which may be a sign of organic brain dysfunction, if other factors such as severe cultural deprivation can be excluded.", "contents": "\"Mental set\" in controls, postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, and \"organics\". Subjects consisted of (normal) controls, postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, and \"organics\" (a miscellaneous group of patients with acquired organic brain disorders including posttraumatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease, Beh\u00e7et's disease, Huntington's chorea and poststroke encephalopathy). \"Mental set\" was measured by comparisons of simple auditory-manual reaction times (RTs) at preparatory intervals (PIs) of 2, 5, and 10 sec following \"warning\" light flashes. First, the PIs were varied randomly over 48 trials (irregular procedure); then, each of the three PIs was held constant for 16 successive trials (regular procedure). Overall RTs increased significantly and progressively from controls to postalcoholics to chronic schizophrenics to organics. Mean differences between irregular and regular RTs at each PI were either significantly less for postalcoholics, chronic schizophrenics, as well as chronic schizophrenics and organics show distinct impairment of \"mental set,\" which may be a sign of organic brain dysfunction, if other factors such as severe cultural deprivation can be excluded.", "PMID": 508881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8109", "title": "Hemispheric functioning in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia.", "content": "Letter-naming and dot enumeration tasks, designed to elicit left and right hemisphere functioning, respectively, were presented tachistoscopically to paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, nonschizophrenic psychiatry controls, and normal subjects. Types of information-processing used by paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics were also examined. All groups identified letters with greater accuracy with left hemisphere presentation. Group differences in the letter task disappeared once education was controlled. No hemisphere effect was found for dot enumeration but group differences emerged. As predicted, paranoids and controls processed the dots serially and hence decreased in accuracy over frame size. Nonparanoids processed in an automatic mode, revealing the same degree of accuracy over all dot sizes. The poorer performance of the nonparanoids in dot enumeration is discussed in terms of the task requiring bilateral processing and the nonparanoids' failure to integrate the processing of left and right hemispheres.", "contents": "Hemispheric functioning in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia. Letter-naming and dot enumeration tasks, designed to elicit left and right hemisphere functioning, respectively, were presented tachistoscopically to paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, nonschizophrenic psychiatry controls, and normal subjects. Types of information-processing used by paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics were also examined. All groups identified letters with greater accuracy with left hemisphere presentation. Group differences in the letter task disappeared once education was controlled. No hemisphere effect was found for dot enumeration but group differences emerged. As predicted, paranoids and controls processed the dots serially and hence decreased in accuracy over frame size. Nonparanoids processed in an automatic mode, revealing the same degree of accuracy over all dot sizes. The poorer performance of the nonparanoids in dot enumeration is discussed in terms of the task requiring bilateral processing and the nonparanoids' failure to integrate the processing of left and right hemispheres.", "PMID": 508882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8110", "title": "The natural history of acute organic mental syndrome after bilateral electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Thirty-one patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were followed prospectively for the development of acute organic mental syndrome (AOMS); 15 patients (48.4%) developed AOMS during ECT. For these 15 patients, the average number of ECTs before development of AOMS was 5.5 with average duration of AOMS being 20.1 days. Comparison of these 15 patients to the 16 patients who did not develop AOMS for diagnoses, demographic data, pre-ECT laboratory data, and medications, differed only in exposure to psychoactive medications and prior presence of major medical illness.", "contents": "The natural history of acute organic mental syndrome after bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Thirty-one patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were followed prospectively for the development of acute organic mental syndrome (AOMS); 15 patients (48.4%) developed AOMS during ECT. For these 15 patients, the average number of ECTs before development of AOMS was 5.5 with average duration of AOMS being 20.1 days. Comparison of these 15 patients to the 16 patients who did not develop AOMS for diagnoses, demographic data, pre-ECT laboratory data, and medications, differed only in exposure to psychoactive medications and prior presence of major medical illness.", "PMID": 508883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8111", "title": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity and classification of depression.", "content": "Red blood cell catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity was compared across different depressive diagnoses. In a sample of 88 depressed inpatients, using defined criteria, no difference was found in respect of enzyme activity and the following categories: primary, secondary, delusional, nondelusional, endogenous, nonendogenous (neurotic), characterological depressions. COMT did not vary with age or sex. A significant increase in COMT activity was noted in agitated, depressed males, as compared to other groups.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity and classification of depression. Red blood cell catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity was compared across different depressive diagnoses. In a sample of 88 depressed inpatients, using defined criteria, no difference was found in respect of enzyme activity and the following categories: primary, secondary, delusional, nondelusional, endogenous, nonendogenous (neurotic), characterological depressions. COMT did not vary with age or sex. A significant increase in COMT activity was noted in agitated, depressed males, as compared to other groups.", "PMID": 508884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8112", "title": "Changes in neuropsychological performance during treatment for alcoholism.", "content": "A battery of 24 neuropsychological tests was administered to drug-free alcoholic inpatients (n = 91) within 7 days of their last drink and again 17 days later. Comparisons between this group and a nonalcoholic group of medical inpatients (n = 20) also given the same test battery twice indicated very little improvement due to abstinence (short-term improvement) in the alcoholics after controlling for practice effects. Similarly, when early postwithdrawal performance of the alcoholics was compared to an alcoholic control group (n = 32), which took the test battery only once 21 days after their last drink, little evidence for short-term recovery of cognitive functions was obtained. Insofar as decisions about the initiation of therapeutic treatments which rely on cognitive processes are based on neuropsychological performance, we conclude that such treatments may commence as soon as the clinical symptoms associated with acute withdrawal have subsided.", "contents": "Changes in neuropsychological performance during treatment for alcoholism. A battery of 24 neuropsychological tests was administered to drug-free alcoholic inpatients (n = 91) within 7 days of their last drink and again 17 days later. Comparisons between this group and a nonalcoholic group of medical inpatients (n = 20) also given the same test battery twice indicated very little improvement due to abstinence (short-term improvement) in the alcoholics after controlling for practice effects. Similarly, when early postwithdrawal performance of the alcoholics was compared to an alcoholic control group (n = 32), which took the test battery only once 21 days after their last drink, little evidence for short-term recovery of cognitive functions was obtained. Insofar as decisions about the initiation of therapeutic treatments which rely on cognitive processes are based on neuropsychological performance, we conclude that such treatments may commence as soon as the clinical symptoms associated with acute withdrawal have subsided.", "PMID": 508885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8113", "title": "The adaptive role of maladaptive neurosis.", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed which postulates that repeated failure in social competition may lead to a \"neurotic\" maladaptive vicious cycle. It is proposed that by magnifying genetically transmitted differences in fitness, this mechanism emphasizes the superiority of the better endowed, both in mate choice and in fitness of offspring. Species displaying high plasticity and flexibility, the concomitants of high intellectual ability, may be more susceptible to neurosis, hence may be more likely to be influenced by the vicious cycle mechanism operating at the ontogenetic level. Such species would display an accelerated rate of adaptation and intelligence. Some of the implications of the hypothesis for sexual selection, change in status, and preventive mental health are discussed.", "contents": "The adaptive role of maladaptive neurosis. A hypothesis is proposed which postulates that repeated failure in social competition may lead to a \"neurotic\" maladaptive vicious cycle. It is proposed that by magnifying genetically transmitted differences in fitness, this mechanism emphasizes the superiority of the better endowed, both in mate choice and in fitness of offspring. Species displaying high plasticity and flexibility, the concomitants of high intellectual ability, may be more susceptible to neurosis, hence may be more likely to be influenced by the vicious cycle mechanism operating at the ontogenetic level. Such species would display an accelerated rate of adaptation and intelligence. Some of the implications of the hypothesis for sexual selection, change in status, and preventive mental health are discussed.", "PMID": 508886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8114", "title": "Increased sleep motility and respiration rates in combat neurotic patients.", "content": "Noctural rates of body movements and respiratory rates were studied in 11 combat neurosis patients and 9 normal controls. Patients had significantly higher rates of body movements in sleep stage 2, and significantly higher respiratory rates in NONREM sleep and in the second REM period than normals. In patients the rates of body movements were positively correlated with sleep efficiency indices. Since some of these patients were suspected of having non-restorative sleep syndrome, it is suggested that increased sleep motility and autonomic activity might be related to this sleep disorder.", "contents": "Increased sleep motility and respiration rates in combat neurotic patients. Noctural rates of body movements and respiratory rates were studied in 11 combat neurosis patients and 9 normal controls. Patients had significantly higher rates of body movements in sleep stage 2, and significantly higher respiratory rates in NONREM sleep and in the second REM period than normals. In patients the rates of body movements were positively correlated with sleep efficiency indices. Since some of these patients were suspected of having non-restorative sleep syndrome, it is suggested that increased sleep motility and autonomic activity might be related to this sleep disorder.", "PMID": 508888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8115", "title": "Squamous metaplasia of the endometrium. Endometrial response to intrauterine presence of fibroblast-carrying Ivalon sponge.", "content": "Squamous metaplasia of the endometrium was detected in 3 women out of ten in which fibroblast-carrying Ivalon sponge (produced by implanting the sponge subcutaneously for 6 to 8 weeks) was inserted into the uterus following dilatation and curettage. The experiments were carried out in view of previous successful similar procedures in rabbits to produce fibroblastic bridges inside the uterus, and to avoid the patients from undergoing major surgery (hysterectomy) if possible, and at the same time to use the experiment as a model of contraception procedure. Since no improvement was experienced by the patients, which continued to have excessive blood loss, hysterectomies were performed at a later date, and the specimens were thoroughly examined. The possible effect of the Ivalon sponge (acting as IUCD) on the endometrium is discussed.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia of the endometrium. Endometrial response to intrauterine presence of fibroblast-carrying Ivalon sponge. Squamous metaplasia of the endometrium was detected in 3 women out of ten in which fibroblast-carrying Ivalon sponge (produced by implanting the sponge subcutaneously for 6 to 8 weeks) was inserted into the uterus following dilatation and curettage. The experiments were carried out in view of previous successful similar procedures in rabbits to produce fibroblastic bridges inside the uterus, and to avoid the patients from undergoing major surgery (hysterectomy) if possible, and at the same time to use the experiment as a model of contraception procedure. Since no improvement was experienced by the patients, which continued to have excessive blood loss, hysterectomies were performed at a later date, and the specimens were thoroughly examined. The possible effect of the Ivalon sponge (acting as IUCD) on the endometrium is discussed.", "PMID": 508891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8116", "title": "Anti-tumour effect of an aromatic retinoic acid analog in a mouse syngeneic transplantable sarcoma.", "content": "Anti-tumour activity of an aromatic retinoic acid analog has been tested on Sarcoma J in syngeneic system. Tumour complete regression rate and median survival time of progressors mice are significantly improved. These results are at variance with previous observations suggesting the lack of activity of this compound on transplanted murine tumours. Arguments in favour of an immunological stimulation responsible for the observed anti-tumour effect are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Anti-tumour effect of an aromatic retinoic acid analog in a mouse syngeneic transplantable sarcoma. Anti-tumour activity of an aromatic retinoic acid analog has been tested on Sarcoma J in syngeneic system. Tumour complete regression rate and median survival time of progressors mice are significantly improved. These results are at variance with previous observations suggesting the lack of activity of this compound on transplanted murine tumours. Arguments in favour of an immunological stimulation responsible for the observed anti-tumour effect are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 508892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8117", "title": "The effect of insulin on the growth of transplanted tumors in mice.", "content": "The growth of four murine transplantable tumours, Ehrlich ascites or solid tumour, an aplastic carcinoma, B-16 melanoma, and a thymoma, were suppressed in mice treated daily with insulin (2 IU). Since insulin increased the number of plaque-forming cells and the phagocytic activity of the liver and spleen cells, the retardation of the tumour growth was ascribed to immunological mechanisms.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on the growth of transplanted tumors in mice. The growth of four murine transplantable tumours, Ehrlich ascites or solid tumour, an aplastic carcinoma, B-16 melanoma, and a thymoma, were suppressed in mice treated daily with insulin (2 IU). Since insulin increased the number of plaque-forming cells and the phagocytic activity of the liver and spleen cells, the retardation of the tumour growth was ascribed to immunological mechanisms.", "PMID": 508893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8118", "title": "The effect of propranolol on renal sodium handling in patients with cirrhosis.", "content": "Beta-adrenergic blockade by oral propanolol in five cirrhotic patients caused changes in the handling of an acute sodium load. Fractional sodium excretion following an acute saline load increased from 0.69% +/- 0.29 to 1.49% +/- 0.11 (103 microEq/min +/- 7.5 to 129 microEq/min +/- 18) before propranolol administration. After 3 days of oral propanolol 1 mg/kg day, the fractional excretion of sodium by saline loading increased from 0.52% +/- 0.19 to 2.17 +/- 0.19 (109 microEq/min +/- 9 to 178 microEq/min +/- 11). This change was not accompanied by changes in GFR, RPF or in the renin-aldosterone system. The possibility that these changes are caused by a change in the sodium transport at the tubular cell level induced by the beta-adrenergic blockade, is entertained.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on renal sodium handling in patients with cirrhosis. Beta-adrenergic blockade by oral propanolol in five cirrhotic patients caused changes in the handling of an acute sodium load. Fractional sodium excretion following an acute saline load increased from 0.69% +/- 0.29 to 1.49% +/- 0.11 (103 microEq/min +/- 7.5 to 129 microEq/min +/- 18) before propranolol administration. After 3 days of oral propanolol 1 mg/kg day, the fractional excretion of sodium by saline loading increased from 0.52% +/- 0.19 to 2.17 +/- 0.19 (109 microEq/min +/- 9 to 178 microEq/min +/- 11). This change was not accompanied by changes in GFR, RPF or in the renin-aldosterone system. The possibility that these changes are caused by a change in the sodium transport at the tubular cell level induced by the beta-adrenergic blockade, is entertained.", "PMID": 508894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8119", "title": "Porphobilinogen synthetase activity response to increased levels of reduced glutathione produced by methylene blue, in blood, liver and kidney.", "content": "We have studied the effect of methylene blue on GSH and GSSG levels in rat blood, liver and kidney. Methylene blue treatment increases GSH levels and PBG-synthetase activity in erythrocytes while liver and kidney GSH and GSSG levels remain constant. These results indicate that methylene blue effect on PBG-synthetase activity in rat erythrocytes is mediated by an increase in blood GSH levels.", "contents": "Porphobilinogen synthetase activity response to increased levels of reduced glutathione produced by methylene blue, in blood, liver and kidney. We have studied the effect of methylene blue on GSH and GSSG levels in rat blood, liver and kidney. Methylene blue treatment increases GSH levels and PBG-synthetase activity in erythrocytes while liver and kidney GSH and GSSG levels remain constant. These results indicate that methylene blue effect on PBG-synthetase activity in rat erythrocytes is mediated by an increase in blood GSH levels.", "PMID": 508895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8120", "title": "Antipyrine metabolism and liver function in patients treated with high-dose medroxyprogesterone.", "content": "The effect of high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 250 mg intramuscularly for six days) on hepatic drug-metabolism and liver function was investigated in eleven females with endometrial carcinoma. Antipyrine plasma clearance, an index of hepatic drug-metabolizing ability, improved significantly during this treatment, and the serum total bilirubin level was lowered, whereas other liver function tests, including alkaline phosphatase, and albumin values in the serum, remained unchanged. The results demonstrate that therapy with MPA has an inducing effect on hepatic enzyme activity and antipyrine metabolism. The findings may be of importance when prescribing drugs for females receiving large doses of MPA.", "contents": "Antipyrine metabolism and liver function in patients treated with high-dose medroxyprogesterone. The effect of high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 250 mg intramuscularly for six days) on hepatic drug-metabolism and liver function was investigated in eleven females with endometrial carcinoma. Antipyrine plasma clearance, an index of hepatic drug-metabolizing ability, improved significantly during this treatment, and the serum total bilirubin level was lowered, whereas other liver function tests, including alkaline phosphatase, and albumin values in the serum, remained unchanged. The results demonstrate that therapy with MPA has an inducing effect on hepatic enzyme activity and antipyrine metabolism. The findings may be of importance when prescribing drugs for females receiving large doses of MPA.", "PMID": 508896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8121", "title": "Glucagon and epinephrine effect on blood glucose levels in rats carrying Yoshida solid sarcoma and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma.", "content": "Changes in blood glucose in response to glucagon and epinephrine administration, in rats bearing Yoshida solid sarcoma and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma have been studied, and in rats carrying Yoshida tumor which had received previously intraperitoneal glucose. The response to glucagon by tumor-bearing rats follows the control pattern but at a lower level of blood glucose. Rats which had received glucose before glucagon administration responded to this hormone as the control animals. These results indicate that glycogen metabolism in the host liver is not diturbed by the presence of the tumor.", "contents": "Glucagon and epinephrine effect on blood glucose levels in rats carrying Yoshida solid sarcoma and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. Changes in blood glucose in response to glucagon and epinephrine administration, in rats bearing Yoshida solid sarcoma and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma have been studied, and in rats carrying Yoshida tumor which had received previously intraperitoneal glucose. The response to glucagon by tumor-bearing rats follows the control pattern but at a lower level of blood glucose. Rats which had received glucose before glucagon administration responded to this hormone as the control animals. These results indicate that glycogen metabolism in the host liver is not diturbed by the presence of the tumor.", "PMID": 508897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8122", "title": "Primary liver cancer in Cote d'Or (Burgundy). Results of three year's systematic registration in a well defined French population.", "content": "The registry of digestive tract cancers set up for the department of Cote d'Or (455, 727) was used to study primary liver cancer. The crude annual incidence rate was 10.4 per 100 000 for males, 2.3 per 100 000 for females. Among other cancer registries annual age standardized rates: 7.6 per 100 000 in males, 1.4 per 100 000 in females are in the intermediate range, close to the figure reported in Geneva and higher than incidence rates reported elsewhere in Europe. Most cancers were hepatocullular carcinomas (83%). Significant etiological factors were the sex ratio (5, 4), alcoholic cirrhosis associated with primary liver cancer in 61% of the patients. The one year crude survival rate was 8%.", "contents": "Primary liver cancer in Cote d'Or (Burgundy). Results of three year's systematic registration in a well defined French population. The registry of digestive tract cancers set up for the department of Cote d'Or (455, 727) was used to study primary liver cancer. The crude annual incidence rate was 10.4 per 100 000 for males, 2.3 per 100 000 for females. Among other cancer registries annual age standardized rates: 7.6 per 100 000 in males, 1.4 per 100 000 in females are in the intermediate range, close to the figure reported in Geneva and higher than incidence rates reported elsewhere in Europe. Most cancers were hepatocullular carcinomas (83%). Significant etiological factors were the sex ratio (5, 4), alcoholic cirrhosis associated with primary liver cancer in 61% of the patients. The one year crude survival rate was 8%.", "PMID": 508898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8123", "title": "A general-purpose implantable multichannel telemetry system for physiological research.", "content": "The majority of physiologically significant parameters can be accurately measured with relatively simple transducers and with a minimum of sophisticated electronics; such parameters include temperature, pressure, and electrical activity and generally require less than a 200 Hz bandwidth. In most experiments, however, measurements at multiple sites are needed to characterize fully a particular response, and the use of totally implantable telemetry systems becomes attractive as the problems of percutaneous leads in conscious animals are compounded in proportion to the number of sensors. These systems have been produced in limited quantities because a large number of components and long assembly times are necessary to provide simple amplifications and signal processing in a small implantable package. A new six-channel system incorporates all signal processing on a single integrated circuit, and only one CMOS divider chain and an integrated telemetry transmitter are required for support. This high level of integration accelerates assembly time and increases reliability by minimizing the interconnections. Such advancements are essential before the full potential of implantable telemetry can be realized. This paper details the performance of this system during initial applications requiring pressure, bioelectrical, or temperature telemetry.", "contents": "A general-purpose implantable multichannel telemetry system for physiological research. The majority of physiologically significant parameters can be accurately measured with relatively simple transducers and with a minimum of sophisticated electronics; such parameters include temperature, pressure, and electrical activity and generally require less than a 200 Hz bandwidth. In most experiments, however, measurements at multiple sites are needed to characterize fully a particular response, and the use of totally implantable telemetry systems becomes attractive as the problems of percutaneous leads in conscious animals are compounded in proportion to the number of sensors. These systems have been produced in limited quantities because a large number of components and long assembly times are necessary to provide simple amplifications and signal processing in a small implantable package. A new six-channel system incorporates all signal processing on a single integrated circuit, and only one CMOS divider chain and an integrated telemetry transmitter are required for support. This high level of integration accelerates assembly time and increases reliability by minimizing the interconnections. Such advancements are essential before the full potential of implantable telemetry can be realized. This paper details the performance of this system during initial applications requiring pressure, bioelectrical, or temperature telemetry.", "PMID": 508907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8124", "title": "Integrated power controllers and RF data transmitters for totally implantable telemetry.", "content": "Data transmitters and power/source controllers are common elements in all totally implantable instrumentation systems. Two custom-designed integrated circuits have been developed for these elements and have significant impact on the realization of compact reliable telemetry packages. The first is an elapsed-time power switch that can remotely turn on implanted battery-powered systems with a short RF burst; to prevent accidental battery drainage, it will automatically turn off after a preprogrammed time (1-5 min). The second is a precision RF transmitter capable of operation up to 125 MHz in either FM or pulse-coded format and requires only two nonintegrated inductors. These IC systems are basic building blocks for a large number of totally implantable telemetry applications.", "contents": "Integrated power controllers and RF data transmitters for totally implantable telemetry. Data transmitters and power/source controllers are common elements in all totally implantable instrumentation systems. Two custom-designed integrated circuits have been developed for these elements and have significant impact on the realization of compact reliable telemetry packages. The first is an elapsed-time power switch that can remotely turn on implanted battery-powered systems with a short RF burst; to prevent accidental battery drainage, it will automatically turn off after a preprogrammed time (1-5 min). The second is a precision RF transmitter capable of operation up to 125 MHz in either FM or pulse-coded format and requires only two nonintegrated inductors. These IC systems are basic building blocks for a large number of totally implantable telemetry applications.", "PMID": 508908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8125", "title": "Applications of totally implantable telemetry systems to chronic medical research.", "content": "The motivation for the development of advanced totally implantable telemetry systems is to improve the quality of medical care through a more detailed understanding of basic physiological processes. Three research protocols in electrophysiology, hepatic hemodynamics, and cardiac pharmacology are described which rely on new implantable instrumentation; these devices allow chronic measurements in the conscious animal of such diverse parameters as aortic and ventricular pressures; atrial, ventricular, and bundle of HIS electrograms; aortic and coronary blood flow, and total hepatic blood flow by measuring velocity profiles in the portal vein and the hepatic artery. The compact size and high reliability now achievable with these telemetry systems provides new tools to the researcher for the study of the body in health and disease.", "contents": "Applications of totally implantable telemetry systems to chronic medical research. The motivation for the development of advanced totally implantable telemetry systems is to improve the quality of medical care through a more detailed understanding of basic physiological processes. Three research protocols in electrophysiology, hepatic hemodynamics, and cardiac pharmacology are described which rely on new implantable instrumentation; these devices allow chronic measurements in the conscious animal of such diverse parameters as aortic and ventricular pressures; atrial, ventricular, and bundle of HIS electrograms; aortic and coronary blood flow, and total hepatic blood flow by measuring velocity profiles in the portal vein and the hepatic artery. The compact size and high reliability now achievable with these telemetry systems provides new tools to the researcher for the study of the body in health and disease.", "PMID": 508909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8126", "title": "Nylon-fiber-induced neutrophil fragmentation.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of mechanical elution of neutrophils from nylon-wool fiber (NWF) using the scanning electron microscope and biochemical analysis of elution fractions. We have determined that mechanical removal of neutrophils from nylon-wool fiber disrupts neutrophils adherent to nylon-wool fiber and augments release of granules, release of peripheral cytoplasmic fragments, and release of lactic dehydrogenase, a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. Mechanical shearing of the adherent cell, and not adherence per se, causes the fragmentation. The extent of fragmentation is proportional to the NWF surface area available to neutrophils and is maximal at the temperature for optimal adherence and spreading. Agents that decrease cell spreading (n-ethylmaleimide and cold) diminish fragmentation. Cytochalasin B, an agent that destabilizes the neutrophil cortex, increases fragmentation. Fragmentation may be an important contributing cause of the abnormal morphology, function, and in vivo survival of nylon-wool-fiber procured human neutrophils. The prevention of fragmentation would appear to be necessary to insure the procurement of optimally functioning cells. Elution of NWF-adherent neutrophils in the cold might be a practical way to diminish neutrophil damage during clinical filtration leukapheresis.", "contents": "Nylon-fiber-induced neutrophil fragmentation. We have investigated the effects of mechanical elution of neutrophils from nylon-wool fiber (NWF) using the scanning electron microscope and biochemical analysis of elution fractions. We have determined that mechanical removal of neutrophils from nylon-wool fiber disrupts neutrophils adherent to nylon-wool fiber and augments release of granules, release of peripheral cytoplasmic fragments, and release of lactic dehydrogenase, a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. Mechanical shearing of the adherent cell, and not adherence per se, causes the fragmentation. The extent of fragmentation is proportional to the NWF surface area available to neutrophils and is maximal at the temperature for optimal adherence and spreading. Agents that decrease cell spreading (n-ethylmaleimide and cold) diminish fragmentation. Cytochalasin B, an agent that destabilizes the neutrophil cortex, increases fragmentation. Fragmentation may be an important contributing cause of the abnormal morphology, function, and in vivo survival of nylon-wool-fiber procured human neutrophils. The prevention of fragmentation would appear to be necessary to insure the procurement of optimally functioning cells. Elution of NWF-adherent neutrophils in the cold might be a practical way to diminish neutrophil damage during clinical filtration leukapheresis.", "PMID": 508935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8127", "title": "Central nervous system relapse in malignant lymphomas: risk factors and implications for prophylaxis.", "content": "The records of 292 patients with malignant lymphoma other than Hodgkin's disease, registered in our protocols from 1967 to 1977, were reviewed to identify those with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Thirty-one patients were encountered with this complication, an incidence of 11%. Patients with a diffuse histology had a higher frequency of CNS recurences (27/174 = 16%) in contrast to only 4/118 (3%) for those with nodular types. However, if only patients with diffuse histology in CR are considered, the frequency of CNS relapse is 13.5% (13/98). The risk factors that predict for the development of this complication were studied using multivariate analysis. Diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic and diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas were found to be associated with a high risk of CNS relapse. Prior chemotherapy, bone marrow involvement, age less than 35, and extranodal disease were also identified as high-risk factors. Using the information generated by a logistic regression model, patients with malignant lymphoma of diffuse type can be classified into three categories when first seen: low-risk group, intermediate, and high-risk group. CNS prophylaxis is recommended for the intermediate and high-risk group, while only close follow-up is advised for the low-risk group patients who have one adverse characteristic.", "contents": "Central nervous system relapse in malignant lymphomas: risk factors and implications for prophylaxis. The records of 292 patients with malignant lymphoma other than Hodgkin's disease, registered in our protocols from 1967 to 1977, were reviewed to identify those with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Thirty-one patients were encountered with this complication, an incidence of 11%. Patients with a diffuse histology had a higher frequency of CNS recurences (27/174 = 16%) in contrast to only 4/118 (3%) for those with nodular types. However, if only patients with diffuse histology in CR are considered, the frequency of CNS relapse is 13.5% (13/98). The risk factors that predict for the development of this complication were studied using multivariate analysis. Diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic and diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas were found to be associated with a high risk of CNS relapse. Prior chemotherapy, bone marrow involvement, age less than 35, and extranodal disease were also identified as high-risk factors. Using the information generated by a logistic regression model, patients with malignant lymphoma of diffuse type can be classified into three categories when first seen: low-risk group, intermediate, and high-risk group. CNS prophylaxis is recommended for the intermediate and high-risk group, while only close follow-up is advised for the low-risk group patients who have one adverse characteristic.", "PMID": 508936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8128", "title": "Activated protein C inhibits platelet prothrombin-converting activity.", "content": "Bovine platelets that have been activated by thrombin facilitate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium ions and factor Xa. Activated protein C, a vitamin-K-dependent plasma protein, inhibits this platelet prothrombin-converting activity. The inhibition is time dependent and is not reversed by increasing concentrations of factor Xa. However, factor Xa is able to protect the platelet prothrombin-converting activity from inactivation by activated protein C. The activated protein C causes a parallel loss of factor Xa receptor sites and platelet prothrombin-converting activity. Activated protein C may contribute to the regulation of clotting through inactivation of the platelet prothrombin-converting activity.", "contents": "Activated protein C inhibits platelet prothrombin-converting activity. Bovine platelets that have been activated by thrombin facilitate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium ions and factor Xa. Activated protein C, a vitamin-K-dependent plasma protein, inhibits this platelet prothrombin-converting activity. The inhibition is time dependent and is not reversed by increasing concentrations of factor Xa. However, factor Xa is able to protect the platelet prothrombin-converting activity from inactivation by activated protein C. The activated protein C causes a parallel loss of factor Xa receptor sites and platelet prothrombin-converting activity. Activated protein C may contribute to the regulation of clotting through inactivation of the platelet prothrombin-converting activity.", "PMID": 508937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8129", "title": "Detection of circulating crosslinked fibrin derivatives by a heat extraction-SDS gradient gel electrophoretic technique.", "content": "A technique has been developed to identify and quantitate unique plasmic degradation products of crosslinked fibrin in plasma. In this method, fibrin derivatives are extracted by heat precipitation and dissolved with disulfide bond reduction, after which the crosslinked gamma-gamma chain remnants are identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitated by densitometric analysis. A heterogenous group of gamma-gamma chains with molecular weights between 100,000 and 76,000 daltons was identified in lysates of crosslinked fibrin during plasmic degradation in vitro. Three stages of crosslinked fibrin degradation have been arbitrarily defined based primarily on the extent of degradation of these gamma-gamma polypeptide chains. As little as 20 microgram of crosslinked fibrin digests added to 1 ml of normal plasma could be detected by the heat-extraction--gel-electrophoresis technique, identifying the gamma-gamma derivatives with molecular weights of 96,000, 86,000, 82,000, and 76,000 daltons. Plasmic derivatives of gamma-gamma chains were not found in normal plasma, but they were identified in the plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and deep-vein thrombosis, both before and in increased quantity during successful thrombolytic therapy.", "contents": "Detection of circulating crosslinked fibrin derivatives by a heat extraction-SDS gradient gel electrophoretic technique. A technique has been developed to identify and quantitate unique plasmic degradation products of crosslinked fibrin in plasma. In this method, fibrin derivatives are extracted by heat precipitation and dissolved with disulfide bond reduction, after which the crosslinked gamma-gamma chain remnants are identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitated by densitometric analysis. A heterogenous group of gamma-gamma chains with molecular weights between 100,000 and 76,000 daltons was identified in lysates of crosslinked fibrin during plasmic degradation in vitro. Three stages of crosslinked fibrin degradation have been arbitrarily defined based primarily on the extent of degradation of these gamma-gamma polypeptide chains. As little as 20 microgram of crosslinked fibrin digests added to 1 ml of normal plasma could be detected by the heat-extraction--gel-electrophoresis technique, identifying the gamma-gamma derivatives with molecular weights of 96,000, 86,000, 82,000, and 76,000 daltons. Plasmic derivatives of gamma-gamma chains were not found in normal plasma, but they were identified in the plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and deep-vein thrombosis, both before and in increased quantity during successful thrombolytic therapy.", "PMID": 508938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8130", "title": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in human bone marrow cells by bifunctional alkylating agents.", "content": "A technique has been developed for handling human bone marrow cells intended for the examination of DNA repair synthesis. DNA-repair synthesis, induced by melphalan and nitrogen mustard, was measured as the incorporation of 3H-thymidine, registered by autoradiography as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). Comparison of various cell populations disclosed considerable differences in their UDS level, this generally being greatest for the blast populations. During maturation of both myelopoietic and erythropoietic cells, there was a decrease in the UDS level, which was lowest for the end-cell stage. The lymphocytes and monocytes differed considerably in their capacity for UDS. The developed technique would appear to offer an opportunity for determining the capacity for DNA-repair synthesis in malignant bone marrow cells, a factor that has been linked to sensitivity to alkylating agents.", "contents": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in human bone marrow cells by bifunctional alkylating agents. A technique has been developed for handling human bone marrow cells intended for the examination of DNA repair synthesis. DNA-repair synthesis, induced by melphalan and nitrogen mustard, was measured as the incorporation of 3H-thymidine, registered by autoradiography as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). Comparison of various cell populations disclosed considerable differences in their UDS level, this generally being greatest for the blast populations. During maturation of both myelopoietic and erythropoietic cells, there was a decrease in the UDS level, which was lowest for the end-cell stage. The lymphocytes and monocytes differed considerably in their capacity for UDS. The developed technique would appear to offer an opportunity for determining the capacity for DNA-repair synthesis in malignant bone marrow cells, a factor that has been linked to sensitivity to alkylating agents.", "PMID": 508940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8131", "title": "Thrombocytosis-induced suppression of small acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in bone marrow of rats.", "content": "Transfusion of platelet concentrates was used to establish a thrombocytosis of approximately three times normal platelet levels in male rats. This thrombocytosis resulted in a rebound thrombocytopenia to 60% of normal counts. Examination of the small acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E) positive cells of the marrow at this time showed a reduction to 50% of normal levels without significant changes in control animals. A second group of experiments indicated that this suppression developed as early as the third day posttransfusion, persisted until day 7, and returned to baseline levels by day 9. Incorporation of 75SeM indicated that the reduction in platelet count was due to decreased platelet production. Little or no changes were observed in the hematocrit or WBC. This evidence supports the hypothesis that these cells are early cells in the megakaryocytic series. They are the earliest cells of the series seen to be affected by thrombocytosis. Feedback control by platelets or platelet extracts of this cell population may represent one level of regulation of megakaryopoiesis.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis-induced suppression of small acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in bone marrow of rats. Transfusion of platelet concentrates was used to establish a thrombocytosis of approximately three times normal platelet levels in male rats. This thrombocytosis resulted in a rebound thrombocytopenia to 60% of normal counts. Examination of the small acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E) positive cells of the marrow at this time showed a reduction to 50% of normal levels without significant changes in control animals. A second group of experiments indicated that this suppression developed as early as the third day posttransfusion, persisted until day 7, and returned to baseline levels by day 9. Incorporation of 75SeM indicated that the reduction in platelet count was due to decreased platelet production. Little or no changes were observed in the hematocrit or WBC. This evidence supports the hypothesis that these cells are early cells in the megakaryocytic series. They are the earliest cells of the series seen to be affected by thrombocytosis. Feedback control by platelets or platelet extracts of this cell population may represent one level of regulation of megakaryopoiesis.", "PMID": 508941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8132", "title": "Effect of prothrombin complex concentrates on factor VIII inhibitor levels.", "content": "Factor VIII inhibitor levels were measured on 261 occasions in 76 hemophilia-A inhibitor patients before and after prothrombin complex concentrate infusion at 13 treatment centers. A rise in inhibitor level to at least twice the pretreatment value occurred in 35 treatment episodes (13.5%), in 27 patients (36%). In 16 patients (21%), such an anamnestic immune response occurred with the first treatment. Factors predisposing to anamnestic responses may include patient idiosyncrasy, low pretreatment inhibitor levels, and exposure to concentrate over several days.", "contents": "Effect of prothrombin complex concentrates on factor VIII inhibitor levels. Factor VIII inhibitor levels were measured on 261 occasions in 76 hemophilia-A inhibitor patients before and after prothrombin complex concentrate infusion at 13 treatment centers. A rise in inhibitor level to at least twice the pretreatment value occurred in 35 treatment episodes (13.5%), in 27 patients (36%). In 16 patients (21%), such an anamnestic immune response occurred with the first treatment. Factors predisposing to anamnestic responses may include patient idiosyncrasy, low pretreatment inhibitor levels, and exposure to concentrate over several days.", "PMID": 508942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8133", "title": "Decreased platelet thrombogenecity in association with increased platelet turnover and vascular damage.", "content": "Platelet turnover is increased when platelets interact with prosthetic surfaces and damaged vessel wall. To determine whether the resulting increase in young platelets is associated with an increased tendency to thrombosis, we induced a state of increased platelet turnover in rabbits by inserting a sterile cannula into the abdominal aorta and tested for platelet thrombogenecity by measuring the deposition of circulating platelets onto a second injury site in the carotid arteries. Platelet half-life was decreased and platelet turnover was increased after the aortic cannulation, although the circulating platelet count remained unchanged. Platelet thrombogenecity determined 20 hr after cannulation was significantly decreased when compared to sham-operated animals. Ear bleeding studies demonstrated that the platelets circulating in cannulated animals were hemostatically less effective than those in sham-operated animals. This effect was intrinsic to the platelet and was associated with a platelet function defect. These data suggest that platelets exposed to a damaged or foreign surface interact with the surface and then circulate in a less reactive state.", "contents": "Decreased platelet thrombogenecity in association with increased platelet turnover and vascular damage. Platelet turnover is increased when platelets interact with prosthetic surfaces and damaged vessel wall. To determine whether the resulting increase in young platelets is associated with an increased tendency to thrombosis, we induced a state of increased platelet turnover in rabbits by inserting a sterile cannula into the abdominal aorta and tested for platelet thrombogenecity by measuring the deposition of circulating platelets onto a second injury site in the carotid arteries. Platelet half-life was decreased and platelet turnover was increased after the aortic cannulation, although the circulating platelet count remained unchanged. Platelet thrombogenecity determined 20 hr after cannulation was significantly decreased when compared to sham-operated animals. Ear bleeding studies demonstrated that the platelets circulating in cannulated animals were hemostatically less effective than those in sham-operated animals. This effect was intrinsic to the platelet and was associated with a platelet function defect. These data suggest that platelets exposed to a damaged or foreign surface interact with the surface and then circulate in a less reactive state.", "PMID": 508943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8134", "title": "Unicellular or multicellular origin of human granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro.", "content": "The assumption that human granulocyte-macrophage colonies have a unicellular origin and thus are true clones has been directly tested. Cells from seven females heterozygous for the common glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) gene (GdB) and the variant GdA were cultured in semisolid medium for granulocyte-macrophage colony growth and the enzyme type of individual colonies was determined. When the colony density was less than 20/dish, more than 95% of colonies had either type A or type B G-6-PD, but not both. At colony densities greater than 30/dish, between 15% and 75% of colonies had both enzyme types and therefore arose from more than one cell. These results are consistent with a unicellular origin for the colonies only when they are cultured at low densities. With increasing colony density, there was a greater frequency of colonies with both type A and type B activity, suggesting that accurate enumeration of committed stem cells can only be performed at low colony concentrations.", "contents": "Unicellular or multicellular origin of human granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro. The assumption that human granulocyte-macrophage colonies have a unicellular origin and thus are true clones has been directly tested. Cells from seven females heterozygous for the common glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) gene (GdB) and the variant GdA were cultured in semisolid medium for granulocyte-macrophage colony growth and the enzyme type of individual colonies was determined. When the colony density was less than 20/dish, more than 95% of colonies had either type A or type B G-6-PD, but not both. At colony densities greater than 30/dish, between 15% and 75% of colonies had both enzyme types and therefore arose from more than one cell. These results are consistent with a unicellular origin for the colonies only when they are cultured at low densities. With increasing colony density, there was a greater frequency of colonies with both type A and type B activity, suggesting that accurate enumeration of committed stem cells can only be performed at low colony concentrations.", "PMID": 508944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8135", "title": "The alpha-globin gene adjacent to the gene for HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His is deleted, but not that adjacent to the gene for HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln; three-fourths of the alpha-globin genes are deleted in HbQ-alpha-thalassemia.", "content": "Two Chinese patients with HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, one HbQ-alpha 2 74 or 75 Asp replaced by His beta 2 carrier, and one HbG-alpha 2 30 Glu replaced by Gln beta 2 carrier were studied to determine the number of alpha-globin genes in their chromosomes. DNA was isolated from white blood cells and bone marrow cells and studied by liquid hybridization and by hybridization of DNA fragments obtained by restriction enzyme endonuclease digestion (Ecr to nitrocellulose filters. The liquid hybridization analysis showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, as in HbH disease, only one-fourth of the usual number of alpha-globin genes is present. Hybridization patterns of DNA restriction enzyme fragments showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia one chromosome has both alpha-globin genes deleted and the other chromosome, which carries the alpha-mutant gene, has one alpha-globin gene deleted. Our results show that the HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His structural gene is located adjacent to a deleted alpha-globin gene, whereas the alpha-globin gene adjacent to HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln gene is not deleted.", "contents": "The alpha-globin gene adjacent to the gene for HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His is deleted, but not that adjacent to the gene for HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln; three-fourths of the alpha-globin genes are deleted in HbQ-alpha-thalassemia. Two Chinese patients with HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, one HbQ-alpha 2 74 or 75 Asp replaced by His beta 2 carrier, and one HbG-alpha 2 30 Glu replaced by Gln beta 2 carrier were studied to determine the number of alpha-globin genes in their chromosomes. DNA was isolated from white blood cells and bone marrow cells and studied by liquid hybridization and by hybridization of DNA fragments obtained by restriction enzyme endonuclease digestion (Ecr to nitrocellulose filters. The liquid hybridization analysis showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, as in HbH disease, only one-fourth of the usual number of alpha-globin genes is present. Hybridization patterns of DNA restriction enzyme fragments showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia one chromosome has both alpha-globin genes deleted and the other chromosome, which carries the alpha-mutant gene, has one alpha-globin gene deleted. Our results show that the HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His structural gene is located adjacent to a deleted alpha-globin gene, whereas the alpha-globin gene adjacent to HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln gene is not deleted.", "PMID": 508945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8136", "title": "Molecular basis of hemoglobin-H disease in the Mediterranean population.", "content": "We investigated the molecular basis of hemoglobin-H disease by hybridization and restriction endonuclease mapping of the DNA in the Mediterranean populations. Of the 12 patients studied from Cyprus and Sardinia, 8 had the typical deletion defect with a single remaining alpha-globin gene. The nondeletion type of alpha-thalassemia was found in 3, and a \"dysfunctional\" gene in one. We conclude that the predominant cause of alpha-thalassemia in these populations is gene deletion.", "contents": "Molecular basis of hemoglobin-H disease in the Mediterranean population. We investigated the molecular basis of hemoglobin-H disease by hybridization and restriction endonuclease mapping of the DNA in the Mediterranean populations. Of the 12 patients studied from Cyprus and Sardinia, 8 had the typical deletion defect with a single remaining alpha-globin gene. The nondeletion type of alpha-thalassemia was found in 3, and a \"dysfunctional\" gene in one. We conclude that the predominant cause of alpha-thalassemia in these populations is gene deletion.", "PMID": 508946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8137", "title": "A molecular basis for hemoglobin-H disease in American blacks.", "content": "We have applied gene counting and restriction endonuclease mapping techniques to the study of two American black families in which there were one or more cases of HbH disease. We found deletions of three of the four normal alpha-globin genes in individuals with HbH disease. In two of these individuals, the chromosome containing the single alpha gene could have originated by crossing over between mispaired alpha genes, resulting in a deletion of about 4.2 kilobases (kb).", "contents": "A molecular basis for hemoglobin-H disease in American blacks. We have applied gene counting and restriction endonuclease mapping techniques to the study of two American black families in which there were one or more cases of HbH disease. We found deletions of three of the four normal alpha-globin genes in individuals with HbH disease. In two of these individuals, the chromosome containing the single alpha gene could have originated by crossing over between mispaired alpha genes, resulting in a deletion of about 4.2 kilobases (kb).", "PMID": 508947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8138", "title": "Suppression of the desquamating effect of smoking on the human endothelium by hydroxyethylrutosides.", "content": "In a group of volunteers, smoking two cigarettes produced a significant increase in the number of circulating endothelial cells. This effect was suppressed in another group by a preventive oral administration of a hydroxyethylrutoside preparation. The results fully confirmed our earlier experimental findings in rats.", "contents": "Suppression of the desquamating effect of smoking on the human endothelium by hydroxyethylrutosides. In a group of volunteers, smoking two cigarettes produced a significant increase in the number of circulating endothelial cells. This effect was suppressed in another group by a preventive oral administration of a hydroxyethylrutoside preparation. The results fully confirmed our earlier experimental findings in rats.", "PMID": 508948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8139", "title": "Increased reactivity of isolated rabbit saphenous vein after treatment with estrogen and progesterone.", "content": "The effect of estrogen and progesterone on the reactivity of isolated rabbit saphenous veins to adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine, methoxamine, phenylephrine, and electrical stimulation and the effect of progesterone on the reactivity to barium ions were studied. 8 days after ovariectomy, a saphenous vein was removed and studied in vitro. After 1 and 4 days of hormone therapy, the contralateral vein was removed and its reactivity was compared with that of the first vein and with that of veins from untreated, sham-operated control animals. The reactivity to adrenergic and noradrenergic stimulation was increased after 4 days of treatment with progesterone (5 mg/day); treatment for 4 days with estrogen (100 micrograms/day) increased the reactivity to norepinephrine, electrical stimulation, methoxamine, and phenylephrine. The results with progesterone suggest that the increased adrenergic responsiveness is not related to a mechanism controlling adrenergic transmission in veins.", "contents": "Increased reactivity of isolated rabbit saphenous vein after treatment with estrogen and progesterone. The effect of estrogen and progesterone on the reactivity of isolated rabbit saphenous veins to adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine, methoxamine, phenylephrine, and electrical stimulation and the effect of progesterone on the reactivity to barium ions were studied. 8 days after ovariectomy, a saphenous vein was removed and studied in vitro. After 1 and 4 days of hormone therapy, the contralateral vein was removed and its reactivity was compared with that of the first vein and with that of veins from untreated, sham-operated control animals. The reactivity to adrenergic and noradrenergic stimulation was increased after 4 days of treatment with progesterone (5 mg/day); treatment for 4 days with estrogen (100 micrograms/day) increased the reactivity to norepinephrine, electrical stimulation, methoxamine, and phenylephrine. The results with progesterone suggest that the increased adrenergic responsiveness is not related to a mechanism controlling adrenergic transmission in veins.", "PMID": 508949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8140", "title": "Abnormal biochemistry of vascular smooth muscle plasma membrane as an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension in rats.", "content": "Tissue wet weight as well as total protein content, 5'-nucleotidase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca2+ accumulation associated with a plasma membrane fraction isolated from spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and rats with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) induced hypertension were investigated. Enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation preceded the development of hypertension in SHR and these effects were reversed by DOC withdrawal followed by lowering of blood pressure in DOC hypertension. Increased arterial tissue wet weight and 5'-nucleotidase occurred only at the later stage of hypertension in SHR and the increased tissue wet weight was not reversed by DOC withdrawal in DOC hypertension. These observations suggest that enhanced alkaline phosphatase and reduced ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake may play a significant role in initiating hypertension, while increased arterial wet weight and 5'-nucleotidase activities may participate in the maintenance of hypertension.", "contents": "Abnormal biochemistry of vascular smooth muscle plasma membrane as an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension in rats. Tissue wet weight as well as total protein content, 5'-nucleotidase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca2+ accumulation associated with a plasma membrane fraction isolated from spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and rats with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) induced hypertension were investigated. Enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation preceded the development of hypertension in SHR and these effects were reversed by DOC withdrawal followed by lowering of blood pressure in DOC hypertension. Increased arterial tissue wet weight and 5'-nucleotidase occurred only at the later stage of hypertension in SHR and the increased tissue wet weight was not reversed by DOC withdrawal in DOC hypertension. These observations suggest that enhanced alkaline phosphatase and reduced ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake may play a significant role in initiating hypertension, while increased arterial wet weight and 5'-nucleotidase activities may participate in the maintenance of hypertension.", "PMID": 508950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8141", "title": "Adult microvascular disturbances as a result of juvenile onset diabetes in Db/Db mice.", "content": "The arterioles in the cremaster muscle of 8 to 10-week-old Ob/Ob, Db/Db and stroptozotocin diabetic mice are characterized by a decreased number of arterioles, loss of vascular tone and a reduced cross-sectional area of the vessel walls. The present study was designed to determine if these abnormalities persist to adult life or if additional abnormalities develop to cause vascular dysfunction. The diameters, wall thickness to lumen ratios and vessel wall areas of comparable types of innervated arterioles in 24- to 28-week-old normal and Db/Db mice are equivalent, except that the smallest arterioles of Db/Db have thin vessel walls. However, blood flow at rest is only 3.0 +/- 0.9 ml/min/100 g of cremasteric muscle tissue in Db/Db mice as compared to 5.5 +/- 1.3 ml/min/100 g in normal mice. After all vascular control is abolished, the arterioles of Db/Db dilated, but significantly (p less than 0.05) less than in normal animals. The minimum distance between adjacent capillaries (wall to wall) during the passive state was 28 +/- 1.7 micron in Db/Db mice and 21.8 +/- 0.6 micron in normal mice; this indicates a major decrease of vascularity in the adult Db/Db mouse. The results obtained indicate that the reduction in numbers of arterioles and loss of vascular tone in juvenile diabetic mice persists to adult life but arteriolar wall characteristics become normal in adult life.", "contents": "Adult microvascular disturbances as a result of juvenile onset diabetes in Db/Db mice. The arterioles in the cremaster muscle of 8 to 10-week-old Ob/Ob, Db/Db and stroptozotocin diabetic mice are characterized by a decreased number of arterioles, loss of vascular tone and a reduced cross-sectional area of the vessel walls. The present study was designed to determine if these abnormalities persist to adult life or if additional abnormalities develop to cause vascular dysfunction. The diameters, wall thickness to lumen ratios and vessel wall areas of comparable types of innervated arterioles in 24- to 28-week-old normal and Db/Db mice are equivalent, except that the smallest arterioles of Db/Db have thin vessel walls. However, blood flow at rest is only 3.0 +/- 0.9 ml/min/100 g of cremasteric muscle tissue in Db/Db mice as compared to 5.5 +/- 1.3 ml/min/100 g in normal mice. After all vascular control is abolished, the arterioles of Db/Db dilated, but significantly (p less than 0.05) less than in normal animals. The minimum distance between adjacent capillaries (wall to wall) during the passive state was 28 +/- 1.7 micron in Db/Db mice and 21.8 +/- 0.6 micron in normal mice; this indicates a major decrease of vascularity in the adult Db/Db mouse. The results obtained indicate that the reduction in numbers of arterioles and loss of vascular tone in juvenile diabetic mice persists to adult life but arteriolar wall characteristics become normal in adult life.", "PMID": 508951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8142", "title": "Red cell filtration by paper filters.", "content": "A method for the assessment of red cell filterability with paper filters is described. Two milliliters of a washed red cell suspension with a hematocrit of 50% was filtered through a filter paper cone in a glass funnel and the filtration half-time (FT1/2) was measured. The filter papers were calibrated by previous measurement of the filtration time for the suspending solution, the calibration time (CT). A linear correlation between CT and FT1/2 was found for individual red cell suspensions (p less than 0.001) as well as for a normal population (p less than 0.001). Consequently, the index FT1/2/CT should represent a more reproducible parameter than FT1/2 and experimentally this appears to be the case. In fact, elimination of erratic values in a normal population was realized. Furthermore, discrimination between normal and abnormal values was improved and the coefficient of variation of single measurements passed from 28.4 to 9.4%. The reproducibility and reliability of this extremely simple method are therefore decisively enhanced without complication of the procedure.", "contents": "Red cell filtration by paper filters. A method for the assessment of red cell filterability with paper filters is described. Two milliliters of a washed red cell suspension with a hematocrit of 50% was filtered through a filter paper cone in a glass funnel and the filtration half-time (FT1/2) was measured. The filter papers were calibrated by previous measurement of the filtration time for the suspending solution, the calibration time (CT). A linear correlation between CT and FT1/2 was found for individual red cell suspensions (p less than 0.001) as well as for a normal population (p less than 0.001). Consequently, the index FT1/2/CT should represent a more reproducible parameter than FT1/2 and experimentally this appears to be the case. In fact, elimination of erratic values in a normal population was realized. Furthermore, discrimination between normal and abnormal values was improved and the coefficient of variation of single measurements passed from 28.4 to 9.4%. The reproducibility and reliability of this extremely simple method are therefore decisively enhanced without complication of the procedure.", "PMID": 508953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8143", "title": "Erythropoietin in aplastic anemia.", "content": "The level of erythropoietin (Ep) was measured in sera and urine from aplastic anemia patients. Increased levels of Ep were demonstrated in sera from all 25 patients studied. An elevated level of Ep was found in the urine of 17 of 23 patients in whom the urine was tested. No correlation between blood hemoglobin and Ep level was observed. A higher serum Ep level was noted in patients with aplastic anemia than in patients with sideropenic anemia of the same severity. To explain the discrepancy diminished Ep consumption in bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients is discussed.", "contents": "Erythropoietin in aplastic anemia. The level of erythropoietin (Ep) was measured in sera and urine from aplastic anemia patients. Increased levels of Ep were demonstrated in sera from all 25 patients studied. An elevated level of Ep was found in the urine of 17 of 23 patients in whom the urine was tested. No correlation between blood hemoglobin and Ep level was observed. A higher serum Ep level was noted in patients with aplastic anemia than in patients with sideropenic anemia of the same severity. To explain the discrepancy diminished Ep consumption in bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients is discussed.", "PMID": 508954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8144", "title": "Erythrocyte rheology in acute cerebral thrombosis. Effects of ABO blood groups.", "content": "Within a few hours after a cerebral thrombosis in 220 patients, the flow-properties of the red blood cells (RBC) were analyzed by a filtration test that expresses quantitatively the deformability and aggregability of the RBC by the filtration indexes pT. Abnormal deformability of the RBC washed clean of plasma was found in 27.5% of the patients. Aggregability disorders, caused by the plasma trapped between the unwashed RBC, were found in 78.6% of the patients: computation of correlation coefficients between pT indexes and fibrinogen, which was found abnormally high in 88.2% of cases, demonstrated significantly that in the patients with A and B blood groups these aggregability disorders were due to fibrinogen and that they were caused by other components of plasma in patients with O and AB blood groups. All these disorders can account for blood hyperviscosity.", "contents": "Erythrocyte rheology in acute cerebral thrombosis. Effects of ABO blood groups. Within a few hours after a cerebral thrombosis in 220 patients, the flow-properties of the red blood cells (RBC) were analyzed by a filtration test that expresses quantitatively the deformability and aggregability of the RBC by the filtration indexes pT. Abnormal deformability of the RBC washed clean of plasma was found in 27.5% of the patients. Aggregability disorders, caused by the plasma trapped between the unwashed RBC, were found in 78.6% of the patients: computation of correlation coefficients between pT indexes and fibrinogen, which was found abnormally high in 88.2% of cases, demonstrated significantly that in the patients with A and B blood groups these aggregability disorders were due to fibrinogen and that they were caused by other components of plasma in patients with O and AB blood groups. All these disorders can account for blood hyperviscosity.", "PMID": 508955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8145", "title": "Demonstration of vitamin B12 deficiency by a simple cytochemical reaction in the peripheral blood smear.", "content": "A simple, rapid and inexpensive cytochemical method for the detection of vitamin B 12 deficiency was applied in several types of anemias and matched with the levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the serum of the patients. It was found that in patients with low vitamin B12 levels the stained erythrocytes and the erythroid precursors showed a yellowish brown discoloration, which was not detected in folic acid deficiency and all other types of anemias. This test therefore may be used for differentiation between B12 and folate deficiency whenever megaloblastic anemia is diagnosed.", "contents": "Demonstration of vitamin B12 deficiency by a simple cytochemical reaction in the peripheral blood smear. A simple, rapid and inexpensive cytochemical method for the detection of vitamin B 12 deficiency was applied in several types of anemias and matched with the levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the serum of the patients. It was found that in patients with low vitamin B12 levels the stained erythrocytes and the erythroid precursors showed a yellowish brown discoloration, which was not detected in folic acid deficiency and all other types of anemias. This test therefore may be used for differentiation between B12 and folate deficiency whenever megaloblastic anemia is diagnosed.", "PMID": 508956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8146", "title": "[Carcinoma of the kidney in hairy cell leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 59-year old man hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed by blood smear, bone marrow smear, and bone marrow cytochemistry 1 year before he died from heart failure. No cytotoxic drugs had been given. Interestingly enough, besides hairy cell leukemia, autopsy revealed a carcinoma of the kidney that had not featured any clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the kidney in hairy cell leukemia (author's transl)]. In a 59-year old man hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed by blood smear, bone marrow smear, and bone marrow cytochemistry 1 year before he died from heart failure. No cytotoxic drugs had been given. Interestingly enough, besides hairy cell leukemia, autopsy revealed a carcinoma of the kidney that had not featured any clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 508957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8147", "title": "[The effect on gas mixing of a He-O2 mixture in chronic obstructive lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to estimate the role played by gaseous diffusion in the mixing disorders of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), the effect of breathing a gas mixture lighter than air has been studied. Twenty four patients with severe airflow obstruction have been tested in the following way: in a random order they breathed two different mixtures with the same PO2 : air and helium-oxygen (heliox) for 20 min. Ventilation was monitored during the whole of each run; during the 2 last min arterial blood was sampled. While breathing heliox a slight, non-significant, increase in ventilation has been observed with a slight but statistically significant decrease of PaO2 (p less than 0.01), of PaCO2 (p less than 0.05) and increase of pH (p less than 0.01). These changes suggest a slight increase of distribution disorders with alveolar hyperventilation. For these results to be consistent with stratification, improvement of the diffusion due to low density should have been masked by other phenomena; the possible effects of ternary diffusion, increased viscous resistances and change of transfer factor have been looked at. No conclusive evidence has been found of such counter-effects. Therefore it looks unlikely that stratification be the major factor in distribution impairment in COLD.", "contents": "[The effect on gas mixing of a He-O2 mixture in chronic obstructive lung diseases (author's transl)]. In order to estimate the role played by gaseous diffusion in the mixing disorders of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), the effect of breathing a gas mixture lighter than air has been studied. Twenty four patients with severe airflow obstruction have been tested in the following way: in a random order they breathed two different mixtures with the same PO2 : air and helium-oxygen (heliox) for 20 min. Ventilation was monitored during the whole of each run; during the 2 last min arterial blood was sampled. While breathing heliox a slight, non-significant, increase in ventilation has been observed with a slight but statistically significant decrease of PaO2 (p less than 0.01), of PaCO2 (p less than 0.05) and increase of pH (p less than 0.01). These changes suggest a slight increase of distribution disorders with alveolar hyperventilation. For these results to be consistent with stratification, improvement of the diffusion due to low density should have been masked by other phenomena; the possible effects of ternary diffusion, increased viscous resistances and change of transfer factor have been looked at. No conclusive evidence has been found of such counter-effects. Therefore it looks unlikely that stratification be the major factor in distribution impairment in COLD.", "PMID": 508974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8148", "title": "Indoor spread of respiratory infection by recirculation of air.", "content": "Stimulated by an outbreak of measles that was spread throughout a school by the ventilating system, we looked into the possibility of preventing this hazard in air conditioned buildings. The amount of air recirculated by air conditioning systems increases as the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air increases and often exceeds 70 per cent. Germicidal u.v. radiation in central supply ducts seems almost ideally suited for disinfecting recirculated air, being effective, safe, and cheap. The effectiveness of disinfecting recirculated air in blocking person to person transmission of airborne infection can be predicted to be great at the beginning of a potential outbreak and negligible during an established epidemic. Infection introduced by the air conditioning process, recently implicated in causing Legionnaires' Disease, might also be prevented. Air disinfection would supplement immunization in the control of respiratory infection and might be cost effective.", "contents": "Indoor spread of respiratory infection by recirculation of air. Stimulated by an outbreak of measles that was spread throughout a school by the ventilating system, we looked into the possibility of preventing this hazard in air conditioned buildings. The amount of air recirculated by air conditioning systems increases as the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air increases and often exceeds 70 per cent. Germicidal u.v. radiation in central supply ducts seems almost ideally suited for disinfecting recirculated air, being effective, safe, and cheap. The effectiveness of disinfecting recirculated air in blocking person to person transmission of airborne infection can be predicted to be great at the beginning of a potential outbreak and negligible during an established epidemic. Infection introduced by the air conditioning process, recently implicated in causing Legionnaires' Disease, might also be prevented. Air disinfection would supplement immunization in the control of respiratory infection and might be cost effective.", "PMID": 508976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8149", "title": "Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in interstitial lung diseases: the chest radiograph as a physiologic tool.", "content": "Posteroanterior radiographs of the chest showed enlargement of vessels in the upper lung fields in 18 of 29 patients with interstitial lung diseases, despite normal pulmonary wedge pressures and normal or reduced pulmonary blood volumes. The degree of such redistribution (\"diversion\") did not correlate either with the severity of pulmonary hypertension observed at cardiac catheterization or with radiologic assessment of predominance of disease at the lung bases. Diversion did correlate with several indices of disease severity: reduction in vital capacity, reduction in diffusing capacity, reduction in pulmonary blood volume and radiographic severity of parenchymal abnormalities. Furthermore, diversion correlated with lung height, a variable which was not statistically related to the other indices of disease severity. Distension of upper lung vessels occurs in interstitial lung diseases as the result of a decreased hydrostatic gradient over which the lung is perfused (decreased lung height), partial obliteration of the vascular bed (decreased pulmonary volume), and, more speculatively, decreased extravascular pressure (increased lung recoil).", "contents": "Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in interstitial lung diseases: the chest radiograph as a physiologic tool. Posteroanterior radiographs of the chest showed enlargement of vessels in the upper lung fields in 18 of 29 patients with interstitial lung diseases, despite normal pulmonary wedge pressures and normal or reduced pulmonary blood volumes. The degree of such redistribution (\"diversion\") did not correlate either with the severity of pulmonary hypertension observed at cardiac catheterization or with radiologic assessment of predominance of disease at the lung bases. Diversion did correlate with several indices of disease severity: reduction in vital capacity, reduction in diffusing capacity, reduction in pulmonary blood volume and radiographic severity of parenchymal abnormalities. Furthermore, diversion correlated with lung height, a variable which was not statistically related to the other indices of disease severity. Distension of upper lung vessels occurs in interstitial lung diseases as the result of a decreased hydrostatic gradient over which the lung is perfused (decreased lung height), partial obliteration of the vascular bed (decreased pulmonary volume), and, more speculatively, decreased extravascular pressure (increased lung recoil).", "PMID": 508975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8150", "title": "Ellepsis and akairial disproportion in the hypothyroid rat.", "content": "Renal structural and functional changes observed in rats during hypothyroidism have been employed to illustrate the concepts of \"ellepsis\" and \"akairia\" that have emerged from the work of Cournand and Richards. Ellepsis--the inadequate homeostatic response--is evident in the failure of corrective adjustments in glomerular filtration rate to prevent the excessive natriuresis and detrimental salt loss typical of this disorder in the rat but not in man. A slowing in overall bodygrowth is associated with an inappropriate (akairial) disproportion in the growth of glomeruli and tubules. Comparison of the changes in body weight, glomerular diameters, and tubular lengths in euthyroid and hypothyroid (radioiodine) littermates showed that glomeruli continued to grow in proportion to total body weight following administration of radioiodine while tubular growth almost ceased. Since disproportional failure of pulmonary growth has also been observed in these studies (0.829 +/- SEM 0.040 g in hypothyroid rats as compared with 1.14 +/- 0.034 g in euthyroid weight-matched controls), it may be profitable to look for abnormalities in respiratory homeostasis in the hypothyroid rat.", "contents": "Ellepsis and akairial disproportion in the hypothyroid rat. Renal structural and functional changes observed in rats during hypothyroidism have been employed to illustrate the concepts of \"ellepsis\" and \"akairia\" that have emerged from the work of Cournand and Richards. Ellepsis--the inadequate homeostatic response--is evident in the failure of corrective adjustments in glomerular filtration rate to prevent the excessive natriuresis and detrimental salt loss typical of this disorder in the rat but not in man. A slowing in overall bodygrowth is associated with an inappropriate (akairial) disproportion in the growth of glomeruli and tubules. Comparison of the changes in body weight, glomerular diameters, and tubular lengths in euthyroid and hypothyroid (radioiodine) littermates showed that glomeruli continued to grow in proportion to total body weight following administration of radioiodine while tubular growth almost ceased. Since disproportional failure of pulmonary growth has also been observed in these studies (0.829 +/- SEM 0.040 g in hypothyroid rats as compared with 1.14 +/- 0.034 g in euthyroid weight-matched controls), it may be profitable to look for abnormalities in respiratory homeostasis in the hypothyroid rat.", "PMID": 508977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8151", "title": "Oxygen transport and oxygen consumption in shock.", "content": "A review of data from patients in shock, or with very low cardiac output, shows that oxygen consumption is maintained above 90 ml . min-1 . m-2, even at the lowest values of arterial oxygen transport. CAIN [3] has found a limiting value of oxygen delivery in anesthetized, hypoxic dogs of about 10 ml . kg-1 . min-1, below which oxygen consumption falls dramatically. No comparable value has been established for man in shock.", "contents": "Oxygen transport and oxygen consumption in shock. A review of data from patients in shock, or with very low cardiac output, shows that oxygen consumption is maintained above 90 ml . min-1 . m-2, even at the lowest values of arterial oxygen transport. CAIN [3] has found a limiting value of oxygen delivery in anesthetized, hypoxic dogs of about 10 ml . kg-1 . min-1, below which oxygen consumption falls dramatically. No comparable value has been established for man in shock.", "PMID": 508978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8152", "title": "Regional lung expansion and vertical pleural pressure gradients in normal human subjects.", "content": "Using 133Xe and a single slow inspiration from near residual volume (RV) to total lung capacity (TLC), we measured regional lung volume continuously in six regions as a fraction of volume at maximal inflation in 57 normal non-smoking subjects (age: 20 to 82 years). We found that regional initial (i.e., near RV) volume/TLC increased significantly with aging in all regions for females whereas the increase in males was significant only in the upper regions. These results suggest that the aging process in the lung is accelerated in females. Some variability in regional volume measurements occurred when inspiration started from FRC rather than near RV. Although the patterns of regional expansion generally confirm those previously reported, it was found that the volume of vertically adjacent regions do frequently become equal and cross-over one another. Using the measurements of static compliance, regional V/TLC at FRC, and a passive model based upon an isotropic distribtion of intrinsic elasticity throughout the lung, the mean vertical pleural pressure gradient between upper and middle regions and middle and lower regions were estimated as 0.246 cmH2O/cm and 0.267 cmH2O/cm respectively. We believe that the regional expansion patterns which we observed can be explained by the interaction between a variable thoraco-diaphragm/abdominal motion and a passive elastic lung.", "contents": "Regional lung expansion and vertical pleural pressure gradients in normal human subjects. Using 133Xe and a single slow inspiration from near residual volume (RV) to total lung capacity (TLC), we measured regional lung volume continuously in six regions as a fraction of volume at maximal inflation in 57 normal non-smoking subjects (age: 20 to 82 years). We found that regional initial (i.e., near RV) volume/TLC increased significantly with aging in all regions for females whereas the increase in males was significant only in the upper regions. These results suggest that the aging process in the lung is accelerated in females. Some variability in regional volume measurements occurred when inspiration started from FRC rather than near RV. Although the patterns of regional expansion generally confirm those previously reported, it was found that the volume of vertically adjacent regions do frequently become equal and cross-over one another. Using the measurements of static compliance, regional V/TLC at FRC, and a passive model based upon an isotropic distribtion of intrinsic elasticity throughout the lung, the mean vertical pleural pressure gradient between upper and middle regions and middle and lower regions were estimated as 0.246 cmH2O/cm and 0.267 cmH2O/cm respectively. We believe that the regional expansion patterns which we observed can be explained by the interaction between a variable thoraco-diaphragm/abdominal motion and a passive elastic lung.", "PMID": 508980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8153", "title": "Dyspnea.", "content": "Dyspnea is the medical term for the patient's or subject's complaint of shortness of breath. It encompasses the respiratory discomfort experienced in many different diease states as well as the shortness of breath felt by a normal subject during or after strenuous exercise. Several parameters which have been shown to correlate with the onset or severity of dyspnea are described, including reduced vital capacity, the ratio of minute ventilation to vital capacity, reduced breathing reserve, the work of breathing, and the oxygen cost of breathing. Attempts at quantitation of dyspnea have usually consisted of measuring physiological parameters associated with the sensation, such as the \"dyspneic index\". The direct measurement of respiratory sensations using modern psycho-physical methods is at an early stage of development. Since the observation that the existence of dyspnea is often unrelated to any disturbance of arterial blood gas composition, it has been generally held that the mechanism of dyspnea is primarily neurophysiological. The neural pathways may conceptually be divided into those which transmit the \"dyspnea message\" from the respiratory apparatus to integrating centers in the brain, and those concerned with subsequently bringing the sensation to the level of consciousness. It seems likely that there is no single sensing mechanism and neural pathway which will be able to explain dyspnea in the diverse populations of patients and subjects who experience unpleasant respiratory sensations. Three theories concerning mechanisms of dyspnea are briefly described: \"length-tension inappropriateness\", vagal afferent activity especially from the J-receptors, and the recent concept of diaphragmatic fatigue. Some specific characteristics of the shortness of breath experienced in certain disease states are described, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, bronchial asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and congestive heart disease.", "contents": "Dyspnea. Dyspnea is the medical term for the patient's or subject's complaint of shortness of breath. It encompasses the respiratory discomfort experienced in many different diease states as well as the shortness of breath felt by a normal subject during or after strenuous exercise. Several parameters which have been shown to correlate with the onset or severity of dyspnea are described, including reduced vital capacity, the ratio of minute ventilation to vital capacity, reduced breathing reserve, the work of breathing, and the oxygen cost of breathing. Attempts at quantitation of dyspnea have usually consisted of measuring physiological parameters associated with the sensation, such as the \"dyspneic index\". The direct measurement of respiratory sensations using modern psycho-physical methods is at an early stage of development. Since the observation that the existence of dyspnea is often unrelated to any disturbance of arterial blood gas composition, it has been generally held that the mechanism of dyspnea is primarily neurophysiological. The neural pathways may conceptually be divided into those which transmit the \"dyspnea message\" from the respiratory apparatus to integrating centers in the brain, and those concerned with subsequently bringing the sensation to the level of consciousness. It seems likely that there is no single sensing mechanism and neural pathway which will be able to explain dyspnea in the diverse populations of patients and subjects who experience unpleasant respiratory sensations. Three theories concerning mechanisms of dyspnea are briefly described: \"length-tension inappropriateness\", vagal afferent activity especially from the J-receptors, and the recent concept of diaphragmatic fatigue. Some specific characteristics of the shortness of breath experienced in certain disease states are described, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, bronchial asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and congestive heart disease.", "PMID": 508981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8154", "title": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the concept of hyperexis.", "content": "Professor Cournand has a special interest in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and Professor Richards, his colleague, had a special interest in hyperexis, two seemingly unrelated phenomena in physiology. But at the end of a series of studies on cardiac output, when younger members of the Laboratory were assessing the effect of granulomatous lung disease on the calculation of output by the Fick principle, the pulmonary vessels in the diseased lung showed behaviour consistent with hyperexis, and the individual interests of the two men unexpectedly converged.", "contents": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the concept of hyperexis. Professor Cournand has a special interest in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and Professor Richards, his colleague, had a special interest in hyperexis, two seemingly unrelated phenomena in physiology. But at the end of a series of studies on cardiac output, when younger members of the Laboratory were assessing the effect of granulomatous lung disease on the calculation of output by the Fick principle, the pulmonary vessels in the diseased lung showed behaviour consistent with hyperexis, and the individual interests of the two men unexpectedly converged.", "PMID": 508982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8155", "title": "[Twelve year FEV1 changes and smoking habits among 556 workers in the Paris-area (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of smoking, in particular to show its causal role in the development of airflow obstruction, and to look at changes in smoking habits. The study was conducted among 556 men, aged 30 to 54 in 1960, surveyed twice, in 1960 and 1972. The hypothesis of tobacco as a causal factor of airflow obstruction is strengthened, following this study, by three results: 1) FEV1 slope was related to tobacco consumption, even after adjustement for FEV1 level (42 ml/yrs for non-smokers, 51 ml/yrs for heavy smokers); 2) FEV1 loss with age increased with the amount of tobacco consumption: one pack a day smoked for 25 years was equivalent to an aging of 5 years; 3) FEV1 loss decelerated if the subject gave up smoking, thus preventing any further risk. What appeared to be a spontaneous regulation in smoking habits was observed. The men who stopped smoking were those with low respiratory status. In this population, men who were ex-smokers in 1960 and maintained this status until 1972 had a FEV1 slope similar to that of the non-smokers.", "contents": "[Twelve year FEV1 changes and smoking habits among 556 workers in the Paris-area (author's transl)]. The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of smoking, in particular to show its causal role in the development of airflow obstruction, and to look at changes in smoking habits. The study was conducted among 556 men, aged 30 to 54 in 1960, surveyed twice, in 1960 and 1972. The hypothesis of tobacco as a causal factor of airflow obstruction is strengthened, following this study, by three results: 1) FEV1 slope was related to tobacco consumption, even after adjustement for FEV1 level (42 ml/yrs for non-smokers, 51 ml/yrs for heavy smokers); 2) FEV1 loss with age increased with the amount of tobacco consumption: one pack a day smoked for 25 years was equivalent to an aging of 5 years; 3) FEV1 loss decelerated if the subject gave up smoking, thus preventing any further risk. What appeared to be a spontaneous regulation in smoking habits was observed. The men who stopped smoking were those with low respiratory status. In this population, men who were ex-smokers in 1960 and maintained this status until 1972 had a FEV1 slope similar to that of the non-smokers.", "PMID": 508979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8156", "title": "[The prognostic value of haemodynamic tests in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognostic value of several functional respiratory and haemodynamic variables was studied in a group of 212 patients with chronic bronchitis, who were examined in steady state, without cardiac or respiratory failure, at rest and when possible during moderate exercise (195 patients). Follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 12 years. Results were processed using two methods: estimation of actuarial survival rate and discriminant analysis. Survival rate curves for the patients showed a reduction relative to the general population of the same ages: 74% within five years compared to 91% in the general population, 56% within nine years compared to 82%. Survival rate was significantly lower in patients with PPA above 30 mmHg, or driving pressure (PPA--PW) above 15 mmHg, or pulmonary vascular resistance higher than 210 dyn . s . cm-5, or when PPA increased more than 10 mmHg during exercise. Discriminant analysis underlined the predictive value of three haemodynamic variables: PPA change from rest to exercise, pressure developed by the right heart (PPA--PRVED) and stroke volume: together, they predict the death of 3 over 4 patients with the criteria chosen.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of haemodynamic tests in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The prognostic value of several functional respiratory and haemodynamic variables was studied in a group of 212 patients with chronic bronchitis, who were examined in steady state, without cardiac or respiratory failure, at rest and when possible during moderate exercise (195 patients). Follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 12 years. Results were processed using two methods: estimation of actuarial survival rate and discriminant analysis. Survival rate curves for the patients showed a reduction relative to the general population of the same ages: 74% within five years compared to 91% in the general population, 56% within nine years compared to 82%. Survival rate was significantly lower in patients with PPA above 30 mmHg, or driving pressure (PPA--PW) above 15 mmHg, or pulmonary vascular resistance higher than 210 dyn . s . cm-5, or when PPA increased more than 10 mmHg during exercise. Discriminant analysis underlined the predictive value of three haemodynamic variables: PPA change from rest to exercise, pressure developed by the right heart (PPA--PRVED) and stroke volume: together, they predict the death of 3 over 4 patients with the criteria chosen.", "PMID": 508983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8157", "title": "Measurement of human pulmonary arterial volume in vivo.", "content": "A method of measuring pulmonary arterial transit time (PATT), from the pulmonary valve to the precapillary vessels, using the gamma-emitting isotope technetium-99m and external counting probes, has been applied in patients coming to cardiac catheterization. The method was successfully applied in 36 of 39 patients. The dose of 99Tc for a single determination was 1 mc. Agreement between right and left lung transit times was good, average difference between the two lungs being less than 7% of mean PATT. Reproducibility between duplicate injections was 9.4 +/- 1.2% (SEM). Pulmonary arterial volume (PAV) was calculated as the product of PATT and flow. In 11 normal patients average PAV was 92 ml . m-2 and constituted 30% of total pulmonary blood volume (PBV). In ten patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease average PAV was 129 ml . m-2, constituting 38% of PBV, while, in seven patients with left ventricular disease and a similar degree of pulmonary hypertension, PAV was also 129 ml . m-2, but constituted only 29% of PBV. Thus, in pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease the pulmonary arteries are enlarged out of proportion to the remainder of the pulmonary vascular bed. In seven patients with carcinoma of the lung, in whom one main branch of the pulmonary artery was occluded with a balloon catheter, PAV fell significantly less than would be predicted, indicating a distension of the unoccluded portion of the arterial tree. Distensibility in the unoccluded part of the arterial tree was calculated to be 4.5% per cmH2O pressure.", "contents": "Measurement of human pulmonary arterial volume in vivo. A method of measuring pulmonary arterial transit time (PATT), from the pulmonary valve to the precapillary vessels, using the gamma-emitting isotope technetium-99m and external counting probes, has been applied in patients coming to cardiac catheterization. The method was successfully applied in 36 of 39 patients. The dose of 99Tc for a single determination was 1 mc. Agreement between right and left lung transit times was good, average difference between the two lungs being less than 7% of mean PATT. Reproducibility between duplicate injections was 9.4 +/- 1.2% (SEM). Pulmonary arterial volume (PAV) was calculated as the product of PATT and flow. In 11 normal patients average PAV was 92 ml . m-2 and constituted 30% of total pulmonary blood volume (PBV). In ten patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease average PAV was 129 ml . m-2, constituting 38% of PBV, while, in seven patients with left ventricular disease and a similar degree of pulmonary hypertension, PAV was also 129 ml . m-2, but constituted only 29% of PBV. Thus, in pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease the pulmonary arteries are enlarged out of proportion to the remainder of the pulmonary vascular bed. In seven patients with carcinoma of the lung, in whom one main branch of the pulmonary artery was occluded with a balloon catheter, PAV fell significantly less than would be predicted, indicating a distension of the unoccluded portion of the arterial tree. Distensibility in the unoccluded part of the arterial tree was calculated to be 4.5% per cmH2O pressure.", "PMID": 508985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8158", "title": "Cardiac performance at rest and during exercise in normal subjects.", "content": "Hemodynamic profiles at rest and during bicycle exercise are described in 50 normal male subjects. In nine of these, the hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in the supine position have been compared to those in the sitting position. In the supine position, the observed and derived hemodynamic parameters at rest and during exercise (mean +/- standard deviation) were: heart rate 77 +/- 11 vs 127 +/- 17 beats . min-1, brachial arterial mean pressure, 12.4 +/- 1.2 vs 15.0 +/- 1.6 kPa (93 +/- 9 vs 113 +/- 12 mmHg), pulmonary arterial mean pressure 1.9 +/- 0.5 vs 3.2 +/- 0.8 kPa (14 +/- 4 vs 24 +/- 6 mmHg), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 1.2 +/- 0.4 vs 1.7 +/- 0.7 kPa (9 +/- 3 vs 13 +/- 5 mmHg), cardiac output 6.3 +/- 1.5 vs 12.0 +/- 3.0 1 . min-1, stroke volume 88 +/- 22 vs 95 +/- 23 cm3, and left ventricular stroke work 0.93 +/- 0.27 vs 1.26 +/- 0.34 J . beats-1. Comparison of hemodynamic data in the supine and sitting position showed that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and left ventricular stroke work were lower and heart rate higher in the sitting position, while brachial arterial and pulmonary arterial mean pressures were similar in the two positions. During exercise, the absolute values of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume were lower and heart rate higher in the sitting position, while cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work were similar in the two positions. Comparison of changes from rest to exercise in the supine and sitting postures revealed similar increases in heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume in the two positions.", "contents": "Cardiac performance at rest and during exercise in normal subjects. Hemodynamic profiles at rest and during bicycle exercise are described in 50 normal male subjects. In nine of these, the hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in the supine position have been compared to those in the sitting position. In the supine position, the observed and derived hemodynamic parameters at rest and during exercise (mean +/- standard deviation) were: heart rate 77 +/- 11 vs 127 +/- 17 beats . min-1, brachial arterial mean pressure, 12.4 +/- 1.2 vs 15.0 +/- 1.6 kPa (93 +/- 9 vs 113 +/- 12 mmHg), pulmonary arterial mean pressure 1.9 +/- 0.5 vs 3.2 +/- 0.8 kPa (14 +/- 4 vs 24 +/- 6 mmHg), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 1.2 +/- 0.4 vs 1.7 +/- 0.7 kPa (9 +/- 3 vs 13 +/- 5 mmHg), cardiac output 6.3 +/- 1.5 vs 12.0 +/- 3.0 1 . min-1, stroke volume 88 +/- 22 vs 95 +/- 23 cm3, and left ventricular stroke work 0.93 +/- 0.27 vs 1.26 +/- 0.34 J . beats-1. Comparison of hemodynamic data in the supine and sitting position showed that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and left ventricular stroke work were lower and heart rate higher in the sitting position, while brachial arterial and pulmonary arterial mean pressures were similar in the two positions. During exercise, the absolute values of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume were lower and heart rate higher in the sitting position, while cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work were similar in the two positions. Comparison of changes from rest to exercise in the supine and sitting postures revealed similar increases in heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume in the two positions.", "PMID": 508986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8159", "title": "Anthropometric indices independent of age for nutritional assessment in schoolchildren.", "content": "The merits of three indices based on weight (W) and height (H) were examined in the age group six to 15 years: W/H, W/H2, W/H3. The analysis was based ona survey of 1673 schoolchildren of both sexes from a rural housing block in Delhi. It showed that the index W/H2 was invariant with age in the range six to 15 years and that the other two indices were biased with respect to age. The index W/H2 was found to be of value for the proper assessment of nutritional status in the schoolchildren of a developing country.", "contents": "Anthropometric indices independent of age for nutritional assessment in schoolchildren. The merits of three indices based on weight (W) and height (H) were examined in the age group six to 15 years: W/H, W/H2, W/H3. The analysis was based ona survey of 1673 schoolchildren of both sexes from a rural housing block in Delhi. It showed that the index W/H2 was invariant with age in the range six to 15 years and that the other two indices were biased with respect to age. The index W/H2 was found to be of value for the proper assessment of nutritional status in the schoolchildren of a developing country.", "PMID": 508995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8160", "title": "The relationship between breast and bottle feeding and respiratory illness in the first year of life.", "content": "The relationship between breast or bottle feeding and the incidence of bronchitis and pneumonia in the first year of life was examined in a birth cohort of nearly 2000 children born in Harrow, England, in 1963--65. Fewer episodes of acute bronchitis and pneumonia were reported in children who were breast-fed than in children who were bottle-fed. Firstborn children were more likely to be breast-fed than subsequent children. Mothers who smoked were less likely to breast-feed their babies. Although birth order and parental smoking have been shown to be associated with bronchitis and pneumonia in the same cohort, the association between feeding pattern and respiratory illness history persisted when these and other important factors were taken into account.", "contents": "The relationship between breast and bottle feeding and respiratory illness in the first year of life. The relationship between breast or bottle feeding and the incidence of bronchitis and pneumonia in the first year of life was examined in a birth cohort of nearly 2000 children born in Harrow, England, in 1963--65. Fewer episodes of acute bronchitis and pneumonia were reported in children who were breast-fed than in children who were bottle-fed. Firstborn children were more likely to be breast-fed than subsequent children. Mothers who smoked were less likely to breast-feed their babies. Although birth order and parental smoking have been shown to be associated with bronchitis and pneumonia in the same cohort, the association between feeding pattern and respiratory illness history persisted when these and other important factors were taken into account.", "PMID": 508996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8161", "title": "The use of birthweight and gestation to assess perinatal mortality risk.", "content": "Using extensive international data it is shown in detail how mortality is related to birthweight and gestation. It is demonstrated that the widely used 'birthweight for length of gestation' standards can be seriously misleading. A new 'high risk' classification is proposed.", "contents": "The use of birthweight and gestation to assess perinatal mortality risk. Using extensive international data it is shown in detail how mortality is related to birthweight and gestation. It is demonstrated that the widely used 'birthweight for length of gestation' standards can be seriously misleading. A new 'high risk' classification is proposed.", "PMID": 508997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8162", "title": "Deaths from ischaemic heart disease and infant mortality in England and Wales.", "content": "Death rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in English and Welsh counties are correlated, in both men and women, with the infant mortality rates of those counties when the individuals whose deaths are considered were young, thus confirming previous findings in Norway. In England and Wales, however, there is an equally good correlation between deaths from IHD and infant mortality patterns up to and including that for the same time period as the IHD deaths. The British data provide no grounds for concluding from these relationships that living conditions during early life per se bear a causal relationship to deaths from IHD.", "contents": "Deaths from ischaemic heart disease and infant mortality in England and Wales. Death rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in English and Welsh counties are correlated, in both men and women, with the infant mortality rates of those counties when the individuals whose deaths are considered were young, thus confirming previous findings in Norway. In England and Wales, however, there is an equally good correlation between deaths from IHD and infant mortality patterns up to and including that for the same time period as the IHD deaths. The British data provide no grounds for concluding from these relationships that living conditions during early life per se bear a causal relationship to deaths from IHD.", "PMID": 508999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8163", "title": "A study of persons aged 65 and over in the Leeds Metropolitan District.", "content": "A study of the elderly living in the community and in institutional care in the Leeds Metropolitan District is outlined. Four populations of persons aged 65 and over were examined: those living in their own homes; in sheltered housing; in social services aged persons' hostels (Part III accommodation); and in hospitals. Findings on one key concept--coping ability--are discussed. Those living in their own homes were most able to cope. Many living in institutions were well able to cope in the community according to the criteria of mobility and functional ability. The relationship between age, morbidity, and coping ability were examined. Women were more likely to report the presence of a long-term illness than men. Housebound respondents in the community were twice as likely to be suffering from non-traumatic locomotor disorders, eyesight disorders, and cerebrovascular disease than respondents in the community sample taken as a whole.", "contents": "A study of persons aged 65 and over in the Leeds Metropolitan District. A study of the elderly living in the community and in institutional care in the Leeds Metropolitan District is outlined. Four populations of persons aged 65 and over were examined: those living in their own homes; in sheltered housing; in social services aged persons' hostels (Part III accommodation); and in hospitals. Findings on one key concept--coping ability--are discussed. Those living in their own homes were most able to cope. Many living in institutions were well able to cope in the community according to the criteria of mobility and functional ability. The relationship between age, morbidity, and coping ability were examined. Women were more likely to report the presence of a long-term illness than men. Housebound respondents in the community were twice as likely to be suffering from non-traumatic locomotor disorders, eyesight disorders, and cerebrovascular disease than respondents in the community sample taken as a whole.", "PMID": 509000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8164", "title": "Screening and diagnosis of hyperthyroidism: an attempt at test reduction.", "content": "A sequencial strategy for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism has been prospectively appraised on 410 patients using a pocket calculator-aided diagnostic system. It was found that for 64% of the patients final diagnosis could be established from nine clinical signs, ankle jerk time and free thyroxin index. For the 36% of doubtful subjects, T3 determination permitted the reduction of uncertainty to 9%. No misdiagnosis was observed. By comparing this strategy with the physician's usual diagnosis process, in which all clinical signs and several thyroid function tests were used, it appeared that the number of tests was reduced by 65% for T3 requests and by 70% for other tests (99mTc uptake and TRH). The cost-saving was estimated to be about 28%. The interest of this calculator-aided decision model resides in the possibility for the general practitioner to refer only doubtful and hyperthyroid subjects to a thyroid unit.", "contents": "Screening and diagnosis of hyperthyroidism: an attempt at test reduction. A sequencial strategy for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism has been prospectively appraised on 410 patients using a pocket calculator-aided diagnostic system. It was found that for 64% of the patients final diagnosis could be established from nine clinical signs, ankle jerk time and free thyroxin index. For the 36% of doubtful subjects, T3 determination permitted the reduction of uncertainty to 9%. No misdiagnosis was observed. By comparing this strategy with the physician's usual diagnosis process, in which all clinical signs and several thyroid function tests were used, it appeared that the number of tests was reduced by 65% for T3 requests and by 70% for other tests (99mTc uptake and TRH). The cost-saving was estimated to be about 28%. The interest of this calculator-aided decision model resides in the possibility for the general practitioner to refer only doubtful and hyperthyroid subjects to a thyroid unit.", "PMID": 509001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8165", "title": "Teachers' smoking.", "content": "Children take up smoking for many reasons and it is suggested that the example set by schoolteachers may have some influence. Smoking by male teachers appears to have some effect on boys' smoking, particularly in their first two years at secondary school. Thus, in any comprehensive study of what causes children to take up smoking and in any attempt to prevent this by means of health education, the influence of teachers as well as that of relatives and friends must be considered.", "contents": "Teachers' smoking. Children take up smoking for many reasons and it is suggested that the example set by schoolteachers may have some influence. Smoking by male teachers appears to have some effect on boys' smoking, particularly in their first two years at secondary school. Thus, in any comprehensive study of what causes children to take up smoking and in any attempt to prevent this by means of health education, the influence of teachers as well as that of relatives and friends must be considered.", "PMID": 509002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8166", "title": "The use of a Kolmogorov--Smirnov type statistic in testing hypotheses about seasonal variation.", "content": "This paper presents a non-parametric method for testing departures from a uniform seasonal variation in incidence of disease. The method may be used either with exact dates of incidence when they are available or with monthly totals. It is equally valid for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal departures from uniformity. A simulation study shows it to be much more powerful than other non-parametric alternatives and nearly as powerful as Edwards's test in detecting sinusoidal departures.", "contents": "The use of a Kolmogorov--Smirnov type statistic in testing hypotheses about seasonal variation. This paper presents a non-parametric method for testing departures from a uniform seasonal variation in incidence of disease. The method may be used either with exact dates of incidence when they are available or with monthly totals. It is equally valid for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal departures from uniformity. A simulation study shows it to be much more powerful than other non-parametric alternatives and nearly as powerful as Edwards's test in detecting sinusoidal departures.", "PMID": 509003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8167", "title": "Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia.", "content": "The symptoms of schizophrenia can be interpreted as the result of a defect in the mechanism that controls and limits the contents of consciousness. This defect can be understood as excessive self-awareness. Normally most of the complex information processing which is continuously required by even simple acts of perception, language and thought goes on below the level of awareness; whereas in schizophrenic patients some of this processing, or the results of this processing, not in themselves abnormal, become conscious. This excessive awareness can account for the typical symptoms of schizophrenia and explains many of the specific cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. The symptoms of schizophrenia can be interpreted as the result of a defect in the mechanism that controls and limits the contents of consciousness. This defect can be understood as excessive self-awareness. Normally most of the complex information processing which is continuously required by even simple acts of perception, language and thought goes on below the level of awareness; whereas in schizophrenic patients some of this processing, or the results of this processing, not in themselves abnormal, become conscious. This excessive awareness can account for the typical symptoms of schizophrenia and explains many of the specific cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 509004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8168", "title": "First rank symptoms of schizophrenia: questions concerning clinical boundaries.", "content": "The phenomenological criteria of prominent Anglo-American researchers on certain so-called passivity experiences, sense deceptions and delusional phenomena, reflecting their interpretations of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, are  examined. In this way the frequent discrepancies and difficulties in deliminiting the clinical boundaries of these phenomena more clearly come to light.", "contents": "First rank symptoms of schizophrenia: questions concerning clinical boundaries. The phenomenological criteria of prominent Anglo-American researchers on certain so-called passivity experiences, sense deceptions and delusional phenomena, reflecting their interpretations of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, are  examined. In this way the frequent discrepancies and difficulties in deliminiting the clinical boundaries of these phenomena more clearly come to light.", "PMID": 509005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8169", "title": "A method for the study of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy.", "content": "A method is described for the study of therapeutic factors in group therapy in which patients and their therapists prepare brief reports at regular intervals about those events in treatment which they regard as important; these reports are then assigned by independent judges to a classification of therapeutic factors which has been specifically devised for this purpose. The feasibility, validity and reliability of the method are discussed and its potential application to group therapy research and training briefly mentioned.", "contents": "A method for the study of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy. A method is described for the study of therapeutic factors in group therapy in which patients and their therapists prepare brief reports at regular intervals about those events in treatment which they regard as important; these reports are then assigned by independent judges to a classification of therapeutic factors which has been specifically devised for this purpose. The feasibility, validity and reliability of the method are discussed and its potential application to group therapy research and training briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 509006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8170", "title": "The validity of addict notifications.", "content": "Two representative samples of males first notified as addicts during 1969, one by hospitals and the other by penal establishments, were followed up for five years. It was found that 95 per cent of the hospital sample, but only 30 per cent of the penal sample, were addicted to opiates at some time during this follow-up, as judged by Home Office records. Notification may depend as much upon the setting and circumstances in which doctors see their patients as on their clinical judgement of a 'notifiable' case of addiction.", "contents": "The validity of addict notifications. Two representative samples of males first notified as addicts during 1969, one by hospitals and the other by penal establishments, were followed up for five years. It was found that 95 per cent of the hospital sample, but only 30 per cent of the penal sample, were addicted to opiates at some time during this follow-up, as judged by Home Office records. Notification may depend as much upon the setting and circumstances in which doctors see their patients as on their clinical judgement of a 'notifiable' case of addiction.", "PMID": 509007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8171", "title": "Deviancy, delinquency and drug use.", "content": "A system for monitoring drug use was based on the data from annual surveys of two contrasting population groups, a general cross-section of young people and a cross-section of antisocial deviants. Correlation of deviancy and drug use established that drug use, both licit and illicit, was more extensive among those who suffered parental deprivation, whose parents were divorced or separated, who had psychiatric illness and particularly those who had committed antisocial acts. The degree of antisocial deviancy correlated with the extent of drug use.", "contents": "Deviancy, delinquency and drug use. A system for monitoring drug use was based on the data from annual surveys of two contrasting population groups, a general cross-section of young people and a cross-section of antisocial deviants. Correlation of deviancy and drug use established that drug use, both licit and illicit, was more extensive among those who suffered parental deprivation, whose parents were divorced or separated, who had psychiatric illness and particularly those who had committed antisocial acts. The degree of antisocial deviancy correlated with the extent of drug use.", "PMID": 509008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8172", "title": "Self-poisoning--a complication of epilepsy.", "content": "From 1972 to 1976 130 epileptics presented 171 times to the Western Infirmary, Glasgow, as medical emergencies with self-poisoning. They constituted 3.5 per cent of 3,733 patients poisoning themselves on 4,121 occasions. Repetition of self-poisoning was commoner in epileptics (18.5 per cent) than in non-epileptics (7.0 per cent). The 130 epileptics have been compared with a non-epileptic group of self-poisoners matched for age, sex, and number of repetitions and have been found to have less alcohol excess but significantly more psychopathy. Possible explanations and prophylactic measures are discussed. In view of the relative incidence of epilepsy and self-poisoning in the community, and of epilepsy among self-poisoners in this and other studies, it is concluded that self-poisoning is a common complication of epilepsy.", "contents": "Self-poisoning--a complication of epilepsy. From 1972 to 1976 130 epileptics presented 171 times to the Western Infirmary, Glasgow, as medical emergencies with self-poisoning. They constituted 3.5 per cent of 3,733 patients poisoning themselves on 4,121 occasions. Repetition of self-poisoning was commoner in epileptics (18.5 per cent) than in non-epileptics (7.0 per cent). The 130 epileptics have been compared with a non-epileptic group of self-poisoners matched for age, sex, and number of repetitions and have been found to have less alcohol excess but significantly more psychopathy. Possible explanations and prophylactic measures are discussed. In view of the relative incidence of epilepsy and self-poisoning in the community, and of epilepsy among self-poisoners in this and other studies, it is concluded that self-poisoning is a common complication of epilepsy.", "PMID": 509009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8173", "title": "EEG abnormalities and transsexualism.", "content": "A consecutive series of 46 transsexuals, 35 men and 11 women, showed EEG abnormalities in 48 per cent and borderline abnormalities in another 24 per cent. Women showed the abnormalities in a significantly higher proportion than men. Those with the EEG abnormalities were slightly younger at inception, suggesting that they sought help at an earlier age, and their transsexualism became obvious to their families earlier. Those with personality disorders had EEG abnormalities more frequently, but not significantly so. This group of transsexual patients seemed to have a low sex drive, and those with abnormal EEGs even more so; but again the differences were not significant. The possible significance of these findings for the understanding of transsexualism is discussed.", "contents": "EEG abnormalities and transsexualism. A consecutive series of 46 transsexuals, 35 men and 11 women, showed EEG abnormalities in 48 per cent and borderline abnormalities in another 24 per cent. Women showed the abnormalities in a significantly higher proportion than men. Those with the EEG abnormalities were slightly younger at inception, suggesting that they sought help at an earlier age, and their transsexualism became obvious to their families earlier. Those with personality disorders had EEG abnormalities more frequently, but not significantly so. This group of transsexual patients seemed to have a low sex drive, and those with abnormal EEGs even more so; but again the differences were not significant. The possible significance of these findings for the understanding of transsexualism is discussed.", "PMID": 509010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8174", "title": "Morbid jealousy featuring as obsessive-compulsive neurosis: treatment by behavioral psychotherapy.", "content": "Morbid jealousy can occasionally be indistinguishable from obsessive-compulsive neurosis and then be partially amenable to broad-spectrum behavioural treatment. This can involve the partner and includes (a) methods to reduce jealousy and (b) other methods where appropriate, such as social skills training, and sex and marital therapy. This pilot study describes such treatment of four jealous out-patients. Rituals improved in three patients but ruminations in only one. Of three patients who were depressed at the start of treatment, two improved in rituals and in mood. The patient who failed was poorly motivated and did not comply with treatment.", "contents": "Morbid jealousy featuring as obsessive-compulsive neurosis: treatment by behavioral psychotherapy. Morbid jealousy can occasionally be indistinguishable from obsessive-compulsive neurosis and then be partially amenable to broad-spectrum behavioural treatment. This can involve the partner and includes (a) methods to reduce jealousy and (b) other methods where appropriate, such as social skills training, and sex and marital therapy. This pilot study describes such treatment of four jealous out-patients. Rituals improved in three patients but ruminations in only one. Of three patients who were depressed at the start of treatment, two improved in rituals and in mood. The patient who failed was poorly motivated and did not comply with treatment.", "PMID": 509011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8175", "title": "Torticollis caused by an infratentorial tumour: three cases.", "content": "Three cases with torticollis caused by an infratentorial tumour are presented. A father and his son both had a Lindau tumour, and another patient had an ependymoma. It is stressed that torticollis may be the predominant or only sign of an infratentorial tumour, and that torticollis should always be suspected to have an organic origin.", "contents": "Torticollis caused by an infratentorial tumour: three cases. Three cases with torticollis caused by an infratentorial tumour are presented. A father and his son both had a Lindau tumour, and another patient had an ependymoma. It is stressed that torticollis may be the predominant or only sign of an infratentorial tumour, and that torticollis should always be suspected to have an organic origin.", "PMID": 509012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8176", "title": "Electroconvulsive therapy in Sweden.", "content": "In spite of a decrease in the number of electroconvulsive treatments (ECT) administered during the decade 1966-1975, ECT is still commonly used in Sweden. About 4 per cent of all patients admitted for psychiatric treatment during 1975 received ECT. Affective disorders and confusional states appear to be the main indications. Treatment is usually unilateral, with general anaesthesia and muscle relaxants, generally using the same type of ECT machine.", "contents": "Electroconvulsive therapy in Sweden. In spite of a decrease in the number of electroconvulsive treatments (ECT) administered during the decade 1966-1975, ECT is still commonly used in Sweden. About 4 per cent of all patients admitted for psychiatric treatment during 1975 received ECT. Affective disorders and confusional states appear to be the main indications. Treatment is usually unilateral, with general anaesthesia and muscle relaxants, generally using the same type of ECT machine.", "PMID": 509016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8177", "title": "Mental imagery and pictorial memory.", "content": "Previous research has failed to show consistent effects upon memory performance of individual differences in the use of mental imagery. A test of pictorial memory was devised which varied the ease with which the stimulus patterns could be verbally encoded. A factor analysis related performance in this task to a variety of other individual characteristics. The recall of material which could not be readily verbalized defined a factor within the solution which showed significant loadings of age and performance in the Progressive Matrices, but not of subjective ratings of the vividness of experienced imagery. The recall of material which could be readily verbalized did not contribute to the factorial structure of the results. It was concluded that the two sorts of pictorial material are remembered in quite different ways.", "contents": "Mental imagery and pictorial memory. Previous research has failed to show consistent effects upon memory performance of individual differences in the use of mental imagery. A test of pictorial memory was devised which varied the ease with which the stimulus patterns could be verbally encoded. A factor analysis related performance in this task to a variety of other individual characteristics. The recall of material which could not be readily verbalized defined a factor within the solution which showed significant loadings of age and performance in the Progressive Matrices, but not of subjective ratings of the vividness of experienced imagery. The recall of material which could be readily verbalized did not contribute to the factorial structure of the results. It was concluded that the two sorts of pictorial material are remembered in quite different ways.", "PMID": 509017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8178", "title": "Depth of processing and anxiety in facial recognition.", "content": "Subjects selected on the basis of test anxiety scores made a judgement about each face in a series of slides. These orienting tasks involved either abstract traits (e.g. dependability) or physical features (e.g. weight), and decisions were made relative to either an absolute criterion or self-reference. A subsequent recognition test revealed superior performance by low-anxiety subjects and by subjects who evaluated abstract features during study, but there were no depth by anxiety interactions. The reference point for the decision had little effect overall, but the anxiety deficit was more apparent when the absolute reference point was involved.", "contents": "Depth of processing and anxiety in facial recognition. Subjects selected on the basis of test anxiety scores made a judgement about each face in a series of slides. These orienting tasks involved either abstract traits (e.g. dependability) or physical features (e.g. weight), and decisions were made relative to either an absolute criterion or self-reference. A subsequent recognition test revealed superior performance by low-anxiety subjects and by subjects who evaluated abstract features during study, but there were no depth by anxiety interactions. The reference point for the decision had little effect overall, but the anxiety deficit was more apparent when the absolute reference point was involved.", "PMID": 509018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8179", "title": "Communication and language in severely deaf adolescents.", "content": "One of the most important psychological effects of early severe or profound deafness is an impairment in natural language-processing ability, with a consequent reduction in communicative skill secondary to the sensory deficit. Prelingual damage blocks the development of certain sequential/syntactical skills necessary for the acquisition of normal linguistic competence. Educators of the deaf in the UK have typically attempted to improve linguistic ability using amplification and intensive training in lip-reading, but evidence from several psychological studies suggests that communication systems based upon manual signing are more productive of both linguistic and basic cognitive skills. This paper reports an experimental study of the communicative characteristics of both oral and total communication systems as a function of language structure. For almost all types of structure investigated, the total system was found to be the more effective method of communication.", "contents": "Communication and language in severely deaf adolescents. One of the most important psychological effects of early severe or profound deafness is an impairment in natural language-processing ability, with a consequent reduction in communicative skill secondary to the sensory deficit. Prelingual damage blocks the development of certain sequential/syntactical skills necessary for the acquisition of normal linguistic competence. Educators of the deaf in the UK have typically attempted to improve linguistic ability using amplification and intensive training in lip-reading, but evidence from several psychological studies suggests that communication systems based upon manual signing are more productive of both linguistic and basic cognitive skills. This paper reports an experimental study of the communicative characteristics of both oral and total communication systems as a function of language structure. For almost all types of structure investigated, the total system was found to be the more effective method of communication.", "PMID": 509019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8180", "title": "The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter.", "content": "The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.", "contents": "The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter. The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.", "PMID": 509020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8181", "title": "Semantic interference from subliminal stimuli in a dichoptic viewing situation.", "content": "In Expt 1 subjects named words, shapes or colours presented to one eye while words or shapes were presented to the other eye subliminally. The subliminal stimuli were found to slow naming responses when they had the same name as the stimulus to be named or a closely related name, compared with random letter strings or blank cards. This result was replicated in a second experiment which also included unrelated words as subliminal stimuli. On these trials latencies were midway between those for trials with blank cards or random letter strings as the subliminal stimuli, and trials with the same name or a closely related name as the subliminal stimuli. The results imply that stimuli related in meaning compete for common analysing mechanisms.", "contents": "Semantic interference from subliminal stimuli in a dichoptic viewing situation. In Expt 1 subjects named words, shapes or colours presented to one eye while words or shapes were presented to the other eye subliminally. The subliminal stimuli were found to slow naming responses when they had the same name as the stimulus to be named or a closely related name, compared with random letter strings or blank cards. This result was replicated in a second experiment which also included unrelated words as subliminal stimuli. On these trials latencies were midway between those for trials with blank cards or random letter strings as the subliminal stimuli, and trials with the same name or a closely related name as the subliminal stimuli. The results imply that stimuli related in meaning compete for common analysing mechanisms.", "PMID": 509021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8182", "title": "Noise and the \"rehearsal-masking hypothesis\".", "content": "This study examines the proposal that continuous loud noise impairs short-term recall by masking the inner speech necessary to rehearse material in memory (Poulton, 1976 a, 1977 b). The \"masking hypothesis\" contrasts with previous theories which relate recall impairment in noise to the latter's action in over-arousing the individual or inducing changes in attentional deployment. Separate groups performed a visual, serial eight-consonant recall task in either 92 dBA \"noise\" or 75 dBA \"quiet\" and in \"normal\" or \"suppressed\" rehearsal conditions. The masking hypothesis predicted that noise would impair recall relative to quiet in normal rehearsal conditions. But where the rehearsal of both groups was already suppressed by a concurrent articulatory task, recall would not differ between the groups through noise-masking then being irrelevant. Total correct recall scores appeared to confirm the masking hypothesis but the pattern of serial order recall showed differences between noise and quiet in suppressed rehearsal conditions which seemed better explained by an attentional influence of noise. Further, reduced commission and acoustic confusion errors in noise were not consistent with the predictions of the masking hypothesis. It was concluded that noise-masking could not be refuted but that attentional changes due to the arousing action of noise might also be active determinants of recall.", "contents": "Noise and the \"rehearsal-masking hypothesis\". This study examines the proposal that continuous loud noise impairs short-term recall by masking the inner speech necessary to rehearse material in memory (Poulton, 1976 a, 1977 b). The \"masking hypothesis\" contrasts with previous theories which relate recall impairment in noise to the latter's action in over-arousing the individual or inducing changes in attentional deployment. Separate groups performed a visual, serial eight-consonant recall task in either 92 dBA \"noise\" or 75 dBA \"quiet\" and in \"normal\" or \"suppressed\" rehearsal conditions. The masking hypothesis predicted that noise would impair recall relative to quiet in normal rehearsal conditions. But where the rehearsal of both groups was already suppressed by a concurrent articulatory task, recall would not differ between the groups through noise-masking then being irrelevant. Total correct recall scores appeared to confirm the masking hypothesis but the pattern of serial order recall showed differences between noise and quiet in suppressed rehearsal conditions which seemed better explained by an attentional influence of noise. Further, reduced commission and acoustic confusion errors in noise were not consistent with the predictions of the masking hypothesis. It was concluded that noise-masking could not be refuted but that attentional changes due to the arousing action of noise might also be active determinants of recall.", "PMID": 509022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8183", "title": "Myelographic features of the normal sacral sac.", "content": "One hundred and sixty normal sacral sacs at myelography have been studied and the results analysed statistically. The features which may have clinical relevance are discussed.", "contents": "Myelographic features of the normal sacral sac. One hundred and sixty normal sacral sacs at myelography have been studied and the results analysed statistically. The features which may have clinical relevance are discussed.", "PMID": 509023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8184", "title": "A comparison of two techniques of detecting vesico-ureteric reflux.", "content": "Indirect voiding radionuclide cystourethrography has been compared with micturating cystourethrography in 57 children with urinary tract infections. A quasi-quantitative technique utilizing a mini-computer to optimize the images from the gamma camera has been shown to be at least as sensitive as conventional radiological techniques but to give these results without catheterization, at a lower radiation dose and at lower cost.", "contents": "A comparison of two techniques of detecting vesico-ureteric reflux. Indirect voiding radionuclide cystourethrography has been compared with micturating cystourethrography in 57 children with urinary tract infections. A quasi-quantitative technique utilizing a mini-computer to optimize the images from the gamma camera has been shown to be at least as sensitive as conventional radiological techniques but to give these results without catheterization, at a lower radiation dose and at lower cost.", "PMID": 509024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8185", "title": "A small computer at the radiology reception desk.", "content": "An intelligent terminal has been used at a radiology reception desk to maintain a master patient index and to assist documentation. It also yields valuable management information.", "contents": "A small computer at the radiology reception desk. An intelligent terminal has been used at a radiology reception desk to maintain a master patient index and to assist documentation. It also yields valuable management information.", "PMID": 509025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8186", "title": "Real-time ultrasound. A new method for studying gall-bladder kinetics.", "content": "Real-time ultrasound has been found to be a satisfactory method for studying changes in gall-bladder size. It is superior to many other methods since it is non-invasive, harmless, and does not rely on the metabolism of a contrast agent. We have also found it easy to identify and compensate for changes in the gall-bladder axis. Rapid serial images are easily obtained and show similar contraction patterns to those resulting from conventional techniques.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound. A new method for studying gall-bladder kinetics. Real-time ultrasound has been found to be a satisfactory method for studying changes in gall-bladder size. It is superior to many other methods since it is non-invasive, harmless, and does not rely on the metabolism of a contrast agent. We have also found it easy to identify and compensate for changes in the gall-bladder axis. Rapid serial images are easily obtained and show similar contraction patterns to those resulting from conventional techniques.", "PMID": 509026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8187", "title": "The influence of location of the crossing needle on dose distributions from planar implants.", "content": "Three typical planar radium implants with one uncrossed end were investigated for optimization of the crossing needle location. Isodose distributions in a plane 0.5 cm from the plane of the implant were calculated and the sizes and shapes of the areas receiving at least 85% of the maximum dose were evaluated. The merits of each implant geometry are discussed along with certain clinical considerations. As a refinement to the Paterson-Parker rules of geometry, it was found that an optimum distribution is achieved when the crossing needle is located near the physical ends of the parallel needles.", "contents": "The influence of location of the crossing needle on dose distributions from planar implants. Three typical planar radium implants with one uncrossed end were investigated for optimization of the crossing needle location. Isodose distributions in a plane 0.5 cm from the plane of the implant were calculated and the sizes and shapes of the areas receiving at least 85% of the maximum dose were evaluated. The merits of each implant geometry are discussed along with certain clinical considerations. As a refinement to the Paterson-Parker rules of geometry, it was found that an optimum distribution is achieved when the crossing needle is located near the physical ends of the parallel needles.", "PMID": 509028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8188", "title": "Changes in the neuroglial cell populations of the rat spinal cord after local X-irradiation.", "content": "A 16 mm length of cervical spinal cord of young adult female rats was irradiated with 4000 rad of 250 kV X rays. Counts of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte nuclei were made in the dorsal columns of both irradiated and control cervical cords during the latent period before the onset of radionecrosis. The numbers of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte nuclei were reduced one month after exposure to radiation. Both cell populations showed an apparent recovery but this was subsequently followed by a rapid loss of cells prior to the development of white-matter necrosis. The oligodendrocyte population in unirradiated spinal cords increased with age, and mitotic figures were observed among the neuroglia of both irradiated and control cervical spinal cords. A slow, natural turnover of neuroglial cells in the cervical spinal cord is proposed and the relevance of this to the manifestation of delayed white matter necrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the neuroglial cell populations of the rat spinal cord after local X-irradiation. A 16 mm length of cervical spinal cord of young adult female rats was irradiated with 4000 rad of 250 kV X rays. Counts of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte nuclei were made in the dorsal columns of both irradiated and control cervical cords during the latent period before the onset of radionecrosis. The numbers of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte nuclei were reduced one month after exposure to radiation. Both cell populations showed an apparent recovery but this was subsequently followed by a rapid loss of cells prior to the development of white-matter necrosis. The oligodendrocyte population in unirradiated spinal cords increased with age, and mitotic figures were observed among the neuroglia of both irradiated and control cervical spinal cords. A slow, natural turnover of neuroglial cells in the cervical spinal cord is proposed and the relevance of this to the manifestation of delayed white matter necrosis is discussed.", "PMID": 509029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8189", "title": "Some radiobiological consequences of mycoplasma contamination of mammalian cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Cells of the mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma grown in vitro became contaminated with an arginine-splitting mycoplasma. The slopes of the radiation dose-survival curves of the contaminated cells, assayed by colony-forming ability, were extremely variable; eventually it became impossible to grow colonies at all. Experiments on the feeder cell requirement showed that, whereas for clean cells the maximum plating efficiency was obtained within a range of 5 X 10(4) and 4 X 10(5) feeder cells in a 5 cm dish, contaminated cells would only produce colonies in the presence of between 10(4) and 3 X 10(4) feeder cells. Doubling the concentration of arginine in the medium allowed contaminated cells to grow with maximum plating efficiency within an increased range of 10(4) and 4 X 10(5) feeder cells. The mycoplasmas were apparently behaving as feeders, reducing the requirement for added feeder cells, but also depleting the medium of essential arginine. The cells were eventually decontaminated by passing them through a mouse as an ascites tumour.", "contents": "Some radiobiological consequences of mycoplasma contamination of mammalian cells in tissue culture. Cells of the mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma grown in vitro became contaminated with an arginine-splitting mycoplasma. The slopes of the radiation dose-survival curves of the contaminated cells, assayed by colony-forming ability, were extremely variable; eventually it became impossible to grow colonies at all. Experiments on the feeder cell requirement showed that, whereas for clean cells the maximum plating efficiency was obtained within a range of 5 X 10(4) and 4 X 10(5) feeder cells in a 5 cm dish, contaminated cells would only produce colonies in the presence of between 10(4) and 3 X 10(4) feeder cells. Doubling the concentration of arginine in the medium allowed contaminated cells to grow with maximum plating efficiency within an increased range of 10(4) and 4 X 10(5) feeder cells. The mycoplasmas were apparently behaving as feeders, reducing the requirement for added feeder cells, but also depleting the medium of essential arginine. The cells were eventually decontaminated by passing them through a mouse as an ascites tumour.", "PMID": 509030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8190", "title": "Skin and gonadal dose reduction during hip radiography of the bull.", "content": "Radiology is being used to an increasing extent in the clinical diagnosis of hip lameness in bulls. Consequent gonadal doses may have important implications in later breeding programmes. Skin and gonadal doses were recorded during hip radiography of 18 bulls. An additional 0.13 mm copper filtration reduced skin dose by more than one third, but had no effect on gonadal dose. The average radiation dose to the gonads was approximately halved by completely surrounding the scrotum with lead sheeting 0.95 mm in thickness.", "contents": "Skin and gonadal dose reduction during hip radiography of the bull. Radiology is being used to an increasing extent in the clinical diagnosis of hip lameness in bulls. Consequent gonadal doses may have important implications in later breeding programmes. Skin and gonadal doses were recorded during hip radiography of 18 bulls. An additional 0.13 mm copper filtration reduced skin dose by more than one third, but had no effect on gonadal dose. The average radiation dose to the gonads was approximately halved by completely surrounding the scrotum with lead sheeting 0.95 mm in thickness.", "PMID": 509031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8191", "title": "False aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery--a complication of pancreatitis.", "content": "Early recognition of pseudocyst formation in pancreatitis has been a very important contribution of diagnostic ultrasound. Furthermore, haemorrhage or abscess formation, an additional complication, can also be suspected by this diagnostic modality. False aneurysm formation of a larger, neighbouring artery is not easily recognized by ultrasound. It is for this reason that this case report is made.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery--a complication of pancreatitis. Early recognition of pseudocyst formation in pancreatitis has been a very important contribution of diagnostic ultrasound. Furthermore, haemorrhage or abscess formation, an additional complication, can also be suspected by this diagnostic modality. False aneurysm formation of a larger, neighbouring artery is not easily recognized by ultrasound. It is for this reason that this case report is made.", "PMID": 509033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8192", "title": "Breast cancer and prostaglandins: a new approach to treatment.", "content": "The effect of the non-steroidal inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, flurbiprofen, has been studied on a transplanted mouse mammary tumour of spontaneous origin. Daily administration of 2.5 mg/kg flurbiprofen signficantly reduced the growth of this NC adenocarcinoma transplanted subcutaneously into the right flank of WHT/Ht mice. Histological examination showed that primary tumours excised at 3 weeks from treated mice tended to have a more prominent lymphocytic infiltration. There was a non-significant tendency for mice treated with flurbiprofen alone to survive longer after tumour excision and to develop less local metastases, although scar recurrences seemed unaffected. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy and local radiotherapy on local metastases and survival time tended to be greater when flurbiprofen was also given. This work supports and extends the basis for prospective clinical trials to evaluate the role of prostaglandins in human cancer and the value of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in cancer therapy.", "contents": "Breast cancer and prostaglandins: a new approach to treatment. The effect of the non-steroidal inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, flurbiprofen, has been studied on a transplanted mouse mammary tumour of spontaneous origin. Daily administration of 2.5 mg/kg flurbiprofen signficantly reduced the growth of this NC adenocarcinoma transplanted subcutaneously into the right flank of WHT/Ht mice. Histological examination showed that primary tumours excised at 3 weeks from treated mice tended to have a more prominent lymphocytic infiltration. There was a non-significant tendency for mice treated with flurbiprofen alone to survive longer after tumour excision and to develop less local metastases, although scar recurrences seemed unaffected. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy and local radiotherapy on local metastases and survival time tended to be greater when flurbiprofen was also given. This work supports and extends the basis for prospective clinical trials to evaluate the role of prostaglandins in human cancer and the value of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in cancer therapy.", "PMID": 509040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8193", "title": "Radionuclide venography for the demonstration of the proximal deep venous system.", "content": "The majority of pulmonary emboli originate in the deep veins of the lower limb. Fatal emboli usually arise from thrombi that have extended into the femoral or iliac veins or lower inferior vena cava. It is often impossible to demonstrate this area, the proximal venous segment, using conventional ascending venography when there is deep venous occlusion. The alternative methods available--retrograde, pertrochanteric and transfemoral venography--are invasive. Radionuclide venography (RNV) has been developed as a less invasive alternative. It has been found to be accurate in the proximal deep venous system when compared with conventional ascending venography, and in the presence of proximal occlusion it gives images unobtainable by other means. The radiation dose is extremely low and a perfusion lung scan is obtained without further injection of isotope. RNV appears to be the best method for monitoring the progress of thrombolytic therapy for major venous occlusion.", "contents": "Radionuclide venography for the demonstration of the proximal deep venous system. The majority of pulmonary emboli originate in the deep veins of the lower limb. Fatal emboli usually arise from thrombi that have extended into the femoral or iliac veins or lower inferior vena cava. It is often impossible to demonstrate this area, the proximal venous segment, using conventional ascending venography when there is deep venous occlusion. The alternative methods available--retrograde, pertrochanteric and transfemoral venography--are invasive. Radionuclide venography (RNV) has been developed as a less invasive alternative. It has been found to be accurate in the proximal deep venous system when compared with conventional ascending venography, and in the presence of proximal occlusion it gives images unobtainable by other means. The radiation dose is extremely low and a perfusion lung scan is obtained without further injection of isotope. RNV appears to be the best method for monitoring the progress of thrombolytic therapy for major venous occlusion.", "PMID": 509041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8194", "title": "Nature of the disturbance in the body fluid compartments during and after surgical operations.", "content": "Haematocrit and plasma protein concentrations have been measured in patients undergoing surgical operations in order to estimate relative changes in the volumes of the extracellular and plasma compartments. That these provide valid estimates of volume changes has been shown by applying them to patients known to have lost extracellular fluid. Further confirmation that changes in haematocrit, as indices of falls in plasma volume, are valid even after surgery is provided by measurements of red cell mass, using red cells labelled with 99Tcm. When these methods were applied to patients undergoing abdominal and non-abdominal operations, only the abdominal group showed a significant fall in plasma volume. This fall was caused not by a loss of crystalloid from the extracellular space as a whole, but by a loss of plasma; the magnitude of this loss correlated significantly with the duration of operation. These changes were also demonstrated using the radioisotope dilution indicators 125I (RISA) and 131I (RISA).", "contents": "Nature of the disturbance in the body fluid compartments during and after surgical operations. Haematocrit and plasma protein concentrations have been measured in patients undergoing surgical operations in order to estimate relative changes in the volumes of the extracellular and plasma compartments. That these provide valid estimates of volume changes has been shown by applying them to patients known to have lost extracellular fluid. Further confirmation that changes in haematocrit, as indices of falls in plasma volume, are valid even after surgery is provided by measurements of red cell mass, using red cells labelled with 99Tcm. When these methods were applied to patients undergoing abdominal and non-abdominal operations, only the abdominal group showed a significant fall in plasma volume. This fall was caused not by a loss of crystalloid from the extracellular space as a whole, but by a loss of plasma; the magnitude of this loss correlated significantly with the duration of operation. These changes were also demonstrated using the radioisotope dilution indicators 125I (RISA) and 131I (RISA).", "PMID": 509042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8195", "title": "A lung colony clonogenic cell assay for human malignant melanoma in immune-suppressed mice and its use to determine chemosensitivity, radiosensitivity and the relationship between tumour size and response to therapy.", "content": "A lung colony assay for clonogenic cells of human tumours in immune-suppressed mice is presented. The assay was used to determine the chemosensitivity of two malignant melanomas. One tumour reproduced the spectrum of chemosensitivity associated clinically with three cytotoxic agents. The other melanoma reproduced the chemosensitivity demonstrated in the patient from whom the tumour was biopsied. The importance of tumour size as a determinant of response to melphalan was investigated and the clonogenic cell survival in smaller tumours was found to be slightly but significantly lower than in larger tumours. An invesitgation of the importance of size as a determinant of response to radiotherapy demonstrated that 0.5-mm diameter tumour nodules were significantly more sensitive to irradiation than 2-cm diameter nodules. The hypoxic fraction of the larger tumours was 65 per cent, which is higher than that reported for experimental animal tumours or a human pancreatic tumour. This could be a factor in the clinical radioresistance of malignant melanoma.", "contents": "A lung colony clonogenic cell assay for human malignant melanoma in immune-suppressed mice and its use to determine chemosensitivity, radiosensitivity and the relationship between tumour size and response to therapy. A lung colony assay for clonogenic cells of human tumours in immune-suppressed mice is presented. The assay was used to determine the chemosensitivity of two malignant melanomas. One tumour reproduced the spectrum of chemosensitivity associated clinically with three cytotoxic agents. The other melanoma reproduced the chemosensitivity demonstrated in the patient from whom the tumour was biopsied. The importance of tumour size as a determinant of response to melphalan was investigated and the clonogenic cell survival in smaller tumours was found to be slightly but significantly lower than in larger tumours. An invesitgation of the importance of size as a determinant of response to radiotherapy demonstrated that 0.5-mm diameter tumour nodules were significantly more sensitive to irradiation than 2-cm diameter nodules. The hypoxic fraction of the larger tumours was 65 per cent, which is higher than that reported for experimental animal tumours or a human pancreatic tumour. This could be a factor in the clinical radioresistance of malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 509043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8196", "title": "The interpretation of mammographic ductal enlargement in cancerous breasts.", "content": "The xeromammograms of 128 women with breast cancer were coded radiologically according to Wolfe's gradings. The mastectomy specimens were then histologically examined for the presence of ductal abnormality. The ducts were found to be normal in the cases coded as normal radiologically but they were not always abnormal histologically when considered to be abnormal radiologically. 'Ductal prominence' may be due to duct ectasia, intraduct hyperplasia or periductal collagenosis.", "contents": "The interpretation of mammographic ductal enlargement in cancerous breasts. The xeromammograms of 128 women with breast cancer were coded radiologically according to Wolfe's gradings. The mastectomy specimens were then histologically examined for the presence of ductal abnormality. The ducts were found to be normal in the cases coded as normal radiologically but they were not always abnormal histologically when considered to be abnormal radiologically. 'Ductal prominence' may be due to duct ectasia, intraduct hyperplasia or periductal collagenosis.", "PMID": 509044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8197", "title": "The value of measuring intravascular platelet aggregates in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.", "content": "A modified Swank screen filter technique was used to investigate, first, whether intravascular platelet aggregates (IPA) could be detected in patients immediately after surgery and then, the relationship between IPA levels and postoperative pulmonary function. The test, as modified, achieved an excellent reproducibility (r = 0.95) and a close correlation with the number of aggregates identified in samples of femoral vein blood by subsequent scanning electron microscopy (r = 0.93). In 20 patients IPA levels were measured 30 min and 3 h after surgery and pulmonary function (arterial PO2, physiological dead space and alveolar/arterial PO2 gradient) was evaluated preoperatively and on days 1 and 7 postoperatively. Patients with elevated IPA levels suffered a greater mean fall in arterial PO2 at 7 days (1.8 kPa) than did patients with normal IPA levels (0.6 kPa) (P less than 0.05). This was explained by a marked increase in the pulmonary arteriovenous shunt as indicated by the alveolar/arterial PO2 gradient (2.3 kPa v. 0.4 kPa, P less than 0.01). Those patients with increased pulmonary shunting and arterial hypoxia 1 week after surgery also had a greater fall in the platelet count on the first postoperative day. The screen filtration technique is a reproducible test which measures IPA accurately and may be used to predict pulmonary function 1 week later. This suggests that treatment to inhibit IPA may reduce postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.", "contents": "The value of measuring intravascular platelet aggregates in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. A modified Swank screen filter technique was used to investigate, first, whether intravascular platelet aggregates (IPA) could be detected in patients immediately after surgery and then, the relationship between IPA levels and postoperative pulmonary function. The test, as modified, achieved an excellent reproducibility (r = 0.95) and a close correlation with the number of aggregates identified in samples of femoral vein blood by subsequent scanning electron microscopy (r = 0.93). In 20 patients IPA levels were measured 30 min and 3 h after surgery and pulmonary function (arterial PO2, physiological dead space and alveolar/arterial PO2 gradient) was evaluated preoperatively and on days 1 and 7 postoperatively. Patients with elevated IPA levels suffered a greater mean fall in arterial PO2 at 7 days (1.8 kPa) than did patients with normal IPA levels (0.6 kPa) (P less than 0.05). This was explained by a marked increase in the pulmonary arteriovenous shunt as indicated by the alveolar/arterial PO2 gradient (2.3 kPa v. 0.4 kPa, P less than 0.01). Those patients with increased pulmonary shunting and arterial hypoxia 1 week after surgery also had a greater fall in the platelet count on the first postoperative day. The screen filtration technique is a reproducible test which measures IPA accurately and may be used to predict pulmonary function 1 week later. This suggests that treatment to inhibit IPA may reduce postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.", "PMID": 509045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8198", "title": "Regulation of enterokinase synthesis in animal and human small intestine by luminal signals: its implication in upper gastrointestinal surgery.", "content": "Enterokinase is an enzyme produced by the mucosa of the small intestine. Its sole function is to activate trypsinogen to trypsin. In animals and man the duodenum and proximal jejunum have high levels of activity whereas the remaining small bowel has minimal levels. A reproducible assay was developed for measuring mucosal enterokinase activity applicable to operative and endoscopic biopsies. Anaesthetic and operative techniques were developed for small intestinal resections in guinea-pigs to ensure their long term survival. Transposition of high-enterokinase-secreting segments of guinea-pig small intestine to low-enterokinase regions and vice versa showed no alteration of enterokinase activity in the transposed segments. Similarly, resection of the enterokinase region in five proximal pancreaticoduodenectomy operations in man revealed no induction of enterokinase in the remaining jejunum at endoscopy 6 months later. Isolation of high-enterokinase-secreting segments of small bowel from their luminal continuity by fashioning of Thiry--Vella fistulas led to a decay of enterokinase activity to minimal levels within 12--16 h. Perfusion of these fistulas with trypsin and sodium, or chymotrypsin and sodium, prevented this decay. If the enterokinase was allowed to decay over 24 h its activity could be restored to 80 per cent of its normal level by perfusion for 24 h with trypsin and sodium. Trypsin and sodium acti in combination on an enterocyte membrane receptor to stimulate enterokinase synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of enterokinase synthesis in animal and human small intestine by luminal signals: its implication in upper gastrointestinal surgery. Enterokinase is an enzyme produced by the mucosa of the small intestine. Its sole function is to activate trypsinogen to trypsin. In animals and man the duodenum and proximal jejunum have high levels of activity whereas the remaining small bowel has minimal levels. A reproducible assay was developed for measuring mucosal enterokinase activity applicable to operative and endoscopic biopsies. Anaesthetic and operative techniques were developed for small intestinal resections in guinea-pigs to ensure their long term survival. Transposition of high-enterokinase-secreting segments of guinea-pig small intestine to low-enterokinase regions and vice versa showed no alteration of enterokinase activity in the transposed segments. Similarly, resection of the enterokinase region in five proximal pancreaticoduodenectomy operations in man revealed no induction of enterokinase in the remaining jejunum at endoscopy 6 months later. Isolation of high-enterokinase-secreting segments of small bowel from their luminal continuity by fashioning of Thiry--Vella fistulas led to a decay of enterokinase activity to minimal levels within 12--16 h. Perfusion of these fistulas with trypsin and sodium, or chymotrypsin and sodium, prevented this decay. If the enterokinase was allowed to decay over 24 h its activity could be restored to 80 per cent of its normal level by perfusion for 24 h with trypsin and sodium. Trypsin and sodium acti in combination on an enterocyte membrane receptor to stimulate enterokinase synthesis.", "PMID": 509046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8199", "title": "Plasma exchange and Raynaud's phenomenon--its assessment by Doppler ultrasound velocimetry.", "content": "In a group of 47 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, Doppler ultrasound velocimetry was used to establish the severity of the disease by detecting the patency of the digital arteries. In conjunction with small digital occlusion cuffs, digital artery systolic pressure was measured on either side of the finger. A significant variation in systolic pressure was detected in each finger, and on each side of individual fingers. A more sensitive index of the severity of the disease was noted when the digital systolic pressure was compared to the brachial systolic pressure. Plasma exchange, a potent method of lowering whole blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen, was used to treat 18 of these patients. There was a significant improvement in digital vessel patency at both 21 degrees C and 13 degrees C after plasma exchange. Both the digital artery systolic pressure and the pressure index improved significantly after treatment.", "contents": "Plasma exchange and Raynaud's phenomenon--its assessment by Doppler ultrasound velocimetry. In a group of 47 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, Doppler ultrasound velocimetry was used to establish the severity of the disease by detecting the patency of the digital arteries. In conjunction with small digital occlusion cuffs, digital artery systolic pressure was measured on either side of the finger. A significant variation in systolic pressure was detected in each finger, and on each side of individual fingers. A more sensitive index of the severity of the disease was noted when the digital systolic pressure was compared to the brachial systolic pressure. Plasma exchange, a potent method of lowering whole blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen, was used to treat 18 of these patients. There was a significant improvement in digital vessel patency at both 21 degrees C and 13 degrees C after plasma exchange. Both the digital artery systolic pressure and the pressure index improved significantly after treatment.", "PMID": 509047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8200", "title": "Long term results of autogenous vein bypass grafts in femoropopliteal arterial occlusion.", "content": "The results of 329 consecutive autogenous vein grafts carried out between January 1962 and June 1973 have been reviewed. The 5- and 10-year mortality rates were 14.6 per cent and 18.7 per cent respectively. The corresponding patency rates were 70 per cent at 5 years and 34 per cent at 10 years, the lowest patency (27.8 per cent) occurring in below-knee anastomoses with grafts of 5 mm or less in diameter. As other have noted, the state of the popliteal--tibial run-off vessels had a considerable influence on long term patency rates. In severely ischaemic limbs, the limb salvage rate following this operation was 77 per cent. An analysis of symptoms, associated disease and complications is presented and discussed. No valid conclusions could be made regarding the effect of lumbar sympathectomy and postoperative anticoagulants on long term patency. This review has confirmed the findings of earlier studies that a satisfactory 5-year patency rate and a gratifying limb salvage rate can be achieved with an extremely low operative mortality rate of 0.37 per cent. Despite the presence of widespread atherosclerotic arterial disease, the 5-year mortality rate is 14.6 per cent, indicating that an attempt at reconstructive surgery is usually well worth while.", "contents": "Long term results of autogenous vein bypass grafts in femoropopliteal arterial occlusion. The results of 329 consecutive autogenous vein grafts carried out between January 1962 and June 1973 have been reviewed. The 5- and 10-year mortality rates were 14.6 per cent and 18.7 per cent respectively. The corresponding patency rates were 70 per cent at 5 years and 34 per cent at 10 years, the lowest patency (27.8 per cent) occurring in below-knee anastomoses with grafts of 5 mm or less in diameter. As other have noted, the state of the popliteal--tibial run-off vessels had a considerable influence on long term patency rates. In severely ischaemic limbs, the limb salvage rate following this operation was 77 per cent. An analysis of symptoms, associated disease and complications is presented and discussed. No valid conclusions could be made regarding the effect of lumbar sympathectomy and postoperative anticoagulants on long term patency. This review has confirmed the findings of earlier studies that a satisfactory 5-year patency rate and a gratifying limb salvage rate can be achieved with an extremely low operative mortality rate of 0.37 per cent. Despite the presence of widespread atherosclerotic arterial disease, the 5-year mortality rate is 14.6 per cent, indicating that an attempt at reconstructive surgery is usually well worth while.", "PMID": 509049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8201", "title": "Lesser curve superficial seromyotomy--an operation for chronic duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Lesser curve superficial seromyotomy has been investigated in the dog and in man. The anatomical basis for the operation, which produces an easily performed denervation of the parietal cell mass, is discussed. Acid studies in the dog confirmed that the operation was capable of producing secretory inhibition in keeping with vagotomy of the parietal cell area. A consecutive series of 25 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer has been treated by lesser curve myotomy without a drainage procedure. The operation has the advantages of being easily performed and the risk of damage to the nerve of Latarjet or of ischaemic necrosis of the lesser curvature is obviated. In 20 insulin tests performed within the first month postoperatively all patients have been negative within the first 75 min and there were 4 late positive responses. Early clinical results have been encouraging, there has been no dumping or diarrhoea and all patients are well. It is suggested that further investigation of lesser curve myotomy is warranted.", "contents": "Lesser curve superficial seromyotomy--an operation for chronic duodenal ulcer. Lesser curve superficial seromyotomy has been investigated in the dog and in man. The anatomical basis for the operation, which produces an easily performed denervation of the parietal cell mass, is discussed. Acid studies in the dog confirmed that the operation was capable of producing secretory inhibition in keeping with vagotomy of the parietal cell area. A consecutive series of 25 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer has been treated by lesser curve myotomy without a drainage procedure. The operation has the advantages of being easily performed and the risk of damage to the nerve of Latarjet or of ischaemic necrosis of the lesser curvature is obviated. In 20 insulin tests performed within the first month postoperatively all patients have been negative within the first 75 min and there were 4 late positive responses. Early clinical results have been encouraging, there has been no dumping or diarrhoea and all patients are well. It is suggested that further investigation of lesser curve myotomy is warranted.", "PMID": 509050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8202", "title": "Antibiotic-associated colitis--a review of 66 cases.", "content": "We have reviewed 66 cases of antibiotic-associated colitis since March 1975, which have been associated with a 27 per cent mortality. We believe antibiotics may predispose patients to this condition which is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. Although the disease is rare, it is more common than previously reported. The presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated colitis--a review of 66 cases. We have reviewed 66 cases of antibiotic-associated colitis since March 1975, which have been associated with a 27 per cent mortality. We believe antibiotics may predispose patients to this condition which is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. Although the disease is rare, it is more common than previously reported. The presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 509051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8203", "title": "Anorectal Crohn's disease.", "content": "Four hundred and twenty-three patients with Crohn's disease have been reviewed, 48 of whom had isolated anorectal involvement--an incidence of 11.4 per cent. These patients were compared with 48 randomly selected and sex-matched cases who presented with isolated ileocolic disease. The age of the anorectal patients (53.6 +/- 18 years) was greater than that of the controls (34.2 +/- 12 years). The duration of follow-up was 6.0 +/- 4 years and 12.6 +/- 8 years respectively. Rectal bleeding, diarrhoea and perianal disease were more common in the anorectal group. Twenty-two patients (46 per cent) with anorectal disease and 40 (83 per cent) in the ileocolic group underwent definitive surgery. There were 4 (18 per cent) postoperative deaths in the anorectal group and none among the controls. The incidence of recurrence was lower among the anorectal patients (21 per cent) compared with the ileocolic group (40 per cent). However, the estimated probability of recurrence, based on the duration of follow-up, the number of deaths during follow-up and the actual incidence of recurrence, is similar in both groups.", "contents": "Anorectal Crohn's disease. Four hundred and twenty-three patients with Crohn's disease have been reviewed, 48 of whom had isolated anorectal involvement--an incidence of 11.4 per cent. These patients were compared with 48 randomly selected and sex-matched cases who presented with isolated ileocolic disease. The age of the anorectal patients (53.6 +/- 18 years) was greater than that of the controls (34.2 +/- 12 years). The duration of follow-up was 6.0 +/- 4 years and 12.6 +/- 8 years respectively. Rectal bleeding, diarrhoea and perianal disease were more common in the anorectal group. Twenty-two patients (46 per cent) with anorectal disease and 40 (83 per cent) in the ileocolic group underwent definitive surgery. There were 4 (18 per cent) postoperative deaths in the anorectal group and none among the controls. The incidence of recurrence was lower among the anorectal patients (21 per cent) compared with the ileocolic group (40 per cent). However, the estimated probability of recurrence, based on the duration of follow-up, the number of deaths during follow-up and the actual incidence of recurrence, is similar in both groups.", "PMID": 509052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8204", "title": "Bone scanning: its lack of value in the follow-up of patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-four women with primary operable breast cancer had a bone scan performed within 6 weeks of a simple mastectomy. Eight (2.3 per cent) were positive, but 7 of these patients had radiological evidence of bony metastases. Follow-up bone scans 1 year postoperatively on 278 patients showed only 12 (4.3 per cent) positive, and of these, 9 had other radiological evidence of metastatic disease. At 2 years postoperatively there were 13 (9.2 per cent) positive bone scans amongst 141 patients. Only 2 of these 13 had no other evidence of metastases. Although a bone scan is a useful investigation in patients with bone pain, there is no place for routine bone scanning in either the staging or follow-up of women with operable breast cancer.", "contents": "Bone scanning: its lack of value in the follow-up of patients with breast cancer. Three hundred and fifty-four women with primary operable breast cancer had a bone scan performed within 6 weeks of a simple mastectomy. Eight (2.3 per cent) were positive, but 7 of these patients had radiological evidence of bony metastases. Follow-up bone scans 1 year postoperatively on 278 patients showed only 12 (4.3 per cent) positive, and of these, 9 had other radiological evidence of metastatic disease. At 2 years postoperatively there were 13 (9.2 per cent) positive bone scans amongst 141 patients. Only 2 of these 13 had no other evidence of metastases. Although a bone scan is a useful investigation in patients with bone pain, there is no place for routine bone scanning in either the staging or follow-up of women with operable breast cancer.", "PMID": 509054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8205", "title": "Adjuvant cytotoxic liver perfusion for colorectal cancer.", "content": "Colorectal liver metastases develop by malignant cells entering the portal venous circulation. A randomized prospective clinical trial was commenced in 1975 to assess the value of adjuvant umbilical vein cytotoxic perfusion (with 5-fluorouracil) following colorectal resection. One hundred and fifty-four patients without macroscopic liver secondaries have so far entered the trial. The mean age, sex, site and stage of the disease were similar in the control and perfusion groups and there was no statistically significant difference in postoperative complications or hospital stay (17.1 +/- 7.9 days control, 15.8 +/- 7.4 days perfusion group). So far, 23 deaths have occurred in the control group (20 due to recurrent disease) and 7 in the perfusion group (5 due to recurrent disease). Liver metastases were present in 13 control patients and 2 perfusion patients. These results show an encouraging trend and suggest that adjuvant cytotoxic liver perfusion may reduce the development of colorectal liver metastases and hence improve the subsequent prognosis.", "contents": "Adjuvant cytotoxic liver perfusion for colorectal cancer. Colorectal liver metastases develop by malignant cells entering the portal venous circulation. A randomized prospective clinical trial was commenced in 1975 to assess the value of adjuvant umbilical vein cytotoxic perfusion (with 5-fluorouracil) following colorectal resection. One hundred and fifty-four patients without macroscopic liver secondaries have so far entered the trial. The mean age, sex, site and stage of the disease were similar in the control and perfusion groups and there was no statistically significant difference in postoperative complications or hospital stay (17.1 +/- 7.9 days control, 15.8 +/- 7.4 days perfusion group). So far, 23 deaths have occurred in the control group (20 due to recurrent disease) and 7 in the perfusion group (5 due to recurrent disease). Liver metastases were present in 13 control patients and 2 perfusion patients. These results show an encouraging trend and suggest that adjuvant cytotoxic liver perfusion may reduce the development of colorectal liver metastases and hence improve the subsequent prognosis.", "PMID": 509055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8206", "title": "Anticoagulant activity and operative blood loss after intrapulmonary heparin.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of heparin given by the intrapulmonary route are further assessed in this study. A single dose of heparin (2000 units/kg) was given by intratracheal instillation in dogs and measurements of plasma heparin concentration, whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time made at intervals for 48 h. These values rose progressively and in parallel for 7 h and remained elevated for 48 h. A series of operations was performed on dogs within 3 h of a single dose of intrapulmonary heparin (1500 units/kg). Operations involving minimal dissection (small bowel resection) and extensive dissection (resection of muscle) were performed in two separate groups. Within each group the animals were randomly given heparin or saline. In the limited dissection group there were no differences in operative blood loss, wound healing, or sequential haemoglobin and haematocrit measurements. In the group subjected to muscle resection there was increased postoperative wound drainage and a slightly greater fall in haemoglobin and haematocrit in those given heparin. It is concluded that heparin is absorbed from the lung causing significant changes in coagulation parameters. Even with the relatively high dose of 1500 units/kg, operations were performed with minimal hazard. Intrapulmonary heparin may have important clinical applications after further investigation.", "contents": "Anticoagulant activity and operative blood loss after intrapulmonary heparin. The safety and efficacy of heparin given by the intrapulmonary route are further assessed in this study. A single dose of heparin (2000 units/kg) was given by intratracheal instillation in dogs and measurements of plasma heparin concentration, whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time made at intervals for 48 h. These values rose progressively and in parallel for 7 h and remained elevated for 48 h. A series of operations was performed on dogs within 3 h of a single dose of intrapulmonary heparin (1500 units/kg). Operations involving minimal dissection (small bowel resection) and extensive dissection (resection of muscle) were performed in two separate groups. Within each group the animals were randomly given heparin or saline. In the limited dissection group there were no differences in operative blood loss, wound healing, or sequential haemoglobin and haematocrit measurements. In the group subjected to muscle resection there was increased postoperative wound drainage and a slightly greater fall in haemoglobin and haematocrit in those given heparin. It is concluded that heparin is absorbed from the lung causing significant changes in coagulation parameters. Even with the relatively high dose of 1500 units/kg, operations were performed with minimal hazard. Intrapulmonary heparin may have important clinical applications after further investigation.", "PMID": 509056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8207", "title": "The distribution, size and density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva.", "content": "The distribution, size and density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva as compared with those in axillary hyperhidrosis and normal controls have been studied. There are no significant differences in the size or density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva as compared with normal controls. The apocrine glands in axillary hyperhidrosis are significantly larger than those in axillary hidradenitis and in normal controls. A simple method that can be used to demonstrate the distribution of the apocrine glands preoperatively is described. This has proved useful in delineating the area which it is necessary to excise to obtain complete apocrine gland excision in the diseased area. The apocrine gland-containing skin in the diseased region does not always correspond exactly to the hair-bearing area in that region.", "contents": "The distribution, size and density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva. The distribution, size and density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva as compared with those in axillary hyperhidrosis and normal controls have been studied. There are no significant differences in the size or density of the apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppuritiva as compared with normal controls. The apocrine glands in axillary hyperhidrosis are significantly larger than those in axillary hidradenitis and in normal controls. A simple method that can be used to demonstrate the distribution of the apocrine glands preoperatively is described. This has proved useful in delineating the area which it is necessary to excise to obtain complete apocrine gland excision in the diseased area. The apocrine gland-containing skin in the diseased region does not always correspond exactly to the hair-bearing area in that region.", "PMID": 509057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8208", "title": "Continent anal ileostomy with mucosal proctectomy: a bloodless technique using a surgical ultrasonic aspirator in dogs.", "content": "At present, mucosal proctectomy with ileo-anal anastomosis is a difficult, time-consuming operation involving much blood loss, often associated with impaired postoperative continence. A new operation has been devised in our department in which a surgical ultrasonic aspiratory, the CUSATM System (Cavitron Corporation) was used to fragment directly and strip bloodlessly mucosa from the rectal wall in 20 dogs as part of a simple ileo-anal sleeve anastomosis. All dogs were closely followed for up to 10 months. The only operative mortality occurred in the first dog where the upper rectum sloughed because the superior haemorrhoidal artery was divided. Preoperative weight was regained within the first 2 months. Initially stools were loose and frequent. Within 2 weeks the daily stool count was 5-6 with gradual thickening to semisolid consistency by 6 weeks. Finally 3-4 normal stools were passed daily. Postoperatively, all dogs remained contingent.", "contents": "Continent anal ileostomy with mucosal proctectomy: a bloodless technique using a surgical ultrasonic aspirator in dogs. At present, mucosal proctectomy with ileo-anal anastomosis is a difficult, time-consuming operation involving much blood loss, often associated with impaired postoperative continence. A new operation has been devised in our department in which a surgical ultrasonic aspiratory, the CUSATM System (Cavitron Corporation) was used to fragment directly and strip bloodlessly mucosa from the rectal wall in 20 dogs as part of a simple ileo-anal sleeve anastomosis. All dogs were closely followed for up to 10 months. The only operative mortality occurred in the first dog where the upper rectum sloughed because the superior haemorrhoidal artery was divided. Preoperative weight was regained within the first 2 months. Initially stools were loose and frequent. Within 2 weeks the daily stool count was 5-6 with gradual thickening to semisolid consistency by 6 weeks. Finally 3-4 normal stools were passed daily. Postoperatively, all dogs remained contingent.", "PMID": 509058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8209", "title": "Modulation of the immune response and control of tumour spread by a new synthetic compound.", "content": "A small molecular weight biofunctional polymer, NED 137, has been investigated for its anti-neoplastic effect. Through its effect on the immune system, particularly the induction of B cell differentiation to antibody producing cells, this synthetic compound can retard tumour growth and prevent the development of distant metastases. Reactivity to tumour developed following administration of the NED 137. No toxicity has been observed. The polymer NED 137 is now being tested in phase I and phase II clinical trials.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response and control of tumour spread by a new synthetic compound. A small molecular weight biofunctional polymer, NED 137, has been investigated for its anti-neoplastic effect. Through its effect on the immune system, particularly the induction of B cell differentiation to antibody producing cells, this synthetic compound can retard tumour growth and prevent the development of distant metastases. Reactivity to tumour developed following administration of the NED 137. No toxicity has been observed. The polymer NED 137 is now being tested in phase I and phase II clinical trials.", "PMID": 509059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8210", "title": "The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative sodium balance.", "content": "The effect of a high epidural blockade on postoperative sodium (Na) retention has been studied in 8 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, with a further 8 patients, who received conventional anaesthesia and analgesia, acting as a control group. Preoperatively, all the patients received 90 mmol of Na per day and were in Na balance at the start of operation; this intake was continued for 48 h after the operation by intravenous infusion, and the epidural blockade was maintained with regular supplements of bupivacaine throughout. In addition to urine Na excretion and blood pressure changes, plasma levels of aldosterone, cortisol, renin activity and glucose were measured at appropriate intervals. The Na retention in both the epidural and control groups was the same (139 mmol and 135 mmol respectively at 48 h), but there were significant differences in the measurements of all the other factors. It is concluded that the epidural was providing effective blockade, but that the factors which cause Na retention were not affected by the epidural blockade. These results are at variance with another study of the effect of epidural blockade on postoperative Na retention (Bevan, 1971), and the possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative sodium balance. The effect of a high epidural blockade on postoperative sodium (Na) retention has been studied in 8 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, with a further 8 patients, who received conventional anaesthesia and analgesia, acting as a control group. Preoperatively, all the patients received 90 mmol of Na per day and were in Na balance at the start of operation; this intake was continued for 48 h after the operation by intravenous infusion, and the epidural blockade was maintained with regular supplements of bupivacaine throughout. In addition to urine Na excretion and blood pressure changes, plasma levels of aldosterone, cortisol, renin activity and glucose were measured at appropriate intervals. The Na retention in both the epidural and control groups was the same (139 mmol and 135 mmol respectively at 48 h), but there were significant differences in the measurements of all the other factors. It is concluded that the epidural was providing effective blockade, but that the factors which cause Na retention were not affected by the epidural blockade. These results are at variance with another study of the effect of epidural blockade on postoperative Na retention (Bevan, 1971), and the possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 509060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8211", "title": "Perinatal mortality by birth order within cohorts based on sibship size.", "content": "Cross-sectional surveys of perinatal mortality show a U-shaped curve when plotted against parity, implying that fourth and subsequent babies are at increased risk. Our study of a large, population-based longitudinal data set shows that this result is an artefact and that perinatal mortality falls with increasing parity. Within cohorts of mothers based on attained sibship size the perinatal mortality decreases with increasing parity and increases with sibship size. These associations, which are not noticeably affected by maternal age, ssem in part to operate through an association between parity, sibship size, and birth weight. This analysis shows the importance of using longitudinal data in analysing such relations.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality by birth order within cohorts based on sibship size. Cross-sectional surveys of perinatal mortality show a U-shaped curve when plotted against parity, implying that fourth and subsequent babies are at increased risk. Our study of a large, population-based longitudinal data set shows that this result is an artefact and that perinatal mortality falls with increasing parity. Within cohorts of mothers based on attained sibship size the perinatal mortality decreases with increasing parity and increases with sibship size. These associations, which are not noticeably affected by maternal age, ssem in part to operate through an association between parity, sibship size, and birth weight. This analysis shows the importance of using longitudinal data in analysing such relations.", "PMID": 509068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8212", "title": "Is appendicitis familial?", "content": "A family history of appendicectomy was sought in two groups of children admitted to Llandough Hospital over sixteen months. The study group consisted of 29 children with histologically confirmed acute appendicitis, while the control group consisted of 29 children admitted for reasons unrelated to abdominal pain. A history of appendicectomy was elicited in first-degree relatives--that is, siblings and parents of 20 of the children in the study group and of four of the controls--a statistically significant difference. The results obtained from this study suggest that a familial predisposition to appendicitis exists.", "contents": "Is appendicitis familial? A family history of appendicectomy was sought in two groups of children admitted to Llandough Hospital over sixteen months. The study group consisted of 29 children with histologically confirmed acute appendicitis, while the control group consisted of 29 children admitted for reasons unrelated to abdominal pain. A history of appendicectomy was elicited in first-degree relatives--that is, siblings and parents of 20 of the children in the study group and of four of the controls--a statistically significant difference. The results obtained from this study suggest that a familial predisposition to appendicitis exists.", "PMID": 509069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8213", "title": "Obstetric anaesthetic and analgesic services in Wales.", "content": "A survey of obstetric anaesthetic services in Wales covering 21 major units in which over 31 000 deliveries take place annually showed inadequacies in staffing at consultant and resident anaesthetist level. At least 20 additional consultant sessions were required to meet the recommendations of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. If patients' requests for epidural analgesia are to be met some reorganisation and centralisation of facilities is needed.", "contents": "Obstetric anaesthetic and analgesic services in Wales. A survey of obstetric anaesthetic services in Wales covering 21 major units in which over 31 000 deliveries take place annually showed inadequacies in staffing at consultant and resident anaesthetist level. At least 20 additional consultant sessions were required to meet the recommendations of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. If patients' requests for epidural analgesia are to be met some reorganisation and centralisation of facilities is needed.", "PMID": 509070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8214", "title": "Effects of bromocriptine on pituitary tumour size.", "content": "In a prospective study designed to assess the influence of bromocriptine on pituitary tumour size 12 patients with pituitary tumours, eight of whom had suprasellar extensions, were treated for three months with 20 mg of bromocriptine daily after a gradual increase to this dose. The group comprised eight women and four men, five with prolactin-secreting adenomas, four with acromegaly, two with functionless adenomas, and one with Nelson's syndrome. All five patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas showed a reduction in pituitary tumour size as assessed by computerised tomography and metrizamide cisternography accompanied by a fall in prolactin concentrations and clinical and biochemical improvement in their hypopituitarism. One patient in this group had a visual-field defect before treatment, and this resolved. There was no radiological evidence of reduction in tumour size in the remaining seven patients, though this might refect the fairly short duration of treatment, particularly in view of the ancillary evidence of clinical, biochemical, and visual-field improvement in some of the patients. These results emphasise the potential value of bromocriptine in treating patients with large prolactinomas or recurrences of such tumours after previous chiasmal decompression and conventional external megavoltage irradiation on the pituitary.", "contents": "Effects of bromocriptine on pituitary tumour size. In a prospective study designed to assess the influence of bromocriptine on pituitary tumour size 12 patients with pituitary tumours, eight of whom had suprasellar extensions, were treated for three months with 20 mg of bromocriptine daily after a gradual increase to this dose. The group comprised eight women and four men, five with prolactin-secreting adenomas, four with acromegaly, two with functionless adenomas, and one with Nelson's syndrome. All five patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas showed a reduction in pituitary tumour size as assessed by computerised tomography and metrizamide cisternography accompanied by a fall in prolactin concentrations and clinical and biochemical improvement in their hypopituitarism. One patient in this group had a visual-field defect before treatment, and this resolved. There was no radiological evidence of reduction in tumour size in the remaining seven patients, though this might refect the fairly short duration of treatment, particularly in view of the ancillary evidence of clinical, biochemical, and visual-field improvement in some of the patients. These results emphasise the potential value of bromocriptine in treating patients with large prolactinomas or recurrences of such tumours after previous chiasmal decompression and conventional external megavoltage irradiation on the pituitary.", "PMID": 509071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8215", "title": "Operations for hernia and varicose veins in a day-bed unit.", "content": "Over eight years (1970-8) 1055 patients underwent operations for hernia or \"major\" varicose veins in a day-bed unit. Here, 608 were discharged home on the day of operation, 262 were transferred to a convalescent hospital for 48 hours, and 161 were retained in the acute ward as part of a controlled trial. Special emphasis was placed on selection and preadmission screening. Failure of planning was uncommon in that only 2.5% were detained in hospital and 1% had to be readmitted. About one-quarter of the patients had complications but these were generally trivial and were satisfactorily treated by the community nursing sisters or general practitioners, or both. Analysis of the total operations for hernia or varicose veins in the unit over the past 19 years shows that, whereas formerly all patients with these conditions were admitted to the main surgical ward, nowadays almost all are managed either by day care or in a five-day ward.", "contents": "Operations for hernia and varicose veins in a day-bed unit. Over eight years (1970-8) 1055 patients underwent operations for hernia or \"major\" varicose veins in a day-bed unit. Here, 608 were discharged home on the day of operation, 262 were transferred to a convalescent hospital for 48 hours, and 161 were retained in the acute ward as part of a controlled trial. Special emphasis was placed on selection and preadmission screening. Failure of planning was uncommon in that only 2.5% were detained in hospital and 1% had to be readmitted. About one-quarter of the patients had complications but these were generally trivial and were satisfactorily treated by the community nursing sisters or general practitioners, or both. Analysis of the total operations for hernia or varicose veins in the unit over the past 19 years shows that, whereas formerly all patients with these conditions were admitted to the main surgical ward, nowadays almost all are managed either by day care or in a five-day ward.", "PMID": 509075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8216", "title": "Work of a day-bed unit 1972-8.", "content": "From 1972 to 1978 inclusive 32 311 patients were managed in a 24-bedded day-bed unit in a district general hospital. The principal specialties using this were urology, gastroenterology, general surgery, gynaecology, haematology, orthopaedics, and radiology. Patient selection, a high standard of secretarial work, and good liaison with general practitioners, the community nursing service, and the ambulance service are most important. Day care forms a large, important, and increasing part of the work of the hospital, and without it many of the specialties would be unable to cope with the demand, and their waiting lists would lengthen continuously.", "contents": "Work of a day-bed unit 1972-8. From 1972 to 1978 inclusive 32 311 patients were managed in a 24-bedded day-bed unit in a district general hospital. The principal specialties using this were urology, gastroenterology, general surgery, gynaecology, haematology, orthopaedics, and radiology. Patient selection, a high standard of secretarial work, and good liaison with general practitioners, the community nursing service, and the ambulance service are most important. Day care forms a large, important, and increasing part of the work of the hospital, and without it many of the specialties would be unable to cope with the demand, and their waiting lists would lengthen continuously.", "PMID": 509076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8217", "title": "Value of emergency toxicological investigations in differential diagnosis of coma.", "content": "Out of 208 cases of coma of unknown aetiology referred to the poisons unit of this hospital during 1978 for emergency toxicological investigations, 108 were found to be due to self-poisoning medical conditions, mainly neurological, accounted for coma in 90 patients; the cause was not ascertained in the remaining 10 cases. More than one preparation had been ingested by 58 (54%) of the poisoned patients, although barbiturates were the drugs most commonly encountered in the severe cases. Toxicological investigations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coma when history, physical examination, and emergency biochemical measurements yield little diagnostic information.", "contents": "Value of emergency toxicological investigations in differential diagnosis of coma. Out of 208 cases of coma of unknown aetiology referred to the poisons unit of this hospital during 1978 for emergency toxicological investigations, 108 were found to be due to self-poisoning medical conditions, mainly neurological, accounted for coma in 90 patients; the cause was not ascertained in the remaining 10 cases. More than one preparation had been ingested by 58 (54%) of the poisoned patients, although barbiturates were the drugs most commonly encountered in the severe cases. Toxicological investigations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coma when history, physical examination, and emergency biochemical measurements yield little diagnostic information.", "PMID": 509111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8218", "title": "Retrograde spread of hydrocortisone containing foam given intrarectally in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A method is described of estimating retrograde spread through the colon of a 10% hydrocortisone acetate foam by labelling the foam with technetium-99m sulphur colloid and observing spread after intrarectal administration by serial gamma-camera pictures. The recommended 51 ml dose of foam reached the mid-sigmoid colon in all of the nine patients who had active ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, in seven the foam reached the proximal sigmoid colon. Foam spread less extensively in five patients with quiescent disease than in those with active disease. Increasing the volume of enema to 50 ml did not improve retrograde spread through the colon. These results suggest that 10% hydrocortisone foam may be useful in treating patients with distal ulcerative colitis that is not necessarily limited to the rectum.", "contents": "Retrograde spread of hydrocortisone containing foam given intrarectally in ulcerative colitis. A method is described of estimating retrograde spread through the colon of a 10% hydrocortisone acetate foam by labelling the foam with technetium-99m sulphur colloid and observing spread after intrarectal administration by serial gamma-camera pictures. The recommended 51 ml dose of foam reached the mid-sigmoid colon in all of the nine patients who had active ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, in seven the foam reached the proximal sigmoid colon. Foam spread less extensively in five patients with quiescent disease than in those with active disease. Increasing the volume of enema to 50 ml did not improve retrograde spread through the colon. These results suggest that 10% hydrocortisone foam may be useful in treating patients with distal ulcerative colitis that is not necessarily limited to the rectum.", "PMID": 509112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8219", "title": "Inflammatory bowel disease in the West Indies.", "content": "Inflammatory bowel disease is generally assumed to be rare among negroes and Indians. Over 10 years 34 cases of ulcerative colitis and 14 cases of Crohn's disease were seen in one medical and one surgical unit in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Twenty-six patients were Negroes, 18 were Indians, three were of mixed race, and one was Caucasian. In many of these patients the disease was extensive and several of those with Crohn's disease suffered severe complications. The assumption that inflammatory bowel disease is rare among West Indians of African and Indian origin therefore seems to be wrong.", "contents": "Inflammatory bowel disease in the West Indies. Inflammatory bowel disease is generally assumed to be rare among negroes and Indians. Over 10 years 34 cases of ulcerative colitis and 14 cases of Crohn's disease were seen in one medical and one surgical unit in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Twenty-six patients were Negroes, 18 were Indians, three were of mixed race, and one was Caucasian. In many of these patients the disease was extensive and several of those with Crohn's disease suffered severe complications. The assumption that inflammatory bowel disease is rare among West Indians of African and Indian origin therefore seems to be wrong.", "PMID": 509113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8220", "title": "Finger clubbing in inflammatory bowel disease: its prevalence and pathogenesis.", "content": "Finger clubbing, measured objectively by using the hyponychial angle, was present in 75 out of 200 (38%) patients with Crohn's disease, 15 out of 103 (15%) with ulcerative colitis, and two out of 24 (8%) with proctitis. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis the hyponychial angle was significantly correlated with both disease activity and the extent of fibrosis in the resected specimens from 47 surgically treated patients. The prevalence of finger clubbing in patients with macroscopic disease within the area of the gut innervated by the vagus nerve was significantly higher than that in patients in whom the disease was confined to the distal colon and rectum. Finger clubbing in patients with Crohn's disease tended to regress after resection of macroscopic disease. It is concluded that finger clubbing is significantly commoner in Crohn's disease than ulcerative colitis. The focal stimuli for finger clubbing include mucosal inflammatory change and fibrosis mediated by the vagus and possibly other autonomic pathways acting as the afferent arc of a finger-clubbing reflex.", "contents": "Finger clubbing in inflammatory bowel disease: its prevalence and pathogenesis. Finger clubbing, measured objectively by using the hyponychial angle, was present in 75 out of 200 (38%) patients with Crohn's disease, 15 out of 103 (15%) with ulcerative colitis, and two out of 24 (8%) with proctitis. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis the hyponychial angle was significantly correlated with both disease activity and the extent of fibrosis in the resected specimens from 47 surgically treated patients. The prevalence of finger clubbing in patients with macroscopic disease within the area of the gut innervated by the vagus nerve was significantly higher than that in patients in whom the disease was confined to the distal colon and rectum. Finger clubbing in patients with Crohn's disease tended to regress after resection of macroscopic disease. It is concluded that finger clubbing is significantly commoner in Crohn's disease than ulcerative colitis. The focal stimuli for finger clubbing include mucosal inflammatory change and fibrosis mediated by the vagus and possibly other autonomic pathways acting as the afferent arc of a finger-clubbing reflex.", "PMID": 509114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8221", "title": "Head injuries in three Scottish neurosurgical units. Scottish head injury management study.", "content": "The organisation of care for patients with head injuries in Scotland was investigated by studying retrospectively 785 patients admitted in 1974 and 1975 to neurosurgical units in Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dundee. The reasons for the injuries and the patients' clinical conditions were similar in each unit. The referral practices at the hospitals containing the units were compared and found to be different from that of the unit in Edinburgh. It is concluded that patients in the Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dundee units, which operate a similar policy for head-injured patients, are in general similar. Transferring to a neurosurgical unit only selected patients rather than all patients with head injuries is safe practice only if policies are agreed with primary surgeons and patients can be transferred without delay.", "contents": "Head injuries in three Scottish neurosurgical units. Scottish head injury management study. The organisation of care for patients with head injuries in Scotland was investigated by studying retrospectively 785 patients admitted in 1974 and 1975 to neurosurgical units in Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dundee. The reasons for the injuries and the patients' clinical conditions were similar in each unit. The referral practices at the hospitals containing the units were compared and found to be different from that of the unit in Edinburgh. It is concluded that patients in the Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dundee units, which operate a similar policy for head-injured patients, are in general similar. Transferring to a neurosurgical unit only selected patients rather than all patients with head injuries is safe practice only if policies are agreed with primary surgeons and patients can be transferred without delay.", "PMID": 509175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8222", "title": "Development of a cushion to prevent ischial pressure sores.", "content": "A study was carried out jointly by nursing staff and technologists in an attempt to develop a cushion based on scientific principles and measurement that might prevent pressure sores. At each stage in the development clinical trials were carried out, and using the results of these together with the opinions of medical staff and patients who used the cushion the design was suitably modified. Over four years a seat was evolved that was simple to construct and fulfilled the clinical requirements for a wide range of patients while providing maximum relief of high-pressure points. The design was subsequently taken up commercially.", "contents": "Development of a cushion to prevent ischial pressure sores. A study was carried out jointly by nursing staff and technologists in an attempt to develop a cushion based on scientific principles and measurement that might prevent pressure sores. At each stage in the development clinical trials were carried out, and using the results of these together with the opinions of medical staff and patients who used the cushion the design was suitably modified. Over four years a seat was evolved that was simple to construct and fulfilled the clinical requirements for a wide range of patients while providing maximum relief of high-pressure points. The design was subsequently taken up commercially.", "PMID": 509176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8223", "title": "Haemostatic variables associated with diabetes and its complications.", "content": "To study the possible role of an \"increased thrombotic tendency\" in the vascular complications of diabetes several tests of haemostatic function were carried out on 91 men and 63 women with diabetes aged 35-54 years and the results compared with findings in 686 men and 393 women of the same age in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Mean values for factors VII and X, fibrinogen, and platelet adhesiveness were higher in the diabetics, but mean fibrinolytic activity and whole blood platelet counts were lower. Antithrombin III values were also higher in the diabetics, which may have constituted a protective response to other changes favouring the onset of vascular disease. Diabetics with retinopathy had higher factor VII and antithrombin III values, and those with proteinuria had higher values for factor VII, fibrinogen, and platelet adhesiveness than those without these complications. These findings suggest a potentially important association between a thrombogenic tendency and vascular disease in diabetes. Nevertheless, prospective data are needed to clarify whether the haemostatic abnormalities precede the onset of clinically manifest vascular complications or are a consequence of them.", "contents": "Haemostatic variables associated with diabetes and its complications. To study the possible role of an \"increased thrombotic tendency\" in the vascular complications of diabetes several tests of haemostatic function were carried out on 91 men and 63 women with diabetes aged 35-54 years and the results compared with findings in 686 men and 393 women of the same age in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Mean values for factors VII and X, fibrinogen, and platelet adhesiveness were higher in the diabetics, but mean fibrinolytic activity and whole blood platelet counts were lower. Antithrombin III values were also higher in the diabetics, which may have constituted a protective response to other changes favouring the onset of vascular disease. Diabetics with retinopathy had higher factor VII and antithrombin III values, and those with proteinuria had higher values for factor VII, fibrinogen, and platelet adhesiveness than those without these complications. These findings suggest a potentially important association between a thrombogenic tendency and vascular disease in diabetes. Nevertheless, prospective data are needed to clarify whether the haemostatic abnormalities precede the onset of clinically manifest vascular complications or are a consequence of them.", "PMID": 509177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8224", "title": "Penis captivus--did it occur?", "content": "The symptom of penis captivus during sexual intercourse has had a largely hearsay existence in medical history, and rumour has embellished the drama of its occurrence. It is not entirely mythical, however. It seems to have been a symptom of great rarity in former times and to have vanished perhaps completely in this century.", "contents": "Penis captivus--did it occur? The symptom of penis captivus during sexual intercourse has had a largely hearsay existence in medical history, and rumour has embellished the drama of its occurrence. It is not entirely mythical, however. It seems to have been a symptom of great rarity in former times and to have vanished perhaps completely in this century.", "PMID": 509182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8225", "title": "Use of CB hamsters in the study of Treponema pertenue.", "content": "The CB/Ss LAK strain of inbred hamster was used as a model for studies of infection with Treponema pertenue and of acquired resistance to it. When infected, this strain developed cutaneous lesions which lasted for six to seven months, even in the presence of peak titres of antitreponemal antibody. The rate of appearance and resolution of these lesions varied with the size of the inoculum. The infected hamsters' inguinal lymph nodes increased significantly in weight and teemed with treponemes for several weeks. Animals infected for eight or 10 weeks obtained quick resolution of their lesions by treatment with penicillin and were thereafter resistant to reinfection.", "contents": "Use of CB hamsters in the study of Treponema pertenue. The CB/Ss LAK strain of inbred hamster was used as a model for studies of infection with Treponema pertenue and of acquired resistance to it. When infected, this strain developed cutaneous lesions which lasted for six to seven months, even in the presence of peak titres of antitreponemal antibody. The rate of appearance and resolution of these lesions varied with the size of the inoculum. The infected hamsters' inguinal lymph nodes increased significantly in weight and teemed with treponemes for several weeks. Animals infected for eight or 10 weeks obtained quick resolution of their lesions by treatment with penicillin and were thereafter resistant to reinfection.", "PMID": 509189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8226", "title": "Vaginal oxytetracycline concentrations.", "content": "Although tetracycline preparations are widely used in departments of genitourinary medicine, or sexually transmitted diseases clinics, little is known of the concentrations of these preparations in genital secretions. For this reason a microbiological method was used for estimating oxytetracycline concentrations in vaginal secretions. These concentrations varied from 0.6 to 6.5 microgram/ml in 19 women who had had sexual contact with a man with non-specific urethritis and who were taking oxytetracycline dihydrate 250 mg four times daily. They were well in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline (0.2 microgram/ml) for the strains of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the patients with positive culture results. Thus, oxytetracycline 250 mg four times daily appears to be a satisfactory regimen for the treatment of chlamydial genital infection in women.", "contents": "Vaginal oxytetracycline concentrations. Although tetracycline preparations are widely used in departments of genitourinary medicine, or sexually transmitted diseases clinics, little is known of the concentrations of these preparations in genital secretions. For this reason a microbiological method was used for estimating oxytetracycline concentrations in vaginal secretions. These concentrations varied from 0.6 to 6.5 microgram/ml in 19 women who had had sexual contact with a man with non-specific urethritis and who were taking oxytetracycline dihydrate 250 mg four times daily. They were well in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline (0.2 microgram/ml) for the strains of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the patients with positive culture results. Thus, oxytetracycline 250 mg four times daily appears to be a satisfactory regimen for the treatment of chlamydial genital infection in women.", "PMID": 509190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8227", "title": "Sexual transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Infection of husbands by HBsAg carrier-state wives.", "content": "The husbands of 68 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier-state wives were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) and antigen (HBsAg) to assess possible transmission of HBsAg. Eight (11.8%) of the 68 husbands gave negative results for HBsAg and 22 (32.4%) positive results for HBsAb. Furthermore, eight (26.7%) of 30 husbands with presumed HBsAg transmission from their wives developed acute viral hepatitis after marriage, and e antigen (eAg) was detected in the serum from all eight wives. Although HbsAg was not detected in specimens of sputum and cervical mucus of carrier-state women by reverse passive haemagglutination, it was detected in the vaginal discharge of women during days 1--6 of the menstrual cycle at a rate ranging from 20--60%. Thus, sexual transmission of HBsAg seems to occur, particularly if sexual contact takes place during or immediately after menstruation.", "contents": "Sexual transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Infection of husbands by HBsAg carrier-state wives. The husbands of 68 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier-state wives were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) and antigen (HBsAg) to assess possible transmission of HBsAg. Eight (11.8%) of the 68 husbands gave negative results for HBsAg and 22 (32.4%) positive results for HBsAb. Furthermore, eight (26.7%) of 30 husbands with presumed HBsAg transmission from their wives developed acute viral hepatitis after marriage, and e antigen (eAg) was detected in the serum from all eight wives. Although HbsAg was not detected in specimens of sputum and cervical mucus of carrier-state women by reverse passive haemagglutination, it was detected in the vaginal discharge of women during days 1--6 of the menstrual cycle at a rate ranging from 20--60%. Thus, sexual transmission of HBsAg seems to occur, particularly if sexual contact takes place during or immediately after menstruation.", "PMID": 509191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8228", "title": "The asymmetric lateralization of tactile extinction in patients with unilateral cerebral dysfunction.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-four patients with unilateral cerebral pathology and 175 control subjects were examined with a sensitive test for tactile extinction. Damage to the right hemisphere was associated with extinction slightly (but not significantly) more often than damage to the left hemisphere; the asymmetry may be due to selective exclusion of aphasics with damage to the left hemisphere. Extinction of the left side of the body, however, was significantly more common than of the right side; this asymmetry could not be accounted for by exclusion of untestable aphasics, but was a consequence of frequent ipsilateral (left side) extinction among the group with damage to the left hemisphere while the group with damage to the right hemisphere extinguished the contralateral (left) side almost exclusively. Although the hemispheres as a whole did not differ in their association with extinction, lesions in the right parietal lobe were significantly more effective in producing extinction than lesions in the left; in both cases the contralateral side of the body was affected. By contrast, lesions in the left frontal lobe were moderately but not significantly more effective in producing extinction than right frontal damage; in almost all these cases the left side of the body was affected, regardless of which frontal lobe was damaged. A relationship between extinction and pathology in the vicinity of the anterior callosum, as determined from CT scan and angiography, was found among the frontal cases. We propose an anatomical model to explain tactile extinction and its asymetric characteristics in the human. During the extinction tests a response mechanism in the left (speech) hemisphere bases its perceptual output on the relative strengths of two simultaneous sensory inputs. Damage at any point in the channel from the periphery to the response mechanism weakens one signal in comparison to the other, resulting in a response bias favouring the stronger stimulus. Tactile information from the left hand, after reaching the somatosensory zone in the right hemisphere, is transmitted to the left hemisphere by a diffuse, widespread network including the frontal lobes and the anterior callosum. This anatomical arrangement renders left-hand information more vulnerable to chance lesions than right-hand information, which has direct access to the response mechanism via a more compact projection system.", "contents": "The asymmetric lateralization of tactile extinction in patients with unilateral cerebral dysfunction. Two hundred and thirty-four patients with unilateral cerebral pathology and 175 control subjects were examined with a sensitive test for tactile extinction. Damage to the right hemisphere was associated with extinction slightly (but not significantly) more often than damage to the left hemisphere; the asymmetry may be due to selective exclusion of aphasics with damage to the left hemisphere. Extinction of the left side of the body, however, was significantly more common than of the right side; this asymmetry could not be accounted for by exclusion of untestable aphasics, but was a consequence of frequent ipsilateral (left side) extinction among the group with damage to the left hemisphere while the group with damage to the right hemisphere extinguished the contralateral (left) side almost exclusively. Although the hemispheres as a whole did not differ in their association with extinction, lesions in the right parietal lobe were significantly more effective in producing extinction than lesions in the left; in both cases the contralateral side of the body was affected. By contrast, lesions in the left frontal lobe were moderately but not significantly more effective in producing extinction than right frontal damage; in almost all these cases the left side of the body was affected, regardless of which frontal lobe was damaged. A relationship between extinction and pathology in the vicinity of the anterior callosum, as determined from CT scan and angiography, was found among the frontal cases. We propose an anatomical model to explain tactile extinction and its asymetric characteristics in the human. During the extinction tests a response mechanism in the left (speech) hemisphere bases its perceptual output on the relative strengths of two simultaneous sensory inputs. Damage at any point in the channel from the periphery to the response mechanism weakens one signal in comparison to the other, resulting in a response bias favouring the stronger stimulus. Tactile information from the left hand, after reaching the somatosensory zone in the right hemisphere, is transmitted to the left hemisphere by a diffuse, widespread network including the frontal lobes and the anterior callosum. This anatomical arrangement renders left-hand information more vulnerable to chance lesions than right-hand information, which has direct access to the response mechanism via a more compact projection system.", "PMID": 509194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8229", "title": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "content": "Eight cases of late infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy are reported. In all cases, the diagnosis was made during life on the basis of the clinical picture and course, the results of neurophysiological studies and the finding of typical spheroids in cortical or peripheral (skin and conjunctival) biopsies. A review of 76 previously published cases revealed that 42 displayed a stereotyped clinical picture identical to that exhibited by our 8 patients. The most important clinical features, as they emerge from the study of these 50 cases, are those of a progressive disorder starting at the end of the first or beginning of the second year of life, progressive motor and mental deterioration bilateral pyramidal tract signs, marked hypotonia and early visual disturbances without epileptic seizures. The presence of high voltage, fast rhythms in the EEG and signs of denervation of an anterior horn-cell type at EMG, with normal nerve conduction velocities, is frequent additional evidence in favour of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. The finding of spheroid bodies in axonal endings seems to be constant and is necessary for an in vivo diagnosis. Spheroids can be found in peripheral tissues, for example, skin and conjunctiva, and cortical biopsy is no longer required. The spheroids, however, are not specific and both clinical and pathological features are necessary to establish a firm diagnosis. Since infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a recessively inherited disorder its recognition is imperative even though the nosology of the disease remains uncertain.", "contents": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Eight cases of late infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy are reported. In all cases, the diagnosis was made during life on the basis of the clinical picture and course, the results of neurophysiological studies and the finding of typical spheroids in cortical or peripheral (skin and conjunctival) biopsies. A review of 76 previously published cases revealed that 42 displayed a stereotyped clinical picture identical to that exhibited by our 8 patients. The most important clinical features, as they emerge from the study of these 50 cases, are those of a progressive disorder starting at the end of the first or beginning of the second year of life, progressive motor and mental deterioration bilateral pyramidal tract signs, marked hypotonia and early visual disturbances without epileptic seizures. The presence of high voltage, fast rhythms in the EEG and signs of denervation of an anterior horn-cell type at EMG, with normal nerve conduction velocities, is frequent additional evidence in favour of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. The finding of spheroid bodies in axonal endings seems to be constant and is necessary for an in vivo diagnosis. Spheroids can be found in peripheral tissues, for example, skin and conjunctiva, and cortical biopsy is no longer required. The spheroids, however, are not specific and both clinical and pathological features are necessary to establish a firm diagnosis. Since infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a recessively inherited disorder its recognition is imperative even though the nosology of the disease remains uncertain.", "PMID": 509195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8230", "title": "Quantitative studies of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Ocular movements were studied in 108 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis using an on-line computer-based electro-oculographic technique. In one group of patients peak eye movement velocities alone were measured during horizontal refixation saccades. In a second group saccade reaction times and accuracies were measured in addition to velocities, while in a subgroup a quantitative analysis of horizontal pursuit eye movements was also carried out. With the saccade velocity test abnormalities were present in 44 per cent of cases studied and were subclinical in 18 per cent. Abnormalities were found in 57 per cent of cases in whom the detailed saccade analysis was performed, including 48 per cent of patients with clinically normal eye movements. Saccade reaction time and accuracy were more sensitive parameters than saccade velocity, and the highest yield of abnormalities was obtained when all three were taken into consideration. Abnormalities of pursuit movements were found in 71 per cent of cases studied and were frequently subclinical. Abnormalities of saccadic and pursuit movements were not always present together in the same patient, and the overall yield of abnormalities was higher when the results of both types of study were taken into account. The yield of abnormalities with the eye movement studies was somewhat lower than with the pattern-reversal VEP in the clinically definite multiple sclerosis group, but was higher in patients in the other categories. Subclinical abnormalities of eye movement were found in a significant number of patients with normal VEPs. The finding of such an abnormality in patients with spinal cord syndromes allowed reclassification of 14 patients to a category with a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. It is concluded that quantitative electro-oculography is a valuable adjunct to the clinical evaluation of eye movements and has an important role in the investigation of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in multiple sclerosis. Ocular movements were studied in 108 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis using an on-line computer-based electro-oculographic technique. In one group of patients peak eye movement velocities alone were measured during horizontal refixation saccades. In a second group saccade reaction times and accuracies were measured in addition to velocities, while in a subgroup a quantitative analysis of horizontal pursuit eye movements was also carried out. With the saccade velocity test abnormalities were present in 44 per cent of cases studied and were subclinical in 18 per cent. Abnormalities were found in 57 per cent of cases in whom the detailed saccade analysis was performed, including 48 per cent of patients with clinically normal eye movements. Saccade reaction time and accuracy were more sensitive parameters than saccade velocity, and the highest yield of abnormalities was obtained when all three were taken into consideration. Abnormalities of pursuit movements were found in 71 per cent of cases studied and were frequently subclinical. Abnormalities of saccadic and pursuit movements were not always present together in the same patient, and the overall yield of abnormalities was higher when the results of both types of study were taken into account. The yield of abnormalities with the eye movement studies was somewhat lower than with the pattern-reversal VEP in the clinically definite multiple sclerosis group, but was higher in patients in the other categories. Subclinical abnormalities of eye movement were found in a significant number of patients with normal VEPs. The finding of such an abnormality in patients with spinal cord syndromes allowed reclassification of 14 patients to a category with a higher degree of diagnostic certainty. It is concluded that quantitative electro-oculography is a valuable adjunct to the clinical evaluation of eye movements and has an important role in the investigation of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 509196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8231", "title": "The contribution of the 'second' visual system to directed visual attention in man.", "content": "The visual functions of a patient suffering from a brain lesion incorporating the left n. pulvinar was examined in order to assess the contribution of this structure to human vision. With the exception of the following abnormalities visual functions were normal. First, there was a decrease in the critical flicker frequency in the periphery (but not in the parafoveal region) of the right visual hemifield, that is, that contralateral to the pulvinar lesion. However, the second and most striking characteristic was--as shown by presenting visual stimuli bilaterally and simultaneously-a 'neglect' for the periphery of this contralateral visual half-field. This 'neglect' was a function of (a) position in the visual field (eccentricity), (b) stimulus properties (size and luminance), (c) temporal properties (length of presentation and interstimulus interval). In addition to this reduced capacity to detect stimuli appearing in the periphery of the right visual hemifield, there was also prolonged latency of visually evoked saccadic eye movements and a paucity of spontaneous eye movements directed towards the right visual hemifield. These results are interpreted in terms of a contribution of the n. pulvinar to the detection of light stimuli presented in the periphery of the visual field, and support the view that the tectopulvinar extrastriate visual pathway plays an important role in the control of visual attention.", "contents": "The contribution of the 'second' visual system to directed visual attention in man. The visual functions of a patient suffering from a brain lesion incorporating the left n. pulvinar was examined in order to assess the contribution of this structure to human vision. With the exception of the following abnormalities visual functions were normal. First, there was a decrease in the critical flicker frequency in the periphery (but not in the parafoveal region) of the right visual hemifield, that is, that contralateral to the pulvinar lesion. However, the second and most striking characteristic was--as shown by presenting visual stimuli bilaterally and simultaneously-a 'neglect' for the periphery of this contralateral visual half-field. This 'neglect' was a function of (a) position in the visual field (eccentricity), (b) stimulus properties (size and luminance), (c) temporal properties (length of presentation and interstimulus interval). In addition to this reduced capacity to detect stimuli appearing in the periphery of the right visual hemifield, there was also prolonged latency of visually evoked saccadic eye movements and a paucity of spontaneous eye movements directed towards the right visual hemifield. These results are interpreted in terms of a contribution of the n. pulvinar to the detection of light stimuli presented in the periphery of the visual field, and support the view that the tectopulvinar extrastriate visual pathway plays an important role in the control of visual attention.", "PMID": 509197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8232", "title": "Cardio-inhibitory mechanism in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata.", "content": "A cardio-inhibitory mechanism was localized in the ventral part of the medullary gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN) in chloralose--urethane anesthetized cats. Stimulation of this mechanism produced an average 58.9% reduction of the heart rate (calculated from 55 responsive points having more than 40% reduction) associated mostly with hypotension, or no change or occasionally a slight increase of the arterial blood pressure. Midcollicular decerebration did not affect this bradycardia. The bradycardia following GRN stimulation of either side by a pair of symmetrically placed electrodes was reduced slightly but equally by: (1) sectioning either side of the vagus nerve; (2) hemisection at a level 4 mm rostral of the obex on either side; or (3) partial destruction of the dorsal motor (DM) and solitary (SN) nuclei on either side. Additional section of the vagus nerve on the opposite side completely abolished the bradycardiac response. Besides, the GRN bradycardia was also slightly but equally attenuated by making a midline bisection in a length extending from 10 to 4 mm rostral of the obex. Additional section of the vagus nerve on either side abolished completely only the bradycardia following electrical stimulation of the GRN on the same side, while that following electrical stimulation of the GRN on the opposite side remained unaffected. On the other hand, the GRN bradycardia was not affected by simply making a caudal midline bisection in a length extending from 3 or 4 mm rostral to 2 mm caudal of the obex. The results suggest: (1) the ventral part of the GRN is a cardio-inhibitory mechanism independent of the higher center; (2) the efferent pathway descends both ipsilaterally and contralaterally and makes synaptic relay in the areas of DM and/or SN and finally exits via the vagus nerves; (3) the fibers decussate rostral to the level 4 mm rostral of the obex; and (4) both ipsilateral and contralateral descending fibers appeared to exert the same degree of suppressive influence in the heart rate.", "contents": "Cardio-inhibitory mechanism in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata. A cardio-inhibitory mechanism was localized in the ventral part of the medullary gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN) in chloralose--urethane anesthetized cats. Stimulation of this mechanism produced an average 58.9% reduction of the heart rate (calculated from 55 responsive points having more than 40% reduction) associated mostly with hypotension, or no change or occasionally a slight increase of the arterial blood pressure. Midcollicular decerebration did not affect this bradycardia. The bradycardia following GRN stimulation of either side by a pair of symmetrically placed electrodes was reduced slightly but equally by: (1) sectioning either side of the vagus nerve; (2) hemisection at a level 4 mm rostral of the obex on either side; or (3) partial destruction of the dorsal motor (DM) and solitary (SN) nuclei on either side. Additional section of the vagus nerve on the opposite side completely abolished the bradycardiac response. Besides, the GRN bradycardia was also slightly but equally attenuated by making a midline bisection in a length extending from 10 to 4 mm rostral of the obex. Additional section of the vagus nerve on either side abolished completely only the bradycardia following electrical stimulation of the GRN on the same side, while that following electrical stimulation of the GRN on the opposite side remained unaffected. On the other hand, the GRN bradycardia was not affected by simply making a caudal midline bisection in a length extending from 3 or 4 mm rostral to 2 mm caudal of the obex. The results suggest: (1) the ventral part of the GRN is a cardio-inhibitory mechanism independent of the higher center; (2) the efferent pathway descends both ipsilaterally and contralaterally and makes synaptic relay in the areas of DM and/or SN and finally exits via the vagus nerves; (3) the fibers decussate rostral to the level 4 mm rostral of the obex; and (4) both ipsilateral and contralateral descending fibers appeared to exert the same degree of suppressive influence in the heart rate.", "PMID": 509206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8233", "title": "Morphometrical synaptology of Clarke cells and of distal dendrites in the nucleus dorsalis: an electron microscopic study in the cat.", "content": "The fine structural synaptology of large Clarke cells in L3 has been investigated from a morphometrical point of view in both normal and adult cats which received horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the cerebellum. This marking method made it possible to distinguish small or distal dendrites of large Clarke cells from those of interneurons and the marginal cells of Clarke's column. A total of 1036 boutons was observed on the perikarya of 21 large Clarke cells; 81.9% (848/1036) were small-sized boutons, the cross-sectional areas of which ranged between 0.3 and 2.9 sq. micrometer, while 18.1% (186/1036) were giant boutons ranging between 3.0 and 8.0 sq. micrometer. From 1075 boutons on 17 primary dendrites of Clarke cells, 72.4% (778/1075) were small-sized boutons and 27.6% (297/1075) were giant boutons. From 1679 boutons contacting 366 distal or small HRP-labeled dendrites, 89.9% (1507/1679) were small boutons and 10.1% were giant boutons. The giant boutons were more frequently located on the proximal dendrites than on the cell bodies or small distal dendrites of Clarke cells. The proportion of S- and F-type boutons was different in 3 parts of large Clarke cells. F-type boutons were more frequent on soma (55.0% 570/1036) and primary dendrites (59.4%, 635/1075). S-type boutons outnumbered the F-type on small or distal dendrites (62.6%, 1952/1679). The S/F ratio seemed to increase from the cell body toward the distal dendrites. The results suggest that Clarke cells receive predominantly small S-type boutons since the total receptive area of the dendrites is supposed to exceed that of the cell body.", "contents": "Morphometrical synaptology of Clarke cells and of distal dendrites in the nucleus dorsalis: an electron microscopic study in the cat. The fine structural synaptology of large Clarke cells in L3 has been investigated from a morphometrical point of view in both normal and adult cats which received horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the cerebellum. This marking method made it possible to distinguish small or distal dendrites of large Clarke cells from those of interneurons and the marginal cells of Clarke's column. A total of 1036 boutons was observed on the perikarya of 21 large Clarke cells; 81.9% (848/1036) were small-sized boutons, the cross-sectional areas of which ranged between 0.3 and 2.9 sq. micrometer, while 18.1% (186/1036) were giant boutons ranging between 3.0 and 8.0 sq. micrometer. From 1075 boutons on 17 primary dendrites of Clarke cells, 72.4% (778/1075) were small-sized boutons and 27.6% (297/1075) were giant boutons. From 1679 boutons contacting 366 distal or small HRP-labeled dendrites, 89.9% (1507/1679) were small boutons and 10.1% were giant boutons. The giant boutons were more frequently located on the proximal dendrites than on the cell bodies or small distal dendrites of Clarke cells. The proportion of S- and F-type boutons was different in 3 parts of large Clarke cells. F-type boutons were more frequent on soma (55.0% 570/1036) and primary dendrites (59.4%, 635/1075). S-type boutons outnumbered the F-type on small or distal dendrites (62.6%, 1952/1679). The S/F ratio seemed to increase from the cell body toward the distal dendrites. The results suggest that Clarke cells receive predominantly small S-type boutons since the total receptive area of the dendrites is supposed to exceed that of the cell body.", "PMID": 509207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8234", "title": "The organization of projections to selected points of somatosensory cortex from the cat ventrobasal complex.", "content": "The organization of neurons in the cat ventrobasal complex (VB) which project to somatosensory cortex (SI) was investigated by the use of the retrograde transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Two histochemical procedures were used to visualize retrogradely transported HRP. Injections of HRP in electrophysiologically characterized points of SI cortex labeled distinctive zones of neurons in VB ipsilateral to the injections. Injections placed in the forelimb or hindlimb cortical areas labeled laminar-like aggregates of neurons have long axis corresponded to the long axis of VB. Injections of the SI trigeminal representation resulted in very compact aggregates of HRP positive neurons which were less clearly laminar. The density of projection from VB to various portions of SI paralleled the general innervation density of the peripheral skin. Injections of the cortical vibrissal, face and forepaw representations labeled a greater number of neurons in VB per unit area of cortex injected than did injections of the hindpaw or trunk representations. For a given somatotopic area, the number of labeled neurons in VB increased linearly as the area of the cortical HRP injection increased. Differences in the sensitivity of each histochemical procedure and the relationship of differing sensitivities to the observed results are also discussed.", "contents": "The organization of projections to selected points of somatosensory cortex from the cat ventrobasal complex. The organization of neurons in the cat ventrobasal complex (VB) which project to somatosensory cortex (SI) was investigated by the use of the retrograde transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Two histochemical procedures were used to visualize retrogradely transported HRP. Injections of HRP in electrophysiologically characterized points of SI cortex labeled distinctive zones of neurons in VB ipsilateral to the injections. Injections placed in the forelimb or hindlimb cortical areas labeled laminar-like aggregates of neurons have long axis corresponded to the long axis of VB. Injections of the SI trigeminal representation resulted in very compact aggregates of HRP positive neurons which were less clearly laminar. The density of projection from VB to various portions of SI paralleled the general innervation density of the peripheral skin. Injections of the cortical vibrissal, face and forepaw representations labeled a greater number of neurons in VB per unit area of cortex injected than did injections of the hindpaw or trunk representations. For a given somatotopic area, the number of labeled neurons in VB increased linearly as the area of the cortical HRP injection increased. Differences in the sensitivity of each histochemical procedure and the relationship of differing sensitivities to the observed results are also discussed.", "PMID": 509208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8235", "title": "Tonic stretch reflexes in lip, tongue and jaw muscles.", "content": "Despite considerable speculation it remains unclear as to whether stretch reflexes perform a functional role in speech articulator muscles. Recent research, however, has shown that long loop stretch reflex mechanisms are brought into play during voluntary contraction of limb muscles and a functional role in oscillatory damping has been suggested. It was decided, therefore, to use a method and a technique of analysis similar to that used in limb muscles to search for tonic stretch reflex (TSR) responses in lip, tongue and jaw muscles during sustained voluntary contraction. The term 'action TSR' is used to differentiate stretch reflex responses measured from voluntary activity from those measured at rest. Simultaneous electromyogram (EMG) recordings were taken from the lip, tongue and jaw musculature in normal, stutterer and cerebral spastic subjects. Subjects were instructed to hold the appropriate articulator in a fixed position while the experiment applied an irregular, continuously changing, stretching force. The stretch and EMG signals were analyzed using a cross correlation and spectral analysis technique. This provided a sensitive means of detecting any EMG fluctuations which covaried with applied stretch and might therefore be classified as reflex. No suggestion of such action TSR responses could be found in lip or tongue muscles of any of the subjects tested, including the cerebral spastic subjects with dysarthric speech. It is therefore concluded that action TSR mechanisms are not operative in control of lip and tongue muscles in man. Furthermore, dysarthric speech in cerebral spasticity cannot be attributed to exaggerated tone of lip and tongue muscles resulting from hypersensitivity of TSR mechanisms. In contrast, clear action TSR responses were demonstrable in jaw closing muscles while in jaw opening muscles, small amplitude responses were detected but were not substantial in comparison with background activity. Since the action TSR is present in jaw and limb muscles, but absent in lip and tongue muscles, the suggestion of a functional role of this reflex in damping mechanical oscillations associated with inertial loads is further supported.", "contents": "Tonic stretch reflexes in lip, tongue and jaw muscles. Despite considerable speculation it remains unclear as to whether stretch reflexes perform a functional role in speech articulator muscles. Recent research, however, has shown that long loop stretch reflex mechanisms are brought into play during voluntary contraction of limb muscles and a functional role in oscillatory damping has been suggested. It was decided, therefore, to use a method and a technique of analysis similar to that used in limb muscles to search for tonic stretch reflex (TSR) responses in lip, tongue and jaw muscles during sustained voluntary contraction. The term 'action TSR' is used to differentiate stretch reflex responses measured from voluntary activity from those measured at rest. Simultaneous electromyogram (EMG) recordings were taken from the lip, tongue and jaw musculature in normal, stutterer and cerebral spastic subjects. Subjects were instructed to hold the appropriate articulator in a fixed position while the experiment applied an irregular, continuously changing, stretching force. The stretch and EMG signals were analyzed using a cross correlation and spectral analysis technique. This provided a sensitive means of detecting any EMG fluctuations which covaried with applied stretch and might therefore be classified as reflex. No suggestion of such action TSR responses could be found in lip or tongue muscles of any of the subjects tested, including the cerebral spastic subjects with dysarthric speech. It is therefore concluded that action TSR mechanisms are not operative in control of lip and tongue muscles in man. Furthermore, dysarthric speech in cerebral spasticity cannot be attributed to exaggerated tone of lip and tongue muscles resulting from hypersensitivity of TSR mechanisms. In contrast, clear action TSR responses were demonstrable in jaw closing muscles while in jaw opening muscles, small amplitude responses were detected but were not substantial in comparison with background activity. Since the action TSR is present in jaw and limb muscles, but absent in lip and tongue muscles, the suggestion of a functional role of this reflex in damping mechanical oscillations associated with inertial loads is further supported.", "PMID": 509209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8236", "title": "Immunologic similarities between the hypothalamic alpha-bungarotoxin receptor and the Torpedo californica nicotinic cholinergic receptor.", "content": "The solubilized rat central nervous system (hypothalamic) nicotinic cholinergic receptor and the Torpedo nicotinic cholinergic receptors are immunologically similar and show greater than 60% immunologic cross-reactivity using a double-antibody technique. Antibodies to the Electrophorus and Torpedo receptors also decrease the rate of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to these membraneous receptors. It is concluded that the Torpedo and hypothalamic nicotinic receptors are immunologically similar and that receptor binding sites for alpha-bungarotoxin and antibodies are physically close. These studies indicate that alpha-bungarotoxin can be used to study the nicotinic cholinergic receptor of the rat hypothalamus.", "contents": "Immunologic similarities between the hypothalamic alpha-bungarotoxin receptor and the Torpedo californica nicotinic cholinergic receptor. The solubilized rat central nervous system (hypothalamic) nicotinic cholinergic receptor and the Torpedo nicotinic cholinergic receptors are immunologically similar and show greater than 60% immunologic cross-reactivity using a double-antibody technique. Antibodies to the Electrophorus and Torpedo receptors also decrease the rate of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to these membraneous receptors. It is concluded that the Torpedo and hypothalamic nicotinic receptors are immunologically similar and that receptor binding sites for alpha-bungarotoxin and antibodies are physically close. These studies indicate that alpha-bungarotoxin can be used to study the nicotinic cholinergic receptor of the rat hypothalamus.", "PMID": 509210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8237", "title": "Grafting of additional periphery reduces embryonic loss of neurons.", "content": "Effects of increased peripheral field of innervation on the magnitude of the spontaneously occurring embryonic cell death in the chick trochlear and isthmo-optic nuclei were examined. Grafting of an additional optic primordium and the surrounding mesoderm (which forms extraocular muscles) was performed at stage 11 (HH stage series). The grafted tissue is innervated by the appropriate neuron pool as revealed by the retrograde axonal flow of HRP. Cell counts of the trochlear nucleus on day 19 indicate a mean increase of 37% (range 19--62%) in the number of cells on the experimental side (contralateral to the graft) as compared to the ipsilateral control nucleus of the same embryos. Cell counts of the isthmo-optic nucleus on day 19 show an average increase of 35% (range 27--41%) on the experimental (contralateral) side over the ipsilateral control side. This increase in cell survival is not due to a stimulatory effect of grafting on cellular proliferation as revealed by the cell counts of trochlear and isthmo-optic nuclei on day 9 and 11 respectively. Thus, the increased cell survival is attributed solely to the reduction in the magnitude of the embryonic cell death. Whether this reduction in embryonic cell death is due to increased number of synaptic sites or increased amounts of trophic substances remains uncertain.", "contents": "Grafting of additional periphery reduces embryonic loss of neurons. Effects of increased peripheral field of innervation on the magnitude of the spontaneously occurring embryonic cell death in the chick trochlear and isthmo-optic nuclei were examined. Grafting of an additional optic primordium and the surrounding mesoderm (which forms extraocular muscles) was performed at stage 11 (HH stage series). The grafted tissue is innervated by the appropriate neuron pool as revealed by the retrograde axonal flow of HRP. Cell counts of the trochlear nucleus on day 19 indicate a mean increase of 37% (range 19--62%) in the number of cells on the experimental side (contralateral to the graft) as compared to the ipsilateral control nucleus of the same embryos. Cell counts of the isthmo-optic nucleus on day 19 show an average increase of 35% (range 27--41%) on the experimental (contralateral) side over the ipsilateral control side. This increase in cell survival is not due to a stimulatory effect of grafting on cellular proliferation as revealed by the cell counts of trochlear and isthmo-optic nuclei on day 9 and 11 respectively. Thus, the increased cell survival is attributed solely to the reduction in the magnitude of the embryonic cell death. Whether this reduction in embryonic cell death is due to increased number of synaptic sites or increased amounts of trophic substances remains uncertain.", "PMID": 509211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8238", "title": "Effects of baroreceptor activation on spontaneous activity in the sweat glands and nictitating membrane of the cat.", "content": "(1) In chloralose-anesthetized cats, elevation of carotid sinus pressure caused blood pressure, sweat gland potentials and nictitating membrane tension to decrease. (2) The onset and recovery of the sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses usually preceded the respective phases of the blood pressure (depressor) response; the latencies of the sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses agreed with the latencies predicted for neural reflex pathways. (3) The sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses were evoked less consistently than the depressor response. (4) In experiments where only the sweat gland potentials and blood pressure were studied: (a) the sinus pressure threshold for inhibition of sweat gland activity was similar to the threshold for the depressor response; (b) cutting the sinus nerves, or blocking the efferent neural activity to the sweat glands, eliminated the effects of sinus pressure elevation on the sweat gland potentials; (c) with carotid sinus pressure held constant, decreases in blood pressure, produced by stimulating the peripheral end of the vagus nerve, did not affect the sweat gland potentials. (5) These results indicate that baroreceptors can reflexly modulate activity in sympathetic neurons whose target organs are not fundamentally involved in blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "Effects of baroreceptor activation on spontaneous activity in the sweat glands and nictitating membrane of the cat. (1) In chloralose-anesthetized cats, elevation of carotid sinus pressure caused blood pressure, sweat gland potentials and nictitating membrane tension to decrease. (2) The onset and recovery of the sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses usually preceded the respective phases of the blood pressure (depressor) response; the latencies of the sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses agreed with the latencies predicted for neural reflex pathways. (3) The sweat gland and nictitating membrane responses were evoked less consistently than the depressor response. (4) In experiments where only the sweat gland potentials and blood pressure were studied: (a) the sinus pressure threshold for inhibition of sweat gland activity was similar to the threshold for the depressor response; (b) cutting the sinus nerves, or blocking the efferent neural activity to the sweat glands, eliminated the effects of sinus pressure elevation on the sweat gland potentials; (c) with carotid sinus pressure held constant, decreases in blood pressure, produced by stimulating the peripheral end of the vagus nerve, did not affect the sweat gland potentials. (5) These results indicate that baroreceptors can reflexly modulate activity in sympathetic neurons whose target organs are not fundamentally involved in blood pressure regulation.", "PMID": 509212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8239", "title": "Staggerer chimeras: intrinsic nature of Purkinje cell defects and implications for normal cerebellar development.", "content": "The site of gene action of the Staggerer mutation of mice was investigated with Staggerer in equilibrium or formed from wild-type chimeras. Homozygous Staggerer mice show severe locomotor difficulties due to cerebellar abnormalities which include degeneration of virtually all granule cells and cytological defects in Purkinje cells. Although the locomotor deficits of the mutant were not present in the chimeras, the presence of Staggerer cells affected cerebellar structure. The size and the extent of foliation of the chimeric cerebella were intermediate between wile-type and homozygous Staggerer. A normally proportioned granule cell layer was present. Using beta-glucuronidase as an independent determinant of a cell's genotype, it was found that the genotypically Staggerer medium-to-large neurons expressed all of the light microscopic defects observable in these cells in the homozygous mutant. These defects include: (1) smaller size; (2) usually ectopic location; and (3) regional variation in the cytological appearance of the perikaryon. By contrast, all Purkinje cells which were genotypically wild-type appeared normal in size, in location and in their cytological appearance. Their density, however, was much reduced from wild-type. The effects of the Staggerer mutation on the granule, stellate and basket cells could not be directly assessed as the glucuronidase marker is not suitable for use with these cells. The Staggerer gene thus acts directly on Purkinje cells rather than via extracellular environmental changes. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for normal cerebellar development.", "contents": "Staggerer chimeras: intrinsic nature of Purkinje cell defects and implications for normal cerebellar development. The site of gene action of the Staggerer mutation of mice was investigated with Staggerer in equilibrium or formed from wild-type chimeras. Homozygous Staggerer mice show severe locomotor difficulties due to cerebellar abnormalities which include degeneration of virtually all granule cells and cytological defects in Purkinje cells. Although the locomotor deficits of the mutant were not present in the chimeras, the presence of Staggerer cells affected cerebellar structure. The size and the extent of foliation of the chimeric cerebella were intermediate between wile-type and homozygous Staggerer. A normally proportioned granule cell layer was present. Using beta-glucuronidase as an independent determinant of a cell's genotype, it was found that the genotypically Staggerer medium-to-large neurons expressed all of the light microscopic defects observable in these cells in the homozygous mutant. These defects include: (1) smaller size; (2) usually ectopic location; and (3) regional variation in the cytological appearance of the perikaryon. By contrast, all Purkinje cells which were genotypically wild-type appeared normal in size, in location and in their cytological appearance. Their density, however, was much reduced from wild-type. The effects of the Staggerer mutation on the granule, stellate and basket cells could not be directly assessed as the glucuronidase marker is not suitable for use with these cells. The Staggerer gene thus acts directly on Purkinje cells rather than via extracellular environmental changes. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for normal cerebellar development.", "PMID": 509213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8240", "title": "The effect of depolarizing potassium concentrations on the efflux of GABA from rat dorsal medulla in vivo and from slices and synaptosomes.", "content": "The efflux of [3H]GABA from the dorsal surface of adult rat medulla overlying the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) was found not be influenced by increasing the concentration of potassium in the superfusing solution to 40 mequiv. Similarly, raised potassium was found not to influence the efflux from slices of the dorsal region of the caudal medulla containing the dorsal column nuclei. This lack of effect of raised potassium is not thought to be due to lack of GABAergic terminals in this region because there is good pharmacological evidence for their presence and bacause both electrical stimulation and 100 microM veratridine increased the efflux of [3H]GABA from such slices. Also, 40 mequiv potassium was found to increase the efflux of both endogenous and [3H]GABA from crude synaptosome preparations of this region without influencing the efflux of [14C]sucrose or [3H]leucine. This release of [3H]GABA was calcium-dependent, and was similar whether produced by 20, 40 of 60 mequiv potassium and occurred whether eos or AOAA was used to inhibit GABA metabolism. Release from synaptosomes could also be induced with 100 microM veratridine. Raised potassium was additionally found to prevent the increased efflux from slices produced by electrical stimulation and to increase the efflux from slices prepared from the brains of rats 14 days old. It is suggested that the astrocytic swelling produced by raised potassium concentration restricts the diffusion of GABA away from depolarized terminals.", "contents": "The effect of depolarizing potassium concentrations on the efflux of GABA from rat dorsal medulla in vivo and from slices and synaptosomes. The efflux of [3H]GABA from the dorsal surface of adult rat medulla overlying the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) was found not be influenced by increasing the concentration of potassium in the superfusing solution to 40 mequiv. Similarly, raised potassium was found not to influence the efflux from slices of the dorsal region of the caudal medulla containing the dorsal column nuclei. This lack of effect of raised potassium is not thought to be due to lack of GABAergic terminals in this region because there is good pharmacological evidence for their presence and bacause both electrical stimulation and 100 microM veratridine increased the efflux of [3H]GABA from such slices. Also, 40 mequiv potassium was found to increase the efflux of both endogenous and [3H]GABA from crude synaptosome preparations of this region without influencing the efflux of [14C]sucrose or [3H]leucine. This release of [3H]GABA was calcium-dependent, and was similar whether produced by 20, 40 of 60 mequiv potassium and occurred whether eos or AOAA was used to inhibit GABA metabolism. Release from synaptosomes could also be induced with 100 microM veratridine. Raised potassium was additionally found to prevent the increased efflux from slices produced by electrical stimulation and to increase the efflux from slices prepared from the brains of rats 14 days old. It is suggested that the astrocytic swelling produced by raised potassium concentration restricts the diffusion of GABA away from depolarized terminals.", "PMID": 509214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8241", "title": "Denervation supersensitivity to serotonin in rat forebrain: single cell studies.", "content": "To investigate the development of denervation supersensitivity to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the amygdala (AMYG) and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), single cell recordings, microiontophoretic, histochemical and biochemical techniques were used in the present study. 5-HT projections to the vLGN and the AMYG were destroyed by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, a relatively selective toxin for 5-HT neurons) injected directly into the lateral ventricle or the ascending 5-HT pathway in the ventromedial tegmentum area. Enhanced responsiveness of cells to the inhibitory effect of microiontophoretically applied 5-HT (ionto-5-HT) began to develop within 24 h and approached a maximum 7 days after 5,7-DHT pretreatment. In general, the time courses for the reduction in both the density of 5-HT fluorescent varicosities and synaptosomal 5-HT uptake activity paralleled the time course for the development of denervation supersensitivity to 5-HT. During the first 2 days after 5,7-DHT, the enhanced sensitivity was selective for 5-HT; responses to D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were unchanged. Seven or more days after 5,7-DHT there was a marked increase of the responsiveness of neurons in the vLGN and the AMYG to both 5-HT and LSD (a 5-HT agonist which is not a substrate for the high affinity 5-HT uptake system). At these later times, the responsiveness of cells in the AMYG to NE and to a lesser extent GABA was also increased. In contrast to the marked supersensitivity seen after 5,7-DHT induced denervation, chronic administration of parachlorophenylalanine, a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, failed to induce 5-HT supersensitivity.", "contents": "Denervation supersensitivity to serotonin in rat forebrain: single cell studies. To investigate the development of denervation supersensitivity to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the amygdala (AMYG) and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), single cell recordings, microiontophoretic, histochemical and biochemical techniques were used in the present study. 5-HT projections to the vLGN and the AMYG were destroyed by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, a relatively selective toxin for 5-HT neurons) injected directly into the lateral ventricle or the ascending 5-HT pathway in the ventromedial tegmentum area. Enhanced responsiveness of cells to the inhibitory effect of microiontophoretically applied 5-HT (ionto-5-HT) began to develop within 24 h and approached a maximum 7 days after 5,7-DHT pretreatment. In general, the time courses for the reduction in both the density of 5-HT fluorescent varicosities and synaptosomal 5-HT uptake activity paralleled the time course for the development of denervation supersensitivity to 5-HT. During the first 2 days after 5,7-DHT, the enhanced sensitivity was selective for 5-HT; responses to D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were unchanged. Seven or more days after 5,7-DHT there was a marked increase of the responsiveness of neurons in the vLGN and the AMYG to both 5-HT and LSD (a 5-HT agonist which is not a substrate for the high affinity 5-HT uptake system). At these later times, the responsiveness of cells in the AMYG to NE and to a lesser extent GABA was also increased. In contrast to the marked supersensitivity seen after 5,7-DHT induced denervation, chronic administration of parachlorophenylalanine, a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, failed to induce 5-HT supersensitivity.", "PMID": 509215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8242", "title": "Pharmacologic independence of subfornical organ receptors mediating drinking.", "content": "In rats with chronically implanted cannulae in the subfornical organ (SFO), the relationship between cholinergic- and angiotensin (AII)-induced drinking was investigated pharmacologically. All substances were injected via SFO cannulae which did not rupture ventricular ependyma. Pretreatment with low doses of the muscarinic antagonist atropine abolished carbachol-induced drinking, while nicotinic antagonists had no effect. Nonetheless, pretreatment with much larger doses of atropine had no effect on AII-induced drinking. Similarly, relatively small doses of the AII antagonist, saralasin, blocked AII-induced drinking, yet a much larger dose of saralasin had no effect on carbachol-induced drinking. The receptors mediating cholinergic- and AII-induced drinking therefore cannot be in series and must be in parallel. A hypothesis is proposed to account for this independence and for the significance of the SFO cholinergic innervation.", "contents": "Pharmacologic independence of subfornical organ receptors mediating drinking. In rats with chronically implanted cannulae in the subfornical organ (SFO), the relationship between cholinergic- and angiotensin (AII)-induced drinking was investigated pharmacologically. All substances were injected via SFO cannulae which did not rupture ventricular ependyma. Pretreatment with low doses of the muscarinic antagonist atropine abolished carbachol-induced drinking, while nicotinic antagonists had no effect. Nonetheless, pretreatment with much larger doses of atropine had no effect on AII-induced drinking. Similarly, relatively small doses of the AII antagonist, saralasin, blocked AII-induced drinking, yet a much larger dose of saralasin had no effect on carbachol-induced drinking. The receptors mediating cholinergic- and AII-induced drinking therefore cannot be in series and must be in parallel. A hypothesis is proposed to account for this independence and for the significance of the SFO cholinergic innervation.", "PMID": 509216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8243", "title": "Pharmacological characterization of adrenal paraneurons: substance P and somatostatin as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic response.", "content": "A pharmacological study was made of the effects of various muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and their antagonists on the release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) from cultures of isolated bovine adrenal medullary cells. A study was also made of the effects of substance P and somatostatin on the release of [3H]NA evoked by nicotinic agonists. By 2 days in culture these adrenal 'paraneurons' had developed long varicose processes with growth cones and generally resembled noradrenergic neurons in culture. In the present study, adrenal paraneurons were incubated with [3H]NA which was taken up and stored in reserpine-sensitive sites. Exposure of the cultures to acetylcholine (ACh) resulted in release of [3H]NA into the external medium. High concentrations of K+ (56 mM) also evoked release of [3H]NA. The release of [3H]NA induced by ACh or K+ (56 mM) was Ca2+-dependent. Pharmacological studies with nicotinic (ACh, nicotine) and muscarinic (methacholine, pilocarpine) agonists and their antagonists (mecamylasmine, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium; and atropine, scopolamine, respectively) showed that the adrenal paraneurons contained only nicotinic receptors. Substance P produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ACh (5 x 10(-5) M) stimulated [3H]NA release in the range of 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-5) M with an ID50 of 10(-6) M. A similar inhibition of NA release by substance P was obtained when nicotine (K X 10(-6) M) was used as the agonist, but not when K+ (50 MM) was used to depolarize the cells. Substance P (10-10) to 5 x 10(-5) M) by itself did not have a significant effect on the basal release rate of [3H]NA from these cells. Somatostatin at relatively high concentrations (10(-6)-10(-3) M; ID50 2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the release induced by ACh, but not by K+ (56 mM). The present results provide the first direct evidence at a cellular level that substance P and somatostatin act as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic ACh response, and support a role for these peptides as inhibitory neuromodulators at nicotinic receptor sites in the nervous system.", "contents": "Pharmacological characterization of adrenal paraneurons: substance P and somatostatin as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic response. A pharmacological study was made of the effects of various muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and their antagonists on the release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) from cultures of isolated bovine adrenal medullary cells. A study was also made of the effects of substance P and somatostatin on the release of [3H]NA evoked by nicotinic agonists. By 2 days in culture these adrenal 'paraneurons' had developed long varicose processes with growth cones and generally resembled noradrenergic neurons in culture. In the present study, adrenal paraneurons were incubated with [3H]NA which was taken up and stored in reserpine-sensitive sites. Exposure of the cultures to acetylcholine (ACh) resulted in release of [3H]NA into the external medium. High concentrations of K+ (56 mM) also evoked release of [3H]NA. The release of [3H]NA induced by ACh or K+ (56 mM) was Ca2+-dependent. Pharmacological studies with nicotinic (ACh, nicotine) and muscarinic (methacholine, pilocarpine) agonists and their antagonists (mecamylasmine, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium; and atropine, scopolamine, respectively) showed that the adrenal paraneurons contained only nicotinic receptors. Substance P produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ACh (5 x 10(-5) M) stimulated [3H]NA release in the range of 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-5) M with an ID50 of 10(-6) M. A similar inhibition of NA release by substance P was obtained when nicotine (K X 10(-6) M) was used as the agonist, but not when K+ (50 MM) was used to depolarize the cells. Substance P (10-10) to 5 x 10(-5) M) by itself did not have a significant effect on the basal release rate of [3H]NA from these cells. Somatostatin at relatively high concentrations (10(-6)-10(-3) M; ID50 2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the release induced by ACh, but not by K+ (56 mM). The present results provide the first direct evidence at a cellular level that substance P and somatostatin act as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic ACh response, and support a role for these peptides as inhibitory neuromodulators at nicotinic receptor sites in the nervous system.", "PMID": 509217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8244", "title": "Effect of thiamine deficiency on brain serotonin turnover.", "content": "Serotonin turnover has been investigated in regional brain areas of rats made thiamine deficient by pyrithiamine (PT). Following intracisternal injection of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine ([14C]5-HT), a marked increase in the accumulation of [14C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([14C]5-HIAA) was found in the medulla-pons, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. [14C]5-HT levels were normal in all of the brain areas except the cerebral cortex which had an increase of 58%. The ratio of [14C]5-HIAA/[14C]5-HT was significantly increased in every brain region of PT-treated rats except the cerebral cortex. Part of this increase in [14C]5-HIAA was shown to be due to impairment of active transport of this 5-HT metabolite out of the brain. However, increased 5-HT synthesis in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex was demonstrated by measurement of 5-HT accumulation after inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase. PT-induced increase in endogenous 5-HIAA in the medulla-pons occurred simultaneously with the onset of neurological signs and both parameters were reversible by thiamine administration. These results suggest that acute thiamine deficiency, induced by PT, both increases brain 5-HT synthesis and impairs 5-HIAA efflux from the brain. There is a close correlation between neurological manifestations and changes in brain 5-HT metabolism in acute thiamine deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of thiamine deficiency on brain serotonin turnover. Serotonin turnover has been investigated in regional brain areas of rats made thiamine deficient by pyrithiamine (PT). Following intracisternal injection of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine ([14C]5-HT), a marked increase in the accumulation of [14C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([14C]5-HIAA) was found in the medulla-pons, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. [14C]5-HT levels were normal in all of the brain areas except the cerebral cortex which had an increase of 58%. The ratio of [14C]5-HIAA/[14C]5-HT was significantly increased in every brain region of PT-treated rats except the cerebral cortex. Part of this increase in [14C]5-HIAA was shown to be due to impairment of active transport of this 5-HT metabolite out of the brain. However, increased 5-HT synthesis in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex was demonstrated by measurement of 5-HT accumulation after inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase. PT-induced increase in endogenous 5-HIAA in the medulla-pons occurred simultaneously with the onset of neurological signs and both parameters were reversible by thiamine administration. These results suggest that acute thiamine deficiency, induced by PT, both increases brain 5-HT synthesis and impairs 5-HIAA efflux from the brain. There is a close correlation between neurological manifestations and changes in brain 5-HT metabolism in acute thiamine deficiency.", "PMID": 509224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8245", "title": "Brain catecholamines during development of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats.", "content": "The activity of the adrenaline-forming enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline were determined during the development of the DOCA-salt hypertension in selective areas of the rat brain stem and hypothalamus. Increases in PNMT activity were restricted to the A1 area and locus coeruleus after 2 weeks of DOCA-salt treatment and were extended to the A2 area after 9 weeks of treatment. Adrenaline concentrations were higher in these areas only after 9 weeks of treatment. Noradrenaline levels did not change, except in the nucleus tractus commissuralis. Dopamine levels were unchanged at all times and in all structures studied. These results implicate brain stem adrenaline neurons in the central response which occurs during the DOCA-salt experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Brain catecholamines during development of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. The activity of the adrenaline-forming enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline were determined during the development of the DOCA-salt hypertension in selective areas of the rat brain stem and hypothalamus. Increases in PNMT activity were restricted to the A1 area and locus coeruleus after 2 weeks of DOCA-salt treatment and were extended to the A2 area after 9 weeks of treatment. Adrenaline concentrations were higher in these areas only after 9 weeks of treatment. Noradrenaline levels did not change, except in the nucleus tractus commissuralis. Dopamine levels were unchanged at all times and in all structures studied. These results implicate brain stem adrenaline neurons in the central response which occurs during the DOCA-salt experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 509225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8246", "title": "Cerebral metabolic and circulatory changes in the rat during sustained seizures induced by DL-homocysteine.", "content": "Sustained, generalized seizure activity was induced in anaesthetized (70% N2O), paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats by i.p. DL-homocysteine thiolactone in a dose of 11 mmol/kg. Epileptic discharges in the EEG were accompanied by marked perturbation of tissue metabolites. There was a fall in phosphocreatine concentration to 40% of control but only moderate changes in adenine nucleotides, a marked rise in lactate concentration, and a pronounced increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Excessive amounts of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (and glyceraldehyde phosphate) accumulated, indicating that depletion of NAD+ occurred. There was marked accumulation of ammonia, glutamine and alanine, and reduction in glutamate and aspartate concentrations. Administration of a subconvulsive dose of homocysteine (7.5 mmol/kg) gave rise to changes in ammonia and amino acids, qualitatively similar to those occurring during seizures. It is concluded that although changes in the metabolites of the energy reserve were mainly caused by the induced seizures, those affecting amino acid concentrations were significantly influenced by accumulation of ammonia, secondary to metabolism of injected homocysteine. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen utilization (CMRO2) were measured during sustained seizures. CMRO2 rose to 150% of control, with a corresponding increase in CBF.", "contents": "Cerebral metabolic and circulatory changes in the rat during sustained seizures induced by DL-homocysteine. Sustained, generalized seizure activity was induced in anaesthetized (70% N2O), paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats by i.p. DL-homocysteine thiolactone in a dose of 11 mmol/kg. Epileptic discharges in the EEG were accompanied by marked perturbation of tissue metabolites. There was a fall in phosphocreatine concentration to 40% of control but only moderate changes in adenine nucleotides, a marked rise in lactate concentration, and a pronounced increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Excessive amounts of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (and glyceraldehyde phosphate) accumulated, indicating that depletion of NAD+ occurred. There was marked accumulation of ammonia, glutamine and alanine, and reduction in glutamate and aspartate concentrations. Administration of a subconvulsive dose of homocysteine (7.5 mmol/kg) gave rise to changes in ammonia and amino acids, qualitatively similar to those occurring during seizures. It is concluded that although changes in the metabolites of the energy reserve were mainly caused by the induced seizures, those affecting amino acid concentrations were significantly influenced by accumulation of ammonia, secondary to metabolism of injected homocysteine. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen utilization (CMRO2) were measured during sustained seizures. CMRO2 rose to 150% of control, with a corresponding increase in CBF.", "PMID": 509226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8247", "title": "Supraspinal influences on nociceptive flexion reflex and pain sensation in man.", "content": "The sensation of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex of the biceps femoris muscle (RIII, Bi) elicited by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral sural nerve were studied in human during 4 conditions: (1) a mental task; (2) a stress; (3) during noxious stimulation of the contralateral ulnar nerve; (4) after an intense noxious stimulation of the sural nerve itself. An inhibition of both pain sensation and RIII, Bi was observed in (1), while a facilitation of these parameters was noted in (2). In contrast, no change in RIII, Bi occurred in (3) while the pain sensation was inhibited. In (4), just after the noxious stimulation, there was a marked facilitation of RIII, Bi associated with increased pain sensation. However, 10--12 sec later, the pain sensation returned to its control values, while the RIII, Bi reflex was still facilitated. The latter recovered to its control values 28--30 sec later. These results show the possibility of a dissociation between afferent ascending nociceptive messages and nociceptive motor activity (in 3 and 4). They suggest that supraspinal descending influences can act differently on spinal dorsal horn neurons in the case of pain ascending volleys, and in the case of spinal nociceptive motor activity.", "contents": "Supraspinal influences on nociceptive flexion reflex and pain sensation in man. The sensation of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex of the biceps femoris muscle (RIII, Bi) elicited by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral sural nerve were studied in human during 4 conditions: (1) a mental task; (2) a stress; (3) during noxious stimulation of the contralateral ulnar nerve; (4) after an intense noxious stimulation of the sural nerve itself. An inhibition of both pain sensation and RIII, Bi was observed in (1), while a facilitation of these parameters was noted in (2). In contrast, no change in RIII, Bi occurred in (3) while the pain sensation was inhibited. In (4), just after the noxious stimulation, there was a marked facilitation of RIII, Bi associated with increased pain sensation. However, 10--12 sec later, the pain sensation returned to its control values, while the RIII, Bi reflex was still facilitated. The latter recovered to its control values 28--30 sec later. These results show the possibility of a dissociation between afferent ascending nociceptive messages and nociceptive motor activity (in 3 and 4). They suggest that supraspinal descending influences can act differently on spinal dorsal horn neurons in the case of pain ascending volleys, and in the case of spinal nociceptive motor activity.", "PMID": 509233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8248", "title": "Dopamine metabolism, spiperone binding and adenylate cyclase activity in the adult rat hippocampus after ingrowth of dopaminergic neurones from embryonic implants.", "content": "The growth of dopamine (DA) neurones of rat embryonic mesencephalic brain tissue implanted close to the anterior part of the hippocampus of adult rats was studied by measuring the levels of DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the host hippocampus. The hippocampal levels of DA and DOPAC reached maximal values 6 months after transplantation. The neuroleptic drug haloperidol evoked an increase in the levels of DOPAC. No evidence was found for the induction of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity or of binding sites of [3H]spiperone. These results indicate that there is a substantial ingrowth of transplanted DA neurones into the host hippocampus, but no evidence was found for the development of functional contacts between the embryonic DA neurons and the host tissue.", "contents": "Dopamine metabolism, spiperone binding and adenylate cyclase activity in the adult rat hippocampus after ingrowth of dopaminergic neurones from embryonic implants. The growth of dopamine (DA) neurones of rat embryonic mesencephalic brain tissue implanted close to the anterior part of the hippocampus of adult rats was studied by measuring the levels of DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the host hippocampus. The hippocampal levels of DA and DOPAC reached maximal values 6 months after transplantation. The neuroleptic drug haloperidol evoked an increase in the levels of DOPAC. No evidence was found for the induction of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity or of binding sites of [3H]spiperone. These results indicate that there is a substantial ingrowth of transplanted DA neurones into the host hippocampus, but no evidence was found for the development of functional contacts between the embryonic DA neurons and the host tissue.", "PMID": 509234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8249", "title": "Perinatal development of the endorphin- and enkephalin-containing systems in the rat brain.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay and microdissection procedures were used to study the perinatal development of the endorphin- and enkephalin-containing systems in the rat brain. In contrast to values reported on adult rat, endorphin levels are much higher than enkephalin levels on embryonic day 16. The highest endorphin values are found in the diencephalon, midline telencephalon and medulla-midbrain regions. Perinatally, enkephalin content increases at a faster rate than endorphin in all brain regions, producing a marked drop of the endorphin/enkephalin ratios. Between postnatal days 6 and 25, both endorphin and enkephalin levels increase, approaching their adult distribution pattern. No correlation was found between regional distributions or rates of increase of endorphin and enkephalin in any of these developmental stages, suggesting that the two peptide systems develop independently from each other.", "contents": "Perinatal development of the endorphin- and enkephalin-containing systems in the rat brain. Radioimmunoassay and microdissection procedures were used to study the perinatal development of the endorphin- and enkephalin-containing systems in the rat brain. In contrast to values reported on adult rat, endorphin levels are much higher than enkephalin levels on embryonic day 16. The highest endorphin values are found in the diencephalon, midline telencephalon and medulla-midbrain regions. Perinatally, enkephalin content increases at a faster rate than endorphin in all brain regions, producing a marked drop of the endorphin/enkephalin ratios. Between postnatal days 6 and 25, both endorphin and enkephalin levels increase, approaching their adult distribution pattern. No correlation was found between regional distributions or rates of increase of endorphin and enkephalin in any of these developmental stages, suggesting that the two peptide systems develop independently from each other.", "PMID": 509236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8250", "title": "Motorneuronal control of locomotion in Aplysia.", "content": "We have carried out a combined behavioral and cellular analysis of escape locomotion in Aplysia. Using videotape recording we obtained a detailed description of the coordinated movements of the different regions of the foot and body during locomotion. Alternating waves of extension and longitudinal contraction begin at the head and propagate caudally through each pedal segment at a constant rate. Cobalt backfill of pedal nerves indicated that certain regions of the pedal ganglia were likely to contain motor neurons for the foot and body wall musculature. We examined these areas using intracellular techniques and identified three unique cells and three regional classes of neurons having clear motor effects on the foot and body wall. We also found that locomotion is driven by a central program. The basic locomotor pattern of the identified motor neurons and regional classes of motor neurons persists even after the circumesophageal ganglia have been isolated from the periphery. The motor neurons are not synaptically interconnected; patterned bursting during locomotor activity is produced by cyclic synaptic input. Because the locomotor system has large neurons favorable for cellular analysis and because locomotion is characterized by features of both stereotypy and flexibility, Aplysia promises to be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying both the generation and modulation of a central program.", "contents": "Motorneuronal control of locomotion in Aplysia. We have carried out a combined behavioral and cellular analysis of escape locomotion in Aplysia. Using videotape recording we obtained a detailed description of the coordinated movements of the different regions of the foot and body during locomotion. Alternating waves of extension and longitudinal contraction begin at the head and propagate caudally through each pedal segment at a constant rate. Cobalt backfill of pedal nerves indicated that certain regions of the pedal ganglia were likely to contain motor neurons for the foot and body wall musculature. We examined these areas using intracellular techniques and identified three unique cells and three regional classes of neurons having clear motor effects on the foot and body wall. We also found that locomotion is driven by a central program. The basic locomotor pattern of the identified motor neurons and regional classes of motor neurons persists even after the circumesophageal ganglia have been isolated from the periphery. The motor neurons are not synaptically interconnected; patterned bursting during locomotor activity is produced by cyclic synaptic input. Because the locomotor system has large neurons favorable for cellular analysis and because locomotion is characterized by features of both stereotypy and flexibility, Aplysia promises to be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying both the generation and modulation of a central program.", "PMID": 509237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8251", "title": "Involvement of catecholamines in eliciting LH peaks in 15-day-old female rats: effects of treatment with prolactin.", "content": "In the serum of 15-day-old female rats, treated either with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT) or saline, serum LH levels were determined. From the brains of all animals the medial preoptic areas (MPO) and the anterior and posterior mediobasal hypothalami (AMBH and PMBH) were punched out and stored frozen in perchloric acid. In the punches of those animals with very high or basal LH levels catecholamine concentrations were measured radioenzymatically and on the basis of the degree of catecholamine depletion after alpha-MPT the turnover rates of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were calculated. NE turnover in the MPO was significantly higher in the animals with high LH levels as compared to those with low LH values. In the PMBH an inverse correlation between LH levels and NE turnover rates could be demonstrated. NE turnover in the AMBH, and DA turnover in all 3 structures did not correlate with serum LH levels. Serum FSH and prolactin levels were higher in the animals with high LH levels. These changes are similar to those observed in adult proestrous rats and it is concluded that the LH peaks in 15-day-old animals reflect a positive feedback action of estradiol. In a second experiment prolactin was administered to determine if it could prevent the occurrence of these LH peaks. Ovine prolactin (2 X 0.5 micrograms/g body weight) injected from day 8--15 suppressed serum LH levels to almost undetectable values. Catecholamine turnover measurements in these animals revealed increased DA turnover in the MPO, AMBH and PMBH, whereas NE turnover was not affected. These results indicate that DA turnover of the incertohypothalamic and of the tuberoinfundibular DA neurons is accelerated by prolactin and that an increased DA turnover in one of these systems is responsible for inhibition of LH release.", "contents": "Involvement of catecholamines in eliciting LH peaks in 15-day-old female rats: effects of treatment with prolactin. In the serum of 15-day-old female rats, treated either with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT) or saline, serum LH levels were determined. From the brains of all animals the medial preoptic areas (MPO) and the anterior and posterior mediobasal hypothalami (AMBH and PMBH) were punched out and stored frozen in perchloric acid. In the punches of those animals with very high or basal LH levels catecholamine concentrations were measured radioenzymatically and on the basis of the degree of catecholamine depletion after alpha-MPT the turnover rates of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were calculated. NE turnover in the MPO was significantly higher in the animals with high LH levels as compared to those with low LH values. In the PMBH an inverse correlation between LH levels and NE turnover rates could be demonstrated. NE turnover in the AMBH, and DA turnover in all 3 structures did not correlate with serum LH levels. Serum FSH and prolactin levels were higher in the animals with high LH levels. These changes are similar to those observed in adult proestrous rats and it is concluded that the LH peaks in 15-day-old animals reflect a positive feedback action of estradiol. In a second experiment prolactin was administered to determine if it could prevent the occurrence of these LH peaks. Ovine prolactin (2 X 0.5 micrograms/g body weight) injected from day 8--15 suppressed serum LH levels to almost undetectable values. Catecholamine turnover measurements in these animals revealed increased DA turnover in the MPO, AMBH and PMBH, whereas NE turnover was not affected. These results indicate that DA turnover of the incertohypothalamic and of the tuberoinfundibular DA neurons is accelerated by prolactin and that an increased DA turnover in one of these systems is responsible for inhibition of LH release.", "PMID": 509238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8252", "title": "Alteration of catecholamine uptake in cerebral cortex from rats fed a saturated fat diet.", "content": "The transport of [3H]norepinephrine into chopped cerebral cortex of neonates was changed by feeding pregnant rats with semisynthetic diets enriched in saturated fat (coconut oil) as compared to polyunsaturated fat (sunflower oil). There was a significant decrease in the uptake of norepinephrine in neonates from dams fed coconut oil compared to neonatal pups from animals fed sunflower oil. Differences were observed on days 7, 11, 24, and 37 but not in adults which had been maintained on the diet since birth. Kinetic analysis of norepinephrine uptake on day 7 neonates demonstrated a 5-fold increase in Km and a 2-fold increase in Vmax for the coconut oil fed group as compared to control or the sunflower oil fed rats. [3H]Dopamine uptake kinetics revealed no significant difference in day 7 neonates but a doubling of the Km and Vmax in day 37 rats and in adults fed coconut oil. Lipid analysis of cerebral cortex synaptosome membrane fractions revealed significant differences in the fatty acyl composition of the phospholipid. The results indicate that the norepinephrine and dopamine transport systems can be differentially affected by dietary lipid composition in the developing rat. It is suggested that the changes may be due to alterations in membrane fluidity in the local environment of the transport system.", "contents": "Alteration of catecholamine uptake in cerebral cortex from rats fed a saturated fat diet. The transport of [3H]norepinephrine into chopped cerebral cortex of neonates was changed by feeding pregnant rats with semisynthetic diets enriched in saturated fat (coconut oil) as compared to polyunsaturated fat (sunflower oil). There was a significant decrease in the uptake of norepinephrine in neonates from dams fed coconut oil compared to neonatal pups from animals fed sunflower oil. Differences were observed on days 7, 11, 24, and 37 but not in adults which had been maintained on the diet since birth. Kinetic analysis of norepinephrine uptake on day 7 neonates demonstrated a 5-fold increase in Km and a 2-fold increase in Vmax for the coconut oil fed group as compared to control or the sunflower oil fed rats. [3H]Dopamine uptake kinetics revealed no significant difference in day 7 neonates but a doubling of the Km and Vmax in day 37 rats and in adults fed coconut oil. Lipid analysis of cerebral cortex synaptosome membrane fractions revealed significant differences in the fatty acyl composition of the phospholipid. The results indicate that the norepinephrine and dopamine transport systems can be differentially affected by dietary lipid composition in the developing rat. It is suggested that the changes may be due to alterations in membrane fluidity in the local environment of the transport system.", "PMID": 509239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8253", "title": "Synthesis of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) from phosphatidylethanolamine in bovine brain.", "content": "Choline molecules are needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine and phospholipids in the mammalian brain. An enzymatic activity capable of forming lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) from the step-by-step methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine is identified in the bovine brain. This enzyme(s), phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.17), is localized in the synaptosomal fraction of bovine caudate nucleus, uses S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor (apparent Km = 20 micrometers), and has a Vmax of 50--60 pmol/mg protein X h (i.e. about 1% of that found in rat liver). The brain may be able to meet some of its choline requirements by de novo synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) from phosphatidylethanolamine in bovine brain. Choline molecules are needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine and phospholipids in the mammalian brain. An enzymatic activity capable of forming lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) from the step-by-step methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine is identified in the bovine brain. This enzyme(s), phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.17), is localized in the synaptosomal fraction of bovine caudate nucleus, uses S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor (apparent Km = 20 micrometers), and has a Vmax of 50--60 pmol/mg protein X h (i.e. about 1% of that found in rat liver). The brain may be able to meet some of its choline requirements by de novo synthesis.", "PMID": 509240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8254", "title": "Incorporation of intrastriatally injected[3H]fucose into electrophoretically separated synaptosomal glycoproteins. I. Turnover and molecular weight estimations.", "content": "The radioactivity profiles of electrophoresed neostriatal P2 fraction glycoproteins were examined at a series of times (2.5, 3 and 4 h; 1, 5 and 10 days) following intracranial injections of [3H]fucose into the neostriatum. Ten major fucosylglycoprotein peaks were discerned in these profiles and certain aspects of their metabolism were characterized. The half-life of fucosylglycoproteins in the P2 fraction was estimated to be 9.7 days. The half-lives of the individual glycoprotein peaks ranged from 4.9 to 17.9 days. The apparent molecular weights of the glycoprotein peaks obtained by our procedures ranged from 32,000 to 180,000 daltons. One peak (peak VIII) incorporated radioactivity primarily at short intervals following the injection. The time course of [3H] fucose incorporation into this peak suggests involvement in the transport, activation and/or incorporation of fucose in brain. Since intracranial injections of [3H]fucose are incorporated into proteins in the cell body, synaptosomal fractions from caudate neurons alone are labeled by this technique. This may be useful in separating pre- and postsynaptic glycoprotein biochemistry. Finally, we tentatively propose that the glycoprotein peaks observed in neostriatum may be identical to previously isolated glycoproteins of known function or subcellular location.", "contents": "Incorporation of intrastriatally injected[3H]fucose into electrophoretically separated synaptosomal glycoproteins. I. Turnover and molecular weight estimations. The radioactivity profiles of electrophoresed neostriatal P2 fraction glycoproteins were examined at a series of times (2.5, 3 and 4 h; 1, 5 and 10 days) following intracranial injections of [3H]fucose into the neostriatum. Ten major fucosylglycoprotein peaks were discerned in these profiles and certain aspects of their metabolism were characterized. The half-life of fucosylglycoproteins in the P2 fraction was estimated to be 9.7 days. The half-lives of the individual glycoprotein peaks ranged from 4.9 to 17.9 days. The apparent molecular weights of the glycoprotein peaks obtained by our procedures ranged from 32,000 to 180,000 daltons. One peak (peak VIII) incorporated radioactivity primarily at short intervals following the injection. The time course of [3H] fucose incorporation into this peak suggests involvement in the transport, activation and/or incorporation of fucose in brain. Since intracranial injections of [3H]fucose are incorporated into proteins in the cell body, synaptosomal fractions from caudate neurons alone are labeled by this technique. This may be useful in separating pre- and postsynaptic glycoprotein biochemistry. Finally, we tentatively propose that the glycoprotein peaks observed in neostriatum may be identical to previously isolated glycoproteins of known function or subcellular location.", "PMID": 509241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8255", "title": "The incorporation of intrastriatally injected [3H]fucose into electrophoretically separated synaptosomal glycoproteins. II. The influence of passive avoidance training.", "content": "Following intrastriatal injections of [3H]L-fucose, male albino rats served as (a) trained subjects in a step-down passive avoidance task, (b) stress controls receiving inescapable shock or (c) handled controls. At a series of time points after treatment the animals were sacrificed and the P2 fraction of the injected neostriatum was isolated. This tissue was electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and radioactivity profiles were constructed from 1 mm gel slices. The profiles of trained subjects were compared to shocked and handled control subjects from the same time point group. No differences in total [3H]fucose incorporation into neostriatal glycoproteins were detected as a result of the behavioral treatment used, nor was an incorporation into the majority of electrophoresed peaks altered. Three radioactive gel peaks were significantly altered as a function of experience. At the one day time point, trained  subjects exhibited a significant increase in the tritium content of a 70,000 dalton fucosyl-glycoprotein peak. At the 5 day time point, increased label was detected in a 180,000 dalton peak in both trained and shocked subjects, while a significant increase in a 140,000 dalton peak was observed only in trained animals. The relation of the present findings to perviously reported training related differences in glycoprotein metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "The incorporation of intrastriatally injected [3H]fucose into electrophoretically separated synaptosomal glycoproteins. II. The influence of passive avoidance training. Following intrastriatal injections of [3H]L-fucose, male albino rats served as (a) trained subjects in a step-down passive avoidance task, (b) stress controls receiving inescapable shock or (c) handled controls. At a series of time points after treatment the animals were sacrificed and the P2 fraction of the injected neostriatum was isolated. This tissue was electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and radioactivity profiles were constructed from 1 mm gel slices. The profiles of trained subjects were compared to shocked and handled control subjects from the same time point group. No differences in total [3H]fucose incorporation into neostriatal glycoproteins were detected as a result of the behavioral treatment used, nor was an incorporation into the majority of electrophoresed peaks altered. Three radioactive gel peaks were significantly altered as a function of experience. At the one day time point, trained  subjects exhibited a significant increase in the tritium content of a 70,000 dalton fucosyl-glycoprotein peak. At the 5 day time point, increased label was detected in a 180,000 dalton peak in both trained and shocked subjects, while a significant increase in a 140,000 dalton peak was observed only in trained animals. The relation of the present findings to perviously reported training related differences in glycoprotein metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 509242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8256", "title": "Thickness and composition of nonrespiratory bronchiolar walls in normal and emphysematous lungs with some functional implications.", "content": "The thickness and composition of the walls of nonrespiratory bronchioles were quantitatively assessed in groups of normal and emphysematous lungs. In both the groups there was a gradual increase in the thickness of the walls of nonrespiratory bronchiles with increasing caliber, but this change was not proportionate. Smaller bronchioles possessed thicker walls in both the groups. Bronchioles of comparable internal diameter were also found to be slightly thicker than normal in emphysematous specimens at all levels of caliber. Through a system of schematic models, it was shown that the relatively thicker walls of smaller bronchiles in normal and emphysematous lungs would enhance airflow in the proper direction both during expiration and inspiration. The slightly thicker walls of bronchioles in emphysema would result in their closure at substantially higher lung volumes than would occur with the somewhat thinner walled bronchioles of corresponding diameters in normal lungs. Although such thickening might only be focal in emphysema, this would interfere with expiratory airflow and result in air-trapping. This investigation failed to demonstrate differences in the composition in the walls of nonrespiratory bronchioles of normal and emphysematous lungs.", "contents": "Thickness and composition of nonrespiratory bronchiolar walls in normal and emphysematous lungs with some functional implications. The thickness and composition of the walls of nonrespiratory bronchioles were quantitatively assessed in groups of normal and emphysematous lungs. In both the groups there was a gradual increase in the thickness of the walls of nonrespiratory bronchiles with increasing caliber, but this change was not proportionate. Smaller bronchioles possessed thicker walls in both the groups. Bronchioles of comparable internal diameter were also found to be slightly thicker than normal in emphysematous specimens at all levels of caliber. Through a system of schematic models, it was shown that the relatively thicker walls of smaller bronchiles in normal and emphysematous lungs would enhance airflow in the proper direction both during expiration and inspiration. The slightly thicker walls of bronchioles in emphysema would result in their closure at substantially higher lung volumes than would occur with the somewhat thinner walled bronchioles of corresponding diameters in normal lungs. Although such thickening might only be focal in emphysema, this would interfere with expiratory airflow and result in air-trapping. This investigation failed to demonstrate differences in the composition in the walls of nonrespiratory bronchioles of normal and emphysematous lungs.", "PMID": 509314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8257", "title": "Measurements of total and intrabronchial resistances in normal and diseased isolated lungs.", "content": "Postmortem studies of the total lung airways resistance (Rt), the central airways resistance (Rc), and the peripheral airways resistance (Rp) had been performed on normal lungs, on lungs with emphysema and lungs from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the normal lung a significant relationship between age and Rt was found. A decrease between 20 and 40 yr of age resulted from a decrease of Rp whereas an increase of Rt above the age of 40 was related to an increase in Rp. In the lungs with emphysema and obstruction Rp was increased especially. By variations of the breathing frequency and the lung volume (% of vital capacity) it could be detected that a remarkable effect upon Rt was caused by Rp. In general we found that even in normal lungs Rp is much higher than previously thought.", "contents": "Measurements of total and intrabronchial resistances in normal and diseased isolated lungs. Postmortem studies of the total lung airways resistance (Rt), the central airways resistance (Rc), and the peripheral airways resistance (Rp) had been performed on normal lungs, on lungs with emphysema and lungs from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the normal lung a significant relationship between age and Rt was found. A decrease between 20 and 40 yr of age resulted from a decrease of Rp whereas an increase of Rt above the age of 40 was related to an increase in Rp. In the lungs with emphysema and obstruction Rp was increased especially. By variations of the breathing frequency and the lung volume (% of vital capacity) it could be detected that a remarkable effect upon Rt was caused by Rp. In general we found that even in normal lungs Rp is much higher than previously thought.", "PMID": 509315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8258", "title": "The role of fibrosis in the small airways in centrilobular emphysema.", "content": "Small non-respiratory bronchi of lungs of patients suffering from slight and severe centrilobular emphysema of city dwellers and from focal dust emphysema, has been studied, by means of serial sections assessing the importance of the connective tissue proliferation in relation to the cross-sectional morphology of the bronchus, its diameter and longitudinal profile. Camera lucida drawings of parietal muscle and reconstructions of the bronchial wall and lumen were done. A positive relationship between the amount of the connective tissue proliferation, the severity of emphysema and the changes in the parameters indicated was found. The repercussion of fibrosis in the small airways disease of centrilobular emphysema, can be summarized as follows: the production of areas of localized stenosis, the contribution to the development of bronchiolar deformities, the obliteration of some airways and the alteration of bronchial muscle. It can be concluded, therefore, that the fibrosis, as second main cause of small airways obstruction, has a more wide repercussion on the bronchiolar structure than that of alveolar loss, and that it can probably affects not only the \"static\" characteristics of the bronchial wall, but also their \"dynamic\" behaviour by means of disorganization of the muscle.", "contents": "The role of fibrosis in the small airways in centrilobular emphysema. Small non-respiratory bronchi of lungs of patients suffering from slight and severe centrilobular emphysema of city dwellers and from focal dust emphysema, has been studied, by means of serial sections assessing the importance of the connective tissue proliferation in relation to the cross-sectional morphology of the bronchus, its diameter and longitudinal profile. Camera lucida drawings of parietal muscle and reconstructions of the bronchial wall and lumen were done. A positive relationship between the amount of the connective tissue proliferation, the severity of emphysema and the changes in the parameters indicated was found. The repercussion of fibrosis in the small airways disease of centrilobular emphysema, can be summarized as follows: the production of areas of localized stenosis, the contribution to the development of bronchiolar deformities, the obliteration of some airways and the alteration of bronchial muscle. It can be concluded, therefore, that the fibrosis, as second main cause of small airways obstruction, has a more wide repercussion on the bronchiolar structure than that of alveolar loss, and that it can probably affects not only the \"static\" characteristics of the bronchial wall, but also their \"dynamic\" behaviour by means of disorganization of the muscle.", "PMID": 509316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8259", "title": "Epidemiology of chronic non specific respiratory disease and the smoking-control program in young people.", "content": "In an epidemiological study in the Kolin-District, Czechoslovakia, the percentage of cigarette-smokers was 57% of the male inhabitants aged 15 years and over, and 14% of the females of the same age group. The greatest proportion of cigarette smokers was in the age-group 25-34 years. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 13% of all males aged 15 years and over, and 4% of all females. An association of chronic bronchitis with age and smoking habits was found, in both sexes. In another study in the Prague-District No. 7 the smoking habits of male adolescents were related to their socio-economic status. Conclusions of epidemiological studies are important for the formulation and accomplishment of smoking-control program in young people. Health education should encourage school-children and adolescents by methods corresponding to their age to participate actively in the formation of a healthy style of their life.", "contents": "Epidemiology of chronic non specific respiratory disease and the smoking-control program in young people. In an epidemiological study in the Kolin-District, Czechoslovakia, the percentage of cigarette-smokers was 57% of the male inhabitants aged 15 years and over, and 14% of the females of the same age group. The greatest proportion of cigarette smokers was in the age-group 25-34 years. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 13% of all males aged 15 years and over, and 4% of all females. An association of chronic bronchitis with age and smoking habits was found, in both sexes. In another study in the Prague-District No. 7 the smoking habits of male adolescents were related to their socio-economic status. Conclusions of epidemiological studies are important for the formulation and accomplishment of smoking-control program in young people. Health education should encourage school-children and adolescents by methods corresponding to their age to participate actively in the formation of a healthy style of their life.", "PMID": 509329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8260", "title": "Bronchial provocation tests in etiologic diagnosis of asthma.", "content": "Several methods of bronchial challenging have been described in literature. The comparison of the results obtained in different departments is, of course, very difficult. The Authors have been interested in the standardization of inhalation challenge techniques and they present in this work their method and the results obtained. The standardized method has a good specificity, because of the agreement between B.P.T. and other diagnostic tests. The bronchial reaction generally developes after the exposition to low doses of allergen extract, and this confirms the specificity of the method. Its precision, depending on the standardization of allergen extract activity by RAST and of inhalation procedures, is good. The reproducibility is of 100 per cent. The safety is high (rare untword reactions). this standardized method of bronchial challenging is useful in etiologic diagnosis of asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial provocation tests in etiologic diagnosis of asthma. Several methods of bronchial challenging have been described in literature. The comparison of the results obtained in different departments is, of course, very difficult. The Authors have been interested in the standardization of inhalation challenge techniques and they present in this work their method and the results obtained. The standardized method has a good specificity, because of the agreement between B.P.T. and other diagnostic tests. The bronchial reaction generally developes after the exposition to low doses of allergen extract, and this confirms the specificity of the method. Its precision, depending on the standardization of allergen extract activity by RAST and of inhalation procedures, is good. The reproducibility is of 100 per cent. The safety is high (rare untword reactions). this standardized method of bronchial challenging is useful in etiologic diagnosis of asthma.", "PMID": 509334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8261", "title": "Complement, IgE- and IgG4-antibodies in the diagnosis of atopic diseases.", "content": "Haemolytic complement (C) in human sera is readily consumed by most of the common inhalant allergens. The reactivity of C among individual sera differs considerably and is a characteristic parameter for the condition of atopy. The phenomenon is not mediated by specific IgE or IgG4 antibodies. Whereas in groups of patilues (by RAST) are negative in about 50 percent of the cases, this is not so with regard to C-reactivity. In somes cases, especially in allergy to guinea pigs, correlation with the clinical history is better with IgG4 than with IgE antibodies. In other allergies, there is a close correlation between Ige and IgG4 antibodoes.", "contents": "Complement, IgE- and IgG4-antibodies in the diagnosis of atopic diseases. Haemolytic complement (C) in human sera is readily consumed by most of the common inhalant allergens. The reactivity of C among individual sera differs considerably and is a characteristic parameter for the condition of atopy. The phenomenon is not mediated by specific IgE or IgG4 antibodies. Whereas in groups of patilues (by RAST) are negative in about 50 percent of the cases, this is not so with regard to C-reactivity. In somes cases, especially in allergy to guinea pigs, correlation with the clinical history is better with IgG4 than with IgE antibodies. In other allergies, there is a close correlation between Ige and IgG4 antibodoes.", "PMID": 509332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8262", "title": "Cardiovascular signs of acute hypoxaemia and hypercarbia during enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in man.", "content": "We investigated the impact of enflurane and halothane (1.1 MAC) on heart rate and blood pressure responses to experimental hypoxaemia (PETo2 6.0 kPa [45 torr]) and small increments in PCO2 (1.3--1.6 KPa [10--12 torr]). The results reaffirm that circulatory signs of mild hypercarbia are vitually abolished by these anaesthetics. The important new observation is that signs of acute moderate hypoxaemia are also markedly depressed. Although potential modifying factors such as surgical stimulation were not evaluated, this study indicates that human subjects anaesthetized with enflurane or halothane lack reliable cardiovascular signs of acute hypoxaemia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular signs of acute hypoxaemia and hypercarbia during enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in man. We investigated the impact of enflurane and halothane (1.1 MAC) on heart rate and blood pressure responses to experimental hypoxaemia (PETo2 6.0 kPa [45 torr]) and small increments in PCO2 (1.3--1.6 KPa [10--12 torr]). The results reaffirm that circulatory signs of mild hypercarbia are vitually abolished by these anaesthetics. The important new observation is that signs of acute moderate hypoxaemia are also markedly depressed. Although potential modifying factors such as surgical stimulation were not evaluated, this study indicates that human subjects anaesthetized with enflurane or halothane lack reliable cardiovascular signs of acute hypoxaemia.", "PMID": 509344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8263", "title": "A randomized evaluation of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine.", "content": "One hundred and eleven patients undergoing ketamine anaesthesia for therapeutic abortion were studied in a double-blind trial of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine administered postoperatively. The results demonstrate that physostigmine does not shorten recovery time or reduce the occurrence of ketamine emergence phenomena such as hallucinations, restlessness and dreams. In fact, the recovery course was prolonged in patients given physostigmine immediately upon termination of anaesthesia as compared with controls. By contrast, when physostigmine was given 30 minutes after the last dose of ketamine, the recovery was not prolonged as compared with that of the placebo-treated controls. These findings suggest some synergism between the effects of ketamine and physostigmine and should discourage the use of physostigmine as a ketamine antidote.", "contents": "A randomized evaluation of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine. One hundred and eleven patients undergoing ketamine anaesthesia for therapeutic abortion were studied in a double-blind trial of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine administered postoperatively. The results demonstrate that physostigmine does not shorten recovery time or reduce the occurrence of ketamine emergence phenomena such as hallucinations, restlessness and dreams. In fact, the recovery course was prolonged in patients given physostigmine immediately upon termination of anaesthesia as compared with controls. By contrast, when physostigmine was given 30 minutes after the last dose of ketamine, the recovery was not prolonged as compared with that of the placebo-treated controls. These findings suggest some synergism between the effects of ketamine and physostigmine and should discourage the use of physostigmine as a ketamine antidote.", "PMID": 509345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8264", "title": "[Delay of retinal fluorescence as a death criterion].", "content": "Retinal fluoroscopy with measurement of the arm to retina circulation time can be used to evaluate the blood supply to the brain. When the brain tissue suffers from ischaemia as a result of circulatory failure, the arm to retina circulation time will be prolonged. Sixteen patients in deep coma resulting from serious cerebral disease were examined to verify cerebral ischaemia. The results of retinal fluoroscopy and cerebral angiography agreed. We find that retinal fluoroscopy is a simple and reliable method that can be used to detect brain death in comatose patients treated by automatic ventilation. We conclude that the main cerebral circulation can be regarded as occluded if the retinal fluorescence does not appear within 25 seconds after antecubital intravenous injection of fluoresceine. We suggest that the arm to retina circulation time exceeding 25 seconds may be used as a criterion of death.", "contents": "[Delay of retinal fluorescence as a death criterion]. Retinal fluoroscopy with measurement of the arm to retina circulation time can be used to evaluate the blood supply to the brain. When the brain tissue suffers from ischaemia as a result of circulatory failure, the arm to retina circulation time will be prolonged. Sixteen patients in deep coma resulting from serious cerebral disease were examined to verify cerebral ischaemia. The results of retinal fluoroscopy and cerebral angiography agreed. We find that retinal fluoroscopy is a simple and reliable method that can be used to detect brain death in comatose patients treated by automatic ventilation. We conclude that the main cerebral circulation can be regarded as occluded if the retinal fluorescence does not appear within 25 seconds after antecubital intravenous injection of fluoresceine. We suggest that the arm to retina circulation time exceeding 25 seconds may be used as a criterion of death.", "PMID": 509347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8265", "title": "Nitrous oxide levels in operating room air with various gas flows.", "content": "Monitoring of nitrous oxide concentrations in operating rooms disclosed some leaks that had hitherto been unrecognized. Because nitrous oxide concentrations reported before 1967 had been obtained for the most part with high flows of the gas and without information concerning room air exchange, measurements were made of nitrous oxide levels during operations with an infra-red analyzer. after correction of leaks. Measurements were made at six sites in the operating-room suite, with and without scavenging. Flows that varied 0.1 to 2.5 litres of nitrous oxide were used in rooms that had 20 changes per hour of fresh air. Without scavenging, the highest time-weighted average value inhaled by any of the personnel (anaesthetists) was 31 ppm, when flow of 500 ml of nitrous oxide per minute were employed. The lowest reported deleterious concentration (unconfirmed) is 50 ppm. Lower flows produced lower values. With good scavenging, using flows as high as 2.51/min of nitrous oxide, the highest average value (anaesthetist) was 7.2 ppm. A short discussion is given concerning reasons for using low flows, including the cost of wasting agents and pollution of the entire atmosphere.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide levels in operating room air with various gas flows. Monitoring of nitrous oxide concentrations in operating rooms disclosed some leaks that had hitherto been unrecognized. Because nitrous oxide concentrations reported before 1967 had been obtained for the most part with high flows of the gas and without information concerning room air exchange, measurements were made of nitrous oxide levels during operations with an infra-red analyzer. after correction of leaks. Measurements were made at six sites in the operating-room suite, with and without scavenging. Flows that varied 0.1 to 2.5 litres of nitrous oxide were used in rooms that had 20 changes per hour of fresh air. Without scavenging, the highest time-weighted average value inhaled by any of the personnel (anaesthetists) was 31 ppm, when flow of 500 ml of nitrous oxide per minute were employed. The lowest reported deleterious concentration (unconfirmed) is 50 ppm. Lower flows produced lower values. With good scavenging, using flows as high as 2.51/min of nitrous oxide, the highest average value (anaesthetist) was 7.2 ppm. A short discussion is given concerning reasons for using low flows, including the cost of wasting agents and pollution of the entire atmosphere.", "PMID": 509348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8266", "title": "Successful use of dantrolene sodium in human malignant hyperthermia syndrome: a case report.", "content": "We present a case of malignant hyperthermia in which successful management included the intravenous use of dantrolene sodium. A subsequent operation under spinal anaesthesia with oral dantrolene prophylaxis did not lead to development of malignant hyperthermia. Since this syndrome is rare during regional anaesthesia, the role of prophylactic oral dantrolene in preventing the redevelopment of malignant hyperthermia in our patient is open to question.", "contents": "Successful use of dantrolene sodium in human malignant hyperthermia syndrome: a case report. We present a case of malignant hyperthermia in which successful management included the intravenous use of dantrolene sodium. A subsequent operation under spinal anaesthesia with oral dantrolene prophylaxis did not lead to development of malignant hyperthermia. Since this syndrome is rare during regional anaesthesia, the role of prophylactic oral dantrolene in preventing the redevelopment of malignant hyperthermia in our patient is open to question.", "PMID": 509349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8267", "title": "Anaesthetic considerations in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and the Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure may occur secondary to systemic disease states (notably diabetes) or as a disease entity in its own right with a variable degree of neurological involvement that has resulted in a confused classification. The diagnosis, classification and treatment of these latter forms of orthostatic hypotension is reviewed. The pathology is in the central and efferent autonomic pathway, resulting in a disordered baro-receptor reflex, postural hypotension, abnormal responses to tilting and the Valsalva manoeuvre, an inappropriately fixed heart rate and other autonomic features. Anaesthesia may be associated with profound hypotension and some of the signs of anaesthesia may be absent. The response to cardiac depressant drugs and reduction of circulating blood volume may be exaggerated due to absence of compensatory mechanisms. The response to vasoactive agents is unpredictable. The importance of preoperative evaluation, monitoring during operation and the careful selection of anaesthetic agents and techniques is discussed.", "contents": "Anaesthetic considerations in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and the Shy-Drager syndrome. Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure may occur secondary to systemic disease states (notably diabetes) or as a disease entity in its own right with a variable degree of neurological involvement that has resulted in a confused classification. The diagnosis, classification and treatment of these latter forms of orthostatic hypotension is reviewed. The pathology is in the central and efferent autonomic pathway, resulting in a disordered baro-receptor reflex, postural hypotension, abnormal responses to tilting and the Valsalva manoeuvre, an inappropriately fixed heart rate and other autonomic features. Anaesthesia may be associated with profound hypotension and some of the signs of anaesthesia may be absent. The response to cardiac depressant drugs and reduction of circulating blood volume may be exaggerated due to absence of compensatory mechanisms. The response to vasoactive agents is unpredictable. The importance of preoperative evaluation, monitoring during operation and the careful selection of anaesthetic agents and techniques is discussed.", "PMID": 509350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8268", "title": "Smoking and gastric juice volume in outpatients.", "content": "The volumes and pH of gastric juice in 26 outpatients presenting for dental surgery were measured by simple aspiration through a nasogastric tube introduced after the induction of anaesthesia. The average volume in these patients who were non-smokers was 9 ml and in those patients who had smoked on the day of the operation was 19 ml. Four of the smokers had more than 25 ml of gastric juice with a pH of 2.0 or less. It is suggested that out-patients who smoke would benefit from prophylaxis such as oral antacids or metoclopramide before anaesthesia.", "contents": "Smoking and gastric juice volume in outpatients. The volumes and pH of gastric juice in 26 outpatients presenting for dental surgery were measured by simple aspiration through a nasogastric tube introduced after the induction of anaesthesia. The average volume in these patients who were non-smokers was 9 ml and in those patients who had smoked on the day of the operation was 19 ml. Four of the smokers had more than 25 ml of gastric juice with a pH of 2.0 or less. It is suggested that out-patients who smoke would benefit from prophylaxis such as oral antacids or metoclopramide before anaesthesia.", "PMID": 509351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8269", "title": "Studies on isocitrate lyase isolated from Lupinus cotyledons.", "content": "Isocitrate lyase (threo-DS-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) was isolated from cotyledons of Lupinus seedlings, purified 100-fold with respect to its initial specific activity and characterized (Km, pH optimum, Mg2+ requirement, sulfhydryl inhibitors, and synthase activity). The final purified preparation consisted of two homogeneous protein bands clearly separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and chromatography on Sephadex G 200. Reducing agents are necessary for the maintenance of enzyme activity. The most effective reducing agent studied was 1,4-dithioerythreitol. The effect of several metabolites (oxalate, malonate, phosphoenolpyruvate, succinate, malate, tartrate, gluconate-6-phosphate, sorbose, sorbitol, and inositol) on the activity of purified preparations was tested. Oxalate proved to be the strongest inhibitor, seconded closely by phosphoenolpyruvate. The spectral characteristics of the purified enzyme are as follows: ultraviolet peak at 280 nm and fluorescence peak at 340 nm. The solid state infrared spectrum of the enzyme (lyophilized) showed that the enzyme was mostly in the alpha-helix conformation with very slight random orientation.", "contents": "Studies on isocitrate lyase isolated from Lupinus cotyledons. Isocitrate lyase (threo-DS-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) was isolated from cotyledons of Lupinus seedlings, purified 100-fold with respect to its initial specific activity and characterized (Km, pH optimum, Mg2+ requirement, sulfhydryl inhibitors, and synthase activity). The final purified preparation consisted of two homogeneous protein bands clearly separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and chromatography on Sephadex G 200. Reducing agents are necessary for the maintenance of enzyme activity. The most effective reducing agent studied was 1,4-dithioerythreitol. The effect of several metabolites (oxalate, malonate, phosphoenolpyruvate, succinate, malate, tartrate, gluconate-6-phosphate, sorbose, sorbitol, and inositol) on the activity of purified preparations was tested. Oxalate proved to be the strongest inhibitor, seconded closely by phosphoenolpyruvate. The spectral characteristics of the purified enzyme are as follows: ultraviolet peak at 280 nm and fluorescence peak at 340 nm. The solid state infrared spectrum of the enzyme (lyophilized) showed that the enzyme was mostly in the alpha-helix conformation with very slight random orientation.", "PMID": 509354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8270", "title": "Action of galactose oxidase on galactolipids.", "content": "Exposure of galactose-containing glycosphingolipids and certain glycoproteins to galactose oxidase followed by treatment with sodium borotritide has been used to label specifically the terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties of these glycoconjugates. This labelling procedure was shown to be ineffective with a lipid isolated from rat testis, 1-O-palmityl-2-O-palmitoyl-3 beta-galactosyl-glycerol, under conditions which resulted in excellent labelling of galactosyl-ceramide. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was also poorly labelled by this procedure. It was shown that neither 1-O-palmityl-2-O-palmitoyl-3 beta-(3'-sulfogalactosyl)-glycerol nor sulfogalactosyl-ceramide (\"classical sulfatide\") was labelled by this procedure indicating that sulfate substitution of the galactose inhibits the action of galactose oxidase. The labelling of galactosyl-ceramide was not inhibited in the presence of the galactoglycerolipid, sulfogalactoglycerolipid, or sulfatide. The property of the lipid aglycone responsible for inhibiting galactose oxidase action remains to be determined.", "contents": "Action of galactose oxidase on galactolipids. Exposure of galactose-containing glycosphingolipids and certain glycoproteins to galactose oxidase followed by treatment with sodium borotritide has been used to label specifically the terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties of these glycoconjugates. This labelling procedure was shown to be ineffective with a lipid isolated from rat testis, 1-O-palmityl-2-O-palmitoyl-3 beta-galactosyl-glycerol, under conditions which resulted in excellent labelling of galactosyl-ceramide. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was also poorly labelled by this procedure. It was shown that neither 1-O-palmityl-2-O-palmitoyl-3 beta-(3'-sulfogalactosyl)-glycerol nor sulfogalactosyl-ceramide (\"classical sulfatide\") was labelled by this procedure indicating that sulfate substitution of the galactose inhibits the action of galactose oxidase. The labelling of galactosyl-ceramide was not inhibited in the presence of the galactoglycerolipid, sulfogalactoglycerolipid, or sulfatide. The property of the lipid aglycone responsible for inhibiting galactose oxidase action remains to be determined.", "PMID": 509355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8271", "title": "The effects of alcohols on the structure of human glycophorin.", "content": "The effects of alcohols on human glycophorin were monitored by circular dichroism, solvent perturbation of absorption spectra, fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate, and sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge. Both ethanol and 2-chloroethanol gradually increase the alpha helix in glycophorin and its sialic acid free counterpart. The same alcohols do not cause a cooperative transition in the structure of the polypeptide chain of glycophorin. Other alcohols also increase the alpha-helix content of glycophorin. Binding of ANS to glycophorin is abolished at relatively low alcohol concentrations. Ethanol at 60% (v/v) reduces the molecular weight ratio of glycophorin and at the same time increases the exposure of tyrosine residues to solvent. These observations indicate a complex mechanism of interaction of weakly protic solvents with this stable membrane protein.", "contents": "The effects of alcohols on the structure of human glycophorin. The effects of alcohols on human glycophorin were monitored by circular dichroism, solvent perturbation of absorption spectra, fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate, and sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge. Both ethanol and 2-chloroethanol gradually increase the alpha helix in glycophorin and its sialic acid free counterpart. The same alcohols do not cause a cooperative transition in the structure of the polypeptide chain of glycophorin. Other alcohols also increase the alpha-helix content of glycophorin. Binding of ANS to glycophorin is abolished at relatively low alcohol concentrations. Ethanol at 60% (v/v) reduces the molecular weight ratio of glycophorin and at the same time increases the exposure of tyrosine residues to solvent. These observations indicate a complex mechanism of interaction of weakly protic solvents with this stable membrane protein.", "PMID": 509356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8272", "title": "Dopamine-4-O-sulfate: a possible precursor of free norepinephrine.", "content": "Incubation of dopamine-4-O-sulfate with purified bovine dopamine-beta-hydroxylase led to the formation of free norepinephrine. The production of free norepinephrine was completely inhibited in the presence of 5.6 mM of fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. No sulfatase activity was detected in the incubation medium. The reaction of dopamine-4-O-sulfate with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, showing an apparent Km of 2.6 mM.", "contents": "Dopamine-4-O-sulfate: a possible precursor of free norepinephrine. Incubation of dopamine-4-O-sulfate with purified bovine dopamine-beta-hydroxylase led to the formation of free norepinephrine. The production of free norepinephrine was completely inhibited in the presence of 5.6 mM of fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. No sulfatase activity was detected in the incubation medium. The reaction of dopamine-4-O-sulfate with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, showing an apparent Km of 2.6 mM.", "PMID": 509357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8273", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XIV. Mass isolation of mRNA from wheat germ and comparison of its translational capacity with that of mRNA from imbibing wheat embryos.", "content": "Commercially milled wheat germ is shown to be a convenient source material for facile recovery of mass (milligram) quantities of highly purified poly(A)-rich RNA. This poly(A)-rich RNA is efficiently translated in a nuclease-treated extract of rabbit reticulocytes. By sucrose density gradient fractionation of bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from wheat germ, it has been possible to show that there is a direct relationship between the molecular weights of the polypeptide products of cell-free synthesis and the molecular weights of the wheat mRNA molecules which program their synthesis. As assessed by SDS -- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the same array of polypeptides is synthesized when nuclease-treated reticulocyte extract is programmed by poly(A)-rich RNA from either commercially supplied or laboratory-prepared wheat embryos. Significantly, there are gross quantitative if not qualitative differences between the translational capacities of poly(A)-rich RNA from dry and imbibing wheat embryos, and the possible importance of these differences for interpreting a changing pattern of polypeptide synthesis in imbibing wheat embryos is the subject of a brief discussion.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XIV. Mass isolation of mRNA from wheat germ and comparison of its translational capacity with that of mRNA from imbibing wheat embryos. Commercially milled wheat germ is shown to be a convenient source material for facile recovery of mass (milligram) quantities of highly purified poly(A)-rich RNA. This poly(A)-rich RNA is efficiently translated in a nuclease-treated extract of rabbit reticulocytes. By sucrose density gradient fractionation of bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from wheat germ, it has been possible to show that there is a direct relationship between the molecular weights of the polypeptide products of cell-free synthesis and the molecular weights of the wheat mRNA molecules which program their synthesis. As assessed by SDS -- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the same array of polypeptides is synthesized when nuclease-treated reticulocyte extract is programmed by poly(A)-rich RNA from either commercially supplied or laboratory-prepared wheat embryos. Significantly, there are gross quantitative if not qualitative differences between the translational capacities of poly(A)-rich RNA from dry and imbibing wheat embryos, and the possible importance of these differences for interpreting a changing pattern of polypeptide synthesis in imbibing wheat embryos is the subject of a brief discussion.", "PMID": 509359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8274", "title": "Nonspecific inhibition of dehydrogenases by folates: an artifact.", "content": "The previous reports of inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase by the vitamin folic acid and its analogues are in error. The high absorbance of solutions containing folate causes distortion of the measurements of reaction velocities, leading to apparent inhibitions. When cuvettes of sufficiently short optical path length are used, no inhibition by folate can be observed. Similarly, the reported inhibition of ribonuclease by folate is an artifact. Glutamate dehydrogenase and dihydropterin reductase actually are inhibited by folate. The reported nonspecific inhibitions of over a dozen enzymes by folate, though, must be regarded as erroneous.", "contents": "Nonspecific inhibition of dehydrogenases by folates: an artifact. The previous reports of inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase by the vitamin folic acid and its analogues are in error. The high absorbance of solutions containing folate causes distortion of the measurements of reaction velocities, leading to apparent inhibitions. When cuvettes of sufficiently short optical path length are used, no inhibition by folate can be observed. Similarly, the reported inhibition of ribonuclease by folate is an artifact. Glutamate dehydrogenase and dihydropterin reductase actually are inhibited by folate. The reported nonspecific inhibitions of over a dozen enzymes by folate, though, must be regarded as erroneous.", "PMID": 509360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8275", "title": "Some effects of superior laryngeal nerve stimulation on sympathetic preganglionic neuron firing.", "content": "Repetitive electrical stimulation of afferent fibers in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) evoked depressant or excitatory effects on sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the cervical trunk in Nembutal-anesthetized, paralyzed, artifically ventilated cats. The depressant effect, which consisted of suppression of the inspiration-synchronous discharge of units with such firing pattern, was obtained at low strength and frequency of stimulation (e.g. 600 mV, 30 Hz) and was absent at end-tidal CO2 values below threshold for phrenic nerve activity. The  excitatory effect required higher intensity and frequency of stimulation and was CO2 independent. The depressant effect on sympathetic preganglionic neurons with inspiratory firing pattern seemed a replica of the inspiration-inhibitory effect observed on phrenic motoneurons. Hence, it could be attributed to the known inhibition by the SLN of central inspiratory activity, if it is assumed that this is a common driver for phrenic motoneurons and some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The excitatory effect, on the other hand, appears to be due to connections of SLN afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons, independent of the respiratory center.", "contents": "Some effects of superior laryngeal nerve stimulation on sympathetic preganglionic neuron firing. Repetitive electrical stimulation of afferent fibers in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) evoked depressant or excitatory effects on sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the cervical trunk in Nembutal-anesthetized, paralyzed, artifically ventilated cats. The depressant effect, which consisted of suppression of the inspiration-synchronous discharge of units with such firing pattern, was obtained at low strength and frequency of stimulation (e.g. 600 mV, 30 Hz) and was absent at end-tidal CO2 values below threshold for phrenic nerve activity. The  excitatory effect required higher intensity and frequency of stimulation and was CO2 independent. The depressant effect on sympathetic preganglionic neurons with inspiratory firing pattern seemed a replica of the inspiration-inhibitory effect observed on phrenic motoneurons. Hence, it could be attributed to the known inhibition by the SLN of central inspiratory activity, if it is assumed that this is a common driver for phrenic motoneurons and some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The excitatory effect, on the other hand, appears to be due to connections of SLN afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons, independent of the respiratory center.", "PMID": 509362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8276", "title": "Nonparticipation of extracellular glutathione in renal transport of dibasic amino acids.", "content": "Microinjections of L-[14C]arginine (2.9 mM) and L-[14C]ornithine (3.4 mM) were made into renal proximal tubules of rats in the presence of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) (10, 20 mM), ATP (10 mM), and MgCl2 (20 mM) together. Absorption of both labelled amino acids dropped, respectively, by 31.1 and 49.1% compared with control microinjections. The MSO alone or ATP plus MgCl2 had no effect. These data suggest that the inhibition by MSO plus ATP plus MgCl2 is not due to direct competition between MSO and dibasic amino acids but rather to suppression of the renewal of intracellular glutathione. Such an effect is discussed in comparison with cycloleucine inhibition of dibasic amino acid transport. Addition of exogenous glutathione to microinjectates die not reverse either type of inhibition. This study shows that while intracellular glutathione may affect amino acid transport, extracellular glutathione has no effect.", "contents": "Nonparticipation of extracellular glutathione in renal transport of dibasic amino acids. Microinjections of L-[14C]arginine (2.9 mM) and L-[14C]ornithine (3.4 mM) were made into renal proximal tubules of rats in the presence of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) (10, 20 mM), ATP (10 mM), and MgCl2 (20 mM) together. Absorption of both labelled amino acids dropped, respectively, by 31.1 and 49.1% compared with control microinjections. The MSO alone or ATP plus MgCl2 had no effect. These data suggest that the inhibition by MSO plus ATP plus MgCl2 is not due to direct competition between MSO and dibasic amino acids but rather to suppression of the renewal of intracellular glutathione. Such an effect is discussed in comparison with cycloleucine inhibition of dibasic amino acid transport. Addition of exogenous glutathione to microinjectates die not reverse either type of inhibition. This study shows that while intracellular glutathione may affect amino acid transport, extracellular glutathione has no effect.", "PMID": 509369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8277", "title": "Glucose oxidation in fresh guinea pig cornea.", "content": "The rate of glucose oxidation of fresh corneas of guinea pigs at different ages has been determined. Full-thickness corneal discs, 4 mm in diameter, were incubated in radioactive glucose solution. The quantity of the released CO2 was expressed in terms of the corneal discs, their dry weights, and DNA and protein contents. The rate of glucose metabolized to CO2 per hour was about 300 pmol/microgram DNA for guinea pigs weighing approximately 800 g. Glucose oxidation decreased as the age of the animals increased. Our results compared well with those obtained in other species. We therefore feel that the guinea pig should be a suitable model for research on the metabolism of corneas.", "contents": "Glucose oxidation in fresh guinea pig cornea. The rate of glucose oxidation of fresh corneas of guinea pigs at different ages has been determined. Full-thickness corneal discs, 4 mm in diameter, were incubated in radioactive glucose solution. The quantity of the released CO2 was expressed in terms of the corneal discs, their dry weights, and DNA and protein contents. The rate of glucose metabolized to CO2 per hour was about 300 pmol/microgram DNA for guinea pigs weighing approximately 800 g. Glucose oxidation decreased as the age of the animals increased. Our results compared well with those obtained in other species. We therefore feel that the guinea pig should be a suitable model for research on the metabolism of corneas.", "PMID": 509370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8278", "title": "Unusual particle trajectories and structural arrangements in myelinated nerve fibers.", "content": "Others have reported that axonally transported particles, which usually travel in a direction roughly parallel to the axis of the nerve fiber, may suddenly shift sideways as though changing tracks. Examples of this rare type of movement are shown for particles undergoing transport in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis. An examination of the structure of axons from Xenopus showed that some microtubules, neurofilaments, and elements of endoplasmic reticulum may also exhibit marked deviations from the axial direction. It is concluded that it is not necessary to propose any mechanism for changing tracks in order to explain the particle motion.", "contents": "Unusual particle trajectories and structural arrangements in myelinated nerve fibers. Others have reported that axonally transported particles, which usually travel in a direction roughly parallel to the axis of the nerve fiber, may suddenly shift sideways as though changing tracks. Examples of this rare type of movement are shown for particles undergoing transport in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis. An examination of the structure of axons from Xenopus showed that some microtubules, neurofilaments, and elements of endoplasmic reticulum may also exhibit marked deviations from the axial direction. It is concluded that it is not necessary to propose any mechanism for changing tracks in order to explain the particle motion.", "PMID": 509371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8279", "title": "Use of the overturn end point in goldfish to measure the interaction of diazepam and ethanol and the effects of the binding of diazepam to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Over the ranges 2.8 X 10(-5) to 8.78 X 10(-5) M diazepam and 4.85 X 10(-2) to 1.22 X 10(-1) M ethanol, addition of the effects of these agents on the overturn end point in goldfish was observed. The addition of bovine serum albumin (1.56 X 10(-5) M) to aqueous solutions of diazepam modifies the diazepam effect by reducing the \"free\" drug concentrations.", "contents": "Use of the overturn end point in goldfish to measure the interaction of diazepam and ethanol and the effects of the binding of diazepam to bovine serum albumin. Over the ranges 2.8 X 10(-5) to 8.78 X 10(-5) M diazepam and 4.85 X 10(-2) to 1.22 X 10(-1) M ethanol, addition of the effects of these agents on the overturn end point in goldfish was observed. The addition of bovine serum albumin (1.56 X 10(-5) M) to aqueous solutions of diazepam modifies the diazepam effect by reducing the \"free\" drug concentrations.", "PMID": 509372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8280", "title": "The stiffness of slow-twitch muscle lags behind twitch tension: implications for contractile mechanisms and behavior.", "content": "Small, square stretches were applied during contractions of soleus and plantaris muscles in the cat to measure muscle stiffness. The stiffness of the slow-twitch soleus muscle (but not of the fast plantaris muscle) reaches a maximum after the peak in twitch tension. Since the number of active bonds should be maximum before the peak in tension, we suggest that many bonds are in the rigor state during the falling phase of the twitch. The stiffness of the bonds in this state may be useful for prolonging the twitch in slow-twitch muscles and for maintaining a posture.", "contents": "The stiffness of slow-twitch muscle lags behind twitch tension: implications for contractile mechanisms and behavior. Small, square stretches were applied during contractions of soleus and plantaris muscles in the cat to measure muscle stiffness. The stiffness of the slow-twitch soleus muscle (but not of the fast plantaris muscle) reaches a maximum after the peak in twitch tension. Since the number of active bonds should be maximum before the peak in tension, we suggest that many bonds are in the rigor state during the falling phase of the twitch. The stiffness of the bonds in this state may be useful for prolonging the twitch in slow-twitch muscles and for maintaining a posture.", "PMID": 509373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8281", "title": "Hepatic glycogen formation by direct uptake of glucose following oral glucose loading in man.", "content": "The extent of direct uptake of glucose into hepatic glycogen following oral glucose loading in man is determined by mobilizing newly formed glycogen with a glucagon infusion in the immediately postabsorptive period. The amount of glucose flushed from liver glycogen is measured by using \"out-of-steady-state\" tracer turnover techniques. Following a 93 +/- 1 g load of glucose, at most 7.7 +/- 1 g of ingested glucose is recovered from glycogen. If the unlabelled glucose pool is taken into account, at most 10 g of available glucose can be said to be taken up directly into hepatic glycogen during the absorption of the glucose load.", "contents": "Hepatic glycogen formation by direct uptake of glucose following oral glucose loading in man. The extent of direct uptake of glucose into hepatic glycogen following oral glucose loading in man is determined by mobilizing newly formed glycogen with a glucagon infusion in the immediately postabsorptive period. The amount of glucose flushed from liver glycogen is measured by using \"out-of-steady-state\" tracer turnover techniques. Following a 93 +/- 1 g load of glucose, at most 7.7 +/- 1 g of ingested glucose is recovered from glycogen. If the unlabelled glucose pool is taken into account, at most 10 g of available glucose can be said to be taken up directly into hepatic glycogen during the absorption of the glucose load.", "PMID": 509374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8282", "title": "Calcium ion stimulated endogenous protein kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of peripheral nerve myelin proteins.", "content": "Myelin isolated from the rat peripheral nervous system (sciatic nerve and cauda equina) contained Mg2+-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylated myelin polypeptides. Ca2+, in micromolar concentrations, markedly stimulated phosphorylation (half-maximal stimulation at 5 microM (free) Ca2+) but at higher concentrations (greater than 100 microM Ca2+) it caused inhibition. In the presence of Triton X-100, phosphorylation (+/-Ca2+) of myelin was increased and Ca2+ caused up to a 10-fold increase in phosphorylation. Among the myelin polypeptides, P0 (Mr, 28 000), a major glycoprotein, accounted for nearly 60% of the total phosphate incorporated into the myelin and Ca2+ markedly promoted phosphorylation of P0. Phosphorylation of other myelin polypeptides, P2 (Mr, 16 000), Y (Mr, 26 000), and P1 (Mr, 20 000), and the Ca2+-stimulatory effect on phosphorylation of these were also evident. Cyclic AMP (or other cyclic nucleotides) failed to show any significant stimulatory effect on myelin phosphorylation.", "contents": "Calcium ion stimulated endogenous protein kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of peripheral nerve myelin proteins. Myelin isolated from the rat peripheral nervous system (sciatic nerve and cauda equina) contained Mg2+-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylated myelin polypeptides. Ca2+, in micromolar concentrations, markedly stimulated phosphorylation (half-maximal stimulation at 5 microM (free) Ca2+) but at higher concentrations (greater than 100 microM Ca2+) it caused inhibition. In the presence of Triton X-100, phosphorylation (+/-Ca2+) of myelin was increased and Ca2+ caused up to a 10-fold increase in phosphorylation. Among the myelin polypeptides, P0 (Mr, 28 000), a major glycoprotein, accounted for nearly 60% of the total phosphate incorporated into the myelin and Ca2+ markedly promoted phosphorylation of P0. Phosphorylation of other myelin polypeptides, P2 (Mr, 16 000), Y (Mr, 26 000), and P1 (Mr, 20 000), and the Ca2+-stimulatory effect on phosphorylation of these were also evident. Cyclic AMP (or other cyclic nucleotides) failed to show any significant stimulatory effect on myelin phosphorylation.", "PMID": 509375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8283", "title": "The rates and patterns of survivorship and disease in a university dairy herd.", "content": "The rates and patterns of disease occurrence and survivorship were determined over a six year period in a university operated dairy herd. Of the ten diseases selected for study, clinical mastitis occurred most frequently with an incidence rate of 10.1% and displaced abomasum occurred least frequently with an incidence rate of 4.4%. The occurrence of all disease except those of the ovary was associated with the age of the cow. Mastitis, pneumonia and cystic graafian follicles tended to reoccur in the same cow after the initial occurrence. The average culling rate was 25.6% and the median number of years cows survived in the herd was 3.4 years. Methods for calculating the various rates and survivorship are described and their interpretation discussed.", "contents": "The rates and patterns of survivorship and disease in a university dairy herd. The rates and patterns of disease occurrence and survivorship were determined over a six year period in a university operated dairy herd. Of the ten diseases selected for study, clinical mastitis occurred most frequently with an incidence rate of 10.1% and displaced abomasum occurred least frequently with an incidence rate of 4.4%. The occurrence of all disease except those of the ovary was associated with the age of the cow. Mastitis, pneumonia and cystic graafian follicles tended to reoccur in the same cow after the initial occurrence. The average culling rate was 25.6% and the median number of years cows survived in the herd was 3.4 years. Methods for calculating the various rates and survivorship are described and their interpretation discussed.", "PMID": 509376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8284", "title": "Transmission of Oesophagostomum species in swine on pasture in the Maritime provinces.", "content": "Field experiments carried out in the Maritime area of Canada failed to demonstrate overwinter survival of porcine nodular worms, Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and O. dentatum. Pastures were contaminated by carrier animals with subsequent transmission of infection to susceptible pigs. One approach to control of oesophagostomiasis in grazing swine is the treatment of all infected pigs prior to going on pasture.", "contents": "Transmission of Oesophagostomum species in swine on pasture in the Maritime provinces. Field experiments carried out in the Maritime area of Canada failed to demonstrate overwinter survival of porcine nodular worms, Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and O. dentatum. Pastures were contaminated by carrier animals with subsequent transmission of infection to susceptible pigs. One approach to control of oesophagostomiasis in grazing swine is the treatment of all infected pigs prior to going on pasture.", "PMID": 509377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8285", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in western Canada (1968--1977).", "content": "The results of laboratory examination of 18,086 specimens for the presence of rabies antigen by the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests over a ten year period are presented. The submissions were received from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Of those examined, 10.74% were positive: however, the incidence of rabies varied widely in the specimens and species submitted, depending on their origin. The principal wildlife reservoirs of the disease appear to be skunks, foxes and bats. A correlation of almost 99% was obtained between the fluorescent antibody test and the mouse inoculation test, indicating that the diagnostic procedures used were highly reliable in identifying rabies-infected animals.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in western Canada (1968--1977). The results of laboratory examination of 18,086 specimens for the presence of rabies antigen by the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests over a ten year period are presented. The submissions were received from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Of those examined, 10.74% were positive: however, the incidence of rabies varied widely in the specimens and species submitted, depending on their origin. The principal wildlife reservoirs of the disease appear to be skunks, foxes and bats. A correlation of almost 99% was obtained between the fluorescent antibody test and the mouse inoculation test, indicating that the diagnostic procedures used were highly reliable in identifying rabies-infected animals.", "PMID": 509378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8286", "title": "The association between disease, production and culling in a university dairy herd.", "content": "The impact of ten diseases of dairy cattle on milk production, calving interval and culling were studied in a university operated dairy herd. Cows with clinical mastitis, ketosis or displaced abomasum had lowered milk production. Cows with metritis, retained placenta, cystic graafian follicles or ovarian hypofunction had longer calving intervals. Cows with clinical mastitis, metritis, pneumonia or retained placenta had increased risks of culling. The relationship between disease and culling was based on the medical history of culled and nonculled cows using a case control approach. Therefore, it is likely that in many cases, the association between disease and culling is due to the impact of that disease on productivity.", "contents": "The association between disease, production and culling in a university dairy herd. The impact of ten diseases of dairy cattle on milk production, calving interval and culling were studied in a university operated dairy herd. Cows with clinical mastitis, ketosis or displaced abomasum had lowered milk production. Cows with metritis, retained placenta, cystic graafian follicles or ovarian hypofunction had longer calving intervals. Cows with clinical mastitis, metritis, pneumonia or retained placenta had increased risks of culling. The relationship between disease and culling was based on the medical history of culled and nonculled cows using a case control approach. Therefore, it is likely that in many cases, the association between disease and culling is due to the impact of that disease on productivity.", "PMID": 509379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8287", "title": "Surgical repair of a comminuted distal femoral fracture in a dog.", "content": "This case illustrates that good results may be achieved with fractured femur that was severely comminuted (i.e. a \"Humpty Dumpty\" fracture). The blood supply at the fracture site must be carefully preserved. The bony architecture must be reestablished with perfect reduction of the articular surfaces, preferably with interfragmentary compression between the bone fragments. These fragments are held in place with screws and Kirschner wires. Some of the screws and pins were left in place as the trauma incurred to retrieve them would have done more harm than good due to bony overgrowth.", "contents": "Surgical repair of a comminuted distal femoral fracture in a dog. This case illustrates that good results may be achieved with fractured femur that was severely comminuted (i.e. a \"Humpty Dumpty\" fracture). The blood supply at the fracture site must be carefully preserved. The bony architecture must be reestablished with perfect reduction of the articular surfaces, preferably with interfragmentary compression between the bone fragments. These fragments are held in place with screws and Kirschner wires. Some of the screws and pins were left in place as the trauma incurred to retrieve them would have done more harm than good due to bony overgrowth.", "PMID": 509380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8288", "title": "An inherited platelet function defect in Basset hounds.", "content": "An inherited platelet function defect occurring in a family of basset hounds has been described. The trait is transmitted as an autosomal characteristic and appears to be expressed clinically only in the homozygous state. The characteristics of this platelet defect include:1) marked bleeding tendencies and prolonged skin bleeding times in either male or female dogs.2) normal blood coagulation mechanism.3) adequate numbers of circulating platelets which appear morphologically normal by light microscopy.4) normal whole blood clot retraction.5) deficient in vivo platelet consumption and in vitro platelet retention in glass bead columns.6) defective ADP-induced platelet aggregation in homozygotes, apparently normal ADP response in heterozygotes, and defective collagen-induced platelet aggregation in both.", "contents": "An inherited platelet function defect in Basset hounds. An inherited platelet function defect occurring in a family of basset hounds has been described. The trait is transmitted as an autosomal characteristic and appears to be expressed clinically only in the homozygous state. The characteristics of this platelet defect include:1) marked bleeding tendencies and prolonged skin bleeding times in either male or female dogs.2) normal blood coagulation mechanism.3) adequate numbers of circulating platelets which appear morphologically normal by light microscopy.4) normal whole blood clot retraction.5) deficient in vivo platelet consumption and in vitro platelet retention in glass bead columns.6) defective ADP-induced platelet aggregation in homozygotes, apparently normal ADP response in heterozygotes, and defective collagen-induced platelet aggregation in both.", "PMID": 509382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8289", "title": "[Postparturient hemoglobinuria in a Quebec dairy herd (author's transl)].", "content": "Postparturient hemoglobinuria in a Quebec dairy herdA case of post parturient hemoglobinuria which occurred in a Quebec dairy herd is reported. Anemia and hypophosphoremia were present in many animals without any clinical signs, while others were showing severe signs of hemoglobinuria. History, diagnostic techniques and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Postparturient hemoglobinuria in a Quebec dairy herd (author's transl)]. Postparturient hemoglobinuria in a Quebec dairy herdA case of post parturient hemoglobinuria which occurred in a Quebec dairy herd is reported. Anemia and hypophosphoremia were present in many animals without any clinical signs, while others were showing severe signs of hemoglobinuria. History, diagnostic techniques and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 509383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8290", "title": "Bovine mastitis due to Prototheca zopfi.", "content": "A report is given of a case of bovine mastitis caused by the alga Prototheca zopfi which was erroneously identified as the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The resistance of protothecal mastitis to treatment with antibiotics commonly used in veterinary practice is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Bovine mastitis due to Prototheca zopfi. A report is given of a case of bovine mastitis caused by the alga Prototheca zopfi which was erroneously identified as the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The resistance of protothecal mastitis to treatment with antibiotics commonly used in veterinary practice is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 509384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8291", "title": "Nodular malignant lymphomas: factors affecting complete response rate and survival.", "content": "The records of 109 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of nodular pattern were reviewed to determine which factors were associated with a favorable response to therapy and prolonged survival. A logistic regression model was utilized to identify the pertinent variables. Prognostic factors associated with a favorable response were, in order of decreasing importance: treatment with an Adriamycin combination regimen, absence of bulky tumor, and no exposure to prior chemotherapy. Thos associated with prolonged survival were: normal hemoglobin level, treatment with an Adriamycin combination regimen, female sex, and no prior exposure to therapy. Achievement of complete remission in these disorders resulted in a statistically longer duration of survival compared to partial responses or failures. Patients whose complete remission was induced with an Adriamycin-containing regimen and maintained with BCG immunotherapy had a significantly longer complete remission than those who did not receive BCG. Knowledge of these factors can be important in planning and analyzing future therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Nodular malignant lymphomas: factors affecting complete response rate and survival. The records of 109 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of nodular pattern were reviewed to determine which factors were associated with a favorable response to therapy and prolonged survival. A logistic regression model was utilized to identify the pertinent variables. Prognostic factors associated with a favorable response were, in order of decreasing importance: treatment with an Adriamycin combination regimen, absence of bulky tumor, and no exposure to prior chemotherapy. Thos associated with prolonged survival were: normal hemoglobin level, treatment with an Adriamycin combination regimen, female sex, and no prior exposure to therapy. Achievement of complete remission in these disorders resulted in a statistically longer duration of survival compared to partial responses or failures. Patients whose complete remission was induced with an Adriamycin-containing regimen and maintained with BCG immunotherapy had a significantly longer complete remission than those who did not receive BCG. Knowledge of these factors can be important in planning and analyzing future therapeutic trials.", "PMID": 509385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8292", "title": "The management of extratesticular seminoma without gonadal involvement.", "content": "Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 8 patients from 1955 to 1975 with extratesticular seminoma are presented. In 5 patients, the neoplasm developed in the mediastinum and in 3 in the retroperitoneum. All the patients were treated by radiation therapy after resection or biopsy. In the entire group, no tumor was diagnosed in the testes. Two patients expired with disease, one after 2 months due to pneumonia, and the other 5 years after diagnosis (10 months after treatment) due to cerebral metastases. Two patients died 12 and 16 years after diagnosis and treatment. At death, they were free of seminoma and the cause of death was a second malignancy. Four patients are alive and healthy, free of disease, 5, 10, 13, and 17 years after diagnosis and treatment. In essence, of the 8 patients, only one actually died of disease, and he was not adequately treated. We feel that this is an entity with an excellent prognosis if adequately and appropriately treated with radiation. We recommend not to perform an orchiectomy when the testes are clinically normal, and to follow the patient closely after treatment.", "contents": "The management of extratesticular seminoma without gonadal involvement. Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 8 patients from 1955 to 1975 with extratesticular seminoma are presented. In 5 patients, the neoplasm developed in the mediastinum and in 3 in the retroperitoneum. All the patients were treated by radiation therapy after resection or biopsy. In the entire group, no tumor was diagnosed in the testes. Two patients expired with disease, one after 2 months due to pneumonia, and the other 5 years after diagnosis (10 months after treatment) due to cerebral metastases. Two patients died 12 and 16 years after diagnosis and treatment. At death, they were free of seminoma and the cause of death was a second malignancy. Four patients are alive and healthy, free of disease, 5, 10, 13, and 17 years after diagnosis and treatment. In essence, of the 8 patients, only one actually died of disease, and he was not adequately treated. We feel that this is an entity with an excellent prognosis if adequately and appropriately treated with radiation. We recommend not to perform an orchiectomy when the testes are clinically normal, and to follow the patient closely after treatment.", "PMID": 509387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8293", "title": "Intra-arterial BCNU therapy in the treatment of metastatic brain tumor from lung carcinoma: a preliminary report.", "content": "Nine patients with intracerebral metastasis from lung carcinoma were treated with intracarotid and intravertebral artery infusion of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Four of these patients considered definite responders showed unequivocal clinical improvement and definite decreases in the size of tumors evaluated by neurologic examination, computerized tomographic (CT) scan and radionuclide brain scan (RBS). One patient's clinical condition stabilized with doubtful improvement of diagnostic tests (probable responder). The remaining four patients had further unfavorable progression of the clinical and scan findings and were clearly nonresponders. Complications were transient and included: local pain in the eye, orbit, and occipital-nuchal area during infusion in 7 patients, focal seizure in 3 patients, mild confusion with disorientation in 2 patients, and nausea in 2 patients. Our findings suggest that intra-arterial BCNU therapy may be effective and may be used as an adjuvant to surgery and/or radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic brain tumor from lung carcinoma.", "contents": "Intra-arterial BCNU therapy in the treatment of metastatic brain tumor from lung carcinoma: a preliminary report. Nine patients with intracerebral metastasis from lung carcinoma were treated with intracarotid and intravertebral artery infusion of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Four of these patients considered definite responders showed unequivocal clinical improvement and definite decreases in the size of tumors evaluated by neurologic examination, computerized tomographic (CT) scan and radionuclide brain scan (RBS). One patient's clinical condition stabilized with doubtful improvement of diagnostic tests (probable responder). The remaining four patients had further unfavorable progression of the clinical and scan findings and were clearly nonresponders. Complications were transient and included: local pain in the eye, orbit, and occipital-nuchal area during infusion in 7 patients, focal seizure in 3 patients, mild confusion with disorientation in 2 patients, and nausea in 2 patients. Our findings suggest that intra-arterial BCNU therapy may be effective and may be used as an adjuvant to surgery and/or radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic brain tumor from lung carcinoma.", "PMID": 509386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8294", "title": "The influence of bone pain on the results of bone scans.", "content": "The diagnostic value of bone pain in 227 consecutive patients with known primary tumor was investigated and bone scans were obtained. Eighty-two of 130 patients with bone pain had metastases with positive scans. In contrast, 80 of 97 patients without pain did not have metastases and the scans were negative; 13, however, did have metastases and positive scans, and in 10 of these the lesions were osteoblastic. Osteoblastic metastases may not produce pain. In a group of 70 patients with bone pain of unknown origin or elevated phosphatase levels, bone scans were also obtained and evaluated. Only one had metastatic disease, 40 were negative, and 29 had positive scans due to benign disease. It is concluded that in the assessment of malignancies, bone pain is a good indication for bone scintigraphy, except in those patients with osteoblastic lesions. However, when malignant disease has not yet been established, bone pain is not a reliable indication for scanning and radiographic examination is the initial examination of choice.", "contents": "The influence of bone pain on the results of bone scans. The diagnostic value of bone pain in 227 consecutive patients with known primary tumor was investigated and bone scans were obtained. Eighty-two of 130 patients with bone pain had metastases with positive scans. In contrast, 80 of 97 patients without pain did not have metastases and the scans were negative; 13, however, did have metastases and positive scans, and in 10 of these the lesions were osteoblastic. Osteoblastic metastases may not produce pain. In a group of 70 patients with bone pain of unknown origin or elevated phosphatase levels, bone scans were also obtained and evaluated. Only one had metastatic disease, 40 were negative, and 29 had positive scans due to benign disease. It is concluded that in the assessment of malignancies, bone pain is a good indication for bone scintigraphy, except in those patients with osteoblastic lesions. However, when malignant disease has not yet been established, bone pain is not a reliable indication for scanning and radiographic examination is the initial examination of choice.", "PMID": 509388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8295", "title": "A, B, H antigens in transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder: correlation with the clinical course.", "content": "The A, B, H blood group antigens can be detected in normal transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder by the red cell adherence (RCA) test. We examined the possibility that the reactivity for these antigens is lost or decreased in transitional cell carcinomas and that such a change may reflect the future evolution of these tumors. We studied several bladder biopsies from 60 patients who presented with noninvasive transitional cell carcinomas and were followed for at least 5 years or until muscle invasion was histologically demonstrated. Eighty-one percent of patients whose tumors were RCA positive in the initial biopsy did not subsequently develop invasive tumors and 27% of these patients had no recurrences. All 34 patients whose tumors were negative in the initial biopsy experienced recurrences and 62% of them developed invasive lesions. In 81% of patients, the recurrent tumors retained the same pattern of RCA reactivity for blood group antigens on serial biopsies. These results suggest that the presence of readily detectable A, B, B antigens correlates with a favorable prognosis whereas their absence denotes an aggressive potential.", "contents": "A, B, H antigens in transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder: correlation with the clinical course. The A, B, H blood group antigens can be detected in normal transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder by the red cell adherence (RCA) test. We examined the possibility that the reactivity for these antigens is lost or decreased in transitional cell carcinomas and that such a change may reflect the future evolution of these tumors. We studied several bladder biopsies from 60 patients who presented with noninvasive transitional cell carcinomas and were followed for at least 5 years or until muscle invasion was histologically demonstrated. Eighty-one percent of patients whose tumors were RCA positive in the initial biopsy did not subsequently develop invasive tumors and 27% of these patients had no recurrences. All 34 patients whose tumors were negative in the initial biopsy experienced recurrences and 62% of them developed invasive lesions. In 81% of patients, the recurrent tumors retained the same pattern of RCA reactivity for blood group antigens on serial biopsies. These results suggest that the presence of readily detectable A, B, B antigens correlates with a favorable prognosis whereas their absence denotes an aggressive potential.", "PMID": 509389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8296", "title": "Chromosome changes in 17 human neoplasms studied with banding.", "content": "Chromosome abnormalities from 17 malignancies that were studied using direct preparations and G-, Q-, and C-banding methods are presented and the findings assessed. The material used was from 6 primary cervical carcinomas, 5 primary and metastatic ovarian carcinomas and 6 other metastatic carcinomas. In general, chromosome 1 was found to be involved more frequently than the others in structural aberrations. These included short arm deletions--the most frequent marker over all the cases--long arm deletions, long arm duplications and various translocations including more complex rearrangements involving different breakpoints. Altogether ten common markers were identified among the cases, of which two were shared between two cervical carcinomas and two more, between a pair of ovarian carcinomas. The evidence in this report is in agreement with the finding of widespread involvement of chromosome 1 in malignancy, but with a particular preponderance in ovarian carcinoma.", "contents": "Chromosome changes in 17 human neoplasms studied with banding. Chromosome abnormalities from 17 malignancies that were studied using direct preparations and G-, Q-, and C-banding methods are presented and the findings assessed. The material used was from 6 primary cervical carcinomas, 5 primary and metastatic ovarian carcinomas and 6 other metastatic carcinomas. In general, chromosome 1 was found to be involved more frequently than the others in structural aberrations. These included short arm deletions--the most frequent marker over all the cases--long arm deletions, long arm duplications and various translocations including more complex rearrangements involving different breakpoints. Altogether ten common markers were identified among the cases, of which two were shared between two cervical carcinomas and two more, between a pair of ovarian carcinomas. The evidence in this report is in agreement with the finding of widespread involvement of chromosome 1 in malignancy, but with a particular preponderance in ovarian carcinoma.", "PMID": 509390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8297", "title": "tRNA breakdown products as markers for cancer.", "content": "Seven breakdown products of tRNA were quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography in urine and were related to the creatinine content. In the urine of 26 of 27 patients with 13 different malignancies, there was an elevation of one or more of these \"markers.\" The levels of excretion vary approximately with the stage of the disease.", "contents": "tRNA breakdown products as markers for cancer. Seven breakdown products of tRNA were quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography in urine and were related to the creatinine content. In the urine of 26 of 27 patients with 13 different malignancies, there was an elevation of one or more of these \"markers.\" The levels of excretion vary approximately with the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 509391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8298", "title": "Lymphoreticular fragments, the cellular debris of acute lymphosarcoma cell leukemia.", "content": "Lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells have a propensity to fragment. In the following case, these fragments were initially interpreted by an electronic cell counter as platelets, thereby obscuring a true thrombocytopenic situation. These fragments may also resemble polychromatophilic red cells thus giving rise to the erroneous impression that a hemolytic process is accompanying this B cell leukemia.", "contents": "Lymphoreticular fragments, the cellular debris of acute lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells have a propensity to fragment. In the following case, these fragments were initially interpreted by an electronic cell counter as platelets, thereby obscuring a true thrombocytopenic situation. These fragments may also resemble polychromatophilic red cells thus giving rise to the erroneous impression that a hemolytic process is accompanying this B cell leukemia.", "PMID": 509392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8299", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: a cytochemical and electron microscopic study of an unusual case.", "content": "A 25-year-old black female presented with lymphadenopathy, fever and anemia of two months duration. The diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was made on the basis of histiocytic infiltrations in the sinuses of spleen, liver and lymph nodes and by the demonstration of erythrophagocytosis in bone marrow. Following splenectomy, the patient developed a leukemic phase with as many as 50 X 10(9) abnormal histiocytes/l and bone marrow necrosis. This patient was also atypical because of multiple granulomas in liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Cytochemical and immunofluorescent stains confirmed that the abnormal cells were derived from the monocyte-macrophage series. Electron microscopy was used to further characterize this abnormal cell population. The electron microscopic and cytochemical evidence confirms that the malignant cells in malignant histiocytosis are derived from monocytes.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: a cytochemical and electron microscopic study of an unusual case. A 25-year-old black female presented with lymphadenopathy, fever and anemia of two months duration. The diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was made on the basis of histiocytic infiltrations in the sinuses of spleen, liver and lymph nodes and by the demonstration of erythrophagocytosis in bone marrow. Following splenectomy, the patient developed a leukemic phase with as many as 50 X 10(9) abnormal histiocytes/l and bone marrow necrosis. This patient was also atypical because of multiple granulomas in liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Cytochemical and immunofluorescent stains confirmed that the abnormal cells were derived from the monocyte-macrophage series. Electron microscopy was used to further characterize this abnormal cell population. The electron microscopic and cytochemical evidence confirms that the malignant cells in malignant histiocytosis are derived from monocytes.", "PMID": 509393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8300", "title": "Juvenile granulosa cell tumor: a clinicopathologic study of three cases with ultrastructural observations.", "content": "We have encountered three cases of a recently recognized form of granulosa cell tumor referred to by Scully as the juvenile type, and we have made ultrastructural observations on one case. This variant is encountered almost exclusively in the first two decades, and is characterized at the optical microscopic level by a macrofollicular or a diffuse, sometime disorderly pattern of growth, often with extensive luteinization and hyperchromatic nuclei. One of our patients developed precocious pseudopuberty. Our ultrastructural observations in this case supported the concept that this tumor is a granulosa cell tumor, and the tumor showed some similarities to previously reported granulosa cell tumors. A spectrum of cells was observed ranging from well differentiated granulosa cells to stromal cells with many intermediate forms present. The stromal cells varied from being fibroblast-like to theca-like. Both granulosa and stromal cells sometimes contained abundant lipid. Evidence of luteinization, i.e. abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular mitochondrial cristae, was not noted in either the granulosa or stromal cells. Focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were found, however, in teh cytoplasm of cells intermediate between granulosa and stromal types. These cells may represent the source of steroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Juvenile granulosa cell tumor: a clinicopathologic study of three cases with ultrastructural observations. We have encountered three cases of a recently recognized form of granulosa cell tumor referred to by Scully as the juvenile type, and we have made ultrastructural observations on one case. This variant is encountered almost exclusively in the first two decades, and is characterized at the optical microscopic level by a macrofollicular or a diffuse, sometime disorderly pattern of growth, often with extensive luteinization and hyperchromatic nuclei. One of our patients developed precocious pseudopuberty. Our ultrastructural observations in this case supported the concept that this tumor is a granulosa cell tumor, and the tumor showed some similarities to previously reported granulosa cell tumors. A spectrum of cells was observed ranging from well differentiated granulosa cells to stromal cells with many intermediate forms present. The stromal cells varied from being fibroblast-like to theca-like. Both granulosa and stromal cells sometimes contained abundant lipid. Evidence of luteinization, i.e. abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular mitochondrial cristae, was not noted in either the granulosa or stromal cells. Focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were found, however, in teh cytoplasm of cells intermediate between granulosa and stromal types. These cells may represent the source of steroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 509394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8301", "title": "Nerve entrapments associated with postmastectomy lymphedema.", "content": "Ninety females underwent mastectomy for breast cancer and were thereafter investigated to determine whether nerve entrapments were responsible for some of the disabling symptoms in their arms. The majority of these patients suffered from fullness (edema), numbness, paraesthesia, weakness and pain of the arm on the mastecotmized side. Lymphedema of varying degrees found in 50% of these patients was associated with brachial plexus entrapment and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). 28% of the patients has CTS, and 28% suffered from brachial plexus entrapment of the arm on the mastecotmized side, as compared with 8% and 5%, respectively, on the nonoperated side. 12% of the patients suffered from both types of entrapment. Thus we consider that brachial plexus entrapment and carpal tunnel syndrome should be added to the list of complications following mastectomy, with lymphedema playing an active part in their development.", "contents": "Nerve entrapments associated with postmastectomy lymphedema. Ninety females underwent mastectomy for breast cancer and were thereafter investigated to determine whether nerve entrapments were responsible for some of the disabling symptoms in their arms. The majority of these patients suffered from fullness (edema), numbness, paraesthesia, weakness and pain of the arm on the mastecotmized side. Lymphedema of varying degrees found in 50% of these patients was associated with brachial plexus entrapment and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). 28% of the patients has CTS, and 28% suffered from brachial plexus entrapment of the arm on the mastecotmized side, as compared with 8% and 5%, respectively, on the nonoperated side. 12% of the patients suffered from both types of entrapment. Thus we consider that brachial plexus entrapment and carpal tunnel syndrome should be added to the list of complications following mastectomy, with lymphedema playing an active part in their development.", "PMID": 509395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8302", "title": "Somatostatinoma of the duodenum.", "content": "An adenocarcinoma of the second portion of the duodenum in a 26-year-old male is presented. The patient was suffering from pain in the epigastrium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that it consisted almost exclusively of cells with a distincly positive somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the tumor cells had numerous large round granules (about 400 micrometers) with variable electron density. Most of these cells closely resembled the D cells normally seen in the duodenum and the islets of the pancreas, although a few argyrophil cells could be demonstrated by light microscopy. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of the tumor revealed a large amount of somatostatin (2260 pg/mg); substance P and VIP were detected also. Somatostatinoma has been known to occur in the pancreas, but this seems to be the first somatostatinoma found in the intestine.", "contents": "Somatostatinoma of the duodenum. An adenocarcinoma of the second portion of the duodenum in a 26-year-old male is presented. The patient was suffering from pain in the epigastrium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that it consisted almost exclusively of cells with a distincly positive somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the tumor cells had numerous large round granules (about 400 micrometers) with variable electron density. Most of these cells closely resembled the D cells normally seen in the duodenum and the islets of the pancreas, although a few argyrophil cells could be demonstrated by light microscopy. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of the tumor revealed a large amount of somatostatin (2260 pg/mg); substance P and VIP were detected also. Somatostatinoma has been known to occur in the pancreas, but this seems to be the first somatostatinoma found in the intestine.", "PMID": 509396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8303", "title": "The basal cell nevus syndrome: disasters occurring among a series of 36 patients.", "content": "We have reviewed a series of 36 patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1950 to 1978. Among these patients a number of disastrous complications occurred. These include extensive uncontrolled basal cell epithelioma of the face resulting in one death from direct cerebral invasion via the orbit, one facial nerve palsy, two bilateral and two unilateral eye enucleations, and several severe facial mutilations in young patients. There were three patients who developed severe bradycardia and hypotension during induction of general anesthesia required postponement of the intended operation, and one patient with congenital hemiparesis who on investigation was found to have an absent internal carotid artery. A review of the syndrome complex is presented with a plan for recognition and management.", "contents": "The basal cell nevus syndrome: disasters occurring among a series of 36 patients. We have reviewed a series of 36 patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1950 to 1978. Among these patients a number of disastrous complications occurred. These include extensive uncontrolled basal cell epithelioma of the face resulting in one death from direct cerebral invasion via the orbit, one facial nerve palsy, two bilateral and two unilateral eye enucleations, and several severe facial mutilations in young patients. There were three patients who developed severe bradycardia and hypotension during induction of general anesthesia required postponement of the intended operation, and one patient with congenital hemiparesis who on investigation was found to have an absent internal carotid artery. A review of the syndrome complex is presented with a plan for recognition and management.", "PMID": 509397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8304", "title": "Oncobytic papillary cystadenomatosis of the larynx: a clinicopathologic entity.", "content": "A patient with numerous oncocytic lesions of the larynx is reported. Laryngectomy for a concurrent epidermoid carcinoma made it possible to study the entire laryngeal mucosa. A hyperplastic component to the oncocytic metaplasia of the ductal epithelium of the seromucinous glands resulted in a spectrum of lesions varying from simple oncocytic cysts to solid lesions that may be erroneously interpreted as true neoplasms (oncocytomas). Oncocytic papillary cystadenomatosis is a condition affecting the larynx in a diffuse fashion suggesting the need for follow-up on patients with biopsy proven oncocytic lesions.", "contents": "Oncobytic papillary cystadenomatosis of the larynx: a clinicopathologic entity. A patient with numerous oncocytic lesions of the larynx is reported. Laryngectomy for a concurrent epidermoid carcinoma made it possible to study the entire laryngeal mucosa. A hyperplastic component to the oncocytic metaplasia of the ductal epithelium of the seromucinous glands resulted in a spectrum of lesions varying from simple oncocytic cysts to solid lesions that may be erroneously interpreted as true neoplasms (oncocytomas). Oncocytic papillary cystadenomatosis is a condition affecting the larynx in a diffuse fashion suggesting the need for follow-up on patients with biopsy proven oncocytic lesions.", "PMID": 509398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8305", "title": "Multiple disparate cranial neoplasms.", "content": "The case of a three-year-old girl with fibrosarcoma of the right orbit is presented. She was initially treated with surgery and later with radiotherapy. After an interval of thirty-three years she developed a suprasellar epidermoid cyst and two years later a right frontal meningioma. The two benign tumors fulfill the usual criteria for irradiation induced tumors and the possible role of radiotherapy in their induction is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple disparate cranial neoplasms. The case of a three-year-old girl with fibrosarcoma of the right orbit is presented. She was initially treated with surgery and later with radiotherapy. After an interval of thirty-three years she developed a suprasellar epidermoid cyst and two years later a right frontal meningioma. The two benign tumors fulfill the usual criteria for irradiation induced tumors and the possible role of radiotherapy in their induction is discussed.", "PMID": 509399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8306", "title": "Acute hepatic vein thrombosis occurring during therapy for Hodgkin's disease: a case report.", "content": "A case of fatal acute hepatic vein thrombosis occurred during treatment for Hodgkin's disease. At necropsy no evidence of Hodgkin's disease or obliterative venoocclusive disease of the liver was found. We speculate that Adriamycin, DTIC and/or vinblastine may have been responsible for this unusual disorder.", "contents": "Acute hepatic vein thrombosis occurring during therapy for Hodgkin's disease: a case report. A case of fatal acute hepatic vein thrombosis occurred during treatment for Hodgkin's disease. At necropsy no evidence of Hodgkin's disease or obliterative venoocclusive disease of the liver was found. We speculate that Adriamycin, DTIC and/or vinblastine may have been responsible for this unusual disorder.", "PMID": 509400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8307", "title": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in breast cancer: evidence for an individual role of pituitary and gonadal hormones in supporting tumor growth.", "content": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed in 212 consecutive patients with metastatic breast cancer: 11 died within 30 days, two of surgical complications and nine of advanced metastatic disease. Two patients were unevaluable because of inadequate follow-up in one and simultaneous radiation treatment in the other. Of 199 evaluable patients 42% had an objective remission. Duration of remission averaged 18+ months with 10 out of 84 patients still in remission. Presence of estrogen receptors in the tumor significantly predicted response to hypophysectomy. Of 156 patients in whom completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed, 128 were thought to have a complete removal as shown by the fact that their growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable after stimulation with arginine or chlorpromazine, respectively. Of 26 patients in whom TRH test was performed, TSH and prolactin were undetectable in 20. Of 23 patients where autopsy was performed only six had microscopic pituitary tissue remaining. Hypophysectomy induced remission in eight of 15 patients who had previously responded and then relapsed to the antiestrogen Tamoxifen and in four of 17 who had failed. Conversely, antiestrogen therapy induced remission in six of 26 patients who had previously responded to hypophysectomy and in whom serum estrogens were present in small amount. These data indicate that both gonadal and pituitary hormones play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in breast cancer: evidence for an individual role of pituitary and gonadal hormones in supporting tumor growth. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed in 212 consecutive patients with metastatic breast cancer: 11 died within 30 days, two of surgical complications and nine of advanced metastatic disease. Two patients were unevaluable because of inadequate follow-up in one and simultaneous radiation treatment in the other. Of 199 evaluable patients 42% had an objective remission. Duration of remission averaged 18+ months with 10 out of 84 patients still in remission. Presence of estrogen receptors in the tumor significantly predicted response to hypophysectomy. Of 156 patients in whom completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed, 128 were thought to have a complete removal as shown by the fact that their growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable after stimulation with arginine or chlorpromazine, respectively. Of 26 patients in whom TRH test was performed, TSH and prolactin were undetectable in 20. Of 23 patients where autopsy was performed only six had microscopic pituitary tissue remaining. Hypophysectomy induced remission in eight of 15 patients who had previously responded and then relapsed to the antiestrogen Tamoxifen and in four of 17 who had failed. Conversely, antiestrogen therapy induced remission in six of 26 patients who had previously responded to hypophysectomy and in whom serum estrogens were present in small amount. These data indicate that both gonadal and pituitary hormones play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers.", "PMID": 509401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8308", "title": "Indications and results of omental pedicle grafts in oncology.", "content": "Sixty omental grafts were performed in our department. Sixty-two percent concerned breast cancer patients. Other grafts were undertaken for other cancers: head and neck, gynecologic urologic and intestinal, skin and soft tissue tumors. These grafts were indicated for radionecrosis or chemonecrosis in 33 cases and for cancer recurrence in 26 cases (among whom 24 were previously irradiated). Only one graft was performed for lymphoedema treatment. Overall, fifty four patients (83.5%) had successful grafts, and six (16.5%) had graft failures. According to the treated lesion we obtained 82% of successful treatment among patients treated for radio or chemonecrosis, and 92% for patients treated for recurrences.", "contents": "Indications and results of omental pedicle grafts in oncology. Sixty omental grafts were performed in our department. Sixty-two percent concerned breast cancer patients. Other grafts were undertaken for other cancers: head and neck, gynecologic urologic and intestinal, skin and soft tissue tumors. These grafts were indicated for radionecrosis or chemonecrosis in 33 cases and for cancer recurrence in 26 cases (among whom 24 were previously irradiated). Only one graft was performed for lymphoedema treatment. Overall, fifty four patients (83.5%) had successful grafts, and six (16.5%) had graft failures. According to the treated lesion we obtained 82% of successful treatment among patients treated for radio or chemonecrosis, and 92% for patients treated for recurrences.", "PMID": 509402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8309", "title": "Transplantation of azaserine-induced carcinomas of pancreas in rats.", "content": "Two pancreatic adenocarcinomas which had been induced in Wistar/Lewis rats by azaserine treatment were transplanted into rats of the same strain by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of minced tumor. Subsequently, we have serially transplanted into non-radiated recipients. Transplanted tumors have maintained evidence of acinar cell differentiation including the presence of zymogen granules in tumors studied by electron microscopy, and of lipase, amylase and trypsin activity in the supernatant of tumor homogenates. Histologically, the tumors vary from poorly differentiated solid carcinomas to well differentiated variants which form acini. Transplanted tumors are locally invasive and have metastasized to lung and liver in some recipients.", "contents": "Transplantation of azaserine-induced carcinomas of pancreas in rats. Two pancreatic adenocarcinomas which had been induced in Wistar/Lewis rats by azaserine treatment were transplanted into rats of the same strain by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of minced tumor. Subsequently, we have serially transplanted into non-radiated recipients. Transplanted tumors have maintained evidence of acinar cell differentiation including the presence of zymogen granules in tumors studied by electron microscopy, and of lipase, amylase and trypsin activity in the supernatant of tumor homogenates. Histologically, the tumors vary from poorly differentiated solid carcinomas to well differentiated variants which form acini. Transplanted tumors are locally invasive and have metastasized to lung and liver in some recipients.", "PMID": 509403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8310", "title": "Urinary metabolite of 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene with an intact diazoamino structure.", "content": "The tumour-inhibiting substance 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene is metabolised in rats to the corresponding substituted 1-O-(triazenyl-methyl) glucuronic acid. The urinary metabolite was purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, and isolated from the enriched fractions by freeze-drying. Cold acid cleavage into the 2,4,6-trichlorobenzene-diazonium cation and hydrolysis to glucuronic acid and formaldehyde indicated the presence of an O-glycosidic bond through an enzymically-introduced hydroxymethyl oxygen. This novel type of glucuronoside structure was established by chemical evidence, and confirmed by NMR and field-desorption mass spectrometry. It is conceivable that this metabolite represents a stabilised carrier form of the biologically-active triazene that transports the methylating agent from its site of formation to its ultimate target.", "contents": "Urinary metabolite of 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene with an intact diazoamino structure. The tumour-inhibiting substance 1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene is metabolised in rats to the corresponding substituted 1-O-(triazenyl-methyl) glucuronic acid. The urinary metabolite was purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, and isolated from the enriched fractions by freeze-drying. Cold acid cleavage into the 2,4,6-trichlorobenzene-diazonium cation and hydrolysis to glucuronic acid and formaldehyde indicated the presence of an O-glycosidic bond through an enzymically-introduced hydroxymethyl oxygen. This novel type of glucuronoside structure was established by chemical evidence, and confirmed by NMR and field-desorption mass spectrometry. It is conceivable that this metabolite represents a stabilised carrier form of the biologically-active triazene that transports the methylating agent from its site of formation to its ultimate target.", "PMID": 509404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8311", "title": "Effect of graded dietary levels of selenium on tracheal carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the dietary level of selenium on the induction of tracheal cancer by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU). Male Syrian golden hamsters received intratracheal instilations of a 0.5% MNU solution once weekly for 12 weeks. Two weeks prior to the initiation of carcinogen treatment, animals were placed on a semisynthetic, 30% torula yeast diet to which either no selenium or 1 or 5 mg selenium/kg of diet as sodium selenite was added. Animals were maintained on their respective diets for the duration of the study which was terminated 195 days after the first MNU treatment. No significant differences among groups in the incidence of either benign lesions or carcinomas was observed and the distribution of tumor type was similar irrespective of selenium treatment. The results of this study indicate that selenium exerts no chemopreventive effect against MNU-induced tracheal carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of graded dietary levels of selenium on tracheal carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the dietary level of selenium on the induction of tracheal cancer by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU). Male Syrian golden hamsters received intratracheal instilations of a 0.5% MNU solution once weekly for 12 weeks. Two weeks prior to the initiation of carcinogen treatment, animals were placed on a semisynthetic, 30% torula yeast diet to which either no selenium or 1 or 5 mg selenium/kg of diet as sodium selenite was added. Animals were maintained on their respective diets for the duration of the study which was terminated 195 days after the first MNU treatment. No significant differences among groups in the incidence of either benign lesions or carcinomas was observed and the distribution of tumor type was similar irrespective of selenium treatment. The results of this study indicate that selenium exerts no chemopreventive effect against MNU-induced tracheal carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 509405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8312", "title": "UV-induced DNA repair in hairy cell leukaemia patients.", "content": "We analysed by liquid scintillation counting and by autoradiography the DNA repair synthesis induced by UV irradiation in mononucleated cells from peripheral blood of 'hairy cell leukaemia' patients. In 9 out of 12 patients the repair activity values obtained in repeated assays were found to be significantly lower than those of healthy donors.", "contents": "UV-induced DNA repair in hairy cell leukaemia patients. We analysed by liquid scintillation counting and by autoradiography the DNA repair synthesis induced by UV irradiation in mononucleated cells from peripheral blood of 'hairy cell leukaemia' patients. In 9 out of 12 patients the repair activity values obtained in repeated assays were found to be significantly lower than those of healthy donors.", "PMID": 509406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8313", "title": "Purified human fibroblast interferon in vivo: skin reactions and effect on bone marrow precursor cells.", "content": "Human interferon from normal diploid fibroblasts, purified by sequential chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose and phenyl-sepharose, was administered parenterally in 4 subjects. Fever, marked skin hypersensitivity reactions and suppression of marrow stem cells (estimated by the count of myeloid colony-forming cells), side-effects common for less purified fibroblast and leukocyte interferons, were absent. Purified fibroblast interferon retained antiviral and immunomodulatory activity, evidenced by reduction of the blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes and decrease of hepatitis B virus markers in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection treated with this substance.", "contents": "Purified human fibroblast interferon in vivo: skin reactions and effect on bone marrow precursor cells. Human interferon from normal diploid fibroblasts, purified by sequential chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose and phenyl-sepharose, was administered parenterally in 4 subjects. Fever, marked skin hypersensitivity reactions and suppression of marrow stem cells (estimated by the count of myeloid colony-forming cells), side-effects common for less purified fibroblast and leukocyte interferons, were absent. Purified fibroblast interferon retained antiviral and immunomodulatory activity, evidenced by reduction of the blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes and decrease of hepatitis B virus markers in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection treated with this substance.", "PMID": 509407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8314", "title": "Repair and de novo replication of rat lung DNA following instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "Structural analysis of rat lung DNA was made by stepwise elution of the nucleic acid from benzoylated--DEAE-cellulose with 1.0 M NaCl and 30% formamide solutions respectively, the DNA content of collected fractions being determined by absorbance. The proportion of the minor fraction, which was eluted with formamide and thought to contain DNA having single-stranded regions, was increased by intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene prior to death of the animal. Maximum initial increase was observed 14 h after treatment. Analysed up to 10 days after treatment, there was a biphasic response, the early maxima being dose dependent and the second apparently independent of the amount of hydrocarbon administered. The data implicate DNA repair processes and cellular proliferation stimulated by 3-methylcholanthrene as being involved in recovery of the lung from this potentially carcinogenic insult.", "contents": "Repair and de novo replication of rat lung DNA following instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene. Structural analysis of rat lung DNA was made by stepwise elution of the nucleic acid from benzoylated--DEAE-cellulose with 1.0 M NaCl and 30% formamide solutions respectively, the DNA content of collected fractions being determined by absorbance. The proportion of the minor fraction, which was eluted with formamide and thought to contain DNA having single-stranded regions, was increased by intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene prior to death of the animal. Maximum initial increase was observed 14 h after treatment. Analysed up to 10 days after treatment, there was a biphasic response, the early maxima being dose dependent and the second apparently independent of the amount of hydrocarbon administered. The data implicate DNA repair processes and cellular proliferation stimulated by 3-methylcholanthrene as being involved in recovery of the lung from this potentially carcinogenic insult.", "PMID": 509408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8315", "title": "Identification of S-(carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine and thiodiglycolic acid, urinary metabolites of 2,2'-bis-(chloroethyl)-ether in the rat.", "content": "S-(carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine (CMC) and thiodiglycollic acid (TGA) were identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric measurements in the urine of rats after intraperitoneal injections of 2,2'-bis-(chloroethyl)-ether (BCEE). It is therefore probable that BCEE is O-dealkylated by a mixed-function oxidation. The hepatocarcinogenic effect of BCEE may be explained by the liberation of chloroacetaldehyde in vivo.", "contents": "Identification of S-(carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine and thiodiglycolic acid, urinary metabolites of 2,2'-bis-(chloroethyl)-ether in the rat. S-(carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine (CMC) and thiodiglycollic acid (TGA) were identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric measurements in the urine of rats after intraperitoneal injections of 2,2'-bis-(chloroethyl)-ether (BCEE). It is therefore probable that BCEE is O-dealkylated by a mixed-function oxidation. The hepatocarcinogenic effect of BCEE may be explained by the liberation of chloroacetaldehyde in vivo.", "PMID": 509409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8316", "title": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by chrysene.", "content": "Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzanthracene (BA), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)) are not only carcinogenic, but also induce AHH in human tissues. Recently, chrysene has been implicated as an etiologic determinant of chemical carcinogenesis. Here we describe the ability of chrysene to induce AHH in cultured human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were obtained from 9 healthy subjects, divided into 2 sets, and cultured in duplicate, triplicate, or quadruplicate for 48 h. Chrysene (25 microM final concentration) in acetone was then added to the induced culture set and the control set received acetone alone. Lymphocytes were then cultured an additional 24 h before harvesting. AHH was quantitated by a fluorometric analysis of the phenolic metabolites produced by incubating the lymphocytes with B[a]P for 35 min. A significant increase in enzyme induction occurred in the chrysene-induced cultures compared with control (non-induced) cells (one-tailed student t-test; P less than 0.001). It was also observed that the interindividual variation in AHH inducibility seen with other PAHs is also observed with chrysene.", "contents": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by chrysene. Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzanthracene (BA), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)) are not only carcinogenic, but also induce AHH in human tissues. Recently, chrysene has been implicated as an etiologic determinant of chemical carcinogenesis. Here we describe the ability of chrysene to induce AHH in cultured human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were obtained from 9 healthy subjects, divided into 2 sets, and cultured in duplicate, triplicate, or quadruplicate for 48 h. Chrysene (25 microM final concentration) in acetone was then added to the induced culture set and the control set received acetone alone. Lymphocytes were then cultured an additional 24 h before harvesting. AHH was quantitated by a fluorometric analysis of the phenolic metabolites produced by incubating the lymphocytes with B[a]P for 35 min. A significant increase in enzyme induction occurred in the chrysene-induced cultures compared with control (non-induced) cells (one-tailed student t-test; P less than 0.001). It was also observed that the interindividual variation in AHH inducibility seen with other PAHs is also observed with chrysene.", "PMID": 509410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8317", "title": "Selenium effects on the carcinogenicity and metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Addition of 4 ppm Se to the drinking water of male albino rats fed diets containing 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) provided protection against hepatic damage and also resulted in at least 50% reduction in liver tumor incidence. An in vitro assay system utilizing microsomes from Se supplemented or non-supplemented 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced rats was used to determine the effect of oral Se intake on the metabolism of AAF. Oral Se administration led to an increase in ring hydroxylation and a decrease in N-hydroxylation. Addition of Se to the microsomal assay system increased 3-OH AAF formation and decreased N-OH AAF formation, thus shifting the balance of metabolism toward detoxification pathways.", "contents": "Selenium effects on the carcinogenicity and metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Addition of 4 ppm Se to the drinking water of male albino rats fed diets containing 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) provided protection against hepatic damage and also resulted in at least 50% reduction in liver tumor incidence. An in vitro assay system utilizing microsomes from Se supplemented or non-supplemented 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced rats was used to determine the effect of oral Se intake on the metabolism of AAF. Oral Se administration led to an increase in ring hydroxylation and a decrease in N-hydroxylation. Addition of Se to the microsomal assay system increased 3-OH AAF formation and decreased N-OH AAF formation, thus shifting the balance of metabolism toward detoxification pathways.", "PMID": 509411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8318", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-ethylenethiourea in female mice.", "content": "The nitrosation product of ethylenethiourea (ETU), N-nitroso-ETU, was tested for tumorigenicity in female ICR mice. Ten weekly oral administrations of this compound (0.66-2.64 mg/dose) caused apparently dose-dependent increases in the number of mice with pulmonary and lymphocytic neoplasms.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-ethylenethiourea in female mice. The nitrosation product of ethylenethiourea (ETU), N-nitroso-ETU, was tested for tumorigenicity in female ICR mice. Ten weekly oral administrations of this compound (0.66-2.64 mg/dose) caused apparently dose-dependent increases in the number of mice with pulmonary and lymphocytic neoplasms.", "PMID": 509412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8319", "title": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in primary cultures of type II alveolar lung cells and binding of metabolically activated benzo[a]pyrene to nuclear macromolecules.", "content": "Alveolar-like structures cultured on a gelatin sponge substrate are composed of cells resembling type II alveolar pneumonocytes. These cells contain aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) as determined by fluorescent measurements of water-soluble product from the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Of 3 compounds tested, benzo[a]pyrene (BP) stimulates the highest level of AHH activity. Activity reaches a peak in 6 day cultures and remains relatively stable for a culture period of 12 days. Metabolites of tritium labeled BP interact with nuclear macromolecules in these cells as determined by measurements of 3H binding to DNA, histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins. A preferential binding to the non-histone protein fraction occurs.", "contents": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in primary cultures of type II alveolar lung cells and binding of metabolically activated benzo[a]pyrene to nuclear macromolecules. Alveolar-like structures cultured on a gelatin sponge substrate are composed of cells resembling type II alveolar pneumonocytes. These cells contain aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) as determined by fluorescent measurements of water-soluble product from the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Of 3 compounds tested, benzo[a]pyrene (BP) stimulates the highest level of AHH activity. Activity reaches a peak in 6 day cultures and remains relatively stable for a culture period of 12 days. Metabolites of tritium labeled BP interact with nuclear macromolecules in these cells as determined by measurements of 3H binding to DNA, histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins. A preferential binding to the non-histone protein fraction occurs.", "PMID": 509413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8320", "title": "Potentiation of antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide and hydrazine sulfate by treatment with the antidiabetic agent, 1-phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin).", "content": "It was shown that 1-phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin) administered orally to mice at a dose of 2 mg/day potentiated the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide on transplantable squamous cell cervical carcinoma, hepatoma-22a and Lewis lung tumor, but did not alter the effect of cyclophosphamide on sarcoma-180 and L-1210. Oral administration of phenformin (5 mg/day) to rats with transplanted Walker 256 carcinoma enhanced the antitumor effect of hydrazine sulfate.", "contents": "Potentiation of antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide and hydrazine sulfate by treatment with the antidiabetic agent, 1-phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin). It was shown that 1-phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin) administered orally to mice at a dose of 2 mg/day potentiated the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide on transplantable squamous cell cervical carcinoma, hepatoma-22a and Lewis lung tumor, but did not alter the effect of cyclophosphamide on sarcoma-180 and L-1210. Oral administration of phenformin (5 mg/day) to rats with transplanted Walker 256 carcinoma enhanced the antitumor effect of hydrazine sulfate.", "PMID": 509414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8321", "title": "Relationship between dose, time, and tumor yield in mouse dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis.", "content": "Colorectal tumor yield and volume data were obtained using 355 CF1 mice serially sacrificed up to 84 weeks following various dose levels of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dichloride (DMH). Several conclusions were reached: (a) With increasing doses of DMH, there was an increased tumor yield and decreased latency period. (b) With repeated doses, there was a rapidly cumulative tumor yield. (c) New tumors continued to accumulate in the colon and rectum even at long intervals after the DMH treatments. This was substantiated by a positive correlation between the number of tumors per colon and the delay after DMH. In addition, when several tumors were present in the same mouse, their sizes were graded rather than uniform. These observations are consistent with a 2- or multi-step carcinogenesis mechanism. The latter implies that DMH induces a permanent transmissible alteration within some cells which thereafter will be at risk for further alterations capable of initiating cancer growth.", "contents": "Relationship between dose, time, and tumor yield in mouse dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis. Colorectal tumor yield and volume data were obtained using 355 CF1 mice serially sacrificed up to 84 weeks following various dose levels of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dichloride (DMH). Several conclusions were reached: (a) With increasing doses of DMH, there was an increased tumor yield and decreased latency period. (b) With repeated doses, there was a rapidly cumulative tumor yield. (c) New tumors continued to accumulate in the colon and rectum even at long intervals after the DMH treatments. This was substantiated by a positive correlation between the number of tumors per colon and the delay after DMH. In addition, when several tumors were present in the same mouse, their sizes were graded rather than uniform. These observations are consistent with a 2- or multi-step carcinogenesis mechanism. The latter implies that DMH induces a permanent transmissible alteration within some cells which thereafter will be at risk for further alterations capable of initiating cancer growth.", "PMID": 509415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8322", "title": "Relative extents of hydrogen-deuterium exchange of nitrosamines: relevance to biological isotope effect studies.", "content": "Relative extents of base-catalyzed, hydrogen-deuterium exchange have been determined for a number of nitrosamines. Observed trends in the exchanges are discussed in terms of substitution, ring size and conformation. The relevance of the exchanges to deuterium isotope effects in carcinogenesis tests is discussed. Those compounds which give pronounced biological isotope effects undergo exchange only to a small extent. No biological isotope effect is found for compounds which undergo extensive exchange.", "contents": "Relative extents of hydrogen-deuterium exchange of nitrosamines: relevance to biological isotope effect studies. Relative extents of base-catalyzed, hydrogen-deuterium exchange have been determined for a number of nitrosamines. Observed trends in the exchanges are discussed in terms of substitution, ring size and conformation. The relevance of the exchanges to deuterium isotope effects in carcinogenesis tests is discussed. Those compounds which give pronounced biological isotope effects undergo exchange only to a small extent. No biological isotope effect is found for compounds which undergo extensive exchange.", "PMID": 509416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8323", "title": "Alpha-hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N'-nitrosonornicotine by human liver microsomes.", "content": "The environmental carcinogens N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) were incubated with human liver microsomes to test for the presence of enzymes catalyzing alpha-hydroxylation, which is likely to be an activation mechanism for these compounds. Both nitrosamines underwent alpha-hydroxylation; rates were higher for NPYR than for NNN, as observed in rats. The results indicate that both NPYR and NNN can be metabolically activated by human liver microsomes.", "contents": "Alpha-hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N'-nitrosonornicotine by human liver microsomes. The environmental carcinogens N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) were incubated with human liver microsomes to test for the presence of enzymes catalyzing alpha-hydroxylation, which is likely to be an activation mechanism for these compounds. Both nitrosamines underwent alpha-hydroxylation; rates were higher for NPYR than for NNN, as observed in rats. The results indicate that both NPYR and NNN can be metabolically activated by human liver microsomes.", "PMID": 509417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8324", "title": "The stimulation of murine hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in vitro by caffeine.", "content": "The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) of murine liver is increased by caffeine. However, other analogs of caffeine, such as theophylline, theobromine xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid, do not significantly alter AHH activity. The maximal stimulation is observed at a caffeine concentration of approx. 3 mM. The Km of AHH for benzo[a]pyrene is decreased in the presence of caffeine. Thus, the inhibition by caffeine of the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to DNA may be related to its effect on AHH.", "contents": "The stimulation of murine hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in vitro by caffeine. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) of murine liver is increased by caffeine. However, other analogs of caffeine, such as theophylline, theobromine xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid, do not significantly alter AHH activity. The maximal stimulation is observed at a caffeine concentration of approx. 3 mM. The Km of AHH for benzo[a]pyrene is decreased in the presence of caffeine. Thus, the inhibition by caffeine of the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to DNA may be related to its effect on AHH.", "PMID": 509418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8325", "title": "The retrospective study of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benz[a]pyrene in the biosphere.", "content": "The major aim of this study was to determine taking, as an example, the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benz[a]pyrene (BaP), the present biologically active compounds in the early historical and geological epochs with the following assessment of the degree of danger of such compounds in the modern times. In the first section of work, study results of soil samples in the areas of eternal frost confirmed the presence of BaP in the frozen layers of soil aged 10 years, 100 years, 3000--4000 and 10,000 years of age. In the second part of the work, results are furnished on the BaP content in the ice of modern glaciers and their moraines, located in Kamchatka. BaP was found in 11 samples in the concentration of 0.001--0.003 microgram/l. These data represent the first results in the retrospective study of carcinogenic substances in the biosphere.", "contents": "The retrospective study of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benz[a]pyrene in the biosphere. The major aim of this study was to determine taking, as an example, the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benz[a]pyrene (BaP), the present biologically active compounds in the early historical and geological epochs with the following assessment of the degree of danger of such compounds in the modern times. In the first section of work, study results of soil samples in the areas of eternal frost confirmed the presence of BaP in the frozen layers of soil aged 10 years, 100 years, 3000--4000 and 10,000 years of age. In the second part of the work, results are furnished on the BaP content in the ice of modern glaciers and their moraines, located in Kamchatka. BaP was found in 11 samples in the concentration of 0.001--0.003 microgram/l. These data represent the first results in the retrospective study of carcinogenic substances in the biosphere.", "PMID": 509419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8326", "title": "The possibilities of reproducing effects of benzo[a]pyrene in a transformation test using Syrian hamster fetal lung cells.", "content": "Various dose levels of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) were tested on short-term cultured foetal hamster lung cells for transforming effects in vitro in 6 similar experiments. The statistical evaluation of the results indicated a weak reproducibility (P = 0.09). Factors which inherently influence such reproducibility were considered.", "contents": "The possibilities of reproducing effects of benzo[a]pyrene in a transformation test using Syrian hamster fetal lung cells. Various dose levels of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) were tested on short-term cultured foetal hamster lung cells for transforming effects in vitro in 6 similar experiments. The statistical evaluation of the results indicated a weak reproducibility (P = 0.09). Factors which inherently influence such reproducibility were considered.", "PMID": 509420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8327", "title": "Tumor initiating activity of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and the structural requirements favoring carcinogenicity of methylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The tumor initiating activities of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and 5-methylchrysene on mouse skin were compared. After initiating doses of 30 microgram or 10 microgram, with promotion by 3 times weekly applications of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, both compounds were highly tumorigenic, inducing tumors in 70--85% of the treated animals. Since 5,12-dimethylchrysene had previously been shown to be only a weak tumor initiator, these results support the generalization that the structural requirements favoring carcinogenicity among the methylated chrysenes and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a bay region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring.", "contents": "Tumor initiating activity of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and the structural requirements favoring carcinogenicity of methylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The tumor initiating activities of 5,11-dimethylchrysene and 5-methylchrysene on mouse skin were compared. After initiating doses of 30 microgram or 10 microgram, with promotion by 3 times weekly applications of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, both compounds were highly tumorigenic, inducing tumors in 70--85% of the treated animals. Since 5,12-dimethylchrysene had previously been shown to be only a weak tumor initiator, these results support the generalization that the structural requirements favoring carcinogenicity among the methylated chrysenes and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a bay region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring.", "PMID": 509421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8328", "title": "Significance of the karyorrhectic index in 1,2-dimethylhydroazine carcinogenesis.", "content": "Specimens from the liver, kidney, stomach and various intestinal segments of BD IX male rats were analyzed for mitotic index (MI) and the proportion of karyorrhectic figures (karyorrhectic index, KI) at various intervals after a s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In the intestinal specimens, a severe drop in MI (maximum after 12--14 h) and rise in KI (maximum after 6 h) were observed, with all karyorrhectic figures found in the proliferative compartment of the mucosa. Within the large intestine, there was a good correlation between the KI of each segment and its susceptibility to further tumor development.", "contents": "Significance of the karyorrhectic index in 1,2-dimethylhydroazine carcinogenesis. Specimens from the liver, kidney, stomach and various intestinal segments of BD IX male rats were analyzed for mitotic index (MI) and the proportion of karyorrhectic figures (karyorrhectic index, KI) at various intervals after a s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In the intestinal specimens, a severe drop in MI (maximum after 12--14 h) and rise in KI (maximum after 6 h) were observed, with all karyorrhectic figures found in the proliferative compartment of the mucosa. Within the large intestine, there was a good correlation between the KI of each segment and its susceptibility to further tumor development.", "PMID": 509422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8329", "title": "The relationship of regional coronary blood flow to mitochondrial function during reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The relationship of changes in regional coronary flow to the nature and degree of biochemical disturbances during occlusion of branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery and following reestablishment of flow was investigated in two groups of dogs: group I, moderate ischemia before reflow, and group II, severe ischemia prior to reflow. Regional coronary blood flow was determined before ligation, after 60 min of ischemia and after 15 min of reflow using labelled microspheres. Hearts made ischemic for 60 min but not reperfused served as controls. Groups I and II were distinguished by the following features. Group II showed a marked exacerbation of biochemical damage on reperfusion of the ischemic region (reduced levels of ATP, impairment of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial calcium binding). This was accompanied by significant subendocaridial hyperemia. Reperfusion in group I, on the otherhand, partially reversed these changes (increased level of ATP in the ischemic-reperfused region, improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption and calcium binding). Mitochondrial calcium uptake and oxidative phosphorylation (ADP/O ratio) were not affected in any group. These data illustrate that the degree of biochemical damage following reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium is determined by the degree of ischemia, and suggest that interference with ATP production by the mitochondria is not responsible for the damage.", "contents": "The relationship of regional coronary blood flow to mitochondrial function during reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. The relationship of changes in regional coronary flow to the nature and degree of biochemical disturbances during occlusion of branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery and following reestablishment of flow was investigated in two groups of dogs: group I, moderate ischemia before reflow, and group II, severe ischemia prior to reflow. Regional coronary blood flow was determined before ligation, after 60 min of ischemia and after 15 min of reflow using labelled microspheres. Hearts made ischemic for 60 min but not reperfused served as controls. Groups I and II were distinguished by the following features. Group II showed a marked exacerbation of biochemical damage on reperfusion of the ischemic region (reduced levels of ATP, impairment of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial calcium binding). This was accompanied by significant subendocaridial hyperemia. Reperfusion in group I, on the otherhand, partially reversed these changes (increased level of ATP in the ischemic-reperfused region, improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption and calcium binding). Mitochondrial calcium uptake and oxidative phosphorylation (ADP/O ratio) were not affected in any group. These data illustrate that the degree of biochemical damage following reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium is determined by the degree of ischemia, and suggest that interference with ATP production by the mitochondria is not responsible for the damage.", "PMID": 509423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8330", "title": "Effect of a conditioning program in patients taking propranolol for angina pectoris.", "content": "17 patients with stable angina pectoris due to coronary occlusive disease had serial graded exercise tests performed while on no medication, after treatment with propranolol and after an 8-week exercise reconditioning regimen while taking propranolol. The patient whose angina-free exercise capacity on beta-blockade is 2.5 METs or greater is likely to benefit from an exercise program.", "contents": "Effect of a conditioning program in patients taking propranolol for angina pectoris. 17 patients with stable angina pectoris due to coronary occlusive disease had serial graded exercise tests performed while on no medication, after treatment with propranolol and after an 8-week exercise reconditioning regimen while taking propranolol. The patient whose angina-free exercise capacity on beta-blockade is 2.5 METs or greater is likely to benefit from an exercise program.", "PMID": 509424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8331", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts I: identification of a calcium pool involved in contraction.", "content": "The results of this study indicate that two min of Ca-free perfusion did not significantly alter the exchange kinetics of mannitol or Ca in isolated heart preparations. A numerical solution for series Ca exchange between a superficial Ca pool, Ca1, and an intracellular pool, Ca2, was developed in terms of the coefficients and constants determined from a parallel analysis. The series and parallel models for Ca efflux yielded a high correlation between contractile activity and the rate of exchange and Ca content of Ca1. The kinetics of Ca influx were best described by a series model of exchange and agreed closely with the Ca contents and exchange properties measured during Ca efflux. No differences were detected between normal and myopathic hamster hearts in the kinetics of Ca exchange or the role of Ca1 in the E-C coupling process.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts I: identification of a calcium pool involved in contraction. The results of this study indicate that two min of Ca-free perfusion did not significantly alter the exchange kinetics of mannitol or Ca in isolated heart preparations. A numerical solution for series Ca exchange between a superficial Ca pool, Ca1, and an intracellular pool, Ca2, was developed in terms of the coefficients and constants determined from a parallel analysis. The series and parallel models for Ca efflux yielded a high correlation between contractile activity and the rate of exchange and Ca content of Ca1. The kinetics of Ca influx were best described by a series model of exchange and agreed closely with the Ca contents and exchange properties measured during Ca efflux. No differences were detected between normal and myopathic hamster hearts in the kinetics of Ca exchange or the role of Ca1 in the E-C coupling process.", "PMID": 509425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8332", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts II: changes in contractility and Ca pools associated with development of the cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Myocardial contractility and Ca exchange in the pool responsible for E-C coupling was studied in cardiomyopathic (B10 14.6) and control (B10.RB) hamster hearts at three stages in the development of the disease. Contractility (dP/dt) was significantly reduced in the B10 14.6 strain at 26 to 30 days of age, and at all subsequent stages of the disease. Reduced contractility was related directly to a reduction in the Ca content of a superficial pool, Ca1, representing Ca contained in the interstitial space and bound to the sarcolemma and other structures in the interstitium. Increased entry of Ca into cellular pools was associated with the reduction of superficial Ca content. The results suggest that the reduction in surface Ca binding sites may be responsible for the reduction in contractility.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in normal and myopathic hamster hearts II: changes in contractility and Ca pools associated with development of the cardiomyopathy. Myocardial contractility and Ca exchange in the pool responsible for E-C coupling was studied in cardiomyopathic (B10 14.6) and control (B10.RB) hamster hearts at three stages in the development of the disease. Contractility (dP/dt) was significantly reduced in the B10 14.6 strain at 26 to 30 days of age, and at all subsequent stages of the disease. Reduced contractility was related directly to a reduction in the Ca content of a superficial pool, Ca1, representing Ca contained in the interstitial space and bound to the sarcolemma and other structures in the interstitium. Increased entry of Ca into cellular pools was associated with the reduction of superficial Ca content. The results suggest that the reduction in surface Ca binding sites may be responsible for the reduction in contractility.", "PMID": 509426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8333", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in vitamin B6 deficient rats.", "content": "Serial electrocardiograms of vitamin B6 deficient rats show significant changes from those of rats on a complete diet. Animals fed a totally deficient diet from weaning grow slowly and die after about 12 weeks, often with a terminal weight loss. R and T amplitudes increase, then terminally decrease and are significantly greater than those of control animals. The PR interval is significantly shorter at times. Individuals have shown transient AV block, irregular sinus rhythm, wandering pacemaker, and inverted T waves. Autopsy findings include hypertrophy (89%), dilatation (61%) and atrial thrombi (44%). ECG's of adult animals remained normal for about three months after being fed the deficient diet. The two males developed premature ventricular contractions of several ectopic foci. Finally, split QRS complexes were observed. The female had a normal ECG until the final record at 234 days when some minor changes were seen. Extensive cardiomyopathic changes were found in two out of the three adults at autopsy.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Serial electrocardiograms of vitamin B6 deficient rats show significant changes from those of rats on a complete diet. Animals fed a totally deficient diet from weaning grow slowly and die after about 12 weeks, often with a terminal weight loss. R and T amplitudes increase, then terminally decrease and are significantly greater than those of control animals. The PR interval is significantly shorter at times. Individuals have shown transient AV block, irregular sinus rhythm, wandering pacemaker, and inverted T waves. Autopsy findings include hypertrophy (89%), dilatation (61%) and atrial thrombi (44%). ECG's of adult animals remained normal for about three months after being fed the deficient diet. The two males developed premature ventricular contractions of several ectopic foci. Finally, split QRS complexes were observed. The female had a normal ECG until the final record at 234 days when some minor changes were seen. Extensive cardiomyopathic changes were found in two out of the three adults at autopsy.", "PMID": 509427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8334", "title": "Endothelial injury of arteries following catheterisation with polyethylene tubes: experimental studies on rabbit aorta using the Seldinger technique.", "content": "The effect of catheterisation on the rabbit aortic wall is investigated employing a technique identical to that used for continuous monitoring of blood pressure in humans. The catheters were introduced into the aorta through the right femoral artery of the rabbit using the Seldinger technique, except that the catheters were introduced directly into the femoral artery and not percutaneously. It was found that catheterisation for 24 h was followed by intimal and medial injuries. 3 to 60% (mean 20.4%) de-endothelialisation of the aortic surfaces was observed. The present experiments appear to explain some of the complications observed after continuous registration of blood pressure in humans. Case histories are referred to in which the brachial artery was catheterised.", "contents": "Endothelial injury of arteries following catheterisation with polyethylene tubes: experimental studies on rabbit aorta using the Seldinger technique. The effect of catheterisation on the rabbit aortic wall is investigated employing a technique identical to that used for continuous monitoring of blood pressure in humans. The catheters were introduced into the aorta through the right femoral artery of the rabbit using the Seldinger technique, except that the catheters were introduced directly into the femoral artery and not percutaneously. It was found that catheterisation for 24 h was followed by intimal and medial injuries. 3 to 60% (mean 20.4%) de-endothelialisation of the aortic surfaces was observed. The present experiments appear to explain some of the complications observed after continuous registration of blood pressure in humans. Case histories are referred to in which the brachial artery was catheterised.", "PMID": 509430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8335", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of colcemid or high specific activity tritiated thymidine on clonogenic cell survival in B6CF1 mice.", "content": "High specific activity tritiated thymidine (HSA-[3H]TdR) and colcemid were given in cytotoxic doses and regimens to B6CF1/Anl mice. The number of cells per intestinal crypt was reduced by the S-phase-specific (HSA-[3H]TdR and the metaphase blocking and cytotoxic effect of multiple injections of colcemid. In 50-day-old mice, the cytotoxic effect of multiple injections of colcemid reduced both the number of cells per crypt and the clonogenic cell survival. However, the number of surviving intestinal clonogenic or stem cells, assayed by the microcolony technique, did not change in 110--130-day old mice. These data suggest that most of the cells at risk from these cytotoxic agents are not clonogenic in adult 110--130-day old mice but are the cells in amplification division. However, since the stem cells of young mice are more susceptible to colcemid, they are apparently in a more rapid cell cycle than those of older mice. The clonogenic cell survival measured in 110--130-day old mice after a single radiation dose of 14 Gy (1400 rad) responded in a non-linear way to increasing time of continuous colcemid cytotoxicity. These data suggest that the intestinal stem cells can respond to amplification compartment cell death by a shortening of their cell cycle and thus, over time, the number of stem cells at risk to colcemid cytotoxicity increases.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of colcemid or high specific activity tritiated thymidine on clonogenic cell survival in B6CF1 mice. High specific activity tritiated thymidine (HSA-[3H]TdR) and colcemid were given in cytotoxic doses and regimens to B6CF1/Anl mice. The number of cells per intestinal crypt was reduced by the S-phase-specific (HSA-[3H]TdR and the metaphase blocking and cytotoxic effect of multiple injections of colcemid. In 50-day-old mice, the cytotoxic effect of multiple injections of colcemid reduced both the number of cells per crypt and the clonogenic cell survival. However, the number of surviving intestinal clonogenic or stem cells, assayed by the microcolony technique, did not change in 110--130-day old mice. These data suggest that most of the cells at risk from these cytotoxic agents are not clonogenic in adult 110--130-day old mice but are the cells in amplification division. However, since the stem cells of young mice are more susceptible to colcemid, they are apparently in a more rapid cell cycle than those of older mice. The clonogenic cell survival measured in 110--130-day old mice after a single radiation dose of 14 Gy (1400 rad) responded in a non-linear way to increasing time of continuous colcemid cytotoxicity. These data suggest that the intestinal stem cells can respond to amplification compartment cell death by a shortening of their cell cycle and thus, over time, the number of stem cells at risk to colcemid cytotoxicity increases.", "PMID": 509474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8336", "title": "Mitotic index, influx and mean transit time in the hamster cheek pouch epithelium, a partially synchronized cell system. Presentation of a mathematical model based on a non-stationary probability density function for the transit time in a compartment.", "content": "Mitotic activity was followed in the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch for about 12 hr in two experiments under different conditions of noise and light intensity. A mathematical model based on a non-stationary probability density function for the transit time through mitosis was developed, making an analysis of this partially synchronized cell system possible. The most important result of the two experiments is the indication of a non-stationary mean transit time for cells in mitosis. In the first experiment (70 dB, 103 lux), which produced high mitotic indices (maximum 2.0%), the influx changed from 0. to 0.9%/hr (mean of 7-hourly determinations: 0.4%/hr), and the mean transit time from 1.9 to 5.5 hr. In the second experiment (70 dB, 265 lux), which had a lower level of MI (maximum 1.3%), the influx changed from 0 to 1.8%/hr (mean of 13-hourly determinations: 0.4%/hr), and the mean transit time from 0.3 to 3.3 hr. It was difficult to say precisely whether the variation in influx or in mean transit time was the main factor in the increase and decrease of MI. The data could not be simulated with a stationary mean transit time. It is suggested that changes in MI due to different external circumstances are mainly the result of variation in the mean transit time.", "contents": "Mitotic index, influx and mean transit time in the hamster cheek pouch epithelium, a partially synchronized cell system. Presentation of a mathematical model based on a non-stationary probability density function for the transit time in a compartment. Mitotic activity was followed in the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch for about 12 hr in two experiments under different conditions of noise and light intensity. A mathematical model based on a non-stationary probability density function for the transit time through mitosis was developed, making an analysis of this partially synchronized cell system possible. The most important result of the two experiments is the indication of a non-stationary mean transit time for cells in mitosis. In the first experiment (70 dB, 103 lux), which produced high mitotic indices (maximum 2.0%), the influx changed from 0. to 0.9%/hr (mean of 7-hourly determinations: 0.4%/hr), and the mean transit time from 1.9 to 5.5 hr. In the second experiment (70 dB, 265 lux), which had a lower level of MI (maximum 1.3%), the influx changed from 0 to 1.8%/hr (mean of 13-hourly determinations: 0.4%/hr), and the mean transit time from 0.3 to 3.3 hr. It was difficult to say precisely whether the variation in influx or in mean transit time was the main factor in the increase and decrease of MI. The data could not be simulated with a stationary mean transit time. It is suggested that changes in MI due to different external circumstances are mainly the result of variation in the mean transit time.", "PMID": 509475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8337", "title": "Limitations in the use of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA as an indicator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in vitro.", "content": "The validity of using the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as an indicator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in vitro has been investigated. Other parameters of cell proliferation, direct count of cell number and measurement of DNA content, consistently fail to correlate with changes in [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in primary and first passage cultures of rabbit and human epidermal keratinocytes. Maximum incorporation of [3H]thymidine precedes the active growth period by three days. Incorporation declines markedly during the proliferative period. Thymidine kinase activity decreases during the proliferative growth phase. Incorporation of another pyrimidine nucleotide precursor, [14C]aspartic acid, suggests that in epidermal keratinocytes in vitro the extent of utilization of the salvage and the de novo pathways may be inversely related. In such cases [3H]thymidine incorporation into TCA precipitable material fails to reflect accurately cell proliferation.", "contents": "Limitations in the use of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA as an indicator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. The validity of using the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as an indicator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in vitro has been investigated. Other parameters of cell proliferation, direct count of cell number and measurement of DNA content, consistently fail to correlate with changes in [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in primary and first passage cultures of rabbit and human epidermal keratinocytes. Maximum incorporation of [3H]thymidine precedes the active growth period by three days. Incorporation declines markedly during the proliferative period. Thymidine kinase activity decreases during the proliferative growth phase. Incorporation of another pyrimidine nucleotide precursor, [14C]aspartic acid, suggests that in epidermal keratinocytes in vitro the extent of utilization of the salvage and the de novo pathways may be inversely related. In such cases [3H]thymidine incorporation into TCA precipitable material fails to reflect accurately cell proliferation.", "PMID": 509476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8338", "title": "Analysis of intestinal cell proliferation after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. II. Percentage labelled mitoses studies.", "content": "Neonatal administration of guanethidine-sulfate results in an alteration of the cell proliferative pattern of the small intestinal epithelium of the young adult rat. Sympathectomy with guanethidine has previously been shown to depress mitotic, labelling, and total cellular migration indices while increasing the generation cycle time (Tc) of small intestinal crypt cells as measured by a stathmokinetic method. The present study showed that the G1, S and G2 phases of the crypt cell cycle are altered by sympathectomy, G1 accounting for most of the increase in Tc. In addition, the percentage of [3H]-thymidine labelled crypt cells is reduced and the duration of crypt cell transit is lengthened by guanethidine-induced sympathectomy.", "contents": "Analysis of intestinal cell proliferation after guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. II. Percentage labelled mitoses studies. Neonatal administration of guanethidine-sulfate results in an alteration of the cell proliferative pattern of the small intestinal epithelium of the young adult rat. Sympathectomy with guanethidine has previously been shown to depress mitotic, labelling, and total cellular migration indices while increasing the generation cycle time (Tc) of small intestinal crypt cells as measured by a stathmokinetic method. The present study showed that the G1, S and G2 phases of the crypt cell cycle are altered by sympathectomy, G1 accounting for most of the increase in Tc. In addition, the percentage of [3H]-thymidine labelled crypt cells is reduced and the duration of crypt cell transit is lengthened by guanethidine-induced sympathectomy.", "PMID": 509477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8339", "title": "Variability of cell generation times in a hepatoma cell pedigree.", "content": "Time-lapse cinematographic analysis of a clone of HTC rat hepatoma cells showed variations in interdivision time within the clone. A positive correlation was found between the interdivision times of mother and daughter cells. The variability of the differences between interdivision times of cells of sister, cousin, second cousin or second-second cousin relationship was calculated. The proportion of cells with large differences in intermitotic times was found to increase with decreasing relationship. The clonal division pattern observed suggests strongly that 'inherited' factors goven the process leading to cell division but that their effects can be modified.", "contents": "Variability of cell generation times in a hepatoma cell pedigree. Time-lapse cinematographic analysis of a clone of HTC rat hepatoma cells showed variations in interdivision time within the clone. A positive correlation was found between the interdivision times of mother and daughter cells. The variability of the differences between interdivision times of cells of sister, cousin, second cousin or second-second cousin relationship was calculated. The proportion of cells with large differences in intermitotic times was found to increase with decreasing relationship. The clonal division pattern observed suggests strongly that 'inherited' factors goven the process leading to cell division but that their effects can be modified.", "PMID": 509478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8340", "title": "The cardiac ultrastructure of Chimaera monstrosa L. (Elasmobranchii: Holocephali).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the heart in Chimaera monstrosa L. is described. The endocardial and the epicardial cells are similar in the three cardiac regions. Myocardial cells show small variations. The myofibred, 4--6 microns thick, contains one or a few myofibrils. Each myosin filament is surrounded by six actin filaments. The sarcomere banding pattern includes the Z-, A-, I-, M-, N-, and H-band. End-to-end attachments between myofibres are composed of alternating desmosomes and fasciae adhaerentes. Desmosomes and nexuses occur between longitudinally oriented cell surfaces. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed but well defined. Peripheral coupling-like structures are common, T-tubules are absent. Membrane bound dense bodies occur in all regions. Areas with ribosomes and single myosin filaments are often seen. The epicardial cells have a regular hexagonal surface and are much thicker than the endocardial cells. Numerous short and few longer cytoplasmic extensions face the pericardial cavity. The flat endocardial cells contain a large nucleus and small amounts of cytoplasm.", "contents": "The cardiac ultrastructure of Chimaera monstrosa L. (Elasmobranchii: Holocephali). The ultrastructure of the heart in Chimaera monstrosa L. is described. The endocardial and the epicardial cells are similar in the three cardiac regions. Myocardial cells show small variations. The myofibred, 4--6 microns thick, contains one or a few myofibrils. Each myosin filament is surrounded by six actin filaments. The sarcomere banding pattern includes the Z-, A-, I-, M-, N-, and H-band. End-to-end attachments between myofibres are composed of alternating desmosomes and fasciae adhaerentes. Desmosomes and nexuses occur between longitudinally oriented cell surfaces. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed but well defined. Peripheral coupling-like structures are common, T-tubules are absent. Membrane bound dense bodies occur in all regions. Areas with ribosomes and single myosin filaments are often seen. The epicardial cells have a regular hexagonal surface and are much thicker than the endocardial cells. Numerous short and few longer cytoplasmic extensions face the pericardial cavity. The flat endocardial cells contain a large nucleus and small amounts of cytoplasm.", "PMID": 509479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8341", "title": "Fine structure of the ependyma and intercellular junctions in the area postrema of the rat.", "content": "Ependymal cells and their junctional complexes in the area postrema of the rat were studied in detail by tracer experiments using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and colloidal lanthanum and by freeze-etch techniques, in addition to routine electron microscopy. The ependyma of the area postrema is characterized as flattened cells possessing very few cilia, a moderate amount of microvilli, a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous vesicles or tubular formations with internal dense content were found to accumulate in the basal processes of ependymal cells; the basal process makes contact with the perivascular basal lamina. It is suggested that the dense material in the tubulovesicular formations is synthesized within the ependymal cell and discharged into the perivascular space. The apical junctions between adjacent ependymal cells display very close apposition, with a gap of 2--3 nm, but no fusion of adjacent plasma membranes; they thus represent a transitional form between the zonulae adhaerentes present in the ordinary mural ependyma and the zonulae occludentes in the choroidal epithelium. A direct intercommunication between the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood vascular system indicates that a region exists lacking a blood-ventricular CSF barrier.", "contents": "Fine structure of the ependyma and intercellular junctions in the area postrema of the rat. Ependymal cells and their junctional complexes in the area postrema of the rat were studied in detail by tracer experiments using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and colloidal lanthanum and by freeze-etch techniques, in addition to routine electron microscopy. The ependyma of the area postrema is characterized as flattened cells possessing very few cilia, a moderate amount of microvilli, a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous vesicles or tubular formations with internal dense content were found to accumulate in the basal processes of ependymal cells; the basal process makes contact with the perivascular basal lamina. It is suggested that the dense material in the tubulovesicular formations is synthesized within the ependymal cell and discharged into the perivascular space. The apical junctions between adjacent ependymal cells display very close apposition, with a gap of 2--3 nm, but no fusion of adjacent plasma membranes; they thus represent a transitional form between the zonulae adhaerentes present in the ordinary mural ependyma and the zonulae occludentes in the choroidal epithelium. A direct intercommunication between the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood vascular system indicates that a region exists lacking a blood-ventricular CSF barrier.", "PMID": 509480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8342", "title": "Pathways and fine structure of neurons forming the nervi corporis allati II of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.).", "content": "By back-filling the nervus corporis allati II (NCA2) with Co2+ and precipitating the sulfide, two groups of somata (A and B) are revealed on the ipsilateral side of the subesophageal ganglion (SG). These occur anteroventrally, adjacent to the midsaggital plane. Group A consists of two cells; group B of five. Their processes form two discrete tracts issuing dorsoposteriorly into the neuropile between and slightly behind the circumesophageal connectives (CEC). After producing separate arborization fields in the dorsal neuropile, the tracts circumscribe the base of the ipsilateral CEC, unite, and their seven fibers enter NCA2 anteriorly. Prograde diffusion reveals 4--6 NCA2 axons penetrating the corpus allatum (CA) near a cap-like neurohemal organ. These axons form the transverse allatal tract (TAT), from whence they branch amongst the CA cells, and into the \"cap\", the postallatal nerves, and the opposite CA. Electron microscopy of transverse sections demonstrates nine neurosecretory axons entering the SG through NCA2. Proximal to the CA, NCA2 consists of a central bundle of neurosecretory axons and a peripheral zone confluent with the CA \"cap\". Depending upon the level of sectioning, there are 7--20 axons at the center, and seven pass into the TAT. The peripheral zone has the structure of a neurohemal organ.", "contents": "Pathways and fine structure of neurons forming the nervi corporis allati II of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.). By back-filling the nervus corporis allati II (NCA2) with Co2+ and precipitating the sulfide, two groups of somata (A and B) are revealed on the ipsilateral side of the subesophageal ganglion (SG). These occur anteroventrally, adjacent to the midsaggital plane. Group A consists of two cells; group B of five. Their processes form two discrete tracts issuing dorsoposteriorly into the neuropile between and slightly behind the circumesophageal connectives (CEC). After producing separate arborization fields in the dorsal neuropile, the tracts circumscribe the base of the ipsilateral CEC, unite, and their seven fibers enter NCA2 anteriorly. Prograde diffusion reveals 4--6 NCA2 axons penetrating the corpus allatum (CA) near a cap-like neurohemal organ. These axons form the transverse allatal tract (TAT), from whence they branch amongst the CA cells, and into the \"cap\", the postallatal nerves, and the opposite CA. Electron microscopy of transverse sections demonstrates nine neurosecretory axons entering the SG through NCA2. Proximal to the CA, NCA2 consists of a central bundle of neurosecretory axons and a peripheral zone confluent with the CA \"cap\". Depending upon the level of sectioning, there are 7--20 axons at the center, and seven pass into the TAT. The peripheral zone has the structure of a neurohemal organ.", "PMID": 509481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8343", "title": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. III. Increase in number and size of gap junctions.", "content": "The smooth muscle cells of the circular musculature of the guinea pig ileum are connected by gap junctions (nexuses) which occupy about 0.21% of the cell surface. When the muscle hypertrophies in the portions of the ileum oral to an experimental stenosis, the muscle cells increase in size and number. Gap junctions become markedly larger than in control muscles and occupy 0.49% of the cell surface. While the cells double their surface area, the number of nexuses per unit surface remains unchanged (47--48 per 1000 microns2). The packing density of intramembrane particles (or pits) in the nexuses of hypertrophic muscle cells is 6700 . microns-2, which is slightly less than in control muscle cells (7200 . microns-2). A characteristic grouping of the particles (or the pits) within the nexus is often observed. Nexuses between two processes originating from the same cell are common. Nexuses do not occur in the longitudinal muscle.", "contents": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. III. Increase in number and size of gap junctions. The smooth muscle cells of the circular musculature of the guinea pig ileum are connected by gap junctions (nexuses) which occupy about 0.21% of the cell surface. When the muscle hypertrophies in the portions of the ileum oral to an experimental stenosis, the muscle cells increase in size and number. Gap junctions become markedly larger than in control muscles and occupy 0.49% of the cell surface. While the cells double their surface area, the number of nexuses per unit surface remains unchanged (47--48 per 1000 microns2). The packing density of intramembrane particles (or pits) in the nexuses of hypertrophic muscle cells is 6700 . microns-2, which is slightly less than in control muscle cells (7200 . microns-2). A characteristic grouping of the particles (or the pits) within the nexus is often observed. Nexuses between two processes originating from the same cell are common. Nexuses do not occur in the longitudinal muscle.", "PMID": 509483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8344", "title": "Light and electron microscopical investigations on the tanycyte differentiation during the perinatal period in the rat.", "content": "The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopical investigations on the tanycyte differentiation during the perinatal period in the rat. The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.", "PMID": 509484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8345", "title": "Ultrastructural heterogeneity of the mesocoxal muscles of Periplaneta americana.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies have been performed upon the posterior coxal depressor muscle (136) and a coxal branch of the main depressor group (135d') from the mesocoxa of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The quantitative stereometric analyses performed have shown the latter muscle to consist of a dorsal band of fibers having 25.% mitochondria and 13.6% sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and T-tubules (TTS), and a ventral group of fibers with only 4.4% mitochondria and 26.6% SR/TTS. The volume fractions characteristic of the ventral fibers of muscle 135d' are also typical of muscle 136.", "contents": "Ultrastructural heterogeneity of the mesocoxal muscles of Periplaneta americana. Ultrastructural studies have been performed upon the posterior coxal depressor muscle (136) and a coxal branch of the main depressor group (135d') from the mesocoxa of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The quantitative stereometric analyses performed have shown the latter muscle to consist of a dorsal band of fibers having 25.% mitochondria and 13.6% sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and T-tubules (TTS), and a ventral group of fibers with only 4.4% mitochondria and 26.6% SR/TTS. The volume fractions characteristic of the ventral fibers of muscle 135d' are also typical of muscle 136.", "PMID": 509485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8346", "title": "Met enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in Merkel cells.", "content": "The Merkel cells from sinus hair follicles of rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry using different antisera against neuropeptides and gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-hormones. For the first time it has been demonstrated that Merkel cells exhibit an immunoreactivity towards metenkephalin (methionine-enkephalin). The met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was restricted to Merkel cells and was not found in associated nerve axons or terminals. Denervation of Merkel cells did not affect the met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Antisera leu-enkephalin (leucine-enkephalin) and other polypeptides did not produce an immunoreaction. The demonstration of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity supports the concept that the Merkel cell is a member of the paraneuronal system and a potential neuroreceptor cell.", "contents": "Met enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in Merkel cells. The Merkel cells from sinus hair follicles of rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry using different antisera against neuropeptides and gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-hormones. For the first time it has been demonstrated that Merkel cells exhibit an immunoreactivity towards metenkephalin (methionine-enkephalin). The met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was restricted to Merkel cells and was not found in associated nerve axons or terminals. Denervation of Merkel cells did not affect the met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Antisera leu-enkephalin (leucine-enkephalin) and other polypeptides did not produce an immunoreaction. The demonstration of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity supports the concept that the Merkel cell is a member of the paraneuronal system and a potential neuroreceptor cell.", "PMID": 509486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8347", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.", "PMID": 509487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8348", "title": "A fine structural survey of the development of the adult fat body of Leptinotarsa decemlineata.", "content": "The fat body of a female Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, at adult ecdysis, contains a large number of protein granules which are composed of light and dark zones. Part of the light zone in some of these granules is believed to be urate. During the first two days after adult ecdysis, fat body development is not essentially different in females reared either under long- or short-day conditions. Protein granules and large  vacuoles disappear and the first cell organelles are regenerated. The effect of the photoperiod on the histological structure of the fat is expressed after these events. In females reared under long-day conditions, the fat body becomes specialized for vitellogenin synthesis. Under short-day conditions, the fat body stores massive amounts of lipid until day 6 after adult ecdysis. Then the first electron-dense protein granules develop near the nucleus, and on day 10 the first autophagic vacuoles are seen. These structure changes are discussed in connection with the known biochemical properties of the adult faty body of Leptinotarsa.", "contents": "A fine structural survey of the development of the adult fat body of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The fat body of a female Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, at adult ecdysis, contains a large number of protein granules which are composed of light and dark zones. Part of the light zone in some of these granules is believed to be urate. During the first two days after adult ecdysis, fat body development is not essentially different in females reared either under long- or short-day conditions. Protein granules and large  vacuoles disappear and the first cell organelles are regenerated. The effect of the photoperiod on the histological structure of the fat is expressed after these events. In females reared under long-day conditions, the fat body becomes specialized for vitellogenin synthesis. Under short-day conditions, the fat body stores massive amounts of lipid until day 6 after adult ecdysis. Then the first electron-dense protein granules develop near the nucleus, and on day 10 the first autophagic vacuoles are seen. These structure changes are discussed in connection with the known biochemical properties of the adult faty body of Leptinotarsa.", "PMID": 509488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8349", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the glial cells at neuromuscular synapses of Locusta migratoria occurring after nerve stimulation and subsequent rest: a morphometric analysis.", "content": "The glial processes ensheathing the motor nerve terminals on the retractor unguis muscle of Locusta migratoria are described. Ultrastructural changes observed after electrical nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 7 min) without or with subsequent rest (2 min, 1 h) are analysed morphometrically. Immediately after stimulation both the average terminal circumference (+ 23%) and its proportion covered by glial processes (+ 16%) are significantly increased. The mean number of Schwann cell processes per micron of terminal circumference (without stimulation: 0.86 +/- 0.04) is also affected: Immediately after stimulation it is increased by about 15% and after 2 min of rest even by 36%. The periaxonal cleft (without stimulation: 16.5 nm +/- 0.36) becomes wider immediately after stimulation by about 19%, an effect which is almost reversed after 1 h of rest. It is suggested that these changes are a consequence of the enlargement of the nerve terminal's surface upon massive exocytotic activity and that they are possibly mediated by mechanical attachment between glial and terminal plasma membranes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the glial cells at neuromuscular synapses of Locusta migratoria occurring after nerve stimulation and subsequent rest: a morphometric analysis. The glial processes ensheathing the motor nerve terminals on the retractor unguis muscle of Locusta migratoria are described. Ultrastructural changes observed after electrical nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 7 min) without or with subsequent rest (2 min, 1 h) are analysed morphometrically. Immediately after stimulation both the average terminal circumference (+ 23%) and its proportion covered by glial processes (+ 16%) are significantly increased. The mean number of Schwann cell processes per micron of terminal circumference (without stimulation: 0.86 +/- 0.04) is also affected: Immediately after stimulation it is increased by about 15% and after 2 min of rest even by 36%. The periaxonal cleft (without stimulation: 16.5 nm +/- 0.36) becomes wider immediately after stimulation by about 19%, an effect which is almost reversed after 1 h of rest. It is suggested that these changes are a consequence of the enlargement of the nerve terminal's surface upon massive exocytotic activity and that they are possibly mediated by mechanical attachment between glial and terminal plasma membranes.", "PMID": 509489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8350", "title": "A study of TSH-synthesis of spontaneous hypertensive rats by electron microscopic morphometry and autoradiography.", "content": "In order to compare the functional state of the anterior pituitary of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with that of nonmotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR), the anterior pituitary was examined by morphometry and autoradiography at the level of electron microscopy. The relative number and the relative volume of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary were significantly greater in SHR compared with age-matched WKR at 0, 7, 30-33 days and 10 months of age, while the relative number of somatotrophs in SHR was significantly smaller at 1 and 10 months of age. Electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of uptake of 3H-lysine by thyrotrophs of both strains at the age of approximately one month showed that 3H-lysine was incorporated into protein and transported finally to secretory granules which migrated to near the cell membrane to be discharged. Silver grains were significantly more numerous over the thyrotrophs of SHR than over those of WKR at 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h after the injection of 3H-lysine. The present study has ascertained morphologically than a congenital hypersynthesis of TSH by the anterior pituitary occurs in SHR.", "contents": "A study of TSH-synthesis of spontaneous hypertensive rats by electron microscopic morphometry and autoradiography. In order to compare the functional state of the anterior pituitary of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with that of nonmotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR), the anterior pituitary was examined by morphometry and autoradiography at the level of electron microscopy. The relative number and the relative volume of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary were significantly greater in SHR compared with age-matched WKR at 0, 7, 30-33 days and 10 months of age, while the relative number of somatotrophs in SHR was significantly smaller at 1 and 10 months of age. Electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of uptake of 3H-lysine by thyrotrophs of both strains at the age of approximately one month showed that 3H-lysine was incorporated into protein and transported finally to secretory granules which migrated to near the cell membrane to be discharged. Silver grains were significantly more numerous over the thyrotrophs of SHR than over those of WKR at 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h after the injection of 3H-lysine. The present study has ascertained morphologically than a congenital hypersynthesis of TSH by the anterior pituitary occurs in SHR.", "PMID": 509490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8351", "title": "Investigations on the lectin-producing cells in the sponge Axinella polypoides (Schmidt).", "content": "The localization of two carohydrate binding proteins, so-called lectins, was studied in the sponge tissue of Axinella polypoides by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. They do not occur at the cellular surface of any cell type, but they are stored in vesicles of the \"spherulous cells\". After short formaldehyde fixation spherulous cells can be isolated and they release the active lectins upon lysis in distilled water. Electron microscopical studies of spherulous cells show that they contain almost nothing else but a small nucleus and vesicles of different size and number. Small vesicles are full of an electron dense material, whereas the content of large vesicles has a fluffy and fibrillar structure. Spherulous cells are large and tightly packed in the outer layer of the ectosome and in the meshwork of the spongin fibres of the central axis. The are small and scattered in the inner layer of the ectosome, and they are found throughout the choanosome. The function of the lectins is not clearly defined, and different alternatives such as participation in glycoprotein synthesis, immunological defense, or carbohydrate transport are possible.", "contents": "Investigations on the lectin-producing cells in the sponge Axinella polypoides (Schmidt). The localization of two carohydrate binding proteins, so-called lectins, was studied in the sponge tissue of Axinella polypoides by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. They do not occur at the cellular surface of any cell type, but they are stored in vesicles of the \"spherulous cells\". After short formaldehyde fixation spherulous cells can be isolated and they release the active lectins upon lysis in distilled water. Electron microscopical studies of spherulous cells show that they contain almost nothing else but a small nucleus and vesicles of different size and number. Small vesicles are full of an electron dense material, whereas the content of large vesicles has a fluffy and fibrillar structure. Spherulous cells are large and tightly packed in the outer layer of the ectosome and in the meshwork of the spongin fibres of the central axis. The are small and scattered in the inner layer of the ectosome, and they are found throughout the choanosome. The function of the lectins is not clearly defined, and different alternatives such as participation in glycoprotein synthesis, immunological defense, or carbohydrate transport are possible.", "PMID": 509491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8352", "title": "\"Intracisternal microtubules\" in neurons of dog ganglia.", "content": "Ultrastructure, age-incidence, and topographic distribution of so-called intracisternal microtubules (ICMT) were studied in neurons of autonomic and ganglia of dogs. Microtubules packed within dilated cisterns of rough ER are about 24 nm in diameter; the thickness of the walls is about 10 nm. These facts suggest that intracisternal microtubules are identical with cytoplasmic microtubules. The ICMT show 12, 13, and 14 protofilaments. ICMT wer more frequently observed in autonomic than in somatic ganglia. In 23 dogs over 7 years old, ICMT was positive in 20 dogs. These structures therefore, seem related to ageing. The mechanism of production has not yet been established, but the cause may be a disturbance of protein synthesis and/or of the protein tubulin transport system.", "contents": "\"Intracisternal microtubules\" in neurons of dog ganglia. Ultrastructure, age-incidence, and topographic distribution of so-called intracisternal microtubules (ICMT) were studied in neurons of autonomic and ganglia of dogs. Microtubules packed within dilated cisterns of rough ER are about 24 nm in diameter; the thickness of the walls is about 10 nm. These facts suggest that intracisternal microtubules are identical with cytoplasmic microtubules. The ICMT show 12, 13, and 14 protofilaments. ICMT wer more frequently observed in autonomic than in somatic ganglia. In 23 dogs over 7 years old, ICMT was positive in 20 dogs. These structures therefore, seem related to ageing. The mechanism of production has not yet been established, but the cause may be a disturbance of protein synthesis and/or of the protein tubulin transport system.", "PMID": 509492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8353", "title": "On the presence of conspicuous electron dense bodies in the pinealocytes of the pig.", "content": "The pinealocytes of the pig contain a large number of aldehydefuchsin positive granules. In order to determine their nature an ultrastructural study was carried out. Numerous bodies having a maximal diameter of about 1,600 nm were found. These elements showed a great variety of internal structure, ranging from a \"homogeneous\" content and amorphous dense aggregates to lamellate bodies. Although only a few of them displayed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase, their morphological appearance strongly suggests that they belong to the lysosomal system.", "contents": "On the presence of conspicuous electron dense bodies in the pinealocytes of the pig. The pinealocytes of the pig contain a large number of aldehydefuchsin positive granules. In order to determine their nature an ultrastructural study was carried out. Numerous bodies having a maximal diameter of about 1,600 nm were found. These elements showed a great variety of internal structure, ranging from a \"homogeneous\" content and amorphous dense aggregates to lamellate bodies. Although only a few of them displayed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase, their morphological appearance strongly suggests that they belong to the lysosomal system.", "PMID": 509493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8354", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the hypodermis, salivary gland and Gen\u00e9's organ of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.", "content": "The intercellular junctions that occur in the hypodermis, Gen\u00e9's organ, and the salivary glands of the tick, B. microplus, are described. The epithelial cells of the hypodermis are connected by spot desmosomes and septate junctions and the secretory cells of Gen\u00e9's organ by septate and gap junctions. The cap cells in the alveoli of the salivary gland connect to adjacent cells by gap junctions, hemidesmosomes and septate junctions into which microtubules are inserted.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the hypodermis, salivary gland and Gen\u00e9's organ of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The intercellular junctions that occur in the hypodermis, Gen\u00e9's organ, and the salivary glands of the tick, B. microplus, are described. The epithelial cells of the hypodermis are connected by spot desmosomes and septate junctions and the secretory cells of Gen\u00e9's organ by septate and gap junctions. The cap cells in the alveoli of the salivary gland connect to adjacent cells by gap junctions, hemidesmosomes and septate junctions into which microtubules are inserted.", "PMID": 509494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8355", "title": "An ultrastructural study of macrophage-mediated resorption of calcified tissue.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations on macrophage-mediated resorption of calcified tissue of killed fetal long bones are described and correlated with increased 45Ca release into the medium. Macrophages disrupt calcified tissue extracellularly and appear to engulf large fragments of mineralized matrix. Ruffled borders, which are common features of osteoclasts at sites of resorption of bone, do not develop in macrophages. However, clear zones are seen in macrophages as well as osteoclasts. These findings provide additional evidence for non-osteoclast-mediated resorption of calcified tissue.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of macrophage-mediated resorption of calcified tissue. Ultrastructural observations on macrophage-mediated resorption of calcified tissue of killed fetal long bones are described and correlated with increased 45Ca release into the medium. Macrophages disrupt calcified tissue extracellularly and appear to engulf large fragments of mineralized matrix. Ruffled borders, which are common features of osteoclasts at sites of resorption of bone, do not develop in macrophages. However, clear zones are seen in macrophages as well as osteoclasts. These findings provide additional evidence for non-osteoclast-mediated resorption of calcified tissue.", "PMID": 509495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8356", "title": "Oogenesis in Campodea sp. (Diplura): the ultrastructure of the egg chamber during vitellogenesis.", "content": "The egg chamber of Campodea consists of a group of nurse cells and an oocyte, and is surrounded by a simple, markedly flattened follicular epithelium. Three types of yolk occur in the oocytes: type I appears within elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; type II is produced by specific complexes of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes; type III is incorporated by micropinocytosis. Histochemical tests show that mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. The main function of the nurse cells is to synthesize RNA, but they also produce small amounts of type I yolk. Phylogenetic conclusions are drawn from this and other studies of oogenesis in apterygote insects.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Campodea sp. (Diplura): the ultrastructure of the egg chamber during vitellogenesis. The egg chamber of Campodea consists of a group of nurse cells and an oocyte, and is surrounded by a simple, markedly flattened follicular epithelium. Three types of yolk occur in the oocytes: type I appears within elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; type II is produced by specific complexes of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes; type III is incorporated by micropinocytosis. Histochemical tests show that mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. The main function of the nurse cells is to synthesize RNA, but they also produce small amounts of type I yolk. Phylogenetic conclusions are drawn from this and other studies of oogenesis in apterygote insects.", "PMID": 509496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8357", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on oogenesis in Symphyla: previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages.", "content": "The paired ovaries of Symphyla are sac-shaped. Their interior is filled with synchronously developing oocytes surrounded by a simple follicular epithelium. Previtellogenic oocytes have spherical or oval nuclei, the latter containing a large number of small nucleoli. Part of the nuclear surface is covered by a thick \"coat\" made up of a granular substance of medium electron density. The \"coat\" is penetrated by cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Micropinocytosis is the principal source of yolk in Symphyla;a small amount of yolk material arises within the mitochondrial cristae. Vitellogenic oocytes are characterized by a highly active rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizing a material, probably lipoprotein in nature, which is incorporated into lipid droplets.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on oogenesis in Symphyla: previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages. The paired ovaries of Symphyla are sac-shaped. Their interior is filled with synchronously developing oocytes surrounded by a simple follicular epithelium. Previtellogenic oocytes have spherical or oval nuclei, the latter containing a large number of small nucleoli. Part of the nuclear surface is covered by a thick \"coat\" made up of a granular substance of medium electron density. The \"coat\" is penetrated by cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Micropinocytosis is the principal source of yolk in Symphyla;a small amount of yolk material arises within the mitochondrial cristae. Vitellogenic oocytes are characterized by a highly active rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizing a material, probably lipoprotein in nature, which is incorporated into lipid droplets.", "PMID": 509497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8358", "title": "The basiepithelial nerve plexus of the viscera and coelom of eleutherozoan Echinodermata.", "content": "The organisation of the basiepithelial nerve plexus in the alimentary canal of a starfish and the water vascular system of a sea-urchin is described. The plexus contains varicose aminergic neurones which terminate adjacent to the ciliated epithelial cells. It is proposed that the basiepithelial plexus innervates these cells and controls ciliary beating. The distribution of the basiepithelial plexus in various tissues described by other workers is discussed particularly in relation to whether it is the coelomic epithelium or the luminal epithelium which is innervated. It is concluded that where there is both an endothelium and a coelomic epithelium only one is innervated. The muscles, where present, of the viscera are innervated by a separate nervous system. The muscles are always on the opposite side of the non-cellular connective tissue sheath to the basiepithelial plexus.", "contents": "The basiepithelial nerve plexus of the viscera and coelom of eleutherozoan Echinodermata. The organisation of the basiepithelial nerve plexus in the alimentary canal of a starfish and the water vascular system of a sea-urchin is described. The plexus contains varicose aminergic neurones which terminate adjacent to the ciliated epithelial cells. It is proposed that the basiepithelial plexus innervates these cells and controls ciliary beating. The distribution of the basiepithelial plexus in various tissues described by other workers is discussed particularly in relation to whether it is the coelomic epithelium or the luminal epithelium which is innervated. It is concluded that where there is both an endothelium and a coelomic epithelium only one is innervated. The muscles, where present, of the viscera are innervated by a separate nervous system. The muscles are always on the opposite side of the non-cellular connective tissue sheath to the basiepithelial plexus.", "PMID": 509498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8359", "title": "Effects of fibroblast growth factor and bromocriptine on the mitotic activity of the anterior pituitary gland in organ culture.", "content": "Effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and of bromocriptine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, on the mitotic index in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary gland of the rat were investigated, using the colchicine metaphase-arrest technique. It has been found that FGF increases the mitotic index in the anterior pituitary explants. By contrast bromocriptine inhibits the mitogenic effect of FGF.", "contents": "Effects of fibroblast growth factor and bromocriptine on the mitotic activity of the anterior pituitary gland in organ culture. Effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and of bromocriptine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, on the mitotic index in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary gland of the rat were investigated, using the colchicine metaphase-arrest technique. It has been found that FGF increases the mitotic index in the anterior pituitary explants. By contrast bromocriptine inhibits the mitogenic effect of FGF.", "PMID": 509499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8360", "title": "Isotocinergic neurons in the goldfish hypothalamus: physiological and morphological studies on chemically identified cells.", "content": "Isotocinergic (IT) neurons show physiological and morphological characteristcs that are similar to those of the other preoptic neuroendocrine cells in the goldfish. Preoptic IT cells show resting membrane potentials of 20-55 mV, action potentials of up to 100 mV, and physiological evidence of axonal branching. Dye-marked IT cells measure 14-56 micrometers, their dendrites projecting to the ependyma and into the hypothalamic neuropil, their multiple beaded axons projecting to the pituitary. Indirect immunofluorescence identifies these dye-marked cells as IT. By combining electrophysiological, dye-marking and immunocytochemical techniques we can now, for the first time, study single, antidromically-identified peptidergic neurons of a specific type in vertebrate and invertebrate species.", "contents": "Isotocinergic neurons in the goldfish hypothalamus: physiological and morphological studies on chemically identified cells. Isotocinergic (IT) neurons show physiological and morphological characteristcs that are similar to those of the other preoptic neuroendocrine cells in the goldfish. Preoptic IT cells show resting membrane potentials of 20-55 mV, action potentials of up to 100 mV, and physiological evidence of axonal branching. Dye-marked IT cells measure 14-56 micrometers, their dendrites projecting to the ependyma and into the hypothalamic neuropil, their multiple beaded axons projecting to the pituitary. Indirect immunofluorescence identifies these dye-marked cells as IT. By combining electrophysiological, dye-marking and immunocytochemical techniques we can now, for the first time, study single, antidromically-identified peptidergic neurons of a specific type in vertebrate and invertebrate species.", "PMID": 509500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8361", "title": "Effect of progesterone pretreatment on the uptake of estradiol-17 beta by the uterine epithelium of the rat.", "content": "Progesterone pretreatment of ovariectomised rats resulted in a moderate (44%) lowering of the level of nuclear estradiol receptors found in the uterine epithelium 2 h after a single injection of this estrogen.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone pretreatment on the uptake of estradiol-17 beta by the uterine epithelium of the rat. Progesterone pretreatment of ovariectomised rats resulted in a moderate (44%) lowering of the level of nuclear estradiol receptors found in the uterine epithelium 2 h after a single injection of this estrogen.", "PMID": 509501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8362", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the follicle cells in the freshwater gastropod Viviparus viviparus L.", "content": "The morphology and the role of the follicle cells of Viviparus viviparus were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. The follicle cells appear to contain glycogen and fat, and often lysosomes or heterogeneous inclusions. Therefore, they seem to be active in phagocytosis and storage. They are probably involved in the nutrition of the oocyte. Their role in the formation of a selectively permeable barrier is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the follicle cells in the freshwater gastropod Viviparus viviparus L. The morphology and the role of the follicle cells of Viviparus viviparus were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. The follicle cells appear to contain glycogen and fat, and often lysosomes or heterogeneous inclusions. Therefore, they seem to be active in phagocytosis and storage. They are probably involved in the nutrition of the oocyte. Their role in the formation of a selectively permeable barrier is discussed.", "PMID": 509502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8363", "title": "Bacteria-like structures in the endoplasm of Gregarina garnhami (Eugregarinida, Protozoa).", "content": "An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eurgregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Bacteria-like structures in the endoplasm of Gregarina garnhami (Eugregarinida, Protozoa). An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eurgregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 509503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8364", "title": "Cell junctions in the cyst envelope in the silkworm testis, Bombyx mori Linn\u00e9.", "content": "The cell junctions of the cyst envelope in the testes of Bombyx mori were examined by electron miscroscopy utilizing a thin-sectioning technique following conventional fixation, tannic acid fixation and lanthanum tracer study, and also using a freeze-fracture technique. There are three kinds of junctions; septate junctions, gap junctions and tight junctions. Septate junctions are of the pleated type. Gap junctions are characterized by four electron-dense lines and three electron-lucent lines in the reduced intercellular spaces seen by thin-sectioning. They are of the \"E\" type, having clusters of intramembraneous particles on the E-fracture face. The most striking finding is the frequent presence of tight junctions on the fracture planes, while focally fused outer leaflets of the junctional unit membranes are rarely detected on thin-sectioned preparations. Tight junctions are characterized by branching zigzag ridges on the P-fracture face and complementary grooves on the E-fracture face. It is proposed that tight junctions are new morphological evidence of blood-germ cell barrier in an insect.", "contents": "Cell junctions in the cyst envelope in the silkworm testis, Bombyx mori Linn\u00e9. The cell junctions of the cyst envelope in the testes of Bombyx mori were examined by electron miscroscopy utilizing a thin-sectioning technique following conventional fixation, tannic acid fixation and lanthanum tracer study, and also using a freeze-fracture technique. There are three kinds of junctions; septate junctions, gap junctions and tight junctions. Septate junctions are of the pleated type. Gap junctions are characterized by four electron-dense lines and three electron-lucent lines in the reduced intercellular spaces seen by thin-sectioning. They are of the \"E\" type, having clusters of intramembraneous particles on the E-fracture face. The most striking finding is the frequent presence of tight junctions on the fracture planes, while focally fused outer leaflets of the junctional unit membranes are rarely detected on thin-sectioned preparations. Tight junctions are characterized by branching zigzag ridges on the P-fracture face and complementary grooves on the E-fracture face. It is proposed that tight junctions are new morphological evidence of blood-germ cell barrier in an insect.", "PMID": 509504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8365", "title": "Epithelial differentiation at the mucogingival junction: a stereological comparison of the epithelia of the vestibular gingiva and alveolar mucosa.", "content": "The epithelial lining of normal human vestibular gingiva and the adjoining alveolar mucosa was subjected to a comparative stereological analysis. Five biopsies collected from 11 to 12 year-old males and females were selected from a total of 14 specimens and, under standardized conditions, processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from five strata in the oral-gingival, and from four strata in the alveolar-mucosal epithelium, mostly in regions of epithelial ridges. Standardized sterological point counting techniques were employed to analyze a total of 710 and 540 electron micrographs from the oral-gingival and the alveolar-mucosal epithelium, respectively. The two epithelia, although of similar thickness, show different differentiation patterns. The oral-gingival epithelium consists of four cytologically different strata, the major differentiation step occurring between the lower and upper stratum spinosum of epithelial ridges. Standardized stereological point counting techniques were alveolar-mucosal epithelium, consisting of two cytologically different cell compartments, displays a broad, superficial zone of differentiated flat cells, with 60% of the cytoplasm filled with a dense network of cytoplamic filaments. The major differentiation step occurs between basal and lower spinous layers. Differentiation phenomena in both epithelia are discussed and individual variations are interpreted in view of genetically determined factors.", "contents": "Epithelial differentiation at the mucogingival junction: a stereological comparison of the epithelia of the vestibular gingiva and alveolar mucosa. The epithelial lining of normal human vestibular gingiva and the adjoining alveolar mucosa was subjected to a comparative stereological analysis. Five biopsies collected from 11 to 12 year-old males and females were selected from a total of 14 specimens and, under standardized conditions, processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from five strata in the oral-gingival, and from four strata in the alveolar-mucosal epithelium, mostly in regions of epithelial ridges. Standardized sterological point counting techniques were employed to analyze a total of 710 and 540 electron micrographs from the oral-gingival and the alveolar-mucosal epithelium, respectively. The two epithelia, although of similar thickness, show different differentiation patterns. The oral-gingival epithelium consists of four cytologically different strata, the major differentiation step occurring between the lower and upper stratum spinosum of epithelial ridges. Standardized stereological point counting techniques were alveolar-mucosal epithelium, consisting of two cytologically different cell compartments, displays a broad, superficial zone of differentiated flat cells, with 60% of the cytoplasm filled with a dense network of cytoplamic filaments. The major differentiation step occurs between basal and lower spinous layers. Differentiation phenomena in both epithelia are discussed and individual variations are interpreted in view of genetically determined factors.", "PMID": 509505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8366", "title": "Regeneration of the goldfish retina after exposure to different doses of ouabain.", "content": "After ouabain-induced degeneration, the retina of the goldfish shows a remarkable regeneration capacity. The extent of the damage depends on the dose of ouabain used in the experiment. After intraocular injection of 7 microliter 10(-5) M ouabain, the ganglion cells and the cells of the inner nuclear layer (INL) become necrotic except for most of the outer horizontal cells, some bipolar cells, and M\u00fcller cells. The outer nuclear layer (ONL) and the marginal growth zone at the ora serrata remain intact; the plexiform layers become spongy. The degenerated material is removed by the proliferated reactive macroglial cells and invading macrophages. The degenerated cellular elements of the retina are replaced by mitosis of neuroblasts in the marginal growth zone and of cells in the ONL. After intraocular injection of a 5-fold higher dose of ouabain (7 microliter 5 . 10(-5) M), the degeneration of the retina proceeds more rapidly and completely. In this experiment, the ONL is destroyed and the receptor outer segments are phagocytosed by cells of the pigment epithelium. In contrast to the regeneration of the amphibian retina, in the goldfish cells of the pigment epithelium do not participate by metaplastic transformation in the regeneration of the retina. The only source of cellular regeneration of the retina after complete destruction of its differentiated neural elements is the marginal growth zone, which is highly resistant to ouabain. The rate of mitoses in this region is strongly increased. The derivatives of these cells spread out tangentially over the entire fundus of the eye in a concentric manner. In this regenerate, mitotic processes continue in a radial direction, resulting in thickening and layering of the new retinal formation.", "contents": "Regeneration of the goldfish retina after exposure to different doses of ouabain. After ouabain-induced degeneration, the retina of the goldfish shows a remarkable regeneration capacity. The extent of the damage depends on the dose of ouabain used in the experiment. After intraocular injection of 7 microliter 10(-5) M ouabain, the ganglion cells and the cells of the inner nuclear layer (INL) become necrotic except for most of the outer horizontal cells, some bipolar cells, and M\u00fcller cells. The outer nuclear layer (ONL) and the marginal growth zone at the ora serrata remain intact; the plexiform layers become spongy. The degenerated material is removed by the proliferated reactive macroglial cells and invading macrophages. The degenerated cellular elements of the retina are replaced by mitosis of neuroblasts in the marginal growth zone and of cells in the ONL. After intraocular injection of a 5-fold higher dose of ouabain (7 microliter 5 . 10(-5) M), the degeneration of the retina proceeds more rapidly and completely. In this experiment, the ONL is destroyed and the receptor outer segments are phagocytosed by cells of the pigment epithelium. In contrast to the regeneration of the amphibian retina, in the goldfish cells of the pigment epithelium do not participate by metaplastic transformation in the regeneration of the retina. The only source of cellular regeneration of the retina after complete destruction of its differentiated neural elements is the marginal growth zone, which is highly resistant to ouabain. The rate of mitoses in this region is strongly increased. The derivatives of these cells spread out tangentially over the entire fundus of the eye in a concentric manner. In this regenerate, mitotic processes continue in a radial direction, resulting in thickening and layering of the new retinal formation.", "PMID": 509506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8367", "title": "Morphology and behaviour of neural crest cells of chick embryo in vitro.", "content": "Neural primordia of chick embryos were cultured for three days and the behaviour of migrating neural crest cells studied. Somite cells were used as a comparison. Crest cells were actively multipolar with narrow projections which extended and retracted rapidly, contrasting to the gradual extension of somite-cell lamelleae. On losing cell contact, somite cells were also more directionally persistent. The rate of displacement of isolated crest cells was particularly low when calculated over a long time base. Both crest and somite cells were monolayered; contact paralysis occurred in somite cell collisions but was not ascertained for crest cells. However, crest cells in a population were far more directionally persistent than isolated cells. Contact duration between crest cells increased with time and they formed an open network. Eventually, retraction clumping occurred, initially and chiefly at the periphery of the crest outgrowth. Crest cells did not invade cultured embryonic mesenchymal or epithelial populations but endoderm underlapped them. No effects were observed on crest cells prior to direct contact. Substrate previously occupied by endoderm of ectoderm caused crest cells to flatten while substrate previously occupied by the neural tube caused them to round up and clump prematurely.", "contents": "Morphology and behaviour of neural crest cells of chick embryo in vitro. Neural primordia of chick embryos were cultured for three days and the behaviour of migrating neural crest cells studied. Somite cells were used as a comparison. Crest cells were actively multipolar with narrow projections which extended and retracted rapidly, contrasting to the gradual extension of somite-cell lamelleae. On losing cell contact, somite cells were also more directionally persistent. The rate of displacement of isolated crest cells was particularly low when calculated over a long time base. Both crest and somite cells were monolayered; contact paralysis occurred in somite cell collisions but was not ascertained for crest cells. However, crest cells in a population were far more directionally persistent than isolated cells. Contact duration between crest cells increased with time and they formed an open network. Eventually, retraction clumping occurred, initially and chiefly at the periphery of the crest outgrowth. Crest cells did not invade cultured embryonic mesenchymal or epithelial populations but endoderm underlapped them. No effects were observed on crest cells prior to direct contact. Substrate previously occupied by endoderm of ectoderm caused crest cells to flatten while substrate previously occupied by the neural tube caused them to round up and clump prematurely.", "PMID": 509508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8368", "title": "Neuronal connections in the ocellus of the wasp (Paravespula vulgaris L.).", "content": "Studies of the dorsal ocelli of the wasp Paravespula vulgaris (L.) led to the following results: Under a biconvex corneal lens, 150 microns in thickness, about 600 receptor cells are located. The rhabdomeres of two adjacent cells form a closed plate-like rhabdom (0.5--1.0 micron in thickness, 6 microns in width and 10--25 microns in depth or length). In the lateral ocellus the receptor cells synapse up to 8 ocellar nerve fibers, and in the median ocellus they synapse up to 16 (20--30 microns thick) ocellar nerve fibers. The ocellar synaptic plexus may display three types of synapses between the two types of neurons: (i) Receptor-cell axons are presynaptic to dendrites of the first-order interneurons. (ii) Dendrites of the first-order interneurons are presynaptic to receptor-cell axons. (iii) The subunits of a dendrite of first-order interneurons form synapses with each other.", "contents": "Neuronal connections in the ocellus of the wasp (Paravespula vulgaris L.). Studies of the dorsal ocelli of the wasp Paravespula vulgaris (L.) led to the following results: Under a biconvex corneal lens, 150 microns in thickness, about 600 receptor cells are located. The rhabdomeres of two adjacent cells form a closed plate-like rhabdom (0.5--1.0 micron in thickness, 6 microns in width and 10--25 microns in depth or length). In the lateral ocellus the receptor cells synapse up to 8 ocellar nerve fibers, and in the median ocellus they synapse up to 16 (20--30 microns thick) ocellar nerve fibers. The ocellar synaptic plexus may display three types of synapses between the two types of neurons: (i) Receptor-cell axons are presynaptic to dendrites of the first-order interneurons. (ii) Dendrites of the first-order interneurons are presynaptic to receptor-cell axons. (iii) The subunits of a dendrite of first-order interneurons form synapses with each other.", "PMID": 509509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8369", "title": "Precocene-induced necrosis and haemocyte-mediated breakdown of corpora allata in nymps of the locust Locusta migratoria.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies, including the use of the vital dyes trypan blue and acridine orange, indicate that the topical application of precocene II rapidly triggers degenerative processes in the corpora allata (CA) leading within a few days to the virtual disappearance of the parenchymal cells of these glands. The following sequence of events was observed: 1) Within 2 h, many of the cells in fixed nymphal specimens showed increased electron density. During the next few hours, they decreased considerably in volume (shrinkage necrosis). Intercellular spaces increased simultaneously. Although a variable number of cells remained electron lucent, they showed nuclear and cytoplasmic degeneration later on (coagulative necrosis). 2) Haemocytes arrived at the CA sheath and invaded the CA in large numbers after 12 h. 3) CA cells became increasingly necrotic, and cell fragments were budded off and were phagocytosed most noticeably after 1 to 3 days. Thereafter no CA parenchyma remained. 4) Haemocytes dispersed.", "contents": "Precocene-induced necrosis and haemocyte-mediated breakdown of corpora allata in nymps of the locust Locusta migratoria. Light and electron microscopic studies, including the use of the vital dyes trypan blue and acridine orange, indicate that the topical application of precocene II rapidly triggers degenerative processes in the corpora allata (CA) leading within a few days to the virtual disappearance of the parenchymal cells of these glands. The following sequence of events was observed: 1) Within 2 h, many of the cells in fixed nymphal specimens showed increased electron density. During the next few hours, they decreased considerably in volume (shrinkage necrosis). Intercellular spaces increased simultaneously. Although a variable number of cells remained electron lucent, they showed nuclear and cytoplasmic degeneration later on (coagulative necrosis). 2) Haemocytes arrived at the CA sheath and invaded the CA in large numbers after 12 h. 3) CA cells became increasingly necrotic, and cell fragments were budded off and were phagocytosed most noticeably after 1 to 3 days. Thereafter no CA parenchyma remained. 4) Haemocytes dispersed.", "PMID": 509510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8370", "title": "Central projections of fibers in the auditory and tensor nerves of cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae).", "content": "The auditory and tensor nerves of cicadas are mixed nerves containing both afferent and efferent elements. In 17-year cicadas, and in Okanagana rimosa, the auditory nerve contains afferents from body hairs, from the detensor tympani-chordotonal organ, and some 1300--1500 afferents from the hearing organ. Within the fused metathoracic-abdominal ganglionic complex the receptors from both the auditory and tensor nerves form a neuropilar structure that reveals the metameric organization of this complex. A few fibers run anteriorly, projecting into the meso- and prothoracic ganglia. Within the ganglionic complex a division of auditory nerve afferents into a dense intermediate and a more diffuse ventral neuropile is observed. In addition, a dorsal motor neuropile is outlined by arborizations of the timbal motor neuron. This neuron is one of several efferent cell types associated with the auditory nerve, and there is an indication that several efferent fibers innervate the timbal muscle. There is anatomical evidence for a possible neuronal coupling between the bilaterally symmetrical large timbal motor neurons. In general, central projections from the auditory and tensor nerves support evidence of a structural \"layering\" within the CNS of insects.", "contents": "Central projections of fibers in the auditory and tensor nerves of cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). The auditory and tensor nerves of cicadas are mixed nerves containing both afferent and efferent elements. In 17-year cicadas, and in Okanagana rimosa, the auditory nerve contains afferents from body hairs, from the detensor tympani-chordotonal organ, and some 1300--1500 afferents from the hearing organ. Within the fused metathoracic-abdominal ganglionic complex the receptors from both the auditory and tensor nerves form a neuropilar structure that reveals the metameric organization of this complex. A few fibers run anteriorly, projecting into the meso- and prothoracic ganglia. Within the ganglionic complex a division of auditory nerve afferents into a dense intermediate and a more diffuse ventral neuropile is observed. In addition, a dorsal motor neuropile is outlined by arborizations of the timbal motor neuron. This neuron is one of several efferent cell types associated with the auditory nerve, and there is an indication that several efferent fibers innervate the timbal muscle. There is anatomical evidence for a possible neuronal coupling between the bilaterally symmetrical large timbal motor neurons. In general, central projections from the auditory and tensor nerves support evidence of a structural \"layering\" within the CNS of insects.", "PMID": 509511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8371", "title": "Sensory projections from the wind-sensitive head hairs of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Distribution in the central nervous system.", "content": "The neurones from the wind-sensitive hairs on the locust head have been filled with cobalt chloride and intensified with silver. All the neurones project through the brain to the suboesophageal ganglion, some continue to the prothoracic ganglion and a few as far as the mesothoracic ganglion. Three different types of projection are described and a regrouping is proposed of Weis-Fogh's five hair fields into three areas. The distribution of the neurones from these areas is described in relation to other structures in the ganglion and is discussed in relation to the function of the hair fields in stability control and grooming.", "contents": "Sensory projections from the wind-sensitive head hairs of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Distribution in the central nervous system. The neurones from the wind-sensitive hairs on the locust head have been filled with cobalt chloride and intensified with silver. All the neurones project through the brain to the suboesophageal ganglion, some continue to the prothoracic ganglion and a few as far as the mesothoracic ganglion. Three different types of projection are described and a regrouping is proposed of Weis-Fogh's five hair fields into three areas. The distribution of the neurones from these areas is described in relation to other structures in the ganglion and is discussed in relation to the function of the hair fields in stability control and grooming.", "PMID": 509512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8372", "title": "Ultrastructure of the muscles of the dorsal diaphragm in Locusta migratoria.", "content": "The alary muscles of Locusta migratoria adults make up the major tissue of the dorsal diaphragm which separates pericardial and perivisceral sinuses in the abdomen. The alary muscles are striated with a sarcomere at rest measuring about 9 microns. The Z-line has a staggered-beaded arrangement with A-bands and I-bands readily discernable. Thick myofilaments are surrounded by 10 or more thin filaments. The sarcoplasm has few mitochondria near the area of the Z-line, dyads are present and sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. Axons which innervate the alary muscle are either contained within invaginated folds of the sarcolemma of the muscle cells or the muscle cells send finger-like projections to envelop the axons. The synaptic terminals contain synaptic vesicles between 40 and 45 nm in diameter and a few electron-dense granules near or less than 170 nm in diameter. Away from synaptic terminals the axon profiles show few or no granules. The axons are accompanied everywhere by well-developed glial cells. This then is not typical neurosecretomotor innervation, however, the presence of electron-dense granules suggests the possibility of peptidergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the muscles of the dorsal diaphragm in Locusta migratoria. The alary muscles of Locusta migratoria adults make up the major tissue of the dorsal diaphragm which separates pericardial and perivisceral sinuses in the abdomen. The alary muscles are striated with a sarcomere at rest measuring about 9 microns. The Z-line has a staggered-beaded arrangement with A-bands and I-bands readily discernable. Thick myofilaments are surrounded by 10 or more thin filaments. The sarcoplasm has few mitochondria near the area of the Z-line, dyads are present and sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. Axons which innervate the alary muscle are either contained within invaginated folds of the sarcolemma of the muscle cells or the muscle cells send finger-like projections to envelop the axons. The synaptic terminals contain synaptic vesicles between 40 and 45 nm in diameter and a few electron-dense granules near or less than 170 nm in diameter. Away from synaptic terminals the axon profiles show few or no granules. The axons are accompanied everywhere by well-developed glial cells. This then is not typical neurosecretomotor innervation, however, the presence of electron-dense granules suggests the possibility of peptidergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 509513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8373", "title": "DNA sequence variants in the G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- and beta-globin genes of man.", "content": "DNA prepared from 60 unrelated individuals was cleaved with one of eight different restriction endonucleases and the resulting DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments containing G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- or beta-globin genes were detected by Southern blot hybridization, using as probe either a 32P-labeled cloned DNA copy of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA or labeled human beta- and G gamma- globin cDNA plasmids. Three types of variant restriction enzyme patterns of globin DNA fragments were detected in otherwise normal individuals. One variant pattern, found in only one person, was caused by an additional restriction endonuclease Pst I cleavage site in the center of the delta- globin gene intervening sequence; the subject was heterozygous for the presence of this cleavage site and was shown to have inherited it from her mother. Another variant pattern resulted from the appearance of an endonuclease Hind III cleavage site in the intervening sequence of the A gamma-globin gene; this variant is polymorphic, with a gene frequency for the presence of the intragenic Hind III site of 0.23. This Hind III cleavage site polymorphism is also found in the G gamma-globin gene intervening sequence and thus the polymorphism itself appears to be duplicated over the pair of gamma-globin loci. These variants can be used to derive an approximate estimate of the total number of different DNA sequence variants in man.", "contents": "DNA sequence variants in the G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- and beta-globin genes of man. DNA prepared from 60 unrelated individuals was cleaved with one of eight different restriction endonucleases and the resulting DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments containing G gamma-, A gamma-, delta- or beta-globin genes were detected by Southern blot hybridization, using as probe either a 32P-labeled cloned DNA copy of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA or labeled human beta- and G gamma- globin cDNA plasmids. Three types of variant restriction enzyme patterns of globin DNA fragments were detected in otherwise normal individuals. One variant pattern, found in only one person, was caused by an additional restriction endonuclease Pst I cleavage site in the center of the delta- globin gene intervening sequence; the subject was heterozygous for the presence of this cleavage site and was shown to have inherited it from her mother. Another variant pattern resulted from the appearance of an endonuclease Hind III cleavage site in the intervening sequence of the A gamma-globin gene; this variant is polymorphic, with a gene frequency for the presence of the intragenic Hind III site of 0.23. This Hind III cleavage site polymorphism is also found in the G gamma-globin gene intervening sequence and thus the polymorphism itself appears to be duplicated over the pair of gamma-globin loci. These variants can be used to derive an approximate estimate of the total number of different DNA sequence variants in man.", "PMID": 509514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8374", "title": "Biogenesis of poxviruses: mirror-image deletions in vaccinia virus DNA.", "content": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA extracted from wild-type and temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia IHD-W (Dales et al., 1978) revealed sequence alterations in approximately 20% of all ts clones examined. The rearrangements were due to deletions up to 250 nucleotide pairs long. Using Eco RI, Sal I, Bam I, Hpa I and Ava I, the deletions were always observed in the same fragments, while analysis with Hind III demonstrated deletions of identical size in the two terminal fragments. Since vaccinia virus contains inverted terminal repeats of more than 10 kb, these clones possess identical deletions of opposite orientation at both ends of the genome. Analysis of several revertants of the ts mutants demonstrated that the deletions probably arise as events independent from those producing ts lesions and are generated spontaneously at high frequency. This implies that a single event during replication caused the elimination of nonessential information, and suggests that circular intermediates must exist transiently during viral replication.", "contents": "Biogenesis of poxviruses: mirror-image deletions in vaccinia virus DNA. Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA extracted from wild-type and temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia IHD-W (Dales et al., 1978) revealed sequence alterations in approximately 20% of all ts clones examined. The rearrangements were due to deletions up to 250 nucleotide pairs long. Using Eco RI, Sal I, Bam I, Hpa I and Ava I, the deletions were always observed in the same fragments, while analysis with Hind III demonstrated deletions of identical size in the two terminal fragments. Since vaccinia virus contains inverted terminal repeats of more than 10 kb, these clones possess identical deletions of opposite orientation at both ends of the genome. Analysis of several revertants of the ts mutants demonstrated that the deletions probably arise as events independent from those producing ts lesions and are generated spontaneously at high frequency. This implies that a single event during replication caused the elimination of nonessential information, and suggests that circular intermediates must exist transiently during viral replication.", "PMID": 509515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8375", "title": "The integration sites of endogenous and exogenous Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Specific cDNA probes of Moloney and AKR murine leukemia viruses have been prepared to characterize the proviral integration sites of these viruses in the genomes of Balb/Mo and Balb/c mice. The genetically transmitted Moloney provirus of Balb/Mo mice was detected in a characteristic Eco RI DNA fragment of 16 x 10(6) daltons. No fragment of this size was detected in tissue DNAs from Balb/c mice infected as newborns with Moloney virus. We conclude that a viral integration site, occupied in preimplantation mouse embryos, is not necessarily occupied when virus infects cells in post-natal animals. Balb/Mo and Balb/c mice do carry the AkR structural gene in an Eco RI DNA fragment of 12 x 10(6) daltons. Further restriction analysis of this fragment indicated that both mouse lines carry one AKR-type provirus. Leukemogenesis in Balb/Mo and newborn infected Balb/c mice is accompanied by reintegration of Moloney viral sequences in new chromosomal sites of tumor tissues. Part of the reintegrated Moloney viral sequences are of subgenomic size. The AKR viral sequences, however, are not found in new sites. Further restriction analysis revealed that the development of Moloney virus-induced leukemia in Balb/Mo mice does not lead to detectable structural alteration of the genetically transmitted Moloney and AKR structural genes. Possible mechanisms of the reintegration process are also discussed.", "contents": "The integration sites of endogenous and exogenous Moloney murine leukemia virus. Specific cDNA probes of Moloney and AKR murine leukemia viruses have been prepared to characterize the proviral integration sites of these viruses in the genomes of Balb/Mo and Balb/c mice. The genetically transmitted Moloney provirus of Balb/Mo mice was detected in a characteristic Eco RI DNA fragment of 16 x 10(6) daltons. No fragment of this size was detected in tissue DNAs from Balb/c mice infected as newborns with Moloney virus. We conclude that a viral integration site, occupied in preimplantation mouse embryos, is not necessarily occupied when virus infects cells in post-natal animals. Balb/Mo and Balb/c mice do carry the AkR structural gene in an Eco RI DNA fragment of 12 x 10(6) daltons. Further restriction analysis of this fragment indicated that both mouse lines carry one AKR-type provirus. Leukemogenesis in Balb/Mo and newborn infected Balb/c mice is accompanied by reintegration of Moloney viral sequences in new chromosomal sites of tumor tissues. Part of the reintegrated Moloney viral sequences are of subgenomic size. The AKR viral sequences, however, are not found in new sites. Further restriction analysis revealed that the development of Moloney virus-induced leukemia in Balb/Mo mice does not lead to detectable structural alteration of the genetically transmitted Moloney and AKR structural genes. Possible mechanisms of the reintegration process are also discussed.", "PMID": 509516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8376", "title": "Cytoplasmic regulation of two G1-specific temperature-sensitive functions.", "content": "tsAF8 and ts13 cells are temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of BHK cells that specifically arrest, at nonpermissive temperature, in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. These two mutants can complement each other. Both cell lines can be made quiescent by serum deprivation (G0). When subsequently stimulated by serum, they can enter S phase at 34 degrees C but not at 39.5 degrees-40.6 degrees C. We have used these mutants to determine whether the nucleus is needed during the G0 leads to S transition for the expression of the G1 ts functions. For this purpose, we fused cytoplasts of G0-tsAF8 with whole ts13 cells in G0, and cytoplasts of G0-ts13 with whole tsAF8 cells in G0. Serum stimulation at the nonpermissive temperature induced DNA synthesis in both types of such fusion products. No DNA synthesis was induced by serum stimulation at the nonpermissive temperature in fusion products constructed between either G0-tsAF8 cytoplasts and whole G0-tsAF8 cells or G0-ts13 cytoplasts and whole G0-ts13 cells. These results demonstrate that the information for these two ts functions, which are required for entry of serum-stimulated cells into the S phase, are already present in the cytoplasm of G0 cells--that is, before serum stimulation commits them to the transition from the nonproliferating to the proliferating state.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic regulation of two G1-specific temperature-sensitive functions. tsAF8 and ts13 cells are temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of BHK cells that specifically arrest, at nonpermissive temperature, in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. These two mutants can complement each other. Both cell lines can be made quiescent by serum deprivation (G0). When subsequently stimulated by serum, they can enter S phase at 34 degrees C but not at 39.5 degrees-40.6 degrees C. We have used these mutants to determine whether the nucleus is needed during the G0 leads to S transition for the expression of the G1 ts functions. For this purpose, we fused cytoplasts of G0-tsAF8 with whole ts13 cells in G0, and cytoplasts of G0-ts13 with whole tsAF8 cells in G0. Serum stimulation at the nonpermissive temperature induced DNA synthesis in both types of such fusion products. No DNA synthesis was induced by serum stimulation at the nonpermissive temperature in fusion products constructed between either G0-tsAF8 cytoplasts and whole G0-tsAF8 cells or G0-ts13 cytoplasts and whole G0-ts13 cells. These results demonstrate that the information for these two ts functions, which are required for entry of serum-stimulated cells into the S phase, are already present in the cytoplasm of G0 cells--that is, before serum stimulation commits them to the transition from the nonproliferating to the proliferating state.", "PMID": 509517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8377", "title": "Increased sodium ion influx is necessary to initiate rat hepatocyte proliferation.", "content": "Serum-free media containing 10-50 ng insulin, glucagon and epidermal growth factor (EGF) ml-1 stimulate adult rat hepatocyte proliferation in 10-15 day old primary liver cell cultures. The kinetics of this response simulate hepatocellular transitions that accompnay liver regeneration after 67% hepatectomy. Amiloride, a Na+ influx inhibitor, reversibly blocks these transitions in vitro (ID50 approximately 0.02 mM) and in vivo (ID50 approximately 25 mg kg-1). Inhibition is observed with other cation flux modulators, including ouabain (ID50 approximately 0.2 mM), 0.2 microM monensin and 0.2 microM nigericin, but not with 0.3 mM furosemide or tetrodotoxin. The prereplicative interval in culture (0-12 hr) is characterized by preferential cellular responsiveness to EGF (0-3 hr) followed by insulin plus glucagon (3-12 hr). Parallel culture and animal studies show that the amiloride-sensitive and prereplicative intervals coincide. In culture, a \"burst\" of 22Na+ influx, stimulated by peptide-supplemented media within 1 min but decreased later at 12 hr, is retarded by amiloride. This drug also blocks delayed prereplicative events involving increased amino acid \"A\" transport system function at 4-8 hr, and 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation into RNA and protein, respectively, at 8-12 hr. These findings suggest that at least two time-ordered processes are necessary to initiate hepatic growth fully: first, activation of Na+ flux systems by peptides similar or identical to EGF; and second, potentiation of these and subsequent cellular events by the combined action of insulin plus glucagon. [Amiloride: N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide; furosemide: 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid; AIB: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; ID50: administered dose giving 50% inhibition of a maximal response; dFBS: dialyzed fetal bovine serum; L.I.: 3H-dT nuclear labeling index.]", "contents": "Increased sodium ion influx is necessary to initiate rat hepatocyte proliferation. Serum-free media containing 10-50 ng insulin, glucagon and epidermal growth factor (EGF) ml-1 stimulate adult rat hepatocyte proliferation in 10-15 day old primary liver cell cultures. The kinetics of this response simulate hepatocellular transitions that accompnay liver regeneration after 67% hepatectomy. Amiloride, a Na+ influx inhibitor, reversibly blocks these transitions in vitro (ID50 approximately 0.02 mM) and in vivo (ID50 approximately 25 mg kg-1). Inhibition is observed with other cation flux modulators, including ouabain (ID50 approximately 0.2 mM), 0.2 microM monensin and 0.2 microM nigericin, but not with 0.3 mM furosemide or tetrodotoxin. The prereplicative interval in culture (0-12 hr) is characterized by preferential cellular responsiveness to EGF (0-3 hr) followed by insulin plus glucagon (3-12 hr). Parallel culture and animal studies show that the amiloride-sensitive and prereplicative intervals coincide. In culture, a \"burst\" of 22Na+ influx, stimulated by peptide-supplemented media within 1 min but decreased later at 12 hr, is retarded by amiloride. This drug also blocks delayed prereplicative events involving increased amino acid \"A\" transport system function at 4-8 hr, and 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation into RNA and protein, respectively, at 8-12 hr. These findings suggest that at least two time-ordered processes are necessary to initiate hepatic growth fully: first, activation of Na+ flux systems by peptides similar or identical to EGF; and second, potentiation of these and subsequent cellular events by the combined action of insulin plus glucagon. [Amiloride: N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide; furosemide: 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid; AIB: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; ID50: administered dose giving 50% inhibition of a maximal response; dFBS: dialyzed fetal bovine serum; L.I.: 3H-dT nuclear labeling index.]", "PMID": 509519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8378", "title": "Utilization of stored mRNA in Xenopus embryos and its replacement by newly synthesized transcripts: histone H1 synthesis using interspecies hybrids.", "content": "We studied H1 gene expression in hybrids of Xenopus laevis (female) x Xenopus borealis (male) and saw paternal H1 synthesis in mid-blastulae, which indicates that the H1 genes are active by this stage. The behavior of the maternal store of H1 histone mRNA was studied in androgenetic haploids. In which all stored mRNA is of the laevis type and all new transcripts are borealis. This showed that the initial activation of H1 synthesis occurs entirely by mobilizing maternal transcripts and that these are then unstable, disappearing in a few hours, by the early gastrula stage.", "contents": "Utilization of stored mRNA in Xenopus embryos and its replacement by newly synthesized transcripts: histone H1 synthesis using interspecies hybrids. We studied H1 gene expression in hybrids of Xenopus laevis (female) x Xenopus borealis (male) and saw paternal H1 synthesis in mid-blastulae, which indicates that the H1 genes are active by this stage. The behavior of the maternal store of H1 histone mRNA was studied in androgenetic haploids. In which all stored mRNA is of the laevis type and all new transcripts are borealis. This showed that the initial activation of H1 synthesis occurs entirely by mobilizing maternal transcripts and that these are then unstable, disappearing in a few hours, by the early gastrula stage.", "PMID": 509520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8379", "title": "After fertilization, sperm surface components remain as a patch in sea urchin and mouse embryos.", "content": "Sea urchin and mouse sperm that are labeled on their surfaces with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TMRTC) or 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate (125IFC) remain viable and can fertilize eggs. When sea urchin eggs were fertilized with 125IFC-labeled sperm, the radioactivity from the sperm was quantitatively transferred to the egg (at a ratio of one sperm equivalent per egg) and persisted in the embryo as it developed to the pluteus larval state (5 days at 12 degrees C). The radioactivity was acid-precipitable and was associated with the particulate fraction of embryo homogenates. In addition, FITC-labeled sea urchin sperm were used to fertilize eggs, and the labeled components were followed by fluorescence microscopy. In the embryo, labeled sperm components were present as a discrete patch that was partitioned unequally during early cleavages. In experiments using mouse sperm labeled with TMRTC, the labeled sperm components were also transferred to the embryo as a discrete patch that was again distributed unequally after cleavage. This physiological cell fusion system therefore has distinctive characteristics: there is limited lateral mobility of surface components, which have a low turnover rate unlike that see in other systems. In this paper, we discussed the possible morphogenetic role of this unusual behavior.", "contents": "After fertilization, sperm surface components remain as a patch in sea urchin and mouse embryos. Sea urchin and mouse sperm that are labeled on their surfaces with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TMRTC) or 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate (125IFC) remain viable and can fertilize eggs. When sea urchin eggs were fertilized with 125IFC-labeled sperm, the radioactivity from the sperm was quantitatively transferred to the egg (at a ratio of one sperm equivalent per egg) and persisted in the embryo as it developed to the pluteus larval state (5 days at 12 degrees C). The radioactivity was acid-precipitable and was associated with the particulate fraction of embryo homogenates. In addition, FITC-labeled sea urchin sperm were used to fertilize eggs, and the labeled components were followed by fluorescence microscopy. In the embryo, labeled sperm components were present as a discrete patch that was partitioned unequally during early cleavages. In experiments using mouse sperm labeled with TMRTC, the labeled sperm components were also transferred to the embryo as a discrete patch that was again distributed unequally after cleavage. This physiological cell fusion system therefore has distinctive characteristics: there is limited lateral mobility of surface components, which have a low turnover rate unlike that see in other systems. In this paper, we discussed the possible morphogenetic role of this unusual behavior.", "PMID": 509523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8380", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis and inhibition of glycosylation by tunicamycin in preimplantation mouse embryos: compaction and trophoblast adhesion.", "content": "The synthesis of glycoproteins and inhibition of protein glycosylation by tunicamycin were examined during development of preimplantation mouse embryos and trophoblast adhesion. Tunicamycin specifically inhibits glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins. Tunicamycin, 0.25-5.0 microgram/ml, had no effect on early cleavage or aggregation between embryos, but the embryos remained irreversibly uncompacted when control embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. Trophoblast adhesion and giant cell outgrowth were reversibly inhibited and the binding of Con A was also reduced. Incorporation of 3H-mannose into blastocysts was inhibited by 80%, but that of 3H-glucosamine and 3H-leucine by only 28 and 18%, respectively, in the presence of 1.0 microgram/ml tunicamycin. Qualitative analysis showed that the incorporation of the sugars was markedly reduced in the majority of the fractions, but the synthesis of these carbohydrate-deficient glycopeptides was essentially normal. However, protein-polysaccharide fractions with nearly 40% of the incorporated glucosamine and only 5% mannose and 1% leucine were insensitive to inhibition by tunicamycin. Membrane-bound N-glycosidically linked glycoproteins therefore evidently play an important role during compaction and in trophoblast adhesion of mouse embryos.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis and inhibition of glycosylation by tunicamycin in preimplantation mouse embryos: compaction and trophoblast adhesion. The synthesis of glycoproteins and inhibition of protein glycosylation by tunicamycin were examined during development of preimplantation mouse embryos and trophoblast adhesion. Tunicamycin specifically inhibits glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins. Tunicamycin, 0.25-5.0 microgram/ml, had no effect on early cleavage or aggregation between embryos, but the embryos remained irreversibly uncompacted when control embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. Trophoblast adhesion and giant cell outgrowth were reversibly inhibited and the binding of Con A was also reduced. Incorporation of 3H-mannose into blastocysts was inhibited by 80%, but that of 3H-glucosamine and 3H-leucine by only 28 and 18%, respectively, in the presence of 1.0 microgram/ml tunicamycin. Qualitative analysis showed that the incorporation of the sugars was markedly reduced in the majority of the fractions, but the synthesis of these carbohydrate-deficient glycopeptides was essentially normal. However, protein-polysaccharide fractions with nearly 40% of the incorporated glucosamine and only 5% mannose and 1% leucine were insensitive to inhibition by tunicamycin. Membrane-bound N-glycosidically linked glycoproteins therefore evidently play an important role during compaction and in trophoblast adhesion of mouse embryos.", "PMID": 509524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8381", "title": "Structure analysis at the ends of the intervening DNA sequences in the chloroplast 23S ribosomal genes of C. reinhardii.", "content": "All of the chloroplast 23S ribosomal genes of C. reinhardii are interrupted by a 0.87 kb sequence (Rochaix and Malno\u00eb, 1978). We have sequenced the DNA across the two ends of this intervening element. In parallel, we have examined the nucleotide sequences in the corresponding part of the 23S ribosomal RNA. This allowed us to locate precisely the boundaries between the coding (that is, transcribed into mature 23S rRNA) and the noncoding DNA. The results show that the intervening sequence is flanked by two identical sets of 3 bp (5'-CGT) oriented as direct repeats. In addition, a sequence of 5 bp (5'-CGTGA) lies exactly next to one end and is found very close (16 bp) to the other end, in the coding part of the gene. These two sets are also oriented as direct repeats. Finally, sequences near one end of the intervening element are found with a few alterations near the other end, but in an inverted orientation. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Structure analysis at the ends of the intervening DNA sequences in the chloroplast 23S ribosomal genes of C. reinhardii. All of the chloroplast 23S ribosomal genes of C. reinhardii are interrupted by a 0.87 kb sequence (Rochaix and Malno\u00eb, 1978). We have sequenced the DNA across the two ends of this intervening element. In parallel, we have examined the nucleotide sequences in the corresponding part of the 23S ribosomal RNA. This allowed us to locate precisely the boundaries between the coding (that is, transcribed into mature 23S rRNA) and the noncoding DNA. The results show that the intervening sequence is flanked by two identical sets of 3 bp (5'-CGT) oriented as direct repeats. In addition, a sequence of 5 bp (5'-CGTGA) lies exactly next to one end and is found very close (16 bp) to the other end, in the coding part of the gene. These two sets are also oriented as direct repeats. Finally, sequences near one end of the intervening element are found with a few alterations near the other end, but in an inverted orientation. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 509525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8382", "title": "Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: sequential mutations in the genomes of new H1N1.", "content": "The genetic variation of the new pandemic H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated in 1977 was analyzed by two-dimensional oligonucleotide fingerprinting and RNA sequencing. Differences were observed in the fingerprints of the RNAs of these viruses, and analysis of the changes suggested that sequential mutations occurred in their genomes. Based on these data, a scheme is presented which proposes divergent evolution of strains from a common ancestry. Furthermore, it was found that mutations were not restricted to the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase, but were scattered throughout the genome, suggesting that selective antibody pressure is not solely responsible for the emergence of genetic variants. Our data also strengthen the hypothesis that the new H1N1 influenza virus strains are derived from strains circulating in 1950.", "contents": "Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: sequential mutations in the genomes of new H1N1. The genetic variation of the new pandemic H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated in 1977 was analyzed by two-dimensional oligonucleotide fingerprinting and RNA sequencing. Differences were observed in the fingerprints of the RNAs of these viruses, and analysis of the changes suggested that sequential mutations occurred in their genomes. Based on these data, a scheme is presented which proposes divergent evolution of strains from a common ancestry. Furthermore, it was found that mutations were not restricted to the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase, but were scattered throughout the genome, suggesting that selective antibody pressure is not solely responsible for the emergence of genetic variants. Our data also strengthen the hypothesis that the new H1N1 influenza virus strains are derived from strains circulating in 1950.", "PMID": 509526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8383", "title": "A detailed model of reverse transcription and tests of crucial aspects.", "content": "A model of reverse transcription has been devised by which the detailed architecture of ten molecular structures is predicted. The model includes a number of novel features for which experimental evidence is presented. First, growing minus DNA strand is copied from the viral RNA only up to a position about 150 nucleotides from the 5' end of the RNA. Second, plus-strand DNA, after being copied from approximately 600 nucleotides at the 5' end of the minus-strand DNA, then transcribes the first approximately 20 nucleotides of the tRNApro primer (which is covalently attaced to the 5' end of the minus DNA strand). The 3' ends of the minus and plus DNA probably form a hybrid through the homology conferred by the primer binding site sequences. Third, the minus and plus DNA strands are elongated in a continuous fashion resulting in a linear double-stranded DNA molecule containing a 600 nucleotide direct repeat at both ends. The most of the features of the model have experimental support, and it appears to provide a credible description of reverse transcription.", "contents": "A detailed model of reverse transcription and tests of crucial aspects. A model of reverse transcription has been devised by which the detailed architecture of ten molecular structures is predicted. The model includes a number of novel features for which experimental evidence is presented. First, growing minus DNA strand is copied from the viral RNA only up to a position about 150 nucleotides from the 5' end of the RNA. Second, plus-strand DNA, after being copied from approximately 600 nucleotides at the 5' end of the minus-strand DNA, then transcribes the first approximately 20 nucleotides of the tRNApro primer (which is covalently attaced to the 5' end of the minus DNA strand). The 3' ends of the minus and plus DNA probably form a hybrid through the homology conferred by the primer binding site sequences. Third, the minus and plus DNA strands are elongated in a continuous fashion resulting in a linear double-stranded DNA molecule containing a 600 nucleotide direct repeat at both ends. The most of the features of the model have experimental support, and it appears to provide a credible description of reverse transcription.", "PMID": 509527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8384", "title": "Transition probability and the division pattern of WI-38 Cells.", "content": "Analysis of the pedigrees of WI-38 clones reveals a division pattern in accord with the transition probability model of the cell cycle. This is in distinct contrast to a recent report by METS and VERDONK (1978).", "contents": "Transition probability and the division pattern of WI-38 Cells. Analysis of the pedigrees of WI-38 clones reveals a division pattern in accord with the transition probability model of the cell cycle. This is in distinct contrast to a recent report by METS and VERDONK (1978).", "PMID": 509539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8385", "title": "The relationship between RNA content, cell volume and growth potential in ageing human embryonic mesenchymal cells.", "content": "Modal cell volume and cellular RNA content were meaume was found to correlate with both culture replication rate and cellular RNA content. This observation suggests that cell volume changes may be related to the rate of cell division during ageing in vitro, and that both cell volume and RNA content may be closely controlled. There was no change in the relative proportions of the major rRNA species during the cultures' lifespan.", "contents": "The relationship between RNA content, cell volume and growth potential in ageing human embryonic mesenchymal cells. Modal cell volume and cellular RNA content were meaume was found to correlate with both culture replication rate and cellular RNA content. This observation suggests that cell volume changes may be related to the rate of cell division during ageing in vitro, and that both cell volume and RNA content may be closely controlled. There was no change in the relative proportions of the major rRNA species during the cultures' lifespan.", "PMID": 509540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8386", "title": "Microflowfluorometric evaluation of homeostasis in cultured epidermal cells.", "content": "In isolating and culturing in vitro populations of basal cells from adult guinea pig skin, it has been possible to show that these cells are sensitive to both G1 and G2 inhibitions. Only a small fraction (10 percent or less) of the G1 blocked cell population would be governed by G1 inhibitory messages released by suprabasal, maturing keratinocytes. As regards the G2 block in vitro experiments confirm that basal cells produce a G2 blocker to which about 9 per cent or less are susceptible. In conclusion basal cells in culture are sensitive to homeostatic regulation as in vivo.", "contents": "Microflowfluorometric evaluation of homeostasis in cultured epidermal cells. In isolating and culturing in vitro populations of basal cells from adult guinea pig skin, it has been possible to show that these cells are sensitive to both G1 and G2 inhibitions. Only a small fraction (10 percent or less) of the G1 blocked cell population would be governed by G1 inhibitory messages released by suprabasal, maturing keratinocytes. As regards the G2 block in vitro experiments confirm that basal cells produce a G2 blocker to which about 9 per cent or less are susceptible. In conclusion basal cells in culture are sensitive to homeostatic regulation as in vivo.", "PMID": 509541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8387", "title": "Increased prostaglandin F2 alpha and E2 production in late passage WI38 diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha and E2 concentrations in the culture medium of WI38 cells were determined at various passage levels. It was found that late passage cells produce significantly higher amounts of both PG F2alpha and PG E2.", "contents": "Increased prostaglandin F2 alpha and E2 production in late passage WI38 diploid fibroblasts. The prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha and E2 concentrations in the culture medium of WI38 cells were determined at various passage levels. It was found that late passage cells produce significantly higher amounts of both PG F2alpha and PG E2.", "PMID": 509542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8388", "title": "Archenteron cells are responsible for the increase in ribosomal RNA synthesis in sea urchin gastrulae.", "content": "Paracentrotus lividus embryos were continuously labeled with P32 from hatching blastula to pluteus. The archenteron cells were then separated from the rest of the embryo and the radioactivity accumulated into the ribosomal RNA of the two cell groups measured. The results clearly indicate that the bulk of ribosomal RNA is mainly if not entirely, synthesized in this time interval by the archenteron cells.", "contents": "Archenteron cells are responsible for the increase in ribosomal RNA synthesis in sea urchin gastrulae. Paracentrotus lividus embryos were continuously labeled with P32 from hatching blastula to pluteus. The archenteron cells were then separated from the rest of the embryo and the radioactivity accumulated into the ribosomal RNA of the two cell groups measured. The results clearly indicate that the bulk of ribosomal RNA is mainly if not entirely, synthesized in this time interval by the archenteron cells.", "PMID": 509544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8389", "title": "alpha-Amanitin resistant RNA polymerase II from Aedes albopictus cell mutants resistant to alpha-amanitin.", "content": "Spontaneous and EMS-induced alpha-amanitin-resistant Aedes albopictus cells have been isolated and characterized. Two mutant sublines, one of intermediate resistance (alpha A2) and the other highly resistant (Ama18) contained RNA polymerase II activity, the resistance of which in vitro to alpha-amanitin correlated well with the resistance of these cells in vivo. The resistance of these cells to alpha-amanitin can likely be attributed to the presence of an altered RNA polymerase II.", "contents": "alpha-Amanitin resistant RNA polymerase II from Aedes albopictus cell mutants resistant to alpha-amanitin. Spontaneous and EMS-induced alpha-amanitin-resistant Aedes albopictus cells have been isolated and characterized. Two mutant sublines, one of intermediate resistance (alpha A2) and the other highly resistant (Ama18) contained RNA polymerase II activity, the resistance of which in vitro to alpha-amanitin correlated well with the resistance of these cells in vivo. The resistance of these cells to alpha-amanitin can likely be attributed to the presence of an altered RNA polymerase II.", "PMID": 509543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8390", "title": "Reversible retention of synchronized HeLa cells in G2 of the mammalian cell cycle.", "content": "The rate of progression of cycling HeLa cells from G2 into mitosis is greatly reduced by the amino acid analogue, p-fluorophenylalanine, but a small percentage of cells continually escapes into mitosis. Most of a presynchronized population can be held for several h in G2, thereby facilitating analyses of cells at this late stage of the cell cycle. They are reversed from the block by the addition of phenylalanine and resume progression within about 1 h with predictable kinetics but without a significantly enhanced synchrony. The mechanism of action of the analogue is consistent with the hypothesis that synthesis of false proteins interferes with the correct assembly of division-relevant structures.", "contents": "Reversible retention of synchronized HeLa cells in G2 of the mammalian cell cycle. The rate of progression of cycling HeLa cells from G2 into mitosis is greatly reduced by the amino acid analogue, p-fluorophenylalanine, but a small percentage of cells continually escapes into mitosis. Most of a presynchronized population can be held for several h in G2, thereby facilitating analyses of cells at this late stage of the cell cycle. They are reversed from the block by the addition of phenylalanine and resume progression within about 1 h with predictable kinetics but without a significantly enhanced synchrony. The mechanism of action of the analogue is consistent with the hypothesis that synthesis of false proteins interferes with the correct assembly of division-relevant structures.", "PMID": 509545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8391", "title": "A comparison of nuclear and nucleolar matrix proteins from rat liver.", "content": "The comparison of the gel electrophoresis patterns of nuclear and nucleolar matrix proteins reveals marked differences between these structures. The nucleolar matrix contains 5 prominent protein bands ( mol.wt.: 8.2; 7.0; 5.6; 4.0 and 3.0 x 10 4 ) which are not found in nuclei. It is suggested that the nucleolar matrix has a distinct structure participating in selective interactions.", "contents": "A comparison of nuclear and nucleolar matrix proteins from rat liver. The comparison of the gel electrophoresis patterns of nuclear and nucleolar matrix proteins reveals marked differences between these structures. The nucleolar matrix contains 5 prominent protein bands ( mol.wt.: 8.2; 7.0; 5.6; 4.0 and 3.0 x 10 4 ) which are not found in nuclei. It is suggested that the nucleolar matrix has a distinct structure participating in selective interactions.", "PMID": 509546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8392", "title": "Relationship between DNA alkylation and specific-locus mutation induction by N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system).", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture were utilized to determine the cytotoxicity, specific-locus mutation induction, and DNA alkylation which result from treatment of the cells with a range of concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). With [3H]MNU over the concentration range 0.43--13.7 mM, methylation of DNA was found to increase linearly, with a mean value of 56.7 pmol residue per mumol nucleoside per mM. With [1-3H]ENU over the concentration range 1.7--26.8 mM, ethylation was linear, with a mean value of 3.8 pmol residue per mumol nucleotide per mM. Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus was quantified by determination of the frequency of resistance to 6-thioguanine under stringently-defined selection conditions. The mutation frequency increased linearly with MNU or ENU concentration (0.01--2.0 mM); mean values were 2800 and 840 mutants per 10(6) clonable cells per mM, respectively. At equal levels of DNA alkylation, ENU was found to be approx. 4.5 times as mutagenic as MNU.", "contents": "Relationship between DNA alkylation and specific-locus mutation induction by N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system). Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture were utilized to determine the cytotoxicity, specific-locus mutation induction, and DNA alkylation which result from treatment of the cells with a range of concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). With [3H]MNU over the concentration range 0.43--13.7 mM, methylation of DNA was found to increase linearly, with a mean value of 56.7 pmol residue per mumol nucleoside per mM. With [1-3H]ENU over the concentration range 1.7--26.8 mM, ethylation was linear, with a mean value of 3.8 pmol residue per mumol nucleotide per mM. Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus was quantified by determination of the frequency of resistance to 6-thioguanine under stringently-defined selection conditions. The mutation frequency increased linearly with MNU or ENU concentration (0.01--2.0 mM); mean values were 2800 and 840 mutants per 10(6) clonable cells per mM, respectively. At equal levels of DNA alkylation, ENU was found to be approx. 4.5 times as mutagenic as MNU.", "PMID": 509687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8393", "title": "Senescent changes in rodent hepatic epoxide metabolism.", "content": "Age-related alterations in epoxide metabolism were examined in subcellular fractions of liver from 3-, 12- and over 24-month-old male rats and mice. Using styrene oxide as the substrate, glutathione-S-transferase activity remained unchanged while the activity of epoxide hydrase increased with age in both species. The microsomally-mediated binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA was also increased in the old animals. Thus, senescent rodents retain or increase their ability to metabolize epoxides. The effect on epoxide metabolism of pretreatment of the senescent rodents with polychlorinated biphenyls was also examined. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was induced only in old animals. However, epoxide hydrase activity, while inducible in all age groups of rats, increased only in young mice. Therefore, there is an age-related difference in response of epoxide metabolizing enzymes to polychlorinated biphenyl treatments between rats and mice.", "contents": "Senescent changes in rodent hepatic epoxide metabolism. Age-related alterations in epoxide metabolism were examined in subcellular fractions of liver from 3-, 12- and over 24-month-old male rats and mice. Using styrene oxide as the substrate, glutathione-S-transferase activity remained unchanged while the activity of epoxide hydrase increased with age in both species. The microsomally-mediated binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA was also increased in the old animals. Thus, senescent rodents retain or increase their ability to metabolize epoxides. The effect on epoxide metabolism of pretreatment of the senescent rodents with polychlorinated biphenyls was also examined. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was induced only in old animals. However, epoxide hydrase activity, while inducible in all age groups of rats, increased only in young mice. Therefore, there is an age-related difference in response of epoxide metabolizing enzymes to polychlorinated biphenyl treatments between rats and mice.", "PMID": 509688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8394", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mouse liver cells--relationship to position in the cell cycle.", "content": "The inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) by benzo[a]-pyrene (BaP) has been studied in synchronously grown cultures of mouse liver cells. These cells (NMuLi cl 8) have low basal levels of AHH which can be induced greater than 100-fold by BaP. Cells were synchronized in G1(G0) by serum starvation and in S by release from serum starvation in combination with excess thymidine. When released from G1(G0) by replating at lower cell density in fresh medium with 20% serum, cells began entering S with a lag of 12 h. Addition of BaP (1 microgram/ml) 8 h before serum stimulation, at the time of stimulation or 7.5 h after stimulation all gave similar induction kinetics: the AHH activity peaked as the cells began entering S regardless of when the BaP was added. Cells blocked in various parts of S by excess thymidine were inducible for AHH activity as efficiently as cells moving through S and into G2. These results indicate that the inducibility of AHH is greater when cells are actively proliferating and may be a contributing factor to why growing cells are more sensitive to mutagenesis and transformation than quiescent cells.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mouse liver cells--relationship to position in the cell cycle. The inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) by benzo[a]-pyrene (BaP) has been studied in synchronously grown cultures of mouse liver cells. These cells (NMuLi cl 8) have low basal levels of AHH which can be induced greater than 100-fold by BaP. Cells were synchronized in G1(G0) by serum starvation and in S by release from serum starvation in combination with excess thymidine. When released from G1(G0) by replating at lower cell density in fresh medium with 20% serum, cells began entering S with a lag of 12 h. Addition of BaP (1 microgram/ml) 8 h before serum stimulation, at the time of stimulation or 7.5 h after stimulation all gave similar induction kinetics: the AHH activity peaked as the cells began entering S regardless of when the BaP was added. Cells blocked in various parts of S by excess thymidine were inducible for AHH activity as efficiently as cells moving through S and into G2. These results indicate that the inducibility of AHH is greater when cells are actively proliferating and may be a contributing factor to why growing cells are more sensitive to mutagenesis and transformation than quiescent cells.", "PMID": 509689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8395", "title": "DNA damage and DNA repair in cultured human cells exposed to chromate.", "content": "DNA damage and DNA repair have been observed in cultured human skin fibroblasts exposed to potassium chromate but not to a chromic glycine complex. DNA repair synthesis (unscheduled incorporation of [3H]thymidine (TdR)) was measured in cells during or following exposure to chromate and was significant for chromate concentrations above 10(-6) M. Maximal DNA repair was observed at about 10(-4) M chromate. DNA repair capacity was found to be saturated at this concentration. Chromate was stable for at least 8 h in culture medium and produced approximately a linear increase in repair with duration of exposure. DNA damage as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation was detected after treatment for 1.5 h with 5 . 10(-4) M chromate. Exposure to 10(-7) M chromate solution for 7 days inhibited colony formation while acute (1 h) treatment was toxic at 5 . 10(-6) M. The chromic glycine complex was toxic above 10(-3) M for a 1-week exposure but was not observably toxic after a 1-h treatment. These results indicate that chromate and not chromic compounds may be the carcinogenic form for man. The nature of the ultimate carcinogen is discussed. These findings illustrate the utility of the DNA repair technique to study the effects on human cells of inorganic carcinogens and mutagens.", "contents": "DNA damage and DNA repair in cultured human cells exposed to chromate. DNA damage and DNA repair have been observed in cultured human skin fibroblasts exposed to potassium chromate but not to a chromic glycine complex. DNA repair synthesis (unscheduled incorporation of [3H]thymidine (TdR)) was measured in cells during or following exposure to chromate and was significant for chromate concentrations above 10(-6) M. Maximal DNA repair was observed at about 10(-4) M chromate. DNA repair capacity was found to be saturated at this concentration. Chromate was stable for at least 8 h in culture medium and produced approximately a linear increase in repair with duration of exposure. DNA damage as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation was detected after treatment for 1.5 h with 5 . 10(-4) M chromate. Exposure to 10(-7) M chromate solution for 7 days inhibited colony formation while acute (1 h) treatment was toxic at 5 . 10(-6) M. The chromic glycine complex was toxic above 10(-3) M for a 1-week exposure but was not observably toxic after a 1-h treatment. These results indicate that chromate and not chromic compounds may be the carcinogenic form for man. The nature of the ultimate carcinogen is discussed. These findings illustrate the utility of the DNA repair technique to study the effects on human cells of inorganic carcinogens and mutagens.", "PMID": 509690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8396", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges induced in cultured mammalian cells by chromate.", "content": "Chromate compounds induced sister chromatoid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. Similar increases in SCE frequency were observed in human fibroblasts exposed to the compounds K2Cr2O7 and K2CrO4. Marked increases in SCE frequency in cells exposed to chromate for a 48-h period were detected at concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-6) M. Chromosome aberrations (primarily chromatid breaks) were also produced in human cells exposed to K2CrO4 at concentrations between 8 . 10(-7) and 3 . 10(-6) M. K2CrO4, but not the trivalent compound CrCl3, induced SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at low concentrations.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges induced in cultured mammalian cells by chromate. Chromate compounds induced sister chromatoid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. Similar increases in SCE frequency were observed in human fibroblasts exposed to the compounds K2Cr2O7 and K2CrO4. Marked increases in SCE frequency in cells exposed to chromate for a 48-h period were detected at concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-6) M. Chromosome aberrations (primarily chromatid breaks) were also produced in human cells exposed to K2CrO4 at concentrations between 8 . 10(-7) and 3 . 10(-6) M. K2CrO4, but not the trivalent compound CrCl3, induced SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at low concentrations.", "PMID": 509691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8397", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to hepatic chromatin fractions.", "content": "The binding of a chemical carcinogen to components of hepatic chromatin in male rats was examined. After a single injection of N-[3H]hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene ([3H]OH-AAF) covalent binding to chromatin RNA, protein, and DNA occurs. The amount of carcinogen bound to RNA was approximately 5 times greater than to DNA, and 10 times that of the protein. However, loss of carcinogen from RNA with time was rapid, whereas a persistent binding to DNA equal to 15% of the initial values was observed. To localize the initial and persistent DNA-bound carcinogen, the genome was fractionated using two different chromatin fractionation procedures. The procedures used yielded 3 chromatin fractions based on physical characteristics, degree of association with nascent RNA and in vitro template capacity. Based on those parameters, these chromatin fractions have been tentatively classified as template expressed euchromatin, a repressed heterochromatin, and a highly condensed pelleted heterochromatin. With both the glycerol gradient chromatin fractionation procedure and the selective MgCl2 chromatin precipitation procedure, the initial (2 h) binding of carcinogen was greatest on the euchromatin DNA. Loss of carcinogen from the DNA, however, was also significantly faster from the euchromatin when compared to the heterochromatin and the pelleted heterochromatin. By 10 days after a single injection of the carcinogen, the largest amount of bound fluorene residues was located on the pelleted heterochromatin DNA, an apparently repressed portion of the genome, while less than 5% of the initial values were found on either the eu- or heterochromatin. When the rats were fed a 2-acetylaminofluorene-containing diet, loss of carcinogen from the pelleted heterochromatin DNA was enhanced, while loss from the euchromatin DNA was reduced. The covalent nature of the carcinogen modification of DNA was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). These studies also demonstrated 2 separate carcinogen-purine base adducts which were identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-N-AF and 3-(guanin-N2-yl)-N-AAF based on either co-chromatography with an authentic standard or on published Rf-values, respectively. The pelleted heterochromatin DNA had a significantly greater proportion of the 3-guanine-N2 adduct when compared to DNA from either the eu- or heterochromatin.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to hepatic chromatin fractions. The binding of a chemical carcinogen to components of hepatic chromatin in male rats was examined. After a single injection of N-[3H]hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene ([3H]OH-AAF) covalent binding to chromatin RNA, protein, and DNA occurs. The amount of carcinogen bound to RNA was approximately 5 times greater than to DNA, and 10 times that of the protein. However, loss of carcinogen from RNA with time was rapid, whereas a persistent binding to DNA equal to 15% of the initial values was observed. To localize the initial and persistent DNA-bound carcinogen, the genome was fractionated using two different chromatin fractionation procedures. The procedures used yielded 3 chromatin fractions based on physical characteristics, degree of association with nascent RNA and in vitro template capacity. Based on those parameters, these chromatin fractions have been tentatively classified as template expressed euchromatin, a repressed heterochromatin, and a highly condensed pelleted heterochromatin. With both the glycerol gradient chromatin fractionation procedure and the selective MgCl2 chromatin precipitation procedure, the initial (2 h) binding of carcinogen was greatest on the euchromatin DNA. Loss of carcinogen from the DNA, however, was also significantly faster from the euchromatin when compared to the heterochromatin and the pelleted heterochromatin. By 10 days after a single injection of the carcinogen, the largest amount of bound fluorene residues was located on the pelleted heterochromatin DNA, an apparently repressed portion of the genome, while less than 5% of the initial values were found on either the eu- or heterochromatin. When the rats were fed a 2-acetylaminofluorene-containing diet, loss of carcinogen from the pelleted heterochromatin DNA was enhanced, while loss from the euchromatin DNA was reduced. The covalent nature of the carcinogen modification of DNA was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). These studies also demonstrated 2 separate carcinogen-purine base adducts which were identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-N-AF and 3-(guanin-N2-yl)-N-AAF based on either co-chromatography with an authentic standard or on published Rf-values, respectively. The pelleted heterochromatin DNA had a significantly greater proportion of the 3-guanine-N2 adduct when compared to DNA from either the eu- or heterochromatin.", "PMID": 509692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8398", "title": "Effects of styrene oxide on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange and hepatic drug biotransformation in chinese hamsters in vivo.", "content": "In vivo inhalation exposure to styrene oxide (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) for 2, 4 or 20 days (25 ppm only) had no effects on chromosomal aberration rates or sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies (BrdU/labelling performed in vitro) in the bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters. The only positive response in aberration frequency was obtained when styrene oxide was injected in lethal concentration (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) into the animal. One animal out of six showed slightly elevated SCE values after this high dose. The response of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes to styrene oxide exposure was found to be rather weak, which may be due to rather high activity of epoxide hydratase in Chinese hamsters as compared to e.g. mouse.", "contents": "Effects of styrene oxide on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange and hepatic drug biotransformation in chinese hamsters in vivo. In vivo inhalation exposure to styrene oxide (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) for 2, 4 or 20 days (25 ppm only) had no effects on chromosomal aberration rates or sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies (BrdU/labelling performed in vitro) in the bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters. The only positive response in aberration frequency was obtained when styrene oxide was injected in lethal concentration (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) into the animal. One animal out of six showed slightly elevated SCE values after this high dose. The response of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes to styrene oxide exposure was found to be rather weak, which may be due to rather high activity of epoxide hydratase in Chinese hamsters as compared to e.g. mouse.", "PMID": 509693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8399", "title": "The effects of bromosulphophthalein, indocyanine green and bilirubin on the biliary excretion of methylmercury.", "content": "The effects of three ligands for ligandin on the biliary excretion of methylmercury were investigated in male rats injected intravenously with 1.0 mg/kg Hg as Me203 HgCl. Bromosulphophthalein and indocyanine green inhibited the biliary excretion of methylmercury, while bilirubin had no such effect. None of the compounds tested which inhibited the biliary excretion of methylmercury decreased bile flow or changed the hepatic concentration of mercury of non-protein thiols. The possibility of the involvement of ligandin in the biliary excretion of methylmercury is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of bromosulphophthalein, indocyanine green and bilirubin on the biliary excretion of methylmercury. The effects of three ligands for ligandin on the biliary excretion of methylmercury were investigated in male rats injected intravenously with 1.0 mg/kg Hg as Me203 HgCl. Bromosulphophthalein and indocyanine green inhibited the biliary excretion of methylmercury, while bilirubin had no such effect. None of the compounds tested which inhibited the biliary excretion of methylmercury decreased bile flow or changed the hepatic concentration of mercury of non-protein thiols. The possibility of the involvement of ligandin in the biliary excretion of methylmercury is discussed.", "PMID": 509694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8400", "title": "Correlation of biochemical and morphological changes induced by chemical injury to the lung.", "content": "Comparison has been made of injury to the rat pulmonary alveolar parenchyma evoked by intravenous injection of N-nitrosomethylurethane, intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene or repeated inhalation for up to 15 days of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene or gasoline vapour. Biochemical analyses, including assessment of rates of RNA and DNA synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant, were correlated with morphological changes determined by electron microscopy. Single doses of N-nitrosomethylurethane or 3-methylcholanthrene inhibited incorporation of [14C] orotate into lung RNA 1--3 days after treatment. Daily exposure for 30 min to carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour caused less marked reduction in orotate incorporation. Ultrastructural examination revealed that 3-methylcholanthrene toxicity was characterised by cytoplasmic change including disruption of surfactant lamellaie of Type 2 pneumocytes and variable degenerative changes Type 1 pneumocytes. Eight to ten days after treatment, the morphological evidence of hypertrophy/hyperplasia and transformation of Type 2 pneumocytes correlated well with biochemical evidence of stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour produced milder responses including occasional degenerative changes in Type 1 pneumocytes, reduced numbers of surfactant lamellae in Type 2 pneumocytes and no change in [3H]thymidine incorporation. In contrast to the gradation of injury produced by the various chemicals, all procedures caused a marked and reproducible reduction in secretion of pulmonary surfactant as determined by endobronchial lavage. Following solvent inhalation, reduced recovery of surfactant was detected within 5 days of repeated exposure and thereafter no further change in this depressed level resulted from continued exposure for a further 10 days. The data are discussed in terms of a generalised pattern of response by pulmonary alveolar tissue to chemical injury and the apparent sensitivity of surfactant secretion as an indicator of damage to the lung.", "contents": "Correlation of biochemical and morphological changes induced by chemical injury to the lung. Comparison has been made of injury to the rat pulmonary alveolar parenchyma evoked by intravenous injection of N-nitrosomethylurethane, intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene or repeated inhalation for up to 15 days of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene or gasoline vapour. Biochemical analyses, including assessment of rates of RNA and DNA synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant, were correlated with morphological changes determined by electron microscopy. Single doses of N-nitrosomethylurethane or 3-methylcholanthrene inhibited incorporation of [14C] orotate into lung RNA 1--3 days after treatment. Daily exposure for 30 min to carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour caused less marked reduction in orotate incorporation. Ultrastructural examination revealed that 3-methylcholanthrene toxicity was characterised by cytoplasmic change including disruption of surfactant lamellaie of Type 2 pneumocytes and variable degenerative changes Type 1 pneumocytes. Eight to ten days after treatment, the morphological evidence of hypertrophy/hyperplasia and transformation of Type 2 pneumocytes correlated well with biochemical evidence of stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour produced milder responses including occasional degenerative changes in Type 1 pneumocytes, reduced numbers of surfactant lamellae in Type 2 pneumocytes and no change in [3H]thymidine incorporation. In contrast to the gradation of injury produced by the various chemicals, all procedures caused a marked and reproducible reduction in secretion of pulmonary surfactant as determined by endobronchial lavage. Following solvent inhalation, reduced recovery of surfactant was detected within 5 days of repeated exposure and thereafter no further change in this depressed level resulted from continued exposure for a further 10 days. The data are discussed in terms of a generalised pattern of response by pulmonary alveolar tissue to chemical injury and the apparent sensitivity of surfactant secretion as an indicator of damage to the lung.", "PMID": 509695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8401", "title": "Chromatin proteins as a possible target for antitumour agents: alterations of chromatin proteins in dibromodulcitol treated Yoshida tumors.", "content": "The effect of dibromodulcitol (DBD) on Yoshida sarcoma chromatin components has been investigated. Measurements on the radioactivity of nuclear components after in vivo treatment with [3H]DBD for 1 h indicated preferential drug binding to the high molecular weight component of the nuclear residual acidic protein (non-histones) and also to Histone 1 (H1) (very lysine rich, F1). Two-hour DBD treatment resulted in partial degradation and reduced [3H]leucine incorporation into the same fractions of chromatin. However, 6 h after DBD treatment, the synthesis of the degraded chromatin proteins began and by 24 h was completed. During the same treatment period the composition of chromatin showed a remarkable alteration; 2 h after DBD treatment the amount of the nuclear residual acidic proteins relative to DNA decreased by approx. 50%, but returned to control value 24 h after drug treatment. This in conjunction with the data on [3H]leucine incorporation suggests that certain chromatin proteins are degraded and subsequently newly synthesised after DND treatment resulting in an exchange of chromatin components. The formation of a nucleohistone complex between H1 and DNA was inhibited by pretreatment of H1 and DBD, dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) and bischloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU).", "contents": "Chromatin proteins as a possible target for antitumour agents: alterations of chromatin proteins in dibromodulcitol treated Yoshida tumors. The effect of dibromodulcitol (DBD) on Yoshida sarcoma chromatin components has been investigated. Measurements on the radioactivity of nuclear components after in vivo treatment with [3H]DBD for 1 h indicated preferential drug binding to the high molecular weight component of the nuclear residual acidic protein (non-histones) and also to Histone 1 (H1) (very lysine rich, F1). Two-hour DBD treatment resulted in partial degradation and reduced [3H]leucine incorporation into the same fractions of chromatin. However, 6 h after DBD treatment, the synthesis of the degraded chromatin proteins began and by 24 h was completed. During the same treatment period the composition of chromatin showed a remarkable alteration; 2 h after DBD treatment the amount of the nuclear residual acidic proteins relative to DNA decreased by approx. 50%, but returned to control value 24 h after drug treatment. This in conjunction with the data on [3H]leucine incorporation suggests that certain chromatin proteins are degraded and subsequently newly synthesised after DND treatment resulting in an exchange of chromatin components. The formation of a nucleohistone complex between H1 and DNA was inhibited by pretreatment of H1 and DBD, dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) and bischloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU).", "PMID": 509696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8402", "title": "Mathematical model for adriamycin (doxorubicin) pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Adriamycin (doxorubicin), an active antineoplastic drug, is rapidly distributed across cell membranes and is concentrated within cells. Binding to protein and to tissue readily occurs. The drug is metabolized to both fluorescent and nonfluorescent compounds, the liver being the main organ of biotransformation and elimination. A multicompartment, open model that accounts for these processes has been derived. The model assumes an initial volume of distribution of 60% of body weight and includes two peripheral adriamycin compartments and a subsystem for adriamycinol, a major metabolite. Plasma and urine concentrations of adriamycin and adriamycinol were determined for four patients treated with adriamycin (60 mg/m2), and these concentrations were used to calculate rate constants for the model. Concentrations were measured by fluorescence assay after thin-layer chromatographic separation of parent compound and metabolites. Differential equations were solved by the SAAM computer program. Evaluation of adriamcinol pharmacokinetics suggests that the previously reported high concentrations of adriamycinol immediately after IV infusion of adriamycin are an artifact of the fluorescence method and that observed plasma concentrations of adriamycinol are the sum of adriamycinol concentrations and approximately 10% of the adriamycin concentrations. Corrected peak plasma concentrations of adriamycinol occur 2--12 h after infusion of adriamycin.", "contents": "Mathematical model for adriamycin (doxorubicin) pharmacokinetics. Adriamycin (doxorubicin), an active antineoplastic drug, is rapidly distributed across cell membranes and is concentrated within cells. Binding to protein and to tissue readily occurs. The drug is metabolized to both fluorescent and nonfluorescent compounds, the liver being the main organ of biotransformation and elimination. A multicompartment, open model that accounts for these processes has been derived. The model assumes an initial volume of distribution of 60% of body weight and includes two peripheral adriamycin compartments and a subsystem for adriamycinol, a major metabolite. Plasma and urine concentrations of adriamycin and adriamycinol were determined for four patients treated with adriamycin (60 mg/m2), and these concentrations were used to calculate rate constants for the model. Concentrations were measured by fluorescence assay after thin-layer chromatographic separation of parent compound and metabolites. Differential equations were solved by the SAAM computer program. Evaluation of adriamcinol pharmacokinetics suggests that the previously reported high concentrations of adriamycinol immediately after IV infusion of adriamycin are an artifact of the fluorescence method and that observed plasma concentrations of adriamycinol are the sum of adriamycinol concentrations and approximately 10% of the adriamycin concentrations. Corrected peak plasma concentrations of adriamycinol occur 2--12 h after infusion of adriamycin.", "PMID": 509697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8403", "title": "Gas-chromatographic estimation of urinary oxalate and its comparison with a colorimetric method.", "content": "We describe a simple, specific gas-chromatographic method for urinary oxalate. Its specificity was evaluated by precipitating the oxalate as its calcium salt from urine, followed by methylation of the oxalate with boron trifluoride/methanol and subsequent gas-chromatographic separation and quantitation of the dimethyl oxalate. [U-14C]Oxalate and n-decanoic acid are used as internal standards. Analytical recoveries ranged from 93.8 to 97.7% for oxalate-supplemented urine. Twenty replicate analyses of urines containing typical concentrations of oxalate gave CVs of 10.0, 9.1, and 8.3% for low, medium, and high concentrations, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) for single analyses repeated on 20 days was 8.6% for the low urinary oxalate concentration. The lower limit of detection of urinary oxalate is 25 mumol/L. Results by our method correlated well (r = 0.95) with those by a colorimetric method (Clin. Chim. Acta 36: 127, 1972) but averaged 68.4% of those obtained colorimetrically (n = 75 samples, p less than 0.001). The expected range for our method is calculated to be 80 to 500 mumol of oxalate per 24-h urine (mean +/- 1 SD: 280 +/- 100).", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic estimation of urinary oxalate and its comparison with a colorimetric method. We describe a simple, specific gas-chromatographic method for urinary oxalate. Its specificity was evaluated by precipitating the oxalate as its calcium salt from urine, followed by methylation of the oxalate with boron trifluoride/methanol and subsequent gas-chromatographic separation and quantitation of the dimethyl oxalate. [U-14C]Oxalate and n-decanoic acid are used as internal standards. Analytical recoveries ranged from 93.8 to 97.7% for oxalate-supplemented urine. Twenty replicate analyses of urines containing typical concentrations of oxalate gave CVs of 10.0, 9.1, and 8.3% for low, medium, and high concentrations, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) for single analyses repeated on 20 days was 8.6% for the low urinary oxalate concentration. The lower limit of detection of urinary oxalate is 25 mumol/L. Results by our method correlated well (r = 0.95) with those by a colorimetric method (Clin. Chim. Acta 36: 127, 1972) but averaged 68.4% of those obtained colorimetrically (n = 75 samples, p less than 0.001). The expected range for our method is calculated to be 80 to 500 mumol of oxalate per 24-h urine (mean +/- 1 SD: 280 +/- 100).", "PMID": 509698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8404", "title": "A statistical method for determining normal ranges from laboratory data including values below the minimum detectable value.", "content": "Determination of normal ranges from laboratory data containing undectable values is a frequently encountered problem in the radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones. In the past, such determinations usually have been based on the mid-point method or the one-end Winsorized method. A graphic method involving the use of probability paper has also been reported. We propose that the maximum-likelihood estimation is a more appropriate statistical method for the determination of normal range from this type of data (Type I censored data). With this method, the mean and standard deviation, and hence the tolerance limits, can be estimated. We used the maximum-likelihood estimation method to determine the normal range of serum thyrotropin values obtained from 93 healthy subjects, based on a log normal distribution. Although the serum thyrotropin content was undetectable in 14% of the subjects, a normal range could be calculated. Using tolerance limits for 95% coverage of the population with 90% confidence, we calculated the normal range of thyrotropin to be 0.51-5.75 milliunits/L, with a mean value of 1.71 milliunits/L, and predicted that 91.4% of undetectable serum thyrotropin values will fall within the normal range.", "contents": "A statistical method for determining normal ranges from laboratory data including values below the minimum detectable value. Determination of normal ranges from laboratory data containing undectable values is a frequently encountered problem in the radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones. In the past, such determinations usually have been based on the mid-point method or the one-end Winsorized method. A graphic method involving the use of probability paper has also been reported. We propose that the maximum-likelihood estimation is a more appropriate statistical method for the determination of normal range from this type of data (Type I censored data). With this method, the mean and standard deviation, and hence the tolerance limits, can be estimated. We used the maximum-likelihood estimation method to determine the normal range of serum thyrotropin values obtained from 93 healthy subjects, based on a log normal distribution. Although the serum thyrotropin content was undetectable in 14% of the subjects, a normal range could be calculated. Using tolerance limits for 95% coverage of the population with 90% confidence, we calculated the normal range of thyrotropin to be 0.51-5.75 milliunits/L, with a mean value of 1.71 milliunits/L, and predicted that 91.4% of undetectable serum thyrotropin values will fall within the normal range.", "PMID": 509699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8405", "title": "Kinetic determination of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We describe a mechanized method for centrifugal analyzer determination of sorbitol dehydrogenase in serum, based on conversion of D-fructose to sorbitol with simultaneous oxidation of NADH, in triethanolamine buffer at pH 7.4 and 30 degrees C. The standard curve for this assay is linear to 200 U of activity per liter of serum. The mean within-run precision (CV) of the assay is 0.8%. Results correlate well with those by a spectrophotometric method. In sera from 20 apparently healthy adult humans, sorbitol dehydrogenase activity averaged 1.7 (SD +/- 0.8; range, 1-3) U/L. The mean activity (U/L) for a group of 30 rats was 4.4 (SD, +/- 0.2; range, 3-6); for 20 dogs, 5.8 (SD, +/- 0.7; range 3-9); and for 30 mice, 26.8 (SD +/- 2.1; range, 22-34). To determine the utility of measuring this enzyme in the serum of rats for assessment of hepatotoxicity in drug-safety studies, we compared sorbitol dehydrogenase activity with that of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotranferase in the sera of rats treated with thioacetamide or in which the common bile duct has been ligated.", "contents": "Kinetic determination of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity with a centrifugal analyzer. We describe a mechanized method for centrifugal analyzer determination of sorbitol dehydrogenase in serum, based on conversion of D-fructose to sorbitol with simultaneous oxidation of NADH, in triethanolamine buffer at pH 7.4 and 30 degrees C. The standard curve for this assay is linear to 200 U of activity per liter of serum. The mean within-run precision (CV) of the assay is 0.8%. Results correlate well with those by a spectrophotometric method. In sera from 20 apparently healthy adult humans, sorbitol dehydrogenase activity averaged 1.7 (SD +/- 0.8; range, 1-3) U/L. The mean activity (U/L) for a group of 30 rats was 4.4 (SD, +/- 0.2; range, 3-6); for 20 dogs, 5.8 (SD, +/- 0.7; range 3-9); and for 30 mice, 26.8 (SD +/- 2.1; range, 22-34). To determine the utility of measuring this enzyme in the serum of rats for assessment of hepatotoxicity in drug-safety studies, we compared sorbitol dehydrogenase activity with that of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotranferase in the sera of rats treated with thioacetamide or in which the common bile duct has been ligated.", "PMID": 509700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8406", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva: application to the assessment of ovarian function.", "content": "We report a specific radioimmunoassay that has the required sensitivity (7 pg per assay tube) for determining progesterone concentrations in 400 microL of mixed saliva collected from normal women. The assay is precise: intra and inter-assay variation (CV) never exceeded 11.0 and 8.0%, respectively. The assay was used to determine progesterone in saliva samples collected daily for not less than 28 days by normal women and by patients having abnormal ovarian function. Four normal women provided matched saliva and plasma samples for accurate dating of the menstrual cycle by plasma progesterone, estradiol, lutropin, and follitropin. Nine further subjects collected saliva samples only, and from these data a provisional \"normal range\" was established. Progesterone concentrations in saliva during the follicular phase of the cycle were low (less than 100 pmol/L) but rose beginning on day 12 to reach peak values of 230-550 pmol/L on day 21. Thereafter, progesterone concentrations in saliva declined to values generally less than 170 pmol/L at the commencement of menses. Saliva samples from three patients attending an infertility clinic were also studied to assess ovarian function.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva: application to the assessment of ovarian function. We report a specific radioimmunoassay that has the required sensitivity (7 pg per assay tube) for determining progesterone concentrations in 400 microL of mixed saliva collected from normal women. The assay is precise: intra and inter-assay variation (CV) never exceeded 11.0 and 8.0%, respectively. The assay was used to determine progesterone in saliva samples collected daily for not less than 28 days by normal women and by patients having abnormal ovarian function. Four normal women provided matched saliva and plasma samples for accurate dating of the menstrual cycle by plasma progesterone, estradiol, lutropin, and follitropin. Nine further subjects collected saliva samples only, and from these data a provisional \"normal range\" was established. Progesterone concentrations in saliva during the follicular phase of the cycle were low (less than 100 pmol/L) but rose beginning on day 12 to reach peak values of 230-550 pmol/L on day 21. Thereafter, progesterone concentrations in saliva declined to values generally less than 170 pmol/L at the commencement of menses. Saliva samples from three patients attending an infertility clinic were also studied to assess ovarian function.", "PMID": 509701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8407", "title": "The performance of delta check methods.", "content": "The percentage of mislabeled specimens detected (true-positive rate) and the percentage of correctly labeled specimens misidentified (false-positive rate) were computed for three previously proposed delta check methods and two linear discriminant functions. The true-positive rate was computed from a set of pairs of specimens, each having one member replaced by a member from another pair chosen at random. The relationship between true-positive and false-positive rates was similar among the delta check methods tested, indicating equal performance for all of them over the range of false-positive rate of interest. At a practical false-positive operating rate of about 5%, delta check methods detect only about 50% of mislabeled specimens; even if the actual mislabeling rate is moderate (e.g., 1%), only abot 10% of specimens flagged a by a delta check will actually have been mislabeled.", "contents": "The performance of delta check methods. The percentage of mislabeled specimens detected (true-positive rate) and the percentage of correctly labeled specimens misidentified (false-positive rate) were computed for three previously proposed delta check methods and two linear discriminant functions. The true-positive rate was computed from a set of pairs of specimens, each having one member replaced by a member from another pair chosen at random. The relationship between true-positive and false-positive rates was similar among the delta check methods tested, indicating equal performance for all of them over the range of false-positive rate of interest. At a practical false-positive operating rate of about 5%, delta check methods detect only about 50% of mislabeled specimens; even if the actual mislabeling rate is moderate (e.g., 1%), only abot 10% of specimens flagged a by a delta check will actually have been mislabeled.", "PMID": 509702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8408", "title": "Is antiglycolysis required for routine glucose analysis?", "content": "We obtained -68 pairs of simultaneously drawn serum and fluoride-oxalate plasma samples from patients and analyzed them by a continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) glucose oxidase method. Glucose concentrations ranged from 370 to 3530 mg/L. Glucose concentrations for samples obtained in the fluoride-oxalate preservative averaged 42 +/- 35 mg/L (mean +/- SD) higher than serum. The magnitude of this difference was independent of glucose concentration. Linear-regression analysis of 270 pairs for which the time from collection to separation was recorded indicated that the difference between serum and plasma increased by 0.32 mg/L per minute of delay over a time span of 15 to 295 min. These differences are smaller than those described in standard textbooks. We conclude that, with the specimen-handling process used in our hospital, serum glucose determinations are clinically acceptable.", "contents": "Is antiglycolysis required for routine glucose analysis? We obtained -68 pairs of simultaneously drawn serum and fluoride-oxalate plasma samples from patients and analyzed them by a continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) glucose oxidase method. Glucose concentrations ranged from 370 to 3530 mg/L. Glucose concentrations for samples obtained in the fluoride-oxalate preservative averaged 42 +/- 35 mg/L (mean +/- SD) higher than serum. The magnitude of this difference was independent of glucose concentration. Linear-regression analysis of 270 pairs for which the time from collection to separation was recorded indicated that the difference between serum and plasma increased by 0.32 mg/L per minute of delay over a time span of 15 to 295 min. These differences are smaller than those described in standard textbooks. We conclude that, with the specimen-handling process used in our hospital, serum glucose determinations are clinically acceptable.", "PMID": 509703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8409", "title": "Assay of urinary 4-hdyroxy-3-methoxymandelic (vanillylmandelic) acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "We describe a method for the assay of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid) based on separation on a microparticulate reversed-phase column and direct electrochemical detection. The method can be used after extraction from urine or by direct urine injection after 100-fold dilution.", "contents": "Assay of urinary 4-hdyroxy-3-methoxymandelic (vanillylmandelic) acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. We describe a method for the assay of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid) based on separation on a microparticulate reversed-phase column and direct electrochemical detection. The method can be used after extraction from urine or by direct urine injection after 100-fold dilution.", "PMID": 509704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8410", "title": "Assay of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic (homovanillic) acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "We describe a method for the assay of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid), based on its separation on a microparticulate reversed-phase column and direct electrochemical detection. Patients with neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and Parkinson's disease have increased amounts of this compound in their urine.", "contents": "Assay of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic (homovanillic) acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. We describe a method for the assay of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid), based on its separation on a microparticulate reversed-phase column and direct electrochemical detection. Patients with neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and Parkinson's disease have increased amounts of this compound in their urine.", "PMID": 509705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8411", "title": "Blood thyroxine concentration is lower in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "From out data bank, we analyzed results for thyroxine concentration in blood samples spotted on filter paper from different age groups (one to nine days postpartum) of our low-birth-weight and normal population. It was significantly lower in the low-birth-weight infants in almost all the age groups, and in both groups it significantly declined after postnatal day 5. The influence of weight is more important in the low-birth-weight population, but does not completely explain the smaller values. The results indicate that blood samples used in screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the neonate should be taken on postnatal days 3 to 5, and if a recall specimen is collected on days 5 to 9, one should expect the thyroxine concentration in the second specimen to be lower than in the first.", "contents": "Blood thyroxine concentration is lower in low-birth-weight infants. From out data bank, we analyzed results for thyroxine concentration in blood samples spotted on filter paper from different age groups (one to nine days postpartum) of our low-birth-weight and normal population. It was significantly lower in the low-birth-weight infants in almost all the age groups, and in both groups it significantly declined after postnatal day 5. The influence of weight is more important in the low-birth-weight population, but does not completely explain the smaller values. The results indicate that blood samples used in screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the neonate should be taken on postnatal days 3 to 5, and if a recall specimen is collected on days 5 to 9, one should expect the thyroxine concentration in the second specimen to be lower than in the first.", "PMID": 509706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8412", "title": "Identification and quantitation of phenylethylene glycol in human and rat urine, and its elevation in phenylketonuria.", "content": "Phenylethylene glycol has been identified in rat and human urine using gas chromatography/chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. A method was developed for the quantitative analysis in urine of this phenylalanine metabolite and of p-hydroxyphenylethanol, a metabolite of tyrosine, by converting them to the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives and measuring them by selected ion monitoring. In human urine, about 90% of the phenylethylene glycol was present in a conjugated form (releasable by glusulase), but the reverse was true for rat urine, with about 90% being present in the unconjugated form. The excretion of free phenylethylene glycol (expressed as ng/mg creatinine) was 2.7-fold higher in a group of untreated phenylketonuric patients than in the control group, but the phenylketonuric patients excreted abnormally low amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol. Intraperitoneal injections of L-phenylalanine in rats resulted in a small increase in the excretion of phenylethylene glycol. On the other hand, the injection of phenylethanolamine resulted in an 82-fold increase in the excretion of phenylethylene glycol, but phenylethylamine had no effect. These results indicate that the conversion of phenylethylamine to phenylethanolamine is the rate limiting step in this metabolic pathway.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of phenylethylene glycol in human and rat urine, and its elevation in phenylketonuria. Phenylethylene glycol has been identified in rat and human urine using gas chromatography/chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. A method was developed for the quantitative analysis in urine of this phenylalanine metabolite and of p-hydroxyphenylethanol, a metabolite of tyrosine, by converting them to the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives and measuring them by selected ion monitoring. In human urine, about 90% of the phenylethylene glycol was present in a conjugated form (releasable by glusulase), but the reverse was true for rat urine, with about 90% being present in the unconjugated form. The excretion of free phenylethylene glycol (expressed as ng/mg creatinine) was 2.7-fold higher in a group of untreated phenylketonuric patients than in the control group, but the phenylketonuric patients excreted abnormally low amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol. Intraperitoneal injections of L-phenylalanine in rats resulted in a small increase in the excretion of phenylethylene glycol. On the other hand, the injection of phenylethanolamine resulted in an 82-fold increase in the excretion of phenylethylene glycol, but phenylethylamine had no effect. These results indicate that the conversion of phenylethylamine to phenylethanolamine is the rate limiting step in this metabolic pathway.", "PMID": 509720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8413", "title": "Studies on a child suspected of having a dficiency in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A lyase.", "content": "The urine of a child who presented with hyperammonemia was found to contain elevated levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid. An increased excretion of these organic acids has been reported previously in a child with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency. Enzyme studies using cultured fibroblasts from this patient, however, indicated that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity was not markedly reduced.", "contents": "Studies on a child suspected of having a dficiency in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A lyase. The urine of a child who presented with hyperammonemia was found to contain elevated levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid. An increased excretion of these organic acids has been reported previously in a child with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency. Enzyme studies using cultured fibroblasts from this patient, however, indicated that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity was not markedly reduced.", "PMID": 509721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8414", "title": "The contribution of drinking water lead to maternal blood lead concentrations.", "content": "The association between domestic water lead concentrations and blood lead concentrations has been examined in 232 mothers at delivery. The blood lead was found to vary significantly with the cube root of the water lead. This association was stronger for first flush water lead rather than for running water lead. This study emphasises the danger to mothers and to their children of environmental lead over-exposure in areas of soft acid plumbosolvent water.", "contents": "The contribution of drinking water lead to maternal blood lead concentrations. The association between domestic water lead concentrations and blood lead concentrations has been examined in 232 mothers at delivery. The blood lead was found to vary significantly with the cube root of the water lead. This association was stronger for first flush water lead rather than for running water lead. This study emphasises the danger to mothers and to their children of environmental lead over-exposure in areas of soft acid plumbosolvent water.", "PMID": 509722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8415", "title": "Preparation of vitamin B-12-free serum for the use in vitamin B-12 radioassays.", "content": "In radioassays for serum vitamin B-12, the separation of free and bound vitamin is usually made with charcoal absorption. The specificity of this separation depends on the amount of charcoal and the protein content and constitution of the medium. The large difference in protein concentration between the samples for the dilution curve and the serum samples introduces an uncontrolled variable in the test. In order to equalize the experimental circumstances, the standard dilutions were made in serum freed from vitamin B-12 after boiling the serum for 20 min in a 4-fold dilution with glutamic acid buffer at pH 3.3 and subsequent passage over a CH-Sepharose 4-B column complexed with hog intrinsic factor (IF). The vitamin B-12-binding capacity of such an affinity column prepared from 1 g CH-Sepharose and 20 mg IF, suffices for the absorption of vitamin B-12 in 3000 ml serum from which 300 series of vitamin B-12 standard solutions can be made. Our first results with this method confirm that the charcoal absorption radioassay has become more accurate by the use of vitamin B-12-free serum in the standard dilutions.", "contents": "Preparation of vitamin B-12-free serum for the use in vitamin B-12 radioassays. In radioassays for serum vitamin B-12, the separation of free and bound vitamin is usually made with charcoal absorption. The specificity of this separation depends on the amount of charcoal and the protein content and constitution of the medium. The large difference in protein concentration between the samples for the dilution curve and the serum samples introduces an uncontrolled variable in the test. In order to equalize the experimental circumstances, the standard dilutions were made in serum freed from vitamin B-12 after boiling the serum for 20 min in a 4-fold dilution with glutamic acid buffer at pH 3.3 and subsequent passage over a CH-Sepharose 4-B column complexed with hog intrinsic factor (IF). The vitamin B-12-binding capacity of such an affinity column prepared from 1 g CH-Sepharose and 20 mg IF, suffices for the absorption of vitamin B-12 in 3000 ml serum from which 300 series of vitamin B-12 standard solutions can be made. Our first results with this method confirm that the charcoal absorption radioassay has become more accurate by the use of vitamin B-12-free serum in the standard dilutions.", "PMID": 509728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8416", "title": "Acylglycines. the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometric identification and interpretation of their spectra.", "content": "The gas chromatographic retention time (methylene units) and mass spectra of a series of acylglycine compounds as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives are presented. A general scheme for the interpretation of these compounds is developed from the mass spectra of known compounds and is shown to be in agreement with data derived from other sources (e.g. stable isotope and high resolution mass spectra). These data should provide information for the identification of these compounds in physiological fluid of both normal and diseased patients. In addition, the general interpretation scheme should provide the investigator with an approach to the interpretation of the spectra of unknown acylglycines.", "contents": "Acylglycines. the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometric identification and interpretation of their spectra. The gas chromatographic retention time (methylene units) and mass spectra of a series of acylglycine compounds as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives are presented. A general scheme for the interpretation of these compounds is developed from the mass spectra of known compounds and is shown to be in agreement with data derived from other sources (e.g. stable isotope and high resolution mass spectra). These data should provide information for the identification of these compounds in physiological fluid of both normal and diseased patients. In addition, the general interpretation scheme should provide the investigator with an approach to the interpretation of the spectra of unknown acylglycines.", "PMID": 509729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8417", "title": "Separation and quantification of urinary di- and polyamines by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.", "content": "A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay procedure employing electron capture detection has been developed for the assay of free and total di- and polyamines in human urine. Urine samples, hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid where necessary for the measurement of total amine output, were evaporated to dryness and, after the residues had been taken up in water, purified successively on Porapak Q and Dowex 50 X2 columns. Following evaporation of eluate, pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were made and analysed gas chromatographically using temperature programming. Di- and polyamines can be measured accurately at the picomole level and normal urinary output values calculated using this method agree well with those noted by other workers.", "contents": "Separation and quantification of urinary di- and polyamines by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay procedure employing electron capture detection has been developed for the assay of free and total di- and polyamines in human urine. Urine samples, hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid where necessary for the measurement of total amine output, were evaporated to dryness and, after the residues had been taken up in water, purified successively on Porapak Q and Dowex 50 X2 columns. Following evaporation of eluate, pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were made and analysed gas chromatographically using temperature programming. Di- and polyamines can be measured accurately at the picomole level and normal urinary output values calculated using this method agree well with those noted by other workers.", "PMID": 509730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8418", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane autophosphorylation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effect of two methods of erythrocyte ghost preparation on results.", "content": "We have compared the effects of two slightly different methods of erythrocyte ghost preparation on membrane autophosphorylation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Addition of 1 mmol/l EDTA to two of the washing steps altered the differences between patients and controls. These data support the known sensitive interrelationship of Ca2+ and erythrocyte membrane autophosphorylation, underline the importance of strict adherence to methodology when comparing data, and have suggested a new direction of investigation.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane autophosphorylation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effect of two methods of erythrocyte ghost preparation on results. We have compared the effects of two slightly different methods of erythrocyte ghost preparation on membrane autophosphorylation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Addition of 1 mmol/l EDTA to two of the washing steps altered the differences between patients and controls. These data support the known sensitive interrelationship of Ca2+ and erythrocyte membrane autophosphorylation, underline the importance of strict adherence to methodology when comparing data, and have suggested a new direction of investigation.", "PMID": 509731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8419", "title": "Study of a case with severe red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency.", "content": "A deficiency of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was found in a 23-year-old male suffering from severe congenital hemolytic disease. Results from exhaustive metabolic exploration are given and compared with reticulocyte-rich blood from subjects with auto-immune hemolytic disease. Evidence is given that the 20% apparent P5N residual activity corresponds to a non-specific acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Study of a case with severe red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. A deficiency of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was found in a 23-year-old male suffering from severe congenital hemolytic disease. Results from exhaustive metabolic exploration are given and compared with reticulocyte-rich blood from subjects with auto-immune hemolytic disease. Evidence is given that the 20% apparent P5N residual activity corresponds to a non-specific acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 509732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8420", "title": "Electrophoretic and kinetic studies of a mutant red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "Human red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) was studied by partial purification and condensation in a patient with an extremely low red cell P5N activity and chronic hemolytic anemia. The residual P5N in the red cell of the patient was characterized by an increased Michaelis constant for cytidine 5'-monophosphate, a marked shift of the pH optimum to the acidic side, normal electrophoretic mobility and normal heat stability. These data indicate that, in this patient, severe enzyme deficiency is caused by a structural gene mutation. This variant is clearly distinguished from a previously reported case and it is designated P5N Kagoshima.", "contents": "Electrophoretic and kinetic studies of a mutant red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase. Human red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) was studied by partial purification and condensation in a patient with an extremely low red cell P5N activity and chronic hemolytic anemia. The residual P5N in the red cell of the patient was characterized by an increased Michaelis constant for cytidine 5'-monophosphate, a marked shift of the pH optimum to the acidic side, normal electrophoretic mobility and normal heat stability. These data indicate that, in this patient, severe enzyme deficiency is caused by a structural gene mutation. This variant is clearly distinguished from a previously reported case and it is designated P5N Kagoshima.", "PMID": 509733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8421", "title": "Increased erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in hereditary xerocytosis.", "content": "Xerocytosis is a chronic hemolytic anemia with abnormal membrane function manifested by an increase in passive potassium permeability. Xerocytes demonstrate a greater susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide manifested by the production of malondialdehyde (MDA). Xerocyte membrane phospholipid and fatty acid analysis is normal except for a slight increase in phosphatidyl choline, a commensurate decrease in sphingomyelin, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid. Metabolism and glutathione stability are normal as well as plasma vitamin E levels in patients with xerocytosis. The increased susceptibility to oxidant stress is exaggerated in the \"older aged\" xerocyte population and correlated well with decreased intracellular potassium concentration.", "contents": "Increased erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in hereditary xerocytosis. Xerocytosis is a chronic hemolytic anemia with abnormal membrane function manifested by an increase in passive potassium permeability. Xerocytes demonstrate a greater susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide manifested by the production of malondialdehyde (MDA). Xerocyte membrane phospholipid and fatty acid analysis is normal except for a slight increase in phosphatidyl choline, a commensurate decrease in sphingomyelin, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid. Metabolism and glutathione stability are normal as well as plasma vitamin E levels in patients with xerocytosis. The increased susceptibility to oxidant stress is exaggerated in the \"older aged\" xerocyte population and correlated well with decreased intracellular potassium concentration.", "PMID": 509735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8422", "title": "A comparative study on estradiol receptor assays in human breast cancer tissue.", "content": "Standard dextran-coated charcoal assays for measuring the estrogen receptor content in human breast cancer tissue are compared. A single-point assay, using the estrogen antagonist nafoxidine as competitive inhibitor, showed good qualitative agreement with a three-point Scatchard plot assay, using radio-inert estrogen to assess the non-specific binding. Based on statistically evaluated dividing points, 116 (66.3%) of the 175 analysed primary tumor specimens were positive in the single-point assay compared to 121 (69.1%) in the Scatchard plot assay. Use of the additional dissociation constants in the evaluation of the Scatchard plot assay data gives a complete qualitative agreement between the two assays. We conclude that, in spite of the lack of specific controls inherent in the Scatchard plot assay, the single-point assay using diethylstilbestrol instead of nafoxidine is equally useful, especially if biopsy specimens are too small to provide the larger number of aliquots necessary for multiple steroid receptor analyses. Factors affecting the quantitative differences between the two assays are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study on estradiol receptor assays in human breast cancer tissue. Standard dextran-coated charcoal assays for measuring the estrogen receptor content in human breast cancer tissue are compared. A single-point assay, using the estrogen antagonist nafoxidine as competitive inhibitor, showed good qualitative agreement with a three-point Scatchard plot assay, using radio-inert estrogen to assess the non-specific binding. Based on statistically evaluated dividing points, 116 (66.3%) of the 175 analysed primary tumor specimens were positive in the single-point assay compared to 121 (69.1%) in the Scatchard plot assay. Use of the additional dissociation constants in the evaluation of the Scatchard plot assay data gives a complete qualitative agreement between the two assays. We conclude that, in spite of the lack of specific controls inherent in the Scatchard plot assay, the single-point assay using diethylstilbestrol instead of nafoxidine is equally useful, especially if biopsy specimens are too small to provide the larger number of aliquots necessary for multiple steroid receptor analyses. Factors affecting the quantitative differences between the two assays are discussed.", "PMID": 509736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8423", "title": "Interference of the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in human serum and plasma by LDH from blood cells.", "content": "This study was performed to find a reliable method to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in blood samples. Human plasma contains thrombocytes whose number depends on the speed of centrifugation applied to the freshly-drawn blood sample. They do not disturb the measurement of LDH in plasma, provided the plasma sample has not been subjected to procedures that may destroy the integrity of the thrombocytes, e.g. standing overnight at 4 degrees C, freezing, or treatment with ultrasonic waves. Centrifugation of plasma at a minimum of 1174 x g eliminates the presence of thrombocytes. The serum of healthy human subjects invariably contains higher LDH activity than the plasma: the difference is 30 +/- 18 U/l (mean +/- S.D.). LDH-isoenzyme analysis shows that a large part of the LDH activity difference is caused by lysis of erythrocytes in the clot. Liberation of 30 U LDH per litre is not associated with visible hemolysis.", "contents": "Interference of the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in human serum and plasma by LDH from blood cells. This study was performed to find a reliable method to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in blood samples. Human plasma contains thrombocytes whose number depends on the speed of centrifugation applied to the freshly-drawn blood sample. They do not disturb the measurement of LDH in plasma, provided the plasma sample has not been subjected to procedures that may destroy the integrity of the thrombocytes, e.g. standing overnight at 4 degrees C, freezing, or treatment with ultrasonic waves. Centrifugation of plasma at a minimum of 1174 x g eliminates the presence of thrombocytes. The serum of healthy human subjects invariably contains higher LDH activity than the plasma: the difference is 30 +/- 18 U/l (mean +/- S.D.). LDH-isoenzyme analysis shows that a large part of the LDH activity difference is caused by lysis of erythrocytes in the clot. Liberation of 30 U LDH per litre is not associated with visible hemolysis.", "PMID": 509737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8424", "title": "Determination of antimony in biological materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "An electrothermal atomic absorption method for the determination of antimony in biological fluids, derived from Triostam or Pentostam, is described. Comparison of the results obtained by this method has been made with hydride generation atomic absorption and by measuring the gamma emission of 125Sb-Pentostam. Using electrothermal atomic absorption, the concentrations and distributions of the pentavalent and trivalent antimony drugs, either in free or liposome-entrapped forms, have been determined in vitro after incubation with human blood. The effect of entrapping Pentostam within liposomes has also been studied in vivo in mice, and its concentration and distribution compared with results obtained using the free drug.", "contents": "Determination of antimony in biological materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. An electrothermal atomic absorption method for the determination of antimony in biological fluids, derived from Triostam or Pentostam, is described. Comparison of the results obtained by this method has been made with hydride generation atomic absorption and by measuring the gamma emission of 125Sb-Pentostam. Using electrothermal atomic absorption, the concentrations and distributions of the pentavalent and trivalent antimony drugs, either in free or liposome-entrapped forms, have been determined in vitro after incubation with human blood. The effect of entrapping Pentostam within liposomes has also been studied in vivo in mice, and its concentration and distribution compared with results obtained using the free drug.", "PMID": 509738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8425", "title": "An abnormal macro lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme not due to immunologlobulin binding.", "content": "We report here on the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) of a patient who presented with an additional LD isoenzyme band between LD 3 and LD4 found during routine examination. The abnormal LD was found to be of increased molecular size, which was not due to complexing with immunoglobulins. The abnormal LD was purified by affinity chromatography, labelled and electrophoresed on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Autoradiography suggested abnormal aggregation as the cause of increased molecular size.", "contents": "An abnormal macro lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme not due to immunologlobulin binding. We report here on the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) of a patient who presented with an additional LD isoenzyme band between LD 3 and LD4 found during routine examination. The abnormal LD was found to be of increased molecular size, which was not due to complexing with immunoglobulins. The abnormal LD was purified by affinity chromatography, labelled and electrophoresed on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Autoradiography suggested abnormal aggregation as the cause of increased molecular size.", "PMID": 509739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8426", "title": "Rapid assessment of endogenous creatinine in physiological samples analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection.", "content": "An improved and direct analysis of endogenous creatinine levels using the reversed-phase mode of high performance liquid chromatography (RPLC) is described. The analysis is rapid, the sensitivity of the spectrophotometric detection is in the nanomole range, and the sample preparation requires only filtration to remove the particulate matter. Identification of chromatographic peaks was achieved by means of absorbance ratios, stopped-flow UV spectra and prechromatographic incubation of samples with creatinine amidohydrolase. Reported in this paper are representative chromatograms of samples of amniotic fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ranges of creatinine concentrations in 10 samples of amniotic fluid, urine and CSF were 0.774--1.850, 99--454.5 and 0.648--1.05 mg/100 ml, respectively. This highly specific and simple assay offers several improvements over previously used methods.", "contents": "Rapid assessment of endogenous creatinine in physiological samples analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection. An improved and direct analysis of endogenous creatinine levels using the reversed-phase mode of high performance liquid chromatography (RPLC) is described. The analysis is rapid, the sensitivity of the spectrophotometric detection is in the nanomole range, and the sample preparation requires only filtration to remove the particulate matter. Identification of chromatographic peaks was achieved by means of absorbance ratios, stopped-flow UV spectra and prechromatographic incubation of samples with creatinine amidohydrolase. Reported in this paper are representative chromatograms of samples of amniotic fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ranges of creatinine concentrations in 10 samples of amniotic fluid, urine and CSF were 0.774--1.850, 99--454.5 and 0.648--1.05 mg/100 ml, respectively. This highly specific and simple assay offers several improvements over previously used methods.", "PMID": 509740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8427", "title": "The effect of clomiphene on uncastrated and castrated male transsexuals.", "content": "Clomiphene was administered at a daily dose of 100 mg for 5 consecutive days to two groups of male subjects. There were three uncastrated male transsexuals (Group A) and nine castrated male transsexuals (Group B). In the uncastrated subjects Clomiphene enhanced the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) starting from day 3 of treatment. The magnitude of the increment ranged from 150%--250% over the mean basal plasma level for LH, 113%--262% for FSH and 12%--68% for T. In contrast, Clomiphene suppressed both FSH and LH in the castrated subjects. Equal suppression of both the gonadotrophins were observed. The levels of FSH and LH in plasma on day 3 were suppressed to 66.4% and 66.2% of their respective mean basal levels. Two days after the termination of treatment, suppressions were maintained. These results suggest that Clomiphene acts as an anti-oestrogen in uncastrated male transsexuals and in castrated male transsexuals who have subphysiological levels of oestradiol it acts as a weak oestrogen.", "contents": "The effect of clomiphene on uncastrated and castrated male transsexuals. Clomiphene was administered at a daily dose of 100 mg for 5 consecutive days to two groups of male subjects. There were three uncastrated male transsexuals (Group A) and nine castrated male transsexuals (Group B). In the uncastrated subjects Clomiphene enhanced the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) starting from day 3 of treatment. The magnitude of the increment ranged from 150%--250% over the mean basal plasma level for LH, 113%--262% for FSH and 12%--68% for T. In contrast, Clomiphene suppressed both FSH and LH in the castrated subjects. Equal suppression of both the gonadotrophins were observed. The levels of FSH and LH in plasma on day 3 were suppressed to 66.4% and 66.2% of their respective mean basal levels. Two days after the termination of treatment, suppressions were maintained. These results suggest that Clomiphene acts as an anti-oestrogen in uncastrated male transsexuals and in castrated male transsexuals who have subphysiological levels of oestradiol it acts as a weak oestrogen.", "PMID": 509741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8428", "title": "Dissociated thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine levels in patients with familial goitre due to iodide organification defects.", "content": "The thyroid function of patients with three different types of organification defect was studied. All patients were characterized by a high thyroidal 131I uptake and a positive perchlorate discharge. Patients with Pendred's syndrome who had goitre and congenital nerve deafness were mostly euthyroid with normal circulating thyroid hormone levels. Only two of them had compensated euthyroidism with elevated total T3, high basal TSH and delayed return to basal value with TRH. The patients who were euthyroid with large goitres and normal hearing had elevated total T3 and an exaggerated TSH response to TRH. The thyroid function of these two groups of patients contrasted with that of goitrous cretins, who were clinically hypothyroid with low circulating total T4, increased T3 and decreased rT3 levels. The data suggest that in patients with intrathyroidal iodine deficiency secondary to organification defect, there is preferential T3 production in an effort to maintain euthyroid state, and this is further substantiated in the case of gross thyroid insufficiency either by enhanced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, or reduced metabolic clearance of T3 and increased clearance of rT3, resulting in elevated T3 and decreased rT3 levels.", "contents": "Dissociated thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine levels in patients with familial goitre due to iodide organification defects. The thyroid function of patients with three different types of organification defect was studied. All patients were characterized by a high thyroidal 131I uptake and a positive perchlorate discharge. Patients with Pendred's syndrome who had goitre and congenital nerve deafness were mostly euthyroid with normal circulating thyroid hormone levels. Only two of them had compensated euthyroidism with elevated total T3, high basal TSH and delayed return to basal value with TRH. The patients who were euthyroid with large goitres and normal hearing had elevated total T3 and an exaggerated TSH response to TRH. The thyroid function of these two groups of patients contrasted with that of goitrous cretins, who were clinically hypothyroid with low circulating total T4, increased T3 and decreased rT3 levels. The data suggest that in patients with intrathyroidal iodine deficiency secondary to organification defect, there is preferential T3 production in an effort to maintain euthyroid state, and this is further substantiated in the case of gross thyroid insufficiency either by enhanced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, or reduced metabolic clearance of T3 and increased clearance of rT3, resulting in elevated T3 and decreased rT3 levels.", "PMID": 509742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8429", "title": "Treatment of Cushing's disease in juveniles with interstitial pituitary irradiation.", "content": "Nine juvenile patients (five boys and four girls aged 10--18 with Cushing's disease were treated with pituitary implantation of 198Au and/or 90Y. No patient had any surgical complication from the procedure. At the latest assessment, 3 months to 17 years after operation, Cushing's disease was in remission in all the patients; the response time following operation was a few days to 3 months. Radiology of the pituitary fossa at time of pituitary implantation was normal in all patients and remains so. The final height in six patients is 149--172 cm (59--67.5 inches) and three patients who continue to grow have increased by 13, 6 and 3 cm since implantation. Only one patient required full pituitary hormone replacement therapy, and he had been previously treated by external irradiation, and one other patient failed to complete puberty. In all the other seven sexual maturation is normal and one has fathered two children. We conclude that pituitary implantation with interstitial irradiation is a satisfactory form of treatment for Cushing's disease in juveniles.", "contents": "Treatment of Cushing's disease in juveniles with interstitial pituitary irradiation. Nine juvenile patients (five boys and four girls aged 10--18 with Cushing's disease were treated with pituitary implantation of 198Au and/or 90Y. No patient had any surgical complication from the procedure. At the latest assessment, 3 months to 17 years after operation, Cushing's disease was in remission in all the patients; the response time following operation was a few days to 3 months. Radiology of the pituitary fossa at time of pituitary implantation was normal in all patients and remains so. The final height in six patients is 149--172 cm (59--67.5 inches) and three patients who continue to grow have increased by 13, 6 and 3 cm since implantation. Only one patient required full pituitary hormone replacement therapy, and he had been previously treated by external irradiation, and one other patient failed to complete puberty. In all the other seven sexual maturation is normal and one has fathered two children. We conclude that pituitary implantation with interstitial irradiation is a satisfactory form of treatment for Cushing's disease in juveniles.", "PMID": 509744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8430", "title": "Effect of age on testicular function in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome parallels the alterations seen with age in the normal subject. Significant decreases are seen in the Klinefelter group in the plasma level of testosterone and in the plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio. Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome appears very much like that seen in a chronologically older subject.", "contents": "Effect of age on testicular function in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome parallels the alterations seen with age in the normal subject. Significant decreases are seen in the Klinefelter group in the plasma level of testosterone and in the plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio. Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome appears very much like that seen in a chronologically older subject.", "PMID": 509745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8431", "title": "Effects of long-term treatment with metergoline in patients with idiopathic oligospermia.", "content": "The effect of metergoline, an ergoline derivative with antiserotonin as well as dopaminergic properties, was studied in forty-five male patients with idiopathic oligospermia. Metergoline treatment (6 mg daily for 5 months) had no demonstrable effect on spermatogenesis; moreover, it did not influence the serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and oestradiol although it significantly reduced prolactin levels. It is concluded that, in all likelihood, serotonin plays little or no part in the pathogenesis of idiopathic oligospermia and that pharmacological reduction of normal prolactin levels has no therapeutic effect on this disease.", "contents": "Effects of long-term treatment with metergoline in patients with idiopathic oligospermia. The effect of metergoline, an ergoline derivative with antiserotonin as well as dopaminergic properties, was studied in forty-five male patients with idiopathic oligospermia. Metergoline treatment (6 mg daily for 5 months) had no demonstrable effect on spermatogenesis; moreover, it did not influence the serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and oestradiol although it significantly reduced prolactin levels. It is concluded that, in all likelihood, serotonin plays little or no part in the pathogenesis of idiopathic oligospermia and that pharmacological reduction of normal prolactin levels has no therapeutic effect on this disease.", "PMID": 509746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8432", "title": "A study of the aetiology of gastritis following gastric surgery. II. Studies of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Crude gastric antigen is shown to cause leucocyte migration inhibition in five out of ten patients with pernicious anaemia. We did not find any migration inhibition using leucocytes from twenty patients with severe post-operative gastritis, including fifteen with atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "A study of the aetiology of gastritis following gastric surgery. II. Studies of cell-mediated immunity. Crude gastric antigen is shown to cause leucocyte migration inhibition in five out of ten patients with pernicious anaemia. We did not find any migration inhibition using leucocytes from twenty patients with severe post-operative gastritis, including fifteen with atrophic gastritis.", "PMID": 509778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8433", "title": "A modified assay for antibody against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease which may be detected by the presence of serum antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Immunoprecipitation assays have been developed to measure these immunoglobulins and calculate titres. These assays require the labelling of the receptor with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin which binds irreversibly. However, the standard immunoprecipitation assay may significantly underestimate the titres of some myasthenic patients. We have discovered patients with antibodies specific for the alpha-bungarotoxin binding site of purified rat muscle receptor. If labelled toxin is already present on the receptor, these antibodies are unable to bind to the protein. This phenomenon may lead to underestimates of the actual antibody titre. To circumvent this problem, we have designed a modified immunoprecipitation assay to evaluate titres.", "contents": "A modified assay for antibody against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease which may be detected by the presence of serum antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Immunoprecipitation assays have been developed to measure these immunoglobulins and calculate titres. These assays require the labelling of the receptor with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin which binds irreversibly. However, the standard immunoprecipitation assay may significantly underestimate the titres of some myasthenic patients. We have discovered patients with antibodies specific for the alpha-bungarotoxin binding site of purified rat muscle receptor. If labelled toxin is already present on the receptor, these antibodies are unable to bind to the protein. This phenomenon may lead to underestimates of the actual antibody titre. To circumvent this problem, we have designed a modified immunoprecipitation assay to evaluate titres.", "PMID": 509779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8434", "title": "Immunological behaviour following rubella infection.", "content": "Several immunological tests were performed on eighty-five patients with rubella. There was a decrease in total leucocytes, neutrophils and T cells, an increase in IgG and the complement components of C4, C9 and CH50, and a marked insensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzen (DNCB) and purified protein derivative (PPD) in many patients. Furthermore, atypical lymphocytes with lobulated nuclei, autoantibodies and reduced blastogenesis were found in some patients. These abnormal findings disappeared within 1 month. These marked immune abnormalities, although transient, may indicate an inhibition of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes which may have some bearing on the high incidence of embryopathy in pregnant women.", "contents": "Immunological behaviour following rubella infection. Several immunological tests were performed on eighty-five patients with rubella. There was a decrease in total leucocytes, neutrophils and T cells, an increase in IgG and the complement components of C4, C9 and CH50, and a marked insensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzen (DNCB) and purified protein derivative (PPD) in many patients. Furthermore, atypical lymphocytes with lobulated nuclei, autoantibodies and reduced blastogenesis were found in some patients. These abnormal findings disappeared within 1 month. These marked immune abnormalities, although transient, may indicate an inhibition of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes which may have some bearing on the high incidence of embryopathy in pregnant women.", "PMID": 509780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8435", "title": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphocytes. III. Specificity of receptors.", "content": "Receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (RFcmu) can be detected on a large percentage of human peripheral lymphocytes. To approach an understanding of the function of these receptors we have examined the relative efficiencies of different preparations of human IgM and their F(c)5 mu fragments in binding to RFcmu. This was measured by blocking rosette formation between lymphocytes and IgM-sensitized ox erythrocytes (EAmu). IgM from pooled normal human serum completed blocked formation of IgM rosettes (EAmu-RFC) at much lower concentrations than IgM preparations from individual Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemic patients (WM). The differences in effectiveness of these IgM preparations in inhibiting EAmu-RFC suggested the existence of receptors for subclasses of IgM on different subpopulations of human lymphocytes. F(c)5 mu fragments of IgM were more effective in blocking EAmu-RFC than the parent molecule, which was in turn more efficient than the 8S subunit. These results indicate that F(c)5 mu may have more Fc regions exposed per molecule for binding to the matrix of RFcmu than pentameric IgM and that Fc multivalency may be important for the stable binding of IgM to RFcmu.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphocytes. III. Specificity of receptors. Receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (RFcmu) can be detected on a large percentage of human peripheral lymphocytes. To approach an understanding of the function of these receptors we have examined the relative efficiencies of different preparations of human IgM and their F(c)5 mu fragments in binding to RFcmu. This was measured by blocking rosette formation between lymphocytes and IgM-sensitized ox erythrocytes (EAmu). IgM from pooled normal human serum completed blocked formation of IgM rosettes (EAmu-RFC) at much lower concentrations than IgM preparations from individual Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemic patients (WM). The differences in effectiveness of these IgM preparations in inhibiting EAmu-RFC suggested the existence of receptors for subclasses of IgM on different subpopulations of human lymphocytes. F(c)5 mu fragments of IgM were more effective in blocking EAmu-RFC than the parent molecule, which was in turn more efficient than the 8S subunit. These results indicate that F(c)5 mu may have more Fc regions exposed per molecule for binding to the matrix of RFcmu than pentameric IgM and that Fc multivalency may be important for the stable binding of IgM to RFcmu.", "PMID": 509781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8436", "title": "Age-related changes in human thymus.", "content": "Thymic biopsies obtained during open heart surgery were examined for age-related involution of the parenchyma and changes in cell surface characteristics. In parallel with the parenchymal atrophy, E-rosette-forming cells continuously decreased with age and were progressively replaced by an increasing proportion of 'null' lymphoid cells. These changes appeared to be independent of each other. The significance of these findings in the context of the host's immune mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Age-related changes in human thymus. Thymic biopsies obtained during open heart surgery were examined for age-related involution of the parenchyma and changes in cell surface characteristics. In parallel with the parenchymal atrophy, E-rosette-forming cells continuously decreased with age and were progressively replaced by an increasing proportion of 'null' lymphoid cells. These changes appeared to be independent of each other. The significance of these findings in the context of the host's immune mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 509782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8437", "title": "Effect of different components of the thymic stroma on the onset of AKR leukaemia.", "content": "Spontaneous leukaemia in AKR mice is characterized by an accumulation of thymocyte precursors prior to the onset of the disease. An insoluble thymic fraction (ITF), previously shown to provoke such an accumulation when injected to normal mice, caused a significant acceleration of death by leukaemia when given to pre-leukaemic AKR mice. Conversely, the injection of a soluble thymic factor (STF), believed to further differentiate thymocyte precursors, was shown to markedly delay the onset of leukaemia. These results are interpreted as reflecting the specific immune functions of T cells at different stages of maturation.", "contents": "Effect of different components of the thymic stroma on the onset of AKR leukaemia. Spontaneous leukaemia in AKR mice is characterized by an accumulation of thymocyte precursors prior to the onset of the disease. An insoluble thymic fraction (ITF), previously shown to provoke such an accumulation when injected to normal mice, caused a significant acceleration of death by leukaemia when given to pre-leukaemic AKR mice. Conversely, the injection of a soluble thymic factor (STF), believed to further differentiate thymocyte precursors, was shown to markedly delay the onset of leukaemia. These results are interpreted as reflecting the specific immune functions of T cells at different stages of maturation.", "PMID": 509783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8438", "title": "Random monocyte migration: an in vitro correlation with the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction.", "content": "The in vitro random migration and chemotactic activity of peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils was compared with the delayed hypersensitivity skin test to streptokinase-streptodornase in fourteen normal subjects. A significant positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was observed between the random migration of monocytes and the size of the skin test reaction. No significant correlation was found with random neutrophil migration or monocyte and neutrophil chemotactic responses. These results indicate that the in vitro random mobility of monocytes is related to the in vivo expression of a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction.", "contents": "Random monocyte migration: an in vitro correlation with the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction. The in vitro random migration and chemotactic activity of peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils was compared with the delayed hypersensitivity skin test to streptokinase-streptodornase in fourteen normal subjects. A significant positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was observed between the random migration of monocytes and the size of the skin test reaction. No significant correlation was found with random neutrophil migration or monocyte and neutrophil chemotactic responses. These results indicate that the in vitro random mobility of monocytes is related to the in vivo expression of a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction.", "PMID": 509784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8439", "title": "Fibrin deposition in disposable dialyzers before and after re-use.", "content": "We have estimated the degree of fibrin deposition as well as changes in dialyzer efficiency of Gambro Optima 13.5 mu dialyzers, re-used up to six times in six regular dialysis patients. After each dialysis the dialyzer was rinsed and left filled with formaldehyde. The patients were given I-125-fibrinogen before the study. The radioactivity from the dialyzer was continuously measured during each dialysis and rinsing procedure. Urea and creatinine clearances were determined 30 min after start of each dialysis. After the last re-use the dialyzer membranes were removed and divided into sections and the radioactivity of each section was measured. Twice as much fibrin deposition was found near the blood inlet of the dialyzer as near the outlet. A higher fibrin deposition was found after each re-use than after the initial dialysis. The clearances of urea and creatinine were scarcely influenced by the re-use. The half-life of fibrinogen in the patients was in the same range as in normal subjects.", "contents": "Fibrin deposition in disposable dialyzers before and after re-use. We have estimated the degree of fibrin deposition as well as changes in dialyzer efficiency of Gambro Optima 13.5 mu dialyzers, re-used up to six times in six regular dialysis patients. After each dialysis the dialyzer was rinsed and left filled with formaldehyde. The patients were given I-125-fibrinogen before the study. The radioactivity from the dialyzer was continuously measured during each dialysis and rinsing procedure. Urea and creatinine clearances were determined 30 min after start of each dialysis. After the last re-use the dialyzer membranes were removed and divided into sections and the radioactivity of each section was measured. Twice as much fibrin deposition was found near the blood inlet of the dialyzer as near the outlet. A higher fibrin deposition was found after each re-use than after the initial dialysis. The clearances of urea and creatinine were scarcely influenced by the re-use. The half-life of fibrinogen in the patients was in the same range as in normal subjects.", "PMID": 509786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8440", "title": "Reduction of dialyzer fibrin deposition with sulphinpyrazone.", "content": "To determine whether sulphinpyrazone reduces thrombus formation within artificial kidneys, dialyzer 125I-fibrinogen and platelet and fibrinogen levels during dialysis were compared during a non-treatment control period and while patients were receiving sulphinpyrazone. Mean fibrin deposition within the dialyzers, measured as gram X 10(-3) of clottable fibrinogen, was significantly less during sulphinpyrazone treatment (2.5) than during the control period (5.3). Arterial blood platelet counts and plasma fibrinogen levels during dialysis were higher on treatment despite similar predialysis values during control and treatment periods. The results indicate that sulphinpyrazone reduces fibrin formation within artificial kidneys and, since the reduction in deposition of fibrin alone is insufficient to explain the higher plasma fibrinogen levels during treatment with sulphinpyrazone, suggests that this therapy reduces fibrinogen consumption within the patient during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Reduction of dialyzer fibrin deposition with sulphinpyrazone. To determine whether sulphinpyrazone reduces thrombus formation within artificial kidneys, dialyzer 125I-fibrinogen and platelet and fibrinogen levels during dialysis were compared during a non-treatment control period and while patients were receiving sulphinpyrazone. Mean fibrin deposition within the dialyzers, measured as gram X 10(-3) of clottable fibrinogen, was significantly less during sulphinpyrazone treatment (2.5) than during the control period (5.3). Arterial blood platelet counts and plasma fibrinogen levels during dialysis were higher on treatment despite similar predialysis values during control and treatment periods. The results indicate that sulphinpyrazone reduces fibrin formation within artificial kidneys and, since the reduction in deposition of fibrin alone is insufficient to explain the higher plasma fibrinogen levels during treatment with sulphinpyrazone, suggests that this therapy reduces fibrinogen consumption within the patient during hemodialysis.", "PMID": 509787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8441", "title": "Plasmapheresis in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Plasmapheresis together with immunosuppressive drug therapy has been used in the treatment of 17 patients with glomerulonephritis [Goodpasture's syndrome (4), systemic lupus erythematosus (4), mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (2), glomerulonephritis associated with cirrhosis (2), nonspecific mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (3), Henoch-Schoenlein purpura glomerulonephritis (1) and glomerulonephritis associated with infective endocarditis (1)]. Use of the Haemonetics Model 30 blood cell separator, exchanging two liters of plasma with 5% albumin in Hartmann's solution has provided a safe, effective but relatively expensive procedure, capable of producing a marked reduction of fibrinogen, complement components, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody and immune complex concentrations. Removal of one or more of these factors is felt to be at least partly responsible for the improvement in renal function and clinical well-being demonstrated in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and other forms of glomerulonephritis associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in glomerulonephritis. Plasmapheresis together with immunosuppressive drug therapy has been used in the treatment of 17 patients with glomerulonephritis [Goodpasture's syndrome (4), systemic lupus erythematosus (4), mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (2), glomerulonephritis associated with cirrhosis (2), nonspecific mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (3), Henoch-Schoenlein purpura glomerulonephritis (1) and glomerulonephritis associated with infective endocarditis (1)]. Use of the Haemonetics Model 30 blood cell separator, exchanging two liters of plasma with 5% albumin in Hartmann's solution has provided a safe, effective but relatively expensive procedure, capable of producing a marked reduction of fibrinogen, complement components, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody and immune complex concentrations. Removal of one or more of these factors is felt to be at least partly responsible for the improvement in renal function and clinical well-being demonstrated in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and other forms of glomerulonephritis associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 509788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8442", "title": "Comparison of the effects of lactate and acetate on clinical peritoneal clearances.", "content": "Peritoneal clearances of urea, creatinine, inulin and dialyzate protein concentration were compared in ten patients using dialysis solutions containing either lactate or acetate. No significant differences were found between solutions containing lactate or acetate.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of lactate and acetate on clinical peritoneal clearances. Peritoneal clearances of urea, creatinine, inulin and dialyzate protein concentration were compared in ten patients using dialysis solutions containing either lactate or acetate. No significant differences were found between solutions containing lactate or acetate.", "PMID": 509789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8443", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in patients with chronic uremia.", "content": "Cardiac function was determined non-invasively in 7 patients (average age 24 years) with chronic uremia. Each was on maintenance hemodialysis. Echocardiograms and carotid pulse tracings were recorded 30 minutes prior to dialysis, and again 30 minutes, 24 and 48 hours following hemodialysis. End-diastolic and end-systolic diameters averaged 5.4 +/- 0.2 and 3.4 +/- 0.1 cm, respectively before and 5.0 +/- 0.2 and 3.2 +/- 0.1 cm immediately after hemodialysis (P less than 0.05 for both). Calculated stroke volume fell from 92.1 +/- 8.8 to 76.7 +/- 10.5 ml (P less than 0.025). Heart rate increased minimally, and average cardiac output was not significantly increased. Following dialysis, body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell significantly. Thus preload as well as afterload declined. Because of the fall in both stroke volume and end-diastolic volume, a shift along the ventricular function curve downwards and to the left occurred implying diminished cardiac pumping function. Nonetheless the indices of myocardial contractility were normal and showed no change from pre-dialysis value. During the 48 hour interval following hemodialysis all measured and calculated values returned to pre-dialysis levels. Thus organic heart disease as evaluated by non-invasive techniques does not appear to be a necessary sequel to kidney failure, at least in young patients in a hemodialysis program. Gross abnormalities of myocardial function may be absent for at least seven years after the onset of chronic uremia.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in patients with chronic uremia. Cardiac function was determined non-invasively in 7 patients (average age 24 years) with chronic uremia. Each was on maintenance hemodialysis. Echocardiograms and carotid pulse tracings were recorded 30 minutes prior to dialysis, and again 30 minutes, 24 and 48 hours following hemodialysis. End-diastolic and end-systolic diameters averaged 5.4 +/- 0.2 and 3.4 +/- 0.1 cm, respectively before and 5.0 +/- 0.2 and 3.2 +/- 0.1 cm immediately after hemodialysis (P less than 0.05 for both). Calculated stroke volume fell from 92.1 +/- 8.8 to 76.7 +/- 10.5 ml (P less than 0.025). Heart rate increased minimally, and average cardiac output was not significantly increased. Following dialysis, body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell significantly. Thus preload as well as afterload declined. Because of the fall in both stroke volume and end-diastolic volume, a shift along the ventricular function curve downwards and to the left occurred implying diminished cardiac pumping function. Nonetheless the indices of myocardial contractility were normal and showed no change from pre-dialysis value. During the 48 hour interval following hemodialysis all measured and calculated values returned to pre-dialysis levels. Thus organic heart disease as evaluated by non-invasive techniques does not appear to be a necessary sequel to kidney failure, at least in young patients in a hemodialysis program. Gross abnormalities of myocardial function may be absent for at least seven years after the onset of chronic uremia.", "PMID": 509790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8444", "title": "Transport of uremic toxins through conventional hemodialysis membranes.", "content": "Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro were tested after preincubation with uremic plasma dialyzed in vitro and the effects of pre and post hemodialysis plasma were compared with the effect of dialyzates equilibrated with uremic plasma in vivo. Factors in uremic blood plasma inhibiting phagocytosis of Candida albicans could not be removed by means of conventional hemodialysis with cuprophan (CPN) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. Hemofiltrates of uremic blood plasma produced by PAN membranes caused a significant inhibition of phagocytes in our test system while CPN hemofiltrates did not.", "contents": "Transport of uremic toxins through conventional hemodialysis membranes. Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro were tested after preincubation with uremic plasma dialyzed in vitro and the effects of pre and post hemodialysis plasma were compared with the effect of dialyzates equilibrated with uremic plasma in vivo. Factors in uremic blood plasma inhibiting phagocytosis of Candida albicans could not be removed by means of conventional hemodialysis with cuprophan (CPN) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. Hemofiltrates of uremic blood plasma produced by PAN membranes caused a significant inhibition of phagocytes in our test system while CPN hemofiltrates did not.", "PMID": 509791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8445", "title": "Salivary phosphate and calcium concentrations in uremia.", "content": "Phosphate concentration was found to be significantly elevated in the saliva of uremic patients (dialyzed and non-dialyzed) when compared to normal subjects and to dialysis patients after parathyroidectomy. Salivary calcium concentrations were similar in all groups examined. As increased salivary phosphate was found also in primary hyperparathyroidism, we attribute our findings to the secondary hyperparathyroidism of the uremic state.", "contents": "Salivary phosphate and calcium concentrations in uremia. Phosphate concentration was found to be significantly elevated in the saliva of uremic patients (dialyzed and non-dialyzed) when compared to normal subjects and to dialysis patients after parathyroidectomy. Salivary calcium concentrations were similar in all groups examined. As increased salivary phosphate was found also in primary hyperparathyroidism, we attribute our findings to the secondary hyperparathyroidism of the uremic state.", "PMID": 509792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8446", "title": "Hair zinc compared with plasma zinc in uremic patients before and during regular hemodialysis.", "content": "Plasma and hair zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 34 control subjects, 20 nondialyzed uremic patients and 18 patients treated with regular hemodialysis. Plasma zinc levels were low in both nondialyzed and hemodialyzed patients. Hair zinc levels were low in the nondialyzed uremics, but at least partialy restored to normal in patients on hemodialysis. In both patient groups, hair zinc was positively correlated with plasma zinc. In the nondialyzed patients haie zinc depletion in end-stage renal disease progresses with increasing degree of renal insufficiency and tends to be reversed by regular hemodialysis.", "contents": "Hair zinc compared with plasma zinc in uremic patients before and during regular hemodialysis. Plasma and hair zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 34 control subjects, 20 nondialyzed uremic patients and 18 patients treated with regular hemodialysis. Plasma zinc levels were low in both nondialyzed and hemodialyzed patients. Hair zinc levels were low in the nondialyzed uremics, but at least partialy restored to normal in patients on hemodialysis. In both patient groups, hair zinc was positively correlated with plasma zinc. In the nondialyzed patients haie zinc depletion in end-stage renal disease progresses with increasing degree of renal insufficiency and tends to be reversed by regular hemodialysis.", "PMID": 509794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8447", "title": "Increase of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and their family members.", "content": "The number of Immunoglobulin-bearing and E-rosette forming peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement and urinary sediments were examined in patients with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and their immediate family to determine if familial factors might be related to the development of this disease. Twenty-five patients with MPGN (22 Type I and 3 Type II), 24 family members and 36 age-matched healthy persons were examined. All patients showed an increase in the number of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes. All families showed some members with increased numbers of IgM-bearing lymphocytes. There were no significant correlations between the numbers of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes and the levels of serum immunoglobulins and complement.", "contents": "Increase of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and their family members. The number of Immunoglobulin-bearing and E-rosette forming peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement and urinary sediments were examined in patients with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and their immediate family to determine if familial factors might be related to the development of this disease. Twenty-five patients with MPGN (22 Type I and 3 Type II), 24 family members and 36 age-matched healthy persons were examined. All patients showed an increase in the number of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes. All families showed some members with increased numbers of IgM-bearing lymphocytes. There were no significant correlations between the numbers of IgM-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes and the levels of serum immunoglobulins and complement.", "PMID": 509795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8448", "title": "Urinary protein excretion in healthy children.", "content": "The urinary total protein excretion was determined in 270, 18-24 hr urine samples from 130 healthy children of different age groups using the tannic acid-Fe3+-method of Yatzidis [1977]. The daily protein excretion of premature infants in the first month of life varies between 14-60 mg, with a mean of 29 mg, and that of fullterm newborn infants between 15-68 mg, with a mean of 32 mg. Protein excretion increases with age and amounts to 29-238 mg (mean 83 mg) in 10-16 year old children. Thus, the urinary protein concentration during the neonatal period is high when compared to adult values. This explains the \"trace\" and \"positive\" reactions frequently obtained in this period of life with Albustix. In 92 urine samples proteins were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel discelectrophoresis. Hemoglobinuria was found during the first weeks of life and tubular type proteinuria was found in newborns and infants. The present data suggest that the proteinuria is due to ineffective proximal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight microproteins as a result of glomerulo-tubular imblance in early life.", "contents": "Urinary protein excretion in healthy children. The urinary total protein excretion was determined in 270, 18-24 hr urine samples from 130 healthy children of different age groups using the tannic acid-Fe3+-method of Yatzidis [1977]. The daily protein excretion of premature infants in the first month of life varies between 14-60 mg, with a mean of 29 mg, and that of fullterm newborn infants between 15-68 mg, with a mean of 32 mg. Protein excretion increases with age and amounts to 29-238 mg (mean 83 mg) in 10-16 year old children. Thus, the urinary protein concentration during the neonatal period is high when compared to adult values. This explains the \"trace\" and \"positive\" reactions frequently obtained in this period of life with Albustix. In 92 urine samples proteins were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel discelectrophoresis. Hemoglobinuria was found during the first weeks of life and tubular type proteinuria was found in newborns and infants. The present data suggest that the proteinuria is due to ineffective proximal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight microproteins as a result of glomerulo-tubular imblance in early life.", "PMID": 509796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8449", "title": "Sustained intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Electrophysiologic study of 20 cases.", "content": "Twenty cases of sustained tachycardia due to intra-atrial reentry were investigated in patients aged 17 to 80 years (mean 47). The average frequency of the tachycardia was 128.6/min (extremes 95 and 180). Three modes of onset of the tachycardia were observed: atrial extra-stimulus (19 times), progressively accelerated atrial pacing (9 times) and atrial escape beat (10 times). The tachycardia was stopped in all cases by a premature stimulation. When spontaneous, the termination was either sudden (10 times) or preceded by a progressive slowing (9 times) or an alternating phenomenon of long-short cycle (13 times). Precise atrial mapping allowed to localize the first atrial depolarization less frequently in the sinus node area (1 case) than in the mean right atrium (21 cases), the low right atrium (2 cases), the interatrial septum (2 cases), and the left atrium (4 cases). The macroscopic size of the reentry circuit was demonstrated in only 3 cases. A junctional reentry was accurately ruled out in all cases thanks to the existence of a second or third-degree AV or VA black, or by studying the sequence of retrograde atrial activation. A true junctional reciprocating tachycardia was associated with the intra-atrial reentry in 2 cases.", "contents": "Sustained intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Electrophysiologic study of 20 cases. Twenty cases of sustained tachycardia due to intra-atrial reentry were investigated in patients aged 17 to 80 years (mean 47). The average frequency of the tachycardia was 128.6/min (extremes 95 and 180). Three modes of onset of the tachycardia were observed: atrial extra-stimulus (19 times), progressively accelerated atrial pacing (9 times) and atrial escape beat (10 times). The tachycardia was stopped in all cases by a premature stimulation. When spontaneous, the termination was either sudden (10 times) or preceded by a progressive slowing (9 times) or an alternating phenomenon of long-short cycle (13 times). Precise atrial mapping allowed to localize the first atrial depolarization less frequently in the sinus node area (1 case) than in the mean right atrium (21 cases), the low right atrium (2 cases), the interatrial septum (2 cases), and the left atrium (4 cases). The macroscopic size of the reentry circuit was demonstrated in only 3 cases. A junctional reentry was accurately ruled out in all cases thanks to the existence of a second or third-degree AV or VA black, or by studying the sequence of retrograde atrial activation. A true junctional reciprocating tachycardia was associated with the intra-atrial reentry in 2 cases.", "PMID": 509797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8450", "title": "The acute cardiac electrophysiological effects of intravenous sotalol hydrochloride.", "content": "The cardiac electrophysiological effects of sotalol were studied in ten patients (pts) aged 20--65 years undergoing intracardiac stimulation studies for palpitations (7 pts) or dizzy spells (3 pts). The following measurements were made: 1. basic sinus cycle length (SCL): 2. SINUS NODE RECOVERY TIME (SNRT) following overdrive pacing; 3. intra-atrial (PA), atrio-His (AH) and His-ventricular (HV) conduction intervals during regular atrial pacing; 4. effective refractory periods of the atria (AERP), AV node (AVERP) and ventricular myocardium (VERP). AV nodal functional refractoriness (AVFRP) was also determined. All measurements were repeated 10--15 min after i.v. administration of 0.4 mg/kg of sotalol. Results were analysed by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Significant increases in SCL (p less than 0.01), AH (p less than 0.01). SNRT (p less than 0.01), AVERP (p less than 0.02) and AVFRP (p less than 0.01) were observed. These effects are consistent with the beta-blocking action of sotalol. The acute increase in AERP (p less than 0.01) is, however, not a common property of other beta-blockers and may be related to the 'class III' cellular effect of sotalol. These results are discussed in relationship to the electrophysiological effects of other beta-blocking drugs.", "contents": "The acute cardiac electrophysiological effects of intravenous sotalol hydrochloride. The cardiac electrophysiological effects of sotalol were studied in ten patients (pts) aged 20--65 years undergoing intracardiac stimulation studies for palpitations (7 pts) or dizzy spells (3 pts). The following measurements were made: 1. basic sinus cycle length (SCL): 2. SINUS NODE RECOVERY TIME (SNRT) following overdrive pacing; 3. intra-atrial (PA), atrio-His (AH) and His-ventricular (HV) conduction intervals during regular atrial pacing; 4. effective refractory periods of the atria (AERP), AV node (AVERP) and ventricular myocardium (VERP). AV nodal functional refractoriness (AVFRP) was also determined. All measurements were repeated 10--15 min after i.v. administration of 0.4 mg/kg of sotalol. Results were analysed by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Significant increases in SCL (p less than 0.01), AH (p less than 0.01). SNRT (p less than 0.01), AVERP (p less than 0.02) and AVFRP (p less than 0.01) were observed. These effects are consistent with the beta-blocking action of sotalol. The acute increase in AERP (p less than 0.01) is, however, not a common property of other beta-blockers and may be related to the 'class III' cellular effect of sotalol. These results are discussed in relationship to the electrophysiological effects of other beta-blocking drugs.", "PMID": 509798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8451", "title": "Human electropharmacology of the calcium antagonist dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781) in coronary patients.", "content": "The electrophysiological effect of dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781), a Ca2+ antagonist, was evaluated in 20 patients with coronary heart disease. Electrophysiological measurements, including sinus cycle length, sinoatrial conduction time, intra-atrial conduction time, atrial, atrioventricular, nodal and ventricular refractory periods and intraventricular conduction time were recorded before and after the intravenous administration of Ro 11-1781. At a dose which is effective against cardiac arrhythmias, Ro 11-1781 produced no statistical significant changes in the sinoatrial and intraventricular conduction time. Similarly, neither the sinoatrial nor the ventricular refractory period was affected. Ro 11-1781, however, increased the atrioventricular conduction time and decreased the systolic blood pressure to a statistically significant extent. The tolerance was very good.", "contents": "Human electropharmacology of the calcium antagonist dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781) in coronary patients. The electrophysiological effect of dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781), a Ca2+ antagonist, was evaluated in 20 patients with coronary heart disease. Electrophysiological measurements, including sinus cycle length, sinoatrial conduction time, intra-atrial conduction time, atrial, atrioventricular, nodal and ventricular refractory periods and intraventricular conduction time were recorded before and after the intravenous administration of Ro 11-1781. At a dose which is effective against cardiac arrhythmias, Ro 11-1781 produced no statistical significant changes in the sinoatrial and intraventricular conduction time. Similarly, neither the sinoatrial nor the ventricular refractory period was affected. Ro 11-1781, however, increased the atrioventricular conduction time and decreased the systolic blood pressure to a statistically significant extent. The tolerance was very good.", "PMID": 509799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8452", "title": "The echocardiographic association of mitral valve prolapse and mitral anulus calcification.", "content": "Mitral anulus calcification (MAC) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP) are frequently diagnosed conditions. We studied two patients with mild or moderate mitral regurgitation who demonstrated both MAC and MVP on angiography and echocardiography. M-mode echocardiography is probably the definitive test for confirming the presence of MVP. Echocardiography is moderately sensitive in the diagnosis of cardiac calcification, such as MAC, but M-mode echocardiography may not detect the MAC in the majority of patients with both MVP and MAC demonstrated by angiography.", "contents": "The echocardiographic association of mitral valve prolapse and mitral anulus calcification. Mitral anulus calcification (MAC) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP) are frequently diagnosed conditions. We studied two patients with mild or moderate mitral regurgitation who demonstrated both MAC and MVP on angiography and echocardiography. M-mode echocardiography is probably the definitive test for confirming the presence of MVP. Echocardiography is moderately sensitive in the diagnosis of cardiac calcification, such as MAC, but M-mode echocardiography may not detect the MAC in the majority of patients with both MVP and MAC demonstrated by angiography.", "PMID": 509800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8453", "title": "Coronary artery spasm: its role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The role of coronary artery spasm in the production of myocardial ischemia has recently become the focus of increased attention. This phenomenon is now well established as a causative mechanism underlying the resting chest pain attacks in Prinzmetal's variant angina. There is also evidence that coronary spasm may play a more significant role in the broad spectrum of ischemic heart disease than can be documented by current techniques. The autonomous nervous system constitutes a major element in the pathophysiology of spasm. Coronary arteriography, in spite of important limitations, remains the only technique for final documentation of this phenomenon, but radionuclide scintigraphy appears to be promising. Nitroglycerin is effective for the relief of the acute attack, while long acting nitrates and the calcium antagonists: nifedipine, perhexiline and verapamil are useful in the prevention of recurrences.", "contents": "Coronary artery spasm: its role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. The role of coronary artery spasm in the production of myocardial ischemia has recently become the focus of increased attention. This phenomenon is now well established as a causative mechanism underlying the resting chest pain attacks in Prinzmetal's variant angina. There is also evidence that coronary spasm may play a more significant role in the broad spectrum of ischemic heart disease than can be documented by current techniques. The autonomous nervous system constitutes a major element in the pathophysiology of spasm. Coronary arteriography, in spite of important limitations, remains the only technique for final documentation of this phenomenon, but radionuclide scintigraphy appears to be promising. Nitroglycerin is effective for the relief of the acute attack, while long acting nitrates and the calcium antagonists: nifedipine, perhexiline and verapamil are useful in the prevention of recurrences.", "PMID": 509801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8454", "title": "Avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. Indications and results of delayed repair.", "content": "In a series of delayed repair in 8 instances of avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament, 6 were isolated avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament and 2 were associated with the fractures of the tibial condyle. Staple fixation was used exclusively. The detachment of the posterior horn of the meniscus was observed in 6 of 8 cases. Four cases, in which the surgery had been carried out within 7 weeks after the injuries, had excellent results. The other cases in which the surgery had been carried out more than 11 weeks after the injuries, had less than satisfactory results. Pain on motion or synovial effusion disappeared but residual anteroposterior instability remained. Repair of the avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament is recommended in cases of delayed or non-union with symptoms.", "contents": "Avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. Indications and results of delayed repair. In a series of delayed repair in 8 instances of avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament, 6 were isolated avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament and 2 were associated with the fractures of the tibial condyle. Staple fixation was used exclusively. The detachment of the posterior horn of the meniscus was observed in 6 of 8 cases. Four cases, in which the surgery had been carried out within 7 weeks after the injuries, had excellent results. The other cases in which the surgery had been carried out more than 11 weeks after the injuries, had less than satisfactory results. Pain on motion or synovial effusion disappeared but residual anteroposterior instability remained. Repair of the avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament is recommended in cases of delayed or non-union with symptoms.", "PMID": 509810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8455", "title": "Predictive range of motion after total knee replacement.", "content": "Evaluation of 145 consecutive total knee arthroplasties pre- and postoperatively revealed that regardless of the preoperative deformity (varus, valgus, and flexion contracture), normal alignment of the knee with full extension was obtainable. The amount of flexion to be achieved postoperatively may be determined by the amount of flexion the patient had preoperatively, especially if the degree of flexion was less than 75 degrees. The prosthesis design, sex, age and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis were found not to correlate with postoperative motion and stability. In the osteoarthric knee, however, statistical analyses at 6 and 12 months generally showed less postoperative than preoperative range of motion.", "contents": "Predictive range of motion after total knee replacement. Evaluation of 145 consecutive total knee arthroplasties pre- and postoperatively revealed that regardless of the preoperative deformity (varus, valgus, and flexion contracture), normal alignment of the knee with full extension was obtainable. The amount of flexion to be achieved postoperatively may be determined by the amount of flexion the patient had preoperatively, especially if the degree of flexion was less than 75 degrees. The prosthesis design, sex, age and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis were found not to correlate with postoperative motion and stability. In the osteoarthric knee, however, statistical analyses at 6 and 12 months generally showed less postoperative than preoperative range of motion.", "PMID": 509811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8456", "title": "Characteristic features of injuries in the knee in women.", "content": "There are anatomic and physiologic differences in the knee joints and supporting structures of males and females. These variations are most noticeable in the reduced muscle mass and increased mobility in women. Injuries to the knee in women differ from men because of these variations. Meniscal lesions are uncommon in women but sprains and strains occur more frequently. Internal derangements of the knee in women are often the result of their increased hypermobility. These include recurrent patellar subluxation and popliteal cysts. Meniscal tears in females are over-diagnosed and may result in unnecessary meniscectomies even in the hands of experienced orthopaedic surgeons. Arthrography and arthroscopy should increase diagnostic accuracy. Injuries in the knee in women may be reduced by better education as to the type of injury sustained, by better protection to the knee in supporting activities and by screening those women who might be more susceptible to injury.", "contents": "Characteristic features of injuries in the knee in women. There are anatomic and physiologic differences in the knee joints and supporting structures of males and females. These variations are most noticeable in the reduced muscle mass and increased mobility in women. Injuries to the knee in women differ from men because of these variations. Meniscal lesions are uncommon in women but sprains and strains occur more frequently. Internal derangements of the knee in women are often the result of their increased hypermobility. These include recurrent patellar subluxation and popliteal cysts. Meniscal tears in females are over-diagnosed and may result in unnecessary meniscectomies even in the hands of experienced orthopaedic surgeons. Arthrography and arthroscopy should increase diagnostic accuracy. Injuries in the knee in women may be reduced by better education as to the type of injury sustained, by better protection to the knee in supporting activities and by screening those women who might be more susceptible to injury.", "PMID": 509812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8457", "title": "Bone peg fixation in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint.", "content": "Seventeen patients between 15 and 26 years of age, were treated for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee by bone peg fixation. The fragment is attached with 2 or 3 matchstick-size bone graft taken from the proximal tibia. The average follow-up period was 3.2 years, union of the fragment occurred in all cases, and results were rated excellent or good in 16 of 17 patients. Preservation of the normal contour of the distal femur and stabilization of the osteochondral fragment was achieved. Stimulation of local blood supply by bone grafting may have promoted healing and a second procedure for removal of pins or screws was unnecessary.", "contents": "Bone peg fixation in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint. Seventeen patients between 15 and 26 years of age, were treated for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee by bone peg fixation. The fragment is attached with 2 or 3 matchstick-size bone graft taken from the proximal tibia. The average follow-up period was 3.2 years, union of the fragment occurred in all cases, and results were rated excellent or good in 16 of 17 patients. Preservation of the normal contour of the distal femur and stabilization of the osteochondral fragment was achieved. Stimulation of local blood supply by bone grafting may have promoted healing and a second procedure for removal of pins or screws was unnecessary.", "PMID": 509813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8458", "title": "Dorsal defect of the patella with cartilaginous involvement. A case report.", "content": "This is a report of a symptomatic cartilaginous defect associated with the dorsal patellar defect. Previously regarded as only an osseous curiosity, this defect can be associated with symptoms of pain after long periods of standing and exercise. Treatment by curettage of the area with debridement of the overlying fibrillated cartliage relieved the pain and produced radiographic evidence of healing of the osseous defect.", "contents": "Dorsal defect of the patella with cartilaginous involvement. A case report. This is a report of a symptomatic cartilaginous defect associated with the dorsal patellar defect. Previously regarded as only an osseous curiosity, this defect can be associated with symptoms of pain after long periods of standing and exercise. Treatment by curettage of the area with debridement of the overlying fibrillated cartliage relieved the pain and produced radiographic evidence of healing of the osseous defect.", "PMID": 509814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8459", "title": "Bilateral fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus in a patient with osteomalacia.", "content": "Bilateral fractures of the humeral surgical neck occurred in a 62-year-old woman, subsequently found to have osteomalacia secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis. Treatment was conservative with good result. After an extensive search of the literature, this is believed to be the first reported case of bilateral fractures of the surgical neck of the humeri without associated posterior dislocation. There has also been no previous report of fracture as the presenting symptom of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Bilateral fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus in a patient with osteomalacia. Bilateral fractures of the humeral surgical neck occurred in a 62-year-old woman, subsequently found to have osteomalacia secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis. Treatment was conservative with good result. After an extensive search of the literature, this is believed to be the first reported case of bilateral fractures of the surgical neck of the humeri without associated posterior dislocation. There has also been no previous report of fracture as the presenting symptom of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 509815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8460", "title": "Massive synovial cyst of the shoulder causing vascular compromise. A case report.", "content": "A 47-year-old paraplegic patient is described who developed a massive synovial cyst of the upper extremity. The cyst developed in combination with a tear of the rotator cuff and the long head of the biceps tendon and involved the fasica surrounding the long head of the biceps. The increased pressure in the cyst resulted in a compartment syndrome of a portion of the long head of the biceps muscle. A review of the literature revealed no similar case.", "contents": "Massive synovial cyst of the shoulder causing vascular compromise. A case report. A 47-year-old paraplegic patient is described who developed a massive synovial cyst of the upper extremity. The cyst developed in combination with a tear of the rotator cuff and the long head of the biceps tendon and involved the fasica surrounding the long head of the biceps. The increased pressure in the cyst resulted in a compartment syndrome of a portion of the long head of the biceps muscle. A review of the literature revealed no similar case.", "PMID": 509816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8461", "title": "Osseous deformity from osteomyelitis variolosa. A case report.", "content": "Smallpox osteomyelitis (osteomyelitis variolosa) with gross clinical and radiologic deformities of the elbows, hands and feet occurred in a 53-year-old Vietnamese refugee. This disease, once common in Asia and Africa, may cause permanent damage to joints and growth centers in the course of the acute infection in childhood. The roentgenographic features are sufficiently diagnostic to exclude congenital dysplasia of the skeletal system, leprosy, or sequelae of thermal injury, and other joint disorders.", "contents": "Osseous deformity from osteomyelitis variolosa. A case report. Smallpox osteomyelitis (osteomyelitis variolosa) with gross clinical and radiologic deformities of the elbows, hands and feet occurred in a 53-year-old Vietnamese refugee. This disease, once common in Asia and Africa, may cause permanent damage to joints and growth centers in the course of the acute infection in childhood. The roentgenographic features are sufficiently diagnostic to exclude congenital dysplasia of the skeletal system, leprosy, or sequelae of thermal injury, and other joint disorders.", "PMID": 509817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8462", "title": "The laterality of fractures and dislocations with respect to handedness.", "content": "The left/right frequency of fractures and dislocations with respect to handedness was investigated in 2,716 patients with isolated fractures or dislocations of the appendicular skeleton. For both left- and right-handed patients, upper limb fractures proximal to the wrist occurred more frequently on the left: fractures distal to the wrist, however, occurred more frequently on the patient's dominant side. No lateral tendencies were observed for lower limb injuries. A combination of endogenous and exogenous forces probably account for these findings. Awareness of these tendencies may lead to improved trauma management.", "contents": "The laterality of fractures and dislocations with respect to handedness. The left/right frequency of fractures and dislocations with respect to handedness was investigated in 2,716 patients with isolated fractures or dislocations of the appendicular skeleton. For both left- and right-handed patients, upper limb fractures proximal to the wrist occurred more frequently on the left: fractures distal to the wrist, however, occurred more frequently on the patient's dominant side. No lateral tendencies were observed for lower limb injuries. A combination of endogenous and exogenous forces probably account for these findings. Awareness of these tendencies may lead to improved trauma management.", "PMID": 509818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8463", "title": "Trigger thumb in successive generations of a family. A case report.", "content": "Although heredity has been previously suggested as a cause of congenital trigger thumb (stenosing tenovaginitis), no cases in succeeding generations have been reported. The occurrence of 2 cases in a father and son adds credence to a hereditary etiology.", "contents": "Trigger thumb in successive generations of a family. A case report. Although heredity has been previously suggested as a cause of congenital trigger thumb (stenosing tenovaginitis), no cases in succeeding generations have been reported. The occurrence of 2 cases in a father and son adds credence to a hereditary etiology.", "PMID": 509821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8464", "title": "Pathologic fractures of the hand in Paget's disease.", "content": "The radiologic features of Paget's disease of the bones of the hand are similar to involvement in other bones. Widening of the diameter of the bone and loss of cortical medullary distinction with a mottled coarsening of the trabecular pattern are the most characteristic features. In 2 cases reported here, there was a mixture of lysis and sclerosis with a preponderance of lysis. In the lytic phase the bone structure may be weakened and predisposed to pathologic fracture. Prior to the trauma that precipitated the fracture, both cases were asymptomatic. However, the occurrence of fractures in the involve bones led to the consideration of more ominous possibilities in a differential diagnosis. Recognition of the occurrence of Paget's disease in the bones of the hand or without superimposed pathologic fracture may prevent unnecessary surgical intervention.", "contents": "Pathologic fractures of the hand in Paget's disease. The radiologic features of Paget's disease of the bones of the hand are similar to involvement in other bones. Widening of the diameter of the bone and loss of cortical medullary distinction with a mottled coarsening of the trabecular pattern are the most characteristic features. In 2 cases reported here, there was a mixture of lysis and sclerosis with a preponderance of lysis. In the lytic phase the bone structure may be weakened and predisposed to pathologic fracture. Prior to the trauma that precipitated the fracture, both cases were asymptomatic. However, the occurrence of fractures in the involve bones led to the consideration of more ominous possibilities in a differential diagnosis. Recognition of the occurrence of Paget's disease in the bones of the hand or without superimposed pathologic fracture may prevent unnecessary surgical intervention.", "PMID": 509822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8465", "title": "The operative treatment of congenital scoliosis. A report of 23 patients.", "content": "Spinal fusion was performed in 23 patients with congenital scoliosis. Various procedures were used including posterior fusion and without instrumentation. No surgical procedure proved to be superior for obtaining correction regardless of the use of supplemental instrumentation. The use of Knodt or Harrington Instrumentation could not be correlated with a lower pseudoarthrosis rate, shorter postoperative immunobilization period, or a decrease in postoperative loss of correction. The morbidity associated with these surgical procedures was high (48%). Thoracic curves were more prone to lengthen or develop kyphoses postoperatively. A high incidence of varied congenital anomalies was found in association with congenital scoliosis. A through work-up including an intravenous pyelogram and myelogram is strongly recommended prior to the operative treatment of congenital scoliosis.", "contents": "The operative treatment of congenital scoliosis. A report of 23 patients. Spinal fusion was performed in 23 patients with congenital scoliosis. Various procedures were used including posterior fusion and without instrumentation. No surgical procedure proved to be superior for obtaining correction regardless of the use of supplemental instrumentation. The use of Knodt or Harrington Instrumentation could not be correlated with a lower pseudoarthrosis rate, shorter postoperative immunobilization period, or a decrease in postoperative loss of correction. The morbidity associated with these surgical procedures was high (48%). Thoracic curves were more prone to lengthen or develop kyphoses postoperatively. A high incidence of varied congenital anomalies was found in association with congenital scoliosis. A through work-up including an intravenous pyelogram and myelogram is strongly recommended prior to the operative treatment of congenital scoliosis.", "PMID": 509823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8466", "title": "Colchicine use in the damaged disk syndrome (DDS). Report of 50 patients.", "content": "Fifty patients with acute and chronic damaged disk syndromes responded (68% good or excellent results) to minimal colchicine usage (0.6 to 1.2 mg per day), indicating that more complicated measures may be avoided in many distressed patients who suffer from disk disease. The usefulness of colchicine is slightly better in the acute than in the chronic disk syndrome, but any disk-suffering patient deserves a therapeutic trial of this possibly valuable medicament, before progressing to more complex, invasive procedures.", "contents": "Colchicine use in the damaged disk syndrome (DDS). Report of 50 patients. Fifty patients with acute and chronic damaged disk syndromes responded (68% good or excellent results) to minimal colchicine usage (0.6 to 1.2 mg per day), indicating that more complicated measures may be avoided in many distressed patients who suffer from disk disease. The usefulness of colchicine is slightly better in the acute than in the chronic disk syndrome, but any disk-suffering patient deserves a therapeutic trial of this possibly valuable medicament, before progressing to more complex, invasive procedures.", "PMID": 509824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8467", "title": "Bilateral sacroilac dislocations in an adolescent. A case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a 15-year-old female who sustained bilateral closed sacroiliac dislocations. She was successfully treated with bilateral skeletal traction and manual closed reduction. The sacroiliac joints redislocated partially despite further traction. Reduction by traction and pelvic sling was then recovered and further displacement was prevented. She regained full range of motion of her hips. This is an uncommon injury produced only by severe trauma.", "contents": "Bilateral sacroilac dislocations in an adolescent. A case report. This is a case report of a 15-year-old female who sustained bilateral closed sacroiliac dislocations. She was successfully treated with bilateral skeletal traction and manual closed reduction. The sacroiliac joints redislocated partially despite further traction. Reduction by traction and pelvic sling was then recovered and further displacement was prevented. She regained full range of motion of her hips. This is an uncommon injury produced only by severe trauma.", "PMID": 509825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8468", "title": "Effect of tourniquet time on postoperative quadriceps function.", "content": "Postoperative weakness of quadriceps function following knee arthrotomy has often been attributed to pain inhibition or lack of motivation. However, the delayed recovery may be the result of a slowly resolving axonal compression syndrome caused by the pneumatic tourniquet. Forty-eight patients who underwent knee arthrotomy were evaluated including postoperative electromyographic testing and clinical follow-up. Thirty of these patients (62.5%) developed postoperative EMG changes. Abnormalities were noted in various muscle groups but most commonly involved the quadriceps alone or quadriceps and gastrocnemius. An effort was made in 20 patients to substantially decrease the duration of tourniquet compression by limiting tourniquet inflation to intracapsular portions of the procedures. Fewer EMG changes and more rapid clinical recovery were noted in patients with decreased tourniquet times, suggesting that it is beneficial to minimize the duration of tourniquet compression. In all patients who returned for serial testing, the EMG abnormalities eventually resolved.", "contents": "Effect of tourniquet time on postoperative quadriceps function. Postoperative weakness of quadriceps function following knee arthrotomy has often been attributed to pain inhibition or lack of motivation. However, the delayed recovery may be the result of a slowly resolving axonal compression syndrome caused by the pneumatic tourniquet. Forty-eight patients who underwent knee arthrotomy were evaluated including postoperative electromyographic testing and clinical follow-up. Thirty of these patients (62.5%) developed postoperative EMG changes. Abnormalities were noted in various muscle groups but most commonly involved the quadriceps alone or quadriceps and gastrocnemius. An effort was made in 20 patients to substantially decrease the duration of tourniquet compression by limiting tourniquet inflation to intracapsular portions of the procedures. Fewer EMG changes and more rapid clinical recovery were noted in patients with decreased tourniquet times, suggesting that it is beneficial to minimize the duration of tourniquet compression. In all patients who returned for serial testing, the EMG abnormalities eventually resolved.", "PMID": 509826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8469", "title": "The use of methylprednisolone and hypertonic glucose in the prophylaxis of fat embolism syndrome.", "content": "In a prospective randomized trial of prophylactic therapy in fat embolism syndrome (FES) 64 patients with femoral and/or tibial shaft fractures uncomplicated by other significant injuries were treated with hypertonic glucose (A), methylprednisolone (B), and placebo (C). Clinical findings and several laboratory parameters were used to establish the diagnosis. Two of the 23 patients in the placebo group (C), 3 of the 21 patients in the hypertonic dextrose (A) group and none of the 20 patients in the methylprednisolone (B) group developed clinical fat embolism syndrome. All patients with fat embolism syndrome were hypoxemic (pO2 less than 65 mm Hg) and exhibited central nervous system symptoms. Four out of 5 were hypocalcemic and 3 patients had thrombocytopenia. There was a high incidence of subclinical hypoxemia or subclinical fat embolism syndrome (29% in A Group, 15% in B Group and 39% in C Group). A comparison between groups of the mean pO2 for each patient demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the methylprednisolone group and the control group (p less than 0.025) as was the comparison of proportions of pO2 less than 70 mm Hg (methylprednisolone versus control p less than 0.01, glucose versus control p less than 0.03). Methylprednisolone given prophylactically may reduce the incidence of fat embolism syndrome and can reduce the degree of hypoxemia associated with long bone fractures of the lower extremmity.", "contents": "The use of methylprednisolone and hypertonic glucose in the prophylaxis of fat embolism syndrome. In a prospective randomized trial of prophylactic therapy in fat embolism syndrome (FES) 64 patients with femoral and/or tibial shaft fractures uncomplicated by other significant injuries were treated with hypertonic glucose (A), methylprednisolone (B), and placebo (C). Clinical findings and several laboratory parameters were used to establish the diagnosis. Two of the 23 patients in the placebo group (C), 3 of the 21 patients in the hypertonic dextrose (A) group and none of the 20 patients in the methylprednisolone (B) group developed clinical fat embolism syndrome. All patients with fat embolism syndrome were hypoxemic (pO2 less than 65 mm Hg) and exhibited central nervous system symptoms. Four out of 5 were hypocalcemic and 3 patients had thrombocytopenia. There was a high incidence of subclinical hypoxemia or subclinical fat embolism syndrome (29% in A Group, 15% in B Group and 39% in C Group). A comparison between groups of the mean pO2 for each patient demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the methylprednisolone group and the control group (p less than 0.025) as was the comparison of proportions of pO2 less than 70 mm Hg (methylprednisolone versus control p less than 0.01, glucose versus control p less than 0.03). Methylprednisolone given prophylactically may reduce the incidence of fat embolism syndrome and can reduce the degree of hypoxemia associated with long bone fractures of the lower extremmity.", "PMID": 509829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8470", "title": "Incidence and pathogenesis of alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Anteroposterior pelvic roentgenograms of 790 patients admitted for treatment of alcoholism were examined for evidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Laboratory data on these patients, obtained shortly after admission, demonstrated that average serum cholesterol levels were within normal limits and average serum triglyceride levels were moderately elevated only in those individuals classified as having a severe addition to alcohol. Non-juxta-articular radiographic abnormalities of the femoral head, neck and shaft were common but no changes were observed which were considered to be early indications of structural insufficiency. Two patients had advanced idiopathic bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head. One of these patients had undergone one total hip replacement prior to his current admission. This study indicates that there is a very low incidence of osteonecrosis among alcoholics (less than 0.3%). However, alcoholism may lead to osteonecrosis in certain predisposed individuals. A combination of several factors such as systemic fat embolism, elevated circulating levels of inflammatory fatty acids or prostaglandins, and osteoporosis and Charcot-like effects, which are also associated with corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis, seem to be involved and may contribute, as well, to other instances of femoral head osteonecrosis.", "contents": "Incidence and pathogenesis of alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Anteroposterior pelvic roentgenograms of 790 patients admitted for treatment of alcoholism were examined for evidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Laboratory data on these patients, obtained shortly after admission, demonstrated that average serum cholesterol levels were within normal limits and average serum triglyceride levels were moderately elevated only in those individuals classified as having a severe addition to alcohol. Non-juxta-articular radiographic abnormalities of the femoral head, neck and shaft were common but no changes were observed which were considered to be early indications of structural insufficiency. Two patients had advanced idiopathic bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head. One of these patients had undergone one total hip replacement prior to his current admission. This study indicates that there is a very low incidence of osteonecrosis among alcoholics (less than 0.3%). However, alcoholism may lead to osteonecrosis in certain predisposed individuals. A combination of several factors such as systemic fat embolism, elevated circulating levels of inflammatory fatty acids or prostaglandins, and osteoporosis and Charcot-like effects, which are also associated with corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis, seem to be involved and may contribute, as well, to other instances of femoral head osteonecrosis.", "PMID": 509830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8471", "title": "Lipid composition of the tissues of human knee joints. I. Observations in normal joints (articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, synovial fluid, synovium, intra-articular fat pad and bone marrow).", "content": "The composition and lipid profiles of the following tissues of the human knee joint were determined: articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, synovial fluid, synovium, intra-articular fat pad and bone marrow. The tissues were obtained from fresh cadavers and from surgical specimens. The lipid profiles of articular cartilage, meniscus and ligaments were similar to reported analyses of other tissues that are also rich in collagen. The lipid profiles for the remaining tissues were more like the profiles found in the fat depots and fatty tissues of the human body. Both the phospholipid and fatty acid patterns of these tissues were similar within statistical deviation. These results suggest that the per cent compositions of fatty acids and the phospholipid family profile ratios have limited range variability in the \"normal\" tissues of the human knee. On the other hand, the per cent neutral lipid compositions and their individual profiles showed great variations among the different tissue tissues of the knee.", "contents": "Lipid composition of the tissues of human knee joints. I. Observations in normal joints (articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, synovial fluid, synovium, intra-articular fat pad and bone marrow). The composition and lipid profiles of the following tissues of the human knee joint were determined: articular cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, synovial fluid, synovium, intra-articular fat pad and bone marrow. The tissues were obtained from fresh cadavers and from surgical specimens. The lipid profiles of articular cartilage, meniscus and ligaments were similar to reported analyses of other tissues that are also rich in collagen. The lipid profiles for the remaining tissues were more like the profiles found in the fat depots and fatty tissues of the human body. Both the phospholipid and fatty acid patterns of these tissues were similar within statistical deviation. These results suggest that the per cent compositions of fatty acids and the phospholipid family profile ratios have limited range variability in the \"normal\" tissues of the human knee. On the other hand, the per cent neutral lipid compositions and their individual profiles showed great variations among the different tissue tissues of the knee.", "PMID": 509831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8472", "title": "Silver polymethyl methacrylate antibacterial bone cement.", "content": "An improved antibacterial bone cement was sought based on the addition of low concentrations of inorganic silver compounds to polymethyl methacrylate. Composites with AgCl, Ag-AgCl, Ag2O, Ag2SO4 and Ag3PO4 in concentrations of 0.05% to 1% by weight, were tested in vitro against bacterial cultures. All were effective, but Ag2SO4 was especially so, even after 7 weeks of incubation in normal saline. Compressive strength of the cement was not affected by these additions, except in the case of Ag2O. Biocompabibility tests in rabbit muscle for up to 12 weeks showed no significant difference between the Ag -PMM and plain PMM in tissue reactivity, both being minimal. These features, coupled with the broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and low allergic potential of silver, make Ag-PMM an attractive alternative to conventional organic antibiotic/bone cement composites.", "contents": "Silver polymethyl methacrylate antibacterial bone cement. An improved antibacterial bone cement was sought based on the addition of low concentrations of inorganic silver compounds to polymethyl methacrylate. Composites with AgCl, Ag-AgCl, Ag2O, Ag2SO4 and Ag3PO4 in concentrations of 0.05% to 1% by weight, were tested in vitro against bacterial cultures. All were effective, but Ag2SO4 was especially so, even after 7 weeks of incubation in normal saline. Compressive strength of the cement was not affected by these additions, except in the case of Ag2O. Biocompabibility tests in rabbit muscle for up to 12 weeks showed no significant difference between the Ag -PMM and plain PMM in tissue reactivity, both being minimal. These features, coupled with the broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and low allergic potential of silver, make Ag-PMM an attractive alternative to conventional organic antibiotic/bone cement composites.", "PMID": 509832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8473", "title": "Optimal orientation of transfixation screws across oblique fractures lines.", "content": "Torisonal, compression, and bending forces were applied to long oblique fractures of rabbit tibiae that were fixed with 2 screws in different positions. Torison, bending and compression tests were applied to the tibiae. Results for torsional load show that screws should be perpendicular to the fracture plane. For compressive load, screws should be fixed perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. When bending moments are applied in the same plane as the plane of the screws, there is no preferred position of the screws across the fracture. When bending moments are applied perpendicular to the plane of the screws, screws should be positioned perpendicular to the fracture plane.", "contents": "Optimal orientation of transfixation screws across oblique fractures lines. Torisonal, compression, and bending forces were applied to long oblique fractures of rabbit tibiae that were fixed with 2 screws in different positions. Torison, bending and compression tests were applied to the tibiae. Results for torsional load show that screws should be perpendicular to the fracture plane. For compressive load, screws should be fixed perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. When bending moments are applied in the same plane as the plane of the screws, there is no preferred position of the screws across the fracture. When bending moments are applied perpendicular to the plane of the screws, screws should be positioned perpendicular to the fracture plane.", "PMID": 509833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8474", "title": "Articular pathology of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "The essential articular pathology of AS may be said to reflect the occurrence, severity, and overall bias of (a) synovitis which tends to produce articular erosion, and (b) an inflammatory enthesopathy which results in capsular ossification in diarthrodial joints and syndesmophyte formation in cartilaginous joints, both of which are primarily responsible for bony ankylosis. Nonspecific secondary mechanisms contribute to the final picture. These include enchondral ossification, which produces synostosis, osteoporosis and altered stress distribution which make the axial skeleton susceptible to trivial trauma, the destructive effects of which are sometimes described as spondylodiskitis.", "contents": "Articular pathology of ankylosing spondylitis. The essential articular pathology of AS may be said to reflect the occurrence, severity, and overall bias of (a) synovitis which tends to produce articular erosion, and (b) an inflammatory enthesopathy which results in capsular ossification in diarthrodial joints and syndesmophyte formation in cartilaginous joints, both of which are primarily responsible for bony ankylosis. Nonspecific secondary mechanisms contribute to the final picture. These include enchondral ossification, which produces synostosis, osteoporosis and altered stress distribution which make the axial skeleton susceptible to trivial trauma, the destructive effects of which are sometimes described as spondylodiskitis.", "PMID": 509834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8475", "title": "Radiology of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.", "content": "Radiographic manifestations of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies superficially resemble the findings of rheumatoid arthritis although they differ in both distribution and pattern of disease. Ankylosing spondylitis has a predilection for the axial skeleton; psoriatic arthritis may involve distal interphalangeal joints; and Reiter's syndrome is most commonly associated with asymmetrical lower extremity alterations. The absence of osteoporosis and the presence of bony proliferation are also noted in these disorders. Sacroiliitis and spondylitis, which can be observed in any of these disease, may have distinctive features. In ankylosing spondylitis, bilateral saroiliac joint alterations and typical syndesmophytes are common; in Reiter's syndrome and psoriasis, asymmetrical saroiliac joint changes and bulky spinal outgrowths may be observed. The physician should be aware of typical roentgen findings in each of the spondyloarthropathies.", "contents": "Radiology of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Radiographic manifestations of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies superficially resemble the findings of rheumatoid arthritis although they differ in both distribution and pattern of disease. Ankylosing spondylitis has a predilection for the axial skeleton; psoriatic arthritis may involve distal interphalangeal joints; and Reiter's syndrome is most commonly associated with asymmetrical lower extremity alterations. The absence of osteoporosis and the presence of bony proliferation are also noted in these disorders. Sacroiliitis and spondylitis, which can be observed in any of these disease, may have distinctive features. In ankylosing spondylitis, bilateral saroiliac joint alterations and typical syndesmophytes are common; in Reiter's syndrome and psoriasis, asymmetrical saroiliac joint changes and bulky spinal outgrowths may be observed. The physician should be aware of typical roentgen findings in each of the spondyloarthropathies.", "PMID": 509835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8476", "title": "Radionuclide joint imaging in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies.", "content": "Radionuclide joint imaging (RJI) of the peripheral and axial skeleton is a recent advance in the detection of early articular inflammation and has proven useful in establishing the extent and pattern of this involvement. The bone-seeking agents--the radiophosphates--are the radiopharmaceuticals presently favored for RJI in adults. They are more sensitive than the clinical examination in detecting inflammatory joint disease in all peripheral joints with the exception of the shoulders, elbows and knees. Radiophosphate may also be used to evaluate the axial skeletion for inflammatory involvement. The sacroiliac joints may be evaluated by a new technique, quantitative saroiliac scintigraphy (QSS). Studies to date have demonstrated that QSS is most sensitive in early sacroiliitis, a time when conventional radiography is normal or shows equivocal abnormalities. While extremely sensitive as a screening procedure for inflammatory articular disease, RJI is nonspecific diagnostically. Radiophosphate uptake by bone occurs in metabolic bone disease, osteoarthritis, trauma and juxta-articular bony abnormalities such as osteomyelitis and bone infraction. The results obtained by radionuclide joint imaging must be supplemented by the clinical findings and conventional investigations to establish a specific diagnosis.", "contents": "Radionuclide joint imaging in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Radionuclide joint imaging (RJI) of the peripheral and axial skeleton is a recent advance in the detection of early articular inflammation and has proven useful in establishing the extent and pattern of this involvement. The bone-seeking agents--the radiophosphates--are the radiopharmaceuticals presently favored for RJI in adults. They are more sensitive than the clinical examination in detecting inflammatory joint disease in all peripheral joints with the exception of the shoulders, elbows and knees. Radiophosphate may also be used to evaluate the axial skeletion for inflammatory involvement. The sacroiliac joints may be evaluated by a new technique, quantitative saroiliac scintigraphy (QSS). Studies to date have demonstrated that QSS is most sensitive in early sacroiliitis, a time when conventional radiography is normal or shows equivocal abnormalities. While extremely sensitive as a screening procedure for inflammatory articular disease, RJI is nonspecific diagnostically. Radiophosphate uptake by bone occurs in metabolic bone disease, osteoarthritis, trauma and juxta-articular bony abnormalities such as osteomyelitis and bone infraction. The results obtained by radionuclide joint imaging must be supplemented by the clinical findings and conventional investigations to establish a specific diagnosis.", "PMID": 509836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8477", "title": "The clinical spectrum of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Ankylosing spondylitis is more common in young men than in young women and is insidious in onset. Typically, patients complain of pain and stiffness around the sacroiliac region. At the disease progresses, pain is often felt in the mid-lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions resulting in a significant reduction in the range of motion of the entire spine. About one fourth of the patients display involvement of proximal synovial joints. Acute anterior uveitis may precede AS or can occur when the disease is otherwise in apparent remission. Each patient with established disease should be carefully evaluated for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurologic complications. Early detection of AS is important, since proper management may well prevent the severe fixed deformities of the spine and root joints that is liable to occur in these patients.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis is more common in young men than in young women and is insidious in onset. Typically, patients complain of pain and stiffness around the sacroiliac region. At the disease progresses, pain is often felt in the mid-lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions resulting in a significant reduction in the range of motion of the entire spine. About one fourth of the patients display involvement of proximal synovial joints. Acute anterior uveitis may precede AS or can occur when the disease is otherwise in apparent remission. Each patient with established disease should be carefully evaluated for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurologic complications. Early detection of AS is important, since proper management may well prevent the severe fixed deformities of the spine and root joints that is liable to occur in these patients.", "PMID": 509837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8478", "title": "The clinical spectrum of psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic and serologic evidence suggests that psoriatic arthritis is a specific entity and not the coincidental occurrence of 2 common diseases, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis may be defined as psoriasis associated with inflammatory arthritis (peripheral arthritis or spondylitis or both) and usually a negative serologic test for rheumatoid factor. Clinical characteristics of the disease include: almost equal distribution between males and females; peripheral arthritis involving only a few small joints in asymmetical fashion; involvement of distal interphalangeal joints; sausage digits; arthritis mutilans; ankylosing spondylitis; goutlike onset; and higher frequency of nail involvement than occurs in uncomplicated psoriasis. The rash may present with arthritis, or, equally, may precede or succeed joint involvement. With regard to pain and disability, the prognosis in psoriatic arthritis is better than in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of psoriatic arthritis. Epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic and serologic evidence suggests that psoriatic arthritis is a specific entity and not the coincidental occurrence of 2 common diseases, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis may be defined as psoriasis associated with inflammatory arthritis (peripheral arthritis or spondylitis or both) and usually a negative serologic test for rheumatoid factor. Clinical characteristics of the disease include: almost equal distribution between males and females; peripheral arthritis involving only a few small joints in asymmetical fashion; involvement of distal interphalangeal joints; sausage digits; arthritis mutilans; ankylosing spondylitis; goutlike onset; and higher frequency of nail involvement than occurs in uncomplicated psoriasis. The rash may present with arthritis, or, equally, may precede or succeed joint involvement. With regard to pain and disability, the prognosis in psoriatic arthritis is better than in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 509838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8479", "title": "The seronegative spondyloarthropathies of childhood.", "content": "Most chronic arthritis in childhood is seronegative. Within \"JRA\" several distinct subgroups exist: one of these (pauciarticular disease type II) affects predominantly boys more than 8 years of age. It is clearly associated with sacroiliitis, HLA-B27, family history of spondyloarthropathy, and subsequent ankylosing spondylitis in an as yet underfined percentage of patients. This type of disease is probably classified appropriately with the spondyloarthropathies, although patients often may fulfill diagnostic criteria for \"JRA\" in the first years of their disease, and accounts for about 15% of \"JRA.\" The other JRA subgroups do not appear to have features of seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis exist in children, but appear to be rare. The arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease in childhood resembles that in adulthood. The recognition of spondyloarthropathy in children, particularly the sizable group of patients with \"JRA\" pauciarticular disease type II, is of practical importance to permit proper therapy, follow-up and prevention of deformity.", "contents": "The seronegative spondyloarthropathies of childhood. Most chronic arthritis in childhood is seronegative. Within \"JRA\" several distinct subgroups exist: one of these (pauciarticular disease type II) affects predominantly boys more than 8 years of age. It is clearly associated with sacroiliitis, HLA-B27, family history of spondyloarthropathy, and subsequent ankylosing spondylitis in an as yet underfined percentage of patients. This type of disease is probably classified appropriately with the spondyloarthropathies, although patients often may fulfill diagnostic criteria for \"JRA\" in the first years of their disease, and accounts for about 15% of \"JRA.\" The other JRA subgroups do not appear to have features of seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis exist in children, but appear to be rare. The arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease in childhood resembles that in adulthood. The recognition of spondyloarthropathy in children, particularly the sizable group of patients with \"JRA\" pauciarticular disease type II, is of practical importance to permit proper therapy, follow-up and prevention of deformity.", "PMID": 509839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8480", "title": "A unifying concept for the spondyloarthropathies.", "content": "A group of diseases--ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, juvenile chronic arthritis (Still's disease), Whipple's disease, and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, which previously were thought to be variants of rheumatoid arthritis, now appear to be distinct from that disease but linked together in a group termed \"seronegative spondyloarthropathies.\" Detailed studies have been made of the clinical, radiologic, and serologic features of these individual diseases. Extensive family studies have been done epidemiologically and through examining pedigrees. These have demonstrated clinical interrelations and familial aggregation. Ankylosing spondylitis is a feature of all the groups. Studies in which B27 was found more frequently in each of these groups confirm the interrelation and suggest a genetic predisposition with a gene related to B27. There is other evidence for environmental factors such as infection in certain of the diseases. The findings have important implications in the management of the disorders.", "contents": "A unifying concept for the spondyloarthropathies. A group of diseases--ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, juvenile chronic arthritis (Still's disease), Whipple's disease, and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, which previously were thought to be variants of rheumatoid arthritis, now appear to be distinct from that disease but linked together in a group termed \"seronegative spondyloarthropathies.\" Detailed studies have been made of the clinical, radiologic, and serologic features of these individual diseases. Extensive family studies have been done epidemiologically and through examining pedigrees. These have demonstrated clinical interrelations and familial aggregation. Ankylosing spondylitis is a feature of all the groups. Studies in which B27 was found more frequently in each of these groups confirm the interrelation and suggest a genetic predisposition with a gene related to B27. There is other evidence for environmental factors such as infection in certain of the diseases. The findings have important implications in the management of the disorders.", "PMID": 509840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8481", "title": "Cruciate ligament stents in reconstruction of the unstable knee. A preliminary report.", "content": "Cruciate ligament stents have been developed to severe as internal splints which provide excellent temporary stability while allowing full range of motion of the knee during postreconstruction rehabilitation. Forty-three patients with disabling chronic knee instability were treated at one center using similar reconstruction techniques with either the anterior or posterior cruciate stent. When both cruciate ligaments were absent, only the posterior was used. All stents are intended only as temporary internal splints and all patients were advised that the structures were expected to break eventually. Followup of 15 patients with anterior cruciate stents revealed only 50% satisfactory overall results. Overall results were satisfactory in 80% of 20 patients with posterior cruciate stents. Longer implant survival is needed, and this must be accomplished by building more flexibility into the stent core and by improving surgical technique with more precise instrumentation.", "contents": "Cruciate ligament stents in reconstruction of the unstable knee. A preliminary report. Cruciate ligament stents have been developed to severe as internal splints which provide excellent temporary stability while allowing full range of motion of the knee during postreconstruction rehabilitation. Forty-three patients with disabling chronic knee instability were treated at one center using similar reconstruction techniques with either the anterior or posterior cruciate stent. When both cruciate ligaments were absent, only the posterior was used. All stents are intended only as temporary internal splints and all patients were advised that the structures were expected to break eventually. Followup of 15 patients with anterior cruciate stents revealed only 50% satisfactory overall results. Overall results were satisfactory in 80% of 20 patients with posterior cruciate stents. Longer implant survival is needed, and this must be accomplished by building more flexibility into the stent core and by improving surgical technique with more precise instrumentation.", "PMID": 509841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8482", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of peritoneo-venous shunt patency.", "content": "LeVeen shunt patency can be easily assessed by sequential scintigraphy with a gamma camera after an intraperitoneal injection of Tc-99m-macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m-MAA). If the shunt is patent, the particles of MAA reach the pulmonary capillary bed and the lungs are visualized. The activity in the lungs is easily discerned without any interference from radioactivity in the peritoneal cavity. The study is semiquantitative since the intensity of lung activity is directly proportional to the shunt patency and flow rate across shunt tubing.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of peritoneo-venous shunt patency. LeVeen shunt patency can be easily assessed by sequential scintigraphy with a gamma camera after an intraperitoneal injection of Tc-99m-macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m-MAA). If the shunt is patent, the particles of MAA reach the pulmonary capillary bed and the lungs are visualized. The activity in the lungs is easily discerned without any interference from radioactivity in the peritoneal cavity. The study is semiquantitative since the intensity of lung activity is directly proportional to the shunt patency and flow rate across shunt tubing.", "PMID": 509842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8483", "title": "Scintiphotographic evaluation of LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunt patency using intraperitoneal Tc-99m-MAA.", "content": "A simple method is described for assessing the patency of LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunts. Following the intraperitoneal injection of 5 mCi of Tc-99m-MAA pulmonary radioactivity is monitored using a gamma scintillation camera. Lung visualization indicates shunt patency, while lack of lung uptake implies shunt obstruction.", "contents": "Scintiphotographic evaluation of LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunt patency using intraperitoneal Tc-99m-MAA. A simple method is described for assessing the patency of LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunts. Following the intraperitoneal injection of 5 mCi of Tc-99m-MAA pulmonary radioactivity is monitored using a gamma scintillation camera. Lung visualization indicates shunt patency, while lack of lung uptake implies shunt obstruction.", "PMID": 509843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8484", "title": "Radionuclide pulmonary arteriography.", "content": "Radionuclide pulmonary arteriography offers a unique method for visualizing the main pulmonary artery and its major branches. Since the radioactive particles that are injected intravenously become lodged in the pulmonary capillaries and pre-capillary arterioles, there is no interference from the systemic circulation. Normally, the main pulmonary artery is visualized for no longer than 4 or 6 seconds; prolongation of the duration of visualization may be indicative of, for example, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism. The patency of the left and right pulmonary arteries may be determined and sites of occlusion identified.", "contents": "Radionuclide pulmonary arteriography. Radionuclide pulmonary arteriography offers a unique method for visualizing the main pulmonary artery and its major branches. Since the radioactive particles that are injected intravenously become lodged in the pulmonary capillaries and pre-capillary arterioles, there is no interference from the systemic circulation. Normally, the main pulmonary artery is visualized for no longer than 4 or 6 seconds; prolongation of the duration of visualization may be indicative of, for example, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism. The patency of the left and right pulmonary arteries may be determined and sites of occlusion identified.", "PMID": 509844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8485", "title": "Gallium scan: clue to diagnosis of starch peritonitis.", "content": "A patient with starch peritonitis was given a gallium scan which showed diffuse uptake in the abdomen and intense uptake in a noninfected incision six weeks after surgery. The accumulation of gallium in a noninfected surgical incision later than one week after surgery, accompanied by diffuse abdominal uptake, may indicate the presence of starch peritonitis.", "contents": "Gallium scan: clue to diagnosis of starch peritonitis. A patient with starch peritonitis was given a gallium scan which showed diffuse uptake in the abdomen and intense uptake in a noninfected incision six weeks after surgery. The accumulation of gallium in a noninfected surgical incision later than one week after surgery, accompanied by diffuse abdominal uptake, may indicate the presence of starch peritonitis.", "PMID": 509845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8486", "title": "Unusual Tc-99m and I-123 images in metastatic thyroid adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A patient with metastatic thyroid carcinoma showed discordance of I-123 and Tc-99m imaging results. In addition, despite close histologic similarities, the metastatic lesions differed considerably in their ability to trap Tc-99m.", "contents": "Unusual Tc-99m and I-123 images in metastatic thyroid adenocarcinoma. A patient with metastatic thyroid carcinoma showed discordance of I-123 and Tc-99m imaging results. In addition, despite close histologic similarities, the metastatic lesions differed considerably in their ability to trap Tc-99m.", "PMID": 509846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8487", "title": "An evaluation of the 24-hour RAIU test performed with an Anger camera and a pinhole collimator.", "content": "RAIU measurements obtained with a conventional thyroid uptake probe have been compared with those obtained with an Anger camera and a pinhole collimator. Although the field distribution for the pinhole collimator deviates markedly from the IAEA recommendations, the group data from the comparative measurements in this series were identical, with a confidence level of 99%. However, in several cases the data from differing measurement regimes for individuals varied markedly.", "contents": "An evaluation of the 24-hour RAIU test performed with an Anger camera and a pinhole collimator. RAIU measurements obtained with a conventional thyroid uptake probe have been compared with those obtained with an Anger camera and a pinhole collimator. Although the field distribution for the pinhole collimator deviates markedly from the IAEA recommendations, the group data from the comparative measurements in this series were identical, with a confidence level of 99%. However, in several cases the data from differing measurement regimes for individuals varied markedly.", "PMID": 509847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8488", "title": "Displacement of the abdominal aorta by a pseudocyst of the pancreas.", "content": "Cystic lesions are generally thought not to displace the abdominal aorta. A case involving a large cystic mass near the pancreas which was proven to be a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented, with a dynamic nuclear angiogram and a CT scan of the abdomen showing displacement of the aorta.", "contents": "Displacement of the abdominal aorta by a pseudocyst of the pancreas. Cystic lesions are generally thought not to displace the abdominal aorta. A case involving a large cystic mass near the pancreas which was proven to be a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented, with a dynamic nuclear angiogram and a CT scan of the abdomen showing displacement of the aorta.", "PMID": 509848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8489", "title": "Chronic middle ear disease and auditory perceptual deficits: is there a link?", "content": "Data are presented indicating a correlation between chronic recurrent otitis media of early childhood and in increased likelihood of subsequent auditory processing deficits in a group of children referred for evaluation of impaired learning. Helpful appendices are added for a better understanding a central auditory processing skills.", "contents": "Chronic middle ear disease and auditory perceptual deficits: is there a link? Data are presented indicating a correlation between chronic recurrent otitis media of early childhood and in increased likelihood of subsequent auditory processing deficits in a group of children referred for evaluation of impaired learning. Helpful appendices are added for a better understanding a central auditory processing skills.", "PMID": 509854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8490", "title": "Auditory brain-stem response audiometry in children.", "content": "Auditory Brain-stem Response (ABR) Audiometry, also called Brain-stem Evoked Response Audiometry, is an effective procedure for assessing the hearing of children who cannot or will not perform satisfactorily on behavioral audiometric tests. Although ABR audiometry has limitations, it does permit an estimate of hearing status in nearly all children regardless of their age or developmental level.", "contents": "Auditory brain-stem response audiometry in children. Auditory Brain-stem Response (ABR) Audiometry, also called Brain-stem Evoked Response Audiometry, is an effective procedure for assessing the hearing of children who cannot or will not perform satisfactorily on behavioral audiometric tests. Although ABR audiometry has limitations, it does permit an estimate of hearing status in nearly all children regardless of their age or developmental level.", "PMID": 509855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8491", "title": "EEG abnormalities in diabetic children: influence of hypoglycemia and vascular complications.", "content": "The effect of diabetic control upon EEG has seldom been studied. In the present investigation, a significant positive correlation between EEG abnormalities and degree of diabetic control was found, but no definite increase was noted in relation to the duration of diabetes. Eighty per cent of our patients having more than 5 severe hypoglycemic attacks showed evidence of abnormal EEG, suggesting that hypoglycemic coma or convulsions are closely related to EEG abnormalities (minor hypoglycemic episodes had no effect on the EEG). With the sensitive technique of fluorescein angiography, we demonstrated a clear correlation between incipient retinal angiopathy and EEG abnormalities. The factors that most positively relate to pathologic electrocerebral (EEG) activity in diabetic children are frequent and severe hypoglycemic attacks, comas and/or convulsions, and vascular changes in the retina.", "contents": "EEG abnormalities in diabetic children: influence of hypoglycemia and vascular complications. The effect of diabetic control upon EEG has seldom been studied. In the present investigation, a significant positive correlation between EEG abnormalities and degree of diabetic control was found, but no definite increase was noted in relation to the duration of diabetes. Eighty per cent of our patients having more than 5 severe hypoglycemic attacks showed evidence of abnormal EEG, suggesting that hypoglycemic coma or convulsions are closely related to EEG abnormalities (minor hypoglycemic episodes had no effect on the EEG). With the sensitive technique of fluorescein angiography, we demonstrated a clear correlation between incipient retinal angiopathy and EEG abnormalities. The factors that most positively relate to pathologic electrocerebral (EEG) activity in diabetic children are frequent and severe hypoglycemic attacks, comas and/or convulsions, and vascular changes in the retina.", "PMID": 509856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8492", "title": "Haemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity: is it warranted?", "content": "Several recent publications have encouraged the use of hemoperfusion to remove digoxin from the body of overdosed patients. The usefulness of haemoperfusion in removing digoxin from the body has therefore been examined using pharmacokinetic simulation techniques and published data. Haemoperfusion for a period of 4 hours with a clearance of 100 ml/min removes less than 7% of the amount of digoxin in the body (including that in the gastrointestinal tract at the beginning of haemoperfusion), regardless of the time after the dose that haemoperfusion is started. Dramatic therapeutic benefit in digoxin intoxication is unlikely to be a consequence of the amount of digoxin removed from the body by haemoperfusion. If therapeutic benefit is derived from a transient decline of digoxin concentration in plasma, it may be expected to be negated as the drug redistributes from tissues.", "contents": "Haemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity: is it warranted? Several recent publications have encouraged the use of hemoperfusion to remove digoxin from the body of overdosed patients. The usefulness of haemoperfusion in removing digoxin from the body has therefore been examined using pharmacokinetic simulation techniques and published data. Haemoperfusion for a period of 4 hours with a clearance of 100 ml/min removes less than 7% of the amount of digoxin in the body (including that in the gastrointestinal tract at the beginning of haemoperfusion), regardless of the time after the dose that haemoperfusion is started. Dramatic therapeutic benefit in digoxin intoxication is unlikely to be a consequence of the amount of digoxin removed from the body by haemoperfusion. If therapeutic benefit is derived from a transient decline of digoxin concentration in plasma, it may be expected to be negated as the drug redistributes from tissues.", "PMID": 509853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8493", "title": "Observations on vesico-ureteric reflux and intrarenal reflux: a review and survey of material.", "content": "Objectives of this study were to evaluate some of the factors influencing vesico-ureteric reflux and intrarenal reflux. Reflux occurs in about one-third to a half of Caucasian children with urinary tract infection and although not greatly influenced by examination technique or sex it is affected by age, diuretics and race. Intrarenal reflux occurs in about 10% of cases with total reflux and does not appear to cause scars on its own. Autopsy studies can provide valuable information on papillary morphology and reaction to pressure, but information is of doubtful reliability in the first months of life and in fixed specimens. The literature pertaining to vesico-ureteral reflux, intrarenal reflux and related research projects is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Observations on vesico-ureteric reflux and intrarenal reflux: a review and survey of material. Objectives of this study were to evaluate some of the factors influencing vesico-ureteric reflux and intrarenal reflux. Reflux occurs in about one-third to a half of Caucasian children with urinary tract infection and although not greatly influenced by examination technique or sex it is affected by age, diuretics and race. Intrarenal reflux occurs in about 10% of cases with total reflux and does not appear to cause scars on its own. Autopsy studies can provide valuable information on papillary morphology and reaction to pressure, but information is of doubtful reliability in the first months of life and in fixed specimens. The literature pertaining to vesico-ureteral reflux, intrarenal reflux and related research projects is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 509863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8494", "title": "The use of information theory in evaluating the contribution of radiological and laboratory investigations to diagnosis and management.", "content": "Using information theory, the value of radiological and laboratory investigations has been assessed in the diagnosis and management of 67 patients suspected of having inflammatory polyarthritis. There were only three changes in diagnosis made as a result of the investigations. Both the radiological and laboratory tests supplied a small but significant amount of information in improving the physician's confidence in diagnosis. Changes in management occurred more frequently but the final management decision differed from the pre-investigation decision in only 17 of the 67 patients (25%). Radiological examination failed to decrease uncertainty using a simple 'change in uncertainty' measure. Both types of investigation supplied a limited bu significant amount of information towards the final management decision, although the contribution from radiology was only significant when view before the receipt of the results of the laboratory tests. In view of the limited value of the investigations - particularly radiology - in this study, it is important to fully asses present and future diagnostic procedures especially in relation to patient management.", "contents": "The use of information theory in evaluating the contribution of radiological and laboratory investigations to diagnosis and management. Using information theory, the value of radiological and laboratory investigations has been assessed in the diagnosis and management of 67 patients suspected of having inflammatory polyarthritis. There were only three changes in diagnosis made as a result of the investigations. Both the radiological and laboratory tests supplied a small but significant amount of information in improving the physician's confidence in diagnosis. Changes in management occurred more frequently but the final management decision differed from the pre-investigation decision in only 17 of the 67 patients (25%). Radiological examination failed to decrease uncertainty using a simple 'change in uncertainty' measure. Both types of investigation supplied a limited bu significant amount of information towards the final management decision, although the contribution from radiology was only significant when view before the receipt of the results of the laboratory tests. In view of the limited value of the investigations - particularly radiology - in this study, it is important to fully asses present and future diagnostic procedures especially in relation to patient management.", "PMID": 509865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8495", "title": "Technical problems in arthrography of the painful hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Arthrography following hip replacement has been reviewed. The problems encountered have been analysed with particular reference to technique and accuracy. The accepted criteria for loosening have not been consistently reliable and have led to false positive interpretation of loosening of the acetabular component. The reasons for false negative results are also considered.", "contents": "Technical problems in arthrography of the painful hip arthroplasty. Arthrography following hip replacement has been reviewed. The problems encountered have been analysed with particular reference to technique and accuracy. The accepted criteria for loosening have not been consistently reliable and have led to false positive interpretation of loosening of the acetabular component. The reasons for false negative results are also considered.", "PMID": 509866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8496", "title": "The radiology of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the lung.", "content": "This paper describes the salient clinical and radiological features of two patients with lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lungs. We have, in addition, reviewed the previously documented 22 cases in which radiographs were published along with their case histories. The commonest radiographic appearance, that of bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules, should not be mistaken for multiple metastases.", "contents": "The radiology of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the lung. This paper describes the salient clinical and radiological features of two patients with lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lungs. We have, in addition, reviewed the previously documented 22 cases in which radiographs were published along with their case histories. The commonest radiographic appearance, that of bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules, should not be mistaken for multiple metastases.", "PMID": 509867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8497", "title": "Water soluble radiculography in the erect posture: a clinico-radiological study.", "content": "A technique for water-soluble radiculography is described involving radiography in the standing and stooping positions. Seventy-eight radiculograms have been reviewed and correlated with clinical and operative findings. Thirty patients had an anterior thecal deformity demonstrated on radiographs exposed in the standing position, which was not completely reduced in the stooping position. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent operation and in 25 patients a disc prolapse was confirmed. Only a small number of patients (11) had a disc protrusion at operation. Of these patients, eight had an anterior thecal deformity on radiographs exposed in the standing position which was completely reduced in the stooping position.", "contents": "Water soluble radiculography in the erect posture: a clinico-radiological study. A technique for water-soluble radiculography is described involving radiography in the standing and stooping positions. Seventy-eight radiculograms have been reviewed and correlated with clinical and operative findings. Thirty patients had an anterior thecal deformity demonstrated on radiographs exposed in the standing position, which was not completely reduced in the stooping position. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent operation and in 25 patients a disc prolapse was confirmed. Only a small number of patients (11) had a disc protrusion at operation. Of these patients, eight had an anterior thecal deformity on radiographs exposed in the standing position which was completely reduced in the stooping position.", "PMID": 509868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8498", "title": "A correlation of the surgical and radiculographic findings in lumbar disc herniation.", "content": "The findings on plain radiographs and at water-soluble radiculography are compared with those at laminectomy in 50 patients with lumbar disc protrusions. Predictions of the level of disc protrusion based on the plain radiographic appearances could be made in 71%. Water-soluble radiculography accurately demonstrated 50 of 52 protrusions (96%). No abnormality was found at surgery at three other disc levels where equivocal radiculographic appearances failed to eliminate the possibility of disc protrusion. When all the levels examined surgically are included the water-soluble radiculogram was accurate at 57 levels out of 62 (92%). The immediate morbidity of radiculography is described and significant side effects were shown by 23% of patients.", "contents": "A correlation of the surgical and radiculographic findings in lumbar disc herniation. The findings on plain radiographs and at water-soluble radiculography are compared with those at laminectomy in 50 patients with lumbar disc protrusions. Predictions of the level of disc protrusion based on the plain radiographic appearances could be made in 71%. Water-soluble radiculography accurately demonstrated 50 of 52 protrusions (96%). No abnormality was found at surgery at three other disc levels where equivocal radiculographic appearances failed to eliminate the possibility of disc protrusion. When all the levels examined surgically are included the water-soluble radiculogram was accurate at 57 levels out of 62 (92%). The immediate morbidity of radiculography is described and significant side effects were shown by 23% of patients.", "PMID": 509869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8499", "title": "Experiences with grey scale ultrasonography in hepatic amoebiasis.", "content": "Ultrasound examination was conducted in 151 proven cases of amoebic liver abscess. In the majority of patients the lesion was solitary but 25% of patients had multiple lesions; 17% of all the abscesses were in the left lobe of the liver. Most abscesses had no, or very few internal echoes and these were either of the same density as the normal liver (15%) or less dense (84%). In all cases there were relatively fewer echoes in the lesion. Abscesses in critical areas were accurately located especially in relation to the pericardium. Other liver lesions such as hepatoma which may enter into the clinical diagnosis can be recognised. Ultrasound has particular value in accurate localisation of the lesion for aspiration, demonstration of unsuspected multiple abscesses and size estimation in serial studies of the patient under treatment. The diagnostic errors were mainly due to initial inexperience and demonstrated some of the diagnostic pitfalls. It is concluded that the introduction of this technique has proved to be of considerable value in the diagnosis and management of amoebic liver abscess in our area, where the disease is still a major clinical entity. If diagnosed early and treated adequately the condition has an excellent prognosis.", "contents": "Experiences with grey scale ultrasonography in hepatic amoebiasis. Ultrasound examination was conducted in 151 proven cases of amoebic liver abscess. In the majority of patients the lesion was solitary but 25% of patients had multiple lesions; 17% of all the abscesses were in the left lobe of the liver. Most abscesses had no, or very few internal echoes and these were either of the same density as the normal liver (15%) or less dense (84%). In all cases there were relatively fewer echoes in the lesion. Abscesses in critical areas were accurately located especially in relation to the pericardium. Other liver lesions such as hepatoma which may enter into the clinical diagnosis can be recognised. Ultrasound has particular value in accurate localisation of the lesion for aspiration, demonstration of unsuspected multiple abscesses and size estimation in serial studies of the patient under treatment. The diagnostic errors were mainly due to initial inexperience and demonstrated some of the diagnostic pitfalls. It is concluded that the introduction of this technique has proved to be of considerable value in the diagnosis and management of amoebic liver abscess in our area, where the disease is still a major clinical entity. If diagnosed early and treated adequately the condition has an excellent prognosis.", "PMID": 509870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8500", "title": "Scanning in hydatid disease.", "content": "Nine cases of hydatid disease are presented. CAT scans were done in each case. Radioisotope and ultrasound scans were also carried out in appropriate cases. CAT and ultrasound scans give characteristic appearances particularly when daughter cysts are present. CAT scans have the advantage of better resolution, and cyst density can be measured in terms of EMI units.", "contents": "Scanning in hydatid disease. Nine cases of hydatid disease are presented. CAT scans were done in each case. Radioisotope and ultrasound scans were also carried out in appropriate cases. CAT and ultrasound scans give characteristic appearances particularly when daughter cysts are present. CAT scans have the advantage of better resolution, and cyst density can be measured in terms of EMI units.", "PMID": 509871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8501", "title": "The role of dietary lipid in the regulation of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in Gunn rats.", "content": "1. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mechanisms of diet-induced hyperbilirubinaemia in Gunn rats with emphasis on the role of lipids, and to examine their relationship with regard to fasting hyperbilirubinaemia. 2. A lipid-free normocaloric diet produced a threefold increase in plasma bilirubin concentration (baseline 109.4 mumol/l), which was maximal by 10 days and thereafter remained constant. The level of hyperbilirubinaemia attained was not influenced by fasting or phenobarbitone, and returned to baseline concentration within 10 days of resuming a normal diet. 3. Determination of hepatic bilirubin showed that the magnitude of the hepatic bilirubin pool was increased by the lipid-free diet but was unchanged by fasting. Hepatic ligandin concentrations were comparable in fasted Gunn rats and those fed normal or lipid-free diets, although total hepatic ligandin was reduced in the fasted animals. 4. The hyperbilirubinaemic effect of the lipid-free diet was largely reversed by the inclusion of 10% lipid in the diet and was affected to a lesser extent by 5% lipid. Similar reductions in plasma bilirubin concentration were observed with a variety of other lipids (10%), regardless of their fatty acid chain length or degree of saturation. 5. In fasting animals a direct correlation was observed between plasma bilirubin and free fatty acid concentrations and insulin levels were greatly depressed, whereas in those fed on the lipid-free diet no significant changes were evident in plasma concentrations of free fatty acids or insulin. 6. Plasma bilirubin concentration was unrelated to alterations in plasma triglycerides produced by the administration of clofibrate. However, an unexplained decrease in plasma bilirubin (40%) without a significant change in triglycerides was noted when clofibrate was added to the lipid-free diet. 7. Analysis of kinetic data obtained from [14C]bilirubin clearance studies revealed that hyperbilirubinaemia associated with the lipid-free diet reflected a marked reduction (60%) in plasma clearance with no change in bilirubin turnover. This was accompanied by a relative redistribution of bilirubin from the extravascular pool to the plasma pool. 8. Although these studies indicate that fasting and the withdrawal of dietary lipid have some similar effects on bilirubin metabolism, it seems likely that different mechanisms are responsible for the hyperbilirubinaemia.", "contents": "The role of dietary lipid in the regulation of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in Gunn rats. 1. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mechanisms of diet-induced hyperbilirubinaemia in Gunn rats with emphasis on the role of lipids, and to examine their relationship with regard to fasting hyperbilirubinaemia. 2. A lipid-free normocaloric diet produced a threefold increase in plasma bilirubin concentration (baseline 109.4 mumol/l), which was maximal by 10 days and thereafter remained constant. The level of hyperbilirubinaemia attained was not influenced by fasting or phenobarbitone, and returned to baseline concentration within 10 days of resuming a normal diet. 3. Determination of hepatic bilirubin showed that the magnitude of the hepatic bilirubin pool was increased by the lipid-free diet but was unchanged by fasting. Hepatic ligandin concentrations were comparable in fasted Gunn rats and those fed normal or lipid-free diets, although total hepatic ligandin was reduced in the fasted animals. 4. The hyperbilirubinaemic effect of the lipid-free diet was largely reversed by the inclusion of 10% lipid in the diet and was affected to a lesser extent by 5% lipid. Similar reductions in plasma bilirubin concentration were observed with a variety of other lipids (10%), regardless of their fatty acid chain length or degree of saturation. 5. In fasting animals a direct correlation was observed between plasma bilirubin and free fatty acid concentrations and insulin levels were greatly depressed, whereas in those fed on the lipid-free diet no significant changes were evident in plasma concentrations of free fatty acids or insulin. 6. Plasma bilirubin concentration was unrelated to alterations in plasma triglycerides produced by the administration of clofibrate. However, an unexplained decrease in plasma bilirubin (40%) without a significant change in triglycerides was noted when clofibrate was added to the lipid-free diet. 7. Analysis of kinetic data obtained from [14C]bilirubin clearance studies revealed that hyperbilirubinaemia associated with the lipid-free diet reflected a marked reduction (60%) in plasma clearance with no change in bilirubin turnover. This was accompanied by a relative redistribution of bilirubin from the extravascular pool to the plasma pool. 8. Although these studies indicate that fasting and the withdrawal of dietary lipid have some similar effects on bilirubin metabolism, it seems likely that different mechanisms are responsible for the hyperbilirubinaemia.", "PMID": 509872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8502", "title": "Choice of control groups in the appraisal of sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in normotensive and hypertensive outpatients, but were significantly lower in laboratory control subjects. 2. Standing plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in all three groups. 3. Urinary vanillyl mandelic acid, catecholamines and metanephrines were also similar in the normotensive and hypertensive groups. 4. Laboratory controls, possibly because of familiarity with the techniques of sphygmomanometry and blood sampling, may attain a 'basal' resting level of sympathetic nervous discharge more readily and rapidly than subjects who are unfamiliar with such procedures. 5. After orthostatic stimulation by standing for 2 min, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, as determined by pulse rate and plasma noradrenaline concentrations, was similar in the three groups, despite the lower starting values in the laboratory staff. 6. The absence of differences in plasma noradrenaline or urinary catecholamine and metabolite concentrations does not support the hypothesis of excessive sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Choice of control groups in the appraisal of sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension. 1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in normotensive and hypertensive outpatients, but were significantly lower in laboratory control subjects. 2. Standing plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in all three groups. 3. Urinary vanillyl mandelic acid, catecholamines and metanephrines were also similar in the normotensive and hypertensive groups. 4. Laboratory controls, possibly because of familiarity with the techniques of sphygmomanometry and blood sampling, may attain a 'basal' resting level of sympathetic nervous discharge more readily and rapidly than subjects who are unfamiliar with such procedures. 5. After orthostatic stimulation by standing for 2 min, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, as determined by pulse rate and plasma noradrenaline concentrations, was similar in the three groups, despite the lower starting values in the laboratory staff. 6. The absence of differences in plasma noradrenaline or urinary catecholamine and metabolite concentrations does not support the hypothesis of excessive sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 509873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8503", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on blood pressure in the normotensive unanaesthetized rabbit: possible relation to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.", "content": "1. To test the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins contribute to the regulation of blood pressure, we studied the effect of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin, on mean aortic blood pressure in the normotensive, unanaesthetized rabbit. 2. Daily administration of indomethacin at 42 mumol/kg subcutaneously, but not of vehicle only, for 14 consecutive days, elevated the average mean arterial pressure in seven rabbits from 88 +/- 3 mmHg on the last day of the control period to 105 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.01) and 107 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01) on days 6 and 14 of indomethacin treatment respectively, and reduced the urinary excretion of prostaglandin-like substance from 1.06 +/- 0.26 to 0.17 +/- 0.05 nmol of prostaglandin E2 equivalents/day (P less than 0.05; n = 5). Neither indomethacin nor the vehicle affected the intake of water, the 24 h urine volume, the cumulative difference between sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion, or the plasma volume. 3. The results of the study are compatible with the hypothesis that one or more prostaglandins contribute to maintain normotension in the rabbit and that reduction in prostaglandin biosynthesis may cuase blood pressure to rise.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on blood pressure in the normotensive unanaesthetized rabbit: possible relation to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. 1. To test the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins contribute to the regulation of blood pressure, we studied the effect of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin, on mean aortic blood pressure in the normotensive, unanaesthetized rabbit. 2. Daily administration of indomethacin at 42 mumol/kg subcutaneously, but not of vehicle only, for 14 consecutive days, elevated the average mean arterial pressure in seven rabbits from 88 +/- 3 mmHg on the last day of the control period to 105 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.01) and 107 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01) on days 6 and 14 of indomethacin treatment respectively, and reduced the urinary excretion of prostaglandin-like substance from 1.06 +/- 0.26 to 0.17 +/- 0.05 nmol of prostaglandin E2 equivalents/day (P less than 0.05; n = 5). Neither indomethacin nor the vehicle affected the intake of water, the 24 h urine volume, the cumulative difference between sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion, or the plasma volume. 3. The results of the study are compatible with the hypothesis that one or more prostaglandins contribute to maintain normotension in the rabbit and that reduction in prostaglandin biosynthesis may cuase blood pressure to rise.", "PMID": 509874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8504", "title": "Muscle relaxation rate, fibre-type composition and energy turnover in hyper- and hypo-thyroid patients.", "content": "1. Quadriceps strength, relaxation rate, fibre-type composition and energy-turnover rate during a submaximal contraction have been measured in hypo- and hyper-thyroid patients and compared with findings in normal subjects. 2. Six out of eight hypothyroid patients had normal strength whereas four out of five hyperthyroid patients were weak. 3. Relaxation rate was decreased in all the hypothyroid patients but increased in only three out of five hyperthyroid patients. 4. In hypothyroidism there was a marked reduction in the percentage contributed by type II fibres to muscle cross-section, partly due to type II atrophy but also due to a decrease in the relative frequency of type II fibres. In hyperthyroidism both fibre types tended to atrophy. 5. The rate of ATP turnover during submaximal contraction held to fatigue was reduced in hypothyroidism. This was probably due to decreased ATP utilization rather than an impaired supply of energy-supplying substrates. In hyperthyroidism the rate of ATP turnover was increased. 6. Altered relaxation rate and ATP-turnover rate may be explained on the basis of changes in myosin ATPase activity with thyroid status. Changes in muscle-fibre-type composition, as determined histochemically, could not per se account for the functional abnormalities.", "contents": "Muscle relaxation rate, fibre-type composition and energy turnover in hyper- and hypo-thyroid patients. 1. Quadriceps strength, relaxation rate, fibre-type composition and energy-turnover rate during a submaximal contraction have been measured in hypo- and hyper-thyroid patients and compared with findings in normal subjects. 2. Six out of eight hypothyroid patients had normal strength whereas four out of five hyperthyroid patients were weak. 3. Relaxation rate was decreased in all the hypothyroid patients but increased in only three out of five hyperthyroid patients. 4. In hypothyroidism there was a marked reduction in the percentage contributed by type II fibres to muscle cross-section, partly due to type II atrophy but also due to a decrease in the relative frequency of type II fibres. In hyperthyroidism both fibre types tended to atrophy. 5. The rate of ATP turnover during submaximal contraction held to fatigue was reduced in hypothyroidism. This was probably due to decreased ATP utilization rather than an impaired supply of energy-supplying substrates. In hyperthyroidism the rate of ATP turnover was increased. 6. Altered relaxation rate and ATP-turnover rate may be explained on the basis of changes in myosin ATPase activity with thyroid status. Changes in muscle-fibre-type composition, as determined histochemically, could not per se account for the functional abnormalities.", "PMID": 509876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8505", "title": "Peritoneal lavage with low morbidity.", "content": "Peritoneal lavage has proven to be a useful tool for evaluating abdominal trauma. We developed a technique that avoids the complications associated with the standard dialysis trocar and the minilaporatomy. This technique has been utilized by 51 different physicians in 132 cases with a single avoidable complication. The bladder was entered when the rule of emptying the bladder first was violated.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage with low morbidity. Peritoneal lavage has proven to be a useful tool for evaluating abdominal trauma. We developed a technique that avoids the complications associated with the standard dialysis trocar and the minilaporatomy. This technique has been utilized by 51 different physicians in 132 cases with a single avoidable complication. The bladder was entered when the rule of emptying the bladder first was violated.", "PMID": 509878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8506", "title": "Assessment of barbiturate removal by charcoal hemoperfusion in overdose cases.", "content": "Five patients with severe barbiturate intoxication were treated with charcoal hemoperfusion. The perfusions were carried out for 3.5 hr, two of the patients requiring an additional treatment. A marked clinical improvement was observed in all of the patients. The serum concentration decreased by 17 to 42% and the amount removed corresponded to 4 to 13% of the ingested dose. The clearance decreased from the start to the end of the treatment during most of the perfusions. With phenobarbital the clearance was less reduced and the column still had the capacity to adsorb drugs after the 3.5-hr perfusion. Therefore, since the amount of drug removed was relatively small, longer lasting perfusions are recommended.", "contents": "Assessment of barbiturate removal by charcoal hemoperfusion in overdose cases. Five patients with severe barbiturate intoxication were treated with charcoal hemoperfusion. The perfusions were carried out for 3.5 hr, two of the patients requiring an additional treatment. A marked clinical improvement was observed in all of the patients. The serum concentration decreased by 17 to 42% and the amount removed corresponded to 4 to 13% of the ingested dose. The clearance decreased from the start to the end of the treatment during most of the perfusions. With phenobarbital the clearance was less reduced and the column still had the capacity to adsorb drugs after the 3.5-hr perfusion. Therefore, since the amount of drug removed was relatively small, longer lasting perfusions are recommended.", "PMID": 509879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8507", "title": "Self-poisoning with over-the-counter hypnotics.", "content": "Over-the-counter (OTC) hypnotic preparations (such as Sominex, Nytol, and Sleep Eze) were implicated in 21 of the 773 admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital due to psychotropic drug overdosage between 1962 and 1975. Ten of the 21 cases had manifestations of central anticholinergic toxicity (\"atropine-like psychosis\"), such as hallucinations, delirium, and confusion. However, all patients recovered rapidly and without sequelae. Specific therapy (i.e., physostigmine) was rarely required. Thus OTC hypnotic overdosage commonly produces \"toxic psychosis.\" Fortunately, intoxication is usually of short duration and relatively benign.", "contents": "Self-poisoning with over-the-counter hypnotics. Over-the-counter (OTC) hypnotic preparations (such as Sominex, Nytol, and Sleep Eze) were implicated in 21 of the 773 admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital due to psychotropic drug overdosage between 1962 and 1975. Ten of the 21 cases had manifestations of central anticholinergic toxicity (\"atropine-like psychosis\"), such as hallucinations, delirium, and confusion. However, all patients recovered rapidly and without sequelae. Specific therapy (i.e., physostigmine) was rarely required. Thus OTC hypnotic overdosage commonly produces \"toxic psychosis.\" Fortunately, intoxication is usually of short duration and relatively benign.", "PMID": 509880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8508", "title": "A fatal episode of accidental methomyl poisoning.", "content": "Three fatalities from the accidental ingestion of methomyl, a carbamate pesticide, are reported. The methomyl had been stored in an unlabeled tin can and was accidentally used in preparing \"roti,\" an Indian dish. The identification of the source of the poison through animal tests and further chemical identification is described. The lethal dose of methomyl was estimated to have been between 12 and 15 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "A fatal episode of accidental methomyl poisoning. Three fatalities from the accidental ingestion of methomyl, a carbamate pesticide, are reported. The methomyl had been stored in an unlabeled tin can and was accidentally used in preparing \"roti,\" an Indian dish. The identification of the source of the poison through animal tests and further chemical identification is described. The lethal dose of methomyl was estimated to have been between 12 and 15 mg/kg body weight.", "PMID": 509881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8509", "title": "Enhancement of pharmacologic responses of pentobarbital by dopram.", "content": "The effect of Dopram (doxapram hydrochloride, A. H. Robins Co.) on the pharmacologic responses to pentobarbital was evaluated. In naive and pentobarbital-tolerant mice, Dopram was shown to enhance significantly sodium pentobarbital-induced narcosis in a dose-related manner. The effect of the duration of action of Dopram on pentobarbital narcosis also was assessed. It was observed that Dopram (40 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased pentobarbital-induced narcosis even when administered 2 hr prior to challenge with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p.) A significantly increased hypothermic response to sodium pentobarbital was seen in Dopram-treated animals. The half-life of pentobarbital in brain and serum was shown to be increased significantly in animals receiving Dopram, 40 mg/kg, i.p. The waking brain and serum pentobarbital concentrations were not significantly different in either group. These studies show that Dopram potentiates pentobarbital's effects. Further study is necessary to determine the sites of operation and mechanism of this potentiation.", "contents": "Enhancement of pharmacologic responses of pentobarbital by dopram. The effect of Dopram (doxapram hydrochloride, A. H. Robins Co.) on the pharmacologic responses to pentobarbital was evaluated. In naive and pentobarbital-tolerant mice, Dopram was shown to enhance significantly sodium pentobarbital-induced narcosis in a dose-related manner. The effect of the duration of action of Dopram on pentobarbital narcosis also was assessed. It was observed that Dopram (40 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased pentobarbital-induced narcosis even when administered 2 hr prior to challenge with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p.) A significantly increased hypothermic response to sodium pentobarbital was seen in Dopram-treated animals. The half-life of pentobarbital in brain and serum was shown to be increased significantly in animals receiving Dopram, 40 mg/kg, i.p. The waking brain and serum pentobarbital concentrations were not significantly different in either group. These studies show that Dopram potentiates pentobarbital's effects. Further study is necessary to determine the sites of operation and mechanism of this potentiation.", "PMID": 509882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8510", "title": "Laetrile and pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnancy in a woman who took laetrile as daily intramuscular injections during the last trimester resulted in a live, term infant. No laboratory or clinical evidence of elevated cyanide or thiocyanate, a pricipal metabolite, could be detected. Neurological evidence of chronic cyanide exposure may not be recognizable in infancy, and long-term follow-up is indicated.", "contents": "Laetrile and pregnancy. Pregnancy in a woman who took laetrile as daily intramuscular injections during the last trimester resulted in a live, term infant. No laboratory or clinical evidence of elevated cyanide or thiocyanate, a pricipal metabolite, could be detected. Neurological evidence of chronic cyanide exposure may not be recognizable in infancy, and long-term follow-up is indicated.", "PMID": 509883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8511", "title": "Infantile methemoglobinemia caused by food additives.", "content": "A small outbreak of toxic methemoglobinemia occurred among infants in a pediatric ward. Investigation revealed that the most likely source of toxicity was an approved fat preservative which had been added to a soybean infant formula by the manufacturer. This fat preservative contained three phenolic compounds having highly effective antioxygenic properties (butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate). The outbreak ceased when the offending agents were eliminated from the food preparation. It is emphasized that the approval of chemicals for use in the food industry through toxicity studies does not necessarily guarantee against the hazards of toxicity, especially during infancy.", "contents": "Infantile methemoglobinemia caused by food additives. A small outbreak of toxic methemoglobinemia occurred among infants in a pediatric ward. Investigation revealed that the most likely source of toxicity was an approved fat preservative which had been added to a soybean infant formula by the manufacturer. This fat preservative contained three phenolic compounds having highly effective antioxygenic properties (butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate). The outbreak ceased when the offending agents were eliminated from the food preparation. It is emphasized that the approval of chemicals for use in the food industry through toxicity studies does not necessarily guarantee against the hazards of toxicity, especially during infancy.", "PMID": 509890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8512", "title": "Rates of heparin adsorption in hemoperfusion devices.", "content": "In vitro studies have shown that the rates of adsorption of heparin from saline in commercially available hemoperfusion devices at 100 to 200 ml/min flow rates are intrinsically quite low. Thus the potential for significant heparin removal from blood (and thus a rise in the possibility of clotting problems) in clinical applications seems remote.", "contents": "Rates of heparin adsorption in hemoperfusion devices. In vitro studies have shown that the rates of adsorption of heparin from saline in commercially available hemoperfusion devices at 100 to 200 ml/min flow rates are intrinsically quite low. Thus the potential for significant heparin removal from blood (and thus a rise in the possibility of clotting problems) in clinical applications seems remote.", "PMID": 509892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8513", "title": "Rapid solubilization of human body tissues and tissue fluids for microdetermination of heavy metals.", "content": "We evaluated the suitability of a liquid pressure technique for decomposing and liquifying several different human tissues as a pretreatment for atomic absorption spectroscopy. Samples of lead, mercury, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and/or chromium in the ppm concentration range were used to spike samples of human liver, intestine, muscle, lung, brain, and/or teeth. All human tissue samples decomposed completely in a 23-ml capacity Teflon-lined decomposition vessel under the following standard conditions: 0.2 g tissue, 2.5 ml nitric acid (64%), 135 degrees C for 2 hr. Recoveries of the various added heavy metals under the above standard conditions by atomic absorption spectroscopy were high, with errors averaged over all the samples of 29.2% for a concentration of 1 ppm, 8.4% for 5 ppm, and 5.7% for 20 ppm. Thus liquid pressure technique was found to be a simple, rapid, and reliable method for decomposing both hard and soft human tissues for trace metal determinations by atomic absorptions spectroscopy.", "contents": "Rapid solubilization of human body tissues and tissue fluids for microdetermination of heavy metals. We evaluated the suitability of a liquid pressure technique for decomposing and liquifying several different human tissues as a pretreatment for atomic absorption spectroscopy. Samples of lead, mercury, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and/or chromium in the ppm concentration range were used to spike samples of human liver, intestine, muscle, lung, brain, and/or teeth. All human tissue samples decomposed completely in a 23-ml capacity Teflon-lined decomposition vessel under the following standard conditions: 0.2 g tissue, 2.5 ml nitric acid (64%), 135 degrees C for 2 hr. Recoveries of the various added heavy metals under the above standard conditions by atomic absorption spectroscopy were high, with errors averaged over all the samples of 29.2% for a concentration of 1 ppm, 8.4% for 5 ppm, and 5.7% for 20 ppm. Thus liquid pressure technique was found to be a simple, rapid, and reliable method for decomposing both hard and soft human tissues for trace metal determinations by atomic absorptions spectroscopy.", "PMID": 509893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8514", "title": "The interaction of dietary vitamin C, protein, and calcium with fluoride: effects in guinea pigs in relation to breaking strength and radiodensity of bone.", "content": "Guinea pigs were maintained on semisynthetic diets with or without the adequate amounts of dietary vitamin C, protein, and calcium, and were exposed to 25 ppm of fluoride in drinking water. Bone radiodensity was increased in the guinea pig humerus and tibia by fluoride supplementation, while femur and pelvic bones showed no density increases. Fluoride administration did not affect the torsion or bending strength of the bones of guinea pigs fed normal diets but increased the tensile strength. These physical properties of bones were not altered by low vitamin C or low protein diets. Low calcium diet significantly reduced the tensile strength of guinea pig humeri while the simultaneous administration of fluoride counteracted this effect.", "contents": "The interaction of dietary vitamin C, protein, and calcium with fluoride: effects in guinea pigs in relation to breaking strength and radiodensity of bone. Guinea pigs were maintained on semisynthetic diets with or without the adequate amounts of dietary vitamin C, protein, and calcium, and were exposed to 25 ppm of fluoride in drinking water. Bone radiodensity was increased in the guinea pig humerus and tibia by fluoride supplementation, while femur and pelvic bones showed no density increases. Fluoride administration did not affect the torsion or bending strength of the bones of guinea pigs fed normal diets but increased the tensile strength. These physical properties of bones were not altered by low vitamin C or low protein diets. Low calcium diet significantly reduced the tensile strength of guinea pig humeri while the simultaneous administration of fluoride counteracted this effect.", "PMID": 509894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8515", "title": "Diagnosis of breast cancer: clinical and preclinical.", "content": "While a tentative diagnosis of lesion type can be made fairly accurately on the basis of a patient's history, combined with a thorough examination, and the use of diagnostic aids, biopsy and histologic examination remain the only absolute means of determining whether a lesion is benign, premalignant, or malignant.", "contents": "Diagnosis of breast cancer: clinical and preclinical. While a tentative diagnosis of lesion type can be made fairly accurately on the basis of a patient's history, combined with a thorough examination, and the use of diagnostic aids, biopsy and histologic examination remain the only absolute means of determining whether a lesion is benign, premalignant, or malignant.", "PMID": 509913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8516", "title": "Prevention of mental disorders: recent advances in theory and practice.", "content": "This paper begins by reviewing the current status of primary prevention. Basic concepts and definitions are introduced, and the existing knowledge base is examined. Recent advances in how primary prevention is viewed are described, and some general issues not yet resolved are identified. In particular, the importance of the growing shift of interest from predisposing factors in emotional disorders to precipitating factors, and the shift from the search for disorder-specific causes to the search for general, nonspecific causes is underlined.", "contents": "Prevention of mental disorders: recent advances in theory and practice. This paper begins by reviewing the current status of primary prevention. Basic concepts and definitions are introduced, and the existing knowledge base is examined. Recent advances in how primary prevention is viewed are described, and some general issues not yet resolved are identified. In particular, the importance of the growing shift of interest from predisposing factors in emotional disorders to precipitating factors, and the shift from the search for disorder-specific causes to the search for general, nonspecific causes is underlined.", "PMID": 509914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8517", "title": "The microcomputer as a community mental health public information tool.", "content": "A discussion of the role of public information programs in community mental health is followed by a review of various traditional public information techniques. A microcomputer system is described as a tool for public information. A field study of the system is reported in which the results indicate the system's success in creating interest in mental health information and assessing consumer awareness of mental health services and principles. The computer's capability for teaching this information is not substantiated, but appears promising.", "contents": "The microcomputer as a community mental health public information tool. A discussion of the role of public information programs in community mental health is followed by a review of various traditional public information techniques. A microcomputer system is described as a tool for public information. A field study of the system is reported in which the results indicate the system's success in creating interest in mental health information and assessing consumer awareness of mental health services and principles. The computer's capability for teaching this information is not substantiated, but appears promising.", "PMID": 509915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8518", "title": "Prediction of multiple visits by a community mental health center's psychiatric emergency home visiting team.", "content": "Ten psychosocial characteristics of 442 patients treated by a psychiatric-emergency home visiting team were studied to determine whether or not those variables were related to further calls for emergency home visits. Changes in the patients' clinical conditions between first and second visits were also assessed. There were no significant changes between first and second visits, and only the display of bizarre behavior during the first visit was positively related to the number of subsequent visits. The implications of these findings for psychiatric-emergency team crisis intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Prediction of multiple visits by a community mental health center's psychiatric emergency home visiting team. Ten psychosocial characteristics of 442 patients treated by a psychiatric-emergency home visiting team were studied to determine whether or not those variables were related to further calls for emergency home visits. Changes in the patients' clinical conditions between first and second visits were also assessed. There were no significant changes between first and second visits, and only the display of bizarre behavior during the first visit was positively related to the number of subsequent visits. The implications of these findings for psychiatric-emergency team crisis intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 509917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8519", "title": "Map survey strategy for locating areas with mental health problems.", "content": "As part of a community survey of mental health needs, respondents were asked to pinpoint areas high in need on a map of the catchment area. Knowledgeable personnel in agencies dealing with community problems were surveyed. Results indicated that map surveys can be useful in locating high-need census tracts, as evidenced by convergence with an independent service-utilization-based index of mental health need. However, respondents did not differentiate between need areas in terms of ratings on specific community problems.", "contents": "Map survey strategy for locating areas with mental health problems. As part of a community survey of mental health needs, respondents were asked to pinpoint areas high in need on a map of the catchment area. Knowledgeable personnel in agencies dealing with community problems were surveyed. Results indicated that map surveys can be useful in locating high-need census tracts, as evidenced by convergence with an independent service-utilization-based index of mental health need. However, respondents did not differentiate between need areas in terms of ratings on specific community problems.", "PMID": 509918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8520", "title": "Affective training for teachers of psychotic children.", "content": "A group inservice training program for teachers of psychotic children is described. Special emphasis is given to the teacher's emotional needs in dealing with these very difficult children. The training is designed to enhance mutual support and the acceptance of feelings associated with working with psychotic children. Teachers who worked alone or without the benefit of a supportive team responded most enthusiastically to the group training. All teachers felt their emotional needs for support, self-confidence, and acceptance were important factors in their functioning with their students and that the training met those needs.", "contents": "Affective training for teachers of psychotic children. A group inservice training program for teachers of psychotic children is described. Special emphasis is given to the teacher's emotional needs in dealing with these very difficult children. The training is designed to enhance mutual support and the acceptance of feelings associated with working with psychotic children. Teachers who worked alone or without the benefit of a supportive team responded most enthusiastically to the group training. All teachers felt their emotional needs for support, self-confidence, and acceptance were important factors in their functioning with their students and that the training met those needs.", "PMID": 509919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8521", "title": "Crisis intervention in the court room: the case of the night prosecutor.", "content": "Often the cases seen in a municipal court or a mental health center's crisis department are identical. The concepts used to describe these common cases and the resultant agency actions taken differ drastically between the legal and mental health arenas. This paper presents a working model that combines mental health and legal concepts and personnel to deal effectively with this overlapping body of problems. The model provides for crisis intervention for the clients, preventive education for young attorneys, and system change in the criminal justice system.", "contents": "Crisis intervention in the court room: the case of the night prosecutor. Often the cases seen in a municipal court or a mental health center's crisis department are identical. The concepts used to describe these common cases and the resultant agency actions taken differ drastically between the legal and mental health arenas. This paper presents a working model that combines mental health and legal concepts and personnel to deal effectively with this overlapping body of problems. The model provides for crisis intervention for the clients, preventive education for young attorneys, and system change in the criminal justice system.", "PMID": 509920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8522", "title": "Sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine in the guinea pig and induction of unresponsiveness.", "content": "The sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine was examined by the guinea pig maximization test and compared with dinitrochlorobenzene. Ethylenediamine was found to be a potent sensitizer. An attempt at oral induction of unresponsiveness (tolerance) was unsuccessful with ethylenediamine and DNCB and the same negative result was obtained with intravenous injection of ethylenediamine. Only by the intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was unresponsiveness successfully established in 90% of the guinea pigs.", "contents": "Sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine in the guinea pig and induction of unresponsiveness. The sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine was examined by the guinea pig maximization test and compared with dinitrochlorobenzene. Ethylenediamine was found to be a potent sensitizer. An attempt at oral induction of unresponsiveness (tolerance) was unsuccessful with ethylenediamine and DNCB and the same negative result was obtained with intravenous injection of ethylenediamine. Only by the intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was unresponsiveness successfully established in 90% of the guinea pigs.", "PMID": 509930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8523", "title": "Brilliant Lake Red R as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by cosmetics containing Brilliant Lake Red R were observed. Commercial samples of Brilliant Lake Red R proved to contain many ethyl acetate extractable impurities; 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol and azobenzene were isolated and identified. To determine the responsible allergens, five patients were examined by patch tests with purified samples of azo-dyes and the unidentified fractions of ethyl acetate extractable impurities. Three out of five showed weaker reactions to purified samples of Brilliant Lake Red R and the other two showed equal reactions compared to the commercial product. 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol was found to be a strong allergen in all cases but none showed a positive reaction to azobenzene. Some unidentified fractions also gave positive results. Patch tests were performed with 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol, 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol-2-carboxylic acid, and 2,4-bis(phenylazo)-1-naphthol, as structurally related compounds derived from 1-naphthol. All gave negative and they were not detected in the ethyl acetate extractable impurities by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Brilliant Lake Red R as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis. Twenty-three patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by cosmetics containing Brilliant Lake Red R were observed. Commercial samples of Brilliant Lake Red R proved to contain many ethyl acetate extractable impurities; 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol and azobenzene were isolated and identified. To determine the responsible allergens, five patients were examined by patch tests with purified samples of azo-dyes and the unidentified fractions of ethyl acetate extractable impurities. Three out of five showed weaker reactions to purified samples of Brilliant Lake Red R and the other two showed equal reactions compared to the commercial product. 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol was found to be a strong allergen in all cases but none showed a positive reaction to azobenzene. Some unidentified fractions also gave positive results. Patch tests were performed with 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol, 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol-2-carboxylic acid, and 2,4-bis(phenylazo)-1-naphthol, as structurally related compounds derived from 1-naphthol. All gave negative and they were not detected in the ethyl acetate extractable impurities by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 509931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8524", "title": "Evaluation of hand cleansers.", "content": "The effect of three industrial hand cleansers on transepidermal water loss (TWL) was evaluated in groups of healthy volunteers. After 2 weeks, subjects using Baracaide averaged 47% less TWL than those using Swarfega and 35% less than with Go-Jo. In a second study in printers, the use of Baracaide decreased TWL by 20% after 2 weeks. Because it contains no volatile solvents, Baracaide may be less injurious to the barrier layer.", "contents": "Evaluation of hand cleansers. The effect of three industrial hand cleansers on transepidermal water loss (TWL) was evaluated in groups of healthy volunteers. After 2 weeks, subjects using Baracaide averaged 47% less TWL than those using Swarfega and 35% less than with Go-Jo. In a second study in printers, the use of Baracaide decreased TWL by 20% after 2 weeks. Because it contains no volatile solvents, Baracaide may be less injurious to the barrier layer.", "PMID": 509932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8525", "title": "Nickel concentration of blood, urine and sweat after oral administration.", "content": "Healthy volunteers without nickel hypersensitivity were given 5.6 mg nickel orally. The nickel concentration was assayed in urine, serum and sauna-provocated sweat from hands and trunk before and after nickel ingestion. The nickel concentration in serum increased in all subjects, and in most cases in urine, but not decisively in sweat.", "contents": "Nickel concentration of blood, urine and sweat after oral administration. Healthy volunteers without nickel hypersensitivity were given 5.6 mg nickel orally. The nickel concentration was assayed in urine, serum and sauna-provocated sweat from hands and trunk before and after nickel ingestion. The nickel concentration in serum increased in all subjects, and in most cases in urine, but not decisively in sweat.", "PMID": 509933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8526", "title": "Allergy to rubber condom urinals and medical adhesives in male spinal injury patients.", "content": "In the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, rubber condom urinals, kept on the penis with a medical adhesive, are used for incontinent male patients where possible. However, contact allergy to rubber condoms and/or the adhesives is a common problem and can cause considerable morbidity in paralysed patients. This paper investigates the rubber chemicals and adhesives most commonly implicated in causing contact allergy. The survey was divided into two parts: 1. Patch testing symptomatic inpatients 2. A questionnaire sent to new patients from January 1974 to ascertain the overall incidence of contact allergy. It was found that allergy to mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT)- and thiuram-containing condoms was relatively common and that latex/petroleum tube medical adhesives most commonly caused adhesive allergy. It is suggested that a condom made of the least allergenic rubber and an adhesive causing the least number of allergic reactions should be used from the outset for paralysed patients requiring a condom urinal.", "contents": "Allergy to rubber condom urinals and medical adhesives in male spinal injury patients. In the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, rubber condom urinals, kept on the penis with a medical adhesive, are used for incontinent male patients where possible. However, contact allergy to rubber condoms and/or the adhesives is a common problem and can cause considerable morbidity in paralysed patients. This paper investigates the rubber chemicals and adhesives most commonly implicated in causing contact allergy. The survey was divided into two parts: 1. Patch testing symptomatic inpatients 2. A questionnaire sent to new patients from January 1974 to ascertain the overall incidence of contact allergy. It was found that allergy to mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT)- and thiuram-containing condoms was relatively common and that latex/petroleum tube medical adhesives most commonly caused adhesive allergy. It is suggested that a condom made of the least allergenic rubber and an adhesive causing the least number of allergic reactions should be used from the outset for paralysed patients requiring a condom urinal.", "PMID": 509934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8527", "title": "Skin sensitizing properties of arylalcanoic acids and their analogues.", "content": "While participating in a clinical trial of suprofen, a new antiphlogistic agent, a 32-year-old atopic woman developed a severe contact dermatitis reaction of the hands to this substance. To check for cross-reactivity patterns, patch tests were performed with similar arylalcanoic acid derivatives. Positive reactions were obtained for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, alclofenac, and metiazinic acid, which are all antiphlogistic and anti-inflammatory agents for systemic use, and chlorambucil, which is an antineoplastic agent. The antigenic determinant seems to correspond to a very well-defined structure: the carboxyl group (-COOH) has to be separated from the aryl structure by at least one C atom (substituted or not). Furthermore, the aryl group must be substituted with different chemical groups but not in the orthopositions.", "contents": "Skin sensitizing properties of arylalcanoic acids and their analogues. While participating in a clinical trial of suprofen, a new antiphlogistic agent, a 32-year-old atopic woman developed a severe contact dermatitis reaction of the hands to this substance. To check for cross-reactivity patterns, patch tests were performed with similar arylalcanoic acid derivatives. Positive reactions were obtained for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, alclofenac, and metiazinic acid, which are all antiphlogistic and anti-inflammatory agents for systemic use, and chlorambucil, which is an antineoplastic agent. The antigenic determinant seems to correspond to a very well-defined structure: the carboxyl group (-COOH) has to be separated from the aryl structure by at least one C atom (substituted or not). Furthermore, the aryl group must be substituted with different chemical groups but not in the orthopositions.", "PMID": 509935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8528", "title": "An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for ethynylestradiol (EE) which is applicable to plasma samples obtained from women, who have taken a combination type oral contraceptive, has been developed and fully validated. Plasma concentration of EE rise to a peak of 128 pg/ml following the oral administration of 50 microgram EE. Following the intravenous administration of the same dose of EE, plasma concentrations of the steroid declined biexponentially, the two half-lives being 0.83 and 6.75 hours. Comparison of the results of the intravenous and oral administration of the steroid suggested that its oral bioavailability is 42%. Although EE thus has a lower bioavailability than norethindrone, the pharmacokinetics of the two steroids, as reflected by half-lives, plasma clearance and volume of distribution, are very similar. The occurrence of a secondary peak in plasma at around 12 hours after dosing gave strong evidence that EE undergoes enterohepatic circulation in women; an event that may have considerable clinical significance.", "contents": "An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay for ethynylestradiol (EE) which is applicable to plasma samples obtained from women, who have taken a combination type oral contraceptive, has been developed and fully validated. Plasma concentration of EE rise to a peak of 128 pg/ml following the oral administration of 50 microgram EE. Following the intravenous administration of the same dose of EE, plasma concentrations of the steroid declined biexponentially, the two half-lives being 0.83 and 6.75 hours. Comparison of the results of the intravenous and oral administration of the steroid suggested that its oral bioavailability is 42%. Although EE thus has a lower bioavailability than norethindrone, the pharmacokinetics of the two steroids, as reflected by half-lives, plasma clearance and volume of distribution, are very similar. The occurrence of a secondary peak in plasma at around 12 hours after dosing gave strong evidence that EE undergoes enterohepatic circulation in women; an event that may have considerable clinical significance.", "PMID": 509953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8529", "title": "Low risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in young never-pregnant women using Gravigard.", "content": "The present four-center investigation involves 516 never-pregnant women in whom a copper-7-intrauterine device (Cu-7-IUD) was inserted. Out of these patients 173 were teenagers at the time of insertion. A \"small-sized\" Cu-7-IUD (Cu-7-Nullip) - designed for nulliparous women - was randomely used instead of the commercially available Cu-7-IUD (GravigardR) in 76 - 44 of whom were teenagers - out of the 516 women. The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) of 9,080 woman-months was reviewed. In the present study the incidence of PID varied from one center to another between 0.9  and 1.4 per cent/year in women wearing Cu-IUDs. When comparing these figures with the estimated incidence (1.2%) in the population of fertile-aged women, it was concluded that the risk for PID was not increased in never-pregnant women using Cu-IUDs, including teenagers as well as women of 20 years of age or more. No difference in the incidence of PID was observed between the GravigardR and the Cu-7 Nullip.", "contents": "Low risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in young never-pregnant women using Gravigard. The present four-center investigation involves 516 never-pregnant women in whom a copper-7-intrauterine device (Cu-7-IUD) was inserted. Out of these patients 173 were teenagers at the time of insertion. A \"small-sized\" Cu-7-IUD (Cu-7-Nullip) - designed for nulliparous women - was randomely used instead of the commercially available Cu-7-IUD (GravigardR) in 76 - 44 of whom were teenagers - out of the 516 women. The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) of 9,080 woman-months was reviewed. In the present study the incidence of PID varied from one center to another between 0.9  and 1.4 per cent/year in women wearing Cu-IUDs. When comparing these figures with the estimated incidence (1.2%) in the population of fertile-aged women, it was concluded that the risk for PID was not increased in never-pregnant women using Cu-IUDs, including teenagers as well as women of 20 years of age or more. No difference in the incidence of PID was observed between the GravigardR and the Cu-7 Nullip.", "PMID": 509955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8530", "title": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by lymphocytes from women taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from two female subjects were assayed for AHH induction 40 days prior to and 30 days during ingestion of progesterone and estrogen analogues as oral contraceptives. Three habitual users of oral contraceptives were also studied. No in vitro inhibition of AHH induction was observed as a consequence of the use of these hormone analogues. Values obtained for enzyme activity suggest a slight increase in AHH induction resulting from the use of oral contraceptives. Further studies with larger numbers of subjects are required before the apparent increase in enzyme inducibility can be considered significant.", "contents": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by lymphocytes from women taking oral contraceptives. The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from two female subjects were assayed for AHH induction 40 days prior to and 30 days during ingestion of progesterone and estrogen analogues as oral contraceptives. Three habitual users of oral contraceptives were also studied. No in vitro inhibition of AHH induction was observed as a consequence of the use of these hormone analogues. Values obtained for enzyme activity suggest a slight increase in AHH induction resulting from the use of oral contraceptives. Further studies with larger numbers of subjects are required before the apparent increase in enzyme inducibility can be considered significant.", "PMID": 509956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8531", "title": "A prospective, randomized study of oral contraceptives: the effect of study design on reported rates of symptoms.", "content": "A study was undertaken to assess the effects of the study design (frequency and method of inquiry about the side effects) on the reporting of oral contraceptive (OC)-associated side effects. The study found that the one-contact-per-cycle schedule yielded consistently lower rates of side effects than the two-contact-per-cycle schedule. Also, asking subjects about the occurrence of specific symptoms led to the reporting of higher rates of side effects than those obtained by general inquiry. The study suggests that differences in the reported rates of side effects may be due in part to the manner in which the data were collected.", "contents": "A prospective, randomized study of oral contraceptives: the effect of study design on reported rates of symptoms. A study was undertaken to assess the effects of the study design (frequency and method of inquiry about the side effects) on the reporting of oral contraceptive (OC)-associated side effects. The study found that the one-contact-per-cycle schedule yielded consistently lower rates of side effects than the two-contact-per-cycle schedule. Also, asking subjects about the occurrence of specific symptoms led to the reporting of higher rates of side effects than those obtained by general inquiry. The study suggests that differences in the reported rates of side effects may be due in part to the manner in which the data were collected.", "PMID": 509959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8532", "title": "Embryo lethality of Stryphnodendron polliphyllum M. in rats.", "content": "To study the effect of Stryphnodendron polliphyllum M. upon implantation, the seeds and empty pods of this plant were given to pregnant rats, on the 5th and 6th days of gestation. The animals were sacrificed on the 14th day of pregnancy and implantation and resorption indices were studied. The results show definite embryo lethality when pregnant animals were given only the seed of this plant.", "contents": "Embryo lethality of Stryphnodendron polliphyllum M. in rats. To study the effect of Stryphnodendron polliphyllum M. upon implantation, the seeds and empty pods of this plant were given to pregnant rats, on the 5th and 6th days of gestation. The animals were sacrificed on the 14th day of pregnancy and implantation and resorption indices were studied. The results show definite embryo lethality when pregnant animals were given only the seed of this plant.", "PMID": 509960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8533", "title": "The Mark-7 intrauterine sound - an accurate determinant of uterine axial length.", "content": "The axial uterine length of 60 nulliparous patients has been measured using a standard Galabin sound and a new flexible disposable sound (Mark-7). In 47 patients the values obtained with the plastic sound were between 0.25 cm to 0.5 cm greater than the values obtained with the metal sound. The flexible plastic sound values are probably larger because this sound is able to follow uterine axial curvature. The element of parallax error which is inherent in using metal sounds is avoided by use of a sliding half-collar at the distal end of the instrument, which can be moved against the cervix allowing fixed measurement. This instrument should be a useful adjunct to intrauterine device research and usage where the relationship of uterine length to device performance is being considered.", "contents": "The Mark-7 intrauterine sound - an accurate determinant of uterine axial length. The axial uterine length of 60 nulliparous patients has been measured using a standard Galabin sound and a new flexible disposable sound (Mark-7). In 47 patients the values obtained with the plastic sound were between 0.25 cm to 0.5 cm greater than the values obtained with the metal sound. The flexible plastic sound values are probably larger because this sound is able to follow uterine axial curvature. The element of parallax error which is inherent in using metal sounds is avoided by use of a sliding half-collar at the distal end of the instrument, which can be moved against the cervix allowing fixed measurement. This instrument should be a useful adjunct to intrauterine device research and usage where the relationship of uterine length to device performance is being considered.", "PMID": 509961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8534", "title": "Termination of pregnancy in rabbit and mouse by Trichosanthin.", "content": "The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of Trichosanthin in 6-, 10-, 17- or 22-day pregnant rabbit (2 mg/rabbit) or in 11-day pregnant mouse (50 micrograms/mouse) were studied. Trichosanthin induced abortion in 100% of the 17- or 22-day pregnant rabbits within 48-72 hours and decreased circulating progesterone (delta 4P)concentrations with 24 hrs. On the other hand, the same dose failed to terminate pregnancy in 6- or 10-day pregnant rabbits and caused no significant changes in circulating delta 4P levels. Exogenous delta 4P or prolactin + human chorionic gonadotropin given twice daily failed to reverse the Trichosanthin-induced termination of pregnancy. However, this resulted in a delay of fetal expulsion. It is concluded that Trichosanthin-induced termination of pregnancy is not solely a result of luteolysis but is likely to be due to its toxic effects on placenta, embryo or both. A dose of 50 microgram Trichosanthin given to 11-day pregnant mice resulted in a termination of pregnancy within 96 hours and also a significant decrease in delta 4P levels in 24 hrs. The ratio of delta 4P to 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone was also decreased steadily after Trichosanthin administration.", "contents": "Termination of pregnancy in rabbit and mouse by Trichosanthin. The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of Trichosanthin in 6-, 10-, 17- or 22-day pregnant rabbit (2 mg/rabbit) or in 11-day pregnant mouse (50 micrograms/mouse) were studied. Trichosanthin induced abortion in 100% of the 17- or 22-day pregnant rabbits within 48-72 hours and decreased circulating progesterone (delta 4P)concentrations with 24 hrs. On the other hand, the same dose failed to terminate pregnancy in 6- or 10-day pregnant rabbits and caused no significant changes in circulating delta 4P levels. Exogenous delta 4P or prolactin + human chorionic gonadotropin given twice daily failed to reverse the Trichosanthin-induced termination of pregnancy. However, this resulted in a delay of fetal expulsion. It is concluded that Trichosanthin-induced termination of pregnancy is not solely a result of luteolysis but is likely to be due to its toxic effects on placenta, embryo or both. A dose of 50 microgram Trichosanthin given to 11-day pregnant mice resulted in a termination of pregnancy within 96 hours and also a significant decrease in delta 4P levels in 24 hrs. The ratio of delta 4P to 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone was also decreased steadily after Trichosanthin administration.", "PMID": 509962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8535", "title": "Effects of age at vasectomy on corticosterone production by the rat testes.", "content": "The ability of the testicular interstitium to assume a certain degree of adrenocortical-like activity, and the concomitant changes in adreno-gonadal status, 100 days post-vasectomy, were investigated in rats (50 and 150 days of age, at start). The transformation of 11-deoxycorticosterone (1,2-H3) to corticosterone (1,2-H3), by the testicular homogenates, was used as an index of 11 beta-steroid hydroxylase activity in the Leydig cells. The extent of ascorbic acid depletion in the adrenals and testes, and the plasma and testicular levels of corticosterone, were assayed, to examine the adreno-testicular participation in corticosteroidogenesis. Vasectomy in younger rats, as compared to older rats, resulted in a significant increase in the transformation of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, and higher plasma corticosterone levels. It appears that vasectomy, at a younger age, is capable of inducing adrenocortical-like activity in the testicular interstitium.", "contents": "Effects of age at vasectomy on corticosterone production by the rat testes. The ability of the testicular interstitium to assume a certain degree of adrenocortical-like activity, and the concomitant changes in adreno-gonadal status, 100 days post-vasectomy, were investigated in rats (50 and 150 days of age, at start). The transformation of 11-deoxycorticosterone (1,2-H3) to corticosterone (1,2-H3), by the testicular homogenates, was used as an index of 11 beta-steroid hydroxylase activity in the Leydig cells. The extent of ascorbic acid depletion in the adrenals and testes, and the plasma and testicular levels of corticosterone, were assayed, to examine the adreno-testicular participation in corticosteroidogenesis. Vasectomy in younger rats, as compared to older rats, resulted in a significant increase in the transformation of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, and higher plasma corticosterone levels. It appears that vasectomy, at a younger age, is capable of inducing adrenocortical-like activity in the testicular interstitium.", "PMID": 509963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8536", "title": "IUD compared with oral contraception in nulliparae.", "content": "172 nulliparae attending a Swedish family planning clinic were studied. Doctors and midwives with various experiences gave the contraceptive method. Continuation rate at 12 months was 58 per cent for IUD and 86 per cent for OC. The expulsion rate in the IUD group was 11 per cent and in 30 per cent of IUD users the device was removed because of adverse effects. 10 per cent of the IUD group and 5 per cent of the OC group discontinued their method without introducing another one, thereby risking an unwanted pregnancy.", "contents": "IUD compared with oral contraception in nulliparae. 172 nulliparae attending a Swedish family planning clinic were studied. Doctors and midwives with various experiences gave the contraceptive method. Continuation rate at 12 months was 58 per cent for IUD and 86 per cent for OC. The expulsion rate in the IUD group was 11 per cent and in 30 per cent of IUD users the device was removed because of adverse effects. 10 per cent of the IUD group and 5 per cent of the OC group discontinued their method without introducing another one, thereby risking an unwanted pregnancy.", "PMID": 509964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8537", "title": "Influence of an end inspiratory pause on pulmonary ventilation, gas distribution, and lung perfusion during artificial ventilation.", "content": "Using a constant tidal volume and ventilatory frequency, anesthetized piglets were ventilated with a new tidal volume ventilator. A short inspiratory time without a pause (10% of breathing cycle) was compared with a longer inspiratory time with a pause (33%) both with and without bronchial obstruction. Mechanics of ventilation, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, gas distribution, and lung perfusion were measured. The longer inspiratory time with a pause resulted in lower peak airway and end inspiratory pressures and a higher total compliance. Dead space/tidal volume ratio was reduced and the RQ was increased. While the cranial pulmonary fields were less well ventilated, the right caudal field was better ventilated. In the presence of bronchial obstruction, better alveolar ventilation was achieved when an end inspiratory pause was added. The results emphasize the importance of static end inspiratory tracheal conditions although the tidal volumes were kept unchanged.", "contents": "Influence of an end inspiratory pause on pulmonary ventilation, gas distribution, and lung perfusion during artificial ventilation. Using a constant tidal volume and ventilatory frequency, anesthetized piglets were ventilated with a new tidal volume ventilator. A short inspiratory time without a pause (10% of breathing cycle) was compared with a longer inspiratory time with a pause (33%) both with and without bronchial obstruction. Mechanics of ventilation, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, gas distribution, and lung perfusion were measured. The longer inspiratory time with a pause resulted in lower peak airway and end inspiratory pressures and a higher total compliance. Dead space/tidal volume ratio was reduced and the RQ was increased. While the cranial pulmonary fields were less well ventilated, the right caudal field was better ventilated. In the presence of bronchial obstruction, better alveolar ventilation was achieved when an end inspiratory pause was added. The results emphasize the importance of static end inspiratory tracheal conditions although the tidal volumes were kept unchanged.", "PMID": 509966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8538", "title": "Effect of respiratory acidosis on plasma and CSF free amino acids.", "content": "Acid-base data and levels of selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free amino acids were analyzed in a series of 8 patients in acute respiratory failure. In these patients, there were increased CSF concentrations of methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, alpha-amino-N-butyric acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and ammonia, while arginine decreased. Phenylalanine, tryosine, and alanine were correlated with CSF PCO2; and alpha-amino-N-butyric acid to the buffer capacity of CO2 and pH. The data suggest the hypothesis that there are two metabolic phases for ammonia removal from brain tissue, that could explain some of these pathhophysiological conditions.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory acidosis on plasma and CSF free amino acids. Acid-base data and levels of selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free amino acids were analyzed in a series of 8 patients in acute respiratory failure. In these patients, there were increased CSF concentrations of methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, alpha-amino-N-butyric acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and ammonia, while arginine decreased. Phenylalanine, tryosine, and alanine were correlated with CSF PCO2; and alpha-amino-N-butyric acid to the buffer capacity of CO2 and pH. The data suggest the hypothesis that there are two metabolic phases for ammonia removal from brain tissue, that could explain some of these pathhophysiological conditions.", "PMID": 509967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8539", "title": "Hyperventilation in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "content": "A patient with severe tricyclic antidepressant poisoning who showed recurrent ventricular fibrillation and wide QRS complexes on the ECG, failed to respond to intravenous physostigmine and lidocaine. Deliberate artificial hyperventilation was immediately effective in preventing further arrhythmia and in decreasing the width of the QRS complexes. Hyperventilation, a neglected treatment, may be immediately effective in the treatment of severe tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "contents": "Hyperventilation in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. A patient with severe tricyclic antidepressant poisoning who showed recurrent ventricular fibrillation and wide QRS complexes on the ECG, failed to respond to intravenous physostigmine and lidocaine. Deliberate artificial hyperventilation was immediately effective in preventing further arrhythmia and in decreasing the width of the QRS complexes. Hyperventilation, a neglected treatment, may be immediately effective in the treatment of severe tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "PMID": 509968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8540", "title": "New endotracheal tube adaptor reducing cardiopulmonary effects of suctioning.", "content": "The continuous recordings of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and beat-to-beat heart rate before, during, and after tracheobronchial suctioning were studied in eight preterm infants with severe RDS receiving mechanical ventilation. Two suctioning procedures were alternatively performed in each infant; In procedure A, disconnection of the ventilator and preoxygenation preceded suctioning; in procedure B, a special suction adaptor was used without ventilatory interruption or preoxygenation; 128 suctionings were performed with each procedure and the changes in heart rate (HR) and SaO2 during suctioning were compared. Although in both procedures, HR and SaO2 decreased during suctioning, the degree of bradycardia and arterial blood oxygen desaturation were significantly smaller in magnitude and shorter in duration during procedure B. These data indicate advantages of the suction adaptor in minimizing bradycardia and hypoxia from airway suction.", "contents": "New endotracheal tube adaptor reducing cardiopulmonary effects of suctioning. The continuous recordings of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and beat-to-beat heart rate before, during, and after tracheobronchial suctioning were studied in eight preterm infants with severe RDS receiving mechanical ventilation. Two suctioning procedures were alternatively performed in each infant; In procedure A, disconnection of the ventilator and preoxygenation preceded suctioning; in procedure B, a special suction adaptor was used without ventilatory interruption or preoxygenation; 128 suctionings were performed with each procedure and the changes in heart rate (HR) and SaO2 during suctioning were compared. Although in both procedures, HR and SaO2 decreased during suctioning, the degree of bradycardia and arterial blood oxygen desaturation were significantly smaller in magnitude and shorter in duration during procedure B. These data indicate advantages of the suction adaptor in minimizing bradycardia and hypoxia from airway suction.", "PMID": 509969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8541", "title": "External ventricular drainage. A technical note.", "content": "The disadvantages of external ventricular drainage are the threat of sepsis and the nuisance of dislodging a precarious system in routine care. The experience of the authors with nearly 200 cases using a long ventricular catheter demonstrates that a subgaleal tunnel can be easily made for the ventricular catheter using a sharp trocar. The resulting system is secured by the tunnel, easily dressed, and has a minimal likelihood of sepsis. Although external drainage has been maintained for longer than 3 weeks in some cases, the average duration is 6 days; and in the last 68 cases, there has been no incidence of sepsis and but one case of patient removal of the catheter. The device has been used for both monitoring, as well as ventricular decompression in a broad range of patients.", "contents": "External ventricular drainage. A technical note. The disadvantages of external ventricular drainage are the threat of sepsis and the nuisance of dislodging a precarious system in routine care. The experience of the authors with nearly 200 cases using a long ventricular catheter demonstrates that a subgaleal tunnel can be easily made for the ventricular catheter using a sharp trocar. The resulting system is secured by the tunnel, easily dressed, and has a minimal likelihood of sepsis. Although external drainage has been maintained for longer than 3 weeks in some cases, the average duration is 6 days; and in the last 68 cases, there has been no incidence of sepsis and but one case of patient removal of the catheter. The device has been used for both monitoring, as well as ventricular decompression in a broad range of patients.", "PMID": 509970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8542", "title": "A physiological approach to hemidiaphragm paralysis.", "content": "The occurrence of unilateral phrenic nerve injury with the resultant hemidiaphragm paralysis or paresis can cause significant respiratory distress or respiratory failure in infants and children. An early bedside diagnosis of this problem will allow appropriate therapy and prevent needless diagnostic procedures. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position and the paralyzed side up, accentuated paradoxical inspiratory inward epigastric motion ipsilateral to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm can be seen. With the paralyzed hemidiaphragm down, abdominal motion appears to be normal as if the paralyzed hemidiaphragm were plicated. Thus, ventilation may be improved by changing body position as well as instituting ventilatory support while the potential for phrenic nerve recovery is evaluated.", "contents": "A physiological approach to hemidiaphragm paralysis. The occurrence of unilateral phrenic nerve injury with the resultant hemidiaphragm paralysis or paresis can cause significant respiratory distress or respiratory failure in infants and children. An early bedside diagnosis of this problem will allow appropriate therapy and prevent needless diagnostic procedures. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position and the paralyzed side up, accentuated paradoxical inspiratory inward epigastric motion ipsilateral to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm can be seen. With the paralyzed hemidiaphragm down, abdominal motion appears to be normal as if the paralyzed hemidiaphragm were plicated. Thus, ventilation may be improved by changing body position as well as instituting ventilatory support while the potential for phrenic nerve recovery is evaluated.", "PMID": 509971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8543", "title": "Problems of dose-response studies in chemical carcinogenesis with special reference to N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "Dose-response studies in chemical carcinogenesis are a valuable method for evaluating the risk involved by a certain carcinogen. This article deals with the methods that are presently applied for dose-response studies. It is emphasized that there are many possible mistakes that are already hidden in the method itself; a critical approach is made to the indicative value of dose-response studies. It is also emphasized that the conclusions which may be drawn from dose-response studies can always only be extrapolative but never mathematically calculable. Finally, some practical examples for dose-response studies with n-nitroso compounds are described.", "contents": "Problems of dose-response studies in chemical carcinogenesis with special reference to N-nitroso compounds. Dose-response studies in chemical carcinogenesis are a valuable method for evaluating the risk involved by a certain carcinogen. This article deals with the methods that are presently applied for dose-response studies. It is emphasized that there are many possible mistakes that are already hidden in the method itself; a critical approach is made to the indicative value of dose-response studies. It is also emphasized that the conclusions which may be drawn from dose-response studies can always only be extrapolative but never mathematically calculable. Finally, some practical examples for dose-response studies with n-nitroso compounds are described.", "PMID": 509977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8544", "title": "Psoralen and sunlight for psoriasis in the Southwest.", "content": "The treatment of psoriasis with psoralen and direct sunlight has been reported as successful but unpredictable because of its dependence on prevailing weather conditions which are subject to marked daily and seasonal variations. A study carried out in a locale nearly ideal because of its reliable year-round sunshine produced complete remission of all exposed plaques in twelve consecutive patients.", "contents": "Psoralen and sunlight for psoriasis in the Southwest. The treatment of psoriasis with psoralen and direct sunlight has been reported as successful but unpredictable because of its dependence on prevailing weather conditions which are subject to marked daily and seasonal variations. A study carried out in a locale nearly ideal because of its reliable year-round sunshine produced complete remission of all exposed plaques in twelve consecutive patients.", "PMID": 509980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8545", "title": "Pigmented skin lesions in black newborn infants.", "content": "Three findings from a study of one hundred black newborn infants examined for pigmented lesions are presented herein: significantly higher incidence than in prior neonatal examinations, a frequent clinical pattern of grouped macules, and an unusual histologic distribution of nevus cell theques. Fifty-one percent of the infants had congenital pigmented lesions. Biopsy specimens of thirty-two lesions were obtained, twenty-six showing histologic changes of lentigo, four melanocytic nevi (nevus-cell nevi), and two ephelides. Three of the four nevi were less than 1.5 cm in diameter and all were of the predominantly junctional type. Clinical appearance was not a consistent guide for classification in the newborn.", "contents": "Pigmented skin lesions in black newborn infants. Three findings from a study of one hundred black newborn infants examined for pigmented lesions are presented herein: significantly higher incidence than in prior neonatal examinations, a frequent clinical pattern of grouped macules, and an unusual histologic distribution of nevus cell theques. Fifty-one percent of the infants had congenital pigmented lesions. Biopsy specimens of thirty-two lesions were obtained, twenty-six showing histologic changes of lentigo, four melanocytic nevi (nevus-cell nevi), and two ephelides. Three of the four nevi were less than 1.5 cm in diameter and all were of the predominantly junctional type. Clinical appearance was not a consistent guide for classification in the newborn.", "PMID": 509983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8546", "title": "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. A review with emphasis on steroid therapy.", "content": "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, a disease involving the ear helix of middle-aged to elderly persons is described herein. The clinical, histologic, and therapeutic aspects of this entity are discussed with special emphasis on treatment with intralesional steroids. Several etiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms are also mentioned.", "contents": "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. A review with emphasis on steroid therapy. Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, a disease involving the ear helix of middle-aged to elderly persons is described herein. The clinical, histologic, and therapeutic aspects of this entity are discussed with special emphasis on treatment with intralesional steroids. Several etiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms are also mentioned.", "PMID": 509984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8547", "title": "Levamisole and agrandulocytosis.", "content": "Levamisole, originally developed as an anthelmintic, is used in the treatment of many disorders. Severe side-effects have been noted by some investigators, and a case is presented herein of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis.", "contents": "Levamisole and agrandulocytosis. Levamisole, originally developed as an anthelmintic, is used in the treatment of many disorders. Severe side-effects have been noted by some investigators, and a case is presented herein of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 509986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8548", "title": "Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in children. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis occurring in children are presented herein. In both, multiple drugs were administered before the onset of the skin eruption. Cultures for staphylococcus were negative. Histopathologic examination of the first case revealed separations at the dermal-epidermal junction. While more commonly due to staphylococcal exfoliatoxin, a drug must be ruled out as the cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis in children.", "contents": "Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in children. Report of two cases. Two cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis occurring in children are presented herein. In both, multiple drugs were administered before the onset of the skin eruption. Cultures for staphylococcus were negative. Histopathologic examination of the first case revealed separations at the dermal-epidermal junction. While more commonly due to staphylococcal exfoliatoxin, a drug must be ruled out as the cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis in children.", "PMID": 509987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8549", "title": "Structural organization of chromosomes of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak).", "content": "The identification, morphology, and banding pattern of the chromosomes of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) are described. A diagrammatic representation of the banding pattern as revealed by various techniques is presented following the nomenclature suggested by Paris Conference (1971) for human chromosomes. The Y2 chromosome and the neck of the X chromosome are late replicating based on observations made with the use of a bromodeoxuridine plus Giemsa technique. Most of the G-bands are early replicating, contrary to earlier findings based on autoradiography.", "contents": "Structural organization of chromosomes of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak). The identification, morphology, and banding pattern of the chromosomes of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) are described. A diagrammatic representation of the banding pattern as revealed by various techniques is presented following the nomenclature suggested by Paris Conference (1971) for human chromosomes. The Y2 chromosome and the neck of the X chromosome are late replicating based on observations made with the use of a bromodeoxuridine plus Giemsa technique. Most of the G-bands are early replicating, contrary to earlier findings based on autoradiography.", "PMID": 509990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8550", "title": "Conservation of whole arms during chromosomal divergence of phyllotine rodents.", "content": "The assumption of simple fusion in a group showing a constant number of chromosome arms was tested by comparison of the G-band patterns of chromosomes of three Phyllotis species. The karyotypes, each of which has 40 chromosome arms, have a 2n of 38, 38, and 40 and are made up of mostly metacentric chromosomes. Operational concepts describing the amount of matching in G-band patterns are proposed, separating chromosomes or arms into those with total correspondence, partial correspondence, or unique cases. Seven chromosomes and 21 arms out of the total were identical in the three species, denoting a conservation of whole-arm band sequences in this group. A greater number of identical arms than of identical chromosomes were observed, giving some support to the simple fusion hypothesis. An unexpected chromosomal divergence was detected, including chromosomal variation in the C-banded sex chromosomes.", "contents": "Conservation of whole arms during chromosomal divergence of phyllotine rodents. The assumption of simple fusion in a group showing a constant number of chromosome arms was tested by comparison of the G-band patterns of chromosomes of three Phyllotis species. The karyotypes, each of which has 40 chromosome arms, have a 2n of 38, 38, and 40 and are made up of mostly metacentric chromosomes. Operational concepts describing the amount of matching in G-band patterns are proposed, separating chromosomes or arms into those with total correspondence, partial correspondence, or unique cases. Seven chromosomes and 21 arms out of the total were identical in the three species, denoting a conservation of whole-arm band sequences in this group. A greater number of identical arms than of identical chromosomes were observed, giving some support to the simple fusion hypothesis. An unexpected chromosomal divergence was detected, including chromosomal variation in the C-banded sex chromosomes.", "PMID": 509991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8551", "title": "Regional mapping of the gene for human UDPGal 4-epimerase on chromosome 1 in mouse-human hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse and human cells containing two different reciprocal translocations involving human chromosome 1, 46,X,t(1;X)(q12;q26) and 47,XX,+21,t(1;17)(p32;p13), were studied for the expression of human uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase (UDPGal 4-epimerase, E.C. 5.1.3.2) by starch-gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the hybrid clones for the expression of the enzyme and the presence of the translocation chromosome 1 has permitted the assignment of the gene for human UDPGal 4-epimerase to the pter yields p32 region of chromosome 1.", "contents": "Regional mapping of the gene for human UDPGal 4-epimerase on chromosome 1 in mouse-human hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse and human cells containing two different reciprocal translocations involving human chromosome 1, 46,X,t(1;X)(q12;q26) and 47,XX,+21,t(1;17)(p32;p13), were studied for the expression of human uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase (UDPGal 4-epimerase, E.C. 5.1.3.2) by starch-gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the hybrid clones for the expression of the enzyme and the presence of the translocation chromosome 1 has permitted the assignment of the gene for human UDPGal 4-epimerase to the pter yields p32 region of chromosome 1.", "PMID": 509992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8552", "title": "Cytogenetic characteristics of 26 polyethylene glycol-induced human-hamster hybrid cell lines.", "content": "A cytological analysis of 26 polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced human/hamster hybrid lines has shown that such lines are similar to inactivated Sendai virus (ISV) induced hybrids in respect to stability, retention of specific chromosomes, and cell selection. The evolution of stable hybrid cell lines carrying variable human chromosome complements depends upon a balance being established between the retained human and hamster genomes. This balance is a result of random loss of human and hamster chromosomes followed by selection of the fittest stem lines. A major mechanism ofchromosome loss may be fragmentation and elimination of acentric fragments. Twelve of the 26 lines had stabilized by the 30th passage, an incidence similar to that found with ISV-induced hybrids studied in this laboratory. Thus, PEG may be considered to be an ideal chemical for inducing somatic cell hybrids for genetic analysis.", "contents": "Cytogenetic characteristics of 26 polyethylene glycol-induced human-hamster hybrid cell lines. A cytological analysis of 26 polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced human/hamster hybrid lines has shown that such lines are similar to inactivated Sendai virus (ISV) induced hybrids in respect to stability, retention of specific chromosomes, and cell selection. The evolution of stable hybrid cell lines carrying variable human chromosome complements depends upon a balance being established between the retained human and hamster genomes. This balance is a result of random loss of human and hamster chromosomes followed by selection of the fittest stem lines. A major mechanism ofchromosome loss may be fragmentation and elimination of acentric fragments. Twelve of the 26 lines had stabilized by the 30th passage, an incidence similar to that found with ISV-induced hybrids studied in this laboratory. Thus, PEG may be considered to be an ideal chemical for inducing somatic cell hybrids for genetic analysis.", "PMID": 509993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8553", "title": "Determination of bronchodilation in the clinical pulmonary function laboratory. Role of changes in static lung volumes.", "content": "Improved airway resistance following bronchodilator inhalation is not always accompanied by improvement in forced expiratory flow. We studied 241 patients with airways obstruction to learn whether changes in static lung volumes (vital capacity and function residual capacity measured by body plethysmography [FRCB]) would reveal bronchodilation not demonstrated by expiratory flow rates (the ratio of forced vital capacity at one second to the total forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC]), and the forced expiratory flow for the midportion of the forced vital capacity (FEF25--75%). A significant fall in Raw occurred in 129 patients, 46 of whom had a significant increase in vital capacity (mean of + 465 ml +/- 43, P less than 0.001) and a fall in FRCB (mean of -763 ml +/- 78 P less than 0.001) with no change in FEV1/FVC% of FEF25--75%. We interpret these data to indicate that improvement in static lung volumes can reflect bronchodilation in the absence of improved expiratory flow.", "contents": "Determination of bronchodilation in the clinical pulmonary function laboratory. Role of changes in static lung volumes. Improved airway resistance following bronchodilator inhalation is not always accompanied by improvement in forced expiratory flow. We studied 241 patients with airways obstruction to learn whether changes in static lung volumes (vital capacity and function residual capacity measured by body plethysmography [FRCB]) would reveal bronchodilation not demonstrated by expiratory flow rates (the ratio of forced vital capacity at one second to the total forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC]), and the forced expiratory flow for the midportion of the forced vital capacity (FEF25--75%). A significant fall in Raw occurred in 129 patients, 46 of whom had a significant increase in vital capacity (mean of + 465 ml +/- 43, P less than 0.001) and a fall in FRCB (mean of -763 ml +/- 78 P less than 0.001) with no change in FEV1/FVC% of FEF25--75%. We interpret these data to indicate that improvement in static lung volumes can reflect bronchodilation in the absence of improved expiratory flow.", "PMID": 510000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8554", "title": "Resting ventilatory pattern, mouth occlusion pressure, and the effects of aminophylline in asthma and chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Patients with obstruction of the airways can maintain normocapnia either by increasing the central inspiratory neuromuscular output or by altering the central timing of each breath. This point and the effects of administration of aminophylline on ventilatory regulation were studied in six normal subjects, seven asthmatic patients, and eight patients with unresponsive chronic obstruction of the airways. Spirometric and body plethysmographic values, the ventilatory pattern, and the mouth occlusion pressure did not differ between the two groups of patients. The results indicate that in these patients, normocapnia is maintained at rest by increased central inspiratory neuromuscular output; central respiratory timing is not altered. Intravenous administration of aminophylline (5.6 mg/kg of body weight) increased alveolar ventilation in all three groups, without increasing the uptake of oxygen. In normal subjects, there was no significant effect on ventilatory regulation or drive. In asthmatic patients the central timing of each breath was altered, with no significant effect on central inspiratory output. In unresponsive obstruction of the airways, the central inspiratory output increased transiently, with no effect on central timing.", "contents": "Resting ventilatory pattern, mouth occlusion pressure, and the effects of aminophylline in asthma and chronic airways obstruction. Patients with obstruction of the airways can maintain normocapnia either by increasing the central inspiratory neuromuscular output or by altering the central timing of each breath. This point and the effects of administration of aminophylline on ventilatory regulation were studied in six normal subjects, seven asthmatic patients, and eight patients with unresponsive chronic obstruction of the airways. Spirometric and body plethysmographic values, the ventilatory pattern, and the mouth occlusion pressure did not differ between the two groups of patients. The results indicate that in these patients, normocapnia is maintained at rest by increased central inspiratory neuromuscular output; central respiratory timing is not altered. Intravenous administration of aminophylline (5.6 mg/kg of body weight) increased alveolar ventilation in all three groups, without increasing the uptake of oxygen. In normal subjects, there was no significant effect on ventilatory regulation or drive. In asthmatic patients the central timing of each breath was altered, with no significant effect on central inspiratory output. In unresponsive obstruction of the airways, the central inspiratory output increased transiently, with no effect on central timing.", "PMID": 510001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8555", "title": "Complications of pulmonary artery catheterization in the care of critically ill patients. A prospective study.", "content": "In order to evaluate the incidence and the significance of complications resulting from the use of flow--directed, balloon--tipped catheters to monitor critically ill patients, we made a prospective study of 116 pulmonary artery catheterizations. Indications for catheterization included shock, pulmonary edema, or hemodynamic instability following surgery. Arrhythmias, including premature atrial or ventricular depolarizations, ventricular tachycardia, and transient right--bundle branch block occurred during 90 of the 116 insertion procedures, but were unassociated with morbidity or mortality. In two cases (1.7 percent) staphylococcal bacteremia probably originated from the catheter. In addition, the pulmonary artery catheter led to two cases (1.7 percent) of subclavian vein thrombosis. Postmortem examinations revealed perforations of the pulmonic valve in one case. We conclude that although significant complications may result from pulmonary arterial catheterization and monitoring of critically ill patients, the incidence is low.", "contents": "Complications of pulmonary artery catheterization in the care of critically ill patients. A prospective study. In order to evaluate the incidence and the significance of complications resulting from the use of flow--directed, balloon--tipped catheters to monitor critically ill patients, we made a prospective study of 116 pulmonary artery catheterizations. Indications for catheterization included shock, pulmonary edema, or hemodynamic instability following surgery. Arrhythmias, including premature atrial or ventricular depolarizations, ventricular tachycardia, and transient right--bundle branch block occurred during 90 of the 116 insertion procedures, but were unassociated with morbidity or mortality. In two cases (1.7 percent) staphylococcal bacteremia probably originated from the catheter. In addition, the pulmonary artery catheter led to two cases (1.7 percent) of subclavian vein thrombosis. Postmortem examinations revealed perforations of the pulmonic valve in one case. We conclude that although significant complications may result from pulmonary arterial catheterization and monitoring of critically ill patients, the incidence is low.", "PMID": 510002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8556", "title": "Distribution of ventilation in normal children.", "content": "Measurements of closing volume and the distribution fo ventilation by both single-breath (SBN2) and multiple-breath nitrogen washout methods were obtained in 376 healthy boys and girls, ages 6 to 18 years. A closing volume could be demonstrated in 39 percent of the subjects, and closing volume expressed as percentage of vital capacity did not change with height. Closing capacity expressed as percentage of total lung capacity showed a slight decrease with height. The slope of phase III of the SBN2 curve decreased with height. Single compartment N2 washout curves were observed in 72 percent of the subjects, and the incidence of single compartment curves increased with age. In those subjects with two compartment N2 washout curves, the relative compartmental ventilation became more even with increasing height. Our observations suggest that parallel units among peripheral airways grow at different rates.", "contents": "Distribution of ventilation in normal children. Measurements of closing volume and the distribution fo ventilation by both single-breath (SBN2) and multiple-breath nitrogen washout methods were obtained in 376 healthy boys and girls, ages 6 to 18 years. A closing volume could be demonstrated in 39 percent of the subjects, and closing volume expressed as percentage of vital capacity did not change with height. Closing capacity expressed as percentage of total lung capacity showed a slight decrease with height. The slope of phase III of the SBN2 curve decreased with height. Single compartment N2 washout curves were observed in 72 percent of the subjects, and the incidence of single compartment curves increased with age. In those subjects with two compartment N2 washout curves, the relative compartmental ventilation became more even with increasing height. Our observations suggest that parallel units among peripheral airways grow at different rates.", "PMID": 510003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8557", "title": "Dynamic prognostic profile for acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A prognostic profile for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated in a coronary care unit has been constructed by applying a modified sequential statistical analysis. The profile represents a dynamic system which enables the physician to predict hospital prognosis simply and rapidly on the basis of daily changing clinical and laboratory parameters. The procedure was tested prospectively on a population of AMI patients and was found to be a reliable prognostic tool. Comparing this scale with that of popular prognostic indices, it was found that prediction was more accurate with this technique.", "contents": "Dynamic prognostic profile for acute myocardial infarction. A prognostic profile for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated in a coronary care unit has been constructed by applying a modified sequential statistical analysis. The profile represents a dynamic system which enables the physician to predict hospital prognosis simply and rapidly on the basis of daily changing clinical and laboratory parameters. The procedure was tested prospectively on a population of AMI patients and was found to be a reliable prognostic tool. Comparing this scale with that of popular prognostic indices, it was found that prediction was more accurate with this technique.", "PMID": 510004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8558", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis by the left atrial emptying index.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed in 35 patients prospectively with mitral stenosis to determine the usefulness of the left atrial emptying index (AEI) in estimating mitral valve orifice area (MVOA). Twnety-five control patients without evidence of cardiac disease had an AEI of 0.91 +/- 0.01. In the mitral stenosis group, the mean AEI was 0.47 +/- 0.09, with Gorlin and Gorlin calculated MVOAs of 1.44 +/- 0.56. There was close correlation between the AEI and MVOA (r = 0.93). The AEI did not correlate well with the left atrial size (r = 0.10), or the EF slope of the mitral valve (r = 0.20). The AEI was useful in separating patients with mitral stenosis into mild, moderate, and severe groups. Twelve out of 12 patients with severe mitral stenosis (MVOA less than or equal to 1.0 sq cm) had an AEI of less than or equal to 0.42. Ten out of 13 patients with moderate mitral stenosis (MVOA of 1.1--1.5 sq cm) had an AEI of 0.43 to 0.51. Eight out of ten patients with mild mitral stenosis (MVOA greater than or equal to 1.6 sq cm) had an AEI of greater than or equal to 0.52. The overall predictive value of the AEI in subclassifying the severity of mitral stenosis was 86 percent. In conclusion, the AEI appears to be a sensitive index in estimating MVOA in mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis by the left atrial emptying index. Echocardiograms were performed in 35 patients prospectively with mitral stenosis to determine the usefulness of the left atrial emptying index (AEI) in estimating mitral valve orifice area (MVOA). Twnety-five control patients without evidence of cardiac disease had an AEI of 0.91 +/- 0.01. In the mitral stenosis group, the mean AEI was 0.47 +/- 0.09, with Gorlin and Gorlin calculated MVOAs of 1.44 +/- 0.56. There was close correlation between the AEI and MVOA (r = 0.93). The AEI did not correlate well with the left atrial size (r = 0.10), or the EF slope of the mitral valve (r = 0.20). The AEI was useful in separating patients with mitral stenosis into mild, moderate, and severe groups. Twelve out of 12 patients with severe mitral stenosis (MVOA less than or equal to 1.0 sq cm) had an AEI of less than or equal to 0.42. Ten out of 13 patients with moderate mitral stenosis (MVOA of 1.1--1.5 sq cm) had an AEI of 0.43 to 0.51. Eight out of ten patients with mild mitral stenosis (MVOA greater than or equal to 1.6 sq cm) had an AEI of greater than or equal to 0.52. The overall predictive value of the AEI in subclassifying the severity of mitral stenosis was 86 percent. In conclusion, the AEI appears to be a sensitive index in estimating MVOA in mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 510005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8559", "title": "Pulmonary functional in patients with gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux has been suggested to play a causal role in a variety of chronic pulmonary disorders. This hypothesis has been supported by the increased incidence of reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary disorders and by the anecdotal reports of symptomatic improvement following surgical correction of the reflux. In an effort to determine whether patients with reflux as a group demonstrated a significant degree of pulmonary dysfunction, 100 patients with reflux were compared with another group of 100 control patients, matched for age and sex and without demonstrable reflux. Standard pulmonary function studies were used for this comparison. No difference could be detected between the two groups, which suggested that the isolated findings of reflux in patients with pulmonary disorders should not be considered etiologic by virtue of the association alone. Alternate explanations for the relationship are given.", "contents": "Pulmonary functional in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux has been suggested to play a causal role in a variety of chronic pulmonary disorders. This hypothesis has been supported by the increased incidence of reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary disorders and by the anecdotal reports of symptomatic improvement following surgical correction of the reflux. In an effort to determine whether patients with reflux as a group demonstrated a significant degree of pulmonary dysfunction, 100 patients with reflux were compared with another group of 100 control patients, matched for age and sex and without demonstrable reflux. Standard pulmonary function studies were used for this comparison. No difference could be detected between the two groups, which suggested that the isolated findings of reflux in patients with pulmonary disorders should not be considered etiologic by virtue of the association alone. Alternate explanations for the relationship are given.", "PMID": 510006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8560", "title": "Lung sound terminology in case reports.", "content": "Terms used to describe lung sounds in published case reports were tabulated, including qualifying adjectives. Seven journals were reviewed, and a total of 663 case reports were included. From the frequency of usage and similarity of qualifying adjectives it appears that \"rales\" and \"crepitations\" are equivalent terms. Many authors feel the need to qualify \"rales\": sixteen descriptive adjectives were encountered. Some authors distinguish between \"rhonchus\" and \"wheeze,\" but the terms, for most, appear to mean the same thing. It is evident that current usage varies widely, even in the terminology of the basic categories of sounds.", "contents": "Lung sound terminology in case reports. Terms used to describe lung sounds in published case reports were tabulated, including qualifying adjectives. Seven journals were reviewed, and a total of 663 case reports were included. From the frequency of usage and similarity of qualifying adjectives it appears that \"rales\" and \"crepitations\" are equivalent terms. Many authors feel the need to qualify \"rales\": sixteen descriptive adjectives were encountered. Some authors distinguish between \"rhonchus\" and \"wheeze,\" but the terms, for most, appear to mean the same thing. It is evident that current usage varies widely, even in the terminology of the basic categories of sounds.", "PMID": 510008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8561", "title": "Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of tricuspid valve prolapse.", "content": "A patient with click and late systolic murmur syndrome originating in the right side of the heart is described. Prolapse of the anterior tricuspid leaflet was demonstrated by subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography alone. Neither of the mitral leaflets showed any evidence of prolapse on the echocardiogram. The prolapsed anterior tricuspid leaflet and mild regurgitation were confirmed by right heart cineangiogram.", "contents": "Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of tricuspid valve prolapse. A patient with click and late systolic murmur syndrome originating in the right side of the heart is described. Prolapse of the anterior tricuspid leaflet was demonstrated by subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography alone. Neither of the mitral leaflets showed any evidence of prolapse on the echocardiogram. The prolapsed anterior tricuspid leaflet and mild regurgitation were confirmed by right heart cineangiogram.", "PMID": 510009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8562", "title": "Asbestos fibers in laryngeal tissues. Findings in two patients with asbestosis associated with laryngeal tumors.", "content": "Significant concentrations of asbestos fibers have been found in samples of laryngeal tissue from two patients with past exposure to asbestos and associated asbestosis. In one case, there was a polyp on a vocal cord and in the other one a laryngeal carcinoma. These findings could provide an indication of a local carcinogenic effect of asbestos fibers in laryngeal tissue.", "contents": "Asbestos fibers in laryngeal tissues. Findings in two patients with asbestosis associated with laryngeal tumors. Significant concentrations of asbestos fibers have been found in samples of laryngeal tissue from two patients with past exposure to asbestos and associated asbestosis. In one case, there was a polyp on a vocal cord and in the other one a laryngeal carcinoma. These findings could provide an indication of a local carcinogenic effect of asbestos fibers in laryngeal tissue.", "PMID": 510010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8563", "title": "Esophageal compression in association with silicosis and Mycobacterium intracellulare.", "content": "An enameler with dysphagia was found to have extrinsic compression of the esophagus by enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Scalene lymph node biopsy revealed silicosis, and tissue cultures grew Mycobacterium intracellulare. We believe our patient is the first reported to have dysphagia due to silicotic adenopathy complicated by an atypical mycobacteriosis.", "contents": "Esophageal compression in association with silicosis and Mycobacterium intracellulare. An enameler with dysphagia was found to have extrinsic compression of the esophagus by enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Scalene lymph node biopsy revealed silicosis, and tissue cultures grew Mycobacterium intracellulare. We believe our patient is the first reported to have dysphagia due to silicotic adenopathy complicated by an atypical mycobacteriosis.", "PMID": 510011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8564", "title": "Spontaneous return of patency in a completely occluded coronary artery.", "content": "We observed a 56-year=old man in whom an occluded right coronary artery was observed to be widely patent on a subsequent angiogram 40 months later. This \"regression,\" which occurred without a change in his risk factors, shows that manipulation of risk factors can be proven to be a cause of regression only in controlled studies.", "contents": "Spontaneous return of patency in a completely occluded coronary artery. We observed a 56-year=old man in whom an occluded right coronary artery was observed to be widely patent on a subsequent angiogram 40 months later. This \"regression,\" which occurred without a change in his risk factors, shows that manipulation of risk factors can be proven to be a cause of regression only in controlled studies.", "PMID": 510012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8565", "title": "The foster family in a systems theory perspective.", "content": "Viewing the foster family as a social system provides another tangent from which to understand it, and adds credibility to familiar problems.", "contents": "The foster family in a systems theory perspective. Viewing the foster family as a social system provides another tangent from which to understand it, and adds credibility to familiar problems.", "PMID": 510037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8566", "title": "A grass-roots model for needs assessment in Hispanic communities.", "content": "A design for research to provide data on demographic and socioeconomic needs for service to a Hispanic community can be useful for agencies serving other minority groups.", "contents": "A grass-roots model for needs assessment in Hispanic communities. A design for research to provide data on demographic and socioeconomic needs for service to a Hispanic community can be useful for agencies serving other minority groups.", "PMID": 510038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8567", "title": "Prevention in child welfare: a framework for management and practice.", "content": "Development of preventive programs in child welfare has been handicapped by the necessity to serve those in immediate need. A framework defining the role, objectives and techniques of prevention is based on a different perspective for service.", "contents": "Prevention in child welfare: a framework for management and practice. Development of preventive programs in child welfare has been handicapped by the necessity to serve those in immediate need. A framework defining the role, objectives and techniques of prevention is based on a different perspective for service.", "PMID": 510032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8568", "title": "Behavioral contracting: theory and design.", "content": "An agreement binding a worker and a client, or members of a family, to change specific, measurable behaviors is an effective way to achieve mutual benefits.", "contents": "Behavioral contracting: theory and design. An agreement binding a worker and a client, or members of a family, to change specific, measurable behaviors is an effective way to achieve mutual benefits.", "PMID": 510033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8569", "title": "Depression in adolescents: a developmental view.", "content": "Recent advances in the understanding of adolescent development have provided a frameword for perceptive treatment of certain patterns of adolescent depression.", "contents": "Depression in adolescents: a developmental view. Recent advances in the understanding of adolescent development have provided a frameword for perceptive treatment of certain patterns of adolescent depression.", "PMID": 510039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8570", "title": "An adolescent services plan to incorporate status offenders into the child welfare system.", "content": "A model plan is presented for adolescent services that would facilitate the current trend to shift troubled but nondelinquent youngsters from the juvenile justice system into the child welfare system.", "contents": "An adolescent services plan to incorporate status offenders into the child welfare system. A model plan is presented for adolescent services that would facilitate the current trend to shift troubled but nondelinquent youngsters from the juvenile justice system into the child welfare system.", "PMID": 510034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8571", "title": "The family stress consultation team: an Illinois approach to protective services.", "content": "An experimental, multidisciplinary approach to the handling of child abuse and neglect cases has proved particularly effective.", "contents": "The family stress consultation team: an Illinois approach to protective services. An experimental, multidisciplinary approach to the handling of child abuse and neglect cases has proved particularly effective.", "PMID": 510041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8572", "title": "The status offender controversy: charges and study evidence.", "content": "Critics of public policy on status offenders urge that PINS statutes be abolished as racially discriminatory in its target population, as bureaucratically coercive in its labeling of normal children, as undemocratic in lacking the \"will and consent\" of those whom it presumably serves, and unnecessary in that the social welfare marketplace provides a better service alternative. This report of a study on PINS intake cases in Manhattan finds that the data do not support the charges.", "contents": "The status offender controversy: charges and study evidence. Critics of public policy on status offenders urge that PINS statutes be abolished as racially discriminatory in its target population, as bureaucratically coercive in its labeling of normal children, as undemocratic in lacking the \"will and consent\" of those whom it presumably serves, and unnecessary in that the social welfare marketplace provides a better service alternative. This report of a study on PINS intake cases in Manhattan finds that the data do not support the charges.", "PMID": 510030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8573", "title": "They can go home again!", "content": "A pilot project demonstrates that a carefully designed program encompassing training of foster parents, use of volunteers, community support and full commitment by foster care workers can produce permanent homes for youngsters.", "contents": "They can go home again! A pilot project demonstrates that a carefully designed program encompassing training of foster parents, use of volunteers, community support and full commitment by foster care workers can produce permanent homes for youngsters.", "PMID": 510043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8574", "title": "Assisting the status offender.", "content": "System change has not kept pace with the accumulating evidence that subjecting the status offender to judicial sanctions is both unfair and unhelpful. Principal arguments for change are presented here, as well as the principal arguments of those opposing removal of the status offender from court jurisdiction.", "contents": "Assisting the status offender. System change has not kept pace with the accumulating evidence that subjecting the status offender to judicial sanctions is both unfair and unhelpful. Principal arguments for change are presented here, as well as the principal arguments of those opposing removal of the status offender from court jurisdiction.", "PMID": 510031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8575", "title": "[Clavicular pseudarthroses in childhood].", "content": "Pseudarthrosis of the clavicula in childhood is rare. Beside the congenital forms, especially dysplasia of the skeleton, the cause of acquired pseudarthrosis is often the complete or partial lack of immobilization and poorly performed or not indicated osteosynthesis. Basically firm osteosynthesis with small DC-plates is the therapy indicated, but because of atrophic or short fragments, great defects, or if the relevant parts of the skeleton are too short, a compromise is often necessary, especially for the sake of strength. The autologeous spongiosaplastic, corticospongio bone parts, which strengthen the osteosynthesis procedure, if involved, are basic to undisturbed healing.", "contents": "[Clavicular pseudarthroses in childhood]. Pseudarthrosis of the clavicula in childhood is rare. Beside the congenital forms, especially dysplasia of the skeleton, the cause of acquired pseudarthrosis is often the complete or partial lack of immobilization and poorly performed or not indicated osteosynthesis. Basically firm osteosynthesis with small DC-plates is the therapy indicated, but because of atrophic or short fragments, great defects, or if the relevant parts of the skeleton are too short, a compromise is often necessary, especially for the sake of strength. The autologeous spongiosaplastic, corticospongio bone parts, which strengthen the osteosynthesis procedure, if involved, are basic to undisturbed healing.", "PMID": 510062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8576", "title": "[Indication for vascular reconstructive operations in radical tumor surgery].", "content": "First experiences concerning reconstructive vascular surgery in malignant tumor surgery are presented. In order to improve total tumor excision, the resection of great veins or nutritive arteries may become necessary. In some cases the reconstruction of vascular defects together with tumor resection may be indicated. Only in the case of younger patients vascular reconstruction of essential vessels seems to be indicated.", "contents": "[Indication for vascular reconstructive operations in radical tumor surgery]. First experiences concerning reconstructive vascular surgery in malignant tumor surgery are presented. In order to improve total tumor excision, the resection of great veins or nutritive arteries may become necessary. In some cases the reconstruction of vascular defects together with tumor resection may be indicated. Only in the case of younger patients vascular reconstruction of essential vessels seems to be indicated.", "PMID": 510063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8577", "title": "[Gastric bypass in the surgical treatment of extreme adiposity].", "content": "The gastric bypass is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of extreme obesity. A small gastric reservoir and a narrow anastomosis are combined (to limit the possibility of food intake). In patients with a mean weight of 94% above the Broca value the normal weight is reached 18 months after the operation. Failure to lose weight can be caused by technical errors during the procedure or by a continuous food intake by the patients. Surgical complications are rare. The operative lethality is less than 1%, and anastomotic ulcers occur in 2% of cases. There is no reason to expect metabolic derangements as after jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "[Gastric bypass in the surgical treatment of extreme adiposity]. The gastric bypass is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of extreme obesity. A small gastric reservoir and a narrow anastomosis are combined (to limit the possibility of food intake). In patients with a mean weight of 94% above the Broca value the normal weight is reached 18 months after the operation. Failure to lose weight can be caused by technical errors during the procedure or by a continuous food intake by the patients. Surgical complications are rare. The operative lethality is less than 1%, and anastomotic ulcers occur in 2% of cases. There is no reason to expect metabolic derangements as after jejunoileal bypass.", "PMID": 510064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8578", "title": "Chromosome breakage and rejoining of sister chromatids in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "The occurrence of chromosome breaks and reunion of sister chromatids in lymphocytes of two patients with Bloom's syndrome has been compared with those found in X-rayed and control cells. The distribution of breaks in BS is non-random both between and within chromosomes, the centric regions of certain chromosomes being preferentially involved. The following working hypotheses are put forward: When chromosome breaks in human lymphocytes occur in G0-G1, practically no sister chromatid reunion (SCR) takes place, whereas ends created by an S-G2 break show a considerable tendency to SCR. We propose further that chromosome aberrations in BS mainly result from breaks in S-G2, including possible U-type rejoining of sister chromatid exchanges. Fragments extra to an intact chromosome complement result from a chromatid break or an asymmetrical chromatid translocation in a previous mitosis.", "contents": "Chromosome breakage and rejoining of sister chromatids in Bloom's syndrome. The occurrence of chromosome breaks and reunion of sister chromatids in lymphocytes of two patients with Bloom's syndrome has been compared with those found in X-rayed and control cells. The distribution of breaks in BS is non-random both between and within chromosomes, the centric regions of certain chromosomes being preferentially involved. The following working hypotheses are put forward: When chromosome breaks in human lymphocytes occur in G0-G1, practically no sister chromatid reunion (SCR) takes place, whereas ends created by an S-G2 break show a considerable tendency to SCR. We propose further that chromosome aberrations in BS mainly result from breaks in S-G2, including possible U-type rejoining of sister chromatid exchanges. Fragments extra to an intact chromosome complement result from a chromatid break or an asymmetrical chromatid translocation in a previous mitosis.", "PMID": 510071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8579", "title": "Characterization of human chromosomal unit fibers.", "content": "A structural component of mitotic chromosomes that partially explains the compaction of DNA within mitotic chromosomes is suggested on the basis of the occurrence of long, regular cylindrical structures in preparations of isolated human chromosomes. These structures, \"unit fibers\", of a rather constant diameter of about 4,000 A have been postulated to be formed by coiling of the 250-300 A solenoid chromatin fiber that itself is formed by coiling of the 100 A string of nucleosome fiber. The human chromatid would thus be composed by a hierarchy of helices with contraction ratios for DNA at each level of coiling of 7 (string of nucleosomes), 5 (solenoid) and 40 (4,000 A \"unit fiber\" or \"super-solenoid\") which results in an overall contraction ratio for DNA in the \"unit fiber\" structures of about 1,400, which is approximately 5-fold less than the final contraction of DNA in intact chromatids of condensed metaphase chromosomes. The present report concerns more detailed studies with respect to the dimensions and cytochemical properties of the \"unit fiber\" structures observed in preparations of isolated human mitotic chromosomes that provide direct and indirect evidence in support of their \"super-solenoid\" structure and relate to known properties of human mitotic chromosomes.", "contents": "Characterization of human chromosomal unit fibers. A structural component of mitotic chromosomes that partially explains the compaction of DNA within mitotic chromosomes is suggested on the basis of the occurrence of long, regular cylindrical structures in preparations of isolated human chromosomes. These structures, \"unit fibers\", of a rather constant diameter of about 4,000 A have been postulated to be formed by coiling of the 250-300 A solenoid chromatin fiber that itself is formed by coiling of the 100 A string of nucleosome fiber. The human chromatid would thus be composed by a hierarchy of helices with contraction ratios for DNA at each level of coiling of 7 (string of nucleosomes), 5 (solenoid) and 40 (4,000 A \"unit fiber\" or \"super-solenoid\") which results in an overall contraction ratio for DNA in the \"unit fiber\" structures of about 1,400, which is approximately 5-fold less than the final contraction of DNA in intact chromatids of condensed metaphase chromosomes. The present report concerns more detailed studies with respect to the dimensions and cytochemical properties of the \"unit fiber\" structures observed in preparations of isolated human mitotic chromosomes that provide direct and indirect evidence in support of their \"super-solenoid\" structure and relate to known properties of human mitotic chromosomes.", "PMID": 510072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8580", "title": "Detection and location of three simple sequence DNAs in polytene chromosomes from virilis group species of Drosophila.", "content": "In vitro synthesized RNAs complementary to the three satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis have been used in a series of in situ hybridization experiments with polytene chromosomes from virilis group species. Gall and Atherton (1974) demonstrated that each of the satellites of D. virilis is comprised of many repeats of a distinct, seven base pair long, simple sequence. With few exceptions, copies of each of these simple sequences are detected in the chromocenters of all virilis group species. This is true even in species which do not possess satellite DNAs at buoyant densities corresponding to those of the satellite DNAs of D. virilis. Small quantities of the three simple sequences are also detected in euchromatic arms of several different species. The same euchromatic location may contain detectable copies of one, two, or all three simple sequence DNAs. The amounts of simple sequences at each location in the euchromatin may vary between species, between different stocks of the same species, and even between individuals of the same stock. The simple sequences located in the euchromatin appear to undergo DNA replication during formation of polytene chromosomes unlike those in heterochromatin. The locations of the euchromatic sequences are not the results of single chromosomal inversion events involving heterochromatic and euchromatic breakpoints.", "contents": "Detection and location of three simple sequence DNAs in polytene chromosomes from virilis group species of Drosophila. In vitro synthesized RNAs complementary to the three satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis have been used in a series of in situ hybridization experiments with polytene chromosomes from virilis group species. Gall and Atherton (1974) demonstrated that each of the satellites of D. virilis is comprised of many repeats of a distinct, seven base pair long, simple sequence. With few exceptions, copies of each of these simple sequences are detected in the chromocenters of all virilis group species. This is true even in species which do not possess satellite DNAs at buoyant densities corresponding to those of the satellite DNAs of D. virilis. Small quantities of the three simple sequences are also detected in euchromatic arms of several different species. The same euchromatic location may contain detectable copies of one, two, or all three simple sequence DNAs. The amounts of simple sequences at each location in the euchromatin may vary between species, between different stocks of the same species, and even between individuals of the same stock. The simple sequences located in the euchromatin appear to undergo DNA replication during formation of polytene chromosomes unlike those in heterochromatin. The locations of the euchromatic sequences are not the results of single chromosomal inversion events involving heterochromatic and euchromatic breakpoints.", "PMID": 510073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8581", "title": "In vivo effects of gamma-irradiation on the functional architecture of the lampbrush chromosomes in Pleurodeles (Amphibia, Urodela).", "content": "In vivo irradiation of ovaries of Pleurodeles poireti by gamma-rays leads to structural rearrangement of lampbrush chromosomes in late vitellogenic oocytes (stages V and VI). The loops collapse into the chromomeres and the axes condense. Doses between 200 and 2,000 rads have been tested. We observed that such changes were dependent on the irradiation dose though the chronological order of the events was irrespective of the dose. The maximum effect was attained about 10 h after irradiation. The alterations are totally reversible. Over a period of 3 days chromosomes gradually relax regenerate loops and recover their normal appearance. In mid vitellogenic oocytes (stages III and IV) lampbrush chromosomes do not undergo radiation induced alterations. It seems that only full-grown oocytes are competent to respond to the ionizing-flow.", "contents": "In vivo effects of gamma-irradiation on the functional architecture of the lampbrush chromosomes in Pleurodeles (Amphibia, Urodela). In vivo irradiation of ovaries of Pleurodeles poireti by gamma-rays leads to structural rearrangement of lampbrush chromosomes in late vitellogenic oocytes (stages V and VI). The loops collapse into the chromomeres and the axes condense. Doses between 200 and 2,000 rads have been tested. We observed that such changes were dependent on the irradiation dose though the chronological order of the events was irrespective of the dose. The maximum effect was attained about 10 h after irradiation. The alterations are totally reversible. Over a period of 3 days chromosomes gradually relax regenerate loops and recover their normal appearance. In mid vitellogenic oocytes (stages III and IV) lampbrush chromosomes do not undergo radiation induced alterations. It seems that only full-grown oocytes are competent to respond to the ionizing-flow.", "PMID": 510074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8582", "title": "Association of the extra chromosome of tertiary trisomic male mice with the sex chromosomes during first meiotic prophase, and its significance for impairment of spermatogenesis.", "content": "Pachytene nuclei were studied in five tertiary trisomic male mice of Ts(1(13))70H and two of Ts(5(12))31H, with special attention given to the sex vesicles. Silver stained air dried cells analysed by light microscopy were used mainly, but in addition one sample of surface spread, ethanolic phosphotungstic acid stained nuclei was analysed by electron microscopy. With both techniques and both karyotypes, the extra chromosome (or the greater part of it) almost consistently aggregated with the sex chromosomes. Thereby, the chromatin structure of the extra chromosome as judged by a fine granular appearance resembled that of the sex chromosomes. The animals used ranged from almost azospermic to fertile oligospermic. This variation was not reflected in the position and morphology of the chromosomes 1(13) and 5(12). -Using the whole mount spreading EM technique within a Ts(1(13))70H tertiary trisomic, both 13;13;1(13) trivalents and 1(13) univalents were observed. The 13;13;1(13) trivalents showed a variety of morphologies, ranging from a situation showing classical partner exchange to complete synapsis between the two 13 homologues with the 1(13) telomeric region adhering. The latter configuration is thought not to lead to chiasma formation.", "contents": "Association of the extra chromosome of tertiary trisomic male mice with the sex chromosomes during first meiotic prophase, and its significance for impairment of spermatogenesis. Pachytene nuclei were studied in five tertiary trisomic male mice of Ts(1(13))70H and two of Ts(5(12))31H, with special attention given to the sex vesicles. Silver stained air dried cells analysed by light microscopy were used mainly, but in addition one sample of surface spread, ethanolic phosphotungstic acid stained nuclei was analysed by electron microscopy. With both techniques and both karyotypes, the extra chromosome (or the greater part of it) almost consistently aggregated with the sex chromosomes. Thereby, the chromatin structure of the extra chromosome as judged by a fine granular appearance resembled that of the sex chromosomes. The animals used ranged from almost azospermic to fertile oligospermic. This variation was not reflected in the position and morphology of the chromosomes 1(13) and 5(12). -Using the whole mount spreading EM technique within a Ts(1(13))70H tertiary trisomic, both 13;13;1(13) trivalents and 1(13) univalents were observed. The 13;13;1(13) trivalents showed a variety of morphologies, ranging from a situation showing classical partner exchange to complete synapsis between the two 13 homologues with the 1(13) telomeric region adhering. The latter configuration is thought not to lead to chiasma formation.", "PMID": 510075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8583", "title": "Chromosome movement and spindle birefringence in locally heated cells: interaction versus local control.", "content": "A microheater was used to produce a temperature gradient within the mitotic spindle of living cells. The slope of the temperature gradient was estimated from thermal conductivity calculations and confirmed by measurements of spindle birefringence and by experiments on striated muscle. When the microheater was placed at one spindle pole or at one group of kinetochores, the gradient was steep enough to cause a large difference in birefringence between the two half-spindles, but the velocity of chromosome movement in anaphase was nearly the same in the warmer and cooler half-spindles. When the heater was shifted from the pole toward the interzone, the average velocity of chromosome movement increased approximately two-fold but was, again, nearly uniform in the two half-spindles. The rate of spindle elongation was especially sensitive to the site of heating, increasing ten-fold when the heater was shifted from the pole to the interzone. Regardless of heater position, the rate of chromosome movement was determined largely by the temperature of the coolest spindle region--chromosomes in the  warmer half-spindle moved more slowly than expected from estimates of the temperature in that region. Since the microheater produces a substantial temperature gradient within the spindle, the near uniformity of chromosome velocity in both half-spindles must be due to some biological property of the spindle. Two very different explanations for the results are considered the most likely. According to one explanation, the near uniformity of velocity in both half-spindles is determined by the structure of the interpolar spindle, while changes in velocity involve force producers located both in the half-spindles and in the interzone. On the other explanation, the velocity is nearly the same in both half-spindles because the force producers are located exclusively in the interzone (Margolis et al., 1978).", "contents": "Chromosome movement and spindle birefringence in locally heated cells: interaction versus local control. A microheater was used to produce a temperature gradient within the mitotic spindle of living cells. The slope of the temperature gradient was estimated from thermal conductivity calculations and confirmed by measurements of spindle birefringence and by experiments on striated muscle. When the microheater was placed at one spindle pole or at one group of kinetochores, the gradient was steep enough to cause a large difference in birefringence between the two half-spindles, but the velocity of chromosome movement in anaphase was nearly the same in the warmer and cooler half-spindles. When the heater was shifted from the pole toward the interzone, the average velocity of chromosome movement increased approximately two-fold but was, again, nearly uniform in the two half-spindles. The rate of spindle elongation was especially sensitive to the site of heating, increasing ten-fold when the heater was shifted from the pole to the interzone. Regardless of heater position, the rate of chromosome movement was determined largely by the temperature of the coolest spindle region--chromosomes in the  warmer half-spindle moved more slowly than expected from estimates of the temperature in that region. Since the microheater produces a substantial temperature gradient within the spindle, the near uniformity of chromosome velocity in both half-spindles must be due to some biological property of the spindle. Two very different explanations for the results are considered the most likely. According to one explanation, the near uniformity of velocity in both half-spindles is determined by the structure of the interpolar spindle, while changes in velocity involve force producers located both in the half-spindles and in the interzone. On the other explanation, the velocity is nearly the same in both half-spindles because the force producers are located exclusively in the interzone (Margolis et al., 1978).", "PMID": 510076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8584", "title": "Genome structure and divergence of nucleotide sequences in echinodermata.", "content": "The arrangement of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences has been studied in DNA of some species of Echinodermata--sea urchin, starfishes and sea-cucumber. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short and long DNA fragments indicates that the pattern of DNA sequence organization of all these species is similar to the so-called \"Xenopus pattern\" characteristic of the genomes of most animals and plants. However, substantional variations have been found in the amount of repetitive nucleotide sequences in DNA of different species and in the length of DNA regions containing adjacent single-copy and repetitive sequences. Measurements of the size of S1-nuclease resistant reassociated repetitive DNA sequences show a variability of ratios between long and short repetitive DNA sequences of different species.--The degree of divergence of short and long repetitive DNA sequences and single-copy DNA was studied by molecular hybridization of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius 3H-DNA with the DNA of other species and by determination of the thermostability of the hybridized molecules so obtained. All three fractions of S. intermedius DNA contain sequences homologous to DNA of the other echinoderm species studied. The results obtained suggest that short repetitive DNA sequences are those which have been most highly conserved throughout the evolution of Echinodermata. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the nature of the evolutionary changes in DNA sequence interspersion patterns.", "contents": "Genome structure and divergence of nucleotide sequences in echinodermata. The arrangement of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences has been studied in DNA of some species of Echinodermata--sea urchin, starfishes and sea-cucumber. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short and long DNA fragments indicates that the pattern of DNA sequence organization of all these species is similar to the so-called \"Xenopus pattern\" characteristic of the genomes of most animals and plants. However, substantional variations have been found in the amount of repetitive nucleotide sequences in DNA of different species and in the length of DNA regions containing adjacent single-copy and repetitive sequences. Measurements of the size of S1-nuclease resistant reassociated repetitive DNA sequences show a variability of ratios between long and short repetitive DNA sequences of different species.--The degree of divergence of short and long repetitive DNA sequences and single-copy DNA was studied by molecular hybridization of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius 3H-DNA with the DNA of other species and by determination of the thermostability of the hybridized molecules so obtained. All three fractions of S. intermedius DNA contain sequences homologous to DNA of the other echinoderm species studied. The results obtained suggest that short repetitive DNA sequences are those which have been most highly conserved throughout the evolution of Echinodermata. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the nature of the evolutionary changes in DNA sequence interspersion patterns.", "PMID": 510077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8585", "title": "Electron microscopy of the spindle in locally heated cells.", "content": "Individual living cells in metaphase were exposed to a steep temperature gradient by placing a microheater near one spindle pole. The cells were then fixed and the spindle was examined by electron microscopy. The structure of the warmer half-spindle differed from the cooler half-spindle in several ways. Kinetochore microtubules were nearly parallel in the warmer half-spindle but were divergent in the cooler. The total length of microtubules in the warmer half-spindle was 52 per cent greater and the number of kinetochore microtubules per kinetochore averaged 16 per cent higher than in the cooler half-spindle. The warmer half-spindle was longer than the cooler. These observations clearly demonstrate a locally enhanced assembly of microtubules in the warmer half-spindle. The electron microscope study makes still clearer the unusual character of chromosome movement in the differentially heated cells: the structure of the warmer half-spindle is hard to distinguish from that in normal cells, yet chromosome movement there is far slower than normal (Nicklas, 1979).", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the spindle in locally heated cells. Individual living cells in metaphase were exposed to a steep temperature gradient by placing a microheater near one spindle pole. The cells were then fixed and the spindle was examined by electron microscopy. The structure of the warmer half-spindle differed from the cooler half-spindle in several ways. Kinetochore microtubules were nearly parallel in the warmer half-spindle but were divergent in the cooler. The total length of microtubules in the warmer half-spindle was 52 per cent greater and the number of kinetochore microtubules per kinetochore averaged 16 per cent higher than in the cooler half-spindle. The warmer half-spindle was longer than the cooler. These observations clearly demonstrate a locally enhanced assembly of microtubules in the warmer half-spindle. The electron microscope study makes still clearer the unusual character of chromosome movement in the differentially heated cells: the structure of the warmer half-spindle is hard to distinguish from that in normal cells, yet chromosome movement there is far slower than normal (Nicklas, 1979).", "PMID": 510078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8586", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in murine alveolar macrophages, regenerating liver and bone marrow cells--a simultaneous multicellular in vivo assay.", "content": "Differential labeling of sister chromatids was achieved simultaneously in murine alveolar macrophages, regenerating liver, and bone marrow cells of partially hepatectomized mice as well as in alveolar macrophages and bone marrow cells of nonhepatectomized mice. The mean frequency of SCE/cell +/-S.D. and the percentage of second division cells for each cell type were determined. No significant differences in mean frequencies of SCE/cell were observed among the cell types or between hepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--3.6+/-2.2, bone marrow--3.4+/-2.2; regenerating liver--3.6+/-2.4) and nonhepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--3.4+/-1.9; bone marrow--2.9+/-1.8). Although the percentage of second division cells was dependent upon cell type, no significant differences were apparent between hepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--57+/-8%; bone marrow--37+/-6%; regenerating liver--65+/-6%) and nonhepatectomized mice )alveolar macrophages--53+/-6%; bone marrow--36+/-4%). Comparisons between BrdU treated and nontreated nonhepatectomized mice revealed no significant alteration in mitotic yields.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in murine alveolar macrophages, regenerating liver and bone marrow cells--a simultaneous multicellular in vivo assay. Differential labeling of sister chromatids was achieved simultaneously in murine alveolar macrophages, regenerating liver, and bone marrow cells of partially hepatectomized mice as well as in alveolar macrophages and bone marrow cells of nonhepatectomized mice. The mean frequency of SCE/cell +/-S.D. and the percentage of second division cells for each cell type were determined. No significant differences in mean frequencies of SCE/cell were observed among the cell types or between hepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--3.6+/-2.2, bone marrow--3.4+/-2.2; regenerating liver--3.6+/-2.4) and nonhepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--3.4+/-1.9; bone marrow--2.9+/-1.8). Although the percentage of second division cells was dependent upon cell type, no significant differences were apparent between hepatectomized (alveolar macrophages--57+/-8%; bone marrow--37+/-6%; regenerating liver--65+/-6%) and nonhepatectomized mice )alveolar macrophages--53+/-6%; bone marrow--36+/-4%). Comparisons between BrdU treated and nontreated nonhepatectomized mice revealed no significant alteration in mitotic yields.", "PMID": 510079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8587", "title": "The formation of ribonucleoprotein droplets in Chironomus salivary gland nuclei.", "content": "The appearance of RNP droplets associated with specific regions of polytene chromosomes from Chironomus larvae has been studied, systematically by light microscopy using glutarladehyde fixation and lactic acid squashing of the salivary gland. During the fourth larval instar the highest frequency of nuclei which contained droplets (over 50%) was observed in late prepupae. Several treatments (heat and cold shock, cycloheximide) were found to stimulate the formation of a large number of droplets whose features under the light and electron microscopes seemed to be identical to those observed in untreated larvae. Droplets could be observed either in a free state in the nuclear sap or grouped around specific regions of the chromosome such as some Balbiani rings and puffs. Kinetic studies suggest that droplets first appear in a free state and later group themselves on specific chromosome regions. Transcriptional activity seems to be essential for the process of droplet accumulation in the chromosome, since it does not take place if RNA synthesis is inhibited. Cytochemical tests showed striking similarities between the staining reactions of droplets and those of the fibrillar component of the nucleolus. These observations indicate that droplets probably originate from, or share a common component with, nucleolar material and that this component has a preferential affinity for some active chromosomal loci, where it accumulates.", "contents": "The formation of ribonucleoprotein droplets in Chironomus salivary gland nuclei. The appearance of RNP droplets associated with specific regions of polytene chromosomes from Chironomus larvae has been studied, systematically by light microscopy using glutarladehyde fixation and lactic acid squashing of the salivary gland. During the fourth larval instar the highest frequency of nuclei which contained droplets (over 50%) was observed in late prepupae. Several treatments (heat and cold shock, cycloheximide) were found to stimulate the formation of a large number of droplets whose features under the light and electron microscopes seemed to be identical to those observed in untreated larvae. Droplets could be observed either in a free state in the nuclear sap or grouped around specific regions of the chromosome such as some Balbiani rings and puffs. Kinetic studies suggest that droplets first appear in a free state and later group themselves on specific chromosome regions. Transcriptional activity seems to be essential for the process of droplet accumulation in the chromosome, since it does not take place if RNA synthesis is inhibited. Cytochemical tests showed striking similarities between the staining reactions of droplets and those of the fibrillar component of the nucleolus. These observations indicate that droplets probably originate from, or share a common component with, nucleolar material and that this component has a preferential affinity for some active chromosomal loci, where it accumulates.", "PMID": 510080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8588", "title": "The development of resistance to methotrexate in a mouse melanoma cell line. I. Characterisation of the dihydrofolate reductases and chromosomes in sensitive and resistant cells.", "content": "PG19T3 mouse melanoma cells were selected for resistance to methotrexate. Nine sub-lines that are resistant to concentrations of methotrexate ranging from 1.27 x 10(-7) M, to 1 x 10(-4) M methotrexate were selected and characterised in terms of their content of dihydrofolate reductase activity and their chromosomes. The intracellular level of dihydrofolate reductase activity increases with increasing resistance such that at the highest level of resistance PG19T3:MTXR10(-4)M cells contain approximately 1,000 fold more enzyme activity than the parental PG19T3 cells. It is shown that the enhanced activity is due to an increase in the amount of the enzyme rather than any structural change to the enzyme in resistant cells. Comparisons of pH activity profiles, profiles under different activating conditions and titrations with methotrexate suggest that the sensitive and resistant cells contain identical dihydrofolate reductases. Analysis of the chromosomes of resistant cells shows the presence of up to 5 large marker chromosomes which contain homogeneously staining regions after G-banding. These same regions stain intensely after C-banding and fluoresce brightly after staining with Hoechst 33258. The size of homogeneously staining regions increases throughout the process of selection. For one marker chromosome this increase may have been mediated via a ring chromosome.", "contents": "The development of resistance to methotrexate in a mouse melanoma cell line. I. Characterisation of the dihydrofolate reductases and chromosomes in sensitive and resistant cells. PG19T3 mouse melanoma cells were selected for resistance to methotrexate. Nine sub-lines that are resistant to concentrations of methotrexate ranging from 1.27 x 10(-7) M, to 1 x 10(-4) M methotrexate were selected and characterised in terms of their content of dihydrofolate reductase activity and their chromosomes. The intracellular level of dihydrofolate reductase activity increases with increasing resistance such that at the highest level of resistance PG19T3:MTXR10(-4)M cells contain approximately 1,000 fold more enzyme activity than the parental PG19T3 cells. It is shown that the enhanced activity is due to an increase in the amount of the enzyme rather than any structural change to the enzyme in resistant cells. Comparisons of pH activity profiles, profiles under different activating conditions and titrations with methotrexate suggest that the sensitive and resistant cells contain identical dihydrofolate reductases. Analysis of the chromosomes of resistant cells shows the presence of up to 5 large marker chromosomes which contain homogeneously staining regions after G-banding. These same regions stain intensely after C-banding and fluoresce brightly after staining with Hoechst 33258. The size of homogeneously staining regions increases throughout the process of selection. For one marker chromosome this increase may have been mediated via a ring chromosome.", "PMID": 510081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8589", "title": "Two transcripts of an individual Balbiani ring from the salivary gland cells of Acricotopus lucidus (Diptera, Chironomidae).", "content": "The polytene chromosomes in main lobe cells of the Acricotopus salivary gland carry two large Balbiani rings (BR1, BR2), which BR1 exhibits the higher incorporation rate of tritiated nucleosides. The size of BR1 varies in conjunction with a subterminal inversion which includes the BR1 site. BR1 in both the homozygous and heterozygous inverted arrangement (BR1A and BR1B, respectively) is consistently smaller than in the homozygous standard arrangement (BR1C). The RNA content of BR1A and BR1C (3.1 and 6.7 pg, respectively) corresponds well with their relative size.--Using the method of micromanipulation of squashed salivary gland chromosomes the RNA transcripts of BR1A and BR1C have been extracted from microdissected Balbiani rings and fractionated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels. In BR1A one RNA fraction with a molecular weight of about 40 x 10(6) D is transcribed. The gel electrophoretic pattern of BR1C is characterized by an additional RNA fraction of 5 x 10(6) D. The main part of BR1 RNA is bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose suggesting the adenylation at the chromosome of Balbiani ring RNA.--In the profile of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic RNA obtained after in vivo labelling two peaks can be detected which correspond in size to the BR1 RNA. These putative BR1 transcripts accumulate to a high concentration in the cytoplasm and show a relatively low stability during in vivo chase experiments.", "contents": "Two transcripts of an individual Balbiani ring from the salivary gland cells of Acricotopus lucidus (Diptera, Chironomidae). The polytene chromosomes in main lobe cells of the Acricotopus salivary gland carry two large Balbiani rings (BR1, BR2), which BR1 exhibits the higher incorporation rate of tritiated nucleosides. The size of BR1 varies in conjunction with a subterminal inversion which includes the BR1 site. BR1 in both the homozygous and heterozygous inverted arrangement (BR1A and BR1B, respectively) is consistently smaller than in the homozygous standard arrangement (BR1C). The RNA content of BR1A and BR1C (3.1 and 6.7 pg, respectively) corresponds well with their relative size.--Using the method of micromanipulation of squashed salivary gland chromosomes the RNA transcripts of BR1A and BR1C have been extracted from microdissected Balbiani rings and fractionated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels. In BR1A one RNA fraction with a molecular weight of about 40 x 10(6) D is transcribed. The gel electrophoretic pattern of BR1C is characterized by an additional RNA fraction of 5 x 10(6) D. The main part of BR1 RNA is bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose suggesting the adenylation at the chromosome of Balbiani ring RNA.--In the profile of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic RNA obtained after in vivo labelling two peaks can be detected which correspond in size to the BR1 RNA. These putative BR1 transcripts accumulate to a high concentration in the cytoplasm and show a relatively low stability during in vivo chase experiments.", "PMID": 510082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8590", "title": "Chromomeres and puffing in experimentally induced polytene chromosomes of Calliphora erythrocephala.", "content": "In the most advanced types of meroistic ovaries the synthesis of RNA for the growing oocyte in each follicle is taken over by nurse cells, i.e., sister cells of the definite egg cell. In calliphora, the highly polyploid nurse cells (NC) develop a polytene karyotype under conditions of strict brother-sister inbreeding and using a controlled selection technique. A comparison of the polytene NC-chromosomes with those from the pupal bristle forming cells reveals an unexpected discrepancy: while both chromosome complements exhibit a constant banding pattern it is not possible to homologize the two tissue specific patterns by identifying homologous band-sequences. Puffing in NC likewise turns out to be unusual in its extent as well as in that is remains constant during long periods of oogenesis. In a more detailed discussion an interpretation and evaluation of these findings will be attempted.", "contents": "Chromomeres and puffing in experimentally induced polytene chromosomes of Calliphora erythrocephala. In the most advanced types of meroistic ovaries the synthesis of RNA for the growing oocyte in each follicle is taken over by nurse cells, i.e., sister cells of the definite egg cell. In calliphora, the highly polyploid nurse cells (NC) develop a polytene karyotype under conditions of strict brother-sister inbreeding and using a controlled selection technique. A comparison of the polytene NC-chromosomes with those from the pupal bristle forming cells reveals an unexpected discrepancy: while both chromosome complements exhibit a constant banding pattern it is not possible to homologize the two tissue specific patterns by identifying homologous band-sequences. Puffing in NC likewise turns out to be unusual in its extent as well as in that is remains constant during long periods of oogenesis. In a more detailed discussion an interpretation and evaluation of these findings will be attempted.", "PMID": 510083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8591", "title": "In vivo sister chromatid exchange in cells of various organs of the mouse.", "content": "In vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in mouse cells derived from various organs was studied by infusing BrdU from the tail vein. It was found that at BrdU concentrations ranging from 2.2-13.5 micrograms/g/h, the SCE frequency in bone marrow cells seemed to stay at a constant level (1.5-2/cell/two cell cycles) whereas it started to rise as the BrdU dose exceeded this dose range. When BrdU within this dose range was infused continuously from the tail vein for appropriate hours to label chromosomes in various organs, the average SCE frequencies per cell were found to be 1.64 in bone marrow cells, 1.82 in spermatogonia, 1.99 in splenic cells, 2.89 in intestinal cells and 3.69 in cells from adjuvant stimulated lymph nodes. It is suggested that the spontaneous level of the in vivo SCE frequency might be about 1.5-2/cell/two cell cycles in the mouse. In cells derived from intestine and adjuvant stimulated lymph node, some unknown factors might work as a inducer of SCEs resulting in a significant increase in the SCE frequency in these organs.", "contents": "In vivo sister chromatid exchange in cells of various organs of the mouse. In vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in mouse cells derived from various organs was studied by infusing BrdU from the tail vein. It was found that at BrdU concentrations ranging from 2.2-13.5 micrograms/g/h, the SCE frequency in bone marrow cells seemed to stay at a constant level (1.5-2/cell/two cell cycles) whereas it started to rise as the BrdU dose exceeded this dose range. When BrdU within this dose range was infused continuously from the tail vein for appropriate hours to label chromosomes in various organs, the average SCE frequencies per cell were found to be 1.64 in bone marrow cells, 1.82 in spermatogonia, 1.99 in splenic cells, 2.89 in intestinal cells and 3.69 in cells from adjuvant stimulated lymph nodes. It is suggested that the spontaneous level of the in vivo SCE frequency might be about 1.5-2/cell/two cell cycles in the mouse. In cells derived from intestine and adjuvant stimulated lymph node, some unknown factors might work as a inducer of SCEs resulting in a significant increase in the SCE frequency in these organs.", "PMID": 510084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8592", "title": "Preferential occurrence of sister chromatid exchanges at heterochromatin-euchromatin junctions in the wallaby and hamster chromosomes.", "content": "Chromosomes of two mammalian species, the white-throated wallaby and the rat-like hamster, possessed large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin which is detectable as C bands. By making use of this character the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined for the C band and the euchromatic regions of the chromosome. In both species, the distribution of SCEs in the euchromatin of chromosomes was found to be proportional to its metaphase length, while the number of SCEs localized in the C band regions was clearly fewer than expected on the basis of the relative length of those regions at metaphase. Many SCE's were, however, detected at the junctions between the euchromatin and the C band heterochromatin. All of these findings were consistent with previous observations on the Indian muntjac and the kangaroo rat chromosomes.", "contents": "Preferential occurrence of sister chromatid exchanges at heterochromatin-euchromatin junctions in the wallaby and hamster chromosomes. Chromosomes of two mammalian species, the white-throated wallaby and the rat-like hamster, possessed large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin which is detectable as C bands. By making use of this character the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined for the C band and the euchromatic regions of the chromosome. In both species, the distribution of SCEs in the euchromatin of chromosomes was found to be proportional to its metaphase length, while the number of SCEs localized in the C band regions was clearly fewer than expected on the basis of the relative length of those regions at metaphase. Many SCE's were, however, detected at the junctions between the euchromatin and the C band heterochromatin. All of these findings were consistent with previous observations on the Indian muntjac and the kangaroo rat chromosomes.", "PMID": 510085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8593", "title": "The rate of fork movement during DNA replication in mammalian cells.", "content": "DNA fiber autoradiography was used to measure the rate of replication fork progression along replication units in human diploid cells. The rate in different replication units differs very significantly and lies within the range 0.1 to 1.2 micrograms/min. However, no significant changes were found in the rate of fork movement along single replication units operating during long intervals of S phase. Moreover, the fork progression rate is constant in many replication units of human cells.", "contents": "The rate of fork movement during DNA replication in mammalian cells. DNA fiber autoradiography was used to measure the rate of replication fork progression along replication units in human diploid cells. The rate in different replication units differs very significantly and lies within the range 0.1 to 1.2 micrograms/min. However, no significant changes were found in the rate of fork movement along single replication units operating during long intervals of S phase. Moreover, the fork progression rate is constant in many replication units of human cells.", "PMID": 510086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8594", "title": "Satellite DNA properties of the germ line limited DNA and the organization of the somatic genomes in the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum.", "content": "During the early cleavage divisions in some Ascarids, parts of the chromosomes are eliminated from the somatic blastomeres (\"chromatin diminution\", Boveri, 1887) while the chromosomes in the germ line cells maintain their integrity. To characterize the germ line and soma genome, DNA was isolated from gametes and embryonic somatic cells of two Ascarid species, Parascaris equorum var. univalens and Ascaris suum. It was shown that the germ line limited DNAs of these species have the same density and almost identical reassociation kinetics: in CsCl the predominant component of the germ line limited DNA of P. equorum and A. suum has the buoyant density of 1.697 g/cm3, while soma DNA of both species bands at 1.700 g/cm3. In P. equorum there is a small additional germ line limited satellite DNA component with the density of 1.690 g/cm3, identical to that of mitochondrial DNA of both organisms. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of germ line and soma DNA demonstrates for both species that the eliminated DNA sequences are highly repetitive. In contrast to these similarities between the germ line limited DNAs of P. equorum and A. suum the analysis of their base composition revealed differences (40% guanine plus cytosine in P. equorum and 36% in A. suum). The only very fast reassociating DNA sequences which we could isolate from soma DNA was demonstrated to be foldback DNA. The reassociation kinetics of total A. suum soma DNA was investigated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Least squares analysis of the data revealed about 10% of intermediate repetitive DNA sequences. Their interspersion between single copy DNA sequences was analyzed by comparing the reassociation kinetics of DNA fragments 0.35 and 7.2 kilobases long. Thus the DNA sequence arrangement of Ascaris does not follow the short period interspersion pattern observed in most organism.", "contents": "Satellite DNA properties of the germ line limited DNA and the organization of the somatic genomes in the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum. During the early cleavage divisions in some Ascarids, parts of the chromosomes are eliminated from the somatic blastomeres (\"chromatin diminution\", Boveri, 1887) while the chromosomes in the germ line cells maintain their integrity. To characterize the germ line and soma genome, DNA was isolated from gametes and embryonic somatic cells of two Ascarid species, Parascaris equorum var. univalens and Ascaris suum. It was shown that the germ line limited DNAs of these species have the same density and almost identical reassociation kinetics: in CsCl the predominant component of the germ line limited DNA of P. equorum and A. suum has the buoyant density of 1.697 g/cm3, while soma DNA of both species bands at 1.700 g/cm3. In P. equorum there is a small additional germ line limited satellite DNA component with the density of 1.690 g/cm3, identical to that of mitochondrial DNA of both organisms. Comparison of the reassociation kinetics of germ line and soma DNA demonstrates for both species that the eliminated DNA sequences are highly repetitive. In contrast to these similarities between the germ line limited DNAs of P. equorum and A. suum the analysis of their base composition revealed differences (40% guanine plus cytosine in P. equorum and 36% in A. suum). The only very fast reassociating DNA sequences which we could isolate from soma DNA was demonstrated to be foldback DNA. The reassociation kinetics of total A. suum soma DNA was investigated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Least squares analysis of the data revealed about 10% of intermediate repetitive DNA sequences. Their interspersion between single copy DNA sequences was analyzed by comparing the reassociation kinetics of DNA fragments 0.35 and 7.2 kilobases long. Thus the DNA sequence arrangement of Ascaris does not follow the short period interspersion pattern observed in most organism.", "PMID": 510087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8595", "title": "An enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme preparation that works.", "content": "A new enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme preparation (microspheres) was compared with traditional enzyme tablets in six subjects with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The microspheres were found to be as effective as traditional enzyme supplements. In most patients in balance studies, the lowest fecal fat values were obtained with microsphere therapy in spite of a smaller amount of lipase administered (6015 vs 10,800-43,200 lipase units per meal). In contrast to enteric-coated tablets, microspheres can be recommended in the treatment of pancreatic steatorrhea.", "contents": "An enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme preparation that works. A new enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme preparation (microspheres) was compared with traditional enzyme tablets in six subjects with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The microspheres were found to be as effective as traditional enzyme supplements. In most patients in balance studies, the lowest fecal fat values were obtained with microsphere therapy in spite of a smaller amount of lipase administered (6015 vs 10,800-43,200 lipase units per meal). In contrast to enteric-coated tablets, microspheres can be recommended in the treatment of pancreatic steatorrhea.", "PMID": 510089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8596", "title": "Acute right-sided hemorrhagic colitis associated with oral administration of ampicillin.", "content": "Among 56 cases who presented to Kanto-Teishin Hospital complaining of bloody diarrhea or considerable hematochezia of acute onset, 8 cases (14.3%) were considered due to colitis associated with oral ampicillin therapy. The bloody diarrhea, often with abdominal cramps, began 2-7 days after starting the treatment. The dosage of ampicillin taken ranged from 2.0 to 4.5 g. Early total colonoscopy and biopsy revealed marked mucosal hemorrhage with minimal or no inflammatory changes mainly in the right colon. Rectum and sigmoid colon are completely normal except in one case. Symptoms rapidly resolved after the endoscopy. At follow-up colonoscopy, performed 4-12 days later, the mucosal changes had cleared completely. There was no evidence to support a hypersensitivity reaction of the colonic mucosa to ampicillin. We believe that right-sided hemorrhagic colitis is one of the common forms of colitis associated with ampicillin. Its differentiation from other kinds of acute colitis and the importance of early total colonoscopy are discussed.", "contents": "Acute right-sided hemorrhagic colitis associated with oral administration of ampicillin. Among 56 cases who presented to Kanto-Teishin Hospital complaining of bloody diarrhea or considerable hematochezia of acute onset, 8 cases (14.3%) were considered due to colitis associated with oral ampicillin therapy. The bloody diarrhea, often with abdominal cramps, began 2-7 days after starting the treatment. The dosage of ampicillin taken ranged from 2.0 to 4.5 g. Early total colonoscopy and biopsy revealed marked mucosal hemorrhage with minimal or no inflammatory changes mainly in the right colon. Rectum and sigmoid colon are completely normal except in one case. Symptoms rapidly resolved after the endoscopy. At follow-up colonoscopy, performed 4-12 days later, the mucosal changes had cleared completely. There was no evidence to support a hypersensitivity reaction of the colonic mucosa to ampicillin. We believe that right-sided hemorrhagic colitis is one of the common forms of colitis associated with ampicillin. Its differentiation from other kinds of acute colitis and the importance of early total colonoscopy are discussed.", "PMID": 510090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8597", "title": "Role of defunctionalized bowel in jejunoileal bypass-induced liver disease in rats.", "content": "The pathogenesis of jejunoileal bypass-induced liver disease was investigated in the rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90% jejunoileal bypass and compared to rats having undergone 90% jejunoileal resection, to ad libitum and pair-fed controls and to weight-matched (underfed) controls. After 8 weeks the animals were killed and selected analyses performed. Several indications of liver dysfunction were observed in the bypass rats including hepatomegaly, hypotriglyceridemia, hypoproteinemia, elevated SGOT levels, and markedly decreased levels of cytochrome P-450. All of these abnormalities with the exception of elevated SGOT levels and decreased serum proteins were not observed to the same degree in animals in which the defunctionalized bowel was resected. Rats which were underfed (weight matched) did not develop any of the abnormalities of liver injury demonstrated in the bypass rats. Multiple factors appear to be responsible for the production of bypass-induced liver disease, but the defunctionalized bowel plays an important role.", "contents": "Role of defunctionalized bowel in jejunoileal bypass-induced liver disease in rats. The pathogenesis of jejunoileal bypass-induced liver disease was investigated in the rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90% jejunoileal bypass and compared to rats having undergone 90% jejunoileal resection, to ad libitum and pair-fed controls and to weight-matched (underfed) controls. After 8 weeks the animals were killed and selected analyses performed. Several indications of liver dysfunction were observed in the bypass rats including hepatomegaly, hypotriglyceridemia, hypoproteinemia, elevated SGOT levels, and markedly decreased levels of cytochrome P-450. All of these abnormalities with the exception of elevated SGOT levels and decreased serum proteins were not observed to the same degree in animals in which the defunctionalized bowel was resected. Rats which were underfed (weight matched) did not develop any of the abnormalities of liver injury demonstrated in the bypass rats. Multiple factors appear to be responsible for the production of bypass-induced liver disease, but the defunctionalized bowel plays an important role.", "PMID": 510091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8598", "title": "Perforation of peptic ulcers related to fiberoptic endoscopy.", "content": "Three cases of perforation of peptic ulcers related to either fiberoptic endoscopy or esophageal dilation are presented. A correct preoperative diagnosis can be made by recognising the onset of acute abdominal symptoms and signs after an uneventful fiberoptic examination or dilation of stricture in patients with preexisting ulcer symptoms. The complication is especially likely to occur in peptic ulcer disease coexisting with esophageal stricture, possible due to air trapping in the stomach.", "contents": "Perforation of peptic ulcers related to fiberoptic endoscopy. Three cases of perforation of peptic ulcers related to either fiberoptic endoscopy or esophageal dilation are presented. A correct preoperative diagnosis can be made by recognising the onset of acute abdominal symptoms and signs after an uneventful fiberoptic examination or dilation of stricture in patients with preexisting ulcer symptoms. The complication is especially likely to occur in peptic ulcer disease coexisting with esophageal stricture, possible due to air trapping in the stomach.", "PMID": 510092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8599", "title": "Protein digestion and absorption in the blind loop syndrome.", "content": "Protein digestion and absorption was studied in rats with 6-week-old surgically constructed self-filling intestinal blind loops and steatorrhea, ie, blind-loop animals and controls were fed a 14C-labeled protein meal containing a nonabsorbable marker, 51CrCl3, and sacrificed 1 or 2 hr later. Intestinal contents were analyzed for 14C, 51Cr, protein, trypsin, and the products of digestion. At 1 hr, 14C absorption was greater in controls, but at 2 hr there was no difference in absorption between the two groups. Marker studies showed that blind-loop filling resulted in a delay of the progression of intestinal contents distally. Intraluminal trypsin and porteolysis were similar in the two groups. Endogenous protein was greater in the blind-loop animals. The early stages of the blind-loop syndrome may be characterized by delayed protein absorption secondary to blind-loop filling, which is compensated for by the distal gut resulting in an absence of overall protein malabsorption.", "contents": "Protein digestion and absorption in the blind loop syndrome. Protein digestion and absorption was studied in rats with 6-week-old surgically constructed self-filling intestinal blind loops and steatorrhea, ie, blind-loop animals and controls were fed a 14C-labeled protein meal containing a nonabsorbable marker, 51CrCl3, and sacrificed 1 or 2 hr later. Intestinal contents were analyzed for 14C, 51Cr, protein, trypsin, and the products of digestion. At 1 hr, 14C absorption was greater in controls, but at 2 hr there was no difference in absorption between the two groups. Marker studies showed that blind-loop filling resulted in a delay of the progression of intestinal contents distally. Intraluminal trypsin and porteolysis were similar in the two groups. Endogenous protein was greater in the blind-loop animals. The early stages of the blind-loop syndrome may be characterized by delayed protein absorption secondary to blind-loop filling, which is compensated for by the distal gut resulting in an absence of overall protein malabsorption.", "PMID": 510093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8600", "title": "Effects of alcohol on the pyloric sphincter.", "content": "The effects of an intoxicating dose of alcohol (79 g of 100 proof alcohol) on pyloric sphincter function were studied in 12 normal subjects using an infused manometric system. Alcohol had no effect on resting pyloric sphincter pressure. Intraduodenal administration of olive oil and hypertonic amino acids increased pyloric sphincter pressure significantly to 10.8 +/- 1.4 and 10.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg, respectively. These responses were not affected by the administration of alcohol. In contrast, alcohol decreased the pyloric pressure response to duodenal acidification from 12.0 +/- 2.1 to 8.0 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that an intoxicating dose of alcohol may interfere with the normal function of the pyloric sphincter.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on the pyloric sphincter. The effects of an intoxicating dose of alcohol (79 g of 100 proof alcohol) on pyloric sphincter function were studied in 12 normal subjects using an infused manometric system. Alcohol had no effect on resting pyloric sphincter pressure. Intraduodenal administration of olive oil and hypertonic amino acids increased pyloric sphincter pressure significantly to 10.8 +/- 1.4 and 10.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg, respectively. These responses were not affected by the administration of alcohol. In contrast, alcohol decreased the pyloric pressure response to duodenal acidification from 12.0 +/- 2.1 to 8.0 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that an intoxicating dose of alcohol may interfere with the normal function of the pyloric sphincter.", "PMID": 510094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8601", "title": "Aortoduodenal fistula: endoscopic diagnosis.", "content": "Aortoduodenal fistula has been reported as a complication in up to 4% of aortic aneurysm repairs, presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding of varying severity. Mortality of patients not operated on approaches 100%, and preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. In this report five cases are described in which the diagnosis was established endoscopically, and the literature regarding the pathophysiology and natural history of this entity is reviewed.", "contents": "Aortoduodenal fistula: endoscopic diagnosis. Aortoduodenal fistula has been reported as a complication in up to 4% of aortic aneurysm repairs, presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding of varying severity. Mortality of patients not operated on approaches 100%, and preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. In this report five cases are described in which the diagnosis was established endoscopically, and the literature regarding the pathophysiology and natural history of this entity is reviewed.", "PMID": 510095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8602", "title": "Esophageal emptying in achalasia quantitated by a radioisotope technique.", "content": "Delayed esophageal emptying of a radiolabeled meal distinguished symptomatic achalasia patients from asymptomatic controls. Esophageal emptying of the isotope meal significantly improved in ten achalasia patients after pneumatic dilation, and in one patient after surgical myotomy. The emptying curve in some patients after treatment simulated that of control subjects. Quantitation of esophageal emptying by a radiolabeled meal is a physiologic test that may be useful in evaluating results of therapy for achalasia.", "contents": "Esophageal emptying in achalasia quantitated by a radioisotope technique. Delayed esophageal emptying of a radiolabeled meal distinguished symptomatic achalasia patients from asymptomatic controls. Esophageal emptying of the isotope meal significantly improved in ten achalasia patients after pneumatic dilation, and in one patient after surgical myotomy. The emptying curve in some patients after treatment simulated that of control subjects. Quantitation of esophageal emptying by a radiolabeled meal is a physiologic test that may be useful in evaluating results of therapy for achalasia.", "PMID": 510096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8603", "title": "Acute colitis and bacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus.", "content": "An acute febrile illness with dysentery and colitis developed in a 26-year-old man following a wilderness outing. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was subsequently grown on blood cultures drawn during the acute illness and 9 days later when the patient was asymptomatic. Proctosigmoidoscopic and histopathologic evidence of acute colitis was present on admission and resolved on follow-up examination. Campylobacter fetus spp. jejuni infection should be considered in the etiology of acute infectious colitis.", "contents": "Acute colitis and bacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus. An acute febrile illness with dysentery and colitis developed in a 26-year-old man following a wilderness outing. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was subsequently grown on blood cultures drawn during the acute illness and 9 days later when the patient was asymptomatic. Proctosigmoidoscopic and histopathologic evidence of acute colitis was present on admission and resolved on follow-up examination. Campylobacter fetus spp. jejuni infection should be considered in the etiology of acute infectious colitis.", "PMID": 510097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8604", "title": "Upper esophageal web due to a ring formed by a squamocolumnar junction with ectopic gastric mucosa (another explanation of the Paterson-Kelly, Plummer-Vinson syndrome).", "content": "A patient is presented with Barrett's esophagus (lower esophagus lined with columnar epithelium) who also has a band of columnar epithelium in the upper esophagus separated from that below by normal squamous epithelium in the midesophagus. The upper most squamocolumnar junction coincided with or formed a mucosal ring as seen at endoscopy. This ring, which was first seen on barium swallow, has the radiographic appearance of that associated with the Paterson-Kelly syndrome. This patient's unique findings may provide further insight into the etiology of upper esophageal webs or rings (Paterson-Kelly syndrome).", "contents": "Upper esophageal web due to a ring formed by a squamocolumnar junction with ectopic gastric mucosa (another explanation of the Paterson-Kelly, Plummer-Vinson syndrome). A patient is presented with Barrett's esophagus (lower esophagus lined with columnar epithelium) who also has a band of columnar epithelium in the upper esophagus separated from that below by normal squamous epithelium in the midesophagus. The upper most squamocolumnar junction coincided with or formed a mucosal ring as seen at endoscopy. This ring, which was first seen on barium swallow, has the radiographic appearance of that associated with the Paterson-Kelly syndrome. This patient's unique findings may provide further insight into the etiology of upper esophageal webs or rings (Paterson-Kelly syndrome).", "PMID": 510098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8605", "title": "Gallstones in a retroperitoneal abscess: a late complication of perforation of the gallbladder.", "content": "The case of a 72-year-old female with a retroperitoneal abscess which contained cholesterol gallstones is presented. The pathogenesis of this unusual complication of gallbladder disease is discussed.", "contents": "Gallstones in a retroperitoneal abscess: a late complication of perforation of the gallbladder. The case of a 72-year-old female with a retroperitoneal abscess which contained cholesterol gallstones is presented. The pathogenesis of this unusual complication of gallbladder disease is discussed.", "PMID": 510099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8606", "title": "Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.", "content": "A study was performed to estimate the absorption kinetics of insulin infused subcutaneously. Four insulin-dependent diabetic subjects had their insulin pumped through a subcutaneously implanted fine polyethylene catheter at a constant rate of 5.0 +/- 0.3 ml/h but at two different insulin concentrations: 218 mU/ml between meals, and 2400 mU/ml at the start of breakfast, lunch, and dinner (lasting 20, 30, and 30 min, respectively). The amount (40 U/day) and distribution of insulin delivered was identical in the four patients in order to facilitate comparison between the subjects. No attempt was made to normalize their blood glucose during the study period. A study of the kinetics of insulin absorption was made by assaying plasma insulin levels; lack of plasma anti-insulin antibodies was verified; plasma C-peptide levels were measured and were far below values observed in the fed state in nondiabetic patients. The mean maximum insulin level reached after switching from low to high concentration insulin was observed 87 +/- 2 min after breakfast, 117 +/- 22 min after lunch, and 125 +/- 20 min after dinner. Differences observed are not significant. These values are similar to those observed after subcutaneous injection of 40 U/ml Regular insulin as a single bolus. After switching from high to low concentration, plasma insulin levels did not return to their basal values before the third or fourth hour. Subcutaneous insulin infusion could be a safe and easy way of insulin administration in an open-loop system; however, this method does not seem to be suitable for a closed-loop system.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A study was performed to estimate the absorption kinetics of insulin infused subcutaneously. Four insulin-dependent diabetic subjects had their insulin pumped through a subcutaneously implanted fine polyethylene catheter at a constant rate of 5.0 +/- 0.3 ml/h but at two different insulin concentrations: 218 mU/ml between meals, and 2400 mU/ml at the start of breakfast, lunch, and dinner (lasting 20, 30, and 30 min, respectively). The amount (40 U/day) and distribution of insulin delivered was identical in the four patients in order to facilitate comparison between the subjects. No attempt was made to normalize their blood glucose during the study period. A study of the kinetics of insulin absorption was made by assaying plasma insulin levels; lack of plasma anti-insulin antibodies was verified; plasma C-peptide levels were measured and were far below values observed in the fed state in nondiabetic patients. The mean maximum insulin level reached after switching from low to high concentration insulin was observed 87 +/- 2 min after breakfast, 117 +/- 22 min after lunch, and 125 +/- 20 min after dinner. Differences observed are not significant. These values are similar to those observed after subcutaneous injection of 40 U/ml Regular insulin as a single bolus. After switching from high to low concentration, plasma insulin levels did not return to their basal values before the third or fourth hour. Subcutaneous insulin infusion could be a safe and easy way of insulin administration in an open-loop system; however, this method does not seem to be suitable for a closed-loop system.", "PMID": 510116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8607", "title": "Use of an artificial pancreas as a tool to determine subcutaneous insulin doses in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of determining the most appropriate subcutaneous insulin treatment in unstable diabetes on the basis of the circadian hormonal profile delivered by an artificial pancreas. The metabolic control of 11 brittle diabetic subjects, as assessed by the M value and the MAGE index (used as indexes of blood glucose control and of glycemic fluctuations, respectively), was compared during a 5-day period before and after a 24-h connection to the artificial pancreas. The usual insulin treatment was continued to that day. Examination of the insulin pattern revealed by the artificial pancreas suggested that a valid scheme for subsequent treatment should consist of two daily injections of a mixture of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins, which was administered to the patients beginning with the injection given after the artificial pancreas onwards. The new insulin regimen was characterized by a total daily dose that increased from 0.93 +/- 0.10 to 1.20 +/- 0.10 U/kg body weight (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.005) as well as by a higher proportion of the dose given as regular insulin (37.1 +/- 6.9% before vs. 56.0 +/- 2.1% after; P less than 0.05). These changes led to a better control of blood glucose in 10 patients, as evidenced by a decrease of both the M value and the mean of all blood glucose levels. The mean MAGE index was not decreased, however, by the new insulin program, thereby suggesting that the lability of the disease remained unabated. These results indicate that subcutaneous treatment consisting of two daily injections of regular and intermediate-acting insulins and comprising 50 to 60% of the former could improve the metabolic control in unstable diabetes. The artifical pancreas provided a rapid and simple means to determine the appropriate doses for each type of insulin.", "contents": "Use of an artificial pancreas as a tool to determine subcutaneous insulin doses in juvenile diabetes. The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of determining the most appropriate subcutaneous insulin treatment in unstable diabetes on the basis of the circadian hormonal profile delivered by an artificial pancreas. The metabolic control of 11 brittle diabetic subjects, as assessed by the M value and the MAGE index (used as indexes of blood glucose control and of glycemic fluctuations, respectively), was compared during a 5-day period before and after a 24-h connection to the artificial pancreas. The usual insulin treatment was continued to that day. Examination of the insulin pattern revealed by the artificial pancreas suggested that a valid scheme for subsequent treatment should consist of two daily injections of a mixture of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins, which was administered to the patients beginning with the injection given after the artificial pancreas onwards. The new insulin regimen was characterized by a total daily dose that increased from 0.93 +/- 0.10 to 1.20 +/- 0.10 U/kg body weight (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.005) as well as by a higher proportion of the dose given as regular insulin (37.1 +/- 6.9% before vs. 56.0 +/- 2.1% after; P less than 0.05). These changes led to a better control of blood glucose in 10 patients, as evidenced by a decrease of both the M value and the mean of all blood glucose levels. The mean MAGE index was not decreased, however, by the new insulin program, thereby suggesting that the lability of the disease remained unabated. These results indicate that subcutaneous treatment consisting of two daily injections of regular and intermediate-acting insulins and comprising 50 to 60% of the former could improve the metabolic control in unstable diabetes. The artifical pancreas provided a rapid and simple means to determine the appropriate doses for each type of insulin.", "PMID": 510117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8608", "title": "Ambulatory diabetes management by a pulse of subcutaneous insulin delivered by a portable pump: preliminary report.", "content": "Two teenage patients, who had severe psychosocial problems that complicated their diabetes management, were treated for one month (14-year-old girl) and two months (16-year-old boy) by frequent pulses of insulin injected subcutaneously by a portable, programmed pump. Additional pulses were manually adjusted by the patient before eating. Both patients experienced improved sense of well-being, marked reduction in urine volume and in glycosuria, and reduced glycemic excursions and average levels. The boy had accelerated linear growth and a decreas in HbA1 percentage. Despite marked clinical improvement, permitting return to school, the girl was impelled to interrupt pump administration after two weeks. Both patients continue to use the device voluntarily; a smaller unit, however, that doesn't have the conspicuous external controls, would likely be readily acceptable to most young patients.", "contents": "Ambulatory diabetes management by a pulse of subcutaneous insulin delivered by a portable pump: preliminary report. Two teenage patients, who had severe psychosocial problems that complicated their diabetes management, were treated for one month (14-year-old girl) and two months (16-year-old boy) by frequent pulses of insulin injected subcutaneously by a portable, programmed pump. Additional pulses were manually adjusted by the patient before eating. Both patients experienced improved sense of well-being, marked reduction in urine volume and in glycosuria, and reduced glycemic excursions and average levels. The boy had accelerated linear growth and a decreas in HbA1 percentage. Despite marked clinical improvement, permitting return to school, the girl was impelled to interrupt pump administration after two weeks. Both patients continue to use the device voluntarily; a smaller unit, however, that doesn't have the conspicuous external controls, would likely be readily acceptable to most young patients.", "PMID": 510119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8609", "title": "Insulin-resistant diabetes with insulin receptor autoantibodies in a male patient without acanghosis nigricans.", "content": "A 51-yr-old, nonobese, male patient presented with hyperglycemia and a recent 40-pound weight loss. Severe insulin resistance was documented in studies in which high amounts of insulin were infused using the Biostator GCIIS. Diabetic control was finally achieved with subcutaneous injections of 470 U of insulin per day. Positive laboratory findings included a mild pancytopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, decreased C3 and properdin, and increased IgA. Antinuclear or other autoantibodies were not present. Insulin antibody levels were within the range usually present in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Acanthosis nigricans was not present. Incubation of the patient's serum with IM-9 lymphoblastoid cells revealed that an insulin receptor antibody was present in a serum dilution of 1:80. Insulin-resistant diabetes mediated by insulin receptor antibodies may present in patients with immunologic findings but without overt dermatologic stigmata.", "contents": "Insulin-resistant diabetes with insulin receptor autoantibodies in a male patient without acanghosis nigricans. A 51-yr-old, nonobese, male patient presented with hyperglycemia and a recent 40-pound weight loss. Severe insulin resistance was documented in studies in which high amounts of insulin were infused using the Biostator GCIIS. Diabetic control was finally achieved with subcutaneous injections of 470 U of insulin per day. Positive laboratory findings included a mild pancytopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, decreased C3 and properdin, and increased IgA. Antinuclear or other autoantibodies were not present. Insulin antibody levels were within the range usually present in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Acanthosis nigricans was not present. Incubation of the patient's serum with IM-9 lymphoblastoid cells revealed that an insulin receptor antibody was present in a serum dilution of 1:80. Insulin-resistant diabetes mediated by insulin receptor antibodies may present in patients with immunologic findings but without overt dermatologic stigmata.", "PMID": 510120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8610", "title": "Standard parameters of diabetic control: are they reliable?", "content": "To evaluate the reliability of the tradional methods to assess short-term control of diabetes, 25 children with insulin-dependent diabetes were studied with a 24-h glucose profile in addition to the traditional assessment techniques. Patient compliance was elminated as much as possible from the experimental design. The correlation of the routine methods with the 24-h glucose profile was excellent, and a scoring system for control was empirically derived. The single method of assessment that correlated best with the overall control score was the traditional daily urine test. In 6 of the 25 subjects studied, relative hypoglycemia was observed, occurring asymptomatically at night, and was followed by a hyperglycemic rebound. Traditional assessment techniques did not detect this event. Five additional patients had symptomatic daytime hypoglycemia. We conclude that the traditional daily urine tests are adquate indicators of day-to-day control in most diabetic patients, given adquate compliance. Our data also suggest that asymptomatic nocturnal hypoglycemia occurs frequently in children with diabetes, although clinical proof is difficult in the absence of a 24-h glucose profile.", "contents": "Standard parameters of diabetic control: are they reliable? To evaluate the reliability of the tradional methods to assess short-term control of diabetes, 25 children with insulin-dependent diabetes were studied with a 24-h glucose profile in addition to the traditional assessment techniques. Patient compliance was elminated as much as possible from the experimental design. The correlation of the routine methods with the 24-h glucose profile was excellent, and a scoring system for control was empirically derived. The single method of assessment that correlated best with the overall control score was the traditional daily urine test. In 6 of the 25 subjects studied, relative hypoglycemia was observed, occurring asymptomatically at night, and was followed by a hyperglycemic rebound. Traditional assessment techniques did not detect this event. Five additional patients had symptomatic daytime hypoglycemia. We conclude that the traditional daily urine tests are adquate indicators of day-to-day control in most diabetic patients, given adquate compliance. Our data also suggest that asymptomatic nocturnal hypoglycemia occurs frequently in children with diabetes, although clinical proof is difficult in the absence of a 24-h glucose profile.", "PMID": 510128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8611", "title": "A multidisciplinary, comprehensive, ambulatory treatment scheme for diabetes mellitus in children.", "content": "A study has been carried out on 262 children with juvenile diabetes and their parents, treated up to 10 yr on an ambulatory basis by a multidisciplinary team composed of pediatric endocrinologist, nurse, dietitian, psychologist, and social worker. Comparison of the findings with those of a study performed before inception of the Counselling Center for Juvenile Diabetics revealed the following positive influences: the degree of control attained was both higher and sustained with greater regularity; there were fewer complications with no episodes of coma, brittle diabetes, or severe ketoacidosis and almost no need for hospitalization; the attitude of the affected child, his parents, and his teachers was found to be considerably improved; there was better understanding of the nature of the disease and its requirements; the child's motivation to maintain the diabetic regimen was greater and conflicts within the family circle were markedly reduced; the child's self-concept was much higher; and both scholastic achievements and social adjustment were greater. We concluded that psychological stability is a basic factor in the control of diabetes, and the value of the multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of this chronic disease is indicated.", "contents": "A multidisciplinary, comprehensive, ambulatory treatment scheme for diabetes mellitus in children. A study has been carried out on 262 children with juvenile diabetes and their parents, treated up to 10 yr on an ambulatory basis by a multidisciplinary team composed of pediatric endocrinologist, nurse, dietitian, psychologist, and social worker. Comparison of the findings with those of a study performed before inception of the Counselling Center for Juvenile Diabetics revealed the following positive influences: the degree of control attained was both higher and sustained with greater regularity; there were fewer complications with no episodes of coma, brittle diabetes, or severe ketoacidosis and almost no need for hospitalization; the attitude of the affected child, his parents, and his teachers was found to be considerably improved; there was better understanding of the nature of the disease and its requirements; the child's motivation to maintain the diabetic regimen was greater and conflicts within the family circle were markedly reduced; the child's self-concept was much higher; and both scholastic achievements and social adjustment were greater. We concluded that psychological stability is a basic factor in the control of diabetes, and the value of the multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of this chronic disease is indicated.", "PMID": 510129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8612", "title": "Feasibility of improved blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "An attempt was made to improve the control of blood glucose in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ten patients were studied over a period exceeding 8 mo in the outpatient department. Each patient was taught to monitor his or her own blood glucose concentration and was enrolled in an exercise program. In addition, they were taught to calibrate insulin, food, and exercise in terms of the response of the blood glucose. After 3 mo of study, there was a significant decrease in hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) values from a mean concentration of 10.3 to 7.6%. Hb A1c values correlated well with mean blood glucose levels (r = 0.86). Dietary analysis revealed that the patients selected a diet consisting of 25% protein, 44% fat, and 31% carbohydrate, but there was a wide range in caloric distribution. There was no correlation between blood glucose control as measured by Hb A1c and caloric distribution. Systolic blood pressures decreased greater than 10 mm Hg. Serum alkaline phosphatase also decreased in each patient as control of blood glucose improved. Three of the patients with abnormalities of nerve conduction measurement at the beginning of the study had a complete return to normal at 8 mo. An outpatient program such as this may be cost effective through the avoidance of diabetes-related hospitalizations and may provide a mechanism whereby larger studies can be designed to define further the relationship of glycemia to the sequelae of diabetes.", "contents": "Feasibility of improved blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. An attempt was made to improve the control of blood glucose in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ten patients were studied over a period exceeding 8 mo in the outpatient department. Each patient was taught to monitor his or her own blood glucose concentration and was enrolled in an exercise program. In addition, they were taught to calibrate insulin, food, and exercise in terms of the response of the blood glucose. After 3 mo of study, there was a significant decrease in hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) values from a mean concentration of 10.3 to 7.6%. Hb A1c values correlated well with mean blood glucose levels (r = 0.86). Dietary analysis revealed that the patients selected a diet consisting of 25% protein, 44% fat, and 31% carbohydrate, but there was a wide range in caloric distribution. There was no correlation between blood glucose control as measured by Hb A1c and caloric distribution. Systolic blood pressures decreased greater than 10 mm Hg. Serum alkaline phosphatase also decreased in each patient as control of blood glucose improved. Three of the patients with abnormalities of nerve conduction measurement at the beginning of the study had a complete return to normal at 8 mo. An outpatient program such as this may be cost effective through the avoidance of diabetes-related hospitalizations and may provide a mechanism whereby larger studies can be designed to define further the relationship of glycemia to the sequelae of diabetes.", "PMID": 510127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8613", "title": "Glucosuria in children with diabetes: advantages of the 2-drop Clinitest method.", "content": "In order to assess the actual and theoretical limitations of using the traditional urinary glucose determinations as an indicator of plasma glucose concentration, we have measured plasma and urine glucose concentrations in 37 children with diabetes mellitus. A constant blood withdrawal system enabled an accurate estimate of the glucose concentration presented to the renal glomerulus over the 30-min period of blood collection and urine formation. The theoretical range of plasma glucose over which the 5-Drop and 2-Drop Clinitest methods are sensitive is 32 mg/dl and 81 mg/dl, respectively. This suggests that the 2-Drop method is the procedure of chioce for most insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Nevertheless, the extremely wide range of plasma glucose corresponding to a given urinary glucose measurement limits the precision with which any single urine test can be interpreted.", "contents": "Glucosuria in children with diabetes: advantages of the 2-drop Clinitest method. In order to assess the actual and theoretical limitations of using the traditional urinary glucose determinations as an indicator of plasma glucose concentration, we have measured plasma and urine glucose concentrations in 37 children with diabetes mellitus. A constant blood withdrawal system enabled an accurate estimate of the glucose concentration presented to the renal glomerulus over the 30-min period of blood collection and urine formation. The theoretical range of plasma glucose over which the 5-Drop and 2-Drop Clinitest methods are sensitive is 32 mg/dl and 81 mg/dl, respectively. This suggests that the 2-Drop method is the procedure of chioce for most insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Nevertheless, the extremely wide range of plasma glucose corresponding to a given urinary glucose measurement limits the precision with which any single urine test can be interpreted.", "PMID": 510130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8614", "title": "Fiber and diabetes.", "content": "Plant fibers have important influences on gastrointestinal physiology and the absorption of many nutrients. Certain fibers delay the absorption of carbohydrates and result in less postprandial hyperglycemia. Because the intake of plant fibers lowers plasma glucose concentrations and decreases glycosuria, high-fiber foods may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus. Consumption of selected fibers and fiber-rich foods lowers serum cholesterol values and may lower triglyceride concentrations. Plant fiber intake may lead to mineral depletion or vitamin deficiency, but this has not been observed in several long-term studies. Further work is required to delineate the therapeutic utility of plant fibers in the diet of persons with diabetes and to assess the undesirable effects of fiber intake. In our opinion, persons with diabetes who are eating very low-fiber diets would benefit from an increase in plant fiber intake from whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.", "contents": "Fiber and diabetes. Plant fibers have important influences on gastrointestinal physiology and the absorption of many nutrients. Certain fibers delay the absorption of carbohydrates and result in less postprandial hyperglycemia. Because the intake of plant fibers lowers plasma glucose concentrations and decreases glycosuria, high-fiber foods may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus. Consumption of selected fibers and fiber-rich foods lowers serum cholesterol values and may lower triglyceride concentrations. Plant fiber intake may lead to mineral depletion or vitamin deficiency, but this has not been observed in several long-term studies. Further work is required to delineate the therapeutic utility of plant fibers in the diet of persons with diabetes and to assess the undesirable effects of fiber intake. In our opinion, persons with diabetes who are eating very low-fiber diets would benefit from an increase in plant fiber intake from whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.", "PMID": 510132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8615", "title": "Factors in the survival of patients with insulin-requiring diabetes for 50 years.", "content": "Ninety-seven diabetic patients who had taken insulin for 50 yr and longer were surveyed by questionnaire to identify factors that might explain their unusual longevity. The analysis suggested that the long survival of this group was related to the following: maintenance of normal or near normal body weight, regular contact with a personal physician, periodic blood glucose determinations, frequent urine testing, regular exercise, and longevity of the parents and grandparents. The results support the conclusion that careful management of diabetes favors longevity.", "contents": "Factors in the survival of patients with insulin-requiring diabetes for 50 years. Ninety-seven diabetic patients who had taken insulin for 50 yr and longer were surveyed by questionnaire to identify factors that might explain their unusual longevity. The analysis suggested that the long survival of this group was related to the following: maintenance of normal or near normal body weight, regular contact with a personal physician, periodic blood glucose determinations, frequent urine testing, regular exercise, and longevity of the parents and grandparents. The results support the conclusion that careful management of diabetes favors longevity.", "PMID": 510131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8616", "title": "Community screening programs for diabetes?", "content": "Considerable uncertainty and disagreement now prevail concerning the utility and priority of community screening programs for diabetes. A large majority of diabetologists believe that substantial benefits attend the early discovery of diabetes. Official statements of the American Diabetes Association support the view that mitigation of hyperglycemia lowers risk of morbidity. Much recent evidence indicates that aggressive early treatment often improves beta-cell function, thereby diminishing the severity of diabetes. Even so, some diabetologists and public health specialists question the practical benefits of community screening programs. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that, as previously performed, results sometimes have not justified costs. This article suggests that, when well designed, community screening is stil justified in some circumstances. To a considerable degree, failures of the past are correctable. The American Diabetes Association should neither approve nor disapprove community screening indisciminately. Affiliate organizations and health departments should be free to examine available evidence and local circumstances and, then, to decide whether to undertake screening programs. More care is needed in planning, executing, and critically evaluating these programs, but there is impressive and mounting evidence supporting the potential utility of the early discovery of diabetes.", "contents": "Community screening programs for diabetes? Considerable uncertainty and disagreement now prevail concerning the utility and priority of community screening programs for diabetes. A large majority of diabetologists believe that substantial benefits attend the early discovery of diabetes. Official statements of the American Diabetes Association support the view that mitigation of hyperglycemia lowers risk of morbidity. Much recent evidence indicates that aggressive early treatment often improves beta-cell function, thereby diminishing the severity of diabetes. Even so, some diabetologists and public health specialists question the practical benefits of community screening programs. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that, as previously performed, results sometimes have not justified costs. This article suggests that, when well designed, community screening is stil justified in some circumstances. To a considerable degree, failures of the past are correctable. The American Diabetes Association should neither approve nor disapprove community screening indisciminately. Affiliate organizations and health departments should be free to examine available evidence and local circumstances and, then, to decide whether to undertake screening programs. More care is needed in planning, executing, and critically evaluating these programs, but there is impressive and mounting evidence supporting the potential utility of the early discovery of diabetes.", "PMID": 510134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8617", "title": "Salvage of extremities with ischemic necrosis in diabetic patients by infrapopliteal arterial bypass.", "content": "Initial and long-term limb salvage can be achieved by infrapopliteal bypass in diabetic patients with ischemic necrosis of the distal extremity. Mortality is low in all groups, and mortality of subsequent amputation apparently is not affected by the previous bypass. An adequate arteriogram and consideration of distal bypass are frequently indicated in the diabetic patients in whom ischemic necrosis is present. Limb salvage may be feasible even in those diabetic patients in whom popliteal artery is not patent on preoperative arteriogram by bypasses to anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal artery.", "contents": "Salvage of extremities with ischemic necrosis in diabetic patients by infrapopliteal arterial bypass. Initial and long-term limb salvage can be achieved by infrapopliteal bypass in diabetic patients with ischemic necrosis of the distal extremity. Mortality is low in all groups, and mortality of subsequent amputation apparently is not affected by the previous bypass. An adequate arteriogram and consideration of distal bypass are frequently indicated in the diabetic patients in whom ischemic necrosis is present. Limb salvage may be feasible even in those diabetic patients in whom popliteal artery is not patent on preoperative arteriogram by bypasses to anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal artery.", "PMID": 510137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8618", "title": "Comparison of the metabolic response to a glucose tolerance test and a standardized test meal and the response to serial test meals in normal healthy subjects.", "content": "The plasma glucose and insulin response to a standardized meal test breakfast was compared with the time-honored glucose tolerance test in the same normal healthy subjects. The amplitude of glycemic excursion and between-subject variation was less with the more physiologic standardized test meal than with that seen with the glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test's prime function is to amplify any glucose intolerance, thus aiding diagnosis, whereas a standardized meal gives a more clinically relevant metabolic status. The administration of serial test meals during the same day in a smaller group of normal subjects indicated, as seen previously with repeated glucose tolerance tests, a diminishing carbohydrate tolerance during the day.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolic response to a glucose tolerance test and a standardized test meal and the response to serial test meals in normal healthy subjects. The plasma glucose and insulin response to a standardized meal test breakfast was compared with the time-honored glucose tolerance test in the same normal healthy subjects. The amplitude of glycemic excursion and between-subject variation was less with the more physiologic standardized test meal than with that seen with the glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test's prime function is to amplify any glucose intolerance, thus aiding diagnosis, whereas a standardized meal gives a more clinically relevant metabolic status. The administration of serial test meals during the same day in a smaller group of normal subjects indicated, as seen previously with repeated glucose tolerance tests, a diminishing carbohydrate tolerance during the day.", "PMID": 510139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8619", "title": "Accelerated insulin degradation: an alternate mechanism for insulin resistance.", "content": "We have examined insulin and glucagon degrading activities of muscle and fat tissues in 11 subjects (4 lean controls, 3 insulin-resistant obese subjects, 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, and 2 insulin-treated diabetic subjects) and correlated degrading activity with (1) basal insulin level and (2) state of insulin resistance. We found hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance to be significantly correlated with accelerated insulin and glucagon degrading activity. Weight reduction in an insulin-resistant obese patients results in parallel reduction in both basal insulin level and insulin-glucagon degrading activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an alternative mechanism for insulin resistance may be an accelerated insulin degradation at the level of target tissues.", "contents": "Accelerated insulin degradation: an alternate mechanism for insulin resistance. We have examined insulin and glucagon degrading activities of muscle and fat tissues in 11 subjects (4 lean controls, 3 insulin-resistant obese subjects, 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, and 2 insulin-treated diabetic subjects) and correlated degrading activity with (1) basal insulin level and (2) state of insulin resistance. We found hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance to be significantly correlated with accelerated insulin and glucagon degrading activity. Weight reduction in an insulin-resistant obese patients results in parallel reduction in both basal insulin level and insulin-glucagon degrading activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an alternative mechanism for insulin resistance may be an accelerated insulin degradation at the level of target tissues.", "PMID": 510140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8620", "title": "Some social factors related to control of diabetes mellitus in adult Jamaican patients.", "content": "A population of 103 adult diabetic patients was interviewed at the Outpatient Clinic for diabetic patients of the University Hospital of the West Indies to examine the effects of severity of the illness and social variables, such as facilities at home, education attained, employment status, informal medication, and understanding of the illness in relation to its control. Patients were classified as severe if there were clinical evidence of vascular or neurologic complications of diabetes and as mild if there were no complications. Control of diabetes was regarded as good if the patients were free from or had less than 2+ glycosuria and as poor if they had had 2+ or more glycosuria during the six months before the study. We found that the quality of control was mainly determined by the severity of the disease. In the mild diabetic, proper diabetic control was not influenced by any social variable examined. In the severe diabetic the quality of control was associated with social amenities, educational status, employment status, and understanding of the disease.", "contents": "Some social factors related to control of diabetes mellitus in adult Jamaican patients. A population of 103 adult diabetic patients was interviewed at the Outpatient Clinic for diabetic patients of the University Hospital of the West Indies to examine the effects of severity of the illness and social variables, such as facilities at home, education attained, employment status, informal medication, and understanding of the illness in relation to its control. Patients were classified as severe if there were clinical evidence of vascular or neurologic complications of diabetes and as mild if there were no complications. Control of diabetes was regarded as good if the patients were free from or had less than 2+ glycosuria and as poor if they had had 2+ or more glycosuria during the six months before the study. We found that the quality of control was mainly determined by the severity of the disease. In the mild diabetic, proper diabetic control was not influenced by any social variable examined. In the severe diabetic the quality of control was associated with social amenities, educational status, employment status, and understanding of the disease.", "PMID": 510138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8621", "title": "Reuse of disposable syringe-needle units in the diabetic patient.", "content": "A comparison was made between reuse of plastic disposable needle-syringe units and glass syringes with daily new needles in diabetic patients who take daily insulin injections. Parameters studied were incidence of infection, clarity of syringe readings, ability to use syringe, and sharpness of needle. The plastic disposable units could be reused with safety and patient satisfaction by most patients for at least 3 days. Considerable cost benefit could accrue if disposable units were used more than one time for insulin injections.", "contents": "Reuse of disposable syringe-needle units in the diabetic patient. A comparison was made between reuse of plastic disposable needle-syringe units and glass syringes with daily new needles in diabetic patients who take daily insulin injections. Parameters studied were incidence of infection, clarity of syringe readings, ability to use syringe, and sharpness of needle. The plastic disposable units could be reused with safety and patient satisfaction by most patients for at least 3 days. Considerable cost benefit could accrue if disposable units were used more than one time for insulin injections.", "PMID": 510141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8622", "title": "Evaluation of a portable insulin infusion pump for outpatient management of brittle diabetes.", "content": "Three \"brittle\" diabetic patients were given constant subcutaneous insulin infusion with a portable battery-driven pump, and their plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1 were measured at frequent intervals during inpatient or outpatient periods. Mean plasma glucose decreased significantly in all inhospital patients and remained significantly less than before pump therapy in two of three as outpatients during the 8--12 wk of follow-ups; however, complete normalization of glucose metabolism was not accomplished in any. All three demonstrated a progressive decline in hemoglobin A1 levels to normal or near-normal values. The need for long-term studies of open loop infusion systems in a research setting before their adaptation to routine care is emphasized.", "contents": "Evaluation of a portable insulin infusion pump for outpatient management of brittle diabetes. Three \"brittle\" diabetic patients were given constant subcutaneous insulin infusion with a portable battery-driven pump, and their plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1 were measured at frequent intervals during inpatient or outpatient periods. Mean plasma glucose decreased significantly in all inhospital patients and remained significantly less than before pump therapy in two of three as outpatients during the 8--12 wk of follow-ups; however, complete normalization of glucose metabolism was not accomplished in any. All three demonstrated a progressive decline in hemoglobin A1 levels to normal or near-normal values. The need for long-term studies of open loop infusion systems in a research setting before their adaptation to routine care is emphasized.", "PMID": 510142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8623", "title": "Parental attitudes toward children with a chronic medical disorder: special reference to diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Children who suffer from chronic medical disorders requiring continuous therapy create threatening situations for parents, which are often acute at diagnosis and may continue over the years. Many parental reactions and consequent emotional interactions with the children are common to all medical handicaps, but also vary with the nature of the particular disease and its treatment. Attitudes of parents to the diagnosis of a chronic handicap or medical disorder will always include some apprehension. This is usually more acute in mothers than in fathers, both by their nature and position of authority in the care of the child in most homes. Some anxiety is normal at diagnosis of a chronic ongoing illness in a child and may even help in making the mother more aware of the extra responsibility that has been thrust on her and give her the desire to manage the treatment well.", "contents": "Parental attitudes toward children with a chronic medical disorder: special reference to diabetes mellitus. Children who suffer from chronic medical disorders requiring continuous therapy create threatening situations for parents, which are often acute at diagnosis and may continue over the years. Many parental reactions and consequent emotional interactions with the children are common to all medical handicaps, but also vary with the nature of the particular disease and its treatment. Attitudes of parents to the diagnosis of a chronic handicap or medical disorder will always include some apprehension. This is usually more acute in mothers than in fathers, both by their nature and position of authority in the care of the child in most homes. Some anxiety is normal at diagnosis of a chronic ongoing illness in a child and may even help in making the mother more aware of the extra responsibility that has been thrust on her and give her the desire to manage the treatment well.", "PMID": 510143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8624", "title": "Effect of alpha- and beta-blockers on ethanol metabolism.", "content": "The acute administration of propranolol or phentolamine resulted in a small (16-19%) but significant reduction in the rate of ethanol disappearance in vivo in the naive Wistar rat. A reduction of essentially similar magnitude was also observed in ethanol-treated rats and pair-fed (sucrose) control animals, following the administration of these blockers.", "contents": "Effect of alpha- and beta-blockers on ethanol metabolism. The acute administration of propranolol or phentolamine resulted in a small (16-19%) but significant reduction in the rate of ethanol disappearance in vivo in the naive Wistar rat. A reduction of essentially similar magnitude was also observed in ethanol-treated rats and pair-fed (sucrose) control animals, following the administration of these blockers.", "PMID": 510162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8625", "title": "The adaptive increase in ethanol metabolism due to pretreatment with ethanol: a rapid phenomenon.", "content": "Simple models were developed to study changes in oxygen uptake in perfused rat liver and increases in ethanol metabolism in vivo. Results obtained 2.5 hours following a large dose of ethanol were quantitatively similar to those seen after 24 hours or 5 weeks. The rapidity of the increase indicated that SIAM represents an activation rather than an adaptation. Pathways responsible for the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) in the perfused rat liver were investigated through the use of ouabain and were found to be related to diminished glycolysis and another unidentified pathway. Investigation of pathways responsible for the increase in ethanol metabolism in vivo following ethanol treatment implicated the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway as that mainly responsible for the adaptive increase, although a catalase-H2O2-dependent component was also involved. The rate of NADH reoxidation generally appeared to be the rate-limiting step. In addition, the genetic aspect of SIAM was indicated through selective breeding resulting in F1 generations of non-SIAM and SIAM rats.", "contents": "The adaptive increase in ethanol metabolism due to pretreatment with ethanol: a rapid phenomenon. Simple models were developed to study changes in oxygen uptake in perfused rat liver and increases in ethanol metabolism in vivo. Results obtained 2.5 hours following a large dose of ethanol were quantitatively similar to those seen after 24 hours or 5 weeks. The rapidity of the increase indicated that SIAM represents an activation rather than an adaptation. Pathways responsible for the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) in the perfused rat liver were investigated through the use of ouabain and were found to be related to diminished glycolysis and another unidentified pathway. Investigation of pathways responsible for the increase in ethanol metabolism in vivo following ethanol treatment implicated the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway as that mainly responsible for the adaptive increase, although a catalase-H2O2-dependent component was also involved. The rate of NADH reoxidation generally appeared to be the rate-limiting step. In addition, the genetic aspect of SIAM was indicated through selective breeding resulting in F1 generations of non-SIAM and SIAM rats.", "PMID": 510161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8626", "title": "Characterization of brain acetaldehyde oxidizing systems in the mouse.", "content": "C57BL mice were treated (75 or 100 mg/kg) with pargyline or Lilly 51641 90 min prior to sacrifice. Liver and brain subcellular fractionation revealed that pretreatment with these drugs resulted in a significant inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in liver cytosol and mitochondria, while brain ALDH in these same fractions was unaffected. Administration of pargyline or Lilly 51641 prior to ethanol treatment (3.0 g/kg) resulted in a significant elevation of blood acetaldehyde. Significant increases in brain acetaldehyde concentrations were not observed until blood acetaldehyde levels surpassed 200 nmol/ml. When mice were injected with ethanol (3.0 g/kg) and acetaldehyde (200 mg/kg), a similar relationship between blood and brain acetaldehyde concentrations was observed. Data presented in the present study indicate that there are very efficient enzymatic mechanisms responsible for acetaldehyde oxidation in brain and that at blood acetaldehyde concentratins normally occurring after ethanol ingestion, brain acetaldehyde levels would be extremely low.", "contents": "Characterization of brain acetaldehyde oxidizing systems in the mouse. C57BL mice were treated (75 or 100 mg/kg) with pargyline or Lilly 51641 90 min prior to sacrifice. Liver and brain subcellular fractionation revealed that pretreatment with these drugs resulted in a significant inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in liver cytosol and mitochondria, while brain ALDH in these same fractions was unaffected. Administration of pargyline or Lilly 51641 prior to ethanol treatment (3.0 g/kg) resulted in a significant elevation of blood acetaldehyde. Significant increases in brain acetaldehyde concentrations were not observed until blood acetaldehyde levels surpassed 200 nmol/ml. When mice were injected with ethanol (3.0 g/kg) and acetaldehyde (200 mg/kg), a similar relationship between blood and brain acetaldehyde concentrations was observed. Data presented in the present study indicate that there are very efficient enzymatic mechanisms responsible for acetaldehyde oxidation in brain and that at blood acetaldehyde concentratins normally occurring after ethanol ingestion, brain acetaldehyde levels would be extremely low.", "PMID": 510163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8627", "title": "Mechanisms of ethanol tolerance at a cholinergic nerve terminal.", "content": "In vitro rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations illustrated a concentration-dependent increase in the spontaneous release (miniature end-plate potentials, MEPPs) of acetylcholine following acute administration of ethanol. In phrenic nerve terminals from rats subjected to long-term ethanol treatmet, ethanol in vitro was significantly less effective in increasing the frequency of MEPPs. The capacity of ethanol administration to change membrane viscosity and alter sequestration of intracellular Ca2+ is discussed as a possible explanation for the observed effects.", "contents": "Mechanisms of ethanol tolerance at a cholinergic nerve terminal. In vitro rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations illustrated a concentration-dependent increase in the spontaneous release (miniature end-plate potentials, MEPPs) of acetylcholine following acute administration of ethanol. In phrenic nerve terminals from rats subjected to long-term ethanol treatmet, ethanol in vitro was significantly less effective in increasing the frequency of MEPPs. The capacity of ethanol administration to change membrane viscosity and alter sequestration of intracellular Ca2+ is discussed as a possible explanation for the observed effects.", "PMID": 510169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8628", "title": "Adaptation to ethanol-induced fluidization of brain lipid bilayers.", "content": "We have shown that ethanol is less able to fluidize reconstituted membranes prepared from lipid extracts of tolerant mice synaptosomal membranes than those prepared from controls. The effects of ethanol on membrane fluidity were assessed by fluorescence polarization technique. Acute in vivo administration of ethanol did not alter ethanol-induced fluidization of the bilayers. These results suggest that changes in the lipid composition of membranes can account, at least in part, for tissue adaptation to ethanol-induced membrane fluidization. We also discuss the use of reconstituted membranes as a tool both to analyze the significance of changes in membrane composition for the development of tolerance and to refine our concepts concerning the relation between membrane fluidity and anesthetic activity.", "contents": "Adaptation to ethanol-induced fluidization of brain lipid bilayers. We have shown that ethanol is less able to fluidize reconstituted membranes prepared from lipid extracts of tolerant mice synaptosomal membranes than those prepared from controls. The effects of ethanol on membrane fluidity were assessed by fluorescence polarization technique. Acute in vivo administration of ethanol did not alter ethanol-induced fluidization of the bilayers. These results suggest that changes in the lipid composition of membranes can account, at least in part, for tissue adaptation to ethanol-induced membrane fluidization. We also discuss the use of reconstituted membranes as a tool both to analyze the significance of changes in membrane composition for the development of tolerance and to refine our concepts concerning the relation between membrane fluidity and anesthetic activity.", "PMID": 510172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8629", "title": "Physical dependence on ethanol: its relation to tolerance.", "content": "The homeostat hypothesis of drug addiction states that tolerance and physical dependence may both represent adaptive processes, the body's responses to drugs that change the internal milieu. This conceptual framework inextricably links physical dependence with functional tolerance. Dependence may arise by multiple mechanisms, so that different signs, such as body temperature or CNS excitability, may show different degrees of dependence or may have different time courses. Tolerance may be similarly diverse. It is difficult to test whether tolerance and dependence have the same time course because it is hard to find exactly equivalent signs for such a test. The discrepant data from different laboratories on the rate of recovery from physical dependence may be due to the use of different withdrawal signs as indices. Dissociation of tolerance and dependence has been reported in mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, where dependence develops without evidence of tolerance. Conversely, tolerance without expression of dependence is seen in experiments on membranes and synapses in vitro. Changes in lipid composition of cell membranes may explain some kinds of tolerance.", "contents": "Physical dependence on ethanol: its relation to tolerance. The homeostat hypothesis of drug addiction states that tolerance and physical dependence may both represent adaptive processes, the body's responses to drugs that change the internal milieu. This conceptual framework inextricably links physical dependence with functional tolerance. Dependence may arise by multiple mechanisms, so that different signs, such as body temperature or CNS excitability, may show different degrees of dependence or may have different time courses. Tolerance may be similarly diverse. It is difficult to test whether tolerance and dependence have the same time course because it is hard to find exactly equivalent signs for such a test. The discrepant data from different laboratories on the rate of recovery from physical dependence may be due to the use of different withdrawal signs as indices. Dissociation of tolerance and dependence has been reported in mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, where dependence develops without evidence of tolerance. Conversely, tolerance without expression of dependence is seen in experiments on membranes and synapses in vitro. Changes in lipid composition of cell membranes may explain some kinds of tolerance.", "PMID": 510174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8630", "title": "The effects of ethanol and meperidine on auditory evoked potentials.", "content": "The effects of ethanol and meperidine on the auditory evoked potential (AEP) to stimuli of different intensities were investigated. Sixteen normal male volunteers received ethanol, 0.8 ml/kg, 100 mg meperidine, and a placebo on different days in a double-blind study. AEPs were recorded from Fz, Cz and Pz electrode placements. The stimuli were 500 msec 1000 Hz tones at 50, 60, 70 and 80 dB sound pressure level presented in a pseudo-random sequence. Meperidine had no significant effect on AEP variables. Ethanol reduced AEP activity between 24 and 250 msec but had no effect on the sustained potential measured between 300 and 450 msec.", "contents": "The effects of ethanol and meperidine on auditory evoked potentials. The effects of ethanol and meperidine on the auditory evoked potential (AEP) to stimuli of different intensities were investigated. Sixteen normal male volunteers received ethanol, 0.8 ml/kg, 100 mg meperidine, and a placebo on different days in a double-blind study. AEPs were recorded from Fz, Cz and Pz electrode placements. The stimuli were 500 msec 1000 Hz tones at 50, 60, 70 and 80 dB sound pressure level presented in a pseudo-random sequence. Meperidine had no significant effect on AEP variables. Ethanol reduced AEP activity between 24 and 250 msec but had no effect on the sustained potential measured between 300 and 450 msec.", "PMID": 510179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8631", "title": "Acute tolerance in inbred and selected lines of mice.", "content": "Mice of the C57Bl and C3H strains regained their righting reflex at higher brain ethanol levels than those at which they had lost their righting reflex, indicating that these animals developed acute tolerance. DBA mice did not develop acute tolerance. DBA mice \"slept\" significantly longer than C57Bl mice, but all mice lost their righting reflex at similar brain ethanol levels. Mice of SS and LS lines also showed no evidence for developing acute tolerance but differed significantly in brain ethanol levels upon loss of righting reflex. Both acute tolerance development and initial brain sensitivity to ethanol seem to determine duration of ethanol \"sleep time\" in mice.", "contents": "Acute tolerance in inbred and selected lines of mice. Mice of the C57Bl and C3H strains regained their righting reflex at higher brain ethanol levels than those at which they had lost their righting reflex, indicating that these animals developed acute tolerance. DBA mice did not develop acute tolerance. DBA mice \"slept\" significantly longer than C57Bl mice, but all mice lost their righting reflex at similar brain ethanol levels. Mice of SS and LS lines also showed no evidence for developing acute tolerance but differed significantly in brain ethanol levels upon loss of righting reflex. Both acute tolerance development and initial brain sensitivity to ethanol seem to determine duration of ethanol \"sleep time\" in mice.", "PMID": 510175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8632", "title": "The structure of synaptosomal plasma membrane.", "content": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM), like other plasma membranes, is composed of lipids and proteins and appears to conform to the \"fluid mosaic\" model proposed by Singer and Nicolson. SPM components show a marked asymmetry with respect to their inside-outside distribution, with the majority of proteins being external. The lateral distribution of proteins is also somewhat asymmetric; this asymmetry is maintained by the immobilization of species at the junction.", "contents": "The structure of synaptosomal plasma membrane. Synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM), like other plasma membranes, is composed of lipids and proteins and appears to conform to the \"fluid mosaic\" model proposed by Singer and Nicolson. SPM components show a marked asymmetry with respect to their inside-outside distribution, with the majority of proteins being external. The lateral distribution of proteins is also somewhat asymmetric; this asymmetry is maintained by the immobilization of species at the junction.", "PMID": 510170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8633", "title": "Differences in heroin addicts seeking inpatient detoxification, ambulatory detoxification, or methadone maintenance.", "content": "Fifteen psychosocial characteristics of 300 male and 90 female heroin addicts admitted for inpatient detoxification, ambulatory detoxification, and methadone maintenance within the same multiphasic drug-abuse program were compared to determine whether or not their characteristics differentiated those seeking each type of treatment approach; there were 100 men and 30 women randomly drawn to represent each of the three approaches. Only two variables differed among the three approaches for both men and women--length of daily heroin use and educational attainment. The ambulatory detoxification patients had started using heroin daily at a later age than the inpatients who, in turn, had started using heroin daily at a later age than the methadone maintenance patients, and the ambulatory detoxification patients were more educated than the inpatients. The other variables differentiating the three approaches for each sex were discussed, and the conclusion was drawn that addicts with higher socioeconomic levels preferred ambulatory detoxification over methadone maintenance.", "contents": "Differences in heroin addicts seeking inpatient detoxification, ambulatory detoxification, or methadone maintenance. Fifteen psychosocial characteristics of 300 male and 90 female heroin addicts admitted for inpatient detoxification, ambulatory detoxification, and methadone maintenance within the same multiphasic drug-abuse program were compared to determine whether or not their characteristics differentiated those seeking each type of treatment approach; there were 100 men and 30 women randomly drawn to represent each of the three approaches. Only two variables differed among the three approaches for both men and women--length of daily heroin use and educational attainment. The ambulatory detoxification patients had started using heroin daily at a later age than the inpatients who, in turn, had started using heroin daily at a later age than the methadone maintenance patients, and the ambulatory detoxification patients were more educated than the inpatients. The other variables differentiating the three approaches for each sex were discussed, and the conclusion was drawn that addicts with higher socioeconomic levels preferred ambulatory detoxification over methadone maintenance.", "PMID": 510180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8634", "title": "Adaptive changes in membrane lipid composition and fluidity as the basis for ethanol tolerance.", "content": "This paper is intended as a brief commentary on the evidence for adaptation to ethanol at the level of the cell membrane with more detailed consideration of the possible mechanisms for such adaptation. Methodological and conceptual problems are raised and the current views of ethanol tolerance at the membrane level are criticised. The paper includes an abstract of work carried out by the author's group on changes in membrane phospholipid composition of mice during exposure to ethanol by inhalation.", "contents": "Adaptive changes in membrane lipid composition and fluidity as the basis for ethanol tolerance. This paper is intended as a brief commentary on the evidence for adaptation to ethanol at the level of the cell membrane with more detailed consideration of the possible mechanisms for such adaptation. Methodological and conceptual problems are raised and the current views of ethanol tolerance at the membrane level are criticised. The paper includes an abstract of work carried out by the author's group on changes in membrane phospholipid composition of mice during exposure to ethanol by inhalation.", "PMID": 510171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8635", "title": "Social background, attitudes and personality in a three-year follow-up study of alcohol consumers.", "content": "Eight hundred and forty-one men from the Canton of Z\u00fcrich selected from a complete survey of males born in 1952 answered a questionnaire at age 19 and again three years later about their consumption of alcohol, drugs and cigarettes, social status, and social integration. The Freiburger Personality Inventory was used for personality assessment. Abuse of alcohol was connected with the following risk factors: lack of social integration, negative relations with parents, frequent relations with the peer group, heavy cigarette and cannabis consumption and lower social status of the father. Less important were: level of education, personality traits (emotional lability, extraversion), low fitness activities and the parental drinking pattern. Emotional lability was not increased in the heavy consumption group, but was rather a personality trait already existing before regular alcohol consumption began.", "contents": "Social background, attitudes and personality in a three-year follow-up study of alcohol consumers. Eight hundred and forty-one men from the Canton of Z\u00fcrich selected from a complete survey of males born in 1952 answered a questionnaire at age 19 and again three years later about their consumption of alcohol, drugs and cigarettes, social status, and social integration. The Freiburger Personality Inventory was used for personality assessment. Abuse of alcohol was connected with the following risk factors: lack of social integration, negative relations with parents, frequent relations with the peer group, heavy cigarette and cannabis consumption and lower social status of the father. Less important were: level of education, personality traits (emotional lability, extraversion), low fitness activities and the parental drinking pattern. Emotional lability was not increased in the heavy consumption group, but was rather a personality trait already existing before regular alcohol consumption began.", "PMID": 510181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8636", "title": "Methamphetamine-induced changes in brain catecholamines in rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "Repeated administration of methamphetamine was found to cause long-term changes in caudate dopamine levels in the rat and guinea pig. Methamphetamine was administered twice a day for thirty days. Two weeks following the last injection, the animals were killed and brains assayed for catecholamine content. These long-term depletions of dopamine, when combined with similar observations previously reported in rhesus monkeys, indicate a species generality of the effects of methamphetamine on caudate dopamine levels.", "contents": "Methamphetamine-induced changes in brain catecholamines in rats and guinea pigs. Repeated administration of methamphetamine was found to cause long-term changes in caudate dopamine levels in the rat and guinea pig. Methamphetamine was administered twice a day for thirty days. Two weeks following the last injection, the animals were killed and brains assayed for catecholamine content. These long-term depletions of dopamine, when combined with similar observations previously reported in rhesus monkeys, indicate a species generality of the effects of methamphetamine on caudate dopamine levels.", "PMID": 510182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8637", "title": "[Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine-needle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method is described of doing fine-needle biopsies, under continuous visual control with real-time ultrasonic guidance, of the neck, thoracic and abdominal regions. The method decreases the risk of needle puncture and improves the yield of material obtained. It is simple and hardly stresses the patient, pain being only slight and momentary. It can be easily repeated. It is particularly useful for amniocentesis in obstetrics because it employs the shortest possible pathway.", "contents": "[Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine-needle biopsy (author's transl)]. A new method is described of doing fine-needle biopsies, under continuous visual control with real-time ultrasonic guidance, of the neck, thoracic and abdominal regions. The method decreases the risk of needle puncture and improves the yield of material obtained. It is simple and hardly stresses the patient, pain being only slight and momentary. It can be easily repeated. It is particularly useful for amniocentesis in obstetrics because it employs the shortest possible pathway.", "PMID": 510194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8638", "title": "[Long-term results after operative treatment of acute haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up investigation of 20 patients, surgically treated for acute haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis, was performed in an average of 2 3/4 years after the operation. Twelve patients showed manifest diabetes mellitus, four further cases had a suspicious oral glucose tolerance test. Only one patient was insulin dependent. A secretin-pancreozymin test performed in 15 patients showed a dissociated or global pancreatic insufficiency in 13 cases. The extent of the endocrine and exocrine functional disturbance did not correlate with the extent of surgery. Postoperative functional defects were readily improved therapeutically in most cases. Only in patients who continued to consume alcohol were there digestive disturbances. The results indicate that the functional state of the remaining pancreas does not only depend on the extent of surgery but also on the extent of already existing or persisting toxic inflammatory damage and on the regenerative capacity of the remaining parenchyma.", "contents": "[Long-term results after operative treatment of acute haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis (author's transl)]. A follow-up investigation of 20 patients, surgically treated for acute haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis, was performed in an average of 2 3/4 years after the operation. Twelve patients showed manifest diabetes mellitus, four further cases had a suspicious oral glucose tolerance test. Only one patient was insulin dependent. A secretin-pancreozymin test performed in 15 patients showed a dissociated or global pancreatic insufficiency in 13 cases. The extent of the endocrine and exocrine functional disturbance did not correlate with the extent of surgery. Postoperative functional defects were readily improved therapeutically in most cases. Only in patients who continued to consume alcohol were there digestive disturbances. The results indicate that the functional state of the remaining pancreas does not only depend on the extent of surgery but also on the extent of already existing or persisting toxic inflammatory damage and on the regenerative capacity of the remaining parenchyma.", "PMID": 510195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8639", "title": "[Minimal effective dose of bacampicillin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "66 patients from a nephrological out-patient clinic in whom an ampicillin-sensitive pathogen had been demonstrated after suprapubic puncture, were divided into 3 randomised groups. The first group received 10, the second 20 and the third 30 tablets of 800 mg bacampicillin each. Tablets were given t.i.d. Due to randomising comparable groups were formed. When different criteria were used for assessment of success no advantages of long-term or disadvantages of short-term treatment were found. 10 tablets (possibly even less) are thus the minimal inhibitory dosage for the disease. Present experience suggests a short treatment with follow-up controls at short intervals and then a long-term reinfection prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Minimal effective dose of bacampicillin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. 66 patients from a nephrological out-patient clinic in whom an ampicillin-sensitive pathogen had been demonstrated after suprapubic puncture, were divided into 3 randomised groups. The first group received 10, the second 20 and the third 30 tablets of 800 mg bacampicillin each. Tablets were given t.i.d. Due to randomising comparable groups were formed. When different criteria were used for assessment of success no advantages of long-term or disadvantages of short-term treatment were found. 10 tablets (possibly even less) are thus the minimal inhibitory dosage for the disease. Present experience suggests a short treatment with follow-up controls at short intervals and then a long-term reinfection prophylaxis.", "PMID": 510196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8640", "title": "[Adriamycin-combination chemotherapy with or without immune stimulation by corynebacterium parvum in metastasizing carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomised, multicentre study the effect of changing the combined cytostatic treatment with VAC (vincristin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide) to FMC (fluorouracil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide) was tested, as well as the effect of active non-specific immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum, and compared with a control group. In 59 of 120 patients (49%) in whom the results could be analysed there was a measurable significant regression of tumour size to less than 50% of its initial value. The course was stabilized in a further 43 (36%) women. Further tumour-growth progression or death in the early phase of treatment occurred in only 18 women (15%). Average remission was 16 months. Median survival time from start of the study in all analysable patients averaged 22 months. Patients with an ulcer at the site of application of Corynebacterium parvum had a clearly prolonged survival time. In all, immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum was no better, either with regard to the remission rate, remission duration or survival time.", "contents": "[Adriamycin-combination chemotherapy with or without immune stimulation by corynebacterium parvum in metastasizing carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. In a randomised, multicentre study the effect of changing the combined cytostatic treatment with VAC (vincristin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide) to FMC (fluorouracil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide) was tested, as well as the effect of active non-specific immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum, and compared with a control group. In 59 of 120 patients (49%) in whom the results could be analysed there was a measurable significant regression of tumour size to less than 50% of its initial value. The course was stabilized in a further 43 (36%) women. Further tumour-growth progression or death in the early phase of treatment occurred in only 18 women (15%). Average remission was 16 months. Median survival time from start of the study in all analysable patients averaged 22 months. Patients with an ulcer at the site of application of Corynebacterium parvum had a clearly prolonged survival time. In all, immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum was no better, either with regard to the remission rate, remission duration or survival time.", "PMID": 510206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8641", "title": "[Effect of prazosin in therapy-resistant chronic cardiac failure (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to standard treatment with digitalis and diuretics prazosin (20 mg/d) and placebo were given to 14 patients with chronic therapy-resistant cardiac failure mainly of stage III for periods of 6 weeks each. Cardiac frequency, blood pressure, cardiac volume, pulmonary artery pressures and cardiac minute volume were assessed at rest and during physical exercise. Body weight, congestive changes in the chest radiograph, oedema and complaints were evaluated. During the acute trial using 2 mg of prazosin a significant increase of cardiac minute volume was demonstrable at rest and during exercise (2 P less than 0.05). After administration for 6 weeks cardiac minute volume increased from 3.2 to 4.0 l/min at rest and from 6.9 to 8.0 l/min during exercise (2P less than 0.005; n=12). There was a noticeable decrease of cardiac size from 1440 to 1306 ml/1.73 m2 (2 P less than 0.02). Haemodynamic improvement paralleled the decrease of complaints which was equivalent to an improvement of half to one stage of the New York Heart Association. In severe cardiac failure prazosin has thus an additional therapeutic effect beyond digitalis and diuretics.", "contents": "[Effect of prazosin in therapy-resistant chronic cardiac failure (author's transl)]. In addition to standard treatment with digitalis and diuretics prazosin (20 mg/d) and placebo were given to 14 patients with chronic therapy-resistant cardiac failure mainly of stage III for periods of 6 weeks each. Cardiac frequency, blood pressure, cardiac volume, pulmonary artery pressures and cardiac minute volume were assessed at rest and during physical exercise. Body weight, congestive changes in the chest radiograph, oedema and complaints were evaluated. During the acute trial using 2 mg of prazosin a significant increase of cardiac minute volume was demonstrable at rest and during exercise (2 P less than 0.05). After administration for 6 weeks cardiac minute volume increased from 3.2 to 4.0 l/min at rest and from 6.9 to 8.0 l/min during exercise (2P less than 0.005; n=12). There was a noticeable decrease of cardiac size from 1440 to 1306 ml/1.73 m2 (2 P less than 0.02). Haemodynamic improvement paralleled the decrease of complaints which was equivalent to an improvement of half to one stage of the New York Heart Association. In severe cardiac failure prazosin has thus an additional therapeutic effect beyond digitalis and diuretics.", "PMID": 510213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8642", "title": "[Treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta with (+)-catechin (author's transl)].", "content": "4 girls aged 4--12 years with various forms of osteogenesis imperfecta were treated with (+)-catechin for several months. Bone punch biopsies from the iliac crest were investigated by electron microscopy before and during treatment. The frequency of fractures decreased clinically. There were no radiographic changes in the bones and there were no side effects. Electron microsopy showed a dilated coarse endoplasmatic reticulum with infrequent ribosomes, thin collagen fibrils and decreased predominantly disseminated mineralisation before treatment. Under the influence of treatment electron microscopical aspects of the bone improved. The cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum were arranged parallel with densely packed ribosomes, collagen fibrils were wider and in closely packed bundles and mineralisation was clearly improved. The electron microscopic findings are evidence for a possibly beneficial influence of (+)-catechin in some cases of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "contents": "[Treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta with (+)-catechin (author's transl)]. 4 girls aged 4--12 years with various forms of osteogenesis imperfecta were treated with (+)-catechin for several months. Bone punch biopsies from the iliac crest were investigated by electron microscopy before and during treatment. The frequency of fractures decreased clinically. There were no radiographic changes in the bones and there were no side effects. Electron microsopy showed a dilated coarse endoplasmatic reticulum with infrequent ribosomes, thin collagen fibrils and decreased predominantly disseminated mineralisation before treatment. Under the influence of treatment electron microscopical aspects of the bone improved. The cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum were arranged parallel with densely packed ribosomes, collagen fibrils were wider and in closely packed bundles and mineralisation was clearly improved. The electron microscopic findings are evidence for a possibly beneficial influence of (+)-catechin in some cases of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "PMID": 510214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8643", "title": "[Rapid radioimmunological test for HCG in normal and disturbed early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical evaluation of a rapid radioimmunological test for HCG in serum showed that this method is as suitable as conventional radioimmunoassay or receptor methods in the diagnosis of normal and disturbed early pregnancy. Using a direct immunosorbent method total time requirements for the estimation could be reduced to half a working day. Sera of 314 women with normal pregnancies showed an exponential increase of HCG concentrations in serum during the first 8 weeks and thereafter steady levels for several weeks. As the anti-HCG serum used has only a slight cross reactivity with LH, false-positive results need hardly be expected in states of high LH levels in serum (menopause, polycystic ovaries, preovulatory LH peak). HCG concentrations in serum were clearly diminished in all pregnancies ending in abortion and in nearly all extrauterine pregnancies. Repeated estimations in early pregnancy enable a diagnosis of ectopic or disturbed intrauterine pregnancy to be made before symptoms of rupture, haemorrhage and similar complications occur.", "contents": "[Rapid radioimmunological test for HCG in normal and disturbed early pregnancy (author's transl)]. The clinical evaluation of a rapid radioimmunological test for HCG in serum showed that this method is as suitable as conventional radioimmunoassay or receptor methods in the diagnosis of normal and disturbed early pregnancy. Using a direct immunosorbent method total time requirements for the estimation could be reduced to half a working day. Sera of 314 women with normal pregnancies showed an exponential increase of HCG concentrations in serum during the first 8 weeks and thereafter steady levels for several weeks. As the anti-HCG serum used has only a slight cross reactivity with LH, false-positive results need hardly be expected in states of high LH levels in serum (menopause, polycystic ovaries, preovulatory LH peak). HCG concentrations in serum were clearly diminished in all pregnancies ending in abortion and in nearly all extrauterine pregnancies. Repeated estimations in early pregnancy enable a diagnosis of ectopic or disturbed intrauterine pregnancy to be made before symptoms of rupture, haemorrhage and similar complications occur.", "PMID": 510215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8644", "title": "Molecular conformation of thyroid hormones: structure and binding interactions of thyroxine.", "content": "In an accurately determined X-ray diffraction study of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4), the two independent conformations in the crystal lattice show significant differences in the outer phenyl ring geometry when compared with that of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). The major differences between the T4 and T3 structures are a shortened C4'-O4' bond, contraction of the C3'-C4'-C5' angle and an increase in the C3' and C5' angles of T4. These changes can be correlated with the difference in acidity of the 4'-OH of T4 and T3 and help to explain binding affinity differences among thyroactive compounds. The hydrogen bond directionality observed in T4 and other thyroid structures offers an insight into the molecular details of the hormone-receptor site. The conformation of one T4 molecule is cisoid, that of the other transoid, the first such instance of different overall conformations to be found in the same crystal lattice. One T4 molecule has the side chain nearly coplanar with the inner ring, an unusual conformation among thyroid structures.", "contents": "Molecular conformation of thyroid hormones: structure and binding interactions of thyroxine. In an accurately determined X-ray diffraction study of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4), the two independent conformations in the crystal lattice show significant differences in the outer phenyl ring geometry when compared with that of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). The major differences between the T4 and T3 structures are a shortened C4'-O4' bond, contraction of the C3'-C4'-C5' angle and an increase in the C3' and C5' angles of T4. These changes can be correlated with the difference in acidity of the 4'-OH of T4 and T3 and help to explain binding affinity differences among thyroactive compounds. The hydrogen bond directionality observed in T4 and other thyroid structures offers an insight into the molecular details of the hormone-receptor site. The conformation of one T4 molecule is cisoid, that of the other transoid, the first such instance of different overall conformations to be found in the same crystal lattice. One T4 molecule has the side chain nearly coplanar with the inner ring, an unusual conformation among thyroid structures.", "PMID": 510217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8645", "title": "The follicular iodide pool as a two-compartment system: evidence from the unstimulated thyroid gland.", "content": "The isotopic equilibrium method was used for a 60-day period to follow iodine turnover in control and hypophysectomized rats. After the suppression of TSH by hypophysectomy, only the captured iodide is used for iodination of thyroglobulin, the iodide recycling being abolished. In unstimulated gland, two metabolically distinct iodide compartments do exist which differ either in their chemical form or in their morphological distribution, or both.", "contents": "The follicular iodide pool as a two-compartment system: evidence from the unstimulated thyroid gland. The isotopic equilibrium method was used for a 60-day period to follow iodine turnover in control and hypophysectomized rats. After the suppression of TSH by hypophysectomy, only the captured iodide is used for iodination of thyroglobulin, the iodide recycling being abolished. In unstimulated gland, two metabolically distinct iodide compartments do exist which differ either in their chemical form or in their morphological distribution, or both.", "PMID": 510218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8646", "title": "[Pituitary growth hormone content in swine].", "content": "The growth hormone content in the adenohypophysis in different lines of swine was determined by radioimmunoassay. The result indicates that animals of an obese type (Vietnamesisches H\u00e1ngebauchschwein) show a significantly lower growth hormone content (154.9 +/- 34.3 microgram gh/mg protein) than animals of a lean type (Landrasse) (238.0 +/- 58.2 microgram GH/mg protein).", "contents": "[Pituitary growth hormone content in swine]. The growth hormone content in the adenohypophysis in different lines of swine was determined by radioimmunoassay. The result indicates that animals of an obese type (Vietnamesisches H\u00e1ngebauchschwein) show a significantly lower growth hormone content (154.9 +/- 34.3 microgram gh/mg protein) than animals of a lean type (Landrasse) (238.0 +/- 58.2 microgram GH/mg protein).", "PMID": 510219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8647", "title": "Ovarian steroidogenesis in rats following inhibition of DNA synthesis after administration of mitomycin C.", "content": "Suppression of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activities were observed in the rat ovarian tissues following treatment with Mitomycin C (MC), an antibiotic which depresses DNA synthesis. The same treatment also resulted in accumulation of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the ovaries and a decrease of uterine weight. The atretic changes in the treated ovaries were judged from the activity of the lysosomal enzyme leucine amino-peptidase (LAP). The results suggest a diminution in ovarian steroid biogenesis following an alteration of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Ovarian steroidogenesis in rats following inhibition of DNA synthesis after administration of mitomycin C. Suppression of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activities were observed in the rat ovarian tissues following treatment with Mitomycin C (MC), an antibiotic which depresses DNA synthesis. The same treatment also resulted in accumulation of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the ovaries and a decrease of uterine weight. The atretic changes in the treated ovaries were judged from the activity of the lysosomal enzyme leucine amino-peptidase (LAP). The results suggest a diminution in ovarian steroid biogenesis following an alteration of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 510221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8648", "title": "Urinary pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnentriol in women with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "Urinary pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol were determined in 90 normal women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism of comparable age group. When group Student's \"t\"-test was carried out, the mean steroid excretion values in hirsute women were found to be significant with delta 5-pregnenetriol more significant than pregnanetriol. Of the 90 women with hirsutism, 8 patients had pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol values higher than normal. When, on the basis of these elevated values, the women were sent for a thorough gynaecological investigation, they were found to have the polycystic ovary syndrome. After wedge resection, the diagnosis was confirmed and the urinary excretion of pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol came down to a normal level. This study shows that, in the case of women with idiopathic hirsutism suspected of any ovarian disorder, the measurement of these two steroids could be of diagnostic importance.", "contents": "Urinary pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnentriol in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Urinary pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol were determined in 90 normal women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism of comparable age group. When group Student's \"t\"-test was carried out, the mean steroid excretion values in hirsute women were found to be significant with delta 5-pregnenetriol more significant than pregnanetriol. Of the 90 women with hirsutism, 8 patients had pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol values higher than normal. When, on the basis of these elevated values, the women were sent for a thorough gynaecological investigation, they were found to have the polycystic ovary syndrome. After wedge resection, the diagnosis was confirmed and the urinary excretion of pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnenetriol came down to a normal level. This study shows that, in the case of women with idiopathic hirsutism suspected of any ovarian disorder, the measurement of these two steroids could be of diagnostic importance.", "PMID": 510222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8649", "title": "Psychic and intellectual development in girls with precocious puberty.", "content": "Examinations of psychic and intellectual development were made in 9 girls with idiopathic precocious puberty. The question was, whether precocious somatic maturation corresponds with an accelerated development of intellectual efficiency and psycho-social behaviour. Whereas psychodiagnostic investigations and questionnaires to parents and teachers suggested age-related, normal results, there was found a remarkable tendency to elevated IQ values, averaging 123. Complex influences as increased general vitality, elevated pression towards psycho-social achievement and accelerated maturation of certain brain areas are discussed as conditional factors.", "contents": "Psychic and intellectual development in girls with precocious puberty. Examinations of psychic and intellectual development were made in 9 girls with idiopathic precocious puberty. The question was, whether precocious somatic maturation corresponds with an accelerated development of intellectual efficiency and psycho-social behaviour. Whereas psychodiagnostic investigations and questionnaires to parents and teachers suggested age-related, normal results, there was found a remarkable tendency to elevated IQ values, averaging 123. Complex influences as increased general vitality, elevated pression towards psycho-social achievement and accelerated maturation of certain brain areas are discussed as conditional factors.", "PMID": 510223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8650", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in cytosol and nuclear extract of human leukocytes.", "content": "Cortisol binding by cytosol and 0.4 M KCl extract of the nuclear fraction of human leukocytes were studied by gel chromatography and ion exchange filtration on DEAE cellulose. The cytoplasmic cortisol binding protein has a molecular weight 95 000 and the soluble nuclear binding protein 50 000. The absence of the uptake of radioactive cortisol by isolated nuclei and the apparent requirement of the cytosol for glucocorticoid specific binding in nuclear receptor sites was observed. The association constant characterising the binding of cortisol to cytosol was KA = 3.5 . 10(9) l/mol.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in cytosol and nuclear extract of human leukocytes. Cortisol binding by cytosol and 0.4 M KCl extract of the nuclear fraction of human leukocytes were studied by gel chromatography and ion exchange filtration on DEAE cellulose. The cytoplasmic cortisol binding protein has a molecular weight 95 000 and the soluble nuclear binding protein 50 000. The absence of the uptake of radioactive cortisol by isolated nuclei and the apparent requirement of the cytosol for glucocorticoid specific binding in nuclear receptor sites was observed. The association constant characterising the binding of cortisol to cytosol was KA = 3.5 . 10(9) l/mol.", "PMID": 510224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8651", "title": "The effect of adrenal and gonadal hormones on vascular permeability in rat skin.", "content": "The effect of adrenal and gonadal hormones on vascular permeability induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, F2alfa, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 have been examined in the rate. PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 produced an increase in local vascular permeability. PGF2alfa decreased the action of these vasoactive agents, when it was injected in a mixture intradermally with PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80. Vasoactive response induced by PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 was inhibited by the removal of adrenals and testes, and it was restored to normal by injection either of cortisol, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) or testosterone. In adrenalectomized rats, no change was observed in the inhibition of vascular permeability elicited by PGF2alfa response to compound 48/80. The blocking effect of PGF2alfa on vascular permeability evoked by PGE1 and arachidonic acid showed a considerable decrease. After orchidectomy the inhibitory effect of PGF2alfa on the vascular permeability induced by arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 was completely blocked, while in the case of PGE1 the inhibition was partial. Testosterone treatment restored the anti-inflammatory effect of PGF2alfa against compound 48/80. Ovariectomy was without any effect on vascular response.", "contents": "The effect of adrenal and gonadal hormones on vascular permeability in rat skin. The effect of adrenal and gonadal hormones on vascular permeability induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, F2alfa, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 have been examined in the rate. PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 produced an increase in local vascular permeability. PGF2alfa decreased the action of these vasoactive agents, when it was injected in a mixture intradermally with PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80. Vasoactive response induced by PGE1, arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 was inhibited by the removal of adrenals and testes, and it was restored to normal by injection either of cortisol, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) or testosterone. In adrenalectomized rats, no change was observed in the inhibition of vascular permeability elicited by PGF2alfa response to compound 48/80. The blocking effect of PGF2alfa on vascular permeability evoked by PGE1 and arachidonic acid showed a considerable decrease. After orchidectomy the inhibitory effect of PGF2alfa on the vascular permeability induced by arachidonic acid and compound 48/80 was completely blocked, while in the case of PGE1 the inhibition was partial. Testosterone treatment restored the anti-inflammatory effect of PGF2alfa against compound 48/80. Ovariectomy was without any effect on vascular response.", "PMID": 510225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8652", "title": "Effects of cadmium chloride on testicular steroidogenesis and fertility of male rats.", "content": "Effects of a single subcutaneous injection of 1 or 5 mg/rat of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on circulating steroids and fertility were studied over a period of 120 days in fertile male rats. Androgens and fertility returned to normal 120 days after 1 mg CdCl2 but males treated with 5 mg showed none to poor restoration of some of these parameters. The in vitro release of testosterone (T), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) and androstenedione (delta 4A) by the decapsulated tests from CdCl2 treated males was significantly reduced whereas progesterone (delta 4P) was accumulated in significantly higher amounts into the incubation medium. When testes from CdCl2 treated males were incubated in vitro with hCG, a dose and time dependent stimulation of steroidogenesis was evident. Since the testes regained the steroidogenic capacity but the males remained sterile 120 days after 5 mg CdCl2 treatment, it appeared that CdCl2 induced a permanent damage to the germinal components of the testes.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium chloride on testicular steroidogenesis and fertility of male rats. Effects of a single subcutaneous injection of 1 or 5 mg/rat of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on circulating steroids and fertility were studied over a period of 120 days in fertile male rats. Androgens and fertility returned to normal 120 days after 1 mg CdCl2 but males treated with 5 mg showed none to poor restoration of some of these parameters. The in vitro release of testosterone (T), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) and androstenedione (delta 4A) by the decapsulated tests from CdCl2 treated males was significantly reduced whereas progesterone (delta 4P) was accumulated in significantly higher amounts into the incubation medium. When testes from CdCl2 treated males were incubated in vitro with hCG, a dose and time dependent stimulation of steroidogenesis was evident. Since the testes regained the steroidogenic capacity but the males remained sterile 120 days after 5 mg CdCl2 treatment, it appeared that CdCl2 induced a permanent damage to the germinal components of the testes.", "PMID": 510226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8653", "title": "Relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and metabolic disturbances.", "content": "Enlargement of fat cells is known to be a factor stimulating metabolic rates in adipose tissue and thus playing a role in the pathogenesis of certain metabolic disorders. Excessive adipose-cell hypertrophy of the same degree was observed in disturbances of carbohydrate (e.g. in subclinical or maturity onset diabetes) as well as of triglyceride metabolism, despite the fact that body weight in these patient groups was lower than in control subjects (with the exception of subclinical diabetics). Significant correlations between adipocyte volumes and serum triglyceride levels are in agreement with this conception. Similar characteristics of insulin concentrations measured during an oral glucose tolerance test and adipose-cell hypertrophy of the same degree may suggest a comparable influence on the development of carbohydrate intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. Moreover, our investigations show an increasing of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia up to a Broca Index of 1.2. This points to an extremely high metabolic risk even in people with slight overweight provided the adipocytes are significantly enlarged. Thus, adipocyte size appears to be a good parameter to characterize metabolic impairments.", "contents": "Relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and metabolic disturbances. Enlargement of fat cells is known to be a factor stimulating metabolic rates in adipose tissue and thus playing a role in the pathogenesis of certain metabolic disorders. Excessive adipose-cell hypertrophy of the same degree was observed in disturbances of carbohydrate (e.g. in subclinical or maturity onset diabetes) as well as of triglyceride metabolism, despite the fact that body weight in these patient groups was lower than in control subjects (with the exception of subclinical diabetics). Significant correlations between adipocyte volumes and serum triglyceride levels are in agreement with this conception. Similar characteristics of insulin concentrations measured during an oral glucose tolerance test and adipose-cell hypertrophy of the same degree may suggest a comparable influence on the development of carbohydrate intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. Moreover, our investigations show an increasing of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia up to a Broca Index of 1.2. This points to an extremely high metabolic risk even in people with slight overweight provided the adipocytes are significantly enlarged. Thus, adipocyte size appears to be a good parameter to characterize metabolic impairments.", "PMID": 510227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8654", "title": "Estrogen biosynthesis and its inhibition--a review.", "content": "A short review is given about extragonadal sources of estrogens via androgen aromatization; the possible importance of this aromatization; the mechanism of aromatization, the inhibition of androgen aromatization by steroidal compounds; the importance and possible usefulness of such an inhibition.", "contents": "Estrogen biosynthesis and its inhibition--a review. A short review is given about extragonadal sources of estrogens via androgen aromatization; the possible importance of this aromatization; the mechanism of aromatization, the inhibition of androgen aromatization by steroidal compounds; the importance and possible usefulness of such an inhibition.", "PMID": 510228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8655", "title": "Nutritional needs in environmental intoxication: vitamin E and air pollution, an example.", "content": "Dietary vitamin E affects the susceptibility of mice and rats to ozone and nitrogen dioxide, suggesting a free radical mechanism of toxicity. Conventional peroxidation does not completely explain the effects of alterations of lung fatty acid composition on both nitrogen dioxide and ozone toxicity. A new scheme is proposed based on the cyclization of beta, gamma-allylic peroxyl free radicals to monocyclic and bicyclic peroxides to explain the relationship between diet and toxicity. Similar results are likely with other toxicants producing peroxidation as a mechanism of toxicity. Such cyclic peroxides may mimic or interfere with the prostaglandin system. Several chronic diseases may be exacerbated through such a subtle toxic mechanism. The level of vitamin E needed for protection against peroxidation toxicity may be much greater than the present U. S. dietary intake.", "contents": "Nutritional needs in environmental intoxication: vitamin E and air pollution, an example. Dietary vitamin E affects the susceptibility of mice and rats to ozone and nitrogen dioxide, suggesting a free radical mechanism of toxicity. Conventional peroxidation does not completely explain the effects of alterations of lung fatty acid composition on both nitrogen dioxide and ozone toxicity. A new scheme is proposed based on the cyclization of beta, gamma-allylic peroxyl free radicals to monocyclic and bicyclic peroxides to explain the relationship between diet and toxicity. Similar results are likely with other toxicants producing peroxidation as a mechanism of toxicity. Such cyclic peroxides may mimic or interfere with the prostaglandin system. Several chronic diseases may be exacerbated through such a subtle toxic mechanism. The level of vitamin E needed for protection against peroxidation toxicity may be much greater than the present U. S. dietary intake.", "PMID": 510230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8656", "title": "Lead toxicity and nutritional deficiencies.", "content": "Under appropriate conditions, deficiencies of certain minerals and vitamins as well as high intakes of dietary fat increase the toxicity of a given dose of lead in experimental animals. The severity of lead poisoning can also be increased by the consumption of either deficient or excessive levels of protein. Mineral deficiencies appear to have some of the most profound effects on lead toxicity, since the consequences of plumbism can be exaggerated by feeding diets low in calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and in some cases, copper. Evidence for an antagonism between lead and nutritional levels of selenium is inconclusive. Vitamin E deficiency and lead poisoning interact to produce an anemia in rats that is more severe than that caused by either treatment alone. Lead apparently exerts a pro-oxidant stress on the red cell, thereby causing its accelerated destruction. One of the biochemical mechanisms of lead poisoning may be the disruption of normal membrane architecture, thereby leading to peroxidative damage. Epidemiological surveys have suggested a negative correlation between the poor nutritional status of children with regard to calcium and the concentration of lead in blood. Other examples of potential interactions of mineral status and lead poisoning in humans include the hypothesized hazards of soft water to public health in areas with lead plumbing and the possible role of mineral deficiencies in the etiology of pica. Experimental studies have shown that in some situations combined nutritional deficiencies can have an additive effect in potentiating lead toxicity.", "contents": "Lead toxicity and nutritional deficiencies. Under appropriate conditions, deficiencies of certain minerals and vitamins as well as high intakes of dietary fat increase the toxicity of a given dose of lead in experimental animals. The severity of lead poisoning can also be increased by the consumption of either deficient or excessive levels of protein. Mineral deficiencies appear to have some of the most profound effects on lead toxicity, since the consequences of plumbism can be exaggerated by feeding diets low in calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and in some cases, copper. Evidence for an antagonism between lead and nutritional levels of selenium is inconclusive. Vitamin E deficiency and lead poisoning interact to produce an anemia in rats that is more severe than that caused by either treatment alone. Lead apparently exerts a pro-oxidant stress on the red cell, thereby causing its accelerated destruction. One of the biochemical mechanisms of lead poisoning may be the disruption of normal membrane architecture, thereby leading to peroxidative damage. Epidemiological surveys have suggested a negative correlation between the poor nutritional status of children with regard to calcium and the concentration of lead in blood. Other examples of potential interactions of mineral status and lead poisoning in humans include the hypothesized hazards of soft water to public health in areas with lead plumbing and the possible role of mineral deficiencies in the etiology of pica. Experimental studies have shown that in some situations combined nutritional deficiencies can have an additive effect in potentiating lead toxicity.", "PMID": 510231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8657", "title": "Asthma and respiratory irritants (ozone).", "content": "Asthmatics appear to be more susceptible to the effects of air pollutants than nonasthmatics. The present studies were undertaken to examine the effects of exposing asthmatics to ozone concentrations that occur in the environment. Seventeen well-documented male and female asthmatics have been exposed for 2 hr in an environmental chamber to 0.25 ppm of ozone on one occasion (ozone) and to air on another occasion (air). Effects were assessed by measurements of pulmonary function obtained prior to (0 hr), every half-hour during and at the end of all exposures (2 hr). Paired t-test analysis of lung volumes, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), and maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% of vital capacity (V50%VC) showed no significant changes (p greater than 0.05) when the following comparisons were made: 0 hr air vs 0 hr ozone, 0 hr air vs. 2 hr air, 0 hr ozone vs. 2 hr ozone, 2 hr air vs. 2 hr ozone. There was variability in severity of asthma and pulmonary function status; most subjects were taking some form of medication at the time of study. Some asthmatics showed no change or improvement with both air and ozone and others developed greater reductions in pulmonary function with ozone than with air. Approximately one-third of the asthmatics demonstrated greater changes in V50%VC with exposure to 0.25 ppm of ozone relative to air exposure. These studies indicate that acute exposures to ozone at realistic concentrations in the environment can produce adverse responses in some asthmatics.", "contents": "Asthma and respiratory irritants (ozone). Asthmatics appear to be more susceptible to the effects of air pollutants than nonasthmatics. The present studies were undertaken to examine the effects of exposing asthmatics to ozone concentrations that occur in the environment. Seventeen well-documented male and female asthmatics have been exposed for 2 hr in an environmental chamber to 0.25 ppm of ozone on one occasion (ozone) and to air on another occasion (air). Effects were assessed by measurements of pulmonary function obtained prior to (0 hr), every half-hour during and at the end of all exposures (2 hr). Paired t-test analysis of lung volumes, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), and maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% of vital capacity (V50%VC) showed no significant changes (p greater than 0.05) when the following comparisons were made: 0 hr air vs 0 hr ozone, 0 hr air vs. 2 hr air, 0 hr ozone vs. 2 hr ozone, 2 hr air vs. 2 hr ozone. There was variability in severity of asthma and pulmonary function status; most subjects were taking some form of medication at the time of study. Some asthmatics showed no change or improvement with both air and ozone and others developed greater reductions in pulmonary function with ozone than with air. Approximately one-third of the asthmatics demonstrated greater changes in V50%VC with exposure to 0.25 ppm of ozone relative to air exposure. These studies indicate that acute exposures to ozone at realistic concentrations in the environment can produce adverse responses in some asthmatics.", "PMID": 510233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8658", "title": "Effects of NO2 on chronic bronchitics.", "content": "The acute influence of NO2 on mechanics of breathing and respiratory gas exchange was investigated in a total of 111 subjects, aged 25 to 74 years, with chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD). They breathed NO2-air mixtures containing 0.5 to 8.0 ppm NO2 for up to 15 to 60 min. Additionally in nine subjects the protective action of atropine, meclastine, and orciprenaline was investigated. While the alveolar PO2 remained constant during inhalation of 5 and 4 ppm NO2, a significant decrease of the arterial PO2 and a corresponding increase of the arterial to alveolar PO2 gradients occurred. Inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 had not such an effect. Inhalation of NO2 at concentrations down to 1.5 ppm resulted in a significant increase of airway resistance. Lower concentrations had no significant effect. Prolongation of the exposure period from 15 to 60 min at a NO2 concentration of 5 ppm did not result in a more pronounced disturbance of the respiratory gas exchange for oxygen beyond the extent observed after exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 15 min. Meclastine, in comparison with orciprenaline and atropine, showed a pronounced protective effect on the negative impact of NO2 on respiratory gas exchange and airway resistance. It is concluded that NO2 may act by release of histamine, causing a bronchiolar, alveolar, and interstitial edema, thus differing from irritant air pollutants like SO2, where reflex bronchoconstriction causes in some bronchitics dramatic increases of airway resistance at similar low concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of NO2 on chronic bronchitics. The acute influence of NO2 on mechanics of breathing and respiratory gas exchange was investigated in a total of 111 subjects, aged 25 to 74 years, with chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD). They breathed NO2-air mixtures containing 0.5 to 8.0 ppm NO2 for up to 15 to 60 min. Additionally in nine subjects the protective action of atropine, meclastine, and orciprenaline was investigated. While the alveolar PO2 remained constant during inhalation of 5 and 4 ppm NO2, a significant decrease of the arterial PO2 and a corresponding increase of the arterial to alveolar PO2 gradients occurred. Inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 had not such an effect. Inhalation of NO2 at concentrations down to 1.5 ppm resulted in a significant increase of airway resistance. Lower concentrations had no significant effect. Prolongation of the exposure period from 15 to 60 min at a NO2 concentration of 5 ppm did not result in a more pronounced disturbance of the respiratory gas exchange for oxygen beyond the extent observed after exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 15 min. Meclastine, in comparison with orciprenaline and atropine, showed a pronounced protective effect on the negative impact of NO2 on respiratory gas exchange and airway resistance. It is concluded that NO2 may act by release of histamine, causing a bronchiolar, alveolar, and interstitial edema, thus differing from irritant air pollutants like SO2, where reflex bronchoconstriction causes in some bronchitics dramatic increases of airway resistance at similar low concentrations.", "PMID": 510234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8659", "title": "Effect of age on immune function in terms of chemically induced cancers.", "content": "Neonatal, fetal, and very old animals are particularly sensitive to chemical carcinogenesis. Reasons for this increased sensitivity could be due to increased susceptibility of \"target\" organs or cells, peculiar hormonal levels at these age groups, relatively deficient immune functions, or combinations of these and/or other factors. During the late fetal and first three weeks of neonatal life, the immune system is rapidly maturing, is relatively incompetent, and its diverse components are developing at different rates. For example, thymus-dependent (T) alloreactive cells capable of proliferating in mixed lymphocyte reactions (T helper cells) develop by 7 days of age, but precursors of T killer cells are not competent until approximately 14 days of age. Bursa equivalent-dependent (B) cells capable of generating antibody responses are present in fetal liver but are extremely sensitive to tolerance induction until 10-14 days of age when IgD cell surface receptors are detectable. Marrow-dependent (M) cells responsible for regulation of suppressor cells and for natural cytotoxicity to transformed tumor cells do not mature until 3 weeks of age. In very old animals, the thymus is atrophic and cell-mediated immunity is moderately suppressed. Natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells is less than normal but antibody formation (B cell function) is adequate. Gonadotrophic hormones of the pituitary or placenta are high during pregnancy, the early neonatal period, after the menopause, and in a large fraction of men over 60 years of age. These and other hormones are immunosuppressive and could theoretically facilitate carcinogenesis. The particular immune cell type, if any, responsible for resistance to chemically induced tumors has not been determined. One can only state that susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis is associated with a relative dysfunction of the immune system and that age is an important factor.", "contents": "Effect of age on immune function in terms of chemically induced cancers. Neonatal, fetal, and very old animals are particularly sensitive to chemical carcinogenesis. Reasons for this increased sensitivity could be due to increased susceptibility of \"target\" organs or cells, peculiar hormonal levels at these age groups, relatively deficient immune functions, or combinations of these and/or other factors. During the late fetal and first three weeks of neonatal life, the immune system is rapidly maturing, is relatively incompetent, and its diverse components are developing at different rates. For example, thymus-dependent (T) alloreactive cells capable of proliferating in mixed lymphocyte reactions (T helper cells) develop by 7 days of age, but precursors of T killer cells are not competent until approximately 14 days of age. Bursa equivalent-dependent (B) cells capable of generating antibody responses are present in fetal liver but are extremely sensitive to tolerance induction until 10-14 days of age when IgD cell surface receptors are detectable. Marrow-dependent (M) cells responsible for regulation of suppressor cells and for natural cytotoxicity to transformed tumor cells do not mature until 3 weeks of age. In very old animals, the thymus is atrophic and cell-mediated immunity is moderately suppressed. Natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells is less than normal but antibody formation (B cell function) is adequate. Gonadotrophic hormones of the pituitary or placenta are high during pregnancy, the early neonatal period, after the menopause, and in a large fraction of men over 60 years of age. These and other hormones are immunosuppressive and could theoretically facilitate carcinogenesis. The particular immune cell type, if any, responsible for resistance to chemically induced tumors has not been determined. One can only state that susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis is associated with a relative dysfunction of the immune system and that age is an important factor.", "PMID": 510236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8660", "title": "Household surface lead dust: its accumulation in vacant homes.", "content": "House dust has been suspected as a source of lead in the exposure of children, particularly those whose blood lead levels are in the moderately elevated range. The means by which household surface lead accumulates is at present not clear. By towel wipe sampling, 24 vacant houses in urban Rochester and Buffalo, New York, were examined for lead content on windowsills, floors, and other surfaces. High yields of lead were obtained from windowsills and floor areas adjacent windows. When washed and resampled, these areas yielded greatly reduced lead values. It is suggested that surface lead may represent a deposit phenomenon. The entry of exterior airborne particulate lead around the loose-fitting windows of older homes appears possible.", "contents": "Household surface lead dust: its accumulation in vacant homes. House dust has been suspected as a source of lead in the exposure of children, particularly those whose blood lead levels are in the moderately elevated range. The means by which household surface lead accumulates is at present not clear. By towel wipe sampling, 24 vacant houses in urban Rochester and Buffalo, New York, were examined for lead content on windowsills, floors, and other surfaces. High yields of lead were obtained from windowsills and floor areas adjacent windows. When washed and resampled, these areas yielded greatly reduced lead values. It is suggested that surface lead may represent a deposit phenomenon. The entry of exterior airborne particulate lead around the loose-fitting windows of older homes appears possible.", "PMID": 510237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8661", "title": "Age and sensitivity to lead toxicity: a review.", "content": "During the past 20 years considerable attention has been focused on the epidemiologic features of childhood lead poisoning in the United States. Large numbers of children with symptomatic intoxication, as well as those with incipient symptoms, were commonplace a decade ago for physicians working in inner-city hospitals. With the recent availability of improved screening techniques, as well as a variety of environmental control measures, the incidence of symptomatic lead poisoning in children has diminished significantly in recent years. With the focus shifting from children with dangerously elevated body lead burdens to those with less significant exposures, increased attention has been directed to the various inherent metabolic and physical characteristics of the young that may influence the toxic effects of lead exposure. A number of differences with respect to lead exposure, absorption and retention, and varying nutritional conditions between children and older individuals are discussed. Experimental studies dealing with age differences of lead-treated animals are examined, and relevant human studies are reviewed.", "contents": "Age and sensitivity to lead toxicity: a review. During the past 20 years considerable attention has been focused on the epidemiologic features of childhood lead poisoning in the United States. Large numbers of children with symptomatic intoxication, as well as those with incipient symptoms, were commonplace a decade ago for physicians working in inner-city hospitals. With the recent availability of improved screening techniques, as well as a variety of environmental control measures, the incidence of symptomatic lead poisoning in children has diminished significantly in recent years. With the focus shifting from children with dangerously elevated body lead burdens to those with less significant exposures, increased attention has been directed to the various inherent metabolic and physical characteristics of the young that may influence the toxic effects of lead exposure. A number of differences with respect to lead exposure, absorption and retention, and varying nutritional conditions between children and older individuals are discussed. Experimental studies dealing with age differences of lead-treated animals are examined, and relevant human studies are reviewed.", "PMID": 510238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8662", "title": "Age as a function in the development of sodium-related hypertension.", "content": "The populations of the developed nations of the world exhibit an increase in blood pressure with age, while in primitive societies blood pressure remains relatively constant throughout adult life. Hypertension may be a complex of diseases all having the same clinical manifestations but not being caused necessarily by the same factors. A possible common denominator in the development of any chronic elevation of blood pressure is the need for the kidney to increase urine volume to promote sodium excretion and, thereby, prevent a chronically expanded extracellular fluid (ECF). Hypertension may be viewed as a maladaptation of the body in its attempt to maintain homeostasis of the ECF. Man evolved under conditions of relative scarcity of salt and even now can maintain normal body function with an intake of less than 2 g/day. The high risk person appears to have a hereditary predisposition to a rise in blood pressure in the presence of a high sodium (NaCl) intake. Actually, the degree of rise in blood pressure may be an interaction between the amount of genetic predisposition and the level of sodium and its relation to potassium intake. Recent work in two Massachusetts communities supports this interpretation and suggests that differences in blood pressure distribution may increase with age between a higher and lower sodium community.", "contents": "Age as a function in the development of sodium-related hypertension. The populations of the developed nations of the world exhibit an increase in blood pressure with age, while in primitive societies blood pressure remains relatively constant throughout adult life. Hypertension may be a complex of diseases all having the same clinical manifestations but not being caused necessarily by the same factors. A possible common denominator in the development of any chronic elevation of blood pressure is the need for the kidney to increase urine volume to promote sodium excretion and, thereby, prevent a chronically expanded extracellular fluid (ECF). Hypertension may be viewed as a maladaptation of the body in its attempt to maintain homeostasis of the ECF. Man evolved under conditions of relative scarcity of salt and even now can maintain normal body function with an intake of less than 2 g/day. The high risk person appears to have a hereditary predisposition to a rise in blood pressure in the presence of a high sodium (NaCl) intake. Actually, the degree of rise in blood pressure may be an interaction between the amount of genetic predisposition and the level of sodium and its relation to potassium intake. Recent work in two Massachusetts communities supports this interpretation and suggests that differences in blood pressure distribution may increase with age between a higher and lower sodium community.", "PMID": 510240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8663", "title": "Effects of environmental oxidant stressors on individuals with a G-6-PD deficiency with particular reference to an animal model.", "content": "Individuals with a G-6-PD deficiency have long been known to be at increased risk to experience acute hemolysis following exposure to elevated levels of certain oxidant drugs and industrial chemicals. However, the recognition of enhanced susceptibility to environmental (or ambient) pollutants has generally not been considered. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that elevated levels of ambient ozone may be an etiologic factor in the onset of acute hemolysis in the G-6-PD deficient individual. Furthermore, the proposed usage of either chloramines or chlorine dioxide as replacements for chlorine for the disinfection of drinking water should be investigated with respect to their potential adverse effects of individuals at increased risk to oxidant stressors. In order to test these theoretical associations, two mouse strains, one with low and the other with high levels of G-6-PD activity in their red blood cells are being investigated to determine if they simulate human G-6-PD deficient and normal individuals, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that the mouse strain with low G-6-PD activity is markedly more susceptible to sodium chlorite than mice of the high G-6-PD strain. This differential susceptibility to sodium chlorite toxicity between the high and low G-6-PD mouse strains suggests that further research designed to validate the efficacy of this mouse model as a predictor of the human situation is warranted.", "contents": "Effects of environmental oxidant stressors on individuals with a G-6-PD deficiency with particular reference to an animal model. Individuals with a G-6-PD deficiency have long been known to be at increased risk to experience acute hemolysis following exposure to elevated levels of certain oxidant drugs and industrial chemicals. However, the recognition of enhanced susceptibility to environmental (or ambient) pollutants has generally not been considered. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that elevated levels of ambient ozone may be an etiologic factor in the onset of acute hemolysis in the G-6-PD deficient individual. Furthermore, the proposed usage of either chloramines or chlorine dioxide as replacements for chlorine for the disinfection of drinking water should be investigated with respect to their potential adverse effects of individuals at increased risk to oxidant stressors. In order to test these theoretical associations, two mouse strains, one with low and the other with high levels of G-6-PD activity in their red blood cells are being investigated to determine if they simulate human G-6-PD deficient and normal individuals, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that the mouse strain with low G-6-PD activity is markedly more susceptible to sodium chlorite than mice of the high G-6-PD strain. This differential susceptibility to sodium chlorite toxicity between the high and low G-6-PD mouse strains suggests that further research designed to validate the efficacy of this mouse model as a predictor of the human situation is warranted.", "PMID": 510241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8664", "title": "Biological activity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke-related chemicals.", "content": "Exposure to whole cigarette smoke from reference cigarettes results in the prompt (peak activity is 6 hrs), but fairly weak (similar to 2 fold), induction of murine pulmonary microsomal monooxygenase activity. This activity can be detected by using as substrates either benzo(a)pyrene or ethoxyresorufin, and can be inhibited by treatment with cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Unlike the induction of pulmonary monooxygenases following intratracheal administration of 3-methylcholanthrene, these cigarette smoke-induced increases were not unequivocally linked to the Ah locus. Whole smoke condensate and fractions derived from these condensates can; a) induce pulmonary monooxygenase activity, b) inhibit benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in vitro, c) be metabolized to forms mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA153, or TA98, d) transform C3H 10T1/2 cells in vitro, and e) enhance the carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene in murine pulmonary tissue. A potentially important observation is that whereas hepatic tissue is capable of activating whole cigarette smoke condensate to mutagenic forms in vitro, murine pulmonary tissue does not seem capable of such activation. Although these pulmonary-derived tissue homogenates have significant AHH activity and can metabolize Aflatoxin B1, 2-aminofluorene and 7, 8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene to mutagenic forms, these homogenates fail to activate both cigarette smoke condensate and the pro-mutagen, 6-aminochrysene. These results are discussed with reference to the concept that whole cigarette smoke may be both a potential \"initiator\" and \"promotor\" of lung cancer in mice, and that this latter property may be the most important in determining cancer risk.", "contents": "Biological activity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke-related chemicals. Exposure to whole cigarette smoke from reference cigarettes results in the prompt (peak activity is 6 hrs), but fairly weak (similar to 2 fold), induction of murine pulmonary microsomal monooxygenase activity. This activity can be detected by using as substrates either benzo(a)pyrene or ethoxyresorufin, and can be inhibited by treatment with cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Unlike the induction of pulmonary monooxygenases following intratracheal administration of 3-methylcholanthrene, these cigarette smoke-induced increases were not unequivocally linked to the Ah locus. Whole smoke condensate and fractions derived from these condensates can; a) induce pulmonary monooxygenase activity, b) inhibit benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in vitro, c) be metabolized to forms mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA153, or TA98, d) transform C3H 10T1/2 cells in vitro, and e) enhance the carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene in murine pulmonary tissue. A potentially important observation is that whereas hepatic tissue is capable of activating whole cigarette smoke condensate to mutagenic forms in vitro, murine pulmonary tissue does not seem capable of such activation. Although these pulmonary-derived tissue homogenates have significant AHH activity and can metabolize Aflatoxin B1, 2-aminofluorene and 7, 8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene to mutagenic forms, these homogenates fail to activate both cigarette smoke condensate and the pro-mutagen, 6-aminochrysene. These results are discussed with reference to the concept that whole cigarette smoke may be both a potential \"initiator\" and \"promotor\" of lung cancer in mice, and that this latter property may be the most important in determining cancer risk.", "PMID": 510243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8665", "title": "Metabolic activation/deactivation reactions during perinatal development.", "content": "The role of metabolic activation/deactivation reactions during development is evaluated in relation to developmental pharmacology and toxicology. Enzyme systems evaluated include the mixed-function oxidases (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and oxidative demethylation), epoxide hydration and conjugation (glutathione conjugation, sulfation, and glucuronidation). Placental transfer and milk secretion of chemicals are discussed in relation to maternal, placental, and fetal metabolism. Normal patterns of enzyme development can be modified in two ways: (1) enzyme induction and (2) enzyme imprinting. Postnatal induction of the mixed-function oxidases and glucuronyl-transferase following treatment of pregnant rats with TCDD is shown to be caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. Structure-activity relationship are defined for the perinatal induction of hepatic enzymes by the pure PCBs. PCBs are divided into two classes: P-450 inducers and P-448 inducers. Imprinting or programming of hepatic metabolism is a function of the sexual differentiation of enzyme activity; male and female activities are similar in prepubertal animals, whereas pronounced sex differences are evident in adults. Treatment of newborn rats (days 2--6) with diethystilbestrol or testosterone resulted in a feminization (decrease) of mixed-function oxidation and glucuronidation in adult males. No changes were seen in immature males or females or adult females. This effect appears to be irreversible and is under pituitary-hypothalamic-gonadal control. In addition to the feminization of enzyme activity, neonatal exposure to hormonally active chemicals also feminizes the hepatic response to cadmium in resultant adult animals.", "contents": "Metabolic activation/deactivation reactions during perinatal development. The role of metabolic activation/deactivation reactions during development is evaluated in relation to developmental pharmacology and toxicology. Enzyme systems evaluated include the mixed-function oxidases (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and oxidative demethylation), epoxide hydration and conjugation (glutathione conjugation, sulfation, and glucuronidation). Placental transfer and milk secretion of chemicals are discussed in relation to maternal, placental, and fetal metabolism. Normal patterns of enzyme development can be modified in two ways: (1) enzyme induction and (2) enzyme imprinting. Postnatal induction of the mixed-function oxidases and glucuronyl-transferase following treatment of pregnant rats with TCDD is shown to be caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. Structure-activity relationship are defined for the perinatal induction of hepatic enzymes by the pure PCBs. PCBs are divided into two classes: P-450 inducers and P-448 inducers. Imprinting or programming of hepatic metabolism is a function of the sexual differentiation of enzyme activity; male and female activities are similar in prepubertal animals, whereas pronounced sex differences are evident in adults. Treatment of newborn rats (days 2--6) with diethystilbestrol or testosterone resulted in a feminization (decrease) of mixed-function oxidation and glucuronidation in adult males. No changes were seen in immature males or females or adult females. This effect appears to be irreversible and is under pituitary-hypothalamic-gonadal control. In addition to the feminization of enzyme activity, neonatal exposure to hormonally active chemicals also feminizes the hepatic response to cadmium in resultant adult animals.", "PMID": 510244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8666", "title": "N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark.", "content": "A variable but often significant proportion of urinary bladder cancer in urban areas can be attributed to occupational and cultural (cigarette smoking) situations associated with exposures to various arylamines. The variable N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human hepatic enzyme systems, the known genetic regulation and polymorphic distribution of this enzyme activity in humans, and the known enhanced susceptibility of individuals with the genetically-distinct \"slow acetylator\" phenotype to various arylamine toxicities, has prompted examination of possible correlations between N-acetyltransferase phenotype and urinary bladder cancer risk in rural and urban populations. In this context, N-acetylation is viewed as a component of detoxication pathways with respect to arylamine bladder carcinogenesis. In preliminary utilizations of this approach, a population of urban urinary bladder cancer patients from Copenhagen, Denmark displayed a 13% excess (p = 0.065) of individuals with the slow acetylator phenotype (46/71 = 64.8%) when compared to a Danish control population (38/74 = 51.4%). These data are consistent with the possibility that arylamines may play an etiological role in bladder cancer in this locale and that slow acetylator individuals may be at higher relative risk (1.74) than rapid acetylator individuals. As 95% of patients reported histories of smoking, it was not possible to isolate and examine smoking factors. In contrast, a population of rural urinary bladder cancer patients from Lund, Sweden, where bladder cancer incidence (20/100,000) (1971) is lower than in Copenhagen (43.8/100,000) (1968-72), no difference in slow acetylator distribution was observed between bladder cancer (80/115 = 69.6%) and Swedish control (79/118 = 66.9%) populations, indicating a relative lack of involvement of arylamines in the etiology of rural bladder cancer. Populations of \"spontaneous\" bladder cancer patients would be expected to contain variable portions of disease related to arylamine exposure and would be less likely to display a detectable correlation than would an industrial population with documentable arylamine exposure. Consequently, confirmation of this hypothesis is being pursued by examination of industrial populations in an effort to obtain an empirical estimate of relative risk for slow and rapid acetylator phenotypes. These studies involve exposure-matched workmen both with and without bladder cancer.", "contents": "N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark. A variable but often significant proportion of urinary bladder cancer in urban areas can be attributed to occupational and cultural (cigarette smoking) situations associated with exposures to various arylamines. The variable N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human hepatic enzyme systems, the known genetic regulation and polymorphic distribution of this enzyme activity in humans, and the known enhanced susceptibility of individuals with the genetically-distinct \"slow acetylator\" phenotype to various arylamine toxicities, has prompted examination of possible correlations between N-acetyltransferase phenotype and urinary bladder cancer risk in rural and urban populations. In this context, N-acetylation is viewed as a component of detoxication pathways with respect to arylamine bladder carcinogenesis. In preliminary utilizations of this approach, a population of urban urinary bladder cancer patients from Copenhagen, Denmark displayed a 13% excess (p = 0.065) of individuals with the slow acetylator phenotype (46/71 = 64.8%) when compared to a Danish control population (38/74 = 51.4%). These data are consistent with the possibility that arylamines may play an etiological role in bladder cancer in this locale and that slow acetylator individuals may be at higher relative risk (1.74) than rapid acetylator individuals. As 95% of patients reported histories of smoking, it was not possible to isolate and examine smoking factors. In contrast, a population of rural urinary bladder cancer patients from Lund, Sweden, where bladder cancer incidence (20/100,000) (1971) is lower than in Copenhagen (43.8/100,000) (1968-72), no difference in slow acetylator distribution was observed between bladder cancer (80/115 = 69.6%) and Swedish control (79/118 = 66.9%) populations, indicating a relative lack of involvement of arylamines in the etiology of rural bladder cancer. Populations of \"spontaneous\" bladder cancer patients would be expected to contain variable portions of disease related to arylamine exposure and would be less likely to display a detectable correlation than would an industrial population with documentable arylamine exposure. Consequently, confirmation of this hypothesis is being pursued by examination of industrial populations in an effort to obtain an empirical estimate of relative risk for slow and rapid acetylator phenotypes. These studies involve exposure-matched workmen both with and without bladder cancer.", "PMID": 510245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8667", "title": "Nutrient-toxicant interactions: susceptible populations.", "content": "Nutritional status can substantially modify the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Investigations with experimental animals and epidemiological observations on humans have established the role of nutrition in altering susceptibility to a variety of pollutants including pesticides and heavy metals. The degree of nutritional deficiency that alters susceptibility need not be severe. Frequently only biochemical indications of nutritional deficiency can be associated with changes in the dose-response of an animal or person to a toxic compound.", "contents": "Nutrient-toxicant interactions: susceptible populations. Nutritional status can substantially modify the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Investigations with experimental animals and epidemiological observations on humans have established the role of nutrition in altering susceptibility to a variety of pollutants including pesticides and heavy metals. The degree of nutritional deficiency that alters susceptibility need not be severe. Frequently only biochemical indications of nutritional deficiency can be associated with changes in the dose-response of an animal or person to a toxic compound.", "PMID": 510246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8668", "title": "Vitamin A and the susceptibility of respiratory tract tissues to carcinogenic insult.", "content": "The influence of vitamin A on the development of chemically induced lung carcinomas in rats was investigated. Rats were maintained on low, \"normal\" and excess levels of retinyl acetate (RA). Respiratory tract-squamous carcinomas were induced by intratracheal injections of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA). The carcinogen doses used ranged from 1.25 to 10.0 mg of 3-MCA. Serial sacrifices conducted during the first 20 weeks following carcinogen exposure showed that metaplastic lung nodules, presumed to be precursors of later appearing carcinomas, occurred earlier and at higher incidence in rats maintained on low levels of RA than in rats maintained on moderate or high levels of RA. The development of invasive pulmonary carcinomas was enhanced at all four carcinogen doses in rats receiving low levels of RA as compared to rats receiving moderate or high levels of RA. No consistent difference in lung cancer incidence existed between the groups receiving normal and high levels of RA. The data clearly show an increased susceptibility of vitamin A-deficient rats to develop chemically induced lung cancers. Possible mechanisms underlying this effect are discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin A and the susceptibility of respiratory tract tissues to carcinogenic insult. The influence of vitamin A on the development of chemically induced lung carcinomas in rats was investigated. Rats were maintained on low, \"normal\" and excess levels of retinyl acetate (RA). Respiratory tract-squamous carcinomas were induced by intratracheal injections of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA). The carcinogen doses used ranged from 1.25 to 10.0 mg of 3-MCA. Serial sacrifices conducted during the first 20 weeks following carcinogen exposure showed that metaplastic lung nodules, presumed to be precursors of later appearing carcinomas, occurred earlier and at higher incidence in rats maintained on low levels of RA than in rats maintained on moderate or high levels of RA. The development of invasive pulmonary carcinomas was enhanced at all four carcinogen doses in rats receiving low levels of RA as compared to rats receiving moderate or high levels of RA. No consistent difference in lung cancer incidence existed between the groups receiving normal and high levels of RA. The data clearly show an increased susceptibility of vitamin A-deficient rats to develop chemically induced lung cancers. Possible mechanisms underlying this effect are discussed.", "PMID": 510247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8669", "title": "Nutritional influences on metal toxicity: cadmium as a model toxic element.", "content": "The nutrient quality of the diet has been shown repeatedly to be a significant factor in modifying the response of man and animals to toxic element exposure. Deficiencies of several essential nutrients have been shown to exacerbate the effects of cadmium and supplements of such nutrients have been shown to ameliorate the toxicity. Thus the effects of exposure to a toxic element, such as cadmium, may vary, depending on interactions with other elements which are present in the diet in different concentrations.", "contents": "Nutritional influences on metal toxicity: cadmium as a model toxic element. The nutrient quality of the diet has been shown repeatedly to be a significant factor in modifying the response of man and animals to toxic element exposure. Deficiencies of several essential nutrients have been shown to exacerbate the effects of cadmium and supplements of such nutrients have been shown to ameliorate the toxicity. Thus the effects of exposure to a toxic element, such as cadmium, may vary, depending on interactions with other elements which are present in the diet in different concentrations.", "PMID": 510248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8670", "title": "Characterization of ribonucleotide reductase activity from mouse L cells.", "content": "We describe some fundamental properties of the cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) reductase activity from mouse L cells. Both activities increased in a nonlinear fashion at low protein concentrations; this may be due to dissociation of two protein subunits of the enzyme at very low concentrations. CDP reductase activity was greatly stimulated in the presence of ATP and required magnesium and iron for maximum activity. GDP reductase required 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate for maximum activity. Also apparent Km values of 0.14 mmol/l for CDP and 0.05 mmol/l for GDP were determined from double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentrations. Activity in extracts of logarithmically growing mouse L cells was very high indicating that attempts to purify the enzyme from this source should be rewarding.", "contents": "Characterization of ribonucleotide reductase activity from mouse L cells. We describe some fundamental properties of the cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) reductase activity from mouse L cells. Both activities increased in a nonlinear fashion at low protein concentrations; this may be due to dissociation of two protein subunits of the enzyme at very low concentrations. CDP reductase activity was greatly stimulated in the presence of ATP and required magnesium and iron for maximum activity. GDP reductase required 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate for maximum activity. Also apparent Km values of 0.14 mmol/l for CDP and 0.05 mmol/l for GDP were determined from double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentrations. Activity in extracts of logarithmically growing mouse L cells was very high indicating that attempts to purify the enzyme from this source should be rewarding.", "PMID": 510273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8671", "title": "Essential arginine residues in the active sites of propionyl CoA carboxylase and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase.", "content": "At least one arginine residue is essential for substrate binding in or near the active sites of propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (beta MCC) in cultured human fibroblasts. This conclusion is based on studies of enzyme inhibition by phenylglyoxal, a reagent which specifically modifies arginine residues. Human fibroblast PCC both in extracts and in a 20-fold purified preparation was nearly completely protected from phenylglyoxal inhibition following incubation with propionyl CoA or ATP. It appears that a phosphate group from either ATP or the CoA moiety of propionyl CoA reacts with the essential arginine residue(s). beta MCC which was similarly inhibited by phenylglyoxal was protected by beta-methylcrotonyl CoA and ATP. Thus phenylglyoxal may be used to label specific arginine residues within the active sites of previously sequenced carboxylases.", "contents": "Essential arginine residues in the active sites of propionyl CoA carboxylase and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase. At least one arginine residue is essential for substrate binding in or near the active sites of propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (beta MCC) in cultured human fibroblasts. This conclusion is based on studies of enzyme inhibition by phenylglyoxal, a reagent which specifically modifies arginine residues. Human fibroblast PCC both in extracts and in a 20-fold purified preparation was nearly completely protected from phenylglyoxal inhibition following incubation with propionyl CoA or ATP. It appears that a phosphate group from either ATP or the CoA moiety of propionyl CoA reacts with the essential arginine residue(s). beta MCC which was similarly inhibited by phenylglyoxal was protected by beta-methylcrotonyl CoA and ATP. Thus phenylglyoxal may be used to label specific arginine residues within the active sites of previously sequenced carboxylases.", "PMID": 510274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8672", "title": "Enzymatic methylation of alkane thiols.", "content": "A membrane-bound enzymatic activity has been found in rabbit liver microsomes, which catalyses the transmethylation from S-adenosylmethionine to a series of C1-C3 alkane thiols. Methane and ethane thiols are known to be endogenous toxins, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma, and methylation could provide an important pathway for the metabolic 'detoxification' of this class of compounds through neutralisation of the highly reactive sulph-hydryl group.", "contents": "Enzymatic methylation of alkane thiols. A membrane-bound enzymatic activity has been found in rabbit liver microsomes, which catalyses the transmethylation from S-adenosylmethionine to a series of C1-C3 alkane thiols. Methane and ethane thiols are known to be endogenous toxins, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma, and methylation could provide an important pathway for the metabolic 'detoxification' of this class of compounds through neutralisation of the highly reactive sulph-hydryl group.", "PMID": 510275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8673", "title": "Influence of Mg2+ ions on the activity measurement of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The activity of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from liver, bone and small intestine is differently influenced by Mg2+. The stimulation of isoenzymes from liver and bone is higher by Mg2+ ions than in the case of isoenzymes from small intestine. An obligatory preincubation of the serum sample in a buffer-Mg2+ mixture is necessary to avoid difficulties which may arise in the kinetic determination of alkaline phosphatase activity under extreme conditions, i.e. low Mg2+ concentration in serum, the necessity of dilution of the sample or the high isoenzyme content from liver or bone in the serum.", "contents": "Influence of Mg2+ ions on the activity measurement of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. The activity of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from liver, bone and small intestine is differently influenced by Mg2+. The stimulation of isoenzymes from liver and bone is higher by Mg2+ ions than in the case of isoenzymes from small intestine. An obligatory preincubation of the serum sample in a buffer-Mg2+ mixture is necessary to avoid difficulties which may arise in the kinetic determination of alkaline phosphatase activity under extreme conditions, i.e. low Mg2+ concentration in serum, the necessity of dilution of the sample or the high isoenzyme content from liver or bone in the serum.", "PMID": 510276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8674", "title": "The energy metabolism of the leucocyte. X. Kinetics of oxygen consumption during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A photometric method.", "content": "A simple micromethod for quantitative assay of the oxygen consumption by phagocytosing human neutrophils had been described. The continuous assay shows a lag time between the addition of zymosan and the maximal rate of oxygen uptake, which is a measure of the serum opsonic activity. Several factors can alter the oxygen uptake and also the delay of response.", "contents": "The energy metabolism of the leucocyte. X. Kinetics of oxygen consumption during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A photometric method. A simple micromethod for quantitative assay of the oxygen consumption by phagocytosing human neutrophils had been described. The continuous assay shows a lag time between the addition of zymosan and the maximal rate of oxygen uptake, which is a measure of the serum opsonic activity. Several factors can alter the oxygen uptake and also the delay of response.", "PMID": 510277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8675", "title": "Effects of metal ions and selenoamino acids on induction of glutathione peroxidase in mouse neuroblastoma.", "content": "The induction of glutathione peroxidase in mouse neuroblastoma cells by selenite is enhanced by equimolar amounts of arsenate, arsenite, molybdate, chromic or dichromate ions. At equimolar selenium concentration, selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine induced glutathione peroxidase activities having the ratios 4:4:1. Protein synthesis inhibitors prevented the induction of glutathione peroxidase by selenite indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required.", "contents": "Effects of metal ions and selenoamino acids on induction of glutathione peroxidase in mouse neuroblastoma. The induction of glutathione peroxidase in mouse neuroblastoma cells by selenite is enhanced by equimolar amounts of arsenate, arsenite, molybdate, chromic or dichromate ions. At equimolar selenium concentration, selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine induced glutathione peroxidase activities having the ratios 4:4:1. Protein synthesis inhibitors prevented the induction of glutathione peroxidase by selenite indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required.", "PMID": 510278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8676", "title": "Cholesterol ester:lysolecithin transacylation in the aorta.", "content": "Acyl transfer from cholesteryl oleate on lysolecithin to release cholesterol and form lecithin has been demonstrated in the aortic wall. Mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed transacylation is considered in relation to the arterial cholesterol ester hydrolase.", "contents": "Cholesterol ester:lysolecithin transacylation in the aorta. Acyl transfer from cholesteryl oleate on lysolecithin to release cholesterol and form lecithin has been demonstrated in the aortic wall. Mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed transacylation is considered in relation to the arterial cholesterol ester hydrolase.", "PMID": 510279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8677", "title": "Modes of inhibition of activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin by potassium thiocyanate.", "content": "Potassium thiocyanate inhibited the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin. The inhibition was mixed type on both enzymes with casein as substrate and on trypsin with tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester as substrate, but was uncompetitive on chymotrypsin with benzoyl-L-tyrosine p-nitroanilide as substrate.", "contents": "Modes of inhibition of activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin by potassium thiocyanate. Potassium thiocyanate inhibited the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin. The inhibition was mixed type on both enzymes with casein as substrate and on trypsin with tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester as substrate, but was uncompetitive on chymotrypsin with benzoyl-L-tyrosine p-nitroanilide as substrate.", "PMID": 510280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8678", "title": "[Approaches to reduce the retroaction of long-term monitoring of bioelectric events in ergonomic field studies (author's transl)].", "content": "When monitoring bioelectric signals the surface electrodes can cause a retroaction on the subject thereby introducing an error of measurement. There are two types of retroaction: physical and psycho-physiological. A physical retroaction due to the hydration process of the skin occurs if 'wet' electrodes are used for the recording of the skin conductance level (SCL) causing a continuous drift of the SCL and a decrease in sensitivity to SCL changes. Therefore a dry electrode was developed with improved performance: It exhibits less sensitivity to motion, is not subject to polarization, and features better SCL long-term stability. When recording the electrocardiogram or the electromyogram a psychophysiological retroaction occurs due to the annoyance caused by the skin-irritating abrading techniques in order to decrease the skin impedance and reduce the motion artifact. In an attempt to abandon the skin preparation whenever permissible without sacrificing the measurement accuracy a performance estimation procedure was developed. Basing on the information on the signal frequency content, the electrode contact area, the required accuracy of measurement and the amplifier input impedance a decision on the necessity of skin preparation is made. Moreover, the results of a study are reported investigating the reduction of motion artifacts by means of electrode design and appropriate electrode jelly formulation.", "contents": "[Approaches to reduce the retroaction of long-term monitoring of bioelectric events in ergonomic field studies (author's transl)]. When monitoring bioelectric signals the surface electrodes can cause a retroaction on the subject thereby introducing an error of measurement. There are two types of retroaction: physical and psycho-physiological. A physical retroaction due to the hydration process of the skin occurs if 'wet' electrodes are used for the recording of the skin conductance level (SCL) causing a continuous drift of the SCL and a decrease in sensitivity to SCL changes. Therefore a dry electrode was developed with improved performance: It exhibits less sensitivity to motion, is not subject to polarization, and features better SCL long-term stability. When recording the electrocardiogram or the electromyogram a psychophysiological retroaction occurs due to the annoyance caused by the skin-irritating abrading techniques in order to decrease the skin impedance and reduce the motion artifact. In an attempt to abandon the skin preparation whenever permissible without sacrificing the measurement accuracy a performance estimation procedure was developed. Basing on the information on the signal frequency content, the electrode contact area, the required accuracy of measurement and the amplifier input impedance a decision on the necessity of skin preparation is made. Moreover, the results of a study are reported investigating the reduction of motion artifacts by means of electrode design and appropriate electrode jelly formulation.", "PMID": 510281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8679", "title": "Effects and post-effects of two-hour exhausting exercise on composition and gas transport functions of blood.", "content": "Eleven male sport students (age 23.3 +/- 1.7 years) exercised for 2 h on a bicycle ergometer (60 rpm), the braking force of which was regulated to yield a constant pulse rate (156 +/- 3 min-1). Before, at end of, and 3 and 6 h after exercise blood was sampled from a cubital vein and an earlobe for measurement of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) value, osmolality (Osm), plasma protein (Prot), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and lactate (Lac) concentrations, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosin triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, acid base status and half saturation pressure (P50) of the oxygen dissociation curve. At end of exercise [Hb], Hct, [Prot], Osm, [K+], [Pi] and [Lac] were significantly elevated, pH in ear lobe (+ 0.04) and venous blood (+ 0.08) was also increased by both respiratory and nonrespiratory effects (BE + 1.4 mmol/l). The oxygen dissociation curve showed an unexplained slight right shift (standard P50 + 0.19 kPa). During the post-exercise period most parameters approximated to control values after only 3 h. [Prot] and especially [Pi], however, remained elevated while [DPG] slightly rose during the post-exercise period. It is suggested that these changes are first signs of adaptation to exercise, perhaps caused by endocrine stimulation.", "contents": "Effects and post-effects of two-hour exhausting exercise on composition and gas transport functions of blood. Eleven male sport students (age 23.3 +/- 1.7 years) exercised for 2 h on a bicycle ergometer (60 rpm), the braking force of which was regulated to yield a constant pulse rate (156 +/- 3 min-1). Before, at end of, and 3 and 6 h after exercise blood was sampled from a cubital vein and an earlobe for measurement of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) value, osmolality (Osm), plasma protein (Prot), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and lactate (Lac) concentrations, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosin triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, acid base status and half saturation pressure (P50) of the oxygen dissociation curve. At end of exercise [Hb], Hct, [Prot], Osm, [K+], [Pi] and [Lac] were significantly elevated, pH in ear lobe (+ 0.04) and venous blood (+ 0.08) was also increased by both respiratory and nonrespiratory effects (BE + 1.4 mmol/l). The oxygen dissociation curve showed an unexplained slight right shift (standard P50 + 0.19 kPa). During the post-exercise period most parameters approximated to control values after only 3 h. [Prot] and especially [Pi], however, remained elevated while [DPG] slightly rose during the post-exercise period. It is suggested that these changes are first signs of adaptation to exercise, perhaps caused by endocrine stimulation.", "PMID": 510282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8680", "title": "The physiological cost of carrying light and heavy loads.", "content": "Nine subjects walked on a treadmill with load weights equal to 10% and 40% of body weight carried on the back. Although the speed of the treadmill was selected so that the measured oxygen consumption (VO2) was the same for both load conditions, the heavier load placed an extra strain on the cardiopulmonary system and was perceived by all subjects as harder work than the lighter load. When the subjects worked at their own pace, walking on a level road or climbing stairs with load weights equal to 10% and 40% of body weight, they compensated for the heavier load by decreasing walking speed or climbing rate. Although the energy costs calculated from walking speed, body and load weight for self-paced walking and the external work of stair climbing were the same for both load conditions, the heavier load was again perceived as harder work. These findings are discussed as they relate to the definition of acceptable load weights.", "contents": "The physiological cost of carrying light and heavy loads. Nine subjects walked on a treadmill with load weights equal to 10% and 40% of body weight carried on the back. Although the speed of the treadmill was selected so that the measured oxygen consumption (VO2) was the same for both load conditions, the heavier load placed an extra strain on the cardiopulmonary system and was perceived by all subjects as harder work than the lighter load. When the subjects worked at their own pace, walking on a level road or climbing stairs with load weights equal to 10% and 40% of body weight, they compensated for the heavier load by decreasing walking speed or climbing rate. Although the energy costs calculated from walking speed, body and load weight for self-paced walking and the external work of stair climbing were the same for both load conditions, the heavier load was again perceived as harder work. These findings are discussed as they relate to the definition of acceptable load weights.", "PMID": 510283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8681", "title": "Seasonal variation in work performance and heart rate response to exercise. A study of 1,835 middle-aged men.", "content": "A near maximal bicycle exercise test in 1,835 presumably healthy Norwegian men indicated a seasonal variation in physical fitness. Thus, the total amount of work performed was significantly higher, and the work pulse on equivalent loads significantly lower during the summer than during the autumn. Although the differences were small, they may invalidate comparisons made between exercise tests in populations tested at different seasons of the year. In particular, there was a considerable and sudden change in the above mentioned parameters from June--August to September--October.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in work performance and heart rate response to exercise. A study of 1,835 middle-aged men. A near maximal bicycle exercise test in 1,835 presumably healthy Norwegian men indicated a seasonal variation in physical fitness. Thus, the total amount of work performed was significantly higher, and the work pulse on equivalent loads significantly lower during the summer than during the autumn. Although the differences were small, they may invalidate comparisons made between exercise tests in populations tested at different seasons of the year. In particular, there was a considerable and sudden change in the above mentioned parameters from June--August to September--October.", "PMID": 510284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8682", "title": "Thermoregulation during exercise in relation to sex and age.", "content": "The thermoregulatory responses to 1 h exercise of 14 male (age range 18--65 year) and 7 female (age range 18--46 year) athletes and 4 (3 male and 1 female) non-athletic subjects have been investigated in a moderate environment (Tdb = 21 degrees C, Twb = 15 degrees C and rh less than 50%) and analysed in relation to age, sex, and maximum aerobic power output (VO2max). The maximal sweat loss (Msw max) under the given conditions was closely related (r = + 0.90) to VO2max and for a given relative work load (%VO2max), rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures was the same in all subjects. Sweat loss (Msw) was linearly related to total heat production (H) and to peripheral tissue heat conductance (K) and if expressed in relative terms (%Mswmax) was linearly related to Tre. For a given Tre relative sweat rate was identical in the groups studied. From these results it would seem that during exercise Tre rises to meet the requirements of heat dissipation by establishing a thermal gradient from core to skin and stimulating sweating in proportion to maximal capacity of the system. Thus provided the thermal responses to work were standardised using the appropriate physiological variables, there was no evidence to be found for differences in thermoregulatory function which could be ascribed to sex or age.", "contents": "Thermoregulation during exercise in relation to sex and age. The thermoregulatory responses to 1 h exercise of 14 male (age range 18--65 year) and 7 female (age range 18--46 year) athletes and 4 (3 male and 1 female) non-athletic subjects have been investigated in a moderate environment (Tdb = 21 degrees C, Twb = 15 degrees C and rh less than 50%) and analysed in relation to age, sex, and maximum aerobic power output (VO2max). The maximal sweat loss (Msw max) under the given conditions was closely related (r = + 0.90) to VO2max and for a given relative work load (%VO2max), rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures was the same in all subjects. Sweat loss (Msw) was linearly related to total heat production (H) and to peripheral tissue heat conductance (K) and if expressed in relative terms (%Mswmax) was linearly related to Tre. For a given Tre relative sweat rate was identical in the groups studied. From these results it would seem that during exercise Tre rises to meet the requirements of heat dissipation by establishing a thermal gradient from core to skin and stimulating sweating in proportion to maximal capacity of the system. Thus provided the thermal responses to work were standardised using the appropriate physiological variables, there was no evidence to be found for differences in thermoregulatory function which could be ascribed to sex or age.", "PMID": 510285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8683", "title": "[Ergonomical studies about the superposition of control activity and mechanical vibration (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of combined stresses due to control activity and vertical mechanical vibration on man are analysed. In the first part, the processes in the human being at those superposed stresses are shown in a deterministic way, starting from morphological and physiological facts, which leads to a division of the organismic data processing in the fields of information reception, central information processing and information output. Hypothesis of the effects of vibration in the parts of information reception and information output as well as indications to measurable variables at laboratory experiments can be deduced from the model formulation. In the experimental part about factorized laboratory experiments with combined stresses consisting of an ideal-typical compensatory-tracking-task and mechanical vibration is reported, which can be divided into short-time experiments with measurement of the statistical control-factor and perseverance experiments with additional measurements of physiological variables. As established in the first part, influences of vibration in the regions of information reception and information output were found as well as thresholds for the performance-reducing effects of mechanical vibrations. The magnitudes of the thresholds are dependent on the task difficulty.", "contents": "[Ergonomical studies about the superposition of control activity and mechanical vibration (author's transl)]. The effects of combined stresses due to control activity and vertical mechanical vibration on man are analysed. In the first part, the processes in the human being at those superposed stresses are shown in a deterministic way, starting from morphological and physiological facts, which leads to a division of the organismic data processing in the fields of information reception, central information processing and information output. Hypothesis of the effects of vibration in the parts of information reception and information output as well as indications to measurable variables at laboratory experiments can be deduced from the model formulation. In the experimental part about factorized laboratory experiments with combined stresses consisting of an ideal-typical compensatory-tracking-task and mechanical vibration is reported, which can be divided into short-time experiments with measurement of the statistical control-factor and perseverance experiments with additional measurements of physiological variables. As established in the first part, influences of vibration in the regions of information reception and information output were found as well as thresholds for the performance-reducing effects of mechanical vibrations. The magnitudes of the thresholds are dependent on the task difficulty.", "PMID": 510286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8684", "title": "Urinary excretion of oligosaccharides induced by galactose given orally or intravenously.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of galactose, lactose, and sucrose and intravenous injection of galactose on the urinary excretion of blood-group-active oligosaccharides has been studied. Galactose given either as the free sugar, a glycoside (lactose) or a constituent of normal diet was an absolute requirement for the formation and excretion of A-trisaccharide, B-trisaccharide and 2'-fucosylgalactose in blood group A, B and O(H) secretors, respectively. Great individual variation was seen in the amounts of galactose-dependent oligosaccharides excreted. Injection of galactose resulted in excretion of 3-59% of the amount of oligosaccharide formed after oral administration to the same individual. The mean ratio A-trisaccharide/B-trisaccharide was 2.7 in four blood-group-A1B secretors and 0.22 in three A2B secretors and can thus serve as a parameter for chemical differentiation between the two blood groups. The excretion of larger blood-group-active oligosaccharides, including the A-pentasaccharide, the B-pentasaccharide and lactodifucotetraose, that are normal components in urine from, respectively, starved A, B, and H secretors, was about the same after oral administration of galactose or lactose. The B-trisaccharide was the only oligosaccharide detected in plasma after oral galactose administration to a blood-group-B secretor individual. The concentration was 0.38 mg/l of plasma.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of oligosaccharides induced by galactose given orally or intravenously. The effect of oral administration of galactose, lactose, and sucrose and intravenous injection of galactose on the urinary excretion of blood-group-active oligosaccharides has been studied. Galactose given either as the free sugar, a glycoside (lactose) or a constituent of normal diet was an absolute requirement for the formation and excretion of A-trisaccharide, B-trisaccharide and 2'-fucosylgalactose in blood group A, B and O(H) secretors, respectively. Great individual variation was seen in the amounts of galactose-dependent oligosaccharides excreted. Injection of galactose resulted in excretion of 3-59% of the amount of oligosaccharide formed after oral administration to the same individual. The mean ratio A-trisaccharide/B-trisaccharide was 2.7 in four blood-group-A1B secretors and 0.22 in three A2B secretors and can thus serve as a parameter for chemical differentiation between the two blood groups. The excretion of larger blood-group-active oligosaccharides, including the A-pentasaccharide, the B-pentasaccharide and lactodifucotetraose, that are normal components in urine from, respectively, starved A, B, and H secretors, was about the same after oral administration of galactose or lactose. The B-trisaccharide was the only oligosaccharide detected in plasma after oral galactose administration to a blood-group-B secretor individual. The concentration was 0.38 mg/l of plasma.", "PMID": 510288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8685", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the 'b5-like' heme-binding domain from chicken sulfite oxidase.", "content": "We present in this paper the sequence of the heme-binding domain of chicken sulfite oxidase which can be obtained by chymotryptic digestion of the native enzyme. The results of an automatic degradation have been reported previously. In the present work peptides were obtained from the heme-binding domain by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease; they were manually sequenced by the dansyl/Edman procedure. The evidence thus obtained is sufficient to completely establish the order of the 97 residues. In addition, two rounds of Edman degradation on sulfite oxidase itself allowed us to identify the same two residues, H-Ala-Pro, present at the N-terminus of the heme-binding domain; this result suggests that the latter constitutes the amino-terminal end of the sulfite oxidase peptide chain. The data presented here confirm the strong similarity between sulfite oxidase and microsomal cytochrome b5 already suggested by our first results. A sequence alignment is proposed for the two proteins. Inspection of the calf liver cytochrome b5 three-dimensional model together with the alignment suggests a similar overall structure for sulfite oxidase core with a limited number of backbone modifications. Our results point to a common evolutionary origin for sulfite oxidase core and microsomal cytochrome b5.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the 'b5-like' heme-binding domain from chicken sulfite oxidase. We present in this paper the sequence of the heme-binding domain of chicken sulfite oxidase which can be obtained by chymotryptic digestion of the native enzyme. The results of an automatic degradation have been reported previously. In the present work peptides were obtained from the heme-binding domain by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease; they were manually sequenced by the dansyl/Edman procedure. The evidence thus obtained is sufficient to completely establish the order of the 97 residues. In addition, two rounds of Edman degradation on sulfite oxidase itself allowed us to identify the same two residues, H-Ala-Pro, present at the N-terminus of the heme-binding domain; this result suggests that the latter constitutes the amino-terminal end of the sulfite oxidase peptide chain. The data presented here confirm the strong similarity between sulfite oxidase and microsomal cytochrome b5 already suggested by our first results. A sequence alignment is proposed for the two proteins. Inspection of the calf liver cytochrome b5 three-dimensional model together with the alignment suggests a similar overall structure for sulfite oxidase core with a limited number of backbone modifications. Our results point to a common evolutionary origin for sulfite oxidase core and microsomal cytochrome b5.", "PMID": 510290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8686", "title": "Reaction of liver alcohol dehydrogenase with halogenoacids. Fate of the iodide anion released by carboxymethylation and enzymic catalysis of iodide solvolysis.", "content": "The fate of the iodide liberated during carboxymethylation of Cys-46 in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been determined with 125I-labeled iodoacetate. The [125I]iodoacetic acid was prepared from mesyloxyacetic acid and sodium [125I]iodide. When carboxymethylation of the enzyme is carried out in solution or in the crystalline state, no iodide is bound to the protein. The rate of iodide during the reaction of iodoacetate, determined with an iodide-specific electrode, has been found to be biphasic: the fast phase corresponds to the carboxymethylation and the slow phase to iodide liberation due to the presence of protein. With 3-iodopropionate (2.5 mM), no inactivation was detected, but in the presence of the enzyme, 10 equivalents of iodide were liberated per subunit in 1 hr. NADH does not inhibit this reaction. The electron density attributed to an iodide bound to the zinc atom of the crystalline enzyme is reinterpreted in view of these results as due to an imidazole bound to the active-site zinc. In the carboxymethylation, the reactivity of bromoacetate is higher than that of iodoacetate.", "contents": "Reaction of liver alcohol dehydrogenase with halogenoacids. Fate of the iodide anion released by carboxymethylation and enzymic catalysis of iodide solvolysis. The fate of the iodide liberated during carboxymethylation of Cys-46 in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been determined with 125I-labeled iodoacetate. The [125I]iodoacetic acid was prepared from mesyloxyacetic acid and sodium [125I]iodide. When carboxymethylation of the enzyme is carried out in solution or in the crystalline state, no iodide is bound to the protein. The rate of iodide during the reaction of iodoacetate, determined with an iodide-specific electrode, has been found to be biphasic: the fast phase corresponds to the carboxymethylation and the slow phase to iodide liberation due to the presence of protein. With 3-iodopropionate (2.5 mM), no inactivation was detected, but in the presence of the enzyme, 10 equivalents of iodide were liberated per subunit in 1 hr. NADH does not inhibit this reaction. The electron density attributed to an iodide bound to the zinc atom of the crystalline enzyme is reinterpreted in view of these results as due to an imidazole bound to the active-site zinc. In the carboxymethylation, the reactivity of bromoacetate is higher than that of iodoacetate.", "PMID": 510291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8687", "title": "Thyroid hormones and the precocious induction of hepatic glucokinase in the neonatal rat.", "content": "1. Oral intubation of glucose is more effective than intraperitoneal injection in inducing the premature appearance of hepatic glucokinase in suckling rats. 2. The inducing effect of glucose is enhanced by treatment of the animals 12 h or more earlier with 1 microgram triiodothyronine/g body weight. 3. Low but significant activities of glucokinase appear at the normal time of development in hypothyroid neonatal rats. Intubation of glucose into 13-day-old and 24-day-old hypothyroid results in the rapid appearance of glucokinase similar to that in normal animals treated likewise. 4. The enhancing effect of thyroid hormones on glucokinase induction by glucose does not necessarily mean that the normal postnatal increase in plasma thyroid hormones is essential for the normal appearance of glucokinase activity at the time of weaning. Other possible explanations are discussed.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and the precocious induction of hepatic glucokinase in the neonatal rat. 1. Oral intubation of glucose is more effective than intraperitoneal injection in inducing the premature appearance of hepatic glucokinase in suckling rats. 2. The inducing effect of glucose is enhanced by treatment of the animals 12 h or more earlier with 1 microgram triiodothyronine/g body weight. 3. Low but significant activities of glucokinase appear at the normal time of development in hypothyroid neonatal rats. Intubation of glucose into 13-day-old and 24-day-old hypothyroid results in the rapid appearance of glucokinase similar to that in normal animals treated likewise. 4. The enhancing effect of thyroid hormones on glucokinase induction by glucose does not necessarily mean that the normal postnatal increase in plasma thyroid hormones is essential for the normal appearance of glucokinase activity at the time of weaning. Other possible explanations are discussed.", "PMID": 510292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8688", "title": "Estrogen action in rooster liver. Modification of a tRNASer-inactivating activity.", "content": "The hepatic synthesis of the yolk protein, phosvitin, can be induced in rooster by the administration of estrogen and this provides a model for studying the regulatory mechanisms involved. Since phosvitin is unusually rich in serine the effect of estrogen on the metabolism of serine transfer RNA (tRNASer) was examined. Rooster liver contains an activity capable of inactivating rooster liver tRNASer. This activity has specificity in that it inactivates only part of the tRNASer in the unaminoacylated form. Upon estrogen administration this activity is modified with a change in specificity and the modified activity is able to inactivate only a significantly smaller amount of tRNASer than the unmodified activity. This novel mechanism may be involved in the regulation of some species of tRNASer and thus may be part of the translational control involved in estrogen-induced phosvitin synthesis.", "contents": "Estrogen action in rooster liver. Modification of a tRNASer-inactivating activity. The hepatic synthesis of the yolk protein, phosvitin, can be induced in rooster by the administration of estrogen and this provides a model for studying the regulatory mechanisms involved. Since phosvitin is unusually rich in serine the effect of estrogen on the metabolism of serine transfer RNA (tRNASer) was examined. Rooster liver contains an activity capable of inactivating rooster liver tRNASer. This activity has specificity in that it inactivates only part of the tRNASer in the unaminoacylated form. Upon estrogen administration this activity is modified with a change in specificity and the modified activity is able to inactivate only a significantly smaller amount of tRNASer than the unmodified activity. This novel mechanism may be involved in the regulation of some species of tRNASer and thus may be part of the translational control involved in estrogen-induced phosvitin synthesis.", "PMID": 510293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8689", "title": "Interaction of diphtheria toxin fragments A, B and protein crm 45 with liposomes.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin, its fragments A, B and the protein serologically related to toxin, crm 45, have been studied for their hydrophobicity using the method of charge shift electrophoresis. These molecules were then assayed for liposome interaction. The results have shown that the diphtheria toxin B fragment behaves as an amphiphatic protein because it contains a hydrophobic domain located in that portion of the B chain which remains in protein crm 45. Toxin fragment A is hydrophilic. Incubation of protein crm 45 or toxin fragment B with preformed liposomes leads to association of these proteins with lipid vesicles. Fragment A does not interact with liposomes. Binding of protein crm 45 with lipid vesicles is dependent on time and temperature. Protein crm 45 is unidirectionally associated with liposomes, its enzymic fragment A directed outside the liposome. Fragment B or protein crm 45, upon binding with liposomes, does not affect the permeability of the vesicles.", "contents": "Interaction of diphtheria toxin fragments A, B and protein crm 45 with liposomes. Diphtheria toxin, its fragments A, B and the protein serologically related to toxin, crm 45, have been studied for their hydrophobicity using the method of charge shift electrophoresis. These molecules were then assayed for liposome interaction. The results have shown that the diphtheria toxin B fragment behaves as an amphiphatic protein because it contains a hydrophobic domain located in that portion of the B chain which remains in protein crm 45. Toxin fragment A is hydrophilic. Incubation of protein crm 45 or toxin fragment B with preformed liposomes leads to association of these proteins with lipid vesicles. Fragment A does not interact with liposomes. Binding of protein crm 45 with lipid vesicles is dependent on time and temperature. Protein crm 45 is unidirectionally associated with liposomes, its enzymic fragment A directed outside the liposome. Fragment B or protein crm 45, upon binding with liposomes, does not affect the permeability of the vesicles.", "PMID": 510294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8690", "title": "Distribution of lymphocyte messenger RNA during stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "Additional of phytohaemagglutinin to cultured lymphocytes results in a progressive increase in the rate of protein synthesis of up to 7-10 times the initial rate after 20 h. Between 2 h and 12 h after the addition of mitogen, the increase in the rate of protein synthesis can be accounted for by the transfer of mRNA from messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes to polysomes. Between 12 h and 20 h the increase also reflects the accumulation of mRNA and ribosomes. However, the proportion of mRNA associated with ribosomes in unstimulated lymphocytes is unexpectedly high and paradoxically decreases during the first 2 h after mitogen addition, although the rate of protein synthesis increases. A mechanism involving mRNA selection is suggested.", "contents": "Distribution of lymphocyte messenger RNA during stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin. Additional of phytohaemagglutinin to cultured lymphocytes results in a progressive increase in the rate of protein synthesis of up to 7-10 times the initial rate after 20 h. Between 2 h and 12 h after the addition of mitogen, the increase in the rate of protein synthesis can be accounted for by the transfer of mRNA from messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes to polysomes. Between 12 h and 20 h the increase also reflects the accumulation of mRNA and ribosomes. However, the proportion of mRNA associated with ribosomes in unstimulated lymphocytes is unexpectedly high and paradoxically decreases during the first 2 h after mitogen addition, although the rate of protein synthesis increases. A mechanism involving mRNA selection is suggested.", "PMID": 510295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8691", "title": "The mechanism of ageing of phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "1. The extent of potential reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase decreases with time, a phenomenon called ageing. Ageing is due to dealkylation of the alkoxyl group of the residue bound to the enzyme. The rate of ageing is proportional to the electron-donating capacity of the alkyl group. 2. The ageing of phosphophonylated cholinesterase cal also be demonstrated using a phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. The same relationship between the rate of ageing and the structure of the alkyl group was observed. 3. Ageing occurs much faster in electrically stimulated preparations than in resting preparations. This may be due to production of a more acidic environment for the enzyme at the active centre by the products of hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released by stimulation.", "contents": "The mechanism of ageing of phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase. 1. The extent of potential reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase decreases with time, a phenomenon called ageing. Ageing is due to dealkylation of the alkoxyl group of the residue bound to the enzyme. The rate of ageing is proportional to the electron-donating capacity of the alkyl group. 2. The ageing of phosphophonylated cholinesterase cal also be demonstrated using a phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. The same relationship between the rate of ageing and the structure of the alkyl group was observed. 3. Ageing occurs much faster in electrically stimulated preparations than in resting preparations. This may be due to production of a more acidic environment for the enzyme at the active centre by the products of hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released by stimulation.", "PMID": 510296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8692", "title": "Relaxation of chromatin structure induced by ethidium binding. Involvement of the intercalation process.", "content": "In this paper we study the effects of the binding of ethidium on the structure of chromatin, using micrococcal nuclease as a structural probe. This binding induces two structural changes of chromatin either isolated or in the nuclei. (a) An unfolding of the overall structure which results in an activation of the rate of degradation by the nuclease. (b) A disorganisation of the core particle structure which has the effect of unwrapping the DNA from the histone core, this disruption can go on so far as to leave only 90 base pairs. By comparing the bindings of ethidium and tetramethylethidium, we conclude that the first type of structural change is due to an electrostatic effect and does not depend upon intercalation. On the other hand, the second one is due to the intercalation process and to the change of topological constraints on the DNA that such a process involves.", "contents": "Relaxation of chromatin structure induced by ethidium binding. Involvement of the intercalation process. In this paper we study the effects of the binding of ethidium on the structure of chromatin, using micrococcal nuclease as a structural probe. This binding induces two structural changes of chromatin either isolated or in the nuclei. (a) An unfolding of the overall structure which results in an activation of the rate of degradation by the nuclease. (b) A disorganisation of the core particle structure which has the effect of unwrapping the DNA from the histone core, this disruption can go on so far as to leave only 90 base pairs. By comparing the bindings of ethidium and tetramethylethidium, we conclude that the first type of structural change is due to an electrostatic effect and does not depend upon intercalation. On the other hand, the second one is due to the intercalation process and to the change of topological constraints on the DNA that such a process involves.", "PMID": 510297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8693", "title": "Effects of low concentrations of guanidine . HCl on the reconstitution of lactic dehydrogenase from pig muscle in vitro. Evidence for guanidine binding to the native enzyme.", "content": "The presence of low concentrations of guanidine . HCl has a pronounced effect on the overall rate of reactivation of lactic dehydrogenase from pig muscles after preceding dissociation and deactivation in various denaturants. The obseverd attenuation is a function of the amount of guanidine . HCl present during reconstitution. At a given guanidine concentration in the reactivation buffer the yield, but not the rate of reactivation, is influenced by the extent of denaturation caused initially in the process of deactivation and dissociation. As a possible explanation for the influence of guanidine . HCl on the kinetics of reconstitution, binding of the ligand to intermediates of folding and association is considered. This hypothesis is corroborated by the observation that guanidine . HCl in the relevant concentration range does bind to native lactic dehydrogenase without inactivating the enzyme or disrupting its quaternary structure. A kinetic model comprising guanidine binding to both the native enzyme and structured intermediates is proposed to describe the observed effects of guanidine . HCl on the rate of reactivation. In addition, the dissociation constants for guanidine binding to intermediates of reconstitution and to native lactic dehydrogenase are estimated.", "contents": "Effects of low concentrations of guanidine . HCl on the reconstitution of lactic dehydrogenase from pig muscle in vitro. Evidence for guanidine binding to the native enzyme. The presence of low concentrations of guanidine . HCl has a pronounced effect on the overall rate of reactivation of lactic dehydrogenase from pig muscles after preceding dissociation and deactivation in various denaturants. The obseverd attenuation is a function of the amount of guanidine . HCl present during reconstitution. At a given guanidine concentration in the reactivation buffer the yield, but not the rate of reactivation, is influenced by the extent of denaturation caused initially in the process of deactivation and dissociation. As a possible explanation for the influence of guanidine . HCl on the kinetics of reconstitution, binding of the ligand to intermediates of folding and association is considered. This hypothesis is corroborated by the observation that guanidine . HCl in the relevant concentration range does bind to native lactic dehydrogenase without inactivating the enzyme or disrupting its quaternary structure. A kinetic model comprising guanidine binding to both the native enzyme and structured intermediates is proposed to describe the observed effects of guanidine . HCl on the rate of reactivation. In addition, the dissociation constants for guanidine binding to intermediates of reconstitution and to native lactic dehydrogenase are estimated.", "PMID": 510298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8694", "title": "Fluorescence properties of reduced flavins and flavoproteins.", "content": "Fluorescence lifetimes and polarized emission properties of reduced flavin were measured using several model compounds and flavoproteins. Depending on the conditions of solvent and temperature or reduction method the lifetimes vary between 1 and 15 ns. The longer lifetime values are found in several forms of reduced lactate oxidase, in which a good correlation exists between fluorescence intensity and lifetime. In practically all flavoproteins the fluorescence is heterogeneous. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the observed heterogeneity in lifetimes. The reduced models in glycerol at subzero temperature exhibit high degrees of polarization of the fluorescence, whereas distinct depolarization is encountered in several reduced flavoproteins suggesting a certain mobility of the flavin chromophor.", "contents": "Fluorescence properties of reduced flavins and flavoproteins. Fluorescence lifetimes and polarized emission properties of reduced flavin were measured using several model compounds and flavoproteins. Depending on the conditions of solvent and temperature or reduction method the lifetimes vary between 1 and 15 ns. The longer lifetime values are found in several forms of reduced lactate oxidase, in which a good correlation exists between fluorescence intensity and lifetime. In practically all flavoproteins the fluorescence is heterogeneous. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the observed heterogeneity in lifetimes. The reduced models in glycerol at subzero temperature exhibit high degrees of polarization of the fluorescence, whereas distinct depolarization is encountered in several reduced flavoproteins suggesting a certain mobility of the flavin chromophor.", "PMID": 510300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8695", "title": "Isolation of synaptosomal plasma membranes from cholinergic nerve terminals and a comparison of their proteins with those of synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Plasma membranes were purified from purely cholinergic nerve endings (synaptosomes) isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Synaptosomes were lysed, membranes recovered and further separated by density gradient centrifugation. A fraction was obtained enriched in 5'-nucleotidase, Na+, K+-activated ATPase and acetylcholine esterase. Morphological examination showed abundant membrane fragments of the size range of synaptosomes and few of vesicle size. The fraction has a characteristic protein composition upon gel electrophoresis. Five reproducible major bands with apparent Mr of 100000, 75000, 52000, 42000 and 35000--33000 are found. A gel-electrophoretic comparison with proteins from synaptic vesicles from the same source (major bands Mr 160000, 147000, 34000 and 25000) was made. Comigration of major bands was detected in one-dimensional gel electrophoresis with the 42000-Mr, 35000--33000-Mr and 34000-Mr components. Upon two-dimensional gel electrophoresis the 42000-Mr component comigrates with a similar component in vesicles, recently characterized as actin; the other components are different. The presence of tubulin-like polypeptides is unlikely. Beside actin, all major vesicle proteins are often detected in small amounts in the plasma membrane preparation. It cannot be decided if they result from fused or contaminating vesicle membranes, but since they are essentially absent in some preparations, it seems that the plasma membrane does not contain vesicle proteins.", "contents": "Isolation of synaptosomal plasma membranes from cholinergic nerve terminals and a comparison of their proteins with those of synaptic vesicles. Plasma membranes were purified from purely cholinergic nerve endings (synaptosomes) isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Synaptosomes were lysed, membranes recovered and further separated by density gradient centrifugation. A fraction was obtained enriched in 5'-nucleotidase, Na+, K+-activated ATPase and acetylcholine esterase. Morphological examination showed abundant membrane fragments of the size range of synaptosomes and few of vesicle size. The fraction has a characteristic protein composition upon gel electrophoresis. Five reproducible major bands with apparent Mr of 100000, 75000, 52000, 42000 and 35000--33000 are found. A gel-electrophoretic comparison with proteins from synaptic vesicles from the same source (major bands Mr 160000, 147000, 34000 and 25000) was made. Comigration of major bands was detected in one-dimensional gel electrophoresis with the 42000-Mr, 35000--33000-Mr and 34000-Mr components. Upon two-dimensional gel electrophoresis the 42000-Mr component comigrates with a similar component in vesicles, recently characterized as actin; the other components are different. The presence of tubulin-like polypeptides is unlikely. Beside actin, all major vesicle proteins are often detected in small amounts in the plasma membrane preparation. It cannot be decided if they result from fused or contaminating vesicle membranes, but since they are essentially absent in some preparations, it seems that the plasma membrane does not contain vesicle proteins.", "PMID": 510302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8696", "title": "Purification and properties of strictosidine synthase, the key enzyme in indole alkaloid formation.", "content": "A new enzyme, strictosidine synthase, which catalyzes the synthesis of 3-alpha(S)-strictosidine from tryptamine and secologanin was isolated from the soluble protein extract of Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures and was purified approximately 50-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Ultrogel AcA34 and isoelectric focusing. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 34000. The pH optimum was 6.8, apparent Km values for tryptamine and secologanin were 2.3 mM and 3.4 mM respectively for the enzyme to synthesize strictosidine. Strictosidine synthase shows high substrate specificity. No apparent cofactor requirement could be demonstrated. Of several enzyme inhibitors tested, only p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme was relatively stable and could be stored at -20 degrees C for periods of up to 1 year without appreciable loss of catalytic activity. The enzyme was demonstrated to occur in suspension cultures of 15 different species belonging to 9 different genera of the indole-alkaloid-producing subfamily Plumerioideae of the Apocynaceae family. This enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of strictosidine the key intermediate in the formation of the majority of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids occurring in the plant kingdom.", "contents": "Purification and properties of strictosidine synthase, the key enzyme in indole alkaloid formation. A new enzyme, strictosidine synthase, which catalyzes the synthesis of 3-alpha(S)-strictosidine from tryptamine and secologanin was isolated from the soluble protein extract of Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures and was purified approximately 50-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Ultrogel AcA34 and isoelectric focusing. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 34000. The pH optimum was 6.8, apparent Km values for tryptamine and secologanin were 2.3 mM and 3.4 mM respectively for the enzyme to synthesize strictosidine. Strictosidine synthase shows high substrate specificity. No apparent cofactor requirement could be demonstrated. Of several enzyme inhibitors tested, only p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme was relatively stable and could be stored at -20 degrees C for periods of up to 1 year without appreciable loss of catalytic activity. The enzyme was demonstrated to occur in suspension cultures of 15 different species belonging to 9 different genera of the indole-alkaloid-producing subfamily Plumerioideae of the Apocynaceae family. This enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of strictosidine the key intermediate in the formation of the majority of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids occurring in the plant kingdom.", "PMID": 510306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8697", "title": "Increased urinary excretion of free N-acetylneuraminic acid in thirteen patients with Salla disease.", "content": "Thirteen severely retarded patients with Salla disease, a new type of lysosomal storage disorder, have been studied biochemically. All patients excreted approximately ten times more free sialic acid than normal individuals. The isolated sialic acid was characterized by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, optical rotation, 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry of its permethylated derivative. The results clearly indicated that the excreted sialic acid was identical to N-acetylneuraminic acid. The main sialylated trisaccharide present in the urine of the patients was identified as 3'-sialyllactose by sugar and methylation analysis. The excreted amounts were found to be within normal range.", "contents": "Increased urinary excretion of free N-acetylneuraminic acid in thirteen patients with Salla disease. Thirteen severely retarded patients with Salla disease, a new type of lysosomal storage disorder, have been studied biochemically. All patients excreted approximately ten times more free sialic acid than normal individuals. The isolated sialic acid was characterized by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, optical rotation, 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry of its permethylated derivative. The results clearly indicated that the excreted sialic acid was identical to N-acetylneuraminic acid. The main sialylated trisaccharide present in the urine of the patients was identified as 3'-sialyllactose by sugar and methylation analysis. The excreted amounts were found to be within normal range.", "PMID": 510308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8698", "title": "Improvements in immunoprecipitation of specific messenger RNA. Isolation of highly purified conalbumin mRNA in high yield.", "content": "We have described previously procedures for the isolation of specific mRNA employing immunoprecipitation of polysomes. In spite of our success with ovalbumin mRNA in the chicken oviduct, we have had considerable difficulties in applying these same published techniques to the immunopurification of conalbumin mRNA, despite the fact that the chicken oviduct synthesizes up to 10% of protein as conalbumin. Here we describe a number of modifications and refinements which have proved essential in obtaining intact conalbumin mRNA in high purity and high yields. These refinements include: (a) improved purification of conalbumin in order to remove contaminating proteins that result in impure antibodies; (b) improved isolation of specific conalbumin antibody in high yields; (c) improved methods for reducing contamination by non-specific polysomes; (d) improved techniques for isolation of RNA from immunoprecipitates resulting in less degradation and higher recovery of conalbumin mRNA; (E) improved techniques for efficient translation of conalbumin mRNA involving treatment of the RNA with methylmercury prior to translation. We conclude that problems involved in the immunoprecipitation of different mRNAs may differ, and that various refinements in techniques may be required for obtaining highly purified preparations of intact mRNA in high yields.", "contents": "Improvements in immunoprecipitation of specific messenger RNA. Isolation of highly purified conalbumin mRNA in high yield. We have described previously procedures for the isolation of specific mRNA employing immunoprecipitation of polysomes. In spite of our success with ovalbumin mRNA in the chicken oviduct, we have had considerable difficulties in applying these same published techniques to the immunopurification of conalbumin mRNA, despite the fact that the chicken oviduct synthesizes up to 10% of protein as conalbumin. Here we describe a number of modifications and refinements which have proved essential in obtaining intact conalbumin mRNA in high purity and high yields. These refinements include: (a) improved purification of conalbumin in order to remove contaminating proteins that result in impure antibodies; (b) improved isolation of specific conalbumin antibody in high yields; (c) improved methods for reducing contamination by non-specific polysomes; (d) improved techniques for isolation of RNA from immunoprecipitates resulting in less degradation and higher recovery of conalbumin mRNA; (E) improved techniques for efficient translation of conalbumin mRNA involving treatment of the RNA with methylmercury prior to translation. We conclude that problems involved in the immunoprecipitation of different mRNAs may differ, and that various refinements in techniques may be required for obtaining highly purified preparations of intact mRNA in high yields.", "PMID": 510310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8699", "title": "Mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella serogroups C2 and C3.", "content": "Cell envelope and soluble glycosyl transferase preparations from Salmonella newport (serogroup C2) and Salmonella kentucky (serogroup C3) were found to catalyze formation of polyprenyl pyrophosphate tetrasaccharides corresponding to the structure of the repeating unit of the main chain of O-specific polysaccharides. Plant polyprenyl phosphate may serve as an exogenous sugar acceptor. Galactose residue is an initiator of a chain growth: transfer of galactosyl phosphate from uridine diphosphate galactose onto the acceptor is followed by two consecutive mannosyl transfers from guanosine diphosphate mannose and rhamnosyl transfer thymidine diphosphate rhamnose. Uridine diphosphate glucose and polyprenyl phosphate are converted by the enzyme preparations into polyprenyl monophosphate glucose which may transfer a glucosyl residue onto the polyprenyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides. The resulting pentasaccharide derivatives may be polymerised by enzymes present in cell envelope preparations. The significance of these results for the understanding of the mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella serogroups C2 and C3. Cell envelope and soluble glycosyl transferase preparations from Salmonella newport (serogroup C2) and Salmonella kentucky (serogroup C3) were found to catalyze formation of polyprenyl pyrophosphate tetrasaccharides corresponding to the structure of the repeating unit of the main chain of O-specific polysaccharides. Plant polyprenyl phosphate may serve as an exogenous sugar acceptor. Galactose residue is an initiator of a chain growth: transfer of galactosyl phosphate from uridine diphosphate galactose onto the acceptor is followed by two consecutive mannosyl transfers from guanosine diphosphate mannose and rhamnosyl transfer thymidine diphosphate rhamnose. Uridine diphosphate glucose and polyprenyl phosphate are converted by the enzyme preparations into polyprenyl monophosphate glucose which may transfer a glucosyl residue onto the polyprenyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides. The resulting pentasaccharide derivatives may be polymerised by enzymes present in cell envelope preparations. The significance of these results for the understanding of the mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 510311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8700", "title": "Routes of thrombin action in the production of proteolytically modified, secondary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex.", "content": "The reaction between thrombin and antithrombin results in the formation of an inactive, stable, equimolar complex between the two proteins. However, under most reaction conditions several secondary complex forms, which have lower apparent molecular weights in dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appear concomitantly with or immediately following the production of the primary form of the complex. Purification of nascent, intact complex and treatment of this complex form with thrombin demonstrated that these subsidiary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex may arise by proteolysis of the nascent complex by excess thrombin. Dissociation of such proteolytically modified complex preparations by hydroxylamine, and examination of the dissociation products by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that degradation occurs primarily in the thrombin part of the complex, and only after prolonged proteolysis in its antithrombin moiety also. Incubation of antithrombin with several autolytically modified thrombin preparations showed that formation of subsidiary complex forms can also occur by an alternative route, i.e. between premodified thrombin forms and the inhibitor. In contrast, complex formation between thrombin and active forms of antithrombin, which have been modified by thrombin before complex formation, is unlikely, since no such active forms of antithrombin could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Routes of thrombin action in the production of proteolytically modified, secondary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex. The reaction between thrombin and antithrombin results in the formation of an inactive, stable, equimolar complex between the two proteins. However, under most reaction conditions several secondary complex forms, which have lower apparent molecular weights in dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appear concomitantly with or immediately following the production of the primary form of the complex. Purification of nascent, intact complex and treatment of this complex form with thrombin demonstrated that these subsidiary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex may arise by proteolysis of the nascent complex by excess thrombin. Dissociation of such proteolytically modified complex preparations by hydroxylamine, and examination of the dissociation products by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that degradation occurs primarily in the thrombin part of the complex, and only after prolonged proteolysis in its antithrombin moiety also. Incubation of antithrombin with several autolytically modified thrombin preparations showed that formation of subsidiary complex forms can also occur by an alternative route, i.e. between premodified thrombin forms and the inhibitor. In contrast, complex formation between thrombin and active forms of antithrombin, which have been modified by thrombin before complex formation, is unlikely, since no such active forms of antithrombin could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 510313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8701", "title": "Bacteriophages of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Physicochemical properties of bacteriophage Dp-4 and its transfecting DNA.", "content": "The properties of Dp-4 phage and its DNA have been studied. The phage has a polyhedral head of 60 nm diameter, a tail 155 nm long and a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.48 g/cm3. Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the presence of five polypeptides. Dp-4 DNA has a molecular weight of 37 x 10(6), a melting point of 83.5 degrees C (when dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) and a G + C content of about 33%. Denaturation of DNA yields two strands of different buoyant density in a neutral CsCl gradient. The interaction of poly(U, G) with the heavy strand strongly enhances its density and allows the preparative separation of both strands. Native Dp-4 DNA has unusual physical properties: abnormally low buoyant densities both in CsCl (1.666 g/cm3) and in Cs2SO4 (1.410 g/cm3) (which do not correspond to the value predictable from the G + C content of the DNA), and a high thermal stability at low ionic strength.", "contents": "Bacteriophages of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Physicochemical properties of bacteriophage Dp-4 and its transfecting DNA. The properties of Dp-4 phage and its DNA have been studied. The phage has a polyhedral head of 60 nm diameter, a tail 155 nm long and a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.48 g/cm3. Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the presence of five polypeptides. Dp-4 DNA has a molecular weight of 37 x 10(6), a melting point of 83.5 degrees C (when dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) and a G + C content of about 33%. Denaturation of DNA yields two strands of different buoyant density in a neutral CsCl gradient. The interaction of poly(U, G) with the heavy strand strongly enhances its density and allows the preparative separation of both strands. Native Dp-4 DNA has unusual physical properties: abnormally low buoyant densities both in CsCl (1.666 g/cm3) and in Cs2SO4 (1.410 g/cm3) (which do not correspond to the value predictable from the G + C content of the DNA), and a high thermal stability at low ionic strength.", "PMID": 510314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8702", "title": "Central nervous system involvement in severe arterial hypertension of childhood.", "content": "The case histories of 125 children with hypertension and no apparent primary CNS disease were analyzed for neurological symptoms or complications. Eleven children had neurological symptoms of high blood pressure. In only one of these patients was the diagnosis of arterial hypertension made before the observation of the neurological findings. The symptoms were severe headache in eight children, convulsions and coma in four, hemiplegia in two, and impaired vision and apraxia in one child. Symptomatology was rapidly reversed by antihypertensive treatment in four children, while six had long-term stigmata and one child died in hypertensive crisis. Because elevated arterial pressure can cause severe neurological disease, routine blood pressure measurement in children--especially those with neurological symptomatology--is stressed.", "contents": "Central nervous system involvement in severe arterial hypertension of childhood. The case histories of 125 children with hypertension and no apparent primary CNS disease were analyzed for neurological symptoms or complications. Eleven children had neurological symptoms of high blood pressure. In only one of these patients was the diagnosis of arterial hypertension made before the observation of the neurological findings. The symptoms were severe headache in eight children, convulsions and coma in four, hemiplegia in two, and impaired vision and apraxia in one child. Symptomatology was rapidly reversed by antihypertensive treatment in four children, while six had long-term stigmata and one child died in hypertensive crisis. Because elevated arterial pressure can cause severe neurological disease, routine blood pressure measurement in children--especially those with neurological symptomatology--is stressed.", "PMID": 510317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8703", "title": "The radiological evaluation of children with hypertension.", "content": "The value of radiological examinations in hypertension was analyzed in a series of 44 children. An i.v. urography had been performed in 43 cases with a pathological finding in 19 (44%). Renal angiography, employed in 19 cases, revealed abnormal findings in 12 (63%) patients. Micturating urethrocystography performed in 16 children gave no additional important information. The only complication noted was thrombosis of the femoral artery subsequent to renal angiography in one child less than one year of age. The diagnosis of hypertension based mainly on the i.v. urography in 12 cases but the renal angiography gave additional important information in 6 children. One child with obstructive hydronephrosis was also found to have a renal artery stenosis at renal arteriography. Based on these results, and particularly because secondary hypertension may frequently be treated surgically, we consider extensive radiological investigation with renal angiography is mandatory before receiving a final diagnosis of essential hypertension, and before starting long-term treatment.", "contents": "The radiological evaluation of children with hypertension. The value of radiological examinations in hypertension was analyzed in a series of 44 children. An i.v. urography had been performed in 43 cases with a pathological finding in 19 (44%). Renal angiography, employed in 19 cases, revealed abnormal findings in 12 (63%) patients. Micturating urethrocystography performed in 16 children gave no additional important information. The only complication noted was thrombosis of the femoral artery subsequent to renal angiography in one child less than one year of age. The diagnosis of hypertension based mainly on the i.v. urography in 12 cases but the renal angiography gave additional important information in 6 children. One child with obstructive hydronephrosis was also found to have a renal artery stenosis at renal arteriography. Based on these results, and particularly because secondary hypertension may frequently be treated surgically, we consider extensive radiological investigation with renal angiography is mandatory before receiving a final diagnosis of essential hypertension, and before starting long-term treatment.", "PMID": 510318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8704", "title": "Elucidation on sudden death in children with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "Atrial pacing was carried out in six children aged one year to eleven years with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) during cardiac catheterization. The cardiac index (CI) was measured before pacing and at pacing rates of 150 and 180/min. The CI increased in cases which did not show any pathological findings on the coronary artery angiograms. Conversely, CI decreased at a pacing rate of 150/min, in the case which showed arterial stenosis. Atrial pacing with measurement of CI may be a good method for detecting and evaluating coronary artery lesions in children with MCLS.", "contents": "Elucidation on sudden death in children with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Atrial pacing was carried out in six children aged one year to eleven years with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) during cardiac catheterization. The cardiac index (CI) was measured before pacing and at pacing rates of 150 and 180/min. The CI increased in cases which did not show any pathological findings on the coronary artery angiograms. Conversely, CI decreased at a pacing rate of 150/min, in the case which showed arterial stenosis. Atrial pacing with measurement of CI may be a good method for detecting and evaluating coronary artery lesions in children with MCLS.", "PMID": 510319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8705", "title": "Investigation of accelerated metabolic function in small for gestational age infants.", "content": "Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are known to develop relatively mild transient hyperbilirubinaemia, especially in comparison with premature infants. This may be interpreted as an index of accelerated maturation of particular vital functions. In the present study 12 SGA infants, 12 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, and 12 premature infants had 24 h urine collections under standardized conditions on the third day of life. Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid and creatinine, which can be increased by drugs (e.g. phenobarbital), were estimated. Haematocrit and bilirubin were determined at the age of 72h. In the 3 groups, the SGA infants had the highest mean haematocrit (SGA = 0.58, AGA = 0.5, Prem = 0.561/1) and the lowest mean bilirubin (SGA = 6.3, AGA = 8.6, Prem = 11.1 mg/dl). Despite a comparatively small urine volume (SGA = 19.6, AGA = 28.3, Prem = 37.3 ml/kg), excretion of D-glucaric acid (SGA = 0.18, AGA = 0.11, Prem = 0.06 mumol/kg) and creatinine (SGA = 101.6, AGA = 79.6, Prem = 80.2 mumol/kg) was significantly higher in the SGA infants. While the results do not provide conclusive evidence, the increased excretion of glucaric acid and creatinine associated with mild transient hyperbilirubinaemia can be considered an indicator of metabolic differences in SGA infants.", "contents": "Investigation of accelerated metabolic function in small for gestational age infants. Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are known to develop relatively mild transient hyperbilirubinaemia, especially in comparison with premature infants. This may be interpreted as an index of accelerated maturation of particular vital functions. In the present study 12 SGA infants, 12 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, and 12 premature infants had 24 h urine collections under standardized conditions on the third day of life. Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid and creatinine, which can be increased by drugs (e.g. phenobarbital), were estimated. Haematocrit and bilirubin were determined at the age of 72h. In the 3 groups, the SGA infants had the highest mean haematocrit (SGA = 0.58, AGA = 0.5, Prem = 0.561/1) and the lowest mean bilirubin (SGA = 6.3, AGA = 8.6, Prem = 11.1 mg/dl). Despite a comparatively small urine volume (SGA = 19.6, AGA = 28.3, Prem = 37.3 ml/kg), excretion of D-glucaric acid (SGA = 0.18, AGA = 0.11, Prem = 0.06 mumol/kg) and creatinine (SGA = 101.6, AGA = 79.6, Prem = 80.2 mumol/kg) was significantly higher in the SGA infants. While the results do not provide conclusive evidence, the increased excretion of glucaric acid and creatinine associated with mild transient hyperbilirubinaemia can be considered an indicator of metabolic differences in SGA infants.", "PMID": 510320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8706", "title": "Clinical, morphological, and biochemical investigations on a patient with an unusual form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "A patient with a progressive neurological disorder beginning at the age of three years is described. Mental and visual disturbances were the first signs, soon followed by ataxia and myoclonic jerks. Fundoscopy revealed a decreased pigmentation of the retina. Ultramicroscopic investigations of muscle and skin disclosed the typical changes seen in the late infantile and juvenile forms of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. In contrast to the clinical and ultrastructural findings, the fatty acid pattern of the serum lecithin showed a significant increase of arachidonic acid and a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid which is characteristic of the so-called infantile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Hagberg-Santavuori variant; polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis). The obvious heterogeneity of the clinical, histological and laboratory findings within the subgroups of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Clinical, morphological, and biochemical investigations on a patient with an unusual form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. A patient with a progressive neurological disorder beginning at the age of three years is described. Mental and visual disturbances were the first signs, soon followed by ataxia and myoclonic jerks. Fundoscopy revealed a decreased pigmentation of the retina. Ultramicroscopic investigations of muscle and skin disclosed the typical changes seen in the late infantile and juvenile forms of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. In contrast to the clinical and ultrastructural findings, the fatty acid pattern of the serum lecithin showed a significant increase of arachidonic acid and a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid which is characteristic of the so-called infantile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Hagberg-Santavuori variant; polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis). The obvious heterogeneity of the clinical, histological and laboratory findings within the subgroups of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 510322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8707", "title": "Reduced mucosal blood flow and acid secretion related to accelerated healing of gastric ulcer in rats after omentectomy including partial gastric devascularization.", "content": "Gastric ulcers were produced in rats by local application of acetic acid to the serosal surface of the stomach. In half of the animals the greater omentum was excised just before the application of acid. Gastric mucosal blood flow was estimated by means of the (14C)-aniline clearance technique. Gastric acid secretion was determined under basal conditions and under pentagastrin stimulation. Removal of the greater omentum resulted in accelerated healing of the gastric ulcers. Maximal acid output and mucosal blood flow were found to be decreased in omentectomized animals 24 h after ulcer induction. 3 weeks later the secretion and blood flow in omentectomized animals did not differ significantly from the values of the control animals. The accelerated ulcer healing in omentectomized animals is assumed to be due to decreased acid secretion resulting from decreased mucosal blood flow following partial devascularization of the stomach.", "contents": "Reduced mucosal blood flow and acid secretion related to accelerated healing of gastric ulcer in rats after omentectomy including partial gastric devascularization. Gastric ulcers were produced in rats by local application of acetic acid to the serosal surface of the stomach. In half of the animals the greater omentum was excised just before the application of acid. Gastric mucosal blood flow was estimated by means of the (14C)-aniline clearance technique. Gastric acid secretion was determined under basal conditions and under pentagastrin stimulation. Removal of the greater omentum resulted in accelerated healing of the gastric ulcers. Maximal acid output and mucosal blood flow were found to be decreased in omentectomized animals 24 h after ulcer induction. 3 weeks later the secretion and blood flow in omentectomized animals did not differ significantly from the values of the control animals. The accelerated ulcer healing in omentectomized animals is assumed to be due to decreased acid secretion resulting from decreased mucosal blood flow following partial devascularization of the stomach.", "PMID": 510324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8708", "title": "Tissue PO2 during reanimation with hemoglobin solutions.", "content": "Solutions of conventional stoma-free hemoglobin (SFH) and of pyridoxylated stoma-free hemoglobin (SFH-PLP) were compared in a dog model of reanimation from severe arterial blood loss. SFH and SFH-PLP restored central hemodynamics after infusion without yielding significant differences between the experimental groups. To cope with the developing hypovolemia, Ringer's lactate load amounted to about 120 ml/kg, edema formation was not encountered. Skeletal muscle oxygenation was studied by means of a multiwire platin electrode. The infusion of SFH-PLP was associated with a shift to the right of the cumulative PO2-distribution curve, indicating better tissue oxygenation. Oxygen was not unloaded from SFH in plasma unless the oxygen extraction from red cell hemoglobin exceeded 40%. Oxygen unloading was, however, improved when SFH-PLP with low oxygen affinity was used. Thus, SFH-PLP merits further consideration as a short-term oxygen-carrying blood substitute.", "contents": "Tissue PO2 during reanimation with hemoglobin solutions. Solutions of conventional stoma-free hemoglobin (SFH) and of pyridoxylated stoma-free hemoglobin (SFH-PLP) were compared in a dog model of reanimation from severe arterial blood loss. SFH and SFH-PLP restored central hemodynamics after infusion without yielding significant differences between the experimental groups. To cope with the developing hypovolemia, Ringer's lactate load amounted to about 120 ml/kg, edema formation was not encountered. Skeletal muscle oxygenation was studied by means of a multiwire platin electrode. The infusion of SFH-PLP was associated with a shift to the right of the cumulative PO2-distribution curve, indicating better tissue oxygenation. Oxygen was not unloaded from SFH in plasma unless the oxygen extraction from red cell hemoglobin exceeded 40%. Oxygen unloading was, however, improved when SFH-PLP with low oxygen affinity was used. Thus, SFH-PLP merits further consideration as a short-term oxygen-carrying blood substitute.", "PMID": 510325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8709", "title": "Phospholipase A2 in serum and ascitic exudate in experimental acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in pigs.", "content": "We have developed a model of experimental haemorrhagic pancreatitis in pigs with a 100% mortality within 24 h without treatment. In this model we have studied the production of peritioneal exudate and compared the concentrations of amylase, lipase and phospholipase A2 in the ascitic exudate and serum. The results suggest that the determination of phospholipase A2 might be important in the diagnosis and follow-up of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 in serum and ascitic exudate in experimental acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in pigs. We have developed a model of experimental haemorrhagic pancreatitis in pigs with a 100% mortality within 24 h without treatment. In this model we have studied the production of peritioneal exudate and compared the concentrations of amylase, lipase and phospholipase A2 in the ascitic exudate and serum. The results suggest that the determination of phospholipase A2 might be important in the diagnosis and follow-up of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 510326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8710", "title": "Prognostic value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products in bladder carcinoma.", "content": "In this study, the value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products as a biological marker of bladder carcinoma has been studied. An increase in fibrinogen degradation products was found in 86% of bladder cancer patients independent of the fact that they had active tumors or that they were disease free. A highly significant correlation between the amount of the increase, the grade, local invasiveness, and the risk of recurrence of the tumor has been established. One can conclude that urinary fibrinogen degradation products are of great prognostic value in patients with bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "Prognostic value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products in bladder carcinoma. In this study, the value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products as a biological marker of bladder carcinoma has been studied. An increase in fibrinogen degradation products was found in 86% of bladder cancer patients independent of the fact that they had active tumors or that they were disease free. A highly significant correlation between the amount of the increase, the grade, local invasiveness, and the risk of recurrence of the tumor has been established. One can conclude that urinary fibrinogen degradation products are of great prognostic value in patients with bladder carcinoma.", "PMID": 510327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8711", "title": "Reconstructing of the right ventricular outflow tract using an inlayed aortic root homograft.", "content": "Our experience with the use of a fresh antibiotic sterilized aortic root homograft inlayed into the right ventricular outflow tract is described. With this technique, compression of the graft between the sternum and heart has been avoided and residual right ventricle to distal pulmonary artery pressure gradients have been small. The functional status of the survivors is good over a follow-up period of up to 3 yr. The advantages of this approach compared with a conventionally placed heterograft conduit or an outflow tract gusset are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstructing of the right ventricular outflow tract using an inlayed aortic root homograft. Our experience with the use of a fresh antibiotic sterilized aortic root homograft inlayed into the right ventricular outflow tract is described. With this technique, compression of the graft between the sternum and heart has been avoided and residual right ventricle to distal pulmonary artery pressure gradients have been small. The functional status of the survivors is good over a follow-up period of up to 3 yr. The advantages of this approach compared with a conventionally placed heterograft conduit or an outflow tract gusset are discussed.", "PMID": 510345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8712", "title": "Short-term prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction. Multivariate analysis by Cox model.", "content": "A new multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis (Cox's model) with survival time as prognostic endpoint was utilized in 281 patients with acute myocardial infarction. From 18 prognostic factors occurring during the first 5 days in the Coronary Care Unit a new prognostic index was calculated for the chance of survival in the first 36 days after admission. The significant prognostic variables were heart failure, cardiogenic shock, atrioventricular block and age. The total group of patients was classified in 6 subgroups with different mean indices and prognosis. There were 2 large groups of patients with relative bad and good prognosis (with and without heart failure). Over half of the patients had no prognostic variables. There was a trend of overestimating the expected deaths. A definite cardiac cause of death was shown by 23 patients (82%). This prognostic index based on the 4 variables can for the individual patient predict the chance of survival, which can be the basis of an individualized duration of hospital stay.", "contents": "Short-term prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction. Multivariate analysis by Cox model. A new multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis (Cox's model) with survival time as prognostic endpoint was utilized in 281 patients with acute myocardial infarction. From 18 prognostic factors occurring during the first 5 days in the Coronary Care Unit a new prognostic index was calculated for the chance of survival in the first 36 days after admission. The significant prognostic variables were heart failure, cardiogenic shock, atrioventricular block and age. The total group of patients was classified in 6 subgroups with different mean indices and prognosis. There were 2 large groups of patients with relative bad and good prognosis (with and without heart failure). Over half of the patients had no prognostic variables. There was a trend of overestimating the expected deaths. A definite cardiac cause of death was shown by 23 patients (82%). This prognostic index based on the 4 variables can for the individual patient predict the chance of survival, which can be the basis of an individualized duration of hospital stay.", "PMID": 510346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8713", "title": "Echocardiographic aortic root motion in ventricular volume overload and the effect of mitral incompetence.", "content": "Echocardiographic aortic root motion in systole was studied in 57 patients: 13 normal subjects, 4 patients with left ventricular (LV) volume overload due to anaemia, 16 patients with mitral incompetence, 13 with aortic incompetence and 11 with mitral stenosis. In normal subjects, patients with mitral stenosis and in patients with LV volume overload, in whom the increased stroke volume was ejected forwards into the ascending aorta (anaemia, aortic incompetence) the amplitude of motion of the posterior aortic wall (vp), the aortic widening fraction (AWF) and total aortic motion (TAM) were increased. In mitral incompetence, however, despite the large increase in total LV stroke index, there was a decrease in vp (P less than 0.01), AWF (P less than 0.001) and TAM (P less than 0.001), and the decrease in aortic motion for a given stroke index was related to the mitral regurgitant fraction, indicating that aortic wall movement in systole depended predominantly on forward ejection of the LV stroke volume. Reduced echocardiographic aortic root motion and widening during systole are useful echocardiographic signs of mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic aortic root motion in ventricular volume overload and the effect of mitral incompetence. Echocardiographic aortic root motion in systole was studied in 57 patients: 13 normal subjects, 4 patients with left ventricular (LV) volume overload due to anaemia, 16 patients with mitral incompetence, 13 with aortic incompetence and 11 with mitral stenosis. In normal subjects, patients with mitral stenosis and in patients with LV volume overload, in whom the increased stroke volume was ejected forwards into the ascending aorta (anaemia, aortic incompetence) the amplitude of motion of the posterior aortic wall (vp), the aortic widening fraction (AWF) and total aortic motion (TAM) were increased. In mitral incompetence, however, despite the large increase in total LV stroke index, there was a decrease in vp (P less than 0.01), AWF (P less than 0.001) and TAM (P less than 0.001), and the decrease in aortic motion for a given stroke index was related to the mitral regurgitant fraction, indicating that aortic wall movement in systole depended predominantly on forward ejection of the LV stroke volume. Reduced echocardiographic aortic root motion and widening during systole are useful echocardiographic signs of mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 510347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8714", "title": "Failure of pacemaker electrode leads.", "content": "With the application of new power sources to pacemakers, considerable improvement has been achieved in the theoretical implant lifetime of current pulse generators, and equally reliable electrode leads will be necessary to ensure long-term pacing. The durability of the electrodes implanted in the past ten years in this centre has been carefully studied. The findings suggest that the use of a more durable conductor material and development of the concept of a 'fail safe' lead (using multi-filament conductors or a secondary conductive pathway along the electrode) will be necessary to match with the implant lifetime of the newer pulse generators. The diagnosis and management of broken conductors is discussed.", "contents": "Failure of pacemaker electrode leads. With the application of new power sources to pacemakers, considerable improvement has been achieved in the theoretical implant lifetime of current pulse generators, and equally reliable electrode leads will be necessary to ensure long-term pacing. The durability of the electrodes implanted in the past ten years in this centre has been carefully studied. The findings suggest that the use of a more durable conductor material and development of the concept of a 'fail safe' lead (using multi-filament conductors or a secondary conductive pathway along the electrode) will be necessary to match with the implant lifetime of the newer pulse generators. The diagnosis and management of broken conductors is discussed.", "PMID": 510348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8715", "title": "An anatomical orthogonal four-electrode X-Y-Z lead system for universal ECG recording.", "content": "Features of the P, QRS and T waves in the normal 12-lead ECG have been measured and the information displayed is estimated to be 75% redundant. The high level of redundancy results in an excessive volume of superfluous data. A simple 4-electrode 3-lead X-Y-Z system has been developed and is proposed for wide use in electrocardiology. The electrodes are anatomically orthogonal rather than electrically orthogonal. In a clinical test using only 3 of the standard leads, 95 of 100 records could be adequately interpreted. This high level of satisfactory interpretation with 3 leads has been experienced by other investigators. The 4-electrode system is currently being used for studies in high fidelity electrocardiology. It is suggested that a more appropriate name for vectorcardiogram (VCG) would be correlocardiogram (CCG). The 4-electrode system would simplify and be useful for this application. A simple 4-electrode 3-lead X-Y-Z system would facilitate the teaching recording and interpretation of ECG information by eliminating excessive redundant data. Evaluation of this lead system by other investogators is invited.", "contents": "An anatomical orthogonal four-electrode X-Y-Z lead system for universal ECG recording. Features of the P, QRS and T waves in the normal 12-lead ECG have been measured and the information displayed is estimated to be 75% redundant. The high level of redundancy results in an excessive volume of superfluous data. A simple 4-electrode 3-lead X-Y-Z system has been developed and is proposed for wide use in electrocardiology. The electrodes are anatomically orthogonal rather than electrically orthogonal. In a clinical test using only 3 of the standard leads, 95 of 100 records could be adequately interpreted. This high level of satisfactory interpretation with 3 leads has been experienced by other investigators. The 4-electrode system is currently being used for studies in high fidelity electrocardiology. It is suggested that a more appropriate name for vectorcardiogram (VCG) would be correlocardiogram (CCG). The 4-electrode system would simplify and be useful for this application. A simple 4-electrode 3-lead X-Y-Z system would facilitate the teaching recording and interpretation of ECG information by eliminating excessive redundant data. Evaluation of this lead system by other investogators is invited.", "PMID": 510349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8716", "title": "Patterns of activation in ventricular arrhythmias of late myocardial infarction in dogs.", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmias were produced in 12 dogs 4 to 6 days after coronary artery ligation by programmed ventricular stimulation. The electrocardiogram and 7 composite electrograms from endocardial and epicardial surfaces of the ischemic, border and normal zones, as well as from the right ventricle, were recorded during and after programmed ventricular stimulation. The ventricular arrhythmias were preceded and sustained by delayed, fragmented activity in the ischemic epicardial zone bridging diastole. Efferent pathways from the ischemic epicardium led to direct epicardial spread to adjacent normal epicardium in most instances. Efferent pathways into the endocardial regions were also observed, but to a lesser extent. The efferent reentry pathways led to both ventricles, and produced right and left ventricular arrhythmias in 8 of the 12 dogs; they were exclusively of left ventricular origin in the remaining 5. Classification of right and left ventricular arrhythmias may only be related to the exit points and not necessarily to their origin.", "contents": "Patterns of activation in ventricular arrhythmias of late myocardial infarction in dogs. Ventricular arrhythmias were produced in 12 dogs 4 to 6 days after coronary artery ligation by programmed ventricular stimulation. The electrocardiogram and 7 composite electrograms from endocardial and epicardial surfaces of the ischemic, border and normal zones, as well as from the right ventricle, were recorded during and after programmed ventricular stimulation. The ventricular arrhythmias were preceded and sustained by delayed, fragmented activity in the ischemic epicardial zone bridging diastole. Efferent pathways from the ischemic epicardium led to direct epicardial spread to adjacent normal epicardium in most instances. Efferent pathways into the endocardial regions were also observed, but to a lesser extent. The efferent reentry pathways led to both ventricles, and produced right and left ventricular arrhythmias in 8 of the 12 dogs; they were exclusively of left ventricular origin in the remaining 5. Classification of right and left ventricular arrhythmias may only be related to the exit points and not necessarily to their origin.", "PMID": 510350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8717", "title": "Cardiac responses to impulse exercise and recovery: systolic time intervals.", "content": "Exercise responses depend on work load and its pattern of delivery. Administering a very brief (\"impulse\") load aims to elicit significant responses through biologic sensitivity to rate - rather than degree - of change. Electrocardiograms, systolic time intervals (STI) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously in 10 normal subjects during  and after brief (20-sec) bicycle exercise at 50, 100 and 150 W. The purpose of this protocol was to identify a low load impulse-type exercise challenge which would be optimal in terms of (a) reproduction of the time course of exercise changes produced by longer duration (steady-state) exercise, (b) rapid achievement of quantitative responses reaching some or all of the steady-state changes at comparable work load, and (c) absence of ST changes in normal subjects. The onset of exercise produced the greatest rates of change. Directional changes and time course of all measurements paralleled those of steady-state exercise and recovery at the same loads: HR, ejection time index (ETI) and corrected ejection time (ETc) increased sharply; preejection period (PEP) and PEP/LVET fell sharply. Ejection time (LVET), stable through most of exercise, \"paradoxically\" decreased for up to 15 sec of recovery despite decreasing heart rates. For all measurements, restitution to control levels was complete by one minute of recovery.", "contents": "Cardiac responses to impulse exercise and recovery: systolic time intervals. Exercise responses depend on work load and its pattern of delivery. Administering a very brief (\"impulse\") load aims to elicit significant responses through biologic sensitivity to rate - rather than degree - of change. Electrocardiograms, systolic time intervals (STI) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously in 10 normal subjects during  and after brief (20-sec) bicycle exercise at 50, 100 and 150 W. The purpose of this protocol was to identify a low load impulse-type exercise challenge which would be optimal in terms of (a) reproduction of the time course of exercise changes produced by longer duration (steady-state) exercise, (b) rapid achievement of quantitative responses reaching some or all of the steady-state changes at comparable work load, and (c) absence of ST changes in normal subjects. The onset of exercise produced the greatest rates of change. Directional changes and time course of all measurements paralleled those of steady-state exercise and recovery at the same loads: HR, ejection time index (ETI) and corrected ejection time (ETc) increased sharply; preejection period (PEP) and PEP/LVET fell sharply. Ejection time (LVET), stable through most of exercise, \"paradoxically\" decreased for up to 15 sec of recovery despite decreasing heart rates. For all measurements, restitution to control levels was complete by one minute of recovery.", "PMID": 510351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8718", "title": "Left ventricular pump function in effort angina.", "content": "The successive deterioration of left ventricular pump function during exercise-induced angina pectoris was studied in 20 candidates for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Left ventricular stroke work and power were calculated from continuous left ventricular pressure recordings and repeated measurements of cardiac output every 30 sec using the thermodilution technique. The average left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased continuously during exercise whereas stroke work index (SWI) did so only in the beginning of the exercise period up to a maximum value and then fell towards the end of exercise. The onset of angina occurred at an average LVEDP of 34 mm Hg when SWI had already started to fall in most patients. During exercise all patients had markedly lower SWI than normals. Patients with high coronary arteriographic score and patients with a previous myocardial infarction had significantly lower SWI during exercise than those with low score or those without a previous infarct. At rest there were no differences between these groups which emphasises the importance of haemodynamic measurements under stress conditions in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Left ventricular pump function in effort angina. The successive deterioration of left ventricular pump function during exercise-induced angina pectoris was studied in 20 candidates for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Left ventricular stroke work and power were calculated from continuous left ventricular pressure recordings and repeated measurements of cardiac output every 30 sec using the thermodilution technique. The average left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased continuously during exercise whereas stroke work index (SWI) did so only in the beginning of the exercise period up to a maximum value and then fell towards the end of exercise. The onset of angina occurred at an average LVEDP of 34 mm Hg when SWI had already started to fall in most patients. During exercise all patients had markedly lower SWI than normals. Patients with high coronary arteriographic score and patients with a previous myocardial infarction had significantly lower SWI during exercise than those with low score or those without a previous infarct. At rest there were no differences between these groups which emphasises the importance of haemodynamic measurements under stress conditions in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 510352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8719", "title": "Restoration by serum thymic factor of colony-forming unit (CFU-S) entry into DNA synthesis in thymectomized mice after T-dependent antigen treatment.", "content": "Adult thymectomy prevents stimulation of hematopoietic stem cells as measured by colony-forming units (CFU-S) if T-dependent antigens are injected, but not when T-independent antigens are used. This can be observed as soon as 10 to 15 days after thymectomy. The serum thymic factor can restore CFU-S response to T-dependent antigens in thymectomized mice.", "contents": "Restoration by serum thymic factor of colony-forming unit (CFU-S) entry into DNA synthesis in thymectomized mice after T-dependent antigen treatment. Adult thymectomy prevents stimulation of hematopoietic stem cells as measured by colony-forming units (CFU-S) if T-dependent antigens are injected, but not when T-independent antigens are used. This can be observed as soon as 10 to 15 days after thymectomy. The serum thymic factor can restore CFU-S response to T-dependent antigens in thymectomized mice.", "PMID": 510353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8720", "title": "Dopamine modulation of acetylcholine release from the guinea-pig brain.", "content": "The effect of dopamine (DA) and apomorphine (Apo) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig brain was investigated (i) in superfused slices of cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, brain stem and (ii) in unrestrained, unanaesthetized animals, provided with epidural parietal cups. DA reduced the ACh release only from slices of caudate nucleus, whereas Apo was also effective in the cerebral cortex. DA and Apo inhibition in caudate nucleus was antagonized by spiroperidol. The injection of DA (1.5 and 5 micromoles) into the cerebral ventricles (i.c.v.) caused a late, moderate behavioural stimulation and enhanced ACh outflow from the parietal cortex. The injection of Apo, either i.c.v. or i.p., promptly elicited similar effects. Spiroperidol 0.5--2 mg/kg i.p. counteracted the behavioural stimulation by Apo and amphetamine, but unexpectedly enhanced the cortical ACh outflow, leaving unaffected the cholinergic responses to Apo and Amphetamine. These results show that DA directly hinders ACh release from the striatal cholinergic structures surviving in vitro, via classical neuroleptic-sensitive receptors. On the other hand, the enhanced cortical ACh outflow caused by DA and DA-mimetic drugs in the unanaesthetized animals is suggestive of a disinhibition of the corticopetal cholinergic neurones, via neuroleptic-insensitive mechanisms. Hence, the 'paradoxical' effect of spiroperidol might represent the consequence of the increased activity of nigral DA cells with collaterals possibly involved in the control of the ascending cholinergic pathways.", "contents": "Dopamine modulation of acetylcholine release from the guinea-pig brain. The effect of dopamine (DA) and apomorphine (Apo) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig brain was investigated (i) in superfused slices of cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, brain stem and (ii) in unrestrained, unanaesthetized animals, provided with epidural parietal cups. DA reduced the ACh release only from slices of caudate nucleus, whereas Apo was also effective in the cerebral cortex. DA and Apo inhibition in caudate nucleus was antagonized by spiroperidol. The injection of DA (1.5 and 5 micromoles) into the cerebral ventricles (i.c.v.) caused a late, moderate behavioural stimulation and enhanced ACh outflow from the parietal cortex. The injection of Apo, either i.c.v. or i.p., promptly elicited similar effects. Spiroperidol 0.5--2 mg/kg i.p. counteracted the behavioural stimulation by Apo and amphetamine, but unexpectedly enhanced the cortical ACh outflow, leaving unaffected the cholinergic responses to Apo and Amphetamine. These results show that DA directly hinders ACh release from the striatal cholinergic structures surviving in vitro, via classical neuroleptic-sensitive receptors. On the other hand, the enhanced cortical ACh outflow caused by DA and DA-mimetic drugs in the unanaesthetized animals is suggestive of a disinhibition of the corticopetal cholinergic neurones, via neuroleptic-insensitive mechanisms. Hence, the 'paradoxical' effect of spiroperidol might represent the consequence of the increased activity of nigral DA cells with collaterals possibly involved in the control of the ascending cholinergic pathways.", "PMID": 510357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8721", "title": "Effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and timolol on canine cardiac refractory periods.", "content": "The effects of d,1-propranolol and 1-timolol on cardiac refractory periods (RP) were compared in 14 phentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using endocavitary His bundle electrograms and programmable electrical stimulation. Beta-blocking agents were injected at cumulative doses in each dog at 3 day intervals. A control group (6 dogs) received 4 successive saline injections at the same time intervals. RP measurements at a constant drive rate were done before and 10 minutes after each dose of either drug or saline. Propranolol and timolol produced a dose-dependent increase of atrial and atrioventricular nodal refractory periods; dose-response curves were parallel. Depending on the parameter chosen timolol exerted an 8--36 times more potent effect than propranolol. The effects of propanolol and timolol on ventricular effective (VERP) and functional (VFRP) RP were measured in 6 dogs. Both drugs increased VFRP significantly, but saline had the same effect. Only the higher doses of timolol increased VERP significantly. These data confirm that blockade of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors exerts predominant effects on supraventricular refractoriness and that in anesthetized dogs timolol has more potent beta-blocking properties than does propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and timolol on canine cardiac refractory periods. The effects of d,1-propranolol and 1-timolol on cardiac refractory periods (RP) were compared in 14 phentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using endocavitary His bundle electrograms and programmable electrical stimulation. Beta-blocking agents were injected at cumulative doses in each dog at 3 day intervals. A control group (6 dogs) received 4 successive saline injections at the same time intervals. RP measurements at a constant drive rate were done before and 10 minutes after each dose of either drug or saline. Propranolol and timolol produced a dose-dependent increase of atrial and atrioventricular nodal refractory periods; dose-response curves were parallel. Depending on the parameter chosen timolol exerted an 8--36 times more potent effect than propranolol. The effects of propanolol and timolol on ventricular effective (VERP) and functional (VFRP) RP were measured in 6 dogs. Both drugs increased VFRP significantly, but saline had the same effect. Only the higher doses of timolol increased VERP significantly. These data confirm that blockade of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors exerts predominant effects on supraventricular refractoriness and that in anesthetized dogs timolol has more potent beta-blocking properties than does propranolol.", "PMID": 510358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8722", "title": "Mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and of thrombocytopenia induced by collagen in the guinea pig.", "content": "Collagen injected to guinea pigs i.v. increased the pulmonary resistance to inflation (bronchoconstriction) and induced thrombocytopenia. Immune platelet depletion protected against the effects of collagen, and has been shown not to prevent bronchoconstriction induced by the prostaglandin/thromboxane A2 precursor arachidonic acid. Use of inhibitors demonstrated that histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and bradykinin were not involved with the effects of collagen in the guinea pig. Aspirin and indomethacin inhibited collagen-induced bronchoconstriction completely and thrombocytopenia partly, supporting the hypothesis that the former is prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase dependent, whereas the latter has a thromboxane A2-independent mechanism as well. Carrageenan, heparin and reserpine inhibited the in vivo effects of collagen to various extents, but their precise mechanism of action could not be discovered. Collagen-induced bronchoconstriction is strictly platelet and thromboxane A2-dependent.", "contents": "Mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and of thrombocytopenia induced by collagen in the guinea pig. Collagen injected to guinea pigs i.v. increased the pulmonary resistance to inflation (bronchoconstriction) and induced thrombocytopenia. Immune platelet depletion protected against the effects of collagen, and has been shown not to prevent bronchoconstriction induced by the prostaglandin/thromboxane A2 precursor arachidonic acid. Use of inhibitors demonstrated that histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and bradykinin were not involved with the effects of collagen in the guinea pig. Aspirin and indomethacin inhibited collagen-induced bronchoconstriction completely and thrombocytopenia partly, supporting the hypothesis that the former is prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase dependent, whereas the latter has a thromboxane A2-independent mechanism as well. Carrageenan, heparin and reserpine inhibited the in vivo effects of collagen to various extents, but their precise mechanism of action could not be discovered. Collagen-induced bronchoconstriction is strictly platelet and thromboxane A2-dependent.", "PMID": 510359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8723", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of H1-histamine receptors in brain using 3H-mepyramine: preliminary studies.", "content": "3H-Mepyramine (3H-MEP) binds to slide-mounted tissue sections with characteristics indicating the labelling of a H1-histamine receptor. It is saturable (Bmax 12 pg/g tissue), of a high affinity (KD 0.5 mM) and possesses a drug specificity similar to that observed for H1 receptors in a variety of systems. In agreement with other biochemical studies, the association constant and the number of binding sites appear lower in the rat than in the guinea pig. Once the optimal conditions for labelling the receptors were found in the biochemical studies, tissue sections were prepared for autoradiographic studies. The receptor density varied markedly in the different brain regions. For example, there was a high density of H1 receptors in the molecular layer of the guinea pig cerebellum. In the guinea pig hippocampal formation, the highest densities were found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus while lower levels were found in the dendritic fields of the pyramidal cells. Significant densities of receptors were found in other areas of the rat and guinea pig brain as well.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of H1-histamine receptors in brain using 3H-mepyramine: preliminary studies. 3H-Mepyramine (3H-MEP) binds to slide-mounted tissue sections with characteristics indicating the labelling of a H1-histamine receptor. It is saturable (Bmax 12 pg/g tissue), of a high affinity (KD 0.5 mM) and possesses a drug specificity similar to that observed for H1 receptors in a variety of systems. In agreement with other biochemical studies, the association constant and the number of binding sites appear lower in the rat than in the guinea pig. Once the optimal conditions for labelling the receptors were found in the biochemical studies, tissue sections were prepared for autoradiographic studies. The receptor density varied markedly in the different brain regions. For example, there was a high density of H1 receptors in the molecular layer of the guinea pig cerebellum. In the guinea pig hippocampal formation, the highest densities were found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus while lower levels were found in the dendritic fields of the pyramidal cells. Significant densities of receptors were found in other areas of the rat and guinea pig brain as well.", "PMID": 510360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8724", "title": "Presynaptic inhibition by ergotamine of the responses to cardioaccelerator nerve stimulations in the cat.", "content": "The effects of ergotamine on the tachycardia elicited by postganglionic stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve have been investigated in both intact and spinal (desmethylimipramine-pretreated) cats. Ergotamine (2.5--20 microgram kg-1) selectively antagonized the response to low-frequency (0.3--3 Hz) stimulation. The responses elicited by stimulation of the nerve with higher frequencies (greater than 10 Hz) either remained unaltered or were facilitatated by the drug. Pretreatment of the cats with pimozide (0.2 mg kg-1) completely antagonized the inhibitory effects of ergotamine on the sympathetic neuron. Although phentolamine (0.5 mg kg-1) did appear to attenuate the effects of ergotamine, the changes were, however, not statistically significant. Since the drug did not reduce the cardiac effects of isoprenaline or tyramine, it is concluded that ergotamine interferes with the release of noradrenaline from the cardioaccelerator nerve, mainly by stimulating the presynaptic dopaminergic receptors. This effect may be an important mechanism by which the drug causes bradycardia in almost all species regardless of the blood pressure response.", "contents": "Presynaptic inhibition by ergotamine of the responses to cardioaccelerator nerve stimulations in the cat. The effects of ergotamine on the tachycardia elicited by postganglionic stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve have been investigated in both intact and spinal (desmethylimipramine-pretreated) cats. Ergotamine (2.5--20 microgram kg-1) selectively antagonized the response to low-frequency (0.3--3 Hz) stimulation. The responses elicited by stimulation of the nerve with higher frequencies (greater than 10 Hz) either remained unaltered or were facilitatated by the drug. Pretreatment of the cats with pimozide (0.2 mg kg-1) completely antagonized the inhibitory effects of ergotamine on the sympathetic neuron. Although phentolamine (0.5 mg kg-1) did appear to attenuate the effects of ergotamine, the changes were, however, not statistically significant. Since the drug did not reduce the cardiac effects of isoprenaline or tyramine, it is concluded that ergotamine interferes with the release of noradrenaline from the cardioaccelerator nerve, mainly by stimulating the presynaptic dopaminergic receptors. This effect may be an important mechanism by which the drug causes bradycardia in almost all species regardless of the blood pressure response.", "PMID": 510361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8725", "title": "Rat and human cardiac monoamine oxidase: a comparison with other tissues.", "content": "Experiments were made to test the proposal that rat heart mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) differs from that in certain other organs. Using kynuramine as the substrate, cardiac MAO of rats was compared with that in the vas deferens and liver. While the relative proportions of type A and B MAO varied between the three tissues, the sensitivity of the MAO types to preferential inhibitors, mixed substrate interactions and apparent Km determinations failed to reveal differences. Human atria contained mostly type B MAO, but the properties of the A and B types were not radically different from those found in rat tissues. No clorgyline-resistant MAO activity was detected with kynuramine, either in the rat or human tissues. Differences in rat heart MAO seem to be exposed by some substrates but not others, such as kynuramine.", "contents": "Rat and human cardiac monoamine oxidase: a comparison with other tissues. Experiments were made to test the proposal that rat heart mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) differs from that in certain other organs. Using kynuramine as the substrate, cardiac MAO of rats was compared with that in the vas deferens and liver. While the relative proportions of type A and B MAO varied between the three tissues, the sensitivity of the MAO types to preferential inhibitors, mixed substrate interactions and apparent Km determinations failed to reveal differences. Human atria contained mostly type B MAO, but the properties of the A and B types were not radically different from those found in rat tissues. No clorgyline-resistant MAO activity was detected with kynuramine, either in the rat or human tissues. Differences in rat heart MAO seem to be exposed by some substrates but not others, such as kynuramine.", "PMID": 510362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8726", "title": "Enhancement by elevated external potassium of the maximal responses to acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the rat vas deferens.", "content": "In the rat vas deferens, the maximal response to acetylcholine increased almost linearly as a function of external potassium concentration, [K+]0. The magnitudes of the maximal responses in 10, 15 and 20 mM [K+]0 were 128, 155 and 184% of the maximal response in 6 mM [K+]0, respectively. The response to carbachol also increased in 20 mM [K+]0 to almost the same extent. The enhancement of the norepinephrine response was observed only in 20 mM [K+]0; its magnitude was only 125%. The increase in [K+]0 from 6 to 20 mM did not affect the sensitivity (expressed as the geometric mean ED50) either to norepinephrine or to acetylcholine. Denervation of the postganglionic nerves to the vas deferens did not affect the enhancement of the maximal responses in 20 mM [K+]0, indicating that the release of neuronal transmitters may not be involved.", "contents": "Enhancement by elevated external potassium of the maximal responses to acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the rat vas deferens. In the rat vas deferens, the maximal response to acetylcholine increased almost linearly as a function of external potassium concentration, [K+]0. The magnitudes of the maximal responses in 10, 15 and 20 mM [K+]0 were 128, 155 and 184% of the maximal response in 6 mM [K+]0, respectively. The response to carbachol also increased in 20 mM [K+]0 to almost the same extent. The enhancement of the norepinephrine response was observed only in 20 mM [K+]0; its magnitude was only 125%. The increase in [K+]0 from 6 to 20 mM did not affect the sensitivity (expressed as the geometric mean ED50) either to norepinephrine or to acetylcholine. Denervation of the postganglionic nerves to the vas deferens did not affect the enhancement of the maximal responses in 20 mM [K+]0, indicating that the release of neuronal transmitters may not be involved.", "PMID": 510363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8727", "title": "Effects of antidepressants and anticholinergics in a mouse \"behavioral despair\" test.", "content": "A new \"behavioral despair\" test previously asserted to be selectively sensitive to antidepressant treatments was examined for specificity. The results of the present study demonstrate that, in addition to antidepressants, agents with anticholinergic properties such as scopolamine, danitracin, benactyzine, benztropin, clozapine and cyproheptadine also reduce immobility in this test. These results indicate that the swim test in mice cannot be considered selectively sensitive to antidepressants.", "contents": "Effects of antidepressants and anticholinergics in a mouse \"behavioral despair\" test. A new \"behavioral despair\" test previously asserted to be selectively sensitive to antidepressant treatments was examined for specificity. The results of the present study demonstrate that, in addition to antidepressants, agents with anticholinergic properties such as scopolamine, danitracin, benactyzine, benztropin, clozapine and cyproheptadine also reduce immobility in this test. These results indicate that the swim test in mice cannot be considered selectively sensitive to antidepressants.", "PMID": 510364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8728", "title": "Differential effects of triton X-100 on benzodiazepine and GABA binding in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain.", "content": "The effect of Triton X-100 on 3H-GABA and 3H-diazepam binding was measured in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. Specific binding activity (amount bound per mg protein) of both ligands was increased by the treatment. Diazepam binding capacity in the pellet was progressively decreased, while GABA binding was increased, then decreased by increasing Triton X-100. Diazepam binding affinity was unchanged, while GABA binding affinity increased. Triton X-100 appears to preferentially solubilize benzodiazepine binding sites, indicating GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites are on separate macromolecules.", "contents": "Differential effects of triton X-100 on benzodiazepine and GABA binding in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. The effect of Triton X-100 on 3H-GABA and 3H-diazepam binding was measured in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. Specific binding activity (amount bound per mg protein) of both ligands was increased by the treatment. Diazepam binding capacity in the pellet was progressively decreased, while GABA binding was increased, then decreased by increasing Triton X-100. Diazepam binding affinity was unchanged, while GABA binding affinity increased. Triton X-100 appears to preferentially solubilize benzodiazepine binding sites, indicating GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites are on separate macromolecules.", "PMID": 510365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8729", "title": "The triple effect induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the rat blood pressure.", "content": "The intravenous injection of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (2-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related changes in the rat blood pressure. Three effects were detected: (1) an immediate and short-lasting hypotension related to bradycardia, blocked after atropine, vagotomy hexamethonium and pithing; (2) A rise in blood pressure 30 seconds after injection, insensitive to yohimbine, hexamethonium, pithing and reserpine treatment; (3) a slow and persistent hypotension, 5 min later, insensitive to atropine and vagotomy but inhibited by hexamethonium, pithing and reserpine treatment. It was concluded that intravenous injection of THC in rats may induce vagal stimulation and hypotension. This effect was reversed and followed by hypertension due to direct vasoconstriction not dependent on sympathetic activity. After this action a central decrease in sympathetic tonus led to a persistent hypotension an effect which is commonly reported for mammals.", "contents": "The triple effect induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the rat blood pressure. The intravenous injection of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (2-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related changes in the rat blood pressure. Three effects were detected: (1) an immediate and short-lasting hypotension related to bradycardia, blocked after atropine, vagotomy hexamethonium and pithing; (2) A rise in blood pressure 30 seconds after injection, insensitive to yohimbine, hexamethonium, pithing and reserpine treatment; (3) a slow and persistent hypotension, 5 min later, insensitive to atropine and vagotomy but inhibited by hexamethonium, pithing and reserpine treatment. It was concluded that intravenous injection of THC in rats may induce vagal stimulation and hypotension. This effect was reversed and followed by hypertension due to direct vasoconstriction not dependent on sympathetic activity. After this action a central decrease in sympathetic tonus led to a persistent hypotension an effect which is commonly reported for mammals.", "PMID": 510372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8730", "title": "Release of radioactive purines from cat nictitating membrane labeled with 3H-adenine.", "content": "Cat nictitating membranes were incubated with 1-2 x 10(-7) M 3H-adenine or 3H-adenosine for 1 h. A tissuebath ratio of about 15 was found for both compounds in intact and denervated membranes. In intact nictitating membranes sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz, 5 min) caused a net release of purines (0.66 +/- 17% of the tissue content), which was reduced by alpha-blockade. Noradrenaline (1-3 microM) or tyramine 60 microM), which produced the same contractile response as did nerve stimulation, increased purine release to the same extent as did nerve stimulation. The effect of either agent was reduced or abolished by phentolamine. Purine release could also be induced by acetylcholine and ATP. This release was not altered after surgical denervation. There was an excellent correlation between the contractile response and the purine release induced by nerve stimulation, noradrenaline, tyramine and acetylcholine. However, ATP caused a larger release of 3H-purines than expected from the contractile responses, possibly indicating displacement. The results indicate that most if not all of the 3H-purines released by nerve stimulation in the cat nictitating membrane are derived from postjunctional elements.", "contents": "Release of radioactive purines from cat nictitating membrane labeled with 3H-adenine. Cat nictitating membranes were incubated with 1-2 x 10(-7) M 3H-adenine or 3H-adenosine for 1 h. A tissuebath ratio of about 15 was found for both compounds in intact and denervated membranes. In intact nictitating membranes sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz, 5 min) caused a net release of purines (0.66 +/- 17% of the tissue content), which was reduced by alpha-blockade. Noradrenaline (1-3 microM) or tyramine 60 microM), which produced the same contractile response as did nerve stimulation, increased purine release to the same extent as did nerve stimulation. The effect of either agent was reduced or abolished by phentolamine. Purine release could also be induced by acetylcholine and ATP. This release was not altered after surgical denervation. There was an excellent correlation between the contractile response and the purine release induced by nerve stimulation, noradrenaline, tyramine and acetylcholine. However, ATP caused a larger release of 3H-purines than expected from the contractile responses, possibly indicating displacement. The results indicate that most if not all of the 3H-purines released by nerve stimulation in the cat nictitating membrane are derived from postjunctional elements.", "PMID": 510374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8731", "title": "Repeated administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine to male rats potentiates stimulation of prolactin secretion by serotonin agonists.", "content": "Repeated administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5MeODMT, 5 mg/kg, a serotonin agonist, every 3 h for a total of 4 injections) potentiated its prolactin (PRL)-releasing effect and that of two other serotonin agonists, quipazine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. This pretreatment schedule had no effect on PRL response to anti-dopaminergic drugs. The onset of enhanced PRL response to serotonin agonists was gradual and appears to be due to sensitization of the serotonergic mechanism involved in the regulation of PRL secretion. The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Repeated administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine to male rats potentiates stimulation of prolactin secretion by serotonin agonists. Repeated administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5MeODMT, 5 mg/kg, a serotonin agonist, every 3 h for a total of 4 injections) potentiated its prolactin (PRL)-releasing effect and that of two other serotonin agonists, quipazine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. This pretreatment schedule had no effect on PRL response to anti-dopaminergic drugs. The onset of enhanced PRL response to serotonin agonists was gradual and appears to be due to sensitization of the serotonergic mechanism involved in the regulation of PRL secretion. The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 510375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8732", "title": "A comparison of changes in atropine-induced tachycardia and atropine concentration in conscious dogs.", "content": "In the conscious dog, after intravenous injection of 0.2 mg/kg 3H-labelled atropine the progressive decrease of the heart rate was well correlated with the disappearance of atropine from the blood. But, with atropine infusion (0.2 mg/kg/h) the tachycardia decreased progressively in spite of an increase in the blood concentration of atropine. Differences appeared between the normal animals or those pretreated with propranolol or reserpine, and the animals which had undergone bilateral thoracic sympathectomy. In the stellectomized animals atropine induced a smaller but much more lasting cardiac acceleration than under the other experimental conditions. It seems that only peripheral factors are involved in the complex interactions between the adrenergic and cholinergic nervous systems at the sinus node level.", "contents": "A comparison of changes in atropine-induced tachycardia and atropine concentration in conscious dogs. In the conscious dog, after intravenous injection of 0.2 mg/kg 3H-labelled atropine the progressive decrease of the heart rate was well correlated with the disappearance of atropine from the blood. But, with atropine infusion (0.2 mg/kg/h) the tachycardia decreased progressively in spite of an increase in the blood concentration of atropine. Differences appeared between the normal animals or those pretreated with propranolol or reserpine, and the animals which had undergone bilateral thoracic sympathectomy. In the stellectomized animals atropine induced a smaller but much more lasting cardiac acceleration than under the other experimental conditions. It seems that only peripheral factors are involved in the complex interactions between the adrenergic and cholinergic nervous systems at the sinus node level.", "PMID": 510377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8733", "title": "Autoanalgesia: acquisition, blockade and relationship to opiate binding.", "content": "Acquisition of autoanalgesia (behaviorally activated antinociception) was assessed across 7 consecutive days by shocking rats 10 sec after the determination of their tail-flick latencies. Thus the effect of conditioned fear on antinociception was being investigated, since each shock preceded the subsequent tail-flick test by 24 h. Autoanalgesia was acquired by the second fear-conditioning trial. Although pretreatment with naltrexone or diazepam had no effect, spinal cord transection at the thoracic level effectively obviated autoanalgesia. Investigations of opiate and opioid binding indicated significantly less binding in the fear-conditioned rats as well as an inverse relationship between binding and antinociception. These changes in binding are suggestive of partial mediation of autoanalgesia by an endogenous opiate peptide that is released by the fear-conditioning procedure.", "contents": "Autoanalgesia: acquisition, blockade and relationship to opiate binding. Acquisition of autoanalgesia (behaviorally activated antinociception) was assessed across 7 consecutive days by shocking rats 10 sec after the determination of their tail-flick latencies. Thus the effect of conditioned fear on antinociception was being investigated, since each shock preceded the subsequent tail-flick test by 24 h. Autoanalgesia was acquired by the second fear-conditioning trial. Although pretreatment with naltrexone or diazepam had no effect, spinal cord transection at the thoracic level effectively obviated autoanalgesia. Investigations of opiate and opioid binding indicated significantly less binding in the fear-conditioned rats as well as an inverse relationship between binding and antinociception. These changes in binding are suggestive of partial mediation of autoanalgesia by an endogenous opiate peptide that is released by the fear-conditioning procedure.", "PMID": 510378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8734", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant radioreceptor assay.", "content": "A radioreceptor assay for tricyclic antidepressants described here is based on the ability of these drugs to compete with [3H]-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) for binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain membranes. The assay is sensitive, in that in can detect, for example, 2 ng/ml nortriptyline in plasma. Seven plasma samples from depressed patients treated with nortriptyline were assayed with the radioreceptor and gas liquid chromatographic methods, and the results from these two methods were almost identical. This assay should be used cautiously, if at all, in patients treated with other drugs that have potent anticholinergic effects.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant radioreceptor assay. A radioreceptor assay for tricyclic antidepressants described here is based on the ability of these drugs to compete with [3H]-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) for binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain membranes. The assay is sensitive, in that in can detect, for example, 2 ng/ml nortriptyline in plasma. Seven plasma samples from depressed patients treated with nortriptyline were assayed with the radioreceptor and gas liquid chromatographic methods, and the results from these two methods were almost identical. This assay should be used cautiously, if at all, in patients treated with other drugs that have potent anticholinergic effects.", "PMID": 510379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8735", "title": "THIP and isoguvacine are partial agonists of GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine receptor binding.", "content": "The effects of THIP and isoguvacine on 3H-flunitrazepam binding to washed membranes prepared from the cerebral cortex of adult rats have been examined. THIP, which has only minimal stimulatory effects on benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor binding, has been found to inhibit the stimulation induced by small concentrations (2 microM) of exogenous GABA. While isoguvacine stimulates BZ receptor binding, although to a smaller extent than GABA, it also antagonizes the stimulation of BZ receptor binding induced by GABA. Thus THIP and isoguvacine exhibit the properties of a partial agonist of GABA-stimulated BZ receptor binding.", "contents": "THIP and isoguvacine are partial agonists of GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine receptor binding. The effects of THIP and isoguvacine on 3H-flunitrazepam binding to washed membranes prepared from the cerebral cortex of adult rats have been examined. THIP, which has only minimal stimulatory effects on benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor binding, has been found to inhibit the stimulation induced by small concentrations (2 microM) of exogenous GABA. While isoguvacine stimulates BZ receptor binding, although to a smaller extent than GABA, it also antagonizes the stimulation of BZ receptor binding induced by GABA. Thus THIP and isoguvacine exhibit the properties of a partial agonist of GABA-stimulated BZ receptor binding.", "PMID": 510380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8736", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins modulate adrenal catecholamine secretion.", "content": "Adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by haemorrhage in the cat was increased by administration of indomethacin to intact or to bilaterally nephrectomized animals. Infusion of PGE2 (but not of PGF2 alpha) suppressed the increased catecholamine secretion caused by indomethacin.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins modulate adrenal catecholamine secretion. Adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by haemorrhage in the cat was increased by administration of indomethacin to intact or to bilaterally nephrectomized animals. Infusion of PGE2 (but not of PGF2 alpha) suppressed the increased catecholamine secretion caused by indomethacin.", "PMID": 510381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8737", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits release of somatostatin from hypothalamus in vitro.", "content": "The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was studied on the release of somatostatin (SRIF) from slices of several regions of the rat brain in vitro. VIP induced a dose-dependent inhibition of SRIF release from mediobasal hypothalamic slices but did not interfere with SRIF release from preoptic area, amygdala or cortex. VIP inhibition had an apparent affinity: Kd = 6.8 +/- 3.9 x 10(-11) M. Secretin had a similar effect but at 600-fold higher concentrations (Kd secretin = 4.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(-8) M). Gucagon was ineffective in concentrations ranging from 10(-10) M to 10(-7) M. The data are consistent with a role of VIP in the hypothalamic control of growth hormone secretion.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits release of somatostatin from hypothalamus in vitro. The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was studied on the release of somatostatin (SRIF) from slices of several regions of the rat brain in vitro. VIP induced a dose-dependent inhibition of SRIF release from mediobasal hypothalamic slices but did not interfere with SRIF release from preoptic area, amygdala or cortex. VIP inhibition had an apparent affinity: Kd = 6.8 +/- 3.9 x 10(-11) M. Secretin had a similar effect but at 600-fold higher concentrations (Kd secretin = 4.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(-8) M). Gucagon was ineffective in concentrations ranging from 10(-10) M to 10(-7) M. The data are consistent with a role of VIP in the hypothalamic control of growth hormone secretion.", "PMID": 510382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8738", "title": "Paracetamol potentiates acetylsalicylate in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "Lower concentrations of paracetamol stimulated, but a higher concentration inhibited prostaglandin synthesis by bull seminal vesicle homogenate in the absence of added co-factors. Admixed with acetylsalicylate or indomethacin, paracetamol strongly potentiated the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in vesicle homogenate, and weakly potentiated inhibition in rat gastric fundus strip. We propose that, by acting as a phenolic co-factor, paracetamol stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and thus renders the cyclo-oxygenase more vulnerable to acetylsalicylate or indomethacin.", "contents": "Paracetamol potentiates acetylsalicylate in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Lower concentrations of paracetamol stimulated, but a higher concentration inhibited prostaglandin synthesis by bull seminal vesicle homogenate in the absence of added co-factors. Admixed with acetylsalicylate or indomethacin, paracetamol strongly potentiated the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in vesicle homogenate, and weakly potentiated inhibition in rat gastric fundus strip. We propose that, by acting as a phenolic co-factor, paracetamol stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and thus renders the cyclo-oxygenase more vulnerable to acetylsalicylate or indomethacin.", "PMID": 510383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8739", "title": "Frequency-dependent effects of the pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin in frog myelinated nerve fibres.", "content": "The pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin (10(-6) M) caused a frequency-dependent depression of the action potential in frog myelinated nerve fibres which was associated with a progressive membrane depolarisation brought about by summation of depolarising after-potentials. Voltage clamp experiments with single nodes of Ranvier showed that this afterpotential was most probably due to a long-lasting prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the membrane. The results indicate that decamethrin, like the other pyrethroids, specifically affects the sodium channels of the nerve membrane.", "contents": "Frequency-dependent effects of the pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin in frog myelinated nerve fibres. The pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin (10(-6) M) caused a frequency-dependent depression of the action potential in frog myelinated nerve fibres which was associated with a progressive membrane depolarisation brought about by summation of depolarising after-potentials. Voltage clamp experiments with single nodes of Ranvier showed that this afterpotential was most probably due to a long-lasting prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the membrane. The results indicate that decamethrin, like the other pyrethroids, specifically affects the sodium channels of the nerve membrane.", "PMID": 510384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8740", "title": "In vivo evidence of partial agonist activity exerted by purported 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists.", "content": "Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant method, rats (n = 9) were trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg LSD from saline. Tests for stimulus generalization in rats so trained indicated that the purported 5-HT antagonists cyproheptadine (1.25 and 10 mg/kg), methysergide (0.16 to 10 mg/kg) and mianserin (2.5 to 40 mg/kg) produced partial generalization with LSD. The hallucinogens mescaline (5 to 40 mg/kg) and quipazine (1.25 to 5 mg/kg) were also generalized with LSD. The data suggest that cyproheptadine, methysergide and mianserin may produce partial agonist effects in addition to their antagonist action at central 5-HT receptor sites.", "contents": "In vivo evidence of partial agonist activity exerted by purported 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists. Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant method, rats (n = 9) were trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg LSD from saline. Tests for stimulus generalization in rats so trained indicated that the purported 5-HT antagonists cyproheptadine (1.25 and 10 mg/kg), methysergide (0.16 to 10 mg/kg) and mianserin (2.5 to 40 mg/kg) produced partial generalization with LSD. The hallucinogens mescaline (5 to 40 mg/kg) and quipazine (1.25 to 5 mg/kg) were also generalized with LSD. The data suggest that cyproheptadine, methysergide and mianserin may produce partial agonist effects in addition to their antagonist action at central 5-HT receptor sites.", "PMID": 510385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8741", "title": "Nociceptive threshold after neonatal capsaicin treatment.", "content": "The nociceptive threshold as determined by the reaction time in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests was measured 3 to 4 months after pretreatment of young rats with capsaicin (50 mg kg-1 s.c.). The reaction time in the tail-flick test was prolonged in rats pretreated with capsaicin on the 2nd day of life. Capsaicin pretreatment up to the 10th day of life also resulted in a prolonged reaction time in the hot-plate test whereas capsaicin pretreatment after the 10th day of life was without effect. The elevation of the nociceptive threshold after neonatal capsaicin pretreatment most likely follows from degeneration of afferent nerve fibres activated by noxious stimuli.", "contents": "Nociceptive threshold after neonatal capsaicin treatment. The nociceptive threshold as determined by the reaction time in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests was measured 3 to 4 months after pretreatment of young rats with capsaicin (50 mg kg-1 s.c.). The reaction time in the tail-flick test was prolonged in rats pretreated with capsaicin on the 2nd day of life. Capsaicin pretreatment up to the 10th day of life also resulted in a prolonged reaction time in the hot-plate test whereas capsaicin pretreatment after the 10th day of life was without effect. The elevation of the nociceptive threshold after neonatal capsaicin pretreatment most likely follows from degeneration of afferent nerve fibres activated by noxious stimuli.", "PMID": 510386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8742", "title": "Anticholinergic behavioral effect of phencyclidine.", "content": "Phencyclidine (PCP) impaired spatial alternation performance in rats. This effects was mimicked by antimuscarinic anticholinergics (scopolamine, atropine) and PCP derivatives (ketamine, cyclohexamine) but not by a variety of other agents. Muscarinic cholinergic agonists antagonized PCP. Impairment of spatial alteration performance by PCP appears to be mediated, at least in part, by and anticholinergic action; this is the first instance of a behavioral effect of PCP that can be largely attributed to a specific mechanism.", "contents": "Anticholinergic behavioral effect of phencyclidine. Phencyclidine (PCP) impaired spatial alternation performance in rats. This effects was mimicked by antimuscarinic anticholinergics (scopolamine, atropine) and PCP derivatives (ketamine, cyclohexamine) but not by a variety of other agents. Muscarinic cholinergic agonists antagonized PCP. Impairment of spatial alteration performance by PCP appears to be mediated, at least in part, by and anticholinergic action; this is the first instance of a behavioral effect of PCP that can be largely attributed to a specific mechanism.", "PMID": 510389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8743", "title": "Effect of methadone and morphine on serotonin uptake in rat periaqueductal gray slices.", "content": "In vitro effects of d,l-methadone and morphine on [3H]serotonin (3H-5-HT) uptake in rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) slices were investigated. Only methadone had a significant inhibitory effect on 3H-5-HT uptake which was significantly enhanced by naloxone. The systemic administration of methadone did not affect 3H-5-HT uptake in vitro. These data further weaken the possible relationship between narcotic analgesia and blockade of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of methadone and morphine on serotonin uptake in rat periaqueductal gray slices. In vitro effects of d,l-methadone and morphine on [3H]serotonin (3H-5-HT) uptake in rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) slices were investigated. Only methadone had a significant inhibitory effect on 3H-5-HT uptake which was significantly enhanced by naloxone. The systemic administration of methadone did not affect 3H-5-HT uptake in vitro. These data further weaken the possible relationship between narcotic analgesia and blockade of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism.", "PMID": 510390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8744", "title": "Oral motor performance following central dopamine receptor blockade.", "content": "Oral motor responses were recorded in water-deprived rats receiving injections of spiroperidol, the dopamine blocker, into the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus. Spiroperidol injected into the nucleus accumbens resulted in dose dependent decreases in lap volume and tongue extension. Injections of spiroperidol into adjacent sites or into the caudate nucleus did not significantly reduce lap volume even with an 8 fold larger dose administered into the caudate. These observations implicate the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the nucleus acumbens in oral motor responses and indicate the need for systematic comparisons of the contributions of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems to ingestive behaviors.", "contents": "Oral motor performance following central dopamine receptor blockade. Oral motor responses were recorded in water-deprived rats receiving injections of spiroperidol, the dopamine blocker, into the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus. Spiroperidol injected into the nucleus accumbens resulted in dose dependent decreases in lap volume and tongue extension. Injections of spiroperidol into adjacent sites or into the caudate nucleus did not significantly reduce lap volume even with an 8 fold larger dose administered into the caudate. These observations implicate the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the nucleus acumbens in oral motor responses and indicate the need for systematic comparisons of the contributions of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems to ingestive behaviors.", "PMID": 510391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8745", "title": "Depressant effects of phenoxygenzamine on potassium contracture in cat ventricular muscle.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine has been shown to have a depressant action on K+-depolarization contracture in cat ventricular muscle. In the present study, we show that this depressant action is specific for phenoxybenzamine and occurs in the presence of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with nadolol. K+-contracture is not depressed by phentolamine nor augmented by phenylephrine. Thus, the depressant action of phenoxybenzamine is not mediated by its effects on cardiac adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Depressant effects of phenoxygenzamine on potassium contracture in cat ventricular muscle. Phenoxybenzamine has been shown to have a depressant action on K+-depolarization contracture in cat ventricular muscle. In the present study, we show that this depressant action is specific for phenoxybenzamine and occurs in the presence of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with nadolol. K+-contracture is not depressed by phentolamine nor augmented by phenylephrine. Thus, the depressant action of phenoxybenzamine is not mediated by its effects on cardiac adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 510392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8746", "title": "Enhanced analgesic effects of stress following chronic administration of naltrexone in rats.", "content": "Chronic administration of the long acting opiate antagonist naltrexone potentiated the analgesic effects of foot-shock stress in the hot-plate test in rats. No changes in pain responsiveness were noted in naltrexone-treated rats that were not subjected to the foot-shock treatment. The results suggest that chronic opiate receptor may lead to the development of supersensitivity in endogenous opiate systems that mediate the analgesic effects of stress.", "contents": "Enhanced analgesic effects of stress following chronic administration of naltrexone in rats. Chronic administration of the long acting opiate antagonist naltrexone potentiated the analgesic effects of foot-shock stress in the hot-plate test in rats. No changes in pain responsiveness were noted in naltrexone-treated rats that were not subjected to the foot-shock treatment. The results suggest that chronic opiate receptor may lead to the development of supersensitivity in endogenous opiate systems that mediate the analgesic effects of stress.", "PMID": 510393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8747", "title": "Cross-tolerance between ethanol and morphine with respect to their hypothermic effects.", "content": "Daily administration of ethanol (10-12 g/kg) to rats in a liquid diet resulted in tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol. The rats also developed cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of morphine (15 and 30 mg/kg), whereas no cross-tolerance to the hyperthermic effect of morphine (5 mg/kg) was seen. Administration of morphine (30 mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days resulted in tolerance to morphine hypothermia and also cross-tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia. These studies fit with our hypothesis that tolerance and cross-tolerance among drugs develop to drug effects rather than to the drug per se. Therefore drugs sharing a common effect, even by different mechanisms, might show cross-tolerance for that effect.", "contents": "Cross-tolerance between ethanol and morphine with respect to their hypothermic effects. Daily administration of ethanol (10-12 g/kg) to rats in a liquid diet resulted in tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol. The rats also developed cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of morphine (15 and 30 mg/kg), whereas no cross-tolerance to the hyperthermic effect of morphine (5 mg/kg) was seen. Administration of morphine (30 mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days resulted in tolerance to morphine hypothermia and also cross-tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia. These studies fit with our hypothesis that tolerance and cross-tolerance among drugs develop to drug effects rather than to the drug per se. Therefore drugs sharing a common effect, even by different mechanisms, might show cross-tolerance for that effect.", "PMID": 510394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8748", "title": "Morphine no longer blocks gastrointestinal transit but retains antinociceptive action in diallylnormorphine-pretreated rats.", "content": "Diallylnormorphine (DANM) the quaternary N-allyl derivative of nalorphine, administered to rats, 8 mg/kg i.p., 20 min before i.v. injection of the potent opiate buprenorphine (1 microgram/kg, tritrium-labeled), reduced in vivo binding of the latter (63% of controls at 30 min) in small intestine longitudinal muscle including myenteric plexus, but not in cerebrum. Naloxone, 1 mg/kg s.c., had the same effect of buprenorphine binding in the two sites (52 and 54% of controls respectively). The marked slowing in the transit of a forced charcoal meal through the small intestine of rats given 10 mg/kg morphine, i.v. was prevented to comparable extents by DANM and naloxone; the latter also abolished the delay in hot plate reaction induced in these animals by morphine which, however, retained considerable antinociceptive effect in DANM-pretreated rats.", "contents": "Morphine no longer blocks gastrointestinal transit but retains antinociceptive action in diallylnormorphine-pretreated rats. Diallylnormorphine (DANM) the quaternary N-allyl derivative of nalorphine, administered to rats, 8 mg/kg i.p., 20 min before i.v. injection of the potent opiate buprenorphine (1 microgram/kg, tritrium-labeled), reduced in vivo binding of the latter (63% of controls at 30 min) in small intestine longitudinal muscle including myenteric plexus, but not in cerebrum. Naloxone, 1 mg/kg s.c., had the same effect of buprenorphine binding in the two sites (52 and 54% of controls respectively). The marked slowing in the transit of a forced charcoal meal through the small intestine of rats given 10 mg/kg morphine, i.v. was prevented to comparable extents by DANM and naloxone; the latter also abolished the delay in hot plate reaction induced in these animals by morphine which, however, retained considerable antinociceptive effect in DANM-pretreated rats.", "PMID": 510395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8749", "title": "The effect of muscimol on hippocampal pyramidal cells.", "content": "The effects of muscimol on rabbit hippocampal pyramidal cell firing were studied and compared after iontophoretic, topical, and intravenous administration of the drug. All modes of application resulted in a bicuculline-sensitive, strychnine-insensitive, depression of the monosynaptically activated population spike evoked by micro-stimulation of the contralateral hippocampal field. These findings indicate that systemically administered muscimol selectively activates hippocampal GABA receptors suggesting that this compound may be useful for studying limbic system physiology.", "contents": "The effect of muscimol on hippocampal pyramidal cells. The effects of muscimol on rabbit hippocampal pyramidal cell firing were studied and compared after iontophoretic, topical, and intravenous administration of the drug. All modes of application resulted in a bicuculline-sensitive, strychnine-insensitive, depression of the monosynaptically activated population spike evoked by micro-stimulation of the contralateral hippocampal field. These findings indicate that systemically administered muscimol selectively activates hippocampal GABA receptors suggesting that this compound may be useful for studying limbic system physiology.", "PMID": 510396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8750", "title": "Suppression of 3H-lysine incorporation into the vascular non-collagenous protein in rats treated with estradiol-17 beta.", "content": "The in vivo incorporation of 3H-lysine into non-collagenous protein of the heart, aorta and mesenteric arteries was measured in castrated or non-castrated male young rats given hormone treatment once daily for 14 consecutive days. In rats given estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms), a significant reduction of blood pressure was noted at 7 and 8 weeks of age. The lysine incorporation into non-collagenous protein was markedly decreased in mesenteric arteries and to a lesser extent in the aorta of rats treated with estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms). The decline in blood pressure concomitant with the reduction of lysine incorporation into non-collagenous protein of the same vessels was of similar magnitude in castrated, testosterone (50 micrograms) plus estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms)-treated rats as compared with that in castrated testosterone-treated (50 micrograms) animals. Despite the variety of hormone treatments, the incorporation of 3H-lysine into non-collagenous protein of heart was similar for all the rats examined. It is suggested that the suppressive effect of estradiol-17 beta on biosynthesis of vascular non-collagenous protein, especially in small arteries, plays an important role in lowering the blood pressure of young male rats.", "contents": "Suppression of 3H-lysine incorporation into the vascular non-collagenous protein in rats treated with estradiol-17 beta. The in vivo incorporation of 3H-lysine into non-collagenous protein of the heart, aorta and mesenteric arteries was measured in castrated or non-castrated male young rats given hormone treatment once daily for 14 consecutive days. In rats given estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms), a significant reduction of blood pressure was noted at 7 and 8 weeks of age. The lysine incorporation into non-collagenous protein was markedly decreased in mesenteric arteries and to a lesser extent in the aorta of rats treated with estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms). The decline in blood pressure concomitant with the reduction of lysine incorporation into non-collagenous protein of the same vessels was of similar magnitude in castrated, testosterone (50 micrograms) plus estradiol-17 beta (50 micrograms)-treated rats as compared with that in castrated testosterone-treated (50 micrograms) animals. Despite the variety of hormone treatments, the incorporation of 3H-lysine into non-collagenous protein of heart was similar for all the rats examined. It is suggested that the suppressive effect of estradiol-17 beta on biosynthesis of vascular non-collagenous protein, especially in small arteries, plays an important role in lowering the blood pressure of young male rats.", "PMID": 510398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8751", "title": "Effects of clonidine on the lumbar sympathetic pathways to the large intestine and urinary bladder of the cat.", "content": "The effects of clonidine on lumbar sympathetic outflow to the colon and urinary bladder were examined by recording drug-induced changes in spontaneous postganglionic firing and spinal viscero-sympathetic reflexes in the lumbar colonic and hypogastric nerves of the cat. Clonidine in doses between 2--40 micrograms/kg produced a dose dependent depression of spontaneous and evoked discharges in efferents of the hypogastric nerve but did not alter activity in the lumbar colonic nerves. Clonidine also reduced arterial blood pressure and spontaneous firing in the renal nerves. These data coupled with previous observations in this laboratory indicate that spinal sympathetic pathways can exhibit a considerable variation in the sensitivity to the depressant actions of clonidine. This variation in sensitivity may reflect the relative importance of noradrenergic inhibitory mechanisms in the respective pathways.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on the lumbar sympathetic pathways to the large intestine and urinary bladder of the cat. The effects of clonidine on lumbar sympathetic outflow to the colon and urinary bladder were examined by recording drug-induced changes in spontaneous postganglionic firing and spinal viscero-sympathetic reflexes in the lumbar colonic and hypogastric nerves of the cat. Clonidine in doses between 2--40 micrograms/kg produced a dose dependent depression of spontaneous and evoked discharges in efferents of the hypogastric nerve but did not alter activity in the lumbar colonic nerves. Clonidine also reduced arterial blood pressure and spontaneous firing in the renal nerves. These data coupled with previous observations in this laboratory indicate that spinal sympathetic pathways can exhibit a considerable variation in the sensitivity to the depressant actions of clonidine. This variation in sensitivity may reflect the relative importance of noradrenergic inhibitory mechanisms in the respective pathways.", "PMID": 510399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8752", "title": "Effects of barbiturate anesthetics and ketamine on the force-frequency relation of cardiac muscle.", "content": "The effects of ketamine and barbiturates (pentobarbital, thiopental, methohexital) were studied in an isolated rabbit Langendorff preparation. All agents tested depressed contractility. Ketamine, as well as the lipophilic barbiturates (thiopental, methohexital), caused a relatively greater depression at higher pacing rates such that the force-frequency relation was reversed. Pentobarbital did not reverse Bowditch. The effects of barbiturates on Bowditch correlated directly with lipid solubility, suggesting that their rate-related effects are due to perturbation of the membrane lipid bilayer. Disruption of hydrogen bands between polar membrane components may also be involved. The time course of the effect of thipental at high pacing rates was slower, both in onset and recovery, than at low rates. At a pacing rate of 1 Hz, maximal depression of contraction developed within 5 min. However, at 2.5 Hz, contractility continued to decline for up to 30 min. After 5 min of perfusion with thiopental, Bowditch was still positive, but by 30 min it was reversed. These temporal differences in thipental effects suggest that different mechanisms may dominate in the support of contractility at different ranges of heart rate.", "contents": "Effects of barbiturate anesthetics and ketamine on the force-frequency relation of cardiac muscle. The effects of ketamine and barbiturates (pentobarbital, thiopental, methohexital) were studied in an isolated rabbit Langendorff preparation. All agents tested depressed contractility. Ketamine, as well as the lipophilic barbiturates (thiopental, methohexital), caused a relatively greater depression at higher pacing rates such that the force-frequency relation was reversed. Pentobarbital did not reverse Bowditch. The effects of barbiturates on Bowditch correlated directly with lipid solubility, suggesting that their rate-related effects are due to perturbation of the membrane lipid bilayer. Disruption of hydrogen bands between polar membrane components may also be involved. The time course of the effect of thipental at high pacing rates was slower, both in onset and recovery, than at low rates. At a pacing rate of 1 Hz, maximal depression of contraction developed within 5 min. However, at 2.5 Hz, contractility continued to decline for up to 30 min. After 5 min of perfusion with thiopental, Bowditch was still positive, but by 30 min it was reversed. These temporal differences in thipental effects suggest that different mechanisms may dominate in the support of contractility at different ranges of heart rate.", "PMID": 510400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8753", "title": "Convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in DBA/2 mice of compounds blocking the reuptake of GABA.", "content": "Compounds blocking the uptake of GABA into neurons or glia have been injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) or intraperitoneally (ip) in DBA/2 mice, age 21-28 days. Protection against audiogenic seizures was seen 30 min after the icv injection of (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (0.5-2.0 mumoles), (+/-)-nipecotic acid (1.6-3.2 mumoles), (+)-ethyl nipecotate (0.4-0.8 mumoles), (-)-piperazic acid (4 mumoles) and putrescine (2 mumoles) or the ip injection of (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (4-8 mmoles/kg and (+)-ethyl nipecotate (0.24-0.32 mmoles/kg). Of these ethyl nipecotate and nipecotic acid were the most effective anticonvulsants icv, but nipecotic acid was ineffective ip. Limb myoclonus and other epileptic manifestations (rearing, wild running, tonic clonic seizures) occurred in the absence of auditory stimulation after (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (0.5-2.0 mumoles), (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (3.2-6.4 mumoles) and putrescine (2 mumoles). beta-Alanine (2-4 mumoles, icv) depressed respiration but did not protect against audiogenic seizures or induce myoclonus.", "contents": "Convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in DBA/2 mice of compounds blocking the reuptake of GABA. Compounds blocking the uptake of GABA into neurons or glia have been injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) or intraperitoneally (ip) in DBA/2 mice, age 21-28 days. Protection against audiogenic seizures was seen 30 min after the icv injection of (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (0.5-2.0 mumoles), (+/-)-nipecotic acid (1.6-3.2 mumoles), (+)-ethyl nipecotate (0.4-0.8 mumoles), (-)-piperazic acid (4 mumoles) and putrescine (2 mumoles) or the ip injection of (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (4-8 mmoles/kg and (+)-ethyl nipecotate (0.24-0.32 mmoles/kg). Of these ethyl nipecotate and nipecotic acid were the most effective anticonvulsants icv, but nipecotic acid was ineffective ip. Limb myoclonus and other epileptic manifestations (rearing, wild running, tonic clonic seizures) occurred in the absence of auditory stimulation after (+)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (0.5-2.0 mumoles), (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (3.2-6.4 mumoles) and putrescine (2 mumoles). beta-Alanine (2-4 mumoles, icv) depressed respiration but did not protect against audiogenic seizures or induce myoclonus.", "PMID": 510401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8754", "title": "Enhancement of reflex vagal bradycardia following intracerebroventricular administration of methysergide in cats.", "content": "Metehysergide in total doses of 100, 200 and 400 micrograms injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle of cats potentiated the reflex bradycardic responses which were evoked by i.v. pressor doses of norepinephrine. Methysergide (400 micrograms) injected i.v., or intracerebroventricularly in vagotomized cats did not affect the reflex bradycardia. These results suggest that the enhancement of reflex vagal activation is due to an action of methysergide in the central nervous system. Intracerebroventricular methysergide significantly reduced the resting arterial pressure and heart rate, while i.v. administration caused only significant bradycardia. Carotid occlusion responses were depressed following both i.v. and intracerebroventricular methysergide. The magnitude of reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate following the injection of methysergide into the fourth cerebral ventricle were the same in vagotomized cats and in intact vagus preparations. It is suggested that depression of cardiovascular function is due to a central action of methysergide and is mediated by reduction in sympathetic outflow.", "contents": "Enhancement of reflex vagal bradycardia following intracerebroventricular administration of methysergide in cats. Metehysergide in total doses of 100, 200 and 400 micrograms injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle of cats potentiated the reflex bradycardic responses which were evoked by i.v. pressor doses of norepinephrine. Methysergide (400 micrograms) injected i.v., or intracerebroventricularly in vagotomized cats did not affect the reflex bradycardia. These results suggest that the enhancement of reflex vagal activation is due to an action of methysergide in the central nervous system. Intracerebroventricular methysergide significantly reduced the resting arterial pressure and heart rate, while i.v. administration caused only significant bradycardia. Carotid occlusion responses were depressed following both i.v. and intracerebroventricular methysergide. The magnitude of reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate following the injection of methysergide into the fourth cerebral ventricle were the same in vagotomized cats and in intact vagus preparations. It is suggested that depression of cardiovascular function is due to a central action of methysergide and is mediated by reduction in sympathetic outflow.", "PMID": 510402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8755", "title": "Separation of normal human bone marrow cells by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. I. Morphological analysis and subfractionation of neutrophilic granulocytes.", "content": "We have used counterflow centrifugal elutriation to separate the nucleated cells of normal human bone marrow into their major morphologically identifiable cellular components. Human bone marrow cells were separated simultaneously into the major cell types--lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and erythroid precursors. Significant concentration of bone marrow cell types could be achieved, including myeloblasts (x 25), promyelocytes (x 43), early myelocytes ( x 22), late myelocytes (x 17), metamyelocytes (x 6), eosinophils (x 40), basophils (x 55), erythroblasts (x 35), monocytes (x 40), and plasma cells (x 35). Cell loss is minimal (85% recovery of input) and random, and cell viability, as measured by trypan blue staining, is high (greater than 95%). Factors interfering with separation are also described: a low loading flow rate, the presence of an excess of mature red cells, and the absence of fetal calf serum resulted in poor cell recovery and viability. The use of heparin as the anticoagulant resulted in cell loss, decrease in cell viability, and an ineffective separation. Separation of cells from normal bone marrow by centrifugal elutriation should facilitate the study of bone marrow cell interactions and the purification of individual types of bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Separation of normal human bone marrow cells by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. I. Morphological analysis and subfractionation of neutrophilic granulocytes. We have used counterflow centrifugal elutriation to separate the nucleated cells of normal human bone marrow into their major morphologically identifiable cellular components. Human bone marrow cells were separated simultaneously into the major cell types--lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and erythroid precursors. Significant concentration of bone marrow cell types could be achieved, including myeloblasts (x 25), promyelocytes (x 43), early myelocytes ( x 22), late myelocytes (x 17), metamyelocytes (x 6), eosinophils (x 40), basophils (x 55), erythroblasts (x 35), monocytes (x 40), and plasma cells (x 35). Cell loss is minimal (85% recovery of input) and random, and cell viability, as measured by trypan blue staining, is high (greater than 95%). Factors interfering with separation are also described: a low loading flow rate, the presence of an excess of mature red cells, and the absence of fetal calf serum resulted in poor cell recovery and viability. The use of heparin as the anticoagulant resulted in cell loss, decrease in cell viability, and an ineffective separation. Separation of cells from normal bone marrow by centrifugal elutriation should facilitate the study of bone marrow cell interactions and the purification of individual types of bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 510435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8756", "title": "The dynamics of red cell chimaerism in histoincompatible parabiosed mice.", "content": "A new technique for the quantitation of isoenzymes was applied to assess the proportions of red cells in the circulation of parabiosed mice. Two parent-F1 hybrid combinations showing phosphoglucose isomerase polymorphism were examined at successive stages of parabiosis and after separation. Once red cell populations became mixed, 3 days after union, the ratio of red cell phenotypes was never significantly different from one partner to the other, although parental red cells became predominant after about 20 days. However, F1 hybrid red cells could always be detected. After separation of parabiosed mice there was a return to the original composition although this took longer than would be expected on the basis of reported red cell life span. Packed cell volume measurements indicated that a parental polycythaemia and F1 hybrid anaemia developed in one strain combination but not in the other. Evidence was adduced to support the hypothesis of a difference in red cell flux being responsible for the generation of this polycythaemia-anaemia.", "contents": "The dynamics of red cell chimaerism in histoincompatible parabiosed mice. A new technique for the quantitation of isoenzymes was applied to assess the proportions of red cells in the circulation of parabiosed mice. Two parent-F1 hybrid combinations showing phosphoglucose isomerase polymorphism were examined at successive stages of parabiosis and after separation. Once red cell populations became mixed, 3 days after union, the ratio of red cell phenotypes was never significantly different from one partner to the other, although parental red cells became predominant after about 20 days. However, F1 hybrid red cells could always be detected. After separation of parabiosed mice there was a return to the original composition although this took longer than would be expected on the basis of reported red cell life span. Packed cell volume measurements indicated that a parental polycythaemia and F1 hybrid anaemia developed in one strain combination but not in the other. Evidence was adduced to support the hypothesis of a difference in red cell flux being responsible for the generation of this polycythaemia-anaemia.", "PMID": 510436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8757", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in the mitochondria in hepatocytes during postnatal development of male rats.", "content": "The volume density of mitochondria increases during postnatal development of the hepatocytes of male rats (test ages: 0 [birth], 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th day and 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th month) from 0.165 at birth to 0.236 on the 14th day, after which it decreases to 0.139 until the 6th month. At the same time the absolute volume of the mitochondria of the hepatocytes increases from 728.8 micrometer 3 at birth to 1225.5 micrometer 3 on the 14th day and reaches a maximum of 2102.3 micrometer 3 at the end of the 2nd month. The number of mitochondria per hepatocyte is 204 at birth. It increases continuously and reaches 2199 at the end of the 6th month. The volume of the average mitochondrion on the other hand diminishes during postnatal development from 3.83 micrometer 3 at birth to 0.64 micrometer 3 towards the end of the 6th month. Transverse divisions of mitochondria, budding of parts of mitochondria, autophagocytotic processes and degenerative changes can be observed throughout this period.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in the mitochondria in hepatocytes during postnatal development of male rats. The volume density of mitochondria increases during postnatal development of the hepatocytes of male rats (test ages: 0 [birth], 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th day and 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th month) from 0.165 at birth to 0.236 on the 14th day, after which it decreases to 0.139 until the 6th month. At the same time the absolute volume of the mitochondria of the hepatocytes increases from 728.8 micrometer 3 at birth to 1225.5 micrometer 3 on the 14th day and reaches a maximum of 2102.3 micrometer 3 at the end of the 2nd month. The number of mitochondria per hepatocyte is 204 at birth. It increases continuously and reaches 2199 at the end of the 6th month. The volume of the average mitochondrion on the other hand diminishes during postnatal development from 3.83 micrometer 3 at birth to 0.64 micrometer 3 towards the end of the 6th month. Transverse divisions of mitochondria, budding of parts of mitochondria, autophagocytotic processes and degenerative changes can be observed throughout this period.", "PMID": 510449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8758", "title": "Image processing in pathology. IX. A new morphometry system and its application on gangliocytes of the nucleus olivaris.", "content": "This paper describes a new software system for automatic image processing in pathology. The system is based on the hardware NU2/ODD/PDP8 and the thereby yielded results. The effectiveness of the system esp. its velocity has been essentially improved by a significant modification of the primary data sampling and by the new implementation of feature determination. The first application of this new system concerns age-dependent alterations of the gangliocytes in the nucleus olivaris.", "contents": "Image processing in pathology. IX. A new morphometry system and its application on gangliocytes of the nucleus olivaris. This paper describes a new software system for automatic image processing in pathology. The system is based on the hardware NU2/ODD/PDP8 and the thereby yielded results. The effectiveness of the system esp. its velocity has been essentially improved by a significant modification of the primary data sampling and by the new implementation of feature determination. The first application of this new system concerns age-dependent alterations of the gangliocytes in the nucleus olivaris.", "PMID": 510450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8759", "title": "Effect of potential cytostatic and immune modulating chemicals on the plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBC) as revealed by osmotic hemolysis, cell electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).", "content": "The influence on red blood cells (RBC) of two cancerostatic-(ZIMET 3106 and ZIMET 3393) and two immunomodulating agents (ZIMET 3164 and ZIMET 86/76) administered subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally in case of the radiolabelled N-mustard compounds, to mice, was studied by means of measurements of the radiolabelled compounds in blood, by cell electrophoresis, filipin-induced hemolysis of pretreated RBC and by scanning electronmicroscopy. The portion of doses applied which binds to RBC-surface decreases in the sequence of ZIMET 3106, ZIMET 3164, ZIMET 3393 and ZIMET 86/76. However, the highest reduction of the electrophoretic mobility and protection from filipin-induced hemolysis of pretreated RBC was found with ZIMET 3164. In both tests ZIMET 86/76 proved to be ineffective. These findings are in good agreement with the modifications demonstrated in pretreated RBC after filipin-induced hemolysis by means of SEM. The results presented point to a N-mustard specific interaction between the cholesterol of the membrane and/or other membrane constituents. However, these fundamental differences found in binding affinity, surface-charges and membrane interactions caused by the chemically similar compounds cannot be attributed merely to the N-mustard group.", "contents": "Effect of potential cytostatic and immune modulating chemicals on the plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBC) as revealed by osmotic hemolysis, cell electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence on red blood cells (RBC) of two cancerostatic-(ZIMET 3106 and ZIMET 3393) and two immunomodulating agents (ZIMET 3164 and ZIMET 86/76) administered subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally in case of the radiolabelled N-mustard compounds, to mice, was studied by means of measurements of the radiolabelled compounds in blood, by cell electrophoresis, filipin-induced hemolysis of pretreated RBC and by scanning electronmicroscopy. The portion of doses applied which binds to RBC-surface decreases in the sequence of ZIMET 3106, ZIMET 3164, ZIMET 3393 and ZIMET 86/76. However, the highest reduction of the electrophoretic mobility and protection from filipin-induced hemolysis of pretreated RBC was found with ZIMET 3164. In both tests ZIMET 86/76 proved to be ineffective. These findings are in good agreement with the modifications demonstrated in pretreated RBC after filipin-induced hemolysis by means of SEM. The results presented point to a N-mustard specific interaction between the cholesterol of the membrane and/or other membrane constituents. However, these fundamental differences found in binding affinity, surface-charges and membrane interactions caused by the chemically similar compounds cannot be attributed merely to the N-mustard group.", "PMID": 510451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8760", "title": "Tumors of the rat kidney induced by nitrosourea compounds.", "content": "Apart from other lesions, 51 renal neoplasms were induced in rats by administration of methylethy-, dimethyl- and phenylmethylnitrosourea. 3 tumors originated from the renal pelvis and were classified as transitional cell papilloma (1) or transitional cell carcinoma (2). 48 neoplasms were considered as \"mesenchymal tumors\". These growths were regarded as rat kidney specific tumors. They display a wide spectrum of histological structures: spindle  cells which are capable to differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, angioblasts, fat cells, and even into cartilage thus forming the typical microscopical features which are completed by the tendency of mesenchymal cells to swirl around preexisting renal tubules in several closely investing layers. As the cell of origin is not yet established the term \"mesenchymal tumor\" seems to be the most suitable one. There is no basis for classifying these tumor as nephroblastomas and the two entities should be strictly separated.", "contents": "Tumors of the rat kidney induced by nitrosourea compounds. Apart from other lesions, 51 renal neoplasms were induced in rats by administration of methylethy-, dimethyl- and phenylmethylnitrosourea. 3 tumors originated from the renal pelvis and were classified as transitional cell papilloma (1) or transitional cell carcinoma (2). 48 neoplasms were considered as \"mesenchymal tumors\". These growths were regarded as rat kidney specific tumors. They display a wide spectrum of histological structures: spindle  cells which are capable to differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, angioblasts, fat cells, and even into cartilage thus forming the typical microscopical features which are completed by the tendency of mesenchymal cells to swirl around preexisting renal tubules in several closely investing layers. As the cell of origin is not yet established the term \"mesenchymal tumor\" seems to be the most suitable one. There is no basis for classifying these tumor as nephroblastomas and the two entities should be strictly separated.", "PMID": 510452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8761", "title": "Lung alterations in newborn rabbits after maternal thrombin-shock. II. Lung phospholipids.", "content": "Alterations of the lung- and lung lavage fluid-phospholipids (PL's) after a maternal thrombin-shock have been studied in 1 and 5 h old newborn rabbits delivered at days 28 and 30 of gestation. In lung wash the amount of PL increases during the period of gestation and during the first hours of life. In asphyxiated mature animals the PL-content is statistically significantly decreased. The very low PL-content of the lung wash in premature born animals is not affected by asphyxia. The amount of phosphatidyl choline (PC) as a percentage of total PL is unchanged in all animals studied. The PL and PC content in the lung tissue follows the same developmental pattern but the differences are not statistically significant. Changes in the lung weight/body weight (LW/BW)--ratio after asphyxia show a disturbed development of the newborn lung, too.", "contents": "Lung alterations in newborn rabbits after maternal thrombin-shock. II. Lung phospholipids. Alterations of the lung- and lung lavage fluid-phospholipids (PL's) after a maternal thrombin-shock have been studied in 1 and 5 h old newborn rabbits delivered at days 28 and 30 of gestation. In lung wash the amount of PL increases during the period of gestation and during the first hours of life. In asphyxiated mature animals the PL-content is statistically significantly decreased. The very low PL-content of the lung wash in premature born animals is not affected by asphyxia. The amount of phosphatidyl choline (PC) as a percentage of total PL is unchanged in all animals studied. The PL and PC content in the lung tissue follows the same developmental pattern but the differences are not statistically significant. Changes in the lung weight/body weight (LW/BW)--ratio after asphyxia show a disturbed development of the newborn lung, too.", "PMID": 510453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8762", "title": "Hypotonic unmasking of erythrocyte receptor sites.", "content": "The study reports on plasmalemmal perturbation of erythrocytes under osmotic stress. In comparison with isotonic human erythrocytes a 10 minutes incubation in 150 mosm sodium cacodylate pH 7.4 at 20 degrees C results in an increase of the anti AH P binding rate by a factor of two. 0.1 M N-acetyl galactosamine inhibits the binding of anti-AH P of both isotonic and hypotonic red cells. Contrary to isotonic mouse erythrocytes the agglutination with peritoneal murine leukocytes of hypotonic red cells is greatly enhanced provided the erythrocytes have been incubated in autologous serum. The findings are considered evidence of the unmasking of binding sites due to nonspecific rearrangement of membrane constituents.", "contents": "Hypotonic unmasking of erythrocyte receptor sites. The study reports on plasmalemmal perturbation of erythrocytes under osmotic stress. In comparison with isotonic human erythrocytes a 10 minutes incubation in 150 mosm sodium cacodylate pH 7.4 at 20 degrees C results in an increase of the anti AH P binding rate by a factor of two. 0.1 M N-acetyl galactosamine inhibits the binding of anti-AH P of both isotonic and hypotonic red cells. Contrary to isotonic mouse erythrocytes the agglutination with peritoneal murine leukocytes of hypotonic red cells is greatly enhanced provided the erythrocytes have been incubated in autologous serum. The findings are considered evidence of the unmasking of binding sites due to nonspecific rearrangement of membrane constituents.", "PMID": 510454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8763", "title": "Quantitative stereological studies on the mechanism of immunosuppressive effect of nitrogen mustards of benzimidazole derivatives: the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "The effect on antigen uptake and digestion in macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) of 2 compounds of a series of benzimidazole nitrogen mustard derivatives has been investigated by ultrastructural quantitative stereological techniques in order to enlighten some mechanisms of the immunosuppressive effect of especially one of the chemicals. One compound, ZIMET 3393 (Cytostasan), is a powerful cancerostatic with only moderate immunosuppressive side effects while ZIMET 3164 proved an effective immunosuppressant with low cytostatic action. Results of a recent study (FRITSCH and GOTHE 1979) have lent support to the hypothesis that immunosuppression can be induced by an inhibition of antigen processing by macrophages through a membrane-stabilizing effect of the chemicals under investigation. It can be shown in the present study that in the case of ZIMET 3164 an increased competitive antigen phagocytosis and digestion takes place in PMNL. This alternative pathway of antigen processing is suggested to be ineffective with respect to enhancement of immune responses compared with that through macrophages, thus providing an additional possible mechanism of chemical immunosuppression.", "contents": "Quantitative stereological studies on the mechanism of immunosuppressive effect of nitrogen mustards of benzimidazole derivatives: the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. The effect on antigen uptake and digestion in macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) of 2 compounds of a series of benzimidazole nitrogen mustard derivatives has been investigated by ultrastructural quantitative stereological techniques in order to enlighten some mechanisms of the immunosuppressive effect of especially one of the chemicals. One compound, ZIMET 3393 (Cytostasan), is a powerful cancerostatic with only moderate immunosuppressive side effects while ZIMET 3164 proved an effective immunosuppressant with low cytostatic action. Results of a recent study (FRITSCH and GOTHE 1979) have lent support to the hypothesis that immunosuppression can be induced by an inhibition of antigen processing by macrophages through a membrane-stabilizing effect of the chemicals under investigation. It can be shown in the present study that in the case of ZIMET 3164 an increased competitive antigen phagocytosis and digestion takes place in PMNL. This alternative pathway of antigen processing is suggested to be ineffective with respect to enhancement of immune responses compared with that through macrophages, thus providing an additional possible mechanism of chemical immunosuppression.", "PMID": 510455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8764", "title": "Influence of cycloheximide on normal and induced delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (aminoketone synthesis) of rat liver in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "2 and 5 mg/kg cycloheximide given i.p. 30 minutes prior to the inducer allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) diminished or prevented the enhancement of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) activity in newborn rats. In adult rats the small AIA effect 24 hours after pretreatment was enhanced by 2 mg/kg cycloheximide i.p., when the inhibitor was injected 2 hours prior to the inducer. The basic aminoketone synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide alone. 150-600 microgram/ml cycloheximide had no effect on the aminoketone synthesis of rat liver slices in vitro during 4 hours of incubation. The in vitro induction by 0.6 mg/ml AIA was enhanced by cycloheximide, if the inducer was added 1 hour after preincubation with cycloheximide. It is supposed, that the cytoplasmically localized precursor-ALAS is activated at the beginning of the induction process prior to the initiation of de novo enzyme synthesis, at least in vitro.", "contents": "Influence of cycloheximide on normal and induced delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (aminoketone synthesis) of rat liver in vivo and in vitro. 2 and 5 mg/kg cycloheximide given i.p. 30 minutes prior to the inducer allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) diminished or prevented the enhancement of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) activity in newborn rats. In adult rats the small AIA effect 24 hours after pretreatment was enhanced by 2 mg/kg cycloheximide i.p., when the inhibitor was injected 2 hours prior to the inducer. The basic aminoketone synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide alone. 150-600 microgram/ml cycloheximide had no effect on the aminoketone synthesis of rat liver slices in vitro during 4 hours of incubation. The in vitro induction by 0.6 mg/ml AIA was enhanced by cycloheximide, if the inducer was added 1 hour after preincubation with cycloheximide. It is supposed, that the cytoplasmically localized precursor-ALAS is activated at the beginning of the induction process prior to the initiation of de novo enzyme synthesis, at least in vitro.", "PMID": 510456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8765", "title": "Stimulation of kidney function in rats of different ages injured by nephrotoxic agents.", "content": "Intensity and duration of nephrotoxic effects can be characterized by measurement of renal p-aminohippurate (PAH) excretion. Single administration of potassium dichromate or glycerol is followed by a marked decrease of renal PAH excretion in dependence on the time after the administration as well as on the dosage used. Both agents are without effect in young rats with an immature tubular transport system for organic anions. As observed previously in rats with intact kidney function, renal PAH excretion can also be stimulated in rats with potassium dichromate or glycerol induced kidney damage. Stimulation of renal PAH excretion is possible in injured rats by repeated administrations of PAH and cyclopenthiazide, respectively. Exactly, the duration of injury is shortened whereas the intensity of the nephrotoxic effect is not changed. However, this effect depends on the age of rats as well as on the nephrotoxic agent administered.", "contents": "Stimulation of kidney function in rats of different ages injured by nephrotoxic agents. Intensity and duration of nephrotoxic effects can be characterized by measurement of renal p-aminohippurate (PAH) excretion. Single administration of potassium dichromate or glycerol is followed by a marked decrease of renal PAH excretion in dependence on the time after the administration as well as on the dosage used. Both agents are without effect in young rats with an immature tubular transport system for organic anions. As observed previously in rats with intact kidney function, renal PAH excretion can also be stimulated in rats with potassium dichromate or glycerol induced kidney damage. Stimulation of renal PAH excretion is possible in injured rats by repeated administrations of PAH and cyclopenthiazide, respectively. Exactly, the duration of injury is shortened whereas the intensity of the nephrotoxic effect is not changed. However, this effect depends on the age of rats as well as on the nephrotoxic agent administered.", "PMID": 510457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8766", "title": "Influence of porcine corpus luteum extract on DNA synthesis and proliferation of cultivated fibroblasts and endothelial cells.", "content": "The angiogenic activity in corpus luteum (corpus luteum angiogenesis factor--CLAP) reported first by us in 1977 was enriched by ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Extracts produced in this way from corpora lutea of cyclus synchronized pigs have proven effective to stimulate DNA synthesis and proliferation of both calf aorta endothelial cells and primary mouse embryo fibroblasts cultivated either under optimal or suboptimal (depletion) conditions. The mitogenic action of these extracts has been found to be dose-dependent and similar to that of bovine brain extract produced according to the preparation method published by GOSPODAROWICZ.", "contents": "Influence of porcine corpus luteum extract on DNA synthesis and proliferation of cultivated fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The angiogenic activity in corpus luteum (corpus luteum angiogenesis factor--CLAP) reported first by us in 1977 was enriched by ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Extracts produced in this way from corpora lutea of cyclus synchronized pigs have proven effective to stimulate DNA synthesis and proliferation of both calf aorta endothelial cells and primary mouse embryo fibroblasts cultivated either under optimal or suboptimal (depletion) conditions. The mitogenic action of these extracts has been found to be dose-dependent and similar to that of bovine brain extract produced according to the preparation method published by GOSPODAROWICZ.", "PMID": 510458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8767", "title": "Comparison of protein and DNA synthesis assays of guinea pig spleen lymphocytes after stimulation with influenza virus antigen and phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "Two in vitro-methods for demonstration of cell-mediated immune response are compared: Protein and DNA synthesis for detection of in vitro influenza virus antigen- and mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation. Guinea pig spleen lymphocytes sensitized with influenza virus antigen were tested in a microadaptation of the lymphocyte transformation test using 14C- or 3H-leucine and 3H-thymidine. As a positive control for T-cell stimulation PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation was measured. The following results were obtained: 1. Kinetics of the incorporation of 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine in lymphocytes incubated with optimal and suboptimal PHA-doses respectively are quantitatively similar but different in time. 2. The results of the protein- and DNA-synthesis stimulation assays were correlated against influenza virus antigens, this could not be described by the comparison of cellular and single humoral parameters. 3. The administration of influenza virus antigens in CFA induced a more intensive cell-mediated reaction than injections of antigens in aqueous suspensions, but the results of both methods of CMI were correlated. 4. The optimal CMI under the experimental conditions described is induced by an administration of 30 to 50 microgram virus protein per animal and by a combined intramuscular--intraperitoneal immunization procedure. 5. The measurement of the early stimulation of protein synthesis in the PSS-test is substantially more rapid than for the classical LTT.", "contents": "Comparison of protein and DNA synthesis assays of guinea pig spleen lymphocytes after stimulation with influenza virus antigen and phytohemagglutinin. Two in vitro-methods for demonstration of cell-mediated immune response are compared: Protein and DNA synthesis for detection of in vitro influenza virus antigen- and mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation. Guinea pig spleen lymphocytes sensitized with influenza virus antigen were tested in a microadaptation of the lymphocyte transformation test using 14C- or 3H-leucine and 3H-thymidine. As a positive control for T-cell stimulation PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation was measured. The following results were obtained: 1. Kinetics of the incorporation of 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine in lymphocytes incubated with optimal and suboptimal PHA-doses respectively are quantitatively similar but different in time. 2. The results of the protein- and DNA-synthesis stimulation assays were correlated against influenza virus antigens, this could not be described by the comparison of cellular and single humoral parameters. 3. The administration of influenza virus antigens in CFA induced a more intensive cell-mediated reaction than injections of antigens in aqueous suspensions, but the results of both methods of CMI were correlated. 4. The optimal CMI under the experimental conditions described is induced by an administration of 30 to 50 microgram virus protein per animal and by a combined intramuscular--intraperitoneal immunization procedure. 5. The measurement of the early stimulation of protein synthesis in the PSS-test is substantially more rapid than for the classical LTT.", "PMID": 510459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8768", "title": "Studies on the quantification of local tissue injury following intramuscular injection of aqueous solutions. VIII. The local lesion after application of turimycin in different preparations.", "content": "The increase in drug concentration in aqueous solutions is not responded to by a comparable enlargement of volume of necrosis after intramuscular injection. After application of TURIMYCIN the lesion is more voluminous than those caused by penicillin, lower than those following OTESOLUT and nearly equal to those caused by 5% WOFAPYRIN (phenylbutazone + aminophenazone 1:1).", "contents": "Studies on the quantification of local tissue injury following intramuscular injection of aqueous solutions. VIII. The local lesion after application of turimycin in different preparations. The increase in drug concentration in aqueous solutions is not responded to by a comparable enlargement of volume of necrosis after intramuscular injection. After application of TURIMYCIN the lesion is more voluminous than those caused by penicillin, lower than those following OTESOLUT and nearly equal to those caused by 5% WOFAPYRIN (phenylbutazone + aminophenazone 1:1).", "PMID": 510460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8769", "title": "Post mortem changes in adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain striatum.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in rat striatum decreased post mortem. Half-lives were about 2.7 h at 22 degrees C, 72 h at 4 degrees C. Differences in stability after death of adenylate cyclase in human brain and rat striatum, and possible heterogenity of the enzyme, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Post mortem changes in adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain striatum. Adenylate cyclase activity in rat striatum decreased post mortem. Half-lives were about 2.7 h at 22 degrees C, 72 h at 4 degrees C. Differences in stability after death of adenylate cyclase in human brain and rat striatum, and possible heterogenity of the enzyme, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 510461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8770", "title": "Biotransformation of polyprenols by the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora.", "content": "The biotransformation of cleomeprenols-1-3H by the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval has been investigated. It was found that cleomeprenols fed to the larvae are transformed into long chain fatty acid esters that are excreted in the feces.", "contents": "Biotransformation of polyprenols by the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora. The biotransformation of cleomeprenols-1-3H by the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval has been investigated. It was found that cleomeprenols fed to the larvae are transformed into long chain fatty acid esters that are excreted in the feces.", "PMID": 510462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8771", "title": "Triglyceride metabolism in Ephestia cautella pupae exposed to carbon dioxide.", "content": "The triglyceride content of Ephestia cautella pupae exposed to increased carbon dioxide atmospheres at low relative humidity was not markedly affected. There was a significant increase in weight loss of pupae exposed to low relative humidity. Results indicate that for E. cautella, metabolic water formation by fat utilization can hardly regulate water exigencies for the pupae and cannot fully compensate for water losses in high carbon dioxide atmospheres.", "contents": "Triglyceride metabolism in Ephestia cautella pupae exposed to carbon dioxide. The triglyceride content of Ephestia cautella pupae exposed to increased carbon dioxide atmospheres at low relative humidity was not markedly affected. There was a significant increase in weight loss of pupae exposed to low relative humidity. Results indicate that for E. cautella, metabolic water formation by fat utilization can hardly regulate water exigencies for the pupae and cannot fully compensate for water losses in high carbon dioxide atmospheres.", "PMID": 510463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8772", "title": "Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in the mammalian kidney.", "content": "The egg-laying mammals (Prototheria) synthesize L-ascorbic acid only in kidney, as is characteristic of reptiles. Bandicoots (Marsupialia) synthesize it in both kidney and liver. 2 other species of marsupials (kangaroos) synthesize it primarily in liver, but some individuals also synthesize in kidney.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in the mammalian kidney. The egg-laying mammals (Prototheria) synthesize L-ascorbic acid only in kidney, as is characteristic of reptiles. Bandicoots (Marsupialia) synthesize it in both kidney and liver. 2 other species of marsupials (kangaroos) synthesize it primarily in liver, but some individuals also synthesize in kidney.", "PMID": 510464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8773", "title": "A thin-layer chromatographic assay for measuring pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic procedure for measuring pineal HIOMT activity is described, based on the methylation of NAS to melatonin. The method enables simple and accurate determination in small aliquots from a single pineal organ homogenate.", "contents": "A thin-layer chromatographic assay for measuring pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity. A thin-layer chromatographic procedure for measuring pineal HIOMT activity is described, based on the methylation of NAS to melatonin. The method enables simple and accurate determination in small aliquots from a single pineal organ homogenate.", "PMID": 510465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8774", "title": "Serum cholesterol levels in a Nigerian population sample.", "content": "Serum cholesterol was determined in 104 healthy Nigerians (57 males and 47 females). The average cholesterol concentration was 187 +/- 72.8 mg/100 ml (mean +/- SD) with a range of 60-480 mg/100 ml. Cholesterol levels were higher in males than in females and increased with age. Distribution of cholesterol level was generally skew to the left.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol levels in a Nigerian population sample. Serum cholesterol was determined in 104 healthy Nigerians (57 males and 47 females). The average cholesterol concentration was 187 +/- 72.8 mg/100 ml (mean +/- SD) with a range of 60-480 mg/100 ml. Cholesterol levels were higher in males than in females and increased with age. Distribution of cholesterol level was generally skew to the left.", "PMID": 510466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8775", "title": "The metabolism of the soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the rat.", "content": "The soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (I) undergoes hydrolysis in the rat to a series of epoxide metabolites. Alkylation of glutathione by these epoxides produces 2 urinary metabolites identified as the mercapturic acids VI (R=COCH3) and VII (R-COCH3). Hydrolysis of the epoxides produces the male antifertility agents alpha-chlorohydrin (IX, X-Cl) and alpha-bromohydrin (IX, X-Br) which are oxidatively metabolized to oxalic acid (XII), thus causing renal damage. These metabolic pathways can explain the toxic nature of the fumigant as a carcinogen, a male chemosterilant and as an agent causing kidney damage.", "contents": "The metabolism of the soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the rat. The soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (I) undergoes hydrolysis in the rat to a series of epoxide metabolites. Alkylation of glutathione by these epoxides produces 2 urinary metabolites identified as the mercapturic acids VI (R=COCH3) and VII (R-COCH3). Hydrolysis of the epoxides produces the male antifertility agents alpha-chlorohydrin (IX, X-Cl) and alpha-bromohydrin (IX, X-Br) which are oxidatively metabolized to oxalic acid (XII), thus causing renal damage. These metabolic pathways can explain the toxic nature of the fumigant as a carcinogen, a male chemosterilant and as an agent causing kidney damage.", "PMID": 510467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8776", "title": "Karyology of the primitive salamanders, family Hynobiidae.", "content": "Karyotypes have been studied in 3 species of Hynobius and in 1 species each of the remaining genera of Hynobiids (Ranodon, Batrachuperus, Salamandrella and Onychodactylus). All species have large diploid numbers, between 56 and 66, and asymmetrical and bimodal karyotypes. DNA contents (2C) were found to vary between 33 and 51 pg. Determination was not possible in Onychodactylus where higher values may be suspected. Some of the karyotypes investigated are similar to those of Cryptobranchids. Phylogenetic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Karyology of the primitive salamanders, family Hynobiidae. Karyotypes have been studied in 3 species of Hynobius and in 1 species each of the remaining genera of Hynobiids (Ranodon, Batrachuperus, Salamandrella and Onychodactylus). All species have large diploid numbers, between 56 and 66, and asymmetrical and bimodal karyotypes. DNA contents (2C) were found to vary between 33 and 51 pg. Determination was not possible in Onychodactylus where higher values may be suspected. Some of the karyotypes investigated are similar to those of Cryptobranchids. Phylogenetic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 510468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8777", "title": "Cytogenetics of South American akodont rodents (Cricetidae). V. Segregation of chromosome No. 1 polymorphism in Akodon molinae.", "content": "Akodon molinae is polymorphic with 2n=42, 43, 44, where the metacentric autosome No. 1 is homologous to 2 acrocentrics 1a and 1b. Matings between 2n=43 heterozygotes 1/1a, 1b gave a surplus of 1/1 offspring, a moderate reduction of heterozygous and a strong reduction of homozygous 1a, 1b/1a, 1b offspring. The latter type also has a highly reduced fertility.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of South American akodont rodents (Cricetidae). V. Segregation of chromosome No. 1 polymorphism in Akodon molinae. Akodon molinae is polymorphic with 2n=42, 43, 44, where the metacentric autosome No. 1 is homologous to 2 acrocentrics 1a and 1b. Matings between 2n=43 heterozygotes 1/1a, 1b gave a surplus of 1/1 offspring, a moderate reduction of heterozygous and a strong reduction of homozygous 1a, 1b/1a, 1b offspring. The latter type also has a highly reduced fertility.", "PMID": 510469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8778", "title": "Instances of sex inversion in the domesticated swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Pisces, Osteichthyes).", "content": "3 protogynous hermaphrodites were found in a domesticated strain of Xiphophorus helleri, confirming much doubted observations by older authors. It therefore seems that sex determination may vary between strains, certain strains being strictly gonochoristic but others being capable of true hermaphroditism.", "contents": "Instances of sex inversion in the domesticated swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Pisces, Osteichthyes). 3 protogynous hermaphrodites were found in a domesticated strain of Xiphophorus helleri, confirming much doubted observations by older authors. It therefore seems that sex determination may vary between strains, certain strains being strictly gonochoristic but others being capable of true hermaphroditism.", "PMID": 510470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8779", "title": "A genetic study of intergradation between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis.", "content": "A study of geographic variation at 2 diagnostic allozyme loci in the mussels Mytilus edultis and M. galloprovincialis reveals considerable spatial variation, both in allele frequencies and in the extent of intergradation.", "contents": "A genetic study of intergradation between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. A study of geographic variation at 2 diagnostic allozyme loci in the mussels Mytilus edultis and M. galloprovincialis reveals considerable spatial variation, both in allele frequencies and in the extent of intergradation.", "PMID": 510471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8780", "title": "Role of oxygen radicals scavenging enzymes in the protoporphyrin induced photohemolysis.", "content": "Inhibition of superoxide dismutase by diethyldithiocarbamate or cyanide increases the rate of red blood cells lysis after irradiation in the presence of protoporphyrin IX. Catalase activity, which is decreased during the photohemolytic process, appears to be not essential for the lytic event. No relationship between catalase activity and hemolysis rate was found. Superoxide dismutase appears to prevent only in part catalase inactivation by singlet oxygen.", "contents": "Role of oxygen radicals scavenging enzymes in the protoporphyrin induced photohemolysis. Inhibition of superoxide dismutase by diethyldithiocarbamate or cyanide increases the rate of red blood cells lysis after irradiation in the presence of protoporphyrin IX. Catalase activity, which is decreased during the photohemolytic process, appears to be not essential for the lytic event. No relationship between catalase activity and hemolysis rate was found. Superoxide dismutase appears to prevent only in part catalase inactivation by singlet oxygen.", "PMID": 510472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8781", "title": "Inhibitory effect of beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis by blowfly fat body in vitro.", "content": "Synthesis of blow fly calliphorin and other blood proteins by larval fat body in organ culture is inhibited by beta-ecdysone. The findings suggest a novel function for the hormone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis by blowfly fat body in vitro. Synthesis of blow fly calliphorin and other blood proteins by larval fat body in organ culture is inhibited by beta-ecdysone. The findings suggest a novel function for the hormone.", "PMID": 510473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8782", "title": "The sterols of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts.", "content": "The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, does not dealkylate and convert dietary C28- or C29-Phytosterols to C27-sterols such as cholesterol. There is, however, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and campesterol in its tissues relative to the dietary concentrations of these sterols, presumably as a result of selective uptake.", "contents": "The sterols of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, does not dealkylate and convert dietary C28- or C29-Phytosterols to C27-sterols such as cholesterol. There is, however, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and campesterol in its tissues relative to the dietary concentrations of these sterols, presumably as a result of selective uptake.", "PMID": 510474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8783", "title": "External nares and olfactory perception.", "content": "Lower vertebrates have more widely separated external nares than higher forms and are thus better adapted to utilize olfactory tropotaxis, or stereolfaction, than higher vertebrates which, on account of their flexible necks, must utilize klinotaxis. Snakes and tubenosed bats break the rule on account of their specialized life styles.", "contents": "External nares and olfactory perception. Lower vertebrates have more widely separated external nares than higher forms and are thus better adapted to utilize olfactory tropotaxis, or stereolfaction, than higher vertebrates which, on account of their flexible necks, must utilize klinotaxis. Snakes and tubenosed bats break the rule on account of their specialized life styles.", "PMID": 510475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8784", "title": "Mitosis in the haemocytes of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera).", "content": "Among the haemocytes of Sarcophaga ruficornis, only the prohaemocytes divide. Injection of phytohaemagglutinin-P induces 100% prohaemocytes to undergo mitosis but does not induce mitosis in other cells. Mitotic stages other than the prophase are apparently very short lived.", "contents": "Mitosis in the haemocytes of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera). Among the haemocytes of Sarcophaga ruficornis, only the prohaemocytes divide. Injection of phytohaemagglutinin-P induces 100% prohaemocytes to undergo mitosis but does not induce mitosis in other cells. Mitotic stages other than the prophase are apparently very short lived.", "PMID": 510476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8785", "title": "4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-7-oxobenzo[b]thien-4-ylurea; Sulbenox1, a novel animal growth stimulant.", "content": "The title compound, a metabolite of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thien-4-ylurea, was synthesized and found to be an effective growth promoter in sheep, mice, and rats. In sheep it gave over a 6-week growth period at 15 and 60 ppm in the diet an economically and statistically significant growth response.", "contents": "4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-7-oxobenzo[b]thien-4-ylurea; Sulbenox1, a novel animal growth stimulant. The title compound, a metabolite of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thien-4-ylurea, was synthesized and found to be an effective growth promoter in sheep, mice, and rats. In sheep it gave over a 6-week growth period at 15 and 60 ppm in the diet an economically and statistically significant growth response.", "PMID": 510477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8786", "title": "On the significance of the rostral process of bipolar neurosecretory cells in the caudal neurosecretory system of certain catfishes.", "content": "Neurosecretory substance has been identified in the rostral process of bipolar neurosecretory cells of the caudal neurosecretory system in 4 Indian catfishes, using acid violet stain. The role of the rostral process in the transmission of the neurosecretory substance is discussed.", "contents": "On the significance of the rostral process of bipolar neurosecretory cells in the caudal neurosecretory system of certain catfishes. Neurosecretory substance has been identified in the rostral process of bipolar neurosecretory cells of the caudal neurosecretory system in 4 Indian catfishes, using acid violet stain. The role of the rostral process in the transmission of the neurosecretory substance is discussed.", "PMID": 510478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8787", "title": "The effects of legume seed extracts on plant virus infection.", "content": "Extracts from the seeds of 15 species of legume inhibited the infection of plants by viruses. Extracts could be divided into those with marked inhibitory activity reducible on heating and those with less marked inhibitory activity which increased on heating. Evidence is given is given to suggest that seed extracts contain both virus inhibitors and augmenters and that the inhibitors are high molecular weight proteins possibly related to lectins.", "contents": "The effects of legume seed extracts on plant virus infection. Extracts from the seeds of 15 species of legume inhibited the infection of plants by viruses. Extracts could be divided into those with marked inhibitory activity reducible on heating and those with less marked inhibitory activity which increased on heating. Evidence is given is given to suggest that seed extracts contain both virus inhibitors and augmenters and that the inhibitors are high molecular weight proteins possibly related to lectins.", "PMID": 510479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8788", "title": "Base pairing in messenger RNA's for small peptides.", "content": "Longest runs of Watson-Crick pairing in hypothetical m-RNA's for a number of natural peptides were no greater than those in the hypothetical m-RNA's for a large number of randomized amino acid sequences from these peptides. This shown that even if base-pairing in m-RNA were a biological requirement, it would little constrain the amino acid sequence.", "contents": "Base pairing in messenger RNA's for small peptides. Longest runs of Watson-Crick pairing in hypothetical m-RNA's for a number of natural peptides were no greater than those in the hypothetical m-RNA's for a large number of randomized amino acid sequences from these peptides. This shown that even if base-pairing in m-RNA were a biological requirement, it would little constrain the amino acid sequence.", "PMID": 510480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8789", "title": "Lemming cycles in captivity.", "content": "2 freely growing confined populations of Norwegian lemmings displayed population peaks and declines which were similar to natural populations. In most other studies of confined populations of rodents, the number of animals stabilized and maintained fairly constant numbers. Juvenile mortality and reduced pregnancy rate contributed to the decline.", "contents": "Lemming cycles in captivity. 2 freely growing confined populations of Norwegian lemmings displayed population peaks and declines which were similar to natural populations. In most other studies of confined populations of rodents, the number of animals stabilized and maintained fairly constant numbers. Juvenile mortality and reduced pregnancy rate contributed to the decline.", "PMID": 510481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8790", "title": "Potassium uptake by cold-resistant mouse L cells stored at low temperature.", "content": "Adaptation of a cultured mouse L cell population to 4 degrees C increased the survival of the cells and induced the uptake of potassium from the medium at this temperature.", "contents": "Potassium uptake by cold-resistant mouse L cells stored at low temperature. Adaptation of a cultured mouse L cell population to 4 degrees C increased the survival of the cells and induced the uptake of potassium from the medium at this temperature.", "PMID": 510482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8791", "title": "The effect of lidocaine on the secretion induced by cholera toxin in the cat small intestine.", "content": "The intraluminal administration of lidocaine, a local anaesthetic agent, inhibits the net loss of fluid into the intestinal lumen produced by cholera toxin in the cat. It is suggested that the activation of a nervous reflex is involved in the pathogenesis of cholera.", "contents": "The effect of lidocaine on the secretion induced by cholera toxin in the cat small intestine. The intraluminal administration of lidocaine, a local anaesthetic agent, inhibits the net loss of fluid into the intestinal lumen produced by cholera toxin in the cat. It is suggested that the activation of a nervous reflex is involved in the pathogenesis of cholera.", "PMID": 510483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8792", "title": "The excretion of urea by the larvae of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) during development.", "content": "The concentration of urea in the excreta of the 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera mauritia varies from 4.017 +/- 0.541 to 31.052 +/- 1.193 mumoles/g dry excreta (mean +/- SE). The observation confirms that urea excreted is of metabolic origin.", "contents": "The excretion of urea by the larvae of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) during development. The concentration of urea in the excreta of the 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera mauritia varies from 4.017 +/- 0.541 to 31.052 +/- 1.193 mumoles/g dry excreta (mean +/- SE). The observation confirms that urea excreted is of metabolic origin.", "PMID": 510484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8793", "title": "Haloperidol produces hypothermic effects in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of either haloperidol or chlorpromazine produced hypothermia both in the cold (8 degrees C) and at room temperature (22 degrees C). The hypothermia was brought about both by a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in the cutaneous temperature of tail and foot skin. However, at a higher temperature (29 degrees C), there were no changes in rectal temperature and other thermoregulatory responses.", "contents": "Haloperidol produces hypothermic effects in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of either haloperidol or chlorpromazine produced hypothermia both in the cold (8 degrees C) and at room temperature (22 degrees C). The hypothermia was brought about both by a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in the cutaneous temperature of tail and foot skin. However, at a higher temperature (29 degrees C), there were no changes in rectal temperature and other thermoregulatory responses.", "PMID": 510485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8794", "title": "Ca2+-binding to erythrocyte membrane of hypertensive men and rats: effects of acetylcholine and eserine.", "content": "Both acetylcholine and eserine affect Ca2+-binding to mammalian erythrocyte membranes. Differences in Ca2+-binding between normotensive and hypertensive groups (human as well as rats) was found under eserine influence.", "contents": "Ca2+-binding to erythrocyte membrane of hypertensive men and rats: effects of acetylcholine and eserine. Both acetylcholine and eserine affect Ca2+-binding to mammalian erythrocyte membranes. Differences in Ca2+-binding between normotensive and hypertensive groups (human as well as rats) was found under eserine influence.", "PMID": 510486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8795", "title": "Effect of theophylline and triiodothyronine on some early estrogenic responses in the rat uterus.", "content": "Theophylline increases and triodothyronine decreases uterine edema induced by physiological doses of estradiol-17 beta. Both of them decrease estrogen-induced uterine eosinophilia and the number of blood eosinophils, suggesting an explanation for the results in the uterus.", "contents": "Effect of theophylline and triiodothyronine on some early estrogenic responses in the rat uterus. Theophylline increases and triodothyronine decreases uterine edema induced by physiological doses of estradiol-17 beta. Both of them decrease estrogen-induced uterine eosinophilia and the number of blood eosinophils, suggesting an explanation for the results in the uterus.", "PMID": 510487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8796", "title": "The pharmacological relevance of vital staining with neutral red.", "content": "The uptake of neutral red into the renin-containing juxtaglomerular granules does not inhibit the release of renin either in basal or in stimulated states of renin secretion. The vasodilating effect of neutral red may be due to a nonspecific binding to noradrenaline-receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "The pharmacological relevance of vital staining with neutral red. The uptake of neutral red into the renin-containing juxtaglomerular granules does not inhibit the release of renin either in basal or in stimulated states of renin secretion. The vasodilating effect of neutral red may be due to a nonspecific binding to noradrenaline-receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 510488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8797", "title": "Skeletal muscle capillary densities during reactive hyperemia.", "content": "Reactive hyperemia was induced in hindlimbs of rats by occlusion of the femoral artery. Using fluorescein dye as a peripheral vascular marker, we observed that there was an increase in the number of flowing capillaries supplying the muscle fibres following release of the occlusion. The results indicate that the number of flowing capillaries is not dependent on the duration of occlusion (2-10 min).", "contents": "Skeletal muscle capillary densities during reactive hyperemia. Reactive hyperemia was induced in hindlimbs of rats by occlusion of the femoral artery. Using fluorescein dye as a peripheral vascular marker, we observed that there was an increase in the number of flowing capillaries supplying the muscle fibres following release of the occlusion. The results indicate that the number of flowing capillaries is not dependent on the duration of occlusion (2-10 min).", "PMID": 510489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8798", "title": "Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans.", "content": "Humans with unilateral ptosis are more myopic in the closed eye than in the normal eye. The effect seems unrelated to visual loss. In pairs of humans ranked for sleep and myopia, the more myopic tends to sleep the more. We conclude that eyelid closure causes myopia.", "contents": "Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Humans with unilateral ptosis are more myopic in the closed eye than in the normal eye. The effect seems unrelated to visual loss. In pairs of humans ranked for sleep and myopia, the more myopic tends to sleep the more. We conclude that eyelid closure causes myopia.", "PMID": 510490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8799", "title": "Features of intracellular calcium distribution in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).", "content": "The in vitro study of the kinetics of 45Ca efflux from adipose tissue of rats reveals 3 pools of exchangeable calcium. Calcium content in the intracellular pools of adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats is increased as compared to that in normotensive controls.", "contents": "Features of intracellular calcium distribution in the adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The in vitro study of the kinetics of 45Ca efflux from adipose tissue of rats reveals 3 pools of exchangeable calcium. Calcium content in the intracellular pools of adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats is increased as compared to that in normotensive controls.", "PMID": 510491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8800", "title": "Plasma branched-chain amino acids in cold- and heat-acclimatised rats.", "content": "The concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids, valine, isoleucine and leucine, were significantly elevated in cold-acclimatised rats, while these values were significantly reduced in heat-acclimatised rats, in both 2-week and 4-week temperature acclimatisation.", "contents": "Plasma branched-chain amino acids in cold- and heat-acclimatised rats. The concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids, valine, isoleucine and leucine, were significantly elevated in cold-acclimatised rats, while these values were significantly reduced in heat-acclimatised rats, in both 2-week and 4-week temperature acclimatisation.", "PMID": 510492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8801", "title": "Effect of para-methoxyphenylethylamine on chronic stress-induced hypertension in the rat.", "content": "This report presents data showing that par-methoxyphenylethylamine is effective in both preventing and reversing chronic stress-induced hypertension in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of para-methoxyphenylethylamine on chronic stress-induced hypertension in the rat. This report presents data showing that par-methoxyphenylethylamine is effective in both preventing and reversing chronic stress-induced hypertension in the rat.", "PMID": 510493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8802", "title": "Effect of reserpine on the larval-pupal moult of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera).", "content": "Significant retardation of G. mellonella development was induced by reserpine injected to the last instar larvae in doses having a long-lasting effect on the neurosecretory system.", "contents": "Effect of reserpine on the larval-pupal moult of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera). Significant retardation of G. mellonella development was induced by reserpine injected to the last instar larvae in doses having a long-lasting effect on the neurosecretory system.", "PMID": 510494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8803", "title": "Atypical mast cell degranulation and focal hydropic degeneration of venular endothelium in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis.", "content": "Atypical scroll-like and tubular degranulation of mast cells closely associated with focal endothelial hydropic degeneration is reported in human lung from 4 patients with diffuse fibrosing alveolitis in which the predominant abnormality was hyperplasia and desquamation of type 2 pneumocytes.", "contents": "Atypical mast cell degranulation and focal hydropic degeneration of venular endothelium in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis. Atypical scroll-like and tubular degranulation of mast cells closely associated with focal endothelial hydropic degeneration is reported in human lung from 4 patients with diffuse fibrosing alveolitis in which the predominant abnormality was hyperplasia and desquamation of type 2 pneumocytes.", "PMID": 510495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8804", "title": "DPH-induced macrocytosis in the 14-day rat foetus.", "content": "Phenytoin injected in the pregnant rat induces in the 14-day-old foetus macrocytosis of the primitive red blood cells which is sometimes linked with limb haemorrhages. The action of the drug is possibly the result of a blood circulation disturbance.", "contents": "DPH-induced macrocytosis in the 14-day rat foetus. Phenytoin injected in the pregnant rat induces in the 14-day-old foetus macrocytosis of the primitive red blood cells which is sometimes linked with limb haemorrhages. The action of the drug is possibly the result of a blood circulation disturbance.", "PMID": 510496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8805", "title": "Inhibitory effect of atropine on the isoprenaline-induced increase in vasopressin plasma concentration in rats.", "content": "The isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma levels of vasopressin in conscious rats was reduced by intravenous and intracerebroventricular applications of atropine. It is concluded that central neurons with muscarinic receptors contribute to the isoprenaline-induced vasopressin release.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of atropine on the isoprenaline-induced increase in vasopressin plasma concentration in rats. The isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma levels of vasopressin in conscious rats was reduced by intravenous and intracerebroventricular applications of atropine. It is concluded that central neurons with muscarinic receptors contribute to the isoprenaline-induced vasopressin release.", "PMID": 510497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8806", "title": "A study of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulated intestinal fluid secretion in rat and its inhibition by indomethacin.", "content": "4 groups of rats were studied under anaesthesia to assess the effect of VIP and the influence of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin in isolated bowel loops. VIP produced a highly significant increase in the luminal fluid content and this was completely inhibited by addition of indomethacin.", "contents": "A study of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stimulated intestinal fluid secretion in rat and its inhibition by indomethacin. 4 groups of rats were studied under anaesthesia to assess the effect of VIP and the influence of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin in isolated bowel loops. VIP produced a highly significant increase in the luminal fluid content and this was completely inhibited by addition of indomethacin.", "PMID": 510498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8807", "title": "A quantitative study of the catecholamine-fluorescence in the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat.", "content": "In the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat, there are principle neurons which are able to take up offered catecholamines. Normally there is an inverse relationship between their size and their mean catecholamine-fluorescence. A comparison with the catecholamine-fluorescence of depleted and repleted adrenergic perikarya in the ganglion cervicale superius is made.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the catecholamine-fluorescence in the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat. In the ganglion paracervicale uteri of the rat, there are principle neurons which are able to take up offered catecholamines. Normally there is an inverse relationship between their size and their mean catecholamine-fluorescence. A comparison with the catecholamine-fluorescence of depleted and repleted adrenergic perikarya in the ganglion cervicale superius is made.", "PMID": 510499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8808", "title": "Lymph node metastases of EMT6 tumour in nude mice.", "content": "Metastatic axillary lymph nodes following the injection of EMT6 tumour cells were observed in athymic nude mice, more often in female animals, and had a rapid growth rate. These metastases did not develop in syngeneic hosts. The latency of their appearance was inversely related to the number of injected cells.", "contents": "Lymph node metastases of EMT6 tumour in nude mice. Metastatic axillary lymph nodes following the injection of EMT6 tumour cells were observed in athymic nude mice, more often in female animals, and had a rapid growth rate. These metastases did not develop in syngeneic hosts. The latency of their appearance was inversely related to the number of injected cells.", "PMID": 510500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8809", "title": "Inhibition by tryptophan of nucleolar RNA synthesis in salivary gland nuclei of Chironomus thummi.", "content": "Tryptophan, but not glutamine and lysine, inhibits the incorporation of 3H-uridine into nucleoli of explanted salivary glands by about 60%. In isolated nuclei also, the nucleolar incorporation of 3H-uridine triphosphate is reduced to about 50% by tryptophan. It is concluded that tryptophan acts directly at the nuclear level and the possible mechanisms.", "contents": "Inhibition by tryptophan of nucleolar RNA synthesis in salivary gland nuclei of Chironomus thummi. Tryptophan, but not glutamine and lysine, inhibits the incorporation of 3H-uridine into nucleoli of explanted salivary glands by about 60%. In isolated nuclei also, the nucleolar incorporation of 3H-uridine triphosphate is reduced to about 50% by tryptophan. It is concluded that tryptophan acts directly at the nuclear level and the possible mechanisms.", "PMID": 510501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8810", "title": "Microperoxisomes in steroidogenic cells of the rat ovary: interstitial, thecal and luteal cells.", "content": "Microperoxisomes are present in luteal, interstitial and thecal cells. They are in close relation with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipids. Their probable role in steroid biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Microperoxisomes in steroidogenic cells of the rat ovary: interstitial, thecal and luteal cells. Microperoxisomes are present in luteal, interstitial and thecal cells. They are in close relation with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipids. Their probable role in steroid biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 510502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8811", "title": "Effects of low temperatures on survival of frozen-thawed mouse embryos.", "content": "Almost no damage to mouse morulae was observed between 0 and -40 degrees C, and freezing damage to embryos in DMSO, glycerol or ethylene glycol occurred after exposure to -60, -50 or -50 degrees C, respectively. Cooling embryos in DMSO or glycerol to temperatures below -50 to -60 degrees C increased freezing damage. To the contrary, in the presence of ethylene glycol, no more damage occurred after exposure to temperatures below -50 degrees C.", "contents": "Effects of low temperatures on survival of frozen-thawed mouse embryos. Almost no damage to mouse morulae was observed between 0 and -40 degrees C, and freezing damage to embryos in DMSO, glycerol or ethylene glycol occurred after exposure to -60, -50 or -50 degrees C, respectively. Cooling embryos in DMSO or glycerol to temperatures below -50 to -60 degrees C increased freezing damage. To the contrary, in the presence of ethylene glycol, no more damage occurred after exposure to temperatures below -50 degrees C.", "PMID": 510503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8812", "title": "Cyclosporins: immunosuppressive agents with antitumor activity.", "content": "Initial screening of the 2 recently developed immunosuppressive agents, cyclosporin A and cyclosporin C, in 11 murine transplantable neoplasms revealed significant increase of lifespan with long-term survivors after i.p. injection to the ascites tumors, Taper liver, Sarcoma 180J and Ehrlich.", "contents": "Cyclosporins: immunosuppressive agents with antitumor activity. Initial screening of the 2 recently developed immunosuppressive agents, cyclosporin A and cyclosporin C, in 11 murine transplantable neoplasms revealed significant increase of lifespan with long-term survivors after i.p. injection to the ascites tumors, Taper liver, Sarcoma 180J and Ehrlich.", "PMID": 510504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8813", "title": "The effects of decreased glucose concentrations on the in vitro development of the post-blastocyst mouse embryo in a fetal calf serum- or bovine serum albumin-supplemented medium.", "content": "Decreasing the glucose concentration from 1.0 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml has no detrimental effects on post-blastocyst embryo development when either dialyzed fetal calf serum serum (20%) or bovine serum albumin (4.0 mg/ml) is used to supplement Eagle's Basal Medium (BME). Development is reduced in both serum- and BSA-supplemented BME devoid of glucose in comparison to glucose controls. Serum-supplemented media support better overall development than BSA-supplemented media.", "contents": "The effects of decreased glucose concentrations on the in vitro development of the post-blastocyst mouse embryo in a fetal calf serum- or bovine serum albumin-supplemented medium. Decreasing the glucose concentration from 1.0 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml has no detrimental effects on post-blastocyst embryo development when either dialyzed fetal calf serum serum (20%) or bovine serum albumin (4.0 mg/ml) is used to supplement Eagle's Basal Medium (BME). Development is reduced in both serum- and BSA-supplemented BME devoid of glucose in comparison to glucose controls. Serum-supplemented media support better overall development than BSA-supplemented media.", "PMID": 510505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8814", "title": "Effect of human seminal plasma on tumour-associated immunity in prostatic cancer. A preliminary report.", "content": "Evidence of significant suppression of tumour-associated immunity in patients with prostatic cancer by human seminal plasma (HuSPl) has been observed. Collation of the immunosuppressive property of HuSPl in this and previous studies, together with recent studies demonstrating experimental induction of prostatic cancer by spermatozoa and the relationship of prostatic cancer to sexual activity are suggestive of an etiologic role for SPl in prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Effect of human seminal plasma on tumour-associated immunity in prostatic cancer. A preliminary report. Evidence of significant suppression of tumour-associated immunity in patients with prostatic cancer by human seminal plasma (HuSPl) has been observed. Collation of the immunosuppressive property of HuSPl in this and previous studies, together with recent studies demonstrating experimental induction of prostatic cancer by spermatozoa and the relationship of prostatic cancer to sexual activity are suggestive of an etiologic role for SPl in prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 510506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8815", "title": "Release of gastrointestinal hormones following an oral water load.", "content": "The ingestion of 2 different water loads (7.5 and 15 ml/kg) by healthy subjects stimulated the release of plasma motilin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and VIP. Atropine was found to block the release of PP but not the other hormones.", "contents": "Release of gastrointestinal hormones following an oral water load. The ingestion of 2 different water loads (7.5 and 15 ml/kg) by healthy subjects stimulated the release of plasma motilin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and VIP. Atropine was found to block the release of PP but not the other hormones.", "PMID": 510507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8816", "title": "Seasonal variations in vasopressin secretion in rats.", "content": "Plasma vasopressin concentrations and vasopressin content in neurohypophysis in rats show seasonal variations; namely, high in summer and low in winter.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in vasopressin secretion in rats. Plasma vasopressin concentrations and vasopressin content in neurohypophysis in rats show seasonal variations; namely, high in summer and low in winter.", "PMID": 510508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8817", "title": "Calcitonin: effect on protein synthesis in different rat tissues.", "content": "Protein synthesis was inhibited in the pancreas whereas it was enhanced in the kidney and intestine (jejunum-ileum) after a single injection of porcine calcitonin (20 MRC units/kg b.wt). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into total protein in the brain, heart, liver and stomach did not change after the hormone treatment.", "contents": "Calcitonin: effect on protein synthesis in different rat tissues. Protein synthesis was inhibited in the pancreas whereas it was enhanced in the kidney and intestine (jejunum-ileum) after a single injection of porcine calcitonin (20 MRC units/kg b.wt). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into total protein in the brain, heart, liver and stomach did not change after the hormone treatment.", "PMID": 510509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8818", "title": "Variations of the labelling index in vitro of rat mammary gland in pregnancy and early lactation.", "content": "The labelling index of rat mammary gland during oestrus, pregnancy and early lactation was studied in vitro. The implications concerning the existence of a critical cell division are discussed.", "contents": "Variations of the labelling index in vitro of rat mammary gland in pregnancy and early lactation. The labelling index of rat mammary gland during oestrus, pregnancy and early lactation was studied in vitro. The implications concerning the existence of a critical cell division are discussed.", "PMID": 510510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8819", "title": "Photoperiodic effects in the Djungarian hamster: one minute of light during darktime mimics influence of long photoperiods on testicular recrudescence, body weight and pelage colour.", "content": "In male Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) short photoperiods (L/D 8/16) with additional 1- or 5-min light-pulses 8 h after light-off were as effective as long photoperiods (L/D 16/8) in stimulating testicular recrudescence, increase in body weight and moult into summer pelage. The results are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that the pattern of melatonin release from the pineal gland is important in mediating photoperiodic effects in mammals.", "contents": "Photoperiodic effects in the Djungarian hamster: one minute of light during darktime mimics influence of long photoperiods on testicular recrudescence, body weight and pelage colour. In male Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) short photoperiods (L/D 8/16) with additional 1- or 5-min light-pulses 8 h after light-off were as effective as long photoperiods (L/D 16/8) in stimulating testicular recrudescence, increase in body weight and moult into summer pelage. The results are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that the pattern of melatonin release from the pineal gland is important in mediating photoperiodic effects in mammals.", "PMID": 510511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8820", "title": "Endocrine control of lysosomal alterations in rat liver during the perinatal period.", "content": "Within hours of birth, some physical properties of liver lysosomes are modified. These alterations, which may be related to the autophagic vacuoles formation known to occur during this period, were inhibited by insulin administration. Glucagon, a potent inducer of autophagy in adult rat liver, did not anticipate this process in fetal liver. Our results suggest that the decrease of plasma insulin immediately after birth is an important factor in the development of hepatic autophagy.", "contents": "Endocrine control of lysosomal alterations in rat liver during the perinatal period. Within hours of birth, some physical properties of liver lysosomes are modified. These alterations, which may be related to the autophagic vacuoles formation known to occur during this period, were inhibited by insulin administration. Glucagon, a potent inducer of autophagy in adult rat liver, did not anticipate this process in fetal liver. Our results suggest that the decrease of plasma insulin immediately after birth is an important factor in the development of hepatic autophagy.", "PMID": 510512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8821", "title": "Acupuncture points and cutaneous nerves.", "content": "In view of the number of workers who have confirmed the presence of cutaneous nerves beneath acupuncture points, a plea is made not to dismiss them too lightly or hastily at this point in the search for the mechanisms of acupuncture.", "contents": "Acupuncture points and cutaneous nerves. In view of the number of workers who have confirmed the presence of cutaneous nerves beneath acupuncture points, a plea is made not to dismiss them too lightly or hastily at this point in the search for the mechanisms of acupuncture.", "PMID": 510513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8822", "title": "Hemopoietic stem growth on a capillary stage.", "content": "A hollow fibre capillary stage was used for the maintenance and renewal of hemopoietic stem cells in extra corporeal conditions. The partial success of this technique is due to the preservation of cell-cell contacts and interactions within the tissue sections.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem growth on a capillary stage. A hollow fibre capillary stage was used for the maintenance and renewal of hemopoietic stem cells in extra corporeal conditions. The partial success of this technique is due to the preservation of cell-cell contacts and interactions within the tissue sections.", "PMID": 510514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8823", "title": "New aporphine alkaloids of Ocotea minarum.", "content": "Fourteen aporphine alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of a Brazilian Lauracea, Ocotea minarum Nees (Mez). The known alkaloids were identified through their physico-chemical properties as: leucoxylonine (VII), dicentrine (IV), ocoteine (V), leucoxine (VI), ocopodine (VIII), predicentrine (IX), dicentrinone (XIV) and thalicminine (XV). Six new aporphine alkaloids were also isolated: ocotominarine (I), ocominarine (III), nor-leucoxylonine (XI), iso-oconovine (xii), 4-hydroxydicentrine (XIII) and ocominarone (XVI). Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and chemical correlations.", "contents": "New aporphine alkaloids of Ocotea minarum. Fourteen aporphine alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of a Brazilian Lauracea, Ocotea minarum Nees (Mez). The known alkaloids were identified through their physico-chemical properties as: leucoxylonine (VII), dicentrine (IV), ocoteine (V), leucoxine (VI), ocopodine (VIII), predicentrine (IX), dicentrinone (XIV) and thalicminine (XV). Six new aporphine alkaloids were also isolated: ocotominarine (I), ocominarine (III), nor-leucoxylonine (XI), iso-oconovine (xii), 4-hydroxydicentrine (XIII) and ocominarone (XVI). Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and chemical correlations.", "PMID": 510527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8824", "title": "[Clathrates of unsaturated hydroxamic acids with antifungal acitivity].", "content": "Urea complexes of 10-undecen-hydroxamic acid (III) and trans-2-dodecen-hydroxamic acid (IV) were prepared with the aim of testing antifungal activity. No significant difference of activity between the complexes and corresponding hydroxamic acids was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Clathrates of unsaturated hydroxamic acids with antifungal acitivity]. Urea complexes of 10-undecen-hydroxamic acid (III) and trans-2-dodecen-hydroxamic acid (IV) were prepared with the aim of testing antifungal activity. No significant difference of activity between the complexes and corresponding hydroxamic acids was demonstrated.", "PMID": 510528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8825", "title": "[Cardiovascular effect of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. VIII].", "content": "A series of carboxy- and carbomethoxyalkyl derivatives of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiaidazin-1,1-dioxide either substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring [compounds (I leads to XVIII)] was prepared and tested for cardiovascular activity. It was found that the introduction of a carboxy-or carbalkoxy-group in the omega position of 3-alkylamino derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide usually causes marked decrease or abolition of the cardiovascular activity shown by the parent compounds. The negative effect on the pressor trace (hypotension and increase in differential pressure) is more frequent and significant than that on bradycardial activity.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effect of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. VIII]. A series of carboxy- and carbomethoxyalkyl derivatives of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzothiaidazin-1,1-dioxide either substituted or unsubstituted in the benzene ring [compounds (I leads to XVIII)] was prepared and tested for cardiovascular activity. It was found that the introduction of a carboxy-or carbalkoxy-group in the omega position of 3-alkylamino derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide usually causes marked decrease or abolition of the cardiovascular activity shown by the parent compounds. The negative effect on the pressor trace (hypotension and increase in differential pressure) is more frequent and significant than that on bradycardial activity.", "PMID": 510529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8826", "title": "4-Demethoxy-4-alkoxydaunorubicins.", "content": "The synthesis and the antitumor activities of a group of 4-demethoxy-4-alkoxydaunorubicins (VIII) are reported. The new compounds were found to have an activity equal or superior to that of daunorubicin, at somewhat higher doses.", "contents": "4-Demethoxy-4-alkoxydaunorubicins. The synthesis and the antitumor activities of a group of 4-demethoxy-4-alkoxydaunorubicins (VIII) are reported. The new compounds were found to have an activity equal or superior to that of daunorubicin, at somewhat higher doses.", "PMID": 510530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8827", "title": "[Theophylline 7-substitutes. III. Arylderivatives].", "content": "Some 7-aryltheophyllines were prepared and pharmacologically screened. They showed low toxicity, sedative properties and, in some cases, anticonvulsant activity.", "contents": "[Theophylline 7-substitutes. III. Arylderivatives]. Some 7-aryltheophyllines were prepared and pharmacologically screened. They showed low toxicity, sedative properties and, in some cases, anticonvulsant activity.", "PMID": 510531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8828", "title": "[Condensation of 3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazolo with acylpyruvic and ethoxymethylenacetic esters].", "content": "The synthesis of ethyl 2-phenyl-7-alkyl (or 7-phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-5-carboxylate and ethyl 2-phenyl-7-alkyl (or 7-phenyl)pyrazolo[1.5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate are reported. Decarboxylation of the acids, obtained by hydrolysis of the above esters, yields the same compounds. N.M.R. data on the reduction products of the ethyl 6-carboxylate confirm all the assigned structures.", "contents": "[Condensation of 3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazolo with acylpyruvic and ethoxymethylenacetic esters]. The synthesis of ethyl 2-phenyl-7-alkyl (or 7-phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-5-carboxylate and ethyl 2-phenyl-7-alkyl (or 7-phenyl)pyrazolo[1.5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate are reported. Decarboxylation of the acids, obtained by hydrolysis of the above esters, yields the same compounds. N.M.R. data on the reduction products of the ethyl 6-carboxylate confirm all the assigned structures.", "PMID": 510532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8829", "title": "Doxorubicin 14-ethers.", "content": "The synthesis and the antitumor activities of a group of doxorubicin (adriamycin) 14-ethers are reported. The new compounds were found to have an activity similar to that of daunorubicin, at somewhat higher doses, but inferior to that of doxorubicin.", "contents": "Doxorubicin 14-ethers. The synthesis and the antitumor activities of a group of doxorubicin (adriamycin) 14-ethers are reported. The new compounds were found to have an activity similar to that of daunorubicin, at somewhat higher doses, but inferior to that of doxorubicin.", "PMID": 510533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8830", "title": "[Research on agents with antineoplastic activity. LXIII. Anthramycin and analogous compounds. X. Synthesis of 11-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine derivatives].", "content": "Reaction between arolychlorides and 1-(2-aminobenzyl)-2-cyanopyrrole afforded the corresponding aroylamides, which were transformed by intramolecular cyclization into 11-aryl-3-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines. Hydrolysis of cyanoderivatives furnished the corresponding amides or acids depending on the reaction conditions. Decarboxylation and reduction of some derivatives to afford 11-aryl-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines and 11-aryl-3-cyano-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines are described.", "contents": "[Research on agents with antineoplastic activity. LXIII. Anthramycin and analogous compounds. X. Synthesis of 11-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine derivatives]. Reaction between arolychlorides and 1-(2-aminobenzyl)-2-cyanopyrrole afforded the corresponding aroylamides, which were transformed by intramolecular cyclization into 11-aryl-3-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines. Hydrolysis of cyanoderivatives furnished the corresponding amides or acids depending on the reaction conditions. Decarboxylation and reduction of some derivatives to afford 11-aryl-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines and 11-aryl-3-cyano-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepines are described.", "PMID": 510534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8831", "title": "Quantitating ruminal turnover.", "content": "Basic principles of in vivo kinetics are reviewed as they apply to the digestive process in ruminants. Emphasis is on application and limitations of techniques for measuring ruminal turnover of undigested feed residues. This turnover can best be measured by using feed particles whose organic constituent(s) contain uniform concentrations of an isotope. Alternatively, rare earths remain attached to feed residues throughout the digestive tract and can also be used. Appropriate application of mathematical methods must consider ingestaflow as a multicompartment process.", "contents": "Quantitating ruminal turnover. Basic principles of in vivo kinetics are reviewed as they apply to the digestive process in ruminants. Emphasis is on application and limitations of techniques for measuring ruminal turnover of undigested feed residues. This turnover can best be measured by using feed particles whose organic constituent(s) contain uniform concentrations of an isotope. Alternatively, rare earths remain attached to feed residues throughout the digestive tract and can also be used. Appropriate application of mathematical methods must consider ingestaflow as a multicompartment process.", "PMID": 510556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8832", "title": "Influence of ruminal turnover on site and extent of digestion.", "content": "Ruminal turnover rate plays a major role in ruminant nutrition. Theoretical considerations have been developed and several excellent models are available. Newer methods in marker technology offer opportunity for collection of accurate data. Few good studies have been published. This paper covers the above considerations and gives a critical evaluation of some published data. Increased ruminal turnover of liquid alters ruminal fermentation toward more acetate, butyrate and methane and less propionate. It also results in a greater rate of passage of small feed particles of any type. The effect on total digestion depends on feed composition and physical form. Total fiber digestion is usually reduced. Ruminal liquid turnover is increased by increased level of intake, addition of coarse fiber to rations, and osmotically active agents. It is reduced by some mineral complexes and monensin, and by reducing average particle size. Solid turnover rate is increased by reduced particle size and by several factors that influence liquid turnover. The rate of particle size reduction to a critical size is important in any description of solid turnover rate. Literature data that relate to ruminal turnover and in vivo digestion are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of ruminal turnover on site and extent of digestion. Ruminal turnover rate plays a major role in ruminant nutrition. Theoretical considerations have been developed and several excellent models are available. Newer methods in marker technology offer opportunity for collection of accurate data. Few good studies have been published. This paper covers the above considerations and gives a critical evaluation of some published data. Increased ruminal turnover of liquid alters ruminal fermentation toward more acetate, butyrate and methane and less propionate. It also results in a greater rate of passage of small feed particles of any type. The effect on total digestion depends on feed composition and physical form. Total fiber digestion is usually reduced. Ruminal liquid turnover is increased by increased level of intake, addition of coarse fiber to rations, and osmotically active agents. It is reduced by some mineral complexes and monensin, and by reducing average particle size. Solid turnover rate is increased by reduced particle size and by several factors that influence liquid turnover. The rate of particle size reduction to a critical size is important in any description of solid turnover rate. Literature data that relate to ruminal turnover and in vivo digestion are discussed.", "PMID": 510558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8833", "title": "Intracellular ion activities in Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "Ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure the intracellular activities of Na, K, and Cl in proximal tubules of the perfused Necturus kidney. Cell Cl was 2-3 times higher than the value predicted for passive distribution during perfusion with normal Ringer; intracellular Na was far below the level for passive distribution. Cell Na and Cl fell to very low values when the lumen was NaCl-free. Cl entry into the tubule cell from the lumen required luminal Na. Na entered the cell across the luminal membrane both by diffusion and by coupled movement with Cl.", "contents": "Intracellular ion activities in Necturus proximal tubule. Ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure the intracellular activities of Na, K, and Cl in proximal tubules of the perfused Necturus kidney. Cell Cl was 2-3 times higher than the value predicted for passive distribution during perfusion with normal Ringer; intracellular Na was far below the level for passive distribution. Cell Na and Cl fell to very low values when the lumen was NaCl-free. Cl entry into the tubule cell from the lumen required luminal Na. Na entered the cell across the luminal membrane both by diffusion and by coupled movement with Cl.", "PMID": 510561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8834", "title": "Electrochemical potentials in frog skin: inferences for electrical and mechanistic models.", "content": "To evaluate possible mechanisms of transport at apical and basolateral barriers of Na transporting cells of epithelia, it is necessary to know the difference of electrochemical potentials at each barrier. A reevaluation in light of new data of intracellular voltages of frog skin leads to fundamental questions concerning the origin of the voltages at both inner and outer barriers of this tissue. Whereas the inner barrier is highly selective for K, confirming the observations of Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing, the voltage across the inner barrier, Vi, especially in the absence of transepithelial Na transport, may be greater than the Nernst equilibrium potential for K estimated from the maximum values of intracellular [K] reported in the literature. Consequently, it is proposed that the Na:K pumps may, under some conditions, behave not only as a Na:K exchange pump but also as a cation extrusion pump for K especially when intracellular [Na] falls to low levels. In order to explain the relationship between Na entry and the voltage at the outer barrier, it is proposed that the conductance of the outer barrier is voltage dependent, in line with previous observations of the nonlinear electrical behavior of the apical barrier of Na transporting cells. Thus, the outer barrier may behave as a simple voltage independent resistor with a Th\u00e9venin electromotive force of zero at negative intracellular voltages despite the existence of a chemical potential for Na at this barrier.", "contents": "Electrochemical potentials in frog skin: inferences for electrical and mechanistic models. To evaluate possible mechanisms of transport at apical and basolateral barriers of Na transporting cells of epithelia, it is necessary to know the difference of electrochemical potentials at each barrier. A reevaluation in light of new data of intracellular voltages of frog skin leads to fundamental questions concerning the origin of the voltages at both inner and outer barriers of this tissue. Whereas the inner barrier is highly selective for K, confirming the observations of Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing, the voltage across the inner barrier, Vi, especially in the absence of transepithelial Na transport, may be greater than the Nernst equilibrium potential for K estimated from the maximum values of intracellular [K] reported in the literature. Consequently, it is proposed that the Na:K pumps may, under some conditions, behave not only as a Na:K exchange pump but also as a cation extrusion pump for K especially when intracellular [Na] falls to low levels. In order to explain the relationship between Na entry and the voltage at the outer barrier, it is proposed that the conductance of the outer barrier is voltage dependent, in line with previous observations of the nonlinear electrical behavior of the apical barrier of Na transporting cells. Thus, the outer barrier may behave as a simple voltage independent resistor with a Th\u00e9venin electromotive force of zero at negative intracellular voltages despite the existence of a chemical potential for Na at this barrier.", "PMID": 510562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8835", "title": "Inhibitors of renin and their utility in physiologic studies.", "content": "The enzyme renin is the initiator of a series of steps that ultimately leads to the generation of angiotensin II, a potent pressor peptide that also has both a direct and indirect role in renal sodium conservation. Renin's action on its protein substrate, angiotensinogen, is inhibited by specific antibody, a peptide produced by actinomyces, pepstatin and its derivatives, and by peptide analogs of a segment of the endogenous substrate. These inhibitors vary considerably in specificity, inhibitory constant, and utility for in vivo studies.", "contents": "Inhibitors of renin and their utility in physiologic studies. The enzyme renin is the initiator of a series of steps that ultimately leads to the generation of angiotensin II, a potent pressor peptide that also has both a direct and indirect role in renal sodium conservation. Renin's action on its protein substrate, angiotensinogen, is inhibited by specific antibody, a peptide produced by actinomyces, pepstatin and its derivatives, and by peptide analogs of a segment of the endogenous substrate. These inhibitors vary considerably in specificity, inhibitory constant, and utility for in vivo studies.", "PMID": 510563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8836", "title": "Surgical treatment of endometriosis in the infertile female: a modified approach.", "content": "Two groups of infertile women underwent conservative surgery for endometriosis, group I (107 patients) prior to 1970 and group II (138 patients) after 1970. To determine whether modifications to the surgical approach after 1970 further increased the likelihood of conception, postoperative pregnancy rates were examined. The data suggest that postoperative pregnancy rates can be improved by (1) removal rather than \"repair\" of diseased adnexa if the involvement is unilateral and (2) leaving diseased areas undisturbed where excision or cauterization may predispose to the development of postoperative ovarian and/or tubal adhesions. The current surgical technique (used for group II) is described in detail.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of endometriosis in the infertile female: a modified approach. Two groups of infertile women underwent conservative surgery for endometriosis, group I (107 patients) prior to 1970 and group II (138 patients) after 1970. To determine whether modifications to the surgical approach after 1970 further increased the likelihood of conception, postoperative pregnancy rates were examined. The data suggest that postoperative pregnancy rates can be improved by (1) removal rather than \"repair\" of diseased adnexa if the involvement is unilateral and (2) leaving diseased areas undisturbed where excision or cauterization may predispose to the development of postoperative ovarian and/or tubal adhesions. The current surgical technique (used for group II) is described in detail.", "PMID": 510565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8837", "title": "Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate.", "content": "Over a 6 1/2-year period, 117 patients who were anovulatory, euthyroid, and estrogen-primed were treated with clomiphene citrate. Graduated doses from 50 mg to 250 mg daily for 5 days were used to induce ovulation. Of 62 patients who completed treatment, 50 ovulated and 12 did not. Several factors, including age, duration of infertility, weight, previous menstrual history, previous pregnancy history, and previous use of oral contraceptives, were investigated to determine conditions which might influence response. Only weight was found to be significantly different between responders and nonresponders. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between body weight and dose of clomiphene required to induce ovulation. The ovulation rate for those completing therapy was 81% with a pregnancy rate of 76% of the total and 94% of those ovulating. Population homogeneity with anovulation as the major cause of infertility appears to be the most plausible explanation for the high pregnancy rate.", "contents": "Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. Over a 6 1/2-year period, 117 patients who were anovulatory, euthyroid, and estrogen-primed were treated with clomiphene citrate. Graduated doses from 50 mg to 250 mg daily for 5 days were used to induce ovulation. Of 62 patients who completed treatment, 50 ovulated and 12 did not. Several factors, including age, duration of infertility, weight, previous menstrual history, previous pregnancy history, and previous use of oral contraceptives, were investigated to determine conditions which might influence response. Only weight was found to be significantly different between responders and nonresponders. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between body weight and dose of clomiphene required to induce ovulation. The ovulation rate for those completing therapy was 81% with a pregnancy rate of 76% of the total and 94% of those ovulating. Population homogeneity with anovulation as the major cause of infertility appears to be the most plausible explanation for the high pregnancy rate.", "PMID": 510566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8838", "title": "Ovarian implantation into the uterus (Estes operation): clinical and experimental evaluation.", "content": "Ovairan implantation into the uterus was performed in 27 women, none of whom conceived during the 4- to 6-year follow-up period. Bypassing the fallopian tube may, in itself, explain the disappointing results of this procedure in our series as well as in those reported in the literature. Experimental ovarian implantation into the uterus of rats supplied information regarding additional factors underlying the low success rate of this operation. It is concluded that this surgical intervention has been made superfluous in view of the poor results and the modern methods for extracorporal fertilization at present being developed.", "contents": "Ovarian implantation into the uterus (Estes operation): clinical and experimental evaluation. Ovairan implantation into the uterus was performed in 27 women, none of whom conceived during the 4- to 6-year follow-up period. Bypassing the fallopian tube may, in itself, explain the disappointing results of this procedure in our series as well as in those reported in the literature. Experimental ovarian implantation into the uterus of rats supplied information regarding additional factors underlying the low success rate of this operation. It is concluded that this surgical intervention has been made superfluous in view of the poor results and the modern methods for extracorporal fertilization at present being developed.", "PMID": 510567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8839", "title": "Sperm penetration in vitro: correlations between parameters of sperm quality and the penetration capactiy.", "content": "A nonlinear regression analysis was used in order to fit a logistic model to 200 runs of human ejaculated spermatozoa penetrating cervical mucus of good quality. The data revealed excellent correlation between the number of sperm penetrating (sigma penetration, SP) and the motility (r = 0.776) and vitality (r = 0.534) of the spermatozoa. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa found in the ejaculate was negatively correlated (r = -0.649), while sperm concentration showed a poor correlation with SP (r = 0.327). Furthermore, concentration was shown to have no effect in samples containing over 5 million sperm/ml. The conclusion of this study is that the two major parameters of sperm quality determining the capacity of spermatozoa to penetrate cervical mucus are motility and the presence of normal forms of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Sperm penetration in vitro: correlations between parameters of sperm quality and the penetration capactiy. A nonlinear regression analysis was used in order to fit a logistic model to 200 runs of human ejaculated spermatozoa penetrating cervical mucus of good quality. The data revealed excellent correlation between the number of sperm penetrating (sigma penetration, SP) and the motility (r = 0.776) and vitality (r = 0.534) of the spermatozoa. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa found in the ejaculate was negatively correlated (r = -0.649), while sperm concentration showed a poor correlation with SP (r = 0.327). Furthermore, concentration was shown to have no effect in samples containing over 5 million sperm/ml. The conclusion of this study is that the two major parameters of sperm quality determining the capacity of spermatozoa to penetrate cervical mucus are motility and the presence of normal forms of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 510568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8840", "title": "Seminal plasma concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine before and after vasectomy and vas reanastomosis.", "content": "The concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) was determined in semen obtained from normal fertile, vasectomized, and vas-reanastomosed subjects. Concentrations of GPC were markedly lower in the semen of vasectomized men. GPC levels observed in vas-reanastomosed subjects were similar to those found in normal fertile men. Vasectomy may not affect GPC synthesis significantly.", "contents": "Seminal plasma concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine before and after vasectomy and vas reanastomosis. The concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) was determined in semen obtained from normal fertile, vasectomized, and vas-reanastomosed subjects. Concentrations of GPC were markedly lower in the semen of vasectomized men. GPC levels observed in vas-reanastomosed subjects were similar to those found in normal fertile men. Vasectomy may not affect GPC synthesis significantly.", "PMID": 510569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8841", "title": "Egg transport in the rabbit oviduct following ampullary resection and microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis.", "content": "Surgical alteration of rabbit oviducts was employed to investigate the mechanisms of ovum transport. Resection of a 5- to 10-mm segment of midampulla was followed by microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis. One to two months later, direct observations were made, in situ, of ampullary egg transport. Stained cumulus masses were transported normally to the site of anastomosis: two-thirds of those studied were delayed at that point for an average of 2 1/2 minutes. Normal transport then resumed and continued to the ampullo-isthmic junction. In all but one instance, blockage of muscular activity with isoproterenol prevented transport beyond the anastomosis site, demonstrating the presence of an obstacle to ciliary transport. These studies reveal an important facilitative role for muscle in improving the reliability of ampullary egg transport. Considering species differences in egg transport mechanisms, it is suggested that ampullary-ampullary anastomosis in women might have a poor prognosis for re-establishing fertility.", "contents": "Egg transport in the rabbit oviduct following ampullary resection and microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis. Surgical alteration of rabbit oviducts was employed to investigate the mechanisms of ovum transport. Resection of a 5- to 10-mm segment of midampulla was followed by microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis. One to two months later, direct observations were made, in situ, of ampullary egg transport. Stained cumulus masses were transported normally to the site of anastomosis: two-thirds of those studied were delayed at that point for an average of 2 1/2 minutes. Normal transport then resumed and continued to the ampullo-isthmic junction. In all but one instance, blockage of muscular activity with isoproterenol prevented transport beyond the anastomosis site, demonstrating the presence of an obstacle to ciliary transport. These studies reveal an important facilitative role for muscle in improving the reliability of ampullary egg transport. Considering species differences in egg transport mechanisms, it is suggested that ampullary-ampullary anastomosis in women might have a poor prognosis for re-establishing fertility.", "PMID": 510570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8842", "title": "Eelectron microscopic examination of the rabbit oviductal ampulla following microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis.", "content": "The endosalpinx of both normal and microsurgically reconstructed ampullae in rabbit oviducts was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy following ovum transport studies. Tall, longitudinal mucusal folds ran continuously throughout the lumina of normal ampullae and were clearly interrupted at the incision site in the reconstructed oviducts. In both normal and surgically repaired tubes the endosalpinx was covered with long, slender cilia and bulbous processes of secretory cells with microvillous surfaces. Intracellular examination of these epithelial cells suggested no abnormal structure or function. These observations indicate that the epithelium on the severed ends of the endosalpinx healed completely within 1 month following ampullary anastomosis. Since no luminal obstruction was observed, the interruption and misalignment of the mucosal folds appear to be the cause of the impaired ciliary transport of cumulus masses observed in these oviducts. When species differences in tubal structure and function are considered, it appears likely that ampullary-ampullary anastomosis could hinder egg transport and fertility in women.", "contents": "Eelectron microscopic examination of the rabbit oviductal ampulla following microsurgical end-to-end anastomosis. The endosalpinx of both normal and microsurgically reconstructed ampullae in rabbit oviducts was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy following ovum transport studies. Tall, longitudinal mucusal folds ran continuously throughout the lumina of normal ampullae and were clearly interrupted at the incision site in the reconstructed oviducts. In both normal and surgically repaired tubes the endosalpinx was covered with long, slender cilia and bulbous processes of secretory cells with microvillous surfaces. Intracellular examination of these epithelial cells suggested no abnormal structure or function. These observations indicate that the epithelium on the severed ends of the endosalpinx healed completely within 1 month following ampullary anastomosis. Since no luminal obstruction was observed, the interruption and misalignment of the mucosal folds appear to be the cause of the impaired ciliary transport of cumulus masses observed in these oviducts. When species differences in tubal structure and function are considered, it appears likely that ampullary-ampullary anastomosis could hinder egg transport and fertility in women.", "PMID": 510571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8843", "title": "Evidence for a human chorionic gonadotropin-like material in the rabbit blastocyst.", "content": "Extracts from (1) 300 day 6 rabbit blastocysts, (2) 300 day 2 unfertilized ova, and (3) uteri from the nonpregnant does were analyzed in the following assays in order to determine the presence of a chorionic gonadotropin: (1) in vitro bioassay for testosterone production by decapsulated rat testes, (2) in vitro bioassay for progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells, (3) in vitro determination of adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity in rabbit Graafian follicles, (4) gel filtration in a Sephadex G-150 column and assay of the elutions in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), (5) parallelism with hCG standard preparations in beta-hCG RIA, and (6) concanavalin A-column chromatography. The rabbit blastocyst extracts showed an hCG-like material in all of the systems tested. None of the other two extracts presented hCG-like activity in any of the assay. The immunoreactive material in the beta-hCG RIA of the blastocyst extracts after gel filtration presented a profile different from that of pure hCG; this may represent heterogeneity due to a species difference or a slightly different molecular weight. These results confirmed previous findings of several investigators and those from our laboratory in that the preimplanted rabbit embryo contains a gonadotropin with characteristics similar to hCG.", "contents": "Evidence for a human chorionic gonadotropin-like material in the rabbit blastocyst. Extracts from (1) 300 day 6 rabbit blastocysts, (2) 300 day 2 unfertilized ova, and (3) uteri from the nonpregnant does were analyzed in the following assays in order to determine the presence of a chorionic gonadotropin: (1) in vitro bioassay for testosterone production by decapsulated rat testes, (2) in vitro bioassay for progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells, (3) in vitro determination of adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity in rabbit Graafian follicles, (4) gel filtration in a Sephadex G-150 column and assay of the elutions in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), (5) parallelism with hCG standard preparations in beta-hCG RIA, and (6) concanavalin A-column chromatography. The rabbit blastocyst extracts showed an hCG-like material in all of the systems tested. None of the other two extracts presented hCG-like activity in any of the assay. The immunoreactive material in the beta-hCG RIA of the blastocyst extracts after gel filtration presented a profile different from that of pure hCG; this may represent heterogeneity due to a species difference or a slightly different molecular weight. These results confirmed previous findings of several investigators and those from our laboratory in that the preimplanted rabbit embryo contains a gonadotropin with characteristics similar to hCG.", "PMID": 510572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8844", "title": "[Analysis of species specific acoustic signals in the mesencephalic, diencephalic, and neostriatal structures of the brain].", "content": "In chronic experiments, the neuronal activity in structures of the auditory analyzer was studied during perception of species-specific signals in the chicken. The majority of the neostriatum cells responded to territorial vocalizations of the rooster and to squeaking of the chicken; in the midbrain structures the maximal responses occurred to signals of distress and alarm. The greatest number of cells responded most obviously to the cardinal component of the chicken vocalization spectrum.", "contents": "[Analysis of species specific acoustic signals in the mesencephalic, diencephalic, and neostriatal structures of the brain]. In chronic experiments, the neuronal activity in structures of the auditory analyzer was studied during perception of species-specific signals in the chicken. The majority of the neostriatum cells responded to territorial vocalizations of the rooster and to squeaking of the chicken; in the midbrain structures the maximal responses occurred to signals of distress and alarm. The greatest number of cells responded most obviously to the cardinal component of the chicken vocalization spectrum.", "PMID": 510592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8845", "title": "[Impulse synchronization in the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity of neuronal populations of the posterior hypothalamus].", "content": "An increase in the firing rate induced minimization of the reward (a weak electrical skin stimulation) and altered the neuronal activity patterns in the posterior hypothalamus. The estimation of the expected random coincidence functions between the two neuronal activity trains belonging to adjacent cells showed the synchronization both in high- and low-frequency ranges. In the process of adaptive alterations of the neuronal activity, fluctuations of the expected randon coincidence coefficients occurred.", "contents": "[Impulse synchronization in the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity of neuronal populations of the posterior hypothalamus]. An increase in the firing rate induced minimization of the reward (a weak electrical skin stimulation) and altered the neuronal activity patterns in the posterior hypothalamus. The estimation of the expected random coincidence functions between the two neuronal activity trains belonging to adjacent cells showed the synchronization both in high- and low-frequency ranges. In the process of adaptive alterations of the neuronal activity, fluctuations of the expected randon coincidence coefficients occurred.", "PMID": 510593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8846", "title": "[Adaptive modification of neurophysiologic and vegetative processes during positive food and negative taste autoreinforcement].", "content": "A certain rhythm in brain activity of the cat was reinforced with milk in one series of feedback experiments, and with KCl solution--in another series. The 1st series feedback augmented the rhythm, particularly in the 12--15 Hz range, in the sensory--motor area. Obvious minimization of the rhyth m occurred in the 2nd series within the range of 4--7 Hz only, and negative reinforcement of the 12--15 Hz rhythm in these series induced neurosis. The vegetative activity estimated by the cardio--interval dynamics, was regarded as the correlate of emotional tension induced by biologically significant effect.", "contents": "[Adaptive modification of neurophysiologic and vegetative processes during positive food and negative taste autoreinforcement]. A certain rhythm in brain activity of the cat was reinforced with milk in one series of feedback experiments, and with KCl solution--in another series. The 1st series feedback augmented the rhythm, particularly in the 12--15 Hz range, in the sensory--motor area. Obvious minimization of the rhyth m occurred in the 2nd series within the range of 4--7 Hz only, and negative reinforcement of the 12--15 Hz rhythm in these series induced neurosis. The vegetative activity estimated by the cardio--interval dynamics, was regarded as the correlate of emotional tension induced by biologically significant effect.", "PMID": 510594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8847", "title": "[Influence of the brain stem reticular formation on seizure activity in the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Activation of the mesencephalic RF facilitates triggering of paroxysmal potentials and augments existing epileptic activity. Stimulation of nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis inhibits triggering of epileptic discharges. The microelectrode studies corroborated these data. The desynchronization elicited by the mesencephalic RF seems to be mostly activating, whereas desynchronization elicited by the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis--mostly inhibitory.", "contents": "[Influence of the brain stem reticular formation on seizure activity in the cerebral cortex]. Activation of the mesencephalic RF facilitates triggering of paroxysmal potentials and augments existing epileptic activity. Stimulation of nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis inhibits triggering of epileptic discharges. The microelectrode studies corroborated these data. The desynchronization elicited by the mesencephalic RF seems to be mostly activating, whereas desynchronization elicited by the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis--mostly inhibitory.", "PMID": 510596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8848", "title": "[Slow potentials of the receptive field of the ciliary body and their relationship to regulation of intraocular pressure].", "content": "Spontaneous slow potentials with amplitude ranging from 25 mcV to 1.3 mV and wave duration from 600 to 6000 msec was recorded in the receptive area of the ciliary body. The same potentials persisted even 15--20 min after the death of animal in the enucleative eye as well as in the isolated preparation of the ciliary body with sclera. The rise of the intraocular pressure up to 30--35 mm Hg augments the potentials whereas further rise up to 45 mm Hg and more suppresses them. Electrostimulation acts in a similar way: square pulses of 25 mcV augment the potentials' amplitude whereas the 250 mcV pulses reduce it.", "contents": "[Slow potentials of the receptive field of the ciliary body and their relationship to regulation of intraocular pressure]. Spontaneous slow potentials with amplitude ranging from 25 mcV to 1.3 mV and wave duration from 600 to 6000 msec was recorded in the receptive area of the ciliary body. The same potentials persisted even 15--20 min after the death of animal in the enucleative eye as well as in the isolated preparation of the ciliary body with sclera. The rise of the intraocular pressure up to 30--35 mm Hg augments the potentials whereas further rise up to 45 mm Hg and more suppresses them. Electrostimulation acts in a similar way: square pulses of 25 mcV augment the potentials' amplitude whereas the 250 mcV pulses reduce it.", "PMID": 510597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8849", "title": "[Changes in the spike activity of vagus nerves following stimulation of the anticlotting system].", "content": "In rabbits, changes of electrical activity of the n. vagus liver branches were studied during i. v. administration of thrombin and perfusion of the isolated carotid sinus, during the reflex response of the anticoagulating blood system. The efferent vagus activity raised to the maximal level within 3--10 min after i. v. administration or after perfusion, coinciding in time with the maximal effect of the hypocoagulation. The augmentation of the activity depended on amount of thrombin. The similarity of effects of the perfusion and i. v. thrombin suggests the same efferents for the reflex response of the anticoagulating blood system passing through the vagus.", "contents": "[Changes in the spike activity of vagus nerves following stimulation of the anticlotting system]. In rabbits, changes of electrical activity of the n. vagus liver branches were studied during i. v. administration of thrombin and perfusion of the isolated carotid sinus, during the reflex response of the anticoagulating blood system. The efferent vagus activity raised to the maximal level within 3--10 min after i. v. administration or after perfusion, coinciding in time with the maximal effect of the hypocoagulation. The augmentation of the activity depended on amount of thrombin. The similarity of effects of the perfusion and i. v. thrombin suggests the same efferents for the reflex response of the anticoagulating blood system passing through the vagus.", "PMID": 510599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8850", "title": "[Effect of cerebral blood supply disorders on certain aspects of metabolism].", "content": "Bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries sharply decreases volume blood flow and oxygen consumption in the cortex, in diencephalon and midbrain whereas inducing no changes in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The same is true for intensity of metabolism of both total and separate fractions of phospholipids. This suggests that the changes of phospholipid metabolism in neural tissue depend on the degree of its blood supply disturbance and duration of the ischemia.", "contents": "[Effect of cerebral blood supply disorders on certain aspects of metabolism]. Bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries sharply decreases volume blood flow and oxygen consumption in the cortex, in diencephalon and midbrain whereas inducing no changes in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The same is true for intensity of metabolism of both total and separate fractions of phospholipids. This suggests that the changes of phospholipid metabolism in neural tissue depend on the degree of its blood supply disturbance and duration of the ischemia.", "PMID": 510600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8851", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on the contractile activity of smooth muscle cells of the thoracic lymphatic duct].", "content": "Hypoxia (95% N2; 5% CO2) led to complete or partial inhibition of spontaneous contractile activity of isolated segment of the rat thoracic lymphatic duct, PO2 of perfused solution being 5--10 mm Hg. Reoxygenation restored rhythmical although more frequent contractions of the smooth muscle cells. Excitability of cells membrane tested with KCl, BaCl2, and noradrenaline during hypoxic period proved lower during this decreased PO2. Preliminary depolarization with KCl, BaCl2, and noradrenaline of cells membrane delayed the inhibition of contractile activity during hypoxia. Compared with the portal vein, lymphatic duct revealed a greater resistance to hypoxia. The hypoxia seems to affect first the smooth muscle cell membrane which leads to modification of the contraction character.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on the contractile activity of smooth muscle cells of the thoracic lymphatic duct]. Hypoxia (95% N2; 5% CO2) led to complete or partial inhibition of spontaneous contractile activity of isolated segment of the rat thoracic lymphatic duct, PO2 of perfused solution being 5--10 mm Hg. Reoxygenation restored rhythmical although more frequent contractions of the smooth muscle cells. Excitability of cells membrane tested with KCl, BaCl2, and noradrenaline during hypoxic period proved lower during this decreased PO2. Preliminary depolarization with KCl, BaCl2, and noradrenaline of cells membrane delayed the inhibition of contractile activity during hypoxia. Compared with the portal vein, lymphatic duct revealed a greater resistance to hypoxia. The hypoxia seems to affect first the smooth muscle cell membrane which leads to modification of the contraction character.", "PMID": 510603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8852", "title": "[Concentration and rate of depletion of glycogen in fast and slow rat muscles].", "content": "Glycogen content of the fast m. tibialis anterior at rest is higher than in the slow m. soleus: 0.650 +/- 0.030 and 0.540 +/- 0.029 g/100 muscle wet weight, resp. A considerable glycogen breakdown occurs in both muscles in alternative regimen of 5-sec tetanic contraction and 5-sec rest. The rate of depletion is maximal during the first 10-min contraction, then it slows down abruptly to an approximately constant level during the further 30-min contaction. Linear correlation exists between the rate of glycogen depletion and glycogen content at rest, the correlation being especially high in the m. tibialis anterior. The rate of correlation increases with prolongation of stimulation in both muscles. The degree of glycogen depletion and the depletion rate are higher in the m. tibialis anterior than in the m. soleus. The relation is independent of glycogen content in the muscles at rest.", "contents": "[Concentration and rate of depletion of glycogen in fast and slow rat muscles]. Glycogen content of the fast m. tibialis anterior at rest is higher than in the slow m. soleus: 0.650 +/- 0.030 and 0.540 +/- 0.029 g/100 muscle wet weight, resp. A considerable glycogen breakdown occurs in both muscles in alternative regimen of 5-sec tetanic contraction and 5-sec rest. The rate of depletion is maximal during the first 10-min contraction, then it slows down abruptly to an approximately constant level during the further 30-min contaction. Linear correlation exists between the rate of glycogen depletion and glycogen content at rest, the correlation being especially high in the m. tibialis anterior. The rate of correlation increases with prolongation of stimulation in both muscles. The degree of glycogen depletion and the depletion rate are higher in the m. tibialis anterior than in the m. soleus. The relation is independent of glycogen content in the muscles at rest.", "PMID": 510604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8853", "title": "[Role of changes in the body's heat content during the development of thermoregulatory responses].", "content": "Summation of temperature signals from different body parts was shown to occur in the temperature homeostasis maintenance, as revealed by the value delta to average . m . c, where delta to average--increment of the body average temperature, m--body mass, c--body specific heat. Raise of the rabbit heat condition by 245.9 +/- 35.8 cal/kg at ambient temperature 19-21 degrees C induces ear vasodilatation which is the thermoregulatory response aimed at the heat loss. Dropy of the rabbit heat condition by 266.9 +/- 21.5 cal/kg at ambient temperature 28-30 degrees C induces ear vasoconstriction. The heat condition seems to the object of regulation in the organism thermoregulation system.", "contents": "[Role of changes in the body's heat content during the development of thermoregulatory responses]. Summation of temperature signals from different body parts was shown to occur in the temperature homeostasis maintenance, as revealed by the value delta to average . m . c, where delta to average--increment of the body average temperature, m--body mass, c--body specific heat. Raise of the rabbit heat condition by 245.9 +/- 35.8 cal/kg at ambient temperature 19-21 degrees C induces ear vasodilatation which is the thermoregulatory response aimed at the heat loss. Dropy of the rabbit heat condition by 266.9 +/- 21.5 cal/kg at ambient temperature 28-30 degrees C induces ear vasoconstriction. The heat condition seems to the object of regulation in the organism thermoregulation system.", "PMID": 510610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8854", "title": "[Nonspecific sensory and endocrine thermoregulatory mechanisms during acute cooling of the body].", "content": "Involvement of the midbrain RF into the thermoregulatory response follows excitation of anterior and posterior hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers and afferentation from thermoreceptors and other sensitive structures mainly during the \"transitory\" stages of the cooling process in cats and albino rats. Endocrinal shifts (hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal, thyroid, and enterochromaffine systems) typical for stress response in 3-hr cooling, developed, strictly parallel to changes of thermoregulatory parameters; no such parallelism occurred in prolonged cooling (up to 30 days). Selective suppression of the endocrinal stress response to acute cooling by means of blocking the transport of hypothalamic neurosecret entailed diminishing of the adaptive thermoregulatory shifts. The unspecific sensory-endocrinal (stress) mechanism of thermoregulation seems to be adequate to acute cooling when specific responses of acclimation to prolonged cooling cannot be actualized.", "contents": "[Nonspecific sensory and endocrine thermoregulatory mechanisms during acute cooling of the body]. Involvement of the midbrain RF into the thermoregulatory response follows excitation of anterior and posterior hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers and afferentation from thermoreceptors and other sensitive structures mainly during the \"transitory\" stages of the cooling process in cats and albino rats. Endocrinal shifts (hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal, thyroid, and enterochromaffine systems) typical for stress response in 3-hr cooling, developed, strictly parallel to changes of thermoregulatory parameters; no such parallelism occurred in prolonged cooling (up to 30 days). Selective suppression of the endocrinal stress response to acute cooling by means of blocking the transport of hypothalamic neurosecret entailed diminishing of the adaptive thermoregulatory shifts. The unspecific sensory-endocrinal (stress) mechanism of thermoregulation seems to be adequate to acute cooling when specific responses of acclimation to prolonged cooling cannot be actualized.", "PMID": 510612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8855", "title": "[Changes in the efficiency coefficient of the heart and diaphragm during cold adaptation].", "content": "The heart and diaphragm efficiency seems to be an actively regulated variable. It alters in prolonged adaptation (raises in adaptation to hypoxia; diminishes in cold adaptation which means an increase in heat production per unit of muscle's contractile activity). Enhancement of noradrenaline calorigenic effect on skeletal muscles during cold adaptation is corroborated in an isolated diaphragm. Diminishing of the heart and diaphragm efficiency in thyrotoxicosis suggests participation of thyroid hormones in formation of adaptive decrease of muscular contraction efficiency in cold adaptation. The heart efficiency raises in hypothermia and, probably, in limitation of the myocardium oxygen supply. Possible mechanisms of changes of muscular contraction efficiency are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the efficiency coefficient of the heart and diaphragm during cold adaptation]. The heart and diaphragm efficiency seems to be an actively regulated variable. It alters in prolonged adaptation (raises in adaptation to hypoxia; diminishes in cold adaptation which means an increase in heat production per unit of muscle's contractile activity). Enhancement of noradrenaline calorigenic effect on skeletal muscles during cold adaptation is corroborated in an isolated diaphragm. Diminishing of the heart and diaphragm efficiency in thyrotoxicosis suggests participation of thyroid hormones in formation of adaptive decrease of muscular contraction efficiency in cold adaptation. The heart efficiency raises in hypothermia and, probably, in limitation of the myocardium oxygen supply. Possible mechanisms of changes of muscular contraction efficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 510617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8856", "title": "[Analysis of reflex thermoregulatory reactions induced by thermal stimulation of the trigeminal zone].", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits, the activity of thermoreceptors, the neuronal activity in the preoptic area of hypothalamus (POAH), and the efferent outflow in sympathetic fibres of the auricular nerve were studied during thermal stimulation of the skin innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Among 79 receptors 8 responded to warming of the skin and 38 responded to cooling with the maximal activity at the skin temperature 22-21 degrees C. The activity of 46 POAH neurons out of 94 correlated with the skin temperature: 34 neurons increased the frequency of firing during cooling and 12 during warming. The firing rate in the sympathetic ganglion cells and postganglionic fibers increased by 50-100% during cooling causing vasoconstriction of the rabbit's ear, while warming of the receptive zone reduced the activity by 56-48% or abolished it, leading to vasodilatation.", "contents": "[Analysis of reflex thermoregulatory reactions induced by thermal stimulation of the trigeminal zone]. In anesthetized rabbits, the activity of thermoreceptors, the neuronal activity in the preoptic area of hypothalamus (POAH), and the efferent outflow in sympathetic fibres of the auricular nerve were studied during thermal stimulation of the skin innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Among 79 receptors 8 responded to warming of the skin and 38 responded to cooling with the maximal activity at the skin temperature 22-21 degrees C. The activity of 46 POAH neurons out of 94 correlated with the skin temperature: 34 neurons increased the frequency of firing during cooling and 12 during warming. The firing rate in the sympathetic ganglion cells and postganglionic fibers increased by 50-100% during cooling causing vasoconstriction of the rabbit's ear, while warming of the receptive zone reduced the activity by 56-48% or abolished it, leading to vasodilatation.", "PMID": 510622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8857", "title": "[Certain quantitative patterns in the control of cutaneous blood flow during thermoregulatory reactions].", "content": "The total blood flow of rabbit's ear was inversely proportional to ambient temperature when the hypothalamic temperature was by 1 +/- 1.5 degrees C higher than normal due to ambient temperature raise from 15 degrees to 35 degrees C. The data obtained corroborate the viewpoint that the blood flow regulation not only controls heat loss by the rabbit ear, but also stabilizes the temperature of venous blood flow in the ear, when the ambient temperature varies in wide range.", "contents": "[Certain quantitative patterns in the control of cutaneous blood flow during thermoregulatory reactions]. The total blood flow of rabbit's ear was inversely proportional to ambient temperature when the hypothalamic temperature was by 1 +/- 1.5 degrees C higher than normal due to ambient temperature raise from 15 degrees to 35 degrees C. The data obtained corroborate the viewpoint that the blood flow regulation not only controls heat loss by the rabbit ear, but also stabilizes the temperature of venous blood flow in the ear, when the ambient temperature varies in wide range.", "PMID": 510624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8858", "title": "[Seasonal features of body temperature and vascular thermoregulatory responses in rabbits].", "content": "Seasonal changes of body temperature, heart and respiratory rate were studied in rabbits with thermocouples indwelled into the anterior hypothalamus. Temperature of skin of dorsal part of body and inner temperature (rectal and hypothalamic) were much higher in spring. Hypothalamic temperature was significantly lower than rectal temperature and respiratory rate was at its highest level in summer. Absolute threshold temperature for activation of heat dissipation was higher in summer than in winter.", "contents": "[Seasonal features of body temperature and vascular thermoregulatory responses in rabbits]. Seasonal changes of body temperature, heart and respiratory rate were studied in rabbits with thermocouples indwelled into the anterior hypothalamus. Temperature of skin of dorsal part of body and inner temperature (rectal and hypothalamic) were much higher in spring. Hypothalamic temperature was significantly lower than rectal temperature and respiratory rate was at its highest level in summer. Absolute threshold temperature for activation of heat dissipation was higher in summer than in winter.", "PMID": 510625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8859", "title": "[Changes in brain temperature in dogs while running].", "content": "Brain temperatures in different sites, rectal, aortal temperatures, and ventilation rate were measured in 3 dogs during treadmill running at 90 m/min, ambient temperature being 19-24 degrees C. External sites of the brain had a higher temperature than internal ones. Approximately the same temperature gradient was observed both during the exercise and at resting. Rectal temperature raised to a higher value than brain and aortal temperatures. Exercise had no effect on temperature threshold for panting.", "contents": "[Changes in brain temperature in dogs while running]. Brain temperatures in different sites, rectal, aortal temperatures, and ventilation rate were measured in 3 dogs during treadmill running at 90 m/min, ambient temperature being 19-24 degrees C. External sites of the brain had a higher temperature than internal ones. Approximately the same temperature gradient was observed both during the exercise and at resting. Rectal temperature raised to a higher value than brain and aortal temperatures. Exercise had no effect on temperature threshold for panting.", "PMID": 510627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8860", "title": "[A comparison between the effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III injected into the third cerebral ventricle on vasopressin secretion in conscious rats (author's transl)].", "content": "As the greater part of the immunoreactive angiotensin II in cerebrospinal fluid has been suggested to be angiotensin III, a comparison was made between the effects on vasopressin release of angiotensin II and angiotensin III administered into the third cerebral ventricle in conscious male rats. The blood samples were collected 90 seconds after the injection of angiotensin II or angiotensin III by means of decapitation. Plasma vasopressin (microU/ml) extracted and determined by radioimmunoassay were 2.3 +/- 0.8, 6.7 +/- 5.0, 14.0 +/- 2.2, 16.3 +/- 4.3 and 20.7 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SEM), respectively following the injection of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100ng of angiotensin II. The increases in plasma vasopressin produced by angiotensin II 25, 50 and 100ng were statistically significant (p less than 0.05). On the other hand, plasma vasopressin following the injection of 22.7 and 45.4ng of angiotensin III, which are equimolar to 25 and 50ng of angiotensin II each, were 14.9 +/- 2.7 and 16.3 +/- 5.6, respectively. No significant difference was found between the effect on plasma vasopressin of angiotensin II and that of angiotensin III at the dose level of 24.3 or 48.6 p. mol. These data indicate that angiotensin III is equipotent to angiotensin II in terms of vasopressin release when administered into the third cerebral ventricle. The possible role of angiotensin III in the brain on vasopressin secretion is discussed.", "contents": "[A comparison between the effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III injected into the third cerebral ventricle on vasopressin secretion in conscious rats (author's transl)]. As the greater part of the immunoreactive angiotensin II in cerebrospinal fluid has been suggested to be angiotensin III, a comparison was made between the effects on vasopressin release of angiotensin II and angiotensin III administered into the third cerebral ventricle in conscious male rats. The blood samples were collected 90 seconds after the injection of angiotensin II or angiotensin III by means of decapitation. Plasma vasopressin (microU/ml) extracted and determined by radioimmunoassay were 2.3 +/- 0.8, 6.7 +/- 5.0, 14.0 +/- 2.2, 16.3 +/- 4.3 and 20.7 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SEM), respectively following the injection of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100ng of angiotensin II. The increases in plasma vasopressin produced by angiotensin II 25, 50 and 100ng were statistically significant (p less than 0.05). On the other hand, plasma vasopressin following the injection of 22.7 and 45.4ng of angiotensin III, which are equimolar to 25 and 50ng of angiotensin II each, were 14.9 +/- 2.7 and 16.3 +/- 5.6, respectively. No significant difference was found between the effect on plasma vasopressin of angiotensin II and that of angiotensin III at the dose level of 24.3 or 48.6 p. mol. These data indicate that angiotensin III is equipotent to angiotensin II in terms of vasopressin release when administered into the third cerebral ventricle. The possible role of angiotensin III in the brain on vasopressin secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 510629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8861", "title": "[The high pressure liquid chromatography of corticoids. II. Analysis of synthetic corticoids in blood and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique was developed to separate and quantitate the synthetic corticosteroids (s-CS) which are widely used clinically. 1) 12 kinds of s-CS in alcoholic solvent and 2) some of their metabolites in the plasma and urine of healthy subjects with oral administration of s-CS were investigated for the preliminary work. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Cortisol sodium phosphate, Dexamethasone 21, disodium phosphate, Paramethasone acetate, Cortisol acetate, Cortisone acetate, Methylprednisolone acetate, Prednisone, Dexamethasone, 9 alpha-fluorocortisol, Betamethasone, Triamcinolone, and Prednisolone in ethanol were clearly separated by HPLC from Cortisol (F). In the suitable condition of the HPLC (LC-2 type) with a Zorbax SIL column, organic solvent (cyclohexane:dichloromethane:ethanol = 9:4:1)-carrier mobile phases and UV detector, the retention time of each s-CS was obviously different from that of F. The calibration curve was obtained in a linear line with regards to each s-CS. The mean recovery was 97.6% and the coefficient of variation were 1.6 (intraassay) and 7.2 (interassay)%. The sensitivity of the steroid determination was 200pg order. 2) The serial changes in plasma concentrations of s-CS; CS-metabolites and endogenous F were shown in 3 healthy males and 2 females following oral administration of the s-CS. The separated metabolites in number and quality depended on the kind of s-CS. Prednisone and other kinds of the acidified products were separated from prednisolone in the plasma and urinary samples of the healthy subjects as well as Addisonian patients. In conclusion, the HPLC method is useful for the separation and quantitation of the UV-absorbing CS of human plasma and urine. The obtained chromatograms may be an indication of the metabolic state of the subject with treatment of s-CS.", "contents": "[The high pressure liquid chromatography of corticoids. II. Analysis of synthetic corticoids in blood and urine (author's transl)]. The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique was developed to separate and quantitate the synthetic corticosteroids (s-CS) which are widely used clinically. 1) 12 kinds of s-CS in alcoholic solvent and 2) some of their metabolites in the plasma and urine of healthy subjects with oral administration of s-CS were investigated for the preliminary work. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Cortisol sodium phosphate, Dexamethasone 21, disodium phosphate, Paramethasone acetate, Cortisol acetate, Cortisone acetate, Methylprednisolone acetate, Prednisone, Dexamethasone, 9 alpha-fluorocortisol, Betamethasone, Triamcinolone, and Prednisolone in ethanol were clearly separated by HPLC from Cortisol (F). In the suitable condition of the HPLC (LC-2 type) with a Zorbax SIL column, organic solvent (cyclohexane:dichloromethane:ethanol = 9:4:1)-carrier mobile phases and UV detector, the retention time of each s-CS was obviously different from that of F. The calibration curve was obtained in a linear line with regards to each s-CS. The mean recovery was 97.6% and the coefficient of variation were 1.6 (intraassay) and 7.2 (interassay)%. The sensitivity of the steroid determination was 200pg order. 2) The serial changes in plasma concentrations of s-CS; CS-metabolites and endogenous F were shown in 3 healthy males and 2 females following oral administration of the s-CS. The separated metabolites in number and quality depended on the kind of s-CS. Prednisone and other kinds of the acidified products were separated from prednisolone in the plasma and urinary samples of the healthy subjects as well as Addisonian patients. In conclusion, the HPLC method is useful for the separation and quantitation of the UV-absorbing CS of human plasma and urine. The obtained chromatograms may be an indication of the metabolic state of the subject with treatment of s-CS.", "PMID": 510630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8862", "title": "Some roots of preference: roles, activities and familial values.", "content": "This paper examines some of the connecting links between modernization in a developing society, particularly urbanization and increased education for women, and preferences for number of children. Using 1973 Taiwan data, preferences for smaller families are found to be consistently related to modern attitudes and behavior in the three domains examined: intrafamilial husband-wife role relationships, extrafamilial activities of the wife, and familial and religious values relating the family to the larger institutional setting. Modernization of these attitudes, behaviors, and values has an impact on reproductive goals independent of their association with structural variables. The wife's outside activities and exposure to modern influences through the mass media are especially important linkages, having a particularly strong mediating effect in the education effect on preferences. Intrafamilial relations appear to be of less importance. Modernization of familial and religious values mediates between urbanization and family size preferences. The measure of preference used is a scale value which has been found in other research to be more predictive of reproductive behavior than the conventional single-valued statement of number of children wanted. As the level of contraceptive use rises in developing societies, family size preferences increasingly become a factor in birth rates, and understanding the sources of change in these preferences takes on added importance. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Some roots of preference: roles, activities and familial values. This paper examines some of the connecting links between modernization in a developing society, particularly urbanization and increased education for women, and preferences for number of children. Using 1973 Taiwan data, preferences for smaller families are found to be consistently related to modern attitudes and behavior in the three domains examined: intrafamilial husband-wife role relationships, extrafamilial activities of the wife, and familial and religious values relating the family to the larger institutional setting. Modernization of these attitudes, behaviors, and values has an impact on reproductive goals independent of their association with structural variables. The wife's outside activities and exposure to modern influences through the mass media are especially important linkages, having a particularly strong mediating effect in the education effect on preferences. Intrafamilial relations appear to be of less importance. Modernization of familial and religious values mediates between urbanization and family size preferences. The measure of preference used is a scale value which has been found in other research to be more predictive of reproductive behavior than the conventional single-valued statement of number of children wanted. As the level of contraceptive use rises in developing societies, family size preferences increasingly become a factor in birth rates, and understanding the sources of change in these preferences takes on added importance. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 510633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8863", "title": "The earnings of men and remarriage.", "content": "Focusing on the effects of men's earnings, this paper analyzes remarriage. Previous empirical research has not established what theoretical aspects of men's earnings are important. Here, data for Wisconsin high school graduates that include male respondents' Social Security earnings history are analyzed. The results indicate that absolute earnings, earnings instability, and earnings relative to peers have minimal effects on a man's probability of remarriage, but that permanent income positively affects remarriage. However, studies of marital disruption often find permanent income is not as important as relative earnings measures. Concluding remarks speculate about the meaning of these contrasting findings for the economics of marriage.", "contents": "The earnings of men and remarriage. Focusing on the effects of men's earnings, this paper analyzes remarriage. Previous empirical research has not established what theoretical aspects of men's earnings are important. Here, data for Wisconsin high school graduates that include male respondents' Social Security earnings history are analyzed. The results indicate that absolute earnings, earnings instability, and earnings relative to peers have minimal effects on a man's probability of remarriage, but that permanent income positively affects remarriage. However, studies of marital disruption often find permanent income is not as important as relative earnings measures. Concluding remarks speculate about the meaning of these contrasting findings for the economics of marriage.", "PMID": 510634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8864", "title": "Patterns of suburban population growth, 1970--75.", "content": "Population redistribution within U.S. suburban rings between 1970 and 1975 was characterized by frequent population declines for individual suburbs. On the whole, recent spatial patterns of suburban population decline are similar in nature, if not overall levels, to those found in the 1950s and 1960s. Population decline is greatest in the inner suburbs, and is also evident, to some extent, in the most peripheral suburbs. Patterns for all metropolitan areas mask clear variation among metropolitan areas. This variation is related to metropolitan age or historical period of development.", "contents": "Patterns of suburban population growth, 1970--75. Population redistribution within U.S. suburban rings between 1970 and 1975 was characterized by frequent population declines for individual suburbs. On the whole, recent spatial patterns of suburban population decline are similar in nature, if not overall levels, to those found in the 1950s and 1960s. Population decline is greatest in the inner suburbs, and is also evident, to some extent, in the most peripheral suburbs. Patterns for all metropolitan areas mask clear variation among metropolitan areas. This variation is related to metropolitan age or historical period of development.", "PMID": 510635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8865", "title": "What is the annual net flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States?", "content": "Senior government officials have claimed that in recent years an average of 1.4 million illegal aliens have entered the United States annually without apprehension. This conjectural figure does not take into account the fact that the net flow of immigrants is always less than the gross flow. In this paper, seven estimates are made concerning the net flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States in the period 1970--1975. These estimates are based on the growth of the population of Mexican origin according to the Current Population Survey. According to these estimates the annual net flow ranged from 82,300 to 232,400 persons.", "contents": "What is the annual net flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States? Senior government officials have claimed that in recent years an average of 1.4 million illegal aliens have entered the United States annually without apprehension. This conjectural figure does not take into account the fact that the net flow of immigrants is always less than the gross flow. In this paper, seven estimates are made concerning the net flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States in the period 1970--1975. These estimates are based on the growth of the population of Mexican origin according to the Current Population Survey. According to these estimates the annual net flow ranged from 82,300 to 232,400 persons.", "PMID": 510636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8866", "title": "Population growth, life-cycle saving, and international differences in steady-state optimal saving rates.", "content": "Life-cycle savings theories have been a seminal development in analyses of the relationship between rational savings patterns for individuals and the accumulation of wealth or capital at the level of the society as a whole. Applications of the theories in industrialized countries never investigated the significance of large differences in birth and death rates across societies. The strong demographic components of life-cycle saving analysis are here the center of focus. Illustrative general numerical applications of a modified version of the life-cycle approach suggest that mortality differentials comparable to those presently encountered among nations are consistent with very large differentials in steady-state optimal ratios of wealth-to-income. Specific application to Peru of the model estimated by Tobin for the United States indicates that high levels of mortality, current Peruvian birth rates, and Peruvian age-income profiles imply optimal rational savings rates far below those of the United States.", "contents": "Population growth, life-cycle saving, and international differences in steady-state optimal saving rates. Life-cycle savings theories have been a seminal development in analyses of the relationship between rational savings patterns for individuals and the accumulation of wealth or capital at the level of the society as a whole. Applications of the theories in industrialized countries never investigated the significance of large differences in birth and death rates across societies. The strong demographic components of life-cycle saving analysis are here the center of focus. Illustrative general numerical applications of a modified version of the life-cycle approach suggest that mortality differentials comparable to those presently encountered among nations are consistent with very large differentials in steady-state optimal ratios of wealth-to-income. Specific application to Peru of the model estimated by Tobin for the United States indicates that high levels of mortality, current Peruvian birth rates, and Peruvian age-income profiles imply optimal rational savings rates far below those of the United States.", "PMID": 510637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8867", "title": "The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality.", "content": "Life table methods are developed for populations whose members differ in their endowment for longevity. Unlike standard methods, which ignore such heterogeneity, these methods use different calculations to construct cohort, period, and individual life tables. The results imply that standard methods overestimate current life expectancy and potential gains in life expectancy from health and safety interventions, while underestimating rates of individual aging, past progress in reducing mortality, and mortality differentials between pairs of populations. Calculations based on Swedish mortality data suggest that these errors may be important, especially in old age.", "contents": "The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality. Life table methods are developed for populations whose members differ in their endowment for longevity. Unlike standard methods, which ignore such heterogeneity, these methods use different calculations to construct cohort, period, and individual life tables. The results imply that standard methods overestimate current life expectancy and potential gains in life expectancy from health and safety interventions, while underestimating rates of individual aging, past progress in reducing mortality, and mortality differentials between pairs of populations. Calculations based on Swedish mortality data suggest that these errors may be important, especially in old age.", "PMID": 510638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8868", "title": "A new technique to estimate infant mortality with an application for El Salvador and Colombia.", "content": "The paper presents new estimates of infant mortality for Colombia and El Salvador for the years 1950--1970. These estimates are obtained by using a technique which improves on Brass's method in that it suppresses the assumption of constant mortality and introduces instead assumptions about linear and nonlinear changes in mortality risks affecting various cohorts of individuals.", "contents": "A new technique to estimate infant mortality with an application for El Salvador and Colombia. The paper presents new estimates of infant mortality for Colombia and El Salvador for the years 1950--1970. These estimates are obtained by using a technique which improves on Brass's method in that it suppresses the assumption of constant mortality and introduces instead assumptions about linear and nonlinear changes in mortality risks affecting various cohorts of individuals.", "PMID": 510639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8869", "title": "[Effect of urea on the mechanism of percutaneous permeation].", "content": "The influence of urea on the percutaneous permeation under different conditions of application and on the epidermal effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil (FU) as an example for water-soluble agents is reported. The proceedings of permeation of FU are accelerated by admixture of, or pretreatment with, urea and by increasing the hydration of the horny layer by pretreatment with NaCl. The effectiveness of FU on the epidermis is increased simultaneously. However, the permeation rate of FU is decreased by pretreatment with HTH as an example of a stabilized urea emulsion; on the other hand, the most favourable therapeutic effect is demonstrable. Therefore, the permeation of an agent may be both enhanced and inhibited by different modes of urea application. These findings appear to be important for both the optimization of topical treatment and the industrial medicine's point of view.", "contents": "[Effect of urea on the mechanism of percutaneous permeation]. The influence of urea on the percutaneous permeation under different conditions of application and on the epidermal effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil (FU) as an example for water-soluble agents is reported. The proceedings of permeation of FU are accelerated by admixture of, or pretreatment with, urea and by increasing the hydration of the horny layer by pretreatment with NaCl. The effectiveness of FU on the epidermis is increased simultaneously. However, the permeation rate of FU is decreased by pretreatment with HTH as an example of a stabilized urea emulsion; on the other hand, the most favourable therapeutic effect is demonstrable. Therefore, the permeation of an agent may be both enhanced and inhibited by different modes of urea application. These findings appear to be important for both the optimization of topical treatment and the industrial medicine's point of view.", "PMID": 510648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8870", "title": "[Pityriasis lichenoides chronica--a new indication for PUVA therapy? (author's transl)].", "content": "2 patients with long-standing and wide-spread pityriasis lichenoides chronica were treated with orally administered 8-methyoxypsoralen and UVA irradiation (PUVA therapy). After 15--21 PUVA treatments the patients were completely cleared. 3 and 4 weeks after the initial PUVA treatment, phase recurrences occurred in both patients. In 1 patient the lesions appeared clinically and histologically as pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta.", "contents": "[Pityriasis lichenoides chronica--a new indication for PUVA therapy? (author's transl)]. 2 patients with long-standing and wide-spread pityriasis lichenoides chronica were treated with orally administered 8-methyoxypsoralen and UVA irradiation (PUVA therapy). After 15--21 PUVA treatments the patients were completely cleared. 3 and 4 weeks after the initial PUVA treatment, phase recurrences occurred in both patients. In 1 patient the lesions appeared clinically and histologically as pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta.", "PMID": 510649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8871", "title": "Vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma of the skin. Report of 3 cases with a critical pathogenetic study.", "content": "3 cases of cutaneous vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma are presented, 2 of them corresponded to a pure form, whilst the other arose in a pyogenic granuloma. All lesions behaved in a benign fashion. In some cases these may mimic an angiosarcoma (Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma). The endothelial proliferation, which characterizes the lesion, is considered as a reactive phenomenon secondary to fibrin deposits originating from the destruction of the vascular walls of a hemangioma.", "contents": "Vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma of the skin. Report of 3 cases with a critical pathogenetic study. 3 cases of cutaneous vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma are presented, 2 of them corresponded to a pure form, whilst the other arose in a pyogenic granuloma. All lesions behaved in a benign fashion. In some cases these may mimic an angiosarcoma (Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma). The endothelial proliferation, which characterizes the lesion, is considered as a reactive phenomenon secondary to fibrin deposits originating from the destruction of the vascular walls of a hemangioma.", "PMID": 510650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8872", "title": "Cutaneous sclerosis in eosinophilic fasciitis.", "content": "Eosinophilic fasciitis is an additional clinical entity to many others manifested by sclerodermic changes in the skin. A case with this process is reported. It presents vast cutaneous sclerodermic changes associated with eosinophilia, signs of muscular exertion, and a massive inflammatory infiltrate involving the lower part of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue and the muscle fascia. Prednisone therapy was followed by rapid and marked improvement.", "contents": "Cutaneous sclerosis in eosinophilic fasciitis. Eosinophilic fasciitis is an additional clinical entity to many others manifested by sclerodermic changes in the skin. A case with this process is reported. It presents vast cutaneous sclerodermic changes associated with eosinophilia, signs of muscular exertion, and a massive inflammatory infiltrate involving the lower part of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue and the muscle fascia. Prednisone therapy was followed by rapid and marked improvement.", "PMID": 510651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8873", "title": "[Acquired nevoid telangiectasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and ultrastructural study of three cases of acquired nevoid telangioectasia: (1) angioma serpiginosum, (2) angiokeratoma neviformis, and (3) unilateral nevoid telangiectasia. Despite the clinical similarities, the ultrastructural aspects of these lesions are different, showing: (1) ectasia of arteriolar type, (2) budding of capillaries, and (3) ectasia of venular type. The physiopathological mechanism of these lesions seems to be different.", "contents": "[Acquired nevoid telangiectasia (author's transl)]. Clinical and ultrastructural study of three cases of acquired nevoid telangioectasia: (1) angioma serpiginosum, (2) angiokeratoma neviformis, and (3) unilateral nevoid telangiectasia. Despite the clinical similarities, the ultrastructural aspects of these lesions are different, showing: (1) ectasia of arteriolar type, (2) budding of capillaries, and (3) ectasia of venular type. The physiopathological mechanism of these lesions seems to be different.", "PMID": 510652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8874", "title": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis successfully treated by systemic corticosteroids.", "content": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis is reported. The disease entity is rare and probably always combined with haemangiomas of internal organs. When visceral involvement provokes clinical symptoms (cardiac, cerebral, gastrointestinal), the spontaneous course often proves fatal. The prognosis seems to improve substantially if treatment with systemic corticosteroids is instituted. The patient reported, who had concomitant cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms, recovered completely following corticosteroid treatment. It is concluded that steroid treatment is indicated without hazards in complicated cases of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis.", "contents": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis successfully treated by systemic corticosteroids. A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis is reported. The disease entity is rare and probably always combined with haemangiomas of internal organs. When visceral involvement provokes clinical symptoms (cardiac, cerebral, gastrointestinal), the spontaneous course often proves fatal. The prognosis seems to improve substantially if treatment with systemic corticosteroids is instituted. The patient reported, who had concomitant cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms, recovered completely following corticosteroid treatment. It is concluded that steroid treatment is indicated without hazards in complicated cases of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis.", "PMID": 510653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8875", "title": "Characterization of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor in the ram testis.", "content": "An androgen receptor has been characterized in the cytosol fraction of testes from hypophysectomized adult rams after in vitro labelling with [3H]testosterone. It can be distinguished from the testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP) and from the plasma 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding protein by electrophoresis on 3.25% acrylamide gels (Rx = 0.5) and on agar gels (anodic migration). It sediments in the 4S region in sucrose gradient containing 0.4 M KCl. Its complex with testosterone dissociates very slowly (t 1/2 = 29 h at 0 degrees C), and is destroyed by heating at 50 degrees C for 30 min and by pronase. Its relative affinities for steroids are 5 alpha-DHT greater than T greater than 5 alpha-androstanediols greater than cyproterone acetate greater than estradiol greater than progesterone. The number of binding sites is limited (about 20 fmoles/mg protein) and the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is 5 x 10(-9) M.", "contents": "Characterization of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor in the ram testis. An androgen receptor has been characterized in the cytosol fraction of testes from hypophysectomized adult rams after in vitro labelling with [3H]testosterone. It can be distinguished from the testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP) and from the plasma 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding protein by electrophoresis on 3.25% acrylamide gels (Rx = 0.5) and on agar gels (anodic migration). It sediments in the 4S region in sucrose gradient containing 0.4 M KCl. Its complex with testosterone dissociates very slowly (t 1/2 = 29 h at 0 degrees C), and is destroyed by heating at 50 degrees C for 30 min and by pronase. Its relative affinities for steroids are 5 alpha-DHT greater than T greater than 5 alpha-androstanediols greater than cyproterone acetate greater than estradiol greater than progesterone. The number of binding sites is limited (about 20 fmoles/mg protein) and the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is 5 x 10(-9) M.", "PMID": 510771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8876", "title": "Sequence complexity of bovine pituitary poly(A)RNA.", "content": "Poly(A)RNA extracted from the anterior lobe of bovine-pituitary tissue was transcribed into its complementary DNA with reverse transcriptase. This 3H-labeled cDNA was hybridized with its template RNA. Hybridization kinetics revealed at least 3 abundance classes with the highest abundance class consisting of only a few different sequences. Bovine-liver poly(A)RNA did not contain this highest abundance class when hybridized to the cDNA probe complementary to pituitary poly(A)RNA. This result suggested that the highest abundance class found in bovine-pituitary poly(A)RNA was specific for that tissue and most likely contained the mRNA sequences for the major pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Sequence complexity of bovine pituitary poly(A)RNA. Poly(A)RNA extracted from the anterior lobe of bovine-pituitary tissue was transcribed into its complementary DNA with reverse transcriptase. This 3H-labeled cDNA was hybridized with its template RNA. Hybridization kinetics revealed at least 3 abundance classes with the highest abundance class consisting of only a few different sequences. Bovine-liver poly(A)RNA did not contain this highest abundance class when hybridized to the cDNA probe complementary to pituitary poly(A)RNA. This result suggested that the highest abundance class found in bovine-pituitary poly(A)RNA was specific for that tissue and most likely contained the mRNA sequences for the major pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 510772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8877", "title": "Effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female house mice on sexual maturation of juvenile females.", "content": "The effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female/mice on puberty in young females were examined. In Experiment I urine from pregnant or lactating females painted daily on the external nares of young females led to earlier sexual maturation than treatment with water or urine from singly-caged, nonlactating, multiparous adult females. In Experiment II urine from either pregnant or lactating females, injected daily into perforated plastic capsules containing cotton, effected earlier maturation in female mice caged with these capsules than did the urine of singly-caged females or water. In Experiment III the effectiveness of these treatments on reproduction per se was confirmed: young females reaching maturity earlier as the result of urine treatments were in fact ovulating and were capable of conceiving and bearing young. One explanation for the presence of the urinary pheromone(s) involves changes in hormone levels during pregnancy and/or lactation and urinary excretion levels of hormones, hormone metabolites, or chemical compounds which are hormone dependent. The pheromone excretion, triggered by external factors, may be a general signal to other females that environmental and/or social conditions are favorable for reproductive activities.", "contents": "Effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female house mice on sexual maturation of juvenile females. The effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female/mice on puberty in young females were examined. In Experiment I urine from pregnant or lactating females painted daily on the external nares of young females led to earlier sexual maturation than treatment with water or urine from singly-caged, nonlactating, multiparous adult females. In Experiment II urine from either pregnant or lactating females, injected daily into perforated plastic capsules containing cotton, effected earlier maturation in female mice caged with these capsules than did the urine of singly-caged females or water. In Experiment III the effectiveness of these treatments on reproduction per se was confirmed: young females reaching maturity earlier as the result of urine treatments were in fact ovulating and were capable of conceiving and bearing young. One explanation for the presence of the urinary pheromone(s) involves changes in hormone levels during pregnancy and/or lactation and urinary excretion levels of hormones, hormone metabolites, or chemical compounds which are hormone dependent. The pheromone excretion, triggered by external factors, may be a general signal to other females that environmental and/or social conditions are favorable for reproductive activities.", "PMID": 510795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8878", "title": "Developmental changes in the suckling behavior of hamster pups: a comparison with rat pups.", "content": "The suckling behavior of hamster pups was observed to undergo several transitions during the preweaning period. Pups 10 days of age and younger attached to the nipples of their anesthetized mothers and suckled. After 10 days of age, however, only animals which had been deprived of suckling (and food and water) reliably attached to their mothers' nipples. By 25 days of age, deprived pups no longer suckled. The pattern of response after nipple attachment also changed during development: pups younger than 5 days of age remained on 1 nipple after initial attachment, whereas older pups shifted from 1 nipple to another. The development of suckling in hamster pups resembles that in rat pups, although certain changes or transitions occur at different ages in the 2 species. These changes may provide important markers for neural and behavioral development in each species and for comparisons between the two.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the suckling behavior of hamster pups: a comparison with rat pups. The suckling behavior of hamster pups was observed to undergo several transitions during the preweaning period. Pups 10 days of age and younger attached to the nipples of their anesthetized mothers and suckled. After 10 days of age, however, only animals which had been deprived of suckling (and food and water) reliably attached to their mothers' nipples. By 25 days of age, deprived pups no longer suckled. The pattern of response after nipple attachment also changed during development: pups younger than 5 days of age remained on 1 nipple after initial attachment, whereas older pups shifted from 1 nipple to another. The development of suckling in hamster pups resembles that in rat pups, although certain changes or transitions occur at different ages in the 2 species. These changes may provide important markers for neural and behavioral development in each species and for comparisons between the two.", "PMID": 510796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8879", "title": "Sleep-waking patterns in hypoxic kittens.", "content": "Kittens at 10, 20, and 40 days of age were made intermittently hypoxic in 10 or 7% oxygen chambers for either 3 or 8 days. Respiration, EKG, EEG, and neck and eye movements were recorded during hypoxia. Compared to 21% oxygen controls, hypoxic kittens had fewer and shorter epochs of active sleep, and longer epochs of quiet sleep. Some hypoxic kittens exhibited slow and labored respiration during quiet sleep and transitional epochs, which reversed during active sleep. Kittens that showed most pronounced respiratory changes or died had less active sleep than kittens that compensated adequately and survived. These results suggest that active sleep may be important for stimulation of respiration during infancy. Suppression of active sleep, augmentation of quiet sleep, or other disturbances to normal sleep-waking patterns during hypoxia, may increase the risk for hypoxic respiratory depression and death.", "contents": "Sleep-waking patterns in hypoxic kittens. Kittens at 10, 20, and 40 days of age were made intermittently hypoxic in 10 or 7% oxygen chambers for either 3 or 8 days. Respiration, EKG, EEG, and neck and eye movements were recorded during hypoxia. Compared to 21% oxygen controls, hypoxic kittens had fewer and shorter epochs of active sleep, and longer epochs of quiet sleep. Some hypoxic kittens exhibited slow and labored respiration during quiet sleep and transitional epochs, which reversed during active sleep. Kittens that showed most pronounced respiratory changes or died had less active sleep than kittens that compensated adequately and survived. These results suggest that active sleep may be important for stimulation of respiration during infancy. Suppression of active sleep, augmentation of quiet sleep, or other disturbances to normal sleep-waking patterns during hypoxia, may increase the risk for hypoxic respiratory depression and death.", "PMID": 510797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8880", "title": "Sleep apnea in hypoxic and normal kittens.", "content": "Frequency and characteristics of apneas were studied in 10-, 20-, and 40-day old kittens during several days of exposure to 21%, 10%, or 7% oxygen atmospheres. Ninety-seven percent of all apneas occurred during sleep or at transitions between sleep and waking states. Hypoxic kittens, compared to controls, had greatly decreased apnea frequency, but other characteristics of apneas did not differ significantly. Apneas in both control and hypoxic kittens were normal, stereotyped events and were not considered to represent pathological processes. Evaluation of events preceding apneas indicated that a majority of apneas followed augmented breaths and/or brief arousals. We suggest that apnea, heart rate changes during apnea, and frequently concurrent transitions in sleep-waking state may be causally related to these pre-apnea events. The results of this study and a parallel study of human infants suggest that below-normal apnea frequency may indicate hypoxemia and may be associated with higher risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.", "contents": "Sleep apnea in hypoxic and normal kittens. Frequency and characteristics of apneas were studied in 10-, 20-, and 40-day old kittens during several days of exposure to 21%, 10%, or 7% oxygen atmospheres. Ninety-seven percent of all apneas occurred during sleep or at transitions between sleep and waking states. Hypoxic kittens, compared to controls, had greatly decreased apnea frequency, but other characteristics of apneas did not differ significantly. Apneas in both control and hypoxic kittens were normal, stereotyped events and were not considered to represent pathological processes. Evaluation of events preceding apneas indicated that a majority of apneas followed augmented breaths and/or brief arousals. We suggest that apnea, heart rate changes during apnea, and frequently concurrent transitions in sleep-waking state may be causally related to these pre-apnea events. The results of this study and a parallel study of human infants suggest that below-normal apnea frequency may indicate hypoxemia and may be associated with higher risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.", "PMID": 510798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8881", "title": "Development of tonic immobility in the rabbit: relation to body temperature.", "content": "Tonic immobility was studied in rabbit pups varying in age from 1 to 30 days. During the 1st 2 postnatal weeks the rabbits were active in an open field, had difficulty walking and executing a righting response, lost body temperature rapidly, and had no, or only short durations of, tonic immobility. After this age they were less active, hopped and righted well, maintained core temperature, and showed increased durations of tonic immobility. Within the 1st 2 postnatal weeks cooling and warming potentiated; thereafter, cooling disrupted and only warming potentiated tonic immobility. The results suggest that rate of heat loss can act as a stimulus to block tonic immobility and increase activity in neonatal rabbits. With development, cooling produces shivering which can disrupt tonic immobility, whereas warming may raise movement initiation thresholds which can potentiate tonic immobility.", "contents": "Development of tonic immobility in the rabbit: relation to body temperature. Tonic immobility was studied in rabbit pups varying in age from 1 to 30 days. During the 1st 2 postnatal weeks the rabbits were active in an open field, had difficulty walking and executing a righting response, lost body temperature rapidly, and had no, or only short durations of, tonic immobility. After this age they were less active, hopped and righted well, maintained core temperature, and showed increased durations of tonic immobility. Within the 1st 2 postnatal weeks cooling and warming potentiated; thereafter, cooling disrupted and only warming potentiated tonic immobility. The results suggest that rate of heat loss can act as a stimulus to block tonic immobility and increase activity in neonatal rabbits. With development, cooling produces shivering which can disrupt tonic immobility, whereas warming may raise movement initiation thresholds which can potentiate tonic immobility.", "PMID": 510799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8882", "title": "Lateral differences and head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation in premature human infants.", "content": "Head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation of the perioral region were studied at weekly intervals in 25 prematurely born infants. No regular changes associated with age were evident. The premature infants were more likely to turn towards than away from a stimulus; however, they were less so than are full-term infants. The infants were as likely to turn towards the stimulus when it was on the left as when it was on the right; however, they were more likely to turn away from a stimulus on the left than on the right. Comparisons with full-term infants indicated reduced lateral differences in responding. Such a reduction is in sharp contrast with the previous finding of marked postural asymmetry in a comparable sample of prematurely born infants. These data indicate a possible sequence in the development of head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation and the assumption and maintenance of an asymmetrical head posture which consists of (1) a right-turning postural bias, (2) contralateral responding to somesthetic stimulation, (3) lateral differentiation of contralateral responding, (4) ipsilateral responding, and (5) lateral differentiation of ipsilateral responding.", "contents": "Lateral differences and head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation in premature human infants. Head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation of the perioral region were studied at weekly intervals in 25 prematurely born infants. No regular changes associated with age were evident. The premature infants were more likely to turn towards than away from a stimulus; however, they were less so than are full-term infants. The infants were as likely to turn towards the stimulus when it was on the left as when it was on the right; however, they were more likely to turn away from a stimulus on the left than on the right. Comparisons with full-term infants indicated reduced lateral differences in responding. Such a reduction is in sharp contrast with the previous finding of marked postural asymmetry in a comparable sample of prematurely born infants. These data indicate a possible sequence in the development of head-turning responses to somesthetic stimulation and the assumption and maintenance of an asymmetrical head posture which consists of (1) a right-turning postural bias, (2) contralateral responding to somesthetic stimulation, (3) lateral differentiation of contralateral responding, (4) ipsilateral responding, and (5) lateral differentiation of ipsilateral responding.", "PMID": 510800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8883", "title": "Emergence of spontaneous alternation in the kitten.", "content": "Two studies are reported that describe the development of spontaneous alternation in the kitten. The first indicates that 3- and 4-week-old kittens do not alternate whereas animals 5 weeks and older do alternate. The second suggests that inability to discriminate maze arms is an unlikely explanation for the lack of alternation among the youngest animals. The approximate simultaneity between the onset of alternation (described here) and the maturation of the kitten hippocampus (described by others) is taken as support for the notion that hippocampal maturation may be related to the development of spontaneous alternation.", "contents": "Emergence of spontaneous alternation in the kitten. Two studies are reported that describe the development of spontaneous alternation in the kitten. The first indicates that 3- and 4-week-old kittens do not alternate whereas animals 5 weeks and older do alternate. The second suggests that inability to discriminate maze arms is an unlikely explanation for the lack of alternation among the youngest animals. The approximate simultaneity between the onset of alternation (described here) and the maturation of the kitten hippocampus (described by others) is taken as support for the notion that hippocampal maturation may be related to the development of spontaneous alternation.", "PMID": 510801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8884", "title": "Developmental changes in open-field behavior in the kitten.", "content": "Seventy-eight kittens from 3 to 7 weeks of age were studied in an open-field arena. Three major age-dependent changes were noted: (1) the number of floor squares entered was markedly higher for 5- and 6-week-olds than for younger animals, and slightly lower for 7-week-olds than for 5- and 6-week-olds; (2) the tendency to backtrack from 1 square to a just-vacated square decreased with age, the largest change occurring between 4 and 5 weeks of age; (3) the within-session decrement in locomotion was largest for 3-week-old kittens but was smallest for 4-week-olds and increased monotonically with age thereafter. The results suggest a possible role of hippocampal maturation.", "contents": "Developmental changes in open-field behavior in the kitten. Seventy-eight kittens from 3 to 7 weeks of age were studied in an open-field arena. Three major age-dependent changes were noted: (1) the number of floor squares entered was markedly higher for 5- and 6-week-olds than for younger animals, and slightly lower for 7-week-olds than for 5- and 6-week-olds; (2) the tendency to backtrack from 1 square to a just-vacated square decreased with age, the largest change occurring between 4 and 5 weeks of age; (3) the within-session decrement in locomotion was largest for 3-week-old kittens but was smallest for 4-week-olds and increased monotonically with age thereafter. The results suggest a possible role of hippocampal maturation.", "PMID": 510802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8885", "title": "Effectiveness of insulin therapy on altered renal calcium transport in diabetic rats.", "content": "The uptake of 45Ca was measured in slices of kidney cortex from normal rats, streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated early and late with insulin. Insulin therapy was performed such that blood glucose levels were controlled in half the treated diabetic animals but not in the others. Considerably earlier than evidence of nephropathy (i.e., proteinuria and increased BUN levels) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, there was a significant decrease in active uptake of calcium by the kidney. Insulin therapy, begun immediately upon diagnosis of diabetes, maintained normal calcium transport even when blood glucose levels were not controlled. On the other hand, insulin therapy, begun 1 mo after diabetes was confirmed but before evidence of nephropathy, did not restore calcium transport to normal whether or not blood glucose was controlled. We conclude that this biochemical mechanism, which possibly may be implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, is clearly influenced by duration of insulin deficiency and not by the degree in hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Effectiveness of insulin therapy on altered renal calcium transport in diabetic rats. The uptake of 45Ca was measured in slices of kidney cortex from normal rats, streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated early and late with insulin. Insulin therapy was performed such that blood glucose levels were controlled in half the treated diabetic animals but not in the others. Considerably earlier than evidence of nephropathy (i.e., proteinuria and increased BUN levels) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, there was a significant decrease in active uptake of calcium by the kidney. Insulin therapy, begun immediately upon diagnosis of diabetes, maintained normal calcium transport even when blood glucose levels were not controlled. On the other hand, insulin therapy, begun 1 mo after diabetes was confirmed but before evidence of nephropathy, did not restore calcium transport to normal whether or not blood glucose was controlled. We conclude that this biochemical mechanism, which possibly may be implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, is clearly influenced by duration of insulin deficiency and not by the degree in hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 510805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8886", "title": "Genetic selection for diabetogenic traits in Yucatan miniature swine.", "content": "Yucatan miniature pigs have been selectively bred for reduced and increased glucose clearance during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Pigs with low glucose clearance rates (low K) have been selected through the F-5 generation. They have a significantly reduced rate of glucose clearance and a blunted peripheral IRI increase in response to the challenge. Through the F-5 generation, heritability of glucose tolerance is estimated at 0.26. Sporadic fasting blood glucoses in excess of 100 mg/dl are seen in later generations of this group. High glucose clearance pigs (high K) have been selected through the F-4 generation. They have significantly increased rates of glucose clearance and a greater increase in peripheral IRI than the low K animals. The estimated heritability for high K through the F-4 generation is 0.31. No evidence of fasting hypo- or hyperglycemia has been seen in the high K animals.", "contents": "Genetic selection for diabetogenic traits in Yucatan miniature swine. Yucatan miniature pigs have been selectively bred for reduced and increased glucose clearance during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Pigs with low glucose clearance rates (low K) have been selected through the F-5 generation. They have a significantly reduced rate of glucose clearance and a blunted peripheral IRI increase in response to the challenge. Through the F-5 generation, heritability of glucose tolerance is estimated at 0.26. Sporadic fasting blood glucoses in excess of 100 mg/dl are seen in later generations of this group. High glucose clearance pigs (high K) have been selected through the F-4 generation. They have significantly increased rates of glucose clearance and a greater increase in peripheral IRI than the low K animals. The estimated heritability for high K through the F-4 generation is 0.31. No evidence of fasting hypo- or hyperglycemia has been seen in the high K animals.", "PMID": 510807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8887", "title": "Physiologic responses of juvenile-onset diabetic boys to muscular work.", "content": "The cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of juvenile-onset diabetic (Dia) and nondiabetic (Con) boys to light, moderate, and maximal treadmill work were investigated. No significant differences were observed between the Dia and Con subjects in cardiorespiratory responses to maximal and submaximal work. The mean values for the Dia boys during maximal treadmill work for ventilatory volume, oxygen uptake, heart rate, and lactic acid were 91.5 L/min, 54.9 ml/kg . min, rate, and lactic acid were 91.5 L/nin, 54.9 ml/kg . min, 198 beats/min, and 7.0 mM/L, respectively. In the Dia boys, maximal-, light-, and moderate-intensity work produced significant plasma glucose decreases (P less than 0.05) of 1.64, 3.23, and 7.2 mM/L, respectively. In the Con boys, the submaximal work bouts were performed without significant change in plasma glucose levels, but glucose levels after maximal work were elevated 1.58 mM/L. Light and moderate work in both groups produced no changes in plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, or lactic acid. However, for the Dia boys, maximal work was associated with a significant increase of 0.36 mM/L in triglycerides.", "contents": "Physiologic responses of juvenile-onset diabetic boys to muscular work. The cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of juvenile-onset diabetic (Dia) and nondiabetic (Con) boys to light, moderate, and maximal treadmill work were investigated. No significant differences were observed between the Dia and Con subjects in cardiorespiratory responses to maximal and submaximal work. The mean values for the Dia boys during maximal treadmill work for ventilatory volume, oxygen uptake, heart rate, and lactic acid were 91.5 L/min, 54.9 ml/kg . min, rate, and lactic acid were 91.5 L/nin, 54.9 ml/kg . min, 198 beats/min, and 7.0 mM/L, respectively. In the Dia boys, maximal-, light-, and moderate-intensity work produced significant plasma glucose decreases (P less than 0.05) of 1.64, 3.23, and 7.2 mM/L, respectively. In the Con boys, the submaximal work bouts were performed without significant change in plasma glucose levels, but glucose levels after maximal work were elevated 1.58 mM/L. Light and moderate work in both groups produced no changes in plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, or lactic acid. However, for the Dia boys, maximal work was associated with a significant increase of 0.36 mM/L in triglycerides.", "PMID": 510808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8888", "title": "Comparison of a colorimetric assay for glycosylated hemoglobin with ion-exchange chromatography.", "content": "Because levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) are increased in diabetes and reflect the previous metabolic control, clinicians and clinical investigators are finding increasing applications for measurements of GHb in diabetic patients. We report the characterization of a colorimetric assay procedure for GHb and compare its performance with that of a commonly used assay by ion-exchange chromatography. Although results of GHb determination by both methods correlate highly (r = 0.946, P less than 0.001), the two procedures estimate different glycosylated fractions. The colorimetric procedure is nonstoichiometric, requiring careful standardization of assay conditions, including the concentration of total hemoglobin in the assayed aliquot, to achieve precision and permit comparison of results. We characterized the effect of storage of hemolysates or packed erythrocytes on the subsequent determination of GHb by both methods. Determinations of GHb by the colorimetric method, but not by column chromatography, are reproducible on hemolysates or packed erythrocytes on the subsequent determination of GHb by both methods. Determinations of GHb by the colorimetric method, but not by column chromatography, are reproducible on hemolysates or packed erythrocytes stored frozen for at least 5 mo. A unique advantage of the colorimetric procedure is the capability to estimate GHb levels when variant hemoglobins, including fetal and sickle hemoglobins, are present.", "contents": "Comparison of a colorimetric assay for glycosylated hemoglobin with ion-exchange chromatography. Because levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) are increased in diabetes and reflect the previous metabolic control, clinicians and clinical investigators are finding increasing applications for measurements of GHb in diabetic patients. We report the characterization of a colorimetric assay procedure for GHb and compare its performance with that of a commonly used assay by ion-exchange chromatography. Although results of GHb determination by both methods correlate highly (r = 0.946, P less than 0.001), the two procedures estimate different glycosylated fractions. The colorimetric procedure is nonstoichiometric, requiring careful standardization of assay conditions, including the concentration of total hemoglobin in the assayed aliquot, to achieve precision and permit comparison of results. We characterized the effect of storage of hemolysates or packed erythrocytes on the subsequent determination of GHb by both methods. Determinations of GHb by the colorimetric method, but not by column chromatography, are reproducible on hemolysates or packed erythrocytes on the subsequent determination of GHb by both methods. Determinations of GHb by the colorimetric method, but not by column chromatography, are reproducible on hemolysates or packed erythrocytes stored frozen for at least 5 mo. A unique advantage of the colorimetric procedure is the capability to estimate GHb levels when variant hemoglobins, including fetal and sickle hemoglobins, are present.", "PMID": 510809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8889", "title": "Insulin-potentiating action of a synthetic amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 1--15) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "The hypoglycemic activity of the synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone, hGH 1--15, is insulin dependent, although it does not alter the circulating levels of plasma insulin in normal and diabetic rats. In severe diabetes induced by streptozotocin, the peptide had no effect on the basal levels of blood glucose, but enhanced insulin sensitivity during intravenous insulin tolerance tests in 16-h-fasted rats. Radioreceptor binding studies show increased binding of insulin by hepatic plasma membranes prepared from rats pretreated with hGH 1--15. These results suggest that the biologic action of the peptide is, at least in part, on insulin receptors of plasma membranes.", "contents": "Insulin-potentiating action of a synthetic amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 1--15) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic activity of the synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone, hGH 1--15, is insulin dependent, although it does not alter the circulating levels of plasma insulin in normal and diabetic rats. In severe diabetes induced by streptozotocin, the peptide had no effect on the basal levels of blood glucose, but enhanced insulin sensitivity during intravenous insulin tolerance tests in 16-h-fasted rats. Radioreceptor binding studies show increased binding of insulin by hepatic plasma membranes prepared from rats pretreated with hGH 1--15. These results suggest that the biologic action of the peptide is, at least in part, on insulin receptors of plasma membranes.", "PMID": 510810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8890", "title": "Higher levels of erythrocyte membrane microviscosity in diabetes.", "content": "Significantly higher levels of erythrocyte membrane microviscosity (MV) [n-: 5.22 +/- 0.17 (4.70--5.92), mean +/- SD (range), poise, N = 67, P less than 0.005] measured by fluorescence depolarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a fluorescent probe were found in diabetic patients when compared with normal controls [5.05 +/- 0.15 (4.70--5.29), N = 22]. No significant differences in MV existed between males and females, nor was MV significantly correlated with diabetic age, duration of diabetes, plasma cholesterol, cholesterol/phsopholipid ratios, and plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities. No significant difference in MV was observed between groups with or without diabetic retinopathy. There was, however, significantly higher MV [5.29 +/- 0.19 (5.00--5.92), N = 20, P less than 0.05] in the group with fasting blood glucose (FBG) greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl than that [5.19 +/- 0.15 (4.70--5.46), N = 47] in the group with FBG less than 140 mg/dl. The changes in erythrocyte membrane MV presented in this study appear to be related to the current metabolic control of diabetic patients and are considered to be one of the factors responsible for the reduced erythrocyte deformability in diabetes.", "contents": "Higher levels of erythrocyte membrane microviscosity in diabetes. Significantly higher levels of erythrocyte membrane microviscosity (MV) [n-: 5.22 +/- 0.17 (4.70--5.92), mean +/- SD (range), poise, N = 67, P less than 0.005] measured by fluorescence depolarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a fluorescent probe were found in diabetic patients when compared with normal controls [5.05 +/- 0.15 (4.70--5.29), N = 22]. No significant differences in MV existed between males and females, nor was MV significantly correlated with diabetic age, duration of diabetes, plasma cholesterol, cholesterol/phsopholipid ratios, and plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities. No significant difference in MV was observed between groups with or without diabetic retinopathy. There was, however, significantly higher MV [5.29 +/- 0.19 (5.00--5.92), N = 20, P less than 0.05] in the group with fasting blood glucose (FBG) greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl than that [5.19 +/- 0.15 (4.70--5.46), N = 47] in the group with FBG less than 140 mg/dl. The changes in erythrocyte membrane MV presented in this study appear to be related to the current metabolic control of diabetic patients and are considered to be one of the factors responsible for the reduced erythrocyte deformability in diabetes.", "PMID": 510812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8891", "title": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity in cultured preadipocytes.", "content": "Fat feeding stimulated the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) without concomitant insulin secretion. Since antilipolytic effects of GIP have been demonstrated and the uptake of triglyceride fatty acid by adipose tissue postprandially is a process reciprocally regulated with lipolysis, a stimulatory role of GIP on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity may be present. After cultured preadipocytes were incubated for 2 h with GIP, the release of lipoprotein lipase activity into the culture medium and the total cellular activity present in acetone-ether powders of cells were measured. GIP stimulated significant increases in the lipoprotein lipase activity released into the culture medium and in cells. A dose response relationship was strongest for the effect of GIP on the enzyme activity in extracts of acetone-ether powders of the cells. The increased lipoprotein lipase activity produced by GIP could provide a mechanisms for clearance of chylomicron triglyceride after feeding in man.", "contents": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity in cultured preadipocytes. Fat feeding stimulated the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) without concomitant insulin secretion. Since antilipolytic effects of GIP have been demonstrated and the uptake of triglyceride fatty acid by adipose tissue postprandially is a process reciprocally regulated with lipolysis, a stimulatory role of GIP on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity may be present. After cultured preadipocytes were incubated for 2 h with GIP, the release of lipoprotein lipase activity into the culture medium and the total cellular activity present in acetone-ether powders of cells were measured. GIP stimulated significant increases in the lipoprotein lipase activity released into the culture medium and in cells. A dose response relationship was strongest for the effect of GIP on the enzyme activity in extracts of acetone-ether powders of the cells. The increased lipoprotein lipase activity produced by GIP could provide a mechanisms for clearance of chylomicron triglyceride after feeding in man.", "PMID": 510813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8892", "title": "Knee flexion deformities and genu recurvatum in cerebral palsy: roentgenographic findings.", "content": "Patients with cerebral palsy often have recurvatum or flexion deformities at the knee. To determine whether these are due to a bony or soft-tissue abnormality, four angles were measured on lateral roentgenograms of the knee: the femur-physis angle (angle 1); femur-Blumensaat's line angle (angle 2); tibia-plateau angle (angle 3); and tibia-physis angle (angle 4). These angles were measured for 45 patients with knee flexion deformities and for 31 with genu recurvatum. Values were also obtained from 204 normal lateral knee reoentgenograms. The age range for the whole series was from one to 22 years. Angles 2, 3 and 4 decreased from normal values with increasing age. The angulation of the proximal tibia, as measured by angle 3, is abnormal in patients with flexion deformities. Angles 2 and 3 were abnormal in cerebral-palsied patients with flexion deformities, while patients with genu recurvatum showed no significant bony abnormalities. These results suggest that treatment of flexion and recurvatum should be based on etiology.", "contents": "Knee flexion deformities and genu recurvatum in cerebral palsy: roentgenographic findings. Patients with cerebral palsy often have recurvatum or flexion deformities at the knee. To determine whether these are due to a bony or soft-tissue abnormality, four angles were measured on lateral roentgenograms of the knee: the femur-physis angle (angle 1); femur-Blumensaat's line angle (angle 2); tibia-plateau angle (angle 3); and tibia-physis angle (angle 4). These angles were measured for 45 patients with knee flexion deformities and for 31 with genu recurvatum. Values were also obtained from 204 normal lateral knee reoentgenograms. The age range for the whole series was from one to 22 years. Angles 2, 3 and 4 decreased from normal values with increasing age. The angulation of the proximal tibia, as measured by angle 3, is abnormal in patients with flexion deformities. Angles 2 and 3 were abnormal in cerebral-palsied patients with flexion deformities, while patients with genu recurvatum showed no significant bony abnormalities. These results suggest that treatment of flexion and recurvatum should be based on etiology.", "PMID": 510815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8893", "title": "Normal development and ear effect for contralateral acoustic reflex in children six to twelve years old.", "content": "This study investigated the acoustic reflex, which uses the ventro-medial brain-stem system, to determine laterality superiority with respect to age, sex, dominance for handedness, and their various interactions, 54 normal children and 21 normal adults were evaluated. No major effects for age, sex or handedness for the reflex were found, but the right ear appeared slightly more sensitive to broad-band white noise stimuli than the left, regardless of handedness. An age-handedness effect was also present which suggested that left-handed children mature differently from right-handed children in the acoustic reflex. Data on adults were inconclusive as to whether this maturity effect carried over into adulthood. The findings suggest that there was a laterality effect for the acoustic reflex using the ventro-medial brain-stem, which was thus brain-stem related rather than cortex-level related.", "contents": "Normal development and ear effect for contralateral acoustic reflex in children six to twelve years old. This study investigated the acoustic reflex, which uses the ventro-medial brain-stem system, to determine laterality superiority with respect to age, sex, dominance for handedness, and their various interactions, 54 normal children and 21 normal adults were evaluated. No major effects for age, sex or handedness for the reflex were found, but the right ear appeared slightly more sensitive to broad-band white noise stimuli than the left, regardless of handedness. An age-handedness effect was also present which suggested that left-handed children mature differently from right-handed children in the acoustic reflex. Data on adults were inconclusive as to whether this maturity effect carried over into adulthood. The findings suggest that there was a laterality effect for the acoustic reflex using the ventro-medial brain-stem, which was thus brain-stem related rather than cortex-level related.", "PMID": 510816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8894", "title": "Separation at birth and the mother-child relationship.", "content": "Mother-child relationships were investigated between: (a) 32 mothers and their singleton children with birthweights of 2000g or less who had been separated immediately after birth for a minimum period of 17 days (index families), and (b) 32 control mothers and their singleton children, matched with index cases for type of residence, sex and month of birth, but who had not been separated at birth and whose birthweights were 2700g or greater. From interview, validated by questionnaire and semantic differential scoring, six of the index mothers, but none of the control mothers were assessed as having rejected their children. Comparisons were made between rejected and non-rejected index children. Rejection occurred more commonly in the low-birthweight group if the mother had been a teenager at the birth of her first child or of the study child, especially if she had not planned or wanted the pregnancy. The mothers of rejected children tended to have had poor relations with their own fathers, were unhappy with their life-style, and perceived their children as having difficult or unlikeable personalities. The rejected children were more likely to have had poor health, severe temper tantrums, and to cause their mothers concern over their poor appetite.", "contents": "Separation at birth and the mother-child relationship. Mother-child relationships were investigated between: (a) 32 mothers and their singleton children with birthweights of 2000g or less who had been separated immediately after birth for a minimum period of 17 days (index families), and (b) 32 control mothers and their singleton children, matched with index cases for type of residence, sex and month of birth, but who had not been separated at birth and whose birthweights were 2700g or greater. From interview, validated by questionnaire and semantic differential scoring, six of the index mothers, but none of the control mothers were assessed as having rejected their children. Comparisons were made between rejected and non-rejected index children. Rejection occurred more commonly in the low-birthweight group if the mother had been a teenager at the birth of her first child or of the study child, especially if she had not planned or wanted the pregnancy. The mothers of rejected children tended to have had poor relations with their own fathers, were unhappy with their life-style, and perceived their children as having difficult or unlikeable personalities. The rejected children were more likely to have had poor health, severe temper tantrums, and to cause their mothers concern over their poor appetite.", "PMID": 510817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8895", "title": "Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. III: Psychiatric aspects in childhood and adult life.", "content": "One hundred children with temporal lobe epilepsy were followed into adult life. 85 per cent had had psychiatric problems in childhood. The occurrence of overt psychiatric disorder in adult life was low: of those survivors who were not gravely mentally retarded, 70 per cent were regarded as psychiatrically healthy. Overt schizophreniform psychosis has developed in 10 per cent of survivors. Males with continuing epilepsy and left-sided foci were at special risk: 30 per cent of such patients had become psychotic. No patient coded as having a right-sided focus in 1964 had become psychotic by 1977. Though 26 patients had had grossly disordered childhood homes, this factor had no significant relation to adult psychiatric disorder. Antisocial conduct marked the adult life of 12 patients. Their childhood codes showed that male sex, a focus contralateral to the preferred hand, and unremittent epilepsy marked this group. Low intelligence and childhood rages were also prominent. Treated neurotic and depressive illness was quite uncommon. Only five survivors have fallen into this category. Those patients escaping psychiatric ill-health are often notably extraverted and successful.", "contents": "Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. III: Psychiatric aspects in childhood and adult life. One hundred children with temporal lobe epilepsy were followed into adult life. 85 per cent had had psychiatric problems in childhood. The occurrence of overt psychiatric disorder in adult life was low: of those survivors who were not gravely mentally retarded, 70 per cent were regarded as psychiatrically healthy. Overt schizophreniform psychosis has developed in 10 per cent of survivors. Males with continuing epilepsy and left-sided foci were at special risk: 30 per cent of such patients had become psychotic. No patient coded as having a right-sided focus in 1964 had become psychotic by 1977. Though 26 patients had had grossly disordered childhood homes, this factor had no significant relation to adult psychiatric disorder. Antisocial conduct marked the adult life of 12 patients. Their childhood codes showed that male sex, a focus contralateral to the preferred hand, and unremittent epilepsy marked this group. Low intelligence and childhood rages were also prominent. Treated neurotic and depressive illness was quite uncommon. Only five survivors have fallen into this category. Those patients escaping psychiatric ill-health are often notably extraverted and successful.", "PMID": 510818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8896", "title": "Functional studies in patients with the glucagonoma syndrome.", "content": "Four patients with glucagon-producing tumours of the pancreas were investigated. Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations ranged from 209--625 pmol/l. Plasma insulin concentrations were normal except in one patient, where the tumour also produced insulin (558 pmol/l). Intravenous glucose (25 g/m2) depressed the glucagon concentration in two patients, while no change was noted in the others. Intravenous arginine stimulated glucagon secretion in three patients, but not in the fourth. Intravenous somatostatin suppressed glucagon secretion in all three patients investigated. All patients had abnormally low plasma levels of individual amino acids; glucogenic and branched-chain amino acids were equally depressed. Surgical removal of the tumours led to complete recovery from dermatosis and the glucagon levels were normalized. Postoperative tests were performed in three patients. The alpha-cell responsiveness to iv glucose was restored. Glucose tolerance (Kg-value) was improved in one patient (0.73 to 1.65), persistently low in one patient (0.75 to 0.72) and impaired in the third patient (1.35 to 1.09). It is concluded that none of these functional tests will be of diagnostic value in cases suspected of glucagonomas. The results also show that glucose homeostasis is remarkably unaffected by the extreme hyperglucagonaemia of these patients and that hypoaminoacidaemia is an important consequence of chronic hyperglucagonaemia.", "contents": "Functional studies in patients with the glucagonoma syndrome. Four patients with glucagon-producing tumours of the pancreas were investigated. Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations ranged from 209--625 pmol/l. Plasma insulin concentrations were normal except in one patient, where the tumour also produced insulin (558 pmol/l). Intravenous glucose (25 g/m2) depressed the glucagon concentration in two patients, while no change was noted in the others. Intravenous arginine stimulated glucagon secretion in three patients, but not in the fourth. Intravenous somatostatin suppressed glucagon secretion in all three patients investigated. All patients had abnormally low plasma levels of individual amino acids; glucogenic and branched-chain amino acids were equally depressed. Surgical removal of the tumours led to complete recovery from dermatosis and the glucagon levels were normalized. Postoperative tests were performed in three patients. The alpha-cell responsiveness to iv glucose was restored. Glucose tolerance (Kg-value) was improved in one patient (0.73 to 1.65), persistently low in one patient (0.75 to 0.72) and impaired in the third patient (1.35 to 1.09). It is concluded that none of these functional tests will be of diagnostic value in cases suspected of glucagonomas. The results also show that glucose homeostasis is remarkably unaffected by the extreme hyperglucagonaemia of these patients and that hypoaminoacidaemia is an important consequence of chronic hyperglucagonaemia.", "PMID": 510830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8897", "title": "Effect of metabolic regulation on renal leakiness to dextran molecules in short-term insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "Renal clearance of dextran of two ranges of molecular size and glomerular filtration rate (GFR, 51Cr-EDTA) were measured in seven short-term insulin-dependent diabetics (mean age 25 years). Measurements were carried out in the same patient during good and poor metabolic regulation (plasma glucose, mean +/- SEM, 6.5 +/- 0.9 and 14.8 +/- 1.5 mmol/l, respectively). GFR was elevated in all patients during poor metabolic regulation (119 +/- 6 ml/min/1.73 m2, versus 99 +/- 2 ml/min/1.73 m2 during good control, p less than 0.01). The average renal clearance of dextran with molecular weights ranging from 25,000 to 35,000 and 35,000 to 45,000 increased during poor metabolic regulation from 14.8 +/- 0.8 to 19.8 +/- 1.8 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 5.2 +/- 0.3 to 6.8 +/- 0.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively (p less than 0.05). The elevated GFR and renal dextran clearance found during poor metabolic regulation were normalized within one to three weeks of effective insulin treatment. This rapid reversibility can hardly be explained by the previously demonstrated enlargement in glomerular size and filtration surface area, since these alterations remain unchanged after more than one month of insulin treatment. The metabolic regulation did not influence the size-selective properties of the glomerular wall. Therefore, we suggest that the dominating mechanism involved in the GFR and renal dextran clearance alterations is functional, viz. increased filtration pressure.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic regulation on renal leakiness to dextran molecules in short-term insulin-dependent diabetics. Renal clearance of dextran of two ranges of molecular size and glomerular filtration rate (GFR, 51Cr-EDTA) were measured in seven short-term insulin-dependent diabetics (mean age 25 years). Measurements were carried out in the same patient during good and poor metabolic regulation (plasma glucose, mean +/- SEM, 6.5 +/- 0.9 and 14.8 +/- 1.5 mmol/l, respectively). GFR was elevated in all patients during poor metabolic regulation (119 +/- 6 ml/min/1.73 m2, versus 99 +/- 2 ml/min/1.73 m2 during good control, p less than 0.01). The average renal clearance of dextran with molecular weights ranging from 25,000 to 35,000 and 35,000 to 45,000 increased during poor metabolic regulation from 14.8 +/- 0.8 to 19.8 +/- 1.8 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 5.2 +/- 0.3 to 6.8 +/- 0.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively (p less than 0.05). The elevated GFR and renal dextran clearance found during poor metabolic regulation were normalized within one to three weeks of effective insulin treatment. This rapid reversibility can hardly be explained by the previously demonstrated enlargement in glomerular size and filtration surface area, since these alterations remain unchanged after more than one month of insulin treatment. The metabolic regulation did not influence the size-selective properties of the glomerular wall. Therefore, we suggest that the dominating mechanism involved in the GFR and renal dextran clearance alterations is functional, viz. increased filtration pressure.", "PMID": 510831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8898", "title": "Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, in mice.", "content": "Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum P-B-1, against Ehrlich carcinoma cells in ddY mice was investigated. Ehrlich carcinoma cells were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) into mice and V. anguillarum (1.0 mg/mouse) was administered ip twice before and 4 times after the tumor inoculation. Groups of mice administered V. anguillarum survived 80 approximately 90% and their mean survival was 54.0 approximately 56.0 days (range, 24.0 approximately 60 days) at day 60 after inoculation of 10(4) to 10(6) tumor cells against the mean survival of 16.4 approximately 22.3 days (range, 7 approximately 26) in the control group. When 2 x 10(6) tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously (sc) mixed with 1.0 mg of V. anguillarum, the bacterial cells markedly suppressed the growth of tumor at the injection site; tumor did not grow in 30% of recipient mice and the inhibition rate of grown tumor in the rest of recipients was 69%. The consistently demonstrable antitumor activity of V. anguillarum was reduced by pretreatment of mice with immunosuppressants such as anti-thymocyte serum, hydrocortisone, or irradiation of X-ray. This fact indicates that the antitumor activity of V. anguillarum is mediated by immune response.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, in mice. Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum P-B-1, against Ehrlich carcinoma cells in ddY mice was investigated. Ehrlich carcinoma cells were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) into mice and V. anguillarum (1.0 mg/mouse) was administered ip twice before and 4 times after the tumor inoculation. Groups of mice administered V. anguillarum survived 80 approximately 90% and their mean survival was 54.0 approximately 56.0 days (range, 24.0 approximately 60 days) at day 60 after inoculation of 10(4) to 10(6) tumor cells against the mean survival of 16.4 approximately 22.3 days (range, 7 approximately 26) in the control group. When 2 x 10(6) tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously (sc) mixed with 1.0 mg of V. anguillarum, the bacterial cells markedly suppressed the growth of tumor at the injection site; tumor did not grow in 30% of recipient mice and the inhibition rate of grown tumor in the rest of recipients was 69%. The consistently demonstrable antitumor activity of V. anguillarum was reduced by pretreatment of mice with immunosuppressants such as anti-thymocyte serum, hydrocortisone, or irradiation of X-ray. This fact indicates that the antitumor activity of V. anguillarum is mediated by immune response.", "PMID": 510844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8899", "title": "Carcinomas of the liver in female mice fed toluene-2,4-diamine.", "content": "B6C3F1 female mice fed 100 or 200 ppm of the aromatic amine, toluene-2,4-diamine, developed significant number of carcinomas of the liver. The carcinomas varied from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated. Treated mice also developed hyperplastic hepatic nodules, but cirrhosis was not observed. Hyperplastic nodules, carcinomas, and cirrhosis of the liver have been described in rats ingesting toluene-2,4-diamine.", "contents": "Carcinomas of the liver in female mice fed toluene-2,4-diamine. B6C3F1 female mice fed 100 or 200 ppm of the aromatic amine, toluene-2,4-diamine, developed significant number of carcinomas of the liver. The carcinomas varied from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated. Treated mice also developed hyperplastic hepatic nodules, but cirrhosis was not observed. Hyperplastic nodules, carcinomas, and cirrhosis of the liver have been described in rats ingesting toluene-2,4-diamine.", "PMID": 510845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8900", "title": "Enhancing effect of clamping of the portal vein on the effectiveness of antitumor agents against lymph node metastasis.", "content": "An experimental study was made on the suppressive effect on lymph node metastasis of an antitumor agent administered during the clamping of the portal vein. When mitomyaneously clamped, a higher concentration of the drug was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes compared to the conventional intravenous administration. The growth of mesenteric lymph node metastasis was markedly suppressed by the combined use of mitomycin-C and portal vein clamping. These results suggest that the procedure applied in the present study directs a high concentration of antitumor preparations to the lymph nodes in the portal vein region, and thus is a good method for the suppression of lymph node metastasis.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of clamping of the portal vein on the effectiveness of antitumor agents against lymph node metastasis. An experimental study was made on the suppressive effect on lymph node metastasis of an antitumor agent administered during the clamping of the portal vein. When mitomyaneously clamped, a higher concentration of the drug was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes compared to the conventional intravenous administration. The growth of mesenteric lymph node metastasis was markedly suppressed by the combined use of mitomycin-C and portal vein clamping. These results suggest that the procedure applied in the present study directs a high concentration of antitumor preparations to the lymph nodes in the portal vein region, and thus is a good method for the suppression of lymph node metastasis.", "PMID": 510846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8901", "title": "Significance of estrogen receptor assay in cytotoxic chemotherapy in relation to previous endocrine therapy of advanced breast cancer patients.", "content": "In 36 patients with advanced breast cancer, most of whom had been subjected to major endocrine ablation therapy such as bilateral adrenalectomy, correlation between the presence or absence of estrogen receptor (ER) in tumors and response to chemotherapy was investigated. Complete or partial response was obtained in 6 of 14 (42.6%) patients with ER-positive tumors and in 3 of 22 (13.6%) patients with ER-negative tumors (P = 0.1). The response to chemotherapy was not influenced by the concentration of ER in tumors. Distribution of the duration of regression readings and the survival time was not significantly different between the patients with ER-positive and -negative tumors. Some regimens which did not include adriamycin, such as MFC (mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside) had a good effect on the ER-positive cases, whereas the response to regimens including adriamycin was not influenced by the ER positiveness of the tumors. In the classification of some clinical parameters of the patients, response of the patients with ER-negative tumors does not seem to be better than that of the patients with ER-positive tumors. Responses to the major endocrine ablation therapy and also to the subsequently carried out chemotherapy were influenced by the presence or absence of ER in tumors before the endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Significance of estrogen receptor assay in cytotoxic chemotherapy in relation to previous endocrine therapy of advanced breast cancer patients. In 36 patients with advanced breast cancer, most of whom had been subjected to major endocrine ablation therapy such as bilateral adrenalectomy, correlation between the presence or absence of estrogen receptor (ER) in tumors and response to chemotherapy was investigated. Complete or partial response was obtained in 6 of 14 (42.6%) patients with ER-positive tumors and in 3 of 22 (13.6%) patients with ER-negative tumors (P = 0.1). The response to chemotherapy was not influenced by the concentration of ER in tumors. Distribution of the duration of regression readings and the survival time was not significantly different between the patients with ER-positive and -negative tumors. Some regimens which did not include adriamycin, such as MFC (mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside) had a good effect on the ER-positive cases, whereas the response to regimens including adriamycin was not influenced by the ER positiveness of the tumors. In the classification of some clinical parameters of the patients, response of the patients with ER-negative tumors does not seem to be better than that of the patients with ER-positive tumors. Responses to the major endocrine ablation therapy and also to the subsequently carried out chemotherapy were influenced by the presence or absence of ER in tumors before the endocrine therapy.", "PMID": 510847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8902", "title": "Keratinization of transformed epithelial cells of the rat urinary bladder: its quantification and effect of various drugs.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo transformed epithelial cells of the rat urinary bladder keratinized well on a coverslip culture. Keratinization proceeded more rapidly in in vitro-transformed cells than in in vivo-induced bladder cancer cells. The grade of keratinization was estimated from the absorption spectrum of a papanicolaou-stained specimen which afforded two peaks derived from keratinized cells and viable cells. Using this semiquantitative method, effect of various drugs on keratinization was studied on 3 lines of in vitro-transformed epithelial cells. Vitamin A and its analogs prevented the keratinization in 2 out of 3 lines at dosage over 1 micrograms/ml, but other drugs such as vitamin C, E, and K, steroid hormones, cyclic AMP, polyamines, polyanions, and dimethyl sulfoxide were ineffective for preventing keratinization. Amino acid compositions of keratinized cells and viable cells were not fundamentally different.", "contents": "Keratinization of transformed epithelial cells of the rat urinary bladder: its quantification and effect of various drugs. In vitro and in vivo transformed epithelial cells of the rat urinary bladder keratinized well on a coverslip culture. Keratinization proceeded more rapidly in in vitro-transformed cells than in in vivo-induced bladder cancer cells. The grade of keratinization was estimated from the absorption spectrum of a papanicolaou-stained specimen which afforded two peaks derived from keratinized cells and viable cells. Using this semiquantitative method, effect of various drugs on keratinization was studied on 3 lines of in vitro-transformed epithelial cells. Vitamin A and its analogs prevented the keratinization in 2 out of 3 lines at dosage over 1 micrograms/ml, but other drugs such as vitamin C, E, and K, steroid hormones, cyclic AMP, polyamines, polyanions, and dimethyl sulfoxide were ineffective for preventing keratinization. Amino acid compositions of keratinized cells and viable cells were not fundamentally different.", "PMID": 510848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8903", "title": "Quantitative measurement of intestinal marker enzymes in intestinal metaplasia from human stomach with cancer.", "content": "Intestinal metaplasia in human stomach was distinguished macroscopically into sucrase-positive and trehalase-positive areas, and sucrase-positive and trehalase-negative areas, by location of these disaccharidase activities with TES-Tape. After location of these two areas with TES-Tape, tissues were taken from them for colorimetric measurement of sucrase, trehalase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed that in the mucosa from sucrase-positive and trehalase-negative areas, trehalase activity was not detectable and the activities of sucrase, LAP, and ALP were lower than in sucrase-positive and trehalase-positive areas.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of intestinal marker enzymes in intestinal metaplasia from human stomach with cancer. Intestinal metaplasia in human stomach was distinguished macroscopically into sucrase-positive and trehalase-positive areas, and sucrase-positive and trehalase-negative areas, by location of these disaccharidase activities with TES-Tape. After location of these two areas with TES-Tape, tissues were taken from them for colorimetric measurement of sucrase, trehalase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed that in the mucosa from sucrase-positive and trehalase-negative areas, trehalase activity was not detectable and the activities of sucrase, LAP, and ALP were lower than in sucrase-positive and trehalase-positive areas.", "PMID": 510849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8904", "title": "Potentiation of L1210 murine leukemia vaccine in vivo by levamisole.", "content": "Intraperitoneal inoculation of either levamisole or 2 x 10(6) cells of concanavalin-A (Con-A)-bound L1210 leukemia vaccine produced no cured mice after subsequent ip inoculation of 10(3) live L1210 cells. Combined inocluation of levamisole and Con-A-bound vaccine produced about 20% cure incidence but no prolongation of life span of tumor-bearing mice after inoculation of live L1210 cells. Combined inoculation of levamisole and Con A-free vaccine did not induce detectable immune resistance in mice. These results suggest that levamisole enhanced host response to cell-bound Con-A associated with immunogenic potency of the vaccine. Levamisole given intravenously and orally was as effective as that inoculated intraperitoneally in enhancing the induction of resistance in mice by Con-A-bound vaccine. Dose of levamisole was very critical for this enhancement, being effective at 0.38 mg/kg but not either at 0.75 or 0.19 mg/kg. Furthermore, levamisole restored immune resistance induced by a larger inoculum of Con-A-bound vaccine cells (10(7)) and impaired by cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Potentiation of L1210 murine leukemia vaccine in vivo by levamisole. Intraperitoneal inoculation of either levamisole or 2 x 10(6) cells of concanavalin-A (Con-A)-bound L1210 leukemia vaccine produced no cured mice after subsequent ip inoculation of 10(3) live L1210 cells. Combined inocluation of levamisole and Con-A-bound vaccine produced about 20% cure incidence but no prolongation of life span of tumor-bearing mice after inoculation of live L1210 cells. Combined inoculation of levamisole and Con A-free vaccine did not induce detectable immune resistance in mice. These results suggest that levamisole enhanced host response to cell-bound Con-A associated with immunogenic potency of the vaccine. Levamisole given intravenously and orally was as effective as that inoculated intraperitoneally in enhancing the induction of resistance in mice by Con-A-bound vaccine. Dose of levamisole was very critical for this enhancement, being effective at 0.38 mg/kg but not either at 0.75 or 0.19 mg/kg. Furthermore, levamisole restored immune resistance induced by a larger inoculum of Con-A-bound vaccine cells (10(7)) and impaired by cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 510850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8905", "title": "Effect of aging on the development of gastric cancer in rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "This experiment was carried out to see the effect of aging on the induction of gastric carcinoma in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Three groups of rats of 3 different ages, 6, 20, and 40 weeks old, were used. Comparison of incidence of gastric carcinoma in these groups revealed a significant difference. Tumor incidence of the gastrointestinal tract of rats were 94.7, 73.8, and 48.8%, resepctively, at 6, 20, and 40 weeks of age. The  incidence of adenocarcinomas of glandular stomach was also significantly decreased with the advance in age. However, there was a significant difference in the intake rate of MNNG per gram body weight between the young (6 weeks of age) and old rats for the first 25 weeks during the experiment which may account for the difference in tumor incidence between young and old rats. However, even when the young rats were administered a decreased amount of MNNG, same as that in old rats, they also showed higher incidence. From these results, it was concluded that the amount of MNNG ingested was not responsible for the decreased incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma in older rats. Aging might be the primarily the cause of low incidence.", "contents": "Effect of aging on the development of gastric cancer in rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. This experiment was carried out to see the effect of aging on the induction of gastric carcinoma in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Three groups of rats of 3 different ages, 6, 20, and 40 weeks old, were used. Comparison of incidence of gastric carcinoma in these groups revealed a significant difference. Tumor incidence of the gastrointestinal tract of rats were 94.7, 73.8, and 48.8%, resepctively, at 6, 20, and 40 weeks of age. The  incidence of adenocarcinomas of glandular stomach was also significantly decreased with the advance in age. However, there was a significant difference in the intake rate of MNNG per gram body weight between the young (6 weeks of age) and old rats for the first 25 weeks during the experiment which may account for the difference in tumor incidence between young and old rats. However, even when the young rats were administered a decreased amount of MNNG, same as that in old rats, they also showed higher incidence. From these results, it was concluded that the amount of MNNG ingested was not responsible for the decreased incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma in older rats. Aging might be the primarily the cause of low incidence.", "PMID": 510851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8906", "title": "Variation of two forms of DNA polymerase-alpha during a HeLa cell cycle.", "content": "HeLa cells contain two forms of DNA polymerase-alpha (P-I and P-II) with varied affinity to DNA, separable on a DNA-cellulose column. The activity of each form was followed during a cell cycle of synchronized culture of the HeLa cells. P-I was recovered from the nuclear extract and P-II from the cytoplasmic fraction. The P-I activity remained at a low level during M to G1 phase until a marked increase between late G1 and S phases, while P-II activity increased gradually throughout the period. Both activities attained their highest level at mid-S phase and then the P-I activity declined more rapidly than the P-II. Addition of hydroxyurea at mid-S phase inhibited the decrease of both enzyme activities. The enzyme activity of nuclear extract from S phase cells was not inhibited by mixing with extract from M phase cells. When the cytoplasmic fraction from M phase cells was chromatographed on a DNA-cellulose column, single activity peak was observed at the position of P-II. These results suggest that the decrease in P-I activity is neither due to the presence of an inhibitor nor to mere release of the enzyme from chromosomes.", "contents": "Variation of two forms of DNA polymerase-alpha during a HeLa cell cycle. HeLa cells contain two forms of DNA polymerase-alpha (P-I and P-II) with varied affinity to DNA, separable on a DNA-cellulose column. The activity of each form was followed during a cell cycle of synchronized culture of the HeLa cells. P-I was recovered from the nuclear extract and P-II from the cytoplasmic fraction. The P-I activity remained at a low level during M to G1 phase until a marked increase between late G1 and S phases, while P-II activity increased gradually throughout the period. Both activities attained their highest level at mid-S phase and then the P-I activity declined more rapidly than the P-II. Addition of hydroxyurea at mid-S phase inhibited the decrease of both enzyme activities. The enzyme activity of nuclear extract from S phase cells was not inhibited by mixing with extract from M phase cells. When the cytoplasmic fraction from M phase cells was chromatographed on a DNA-cellulose column, single activity peak was observed at the position of P-II. These results suggest that the decrease in P-I activity is neither due to the presence of an inhibitor nor to mere release of the enzyme from chromosomes.", "PMID": 510852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8907", "title": "Long-term experiment of maximal non-carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine for carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Studies were made on the maximal non-carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in rats. Groups of Wistar strain rats of both sexes, 6 weeks old, were given standard diet without DMN (group 1), or containing 0.1 ppm DMN (group 2), 1.0 ppm DMN (group 3), or 10 ppm DMN (group 4) for 96 weeks and then sacrificed for hematological, serum-biochemical, and histopathological examinations. After 96 weeks, the weights of the body and main organs in the different groups were not significantly different. The leucocyte count and blood urea-nitrogen (BUN) in group 4 were slightly increased, but other serum findings were not significantly different in different groups. Hepatocellular carcinomas were found in group 3 (1 male and 3 females), but not in group 2. Hemangioendotheliomas of the liver, adrenal adenomas, pituitary adenomas, interstitial cell tumors of the testis, ovarian tumors, and leukemia were also found. Pyelonephritis was found in both experimental and control animals, but no kidney tumors developed with these dose levels of DMN. These results show that on long-term oral administration to rats, 1.0 ppm DMN is the minimum carcinogenic dose, while a level of about 0.1 ppm DMN is non-carcinogenic.", "contents": "Long-term experiment of maximal non-carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine for carcinogenesis in rats. Studies were made on the maximal non-carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in rats. Groups of Wistar strain rats of both sexes, 6 weeks old, were given standard diet without DMN (group 1), or containing 0.1 ppm DMN (group 2), 1.0 ppm DMN (group 3), or 10 ppm DMN (group 4) for 96 weeks and then sacrificed for hematological, serum-biochemical, and histopathological examinations. After 96 weeks, the weights of the body and main organs in the different groups were not significantly different. The leucocyte count and blood urea-nitrogen (BUN) in group 4 were slightly increased, but other serum findings were not significantly different in different groups. Hepatocellular carcinomas were found in group 3 (1 male and 3 females), but not in group 2. Hemangioendotheliomas of the liver, adrenal adenomas, pituitary adenomas, interstitial cell tumors of the testis, ovarian tumors, and leukemia were also found. Pyelonephritis was found in both experimental and control animals, but no kidney tumors developed with these dose levels of DMN. These results show that on long-term oral administration to rats, 1.0 ppm DMN is the minimum carcinogenic dose, while a level of about 0.1 ppm DMN is non-carcinogenic.", "PMID": 510853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8908", "title": "Leucocyte-like motility of cancer cells, with reference to the mechanism of extravasation in metastasis.", "content": "The movement of rat ascites tumor cells of AH66F and Yoshida sarcoma cultured in an agar medium was analyzed. Contraction occurred at the frontal fringe of each cell, and the cytoplasm and nucleus seemed to pass through the site of contraction. Morphological changes observed were similar to that of the leucoycte.", "contents": "Leucocyte-like motility of cancer cells, with reference to the mechanism of extravasation in metastasis. The movement of rat ascites tumor cells of AH66F and Yoshida sarcoma cultured in an agar medium was analyzed. Contraction occurred at the frontal fringe of each cell, and the cytoplasm and nucleus seemed to pass through the site of contraction. Morphological changes observed were similar to that of the leucoycte.", "PMID": 510854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8909", "title": "Obstructive jaundice due to congenital stenosis of the ampulla of Vater.", "content": "Two infants who had obstructive jaundice due to congenital stenosis of the ampulla of Vater improved dramatically with sphincteroplasty. In one, the jaundice was complicated by hepatocellular dysfunction and mild biliary cirrhosis. Only a few cases of such an anomaly have been reported, mostly with different modes of clinical presentation.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice due to congenital stenosis of the ampulla of Vater. Two infants who had obstructive jaundice due to congenital stenosis of the ampulla of Vater improved dramatically with sphincteroplasty. In one, the jaundice was complicated by hepatocellular dysfunction and mild biliary cirrhosis. Only a few cases of such an anomaly have been reported, mostly with different modes of clinical presentation.", "PMID": 510866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8910", "title": "A comparative study of esophageal varices by endoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic esophageal phlebography.", "content": "Twenty patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis were examined by esophagoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic esophageal phlebography. Esophageal varices were found in 18 cases at endoscopy and in 19 cases at esophageal phlebography. There was little correlation between the findings of the two methods with respect to the size and number of esophageal varices. At endoscopy the subepithelial and submucosal varices were reliably detected. At esophageal phlebography differentiation between intrinsic (i.e. subepithelial and submucosal veins) and peri-esophageal veins was not possible. Negative findings at esophageal phlebography do not rule out esophageal varices.", "contents": "A comparative study of esophageal varices by endoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic esophageal phlebography. Twenty patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis were examined by esophagoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic esophageal phlebography. Esophageal varices were found in 18 cases at endoscopy and in 19 cases at esophageal phlebography. There was little correlation between the findings of the two methods with respect to the size and number of esophageal varices. At endoscopy the subepithelial and submucosal varices were reliably detected. At esophageal phlebography differentiation between intrinsic (i.e. subepithelial and submucosal veins) and peri-esophageal veins was not possible. Negative findings at esophageal phlebography do not rule out esophageal varices.", "PMID": 510867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8911", "title": "Use of tolazoline enahanced superior mesenteric arteriography to improve opacification of a cecal vascular ectasia: a case report.", "content": "The use of vasodilators to enhance venous opacification during superior mesenteric arteriography is well established. This is a report on the use of intra-arterial tolazoline hydrochloride during angiography to improve opacification of a cecal vascular ectasia which was poorly demonstrated on an arteriogram performed without tolazoline.", "contents": "Use of tolazoline enahanced superior mesenteric arteriography to improve opacification of a cecal vascular ectasia: a case report. The use of vasodilators to enhance venous opacification during superior mesenteric arteriography is well established. This is a report on the use of intra-arterial tolazoline hydrochloride during angiography to improve opacification of a cecal vascular ectasia which was poorly demonstrated on an arteriogram performed without tolazoline.", "PMID": 510868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8912", "title": "Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "The extension of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the mediastinum is a difficult clinical and radiographic diagnosis. The chest roentgenogram reveals a retrocardiac mass in a patient with nonspecific upper abdominal and chest complaints. Usually there is a preceding history of alcoholism or pancreatitis. The upper gastrointestinal series often demonstrates typical displacement of the distal esophagus anteriorly and to the left. The value of computed tomography is illustrated. Correct preoperative diagnosis is important for proper surgical treatment, since a mediastinal pseudocyst is best managed without thoracotomy.", "contents": "Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst. The extension of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the mediastinum is a difficult clinical and radiographic diagnosis. The chest roentgenogram reveals a retrocardiac mass in a patient with nonspecific upper abdominal and chest complaints. Usually there is a preceding history of alcoholism or pancreatitis. The upper gastrointestinal series often demonstrates typical displacement of the distal esophagus anteriorly and to the left. The value of computed tomography is illustrated. Correct preoperative diagnosis is important for proper surgical treatment, since a mediastinal pseudocyst is best managed without thoracotomy.", "PMID": 510870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8913", "title": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome presenting as esophageal stricture.", "content": "A case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in an elderly man who presented with dysphagia and subsequently developed esophageal stricture is described. This is an infrequent concomitant of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, especially as a presenting complaint. The literature on esophageal involvement in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome presenting as esophageal stricture. A case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in an elderly man who presented with dysphagia and subsequently developed esophageal stricture is described. This is an infrequent concomitant of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, especially as a presenting complaint. The literature on esophageal involvement in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 510871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8914", "title": "Texture patterns in pancreatic sonograms.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 163 pancreatic sonograms, five internal echo patterns were correlated with the ultimate clinical diagnoses. Attention to the internal echo patterns of the pancreas can provide useful information in diagnosing pancreatic disease, including identification of abnormalities in glands of normal size and contour.", "contents": "Texture patterns in pancreatic sonograms. In a retrospective study of 163 pancreatic sonograms, five internal echo patterns were correlated with the ultimate clinical diagnoses. Attention to the internal echo patterns of the pancreas can provide useful information in diagnosing pancreatic disease, including identification of abnormalities in glands of normal size and contour.", "PMID": 510872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8915", "title": "Ultrasound detection of a carcinoid tumor.", "content": "The intraluminal component of symptomatic malignant carcinoid tumors of the small bowel is typically small relative to the extension in the mesentery, and barium examinations are occasionally normal. This case report illustrates the diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasonography in the detection of extraluminal component of a carcinoid tumor.", "contents": "Ultrasound detection of a carcinoid tumor. The intraluminal component of symptomatic malignant carcinoid tumors of the small bowel is typically small relative to the extension in the mesentery, and barium examinations are occasionally normal. This case report illustrates the diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasonography in the detection of extraluminal component of a carcinoid tumor.", "PMID": 510873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8916", "title": "Ultrasonographic-pathologic correlation of malignant hepatic masses.", "content": "Characterization of the source of hepatic malignancy would be useful in directing a patient's workup, saving time and expense. We attempted to correlate the echographic appearance of malignant hepatic masses with the pathologic (44 patients) or clinical (1 patient) diagnosis in 45 consecutive patients scanned to evaluate this problem. In 31 patients the lesions were hyperechoic (28) or predominantly hyperechoic with central lucency. Of these lesions, 25 represented metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon (17), pancreas (6), or unknown origin (2). Six patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma had predominantly echolucent lesions. Of the 14 malignancies of other histologic types, 6 were largely hyperechoic and could not be distinguished from adenocarcinoma metastases. No correlations could be drawn between the ultrasound patterns and the tumor source in this diverse group fo malignancies. In eight patients receiving chemotherapy, sequential examinations failed to reveal any alteration in the echographic patterns of their lesions. These results indicate that the ultrasound appearance of hepatic malignancy lacks specificity in defining the organ of origin. Such factors as homogeneity, vascularity, or desmoplastic response may be more important than cell type in producing the echographic pattern.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic-pathologic correlation of malignant hepatic masses. Characterization of the source of hepatic malignancy would be useful in directing a patient's workup, saving time and expense. We attempted to correlate the echographic appearance of malignant hepatic masses with the pathologic (44 patients) or clinical (1 patient) diagnosis in 45 consecutive patients scanned to evaluate this problem. In 31 patients the lesions were hyperechoic (28) or predominantly hyperechoic with central lucency. Of these lesions, 25 represented metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon (17), pancreas (6), or unknown origin (2). Six patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma had predominantly echolucent lesions. Of the 14 malignancies of other histologic types, 6 were largely hyperechoic and could not be distinguished from adenocarcinoma metastases. No correlations could be drawn between the ultrasound patterns and the tumor source in this diverse group fo malignancies. In eight patients receiving chemotherapy, sequential examinations failed to reveal any alteration in the echographic patterns of their lesions. These results indicate that the ultrasound appearance of hepatic malignancy lacks specificity in defining the organ of origin. Such factors as homogeneity, vascularity, or desmoplastic response may be more important than cell type in producing the echographic pattern.", "PMID": 510874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8917", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic insertion of a permanent endoprosthesis in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "A Teflon endoprosthesis for permanent bile drainage was inserted in 13 patients following percutaneous transhepatic puncture and catheterization of the bile duct system. Twelve patients had extrahepatic cholestasis because of a malignant tumor, whereas one patient had chronic inflammation involving the hepatoduodenal ligament (secondary to Crohn's disease) with obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The drainage periods varied from 1 week to 8 months. The endoprosthesis was regarded as partially effective in seven patients whereas in six cases the drainage through the endoprosthesis was insufficient and external bile drainage through a percutaneous transhepatic catheter was necessary. Infection of the bile duct system during the drainage period with a percutaneous transhepatic catheter and/or bile duct endoprosthesis occurred in 10 patients. Spontaneous dislocation of the endoprosthesis occurred in varying degrees in five patients. One patient developed an intrahepatic aneurysm adjacent to the puncture tract and died because of liver insufficiency following therapeutic embolization of the aneurysm and most of the hepatic arteries by injection of gelfoam particles into the common hepatic artery. Patients in whom palliative treatment by insertion of a permanent bile duct endoprosthesis may be suitable were defined.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic insertion of a permanent endoprosthesis in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts. A Teflon endoprosthesis for permanent bile drainage was inserted in 13 patients following percutaneous transhepatic puncture and catheterization of the bile duct system. Twelve patients had extrahepatic cholestasis because of a malignant tumor, whereas one patient had chronic inflammation involving the hepatoduodenal ligament (secondary to Crohn's disease) with obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The drainage periods varied from 1 week to 8 months. The endoprosthesis was regarded as partially effective in seven patients whereas in six cases the drainage through the endoprosthesis was insufficient and external bile drainage through a percutaneous transhepatic catheter was necessary. Infection of the bile duct system during the drainage period with a percutaneous transhepatic catheter and/or bile duct endoprosthesis occurred in 10 patients. Spontaneous dislocation of the endoprosthesis occurred in varying degrees in five patients. One patient developed an intrahepatic aneurysm adjacent to the puncture tract and died because of liver insufficiency following therapeutic embolization of the aneurysm and most of the hepatic arteries by injection of gelfoam particles into the common hepatic artery. Patients in whom palliative treatment by insertion of a permanent bile duct endoprosthesis may be suitable were defined.", "PMID": 510875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8918", "title": "The small liver: a radiographic feature of fatal neonatal cirrhosis.", "content": "Newborns with neonatal cirrhosis may have confusing clinical pictures. The demonstration of a small liver on abdominal radiographs may be helpful in suggesting the diagnosis of intrauterine hepatic damage.", "contents": "The small liver: a radiographic feature of fatal neonatal cirrhosis. Newborns with neonatal cirrhosis may have confusing clinical pictures. The demonstration of a small liver on abdominal radiographs may be helpful in suggesting the diagnosis of intrauterine hepatic damage.", "PMID": 510876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8919", "title": "Gastrointestinal mucormycosis.", "content": "Mucormycosis is an acutely malignant fungal disease causing local thrombosis and infarction. Gastrointestinal infection most commonly occurs in diabetics or in the immunologically compromised. This case demonstrates the radiological appearances of the gastrointestinal lesion and prolonged survival with amphotericin-B therapy.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is an acutely malignant fungal disease causing local thrombosis and infarction. Gastrointestinal infection most commonly occurs in diabetics or in the immunologically compromised. This case demonstrates the radiological appearances of the gastrointestinal lesion and prolonged survival with amphotericin-B therapy.", "PMID": 510877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8920", "title": "Superficial lesions in Crohn's disease of the small bowel.", "content": "Double-contrast examinations of the small bowel were compared with operative specimens obtained within 4 weeks after X-ray evaluation of 20 patients with Crohn's disease. Objective evidence of superficial lesions was submucosal edema and superficial ulcerations observed in the operative specimens. Edema was seen radiographically in 18 of 20 patients. Superficial ulcerations were seen radiographically in 8 of 14 patients. These ulcerations were either single with edematous edges or smaller, multiple, and more uniformly spread. The diagnosis demands a high-quality technique and even then the diagnostic accuracy is not always optimal.", "contents": "Superficial lesions in Crohn's disease of the small bowel. Double-contrast examinations of the small bowel were compared with operative specimens obtained within 4 weeks after X-ray evaluation of 20 patients with Crohn's disease. Objective evidence of superficial lesions was submucosal edema and superficial ulcerations observed in the operative specimens. Edema was seen radiographically in 18 of 20 patients. Superficial ulcerations were seen radiographically in 8 of 14 patients. These ulcerations were either single with edematous edges or smaller, multiple, and more uniformly spread. The diagnosis demands a high-quality technique and even then the diagnostic accuracy is not always optimal.", "PMID": 510878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8921", "title": "Extent of inflammatory lesions in ulcerative colitis assessed by radiology, colonoscopy, and endoscopic biopsies.", "content": "Radiography of the colon with double-contrast technique was performed directly after total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies in 50 patients with ulcerative colitis. In two-thirds of the series the inflammatory lesions were found to be more widespread at colonoscopy than on radiography. Signs of colitis in an even larger part of the bowel were found on examination of the biopsies in half of the cases. The distribution of characteristic inflammatory changes seen at colonoscopy was also studied. The frequency of the lesions was found to be relatively low in the rectum and highest in the descending and sigmoid parts of the colon.", "contents": "Extent of inflammatory lesions in ulcerative colitis assessed by radiology, colonoscopy, and endoscopic biopsies. Radiography of the colon with double-contrast technique was performed directly after total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies in 50 patients with ulcerative colitis. In two-thirds of the series the inflammatory lesions were found to be more widespread at colonoscopy than on radiography. Signs of colitis in an even larger part of the bowel were found on examination of the biopsies in half of the cases. The distribution of characteristic inflammatory changes seen at colonoscopy was also studied. The frequency of the lesions was found to be relatively low in the rectum and highest in the descending and sigmoid parts of the colon.", "PMID": 510879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8922", "title": "A complicated case of aortoduodenal fistula.", "content": "Aortoduodenal fistula may occur primarily as a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm or secondarily after reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta. The clinical presentation may be occult, with the classic triad of mass, pain, and bleeding inapparent or overshadowed by signs of infection. A high index of clinical suspicion combined with radiographic and endoscopic examinations will establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "A complicated case of aortoduodenal fistula. Aortoduodenal fistula may occur primarily as a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm or secondarily after reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta. The clinical presentation may be occult, with the classic triad of mass, pain, and bleeding inapparent or overshadowed by signs of infection. A high index of clinical suspicion combined with radiographic and endoscopic examinations will establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 510880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8923", "title": "[Surgical treatment of tubal sterility macrosurgery versus microsurgery? (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of surgical treatment of tubal sterility obtained via \"microsurgery\" are compared with those of \"microscopic microsurgery\", as far as it is possible at this stage. Preliminary resum\u00e9: Microscopic technique obviously produces better results in reanastomoses after sterilisation, whereas in the case of salpingostomies the results are similar to those obtained via \"macroscopic microsurgery\".", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of tubal sterility macrosurgery versus microsurgery? (author's transl)]. Results of surgical treatment of tubal sterility obtained via \"microsurgery\" are compared with those of \"microscopic microsurgery\", as far as it is possible at this stage. Preliminary resum\u00e9: Microscopic technique obviously produces better results in reanastomoses after sterilisation, whereas in the case of salpingostomies the results are similar to those obtained via \"macroscopic microsurgery\".", "PMID": 510894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8924", "title": "[Serum ribonuclease activity in patients with gynaecologic malignomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of our work was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the determination of the ribonuclease activity in sera of patients with gynaecologic malignomas. We therefore developed an assay for ribonuclease activity. In the course of optimization of the assay conditions we investigated the applicability of 4 commercially available RNA-preparations as substrate and the dependency of the ribonuclease activity on salt-concentration. The ribonuclease activity of 42 representative female patients (12 controls, 11 with ovarian carcinoma, 10 with corpus carcinoma, 9 with collum carcinoma) is presented.", "contents": "[Serum ribonuclease activity in patients with gynaecologic malignomas (author's transl)]. The aim of our work was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the determination of the ribonuclease activity in sera of patients with gynaecologic malignomas. We therefore developed an assay for ribonuclease activity. In the course of optimization of the assay conditions we investigated the applicability of 4 commercially available RNA-preparations as substrate and the dependency of the ribonuclease activity on salt-concentration. The ribonuclease activity of 42 representative female patients (12 controls, 11 with ovarian carcinoma, 10 with corpus carcinoma, 9 with collum carcinoma) is presented.", "PMID": 510896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8925", "title": "[The transvaginal pudental block for delivery with the jet injector (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of transvaginal pudental block is described with a carbon dioxide jet-injector. During the second stage of labor and good anaelgesia of the perineum was obtained in 119 of 125 cases. No side-effects or complications were noted although the amount of local anaesthetic used was only 3 ml. for each side.", "contents": "[The transvaginal pudental block for delivery with the jet injector (author's transl)]. A new method of transvaginal pudental block is described with a carbon dioxide jet-injector. During the second stage of labor and good anaelgesia of the perineum was obtained in 119 of 125 cases. No side-effects or complications were noted although the amount of local anaesthetic used was only 3 ml. for each side.", "PMID": 510898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8926", "title": "[Papillary adenofibroma of the uterus: fact or fancy? (author's transl)]].", "content": "This report deals with the morphological findings in the uterus of a 40 yrs old premenopausal woman, who complained of vaginal bleedings. Macroscopical and microscopical examinations revealed a hernia-like prolaps of a part of the wall of the tuba uterina across a hole in the myometrium of the fundus uteri. Vellios et al. (1973) describe a similar lesion but without paying attention to the prolaps of the tuba uterina into the cavum uteri. They interpretate the lesion as a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus and believe it to be the benign counterpart of the mixed mesodermal tumor of M\u00fcllerian duct origin. Based upon our histological findings we believe in a dysontogenetic or traumatic etiology of this rare lesion. The diagnosis of a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus therefore should only be made when the uterus and the adnexa in toto are available for histological examinations.", "contents": "[Papillary adenofibroma of the uterus: fact or fancy? (author's transl)]]. This report deals with the morphological findings in the uterus of a 40 yrs old premenopausal woman, who complained of vaginal bleedings. Macroscopical and microscopical examinations revealed a hernia-like prolaps of a part of the wall of the tuba uterina across a hole in the myometrium of the fundus uteri. Vellios et al. (1973) describe a similar lesion but without paying attention to the prolaps of the tuba uterina into the cavum uteri. They interpretate the lesion as a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus and believe it to be the benign counterpart of the mixed mesodermal tumor of M\u00fcllerian duct origin. Based upon our histological findings we believe in a dysontogenetic or traumatic etiology of this rare lesion. The diagnosis of a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus therefore should only be made when the uterus and the adnexa in toto are available for histological examinations.", "PMID": 510899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8927", "title": "[Investigations into the hormonal regulation of the corpus luteum function in the human (author's transl)].", "content": "In estradiol micro-crystalline suspension was injected into the ovary containing the corpus luteum in women who underwent hysterectomy. The same complete luteaolysis is in women who did not have hysterectomies was obtained. The conclusion is drawn that the prostaglandins which are formed in the uterus have no influence in man on the regulation of the survival of the corpus luteum. As far as we know to date the high excretion of estradiol from the corpus luteum during the maturation of the corpus luteum forms an internal shuttle mechanisms for the survival of the corpus luteum which inhibits the biosynthesis of progesterone by estrogen and blocks the effect of the gonadatropins on the granulosa cells.", "contents": "[Investigations into the hormonal regulation of the corpus luteum function in the human (author's transl)]. In estradiol micro-crystalline suspension was injected into the ovary containing the corpus luteum in women who underwent hysterectomy. The same complete luteaolysis is in women who did not have hysterectomies was obtained. The conclusion is drawn that the prostaglandins which are formed in the uterus have no influence in man on the regulation of the survival of the corpus luteum. As far as we know to date the high excretion of estradiol from the corpus luteum during the maturation of the corpus luteum forms an internal shuttle mechanisms for the survival of the corpus luteum which inhibits the biosynthesis of progesterone by estrogen and blocks the effect of the gonadatropins on the granulosa cells.", "PMID": 510900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8928", "title": "[Transitory increase of the thyroid stimulating hormone in the newborn after polyvinylpyrrolidon-iodine application during parturition (author's transl)].", "content": "A vaginal Polyvinylpyrrolidon-iodine application was carried out in 120 patients as a prophylaxis against infection. In nine infants there was an increase in the thyroid stimulating hormone, which disappeared after a few days. The possibility of a decrease in the conversion of 1-thyroxine to 1-triiodothyronine when there is an increase of r-triiodothyronine which cannot block the thyroid stimulating hormone sufficiently is discussed.", "contents": "[Transitory increase of the thyroid stimulating hormone in the newborn after polyvinylpyrrolidon-iodine application during parturition (author's transl)]. A vaginal Polyvinylpyrrolidon-iodine application was carried out in 120 patients as a prophylaxis against infection. In nine infants there was an increase in the thyroid stimulating hormone, which disappeared after a few days. The possibility of a decrease in the conversion of 1-thyroxine to 1-triiodothyronine when there is an increase of r-triiodothyronine which cannot block the thyroid stimulating hormone sufficiently is discussed.", "PMID": 510901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8929", "title": "[On the incidence of knots in the umbilical cord (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanisms of the development of knots in the umbilical cord are described. The different types of knots are enumerated. The causative factors for the development of a knot in the umbilical cord are discussed. This paper is based on a statistical evaluation of the deliveries of the Maternity Hospital of the University of Bonn from 1967-1970. These data have been adopted from the Author's M.D. Thesis of 1972. At the end of the paper the comparative anatomy of the umbilical cord complications is discussed.", "contents": "[On the incidence of knots in the umbilical cord (author's transl)]. The mechanisms of the development of knots in the umbilical cord are described. The different types of knots are enumerated. The causative factors for the development of a knot in the umbilical cord are discussed. This paper is based on a statistical evaluation of the deliveries of the Maternity Hospital of the University of Bonn from 1967-1970. These data have been adopted from the Author's M.D. Thesis of 1972. At the end of the paper the comparative anatomy of the umbilical cord complications is discussed.", "PMID": 510903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8930", "title": "[Labor and delivery, fetal and maternal risk following cerclage. A comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative study of the course of pregnancy and delivery of 357 patients who delivered live infants between 1966-1976 following cerclage operation were compared to a control group of 380 without cerclage who were matched in age, parity and delivery time to the group under study. The high prematurity rate in the pregnancies preceeding the cerclage of 28.4% decreased following the cerclage to 16.8% (p less than 0.001). The perinatal mortality was reduced from 21.5% to 5.6% (p less than 0.001). This effect was especially achieved by the lower incidence of deliveries of infants with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams (p less than 0.05). The difference to the controls regarding prematurity (8.2%) and perinatal mortality (1.6%) remained significant (p less than 0.001). An increased rate of malformations in the cerclage children was not noticed. The maternal risk is low and consists mainly of a increase of cervical lacerations (4.9%) and problems of wound healing (2.2%). The duration of labor and type of delivery, the type of third stage of labor, and the post-partum course were not different from the control group.", "contents": "[Labor and delivery, fetal and maternal risk following cerclage. A comparative study (author's transl)]. In a comparative study of the course of pregnancy and delivery of 357 patients who delivered live infants between 1966-1976 following cerclage operation were compared to a control group of 380 without cerclage who were matched in age, parity and delivery time to the group under study. The high prematurity rate in the pregnancies preceeding the cerclage of 28.4% decreased following the cerclage to 16.8% (p less than 0.001). The perinatal mortality was reduced from 21.5% to 5.6% (p less than 0.001). This effect was especially achieved by the lower incidence of deliveries of infants with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams (p less than 0.05). The difference to the controls regarding prematurity (8.2%) and perinatal mortality (1.6%) remained significant (p less than 0.001). An increased rate of malformations in the cerclage children was not noticed. The maternal risk is low and consists mainly of a increase of cervical lacerations (4.9%) and problems of wound healing (2.2%). The duration of labor and type of delivery, the type of third stage of labor, and the post-partum course were not different from the control group.", "PMID": 510904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8931", "title": "[Breast biopsies which failed to show cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is presented on 520 patients who had biopsies of the breast which did not show cancer between 1972-1974. These patients are compared to 304 patients whose biopsies definitely showed cancer of the breast and 520 patients who came to the hospital because of well defined gynaecological disease such as uterine fibroids or uterine prolapse. Comparison of these groups regarding age, past history, indications for the biopsy showed that patients with a biopsy without proof of cancer are difficult to follow for diagnosis. Follow-up on these patients is difficult, however, it is important since up to 4% of these patients with previous negative biopsies later have cancer of the breast. A decrease of biopsies in favor of non-surgical diagnosis of breast lesions can only be recommended under optimal conditions. Under other circumstances the risk of cancer of the breast is high enough to justify a liberal indication for breast biopsies.", "contents": "[Breast biopsies which failed to show cancer (author's transl)]. A review is presented on 520 patients who had biopsies of the breast which did not show cancer between 1972-1974. These patients are compared to 304 patients whose biopsies definitely showed cancer of the breast and 520 patients who came to the hospital because of well defined gynaecological disease such as uterine fibroids or uterine prolapse. Comparison of these groups regarding age, past history, indications for the biopsy showed that patients with a biopsy without proof of cancer are difficult to follow for diagnosis. Follow-up on these patients is difficult, however, it is important since up to 4% of these patients with previous negative biopsies later have cancer of the breast. A decrease of biopsies in favor of non-surgical diagnosis of breast lesions can only be recommended under optimal conditions. Under other circumstances the risk of cancer of the breast is high enough to justify a liberal indication for breast biopsies.", "PMID": 510905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8932", "title": "[A questionnaire with a new urge-score and stress-score for the evaluation of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire with a new stress-score and urge-score is being presented, which is designed to differentiate with high statistical significancy between stress-urinary-incontinence (urethral-insufficiency with negative urethral closure pressure on sphincterometry) and urge-urinary incontinence (motor-urge-incontinence with uninhibited detrusor contractions on cystometry). With these scores we expect to facilitate the diagnostic screening, to indicate the way of therapy and to avoid unnecessary surgery for urinary incontinence in cases of motor-urge-incontinence (detrusor instability, unstable bladder), as long as a urodynamic examination is not feasible on every incontinent women.", "contents": "[A questionnaire with a new urge-score and stress-score for the evaluation of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)]. A questionnaire with a new stress-score and urge-score is being presented, which is designed to differentiate with high statistical significancy between stress-urinary-incontinence (urethral-insufficiency with negative urethral closure pressure on sphincterometry) and urge-urinary incontinence (motor-urge-incontinence with uninhibited detrusor contractions on cystometry). With these scores we expect to facilitate the diagnostic screening, to indicate the way of therapy and to avoid unnecessary surgery for urinary incontinence in cases of motor-urge-incontinence (detrusor instability, unstable bladder), as long as a urodynamic examination is not feasible on every incontinent women.", "PMID": 510907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8933", "title": "[\"Portio priming\" in post date pregnancies and low pelvic score (author's transl)].", "content": "In 40 pregnant women who had exceeded term and presented \"immature\" portio uteri a priming with prostaglandin F2 alpha was carried out. A new procedure of local application using a portioadapter was tried. This synthetic adapter was inserted over the uterine cervix by means of vacuum suction, filled with a mixture of 15 mg PG F2 alpha and methyl-cellulose ether, left in place for 6 hours and then removed. The control examination after the removal of the adapter showed a highly significant improvement of the cervical score in the nulliparae as well as in the multiparae group. In 7 cases the PG-filled adapter was inserted twice. Two cases (5%) had to be considered therapeutic failures because of insufficient cervical maturation. The method described should not be interpreted as birth induction but should be understood to be a preparation for the start of planned artificial birth.", "contents": "[\"Portio priming\" in post date pregnancies and low pelvic score (author's transl)]. In 40 pregnant women who had exceeded term and presented \"immature\" portio uteri a priming with prostaglandin F2 alpha was carried out. A new procedure of local application using a portioadapter was tried. This synthetic adapter was inserted over the uterine cervix by means of vacuum suction, filled with a mixture of 15 mg PG F2 alpha and methyl-cellulose ether, left in place for 6 hours and then removed. The control examination after the removal of the adapter showed a highly significant improvement of the cervical score in the nulliparae as well as in the multiparae group. In 7 cases the PG-filled adapter was inserted twice. Two cases (5%) had to be considered therapeutic failures because of insufficient cervical maturation. The method described should not be interpreted as birth induction but should be understood to be a preparation for the start of planned artificial birth.", "PMID": 510908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8934", "title": "[Plasma concentration of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha in the course of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma levels of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha were determined by radioimmunoassay in maternal cubital vein blood of 210 women and once during pregnancy. In the course of pregnancy plasma levels of these prostaglandins varied considerably: 0,09-1,83 ng PGE2/ml, 0,12-2,8 ng PGA2/ml and 0,04-0,5 ng PGF2 alpha/ml. At term (40 and 41th week) prostaglandin levels were found to be low and within a range of: 0,15-0,25 ng PGE2/ml; 0,12-0,23 ng PGA2/ml and 0,2-0,3 ng PGF2 alpha/ml. Determination of prostaglandin levels in numerous samples from different women during pregnancy did not show continuous changes nor in the pattern of the distribution of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "[Plasma concentration of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha in the course of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Plasma levels of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha were determined by radioimmunoassay in maternal cubital vein blood of 210 women and once during pregnancy. In the course of pregnancy plasma levels of these prostaglandins varied considerably: 0,09-1,83 ng PGE2/ml, 0,12-2,8 ng PGA2/ml and 0,04-0,5 ng PGF2 alpha/ml. At term (40 and 41th week) prostaglandin levels were found to be low and within a range of: 0,15-0,25 ng PGE2/ml; 0,12-0,23 ng PGA2/ml and 0,2-0,3 ng PGF2 alpha/ml. Determination of prostaglandin levels in numerous samples from different women during pregnancy did not show continuous changes nor in the pattern of the distribution of PGE2, PGA2 and PGF2 alpha.", "PMID": 510910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8935", "title": "[Localization of ovulation by contact thermography (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients were examined by means of ELC-contact thermography in order to demonstrate hyperemic areas over the lower abdomen in relation to cycle day and localization of ovulation. Anovulatory women showed no change in the thermic pattern on repeated examinations. However, in 75% of infertile patients with proven ovulation marked hyperemia was demonstrated over one side of the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation and during the luteal phase. In 26 out of 63 recorded menstrual cycles intermenstrual dysmenorrhea was reported which corresponded with the localization of hyperemia 19 times. This simple and noninvasive method could therefore be used to demonstrate ovulation in infertile women. If artificial insemination is indicated in a patient with unilateral tubal stenosis this procedure could be limited to those menstrual cycles in which ovulation is demonstrated on the unaffected side.", "contents": "[Localization of ovulation by contact thermography (author's transl)]. 40 patients were examined by means of ELC-contact thermography in order to demonstrate hyperemic areas over the lower abdomen in relation to cycle day and localization of ovulation. Anovulatory women showed no change in the thermic pattern on repeated examinations. However, in 75% of infertile patients with proven ovulation marked hyperemia was demonstrated over one side of the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation and during the luteal phase. In 26 out of 63 recorded menstrual cycles intermenstrual dysmenorrhea was reported which corresponded with the localization of hyperemia 19 times. This simple and noninvasive method could therefore be used to demonstrate ovulation in infertile women. If artificial insemination is indicated in a patient with unilateral tubal stenosis this procedure could be limited to those menstrual cycles in which ovulation is demonstrated on the unaffected side.", "PMID": 510911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8936", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanomas of the female genital tract (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969-1978 3 primary malignant melanomas of the vulva and 2 metastatic melanomas of the cervix were detected among 148,000 gynaecological cytosmears. Two melanomas of the vulva were diagnosed primarily by cytology because melanin was found. In the metastatic melanomas the primary site was known in one case. In the other case the primary malignancy of the skin was detected when the cytosmear from the cervix was diagnostic of matastatic melanoma. The literature and the personal experience on the possibilities of the cytological diagnosis of melanomas are discussed.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanomas of the female genital tract (author's transl)]. From 1969-1978 3 primary malignant melanomas of the vulva and 2 metastatic melanomas of the cervix were detected among 148,000 gynaecological cytosmears. Two melanomas of the vulva were diagnosed primarily by cytology because melanin was found. In the metastatic melanomas the primary site was known in one case. In the other case the primary malignancy of the skin was detected when the cytosmear from the cervix was diagnostic of matastatic melanoma. The literature and the personal experience on the possibilities of the cytological diagnosis of melanomas are discussed.", "PMID": 510912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8937", "title": "[Computertomograph detection of a postoperative iliac retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the operation of the fixation of the vaginal vault by the Williams-Richardson technique a retroperitoneal hematoma was diagnosed and localized in the region of right iliac muscle using computer tomography. The patient has been under heparin therapy because of suspected pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "[Computertomograph detection of a postoperative iliac retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)]. Following the operation of the fixation of the vaginal vault by the Williams-Richardson technique a retroperitoneal hematoma was diagnosed and localized in the region of right iliac muscle using computer tomography. The patient has been under heparin therapy because of suspected pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 510913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8938", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of partially purified procollagen mRNA from human fibroblasts].", "content": "Procollagen 27S mRNA was isolated from heavy polysomes of human embryo fibroblasts. This RNA directed the synthesis of collagenase sensitive polypeptides in wheat germ translation system and was active in reverse transcription.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of partially purified procollagen mRNA from human fibroblasts]. Procollagen 27S mRNA was isolated from heavy polysomes of human embryo fibroblasts. This RNA directed the synthesis of collagenase sensitive polypeptides in wheat germ translation system and was active in reverse transcription.", "PMID": 510914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8939", "title": "[Genetic distance of the malarial mosquitoes, Anopheles beklemishevi and Anopheles messeae (Diptera, Culiccidae), and their intraspecific polymorphism].", "content": "Allele frequencies at enzyme loci have been studied in Finnish populations of two species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex: A. beklemishevi and A. messeae. A. beklemishevi is spread over central and northern Finland, whereas A. messeae is found in southwestern and central Finland. The allele frequencies of these two species exhibit both similarities and differences. The results indicate that the two species do not interbreed in the nature. The allele frequencies at two loci--Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (Hbdh) and Superoxide dismutase-2 (Su-2)--are almost totally different and adult individuals of the two species can be reliably diagnosed by these allelic differences. The genetic distance, D, between A. beklemishevi and A. messeae is 0.35. This value is compared with corresponding distances between other dipterans studied.", "contents": "[Genetic distance of the malarial mosquitoes, Anopheles beklemishevi and Anopheles messeae (Diptera, Culiccidae), and their intraspecific polymorphism]. Allele frequencies at enzyme loci have been studied in Finnish populations of two species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex: A. beklemishevi and A. messeae. A. beklemishevi is spread over central and northern Finland, whereas A. messeae is found in southwestern and central Finland. The allele frequencies of these two species exhibit both similarities and differences. The results indicate that the two species do not interbreed in the nature. The allele frequencies at two loci--Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (Hbdh) and Superoxide dismutase-2 (Su-2)--are almost totally different and adult individuals of the two species can be reliably diagnosed by these allelic differences. The genetic distance, D, between A. beklemishevi and A. messeae is 0.35. This value is compared with corresponding distances between other dipterans studied.", "PMID": 510915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8940", "title": "[Sulfalene pharmacogenetics. II. The population genetic aspect].", "content": "Half-life of sulfalen, a new antibacterial drug, with the biotransformation, performed by means of microsomal acetyltransferase, has been studied in 53 individuals of Moscow Russian population. The absence of sex dimorphism for the trait studied is demonstrated. Distribution of individuals according to values of the pharmacokinetic parameter mentioned within the population is bimodal with the correlation of phenotypic frequencies of \"rapid\" and \"slow\" inactivators--72 and 28%. Possible causes of discrepancies between the observed sulfalen inactivator frequencies and similar data on isoniazid are discussed.", "contents": "[Sulfalene pharmacogenetics. II. The population genetic aspect]. Half-life of sulfalen, a new antibacterial drug, with the biotransformation, performed by means of microsomal acetyltransferase, has been studied in 53 individuals of Moscow Russian population. The absence of sex dimorphism for the trait studied is demonstrated. Distribution of individuals according to values of the pharmacokinetic parameter mentioned within the population is bimodal with the correlation of phenotypic frequencies of \"rapid\" and \"slow\" inactivators--72 and 28%. Possible causes of discrepancies between the observed sulfalen inactivator frequencies and similar data on isoniazid are discussed.", "PMID": 510916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8941", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of peptic ulcer. I. The nature of the inheritance and an analysis of different forms of the disease].", "content": "The analysis of literary data on the genetic investigation of duodenal ulcer is given. The investigation proper represents the analysis of 537 pedigree probands with various forms of duodenal ulcer and of 600 families of the control group. Basing on the analysis of distribution of frequency of forms of the disease, segregation analysis, as well as the distribution of forms of duodenal ulcer depending on the sex and age of the manifestation, the discrepancy is demonstrated of the opinion that duodenal ulcer is a monogenic disease, and a conclusion is drawn about the polygen conditionality of genetic component of various forms. The data have been obtained testifying in favour of a considerable heterogeneity of the duodenal ulcer and also the importance of the contribution to the genetic factors in the realization of different forms of the disease, which are approximately 60%. Some difficulties are illustrated, arising during the analysis of multifactorial disease, and the necessity is demonstrated of accounting its certain features (e.g. sex, the age of manifestation) during the interpretation of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of peptic ulcer. I. The nature of the inheritance and an analysis of different forms of the disease]. The analysis of literary data on the genetic investigation of duodenal ulcer is given. The investigation proper represents the analysis of 537 pedigree probands with various forms of duodenal ulcer and of 600 families of the control group. Basing on the analysis of distribution of frequency of forms of the disease, segregation analysis, as well as the distribution of forms of duodenal ulcer depending on the sex and age of the manifestation, the discrepancy is demonstrated of the opinion that duodenal ulcer is a monogenic disease, and a conclusion is drawn about the polygen conditionality of genetic component of various forms. The data have been obtained testifying in favour of a considerable heterogeneity of the duodenal ulcer and also the importance of the contribution to the genetic factors in the realization of different forms of the disease, which are approximately 60%. Some difficulties are illustrated, arising during the analysis of multifactorial disease, and the necessity is demonstrated of accounting its certain features (e.g. sex, the age of manifestation) during the interpretation of the results obtained.", "PMID": 510917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8942", "title": "[Genetic study of the resistance of mouse somatic cells to colchicine (high resistance level)].", "content": "The studies of the high level of colchicine resistance of mouse L cells have shown that two mutagens (EMS and NMM) do not induce cell variants resistant to 8 microgram/ml of colchicine in the population of mouse heteroploid L-53 cells (subline of L cells, the level of colchicine resistance 140) and that colchicine resistance of L-53 cells gradually diminishes when cells are propagated in non-selective conditions: after 1 month it diminishes 2-fold, after 3 month--9-fold. The extent of the decrease of the drug resistance was the same in 6 independent cultures obtained from the inoculum of 200 cells and in control cultures propagated by large quantities of cells. These data coincide with the results of the previous studies of lower level of colchicine resistance. In both studies the frequency of the occurrence of colchicine resistant variants in selective medium was about 2.10(-4). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that colchicine resistance of mouse L cells is not due to a gene mutation.", "contents": "[Genetic study of the resistance of mouse somatic cells to colchicine (high resistance level)]. The studies of the high level of colchicine resistance of mouse L cells have shown that two mutagens (EMS and NMM) do not induce cell variants resistant to 8 microgram/ml of colchicine in the population of mouse heteroploid L-53 cells (subline of L cells, the level of colchicine resistance 140) and that colchicine resistance of L-53 cells gradually diminishes when cells are propagated in non-selective conditions: after 1 month it diminishes 2-fold, after 3 month--9-fold. The extent of the decrease of the drug resistance was the same in 6 independent cultures obtained from the inoculum of 200 cells and in control cultures propagated by large quantities of cells. These data coincide with the results of the previous studies of lower level of colchicine resistance. In both studies the frequency of the occurrence of colchicine resistant variants in selective medium was about 2.10(-4). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that colchicine resistance of mouse L cells is not due to a gene mutation.", "PMID": 510918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8943", "title": "Age-related change in the reducible cross-link of human skin and aorta collagens.", "content": "Age-related changes in the reducible cross-links of soluble and insoluble collagens from the human skin and aorta were evaluated. Histidinohydroxymerodemosine decreased with age up to the fifth decade and then remained constant in the insoluble skin collagen but could not be detected in the insoluble aorta collagen. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine could be observed, if in a small amount, in the insoluble aorta collagen but not in both the soluble and insoluble skin collagens. Hydroxylysinonorleucine seemed to be present in only a small amount, although coeluting unknown substances made it difficult to evaluate correctly. Two unknown components decreasing with age were found; the one in the insoluble skin collagen and the other in the insoluble aorta collagen. Difference in reducible cross-link was indicated between the skin and aorta collagens.", "contents": "Age-related change in the reducible cross-link of human skin and aorta collagens. Age-related changes in the reducible cross-links of soluble and insoluble collagens from the human skin and aorta were evaluated. Histidinohydroxymerodemosine decreased with age up to the fifth decade and then remained constant in the insoluble skin collagen but could not be detected in the insoluble aorta collagen. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine could be observed, if in a small amount, in the insoluble aorta collagen but not in both the soluble and insoluble skin collagens. Hydroxylysinonorleucine seemed to be present in only a small amount, although coeluting unknown substances made it difficult to evaluate correctly. Two unknown components decreasing with age were found; the one in the insoluble skin collagen and the other in the insoluble aorta collagen. Difference in reducible cross-link was indicated between the skin and aorta collagens.", "PMID": 510924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8944", "title": "In vivo and in vitro effects of alloxan on collagen characteristics of bone, skin and tendon of Swiss mice.", "content": "Alloxan diabetes in Swiss mice induced decreased levels of percent solubility of collagen in bone, skin and tendon both after 4 days (96 h) and 28 days of treatment. In vitro treatment of tissues with alloxan in physiological saline did not influence the cross-linking of collagen. It is suggested that in alloxan diabetes, metabolites formed in the tissues might accelerate aging of collagen.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro effects of alloxan on collagen characteristics of bone, skin and tendon of Swiss mice. Alloxan diabetes in Swiss mice induced decreased levels of percent solubility of collagen in bone, skin and tendon both after 4 days (96 h) and 28 days of treatment. In vitro treatment of tissues with alloxan in physiological saline did not influence the cross-linking of collagen. It is suggested that in alloxan diabetes, metabolites formed in the tissues might accelerate aging of collagen.", "PMID": 510925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8945", "title": "The cellular aging of rat fibroblasts in vitro is a differentiation process.", "content": "Cellular aging of diploid rat fibroblasts in vitro occurs as the result of a three-stage differentiation sequence, taking place in the morphologically recognizable differentiating cell compartment of the fibroblast stem cell system. Simultaneously with an age-dependent morphological differentiation there is an age-dependent biochemical differentiation of the fibroblasts. In cell strains with the genetic background Lewis, the cellular differentiation state, the major histocompatibility complex composition (H-1) and the H-1 complex-controlled expression of endogenous type C viruses determine the ultimate fate of the senescent cell, leading either to cellular degeneration or to cellular neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "The cellular aging of rat fibroblasts in vitro is a differentiation process. Cellular aging of diploid rat fibroblasts in vitro occurs as the result of a three-stage differentiation sequence, taking place in the morphologically recognizable differentiating cell compartment of the fibroblast stem cell system. Simultaneously with an age-dependent morphological differentiation there is an age-dependent biochemical differentiation of the fibroblasts. In cell strains with the genetic background Lewis, the cellular differentiation state, the major histocompatibility complex composition (H-1) and the H-1 complex-controlled expression of endogenous type C viruses determine the ultimate fate of the senescent cell, leading either to cellular degeneration or to cellular neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 510926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8946", "title": "The quality of verbal interaction in homes for old people.", "content": "Some 4,500 verbal exchanges among residents, and between staff and residents were recorded during structured observations in eight British purpose-built Homes for old people. These interactions were initially categorised as 'supportive/acceptive' or as 'other'. Subsequently, the 'other' data from four of the Homes was further classified as 'instrumental' and 'unclassifiable'. The participants in the exchanges were noted (resident or staff) as was the mental status assigned to residents ('confused' or 'rational'). The data suggest that interactions among residents are more likely to be supportive/acceptive than are those between staff and residents; that, similarly, interactions among rational residents are more likely to be supportive than those between rational and confused residents, or than those among confused residents. Interactions between rational and confused residents are more likely to be supportive than those among confused patients. Further, the data indicate that interactions between staff and rational residents, and between staff and confused residents do not differ in quality; predominantly, interactions between staff and residents are instrumental. These interpretations of the data are discussed in relation to the care of residents in institutional settings.", "contents": "The quality of verbal interaction in homes for old people. Some 4,500 verbal exchanges among residents, and between staff and residents were recorded during structured observations in eight British purpose-built Homes for old people. These interactions were initially categorised as 'supportive/acceptive' or as 'other'. Subsequently, the 'other' data from four of the Homes was further classified as 'instrumental' and 'unclassifiable'. The participants in the exchanges were noted (resident or staff) as was the mental status assigned to residents ('confused' or 'rational'). The data suggest that interactions among residents are more likely to be supportive/acceptive than are those between staff and residents; that, similarly, interactions among rational residents are more likely to be supportive than those between rational and confused residents, or than those among confused residents. Interactions between rational and confused residents are more likely to be supportive than those among confused patients. Further, the data indicate that interactions between staff and rational residents, and between staff and confused residents do not differ in quality; predominantly, interactions between staff and residents are instrumental. These interpretations of the data are discussed in relation to the care of residents in institutional settings.", "PMID": 510927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8947", "title": "Performance on three cognitive tasks by patients with dementia, depression or Korsakov's syndrome.", "content": "Perception, attention and recall were measured in geriatric subjects and patients suffering from dementia, Korsakov's psychosis or depression. Dementia patients were unable to perceive, attend and recall; depressed patients were unable to attend; and patients with Korsakov's psychosis were unable to attend and recall. Perception, attention and recall were correlated in the normal group but not in any one patient group. Traditional assumption of the interdependence of these functions may not be applicable to these patients. Demented patients show a different pattern of cognitive disability than age-matched controls.", "contents": "Performance on three cognitive tasks by patients with dementia, depression or Korsakov's syndrome. Perception, attention and recall were measured in geriatric subjects and patients suffering from dementia, Korsakov's psychosis or depression. Dementia patients were unable to perceive, attend and recall; depressed patients were unable to attend; and patients with Korsakov's psychosis were unable to attend and recall. Perception, attention and recall were correlated in the normal group but not in any one patient group. Traditional assumption of the interdependence of these functions may not be applicable to these patients. Demented patients show a different pattern of cognitive disability than age-matched controls.", "PMID": 510928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8948", "title": "Disease at the carotid bifurcation: diagnosis by Doppler ultrasound imaging.", "content": "A non-invasive method for visualising the carotid bifurcation using continuous-wave Doppler-shift ultrasound and spectral analysis is described. The system is directional so that arteries can be visualised without interference by signals from adjacent veins. The technique uses a transducer attached to a position-sensing arm so that the position of arterial flow-velocities can be translated onto a storage oscilloscope. A two dimensional image of the carotid bifurcation is formed by moving the transducer along the length of each vessel while repeatedly scanning across the vessel lumen. The clinical application of this technique is illustrated by some specific cases.", "contents": "Disease at the carotid bifurcation: diagnosis by Doppler ultrasound imaging. A non-invasive method for visualising the carotid bifurcation using continuous-wave Doppler-shift ultrasound and spectral analysis is described. The system is directional so that arteries can be visualised without interference by signals from adjacent veins. The technique uses a transducer attached to a position-sensing arm so that the position of arterial flow-velocities can be translated onto a storage oscilloscope. A two dimensional image of the carotid bifurcation is formed by moving the transducer along the length of each vessel while repeatedly scanning across the vessel lumen. The clinical application of this technique is illustrated by some specific cases.", "PMID": 510929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8949", "title": "Evidence for increased proteolytic activity in ageing human fibroblasts.", "content": "We have shown that ultrastructural changes accompany ageing in the human fetal lung fibroblast strain MRC-5. In order to further characterise these changes a method has been devised to prepare subcellular fractions from MRC-5 fibroblasts using a discontinous gradient of metrizamide preceded by a low-speed centrifugation. An investigation was carried out to compare subcellular fractions prepared from early-passage and senescent cells. Proteolytic activity associated with lysosomes and soluble proteolytic activity were found to be increased in senescent cells.", "contents": "Evidence for increased proteolytic activity in ageing human fibroblasts. We have shown that ultrastructural changes accompany ageing in the human fetal lung fibroblast strain MRC-5. In order to further characterise these changes a method has been devised to prepare subcellular fractions from MRC-5 fibroblasts using a discontinous gradient of metrizamide preceded by a low-speed centrifugation. An investigation was carried out to compare subcellular fractions prepared from early-passage and senescent cells. Proteolytic activity associated with lysosomes and soluble proteolytic activity were found to be increased in senescent cells.", "PMID": 510930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8950", "title": "Fine structural changes in the liver of young and old rats as influenced by microsomal enzyme inducers.", "content": "When given orally to young and old rats, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, spironolactone, or phenobarbital, known microsomal enzyme inducers, caused an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Dexamethasone, while a potent microsomal enzyme inducer, did not cause smooth endoplasmic reticulum increase. In both untreated and treated old rats, there was dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum with occasional granular material present in vesicles. Cytoplasmic lipid droplets of various sizes were frequent. Some mitochondria exhibited polymorphism and a variation in matrical density. Lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles as well as lipid droplets of various sizes were frequent in all groups. These results show that microsomal enzyme inducers influence the subcellular structure of hepatocytes in old rats.", "contents": "Fine structural changes in the liver of young and old rats as influenced by microsomal enzyme inducers. When given orally to young and old rats, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, spironolactone, or phenobarbital, known microsomal enzyme inducers, caused an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Dexamethasone, while a potent microsomal enzyme inducer, did not cause smooth endoplasmic reticulum increase. In both untreated and treated old rats, there was dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum with occasional granular material present in vesicles. Cytoplasmic lipid droplets of various sizes were frequent. Some mitochondria exhibited polymorphism and a variation in matrical density. Lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles as well as lipid droplets of various sizes were frequent in all groups. These results show that microsomal enzyme inducers influence the subcellular structure of hepatocytes in old rats.", "PMID": 510931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8951", "title": "The proportion of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the content of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA in adult and senescent rat livers.", "content": "The proportion of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the content of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA are unchanged when adult and senescent rat livers are compared. Therefore, the decreased protein synthesizing activity of senescent liver microsomes observed previously is not due to a deficiency in total mRNA content.", "contents": "The proportion of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the content of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA in adult and senescent rat livers. The proportion of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the content of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA are unchanged when adult and senescent rat livers are compared. Therefore, the decreased protein synthesizing activity of senescent liver microsomes observed previously is not due to a deficiency in total mRNA content.", "PMID": 510932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8952", "title": "Effect of ageing and occupational activity on active wakefulness.", "content": "44 people were recorded by a telemetric system during 8 h of daily occupational activity. 24 were factory personnel (12: mean age 37 years, and 12: mean age 53 years) and 20 were univeristy researchers (10: mean age 39 years, and 10: mean age 53 years). Recordings were made concerning EEG, EOG, EMG, and EKG. At 35 years no differences were observed. At 50 years the organization of wakefulness was different for the two occupational activity groups. Although stable for the moment seemed to play a prominent role in the modulation of wakefulness.", "contents": "Effect of ageing and occupational activity on active wakefulness. 44 people were recorded by a telemetric system during 8 h of daily occupational activity. 24 were factory personnel (12: mean age 37 years, and 12: mean age 53 years) and 20 were univeristy researchers (10: mean age 39 years, and 10: mean age 53 years). Recordings were made concerning EEG, EOG, EMG, and EKG. At 35 years no differences were observed. At 50 years the organization of wakefulness was different for the two occupational activity groups. Although stable for the moment seemed to play a prominent role in the modulation of wakefulness.", "PMID": 510933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8953", "title": "Use of a self-administered postal questionnaire when screening for health problems in the elderly.", "content": "The feasibility and value of conducting health screening programmes for elderly people using self-administered postal questionnaires is discussed in relation to the outcome of a community study of mobility problems in the elderly. It is argued that this procedure minimizes the work and expense involved in organising and carrying out such programmes.", "contents": "Use of a self-administered postal questionnaire when screening for health problems in the elderly. The feasibility and value of conducting health screening programmes for elderly people using self-administered postal questionnaires is discussed in relation to the outcome of a community study of mobility problems in the elderly. It is argued that this procedure minimizes the work and expense involved in organising and carrying out such programmes.", "PMID": 510934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8954", "title": "Vitamin D status of residents of an old people's home and long-stay patients.", "content": "The vitamin D status of residents of an old people's home and long-stay patients was assessed by means of plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) estimations. The residents of the old people's home had a higher mean plasma 25-OHD concentration than long-stay patients. Both groups had diets with vitamin D intakes of less than 2.5 micrograms (100 IU) per day and the conclusion is that solar exposure is the major determinant of the concentration of circulating 25-OHD.", "contents": "Vitamin D status of residents of an old people's home and long-stay patients. The vitamin D status of residents of an old people's home and long-stay patients was assessed by means of plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) estimations. The residents of the old people's home had a higher mean plasma 25-OHD concentration than long-stay patients. Both groups had diets with vitamin D intakes of less than 2.5 micrograms (100 IU) per day and the conclusion is that solar exposure is the major determinant of the concentration of circulating 25-OHD.", "PMID": 510935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8955", "title": "Heart weight as a function of body weight in mammals.", "content": "Linear regression analysis was carried out on logarithmically transformed heart weight and body weight data in 104 mammalian species. It was shown that heart weight varies as the 0.98 power of body weight over essentially the whole mammalian weight range. The coefficient of correlation between heart weight and body weight is 0.99. Student's test was employed to compare the slopes of the several regression lines as between male and female animals, and as between terrestrial and aquatic mammals. In neither case were the differences in slope found to be statistically significant (df greater than 177, p less than 0.5).", "contents": "Heart weight as a function of body weight in mammals. Linear regression analysis was carried out on logarithmically transformed heart weight and body weight data in 104 mammalian species. It was shown that heart weight varies as the 0.98 power of body weight over essentially the whole mammalian weight range. The coefficient of correlation between heart weight and body weight is 0.99. Student's test was employed to compare the slopes of the several regression lines as between male and female animals, and as between terrestrial and aquatic mammals. In neither case were the differences in slope found to be statistically significant (df greater than 177, p less than 0.5).", "PMID": 510954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8956", "title": "Linear skeletal growth in male and female turkeys.", "content": "Growth in the maximum length of the skull, humerus, ulna + radius, carpometacarpus + phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus + phalanges was measured by dissection of male and female white turkeys taken at 14 day intervals from hatching to 20 weeks. In all skeletal units except carpometacarpus + phalanges, a greater rate of growth (P less than 0.01) was detected in males.", "contents": "Linear skeletal growth in male and female turkeys. Growth in the maximum length of the skull, humerus, ulna + radius, carpometacarpus + phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus + phalanges was measured by dissection of male and female white turkeys taken at 14 day intervals from hatching to 20 weeks. In all skeletal units except carpometacarpus + phalanges, a greater rate of growth (P less than 0.01) was detected in males.", "PMID": 510955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8957", "title": "The effects of exogenous nutrients on growth of chick embryo brain.", "content": "The effect of an early addition of exogenous nutrients on brain growth has been investigated in chick embryo. The nutrients were introduced onto chorioallantoic membrane at day 6 or 7 of embryonal life, and the cerebral hemispheres examined at the end of neuronal proliferation for the following parameters: weight, DNA content (index of cell number) and protein content. L-Tryptophan produced significant inhibition, probably by creating amino acid imbalance and interference with the transport of other amino acids. D-Tryptophan (slower transport) was inactive. 5-Methyltryptophan produced significant inhibition, probably by causing deficiency of tryptophan utilization and of production of serotonin, which is a growth factor for early brain. Glycine stimulated brain growth, probably by conversion to glucose which is the main energy source for the embryo in this period. Brain weight and DNA were found to be significantly correlated with blood glucose level. It is concluded that, within genetic limits, early brain growth might be manipulated in both directions (inhibition or stimulation) by addition of proper nutrients during sensitive period of neuronal proliferation.", "contents": "The effects of exogenous nutrients on growth of chick embryo brain. The effect of an early addition of exogenous nutrients on brain growth has been investigated in chick embryo. The nutrients were introduced onto chorioallantoic membrane at day 6 or 7 of embryonal life, and the cerebral hemispheres examined at the end of neuronal proliferation for the following parameters: weight, DNA content (index of cell number) and protein content. L-Tryptophan produced significant inhibition, probably by creating amino acid imbalance and interference with the transport of other amino acids. D-Tryptophan (slower transport) was inactive. 5-Methyltryptophan produced significant inhibition, probably by causing deficiency of tryptophan utilization and of production of serotonin, which is a growth factor for early brain. Glycine stimulated brain growth, probably by conversion to glucose which is the main energy source for the embryo in this period. Brain weight and DNA were found to be significantly correlated with blood glucose level. It is concluded that, within genetic limits, early brain growth might be manipulated in both directions (inhibition or stimulation) by addition of proper nutrients during sensitive period of neuronal proliferation.", "PMID": 510956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8958", "title": "Muscle and adipose cell development in mice selected for postweaning growth rate.", "content": "Genetic selection for postweaning growth rate between 3 and 6 weeks of age resulted in significant changes in body weight, semimembranosus muscle weight, and epididymal fat pad weights. Body weights at 15 weeks of age ranged from 24.9 gm for the Low line (slow growth) mice and 59.4 gm for the High line mice (rapid growth). Total muscle DNA content was decreased in Low line mice and increased in High line mice when compared to Control mice (random bred). RNA to DNA and protein to DNA ratios were not significantly affected by growth rate selection pressure. Selection for high or low growth rate appeared to affect the development of muscle by altering the amount of DNA synthesized, suggesting that growth hormone status was altered by this type of selection. Adipose cell number was reduced in the Low line and increased in the High line when compared to Control mice. Adipose cell size was increased in High line mice when compared to Low and Control lines. The role of adipose cell development in supporting growth selection success is suggested.", "contents": "Muscle and adipose cell development in mice selected for postweaning growth rate. Genetic selection for postweaning growth rate between 3 and 6 weeks of age resulted in significant changes in body weight, semimembranosus muscle weight, and epididymal fat pad weights. Body weights at 15 weeks of age ranged from 24.9 gm for the Low line (slow growth) mice and 59.4 gm for the High line mice (rapid growth). Total muscle DNA content was decreased in Low line mice and increased in High line mice when compared to Control mice (random bred). RNA to DNA and protein to DNA ratios were not significantly affected by growth rate selection pressure. Selection for high or low growth rate appeared to affect the development of muscle by altering the amount of DNA synthesized, suggesting that growth hormone status was altered by this type of selection. Adipose cell number was reduced in the Low line and increased in the High line when compared to Control mice. Adipose cell size was increased in High line mice when compared to Low and Control lines. The role of adipose cell development in supporting growth selection success is suggested.", "PMID": 510957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8959", "title": "Translation of messenger RNA from fetal and adult mouse kidney.", "content": "Polyadenylated mRNA was prepared from fetal, adult, and regenerating adult mouse kidneys. The polyadenylated portion is 2% of total RNA in the fetus, falls abruptly to 1% after birth, and returns to about 2% in the adult. In vitro translation of these mRNA's showed great similarities between 17 and 20 day fetal samples and between the normal and regenerating adult samples, but few similarities between the fetal and adult samples. The data do not support the hypothesis that renal growth following contralateral nephrectomy may entail the de-repression of genes active in the fetus but not active in the normal adult.", "contents": "Translation of messenger RNA from fetal and adult mouse kidney. Polyadenylated mRNA was prepared from fetal, adult, and regenerating adult mouse kidneys. The polyadenylated portion is 2% of total RNA in the fetus, falls abruptly to 1% after birth, and returns to about 2% in the adult. In vitro translation of these mRNA's showed great similarities between 17 and 20 day fetal samples and between the normal and regenerating adult samples, but few similarities between the fetal and adult samples. The data do not support the hypothesis that renal growth following contralateral nephrectomy may entail the de-repression of genes active in the fetus but not active in the normal adult.", "PMID": 510958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8960", "title": "Interaction between mural thrombi and the underlying artery wall.", "content": "This communication describes the morphological changes which result from the induction of experimental thrombi in the artery wall of the rabbit and pig. The role of the platelet as the initiator of neo-intimal proliferation is stressed and the genesis of the cells contributing to such proliferation discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between mural thrombi and the underlying artery wall. This communication describes the morphological changes which result from the induction of experimental thrombi in the artery wall of the rabbit and pig. The role of the platelet as the initiator of neo-intimal proliferation is stressed and the genesis of the cells contributing to such proliferation discussed.", "PMID": 511006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8961", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies on endothelial regeneration.", "content": "Endothelial regeneration was studied in rabbit aorta after intra-arterial balloon catheterization. Most of the regenerated endothelium originated from existing branches which was assessed by the Evans-blue uptake pattern and confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Glucocorticoid treatment enhanced re-endothelialization whereas hyperlipemic diet inhibited. Sera from minipigs fed an atherogenic diet consistently have less ability than sera from control pigs to stimulate in vitro the regeneration of wounded endothelium-like monolayers of 3T3-B cells. The deficiency is probably due to an inhibitor which appears and disappears with changes in the diet.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies on endothelial regeneration. Endothelial regeneration was studied in rabbit aorta after intra-arterial balloon catheterization. Most of the regenerated endothelium originated from existing branches which was assessed by the Evans-blue uptake pattern and confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Glucocorticoid treatment enhanced re-endothelialization whereas hyperlipemic diet inhibited. Sera from minipigs fed an atherogenic diet consistently have less ability than sera from control pigs to stimulate in vitro the regeneration of wounded endothelium-like monolayers of 3T3-B cells. The deficiency is probably due to an inhibitor which appears and disappears with changes in the diet.", "PMID": 511007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8962", "title": "Platelet-lung in vivo interactions: an artifact of a multi-purpose model?", "content": "The simultaneous evaluation of platelet behaviour in vivo and of the accompanying bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig is described. Arachidonic acid induces bronchoconstriction, accompanied by, but independent from, thrombocytopenia, whereas collagen induces bronchoconstriction also accompanied by, but dependent from, thrombocytopenia. In both cases bronchoconstriction is due to cyclo-oxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Use of potential inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase failed to reveal which of prostaglandin endoperoxides or thromboxane A2 is responsible for aspirin-inhibitive bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia. In contrast to PGE1 prostacyclin failed to interfere with bronchoconstriction by serotonin or by arachidonic acid, even though thrombocytopenia by the latter was suppressed. Bronchoconstriction by collagen, in contrast, was inhibited by nanogram doses of prostacyclin, confirming platelet-dependency. The combined bronchoconstriction/thrombocytopenia test in guinea pigs can discriminate sites of action of anti-inflammatory drugs, of agents which block specific platelet and/or bronchial receptors, which stimulate the cyclic AMP system, or generically which interfere with the mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and of thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Platelet-lung in vivo interactions: an artifact of a multi-purpose model? The simultaneous evaluation of platelet behaviour in vivo and of the accompanying bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig is described. Arachidonic acid induces bronchoconstriction, accompanied by, but independent from, thrombocytopenia, whereas collagen induces bronchoconstriction also accompanied by, but dependent from, thrombocytopenia. In both cases bronchoconstriction is due to cyclo-oxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Use of potential inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase failed to reveal which of prostaglandin endoperoxides or thromboxane A2 is responsible for aspirin-inhibitive bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia. In contrast to PGE1 prostacyclin failed to interfere with bronchoconstriction by serotonin or by arachidonic acid, even though thrombocytopenia by the latter was suppressed. Bronchoconstriction by collagen, in contrast, was inhibited by nanogram doses of prostacyclin, confirming platelet-dependency. The combined bronchoconstriction/thrombocytopenia test in guinea pigs can discriminate sites of action of anti-inflammatory drugs, of agents which block specific platelet and/or bronchial receptors, which stimulate the cyclic AMP system, or generically which interfere with the mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and of thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 511008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8963", "title": "Albumin-bound fatty acids, platelets and endothelial cells in thrombogenesis.", "content": "Changes in the types and concentrations of albumin-bound fatty acids in plasma have been related to subsequent changes in platelet and endothelial cell function both in vitro and in vivo. Fatty acids in the linoleate and linolenate sequences with the potential to act as prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors, seem to play a fundamental role in the homeostatic balance between platelets and endothelial cells. Variations in this balance may be directly related to the tendency to thrombosis.", "contents": "Albumin-bound fatty acids, platelets and endothelial cells in thrombogenesis. Changes in the types and concentrations of albumin-bound fatty acids in plasma have been related to subsequent changes in platelet and endothelial cell function both in vitro and in vivo. Fatty acids in the linoleate and linolenate sequences with the potential to act as prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors, seem to play a fundamental role in the homeostatic balance between platelets and endothelial cells. Variations in this balance may be directly related to the tendency to thrombosis.", "PMID": 511009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8964", "title": "Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: the role of the prostaglandin-3 family.", "content": "In Eskimos coronary heart disease is a rarity. This can partly be explained by their favorable plasma lipid levels. An additional factor seems, however, to be that in Eskimo food polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series replace those of the omega-6 series. C20:5, omega-3 can be converted by the vessel wall to an antiaggregatory substance, whereas it has no proaggregatory effect on platelets. Consistent with these findings Eskimos were found to have a nearly 2-fold longer bleeding time than Danes. Platelet aggregability, too, was markedly depressed when exposing platelets from Eskimos to ADP and collagen.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: the role of the prostaglandin-3 family. In Eskimos coronary heart disease is a rarity. This can partly be explained by their favorable plasma lipid levels. An additional factor seems, however, to be that in Eskimo food polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series replace those of the omega-6 series. C20:5, omega-3 can be converted by the vessel wall to an antiaggregatory substance, whereas it has no proaggregatory effect on platelets. Consistent with these findings Eskimos were found to have a nearly 2-fold longer bleeding time than Danes. Platelet aggregability, too, was markedly depressed when exposing platelets from Eskimos to ADP and collagen.", "PMID": 511010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8965", "title": "Dietary fats and platelet functions in relation to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.", "content": "Results in animals and in man indicate that in many circumstances, lipemia is not closely related to the severity of atherosclerosis nor to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or the intake of saturated fats as observed in paired studies between farmers from Moselle and Var in France and from West and East Scotland. In rabbits, an increased response of platelets to thrombin occurs before any deposition of cholesterol, as a result of a saturated fat feeding. Under these conditions, the addition of alcohol to the drinking water decreases significantly both the platelet response to thrombin and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions without much affecting plasma cholesterol. In farmers from Moselle and Var (as well as from Scotland), platelet functions, namely the aggregation to thrombin and their clotting activity, i.e. PF3, are closely related to the intake of saturated fats, either as a result of the long-term feeding or of a 1 year change in the diet of Moselle farmers. Certain platelet functions appear to be the only blood parameter related to the incidence of CHD and significantly correlated on a group, as well as on an individual basis, with the intake of saturated fat, and inversely related with that of calcium. Saturated fats and calcium are known to be the two main dietary factors related to CHD. These results suggest that the intermediate link between dietary fats and CHD might be blood platelets rather than serum lipids, through an effect on both thrombosis and atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Dietary fats and platelet functions in relation to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Results in animals and in man indicate that in many circumstances, lipemia is not closely related to the severity of atherosclerosis nor to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or the intake of saturated fats as observed in paired studies between farmers from Moselle and Var in France and from West and East Scotland. In rabbits, an increased response of platelets to thrombin occurs before any deposition of cholesterol, as a result of a saturated fat feeding. Under these conditions, the addition of alcohol to the drinking water decreases significantly both the platelet response to thrombin and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions without much affecting plasma cholesterol. In farmers from Moselle and Var (as well as from Scotland), platelet functions, namely the aggregation to thrombin and their clotting activity, i.e. PF3, are closely related to the intake of saturated fats, either as a result of the long-term feeding or of a 1 year change in the diet of Moselle farmers. Certain platelet functions appear to be the only blood parameter related to the incidence of CHD and significantly correlated on a group, as well as on an individual basis, with the intake of saturated fat, and inversely related with that of calcium. Saturated fats and calcium are known to be the two main dietary factors related to CHD. These results suggest that the intermediate link between dietary fats and CHD might be blood platelets rather than serum lipids, through an effect on both thrombosis and atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 511011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8966", "title": "The role of endothelial cells and subendothelial components in the initiation of blood coagulation.", "content": "The effect of collagen on isolated platelets, platelet-rich plasma and whole blood has been studied. Collagen failed to generate factor XIa-like activity in mixtures of isolated platelets, collagen and Ca++. Moreover, collagen added to whole blood or platelet-rich plasma containing 125I-factor IX and Ca++, also failed to form cleaved (activated) factor IX. In preliminary studies, lysed endothelial cells were found to enhance the formation of factor Xa and thrombin and to induce cleavage of 125I-factor IX in normal plasma, factor XII and factor-XI-deficient plasma even in the presence of antibody to tissue factor.", "contents": "The role of endothelial cells and subendothelial components in the initiation of blood coagulation. The effect of collagen on isolated platelets, platelet-rich plasma and whole blood has been studied. Collagen failed to generate factor XIa-like activity in mixtures of isolated platelets, collagen and Ca++. Moreover, collagen added to whole blood or platelet-rich plasma containing 125I-factor IX and Ca++, also failed to form cleaved (activated) factor IX. In preliminary studies, lysed endothelial cells were found to enhance the formation of factor Xa and thrombin and to induce cleavage of 125I-factor IX in normal plasma, factor XII and factor-XI-deficient plasma even in the presence of antibody to tissue factor.", "PMID": 511012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8967", "title": "The vascular wall and fibrinolysis.", "content": "A survey is given of recent data pertaining to the presence of components of the fibrinolytic system in the vascular wall. Activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis were shown to be present in the vessel wall, while activators were mainly found in the endothelial cells, and inhibitors in the media. Activators will be released into the circulation by a variety of stimuli. Among these stimuli are compounds formed or released during coagulation and thrombus formation, thus indicating how coagulation or thrombosis might induce increased fibrinolysis. Abnormal fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall in relation to thrombosis is discussed.", "contents": "The vascular wall and fibrinolysis. A survey is given of recent data pertaining to the presence of components of the fibrinolytic system in the vascular wall. Activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis were shown to be present in the vessel wall, while activators were mainly found in the endothelial cells, and inhibitors in the media. Activators will be released into the circulation by a variety of stimuli. Among these stimuli are compounds formed or released during coagulation and thrombus formation, thus indicating how coagulation or thrombosis might induce increased fibrinolysis. Abnormal fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall in relation to thrombosis is discussed.", "PMID": 511013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8968", "title": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole on platelet adhesion and aggregation in flowing native and anticoagulated blood.", "content": "The interaction of rabbit platelets with subendothelium of rabbit aorta was investigated under controlled blood flow conditions. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were compared after perfusion of native blood and of blood anticoagulated with citrate, heparin or heparin plus citrate. 15 mM citrate in plasma caused significant reduction of aggregation, thrombus volume and thrombus height; adhesion was concomitantly increased. Heparin (500 U/kg) had no significant effect on adhesion and thrombus dimensions. Treatment of rabbits with acetylsalicylic acid or sulfinpyrazone caused a significant reduction of thrombus volume and thrombus height in the presence of citrate. However, no significant effects were observed in native or heparinized blood. It is concluded that low citrate concentrations: (1) inhibit thrombus growth; (2) enhance thrombus breakdown; (3) therefore increase adhesion, and (4) strongly enhance a possible inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid and sulfinpyrazone on thrombus growth.", "contents": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole on platelet adhesion and aggregation in flowing native and anticoagulated blood. The interaction of rabbit platelets with subendothelium of rabbit aorta was investigated under controlled blood flow conditions. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were compared after perfusion of native blood and of blood anticoagulated with citrate, heparin or heparin plus citrate. 15 mM citrate in plasma caused significant reduction of aggregation, thrombus volume and thrombus height; adhesion was concomitantly increased. Heparin (500 U/kg) had no significant effect on adhesion and thrombus dimensions. Treatment of rabbits with acetylsalicylic acid or sulfinpyrazone caused a significant reduction of thrombus volume and thrombus height in the presence of citrate. However, no significant effects were observed in native or heparinized blood. It is concluded that low citrate concentrations: (1) inhibit thrombus growth; (2) enhance thrombus breakdown; (3) therefore increase adhesion, and (4) strongly enhance a possible inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid and sulfinpyrazone on thrombus growth.", "PMID": 511014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8969", "title": "Dosage in low-dose heparin prophylaxis.", "content": "We investigated whether the dosage of heparin injected subcutaneously for the postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolism influences efficacy. We considered prospective, controlled or comparative, randomized studies in which heparin was administered in a dosage of 5,000 U b.i.d. or t.i.d. subcutaneously. In major surgical procedures in general surgery, gynecology, urology and chest surgery, 2 x 5,000 and 3 x 5,000 U of heparin/day lower the frequency of postoperative deep venous thrombosis from about 30% to about one-fourth and one-third that amount, respectively. With regard to orthopedic/traumatic surgery, in a study of only 40 patients, 2 x 5,000 U/day reduced the incidence of thrombosis by one-half. The use of the higher dosage resulted in a decrease in DVT in 5 of 7 reports, but the other two authors measured no prophylactic effect at all. Proof that subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis is also able to reduce the number of fatal postoperative pulmonary emboli has been produced only in the case of the higher dosage. In our own group of patients there is no correlation between body weight and frequency of hemorrhagic complications. In our patients there is no relation between malignant tumor as the primary disease and the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications. There is no evidence that the lower dosage causes fewer hemorrhagic complications than the higher dosage.", "contents": "Dosage in low-dose heparin prophylaxis. We investigated whether the dosage of heparin injected subcutaneously for the postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolism influences efficacy. We considered prospective, controlled or comparative, randomized studies in which heparin was administered in a dosage of 5,000 U b.i.d. or t.i.d. subcutaneously. In major surgical procedures in general surgery, gynecology, urology and chest surgery, 2 x 5,000 and 3 x 5,000 U of heparin/day lower the frequency of postoperative deep venous thrombosis from about 30% to about one-fourth and one-third that amount, respectively. With regard to orthopedic/traumatic surgery, in a study of only 40 patients, 2 x 5,000 U/day reduced the incidence of thrombosis by one-half. The use of the higher dosage resulted in a decrease in DVT in 5 of 7 reports, but the other two authors measured no prophylactic effect at all. Proof that subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis is also able to reduce the number of fatal postoperative pulmonary emboli has been produced only in the case of the higher dosage. In our own group of patients there is no correlation between body weight and frequency of hemorrhagic complications. In our patients there is no relation between malignant tumor as the primary disease and the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications. There is no evidence that the lower dosage causes fewer hemorrhagic complications than the higher dosage.", "PMID": 511015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8970", "title": "Heparin-antithrombin III binding. In vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "Heparin antithrombin III binding was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In plasma and purified antithrombin III standard, multicomponent patterns were obtained with low concentrations of mucosal heparin. There is evidence that antithrombin III may bind more than one heparin molecule. At high heparin concentration (greater than 16 U/ml), single symmetrical peaks were obtained. Serum samples showed two antithrombin III peaks due to a decreased heparin binding of the slower peak (2.1-3.9 times), which was probably antithrombin III-activated procoagulant complexes. Heparin analogue (A 73025) also bound antithrombin III in vitro but the mobility of the peak was slower than with mucosal heparin and only a single peak was obtained in serum samples. Radioimmunoassay showed a decreased binding of antithrombin III antibody to heparin-antithrombin III complex. Venous occlusion to the forearm resulted in a slow second peak in the plasma. Heparin therapy gave rise to a double peak in the plasma antithrombin III profile and with continuous infusion, quantitative decreases were noted in all subjects studied, two of whom rethrombosed at the end of 7 days therapy.", "contents": "Heparin-antithrombin III binding. In vitro and in vivo studies. Heparin antithrombin III binding was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In plasma and purified antithrombin III standard, multicomponent patterns were obtained with low concentrations of mucosal heparin. There is evidence that antithrombin III may bind more than one heparin molecule. At high heparin concentration (greater than 16 U/ml), single symmetrical peaks were obtained. Serum samples showed two antithrombin III peaks due to a decreased heparin binding of the slower peak (2.1-3.9 times), which was probably antithrombin III-activated procoagulant complexes. Heparin analogue (A 73025) also bound antithrombin III in vitro but the mobility of the peak was slower than with mucosal heparin and only a single peak was obtained in serum samples. Radioimmunoassay showed a decreased binding of antithrombin III antibody to heparin-antithrombin III complex. Venous occlusion to the forearm resulted in a slow second peak in the plasma. Heparin therapy gave rise to a double peak in the plasma antithrombin III profile and with continuous infusion, quantitative decreases were noted in all subjects studied, two of whom rethrombosed at the end of 7 days therapy.", "PMID": 511016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8971", "title": "Human platelet aggregation by thimerosal. Functional and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Thimerosal, a sulfhydryl group inhibitor, produces in an aggregometer a decrease in optical density of normal platelet-rich plasma over a wide range of concentrations. Ultrastructural study shows that the decrease of optical density produced by thimerosal at low doses is due to a true platelet aggregation preceded by a release reaction, whereas the aggregometric curves recorded after addition of thimerosal at high doses can be attributed to marked alterations of platelet morphology. Electron microscopic study shows the presence of electron-dense material between plasma membranes after addition of a low dose, and the early rupture of membranes after a high dose. These findings support previous conclusions that thimerosal binds to plasma membranes. Thimerosal induces a release reaction, seen in ultrastructural study and revealed by measurement of 14C-serotonin release. Moreover, thimerosal-induced aggregation is independent of released ADP and of formation of intermediates of the arachidonate pathway. Thimerosal-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited neither by ADP removal nor by aspirin addition.", "contents": "Human platelet aggregation by thimerosal. Functional and ultrastructural studies. Thimerosal, a sulfhydryl group inhibitor, produces in an aggregometer a decrease in optical density of normal platelet-rich plasma over a wide range of concentrations. Ultrastructural study shows that the decrease of optical density produced by thimerosal at low doses is due to a true platelet aggregation preceded by a release reaction, whereas the aggregometric curves recorded after addition of thimerosal at high doses can be attributed to marked alterations of platelet morphology. Electron microscopic study shows the presence of electron-dense material between plasma membranes after addition of a low dose, and the early rupture of membranes after a high dose. These findings support previous conclusions that thimerosal binds to plasma membranes. Thimerosal induces a release reaction, seen in ultrastructural study and revealed by measurement of 14C-serotonin release. Moreover, thimerosal-induced aggregation is independent of released ADP and of formation of intermediates of the arachidonate pathway. Thimerosal-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited neither by ADP removal nor by aspirin addition.", "PMID": 511017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8972", "title": "Serotonin uptake and release by platelets adhering to polyethylene.", "content": "Heparinized human blood containing platelets labelled with 14C-serotonin and 51Cr was exposed to a polyethylene surface by rotation in Chandler loops. Both uptake of platelets on the surface and platelet aggregation in the blood occurred. More 14C- than 51Cr activity accumulated on the surface. It was demonstrated that this was due to an active uptake of 14C-serotonin by the surface-adherent platelets, which also retained their capacity to exert a release reaction.", "contents": "Serotonin uptake and release by platelets adhering to polyethylene. Heparinized human blood containing platelets labelled with 14C-serotonin and 51Cr was exposed to a polyethylene surface by rotation in Chandler loops. Both uptake of platelets on the surface and platelet aggregation in the blood occurred. More 14C- than 51Cr activity accumulated on the surface. It was demonstrated that this was due to an active uptake of 14C-serotonin by the surface-adherent platelets, which also retained their capacity to exert a release reaction.", "PMID": 511018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8973", "title": "Effects of alcoholism on the family system.", "content": "Because the family is a system, the alcoholism of one member affects all the others, who develop defenses and symptoms parallel to those of the alcoholic. The authors describe the \"survival roles\" members adopt that allow the system to maintain its equilibrium and explain how this balance shifts as the family recovers.", "contents": "Effects of alcoholism on the family system. Because the family is a system, the alcoholism of one member affects all the others, who develop defenses and symptoms parallel to those of the alcoholic. The authors describe the \"survival roles\" members adopt that allow the system to maintain its equilibrium and explain how this balance shifts as the family recovers.", "PMID": 511020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8974", "title": "Alcohol and the elderly: a review.", "content": "Because the older population will increase in the next several decades, the number of elderly alcoholics will grow. The author presents a review of research on alcoholism among the aged and concludes that social workers should focus their future research on identification and diagnosis of elderly alcoholics and effective methods of treatment.", "contents": "Alcohol and the elderly: a review. Because the older population will increase in the next several decades, the number of elderly alcoholics will grow. The author presents a review of research on alcoholism among the aged and concludes that social workers should focus their future research on identification and diagnosis of elderly alcoholics and effective methods of treatment.", "PMID": 511021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8975", "title": "Working in the schools with children of alcoholic parents.", "content": "Despite evidence that parental alcoholism has a serious effect on children, few resources are available to help children of alcoholic parents cope with their feelings. The author suggests that the school is the logical place to provide services, describes characteristics common to most of these children, and discusses ways in which school social workers can intervene.", "contents": "Working in the schools with children of alcoholic parents. Despite evidence that parental alcoholism has a serious effect on children, few resources are available to help children of alcoholic parents cope with their feelings. The author suggests that the school is the logical place to provide services, describes characteristics common to most of these children, and discusses ways in which school social workers can intervene.", "PMID": 511022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8976", "title": "Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism counseling, and social work treatment.", "content": "The authors suggest that the misunderstanding by many social workers of the particular values of Alcoholics Anonymous and the skills of alcoholism counselors can involve alcoholic patients themselves in the stress of reconciling different approaches to treatment. They call upon all who treat alcoholics to build mutual trust and cooperation on two assumptions basic to all forms of treatment-that alcoholism is a disease and abstinence is essential to recovery.", "contents": "Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism counseling, and social work treatment. The authors suggest that the misunderstanding by many social workers of the particular values of Alcoholics Anonymous and the skills of alcoholism counselors can involve alcoholic patients themselves in the stress of reconciling different approaches to treatment. They call upon all who treat alcoholics to build mutual trust and cooperation on two assumptions basic to all forms of treatment-that alcoholism is a disease and abstinence is essential to recovery.", "PMID": 511023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8977", "title": "The decision group: beginning treatment in an alcoholism clinic.", "content": "The Decision Group was designed to fill the needs of individuals applying for treatment at an alcoholism outpatient clinic and to reduce time lost to the clinic as a result of broken appointments. The group succeeded in engaging patients in treatment, motivating them to accept identification as alcoholics, and maintaining high attendance. The author describes the group's accomplishments and suggests ways that future groups could avoid certain problems the Decision Group encountered.", "contents": "The decision group: beginning treatment in an alcoholism clinic. The Decision Group was designed to fill the needs of individuals applying for treatment at an alcoholism outpatient clinic and to reduce time lost to the clinic as a result of broken appointments. The group succeeded in engaging patients in treatment, motivating them to accept identification as alcoholics, and maintaining high attendance. The author describes the group's accomplishments and suggests ways that future groups could avoid certain problems the Decision Group encountered.", "PMID": 511024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8978", "title": "Combating alcoholism in the workplace.", "content": "This article describes occupational assistance-employee assistance programs, which are designed to combat alcoholism in industry. The author, who administers various types of programs, describes the history, conceptual framework, and essential ingredients of a successful program. Relevant legislation, as well as implications for social work, is discussed.", "contents": "Combating alcoholism in the workplace. This article describes occupational assistance-employee assistance programs, which are designed to combat alcoholism in industry. The author, who administers various types of programs, describes the history, conceptual framework, and essential ingredients of a successful program. Relevant legislation, as well as implications for social work, is discussed.", "PMID": 511027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8979", "title": "Alcohol abuse programs in the military.", "content": "Human resource programs generally have a low priority in the military, but in 1971 the armed forces began a major program to control alcohol abuse. In 1980 the program will spend $50 million. This article discusses the program's successes and problems and the part social workers play in it.", "contents": "Alcohol abuse programs in the military. Human resource programs generally have a low priority in the military, but in 1971 the armed forces began a major program to control alcohol abuse. In 1980 the program will spend $50 million. This article discusses the program's successes and problems and the part social workers play in it.", "PMID": 511028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8980", "title": "Prevention and control of \"drunk driving\": lessons for social work.", "content": "This article examines efforts to prevent and control the widespread problem of \"drunk driving\" in the United States. Special emphasis is placed on one institutional mechanism-the Alcohol Safety Action Project-developed to deal with the behavior of problem drinkers.", "contents": "Prevention and control of \"drunk driving\": lessons for social work. This article examines efforts to prevent and control the widespread problem of \"drunk driving\" in the United States. Special emphasis is placed on one institutional mechanism-the Alcohol Safety Action Project-developed to deal with the behavior of problem drinkers.", "PMID": 511029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8981", "title": "Alcohol knowledge and practice issues.", "content": "Although problems related to the use and abuse of alcohol have social, psychological, and physiological implications, the treatment of alcoholism has received minimal attention as an area of serious practice by helping professionals. To encourage practicing social workers to sensitize themselves to these problems, this article summarizes important knowledge currently available in the field of alcoholism and explores issues concerning theory and treatment that are relevant to social work practice.", "contents": "Alcohol knowledge and practice issues. Although problems related to the use and abuse of alcohol have social, psychological, and physiological implications, the treatment of alcoholism has received minimal attention as an area of serious practice by helping professionals. To encourage practicing social workers to sensitize themselves to these problems, this article summarizes important knowledge currently available in the field of alcoholism and explores issues concerning theory and treatment that are relevant to social work practice.", "PMID": 511030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8982", "title": "A psychrophilic strain Actinoplanes sp. 220.", "content": "The strain designated Actinoplanes sp. 220 differed in its characteristics from other strains of the genus Actinoplanes listed in Bergey's Manual (1974). The strain belongs to psychrophilic culture growing within the range of 0-30 degrees C. The optimal temperature for growth on yeast--malt agar is 10-23 degrees C. Cultures transferred at 23 and 28 degrees C differed in morphological and physiological properties, enzyme activity and pigmentation in standard media. Submerged culture transferred at 28 degrees C inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and ATCC 9945. LL-2,6-Diaminopimelic acid was chromatographically detected in the submerged mycelium of this culture. This compound was not found in the mycelium of the original culture transferred at 23 degrees C. The cultures did not substantially differ in the composition of other amino acids contained in larger quantities in the mycelium.", "contents": "A psychrophilic strain Actinoplanes sp. 220. The strain designated Actinoplanes sp. 220 differed in its characteristics from other strains of the genus Actinoplanes listed in Bergey's Manual (1974). The strain belongs to psychrophilic culture growing within the range of 0-30 degrees C. The optimal temperature for growth on yeast--malt agar is 10-23 degrees C. Cultures transferred at 23 and 28 degrees C differed in morphological and physiological properties, enzyme activity and pigmentation in standard media. Submerged culture transferred at 28 degrees C inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and ATCC 9945. LL-2,6-Diaminopimelic acid was chromatographically detected in the submerged mycelium of this culture. This compound was not found in the mycelium of the original culture transferred at 23 degrees C. The cultures did not substantially differ in the composition of other amino acids contained in larger quantities in the mycelium.", "PMID": 511031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8983", "title": "Effect of soil microstructure on the relationship between the intensity of nitrification and soil moisture.", "content": "The relationship between the logarithm of nitrification intensity and moisture (expressed as pF) did not have an ideal linear course in structural soils in which pores of a certain size predominated. When increasing the incubation moisture it could be observed that the intensity of nitrification decreases at pF 3.5-4.4 and increases again on further increasing the incubation moisture. The detected anomaly was observed when applying moistures corresponding to peaks of derivation pF-curves. It can be assumed that the relationship between the intensity of nitrification and moisture is modified by soil microstructure; therefore, this relationship was studied in more detail in the present communication.", "contents": "Effect of soil microstructure on the relationship between the intensity of nitrification and soil moisture. The relationship between the logarithm of nitrification intensity and moisture (expressed as pF) did not have an ideal linear course in structural soils in which pores of a certain size predominated. When increasing the incubation moisture it could be observed that the intensity of nitrification decreases at pF 3.5-4.4 and increases again on further increasing the incubation moisture. The detected anomaly was observed when applying moistures corresponding to peaks of derivation pF-curves. It can be assumed that the relationship between the intensity of nitrification and moisture is modified by soil microstructure; therefore, this relationship was studied in more detail in the present communication.", "PMID": 511032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8984", "title": "Purification and chemical characterization of antigens from sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "A mixture of glycoproteins and glycolipids was solubilized from sheep erythrocytes membranes under the effect of high ionic strength (2 M NaCl, 0.5 M Tris). Several antigenic fractions could be purified from the mixture using gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and block electrophoresis on Pevikon C870; two fractions were found to raise antibodies in a primary reaction and these antibodies effectively sensitized erythrocytes to lysis by complement. The majority of other fractions elicited a weaker primary reaction which was detectable by both agglutination and haemolysis. The fraction, migrating fastest towards the cathode, elicited after immunization a formation of antibodies that could be detected almost exclusively by haemagglutination. The fraction, which elicited in the primary reaction a high titre of haemolytic antibodies, is composed of 72% proteins, 11% lipids and 15% saccharides.", "contents": "Purification and chemical characterization of antigens from sheep erythrocytes. A mixture of glycoproteins and glycolipids was solubilized from sheep erythrocytes membranes under the effect of high ionic strength (2 M NaCl, 0.5 M Tris). Several antigenic fractions could be purified from the mixture using gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and block electrophoresis on Pevikon C870; two fractions were found to raise antibodies in a primary reaction and these antibodies effectively sensitized erythrocytes to lysis by complement. The majority of other fractions elicited a weaker primary reaction which was detectable by both agglutination and haemolysis. The fraction, migrating fastest towards the cathode, elicited after immunization a formation of antibodies that could be detected almost exclusively by haemagglutination. The fraction, which elicited in the primary reaction a high titre of haemolytic antibodies, is composed of 72% proteins, 11% lipids and 15% saccharides.", "PMID": 511033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8985", "title": "Anatomy of the bony pelvis in parapithecid primates.", "content": "Four partial innominate bones, attributed to the parapithecid primates Parapithecus grangeri and Apidium phiomense, have recently been recovered from Oligocene deposits in the Fayum of Egypt. These fossils provide the first documentation of pelvic morphology for early anthropoids. In pelvic anatomy, parapithecids show definite similarities to higher primates rather than to prosimians, but cannot be clearly allied with any one extant group. Functionally, the fossils indicate quadrupedal or leaping habits rather than suspensory or bipedal behaviors.", "contents": "Anatomy of the bony pelvis in parapithecid primates. Four partial innominate bones, attributed to the parapithecid primates Parapithecus grangeri and Apidium phiomense, have recently been recovered from Oligocene deposits in the Fayum of Egypt. These fossils provide the first documentation of pelvic morphology for early anthropoids. In pelvic anatomy, parapithecids show definite similarities to higher primates rather than to prosimians, but cannot be clearly allied with any one extant group. Functionally, the fossils indicate quadrupedal or leaping habits rather than suspensory or bipedal behaviors.", "PMID": 511045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8986", "title": "Ecology of sympatric gibbons.", "content": "Ecological compatibility of sympatric gibbons is achieved by a difference in diet resulting from the effect of differing body sizes on the efficiency of harvesting different foods. In addition, differences in feeding apparatus and body size between the large and small species maximise the rate at which each can eat its most eaten food type. Parallels exist between the species array of gibbons and that of the African apes in the relationship between body size and ecology.", "contents": "Ecology of sympatric gibbons. Ecological compatibility of sympatric gibbons is achieved by a difference in diet resulting from the effect of differing body sizes on the efficiency of harvesting different foods. In addition, differences in feeding apparatus and body size between the large and small species maximise the rate at which each can eat its most eaten food type. Parallels exist between the species array of gibbons and that of the African apes in the relationship between body size and ecology.", "PMID": 511046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8987", "title": "The effects of marijuana and alcohol usage on handwriting.", "content": "In this study the handwriting of twelve individuals under the influence of marijuana, alcohol, and a combination of the two was compared with control samples. It was found that marijuana smoking in moderate amounts had less effect on the handwriting of the individuals than did alcohol. It  was also found that when the two were combined the gross changes observed were probably due to the effect of the alcohol alone.", "contents": "The effects of marijuana and alcohol usage on handwriting. In this study the handwriting of twelve individuals under the influence of marijuana, alcohol, and a combination of the two was compared with control samples. It was found that marijuana smoking in moderate amounts had less effect on the handwriting of the individuals than did alcohol. It  was also found that when the two were combined the gross changes observed were probably due to the effect of the alcohol alone.", "PMID": 511047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8988", "title": "Tissue distribution of paraquat and diquat after oral administration in rats.", "content": "The differential distribution of paraquat and diquat in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart has been studied after oral administration of the LD50 or LD50/2 to rats. Paraquat concentrations were highest in all organs at 24 hours; at this time concentrations in kidney and lung were 2 to 3 times higher than at 2 hours. In contrast, with the exception of kidney, tissue diquat concentrations were highest at 2 hours. There was severe lung damage at 24 hours after paraquat; diquat aid not produce severe lung lesions, but caused intestinal distention and diarrhea. These findings suggest that the difference in the toxicity of paraquat and diquat is related to their difference in tissue distribution and excretion.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of paraquat and diquat after oral administration in rats. The differential distribution of paraquat and diquat in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart has been studied after oral administration of the LD50 or LD50/2 to rats. Paraquat concentrations were highest in all organs at 24 hours; at this time concentrations in kidney and lung were 2 to 3 times higher than at 2 hours. In contrast, with the exception of kidney, tissue diquat concentrations were highest at 2 hours. There was severe lung damage at 24 hours after paraquat; diquat aid not produce severe lung lesions, but caused intestinal distention and diarrhea. These findings suggest that the difference in the toxicity of paraquat and diquat is related to their difference in tissue distribution and excretion.", "PMID": 511048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8989", "title": "On the estimation of lay-time by measurements of rigor mortis.", "content": "Measurements of the torgue to overcome rigor mortis on the legs of 101 male human cadavers at 5 degrees C are reported. There seems to exist an upper limit, which is dependent on the lay-time, above which no value occurs, but below which every value may be found. By calculating the 90% tolerance limits for lay-times grouped at 12-hourly intervals, this upper limit was found to decrease exponentially with lay-time. This may be used for the estimation of maximum lay-times from rigor mortis measurements.", "contents": "On the estimation of lay-time by measurements of rigor mortis. Measurements of the torgue to overcome rigor mortis on the legs of 101 male human cadavers at 5 degrees C are reported. There seems to exist an upper limit, which is dependent on the lay-time, above which no value occurs, but below which every value may be found. By calculating the 90% tolerance limits for lay-times grouped at 12-hourly intervals, this upper limit was found to decrease exponentially with lay-time. This may be used for the estimation of maximum lay-times from rigor mortis measurements.", "PMID": 511049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8990", "title": "Mortality statistics and autopsy: reliability of estimation of the mode of death in Copenhagen and a rural district of Sealand, Denmark.", "content": "During a one-year-period 1243 medicolegal deaths in the City of Copenhagen were autopsied after the mode of death was provisionally determined by an external medicolegal examination. In 35% of the cases an atuopsy was requested by the police. Without autopsy the mode of death would have been defined erroneously in 10.4% of all cases. This was particularly because of the difficulties in distinguishing between natural and non-natural death. In a rural district of Sealand in the autopsy rate in the same period was 14%. The rate among presumed natural deaths and accidents was particularly low (7% and 26%, respectively) against 23% and 77% in Copenhagen. This means a greater risk for errors in the estimated mode of death compared to Copenhage. This can also mean unequal rights by law. It is stressed that the police, in some rural areas, should be more liberal in requesting autopsies and at least increase them to the Copenhagen level of about 30%. The external medicolegal examination alone offers too little reliability, and it is stressed that such differences from one part of the country to another should not exist in a small well-organised country such as Denmark.", "contents": "Mortality statistics and autopsy: reliability of estimation of the mode of death in Copenhagen and a rural district of Sealand, Denmark. During a one-year-period 1243 medicolegal deaths in the City of Copenhagen were autopsied after the mode of death was provisionally determined by an external medicolegal examination. In 35% of the cases an atuopsy was requested by the police. Without autopsy the mode of death would have been defined erroneously in 10.4% of all cases. This was particularly because of the difficulties in distinguishing between natural and non-natural death. In a rural district of Sealand in the autopsy rate in the same period was 14%. The rate among presumed natural deaths and accidents was particularly low (7% and 26%, respectively) against 23% and 77% in Copenhagen. This means a greater risk for errors in the estimated mode of death compared to Copenhage. This can also mean unequal rights by law. It is stressed that the police, in some rural areas, should be more liberal in requesting autopsies and at least increase them to the Copenhagen level of about 30%. The external medicolegal examination alone offers too little reliability, and it is stressed that such differences from one part of the country to another should not exist in a small well-organised country such as Denmark.", "PMID": 511050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8991", "title": "Assay of major and minor constituents of opium samples and studies of their origin.", "content": "Samples of opium from different countries as well as from various regions of India were studied for their morphine and codeine content by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) as their silyl ethers in a single step. Non-phenolic alkaloids (thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) were extracted with dichloromethane for GLC after conversion of the meconic acid, morphine and codeine in opium into insoluble salts with lime water. The data on alkaloidal constituents have been utilised in a determination of the origin of seized opium samples in this preliminary study.", "contents": "Assay of major and minor constituents of opium samples and studies of their origin. Samples of opium from different countries as well as from various regions of India were studied for their morphine and codeine content by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) as their silyl ethers in a single step. Non-phenolic alkaloids (thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) were extracted with dichloromethane for GLC after conversion of the meconic acid, morphine and codeine in opium into insoluble salts with lime water. The data on alkaloidal constituents have been utilised in a determination of the origin of seized opium samples in this preliminary study.", "PMID": 511051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8992", "title": "Visualization of dyes on thin-layer chromatography plates by means of the argon ion laser.", "content": "A simple method for the detection of nanogram amounts of dyes by means of their fluorescence in the visible region of the spectrum is described. To stimulate the fluorescence, an argon ion laser with principal lines of 514.5 nm and 488.0 nm is used. The sensitivity of the technique allows the visualization of an amount of dye smaller than could be detected with either visible absorbance or ultraviolet stimulated fluorescence.", "contents": "Visualization of dyes on thin-layer chromatography plates by means of the argon ion laser. A simple method for the detection of nanogram amounts of dyes by means of their fluorescence in the visible region of the spectrum is described. To stimulate the fluorescence, an argon ion laser with principal lines of 514.5 nm and 488.0 nm is used. The sensitivity of the technique allows the visualization of an amount of dye smaller than could be detected with either visible absorbance or ultraviolet stimulated fluorescence.", "PMID": 511052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8993", "title": "A routine screening method for the major metabolite of methyl phenidate in the urine of greyhounds.", "content": "A qualitative urine screening procedure for the determination of the major urinary metabolite of methyl phenidate, alpha-phenyl-2-piperidine acetic acid (ritalinic acid), has been devised. The method involves a salting-out extraction, conversion of the metabolite to the parent drug using methanol-hydrogen chloride, and simultaneous two-column gas-chromatographic detection. Final confirmation of the presence of the drug is by two-system thin-layer chromatography. The method is suitable for the detection of illicitly administered methyl phenidate in greyhounds.", "contents": "A routine screening method for the major metabolite of methyl phenidate in the urine of greyhounds. A qualitative urine screening procedure for the determination of the major urinary metabolite of methyl phenidate, alpha-phenyl-2-piperidine acetic acid (ritalinic acid), has been devised. The method involves a salting-out extraction, conversion of the metabolite to the parent drug using methanol-hydrogen chloride, and simultaneous two-column gas-chromatographic detection. Final confirmation of the presence of the drug is by two-system thin-layer chromatography. The method is suitable for the detection of illicitly administered methyl phenidate in greyhounds.", "PMID": 511053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8994", "title": "[The value of computer tomography in cerebrovascular accidents].", "content": "Computer-tomography investigations in 300 patients with cerebrovascular diseases are reported. The possibilities of computer-tomography for localization and follow-up of ischaemic attacks, intracerebral haematoma and subarachnoidal haemorrhages are described. Details of clinical and diagnostic importance of follow-up studies are presented together with examples of current pathological data.", "contents": "[The value of computer tomography in cerebrovascular accidents]. Computer-tomography investigations in 300 patients with cerebrovascular diseases are reported. The possibilities of computer-tomography for localization and follow-up of ischaemic attacks, intracerebral haematoma and subarachnoidal haemorrhages are described. Details of clinical and diagnostic importance of follow-up studies are presented together with examples of current pathological data.", "PMID": 511056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8995", "title": "[Diagnostic value of sonography (B-scan) in the upper abdominal region].", "content": "Minimal risk, easy applicability and high efficiency of ultrasonography, makes this method a valuable screening procedure in upper abdominal diagnostics. Case history, physical examination and laboratory diagnostics should be followed by ultrasound procedures as the first directed examination. This review intends to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in different gastroenterological, oncological, hematological and angiological diseases of the upper abdomen.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of sonography (B-scan) in the upper abdominal region]. Minimal risk, easy applicability and high efficiency of ultrasonography, makes this method a valuable screening procedure in upper abdominal diagnostics. Case history, physical examination and laboratory diagnostics should be followed by ultrasound procedures as the first directed examination. This review intends to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in different gastroenterological, oncological, hematological and angiological diseases of the upper abdomen.", "PMID": 511057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8996", "title": "[Osteonecrosis morbus Friedrich].", "content": "This report presents in detail the aseptic bone necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle, the so-called M. Friedrich. When pain persists this relatively rare illness can be operated successfully.", "contents": "[Osteonecrosis morbus Friedrich]. This report presents in detail the aseptic bone necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle, the so-called M. Friedrich. When pain persists this relatively rare illness can be operated successfully.", "PMID": 511061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8997", "title": "[The epidemiology of breast neoplasms].", "content": "In an epidemiologic study the risks of breast cancer were assessed. An evaluation of the distribution of different tumor stages revealed that more information, in a larger sense more civilization, workship and the life in town makes women more curious and brings them to go sooner to the doctor. A lack of information correlates with more advanced stage of tumor. Significantly more childless women suffer of breast cancer, but a high number of children is no protection. In women with 3 and more children yet more advanced stages were seen. This may be interpreted by isolation, lack of information and distress. A significantly high number of breast cancer patients lost one of their parents by death before the age of 20, which confirms the psychosomatic theory of cancerogenesis (overcoming of the \"Objektverlust\" in early childhood). The incidence of depressive states before the onset of the disease is significantly higher. A reduced capacity to communicate was also observed. The exploration of sexual behaviour showed more frequently a reduced sexual activity correlated to cohabitarche, number of partners, alibidimia, unwanted pregnancy and masturbation. The ability of adequate sexual life was deeply disturbed by disease and therapy. Following primary therapy intelligent guidance of the patient may avoid occurrence of disturbances of sexual communication.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of breast neoplasms]. In an epidemiologic study the risks of breast cancer were assessed. An evaluation of the distribution of different tumor stages revealed that more information, in a larger sense more civilization, workship and the life in town makes women more curious and brings them to go sooner to the doctor. A lack of information correlates with more advanced stage of tumor. Significantly more childless women suffer of breast cancer, but a high number of children is no protection. In women with 3 and more children yet more advanced stages were seen. This may be interpreted by isolation, lack of information and distress. A significantly high number of breast cancer patients lost one of their parents by death before the age of 20, which confirms the psychosomatic theory of cancerogenesis (overcoming of the \"Objektverlust\" in early childhood). The incidence of depressive states before the onset of the disease is significantly higher. A reduced capacity to communicate was also observed. The exploration of sexual behaviour showed more frequently a reduced sexual activity correlated to cohabitarche, number of partners, alibidimia, unwanted pregnancy and masturbation. The ability of adequate sexual life was deeply disturbed by disease and therapy. Following primary therapy intelligent guidance of the patient may avoid occurrence of disturbances of sexual communication.", "PMID": 511062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8998", "title": "[Intraoperative specimen radiography in mamographically suspect, non palpable breast lesions. Experiences with the Faxitron unit].", "content": "The excision of mammographically suspect lesions of the breast is a problem, when these are non-palpable. Our experiences with intraoperative specimen radiography in 128 cases show that this method is very useful and appropriate to prove biopsy, especially if calcifications are present.", "contents": "[Intraoperative specimen radiography in mamographically suspect, non palpable breast lesions. Experiences with the Faxitron unit]. The excision of mammographically suspect lesions of the breast is a problem, when these are non-palpable. Our experiences with intraoperative specimen radiography in 128 cases show that this method is very useful and appropriate to prove biopsy, especially if calcifications are present.", "PMID": 511063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_8999", "title": "[Combined use of colposcopy and cytology].", "content": "The widespread view of the nearly absolute accuracy of cervical cytology in the diagnosis of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and small invasive carcinoma is not correct. The rate of cytologically missed cases computed from the first smear only is more than 10%. Using cytology and colposcopy simultaneously in each single case, the errors of one method will be greatly compensated by the other. Presupposition for the compensation, however, is the independent indication for biopsy. In other words, biopsy must be done based on cytological findings, even when colposcopy is unsuspicious. On the other hand a colposcopically suspected and cytologically unsuspected case must also be biopsied. For the gynecological clinic as well as for the gynecological practice, the additional effort resulting from the combined method is easily realizable. For large screening programs, however, the colposcope can be used only as an instrument for target punch biopsies, indicated by pathologic smears.", "contents": "[Combined use of colposcopy and cytology]. The widespread view of the nearly absolute accuracy of cervical cytology in the diagnosis of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and small invasive carcinoma is not correct. The rate of cytologically missed cases computed from the first smear only is more than 10%. Using cytology and colposcopy simultaneously in each single case, the errors of one method will be greatly compensated by the other. Presupposition for the compensation, however, is the independent indication for biopsy. In other words, biopsy must be done based on cytological findings, even when colposcopy is unsuspicious. On the other hand a colposcopically suspected and cytologically unsuspected case must also be biopsied. For the gynecological clinic as well as for the gynecological practice, the additional effort resulting from the combined method is easily realizable. For large screening programs, however, the colposcope can be used only as an instrument for target punch biopsies, indicated by pathologic smears.", "PMID": 511064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9000", "title": "[Early diagnosis of minimal cerebral dysfunction].", "content": "The aim of this retrospective study was to find indicators for an early diagnosis of the MCD-syndrome. Two groups of children (n = 18), with and without MCD at the age of five years were compared in view of medical history and early developmental data. The results suggest that illnesses of the mother before the birth of the child, risk factors in the course of the second half of pregnancy, as well as slight retardation of the child's early psychomotor development deserve particular attention in further studies.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of minimal cerebral dysfunction]. The aim of this retrospective study was to find indicators for an early diagnosis of the MCD-syndrome. Two groups of children (n = 18), with and without MCD at the age of five years were compared in view of medical history and early developmental data. The results suggest that illnesses of the mother before the birth of the child, risk factors in the course of the second half of pregnancy, as well as slight retardation of the child's early psychomotor development deserve particular attention in further studies.", "PMID": 511066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9001", "title": "[Screening for elevated creatine kinase activities for the early diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy].", "content": "A screening test for the determination of creatine kinase in a dry spot of the whole blood is used for the early identification of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and girls with carrier properties of this hereditary disease. In the absence of an effective medical therapy, such screening leads to genetic counselling of the affected families with the purpose of avoiding the birth of further cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the same families. The first results of a voluntary screening program in Germany are discussed.", "contents": "[Screening for elevated creatine kinase activities for the early diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. A screening test for the determination of creatine kinase in a dry spot of the whole blood is used for the early identification of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and girls with carrier properties of this hereditary disease. In the absence of an effective medical therapy, such screening leads to genetic counselling of the affected families with the purpose of avoiding the birth of further cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the same families. The first results of a voluntary screening program in Germany are discussed.", "PMID": 511067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9002", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of juvenile urination disorders].", "content": "Voiding disturbances and available radiologic examinations are reported. The importance of a correct analysis of the findings for the orthopedic, nephrologic and neurologic treatment is emphasized. Intravenous urograms and voiding cystogram are standard methods; recently ultrasound is also included in the management of children with neurogenic bladder.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of juvenile urination disorders]. Voiding disturbances and available radiologic examinations are reported. The importance of a correct analysis of the findings for the orthopedic, nephrologic and neurologic treatment is emphasized. Intravenous urograms and voiding cystogram are standard methods; recently ultrasound is also included in the management of children with neurogenic bladder.", "PMID": 511069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9003", "title": "[Diagnosis of neurologic and motor development in pre-school age children with minimal cerebral dysfunction].", "content": "An investigation on neurologic development of pre-school children does not yet clearly differentiate between children with minimal neuromotor disturbances and healthy ones. This is due to the lack of knowledge on brain function in normal children. Diagnostic problems on Minimal Brain Dysfunction are demonstrated by neurologic and motor examinations of 4 to 6 years old children.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of neurologic and motor development in pre-school age children with minimal cerebral dysfunction]. An investigation on neurologic development of pre-school children does not yet clearly differentiate between children with minimal neuromotor disturbances and healthy ones. This is due to the lack of knowledge on brain function in normal children. Diagnostic problems on Minimal Brain Dysfunction are demonstrated by neurologic and motor examinations of 4 to 6 years old children.", "PMID": 511070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9004", "title": "[School medical findings in children of foreign workers].", "content": "A report on three investigations of the medical school-service on children from foreign countries is given. The foreign children are normally smaller than German children, but in relation to their stature more heavily built. Vaccination status and documentation are insufficient. Nevertheless, disturbances in organic functioning considered to be attributed to damages caused by our \"society of civilization\" are less prominent in foreign children. The necessary actions of improving the above mentioned situation are pointed out.", "contents": "[School medical findings in children of foreign workers]. A report on three investigations of the medical school-service on children from foreign countries is given. The foreign children are normally smaller than German children, but in relation to their stature more heavily built. Vaccination status and documentation are insufficient. Nevertheless, disturbances in organic functioning considered to be attributed to damages caused by our \"society of civilization\" are less prominent in foreign children. The necessary actions of improving the above mentioned situation are pointed out.", "PMID": 511071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9005", "title": "[Perinatal problems in breech presentation].", "content": "543 cases of breech presentation at the 1st Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Vienna were investigated. The rate of Cesarean section showed during the last years a distinct increase (1969 to 1973: 16,6%, 1974 to 1977: 27,9%, 1977: 39,7%). A significant decrease of perinatal mortality in cases of breech presentation was not observed. On the other hand an increase in Cesarean sections diminishes the rate of perinatal mortality. In this publication the findings concerning the obstetrical results using abdominal or vaginal delivery are compared. No significant difference in perinatal mortality could be found. A better result could only be achieved in cases of mature infants. Our point of view is, that at present the indication of Cesarean section for cases of breech presentation should be very liberal. On the other hand vaginal delivery in some cases is still of importance.", "contents": "[Perinatal problems in breech presentation]. 543 cases of breech presentation at the 1st Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Vienna were investigated. The rate of Cesarean section showed during the last years a distinct increase (1969 to 1973: 16,6%, 1974 to 1977: 27,9%, 1977: 39,7%). A significant decrease of perinatal mortality in cases of breech presentation was not observed. On the other hand an increase in Cesarean sections diminishes the rate of perinatal mortality. In this publication the findings concerning the obstetrical results using abdominal or vaginal delivery are compared. No significant difference in perinatal mortality could be found. A better result could only be achieved in cases of mature infants. Our point of view is, that at present the indication of Cesarean section for cases of breech presentation should be very liberal. On the other hand vaginal delivery in some cases is still of importance.", "PMID": 511075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9006", "title": "[The \"Wiesloch model\". Sports therapy and intervening prevention].", "content": "For more than 4 years independent practitioners in the area of Wiesloch have led an intervening prophylactic treatment. Based on the recognition of heart and circulatory diseases, the program consists of sport with medical participation, a series of lectures and a course an dietary cooking. The results of 4 years show that there is success in normalising pathological risk factors.", "contents": "[The \"Wiesloch model\". Sports therapy and intervening prevention]. For more than 4 years independent practitioners in the area of Wiesloch have led an intervening prophylactic treatment. Based on the recognition of heart and circulatory diseases, the program consists of sport with medical participation, a series of lectures and a course an dietary cooking. The results of 4 years show that there is success in normalising pathological risk factors.", "PMID": 511076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9007", "title": "[Organized myocardial infarct rehabilitation].", "content": "Rehabilitation of patients with myocardial (coronary) infarction during 1969/70 has been analyzed. Thereafter a therapeutic chain was organized with rapid transfer from the acute hospital to a rehabilitation clinic and further treatment in ambulatory coronary groups at residence. Participants and non-participants of ambulatory coronary groups from 1969 to 1976 were compared. The results concern the influence of organization, return to work, behavior of physicians and patients, risk factors and physical capacity. During the first three years under study the death rates of participants and non-participants of coronary groups were 1.3% per year. The small number of patients does not permit further interpretation.", "contents": "[Organized myocardial infarct rehabilitation]. Rehabilitation of patients with myocardial (coronary) infarction during 1969/70 has been analyzed. Thereafter a therapeutic chain was organized with rapid transfer from the acute hospital to a rehabilitation clinic and further treatment in ambulatory coronary groups at residence. Participants and non-participants of ambulatory coronary groups from 1969 to 1976 were compared. The results concern the influence of organization, return to work, behavior of physicians and patients, risk factors and physical capacity. During the first three years under study the death rates of participants and non-participants of coronary groups were 1.3% per year. The small number of patients does not permit further interpretation.", "PMID": 511077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9008", "title": "[Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Protein and basement membrane synthesis in isolated kidney glomeruli of diabetic and non-diabetic rats].", "content": "In incubation experiments with isolated glomeruli, an increased synthesis of protein and basement membranes was detected in streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared to metabolically healthy controls. Chemical analysis of isolated basement membranes and incorporation studies did not give any indication of enhanced hydroxylation of lysine in the diabetic membrane. Different glucose concentration in the incubation medium and insulin in vitro did not influence protein and basement membrane synthesis of non-diabetic glomeruli. On the other hand, in diabetic glomeruli the synthetic activity depends on glucose concentration. Insulin had a stimulatory effect on protein and basement membrane synthesis diminished at lower glucose concentration and did not inhibit the increased synthetic activity demonstrated at higher glucose concentration. Therefore, these results may be attributable to an energy deficit of incubated glomeruli and not to a lower glucose stimulation of synthesis. By treatment of diabetic rats with insulin in vivo the synthetic activity was not affected by brief normalization of blood sugar. Insulin treatment from the beginning of diabetes only lead to a normalization of protein synthesis in moderate metabolic control. On the other hand, a rise of basement membrane synthesis could only be prevented by strict metabolic control of the rats. These results show that basement membrane synthesis reacts more sensitively to the diabetic situation than overall protein synthesis. Insulin deficiency does not appear to be one of the factors directly influencing basement membrane synthesis.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Protein and basement membrane synthesis in isolated kidney glomeruli of diabetic and non-diabetic rats]. In incubation experiments with isolated glomeruli, an increased synthesis of protein and basement membranes was detected in streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared to metabolically healthy controls. Chemical analysis of isolated basement membranes and incorporation studies did not give any indication of enhanced hydroxylation of lysine in the diabetic membrane. Different glucose concentration in the incubation medium and insulin in vitro did not influence protein and basement membrane synthesis of non-diabetic glomeruli. On the other hand, in diabetic glomeruli the synthetic activity depends on glucose concentration. Insulin had a stimulatory effect on protein and basement membrane synthesis diminished at lower glucose concentration and did not inhibit the increased synthetic activity demonstrated at higher glucose concentration. Therefore, these results may be attributable to an energy deficit of incubated glomeruli and not to a lower glucose stimulation of synthesis. By treatment of diabetic rats with insulin in vivo the synthetic activity was not affected by brief normalization of blood sugar. Insulin treatment from the beginning of diabetes only lead to a normalization of protein synthesis in moderate metabolic control. On the other hand, a rise of basement membrane synthesis could only be prevented by strict metabolic control of the rats. These results show that basement membrane synthesis reacts more sensitively to the diabetic situation than overall protein synthesis. Insulin deficiency does not appear to be one of the factors directly influencing basement membrane synthesis.", "PMID": 511078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9009", "title": "[Experimental data on the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy].", "content": "Experimental investigations of the pial vessels during acutely drug-induced hypertension revealed diffuse or sausage-like distension of arterioles. Degree and type of reactions depended on blood pressure characteristics like steepness of increase, percentual increase, duration and peak value in this order. Such vasodistension is interpreted as mechanical overwhelming of smooth muscle force within the arteriolar wall during acute increase of intraluminal pressure. Clinical consequences of these results are: Vasodilators as well as sedatives with respiratory depression are contraindicated for patients with hypertensive crises. Data also make readily apparent, that short lasting acute hypertension may be fatal for patients with preexisting disturbances of blood-brain barrier function as it accelerates the development of brain edema.", "contents": "[Experimental data on the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy]. Experimental investigations of the pial vessels during acutely drug-induced hypertension revealed diffuse or sausage-like distension of arterioles. Degree and type of reactions depended on blood pressure characteristics like steepness of increase, percentual increase, duration and peak value in this order. Such vasodistension is interpreted as mechanical overwhelming of smooth muscle force within the arteriolar wall during acute increase of intraluminal pressure. Clinical consequences of these results are: Vasodilators as well as sedatives with respiratory depression are contraindicated for patients with hypertensive crises. Data also make readily apparent, that short lasting acute hypertension may be fatal for patients with preexisting disturbances of blood-brain barrier function as it accelerates the development of brain edema.", "PMID": 511079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9010", "title": "[Treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzol (DNCB)].", "content": "Twenty-two patients with severe forms of alopecia areata were treated about 4--16 months with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) dissolved in acetone. According to the patients' reactivity to DNCB the chemical was applied to the scalp in various concentration once a week. In 14 patients we observed the therapeutic effect of DNCB is unknown. Possibly it might be due to a change in the local immunoregulation. At the present time this treatment cannot be recommended for general use.", "contents": "[Treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzol (DNCB)]. Twenty-two patients with severe forms of alopecia areata were treated about 4--16 months with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) dissolved in acetone. According to the patients' reactivity to DNCB the chemical was applied to the scalp in various concentration once a week. In 14 patients we observed the therapeutic effect of DNCB is unknown. Possibly it might be due to a change in the local immunoregulation. At the present time this treatment cannot be recommended for general use.", "PMID": 511081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9011", "title": "[Congenital hereditary hypotrychosis. Generalized autosomal dominant hypotrichosis with pili torti (hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Marie Unna)].", "content": "Report on a family with numerous relatives in 7 generations suffering from hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Marie Unna type. Personal investigations were possible in 29 persons. 19 of them presented the characteristic features of the syndrome with pili torti, generalized inborn hypotrichosis and a type of baldness resembling androgenetic alopecia.", "contents": "[Congenital hereditary hypotrychosis. Generalized autosomal dominant hypotrichosis with pili torti (hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Marie Unna)]. Report on a family with numerous relatives in 7 generations suffering from hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Marie Unna type. Personal investigations were possible in 29 persons. 19 of them presented the characteristic features of the syndrome with pili torti, generalized inborn hypotrichosis and a type of baldness resembling androgenetic alopecia.", "PMID": 511082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9012", "title": "[Masked urothel carcinoma of kidney pelvis and ureter].", "content": "Behind the typical signs of a staghorn calculus of a kidney and a ureterocele with calculi in x-ray a transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney and the whole ureter was found. The nonfunction of the organ was thought to be due to pyonephrosis. Four other cases reported in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Masked urothel carcinoma of kidney pelvis and ureter]. Behind the typical signs of a staghorn calculus of a kidney and a ureterocele with calculi in x-ray a transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney and the whole ureter was found. The nonfunction of the organ was thought to be due to pyonephrosis. Four other cases reported in the literature are discussed.", "PMID": 511083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9013", "title": "[Perinatal mortality in twin pregnancies. Progress in perinatology].", "content": "162 twin pregnancies of the I. Univ.-Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Vienna between 1969 and 1977 have been analysed (1969--1974 = group I; 1975--1977 = group II). It was found that the main risk factors of twin gravidity are the high rate of babies born before term, the high rate of operative deliveries and the high rate of perinatal mortality. The twin pregnancy should be diagnozed early. This allows the possibility of prophylactic therapy of onset of labour before term. According to our observations the difference in mortality rates between the first and the second group is very high (13,3 in comparison to 5,5%). The management of twin pregnancies as a high risk delivery with continuous fetal monitoring has doubled the number of indications for caesarean section. The essential problem of twin pregnancy seems to be the high rate of premature deliveries. Therefore an adequate increase of the legal antenatal and postnatal maternal protection period is emphasized.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality in twin pregnancies. Progress in perinatology]. 162 twin pregnancies of the I. Univ.-Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Vienna between 1969 and 1977 have been analysed (1969--1974 = group I; 1975--1977 = group II). It was found that the main risk factors of twin gravidity are the high rate of babies born before term, the high rate of operative deliveries and the high rate of perinatal mortality. The twin pregnancy should be diagnozed early. This allows the possibility of prophylactic therapy of onset of labour before term. According to our observations the difference in mortality rates between the first and the second group is very high (13,3 in comparison to 5,5%). The management of twin pregnancies as a high risk delivery with continuous fetal monitoring has doubled the number of indications for caesarean section. The essential problem of twin pregnancy seems to be the high rate of premature deliveries. Therefore an adequate increase of the legal antenatal and postnatal maternal protection period is emphasized.", "PMID": 511084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9014", "title": "[The importance of dietary fibers, also objections against the uncritical use of statistics].", "content": "It is explained that mathematical-statistical evalutions in epidemiologic investigations are not principally significant for the causal relationship of different events. This holds true especially for multifactorial connexions. Statistics is an auxiliary science, which is able to point to potential relationships, however, it is not a proof by itself. Unequivocal coincidental relationships can be connected statistically significant. In general the diseases which are related to a lack of fibers in food are typical prosperity diseases (civilization diseases). The same diseases were related earlier to an overconsumption of sugar and they are found also in overnutrition. By selection (e.g. the relation between dietary fibers and coronary heart diseases) and by ignoring important facts the conclusions can be manipulated. It is possible to show in some cases that wrong conclusions are drawn on the basis of a purely mathematical-statistical evalution of nutritional relationships. Even wrong data (e.g. for ethanol consumptions) are evaluated for many years.", "contents": "[The importance of dietary fibers, also objections against the uncritical use of statistics]. It is explained that mathematical-statistical evalutions in epidemiologic investigations are not principally significant for the causal relationship of different events. This holds true especially for multifactorial connexions. Statistics is an auxiliary science, which is able to point to potential relationships, however, it is not a proof by itself. Unequivocal coincidental relationships can be connected statistically significant. In general the diseases which are related to a lack of fibers in food are typical prosperity diseases (civilization diseases). The same diseases were related earlier to an overconsumption of sugar and they are found also in overnutrition. By selection (e.g. the relation between dietary fibers and coronary heart diseases) and by ignoring important facts the conclusions can be manipulated. It is possible to show in some cases that wrong conclusions are drawn on the basis of a purely mathematical-statistical evalution of nutritional relationships. Even wrong data (e.g. for ethanol consumptions) are evaluated for many years.", "PMID": 511086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9015", "title": "[The effect of benzbromaron in gout patients with limited kidney function].", "content": "The effect of the uricosuric drug benzdromarone was investigated in 15 patients with hyperuricemia and renal failure. Benzbromarone micron was given in a dose of 80 mg/day for 6 days. The mean serum uric acid level fell from 8.9 to 4.24 mg/100 ml. After therapy uric acid concentrations in serum returned to 5.2 mg/100 ml. Renal urate elimination was increased from 487 mg/day to 831.3 mg/day; after medication urate elimination decreased to the initial values. Uric acid clearance was increased by benzbromarone from 3.97 to 11.1 ml/min, and even after therapy a uric acid clearance of 6.4 ml/min could be measured. A decrease of uric acid reabsorption from 4.73 to 2.3 mg/min was observed, after medication the reabsorption rate increased to 3.42 mg/min.", "contents": "[The effect of benzbromaron in gout patients with limited kidney function]. The effect of the uricosuric drug benzdromarone was investigated in 15 patients with hyperuricemia and renal failure. Benzbromarone micron was given in a dose of 80 mg/day for 6 days. The mean serum uric acid level fell from 8.9 to 4.24 mg/100 ml. After therapy uric acid concentrations in serum returned to 5.2 mg/100 ml. Renal urate elimination was increased from 487 mg/day to 831.3 mg/day; after medication urate elimination decreased to the initial values. Uric acid clearance was increased by benzbromarone from 3.97 to 11.1 ml/min, and even after therapy a uric acid clearance of 6.4 ml/min could be measured. A decrease of uric acid reabsorption from 4.73 to 2.3 mg/min was observed, after medication the reabsorption rate increased to 3.42 mg/min.", "PMID": 511087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9016", "title": "[Profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites after treatment with various inducers of microsomal rat liver monoxygenases (author's transl)].", "content": "The microsomal oxidation of 12 frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after incubation with rat-liver microsomes has been studied and their metabolites characterized by means of gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method enables the detection and characterisation of phenols, diols, triols, and tetrols as trimethylsilyl ethers beside the original hydrocarbons. Moreover, the induction properties of some carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons (benz[a]anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]-pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) have been studied. Except pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene, all compounds investigated significant but different induction factors. The relevance of the induction for an estimation of the biological effect of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is discussed.", "contents": "[Profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites after treatment with various inducers of microsomal rat liver monoxygenases (author's transl)]. The microsomal oxidation of 12 frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after incubation with rat-liver microsomes has been studied and their metabolites characterized by means of gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method enables the detection and characterisation of phenols, diols, triols, and tetrols as trimethylsilyl ethers beside the original hydrocarbons. Moreover, the induction properties of some carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons (benz[a]anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]-pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) have been studied. Except pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene, all compounds investigated significant but different induction factors. The relevance of the induction for an estimation of the biological effect of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is discussed.", "PMID": 511090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9017", "title": "[Synthesis of the fragments A1-,, A9-15 and A16-21 of ovine insulin A chain using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)].", "content": "The following paper describes the synthesis of the fragments A1-8, A9-15 and A16-21 of the ovine insulin A chain using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection. The synthesized fragments, which showed a good solubility in organic solvents, were partially deprotected with trifluoracetic acid and converted to the corresponding S-sulfonates quantitatively by oxidative sulfitolyses at pH 7.6.", "contents": "[Synthesis of the fragments A1-,, A9-15 and A16-21 of ovine insulin A chain using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)]. The following paper describes the synthesis of the fragments A1-8, A9-15 and A16-21 of the ovine insulin A chain using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection. The synthesized fragments, which showed a good solubility in organic solvents, were partially deprotected with trifluoracetic acid and converted to the corresponding S-sulfonates quantitatively by oxidative sulfitolyses at pH 7.6.", "PMID": 511091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9018", "title": "[Synthesis of the fragments A1-8, A1-7, A9-15 and A8-15 of the chicken insulin A chain (author's transl)].", "content": "By coupling the peptide derivatives H-Cys(SBut)-Cys(SBut)-His-OMe(6-8 b) and H-Cys(SBut)-Cys(SBut)-OH(6-7b) respectively with Trt-Gly-Ile-Val-Glu(OBut)-Gln-OH(1-5a) the N-terminal sequences A1-8 and A1-7 of the chicken insulin A chain have been prepared. The sequence of A9-15 has been obtained by connecting Bpoc-Asn-Thr(But)-Cys(SBut)-OH (9-11c) and H-Ser(But)-Leu-Try(But)-Gln-OH (12-15). Acylation of the aminopeptidderivative 9-15b with Bpoc-N2H3 yielded fragment A8-15 (8-15).", "contents": "[Synthesis of the fragments A1-8, A1-7, A9-15 and A8-15 of the chicken insulin A chain (author's transl)]. By coupling the peptide derivatives H-Cys(SBut)-Cys(SBut)-His-OMe(6-8 b) and H-Cys(SBut)-Cys(SBut)-OH(6-7b) respectively with Trt-Gly-Ile-Val-Glu(OBut)-Gln-OH(1-5a) the N-terminal sequences A1-8 and A1-7 of the chicken insulin A chain have been prepared. The sequence of A9-15 has been obtained by connecting Bpoc-Asn-Thr(But)-Cys(SBut)-OH (9-11c) and H-Ser(But)-Leu-Try(But)-Gln-OH (12-15). Acylation of the aminopeptidderivative 9-15b with Bpoc-N2H3 yielded fragment A8-15 (8-15).", "PMID": 511092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9019", "title": "Lectin-associated proteins from the seeds of Leguminosae.", "content": "The seeds of Pisum sativum (pea), Canavalia ensiformis, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, and Ricinus communis were shown to contain proteins which are associated to the respective lectins (lectin binders). The lectin binders from Pisum sativum and Canavalia ensiformis were studied more closely. Both are single proteins not resembling the variety of membrane glycoproteins found in animals and plants which bind to lectins. The pea lectin binder is a tetrameric glycoprotein composed of identical subunits of the Mr 51 000. Its interaction with the lectin is abolished by acidic buffers or by glucose. The Concanavalin A binder, which does not contain sugar, is composed of one kind of subunit, Mr of 35 000. As in the case of the pea lectin binder, glucose and acid dissociate the lectin-lectin binder complex, but in contrast to the pea lectin binder low NaCl concentrations also cause this effect. During germination and growth, the Concanavalin A binder appears in the roots.", "contents": "Lectin-associated proteins from the seeds of Leguminosae. The seeds of Pisum sativum (pea), Canavalia ensiformis, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, and Ricinus communis were shown to contain proteins which are associated to the respective lectins (lectin binders). The lectin binders from Pisum sativum and Canavalia ensiformis were studied more closely. Both are single proteins not resembling the variety of membrane glycoproteins found in animals and plants which bind to lectins. The pea lectin binder is a tetrameric glycoprotein composed of identical subunits of the Mr 51 000. Its interaction with the lectin is abolished by acidic buffers or by glucose. The Concanavalin A binder, which does not contain sugar, is composed of one kind of subunit, Mr of 35 000. As in the case of the pea lectin binder, glucose and acid dissociate the lectin-lectin binder complex, but in contrast to the pea lectin binder low NaCl concentrations also cause this effect. During germination and growth, the Concanavalin A binder appears in the roots.", "PMID": 511093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9020", "title": "The specificity of sialytransferases using glycosylated lysozyme derivatives as substrates.", "content": "Galactose, lactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fibrinoglycopeptides were bound to lysozyme by different linkages. These glycosylated lysozymes were tested as N-acetylneuraminic acid acceptors using particular sialytransferase preparations from frog and bovine liver and from bovine and porcine submandibular glands. Desialylated fetuin served as reference compound. Galactose residues of desialo-fetuin and lysozyme-lactose are sialylated by all four sialytransferases tested, galactose bound to lysozyme via a phenylazo group is inactive with the enzyme from bovine submandibular gland, and galactose bound directly to lysozyme serves as substrate only for the frog liver sialytransferase. Lysozyme-phenylazo-N-acetylgalactosamine is active only with the sialytransferase from bovine sumbandibular gland. N-Acetylglucosamine derivatives of lysozyme are inactive with all sialytransferases tested. These observations are discussed in the light of the natural substrates for the sialytransferases investigated.", "contents": "The specificity of sialytransferases using glycosylated lysozyme derivatives as substrates. Galactose, lactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fibrinoglycopeptides were bound to lysozyme by different linkages. These glycosylated lysozymes were tested as N-acetylneuraminic acid acceptors using particular sialytransferase preparations from frog and bovine liver and from bovine and porcine submandibular glands. Desialylated fetuin served as reference compound. Galactose residues of desialo-fetuin and lysozyme-lactose are sialylated by all four sialytransferases tested, galactose bound to lysozyme via a phenylazo group is inactive with the enzyme from bovine submandibular gland, and galactose bound directly to lysozyme serves as substrate only for the frog liver sialytransferase. Lysozyme-phenylazo-N-acetylgalactosamine is active only with the sialytransferase from bovine sumbandibular gland. N-Acetylglucosamine derivatives of lysozyme are inactive with all sialytransferases tested. These observations are discussed in the light of the natural substrates for the sialytransferases investigated.", "PMID": 511094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9021", "title": "The amino acid sequence of goat beta-lactoglobulin.", "content": "The isolation of beta-lactoglobulin from milk of the goat is described. The purified protein was checked for purity and has been characterized by its gross composition and end groups. The native or the modified protein was then degraded by tryptic and cyanogen bromide cleavage. The cleavage products were isolated and sequenced in the sequenator using a Quadrol and propyne program. These data provide the complete sequence of beta-lactoglobulin of the goat. The results are discussed and compared particularly with bovine beta-lactoglobulin components AB. Some biological aspects are described.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of goat beta-lactoglobulin. The isolation of beta-lactoglobulin from milk of the goat is described. The purified protein was checked for purity and has been characterized by its gross composition and end groups. The native or the modified protein was then degraded by tryptic and cyanogen bromide cleavage. The cleavage products were isolated and sequenced in the sequenator using a Quadrol and propyne program. These data provide the complete sequence of beta-lactoglobulin of the goat. The results are discussed and compared particularly with bovine beta-lactoglobulin components AB. Some biological aspects are described.", "PMID": 511095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9022", "title": "Self-association of band-protein from human erythrocyte membranes in aqueous solutions.", "content": "Band 3, the main integral protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, was solubilized and purified in high concentrations of acetic acid. After removal of the organic solvent by dialysis, the self-association of the protein in aqueous solutions was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments clearly demonstrate that, under appropriate conditions of protein preparation, at protein concentrations c less than 200 micrograms/ml, ionic strengths 2 less than 10mM and pH values remote from the isoelectric pH of the protein, band 3 shows a monomer/dimer/tetramer-association equilibrium. With some preparations, as well as at higher values of c or I, hexamers and octamers contribute to the association equilibrium. The time needed for relaxation towards association equilibrium depends on the blood donor from whom the membranes were derived and varies between less than one minute and more than several hours. The results of analytical ultracentriguation, together with previously published data on the incorporation of band 3 into planar lipid bilayers, from chemical crosslinking and from electronmicroscopy suggest that band 3 will also show a monomer/dimer/tetramer-association equilibrium in the human erythrocyte membrane. This hypothesis contrasts the widely-held assumption that, in the membrane, band 3 is a stable dimer; however, it is consistent with nearly all known data on band 3-self-association.", "contents": "Self-association of band-protein from human erythrocyte membranes in aqueous solutions. Band 3, the main integral protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, was solubilized and purified in high concentrations of acetic acid. After removal of the organic solvent by dialysis, the self-association of the protein in aqueous solutions was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments clearly demonstrate that, under appropriate conditions of protein preparation, at protein concentrations c less than 200 micrograms/ml, ionic strengths 2 less than 10mM and pH values remote from the isoelectric pH of the protein, band 3 shows a monomer/dimer/tetramer-association equilibrium. With some preparations, as well as at higher values of c or I, hexamers and octamers contribute to the association equilibrium. The time needed for relaxation towards association equilibrium depends on the blood donor from whom the membranes were derived and varies between less than one minute and more than several hours. The results of analytical ultracentriguation, together with previously published data on the incorporation of band 3 into planar lipid bilayers, from chemical crosslinking and from electronmicroscopy suggest that band 3 will also show a monomer/dimer/tetramer-association equilibrium in the human erythrocyte membrane. This hypothesis contrasts the widely-held assumption that, in the membrane, band 3 is a stable dimer; however, it is consistent with nearly all known data on band 3-self-association.", "PMID": 511096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9023", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of seventeen analogues of human insulin.", "content": "We synthesized seventeen analogues of human insulin, applying the principle of stepwise, selective formation of the disulphide bonds. Most of these analogues only differ from human insulin in the replacement of a single amino acid in positions 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11 of the A chain and 5, 7, 13 and 16 of the B-chain. The influence of these modifications on the physicochemical properties of the analogues is discussed. Eight analogues could be crystallized. All the analogues produce the same biological effects as insulin, but differ markedly in their potency. In isolated fat cells in vitro, [HisA8]insulin showed a relative potency of 2.46 in stimulating glucose oxidation (human insulin = 1), whereas [D-CysA6,A11]insulin had a potency of only 0.00027. Very low potency was observed when IleA2 or the half-cystines A6, A7, A11 or B7 were modified. Replacement of the invariant GlnA5 by alanine only reduced potency slightly. All the analogues are full agonists. The effects of the analogues on glucose oxidation and lipolysis are correlated, supporting the view that they are mediated by a common receptor on the fat-cell membrane. Hypoglycaemic potencies in the rat were similar to potencies in vitro. As expected, no correlation was demonstrable between antiserum binding--measured in the radioimmunoassay--and biological activity. Several results of this investigation are difficult to reconcile with the current view regarding the structure-activity relationship of insulin which appears to require further refinement.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of seventeen analogues of human insulin. We synthesized seventeen analogues of human insulin, applying the principle of stepwise, selective formation of the disulphide bonds. Most of these analogues only differ from human insulin in the replacement of a single amino acid in positions 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11 of the A chain and 5, 7, 13 and 16 of the B-chain. The influence of these modifications on the physicochemical properties of the analogues is discussed. Eight analogues could be crystallized. All the analogues produce the same biological effects as insulin, but differ markedly in their potency. In isolated fat cells in vitro, [HisA8]insulin showed a relative potency of 2.46 in stimulating glucose oxidation (human insulin = 1), whereas [D-CysA6,A11]insulin had a potency of only 0.00027. Very low potency was observed when IleA2 or the half-cystines A6, A7, A11 or B7 were modified. Replacement of the invariant GlnA5 by alanine only reduced potency slightly. All the analogues are full agonists. The effects of the analogues on glucose oxidation and lipolysis are correlated, supporting the view that they are mediated by a common receptor on the fat-cell membrane. Hypoglycaemic potencies in the rat were similar to potencies in vitro. As expected, no correlation was demonstrable between antiserum binding--measured in the radioimmunoassay--and biological activity. Several results of this investigation are difficult to reconcile with the current view regarding the structure-activity relationship of insulin which appears to require further refinement.", "PMID": 511097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9024", "title": "Studies on the involvement of lysosomes in estrogen action, II. Seasonal variation in the sedimentation patterns of endometrial lysosomes from prepuberal pigs.", "content": "The lysosomal population in endometrial cells of prepuberal pigs varies with the seasons. In summertime, lysosomes equilibrate in sucrose density gradients over a broad, domeshaped area from p = 1.21 g/cm3 to p = 1.15 g/cm3. The winter pattern is characterized by a major sharp peak of aggregated lysosomes at p = 1.20 g/cm3, visible as a \"snowflurry\"-like band. The two extremes are linked by transition patterns in spring and fall. The possible correlation of this phenomenon to the seasonal fluctuations in the level of soluble cytoplasmic estrogen receptor is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the involvement of lysosomes in estrogen action, II. Seasonal variation in the sedimentation patterns of endometrial lysosomes from prepuberal pigs. The lysosomal population in endometrial cells of prepuberal pigs varies with the seasons. In summertime, lysosomes equilibrate in sucrose density gradients over a broad, domeshaped area from p = 1.21 g/cm3 to p = 1.15 g/cm3. The winter pattern is characterized by a major sharp peak of aggregated lysosomes at p = 1.20 g/cm3, visible as a \"snowflurry\"-like band. The two extremes are linked by transition patterns in spring and fall. The possible correlation of this phenomenon to the seasonal fluctuations in the level of soluble cytoplasmic estrogen receptor is discussed.", "PMID": 511098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9025", "title": "A spot fluorometer for protein determination.", "content": "An apparatus is described which allows spot fluorometry in situ for quantitative evaluation of protein spots stained with a fluorochrome (Hoechst 2495).", "contents": "A spot fluorometer for protein determination. An apparatus is described which allows spot fluorometry in situ for quantitative evaluation of protein spots stained with a fluorochrome (Hoechst 2495).", "PMID": 511099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9026", "title": "[The separation of the 4-[4-(dimethylamino) phenylazo]phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of leucine and isoleucine on polyamid thin-layer sheets in the picomol range (author's transl)].", "content": "The separation of the 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-phenylazo]phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of leucine and isoleucine has so far not been possible. In this paper a method is described which separates these two amino acid derivates in the picomol range on polyamide thin-layer sheets. The system (10% formic acid/ethanol 10:9) can be used either in one or in two dimensions.", "contents": "[The separation of the 4-[4-(dimethylamino) phenylazo]phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of leucine and isoleucine on polyamid thin-layer sheets in the picomol range (author's transl)]. The separation of the 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-phenylazo]phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of leucine and isoleucine has so far not been possible. In this paper a method is described which separates these two amino acid derivates in the picomol range on polyamide thin-layer sheets. The system (10% formic acid/ethanol 10:9) can be used either in one or in two dimensions.", "PMID": 511100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9027", "title": "[Determination of the interaction of oligopeptides and oligonucleotides by a chromatographic technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Homologues of deoxyriboadenylic and deoxyribothymidylic acid show different degrees of retardation in a pentalysine gel. This chromatographic retardation is directly related to the strength of the interaction between the oligonucleotides and the immobilized pentalysine peptide residues. The strength of this interaction is determined by the total negative charge of the oligonucleotide, and by the nature of the constituent base of the oligonucleotide. The specificity of the interaction depends upon differences in conformation of the oligonucleotides.", "contents": "[Determination of the interaction of oligopeptides and oligonucleotides by a chromatographic technique (author's transl)]. Homologues of deoxyriboadenylic and deoxyribothymidylic acid show different degrees of retardation in a pentalysine gel. This chromatographic retardation is directly related to the strength of the interaction between the oligonucleotides and the immobilized pentalysine peptide residues. The strength of this interaction is determined by the total negative charge of the oligonucleotide, and by the nature of the constituent base of the oligonucleotide. The specificity of the interaction depends upon differences in conformation of the oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 511103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9028", "title": "Structure-function studies on red pigment-concentrating hormone, II. The significance of the C-terminal tryptophan amide.", "content": "The significance of the C-terminal tryptophan residue of the red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH: Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) regulating the blanching of the crustacean chromatophores has been investigated. RPCH and a number of analogues that differ only in the C-terminal part of the hormone, have been synthesized and assayed for biological activity on the shrimp Leander adspersus. It has been shown that the indole skeleton of tryptophan is an absolute requirement for the biological activity of the hormone. To provide maximum response the tryptophan must be blocked as the amide. The activity of synthetic [Tyr4]RPCH and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) purified from Schistocerca gregaria has been compared with the activity of synthetic RPCH.", "contents": "Structure-function studies on red pigment-concentrating hormone, II. The significance of the C-terminal tryptophan amide. The significance of the C-terminal tryptophan residue of the red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH: Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) regulating the blanching of the crustacean chromatophores has been investigated. RPCH and a number of analogues that differ only in the C-terminal part of the hormone, have been synthesized and assayed for biological activity on the shrimp Leander adspersus. It has been shown that the indole skeleton of tryptophan is an absolute requirement for the biological activity of the hormone. To provide maximum response the tryptophan must be blocked as the amide. The activity of synthetic [Tyr4]RPCH and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) purified from Schistocerca gregaria has been compared with the activity of synthetic RPCH.", "PMID": 511104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9029", "title": "Interrelations between uptake of [14C]orotic acid and labeling of UTP and RNA in rat and mouse liver after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "The uptake and utilization of [6-14C]orotic acid for UTP and RNA synthesis were studied in rat and mouse liver at 24 h after partial hepatectomy. Rat liver concentrated radioactivity relative to blood several-fold better than did mouse liver after both sham-operation and partial hepatectomy. The results showed that in mouse liver, contrary to rat liver, the orotic acid uptake was not increased after the partial hepatectomy. In rat liver, the precursor uptake and the labeling of UTP increased by about 75% whereas the specific radioactivity of RNA increased 2 to 3-fold after the operation, thus indicating an increased RNA synthesis. Mouse liver showed no increased [14C]orotic acid uptake or labeling of UTP or RNA at 24 h after partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "Interrelations between uptake of [14C]orotic acid and labeling of UTP and RNA in rat and mouse liver after partial hepatectomy. The uptake and utilization of [6-14C]orotic acid for UTP and RNA synthesis were studied in rat and mouse liver at 24 h after partial hepatectomy. Rat liver concentrated radioactivity relative to blood several-fold better than did mouse liver after both sham-operation and partial hepatectomy. The results showed that in mouse liver, contrary to rat liver, the orotic acid uptake was not increased after the partial hepatectomy. In rat liver, the precursor uptake and the labeling of UTP increased by about 75% whereas the specific radioactivity of RNA increased 2 to 3-fold after the operation, thus indicating an increased RNA synthesis. Mouse liver showed no increased [14C]orotic acid uptake or labeling of UTP or RNA at 24 h after partial hepatectomy.", "PMID": 511105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9030", "title": "Snake venom. The amino-acid sequence of the subunits of two reduced and S-carboxymethylated proteins (C8S2 and C9S3) from Dendroaspis angusticeps venom.", "content": "Two proteins (C8S2 and C9S3) were purified from Dendroaspis angusticeps venom. Whereas protein C8S2 comprises 124 amino acid residues, protein C9S3 contains 125 and each includes 16 half-cystines. After reduction and S-carboxymethylation of the proteins, the subunits were shown to contain 62--63 residues including 8 half-cystine residues. The complete sequences of the subunits have been elucidated. The sequences of the subunits of protein C8S2 and C9S3 are homologous to those of protein S2C4 from D. jamesoni kaimosae. Further, in all the subunits one of the structurally invariant amino acids, Tyr25, has been replaced by phenylalanine or asparagine and the Cys66 occurs in position 57. All the subunits apparently contain only two of the five functionally invariant residues of the neurotoxins, viz. Lys27 and Trp29. Mixtures of proteins S2C4, C8S2, C9S3 and angusticeps-type proteins showed a marked synergistic toxic effect.", "contents": "Snake venom. The amino-acid sequence of the subunits of two reduced and S-carboxymethylated proteins (C8S2 and C9S3) from Dendroaspis angusticeps venom. Two proteins (C8S2 and C9S3) were purified from Dendroaspis angusticeps venom. Whereas protein C8S2 comprises 124 amino acid residues, protein C9S3 contains 125 and each includes 16 half-cystines. After reduction and S-carboxymethylation of the proteins, the subunits were shown to contain 62--63 residues including 8 half-cystine residues. The complete sequences of the subunits have been elucidated. The sequences of the subunits of protein C8S2 and C9S3 are homologous to those of protein S2C4 from D. jamesoni kaimosae. Further, in all the subunits one of the structurally invariant amino acids, Tyr25, has been replaced by phenylalanine or asparagine and the Cys66 occurs in position 57. All the subunits apparently contain only two of the five functionally invariant residues of the neurotoxins, viz. Lys27 and Trp29. Mixtures of proteins S2C4, C8S2, C9S3 and angusticeps-type proteins showed a marked synergistic toxic effect.", "PMID": 511106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9031", "title": "Characterisation of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts from different mammalian cells by their sensitivity to inhibitors of polypeptide-chain initiation.", "content": "Plasma cells and reticulocytes are differentiated mammalian cell systems specialized in the synthesis of distinct proteins. To study whether a cell specificity of polypeptide-chain initiation in such cell systems can be detected through inhibitors, the sensitivity to several drugs interfering with initiation was compared in cell-free systems with S-30 extracts from these cells. The following was indicated by the experiments: (1) under the selected conditions, the different cell-free systems are comparable with respect to their activity of initiation, and that aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits mRNA binding to the ribosome in plasma cell tumours the same as in reticulocytes. (2) The sensitivity of translation of endogenous mRNAs in reticulocytes and plasma cell tumours to inhibitors of mRNA binding to the ribosome, aurintricarboxylic acid and the homopolynucleotides poly(U) and poly(A), are different. (3) Inhibition of the succeeding reactions of peptide-chain initiation by sodium fluoride and pactamycin was not selective. (4) In both cell systems translation of poly(U) is equally sensitive to aurintricarboxylic acid. (5) In extracts from TEPC 15 myeloma cells synthesis of immunoglobulin L-chains compared with that of the other myeloma proteins is partially resistant to aurintricarboxylic acid, whereas in reticulocytes, no differential sensitivities of individual proteins could be observed. The different susceptibility of the mRNA binding reaction in plasma cell tumours and reticulocytes suggests that the predominant mRNAs of these cells have different affinities to ribosome binding sites.", "contents": "Characterisation of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts from different mammalian cells by their sensitivity to inhibitors of polypeptide-chain initiation. Plasma cells and reticulocytes are differentiated mammalian cell systems specialized in the synthesis of distinct proteins. To study whether a cell specificity of polypeptide-chain initiation in such cell systems can be detected through inhibitors, the sensitivity to several drugs interfering with initiation was compared in cell-free systems with S-30 extracts from these cells. The following was indicated by the experiments: (1) under the selected conditions, the different cell-free systems are comparable with respect to their activity of initiation, and that aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits mRNA binding to the ribosome in plasma cell tumours the same as in reticulocytes. (2) The sensitivity of translation of endogenous mRNAs in reticulocytes and plasma cell tumours to inhibitors of mRNA binding to the ribosome, aurintricarboxylic acid and the homopolynucleotides poly(U) and poly(A), are different. (3) Inhibition of the succeeding reactions of peptide-chain initiation by sodium fluoride and pactamycin was not selective. (4) In both cell systems translation of poly(U) is equally sensitive to aurintricarboxylic acid. (5) In extracts from TEPC 15 myeloma cells synthesis of immunoglobulin L-chains compared with that of the other myeloma proteins is partially resistant to aurintricarboxylic acid, whereas in reticulocytes, no differential sensitivities of individual proteins could be observed. The different susceptibility of the mRNA binding reaction in plasma cell tumours and reticulocytes suggests that the predominant mRNAs of these cells have different affinities to ribosome binding sites.", "PMID": 511107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9032", "title": "Taurocholate uptake by adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.", "content": "Adult rat hepatocytes were cultured on Petri dishes for 25--30 h prior to measuring their ability to transport taurocholate. A rapid uptake of the bile acid (25 muM) was observed: about 20% was accumulated in the cells within 15 min. The taurocholate transport was saturable with an apparent Km of 28 +/- 10 muM and a maximal velocity V of 0.07 +/- 0.02 nmol/(micrograms DNA x min). Uptake was shown to be energy dependent as it was inhibited about 65% by antimycin A (20 micrograms/ml). The monohydroxylated bile acid taurolithocholate and the dihydroxylated taurochenodeoxycholate inhibited taurocholate transport to about 30 and 40% resp. of the control. The transport process was strongly dependent on sodium ions. It is concluded that the characteristics of taurocholate uptake into adult rat hepatocytes are very similar either in freshly prepared cells or in hepatocytes which are cultured on Petri dishes for 25--30 h.", "contents": "Taurocholate uptake by adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Adult rat hepatocytes were cultured on Petri dishes for 25--30 h prior to measuring their ability to transport taurocholate. A rapid uptake of the bile acid (25 muM) was observed: about 20% was accumulated in the cells within 15 min. The taurocholate transport was saturable with an apparent Km of 28 +/- 10 muM and a maximal velocity V of 0.07 +/- 0.02 nmol/(micrograms DNA x min). Uptake was shown to be energy dependent as it was inhibited about 65% by antimycin A (20 micrograms/ml). The monohydroxylated bile acid taurolithocholate and the dihydroxylated taurochenodeoxycholate inhibited taurocholate transport to about 30 and 40% resp. of the control. The transport process was strongly dependent on sodium ions. It is concluded that the characteristics of taurocholate uptake into adult rat hepatocytes are very similar either in freshly prepared cells or in hepatocytes which are cultured on Petri dishes for 25--30 h.", "PMID": 511109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9033", "title": "Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). I. Isolation from bovine casein peptone.", "content": "A material which displayed opioid activity in the guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation was extracted from an enzymatic casein digest into chloroform/methanol. The extract was roughly purified by adsorption/desorption procedures using charcoal and Amberlite XAD-2 resin as adsorbents. A high degree of purity was achieved by high-pressure liquid chromatography of the material on muBondapak C18 and mu-Porasil columns and finally by gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-2 column. Several pronase-resistant compounds with opioid activity were obtained.", "contents": "Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). I. Isolation from bovine casein peptone. A material which displayed opioid activity in the guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation was extracted from an enzymatic casein digest into chloroform/methanol. The extract was roughly purified by adsorption/desorption procedures using charcoal and Amberlite XAD-2 resin as adsorbents. A high degree of purity was achieved by high-pressure liquid chromatography of the material on muBondapak C18 and mu-Porasil columns and finally by gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-2 column. Several pronase-resistant compounds with opioid activity were obtained.", "PMID": 511110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9034", "title": "Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). II. Structure of active components from bovine casein peptone.", "content": "Material with opioid activity had been isolated from an enzymatic casein digest. It was shown to contain a pure heptapeptide with the sequence Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile. The identity between the opioid principle and the peptide was proven by the fact that chemical reagents or enzymes effecting one would effect the other. After carboxypeptidase Y digestion a pentapeptide, Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly, could be isolated; this peptide showed a higher opioid activity than the heptapeptide. The opioid peptides were highly resistant towards proteolysis, even by pronase. The sequence of the hepatapeptide identified it as a fragment of bovine beta-casein. Therefore it was named beta-casomorphin.", "contents": "Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). II. Structure of active components from bovine casein peptone. Material with opioid activity had been isolated from an enzymatic casein digest. It was shown to contain a pure heptapeptide with the sequence Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile. The identity between the opioid principle and the peptide was proven by the fact that chemical reagents or enzymes effecting one would effect the other. After carboxypeptidase Y digestion a pentapeptide, Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly, could be isolated; this peptide showed a higher opioid activity than the heptapeptide. The opioid peptides were highly resistant towards proteolysis, even by pronase. The sequence of the hepatapeptide identified it as a fragment of bovine beta-casein. Therefore it was named beta-casomorphin.", "PMID": 511111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9035", "title": "Interactions of band 3-protein from human erythrocyte membranes with cholesterol and cholesterol analogues.", "content": "The interaction between cholesterol and band 3-protein from human erythrocyte membranes was studied by incorporating the solubilized protein into monolayers of cholesterol and related sterols at the air-water interface and measuring the changes in surface pressure which accompanied protein incorporation. The following results were obtained: 1) Band 3-protein shows a very strong interaction with cholesterol monolayers. Both apolar and polar bonds contribute to this interaction. 2) Steroids with a structure slightly different from that of cholesterol (especially with respect to the polar group and the side chain) in most cases show a reduced affinity for band 3-protein. Thus, the protein-sterol interaction is highly specific. It is assumed that the protein-cholesterol interaction can be subidivided into two parts: an unspecific one which results from contributions from several sterol molecules, and a specific one which is due to the high affinity binding of the protein and cholesterol. The structural element responsible for the high affinity interaction is assumed to be a sterol-binding niche on the surface of band 3-protein. The sterol is thought to be held in the niche by a hydrogen bond at its polar head and a variety of hydrophobic bonds along its ring system and side chain.", "contents": "Interactions of band 3-protein from human erythrocyte membranes with cholesterol and cholesterol analogues. The interaction between cholesterol and band 3-protein from human erythrocyte membranes was studied by incorporating the solubilized protein into monolayers of cholesterol and related sterols at the air-water interface and measuring the changes in surface pressure which accompanied protein incorporation. The following results were obtained: 1) Band 3-protein shows a very strong interaction with cholesterol monolayers. Both apolar and polar bonds contribute to this interaction. 2) Steroids with a structure slightly different from that of cholesterol (especially with respect to the polar group and the side chain) in most cases show a reduced affinity for band 3-protein. Thus, the protein-sterol interaction is highly specific. It is assumed that the protein-cholesterol interaction can be subidivided into two parts: an unspecific one which results from contributions from several sterol molecules, and a specific one which is due to the high affinity binding of the protein and cholesterol. The structural element responsible for the high affinity interaction is assumed to be a sterol-binding niche on the surface of band 3-protein. The sterol is thought to be held in the niche by a hydrogen bond at its polar head and a variety of hydrophobic bonds along its ring system and side chain.", "PMID": 511112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9036", "title": "[Hemoglobins, XXVIII. Phosphate-protein-interaction, gene expression and function: the genetic and allosteric control of the oxygen affinity of the fetal blood (author's transl)].", "content": "This work describes possible molecular mechanisms concerning the control of oxygen affinity in fetal blood of mammalia. There is a genetic control of oxygen affinity through a fetal gene: at constant phosphate concentration (Hb less than P2-glycerate) in humans there is a hemoglobin with only five binding sites to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, resulting in an increased oxygen affinity. In several species (sheep, cattle, goat) with Met-Leu as the N-terminal group of the beta-chains, the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate binding sites are deleted in positions beta 1 and beta 2, so that the regulation is phosphate-independent and thus providing a fetal hemoglobin with an increased oxygen affinity. The allosteric control is observed in pigs. In the postembryonal development \"adult\" hemoglobin with seven contacts (beta-chains) is demonstrated. The increased oxygen affinity is achieved here by a reduced biosynthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Hb greater than P2-glycerate) (Rapoport-Luebering-cycle). The functional control is discussed with respect to the ontogeny of the hemoglobins.", "contents": "[Hemoglobins, XXVIII. Phosphate-protein-interaction, gene expression and function: the genetic and allosteric control of the oxygen affinity of the fetal blood (author's transl)]. This work describes possible molecular mechanisms concerning the control of oxygen affinity in fetal blood of mammalia. There is a genetic control of oxygen affinity through a fetal gene: at constant phosphate concentration (Hb less than P2-glycerate) in humans there is a hemoglobin with only five binding sites to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, resulting in an increased oxygen affinity. In several species (sheep, cattle, goat) with Met-Leu as the N-terminal group of the beta-chains, the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate binding sites are deleted in positions beta 1 and beta 2, so that the regulation is phosphate-independent and thus providing a fetal hemoglobin with an increased oxygen affinity. The allosteric control is observed in pigs. In the postembryonal development \"adult\" hemoglobin with seven contacts (beta-chains) is demonstrated. The increased oxygen affinity is achieved here by a reduced biosynthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Hb greater than P2-glycerate) (Rapoport-Luebering-cycle). The functional control is discussed with respect to the ontogeny of the hemoglobins.", "PMID": 511113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9037", "title": "Modification of pyruvate kinase activity by proteins from chicken liver.", "content": "The partial purification of a protein fraction inhibiting pyruvate kinase isoenzymes is described. The fraction was isolated from the (NH4)2SO4 step of the purification procedure for pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from chicken liver (Eigenbrodt, E. & Schoner, W. (1977) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 358, 1033-1046) by extraction with 1N NaOH, acidification to pH 3, ethanol precipitation and chromatography of the supernatant on DEAE-cellulose. The inhibitor fraction was further purified by disc gel electrophoresis using a gel gradient from 10 to 25%; this procedure separated activating proteins from the inhibitor fraction. The inhibitor fraction inhibited the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from chicken in the sequence of decreasing effect: M2 greater than L greater than M1. The inhibition was due to a decrease in the affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate. The inhibitor is stable against heating for 5 min in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 degrees C; it is destroyed by pepsin digestion. The inhibitor fraction could be purified further only by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. This resulted in the separation of 2 inhibitors (Mr = 33,500 +/- 8500 and ca. 5000), an activator (Mr = 15,100 +/- 5200), and an unidentified protein (Mr = 27,000).", "contents": "Modification of pyruvate kinase activity by proteins from chicken liver. The partial purification of a protein fraction inhibiting pyruvate kinase isoenzymes is described. The fraction was isolated from the (NH4)2SO4 step of the purification procedure for pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from chicken liver (Eigenbrodt, E. & Schoner, W. (1977) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 358, 1033-1046) by extraction with 1N NaOH, acidification to pH 3, ethanol precipitation and chromatography of the supernatant on DEAE-cellulose. The inhibitor fraction was further purified by disc gel electrophoresis using a gel gradient from 10 to 25%; this procedure separated activating proteins from the inhibitor fraction. The inhibitor fraction inhibited the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from chicken in the sequence of decreasing effect: M2 greater than L greater than M1. The inhibition was due to a decrease in the affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate. The inhibitor is stable against heating for 5 min in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 degrees C; it is destroyed by pepsin digestion. The inhibitor fraction could be purified further only by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. This resulted in the separation of 2 inhibitors (Mr = 33,500 +/- 8500 and ca. 5000), an activator (Mr = 15,100 +/- 5200), and an unidentified protein (Mr = 27,000).", "PMID": 511114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9038", "title": "Synthesis of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid.", "content": "The syntheses of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid are described. The alpha-anomer prepared by a modified Koenigs-Knorr procedure starting from acetochloroneuraminic acid is quantitatively cleaved by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Proton-catalyzed reaction of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid with ethanol yields the beta-anomer.", "contents": "Synthesis of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid. The syntheses of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid are described. The alpha-anomer prepared by a modified Koenigs-Knorr procedure starting from acetochloroneuraminic acid is quantitatively cleaved by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Proton-catalyzed reaction of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid with ethanol yields the beta-anomer.", "PMID": 511115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9039", "title": "Methylation of DNA in developing embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.", "content": "Embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris have been labelled after fertilization with [6(-3)H]uridine and cultured in filtered sea water. 32-cell, blastula, gastrula and pluteus stages were harvested. The DNA from these embryos was purified and hydrolyzed and the nuclear bases were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography. The ratios of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine demonstrate that the concentrations of 5-methylcytosine are essentially the same in the developmental stages examined (gamma = 95%), which contradicts the hypothesis that methylation of DNA plays a role in cell differentiation.", "contents": "Methylation of DNA in developing embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris have been labelled after fertilization with [6(-3)H]uridine and cultured in filtered sea water. 32-cell, blastula, gastrula and pluteus stages were harvested. The DNA from these embryos was purified and hydrolyzed and the nuclear bases were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography. The ratios of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine demonstrate that the concentrations of 5-methylcytosine are essentially the same in the developmental stages examined (gamma = 95%), which contradicts the hypothesis that methylation of DNA plays a role in cell differentiation.", "PMID": 511116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9040", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei and nucleoli. alpha-Amanitin effect, a hint to the existence of a specific regulatory system.", "content": "DNA dependent RNA polymerase activities in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei and nucleoli have been studied. They retain their RNA synthetic activity for an extended period of time. This RNA synthetic activity is sensitive to actinomycin D and requires the presence of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The optimal conditions have been determined. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the RNA synthesized has a size distribution ranging from 34S to 4S. The production of 18S-8S RNA is very sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin. However, in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei (not in nucleoli) this drug displays an effect on all RNA classes produced. The alpha-amanitin induced drastic decrease of [3H]-UMP incorporation in RNA of all sizes synthesized by isolated bovine thyroid nuclei is discussed.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei and nucleoli. alpha-Amanitin effect, a hint to the existence of a specific regulatory system. DNA dependent RNA polymerase activities in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei and nucleoli have been studied. They retain their RNA synthetic activity for an extended period of time. This RNA synthetic activity is sensitive to actinomycin D and requires the presence of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The optimal conditions have been determined. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the RNA synthesized has a size distribution ranging from 34S to 4S. The production of 18S-8S RNA is very sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin. However, in isolated bovine thyroid nuclei (not in nucleoli) this drug displays an effect on all RNA classes produced. The alpha-amanitin induced drastic decrease of [3H]-UMP incorporation in RNA of all sizes synthesized by isolated bovine thyroid nuclei is discussed.", "PMID": 511117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9041", "title": "Preparation and fractionation of membrane vesicles of thymocytes after osmotic cell disruption.", "content": "The isolation of plasma membranes is often accompanied with a loss of sensitivity to stimulatory agents (e.g. mitogens). Changes in the structure of the cell membranes after cell breakage have also been reported. Concerning this problem, \"mild\" cell disruption conditions were tested by using osmotic shock. Different membrane fractions were isolated, resulting in an enrichment of plasma membranes in one fraction. All fractions were characterized by plasma membrane marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferases), the amount of cholesterol, the molar ratio of cholesterol and phospholipid, by dodecyl sulfate-gelectrophoresis and by electronmicroscopy. Total balance sheets of the fraction were made for each of the different biochemical parameters. The enriched plasma membranes resulting by using the described method had also lost the sensitivity to the stimulatory effect caused by mitogens such as Concanavalin A.", "contents": "Preparation and fractionation of membrane vesicles of thymocytes after osmotic cell disruption. The isolation of plasma membranes is often accompanied with a loss of sensitivity to stimulatory agents (e.g. mitogens). Changes in the structure of the cell membranes after cell breakage have also been reported. Concerning this problem, \"mild\" cell disruption conditions were tested by using osmotic shock. Different membrane fractions were isolated, resulting in an enrichment of plasma membranes in one fraction. All fractions were characterized by plasma membrane marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferases), the amount of cholesterol, the molar ratio of cholesterol and phospholipid, by dodecyl sulfate-gelectrophoresis and by electronmicroscopy. Total balance sheets of the fraction were made for each of the different biochemical parameters. The enriched plasma membranes resulting by using the described method had also lost the sensitivity to the stimulatory effect caused by mitogens such as Concanavalin A.", "PMID": 511118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9042", "title": "Paraganglion cells mimicking metastatic clear cell carcinoma.", "content": "Four patients are presented whom normal paraganglion cells simulated metastases of clear cell carcinomas of the urogenital tract. The cells, located within and near the lumbar sympathetic ganglia, were initially interpreted by the pathologist as metastatic, but a later examination showed them to be normal paraganglion cells. One ganglion was also examined electron microscopically. Normal ganglion cells were seen, as were cells with intracytoplasmic osmophilic neurosecretory granules, confirming their paraganglionic origin. Awareness of the appearance of paraganglion cells in some instances is essential to avoid their misinterpretation as metastases of clear cell carcinomas.", "contents": "Paraganglion cells mimicking metastatic clear cell carcinoma. Four patients are presented whom normal paraganglion cells simulated metastases of clear cell carcinomas of the urogenital tract. The cells, located within and near the lumbar sympathetic ganglia, were initially interpreted by the pathologist as metastatic, but a later examination showed them to be normal paraganglion cells. One ganglion was also examined electron microscopically. Normal ganglion cells were seen, as were cells with intracytoplasmic osmophilic neurosecretory granules, confirming their paraganglionic origin. Awareness of the appearance of paraganglion cells in some instances is essential to avoid their misinterpretation as metastases of clear cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 511121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9043", "title": "Quantitative analysis of histological parameters in giant cell lesions of the jaws and long bones.", "content": "Stereological techniques have been used to compare histological parameters of the giant cell component in 10 giant cell tumours of long bones, 10 central giant cell granulomas of the jaws and 10 peripheral giant cell granulomas of the jaws. The giant cell parameters investigated were: mean profile diameter, mean diameter, mean profile axial ratio, volume-to-surface ratios, nuclear numerical density, profile area and cell volume. Serial sections were cut at 4 micron from routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of each case and two sections, separated by 100 micron, were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Random fields were photographed until at least 25 giant cell profiles had been recorded from each of the two sections of each lesion. The processed film was projected for point and intersect counting, the entire procedure ensuring double-blind assessment of the cases under investigation. In general there was no significant difference for any of the parameters between the giant cells of central and peripheral jaw lesions. There was a significant difference, however, between the giant cells of central jaw lesions and long bone tumours in respect of both nuclear numerical density and mean absolute cell volume.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of histological parameters in giant cell lesions of the jaws and long bones. Stereological techniques have been used to compare histological parameters of the giant cell component in 10 giant cell tumours of long bones, 10 central giant cell granulomas of the jaws and 10 peripheral giant cell granulomas of the jaws. The giant cell parameters investigated were: mean profile diameter, mean diameter, mean profile axial ratio, volume-to-surface ratios, nuclear numerical density, profile area and cell volume. Serial sections were cut at 4 micron from routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of each case and two sections, separated by 100 micron, were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Random fields were photographed until at least 25 giant cell profiles had been recorded from each of the two sections of each lesion. The processed film was projected for point and intersect counting, the entire procedure ensuring double-blind assessment of the cases under investigation. In general there was no significant difference for any of the parameters between the giant cells of central and peripheral jaw lesions. There was a significant difference, however, between the giant cells of central jaw lesions and long bone tumours in respect of both nuclear numerical density and mean absolute cell volume.", "PMID": 511122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9044", "title": "Acute diarrheal infections in infants. I. Epidemiology, Treatment, and prospects for immunoprophylaxis.", "content": "Epidemiologic differences that appear to be geographic or climatic actually relate more closely to socioeconomics and sanitation. Regardless of etiology, the major management problems are those of dehydration and its sequelae. Progress toward development of antibacterial and antiviral vaccines is discussed. Next month the viral and bacterial agents that cause diarrheal infections will be reviewed.", "contents": "Acute diarrheal infections in infants. I. Epidemiology, Treatment, and prospects for immunoprophylaxis. Epidemiologic differences that appear to be geographic or climatic actually relate more closely to socioeconomics and sanitation. Regardless of etiology, the major management problems are those of dehydration and its sequelae. Progress toward development of antibacterial and antiviral vaccines is discussed. Next month the viral and bacterial agents that cause diarrheal infections will be reviewed.", "PMID": 511128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9045", "title": "Ring chromosome 6: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A ring chromosome 6 has been identified by GTG-banding in a male with microcephaly, growth retardation, seizures, epicanthus, hypertelorism, micrognathia, and other congenital anomalies. Cytogenetic studies indicate the instability of the ring chromosome. The most common findings in subjects with ring 6 include: profound to moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, prenatal growth failure, retarded bone age, epicanthal folds, flat nasal bridge, short neck, ears low-set or malformed, microphthalmia, and micrognathia. Linkage studies, including HLA, are consistent with reported maps of chromosome 6.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 6: case report and review of literature. A ring chromosome 6 has been identified by GTG-banding in a male with microcephaly, growth retardation, seizures, epicanthus, hypertelorism, micrognathia, and other congenital anomalies. Cytogenetic studies indicate the instability of the ring chromosome. The most common findings in subjects with ring 6 include: profound to moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, prenatal growth failure, retarded bone age, epicanthal folds, flat nasal bridge, short neck, ears low-set or malformed, microphthalmia, and micrognathia. Linkage studies, including HLA, are consistent with reported maps of chromosome 6.", "PMID": 511129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9046", "title": "Sensitivity of Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes to ethyl methanesulfonate.", "content": "Ethyl methanesulfonate induced several times as many sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) in lymphocytes from individuals affected with Bloom's syndrome as in lymphocytes from controls or heterozygotes. In cultures of cells from an individual with Bloom's syndrome who had two populations of lymphocytes circulating in his blood--'low' cells having normal spontaneous frequencies of SCE's and 'high' cells having elevated frequencies--only the high cells showed the increased sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes to ethyl methanesulfonate. Ethyl methanesulfonate induced several times as many sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) in lymphocytes from individuals affected with Bloom's syndrome as in lymphocytes from controls or heterozygotes. In cultures of cells from an individual with Bloom's syndrome who had two populations of lymphocytes circulating in his blood--'low' cells having normal spontaneous frequencies of SCE's and 'high' cells having elevated frequencies--only the high cells showed the increased sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate.", "PMID": 511130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9047", "title": "The genetic hypothesis for susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Evidence for genetic influence of the host response to infection with Mycobacterium leprae is reviewed. A complex segregation analysis is performed on data for 91 families from Mactan, Philippines, in each of which at least one offspring developed lepromatous leprosy. The data are not found to be inconsistent with an autosomal recessive hypothesis for susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. Heritability estimates in the range of 80% were calculated for sib-sib pairs under the multifactorial hypothesis for susceptibility. It is argued that the multifactorial hypothesis is more in keeping with available immunologic, epidemiologic, and demographic data than is the single gene hypothesis.", "contents": "The genetic hypothesis for susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. Evidence for genetic influence of the host response to infection with Mycobacterium leprae is reviewed. A complex segregation analysis is performed on data for 91 families from Mactan, Philippines, in each of which at least one offspring developed lepromatous leprosy. The data are not found to be inconsistent with an autosomal recessive hypothesis for susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. Heritability estimates in the range of 80% were calculated for sib-sib pairs under the multifactorial hypothesis for susceptibility. It is argued that the multifactorial hypothesis is more in keeping with available immunologic, epidemiologic, and demographic data than is the single gene hypothesis.", "PMID": 511131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9048", "title": "Prominent acrocentric chromosome satellites in child patients with mental retardation or psychiatric disorders; no IQ-satellite size correlation.", "content": "Child patients with mental retardation or psychiatric disorders were selected for the presence of prominent acrocentric chromosome satellites and highest or lowest IQ scores. No correlation was found between IQ scores, of which eleven were below IQ 54 and 16 above IQ 68, and the length of acrocentric short arm, satellite, stalk, or short arm material below the stalk. Conventional staining, quinacrine fluorescence, C banding and ammoniacal silver staining revealed the apparent same acrocentric short arm variation between patient and one parent in eight families studied. These findings suggest that the satellite variants were truly normal variants and not etiologically related to the developmental disorders seen in the patients.", "contents": "Prominent acrocentric chromosome satellites in child patients with mental retardation or psychiatric disorders; no IQ-satellite size correlation. Child patients with mental retardation or psychiatric disorders were selected for the presence of prominent acrocentric chromosome satellites and highest or lowest IQ scores. No correlation was found between IQ scores, of which eleven were below IQ 54 and 16 above IQ 68, and the length of acrocentric short arm, satellite, stalk, or short arm material below the stalk. Conventional staining, quinacrine fluorescence, C banding and ammoniacal silver staining revealed the apparent same acrocentric short arm variation between patient and one parent in eight families studied. These findings suggest that the satellite variants were truly normal variants and not etiologically related to the developmental disorders seen in the patients.", "PMID": 511132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9049", "title": "The C4 system: formal and population genetics.", "content": "The present study shows that the C4 system as investigated by high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis is highly polymorphic. In a series of unrelated Norwegian adults, where C4 types have been ascertained through segregation in families, six different haplotypes have been found to occur with a frequency exceeding 1%. The genotype frequencies in the population fit expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution. In family material comprising 89 matings with 327 children the distribution of offspring is as expected according to autosomal codominant inheritance of haplotypes.", "contents": "The C4 system: formal and population genetics. The present study shows that the C4 system as investigated by high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis is highly polymorphic. In a series of unrelated Norwegian adults, where C4 types have been ascertained through segregation in families, six different haplotypes have been found to occur with a frequency exceeding 1%. The genotype frequencies in the population fit expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution. In family material comprising 89 matings with 327 children the distribution of offspring is as expected according to autosomal codominant inheritance of haplotypes.", "PMID": 511133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9050", "title": "A third common allele in the transferrin system, TfC3, detected by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Further genetic heterogeneity of the transferrin system (Tf) was revealed by prolonged isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) of human sera on polyacrylamide gels (pH 4--6.5). One of the two common subtypes of TfC, designated previously as TfC1, is split into TfC1 and the new subtype, TfC3. The gene product of TfC3 has an isoelectric point between C1 and C2. In our sample (n = 252) seven phenotypes, TfC1, C2-1, C2, C3-1, C3-2, C3, and C1B2, were observed and the following frequencies calculated: TfC1 = 0.795, TfC2 = 0.155, TfC3 = 0.042, and TfB2 = 0.008. Family studies (n = 25) indicate an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance. The six TfC phenotypes are present after treatment of sera with neuraminidase and can be revealed in part by PAGIF and subsequent immunofixation.", "contents": "A third common allele in the transferrin system, TfC3, detected by isoelectric focusing. Further genetic heterogeneity of the transferrin system (Tf) was revealed by prolonged isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) of human sera on polyacrylamide gels (pH 4--6.5). One of the two common subtypes of TfC, designated previously as TfC1, is split into TfC1 and the new subtype, TfC3. The gene product of TfC3 has an isoelectric point between C1 and C2. In our sample (n = 252) seven phenotypes, TfC1, C2-1, C2, C3-1, C3-2, C3, and C1B2, were observed and the following frequencies calculated: TfC1 = 0.795, TfC2 = 0.155, TfC3 = 0.042, and TfB2 = 0.008. Family studies (n = 25) indicate an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance. The six TfC phenotypes are present after treatment of sera with neuraminidase and can be revealed in part by PAGIF and subsequent immunofixation.", "PMID": 511134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9051", "title": "Gm, Am and Km immunoglobulin allotypes of two populations in Tunisia.", "content": "Gm, Am and Km allotypes were investigated in two Tunisian populations (236 samples from Mahdia and 142 samples from Sfax). These populations descend from immigrants and, therefore, the results were compared with those obtained in other populations living in the Near East and in North Africa. The subclass heavy chain allotypes G1m, G2m, G3m and A2m are inherited in fixed combinations. There were five main and four minor Gm-Am haplotypes that could be deduced from the phenotypes. This led to the conclusion that the populations studied are Caucasoids with some African admixture (about 10%) and a very low oriental contribution. Furthermore, there were 11 samples which showed 8 uncommon Gm-Am phenotypes. These could be explained by the assumption of five different uncommon Gm-Am haplotypes. Four of these may have arisen by equal crossing over of prevalent haplotypes. The fifth may be the result of unequal crossing over of prevalent haplotypes. The fifth may be the result of unequal crossing over, since it was proven, by family study, that more markers are transmitted together than are present in the prevalent haplotypes.", "contents": "Gm, Am and Km immunoglobulin allotypes of two populations in Tunisia. Gm, Am and Km allotypes were investigated in two Tunisian populations (236 samples from Mahdia and 142 samples from Sfax). These populations descend from immigrants and, therefore, the results were compared with those obtained in other populations living in the Near East and in North Africa. The subclass heavy chain allotypes G1m, G2m, G3m and A2m are inherited in fixed combinations. There were five main and four minor Gm-Am haplotypes that could be deduced from the phenotypes. This led to the conclusion that the populations studied are Caucasoids with some African admixture (about 10%) and a very low oriental contribution. Furthermore, there were 11 samples which showed 8 uncommon Gm-Am phenotypes. These could be explained by the assumption of five different uncommon Gm-Am haplotypes. Four of these may have arisen by equal crossing over of prevalent haplotypes. The fifth may be the result of unequal crossing over of prevalent haplotypes. The fifth may be the result of unequal crossing over, since it was proven, by family study, that more markers are transmitted together than are present in the prevalent haplotypes.", "PMID": 511135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9052", "title": "The rate of sister chromatid exchange in normal human bone marrow cells.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in bone marrow cells of six healthy individuals. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, a remarkably low and constant rate of SCEs was observed, ranging from 3.64 to 4.65 per metaphase. The lower incidence of SCE can be related only partly to the higher contraction of bone marrow cells and the shorter exposure time to BUdR. Rather, a cell-specific phenomenon is suggested.", "contents": "The rate of sister chromatid exchange in normal human bone marrow cells. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in bone marrow cells of six healthy individuals. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, a remarkably low and constant rate of SCEs was observed, ranging from 3.64 to 4.65 per metaphase. The lower incidence of SCE can be related only partly to the higher contraction of bone marrow cells and the shorter exposure time to BUdR. Rather, a cell-specific phenomenon is suggested.", "PMID": 511136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9053", "title": "Ring chromosome 10 associated with multiple congenital malformations.", "content": "A 46,XY,r(10) karyotype was found in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts cultured from a 8-month-old male showing multiple malformations and severe mental retardation. A comparison of the clinical features observed in cases in which a 10 ring was identified by means of banding techniques has been also attempted.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 10 associated with multiple congenital malformations. A 46,XY,r(10) karyotype was found in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts cultured from a 8-month-old male showing multiple malformations and severe mental retardation. A comparison of the clinical features observed in cases in which a 10 ring was identified by means of banding techniques has been also attempted.", "PMID": 511137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9054", "title": "Interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 2 in a moderately mentally retarded boy without gross clinical stigmata.", "content": "This report describes a moderately mentally retarded boy in whom there is interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 2 (del(2)(p11p21)) associated with the presence in all cells of a small acentric fragment.", "contents": "Interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 2 in a moderately mentally retarded boy without gross clinical stigmata. This report describes a moderately mentally retarded boy in whom there is interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 2 (del(2)(p11p21)) associated with the presence in all cells of a small acentric fragment.", "PMID": 511138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9055", "title": "Multibranched chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in a patient with combined IgA and IgE deficiency.", "content": "Instability of the centromeric region of chromosome 1 and multibranched configurations formed by different numbers and combinations of arms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were found in cultured lymphocytes of a 12-year-old male with combined IgA and IgE deficiency. No chromosome abnormalities were found in fibroblast cultures from the patient or in blood cultures from his parents. A possible effect on the frequency of the abnormalities of the almost continuous antibiotic treatment received by the patient was found both in vivo and in vitro, but no abnormalities were found in blood cultures from control subjects who received similar treatment. Interphase association of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 and a high frequency of interchanges among the centromeric regions of these chromosomes due to the presence of a fragile site is assumed to be the cause of the abnormalities.", "contents": "Multibranched chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in a patient with combined IgA and IgE deficiency. Instability of the centromeric region of chromosome 1 and multibranched configurations formed by different numbers and combinations of arms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were found in cultured lymphocytes of a 12-year-old male with combined IgA and IgE deficiency. No chromosome abnormalities were found in fibroblast cultures from the patient or in blood cultures from his parents. A possible effect on the frequency of the abnormalities of the almost continuous antibiotic treatment received by the patient was found both in vivo and in vitro, but no abnormalities were found in blood cultures from control subjects who received similar treatment. Interphase association of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 and a high frequency of interchanges among the centromeric regions of these chromosomes due to the presence of a fragile site is assumed to be the cause of the abnormalities.", "PMID": 511139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9056", "title": "Inverse maternal age effect in monosomy X.", "content": "The maternal age distribution of 45,X abortuses was significantly lower than that of chromosomally normal abortuses in two co-ordinated studies. One, carried out in Geneva, included 44 X-monosomic abortuses and the other, in Hiroshima, was based on 38 abortuses with a 45,X karyotype. It was deduced that 45,X conceptuses result from either non-disjunction during paternal meiosis or anaphase lag during meiosis or mitosis, and that anaphase lag is more frequent among young couples than among older ones.", "contents": "Inverse maternal age effect in monosomy X. The maternal age distribution of 45,X abortuses was significantly lower than that of chromosomally normal abortuses in two co-ordinated studies. One, carried out in Geneva, included 44 X-monosomic abortuses and the other, in Hiroshima, was based on 38 abortuses with a 45,X karyotype. It was deduced that 45,X conceptuses result from either non-disjunction during paternal meiosis or anaphase lag during meiosis or mitosis, and that anaphase lag is more frequent among young couples than among older ones.", "PMID": 511140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9057", "title": "An r(22)(p11 leads to q13) in a moderately mentally retarded girl.", "content": "An r(22) was detected in a 6-year-old female patient with growth retardation, IQ of 45, and a lower quotient for verbal performance. She presents some other minor anomalies. The break and fusion points probably were at p11 and q13.", "contents": "An r(22)(p11 leads to q13) in a moderately mentally retarded girl. An r(22) was detected in a 6-year-old female patient with growth retardation, IQ of 45, and a lower quotient for verbal performance. She presents some other minor anomalies. The break and fusion points probably were at p11 and q13.", "PMID": 511142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9058", "title": "The use of bone core biopsies for cytogenetic analysis.", "content": "Cultures of bone core specimens have proved satisfactory for cytogenetic analysis in patients from whom it was impossible to obtain a bone marrow aspirate, or in whose peripheral blood dividing myeloid cells were absent or insufficient in number. The quality of the metaphase chromosome is adequate for banding studies.", "contents": "The use of bone core biopsies for cytogenetic analysis. Cultures of bone core specimens have proved satisfactory for cytogenetic analysis in patients from whom it was impossible to obtain a bone marrow aspirate, or in whose peripheral blood dividing myeloid cells were absent or insufficient in number. The quality of the metaphase chromosome is adequate for banding studies.", "PMID": 511143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9059", "title": "Reduced frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes cultured with autologous serum.", "content": "The incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was determined in human lymphocytes cultured with fetal calf, human AB, and autologous serum. In each individual studied, cells grown in medium supplemented with fetal calf and human AB serum showed higher yields of SCE than those cultured with autologous serum. Increased concentration of fetal calf and human AB serum in the tissue culture medium resulted in elevated frequency of SCE. No such elevation in SCE frequency was observed with increased concentration of autologous serum. The results indicate the presence of extraneous SCE-inducing factors in fetal calf and human AB serum, the nature of which is not precisely known.", "contents": "Reduced frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes cultured with autologous serum. The incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was determined in human lymphocytes cultured with fetal calf, human AB, and autologous serum. In each individual studied, cells grown in medium supplemented with fetal calf and human AB serum showed higher yields of SCE than those cultured with autologous serum. Increased concentration of fetal calf and human AB serum in the tissue culture medium resulted in elevated frequency of SCE. No such elevation in SCE frequency was observed with increased concentration of autologous serum. The results indicate the presence of extraneous SCE-inducing factors in fetal calf and human AB serum, the nature of which is not precisely known.", "PMID": 511144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9060", "title": "Structural differences in reciprocal translocations. Potential for a model of risk in Rcp.", "content": "Interchange segment sizes and the sizes of chromosome imbalance arising from the different modes of meiotic segregation were measured in a selected sample of 20 reciprocal translocations (Rep). The Rep were selected by two modes of ascertainment: (I) neonates with an unbalanced form of the translocation, and (II) couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions without evidence of full-term translocation aneuploid offspring. The measurements (% of haploid autosomal length: %HAL) were plotted as the observed or potential chromosomal imbalance with monosomy (abscissa) and trisomy (ordinate). It was found that (a) the interchange segments were larger in the spontaneous abortion Rcp, (b) that all of the imbalances observed in full-term neonates plotted close to the origin and to the left of the line joining 4% trisomy to 2% monosomy, and (c) the imbalances observed in the neonates in each individual Rcp were of the smallest size possible arising by any segregation mode. It was concluded that a major factor in the survival to term of aneuploid conceptuses is the size (proportion of genome) of the chromosome abnormality, irrespective of the origin of the chromosome regions. These results are discussed in relation to their use as a model to evaluate the risk of abnormal offspring in the progeny of translocation heterozygotes (the Chromosome Imbalance Size-Viability Model).", "contents": "Structural differences in reciprocal translocations. Potential for a model of risk in Rcp. Interchange segment sizes and the sizes of chromosome imbalance arising from the different modes of meiotic segregation were measured in a selected sample of 20 reciprocal translocations (Rep). The Rep were selected by two modes of ascertainment: (I) neonates with an unbalanced form of the translocation, and (II) couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions without evidence of full-term translocation aneuploid offspring. The measurements (% of haploid autosomal length: %HAL) were plotted as the observed or potential chromosomal imbalance with monosomy (abscissa) and trisomy (ordinate). It was found that (a) the interchange segments were larger in the spontaneous abortion Rcp, (b) that all of the imbalances observed in full-term neonates plotted close to the origin and to the left of the line joining 4% trisomy to 2% monosomy, and (c) the imbalances observed in the neonates in each individual Rcp were of the smallest size possible arising by any segregation mode. It was concluded that a major factor in the survival to term of aneuploid conceptuses is the size (proportion of genome) of the chromosome abnormality, irrespective of the origin of the chromosome regions. These results are discussed in relation to their use as a model to evaluate the risk of abnormal offspring in the progeny of translocation heterozygotes (the Chromosome Imbalance Size-Viability Model).", "PMID": 511145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9061", "title": "Detection of carriers and prenatal diagnosis for fucosidosis in Calabria.", "content": "A significant proportion of patients affected with fucosidosis have Italian ancestors. We assayed for alpha-fucosidase activity purified mononuclear cells and/or leukocytes obtained from 64 members of two large pedigrees from Calabria, in which seven children had been diagnosed as affected with fucosidosis. Of these 64 individuals, 22 were diagnosed as carriers, while the values for the remainder were within normal limits, indicating a clear bimodal distribution among individuals at risk. These data confirm that carrier detection for fucosidosis requires the measurement of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in purified mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. In addition, this program has made prenatal identification of an affected fetus possible.", "contents": "Detection of carriers and prenatal diagnosis for fucosidosis in Calabria. A significant proportion of patients affected with fucosidosis have Italian ancestors. We assayed for alpha-fucosidase activity purified mononuclear cells and/or leukocytes obtained from 64 members of two large pedigrees from Calabria, in which seven children had been diagnosed as affected with fucosidosis. Of these 64 individuals, 22 were diagnosed as carriers, while the values for the remainder were within normal limits, indicating a clear bimodal distribution among individuals at risk. These data confirm that carrier detection for fucosidosis requires the measurement of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in purified mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. In addition, this program has made prenatal identification of an affected fetus possible.", "PMID": 511146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9062", "title": "Genetic load in an isolated tribal population of South India.", "content": "The Kota of Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, are an isolated tribal population and occupy the lowest stratum in the local social hierarchy. They have developed an economic symbiotic relationship with other tribes of the Nilgiri Hills (e.g., Toda, Kurumba, Badaga), but have almost no social relationship with other communities, such as the Hindu and Muslim, communities, etc. The total population of the Kota is about 1200. Consanguineous marriages are highly favoured in this group. This paper presents data on prenatal, infant and adolescent mortality in relation to the degree of inbreeding. No perceptible difference has been found in mortality figures between consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages. This may be due to the long history of inbreeding among the Kota. No case of visible congenital malformation has been noticed. The estimates of genetic load as revealed by inbreeding data indicate that genetic load in the Kota is low (perhaps about 1 lethal equivalent per gamete); it is also low in comparison with that in other Indian populations.", "contents": "Genetic load in an isolated tribal population of South India. The Kota of Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, are an isolated tribal population and occupy the lowest stratum in the local social hierarchy. They have developed an economic symbiotic relationship with other tribes of the Nilgiri Hills (e.g., Toda, Kurumba, Badaga), but have almost no social relationship with other communities, such as the Hindu and Muslim, communities, etc. The total population of the Kota is about 1200. Consanguineous marriages are highly favoured in this group. This paper presents data on prenatal, infant and adolescent mortality in relation to the degree of inbreeding. No perceptible difference has been found in mortality figures between consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages. This may be due to the long history of inbreeding among the Kota. No case of visible congenital malformation has been noticed. The estimates of genetic load as revealed by inbreeding data indicate that genetic load in the Kota is low (perhaps about 1 lethal equivalent per gamete); it is also low in comparison with that in other Indian populations.", "PMID": 511147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9063", "title": "Serum albumin variants from populations of Andhra Pradesh, S. India.", "content": "1108 tribal and 1062 non-tribal individuals from three districts of Andhra Pradesh were examined for serum albumin variants. A slow-moving variant, identical to Albumin Kashmir was found in a single Muslim individual. Another new slow-moving variant, faster than Albumin Kashmir found in a single individual of a Koya Dora tribe is designated as Albumin Koya Dora.", "contents": "Serum albumin variants from populations of Andhra Pradesh, S. India. 1108 tribal and 1062 non-tribal individuals from three districts of Andhra Pradesh were examined for serum albumin variants. A slow-moving variant, identical to Albumin Kashmir was found in a single Muslim individual. Another new slow-moving variant, faster than Albumin Kashmir found in a single individual of a Koya Dora tribe is designated as Albumin Koya Dora.", "PMID": 511150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9064", "title": "G6PD deficiency with Gd(-)A like variant in a Chinese family from Cambodia.", "content": "A low rate value of G6PD was found in red blood cells from a Cambodian boy. Enzyme mapping was performed according to the WHO standard methods. G6PD presented all the characteristics of the A(-) variant encountered in the Negroes and behaved distinct from fast migrating enzymes described in China. No negro was in the ancestry of the mother.", "contents": "G6PD deficiency with Gd(-)A like variant in a Chinese family from Cambodia. A low rate value of G6PD was found in red blood cells from a Cambodian boy. Enzyme mapping was performed according to the WHO standard methods. G6PD presented all the characteristics of the A(-) variant encountered in the Negroes and behaved distinct from fast migrating enzymes described in China. No negro was in the ancestry of the mother.", "PMID": 511149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9065", "title": "Primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the cornea (Peters' anomaly) in two brothers.", "content": "In this report two brothers with a severe form of Peters' anomaly, i.e., primary dysgenesis mesodermalis of the cornea, are described. The third-degree consanguinity of the parents is an additional argument for the autosomal recessive inheritance of this condition.", "contents": "Primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the cornea (Peters' anomaly) in two brothers. In this report two brothers with a severe form of Peters' anomaly, i.e., primary dysgenesis mesodermalis of the cornea, are described. The third-degree consanguinity of the parents is an additional argument for the autosomal recessive inheritance of this condition.", "PMID": 511153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9066", "title": "Genetics and biochemistry of the phenylketonuria-present state.", "content": "Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by a disturbance in the phenylalanine hydroxylating system. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is located mainly in the liver. This enzyme needs the reduced cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin to be active. In phenylketonuria, low or zero enzyme activity is measured. Enzyme activity higher than 5% compared with that in normal controls is correlated to hyperphenylalaninemia. Dihydropteridine reductase regenerates the active cofactor. A defect in this enzyme or in the biosynthesis of the cofactor results in phenylketonuria which does not respond to dietary treatment because the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters is impaired.", "contents": "Genetics and biochemistry of the phenylketonuria-present state. Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by a disturbance in the phenylalanine hydroxylating system. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is located mainly in the liver. This enzyme needs the reduced cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin to be active. In phenylketonuria, low or zero enzyme activity is measured. Enzyme activity higher than 5% compared with that in normal controls is correlated to hyperphenylalaninemia. Dihydropteridine reductase regenerates the active cofactor. A defect in this enzyme or in the biosynthesis of the cofactor results in phenylketonuria which does not respond to dietary treatment because the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters is impaired.", "PMID": 511154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9067", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of inactivated influenza virus on male germ cells of mice.", "content": "Earlier we reported that both actively replicating (A2 and B) and live but nonreplicating (C) strains of influenza virus induced significant percentages of chromosome aberrations in the spermatogonia of the infected mice, suggesting that virus replication was not essential for the induction of chromosome aberrations. In the present communication, data are presented to demonstrate that the inoculation of formaldehyde-inactivated A2 Hong Kong influenza virus also induced higher percentages of chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatogonia than were seen in controls.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of inactivated influenza virus on male germ cells of mice. Earlier we reported that both actively replicating (A2 and B) and live but nonreplicating (C) strains of influenza virus induced significant percentages of chromosome aberrations in the spermatogonia of the infected mice, suggesting that virus replication was not essential for the induction of chromosome aberrations. In the present communication, data are presented to demonstrate that the inoculation of formaldehyde-inactivated A2 Hong Kong influenza virus also induced higher percentages of chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatogonia than were seen in controls.", "PMID": 511155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9068", "title": "Partial translocation of NOR and its activity in a balanced carrier and in her cri-du-chat fetus.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(5;13) carrier and her unbalanced 5p- conceptus was carried out. This carrier mother had previously given birth to a child with cri-du-chat syndrome. Silver staining demonstrated the breakpoint on 13p within the nucleolus organizer region (NOR). In the carrier, the NORs both at the original site (13p) and at the translocated site (5p) were silver-stained, indicating that the rRNA genes at both sites were transcribed. The NOR at the derivative chromosome 5 was also silver-stained in the fetus.", "contents": "Partial translocation of NOR and its activity in a balanced carrier and in her cri-du-chat fetus. Cytogenetic analysis of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(5;13) carrier and her unbalanced 5p- conceptus was carried out. This carrier mother had previously given birth to a child with cri-du-chat syndrome. Silver staining demonstrated the breakpoint on 13p within the nucleolus organizer region (NOR). In the carrier, the NORs both at the original site (13p) and at the translocated site (5p) were silver-stained, indicating that the rRNA genes at both sites were transcribed. The NOR at the derivative chromosome 5 was also silver-stained in the fetus.", "PMID": 511156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9069", "title": "Polymorphism of alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.7.6.1): common and rare alleles.", "content": "Gene frequencies of common and rare GPT alleles derived from an investigation of 1139 unrelated, healthy individuals from southwestern Germany are given. GPT typing was performed by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in a Tris-histidine x HCl buffer system. In addition, a new electrophoretic variant, GPT9, is described. The frequencies of the GPT alleles observed were calculated as: GPT1, 0.4987; GPT2, 0.4686; GPT1M, 0.022; GPT0, 0.005; GPT3, 0.0022; GPT4, 0.0025; GPT8, 0.0005; GPT9, 0.0005.", "contents": "Polymorphism of alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.7.6.1): common and rare alleles. Gene frequencies of common and rare GPT alleles derived from an investigation of 1139 unrelated, healthy individuals from southwestern Germany are given. GPT typing was performed by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in a Tris-histidine x HCl buffer system. In addition, a new electrophoretic variant, GPT9, is described. The frequencies of the GPT alleles observed were calculated as: GPT1, 0.4987; GPT2, 0.4686; GPT1M, 0.022; GPT0, 0.005; GPT3, 0.0022; GPT4, 0.0025; GPT8, 0.0005; GPT9, 0.0005.", "PMID": 511157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9070", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of alpha-L-fucosidase in Brittany (France).", "content": "The authors studied the phenotypic distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in a random sample of the population of the area of Rennes (France). The frequencies of Fu1 (0.64) and Fu2 (0.36) genes are significantly different from the frequencies observed in New York whites and blacks.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of alpha-L-fucosidase in Brittany (France). The authors studied the phenotypic distribution of alpha-L-fucosidase in a random sample of the population of the area of Rennes (France). The frequencies of Fu1 (0.64) and Fu2 (0.36) genes are significantly different from the frequencies observed in New York whites and blacks.", "PMID": 511158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9071", "title": "Incidence and characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Japan.", "content": "A total of 3000 men living in Yamaguchi were screened for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency using Beutler's spot test and three types of starch gel electrophoresis. These electrophoresis used a phosphate buffer system at pH 7.0, a TRIS-EDTA-borate buffer system at pH 8.6, and a TRIS-hydrochloride buffer system at pH 8.8. Fifteen G6PD-deficient variants were found at the rate of 0.5% and classified into four groups. As new variants, G6PD Konan, Kamiube, and Kiwa were identified. These three variants had a mild to moderate G6PD deficiency and were not associated with any clinical signs. G6PD Konan had fast electrophoretic mobility as compared with normal levels, G6PD Kiwa had slightly elevated electrophoretic mobility, and G6PD Kamiube had normal electrophoretic mobility. These three variants had normal levels of Km G6P, Km NADP, and Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NAPD, normal heat stability, and a normal pH curve. The other variant was G6PD Ube, which we had previously found in Yamaguchi (Nakashima et al., 1977). One boy with G6PD Ube was Korean.", "contents": "Incidence and characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Japan. A total of 3000 men living in Yamaguchi were screened for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency using Beutler's spot test and three types of starch gel electrophoresis. These electrophoresis used a phosphate buffer system at pH 7.0, a TRIS-EDTA-borate buffer system at pH 8.6, and a TRIS-hydrochloride buffer system at pH 8.8. Fifteen G6PD-deficient variants were found at the rate of 0.5% and classified into four groups. As new variants, G6PD Konan, Kamiube, and Kiwa were identified. These three variants had a mild to moderate G6PD deficiency and were not associated with any clinical signs. G6PD Konan had fast electrophoretic mobility as compared with normal levels, G6PD Kiwa had slightly elevated electrophoretic mobility, and G6PD Kamiube had normal electrophoretic mobility. These three variants had normal levels of Km G6P, Km NADP, and Ki NADPH, normal utilizations of both 2-deoxy-G6P and deamino-NAPD, normal heat stability, and a normal pH curve. The other variant was G6PD Ube, which we had previously found in Yamaguchi (Nakashima et al., 1977). One boy with G6PD Ube was Korean.", "PMID": 511159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9072", "title": "Haplotype analysis of the linkage group HLA-A: HLA-B : Bf in Japanese.", "content": "Three hundred four HLA-A : HLA-B : Bf haplotypes of the Japanese population as deduced by family analysis are described. Several linkage disequilibriums were observed in the following two-factor haplotypes: HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-A and Bf, and HLA-B and Bf. Positive linkage disequilibriums between HLA-A and HLA-B noted in the present study seem to be Japanese specific when compared with the results obtained from other ethnic groups reported so far. The striking finding is that three HLA-B : Bf haplotypes, namely B12-BfF, B15-BfF, and B7-BfS, are common and show linkage disequilibrium in both Japanese and European Caucasians (German). This finding not only confirms the proximity of the HLA-B and Bf loci but also suggests that the interaction of the two genes plays an important role in the maintenance of stable linkage disequilibrium.", "contents": "Haplotype analysis of the linkage group HLA-A: HLA-B : Bf in Japanese. Three hundred four HLA-A : HLA-B : Bf haplotypes of the Japanese population as deduced by family analysis are described. Several linkage disequilibriums were observed in the following two-factor haplotypes: HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-A and Bf, and HLA-B and Bf. Positive linkage disequilibriums between HLA-A and HLA-B noted in the present study seem to be Japanese specific when compared with the results obtained from other ethnic groups reported so far. The striking finding is that three HLA-B : Bf haplotypes, namely B12-BfF, B15-BfF, and B7-BfS, are common and show linkage disequilibrium in both Japanese and European Caucasians (German). This finding not only confirms the proximity of the HLA-B and Bf loci but also suggests that the interaction of the two genes plays an important role in the maintenance of stable linkage disequilibrium.", "PMID": 511160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9073", "title": "Deficiency of arginine and lysine causes increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges.", "content": "An increase in the rate of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was found when V79 Chinese hamster cells were exposed to increasingly severe degrees of arginine and lysine deficiency. The data suggest a possible function of chromosomal proteins, and of histones in particular, in the maintenance of the low normal rate of SCE.", "contents": "Deficiency of arginine and lysine causes increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges. An increase in the rate of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was found when V79 Chinese hamster cells were exposed to increasingly severe degrees of arginine and lysine deficiency. The data suggest a possible function of chromosomal proteins, and of histones in particular, in the maintenance of the low normal rate of SCE.", "PMID": 511161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9074", "title": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme (E.C.1.1.1.40) in human leukocytes: formal genetics and population genetics.", "content": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme MEM (E.C. 1.1.1.40) is present in human leukocytes; the polymorphism of MEM thus can be easily demonstrated using routine starch gel electrophoresis. Data on formal genetics are given. The gene frequency of MEM1 was estimated to be 0.67 +/- 0.02.", "contents": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme (E.C.1.1.1.40) in human leukocytes: formal genetics and population genetics. Mitochondrial malic enzyme MEM (E.C. 1.1.1.40) is present in human leukocytes; the polymorphism of MEM thus can be easily demonstrated using routine starch gel electrophoresis. Data on formal genetics are given. The gene frequency of MEM1 was estimated to be 0.67 +/- 0.02.", "PMID": 511162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9075", "title": "Human mitochondrial glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase, GOTM: formal genetics.", "content": "The polymorphism of human GOTM was investigated in red blood cells by means of routine starch gel electrophoresis. The formal model of two common alleles, GOTM1 and GOTM2, at an autosomal locus GOTM was confirmed by examination of 640 mother-child pairs. The frequency of GOTM1 in this sample from southwestern Germany was calculated to be 0.981 +/- 0.003.", "contents": "Human mitochondrial glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase, GOTM: formal genetics. The polymorphism of human GOTM was investigated in red blood cells by means of routine starch gel electrophoresis. The formal model of two common alleles, GOTM1 and GOTM2, at an autosomal locus GOTM was confirmed by examination of 640 mother-child pairs. The frequency of GOTM1 in this sample from southwestern Germany was calculated to be 0.981 +/- 0.003.", "PMID": 511164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9076", "title": "A new case of partial trisomy 15q-.", "content": "Partial trisomy 15 was observed in a newborn with malformations of the head and extremities. A t(5;15) translocation was found in the mother and maternal grandfather.", "contents": "A new case of partial trisomy 15q-. Partial trisomy 15 was observed in a newborn with malformations of the head and extremities. A t(5;15) translocation was found in the mother and maternal grandfather.", "PMID": 511166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9077", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of a 13p+ karyotype.", "content": "Chromosome 13p+ was identified in an amniotic cell culture. The variant has been inherited for three generations without adverse effect.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of a 13p+ karyotype. Chromosome 13p+ was identified in an amniotic cell culture. The variant has been inherited for three generations without adverse effect.", "PMID": 511167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9078", "title": "A low frequency mosaicism for monosomy 21 in a live born female.", "content": "Monosomy 21, whether homogeneous or as a mosaicism, is very uncommon. We report here a 3-month-old white female with a low degree of monosomy 21 in the blood karyotype (6.5%, 110 cells counted) but not in the skin fibroblasts, which contained only the normal chromosome complement. The patient's physical features included microcephaly with frontal slanting; prominent occiput; ridge-shaped sutures; agenesis of the corpus callosum; large, prominent ears; high and narrow palate; micrognathia; tetralogy of Fallot; crowded toes; and dry, thick skin with very little subcutaneous tissue. The case is discussed in light of the suggested clinical features of the \"monosomy 21\" syndrome and the possible implications of such a low-grade mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "A low frequency mosaicism for monosomy 21 in a live born female. Monosomy 21, whether homogeneous or as a mosaicism, is very uncommon. We report here a 3-month-old white female with a low degree of monosomy 21 in the blood karyotype (6.5%, 110 cells counted) but not in the skin fibroblasts, which contained only the normal chromosome complement. The patient's physical features included microcephaly with frontal slanting; prominent occiput; ridge-shaped sutures; agenesis of the corpus callosum; large, prominent ears; high and narrow palate; micrognathia; tetralogy of Fallot; crowded toes; and dry, thick skin with very little subcutaneous tissue. The case is discussed in light of the suggested clinical features of the \"monosomy 21\" syndrome and the possible implications of such a low-grade mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 511168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9079", "title": "A pachytene chromomere map of chromosome 10.", "content": "A pachytene chromomere map of bivalent 10 is presented. Recent results from high-resolution metaphase banding document a similar pattern of intrachromosomal differentiation.", "contents": "A pachytene chromomere map of chromosome 10. A pachytene chromomere map of bivalent 10 is presented. Recent results from high-resolution metaphase banding document a similar pattern of intrachromosomal differentiation.", "PMID": 511170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9080", "title": "Heteromorphic X chromosomes in 46,XX males?", "content": "This paper reports an attempt to determine whether the short arm of one of the X chromosomes in XX males is longer than normal. In a blind study comparing coded photomicrographs of 15 G-banded mitoses from each of five XX males and five control females, the results were ambiguous and somewhat contradictory, but gave the impression of, or were compatible with, an XXp+ phenomenon in at least two of the five XX males. Measurements of the X chromosomes from the above cells and, in addition, from 15 mitoses from each of six XXY males, failed to disclose any XXp+ phenomenon. Statistical analysis indicated that in the five XX males there was no difference in the lengths of the two Xp arms. The reasons for the apparent discrepancy between the results of ocular inspection and measurement are discussed. The putative heteromorphism might be an alteration in shape, staining intensity, or position of bands, neither of which necessarily leads to an increase in length. We conclude that our results do not indicate any XXp+ phenomenon in the five XX males tested. However, the presence or absence of XXp+ is not in itself evidence for or against interchange betweenthe X and Y in the paternal meiosis. Our results emphasize that the etiology of XX males is likely to be heterogeneous.", "contents": "Heteromorphic X chromosomes in 46,XX males? This paper reports an attempt to determine whether the short arm of one of the X chromosomes in XX males is longer than normal. In a blind study comparing coded photomicrographs of 15 G-banded mitoses from each of five XX males and five control females, the results were ambiguous and somewhat contradictory, but gave the impression of, or were compatible with, an XXp+ phenomenon in at least two of the five XX males. Measurements of the X chromosomes from the above cells and, in addition, from 15 mitoses from each of six XXY males, failed to disclose any XXp+ phenomenon. Statistical analysis indicated that in the five XX males there was no difference in the lengths of the two Xp arms. The reasons for the apparent discrepancy between the results of ocular inspection and measurement are discussed. The putative heteromorphism might be an alteration in shape, staining intensity, or position of bands, neither of which necessarily leads to an increase in length. We conclude that our results do not indicate any XXp+ phenomenon in the five XX males tested. However, the presence or absence of XXp+ is not in itself evidence for or against interchange betweenthe X and Y in the paternal meiosis. Our results emphasize that the etiology of XX males is likely to be heterogeneous.", "PMID": 511171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9081", "title": "Interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 and associated congenital anomalies.", "content": "An interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 with breakpoints at 13q22 and 13q32 is presented. The clinical findings associated with this deletion are discussed in relation to the correlations of specific chromosomal bands with constellations of congenital defects as described by Niebuhr and Ottosen (1973), Niebuhr (1977). Lewandowski and Yunis (1975), and Noel et al. (1976).", "contents": "Interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 and associated congenital anomalies. An interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 with breakpoints at 13q22 and 13q32 is presented. The clinical findings associated with this deletion are discussed in relation to the correlations of specific chromosomal bands with constellations of congenital defects as described by Niebuhr and Ottosen (1973), Niebuhr (1977). Lewandowski and Yunis (1975), and Noel et al. (1976).", "PMID": 511172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9082", "title": "Trisomy 9p resulting from de novo 9/15 translocation and a 9p isochromosome.", "content": "Trisomy 9p with de novo 9/15 translocation and 9p isochromosome was observed in a mentally defective boy with typical clinical features for this syndrome. This chromosomal aberration is probably caused by the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 of the patient's father.", "contents": "Trisomy 9p resulting from de novo 9/15 translocation and a 9p isochromosome. Trisomy 9p with de novo 9/15 translocation and 9p isochromosome was observed in a mentally defective boy with typical clinical features for this syndrome. This chromosomal aberration is probably caused by the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 of the patient's father.", "PMID": 511173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9083", "title": "Expression of esterase D and other gene markers in trisomy 13.", "content": "A gene dosage effect was observed for esterase D in a patient with trisomy 13. Isoelectric focusing of hemoglobin from the same patient showed three unidentified bands. A gene dosage effect for several other enzymes was not observed in two other patients with trisomy 13.", "contents": "Expression of esterase D and other gene markers in trisomy 13. A gene dosage effect was observed for esterase D in a patient with trisomy 13. Isoelectric focusing of hemoglobin from the same patient showed three unidentified bands. A gene dosage effect for several other enzymes was not observed in two other patients with trisomy 13.", "PMID": 511174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9084", "title": "Distribution of HLA A, B and C antigens in an Australian population.", "content": "HLA A and B antigens have been determined in 2740 adult responders to a population health survey in Busselton, Western Australia. HLA A, B and C antigens have been determined in 481 schoolchildren. The antigen frequencies are generally close to those obtained elsewhere for subjects of British origin, but there are some differences from the frequencies found in North American Caucasians. The frequencies were not affected by the inclusion of genetically related individuals in the sample. Seventeen HLA A-B haplotypes, six A-C haplotypes and six B-C haplotypes had frequencies above 1%. A total of 1071 distinct phenotypes were identified out of the 5069 which are theoretically possible for the HLA A-B model used in the study. The most frequent phenotype was A2, B12 which occurred in 2.5% of the sample.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA A, B and C antigens in an Australian population. HLA A and B antigens have been determined in 2740 adult responders to a population health survey in Busselton, Western Australia. HLA A, B and C antigens have been determined in 481 schoolchildren. The antigen frequencies are generally close to those obtained elsewhere for subjects of British origin, but there are some differences from the frequencies found in North American Caucasians. The frequencies were not affected by the inclusion of genetically related individuals in the sample. Seventeen HLA A-B haplotypes, six A-C haplotypes and six B-C haplotypes had frequencies above 1%. A total of 1071 distinct phenotypes were identified out of the 5069 which are theoretically possible for the HLA A-B model used in the study. The most frequent phenotype was A2, B12 which occurred in 2.5% of the sample.", "PMID": 511175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9085", "title": "De novo 13q paracentric inversion in a boy with cleft palate and mental retardation.", "content": "A paracentric inversion in chromosome 13, inv(13)(q12q22), is described in a boy with mild mental retardation and multiple minor anomalies. Bromodeoxyuridine-late replication studies showed no changes in the replication pattern of bands in the abnormal chromosome 13. The relation between the proband's phenotype and his inv(13) is unclear.", "contents": "De novo 13q paracentric inversion in a boy with cleft palate and mental retardation. A paracentric inversion in chromosome 13, inv(13)(q12q22), is described in a boy with mild mental retardation and multiple minor anomalies. Bromodeoxyuridine-late replication studies showed no changes in the replication pattern of bands in the abnormal chromosome 13. The relation between the proband's phenotype and his inv(13) is unclear.", "PMID": 511176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9086", "title": "Tandem duplication (5q13 to 22) in a mentally deficient girl.", "content": "A tandem duplication of 5q13 to 5q22, visualized using GTG- and RBA-banding, was found in a mentally defective girl with craniofacial dysmorphy.", "contents": "Tandem duplication (5q13 to 22) in a mentally deficient girl. A tandem duplication of 5q13 to 5q22, visualized using GTG- and RBA-banding, was found in a mentally defective girl with craniofacial dysmorphy.", "PMID": 511177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9087", "title": "Heterozygous expression in 3-M slender-boned nanism.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl affected by autosomal recessive 3-M slender boned nanism (3-MSBN) was studied. The clinically normal parents, two other obligate and two probable heterozygotes for the 3-MSBN gene from an unrelated family were radiologically investigated. All except one probably heterozygote showed mild features of the 3-MSBN, mainly bone slenderness and prominent talus. These findings are interpreted as demonstrative of the heterozygotic expression of the 3-MSBN gene.", "contents": "Heterozygous expression in 3-M slender-boned nanism. A 15-year-old girl affected by autosomal recessive 3-M slender boned nanism (3-MSBN) was studied. The clinically normal parents, two other obligate and two probable heterozygotes for the 3-MSBN gene from an unrelated family were radiologically investigated. All except one probably heterozygote showed mild features of the 3-MSBN, mainly bone slenderness and prominent talus. These findings are interpreted as demonstrative of the heterozygotic expression of the 3-MSBN gene.", "PMID": 511178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9088", "title": "Urinary pepsinogen isozymes: a highly polymorphic locus in man.", "content": "A genetic analysis of human urinary pepsinogen isozymes is presented. Nine discrete phenotypes were identified in a population survey of 215 unrelated Caucasian individuals. The phenotypes were characterized by differences among the staining intensities of the activated group I pepsinogens, Pg 5, Pg 4, Pg 3, and Pg 2. The genetic studies demonstrated that the codominant expression of four alleles, PgA, PgB, PgC and PgD, at a single genetic locus determined the nine phenotypes identified. Linkage analysis excluded close linkage of the Pg locus with the chromosome 6 markers HLA, GLO1, and Bf.", "contents": "Urinary pepsinogen isozymes: a highly polymorphic locus in man. A genetic analysis of human urinary pepsinogen isozymes is presented. Nine discrete phenotypes were identified in a population survey of 215 unrelated Caucasian individuals. The phenotypes were characterized by differences among the staining intensities of the activated group I pepsinogens, Pg 5, Pg 4, Pg 3, and Pg 2. The genetic studies demonstrated that the codominant expression of four alleles, PgA, PgB, PgC and PgD, at a single genetic locus determined the nine phenotypes identified. Linkage analysis excluded close linkage of the Pg locus with the chromosome 6 markers HLA, GLO1, and Bf.", "PMID": 511179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9089", "title": "Hemoglobin G San Jos\u00e9 [beta 2 7 (A4) Glu to Gly alpha 2], beta thalassemia, and alpha thalassemia in a Sicilian family.", "content": "A 3-year-old child of Sicilian origin was found to have a severe form of Cooley's anemia. Investigations were extended to other members of her family. In three, a rare beta-chain structural Hb variant, Hb G San Jos\u00e9 [beta 7 (A4) Glu to Gly], was observed: in the father of the porposita heterozygosity for the abnormal Hb was found to be coexistent with beta o thalassemia; two sisters had lowered MCV and MCH values and levels of the abnormal Hb significantly lower than in other heterozygotes for Hb G San Jos\u00e9. The alpha-chain/total beta-chain synthesis ratios suggest an alpha-thalassemic-like effect. Their mother had lowered MCV and MCH values, an Hb A2 level in the upper limit of the normal range, and a balanced alpha-chain/beta-chain synthesis ratio. Therefore, the possibility of coexistence of an alpha thalassemia trait with a beta thalassemia trait in the mother of the proposita and with Hb G San Jos\u00e9 heterozygosity in the two sisters who had lowered levels of abnormal Hb is discussed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin G San Jos\u00e9 [beta 2 7 (A4) Glu to Gly alpha 2], beta thalassemia, and alpha thalassemia in a Sicilian family. A 3-year-old child of Sicilian origin was found to have a severe form of Cooley's anemia. Investigations were extended to other members of her family. In three, a rare beta-chain structural Hb variant, Hb G San Jos\u00e9 [beta 7 (A4) Glu to Gly], was observed: in the father of the porposita heterozygosity for the abnormal Hb was found to be coexistent with beta o thalassemia; two sisters had lowered MCV and MCH values and levels of the abnormal Hb significantly lower than in other heterozygotes for Hb G San Jos\u00e9. The alpha-chain/total beta-chain synthesis ratios suggest an alpha-thalassemic-like effect. Their mother had lowered MCV and MCH values, an Hb A2 level in the upper limit of the normal range, and a balanced alpha-chain/beta-chain synthesis ratio. Therefore, the possibility of coexistence of an alpha thalassemia trait with a beta thalassemia trait in the mother of the proposita and with Hb G San Jos\u00e9 heterozygosity in the two sisters who had lowered levels of abnormal Hb is discussed.", "PMID": 511180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9090", "title": "Complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Complex segregation analysis was applied to a sample of 12,293 nuclear families each with at least 1 diabetic patient. The families were divided into two groups depending on the proband's treatment: insulin-dependent (IDG) and insulin-independent (IIG). Heterogeneity analysis has revealed a highly significant difference in the IIG group when families were divided into different mating types. The higher recurrence risk was found in the group with affected mothers. Also evidence for a major recessive gene was found in the IGG group, while it was not possible to distinguish between the hypothesis for absence of a major locus and absence of polygenic inheritance in the IDG group. Risks to develop the disease were calculated for a few typical situations.", "contents": "Complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus. Complex segregation analysis was applied to a sample of 12,293 nuclear families each with at least 1 diabetic patient. The families were divided into two groups depending on the proband's treatment: insulin-dependent (IDG) and insulin-independent (IIG). Heterogeneity analysis has revealed a highly significant difference in the IIG group when families were divided into different mating types. The higher recurrence risk was found in the group with affected mothers. Also evidence for a major recessive gene was found in the IGG group, while it was not possible to distinguish between the hypothesis for absence of a major locus and absence of polygenic inheritance in the IDG group. Risks to develop the disease were calculated for a few typical situations.", "PMID": 511188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9091", "title": "Joint distribution of z transformations estimated from the same sample.", "content": "When correlations are estimated by maximum likelihood method from the same sample, Fisher's z transformations of the correlations (as well as the sample correlations themselves) are shown to be asymptotically distributed as multivariate normal with appropriate mean and dispersion matrix.", "contents": "Joint distribution of z transformations estimated from the same sample. When correlations are estimated by maximum likelihood method from the same sample, Fisher's z transformations of the correlations (as well as the sample correlations themselves) are shown to be asymptotically distributed as multivariate normal with appropriate mean and dispersion matrix.", "PMID": 511189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9092", "title": "Hereditary essential myoclonus.", "content": "A new family with the rate condition of hereditary essential myoclonus (HEM) and the literature on HEM are presented. Some of these cases may previously have been reported under the title of Friedreich's paramylclonus multiplex. The present family, which is number 13 in the literature and in which 9 members in three generations had this benign disorder, is described. The diagnostic criteria have been tabulated.", "contents": "Hereditary essential myoclonus. A new family with the rate condition of hereditary essential myoclonus (HEM) and the literature on HEM are presented. Some of these cases may previously have been reported under the title of Friedreich's paramylclonus multiplex. The present family, which is number 13 in the literature and in which 9 members in three generations had this benign disorder, is described. The diagnostic criteria have been tabulated.", "PMID": 511190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9093", "title": "HLA-GLO linkage analysis in 57 informative families.", "content": "The HLA-GLO linkage relationship was investigated among 37 single backcross families with 97 children and 20 double intercross families with 51 children. For the total number of families the value Zmas = 14.600 for theta = 0.060 was found. A total of 11 cross-overs between HLA and GLO were found leading to a recombination fraction of 0.067. 221 unrelated haplotypes were examined for linkage disequilibrium between HLA and GLO, and no disequilibrium was found.", "contents": "HLA-GLO linkage analysis in 57 informative families. The HLA-GLO linkage relationship was investigated among 37 single backcross families with 97 children and 20 double intercross families with 51 children. For the total number of families the value Zmas = 14.600 for theta = 0.060 was found. A total of 11 cross-overs between HLA and GLO were found leading to a recombination fraction of 0.067. 221 unrelated haplotypes were examined for linkage disequilibrium between HLA and GLO, and no disequilibrium was found.", "PMID": 511191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9094", "title": "Hydroxyproline metabolism in two sisters with hydroxyprolinemia.", "content": "Hydroxyproline metabolism was evaluated in two sisters with hydroxyprolinemia and their mother. 33 and 21% of an oral hydroxyproline load (200 mg/kg) was excreted by the sisters, 5.4% by the mother, and 1.3% by normal subjects. Plasma and erythrocyte values in the sisters and their mother were elevated, indicating that extra- and intracellular hydroxyproline pools were increased. Analysis for urinary glycolate and oxalate (metabolic products of hydroxyproline) showed no increased excretion by the two sisters, although the mother's excretion was normal. A deficiency of hydroxyproline oxidase in the two sisters was indicated by the lack of delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid excretion.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline metabolism in two sisters with hydroxyprolinemia. Hydroxyproline metabolism was evaluated in two sisters with hydroxyprolinemia and their mother. 33 and 21% of an oral hydroxyproline load (200 mg/kg) was excreted by the sisters, 5.4% by the mother, and 1.3% by normal subjects. Plasma and erythrocyte values in the sisters and their mother were elevated, indicating that extra- and intracellular hydroxyproline pools were increased. Analysis for urinary glycolate and oxalate (metabolic products of hydroxyproline) showed no increased excretion by the two sisters, although the mother's excretion was normal. A deficiency of hydroxyproline oxidase in the two sisters was indicated by the lack of delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid excretion.", "PMID": 511192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9095", "title": "A familial extra small marker autosome in persons with normal phenotype.", "content": "The propositus was referred because of sterility and oligospermia. His karyotype was 45, XY, t(13q14q). His father was dead; his mother and the only brother, who was fertile, both had 47 chromosomes, but a normal phenotype and normal intelligence. The additional chromosome was three quarters the size of a G chromosome and had satellites on the short and long arms.", "contents": "A familial extra small marker autosome in persons with normal phenotype. The propositus was referred because of sterility and oligospermia. His karyotype was 45, XY, t(13q14q). His father was dead; his mother and the only brother, who was fertile, both had 47 chromosomes, but a normal phenotype and normal intelligence. The additional chromosome was three quarters the size of a G chromosome and had satellites on the short and long arms.", "PMID": 511193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9096", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin effects on cultured human neural crest tumors.", "content": "Two human melanoma lines, RPMI-7931 and HS-294, respond to mitogenic stimulation by PHA. A dose-response curve for these lines can be demonstrated with maximal stimulation at 16 and 32 micrograms per ml and inhibition at 75 to 250 micrograms per ml PHA. The mitogenic effects of PHA were inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Neuroblastoma cells also exhibits a similar but less important dose-response to PHA. These data indicate that human melanomas and neuroblastomas may have PHA receptors or mechanisms for mitogenic stimulation which are analogous to those observed with normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin effects on cultured human neural crest tumors. Two human melanoma lines, RPMI-7931 and HS-294, respond to mitogenic stimulation by PHA. A dose-response curve for these lines can be demonstrated with maximal stimulation at 16 and 32 micrograms per ml and inhibition at 75 to 250 micrograms per ml PHA. The mitogenic effects of PHA were inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Neuroblastoma cells also exhibits a similar but less important dose-response to PHA. These data indicate that human melanomas and neuroblastomas may have PHA receptors or mechanisms for mitogenic stimulation which are analogous to those observed with normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 511204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9097", "title": "Culture of adult rat lung cells: benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and mutagenesis.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining and culturing large numbers of lung cells from normal adult male rats. The lungs were perfused in situ to remove blood cells and then perfused via the trachea with a trypsin-collagenase solution to initiate tissue digestion. The tissue was further digested in the enzyme solution and approximately 2 X 10(8) viable lung cells were obtained per animal. Primary cultures contained a mixed cell population. Through eight subcultures about 70% of the cell population possessed an epithelial-like morphology, whereas the remaining 30% was fibroblast-like. Three clones of epithelial-like cells were isolated at the fourth subculture. The mass culture lung cells and the epithelial-like clone that was studied retained a normal karyotype and did not grow in soft agar. Both the mass culture cells and the epithelial clone metabolized the lung carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to water-soluble products. Furthermore, the mass culture lung cells metabolized BP to intermediate(s) which mutated Chinese hamster V79 cells from ouabain sensitivity to ouabain resistance. These lung cell cultures have potential use in cell transformation, mutation and carcinogen metabolism studies.", "contents": "Culture of adult rat lung cells: benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and mutagenesis. A method is described for obtaining and culturing large numbers of lung cells from normal adult male rats. The lungs were perfused in situ to remove blood cells and then perfused via the trachea with a trypsin-collagenase solution to initiate tissue digestion. The tissue was further digested in the enzyme solution and approximately 2 X 10(8) viable lung cells were obtained per animal. Primary cultures contained a mixed cell population. Through eight subcultures about 70% of the cell population possessed an epithelial-like morphology, whereas the remaining 30% was fibroblast-like. Three clones of epithelial-like cells were isolated at the fourth subculture. The mass culture lung cells and the epithelial-like clone that was studied retained a normal karyotype and did not grow in soft agar. Both the mass culture cells and the epithelial clone metabolized the lung carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to water-soluble products. Furthermore, the mass culture lung cells metabolized BP to intermediate(s) which mutated Chinese hamster V79 cells from ouabain sensitivity to ouabain resistance. These lung cell cultures have potential use in cell transformation, mutation and carcinogen metabolism studies.", "PMID": 511205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9098", "title": "Proliferation and morphology of chick embryo cells cultured in the presence of horse serum and hemoglobin.", "content": "We have shown previously that hemoglobin greatly stimulates chick embryo cell proliferation in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with horse serum. In the present study we compared the effects of horse serum plus 10 micrometers hemoglobin to those of fetal bovine serum on subcultures of chick embryo cells serially propagated at high cell densities. The cells became elongated in the presence of fetal bovine serum and their rate of proliferation progressively decreased, whereas they became polygonal in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin and proliferated well in successive cell passages. The polygonal cells obtained in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin rapidly elongated if cultured at low cell densities in the presence of fetal bovine serum, but, in contrast, elongated cells did not yield polygonal cells if cultured at low densities in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin. It is possible that the polygonal and elongated cells are undifferentiated cells and differentiating myogenic cells, respectively.", "contents": "Proliferation and morphology of chick embryo cells cultured in the presence of horse serum and hemoglobin. We have shown previously that hemoglobin greatly stimulates chick embryo cell proliferation in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with horse serum. In the present study we compared the effects of horse serum plus 10 micrometers hemoglobin to those of fetal bovine serum on subcultures of chick embryo cells serially propagated at high cell densities. The cells became elongated in the presence of fetal bovine serum and their rate of proliferation progressively decreased, whereas they became polygonal in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin and proliferated well in successive cell passages. The polygonal cells obtained in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin rapidly elongated if cultured at low cell densities in the presence of fetal bovine serum, but, in contrast, elongated cells did not yield polygonal cells if cultured at low densities in the presence of horse serum plus hemoglobin. It is possible that the polygonal and elongated cells are undifferentiated cells and differentiating myogenic cells, respectively.", "PMID": 511207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9099", "title": "Isolation and characterization of fibroblasts obtained by pulmonary lavage of human subjects.", "content": "Cells that possess the morphology and collagen synthetic capacity of fibroblasts were recovered by bronchofiberscopic subsegmental pulmonary lavage from patients with pulmonary fibrosis, from patients with miscellaneous nonfibrotic lung diseases and from healthy volunteers. Lavage cells were placed in tissue culture, observed for 2 to 6 weeks, and compared with human lavage pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM), WI-38 and IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts, and adult lung tissue fibroblasts (CLAC-76). Lavage fibroblsts (LF) were identified as proliferating clones in monolayers of nonproliferating PAM and could be subcultured repeatedly. Fibroglasts were propagated from 28 of the 92 lavage specimens cultured. Time-lapse cinematography showed similar distributions of interdivision times for LF, CLAC-76 and WI-38, but the LF and CLAC-76 lines had slower mean migration rates than the fetal line. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy of LF showed attenuated spindle-shaped cells with interdigitating filopodia, flat surfaces with few microvilli, and containing numerous cytoplasmic polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Extracellular fibrils with the appearance of collagen were seen. Collagen synthesis by LF was measured as 3.9% to 4.9% of the cell-associated protein sensitive to bacterial collagenase. This protein was rich in hydroxyproline, and had an electrophoretic migration pattern identical to known collagen. LF did not contain lysozyme although this enzyme was abundant in fresh and 1-week cultured PAM. Thus LF were similar to human fetal and adult lung tissue fibroblasts in their morphology, tissue culture characteristics, constitutive enzymes and collagen synthetic properties but were distinctly different from PAM.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of fibroblasts obtained by pulmonary lavage of human subjects. Cells that possess the morphology and collagen synthetic capacity of fibroblasts were recovered by bronchofiberscopic subsegmental pulmonary lavage from patients with pulmonary fibrosis, from patients with miscellaneous nonfibrotic lung diseases and from healthy volunteers. Lavage cells were placed in tissue culture, observed for 2 to 6 weeks, and compared with human lavage pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM), WI-38 and IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts, and adult lung tissue fibroblasts (CLAC-76). Lavage fibroblsts (LF) were identified as proliferating clones in monolayers of nonproliferating PAM and could be subcultured repeatedly. Fibroglasts were propagated from 28 of the 92 lavage specimens cultured. Time-lapse cinematography showed similar distributions of interdivision times for LF, CLAC-76 and WI-38, but the LF and CLAC-76 lines had slower mean migration rates than the fetal line. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy of LF showed attenuated spindle-shaped cells with interdigitating filopodia, flat surfaces with few microvilli, and containing numerous cytoplasmic polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Extracellular fibrils with the appearance of collagen were seen. Collagen synthesis by LF was measured as 3.9% to 4.9% of the cell-associated protein sensitive to bacterial collagenase. This protein was rich in hydroxyproline, and had an electrophoretic migration pattern identical to known collagen. LF did not contain lysozyme although this enzyme was abundant in fresh and 1-week cultured PAM. Thus LF were similar to human fetal and adult lung tissue fibroblasts in their morphology, tissue culture characteristics, constitutive enzymes and collagen synthetic properties but were distinctly different from PAM.", "PMID": 511208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9100", "title": "Growth characteristics of skin fibroblasts and 3T3 cells entrapped by polymerizing fibrin.", "content": "Skin fibroblasts as well as 3T3 cells were cultured after entrapping freshly prepared cells in medium containing polymerizing fibrin. In contrast to cells grown on plastic substratum, fibrin-clot-cultured cells became highly elongated forming strands of cells. The strands interconnected by lateral cellular protrusions so that horizontal networks of cells were present throughout the clots. Cell growth as well as stretching were dependent upon the concentrations of fibrin. Highest growth rates were obtained with low fibrin concentrations (0.3 mg fibrinogen per ml). As shown by deprivation experiments nutritional limitations appear to be responsible for differences in growth rates observed in fibrin clots of higher density. In this system the fibrin meshwork serves as substratum for adhesion, elongation and multiplication of fibroblasts. The method makes it possible to study single cells in culture and the effects of persistent microenvironmental influences.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of skin fibroblasts and 3T3 cells entrapped by polymerizing fibrin. Skin fibroblasts as well as 3T3 cells were cultured after entrapping freshly prepared cells in medium containing polymerizing fibrin. In contrast to cells grown on plastic substratum, fibrin-clot-cultured cells became highly elongated forming strands of cells. The strands interconnected by lateral cellular protrusions so that horizontal networks of cells were present throughout the clots. Cell growth as well as stretching were dependent upon the concentrations of fibrin. Highest growth rates were obtained with low fibrin concentrations (0.3 mg fibrinogen per ml). As shown by deprivation experiments nutritional limitations appear to be responsible for differences in growth rates observed in fibrin clots of higher density. In this system the fibrin meshwork serves as substratum for adhesion, elongation and multiplication of fibroblasts. The method makes it possible to study single cells in culture and the effects of persistent microenvironmental influences.", "PMID": 511209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9101", "title": "Localization of vtiamin A by autofluorescence during induced metaplastic changes in cultures of skin.", "content": "A technique was devised for following the uptake and location of vitamin A in organ cultures. Explants of 12- and 13-day embryonic mouse upper lip skin were grown for 3, 6 or 9 days in biological medium to which was added 0, 4.1 or 6.9 micrograms per ml of retinyl acetate. This form of vitamin A caused glandular morphogenesis of vibrissa follicles, and keratinization in epidermis and follicles was completely suppressed in 12-day explants and partially suppressed in 13-day explants. Frozen sections at 16 microns showed the white, nonfading fluorescence of keratin and the green, rapidly-fading fluorescence due to vitamin A which was captured by high-speed photography. Although more concentrated within lipid droplets in the dermis, the vitamin penetrated both the epidermis and the hair follicles. The ability to obtain permanent photographic records of the fading fluorescence makes this a useful method for analyzing vitamin A distribution as well as keratin distribution.", "contents": "Localization of vtiamin A by autofluorescence during induced metaplastic changes in cultures of skin. A technique was devised for following the uptake and location of vitamin A in organ cultures. Explants of 12- and 13-day embryonic mouse upper lip skin were grown for 3, 6 or 9 days in biological medium to which was added 0, 4.1 or 6.9 micrograms per ml of retinyl acetate. This form of vitamin A caused glandular morphogenesis of vibrissa follicles, and keratinization in epidermis and follicles was completely suppressed in 12-day explants and partially suppressed in 13-day explants. Frozen sections at 16 microns showed the white, nonfading fluorescence of keratin and the green, rapidly-fading fluorescence due to vitamin A which was captured by high-speed photography. Although more concentrated within lipid droplets in the dermis, the vitamin penetrated both the epidermis and the hair follicles. The ability to obtain permanent photographic records of the fading fluorescence makes this a useful method for analyzing vitamin A distribution as well as keratin distribution.", "PMID": 511210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9102", "title": "Effect of horse serum on neural cell differentiation in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of horse serum on dissociated mouse glial precursor cells in colony cultures were evaluated. High concentrations (20% or more) favored cell attachment but inhibited cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas lower concentrations (5% to 10%) favored cell proliferation and differentiation. In fetal bovine serum the cells did not attach to culture surfaces to the same degree nor did they achieve the same level of differentiation as in corresponding concentrations of horse serum.", "contents": "Effect of horse serum on neural cell differentiation in tissue culture. The effects of various concentrations of horse serum on dissociated mouse glial precursor cells in colony cultures were evaluated. High concentrations (20% or more) favored cell attachment but inhibited cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas lower concentrations (5% to 10%) favored cell proliferation and differentiation. In fetal bovine serum the cells did not attach to culture surfaces to the same degree nor did they achieve the same level of differentiation as in corresponding concentrations of horse serum.", "PMID": 511211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9103", "title": "Inhibition of complement-dependent rosette formation after lymphocyte incubation with fatty acids.", "content": "Overnight incubation of lymphocytes with certain fatty acids bound to albumin has previously been shown to modify the fatty acid composition of cellular phosphoglycerides without impairing viability, and also to inhibit mitogen and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. In the present study, incubation of human lymphocytes with palmitic acid or with linoleic acid impaired their capacity to form complement-dependent rosettes but had no effect on either spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes or Fc(gamma)-dependent rosette formation. With mouse lymphocytes, complement-dependent rosette formation was suppressed only following incubation with linoleic acid and there was no effect on Fc(gamma)-dependent rosette formation. Although the mechanism of these effects remains to be elucidated the results suggest that control of membrane lipid composition may modify the important in vivo immunological functions which involve complement receptors.", "contents": "Inhibition of complement-dependent rosette formation after lymphocyte incubation with fatty acids. Overnight incubation of lymphocytes with certain fatty acids bound to albumin has previously been shown to modify the fatty acid composition of cellular phosphoglycerides without impairing viability, and also to inhibit mitogen and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. In the present study, incubation of human lymphocytes with palmitic acid or with linoleic acid impaired their capacity to form complement-dependent rosettes but had no effect on either spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes or Fc(gamma)-dependent rosette formation. With mouse lymphocytes, complement-dependent rosette formation was suppressed only following incubation with linoleic acid and there was no effect on Fc(gamma)-dependent rosette formation. Although the mechanism of these effects remains to be elucidated the results suggest that control of membrane lipid composition may modify the important in vivo immunological functions which involve complement receptors.", "PMID": 511212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9104", "title": "Radioassays of blood group M, N and T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antigens.", "content": "Radioassays employing the double-antibody or Farr techniques were developed for the M, N and T antigens. Blood group glycoproteins were isolated by butanol extraction of red cell stroma and iodinated by the chloramine-T technique. The final purity of glycoprotein was over 75% as judged by radioimmunoassay (RIA). T activation of glycoprotein was obtained with neuraminidase. A specific RIA was obtained for the M antigen and was sensitive to approximately 10 ng of glycoprotein or glycopeptide. In the RIA system rabbit anti-M displayed a higher affinity for M glycoprotein than for M glycopeptide. A RIA that was entirely specific for the N antigen, could not be obtained. A radioassay, obtained for the T antigen with peanut agglutinin in the Farr technique, was sensitive to approximately 100 ng of T antigen and was readily inhibitable by monosaccharides. A RIA, obtained for the T antigen with rabbit anti-T, was entirely specific and sensitive to approximately 1 ng of T activated glycoprotein or glycopeptide but was not inhibitable by monosaccharides.", "contents": "Radioassays of blood group M, N and T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antigens. Radioassays employing the double-antibody or Farr techniques were developed for the M, N and T antigens. Blood group glycoproteins were isolated by butanol extraction of red cell stroma and iodinated by the chloramine-T technique. The final purity of glycoprotein was over 75% as judged by radioimmunoassay (RIA). T activation of glycoprotein was obtained with neuraminidase. A specific RIA was obtained for the M antigen and was sensitive to approximately 10 ng of glycoprotein or glycopeptide. In the RIA system rabbit anti-M displayed a higher affinity for M glycoprotein than for M glycopeptide. A RIA that was entirely specific for the N antigen, could not be obtained. A radioassay, obtained for the T antigen with peanut agglutinin in the Farr technique, was sensitive to approximately 100 ng of T antigen and was readily inhibitable by monosaccharides. A RIA, obtained for the T antigen with rabbit anti-T, was entirely specific and sensitive to approximately 1 ng of T activated glycoprotein or glycopeptide but was not inhibitable by monosaccharides.", "PMID": 511213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9105", "title": "Post-translational modification of rat immunoglobulins synthesized in the Xenopus oocyte translation system.", "content": "The post-translational modification of rat immunoglobulin synthesised in Xenopus laevis oocytes was studied. The major products of translation of rat spleen poly-(A) containing mRNA were found to be assembled 7S immunoglobulin molecules indicating extensive modification of primary translation products. The possibility that these immunoglobulin molecules might include antibodies of defined specificity was investigated using spleen mRNA from rats hyperimmunized with ferritin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. The presence of antibodies to immunizing antigen in oocyte translation products was determined by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-antigen columns and the synthesis of Sepharose-antigen binding antibodies was observed, equivalent to 2.5-3% of total immunoglobulins. The oocyte produced antibodies were of the same immunoglobulin class as the circulating antibodies from the immunized rats.", "contents": "Post-translational modification of rat immunoglobulins synthesized in the Xenopus oocyte translation system. The post-translational modification of rat immunoglobulin synthesised in Xenopus laevis oocytes was studied. The major products of translation of rat spleen poly-(A) containing mRNA were found to be assembled 7S immunoglobulin molecules indicating extensive modification of primary translation products. The possibility that these immunoglobulin molecules might include antibodies of defined specificity was investigated using spleen mRNA from rats hyperimmunized with ferritin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. The presence of antibodies to immunizing antigen in oocyte translation products was determined by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-antigen columns and the synthesis of Sepharose-antigen binding antibodies was observed, equivalent to 2.5-3% of total immunoglobulins. The oocyte produced antibodies were of the same immunoglobulin class as the circulating antibodies from the immunized rats.", "PMID": 511214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9106", "title": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by the depletion of circulating monocytes.", "content": "The intraperitoneal injection of Marcol oil was previously reported to result in the depletion of circulating monocytes. The way in which this depletion affected guinea-pigs' ability to respond to challenge with antigen was tested by challenging with tuberculin after sensitization and examining the ability to respond to DNCB. It was found that the ability to respond to tuberculin was completely abrogated by the injection of Marcol and could be restored by removing the oil from the peritoneal cavity. The ability to respond to a secondary challenge with DNCB was not affected, while the ability to become sensitized was impaired. A normal inflammatory response was seen. The role of the circulating monocyte is discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by the depletion of circulating monocytes. The intraperitoneal injection of Marcol oil was previously reported to result in the depletion of circulating monocytes. The way in which this depletion affected guinea-pigs' ability to respond to challenge with antigen was tested by challenging with tuberculin after sensitization and examining the ability to respond to DNCB. It was found that the ability to respond to tuberculin was completely abrogated by the injection of Marcol and could be restored by removing the oil from the peritoneal cavity. The ability to respond to a secondary challenge with DNCB was not affected, while the ability to become sensitized was impaired. A normal inflammatory response was seen. The role of the circulating monocyte is discussed.", "PMID": 511215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9107", "title": "Effect of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus on the binding of monomeric and polymeric IgG to Fc receptor-bearing cells.", "content": "The effect of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) on the binding of rabbit IgG to the Fc receptors of mouse lymphocytes and macrophages was found to correlate with the aggregation of the IgG ligands. After binding anti-erythrocyte IgG complexed with SpA, the cells were able to attach to and kill erythrocyte indicator cells with a higher efficiency than lymphoid cells treated with anti-erythrocyte IgG alone. The amount of anti-peroxidase IgG which can be bound to effector cells was not changed by reaction with SpA. In contrast, the binding to cells of IgG-coated erythrocytes and of anti-peroxidase IgG complexed with peroxidase was substantially reduced by reaction with SpA. The results are compatible with the presence of two distinct Fc receptors, one for cytophilic monomeric IgG and another for polymeric (antigen-complexed) IgG.", "contents": "Effect of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus on the binding of monomeric and polymeric IgG to Fc receptor-bearing cells. The effect of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) on the binding of rabbit IgG to the Fc receptors of mouse lymphocytes and macrophages was found to correlate with the aggregation of the IgG ligands. After binding anti-erythrocyte IgG complexed with SpA, the cells were able to attach to and kill erythrocyte indicator cells with a higher efficiency than lymphoid cells treated with anti-erythrocyte IgG alone. The amount of anti-peroxidase IgG which can be bound to effector cells was not changed by reaction with SpA. In contrast, the binding to cells of IgG-coated erythrocytes and of anti-peroxidase IgG complexed with peroxidase was substantially reduced by reaction with SpA. The results are compatible with the presence of two distinct Fc receptors, one for cytophilic monomeric IgG and another for polymeric (antigen-complexed) IgG.", "PMID": 511216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9108", "title": "Kinetics of humoral responsiveness and antigenic distribution in operated rats.", "content": "Wistar R/A rats were injected intravenously with 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) prior to, during or after a standard laparotomy. Stimulation of anti-SRBC antibody synthesis was already observed when the antigen was given 4 h prior to surgery and was maximal if SRBC were administered at the time of operation. The enhancing effect on the immune response lasted for 2 days after surgery. From the third post-operative day on, the injection of SRBC induced a normal humoral response. No subsequent depression was detected. Inter-organ distribution studies of 51Cr-labelled SRBC injected at various times prior, during or after the surgical procedure, showed a maximum decrease of liver uptake during operation; the depression was still present 2 h later but on the first post-operative day, no significant difference from the controls could be demonstrated. When the labelled antigen was given before surgery, organ distribution was normal. Consequently, there is no time relationship between the stimulation of antibody production and the alteration of total phagocytosis induced by surgery. Therefore, the enhanced humoral response cannot be explained only by spillover of the antigen from the liver into lymphoid organs.", "contents": "Kinetics of humoral responsiveness and antigenic distribution in operated rats. Wistar R/A rats were injected intravenously with 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) prior to, during or after a standard laparotomy. Stimulation of anti-SRBC antibody synthesis was already observed when the antigen was given 4 h prior to surgery and was maximal if SRBC were administered at the time of operation. The enhancing effect on the immune response lasted for 2 days after surgery. From the third post-operative day on, the injection of SRBC induced a normal humoral response. No subsequent depression was detected. Inter-organ distribution studies of 51Cr-labelled SRBC injected at various times prior, during or after the surgical procedure, showed a maximum decrease of liver uptake during operation; the depression was still present 2 h later but on the first post-operative day, no significant difference from the controls could be demonstrated. When the labelled antigen was given before surgery, organ distribution was normal. Consequently, there is no time relationship between the stimulation of antibody production and the alteration of total phagocytosis induced by surgery. Therefore, the enhanced humoral response cannot be explained only by spillover of the antigen from the liver into lymphoid organs.", "PMID": 511217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9109", "title": "Functional properties of bovine IgG1 and IgG2: interaction with complement, macrophages, neutrophils and skin.", "content": "Bovine immunoglobulin G subclass (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies were found to fix bovine complement while only IgG1 fixed guinea-pig complement in vitro. Similar results were noted when IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in that both IgG1 and IgG2 caused PCA in bovine skin while only IgG1 mediated the reaction in rat skin. In precipitation reactions IgG1 antibodies to DNP failed to cause precipitation of DNP19-ovalbumin while IgG2 antibodies to DNP precipitated DNP19-ovalbumin. Both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to ovalbumin precipitated ovalbumin. Surprisingly, IgG2 antibodies to equine erythrocytes caused phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils and peripheral blood monocytes while IgG1 antibodies failed to cause either phagocytosis or adherence. Results with peripheral blood monocytes cultured for 7 days demonstrated that both IgG1 and IgG2 could mediate phagocytosis.", "contents": "Functional properties of bovine IgG1 and IgG2: interaction with complement, macrophages, neutrophils and skin. Bovine immunoglobulin G subclass (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies were found to fix bovine complement while only IgG1 fixed guinea-pig complement in vitro. Similar results were noted when IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in that both IgG1 and IgG2 caused PCA in bovine skin while only IgG1 mediated the reaction in rat skin. In precipitation reactions IgG1 antibodies to DNP failed to cause precipitation of DNP19-ovalbumin while IgG2 antibodies to DNP precipitated DNP19-ovalbumin. Both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to ovalbumin precipitated ovalbumin. Surprisingly, IgG2 antibodies to equine erythrocytes caused phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils and peripheral blood monocytes while IgG1 antibodies failed to cause either phagocytosis or adherence. Results with peripheral blood monocytes cultured for 7 days demonstrated that both IgG1 and IgG2 could mediate phagocytosis.", "PMID": 511218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9110", "title": "The responsiveness of efferent lymph cells to phytohaemagglutinin during the response of the popliteal node to dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Cells, recovered from the efferent lymphatics of the popliteal nodes of sheep during in vivo responses to dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA), were examined for their responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro during the first 4--5 days of the immune response. The response was almost totally depressed when cells collected throughout the response were cultured with supra-optimal doses of the mitogen. Optimal and suboptimal doses of PHA resulted in greatly enhanced responses in cells collected in the first two periods (0--6 h; 6--12h) of the response; the presence of high doses of DNP-BSA in the culture media prevented the enhancement in the second period but had no adverse effects on the cells collected during the first 6 h. Efferent cells collected after 12 h generally showed decreased responses, this depression being maximal in cells collected 2--3 days after antigenic stimulation. Later in the response the cells again exhibited enhanced responses. The possible interpretations of these results in terms of regulation of the response are discussed.", "contents": "The responsiveness of efferent lymph cells to phytohaemagglutinin during the response of the popliteal node to dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin. Cells, recovered from the efferent lymphatics of the popliteal nodes of sheep during in vivo responses to dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA), were examined for their responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro during the first 4--5 days of the immune response. The response was almost totally depressed when cells collected throughout the response were cultured with supra-optimal doses of the mitogen. Optimal and suboptimal doses of PHA resulted in greatly enhanced responses in cells collected in the first two periods (0--6 h; 6--12h) of the response; the presence of high doses of DNP-BSA in the culture media prevented the enhancement in the second period but had no adverse effects on the cells collected during the first 6 h. Efferent cells collected after 12 h generally showed decreased responses, this depression being maximal in cells collected 2--3 days after antigenic stimulation. Later in the response the cells again exhibited enhanced responses. The possible interpretations of these results in terms of regulation of the response are discussed.", "PMID": 511219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9111", "title": "In vitro transfer of cellular immunity in experimental allergic orchitis by means of immune RNA.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracts were obtained from lymph nodes of guinea-pigs that had previously been immunized with a purified testicular antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The RNA extracts were incubated with normal guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells (NGP-PEC). After treatment, the NGP-PEC cells showed specific inhibition of migration when tested with the specific antigen. No inhibition of migration was observed when cells were tested with an unrelated antigen or when the cells were incubated with RNA obtained from animals immunized with adjuvant alone. Failure of inhibition of migration was also observed when the 'immune' RNA was degraded with RNAse. The appearance of this I-RNA in the immunized guinea-pigs correlates with the appearance of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.", "contents": "In vitro transfer of cellular immunity in experimental allergic orchitis by means of immune RNA. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracts were obtained from lymph nodes of guinea-pigs that had previously been immunized with a purified testicular antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The RNA extracts were incubated with normal guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells (NGP-PEC). After treatment, the NGP-PEC cells showed specific inhibition of migration when tested with the specific antigen. No inhibition of migration was observed when cells were tested with an unrelated antigen or when the cells were incubated with RNA obtained from animals immunized with adjuvant alone. Failure of inhibition of migration was also observed when the 'immune' RNA was degraded with RNAse. The appearance of this I-RNA in the immunized guinea-pigs correlates with the appearance of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.", "PMID": 511220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9112", "title": "The respiratory response of sensitized rats to challenge with antigen aerosols.", "content": "An experimental procedure was developed to evaluate the effects of challenging sensitized conscious rats with antigen aerosols. The challenge resulted in changes in the respiratory patterns which were antigen specific and mediated by IgE antibodies. The response was inducible in non-sensitized rats by passive administration of IgE-rich serum. Sprague-Dawley rats were heterogeneous with respect to the respiratory response. A proportion (20--70%) of each group had continuous dyspnoea and other symptoms similar to asthma; the other had only episodes of apnoea. Wistar and Long-Evans rats resembled Sprague-Dawley rats; Fischer 344 rats had apnoea only, even though they produced IgE antibodies. The type of response did not correlate with serum IgE levels. The respiratory responses were reduced by dexamethasone, disodium cromoglycate, epinephrine and theophylline. Rats that respond with dyspnoea may provide a useful experimental model of allergic asthma.", "contents": "The respiratory response of sensitized rats to challenge with antigen aerosols. An experimental procedure was developed to evaluate the effects of challenging sensitized conscious rats with antigen aerosols. The challenge resulted in changes in the respiratory patterns which were antigen specific and mediated by IgE antibodies. The response was inducible in non-sensitized rats by passive administration of IgE-rich serum. Sprague-Dawley rats were heterogeneous with respect to the respiratory response. A proportion (20--70%) of each group had continuous dyspnoea and other symptoms similar to asthma; the other had only episodes of apnoea. Wistar and Long-Evans rats resembled Sprague-Dawley rats; Fischer 344 rats had apnoea only, even though they produced IgE antibodies. The type of response did not correlate with serum IgE levels. The respiratory responses were reduced by dexamethasone, disodium cromoglycate, epinephrine and theophylline. Rats that respond with dyspnoea may provide a useful experimental model of allergic asthma.", "PMID": 511221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9113", "title": "Complement response after experimental bacterial infection in various nutritional states.", "content": "In malnourished rats, nutritionally rehabilitated rats at various stages, and in well nourished rats, levels of serum complement after bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, as well as tuberculin reactivity, were examined. The elevation of complement showed a peak 2--3 days after infection, herein called the first complement response. A reelevation occurred at a later stage, 7--14 days after infection, and is referred to as the second complement response. The first complement response was observed in all the rats after Staphylococcus aureus infection but it was greater in well nourished rats. In malnourished rats, only the first complement response was observed and the tuberculin reaction and second complement response were lacking. After 1 week of nutritional rehabilitation, 40% of the rats showed recovery of tuberculin responses and both the first and second complement responses were observed. Nutritionally rehabilitated rats treated longer than 2 weeks, together with the well nourished control rats, showed positive tuberculin reactivity. The second complement response was also observed in such rats when bacterial infection was severe but not with mild infection.", "contents": "Complement response after experimental bacterial infection in various nutritional states. In malnourished rats, nutritionally rehabilitated rats at various stages, and in well nourished rats, levels of serum complement after bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, as well as tuberculin reactivity, were examined. The elevation of complement showed a peak 2--3 days after infection, herein called the first complement response. A reelevation occurred at a later stage, 7--14 days after infection, and is referred to as the second complement response. The first complement response was observed in all the rats after Staphylococcus aureus infection but it was greater in well nourished rats. In malnourished rats, only the first complement response was observed and the tuberculin reaction and second complement response were lacking. After 1 week of nutritional rehabilitation, 40% of the rats showed recovery of tuberculin responses and both the first and second complement responses were observed. Nutritionally rehabilitated rats treated longer than 2 weeks, together with the well nourished control rats, showed positive tuberculin reactivity. The second complement response was also observed in such rats when bacterial infection was severe but not with mild infection.", "PMID": 511223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9114", "title": "Hydrocortisone and the antibody response in mice. I. Correlations between serum cortisol levels and cell numbers in thymus, spleen, marrow and lymph nodes.", "content": "Mice injected with a single well tolerated dose of hydrocortisone acetate were observed over 2--3 weeks for serum cortisol levels and for cell depletion in thymus, spleen, femoral marrow, mesenteric, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes. Serum cortisol peaked within 24 h and declined to normal after 4 days. Total marrow cell numbers were relatively unaffected, but in all other tissues studied, cell depletion was severe and prolonged. B lymphocytes were affected more severely than T lymphocytes. There was a transient increase in the percentage of marrow T lymphocytes but otherwise little change. The percentage of node T lymphocytes increased while that of B lymphocytes decreased. The percentage of spleen B lymphocytes was reduced severely but transiently during the period of serum cortisol elevation. Spleen T lymphocyte percentages rose steadily between the fourth and seventh days after treatment, then returned to normal. Representatives of most types of lymphoid tissue were studied. As cell losses in any one were not compensated by gains in any other, most were probably due to destruction rather than redistribution. The slow rates of recovery were also more consistent with regeneration than with reappearance after redistribution.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone and the antibody response in mice. I. Correlations between serum cortisol levels and cell numbers in thymus, spleen, marrow and lymph nodes. Mice injected with a single well tolerated dose of hydrocortisone acetate were observed over 2--3 weeks for serum cortisol levels and for cell depletion in thymus, spleen, femoral marrow, mesenteric, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes. Serum cortisol peaked within 24 h and declined to normal after 4 days. Total marrow cell numbers were relatively unaffected, but in all other tissues studied, cell depletion was severe and prolonged. B lymphocytes were affected more severely than T lymphocytes. There was a transient increase in the percentage of marrow T lymphocytes but otherwise little change. The percentage of node T lymphocytes increased while that of B lymphocytes decreased. The percentage of spleen B lymphocytes was reduced severely but transiently during the period of serum cortisol elevation. Spleen T lymphocyte percentages rose steadily between the fourth and seventh days after treatment, then returned to normal. Representatives of most types of lymphoid tissue were studied. As cell losses in any one were not compensated by gains in any other, most were probably due to destruction rather than redistribution. The slow rates of recovery were also more consistent with regeneration than with reappearance after redistribution.", "PMID": 511224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9115", "title": "Experimental inflammation and tumor growth: chemical carcinogenesis in adjuvant arthritic rats.", "content": "Development and growth of primary (methylcholantrene or benzpyrene-induced) sarcomas in adjuvant arthritic rats were investigated and compared with the chemical carcinogenesis in normal healthy animals. When carcinogen and adjuvant were applied in the same time, tumor development and growth rate did not differ significantly from nonarthritic controls. When carcinogen was applied to rats with fully established arthritic disease, development and growth of tumors were significantly enhanced. In the latter case local and systemic adjuvant disease was more severe in tumor-bearing rats. Enhanced chemical carcinogenesis in arthritic rats can be explained by a defective immune responsiveness in the chronic stage of arthritis.", "contents": "Experimental inflammation and tumor growth: chemical carcinogenesis in adjuvant arthritic rats. Development and growth of primary (methylcholantrene or benzpyrene-induced) sarcomas in adjuvant arthritic rats were investigated and compared with the chemical carcinogenesis in normal healthy animals. When carcinogen and adjuvant were applied in the same time, tumor development and growth rate did not differ significantly from nonarthritic controls. When carcinogen was applied to rats with fully established arthritic disease, development and growth of tumors were significantly enhanced. In the latter case local and systemic adjuvant disease was more severe in tumor-bearing rats. Enhanced chemical carcinogenesis in arthritic rats can be explained by a defective immune responsiveness in the chronic stage of arthritis.", "PMID": 511296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9116", "title": "Inflammatory lesions and bone resorption induced in the rat periodontium by lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Severe inflammatory lesions were induced in the periodontal tissues of the rat following the intragingival injection of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Streptococcus mutans. There was no difference in the severity and distribution of the lesions between nonimmunized rats and animals immunized against LTA after antigenic challenge. The lesions are characterized by the occurrence of granulation tissue, massive infiltration of PMNs, abscess formation, bone resorption, and new bone formation. Deacylated LTA and saline caused relatively mild inflammation, and no significant bone resorption or new bone formation was evident. The peak response was reached after 3 intragingival infections. The mechanisms by which LTA caused the pathological alterations in the rat periodontium and the possible relations of this experimental model to periodontal disease in the human are discussed.", "contents": "Inflammatory lesions and bone resorption induced in the rat periodontium by lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus mutans. Severe inflammatory lesions were induced in the periodontal tissues of the rat following the intragingival injection of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Streptococcus mutans. There was no difference in the severity and distribution of the lesions between nonimmunized rats and animals immunized against LTA after antigenic challenge. The lesions are characterized by the occurrence of granulation tissue, massive infiltration of PMNs, abscess formation, bone resorption, and new bone formation. Deacylated LTA and saline caused relatively mild inflammation, and no significant bone resorption or new bone formation was evident. The peak response was reached after 3 intragingival infections. The mechanisms by which LTA caused the pathological alterations in the rat periodontium and the possible relations of this experimental model to periodontal disease in the human are discussed.", "PMID": 511295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9117", "title": "Arachidonic acid aggregates neutrophils.", "content": "Arachidonic acid, but not several structurally similar fatty acids, stimulated neutrophils in suspension to aggregate; this effect was blocked by 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism. Analagous to platelets, arachidonate may be a precursor of active metabolites which mediate neutrophil responses.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid aggregates neutrophils. Arachidonic acid, but not several structurally similar fatty acids, stimulated neutrophils in suspension to aggregate; this effect was blocked by 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism. Analagous to platelets, arachidonate may be a precursor of active metabolites which mediate neutrophil responses.", "PMID": 511297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9118", "title": "Permeability factor contaminating hyaluronidase preparations.", "content": "Both crude and highly purified testicular hyaluronidase preparations have been shown to contain a component which increases the permeability of the microcirculation in rat skin. This permeability activity had an isoelectric point of 7.4 while hyaluronidase was 9.4. It also could be separated from hyaluronidase by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The permeability factor was not inhibited by serum and may explain previous observations that hyaluronidase preparations decrease the ischemia and necrosis appropriate to experimental myocardial infarction in vivo.", "contents": "Permeability factor contaminating hyaluronidase preparations. Both crude and highly purified testicular hyaluronidase preparations have been shown to contain a component which increases the permeability of the microcirculation in rat skin. This permeability activity had an isoelectric point of 7.4 while hyaluronidase was 9.4. It also could be separated from hyaluronidase by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The permeability factor was not inhibited by serum and may explain previous observations that hyaluronidase preparations decrease the ischemia and necrosis appropriate to experimental myocardial infarction in vivo.", "PMID": 511298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9119", "title": "Macromolecular, anionic pulmonary permeability factor.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of fresh or acetone-powdered calf lung have been found to contain a factor which increases the permeability of the microcirculation when injected into the skin of rats. This permeability factor, which is not found in similar extracts of muscle or kidney, was concentrated by Amicon ultrafiltration at a molecular weight range of between 50,000 and 100,000 daltons and via isoelectric focusing at an IEP of pH 4.2. After preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis, this permeability factor was homogeneous by electrophoretic criteria and in SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis had a molecular weight of approximately 82,000 daltons. This apparently homogeneous permeability factor from lung was inhibited by pepstatin, and yet possessed no acid proteolytic activity against any substrate. Its activity was completely inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with antihistamines. This pepstatin-inhibitable permeability factor was found largely in the lysosomal fraction of fresh lung and could also be obtained by extraction of large amounts of alveolar \"washout\" macrophages. Since macrophages, during phagocytosis, are known to leak significant quantities of their lysosomal contents, the fact that one of these components is a material which could release histamine from mast cells and thereby increase locally the permeability of the microcirculation may be of importance in the defense system of the lung.", "contents": "Macromolecular, anionic pulmonary permeability factor. Aqueous extracts of fresh or acetone-powdered calf lung have been found to contain a factor which increases the permeability of the microcirculation when injected into the skin of rats. This permeability factor, which is not found in similar extracts of muscle or kidney, was concentrated by Amicon ultrafiltration at a molecular weight range of between 50,000 and 100,000 daltons and via isoelectric focusing at an IEP of pH 4.2. After preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis, this permeability factor was homogeneous by electrophoretic criteria and in SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis had a molecular weight of approximately 82,000 daltons. This apparently homogeneous permeability factor from lung was inhibited by pepstatin, and yet possessed no acid proteolytic activity against any substrate. Its activity was completely inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with antihistamines. This pepstatin-inhibitable permeability factor was found largely in the lysosomal fraction of fresh lung and could also be obtained by extraction of large amounts of alveolar \"washout\" macrophages. Since macrophages, during phagocytosis, are known to leak significant quantities of their lysosomal contents, the fact that one of these components is a material which could release histamine from mast cells and thereby increase locally the permeability of the microcirculation may be of importance in the defense system of the lung.", "PMID": 511299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9120", "title": "Concentrations of nystatin in faeces after oral administration of various doses of nystatin.", "content": "Nystatin was administered in ten healthy adult volunteers in increasing doses of 3 X 10(6) I U, 6 X 10(6) I U, 9 X 10(6) I U and 12 X 10(6) I U per day, each dose being given for a five-day period. Faecal samples were collected daily for the determination of their concentration of biologically active nystatin. Nystatin concentrations were determined biologically; the sensitivity of this method was less than or equal to 20 mcg/g of faeces. During the four treatment periods with increasing doses, 38%, 31%, 26% and 20% respectively of the faecal samples contained biologically undetectable amounts of nystatin. This means that nystatin is either inactivated or unevenly distributed through the intestinal contents, or both. The practical consequences of this may be that in a significant portion of the colon there is no inhibitory nystatin concentration against Candida albicans, despite treatment with as much as 12 X 10(6) I U of nystatin per day.", "contents": "Concentrations of nystatin in faeces after oral administration of various doses of nystatin. Nystatin was administered in ten healthy adult volunteers in increasing doses of 3 X 10(6) I U, 6 X 10(6) I U, 9 X 10(6) I U and 12 X 10(6) I U per day, each dose being given for a five-day period. Faecal samples were collected daily for the determination of their concentration of biologically active nystatin. Nystatin concentrations were determined biologically; the sensitivity of this method was less than or equal to 20 mcg/g of faeces. During the four treatment periods with increasing doses, 38%, 31%, 26% and 20% respectively of the faecal samples contained biologically undetectable amounts of nystatin. This means that nystatin is either inactivated or unevenly distributed through the intestinal contents, or both. The practical consequences of this may be that in a significant portion of the colon there is no inhibitory nystatin concentration against Candida albicans, despite treatment with as much as 12 X 10(6) I U of nystatin per day.", "PMID": 511333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9121", "title": "Infectious episodes in severely granulocytopenic patients.", "content": "In a prospective study, 40 episodes of granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than 500/mm3) in 34 patients were analyzed. During 52.5% of these episodes there was proven infection; these infections were present for only 24.4% of the 1,435 granulocytopenic days. The risk of infection and mortality were closely linked with extreme granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than 100/mm3). Of the episodes with severe granulocytopenia (granulocytes 100-500/mm3) only a small number were associated with infections, and mortality was virtually absent in this category. These results implicated a restricted use of supportive measures (e.g. granulocyte transfusions) especially when granulcotye counts are higher than 100 mm3.", "contents": "Infectious episodes in severely granulocytopenic patients. In a prospective study, 40 episodes of granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than 500/mm3) in 34 patients were analyzed. During 52.5% of these episodes there was proven infection; these infections were present for only 24.4% of the 1,435 granulocytopenic days. The risk of infection and mortality were closely linked with extreme granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than 100/mm3). Of the episodes with severe granulocytopenia (granulocytes 100-500/mm3) only a small number were associated with infections, and mortality was virtually absent in this category. These results implicated a restricted use of supportive measures (e.g. granulocyte transfusions) especially when granulcotye counts are higher than 100 mm3.", "PMID": 511334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9122", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the newborn.", "content": "Following an intramuscular dose of 5.0 mg of tobramycin in eight full-term newborn infants, peak levels averaging 2.69 +/- 0.70 microgram/ml were attained after 30 to 60 minutes. The serum half-life thereafter correlated inversely to postnatal age during the first seven days after birth. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that in newborn infants the elimination rate was markedly declined, but the absorption rate was nearly the same as that in older children. Average urinary recovery within eight hours was as low as 26.8%, which suggested accumulation of this antibiotic in the renal tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the newborn. Following an intramuscular dose of 5.0 mg of tobramycin in eight full-term newborn infants, peak levels averaging 2.69 +/- 0.70 microgram/ml were attained after 30 to 60 minutes. The serum half-life thereafter correlated inversely to postnatal age during the first seven days after birth. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that in newborn infants the elimination rate was markedly declined, but the absorption rate was nearly the same as that in older children. Average urinary recovery within eight hours was as low as 26.8%, which suggested accumulation of this antibiotic in the renal tissue.", "PMID": 511335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9123", "title": "Antibacterial active components in human urine after administration of penicillins.", "content": "Four-hourly urine from volunteers and patients who had received penicillins orally or intravenously was investigated by means of thin layer chromatography and bioautography. Antibacterially active metabolites were not detected with only two of 12 penicillins, namely amoxicillin and mezlocillin. In the case of the other penicillins the metabolites possessed variable antibacterial activity as could be demonstrated using different test microorganisms. After administration of carbenicillin esters three antibacterially active spots were detected, one of which corresponded to penicillin G; the other two were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioautogram after treatment with azlocillin showed two components which were active against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; only the rapid moving component was active against P. aeruginosa, however. The formation and chemical nature of these additional active components is still to a large extent not understood. It is quite possible, however, that they affect the bio-availability of an antibiotic.", "contents": "Antibacterial active components in human urine after administration of penicillins. Four-hourly urine from volunteers and patients who had received penicillins orally or intravenously was investigated by means of thin layer chromatography and bioautography. Antibacterially active metabolites were not detected with only two of 12 penicillins, namely amoxicillin and mezlocillin. In the case of the other penicillins the metabolites possessed variable antibacterial activity as could be demonstrated using different test microorganisms. After administration of carbenicillin esters three antibacterially active spots were detected, one of which corresponded to penicillin G; the other two were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioautogram after treatment with azlocillin showed two components which were active against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; only the rapid moving component was active against P. aeruginosa, however. The formation and chemical nature of these additional active components is still to a large extent not understood. It is quite possible, however, that they affect the bio-availability of an antibiotic.", "PMID": 511336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9124", "title": "Accidental amikacin overdose in man: emergency therapy by extrarenal dialysis.", "content": "Three accidental overdoses of amikacin (6, 6.5 and 8 times the normal dose) are reported. Emergency haemodialysis therapy was given and the serum levels monitored. No toxic effects were encountered. The need for such emergency haemodialysis seems to be limited to patients with impaired renal function or to cases where little time has elapsed between intake and detection of overdose.", "contents": "Accidental amikacin overdose in man: emergency therapy by extrarenal dialysis. Three accidental overdoses of amikacin (6, 6.5 and 8 times the normal dose) are reported. Emergency haemodialysis therapy was given and the serum levels monitored. No toxic effects were encountered. The need for such emergency haemodialysis seems to be limited to patients with impaired renal function or to cases where little time has elapsed between intake and detection of overdose.", "PMID": 511337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9125", "title": "Quantitative correlation between the Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase and the hepatitis B e antigen.", "content": "In order to evaluate the potential infectivity of blood of hepatitis B patients, the Dane particle associated DNA polymerase was determined, which is a reliable marker for the presence of complete viral particles. Enzyme activities were compared with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) titers determined by radioimmunoassay. Detectable DNA polymerase activity was only present in HBeAg positive blood, preferentially in samples with high antigen titers (1 : 1000 and above). These samples therefore have to be considered as highly infectious. However, blood with low HBeAg levels and free of detectable polymerase activity can still be infectious, since the polymerase reaction is rather insensitive compared to the radioimmunological HBeAg determination.", "contents": "Quantitative correlation between the Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase and the hepatitis B e antigen. In order to evaluate the potential infectivity of blood of hepatitis B patients, the Dane particle associated DNA polymerase was determined, which is a reliable marker for the presence of complete viral particles. Enzyme activities were compared with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) titers determined by radioimmunoassay. Detectable DNA polymerase activity was only present in HBeAg positive blood, preferentially in samples with high antigen titers (1 : 1000 and above). These samples therefore have to be considered as highly infectious. However, blood with low HBeAg levels and free of detectable polymerase activity can still be infectious, since the polymerase reaction is rather insensitive compared to the radioimmunological HBeAg determination.", "PMID": 511339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9126", "title": "Immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A among Swedish UN soldiers in an endemic region.", "content": "Six hundred and fifteen Swedish soldiers (X = 24.9 years) serving with the UN forces in Cyprus were tested for antibody against hepatitis A (anti-HAV) before and after six months' service. Before the service, a high susceptibility to hepatitis A was found, as only 2.3% (14/615) had anti-HAV. In comparison, the prevalence of anti-HAV among 124 native Cypriots (X = 23.9 years) was 97% (120/124), which showed Cyprus to be a region where hepatitis A is endemic. The soliders were given immunoglobulin (IG) prophylaxis (2 ml of 16.5% IG) against hepatitis A very third month. The incidence of subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A among the Swedish soliders was 0.2% (1/615). It was concluded that the IG-prophylaxis scheme used seems to be highly effective and probably completely prevents even subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A in non-immune persons in regions where hepatitis A is endemic.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A among Swedish UN soldiers in an endemic region. Six hundred and fifteen Swedish soldiers (X = 24.9 years) serving with the UN forces in Cyprus were tested for antibody against hepatitis A (anti-HAV) before and after six months' service. Before the service, a high susceptibility to hepatitis A was found, as only 2.3% (14/615) had anti-HAV. In comparison, the prevalence of anti-HAV among 124 native Cypriots (X = 23.9 years) was 97% (120/124), which showed Cyprus to be a region where hepatitis A is endemic. The soliders were given immunoglobulin (IG) prophylaxis (2 ml of 16.5% IG) against hepatitis A very third month. The incidence of subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A among the Swedish soliders was 0.2% (1/615). It was concluded that the IG-prophylaxis scheme used seems to be highly effective and probably completely prevents even subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A in non-immune persons in regions where hepatitis A is endemic.", "PMID": 511340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9127", "title": "Bacteroides fragilis in acute salpingitis.", "content": "The bacteriology of acute salpingitis was studied in 87 patients. Gonococci were recovered from 18 patients. Lower yields of bacteria were isolated in the peritoneal fluid than from the vaginal cultures, and a poor correlation was observed between the peritoneal fluid and vaginal cultures. Anaerobic bacteria dominated in both sites. Staphylococci, streptococci, enterobacteria, peptostreptococci, peptococci, lactobacilli and bacteroides normally present in the vagina were the predominant isolates recovered from the culdocentesis. Paired acute and convalescent-phase sera obtained from patients with isolates of Bacteroides fragilis were assayed for antibody response to the polysaccharide antigen of B. fragilis. Significant titer increases were observed in sera from only two out of eight patients with non-gonococcal salpingitis and no titer changes were noticed in two patients with gonococcal. These findings suggest that B. fragilis only infrequently plays an etiologic role in acute salpingitis.", "contents": "Bacteroides fragilis in acute salpingitis. The bacteriology of acute salpingitis was studied in 87 patients. Gonococci were recovered from 18 patients. Lower yields of bacteria were isolated in the peritoneal fluid than from the vaginal cultures, and a poor correlation was observed between the peritoneal fluid and vaginal cultures. Anaerobic bacteria dominated in both sites. Staphylococci, streptococci, enterobacteria, peptostreptococci, peptococci, lactobacilli and bacteroides normally present in the vagina were the predominant isolates recovered from the culdocentesis. Paired acute and convalescent-phase sera obtained from patients with isolates of Bacteroides fragilis were assayed for antibody response to the polysaccharide antigen of B. fragilis. Significant titer increases were observed in sera from only two out of eight patients with non-gonococcal salpingitis and no titer changes were noticed in two patients with gonococcal. These findings suggest that B. fragilis only infrequently plays an etiologic role in acute salpingitis.", "PMID": 511341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9128", "title": "[Variations in resistance of viruses from different groups to chemico-physical decontamination methods].", "content": "The resistance of a total of 13 different viruses to some important chemico-physical influences was studied under uniform experimental conditions. Stability in tape water, thermostability and sensitivity to anodic oxidation, gamma radiation, some virucidal substances and several commercial disinfectants were tested. In evaluating the results, an attempt is made to rank the viruses investigated according to their sensitivity. On average a bovine parvovirus, and also a reovirus and three enteroviruses, proved most stable. These were followed by infectious canine hepatitis (adenoviruses). Newcastle disease (paramyxoviruses) and vaccinia (poxviruses) demonstrating less resistance. In all the tests an orthomyxovirus (influenza A), a rhabdovirus (vesicular stomatitis), and particularly a herpesvirus (pseudorabies) and a togavirus (sindbis) proved to have relatively low resistance.", "contents": "[Variations in resistance of viruses from different groups to chemico-physical decontamination methods]. The resistance of a total of 13 different viruses to some important chemico-physical influences was studied under uniform experimental conditions. Stability in tape water, thermostability and sensitivity to anodic oxidation, gamma radiation, some virucidal substances and several commercial disinfectants were tested. In evaluating the results, an attempt is made to rank the viruses investigated according to their sensitivity. On average a bovine parvovirus, and also a reovirus and three enteroviruses, proved most stable. These were followed by infectious canine hepatitis (adenoviruses). Newcastle disease (paramyxoviruses) and vaccinia (poxviruses) demonstrating less resistance. In all the tests an orthomyxovirus (influenza A), a rhabdovirus (vesicular stomatitis), and particularly a herpesvirus (pseudorabies) and a togavirus (sindbis) proved to have relatively low resistance.", "PMID": 511342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9129", "title": "[Serum and tissue concentrations after a single dose of cefaclor].", "content": "Serum and tissue concentrations of cefaclor were determined a total of 155 and 96 times respectively in 16 volunteers after a single dose of 1 g. At this dosage peak concentrations of 13.5, 14.5 and 13.4 mcg/ml were measured after 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively. Tissues in which concentrations were measured included cortical bone, spongy bone, muscle, fascia, cutis and subcutis. By measuring blood concentrations of the tissue samples, a division could be made for purposes of calculation into intravascular and extravascular active components. Low amounts of extravascular cefaclor could be established merely in the fascia and in the cutis. The cefaclor concentrations found in spongy bone, muscles and subcutis proved to be determined to a large extent by the intravascular antibiotic. No cefaclor could be detected in cortical bone at the given dosage.", "contents": "[Serum and tissue concentrations after a single dose of cefaclor]. Serum and tissue concentrations of cefaclor were determined a total of 155 and 96 times respectively in 16 volunteers after a single dose of 1 g. At this dosage peak concentrations of 13.5, 14.5 and 13.4 mcg/ml were measured after 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively. Tissues in which concentrations were measured included cortical bone, spongy bone, muscle, fascia, cutis and subcutis. By measuring blood concentrations of the tissue samples, a division could be made for purposes of calculation into intravascular and extravascular active components. Low amounts of extravascular cefaclor could be established merely in the fascia and in the cutis. The cefaclor concentrations found in spongy bone, muscles and subcutis proved to be determined to a large extent by the intravascular antibiotic. No cefaclor could be detected in cortical bone at the given dosage.", "PMID": 511343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9130", "title": "Post-varicella acute transverse myelitis.", "content": "This report of a case of acute transverse myelitis, after otherwise uneventful varicella, further stresses the importance that the possibility of this relatively rare complication should be kept in mind in patients developing a paraplegic syndrome late in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Post-varicella acute transverse myelitis. This report of a case of acute transverse myelitis, after otherwise uneventful varicella, further stresses the importance that the possibility of this relatively rare complication should be kept in mind in patients developing a paraplegic syndrome late in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 511344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9131", "title": "Co-trimazine distribution in the canine prostate.", "content": "Constant infusion experiments were performed on dogs to determine the concentration levels of co-trimazine (a combination of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine) in the dogs' prostatic secretion, prostatic interstitial fluid, prostatic tissue, urine, and other tissues. Trimethoprim concentrations in prostatic secretion, interstitial fluid and tissue were higher than corresponding serum values, whereas the concentrations of sulphadiazine were far below these values. These results were compared to those of a similar study which combined trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole). The prostatic secretion to serum ratios of sulphadiazine were lower than those for sulphamethoxazole. Urine concentrations of sulphadiazine, however, were much higher than those of sulphamethoxazole. In serum and urine, only co-trimazine had a trimethoprim/sulphonamide ratio approximating the optimal synergy ratio of 1:20. Neither trimethoprim/sulphonamide combination appears to have any theoretical advantage over the other in the treatment of prostatitis. However, co-trimazine may be more effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections in general because of the high concentrations of sulphadiazine in urine.", "contents": "Co-trimazine distribution in the canine prostate. Constant infusion experiments were performed on dogs to determine the concentration levels of co-trimazine (a combination of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine) in the dogs' prostatic secretion, prostatic interstitial fluid, prostatic tissue, urine, and other tissues. Trimethoprim concentrations in prostatic secretion, interstitial fluid and tissue were higher than corresponding serum values, whereas the concentrations of sulphadiazine were far below these values. These results were compared to those of a similar study which combined trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole). The prostatic secretion to serum ratios of sulphadiazine were lower than those for sulphamethoxazole. Urine concentrations of sulphadiazine, however, were much higher than those of sulphamethoxazole. In serum and urine, only co-trimazine had a trimethoprim/sulphonamide ratio approximating the optimal synergy ratio of 1:20. Neither trimethoprim/sulphonamide combination appears to have any theoretical advantage over the other in the treatment of prostatitis. However, co-trimazine may be more effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections in general because of the high concentrations of sulphadiazine in urine.", "PMID": 511347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9132", "title": "Renal lymph and interstitial fluid concentration of co-trimazine: an experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Renal clearance and renal hilar lymph and interstitial fluid concentrations of co-trimazine were investigated in dogs during constant intravenous infusion. The lymph was obtained by direct cannulation of the lymphatics, and the interstitial fluid from small plastic tissue chambers, implanted 4--6 weeks before the experiments. The clearance values for trimethoprim and sulphadiazine, compared to the glomerular filtration rate, as measured by 125I-iothalamate clearance, showed a net tubular secretion of trimethoprim and tubular re-absorption of sulphadiazine. Renal lymph and interstitial fluid concentrations were found to be lower than the plasma concentrations, corresponding well with earlier findings for several other antimicrobial agents. We found a statistically significant difference between lymph/plasma and interstitial fluid/plasma ratios, indicating different composition and origin of lymph and interstitial fluid.", "contents": "Renal lymph and interstitial fluid concentration of co-trimazine: an experimental study in dogs. Renal clearance and renal hilar lymph and interstitial fluid concentrations of co-trimazine were investigated in dogs during constant intravenous infusion. The lymph was obtained by direct cannulation of the lymphatics, and the interstitial fluid from small plastic tissue chambers, implanted 4--6 weeks before the experiments. The clearance values for trimethoprim and sulphadiazine, compared to the glomerular filtration rate, as measured by 125I-iothalamate clearance, showed a net tubular secretion of trimethoprim and tubular re-absorption of sulphadiazine. Renal lymph and interstitial fluid concentrations were found to be lower than the plasma concentrations, corresponding well with earlier findings for several other antimicrobial agents. We found a statistically significant difference between lymph/plasma and interstitial fluid/plasma ratios, indicating different composition and origin of lymph and interstitial fluid.", "PMID": 511348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9133", "title": "Studies on the optimal dosage of co-trimazine in children.", "content": "There are many difficulties in creating a simple and useful dosage schedule for co-trimazine treatment in children. However, it has been possible to propose a schedule based on age. No advantage can be seen in choosing doses according to weight or other measures of body size. The schedule referred to as schedule B leads to levels of both sulphadiazine and trimethoprim that are as near the optimal as possible with respect to efficacy and side-effects.", "contents": "Studies on the optimal dosage of co-trimazine in children. There are many difficulties in creating a simple and useful dosage schedule for co-trimazine treatment in children. However, it has been possible to propose a schedule based on age. No advantage can be seen in choosing doses according to weight or other measures of body size. The schedule referred to as schedule B leads to levels of both sulphadiazine and trimethoprim that are as near the optimal as possible with respect to efficacy and side-effects.", "PMID": 511349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9134", "title": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part 2: Comparative pharmacokinetics of five sulphonamides.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of the sulphonamides sulphachloropyridazine, sulphadiazine, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine, and sulphamethoxazole were investigated in a cross-over study with doses of 800 mg each. The serum half-life, urine levels, distribution volume, protein binding and potential antibacterial activity in the urine renders sulphadiazine the preferred component in a combination tablet together with trimethoprim for the treatment of urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part 2: Comparative pharmacokinetics of five sulphonamides. The pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of the sulphonamides sulphachloropyridazine, sulphadiazine, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine, and sulphamethoxazole were investigated in a cross-over study with doses of 800 mg each. The serum half-life, urine levels, distribution volume, protein binding and potential antibacterial activity in the urine renders sulphadiazine the preferred component in a combination tablet together with trimethoprim for the treatment of urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 511350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9135", "title": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part 3: Pharmacokinetic characterization of sulphadiazine and sulphamethoxazole given with trimethoprim.", "content": "Plasma levels and renal excretion of sulphonamide and trimethoprim following oral administration of co-trimazine (140 mg sulphadiazine + 90 mg trimethoprim) and co-trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole + 180 mg trimethoprim) were monitored in healthy volunteers after a single dose and in the steady state after 12-hourly dosage. The plasma levels of free, non-protein bound components after co-trimazine were approximately half those after co-trimoxazole and thus correlated with the doses given. Urine recovery of trimethoprim was better after co-trimazine (70%) than after co-trimoxazole (58%). Sixty-six percent of the sulphadiazine was recovered as unchanged, active sulphonamide in the urine compared with only 13% of the sulphamethoxazole. Consequently, the sulphonamide levels of sulphadiazine were 2.5 times those of sulphamethoxazole. With respect to plasma half-life after the first dose, sulphadiazine with 8.0 hours was closer to trimethoprim with a half-life of 8.8 hours after cotrimazine and 9.6 hours after co-trimoxazole than to the half-life of sulphamethoxazole which was 7.7 hours. The distribution volume of sulphadiazine was closer to that of trimethoprim than was that of sulphamethoxazole. On the basis of these characteristics, it has been concluded that sulphadiazine is more suitable for a fixed combination tablet with trimethoprim than sulphamethoxazole, particularly for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Some renal tubular reabsorption occurs with both unchanged sulphonamides but is more pronounced with sulphamethoxazole. The solubilities of the sulphonamides and their acetylated metabolites at acid urinary pH indicate that therapy with co-trimazine is at least as safe as with co-trimoxazole. With the former drug, the result of scrutiny for crystals after dosage until the steady state was negative, whereas crystals of acetylated sulphamethoxazole were detected and verified chemically in two of eight subjects.", "contents": "Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part 3: Pharmacokinetic characterization of sulphadiazine and sulphamethoxazole given with trimethoprim. Plasma levels and renal excretion of sulphonamide and trimethoprim following oral administration of co-trimazine (140 mg sulphadiazine + 90 mg trimethoprim) and co-trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole + 180 mg trimethoprim) were monitored in healthy volunteers after a single dose and in the steady state after 12-hourly dosage. The plasma levels of free, non-protein bound components after co-trimazine were approximately half those after co-trimoxazole and thus correlated with the doses given. Urine recovery of trimethoprim was better after co-trimazine (70%) than after co-trimoxazole (58%). Sixty-six percent of the sulphadiazine was recovered as unchanged, active sulphonamide in the urine compared with only 13% of the sulphamethoxazole. Consequently, the sulphonamide levels of sulphadiazine were 2.5 times those of sulphamethoxazole. With respect to plasma half-life after the first dose, sulphadiazine with 8.0 hours was closer to trimethoprim with a half-life of 8.8 hours after cotrimazine and 9.6 hours after co-trimoxazole than to the half-life of sulphamethoxazole which was 7.7 hours. The distribution volume of sulphadiazine was closer to that of trimethoprim than was that of sulphamethoxazole. On the basis of these characteristics, it has been concluded that sulphadiazine is more suitable for a fixed combination tablet with trimethoprim than sulphamethoxazole, particularly for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Some renal tubular reabsorption occurs with both unchanged sulphonamides but is more pronounced with sulphamethoxazole. The solubilities of the sulphonamides and their acetylated metabolites at acid urinary pH indicate that therapy with co-trimazine is at least as safe as with co-trimoxazole. With the former drug, the result of scrutiny for crystals after dosage until the steady state was negative, whereas crystals of acetylated sulphamethoxazole were detected and verified chemically in two of eight subjects.", "PMID": 511351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9136", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sulphadiazine, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in patients with varying renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of tablets containing combinations of sulphadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) (cotrimazine) and tablets with sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and TMP (co-trimoxazole) were compared in patients with different renal functions. In normal renal function, SMZ is more similar to TMP than in renal impairment. In renal impairment although the serum half-life (t1/2) of both active and total SDZ remains similar to that of TMP, the t1/2 of total SMZ becomes several times higher than the t1/2 of TMP. The unchanged SMZ maintains approximately the same elimination velocity in reduced as in normal renal function. Consequently, for co-trimoxazole there is a buildup of SMZ metabolites which can only contribute to toxicity for co-trimoxazole, whereas the co-trimazine components have t1/2 values of the same order, also in renal dysfunction. The distribution volumes of SDZ, SMZ or TMP are the same regardless of renal function. However, the distribution volume of SDZ is closer to that of TMP, i.e. higher than the SMZ values. More active SDZ is excreted in the urine than SMZ both in normal and in reduced renal function. Thus co-trimazine, in addition to having some advantages in the normal individual, is in many respects distinctly more suitable in patients with renal functional impairment. On the basis of the patients with renal functional impairment. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic properties, dosage schedules are suggested that will give approximately the same plasma levels regardless of renal function.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sulphadiazine, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in patients with varying renal function. The pharmacokinetics of tablets containing combinations of sulphadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) (cotrimazine) and tablets with sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and TMP (co-trimoxazole) were compared in patients with different renal functions. In normal renal function, SMZ is more similar to TMP than in renal impairment. In renal impairment although the serum half-life (t1/2) of both active and total SDZ remains similar to that of TMP, the t1/2 of total SMZ becomes several times higher than the t1/2 of TMP. The unchanged SMZ maintains approximately the same elimination velocity in reduced as in normal renal function. Consequently, for co-trimoxazole there is a buildup of SMZ metabolites which can only contribute to toxicity for co-trimoxazole, whereas the co-trimazine components have t1/2 values of the same order, also in renal dysfunction. The distribution volumes of SDZ, SMZ or TMP are the same regardless of renal function. However, the distribution volume of SDZ is closer to that of TMP, i.e. higher than the SMZ values. More active SDZ is excreted in the urine than SMZ both in normal and in reduced renal function. Thus co-trimazine, in addition to having some advantages in the normal individual, is in many respects distinctly more suitable in patients with renal functional impairment. On the basis of the patients with renal functional impairment. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic properties, dosage schedules are suggested that will give approximately the same plasma levels regardless of renal function.", "PMID": 511352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9137", "title": "Effect of bacampicillin on human mouth, throat and colon flora.", "content": "Bacampicillin was given as tablets or syrup in doses of 400 mg three times per day for seven days to twelve subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken during fourteen days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the oral, throat and faecal flora were seen in the subjects receiving tablets while there was a decrease in the number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in those subjects receiving syrup. No increased resistance to ampicillin were found in the isolated bacterial strains. Bacampicillin was well-tolerated and no gastrointestinal disturbances were experienced.", "contents": "Effect of bacampicillin on human mouth, throat and colon flora. Bacampicillin was given as tablets or syrup in doses of 400 mg three times per day for seven days to twelve subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken during fourteen days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the oral, throat and faecal flora were seen in the subjects receiving tablets while there was a decrease in the number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in those subjects receiving syrup. No increased resistance to ampicillin were found in the isolated bacterial strains. Bacampicillin was well-tolerated and no gastrointestinal disturbances were experienced.", "PMID": 511356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9138", "title": "Dose dependence in human absorption of aminopenicillins.", "content": "The concentration of antibiotic in a focus of infection depends both on the peak serum concentration and on the area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC). A knowledge of the relationship between increased doses and the corresponding response in serum concentration would be relevant as a basis for determining an adequate clinical dosage. Dose-related changes in the two pharmacokinetic variables, peak serum concentration and AUC, after single doses of bacampicillin are compared with data on different aminopenicillins from other studies. With ampicillin there is a nonlinear relationship between both dose-peak and dose-AUC. The results indicate that the poor absorption of oral ampicillin can only be partially compensated for by increasing the oral dose. But with amoxycillin and the ampicillin esters the absorbed amount (AUC) is a linear function of the dose in the dosage range investigated. The increase in peak serum level with high doses of oral ampicillin is far less than proportional, while this tendency was less pronounced for amoxycillin and still less for pivampicillin, talampicillin and bacampicillin.", "contents": "Dose dependence in human absorption of aminopenicillins. The concentration of antibiotic in a focus of infection depends both on the peak serum concentration and on the area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC). A knowledge of the relationship between increased doses and the corresponding response in serum concentration would be relevant as a basis for determining an adequate clinical dosage. Dose-related changes in the two pharmacokinetic variables, peak serum concentration and AUC, after single doses of bacampicillin are compared with data on different aminopenicillins from other studies. With ampicillin there is a nonlinear relationship between both dose-peak and dose-AUC. The results indicate that the poor absorption of oral ampicillin can only be partially compensated for by increasing the oral dose. But with amoxycillin and the ampicillin esters the absorbed amount (AUC) is a linear function of the dose in the dosage range investigated. The increase in peak serum level with high doses of oral ampicillin is far less than proportional, while this tendency was less pronounced for amoxycillin and still less for pivampicillin, talampicillin and bacampicillin.", "PMID": 511357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9139", "title": "Penetration of ampicillin into human bronchial secretions.", "content": "Ampicillin concentrations in serum and bronchial secretions after oral administration of bacampicillin were evaluated. Twenty-eight hospitalized patients with acute bronchopulmonary infections received a single dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin. Samples of bronchial secretions were obtained during diagnostic bronchoscopy and blood samples were drawn simultaneously. Significant concentrations of ampicillin were found in bronchial secretions, the peak level, reached after approximately two hours, being 0.27 micrograms/ml on an average. The penetration of ampicillin into the bronchial secretions after the administration of bacampicillin could be correlated with the degree of bronchial inflammation, as illustrated either by macroscopic purulence or protein concentration in the secretions. The results suggest that bacampicillin is a useful drug in acute bronchopulmonary infections.", "contents": "Penetration of ampicillin into human bronchial secretions. Ampicillin concentrations in serum and bronchial secretions after oral administration of bacampicillin were evaluated. Twenty-eight hospitalized patients with acute bronchopulmonary infections received a single dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin. Samples of bronchial secretions were obtained during diagnostic bronchoscopy and blood samples were drawn simultaneously. Significant concentrations of ampicillin were found in bronchial secretions, the peak level, reached after approximately two hours, being 0.27 micrograms/ml on an average. The penetration of ampicillin into the bronchial secretions after the administration of bacampicillin could be correlated with the degree of bronchial inflammation, as illustrated either by macroscopic purulence or protein concentration in the secretions. The results suggest that bacampicillin is a useful drug in acute bronchopulmonary infections.", "PMID": 511358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9140", "title": "Ampicillin concentration in normal and pathological lung tissues after oral administration of bacampicillin.", "content": "Following oral administration of 800 mg bacampicillin, the concentrations of ampicillin were determined in normal (n = 16) and pathological (n = 12) lung tissue after 3.6 and 9 hours in a total of 28 patients. The serum concentration was determined simultaneously. The mean peak serum concentration (+/- SD) after one hour was 9.7 +/- 7.2 micrograms/ml. The mean concentration (+/- SD) in normal lung tissues were, after 3, 6 and 9 hours, 3.73 +/- 1.10 micrograms/ml, 1.06 +/- 0.99 micrograms/ml, 0.15 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml respectively, and in pathological lung tissues 0.95 +/- 0.31 microliters/ml, 0.86 +/- 1.11 micrograms/ml and 0.40 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml respectively. Thus bacampicillin produced concentrations well above the MIC of the most important pathogen, Haemophilus influenzae, in both pathological and normal lung tissue.", "contents": "Ampicillin concentration in normal and pathological lung tissues after oral administration of bacampicillin. Following oral administration of 800 mg bacampicillin, the concentrations of ampicillin were determined in normal (n = 16) and pathological (n = 12) lung tissue after 3.6 and 9 hours in a total of 28 patients. The serum concentration was determined simultaneously. The mean peak serum concentration (+/- SD) after one hour was 9.7 +/- 7.2 micrograms/ml. The mean concentration (+/- SD) in normal lung tissues were, after 3, 6 and 9 hours, 3.73 +/- 1.10 micrograms/ml, 1.06 +/- 0.99 micrograms/ml, 0.15 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml respectively, and in pathological lung tissues 0.95 +/- 0.31 microliters/ml, 0.86 +/- 1.11 micrograms/ml and 0.40 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml respectively. Thus bacampicillin produced concentrations well above the MIC of the most important pathogen, Haemophilus influenzae, in both pathological and normal lung tissue.", "PMID": 511359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9141", "title": "Ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusions in acute otitis media after administration of bacampicillin.", "content": "The penetration of ampicillin into middle ear effusions after oral administration of 800 mg bacampicillin to patients with acute otitis media was studied and compared with the serum levels. One hour after administration a mean (+/- SEM) concentration of 2.4 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml ampicillin was found in the effusions and the mean serum level was 7.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml. After twelve hours a mean concentration of 0.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml was found in the middle ear effusions and 0.1 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml in the serum. The high concentration of ampicillin in middle ear effusions after twelve hours suggests that a twice daily dosage of bacampicillin should be given in acute otitis media.", "contents": "Ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusions in acute otitis media after administration of bacampicillin. The penetration of ampicillin into middle ear effusions after oral administration of 800 mg bacampicillin to patients with acute otitis media was studied and compared with the serum levels. One hour after administration a mean (+/- SEM) concentration of 2.4 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml ampicillin was found in the effusions and the mean serum level was 7.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml. After twelve hours a mean concentration of 0.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml was found in the middle ear effusions and 0.1 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml in the serum. The high concentration of ampicillin in middle ear effusions after twelve hours suggests that a twice daily dosage of bacampicillin should be given in acute otitis media.", "PMID": 511360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9142", "title": "A pharmacokinetic study of bacampicillin in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis.", "content": "The penetration of ampicillin into sinus mucosa and secretion after oral bacampicillin was studied in 30 patients subjected to radical maxillary sinus surgery. Bacampicillin in a dose of 1200 mg was administered orally before the operation and the concentrations in serum, sinus mucosa and secretion were assayed. The mean serum concentration (+/- SEM) reached its maximum of 13.4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml in about one hour. The mean concentrations in the secretion and mucosa after two to five hours were 1.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml and 1.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml respectively. The clinical course of the patients was mostly uneventful. Adverse effects probably caused by the drug were found in two cases.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic study of bacampicillin in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. The penetration of ampicillin into sinus mucosa and secretion after oral bacampicillin was studied in 30 patients subjected to radical maxillary sinus surgery. Bacampicillin in a dose of 1200 mg was administered orally before the operation and the concentrations in serum, sinus mucosa and secretion were assayed. The mean serum concentration (+/- SEM) reached its maximum of 13.4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml in about one hour. The mean concentrations in the secretion and mucosa after two to five hours were 1.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml and 1.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml respectively. The clinical course of the patients was mostly uneventful. Adverse effects probably caused by the drug were found in two cases.", "PMID": 511361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9143", "title": "Penetration of ampicillin into urethral and cervical secretions after oral administration of bacampicillin.", "content": "The study comprised 24 male and 24 female patients treated either for uncomplicated gonorrhoea or as a prophylaxis. A single dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin + 1.0 g probenecid was administered orally to each patient. The concentrations of ampicillin in urethra and cervix were assayed by means of alginate swabs that were used as diffusion centres on agar diffusion plates. The inhibition zones were compared with a standard series of swabs containing known amounts of ampicillin. The amounts of secretions absorbed into the swabs were determined by weighing each swab before and after taking the specimen. The median ampicillin concentration in the male urethra one hour after the single dose of bacampicillin plus probenecid was 2.0 micrograms/ml of urethral secretion and increased to 3.2 micrograms/ml two hours after administration of the antibiotic. In the female urethra, the median concentrations of ampicillin were 1.5 micrograms/ml and 2.3 micrograms/ml of urethral secretion one and two hours, respectively, after the same dosage as above. The corresponding ampicillin concentrations in the cervical secretion were 1.6 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Penetration of ampicillin into urethral and cervical secretions after oral administration of bacampicillin. The study comprised 24 male and 24 female patients treated either for uncomplicated gonorrhoea or as a prophylaxis. A single dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin + 1.0 g probenecid was administered orally to each patient. The concentrations of ampicillin in urethra and cervix were assayed by means of alginate swabs that were used as diffusion centres on agar diffusion plates. The inhibition zones were compared with a standard series of swabs containing known amounts of ampicillin. The amounts of secretions absorbed into the swabs were determined by weighing each swab before and after taking the specimen. The median ampicillin concentration in the male urethra one hour after the single dose of bacampicillin plus probenecid was 2.0 micrograms/ml of urethral secretion and increased to 3.2 micrograms/ml two hours after administration of the antibiotic. In the female urethra, the median concentrations of ampicillin were 1.5 micrograms/ml and 2.3 micrograms/ml of urethral secretion one and two hours, respectively, after the same dosage as above. The corresponding ampicillin concentrations in the cervical secretion were 1.6 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 511362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9144", "title": "Experimental evidence of a decreased incidence of penicillin allergy through use of pure penicillins.", "content": "The results revealed the presence of high molecular weight impurities in commercially available penicillins, measured with a radioimmuno assay. The impurities had penicilloyl specificity and induced antibody formation in mice when the contaminated penicillin was administered in 50 mg/kg body weight daily for ten day periods with a 20 to 30 day interval. Penicillin of high purity similarly administered produced very few antibodies. Furthermore, experimentally contaminated penicillin given according to the same schedule caused IgE antibody formation against the penicilloyl moiety, while pure penicillin did not. These findings were explained by the weak immunogenicity of isologous penicilloylated serum albumin in rabbits both regarding the IgE and the IgG/IgM antibody formation compared to the immunogenicity of heterologous bovine serum albumin similarly penicilloylated.", "contents": "Experimental evidence of a decreased incidence of penicillin allergy through use of pure penicillins. The results revealed the presence of high molecular weight impurities in commercially available penicillins, measured with a radioimmuno assay. The impurities had penicilloyl specificity and induced antibody formation in mice when the contaminated penicillin was administered in 50 mg/kg body weight daily for ten day periods with a 20 to 30 day interval. Penicillin of high purity similarly administered produced very few antibodies. Furthermore, experimentally contaminated penicillin given according to the same schedule caused IgE antibody formation against the penicilloyl moiety, while pure penicillin did not. These findings were explained by the weak immunogenicity of isologous penicilloylated serum albumin in rabbits both regarding the IgE and the IgG/IgM antibody formation compared to the immunogenicity of heterologous bovine serum albumin similarly penicilloylated.", "PMID": 511363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9145", "title": "Review of side-effects of aminopenicillins.", "content": "Side-effects of aminopenicillin therapy are reviewed on the basis of nine comparative studies of ampicillin and bacampicillin, and available literature data from investigations with talampicillin, pivampicillin, bacampicillin and amoxycillin. Diarrhoea is more common with ampicillin than with newer aminopenicillins. Exanthema do not appear more frequently with newer aminopenicillins. The frequency of upper gastrointestinal complaints in association with some of the newer aminopenicillins (amoxycillin, bacampicillin) is not more frequent than with ampicillin. All current evidence speaks in favour of a change from ampicillin to modern aminopenicillins for oral therapy.", "contents": "Review of side-effects of aminopenicillins. Side-effects of aminopenicillin therapy are reviewed on the basis of nine comparative studies of ampicillin and bacampicillin, and available literature data from investigations with talampicillin, pivampicillin, bacampicillin and amoxycillin. Diarrhoea is more common with ampicillin than with newer aminopenicillins. Exanthema do not appear more frequently with newer aminopenicillins. The frequency of upper gastrointestinal complaints in association with some of the newer aminopenicillins (amoxycillin, bacampicillin) is not more frequent than with ampicillin. All current evidence speaks in favour of a change from ampicillin to modern aminopenicillins for oral therapy.", "PMID": 511364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9146", "title": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy in haemodialysed patients.", "content": "The effects of 25-OHD3 on renal osteodystrophy have been studied in 6 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Administration of 25-OHD3, 50 microgram/day, did not improve biochemical data and intestinal absorption of calcium. With a dose of 100 microgram/day in all patients an increase in blood calcium levels eventually reaching hypercalcemic values was observed. In two cases a fall in alkaline phosphatase toward normal values was noted. In the same cases the treatment-induced hyperphosphatemia, uncontrolled by AI(OH)3 supplementation and similarly high iPTH levels were observed. In two cases repeated bone biopsy following 8 months treatment and not show substantial improvement of bone lesions. In one case addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to the treatment with 25-OHD3 led to a more rapid improvement in biochemical parameters and iPTH serum levels. Doses of 25-OHD3 capable to correct blood calcium levels and intestinal absorption of calcium, may have minimal benefit on the osteitis fibrosa component of the bone lesion.", "contents": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy in haemodialysed patients. The effects of 25-OHD3 on renal osteodystrophy have been studied in 6 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Administration of 25-OHD3, 50 microgram/day, did not improve biochemical data and intestinal absorption of calcium. With a dose of 100 microgram/day in all patients an increase in blood calcium levels eventually reaching hypercalcemic values was observed. In two cases a fall in alkaline phosphatase toward normal values was noted. In the same cases the treatment-induced hyperphosphatemia, uncontrolled by AI(OH)3 supplementation and similarly high iPTH levels were observed. In two cases repeated bone biopsy following 8 months treatment and not show substantial improvement of bone lesions. In one case addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to the treatment with 25-OHD3 led to a more rapid improvement in biochemical parameters and iPTH serum levels. Doses of 25-OHD3 capable to correct blood calcium levels and intestinal absorption of calcium, may have minimal benefit on the osteitis fibrosa component of the bone lesion.", "PMID": 511368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9147", "title": "Comparative value of different dialysis membranes, including a carbon coated membrane for removal of noxious substances in hepatic coma.", "content": "Three dialysis membranes, including a polyacrilonitrile membrane, a polycarbonate membrane and a cuprophan membrane coated with charcoal, have been compared with cuprophan in order to assess their ability to clear from aqueous solution and plasma, substances thought to be of pathogenetic importance in hepatic coma (ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans), some protein bound (glycocholate and bromsulphthalein) and some middle molecular weight molecules (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, cyanocobalamin and inulin). High clearance of ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans were found with membrane tested but dialysis was relatively ineffective for removal of protein bound molecules. Cyanocobalamin, glycocholate and ethanethiol were removed best by the carbon coated membrane and by combining dialysis with adsorption, this membrane may offer advantages over other treatments for liver failure.", "contents": "Comparative value of different dialysis membranes, including a carbon coated membrane for removal of noxious substances in hepatic coma. Three dialysis membranes, including a polyacrilonitrile membrane, a polycarbonate membrane and a cuprophan membrane coated with charcoal, have been compared with cuprophan in order to assess their ability to clear from aqueous solution and plasma, substances thought to be of pathogenetic importance in hepatic coma (ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans), some protein bound (glycocholate and bromsulphthalein) and some middle molecular weight molecules (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, cyanocobalamin and inulin). High clearance of ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans were found with membrane tested but dialysis was relatively ineffective for removal of protein bound molecules. Cyanocobalamin, glycocholate and ethanethiol were removed best by the carbon coated membrane and by combining dialysis with adsorption, this membrane may offer advantages over other treatments for liver failure.", "PMID": 511370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9148", "title": "Blood purification by haemoperfusion.", "content": "Blood purification by haemoperfusion is considered, principally in terms of the European effort. The development of the different approaches which have emerged and the assessment of adsorbents and devices are described. The application of haemoperfusion is examined in the areas of acute poisoning, liver failure and uraemia.", "contents": "Blood purification by haemoperfusion. Blood purification by haemoperfusion is considered, principally in terms of the European effort. The development of the different approaches which have emerged and the assessment of adsorbents and devices are described. The application of haemoperfusion is examined in the areas of acute poisoning, liver failure and uraemia.", "PMID": 511371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9149", "title": "Amberlite hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute drug intoxication.", "content": "Hemoperfusion is more effective than hemodialysis in clearing drugs from the blood of patients with acute overdose. In addition, the clinical improvement in the depth of coma is dramatic during hemoperfusion. There is normalization of the respiratory and circulatory systems usually within one hour, and response to verbal command within a few hours of initiating treatment. Amberlite XAD-4 is an unchanged polystyrene resin with a particular adsorptive attraction for lipid-soluble drugs. It is a more effective adsorbent than some of the coated or uncoated carbons in clearing blood of most of the drugs commonly involved in life-threatening acute overdose.", "contents": "Amberlite hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute drug intoxication. Hemoperfusion is more effective than hemodialysis in clearing drugs from the blood of patients with acute overdose. In addition, the clinical improvement in the depth of coma is dramatic during hemoperfusion. There is normalization of the respiratory and circulatory systems usually within one hour, and response to verbal command within a few hours of initiating treatment. Amberlite XAD-4 is an unchanged polystyrene resin with a particular adsorptive attraction for lipid-soluble drugs. It is a more effective adsorbent than some of the coated or uncoated carbons in clearing blood of most of the drugs commonly involved in life-threatening acute overdose.", "PMID": 511373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9150", "title": "Evaluation of a new coated charcoal for hemoperfusion in uremia.", "content": "A new coated charcoal for hemoperfusion in uremia was investigated in 14 patients with end stage renal disease who underwent hemoperfusion or combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion (39 seances). Investigations concerned removal of small molecules, coagulation and hematological status and amino acids and some hormones equilibrium. Clinical observations were also made in all patients. The methacrylate-coated charcoal enabled the removal of \"toxins\" up to 5000 daltons and the total solute removal did not significantly differ from previous hemoperfusion systems. However, the new coating membrane showed improved biocompatibility, in terms of clinical side effects and/or platelet and fibrinogen alterations.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new coated charcoal for hemoperfusion in uremia. A new coated charcoal for hemoperfusion in uremia was investigated in 14 patients with end stage renal disease who underwent hemoperfusion or combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion (39 seances). Investigations concerned removal of small molecules, coagulation and hematological status and amino acids and some hormones equilibrium. Clinical observations were also made in all patients. The methacrylate-coated charcoal enabled the removal of \"toxins\" up to 5000 daltons and the total solute removal did not significantly differ from previous hemoperfusion systems. However, the new coating membrane showed improved biocompatibility, in terms of clinical side effects and/or platelet and fibrinogen alterations.", "PMID": 511374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9151", "title": "Microprocessor-based EEG spike detection and quantification.", "content": "A microprocessor-based system for the detection and quantification of sharp EEG waveforms is described. The hierarchical approach utilises initial transient detection based on computation of a second-derivative measure of curvature, followed by pattern-recognition and artifact-rejection routines based on consideration of specific waveform parameters. Initials results demonstrate an ability to approximate human-analysis results, while providing precise measures of amplitude, duration, and sharpness. The decreasing cost of microprocessors makes multichannel configurations economically feasible.", "contents": "Microprocessor-based EEG spike detection and quantification. A microprocessor-based system for the detection and quantification of sharp EEG waveforms is described. The hierarchical approach utilises initial transient detection based on computation of a second-derivative measure of curvature, followed by pattern-recognition and artifact-rejection routines based on consideration of specific waveform parameters. Initials results demonstrate an ability to approximate human-analysis results, while providing precise measures of amplitude, duration, and sharpness. The decreasing cost of microprocessors makes multichannel configurations economically feasible.", "PMID": 511378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9152", "title": "Simulation of disturbed cell renewal systems by means of a microprocessor system.", "content": "In this contribution a computer model is presented which enables a simulation of disturbed cell growth and cell renewal systems by means of a microprocessor system. The results consist of a time course study of the number of cells and of the local configuration of cells in a cell matrix at any arbitrary discrete moment. A similarity to morphological cuts and cell kinetic curves obtained by experiments is obvious.", "contents": "Simulation of disturbed cell renewal systems by means of a microprocessor system. In this contribution a computer model is presented which enables a simulation of disturbed cell growth and cell renewal systems by means of a microprocessor system. The results consist of a time course study of the number of cells and of the local configuration of cells in a cell matrix at any arbitrary discrete moment. A similarity to morphological cuts and cell kinetic curves obtained by experiments is obvious.", "PMID": 511379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9153", "title": "[Model of the function of the nephron].", "content": "After a short review of the functional anatomy of the kidney, we express the usual hypotheses about the phenomena of reabsorption and filtration in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. Starting from these hypotheses and the laws of biophysics, we formulate the equations of the model. This model accounts for the great increase in concentration of electrolyte and urea in the loop of Henle, the collecting duct and the interstitium, as we \"go down\" from the outer medullary area towards the inner areas, the active transportation of sodium in the loop of Henle being limited to the thick ascending limb.", "contents": "[Model of the function of the nephron]. After a short review of the functional anatomy of the kidney, we express the usual hypotheses about the phenomena of reabsorption and filtration in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. Starting from these hypotheses and the laws of biophysics, we formulate the equations of the model. This model accounts for the great increase in concentration of electrolyte and urea in the loop of Henle, the collecting duct and the interstitium, as we \"go down\" from the outer medullary area towards the inner areas, the active transportation of sodium in the loop of Henle being limited to the thick ascending limb.", "PMID": 511380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9154", "title": "Numerical analysis of binding studies: a direct procedure avoiding the pitfalls of a Scatchard analysis of equilibrium data for unknown binding models.", "content": "It is shown on theoretical grounds that the straightforward analysis of binding data according to Scatchard may lead to erroneous results, especially when more complicated binding schemes are involved. We have demonstrated this point by presenting Scatchard plots with slight variation of experimental parameters. These inherent difficulties of Scatchard analyses can be avoided by applying a direct procedure. We have developed a program, which compares the measured quantity and the theoretical value directly and which considers the following binding models: (i) independent equivalent binding of n ligands; (ii) independent unequivalent binding of 2 ligands; (iii) positive or negative cooperative binding of 2 ligands. Other binding schemes can easily be implemented. We have used this procedure for the evaluation of equilibrium data on the complex formation of tRNA-Tyr and tyrolyl tRNA synthetase from E. coli in terms of different binding models.", "contents": "Numerical analysis of binding studies: a direct procedure avoiding the pitfalls of a Scatchard analysis of equilibrium data for unknown binding models. It is shown on theoretical grounds that the straightforward analysis of binding data according to Scatchard may lead to erroneous results, especially when more complicated binding schemes are involved. We have demonstrated this point by presenting Scatchard plots with slight variation of experimental parameters. These inherent difficulties of Scatchard analyses can be avoided by applying a direct procedure. We have developed a program, which compares the measured quantity and the theoretical value directly and which considers the following binding models: (i) independent equivalent binding of n ligands; (ii) independent unequivalent binding of 2 ligands; (iii) positive or negative cooperative binding of 2 ligands. Other binding schemes can easily be implemented. We have used this procedure for the evaluation of equilibrium data on the complex formation of tRNA-Tyr and tyrolyl tRNA synthetase from E. coli in terms of different binding models.", "PMID": 511381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9155", "title": "Bifurcation in non-negotiable games: a paradigm for self-organisation in cognitive systems.", "content": "The interaction between two self-organising systems, each possessing two hierarchical levels, is dealt with. The communication process is pursued as a bidirectional information transfer. The criterion for the selection of the intrasystem control algorithm(s) is based on the maximisation of the 'Joint Figure of Merit' related to the long-term average of an appropriately weighted sum of conflicting terms: Probabilities of homeostases versus adequate matching with the partner.", "contents": "Bifurcation in non-negotiable games: a paradigm for self-organisation in cognitive systems. The interaction between two self-organising systems, each possessing two hierarchical levels, is dealt with. The communication process is pursued as a bidirectional information transfer. The criterion for the selection of the intrasystem control algorithm(s) is based on the maximisation of the 'Joint Figure of Merit' related to the long-term average of an appropriately weighted sum of conflicting terms: Probabilities of homeostases versus adequate matching with the partner.", "PMID": 511382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9156", "title": "Jittermeter--a microcomputer-based system for single fibre electromyography.", "content": "In single fibre electromyography (SFEMG) an exact measurement and computation of a number of time parameters is required. This paper describes a low-cost microprocessor-based measurement system for SFEMG data acquisition, computation of the parameters and display, as an alternative to a general purpose-computer based system. Time measurement is performed at dual resolution: 0.1 microsecond and 0.1 msec. Erroneous data due to disturbing voltages are automatically eliminated. A variety of SFEMG applications is covered by 3 basic modes of data handling. The microprocessor unit is based on the 6800 family and contains 3K of program memory, input-output modules and 4K data memory. The instructions are entered through a keyboard and output is provided by an LED display, line-printer and X-Y storage display.", "contents": "Jittermeter--a microcomputer-based system for single fibre electromyography. In single fibre electromyography (SFEMG) an exact measurement and computation of a number of time parameters is required. This paper describes a low-cost microprocessor-based measurement system for SFEMG data acquisition, computation of the parameters and display, as an alternative to a general purpose-computer based system. Time measurement is performed at dual resolution: 0.1 microsecond and 0.1 msec. Erroneous data due to disturbing voltages are automatically eliminated. A variety of SFEMG applications is covered by 3 basic modes of data handling. The microprocessor unit is based on the 6800 family and contains 3K of program memory, input-output modules and 4K data memory. The instructions are entered through a keyboard and output is provided by an LED display, line-printer and X-Y storage display.", "PMID": 511383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9157", "title": "Multiexponential and multicompartmental approaches for analysis of tracer washout data from animal.", "content": "A comparison is made between multiexponential and multicompartmental analyses of tracer washout data from biological tissues. Various analytical and computer methods are used to explore the relations between kinetic parameters of three-compartment models and parameters of three-exponential functions fitted to typical observed tracer washout records and also to examine relations between kinetic parameters of the same three-compartment models determined analytically and numerically. It is concluded that exponential factors and coefficients cannot always be equated respectively with conpartmental transport rate constants or compartment sizes. Sufficient analytical and computer methodologies exist so that selection of meaningful biological models should not be hampered by a lack of appropriate solution procedures.", "contents": "Multiexponential and multicompartmental approaches for analysis of tracer washout data from animal. A comparison is made between multiexponential and multicompartmental analyses of tracer washout data from biological tissues. Various analytical and computer methods are used to explore the relations between kinetic parameters of three-compartment models and parameters of three-exponential functions fitted to typical observed tracer washout records and also to examine relations between kinetic parameters of the same three-compartment models determined analytically and numerically. It is concluded that exponential factors and coefficients cannot always be equated respectively with conpartmental transport rate constants or compartment sizes. Sufficient analytical and computer methodologies exist so that selection of meaningful biological models should not be hampered by a lack of appropriate solution procedures.", "PMID": 511384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9158", "title": "Computation as a thermodynamic process applied to biological systems.", "content": "A physical quantity, 'information,' can be defined and must be included in the second law of thermodynamics. This quantity is different from entropy, though closely related to it. Acquisition and use of information is characteristic of most systems, especially those of biological orgin. Treatment of information as a physical quantity permits many types of machines (in the most general sense) to be understood in respect of a thermodynamic function, and as well an investigation of the extent to which the laws governing information are or may limit their behavior. This limitation is most important at the molecular level, such as in the process of DNA and RNA synthesis. However, it may ultimately have a significant impact on all areas of biology including the theory of evolution, which in light of the concept of information can now be addressed in an important new way.", "contents": "Computation as a thermodynamic process applied to biological systems. A physical quantity, 'information,' can be defined and must be included in the second law of thermodynamics. This quantity is different from entropy, though closely related to it. Acquisition and use of information is characteristic of most systems, especially those of biological orgin. Treatment of information as a physical quantity permits many types of machines (in the most general sense) to be understood in respect of a thermodynamic function, and as well an investigation of the extent to which the laws governing information are or may limit their behavior. This limitation is most important at the molecular level, such as in the process of DNA and RNA synthesis. However, it may ultimately have a significant impact on all areas of biology including the theory of evolution, which in light of the concept of information can now be addressed in an important new way.", "PMID": 511385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9159", "title": "An iterative algorithm for analysis of variance.", "content": "In this paper, an iterative algorithm is proposed for computing estimates of parameters and sums of squares in non-orthogonal multivariate analysis of variance, without inverting any matrix. It is useful in the case of a large design matrix for it saves memory and computation time. It was first proposed by Stevens (1948) for 3 factors and is here generalised to any number of factors and interactions of any order. Convergence properties are studied. The more orthogonal is the design, the faster is the convergence. Several examples are provided.", "contents": "An iterative algorithm for analysis of variance. In this paper, an iterative algorithm is proposed for computing estimates of parameters and sums of squares in non-orthogonal multivariate analysis of variance, without inverting any matrix. It is useful in the case of a large design matrix for it saves memory and computation time. It was first proposed by Stevens (1948) for 3 factors and is here generalised to any number of factors and interactions of any order. Convergence properties are studied. The more orthogonal is the design, the faster is the convergence. Several examples are provided.", "PMID": 511387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9160", "title": "[Selective diffusion and osmosis: application to the problem of the functioning of the nephron].", "content": "In this article, we propose a new hypothesis concerning biological semipermeable membranes, the walls of vessels or tubules of the human organism. As regards the properties of diffusion of the membranes, this hypothesis includes the phenomena of active and passive transport; as far as the properties of diffusion and osmosis are concerned, it takes into account the orientation of the phenomena, which explains its name: hypothesis of selectivity. By applying this theory to the problem of the transport of salts and urea in the nephrons, we demonstrate that this property is a necessary and sufficient condition to explain the part and working of the functional unit of the kidney, i.e., the nephron, and to validate its operating model, subject of our study. No contradiction has appeared within the present experimental results.", "contents": "[Selective diffusion and osmosis: application to the problem of the functioning of the nephron]. In this article, we propose a new hypothesis concerning biological semipermeable membranes, the walls of vessels or tubules of the human organism. As regards the properties of diffusion of the membranes, this hypothesis includes the phenomena of active and passive transport; as far as the properties of diffusion and osmosis are concerned, it takes into account the orientation of the phenomena, which explains its name: hypothesis of selectivity. By applying this theory to the problem of the transport of salts and urea in the nephrons, we demonstrate that this property is a necessary and sufficient condition to explain the part and working of the functional unit of the kidney, i.e., the nephron, and to validate its operating model, subject of our study. No contradiction has appeared within the present experimental results.", "PMID": 511386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9161", "title": "Computing in the bio-sciences with hypernumbers: a survey.", "content": "A survey of higher types of number, with more sophisticated arithmetics than square root -1, is presented. Such powerful embodiments of the number concept are capable of representing entities and operations in the bio-sciences, where phenomena are characteristically more recondite than in naively reductionist, mechanistic physics or chemistry, which today even quantum theory (which itself deploys two kinds of hypernumber) has shown to be inadequate to explain observed phenomena. When the bio-sciences enter the picture, four other kinds of hypernumber are needed, one of them (w) relating also to the frontiers of quantum theory, in terms of the resolution of problems such as the breakdown of parity conservation and of time reversal, and the concomitant elimination of unwanted divergences (infinities). A brief statement of the relevance of each of the additional kinds of hypernumbers in bio-scientific computing is furnished, as an introduction to an approach that is not only viable in terms of digital computing, but is fraught with new implications for bio-scientific research.", "contents": "Computing in the bio-sciences with hypernumbers: a survey. A survey of higher types of number, with more sophisticated arithmetics than square root -1, is presented. Such powerful embodiments of the number concept are capable of representing entities and operations in the bio-sciences, where phenomena are characteristically more recondite than in naively reductionist, mechanistic physics or chemistry, which today even quantum theory (which itself deploys two kinds of hypernumber) has shown to be inadequate to explain observed phenomena. When the bio-sciences enter the picture, four other kinds of hypernumber are needed, one of them (w) relating also to the frontiers of quantum theory, in terms of the resolution of problems such as the breakdown of parity conservation and of time reversal, and the concomitant elimination of unwanted divergences (infinities). A brief statement of the relevance of each of the additional kinds of hypernumbers in bio-scientific computing is furnished, as an introduction to an approach that is not only viable in terms of digital computing, but is fraught with new implications for bio-scientific research.", "PMID": 511388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9162", "title": "Alcoholism and substance sniffing among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians of Oklahoma.", "content": "Common determinants of alcoholism and substance sniffing are identified among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians of Oklahoma. Computer correlations, interviews, and questionnaires provided data. Findings indicate chronic sniffing is prealcoholic behavior. Confusing family interpersonal relationships, alcoholism in the immediate family, and severe parent-child emotional deprivation predispose to alcoholism.", "contents": "Alcoholism and substance sniffing among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians of Oklahoma. Common determinants of alcoholism and substance sniffing are identified among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians of Oklahoma. Computer correlations, interviews, and questionnaires provided data. Findings indicate chronic sniffing is prealcoholic behavior. Confusing family interpersonal relationships, alcoholism in the immediate family, and severe parent-child emotional deprivation predispose to alcoholism.", "PMID": 511389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9163", "title": "Arrest record and retention in methadone maintenance treatment.", "content": "It was found that when compared with those who stay in methadone maintenance treatment for less than 18 months, those who remain at least 18 months have a lower pretreatment and a lower in-treatment arrest record. It is questioned, however, if this group entered with a favorable bias and would have responded better to any form of treatment, including simple dispensation of methadone.", "contents": "Arrest record and retention in methadone maintenance treatment. It was found that when compared with those who stay in methadone maintenance treatment for less than 18 months, those who remain at least 18 months have a lower pretreatment and a lower in-treatment arrest record. It is questioned, however, if this group entered with a favorable bias and would have responded better to any form of treatment, including simple dispensation of methadone.", "PMID": 511390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9164", "title": "The failure of therapeutic communities, drug treatment, and rehabilitation programs.", "content": "A positive behavioral modification program is described. This program has been useful in dealing with \"Borderline Personality Organization\" in residential treatment centers. It is pointed out that behavioral modification programs are more effective if designed around an analytically-based understanding of the developmental dynamics which contributed to the behavior.", "contents": "The failure of therapeutic communities, drug treatment, and rehabilitation programs. A positive behavioral modification program is described. This program has been useful in dealing with \"Borderline Personality Organization\" in residential treatment centers. It is pointed out that behavioral modification programs are more effective if designed around an analytically-based understanding of the developmental dynamics which contributed to the behavior.", "PMID": 511391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9165", "title": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannibinol: acute efects on defensive and primary-process language.", "content": "This study examined the effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on defensive, primary-process, and secondary-process language. Four male volunteers provided 5-minute monologues in three conditions: Round 1,placebo; Round 2, 15 mg THC; Round 3, recovery. THC was found to attenuate defensive language behavior (retractors, qualifiers, direct references) and to increase the use of secondary-process (intellectualizing) vocabulary.", "contents": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannibinol: acute efects on defensive and primary-process language. This study examined the effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on defensive, primary-process, and secondary-process language. Four male volunteers provided 5-minute monologues in three conditions: Round 1,placebo; Round 2, 15 mg THC; Round 3, recovery. THC was found to attenuate defensive language behavior (retractors, qualifiers, direct references) and to increase the use of secondary-process (intellectualizing) vocabulary.", "PMID": 511392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9166", "title": "Crime and treatment of heroin users.", "content": "In San Antonio serious reported crime increased every year from 1965 through 1969. Then, in 1970, coincident with a marked increase of heroin users in treatment, the crime rate decreased. In three succeeding years while the treatment rate increased, crime decreased. Then in 1974, due to loss of program funds, the treatment rate decreased and the crime rate increased. The changes in the crime rate were due primarily to changes in the theft rate. For the years 1970-1974, treatment and theft had a significant negative correlation. We tentatively attribute part of the changes in the theft rate to changes in the treatment rate.", "contents": "Crime and treatment of heroin users. In San Antonio serious reported crime increased every year from 1965 through 1969. Then, in 1970, coincident with a marked increase of heroin users in treatment, the crime rate decreased. In three succeeding years while the treatment rate increased, crime decreased. Then in 1974, due to loss of program funds, the treatment rate decreased and the crime rate increased. The changes in the crime rate were due primarily to changes in the theft rate. For the years 1970-1974, treatment and theft had a significant negative correlation. We tentatively attribute part of the changes in the theft rate to changes in the treatment rate.", "PMID": 511393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9167", "title": "Parental and peer influences as correlates of problem drinking among high school students.", "content": "This study was concerned with the relative importance of parental, peer, and demographic variables in predicting problem drinking among young people. A survey of drinking and drinking problems was conducted among 1,439 students in two schools in Ontario. A Multiple Classification Analysis was employed to identify variables with a significant and unique predictive power. It was found that problem drinking is best predicted with situational factors and those directly connected with drinking. Parental and peer variables had little unique predictive power. Problem drinkers were more often male, had their first drinks away from home, and usually drank in cars.", "contents": "Parental and peer influences as correlates of problem drinking among high school students. This study was concerned with the relative importance of parental, peer, and demographic variables in predicting problem drinking among young people. A survey of drinking and drinking problems was conducted among 1,439 students in two schools in Ontario. A Multiple Classification Analysis was employed to identify variables with a significant and unique predictive power. It was found that problem drinking is best predicted with situational factors and those directly connected with drinking. Parental and peer variables had little unique predictive power. Problem drinkers were more often male, had their first drinks away from home, and usually drank in cars.", "PMID": 511394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9168", "title": "Children of heroin addicts.", "content": "Fourteen Black male, opiate addicts, their wives, and their children were studied intensively using psychiatric interviews and psychological tests. Their 32 children were compared to 37 pediatric clinic children. The children raised in a home where father is an opiate addict function cognitively less well than their father, and the teenagers show earlier and stronger antisocial trends than pediatric clinic peers. On the other hand, there is a surprising absence of other psychopathology that one might expect, taking into consideration the deviant environment from which they come.", "contents": "Children of heroin addicts. Fourteen Black male, opiate addicts, their wives, and their children were studied intensively using psychiatric interviews and psychological tests. Their 32 children were compared to 37 pediatric clinic children. The children raised in a home where father is an opiate addict function cognitively less well than their father, and the teenagers show earlier and stronger antisocial trends than pediatric clinic peers. On the other hand, there is a surprising absence of other psychopathology that one might expect, taking into consideration the deviant environment from which they come.", "PMID": 511395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9169", "title": "The policy culture of drugs: Ritalin, methadone, and the control of deviant behavior.", "content": "Various concepts are introduced which may be new to most readers of sociological journals. The concepts include policy culture and the medicalization of deviant behavior. Treatment drugs such as methadone and Ritalin are discussed within a framework which utilizes these concepts. It is concluded that the policy culture surrounding the introduction and use of these drugs is highly particularistic. This process in turn tends to produce certain unintended consequences.", "contents": "The policy culture of drugs: Ritalin, methadone, and the control of deviant behavior. Various concepts are introduced which may be new to most readers of sociological journals. The concepts include policy culture and the medicalization of deviant behavior. Treatment drugs such as methadone and Ritalin are discussed within a framework which utilizes these concepts. It is concluded that the policy culture surrounding the introduction and use of these drugs is highly particularistic. This process in turn tends to produce certain unintended consequences.", "PMID": 511396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9170", "title": "Inhalant, marijuana, and alcohol abuse among barrio children and adolescents.", "content": "Prevalence of inhalant, marijuana, and alcohol abuse was studied in a sample of 457 male and female Mexican-American children and adolescents between the ages of 9 and 17 years. Subjects interviewed resided in four housing projects located in East Los Angeles. All interviews were conducted by adolescents who resided in the same housing projects. Results indicated that compared to a national sample, Mexican-American adolescents were at least 14 times more likely to be currently abusing inhalants. The prevalence rate of marijuana was double the national rate, but the prevalence of alcohol was equal to that found nationally. Reasons for elevated substance abuse rates are explored.", "contents": "Inhalant, marijuana, and alcohol abuse among barrio children and adolescents. Prevalence of inhalant, marijuana, and alcohol abuse was studied in a sample of 457 male and female Mexican-American children and adolescents between the ages of 9 and 17 years. Subjects interviewed resided in four housing projects located in East Los Angeles. All interviews were conducted by adolescents who resided in the same housing projects. Results indicated that compared to a national sample, Mexican-American adolescents were at least 14 times more likely to be currently abusing inhalants. The prevalence rate of marijuana was double the national rate, but the prevalence of alcohol was equal to that found nationally. Reasons for elevated substance abuse rates are explored.", "PMID": 511397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9171", "title": "Alcohol abuse by heroin addicts: review of research findings and issues.", "content": "Although most studies suggest that alcohol abuse by heroin addicts is an important problem, the estimated extent of problem drinking ranges from less than 10 to 50%. The difficulties in assessing the extent of alcohol abuse and comparing results from different studies arise from several methodological issues: the definition of alcohol abuse, population characteristics, type of survey, time frame used, and the reliability and validity of self-reported data. However, data do generally suggest that a reasonable estimate is that at least 20 to 30% of heroin addicts have a past or current drinking problem.", "contents": "Alcohol abuse by heroin addicts: review of research findings and issues. Although most studies suggest that alcohol abuse by heroin addicts is an important problem, the estimated extent of problem drinking ranges from less than 10 to 50%. The difficulties in assessing the extent of alcohol abuse and comparing results from different studies arise from several methodological issues: the definition of alcohol abuse, population characteristics, type of survey, time frame used, and the reliability and validity of self-reported data. However, data do generally suggest that a reasonable estimate is that at least 20 to 30% of heroin addicts have a past or current drinking problem.", "PMID": 511398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9172", "title": "Beliefs among college students on settings and emotions conducive to alcohol and marijuana use.", "content": "Two hundred college student alcohol and marijuana users rated their desire to drink alcohol and desire to smoke marijuana in or after different settings shown via color photographic slides. Contrary to the compensation hypothesis (that these drugs are used to escape from unpleasant circumstances), desire for both alcohol and marijuana was greater both in and after more pleasant settings than unpleasant ones. These results were more consistent with an amplification hypothesis, that alcohol and marijuana intensify emotions already present.", "contents": "Beliefs among college students on settings and emotions conducive to alcohol and marijuana use. Two hundred college student alcohol and marijuana users rated their desire to drink alcohol and desire to smoke marijuana in or after different settings shown via color photographic slides. Contrary to the compensation hypothesis (that these drugs are used to escape from unpleasant circumstances), desire for both alcohol and marijuana was greater both in and after more pleasant settings than unpleasant ones. These results were more consistent with an amplification hypothesis, that alcohol and marijuana intensify emotions already present.", "PMID": 511399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9173", "title": "Attitudinal differences affecting participation in group counseling in outpatient drug treatment centers.", "content": "Despite the fact that group counseling is emphasized in most drug treatment programs, client resistance to participation in groups is a common problem. Attitudinal differences between inner-city drug treatment clients and a graduate student sample were investigated as a possible factor contributing to resistance. Drug treatment clients were found to have less experience with counseling and therapy, and less understanding of the nature and purpose of the process.", "contents": "Attitudinal differences affecting participation in group counseling in outpatient drug treatment centers. Despite the fact that group counseling is emphasized in most drug treatment programs, client resistance to participation in groups is a common problem. Attitudinal differences between inner-city drug treatment clients and a graduate student sample were investigated as a possible factor contributing to resistance. Drug treatment clients were found to have less experience with counseling and therapy, and less understanding of the nature and purpose of the process.", "PMID": 511400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9174", "title": "The validity and reliability of self-reported data from heroin addicts: mailed questionnaires compared with face-to-face interviews.", "content": "Immediately following receipt of their 1-year follow-up mailed questionnaire, 55 former patients from an addiction treatment program were interviewed personally, and a urine sample was collected. Results indicate a high degree of correspondence of self-reported drug use with the urinalysis reports, and moderately high correspondence between the information on employment, school attendance, legal status,and length of heroin run given in the mailed questionnaire with that provided in the personal interview.", "contents": "The validity and reliability of self-reported data from heroin addicts: mailed questionnaires compared with face-to-face interviews. Immediately following receipt of their 1-year follow-up mailed questionnaire, 55 former patients from an addiction treatment program were interviewed personally, and a urine sample was collected. Results indicate a high degree of correspondence of self-reported drug use with the urinalysis reports, and moderately high correspondence between the information on employment, school attendance, legal status,and length of heroin run given in the mailed questionnaire with that provided in the personal interview.", "PMID": 511401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9175", "title": "Amikacin: in vitro bacteriological studies, levels in human serum, lung and heart tissue, and clinical results.", "content": "The amikacin sensitivity of bacteria cultured from 3282 clinical cases of mixed type was determined. Gentamicin and amikacin were equally effective against E. coli strains. Amikacin inhibited the growth of more Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains than did gentamicin. Against Gram-positive bacteria gentamicin proved to be more effective. Many of the gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to amikacin. Amikacin levels were measured during 21 pulmonary and 14 heart operations, subsequent to a intramuscular administration of 500 mg amikacin. The serum contained 17-20 microgram/ml amikacin, in the intact, inflamed and tumourous parts of removed lung tissue 9, 6 and 6 microgram/g concentrations were detected, respectively, whereas the cardiac auricle and the pericardial fluid contained 3-4 and 2-4 microgram/ml, respectively. These amikacin levels reach or in most cases even exceed the minimal inhibiting concentrations against the bacteria. Therefore, amikacin is excellent for the treatment of respiratory infections, pericarditis and endocarditis caused by Gram-negative, gentamicin-resistant bacteria. Amikacin treatment of 8 patients with grave diseases as well as the successful local administration of amikacin based on the therapy of 55 cases of surgical suppurations is reported.", "contents": "Amikacin: in vitro bacteriological studies, levels in human serum, lung and heart tissue, and clinical results. The amikacin sensitivity of bacteria cultured from 3282 clinical cases of mixed type was determined. Gentamicin and amikacin were equally effective against E. coli strains. Amikacin inhibited the growth of more Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains than did gentamicin. Against Gram-positive bacteria gentamicin proved to be more effective. Many of the gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to amikacin. Amikacin levels were measured during 21 pulmonary and 14 heart operations, subsequent to a intramuscular administration of 500 mg amikacin. The serum contained 17-20 microgram/ml amikacin, in the intact, inflamed and tumourous parts of removed lung tissue 9, 6 and 6 microgram/g concentrations were detected, respectively, whereas the cardiac auricle and the pericardial fluid contained 3-4 and 2-4 microgram/ml, respectively. These amikacin levels reach or in most cases even exceed the minimal inhibiting concentrations against the bacteria. Therefore, amikacin is excellent for the treatment of respiratory infections, pericarditis and endocarditis caused by Gram-negative, gentamicin-resistant bacteria. Amikacin treatment of 8 patients with grave diseases as well as the successful local administration of amikacin based on the therapy of 55 cases of surgical suppurations is reported.", "PMID": 511416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9176", "title": "Effects of intravenous administration of brain phospholipids on gonadotropin release in man.", "content": "Administration of 600 mg of brain phospholipids i.v. in normal adult volunteers results in a significant decrease of the testosterone circulating levels. This phenomenon is not accompanied by a modification in gonadotropin quantitative levels, but by a reduction in LH pulsatility. This seems to be important for the peripheral biological activity of LH.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous administration of brain phospholipids on gonadotropin release in man. Administration of 600 mg of brain phospholipids i.v. in normal adult volunteers results in a significant decrease of the testosterone circulating levels. This phenomenon is not accompanied by a modification in gonadotropin quantitative levels, but by a reduction in LH pulsatility. This seems to be important for the peripheral biological activity of LH.", "PMID": 511417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9177", "title": "The effect of intramuscular pirenzepine on esophageal contractile activity and lower esophageal sphincter pressure under fasting conditions and after a standard meal. A double blind study.", "content": "In two studies, each on 16 healthy volunteers, the effects of pirenzepine on esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) contractile activity were studied under double blind conditions. One study was carried out on subjects who had fasted, the other on subjects who had ingested a standard meal. Each subject underwent two experiments, one with i.m. injection of 0.2 mg/kg body weight pirenzepine, the other with an injection of solvent. Heart rate, respiratory rate, electroencephalogram, and reaction time to acoustical stimuli were recorded to control for cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous effects respectively. Pirenzepine under both fasting and nonfasting conditions caused significant decreases in number, amplitude, and duration of swallow-contractions. LES pressures under both conditions were significantly lower after pirenzepine than after the solvent. Pirenzepine furthermore caused a significant heart rate deceleration and respiratory acceleration, as well as an increased power in the faster Beta- and decreased power in the Alpha-range of the EEG. In conclusion, pirenzepine inhibits esophageal and LES contractile activity and also affects the central nervous system by a direct or indirect mechanism. An application of pirenzepine in hypertensive states of the LES and the esophagus seems possible and deserves further investigation.", "contents": "The effect of intramuscular pirenzepine on esophageal contractile activity and lower esophageal sphincter pressure under fasting conditions and after a standard meal. A double blind study. In two studies, each on 16 healthy volunteers, the effects of pirenzepine on esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) contractile activity were studied under double blind conditions. One study was carried out on subjects who had fasted, the other on subjects who had ingested a standard meal. Each subject underwent two experiments, one with i.m. injection of 0.2 mg/kg body weight pirenzepine, the other with an injection of solvent. Heart rate, respiratory rate, electroencephalogram, and reaction time to acoustical stimuli were recorded to control for cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous effects respectively. Pirenzepine under both fasting and nonfasting conditions caused significant decreases in number, amplitude, and duration of swallow-contractions. LES pressures under both conditions were significantly lower after pirenzepine than after the solvent. Pirenzepine furthermore caused a significant heart rate deceleration and respiratory acceleration, as well as an increased power in the faster Beta- and decreased power in the Alpha-range of the EEG. In conclusion, pirenzepine inhibits esophageal and LES contractile activity and also affects the central nervous system by a direct or indirect mechanism. An application of pirenzepine in hypertensive states of the LES and the esophagus seems possible and deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 511419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9178", "title": "Changes of electrolyte excretion, renin activity, angiotensin-II and aldosterone concentrations during administration of 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-a-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821).", "content": "After the administration of 40 mg Bay g 2821, a new potent diuretic substance, a significant increase of sodium and water diuresis occurred. There was only a short rise in potassium excretion. In contrast to the sodium and water diuresis no significant increase of renin-activity, angiotensin-II or aldosterone concentration was seen. In spite of the insignificant stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a significant increase of correlation occurred between the three components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Changes of electrolyte excretion, renin activity, angiotensin-II and aldosterone concentrations during administration of 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-a-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821). After the administration of 40 mg Bay g 2821, a new potent diuretic substance, a significant increase of sodium and water diuresis occurred. There was only a short rise in potassium excretion. In contrast to the sodium and water diuresis no significant increase of renin-activity, angiotensin-II or aldosterone concentration was seen. In spite of the insignificant stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a significant increase of correlation occurred between the three components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 511420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9179", "title": "Oral florid papillomatosis (verrucous carcinoma).", "content": "1. Florid Papillomatosis (FP) seems to be another form of verrucous carcinoma. 2. Besides the mouth, FP can be found in the larynx, nose, genitalia, skin, etc. 3. FP would appear to be a carcinoma with a low degree of malignancy, and is locally aggressive. They do not cause generalized metastases and rarely metastasize locally. 4. In the mouth, the lesions, either single or multiple, usually occur in adult men. The most frequent sites are the buccal mucosa and the alveolar-gingival area. They develop on a healthy mucosa, or on preexisting lesions, namely, leukoplakia, atypical lichen, abrasive cheilitis and traumatic ulcers. FP may cause fistulas and jaw destruction. 5. Histologically, three stages can be recognized: type I, with acanthosis and papillomatosis, etc., type II, with the aspect of an in situ carcinoma, and type III, carcinoma-like in aspect but with some characteristics of FP. 6. Ten percent of the cases may develop an anaplastic carcinoma or may become associated with other types of carcinomas in other organs and near the area where the FP appeared. 7. Predisposing factors are the same as those for classical carcinomas (especially smoking and chewing tobacco or betel). FP may develop on preexisting lesions similar to those described for regular carcinomas. No virus has been isolated. Some authors believe FP is a precancerous condition; we think it is a cancer with a low degree of malignancy. 8. Treatment should be initiated with cytostatic drugs, especially methotrexate, followed by electrocoagulation, radium implantation and surgery. If the lesions are small in size, methotrexate is not required. If the lesions are large or there is bone destruction, surgery is the treatment of choice after methotrexate and sometimes high-voltage therapy with 60Co. 9. A cure rate of 75% can be obtained in properly treated cases.", "contents": "Oral florid papillomatosis (verrucous carcinoma). 1. Florid Papillomatosis (FP) seems to be another form of verrucous carcinoma. 2. Besides the mouth, FP can be found in the larynx, nose, genitalia, skin, etc. 3. FP would appear to be a carcinoma with a low degree of malignancy, and is locally aggressive. They do not cause generalized metastases and rarely metastasize locally. 4. In the mouth, the lesions, either single or multiple, usually occur in adult men. The most frequent sites are the buccal mucosa and the alveolar-gingival area. They develop on a healthy mucosa, or on preexisting lesions, namely, leukoplakia, atypical lichen, abrasive cheilitis and traumatic ulcers. FP may cause fistulas and jaw destruction. 5. Histologically, three stages can be recognized: type I, with acanthosis and papillomatosis, etc., type II, with the aspect of an in situ carcinoma, and type III, carcinoma-like in aspect but with some characteristics of FP. 6. Ten percent of the cases may develop an anaplastic carcinoma or may become associated with other types of carcinomas in other organs and near the area where the FP appeared. 7. Predisposing factors are the same as those for classical carcinomas (especially smoking and chewing tobacco or betel). FP may develop on preexisting lesions similar to those described for regular carcinomas. No virus has been isolated. Some authors believe FP is a precancerous condition; we think it is a cancer with a low degree of malignancy. 8. Treatment should be initiated with cytostatic drugs, especially methotrexate, followed by electrocoagulation, radium implantation and surgery. If the lesions are small in size, methotrexate is not required. If the lesions are large or there is bone destruction, surgery is the treatment of choice after methotrexate and sometimes high-voltage therapy with 60Co. 9. A cure rate of 75% can be obtained in properly treated cases.", "PMID": 511422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9180", "title": "Transient neonatal pustular melanosis.", "content": "A Mexican-American boy presented at birth with an extensive eruption consisting of 0.5 to 1.0 cm hyperpigmented macules with a distinct peripheral scale involving primarily the forearms, abdomen and lower back (Fig. 1). Rare intact vesicopustules were also identified. There was an unremarkable prenatal history, and the infant was a product of a normal vaginal delivery. With the exception of the skin lesions and moderate hepatosplenomegaly, the physical examination was normal. Gram stains of the pustules showed numerous neutrophils but no bacteria. Bacterial cultures, of the skin and blood, TORCH screen (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalic virus, and herpes virus) and a VDRL were negative. On the second day of life, the patient developed several pustules with surrounding erythema consistent with erythema toxicum neonatorum. Wright-stained smears of these lesions showed abundant eosinophils. Hepatosplenomegaly resolved by the third day of life and at the time of discharge only hyperpigmented macules persisted. Follow-up visit six weeks later showed no evidence of skin lesions.", "contents": "Transient neonatal pustular melanosis. A Mexican-American boy presented at birth with an extensive eruption consisting of 0.5 to 1.0 cm hyperpigmented macules with a distinct peripheral scale involving primarily the forearms, abdomen and lower back (Fig. 1). Rare intact vesicopustules were also identified. There was an unremarkable prenatal history, and the infant was a product of a normal vaginal delivery. With the exception of the skin lesions and moderate hepatosplenomegaly, the physical examination was normal. Gram stains of the pustules showed numerous neutrophils but no bacteria. Bacterial cultures, of the skin and blood, TORCH screen (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalic virus, and herpes virus) and a VDRL were negative. On the second day of life, the patient developed several pustules with surrounding erythema consistent with erythema toxicum neonatorum. Wright-stained smears of these lesions showed abundant eosinophils. Hepatosplenomegaly resolved by the third day of life and at the time of discharge only hyperpigmented macules persisted. Follow-up visit six weeks later showed no evidence of skin lesions.", "PMID": 511427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9181", "title": "Pemphigus in El Salvador. An eight-year study (1970-1977).", "content": "Of 23 patients with pemphigus seen between 1970 and 1977, 18 had foliaceus and five had vulgaris (ratio of 3.73:1). The characteristics of pemphigus foliaceus (age of onset, disease among sisters, presence of lesions resistant to corticotherapy) suggest Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem).", "contents": "Pemphigus in El Salvador. An eight-year study (1970-1977). Of 23 patients with pemphigus seen between 1970 and 1977, 18 had foliaceus and five had vulgaris (ratio of 3.73:1). The characteristics of pemphigus foliaceus (age of onset, disease among sisters, presence of lesions resistant to corticotherapy) suggest Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem).", "PMID": 511428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9182", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma with extensive silent internal involvement.", "content": "A case of Kaposi's sarcoma is presented in which extensive diagnostic studies failed to detect the cardiac, pulmonary, intestinal and nodal involvement that was found to be present at autopsy.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma with extensive silent internal involvement. A case of Kaposi's sarcoma is presented in which extensive diagnostic studies failed to detect the cardiac, pulmonary, intestinal and nodal involvement that was found to be present at autopsy.", "PMID": 511434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9183", "title": "Patterns and intensity of autofluorescence and its relation to melanin in human epidermis and hair.", "content": "The skin of 41 patients including 16 blacks, 15 Caucasians, and 10 Hispanics, was observed using a fluorescent microscope. Three patterns of autofluorescence were observed: intercellular, cytoplasmic, and a combination of intercellular and cytoplasmic. The hair of 75 subjects, including 18 Negroes and 55 Caucasians, was observed. Two patterns were found: medullar and at the cortex. Skin form black patients was associated with the cytoplasmic pattern of autofluorescence. Compared to lighter skin, black skin was also significantly associated with increased intensity of autofluorescence, indicating that autofluorescence of the epidermis parallels the clinical degree of pigmentation. In the hair of 75 subjects, similar results were obtained: Negro hair exhibited more fluorescence than Caucasian hair, and darker hair (brown to black) exhibited more fluorescence than lighter hair (blond). This may be related to melanin and it breakdown products.", "contents": "Patterns and intensity of autofluorescence and its relation to melanin in human epidermis and hair. The skin of 41 patients including 16 blacks, 15 Caucasians, and 10 Hispanics, was observed using a fluorescent microscope. Three patterns of autofluorescence were observed: intercellular, cytoplasmic, and a combination of intercellular and cytoplasmic. The hair of 75 subjects, including 18 Negroes and 55 Caucasians, was observed. Two patterns were found: medullar and at the cortex. Skin form black patients was associated with the cytoplasmic pattern of autofluorescence. Compared to lighter skin, black skin was also significantly associated with increased intensity of autofluorescence, indicating that autofluorescence of the epidermis parallels the clinical degree of pigmentation. In the hair of 75 subjects, similar results were obtained: Negro hair exhibited more fluorescence than Caucasian hair, and darker hair (brown to black) exhibited more fluorescence than lighter hair (blond). This may be related to melanin and it breakdown products.", "PMID": 511435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9184", "title": "Ultraviolet phototherapy of uremic pruritus.", "content": "Repeated exposure to mid-range ultraviolet light (UVB) can dramatically relieve the pruritus associated with uremia. The efficacy of UVB phototherapy in uremic pruritus has been established in a controlled trial; experience with 38 patients suggests that 80 to 90% of those receiving 6 to 8 exposures respond favorably within the treatment period (2 to 5 weeks). Treatment frequency appears not to influence the remission rate, although patients on more intensive schedules experience relief sooner than those treated once weekly. Remissions are long-lasting in many patients, sometimes longer than 2 years. Patients with recurrent pruritus respond to phototherapy at least as well as previously untreated patients and tend to improve more rapidly. UVB phototherapy appears to exert its beneficial effect systemically rather than locally, but its mechanism of action is otherwise unknown.", "contents": "Ultraviolet phototherapy of uremic pruritus. Repeated exposure to mid-range ultraviolet light (UVB) can dramatically relieve the pruritus associated with uremia. The efficacy of UVB phototherapy in uremic pruritus has been established in a controlled trial; experience with 38 patients suggests that 80 to 90% of those receiving 6 to 8 exposures respond favorably within the treatment period (2 to 5 weeks). Treatment frequency appears not to influence the remission rate, although patients on more intensive schedules experience relief sooner than those treated once weekly. Remissions are long-lasting in many patients, sometimes longer than 2 years. Patients with recurrent pruritus respond to phototherapy at least as well as previously untreated patients and tend to improve more rapidly. UVB phototherapy appears to exert its beneficial effect systemically rather than locally, but its mechanism of action is otherwise unknown.", "PMID": 511436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9185", "title": "Tinea pedis masking a Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "A 67-year-old white man presented with bilateral blancing erythema and scale of the second through fifth toes extending on to the dorsa and moccasin areas of the feet for two years. The right great toe had subungual debris. No cultures or KOH studies were recorded. A course of tolnaftate cream therapy was initiated. Two years later, the patient returned and complained of no change in his condition. Previously recorded descriptions and diagrams in the medical record confirmed his report. At this time, KOH preparations from the skin and nail were positive for hyphae. He refused to accept medical recommendations for a fungal culture and griseofulvin therapy. He, therefore, was instructed to use miconazole cream twice daily as alternative treatment. One year later, physical examination was unchanged. KOH preparations and fungal cultures of the skin were twice negative. A 4-mm punch skin biopsy specimen of the erythematous patch on the dorsum of the foot was performed. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections revealed a proliferating vascular process in the cutis. Many spindle-shaped cells formed vascular slits and endothelial-lined spaces in which there were erythrocytes. No hyphae were seen. One year after the biopsy specimen was taken, the erythema of his feet persists, and a few nonblanching nodules are visible. He declined further studies.", "contents": "Tinea pedis masking a Kaposi's sarcoma. A 67-year-old white man presented with bilateral blancing erythema and scale of the second through fifth toes extending on to the dorsa and moccasin areas of the feet for two years. The right great toe had subungual debris. No cultures or KOH studies were recorded. A course of tolnaftate cream therapy was initiated. Two years later, the patient returned and complained of no change in his condition. Previously recorded descriptions and diagrams in the medical record confirmed his report. At this time, KOH preparations from the skin and nail were positive for hyphae. He refused to accept medical recommendations for a fungal culture and griseofulvin therapy. He, therefore, was instructed to use miconazole cream twice daily as alternative treatment. One year later, physical examination was unchanged. KOH preparations and fungal cultures of the skin were twice negative. A 4-mm punch skin biopsy specimen of the erythematous patch on the dorsum of the foot was performed. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections revealed a proliferating vascular process in the cutis. Many spindle-shaped cells formed vascular slits and endothelial-lined spaces in which there were erythrocytes. No hyphae were seen. One year after the biopsy specimen was taken, the erythema of his feet persists, and a few nonblanching nodules are visible. He declined further studies.", "PMID": 511437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9186", "title": "Metronidazole in the treatment of tropical phagedenic ulcers.", "content": "In an uncontrolled preliminary trial, metronidazole administered orally to 30 patients was effective in resoving tropical phagedenic ulcers within a period of one to two weeks. The efficacy of this drug indicates the important role played by fusospirochetes in causing tropical ulcers.", "contents": "Metronidazole in the treatment of tropical phagedenic ulcers. In an uncontrolled preliminary trial, metronidazole administered orally to 30 patients was effective in resoving tropical phagedenic ulcers within a period of one to two weeks. The efficacy of this drug indicates the important role played by fusospirochetes in causing tropical ulcers.", "PMID": 511439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9187", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with topical nitrogen mustard.", "content": "With the advent of various new methods of treating psoriasis, it is necessary to remind physicians to consider an agent that is easy to administer, locally effective, relatively inexpensive, not time-consuming and without systemic toxic effects. Nineteen patients were treated with topical nitrogen mustard between 1972 and 1976, and only five developed sufficient contact sensitization to warrant stopping medication.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with topical nitrogen mustard. With the advent of various new methods of treating psoriasis, it is necessary to remind physicians to consider an agent that is easy to administer, locally effective, relatively inexpensive, not time-consuming and without systemic toxic effects. Nineteen patients were treated with topical nitrogen mustard between 1972 and 1976, and only five developed sufficient contact sensitization to warrant stopping medication.", "PMID": 511440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9188", "title": "Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the Island of Trinidad: West Indies.", "content": "Confirming previous observations on dog populations in other parts of the world, notably Japan, the Philippine Islands, and some countries in South America, we found that a high percentage of dogs in Trinidad are infected with organisms from many serogroups of Leptospira. Serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae were most commonly found. Ten isolates obtained from 50 kidneys from stray dogs (20% infectivity rate) were typed as portland-vere (six) and canicola (two) of the Canicola serogroup, copenhageni of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (one), and georgia in the Hebdomadis serogroup (one). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a serotype in the Hebdomadis serogroup being isolated from a dog. A cat isolation was identified as canicola. Serological results showed that 55% or more of stray dogs had been exposed as opposed to only 12.5% of the cats examined. Serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis are found most frequently in dogs, cats, mongooses, and man in Trinidad.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in dogs and cats on the Island of Trinidad: West Indies. Confirming previous observations on dog populations in other parts of the world, notably Japan, the Philippine Islands, and some countries in South America, we found that a high percentage of dogs in Trinidad are infected with organisms from many serogroups of Leptospira. Serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae were most commonly found. Ten isolates obtained from 50 kidneys from stray dogs (20% infectivity rate) were typed as portland-vere (six) and canicola (two) of the Canicola serogroup, copenhageni of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (one), and georgia in the Hebdomadis serogroup (one). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a serotype in the Hebdomadis serogroup being isolated from a dog. A cat isolation was identified as canicola. Serological results showed that 55% or more of stray dogs had been exposed as opposed to only 12.5% of the cats examined. Serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis are found most frequently in dogs, cats, mongooses, and man in Trinidad.", "PMID": 511442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9189", "title": "Manifestations of sexual and aggressive drives in prelatency, latency, and postlatency children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test Freud's proposition that the sexual drive is dormant during the latency stage. The null hypotheses were that there are no differences in the manifestations of sexual and aggressive drives during the prelatency and latency as well as the latency and postlatency stage groups. Subjects consisted of prelatency (3-5 years), latency (7-9 years), and postlatency (14-16 years) children. There were 180 subjects; 30 boys and 30 girls in each stage group. TAT cards 4, 10, 13MF chosen for sexual content; 3BM, 8BM, and 18GF for aggressive content; and 1, 2, 13B chosen for neutral content were used. Subjects rank ordered these nine cards in order of preference. Chi squares and t-values of Ss' preferences supported the Freudian concept of the latency age. In addition, the data also revealed that the older a child becomes, the less likely he is to show interest in aggressive content material. There was only one significant sex difference. This involved the preference for sexual content material among postlatency boys and girls.", "contents": "Manifestations of sexual and aggressive drives in prelatency, latency, and postlatency children. The purpose of this study was to test Freud's proposition that the sexual drive is dormant during the latency stage. The null hypotheses were that there are no differences in the manifestations of sexual and aggressive drives during the prelatency and latency as well as the latency and postlatency stage groups. Subjects consisted of prelatency (3-5 years), latency (7-9 years), and postlatency (14-16 years) children. There were 180 subjects; 30 boys and 30 girls in each stage group. TAT cards 4, 10, 13MF chosen for sexual content; 3BM, 8BM, and 18GF for aggressive content; and 1, 2, 13B chosen for neutral content were used. Subjects rank ordered these nine cards in order of preference. Chi squares and t-values of Ss' preferences supported the Freudian concept of the latency age. In addition, the data also revealed that the older a child becomes, the less likely he is to show interest in aggressive content material. There was only one significant sex difference. This involved the preference for sexual content material among postlatency boys and girls.", "PMID": 511445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9190", "title": "Resocialization problems in a chronic psychiatric department.", "content": "In this paper we discuss the problems we encountered in our effort of resocialization in a chronic psychiatric Department. Resocialization of chronic mental patients is a complicated and time-consuming task. Good staff relationships are absolutely necessary, otherwise the whole resocialization program could be jeopardized. Changes must take place slowly and be fully absorbed by the ward's life before new ones are introduced. There is always the possibility that the nursing staff will resist any change. This is due to the notion that the more independent a patient is the more dangerous he becomes, and to the very fact that resocialization means some loss of the nurses' authority.", "contents": "Resocialization problems in a chronic psychiatric department. In this paper we discuss the problems we encountered in our effort of resocialization in a chronic psychiatric Department. Resocialization of chronic mental patients is a complicated and time-consuming task. Good staff relationships are absolutely necessary, otherwise the whole resocialization program could be jeopardized. Changes must take place slowly and be fully absorbed by the ward's life before new ones are introduced. There is always the possibility that the nursing staff will resist any change. This is due to the notion that the more independent a patient is the more dangerous he becomes, and to the very fact that resocialization means some loss of the nurses' authority.", "PMID": 511448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9191", "title": "Ethnic differences in expressions of shame feeling by mothers of severely handicapped children.", "content": "Shame on the part of parents of mentally handicapped children has pronounced effects on child-rearing practices. The aim of this study was to compare expressions of shame of different ethnic groups in Israel. The attitudes of 23 Western mothers and 26 Eastern mothers towards their moderately and severely retarded children were studied. Significant differences (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01) were found, suggesting that the Eastern mothers strongly expressed their shame, whereas the Western mothers 'felt ashamed' to express it at all. The Western mothers felt that the social norms that reject feelings of shame and their own personal feelings of embarrassment were in conflict.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in expressions of shame feeling by mothers of severely handicapped children. Shame on the part of parents of mentally handicapped children has pronounced effects on child-rearing practices. The aim of this study was to compare expressions of shame of different ethnic groups in Israel. The attitudes of 23 Western mothers and 26 Eastern mothers towards their moderately and severely retarded children were studied. Significant differences (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01) were found, suggesting that the Eastern mothers strongly expressed their shame, whereas the Western mothers 'felt ashamed' to express it at all. The Western mothers felt that the social norms that reject feelings of shame and their own personal feelings of embarrassment were in conflict.", "PMID": 511450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9192", "title": "University students and mental health. Canada, Britain and Singapore.", "content": "There are many crucial determinants of the individual outcome and benefit of a university education including the stressful interplay of cultural and socioeconomic factors which are of growing importance in the inflationary 1970's. An epidemiological study of university students from 1969-1972 in Canada, 1973-1974 in Britain, and 1975 in Singapore, attempted to identify stresses leading to mental ill-health in these students. Singapore was chosen as an example of a culture bridging the developed Northern and developing Southern nations of the world. Cultural differences affecting the results of the study are discussed as is the role of social change.", "contents": "University students and mental health. Canada, Britain and Singapore. There are many crucial determinants of the individual outcome and benefit of a university education including the stressful interplay of cultural and socioeconomic factors which are of growing importance in the inflationary 1970's. An epidemiological study of university students from 1969-1972 in Canada, 1973-1974 in Britain, and 1975 in Singapore, attempted to identify stresses leading to mental ill-health in these students. Singapore was chosen as an example of a culture bridging the developed Northern and developing Southern nations of the world. Cultural differences affecting the results of the study are discussed as is the role of social change.", "PMID": 511452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9193", "title": "Factors in the drug involvement of inner city junior high school youths: a discriminant analysis.", "content": "Data from a survey of youths attending an inner city junior high school were examined to learn how their demographic characteristics, socio-cultural experiences and the drug use existing among their neighbourhood peers related to their involvement with substances. Discriminant analysis uncovered two important factors that were associated with the youths' drug taking: (1) a street scene, social/recreational drug use factor and (2) a cluster reflecting friends' use of alcohol/marijuana and other drugs. The implications of these results for drug abuse prevention programming are explored.", "contents": "Factors in the drug involvement of inner city junior high school youths: a discriminant analysis. Data from a survey of youths attending an inner city junior high school were examined to learn how their demographic characteristics, socio-cultural experiences and the drug use existing among their neighbourhood peers related to their involvement with substances. Discriminant analysis uncovered two important factors that were associated with the youths' drug taking: (1) a street scene, social/recreational drug use factor and (2) a cluster reflecting friends' use of alcohol/marijuana and other drugs. The implications of these results for drug abuse prevention programming are explored.", "PMID": 511453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9194", "title": "Lens gap junctions: a structural hypothesis for nonregulated low-resistance intercellular pathways.", "content": "Structural evidence is presented which suggests that gap junctions between lens fibers are adapted to remain in a low-resistance physiological state, under conditions which switch gap junctions in other tissues to a high-resistance state. The lens gap junction subunits (connexons) do not crystallize in the membrane plane in response to fixation, anoxia, lens damage, or homogenization and isolation. Rapid freezing experiments (Raviola et al.) suggest connexon resistance. Freshly homogenized liver cytoplasm does not contain an assayable factor which can crystallize connexons in lens gap junctions. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of enrighed preparations of isolated lens junctions reveals a 27 +/- 2 kilodalton principal polypeptide which is similar in electrophoretic mobility to one of the principal polypeptides resolved in gels of isolated hepatocyte gap junctions. These results indicate that the whole lens may be extremely vulnerable to surface injury, perhaps even to injury of a single lens fiber.", "contents": "Lens gap junctions: a structural hypothesis for nonregulated low-resistance intercellular pathways. Structural evidence is presented which suggests that gap junctions between lens fibers are adapted to remain in a low-resistance physiological state, under conditions which switch gap junctions in other tissues to a high-resistance state. The lens gap junction subunits (connexons) do not crystallize in the membrane plane in response to fixation, anoxia, lens damage, or homogenization and isolation. Rapid freezing experiments (Raviola et al.) suggest connexon resistance. Freshly homogenized liver cytoplasm does not contain an assayable factor which can crystallize connexons in lens gap junctions. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of enrighed preparations of isolated lens junctions reveals a 27 +/- 2 kilodalton principal polypeptide which is similar in electrophoretic mobility to one of the principal polypeptides resolved in gels of isolated hepatocyte gap junctions. These results indicate that the whole lens may be extremely vulnerable to surface injury, perhaps even to injury of a single lens fiber.", "PMID": 511455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9195", "title": "Histological and electron microscopic studies of experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit.", "content": "Histological and electron microscopic observations, together with virus cultures, were made in the eyes of 50 New Zealand white rabbits which received bilateral intrastromal inoculation with the RE strain of herpes simplex virus. Virus cultures of whole corneas were positive for the first 2 weeks following inoculation, but were consisently negative thereafter. An inflammatory response to HSV infection, consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, was seen in the limbus within 7 hours after inoculation of the cornea. A massive accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells appeared in the limbus, suggesting that the limbus may behave as a lymphoid tissue, where differentiation and maturation of lymphoid cells occur as they acquire immunocompetence. Neovascularization of the cornea was associated with a heavy infiltration of the surrounding stroma with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as well as numerous plasma cells and a few lymphocytes and macrophages. Numerous abnormal, pleomorphic keratocytes were found in the stroma. Lymphocytes were frequently found closely adhering to these abnormal keratocytes, suggesting a T-cell attack on a target cell. A model which describes the mechanism by which herpes virus infection leads to corneal scarring is suggested.", "contents": "Histological and electron microscopic studies of experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit. Histological and electron microscopic observations, together with virus cultures, were made in the eyes of 50 New Zealand white rabbits which received bilateral intrastromal inoculation with the RE strain of herpes simplex virus. Virus cultures of whole corneas were positive for the first 2 weeks following inoculation, but were consisently negative thereafter. An inflammatory response to HSV infection, consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, was seen in the limbus within 7 hours after inoculation of the cornea. A massive accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells appeared in the limbus, suggesting that the limbus may behave as a lymphoid tissue, where differentiation and maturation of lymphoid cells occur as they acquire immunocompetence. Neovascularization of the cornea was associated with a heavy infiltration of the surrounding stroma with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as well as numerous plasma cells and a few lymphocytes and macrophages. Numerous abnormal, pleomorphic keratocytes were found in the stroma. Lymphocytes were frequently found closely adhering to these abnormal keratocytes, suggesting a T-cell attack on a target cell. A model which describes the mechanism by which herpes virus infection leads to corneal scarring is suggested.", "PMID": 511456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9196", "title": "Experimental traumatic cataract. I. A quantitative microradiographic study.", "content": "Traumatic cataract was induced in rat and rabbit. The progression of the posterior subcapsular cataract and the wound healing were followed by quantitative microradiography. This method makes it possible to determine the dry mass content and to calculate the refractive indices in the lens. In the injured rat lens a reduced dry mass concentration was determined in both the wound region and the posterior subcapsular region immediately after trauma. During the first week a subcapsular opacity was observed to enlarge. This opacification always corresponded to a reduction in the subcapsular concentration of dry mass. This reduced content of dry material, mainly consisting of protein, is interpreted as a hydration of the subcapsular cortex. In the rabbit lens a much larger injury had to be made in order to cause any posterior cataract. The same reduction in the content of dry material was determined in regions corresponding to opacitices but the reduction was less pronounced than in the rat lens. The border zones between different concentrations of dry mass are suggested to be the main sources of scattered light in the traumatic cataract.", "contents": "Experimental traumatic cataract. I. A quantitative microradiographic study. Traumatic cataract was induced in rat and rabbit. The progression of the posterior subcapsular cataract and the wound healing were followed by quantitative microradiography. This method makes it possible to determine the dry mass content and to calculate the refractive indices in the lens. In the injured rat lens a reduced dry mass concentration was determined in both the wound region and the posterior subcapsular region immediately after trauma. During the first week a subcapsular opacity was observed to enlarge. This opacification always corresponded to a reduction in the subcapsular concentration of dry mass. This reduced content of dry material, mainly consisting of protein, is interpreted as a hydration of the subcapsular cortex. In the rabbit lens a much larger injury had to be made in order to cause any posterior cataract. The same reduction in the content of dry material was determined in regions corresponding to opacitices but the reduction was less pronounced than in the rat lens. The border zones between different concentrations of dry mass are suggested to be the main sources of scattered light in the traumatic cataract.", "PMID": 511457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9197", "title": "Experimental traumatic cataract. II. A transmission electron microscopy and extracellular tracer study.", "content": "Lens changes caused by injury to the anterior part of the lens were studied with Procion yellow as an extracellular tracer and by transmission electron microscopy at different time intervals after trauma. Both rats and rabbits were used. The findings were related to the slit-lamp appearance of the wounded lenses. In the rat lens a posterior subcapsular cataract developed within the first hour after trauma. Within 1 hr after injury the fluorescent tracer was seen at the wound but was also conspicuous at the posterior pole. Swelling of lens fiber cells and the formation of large syncytical aggregates were found as the posterior opacity enlarged. These changes reached the anterior subcapsular cortex via the equatorial cortex after about 1 month. In the rabbit lens a slight cellular swelling was seen in the subcapsular cortex. Only in one of 15 lenses a posterior subcapsular opacity developed after about 1 week in spite of a large wound. The uptake of Procion yellow was most prominent in the wound area and was never observed at the posterior pole. In both species, no further penetration of the dye occurred through the wound after the epithelium, by regeneration, had sealed the wound. The importance of epithelial wound sealing and that of a restored cellular barrier at the posterior pole are discussed as well as the significance of these factors in the cataract progression.", "contents": "Experimental traumatic cataract. II. A transmission electron microscopy and extracellular tracer study. Lens changes caused by injury to the anterior part of the lens were studied with Procion yellow as an extracellular tracer and by transmission electron microscopy at different time intervals after trauma. Both rats and rabbits were used. The findings were related to the slit-lamp appearance of the wounded lenses. In the rat lens a posterior subcapsular cataract developed within the first hour after trauma. Within 1 hr after injury the fluorescent tracer was seen at the wound but was also conspicuous at the posterior pole. Swelling of lens fiber cells and the formation of large syncytical aggregates were found as the posterior opacity enlarged. These changes reached the anterior subcapsular cortex via the equatorial cortex after about 1 month. In the rabbit lens a slight cellular swelling was seen in the subcapsular cortex. Only in one of 15 lenses a posterior subcapsular opacity developed after about 1 week in spite of a large wound. The uptake of Procion yellow was most prominent in the wound area and was never observed at the posterior pole. In both species, no further penetration of the dye occurred through the wound after the epithelium, by regeneration, had sealed the wound. The importance of epithelial wound sealing and that of a restored cellular barrier at the posterior pole are discussed as well as the significance of these factors in the cataract progression.", "PMID": 511458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9198", "title": "Immunopathology of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum infections of the eye: the role of the eosinophil.", "content": "Intravitreal infection of guinea pigs with second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis and second- and fourth-stage larvae of Ascaris suum induced intraocular IgE antibodies and a dense eosinophil infiltration in the anterior chamber and throughout the uveal tract. The eosinophil infiltrate began within 1 day after infection and persisted for as long as 51 days. By day 12 after intravitreal infection, the injected ascarid larvae were surrounded by granulomas which consisted almost entirely of eosinophils. Firm adherence of eosinophils to the parasite cuticle, morphologic alterations and degranulation of eosinophils with the deposition of free eosinophil granules on the parasite surfaces, and ingestion of eosinophils and eosinophil granules by the parasite larvae also were observed. Intravitreal injectionof a soluble antigen derived from third-stage A. suum molting to the fourth-stage in defined media in vitro also induced intraocular IgE antibody and a diffuse ocular eosinophil infiltrate. Dense eosinophil infiltration of the choroid, not immediately adjacent to a parasite larva, was accompanied by destruction of the lverlying outer retina, with cystic changes in the retina and between the retina and the choroid. Few eosinophils were observed within the retina, and the retinal destruction may be the result of direct toxic action of constituents of the choroidal eosinophils. Evidence which indicates that the eosinophil is the principal effector cell in immunity to helminth infections and is cytotoxic for the parasites, possible mechanisms for the induction of the ocular eosinophil infiltrates, and evidence for autotoxicity by eosinophils are briefly reviewed, and the potential roles of the eosinophil in the ocular response to helminth parasites are discussed.", "contents": "Immunopathology of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum infections of the eye: the role of the eosinophil. Intravitreal infection of guinea pigs with second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis and second- and fourth-stage larvae of Ascaris suum induced intraocular IgE antibodies and a dense eosinophil infiltration in the anterior chamber and throughout the uveal tract. The eosinophil infiltrate began within 1 day after infection and persisted for as long as 51 days. By day 12 after intravitreal infection, the injected ascarid larvae were surrounded by granulomas which consisted almost entirely of eosinophils. Firm adherence of eosinophils to the parasite cuticle, morphologic alterations and degranulation of eosinophils with the deposition of free eosinophil granules on the parasite surfaces, and ingestion of eosinophils and eosinophil granules by the parasite larvae also were observed. Intravitreal injectionof a soluble antigen derived from third-stage A. suum molting to the fourth-stage in defined media in vitro also induced intraocular IgE antibody and a diffuse ocular eosinophil infiltrate. Dense eosinophil infiltration of the choroid, not immediately adjacent to a parasite larva, was accompanied by destruction of the lverlying outer retina, with cystic changes in the retina and between the retina and the choroid. Few eosinophils were observed within the retina, and the retinal destruction may be the result of direct toxic action of constituents of the choroidal eosinophils. Evidence which indicates that the eosinophil is the principal effector cell in immunity to helminth infections and is cytotoxic for the parasites, possible mechanisms for the induction of the ocular eosinophil infiltrates, and evidence for autotoxicity by eosinophils are briefly reviewed, and the potential roles of the eosinophil in the ocular response to helminth parasites are discussed.", "PMID": 511459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9199", "title": "Retinal vessels: proliferation of endothelium in vitro.", "content": "Tissue culture of retinal vessels from fetal calf eyes produced colonies of endothelium, pericytes, and smooth muscle. Identification of endothelial cells was based upon culture morphology, [3H]thymidine labeling of isolated vessels, and factor VIII immunofluorescence. Thimerosal added to the culture medium destroyed pericytes and muscle cells, leaving only endothelial cell colonies in the primary cultures. This tissue culture system may be useful in the study of retinal vascular cell biochemistry and pathophysiology.", "contents": "Retinal vessels: proliferation of endothelium in vitro. Tissue culture of retinal vessels from fetal calf eyes produced colonies of endothelium, pericytes, and smooth muscle. Identification of endothelial cells was based upon culture morphology, [3H]thymidine labeling of isolated vessels, and factor VIII immunofluorescence. Thimerosal added to the culture medium destroyed pericytes and muscle cells, leaving only endothelial cell colonies in the primary cultures. This tissue culture system may be useful in the study of retinal vascular cell biochemistry and pathophysiology.", "PMID": 511460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9200", "title": "In vitro proliferation of endothelial cells from kitten retinal capillaries.", "content": "When microvessel (predominantly capillary) fragments freshly isolated from the retinas of young kittens are incubated in tissue culture medium, we observe the slow outgrowth of cells that appear to be derived from the capillary endothelium. The cells grow as a monolayer with a tightly packed, mosaic-like array. Electron microscopy of these cells reveals \"tight junctions\" (zonulae occludentes) resembling those found in the endothelium of intact capillaries. The availability of in vitro preparations of retinal capillary endothelial cells should facilitate investigations of the causes of abnormal endothelial cell proliferation in various diseases and of factors that modify cell junctions and capillary permeability in the retina. Since we have previously demonstrated proliferation in culture of intramural pericytes (\"mural cells\") from retinal capillaries, it should now be possible to carry out compratative studies of biochemical and functional properties of retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells.", "contents": "In vitro proliferation of endothelial cells from kitten retinal capillaries. When microvessel (predominantly capillary) fragments freshly isolated from the retinas of young kittens are incubated in tissue culture medium, we observe the slow outgrowth of cells that appear to be derived from the capillary endothelium. The cells grow as a monolayer with a tightly packed, mosaic-like array. Electron microscopy of these cells reveals \"tight junctions\" (zonulae occludentes) resembling those found in the endothelium of intact capillaries. The availability of in vitro preparations of retinal capillary endothelial cells should facilitate investigations of the causes of abnormal endothelial cell proliferation in various diseases and of factors that modify cell junctions and capillary permeability in the retina. Since we have previously demonstrated proliferation in culture of intramural pericytes (\"mural cells\") from retinal capillaries, it should now be possible to carry out compratative studies of biochemical and functional properties of retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells.", "PMID": 511461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9201", "title": "Tapetum disorganization in taurine-depleted cats.", "content": "A severe disorganization of the lattice arrangement of tapetal rods occurs in cats nutritionally deprived of taurine. This is the first reported example of a nutritionally related degeneration of tapetal cells. The tapetal cell degeneration, along with the previously noted photoreceptor degeneration in taurine-depleted cats, suggests that taurine plays a vital role in maintaining the structural integrity of some biological structures. The visual evoked potentials were severely reduced in taurine-depleted cats as were the electroretinogram responses, as previously noted, indicating that they are deficient in light processing. These results also emphasize the importance of dietary taurine for the maintenance of normal structure and function of the eye, at least in the cat.", "contents": "Tapetum disorganization in taurine-depleted cats. A severe disorganization of the lattice arrangement of tapetal rods occurs in cats nutritionally deprived of taurine. This is the first reported example of a nutritionally related degeneration of tapetal cells. The tapetal cell degeneration, along with the previously noted photoreceptor degeneration in taurine-depleted cats, suggests that taurine plays a vital role in maintaining the structural integrity of some biological structures. The visual evoked potentials were severely reduced in taurine-depleted cats as were the electroretinogram responses, as previously noted, indicating that they are deficient in light processing. These results also emphasize the importance of dietary taurine for the maintenance of normal structure and function of the eye, at least in the cat.", "PMID": 511462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9202", "title": "Protein in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid.", "content": "A variety of proteins have been identified in tears, which are composed of secretions from all the orbital glands. It has been assumed that the lacrimal gland was the source of these proteins because there is indirect evidence that the lacrimal gland can secrete protein in response to cholinergic stimulation. In the present study, the concentration of protein was determined in lacrimal gland fluid, i.e., the fluid collected directly from the main excretory duct of the lacrimal gland, uncontaminated by secretions from the other orbital glands. The concentration of protein in the lacrimal gland fluid was higher than that in plasma at lacrimal gland fluid flow rates between 2 and 10 microliter/min, but it was the same as plasma at flow rates slower than 2 microliter/min and faster than 10 microliter/min.", "contents": "Protein in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid. A variety of proteins have been identified in tears, which are composed of secretions from all the orbital glands. It has been assumed that the lacrimal gland was the source of these proteins because there is indirect evidence that the lacrimal gland can secrete protein in response to cholinergic stimulation. In the present study, the concentration of protein was determined in lacrimal gland fluid, i.e., the fluid collected directly from the main excretory duct of the lacrimal gland, uncontaminated by secretions from the other orbital glands. The concentration of protein in the lacrimal gland fluid was higher than that in plasma at lacrimal gland fluid flow rates between 2 and 10 microliter/min, but it was the same as plasma at flow rates slower than 2 microliter/min and faster than 10 microliter/min.", "PMID": 511463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9203", "title": "The rabbit cornea lacks cholinergic receptors.", "content": "Cholinergic receptors were studied in membranes prepared from rabbit cornea, iris-ciliary body, and retina, using 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) to identify muscarinic receptors and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-BGT) to identify nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors were not found in the cornea. As a positive control, muscarinic cholinergic receptors were characterized in preparations of the iris-ciliary body. Specific binding of 3H-QNB to iris-ciliary body membrane preparations was saturable, with a Kd of 1.3 nM QNB. Specificity of the assay for muscarinic receptors was confirmed by the relative abilities of the following compounds to displace 3H-QNB: atropine greater than pilocarpine greater than hexamethonium. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors were not found in the cornea. As a positive control, nicotinic cholinergic receptors were characterized in preparations of the retina. Specific binding of 1252-BGT to retinal membrane preparations was saturable with both high and low affinity receptors (Kd values of 1.0 nM and 93 nM BGT, respectively). Specificity of the assay for nicotinic receptors was confirmed by the relative abilities of the following compounds to prevent 125I-BGT binding: curare greater than or equal to nicotine greater than hexamethonium greater than atropine. The lack of cholinergic receptors in the cornea, which has high levels of acetylcholine and related enzymes, suggests either an extraordinary use or a lack of function for acetylcholine in this tissue.", "contents": "The rabbit cornea lacks cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic receptors were studied in membranes prepared from rabbit cornea, iris-ciliary body, and retina, using 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) to identify muscarinic receptors and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-BGT) to identify nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors were not found in the cornea. As a positive control, muscarinic cholinergic receptors were characterized in preparations of the iris-ciliary body. Specific binding of 3H-QNB to iris-ciliary body membrane preparations was saturable, with a Kd of 1.3 nM QNB. Specificity of the assay for muscarinic receptors was confirmed by the relative abilities of the following compounds to displace 3H-QNB: atropine greater than pilocarpine greater than hexamethonium. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors were not found in the cornea. As a positive control, nicotinic cholinergic receptors were characterized in preparations of the retina. Specific binding of 1252-BGT to retinal membrane preparations was saturable with both high and low affinity receptors (Kd values of 1.0 nM and 93 nM BGT, respectively). Specificity of the assay for nicotinic receptors was confirmed by the relative abilities of the following compounds to prevent 125I-BGT binding: curare greater than or equal to nicotine greater than hexamethonium greater than atropine. The lack of cholinergic receptors in the cornea, which has high levels of acetylcholine and related enzymes, suggests either an extraordinary use or a lack of function for acetylcholine in this tissue.", "PMID": 511464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9204", "title": "Photodynamically induced alteration of cornea endothelial cell function.", "content": "Corneal endothelial cells were perfused in the specular microscope with varying concentrations of rose bengal. Corneas perfused with rose bengal in concentrations of 10(-6)M to 10(-5)M and exposed to light for periods of 0.5 to 5 min swelled at rates which were more rapid with both increasing concentration of rose bengal and increasing duration of light exposure. Corneas perfused with similar concentrations of rose bengal but not exposed to light did not swell. Combining rose bengal with 100 micrograms/ml superoxide dismutase did not reduce the corneal swelling following exposure to light, indicating that the photodynamically induced endothelial bengal perfusing solution eliminated corneal swelling following exposure of corneas to light. This indicates that the photodynamic effect of endothelium is secondary to cell functional alterations from the hydrogen peroxide produced during the dismutation reaction of superoxide free radical which is catalyzed by superoxide dismutase.", "contents": "Photodynamically induced alteration of cornea endothelial cell function. Corneal endothelial cells were perfused in the specular microscope with varying concentrations of rose bengal. Corneas perfused with rose bengal in concentrations of 10(-6)M to 10(-5)M and exposed to light for periods of 0.5 to 5 min swelled at rates which were more rapid with both increasing concentration of rose bengal and increasing duration of light exposure. Corneas perfused with similar concentrations of rose bengal but not exposed to light did not swell. Combining rose bengal with 100 micrograms/ml superoxide dismutase did not reduce the corneal swelling following exposure to light, indicating that the photodynamically induced endothelial bengal perfusing solution eliminated corneal swelling following exposure of corneas to light. This indicates that the photodynamic effect of endothelium is secondary to cell functional alterations from the hydrogen peroxide produced during the dismutation reaction of superoxide free radical which is catalyzed by superoxide dismutase.", "PMID": 511465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9205", "title": "Photogrammetry of the optic disc in glaucoma and ocular hypertension with simultaneous stereo photography.", "content": "Stereophotogrammetric evaluations of the optic cup were performed for normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes. Average volume, area, and depth measurements were progressively larger from normal to ocular hypertensive to glaucomatous eyes, although the distributions of individual values exhibited considerable overlap among the three groups. Similar results were obtained for volume, area, and depth asymmetry between each pair of eyes. None of these measurements was able to distinguish accurately between normal and glaucomatous optic cups. However, normal eyes showed a high correlation (r = +0.85) between area and depth of the optic cup, whereas this area/depth relationship was reduced in ocular hypertensives (r = +0.63) and completely broke down for glaucomatous eyes (r = +0.04). Approximately 89% of the glaucomatous eyes and 47% of the ocular hypertensive eyes were beyond the range of normal area/depth correlation values. These findings represent an improvement over most previous attempts to quantitatively differentiate between normal and glaucomatous eyes on the basis of optic disc measurements alone, and support the hypothesis that optic disc damage usually precedes visual field loss in glaucoma. With further technical refinements such as computer image processing, stereophotogrammetry of the optic cup may become a valuable differential diagnostic technique for glaucoma.", "contents": "Photogrammetry of the optic disc in glaucoma and ocular hypertension with simultaneous stereo photography. Stereophotogrammetric evaluations of the optic cup were performed for normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes. Average volume, area, and depth measurements were progressively larger from normal to ocular hypertensive to glaucomatous eyes, although the distributions of individual values exhibited considerable overlap among the three groups. Similar results were obtained for volume, area, and depth asymmetry between each pair of eyes. None of these measurements was able to distinguish accurately between normal and glaucomatous optic cups. However, normal eyes showed a high correlation (r = +0.85) between area and depth of the optic cup, whereas this area/depth relationship was reduced in ocular hypertensives (r = +0.63) and completely broke down for glaucomatous eyes (r = +0.04). Approximately 89% of the glaucomatous eyes and 47% of the ocular hypertensive eyes were beyond the range of normal area/depth correlation values. These findings represent an improvement over most previous attempts to quantitatively differentiate between normal and glaucomatous eyes on the basis of optic disc measurements alone, and support the hypothesis that optic disc damage usually precedes visual field loss in glaucoma. With further technical refinements such as computer image processing, stereophotogrammetry of the optic cup may become a valuable differential diagnostic technique for glaucoma.", "PMID": 511466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9206", "title": "Spectral sensitivity function measured by a rapid scan flicker photometric procedure.", "content": "A rapid scan flicker photometric procedure is described whereby continuous spectral sensitivity functions are measured from unpracticed observers in 30 min. The 30 min includes instructions, practice, and data collection. Data are presented from four unpracticed observers age 12 to 42 years. Three practiced observers had their spectral sensitivities measured by both the conventional and rapid scan methods. The conventional method took 1.5 hr, measuring at 25 wavelengths and repeating each three times. The agreement between the rapid scan and conventional methods is satisfactory. Comparison with Judd's correction of CIEV (lambda) yields the same deviations as expected with conventional flicker photometry. The rapid scan procedure is shown to yield acceptably consistent data. The advantages of the rapid scan method for basic and applied vision research is discussed.", "contents": "Spectral sensitivity function measured by a rapid scan flicker photometric procedure. A rapid scan flicker photometric procedure is described whereby continuous spectral sensitivity functions are measured from unpracticed observers in 30 min. The 30 min includes instructions, practice, and data collection. Data are presented from four unpracticed observers age 12 to 42 years. Three practiced observers had their spectral sensitivities measured by both the conventional and rapid scan methods. The conventional method took 1.5 hr, measuring at 25 wavelengths and repeating each three times. The agreement between the rapid scan and conventional methods is satisfactory. Comparison with Judd's correction of CIEV (lambda) yields the same deviations as expected with conventional flicker photometry. The rapid scan procedure is shown to yield acceptably consistent data. The advantages of the rapid scan method for basic and applied vision research is discussed.", "PMID": 511467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9207", "title": "Assessment of the visual acuity of human color mechanisms with the visually evoked cortical potential.", "content": "The amplitude of the human visually evoked cortical potential (VECP), which has been shown to vary as a function of the dimensions of checks in a checkerboard pattern, was used to objectively assess the visual acuity of the blue-sensitive compared with the red- and green-sensitive mechanisms in the eye. The results agree with psychophysical measures which have indicated poorer acuity of the blue system compared with the red and green systems.", "contents": "Assessment of the visual acuity of human color mechanisms with the visually evoked cortical potential. The amplitude of the human visually evoked cortical potential (VECP), which has been shown to vary as a function of the dimensions of checks in a checkerboard pattern, was used to objectively assess the visual acuity of the blue-sensitive compared with the red- and green-sensitive mechanisms in the eye. The results agree with psychophysical measures which have indicated poorer acuity of the blue system compared with the red and green systems.", "PMID": 511468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9208", "title": "Red fluorescence in older and brunescent human lenses.", "content": "Brunescent lenses and normal human lenses more than 70 years old exhibit red fluorescence due to a fluorophor with emission maximum at 672 nm under excitation by the 647.1 nm line of krypton ion laser. The properties and mode of occurrence of this fluorophor suggest that its formation is highly pertinent to senile nuclear pathology.", "contents": "Red fluorescence in older and brunescent human lenses. Brunescent lenses and normal human lenses more than 70 years old exhibit red fluorescence due to a fluorophor with emission maximum at 672 nm under excitation by the 647.1 nm line of krypton ion laser. The properties and mode of occurrence of this fluorophor suggest that its formation is highly pertinent to senile nuclear pathology.", "PMID": 511469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9209", "title": "Photically induced experimental exophthalmos: role of Harderian and pituitary glands.", "content": "Exposure of adult male and female albino rats to high-intensity illumination for 17.5 hr results in a marked, transient exophthalmos, which persists for approximately 48 hr after the light exposure. Upon examination of the Harderian glands in these rats, a significant glandular weight increase was observed up to 2 days after light treatment. Analysis of individual glandular components showed that this weight increase was due to an increase in fluid content of the glands. The lipid and residue contents in the Harderian glands of exposed rats decreased significantly. When animals were hypophysectomized (HYPEX) prior to the short-term illumination period, there was no visible exophthalmos. However, when the Harderian glands were analyzed at necropsy, they had a similar relative increase in weight as compared to glands of intact rats, and this again was the result of increased fluid composition. The exophthalmos induced in intact animals resulting from an enlargement of the Harderian glands seemingly was due directly to a radiant energy-dependent mechanism and not to any pituitary hormone mediation. The edematous phenomenon was similar in Harderian glands of HYPEX rats, but visible exophthalmos was lacking, probably because of the atrophied condition of the glands in the absence of the pituitary.", "contents": "Photically induced experimental exophthalmos: role of Harderian and pituitary glands. Exposure of adult male and female albino rats to high-intensity illumination for 17.5 hr results in a marked, transient exophthalmos, which persists for approximately 48 hr after the light exposure. Upon examination of the Harderian glands in these rats, a significant glandular weight increase was observed up to 2 days after light treatment. Analysis of individual glandular components showed that this weight increase was due to an increase in fluid content of the glands. The lipid and residue contents in the Harderian glands of exposed rats decreased significantly. When animals were hypophysectomized (HYPEX) prior to the short-term illumination period, there was no visible exophthalmos. However, when the Harderian glands were analyzed at necropsy, they had a similar relative increase in weight as compared to glands of intact rats, and this again was the result of increased fluid composition. The exophthalmos induced in intact animals resulting from an enlargement of the Harderian glands seemingly was due directly to a radiant energy-dependent mechanism and not to any pituitary hormone mediation. The edematous phenomenon was similar in Harderian glands of HYPEX rats, but visible exophthalmos was lacking, probably because of the atrophied condition of the glands in the absence of the pituitary.", "PMID": 511470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9210", "title": "Peripheral stimulation and human cyclofusional response.", "content": "Cyclofusional responses consisting of both motor and nonmotor components were measured during stimulation in the peripheral visual field. A 5.75 degree torsional disparity presented in 10 degrees, 30 degrees, and 50 degrees diameter visual stimulus fields induced binocular, torsional eye movements averaging 2.8 degrees to 3.4 degrees. When torsional disparity was excluded from regions up to 30 degrees diameter in the center of the visual field, binocular torsional eye movements of 3.5 degrees to 4.4 degrees were observed. A presentation of simultaneous, conflicting torsional disparities in center and annular surround regions of the stimulus field also induced torsional eye movements which reduced the disparity in only one of the two regions while increasing it in the other. The directions of eye movement changed when the surround stimulus area was enlarged at the expense of the area of the conflicting central stimulus. Based on an objective method of monitoring eye position, the findings in this report suggest that peripheral stimulation exercises a strong influence on the cyclofusional motor response component and that under suitable conditions such stimulation may have a greater influence on the cyclofusional motor response than central stimulation.", "contents": "Peripheral stimulation and human cyclofusional response. Cyclofusional responses consisting of both motor and nonmotor components were measured during stimulation in the peripheral visual field. A 5.75 degree torsional disparity presented in 10 degrees, 30 degrees, and 50 degrees diameter visual stimulus fields induced binocular, torsional eye movements averaging 2.8 degrees to 3.4 degrees. When torsional disparity was excluded from regions up to 30 degrees diameter in the center of the visual field, binocular torsional eye movements of 3.5 degrees to 4.4 degrees were observed. A presentation of simultaneous, conflicting torsional disparities in center and annular surround regions of the stimulus field also induced torsional eye movements which reduced the disparity in only one of the two regions while increasing it in the other. The directions of eye movement changed when the surround stimulus area was enlarged at the expense of the area of the conflicting central stimulus. Based on an objective method of monitoring eye position, the findings in this report suggest that peripheral stimulation exercises a strong influence on the cyclofusional motor response component and that under suitable conditions such stimulation may have a greater influence on the cyclofusional motor response than central stimulation.", "PMID": 511471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9211", "title": "A community health study in Jerusalem. Design and response.", "content": "A longitudinal community health study was commenced in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem in 1969. Its main aims were the investigation of etiologic factors in selected common diseases and disabilities, the development and testing of epidemiologic tools for use in community diagnosis, the provision of a factual basis for decisions concerning community health care for the population studied, and the use of the findings in an evaluation of the effectiveness of community health care. In the first round, 90% of residents 25 or more years old were interviewed and 81% were examined. Among children under 15 years of age, the corresponding rates were 94 and 83%. Response was low among persons in the age range 15 to 24 years, especially males. People who were concerned about their health were readier to be examined. Response was not related to region of birth, education or other variables. The possible bias introduced by nonresponse appeared to be small except in the age group 15 to 24 years.", "contents": "A community health study in Jerusalem. Design and response. A longitudinal community health study was commenced in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem in 1969. Its main aims were the investigation of etiologic factors in selected common diseases and disabilities, the development and testing of epidemiologic tools for use in community diagnosis, the provision of a factual basis for decisions concerning community health care for the population studied, and the use of the findings in an evaluation of the effectiveness of community health care. In the first round, 90% of residents 25 or more years old were interviewed and 81% were examined. Among children under 15 years of age, the corresponding rates were 94 and 83%. Response was low among persons in the age range 15 to 24 years, especially males. People who were concerned about their health were readier to be examined. Response was not related to region of birth, education or other variables. The possible bias introduced by nonresponse appeared to be small except in the age group 15 to 24 years.", "PMID": 511509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9212", "title": "Prevalence of selected health characteristics of men. A community health survey in Jerusalem.", "content": "The health status of males aged 15 or more years was studied as part of a community health survey in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem. Most subjects (75%) reported that they felt well; clinical appraisals revealed a need for treatment in 33%. Hypertension was found in 14% and coronary heart disease in 6%. Other common disorders included hemorrhoids (16%), varicose veins (11%), overweight (18%), hypercholesterolemia (13%), inguinal hernia (13%), symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy (10%) and diabetes (5%). The prevalence of specific symptoms of emotional ill health ranged from 6 to 23%. A quarter reported serious current problems; 10% were dissatisfied with their present life situation; and 10% had concentration camp experience. Half were current cigarette smokers. The prevalence of most disorders rose in successive age groups. Mean diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, relative weight and the prevalence of cigarette smoking were lower in the oldest age groups. With some exceptions, the age trends were similar to those found in other populations.", "contents": "Prevalence of selected health characteristics of men. A community health survey in Jerusalem. The health status of males aged 15 or more years was studied as part of a community health survey in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem. Most subjects (75%) reported that they felt well; clinical appraisals revealed a need for treatment in 33%. Hypertension was found in 14% and coronary heart disease in 6%. Other common disorders included hemorrhoids (16%), varicose veins (11%), overweight (18%), hypercholesterolemia (13%), inguinal hernia (13%), symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy (10%) and diabetes (5%). The prevalence of specific symptoms of emotional ill health ranged from 6 to 23%. A quarter reported serious current problems; 10% were dissatisfied with their present life situation; and 10% had concentration camp experience. Half were current cigarette smokers. The prevalence of most disorders rose in successive age groups. Mean diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, relative weight and the prevalence of cigarette smoking were lower in the oldest age groups. With some exceptions, the age trends were similar to those found in other populations.", "PMID": 511510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9213", "title": "Esophageal replacement in children: 10 years' experience.", "content": "Esophageal replacement continues to be a challenging surgical problem. Currently advocated methods entail using reversed gastric tube or colon for the interposition. Between 1969 and 1978, 11 children underwent esophageal reconstruction. Their ages at operation ranged from 1 to 16 years. All the operations were performed in one stage. The right colon was used in seven children and reversed gastric tube in four. There were no postoperative deaths. Temporary salivary fistula and cervical anastomotic stricture were the most common operation-related complications. On the follow-up visit, at least six months after surgery, all the children were able to eat a normal diet. The use of reversed gastric tube avoids intestinal resection, preserves the ileocecal valve, shortens the operative period and preserves the possibility of an alternative procedure (colon interposition) if technical failure occurs. On the basis of our limited experience we advocate the use of reversed gastric tube for esophageal replacement.", "contents": "Esophageal replacement in children: 10 years' experience. Esophageal replacement continues to be a challenging surgical problem. Currently advocated methods entail using reversed gastric tube or colon for the interposition. Between 1969 and 1978, 11 children underwent esophageal reconstruction. Their ages at operation ranged from 1 to 16 years. All the operations were performed in one stage. The right colon was used in seven children and reversed gastric tube in four. There were no postoperative deaths. Temporary salivary fistula and cervical anastomotic stricture were the most common operation-related complications. On the follow-up visit, at least six months after surgery, all the children were able to eat a normal diet. The use of reversed gastric tube avoids intestinal resection, preserves the ileocecal valve, shortens the operative period and preserves the possibility of an alternative procedure (colon interposition) if technical failure occurs. On the basis of our limited experience we advocate the use of reversed gastric tube for esophageal replacement.", "PMID": 511511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9214", "title": "Serum beta-glucuronidase activity during pregnancy in gestational diabetes.", "content": "Serum beta-glucuronidase (S beta G) activity was investigated as an early indicator of diabetes in pregnant women. The enzyme activity was determined in the sera of three groups: nonpregnant women (18 to 40 years old) with and without glucose intolerance, pregnant women with and without glucose intolerance, and pregnant women with a family history of diabetes. The S beta G activity values (means +/- SD) in normal pregnant women were 603 +/- 223, 872 +/- 270 and 1,336 +/- 353 Fishman units during the three trimesters, respectively. A slight increase in S beta G activity was found in the sera of healthy pregnant women with a family history of diabetes during the first and second trimesters. High values of S beta G (2,765 +/- 392 units) were found in all stages of pregnancy in diabetic women. Thus, the determination of S beta G activity may be a valuable aid in the early detection of reduced glucose tolerance in pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum beta-glucuronidase activity during pregnancy in gestational diabetes. Serum beta-glucuronidase (S beta G) activity was investigated as an early indicator of diabetes in pregnant women. The enzyme activity was determined in the sera of three groups: nonpregnant women (18 to 40 years old) with and without glucose intolerance, pregnant women with and without glucose intolerance, and pregnant women with a family history of diabetes. The S beta G activity values (means +/- SD) in normal pregnant women were 603 +/- 223, 872 +/- 270 and 1,336 +/- 353 Fishman units during the three trimesters, respectively. A slight increase in S beta G activity was found in the sera of healthy pregnant women with a family history of diabetes during the first and second trimesters. High values of S beta G (2,765 +/- 392 units) were found in all stages of pregnancy in diabetic women. Thus, the determination of S beta G activity may be a valuable aid in the early detection of reduced glucose tolerance in pregnancy.", "PMID": 511512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9215", "title": "Development of a storable Leishmania tropica vaccine: field testing with frozen promastigotes.", "content": "The development of a frozen vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis offers the possibility of controlling the quality, efficiency and sterility of the promastigotes used for inoculation. Thirty-nine soldiers in a settlement in a hyperendemic area were inoculated with a fresh isolate of Leishmania tropica that was stored at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Thirty of the soldiers were injected by conventional syringe while the rest were inoculated by an intradermal jet injector. The infective material was transported either in ice or at liquid nitrogen temperature. All the subjects developed lesions at the site of inoculation, without unwarranted reactions. One month after inoculation 31 subjects were examined by a physician. All the reactions were positive--12 ulcers and 19 nodules. After four months, all 39 soldiers were examined: 25 (64%) had ulcers; eight (21%) had nodules; and six (15%) were without visible reaction. The different methods of transporting the vaccine, as well as the different responses of men and women, are discussed.", "contents": "Development of a storable Leishmania tropica vaccine: field testing with frozen promastigotes. The development of a frozen vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis offers the possibility of controlling the quality, efficiency and sterility of the promastigotes used for inoculation. Thirty-nine soldiers in a settlement in a hyperendemic area were inoculated with a fresh isolate of Leishmania tropica that was stored at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Thirty of the soldiers were injected by conventional syringe while the rest were inoculated by an intradermal jet injector. The infective material was transported either in ice or at liquid nitrogen temperature. All the subjects developed lesions at the site of inoculation, without unwarranted reactions. One month after inoculation 31 subjects were examined by a physician. All the reactions were positive--12 ulcers and 19 nodules. After four months, all 39 soldiers were examined: 25 (64%) had ulcers; eight (21%) had nodules; and six (15%) were without visible reaction. The different methods of transporting the vaccine, as well as the different responses of men and women, are discussed.", "PMID": 511513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9216", "title": "Autonomic nervous system disturbance in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "To demonstrate autonomic nervous system (ANS) disturbances in patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis, simple noninvasive tests were used. These included the Valsalva maneuver ratio, measurement of the changes in blood pressure and pulse rate following standing up from the supine position, the finger-immersion test and calculating the R-R interval ratio of the 30th to the 15th beat on the ECG following standing. It was found that in all the patients who were compared with normal volunteers, some ANS disturbances were present, as evidenced by at least three positive tests of the five described. The Valsalva maneuver ratio was positive in only 58% of the cases, possibly because it is a less sensitive test than the others.", "contents": "Autonomic nervous system disturbance in patients on chronic hemodialysis. To demonstrate autonomic nervous system (ANS) disturbances in patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis, simple noninvasive tests were used. These included the Valsalva maneuver ratio, measurement of the changes in blood pressure and pulse rate following standing up from the supine position, the finger-immersion test and calculating the R-R interval ratio of the 30th to the 15th beat on the ECG following standing. It was found that in all the patients who were compared with normal volunteers, some ANS disturbances were present, as evidenced by at least three positive tests of the five described. The Valsalva maneuver ratio was positive in only 58% of the cases, possibly because it is a less sensitive test than the others.", "PMID": 511514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9217", "title": "Pituitary enlargement secondary to hypothyroidism associated with sublingual thyroid gland.", "content": "Two patients with sublingual thyroid glands and hypothyroidism since childhood are described. Because of enlargement of the sella turcica both were erroneously diagnosed as having primary pituitary tumors resulting in secondary hypothyroidism. One of the patients was even treated with pituitary gland irradiation. Following substitution thyroid therapy, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels promptly returned to normal. Ectopic thyroid glands, which are often incapable of adequate hormonogenesis, may cause secondary pituitary enlargement and lead to the suspicion of a pituitary adenoma. The correct diagnosis can easily be established by measuring serum TSH levels, which are elevated in the former condition.", "contents": "Pituitary enlargement secondary to hypothyroidism associated with sublingual thyroid gland. Two patients with sublingual thyroid glands and hypothyroidism since childhood are described. Because of enlargement of the sella turcica both were erroneously diagnosed as having primary pituitary tumors resulting in secondary hypothyroidism. One of the patients was even treated with pituitary gland irradiation. Following substitution thyroid therapy, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels promptly returned to normal. Ectopic thyroid glands, which are often incapable of adequate hormonogenesis, may cause secondary pituitary enlargement and lead to the suspicion of a pituitary adenoma. The correct diagnosis can easily be established by measuring serum TSH levels, which are elevated in the former condition.", "PMID": 511515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9218", "title": "[Pemphigus herpetiformis].", "content": "Pemphigus herpetiformis is a separate form of pemphigus with its own features. Clinically it resembles dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring. Periodically there is an extraordinary violent itching. Histologically pemphigus herpetiformis shows an eosinophilic spongiosis. The important acantholysis can only be found by repeated biopsies. Because of the acantholysis and the intercellular autoantibodies, demonstrated by direct and indirect immunfluorescence, this dermatosis belongs to the group of pemphigus. The therapeutical response to 4,4'-diaminodimethyl-diphenylsulfone (DDS)--a similarity to dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring--is especially characteristic. Our own observation gives occasion to characterize this pemphigus variant, which is repeatedly described in the literature under different designations, as pemphigus herpetiformis.", "contents": "[Pemphigus herpetiformis]. Pemphigus herpetiformis is a separate form of pemphigus with its own features. Clinically it resembles dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring. Periodically there is an extraordinary violent itching. Histologically pemphigus herpetiformis shows an eosinophilic spongiosis. The important acantholysis can only be found by repeated biopsies. Because of the acantholysis and the intercellular autoantibodies, demonstrated by direct and indirect immunfluorescence, this dermatosis belongs to the group of pemphigus. The therapeutical response to 4,4'-diaminodimethyl-diphenylsulfone (DDS)--a similarity to dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring--is especially characteristic. Our own observation gives occasion to characterize this pemphigus variant, which is repeatedly described in the literature under different designations, as pemphigus herpetiformis.", "PMID": 511546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9219", "title": "[Human infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis (cattle itch mite)].", "content": "Infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis in a farmer is reported. He presented with an intensely itching eruption of erythematous papules on forearm, neck and abdomen. An environmental investigation yielded that four of the farmer's cows had mange. Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis was isolated from skin-scrapings of the cows. Histology from a self-induced lesion revealed that Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis penetrates the human skin, but does not--in contrast to var. hominis--form burrows. This finding corresponds with the clinical picture. The mite lies subcorneally, compressing the thinned epidermis. The surrounding corneal tissue shows a marked exsudative reaction. The various ways in which mites may infest the human skin are discussed.", "contents": "[Human infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis (cattle itch mite)]. Infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis in a farmer is reported. He presented with an intensely itching eruption of erythematous papules on forearm, neck and abdomen. An environmental investigation yielded that four of the farmer's cows had mange. Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis was isolated from skin-scrapings of the cows. Histology from a self-induced lesion revealed that Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis penetrates the human skin, but does not--in contrast to var. hominis--form burrows. This finding corresponds with the clinical picture. The mite lies subcorneally, compressing the thinned epidermis. The surrounding corneal tissue shows a marked exsudative reaction. The various ways in which mites may infest the human skin are discussed.", "PMID": 511547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9220", "title": "[Parodontoplethysmography. A method of objective evaluation of the course of progressive scleroderma].", "content": "Parodontoplethysmography was repeatedly performed in seven patients with systemic sclerosis over a period of six years. The data obtained exactly correlated to improvement or deterioration in the patients' condition. Regular parodontoplethysmography is recommended in order to observe the course of the disease more objectively. Some of the examined patients roentgenographically showed a widening of the periodontal space, a typical feature of systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "[Parodontoplethysmography. A method of objective evaluation of the course of progressive scleroderma]. Parodontoplethysmography was repeatedly performed in seven patients with systemic sclerosis over a period of six years. The data obtained exactly correlated to improvement or deterioration in the patients' condition. Regular parodontoplethysmography is recommended in order to observe the course of the disease more objectively. Some of the examined patients roentgenographically showed a widening of the periodontal space, a typical feature of systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 511548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9221", "title": "[Lichen purpuricus (lichen aureus)].", "content": "A 14-year old boy developed lesions, which clinically and histopathologically corresponded to the rare condition known under the term of lichen purpuricus seu aureus. The disease can be classified close to purpura pigmentosa progressiva.", "contents": "[Lichen purpuricus (lichen aureus)]. A 14-year old boy developed lesions, which clinically and histopathologically corresponded to the rare condition known under the term of lichen purpuricus seu aureus. The disease can be classified close to purpura pigmentosa progressiva.", "PMID": 511549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9222", "title": "[Dermatology in French Guiana].", "content": "In French Guayana, climatic and geographic conditions enhance development of numerous fungal, parasitic and microbial skin diseases. The most particular infectious diseases of this French department are lobomycosis, chromomycosis (Phialophora pedrosoi), creeping disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, tungiasis, mycobacterial ulcus (Mycobacterium ulcerans) and papular dermatitis caused by nettling hairs of lepidoptera (Hylesia urticans). The occurence of these skin diseases is demonstrative of pathological ecology of the Amazonian country.", "contents": "[Dermatology in French Guiana]. In French Guayana, climatic and geographic conditions enhance development of numerous fungal, parasitic and microbial skin diseases. The most particular infectious diseases of this French department are lobomycosis, chromomycosis (Phialophora pedrosoi), creeping disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, tungiasis, mycobacterial ulcus (Mycobacterium ulcerans) and papular dermatitis caused by nettling hairs of lepidoptera (Hylesia urticans). The occurence of these skin diseases is demonstrative of pathological ecology of the Amazonian country.", "PMID": 511550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9223", "title": "Planning, budgeting, and controlling--one look at the future: case-mix cost accounting.", "content": "This paper outlines the system for cost accounting and managerial control which is an extension of the usually accepted departmental costing systems and takes as its units the 383 Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) considered to be the hospital's products. It is held that such an approach offers hospital managers a more powerful, analytic, budgeting, and cost-finding tool and offers the opportunity to involve the medical staff in the issues of how their practice patterns are affecting hospital costs.", "contents": "Planning, budgeting, and controlling--one look at the future: case-mix cost accounting. This paper outlines the system for cost accounting and managerial control which is an extension of the usually accepted departmental costing systems and takes as its units the 383 Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) considered to be the hospital's products. It is held that such an approach offers hospital managers a more powerful, analytic, budgeting, and cost-finding tool and offers the opportunity to involve the medical staff in the issues of how their practice patterns are affecting hospital costs.", "PMID": 511578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9224", "title": "Evaluation of emergency ambulance characteristics under several criteria.", "content": "A methodology and analysis are presented for evaluating response time characteristics of emergency ambulance systems. The methodology is based on a Monte Carlo simulation technique and a heuristic optimal-seeking technique for locating emergency ambulances under several criteria based on response time distribution. Optimization criteria include minimum mean system response time, minimum system fractile response time and minimum level-loaded response time. The evaluation methodology is applied to the metropolitan area of Los Angeles County. Ambulance response characteristics and loads are discussed in detail. From these results alternative dispatch polices can be evaluated. Complementing the analysis is a presentation of a sensitivity analysis and an analysis of existing ambulance sites. Unique to the methodology is the adaption of the heuristic optimal-seeking technique to include any of the three criteria and the effectiveness of the methodology for analyzing small or large ambulance systems.", "contents": "Evaluation of emergency ambulance characteristics under several criteria. A methodology and analysis are presented for evaluating response time characteristics of emergency ambulance systems. The methodology is based on a Monte Carlo simulation technique and a heuristic optimal-seeking technique for locating emergency ambulances under several criteria based on response time distribution. Optimization criteria include minimum mean system response time, minimum system fractile response time and minimum level-loaded response time. The evaluation methodology is applied to the metropolitan area of Los Angeles County. Ambulance response characteristics and loads are discussed in detail. From these results alternative dispatch polices can be evaluated. Complementing the analysis is a presentation of a sensitivity analysis and an analysis of existing ambulance sites. Unique to the methodology is the adaption of the heuristic optimal-seeking technique to include any of the three criteria and the effectiveness of the methodology for analyzing small or large ambulance systems.", "PMID": 511579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9225", "title": "Measuring hospital medical staff organizational structure.", "content": "Based on organization theory and the work of Roemer and Friedman, seven dimensions of hospital medical staff organization structure are proposed and examined. The data are based on a 1973 nationwide survey of hospital medical staffs conducted by the American Hospital Association. Factor analysis yielded six relatively independent dimensions supporting a multidimensional view of medical staff organization structure. The six dimensions include 1) Resource Capability, 2) Generalist Physician Contractual Orientation, 3) Communication/Control, 4) Local Staff Orientation, 5) Participation in Decision Making, and 6) Hospital-Based Physician Contractual Orientation. It is suggested that these dimensions can be used to develop an empirical typology of hospital medical staff organization structure and to investigate the relationship between medical staff organization and public policy issues related to cost containment and quality assurance.", "contents": "Measuring hospital medical staff organizational structure. Based on organization theory and the work of Roemer and Friedman, seven dimensions of hospital medical staff organization structure are proposed and examined. The data are based on a 1973 nationwide survey of hospital medical staffs conducted by the American Hospital Association. Factor analysis yielded six relatively independent dimensions supporting a multidimensional view of medical staff organization structure. The six dimensions include 1) Resource Capability, 2) Generalist Physician Contractual Orientation, 3) Communication/Control, 4) Local Staff Orientation, 5) Participation in Decision Making, and 6) Hospital-Based Physician Contractual Orientation. It is suggested that these dimensions can be used to develop an empirical typology of hospital medical staff organization structure and to investigate the relationship between medical staff organization and public policy issues related to cost containment and quality assurance.", "PMID": 511580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9226", "title": "Complete sequence of the gamma chain from the fetal hemoglobin of the baboon, Papio cynocephalus.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin gamma chain from a baboon, Papio cynocephalus, was determined by automated sequencing of the intact chain and six fragments generated by specific clevage reactions. The existence of structural heterogeneity at position 75, where both valyl and isoleucyl residues were found, is suggestive of the presence of nonallelic V gamma- and I gamma-chain genes in this species, and further emphasizes the extent to which the genetic basis of hemoglobin production among many higher primates is similar. Comparison of the sequences of those gamma chains from Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Macaca nemestrina and P. cynocephalus that have been well characterized attests to the conservative nature of gamma-chain evolution among the Anthropoidea, the differences in sequence between any two of these chains ranging from none (between the A gamma and G gamma chains of P. troglodytes and H. sapiens) to no more than five (between the V gamma chains of P. cynocephalus and the A gamma chains of H. sapiens).", "contents": "Complete sequence of the gamma chain from the fetal hemoglobin of the baboon, Papio cynocephalus. The amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin gamma chain from a baboon, Papio cynocephalus, was determined by automated sequencing of the intact chain and six fragments generated by specific clevage reactions. The existence of structural heterogeneity at position 75, where both valyl and isoleucyl residues were found, is suggestive of the presence of nonallelic V gamma- and I gamma-chain genes in this species, and further emphasizes the extent to which the genetic basis of hemoglobin production among many higher primates is similar. Comparison of the sequences of those gamma chains from Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Macaca nemestrina and P. cynocephalus that have been well characterized attests to the conservative nature of gamma-chain evolution among the Anthropoidea, the differences in sequence between any two of these chains ranging from none (between the A gamma and G gamma chains of P. troglodytes and H. sapiens) to no more than five (between the V gamma chains of P. cynocephalus and the A gamma chains of H. sapiens).", "PMID": 511581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9227", "title": "A simple microchromatographic column for determination of hemoglobins A1a + b and A1c.", "content": "A simple microchromatographic homemade column was devised for the measurement of glycosylated minor hemoglobin fractions. The mean and one standard deviation of hemoglobins A1a + b, A1c and A1a + b + c determined by the homemade column in 150 nondiabetic controls and 56 juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetics were 2.6 +/- 0.5%, 6.0 +/- 1.0%, 8.6 +/- 1.1%, 3.3 +/- 0.9%, 13.7 +/- 2.2% and 16.9 +/- 2.8% respectively. A twofold increase in hemoglobins A1c and A1a + b + c levels was observed in the diabetics as compared to the non-diabetic controls suggesting that the homemade column is valid for the measurement of all three glycosylated hemoglobin fractions and assessment of blood glucose control in diabetic patients. The homemade column procedure yields accurate and reproducible results, is simple to perform, inexpensive, relatively rapid and may be used in the routine clinical laboratory. Hemoglobin A1a + b + c levels measured by a commercial column in 35 non-diabetic controls and in 56 diabetics showed good correlation (R = 0.91) with hemoglobin A1a + b + c levels determined by the homemade column. The commercial column is valid for the measurement of the combined glycosylated hemoglobin A1a + b + c fraction and may be used in the routine clinical laboratory to assess diabetic control.", "contents": "A simple microchromatographic column for determination of hemoglobins A1a + b and A1c. A simple microchromatographic homemade column was devised for the measurement of glycosylated minor hemoglobin fractions. The mean and one standard deviation of hemoglobins A1a + b, A1c and A1a + b + c determined by the homemade column in 150 nondiabetic controls and 56 juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetics were 2.6 +/- 0.5%, 6.0 +/- 1.0%, 8.6 +/- 1.1%, 3.3 +/- 0.9%, 13.7 +/- 2.2% and 16.9 +/- 2.8% respectively. A twofold increase in hemoglobins A1c and A1a + b + c levels was observed in the diabetics as compared to the non-diabetic controls suggesting that the homemade column is valid for the measurement of all three glycosylated hemoglobin fractions and assessment of blood glucose control in diabetic patients. The homemade column procedure yields accurate and reproducible results, is simple to perform, inexpensive, relatively rapid and may be used in the routine clinical laboratory. Hemoglobin A1a + b + c levels measured by a commercial column in 35 non-diabetic controls and in 56 diabetics showed good correlation (R = 0.91) with hemoglobin A1a + b + c levels determined by the homemade column. The commercial column is valid for the measurement of the combined glycosylated hemoglobin A1a + b + c fraction and may be used in the routine clinical laboratory to assess diabetic control.", "PMID": 511582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9228", "title": "Application of an automatic oxygenation technique to analysis of oxygen equilibrium curves for hemoglobinopathic red cells and functional screening of clinically important hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The automatic oxygenation technique of Imai et al (Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 200:189--196, 1970) was slightly modified and applied to the study of oxygen equilibrium curves of dilute, red-cell suspensions from normal subjects and individuals with hemoglobinopathies, enzymopathies, and other hematologic disorders. The p50 values of non-smoking, normal adults were 25.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, and corresponded to the values for whole blood reported in the literature. The oxygen equilibrium curves of suspensions from subjects with enzymopathies revealed shifts in position which are thought to be due to alterations in the concentration of 2,3-DPG of the red cells. Abnormalities in shape of the equilibrium curves were observed only for the hemoglobinopathic red cells, and could best be illustrated by the abnormally low Hill's exponent (n*). Analyses of the n* values of 34 patients with various red-cell disorders of unknown causes led to the identification of ten cases showing low values. In five of the ten patients, the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin was confirmed using column chromatography on Amberlite CG--50. These results point to the usefulness of the Hill Plot analysis of red-cell oxygen dissociation curves in functional screening for clinically important hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "Application of an automatic oxygenation technique to analysis of oxygen equilibrium curves for hemoglobinopathic red cells and functional screening of clinically important hemoglobinopathies. The automatic oxygenation technique of Imai et al (Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 200:189--196, 1970) was slightly modified and applied to the study of oxygen equilibrium curves of dilute, red-cell suspensions from normal subjects and individuals with hemoglobinopathies, enzymopathies, and other hematologic disorders. The p50 values of non-smoking, normal adults were 25.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, and corresponded to the values for whole blood reported in the literature. The oxygen equilibrium curves of suspensions from subjects with enzymopathies revealed shifts in position which are thought to be due to alterations in the concentration of 2,3-DPG of the red cells. Abnormalities in shape of the equilibrium curves were observed only for the hemoglobinopathic red cells, and could best be illustrated by the abnormally low Hill's exponent (n*). Analyses of the n* values of 34 patients with various red-cell disorders of unknown causes led to the identification of ten cases showing low values. In five of the ten patients, the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin was confirmed using column chromatography on Amberlite CG--50. These results point to the usefulness of the Hill Plot analysis of red-cell oxygen dissociation curves in functional screening for clinically important hemoglobinopathies.", "PMID": 511583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9229", "title": "Hemoglobin Riyadh-beta 0-thalassemia in an Indian family.", "content": "An Indian (Asian) patient with compound heterozygosity for Hb Riyadh and beta 0-thalassemia is described. Hb Riyadh forms about 95% of the hemoglobin present. The clinico-pathological picture is identical to that of simple beta-thalassemia trait confirming the harmless nature of the substitution beta 120(GH3) Lys leads to Asn.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Riyadh-beta 0-thalassemia in an Indian family. An Indian (Asian) patient with compound heterozygosity for Hb Riyadh and beta 0-thalassemia is described. Hb Riyadh forms about 95% of the hemoglobin present. The clinico-pathological picture is identical to that of simple beta-thalassemia trait confirming the harmless nature of the substitution beta 120(GH3) Lys leads to Asn.", "PMID": 511584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9230", "title": "Development of the squamosomandibular articulation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). II. Succinate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity has been studied, according to the method of Nachlas et al. (1957), in the developing tissues forming the squamosomandibular articulation in the Mongolian gerbil from its inception through the sixty postnatal day. Increased activity was observed in the chondroblasts, osteoblasts and mesenchymal tissues of the developing articulation. The chondroclasts of the developing mandibular condyle displayed intense reaction as did the osteoclasts of the developing bony articulation. Succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to be related to the functional maturity of the cellular elements of the developing joint.", "contents": "Development of the squamosomandibular articulation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). II. Succinate dehydrogenase activity. Succinate dehydrogenase activity has been studied, according to the method of Nachlas et al. (1957), in the developing tissues forming the squamosomandibular articulation in the Mongolian gerbil from its inception through the sixty postnatal day. Increased activity was observed in the chondroblasts, osteoblasts and mesenchymal tissues of the developing articulation. The chondroclasts of the developing mandibular condyle displayed intense reaction as did the osteoclasts of the developing bony articulation. Succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to be related to the functional maturity of the cellular elements of the developing joint.", "PMID": 511591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9231", "title": "Cytochemical localization of catalase and several hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidases in the nucleoids and matrix of rat liver peroxisomes.", "content": "The distribution of catalase, amino acid oxidase, alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, urate oxidase and alcohol oxidase was studied cytochemically in rat hepatocytes. The presence of catalase was demonstrated with the conventional diaminobenzidine technique. Oxidase activities were visualized with methods based on the enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by these enzymes during aerobic incubations. All enzymes investigated were found to be present in peroxisomes. Catalase activity was found in the peroxisomal matrix, but also associated with the nucleoid. After staining for oxidase activities the stain deposits occurred invariably in the peroxisomal matrix as well as in the nucleoids. In all experiments the activity of both catalase and the oxidases was confined to the peroxisomes. The presence of a hydrogen peroxide-producing alcohol oxidase was demonstrated for the first time in peroxisomes in liver cells. The results imply that the enzyme activity of the nucleoids of rat liver peroxisomes is not exclusively due to urate oxidase. The nucleoids obviously contain a variety of other enzymes that may be more or less loosely associated with the insoluble components of these structures.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of catalase and several hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidases in the nucleoids and matrix of rat liver peroxisomes. The distribution of catalase, amino acid oxidase, alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, urate oxidase and alcohol oxidase was studied cytochemically in rat hepatocytes. The presence of catalase was demonstrated with the conventional diaminobenzidine technique. Oxidase activities were visualized with methods based on the enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by these enzymes during aerobic incubations. All enzymes investigated were found to be present in peroxisomes. Catalase activity was found in the peroxisomal matrix, but also associated with the nucleoid. After staining for oxidase activities the stain deposits occurred invariably in the peroxisomal matrix as well as in the nucleoids. In all experiments the activity of both catalase and the oxidases was confined to the peroxisomes. The presence of a hydrogen peroxide-producing alcohol oxidase was demonstrated for the first time in peroxisomes in liver cells. The results imply that the enzyme activity of the nucleoids of rat liver peroxisomes is not exclusively due to urate oxidase. The nucleoids obviously contain a variety of other enzymes that may be more or less loosely associated with the insoluble components of these structures.", "PMID": 511592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9232", "title": "Quantitative measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in cortical fractions of the rabbit nephron.", "content": "A quantitative fluorimetric method is described for estimating the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in isolated fractions of rabbit nephron from the superficial part of the renal cortex: macula densa, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and glomerulus. The mean activity in the macula densa region was 2.5 X 10(-18) mol/micrometers 3/min, which was about twice the mean activity of the proximal and distal tubular cells and four times that of the glomeruli. As glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is located in the cytoplasm, the average cytoplasmic enzyme activity of the different tubular cells was calculated: macula densa activity was 4.0 X 10(-18) mol/micrometers 3/min whilst proximal tubular cells showed about a third, and distal tubular cells about a quarter of this activity.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in cortical fractions of the rabbit nephron. A quantitative fluorimetric method is described for estimating the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in isolated fractions of rabbit nephron from the superficial part of the renal cortex: macula densa, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and glomerulus. The mean activity in the macula densa region was 2.5 X 10(-18) mol/micrometers 3/min, which was about twice the mean activity of the proximal and distal tubular cells and four times that of the glomeruli. As glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is located in the cytoplasm, the average cytoplasmic enzyme activity of the different tubular cells was calculated: macula densa activity was 4.0 X 10(-18) mol/micrometers 3/min whilst proximal tubular cells showed about a third, and distal tubular cells about a quarter of this activity.", "PMID": 511594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9233", "title": "The multiple forms of brain acetycholinesterase. III. Implications for the histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "The multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) have been investigated with regard to their histochemical demonstrability. Their pattern is influenced by buffer treatment, fixation, and by incubation conditions causing aggregation and disaggregation as well as loss or inactivation of individual forms. The standard histochemical method for AChE preferentially demonstrates the high molecular forms. Most of the oligomer forms are washed out or inactivated. A selective demonstration of the highly aggregated forms is possible either by inhibition of the oligomers with diisopropylfluoridate (DFP) or by specifically dissolving them out. No reason could be found for the selective demonstration of the low molecular weight forms.", "contents": "The multiple forms of brain acetycholinesterase. III. Implications for the histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase. The multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) have been investigated with regard to their histochemical demonstrability. Their pattern is influenced by buffer treatment, fixation, and by incubation conditions causing aggregation and disaggregation as well as loss or inactivation of individual forms. The standard histochemical method for AChE preferentially demonstrates the high molecular forms. Most of the oligomer forms are washed out or inactivated. A selective demonstration of the highly aggregated forms is possible either by inhibition of the oligomers with diisopropylfluoridate (DFP) or by specifically dissolving them out. No reason could be found for the selective demonstration of the low molecular weight forms.", "PMID": 511595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9234", "title": "Acid phosphatase in the guinea-pig oocytes.", "content": "In guinea-pig oocytes, at every developmental stage, acid phosphatase is found histochemically in cytoplasmic granules. Ultracytochemically the reaction product is located in lysosomes and is some cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but not in cortical granules or in vesicles with a rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane which are filled with a moderately dense homogeneous substance. It is discussed whether the acid phosphatase transforms reserve material into a storable form as has been proposed for the deposition of vitellogenin in the oocytes of lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase in the guinea-pig oocytes. In guinea-pig oocytes, at every developmental stage, acid phosphatase is found histochemically in cytoplasmic granules. Ultracytochemically the reaction product is located in lysosomes and is some cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but not in cortical granules or in vesicles with a rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane which are filled with a moderately dense homogeneous substance. It is discussed whether the acid phosphatase transforms reserve material into a storable form as has been proposed for the deposition of vitellogenin in the oocytes of lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 511596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9235", "title": "Tissue-specific changes in nuclear RNA content during early development of Triturus vulgaris.", "content": "During early development of Triturus vulgaris, as a measure for nuclear activity in neuroectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, nuclear RNA content was determined by cytochemical methods. In the first stages of gastrulation, that is to say during the early phase of neural induction, the RNA content of the inducing system is considerably higher than in the reacting system. Then, with a phase-shift of about 10 h, the RNA content of the neuroectoderm increases quickly also. In the following stages the nuclear RNA content of both regions is reduced. A second continuous increase in the RNA amount coincides with the formation of the neural tube. In the mesoderm, enhancement of RNA content correlates with cytodifferentiation of the chorda. In all stages the RNA content of the endoderm is higher than in the other tissues and it becomes successively diminished from the early gastrula to the tailbud stage.", "contents": "Tissue-specific changes in nuclear RNA content during early development of Triturus vulgaris. During early development of Triturus vulgaris, as a measure for nuclear activity in neuroectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, nuclear RNA content was determined by cytochemical methods. In the first stages of gastrulation, that is to say during the early phase of neural induction, the RNA content of the inducing system is considerably higher than in the reacting system. Then, with a phase-shift of about 10 h, the RNA content of the neuroectoderm increases quickly also. In the following stages the nuclear RNA content of both regions is reduced. A second continuous increase in the RNA amount coincides with the formation of the neural tube. In the mesoderm, enhancement of RNA content correlates with cytodifferentiation of the chorda. In all stages the RNA content of the endoderm is higher than in the other tissues and it becomes successively diminished from the early gastrula to the tailbud stage.", "PMID": 511597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9236", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on the small intestine of fetal mice.", "content": "Pregnant Swiss ICR mice were injected with clofibrate at different dosages and time intervals, and embryos were removed either at 17 or 18 days of gestation. In embryos sacrificed at 17 days the level of intestinal catalase activity of the proximal and distal halves in the treated groups is identical in any case to that of the controls. In embryos sacrificed at 18 days, the rise in the level of catalase activity in the proximal half of the small intestine in treated groups is dose dependent up to a certain limit: with repeated injections the increase reaches a plateau. The distal halves of treated groups are much less responsive and an increase in catalase activity was noted only with repeated injections. In untreated embryos circular DAB-positive microperoxisomes (200 nm in diameter) and tubular structures (100 nm in thickness) are seen in the duodenum at 18 days of gestation. At the same stage, only circular microperoxisomes are identified in the ileum. After clofibrate treatment circular and tubular microperoxisomes are observed in the ileum also. It is concluded that clofibrate induces a rise in catalase activity in the embryo, only after 17 days of gestation. These observations are discussed in relation to the biogenesis of microperoxisome.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on the small intestine of fetal mice. Pregnant Swiss ICR mice were injected with clofibrate at different dosages and time intervals, and embryos were removed either at 17 or 18 days of gestation. In embryos sacrificed at 17 days the level of intestinal catalase activity of the proximal and distal halves in the treated groups is identical in any case to that of the controls. In embryos sacrificed at 18 days, the rise in the level of catalase activity in the proximal half of the small intestine in treated groups is dose dependent up to a certain limit: with repeated injections the increase reaches a plateau. The distal halves of treated groups are much less responsive and an increase in catalase activity was noted only with repeated injections. In untreated embryos circular DAB-positive microperoxisomes (200 nm in diameter) and tubular structures (100 nm in thickness) are seen in the duodenum at 18 days of gestation. At the same stage, only circular microperoxisomes are identified in the ileum. After clofibrate treatment circular and tubular microperoxisomes are observed in the ileum also. It is concluded that clofibrate induces a rise in catalase activity in the embryo, only after 17 days of gestation. These observations are discussed in relation to the biogenesis of microperoxisome.", "PMID": 511598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9237", "title": "Sodium and calcium localization in cells and tissues by precipitation with antimonate: a quantitative study.", "content": "Komnick's antimonate technique, which was devised to localize Na+ in cells and tissues, was studied quantitatively. Some modifications, as well as its application to Ca2+ localization, were also investigated. We combined measurements of Na+ and Ca2+ retention in plant roots during the various procedures, electron microscopy, autoradiography, and semiquantitative X-ray microanalysis. We were able to show that (at least in barley roots) antimonate does not precipitate at all with Na+, irrespective of the Na+ content of the tissue or the method of antimonate application. (Even during precipitative freeze dissolution or after freeze drying, no Na+ is precipitated.) By means of Komnick's antimonate technique Ca2+ is trapped within the tissue, but only after serious dislocation. Perspectives for reliable localization of diffusible ions in cells and tissues, by precipitation simultaneously with conventional fixations, are bad.", "contents": "Sodium and calcium localization in cells and tissues by precipitation with antimonate: a quantitative study. Komnick's antimonate technique, which was devised to localize Na+ in cells and tissues, was studied quantitatively. Some modifications, as well as its application to Ca2+ localization, were also investigated. We combined measurements of Na+ and Ca2+ retention in plant roots during the various procedures, electron microscopy, autoradiography, and semiquantitative X-ray microanalysis. We were able to show that (at least in barley roots) antimonate does not precipitate at all with Na+, irrespective of the Na+ content of the tissue or the method of antimonate application. (Even during precipitative freeze dissolution or after freeze drying, no Na+ is precipitated.) By means of Komnick's antimonate technique Ca2+ is trapped within the tissue, but only after serious dislocation. Perspectives for reliable localization of diffusible ions in cells and tissues, by precipitation simultaneously with conventional fixations, are bad.", "PMID": 511599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9238", "title": "Cholinesterases and choline acetyltransferase in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum.", "content": "In order to gain insight into the possible role of the ACh-system in the smooth muscle cell, the presence of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was studied in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum after the mechanical removal of Auerbach's plexus. Such treatment completely removes all nerve elements as confirmed by histochemistry and electron-microscopic examination. It was found that in the longitudinal muscle devoid of all nervous elements a substantial percentage of the activity of all three enzymes still remained. Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was observed on the sarcolemma, sarcoplastic reticulum, nuclear membrane and invaginations of the sarcolemma. The localization of cholinesterases coincides with sites which are presumably involved in calcium movements during contraction and relaxation. It is well known that the depolarized smooth muscle responds to exogenous ACh with a reversible, calcium dependent contraction and it was suggested that ACh may act by increasing the influx of calcium through the cell membrane or by liberating calcium from its bound form. The presence of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities in the muscle cell proper, as well as the localization of cholinesterases on structures connected with calcium movements, support the coexistence of an intrinsic cholinergic mechanism in the smooth muscle.", "contents": "Cholinesterases and choline acetyltransferase in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. In order to gain insight into the possible role of the ACh-system in the smooth muscle cell, the presence of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was studied in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum after the mechanical removal of Auerbach's plexus. Such treatment completely removes all nerve elements as confirmed by histochemistry and electron-microscopic examination. It was found that in the longitudinal muscle devoid of all nervous elements a substantial percentage of the activity of all three enzymes still remained. Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was observed on the sarcolemma, sarcoplastic reticulum, nuclear membrane and invaginations of the sarcolemma. The localization of cholinesterases coincides with sites which are presumably involved in calcium movements during contraction and relaxation. It is well known that the depolarized smooth muscle responds to exogenous ACh with a reversible, calcium dependent contraction and it was suggested that ACh may act by increasing the influx of calcium through the cell membrane or by liberating calcium from its bound form. The presence of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities in the muscle cell proper, as well as the localization of cholinesterases on structures connected with calcium movements, support the coexistence of an intrinsic cholinergic mechanism in the smooth muscle.", "PMID": 511600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9239", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of the neurosecretory X-organ complex in the eyestalk of the crab Carcinus maenas.", "content": "An antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with sinus gland extracts from Carcinus maenas. The antiserum is almost exclusively directed against neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ (MTGXO), as demonstrated by the peroxidase--antiperoxidase (PAP) staining method in light and electron microscopic studies. Radioimmunological binding studies indicate the presence of antibodies against the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) or the black pigment dispersing hormone (BPDH) in the antiserum. The results suggest that the neurosecretory perikarya of the MTGXO are the sites of production of CHH and/or BPDH.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of the neurosecretory X-organ complex in the eyestalk of the crab Carcinus maenas. An antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with sinus gland extracts from Carcinus maenas. The antiserum is almost exclusively directed against neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ (MTGXO), as demonstrated by the peroxidase--antiperoxidase (PAP) staining method in light and electron microscopic studies. Radioimmunological binding studies indicate the presence of antibodies against the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) or the black pigment dispersing hormone (BPDH) in the antiserum. The results suggest that the neurosecretory perikarya of the MTGXO are the sites of production of CHH and/or BPDH.", "PMID": 511601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9240", "title": "Staining and relative determination of elemental contents by the laser microprobe.", "content": "An improved laser microprobe procedure is developed and applied to the measurement of calcium content in microareas of right and left subepicardial muscles. The staining of canine cardiac muscles by Methylene Blue solution (1% w/v) was found to improve sampling efficiency. Elemental content is proportional to T-1/gamma, where T is the transmittance of the characteristic emission line of the element of the photographic plate and gamma is its contrast. In the present system, the calcium content is analyzed using T-3.2. We find that the staining of samples and the determination of T-1/gamma are useful procedures in the application of laser microprobe to the study of elemental content in biologic microareas.", "contents": "Staining and relative determination of elemental contents by the laser microprobe. An improved laser microprobe procedure is developed and applied to the measurement of calcium content in microareas of right and left subepicardial muscles. The staining of canine cardiac muscles by Methylene Blue solution (1% w/v) was found to improve sampling efficiency. Elemental content is proportional to T-1/gamma, where T is the transmittance of the characteristic emission line of the element of the photographic plate and gamma is its contrast. In the present system, the calcium content is analyzed using T-3.2. We find that the staining of samples and the determination of T-1/gamma are useful procedures in the application of laser microprobe to the study of elemental content in biologic microareas.", "PMID": 511602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9241", "title": "Nucleoside excretion in breast cancer: comparison with other biochemical tumour-index-substances.", "content": "[We have measured four urinary nucleosides (dimethylguanosine, 1-methylinosine, pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid)in patients with benign breast disease and patients with early and advanced breast cancer in order to assess their value as tumour-index-substances. We compared the results with other biochemical indices of breast cancer and sought and correlations between these indices.  The results indicate that few abnormalities occurred in patients without overt metastases and these did not predict early relapse. In those with metastatic disease, dimethylguanosine excretion was most frequently elevated.   Correlations were observed between some of the nucleosides and lysozyme and alpha1-antirypsin.", "contents": "Nucleoside excretion in breast cancer: comparison with other biochemical tumour-index-substances. [We have measured four urinary nucleosides (dimethylguanosine, 1-methylinosine, pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid)in patients with benign breast disease and patients with early and advanced breast cancer in order to assess their value as tumour-index-substances. We compared the results with other biochemical indices of breast cancer and sought and correlations between these indices.  The results indicate that few abnormalities occurred in patients without overt metastases and these did not predict early relapse. In those with metastatic disease, dimethylguanosine excretion was most frequently elevated.   Correlations were observed between some of the nucleosides and lysozyme and alpha1-antirypsin.", "PMID": 511604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9242", "title": "Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in mammalian lung.", "content": "Substance P-like immunoreactivity was located in nerves in the lungs of guinea pig, rat, mouse and neonatal pigs. These nerves were regularly observed in association with both airways and blood vessels in all region of the lung. They appeared to be more numerous in the guinea pig than in the other mammals studied and differences in distribution were observed. The finding of substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the lung suggests the presence of another regulatory system within the mammalian lung.", "contents": "Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in mammalian lung. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was located in nerves in the lungs of guinea pig, rat, mouse and neonatal pigs. These nerves were regularly observed in association with both airways and blood vessels in all region of the lung. They appeared to be more numerous in the guinea pig than in the other mammals studied and differences in distribution were observed. The finding of substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the lung suggests the presence of another regulatory system within the mammalian lung.", "PMID": 511607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9243", "title": "Cytochemical characterization of cultured adult, guinea pig glomerular cells.", "content": "Methods are described for culture of intact or trypsin-digested adult guinea pig glomeruli. Cell types grown from intact glomeruli were distinctly different from those which dominated cultures of trypsin dissociated glomerular cells as determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as by fluorescence or enzyme cytochemical reaction with lectins and immunofluorescence cytochemical staining for actin or fibronectin. Cells with long cytoplasmic extensions (glomerular epithelial cells), cultured from intact glomeruli, have strong affinity for concanavalin-A and soybean agglutinin which react with glucose and galactose residues respectively. Rectangular cells (glomerular mesangial cells), cultured as the predominant cell from trypsinized glomeruli, have strong affinity for wheat germ agglutinin which reacts with N-acetyl glucosamine. Both of these cell types stained immunocytochemically for fibronectin and actin although the intracellular patterns were somewhat different. These two types of cells are able to secrete extracellular basement membrane material.", "contents": "Cytochemical characterization of cultured adult, guinea pig glomerular cells. Methods are described for culture of intact or trypsin-digested adult guinea pig glomeruli. Cell types grown from intact glomeruli were distinctly different from those which dominated cultures of trypsin dissociated glomerular cells as determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as by fluorescence or enzyme cytochemical reaction with lectins and immunofluorescence cytochemical staining for actin or fibronectin. Cells with long cytoplasmic extensions (glomerular epithelial cells), cultured from intact glomeruli, have strong affinity for concanavalin-A and soybean agglutinin which react with glucose and galactose residues respectively. Rectangular cells (glomerular mesangial cells), cultured as the predominant cell from trypsinized glomeruli, have strong affinity for wheat germ agglutinin which reacts with N-acetyl glucosamine. Both of these cell types stained immunocytochemically for fibronectin and actin although the intracellular patterns were somewhat different. These two types of cells are able to secrete extracellular basement membrane material.", "PMID": 511606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9244", "title": "Tissue culture of normal rat glomeruli. Isolation and morphological characterization of two homogeneous cell lines.", "content": "Glomeruli were isolated from rat kidneys using enzymatic digestion, sieving and differential centrifugation. They were cultured in RPMI medium containing 15 per cent decomplemented fetal bovine serum. Using 3H-thymidine, two peaks of cell division occurred: the first was observed after 2 days in culture and reached its maximum on day 6; the second peak, starting on day 12, reached its maximum on day 22. Two cell types were identified by phase contrast, immunofluorescent and transmission electron microscopy. The first peak contained epithelial cells until day 6, while the second contained smooth muscle-like (mesangial) cells on day 30. The difference in the growth capacity of epithelial and smooth muscle-like cells allows their separate isolation by performing subcultures on day 6 for the former cells and on day 30 for the latter.", "contents": "Tissue culture of normal rat glomeruli. Isolation and morphological characterization of two homogeneous cell lines. Glomeruli were isolated from rat kidneys using enzymatic digestion, sieving and differential centrifugation. They were cultured in RPMI medium containing 15 per cent decomplemented fetal bovine serum. Using 3H-thymidine, two peaks of cell division occurred: the first was observed after 2 days in culture and reached its maximum on day 6; the second peak, starting on day 12, reached its maximum on day 22. Two cell types were identified by phase contrast, immunofluorescent and transmission electron microscopy. The first peak contained epithelial cells until day 6, while the second contained smooth muscle-like (mesangial) cells on day 30. The difference in the growth capacity of epithelial and smooth muscle-like cells allows their separate isolation by performing subcultures on day 6 for the former cells and on day 30 for the latter.", "PMID": 511605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9245", "title": "A new experimental model of human cachexia.", "content": "A hypernephroma removed from a male patient who had lost 30 kg in weight in the two months preceding surgery was grown as a non-metastasizing transplantable xenograft in immune-suppressed mice. The tumour produced a considerable weight loss (greater than 25 per cent) in the mice at a stage when it comprised less than 5 per cent of the total body weight. A slight fall in food intake of the tumour-bearing mice was noted, but animals bearing other non-cachectic mouse and human tumours had much lower food intakes without accompanying weight loss. No obvious defects in gastrointestinal absorption were detected nor was any gross increase in basal metabolic rate observed. The precise mechanism producing the severe cachexia remains to be established, but elaboration of humoral factors by the tumour seems probable. This model of cachexia bears a closer relation to the clinical situation than do other experimental animal tumour models currently available.", "contents": "A new experimental model of human cachexia. A hypernephroma removed from a male patient who had lost 30 kg in weight in the two months preceding surgery was grown as a non-metastasizing transplantable xenograft in immune-suppressed mice. The tumour produced a considerable weight loss (greater than 25 per cent) in the mice at a stage when it comprised less than 5 per cent of the total body weight. A slight fall in food intake of the tumour-bearing mice was noted, but animals bearing other non-cachectic mouse and human tumours had much lower food intakes without accompanying weight loss. No obvious defects in gastrointestinal absorption were detected nor was any gross increase in basal metabolic rate observed. The precise mechanism producing the severe cachexia remains to be established, but elaboration of humoral factors by the tumour seems probable. This model of cachexia bears a closer relation to the clinical situation than do other experimental animal tumour models currently available.", "PMID": 511610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9246", "title": "The sites of origin of gastric cancers and ulcers in relation to mucosal junctions and the lesser curvature.", "content": "A histological mapping procedure was used to study 32 stomachs bearing small cancers and 23 stomachs bearing ulcers. Over 80 per cent of gastric cancers and peptic ulcers occurred within 2 cm of both a mucosal junction and the lesser curvature. They showed slight differences in their longitudinal relationship to the pyloric junction. There were differential characteristics between the groups of cancers arising at each of the three mucosal junctions. Cancers at the pylorus and cardia were more common in males (M:F--2.6:1) and were predominantly well differentiated, whereas those from the intermediate zone were more common in females (M:F--1:1.8) with a relatively higher proportion of undifferentiated cancers. These and other features suggest that gastric cancers should be subdivided according to the junction of origin.", "contents": "The sites of origin of gastric cancers and ulcers in relation to mucosal junctions and the lesser curvature. A histological mapping procedure was used to study 32 stomachs bearing small cancers and 23 stomachs bearing ulcers. Over 80 per cent of gastric cancers and peptic ulcers occurred within 2 cm of both a mucosal junction and the lesser curvature. They showed slight differences in their longitudinal relationship to the pyloric junction. There were differential characteristics between the groups of cancers arising at each of the three mucosal junctions. Cancers at the pylorus and cardia were more common in males (M:F--2.6:1) and were predominantly well differentiated, whereas those from the intermediate zone were more common in females (M:F--1:1.8) with a relatively higher proportion of undifferentiated cancers. These and other features suggest that gastric cancers should be subdivided according to the junction of origin.", "PMID": 511611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9247", "title": "Psychodynamics and treatment of sexual assualt victims.", "content": "This paper discusses (1) how my own interest in the treatment of sexual assualt victims developed and how I view the scope of this problem; (2) myths and facts about sexual assault; (3) common reactions of those who work with rape victims; (4) the rape trauma syndrome; (5) an approach to immediate and short-term treatment; and (6) the long-term effects of sexual assault and related treatment issues.", "contents": "Psychodynamics and treatment of sexual assualt victims. This paper discusses (1) how my own interest in the treatment of sexual assualt victims developed and how I view the scope of this problem; (2) myths and facts about sexual assault; (3) common reactions of those who work with rape victims; (4) the rape trauma syndrome; (5) an approach to immediate and short-term treatment; and (6) the long-term effects of sexual assault and related treatment issues.", "PMID": 511638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9248", "title": "The use of detachment in narcissistic and borderline conditions.", "content": "In summary, looking at some of the ways in which detachment issues are organized and expressed in the psychoanalytic treatment of differing character structures, makes the need for a finely tuned interpersonal environment in analysis particularly compelling. Finding the appropriate spot to occupy in the dimension of distance and closeness with a detached patient depends heavily on the ability to maintain an empathic \"feel\" for the conflict that is closest to the surface of the detachment, and cannot easily be dealt with by broad rules of thumb or diagnostic conceptualizations of detachment as simply a global entity.", "contents": "The use of detachment in narcissistic and borderline conditions. In summary, looking at some of the ways in which detachment issues are organized and expressed in the psychoanalytic treatment of differing character structures, makes the need for a finely tuned interpersonal environment in analysis particularly compelling. Finding the appropriate spot to occupy in the dimension of distance and closeness with a detached patient depends heavily on the ability to maintain an empathic \"feel\" for the conflict that is closest to the surface of the detachment, and cannot easily be dealt with by broad rules of thumb or diagnostic conceptualizations of detachment as simply a global entity.", "PMID": 511640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9249", "title": "Audiometric results following endolymphatic sac surgery.", "content": "Decompression and drainage of the endolymphatic sac is a surgical procedure which was developed to relieve vertigo and hopefully to maintain or improve hearing in patients with Meniere's disease. In this study, 16 medically diagnosed Meniere's disease patients who underwent endolymphatic sac surgery were followed audiometrically for a period of up to three years. Pre- and postoperative audiometric and other symptomatic findings were reported. Results indicated that in the greatest majority of cases hearing remained essentially unchanged or was improved. Poorer hearing was found in 26.3% of the cases for pure tones and in 15.8% of the cases for speech reception thresholds and speech discrimination scores. Due to the fluctuating nature of auditory thresholds in Meniere's disease, it was found to be essential that patients be followed postoperatively for a period of at least three years.", "contents": "Audiometric results following endolymphatic sac surgery. Decompression and drainage of the endolymphatic sac is a surgical procedure which was developed to relieve vertigo and hopefully to maintain or improve hearing in patients with Meniere's disease. In this study, 16 medically diagnosed Meniere's disease patients who underwent endolymphatic sac surgery were followed audiometrically for a period of up to three years. Pre- and postoperative audiometric and other symptomatic findings were reported. Results indicated that in the greatest majority of cases hearing remained essentially unchanged or was improved. Poorer hearing was found in 26.3% of the cases for pure tones and in 15.8% of the cases for speech reception thresholds and speech discrimination scores. Due to the fluctuating nature of auditory thresholds in Meniere's disease, it was found to be essential that patients be followed postoperatively for a period of at least three years.", "PMID": 511642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9250", "title": "Auditory brainstem volume-conducted responses: origins in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "Volume-conducted, short-latency auditory-evoked potentials were examined in the laboratory mouse with lesions and local recording used to localize their sources. PI corresponds in time with N1 recorded from the round window, while isolation of the eighth cranial nerve from the brainstem results in the loss of all post-PI components. PII latency agrees with that of evoked potentials recorded from the cochlear nucleus. PIII latency corresponds with that of evoked potentials from the vicinity of the contralateral superior olivary nucleus, and lesions of this and closely related contralateral structures abolish PIII from the vertex recordings. PIV is reduced in amplitude by unilateral brainstem lesions between the superior olive and the inferior colliculus. Evoked potentials and lesions localized PV to the vicinity of the lateral regions of the contralateral inferior colliculus. PVI disappeared when areas anterior to the inferior colliculi were lesioned. Although minor species differences may exist, it was concluded that the sources for PI to V in the mouse closely resemble those in the cat, and they agree well with the limited data from the human. This technique may now be applied to studies of the numerous auditory mutants of the laboratory mouse.", "contents": "Auditory brainstem volume-conducted responses: origins in the laboratory mouse. Volume-conducted, short-latency auditory-evoked potentials were examined in the laboratory mouse with lesions and local recording used to localize their sources. PI corresponds in time with N1 recorded from the round window, while isolation of the eighth cranial nerve from the brainstem results in the loss of all post-PI components. PII latency agrees with that of evoked potentials recorded from the cochlear nucleus. PIII latency corresponds with that of evoked potentials from the vicinity of the contralateral superior olivary nucleus, and lesions of this and closely related contralateral structures abolish PIII from the vertex recordings. PIV is reduced in amplitude by unilateral brainstem lesions between the superior olive and the inferior colliculus. Evoked potentials and lesions localized PV to the vicinity of the lateral regions of the contralateral inferior colliculus. PVI disappeared when areas anterior to the inferior colliculi were lesioned. Although minor species differences may exist, it was concluded that the sources for PI to V in the mouse closely resemble those in the cat, and they agree well with the limited data from the human. This technique may now be applied to studies of the numerous auditory mutants of the laboratory mouse.", "PMID": 511644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9251", "title": "Attention and respiration audiometry.", "content": "The effect of attention on auditory responses obtained with respiration audiometry was examined on twenty normal-hearing adults. Ten subjects were instructed to listen carefully for the auditory stimuli during testing, while the other ten were not instructed. The results revealed that the change in respiration resulting from sound stimuli for the instructed subjects was three times greater than for the uninstructed group during the first 11-tonal sequence. However, during the third sequence, more responses were obtained from the uninstructed subjects. There was little evidence to suggest that the respiratory changes to sound were greater in magnitude or in number as the intensity of the sound approached behavioral threshold. The results suggest that the level of attention affects the number and pattern of respiratory responses to sound.", "contents": "Attention and respiration audiometry. The effect of attention on auditory responses obtained with respiration audiometry was examined on twenty normal-hearing adults. Ten subjects were instructed to listen carefully for the auditory stimuli during testing, while the other ten were not instructed. The results revealed that the change in respiration resulting from sound stimuli for the instructed subjects was three times greater than for the uninstructed group during the first 11-tonal sequence. However, during the third sequence, more responses were obtained from the uninstructed subjects. There was little evidence to suggest that the respiratory changes to sound were greater in magnitude or in number as the intensity of the sound approached behavioral threshold. The results suggest that the level of attention affects the number and pattern of respiratory responses to sound.", "PMID": 511645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9252", "title": "Recovery characteristics of the acoustic reflex.", "content": "Acoustic-reflex recovery time was measured as a function of activator intensity level and duration for broad-band noise and a 500-Hz tone in 10 normal-hearing subjects. The activating signals were presented at 5 and 10 dB above individual acoustic reflex thresholds for durations ranging from 0.25 to 100 sec. Reflex-recovery times were similar across both activators and across activator intensity levels. Recovery time was relatively constant for activators of 2 sec or less and increased for longer activator durations. Portions of the results from temporary threshold shift experiments are explained on the basis of acoustic reflex recovery characteristics.", "contents": "Recovery characteristics of the acoustic reflex. Acoustic-reflex recovery time was measured as a function of activator intensity level and duration for broad-band noise and a 500-Hz tone in 10 normal-hearing subjects. The activating signals were presented at 5 and 10 dB above individual acoustic reflex thresholds for durations ranging from 0.25 to 100 sec. Reflex-recovery times were similar across both activators and across activator intensity levels. Recovery time was relatively constant for activators of 2 sec or less and increased for longer activator durations. Portions of the results from temporary threshold shift experiments are explained on the basis of acoustic reflex recovery characteristics.", "PMID": 511646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9253", "title": "Dynamic tympanometry.", "content": "Tympanometry was performed under the contraction of the middle ear muscles (dynamic tympanometry). A tympanogram of lesser compliance was observed under a stapedius reflex which was produced by contralateral acoustic stimulation. In patients with reversed (downward) stapedius reflex, the dynamic tympanogram showed either a higher peak amplitude or a shift of conventional tympanogram to the negative pressure side. Voluntary contraction of the tensor tympani produced a lesser compliance with positive pressure, whereas there was an apparent increase of compliance with negative pressure in the external auditory meatus. A shift of the dynamic tympanogram to the negative pressure side was interpreted as being due to contraction of the tensor tympani muscle. Dynamic tympanometry may also be utilized as a recording of reflex decay.", "contents": "Dynamic tympanometry. Tympanometry was performed under the contraction of the middle ear muscles (dynamic tympanometry). A tympanogram of lesser compliance was observed under a stapedius reflex which was produced by contralateral acoustic stimulation. In patients with reversed (downward) stapedius reflex, the dynamic tympanogram showed either a higher peak amplitude or a shift of conventional tympanogram to the negative pressure side. Voluntary contraction of the tensor tympani produced a lesser compliance with positive pressure, whereas there was an apparent increase of compliance with negative pressure in the external auditory meatus. A shift of the dynamic tympanogram to the negative pressure side was interpreted as being due to contraction of the tensor tympani muscle. Dynamic tympanometry may also be utilized as a recording of reflex decay.", "PMID": 511647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9254", "title": "Presbycusis: the aging ear. Part I.", "content": "The aging ear is a particularly vexing problem. This review of the literature covers much of the pertinent information and leads to some suggested research which we hope to pursue. It seems to us that research directed toward increased knowledge of the auditory blood supply and a better understanding of the function of the stria vascularis will add much to our understanding of the aging ear.", "contents": "Presbycusis: the aging ear. Part I. The aging ear is a particularly vexing problem. This review of the literature covers much of the pertinent information and leads to some suggested research which we hope to pursue. It seems to us that research directed toward increased knowledge of the auditory blood supply and a better understanding of the function of the stria vascularis will add much to our understanding of the aging ear.", "PMID": 511648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9255", "title": "Changes in number and type of errors on repetition of acoustically distorted sentences as a function of age in normal children.", "content": "The intelligibility of recorded sentences, distorted by binaural switching, interruption, and low-pass filtering, was investigated in 53 children ranging in age from five to eleven and in adults. All had normal hearing. The sentence vocabulary was pretested for comprehension, articulation errors were evaluated in a way so as not to influence test results, and length and structure of the sentences were controlled. The results indicated that although the performance of children increased with age, the 11-year-old group had not attained adult performance. Error analyses showed that most errors for all age groups were acoustically unrelated to the distorted message, although adults made more acoustically related errors than did children. When children made errors in sentences, other errors (e.g., substitutions) were made to preserve the syntax or semantic integrity of the message.", "contents": "Changes in number and type of errors on repetition of acoustically distorted sentences as a function of age in normal children. The intelligibility of recorded sentences, distorted by binaural switching, interruption, and low-pass filtering, was investigated in 53 children ranging in age from five to eleven and in adults. All had normal hearing. The sentence vocabulary was pretested for comprehension, articulation errors were evaluated in a way so as not to influence test results, and length and structure of the sentences were controlled. The results indicated that although the performance of children increased with age, the 11-year-old group had not attained adult performance. Error analyses showed that most errors for all age groups were acoustically unrelated to the distorted message, although adults made more acoustically related errors than did children. When children made errors in sentences, other errors (e.g., substitutions) were made to preserve the syntax or semantic integrity of the message.", "PMID": 511649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9256", "title": "A comparison of procedures and materials for speech reception thresholds.", "content": "Ascending and descending procedures were used to obtain speech reception thresholds from 32 normal-hearing subjects whereas digits and spondee words were used as test materials. Comparisons of thresholds were made for the two procedures and materials. Results indicated that slightly lower (less SPL) speech thresholds resulted from the use of a descending procedure with both types of material. In addition, digit material was found to yield generally lower threshold values than spondees. Advantages to the use of the two procedures and materials are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of procedures and materials for speech reception thresholds. Ascending and descending procedures were used to obtain speech reception thresholds from 32 normal-hearing subjects whereas digits and spondee words were used as test materials. Comparisons of thresholds were made for the two procedures and materials. Results indicated that slightly lower (less SPL) speech thresholds resulted from the use of a descending procedure with both types of material. In addition, digit material was found to yield generally lower threshold values than spondees. Advantages to the use of the two procedures and materials are discussed.", "PMID": 511650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9257", "title": "Surgical treatment of long-term sensorineural hearing loss due to labyrinthine fistula.", "content": "Perilymphatic fistula, usually in the round or oval window, causes a variety of symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. Surgical repair of these fistulas has resulted in restoration of hearing in some cases. It has been suggested that surgery must be performed within 2 months of the trauma if improvement in hearing is to occur. This paper presents the case of a patient whose fistula and resulting hearing loss had persisted ten years before surgical repair. Restoration of normal hearing and discrimination of speech occurred in the ear which had previously presented a severe sensorineural hearing loss with no useful discrimination for speech. The authors usge audiologists and otolaryngologists to consider the possibility of fistula in cases of sudden hearing loss, even when years have elapsed since the trauma. Their experience suggests that surgery may be successful in restoring hearing after many years.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of long-term sensorineural hearing loss due to labyrinthine fistula. Perilymphatic fistula, usually in the round or oval window, causes a variety of symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. Surgical repair of these fistulas has resulted in restoration of hearing in some cases. It has been suggested that surgery must be performed within 2 months of the trauma if improvement in hearing is to occur. This paper presents the case of a patient whose fistula and resulting hearing loss had persisted ten years before surgical repair. Restoration of normal hearing and discrimination of speech occurred in the ear which had previously presented a severe sensorineural hearing loss with no useful discrimination for speech. The authors usge audiologists and otolaryngologists to consider the possibility of fistula in cases of sudden hearing loss, even when years have elapsed since the trauma. Their experience suggests that surgery may be successful in restoring hearing after many years.", "PMID": 511651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9258", "title": "The effect of ear protectors on word discrimination in subject with normal hearing and subjects with noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "Two groups of subjects with normal hearing and three groups of subjects with noise-induced hearing loss were studied for the effect of ear protectors on word discrimination in two different speech-to-noise ratios. Various interactions in the analyses of variance were shown to be significant. The important demonstration in this study is that at high speech intensity, subjects with normal hearing should obtain higher word discrimination score with ear protectors than without if the signal-to-noise ratio is high. Albeit, the same is not true for a low signal-to-noise ratio, for a low speech intensity, or when subjects have hearing losses; the improvements in these conditions are not high enough to warrant the disuse of ear protectors. Results are discussed and compared with other studies.", "contents": "The effect of ear protectors on word discrimination in subject with normal hearing and subjects with noise-induced hearing loss. Two groups of subjects with normal hearing and three groups of subjects with noise-induced hearing loss were studied for the effect of ear protectors on word discrimination in two different speech-to-noise ratios. Various interactions in the analyses of variance were shown to be significant. The important demonstration in this study is that at high speech intensity, subjects with normal hearing should obtain higher word discrimination score with ear protectors than without if the signal-to-noise ratio is high. Albeit, the same is not true for a low signal-to-noise ratio, for a low speech intensity, or when subjects have hearing losses; the improvements in these conditions are not high enough to warrant the disuse of ear protectors. Results are discussed and compared with other studies.", "PMID": 511652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9259", "title": "Test-retest variability in testing hearing of speech.", "content": "The repeatability of W-22 PB tests at levels of speech reception threshold (SRT) plus 5 to 30 dB in quiet and in white noise at S/N = 0 and 7 dB at a level of SRT plus 20 dB for 28 subjects with sensorineural hypoacusis. Standard deviations at various levels were from 9 to 13% compared to a standard deviation of less than 8% at SRT plus 40 dB. The lower variability at SRT plus 40 dB permits satisfactory confidence in the average of two measurements. However, it was found that more tests are required for the same confidence at the lower sensation levels. A protocol is suggested for carrying out this requirement.", "contents": "Test-retest variability in testing hearing of speech. The repeatability of W-22 PB tests at levels of speech reception threshold (SRT) plus 5 to 30 dB in quiet and in white noise at S/N = 0 and 7 dB at a level of SRT plus 20 dB for 28 subjects with sensorineural hypoacusis. Standard deviations at various levels were from 9 to 13% compared to a standard deviation of less than 8% at SRT plus 40 dB. The lower variability at SRT plus 40 dB permits satisfactory confidence in the average of two measurements. However, it was found that more tests are required for the same confidence at the lower sensation levels. A protocol is suggested for carrying out this requirement.", "PMID": 511653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9260", "title": "Influence of ear canal air pressure on acoustic reflex threshold.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ear canal air pressure variation on the threshold of acoustic reflex. The acoustic reflex threshold was obtained to 500 and 1000 Hz activating signals as pressure was varied between +/- 200 mm H2O. The results demonstrated a reduction in sensitivity of the acoustic reflex with variations in positive or negative air pressure. Observation of the conductance component of admittance consistently required higher intensity levels to elicit the acoustic reflex. Clinical implications are that external air pressure can vary within a range of +/- 80 mm H2O and continue to maintain the acoustic reflex threshold close to its value obtained at maximum compliance.", "contents": "Influence of ear canal air pressure on acoustic reflex threshold. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ear canal air pressure variation on the threshold of acoustic reflex. The acoustic reflex threshold was obtained to 500 and 1000 Hz activating signals as pressure was varied between +/- 200 mm H2O. The results demonstrated a reduction in sensitivity of the acoustic reflex with variations in positive or negative air pressure. Observation of the conductance component of admittance consistently required higher intensity levels to elicit the acoustic reflex. Clinical implications are that external air pressure can vary within a range of +/- 80 mm H2O and continue to maintain the acoustic reflex threshold close to its value obtained at maximum compliance.", "PMID": 511654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9261", "title": "Audiological manifestations in \"split brain\" patients.", "content": "Traditional peripheral hearing tests (pure-tone thresholds, speech reception thresholds, and speech discrimination) and selected \"central\" hearing tests were administered to three commissurotomized patients. One patient was tested both pre-and postoperatively, whereas the remaining two were tested only postsurgery. Results indicated that commissurotomy had no apparent effects on performance on the peripheral tests. However, various tests in the central battery showed definite abnormal results. Most significant were the results from dichotically presented speech stimuli which repeatedly showed total absence of responses for stimuli presented to the left ear. Additional experimentation indicated this monaural deficit could be overcome by reducing the intensity level of right ear stimuli. Results for low-redundancy, monotically presented speech stimuli also indicated a left ear deficit; however, these results were not as consistent as the dichotic data.", "contents": "Audiological manifestations in \"split brain\" patients. Traditional peripheral hearing tests (pure-tone thresholds, speech reception thresholds, and speech discrimination) and selected \"central\" hearing tests were administered to three commissurotomized patients. One patient was tested both pre-and postoperatively, whereas the remaining two were tested only postsurgery. Results indicated that commissurotomy had no apparent effects on performance on the peripheral tests. However, various tests in the central battery showed definite abnormal results. Most significant were the results from dichotically presented speech stimuli which repeatedly showed total absence of responses for stimuli presented to the left ear. Additional experimentation indicated this monaural deficit could be overcome by reducing the intensity level of right ear stimuli. Results for low-redundancy, monotically presented speech stimuli also indicated a left ear deficit; however, these results were not as consistent as the dichotic data.", "PMID": 511655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9262", "title": "The effects of various front-to-back ratios on the performance of directional microphone hearing aids.", "content": "Twenty-four sensorineural hearing-impaired adults were evaluated using four directional microphone hearing aids differing only in front-to-back ratios. The speech material utilized was the Synthetic Sentence Identification Message Competition Ratios of 0, -10, and -20 dB. The primary signal was presented from a 0 degree azimuth with the competing message was presented from a direct overhead location. The results revealed a systematic improvement in speech understanding as the size of the front-to-back ratio increased. This relationship was not significantly affected by the difficulty of the listening situation.", "contents": "The effects of various front-to-back ratios on the performance of directional microphone hearing aids. Twenty-four sensorineural hearing-impaired adults were evaluated using four directional microphone hearing aids differing only in front-to-back ratios. The speech material utilized was the Synthetic Sentence Identification Message Competition Ratios of 0, -10, and -20 dB. The primary signal was presented from a 0 degree azimuth with the competing message was presented from a direct overhead location. The results revealed a systematic improvement in speech understanding as the size of the front-to-back ratio increased. This relationship was not significantly affected by the difficulty of the listening situation.", "PMID": 511656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9263", "title": "Prediction of hearing aid users' satisfaction.", "content": "This study raised the question of whether certain methods of hearing aid evaluation could predict subjects' satisfaction and willingness to use their aids. For this purpose, we compared two hearing aid evaluation methods on 30 subjects between the ages of 55 and 65 years, all of whom were hearing aid users for some months. Five signal-to-noise ratios were used. The results of this experiment indicated a significant and positive correlation between subject satisfaction and subject willingness to use the hearing aid. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that both evaluation methods were better predictors of usage than of satisfaction.", "contents": "Prediction of hearing aid users' satisfaction. This study raised the question of whether certain methods of hearing aid evaluation could predict subjects' satisfaction and willingness to use their aids. For this purpose, we compared two hearing aid evaluation methods on 30 subjects between the ages of 55 and 65 years, all of whom were hearing aid users for some months. Five signal-to-noise ratios were used. The results of this experiment indicated a significant and positive correlation between subject satisfaction and subject willingness to use the hearing aid. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that both evaluation methods were better predictors of usage than of satisfaction.", "PMID": 511657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9264", "title": "Newborn high-risk hearing screening by maternal questionnaire.", "content": "State-wide, high-risk hearing screening is made possible in Utah through the use of a questionnaire designed for maternal response during hospitalization. The mothers of those determined high risk are sent a follow-up questionnaire when the infant is 6 to 8 months of age, and a determination is made for audiological testing on the basis of her response. Questionnaires (26352) were received on 50,700 live births, of which 4,591 (17.4%) were categorized high risk. Of the high-risk infants, 181 (3.9%) were determined at risk after follow-up, and 54 (20.8%) of these were found hearing impaired. Questionnaire item analysis is presented. Concerns regarding response validity and low return rate are discussed as is the pilot use of the birth certificate as the initial screening device.", "contents": "Newborn high-risk hearing screening by maternal questionnaire. State-wide, high-risk hearing screening is made possible in Utah through the use of a questionnaire designed for maternal response during hospitalization. The mothers of those determined high risk are sent a follow-up questionnaire when the infant is 6 to 8 months of age, and a determination is made for audiological testing on the basis of her response. Questionnaires (26352) were received on 50,700 live births, of which 4,591 (17.4%) were categorized high risk. Of the high-risk infants, 181 (3.9%) were determined at risk after follow-up, and 54 (20.8%) of these were found hearing impaired. Questionnaire item analysis is presented. Concerns regarding response validity and low return rate are discussed as is the pilot use of the birth certificate as the initial screening device.", "PMID": 511658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9265", "title": "Response behavior around auditory threshold.", "content": "Normal adults, hearing-impaired preschool children, and normal-hearing mentally retarded children were assessed across repeated measures for auditory thresholds at 250 and 1000 Hz. Each subject's total performance across repeated measures was plotted by group by frequency relative to the last point of 100% correct response and interpolated thresholds. The results indicate that the steepness of the percentage of correct response performance curves and the variability of response performance above and below interpolated threshold were related to differences between the adult and child groups (mental age) and not between types of hearing populations (hearing sensitivity). The relationship between these results and experience with the signal is speculated.", "contents": "Response behavior around auditory threshold. Normal adults, hearing-impaired preschool children, and normal-hearing mentally retarded children were assessed across repeated measures for auditory thresholds at 250 and 1000 Hz. Each subject's total performance across repeated measures was plotted by group by frequency relative to the last point of 100% correct response and interpolated thresholds. The results indicate that the steepness of the percentage of correct response performance curves and the variability of response performance above and below interpolated threshold were related to differences between the adult and child groups (mental age) and not between types of hearing populations (hearing sensitivity). The relationship between these results and experience with the signal is speculated.", "PMID": 511659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9266", "title": "Auditory-visual interaction in a dichotic listening task.", "content": "Eleven normal adults identified consonant-vowel syllables (CV's) under three conditions after extensive training in the tasks. The auditory condition consisted of the simultaneous presentation of dichotic CV's. The Auditory-Visual I condition was the presentation of dichotic CV's with the simultaneous presentation of a visual CV to both eyes. The visual CV was always the same as one of the two auditory CV's. In the Auditory-Visual II condition, the auditory dichotic and visual CV's were again presented, but the visual CV was radomly varied so that it might or might not be identical to one of the auditory CV's. No significant difference between the right and left ears were found; however, there was a slight numerical superiority, especially in the auditory condition, in favor of the right ear. The presence of a visual stimulus tended to reduce the numerical superiority so that both ears performed more nearly the same. No significant differences were found in the performance of the right ear under the 3 test conditions. The left ear performance, however, tended toward enhancement with the presentation of a noncompeting visual stimulus but was significantly reduced when the visual stimulus competed with the auditory stimulus. A similar pattern was found under a double correct data analysis. Overall auditory performance was significantly poorer than was visual performance regardless of ear or test condition. Finally, error responses were more likely to be placed of articulation errors than voicing errors.", "contents": "Auditory-visual interaction in a dichotic listening task. Eleven normal adults identified consonant-vowel syllables (CV's) under three conditions after extensive training in the tasks. The auditory condition consisted of the simultaneous presentation of dichotic CV's. The Auditory-Visual I condition was the presentation of dichotic CV's with the simultaneous presentation of a visual CV to both eyes. The visual CV was always the same as one of the two auditory CV's. In the Auditory-Visual II condition, the auditory dichotic and visual CV's were again presented, but the visual CV was radomly varied so that it might or might not be identical to one of the auditory CV's. No significant difference between the right and left ears were found; however, there was a slight numerical superiority, especially in the auditory condition, in favor of the right ear. The presence of a visual stimulus tended to reduce the numerical superiority so that both ears performed more nearly the same. No significant differences were found in the performance of the right ear under the 3 test conditions. The left ear performance, however, tended toward enhancement with the presentation of a noncompeting visual stimulus but was significantly reduced when the visual stimulus competed with the auditory stimulus. A similar pattern was found under a double correct data analysis. Overall auditory performance was significantly poorer than was visual performance regardless of ear or test condition. Finally, error responses were more likely to be placed of articulation errors than voicing errors.", "PMID": 511660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9267", "title": "Power spectral analysis of auditory evoked response.", "content": "Five normal hearing adults were examined for power spectral analysis of AER to 1000-Hz pure tone. Major frequency components of responses to stimuli at 50 dB hearing level exist at 1 to 14 c/s. The power spectra of responses to stimuli at 10 dB hearing level are greater than those of the SBA in the frequency components between 3 and 9 c/s; furthermore, the total power of 3 to 9 c/s indicates a clear difference between the 2. Incidentally, at 512-msec analysis time, the total power of 3 to 9 c/s of the AER are significantly greater than that at 1024-msec analysis time, whereas those of the SBA show little discrepancy at the 2; thus at 512-msec analysis time, the total power of 4 to 9 c/s yields a clear difference between the AER and the SBA responses averaged over 50 stimuli even at 10 dB hearing level.", "contents": "Power spectral analysis of auditory evoked response. Five normal hearing adults were examined for power spectral analysis of AER to 1000-Hz pure tone. Major frequency components of responses to stimuli at 50 dB hearing level exist at 1 to 14 c/s. The power spectra of responses to stimuli at 10 dB hearing level are greater than those of the SBA in the frequency components between 3 and 9 c/s; furthermore, the total power of 3 to 9 c/s indicates a clear difference between the 2. Incidentally, at 512-msec analysis time, the total power of 3 to 9 c/s of the AER are significantly greater than that at 1024-msec analysis time, whereas those of the SBA show little discrepancy at the 2; thus at 512-msec analysis time, the total power of 4 to 9 c/s yields a clear difference between the AER and the SBA responses averaged over 50 stimuli even at 10 dB hearing level.", "PMID": 511661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9268", "title": "Tympanometry:between ear symmetry and normative values.", "content": "Marked asymmetry of auditory function between left and right ears would normally be indicative of some abnormality. This study was designed to investigate the limits of tympanometric symmetry in normal individuals. A limiting ratio of 4/3 between left and right ear compliances is suggested. Applying this criterion and strict criteria for normality of middle ear pressure and reflex thresholds, a value for middle ear compliance was obtained with a considerably smaller range for \"normality\" than from previous studies. A marked difference between middle ear compliances of male and female subjects was observed, and evidence was adduced to suggest that this was due to differences in size of the ear canal and tympanic membrane.", "contents": "Tympanometry:between ear symmetry and normative values. Marked asymmetry of auditory function between left and right ears would normally be indicative of some abnormality. This study was designed to investigate the limits of tympanometric symmetry in normal individuals. A limiting ratio of 4/3 between left and right ear compliances is suggested. Applying this criterion and strict criteria for normality of middle ear pressure and reflex thresholds, a value for middle ear compliance was obtained with a considerably smaller range for \"normality\" than from previous studies. A marked difference between middle ear compliances of male and female subjects was observed, and evidence was adduced to suggest that this was due to differences in size of the ear canal and tympanic membrane.", "PMID": 511662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9269", "title": "The stability of and the relation between the acoustic reflex and uncomfortable loudness levels.", "content": "Acoustic reflexes and uncomfortable loudness levels were recorded for eight normal-hearing listeners on eight separate occasions and eight listeners with sensorineural hearing impairments on three to four occasions. Frequencies tested were 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz for both measures. Neither acoustic reflexes nor uncomfortable loudness levels was found to vary significantly across sessions for either the normal or hearing impaired listeners. However, significant intensity differences were noted between acoustic reflexes and uncomfortable loudness levels, for both subject groups, and these differences were dependent upon subject and frequency.", "contents": "The stability of and the relation between the acoustic reflex and uncomfortable loudness levels. Acoustic reflexes and uncomfortable loudness levels were recorded for eight normal-hearing listeners on eight separate occasions and eight listeners with sensorineural hearing impairments on three to four occasions. Frequencies tested were 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz for both measures. Neither acoustic reflexes nor uncomfortable loudness levels was found to vary significantly across sessions for either the normal or hearing impaired listeners. However, significant intensity differences were noted between acoustic reflexes and uncomfortable loudness levels, for both subject groups, and these differences were dependent upon subject and frequency.", "PMID": 511663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9270", "title": "Effect of parenchyma and length changes on vessel pressure-diameter behavior in pig lungs.", "content": "At several transpulmonary pressures (Ptp), the pressure-diameter (PD) behavior of the largest intraparenchymal arterial segment in the isolated pig lung was compared with the behavior of the segment after its excision from the parenchyma and its extension to lengths equivalent to those in the intact state. For physiological changes in length, as may occur with lung inflation during Ptp changes from 4 to 25 cmH2O, excised-vessel diameters did not change significantly at a constant transmural pressure. The excised-vessel PD behavior was not significantly different from the intact-vessel PD behavior at a Ptp of 4 cmH2O. At any constant arterial pressure, intact-vessel diameters became larger as Ptp increased. Estimates of the perivascular pressure (Px) obtained by directly comparing intact-vessel and excised-vessel PD curves were as follows: 1) Px was equal to pleural pressure at a Ptp approximating the functional residual capacity; 2) Px decreased almost linearly as Ptp increased; and 3) Px decreased with a fall in arterial pressure. These results are consistent with direct measurements of the perivascular interstitial fluid pressure.", "contents": "Effect of parenchyma and length changes on vessel pressure-diameter behavior in pig lungs. At several transpulmonary pressures (Ptp), the pressure-diameter (PD) behavior of the largest intraparenchymal arterial segment in the isolated pig lung was compared with the behavior of the segment after its excision from the parenchyma and its extension to lengths equivalent to those in the intact state. For physiological changes in length, as may occur with lung inflation during Ptp changes from 4 to 25 cmH2O, excised-vessel diameters did not change significantly at a constant transmural pressure. The excised-vessel PD behavior was not significantly different from the intact-vessel PD behavior at a Ptp of 4 cmH2O. At any constant arterial pressure, intact-vessel diameters became larger as Ptp increased. Estimates of the perivascular pressure (Px) obtained by directly comparing intact-vessel and excised-vessel PD curves were as follows: 1) Px was equal to pleural pressure at a Ptp approximating the functional residual capacity; 2) Px decreased almost linearly as Ptp increased; and 3) Px decreased with a fall in arterial pressure. These results are consistent with direct measurements of the perivascular interstitial fluid pressure.", "PMID": 511671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9271", "title": "Tutorial paper:principles and characteristics of automatic gain control hearing aids.", "content": "Among the available auditory rehabilitative resources, automatic gain control (AGC) hearing aids comprise a unique class of personal amplifying systems. They are unique because of their capability of achieving some degree of self-regulation. However, partly due to the standard methods of portraying and describing electroacoustic data for conventional (non-AGC) aids, certain characteristics of AGC aids, such as are related to signal and noise relations over time, seem to be commonly unappreciated by the typical clinician. This paper discusses some principles of amplifying behavior that are common to all AGC hearing aid systems, as well as various design modifications. The ramifications of these properties are pointed out with a view towards greater clinical implementation of the available technology.", "contents": "Tutorial paper:principles and characteristics of automatic gain control hearing aids. Among the available auditory rehabilitative resources, automatic gain control (AGC) hearing aids comprise a unique class of personal amplifying systems. They are unique because of their capability of achieving some degree of self-regulation. However, partly due to the standard methods of portraying and describing electroacoustic data for conventional (non-AGC) aids, certain characteristics of AGC aids, such as are related to signal and noise relations over time, seem to be commonly unappreciated by the typical clinician. This paper discusses some principles of amplifying behavior that are common to all AGC hearing aid systems, as well as various design modifications. The ramifications of these properties are pointed out with a view towards greater clinical implementation of the available technology.", "PMID": 511668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9272", "title": "Recovery from maximal effort exercise: lactate disappearance and subsequent performance.", "content": "The effects of differing recovery patterns following maximal exercise on blood lactate disappearance and subsequent performance were examined. Nine subjects completed four randomly assigned experimental sessions. Each session consisted of a 5-min maximal effort performance test conducted on a Monark bicycle ergometer (T1) followed by 20 min of recovery and a second 5-min maximal effort performance test (T2). Blood lactate levels were measured during min 5, 10, 15, and 20 of recovery. Recovery patterns consisted of passive recovery (PR), active recovery below anaerobic threshold (AR less than AT), active recovery above anaerobic threshold (AR greater than AT), and active recovery above anaerobic threshold while breathing 100% oxygen (AR greater than AT + O2). Blood lactate levels prior to T2 were significantly different across treatments (P less than 0.05). Comparison among treatments and between T1 and T2 revealed no significant differences in work output. It was concluded that while lactate disappearance following severe exercise can be affected by varying the recovery pattern, elevated levels of blood lactate exert no demonstrable effect on maximal effort performance of 5-min duration.", "contents": "Recovery from maximal effort exercise: lactate disappearance and subsequent performance. The effects of differing recovery patterns following maximal exercise on blood lactate disappearance and subsequent performance were examined. Nine subjects completed four randomly assigned experimental sessions. Each session consisted of a 5-min maximal effort performance test conducted on a Monark bicycle ergometer (T1) followed by 20 min of recovery and a second 5-min maximal effort performance test (T2). Blood lactate levels were measured during min 5, 10, 15, and 20 of recovery. Recovery patterns consisted of passive recovery (PR), active recovery below anaerobic threshold (AR less than AT), active recovery above anaerobic threshold (AR greater than AT), and active recovery above anaerobic threshold while breathing 100% oxygen (AR greater than AT + O2). Blood lactate levels prior to T2 were significantly different across treatments (P less than 0.05). Comparison among treatments and between T1 and T2 revealed no significant differences in work output. It was concluded that while lactate disappearance following severe exercise can be affected by varying the recovery pattern, elevated levels of blood lactate exert no demonstrable effect on maximal effort performance of 5-min duration.", "PMID": 511673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9273", "title": "Evidence for increased intrathoracic fluid volume in man at high altitude.", "content": "To determine if subclinical pulmonary edema occurs commonly at high altitude, 25 soldiers participated in two consecutive 72-h field exercises, the first at low altitude (200-875 m) and the second at high altitude (3,000-4,300 m). Various aspects of ventilatory function and pulmonary mechanics were measured at 0, 36, and 72 h of each exercise. Based on physical examination and chest radiographs there was no evidence of pulmonary edema at high altitude. There was, however, an immediate and sustained decrease in vital capacity and transthoracic electrical impedance as well as a clockwise rotation of the transpulmonary pressure-volume curve. In contrast, closing capacity and residual volume did not change immediately upon arrival at high altitude but did increase later during the exposure. These observations are consistent with an abrupt increase in thoracic intravascular fluid volume upon arrival at high altitude followed by a more gradual increase in extravascular fluid volume in the peribronchial spaces of dependent lung regions.", "contents": "Evidence for increased intrathoracic fluid volume in man at high altitude. To determine if subclinical pulmonary edema occurs commonly at high altitude, 25 soldiers participated in two consecutive 72-h field exercises, the first at low altitude (200-875 m) and the second at high altitude (3,000-4,300 m). Various aspects of ventilatory function and pulmonary mechanics were measured at 0, 36, and 72 h of each exercise. Based on physical examination and chest radiographs there was no evidence of pulmonary edema at high altitude. There was, however, an immediate and sustained decrease in vital capacity and transthoracic electrical impedance as well as a clockwise rotation of the transpulmonary pressure-volume curve. In contrast, closing capacity and residual volume did not change immediately upon arrival at high altitude but did increase later during the exposure. These observations are consistent with an abrupt increase in thoracic intravascular fluid volume upon arrival at high altitude followed by a more gradual increase in extravascular fluid volume in the peribronchial spaces of dependent lung regions.", "PMID": 511672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9274", "title": "Meniere's disease: clinical course, auditory findings, and hearing aid fitting.", "content": "Results of a five-year longitudinal study of Meniere's disease in 95 patients is presented. Tests utilized in diagnosis and in determining specific etiology are described. Clinical treatment for patients with Meniere's disease symptoms is discussed. Auditory test results for 101 ears are analyzed. The fluctuating nature of the hearing loss, the poor discrimination for speech, and the limited tolerance for amplification because of the narrow dynamic range present significant problems in utilization of hearing aids for patients with Meniere's disease. A practical approach is suggested for the fitting of hearing aids for these patients.", "contents": "Meniere's disease: clinical course, auditory findings, and hearing aid fitting. Results of a five-year longitudinal study of Meniere's disease in 95 patients is presented. Tests utilized in diagnosis and in determining specific etiology are described. Clinical treatment for patients with Meniere's disease symptoms is discussed. Auditory test results for 101 ears are analyzed. The fluctuating nature of the hearing loss, the poor discrimination for speech, and the limited tolerance for amplification because of the narrow dynamic range present significant problems in utilization of hearing aids for patients with Meniere's disease. A practical approach is suggested for the fitting of hearing aids for these patients.", "PMID": 511667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9275", "title": "Speech discrimination in children: auditory and auditory/visual processing with binaural and monaural presentation.", "content": "The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test was recorded with electret microphones inserted at the ear canals of a child listener. This recording paradigm has been shown to preserve binaural cues. Thirty normal-hearing children (ages 6 to 14) responded to binaural and monaural stimulation under auditory and auditory/visual presentation at six signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (varying from +3 to -12 dB). At the higher and lower S/N ratios, the binaural advantage was minimized. For the auditory alone mode, the largest mean difference of 21% intelligibility improvement from monaural to binaural presentations occurred at -6 dB S/N, whereas in the auditory/visual mode, an intelligibility improvement of 20.8% occurred at -9 dB S/N. Implications for binaural amplification for the hearing impaired who operate on minimal residual hearing follow from the results of this study.", "contents": "Speech discrimination in children: auditory and auditory/visual processing with binaural and monaural presentation. The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test was recorded with electret microphones inserted at the ear canals of a child listener. This recording paradigm has been shown to preserve binaural cues. Thirty normal-hearing children (ages 6 to 14) responded to binaural and monaural stimulation under auditory and auditory/visual presentation at six signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (varying from +3 to -12 dB). At the higher and lower S/N ratios, the binaural advantage was minimized. For the auditory alone mode, the largest mean difference of 21% intelligibility improvement from monaural to binaural presentations occurred at -6 dB S/N, whereas in the auditory/visual mode, an intelligibility improvement of 20.8% occurred at -9 dB S/N. Implications for binaural amplification for the hearing impaired who operate on minimal residual hearing follow from the results of this study.", "PMID": 511664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9276", "title": "Exponential analysis of elastic recoil and aging in healthy males and females.", "content": "To examine the effects of aging on the elasticity of the lungs a single exponential function (V = A - B exp (-KP)), where V is lung volume, P is recoil pressure, and A, B, and K are constants) and a fourth-order polynomial were fitted to the static pressure-volume data from 124 healthy nonsmokers (83 males). K, the index of compliance, was independent of sex and increased with age. B/A and recoil pressures at various lung volumes were higher in males than females, but decreases with age were similar in both sexes. Static compliance (expressed as percent of total lung capacity/cmH2O), derived from the polynomial expression, was the same in males and females and increased with age. The results show that the lungs of males and females have the same intrinsic elasticity, and differences in recoil pressure depend on differences in lung size and in maximum distending forces. Loss of elasticity with age is consistent with an increase in the unstressed dimensions of alveoli and a decrease in their elastic fibers.", "contents": "Exponential analysis of elastic recoil and aging in healthy males and females. To examine the effects of aging on the elasticity of the lungs a single exponential function (V = A - B exp (-KP)), where V is lung volume, P is recoil pressure, and A, B, and K are constants) and a fourth-order polynomial were fitted to the static pressure-volume data from 124 healthy nonsmokers (83 males). K, the index of compliance, was independent of sex and increased with age. B/A and recoil pressures at various lung volumes were higher in males than females, but decreases with age were similar in both sexes. Static compliance (expressed as percent of total lung capacity/cmH2O), derived from the polynomial expression, was the same in males and females and increased with age. The results show that the lungs of males and females have the same intrinsic elasticity, and differences in recoil pressure depend on differences in lung size and in maximum distending forces. Loss of elasticity with age is consistent with an increase in the unstressed dimensions of alveoli and a decrease in their elastic fibers.", "PMID": 511674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9277", "title": "Loudness and the acoustic reflex: cochlear-impaired listeners.", "content": "The relationships among most comfortable listening level (MCL), loudness discomfort level, and the acoustic reflex (AR) to speech were studied on cochlear-impaired listeners using earphones and sound field conditions. Recorded sentence materials were presented monaurally in quiet and in the sound field in the presence of 55 dB SPL cafeteria noise. Both unaided and aided sound field testing were done. The results indicated that the MCL and AR fell at approximately the same intensities under all test conditions, whereas the LDL occurred at approximately 18 dB higher intensity. The MCL was elevated by the presence of noise, whereas the AR remained invariant. Also, the AR occurred below the level predicted by the loudness function. The results tend to indicate that although the AR is highly correlated with MCL in cochlear-impaired listeners a cause and effect relationship may not exist.", "contents": "Loudness and the acoustic reflex: cochlear-impaired listeners. The relationships among most comfortable listening level (MCL), loudness discomfort level, and the acoustic reflex (AR) to speech were studied on cochlear-impaired listeners using earphones and sound field conditions. Recorded sentence materials were presented monaurally in quiet and in the sound field in the presence of 55 dB SPL cafeteria noise. Both unaided and aided sound field testing were done. The results indicated that the MCL and AR fell at approximately the same intensities under all test conditions, whereas the LDL occurred at approximately 18 dB higher intensity. The MCL was elevated by the presence of noise, whereas the AR remained invariant. Also, the AR occurred below the level predicted by the loudness function. The results tend to indicate that although the AR is highly correlated with MCL in cochlear-impaired listeners a cause and effect relationship may not exist.", "PMID": 511665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9278", "title": "Effect of lung surface tension on bronchial collapsibility in excised dog lungs.", "content": "Bronchial collapsibilities were studied in air- and saline-filled excised dog lungs. The intrapulmonary bronchi were isolated from the rest of the lung parenchyma with beads placed at their tributary bronchi as described previously by Takishima et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 875-881, 1975). Pressure-volume relations of the isolated bronchi were obtained while lung volume (VL) was kept constant. When lung recoil pressure (PL) was reduced by filling the lung with saline at a given VL, bronchial areas were smaller and bronchial collapsibilities were larger than in the air-filled lung. When bronchial areas and bronchial collapsibilities in air- and saline-filled lungs were compared at a given PL, they were approximately identical. We concluded that bronchial areas and collapsibilities were primarily determined by PL rather than VL, and lung surface tension itself made bronchial collapsibility equal to or even less than the degree of collapsibility due to forces applied from surrounding lung tissues that distended the bronchi.", "contents": "Effect of lung surface tension on bronchial collapsibility in excised dog lungs. Bronchial collapsibilities were studied in air- and saline-filled excised dog lungs. The intrapulmonary bronchi were isolated from the rest of the lung parenchyma with beads placed at their tributary bronchi as described previously by Takishima et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 875-881, 1975). Pressure-volume relations of the isolated bronchi were obtained while lung volume (VL) was kept constant. When lung recoil pressure (PL) was reduced by filling the lung with saline at a given VL, bronchial areas were smaller and bronchial collapsibilities were larger than in the air-filled lung. When bronchial areas and bronchial collapsibilities in air- and saline-filled lungs were compared at a given PL, they were approximately identical. We concluded that bronchial areas and collapsibilities were primarily determined by PL rather than VL, and lung surface tension itself made bronchial collapsibility equal to or even less than the degree of collapsibility due to forces applied from surrounding lung tissues that distended the bronchi.", "PMID": 511675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9279", "title": "Metabolic adrenergic changes during submaximal exercise and in the recovery period in man.", "content": "The urinary excretion of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catecholamines (CA) [dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (e)], their 3-O-methylated derivatives [3-O-methyldopamine (3-MT), normetanephrine (NMN), and metanephrine (MN)], and their deaminated metabolites [dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and vanilmandelic acid (VMA)] was studied in six healthy men, at rest during short-term (15 min) or exhaustive submaximal exercise, and in the 2-h postexercise recovery period. During short-term exercise only NE and VMA excretions increased, whereas in postexercise period only DA output was enhanced. Exhaustive muscular work induced a rise in NE and E excretion during the test, and an increase in DA, NE, and NMN urinary levels during postexercise recovery, while the output of deaminated metabolites was unaltered. It is concluded that both release and synthesis of CA are stimulated by submaximal exercise, which induces, in addition to NE, a specific release of DA. A possible role of NE in lipid mobilization during recovery from exhaustive muscular work is evoked. The origin and role of released DA are also discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic adrenergic changes during submaximal exercise and in the recovery period in man. The urinary excretion of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catecholamines (CA) [dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (e)], their 3-O-methylated derivatives [3-O-methyldopamine (3-MT), normetanephrine (NMN), and metanephrine (MN)], and their deaminated metabolites [dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and vanilmandelic acid (VMA)] was studied in six healthy men, at rest during short-term (15 min) or exhaustive submaximal exercise, and in the 2-h postexercise recovery period. During short-term exercise only NE and VMA excretions increased, whereas in postexercise period only DA output was enhanced. Exhaustive muscular work induced a rise in NE and E excretion during the test, and an increase in DA, NE, and NMN urinary levels during postexercise recovery, while the output of deaminated metabolites was unaltered. It is concluded that both release and synthesis of CA are stimulated by submaximal exercise, which induces, in addition to NE, a specific release of DA. A possible role of NE in lipid mobilization during recovery from exhaustive muscular work is evoked. The origin and role of released DA are also discussed.", "PMID": 511676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9280", "title": "An acoustic reflex technique of establishing hearing aid settings.", "content": "An acoustic reflex method of establishing hearing aid gain settings for most comfortable loudness was tested. Forty hearing-aid users were examined to determine relationships among MCL, loudness discomfort level, and the contralateral acoustic reflex to speech, under unaided and aided conditions. Results indicate that a simple 2-part rule results in amplification to most comfortable loudness for 76% of subjects. Implications for establishing hearing aid saturation sound pressure level settings are discussed.", "contents": "An acoustic reflex technique of establishing hearing aid settings. An acoustic reflex method of establishing hearing aid gain settings for most comfortable loudness was tested. Forty hearing-aid users were examined to determine relationships among MCL, loudness discomfort level, and the contralateral acoustic reflex to speech, under unaided and aided conditions. Results indicate that a simple 2-part rule results in amplification to most comfortable loudness for 76% of subjects. Implications for establishing hearing aid saturation sound pressure level settings are discussed.", "PMID": 511666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9281", "title": "Selected lobar injury after infusion of oleic acid.", "content": "A model of respiratory distress has been developed using sheep in which an isolated lobar injury is induced by infusion of oleic acid into a selected lobar artery. The directed insult permits acute and chronic phase study without the requirement of intensive pulmonary support. One hour after selective lobar injury the affected pulmonary venous oxygenation (Ppvo2) was reduced from greater than 310 to 66-90 Torr. Ppvo2 was most impaired at 48 h (40-55 Torr), but showed improvement by 96 h postinjury. Radionuclide estimates of lobar ventilation and perfusion demonstrated an initial fall in ventilation by 51% and corresponding 41% reduction in perfusion. By 24 h the depression of perfusion matched that of ventilation. Sequential light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of a nonhomogeneous injury with areas of both complete parenchymal replacement by fibrous tissue and those with minimal architectural distortion. The selective injury model offers a useful methodology for the evaluation of the effects of various agents on the acute and chronic response of the lung to injury.", "contents": "Selected lobar injury after infusion of oleic acid. A model of respiratory distress has been developed using sheep in which an isolated lobar injury is induced by infusion of oleic acid into a selected lobar artery. The directed insult permits acute and chronic phase study without the requirement of intensive pulmonary support. One hour after selective lobar injury the affected pulmonary venous oxygenation (Ppvo2) was reduced from greater than 310 to 66-90 Torr. Ppvo2 was most impaired at 48 h (40-55 Torr), but showed improvement by 96 h postinjury. Radionuclide estimates of lobar ventilation and perfusion demonstrated an initial fall in ventilation by 51% and corresponding 41% reduction in perfusion. By 24 h the depression of perfusion matched that of ventilation. Sequential light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of a nonhomogeneous injury with areas of both complete parenchymal replacement by fibrous tissue and those with minimal architectural distortion. The selective injury model offers a useful methodology for the evaluation of the effects of various agents on the acute and chronic response of the lung to injury.", "PMID": 511677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9282", "title": "Temperature gradients in pigs during whole-body hyperthermia at 42 degrees C.", "content": "Temperature was simultaneously measured by thermistors in multiple deep-body and peripheral sites in adult pigs heated continuously at 42 degrees C (rectal) and above for 4-24 h. During hyperthermia, the relations between different body temperatures were maintained and up to 1.0 degrees C separated temperature measurements at sites such as liver and bone marrow. These persistent temperature gradients must be borne in mind when evaluating tumor response in patients subjected to whole-body heating for disseminated cancer. Temperatures recorded by rectal, deep esophageal, or tympanic membrane sensors provided a reliable index of core temperature (including brain temperature) under equilibrium conditions at 42 degrees C, but only esophageal and tympanic sensors could safely be used to monitor the induction phase of hyperthermia and the adjustive changes in body-heat content required to stabilize core temperature during sustained hyperthermia. Pigs withstood repeated heating at 42 degrees C for 6 h, and recovered rapidly, but died after 24 h of hyperthermia. Pigs subjected to unrestrained heating died at 45 degrees C (esophagus).", "contents": "Temperature gradients in pigs during whole-body hyperthermia at 42 degrees C. Temperature was simultaneously measured by thermistors in multiple deep-body and peripheral sites in adult pigs heated continuously at 42 degrees C (rectal) and above for 4-24 h. During hyperthermia, the relations between different body temperatures were maintained and up to 1.0 degrees C separated temperature measurements at sites such as liver and bone marrow. These persistent temperature gradients must be borne in mind when evaluating tumor response in patients subjected to whole-body heating for disseminated cancer. Temperatures recorded by rectal, deep esophageal, or tympanic membrane sensors provided a reliable index of core temperature (including brain temperature) under equilibrium conditions at 42 degrees C, but only esophageal and tympanic sensors could safely be used to monitor the induction phase of hyperthermia and the adjustive changes in body-heat content required to stabilize core temperature during sustained hyperthermia. Pigs withstood repeated heating at 42 degrees C for 6 h, and recovered rapidly, but died after 24 h of hyperthermia. Pigs subjected to unrestrained heating died at 45 degrees C (esophagus).", "PMID": 511678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9283", "title": "Effects of contusion and flail chest on pulmonary perfusion and oxygen exchange.", "content": "Localized pulmonary contusions were produced in the right lower lobes (RLL) of 12 anesthetized ventilated dogs, 6 of which had a flail segment in the chest wall over the RLL. Pulmonary oxygen exchange during ventilation with air and oxygen, and the lobar distribution of pulmonary perfusion by radioactive microsphere techniques were measured before and 3 h after contusion, and again after thoracotomy. These were compared to 12 noncontused dogs, 6 of which had a flail segment. Contusion produced an average decrease of 20 Torr in Pao2 during air breathing and an average increase in Qs/Qt of less than 5%, surprisingly small given the doubled weight and average 44% shunt calculated in the contused lobe after thoracotomy. No significant effect of flail or thoracotomy was found, indicating that the presence of an intact chest wall and lung-chest wall interdependence was not a major factor preventing a larger increase in intact whole-animal shunt of contused dogs. Rather, the small effect of this severe lobar injury on whole-animal shunt was due to a 30% decrease in RLL relative perfusion. This reduction was demonstrated to be localized to a smaller hemorrhagic subsection of the contused lobe.", "contents": "Effects of contusion and flail chest on pulmonary perfusion and oxygen exchange. Localized pulmonary contusions were produced in the right lower lobes (RLL) of 12 anesthetized ventilated dogs, 6 of which had a flail segment in the chest wall over the RLL. Pulmonary oxygen exchange during ventilation with air and oxygen, and the lobar distribution of pulmonary perfusion by radioactive microsphere techniques were measured before and 3 h after contusion, and again after thoracotomy. These were compared to 12 noncontused dogs, 6 of which had a flail segment. Contusion produced an average decrease of 20 Torr in Pao2 during air breathing and an average increase in Qs/Qt of less than 5%, surprisingly small given the doubled weight and average 44% shunt calculated in the contused lobe after thoracotomy. No significant effect of flail or thoracotomy was found, indicating that the presence of an intact chest wall and lung-chest wall interdependence was not a major factor preventing a larger increase in intact whole-animal shunt of contused dogs. Rather, the small effect of this severe lobar injury on whole-animal shunt was due to a 30% decrease in RLL relative perfusion. This reduction was demonstrated to be localized to a smaller hemorrhagic subsection of the contused lobe.", "PMID": 511679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9284", "title": "Plasma water shifts during thermal dehydration.", "content": "Changes in body water compartments during acute dehydration before and after acclimation to heat and the role of plasma proteins in body fluid dynamics were studied in the rat. Compartment volumes, plasma and interstitial protein concentrations, and colloid osmotic pressures (COP) were measured in anesthetized (with thiopental sodium) and, if necessary, nephrectomized rats. Albumin outfluxes, total protein mass (TPM), and total albumin mass (TAM) were calculated. Nonacclimated rats conserved plasma volume (PV) as long as dehydration did not exceed 15-16% body weight loss (18.6% total body water loss). This was associated with decreased albumin outflux, elevated plasma COP, and reduced subcutaneous COP. When water loss reached 25,5%, PV and extracellular fluid volume decreased by 45 and 34%, respectively. Albumin outflux recovered, TPM and TAM decreased, and plasma COP remained high. In acclimated dehydrated rats PV remained unchanged, albumin outflux decreased, TPM and COP increased, and interstitial COP decreased. Most of the water loss was intracellular in origin. It was concluded that PV changes during dehydration are related to changes in plasma protein distribution. PV conservation rate is different in rats as compared to desert PV conservers.", "contents": "Plasma water shifts during thermal dehydration. Changes in body water compartments during acute dehydration before and after acclimation to heat and the role of plasma proteins in body fluid dynamics were studied in the rat. Compartment volumes, plasma and interstitial protein concentrations, and colloid osmotic pressures (COP) were measured in anesthetized (with thiopental sodium) and, if necessary, nephrectomized rats. Albumin outfluxes, total protein mass (TPM), and total albumin mass (TAM) were calculated. Nonacclimated rats conserved plasma volume (PV) as long as dehydration did not exceed 15-16% body weight loss (18.6% total body water loss). This was associated with decreased albumin outflux, elevated plasma COP, and reduced subcutaneous COP. When water loss reached 25,5%, PV and extracellular fluid volume decreased by 45 and 34%, respectively. Albumin outflux recovered, TPM and TAM decreased, and plasma COP remained high. In acclimated dehydrated rats PV remained unchanged, albumin outflux decreased, TPM and COP increased, and interstitial COP decreased. Most of the water loss was intracellular in origin. It was concluded that PV changes during dehydration are related to changes in plasma protein distribution. PV conservation rate is different in rats as compared to desert PV conservers.", "PMID": 511680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9285", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion relationship in young healthy awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man.", "content": "Distributions of ventilation and perfusion relative to Va/Q were determined in seven young healthy volunteers (24-33 yr) while they were either in the supine or right lateral decubitus position. The subjects were studied first awake and then while anesthetized-paralyzed and breathing 30% oxygen and again while breathing 100% oxygen. In the awake state, no statistically significant differences were observed in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion relative to Va/Q between the supine and right lateral decubitus positions or on changing the inspired oxygen concentrations. After induction of anesthesia-paralysis, Va/Q mismatching increased significantly but only small right-to-left intrapulmonary shunts developed. Ventilating the lungs with 100% oxygen further increased the dispersion of blood flow distribution during anesthesia-paralysis; lung units with low Va/Q or right-to-left intrapulmonary shunts (or both) developed. With induction of anesthesia-paralysis and intubation of the trachea, the anatomic dead space was decreased and the alveolar dead space increased.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion relationship in young healthy awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man. Distributions of ventilation and perfusion relative to Va/Q were determined in seven young healthy volunteers (24-33 yr) while they were either in the supine or right lateral decubitus position. The subjects were studied first awake and then while anesthetized-paralyzed and breathing 30% oxygen and again while breathing 100% oxygen. In the awake state, no statistically significant differences were observed in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion relative to Va/Q between the supine and right lateral decubitus positions or on changing the inspired oxygen concentrations. After induction of anesthesia-paralysis, Va/Q mismatching increased significantly but only small right-to-left intrapulmonary shunts developed. Ventilating the lungs with 100% oxygen further increased the dispersion of blood flow distribution during anesthesia-paralysis; lung units with low Va/Q or right-to-left intrapulmonary shunts (or both) developed. With induction of anesthesia-paralysis and intubation of the trachea, the anatomic dead space was decreased and the alveolar dead space increased.", "PMID": 511681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9286", "title": "Aerobic and glycolytic metabolism in arm exercise.", "content": "Eight kayakers (K) and 3 sedentary subjects (S) performed arm cranking and pedaling while erect or supine at each of several work loads from submaximal to the highest they could sustain for 2 min and for intervals varying from 10 s to 5 min. From measurements of VO2 and blood lactate concentration, the aerobic and glycolytic energy release in arm work was assessed. For steady-state aerobic work all subjects had a mechanical efficiency averaging 0.24 independent of posture or exercise mode. Per unit fat-free limb volume, arm VO2max of group K was 1.5-fold that of group S, whereas leg VO2max was the same in each group. Compared to group S, glycolytic arm work in group K was characterized by: 1) higher thresholds for release of lactate at the onset of submaximal work, 2) lower blood lactate concentrations during comparable absolute or relative submaximal work, 3) higher conventional anaerobic thresholds for absolute, but not relative work loads, 4) higher maximal rates of lactate release, and 5) the same maximal blood lactate concentrations. Measurement of the early lactate threshold, which occurred at considerably lower arm work loads than did anaerobic threshold, but which was greatly increased by specific muscle training, may provide a simple, sensitive, and nontraumatic evaluation of muscle training.", "contents": "Aerobic and glycolytic metabolism in arm exercise. Eight kayakers (K) and 3 sedentary subjects (S) performed arm cranking and pedaling while erect or supine at each of several work loads from submaximal to the highest they could sustain for 2 min and for intervals varying from 10 s to 5 min. From measurements of VO2 and blood lactate concentration, the aerobic and glycolytic energy release in arm work was assessed. For steady-state aerobic work all subjects had a mechanical efficiency averaging 0.24 independent of posture or exercise mode. Per unit fat-free limb volume, arm VO2max of group K was 1.5-fold that of group S, whereas leg VO2max was the same in each group. Compared to group S, glycolytic arm work in group K was characterized by: 1) higher thresholds for release of lactate at the onset of submaximal work, 2) lower blood lactate concentrations during comparable absolute or relative submaximal work, 3) higher conventional anaerobic thresholds for absolute, but not relative work loads, 4) higher maximal rates of lactate release, and 5) the same maximal blood lactate concentrations. Measurement of the early lactate threshold, which occurred at considerably lower arm work loads than did anaerobic threshold, but which was greatly increased by specific muscle training, may provide a simple, sensitive, and nontraumatic evaluation of muscle training.", "PMID": 511682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9287", "title": "Influence of skin temperature on sweating and aerobic performance during severe work.", "content": "Two male subjects were measured over a range of work intensities at dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) = 21 degrees C (relative humidity, rh less than 50%) and at approximately 65 and 85% VO2max for 1 h at Tdb at 5,10,15,21, and 25 degrees C with high convective airflow (2.5-5 m/s). The results showed that mean skin temperature (Tsk) was related to Tdb and unaffected by rh over the range studied. Tsk was dependent on the relative work load and was 2.5 degrees C lower at 85% than 65% VO2max in the cooler environments. During submaximal work the relative sweat rate (Msw expressed as %Mse, max) was a linear function of rectal temperature (Tre) and Tsk for each subject and thus %Msw, max could be predicted from these two variables with a standard deviation of +/- 12%. For a given Tsk, Tre appeared to rise to meet the requirement of heat loss by stimulating set %Msw response. However, during severe work (85% VO2max) this mechanism appeared to become saturated, Tre (except for a very narrow prescriptive range) was dependent on Tdb. These results suggest that under moderate environmental conditions the maximal aerobic and evaporative (cooling) power outputs of an individual are closely matched and only during extremely hard work does thermoregulation become passive and effectively physical (rather than physiological) in nature.", "contents": "Influence of skin temperature on sweating and aerobic performance during severe work. Two male subjects were measured over a range of work intensities at dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) = 21 degrees C (relative humidity, rh less than 50%) and at approximately 65 and 85% VO2max for 1 h at Tdb at 5,10,15,21, and 25 degrees C with high convective airflow (2.5-5 m/s). The results showed that mean skin temperature (Tsk) was related to Tdb and unaffected by rh over the range studied. Tsk was dependent on the relative work load and was 2.5 degrees C lower at 85% than 65% VO2max in the cooler environments. During submaximal work the relative sweat rate (Msw expressed as %Mse, max) was a linear function of rectal temperature (Tre) and Tsk for each subject and thus %Msw, max could be predicted from these two variables with a standard deviation of +/- 12%. For a given Tsk, Tre appeared to rise to meet the requirement of heat loss by stimulating set %Msw response. However, during severe work (85% VO2max) this mechanism appeared to become saturated, Tre (except for a very narrow prescriptive range) was dependent on Tdb. These results suggest that under moderate environmental conditions the maximal aerobic and evaporative (cooling) power outputs of an individual are closely matched and only during extremely hard work does thermoregulation become passive and effectively physical (rather than physiological) in nature.", "PMID": 511684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9288", "title": "Effects of specific muscle training on VO2 on-response and early blood lactate.", "content": "The relationship between half time of the O2 uptake on-response (t1/2 VO2on, seconds) and early blood lactate accumulation (delta Lab, mmol.1(-1) at the onset of submaximal arm and/or leg exercise was the object of a cross-sectional study of sedentary subjects (S,n = 3), and kayakers (K, n = 8), and of a longitudinal study on 11 untrained subjects of specific arm vs. leg training. In supine arm cranking (W = 125 watts) S had an average t1/2 VO2on of 82 s and a delta Aab of 9.2 mmol.1(-1) compared to 47 +/- 7 s and 4 +/- 1.4 mmol.1(-1), respectively, for K. In longitudinal trainees shorter t1/2 VO2on was accompanied by lower Lab for the trained limbs. Specific limb conditioning in swimmers and runners resulted in shorter t1/2 VO2on. A linear relationship was observed between delta Lab and t1/2 VO2on having an intercept on the time axis at congruent to 20 s and a slope proportional to muscle mass. Trained muscles were grouped closest to the intercept indicating local acceleration of the rate of O2 transfer approaching the t1/2 VO2on for isolated perfused muscle at the onset of work. Since t1/2 VO2on, we conclude that factors distal to the capillary are specifically involved in the local training response.", "contents": "Effects of specific muscle training on VO2 on-response and early blood lactate. The relationship between half time of the O2 uptake on-response (t1/2 VO2on, seconds) and early blood lactate accumulation (delta Lab, mmol.1(-1) at the onset of submaximal arm and/or leg exercise was the object of a cross-sectional study of sedentary subjects (S,n = 3), and kayakers (K, n = 8), and of a longitudinal study on 11 untrained subjects of specific arm vs. leg training. In supine arm cranking (W = 125 watts) S had an average t1/2 VO2on of 82 s and a delta Aab of 9.2 mmol.1(-1) compared to 47 +/- 7 s and 4 +/- 1.4 mmol.1(-1), respectively, for K. In longitudinal trainees shorter t1/2 VO2on was accompanied by lower Lab for the trained limbs. Specific limb conditioning in swimmers and runners resulted in shorter t1/2 VO2on. A linear relationship was observed between delta Lab and t1/2 VO2on having an intercept on the time axis at congruent to 20 s and a slope proportional to muscle mass. Trained muscles were grouped closest to the intercept indicating local acceleration of the rate of O2 transfer approaching the t1/2 VO2on for isolated perfused muscle at the onset of work. Since t1/2 VO2on, we conclude that factors distal to the capillary are specifically involved in the local training response.", "PMID": 511683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9289", "title": "Ventilatory responses to elastic loading at constant PACO2 hypercapnic hyperpnea.", "content": "Elastic loads of 9 cmH2O/1 were suddenly applied to the external airways of four normal human subjects during hypercapnic hyperpnea of 20-32 1/min using a closed-circuit breathing apparatus that permitted alveolar carbon dioxide pressure (PACO2) to be held nearly constant in spite of loading induced changes in ventilation. Transient depression of minute ventilation (V) and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI) was observed immediately on loading; both these variables increased progressively to steady levels less than control without significant changes in alveolar chemistry. Two subjects increased VT (volume compensators) whereas the other two chose to increase f (frequency compensators). The net result in V and VT/TI compensation was not different between these groups. Load removal always resulted in an overshooting response of V lasting for several breaths and due entirely to an overshoot in VT because f transiently fell to or below control at once. Elastic loading always resulted in a steeper plot of V-VT in the steady state; in three of the subjects, the transition to this steeper line was immediate. The steady-state responses were qualitatively though not quantitatively consistent with pattern adaptation appropriate to minimize the work-rate of breathing.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to elastic loading at constant PACO2 hypercapnic hyperpnea. Elastic loads of 9 cmH2O/1 were suddenly applied to the external airways of four normal human subjects during hypercapnic hyperpnea of 20-32 1/min using a closed-circuit breathing apparatus that permitted alveolar carbon dioxide pressure (PACO2) to be held nearly constant in spite of loading induced changes in ventilation. Transient depression of minute ventilation (V) and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI) was observed immediately on loading; both these variables increased progressively to steady levels less than control without significant changes in alveolar chemistry. Two subjects increased VT (volume compensators) whereas the other two chose to increase f (frequency compensators). The net result in V and VT/TI compensation was not different between these groups. Load removal always resulted in an overshooting response of V lasting for several breaths and due entirely to an overshoot in VT because f transiently fell to or below control at once. Elastic loading always resulted in a steeper plot of V-VT in the steady state; in three of the subjects, the transition to this steeper line was immediate. The steady-state responses were qualitatively though not quantitatively consistent with pattern adaptation appropriate to minimize the work-rate of breathing.", "PMID": 511685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9290", "title": "Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of endurance-trained males and females.", "content": "Bipsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle of 13 male and 12 female distance runners and analyzed for [14C]palmitoyl-CoA oxidation, fiber composition, and the activities of selected enzymes. The male and female runners were similar in terms of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), training mileage, fiber compositions, and data collected during a 60-min treadmill run at 70% VO2max. Muscle succinate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase activities were, however, significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the male than in female runners. In addition, the male runners' muscle also showed a greater capacity to oxidize palmitoyl CoA. Little relationship, however, was found between muscle lipid metabolism, enzyme activities, and the calculated (respiratory exchange) fraction of energy derived from fat during 60 min of running at 70% VO2max. Although these data support the concept that endurance training (80-115 km/wk) markedly enhances the capacity of muscles to metabolize fats, the factors that regulate the usage of lipids during prolonged exercise do not appear to be limited by the capacity of the fibers to oxidize fatty acids, as determined by in vitro measurements.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of endurance-trained males and females. Bipsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle of 13 male and 12 female distance runners and analyzed for [14C]palmitoyl-CoA oxidation, fiber composition, and the activities of selected enzymes. The male and female runners were similar in terms of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), training mileage, fiber compositions, and data collected during a 60-min treadmill run at 70% VO2max. Muscle succinate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase activities were, however, significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the male than in female runners. In addition, the male runners' muscle also showed a greater capacity to oxidize palmitoyl CoA. Little relationship, however, was found between muscle lipid metabolism, enzyme activities, and the calculated (respiratory exchange) fraction of energy derived from fat during 60 min of running at 70% VO2max. Although these data support the concept that endurance training (80-115 km/wk) markedly enhances the capacity of muscles to metabolize fats, the factors that regulate the usage of lipids during prolonged exercise do not appear to be limited by the capacity of the fibers to oxidize fatty acids, as determined by in vitro measurements.", "PMID": 511686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9291", "title": "Increased lung lymph transport without heart failure after coronary ligation in sheep.", "content": "Pulmonary edema frequently accompanies acute myocardial infarction (MI). We measured pulmonary arterial (PAP), left atrial (LAP), and aortic pressures (AP),lung lymph flow (QL), and clearance of total serum protein and each of eight protein fractions in five anesthetized sheep before and after coronary artery ligation. After a stable base line of 1 h, ligation produced significant increases in LAP, QL, and clearance of total protein and four protein fractions, but no significant changes in PAP, AP, or lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratio (CSL/CSP). Variables returned to pre-MI levels within 2 h after occlusion. The ratio of wet to dry lung weight measured 2 h after ligation was within normal limits. Two sheep in which the time course of postligation LAP was duplicated by left atrial balloon inflation showed no change in QL. The QL changes seen cannot be caused by LAP increase alone without substantial decrease in CSL/CSP. Increased QL with high CSL/CSP is typical of increased lung vascular permeability, which is a plausible explanation of our results.", "contents": "Increased lung lymph transport without heart failure after coronary ligation in sheep. Pulmonary edema frequently accompanies acute myocardial infarction (MI). We measured pulmonary arterial (PAP), left atrial (LAP), and aortic pressures (AP),lung lymph flow (QL), and clearance of total serum protein and each of eight protein fractions in five anesthetized sheep before and after coronary artery ligation. After a stable base line of 1 h, ligation produced significant increases in LAP, QL, and clearance of total protein and four protein fractions, but no significant changes in PAP, AP, or lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratio (CSL/CSP). Variables returned to pre-MI levels within 2 h after occlusion. The ratio of wet to dry lung weight measured 2 h after ligation was within normal limits. Two sheep in which the time course of postligation LAP was duplicated by left atrial balloon inflation showed no change in QL. The QL changes seen cannot be caused by LAP increase alone without substantial decrease in CSL/CSP. Increased QL with high CSL/CSP is typical of increased lung vascular permeability, which is a plausible explanation of our results.", "PMID": 511687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9292", "title": "Plasma volume changes during rest and exercise in different postures in a hot humid environment.", "content": "Plasma volume shifts were investigated in five male subjects who rested and exercised in the upright, low-sit, and supine postures in a hot humid environment (49.5 degrees C, 28.9 Torr). The resting and exercise periods were each 45 min in duration. Weight losses during rest were 0.3% with an additional weight loss of 1.1% during exercise. During exercise subjects worked at either 360 or 540 kpm.min-1 in each of three postures. Each experiment was preceded by a 30-min control period in the supine posture at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C. At rest plasma volume was reduced 17.3% in the upright, 9.0% in the low-sit, and 2.2% in the supine postures (using the end of the supine rest as the zero reference point). Supine exercise resulted in a plasma volume decrease of 11%, the low-sit 7.1%, and the upright 2.7%. The total reduction in plasma volume during the rest and exercise period was 20% in the upright, 16.1% in the low-sit, and 13.3% in the supine. No significant differences in plasma volume shifts were observed between the high and low work loads. The results indicate that the plasma volume shifts observed during rest and exercise in the heat are qualitatively similar to those observed in a cool environment.", "contents": "Plasma volume changes during rest and exercise in different postures in a hot humid environment. Plasma volume shifts were investigated in five male subjects who rested and exercised in the upright, low-sit, and supine postures in a hot humid environment (49.5 degrees C, 28.9 Torr). The resting and exercise periods were each 45 min in duration. Weight losses during rest were 0.3% with an additional weight loss of 1.1% during exercise. During exercise subjects worked at either 360 or 540 kpm.min-1 in each of three postures. Each experiment was preceded by a 30-min control period in the supine posture at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C. At rest plasma volume was reduced 17.3% in the upright, 9.0% in the low-sit, and 2.2% in the supine postures (using the end of the supine rest as the zero reference point). Supine exercise resulted in a plasma volume decrease of 11%, the low-sit 7.1%, and the upright 2.7%. The total reduction in plasma volume during the rest and exercise period was 20% in the upright, 16.1% in the low-sit, and 13.3% in the supine. No significant differences in plasma volume shifts were observed between the high and low work loads. The results indicate that the plasma volume shifts observed during rest and exercise in the heat are qualitatively similar to those observed in a cool environment.", "PMID": 511688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9293", "title": "Tremor and somatosensory studies during chamber He-O2 compressions to 13.1, 25.2, 37.3, and 49.4 ATA.", "content": "Comparison was made between intentional and postural tremor amplitudes with a 2-to 50-Hz bandwidth in four men rapidly compressed from surface to 13.1, 25.2, and 37.3 ATA in 4 h while breathing helium-oxygen mixtures (Predictive Studies IV, University of Pennsylvania). Excursions with compression rates of 20 and 40 ft/min were then made to 49.4 ATA on exposure days 2 and 3, returning to saturation at 37.3 ATA for 6 additional days. During compression from 25.2 to 37.3 ATA, there were increases in tremor amplitudes for both intentional and postural tremor in the 3-to 7-Hz and 8- to 12-Hz ranges. Both types of tremor showed increases in amplitudes at 49.4 ATA on exposure days 2 and 3. Amplitude changes in postural tremor, which occurred only on the fastest compression to 49.4 ATA, were less evident than those in intentional tremor during the remaining dive profile, and adaptation to pressure exposure could be defined by day 8. Intentional tremors did not show adaptation at pressure.", "contents": "Tremor and somatosensory studies during chamber He-O2 compressions to 13.1, 25.2, 37.3, and 49.4 ATA. Comparison was made between intentional and postural tremor amplitudes with a 2-to 50-Hz bandwidth in four men rapidly compressed from surface to 13.1, 25.2, and 37.3 ATA in 4 h while breathing helium-oxygen mixtures (Predictive Studies IV, University of Pennsylvania). Excursions with compression rates of 20 and 40 ft/min were then made to 49.4 ATA on exposure days 2 and 3, returning to saturation at 37.3 ATA for 6 additional days. During compression from 25.2 to 37.3 ATA, there were increases in tremor amplitudes for both intentional and postural tremor in the 3-to 7-Hz and 8- to 12-Hz ranges. Both types of tremor showed increases in amplitudes at 49.4 ATA on exposure days 2 and 3. Amplitude changes in postural tremor, which occurred only on the fastest compression to 49.4 ATA, were less evident than those in intentional tremor during the remaining dive profile, and adaptation to pressure exposure could be defined by day 8. Intentional tremors did not show adaptation at pressure.", "PMID": 511689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9294", "title": "Hypothermia induced by chlorpromazine or L-tryptophan: effects on treadmill performance in the heat.", "content": "To study the effects of preinduced hypothermia on the physiological and thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat rats were intravenously administered either 100 micrograms of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or 200 mg/kg of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) under restraint in a cold (4 degrees C) environment. When rectal temperatures (Tre) reached 32-33 degrees C the rats were removed to a hot environment (35 degrees C) where they ran on a level treadmill (9.14 m/min) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre, 42.5-43 degrees C). Both CPZ and L-trp hypothermia was effective in increasing significantly (P less than 0.001) the time to hyperthermic exhaustion. However, the maximal Tre and skin temperatures (Tsk) attained were unaffected by either treatment. When the rats exercised on the treadmill, increments (degrees C/min) in Tre and Tsk were significantly (P less than 0.02, minimal) greater for the initially hypothermic animals compared to normothermic controls. Cooling rates were unaffected by either treatment. We concluded from these studies that, although preinduced hypothermia is extremely effective in prolonging the time to hyperthermic exhaustion, no additional beneficial thermoregulatory responses accrued as a result of this treatment.", "contents": "Hypothermia induced by chlorpromazine or L-tryptophan: effects on treadmill performance in the heat. To study the effects of preinduced hypothermia on the physiological and thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat rats were intravenously administered either 100 micrograms of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or 200 mg/kg of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) under restraint in a cold (4 degrees C) environment. When rectal temperatures (Tre) reached 32-33 degrees C the rats were removed to a hot environment (35 degrees C) where they ran on a level treadmill (9.14 m/min) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre, 42.5-43 degrees C). Both CPZ and L-trp hypothermia was effective in increasing significantly (P less than 0.001) the time to hyperthermic exhaustion. However, the maximal Tre and skin temperatures (Tsk) attained were unaffected by either treatment. When the rats exercised on the treadmill, increments (degrees C/min) in Tre and Tsk were significantly (P less than 0.02, minimal) greater for the initially hypothermic animals compared to normothermic controls. Cooling rates were unaffected by either treatment. We concluded from these studies that, although preinduced hypothermia is extremely effective in prolonging the time to hyperthermic exhaustion, no additional beneficial thermoregulatory responses accrued as a result of this treatment.", "PMID": 511690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9295", "title": "Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to exercise in the duck.", "content": "Adult White Pekin ducks were exercised for 20 min on a treadmill (3 degrees incline) at two speeds: 0.9 and 1.47 km/h. Each exercise period was followed by a 90-min rest. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly during each exercise period. During exercise, tidal volume decreased and respiratory frequency increased. Minute ventilation markedly increased at the onset of exercise and continued to increase throughout, whereas clavicular air sac PCO2 (PCSCO2) decreased. Both PACO2 and PVCO2 decreased as the running speed increased. pHv decreased at the onset of exercise, but returned to near resting values by the end of an exercise period. During either exercise period pHa did not significantly change from control values. PAO2 exhibited significant increases at both exercise speeds. Both arterial and mixed venous plasma [HCO3-] decreased significantly with each exercise period. Body temperature increased 1-2 degrees C during each run. Because the increased ventilation produced a reduction in PaCO2 and Pcsco2, it is unlikely that peripheral or central CO2 receptors were responsible for the ventilatory drive: that drive may result from hyperthermia or activity of certain muscle afferents.", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to exercise in the duck. Adult White Pekin ducks were exercised for 20 min on a treadmill (3 degrees incline) at two speeds: 0.9 and 1.47 km/h. Each exercise period was followed by a 90-min rest. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly during each exercise period. During exercise, tidal volume decreased and respiratory frequency increased. Minute ventilation markedly increased at the onset of exercise and continued to increase throughout, whereas clavicular air sac PCO2 (PCSCO2) decreased. Both PACO2 and PVCO2 decreased as the running speed increased. pHv decreased at the onset of exercise, but returned to near resting values by the end of an exercise period. During either exercise period pHa did not significantly change from control values. PAO2 exhibited significant increases at both exercise speeds. Both arterial and mixed venous plasma [HCO3-] decreased significantly with each exercise period. Body temperature increased 1-2 degrees C during each run. Because the increased ventilation produced a reduction in PaCO2 and Pcsco2, it is unlikely that peripheral or central CO2 receptors were responsible for the ventilatory drive: that drive may result from hyperthermia or activity of certain muscle afferents.", "PMID": 511691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9296", "title": "Changes in heart rate associated with high-pressure convulsions in rodents.", "content": "The effect of compression in heliox atmospheres on heart rate in mice and in rats has been explored. In the absence of high-pressure neurological syndrome (NPNS) convulsions, the general relations between heart rate and pressure in mice from 14 days old to adulthood, as well as in 6- to 8-day-old rats, resemble each other, and also the results reported by others for liquid-breathing mice. Rats, 29 days old and adult, are different in that little bradycardia is observed. Type I (clonic) HPNS seizures are not associated with any additional changes in heart rate. Type II (tonic) seizures are invariably associated with profound transient bradycardia, recovery from which begins about the time the tonic seizure phase ends. The seizure-associated bradycardia can be abolished by atropine pretreatment. Data concerning relation of seizure-associated mortality, drug effects, and age and species differences are presented. The bearing of the results on the questions of seizure types in different species, neuroanatomical bases for HPNS seizures, and high-pressure death are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in heart rate associated with high-pressure convulsions in rodents. The effect of compression in heliox atmospheres on heart rate in mice and in rats has been explored. In the absence of high-pressure neurological syndrome (NPNS) convulsions, the general relations between heart rate and pressure in mice from 14 days old to adulthood, as well as in 6- to 8-day-old rats, resemble each other, and also the results reported by others for liquid-breathing mice. Rats, 29 days old and adult, are different in that little bradycardia is observed. Type I (clonic) HPNS seizures are not associated with any additional changes in heart rate. Type II (tonic) seizures are invariably associated with profound transient bradycardia, recovery from which begins about the time the tonic seizure phase ends. The seizure-associated bradycardia can be abolished by atropine pretreatment. Data concerning relation of seizure-associated mortality, drug effects, and age and species differences are presented. The bearing of the results on the questions of seizure types in different species, neuroanatomical bases for HPNS seizures, and high-pressure death are discussed.", "PMID": 511692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9297", "title": "Alveolar epithelium transport of albumin and sucrose: concentration difference effect.", "content": "Isolated Ringer-perfused rabbit lungs were used to study albumin and sucrose transport across the blood-gas barrier. Lungs were filled to about 20% total lung capacity (TLC) ith Ringer solution containing radioactive albumin and sucrose, and their rate of appearance in the recirculating perfusate was monitored. From this the product permeability x area (PA) was calculated. In the middle of the 180-min experiments, some alveolar fluid was removed. In control experiments, the same fluid was reinstilled, in other experiments new fluid with higher test molecule concentrations was infused. In all experiments the results for both molecules were similar: PA for the second half of the experiment was 80% of that in the first half. The reduction was probably due to a decrease in exchange area. We thus find the albumin and sucrose permeabilities to be proportional to their concentration difference. In addition, the PA for sucrose was roughly four times that of albumin. These results can possibly be explained by a two-compartment model with two parallel pathways across the alveolar epithelium. One pathway would be small pores, whereas the other would involve a bulk flow or pinocytosis process.", "contents": "Alveolar epithelium transport of albumin and sucrose: concentration difference effect. Isolated Ringer-perfused rabbit lungs were used to study albumin and sucrose transport across the blood-gas barrier. Lungs were filled to about 20% total lung capacity (TLC) ith Ringer solution containing radioactive albumin and sucrose, and their rate of appearance in the recirculating perfusate was monitored. From this the product permeability x area (PA) was calculated. In the middle of the 180-min experiments, some alveolar fluid was removed. In control experiments, the same fluid was reinstilled, in other experiments new fluid with higher test molecule concentrations was infused. In all experiments the results for both molecules were similar: PA for the second half of the experiment was 80% of that in the first half. The reduction was probably due to a decrease in exchange area. We thus find the albumin and sucrose permeabilities to be proportional to their concentration difference. In addition, the PA for sucrose was roughly four times that of albumin. These results can possibly be explained by a two-compartment model with two parallel pathways across the alveolar epithelium. One pathway would be small pores, whereas the other would involve a bulk flow or pinocytosis process.", "PMID": 511693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9298", "title": "Radiographic comparison of human lung shape during normal gravity and weightlessness.", "content": "Human lung shape was measured during zero gravity (0 G) to decide whether the normal vertical regional differences in ventilation are due directly to distortion of the elastic lung by its own weight, or instead, due indirectly to the effect of gravity on the shape of the rib cage and diaphragm. This was important because we previously established that weightlessness virtually abolishes the normal topographical inequality of ventilation (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 987-998, 1978). Chest radiographs were made after 10 s of a weightless flight trajectory aboard a NASA-Ames Research Center Learjet in both posterior-anterior and left lateral projections on five seated volunteers at residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. Lung shape was assessed by measuring lung heights and widths in upper, middle, and lower lung regions. We found no significant differences between any of the normal gravity (1 G) and o G measurements, although there was a slight tendency for the lung to become shorter and wider at o G (mean changes generally less than 3% or about 0.5 cm). By contrast, Grassino et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 997-1003, 1975) found no change in the vertical distribution of ventilation after voluntarily changing lung dimensions by more than 1 cm by moving the abdomen in or out. We conclude that gravity produces the topographical distribution of ventilation in the upright human lung by distorting the elastic lung tissue within the chest rather than by altering the shape of the rib cage and diaphragm.", "contents": "Radiographic comparison of human lung shape during normal gravity and weightlessness. Human lung shape was measured during zero gravity (0 G) to decide whether the normal vertical regional differences in ventilation are due directly to distortion of the elastic lung by its own weight, or instead, due indirectly to the effect of gravity on the shape of the rib cage and diaphragm. This was important because we previously established that weightlessness virtually abolishes the normal topographical inequality of ventilation (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 987-998, 1978). Chest radiographs were made after 10 s of a weightless flight trajectory aboard a NASA-Ames Research Center Learjet in both posterior-anterior and left lateral projections on five seated volunteers at residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. Lung shape was assessed by measuring lung heights and widths in upper, middle, and lower lung regions. We found no significant differences between any of the normal gravity (1 G) and o G measurements, although there was a slight tendency for the lung to become shorter and wider at o G (mean changes generally less than 3% or about 0.5 cm). By contrast, Grassino et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 997-1003, 1975) found no change in the vertical distribution of ventilation after voluntarily changing lung dimensions by more than 1 cm by moving the abdomen in or out. We conclude that gravity produces the topographical distribution of ventilation in the upright human lung by distorting the elastic lung tissue within the chest rather than by altering the shape of the rib cage and diaphragm.", "PMID": 511694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9299", "title": "Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subjects.", "content": "Detailed regional deposition of inhaled particles in the human lung is calculated for individual airway generations. The calculations are based on Landahl's deposition model as applied to the morphometric lung model of Weibel. We consider primarily deposition patterns of iron oxide particles with diameters ranging between 1 and 10 micrometers, but we also calculate patterns of deposition for bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles with diameters as small as 0.2 micrometers. We obtain good agreement between predicted values and observed values for alveolar retention of inhaled iron oxide particles with 64 and 20% of total deposition predicted to occur in nonciliated airways for 2- and 5-micrometer particles, respectively. This is compared with 48 +/- 9 and 27 +/- 10% for the measured values. Calculated values for total lung deposition of small bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles agree well with experimental data. The calculations show a minimum in deposition occurring for particle diameters of 0.5 micrometers, which is in agreement with observations. A calculation of surface concentration of deposited 7.9-micrometer aerodynamic particles reveals a very large concentration occurring at airway generation four. This observation is considered in light of observations that bronchial carcinomas occur in this vicinity of the lung.", "contents": "Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subjects. Detailed regional deposition of inhaled particles in the human lung is calculated for individual airway generations. The calculations are based on Landahl's deposition model as applied to the morphometric lung model of Weibel. We consider primarily deposition patterns of iron oxide particles with diameters ranging between 1 and 10 micrometers, but we also calculate patterns of deposition for bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles with diameters as small as 0.2 micrometers. We obtain good agreement between predicted values and observed values for alveolar retention of inhaled iron oxide particles with 64 and 20% of total deposition predicted to occur in nonciliated airways for 2- and 5-micrometer particles, respectively. This is compared with 48 +/- 9 and 27 +/- 10% for the measured values. Calculated values for total lung deposition of small bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles agree well with experimental data. The calculations show a minimum in deposition occurring for particle diameters of 0.5 micrometers, which is in agreement with observations. A calculation of surface concentration of deposited 7.9-micrometer aerodynamic particles reveals a very large concentration occurring at airway generation four. This observation is considered in light of observations that bronchial carcinomas occur in this vicinity of the lung.", "PMID": 511695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9300", "title": "Airway closure during anesthesia: a comparison between resident-gas and argon-bolus techniques.", "content": "Airway closure was measured in awake and then anesthetized supine healthy subjects with the argon-bolus and the resident-gas (nitrogen) techniques simultaneously. The preinspiratory lung volume for the closing volume maneuver was varied from residual volume to closing capacity (CC). Comparative measurements were also performed in the upright and supine positions in awake subjects. Closing volume (CV) was consistently larger with the bolus technique in supine subjects both when awake and when anesthetized (difference between methods 0.1--0.2 l, P less than 0.01), whereas no difference between the methods was noted in upright subjects. The lower \"nitrogen CV\" in supine subjects may be due to a shorter vertical lung height with a smaller range of nitrogen concentrations, resulting in a less abrupt onset of phase IV (taken to indicate CV). CV was not significantly affected by the preinspiratory lung volume with either technique, and CC was unchanged when anesthesia was instituted. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was reduced with anesthesia (mean reduction: 0.6 l, P less than 0.01) and FRC-CC became negative in all subjects with either technique. This implies intermittent or continuous airway closure during anesthesia and the possibility of increased venous admixture.", "contents": "Airway closure during anesthesia: a comparison between resident-gas and argon-bolus techniques. Airway closure was measured in awake and then anesthetized supine healthy subjects with the argon-bolus and the resident-gas (nitrogen) techniques simultaneously. The preinspiratory lung volume for the closing volume maneuver was varied from residual volume to closing capacity (CC). Comparative measurements were also performed in the upright and supine positions in awake subjects. Closing volume (CV) was consistently larger with the bolus technique in supine subjects both when awake and when anesthetized (difference between methods 0.1--0.2 l, P less than 0.01), whereas no difference between the methods was noted in upright subjects. The lower \"nitrogen CV\" in supine subjects may be due to a shorter vertical lung height with a smaller range of nitrogen concentrations, resulting in a less abrupt onset of phase IV (taken to indicate CV). CV was not significantly affected by the preinspiratory lung volume with either technique, and CC was unchanged when anesthesia was instituted. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was reduced with anesthesia (mean reduction: 0.6 l, P less than 0.01) and FRC-CC became negative in all subjects with either technique. This implies intermittent or continuous airway closure during anesthesia and the possibility of increased venous admixture.", "PMID": 511696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9301", "title": "Effect of anemia on oxygen transport in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Effect of anemia on tolerance of hemorrhagic shock in rats was studied to examine opposing effects of altered oxygen capacity and viscosity on oxygen delivery at reduced blood flow. Hematocrit was first reduced by exchange transfusion. Hypotension (BP = 30 Torr) was induced and maintained at this level by controlled hemorrhage; it was terminated when reinfusion of shed blood became necessary to sustain this blood pressure. The period of compensation (time at 30 Torr until reinfusion) in control rats (Hct = 42.5 +/- 2.7%) was 59.23 min; in anemic rats (Hct = 23.3 +/- 2.2%) it was 53 +/- 15 min (SD, P = 0.086). Bleeding rate during shock, mortality, VO2, acid-base balance, and mortality were not influenced by anemia, except for slightly higher lactate in late shock in anemia. The lack of influence of anemia (cf. other perturbations of oxygen transport) was apparently due to a 59-88% increase in cardiac ouput during shock in anemia, which maintained VO2.", "contents": "Effect of anemia on oxygen transport in hemorrhagic shock. Effect of anemia on tolerance of hemorrhagic shock in rats was studied to examine opposing effects of altered oxygen capacity and viscosity on oxygen delivery at reduced blood flow. Hematocrit was first reduced by exchange transfusion. Hypotension (BP = 30 Torr) was induced and maintained at this level by controlled hemorrhage; it was terminated when reinfusion of shed blood became necessary to sustain this blood pressure. The period of compensation (time at 30 Torr until reinfusion) in control rats (Hct = 42.5 +/- 2.7%) was 59.23 min; in anemic rats (Hct = 23.3 +/- 2.2%) it was 53 +/- 15 min (SD, P = 0.086). Bleeding rate during shock, mortality, VO2, acid-base balance, and mortality were not influenced by anemia, except for slightly higher lactate in late shock in anemia. The lack of influence of anemia (cf. other perturbations of oxygen transport) was apparently due to a 59-88% increase in cardiac ouput during shock in anemia, which maintained VO2.", "PMID": 511697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9302", "title": "Effects of common dead space on inert gas exchange in mathematical models of the lung.", "content": "Theoretical gas exchange is compared in lung models having two different types of dead space. In one, the dead space of a lung unit is \"personal\" and contains gas equivalent in composition to its own alveolar gas; in the other, the dead space is \"common\" and contains mixed gas from all gas-exchanging units. Formal algebraic analysis of tracer inert gas exchange in two-compartment models shows that values of compartmental ventilation and perfusion can be found that establish one and only one personal dead-space model equivalent for every common dead-space model. When the total dead space and distribution of blood flow and ventilation in the two models are the same, common dead space will always result in improved inert gas elimination. Under these conditions, the amount of improvement is usually greatest when the partition coefficient of the inert gas is between 0.1 and 1.0 and when there is greatest disparity in the ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q). In the inert gas elimination technique that analyzes all dead space as personal, the presence of common dead space consistently causes the recovered VA/Q distributions to be narrower than the actual distributions, but the resultant error is small.", "contents": "Effects of common dead space on inert gas exchange in mathematical models of the lung. Theoretical gas exchange is compared in lung models having two different types of dead space. In one, the dead space of a lung unit is \"personal\" and contains gas equivalent in composition to its own alveolar gas; in the other, the dead space is \"common\" and contains mixed gas from all gas-exchanging units. Formal algebraic analysis of tracer inert gas exchange in two-compartment models shows that values of compartmental ventilation and perfusion can be found that establish one and only one personal dead-space model equivalent for every common dead-space model. When the total dead space and distribution of blood flow and ventilation in the two models are the same, common dead space will always result in improved inert gas elimination. Under these conditions, the amount of improvement is usually greatest when the partition coefficient of the inert gas is between 0.1 and 1.0 and when there is greatest disparity in the ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q). In the inert gas elimination technique that analyzes all dead space as personal, the presence of common dead space consistently causes the recovered VA/Q distributions to be narrower than the actual distributions, but the resultant error is small.", "PMID": 511698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9303", "title": "Method for estimating absolute lung volumes at constant inflation pressure.", "content": "A method has been devised for measuring functional residual capacity in the intact killed animal or absolute lung volumes in any excised lung preparation without changing the inflation pressure. This is achieved by titrating the absolute pressure of a chamber in which the preparation is compressed until a known volume of air has entered the lungs. This technique was used to estimate the volumes of five intact rabbit lungs and five rigid containers of known dimensions by means of Boyle's law. Results were found to agree to within +/- 1% with values determined by alternative methods. In the discussion the advantage of determining absolute lung volumes at almost any stage in a study of lung mechanics without the determination itself changing inflation pressure and, hence, lung volume is emphasized.", "contents": "Method for estimating absolute lung volumes at constant inflation pressure. A method has been devised for measuring functional residual capacity in the intact killed animal or absolute lung volumes in any excised lung preparation without changing the inflation pressure. This is achieved by titrating the absolute pressure of a chamber in which the preparation is compressed until a known volume of air has entered the lungs. This technique was used to estimate the volumes of five intact rabbit lungs and five rigid containers of known dimensions by means of Boyle's law. Results were found to agree to within +/- 1% with values determined by alternative methods. In the discussion the advantage of determining absolute lung volumes at almost any stage in a study of lung mechanics without the determination itself changing inflation pressure and, hence, lung volume is emphasized.", "PMID": 511699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9304", "title": "Alterations of mechanical properties and morphology in excised rabbit lungs rinsed with a detergent.", "content": "To assess the influence of alterations of lung surfactant on the geometry of peripheral air spaces, the morphology of detergent-rinsed rabbit lungs was studied. In comparison to normal excised rabbit lungs, fixed in the same manner by vascular perfusion at different points on the deflation pressure-volume curve, the most important differences are as follows. 1) With decreasing lung volume there is a progressive collapse of alveoli; at low lung volume (40% of total lung capacity (TLC) (most alveoli are collapsed, and the air is contained in overextended ducts. 2) Accordingly, the alveolar surface area-to-volume ratio is considerably smaller in particular at medium and low lung volumes. 3) There is only a slight change of mean air-space curvature between 80 and 40% TLC. Hence, the results indicate that in detergent-rinsed lungs volume changes are brought about predominantly by recruitment and derecruitment of alveoli. It appears that both a normal surfactant and the mechanical interdependence within the fibrous continuum are required to maintain a normal respiratory surface area within the lung volume range of normal breathing.", "contents": "Alterations of mechanical properties and morphology in excised rabbit lungs rinsed with a detergent. To assess the influence of alterations of lung surfactant on the geometry of peripheral air spaces, the morphology of detergent-rinsed rabbit lungs was studied. In comparison to normal excised rabbit lungs, fixed in the same manner by vascular perfusion at different points on the deflation pressure-volume curve, the most important differences are as follows. 1) With decreasing lung volume there is a progressive collapse of alveoli; at low lung volume (40% of total lung capacity (TLC) (most alveoli are collapsed, and the air is contained in overextended ducts. 2) Accordingly, the alveolar surface area-to-volume ratio is considerably smaller in particular at medium and low lung volumes. 3) There is only a slight change of mean air-space curvature between 80 and 40% TLC. Hence, the results indicate that in detergent-rinsed lungs volume changes are brought about predominantly by recruitment and derecruitment of alveoli. It appears that both a normal surfactant and the mechanical interdependence within the fibrous continuum are required to maintain a normal respiratory surface area within the lung volume range of normal breathing.", "PMID": 511700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9305", "title": "Influence of exercise hyperthermia on exercise breathing pattern.", "content": "Passive elevation of the body core temperature (Tc) induces rapid, shallow breathing in resting man. We wondered if exercise-induced Tc elevation would also lead to decreased tidal volume (VT) and increased breathing frequency (f) during exercise. To investigate this question, 10 subjects each performed 47 min of cycle ergometer exercise at 50--60% of the maximal aerobic capacity, with the work rate adjusted to maintain ventilation (VE) constant. This long ride raised mean Tc (rectal) 0.8 degrees C. Before and immediately after the long ride, ranges of VE and VT were obtained from short 6-min rides that progressed from unloaded pedaling to the anaerobic threshold. At the constant VE of the long ride, f rose and VT fell as Tc rose (P less than 0.05). The fall in VT was associated with a fall in inspiratory time (TI); drive (VT/TI) and timing (TI/Ttot)components of VE were unchanged. These effects were consistent over the entire range of VE obtained from the short 6-min rides. Passive heating in warm water to produce equal Tc elevation in the same subjects yielded similar exercise breathing-pattern changes. These findings suggest that increased Tc mediates the VT fall during prolonged exercise, possibly through stimulation of the central respiratory pacemaker.", "contents": "Influence of exercise hyperthermia on exercise breathing pattern. Passive elevation of the body core temperature (Tc) induces rapid, shallow breathing in resting man. We wondered if exercise-induced Tc elevation would also lead to decreased tidal volume (VT) and increased breathing frequency (f) during exercise. To investigate this question, 10 subjects each performed 47 min of cycle ergometer exercise at 50--60% of the maximal aerobic capacity, with the work rate adjusted to maintain ventilation (VE) constant. This long ride raised mean Tc (rectal) 0.8 degrees C. Before and immediately after the long ride, ranges of VE and VT were obtained from short 6-min rides that progressed from unloaded pedaling to the anaerobic threshold. At the constant VE of the long ride, f rose and VT fell as Tc rose (P less than 0.05). The fall in VT was associated with a fall in inspiratory time (TI); drive (VT/TI) and timing (TI/Ttot)components of VE were unchanged. These effects were consistent over the entire range of VE obtained from the short 6-min rides. Passive heating in warm water to produce equal Tc elevation in the same subjects yielded similar exercise breathing-pattern changes. These findings suggest that increased Tc mediates the VT fall during prolonged exercise, possibly through stimulation of the central respiratory pacemaker.", "PMID": 511703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9306", "title": "Time dependence of maximum flow as an index of nonuniform emptying.", "content": "Nonhomogeneous lungs are predicted to exhibit time dependence of maximal expiratory flow (Vmax): faster regions would contribute more flow early in the expiration, whatever the initial volume, resulting in different Vmax at a given total lung volume, depending on how long flow limitation has been operating. To test this concept a new technique was developed that permits accurate superimposition of Vmax data over small volume intervals. When quick-release interrupted partial curves with similar volume history but different volume of initiation were compared over their late common-volume segments, the volume-history effects could be differentiated from time dependence of the Vmax. Such time dependence was found in 7 of 7 bronchitics, 3 of 5 smokers, and 0 of 14 nonsmokers tested. We conclude that the emptying during the forced expirations is not uniform even in mild disease states and the time dependence of Vmax is a sensitive test of lung inhomogeneity.", "contents": "Time dependence of maximum flow as an index of nonuniform emptying. Nonhomogeneous lungs are predicted to exhibit time dependence of maximal expiratory flow (Vmax): faster regions would contribute more flow early in the expiration, whatever the initial volume, resulting in different Vmax at a given total lung volume, depending on how long flow limitation has been operating. To test this concept a new technique was developed that permits accurate superimposition of Vmax data over small volume intervals. When quick-release interrupted partial curves with similar volume history but different volume of initiation were compared over their late common-volume segments, the volume-history effects could be differentiated from time dependence of the Vmax. Such time dependence was found in 7 of 7 bronchitics, 3 of 5 smokers, and 0 of 14 nonsmokers tested. We conclude that the emptying during the forced expirations is not uniform even in mild disease states and the time dependence of Vmax is a sensitive test of lung inhomogeneity.", "PMID": 511704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9307", "title": "Liquid ventilation: cardiovascular adjustments with secondary hyperlactatemia and acidosis.", "content": "Cardiovascular adjustments during liquid ventilation were investigated in seven cats. Cardiac output (CO) and regional blood flow were measured with radioactive microspheres during both spontaneous air breathing (control) and ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid, FC-80. CO was found to decrease 48% (P less than 0.05) during liquid breathing as compared to control. This decrease largely reflected a reduced stroke volume. Despite the decreased CO, mean arterial pressure remained unchanged, indicating a 48% increase (P less than 0.002) in total peripheral resistance (TPR). Secondary to the reduced CO and increased TPR, extensive redistribution of blood flow occurred during liquid ventilation. The arterial lactate concentration and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (L/P) were significantly increased (P less than 0.02). Furthermore, the increase in L/P correlated with the decrease in CO (r = 0.70; P less than 0.01). In turn, the significant decrease in pH during liquid breathing was found to correlate with the increase in L/P (r = 0.85; P less than 0.001). These data clearly demonstrate signficant alterations in cardiovascular dynamics during liquid ventilation with secondary hyperlactatemia and acidosis.", "contents": "Liquid ventilation: cardiovascular adjustments with secondary hyperlactatemia and acidosis. Cardiovascular adjustments during liquid ventilation were investigated in seven cats. Cardiac output (CO) and regional blood flow were measured with radioactive microspheres during both spontaneous air breathing (control) and ventilation with fluorocarbon liquid, FC-80. CO was found to decrease 48% (P less than 0.05) during liquid breathing as compared to control. This decrease largely reflected a reduced stroke volume. Despite the decreased CO, mean arterial pressure remained unchanged, indicating a 48% increase (P less than 0.002) in total peripheral resistance (TPR). Secondary to the reduced CO and increased TPR, extensive redistribution of blood flow occurred during liquid ventilation. The arterial lactate concentration and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (L/P) were significantly increased (P less than 0.02). Furthermore, the increase in L/P correlated with the decrease in CO (r = 0.70; P less than 0.01). In turn, the significant decrease in pH during liquid breathing was found to correlate with the increase in L/P (r = 0.85; P less than 0.001). These data clearly demonstrate signficant alterations in cardiovascular dynamics during liquid ventilation with secondary hyperlactatemia and acidosis.", "PMID": 511705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9308", "title": "Protein metabolism in lung. II. Influence of amino acids and glucose on protein degradation.", "content": "We used the isolated perfused lung to study protein degradation. Proteins were labeled in vivo during 10 min (fast) or 5 h (slow). The absence of exogenous amino acids lowered the rate of proteolysis of fast but not of slowly turning over proteins. Addition of normal rat plasma levels of amino acids, after 45 min of perfusion without amino acids, returned the rate of proteolysis to control levels. The absence of exogenous glucose increased the rate of degration of rapidly turning over proteins but decreased the degradation rate of slowly turning over proteins. These changes took place in the absence of any measurable effect of amino acids or glucose on the amount of lung water, the rate of perfusate flow, the lung concentration of ATP or the intracellular concentration of free phenylalanine. We conclude that these substrates influence proteolysis in our system and that the degradation of rapidly and slowly turning over proteins are regulated independently in the isolated perfused lung.", "contents": "Protein metabolism in lung. II. Influence of amino acids and glucose on protein degradation. We used the isolated perfused lung to study protein degradation. Proteins were labeled in vivo during 10 min (fast) or 5 h (slow). The absence of exogenous amino acids lowered the rate of proteolysis of fast but not of slowly turning over proteins. Addition of normal rat plasma levels of amino acids, after 45 min of perfusion without amino acids, returned the rate of proteolysis to control levels. The absence of exogenous glucose increased the rate of degration of rapidly turning over proteins but decreased the degradation rate of slowly turning over proteins. These changes took place in the absence of any measurable effect of amino acids or glucose on the amount of lung water, the rate of perfusate flow, the lung concentration of ATP or the intracellular concentration of free phenylalanine. We conclude that these substrates influence proteolysis in our system and that the degradation of rapidly and slowly turning over proteins are regulated independently in the isolated perfused lung.", "PMID": 511706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9309", "title": "Role of cerebellum on ventilatory change due to muscle-receptor stimulation in the dog.", "content": "The role of the cerebellum in reflex increase of ventilation due to muscle-receptor stimulation was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Stimulilike pressure application or stretch of gastrocnemius muscle produced increase in ventilation. Ablation or cooling of the anterior lobe of cerebellum significantly reduced this ventilatory response to application of the same degree of pressure or stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle. Ablation or cooling of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum did not have any effect on ventilation due to muscle-receptor stimulation. It was concluded that the anterior lobe of the cerebellum is in some way concerned with the ventilatory change produced by muscle-receptor activation.", "contents": "Role of cerebellum on ventilatory change due to muscle-receptor stimulation in the dog. The role of the cerebellum in reflex increase of ventilation due to muscle-receptor stimulation was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Stimulilike pressure application or stretch of gastrocnemius muscle produced increase in ventilation. Ablation or cooling of the anterior lobe of cerebellum significantly reduced this ventilatory response to application of the same degree of pressure or stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle. Ablation or cooling of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum did not have any effect on ventilation due to muscle-receptor stimulation. It was concluded that the anterior lobe of the cerebellum is in some way concerned with the ventilatory change produced by muscle-receptor activation.", "PMID": 511707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9310", "title": "Role of peripheral tissue receptors in stimulation of ventilation by 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "content": "Previous workers have demonstrated that hindlimb receptors can mediate some portion of the increase in VE elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Liang and Hood have recently demonstrated that these hindlimb receptors communicate with the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the lumbar spinal cord. Accordingly, to determine the quantitative contribution of these hindlimb receptors to increases in VE elicited by DNP (4 mg/kg), we compared two groups of animals with respect to ventilatory, metabolic, and thermal responses elicited by this drug. Group I animals underwent complete transection of the spinal cord at the first lumbar level, whereas the spinal cord in Group II animals remained intact. Our results indicate that Group I and Group II animals did not differ with respect to increases in VE, VO2, and rectal temperature elicited by DNP. These results suggest that hindlimb receptors do not play an obligatory role in mediating increases in VE elicited by DNP. Therefore, these observations raise the possibility that multiple afferent pathways may exist for stimulation of VE by DNP.", "contents": "Role of peripheral tissue receptors in stimulation of ventilation by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Previous workers have demonstrated that hindlimb receptors can mediate some portion of the increase in VE elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Liang and Hood have recently demonstrated that these hindlimb receptors communicate with the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the lumbar spinal cord. Accordingly, to determine the quantitative contribution of these hindlimb receptors to increases in VE elicited by DNP (4 mg/kg), we compared two groups of animals with respect to ventilatory, metabolic, and thermal responses elicited by this drug. Group I animals underwent complete transection of the spinal cord at the first lumbar level, whereas the spinal cord in Group II animals remained intact. Our results indicate that Group I and Group II animals did not differ with respect to increases in VE, VO2, and rectal temperature elicited by DNP. These results suggest that hindlimb receptors do not play an obligatory role in mediating increases in VE elicited by DNP. Therefore, these observations raise the possibility that multiple afferent pathways may exist for stimulation of VE by DNP.", "PMID": 511708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9311", "title": "Arterial-expired PCO2 differences in the dog during acute hypercapnia.", "content": "A recent report (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 382-388, 1975) suggests that negative blood-gas CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) differences exist in the dog during hypercapnia, as mean expired PCO2 exceeded arterial PCO2 by more than 10 Torr when the CO2 fraction in inspired gas (FICO2) was 0.1. We have reinvestigated this problem in anesthetized dogs breathing spontaneously room air or hypercapnic mixtures (FICO2 = 0.05 or 0.10). During steady state, arterial blood samples were analyzed with electrodes, care being taken to keep the electrode temperature within +/- 0.2 degrees C at the actual aortic temperature of the animal. Respired gas was measured at the tracheostomy by a sensitive low-noise respiratory mass spectrometer. During room air breathing, the arterial-end-expired PCO2 difference, P(a-E')CO2, averaged +5 Torr and decreased to +0.9 Torr and to +0.1 Torr with FICO2 = 0.05 and 0.1, respectively. Hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10) had no apparent effect on the P(a-E')CO2 difference. We ascribe the decrease in P(a-E')CO2 with hypercapnia to the diminishing effects of alveolar dead space, whereby end expired PCO2 approached arterial PCO2. We then conclude that in blood-gas equilibration lungs, PCO2 in end-capillary blood comes close to alveolar PCO2, and that the negative blood-gas PCO2 differences reported earlier are probably caused by deficiencies in the techniques used.", "contents": "Arterial-expired PCO2 differences in the dog during acute hypercapnia. A recent report (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 382-388, 1975) suggests that negative blood-gas CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) differences exist in the dog during hypercapnia, as mean expired PCO2 exceeded arterial PCO2 by more than 10 Torr when the CO2 fraction in inspired gas (FICO2) was 0.1. We have reinvestigated this problem in anesthetized dogs breathing spontaneously room air or hypercapnic mixtures (FICO2 = 0.05 or 0.10). During steady state, arterial blood samples were analyzed with electrodes, care being taken to keep the electrode temperature within +/- 0.2 degrees C at the actual aortic temperature of the animal. Respired gas was measured at the tracheostomy by a sensitive low-noise respiratory mass spectrometer. During room air breathing, the arterial-end-expired PCO2 difference, P(a-E')CO2, averaged +5 Torr and decreased to +0.9 Torr and to +0.1 Torr with FICO2 = 0.05 and 0.1, respectively. Hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10) had no apparent effect on the P(a-E')CO2 difference. We ascribe the decrease in P(a-E')CO2 with hypercapnia to the diminishing effects of alveolar dead space, whereby end expired PCO2 approached arterial PCO2. We then conclude that in blood-gas equilibration lungs, PCO2 in end-capillary blood comes close to alveolar PCO2, and that the negative blood-gas PCO2 differences reported earlier are probably caused by deficiencies in the techniques used.", "PMID": 511709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9312", "title": "Thermogenic control during exercise in a cold environment.", "content": "To determine whether the voluntary contractions of exercise interfere with involuntary shivering contractions, four male subjects were each exposed to a 10 degrees C environment for 60 min of rest followed by either another rest period or 30 min of cycleergometer exercise. On different days exercise was performed at zero load, light load, and moderate load. Each experiment was performed twice, resulting in a minimum of eight experiments for each subject. Esophageal temperature (Tes), eight skin temperatures (Tsk), oxygen uptake (VO2), and the integrated electrical activity from a neck muscle (EMG) were continuously monitored. Pedaling flushed cold blood into the body core, causing Tes to fall. The rate and absolute magnitude of the decrease in Tes was proportional to the intensity of exercise. Thermoregulatory VO2 (attributable to shivering) and EMG were inversely related both to Tsk during rest, prior to any changes in Tes, and to Tes during exercise, when Tsk was constant, once shivering thresholds were surpassed. The slope of the thermoregulatory VO2-to-Tes relation was significantly suppressed by increasing exercise intensity. The slope of the EMG-to-Tes relation was similarly suppressed; since the neck muscles are not involved in the additional acitivity of exercise, we concluded that the graded inhibition of shivering during exercise was of central origin rather than from the rhythmic contractions required to sustain exercise.", "contents": "Thermogenic control during exercise in a cold environment. To determine whether the voluntary contractions of exercise interfere with involuntary shivering contractions, four male subjects were each exposed to a 10 degrees C environment for 60 min of rest followed by either another rest period or 30 min of cycleergometer exercise. On different days exercise was performed at zero load, light load, and moderate load. Each experiment was performed twice, resulting in a minimum of eight experiments for each subject. Esophageal temperature (Tes), eight skin temperatures (Tsk), oxygen uptake (VO2), and the integrated electrical activity from a neck muscle (EMG) were continuously monitored. Pedaling flushed cold blood into the body core, causing Tes to fall. The rate and absolute magnitude of the decrease in Tes was proportional to the intensity of exercise. Thermoregulatory VO2 (attributable to shivering) and EMG were inversely related both to Tsk during rest, prior to any changes in Tes, and to Tes during exercise, when Tsk was constant, once shivering thresholds were surpassed. The slope of the thermoregulatory VO2-to-Tes relation was significantly suppressed by increasing exercise intensity. The slope of the EMG-to-Tes relation was similarly suppressed; since the neck muscles are not involved in the additional acitivity of exercise, we concluded that the graded inhibition of shivering during exercise was of central origin rather than from the rhythmic contractions required to sustain exercise.", "PMID": 511710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9313", "title": "Arterial PCO2 response to intravenous CO2 in awake dogs unencumbered by external breathing apparatus.", "content": "The steady-state arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) was examined during control and intravenous CO2 loading in awake dogs unencumbered by any breathing apparatus. The dogs inhaled air while undergoing intravenous CO2 loading, and we estimated the gain, delta VA/delta PACO2. CO2 was introduced into the systemic venous blood via a membrane gas exchanger in a femoral arteriovenous shunt circuit, and the extracorporeal blood flow was maintained constant at 0.5 l/min. A total of 11 experiments were performed in 3 dogs comprising 93 control observations and 83 CO2 loading observations. Intravenous CO2 produced a significant increase in the steady state PaCO2, a finding consistent with our previous study in tracheostomized awake dogs. We conclude that intravenous CO2 produces hypercapnia in the awake dog with an intact airway unencumbered by external respiratory apparatus.", "contents": "Arterial PCO2 response to intravenous CO2 in awake dogs unencumbered by external breathing apparatus. The steady-state arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) was examined during control and intravenous CO2 loading in awake dogs unencumbered by any breathing apparatus. The dogs inhaled air while undergoing intravenous CO2 loading, and we estimated the gain, delta VA/delta PACO2. CO2 was introduced into the systemic venous blood via a membrane gas exchanger in a femoral arteriovenous shunt circuit, and the extracorporeal blood flow was maintained constant at 0.5 l/min. A total of 11 experiments were performed in 3 dogs comprising 93 control observations and 83 CO2 loading observations. Intravenous CO2 produced a significant increase in the steady state PaCO2, a finding consistent with our previous study in tracheostomized awake dogs. We conclude that intravenous CO2 produces hypercapnia in the awake dog with an intact airway unencumbered by external respiratory apparatus.", "PMID": 511711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9314", "title": "Naloxone enhances respiratory output in cats.", "content": "To investigate the physiological role of opiate receptors and opiatelike neurotransmitters, which are present in brain-stem respiratory centers, we administered naloxone to 10 cats by intravenous injection. These animals were vagotomized, paralyzed, and servo-ventilated to maintain constant end-tidal CO2; in addition, their carotid sinus nerves were sectioned bilaterally. Respiratory output was assessed by integration of phrenic nerve activity. Control saline infusions had no effect on respiratory output. However, administration of naloxone (0.4 mg/kg) caused phrenic minute output to increase significantly in each of five anesthetized cerebrate cats (control 7,272 +/- 1,615 U/min; 30 min postnaloxone 12,920 +/- 3,857 U/min; P less than 0.05) and five unanesthetized decerebrate cats (control 10,368 +/- 1,222 U/min; naloxone 14,648 +/- 3,225 U/min; P less than 0.05). In addition to the effect on phrenic minute output, naloxone infusion resulted in an increase of the inspiratory rate of rise of phrenic nerve activity in each cat. There was no change in the ratio of inspiratory duration to total respiratory period (TI/Ttot). Because naloxone is a specific opiate antagonist, we suggest that endogenous opiatelike neurotransmitters (endorphins) may modulate central inspiratory drive.", "contents": "Naloxone enhances respiratory output in cats. To investigate the physiological role of opiate receptors and opiatelike neurotransmitters, which are present in brain-stem respiratory centers, we administered naloxone to 10 cats by intravenous injection. These animals were vagotomized, paralyzed, and servo-ventilated to maintain constant end-tidal CO2; in addition, their carotid sinus nerves were sectioned bilaterally. Respiratory output was assessed by integration of phrenic nerve activity. Control saline infusions had no effect on respiratory output. However, administration of naloxone (0.4 mg/kg) caused phrenic minute output to increase significantly in each of five anesthetized cerebrate cats (control 7,272 +/- 1,615 U/min; 30 min postnaloxone 12,920 +/- 3,857 U/min; P less than 0.05) and five unanesthetized decerebrate cats (control 10,368 +/- 1,222 U/min; naloxone 14,648 +/- 3,225 U/min; P less than 0.05). In addition to the effect on phrenic minute output, naloxone infusion resulted in an increase of the inspiratory rate of rise of phrenic nerve activity in each cat. There was no change in the ratio of inspiratory duration to total respiratory period (TI/Ttot). Because naloxone is a specific opiate antagonist, we suggest that endogenous opiatelike neurotransmitters (endorphins) may modulate central inspiratory drive.", "PMID": 511712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9315", "title": "Incorporating the gas analyzer response time in gas exchange computations.", "content": "A simple method for including the gas analyzer response time in the breath-by-breath computation of gas exchange rates is described. The method uses a difference equation form of a model for the gas analyzer in the computation of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production and avoids a numerical differentiation required to correct the gas fraction wave forms. The effect of not accounting for analyzer response time is shown to be a 20% underestimation in gas exchange rate. The present method accurately measures gas exchange rate, is relatively insensitive to measurement errors in the analyzer time constant, and does not significantly increase the computation time.", "contents": "Incorporating the gas analyzer response time in gas exchange computations. A simple method for including the gas analyzer response time in the breath-by-breath computation of gas exchange rates is described. The method uses a difference equation form of a model for the gas analyzer in the computation of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production and avoids a numerical differentiation required to correct the gas fraction wave forms. The effect of not accounting for analyzer response time is shown to be a 20% underestimation in gas exchange rate. The present method accurately measures gas exchange rate, is relatively insensitive to measurement errors in the analyzer time constant, and does not significantly increase the computation time.", "PMID": 511713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9316", "title": "Topical anesthesia of tracheal receptors.", "content": "Two types of sensory receptors were individually identified in dogs on the exposed mucosa of the extrathoracic trachea: slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) and rapidly adapting receptors (RAR). Increasing concentrations of lidocaine (L), bupivacaine (B), and tetracaine (T) solutions were topically applied on the mucosa over the sensory fields of the receptors, while their neural activity in response to an appropriate stimulus was recorded. Action potentials from SARS were blocked by the anesthetic at a much higher concentration and with larger exposure times than potentials evoked from RARs (mean values: L = 51.1 mM for 7.4 min and 1.48 mM for 1.03 min, respectively; B = 9.4 mM for 9.4 min and 0.13 mM for 0.23 min; and T = 4.9 mM for 9.8 min and 0.06 mM for 2 min). The minimal blocking concentration of the topical anesthetics varied widely (L = 20 times, B = 5, and T = 5) among SARs and less (L = 3.2, B = 2, and T = 4) among RARs. These results could be explained by a different location in the mucosa of the two types of receptors and suggest the feasibility of a differential blockade by topical anesthetics.", "contents": "Topical anesthesia of tracheal receptors. Two types of sensory receptors were individually identified in dogs on the exposed mucosa of the extrathoracic trachea: slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) and rapidly adapting receptors (RAR). Increasing concentrations of lidocaine (L), bupivacaine (B), and tetracaine (T) solutions were topically applied on the mucosa over the sensory fields of the receptors, while their neural activity in response to an appropriate stimulus was recorded. Action potentials from SARS were blocked by the anesthetic at a much higher concentration and with larger exposure times than potentials evoked from RARs (mean values: L = 51.1 mM for 7.4 min and 1.48 mM for 1.03 min, respectively; B = 9.4 mM for 9.4 min and 0.13 mM for 0.23 min; and T = 4.9 mM for 9.8 min and 0.06 mM for 2 min). The minimal blocking concentration of the topical anesthetics varied widely (L = 20 times, B = 5, and T = 5) among SARs and less (L = 3.2, B = 2, and T = 4) among RARs. These results could be explained by a different location in the mucosa of the two types of receptors and suggest the feasibility of a differential blockade by topical anesthetics.", "PMID": 511714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9317", "title": "Antigen-induced bronchospasm in conscious sheep.", "content": "In 10 conscious ewes with cutaneous sensitivity to Ascaris suum, measurements of pulmonary resistance (RL), static lung compliance (Cst), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial blood gas composition along with arterial plasma histamine concentration (H) were obtained before and after inhalation challenge with A. suum extract. Five animals showed no changes in respiratory mechanics after A. suum challenge; in these H did not change. The remaining five animals responded to A. suum challenge with bronchospasm reflected by the following maximum changes in mean values that were significant 15 and 30 min after beginning of challenge, respectively: RL  248% , FRC 126%, specific pulmonary conductance 33%, and arterial PO2 63% of base line. These parameters returned towards base line by 120 min. No changes occurred in Cst, arterial PCO2, and pH. Five minutes after beginning of A. suum challenge, mean H was increased to 423% of base line with a return to base line 10 min later. In the same 5 animals, no changes were observed in pulmonary function or H after inhalation of ragweed extract (control). These results suggest that antigen-induced bronchospasm in sensitized conscious sheep represents an anaphylactic airway response and shares distinct physiological features with human bronchial asthma including pulmonary hyperinflation.", "contents": "Antigen-induced bronchospasm in conscious sheep. In 10 conscious ewes with cutaneous sensitivity to Ascaris suum, measurements of pulmonary resistance (RL), static lung compliance (Cst), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial blood gas composition along with arterial plasma histamine concentration (H) were obtained before and after inhalation challenge with A. suum extract. Five animals showed no changes in respiratory mechanics after A. suum challenge; in these H did not change. The remaining five animals responded to A. suum challenge with bronchospasm reflected by the following maximum changes in mean values that were significant 15 and 30 min after beginning of challenge, respectively: RL  248% , FRC 126%, specific pulmonary conductance 33%, and arterial PO2 63% of base line. These parameters returned towards base line by 120 min. No changes occurred in Cst, arterial PCO2, and pH. Five minutes after beginning of A. suum challenge, mean H was increased to 423% of base line with a return to base line 10 min later. In the same 5 animals, no changes were observed in pulmonary function or H after inhalation of ragweed extract (control). These results suggest that antigen-induced bronchospasm in sensitized conscious sheep represents an anaphylactic airway response and shares distinct physiological features with human bronchial asthma including pulmonary hyperinflation.", "PMID": 511716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9318", "title": "Maturation of hypoxic ventilatory response of the newborn lamb.", "content": "The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized newborn lambs before and after carotid body denervation. Animals studied immediately following operative delivery were compared with a second group who were studied in the 2nd wk of postnatal life. Response time was defined as the interval between the decrease in oxygen saturation in the aortic arch and an increase in tidal volume or ventilatory rate. Animals in the older group demonstrated a significantly shorter response time than those studied immediately following delivery (1.8 s vs. 5.7 s). A ventilatory response was also elicited in carotid body-denervated animals in both study groups. Mean response time following denervation was 29.5 s for the younger and 12.5 s for the older animals. The data suggest that the development of a rapid, carotid body-mediated hypoxic ventilatory response occurs gradually during the first days of postnatal life, and that the central hypoxic response of the fetus (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42:630-635, 1977) persists into postnatal life.", "contents": "Maturation of hypoxic ventilatory response of the newborn lamb. The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized newborn lambs before and after carotid body denervation. Animals studied immediately following operative delivery were compared with a second group who were studied in the 2nd wk of postnatal life. Response time was defined as the interval between the decrease in oxygen saturation in the aortic arch and an increase in tidal volume or ventilatory rate. Animals in the older group demonstrated a significantly shorter response time than those studied immediately following delivery (1.8 s vs. 5.7 s). A ventilatory response was also elicited in carotid body-denervated animals in both study groups. Mean response time following denervation was 29.5 s for the younger and 12.5 s for the older animals. The data suggest that the development of a rapid, carotid body-mediated hypoxic ventilatory response occurs gradually during the first days of postnatal life, and that the central hypoxic response of the fetus (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42:630-635, 1977) persists into postnatal life.", "PMID": 511717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9319", "title": "Inflection points of lung pressure-volume curves using a three-balloon-catheter system.", "content": "We measured the pressure-volume curves (PV curves) of the lung simultaneously at three levels in the esophagus below the tracheal bifurcation using the three-short-balloon-catheter system in 11 normal seated men and compared the inflection points (IP's) of three PV curves with the closing volume (CV) on the single-breath nitrogen washout curve. The mean pressure gradient from the top of the uppermost balloon to the top of the lowermost balloon (10 cm apart) was 0.58 +/- 0.06 cmH2O/cm at 60% total lung capacity (TLC). The IP was dependent on depth within the esophagus; i.e., the lung volume at IP (VIP) of the uppermost balloon was the smallest and the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) at IP (PIP) of that balloon was the largest of the three IP's. VIP's were significantly larger than CV's and the mean absolute difference between the VIP of the uppermost balloon and the closing capacity (CC) was 0.9 liter. These results suggest that IP may not exactly reflect airway closure.", "contents": "Inflection points of lung pressure-volume curves using a three-balloon-catheter system. We measured the pressure-volume curves (PV curves) of the lung simultaneously at three levels in the esophagus below the tracheal bifurcation using the three-short-balloon-catheter system in 11 normal seated men and compared the inflection points (IP's) of three PV curves with the closing volume (CV) on the single-breath nitrogen washout curve. The mean pressure gradient from the top of the uppermost balloon to the top of the lowermost balloon (10 cm apart) was 0.58 +/- 0.06 cmH2O/cm at 60% total lung capacity (TLC). The IP was dependent on depth within the esophagus; i.e., the lung volume at IP (VIP) of the uppermost balloon was the smallest and the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) at IP (PIP) of that balloon was the largest of the three IP's. VIP's were significantly larger than CV's and the mean absolute difference between the VIP of the uppermost balloon and the closing capacity (CC) was 0.9 liter. These results suggest that IP may not exactly reflect airway closure.", "PMID": 511718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9320", "title": "Deposition of particles in model airways.", "content": "The deposition of monodisperse aerosols in models of single lung airway bifurcations was studied. The particles, generated by spinning disk, were in the size range of 4.2--8.8 microns (density 1.3 X 10(3) kg . m-3). The model bifurcations were symmetrical, of physiological size, and based on established morphological data. The effects on percentage deposition (P) of flow rate (expressed as Reynolds' number. Re), particle diameter (d), tube diameter (D), and bifurcation angle (2 theta) were studied and a generalized expression for deposition based on these variables was obtained, viz., P = 11.04 X 10(5) Re (d/D)2.5sin3 theta. The applicability of this equation is discussed.", "contents": "Deposition of particles in model airways. The deposition of monodisperse aerosols in models of single lung airway bifurcations was studied. The particles, generated by spinning disk, were in the size range of 4.2--8.8 microns (density 1.3 X 10(3) kg . m-3). The model bifurcations were symmetrical, of physiological size, and based on established morphological data. The effects on percentage deposition (P) of flow rate (expressed as Reynolds' number. Re), particle diameter (d), tube diameter (D), and bifurcation angle (2 theta) were studied and a generalized expression for deposition based on these variables was obtained, viz., P = 11.04 X 10(5) Re (d/D)2.5sin3 theta. The applicability of this equation is discussed.", "PMID": 511719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9321", "title": "Difference between end-tidal and arterial PCO2 in exercise.", "content": "The relation between end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) measured by infrared analysis and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) during exercise was systematically examined in five healthy adults at two power outputs (25 and 50% VO2max) and at three frequencies of breathing (15, 30, and 45 breaths/min). PETCO2-PaCO2 varied between -2.5 and +9.1 Torr, was inversely related to the frequency of breathing (r = 0.475), and directly related to tidal volume (VT; r = 0.791) and CO2 output (r = 0.627). An equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis, to predict PaCO2 from PETCO2: PaCO2 = 5.5 +0.90 PETCO2 -0.0021 VT (r = 0.915). The equation was applied to measurements of PETCO2 obtained in two previous studies in 10 subjects in which PaCO2 had been measured, and was found to predict PaCO2 to within 1.04 Torr (+/- SD) for PaCO2 between 25 and 58 Torr (n = 56; r = 0.962). The effect of the response characteristics of the CO2 analyzer on the measurement of PETCO2 was also systematically examined by comparison with a fast-responding respiratory mass spectrometer.", "contents": "Difference between end-tidal and arterial PCO2 in exercise. The relation between end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) measured by infrared analysis and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) during exercise was systematically examined in five healthy adults at two power outputs (25 and 50% VO2max) and at three frequencies of breathing (15, 30, and 45 breaths/min). PETCO2-PaCO2 varied between -2.5 and +9.1 Torr, was inversely related to the frequency of breathing (r = 0.475), and directly related to tidal volume (VT; r = 0.791) and CO2 output (r = 0.627). An equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis, to predict PaCO2 from PETCO2: PaCO2 = 5.5 +0.90 PETCO2 -0.0021 VT (r = 0.915). The equation was applied to measurements of PETCO2 obtained in two previous studies in 10 subjects in which PaCO2 had been measured, and was found to predict PaCO2 to within 1.04 Torr (+/- SD) for PaCO2 between 25 and 58 Torr (n = 56; r = 0.962). The effect of the response characteristics of the CO2 analyzer on the measurement of PETCO2 was also systematically examined by comparison with a fast-responding respiratory mass spectrometer.", "PMID": 511720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9322", "title": "Reflex bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin in the dog.", "content": "To determine whether receptors stimulated by the injection of capsaicin into the pulmonary circulation cause reflex changes in airway size, six dogs were anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated (2 cm H2O PEEP). Intrapulmonary airways were outlined with tantalum dust, and diameters were determined by taking serial roentgenograms at end expiration. Capsaicin (20 micrograms/kg) injected into the right ventricle significantly decreased airway diameter (20%), heart rate, aortic pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. In contrast, capsaicin injected into the left ventricle did not alter airway diameter or aortic pressure, although heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure decreased but to a lesser extent than after right ventricular injection. After vagotomy, capsaicin had no effect on airway diameter or heart rate but aortic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased slightly. Results suggest that pulmonary receptors sensitive to capsaicin and accessible via the pulmonary circulation produce reflex bronchoconstriction. One possible function of this vagal reflex is to assist fluid movement from microvasculature to peribronchial space by reducing peribronchial pressure.", "contents": "Reflex bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin in the dog. To determine whether receptors stimulated by the injection of capsaicin into the pulmonary circulation cause reflex changes in airway size, six dogs were anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated (2 cm H2O PEEP). Intrapulmonary airways were outlined with tantalum dust, and diameters were determined by taking serial roentgenograms at end expiration. Capsaicin (20 micrograms/kg) injected into the right ventricle significantly decreased airway diameter (20%), heart rate, aortic pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. In contrast, capsaicin injected into the left ventricle did not alter airway diameter or aortic pressure, although heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure decreased but to a lesser extent than after right ventricular injection. After vagotomy, capsaicin had no effect on airway diameter or heart rate but aortic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased slightly. Results suggest that pulmonary receptors sensitive to capsaicin and accessible via the pulmonary circulation produce reflex bronchoconstriction. One possible function of this vagal reflex is to assist fluid movement from microvasculature to peribronchial space by reducing peribronchial pressure.", "PMID": 511721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9323", "title": "Regional blood flow during simulated diving in the conscious Weddell seal.", "content": "Changes in regional blood flow during simulated normobaric diving were studied in the conscious Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) by injecting 25-microns radioactive microspheres into the left ventricle. Injections were performed before and 8--12 min after submersion of the head in iced seawater. Diving was associated with a fall in cardiac output from a mean control value of 39.8 +/- 10.2 to 5.6 +/- 3.4 l/min (mean +/- SD) and in heart rate from 52 +/- 15 to 15 +/- 4 beats/min. Blood flow to the splanchnic and peripheral vascular bed was reduced by more than 90%, cerebral blood flow was unchanged, right and left ventricular blood flow decreased by 85%, and adrenal blood flow decreased by 39%. The pulmonary fraction of the injected microsphere dose increased from 7.9 to 29.9% during diving. This may signify a large increase of peripheral arteriovenous shunting during the dive and/or increased bronchial artery blood flow. It is concluded that blood flow during diving is directed to organs and tissues according to their metabolic requirements.", "contents": "Regional blood flow during simulated diving in the conscious Weddell seal. Changes in regional blood flow during simulated normobaric diving were studied in the conscious Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) by injecting 25-microns radioactive microspheres into the left ventricle. Injections were performed before and 8--12 min after submersion of the head in iced seawater. Diving was associated with a fall in cardiac output from a mean control value of 39.8 +/- 10.2 to 5.6 +/- 3.4 l/min (mean +/- SD) and in heart rate from 52 +/- 15 to 15 +/- 4 beats/min. Blood flow to the splanchnic and peripheral vascular bed was reduced by more than 90%, cerebral blood flow was unchanged, right and left ventricular blood flow decreased by 85%, and adrenal blood flow decreased by 39%. The pulmonary fraction of the injected microsphere dose increased from 7.9 to 29.9% during diving. This may signify a large increase of peripheral arteriovenous shunting during the dive and/or increased bronchial artery blood flow. It is concluded that blood flow during diving is directed to organs and tissues according to their metabolic requirements.", "PMID": 511722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9324", "title": "Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats.", "content": "The atrophy of skeletal muscle accruing from disuse, or limb immobilization, is caused by a decreased rate of protein synthesis and an increased rate of protein degradation. Currently, little information is available regarding the initial time of the decline in the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to determine, as precisely as possible, the time at which the protein synthesis rate first begins to decline in skeletal muscle, utilizing immobilized limbs of rats for a model. A constant-infusion technique employing [14C]tyrosine was used to estimate protein synthesis rates. During the first 6 h of immobilization, a significant decline of 37% in the fractional rate of protein synthesis from the control level of 5.7%/day was observed. These results suggest that very early changes are occurring in molecular events that regulate protein synthesis in disused or immobilized skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats. The atrophy of skeletal muscle accruing from disuse, or limb immobilization, is caused by a decreased rate of protein synthesis and an increased rate of protein degradation. Currently, little information is available regarding the initial time of the decline in the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to determine, as precisely as possible, the time at which the protein synthesis rate first begins to decline in skeletal muscle, utilizing immobilized limbs of rats for a model. A constant-infusion technique employing [14C]tyrosine was used to estimate protein synthesis rates. During the first 6 h of immobilization, a significant decline of 37% in the fractional rate of protein synthesis from the control level of 5.7%/day was observed. These results suggest that very early changes are occurring in molecular events that regulate protein synthesis in disused or immobilized skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 511723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9325", "title": "Effect of training and heat acclimation on exercise responses of sedentary females.", "content": "In an attempt to explain why females experience greater strain than males during exercise in the heat, we studied the responses of nine females to moderate exercise (40% VO2 max) on a cycle ergometer in a cool (16--20 degrees C, 30% rh) and a hot (45 degrees C, 30% rh) environment. Venous blood was sampled during rest, at the 40th min of exercise, and 25 min after exercise. Test runs were then performed during a 4-wk training program (phase 2) and during heat acclimation (phase 3). Except for K+, changes in plasma constituents during exercise were not altered by training or acclimation. A greater mean decrease in plasma volume occurred during exercise in a hot (11.9%) than in a cool (3.9%) environment. Plasma osmolality and protein concentration increased due to the loss of plasma water. The most striking response to training was a significant expansion of resting plasma volume (9.7%) and total protein content (11.6%). During acclimation, sweat rates increased and mean skin temperatures significantly decreased. Hemodilution reported in heat-acclimated men was not seen. The factor primarily responsible for improved cardiovascular fitness in these women during acclimation may have been the maintenance of a larger central blood volume.", "contents": "Effect of training and heat acclimation on exercise responses of sedentary females. In an attempt to explain why females experience greater strain than males during exercise in the heat, we studied the responses of nine females to moderate exercise (40% VO2 max) on a cycle ergometer in a cool (16--20 degrees C, 30% rh) and a hot (45 degrees C, 30% rh) environment. Venous blood was sampled during rest, at the 40th min of exercise, and 25 min after exercise. Test runs were then performed during a 4-wk training program (phase 2) and during heat acclimation (phase 3). Except for K+, changes in plasma constituents during exercise were not altered by training or acclimation. A greater mean decrease in plasma volume occurred during exercise in a hot (11.9%) than in a cool (3.9%) environment. Plasma osmolality and protein concentration increased due to the loss of plasma water. The most striking response to training was a significant expansion of resting plasma volume (9.7%) and total protein content (11.6%). During acclimation, sweat rates increased and mean skin temperatures significantly decreased. Hemodilution reported in heat-acclimated men was not seen. The factor primarily responsible for improved cardiovascular fitness in these women during acclimation may have been the maintenance of a larger central blood volume.", "PMID": 511724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9326", "title": "Alveolar volume-surface area relation in air- and saline-filled lungs fixed by vascular perfusion.", "content": "The influence of volume changes and interfacial forces on the geometry of peripheral air spaces was studied in excised rabbit lungs inflated with either air or saline and fixed by vascular perfusion at four points of the deflation limb of the pressure-volume curve corresponding to 100, 80, 60, and 40% of the total lung capacity (TLC). In air-filled lungs pleating and folding of alveolar septa were observed, especially in alveolar corners. However, the alveolar surfaces were smooth, except at low lung volumes where some surface crumpling occurred. In saline-filled lungs pleats were absent; the alveolar surface was irregular at all inflation levels due to undulating walls and bulging capillaries. Morphometry indicated that at all alveolar volumes (VA) the surface areas (SA) were larger in saline- than air-filled lungs. No simple mathematical function was found to characterize the relation between SA and VA over the entire volume range studied. Within the range of normal breaths (80 to 40% TLC) the best fit for n in the function SA = k.VnA was 0.58 for saline-filled lungs (r = 0.93) and 0.33 for air-filled lungs (r = 0.68), suggesting different and complex deflation patterns.", "contents": "Alveolar volume-surface area relation in air- and saline-filled lungs fixed by vascular perfusion. The influence of volume changes and interfacial forces on the geometry of peripheral air spaces was studied in excised rabbit lungs inflated with either air or saline and fixed by vascular perfusion at four points of the deflation limb of the pressure-volume curve corresponding to 100, 80, 60, and 40% of the total lung capacity (TLC). In air-filled lungs pleating and folding of alveolar septa were observed, especially in alveolar corners. However, the alveolar surfaces were smooth, except at low lung volumes where some surface crumpling occurred. In saline-filled lungs pleats were absent; the alveolar surface was irregular at all inflation levels due to undulating walls and bulging capillaries. Morphometry indicated that at all alveolar volumes (VA) the surface areas (SA) were larger in saline- than air-filled lungs. No simple mathematical function was found to characterize the relation between SA and VA over the entire volume range studied. Within the range of normal breaths (80 to 40% TLC) the best fit for n in the function SA = k.VnA was 0.58 for saline-filled lungs (r = 0.93) and 0.33 for air-filled lungs (r = 0.68), suggesting different and complex deflation patterns.", "PMID": 511725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9327", "title": "Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog.", "content": "Neoplasms of the perianal gland are common in the dog, particularly the male. Adenomas of the gland develop about 4.5 times more often than do carcinomas of the gland. The adenoma is hormone dependent; thus, castration without excision of the tumor has been successful in promoting regression without recurrence. Microscopic examination of the testes from dogs with perianal gland neoplasms has revealed 1 in 10 with tubular atrophy and 1 in 3 with testicular neoplasia. Interstitial cell tumors have been seen more often than other cell types of testis tumors.", "contents": "Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog. Neoplasms of the perianal gland are common in the dog, particularly the male. Adenomas of the gland develop about 4.5 times more often than do carcinomas of the gland. The adenoma is hormone dependent; thus, castration without excision of the tumor has been successful in promoting regression without recurrence. Microscopic examination of the testes from dogs with perianal gland neoplasms has revealed 1 in 10 with tubular atrophy and 1 in 3 with testicular neoplasia. Interstitial cell tumors have been seen more often than other cell types of testis tumors.", "PMID": 511727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9328", "title": "Treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumor in a dog.", "content": "A 10-year-old female dog with endocrine abnormalities and abdominal distention was found to have a functional ovarian tumor. Exploratory laparotomy and histologic examination of excised specimens led to a diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor with widespread metastasis. The prognosis appeared grave because tumor tissue remained on the liver and parietal peritoneum. An immunotherapeutic regimen was instituted and was continued for 4 months. The dog appeared to be free of disease on periodic examinations and continued to do well 2 years after diagnosis and surgery.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumor in a dog. A 10-year-old female dog with endocrine abnormalities and abdominal distention was found to have a functional ovarian tumor. Exploratory laparotomy and histologic examination of excised specimens led to a diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor with widespread metastasis. The prognosis appeared grave because tumor tissue remained on the liver and parietal peritoneum. An immunotherapeutic regimen was instituted and was continued for 4 months. The dog appeared to be free of disease on periodic examinations and continued to do well 2 years after diagnosis and surgery.", "PMID": 511728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9329", "title": "Myopathy associated with  hyperadrenocorticism in the dog.", "content": "Naturally occurring or iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism was associated with myopathy in six dogs. One dog had muscle weakness and muscle atrophy but normal electromyographic findings. Five dogs had muscle stiffness, proximal appendicular muscle enlargement, and myotonic discharges on electromyography. Histologic, electron microscopic, and histochemical findings in the musculature of dogs that were examined were characteristic of noninflammatory degenerative myopathy. Clinical signs of the myopathy improved to varying degrees in five dogs that were treated for the hyperadrenocorticism.", "contents": "Myopathy associated with  hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. Naturally occurring or iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism was associated with myopathy in six dogs. One dog had muscle weakness and muscle atrophy but normal electromyographic findings. Five dogs had muscle stiffness, proximal appendicular muscle enlargement, and myotonic discharges on electromyography. Histologic, electron microscopic, and histochemical findings in the musculature of dogs that were examined were characteristic of noninflammatory degenerative myopathy. Clinical signs of the myopathy improved to varying degrees in five dogs that were treated for the hyperadrenocorticism.", "PMID": 511731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9330", "title": "Neurologic complications of IgA multiple myeloma associated with cryoglobulinemia in a dog.", "content": "A diagnosis of vertebral multiple myeloma, based on radiographic evidence of osteolytic lesions and the finding of monoclonal paraprotein and large numbers of plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies, was made in a mature Doberman Pinscher. The abnormal serum paraprotein was a cryoglobulin of the immunoglobulin A class. Neurologic signs associated with the tumor included pain, progressive pelvic limb paresis, and paraplegia that developed during a 6-week period.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of IgA multiple myeloma associated with cryoglobulinemia in a dog. A diagnosis of vertebral multiple myeloma, based on radiographic evidence of osteolytic lesions and the finding of monoclonal paraprotein and large numbers of plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies, was made in a mature Doberman Pinscher. The abnormal serum paraprotein was a cryoglobulin of the immunoglobulin A class. Neurologic signs associated with the tumor included pain, progressive pelvic limb paresis, and paraplegia that developed during a 6-week period.", "PMID": 511733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9331", "title": "Factor IX deficiency in an Alaskan Malamute.", "content": "Factor IX deficiency, consistent with hemophilia B, was detected in a 6-month old male Alaskan Malamute with a 2-week history of persistent oozing from an oral wound. Laboratory studies disclosed an intrinsic coagulation defect. Hemophilia A was initially suspected. Further evaluation demonstrated normal factor VIII activity and factor VIII-related antigen, but factor IX activity was only 1.3% of normal.", "contents": "Factor IX deficiency in an Alaskan Malamute. Factor IX deficiency, consistent with hemophilia B, was detected in a 6-month old male Alaskan Malamute with a 2-week history of persistent oozing from an oral wound. Laboratory studies disclosed an intrinsic coagulation defect. Hemophilia A was initially suspected. Further evaluation demonstrated normal factor VIII activity and factor VIII-related antigen, but factor IX activity was only 1.3% of normal.", "PMID": 511734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9332", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia in goats.", "content": "Of six goats with polioencephalomalacia, three responded to thiamin therapy, whereas three died 2 to 7 days after onset of signs. The goats were 2 months to 2 1/2 years old. They were affected during the winter or early spring, and concentrate feeding was a prominent part of the history. Transketolase activity values were obtained from two affected goats and from nine controls. The affected goats had lower transketolase activity than any of the controls.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia in goats. Of six goats with polioencephalomalacia, three responded to thiamin therapy, whereas three died 2 to 7 days after onset of signs. The goats were 2 months to 2 1/2 years old. They were affected during the winter or early spring, and concentrate feeding was a prominent part of the history. Transketolase activity values were obtained from two affected goats and from nine controls. The affected goats had lower transketolase activity than any of the controls.", "PMID": 511735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9333", "title": "Estimation of economic loss associated with anaplasmosis in California beef cattle.", "content": "On the basis of questionnaire surveys and personal interviews with veterinarians, ranchers, and livestock farm advisors, the seriousness of anaplasmosis in California was determined. In 1976, the economic loss due to anaplasmosis in the study sample of beef cattle was $2,203,150. When inferences were made from the sample population to include the whole population of beef cattle, this loss was estimated to be $5,244,319. These values were in contrast to a farm advisors' estimate of $11 million loss due to anaplasmosis, which was included in a total estimated loss of $300 million due to all livestock diseases of economic importance in California. It appeared that anaplasmosis, although having a substantial economic impact in California, is not as economically devastating as it was once thought to be. It was concluded that private programs currently in use (vaccination and treatment) are sufficient to control anaplasmosis.", "contents": "Estimation of economic loss associated with anaplasmosis in California beef cattle. On the basis of questionnaire surveys and personal interviews with veterinarians, ranchers, and livestock farm advisors, the seriousness of anaplasmosis in California was determined. In 1976, the economic loss due to anaplasmosis in the study sample of beef cattle was $2,203,150. When inferences were made from the sample population to include the whole population of beef cattle, this loss was estimated to be $5,244,319. These values were in contrast to a farm advisors' estimate of $11 million loss due to anaplasmosis, which was included in a total estimated loss of $300 million due to all livestock diseases of economic importance in California. It appeared that anaplasmosis, although having a substantial economic impact in California, is not as economically devastating as it was once thought to be. It was concluded that private programs currently in use (vaccination and treatment) are sufficient to control anaplasmosis.", "PMID": 511736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9334", "title": "A review of third phalanx fractures in the horse: sixty-five cases.", "content": "Sixty-five cases of third phalanx (P3) fracture were retrieved from 20,638 case records at Michigan State University's Veterinary Clinical Center between Feb 1, 1964 and July 1, 1977. The fractures were classified by anatomic location, using a numbering system. Data from case records indicated the most common P3 fracture involved the articular surface of the coffin joint (53 of 65 cases; 81.5%). The greatest occurrence of P3 fracture was in Standardbreds (31 of 65 cases). Thirty-three of the 65 fractures were in geldings of all breeds; 57 of the cases were distributed among racing horses of four breeds; and the mean ages at time of fracture for these groups were 4.9 to 5.3 years. The most common cause of P3 fracture was racing injury. Of 57 P3 fractures of the forelimb, 51 (89.5%) involved the lateral aspect of the left limb or medial aspect of the right limb--the part of each foot supporting most of the horse's weight in turns, while racing counterclockwise. Methods and response of treatment were evaluated by questionnaires obtained from 31 of the 65 owners. This questionnaire solicited information from owners and trainers as to: (1) cause, (2) treatment, (3) outcome, and (4) the use of the horse. Results were tabulated for: (1) questionnaire information obtained, (2) a classification system for P3 fractures, based on the anatomic location of the fracture, and (3) distribution of fractures between limbs and position (medial vs lateral) within limbs.", "contents": "A review of third phalanx fractures in the horse: sixty-five cases. Sixty-five cases of third phalanx (P3) fracture were retrieved from 20,638 case records at Michigan State University's Veterinary Clinical Center between Feb 1, 1964 and July 1, 1977. The fractures were classified by anatomic location, using a numbering system. Data from case records indicated the most common P3 fracture involved the articular surface of the coffin joint (53 of 65 cases; 81.5%). The greatest occurrence of P3 fracture was in Standardbreds (31 of 65 cases). Thirty-three of the 65 fractures were in geldings of all breeds; 57 of the cases were distributed among racing horses of four breeds; and the mean ages at time of fracture for these groups were 4.9 to 5.3 years. The most common cause of P3 fracture was racing injury. Of 57 P3 fractures of the forelimb, 51 (89.5%) involved the lateral aspect of the left limb or medial aspect of the right limb--the part of each foot supporting most of the horse's weight in turns, while racing counterclockwise. Methods and response of treatment were evaluated by questionnaires obtained from 31 of the 65 owners. This questionnaire solicited information from owners and trainers as to: (1) cause, (2) treatment, (3) outcome, and (4) the use of the horse. Results were tabulated for: (1) questionnaire information obtained, (2) a classification system for P3 fractures, based on the anatomic location of the fracture, and (3) distribution of fractures between limbs and position (medial vs lateral) within limbs.", "PMID": 511737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9335", "title": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs.", "content": "Methemoglobinemia developed in three dogs after the owners' use of benzocaine-containing products for topical treatment of the dogs' pruritic skin conditions. The products were intended for use in man. In two of the dogs, clinical signs of shock were observed within a few hours after the application of a skin lotion containing 5% benzocaine. Methemoglobin was assayed in one case and found to be 51% of total hemoglobin. Both dogs recovered after whole blood transfusions were given. The third dog, which had been treated for several weeks with small amounts of an anesthetic aerosol containing 20% benzocaine, was anorectic and lethargic when examined. Methemoglobin content was 30%, and Heinz bodies were observed in 20% of the erythrocytes. The methemoglobin content and proportion of Heinz bodies decreased rapidly after use of the spray was discontinued. The two benzocaine-containing products incriminated in development of the methemoglobinemia did not induce measurable increases in methemoglobin content in clinically normal dogs, when applied to unbroken skin. Small increases in methemoglobin content were measured, however, when these products were given orally to clinically normal dogs. It was concluded that the skin lesions in the three clinically affected dogs enhanced absorption of the drug, resulting in methemoglobin formation.", "contents": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs. Methemoglobinemia developed in three dogs after the owners' use of benzocaine-containing products for topical treatment of the dogs' pruritic skin conditions. The products were intended for use in man. In two of the dogs, clinical signs of shock were observed within a few hours after the application of a skin lotion containing 5% benzocaine. Methemoglobin was assayed in one case and found to be 51% of total hemoglobin. Both dogs recovered after whole blood transfusions were given. The third dog, which had been treated for several weeks with small amounts of an anesthetic aerosol containing 20% benzocaine, was anorectic and lethargic when examined. Methemoglobin content was 30%, and Heinz bodies were observed in 20% of the erythrocytes. The methemoglobin content and proportion of Heinz bodies decreased rapidly after use of the spray was discontinued. The two benzocaine-containing products incriminated in development of the methemoglobinemia did not induce measurable increases in methemoglobin content in clinically normal dogs, when applied to unbroken skin. Small increases in methemoglobin content were measured, however, when these products were given orally to clinically normal dogs. It was concluded that the skin lesions in the three clinically affected dogs enhanced absorption of the drug, resulting in methemoglobin formation.", "PMID": 511741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9336", "title": "Cataracts in Chesapeake Bay Retrievers.", "content": "Cataracts developed in 13 of 27 related Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. The posterior pole, \"Y\" sutures, and equatorial cortices of the lens were predominantly affected. In one affected dog, the cataracts had progressed to hypermaturity, permitting restoration of vision. The trait was believed to be dominant, with incomplete penetrance.", "contents": "Cataracts in Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. Cataracts developed in 13 of 27 related Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. The posterior pole, \"Y\" sutures, and equatorial cortices of the lens were predominantly affected. In one affected dog, the cataracts had progressed to hypermaturity, permitting restoration of vision. The trait was believed to be dominant, with incomplete penetrance.", "PMID": 511742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9337", "title": "Radiographic findings in induced bacterial pyelonephritis in dogs.", "content": "Unilateral bacterial pyelonephritis was induced in nine dogs. The upper urinary tracts of these and six control dogs were evaluated by excretory urography prior to and 9 to 10 days following experimental manipulations. Two of the dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis and one control dog were evaluated at intervals throughout a 58-day period. At necropsy, all nine inoculated kidneys were infected, one experimental dog had bilateral pyelonephritis, and one control dog had unilateral pyelonephritis. Most of the infected kidneys had abnormal radiographic changes 9 to 10 days after induction of infection. There was no statistically significant radiographic change in size of infected kidneys at 9 to 10 days. Seven of the 11 infected kidneys and 7 of the 9 inoculated kidneys had renal pelvic and ureteral dilatation. Of the nine dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis, six had decreased opacity of contrast medium in the collecting system and of the vascular nephrogram on the infected side. The size of infected kidneys decreased progressively during the 58-day period. In one of the two dogs evaluated throughout the period, the collecting system of the infected kidney remained dilated; in the other, it returned toward normal size.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in induced bacterial pyelonephritis in dogs. Unilateral bacterial pyelonephritis was induced in nine dogs. The upper urinary tracts of these and six control dogs were evaluated by excretory urography prior to and 9 to 10 days following experimental manipulations. Two of the dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis and one control dog were evaluated at intervals throughout a 58-day period. At necropsy, all nine inoculated kidneys were infected, one experimental dog had bilateral pyelonephritis, and one control dog had unilateral pyelonephritis. Most of the infected kidneys had abnormal radiographic changes 9 to 10 days after induction of infection. There was no statistically significant radiographic change in size of infected kidneys at 9 to 10 days. Seven of the 11 infected kidneys and 7 of the 9 inoculated kidneys had renal pelvic and ureteral dilatation. Of the nine dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis, six had decreased opacity of contrast medium in the collecting system and of the vascular nephrogram on the infected side. The size of infected kidneys decreased progressively during the 58-day period. In one of the two dogs evaluated throughout the period, the collecting system of the infected kidney remained dilated; in the other, it returned toward normal size.", "PMID": 511744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9338", "title": "Surgical repair of fractured capital femoral epiphysis in three foals.", "content": "Fracture of the capital femoral epiphysis occurred in three foals. One fracture was repaired by means of pinning under radiographic control and the two other fractures were repaired by means of trochanteric osteotomy.", "contents": "Surgical repair of fractured capital femoral epiphysis in three foals. Fracture of the capital femoral epiphysis occurred in three foals. One fracture was repaired by means of pinning under radiographic control and the two other fractures were repaired by means of trochanteric osteotomy.", "PMID": 511745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9339", "title": "Repair of incisional hernias in the horse.", "content": "Incisional abdominal hernias in three horses were repaired, using synthetic mesh with a fascial flap overlay. The repair of large ventral abdominal hernias of horses can be accomplished by using synthetic mesh that is sutured across the defect. This material can be placed subperitoneally, retroperitoneal but subfascial, retrofascial and subfascial, or retroperitoneal but subfascial with a fascial overlay. Advantages of using this material are that it can be used for repair of large hernias, it is easy to apply, it is strong and flexible, and it is less likely to be rejected, when compared with other synthetic materials.", "contents": "Repair of incisional hernias in the horse. Incisional abdominal hernias in three horses were repaired, using synthetic mesh with a fascial flap overlay. The repair of large ventral abdominal hernias of horses can be accomplished by using synthetic mesh that is sutured across the defect. This material can be placed subperitoneally, retroperitoneal but subfascial, retrofascial and subfascial, or retroperitoneal but subfascial with a fascial overlay. Advantages of using this material are that it can be used for repair of large hernias, it is easy to apply, it is strong and flexible, and it is less likely to be rejected, when compared with other synthetic materials.", "PMID": 511746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9340", "title": "Intoxication of dogs with the mycotoxin penitrem A.", "content": "Mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of moldy cream cheese was suspected in two dogs with severe muscle tremors and generalized seizures. Penicillium crustosum and its toxin, penitrem A, were isolated from the moldy cream cheese.", "contents": "Intoxication of dogs with the mycotoxin penitrem A. Mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of moldy cream cheese was suspected in two dogs with severe muscle tremors and generalized seizures. Penicillium crustosum and its toxin, penitrem A, were isolated from the moldy cream cheese.", "PMID": 511750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9341", "title": "Congenital elbow luxation in the dog.", "content": "Four cases of bilateral and two cases of unilateral congenital elbow luxation in the dog were reviewed. In all cases, lameness was severe, osseous abnormalities were marked, and the dislocations primarily involved the humeroulnar articulation. Treatment consisted of closed reduction and external support in one dog and surgical reduction and stabilization in four dogs. One dog died before surgery could  be performed. Treatment resulted in return of function to the affected limbs, even though osseous abnormalities and varying degrees of malarticulation persisted. Posttreatment observations, for as long as 4 years, demonstrated the persistence of near normal function of the limbs and minimal elbow deformity.", "contents": "Congenital elbow luxation in the dog. Four cases of bilateral and two cases of unilateral congenital elbow luxation in the dog were reviewed. In all cases, lameness was severe, osseous abnormalities were marked, and the dislocations primarily involved the humeroulnar articulation. Treatment consisted of closed reduction and external support in one dog and surgical reduction and stabilization in four dogs. One dog died before surgery could  be performed. Treatment resulted in return of function to the affected limbs, even though osseous abnormalities and varying degrees of malarticulation persisted. Posttreatment observations, for as long as 4 years, demonstrated the persistence of near normal function of the limbs and minimal elbow deformity.", "PMID": 511752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9342", "title": "Effect of atropine on tear formation in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Tear production (as determined by the Schirmer I tear test) in five dogs given atropine (0.02 mg/kg) subcutaneously and in five dogs given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously was compared before and during halothane anesthesia. Fifteen minutes after the atropine injections, mean tear production was 15.0 +/- 2.9 mm/minute, as compared with 23.8 +/- 2.9 mm/minute before treatment rate. There was no change in tearing 15 minutes after injection of the saline solution. Tear production declined in both groups during anesthesia. Ten minutes after anesthetic induction, mean tear formation was 20% of pretreatment value in the atropinized dogs and 54% of the pretreatment value in the dogs given saline solution. At the end of 1 hour of anesthesia, tearing was essentially zero in both groups.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on tear formation in anesthetized dogs. Tear production (as determined by the Schirmer I tear test) in five dogs given atropine (0.02 mg/kg) subcutaneously and in five dogs given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously was compared before and during halothane anesthesia. Fifteen minutes after the atropine injections, mean tear production was 15.0 +/- 2.9 mm/minute, as compared with 23.8 +/- 2.9 mm/minute before treatment rate. There was no change in tearing 15 minutes after injection of the saline solution. Tear production declined in both groups during anesthesia. Ten minutes after anesthetic induction, mean tear formation was 20% of pretreatment value in the atropinized dogs and 54% of the pretreatment value in the dogs given saline solution. At the end of 1 hour of anesthesia, tearing was essentially zero in both groups.", "PMID": 511754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9343", "title": "Ocular manifestations of the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome in four species of animals.", "content": "Ocular examinations were performed on cattle, cats, mink, and mice affected with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Bovine eyes were examined grossly and with an indirect ophthalmoscope, and Schirmer tear tests were performed. Feline eyes were examined grossly as well as with an indirect opthalmoscope and a slit lamp biomicroscope, and Schirmer tear tests were done on them. Postrotatory nystagmus was induced and measured in clinically normal Siamese cats, in clinically normal Persian and domestic short-haired cats, and in cats with CHS. Mink and mouse eyes were examined grossly with focal illumination. The animals with CHS had photophobia, pale irises, and fundic hypopigmentation associated with red fundic light reflections. Cats with CHS also had cataracts. Spontaneous nystagmus was observed in four of nine cats with CHS, and the duration of induced nystagmus was longer in the cats with CHS and in Siamese cats than in clinically normal cats that were not Siamese. Tear secretion appeared to be normal in all species of animals with CHS. The ocular manifestations of CHS in these animals were compared with those reported in man and were found to be similar.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome in four species of animals. Ocular examinations were performed on cattle, cats, mink, and mice affected with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Bovine eyes were examined grossly and with an indirect ophthalmoscope, and Schirmer tear tests were performed. Feline eyes were examined grossly as well as with an indirect opthalmoscope and a slit lamp biomicroscope, and Schirmer tear tests were done on them. Postrotatory nystagmus was induced and measured in clinically normal Siamese cats, in clinically normal Persian and domestic short-haired cats, and in cats with CHS. Mink and mouse eyes were examined grossly with focal illumination. The animals with CHS had photophobia, pale irises, and fundic hypopigmentation associated with red fundic light reflections. Cats with CHS also had cataracts. Spontaneous nystagmus was observed in four of nine cats with CHS, and the duration of induced nystagmus was longer in the cats with CHS and in Siamese cats than in clinically normal cats that were not Siamese. Tear secretion appeared to be normal in all species of animals with CHS. The ocular manifestations of CHS in these animals were compared with those reported in man and were found to be similar.", "PMID": 511755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9344", "title": "The origin of the neural macrophage: a quantitative ultrastructural study of cell population changes during Wallerian degeneration.", "content": "The changes that follow a localised crush injury to the rat sural nerve have been used to study endoneurial populations during Wallerian degeneration. The removal of products of degeneration, and in particular myelin debris, is accomplished by globule-laden cells which appear in the endoneurium during the first few days of repair. The origin of these cells has been investigated using a quantitative ultrastructural technique. Serial planimetric measurements of all populations, identifiable in terms of criteria that did not pre-judge their true nature, were made at intervals over a period of 15 days. Cell counts obtained immediately below the site of injury and 1 and 3 cm distally were compared, and graphs of endoneurial population changes constructed from these measurements. Additional descriptive evidence was invoked to assist in establishing the actual identity of the extratubal vacuolated cells which had been classified and measured empirically. Comparing the changes in the number of these cells with that of the intratubal vascuolated cell population, and taking account of the presence of immature macrophages in both proximal and distal situations, lead to the conclusion that the extratubal vacuolated cells are mostly derived from the bloodstream, the rest being of local intratubal origin. There was no evidence to support the notion that Schwann cells transform into macrophages.", "contents": "The origin of the neural macrophage: a quantitative ultrastructural study of cell population changes during Wallerian degeneration. The changes that follow a localised crush injury to the rat sural nerve have been used to study endoneurial populations during Wallerian degeneration. The removal of products of degeneration, and in particular myelin debris, is accomplished by globule-laden cells which appear in the endoneurium during the first few days of repair. The origin of these cells has been investigated using a quantitative ultrastructural technique. Serial planimetric measurements of all populations, identifiable in terms of criteria that did not pre-judge their true nature, were made at intervals over a period of 15 days. Cell counts obtained immediately below the site of injury and 1 and 3 cm distally were compared, and graphs of endoneurial population changes constructed from these measurements. Additional descriptive evidence was invoked to assist in establishing the actual identity of the extratubal vacuolated cells which had been classified and measured empirically. Comparing the changes in the number of these cells with that of the intratubal vascuolated cell population, and taking account of the presence of immature macrophages in both proximal and distal situations, lead to the conclusion that the extratubal vacuolated cells are mostly derived from the bloodstream, the rest being of local intratubal origin. There was no evidence to support the notion that Schwann cells transform into macrophages.", "PMID": 511756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9345", "title": "The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat, with a note on its dorsal extension into the cerebellum.", "content": "The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat has been studied in Nissl preparations: It is similar, in shape and position, to its counterpart in cats and monkeys. A dorsal extension of the nucleus into the cerebellum has been described for the first time. Two types of neurons, large multipolar and small, have been demonstrated histologically, and their significance correlated with available neurophysiological information.", "contents": "The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat, with a note on its dorsal extension into the cerebellum. The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat has been studied in Nissl preparations: It is similar, in shape and position, to its counterpart in cats and monkeys. A dorsal extension of the nucleus into the cerebellum has been described for the first time. Two types of neurons, large multipolar and small, have been demonstrated histologically, and their significance correlated with available neurophysiological information.", "PMID": 511757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9346", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of the ox, sheep and goat during sweating and recovery.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of cattle, sheep and goats was studied before, during, and after, exposure of the animals to controlled warm environments. In cattle, sweating induced little ultrastructural change in the gland, although fluid-filled spaces appeared between the myo- and secretory epithelial layers. The mechanism appears to be one of fluid transport and exocytosis of secretory vesicles, which in this species seem to be derived from the Golgi apparatus and/or mitochondria. The glands of the sheep and goat also displayed signs of vesicle exocytosis and of fluid transport during sweating. The sweating 'fatigue' in these species was apparently due to failure of the secretory cells, some of which ruptured and were extruded into the lumen. The evidence during subsequent recovery indicates that neighbouring cells spread to make contact, encase remnants of atretic cells between them and the underlying myoepithelium, and engulf them. Sweat in these species appears to be formed (a) by secretion and (b) from cells which can no longer meet the demands of stimulation. The role in sweating of cell replacement, and of undifferentiated cells found between the myo- and secretory epithelia, is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of the ox, sheep and goat during sweating and recovery. The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of cattle, sheep and goats was studied before, during, and after, exposure of the animals to controlled warm environments. In cattle, sweating induced little ultrastructural change in the gland, although fluid-filled spaces appeared between the myo- and secretory epithelial layers. The mechanism appears to be one of fluid transport and exocytosis of secretory vesicles, which in this species seem to be derived from the Golgi apparatus and/or mitochondria. The glands of the sheep and goat also displayed signs of vesicle exocytosis and of fluid transport during sweating. The sweating 'fatigue' in these species was apparently due to failure of the secretory cells, some of which ruptured and were extruded into the lumen. The evidence during subsequent recovery indicates that neighbouring cells spread to make contact, encase remnants of atretic cells between them and the underlying myoepithelium, and engulf them. Sweat in these species appears to be formed (a) by secretion and (b) from cells which can no longer meet the demands of stimulation. The role in sweating of cell replacement, and of undifferentiated cells found between the myo- and secretory epithelia, is discussed.", "PMID": 511758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9347", "title": "Evidence for autonomic paraneurons in sympathetic ganglia of a shrew (Tupaia glis).", "content": "The morphological relationships between blood vessels and the small monoamine-storing cells have been studied in the superior sympathetic ganglia of Tupaia. Substantial clusters of these cells were found to be associated anatomically with vascular loops or glomeruli. Blood from these glomeruli enters the capillary bed that supplies principal ganglionic neurons. Thus the vascular path for catecholamine transportation is rather clearly defined in Tupaia, providing new morphological evidence for the existence of a portal system for conveying catecholamine from clusters of paraneurons to principal ganglionic neurons. On the basis of vesicle criteria, two populations of small, granule-containing cell were distinguished, and both were encountered in the same cluster. On the basis of fluorescence microscopy, the relatively small number (14.3%) of solitary SIF cells may be true interneurons because, although there has been no electron microscopic identification of efferent synapses, their processes are much longer than those of the paraneurons.", "contents": "Evidence for autonomic paraneurons in sympathetic ganglia of a shrew (Tupaia glis). The morphological relationships between blood vessels and the small monoamine-storing cells have been studied in the superior sympathetic ganglia of Tupaia. Substantial clusters of these cells were found to be associated anatomically with vascular loops or glomeruli. Blood from these glomeruli enters the capillary bed that supplies principal ganglionic neurons. Thus the vascular path for catecholamine transportation is rather clearly defined in Tupaia, providing new morphological evidence for the existence of a portal system for conveying catecholamine from clusters of paraneurons to principal ganglionic neurons. On the basis of vesicle criteria, two populations of small, granule-containing cell were distinguished, and both were encountered in the same cluster. On the basis of fluorescence microscopy, the relatively small number (14.3%) of solitary SIF cells may be true interneurons because, although there has been no electron microscopic identification of efferent synapses, their processes are much longer than those of the paraneurons.", "PMID": 511759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9348", "title": "Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off.", "content": "The calcaneocuboid joint was studied in ligamentous specimens of ten human feet, and in skeletons of two gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), three orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 25 human feet. The movement of the transverse tarsal joint was further studied in a living foot on a walk-way with a glass plate inserted, and with an underlying mirror. In man the joint is shaped as an asymmetrical sector of one end of an hour-glass shaped surface of revolution with its main axis oriented longitudinally in the foot. The calcaneocuboid joint becomes close packed by a pronation of the forefoot in relation to the hind foot because of a congruency between the joint surfaces obtained in this position and because the calcaneus overhangs the cuboid dorsally and stops the movement. At low gear push off the foot is inverted and the calcaneocuboid joint loose packed. The stresses are absorbed across the fibular, postaxial border of the foot. At high high gear push off there is a functional pronation of the forefoot with a stabilization of the transverse tarsal joint and a more effective tightening of the plantar aponeurosis. The foot becomes a rigid lever for propulsion. In contrast to the human condition, the anthropoid calcaneus has an anteromedial extension associated with symmetry of the calcaneocuboid joint. The calcaneus does not overhang the cuboid and there appears to be no close packed position. Correspondingly, the anthropoid foot has a mid-tarsal break at each push off in addition to the metatarsophalangeal break.", "contents": "Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off. The calcaneocuboid joint was studied in ligamentous specimens of ten human feet, and in skeletons of two gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), three orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 25 human feet. The movement of the transverse tarsal joint was further studied in a living foot on a walk-way with a glass plate inserted, and with an underlying mirror. In man the joint is shaped as an asymmetrical sector of one end of an hour-glass shaped surface of revolution with its main axis oriented longitudinally in the foot. The calcaneocuboid joint becomes close packed by a pronation of the forefoot in relation to the hind foot because of a congruency between the joint surfaces obtained in this position and because the calcaneus overhangs the cuboid dorsally and stops the movement. At low gear push off the foot is inverted and the calcaneocuboid joint loose packed. The stresses are absorbed across the fibular, postaxial border of the foot. At high high gear push off there is a functional pronation of the forefoot with a stabilization of the transverse tarsal joint and a more effective tightening of the plantar aponeurosis. The foot becomes a rigid lever for propulsion. In contrast to the human condition, the anthropoid calcaneus has an anteromedial extension associated with symmetry of the calcaneocuboid joint. The calcaneus does not overhang the cuboid and there appears to be no close packed position. Correspondingly, the anthropoid foot has a mid-tarsal break at each push off in addition to the metatarsophalangeal break.", "PMID": 511760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9349", "title": "The origin of microglial cells.", "content": "The rat brain has been studied between 6 hours after birth and 100 days, using histochemical techniques for acid phosphatase and peroxidase, and silver impregnation for microglial cells. The results indicate that microglia come initially from acid phosphatase-positive cells of the meninges. These invade the nervous parenchyma and transform into ramified microglia. At 3 days of age similar cells are present on the outer surface of the large blood vessels, from which site they migrate into the nervous parenchyma. In 100 days old rats the acid phosphatase-positive cells are practically all pericytes. None of the microglial cells or their precursors give a positive reaction for peroxidase.", "contents": "The origin of microglial cells. The rat brain has been studied between 6 hours after birth and 100 days, using histochemical techniques for acid phosphatase and peroxidase, and silver impregnation for microglial cells. The results indicate that microglia come initially from acid phosphatase-positive cells of the meninges. These invade the nervous parenchyma and transform into ramified microglia. At 3 days of age similar cells are present on the outer surface of the large blood vessels, from which site they migrate into the nervous parenchyma. In 100 days old rats the acid phosphatase-positive cells are practically all pericytes. None of the microglial cells or their precursors give a positive reaction for peroxidase.", "PMID": 511761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9350", "title": "Metrial gland cells in deciduomata of pseudopregnancy.", "content": "Light and electron microscope studies were carried out on the metrial gland cells of deciduomata of pseudopregnancy in the rat. At the light microscope level these cells were characterised by a comparatively pale staining cytoplasm with numerous glycoprotein granules. Some also had extensive cytoplasmic deposits of glycogen. In electron micrographs the metrial gland cell cytoplasm as a whole was much less electron-dense than that of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of mitochondria, and an extensive Golgi network. The metrial gland cells were roughly spherical in appearance, with irregular surface projections. In all these features, and in the sequence of their appearance, first in the decidua basalis, and later in the mesometrial triangle, the granulated metrial gland cells of deciduomata resembled the metrial gland cells of pregnancy. In addition to granulated metrial gland cells, decidual cells and fibroblasts, a number of other cell types were identified. These cells could be placed in a series, with each member of the series minimally different in morphological appearances from its neighbours. It is proposed that the series represents the differentiation of granulated metrial gland cells, in situ, from lymphocyte-like cells. The differentiation from a lymphocyte precursor appears to follow a sequence in deciduomata formation similar to that previously described in pregnancy.", "contents": "Metrial gland cells in deciduomata of pseudopregnancy. Light and electron microscope studies were carried out on the metrial gland cells of deciduomata of pseudopregnancy in the rat. At the light microscope level these cells were characterised by a comparatively pale staining cytoplasm with numerous glycoprotein granules. Some also had extensive cytoplasmic deposits of glycogen. In electron micrographs the metrial gland cell cytoplasm as a whole was much less electron-dense than that of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of mitochondria, and an extensive Golgi network. The metrial gland cells were roughly spherical in appearance, with irregular surface projections. In all these features, and in the sequence of their appearance, first in the decidua basalis, and later in the mesometrial triangle, the granulated metrial gland cells of deciduomata resembled the metrial gland cells of pregnancy. In addition to granulated metrial gland cells, decidual cells and fibroblasts, a number of other cell types were identified. These cells could be placed in a series, with each member of the series minimally different in morphological appearances from its neighbours. It is proposed that the series represents the differentiation of granulated metrial gland cells, in situ, from lymphocyte-like cells. The differentiation from a lymphocyte precursor appears to follow a sequence in deciduomata formation similar to that previously described in pregnancy.", "PMID": 511767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9351", "title": "A semithin light microscopic, transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic study of macrophages in the lateral ventricle of mice from embryonic to adult life.", "content": "A developmental study of intraventricular macrophages was carried out from 11 days post-conception up to 90 days post-natum, using semithin sections, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In semithin sections and in the TEM three main morphological types (and some transitional forms) were identified and are described as circular, irregular and flattened, respectively. In the SEM three corresponding types were identified, a relatively smooth spherical type, a highly ruffled type and a fairly smooth flattened type. A fourth, multi-blebbed type, was occasionally seen in late prenatal and early postnatal mice. It seemed most likely that these cells were mitotic. The likely sequence of development is that the spherical or circular type is the most primitive, although capable of phagocytosis; and that this differentiates into the ruffled or irregular variety, which in turn differentiates into the flattened type, which is by far the most common type found after birth.", "contents": "A semithin light microscopic, transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic study of macrophages in the lateral ventricle of mice from embryonic to adult life. A developmental study of intraventricular macrophages was carried out from 11 days post-conception up to 90 days post-natum, using semithin sections, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In semithin sections and in the TEM three main morphological types (and some transitional forms) were identified and are described as circular, irregular and flattened, respectively. In the SEM three corresponding types were identified, a relatively smooth spherical type, a highly ruffled type and a fairly smooth flattened type. A fourth, multi-blebbed type, was occasionally seen in late prenatal and early postnatal mice. It seemed most likely that these cells were mitotic. The likely sequence of development is that the spherical or circular type is the most primitive, although capable of phagocytosis; and that this differentiates into the ruffled or irregular variety, which in turn differentiates into the flattened type, which is by far the most common type found after birth.", "PMID": 511769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9352", "title": "Morphometric observations on the kidney of the camel, Camelus dromedarius.", "content": "Morphometric analysis of the kidney of the camel was carried out on gross slices and histological sections using standard morphometric methods. The renal cortex occupied about 50% by volume of the kidney, and the ratio of the thickness of the medulla to that of the cortex was about 4:1. The relative thickness of the medulla was about 7.89. This parameter is an indicator of the lengths of the loops of Henle and vasa recta, and, according to the countercurrent theory, is consequently an indicator of the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In each kidney the volume and surface area of the cortical tubules and the number of glomeruli were determined and compared with these parameters in some other mammals. In addition the architectures of the renal pelvis and medulla and their significance in relation to the excretion of hypertonic urine were discussed. It was concluded that the kidney of the camel possesses the anatomical requisites for the production of hypertonic urine.", "contents": "Morphometric observations on the kidney of the camel, Camelus dromedarius. Morphometric analysis of the kidney of the camel was carried out on gross slices and histological sections using standard morphometric methods. The renal cortex occupied about 50% by volume of the kidney, and the ratio of the thickness of the medulla to that of the cortex was about 4:1. The relative thickness of the medulla was about 7.89. This parameter is an indicator of the lengths of the loops of Henle and vasa recta, and, according to the countercurrent theory, is consequently an indicator of the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In each kidney the volume and surface area of the cortical tubules and the number of glomeruli were determined and compared with these parameters in some other mammals. In addition the architectures of the renal pelvis and medulla and their significance in relation to the excretion of hypertonic urine were discussed. It was concluded that the kidney of the camel possesses the anatomical requisites for the production of hypertonic urine.", "PMID": 511770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9353", "title": "Changes in the surface fine structure of rat third ventricular ependyma following chronic acetazolamide treatment.", "content": "Participation of non-choroidal elements, particularly of ventricular ependyma, in CSF production is well recognized. The present investigation is an attempt to elucidate possible surface changes in the ventricular lining following chronic acetazolamide administration in the rat. A progressive time-dependent change was observed in the ependyma of the third ventricle. In the dorsal ciliated zone the appearance of dilatations and surface evaginations on cilial shafts were the predominent features. The ventral non-cilated area was characterized by eruption of blebs and microvilli with apical swellings. The significance of these surface fine structural changes are discussed in the light of available studies. It appears that the ependyma is stimulated into increased activity. However, the precise nature of such a response--whether secretory or absorptive--must remain conjectural until correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopic data become available.", "contents": "Changes in the surface fine structure of rat third ventricular ependyma following chronic acetazolamide treatment. Participation of non-choroidal elements, particularly of ventricular ependyma, in CSF production is well recognized. The present investigation is an attempt to elucidate possible surface changes in the ventricular lining following chronic acetazolamide administration in the rat. A progressive time-dependent change was observed in the ependyma of the third ventricle. In the dorsal ciliated zone the appearance of dilatations and surface evaginations on cilial shafts were the predominent features. The ventral non-cilated area was characterized by eruption of blebs and microvilli with apical swellings. The significance of these surface fine structural changes are discussed in the light of available studies. It appears that the ependyma is stimulated into increased activity. However, the precise nature of such a response--whether secretory or absorptive--must remain conjectural until correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopic data become available.", "PMID": 511771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9354", "title": "The distribution of nuclei in imprints of feline osteoclasts.", "content": "Fresh imprints of metaphyseal bone from the femurs of four kittens aged 18 weeks were stained by histochemical methods for succinate, malate, beta-hydroxy butyrate, and glutamate dehydrogenases. In these preparations the unstained nuclei contrasted sharply with the background stained cytoplasm, making possible accurate nucleus counts in intact osteoclasts. The nuclei in 1683 osteoclasts were counted and the data revealed an asymmetric distribution of cells having different numbers of nuclei. The method may be of value in determining the precise significance of osteoclast size in relation to function.", "contents": "The distribution of nuclei in imprints of feline osteoclasts. Fresh imprints of metaphyseal bone from the femurs of four kittens aged 18 weeks were stained by histochemical methods for succinate, malate, beta-hydroxy butyrate, and glutamate dehydrogenases. In these preparations the unstained nuclei contrasted sharply with the background stained cytoplasm, making possible accurate nucleus counts in intact osteoclasts. The nuclei in 1683 osteoclasts were counted and the data revealed an asymmetric distribution of cells having different numbers of nuclei. The method may be of value in determining the precise significance of osteoclast size in relation to function.", "PMID": 511772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9355", "title": "Afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in branches of the avian vagus.", "content": "The numbers of afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in the branches of the vagus nerve in the domestic fowl were studied. The vago-glossopharyngeal anastomosis contained large fibres (up to 14 micrometer), the majority of which were efferent. The right recurrent nerve contained more fibres than the left one; in the right recurrent nerve about one third of the myelinated fibres were afferent. Almost all the myelinated fibres in the right cranial cardiac nerve were afferent. About half of those in the pulmono-oesophageal nerve and in the thoracic vagus were afferent.", "contents": "Afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in branches of the avian vagus. The numbers of afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in the branches of the vagus nerve in the domestic fowl were studied. The vago-glossopharyngeal anastomosis contained large fibres (up to 14 micrometer), the majority of which were efferent. The right recurrent nerve contained more fibres than the left one; in the right recurrent nerve about one third of the myelinated fibres were afferent. Almost all the myelinated fibres in the right cranial cardiac nerve were afferent. About half of those in the pulmono-oesophageal nerve and in the thoracic vagus were afferent.", "PMID": 511773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9356", "title": "Quantitative studies of the regeneration of rat myelinated nerve fibres: variations in the number and size of regenerating fibres after repeated localized freezings.", "content": "The number and size of myelinated nerve fibres were determined in the nerve to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles of rats whose left sciatic nerve was repeatedly frozen (one to five times at three weekly intervals). The contralateral nerve was used as a control. Results varied according to the number of freezings performed and, for a given number of freezings, according to the period of regeneration. When measurements were completed 1 month after the last of several localized freezings, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres increased regularly up to the third freezing, reaching to about 220% of the control value, but no higher values were recorded after four or five freezings. The nerve fibre distribution was unimodal in all the nerves studied. The mean diameter of all myelinated fibres decreased with the number of freezings from 50% of the control value after the first to 36% after the fifth. When measurements were made 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the third and final freezing, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres decreased by about 30% between the first and third month and then stabilized at 190% of the control value. Nerve fibre distribution became bimodal from the third month onwards, and the mean diameter of all myelinated fibres increased regularly. However, by the eighteenth month, the size of regenerated myelinated nerve fibres had only reached 70% of the normal contralateral value.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of the regeneration of rat myelinated nerve fibres: variations in the number and size of regenerating fibres after repeated localized freezings. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibres were determined in the nerve to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles of rats whose left sciatic nerve was repeatedly frozen (one to five times at three weekly intervals). The contralateral nerve was used as a control. Results varied according to the number of freezings performed and, for a given number of freezings, according to the period of regeneration. When measurements were completed 1 month after the last of several localized freezings, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres increased regularly up to the third freezing, reaching to about 220% of the control value, but no higher values were recorded after four or five freezings. The nerve fibre distribution was unimodal in all the nerves studied. The mean diameter of all myelinated fibres decreased with the number of freezings from 50% of the control value after the first to 36% after the fifth. When measurements were made 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the third and final freezing, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres decreased by about 30% between the first and third month and then stabilized at 190% of the control value. Nerve fibre distribution became bimodal from the third month onwards, and the mean diameter of all myelinated fibres increased regularly. However, by the eighteenth month, the size of regenerated myelinated nerve fibres had only reached 70% of the normal contralateral value.", "PMID": 511774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9357", "title": "Basic stereological relationships for quantitative microscopical anatomy--a simple systematic approach.", "content": "There exists in the literature a core of formulations regarded as 'the basic stereological principles' for quantifying cell and tissue morphology. They may be used to obtain information relating component volume, surface area, length and number to a specified containing volume (the so-called component densities in a volume: VV, SV, MV and NV). However, principles may also be formulated for relating these component dimensions to a containing surface (SS, MS and NS), containing length (MM and NM) and a containing number (NN). Methods for estimating these previously neglected stereological relations are presented. Possible biological applications of the principles are also discussed.", "contents": "Basic stereological relationships for quantitative microscopical anatomy--a simple systematic approach. There exists in the literature a core of formulations regarded as 'the basic stereological principles' for quantifying cell and tissue morphology. They may be used to obtain information relating component volume, surface area, length and number to a specified containing volume (the so-called component densities in a volume: VV, SV, MV and NV). However, principles may also be formulated for relating these component dimensions to a containing surface (SS, MS and NS), containing length (MM and NM) and a containing number (NN). Methods for estimating these previously neglected stereological relations are presented. Possible biological applications of the principles are also discussed.", "PMID": 511775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9358", "title": "Herbicidins F and G, two new nucleoside antibiotics.", "content": "A mutant of Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075, obtained with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, produced herbicidins F and G without herbicidins A and B. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH. Herbicidin F was obtained as colorless needles after extraction of the eluate using methylene dichloride. Purification of herbicidin G was completed with silica-gel chromatography to give a crystalline powder. physico-chemical characterization revealed that herbicidins F and G were new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. There was no inhibition activity at 100 micrograms/ml of herbicidins F and G against all of bacteria and yeast tested. Herbicidin F, as well as herbicidin G, are inhibitory activity against some of fungi such as Tricophyton rubrum (MIC; 6.25 micrograms/ml), T. asteroides (6.25 micrograms/ml), T. mentagrophytes (6.25 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml), Botrytis cinerea (12.5 micrograms/ml), Blastomyces brasiliensis (12.5 approximately 25 micrograms/ml).", "contents": "Herbicidins F and G, two new nucleoside antibiotics. A mutant of Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075, obtained with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, produced herbicidins F and G without herbicidins A and B. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH. Herbicidin F was obtained as colorless needles after extraction of the eluate using methylene dichloride. Purification of herbicidin G was completed with silica-gel chromatography to give a crystalline powder. physico-chemical characterization revealed that herbicidins F and G were new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. There was no inhibition activity at 100 micrograms/ml of herbicidins F and G against all of bacteria and yeast tested. Herbicidin F, as well as herbicidin G, are inhibitory activity against some of fungi such as Tricophyton rubrum (MIC; 6.25 micrograms/ml), T. asteroides (6.25 micrograms/ml), T. mentagrophytes (6.25 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml), Botrytis cinerea (12.5 micrograms/ml), Blastomyces brasiliensis (12.5 approximately 25 micrograms/ml).", "PMID": 511776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9359", "title": "Fortimicins C, D and KE, new aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "From the fermentation broth of Micromonospora olivoasterospora CS-26 that produced fortimicins A and B three new aminoglycoside antibiotics, fortimicins C, D and KE, were isolated. Fortimicins C and D exhibited potent, broad spectrum antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, while fortimicin KE was only weakly active.", "contents": "Fortimicins C, D and KE, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. From the fermentation broth of Micromonospora olivoasterospora CS-26 that produced fortimicins A and B three new aminoglycoside antibiotics, fortimicins C, D and KE, were isolated. Fortimicins C and D exhibited potent, broad spectrum antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, while fortimicin KE was only weakly active.", "PMID": 511777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9360", "title": "Conglobatin, a novel macrolide dilactone from Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005.", "content": "Fermentation of deposited cultures of Streptomyces conglobatus, known to produce the polyether antibiotic, ionomycin has resulted in the isolation and characterization of a second metabolite, conglobatin (C28H38N2O6). X-Ray analysis revealed a dimeric macrolide dilactone structure for conglobatin, similar to the structures of the mold metabolites vermiculin and pyrenophorin, from which the absolute configuration of conglobatin has been inferred. The dimer consists of two molecules of 7-hydroxy-8-oxazoyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-octenoic acid joined by two ester linkages.", "contents": "Conglobatin, a novel macrolide dilactone from Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005. Fermentation of deposited cultures of Streptomyces conglobatus, known to produce the polyether antibiotic, ionomycin has resulted in the isolation and characterization of a second metabolite, conglobatin (C28H38N2O6). X-Ray analysis revealed a dimeric macrolide dilactone structure for conglobatin, similar to the structures of the mold metabolites vermiculin and pyrenophorin, from which the absolute configuration of conglobatin has been inferred. The dimer consists of two molecules of 7-hydroxy-8-oxazoyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-octenoic acid joined by two ester linkages.", "PMID": 511778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9361", "title": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. III. Chemical structures.", "content": "The structures of deltamycins A1,A2,A3 and A4 belonging to the basic macrolide family of antibiotics were determined mainly from their spectral properties. Deltamycin A4 was identified as carbomycin A having an isovaleryl group on the mycarose moiety of the molecule. Deltamycin A1,A2 and A3 possess similarities to the structure of deltamycin A4, but they have acetyl, propionyl and n-butyryl group, respectively, in the place of isovaleryl group of deltamycin A4. These structures were confirmed by chemical synthesis from deltamycin X (4''-O-deacyldeltamycin) and the corresponding acyl chlorides.", "contents": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. III. Chemical structures. The structures of deltamycins A1,A2,A3 and A4 belonging to the basic macrolide family of antibiotics were determined mainly from their spectral properties. Deltamycin A4 was identified as carbomycin A having an isovaleryl group on the mycarose moiety of the molecule. Deltamycin A1,A2 and A3 possess similarities to the structure of deltamycin A4, but they have acetyl, propionyl and n-butyryl group, respectively, in the place of isovaleryl group of deltamycin A4. These structures were confirmed by chemical synthesis from deltamycin X (4''-O-deacyldeltamycin) and the corresponding acyl chlorides.", "PMID": 511779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9362", "title": "4-N-Aminoacylfortimicins E.", "content": "The conversion of fortimicin E, a minor metabolite from the Micromonospora olivoasterospora fermentation which also produces fortimicin A and fortimicin B, to four 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E was accomplished. The new 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E showed only weak antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms.", "contents": "4-N-Aminoacylfortimicins E. The conversion of fortimicin E, a minor metabolite from the Micromonospora olivoasterospora fermentation which also produces fortimicin A and fortimicin B, to four 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E was accomplished. The new 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E showed only weak antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms.", "PMID": 511780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9363", "title": "New cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins. Chemistry and biological activities.", "content": "The synthesis and the in vitro activity of a number of cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins having 7-acyl substituents derived from 1-methyl-4 (or 5)-nitro-1H-imidazolyl-thioacetic acids are described. The microbiological profile is influenced by the position of both the nitro group and the side-chain sulfur atom on the 1-methyl imidazole, and by the nature of the 3-substituent.", "contents": "New cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins. Chemistry and biological activities. The synthesis and the in vitro activity of a number of cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins having 7-acyl substituents derived from 1-methyl-4 (or 5)-nitro-1H-imidazolyl-thioacetic acids are described. The microbiological profile is influenced by the position of both the nitro group and the side-chain sulfur atom on the 1-methyl imidazole, and by the nature of the 3-substituent.", "PMID": 511781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9364", "title": "Rosamicin, a macrolide with in vitro activity against Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "A new macrolide antibiotic, rosamicin, was shown to have much greater activity in vitro against ureaplasmas isolated from humans than erythromycin or the tetracyclines tested. A marked ureaplasmacidal effect was also shown.", "contents": "Rosamicin, a macrolide with in vitro activity against Ureaplasma urealyticum. A new macrolide antibiotic, rosamicin, was shown to have much greater activity in vitro against ureaplasmas isolated from humans than erythromycin or the tetracyclines tested. A marked ureaplasmacidal effect was also shown.", "PMID": 511782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9365", "title": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 184. On the mode of action of cladosporin.", "content": "Cladosporin, a fungal isocoumarin derivative, strongly inhibits the uptake and thereby the incorporation of uracil and leucine into cells of Bacillus brevis and the incorporation of uridine but not leucine into cells of the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma (ECA) of mice. Normal uptake was not restored by removal of the antibiotic. In cells of Escherichia coli A 19-15 (met-) the inhibition of methionine uptake is associated with the cessation of growth. In a methionine-prototrophic revertant from this organism, the uptake of methionine is still inhibited; growth, however, is hardly affected by cladosporin. In vitro no effect on the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli and on the RNA polymerase II from wheat germ could be detected. The poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis was also not inhibited by cladosporin. It is concluded that cladosporin inhibits uptake processes which, for the case of essential nutrients, leads to loss of viability.", "contents": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 184. On the mode of action of cladosporin. Cladosporin, a fungal isocoumarin derivative, strongly inhibits the uptake and thereby the incorporation of uracil and leucine into cells of Bacillus brevis and the incorporation of uridine but not leucine into cells of the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma (ECA) of mice. Normal uptake was not restored by removal of the antibiotic. In cells of Escherichia coli A 19-15 (met-) the inhibition of methionine uptake is associated with the cessation of growth. In a methionine-prototrophic revertant from this organism, the uptake of methionine is still inhibited; growth, however, is hardly affected by cladosporin. In vitro no effect on the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli and on the RNA polymerase II from wheat germ could be detected. The poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis was also not inhibited by cladosporin. It is concluded that cladosporin inhibits uptake processes which, for the case of essential nutrients, leads to loss of viability.", "PMID": 511784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9366", "title": "FI schedules and persistence at gambling in the U.K. betting office.", "content": "This study reports on the direct observations of customers in two U.K. betting offices gambling on horse and dog races. These observations revealed that bets were more frequently placed in the last minutes just prior to the start (the OFF), and that this was caused by high-frequency gamblers (customers who had eight or more bets in a session) consistently placing their bets in the last two minutes prior to the OFF. Low-frequency gamblers (three or fewer bets/session) avoided this time period placing their bets earlier, or after the OFF, i.e., on a later race. It was argued that the betting behavior of the \"gamblers\" could not be explained either in terms of \"skillful betting\" or solely in terms of variable ratio schedules but was more adequately accounted for in terms of an interval schedule. It was further suggested that time-based schedules might be of heuristic value in generally understanding persistence at gambling while losing.", "contents": "FI schedules and persistence at gambling in the U.K. betting office. This study reports on the direct observations of customers in two U.K. betting offices gambling on horse and dog races. These observations revealed that bets were more frequently placed in the last minutes just prior to the start (the OFF), and that this was caused by high-frequency gamblers (customers who had eight or more bets in a session) consistently placing their bets in the last two minutes prior to the OFF. Low-frequency gamblers (three or fewer bets/session) avoided this time period placing their bets earlier, or after the OFF, i.e., on a later race. It was argued that the betting behavior of the \"gamblers\" could not be explained either in terms of \"skillful betting\" or solely in terms of variable ratio schedules but was more adequately accounted for in terms of an interval schedule. It was further suggested that time-based schedules might be of heuristic value in generally understanding persistence at gambling while losing.", "PMID": 511799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9367", "title": "Operant control of pathological tongue thrust in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "Pathological tongue thrust (reverse swallowing) has been associated with neuromuscular disorders and linked to dental malocclusion, articulation problems, difficulty in eating, and excessive drooling. In this study, observable tongue thrust in a 10-year-old retarded male was modified during mealtime using a procedure consisting of differential reinforcement (presentation of food contingent upon tongue in) and punishment (gently pushing the tongue back into the mouth with a spoon). Results of a reversal design showed substantial decreases in tongue thrust and food expulsion, and a large increase in observed chewing. These data compared favorably with data obtained for other retarded persons not judged to be tongue thrusters; in addition, the objective results of the treatment program were substantiated via pre-post evaluations done by occupational and physical therapists. These findings suggest that operant techniques may be an effective means of treating tongue thrust and its associated problems, and that further development and evaluation of behavioral interventions may provide a desirable alternative to more intrusive surgical or mechanical procedures.", "contents": "Operant control of pathological tongue thrust in spastic cerebral palsy. Pathological tongue thrust (reverse swallowing) has been associated with neuromuscular disorders and linked to dental malocclusion, articulation problems, difficulty in eating, and excessive drooling. In this study, observable tongue thrust in a 10-year-old retarded male was modified during mealtime using a procedure consisting of differential reinforcement (presentation of food contingent upon tongue in) and punishment (gently pushing the tongue back into the mouth with a spoon). Results of a reversal design showed substantial decreases in tongue thrust and food expulsion, and a large increase in observed chewing. These data compared favorably with data obtained for other retarded persons not judged to be tongue thrusters; in addition, the objective results of the treatment program were substantiated via pre-post evaluations done by occupational and physical therapists. These findings suggest that operant techniques may be an effective means of treating tongue thrust and its associated problems, and that further development and evaluation of behavioral interventions may provide a desirable alternative to more intrusive surgical or mechanical procedures.", "PMID": 511801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9368", "title": "Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking.", "content": "Excessive coffee drinking can have deleterious effects because of the large amounts of caffeine that are ingested. Caffeine is thought to be addicting, and prolonged and excessive use can lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. The present study developed and evaluated a treatment program to reduce excessive daily coffee drinking to moderate and presumably safer levels. Three habitual coffee drinkers received individualized changing criterion programs that systematically and gradually reduced their daily caffeine intake. The coffee drinkers were required to self-monitor and plot their daily intake of caffeine. They received monetary prizes for not exceeding the treatment phase criteria and forfeited a portion of their pretreatment deposit when they did. Their coffee drinking decreased from almost nine cups per day (over 1100 mg of caffeine) during baseline to less than three cups per day (less than 343 mg) at the end of treatment or a reduction of 69%. The treatment effect was maintained during a 10-month follow-up, averaging a 67% reduction from baseline. The program appears to be a reasonable method of reducing and then maintaining daily caffeine intake at less harmful levels.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking. Excessive coffee drinking can have deleterious effects because of the large amounts of caffeine that are ingested. Caffeine is thought to be addicting, and prolonged and excessive use can lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. The present study developed and evaluated a treatment program to reduce excessive daily coffee drinking to moderate and presumably safer levels. Three habitual coffee drinkers received individualized changing criterion programs that systematically and gradually reduced their daily caffeine intake. The coffee drinkers were required to self-monitor and plot their daily intake of caffeine. They received monetary prizes for not exceeding the treatment phase criteria and forfeited a portion of their pretreatment deposit when they did. Their coffee drinking decreased from almost nine cups per day (over 1100 mg of caffeine) during baseline to less than three cups per day (less than 343 mg) at the end of treatment or a reduction of 69%. The treatment effect was maintained during a 10-month follow-up, averaging a 67% reduction from baseline. The program appears to be a reasonable method of reducing and then maintaining daily caffeine intake at less harmful levels.", "PMID": 511802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9369", "title": "The effects of feedback on blood pressure discrimination.", "content": "Discrimination of blood pressure in the natural environment as a function of feedback was assessed. Seventeen normotensives screened for blood pressure lability were randomly assigned to two groups. These subjects were then asked to estimate their systolic and diastolic blood pressure values two times per day over a 4-week period. Feedback for accuracy of blood pressure discriminations was implemented across the two groups in a multiple baseline fashion, using a feedback withdrawal condition in Group I to assess maintenance effects over time. Results showed improvement in discrimination accuracy for subjects in both groups when feedback was used, and no decrement in performance over a 2-week period after feedback was removed for subjects in Group I. Discrimination of systolic pressures improved at a slightly faster rate than discrimination of diastolic pressures.", "contents": "The effects of feedback on blood pressure discrimination. Discrimination of blood pressure in the natural environment as a function of feedback was assessed. Seventeen normotensives screened for blood pressure lability were randomly assigned to two groups. These subjects were then asked to estimate their systolic and diastolic blood pressure values two times per day over a 4-week period. Feedback for accuracy of blood pressure discriminations was implemented across the two groups in a multiple baseline fashion, using a feedback withdrawal condition in Group I to assess maintenance effects over time. Results showed improvement in discrimination accuracy for subjects in both groups when feedback was used, and no decrement in performance over a 2-week period after feedback was removed for subjects in Group I. Discrimination of systolic pressures improved at a slightly faster rate than discrimination of diastolic pressures.", "PMID": 511803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9370", "title": "The effects of sequential pictorial cues, self-recording, and praise on the job task sequencing of retarded adults.", "content": "The present study investigated the effects of a self-recording procedure using sequentially organized picture cues on independent task changes of four mentally retarded adults. Independent task changes were identified as the beginning of new tasks without directives or instruction. In addition to investigating treatment effects, the long-term maintenance of the task-change behavior was measured. During self-recording and picture-cue training, the subjects completed an increased proportion of independent task changes, and this behavior was maintained for more than 10 wk following removal of the training procedures. Self-recording using picture cues was shown to be an effective procedure for teaching mentally retarded adults to function more independently in a job setting.", "contents": "The effects of sequential pictorial cues, self-recording, and praise on the job task sequencing of retarded adults. The present study investigated the effects of a self-recording procedure using sequentially organized picture cues on independent task changes of four mentally retarded adults. Independent task changes were identified as the beginning of new tasks without directives or instruction. In addition to investigating treatment effects, the long-term maintenance of the task-change behavior was measured. During self-recording and picture-cue training, the subjects completed an increased proportion of independent task changes, and this behavior was maintained for more than 10 wk following removal of the training procedures. Self-recording using picture cues was shown to be an effective procedure for teaching mentally retarded adults to function more independently in a job setting.", "PMID": 511805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9371", "title": "Use of a self-recording and supervision program to change institutional staff behavior.", "content": "The use of a self-recording and supervision program to increase interactions between direct care staff and profoundly retarded persons in a state residential facility was investigated. Following baseline, staff were provided with instructions regarding what to self-record, criteria for how many interactions to record, and a prepared card on which to make the recordings. Throughout the study, the staff supervisor monitored intermittently staff-client interactions. Observations indicated that when the staff recorded their interactions with clients in a loosely structured dayroom setting, the rate of interactions increased noticeably for each staff person. Behavioral ecology measures indicated that other staff responsibilities, such as maintaining the cleanliness of residents and the physical area, were not affected detrimentally when social interactions increased and actually showed small improvements. Additionally, small decreases in resident self-stimulatory and disruptive/aggressive behaviors occurred when the rate of social interactions from staff persons increased. Follow-up measures indicated that the rate of staff self-recording was variable, but when staff did self-record, the increased rate of staff-client interactions maintained.", "contents": "Use of a self-recording and supervision program to change institutional staff behavior. The use of a self-recording and supervision program to increase interactions between direct care staff and profoundly retarded persons in a state residential facility was investigated. Following baseline, staff were provided with instructions regarding what to self-record, criteria for how many interactions to record, and a prepared card on which to make the recordings. Throughout the study, the staff supervisor monitored intermittently staff-client interactions. Observations indicated that when the staff recorded their interactions with clients in a loosely structured dayroom setting, the rate of interactions increased noticeably for each staff person. Behavioral ecology measures indicated that other staff responsibilities, such as maintaining the cleanliness of residents and the physical area, were not affected detrimentally when social interactions increased and actually showed small improvements. Additionally, small decreases in resident self-stimulatory and disruptive/aggressive behaviors occurred when the rate of social interactions from staff persons increased. Follow-up measures indicated that the rate of staff self-recording was variable, but when staff did self-record, the increased rate of staff-client interactions maintained.", "PMID": 511806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9372", "title": "Satiation therapy: a procedure for reducing deviant sexual arousal.", "content": "Two single-case experiments demonstrated the efficacy of satiation therapy with adult males who had long-standing deviant sexual interests. The procedure involves the pairing of prolonged masturbation (1 hour) with the verbalization by the patient of his deviant sexual fantasies and in both cases the designs permitted the attribution of control over aberrant responding to the satiation therapy. The results are discussed in terms of the possible active ingredients of the procedure.", "contents": "Satiation therapy: a procedure for reducing deviant sexual arousal. Two single-case experiments demonstrated the efficacy of satiation therapy with adult males who had long-standing deviant sexual interests. The procedure involves the pairing of prolonged masturbation (1 hour) with the verbalization by the patient of his deviant sexual fantasies and in both cases the designs permitted the attribution of control over aberrant responding to the satiation therapy. The results are discussed in terms of the possible active ingredients of the procedure.", "PMID": 511807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9373", "title": "Overjustification effects in token economies.", "content": "This study tested the relevance to clinical token economies of the overjustification hypothesis that tangible reward interferes with intrinsic interest in target behaviors and causes such behaviors to be less probable following a period of reinforcement than preceding such a period. The study was carried out in an ongoing token economy for chronic psychiatric patients. Alternated over an 8-week period were weeks of token and no-token reward for one of the program's target behaviors, toothbrushing. Two different amounts of token reward were employed in order to examine whether reward magnitude might influence the presence or extent of overjustification effects. Little evidence was found for the presence of overjustification effects in token economies. However, maintenance of toothbrushing was greater in no-token weeks following weeks of low amounts of token reward than in no-token weeks following weeks of higher amounts of reward. The importance of such complex functional relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Overjustification effects in token economies. This study tested the relevance to clinical token economies of the overjustification hypothesis that tangible reward interferes with intrinsic interest in target behaviors and causes such behaviors to be less probable following a period of reinforcement than preceding such a period. The study was carried out in an ongoing token economy for chronic psychiatric patients. Alternated over an 8-week period were weeks of token and no-token reward for one of the program's target behaviors, toothbrushing. Two different amounts of token reward were employed in order to examine whether reward magnitude might influence the presence or extent of overjustification effects. Little evidence was found for the presence of overjustification effects in token economies. However, maintenance of toothbrushing was greater in no-token weeks following weeks of low amounts of token reward than in no-token weeks following weeks of higher amounts of reward. The importance of such complex functional relationships is discussed.", "PMID": 511808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9374", "title": "Time delay: a technique to increase language use and facilitate generalization in retarded children.", "content": "Institutional breakfast-serving procedures were manipulated to assess what effect changes in that aspect of the environment would have on requests for food. During baseline, six severely retarded children were required to pick up their food trays and return to their seats. The first manipulation, delaying the giving of the food tray for 15 seconds, served as a cue to evoke meal requests by three of the six children. Two of the remaining three required a model of an appropriate meal request (i.e., \"Tray, please.\") at the end of the 15-second delay before they began requesting their meals. To evoke meal requests from the sixth child, an intensive training procedure, consisting of massed trials of delay and modeling, was required. Three different probes were administered to assess generalization across the people serving the meals, across mealtimes, and across both people and mealtimes.  Typically, generalized responding in these new situations could be prompted by use of the 15-second delay procedure. Functional aspects of the delay procedure and its potential usefulness for evoking speech and facilitating generalization are discussed.", "contents": "Time delay: a technique to increase language use and facilitate generalization in retarded children. Institutional breakfast-serving procedures were manipulated to assess what effect changes in that aspect of the environment would have on requests for food. During baseline, six severely retarded children were required to pick up their food trays and return to their seats. The first manipulation, delaying the giving of the food tray for 15 seconds, served as a cue to evoke meal requests by three of the six children. Two of the remaining three required a model of an appropriate meal request (i.e., \"Tray, please.\") at the end of the 15-second delay before they began requesting their meals. To evoke meal requests from the sixth child, an intensive training procedure, consisting of massed trials of delay and modeling, was required. Three different probes were administered to assess generalization across the people serving the meals, across mealtimes, and across both people and mealtimes.  Typically, generalized responding in these new situations could be prompted by use of the 15-second delay procedure. Functional aspects of the delay procedure and its potential usefulness for evoking speech and facilitating generalization are discussed.", "PMID": 511809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9375", "title": "Instructions, feedback, and reinforcement in reducing activity levels in the classroom.", "content": "The biomotometer, an electronic device which simultaneously measures motor activity and provides auditory feedback, was used in combination with material reinforcers in an experiment to reduce children's activity level in a classroom setting. Subjects were nine boys and two girls, aged 9--13, from a day hospital program for emotionally disturbed children. After five baseline trials, each child had five contingent reinforcement trials in which he/she received feedback \"beeps\" from the biomotometer and was given toy or candy rewards after each trial in which activity fell at least 20% below mean baseline level. Then five noncontingent reinforcement trials were run in which children received rewards for wearing the apparatus without the feedback attachment. Results indicated that the intervention \"package,\" including instructions, feedback, and contingent reinforcement, was successful in all five trials for 8 of 11 children. Activity levels increased during the final noncontingent phase.", "contents": "Instructions, feedback, and reinforcement in reducing activity levels in the classroom. The biomotometer, an electronic device which simultaneously measures motor activity and provides auditory feedback, was used in combination with material reinforcers in an experiment to reduce children's activity level in a classroom setting. Subjects were nine boys and two girls, aged 9--13, from a day hospital program for emotionally disturbed children. After five baseline trials, each child had five contingent reinforcement trials in which he/she received feedback \"beeps\" from the biomotometer and was given toy or candy rewards after each trial in which activity fell at least 20% below mean baseline level. Then five noncontingent reinforcement trials were run in which children received rewards for wearing the apparatus without the feedback attachment. Results indicated that the intervention \"package,\" including instructions, feedback, and contingent reinforcement, was successful in all five trials for 8 of 11 children. Activity levels increased during the final noncontingent phase.", "PMID": 511810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9376", "title": "Self-control training in the classroom: a review and critique.", "content": "Self-control training in classroom settings is becoming widespread. Establishing effective self- rather than externally controlled behavior modification programs in schools would enable children to control their own academic and social behavior, while enabling teachers to devote more time to teaching. The following components of self-control are reviewed in the present article: self-recording, self-evaluation, self-determination of contingencies, and self-instruction. Self-control strategies designed for the maintenance of appropriate classroom behavior, and issues associated with self-control training, such as the reliability of self-observation, response maintenance, generalization, and the role of external control, are examined. Finally, suggestions for maximizing the potential effectiveness of self-control training in the classroom (e.g., teaching self-observational procedures, teaching students to provide themselves with instructions and praise), as well as future areas for experimental investigation (e.g., social changes that may be associated with self-control procedures), are presented.", "contents": "Self-control training in the classroom: a review and critique. Self-control training in classroom settings is becoming widespread. Establishing effective self- rather than externally controlled behavior modification programs in schools would enable children to control their own academic and social behavior, while enabling teachers to devote more time to teaching. The following components of self-control are reviewed in the present article: self-recording, self-evaluation, self-determination of contingencies, and self-instruction. Self-control strategies designed for the maintenance of appropriate classroom behavior, and issues associated with self-control training, such as the reliability of self-observation, response maintenance, generalization, and the role of external control, are examined. Finally, suggestions for maximizing the potential effectiveness of self-control training in the classroom (e.g., teaching self-observational procedures, teaching students to provide themselves with instructions and praise), as well as future areas for experimental investigation (e.g., social changes that may be associated with self-control procedures), are presented.", "PMID": 511811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9377", "title": "Proteins of small subunits of rat liver ribosomes that interact with poly(U). II. Cross-links between poly(U) and ribosomal proteins in 40 S subunits induced by UV irradiation.", "content": "(1) When rat liver 40 S ribosomal proteins in 6 M urea were were mixed with poly(U) at an appropriate ratio, a precipitate was formed which was also insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analyses by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that S7 and S10 proteins (according to our numbering system) had disappeared selectively from the fraction soluble in 6 M urea. These two proteins were present in the fraction insoluble in 6 M urea, and became soluble in the sample solution after treating it with RNase. The results suggest that S7 and S10 proteins have strong affinities for poly(U). When rat liver 40 S subunits were incubated with poly(U), similar results were obtained. (2) After incubation of 40 S subunits with [3H]poly(U) and then with unlabeled poly(U), UV irradiation cross-linked poly(U) to the protein moiety of the 40 S subunit. When the protein fraction insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional electrophoresis was prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to poly(U) and then subjected to two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis after RNase treatment, S7 and S10 proteins were detected on the gel. In addition to the S7 protein spot, a triangular area spreading from the spot to the origin contained radioactivity. The results suggest that poly(U) is cross-linked to S7 protein and oligo(U) fragments bound to S7 protein affect its electrophoretic mobility. (3) Ribosomal proteins were prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to carrier-free [3H]poly(U) and analyzed by three-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Terao, K. & Ogata, K. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 402, 214--229) after RNase treatment. It was found that S7, S6, and S15 proteins are cross-linked to poly(U). From the results of the present and preceding experiments it is concluded that S7 is the poly(U)-binding protein. The possibility that other proteins in 40 S ribosomal subunits interact with poly(U) is discussed.", "contents": "Proteins of small subunits of rat liver ribosomes that interact with poly(U). II. Cross-links between poly(U) and ribosomal proteins in 40 S subunits induced by UV irradiation. (1) When rat liver 40 S ribosomal proteins in 6 M urea were were mixed with poly(U) at an appropriate ratio, a precipitate was formed which was also insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analyses by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that S7 and S10 proteins (according to our numbering system) had disappeared selectively from the fraction soluble in 6 M urea. These two proteins were present in the fraction insoluble in 6 M urea, and became soluble in the sample solution after treating it with RNase. The results suggest that S7 and S10 proteins have strong affinities for poly(U). When rat liver 40 S subunits were incubated with poly(U), similar results were obtained. (2) After incubation of 40 S subunits with [3H]poly(U) and then with unlabeled poly(U), UV irradiation cross-linked poly(U) to the protein moiety of the 40 S subunit. When the protein fraction insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional electrophoresis was prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to poly(U) and then subjected to two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis after RNase treatment, S7 and S10 proteins were detected on the gel. In addition to the S7 protein spot, a triangular area spreading from the spot to the origin contained radioactivity. The results suggest that poly(U) is cross-linked to S7 protein and oligo(U) fragments bound to S7 protein affect its electrophoretic mobility. (3) Ribosomal proteins were prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to carrier-free [3H]poly(U) and analyzed by three-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Terao, K. & Ogata, K. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 402, 214--229) after RNase treatment. It was found that S7, S6, and S15 proteins are cross-linked to poly(U). From the results of the present and preceding experiments it is concluded that S7 is the poly(U)-binding protein. The possibility that other proteins in 40 S ribosomal subunits interact with poly(U) is discussed.", "PMID": 511842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9378", "title": "High-speed gel filtration of polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "The separation of polypeptides treated with SDS was studied using G3000SW packing prepared from silica for high-speed gel filtration. The peaks of ovalbumin, chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c, aprotinin, and insulin B chain were completely separated in the presence of 0.1% SDS and 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). A plot of the logarithm of molecular weight of polypeptides versus Kd was linear over a molecular weight range of 3,000 to 50,000 at the above concentrations of SDS and sodium phosphate. The slopes of the plots of log molecular weight versus Kd depend to a significant extent on the concentration of the sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).", "contents": "High-speed gel filtration of polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The separation of polypeptides treated with SDS was studied using G3000SW packing prepared from silica for high-speed gel filtration. The peaks of ovalbumin, chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c, aprotinin, and insulin B chain were completely separated in the presence of 0.1% SDS and 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). A plot of the logarithm of molecular weight of polypeptides versus Kd was linear over a molecular weight range of 3,000 to 50,000 at the above concentrations of SDS and sodium phosphate. The slopes of the plots of log molecular weight versus Kd depend to a significant extent on the concentration of the sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).", "PMID": 511843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9379", "title": "Occurrence of hematoside with two moles of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in a certain breed of Persian cat.", "content": "The glycolipids of erythrocytes from individual cats were examined. The main glycolipid of cat erythrocytes was generally NeuGc-NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GD3), but among 41 cats of 5 breeds and 2 mongrels examined, 2 Persian cats were found to have NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuAc-GD3). This is the first report of the occurrence of NeuAc-GD3 in cat erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Occurrence of hematoside with two moles of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in a certain breed of Persian cat. The glycolipids of erythrocytes from individual cats were examined. The main glycolipid of cat erythrocytes was generally NeuGc-NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GD3), but among 41 cats of 5 breeds and 2 mongrels examined, 2 Persian cats were found to have NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuAc-GD3). This is the first report of the occurrence of NeuAc-GD3 in cat erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 511844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9380", "title": "A study of heat of formation of acetyl-alpha-chymotrypsin intermediate by stopped flow calorimetry.", "content": "The catalytic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by alpha-chymotrypsin was studied by stopped-flow calorimetry and spectrophotometry at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C. The initial burst and subsequent steady state of the reaction were observed by rapid calorimetry and spectrophotometry. Based on the three-step mechanism established for the enzymatic reaction, E + S in equilibrium ES leads to acetyl-E + P1 (p-nitrophenol) leads to E + P1 + acetic acid, the enthalpy change of formation of the acetyl enzyme from ES complex was estimated to be -29 kJ . mol-1.", "contents": "A study of heat of formation of acetyl-alpha-chymotrypsin intermediate by stopped flow calorimetry. The catalytic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by alpha-chymotrypsin was studied by stopped-flow calorimetry and spectrophotometry at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C. The initial burst and subsequent steady state of the reaction were observed by rapid calorimetry and spectrophotometry. Based on the three-step mechanism established for the enzymatic reaction, E + S in equilibrium ES leads to acetyl-E + P1 (p-nitrophenol) leads to E + P1 + acetic acid, the enthalpy change of formation of the acetyl enzyme from ES complex was estimated to be -29 kJ . mol-1.", "PMID": 511846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9381", "title": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. III. Isolation and structural studies of two novel gangliosides containing internal sialic acid residues.", "content": "Two gangliosides, provisionally named Gangliosides 1 and 2 in previous studies, were isolated from starfish, Asterina pectinifera by silicic acid, DEAE-Sephadex, and Iatrobeads column chromatography procedures, and preparative thin-layer chromatography, and their structures were established. On the basis of the results of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and oxidation with chromium trioxide, Gangliosides 1 and 2 were proposed to be Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)8-O-MeNeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide and Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)NeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide, respectively. The ceramide moieties of both gangliosides had similar phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acid compositions, and both gangliosides were structurally related to the previously described Ganglioside 3.", "contents": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. III. Isolation and structural studies of two novel gangliosides containing internal sialic acid residues. Two gangliosides, provisionally named Gangliosides 1 and 2 in previous studies, were isolated from starfish, Asterina pectinifera by silicic acid, DEAE-Sephadex, and Iatrobeads column chromatography procedures, and preparative thin-layer chromatography, and their structures were established. On the basis of the results of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and oxidation with chromium trioxide, Gangliosides 1 and 2 were proposed to be Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)8-O-MeNeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide and Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)NeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide, respectively. The ceramide moieties of both gangliosides had similar phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acid compositions, and both gangliosides were structurally related to the previously described Ganglioside 3.", "PMID": 511847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9382", "title": "Thermodynamic analysis of the nonspecific interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with swollen Bio-Gel beads.", "content": "In frontal gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the concentrations below its critical micelle concentration (cmc) showed anomalously high partition coefficients (Kav obs) indicative of strong interactions with the swollen gel phase; further, Kav obs was found to increase with concentration and temperature. This preferential partition of SDS in the Bio-Gel phase was analyzed in terms of the transfer free energy of SDS from the mobile phase (0.1 M NaCl) to the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The results showed that the overall transfer process is primarily governed by hydrophobic free energy arising from the anomalous nature of hydrated water in the gel matrix; that is, in highly hydrated water \"iceberg\" formation is evidently limited and the hydrophobic free energy is accordingly lowered, resulting in the preferential partition of SDS in the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The increase in the negativity of transfer free energy with concentration, though relatively small, indicated a definite tendency for the formation of SDS clusters in the gel phase. Finally, a model illustrating the states of SDS molecules in the gel matrix is presented, which may also be pertinent to SDS-protein and SDS-amylose complexes.", "contents": "Thermodynamic analysis of the nonspecific interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with swollen Bio-Gel beads. In frontal gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the concentrations below its critical micelle concentration (cmc) showed anomalously high partition coefficients (Kav obs) indicative of strong interactions with the swollen gel phase; further, Kav obs was found to increase with concentration and temperature. This preferential partition of SDS in the Bio-Gel phase was analyzed in terms of the transfer free energy of SDS from the mobile phase (0.1 M NaCl) to the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The results showed that the overall transfer process is primarily governed by hydrophobic free energy arising from the anomalous nature of hydrated water in the gel matrix; that is, in highly hydrated water \"iceberg\" formation is evidently limited and the hydrophobic free energy is accordingly lowered, resulting in the preferential partition of SDS in the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The increase in the negativity of transfer free energy with concentration, though relatively small, indicated a definite tendency for the formation of SDS clusters in the gel phase. Finally, a model illustrating the states of SDS molecules in the gel matrix is presented, which may also be pertinent to SDS-protein and SDS-amylose complexes.", "PMID": 511848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9383", "title": "Consecutive analysis of sphingoglycolipids on the basis of sugar and ceramide moieties by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A quantitative consecutive method was developed for analysis of sphingoglycolipids in biological materials by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Crude lipid extracts were separated into neutral and acidic fractions on a DEAE-Sephadex column. Glycolipid fractions were obtained by acetylation and Florisil column chromatography, and the acetylated glycolipids were N-p-nitrobenzoylated by treatment with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 6 h. Excess reagent and by-products were removed by solvent partition and gel filtration. The glycolipid derivatives were analyzed by their absorption at 254 nm on Zorbax SIL, a silica gel column, with a gradient of 0.5--7% isopropanol in hexane-chloroform (2 : 1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detector response was linear with up to 60 nmol of injected glycolipids. The practical lower limit of detection was about 50 pmol. The derivatives were separated on the basis of their sugar chains. Effluents corresponding to each peak were collected and analyzed further on the basis of their lipid portion on mu-Bondapak C18, a reversed phase column. This combined procedure was applied to the analysis of erythrocyte glycolipids. Samples containing as little as 20 micrograms of glycolipids could be analyzed by this method.", "contents": "Consecutive analysis of sphingoglycolipids on the basis of sugar and ceramide moieties by high performance liquid chromatography. A quantitative consecutive method was developed for analysis of sphingoglycolipids in biological materials by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Crude lipid extracts were separated into neutral and acidic fractions on a DEAE-Sephadex column. Glycolipid fractions were obtained by acetylation and Florisil column chromatography, and the acetylated glycolipids were N-p-nitrobenzoylated by treatment with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 6 h. Excess reagent and by-products were removed by solvent partition and gel filtration. The glycolipid derivatives were analyzed by their absorption at 254 nm on Zorbax SIL, a silica gel column, with a gradient of 0.5--7% isopropanol in hexane-chloroform (2 : 1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detector response was linear with up to 60 nmol of injected glycolipids. The practical lower limit of detection was about 50 pmol. The derivatives were separated on the basis of their sugar chains. Effluents corresponding to each peak were collected and analyzed further on the basis of their lipid portion on mu-Bondapak C18, a reversed phase column. This combined procedure was applied to the analysis of erythrocyte glycolipids. Samples containing as little as 20 micrograms of glycolipids could be analyzed by this method.", "PMID": 511849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9384", "title": "Divalent cation binding properties of slow skeletal muscle troponin in comparison with those of cardiac and fast skeletal muscle troponins.", "content": "1. New methods of preparing troponins from slow skeletal and cardiac muscle of the chicken have been developed. The electrophoretic mobilities of slow skeletal muscle troponin subunits were different from those of the corresponding fast skeletal muscle subunits. 2. A new method for determining the amount of divalent cations bound to troponin was developed. The principle of the method is to immobilize troponin by conjugating it with Sepharose 4B resin, thus making it readily sedimentable. 3. The numbers of Sr and Ca ions bound to slow muscle troponin at concentrations sufficient to produce maximum contraction were 1.73 and 1.36 mol per mol, respectively, being nearly equal to those of cardiac troponin but half of those of fast muscle troponin. 4. The concentrations of Sr and Ca ions giving half-maximal ion binding to slow muscle troponin (K50%) were 5.5 X 10(-6) M and 4.6 X 10(-7) M, respectively. 5. K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was significantly higher than that of slow muscle troponin. Although K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was the same as that of fast muscle troponin, cardiac troponin bound more Sr ions than fast muscle troponin at lower Sr ion concentrations. The mechanism underlying the high sensitivity of cardiac muscle contraction to Sr ions is discussed in comparison with that of slow muscle.", "contents": "Divalent cation binding properties of slow skeletal muscle troponin in comparison with those of cardiac and fast skeletal muscle troponins. 1. New methods of preparing troponins from slow skeletal and cardiac muscle of the chicken have been developed. The electrophoretic mobilities of slow skeletal muscle troponin subunits were different from those of the corresponding fast skeletal muscle subunits. 2. A new method for determining the amount of divalent cations bound to troponin was developed. The principle of the method is to immobilize troponin by conjugating it with Sepharose 4B resin, thus making it readily sedimentable. 3. The numbers of Sr and Ca ions bound to slow muscle troponin at concentrations sufficient to produce maximum contraction were 1.73 and 1.36 mol per mol, respectively, being nearly equal to those of cardiac troponin but half of those of fast muscle troponin. 4. The concentrations of Sr and Ca ions giving half-maximal ion binding to slow muscle troponin (K50%) were 5.5 X 10(-6) M and 4.6 X 10(-7) M, respectively. 5. K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was significantly higher than that of slow muscle troponin. Although K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was the same as that of fast muscle troponin, cardiac troponin bound more Sr ions than fast muscle troponin at lower Sr ion concentrations. The mechanism underlying the high sensitivity of cardiac muscle contraction to Sr ions is discussed in comparison with that of slow muscle.", "PMID": 511850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9385", "title": "A simple method for measuring phosphatidylcholine as its hydrophobic complex with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate.", "content": "A sensitive colorimetric method for quantitative determination of phosphatidylcholine is described. The procedure is very simple, not involving lipid extraction or acid digestion, and can be used for direct estimation of phosphatidylcholine in blood plasma. The method depends on the formation of a stable hydrophobic complex of phosphatidylcholine with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate. Similar complexes are formed by other species of diacylglycerophosphoryl esters, but the absorbance coefficients of these complexes are only 10 to 20% of that of the phosphatidylcholine complex. Phospholipids without unsaturated fatty acids, such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, do not form hydrophobic complexes. Lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids also do not form similar complexes.", "contents": "A simple method for measuring phosphatidylcholine as its hydrophobic complex with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate. A sensitive colorimetric method for quantitative determination of phosphatidylcholine is described. The procedure is very simple, not involving lipid extraction or acid digestion, and can be used for direct estimation of phosphatidylcholine in blood plasma. The method depends on the formation of a stable hydrophobic complex of phosphatidylcholine with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate. Similar complexes are formed by other species of diacylglycerophosphoryl esters, but the absorbance coefficients of these complexes are only 10 to 20% of that of the phosphatidylcholine complex. Phospholipids without unsaturated fatty acids, such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, do not form hydrophobic complexes. Lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids also do not form similar complexes.", "PMID": 511851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9386", "title": "Trituration and creep.", "content": "Creep values of amalgam have been thought to be typical and nearly equal to their order of magnitude, depending on composition and particle shape. Recently it has been shown that trituration time may cause changes in creep magnitudes. The type of mixer and its frequency have contributed additional variabilities. These variations could not be related consistently to changes in creep values. Increases in condensation pressure did contribute to more predictable and constant values found with different mixing times.", "contents": "Trituration and creep. Creep values of amalgam have been thought to be typical and nearly equal to their order of magnitude, depending on composition and particle shape. Recently it has been shown that trituration time may cause changes in creep magnitudes. The type of mixer and its frequency have contributed additional variabilities. These variations could not be related consistently to changes in creep values. Increases in condensation pressure did contribute to more predictable and constant values found with different mixing times.", "PMID": 511858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9387", "title": "Removal of gamma-II phase in amalgam.", "content": "To examine the quantitative change in the gamma 2 phase, specimens of three conventional, four dispersed-phase and two ternary amalgams were prepared. A higher energy amalgamator caused more gamma 2 phase to be formed in conventional amalgam and less in the dispersed-phase material. With storage at 37 degrees C this gamma 2 phase decreased quantitatively in dispersed-phase amalgams over one week but not in conventional amalgams. The selective etch system of gamma 2 did not disclose this phase in the ternary amalgams.", "contents": "Removal of gamma-II phase in amalgam. To examine the quantitative change in the gamma 2 phase, specimens of three conventional, four dispersed-phase and two ternary amalgams were prepared. A higher energy amalgamator caused more gamma 2 phase to be formed in conventional amalgam and less in the dispersed-phase material. With storage at 37 degrees C this gamma 2 phase decreased quantitatively in dispersed-phase amalgams over one week but not in conventional amalgams. The selective etch system of gamma 2 did not disclose this phase in the ternary amalgams.", "PMID": 511859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9388", "title": "A method for the measurement of dimensional change of dental amalgam.", "content": "A dimensional change occurs during the setting of a dental amalgam. A measurement circuit, which makes it possible to register these changes, is introduced. To this purpose strain gages were used. The registration instrument is tested by comparing different dental amalgam products.", "contents": "A method for the measurement of dimensional change of dental amalgam. A dimensional change occurs during the setting of a dental amalgam. A measurement circuit, which makes it possible to register these changes, is introduced. To this purpose strain gages were used. The registration instrument is tested by comparing different dental amalgam products.", "PMID": 511860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9389", "title": "Blood-surface interactions: Fourier transform infrared studies of protein surface adsorption from flowing blood plasma and serum.", "content": "The adsorption of blood proteins onto various surfaces in contact with flowing blood plasma or serum has been investigated using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with attenuated total reflection (ATR). Comparison of adsorption from a static versus a flowing blood plasma system indicated that a greater amount of protein was adsorbed when the static system was employed, but desorption was observed with the static system and not in the flowing system. When plasma and serum were compared in terms of amount and type of protein adsorbed, little difference was noted in either kinetics of adsorption or stability of the adosrbed layers. Variations in the ratios of infrared adsorption bands (from either plasma or serum) indicate that changes occur during the adsorption process in the protein layers. A comparison of poly(vinyl chloride) to germanium as the protein adsorbing surface in the static system showed differences in terms of the composition of the adsorbed layers.", "contents": "Blood-surface interactions: Fourier transform infrared studies of protein surface adsorption from flowing blood plasma and serum. The adsorption of blood proteins onto various surfaces in contact with flowing blood plasma or serum has been investigated using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with attenuated total reflection (ATR). Comparison of adsorption from a static versus a flowing blood plasma system indicated that a greater amount of protein was adsorbed when the static system was employed, but desorption was observed with the static system and not in the flowing system. When plasma and serum were compared in terms of amount and type of protein adsorbed, little difference was noted in either kinetics of adsorption or stability of the adosrbed layers. Variations in the ratios of infrared adsorption bands (from either plasma or serum) indicate that changes occur during the adsorption process in the protein layers. A comparison of poly(vinyl chloride) to germanium as the protein adsorbing surface in the static system showed differences in terms of the composition of the adsorbed layers.", "PMID": 511861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9390", "title": "A resonance frequency technique to determine elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite.", "content": "A resonance frequency technique was applied to determine the elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite. A Free-Free Vibration Transducer was designed to determine elastic modulus in a longitudinal direction. A Fixed-Free Vibration Transducer was also designed to study elastic modulus of materials were specimens longer than 3 cm in length were not available. Six lots of hydroxyapatite were prepared utilizing the same process. The elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite varied between 3.94 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 6.30 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a longitudinal direction. For the same six lots, it varied between 1.95 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 3.20 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a cross direction. The elastic modulus values of cortical bone from dog tibias, fibulas, and femurs were also determined.", "contents": "A resonance frequency technique to determine elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite. A resonance frequency technique was applied to determine the elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite. A Free-Free Vibration Transducer was designed to determine elastic modulus in a longitudinal direction. A Fixed-Free Vibration Transducer was also designed to study elastic modulus of materials were specimens longer than 3 cm in length were not available. Six lots of hydroxyapatite were prepared utilizing the same process. The elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite varied between 3.94 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 6.30 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a longitudinal direction. For the same six lots, it varied between 1.95 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 3.20 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a cross direction. The elastic modulus values of cortical bone from dog tibias, fibulas, and femurs were also determined.", "PMID": 511862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9391", "title": "Contact pressure dependence of wear rates of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.", "content": "Wear rates of orthopaedic polyethylene in 37 degrees C water are not very contact stress dependent below 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) but above that level they accelerate substantially. The pressure dependence overall follows an exponential function. Creep in the contact pressure range of 3--17 MPa and above is a much larger factor than wear in indentation effects. For accurate measurement of wear rates by depth measurements it is necessary to permit creep to proceed under static load until it ceases before beginning the wear test.", "contents": "Contact pressure dependence of wear rates of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Wear rates of orthopaedic polyethylene in 37 degrees C water are not very contact stress dependent below 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) but above that level they accelerate substantially. The pressure dependence overall follows an exponential function. Creep in the contact pressure range of 3--17 MPa and above is a much larger factor than wear in indentation effects. For accurate measurement of wear rates by depth measurements it is necessary to permit creep to proceed under static load until it ceases before beginning the wear test.", "PMID": 511863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9392", "title": "Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. II.", "content": "The effect of selected UV stabilizers on the stability of mechanical properties of a polyurethane material, Calthane ND2300, was evaluated. The addition of UV stabilizers prolonged the service life of the systems studied but did not achieve completely satisfactory results. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased after extended exposure to UV. The rate of decrease, however, was much less for the specimens with UV stabilizers. The polyurethane system that contains a mixture of a UV stabilizer and an antioxidant is considered to be the best of the groups tested, in terms of the percentage of retention of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. It was also found that elongation at break was increased when the duration of UV aging was increased. This phenomenon occurred in all the systems, with or without UV stabilizers, and can be understood in terms of the concepts of the fragmentation of macromolecules that resulted from UV aging. The physical appearance in conjunction with mechanical property tests are needed to ensure the successful performance of any UV stabilizer.", "contents": "Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. II. The effect of selected UV stabilizers on the stability of mechanical properties of a polyurethane material, Calthane ND2300, was evaluated. The addition of UV stabilizers prolonged the service life of the systems studied but did not achieve completely satisfactory results. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased after extended exposure to UV. The rate of decrease, however, was much less for the specimens with UV stabilizers. The polyurethane system that contains a mixture of a UV stabilizer and an antioxidant is considered to be the best of the groups tested, in terms of the percentage of retention of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. It was also found that elongation at break was increased when the duration of UV aging was increased. This phenomenon occurred in all the systems, with or without UV stabilizers, and can be understood in terms of the concepts of the fragmentation of macromolecules that resulted from UV aging. The physical appearance in conjunction with mechanical property tests are needed to ensure the successful performance of any UV stabilizer.", "PMID": 511864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9393", "title": "Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. An analysis of three hundred hospitalized patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Of 300 patients who were hospitalized for acute cervical injuries, 216 lived, fifty-one died within four months of injury, and thirty-three were lost to follow-up. The important findings in a retrospective review were that laminectomy resulted in a high mortality rate and loss of motor function and that steroids did not improve neural recovery in quadriplegics and their use was associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Closed or open reduction followed by posterior fusion for subluxations or dislocations, and anterior decompression and fusion for vertebral compression fractures, offered the best chance for recovery of neural function and restoration of stability. Massive epidural hemorrhage was found only in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. An analysis of three hundred hospitalized patients and review of the literature. Of 300 patients who were hospitalized for acute cervical injuries, 216 lived, fifty-one died within four months of injury, and thirty-three were lost to follow-up. The important findings in a retrospective review were that laminectomy resulted in a high mortality rate and loss of motor function and that steroids did not improve neural recovery in quadriplegics and their use was associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Closed or open reduction followed by posterior fusion for subluxations or dislocations, and anterior decompression and fusion for vertebral compression fractures, offered the best chance for recovery of neural function and restoration of stability. Massive epidural hemorrhage was found only in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 511875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9394", "title": "Reconstructive surgery in the adult for failed scoliosis fusion.", "content": "Fifty-nine adult patients were examined who had undergone previous spine surgery for scoliosis but in whom pain (78 per cent), loss of correction (68 per cent), or dyspnea (36 per cent) subsequently developed. Twenty-six patients had idiopathic scoliosis, twenty-five had paralytic scoliosis secondary to poliomyelitis, and eight had scoliosis secondary to miscellaneous etiologies. A one-stage reconstructive procedure was performed in sixteen patients and a two-stage procedure, in forty-three patients. The two-stage procedure consisted of exposure of the spine and multiple osteotomies, followed by two weeks of halofemoral traction to obtain correction. The spine fusion was then extended, using Harrington instrumentation to maintain correction. At an average follow-up of 3.3 years there was reduction of pain in 67 per cent of the patients and a solid fusion in all but two. The complication rate was high (71 per cent), the most important complications being pseudarthrosis, wound infection, urinary tract infections, loss of lumbar lordosis, and pressure sores. The mortality rate was 3.4 per cent. No patient became paraplegic at the initial surgical procedure and early recognition and treatment of pseudarthrosis will reduce the number of patients requiring this salvage operation.", "contents": "Reconstructive surgery in the adult for failed scoliosis fusion. Fifty-nine adult patients were examined who had undergone previous spine surgery for scoliosis but in whom pain (78 per cent), loss of correction (68 per cent), or dyspnea (36 per cent) subsequently developed. Twenty-six patients had idiopathic scoliosis, twenty-five had paralytic scoliosis secondary to poliomyelitis, and eight had scoliosis secondary to miscellaneous etiologies. A one-stage reconstructive procedure was performed in sixteen patients and a two-stage procedure, in forty-three patients. The two-stage procedure consisted of exposure of the spine and multiple osteotomies, followed by two weeks of halofemoral traction to obtain correction. The spine fusion was then extended, using Harrington instrumentation to maintain correction. At an average follow-up of 3.3 years there was reduction of pain in 67 per cent of the patients and a solid fusion in all but two. The complication rate was high (71 per cent), the most important complications being pseudarthrosis, wound infection, urinary tract infections, loss of lumbar lordosis, and pressure sores. The mortality rate was 3.4 per cent. No patient became paraplegic at the initial surgical procedure and early recognition and treatment of pseudarthrosis will reduce the number of patients requiring this salvage operation.", "PMID": 511876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9395", "title": "Total hip replacement following failed femoral hemiarthroplasty.", "content": "Total hip-replacement arthroplasty performed for failed femoral hemiarthroplasty achieved results that were as good as those of the same operation done for other conditions. In forty-one patients who underwent such a procedure and who were followed for an average of three years, there was marked improvement in pain rating and range of motion. However, there were more cases of progressive loosening of the prosthesis than occur ordinarily, and three revisions had to be done. Fixation of the femoral component with cement was complicated by the presence of the fibrous membrane and bone deficiency preoperatively.", "contents": "Total hip replacement following failed femoral hemiarthroplasty. Total hip-replacement arthroplasty performed for failed femoral hemiarthroplasty achieved results that were as good as those of the same operation done for other conditions. In forty-one patients who underwent such a procedure and who were followed for an average of three years, there was marked improvement in pain rating and range of motion. However, there were more cases of progressive loosening of the prosthesis than occur ordinarily, and three revisions had to be done. Fixation of the femoral component with cement was complicated by the presence of the fibrous membrane and bone deficiency preoperatively.", "PMID": 511877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9396", "title": "Ender nailing in fractures of the diaphysis of the femur.", "content": "Sixteen fractures of the diaphysis of the femur were nailed according to the Ender technique. Fifteen of these were of types for which K\u00fcntscher nailing was contraindicated. In five of the injuries a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft was present, associated with a fracture of the proximal end of the femur. Most of the nailings were done closed. The time of surgery was short and the blood loss, small. All of the fractures healed and no major postoperative problems were noted.", "contents": "Ender nailing in fractures of the diaphysis of the femur. Sixteen fractures of the diaphysis of the femur were nailed according to the Ender technique. Fifteen of these were of types for which K\u00fcntscher nailing was contraindicated. In five of the injuries a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft was present, associated with a fracture of the proximal end of the femur. Most of the nailings were done closed. The time of surgery was short and the blood loss, small. All of the fractures healed and no major postoperative problems were noted.", "PMID": 511879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9397", "title": "Knee ligament injuries in children.", "content": "Nine children who were less than fourteen years old and had open physes and ligament injuries of the knee were studied. Despite an initial thorough physical and roentgenographic evaluation, the full extent of the lesion was determined only at operation in seven of the nine patients. The intercondylar eminence of the tibia was avulsed in five patients, four of whom had associated collateral ligament injuries and a positive anterior drawer sign. Despite surgical repair, all nine patients demonstrated some degree of postoperative ligament instability. This was increased in those patients in whom menisectomy had been performed concomitantly with ligament repair. Although none of the children were symptomatic at the time of writing, development of degenerative arthritis in the future must be considered. Ligament injury must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the child suffering from knee trauma. The association of avulsion of the tibial spine and collateral ligament injury is emphasized.", "contents": "Knee ligament injuries in children. Nine children who were less than fourteen years old and had open physes and ligament injuries of the knee were studied. Despite an initial thorough physical and roentgenographic evaluation, the full extent of the lesion was determined only at operation in seven of the nine patients. The intercondylar eminence of the tibia was avulsed in five patients, four of whom had associated collateral ligament injuries and a positive anterior drawer sign. Despite surgical repair, all nine patients demonstrated some degree of postoperative ligament instability. This was increased in those patients in whom menisectomy had been performed concomitantly with ligament repair. Although none of the children were symptomatic at the time of writing, development of degenerative arthritis in the future must be considered. Ligament injury must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the child suffering from knee trauma. The association of avulsion of the tibial spine and collateral ligament injury is emphasized.", "PMID": 511880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9398", "title": "Bone-mineral content, surface hardness, and mechanical fixation in the human radius. A correlative study.", "content": "The bone-mineral content of seventeen intact forearms from eleven cadavera was determined by the non-invasive photon-absorptiometric scanning technique (Norland-Cameron Bone-Mineral Analyzer). Each radius was then removed and three surgical screws were implanted. The forces required to push out the screws retrograde were used to represent the security of mechanical fixation and were correlated with bone-surface hardness and bone-mineral content. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.89 or more) was found between bone-mineral content and the force required for extraction. A much lower correlation existed between surface hardness and extraction force (r = 0.30). We concluded that surface hardness does not correlate well with the screw-holding capacity of bone but that bone-mineral content, as determined by a non-invasive means, does so within a 10 per cent error. This study demonstrates a high degree of positive correlation between bone density and the security of screw fixation in the human radius. Measuring bone density using a highly accurate, non-invasive, safe technique has clinical relevance in preoperative assessment of osteopathic patients who are being considered for internal fixation of the radius with plates and screws.", "contents": "Bone-mineral content, surface hardness, and mechanical fixation in the human radius. A correlative study. The bone-mineral content of seventeen intact forearms from eleven cadavera was determined by the non-invasive photon-absorptiometric scanning technique (Norland-Cameron Bone-Mineral Analyzer). Each radius was then removed and three surgical screws were implanted. The forces required to push out the screws retrograde were used to represent the security of mechanical fixation and were correlated with bone-surface hardness and bone-mineral content. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.89 or more) was found between bone-mineral content and the force required for extraction. A much lower correlation existed between surface hardness and extraction force (r = 0.30). We concluded that surface hardness does not correlate well with the screw-holding capacity of bone but that bone-mineral content, as determined by a non-invasive means, does so within a 10 per cent error. This study demonstrates a high degree of positive correlation between bone density and the security of screw fixation in the human radius. Measuring bone density using a highly accurate, non-invasive, safe technique has clinical relevance in preoperative assessment of osteopathic patients who are being considered for internal fixation of the radius with plates and screws.", "PMID": 511881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9399", "title": "Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The normal vascular anatomy of the cruciate ligaments was investigated in eight dogs by microangiography, histology, and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. The vessels were found to originate predominantly from the soft tissues (infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane) of the joint. The vascular response to partial surgical transection of the anteromedial mid-portion of the anterior cruciate ligament was evaluated in twelve dogs. This response, which was vigorous and extensive, appeared to arise from the soft tissues. Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane at the time of injury tended to decrease this response. Spontaneous healing of the defect had not occurred in either group by eight weeks. The predominant soft-tissue, as opposed to osseous, origin of the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments may be an important consideration in the repair of these structures. The preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial envelope may optimize the vascular response and healing of the ligament.", "contents": "Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs. The normal vascular anatomy of the cruciate ligaments was investigated in eight dogs by microangiography, histology, and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. The vessels were found to originate predominantly from the soft tissues (infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane) of the joint. The vascular response to partial surgical transection of the anteromedial mid-portion of the anterior cruciate ligament was evaluated in twelve dogs. This response, which was vigorous and extensive, appeared to arise from the soft tissues. Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane at the time of injury tended to decrease this response. Spontaneous healing of the defect had not occurred in either group by eight weeks. The predominant soft-tissue, as opposed to osseous, origin of the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments may be an important consideration in the repair of these structures. The preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial envelope may optimize the vascular response and healing of the ligament.", "PMID": 511882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9400", "title": "Traumatic winging of the scapula.", "content": "Fourteen patients with traumatic winging of the scapula were reviewed, all of whom had had injuries producing sudden depression of the shoulder girdle from either a direct blow to the top of the shoulder or downward traction on the arm. The diagnosis was commonly missed for a considerable interval. Seven patients recovered spontaneously within six months of injury. Three of the other seven patients were treated by reattachment of the insertion of the sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle via a fascia lata graft to the lower pole of the scapula. In one of these patients a reoperation was needed, but all three ultimately recovered satisfactory function of the shoulder. Anatomical studies suggested that the injury results from compression of the long thoracic nerve against the second rib and not from entrapment of the nerve by the scalenus medius muscle.", "contents": "Traumatic winging of the scapula. Fourteen patients with traumatic winging of the scapula were reviewed, all of whom had had injuries producing sudden depression of the shoulder girdle from either a direct blow to the top of the shoulder or downward traction on the arm. The diagnosis was commonly missed for a considerable interval. Seven patients recovered spontaneously within six months of injury. Three of the other seven patients were treated by reattachment of the insertion of the sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle via a fascia lata graft to the lower pole of the scapula. In one of these patients a reoperation was needed, but all three ultimately recovered satisfactory function of the shoulder. Anatomical studies suggested that the injury results from compression of the long thoracic nerve against the second rib and not from entrapment of the nerve by the scalenus medius muscle.", "PMID": 511883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9401", "title": "The Roger Anderson device in the treatment of fractures of the distal end of the radius.", "content": "One of the more common as well as difficult fractures to manage is the extension compression fracture of the distal end of the radius. In the physiologically younger patient we believe that every effort should be made to preserve the integrity of the radiocarpal joint and maintain motion of the hand. We have used the technique described by Anderson and O'Neil to treat comminuted, displaced fractures of the distal end of the radius in twenty-five patients from April 1972 through April 1978. Twenty-one of these patients were available for follow-up examination at an average of nineteen months (range, six to forty months) following injury. There were sixteen satisfactory and five unsatisfactory functional results, and three complications. This form of external fixation should be avoided in the older, obese, and osteoporotic patient as well as in the unreliable and uncooperative patient. If these guidelines are followed, we believe that the Roger Anderson device provides satisfactory immobilization and functional results in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius in the physiologically younger patient, who may be expected to place heavy demands on the wrist.", "contents": "The Roger Anderson device in the treatment of fractures of the distal end of the radius. One of the more common as well as difficult fractures to manage is the extension compression fracture of the distal end of the radius. In the physiologically younger patient we believe that every effort should be made to preserve the integrity of the radiocarpal joint and maintain motion of the hand. We have used the technique described by Anderson and O'Neil to treat comminuted, displaced fractures of the distal end of the radius in twenty-five patients from April 1972 through April 1978. Twenty-one of these patients were available for follow-up examination at an average of nineteen months (range, six to forty months) following injury. There were sixteen satisfactory and five unsatisfactory functional results, and three complications. This form of external fixation should be avoided in the older, obese, and osteoporotic patient as well as in the unreliable and uncooperative patient. If these guidelines are followed, we believe that the Roger Anderson device provides satisfactory immobilization and functional results in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius in the physiologically younger patient, who may be expected to place heavy demands on the wrist.", "PMID": 511884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9402", "title": "Quantitation of fat in liver by xenon uptake.", "content": "Xenon uptake in fatty livers of seven patients has been quantitatively measured, and correlated with the amount of fat in the hepatic cells. Quantitation of the Xenon uptake correctly predicted the amount of fat seen histologically in six of the seven patients studied. In the seventh patient, analysis of the wash-in and wash-out curves showed that equilibrium conditions had not been reached. It is concluded that the establishment of equilibrium conditions is a prerequisite to the use of this test in a quantitative fashion.", "contents": "Quantitation of fat in liver by xenon uptake. Xenon uptake in fatty livers of seven patients has been quantitatively measured, and correlated with the amount of fat in the hepatic cells. Quantitation of the Xenon uptake correctly predicted the amount of fat seen histologically in six of the seven patients studied. In the seventh patient, analysis of the wash-in and wash-out curves showed that equilibrium conditions had not been reached. It is concluded that the establishment of equilibrium conditions is a prerequisite to the use of this test in a quantitative fashion.", "PMID": 511893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9403", "title": "Native children's lung.", "content": "A high proportion of Cree and other North American Indian children have a chronic cough and many have bronchial wall thickening on radiographs, reminiscent of white children with asthma, mild cystic fibrosis, or immune deficiency. When compared to postmortem studies, radiographs underestimate the degree of bronchial wall thickening present. As compared to white children, Indian children in the first two years of life are more susceptible to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia, are much more likely to develop pneumonia with rubeola and pertussis, and are more likely to develop chronic lung disease after adenovirus infections. Staphylococcal complications with pneumatocele formation are more common. A greater number acquire pneumonia while in hospital with other medical or surgical problems. Indian children with pneumonia recover more slowly, and some continue to deteriorate even after admission to hospital.", "contents": "Native children's lung. A high proportion of Cree and other North American Indian children have a chronic cough and many have bronchial wall thickening on radiographs, reminiscent of white children with asthma, mild cystic fibrosis, or immune deficiency. When compared to postmortem studies, radiographs underestimate the degree of bronchial wall thickening present. As compared to white children, Indian children in the first two years of life are more susceptible to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia, are much more likely to develop pneumonia with rubeola and pertussis, and are more likely to develop chronic lung disease after adenovirus infections. Staphylococcal complications with pneumatocele formation are more common. A greater number acquire pneumonia while in hospital with other medical or surgical problems. Indian children with pneumonia recover more slowly, and some continue to deteriorate even after admission to hospital.", "PMID": 511894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9404", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma in adults.", "content": "Twenty-two adult patients, aged 18 and over, with Ewing's sarcoma of bone, were evaluated clinically and radiographically.  They had clinical findings similar to younger patients with Ewing's sarcoma, except that they presented with fewer systemic symptoms. The radiographic characteristics included a preponderance of flat bone involvement (54%) over long bone involvement (36%). A soft-tissue mass was detected in only 55% of the cases. CT scans, when used, proved to be helpful in delineating a soft-tissue mass associated with the bony lesion, and in follow-up after therapy.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma in adults. Twenty-two adult patients, aged 18 and over, with Ewing's sarcoma of bone, were evaluated clinically and radiographically.  They had clinical findings similar to younger patients with Ewing's sarcoma, except that they presented with fewer systemic symptoms. The radiographic characteristics included a preponderance of flat bone involvement (54%) over long bone involvement (36%). A soft-tissue mass was detected in only 55% of the cases. CT scans, when used, proved to be helpful in delineating a soft-tissue mass associated with the bony lesion, and in follow-up after therapy.", "PMID": 511895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9405", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of aorto-inferior vena caval fistula.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. In the first, following laparotomy for an erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis, retrograde aortography was conclusive. In the second case, an attempted renal angiogram for acute renal failure and hematuria failed but a flush aortic injection showed the fistula.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of aorto-inferior vena caval fistula. Two cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. In the first, following laparotomy for an erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis, retrograde aortography was conclusive. In the second case, an attempted renal angiogram for acute renal failure and hematuria failed but a flush aortic injection showed the fistula.", "PMID": 511897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9406", "title": "Radiologic staging of granulomatous enteritis.", "content": "A staging of granulomatous enteritis (Crohn's disease) based only on roentgen findings is proposed. This would provide a common base to the analysis of different groups of patients and to the evaluation of management results. Twenty of the most relevant signs have been selected and divided into four stages, each referring to an increasing involvement of the bowel. Every case of disease should be classified in the stage to which its more advanced sign belongs.", "contents": "Radiologic staging of granulomatous enteritis. A staging of granulomatous enteritis (Crohn's disease) based only on roentgen findings is proposed. This would provide a common base to the analysis of different groups of patients and to the evaluation of management results. Twenty of the most relevant signs have been selected and divided into four stages, each referring to an increasing involvement of the bowel. Every case of disease should be classified in the stage to which its more advanced sign belongs.", "PMID": 511898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9407", "title": "Percutaneous localization of breast lesions: experience with the Frank Breast Biopsy Guide.", "content": "The advantages of a wire localization guide for nonpalpable breast lesions have been demonstrated in 16 patients. The hooked end will not move after placement when the external end is anchored by a strong clamp. The malleable wire permits post-insertion compression mammograms to be performed. With the wire left in situ, orientation of the biopsy specimen with post-localization mammograms can guide the surgeon if further resection is necessary.", "contents": "Percutaneous localization of breast lesions: experience with the Frank Breast Biopsy Guide. The advantages of a wire localization guide for nonpalpable breast lesions have been demonstrated in 16 patients. The hooked end will not move after placement when the external end is anchored by a strong clamp. The malleable wire permits post-insertion compression mammograms to be performed. With the wire left in situ, orientation of the biopsy specimen with post-localization mammograms can guide the surgeon if further resection is necessary.", "PMID": 511899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9408", "title": "Cryptic cause of renal malrotation.", "content": "An intravenous urogram in a child with left adrenal neuroblastoma and bone metastases deomonstrated malrotation of the left kidney but no visible mass. A bone scan showed uptake of 99mTc by the tumor which suggested the diagnosis, confirmed by an abdominal echogram.", "contents": "Cryptic cause of renal malrotation. An intravenous urogram in a child with left adrenal neuroblastoma and bone metastases deomonstrated malrotation of the left kidney but no visible mass. A bone scan showed uptake of 99mTc by the tumor which suggested the diagnosis, confirmed by an abdominal echogram.", "PMID": 511900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9409", "title": "Lymphomatous masses simulating cysts by ultrasonography.", "content": "Ultrasonography has proven to be extremely useful in the evaluation of lymphomatous masses within the abdomen and pelvis. However, these masses can at times appear extremely anechoic, exhibiting many features of fluid-filled or cystic masses.", "contents": "Lymphomatous masses simulating cysts by ultrasonography. Ultrasonography has proven to be extremely useful in the evaluation of lymphomatous masses within the abdomen and pelvis. However, these masses can at times appear extremely anechoic, exhibiting many features of fluid-filled or cystic masses.", "PMID": 511901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9410", "title": "Radiolographic exhibits in gross anatomy.", "content": "The discipline radiology is well suited to teach anatomy to first-year medial students. A series of exhibits of radiographic anatomy in the dissection laboratory, in conjuction with small group teaching sessions, serves this purpose well. Such displays are readily constructed from materials available in most radiology departments and are easily reproduced.", "contents": "Radiolographic exhibits in gross anatomy. The discipline radiology is well suited to teach anatomy to first-year medial students. A series of exhibits of radiographic anatomy in the dissection laboratory, in conjuction with small group teaching sessions, serves this purpose well. Such displays are readily constructed from materials available in most radiology departments and are easily reproduced.", "PMID": 511902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9411", "title": "Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the posterior mediastinum.", "content": "Giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare cause of a mediastinal mass. When it occurs in the posterior mediastinum, it has no characteristic features. It simulates a neurogenic tumor, from which it may be indistinguishable, even angiographically.", "contents": "Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the posterior mediastinum. Giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare cause of a mediastinal mass. When it occurs in the posterior mediastinum, it has no characteristic features. It simulates a neurogenic tumor, from which it may be indistinguishable, even angiographically.", "PMID": 511903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9412", "title": "Cerebral aterial ectasia on computed tomography.", "content": "With computed tomography, dilated tortuous carotid and/or basilar arteries appear as tubular, fusiform or ring-shaped densities on the non-enhanced scan, or they may only be apparent after iodine injection. They can be differentiated by their shape and anatomic location. They may be multiple and are mostly seen in patients with a long history of atherosclerosis and hypertension.", "contents": "Cerebral aterial ectasia on computed tomography. With computed tomography, dilated tortuous carotid and/or basilar arteries appear as tubular, fusiform or ring-shaped densities on the non-enhanced scan, or they may only be apparent after iodine injection. They can be differentiated by their shape and anatomic location. They may be multiple and are mostly seen in patients with a long history of atherosclerosis and hypertension.", "PMID": 511904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9413", "title": "Giant ureteral calculi.", "content": "Giant ureteral calculi are defined as weighing at least 50 g or measuring more than 5 cm in greatest diameter. Two patients with this rare entity are described.", "contents": "Giant ureteral calculi. Giant ureteral calculi are defined as weighing at least 50 g or measuring more than 5 cm in greatest diameter. Two patients with this rare entity are described.", "PMID": 511906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9414", "title": "Improving results in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement using cold potassium cardioplegia.", "content": "Our entire experience (33 patients) of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement was reviewed. In 20 patients, coronary perfusion with moderate hypothermia (28-32 degrees C) was used with 7 operative deaths (35% mortality). Catecholamines were used in 14 patients (70%). Potassium cardioplegia was used in 13 patients with no mortality (P less than 0.02) and use of catecholamines in only 4 (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that potassium cardioplegia is the method of preference for myocardial preservation for combined aortic and mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Improving results in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement using cold potassium cardioplegia. Our entire experience (33 patients) of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement was reviewed. In 20 patients, coronary perfusion with moderate hypothermia (28-32 degrees C) was used with 7 operative deaths (35% mortality). Catecholamines were used in 14 patients (70%). Potassium cardioplegia was used in 13 patients with no mortality (P less than 0.02) and use of catecholamines in only 4 (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that potassium cardioplegia is the method of preference for myocardial preservation for combined aortic and mitral valve replacement.", "PMID": 511907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9415", "title": "Management of tricuspid valve insufficiency. Replacement with Hancock bioprosthesis or suture annuloplasty.", "content": "Forty-seven patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) or tricuspid annuloplasty (TA) combined with aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) at Henry Ford Hospital, from 1971 to 1977 are reviewed. Thirty-three patients underwent TVR with a Hancock valve combined with MVR or AVR; hospital mortality was 30% (10 to 33) and was higher at the beginning of the series when smaller valves were used. No valve dysfunction has been seen with mean follow-up time of 36.7 months, ranging from 4 to 60 months. Good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. Fourteen patients underwent TA; hospital mortality was 21% (3 of 14) with one late mortality (9%); good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. However, one patient presented 11 months following surgery with tricuspid insufficiency after a period of improvement. For patients with severely deformed valves a large size Hancock valve is recommended. For insufficiency alone tricuspid annuloplasty is recommended.", "contents": "Management of tricuspid valve insufficiency. Replacement with Hancock bioprosthesis or suture annuloplasty. Forty-seven patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) or tricuspid annuloplasty (TA) combined with aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) at Henry Ford Hospital, from 1971 to 1977 are reviewed. Thirty-three patients underwent TVR with a Hancock valve combined with MVR or AVR; hospital mortality was 30% (10 to 33) and was higher at the beginning of the series when smaller valves were used. No valve dysfunction has been seen with mean follow-up time of 36.7 months, ranging from 4 to 60 months. Good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. Fourteen patients underwent TA; hospital mortality was 21% (3 of 14) with one late mortality (9%); good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. However, one patient presented 11 months following surgery with tricuspid insufficiency after a period of improvement. For patients with severely deformed valves a large size Hancock valve is recommended. For insufficiency alone tricuspid annuloplasty is recommended.", "PMID": 511908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9416", "title": "Surgical management of carotid artery aneurysm with ball valve thrombus.", "content": "Operative repair of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms has been infrequently reported. A unique case is presented in which an aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery contained a ball valve thrombus. The patient experienced transient ischemic attacks whenever a position was assumed which permitted occlusion of the internal carotid artery by the free floating thrombus. The aneurysm and thrombus were successfully resected and primary anastomosis of the internal carotid artery carried out to the common carotid artery. The patient has remained free of cerebrovascular ischemic symptoms for 18 months following operative repair. The previously reported surgical experience with extracranial carotid artery aneurysms is reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical management of carotid artery aneurysm with ball valve thrombus. Operative repair of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms has been infrequently reported. A unique case is presented in which an aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery contained a ball valve thrombus. The patient experienced transient ischemic attacks whenever a position was assumed which permitted occlusion of the internal carotid artery by the free floating thrombus. The aneurysm and thrombus were successfully resected and primary anastomosis of the internal carotid artery carried out to the common carotid artery. The patient has remained free of cerebrovascular ischemic symptoms for 18 months following operative repair. The previously reported surgical experience with extracranial carotid artery aneurysms is reviewed.", "PMID": 511910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9417", "title": "Partial repair followed by total correction in congenital heart anomalies.", "content": "A two stage corrective operative approach is required for a variety of complex heart anomalies. Different anomalies require different approaches in the various age groups. The technique, results, and complications of elective primary partial repair followed by full correction are described.", "contents": "Partial repair followed by total correction in congenital heart anomalies. A two stage corrective operative approach is required for a variety of complex heart anomalies. Different anomalies require different approaches in the various age groups. The technique, results, and complications of elective primary partial repair followed by full correction are described.", "PMID": 511909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9418", "title": "Associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery. (Report of a successful operated case).", "content": "A successful operated case of associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery is reported. The hepatic artery was reanastomosed with the splanchnic artery after aneurysmectomy; the other two aneurysms were treated with resection and aorto-iliac by-pass. The unfrequent association of this type of arterial lesions is stressed. A brief world's literature review is also reported.", "contents": "Associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery. (Report of a successful operated case). A successful operated case of associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery is reported. The hepatic artery was reanastomosed with the splanchnic artery after aneurysmectomy; the other two aneurysms were treated with resection and aorto-iliac by-pass. The unfrequent association of this type of arterial lesions is stressed. A brief world's literature review is also reported.", "PMID": 511912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9419", "title": "Combined severe vascular and skeletal trauma. Management and results.", "content": "The viability and final functional ability of a limb following a vascular trauma will depend upon many factors, among these are the associated injuries. Thirty three patients suffering from combined vascular and skeletal injuries are presented. The presence of associated fractures weighed heavily upon the prognosis in these patients. Thus, twelve patients, or 36.3%, underwent limb amputation. Two patients died. In war wounds, the high velocity missile had caused severe and extensive destruction of tissues and the presence of the skeletal injury reflected well the degree of severity of the injury sustained by many of these wounded. The site of the fracture had a definite influence on the prognosis. For instance, all patients with a popliteal vessel injury lost their limb. The post operative complications noted in this series were essentially infectious complications. Internal fixation of the fracture, when used, was followed by a 45% rate of infection against a 27% rate when external fixation had been used. A higher rate of amputation was however observed in patients who had external fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation (30%). This is explained by the severity of the injury sustained in the former group. Nineteen patients were discharged with a viable limb, a success rate of 57.5%. The functional result was excellent in thirteen patients only (39.3%). Six patients remained with residual functional disability due to the associated injuries.", "contents": "Combined severe vascular and skeletal trauma. Management and results. The viability and final functional ability of a limb following a vascular trauma will depend upon many factors, among these are the associated injuries. Thirty three patients suffering from combined vascular and skeletal injuries are presented. The presence of associated fractures weighed heavily upon the prognosis in these patients. Thus, twelve patients, or 36.3%, underwent limb amputation. Two patients died. In war wounds, the high velocity missile had caused severe and extensive destruction of tissues and the presence of the skeletal injury reflected well the degree of severity of the injury sustained by many of these wounded. The site of the fracture had a definite influence on the prognosis. For instance, all patients with a popliteal vessel injury lost their limb. The post operative complications noted in this series were essentially infectious complications. Internal fixation of the fracture, when used, was followed by a 45% rate of infection against a 27% rate when external fixation had been used. A higher rate of amputation was however observed in patients who had external fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation (30%). This is explained by the severity of the injury sustained in the former group. Nineteen patients were discharged with a viable limb, a success rate of 57.5%. The functional result was excellent in thirteen patients only (39.3%). Six patients remained with residual functional disability due to the associated injuries.", "PMID": 511911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9420", "title": "Postcoarctectomy mesenteric arteritis presenting as neonatal appendicitis.", "content": "A case of mesenteric arteritis complicating the post-operative coarctectomy in a 5 day old infant is described. This case was of interest due to diagnostic difficulties and the fatal outcome. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of this syndrome, the following symptoms including fever, intestinal bleeding, ileus, nausea, vomiting, leucocytosis, hypertension or abdominal pain should alert the physicians and treatment should start without delay.", "contents": "Postcoarctectomy mesenteric arteritis presenting as neonatal appendicitis. A case of mesenteric arteritis complicating the post-operative coarctectomy in a 5 day old infant is described. This case was of interest due to diagnostic difficulties and the fatal outcome. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of this syndrome, the following symptoms including fever, intestinal bleeding, ileus, nausea, vomiting, leucocytosis, hypertension or abdominal pain should alert the physicians and treatment should start without delay.", "PMID": 511913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9421", "title": "An unusual late complication of superior mesenteric embolectomy.", "content": "Few complications of superior mesenteric artery embolectomy have now been reported. We present the case history of a patient who developed duodenal obstruction due to a haematoma forming in the root of the mesentery following successful superior mesenteric embolectomy. The aetiology is discussed and a method of avoiding this complication suggested.", "contents": "An unusual late complication of superior mesenteric embolectomy. Few complications of superior mesenteric artery embolectomy have now been reported. We present the case history of a patient who developed duodenal obstruction due to a haematoma forming in the root of the mesentery following successful superior mesenteric embolectomy. The aetiology is discussed and a method of avoiding this complication suggested.", "PMID": 511914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9422", "title": "Thoracic outlet-syndrome with vascular complications.", "content": "1. In thoracic outlet-syndrome arterial lesions--such as poststenotic aneurysm with or without peripheral arterial emboli--are mostly caused by permanent compression of the vessel. In 48% of cases arterial emboli show to be the first clinical manifestation of a subclavian artery lesion. 2. Venous lesions usually classified as \"spontaneous axillar vein thrombosis\" are probably initiated by intimal lesions of the axillary vein caused by compressionof this vessel in the costoclavicular space. 3. Unilateral ischemia of fingers or hand--especially in young patients--should be considered first of all as a peripheral manifestation of a cervical rib-syndrome. Surgical correction should include besides rib resection, lumen control of the poststenotic dilated artery, disobliteration of occluded main arteries and thoracic sympathectomy in cases with several distal arterial embolic occlusions. 4. Venous thrombectomy for acute thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian vein should be combined with the resection of the first rib in order to prevent any further compression to the vein in the costoclavicular space. The use of a temporary a.v.-fistula may be used as an additional mens for keeping the disobliterated vein patent. 5. In the thoracic outlet-syndrome neurological signs and complaints caused by intermittent or permanent mechanical nerve irritation represent the most frequent clinical findings (i.e. 90%). On the other hand in two thirds of patients with arterial or venous complications neurological signs are missed and therefore do no help for diagnosis.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet-syndrome with vascular complications. 1. In thoracic outlet-syndrome arterial lesions--such as poststenotic aneurysm with or without peripheral arterial emboli--are mostly caused by permanent compression of the vessel. In 48% of cases arterial emboli show to be the first clinical manifestation of a subclavian artery lesion. 2. Venous lesions usually classified as \"spontaneous axillar vein thrombosis\" are probably initiated by intimal lesions of the axillary vein caused by compressionof this vessel in the costoclavicular space. 3. Unilateral ischemia of fingers or hand--especially in young patients--should be considered first of all as a peripheral manifestation of a cervical rib-syndrome. Surgical correction should include besides rib resection, lumen control of the poststenotic dilated artery, disobliteration of occluded main arteries and thoracic sympathectomy in cases with several distal arterial embolic occlusions. 4. Venous thrombectomy for acute thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian vein should be combined with the resection of the first rib in order to prevent any further compression to the vein in the costoclavicular space. The use of a temporary a.v.-fistula may be used as an additional mens for keeping the disobliterated vein patent. 5. In the thoracic outlet-syndrome neurological signs and complaints caused by intermittent or permanent mechanical nerve irritation represent the most frequent clinical findings (i.e. 90%). On the other hand in two thirds of patients with arterial or venous complications neurological signs are missed and therefore do no help for diagnosis.", "PMID": 511918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9423", "title": "Patch angioplasty of the superior vena caval obstruction (case reports with long follow-up results).", "content": "Four cases of the superior vena caval obstruction caused by mediastinal tumor and fibrous mediastinitis are presented. Palliation was achieved by resection of tumor or scar tissue and placing a Teflon or autogenous vein patch to the resected defect of the superior vena cava. One of the patients died of metastasis at 8 months postoperatively, but patency of the patch graft was confirmed. The other three are alive and well at 14, 14 and 11 years, respectively. Continued patency has been confirmed by venographies in two of them.", "contents": "Patch angioplasty of the superior vena caval obstruction (case reports with long follow-up results). Four cases of the superior vena caval obstruction caused by mediastinal tumor and fibrous mediastinitis are presented. Palliation was achieved by resection of tumor or scar tissue and placing a Teflon or autogenous vein patch to the resected defect of the superior vena cava. One of the patients died of metastasis at 8 months postoperatively, but patency of the patch graft was confirmed. The other three are alive and well at 14, 14 and 11 years, respectively. Continued patency has been confirmed by venographies in two of them.", "PMID": 511917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9424", "title": "Obstruction of the iliac vein by mucoid cyst: successful result of surgical excision.", "content": "The third case, if the literature's survey has been exhaustive, of mucoid cyst of the venous wall is reported. Venous obstruction with palpable tumour in the iliac fossa is not always of poor prognosis.", "contents": "Obstruction of the iliac vein by mucoid cyst: successful result of surgical excision. The third case, if the literature's survey has been exhaustive, of mucoid cyst of the venous wall is reported. Venous obstruction with palpable tumour in the iliac fossa is not always of poor prognosis.", "PMID": 511916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9425", "title": "Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "A case of a 10 year old girl with hypoplasia of the inter-reno-mesenteric region of the abdominal aorta, which was accompanied by other pathological entities, is reported. The classification, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis is discussed in detail. Successful treatment was accomplished with aorto-aortic bypass grafting and additional saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the right renal artery. The conclusion of this study is that the hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta is a rare disease which may affect beyond the confines of the aorta and may involve the origins of vital arteries. Surgery offers the only chance of a favourable outcome.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta. A case of a 10 year old girl with hypoplasia of the inter-reno-mesenteric region of the abdominal aorta, which was accompanied by other pathological entities, is reported. The classification, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis is discussed in detail. Successful treatment was accomplished with aorto-aortic bypass grafting and additional saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the right renal artery. The conclusion of this study is that the hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta is a rare disease which may affect beyond the confines of the aorta and may involve the origins of vital arteries. Surgery offers the only chance of a favourable outcome.", "PMID": 511919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9426", "title": "Morphological aspects of the human intimal surface at scanning electron microscope. A preliminary approach in surgical material (iliac arteries).", "content": "Human iliac arteries, obtained at surgery, were examined at SEM. The ultrastructural aspects has evidenced pathological pictures, quite unexpected. The material observed resulted very adapt for scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Morphological aspects of the human intimal surface at scanning electron microscope. A preliminary approach in surgical material (iliac arteries). Human iliac arteries, obtained at surgery, were examined at SEM. The ultrastructural aspects has evidenced pathological pictures, quite unexpected. The material observed resulted very adapt for scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 511921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9427", "title": "The great saphenous vein used in situ after vein valve extirpation. Long term results.", "content": "In 227 patients 252 extremities were operated on with femoropopliteal bypass using the in situ vein technique. The valves were extirpated through incisions in the vein. At discharge 14 grafts were thrombosed, mainly because of inadequate size of the vein graft. Ten years after surgery more than 50% of the patients had died, and only 25% of the implanted grafts were patent. The dominating cause of death was coronary infarction. Thirty one limbs were amputated. At the end of follow-up 51 grafts were patent 10 to 17 years after surgery, mean 10.84 ears. With regard to mortality and long term patency the most important factors were: Preoperative history of myocardial disease, smoking, size of the vein graft and peripheral \"run-off\".", "contents": "The great saphenous vein used in situ after vein valve extirpation. Long term results. In 227 patients 252 extremities were operated on with femoropopliteal bypass using the in situ vein technique. The valves were extirpated through incisions in the vein. At discharge 14 grafts were thrombosed, mainly because of inadequate size of the vein graft. Ten years after surgery more than 50% of the patients had died, and only 25% of the implanted grafts were patent. The dominating cause of death was coronary infarction. Thirty one limbs were amputated. At the end of follow-up 51 grafts were patent 10 to 17 years after surgery, mean 10.84 ears. With regard to mortality and long term patency the most important factors were: Preoperative history of myocardial disease, smoking, size of the vein graft and peripheral \"run-off\".", "PMID": 511920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9428", "title": "Venous function after thigh vein thrombosis diagnosed by the 125I-fibrinogen test. A study with occlusion plethysmorgraphy.", "content": "The long-term venous function after postoperative thigh vein thrombosis according to the 125I-fibrinogen test was analysed. 50 patients with a positive fibrinogen test postoperatively were investigated with strain gauge plethysmography 74 (27--103) weeks after operation. In five patients (10%), all female and all hip operated, pathological plethysmograms were seen.", "contents": "Venous function after thigh vein thrombosis diagnosed by the 125I-fibrinogen test. A study with occlusion plethysmorgraphy. The long-term venous function after postoperative thigh vein thrombosis according to the 125I-fibrinogen test was analysed. 50 patients with a positive fibrinogen test postoperatively were investigated with strain gauge plethysmography 74 (27--103) weeks after operation. In five patients (10%), all female and all hip operated, pathological plethysmograms were seen.", "PMID": 511923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9429", "title": "Surgical resection of acute post-myocardial infarction ventricular aneurysm. A clinical study.", "content": "Clinical follow-up of 24 patients who developed left ventricular aneurysm early after myocardial infarction is presented. All patients developed left ventricular failure within two weeks of infarction. The indication for operation was resistant left ventricular failure in 21 patients and a combination of left ventricular failure and unstable angina in three. Complete occlusion or severe stenosis (greater than 70 per cent) of the left anterior descending coronary artery was the most common findings. There were 3 hospital (12.5 per cent) and 2 late (8.3 per cent) deaths. Impairment of septal mobility was associated with a poor prognosis. All patients who develop progressive left ventricular failure early following myocardial infarction should be clinically and haemodynamically evaluated for the presence of left ventricular aneurysm. Surgical resection of the aneurysm and correction of associated lesions should be aggressively pursued.", "contents": "Surgical resection of acute post-myocardial infarction ventricular aneurysm. A clinical study. Clinical follow-up of 24 patients who developed left ventricular aneurysm early after myocardial infarction is presented. All patients developed left ventricular failure within two weeks of infarction. The indication for operation was resistant left ventricular failure in 21 patients and a combination of left ventricular failure and unstable angina in three. Complete occlusion or severe stenosis (greater than 70 per cent) of the left anterior descending coronary artery was the most common findings. There were 3 hospital (12.5 per cent) and 2 late (8.3 per cent) deaths. Impairment of septal mobility was associated with a poor prognosis. All patients who develop progressive left ventricular failure early following myocardial infarction should be clinically and haemodynamically evaluated for the presence of left ventricular aneurysm. Surgical resection of the aneurysm and correction of associated lesions should be aggressively pursued.", "PMID": 511925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9430", "title": "Experimental and clinical studies of the inverted autogenous vein grafts.", "content": "The vein was inverted (inside-out) and used as a new arterial substitute. Experimental study showed more than 90% patency rate and clinical experiences were satisfactory. Autogenous inverted vein grafting is a safe procedure and should be considered another way to widen the indication of the vein.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical studies of the inverted autogenous vein grafts. The vein was inverted (inside-out) and used as a new arterial substitute. Experimental study showed more than 90% patency rate and clinical experiences were satisfactory. Autogenous inverted vein grafting is a safe procedure and should be considered another way to widen the indication of the vein.", "PMID": 511924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9431", "title": "Visceral artery aneurysmosis. Case report.", "content": "Visceral artery aneurysms have been reported which involve most major visceral arteries. However, these are usually isolated and limited to one or, at most, two visceral vessels or are related to specific systemic disorders such as the collagen vascular diseases. we have identified a patient who presented with an asymptomatic upper abdominal mass which proved upon angiography to be a splenic artery aneurysm. The patient also proved to have aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery, the left and right hepatic arteries and the gastroduodenal artery. Histologic examination revealed normal and elastic tissue content of the vessels. Review of the literature has not revealed a similar type of case of multiple aneurysmal degeneration of visceral arteries as domonstrated by this case.", "contents": "Visceral artery aneurysmosis. Case report. Visceral artery aneurysms have been reported which involve most major visceral arteries. However, these are usually isolated and limited to one or, at most, two visceral vessels or are related to specific systemic disorders such as the collagen vascular diseases. we have identified a patient who presented with an asymptomatic upper abdominal mass which proved upon angiography to be a splenic artery aneurysm. The patient also proved to have aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery, the left and right hepatic arteries and the gastroduodenal artery. Histologic examination revealed normal and elastic tissue content of the vessels. Review of the literature has not revealed a similar type of case of multiple aneurysmal degeneration of visceral arteries as domonstrated by this case.", "PMID": 511922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9432", "title": "Dispersal and reformation of acetylcholine receptor clusters of cultured rat myotubes treated with inhibitors of energy metabolism.", "content": "The effects of energy metabolism inhibitors on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the surface membranes of non-innervated, cultured rat myotubes were studied by visualizing the AChRs with monotetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin. Incubation of myotubes with inhibitors of energy metabolism causes a large decrease in the fraction of myotubes displaying clusters of AChR. This decrease is reversible, and is dependent on temperature, the concentration of inhibitor, and the duration of treatment. Cluster dispersal is probably not the result of secondary effects on Ca++ or cyclic nucleotide metabolism, membrane potential, cytoskeletal elements, or protein synthesis. Sequential observations of identified cells treated with sodium azide showed that clusters appear to disperse by movements of receptors within the sarcolemma without accompanying changes in cell shape. AChR clusters dispersed by pretreating cells with sodium azide rapidly reform upon removal of the inhibitor. Reclustering involves the formation of small aggregates of AChR, which act as foci for further aggregation and which appear to be precursors of large AChR clusters. Small AChR aggregates also appear to be precursors of clusters which form on myotubes never exposed to azide. Reclustering after azide treatment does not necessarily occur at the same sites occupied by clusters before dispersal, nor does it employ only receptors which had previously been in clusters. Cluster reformation can be blocked by cycloheximide, colchicine, and drugs which alter the intracellular cation composition.", "contents": "Dispersal and reformation of acetylcholine receptor clusters of cultured rat myotubes treated with inhibitors of energy metabolism. The effects of energy metabolism inhibitors on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the surface membranes of non-innervated, cultured rat myotubes were studied by visualizing the AChRs with monotetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin. Incubation of myotubes with inhibitors of energy metabolism causes a large decrease in the fraction of myotubes displaying clusters of AChR. This decrease is reversible, and is dependent on temperature, the concentration of inhibitor, and the duration of treatment. Cluster dispersal is probably not the result of secondary effects on Ca++ or cyclic nucleotide metabolism, membrane potential, cytoskeletal elements, or protein synthesis. Sequential observations of identified cells treated with sodium azide showed that clusters appear to disperse by movements of receptors within the sarcolemma without accompanying changes in cell shape. AChR clusters dispersed by pretreating cells with sodium azide rapidly reform upon removal of the inhibitor. Reclustering involves the formation of small aggregates of AChR, which act as foci for further aggregation and which appear to be precursors of large AChR clusters. Small AChR aggregates also appear to be precursors of clusters which form on myotubes never exposed to azide. Reclustering after azide treatment does not necessarily occur at the same sites occupied by clusters before dispersal, nor does it employ only receptors which had previously been in clusters. Cluster reformation can be blocked by cycloheximide, colchicine, and drugs which alter the intracellular cation composition.", "PMID": 511929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9433", "title": "Endocytosis and chloroquine accumulation during the cell cycle of hepatoma cells in culture.", "content": "Variations of endocytic and of lysosomal functions during the cell cycle have been investigated in synchronized hepatoma cells (derived from Morris hepatoma 7288c) by following the cellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase, dextran (mol wt. 70,000), and chloroquine. Cell fractionation and cytochemistry show that in asynchronously growing cells exposed for 1 h to 5 mg/ml peroxidase, the bulk of the enzyme taken up by the cells is found in phagosomes. By using the same experimental system with synchronized HTC cells, large variations of endocytosis are observed during the cell cycle. Peroxidase uptake is lowest during mitosis, increases 5--10 times during G1 phase, reaches a plateau, and finally decreases at the end of S phase and during G2 phase. A similar evolution is observed for the uptake of dextran (0.5 or 1 mg/ml), but it is likely that a significant part of the polysaccharide is still associated with the pericellular surface after 1 h. Moreover, dextran is transferred more slowly than peroxidase to lysosomes. Cellular accumulation of chloroquine is related to intralysosomal pH or to the buffering capacity of lysosomes. Our results show that this drug is taken up more rapidly during G1 and S phases while the rate of accumulation is lowest in mitotic cells. The results are discussed in relation to the modifications of the physical properties of lysosomes during the cell cycle observed previously by cell fractionation and electron microsocopy, and to the possible role of lysosomes in the initiation of mitosis. Cyclic changes of endocytosis in actively dividing cells are demonstrated by our observations and may induce large differences in the uptake rate of extracellular substances.", "contents": "Endocytosis and chloroquine accumulation during the cell cycle of hepatoma cells in culture. Variations of endocytic and of lysosomal functions during the cell cycle have been investigated in synchronized hepatoma cells (derived from Morris hepatoma 7288c) by following the cellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase, dextran (mol wt. 70,000), and chloroquine. Cell fractionation and cytochemistry show that in asynchronously growing cells exposed for 1 h to 5 mg/ml peroxidase, the bulk of the enzyme taken up by the cells is found in phagosomes. By using the same experimental system with synchronized HTC cells, large variations of endocytosis are observed during the cell cycle. Peroxidase uptake is lowest during mitosis, increases 5--10 times during G1 phase, reaches a plateau, and finally decreases at the end of S phase and during G2 phase. A similar evolution is observed for the uptake of dextran (0.5 or 1 mg/ml), but it is likely that a significant part of the polysaccharide is still associated with the pericellular surface after 1 h. Moreover, dextran is transferred more slowly than peroxidase to lysosomes. Cellular accumulation of chloroquine is related to intralysosomal pH or to the buffering capacity of lysosomes. Our results show that this drug is taken up more rapidly during G1 and S phases while the rate of accumulation is lowest in mitotic cells. The results are discussed in relation to the modifications of the physical properties of lysosomes during the cell cycle observed previously by cell fractionation and electron microsocopy, and to the possible role of lysosomes in the initiation of mitosis. Cyclic changes of endocytosis in actively dividing cells are demonstrated by our observations and may induce large differences in the uptake rate of extracellular substances.", "PMID": 511930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9434", "title": "Intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse.", "content": "Intercellular adhesion is assumed to play an important role in a multitude of biological phenomena governing cellular behavior. The rate of intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse has been investigated using, in the monolayer assay, synchronized Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 cells. Results obtained demonstrate that cells in G1 adhere to G1 cells at twice the rate that S cells adhere to each other. G1 cells adhere to S cells at an intermediate rate. The additive adhesiveness seen in G1 is abolished by brief trypsinization, suggesting that in G1 a qualitative or quantitative change occurs with respect to the presence or exposure of components involved in intercellular adhesion.", "contents": "Intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse. Intercellular adhesion is assumed to play an important role in a multitude of biological phenomena governing cellular behavior. The rate of intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse has been investigated using, in the monolayer assay, synchronized Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 cells. Results obtained demonstrate that cells in G1 adhere to G1 cells at twice the rate that S cells adhere to each other. G1 cells adhere to S cells at an intermediate rate. The additive adhesiveness seen in G1 is abolished by brief trypsinization, suggesting that in G1 a qualitative or quantitative change occurs with respect to the presence or exposure of components involved in intercellular adhesion.", "PMID": 511931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9435", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of amylase and chymotrypsinogen in the exocrine pancreatic cell with special attention to the Golgi complex.", "content": "Affinity-purified, monospecific rabbit antibodies against rat pancreatic alpha-amylase and bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsinogen were used for immunoferritin observations of ultrathin frozen sections of mildly fixed exocrine pancreatic tissue from secretion-stimulated (pilocarpine) rats and from overnight-fasted rats and guinea pigs. The labeling patterns for both antibodies were qualitatively alike: Labeling occurred in (a) the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) including the perinuclear cisterna, in (b) the peripheral area between the RER and cis-Golgi face, and (c) all Golgi cisternae, condensing vacuoles, and secretory granules. Labeling of cytoplasmic matrix was negligible. Structures that appeared to correspond to rigid lamellae were unlabeled. Differences in labeling intensities indicated that concentration of the zymogens starts at the boundary of the RER and cis-side of the Golgi complex. These data support the view that the Golgi cisternae are involved in protein processing in both stimulated and unstimulated cells and that Golgi cisternae and condensing vacuoles constitute a functional unit.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of amylase and chymotrypsinogen in the exocrine pancreatic cell with special attention to the Golgi complex. Affinity-purified, monospecific rabbit antibodies against rat pancreatic alpha-amylase and bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsinogen were used for immunoferritin observations of ultrathin frozen sections of mildly fixed exocrine pancreatic tissue from secretion-stimulated (pilocarpine) rats and from overnight-fasted rats and guinea pigs. The labeling patterns for both antibodies were qualitatively alike: Labeling occurred in (a) the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) including the perinuclear cisterna, in (b) the peripheral area between the RER and cis-Golgi face, and (c) all Golgi cisternae, condensing vacuoles, and secretory granules. Labeling of cytoplasmic matrix was negligible. Structures that appeared to correspond to rigid lamellae were unlabeled. Differences in labeling intensities indicated that concentration of the zymogens starts at the boundary of the RER and cis-side of the Golgi complex. These data support the view that the Golgi cisternae are involved in protein processing in both stimulated and unstimulated cells and that Golgi cisternae and condensing vacuoles constitute a functional unit.", "PMID": 511932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9436", "title": "Heparin dose for accurate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery.", "content": "A simplified technique relating individual heparin dose to desired anticoagulant effect was used in 152 patients during cardiac surgery. Activated clotting time (act) was measured by semi-automated technique (Hemochron) before and after heparin, 200 U/kg I.V. Two point linear dose-response curve allowed calculation of any additional heparin required for uniform ACT of 480 seconds. Mean heparin requirement was 330 U/kg) (range 200--600 U/kg) mean requirements for adults (mean = 310 U/kg) were significantly less (p less than 0.001) than for children (mean = 430 U/kg). Individual dose-response curves suggested 20 patients (13%) could have been below adequate anticoagulant levels (ACT less than 300 seconds) using our previous formula for heparin dosage (9000 U/m2). At completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, measurement of ACT provided circulating heparin level from the dose-response curve. Protamine dose (1.3 mg/100 U. heparin) was individualized to precisely reverse anticoagulant effect to control ACT in 127 of 152 patients (84%) with a single dose. Elimination of patient and product variability by simplified semi-automated dose-response technique for heparin therapy provides uniform anticoagulant effect and its accurate neutralization. This technique is recommended for precise anticoagulant therapy during open heart surgery.", "contents": "Heparin dose for accurate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. A simplified technique relating individual heparin dose to desired anticoagulant effect was used in 152 patients during cardiac surgery. Activated clotting time (act) was measured by semi-automated technique (Hemochron) before and after heparin, 200 U/kg I.V. Two point linear dose-response curve allowed calculation of any additional heparin required for uniform ACT of 480 seconds. Mean heparin requirement was 330 U/kg) (range 200--600 U/kg) mean requirements for adults (mean = 310 U/kg) were significantly less (p less than 0.001) than for children (mean = 430 U/kg). Individual dose-response curves suggested 20 patients (13%) could have been below adequate anticoagulant levels (ACT less than 300 seconds) using our previous formula for heparin dosage (9000 U/m2). At completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, measurement of ACT provided circulating heparin level from the dose-response curve. Protamine dose (1.3 mg/100 U. heparin) was individualized to precisely reverse anticoagulant effect to control ACT in 127 of 152 patients (84%) with a single dose. Elimination of patient and product variability by simplified semi-automated dose-response technique for heparin therapy provides uniform anticoagulant effect and its accurate neutralization. This technique is recommended for precise anticoagulant therapy during open heart surgery.", "PMID": 511928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9437", "title": "Atrial septal defect: repair in patients over thirty-five years of age.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients over age 35 underwent repair of atrial septal defect. The operative mortality was zero for the seven N.Y.H.A. class I and 26 N.Y.H.A. class II patients. One of 16 class III patients and two of nine class IV patients died; consequently, overall hospital mortality was five percent. The operative mortality was not related to age or level of pulmonary hypertension. Long-term clinical improvement was documented in 75 percent of patients who had been symptomatic preoperatively. The suggestion in early reports that pulmonary hypertension, or age per se, many contraindicate repair of an ASD cannot be supported by our results.", "contents": "Atrial septal defect: repair in patients over thirty-five years of age. Fifty-eight patients over age 35 underwent repair of atrial septal defect. The operative mortality was zero for the seven N.Y.H.A. class I and 26 N.Y.H.A. class II patients. One of 16 class III patients and two of nine class IV patients died; consequently, overall hospital mortality was five percent. The operative mortality was not related to age or level of pulmonary hypertension. Long-term clinical improvement was documented in 75 percent of patients who had been symptomatic preoperatively. The suggestion in early reports that pulmonary hypertension, or age per se, many contraindicate repair of an ASD cannot be supported by our results.", "PMID": 511926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9438", "title": "Regional differentiation of the sperm surface as studied with 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate, an impermeant reagent that allows isolation of the labeled components.", "content": "The regional differentiation of the sperm surface has been studied with the aid of a novel covalent labeling technique that permits concurrent cytological, biochemical, and immunological analyses. For these studies isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescein (FITC) and diiodofluorescein (IFC) were employed: the latter can be prepared with radioiodine to high specific activity (125IFC) and is an impermeant reagent for the erythrocyte surface. Sperm of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), medaka )Oryzias latipes), and golden hamster bind the fluorescent chromophores with a nonuniform distribution, most of the fluorescence being associated with the midpiece. The radioactive derivative 125IFC permits an analysis of the proteins that are responsible for most of the binding. Additionally, 125 IFC-labeled sperm are capable of fertilizing eggs, as assessed by autoradiography. That IFC labels the surface of the sperm was inferred from the following: (a) the labeling of the surfaces of other cells by fluorescein isothiocyanate and its derivatives; (b) the agglutination of labeled sperm by antibodies directed against IFC; (c) the use of peroxidase-dependent immunocytochemical reaction using anti-IFC antibodies, with analysis by electron microscopy; and (d) extraction of labeled sea urchin sperm with Triton X-100 under conditions that preferentially solubilize the plasma membrane. The antiserum directed against IFC was used to isolate the labeled surface components from Triton X-100 extracts of whole sperm, by immunoprecipitation, with Staphylococcus-A protein serving as a coprecipitant. The results support previous data showing that the sperm surface is a heterogeneous mosaic of restricted domains, one notable zone being the midpiece, where common molecular properties may be shared by sperm with distinctly different morphologies. In addition, IFC-mediated covalent alteration of specific cell surface proteins may be used to label, to identify, and, with the use of anti-IFC antibodies, to isolate such proteins from other cellular constituents.", "contents": "Regional differentiation of the sperm surface as studied with 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate, an impermeant reagent that allows isolation of the labeled components. The regional differentiation of the sperm surface has been studied with the aid of a novel covalent labeling technique that permits concurrent cytological, biochemical, and immunological analyses. For these studies isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescein (FITC) and diiodofluorescein (IFC) were employed: the latter can be prepared with radioiodine to high specific activity (125IFC) and is an impermeant reagent for the erythrocyte surface. Sperm of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), medaka )Oryzias latipes), and golden hamster bind the fluorescent chromophores with a nonuniform distribution, most of the fluorescence being associated with the midpiece. The radioactive derivative 125IFC permits an analysis of the proteins that are responsible for most of the binding. Additionally, 125 IFC-labeled sperm are capable of fertilizing eggs, as assessed by autoradiography. That IFC labels the surface of the sperm was inferred from the following: (a) the labeling of the surfaces of other cells by fluorescein isothiocyanate and its derivatives; (b) the agglutination of labeled sperm by antibodies directed against IFC; (c) the use of peroxidase-dependent immunocytochemical reaction using anti-IFC antibodies, with analysis by electron microscopy; and (d) extraction of labeled sea urchin sperm with Triton X-100 under conditions that preferentially solubilize the plasma membrane. The antiserum directed against IFC was used to isolate the labeled surface components from Triton X-100 extracts of whole sperm, by immunoprecipitation, with Staphylococcus-A protein serving as a coprecipitant. The results support previous data showing that the sperm surface is a heterogeneous mosaic of restricted domains, one notable zone being the midpiece, where common molecular properties may be shared by sperm with distinctly different morphologies. In addition, IFC-mediated covalent alteration of specific cell surface proteins may be used to label, to identify, and, with the use of anti-IFC antibodies, to isolate such proteins from other cellular constituents.", "PMID": 511933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9439", "title": "Agonist-induced myopathy at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by calcium.", "content": "Inactivation of cholinesterases at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (nmj) produces extensive muscle \"necrosis.\" Fine-structurally, this myopathy begins near the nmj with an increase in large-diameter vesicles in the soleplasm, the dissolution of Z-disks, dilation of mitochondria, destruction of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and often a highly specific contracture of the muscle under the endplate. Since a Ca++-activated protease which specifically removes Z-disks is known to exist in mammalian skeletal muscle, we tested the possibility that the myopathy after esterase inactivation is due to the prolongation of acetylcholine lifetime and thus of Ca++ influx. We first produced the myopathy near endplates by inactivating esterases with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) followed by nerve stimulation for 1--2 h in vitro. The myopathy was later mimicked by bath application of carbamylcholine without esterase inhibitors. This myopathy could be prevented by inactivating the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) or by removing Ca++ from the bath with EGTA. These results favor the hypothesis that esterase inhibition leads to an agonist-induced myopathy, which is mediated by Ca++ and requires an intact AChR.", "contents": "Agonist-induced myopathy at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by calcium. Inactivation of cholinesterases at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (nmj) produces extensive muscle \"necrosis.\" Fine-structurally, this myopathy begins near the nmj with an increase in large-diameter vesicles in the soleplasm, the dissolution of Z-disks, dilation of mitochondria, destruction of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and often a highly specific contracture of the muscle under the endplate. Since a Ca++-activated protease which specifically removes Z-disks is known to exist in mammalian skeletal muscle, we tested the possibility that the myopathy after esterase inactivation is due to the prolongation of acetylcholine lifetime and thus of Ca++ influx. We first produced the myopathy near endplates by inactivating esterases with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) followed by nerve stimulation for 1--2 h in vitro. The myopathy was later mimicked by bath application of carbamylcholine without esterase inhibitors. This myopathy could be prevented by inactivating the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) or by removing Ca++ from the bath with EGTA. These results favor the hypothesis that esterase inhibition leads to an agonist-induced myopathy, which is mediated by Ca++ and requires an intact AChR.", "PMID": 511934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9440", "title": "Acute bacterial endocarditis requiring emergency triple valve replacement and pace-maker implant.", "content": "A case of triple valve involvement in acute bacterial endocarditis is reported. Replacement of aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves and permanent epicardial pacing were successfully accomplished.", "contents": "Acute bacterial endocarditis requiring emergency triple valve replacement and pace-maker implant. A case of triple valve involvement in acute bacterial endocarditis is reported. Replacement of aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves and permanent epicardial pacing were successfully accomplished.", "PMID": 511927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9441", "title": "Rapid, sequential changes in surface morphology of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in response to nerve growth factor.", "content": "The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF), a substance that promotes the differentiation and maintenance of certain neurons, was studied via scanning electron microscopy utilizing the PC12 clonal NGF-responsive pheochromocytoma cell line. After 2-4 d of exposure to NGF, these cells acquire many of the properties of normal sympathic neurons. However, by phase microscopy, no changes are discernible within the first 12-18 h. Since the primary NGF receptor appears to be a membrane receptor, it seemed likely that some of the initial responses to the factor may be surface related. PC12 cells maintained without NGF are round to ovoid and have numerous microvilli and small blebs. After the addition of NGF, there is a rapidly initiated sequential change in the cell surface. Ruffles appear over the dorsal surface of the cells with 1 min, become prominent by 3 min, and almost disappear by 7 min. Microvilli, conversely, disappear as the dorsal ruffles become prominent. Ruffles are seen at the the periphery of cell at 3 min, are prominent on most of the cells by 7 min and are gone by 15 min. The surface remains smooth from 15 min until 45 min when large blebs appear. The large blebs are present on most cells at 2 h and are gone by 4 h. The surface remains relatively smooth until 6-7 h of NGF treatment, when microvilli reappear as small knobs. These microvilli increase in both number and length to cover the cell surface by 10 h. These changes were not observed with other basic proteins, with alpha-bungarotoxin (which binds specifically to PC12 membranes), and were not affected by an RNA synthesis inhibitor that blocks initiation of neurite outgrowth. Changes in the cell surface architecture appear to be among the earlist NGF responses yet detected and may represent or reflect primary events in the mechanism of the factor's action.", "contents": "Rapid, sequential changes in surface morphology of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in response to nerve growth factor. The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF), a substance that promotes the differentiation and maintenance of certain neurons, was studied via scanning electron microscopy utilizing the PC12 clonal NGF-responsive pheochromocytoma cell line. After 2-4 d of exposure to NGF, these cells acquire many of the properties of normal sympathic neurons. However, by phase microscopy, no changes are discernible within the first 12-18 h. Since the primary NGF receptor appears to be a membrane receptor, it seemed likely that some of the initial responses to the factor may be surface related. PC12 cells maintained without NGF are round to ovoid and have numerous microvilli and small blebs. After the addition of NGF, there is a rapidly initiated sequential change in the cell surface. Ruffles appear over the dorsal surface of the cells with 1 min, become prominent by 3 min, and almost disappear by 7 min. Microvilli, conversely, disappear as the dorsal ruffles become prominent. Ruffles are seen at the the periphery of cell at 3 min, are prominent on most of the cells by 7 min and are gone by 15 min. The surface remains smooth from 15 min until 45 min when large blebs appear. The large blebs are present on most cells at 2 h and are gone by 4 h. The surface remains relatively smooth until 6-7 h of NGF treatment, when microvilli reappear as small knobs. These microvilli increase in both number and length to cover the cell surface by 10 h. These changes were not observed with other basic proteins, with alpha-bungarotoxin (which binds specifically to PC12 membranes), and were not affected by an RNA synthesis inhibitor that blocks initiation of neurite outgrowth. Changes in the cell surface architecture appear to be among the earlist NGF responses yet detected and may represent or reflect primary events in the mechanism of the factor's action.", "PMID": 511935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9442", "title": "Transformation and motility of human platelets: details of the shape change and release reaction observed by optical and electron microscopy.", "content": "Blood platelets from 10 normal human subjects have been examined with a sensitive differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. The entire transformation process during adhesion to glass is clearly visible and has been recorded cinematographically, including the disk to sphere change of shape, the formation of sessile protuberances, the extension and retraction of pseudopodia, and the spreading, ruffling, and occasional regression of the hyalomere. The exocytosis of intact dense bodies can be observed either by DIC microscopy, or by epifluorescence microscopy in platelets stained with mepacrine. Details of fluorescent flashes indicate that the dense bodies usually release their contents extracellularly, may do so intracytoplasmically under the influence of strong, short wavelength light on some preparations of mepacrine-stained platelets. The release of one or more dense bodies leaves a crater of variable size on the upper surface of the granulomere. Such craters represent the surface component of the open canalicular system and their formation and disappearance can be directly observed. Because these techniques permit quantitation of several parameters of motility which are not readily observable by other techniques, it is suggested that high extinction DIC microscope examination may become a rapid and useful method of studying congenital and acquired platelet disorders. Many features of platelet transformation have been confirmed and extended by scanning electron micrographs. These can in turn be interpreted by reference to time-lapse films of living platelets.", "contents": "Transformation and motility of human platelets: details of the shape change and release reaction observed by optical and electron microscopy. Blood platelets from 10 normal human subjects have been examined with a sensitive differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. The entire transformation process during adhesion to glass is clearly visible and has been recorded cinematographically, including the disk to sphere change of shape, the formation of sessile protuberances, the extension and retraction of pseudopodia, and the spreading, ruffling, and occasional regression of the hyalomere. The exocytosis of intact dense bodies can be observed either by DIC microscopy, or by epifluorescence microscopy in platelets stained with mepacrine. Details of fluorescent flashes indicate that the dense bodies usually release their contents extracellularly, may do so intracytoplasmically under the influence of strong, short wavelength light on some preparations of mepacrine-stained platelets. The release of one or more dense bodies leaves a crater of variable size on the upper surface of the granulomere. Such craters represent the surface component of the open canalicular system and their formation and disappearance can be directly observed. Because these techniques permit quantitation of several parameters of motility which are not readily observable by other techniques, it is suggested that high extinction DIC microscope examination may become a rapid and useful method of studying congenital and acquired platelet disorders. Many features of platelet transformation have been confirmed and extended by scanning electron micrographs. These can in turn be interpreted by reference to time-lapse films of living platelets.", "PMID": 511936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9443", "title": "Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses.", "content": "The development of clusters of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at newly formed synapses between embryonic chick spinal cord and muscle cells grown in vitro has been studied by iontophoretic mapping with ACh. A semi-automated technique using on-line computer analysis of ACh responses and a photographic system to record the position of each ACh application permit the rapid construction of extensive and detailed maps of ACh sensitivity. Clusters of receptors, evident as peaks of ACh sensitivity, are present on many uninnervated myotubes. The distribution of ACh sensitivity closely parallels the distribution of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on the same muscle cell. In all cases where individual myotubes were adequately mapped before and after synapse formation, ingrowing axons induced new clusters of receptors rather than seeking out preexisting clusters. Synapses can form at active growth cones within 3 h of nerve-muscle contact. New receptor clusters can appear beneath neurites within a few hours. Many of the uninnervated clusters on innervated myotubes disappear with time. In contrast, receptor clusters on uninnervated myotubes remain in the same location for many hours. Synaptic clusters and clusters on uninervated myotubes are stable even though individual receptors are metabolized rapidly. The morphology of several identified sites of transmitter release was examined. At the scanning EM level, synapses appeared as small, rough-surfaced varicosities with filopodia that radiated outwards over the muscle surface. One synapse was studied by transmission EM. Acetylcholinesterase and a basement lamina were present within the synaptic cleft.", "contents": "Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses. The development of clusters of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at newly formed synapses between embryonic chick spinal cord and muscle cells grown in vitro has been studied by iontophoretic mapping with ACh. A semi-automated technique using on-line computer analysis of ACh responses and a photographic system to record the position of each ACh application permit the rapid construction of extensive and detailed maps of ACh sensitivity. Clusters of receptors, evident as peaks of ACh sensitivity, are present on many uninnervated myotubes. The distribution of ACh sensitivity closely parallels the distribution of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on the same muscle cell. In all cases where individual myotubes were adequately mapped before and after synapse formation, ingrowing axons induced new clusters of receptors rather than seeking out preexisting clusters. Synapses can form at active growth cones within 3 h of nerve-muscle contact. New receptor clusters can appear beneath neurites within a few hours. Many of the uninnervated clusters on innervated myotubes disappear with time. In contrast, receptor clusters on uninnervated myotubes remain in the same location for many hours. Synaptic clusters and clusters on uninervated myotubes are stable even though individual receptors are metabolized rapidly. The morphology of several identified sites of transmitter release was examined. At the scanning EM level, synapses appeared as small, rough-surfaced varicosities with filopodia that radiated outwards over the muscle surface. One synapse was studied by transmission EM. Acetylcholinesterase and a basement lamina were present within the synaptic cleft.", "PMID": 511937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9444", "title": "Involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit neutrophils to chemotactic factors as evidenced by the fluorescence of chlorotetracycline.", "content": "We have utilized the fluorescent chelate probe chlorotetracycline to investigate the possible involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils to chemotactic factors. Two chemotactic factors, the small molecular weight fragment of the fifth component of complement C5a and the synthetic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (F-Met-Leu-Phe), were tested and found to decrease the fluorescence of cell-associated chlorotetracycline in a manner strongly suggesting stimulus-induced displacement of membrane calcium. The time-course, concentration dependence, and receptor specificity of the calcium redistribution induced by the stimuli are consistent with its early role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions. F-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a appear to interact with the same pool of membrane calcium and to release it to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Intracellular calcium then binds back to the membrane(s) from where it can be displaced by additional stimulation. The release of membrane calcium, experimentally defined here, appears to play a central role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions.", "contents": "Involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit neutrophils to chemotactic factors as evidenced by the fluorescence of chlorotetracycline. We have utilized the fluorescent chelate probe chlorotetracycline to investigate the possible involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils to chemotactic factors. Two chemotactic factors, the small molecular weight fragment of the fifth component of complement C5a and the synthetic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (F-Met-Leu-Phe), were tested and found to decrease the fluorescence of cell-associated chlorotetracycline in a manner strongly suggesting stimulus-induced displacement of membrane calcium. The time-course, concentration dependence, and receptor specificity of the calcium redistribution induced by the stimuli are consistent with its early role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions. F-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a appear to interact with the same pool of membrane calcium and to release it to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Intracellular calcium then binds back to the membrane(s) from where it can be displaced by additional stimulation. The release of membrane calcium, experimentally defined here, appears to play a central role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions.", "PMID": 511938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9445", "title": "Characteristics of the polar assembly and disassembly of microtubules observed in vitro by darkfield light microscopy.", "content": "We describe here the continuous observations of the polymerization of individual microtubules in vitro by darkfield microscopy. In homogeneous preparations we verify that polymerization can occur onto both ends of microtubules. The assembly of microtubules is polar, with one end growing at three times the rate of the other. The differential rate of elongation can be used to determine the polarity of growth off cellular nucleating centers. We show that the microtubules grow off the proximal end of ciliary axonemes at a growth rate equal to that of the slow growing end of free microtubules, while growth off the distal end proceeds at the same rate as the fast growing end. Applying this technique to microtubule growth from metaphase chromosomes isolated from HeLa and CHO cells, we demonstrate that chromosomes initiate polymerization with the fast growing end facing away from the chromosome nucleation site. The opposite ends of free microtubules show different sensitivities to microtubule depolymerizing agents such as low temperature, Ca++ or colchicine as measured directly by darkfield microscopy. The differing rates of assembly and disassembly of each end of a microtubule suggest that a difference in polarity of growth off nucleating sites could serve as one basis for regulating the polymerization of different groups of microtubules in the same cell.", "contents": "Characteristics of the polar assembly and disassembly of microtubules observed in vitro by darkfield light microscopy. We describe here the continuous observations of the polymerization of individual microtubules in vitro by darkfield microscopy. In homogeneous preparations we verify that polymerization can occur onto both ends of microtubules. The assembly of microtubules is polar, with one end growing at three times the rate of the other. The differential rate of elongation can be used to determine the polarity of growth off cellular nucleating centers. We show that the microtubules grow off the proximal end of ciliary axonemes at a growth rate equal to that of the slow growing end of free microtubules, while growth off the distal end proceeds at the same rate as the fast growing end. Applying this technique to microtubule growth from metaphase chromosomes isolated from HeLa and CHO cells, we demonstrate that chromosomes initiate polymerization with the fast growing end facing away from the chromosome nucleation site. The opposite ends of free microtubules show different sensitivities to microtubule depolymerizing agents such as low temperature, Ca++ or colchicine as measured directly by darkfield microscopy. The differing rates of assembly and disassembly of each end of a microtubule suggest that a difference in polarity of growth off nucleating sites could serve as one basis for regulating the polymerization of different groups of microtubules in the same cell.", "PMID": 511939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9446", "title": "Microsomal T system: a stereological analysis of purified microsomes derived from normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle.", "content": "Heterogeneous populations of microsomes obtained from normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis muscle were separated into two subfractions by an iterative loading technique. The buoyant density of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) microsomes was increased after loading them with calcium oxalate. Several incubations in the transport medium were necessary to load all of the SR. The fraction that did not form a pellet contained microsomes which displayed freeze-fracture faces that had a low density of particles. A stereological analysis was used on membrane fracture faces of intact muscle to generate reference particle density distributions, which were compared with the distributions measured on the microsomal fracture faces. The concave microsomal fracture faces of purified microsomes which did not load calcium oxalate had particle distributions nearly identical to the distributions of intact P-face T tubules. The morphological data suggest that this subfraction is microsomal T system. Biochemical measurements show negligible amounts of specific Na+, K+-ATPase activity, suggesting that there was little contamination from the surface membrane in this subfraction. Furthermore, an active Ca2+-ATPase is demonstrated in both normal and dystrophic T-tubular membranes.", "contents": "Microsomal T system: a stereological analysis of purified microsomes derived from normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle. Heterogeneous populations of microsomes obtained from normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis muscle were separated into two subfractions by an iterative loading technique. The buoyant density of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) microsomes was increased after loading them with calcium oxalate. Several incubations in the transport medium were necessary to load all of the SR. The fraction that did not form a pellet contained microsomes which displayed freeze-fracture faces that had a low density of particles. A stereological analysis was used on membrane fracture faces of intact muscle to generate reference particle density distributions, which were compared with the distributions measured on the microsomal fracture faces. The concave microsomal fracture faces of purified microsomes which did not load calcium oxalate had particle distributions nearly identical to the distributions of intact P-face T tubules. The morphological data suggest that this subfraction is microsomal T system. Biochemical measurements show negligible amounts of specific Na+, K+-ATPase activity, suggesting that there was little contamination from the surface membrane in this subfraction. Furthermore, an active Ca2+-ATPase is demonstrated in both normal and dystrophic T-tubular membranes.", "PMID": 511940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9447", "title": "An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. I. Distribution of 125I-ligands among the liver cell types.", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiography was used to study the cellular localization of seven glycoproteins rapidly cleared from the circulating plasma of rats and taken up by the liver. 1 and 15 min after intravenous administration of the 125I-glycoproteins, livers were fixed in situ by perfusion and processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographic grains in the developed sections were found to represent the intact 125I-ligand. A quantitative analysis of the distribution and concentration (density) of autoradiographic grains over the three major cell types of the liver was then performed. Three molecules, asialo-fetuin, asialo-orosomucoid, and lactosaminated RNase A dimer, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in galactose residues, were bound and internalized almost exclusively (greater than 90%) by hepatocytes. Conversely, four molecules, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in either N-acetyl-glucosamine (agalacto-orosomucoid) or mannose (ahexosamino-orosomucoid, preputial beta-glucuronidase, and mannobiosaminated RNase A dimer), were specifically bound and internalized by cells lining the blood sinusoids--that is, by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were two to six times more active (on a cell volume basis) than were Kupffer cells in the internalization of these four 125I-ligands. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins competed with each other for uptake into either endothelial cells or Kupffer cells, indicating that a single system recognized mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Finally, agalacto-orosomucoid and ahexosamino-orosomucoid were also associated with hepatocytes, but competition experiments utilizing excess asialo-orosomucoid demonstrated that residual galactosyl residues were responsible for this association.", "contents": "An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. I. Distribution of 125I-ligands among the liver cell types. Electron microscope autoradiography was used to study the cellular localization of seven glycoproteins rapidly cleared from the circulating plasma of rats and taken up by the liver. 1 and 15 min after intravenous administration of the 125I-glycoproteins, livers were fixed in situ by perfusion and processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographic grains in the developed sections were found to represent the intact 125I-ligand. A quantitative analysis of the distribution and concentration (density) of autoradiographic grains over the three major cell types of the liver was then performed. Three molecules, asialo-fetuin, asialo-orosomucoid, and lactosaminated RNase A dimer, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in galactose residues, were bound and internalized almost exclusively (greater than 90%) by hepatocytes. Conversely, four molecules, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in either N-acetyl-glucosamine (agalacto-orosomucoid) or mannose (ahexosamino-orosomucoid, preputial beta-glucuronidase, and mannobiosaminated RNase A dimer), were specifically bound and internalized by cells lining the blood sinusoids--that is, by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were two to six times more active (on a cell volume basis) than were Kupffer cells in the internalization of these four 125I-ligands. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins competed with each other for uptake into either endothelial cells or Kupffer cells, indicating that a single system recognized mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Finally, agalacto-orosomucoid and ahexosamino-orosomucoid were also associated with hepatocytes, but competition experiments utilizing excess asialo-orosomucoid demonstrated that residual galactosyl residues were responsible for this association.", "PMID": 511941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9448", "title": "An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. II. Intracellular fates of the 125I-ligands.", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiographic and biochemical methods were used to study the intracellular fates of several 125I-glycoproteins, known to be specifically bound and internalized by the different cell types in the liver. At the earliest times examined (1--2 min), 125I-glycoproteins (ASGP) were localized predominantly along the sinusoidal front of hepatocytes. Analysis of the distribution of autoradiographic grains indicated that: (a) approximately 40--60% of the 125I-ligand could be ascribed to the plasmalemma; (b) a significant fraction had already been internalized; yet (c) very little 125I-ligand was present in the lysosome-Golgi region. Between 4 and 15 min after administration of 125I-ASGPs, there was a dramatic redistribution of autoradiographic grains from regions of the plasmalemma and peripheral cytoplasm (30% decrease) to the lysosome-Golgi region (30% increase). At longer times (30 min), there was continued drainage of 125I-ASGP into this region. The grain density over secondary lysosomes was 60--90 times higher than that over recognizable Golgi elements, clearly indicating that lysosomes were the ultimate destination of the 125I-ASGP. However, no more than 60% of the total 125I-ligand could be localized to lysosome-rich regions of the hepatocyte, with the remaining 40% primarily in the intermediate cytoplasm. Biochemical evidence for proteolysis of the internalized 125I-ASGP (presumably within lysosomes) was obtained when [125I]-mono-iodotyrosine was found in the liver (i.e., hepatocytes) at times later than 15 min. The temporal redistribution observed for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins (ahexosamino-orosomucoid and agalacto-orosomucoid, respectively) in endothelial cells indicated that the 125I-ligands resided in macropinocytic vesicles (1--15 min) before their ultimate residence in dense bodies (15 min). The same 125I-ligands were also localized to structures resembling secondary lysosomes in Kupffer cells. The lysosomal nature of \"these organelles\" was implied from the appearance of [125I]mono-iodotyrosine in the liver at later times. 125I-beta-glucuronidase followed the same intracellular pathway in both cell types but was not degraded.", "contents": "An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. II. Intracellular fates of the 125I-ligands. Electron microscope autoradiographic and biochemical methods were used to study the intracellular fates of several 125I-glycoproteins, known to be specifically bound and internalized by the different cell types in the liver. At the earliest times examined (1--2 min), 125I-glycoproteins (ASGP) were localized predominantly along the sinusoidal front of hepatocytes. Analysis of the distribution of autoradiographic grains indicated that: (a) approximately 40--60% of the 125I-ligand could be ascribed to the plasmalemma; (b) a significant fraction had already been internalized; yet (c) very little 125I-ligand was present in the lysosome-Golgi region. Between 4 and 15 min after administration of 125I-ASGPs, there was a dramatic redistribution of autoradiographic grains from regions of the plasmalemma and peripheral cytoplasm (30% decrease) to the lysosome-Golgi region (30% increase). At longer times (30 min), there was continued drainage of 125I-ASGP into this region. The grain density over secondary lysosomes was 60--90 times higher than that over recognizable Golgi elements, clearly indicating that lysosomes were the ultimate destination of the 125I-ASGP. However, no more than 60% of the total 125I-ligand could be localized to lysosome-rich regions of the hepatocyte, with the remaining 40% primarily in the intermediate cytoplasm. Biochemical evidence for proteolysis of the internalized 125I-ASGP (presumably within lysosomes) was obtained when [125I]-mono-iodotyrosine was found in the liver (i.e., hepatocytes) at times later than 15 min. The temporal redistribution observed for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins (ahexosamino-orosomucoid and agalacto-orosomucoid, respectively) in endothelial cells indicated that the 125I-ligands resided in macropinocytic vesicles (1--15 min) before their ultimate residence in dense bodies (15 min). The same 125I-ligands were also localized to structures resembling secondary lysosomes in Kupffer cells. The lysosomal nature of \"these organelles\" was implied from the appearance of [125I]mono-iodotyrosine in the liver at later times. 125I-beta-glucuronidase followed the same intracellular pathway in both cell types but was not degraded.", "PMID": 511942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9449", "title": "The chemotactic factors induced movement of calcium and sodium across rabbit neutrophil membranes: effect of densensitization to cytochalasin B.", "content": "The preincubation of rabbit neutrophils with the chemotactic factor F-Met-Leu-Phe and the subsequent addition of cytochalasin B has previously been shown to induce a time, concentration and calcium dependent loss of secretory responsiveness in neutrophils. This has been termed desensitization. The results reported here first confirm that lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils will still occur in the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, a time dependent decrease in the magnitude of the cytochalasin B induced influxes of 45Ca and 22Na was found upon preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, this decrease in ionic responsiveness reaches a maximum by five minutes preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the absence of added extracellular Ca2+ an initial and rapid (less than 1 minute) loss of ionic responsiveness is followed by partial recovery as the length of the preincubation with the chemotactic factor is increased from one to five minutes. These changes in ionic responses correspond exactly to the changes in secretory behavior of the neutrophils. Desensitization can thus be explained on the same ionic basis as that underlying the secretory response of the neutrophils. In addition, these results provide information about the sequence of events involved in the cytochalasin B and chemotactic factor induced release of lysosomal enzymes in neutrophils.", "contents": "The chemotactic factors induced movement of calcium and sodium across rabbit neutrophil membranes: effect of densensitization to cytochalasin B. The preincubation of rabbit neutrophils with the chemotactic factor F-Met-Leu-Phe and the subsequent addition of cytochalasin B has previously been shown to induce a time, concentration and calcium dependent loss of secretory responsiveness in neutrophils. This has been termed desensitization. The results reported here first confirm that lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils will still occur in the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, a time dependent decrease in the magnitude of the cytochalasin B induced influxes of 45Ca and 22Na was found upon preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, this decrease in ionic responsiveness reaches a maximum by five minutes preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the absence of added extracellular Ca2+ an initial and rapid (less than 1 minute) loss of ionic responsiveness is followed by partial recovery as the length of the preincubation with the chemotactic factor is increased from one to five minutes. These changes in ionic responses correspond exactly to the changes in secretory behavior of the neutrophils. Desensitization can thus be explained on the same ionic basis as that underlying the secretory response of the neutrophils. In addition, these results provide information about the sequence of events involved in the cytochalasin B and chemotactic factor induced release of lysosomal enzymes in neutrophils.", "PMID": 511943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9450", "title": "Cell cycle analysis of sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, inducers of ectopic hormone production in HeLa cells.", "content": "Sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, effective inhibitors of DNA synthesis in HeLa cells, cause these cells to produce increased levels of the ectopic glycopeptide hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and free alpha chains for these hormones. The objective of this study was an assessment of the role of modulation of cell cycle events in the action of these two chemical agents. A variety of experimental approaches was employed to obtain a clear view of the drugs' effects on cells located initially in all phases of the cell cycle. Cells in early G1, G2, or M phase at time of addition of either inhibitor were not arrested at early time points, but by 48 hours became collected at a location characteristic for each drug, near the G1-S phase boundary. Flow microfluorometry (FMF) and thymidine labeling index revealed that butyrate-treated cells arrested late in G1 phase very close to S phase, while hydroxyurea-blocked cells continued to early S phase. Both inhibitors prevented cells originally in S phase from reaching mitosis. S cells exposed to hydroxyurea were killed by 48 hours, but those growing in 5 mM butyrate progressed to the end of S or G2 phase where they became irreversibly arrested although not removed from the monolayer. Analysis of the cell cycle location and viability of each subpopulation resulting from 48 hour exposure to butyrate or hydroxyurea is important for the study of the function of each cellular subset. Treatment of HeLa cells with lower concentrations of butyrate (1 mM) resulted in slowed yet exponential growth. Fraction labeled mitosis (FLM) analysis shows that this is a result of prolongation of the G1 phase.", "contents": "Cell cycle analysis of sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, inducers of ectopic hormone production in HeLa cells. Sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, effective inhibitors of DNA synthesis in HeLa cells, cause these cells to produce increased levels of the ectopic glycopeptide hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and free alpha chains for these hormones. The objective of this study was an assessment of the role of modulation of cell cycle events in the action of these two chemical agents. A variety of experimental approaches was employed to obtain a clear view of the drugs' effects on cells located initially in all phases of the cell cycle. Cells in early G1, G2, or M phase at time of addition of either inhibitor were not arrested at early time points, but by 48 hours became collected at a location characteristic for each drug, near the G1-S phase boundary. Flow microfluorometry (FMF) and thymidine labeling index revealed that butyrate-treated cells arrested late in G1 phase very close to S phase, while hydroxyurea-blocked cells continued to early S phase. Both inhibitors prevented cells originally in S phase from reaching mitosis. S cells exposed to hydroxyurea were killed by 48 hours, but those growing in 5 mM butyrate progressed to the end of S or G2 phase where they became irreversibly arrested although not removed from the monolayer. Analysis of the cell cycle location and viability of each subpopulation resulting from 48 hour exposure to butyrate or hydroxyurea is important for the study of the function of each cellular subset. Treatment of HeLa cells with lower concentrations of butyrate (1 mM) resulted in slowed yet exponential growth. Fraction labeled mitosis (FLM) analysis shows that this is a result of prolongation of the G1 phase.", "PMID": 511944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9451", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of elemental composition of mouse cardiac myocytes during post-natal maturation.", "content": "Elemental concentrations in the cytoplasm and nucleus of t tests post-natal mouse myocytes were measured at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 days and in adults using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Using an analysis of variance test, significant age dependent changes were found in intracellular potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine concentrations (mg/kg dry weight), while sodium and magnesium concentrations did not show significant changes. The application of  t tests following linear regression analyses (age versus concentration for each element) did, however, give a significant slope for cytoplasmic sodium, potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus values. The findings correspond closely with an emission spectroscopy-titrimetric study of whole heart ventricle of the same developmental period (Hazelwood and Nichols, '70).", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of elemental composition of mouse cardiac myocytes during post-natal maturation. Elemental concentrations in the cytoplasm and nucleus of t tests post-natal mouse myocytes were measured at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 days and in adults using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Using an analysis of variance test, significant age dependent changes were found in intracellular potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine concentrations (mg/kg dry weight), while sodium and magnesium concentrations did not show significant changes. The application of  t tests following linear regression analyses (age versus concentration for each element) did, however, give a significant slope for cytoplasmic sodium, potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus values. The findings correspond closely with an emission spectroscopy-titrimetric study of whole heart ventricle of the same developmental period (Hazelwood and Nichols, '70).", "PMID": 511945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9452", "title": "Effect of temperature on protein and immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in two mouse myeloma cell lines.", "content": "Protein synthesis in differentiated MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse myeloma cells was studied to determine the basis for the differences in the temperature and actinomycin D sensitivity of translation between non-differentiated mouse L-cells and differentiated rabbit reticulocytes. The temperature dependence of total protein synthesis was similar to that of L-cells and reticulocytes, being biphasic in Arrhenius plots with apparent activation energies of approximately 25 and 42 kcal/mol, above and below 25 degress C. The dependence of the secretion process was different since it was not biphasic, having a single activation energy of about 22 kcal/mol. Myeloma polysomes were like L-cell polysomes in their response to lower temperature and reached a minimum level of 50% at 15 degress C. This response was also found for the specific polysomes synthesizing the IgG H- and L-chains. In the presence of actinomycin D, myeloma polysomes declined exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours. These two L-cell-like responses were not found in reticulocytes. Translation of both the IgG mRNAs and the non-IgG mRNAs was reduced by lower temperatures and actinomycin D, even though the L-chain mRNA was slightly more resistant, suggesting that this mRNA is slightly more efficient. The results of these experiments suggest that the translational differences between L-cells and reticulocytes are not mRNA dependent, but are cell type differences.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on protein and immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in two mouse myeloma cell lines. Protein synthesis in differentiated MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse myeloma cells was studied to determine the basis for the differences in the temperature and actinomycin D sensitivity of translation between non-differentiated mouse L-cells and differentiated rabbit reticulocytes. The temperature dependence of total protein synthesis was similar to that of L-cells and reticulocytes, being biphasic in Arrhenius plots with apparent activation energies of approximately 25 and 42 kcal/mol, above and below 25 degress C. The dependence of the secretion process was different since it was not biphasic, having a single activation energy of about 22 kcal/mol. Myeloma polysomes were like L-cell polysomes in their response to lower temperature and reached a minimum level of 50% at 15 degress C. This response was also found for the specific polysomes synthesizing the IgG H- and L-chains. In the presence of actinomycin D, myeloma polysomes declined exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours. These two L-cell-like responses were not found in reticulocytes. Translation of both the IgG mRNAs and the non-IgG mRNAs was reduced by lower temperatures and actinomycin D, even though the L-chain mRNA was slightly more resistant, suggesting that this mRNA is slightly more efficient. The results of these experiments suggest that the translational differences between L-cells and reticulocytes are not mRNA dependent, but are cell type differences.", "PMID": 511946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9453", "title": "Inhibition by glucocorticoids and choleragen of the conditional growth of poorly adherent mononuclear phagocytes of newborn hamster liver and lung (hormonal control of macrophage growth).", "content": "Conditions for in vitro growth of mononuclear phagocytes from newborn hamster liver and lung were studied. In the primary cultures of liver and lung, round cells outgrew and frequently floated off into the culture medium. They were separated from fibroblast-like cells adherent to plastic by collecting the medium. The round cells were identified as mononuclear phagocytes on the criteria of phagocytic capacity of heat-killed bacteria and IgG-coated erythrocytes, fine cell structure and cytochemistry. The phagocytes that had not been activated previously proliferated for about ten generations in F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum depending on a growth factor produced by hamster brain, liver or lung cells. Without the factor, the cells quickly cytolysed. Mononuclear phagocytes from blood had the same characteristics of growth and cytochemistry, but had fewer IgG receptors at the cell surface than similar cells from the liver and lung. The effects of a variety of chemical compounds on the growth of the liver and lung cells were studied. Insulin stimulated their growth by 20-30%, but was not replaceable for the growth factor. Glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibited the growth of the phagocytes at the physiological concentrations: 3 x 10(-9) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for 50% inhibition, respectively. Indomethacin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory reagent, at 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M gave no effect. Choleragen that increases the intracellular cyclic AMP level, inhibited the growth at a concentration as low as 5 pg/ml. These data suggest that the growth of mononuclear phagocytes is controlled not only by a growth factor produced by other cells but also by glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Inhibition by glucocorticoids and choleragen of the conditional growth of poorly adherent mononuclear phagocytes of newborn hamster liver and lung (hormonal control of macrophage growth). Conditions for in vitro growth of mononuclear phagocytes from newborn hamster liver and lung were studied. In the primary cultures of liver and lung, round cells outgrew and frequently floated off into the culture medium. They were separated from fibroblast-like cells adherent to plastic by collecting the medium. The round cells were identified as mononuclear phagocytes on the criteria of phagocytic capacity of heat-killed bacteria and IgG-coated erythrocytes, fine cell structure and cytochemistry. The phagocytes that had not been activated previously proliferated for about ten generations in F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum depending on a growth factor produced by hamster brain, liver or lung cells. Without the factor, the cells quickly cytolysed. Mononuclear phagocytes from blood had the same characteristics of growth and cytochemistry, but had fewer IgG receptors at the cell surface than similar cells from the liver and lung. The effects of a variety of chemical compounds on the growth of the liver and lung cells were studied. Insulin stimulated their growth by 20-30%, but was not replaceable for the growth factor. Glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibited the growth of the phagocytes at the physiological concentrations: 3 x 10(-9) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for 50% inhibition, respectively. Indomethacin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory reagent, at 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M gave no effect. Choleragen that increases the intracellular cyclic AMP level, inhibited the growth at a concentration as low as 5 pg/ml. These data suggest that the growth of mononuclear phagocytes is controlled not only by a growth factor produced by other cells but also by glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 511948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9454", "title": "Estrogen receptors and effects of estrogen on membrane electrical properties of coronary vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The effect of estrogen stimulation in vitro on the electrical properties of vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and the concentration of estrogen receptors in VSM were measured in isolated coronary arteries. Microelectrode measurements of the dog coronary artery membrane potential (Em) showed quiescent values of -51 millivolts (mV) and an input resistance (rin) of 10 megohms. Addition by diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10(-6) M hyperpolarized the membrane to -64 mV and reduced input resistance (rin) to 5 megohms within 15 minutes. Extrapolation of the Em vs. log [K]o curve to zero potential gave similar values of [K]i of around 170 mM in both normal and DES treated muscles suggesting that the DES induced hyperpolarization is not due to increased Na-K pump activity. The 0.5% ethanol vehicle alone had no effect on the membrane potentials. Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) induced action potentials in the previously quiescent tissue. When DES was applied in the presence of TEA, the membrane potential increased and the action potentials were abolished. Scatchard analysis of the estrogen receptor binding demonstrated both a high and a low affinity receptor for estrogen in the VSM. These data indicate that DES hyperpolarizes the VSM cells by a mechanism other than an increased Na-K pump activity. The mechanism of this increased Em may be due to factors which increase K+ conductance either mediated directly through estrogen interaction with its cytosolic receptors or through some unidentified second mechanism.", "contents": "Estrogen receptors and effects of estrogen on membrane electrical properties of coronary vascular smooth muscle. The effect of estrogen stimulation in vitro on the electrical properties of vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and the concentration of estrogen receptors in VSM were measured in isolated coronary arteries. Microelectrode measurements of the dog coronary artery membrane potential (Em) showed quiescent values of -51 millivolts (mV) and an input resistance (rin) of 10 megohms. Addition by diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10(-6) M hyperpolarized the membrane to -64 mV and reduced input resistance (rin) to 5 megohms within 15 minutes. Extrapolation of the Em vs. log [K]o curve to zero potential gave similar values of [K]i of around 170 mM in both normal and DES treated muscles suggesting that the DES induced hyperpolarization is not due to increased Na-K pump activity. The 0.5% ethanol vehicle alone had no effect on the membrane potentials. Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) induced action potentials in the previously quiescent tissue. When DES was applied in the presence of TEA, the membrane potential increased and the action potentials were abolished. Scatchard analysis of the estrogen receptor binding demonstrated both a high and a low affinity receptor for estrogen in the VSM. These data indicate that DES hyperpolarizes the VSM cells by a mechanism other than an increased Na-K pump activity. The mechanism of this increased Em may be due to factors which increase K+ conductance either mediated directly through estrogen interaction with its cytosolic receptors or through some unidentified second mechanism.", "PMID": 511949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9455", "title": "A new cell surface marker of aging in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The relationship of cell surface changes to proliferative decline of human diploid fibroblasts was investigated using the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption assay. The amount of the red blood cells adsorbed to human diploid fibroblasts via concanavalin A increased continuously from the early phases of cell passage up through cell senescence, while the amount of 3H-concanavalin A binding did not change to a significant extent. The red blood cell adsorption is not a function of cell cycle phase and time spent in culture. Cocultivation of young cells with old cells also did not affect the adsorption capacity of respective cells. Thus, the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption can be expected to serve as a new cell surface marker for aging in vitro. Using this marker, it was revealed that transient cell size or 3H-thymidine incorporating capacity di not have a direct relationship with the division age of a cell. Small rapidly dividing cells in old populations resemble large slowly dividing or nondividing cells of the same populations and differ from small rapidly dividing cells in young populations, in terms of cell surface properties.", "contents": "A new cell surface marker of aging in human diploid fibroblasts. The relationship of cell surface changes to proliferative decline of human diploid fibroblasts was investigated using the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption assay. The amount of the red blood cells adsorbed to human diploid fibroblasts via concanavalin A increased continuously from the early phases of cell passage up through cell senescence, while the amount of 3H-concanavalin A binding did not change to a significant extent. The red blood cell adsorption is not a function of cell cycle phase and time spent in culture. Cocultivation of young cells with old cells also did not affect the adsorption capacity of respective cells. Thus, the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption can be expected to serve as a new cell surface marker for aging in vitro. Using this marker, it was revealed that transient cell size or 3H-thymidine incorporating capacity di not have a direct relationship with the division age of a cell. Small rapidly dividing cells in old populations resemble large slowly dividing or nondividing cells of the same populations and differ from small rapidly dividing cells in young populations, in terms of cell surface properties.", "PMID": 511950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9456", "title": "Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from proliferating and quiescent early passage and aging cultured mouse cells.", "content": "Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from late passage cultured mouse cells has been compared to the activities of chromatin preparaions from dividing and quiescent early passage cells. Rates of endogenous DNA synthesis are similar for chromatin from growing or resting cells but this activity is stimulated 2.5-fold in senescent cell chromatin. Chromatin from growing young cells copies exogenously added single stranded DNA at the highest efficiency. Chromatin of senescent cells copies this template at a lower rate and resting young cell chromatin replicates single stranded DNA at the lowest efficiency. Similar relative rates are obtained when activated DNA is copied by the various chromatin preparations. Total activity of DNA polymerase extracted by salt from chromatin is similar for dividing and quiescent young cells but the proportion of DNA polymerase beta is higher in the latter. Elevated activities of DNA polymerases are extracted from chromatin of old cells. It is concluded, therefore, that chromatin-directed replication is differently arrested in non-dividing senescent cells and in quiescent early passage cells. The possible regulatory mechanisms of DNA replication in quiescence and aging are discussed.", "contents": "Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from proliferating and quiescent early passage and aging cultured mouse cells. Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from late passage cultured mouse cells has been compared to the activities of chromatin preparaions from dividing and quiescent early passage cells. Rates of endogenous DNA synthesis are similar for chromatin from growing or resting cells but this activity is stimulated 2.5-fold in senescent cell chromatin. Chromatin from growing young cells copies exogenously added single stranded DNA at the highest efficiency. Chromatin of senescent cells copies this template at a lower rate and resting young cell chromatin replicates single stranded DNA at the lowest efficiency. Similar relative rates are obtained when activated DNA is copied by the various chromatin preparations. Total activity of DNA polymerase extracted by salt from chromatin is similar for dividing and quiescent young cells but the proportion of DNA polymerase beta is higher in the latter. Elevated activities of DNA polymerases are extracted from chromatin of old cells. It is concluded, therefore, that chromatin-directed replication is differently arrested in non-dividing senescent cells and in quiescent early passage cells. The possible regulatory mechanisms of DNA replication in quiescence and aging are discussed.", "PMID": 511952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9457", "title": "Studies on the penetration of mammalian cells by deoxyribonucleoside-5'-phosphates.", "content": "We have tested the ability of [5'-32P]-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs) to penetrate living mouse fibroblast L cells and human HeLa cells. Under the conditions of our experiments, small numbers of apparently intact dNMP molecules appeared to penetrate into the interior of L cells and be incorporated into DNA. This incorporation was not due to mycoplasma contamination nor to extracellular hydrolysis of the dNMPs followed by resynthesis inside the cell. Under these same conditions, penetration of HeLa cells by intact dNMPs did not occur to a significant extent. However, HeLa cells were capable of hydrolyzing extracellular dNMPs to Pi and deoxyribonucleosides at a much faster rate than L cells. These experiments provide a starting point for attempts to specifically label the DNA in intact, living eukaryotic cells with [32P]-dNMPs.", "contents": "Studies on the penetration of mammalian cells by deoxyribonucleoside-5'-phosphates. We have tested the ability of [5'-32P]-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs) to penetrate living mouse fibroblast L cells and human HeLa cells. Under the conditions of our experiments, small numbers of apparently intact dNMP molecules appeared to penetrate into the interior of L cells and be incorporated into DNA. This incorporation was not due to mycoplasma contamination nor to extracellular hydrolysis of the dNMPs followed by resynthesis inside the cell. Under these same conditions, penetration of HeLa cells by intact dNMPs did not occur to a significant extent. However, HeLa cells were capable of hydrolyzing extracellular dNMPs to Pi and deoxyribonucleosides at a much faster rate than L cells. These experiments provide a starting point for attempts to specifically label the DNA in intact, living eukaryotic cells with [32P]-dNMPs.", "PMID": 511953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9458", "title": "Specific cellular defects in patients with Fanconi anemia.", "content": "Measurements of plating efficiency, accumulation of metaphases and generation times have shown that fibroblast from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have decreased probability of completing a further division after successful mitosis. Thus FA cells show decreased growth rates and increased generation times. We have also measured the survival of FA fibroblasts and lymphoblasts after treatment with a variety of mutagens. All FA cells show an increased sensitivity to drugs such as MMC and psoralen plus long wave length UV which cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. FA strains show varying degrees of sensitivity to these drugs and the extent of this sensitivity seems to be characteristic of each patient. FA cells are equal to controls in their sensitivity to other alkylating agents such as ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and actinomycin D. Both the decreased growth and increased drug sensitivity may result from defect in DNA replication or repair.", "contents": "Specific cellular defects in patients with Fanconi anemia. Measurements of plating efficiency, accumulation of metaphases and generation times have shown that fibroblast from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have decreased probability of completing a further division after successful mitosis. Thus FA cells show decreased growth rates and increased generation times. We have also measured the survival of FA fibroblasts and lymphoblasts after treatment with a variety of mutagens. All FA cells show an increased sensitivity to drugs such as MMC and psoralen plus long wave length UV which cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. FA strains show varying degrees of sensitivity to these drugs and the extent of this sensitivity seems to be characteristic of each patient. FA cells are equal to controls in their sensitivity to other alkylating agents such as ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and actinomycin D. Both the decreased growth and increased drug sensitivity may result from defect in DNA replication or repair.", "PMID": 511954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9459", "title": "Reversible inactivation of autosomal alleles in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Evidence is presented which suggests that a CHO-derived thymidine kinase (Tk) heterozygote, ts201, can reversibly inactivate the wild type Tk allele, and that this event may result in simultaneous inactivation of a linked allele, galactokinase (Glk). The clone ts201 was isolated as a revertant of a stable Tk- 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-resistant mutant of CHO. The reacquired Tk activity differed from that of the wild type with respect to Km and heat resistance, supporting the contention that ts201 was genetically heterozygous (Tk+/-). At frequencies varying from 0.02-0.5, segregants of ts201 could be isolated by cloning in BrdU at 39 degrees. These derivatives were phenotypically Tk- (by enzymology and by autoradiography of 3H-dT labeled cells), but after removal of BrdU, reacquired the Tk+ phenotype at frequencies varying randomly from clone to clone. From mutagenized populations of ts201 two variants were isolated, 71t and 72c, by selection at 39 degrees in 2-deoxygalactose (2-dgal). Resistance to 2-dgal has been correlated with a mutation in the gene for Glk, which is syntenic with that for Tk and evidence is presented suggesting that 71t and 72c are Glk+/-. Cloning efficiencies in doubly selective media and autoradiographic data showed that at 39 degrees a coordination existed between the levels of Tk and Glk, which in 71t was inverse, and in 72c, direct. These data led to the hypothesis that pairs of linked alleles can be inactivated or re-expressed simultaneously. The inactivating effect was temperature-sensitive, since at 33 degrees, the cloning efficiency in BrdU and in 2-dgal was very low.", "contents": "Reversible inactivation of autosomal alleles in Chinese hamster cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that a CHO-derived thymidine kinase (Tk) heterozygote, ts201, can reversibly inactivate the wild type Tk allele, and that this event may result in simultaneous inactivation of a linked allele, galactokinase (Glk). The clone ts201 was isolated as a revertant of a stable Tk- 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-resistant mutant of CHO. The reacquired Tk activity differed from that of the wild type with respect to Km and heat resistance, supporting the contention that ts201 was genetically heterozygous (Tk+/-). At frequencies varying from 0.02-0.5, segregants of ts201 could be isolated by cloning in BrdU at 39 degrees. These derivatives were phenotypically Tk- (by enzymology and by autoradiography of 3H-dT labeled cells), but after removal of BrdU, reacquired the Tk+ phenotype at frequencies varying randomly from clone to clone. From mutagenized populations of ts201 two variants were isolated, 71t and 72c, by selection at 39 degrees in 2-deoxygalactose (2-dgal). Resistance to 2-dgal has been correlated with a mutation in the gene for Glk, which is syntenic with that for Tk and evidence is presented suggesting that 71t and 72c are Glk+/-. Cloning efficiencies in doubly selective media and autoradiographic data showed that at 39 degrees a coordination existed between the levels of Tk and Glk, which in 71t was inverse, and in 72c, direct. These data led to the hypothesis that pairs of linked alleles can be inactivated or re-expressed simultaneously. The inactivating effect was temperature-sensitive, since at 33 degrees, the cloning efficiency in BrdU and in 2-dgal was very low.", "PMID": 511955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9460", "title": "Ribosome biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. III. Regulation of ribosomal RNA degradation in growing and growth arrested cells.", "content": "We have measured the turnover rate of ribosomal RNA in exponentially growing Tetrahymena thermophila cells, cells entering the plateau phase of growth, and nutrient-deprived (starved) cells. Ribosomal RNA is stable in cells in early log phase growth but it begins to turnover as the cells begin a deceleratory growth phase prior to entering a plateau state. Likewise, rRNA in cells transferred from early log phase growth to a starvation medium begins to be degraded immediately upon starvation. In both cases the degradation of rRNA exhibits biphasic kinetics. A rapid initial exponential degradation with a half time of nine and one-half hours lasting for six hours is followed by a slower exponential degradation with a half-life of 35 hours. When starved cells are transferred to fresh growth medium turnover of rRNA ceases. The evidence presented suggests that the alteration in degradation rate is a regulated process which is most likely independent of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Ribosome biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. III. Regulation of ribosomal RNA degradation in growing and growth arrested cells. We have measured the turnover rate of ribosomal RNA in exponentially growing Tetrahymena thermophila cells, cells entering the plateau phase of growth, and nutrient-deprived (starved) cells. Ribosomal RNA is stable in cells in early log phase growth but it begins to turnover as the cells begin a deceleratory growth phase prior to entering a plateau state. Likewise, rRNA in cells transferred from early log phase growth to a starvation medium begins to be degraded immediately upon starvation. In both cases the degradation of rRNA exhibits biphasic kinetics. A rapid initial exponential degradation with a half time of nine and one-half hours lasting for six hours is followed by a slower exponential degradation with a half-life of 35 hours. When starved cells are transferred to fresh growth medium turnover of rRNA ceases. The evidence presented suggests that the alteration in degradation rate is a regulated process which is most likely independent of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 511957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9461", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Abnormalities in neuroendocrine function and sympathetic nervous system activity appear to be present in primary anorexia nervosa. Hypothalamic catecholamines are involved in control of endocrine function and norepinephrine is released from sympathetic nerve endings. Because of possible abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism, plasma levels of norepinephrine and urinary excretion of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol were studied in female patients with primary anorexia nervosa before and after significant clinical improvement and compared with normal female volunteers. During the phase of the disease in which body weights were more than 20--25% below ideal, patients' blood pressures and pulse rates, plasma levels of norepinephrine, and 24-h urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol glycol and homovanillic acid were lower than those of a group of normal volunteers. After weight gain, these parameters increased to near-normal levels. At no time was plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity abnormal. The results suggest that abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa are caused by starvation, and that neuronal functions dependent on aminergic neurotransmission may be altered as a result.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa. Abnormalities in neuroendocrine function and sympathetic nervous system activity appear to be present in primary anorexia nervosa. Hypothalamic catecholamines are involved in control of endocrine function and norepinephrine is released from sympathetic nerve endings. Because of possible abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism, plasma levels of norepinephrine and urinary excretion of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol were studied in female patients with primary anorexia nervosa before and after significant clinical improvement and compared with normal female volunteers. During the phase of the disease in which body weights were more than 20--25% below ideal, patients' blood pressures and pulse rates, plasma levels of norepinephrine, and 24-h urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol glycol and homovanillic acid were lower than those of a group of normal volunteers. After weight gain, these parameters increased to near-normal levels. At no time was plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity abnormal. The results suggest that abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa are caused by starvation, and that neuronal functions dependent on aminergic neurotransmission may be altered as a result.", "PMID": 511970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9462", "title": "Decreased insulin binding to monocytes from normal pregnant women.", "content": "To ascertain whether the decrease of glucose tolerance in pregnancy might be mediated by changes in insulin receptors, we have studied insulin binding to monocytes in 12 normal women during late pregnancy and 14 healthy, young, normal weight, nonpregnant female controls. The pregnant women had significantly higher fasting insulin concentrations in plasma than the controsl (18 +/- 3.5 vs. 8 +/- 1.1 microU/ml; P less than 0.01). Fasting concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies in plasma were not significantly different in the two groups. Insulin binding to monocytes from pregnant women was about 35% lower at each insulin concentration tested compared to the nonpregnant controls (P less than 0.01 at tracer insulin concentrations). Changes in cellular insulin binding were due to changes of the receptor number per cell, whereas the receptor affinity was unaffected. Insulin binding was not significantly correlated with the fasting plasma insulin in either of the two groups (P less than 0.1). Our results suggest that the deterioration of glucose tolerance in normal late pregnancy might be explained by a decrease of insulin sensitivity caused by a reduction of the number of insulin receptors.", "contents": "Decreased insulin binding to monocytes from normal pregnant women. To ascertain whether the decrease of glucose tolerance in pregnancy might be mediated by changes in insulin receptors, we have studied insulin binding to monocytes in 12 normal women during late pregnancy and 14 healthy, young, normal weight, nonpregnant female controls. The pregnant women had significantly higher fasting insulin concentrations in plasma than the controsl (18 +/- 3.5 vs. 8 +/- 1.1 microU/ml; P less than 0.01). Fasting concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies in plasma were not significantly different in the two groups. Insulin binding to monocytes from pregnant women was about 35% lower at each insulin concentration tested compared to the nonpregnant controls (P less than 0.01 at tracer insulin concentrations). Changes in cellular insulin binding were due to changes of the receptor number per cell, whereas the receptor affinity was unaffected. Insulin binding was not significantly correlated with the fasting plasma insulin in either of the two groups (P less than 0.1). Our results suggest that the deterioration of glucose tolerance in normal late pregnancy might be explained by a decrease of insulin sensitivity caused by a reduction of the number of insulin receptors.", "PMID": 511971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9463", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in diabetes: the effect of insulin on the kinetics of plasma squalene.", "content": "The turnover of isotopically labeled squalene formed in plasma from [14C]mevalonate has been used to measure cholesterol synthesis in diabetics over a 7-h period. Five patients were studied while in poor diabetic control (mean daytime glycemia, 349 mg/dl) and at a later date once improved control was established by multiple daily insulin injections (mean glycemia, 175 mg/dl). This degree of diabetic control resulted in an increase in the fractional conversion of [14C]mevalonic acid to [14C]squalene from 55.2 +/- 1% to 67.5 +/- 4% (P less than 0.025). These data together with the area under the squalene specific activity curve yeild an estimated rate of cholesterol synthesis based on the likely assumption that mevalonate pool size did not decrease. Insulinization increased this calculated mean rate of cholesterol synthesis from 961 +/- 151 to 1206 +/- 223 mg/day (P less than 0.025). The use of squalene kinetics to evaluate changes in cholesterol synthesis deserves further study, particularly in metabolically unstable states such as diabetes in which conventional methods for measuring cholesterol synthesis are difficult to apply and to interpret.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in diabetes: the effect of insulin on the kinetics of plasma squalene. The turnover of isotopically labeled squalene formed in plasma from [14C]mevalonate has been used to measure cholesterol synthesis in diabetics over a 7-h period. Five patients were studied while in poor diabetic control (mean daytime glycemia, 349 mg/dl) and at a later date once improved control was established by multiple daily insulin injections (mean glycemia, 175 mg/dl). This degree of diabetic control resulted in an increase in the fractional conversion of [14C]mevalonic acid to [14C]squalene from 55.2 +/- 1% to 67.5 +/- 4% (P less than 0.025). These data together with the area under the squalene specific activity curve yeild an estimated rate of cholesterol synthesis based on the likely assumption that mevalonate pool size did not decrease. Insulinization increased this calculated mean rate of cholesterol synthesis from 961 +/- 151 to 1206 +/- 223 mg/day (P less than 0.025). The use of squalene kinetics to evaluate changes in cholesterol synthesis deserves further study, particularly in metabolically unstable states such as diabetes in which conventional methods for measuring cholesterol synthesis are difficult to apply and to interpret.", "PMID": 511973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9464", "title": "Minoxidil increases aldosterone metabolic clearance in hypertensive patients.", "content": "It has been shown that despite an effect of minoxidil to increase PRA, plasma levels of aldosterone do not change. We observed similar findings in seven hypertensive patients undergoing treatment with minoxidil; PRA activity increased markedly, whereas the plasma aldosterone concentration showed no consistent change. The aldosterone MCRs in these patients increased by 41% in response to minoxidil, from 1110 +/- 91 to 1570 +/- 180 (SEM) liters/day; this appeared to explain why plasma aldosterone levels did not increase in parallel with renin activity. Hepatic blood flow (estimated from the clearance of indocyanine green) in a group of patients receiving minoxidil was greater than that in an otherwise comparable group (P less than 0.02). This increase in hepatic perfusion may, at least in part, have accounted for the increase in aldosterone MCR.", "contents": "Minoxidil increases aldosterone metabolic clearance in hypertensive patients. It has been shown that despite an effect of minoxidil to increase PRA, plasma levels of aldosterone do not change. We observed similar findings in seven hypertensive patients undergoing treatment with minoxidil; PRA activity increased markedly, whereas the plasma aldosterone concentration showed no consistent change. The aldosterone MCRs in these patients increased by 41% in response to minoxidil, from 1110 +/- 91 to 1570 +/- 180 (SEM) liters/day; this appeared to explain why plasma aldosterone levels did not increase in parallel with renin activity. Hepatic blood flow (estimated from the clearance of indocyanine green) in a group of patients receiving minoxidil was greater than that in an otherwise comparable group (P less than 0.02). This increase in hepatic perfusion may, at least in part, have accounted for the increase in aldosterone MCR.", "PMID": 511974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9465", "title": "Is human decidua a specialized endocrine organ?", "content": "The production of protein hormones by human placenta, amnion, chorion, and decidua capsularis was studied in in vitro experiments to establish whether the decidua could be considered a specialized structure for the release of PRL. The tissues were incubated in the incubation medium, we found a highly significant rise of PRL during culture of the decidua, while no increase was noticed during culture  of the placenta or amnion. Conversely, chorionic somatomammotropin and CG increased greatly and quickly during culture of placenta but not during culture of other tissues. No significant change was found in GH. The total PRL released into the medium from decidua was 3 times higher than the initial PRL content of this sittue; addition of puromycin to the incubation medium reduced both the tissue content and the release of PRL to almost 50% of the control values. This result raises the possibility of a specific endocrine activity of decidua capsularis. The PRL-secreint cells of the decidua probably do not possess dopamine receptors, since bromocriptine, when added to the medium, did not influence the release of PRL, confirming our previous in vivo observations.", "contents": "Is human decidua a specialized endocrine organ? The production of protein hormones by human placenta, amnion, chorion, and decidua capsularis was studied in in vitro experiments to establish whether the decidua could be considered a specialized structure for the release of PRL. The tissues were incubated in the incubation medium, we found a highly significant rise of PRL during culture of the decidua, while no increase was noticed during culture  of the placenta or amnion. Conversely, chorionic somatomammotropin and CG increased greatly and quickly during culture of placenta but not during culture of other tissues. No significant change was found in GH. The total PRL released into the medium from decidua was 3 times higher than the initial PRL content of this sittue; addition of puromycin to the incubation medium reduced both the tissue content and the release of PRL to almost 50% of the control values. This result raises the possibility of a specific endocrine activity of decidua capsularis. The PRL-secreint cells of the decidua probably do not possess dopamine receptors, since bromocriptine, when added to the medium, did not influence the release of PRL, confirming our previous in vivo observations.", "PMID": 511975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9466", "title": "Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminization.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to quantify the various sources of estrone (E1) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) production in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. The mean production rate of E1 in four young adult men was 58 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 44 micrograms/24 h. In these men, E1 production could be accounted for totally by extraglandular formation through 1) aromatization of plasma androstenedione, 2) conversion of E2 which was formed from the aromatization of plasma testosterone, and 3) conversion of secreted E2. In these men, only 12 micrograms or less of E2 production could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation from plasma C19 precursors, and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. In six women with testicular feminization, the mean production rate of E1 was 99 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 77 micrograms/24 h. THe amount of E2 production that arose by glandular secretion could be computed in four of these women and was considerably greater than that found in the young adult men. In these women with testicular feminization, an average of 44 micrograms/24 h E2 could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. The mean plasma production rate of testosterone in the normal men was 5.7 mg/24 h, while that in the women with testicular feminization was 8.3 mg/24 h. However, the range of plasma production rates of testosterone in the women with testicular feminization was large (1.3--17.0 mg/24 h).", "contents": "Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. The purpose of this study was to quantify the various sources of estrone (E1) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) production in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. The mean production rate of E1 in four young adult men was 58 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 44 micrograms/24 h. In these men, E1 production could be accounted for totally by extraglandular formation through 1) aromatization of plasma androstenedione, 2) conversion of E2 which was formed from the aromatization of plasma testosterone, and 3) conversion of secreted E2. In these men, only 12 micrograms or less of E2 production could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation from plasma C19 precursors, and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. In six women with testicular feminization, the mean production rate of E1 was 99 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 77 micrograms/24 h. THe amount of E2 production that arose by glandular secretion could be computed in four of these women and was considerably greater than that found in the young adult men. In these women with testicular feminization, an average of 44 micrograms/24 h E2 could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. The mean plasma production rate of testosterone in the normal men was 5.7 mg/24 h, while that in the women with testicular feminization was 8.3 mg/24 h. However, the range of plasma production rates of testosterone in the women with testicular feminization was large (1.3--17.0 mg/24 h).", "PMID": 511978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9467", "title": "Widespread distribution of a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in normal human tissues.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated that the normal human testes, colon, and liver contain a substance that resembles hCG. To extend these findings, we examined aqueous extracts of a variety of normal human tissues for the presence of this material. The beta-hCG RIA, rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay, and a newly developed, highly specific hCG RIA were used to measure hCG activity in a serial dilutions of the extracts. Detectable concentrations of the hCG-like material were found in 146 of the 149 individual tissue samples studied. Parallelism was noted between the hCG standard and serial dilutions of extracts of testis, ovary, pituitary, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, placenta, and some small intestinal tissue samples in the beta-hCG RIA, radioreceptor assay, and the highly specific hCG RIA. An absence of parallelism was found between extracts of nonpituitary tissues and LH in the beta-LH RIA. Pancreatic extracts altered the [125I]hCG used as the labeled ligand in these assays, which led to spurious results. Chromatography of the extracts on Concanavalin A-Sepharose columns revealed that the hCG-like materials from different tissues varied widely in their adsorbtion to Concanavalin A, possibly reflecting differences in their carbohydrate contents. These results indicate that an hCG-like substance is widely distributed throughout normal human tissues and further supports the concept that the fetal genome responsible for hCG production is not completely suppressed in adult tissues.", "contents": "Widespread distribution of a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in normal human tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that the normal human testes, colon, and liver contain a substance that resembles hCG. To extend these findings, we examined aqueous extracts of a variety of normal human tissues for the presence of this material. The beta-hCG RIA, rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay, and a newly developed, highly specific hCG RIA were used to measure hCG activity in a serial dilutions of the extracts. Detectable concentrations of the hCG-like material were found in 146 of the 149 individual tissue samples studied. Parallelism was noted between the hCG standard and serial dilutions of extracts of testis, ovary, pituitary, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, placenta, and some small intestinal tissue samples in the beta-hCG RIA, radioreceptor assay, and the highly specific hCG RIA. An absence of parallelism was found between extracts of nonpituitary tissues and LH in the beta-LH RIA. Pancreatic extracts altered the [125I]hCG used as the labeled ligand in these assays, which led to spurious results. Chromatography of the extracts on Concanavalin A-Sepharose columns revealed that the hCG-like materials from different tissues varied widely in their adsorbtion to Concanavalin A, possibly reflecting differences in their carbohydrate contents. These results indicate that an hCG-like substance is widely distributed throughout normal human tissues and further supports the concept that the fetal genome responsible for hCG production is not completely suppressed in adult tissues.", "PMID": 511979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9468", "title": "Lack of a role for glucagon in the disposal of an oral glucose load in normal man.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the role of glucagon in determining the disposition of an oral glucose load in normal man. To accomplish this, the plasma glucose response to an oral glucose load was determined in four normal men who were studied on two occasions. During one study, glucagon (3 ng/kg.min) was administered to prevent the fall in plasma glucagon noted after oral glucose ingestion. Despite elevation of plasma glucagon levels to 350 pg/ml in this protocol, the plasma insulin and glucose levels achieved were virtually identical to those obtained after oral glucose alone. These results indicate that neither physiological elevations of plasma glucagon nor the suppression of plasma glucagon seen during oral glucose administration alter glucose tolerance in normal man. Thus, in a normal man capable of secreting appropriate amounts of insulin in response to the ingestion of glucose, glucagon plays no appreciable role in the disposition of this glucose load.", "contents": "Lack of a role for glucagon in the disposal of an oral glucose load in normal man. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of glucagon in determining the disposition of an oral glucose load in normal man. To accomplish this, the plasma glucose response to an oral glucose load was determined in four normal men who were studied on two occasions. During one study, glucagon (3 ng/kg.min) was administered to prevent the fall in plasma glucagon noted after oral glucose ingestion. Despite elevation of plasma glucagon levels to 350 pg/ml in this protocol, the plasma insulin and glucose levels achieved were virtually identical to those obtained after oral glucose alone. These results indicate that neither physiological elevations of plasma glucagon nor the suppression of plasma glucagon seen during oral glucose administration alter glucose tolerance in normal man. Thus, in a normal man capable of secreting appropriate amounts of insulin in response to the ingestion of glucose, glucagon plays no appreciable role in the disposition of this glucose load.", "PMID": 511981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9469", "title": "Absence of measurable 2-hydroxyestrone in the rat brain: evidence for rapid turnover.", "content": "The free 2-hydroxyestrone content of female rat brains was measured by two independent methods, including a direct radioimmunoassay and enzymatic conversion to stable O-methylated derivatives followed by a specific radioimmunoassay for the latter. The sensitivities of the two procedures were 10 pg and 5 pg respectively and the recoveries were greater than 85%. Neither assay method was able to detect any measurable endogenous 2-hydroxyestrone in the female rat brain at any stage of the ovulatory cycle. It is suggested that a high turnover rate of 2-hydroxyestrogens in the rat brain precludes the accumulation of detectable quantities of these metabolites in central tissues.", "contents": "Absence of measurable 2-hydroxyestrone in the rat brain: evidence for rapid turnover. The free 2-hydroxyestrone content of female rat brains was measured by two independent methods, including a direct radioimmunoassay and enzymatic conversion to stable O-methylated derivatives followed by a specific radioimmunoassay for the latter. The sensitivities of the two procedures were 10 pg and 5 pg respectively and the recoveries were greater than 85%. Neither assay method was able to detect any measurable endogenous 2-hydroxyestrone in the female rat brain at any stage of the ovulatory cycle. It is suggested that a high turnover rate of 2-hydroxyestrogens in the rat brain precludes the accumulation of detectable quantities of these metabolites in central tissues.", "PMID": 511982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9470", "title": "A mid-day surge in cortisol levels.", "content": "A dramatic mid-day surge of cortisol with its onset concomitant with food intake was observed. Cortisol levels were unaffected by the evening meal. The magnitude and time course of the initiation of this mid-day peak of cortisol are markedly attenuated by food deprivation. These observations establish that within the circadian periodicity there exists a mid-day rhythm of cortisol secretion which appears to be synchronized by food intake.", "contents": "A mid-day surge in cortisol levels. A dramatic mid-day surge of cortisol with its onset concomitant with food intake was observed. Cortisol levels were unaffected by the evening meal. The magnitude and time course of the initiation of this mid-day peak of cortisol are markedly attenuated by food deprivation. These observations establish that within the circadian periodicity there exists a mid-day rhythm of cortisol secretion which appears to be synchronized by food intake.", "PMID": 511983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9471", "title": "Use of a semiselective medium to culture Legionella pneumophila from contaminated lung specimens.", "content": "Legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated, using a semiselective medium, from two of three lung specimens heavily contaminated with other organisms. This medium is composed of charcoal yeast extract agar, supplemented with vancomycin and polymyxin B. L. pneumophila was observed at 8 days on plates containing less than or equal to 40 units of polymyxin B and less than or equal to 1 microgram of vancomycin per ml.", "contents": "Use of a semiselective medium to culture Legionella pneumophila from contaminated lung specimens. Legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated, using a semiselective medium, from two of three lung specimens heavily contaminated with other organisms. This medium is composed of charcoal yeast extract agar, supplemented with vancomycin and polymyxin B. L. pneumophila was observed at 8 days on plates containing less than or equal to 40 units of polymyxin B and less than or equal to 1 microgram of vancomycin per ml.", "PMID": 511984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9472", "title": "Airway colonization by Flavobacterium in an intensive care unit.", "content": "A total of 195 patients admitted to a respiratory-surgical intensive care unit became colonized with species of Flavobacterium during a 70-month prospective study. By biochemical, cultural, and morphological criteria and a comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities, all patient isolates of Flavobacterium were apparently related. The origin of these organisms was sought. Flavobacterium were recovered from different water-associated areas of the hospital and from the hands of respiratory-surgical intensive care care unit staff. The organisms were also found in university dormitory sinks. The isolation of these organisms from tap water led to their recovery from reservoirs supplying drinking water to the city of Boston and surrounding communities. These organisms are resistant to chlorine concentrations found in municipal water. There was no proven case of pneumonia caused by Flavobacterium in 2,329 consecutive patients studied in our respiratory-surgical intensive care unit.", "contents": "Airway colonization by Flavobacterium in an intensive care unit. A total of 195 patients admitted to a respiratory-surgical intensive care unit became colonized with species of Flavobacterium during a 70-month prospective study. By biochemical, cultural, and morphological criteria and a comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities, all patient isolates of Flavobacterium were apparently related. The origin of these organisms was sought. Flavobacterium were recovered from different water-associated areas of the hospital and from the hands of respiratory-surgical intensive care care unit staff. The organisms were also found in university dormitory sinks. The isolation of these organisms from tap water led to their recovery from reservoirs supplying drinking water to the city of Boston and surrounding communities. These organisms are resistant to chlorine concentrations found in municipal water. There was no proven case of pneumonia caused by Flavobacterium in 2,329 consecutive patients studied in our respiratory-surgical intensive care unit.", "PMID": 511985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9473", "title": "Medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A new differential plate medium, CAL (cellobiose-arginine-lysine) agar, was developed and evaluated for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. For all but two isolates tested, distinctive colonies were formed on CAL agar within 40 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. These colonies were readily recognized and isolated from a mixed inoculum containing 10 other bacteria commonly found in water and fecal specimens. Y. enterocolitica was presumptively identified based on colonial morphology from 9 of 10 fecal cultures containing the organism when inoculated to CAL agar and incubated for 40 h at 25 degrees C. No false-positive identification were made. The medium has been shown to be as sensitive as MacConkey agar in supporting growth of Y. enterocolitica, and it can be used in broth from for enumeration of the organism from water and liquid specimens. The medium is easily made and does not need to be autoclaved.", "contents": "Medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. A new differential plate medium, CAL (cellobiose-arginine-lysine) agar, was developed and evaluated for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. For all but two isolates tested, distinctive colonies were formed on CAL agar within 40 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. These colonies were readily recognized and isolated from a mixed inoculum containing 10 other bacteria commonly found in water and fecal specimens. Y. enterocolitica was presumptively identified based on colonial morphology from 9 of 10 fecal cultures containing the organism when inoculated to CAL agar and incubated for 40 h at 25 degrees C. No false-positive identification were made. The medium has been shown to be as sensitive as MacConkey agar in supporting growth of Y. enterocolitica, and it can be used in broth from for enumeration of the organism from water and liquid specimens. The medium is easily made and does not need to be autoclaved.", "PMID": 511986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9474", "title": "Obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice.", "content": "Clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals were examined to determine the relative prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the species represented. Of 3,167 samples cultured anaerobically as well as aerobically, 2,234 were bacteriologically positive. Of these positive samples, 583 (26%) contained species of obligate anaerobic bacteria in a total of 641 isolates. Most positive samples contained anaerobes admixed with aerobic species, although 6% of such samples yielded pure cultures of obligate anaerobes. The most common sites from which anaerobes were isolated were abscesses (32% of abscesses cultured contained species of obligate anaerobes), peritoneal exudates (24%), and pleural effusions (20%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides ruminicola accounted in the aggregate for approximately 50% of all anaerobic isolates. Bacteroides fragilis accounted for 1% of all the isolates, and members of the genus Clostridium accounted for 8%.", "contents": "Obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice. Clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals were examined to determine the relative prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the species represented. Of 3,167 samples cultured anaerobically as well as aerobically, 2,234 were bacteriologically positive. Of these positive samples, 583 (26%) contained species of obligate anaerobic bacteria in a total of 641 isolates. Most positive samples contained anaerobes admixed with aerobic species, although 6% of such samples yielded pure cultures of obligate anaerobes. The most common sites from which anaerobes were isolated were abscesses (32% of abscesses cultured contained species of obligate anaerobes), peritoneal exudates (24%), and pleural effusions (20%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides ruminicola accounted in the aggregate for approximately 50% of all anaerobic isolates. Bacteroides fragilis accounted for 1% of all the isolates, and members of the genus Clostridium accounted for 8%.", "PMID": 511987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9475", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum immunoglobulin A antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies was developed. An antigen consisting of purified adenovirus type 2 hexons or a crude lysate of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells was first adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. The coated beads were then incubated with dilutions of serum, and IgA antibodies which attached to the solid-phase virus antigen were subsequently detected with 125I-labeled anti-human alpha antibodies. The anti-human alpha antibodies used were isolated by immunosorbent chromatography from rabbit antiserum produced by immunization with IgA purified from serum of an IgA myeloma patient. A total of 46 serum specimens from 13 patients with respiratory syncytial virus infections and 10 patients with adenovirus infections were tested. Complement fixation, homologous IgG and IgM radioimmunoassay, and heterologous IgA radioimmunoassay testing were also done. Specific values higher than 10,000 cpm were often reached with convalescent serum specimens, and positive-to-negative serum binding ratios of 50 or more were frequently obtained with lower serum dilutions. IgA titers of convalescent sera were from 1,000 to 16,000, and with few exceptions a fourfold or greater rise in the IgA titer was detected in the homologous IgA radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum immunoglobulin A antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies was developed. An antigen consisting of purified adenovirus type 2 hexons or a crude lysate of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells was first adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. The coated beads were then incubated with dilutions of serum, and IgA antibodies which attached to the solid-phase virus antigen were subsequently detected with 125I-labeled anti-human alpha antibodies. The anti-human alpha antibodies used were isolated by immunosorbent chromatography from rabbit antiserum produced by immunization with IgA purified from serum of an IgA myeloma patient. A total of 46 serum specimens from 13 patients with respiratory syncytial virus infections and 10 patients with adenovirus infections were tested. Complement fixation, homologous IgG and IgM radioimmunoassay, and heterologous IgA radioimmunoassay testing were also done. Specific values higher than 10,000 cpm were often reached with convalescent serum specimens, and positive-to-negative serum binding ratios of 50 or more were frequently obtained with lower serum dilutions. IgA titers of convalescent sera were from 1,000 to 16,000, and with few exceptions a fourfold or greater rise in the IgA titer was detected in the homologous IgA radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 511988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9476", "title": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis and groups IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis (IIk-1) and group IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2 was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The unnamed groups were readily distinguished from P. paucimobilis by cellular fatty acids. The data strongly suggest that these bacteria may be additional species of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis and groups IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2. The cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis (IIk-1) and group IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2 was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The unnamed groups were readily distinguished from P. paucimobilis by cellular fatty acids. The data strongly suggest that these bacteria may be additional species of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium.", "PMID": 511989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9477", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay for detection of adenovirus antigen.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay was developed to detect adenovirus in stools of patients with gastroenteritis. The parameters of the assay were optimized, and its sensitivity and efficiency was examined. The assay promises to be a useful alternative to conventional techniques of cell culture isolation or electron microscopy for the detection of adenovirus in stool specimens.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay for detection of adenovirus antigen. A rapid, sensitive counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay was developed to detect adenovirus in stools of patients with gastroenteritis. The parameters of the assay were optimized, and its sensitivity and efficiency was examined. The assay promises to be a useful alternative to conventional techniques of cell culture isolation or electron microscopy for the detection of adenovirus in stool specimens.", "PMID": 511990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9478", "title": "Detection of adenovirus antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was adapted as a rapid, sensitive assay for detection of adenovirus group-specific antibody. This assay was six times more sensitive than the complement fixation test and was successfully adapted for use with microliter quantities of serum or whole blood.", "contents": "Detection of adenovirus antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was adapted as a rapid, sensitive assay for detection of adenovirus group-specific antibody. This assay was six times more sensitive than the complement fixation test and was successfully adapted for use with microliter quantities of serum or whole blood.", "PMID": 511991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9479", "title": "Evidence for organicity in concrete vs. overinclusive thought-disordered schizophrenics.", "content": "Matched 20 overinclusive schizophrenics, 13 schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder, defined in terms of performance errors on a conceptual ability test, and 11 brain-damaged patients on age, education, vocabulary proficiency, severity of illness and length of hospitalization. Ss then were given the Combined Test Battery for Organicity. No differences were found between the overinclusive and concrete schizophrenics on any measure of organicity. The Organic Test Battery had poor concurrent validity in distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder have a relatively rare condition that continues to defy explanation, though on the basis of past research an organic involvement seems to be the most parsimonious explanation.", "contents": "Evidence for organicity in concrete vs. overinclusive thought-disordered schizophrenics. Matched 20 overinclusive schizophrenics, 13 schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder, defined in terms of performance errors on a conceptual ability test, and 11 brain-damaged patients on age, education, vocabulary proficiency, severity of illness and length of hospitalization. Ss then were given the Combined Test Battery for Organicity. No differences were found between the overinclusive and concrete schizophrenics on any measure of organicity. The Organic Test Battery had poor concurrent validity in distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder have a relatively rare condition that continues to defy explanation, though on the basis of past research an organic involvement seems to be the most parsimonious explanation.", "PMID": 511992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9480", "title": "Anomie and United States Suicide rates, 1973--1976.", "content": "Related annual variations in United States suicide rates between 1973 and 1976 to concomitant annual variations in expressions of anomie obtained on the 5-item Srole anomie scale by a representative sample of the United States population. Expressions of anomie increased significantly for persons in the age groups (15--24 and 25--34 year) that displayed increases in suicide rates, annual variations in endorsement of anomie statements were correlated significantly with the concomitant annual variations in the suicide rates of the 15--24 year age group, and there was a nonsignificant tendency toward this relationship in the other (25--34 year) age group with increasing suicide rates. However, expressions of anomie also increased significantly for persons in the older age groups that showed no increases in suicide rates. Thus, Durkheim's hypothesis was not supported among older persons as it was among younger persons. Previous studies suggest that measures of anomie that focus explicitly on perceptions of internal-external control may be related more closely to suicidal behavior (especially for older persons) than measures that focus on other components of anomie.", "contents": "Anomie and United States Suicide rates, 1973--1976. Related annual variations in United States suicide rates between 1973 and 1976 to concomitant annual variations in expressions of anomie obtained on the 5-item Srole anomie scale by a representative sample of the United States population. Expressions of anomie increased significantly for persons in the age groups (15--24 and 25--34 year) that displayed increases in suicide rates, annual variations in endorsement of anomie statements were correlated significantly with the concomitant annual variations in the suicide rates of the 15--24 year age group, and there was a nonsignificant tendency toward this relationship in the other (25--34 year) age group with increasing suicide rates. However, expressions of anomie also increased significantly for persons in the older age groups that showed no increases in suicide rates. Thus, Durkheim's hypothesis was not supported among older persons as it was among younger persons. Previous studies suggest that measures of anomie that focus explicitly on perceptions of internal-external control may be related more closely to suicidal behavior (especially for older persons) than measures that focus on other components of anomie.", "PMID": 511993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9481", "title": "Empirical descriptions of mental patient syndromes and types.", "content": "Used a cluster analytic procedure to describe mental illness. Data for 2,600 mental patients from a research record system were clustered into six symptom and four antecedent dimensions. The patients were typed into seven antecedent and seven symptom types according to their patterns of scores over these dimensions. The types were related to diagnostic data, the antecedent and symptom dimensions, impairment ratings, outcomes and biodata. Significant relationships of the types with all the classes of data are reported. The relationships of the types with four diagnostic classes and the merits of typing as a means of defining mental illnesses are discussed.", "contents": "Empirical descriptions of mental patient syndromes and types. Used a cluster analytic procedure to describe mental illness. Data for 2,600 mental patients from a research record system were clustered into six symptom and four antecedent dimensions. The patients were typed into seven antecedent and seven symptom types according to their patterns of scores over these dimensions. The types were related to diagnostic data, the antecedent and symptom dimensions, impairment ratings, outcomes and biodata. Significant relationships of the types with all the classes of data are reported. The relationships of the types with four diagnostic classes and the merits of typing as a means of defining mental illnesses are discussed.", "PMID": 511995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9482", "title": "First memories of \"normal\" and of schizophrenic, paranoid-type individuals.", "content": "Compared the early recollections of 40 schizophrenic, paranoid-type patients and 37 \"normal\" individuals. The themes of the early recollections of the two groups were significantly different. The normal group reported events such as illness, injury, and attention-getting more frequently than the schizophrenic group, whereas the early recollections of the schizophrenic group contained more variety of the themes than those of the normal group.", "contents": "First memories of \"normal\" and of schizophrenic, paranoid-type individuals. Compared the early recollections of 40 schizophrenic, paranoid-type patients and 37 \"normal\" individuals. The themes of the early recollections of the two groups were significantly different. The normal group reported events such as illness, injury, and attention-getting more frequently than the schizophrenic group, whereas the early recollections of the schizophrenic group contained more variety of the themes than those of the normal group.", "PMID": 511996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9483", "title": "Stress in families of children with neuromuscular disease.", "content": "Compared parents of children with neuromuscular disease to parents of children with psychiatric diagnoses using the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress. The groups showed different patterns of stress, with three of the subscales correctly classifying 93% of the cases in a discriminant function analysis. Parents of neuromuscular cases were more pessimistic, while those of psychiatric cases reported more problems in family integration and in the child's personality. For the neuromuscular group alone, parents whose children were in wheelchairs scored significantly higher than those whose children were ambulatory on six QRS scales: Excess Time Demands, Overcommitment/Martyrdom, Limits on Family Opportunity, Physical Incapacitation for Index Case, Lack of Activities for Index Case, Occupation Limitations. Hence, not only does the type of personal and family stress differ for the Neuromuscular and Child Psychiatry respondents, but within the neuromuscular sample the increase in stress as the disease progresses is related to higher scores on QRS scales.", "contents": "Stress in families of children with neuromuscular disease. Compared parents of children with neuromuscular disease to parents of children with psychiatric diagnoses using the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress. The groups showed different patterns of stress, with three of the subscales correctly classifying 93% of the cases in a discriminant function analysis. Parents of neuromuscular cases were more pessimistic, while those of psychiatric cases reported more problems in family integration and in the child's personality. For the neuromuscular group alone, parents whose children were in wheelchairs scored significantly higher than those whose children were ambulatory on six QRS scales: Excess Time Demands, Overcommitment/Martyrdom, Limits on Family Opportunity, Physical Incapacitation for Index Case, Lack of Activities for Index Case, Occupation Limitations. Hence, not only does the type of personal and family stress differ for the Neuromuscular and Child Psychiatry respondents, but within the neuromuscular sample the increase in stress as the disease progresses is related to higher scores on QRS scales.", "PMID": 511997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9484", "title": "A note on the pathology of anhedonia.", "content": "Tested the hypotheses that anhedonia afflicts only a minority of schizophrenics and is bimodally distributed among them by comparing the Anhedonia scale distributions of schizophrenic and psychiatric control samples (N = 90). Only 45% of the schizophrenics produced scores higher than those characteristic of the controls. While the schizophrenics' distribution appeared to be bimodal, its irregularity precluded a definitive assessment of the bimodality hypothesis. The correlation between age and Anehodina was positive for anhedonics but not for non-anhedonic schizpohrenics or controls; these findings suggest that anhedonia is a mildly progressive disorder among those schizophrenics who experience it.", "contents": "A note on the pathology of anhedonia. Tested the hypotheses that anhedonia afflicts only a minority of schizophrenics and is bimodally distributed among them by comparing the Anhedonia scale distributions of schizophrenic and psychiatric control samples (N = 90). Only 45% of the schizophrenics produced scores higher than those characteristic of the controls. While the schizophrenics' distribution appeared to be bimodal, its irregularity precluded a definitive assessment of the bimodality hypothesis. The correlation between age and Anehodina was positive for anhedonics but not for non-anhedonic schizpohrenics or controls; these findings suggest that anhedonia is a mildly progressive disorder among those schizophrenics who experience it.", "PMID": 511998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9485", "title": "Diagnostic implications of parental ratings of children.", "content": "Evaluated parental ratings on aggressiveness and social responsibility for 120 school-age children and a cross-validation sample of 67 children referred to a university-sponsored developmental evaluation center in association with 10 commonly used interdisciplinary diagnoses . Parental ratings consistently and significantly related to staff diagnoses of behavior disorder and to hyperkinesis. A number of \"expected \" relationships, e.g., between learning disability and social irresponsibility, did not occur. In general, the results indicate: (1) that parental ratings show consistent relationships to selected interdisciplinary staff diagnoses; (2) that hyperkinesis may be related more strongly to aggressiveness than to the lack of socially responsible behavior; and (3) that parental ratings are potentially valuable in the diagnostic process.", "contents": "Diagnostic implications of parental ratings of children. Evaluated parental ratings on aggressiveness and social responsibility for 120 school-age children and a cross-validation sample of 67 children referred to a university-sponsored developmental evaluation center in association with 10 commonly used interdisciplinary diagnoses . Parental ratings consistently and significantly related to staff diagnoses of behavior disorder and to hyperkinesis. A number of \"expected \" relationships, e.g., between learning disability and social irresponsibility, did not occur. In general, the results indicate: (1) that parental ratings show consistent relationships to selected interdisciplinary staff diagnoses; (2) that hyperkinesis may be related more strongly to aggressiveness than to the lack of socially responsible behavior; and (3) that parental ratings are potentially valuable in the diagnostic process.", "PMID": 512000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9486", "title": "Endorsement of Ellis' Irrational Beliefs as a function of age.", "content": "Administered to a total of 788 children from grade 5 (N = 133), 7 (N = 193), 9 (N = 151), 11 (N = 158), and 13 (N = 153) a modification of Ellis' 11 irrational beliefs questionnaire reformulated for use with younger children. Results showed a linear decrease of percent item endorsement from younger to older children on 8 of 11 irrational ideas. Analysis of variance on the mean number of irrational ideas endorsed showed significant differences between children. Results indicated that endorsing irrational beliefs is a function of age and provided construct validity for the instrument presented here. Research and counseling uses of the scale are discussed.", "contents": "Endorsement of Ellis' Irrational Beliefs as a function of age. Administered to a total of 788 children from grade 5 (N = 133), 7 (N = 193), 9 (N = 151), 11 (N = 158), and 13 (N = 153) a modification of Ellis' 11 irrational beliefs questionnaire reformulated for use with younger children. Results showed a linear decrease of percent item endorsement from younger to older children on 8 of 11 irrational ideas. Analysis of variance on the mean number of irrational ideas endorsed showed significant differences between children. Results indicated that endorsing irrational beliefs is a function of age and provided construct validity for the instrument presented here. Research and counseling uses of the scale are discussed.", "PMID": 511999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9487", "title": "The orthogonal rotation of factors in clinical research: a critical note.", "content": "Examined the current trends in rotation procedures used in factor analyses in clinical research. It was found that orthogonal rotations, usually varimax procedure, were overwhelmingly the rotational choice. It was suggested that in many analyses, investigators in this area of research may be imposing orthogonality on data that might better be interpreted as oblique factors. Guidelines were presented for consideration in the selection and reporting of rotational procedures in clinical research.", "contents": "The orthogonal rotation of factors in clinical research: a critical note. Examined the current trends in rotation procedures used in factor analyses in clinical research. It was found that orthogonal rotations, usually varimax procedure, were overwhelmingly the rotational choice. It was suggested that in many analyses, investigators in this area of research may be imposing orthogonality on data that might better be interpreted as oblique factors. Guidelines were presented for consideration in the selection and reporting of rotational procedures in clinical research.", "PMID": 512001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9488", "title": "Depressives' cognitive appraisal of their mood states.", "content": "Assessed the self-perceptions with regard to depressive mood states among high depression scoring Ss and non-depressed Ss. Twenty high scorers and 20 low scorers on the MMPI D scale were selected from a larger group and were given three adaptations of the DACL: A present or \"Now\" version, an ideal-self or \"Like to Be\" version, and a new \"Deserve to Be\" form of instructions. Results showed significant differences between the two groups on the \"Now\" and the \"Deserve to \"Be\" adaptations of the DACL, but not on the \"Like to Be\" adaptation. Results were discussed in terms of the cognitive theory of depression.", "contents": "Depressives' cognitive appraisal of their mood states. Assessed the self-perceptions with regard to depressive mood states among high depression scoring Ss and non-depressed Ss. Twenty high scorers and 20 low scorers on the MMPI D scale were selected from a larger group and were given three adaptations of the DACL: A present or \"Now\" version, an ideal-self or \"Like to Be\" version, and a new \"Deserve to Be\" form of instructions. Results showed significant differences between the two groups on the \"Now\" and the \"Deserve to \"Be\" adaptations of the DACL, but not on the \"Like to Be\" adaptation. Results were discussed in terms of the cognitive theory of depression.", "PMID": 512002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9489", "title": "Relationship of level of functioning to self-reported and rated psychopathology.", "content": "Performed a principal components analysis on the intercorrelations among the nine same-named scales of the Symptom Check List-90R (SCL-90R) and the Symptom Check List-90 Analogue (Analogue) for 118 female and 62 male outpatients admitted to a community mental health center. The SCL-90R scales constituted one component that reflected self-reported psychopathology, whereas the Analogue scales revealed two components that represented rated psychotic and nonpsychotic aspects of psychopathology. When the three latter components, age, race, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and employment status were correlated with Philadelphia's Adult Level of Functioning Scale (LOF scale), only the two clinically rated components and educational attainment were related significantly to level of functioning. The findings were discussed as supporting use of both self-report and clinical measures for evaluating psychopathology.", "contents": "Relationship of level of functioning to self-reported and rated psychopathology. Performed a principal components analysis on the intercorrelations among the nine same-named scales of the Symptom Check List-90R (SCL-90R) and the Symptom Check List-90 Analogue (Analogue) for 118 female and 62 male outpatients admitted to a community mental health center. The SCL-90R scales constituted one component that reflected self-reported psychopathology, whereas the Analogue scales revealed two components that represented rated psychotic and nonpsychotic aspects of psychopathology. When the three latter components, age, race, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and employment status were correlated with Philadelphia's Adult Level of Functioning Scale (LOF scale), only the two clinically rated components and educational attainment were related significantly to level of functioning. The findings were discussed as supporting use of both self-report and clinical measures for evaluating psychopathology.", "PMID": 512003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9490", "title": "Predictive utility, sex of rater differences, and interrater reliabilities of the NOSIE-30.", "content": "Results suggest that the NOSIE-30 may have predictive utility. Twelve Token Economy patients rated by nine staff members were followed for 1 year. Patients discharged within a year after the NOSIE-30 was administered had higher scores on Social Competence, Personal Neatness, Total Positive Factors, Total Patient Assets and a lower score on Total Negative Factors than patients who remained hospitalized. Generally, there were higher interrater reliabilities on subscales for which behaviors could be observed easily, such as social competence, neatness, and irratability, and less agreement on subscales such as manifest psychosis and social interest. Sex differences found in the raters' perception of a patient behavior indicated that male raters tend to be more tolerant of a patient's negative behaviors. The NOSIE-30 can be a useful tool in staff training and in patient evaluation with a multidisciplinary approach.", "contents": "Predictive utility, sex of rater differences, and interrater reliabilities of the NOSIE-30. Results suggest that the NOSIE-30 may have predictive utility. Twelve Token Economy patients rated by nine staff members were followed for 1 year. Patients discharged within a year after the NOSIE-30 was administered had higher scores on Social Competence, Personal Neatness, Total Positive Factors, Total Patient Assets and a lower score on Total Negative Factors than patients who remained hospitalized. Generally, there were higher interrater reliabilities on subscales for which behaviors could be observed easily, such as social competence, neatness, and irratability, and less agreement on subscales such as manifest psychosis and social interest. Sex differences found in the raters' perception of a patient behavior indicated that male raters tend to be more tolerant of a patient's negative behaviors. The NOSIE-30 can be a useful tool in staff training and in patient evaluation with a multidisciplinary approach.", "PMID": 512004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9491", "title": "A comparison of response exaggeration techniques.", "content": "Compared the effectiveness of several response exaggeration techniques. Socially anxious college males (N = 34) were instructed to exaggerate some component of social anxiety onset. One group exaggerated their attending to manifestations of their anxiety, two groups exaggerated either a relevant or irrelevant anxiety response, a fourth group imagined an exaggerated consequence of their anxiety, and a fifth group served as a placebo control. All groups reported a greater willingness to initiate and maintain an interaction with a female and displayed less anxiety in a role-playing situation; no differential treatment effects were found. These findings fail to support results from other studies that attested to the efficacy of response exaggeration techniques.", "contents": "A comparison of response exaggeration techniques. Compared the effectiveness of several response exaggeration techniques. Socially anxious college males (N = 34) were instructed to exaggerate some component of social anxiety onset. One group exaggerated their attending to manifestations of their anxiety, two groups exaggerated either a relevant or irrelevant anxiety response, a fourth group imagined an exaggerated consequence of their anxiety, and a fifth group served as a placebo control. All groups reported a greater willingness to initiate and maintain an interaction with a female and displayed less anxiety in a role-playing situation; no differential treatment effects were found. These findings fail to support results from other studies that attested to the efficacy of response exaggeration techniques.", "PMID": 512005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9492", "title": "A factor analyzed semantic differential form useful to the clinical or community psychologist.", "content": "Administered a 20-item semantic differential three times (week 0, week 4, and week 10) to 110 junior and senior level psychology undergraduates. Each S evaluated six concepts. After collapsing across concepts, each administration was factor-analyzed separately to obtain a relatively stable factor structure. Three factors emerged. They were labeled: General-evaluative (factor one), active-independence (factor two), and passive acceptance (factor three). Utility of this particular device for the applied clinical psychologist was discussed.", "contents": "A factor analyzed semantic differential form useful to the clinical or community psychologist. Administered a 20-item semantic differential three times (week 0, week 4, and week 10) to 110 junior and senior level psychology undergraduates. Each S evaluated six concepts. After collapsing across concepts, each administration was factor-analyzed separately to obtain a relatively stable factor structure. Three factors emerged. They were labeled: General-evaluative (factor one), active-independence (factor two), and passive acceptance (factor three). Utility of this particular device for the applied clinical psychologist was discussed.", "PMID": 512006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9493", "title": "Information processing components of Koppitz errors on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.", "content": "Correlated performance and latencies on the Bender, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Draw-a-Person along with the Slosson Intelligence Test for 39 male and 35 female middle-class black first graders. The results suggest that the Bender may owe much of its clinical validity to loadings across all stages of human information processing. General intelligence accounted for 9% of Bender variance. With the higher order variable intelligence partialed out, the preprocessing and central processing stages accounted for 16% and the response selection and response execution stages accounted for 6% of Bender variance. Kagan's hypothesis with retard to the involvement of conceptual tempo in Bender performance was not supported. However, Kagan's contention that impulsivity is measured only in situations with high response uncertainty did receive some support.", "contents": "Information processing components of Koppitz errors on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. Correlated performance and latencies on the Bender, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Draw-a-Person along with the Slosson Intelligence Test for 39 male and 35 female middle-class black first graders. The results suggest that the Bender may owe much of its clinical validity to loadings across all stages of human information processing. General intelligence accounted for 9% of Bender variance. With the higher order variable intelligence partialed out, the preprocessing and central processing stages accounted for 16% and the response selection and response execution stages accounted for 6% of Bender variance. Kagan's hypothesis with retard to the involvement of conceptual tempo in Bender performance was not supported. However, Kagan's contention that impulsivity is measured only in situations with high response uncertainty did receive some support.", "PMID": 512007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9494", "title": "A short form of the Category Test for adults.", "content": "Proposed a 120-item version of the 208-item Category Test for adults. When the test protocols of 70 diverse Ss including 18 with definite brain impairment were scored for both the standard and short form, a very high degree of correlation (r = .95) was found, which suggests that the two forms are nearly equivalent. The application of cut-off scores (normal vs. brain impaired) resulted in only 3 Ss changing classifications from the standard to the short form, with 2 of those changes in the correct direction. A savings in administration time of about one half was observed.", "contents": "A short form of the Category Test for adults. Proposed a 120-item version of the 208-item Category Test for adults. When the test protocols of 70 diverse Ss including 18 with definite brain impairment were scored for both the standard and short form, a very high degree of correlation (r = .95) was found, which suggests that the two forms are nearly equivalent. The application of cut-off scores (normal vs. brain impaired) resulted in only 3 Ss changing classifications from the standard to the short form, with 2 of those changes in the correct direction. A savings in administration time of about one half was observed.", "PMID": 512008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9495", "title": "The effects of personality traits on Memory-For-Designs performance.", "content": "Examined 241 Memory-For-Designs protocols for the drawing styles of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction. Chi squares then were employed to compare those data with the personality traits of the Ss. Personality traits were assessed through use of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The major conclusion drawn from the data analysis was that regardless of his or her personality trait, a S will perform like most other Ss in relation to Memory-For-Designs test behavior. The Ss were university students between the ages of 18 and 23, male or female, who were U. S. citizens attending Emporia State University. Initially, Ss were given the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire in groups. Ss who met sample qualifications on the personality test were asked to return for an individual follow-up test with the Memory-For-Design.", "contents": "The effects of personality traits on Memory-For-Designs performance. Examined 241 Memory-For-Designs protocols for the drawing styles of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction. Chi squares then were employed to compare those data with the personality traits of the Ss. Personality traits were assessed through use of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The major conclusion drawn from the data analysis was that regardless of his or her personality trait, a S will perform like most other Ss in relation to Memory-For-Designs test behavior. The Ss were university students between the ages of 18 and 23, male or female, who were U. S. citizens attending Emporia State University. Initially, Ss were given the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire in groups. Ss who met sample qualifications on the personality test were asked to return for an individual follow-up test with the Memory-For-Design.", "PMID": 512009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9496", "title": "Category Test score as related to age in two brain-damaged populations.", "content": "Concerned with the relationship between age and the Category Test, which is alleged to measure abstract reasoning deficits among brain-damaged patients. Scores on the Category Test from the Halstead-Reitan Battery were used. Sixty-two scores from brain-damaged patients and 417 from alcoholics were compared in terms of the age of the patients. It was found that age was an important variable for the alcoholic, as opposed to those not so diagnosed. These results put into question the findings of a previous study, which showed that years of drinking is the distinguishing variable when Category Test is considered. Discussion focuses upon speculation that chronic alcoholism is tied to age as a progressive illness.", "contents": "Category Test score as related to age in two brain-damaged populations. Concerned with the relationship between age and the Category Test, which is alleged to measure abstract reasoning deficits among brain-damaged patients. Scores on the Category Test from the Halstead-Reitan Battery were used. Sixty-two scores from brain-damaged patients and 417 from alcoholics were compared in terms of the age of the patients. It was found that age was an important variable for the alcoholic, as opposed to those not so diagnosed. These results put into question the findings of a previous study, which showed that years of drinking is the distinguishing variable when Category Test is considered. Discussion focuses upon speculation that chronic alcoholism is tied to age as a progressive illness.", "PMID": 512010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9497", "title": "The generalizability of verbal IQ as an estimate of full scale IQ on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.", "content": "To assess the validity of the Verbal IQ as a short form for the WAIS, 231 high-IQ outpatient test protocols were analyzed. Correlations between Verbal and Full Scale IQ were positive and significant for both males and females. The average Verbal IQ exceeded the average Full Scale IQ for both sexes as well, but these differences were small. A high percentage of Full Scale IQ classifications were changed when Verbal IQ was used. Thus, Verbal IQ appears partially valid as a WAIS short form for this higher IQ outpatient population. Results are interpreted in terms of Resnick and Entin's short form validity criteria.", "contents": "The generalizability of verbal IQ as an estimate of full scale IQ on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. To assess the validity of the Verbal IQ as a short form for the WAIS, 231 high-IQ outpatient test protocols were analyzed. Correlations between Verbal and Full Scale IQ were positive and significant for both males and females. The average Verbal IQ exceeded the average Full Scale IQ for both sexes as well, but these differences were small. A high percentage of Full Scale IQ classifications were changed when Verbal IQ was used. Thus, Verbal IQ appears partially valid as a WAIS short form for this higher IQ outpatient population. Results are interpreted in terms of Resnick and Entin's short form validity criteria.", "PMID": 512011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9498", "title": "The utility of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale profile analysis with prisoners.", "content": "Determined the efficacy of profile analysis with a prison population (63 white, 63 black) of the Petersburg Federal Correctional Institution as Ss. By use of Veldman's Hierarchical Profile Analysis, five distinctive WAIS profile types were derived empirically for each racial group. Analyses of covariance that controlled for full-scale IQ differences revealed significant differences among the profile types within each race in terms of Stanford Achievement Test scores and MMPI T-scores. Further, partial correlations indepepdent of full-scale IQ revealed significant relationships between some of the profile types and the commission of rule infractions while incarcerated. These findings are interpreted as supportive of profile analysis with inmate populations. However, it is suggested that further research be effected to cross-validate these findings.", "contents": "The utility of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale profile analysis with prisoners. Determined the efficacy of profile analysis with a prison population (63 white, 63 black) of the Petersburg Federal Correctional Institution as Ss. By use of Veldman's Hierarchical Profile Analysis, five distinctive WAIS profile types were derived empirically for each racial group. Analyses of covariance that controlled for full-scale IQ differences revealed significant differences among the profile types within each race in terms of Stanford Achievement Test scores and MMPI T-scores. Further, partial correlations indepepdent of full-scale IQ revealed significant relationships between some of the profile types and the commission of rule infractions while incarcerated. These findings are interpreted as supportive of profile analysis with inmate populations. However, it is suggested that further research be effected to cross-validate these findings.", "PMID": 512012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9499", "title": "The Personality Research Form as a therapy outcome measure of social behavior.", "content": "Reported two studies that examined the efficacy of the Personality Research Form (PRF) as an outcome measure for interventions designed to increase social competence. In the first study (N = 83), the degree to which PRF scales can predict criteria frequently used in social skills training outcome research was examined, and the PRF was shown to be sensitive to such criteria. The second study (N = 24) assessed the relative degree to which the PRF scales and more frequently used outcome measures, including the above criteria, are affected by factors non-specific to social skills training interventions (suggestion for improvement). While three PRF scales were affected significantly, demand effects were much more pervasive on the other measures, which suggests that those measures can be used to obtain valid estimates of treatment effects only when experimental control of non-specific effects is possible. Two PRF scales, Affiliation and Exhibition, were shown to be both sensitive to criteria and resistant to demand effects, and as such may be useful as outcome measures in non-controlled clinical settings.", "contents": "The Personality Research Form as a therapy outcome measure of social behavior. Reported two studies that examined the efficacy of the Personality Research Form (PRF) as an outcome measure for interventions designed to increase social competence. In the first study (N = 83), the degree to which PRF scales can predict criteria frequently used in social skills training outcome research was examined, and the PRF was shown to be sensitive to such criteria. The second study (N = 24) assessed the relative degree to which the PRF scales and more frequently used outcome measures, including the above criteria, are affected by factors non-specific to social skills training interventions (suggestion for improvement). While three PRF scales were affected significantly, demand effects were much more pervasive on the other measures, which suggests that those measures can be used to obtain valid estimates of treatment effects only when experimental control of non-specific effects is possible. Two PRF scales, Affiliation and Exhibition, were shown to be both sensitive to criteria and resistant to demand effects, and as such may be useful as outcome measures in non-controlled clinical settings.", "PMID": 512013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9500", "title": "Psychological test comparison of day hospital an inpatient treatment.", "content": "Tested hypotheses, empirically generated from rating scales, which predicted that patients treated in partial, day hospital settings improve more in intellectual efficiency and social interaction than patients treated in full-time, inpatient settings. Thirty matched pairs of day hospital and inpatient volunteers were administered a group psychological test battery at the beginning of treatment and then 5 weeks later. The day hospital sample differed significantly on 7 of 24 pre- and posttest measures, the inpatient sample on 2. Gains occurred primarily in increased intellectual efficiency and social interaction. Multiple discriminant function analyses yielded no significant pretest differences, but posttest differences approached significance (p less than .06); day hospital patients registered increased Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Inventory).", "contents": "Psychological test comparison of day hospital an inpatient treatment. Tested hypotheses, empirically generated from rating scales, which predicted that patients treated in partial, day hospital settings improve more in intellectual efficiency and social interaction than patients treated in full-time, inpatient settings. Thirty matched pairs of day hospital and inpatient volunteers were administered a group psychological test battery at the beginning of treatment and then 5 weeks later. The day hospital sample differed significantly on 7 of 24 pre- and posttest measures, the inpatient sample on 2. Gains occurred primarily in increased intellectual efficiency and social interaction. Multiple discriminant function analyses yielded no significant pretest differences, but posttest differences approached significance (p less than .06); day hospital patients registered increased Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Inventory).", "PMID": 512014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9501", "title": "A study of mental status and anamnestic factors related to the decision for inpatient or outpatient treatment.", "content": "Reviewed previous studies of the determinants of disposition decision-making. Experimental flaws in these studies are indicated. A study of the intake decision process and its relationship to mental status and anamnestic variables obtained during the intake examination is presented (N = 523). Results suggest that diagnoses of psychosis and personality disorder are rleated to inpatient care, while the diagnosis of neurosis is related to outpatient care. In addition, depressed/suicidal symptomatology is found to be related to inpatient treatment, while a previous history of either sexual maladjustment or stubbornness/retardation is found to be related to outpatient care. Results are discussed in terms of universal and local criteria that are involved in intake decision-making.", "contents": "A study of mental status and anamnestic factors related to the decision for inpatient or outpatient treatment. Reviewed previous studies of the determinants of disposition decision-making. Experimental flaws in these studies are indicated. A study of the intake decision process and its relationship to mental status and anamnestic variables obtained during the intake examination is presented (N = 523). Results suggest that diagnoses of psychosis and personality disorder are rleated to inpatient care, while the diagnosis of neurosis is related to outpatient care. In addition, depressed/suicidal symptomatology is found to be related to inpatient treatment, while a previous history of either sexual maladjustment or stubbornness/retardation is found to be related to outpatient care. Results are discussed in terms of universal and local criteria that are involved in intake decision-making.", "PMID": 512015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9502", "title": "Predicting successful weight loss after treatment.", "content": "Conducted two 8-week behavioral self-control weight reduction groups to investigate the relationship between locus of control and success at weight reduction (N = 49 female Ss). Mean weight losses were significant at post-treatment and after a 3-month and 18-month follow-up. There was no significant difference in weight loss between internals and externals at post-treatment, but internals maintained a significantly greater weight loss than externals at the follow-ups. These results are discussed with regard to self-control behavior.", "contents": "Predicting successful weight loss after treatment. Conducted two 8-week behavioral self-control weight reduction groups to investigate the relationship between locus of control and success at weight reduction (N = 49 female Ss). Mean weight losses were significant at post-treatment and after a 3-month and 18-month follow-up. There was no significant difference in weight loss between internals and externals at post-treatment, but internals maintained a significantly greater weight loss than externals at the follow-ups. These results are discussed with regard to self-control behavior.", "PMID": 512016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9503", "title": "Covert modeling vs. Behavior rehearsal in the training and generalization of assertive behaviors: a crossover design.", "content": "Twenty-four underassertive individuals from the community were assigned randomly to two treatment orders that included covert modeling and behavior rehearsal in a crossover design. Dependent measures included two self-report inventories and a behavioral assertiveness test. This test included a self-rating scale, two nonverbal measures, and eight measures of speech content. No measurable differences between treatments were found, and both significantly improved assertive skills on 10 of the 13 measures. However, Ss had greater expectations of improvement from behavior rehearsal both during and after treatment. Generalization of assertive skills from trained to untrained situations occurred on 8 of the 11 behavioral measures. Suggestions were made  for exploring the use of covert modeling as a personal coping procedure capable of enhancing generalization and maintenance.", "contents": "Covert modeling vs. Behavior rehearsal in the training and generalization of assertive behaviors: a crossover design. Twenty-four underassertive individuals from the community were assigned randomly to two treatment orders that included covert modeling and behavior rehearsal in a crossover design. Dependent measures included two self-report inventories and a behavioral assertiveness test. This test included a self-rating scale, two nonverbal measures, and eight measures of speech content. No measurable differences between treatments were found, and both significantly improved assertive skills on 10 of the 13 measures. However, Ss had greater expectations of improvement from behavior rehearsal both during and after treatment. Generalization of assertive skills from trained to untrained situations occurred on 8 of the 11 behavioral measures. Suggestions were made  for exploring the use of covert modeling as a personal coping procedure capable of enhancing generalization and maintenance.", "PMID": 512017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9504", "title": "The behavioral control of obesity: a descriptive analysis of a large-scale program.", "content": "Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other demographic and psychological variables failed to predict success in treatment. A critical examination of the attrition problem was carried out to determine the relationship between patient variables and the propensity to terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet further research is needed to reduce attrition and to facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.", "contents": "The behavioral control of obesity: a descriptive analysis of a large-scale program. Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other demographic and psychological variables failed to predict success in treatment. A critical examination of the attrition problem was carried out to determine the relationship between patient variables and the propensity to terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet further research is needed to reduce attrition and to facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.", "PMID": 512018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9505", "title": "Locus of control and success in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between self-control behavior and individual differences on Rotter's I-E scale. Ss (N = 42) who were successful in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking showed a more internal locus of control than Ss who were either unsuccessful in their attempts to quit or who never attempted to quit smoking on their own. Further, it was found that Ss who succeeded in quitting were more likely to use abrupt smoking cessation techniques than those who failed in their attempts to quit smoking. The results of this study point out the importance of the locus of control orientation in designing self-control programs for the modification of smoking behavior.", "contents": "Locus of control and success in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking. Investigated the relationship between self-control behavior and individual differences on Rotter's I-E scale. Ss (N = 42) who were successful in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking showed a more internal locus of control than Ss who were either unsuccessful in their attempts to quit or who never attempted to quit smoking on their own. Further, it was found that Ss who succeeded in quitting were more likely to use abrupt smoking cessation techniques than those who failed in their attempts to quit smoking. The results of this study point out the importance of the locus of control orientation in designing self-control programs for the modification of smoking behavior.", "PMID": 512019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9506", "title": "The relationship between various dietary factors and MMPI subscales: implications for clinical practice.", "content": "Examined specific relationships, as they occur in nature, between particular dietary variables or groups of variables and specific MMPI subscales. Detailed nutritional and demographic information and MMPI profiles were obtained from 20 adult psychiatric inpatients, 10 adult psychiatric outpatients, and 20 adult normals. A linear multiple regression analysis revealed strong relationships between a number of dietary variables and MMPI subscales. Implications for future research and clinical practice were discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between various dietary factors and MMPI subscales: implications for clinical practice. Examined specific relationships, as they occur in nature, between particular dietary variables or groups of variables and specific MMPI subscales. Detailed nutritional and demographic information and MMPI profiles were obtained from 20 adult psychiatric inpatients, 10 adult psychiatric outpatients, and 20 adult normals. A linear multiple regression analysis revealed strong relationships between a number of dietary variables and MMPI subscales. Implications for future research and clinical practice were discussed.", "PMID": 512020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9507", "title": "Positive results from outpatient mental health intervention.", "content": "Collected data on 3,342 outpatients over 2 years. A 4-year follow-up of successful outcomes was conducted on each of the cases. Hospitalized patients showed a 30% success rate. The success rate for the group that was recommended for no treatment was 60%. The success rate for patients who completed outpatient treatment increased to 78%. A patient's expectation of outcome, the clinician's assessment of reason for referral, the diagnosis, and age were the most powerful predictors of success. These findings demonstrate the following: (a) procedures for assessment and intervention can be successful; and (b) a significant portion of the population can be served by intervention with proper selection.", "contents": "Positive results from outpatient mental health intervention. Collected data on 3,342 outpatients over 2 years. A 4-year follow-up of successful outcomes was conducted on each of the cases. Hospitalized patients showed a 30% success rate. The success rate for the group that was recommended for no treatment was 60%. The success rate for patients who completed outpatient treatment increased to 78%. A patient's expectation of outcome, the clinician's assessment of reason for referral, the diagnosis, and age were the most powerful predictors of success. These findings demonstrate the following: (a) procedures for assessment and intervention can be successful; and (b) a significant portion of the population can be served by intervention with proper selection.", "PMID": 512021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9508", "title": "Dimensions  of moral character and drug use among rural high school students.", "content": "Related major parameters of moral character (socialization and empathy) identified by Hogan (1973) to self-reported drug use in a sample of 88 rural high school students. As expected, level of socialization correlated significantly with total drugs used, frequency of marijuana use, and number of drug-related social complications. However, at variance with past research of college students, empathy did not relate to any of the drug-use variables examined. It was speculated that the implications of characterological factors for drug use may vary with age of the user.", "contents": "Dimensions  of moral character and drug use among rural high school students. Related major parameters of moral character (socialization and empathy) identified by Hogan (1973) to self-reported drug use in a sample of 88 rural high school students. As expected, level of socialization correlated significantly with total drugs used, frequency of marijuana use, and number of drug-related social complications. However, at variance with past research of college students, empathy did not relate to any of the drug-use variables examined. It was speculated that the implications of characterological factors for drug use may vary with age of the user.", "PMID": 512022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9509", "title": "Correlates of offense severity and recidivism probability in a Canadian sample.", "content": "Related the severity of the most recent offense (Offense Severity Scale) and the probability of recidivism (California Base Expectancy Scale) to a number of social/background and psychometric variables in a sample of inmates incarcerated in a Canadian federal institution (N = 457). Multpile regression indicated that when the group was considered as a totality the most consistent relationships with both offense severity and probability of recidivism centered on the background variables, in particular, the total number of arrests and first offense variables (age, type of offense, and sentence). Further analyses were performed by classifying the group along the offense severity dimension, and the results of these analyses clearly demonstrated the heterogeneity of the groups in question.", "contents": "Correlates of offense severity and recidivism probability in a Canadian sample. Related the severity of the most recent offense (Offense Severity Scale) and the probability of recidivism (California Base Expectancy Scale) to a number of social/background and psychometric variables in a sample of inmates incarcerated in a Canadian federal institution (N = 457). Multpile regression indicated that when the group was considered as a totality the most consistent relationships with both offense severity and probability of recidivism centered on the background variables, in particular, the total number of arrests and first offense variables (age, type of offense, and sentence). Further analyses were performed by classifying the group along the offense severity dimension, and the results of these analyses clearly demonstrated the heterogeneity of the groups in question.", "PMID": 512023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9510", "title": "Self-esteem and sexual permissiveness.", "content": "Assessed the relationship between self-esteem and sexual permissiveness for 486 single females aged 13--20 who were attending 10 birth control centers in Ontario. Consistent with Stratton and Spitzer's social deviance model, which predicts that the nature of the permissiveness/self-esteem relationship is dependent on cultural norms, in this liberal sample high esteem Ss were accepting of premarital intercourse with affection. Those who deviated from the permissiveness with affection norm by endorsing sexual abstinence had lower esteem, but there was no relationship between esteem and endorsement of premarital intercourse without affection or esteem and number of coital partners. High self-esteem Ss were more willing to take sexual initiative and had lower sex guilt.", "contents": "Self-esteem and sexual permissiveness. Assessed the relationship between self-esteem and sexual permissiveness for 486 single females aged 13--20 who were attending 10 birth control centers in Ontario. Consistent with Stratton and Spitzer's social deviance model, which predicts that the nature of the permissiveness/self-esteem relationship is dependent on cultural norms, in this liberal sample high esteem Ss were accepting of premarital intercourse with affection. Those who deviated from the permissiveness with affection norm by endorsing sexual abstinence had lower esteem, but there was no relationship between esteem and endorsement of premarital intercourse without affection or esteem and number of coital partners. High self-esteem Ss were more willing to take sexual initiative and had lower sex guilt.", "PMID": 512024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9511", "title": "Carving nature at its joints? Observations on a revised psychiatric nomenclature.", "content": "The recent decision by the American Psychiatric Association to revise its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides an opportunity for psychologists and other interested professionals to examine assumptions that underlie classification systems used in mental health settings. The present article attempts to underscore the influence of classification systems in this field on our cognitive activity as clinicians, to place the medical model that underlies DSM-III in perspective within contemporary thought in the philosophy of science, and to comment on some specific changes in the new manual.", "contents": "Carving nature at its joints? Observations on a revised psychiatric nomenclature. The recent decision by the American Psychiatric Association to revise its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides an opportunity for psychologists and other interested professionals to examine assumptions that underlie classification systems used in mental health settings. The present article attempts to underscore the influence of classification systems in this field on our cognitive activity as clinicians, to place the medical model that underlies DSM-III in perspective within contemporary thought in the philosophy of science, and to comment on some specific changes in the new manual.", "PMID": 512025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9512", "title": "Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.", "content": "Five cases of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis occurred in full-term infants at Kingston Hospital in the space of 15 months. In all cases only the colon was involved. The pathological findings are discussed particularly in relation to the aetiology of the disease.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Five cases of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis occurred in full-term infants at Kingston Hospital in the space of 15 months. In all cases only the colon was involved. The pathological findings are discussed particularly in relation to the aetiology of the disease.", "PMID": 512026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9513", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: evolution into immunoblastic sarcoma.", "content": "A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy which underwent transformation into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. A 64-year-old man presented with a rash, generalised lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. A cervical lymph node removed at biopsy showed the features of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with the presence of heavy chain classes IgG, IgM, and IgA and both kappa and lambda light chain types in the cytoplasm of the immunoblasts. No such immunoglobulins could be demonstrated in the lymph nodes obtained at necropsy when the patient died of widespread immunoblastic sarcoma. The biological evolution and histogenesis of the disease are discussed and the current literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: evolution into immunoblastic sarcoma. A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy which underwent transformation into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. A 64-year-old man presented with a rash, generalised lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. A cervical lymph node removed at biopsy showed the features of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with the presence of heavy chain classes IgG, IgM, and IgA and both kappa and lambda light chain types in the cytoplasm of the immunoblasts. No such immunoglobulins could be demonstrated in the lymph nodes obtained at necropsy when the patient died of widespread immunoblastic sarcoma. The biological evolution and histogenesis of the disease are discussed and the current literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 512027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9514", "title": "Interference of cefoxitin in the creatinine estimation and its clinical relevance.", "content": "Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured in 10 healthy volunteers before and after an intravenous injection of 2 g cefoxitin sodium. Results were compared with in vitro work which demonstrated a positive interference by cefoxitin in the Jaff\u00e9 reaction, the routine laboratory method of creatinine measurement. The serum creatinine estimation should be delayed until at least 2 hours after cefoxitin administration. The creatinine clearance may appear to be falsely high.", "contents": "Interference of cefoxitin in the creatinine estimation and its clinical relevance. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured in 10 healthy volunteers before and after an intravenous injection of 2 g cefoxitin sodium. Results were compared with in vitro work which demonstrated a positive interference by cefoxitin in the Jaff\u00e9 reaction, the routine laboratory method of creatinine measurement. The serum creatinine estimation should be delayed until at least 2 hours after cefoxitin administration. The creatinine clearance may appear to be falsely high.", "PMID": 512029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9515", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in a rural and an urban population of Greece with special reference to immunoglobulin A.", "content": "The serum concentration of immunoglobulins G, A, and M was studied in 390 inhabitants of a rural community and in 204 residents of an urban area of Greece. It was found that serum IgA levels were significantly higher in the rural area where intestinal infections were more prevalent. No significant difference in serum IgG was found between the two groups. IgM was found to be lower among residents of the rural area. The present findings suggest a possible ecological association between increased IgA and chronic exposure to intestinal infection.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in a rural and an urban population of Greece with special reference to immunoglobulin A. The serum concentration of immunoglobulins G, A, and M was studied in 390 inhabitants of a rural community and in 204 residents of an urban area of Greece. It was found that serum IgA levels were significantly higher in the rural area where intestinal infections were more prevalent. No significant difference in serum IgG was found between the two groups. IgM was found to be lower among residents of the rural area. The present findings suggest a possible ecological association between increased IgA and chronic exposure to intestinal infection.", "PMID": 512028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9516", "title": "Changes in the heparin neutralising activity of platelet poor plasma after immunisation.", "content": "Acute myocardial disease, which may be associated with abnormal platelet activity, has been reported after routine immunisation. Thirty-two army apprentices undergoing immunisation were studied for changes in the heparin neutralising activity (HNA) of platelet poor plasma. HNA increased after immunisation. This increase in HNA may represent an increase in platelet activation but may also relate to changes in acute phase proteins. These changes were not observed in elderly subjects undergoing immunisation with influenza vaccine.", "contents": "Changes in the heparin neutralising activity of platelet poor plasma after immunisation. Acute myocardial disease, which may be associated with abnormal platelet activity, has been reported after routine immunisation. Thirty-two army apprentices undergoing immunisation were studied for changes in the heparin neutralising activity (HNA) of platelet poor plasma. HNA increased after immunisation. This increase in HNA may represent an increase in platelet activation but may also relate to changes in acute phase proteins. These changes were not observed in elderly subjects undergoing immunisation with influenza vaccine.", "PMID": 512030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9517", "title": "A sensitive single reverse passive haemagglutination test for detecting both HBsAg and anti-HBs.", "content": "A trial of a modified reverse passive haemagglutination test for HBsAg using a 0.1% cell suspension instead of the recommended 1% showed an approximately eight-fold increase in detection sensitivity. The test can be performed within 30 minutes and lends itself to mass screening techniques. Confirmation tests can be done using the 0.1% method. In addition, the same serological plates and cells used for HBsAg screening can then be used to screen for high-titre anti-HBs. This makes the overall screening for both HBsAg and high-titre anti-HBs donors cheap and convenient.", "contents": "A sensitive single reverse passive haemagglutination test for detecting both HBsAg and anti-HBs. A trial of a modified reverse passive haemagglutination test for HBsAg using a 0.1% cell suspension instead of the recommended 1% showed an approximately eight-fold increase in detection sensitivity. The test can be performed within 30 minutes and lends itself to mass screening techniques. Confirmation tests can be done using the 0.1% method. In addition, the same serological plates and cells used for HBsAg screening can then be used to screen for high-titre anti-HBs. This makes the overall screening for both HBsAg and high-titre anti-HBs donors cheap and convenient.", "PMID": 512031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9518", "title": "Ethylene oxide sterilisation--is it safe?", "content": "Tests show that ethylene oxide penetrates and can sterilise long narrow tubes in a hospital ethylene oxide steriliser. Residual ethylene oxide levels in plastic tubing after sterilisation have been estimated. Although initially the levels were very high, storage for four days at room temperature reduced them to a safe level. If adequate controls of the sterilising process and storage are carried out, sterilisation by ethylene oxide is considered to be safe for new plastics and clean equipment.", "contents": "Ethylene oxide sterilisation--is it safe? Tests show that ethylene oxide penetrates and can sterilise long narrow tubes in a hospital ethylene oxide steriliser. Residual ethylene oxide levels in plastic tubing after sterilisation have been estimated. Although initially the levels were very high, storage for four days at room temperature reduced them to a safe level. If adequate controls of the sterilising process and storage are carried out, sterilisation by ethylene oxide is considered to be safe for new plastics and clean equipment.", "PMID": 512032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9519", "title": "Occurrence and cultural features of Streptococcus milleri in various body sites.", "content": "An investigation was made into the habitat of commensal strains of Streptococcus milleri. These showed distinctive patterns of cultural features, dependent on their sites of origin, which were compared with those prevalent in strains grown from the appendix, 'anal' lesions, and Bartholin's abscesses. A biotype, which showed a marked affinity for the vagina and produced acid from raffinose and melibiose, was identified.", "contents": "Occurrence and cultural features of Streptococcus milleri in various body sites. An investigation was made into the habitat of commensal strains of Streptococcus milleri. These showed distinctive patterns of cultural features, dependent on their sites of origin, which were compared with those prevalent in strains grown from the appendix, 'anal' lesions, and Bartholin's abscesses. A biotype, which showed a marked affinity for the vagina and produced acid from raffinose and melibiose, was identified.", "PMID": 512036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9520", "title": "Hepatitis Bs antibody in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Sera from patients with chronic liver disease were tested for antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoassay. The antibody was found in 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 52% when alcoholic cirrhosis was associated with portal hypertension, these results being significantly higher than in a matched control population. Other forms of chronic liver disease did not differ from the control population. Hepatitis B virus infection might be a factor in determining which alcoholic patients go on to develop chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.", "contents": "Hepatitis Bs antibody in alcoholic cirrhosis. Sera from patients with chronic liver disease were tested for antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoassay. The antibody was found in 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 52% when alcoholic cirrhosis was associated with portal hypertension, these results being significantly higher than in a matched control population. Other forms of chronic liver disease did not differ from the control population. Hepatitis B virus infection might be a factor in determining which alcoholic patients go on to develop chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.", "PMID": 512037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9521", "title": "Chronic hepatitis B infection in male homosexuals.", "content": "Ten cases of hepatitis B virus infection were identified among asymptomatic male homosexuals. These patients shared a number of characteristics: A subclinical origin and course of infection; Persistence of HGsAg for periods exceeding six to 25 months; Persistent GPT elevation of two to five times upper normal limit; Morphological changes in the liver with portal and parenchymal inflammation (chronic persistent hepatitis, six cases; non-specific reactive hepatitis, 2 cases; cirrhosis and acute hepatitis with signs of chronicity, one case each). HBeAg was found in six cases, anti-HBe in none. These results indicate that screening for hepatitis B should be performed whenever these individuals come under medical attention in order to detect asymptomatic chronic liver diseases and to detect these silent vectors of an infection that presently shows an increased frequency among homosexuals.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis B infection in male homosexuals. Ten cases of hepatitis B virus infection were identified among asymptomatic male homosexuals. These patients shared a number of characteristics: A subclinical origin and course of infection; Persistence of HGsAg for periods exceeding six to 25 months; Persistent GPT elevation of two to five times upper normal limit; Morphological changes in the liver with portal and parenchymal inflammation (chronic persistent hepatitis, six cases; non-specific reactive hepatitis, 2 cases; cirrhosis and acute hepatitis with signs of chronicity, one case each). HBeAg was found in six cases, anti-HBe in none. These results indicate that screening for hepatitis B should be performed whenever these individuals come under medical attention in order to detect asymptomatic chronic liver diseases and to detect these silent vectors of an infection that presently shows an increased frequency among homosexuals.", "PMID": 512038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9522", "title": "An inter-laboratory survey of paediatric bilirubin analyses.", "content": "A regional quality control trial of paediatric bilirubin analyses is described. The overall performance of the group was unsatisfactory with an unacceptably high inter-laboratory variation. The use of a common standard produced improvement in performance but it is concluded that the poor performance was also due to methodological problems. This lack of agreement between laboratories is a major problem when patients are transferred between hospitals.", "contents": "An inter-laboratory survey of paediatric bilirubin analyses. A regional quality control trial of paediatric bilirubin analyses is described. The overall performance of the group was unsatisfactory with an unacceptably high inter-laboratory variation. The use of a common standard produced improvement in performance but it is concluded that the poor performance was also due to methodological problems. This lack of agreement between laboratories is a major problem when patients are transferred between hospitals.", "PMID": 512039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9523", "title": "Significance of serum complement levels in patients with gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Levels of the serum complement components, C3 and C4, in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and miscellaneous gastrointestinal disorders were compared with those of normal blood donors. Significant increases of both components were found in all three patient groups, the highest being in patients with Crohn's disease. Generally, levels of C3 and C4 were lower in patients with inactive rather than active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These results provide some evidence in support of an immunological basis for inflammatory bowel disease. However, in view of the frequent elevation of C3 and C4 in other gastrointestinal diseases, it is equally possible that the complement components are behaving as acute phase proteins.", "contents": "Significance of serum complement levels in patients with gastrointestinal disease. Levels of the serum complement components, C3 and C4, in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and miscellaneous gastrointestinal disorders were compared with those of normal blood donors. Significant increases of both components were found in all three patient groups, the highest being in patients with Crohn's disease. Generally, levels of C3 and C4 were lower in patients with inactive rather than active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These results provide some evidence in support of an immunological basis for inflammatory bowel disease. However, in view of the frequent elevation of C3 and C4 in other gastrointestinal diseases, it is equally possible that the complement components are behaving as acute phase proteins.", "PMID": 512040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9524", "title": "Platelet function in hairy-cell leukaemia.", "content": "A quantitative study of various aspects of platelet function was carried out in eight patients with typical hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL). In at least two patients platelet aggregation was convincingly reduced to more than one aggregating agent (ADP, adrenaline, collagen, thrombin, and ristocetin). Granular storage capacity for {(14)C} 5-HT was reduced in five of the six patients tested. The two patients with definitely abnormal aggregation had the greatest reduction in granular storage pool and the longest bleeding times of those tested but, like the other patients, they did not have a clinical haemostatic defect. It was concluded that a granular storage pool defect (SPD) was at least partly responsible for aggregation abnormalities in HCL since the platelet release reaction in response to thrombin appeared to be normal. All our patients ran a chronic course uncomplicated by any of the factors known to predispose to a platelet SPD acquired in the circulation. Although in the one patient tested before and after splenectomy there was some improvement in platelet aggregation after operation, there was no clear general relationship between defective platelet function and either previous splenectomy or platelet count. Since a direct involvement of the megakaryocytic series in the underlying cell proliferation of HCL seems unlikely, it is concluded that the platelet defect can most reasonably be attributed to the production of abnormal platelets as a result of marrow fibrosis and/or infiltration by hairy cells.", "contents": "Platelet function in hairy-cell leukaemia. A quantitative study of various aspects of platelet function was carried out in eight patients with typical hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL). In at least two patients platelet aggregation was convincingly reduced to more than one aggregating agent (ADP, adrenaline, collagen, thrombin, and ristocetin). Granular storage capacity for {(14)C} 5-HT was reduced in five of the six patients tested. The two patients with definitely abnormal aggregation had the greatest reduction in granular storage pool and the longest bleeding times of those tested but, like the other patients, they did not have a clinical haemostatic defect. It was concluded that a granular storage pool defect (SPD) was at least partly responsible for aggregation abnormalities in HCL since the platelet release reaction in response to thrombin appeared to be normal. All our patients ran a chronic course uncomplicated by any of the factors known to predispose to a platelet SPD acquired in the circulation. Although in the one patient tested before and after splenectomy there was some improvement in platelet aggregation after operation, there was no clear general relationship between defective platelet function and either previous splenectomy or platelet count. Since a direct involvement of the megakaryocytic series in the underlying cell proliferation of HCL seems unlikely, it is concluded that the platelet defect can most reasonably be attributed to the production of abnormal platelets as a result of marrow fibrosis and/or infiltration by hairy cells.", "PMID": 512041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9525", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity of tissue surfaces during surgery.", "content": "A non-invasive method has been developed for the study of tissue surface fibrinolytic activity during surgery in man. Surface exudate was collected using a filter-paper disc which was then applied directly to a fibrin plate or used to prepare a euglobulin fraction. The method detected the intraoperative increase in fibrinolytic activity. At 45 minutes from the start of surgery the increase in lytic activity for tissues was four to eight times greater than that of venous blood taken simultaneously. The technique may be used to compare regional differences in tissue fibrinolysis, to determine the effect of excess local fibrinolysis on postoperative bleeding, and to study the relation between low fibrinolytic activity and postoperative adhesion formation.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity of tissue surfaces during surgery. A non-invasive method has been developed for the study of tissue surface fibrinolytic activity during surgery in man. Surface exudate was collected using a filter-paper disc which was then applied directly to a fibrin plate or used to prepare a euglobulin fraction. The method detected the intraoperative increase in fibrinolytic activity. At 45 minutes from the start of surgery the increase in lytic activity for tissues was four to eight times greater than that of venous blood taken simultaneously. The technique may be used to compare regional differences in tissue fibrinolysis, to determine the effect of excess local fibrinolysis on postoperative bleeding, and to study the relation between low fibrinolytic activity and postoperative adhesion formation.", "PMID": 512042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9526", "title": "A clinical view of analytical goals in clinical biochemistry.", "content": "The analytical goals inferred desirable by a group of clinicians for the imprecisions of a wide range of analytes have been studied by survey. The goals required have not in general become more stringent in the past decade and are not as demanding as those promulgated by laboratory professionals. Clinical biochemistry laboratories can now attain analytical imprecisions which satisfy the general demands of clinicians except for analyses of calcium and of low levels of glucose. The lack of published data on analytical goals does not allow wide comparison of criteria for performance standards with the results of this study.", "contents": "A clinical view of analytical goals in clinical biochemistry. The analytical goals inferred desirable by a group of clinicians for the imprecisions of a wide range of analytes have been studied by survey. The goals required have not in general become more stringent in the past decade and are not as demanding as those promulgated by laboratory professionals. Clinical biochemistry laboratories can now attain analytical imprecisions which satisfy the general demands of clinicians except for analyses of calcium and of low levels of glucose. The lack of published data on analytical goals does not allow wide comparison of criteria for performance standards with the results of this study.", "PMID": 512050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9527", "title": "Serum immunoreactive trypsin concentrations in infectious and non-infectious illnesses and in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "Serum immunoreactive trypsin (SIT) concentrations were measured in 244 patients with infectious illnesses and in 281 children with diabetes of recent onset. Results were compared with reference ranges established in 107 patients with non-infectious, non-diabetic illnesses, in whom SIT concentrations were found to increase with advancing age. Reduced or undetectable concentrations of SIT were associated with diabetes in children and with a few cases of severe childhood infection. Increased SIT concentrations were associated with virologically confirmed cases of infection with mumps and Coxsackie B virus infection, and with clinical diagnoses of mumps, PUO, and meningitis in children, and with Bornholm disease, cardiac infection, and respiratory infection in adults. It is suggested that silent invasion of the exocrine pancreas with elevation of the SIT concentration may accompany infection by Coxsackie B, mumps, and, possibly, other viruses.", "contents": "Serum immunoreactive trypsin concentrations in infectious and non-infectious illnesses and in juvenile diabetes. Serum immunoreactive trypsin (SIT) concentrations were measured in 244 patients with infectious illnesses and in 281 children with diabetes of recent onset. Results were compared with reference ranges established in 107 patients with non-infectious, non-diabetic illnesses, in whom SIT concentrations were found to increase with advancing age. Reduced or undetectable concentrations of SIT were associated with diabetes in children and with a few cases of severe childhood infection. Increased SIT concentrations were associated with virologically confirmed cases of infection with mumps and Coxsackie B virus infection, and with clinical diagnoses of mumps, PUO, and meningitis in children, and with Bornholm disease, cardiac infection, and respiratory infection in adults. It is suggested that silent invasion of the exocrine pancreas with elevation of the SIT concentration may accompany infection by Coxsackie B, mumps, and, possibly, other viruses.", "PMID": 512051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9528", "title": "Plasma blood group changes in gastrointestinal tract carcinoma.", "content": "The levels of A, H, I, and i plasma antigens and of anti-B, anti-I, and anti-T antibodies were measured in 70 subjects with colonic or gastric carcinoma. These studies showed a significant increase in A plasma activity of the A subjects, and in H plasma activity of the O subjects, while 25% of the tested subjects showed increased I plasma activity. There was no difference in i plasma activity between cancer patients and healthy subjects. These results take into account the marked polymorphism acquired by neoplastic tissue, which is capable also of producing a greater quantity of antigens than that of healthy subjects. Nevertheless this heterogeneity forms a barrier to the clinical measurement of these plasma antigens for screening neoplasms. The significant fall in the amount of anti-T antibodies seemed to be secondary to the absorption of these antibodies on the surface of the tumour cells.", "contents": "Plasma blood group changes in gastrointestinal tract carcinoma. The levels of A, H, I, and i plasma antigens and of anti-B, anti-I, and anti-T antibodies were measured in 70 subjects with colonic or gastric carcinoma. These studies showed a significant increase in A plasma activity of the A subjects, and in H plasma activity of the O subjects, while 25% of the tested subjects showed increased I plasma activity. There was no difference in i plasma activity between cancer patients and healthy subjects. These results take into account the marked polymorphism acquired by neoplastic tissue, which is capable also of producing a greater quantity of antigens than that of healthy subjects. Nevertheless this heterogeneity forms a barrier to the clinical measurement of these plasma antigens for screening neoplasms. The significant fall in the amount of anti-T antibodies seemed to be secondary to the absorption of these antibodies on the surface of the tumour cells.", "PMID": 512052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9529", "title": "Transfusion requirements of adolescents with severe haemophilia A.", "content": "The transfusion requirements of 75 adolescents with severe haemophilia A were studied during the five-year period 1973-77. The annual incidence of the 4935 episodes studied increased by a factor of 2.2 while the number of transfusions rose by a factor of 2.5 and the amount of therapeutic material used during the five years of the survey increased by a factor of 2.6. A further 166 bleeds occurred during periods of prophylaxis in 1976 and 1977, which generated a 25% increase in factor VIII used during those years. The increased usage of factor VIII in the years 1976 and 1977 was thus due mainly to increased numbers of transfusions given per bleed and to the use of prophylaxis but also to a slight increase in the units of factor VIII given in each dose. Twice weekly prophylaxis reduced the bleeding frequency by 30% and resulted in an increase of about 12% in usage of factor VIII. Prophylaxis given three times weekly reduced the bleeding frequency by about 60% at the cost of an increase of 77% in therapeutic materials. Iliopsoas, retroperitoneal, and abdominal wall bleeds were the commonest bleeds needing retransfusion within 24 hours, while bleeds into the extremities of the upper and lower limbs needed least retransfusions within 24 hours. Retroperitoneal bleeds needed the most transfusions per episode followed by iliopsoas, buttock, abdominal wall, and hip joint bleeds. The transfusion requirements of bleeds below the diaphragm tended to diminish steadily the more peripheral they became. This relationship did not hold for upper limb bleeds.", "contents": "Transfusion requirements of adolescents with severe haemophilia A. The transfusion requirements of 75 adolescents with severe haemophilia A were studied during the five-year period 1973-77. The annual incidence of the 4935 episodes studied increased by a factor of 2.2 while the number of transfusions rose by a factor of 2.5 and the amount of therapeutic material used during the five years of the survey increased by a factor of 2.6. A further 166 bleeds occurred during periods of prophylaxis in 1976 and 1977, which generated a 25% increase in factor VIII used during those years. The increased usage of factor VIII in the years 1976 and 1977 was thus due mainly to increased numbers of transfusions given per bleed and to the use of prophylaxis but also to a slight increase in the units of factor VIII given in each dose. Twice weekly prophylaxis reduced the bleeding frequency by 30% and resulted in an increase of about 12% in usage of factor VIII. Prophylaxis given three times weekly reduced the bleeding frequency by about 60% at the cost of an increase of 77% in therapeutic materials. Iliopsoas, retroperitoneal, and abdominal wall bleeds were the commonest bleeds needing retransfusion within 24 hours, while bleeds into the extremities of the upper and lower limbs needed least retransfusions within 24 hours. Retroperitoneal bleeds needed the most transfusions per episode followed by iliopsoas, buttock, abdominal wall, and hip joint bleeds. The transfusion requirements of bleeds below the diaphragm tended to diminish steadily the more peripheral they became. This relationship did not hold for upper limb bleeds.", "PMID": 512053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9530", "title": "Use of the ultracentrifuge vertical rotor in the detection of rubella-specific IgM on a sucrose density gradient.", "content": "A comparison was made of the performance of swing-out and vertical ultracentrifuge rotors in the detection of rubella-specific IgM on a sucrose density gradient. Tests were performed on 30 sera, of which 11 were found to contain rubella-specific IgM by both methods. The centrifugation time for the swing-out rotor was 16 hours at 35,000 rpm. This was reduced to 2 hours using the vertical rotor at 50,000 rpm. Routine use of the vertical rotor would allow a reduction in the time taken to perform the test, increase the number of sera tested each time, and reduce wear on the ultracentrifuge.", "contents": "Use of the ultracentrifuge vertical rotor in the detection of rubella-specific IgM on a sucrose density gradient. A comparison was made of the performance of swing-out and vertical ultracentrifuge rotors in the detection of rubella-specific IgM on a sucrose density gradient. Tests were performed on 30 sera, of which 11 were found to contain rubella-specific IgM by both methods. The centrifugation time for the swing-out rotor was 16 hours at 35,000 rpm. This was reduced to 2 hours using the vertical rotor at 50,000 rpm. Routine use of the vertical rotor would allow a reduction in the time taken to perform the test, increase the number of sera tested each time, and reduce wear on the ultracentrifuge.", "PMID": 512054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9531", "title": "A survey of the sensitivity of fresh clinical isolates to cefuroxime and other antibiotics.", "content": "The sensitivities to cefuroxime and cephradine of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated in two British general hospitals comprising 900 beds have been assessed. In a three-month period 2537 strains were studied; 30 microgram cefuroxime discs were used with 2511 strains, and cephradine discs of the same strength were used with 2525 strains. The organisms were also examined routinely for sensitivity to other antibiotics. Overall, 91.7% of the isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime and 85.8% were inhibited by cephradine, the differences in percentage strain susceptibility to cefuroxime and cephradine being mainly a result of the greater activity of cefuroxime against the Gram-negative bacteria. The wide antibacterial effectiveness of cefuroxime should make it a useful antibiotic for the treatment of serious infections including those conditions in which the causative organism has not been identified.", "contents": "A survey of the sensitivity of fresh clinical isolates to cefuroxime and other antibiotics. The sensitivities to cefuroxime and cephradine of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated in two British general hospitals comprising 900 beds have been assessed. In a three-month period 2537 strains were studied; 30 microgram cefuroxime discs were used with 2511 strains, and cephradine discs of the same strength were used with 2525 strains. The organisms were also examined routinely for sensitivity to other antibiotics. Overall, 91.7% of the isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime and 85.8% were inhibited by cephradine, the differences in percentage strain susceptibility to cefuroxime and cephradine being mainly a result of the greater activity of cefuroxime against the Gram-negative bacteria. The wide antibacterial effectiveness of cefuroxime should make it a useful antibiotic for the treatment of serious infections including those conditions in which the causative organism has not been identified.", "PMID": 512055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9532", "title": "Endocarditis due to Micrococcus sedentarius incertae sedis.", "content": "The clinical and bacteriological features of a case of endocarditis are described in which a Gram-positive coccus, presently designated Micrococcus sedentarius incertae sedis, was repeatedly isolated.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to Micrococcus sedentarius incertae sedis. The clinical and bacteriological features of a case of endocarditis are described in which a Gram-positive coccus, presently designated Micrococcus sedentarius incertae sedis, was repeatedly isolated.", "PMID": 512056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9533", "title": "Meningitis caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis.", "content": "This appears to be the first report of meningitis due to Pseudomonas paucimobilis and the first report of a clinically significant isolate of this species in the UK. Characteristics by which the species may be recognised are given, and attention is drawn to the possible confusion of Ps. paucimobilis with other yellow-pigmented pseudomonads and Flavobacterium species.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Pseudomonas paucimobilis. This appears to be the first report of meningitis due to Pseudomonas paucimobilis and the first report of a clinically significant isolate of this species in the UK. Characteristics by which the species may be recognised are given, and attention is drawn to the possible confusion of Ps. paucimobilis with other yellow-pigmented pseudomonads and Flavobacterium species.", "PMID": 512057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9534", "title": "Effects of dopaminergic blocking agents on distal colon motility.", "content": "Four different dopaminergic blocking agents were able to modify the motility of the distal colon: haloperidol, sulpiride, pimozide, and thioridazine. Haloperidol and sulpiride induced different and frequently antagonistic responses; however, the effects induced by these drugs changed depending on the preexisting pattern of motility. Intestinal tone and sigmoidal or rectal phasic activity predominance are the main factors that influence responses. Biperiden, a centrally acting anticholinergic drug, and dihydroergotamine, an antinoradrenergic drug, annulled the rebound of motility induced by sulpiride in high intestinal-tone and low intestinal-tone subjects, respectively. Our results suggest that the dopaminergic system plays a role in the distal colon motility in humans.", "contents": "Effects of dopaminergic blocking agents on distal colon motility. Four different dopaminergic blocking agents were able to modify the motility of the distal colon: haloperidol, sulpiride, pimozide, and thioridazine. Haloperidol and sulpiride induced different and frequently antagonistic responses; however, the effects induced by these drugs changed depending on the preexisting pattern of motility. Intestinal tone and sigmoidal or rectal phasic activity predominance are the main factors that influence responses. Biperiden, a centrally acting anticholinergic drug, and dihydroergotamine, an antinoradrenergic drug, annulled the rebound of motility induced by sulpiride in high intestinal-tone and low intestinal-tone subjects, respectively. Our results suggest that the dopaminergic system plays a role in the distal colon motility in humans.", "PMID": 512059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9535", "title": "Effects of dimepramine fumarate on physiological and cognitive behaviors of Parkinson patients.", "content": "Nine patients 55 to 74 years old with Parkinson's disease were tested before and after treatment with 50 to 225 mg dimepramine fumarate (CIBA G-31406) for about three weeks daily in order to determine the drug's effects on electrodermal responsiveness to a series of unpredictably occurring loud sounds. Twelve control subjects were tested and retested with the same procedure. In addition, the Parkinson patients received a number of cognitive tests before and after drug treatment. Results indicated that the drug tends to decrease autonomic arousal responses as measured by resting conductance levels, number of fluctuations in skin conduction per minute, orienting response, and habituation rate. These decreases in measures of arousal generally were accompanied by lowered performance scores on several tests of memory and temporal discrimination ability.", "contents": "Effects of dimepramine fumarate on physiological and cognitive behaviors of Parkinson patients. Nine patients 55 to 74 years old with Parkinson's disease were tested before and after treatment with 50 to 225 mg dimepramine fumarate (CIBA G-31406) for about three weeks daily in order to determine the drug's effects on electrodermal responsiveness to a series of unpredictably occurring loud sounds. Twelve control subjects were tested and retested with the same procedure. In addition, the Parkinson patients received a number of cognitive tests before and after drug treatment. Results indicated that the drug tends to decrease autonomic arousal responses as measured by resting conductance levels, number of fluctuations in skin conduction per minute, orienting response, and habituation rate. These decreases in measures of arousal generally were accompanied by lowered performance scores on several tests of memory and temporal discrimination ability.", "PMID": 512060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9536", "title": "Short-term efficacy and side effects of cloprednol in children with asthma.", "content": "Efficacy and safety of alternate-day prednisolone compared to single daily cloprednol were evaluated over a six-week period in 11 children with severe asthma requiring in-residence medical supervision and long-term corticosteroid therapy. Clinical indices of efficacy, including daily pulmonary symptom scores, number of asthma attacks, asthma severity scores, and bronchodilator usage, all favored cloprednol. Afternoon pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, and PEFR) were all significantly improved during the cloprednol period. Although plasma cortisol values remained within the broad range of normal during the cloprednol period, mean values were consistent with partial pituitary-adrenal suppression similar in degree to that observed 24 hours after administration of an alternate-day program of prednisolone therapy. The results of this trial showed cloprednol in single daily doses to be more effective than prednisolone in alternate doses for the treatment of children with severe asthma.", "contents": "Short-term efficacy and side effects of cloprednol in children with asthma. Efficacy and safety of alternate-day prednisolone compared to single daily cloprednol were evaluated over a six-week period in 11 children with severe asthma requiring in-residence medical supervision and long-term corticosteroid therapy. Clinical indices of efficacy, including daily pulmonary symptom scores, number of asthma attacks, asthma severity scores, and bronchodilator usage, all favored cloprednol. Afternoon pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, and PEFR) were all significantly improved during the cloprednol period. Although plasma cortisol values remained within the broad range of normal during the cloprednol period, mean values were consistent with partial pituitary-adrenal suppression similar in degree to that observed 24 hours after administration of an alternate-day program of prednisolone therapy. The results of this trial showed cloprednol in single daily doses to be more effective than prednisolone in alternate doses for the treatment of children with severe asthma.", "PMID": 512064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9537", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis: an early variant of scleroderma.", "content": "Eosinophilic fasciitis, originally reported as a syndrome distinct from scleroderma, appears now to be an early inflammatory variant of scleroderma. No less than one half of the cases reported as eosinophilic fasciitis have convincing features of scleroderma, including Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, restrictive lung disease, diffuse hyperpigmentation, synovitis, flexion contractures, dermal sclerosis, colonic diverticula, scleroderma kidney, positive latex fixation test, and the presence of serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Clinical presentations of scleroderma range from isolated acrosclerosis to rapidly progressive systemic sclerosis. As clinical experience and long-term follow-up data on eosinophilic fasciitis accumulate, it appears that the syndrome may well represent another variant in the scleroderma spectrum. Reported here is a case which presented clinically and histologically as eosinophilic fasciitis, but which progressed over 3 years to diffuse, histologically confirmed scleroderma.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis: an early variant of scleroderma. Eosinophilic fasciitis, originally reported as a syndrome distinct from scleroderma, appears now to be an early inflammatory variant of scleroderma. No less than one half of the cases reported as eosinophilic fasciitis have convincing features of scleroderma, including Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, restrictive lung disease, diffuse hyperpigmentation, synovitis, flexion contractures, dermal sclerosis, colonic diverticula, scleroderma kidney, positive latex fixation test, and the presence of serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Clinical presentations of scleroderma range from isolated acrosclerosis to rapidly progressive systemic sclerosis. As clinical experience and long-term follow-up data on eosinophilic fasciitis accumulate, it appears that the syndrome may well represent another variant in the scleroderma spectrum. Reported here is a case which presented clinically and histologically as eosinophilic fasciitis, but which progressed over 3 years to diffuse, histologically confirmed scleroderma.", "PMID": 512071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9538", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) is an uncommon immunoproliferative disorder with a presentation similar to malignant lymphoma but with a benign histopathologic picture. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman with AIL who manifested a pruritic maculopapular eruption as her presenting complaint and whose disease pursued an aggressive clinical course. Forty-four percent of patients with AIL experience a nonspecific dermatitis that in general is maculopapular and precedes other clinical symptoms by at least several weeks. AIL should be included in the differential diagnosis of any maculopapular eruption of unknown etiology accompanied by lymphadenopathy.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) is an uncommon immunoproliferative disorder with a presentation similar to malignant lymphoma but with a benign histopathologic picture. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman with AIL who manifested a pruritic maculopapular eruption as her presenting complaint and whose disease pursued an aggressive clinical course. Forty-four percent of patients with AIL experience a nonspecific dermatitis that in general is maculopapular and precedes other clinical symptoms by at least several weeks. AIL should be included in the differential diagnosis of any maculopapular eruption of unknown etiology accompanied by lymphadenopathy.", "PMID": 512072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9539", "title": "Angiokeratomas, connective tissue nevus, hemangioma.", "content": "A 7-year-old white boy had multiple angiokeratomas, connective tissue nevus of the right foot, and cavernous hemangioma with hemiatrophy of the right lower extremity. The triad of abnormalities is distinct from previously described multiple malformation syndromes.", "contents": "Angiokeratomas, connective tissue nevus, hemangioma. A 7-year-old white boy had multiple angiokeratomas, connective tissue nevus of the right foot, and cavernous hemangioma with hemiatrophy of the right lower extremity. The triad of abnormalities is distinct from previously described multiple malformation syndromes.", "PMID": 512073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9540", "title": "Topical phosphonoacetic acid treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex infections in the guinea pig.", "content": "Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) was evaluated as therapy for primary cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in guinea pigs. Epilated areas of skin were inoculated with HSV type 1 and treated in a blind fashion with topical PAA 2% cream or placebo cream, the initial application varying from 3 to 84 hours after inoculation. PAA applied 3 hours after inoculation aborts clinical infection. Even when applied 84 hours after inoculation (12 hours after the appearance of clinical lesions), PAA reduces the severity of primary HSV infection, and thus may be suitable for the treatment of human HSV infections.", "contents": "Topical phosphonoacetic acid treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex infections in the guinea pig. Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) was evaluated as therapy for primary cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in guinea pigs. Epilated areas of skin were inoculated with HSV type 1 and treated in a blind fashion with topical PAA 2% cream or placebo cream, the initial application varying from 3 to 84 hours after inoculation. PAA applied 3 hours after inoculation aborts clinical infection. Even when applied 84 hours after inoculation (12 hours after the appearance of clinical lesions), PAA reduces the severity of primary HSV infection, and thus may be suitable for the treatment of human HSV infections.", "PMID": 512074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9541", "title": "Photoprotection by melanin--a comparison of black and Caucasian skin.", "content": "The photoprotective role of melanin was evaluated by comparing the transmission of ultraviolet (UV) radiation through skin samples of blacks and Caucasians, using both biologic and spectroscopic techniques. UVA transmission was measured using fluoranthene, which causes a phototoxic response to UVA wavelength. UVB was measured by monitoring erythema produced by either a 150-watt xenon arc or FS-20 sunlamps. It was found that on the average, five times as much ultraviolet light (UVB and UVA) reaches the upper dermis of Caucasians as reaches that of blacks. Differences in transmission between the stratum corneum of blacks and of Caucasians were far less striking. The main site of UV filtration in Caucasians is the stratum corneum, whereas in blacks it is the malpighian layers. Melanin acts as a neutral density filter, reducing all wavelengths of light equally. The superior photoprotection of black epidermis is due not only to increased melanin content but also to other factors related to packaging and distribution of melanosomes. Not only are these data consistent with epidemiologic evidence, but they also may indicate why blacks are less disposed to phototoxic drug responses as well as less susceptible to acute and chronic actinic damage.", "contents": "Photoprotection by melanin--a comparison of black and Caucasian skin. The photoprotective role of melanin was evaluated by comparing the transmission of ultraviolet (UV) radiation through skin samples of blacks and Caucasians, using both biologic and spectroscopic techniques. UVA transmission was measured using fluoranthene, which causes a phototoxic response to UVA wavelength. UVB was measured by monitoring erythema produced by either a 150-watt xenon arc or FS-20 sunlamps. It was found that on the average, five times as much ultraviolet light (UVB and UVA) reaches the upper dermis of Caucasians as reaches that of blacks. Differences in transmission between the stratum corneum of blacks and of Caucasians were far less striking. The main site of UV filtration in Caucasians is the stratum corneum, whereas in blacks it is the malpighian layers. Melanin acts as a neutral density filter, reducing all wavelengths of light equally. The superior photoprotection of black epidermis is due not only to increased melanin content but also to other factors related to packaging and distribution of melanosomes. Not only are these data consistent with epidemiologic evidence, but they also may indicate why blacks are less disposed to phototoxic drug responses as well as less susceptible to acute and chronic actinic damage.", "PMID": 512075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9542", "title": "Psoriasis improved by anthracene with near ultraviolet light.", "content": "Anthracene with near ultraviolet (UV) light (UVA, 320--400 nm) has been shown previously to inhibit epidermal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and mitosis. This suggested that the combination of anthracene and UVA light could suppress the rapidly proliferating epidermis of psoriasis. In this preliminary clinical study, anthracene plus UVA light improved psoriasis as shown by thinning of plaques and decreased scale in four of five patients, with complete or almost complete clearing in two of these four patients. These findings indicate that anthracene with UVA light might be helpful in the control of psoriasis.", "contents": "Psoriasis improved by anthracene with near ultraviolet light. Anthracene with near ultraviolet (UV) light (UVA, 320--400 nm) has been shown previously to inhibit epidermal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and mitosis. This suggested that the combination of anthracene and UVA light could suppress the rapidly proliferating epidermis of psoriasis. In this preliminary clinical study, anthracene plus UVA light improved psoriasis as shown by thinning of plaques and decreased scale in four of five patients, with complete or almost complete clearing in two of these four patients. These findings indicate that anthracene with UVA light might be helpful in the control of psoriasis.", "PMID": 512076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9543", "title": "Immunity in wart resolution.", "content": "The involvement of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems in the regression of wart infection has been investigated extensively in recent years. This review examines the supporting evidence for the roles of humoral and cellular immunity in wart regression and its possible implications. From the available data it does not appear that a conclusion can be drawn that only humoral or cell-mediated immunity is involved, or that both are essential, in the regression of wart infection. Studies by several investigators, however, suggest that, since agents known to stimulate the cell-mediated immune system have been reported to be followed by the successful resolution of warts, the cell-mediated immune system appears to play a critical role in wart resolution. It may be that the direction which should be taken in eradication of warts resistant to conventional modalities of treatment is one which relies upon the stimulation of the patient's immune system in a very specific manner. Probably the most efficient way to accomplish this, based on available data, would be by autogenous vaccination. Following the patient's humoral and cell-mediated immune response prior to, during, and following treatment with autogenous vaccination may help to elucidate the precise mechanism by which the successful resolution of warts occurs.", "contents": "Immunity in wart resolution. The involvement of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems in the regression of wart infection has been investigated extensively in recent years. This review examines the supporting evidence for the roles of humoral and cellular immunity in wart regression and its possible implications. From the available data it does not appear that a conclusion can be drawn that only humoral or cell-mediated immunity is involved, or that both are essential, in the regression of wart infection. Studies by several investigators, however, suggest that, since agents known to stimulate the cell-mediated immune system have been reported to be followed by the successful resolution of warts, the cell-mediated immune system appears to play a critical role in wart resolution. It may be that the direction which should be taken in eradication of warts resistant to conventional modalities of treatment is one which relies upon the stimulation of the patient's immune system in a very specific manner. Probably the most efficient way to accomplish this, based on available data, would be by autogenous vaccination. Following the patient's humoral and cell-mediated immune response prior to, during, and following treatment with autogenous vaccination may help to elucidate the precise mechanism by which the successful resolution of warts occurs.", "PMID": 512079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9544", "title": "Darier's disease and Kaposi's varicelliform eruption.", "content": "Kapos's varicelliform eruption usually occurs in persons with active skin disease of various types; however, in atopic dermatitis the condition may occur when the underlying disease is inactive. Two cases of widespread herpes simplex infection associated with Darier's disease are reported. In both cases, infection occurred in the absence of preexisting Darier skin lesions. In one case there was no previous history of Darier's disease. The infection occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy, but it did not appear to affect the infant or the placenta. In the second case, the Darier's disease was in remission at the time of onset of the virus infection.", "contents": "Darier's disease and Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. Kapos's varicelliform eruption usually occurs in persons with active skin disease of various types; however, in atopic dermatitis the condition may occur when the underlying disease is inactive. Two cases of widespread herpes simplex infection associated with Darier's disease are reported. In both cases, infection occurred in the absence of preexisting Darier skin lesions. In one case there was no previous history of Darier's disease. The infection occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy, but it did not appear to affect the infant or the placenta. In the second case, the Darier's disease was in remission at the time of onset of the virus infection.", "PMID": 512080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9545", "title": "Diagnosis of human scabies by epidermal shave biopsy.", "content": "A superficial shave biopsy is described as a simple, essentially painless, more reliable method for the demonstration of the scabies mite, eggs, and feces in human skin.", "contents": "Diagnosis of human scabies by epidermal shave biopsy. A superficial shave biopsy is described as a simple, essentially painless, more reliable method for the demonstration of the scabies mite, eggs, and feces in human skin.", "PMID": 512081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9546", "title": "Localized vulvar syringomas.", "content": "Syringomas are benign appendageal tumors with differentiation toward the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. A 35-year-old black woman with lesions confined to the labia majora is presented. Syringomas involving the genitalia are rare, and usually the genital tumors are part of a more generalized distribution. A review of English literature showed only four reported cases of syringomas limited to the vulva. Vulvular syringomas present as multiple, bilateral, skin-colored papules over the labia majora that may or may not be pruritic. The lesions should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple papular lesions of the vulva and are probably more common than is generally recognized.", "contents": "Localized vulvar syringomas. Syringomas are benign appendageal tumors with differentiation toward the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. A 35-year-old black woman with lesions confined to the labia majora is presented. Syringomas involving the genitalia are rare, and usually the genital tumors are part of a more generalized distribution. A review of English literature showed only four reported cases of syringomas limited to the vulva. Vulvular syringomas present as multiple, bilateral, skin-colored papules over the labia majora that may or may not be pruritic. The lesions should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple papular lesions of the vulva and are probably more common than is generally recognized.", "PMID": 512082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9547", "title": "Erythema multiforme.", "content": "Erythema multiforme (EM) is an episodic, variable, self-limited, and often recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. In this article a definition of EM is proposed, its known clinical and histopathologic spectrum is reviewed, an approach to diagnosis and treatment is suggested, and documented evidence regarding its etiology and pathogenesis is presented. EM would appear to be a hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of precipitating agents. It has been directly linked to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and herpes simplex virus infections and possibly is triggered by a number of other infectious agents and by certain drugs. Accumulating observations of diverse immunologic phenomena suggest an underlying immune mechanism of as yet unclear type. Future investigation should be directed toward defining diagnostic criteria, evaluating reported etiologic associations, and clarifying the immunologic basis of this complex and enigmatic disorder.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme. Erythema multiforme (EM) is an episodic, variable, self-limited, and often recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. In this article a definition of EM is proposed, its known clinical and histopathologic spectrum is reviewed, an approach to diagnosis and treatment is suggested, and documented evidence regarding its etiology and pathogenesis is presented. EM would appear to be a hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of precipitating agents. It has been directly linked to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and herpes simplex virus infections and possibly is triggered by a number of other infectious agents and by certain drugs. Accumulating observations of diverse immunologic phenomena suggest an underlying immune mechanism of as yet unclear type. Future investigation should be directed toward defining diagnostic criteria, evaluating reported etiologic associations, and clarifying the immunologic basis of this complex and enigmatic disorder.", "PMID": 512083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9548", "title": "Cutaneous artifactual disease. A review, amplified by personal experience.", "content": "Cutaneous artifactual disease is part of the general syndrome of contrived disease. While classical examples are easy to recognize, it can present in unusual ways. Difficulties in recognition include the unusual doctor-patient relationship, the doctor's fear of missing organic disease, and the reality of the disease to the patient's family and the family doctor. The diagnosis depends upon finding lesions whose morphology is consistent and an emotionally immature patient, whose personality shows, or has shown, hysterical and masochistic traits. Lesions \"arrive\" fully developed. Once there they begin to heal, so that a continuous supply of new ones is necessary if the illness is to continue. High intelligence is compatible with the diagnosis, but a mature personality is not. The differential diagnosis is extensive. Investigations prove negative or equivocal; in the latter case, the investigator is led even further into unfamiliar territory. It is suggested that the essence of management is to keep in contact with the patient.", "contents": "Cutaneous artifactual disease. A review, amplified by personal experience. Cutaneous artifactual disease is part of the general syndrome of contrived disease. While classical examples are easy to recognize, it can present in unusual ways. Difficulties in recognition include the unusual doctor-patient relationship, the doctor's fear of missing organic disease, and the reality of the disease to the patient's family and the family doctor. The diagnosis depends upon finding lesions whose morphology is consistent and an emotionally immature patient, whose personality shows, or has shown, hysterical and masochistic traits. Lesions \"arrive\" fully developed. Once there they begin to heal, so that a continuous supply of new ones is necessary if the illness is to continue. High intelligence is compatible with the diagnosis, but a mature personality is not. The differential diagnosis is extensive. Investigations prove negative or equivocal; in the latter case, the investigator is led even further into unfamiliar territory. It is suggested that the essence of management is to keep in contact with the patient.", "PMID": 512084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9549", "title": "Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma. A clinicopathologic study of five cases and a review of similar entities.", "content": "Five patients with annular lesions of the face, scalp, and other exposed surfaces were studied using the radial triple zone biopsy technic. Interestingly, one of the patients had necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) and another had systemic sarcoidosis. Clinically, the lesions were annular patches with erythematous borders and hypopigmented centers. The histopathology of the lesions showed many multinucleated giant cells, (often with prominent asteroid bodies), histiocytes, lymphocytes, scattered epithelioid cells, total lysis of elastic tissue, no necrobiosis, and absence of both mucin and lipid. This entity can be differentiated from granuloma annulare (GA), NLD, and cutaneous sarcoidosis. It is identical with several previously described entities; we propose a more appropriate term: \"annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG).\"", "contents": "Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma. A clinicopathologic study of five cases and a review of similar entities. Five patients with annular lesions of the face, scalp, and other exposed surfaces were studied using the radial triple zone biopsy technic. Interestingly, one of the patients had necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) and another had systemic sarcoidosis. Clinically, the lesions were annular patches with erythematous borders and hypopigmented centers. The histopathology of the lesions showed many multinucleated giant cells, (often with prominent asteroid bodies), histiocytes, lymphocytes, scattered epithelioid cells, total lysis of elastic tissue, no necrobiosis, and absence of both mucin and lipid. This entity can be differentiated from granuloma annulare (GA), NLD, and cutaneous sarcoidosis. It is identical with several previously described entities; we propose a more appropriate term: \"annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG).\"", "PMID": 512085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9550", "title": "Melanocyte changes following PUVA therapy.", "content": "The effect of psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) therapy on human melanocytes was studied at the ultrastructural level. The results demonstrate an increase in the number of melanocytes, a change in their location, and an increase in the size of the melanosomes. Significantly, some of the melanocytes extend in narrow columns deep into the dermis, limited by the basal lamina, while others are found free within the dermis. Other morphologic alterations in the melanocytes consist of abnormal mitochondria, a swollen and distorted endoplasmic reticulum, and large lysosomes. The aforementioned abnormalities were also present in PUVA-treated skin that was examined 15 months after the treatment had been stopped.", "contents": "Melanocyte changes following PUVA therapy. The effect of psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) therapy on human melanocytes was studied at the ultrastructural level. The results demonstrate an increase in the number of melanocytes, a change in their location, and an increase in the size of the melanosomes. Significantly, some of the melanocytes extend in narrow columns deep into the dermis, limited by the basal lamina, while others are found free within the dermis. Other morphologic alterations in the melanocytes consist of abnormal mitochondria, a swollen and distorted endoplasmic reticulum, and large lysosomes. The aforementioned abnormalities were also present in PUVA-treated skin that was examined 15 months after the treatment had been stopped.", "PMID": 512086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9551", "title": "Mycosis fungoides: a retrospective study.", "content": "The clinical course of ninety patients with the histopathologic diagnosis of mycosis fungoides is reviewed. An attempt is made to correlate sex, age, of onset, lesion type, and form of therapy with outcome of the disease. The data indicate that mycosis fungoides affects predominantly middle-aged males. Patients developing tumors or erythroderma in middle age or later tend to have a shorter survival. More aggressive therapy is associated with shortened survival. Most deaths were due to unknown or unrelated processes and therapeutic complications. The data support the theory that mycosis fungoides can be a relatively nonaggressive cutaneous lymphoma. In an attempt to treat aggressively, we may be exposing patients to increased mortality.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides: a retrospective study. The clinical course of ninety patients with the histopathologic diagnosis of mycosis fungoides is reviewed. An attempt is made to correlate sex, age, of onset, lesion type, and form of therapy with outcome of the disease. The data indicate that mycosis fungoides affects predominantly middle-aged males. Patients developing tumors or erythroderma in middle age or later tend to have a shorter survival. More aggressive therapy is associated with shortened survival. Most deaths were due to unknown or unrelated processes and therapeutic complications. The data support the theory that mycosis fungoides can be a relatively nonaggressive cutaneous lymphoma. In an attempt to treat aggressively, we may be exposing patients to increased mortality.", "PMID": 512087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9552", "title": "Neonatal lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The infant of a mother with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed an extensive cutaneous eruption at 5 weeks of age. Biopsy findings were consistent with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). Splenomegaly, anemia, neutropenia, and depressed total hemolytic complemtnt levels were additional findings. The course was benign, and all manifestations disappeared by 4 months of age. Fifty-two previously reported infants with cutaneous lesions, congenital atrioventricular heart block, or hematologic manifestations of neonatal LE are reviewed.", "contents": "Neonatal lupus erythematosus. The infant of a mother with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed an extensive cutaneous eruption at 5 weeks of age. Biopsy findings were consistent with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). Splenomegaly, anemia, neutropenia, and depressed total hemolytic complemtnt levels were additional findings. The course was benign, and all manifestations disappeared by 4 months of age. Fifty-two previously reported infants with cutaneous lesions, congenital atrioventricular heart block, or hematologic manifestations of neonatal LE are reviewed.", "PMID": 512088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9553", "title": "Erythermalgia with vasculitis: a review.", "content": "Erythermalgia is a condition of the extremities characterized by redness, increased temperature, and burning pain. A case of erythermalgia and coincident vasculitis of the feet is reported. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and a possible mechanism of pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Erythermalgia with vasculitis: a review. Erythermalgia is a condition of the extremities characterized by redness, increased temperature, and burning pain. A case of erythermalgia and coincident vasculitis of the feet is reported. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and a possible mechanism of pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 512089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9554", "title": "DermRx. An experiment in computerizing information on dermatologic therapy.", "content": "The Task Force for Creating a Biomedical Communications System for Dermatology was commissioned by the American Academy of Dermatology to develop an experimental segment of a computerized data bank on dermatologic therapy. The Task Force has completed such a \"first generation\" system and has named it DermRx. Its data bank carries the following information on each entry: the name of the disease; topical, systemic, physical, and other kinds of treatment; caveats; references to the literature; and the date and reviewer(s). The DermLit and DermRx programs are two components of a projected broader concept of an eventual comprehensive Biomedical Communications System for Dermatology. Such a system is envisaged as a means of making available to dermatologists diverse data relevant to practice, teaching, research, and business aspects of the specialty. At the moment, access to the stored information on dermatologic literature and therapy is by telephone call to, or by correspondence with, the central computer facility at Northwestern University. Eventually it is projected to be accessible by dedicated microcomputers housed in the physician's office. This preliminary report on DermRx is presented to review the progress of the project to date and to elicit comment upon its structure and value.", "contents": "DermRx. An experiment in computerizing information on dermatologic therapy. The Task Force for Creating a Biomedical Communications System for Dermatology was commissioned by the American Academy of Dermatology to develop an experimental segment of a computerized data bank on dermatologic therapy. The Task Force has completed such a \"first generation\" system and has named it DermRx. Its data bank carries the following information on each entry: the name of the disease; topical, systemic, physical, and other kinds of treatment; caveats; references to the literature; and the date and reviewer(s). The DermLit and DermRx programs are two components of a projected broader concept of an eventual comprehensive Biomedical Communications System for Dermatology. Such a system is envisaged as a means of making available to dermatologists diverse data relevant to practice, teaching, research, and business aspects of the specialty. At the moment, access to the stored information on dermatologic literature and therapy is by telephone call to, or by correspondence with, the central computer facility at Northwestern University. Eventually it is projected to be accessible by dedicated microcomputers housed in the physician's office. This preliminary report on DermRx is presented to review the progress of the project to date and to elicit comment upon its structure and value.", "PMID": 512097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9555", "title": "Effects of prior exposure on conditioned taste aversion in the rat: androgen- and estrogen-dependent events.", "content": "The effects of preexposure and gonadal hormone manipulation on the extinction of a conditioned taste aversion were investigated. In Experiment 1, male rats were given one prior exposure to sucrose at some selected time (Days 4, 2, or 1) before a second exposure (Day 0) to sucrose and an LiCl injection. Controls received no prior exposure to sucrose but experienced only the sucrose + LiCl condition (Day 0). under the single exposure condition (Day 0) castrated animals extinguished the aversion faster than either testosterone-treated castrated rats or sham-operated rats. Sham-operated and castrated rats that had received preexposure treatment (Days 4, 2, or 1) were not distinguishable on a within-groups comparison of behavior but differed from their respective controls by exhibiting faster rates of extinction. However, in the testosterone-treated group only the Day 4 preexposure group exhibited a faster extinction rate. In Experiment 2, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone were studied by using only a Day 1 preexposure condition. The testosterone-treated group maintained the aversion for the longest period of time, followed by dihydrotestosterone-treated, sham, castrated, and estradiol-treated groups. It appears that estradiol augments the castration effect whereas dihydrotestosterone attenuates the effect. In Experiment 3, estradiol was administered alone or in combination with two different doses of dihydrotestosterone, and a Day 1 preexposure condition was used. The findings indicate that the outcome of behavior is dependent on the ratio of estradiol to dihydrotestosterone, with variations in this ratio resulting in fast (estrogen effect) to slow (androgen effect) rates of extinction.", "contents": "Effects of prior exposure on conditioned taste aversion in the rat: androgen- and estrogen-dependent events. The effects of preexposure and gonadal hormone manipulation on the extinction of a conditioned taste aversion were investigated. In Experiment 1, male rats were given one prior exposure to sucrose at some selected time (Days 4, 2, or 1) before a second exposure (Day 0) to sucrose and an LiCl injection. Controls received no prior exposure to sucrose but experienced only the sucrose + LiCl condition (Day 0). under the single exposure condition (Day 0) castrated animals extinguished the aversion faster than either testosterone-treated castrated rats or sham-operated rats. Sham-operated and castrated rats that had received preexposure treatment (Days 4, 2, or 1) were not distinguishable on a within-groups comparison of behavior but differed from their respective controls by exhibiting faster rates of extinction. However, in the testosterone-treated group only the Day 4 preexposure group exhibited a faster extinction rate. In Experiment 2, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone were studied by using only a Day 1 preexposure condition. The testosterone-treated group maintained the aversion for the longest period of time, followed by dihydrotestosterone-treated, sham, castrated, and estradiol-treated groups. It appears that estradiol augments the castration effect whereas dihydrotestosterone attenuates the effect. In Experiment 3, estradiol was administered alone or in combination with two different doses of dihydrotestosterone, and a Day 1 preexposure condition was used. The findings indicate that the outcome of behavior is dependent on the ratio of estradiol to dihydrotestosterone, with variations in this ratio resulting in fast (estrogen effect) to slow (androgen effect) rates of extinction.", "PMID": 512099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9556", "title": "Contribution of growth, fatness, and activity to weight disturbance after septohypothalamic cuts in adult hamsters.", "content": "The mechanism responsible for weight stability in adult hamsters was investigated by (a) transecting the dorsoventrally oriented nerve pathways between the septal area and hypothalamus (SH cuts) and (b) partitioning the observed increases in the rate of weight gain into three contributory components: changes in somatic growth, in body fatness, and in energy expended as voluntary activity on horizontal disks. Between 60% and 70% of the weight increase after SH cuts was due to acquisition of lean body mass, and 30%-40% of weight increase consisted of excess body fat. After SH cuts, serum growth hormone and insulin concentrations were increased on Day 14, food intake was increased between Day 2 and Day 42, skeletal lengths were greater on Day 77, and voluntary activity levels were 84% lower on Days 10-45, relative to control hamsters. It is concluded that dorsoventrally oriented nerve pathways in the septal area are involved in the control of growth, maintenance of body fat reserves, and voluntary activity and that they contribute to the maintenance of stable body weight in adult hamsters.", "contents": "Contribution of growth, fatness, and activity to weight disturbance after septohypothalamic cuts in adult hamsters. The mechanism responsible for weight stability in adult hamsters was investigated by (a) transecting the dorsoventrally oriented nerve pathways between the septal area and hypothalamus (SH cuts) and (b) partitioning the observed increases in the rate of weight gain into three contributory components: changes in somatic growth, in body fatness, and in energy expended as voluntary activity on horizontal disks. Between 60% and 70% of the weight increase after SH cuts was due to acquisition of lean body mass, and 30%-40% of weight increase consisted of excess body fat. After SH cuts, serum growth hormone and insulin concentrations were increased on Day 14, food intake was increased between Day 2 and Day 42, skeletal lengths were greater on Day 77, and voluntary activity levels were 84% lower on Days 10-45, relative to control hamsters. It is concluded that dorsoventrally oriented nerve pathways in the septal area are involved in the control of growth, maintenance of body fat reserves, and voluntary activity and that they contribute to the maintenance of stable body weight in adult hamsters.", "PMID": 512100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9557", "title": "Temporal integration of acoustic stimulation obtained in reflex inhibition in rats and humans.", "content": "An acoustic stimulus (S1) presented just before reflex elicitation inhibits reflex expression. The present studies questioned whether inhibition provided by initial stimuli of various durations conforms to established temporal integration functions. Initial stimuli were noise bursts varying in duration (2, 20, or 200 msec) and intensity (55 or 85 dB). Eliciting stimuli (S2) for rats were intense tone bursts, which elicited the acoustic startle reflex, and for humans electrotactile stimuli to the forehead, which elicited the eye blink. Findings revealed that inhibition was greater with the 85-dB S1 stimulus and increased linearly with log increases in duration. These latter data suggest that the acoustic substrate for reflex inhibition has a long-time constant. There was one exception to this general finding. For seven (of nine) human subjects, inhibition declined when the duration of the 85-dB S1 was increased from 20 to 200 msec. Postexperimental questioning and video monitoring suggest that this anomaly resulted from a reflex enhancing arousal process.", "contents": "Temporal integration of acoustic stimulation obtained in reflex inhibition in rats and humans. An acoustic stimulus (S1) presented just before reflex elicitation inhibits reflex expression. The present studies questioned whether inhibition provided by initial stimuli of various durations conforms to established temporal integration functions. Initial stimuli were noise bursts varying in duration (2, 20, or 200 msec) and intensity (55 or 85 dB). Eliciting stimuli (S2) for rats were intense tone bursts, which elicited the acoustic startle reflex, and for humans electrotactile stimuli to the forehead, which elicited the eye blink. Findings revealed that inhibition was greater with the 85-dB S1 stimulus and increased linearly with log increases in duration. These latter data suggest that the acoustic substrate for reflex inhibition has a long-time constant. There was one exception to this general finding. For seven (of nine) human subjects, inhibition declined when the duration of the 85-dB S1 was increased from 20 to 200 msec. Postexperimental questioning and video monitoring suggest that this anomaly resulted from a reflex enhancing arousal process.", "PMID": 512101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9558", "title": "Schedule-induced polydipsia suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity in rats.", "content": "The effects of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) on pituitary-adrenal activity, as indicated by plasma levels of corticosterone, were examined in a series of experiments. Male (Experiments 1 and 3) and female (Experiment 2) rats were reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weight and given daily sessions on an intermittent-feeding schedule (fixed time of 60 sec). Half of the subjects in each experiment had water available during experimental sessions and the other half did not. Animals with water available in the experimental chamber exhibited SIP in all three experiments. In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected following (a) food consumption in the home cage, (b) a session on FT 60 sec, and (c) a session with pellets available in a cup in the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, blood samples were taken prior to and following an FT 60-sec session, and following a session with pellets available in a cup in the chamber. In Experiment 3, pre- and postsession samples were obtained as in Experiment 2 (Part A). Subsequently, the opportunity to drink during sessions was removed, and the effect on corticoids was examined (Part B). The results indicate that (a) schedule-induced drinking suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity, (b) corticoid suppression may become a conditioned response to drinking in the chamber, and (c) corticoids return to presession levels following removal of water from the chamber. In view of these findings, it is hypothesized that SIP may serve an arousal-reducing role in intermittent-feeding situations.", "contents": "Schedule-induced polydipsia suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity in rats. The effects of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) on pituitary-adrenal activity, as indicated by plasma levels of corticosterone, were examined in a series of experiments. Male (Experiments 1 and 3) and female (Experiment 2) rats were reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weight and given daily sessions on an intermittent-feeding schedule (fixed time of 60 sec). Half of the subjects in each experiment had water available during experimental sessions and the other half did not. Animals with water available in the experimental chamber exhibited SIP in all three experiments. In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected following (a) food consumption in the home cage, (b) a session on FT 60 sec, and (c) a session with pellets available in a cup in the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, blood samples were taken prior to and following an FT 60-sec session, and following a session with pellets available in a cup in the chamber. In Experiment 3, pre- and postsession samples were obtained as in Experiment 2 (Part A). Subsequently, the opportunity to drink during sessions was removed, and the effect on corticoids was examined (Part B). The results indicate that (a) schedule-induced drinking suppresses pituitary-adrenal activity, (b) corticoid suppression may become a conditioned response to drinking in the chamber, and (c) corticoids return to presession levels following removal of water from the chamber. In view of these findings, it is hypothesized that SIP may serve an arousal-reducing role in intermittent-feeding situations.", "PMID": 512102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9559", "title": "Sagittal and coronal image reconstruction: application in pancreatic computed tomography.", "content": "The application of coronal and sagittal image reconstruction in the display of the normal pancreas and peripancreatic region is illustrated. The use of standard reproducible reference points for multiplanar reconstruction is suggested. Reconstruction computed tomography displays more anatomic structures in the coronal and sagittal planes than ultrasonography and accurately displays the craniocaudad extent of pancreatic pathology.", "contents": "Sagittal and coronal image reconstruction: application in pancreatic computed tomography. The application of coronal and sagittal image reconstruction in the display of the normal pancreas and peripancreatic region is illustrated. The use of standard reproducible reference points for multiplanar reconstruction is suggested. Reconstruction computed tomography displays more anatomic structures in the coronal and sagittal planes than ultrasonography and accurately displays the craniocaudad extent of pancreatic pathology.", "PMID": 512103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9560", "title": "Contrast enhancement of the pancreas in computed tomography.", "content": "Contrast enhancement of pancreas, liver, kidney, muscle, and blood was measured from computed tomography scans of 46 patients, including patients with normal pancreas (20), pancreatitis (20), and pancreatic carcinoma (6). A bolus injection of contrast agent was given intravenously. Contrast enhancement and contrast distribution volume in a single scan of the pancreas were measured at 40 sec and at 2, 5, and 15 min after the injection. There was a slight delay in the uptake of contrast material by pancreatic tissue if the disease was severe. In all other aspects, the pattern of contrast enhancement was equal in various patient groups and included great individual variations. Visually, the contrast agent distribution in severe pancreatitis was uneven. In severe pancreatitis, edema was seen both in the pancreas and surrounding tissues. It is concluded that gross anatomic changes and visual estimation are the only means of studying pancreatic pathology with an 18 sec scan time, and that contrast enhancement in such a study provides little additional diagnostic information.", "contents": "Contrast enhancement of the pancreas in computed tomography. Contrast enhancement of pancreas, liver, kidney, muscle, and blood was measured from computed tomography scans of 46 patients, including patients with normal pancreas (20), pancreatitis (20), and pancreatic carcinoma (6). A bolus injection of contrast agent was given intravenously. Contrast enhancement and contrast distribution volume in a single scan of the pancreas were measured at 40 sec and at 2, 5, and 15 min after the injection. There was a slight delay in the uptake of contrast material by pancreatic tissue if the disease was severe. In all other aspects, the pattern of contrast enhancement was equal in various patient groups and included great individual variations. Visually, the contrast agent distribution in severe pancreatitis was uneven. In severe pancreatitis, edema was seen both in the pancreas and surrounding tissues. It is concluded that gross anatomic changes and visual estimation are the only means of studying pancreatic pathology with an 18 sec scan time, and that contrast enhancement in such a study provides little additional diagnostic information.", "PMID": 512104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9561", "title": "Intravenous pancreaticography in computed tomography.", "content": "Intense pancreatic enhancement on computed tomography seems to be possible by the intravenous bolus injection technique. Despite a rather limited experience, promising clinical results have been obtained in the study of pancreatic disease, mainly concerning some aspects of acute and chronic inflammation and tumoral pathology.", "contents": "Intravenous pancreaticography in computed tomography. Intense pancreatic enhancement on computed tomography seems to be possible by the intravenous bolus injection technique. Despite a rather limited experience, promising clinical results have been obtained in the study of pancreatic disease, mainly concerning some aspects of acute and chronic inflammation and tumoral pathology.", "PMID": 512105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9562", "title": "Pulmonary tissue attenuation with computed tomography: comparison of inspiration and expiration scans.", "content": "Mean lung attenuation has been measured on computed tomography (CT) sections through lung bases of 17 patients with no evidence of respiratory disease. Sections were obtained in inspiration and at neutral respiration together with spirometric measurement of lung volume changes. The normal range for mean attenuation including all phases of respiration is approximately -350 to -430 EMI units (EU) (air = -500). The range is narrower on inspiration than at neutral respiration. Mean attenuation in the posterior one-third of the lung base may be 100 EU greater than in the anterior one-third. This gradient is reduced but not abolished on inspiration. Reduction of attenuation with inspiration correlates inversely with increased lung volume and cross-sectional area. Anteroposterior attenuation gradients and regional changes of attenuation with breathing can be explained by preferential ventilation and perfusion of the dependent regions of the lung. When using CT to measure lung \"density,\" the effects of breathing should be taken into account. The relevance of these observations to the detection of early diffuse lung disease is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary tissue attenuation with computed tomography: comparison of inspiration and expiration scans. Mean lung attenuation has been measured on computed tomography (CT) sections through lung bases of 17 patients with no evidence of respiratory disease. Sections were obtained in inspiration and at neutral respiration together with spirometric measurement of lung volume changes. The normal range for mean attenuation including all phases of respiration is approximately -350 to -430 EMI units (EU) (air = -500). The range is narrower on inspiration than at neutral respiration. Mean attenuation in the posterior one-third of the lung base may be 100 EU greater than in the anterior one-third. This gradient is reduced but not abolished on inspiration. Reduction of attenuation with inspiration correlates inversely with increased lung volume and cross-sectional area. Anteroposterior attenuation gradients and regional changes of attenuation with breathing can be explained by preferential ventilation and perfusion of the dependent regions of the lung. When using CT to measure lung \"density,\" the effects of breathing should be taken into account. The relevance of these observations to the detection of early diffuse lung disease is discussed.", "PMID": 512106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9563", "title": "Dynamic computed tomography of the lung: regional ventilation measurements.", "content": "The spatial resolution provided by computed tomography (CT) yields excellent anatomic specificity, and fast scanners are capable of the serial imaging necessary to monitor rapid changes in tracer concentration over time. In this study, sequential CT imaging defined the temporal changes of xenon concentration in peripheral lung tissue of a nonhuman primate and three sheep, both during and after xenon inhalation. Ventilation rate constants (K) in lung tissue with normal and impaired function in the evaluation of regional ventilation using xenon enhanced CT are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic computed tomography of the lung: regional ventilation measurements. The spatial resolution provided by computed tomography (CT) yields excellent anatomic specificity, and fast scanners are capable of the serial imaging necessary to monitor rapid changes in tracer concentration over time. In this study, sequential CT imaging defined the temporal changes of xenon concentration in peripheral lung tissue of a nonhuman primate and three sheep, both during and after xenon inhalation. Ventilation rate constants (K) in lung tissue with normal and impaired function in the evaluation of regional ventilation using xenon enhanced CT are discussed.", "PMID": 512107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9564", "title": "Computed tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "A group of 34 proven cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis was investigated by computed tomography (CT) to determine whether CT provided any information beyond that obtained from conventional chest films. Computed tomography disclosed a surprisingly high prevalence of minor pleural changes in sarcoidosis, including two patients with small pleural effusions. Unsuspected bullae and isolated \"granulomatous\" nodules were additionally demonstrated. Increases in lung density and alterations in gravity dependent vascular perfusion were assessed; these may reflect alterations in the vascular bed, and the increased density is possibly due to diffuse invasion of the lung not recognizable by conventional chest X-ray films. Tracheal compression was noted in one case and vertebral densities in three. Prominence of \"small air spaces\" was recorded in four patients; the nature of the pathology responsible for this finding is at present speculative. While not replacing conventional chest radiography, CT does make a definite contribution to the assessment of pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis. A group of 34 proven cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis was investigated by computed tomography (CT) to determine whether CT provided any information beyond that obtained from conventional chest films. Computed tomography disclosed a surprisingly high prevalence of minor pleural changes in sarcoidosis, including two patients with small pleural effusions. Unsuspected bullae and isolated \"granulomatous\" nodules were additionally demonstrated. Increases in lung density and alterations in gravity dependent vascular perfusion were assessed; these may reflect alterations in the vascular bed, and the increased density is possibly due to diffuse invasion of the lung not recognizable by conventional chest X-ray films. Tracheal compression was noted in one case and vertebral densities in three. Prominence of \"small air spaces\" was recorded in four patients; the nature of the pathology responsible for this finding is at present speculative. While not replacing conventional chest radiography, CT does make a definite contribution to the assessment of pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 512108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9565", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of renal lymphoma.", "content": "Four patients with renal lymphoma were evaluated by computed tomography and presented the following different manifestations: (a) multiple large and small nodules infiltrating each kidney; (b) a single large renal mass extending into the perirenal space; (c) diffuse infiltration of both kidneys; and (d) lesion of the renal hilus encasing the renal pelvis and proximal ureter of one kidney. Computed tomography is a sensitive, noninvasive imaging modality that should be performed early in the course of disease in patients with known or suspected lymphoma.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of renal lymphoma. Four patients with renal lymphoma were evaluated by computed tomography and presented the following different manifestations: (a) multiple large and small nodules infiltrating each kidney; (b) a single large renal mass extending into the perirenal space; (c) diffuse infiltration of both kidneys; and (d) lesion of the renal hilus encasing the renal pelvis and proximal ureter of one kidney. Computed tomography is a sensitive, noninvasive imaging modality that should be performed early in the course of disease in patients with known or suspected lymphoma.", "PMID": 512109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9566", "title": "Retrorenal cysts.", "content": "Three patients are presented in whom computed tomography incidentally demonstrated low density masses posterior to, but separate from, the right kidney. In two, these were proven to represent unilocular cysts, and the third is presumed cystic. Possible etiologies are discussed.", "contents": "Retrorenal cysts. Three patients are presented in whom computed tomography incidentally demonstrated low density masses posterior to, but separate from, the right kidney. In two, these were proven to represent unilocular cysts, and the third is presumed cystic. Possible etiologies are discussed.", "PMID": 512110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9567", "title": "Computed tomography in aneurysms of the vein of Galen.", "content": "Two cases of aneurysm of the great vein of Galen are reported. Diagnosis was made by means of computed tomography (CT) and confirmed by angiography. Surgical treatment was successful in one case; surgery was refused in the other case. The value of CT in the diagnosis of these malformations is stressed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in aneurysms of the vein of Galen. Two cases of aneurysm of the great vein of Galen are reported. Diagnosis was made by means of computed tomography (CT) and confirmed by angiography. Surgical treatment was successful in one case; surgery was refused in the other case. The value of CT in the diagnosis of these malformations is stressed.", "PMID": 512111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9568", "title": "Oligodendrogliomas: CT patterns with emphasis on features indicating malignancy.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of 22 patients with histologically verified oligodendroglioma showed calcifications in 20 cases and contrast enhancement in 14. All of the enhancing cases proved to have malignant histological features. In 2 of the 14 malignant tumors, definite CT evidence (fluid-fluid level) of a cystic component was present.", "contents": "Oligodendrogliomas: CT patterns with emphasis on features indicating malignancy. Computed tomography (CT) of 22 patients with histologically verified oligodendroglioma showed calcifications in 20 cases and contrast enhancement in 14. All of the enhancing cases proved to have malignant histological features. In 2 of the 14 malignant tumors, definite CT evidence (fluid-fluid level) of a cystic component was present.", "PMID": 512112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9569", "title": "Angiographic findings in subdural hematoma correlated with CT attenuation values.", "content": "Twenty-eight subdural hematomas in 24 patients were examined by angiography and computed tomography (CT). The angiographic appearance of the hematomas was classified as either crescentic, lentiform, or transitional. The attenuation value of the hematomas was calculated from the CT scans. The mean attenuation of crescentic hematomas (13.8 EMI units--EU: 500 scale) was considerably lower than those of lentiform (21.7 EU) and transitional (19.8 EU) hematomas. The crescentic and transitional hematomas were either subacute or chronic, the chronic crescentic hematomas having an attenuation value at or around serum level. The lentiform hematomas were all more than 24 days old. The relatively high attenuation in chronic lentiform and transitional hematomas was probably caused by rebleeding, and the shape indicates enlargement of the hematomas after membrane formation has occurred. In the chronic, low attenuation crescentic hematomas, no recent bleed and no enlargement had occurred.", "contents": "Angiographic findings in subdural hematoma correlated with CT attenuation values. Twenty-eight subdural hematomas in 24 patients were examined by angiography and computed tomography (CT). The angiographic appearance of the hematomas was classified as either crescentic, lentiform, or transitional. The attenuation value of the hematomas was calculated from the CT scans. The mean attenuation of crescentic hematomas (13.8 EMI units--EU: 500 scale) was considerably lower than those of lentiform (21.7 EU) and transitional (19.8 EU) hematomas. The crescentic and transitional hematomas were either subacute or chronic, the chronic crescentic hematomas having an attenuation value at or around serum level. The lentiform hematomas were all more than 24 days old. The relatively high attenuation in chronic lentiform and transitional hematomas was probably caused by rebleeding, and the shape indicates enlargement of the hematomas after membrane formation has occurred. In the chronic, low attenuation crescentic hematomas, no recent bleed and no enlargement had occurred.", "PMID": 512113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9570", "title": "Tomographic reconstruction from limited angular data.", "content": "The nth moment of a projection Mn(phi) = rnp(r, phi) dr must be a trigonometric polynomial of degree less than or equal to n. Measuring Mn(phi i) for n + 1 arbitrary angles phi i allows reconstruction of Mn(phi) for all phi. Thus in principle, the exact knowledge of the shadow function within an arbitrarily narrow sector allows reconstruction of the complete shadow. The algorithm doing this is very simple, but its applicability is severely limited by noise in the data.", "contents": "Tomographic reconstruction from limited angular data. The nth moment of a projection Mn(phi) = rnp(r, phi) dr must be a trigonometric polynomial of degree less than or equal to n. Measuring Mn(phi i) for n + 1 arbitrary angles phi i allows reconstruction of Mn(phi) for all phi. Thus in principle, the exact knowledge of the shadow function within an arbitrarily narrow sector allows reconstruction of the complete shadow. The algorithm doing this is very simple, but its applicability is severely limited by noise in the data.", "PMID": 512114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9571", "title": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in pituitary apoplexy.", "content": "A case of pituitary apoplexy is presented with previously unreported computed tomographic findings of intraventricular hemorrhage. Because of the successful use of new microsurgical techniques for the treatment of pituitary apoplexy even in patients with poor clinical status, it is important to differentiate the various causes of intraventricular hemorrhage by aggressive evaluation.", "contents": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in pituitary apoplexy. A case of pituitary apoplexy is presented with previously unreported computed tomographic findings of intraventricular hemorrhage. Because of the successful use of new microsurgical techniques for the treatment of pituitary apoplexy even in patients with poor clinical status, it is important to differentiate the various causes of intraventricular hemorrhage by aggressive evaluation.", "PMID": 512115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9572", "title": "Intracranial air bubbles localizing cerebrospinal fluid fistula.", "content": "A case of persistent meningitis following excision of a jugular foramen neurinoma is presented. A cerebrospinal fluid fistula at the mastoid region was localized by computed tomographic demonstration of air bubbles in the posterior fossa.", "contents": "Intracranial air bubbles localizing cerebrospinal fluid fistula. A case of persistent meningitis following excision of a jugular foramen neurinoma is presented. A cerebrospinal fluid fistula at the mastoid region was localized by computed tomographic demonstration of air bubbles in the posterior fossa.", "PMID": 512116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9573", "title": "Computed tomography of a carotid body tumor.", "content": "A patient with a carotid body tumor was evaluated by computed tomography. The tumor demonstrated an enhanced rim and a central lower density. This corresponds to the \"eggshell\" appearance described angiographically in carotid body tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography of a carotid body tumor. A patient with a carotid body tumor was evaluated by computed tomography. The tumor demonstrated an enhanced rim and a central lower density. This corresponds to the \"eggshell\" appearance described angiographically in carotid body tumors.", "PMID": 512117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9574", "title": "Computed tomography in craniopagus occipitalis twins.", "content": "Cranial computed tomography in the evaluation of possible surgical separation in a case of craniopagus occipitalis twins demonstrated the relationship between certain intracranial structures. Computed tomography appears to be a simple, useful diagnostic procedure to such evaluation.", "contents": "Computed tomography in craniopagus occipitalis twins. Cranial computed tomography in the evaluation of possible surgical separation in a case of craniopagus occipitalis twins demonstrated the relationship between certain intracranial structures. Computed tomography appears to be a simple, useful diagnostic procedure to such evaluation.", "PMID": 512118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9575", "title": "CT demonstration of gas formation after renal tumor embolization.", "content": "Computed tomography findings in a case of embolized renal tumor are reported. Intratumoral gas appearing after embolization can easily be demonstrated by this imaging method.", "contents": "CT demonstration of gas formation after renal tumor embolization. Computed tomography findings in a case of embolized renal tumor are reported. Intratumoral gas appearing after embolization can easily be demonstrated by this imaging method.", "PMID": 512119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9576", "title": "Noninflammatory gas formation following embolization of adrenal carcinoma.", "content": "Gas formation as a result of transcatheter tumor embolization has recently been observed by conventional radiography. We report the computed tomography identification of similar benign gas formation following transcatheter embolization of a large adrenal carcinoma. Computed tomography should be the most sensitive method available for detecting gas formation. It is important to recognize this gas formation as a consequence of embolization and cell necrosis rather than as an indication of an inflammatory complication.", "contents": "Noninflammatory gas formation following embolization of adrenal carcinoma. Gas formation as a result of transcatheter tumor embolization has recently been observed by conventional radiography. We report the computed tomography identification of similar benign gas formation following transcatheter embolization of a large adrenal carcinoma. Computed tomography should be the most sensitive method available for detecting gas formation. It is important to recognize this gas formation as a consequence of embolization and cell necrosis rather than as an indication of an inflammatory complication.", "PMID": 512120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9577", "title": "A technique for simultaneous dual energy scanning.", "content": "A method of deriving simultaneous dual energy scans on a conventional EMI CT5005 scanner is described. The only change that has to be made to the scanner involves the detector collimator where alternate slits are covered by a thin metal foil. The detector readings from the covered and uncovered slits are separated by software before picture processing to give two pictures from one scan--one at the usual X-ray energy and the other at a higher X-ray energy due to the beam hardening produced by the foil. A procedure is then outlined for converting these into pictures showing the effective electron density and the effective atomic number for the whole scan field.", "contents": "A technique for simultaneous dual energy scanning. A method of deriving simultaneous dual energy scans on a conventional EMI CT5005 scanner is described. The only change that has to be made to the scanner involves the detector collimator where alternate slits are covered by a thin metal foil. The detector readings from the covered and uncovered slits are separated by software before picture processing to give two pictures from one scan--one at the usual X-ray energy and the other at a higher X-ray energy due to the beam hardening produced by the foil. A procedure is then outlined for converting these into pictures showing the effective electron density and the effective atomic number for the whole scan field.", "PMID": 512121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9578", "title": "Degradation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in iron-supplemented cows' milk.", "content": "The fate of [6-carbon-14] ascorbic acid in iron-supplemented and unsupplemented raw milk was studied by anion-exchange chromatography, which permitted quantitative analysis of the conversion of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate and diketogulonate as a function of time. Iron catalyzed an increase in the rate of autoxidation of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate but did not alter the equilibrium concentrations of ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, and diketogulonate. The conversion of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate and of dehydroascorbate to diketogulonate occurred rapidly even in unsupplemented milk. Thus, trace metal supplementation may not affect materially the vitamin C content of stored milk.", "contents": "Degradation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in iron-supplemented cows' milk. The fate of [6-carbon-14] ascorbic acid in iron-supplemented and unsupplemented raw milk was studied by anion-exchange chromatography, which permitted quantitative analysis of the conversion of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate and diketogulonate as a function of time. Iron catalyzed an increase in the rate of autoxidation of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate but did not alter the equilibrium concentrations of ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, and diketogulonate. The conversion of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate and of dehydroascorbate to diketogulonate occurred rapidly even in unsupplemented milk. Thus, trace metal supplementation may not affect materially the vitamin C content of stored milk.", "PMID": 512130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9579", "title": "25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma of cattle.", "content": "Blood samples from 12 Shorthorn heifers, fed a grass silage ration and housed indoors or outdoors, were assayed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D during 9 mo. There was more in plasma during the summer from the outdoor group, reflecting a greater exposure to ultraviolet light and dermal synthesis of vitamin D, the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In another experiment, assays were in four groups of six heifers each; 1) control, 2) single oral dose of 1,000,000 IU vitamin D3, 3) injected intramuscularly with 1,000,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 4) free access to a mineral mixture containing 32,000 IU vitamin D3/kg. In all groups, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was higher in plasma in summer than in winter. All heifers given vitamin D had more 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma during winter than controls. Animals injected with vitamin D had more 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma during part of the winter than those on the other treatments with vitamin D.", "contents": "25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma of cattle. Blood samples from 12 Shorthorn heifers, fed a grass silage ration and housed indoors or outdoors, were assayed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D during 9 mo. There was more in plasma during the summer from the outdoor group, reflecting a greater exposure to ultraviolet light and dermal synthesis of vitamin D, the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In another experiment, assays were in four groups of six heifers each; 1) control, 2) single oral dose of 1,000,000 IU vitamin D3, 3) injected intramuscularly with 1,000,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 4) free access to a mineral mixture containing 32,000 IU vitamin D3/kg. In all groups, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was higher in plasma in summer than in winter. All heifers given vitamin D had more 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma during winter than controls. Animals injected with vitamin D had more 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma during part of the winter than those on the other treatments with vitamin D.", "PMID": 512131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9580", "title": "Biological availability of zinc from inorganic sources with excess dietary calcium.", "content": "The effects of chemical form of supplemental zinc and elevated dietary calcium on intestinal absorption of zinc were measured. Calves and rats were fed diets low in zinc, and zinc availability was the percentage increase of zinc in plasma with dietary supplementation of zinc. Availabilities of zinc supplied as zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, and zinc carbonate were comparable in both calves and rats. Elevated amounts of dietary calcium as ground limestone reduced absorption of zinc in rats fed soy-protein but had no effect on absorption of zinc in the lactating cow. Thus, for cows consuming large amounts of calcium, an increase in the concentration of zinc beyond 40 ppm of the diet appears unnecessary.", "contents": "Biological availability of zinc from inorganic sources with excess dietary calcium. The effects of chemical form of supplemental zinc and elevated dietary calcium on intestinal absorption of zinc were measured. Calves and rats were fed diets low in zinc, and zinc availability was the percentage increase of zinc in plasma with dietary supplementation of zinc. Availabilities of zinc supplied as zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, and zinc carbonate were comparable in both calves and rats. Elevated amounts of dietary calcium as ground limestone reduced absorption of zinc in rats fed soy-protein but had no effect on absorption of zinc in the lactating cow. Thus, for cows consuming large amounts of calcium, an increase in the concentration of zinc beyond 40 ppm of the diet appears unnecessary.", "PMID": 512132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9581", "title": "Evaluation of automatic mastitis detection equipment.", "content": "An electronic sensor was evaluated as an instrument for early detection of mastitis. This method involved measuring the conductivity of milk continuously throughout the milking process and then establishing a conductivity ratio. The lowest conductivity measurement of the four quarters was a basis for assessing the degree of mastitis in the other quarters. This assumed that at least one of the quarters was normal at examination and the lowest reading was normal conductivity. The conductivity ratio was evaluated by comparison with the leukocyte concentration and combined leukocyte concentrations and cultural examiniations of milk samples from 1028 quarters. In healthy cows conductivities of milk from each of the quarters were similar. If, however, one or more quarters were infected, this milk showed higher conductivity compared to the noninfected quarter of the same cow. The conductivity ratio correctly identified 69% of the established cases of mastitis. For the Wisconsin Mastitis Test, 93.2% of the normal quarters were detected correctly by the conductivity ratio. Leukocyte counts were frequently high when there was no other evidence of mastitis. We believe the conductivity ratio is effective in detecting mastitis at an early stage of infection caused by most of the pathogenic microorganisms.", "contents": "Evaluation of automatic mastitis detection equipment. An electronic sensor was evaluated as an instrument for early detection of mastitis. This method involved measuring the conductivity of milk continuously throughout the milking process and then establishing a conductivity ratio. The lowest conductivity measurement of the four quarters was a basis for assessing the degree of mastitis in the other quarters. This assumed that at least one of the quarters was normal at examination and the lowest reading was normal conductivity. The conductivity ratio was evaluated by comparison with the leukocyte concentration and combined leukocyte concentrations and cultural examiniations of milk samples from 1028 quarters. In healthy cows conductivities of milk from each of the quarters were similar. If, however, one or more quarters were infected, this milk showed higher conductivity compared to the noninfected quarter of the same cow. The conductivity ratio correctly identified 69% of the established cases of mastitis. For the Wisconsin Mastitis Test, 93.2% of the normal quarters were detected correctly by the conductivity ratio. Leukocyte counts were frequently high when there was no other evidence of mastitis. We believe the conductivity ratio is effective in detecting mastitis at an early stage of infection caused by most of the pathogenic microorganisms.", "PMID": 512133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9582", "title": "Genetic analysis of California mastitis test records. I. Coded tests.", "content": "A sample of 15,965 Holstein lactation records having California Mastitis Test scores for at least the first 9 mo of standard Dairy Herd Improvement production testing were studied for the effects of sire, parity, and year and month of calving. California Mastitis Test readings of \"negative\" or \"trace\" were coded normal while readings of \"1\", \"2\", or \"3\" were coded elevated. The frequency of elevated tests increased as parity increased. Effect of year of calving and a trend toward higher percentages of elevated coded test scores was significant. There was no distinct trend in elevated coded test score with month of calving. Sire effect on the incidence of elevation in the coded score was important. Heritability of first and second lactation monthly coded California Mastitis Test scores from a paternal half-sister analysis within herd, year, and season, for sires with at least 25 daughters ranged from .11 +/- .04 to .48 +/- .07. Genetic correlations between the third test and following tests of first and second lactations ranged from .25 +/-.15 to .58 +/- .18.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of California mastitis test records. I. Coded tests. A sample of 15,965 Holstein lactation records having California Mastitis Test scores for at least the first 9 mo of standard Dairy Herd Improvement production testing were studied for the effects of sire, parity, and year and month of calving. California Mastitis Test readings of \"negative\" or \"trace\" were coded normal while readings of \"1\", \"2\", or \"3\" were coded elevated. The frequency of elevated tests increased as parity increased. Effect of year of calving and a trend toward higher percentages of elevated coded test scores was significant. There was no distinct trend in elevated coded test score with month of calving. Sire effect on the incidence of elevation in the coded score was important. Heritability of first and second lactation monthly coded California Mastitis Test scores from a paternal half-sister analysis within herd, year, and season, for sires with at least 25 daughters ranged from .11 +/- .04 to .48 +/- .07. Genetic correlations between the third test and following tests of first and second lactations ranged from .25 +/-.15 to .58 +/- .18.", "PMID": 512134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9583", "title": "Genetic analysis of California mastitis test records. II. Score for resistance to elevated tests.", "content": "A lactation score for rating individual cows for their apparent resistance to elevation of California Mastitis test is described. The score uses the first nine monthly California Mastitis Tests weighted by the number and position of elevated coded tests. California mastitis test readings of negative and trace were coded \"normal\" and 1, 2, or 3 \"elevated\". A cumulative lactation score of 21 was assigned to lactations without elevation in coded test, and a score of zero was assigned to lactations with all nine tests elevated. The number and position of the elevated coded tests influenced the 305-day milk yield, and the position of elevated coded tests influenced lactation persistency. Differences were significant among sire progeny groups for the cumulative lactation score. Heritabilities for the cumulative lactation score were .48 +/- .07, .36 +/- .08, .46 +/- .15, and .23 +/- .12 for first, second, third, and fourth or later lactation groups. Selection for a high cumulative lactation score should reduce the occurrence of elevated coded test scores. The genetic correlation between 305-day milk yield and cumulative score was -.31 +/- .13 for first lactation records.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of California mastitis test records. II. Score for resistance to elevated tests. A lactation score for rating individual cows for their apparent resistance to elevation of California Mastitis test is described. The score uses the first nine monthly California Mastitis Tests weighted by the number and position of elevated coded tests. California mastitis test readings of negative and trace were coded \"normal\" and 1, 2, or 3 \"elevated\". A cumulative lactation score of 21 was assigned to lactations without elevation in coded test, and a score of zero was assigned to lactations with all nine tests elevated. The number and position of the elevated coded tests influenced the 305-day milk yield, and the position of elevated coded tests influenced lactation persistency. Differences were significant among sire progeny groups for the cumulative lactation score. Heritabilities for the cumulative lactation score were .48 +/- .07, .36 +/- .08, .46 +/- .15, and .23 +/- .12 for first, second, third, and fourth or later lactation groups. Selection for a high cumulative lactation score should reduce the occurrence of elevated coded test scores. The genetic correlation between 305-day milk yield and cumulative score was -.31 +/- .13 for first lactation records.", "PMID": 512135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9584", "title": "Photodegradation of riboflavin in milks exposed to fluorescent light.", "content": "Photodegradation of riboflavin in 50-ml samples of fluid milks exposed to fluorescent light (2690 lux) followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the reaction rate (s-1) averaged 1.86 x 10(-5) in skim milk and 1.47 x 10(-5) in whole milk. Additional evidence led us to conclude that photodegradation of riboflavin proceeds prior to the appearance of a light-induced off-flavor.", "contents": "Photodegradation of riboflavin in milks exposed to fluorescent light. Photodegradation of riboflavin in 50-ml samples of fluid milks exposed to fluorescent light (2690 lux) followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the reaction rate (s-1) averaged 1.86 x 10(-5) in skim milk and 1.47 x 10(-5) in whole milk. Additional evidence led us to conclude that photodegradation of riboflavin proceeds prior to the appearance of a light-induced off-flavor.", "PMID": 512136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9585", "title": "Blood and milk progesterone in pregnant and nonpregnant buffalo.", "content": "Changes in progesterone concentration of blood and milk were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 Murrah buffalo up to 40 days after insemination. Progesterone concentration in blood plasma at estrus was .1 ng/ml which rose to a peak of 3.6 ng/ml on day 13. It continued to increase in animals that conceived but dropped to .6 ng/ml on 3 days before next estrus in those that failed to conceive. The average concentration of progesterone in milk was .5 ng/ml at estrus; it increased to 18 ng/ml on day 15, and thereafter it declined to 4.4 ng/ml 3 days preceding next estrus in nonpregnant animals. In pregnant animals, it was maintained and elevated further to 24.8 ng/ml on day 37. Progesterone in milk was four to five times higher than in blood plasma.", "contents": "Blood and milk progesterone in pregnant and nonpregnant buffalo. Changes in progesterone concentration of blood and milk were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 Murrah buffalo up to 40 days after insemination. Progesterone concentration in blood plasma at estrus was .1 ng/ml which rose to a peak of 3.6 ng/ml on day 13. It continued to increase in animals that conceived but dropped to .6 ng/ml on 3 days before next estrus in those that failed to conceive. The average concentration of progesterone in milk was .5 ng/ml at estrus; it increased to 18 ng/ml on day 15, and thereafter it declined to 4.4 ng/ml 3 days preceding next estrus in nonpregnant animals. In pregnant animals, it was maintained and elevated further to 24.8 ng/ml on day 37. Progesterone in milk was four to five times higher than in blood plasma.", "PMID": 512137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9586", "title": "Variables associated with peripartum traits in dairy cows. IV. Seasonal relationships among temperature, photoperiod, and blood plasma prolactin.", "content": "Concentrations of prolactin in plasma were measured in 176 dairy cows and heifers from 13 days before calving to 2.5 days after calving over 21 mo. Prolactin averaged 35.1, 115.0, and 34.4 ng/ml prepartum (days -13 to -2), peripartum (days -1.0 to +.5), and postpartum (days +1.5 and +2.5). Season of the year affected prolactin in all periods. The linear covariate of daily photoperiod (hours of daylight per 24 h) accounted for as much variation in prolactin prepartum and postpartum as did linear covariates of both photoperiod and average daily temperature. However, it was possible to account for additional seasonal variation in prolactin peripartum by addition of the temperature covariate to the photoperiod covariate. Although photoperiod was related either directly or indirectly more than temperature to factors affecting prolactin seasonally, these statistical inferences cannot prove that prolactin is more dependent on photoperiod than on temperature because the two metereorological measures were correlated (r = .84). When the data were grouped for correlation analysis by months, correlations between temperature and prolactin among prepartum samples collected in the spring and in the fall were positive, small but significant.", "contents": "Variables associated with peripartum traits in dairy cows. IV. Seasonal relationships among temperature, photoperiod, and blood plasma prolactin. Concentrations of prolactin in plasma were measured in 176 dairy cows and heifers from 13 days before calving to 2.5 days after calving over 21 mo. Prolactin averaged 35.1, 115.0, and 34.4 ng/ml prepartum (days -13 to -2), peripartum (days -1.0 to +.5), and postpartum (days +1.5 and +2.5). Season of the year affected prolactin in all periods. The linear covariate of daily photoperiod (hours of daylight per 24 h) accounted for as much variation in prolactin prepartum and postpartum as did linear covariates of both photoperiod and average daily temperature. However, it was possible to account for additional seasonal variation in prolactin peripartum by addition of the temperature covariate to the photoperiod covariate. Although photoperiod was related either directly or indirectly more than temperature to factors affecting prolactin seasonally, these statistical inferences cannot prove that prolactin is more dependent on photoperiod than on temperature because the two metereorological measures were correlated (r = .84). When the data were grouped for correlation analysis by months, correlations between temperature and prolactin among prepartum samples collected in the spring and in the fall were positive, small but significant.", "PMID": 512138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9587", "title": "Prostaglandin in milk, days open, and estrus detection in dairy cows treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha was used to induce estrus in postpartum dairy cows to decrease calving interval and time spent on heat checks. The amount of prostaglandin residue in milk after treatment also was investigated. Twenty-two control cows, checked for heat twice daily, were bred at estrus after 55 days postpartum. Sixty-three cows checked on days 55 to 60 were either bred if in estrus or treated with 30 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha injected intramuscularly on day 60 and bred at induced estrus or at 75 h posttreatment. Twelve cows were in heat between days 55 and 60 and were bred. Twenty-nine of 51 treated cows were seen in estrus; all of these were bred and 51.7% conceived at this time. Treated cows had fewer days to first service than did controls, but days open were not different, 105.7 versus 101.8. Fertility was similar. Controls required more heat checks than did treated cows (39 to 8.2). Milk from 17 cows at two milkings before and ten milkings after treatment had similar concentrations of prostaglandin (698 +/- 27 pg/ml) except for the first posttreatment milking when prostaglandin concentration almost doubled (1.293 +/- 143 pg/ml).", "contents": "Prostaglandin in milk, days open, and estrus detection in dairy cows treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was used to induce estrus in postpartum dairy cows to decrease calving interval and time spent on heat checks. The amount of prostaglandin residue in milk after treatment also was investigated. Twenty-two control cows, checked for heat twice daily, were bred at estrus after 55 days postpartum. Sixty-three cows checked on days 55 to 60 were either bred if in estrus or treated with 30 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha injected intramuscularly on day 60 and bred at induced estrus or at 75 h posttreatment. Twelve cows were in heat between days 55 and 60 and were bred. Twenty-nine of 51 treated cows were seen in estrus; all of these were bred and 51.7% conceived at this time. Treated cows had fewer days to first service than did controls, but days open were not different, 105.7 versus 101.8. Fertility was similar. Controls required more heat checks than did treated cows (39 to 8.2). Milk from 17 cows at two milkings before and ten milkings after treatment had similar concentrations of prostaglandin (698 +/- 27 pg/ml) except for the first posttreatment milking when prostaglandin concentration almost doubled (1.293 +/- 143 pg/ml).", "PMID": 512139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9588", "title": "Measurement of estrogens in cow's milk, human milk, and dairy products.", "content": "Free natural estrogens in raw and commercial whole milk were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The ranges of concentration of estrone, estradiol 17-beta, and estriol were 34 to 55, 4 to 14, and 9 to 31 pg/ml. Proportions of active estrogens (estrone and estradiol) in the fat phases of milk by radioactive tracer on separated milk were 80% and 65%. These findings were supported by radioimmunoassay of skim milk and butter. Equilibrium dialysis of skim milk with hydrogen 3 labeled estrogens showed that 84 to 85% of estrone and estradiol and 61 to 66% of estriol were protein bound. Whey proteins demonstrated a greater binding capacity than casein. This result was confirmed by radioimmunoassay of dry curd cottage cheese and whey. The concentrations in curd were 35, 11, and 6 pg/g. In whey they were 4, 2, and 3 pg/ml. The quantity of active estrogens in dairy products is too low to demonstrate biological activity. Butter was highest with concentrations of 539, 82, and 87 pg/g. Human colostrum demonstrated a maximum concentration of 4 to 5 ng/ml for estrone and estriol and about .5 ng/ml for estradiol. By the 5th day postpartum, they decreased to become similar to cow's milk.", "contents": "Measurement of estrogens in cow's milk, human milk, and dairy products. Free natural estrogens in raw and commercial whole milk were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The ranges of concentration of estrone, estradiol 17-beta, and estriol were 34 to 55, 4 to 14, and 9 to 31 pg/ml. Proportions of active estrogens (estrone and estradiol) in the fat phases of milk by radioactive tracer on separated milk were 80% and 65%. These findings were supported by radioimmunoassay of skim milk and butter. Equilibrium dialysis of skim milk with hydrogen 3 labeled estrogens showed that 84 to 85% of estrone and estradiol and 61 to 66% of estriol were protein bound. Whey proteins demonstrated a greater binding capacity than casein. This result was confirmed by radioimmunoassay of dry curd cottage cheese and whey. The concentrations in curd were 35, 11, and 6 pg/g. In whey they were 4, 2, and 3 pg/ml. The quantity of active estrogens in dairy products is too low to demonstrate biological activity. Butter was highest with concentrations of 539, 82, and 87 pg/g. Human colostrum demonstrated a maximum concentration of 4 to 5 ng/ml for estrone and estriol and about .5 ng/ml for estradiol. By the 5th day postpartum, they decreased to become similar to cow's milk.", "PMID": 512140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9589", "title": "A modified device for collecting milk from guinea pigs.", "content": "A modified device for milking small animals is discussed. The advantage of these modifications are 1) quiet operation, 2) ease of operation in animal room, and 3) quick change to allow the same device to be used on different animals. This device can be tailored to the test size as well as milk volume expected. Construction is simple, and materials are inexpensive.", "contents": "A modified device for collecting milk from guinea pigs. A modified device for milking small animals is discussed. The advantage of these modifications are 1) quiet operation, 2) ease of operation in animal room, and 3) quick change to allow the same device to be used on different animals. This device can be tailored to the test size as well as milk volume expected. Construction is simple, and materials are inexpensive.", "PMID": 512141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9590", "title": "A note on the representation of the performance of hemodialyzers.", "content": "The performance of hemodialyzers was expressed schematically using three dimensionless quantities. Compared with the usual representation in which the dialysance is plotted against the blood flow rate for each of the solutes of interest, this expression is considered to have the following advantages: (1) the function of a dialyzer to remove different solutes can be expressed by a single curve, (2) the effect of changing the membrane area, its permeability, and the flow rates on the performance can easily be understood, and (3) the effect of changing the blood flow rate on the ratio of the transport efficiency of two or more kinds of solutes can be evaluated. An estimate of the overall mass transfer coefficient is the only procedure necessary to move from the usual to the present expression. These analyses were applied to the performance of a commercial hemodialyzer, and it was verified that this representation could denote its operation fairly well.", "contents": "A note on the representation of the performance of hemodialyzers. The performance of hemodialyzers was expressed schematically using three dimensionless quantities. Compared with the usual representation in which the dialysance is plotted against the blood flow rate for each of the solutes of interest, this expression is considered to have the following advantages: (1) the function of a dialyzer to remove different solutes can be expressed by a single curve, (2) the effect of changing the membrane area, its permeability, and the flow rates on the performance can easily be understood, and (3) the effect of changing the blood flow rate on the ratio of the transport efficiency of two or more kinds of solutes can be evaluated. An estimate of the overall mass transfer coefficient is the only procedure necessary to move from the usual to the present expression. These analyses were applied to the performance of a commercial hemodialyzer, and it was verified that this representation could denote its operation fairly well.", "PMID": 512175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9591", "title": "A new semiautomated apparatus for hemofiltration.", "content": "A new semiautomated apparatus for hemofiltration has been described. It is a postdilutional hemofiltration system that utilizes the RP-610 dialyzer and is made of standard lines used for hemodialysis, a blood pump and two precise volumetric pumps, Logeais-TEC model, for the ultrafiltrate and for the substitution fluid. The ultrafiltrate compartment of the hemofilter is connected to a manometer for detecting positive or negative pressure. The transmembrane pressure TmP is given only by the pressure on the blood side that is regulated by the screw clamp in the venous line. Once started the whole system may be regulated by this screw clamp in order to maintain zero pressure in the ultrafiltrate compartment, provided that ultrafiltration rate does not exceed 65 ml/min. This system is sufficiently accurate to replace bed scales or any other gravimetric device.", "contents": "A new semiautomated apparatus for hemofiltration. A new semiautomated apparatus for hemofiltration has been described. It is a postdilutional hemofiltration system that utilizes the RP-610 dialyzer and is made of standard lines used for hemodialysis, a blood pump and two precise volumetric pumps, Logeais-TEC model, for the ultrafiltrate and for the substitution fluid. The ultrafiltrate compartment of the hemofilter is connected to a manometer for detecting positive or negative pressure. The transmembrane pressure TmP is given only by the pressure on the blood side that is regulated by the screw clamp in the venous line. Once started the whole system may be regulated by this screw clamp in order to maintain zero pressure in the ultrafiltrate compartment, provided that ultrafiltration rate does not exceed 65 ml/min. This system is sufficiently accurate to replace bed scales or any other gravimetric device.", "PMID": 512176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9592", "title": "Relative performance test of hollow fiber dialyzers.", "content": "While a number of different hollow fiber dialyzers are on the market today, the present author studied three of the cellulosic membrane dialyzers, SD-1, CF-1500 and K-102, as to their dialysance, solutes removal rate, UFR and blood residue characteristics. In order to compare these characteristics due to the difference of the membrane and the structural geometry of the dialyzers, the test results were analysed by means of analyses of variance.", "contents": "Relative performance test of hollow fiber dialyzers. While a number of different hollow fiber dialyzers are on the market today, the present author studied three of the cellulosic membrane dialyzers, SD-1, CF-1500 and K-102, as to their dialysance, solutes removal rate, UFR and blood residue characteristics. In order to compare these characteristics due to the difference of the membrane and the structural geometry of the dialyzers, the test results were analysed by means of analyses of variance.", "PMID": 512177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9593", "title": "A simple method for incorporating single pass dialysate delivery and controlled ultrafiltration with the RP-6 high flux dialyzer.", "content": "A simple hemodialysis protocol has been developed to permit significant \"middle molecule\" clearance, yet retain normal low molecular weight clearance. The high flux RP-6 dialyzer has been combined with a single pass dialysate delivery system to provide accurate control of ultrafiltration without resorting to specialized or expensive equipment. By operating the RP-6 in the co-current mode, a simple valve on the dialysate output can be used to regulate ultrafiltration. At QB = 200 ml/min and QD = 500 ml/min, CU = 127 ml/min and CB12 = 56 ml/min at zero ultrafiltration rate; these values increase considerably with ultrafiltration. This protocol offers dialysis centers with standard equipment the opportunity to use high flux membranes in a routine manner.", "contents": "A simple method for incorporating single pass dialysate delivery and controlled ultrafiltration with the RP-6 high flux dialyzer. A simple hemodialysis protocol has been developed to permit significant \"middle molecule\" clearance, yet retain normal low molecular weight clearance. The high flux RP-6 dialyzer has been combined with a single pass dialysate delivery system to provide accurate control of ultrafiltration without resorting to specialized or expensive equipment. By operating the RP-6 in the co-current mode, a simple valve on the dialysate output can be used to regulate ultrafiltration. At QB = 200 ml/min and QD = 500 ml/min, CU = 127 ml/min and CB12 = 56 ml/min at zero ultrafiltration rate; these values increase considerably with ultrafiltration. This protocol offers dialysis centers with standard equipment the opportunity to use high flux membranes in a routine manner.", "PMID": 512178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9594", "title": "In vitro characterization of the RP-6 dialyzer: co-current and counter-current clearance as a function of ultrafiltration.", "content": "Analytical and graphical techniques are described for presenting clearance data as a function of ultrafiltration; thus for the first time comparison of clearance values between dialyzers can be made unambiguously. This simple method uses a hand calculator to determine three coefficients. Clearance has been shown to be accurately described by the equation C = alpha 1 + alpha 2 Qv + alpha 3 (1/QBi). This formula permits construction of easily read families of curves which can predict clearance values under most clinical situations. The RP-6 dialyzer is characterized by these methods for clearance of urea, glucose and vitamin B 12 for counter-current and co-current modes.", "contents": "In vitro characterization of the RP-6 dialyzer: co-current and counter-current clearance as a function of ultrafiltration. Analytical and graphical techniques are described for presenting clearance data as a function of ultrafiltration; thus for the first time comparison of clearance values between dialyzers can be made unambiguously. This simple method uses a hand calculator to determine three coefficients. Clearance has been shown to be accurately described by the equation C = alpha 1 + alpha 2 Qv + alpha 3 (1/QBi). This formula permits construction of easily read families of curves which can predict clearance values under most clinical situations. The RP-6 dialyzer is characterized by these methods for clearance of urea, glucose and vitamin B 12 for counter-current and co-current modes.", "PMID": 512179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9595", "title": "Osmotic ultrafiltration with dextran sodium sulfate potential for use in peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Dextran sodium sulfate was evaluated in vitro as a potential non-absorbable osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis. It was compared to poly(sodium acrylate) which has been shown previously to be effective in rats, but probably toxic. Dextran sodium sulfate induced osmotic ultrafiltration rates as high as 20 ml/min in water but only 2 ml/min in solution containing non-polymer electrolytes presumably because of Gibbs-Donnan effects. Compared to acrylate the dextran polymer has less sodium per gram, lower osmotic activity of polymer sodium, and yields less ultrafiltration at given transmembrane osmolalities. A non-toxic polymer more like acrylate would seem more promising as an osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Osmotic ultrafiltration with dextran sodium sulfate potential for use in peritoneal dialysis. Dextran sodium sulfate was evaluated in vitro as a potential non-absorbable osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis. It was compared to poly(sodium acrylate) which has been shown previously to be effective in rats, but probably toxic. Dextran sodium sulfate induced osmotic ultrafiltration rates as high as 20 ml/min in water but only 2 ml/min in solution containing non-polymer electrolytes presumably because of Gibbs-Donnan effects. Compared to acrylate the dextran polymer has less sodium per gram, lower osmotic activity of polymer sodium, and yields less ultrafiltration at given transmembrane osmolalities. A non-toxic polymer more like acrylate would seem more promising as an osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 512180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9596", "title": "In vivo measurement of blood recirculation during \"Y\" type single needle dialysis.", "content": "A method has been described and validated for obtaining a sample of blood, without separate venapuncture, which has the same urea and creatinine composition as systemic venous blood during hemodialysis. Using this technique, recirculation in vivo during \"Y\" type single needle dialysis, measured in 20 bovine fistulas, ranged from 6.9% to 56.5% and averaged 19.4% of blood flow rate as calculated from blood urea nitrogen; and averaged 22.0% with a range of 3.3% to 62.1% of blood flow rate as calculated from serum creatinine concentration. These results suggest that fistula puncture methods and devices that eliminate recirculation in the ex vivo blood circuit should be used to maximize dialysis efficiency.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of blood recirculation during \"Y\" type single needle dialysis. A method has been described and validated for obtaining a sample of blood, without separate venapuncture, which has the same urea and creatinine composition as systemic venous blood during hemodialysis. Using this technique, recirculation in vivo during \"Y\" type single needle dialysis, measured in 20 bovine fistulas, ranged from 6.9% to 56.5% and averaged 19.4% of blood flow rate as calculated from blood urea nitrogen; and averaged 22.0% with a range of 3.3% to 62.1% of blood flow rate as calculated from serum creatinine concentration. These results suggest that fistula puncture methods and devices that eliminate recirculation in the ex vivo blood circuit should be used to maximize dialysis efficiency.", "PMID": 512181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9597", "title": "Acoustical analysis of the auditory system of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker).", "content": "The basic auditory physiology of crickets, and particularly of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) is examined and its behavior simulated by electrical analog networks, beginning from the simplest possible model and progressing by stages to the full system found in the real insect. It is found that the attenuation of sound in the auditory trachea plays a crucial role in the mechanism for directional hearing in even the simplest model and that the tracheal diameter is in fact appropriate to produce the desired attenuation. In a more complex model in which it is recognized that the auditory system probably responds to pressure changes in the tracheal sacs underlying the tympana rather than simply to tympanic motion, it is found that the phase shift produced by the combined effects of the central septum and the adjoining cavities leading to the spiracles is also important to hearing directionality. The final model which includes both tympana and spiracles is able to simulate both the hearing directionality and, in part, the frequency selectivity of the system. It appears, however, that a large measure of the observed frequency selectivity is due to some form of selectivity in the neural transducers themselves rather than in the simple acoustic components of the system.", "contents": "Acoustical analysis of the auditory system of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker). The basic auditory physiology of crickets, and particularly of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) is examined and its behavior simulated by electrical analog networks, beginning from the simplest possible model and progressing by stages to the full system found in the real insect. It is found that the attenuation of sound in the auditory trachea plays a crucial role in the mechanism for directional hearing in even the simplest model and that the tracheal diameter is in fact appropriate to produce the desired attenuation. In a more complex model in which it is recognized that the auditory system probably responds to pressure changes in the tracheal sacs underlying the tympana rather than simply to tympanic motion, it is found that the phase shift produced by the combined effects of the central septum and the adjoining cavities leading to the spiracles is also important to hearing directionality. The final model which includes both tympana and spiracles is able to simulate both the hearing directionality and, in part, the frequency selectivity of the system. It appears, however, that a large measure of the observed frequency selectivity is due to some form of selectivity in the neural transducers themselves rather than in the simple acoustic components of the system.", "PMID": 512197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9598", "title": "Can intrinsic vowel Fo be explained by source/tract coupling?", "content": "There is extensive evidence that in the same phonetic environment the voice fundamental frequency (Fo) of vowels varies directly with vowel \"height.\" This Fo difference between vowels could be caused by acoustic interaction between the first vowel formant and the vibrating vocal folds. Since higher vowels have lower first formants than low vowels the acoustic interaction should be greatest for high vowels whose first formant frequencies are closer in frequency to Fo. Ten speakers were used to see if acoustic interaction could cause the Fo differences. The consonant [m] was recorded in the utterances [umu] and [ama]. Although the formant structure of [m] in [umu] and [ama] should not differ significantly, the Fo of each [m] allophone was significantly different. However, the Fo of each [m] allophone did not differ significantly from the Fo of the following vowel. These results did not support acoustic interaction. However, it is quite reasonable to conclude that the Fo variation of [m] was caused by coarticulatory anticipation of the tongue and jaw for the following vowel. Another experiment is offered in order to help explain the physical causes of intrinsic vowel Fo. In this experiment Fo lowering was found at the beginning of vowels following Arabic pharyngeal approximants. This finding indicates that the Fo of pharyngeal constricting vowels, e.g., [ae] and [a], might be lowered as a result of similar articulary movements, viz. tongue compression and active pharyngeal constriction.", "contents": "Can intrinsic vowel Fo be explained by source/tract coupling? There is extensive evidence that in the same phonetic environment the voice fundamental frequency (Fo) of vowels varies directly with vowel \"height.\" This Fo difference between vowels could be caused by acoustic interaction between the first vowel formant and the vibrating vocal folds. Since higher vowels have lower first formants than low vowels the acoustic interaction should be greatest for high vowels whose first formant frequencies are closer in frequency to Fo. Ten speakers were used to see if acoustic interaction could cause the Fo differences. The consonant [m] was recorded in the utterances [umu] and [ama]. Although the formant structure of [m] in [umu] and [ama] should not differ significantly, the Fo of each [m] allophone was significantly different. However, the Fo of each [m] allophone did not differ significantly from the Fo of the following vowel. These results did not support acoustic interaction. However, it is quite reasonable to conclude that the Fo variation of [m] was caused by coarticulatory anticipation of the tongue and jaw for the following vowel. Another experiment is offered in order to help explain the physical causes of intrinsic vowel Fo. In this experiment Fo lowering was found at the beginning of vowels following Arabic pharyngeal approximants. This finding indicates that the Fo of pharyngeal constricting vowels, e.g., [ae] and [a], might be lowered as a result of similar articulary movements, viz. tongue compression and active pharyngeal constriction.", "PMID": 512198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9599", "title": "The perception of fundamental frequency declination.", "content": "A series of experiments was carried out to investigate how fundamental frequency declination is perceived by speakers of English. Using linear predictor coded speech, nonsense sentences were constructed in which fundamental frequency on the last stressed syllable had been systematically varied. Listeners were asked to judge which stressed syllable was higher in pitch. Their judgments were found to reflect normalization for expected declination; in general, when two stressed syllables sounded equal in pitch, the second was actually lower. The pattern of normalization reflected certain major features of production patterns: A greater correction for declination was made for wide pitch range stimuli than for narrow pitch range stimuli. The slope of expected declination was less for longer stimuli than for shorter ones. Lastly, amplitude was found to have a significant effect on judgments, suggesting that the amplitude downdrift which normally accompanies fundamental frequency declination may have an important role in the perception of phrasing.", "contents": "The perception of fundamental frequency declination. A series of experiments was carried out to investigate how fundamental frequency declination is perceived by speakers of English. Using linear predictor coded speech, nonsense sentences were constructed in which fundamental frequency on the last stressed syllable had been systematically varied. Listeners were asked to judge which stressed syllable was higher in pitch. Their judgments were found to reflect normalization for expected declination; in general, when two stressed syllables sounded equal in pitch, the second was actually lower. The pattern of normalization reflected certain major features of production patterns: A greater correction for declination was made for wide pitch range stimuli than for narrow pitch range stimuli. The slope of expected declination was less for longer stimuli than for shorter ones. Lastly, amplitude was found to have a significant effect on judgments, suggesting that the amplitude downdrift which normally accompanies fundamental frequency declination may have an important role in the perception of phrasing.", "PMID": 512199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9600", "title": "Psychophysical tuning curves and auditory thresholds after hair cell damage in the chinchilla.", "content": "Chinchillas were treated with kanamycin sulfate (150--200 mg/kg/day) to produce high-frequency hearing loss extending to about 4.0 kHz. Thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were obtained before and after treatment, utilizing a shuttlebox avoidance procedure, and cochlear hair cells were evaluated under phase contrast microscopy. Hair cell loss resulting from kanamycin treatment varied from restricted lesions of the outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlear base, with no loss of inner hair cells (IHCs), to more extensive lesions involving both OHCs and IHCs. Threshold shift of at least 40 dB was always associated with OHC loss. PTCs obtained from frequency regions exhibiting 40--50 dB of threshold shift were normal in shape. With threshold shift in excess of 50 dB, PTCs were progressively distorted, with truncation of the tip segment and in some cases increased sensitivity of the tail segment. The results suggest that the threshold of optimally functional IHCs after kanamycin-induced OHC loss is about 40 dB higher than normal. Threshold shift in excess of 40 dB may represent IHC damage. IHCs are capable of transducing the fine-frequency information necessary for generating normally sharp PTCs in the absence of OHCs. However, with threshold shift in excess of approximately 50 dB, this frequency resolution is increasingly compromised.", "contents": "Psychophysical tuning curves and auditory thresholds after hair cell damage in the chinchilla. Chinchillas were treated with kanamycin sulfate (150--200 mg/kg/day) to produce high-frequency hearing loss extending to about 4.0 kHz. Thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were obtained before and after treatment, utilizing a shuttlebox avoidance procedure, and cochlear hair cells were evaluated under phase contrast microscopy. Hair cell loss resulting from kanamycin treatment varied from restricted lesions of the outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlear base, with no loss of inner hair cells (IHCs), to more extensive lesions involving both OHCs and IHCs. Threshold shift of at least 40 dB was always associated with OHC loss. PTCs obtained from frequency regions exhibiting 40--50 dB of threshold shift were normal in shape. With threshold shift in excess of 50 dB, PTCs were progressively distorted, with truncation of the tip segment and in some cases increased sensitivity of the tail segment. The results suggest that the threshold of optimally functional IHCs after kanamycin-induced OHC loss is about 40 dB higher than normal. Threshold shift in excess of 40 dB may represent IHC damage. IHCs are capable of transducing the fine-frequency information necessary for generating normally sharp PTCs in the absence of OHCs. However, with threshold shift in excess of approximately 50 dB, this frequency resolution is increasingly compromised.", "PMID": 512200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9601", "title": "Unmasking produced by combination tones.", "content": "This experiment investigated some interactions between combination tones (CT) and unmasking. Data were obtained from nine normal-hearing listeners in a forward-masking paradigm in which a 2000-Hz, 35-dB SPL masker preceded a 2000-Hz test signal. An adaptive, three-interval forced-choice procedure was employed to estimate the threshold for the test signal. This measurement provided a baseline. When a second sinusoid, the suppressor, of variable frequency and 55 dB SPL was presented concurrently with the masker, the amount of masking could be less than in the baseline condition. This two-tone unmasking was observed when the suppressor was approximately 2300 Hz. In the cubic difference tone (CDT) condition, two higher-frequency sinusoids of 80 dB SPL (with the lower frequency fixed at 2800 Hz) were added to the masker. In the difference tone (DT) condition, two higher-frequency sinusoids of 100 dB SPL (with the lower frequency fixed at 3500 Hz) were added to the masker. None of these sinusoids produced unmasking when presented individually, but when the CDT and DT were approximately 2300 Hz, unmasking was observed. The unmasking produced by the CTs was similar in its frequency characteristics to that of the single, suppressor tone. These results indicate that unmasking can be produced by CTs, just as if CTs were present in the stimulus. These data indirectly support the notion that CTs may be present in the form of traveling waves propagated along the basilar membrane.", "contents": "Unmasking produced by combination tones. This experiment investigated some interactions between combination tones (CT) and unmasking. Data were obtained from nine normal-hearing listeners in a forward-masking paradigm in which a 2000-Hz, 35-dB SPL masker preceded a 2000-Hz test signal. An adaptive, three-interval forced-choice procedure was employed to estimate the threshold for the test signal. This measurement provided a baseline. When a second sinusoid, the suppressor, of variable frequency and 55 dB SPL was presented concurrently with the masker, the amount of masking could be less than in the baseline condition. This two-tone unmasking was observed when the suppressor was approximately 2300 Hz. In the cubic difference tone (CDT) condition, two higher-frequency sinusoids of 80 dB SPL (with the lower frequency fixed at 2800 Hz) were added to the masker. In the difference tone (DT) condition, two higher-frequency sinusoids of 100 dB SPL (with the lower frequency fixed at 3500 Hz) were added to the masker. None of these sinusoids produced unmasking when presented individually, but when the CDT and DT were approximately 2300 Hz, unmasking was observed. The unmasking produced by the CTs was similar in its frequency characteristics to that of the single, suppressor tone. These results indicate that unmasking can be produced by CTs, just as if CTs were present in the stimulus. These data indirectly support the notion that CTs may be present in the form of traveling waves propagated along the basilar membrane.", "PMID": 512201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9602", "title": "Location of structurally similar areas in chinchilla cochleas of different lengths.", "content": "In chinchillas, the length of the organ of Corti was found to vary by as much as 26% of the mean (18.31 mm). In specimens of different lengths, areas in which the basilar membrane and organ of Corti have the same physical dimensions were found to be located at the same percentage distance along the cochlear partition. Average densities of the inner and outer hair cells were noted to decrease with increasing cochlear length. However, the rate of decrease in density was less than the rate of increase in length. These findings indicate that long cochleas have a greater amount of the organ of Corti (and hence more sensory cells) in a given frequency region.", "contents": "Location of structurally similar areas in chinchilla cochleas of different lengths. In chinchillas, the length of the organ of Corti was found to vary by as much as 26% of the mean (18.31 mm). In specimens of different lengths, areas in which the basilar membrane and organ of Corti have the same physical dimensions were found to be located at the same percentage distance along the cochlear partition. Average densities of the inner and outer hair cells were noted to decrease with increasing cochlear length. However, the rate of decrease in density was less than the rate of increase in length. These findings indicate that long cochleas have a greater amount of the organ of Corti (and hence more sensory cells) in a given frequency region.", "PMID": 512202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9603", "title": "The spectral content of the cochlear microphonic measured in scala media of the guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Cochlear microphonic (CM) in response to low-frequency tonal stimuli, measured as a function of sound-pressure level (SPL) in scala media of the guinea pig cochlea, was averaged and Fourier analyzed. The slope of the amplitude of the Nth CM harmonic versus sound intensity in log-log coordinates was approximately N (1 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 5) in the first three cochlear turns, but notable variations on such a slope rule were found to apply to CM in turn I. CM harmonic phases plotted versus SPL were found to group into two distinctive categories expressly delimited by whether the order of the harmonic was even or odd. Some difference between CM recorded between scala media and scala tympani and recorded between scala media and the animal's neck could be attributed to neural contamination. We also found CM in its saturation region to have a hysteretic relation to the input sound pressure. At high sound levels, large, physiologically produced acoustic harmonics existed at the animal's eardrum. Our data support an asymmetrical, saturating, single-valued nonlinearity as a model for CM generation at low sound levels. At higher sound levels a different, more complex, hysteretic nonlinearity seems mandatory.", "contents": "The spectral content of the cochlear microphonic measured in scala media of the guinea pig cochlea. Cochlear microphonic (CM) in response to low-frequency tonal stimuli, measured as a function of sound-pressure level (SPL) in scala media of the guinea pig cochlea, was averaged and Fourier analyzed. The slope of the amplitude of the Nth CM harmonic versus sound intensity in log-log coordinates was approximately N (1 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 5) in the first three cochlear turns, but notable variations on such a slope rule were found to apply to CM in turn I. CM harmonic phases plotted versus SPL were found to group into two distinctive categories expressly delimited by whether the order of the harmonic was even or odd. Some difference between CM recorded between scala media and scala tympani and recorded between scala media and the animal's neck could be attributed to neural contamination. We also found CM in its saturation region to have a hysteretic relation to the input sound pressure. At high sound levels, large, physiologically produced acoustic harmonics existed at the animal's eardrum. Our data support an asymmetrical, saturating, single-valued nonlinearity as a model for CM generation at low sound levels. At higher sound levels a different, more complex, hysteretic nonlinearity seems mandatory.", "PMID": 512203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9604", "title": "Comparison of the spectra of the cochlear microphonic and of the sound-elicited electrical impedance changes measured in scala media of the guinea pig.", "content": "The harmonic structure of the cochlear microphonic (CM) and that of a sound-elicited signal which we have considered as an (apparent) changing resistance (CR) were simultaneously determined in scala media of the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea. We analyzed our data in the context of the Davis variable resistance hair-cell model (1965), which predicts CM and CR to be proportional to each other. But, plotted as functions of the sound-pressure level, CM and CR were found to have qualitatively similar but quantitatively disproportionate spectra. The preparations with the highest endolymphatic potential showed the least correspondence between the spectra of the two measured quantities. The phase angles of the fundamental components in CM and CR were equal within approximately 10 degrees, but the phase of the even harmonics of the two independent measures commonly differed by approximately 180 degrees at lower SPLs. Although most data were collected using 160-Hz tonal stimulation, tones with frequencies up to 1280 Hz produced qualitatively similar results. The CM and the CR both varied slightly with the level of the alternating current used to probe the CR. Considered on a quantitative basis, consistent with the accuracy of our measurements, any model which reduces to a fixed source, a fixed resistance, and a single linear, time-varying resistance cannot mimic the most significant, commonly found aspects of our CM and CR data. An alternate model incorporating a nonlinear, time-invariant resistance is able to account for some of the data. The output of the model is correctly considered a (time) changing resistance, or apparent changing resistance; but the model demonstrates that similar experimental results are not necessarily evidence for a time-varying resistor as originally proposed by Davis.", "contents": "Comparison of the spectra of the cochlear microphonic and of the sound-elicited electrical impedance changes measured in scala media of the guinea pig. The harmonic structure of the cochlear microphonic (CM) and that of a sound-elicited signal which we have considered as an (apparent) changing resistance (CR) were simultaneously determined in scala media of the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea. We analyzed our data in the context of the Davis variable resistance hair-cell model (1965), which predicts CM and CR to be proportional to each other. But, plotted as functions of the sound-pressure level, CM and CR were found to have qualitatively similar but quantitatively disproportionate spectra. The preparations with the highest endolymphatic potential showed the least correspondence between the spectra of the two measured quantities. The phase angles of the fundamental components in CM and CR were equal within approximately 10 degrees, but the phase of the even harmonics of the two independent measures commonly differed by approximately 180 degrees at lower SPLs. Although most data were collected using 160-Hz tonal stimulation, tones with frequencies up to 1280 Hz produced qualitatively similar results. The CM and the CR both varied slightly with the level of the alternating current used to probe the CR. Considered on a quantitative basis, consistent with the accuracy of our measurements, any model which reduces to a fixed source, a fixed resistance, and a single linear, time-varying resistance cannot mimic the most significant, commonly found aspects of our CM and CR data. An alternate model incorporating a nonlinear, time-invariant resistance is able to account for some of the data. The output of the model is correctly considered a (time) changing resistance, or apparent changing resistance; but the model demonstrates that similar experimental results are not necessarily evidence for a time-varying resistor as originally proposed by Davis.", "PMID": 512204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9605", "title": "BSR (wave V) and N1 latencies in response to acoustic stimuli with different bandwidths.", "content": "Shortlatency averaged responses to 0.02--6 kHz broadband (BB) and 2 kHz narrow-band (NB) filtered clicks were recorded from the ear canal and the vertex of five adults with normal audiograms. Response latencies to the signals presented in quiet and with masking noise were compared. For constant spectrum level, the low-frequency limit of the masking noise was systematically increased to 6 kHz. The upperfrequency limit was always 8 kHz. For signals at 40 dB HL, the latencies of wave V and N1 decreased as the lower limit of the noise was raised and nearly equaled the latency for the signals presented in quiet. For signals at 70 dB HL, the latency in quiet was much less than that observed for all noise conditions, i.e., frequencies above 8 kHz would be required to interfere with the signal-dependent synchronous neural activity. Similar effects were measured for both wave V and N1, but the analysis of wave V and N1, but the analysis of wave V--N1 latency intervals suggested a possible signal dependency.", "contents": "BSR (wave V) and N1 latencies in response to acoustic stimuli with different bandwidths. Shortlatency averaged responses to 0.02--6 kHz broadband (BB) and 2 kHz narrow-band (NB) filtered clicks were recorded from the ear canal and the vertex of five adults with normal audiograms. Response latencies to the signals presented in quiet and with masking noise were compared. For constant spectrum level, the low-frequency limit of the masking noise was systematically increased to 6 kHz. The upperfrequency limit was always 8 kHz. For signals at 40 dB HL, the latencies of wave V and N1 decreased as the lower limit of the noise was raised and nearly equaled the latency for the signals presented in quiet. For signals at 70 dB HL, the latency in quiet was much less than that observed for all noise conditions, i.e., frequencies above 8 kHz would be required to interfere with the signal-dependent synchronous neural activity. Similar effects were measured for both wave V and N1, but the analysis of wave V and N1, but the analysis of wave V--N1 latency intervals suggested a possible signal dependency.", "PMID": 512205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9606", "title": "Loss of auditory sensitivity following exposure to spectrally narrow impulses.", "content": "Damage-risk criteria (DRC) for impulse noise do not presently take the spectrum of an impulse into direct account; yet it is clear that the ear is spectrally tuned. In order to establish the sensitivity of various sections of the cochlear duct to trauma from impulses, ears were exposed to 100 spectrally narrow impulses (1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 kHz) delivered in 10 min. Changes in auditory sensitivity were measured by an electrocochleographic technique in 43 cat ears and a threshold of loss established for each type of impulse. Expressed in SPL at the ear drum, the loss threshold rose at 3.2 dB/octave between 1.0 and 10.0 kHz. Expressed in stapes displacements, the loss threshold fell at 5.4 dB/octave in the same region. This curve was used to establish a tentative shape for a DRC for the human ear for impulse noise. The patterns of loss, rates of loss, lack of recovery, and loss thresholds are discussed with respect to their probable physiological basis with conclusion that mechanical displacement rather than metabolic exhaustion is the most reasonable causative factor.", "contents": "Loss of auditory sensitivity following exposure to spectrally narrow impulses. Damage-risk criteria (DRC) for impulse noise do not presently take the spectrum of an impulse into direct account; yet it is clear that the ear is spectrally tuned. In order to establish the sensitivity of various sections of the cochlear duct to trauma from impulses, ears were exposed to 100 spectrally narrow impulses (1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 kHz) delivered in 10 min. Changes in auditory sensitivity were measured by an electrocochleographic technique in 43 cat ears and a threshold of loss established for each type of impulse. Expressed in SPL at the ear drum, the loss threshold rose at 3.2 dB/octave between 1.0 and 10.0 kHz. Expressed in stapes displacements, the loss threshold fell at 5.4 dB/octave in the same region. This curve was used to establish a tentative shape for a DRC for the human ear for impulse noise. The patterns of loss, rates of loss, lack of recovery, and loss thresholds are discussed with respect to their probable physiological basis with conclusion that mechanical displacement rather than metabolic exhaustion is the most reasonable causative factor.", "PMID": 512206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9607", "title": "Aberrant tonotopic organization in the inner ear damaged by kanamycin.", "content": "Spiral ganglion cell recordings were obtained from normal and kanamycin-damaged guinea pig cochleas. Results show that kanamycin poisoning, which causes loss of outer hair cells, leads to a loss of sharp, sensitive tuning and, in addition, a shift to lower frequencies in the tuning curves from a damaged region. The normal tonoptic pattern of organization is therefore greatly disrupted in the damaged cochleas.", "contents": "Aberrant tonotopic organization in the inner ear damaged by kanamycin. Spiral ganglion cell recordings were obtained from normal and kanamycin-damaged guinea pig cochleas. Results show that kanamycin poisoning, which causes loss of outer hair cells, leads to a loss of sharp, sensitive tuning and, in addition, a shift to lower frequencies in the tuning curves from a damaged region. The normal tonoptic pattern of organization is therefore greatly disrupted in the damaged cochleas.", "PMID": 512207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9608", "title": "Encoding of steady-state vowels in the auditory nerve: representation in terms of discharge rate.", "content": "Responses of large populations of auditory-nerve fibers to synthesized steady-state vowels were recorded in anesthetized cats. Driven discharge rate to vowels, normalized by dividing by saturation rate (estimated from the driven rate to CF tones 50 dB above threshold), was plotted versus fiber CF for a number of vowel levels. For the vowels /I/ and /e/, such rate profiles showed a peak in the region of the first formant and another in the region of the second and third formants, for sound levels below about 70 dB SPL. For /a/ at levels below about 40 dB SPL there are peaks in the region of the first and second formants. At higher levels these peaks disappear for all the vowels because of a combination of rate saturation and two-tone suppression. This must be qualified by saying that rate profiles plotted separately for units with spontaneous rates less than one spike per second may retain peaks at higher levels. Rate versus level functions for units with CFs above the first formant can saturate at rates less than the saturation rate to CF to-es or they can be nonmonotonic; these effects are most likely produced by the same mechanism as that involved in two-tone suppression.", "contents": "Encoding of steady-state vowels in the auditory nerve: representation in terms of discharge rate. Responses of large populations of auditory-nerve fibers to synthesized steady-state vowels were recorded in anesthetized cats. Driven discharge rate to vowels, normalized by dividing by saturation rate (estimated from the driven rate to CF tones 50 dB above threshold), was plotted versus fiber CF for a number of vowel levels. For the vowels /I/ and /e/, such rate profiles showed a peak in the region of the first formant and another in the region of the second and third formants, for sound levels below about 70 dB SPL. For /a/ at levels below about 40 dB SPL there are peaks in the region of the first and second formants. At higher levels these peaks disappear for all the vowels because of a combination of rate saturation and two-tone suppression. This must be qualified by saying that rate profiles plotted separately for units with spontaneous rates less than one spike per second may retain peaks at higher levels. Rate versus level functions for units with CFs above the first formant can saturate at rates less than the saturation rate to CF to-es or they can be nonmonotonic; these effects are most likely produced by the same mechanism as that involved in two-tone suppression.", "PMID": 512208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9609", "title": "Postpartum survival of mice exposed in utero to ultrasound.", "content": "We found no credible enhancement of neonatal mortality in mice exposed in utero on Day 8 of gestation to ultrasound at 0.44 W/cm2 (+/- 20%) spatial average intensity, 2 MHz, continuous wave, for 60--180 s in a 37 degrees C water bath. This result is compared with the adverse effect on neonatal survival reported by Curto [in Ultrasound in Medicine (Plenum, New York, 1976), Vol. 2, pp. 535--536] for exposure on Day 14 of gestation at about 0.125 to 0.5 W/cm2, 1MHz, continuous wave, for 180 s in a 30 degrees C bath. It is concluded that a temporary reduction in fetal viability, lasting from 4 days to less than 10 days after exposure, could account for both sets of data. It is also evident from these data that improved methods of determining intensities within mammalian tissues are highly desirable.", "contents": "Postpartum survival of mice exposed in utero to ultrasound. We found no credible enhancement of neonatal mortality in mice exposed in utero on Day 8 of gestation to ultrasound at 0.44 W/cm2 (+/- 20%) spatial average intensity, 2 MHz, continuous wave, for 60--180 s in a 37 degrees C water bath. This result is compared with the adverse effect on neonatal survival reported by Curto [in Ultrasound in Medicine (Plenum, New York, 1976), Vol. 2, pp. 535--536] for exposure on Day 14 of gestation at about 0.125 to 0.5 W/cm2, 1MHz, continuous wave, for 180 s in a 30 degrees C bath. It is concluded that a temporary reduction in fetal viability, lasting from 4 days to less than 10 days after exposure, could account for both sets of data. It is also evident from these data that improved methods of determining intensities within mammalian tissues are highly desirable.", "PMID": 512209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9610", "title": "Comments on the effects of overstimulation on microphonic sensitivity.", "content": "Utilizing the differential recording technique, microphonic isopotential measurements were carried out before and after overstimulation. Recordings were made in the first and third turns of guinea pig cochleas. The exposure stimuli were pure tones of frequencies near the best frequency of the recording site. The results were suggestive of differences in the effects of overstimulation in different turns of the cochlea, at least as they are manifested electrophysiologically.", "contents": "Comments on the effects of overstimulation on microphonic sensitivity. Utilizing the differential recording technique, microphonic isopotential measurements were carried out before and after overstimulation. Recordings were made in the first and third turns of guinea pig cochleas. The exposure stimuli were pure tones of frequencies near the best frequency of the recording site. The results were suggestive of differences in the effects of overstimulation in different turns of the cochlea, at least as they are manifested electrophysiologically.", "PMID": 512210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9611", "title": "Acoustic invariance in speech production: evidence from measurements of the spectral characteristics of stop consonants.", "content": "On the basis of theoretical considerations and the results of experiments with synthetic consonant-vowel syllables, it has been hypothesized that the short-time spectrum sampled at the onset of a stop consonant should exhibit gross properties that uniquely specify the consonantal place of articulation independent of the following vowel. The aim of this paper is to test this hypothesis by measuring the spectrum sampled at the onsets and offsets of a large number of consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) syllables containing both voiced and voiceless stops produced by several speakers. Templates were devised in an attempt to capture three classes of spectral shapes: diffuse-rising, diffuse-falling, and compact, corresponding to alveolar, labial, and velar consonants, respectively. Spectra were derived from the utterances by sampling at the consonantal release of CV syllables and at the implosion and burst release of VC syllables, and these spectra (smoothed by a linear prediction algorithm) were matched against the templates. It was found that about 85% of the spectra at initial consonant release and at final burst release were correctly classified by the templates, although there was some variability across vowel contexts. The spectra sampled at the implosion were not consistently classified. A preliminary examination of spectra sampled at the release of nasal consonants in CV syllables showed a somewhat lower accuracy of classification by the same templates. Overall, the results support an hypothesis that, in natural speech, the acoustic characteristics of stop consonants, specified in terms of the gross spectral shape sampled at the discontinuity in the acoustic signal, show invariant properties independent of the adjacent vowel or of the voicing characteristics of the consonant. The implication is that the auditory system is endowed with detectors that are sensitive to these kinds of gross spectral shapes, and that the existence of these detectors helps the infant to organize the sounds of speech into their natural classes.", "contents": "Acoustic invariance in speech production: evidence from measurements of the spectral characteristics of stop consonants. On the basis of theoretical considerations and the results of experiments with synthetic consonant-vowel syllables, it has been hypothesized that the short-time spectrum sampled at the onset of a stop consonant should exhibit gross properties that uniquely specify the consonantal place of articulation independent of the following vowel. The aim of this paper is to test this hypothesis by measuring the spectrum sampled at the onsets and offsets of a large number of consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) syllables containing both voiced and voiceless stops produced by several speakers. Templates were devised in an attempt to capture three classes of spectral shapes: diffuse-rising, diffuse-falling, and compact, corresponding to alveolar, labial, and velar consonants, respectively. Spectra were derived from the utterances by sampling at the consonantal release of CV syllables and at the implosion and burst release of VC syllables, and these spectra (smoothed by a linear prediction algorithm) were matched against the templates. It was found that about 85% of the spectra at initial consonant release and at final burst release were correctly classified by the templates, although there was some variability across vowel contexts. The spectra sampled at the implosion were not consistently classified. A preliminary examination of spectra sampled at the release of nasal consonants in CV syllables showed a somewhat lower accuracy of classification by the same templates. Overall, the results support an hypothesis that, in natural speech, the acoustic characteristics of stop consonants, specified in terms of the gross spectral shape sampled at the discontinuity in the acoustic signal, show invariant properties independent of the adjacent vowel or of the voicing characteristics of the consonant. The implication is that the auditory system is endowed with detectors that are sensitive to these kinds of gross spectral shapes, and that the existence of these detectors helps the infant to organize the sounds of speech into their natural classes.", "PMID": 512211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9612", "title": "Bimodal cues for speech loudness.", "content": "This paper presents a bimodal (audio-visual) study of speech loudness. The same acoustic stimuli (three sustained vowels of the articulatory qualities \"effort\" and \"noneffort\") are first presented in isolation, and then simultaneously together with an appropriate optical stimulus (the speaker's face on a video screen, synchronously producing the vowels). By the method of paired comparisons (law of comparative judgment) subjective loudness differences could be represented by different intervals between scale values. By this method previous results of effort-dependent speech loudness could be verified. In the bimodal study the optical cues have a measurable effect, but the acoustic cues are still dominant. Visual cues act most effectively if they are presented naturally, i.e., if acoustic and optical effort cues vary in the same direction. The experiments provide some evidence that speech loudness can be influenced by other than acoustic variables.", "contents": "Bimodal cues for speech loudness. This paper presents a bimodal (audio-visual) study of speech loudness. The same acoustic stimuli (three sustained vowels of the articulatory qualities \"effort\" and \"noneffort\") are first presented in isolation, and then simultaneously together with an appropriate optical stimulus (the speaker's face on a video screen, synchronously producing the vowels). By the method of paired comparisons (law of comparative judgment) subjective loudness differences could be represented by different intervals between scale values. By this method previous results of effort-dependent speech loudness could be verified. In the bimodal study the optical cues have a measurable effect, but the acoustic cues are still dominant. Visual cues act most effectively if they are presented naturally, i.e., if acoustic and optical effort cues vary in the same direction. The experiments provide some evidence that speech loudness can be influenced by other than acoustic variables.", "PMID": 512212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9613", "title": "Effects of selected vocal disguises upon speaker identification by listening.", "content": "This research was designed to investigate the effects of selected vocal disguises upon speaker identification by listening. The experiment consisted of 360 pair discriminations presented in a fixed-sequence mode. The listeners were asked to decide whether two sentences were uttered by the same or different speakers and to rate their degree of confidence in each decision. The speakers produced two sentence sets utilizing their normal speaking mode and five selected disguises. One member of each stimulus pair in the listening task was always an undisguised speech sample; the other member was either disguised or undisguised. Two listener groups were trained for the task: a naive group of 24 undergraduate students, and a sophisticated group of three doctoral students and three professors of Speech and Hearing Sciences. Both groups of listeners were able to discriminate speakers with a moderately high degree of accuracy (92% correct) when both members of the stimulus pair were undisguised. The inclusion of a disguised speech sample in the stimulus pair significantly interfered with listener performance (59%--81% correct depending upon the particular disguise). These results present a similar pattern to this authors' previous results utilizing spectrographic speaker-identification tasks (Reich et al., 1976).", "contents": "Effects of selected vocal disguises upon speaker identification by listening. This research was designed to investigate the effects of selected vocal disguises upon speaker identification by listening. The experiment consisted of 360 pair discriminations presented in a fixed-sequence mode. The listeners were asked to decide whether two sentences were uttered by the same or different speakers and to rate their degree of confidence in each decision. The speakers produced two sentence sets utilizing their normal speaking mode and five selected disguises. One member of each stimulus pair in the listening task was always an undisguised speech sample; the other member was either disguised or undisguised. Two listener groups were trained for the task: a naive group of 24 undergraduate students, and a sophisticated group of three doctoral students and three professors of Speech and Hearing Sciences. Both groups of listeners were able to discriminate speakers with a moderately high degree of accuracy (92% correct) when both members of the stimulus pair were undisguised. The inclusion of a disguised speech sample in the stimulus pair significantly interfered with listener performance (59%--81% correct depending upon the particular disguise). These results present a similar pattern to this authors' previous results utilizing spectrographic speaker-identification tasks (Reich et al., 1976).", "PMID": 512213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9614", "title": "Intensity discrimination with gated and continuous sinusoids.", "content": "Detectability of sinusoidal signals at several durations was measured in the presence of sinusoidal maskers of the same frequency. Maskers were either continuous or gated on and off with the signal. For all signal durations and both types of maskers, delta I/I varied with I raised to the -0.1 power, approximately. Psychometric functions were two or three times steeper with continuous than with gated maskers. Signal duration had only a small effect that varied with the masking condition.", "contents": "Intensity discrimination with gated and continuous sinusoids. Detectability of sinusoidal signals at several durations was measured in the presence of sinusoidal maskers of the same frequency. Maskers were either continuous or gated on and off with the signal. For all signal durations and both types of maskers, delta I/I varied with I raised to the -0.1 power, approximately. Psychometric functions were two or three times steeper with continuous than with gated maskers. Signal duration had only a small effect that varied with the masking condition.", "PMID": 512214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9615", "title": "Perception of the simple difference tone (f2-f1).", "content": "The present study examined the dependence of difference tone level [L(f2-f1)] on the following parameters of the two-tone input: f1, f2/f1 (f2 greater than f1), L1, L2, and L1 = L2. Difference tone levels were estimated in four normal hearers using a 2AFC adaptive temporal gap-masking paradigm. The key finding in this study is the apparent interaction of each factor with the other. For example, primary level (L1 = L2) was found to affect the dependence of L(f2-f1) on f1 and on f2/f1. In addition, the frequency separation of the primaries (f2/f1) was also seen to exert an influence on the dependence of difference tone level on L1, L2, and L1 = L2.", "contents": "Perception of the simple difference tone (f2-f1). The present study examined the dependence of difference tone level [L(f2-f1)] on the following parameters of the two-tone input: f1, f2/f1 (f2 greater than f1), L1, L2, and L1 = L2. Difference tone levels were estimated in four normal hearers using a 2AFC adaptive temporal gap-masking paradigm. The key finding in this study is the apparent interaction of each factor with the other. For example, primary level (L1 = L2) was found to affect the dependence of L(f2-f1) on f1 and on f2/f1. In addition, the frequency separation of the primaries (f2/f1) was also seen to exert an influence on the dependence of difference tone level on L1, L2, and L1 = L2.", "PMID": 512215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9616", "title": "Relationship between psychophysical tuning curves and \"suppression\".", "content": "This study examined two-tone unmasking and auditory frequency selectivity about 3 kHz for the purpose of demonstrating a qualitative relationship between the two. An adaptive 2IFC forward-masking procedure was used to collect psychophysical tuning curves (PTC's) and two-tone masking data under a quiet and noise condition for the same normal-hearing listeners. In the noise condition, a narrowband noise masker, centered one decade down from the probe, was gated on with the tonal masker(s). Kiang and Moxon [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 620-630 (1974)] have found that low-frequency narrowband noise serves to decrease the sharpness of electrophysiological tuning curves by affecting only the tip segments. The data for four highly practiced listeners indicate that the gated-noise masker was effective in broadening the PTC's and in lessening the magnitude of two-tone unmasking. The mutually reflected changes in tuning curves and in two-tone unmasking indicate a close relationship between frequency selectivity and unmasking: the greater the magnitude of unmasking above the center frequency of the PTC, the sharper the tuning of the PTC.", "contents": "Relationship between psychophysical tuning curves and \"suppression\". This study examined two-tone unmasking and auditory frequency selectivity about 3 kHz for the purpose of demonstrating a qualitative relationship between the two. An adaptive 2IFC forward-masking procedure was used to collect psychophysical tuning curves (PTC's) and two-tone masking data under a quiet and noise condition for the same normal-hearing listeners. In the noise condition, a narrowband noise masker, centered one decade down from the probe, was gated on with the tonal masker(s). Kiang and Moxon [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 620-630 (1974)] have found that low-frequency narrowband noise serves to decrease the sharpness of electrophysiological tuning curves by affecting only the tip segments. The data for four highly practiced listeners indicate that the gated-noise masker was effective in broadening the PTC's and in lessening the magnitude of two-tone unmasking. The mutually reflected changes in tuning curves and in two-tone unmasking indicate a close relationship between frequency selectivity and unmasking: the greater the magnitude of unmasking above the center frequency of the PTC, the sharper the tuning of the PTC.", "PMID": 512216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9617", "title": "Is pitch a learned attribute of sounds? Two points in support of Terhardt's pitch theory.", "content": "Terhardt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 1061-1069 (1974)] postulated a pitch perception model wherein a learning stage constitutes an integral part: it is only repeated exposure to patterns of spectral pitch that will generate the percept of virtual pitch (i.e., the residue). Two examples, one clinical and one musical, are cited to support the idea that perception of the pitch of complex tones represents a case of pattern perception which is acquired with experience.", "contents": "Is pitch a learned attribute of sounds? Two points in support of Terhardt's pitch theory. Terhardt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 1061-1069 (1974)] postulated a pitch perception model wherein a learning stage constitutes an integral part: it is only repeated exposure to patterns of spectral pitch that will generate the percept of virtual pitch (i.e., the residue). Two examples, one clinical and one musical, are cited to support the idea that perception of the pitch of complex tones represents a case of pattern perception which is acquired with experience.", "PMID": 512217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9618", "title": "Acoustic correlates of perceived sexual identity in preadolescent children's voices.", "content": "This project was undertaken to provide information about the sexual characteristics of preadolescent children's voices. In one series of experiments, perceptual judgments of sexual identity were obtained in response to 73 children's productions of isolated whispered and normally phonated vowels, normally spoken sentences, and sentences spoken in a monotonous fashion (Bennett and Weinberg, 1978). The purpose of this portion of the project was to describe certain acoustic and temporal characteristics of these children's speech samples, and to assess the relationship of these variables to perceptual judgments of sexual identity. Sexual differences in the frequency location of vocal tract resonances were significantly correlated with listener judgments of child sex in all four utterance conditions. The origin of the observed differences in vocal tract resonance characteristics is discussed with reference to possible sexual differences in vocal tract size as well as certain articulatory behaviors. Average fundamental frequency was significantly related to listeners' sex identifications in two utterance conditions. However, the influence of this variable was considerably less pronounced when compared to vocal tract information. Although certain measures of fundamental frequency variability (mean duration of level inflections and the rate of frequency change associated with upward shifts) were significantly related to perceptual measures of sexual identity, these cues were also interpreted to play a secondary role in defining maleness and femaleness in these children's voices.", "contents": "Acoustic correlates of perceived sexual identity in preadolescent children's voices. This project was undertaken to provide information about the sexual characteristics of preadolescent children's voices. In one series of experiments, perceptual judgments of sexual identity were obtained in response to 73 children's productions of isolated whispered and normally phonated vowels, normally spoken sentences, and sentences spoken in a monotonous fashion (Bennett and Weinberg, 1978). The purpose of this portion of the project was to describe certain acoustic and temporal characteristics of these children's speech samples, and to assess the relationship of these variables to perceptual judgments of sexual identity. Sexual differences in the frequency location of vocal tract resonances were significantly correlated with listener judgments of child sex in all four utterance conditions. The origin of the observed differences in vocal tract resonance characteristics is discussed with reference to possible sexual differences in vocal tract size as well as certain articulatory behaviors. Average fundamental frequency was significantly related to listeners' sex identifications in two utterance conditions. However, the influence of this variable was considerably less pronounced when compared to vocal tract information. Although certain measures of fundamental frequency variability (mean duration of level inflections and the rate of frequency change associated with upward shifts) were significantly related to perceptual measures of sexual identity, these cues were also interpreted to play a secondary role in defining maleness and femaleness in these children's voices.", "PMID": 512218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9619", "title": "Measurements of responsiveness in bronchoprovocation testing.", "content": "The relative sensitivity and usefulness of FEV1 and SGaw measurements in determining airway responsiveness to stimuli causing changes in bronchomotor tone depend to a great extent on the population studied. Though neither test provides a great deal of information regarding the site of airway obstruction, when used together they provide a reliable and sensitive indicator of airway responsiveness.", "contents": "Measurements of responsiveness in bronchoprovocation testing. The relative sensitivity and usefulness of FEV1 and SGaw measurements in determining airway responsiveness to stimuli causing changes in bronchomotor tone depend to a great extent on the population studied. Though neither test provides a great deal of information regarding the site of airway obstruction, when used together they provide a reliable and sensitive indicator of airway responsiveness.", "PMID": 512252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9620", "title": "Relationship between airways response to allergens and nonspecific bronchial reactivity.", "content": "Bronchial inhalation challenges to histamine, methacholine, and at least one antigen were performed on 183 asthmatic patients who previously had received skin tests to at least 16 different antigens. Individuals with a positive skin test and a positive antigen inhalation challenge to the same antigen had lower thresholds of response to both histamine and methacholine. This pattern was statistically significant for mixed trees, mixed grasses, mixed molds, and house dust but not for mixed ragweed. For those individuals who had a negative antigen inhalation challenge, skin test reactivity (positive or negative) alone was not associated with a different threshold of response to histamine or methacholine. Also, a higher percentage of positive antigen inhalation challenges were seen in the group of individuals with a low threshold of response to both histamine and methacholine than in groups with either a moderate or high threshold of response to these chemical agents. The results imply that at least two factors are associated with a positive bronchial inhalation challenge to a specific antigen: nonspecific airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by a methacholine or histamine inhalation challenge, and a positive skin test.", "contents": "Relationship between airways response to allergens and nonspecific bronchial reactivity. Bronchial inhalation challenges to histamine, methacholine, and at least one antigen were performed on 183 asthmatic patients who previously had received skin tests to at least 16 different antigens. Individuals with a positive skin test and a positive antigen inhalation challenge to the same antigen had lower thresholds of response to both histamine and methacholine. This pattern was statistically significant for mixed trees, mixed grasses, mixed molds, and house dust but not for mixed ragweed. For those individuals who had a negative antigen inhalation challenge, skin test reactivity (positive or negative) alone was not associated with a different threshold of response to histamine or methacholine. Also, a higher percentage of positive antigen inhalation challenges were seen in the group of individuals with a low threshold of response to both histamine and methacholine than in groups with either a moderate or high threshold of response to these chemical agents. The results imply that at least two factors are associated with a positive bronchial inhalation challenge to a specific antigen: nonspecific airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by a methacholine or histamine inhalation challenge, and a positive skin test.", "PMID": 512267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9621", "title": "Aspirin and concomitant idiosyncrasies in adult asthmatic patients.", "content": "The nasal and respiratory symptoms observed after oral challenge to aspirin (ASA), tartrazine, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances are best described as idiosyncratic reactions. A positive response to oral challenge, defined as a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) from baseline for up to 4 hr, occurred in 44 of 230 patients with ASA, 11 of 277 with tartrazine, 2 of 93 with sodium salicylate, and 2 of 69 with acetaminophen. No one had a positive response to tartrazine, sodium salicylate, or acetaminophen who was not also positive to ASA. The dose of ASA causing a positive response was less than 5 grains in 95% of the patients. Of 50 patients with a suspicious history studied in detail, 96% of those with ASA idiosyncrasy had sinusitis and 71% had nasal polyps. Methacholine challenges and random circulating and sputum eosinophils did not differentiate patients with a negative challenge from those with a positive challenge. However, patients with a positive history and positive challenge had significantly more random nasal eosinophils than those with negative aspirin challenges. The term \"aspirin triad\" has outlived its usefulness since ASA idiosyncrasy can exist in patients lacking certain components of the triad. ASA idiosyncrasy is unsuspected in many patients and possibly overdiagnosed in others.", "contents": "Aspirin and concomitant idiosyncrasies in adult asthmatic patients. The nasal and respiratory symptoms observed after oral challenge to aspirin (ASA), tartrazine, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances are best described as idiosyncratic reactions. A positive response to oral challenge, defined as a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) from baseline for up to 4 hr, occurred in 44 of 230 patients with ASA, 11 of 277 with tartrazine, 2 of 93 with sodium salicylate, and 2 of 69 with acetaminophen. No one had a positive response to tartrazine, sodium salicylate, or acetaminophen who was not also positive to ASA. The dose of ASA causing a positive response was less than 5 grains in 95% of the patients. Of 50 patients with a suspicious history studied in detail, 96% of those with ASA idiosyncrasy had sinusitis and 71% had nasal polyps. Methacholine challenges and random circulating and sputum eosinophils did not differentiate patients with a negative challenge from those with a positive challenge. However, patients with a positive history and positive challenge had significantly more random nasal eosinophils than those with negative aspirin challenges. The term \"aspirin triad\" has outlived its usefulness since ASA idiosyncrasy can exist in patients lacking certain components of the triad. ASA idiosyncrasy is unsuspected in many patients and possibly overdiagnosed in others.", "PMID": 512268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9622", "title": "Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency associated with modular lymphoid hyperplasia.", "content": "Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) has been firmly associated with syndromes of hypogammaglobulinemia but not with selective absence of IgA. We report the case of a 5-yr-old girl with the triad of selective IgA deficiency, NLH of the small bowel, and giardiasis. Results of an extensive immunologic investigation, including immunohistochemical examinations of small bowel biopsies, support the hypothesis that the basic defect responsible for IgA deficiency in this patient was the failure of precursor IgM-bearing lymphocytes to differentiate into IgA-producing plasma cells. Furthermore, the abundance of IgM-bearing cells in biopsy specimens demonstrates the existence of a compensatory mechanism in the intestine to substitute IgM for the absent IgA.", "contents": "Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency associated with modular lymphoid hyperplasia. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) has been firmly associated with syndromes of hypogammaglobulinemia but not with selective absence of IgA. We report the case of a 5-yr-old girl with the triad of selective IgA deficiency, NLH of the small bowel, and giardiasis. Results of an extensive immunologic investigation, including immunohistochemical examinations of small bowel biopsies, support the hypothesis that the basic defect responsible for IgA deficiency in this patient was the failure of precursor IgM-bearing lymphocytes to differentiate into IgA-producing plasma cells. Furthermore, the abundance of IgM-bearing cells in biopsy specimens demonstrates the existence of a compensatory mechanism in the intestine to substitute IgM for the absent IgA.", "PMID": 512269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9623", "title": "Effect of thymosin on lymphoid cells from human fetal organs.", "content": "Human fetal lymphoid cells from the thymus, blood, spleen, liver, and kidney of twelve 6-to-24-wk-old fetuses were studied for their ability to respond to thymosin by the alteration of E-rosette forming cells (E-RFC) and EAC-rosette forming cells (EAC-RFC). The preincubation of spleen cells with 100 micrograms thymosin-V1 effected a statistically significant increase in E-RFC, while no changes were observed in the lymphoid cells from blood or other organs. EAC-RFC assay revealed some increases in blood, thymus, and spleen; however, they were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that the fetal spleen may play an important role in the development of primitive immunocytes into mature cells and that this development is affected by thymic hormone.", "contents": "Effect of thymosin on lymphoid cells from human fetal organs. Human fetal lymphoid cells from the thymus, blood, spleen, liver, and kidney of twelve 6-to-24-wk-old fetuses were studied for their ability to respond to thymosin by the alteration of E-rosette forming cells (E-RFC) and EAC-rosette forming cells (EAC-RFC). The preincubation of spleen cells with 100 micrograms thymosin-V1 effected a statistically significant increase in E-RFC, while no changes were observed in the lymphoid cells from blood or other organs. EAC-RFC assay revealed some increases in blood, thymus, and spleen; however, they were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that the fetal spleen may play an important role in the development of primitive immunocytes into mature cells and that this development is affected by thymic hormone.", "PMID": 512270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9624", "title": "The anatomy of a dietetic counseling interview.", "content": "Dietetic students in a course on interviewing skills were given an opportunity to practice interviewing, first with \"coached,\" volunteer clients, then with real clients. Their interviews were taped and later analyzed as to content and approach. In trying to develop rapport during the \"relationship-establishing\" phase of the interview, the students asked questions which required mininal self-exploration by the client to answer (closed questions), five times as often as any other type of question. For effective counseling which results in changed behavior by clients, skills in counseling which develop an understanding of clients' feelings must be learned and implemented in counseling settings.", "contents": "The anatomy of a dietetic counseling interview. Dietetic students in a course on interviewing skills were given an opportunity to practice interviewing, first with \"coached,\" volunteer clients, then with real clients. Their interviews were taped and later analyzed as to content and approach. In trying to develop rapport during the \"relationship-establishing\" phase of the interview, the students asked questions which required mininal self-exploration by the client to answer (closed questions), five times as often as any other type of question. For effective counseling which results in changed behavior by clients, skills in counseling which develop an understanding of clients' feelings must be learned and implemented in counseling settings.", "PMID": 512273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9625", "title": "Some determinants of work performance in foodservice systems. Job satisfaction and work values of school foodservice personnel.", "content": "Job performance, job satisfaction, and work orientation of 304 women foodservice employees in twenty-four schools in seven districts were examined. Work values and job satisfaction of school and hospital foodservice employees were also compared. Work values varied little between the two groups. The school employees, however, were more satisfied with their work, supervision, and co-workers than were the hospital employees. School employees were divided into high- and low-performance groups through supervisory ratings of six dimensions of performance. The high-performance group had significantly higher satisfaction scores than the low-performance group. The former group had been employed longer and worked more hours per day than the latter.", "contents": "Some determinants of work performance in foodservice systems. Job satisfaction and work values of school foodservice personnel. Job performance, job satisfaction, and work orientation of 304 women foodservice employees in twenty-four schools in seven districts were examined. Work values and job satisfaction of school and hospital foodservice employees were also compared. Work values varied little between the two groups. The school employees, however, were more satisfied with their work, supervision, and co-workers than were the hospital employees. School employees were divided into high- and low-performance groups through supervisory ratings of six dimensions of performance. The high-performance group had significantly higher satisfaction scores than the low-performance group. The former group had been employed longer and worked more hours per day than the latter.", "PMID": 512274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9626", "title": "Nutrient intake of low-income, black families in southwestern Mississippi.", "content": "A dietary intake study for 250 low-income households in Claiborne County in southwestern Mississippi was conducted from June through August 1974. Data were obtained during daily home visits for seven days by trained college students. The adequacy of nutrient intake for individuals was evaluated by comparing the data with the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances by age and sex. The data was also compared with those of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey and HANES. Mean intakes of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid for all subjects were above the RDAS; those of energy, calcium, iron, and preformed niacin were below the allowances. Whereas calcium was the nutrient least adequately consumed by all persons, protein was most adequately consumed. Sixty per cent of children had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the allowance. By sex, 66.7 per cent of all males and 73.3 per cent of all females had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the standard. None of children received less than two-thirds of the allowance for protein. Nutrient intake was low for a substantial number of the subjects. Adolescents, ages eleven to eighteen years, of both sexes had the poorest diets for all nutrients. Regarding the sex difference, females had better nutrient intakes than did males for all nutrients except calcium and iron.", "contents": "Nutrient intake of low-income, black families in southwestern Mississippi. A dietary intake study for 250 low-income households in Claiborne County in southwestern Mississippi was conducted from June through August 1974. Data were obtained during daily home visits for seven days by trained college students. The adequacy of nutrient intake for individuals was evaluated by comparing the data with the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances by age and sex. The data was also compared with those of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey and HANES. Mean intakes of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid for all subjects were above the RDAS; those of energy, calcium, iron, and preformed niacin were below the allowances. Whereas calcium was the nutrient least adequately consumed by all persons, protein was most adequately consumed. Sixty per cent of children had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the allowance. By sex, 66.7 per cent of all males and 73.3 per cent of all females had calcium intakes below two-thirds of the standard. None of children received less than two-thirds of the allowance for protein. Nutrient intake was low for a substantial number of the subjects. Adolescents, ages eleven to eighteen years, of both sexes had the poorest diets for all nutrients. Regarding the sex difference, females had better nutrient intakes than did males for all nutrients except calcium and iron.", "PMID": 512275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9627", "title": "Nutritive intake of black and Hispanic mothers in a Brooklyn ghetto.", "content": "The nutritional status of black and Hispanic mothers living in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, was evaluated, using three-day dietary recall, a questionnaire on food buying and preparation techniques, and anthropometric measurements. Mean nutrient intake of both groups was considerably lower than the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances for all nutrients studied except protein, ascorbic acid, and phosphorus. Body weight and triceps skinfold values for both groups were higher than standard, suggesting obesity. Reasons for these findings are discussed with emphasis on the importance of nutrition education.", "contents": "Nutritive intake of black and Hispanic mothers in a Brooklyn ghetto. The nutritional status of black and Hispanic mothers living in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, was evaluated, using three-day dietary recall, a questionnaire on food buying and preparation techniques, and anthropometric measurements. Mean nutrient intake of both groups was considerably lower than the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances for all nutrients studied except protein, ascorbic acid, and phosphorus. Body weight and triceps skinfold values for both groups were higher than standard, suggesting obesity. Reasons for these findings are discussed with emphasis on the importance of nutrition education.", "PMID": 512276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9628", "title": "Microteaching: a model for employee counseling education.", "content": "An instructional model for the implementation and use of videotape simulation to improve dietetic students' skills in employee counseling was explored in the coordinated undergraduate program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. A five-day intensive workshop was conducted for senior students in the program, utilizing the microteaching technique. Students and actors simulated an employee counseling session on videotape; then, a small group and a clinical instructor evaluated the session. Suggestions from these evaluations were used in a repeat of the situation on videotape. A team of experts randomly viewed all the situations, judging a significant improvement in composite scores for the workshop participants. The students indicated on a Self-Perception of Confidence (SPOC) scale that they felt a higher degree of comfort in handling potential employee counseling after completing the workshop. They were pleased with the workshop and suggested expansion of the technique to other phases of their dietetic education.", "contents": "Microteaching: a model for employee counseling education. An instructional model for the implementation and use of videotape simulation to improve dietetic students' skills in employee counseling was explored in the coordinated undergraduate program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. A five-day intensive workshop was conducted for senior students in the program, utilizing the microteaching technique. Students and actors simulated an employee counseling session on videotape; then, a small group and a clinical instructor evaluated the session. Suggestions from these evaluations were used in a repeat of the situation on videotape. A team of experts randomly viewed all the situations, judging a significant improvement in composite scores for the workshop participants. The students indicated on a Self-Perception of Confidence (SPOC) scale that they felt a higher degree of comfort in handling potential employee counseling after completing the workshop. They were pleased with the workshop and suggested expansion of the technique to other phases of their dietetic education.", "PMID": 512277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9629", "title": "The dietetic student's introduction to the medical record.", "content": "With the goal of introducing the dietetic student to the medical record and her role as a professional in the use of this document, a series of self-instruction modules was developed, evaluated, and revised. Field testing indicated that students attained a significant gain in knowledge after exposure to the modules. Further, students' comments indicated that the self-instructional approach was well received and quite helpful.", "contents": "The dietetic student's introduction to the medical record. With the goal of introducing the dietetic student to the medical record and her role as a professional in the use of this document, a series of self-instruction modules was developed, evaluated, and revised. Field testing indicated that students attained a significant gain in knowledge after exposure to the modules. Further, students' comments indicated that the self-instructional approach was well received and quite helpful.", "PMID": 512278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9630", "title": "Prevention of psychiatric recidivism: a model service.", "content": "This article describes the patient-care activities of a medical school multidisciplinary section on geriatric psychiatry. The main treatment goal is the prevention of psychiatric recidivism. An index of this prevention is the re-admission rate, since the risks of institutionalization and recidivism tend to rise with each successive admission. The Section reported a re-admission rate of 4 percent for the first year of operation, a rate significantly less than that reported in the literature. The Section's achievement is predicated upon compliance with the requirements for optimal mental health care of the elderly. The protocol is presented in the hope that it may help others who wish to start such a service.", "contents": "Prevention of psychiatric recidivism: a model service. This article describes the patient-care activities of a medical school multidisciplinary section on geriatric psychiatry. The main treatment goal is the prevention of psychiatric recidivism. An index of this prevention is the re-admission rate, since the risks of institutionalization and recidivism tend to rise with each successive admission. The Section reported a re-admission rate of 4 percent for the first year of operation, a rate significantly less than that reported in the literature. The Section's achievement is predicated upon compliance with the requirements for optimal mental health care of the elderly. The protocol is presented in the hope that it may help others who wish to start such a service.", "PMID": 512281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9631", "title": "Erythrocyte parameters in the elderly: an argument against new geriatric normal values.", "content": "Erythrocyte parameters in 292 unselected geriatric patients were studied retrospectively. Statistically significant mean decreases compared to the laboratories' normal mean values were found in the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; there also was a slight increase in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. However, when 17 patients with a hemoglobin level less than 10 gm/dl or a hematocrit reading less than 35 percent were excluded, all of the mean values for erythrocyte parameters fell within the normal range. In 71 percent of these 17 patients the etiology of the anemia was documented. Although one cannot definitely exclude a slight change in erythrocyte parameters with aging, it is concluded that the establishment of so-called new geriatric norms is premature, as the population studied included patients with various diseases. Good medical practice dictates continued evaluation and monitoring of patients in whom erythrocyte values are outside the established normal ranges.", "contents": "Erythrocyte parameters in the elderly: an argument against new geriatric normal values. Erythrocyte parameters in 292 unselected geriatric patients were studied retrospectively. Statistically significant mean decreases compared to the laboratories' normal mean values were found in the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; there also was a slight increase in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. However, when 17 patients with a hemoglobin level less than 10 gm/dl or a hematocrit reading less than 35 percent were excluded, all of the mean values for erythrocyte parameters fell within the normal range. In 71 percent of these 17 patients the etiology of the anemia was documented. Although one cannot definitely exclude a slight change in erythrocyte parameters with aging, it is concluded that the establishment of so-called new geriatric norms is premature, as the population studied included patients with various diseases. Good medical practice dictates continued evaluation and monitoring of patients in whom erythrocyte values are outside the established normal ranges.", "PMID": 512282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9632", "title": "Epidemiology of hyperuricemia in an ambulatory elderly population.", "content": "The relationship of serum uric acid concentration to age and sex was assessed in 1,701 participants in a geriatric multiphasic screening clinic. Included were 1,067 women and 634 men. The mean uric acid level for men was 6.35 mg/100 ml compared to 5.44 mg/100 ml for women. No statistically significant increases in serum uric acid between age groups were apparent, except for women over 84 years of age. The mean serum urate concentrations found in this geriatric study are higher than those reported for other population groups, suggesting a higher normal value for the elderly.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hyperuricemia in an ambulatory elderly population. The relationship of serum uric acid concentration to age and sex was assessed in 1,701 participants in a geriatric multiphasic screening clinic. Included were 1,067 women and 634 men. The mean uric acid level for men was 6.35 mg/100 ml compared to 5.44 mg/100 ml for women. No statistically significant increases in serum uric acid between age groups were apparent, except for women over 84 years of age. The mean serum urate concentrations found in this geriatric study are higher than those reported for other population groups, suggesting a higher normal value for the elderly.", "PMID": 512283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9633", "title": "Importance of a regular source of medical care among the elderly.", "content": "In recent years health services researchers have become increasingly aware of the importance of a regular doctor to whom the patient usually goes when sick or in need of advice about health, as a means of providing a point of entry to needed medical care. For example, persons who have a regular source of care seem more likely to receive an annual physical examination, to experience continuity of care when needed, and to be satisfied with the care received. Yet, despite the importance of an established tie to a regular treatment source, evidence is scanty with respect to the aged. To address the issue, this study employs data from a national probability sample of 11,619 persons, of whom 1,506 were aged 65 or older. The findings indicate that several factors (e.g., sex, race, education, and community size) which traditionally have served as important indicators of the use of health services fail to emerge as strong determinants regarding the regular source of care among the aged. The consequences of these findings and implications for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Importance of a regular source of medical care among the elderly. In recent years health services researchers have become increasingly aware of the importance of a regular doctor to whom the patient usually goes when sick or in need of advice about health, as a means of providing a point of entry to needed medical care. For example, persons who have a regular source of care seem more likely to receive an annual physical examination, to experience continuity of care when needed, and to be satisfied with the care received. Yet, despite the importance of an established tie to a regular treatment source, evidence is scanty with respect to the aged. To address the issue, this study employs data from a national probability sample of 11,619 persons, of whom 1,506 were aged 65 or older. The findings indicate that several factors (e.g., sex, race, education, and community size) which traditionally have served as important indicators of the use of health services fail to emerge as strong determinants regarding the regular source of care among the aged. The consequences of these findings and implications for future research are discussed.", "PMID": 512284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9634", "title": "Avoiding diagnostic errors in admitting patients to a nursing home.", "content": "Sometimes the members of the medical profession have been castigated for unpreparedness and shortcomings in the management of nursing home populations because their pre-admission diagnoses often have not agreed with the post-admission evaluations. In contrast, the authors' survey of a local situation revealed a high degree of diagnostic accuracy in admissions to a nursing home. Discussed are appropriate steps that nursing-home admission evaluators can take to ensure the avoidance of errors in the entrance diagnosis.", "contents": "Avoiding diagnostic errors in admitting patients to a nursing home. Sometimes the members of the medical profession have been castigated for unpreparedness and shortcomings in the management of nursing home populations because their pre-admission diagnoses often have not agreed with the post-admission evaluations. In contrast, the authors' survey of a local situation revealed a high degree of diagnostic accuracy in admissions to a nursing home. Discussed are appropriate steps that nursing-home admission evaluators can take to ensure the avoidance of errors in the entrance diagnosis.", "PMID": 512285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9635", "title": "Some observations on not telling the truth.", "content": "Lying, in the analytic situation of essentially neurotic patients, is proposed to represent a re-enactment within the analysis and transference neurosis of a particular aspect of the oedipal conflict. These lies permit the partial recovery of old memories and perceptions; the emergence of certain unconscious wishes and fantasies, while simultaneously continuing to protect those wishes by a variety of mechanisms which are best conceptualized as \"screen functions\"; and the expression of resentment over being lied to by one or both of the oedipal objects. Connections are also made between the oedipally determined lie and an infantile primal-scene trauma.", "contents": "Some observations on not telling the truth. Lying, in the analytic situation of essentially neurotic patients, is proposed to represent a re-enactment within the analysis and transference neurosis of a particular aspect of the oedipal conflict. These lies permit the partial recovery of old memories and perceptions; the emergence of certain unconscious wishes and fantasies, while simultaneously continuing to protect those wishes by a variety of mechanisms which are best conceptualized as \"screen functions\"; and the expression of resentment over being lied to by one or both of the oedipal objects. Connections are also made between the oedipally determined lie and an infantile primal-scene trauma.", "PMID": 512286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9636", "title": "Child abuse and deprivation: soul murder.", "content": "Soul murder involves the deliberate traumatization or deprivation by an authority (parent) of his charge (child). The victim is robbed of his identity and of the ability to maintain authentic feelings. Soul murder remains effective if the capacity to think and to know has been sufficiently interfered with--by way of brainwashing. Questions are raised about pathogenesis. Some suggestions are made about treatment of those whose pathogenic fantasy life has been so influenced by traumatic reality. The need to identify with and to maintain the illusion of a good parent enforces the difficult resistance of denial (brainwashing becomes self-enforced). Paradoxically, in order to survive and adjust, some of these people so traumatized as children develop unusual strengths and gifts.", "contents": "Child abuse and deprivation: soul murder. Soul murder involves the deliberate traumatization or deprivation by an authority (parent) of his charge (child). The victim is robbed of his identity and of the ability to maintain authentic feelings. Soul murder remains effective if the capacity to think and to know has been sufficiently interfered with--by way of brainwashing. Questions are raised about pathogenesis. Some suggestions are made about treatment of those whose pathogenic fantasy life has been so influenced by traumatic reality. The need to identify with and to maintain the illusion of a good parent enforces the difficult resistance of denial (brainwashing becomes self-enforced). Paradoxically, in order to survive and adjust, some of these people so traumatized as children develop unusual strengths and gifts.", "PMID": 512287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9637", "title": "Transference in the rat man case: the transference in transition.", "content": "This study has concentrated on the use of the transference concept in the Rat Man case as a method for revealing repressed memories and to gain conviction about these repressed memories. In this treatment-transference model, transference interpretations focusing on the analyst are not germane, since the transferences are merely the vehicle by which memories are uncovered. Thus, Freud's transference work in 1907 revealed a transitional phase of his clinical activity soon to be supplanted by later insights into the curative aspects of transference analysis.", "contents": "Transference in the rat man case: the transference in transition. This study has concentrated on the use of the transference concept in the Rat Man case as a method for revealing repressed memories and to gain conviction about these repressed memories. In this treatment-transference model, transference interpretations focusing on the analyst are not germane, since the transferences are merely the vehicle by which memories are uncovered. Thus, Freud's transference work in 1907 revealed a transitional phase of his clinical activity soon to be supplanted by later insights into the curative aspects of transference analysis.", "PMID": 512288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9638", "title": "Unconscious fantasy and theories of cure.", "content": "It has long been known that patients' wishes for cure by analysis give expression to unconscious wishes for instinctual gratification which originate in childhood mental life. Patients sometimes develop theories about how they believe analysis attains its ends; these are likely to affect the way they behave in the analytic situation, and analysis of them may therefore constitute an important contribution to progress in the analysis. Two illustrative cases are presented; in both, the unconscious determinants of the patients' theories turn out to be infantile sexual fantasies connected with their uncon scious wishes for instinctual satisfaction. It is further suggested that analogous unconscious fantasies also influence the theories of analysts and other therapists about how analysis works. In some instances these factors, while not affecting theory formation explicitly, may, without being recognized as doing so, contribute to decisions regarding the modification of analytic technique. Awareness of that possibility may aid analysts in assessing the indications for such proposed modifications.", "contents": "Unconscious fantasy and theories of cure. It has long been known that patients' wishes for cure by analysis give expression to unconscious wishes for instinctual gratification which originate in childhood mental life. Patients sometimes develop theories about how they believe analysis attains its ends; these are likely to affect the way they behave in the analytic situation, and analysis of them may therefore constitute an important contribution to progress in the analysis. Two illustrative cases are presented; in both, the unconscious determinants of the patients' theories turn out to be infantile sexual fantasies connected with their uncon scious wishes for instinctual satisfaction. It is further suggested that analogous unconscious fantasies also influence the theories of analysts and other therapists about how analysis works. In some instances these factors, while not affecting theory formation explicitly, may, without being recognized as doing so, contribute to decisions regarding the modification of analytic technique. Awareness of that possibility may aid analysts in assessing the indications for such proposed modifications.", "PMID": 512289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9639", "title": "Teratologic assessment of maleic hydrazide and daminozide, and formulations of ethoxyquin, thiabendazole and naled in rats.", "content": "Teratogenicity studies were conducted in rats treated orally from days 6-15 of gestation with single daily doses of 400-1600 mg/kg of maleic hydrazide, 300-1000 mg/kg daminozide, 125-500 mg/kg ethoxyquin or thiabendazole, or 25-100 mg/kg naled. Dams were killed on the 22nd day of gestation, and fetuses were evaluated by routine teratologic methods. No adverse effect was related to any treatment other than an increased incidence of anomalous fetuses at the highest dose (500 mg/kg) of thiabendazole.", "contents": "Teratologic assessment of maleic hydrazide and daminozide, and formulations of ethoxyquin, thiabendazole and naled in rats. Teratogenicity studies were conducted in rats treated orally from days 6-15 of gestation with single daily doses of 400-1600 mg/kg of maleic hydrazide, 300-1000 mg/kg daminozide, 125-500 mg/kg ethoxyquin or thiabendazole, or 25-100 mg/kg naled. Dams were killed on the 22nd day of gestation, and fetuses were evaluated by routine teratologic methods. No adverse effect was related to any treatment other than an increased incidence of anomalous fetuses at the highest dose (500 mg/kg) of thiabendazole.", "PMID": 512293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9640", "title": "Divergent toxicity of parathion in two freshwater invertebrates, orconectes rusticus and viviparus malleatus.", "content": "The toxicity of parathion and its metabolite paraoxon was examined in the crayfish Orconectes rusticus and the snail Viviparus malleatus and attempts were made to relate this to parathion uptake and metabolism. The crayfish was found to be very susceptible with all animals tested dying at 0.1 ppb of parathion in 48 hours. The snail was resistant to exposure to 1000 ppm. The absence of lethality even to injected (50 mg/kg) parathion and paraoxon suggests an innate lack of susceptibility. Metabolism of the compounds could not be detected in vitro or in vivo in either species.", "contents": "Divergent toxicity of parathion in two freshwater invertebrates, orconectes rusticus and viviparus malleatus. The toxicity of parathion and its metabolite paraoxon was examined in the crayfish Orconectes rusticus and the snail Viviparus malleatus and attempts were made to relate this to parathion uptake and metabolism. The crayfish was found to be very susceptible with all animals tested dying at 0.1 ppb of parathion in 48 hours. The snail was resistant to exposure to 1000 ppm. The absence of lethality even to injected (50 mg/kg) parathion and paraoxon suggests an innate lack of susceptibility. Metabolism of the compounds could not be detected in vitro or in vivo in either species.", "PMID": 512294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9641", "title": "A study on the lethal toxicity of aminocarb to freshwater crayfish and its in vivo metabolism.", "content": "Adult crayfish (Orconetes limosus) were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0 and 60.0 ppm of aminocarb in water at 15 degrees C under laboratory conditions for 144 h. No apparent behavioral changes were observed in crayfish exposed to 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 ppm of aminocarb during the experiment. Symptoms of acute toxicity were apparent at concentrations greater than or equal to 10 ppm, and mortality occurred at and above 25 ppm. The LC50, 96 h, to adult crayfish was about 33 ppm. The parent compound and its metabolites, MA (4-methylamino-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate) and AM (4-amino-M-tolyl N-methylcarbamate), were detected in crayfish 96 h after exposure to various concentrations of aminocarb. The primary metabolite detected was MA which accounted for 75% to 95% of the body residue. The highest total residue (Aminocarb + MA + AM) was 40 ppm detected in crayfish exposed to 60 ppm of aminocarb for 96 h.", "contents": "A study on the lethal toxicity of aminocarb to freshwater crayfish and its in vivo metabolism. Adult crayfish (Orconetes limosus) were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0 and 60.0 ppm of aminocarb in water at 15 degrees C under laboratory conditions for 144 h. No apparent behavioral changes were observed in crayfish exposed to 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 ppm of aminocarb during the experiment. Symptoms of acute toxicity were apparent at concentrations greater than or equal to 10 ppm, and mortality occurred at and above 25 ppm. The LC50, 96 h, to adult crayfish was about 33 ppm. The parent compound and its metabolites, MA (4-methylamino-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate) and AM (4-amino-M-tolyl N-methylcarbamate), were detected in crayfish 96 h after exposure to various concentrations of aminocarb. The primary metabolite detected was MA which accounted for 75% to 95% of the body residue. The highest total residue (Aminocarb + MA + AM) was 40 ppm detected in crayfish exposed to 60 ppm of aminocarb for 96 h.", "PMID": 512295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9642", "title": "Effect of chronic exposure to cadmium on hepatic drug metabolism.", "content": "In an attempt to examine the chronic effect of low levels of cadmium on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system, an experiment was carried out in which growing male rats were given 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm of cadmium in drinking water for a period of 8 weeks. An ip administration of a hypnotic dose of pentobarbital to the cadmium-treated and the control rats 24 hr following the termination of the experiment exhibited that there was no significant difference in the drug metabolism in control and any of the treated groups. Next, liver microsomes were isolated from animals in all groups to study their ability to metabolize drugs in vitro. The results indicated that the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and the concentration of microsomal cytochrome P-450 were almost identical in the control and treated groups. On the other hand, a single ip dose of cadmium (2 mg/kg) caused significant decrease in the vivo and in vitro microsomal drug metabolism. These results suggest that although a single ip dose of cadmium (2 mg/kg) causes significant inhibition of drug metabolism, chronic exposure to cadmium up to 20 ppm in drinking water over a period of 8 weeks is unlikely to affect hepatic drug metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of chronic exposure to cadmium on hepatic drug metabolism. In an attempt to examine the chronic effect of low levels of cadmium on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system, an experiment was carried out in which growing male rats were given 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm of cadmium in drinking water for a period of 8 weeks. An ip administration of a hypnotic dose of pentobarbital to the cadmium-treated and the control rats 24 hr following the termination of the experiment exhibited that there was no significant difference in the drug metabolism in control and any of the treated groups. Next, liver microsomes were isolated from animals in all groups to study their ability to metabolize drugs in vitro. The results indicated that the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and the concentration of microsomal cytochrome P-450 were almost identical in the control and treated groups. On the other hand, a single ip dose of cadmium (2 mg/kg) caused significant decrease in the vivo and in vitro microsomal drug metabolism. These results suggest that although a single ip dose of cadmium (2 mg/kg) causes significant inhibition of drug metabolism, chronic exposure to cadmium up to 20 ppm in drinking water over a period of 8 weeks is unlikely to affect hepatic drug metabolism.", "PMID": 512296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9643", "title": "Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil.", "content": "The effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on acetylene reduction (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation), nitrogen fixers, bacteria and fungi in an organic soil were assessed. None of the pesticide treatments suppressed C2H2 reduction as compared to controls. No significant inhibition of the population of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers occurred. However, stimulatory effects were observed with treatments of fensulfothion, fonofos, oxamyl, DDR, TeloneR and Telone CR. Bacterial and fungal populations showed temporary declines but all recovered within 7 days to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.", "contents": "Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil. The effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on acetylene reduction (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation), nitrogen fixers, bacteria and fungi in an organic soil were assessed. None of the pesticide treatments suppressed C2H2 reduction as compared to controls. No significant inhibition of the population of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers occurred. However, stimulatory effects were observed with treatments of fensulfothion, fonofos, oxamyl, DDR, TeloneR and Telone CR. Bacterial and fungal populations showed temporary declines but all recovered within 7 days to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.", "PMID": 512297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9644", "title": "The aqueous solubility of twenty-seven insecticides and related compounds.", "content": "The aqueous solubilities of 27 insecticides and related compounds were determined. Diazinon, fensulfothion and paraoxon had solubilities greater than reported in the literature. The presence of impurities and/or additional components in the mixture altered the measured solubility values. Addition of acetone in amounts up to 1% (volume) produced increases in parathion solubility up to 11%. The pH values of the equilibrated solubility systems were, in most instances, acidic and, in several instances, were in the pH 3-4 range.", "contents": "The aqueous solubility of twenty-seven insecticides and related compounds. The aqueous solubilities of 27 insecticides and related compounds were determined. Diazinon, fensulfothion and paraoxon had solubilities greater than reported in the literature. The presence of impurities and/or additional components in the mixture altered the measured solubility values. Addition of acetone in amounts up to 1% (volume) produced increases in parathion solubility up to 11%. The pH values of the equilibrated solubility systems were, in most instances, acidic and, in several instances, were in the pH 3-4 range.", "PMID": 512298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9645", "title": "Carbofuran residues in organic soils in Southwestern Ontario, 1977.", "content": "Organic soils from 22 farms with a history of carbofuran use for soil insect control were sampled in November, 1977. Analysis for carbofuran was by electron capture gas chromatography of the heptaflurobutyric derivative. Nineteen of the 22 soils contained detectable (sensitivity 0.02 ppm) carbofuran residues. However only 8 of the soils contained greater than 0.5 ppm total carbofuran. The highest total carbofuran residue was 1.5 ppm, of which 0.31 ppm was 3-ketocarbofuran. In other soil samples 3-ketocarbofuran comprised 7-50% of the total carbofuran residue. No 3-hydroxycarbofuran was detected. The order of persistence of granular application of 3 insecticides as seed-furrow treatments was ethion greater than fonofos greater than carbofuran.", "contents": "Carbofuran residues in organic soils in Southwestern Ontario, 1977. Organic soils from 22 farms with a history of carbofuran use for soil insect control were sampled in November, 1977. Analysis for carbofuran was by electron capture gas chromatography of the heptaflurobutyric derivative. Nineteen of the 22 soils contained detectable (sensitivity 0.02 ppm) carbofuran residues. However only 8 of the soils contained greater than 0.5 ppm total carbofuran. The highest total carbofuran residue was 1.5 ppm, of which 0.31 ppm was 3-ketocarbofuran. In other soil samples 3-ketocarbofuran comprised 7-50% of the total carbofuran residue. No 3-hydroxycarbofuran was detected. The order of persistence of granular application of 3 insecticides as seed-furrow treatments was ethion greater than fonofos greater than carbofuran.", "PMID": 512299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9646", "title": "Loss of synapses in the cerebellar cortex of the senescent rat.", "content": "Numbers of synapses were compared in the cerebellar cortex of adult (12 months of age) and senescent (25 months of age) male rats of the Fisher-344 strain. The total number of axodendritic synapses was found to be 24% lower in the senescent rats as compared with adults. A differential analysis of synapses involving dendritic shafts and spines showed no significant change in numbers of synapses involving shafts, but a highly sigificant 33% decrease in numbers involving spines in senescent rats. These data suggest that the selective age-related loss of synapses involving dendritic spines (but not shafts) in the cerebellar cortex results from the impairment with advanced age of specific afferent neurons and/or a selective age-related vulnerability of dendritic spines.", "contents": "Loss of synapses in the cerebellar cortex of the senescent rat. Numbers of synapses were compared in the cerebellar cortex of adult (12 months of age) and senescent (25 months of age) male rats of the Fisher-344 strain. The total number of axodendritic synapses was found to be 24% lower in the senescent rats as compared with adults. A differential analysis of synapses involving dendritic shafts and spines showed no significant change in numbers of synapses involving shafts, but a highly sigificant 33% decrease in numbers involving spines in senescent rats. These data suggest that the selective age-related loss of synapses involving dendritic spines (but not shafts) in the cerebellar cortex results from the impairment with advanced age of specific afferent neurons and/or a selective age-related vulnerability of dendritic spines.", "PMID": 512301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9647", "title": "Quantitative morphological analysis of age-related changes in flight muscle of Musca domestica L.", "content": "Electron micrographs of dorsal indirect flight muscle of 37 (adult) and 68 (old) day old female houseflies were analyzed by morphometric techniques. In the muscle of the old female housefly there is no significant atrophy and the fine structure is well preserved. There is a small loss in both the myofibril and mitochondrial volumes, an increase in average myofibril size, and a 28% decrease in myofibril number. The thin/thick filament ratio and sarcomere structure are not altered. There is little decrease of particulate glycogen. The fractional volume occupied by SR at the dyads is increased. The most marked change is in the density of mitochondrial cristae which declines by 55% in old muscle and could account for the functional loss. Cristal anomalies and SR changes indicate that the membranes may be the specific target of deleterious aging effects.", "contents": "Quantitative morphological analysis of age-related changes in flight muscle of Musca domestica L. Electron micrographs of dorsal indirect flight muscle of 37 (adult) and 68 (old) day old female houseflies were analyzed by morphometric techniques. In the muscle of the old female housefly there is no significant atrophy and the fine structure is well preserved. There is a small loss in both the myofibril and mitochondrial volumes, an increase in average myofibril size, and a 28% decrease in myofibril number. The thin/thick filament ratio and sarcomere structure are not altered. There is little decrease of particulate glycogen. The fractional volume occupied by SR at the dyads is increased. The most marked change is in the density of mitochondrial cristae which declines by 55% in old muscle and could account for the functional loss. Cristal anomalies and SR changes indicate that the membranes may be the specific target of deleterious aging effects.", "PMID": 512302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9648", "title": "Age-related differences in salt taste acuity.", "content": "Salt taste detection thresholds were measured in 76 adults aged 23 to 92 years using a forced-choice staircase procedure, with distilled water rinses between all stimuli. Although an age-related decrease in salt taste acuity was observed, the decrement was smaller than previously reported in other studies. Past reports have probably exaggerated taste deficits in the elderly, because adequate rinse procedures and controls for subject response biases have not been incorporated in threshold measures.", "contents": "Age-related differences in salt taste acuity. Salt taste detection thresholds were measured in 76 adults aged 23 to 92 years using a forced-choice staircase procedure, with distilled water rinses between all stimuli. Although an age-related decrease in salt taste acuity was observed, the decrement was smaller than previously reported in other studies. Past reports have probably exaggerated taste deficits in the elderly, because adequate rinse procedures and controls for subject response biases have not been incorporated in threshold measures.", "PMID": 512303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9649", "title": "Stress and adaptation in later life.", "content": "The effects of five major life events, and of three types of resources, on the physical and social-psychological adaptation of 375 participants in a longitudinal study were examined. As expected, medical events had the most impact on physical adaptation, but they had surprisingly little impact on social-psychological adaptation. Retirement had the most negative social-psychological effects, but had little effect on physical adaptation. The other three events had even less effects, although multiple events tended to cumulate in impact. Better physical resources helped only physical adaptation, and better psychological and social resources mainly helped satisfaction. It appears that most of these potential stressors have less serious long-term outcomes than the crisis orientation would suggest.", "contents": "Stress and adaptation in later life. The effects of five major life events, and of three types of resources, on the physical and social-psychological adaptation of 375 participants in a longitudinal study were examined. As expected, medical events had the most impact on physical adaptation, but they had surprisingly little impact on social-psychological adaptation. Retirement had the most negative social-psychological effects, but had little effect on physical adaptation. The other three events had even less effects, although multiple events tended to cumulate in impact. Better physical resources helped only physical adaptation, and better psychological and social resources mainly helped satisfaction. It appears that most of these potential stressors have less serious long-term outcomes than the crisis orientation would suggest.", "PMID": 512304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9650", "title": "Doctor patient relationships and the older patient.", "content": "The authority of physicians in patient encounters is posited by the sicrole and the professional-client models in sociology. Yet, public challenges to physician authority are currently occurring, as shown by self care movements, and by some empirical data. Whether the elderly share in such challenges is, however, an unresolved question. Will longer experience with health services produce skepticism about medicine's claims, or conversely will the aged's probable more authoritarina upbringing and concern about failing health produce acceptance of physician authority? Data from an interview survey of 640 randomly sampled persons in a midwestern state, reveal that the 153 respondents aged 60 and over are more likely to accept physician authority, both in terms of attitudes and behaviors, than are the younger groups. Moreover, the findings show that the level of older persons' challenging attitudes is affected by their health knowledge and general views on authority, while their challenging behaviors are influenced by belief in right to medical information and an experience factor. Implications of the findings for appropriate modes of doctor-patient relationships for the elderly are discussed.", "contents": "Doctor patient relationships and the older patient. The authority of physicians in patient encounters is posited by the sicrole and the professional-client models in sociology. Yet, public challenges to physician authority are currently occurring, as shown by self care movements, and by some empirical data. Whether the elderly share in such challenges is, however, an unresolved question. Will longer experience with health services produce skepticism about medicine's claims, or conversely will the aged's probable more authoritarina upbringing and concern about failing health produce acceptance of physician authority? Data from an interview survey of 640 randomly sampled persons in a midwestern state, reveal that the 153 respondents aged 60 and over are more likely to accept physician authority, both in terms of attitudes and behaviors, than are the younger groups. Moreover, the findings show that the level of older persons' challenging attitudes is affected by their health knowledge and general views on authority, while their challenging behaviors are influenced by belief in right to medical information and an experience factor. Implications of the findings for appropriate modes of doctor-patient relationships for the elderly are discussed.", "PMID": 512305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9651", "title": "The never-married in later life.", "content": "Sources or consequences of singlehood are analyzed for the 162 never-married persons aged 50 and over from the six years of the NORC General Social Surveys. Highly-educated older women are most likely to remain single, but family background was not a predictor. Although the never-married find life more exciting than other marital statuses among younger (25 to 49) respondents, this reverses in later life. The never-married are also less happy than the married, and only slightly happier than the widowed and divorced. The characteristic that best explains their relative unhappiness is greater dissatisfaction with family life. The lower well-being of the never-married is attributable either to changes accompanying aging which lessen the viability of single life styles, or to less support of single living among current older cohorts.", "contents": "The never-married in later life. Sources or consequences of singlehood are analyzed for the 162 never-married persons aged 50 and over from the six years of the NORC General Social Surveys. Highly-educated older women are most likely to remain single, but family background was not a predictor. Although the never-married find life more exciting than other marital statuses among younger (25 to 49) respondents, this reverses in later life. The never-married are also less happy than the married, and only slightly happier than the widowed and divorced. The characteristic that best explains their relative unhappiness is greater dissatisfaction with family life. The lower well-being of the never-married is attributable either to changes accompanying aging which lessen the viability of single life styles, or to less support of single living among current older cohorts.", "PMID": 512306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9652", "title": "Life changes and perceptions of life and death among older men and women.", "content": "Although social scientists have suggested that feelings about life and death may be related, for the most part, theories of social gerontology have developed independently of conceptions of death and finitude. This study examines whether life changes are associated with concurrent life and death attitude types among older men and women. Data were analyzed from structured interviews conducted with 214 men and 354 women during the second phase of a longitudinal study of the aged in small towns. Individuals were identified as positivists, negativists, activists, and passivists. Controlling for sex and income, changes in four life areas were examined in relation to these perceptions of life and death. Some of the patterns varied by sex, suggesting that the same changes have different implications for the well-being of men and women in late life. In general, those who had experienced discontinuity were more frequently negativists or passivists, while continuity tended to characterize positivists and activists.", "contents": "Life changes and perceptions of life and death among older men and women. Although social scientists have suggested that feelings about life and death may be related, for the most part, theories of social gerontology have developed independently of conceptions of death and finitude. This study examines whether life changes are associated with concurrent life and death attitude types among older men and women. Data were analyzed from structured interviews conducted with 214 men and 354 women during the second phase of a longitudinal study of the aged in small towns. Individuals were identified as positivists, negativists, activists, and passivists. Controlling for sex and income, changes in four life areas were examined in relation to these perceptions of life and death. Some of the patterns varied by sex, suggesting that the same changes have different implications for the well-being of men and women in late life. In general, those who had experienced discontinuity were more frequently negativists or passivists, while continuity tended to characterize positivists and activists.", "PMID": 512307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9653", "title": "Pectoralis major transplantation to restore elbow flexion to the paralytic limb.", "content": "In four patients, two with brachial plexus palsy and two with arthrogryposis, the entire pectoralis major muscle was transplanted to act as an elbow flexor, rotating it on its neurovascular pedicles and attaching the tendon to the acromion and the muscle origin to the tuberosity of the radius. Excellent motion and power was restored in three patients. One procedure failed due to fibrofatty degeneration of the transplanted muscle.", "contents": "Pectoralis major transplantation to restore elbow flexion to the paralytic limb. In four patients, two with brachial plexus palsy and two with arthrogryposis, the entire pectoralis major muscle was transplanted to act as an elbow flexor, rotating it on its neurovascular pedicles and attaching the tendon to the acromion and the muscle origin to the tuberosity of the radius. Excellent motion and power was restored in three patients. One procedure failed due to fibrofatty degeneration of the transplanted muscle.", "PMID": 512308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9654", "title": "A cause of painful clicking wrist: a case report.", "content": "In a patient with symptomatic unilateral clicking of the wrist, a partial tear of the scapholunate ligament with subsequent scarring of the proximal third of the dorsal portion of the ligament had occurred. At operation the dorsomedial edge of the proximal pole of the scaphoid had snapped over the dorsal edge of the lunate as the palmar-flexed wrist was being returned to a neutral position. Release of the scarred portion of the scapholunate ligament was associated with widening of the scapholunate joint space to normal dimensions and cessation of the clicking phenomenon. Fourteen months after operation there was complete relief of symptoms, a full range of wrist motion and no radiographic evidence of widening of the scapholunate space, ligamentous instability, or rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid.", "contents": "A cause of painful clicking wrist: a case report. In a patient with symptomatic unilateral clicking of the wrist, a partial tear of the scapholunate ligament with subsequent scarring of the proximal third of the dorsal portion of the ligament had occurred. At operation the dorsomedial edge of the proximal pole of the scaphoid had snapped over the dorsal edge of the lunate as the palmar-flexed wrist was being returned to a neutral position. Release of the scarred portion of the scapholunate ligament was associated with widening of the scapholunate joint space to normal dimensions and cessation of the clicking phenomenon. Fourteen months after operation there was complete relief of symptoms, a full range of wrist motion and no radiographic evidence of widening of the scapholunate space, ligamentous instability, or rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid.", "PMID": 512309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9655", "title": "Rheumatoid synovitis of the volar compartment of the wrist joint: its radiological signs and its contribution to wrist and hand deformity.", "content": "The radiological signs that suggest involvement of the volar compartments of the wrist include grooving of the scaphoid, pseudocysts of the distal radius, and scaphoid-lunate dissociation. These indicate involvement of the radiocarpal ligamentous support. This leads to loss of stability of the scaphoid, which then goes into a volar-flexed position, contributing to shortening the radial carpal height and favoring rotation of the carpus into supination, radial deviation of the metacarpals, and ulnar drift of the fingers.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovitis of the volar compartment of the wrist joint: its radiological signs and its contribution to wrist and hand deformity. The radiological signs that suggest involvement of the volar compartments of the wrist include grooving of the scaphoid, pseudocysts of the distal radius, and scaphoid-lunate dissociation. These indicate involvement of the radiocarpal ligamentous support. This leads to loss of stability of the scaphoid, which then goes into a volar-flexed position, contributing to shortening the radial carpal height and favoring rotation of the carpus into supination, radial deviation of the metacarpals, and ulnar drift of the fingers.", "PMID": 512310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9656", "title": "Hamate erosion: an unusual result of ulnar artery constriction.", "content": "An erosive lesion of the hamate hook in a patient with symptoms of arterial insufficiency was the result of a pseudoaneurysmal formation of the ulnar artery proximal to an obstruction by cicatrical bands.", "contents": "Hamate erosion: an unusual result of ulnar artery constriction. An erosive lesion of the hamate hook in a patient with symptoms of arterial insufficiency was the result of a pseudoaneurysmal formation of the ulnar artery proximal to an obstruction by cicatrical bands.", "PMID": 512311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9657", "title": "Carpal tunnel release under local anesthesia: evaluation of the outpatient procedure.", "content": "In 100 consecutive cases of carpal tunnel release done under local anesthesia in an outpatient ambulatory care operating room, 93 had satisfactory results at 6 months without any complications. Two patients developed a neuroma of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, and five showed early signs of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. These complications are discussed, as well as the prevention of other complications of this procedure.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel release under local anesthesia: evaluation of the outpatient procedure. In 100 consecutive cases of carpal tunnel release done under local anesthesia in an outpatient ambulatory care operating room, 93 had satisfactory results at 6 months without any complications. Two patients developed a neuroma of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, and five showed early signs of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. These complications are discussed, as well as the prevention of other complications of this procedure.", "PMID": 512313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9658", "title": "Experimental studies in chickens on the initial nutrition of tendon grafts.", "content": "A study of nutrition of various tendon graft preparations in adult chickens (up to 2 weeks after grafting), using tritiated proline and a trichloracetic acid extraction technique which separated the free and metabolized amino acid fractions, suggests that diffusion of nutrients is an important process in the initial nutrition of tendon grafts, that tendon grafts are metabolically active and viable structures, that adhesions which are frequently associated with tendon grafts do not appear to be essential to the nutrition of grafts, and that tendon grafts within fibrous pseudosheaths are nourished as effectively as grafts within synovial sheaths.", "contents": "Experimental studies in chickens on the initial nutrition of tendon grafts. A study of nutrition of various tendon graft preparations in adult chickens (up to 2 weeks after grafting), using tritiated proline and a trichloracetic acid extraction technique which separated the free and metabolized amino acid fractions, suggests that diffusion of nutrients is an important process in the initial nutrition of tendon grafts, that tendon grafts are metabolically active and viable structures, that adhesions which are frequently associated with tendon grafts do not appear to be essential to the nutrition of grafts, and that tendon grafts within fibrous pseudosheaths are nourished as effectively as grafts within synovial sheaths.", "PMID": 512314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9659", "title": "Fibular autografts for distal defects of the radius.", "content": "A protocol for osteoarticular grafting was established to avoid fracture, nonunion, and loss of motion when replacing the distal radius. Proximal fibular autografts were used and stabilized proximally by compression plating and, at the wrist, by ligamentous reconstruction. Postoperative splinting and therapy were coordinated with graft healing, which was monitored by bone scans and roentgenograms. Graft incorporation in three patients appeared to be well-established within 1 year, but functional use of the extremity and return to duty were achieved much earlier.", "contents": "Fibular autografts for distal defects of the radius. A protocol for osteoarticular grafting was established to avoid fracture, nonunion, and loss of motion when replacing the distal radius. Proximal fibular autografts were used and stabilized proximally by compression plating and, at the wrist, by ligamentous reconstruction. Postoperative splinting and therapy were coordinated with graft healing, which was monitored by bone scans and roentgenograms. Graft incorporation in three patients appeared to be well-established within 1 year, but functional use of the extremity and return to duty were achieved much earlier.", "PMID": 512315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9660", "title": "Scintillation fluid shortens exposure times in autoradiography.", "content": "Premixed, commercially available scintillation fluids were used to reduce exposure time of tritium (3H) and iodine-125 (125I)-labeled whole cells, and of 3H-labeled Giemsa-banded chromosome preparations. Emulsion-coated slides were dipped into scintillator for no longer than 2 min and exposed in the dark at 4 degrees C. Maximal values for percentage of human diploid cell (WI-38) nuclei labeled with 3H-thymidine of moderate specific activity were obtained in 12 hr. Without scintillator the exposure time was 4 days. Exposure time for cells labeled with 125I-serum was reduced from over 90 days to 14 days. The shortened exposure time for banded chromosomes permitted successful prestaining with Giemsa, a sequence that is not possible without scintillator.", "contents": "Scintillation fluid shortens exposure times in autoradiography. Premixed, commercially available scintillation fluids were used to reduce exposure time of tritium (3H) and iodine-125 (125I)-labeled whole cells, and of 3H-labeled Giemsa-banded chromosome preparations. Emulsion-coated slides were dipped into scintillator for no longer than 2 min and exposed in the dark at 4 degrees C. Maximal values for percentage of human diploid cell (WI-38) nuclei labeled with 3H-thymidine of moderate specific activity were obtained in 12 hr. Without scintillator the exposure time was 4 days. Exposure time for cells labeled with 125I-serum was reduced from over 90 days to 14 days. The shortened exposure time for banded chromosomes permitted successful prestaining with Giemsa, a sequence that is not possible without scintillator.", "PMID": 512316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9661", "title": "Adenylate cyclase activity in the parotid gland of the mouse after isoproterenol stimulation.", "content": "Previous studies have described a decrease in the activity of adenylate cyclase in the parotid gland of isoproterenol-treated rats. In the present studies, a similar decrease was observed in mice treated with isoproterenol. Studies on the subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase after isoproterenol stimulation of the parotid gland showed that enzyme activity was increased in the lysosomal fraction and decreased in the cellular membrane fractions. Cytochemical studies on the localization of adenylate cyclase in stimulated gland showed an increase in vesicles which contained enzyme activity and a decrease in activity at the luminal and plasma membranes. It is suggested, based on the present findings and results reported by other investigators, that after isoproterenol stimulation of the parotid gland, adenylate cyclase (along with excess membrane) is degraded by lysosomes. If this suggestion is true, then the observed decrease in adenylate cyclase would have a molecular explanation.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase activity in the parotid gland of the mouse after isoproterenol stimulation. Previous studies have described a decrease in the activity of adenylate cyclase in the parotid gland of isoproterenol-treated rats. In the present studies, a similar decrease was observed in mice treated with isoproterenol. Studies on the subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase after isoproterenol stimulation of the parotid gland showed that enzyme activity was increased in the lysosomal fraction and decreased in the cellular membrane fractions. Cytochemical studies on the localization of adenylate cyclase in stimulated gland showed an increase in vesicles which contained enzyme activity and a decrease in activity at the luminal and plasma membranes. It is suggested, based on the present findings and results reported by other investigators, that after isoproterenol stimulation of the parotid gland, adenylate cyclase (along with excess membrane) is degraded by lysosomes. If this suggestion is true, then the observed decrease in adenylate cyclase would have a molecular explanation.", "PMID": 512317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9662", "title": "Localization of adenylate cyclase in unfixed sections of cardiac muscle.", "content": "Previous investigators have shown that prefixation and lead staining completely inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase. Lead has also been shown to stimulate the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PMP (the substrate for adenylate cyclase) after 30 min incubation. The present studies were performed to determine if the omission of prefixation would provide a better method for localizing adenylate cyclase in cardiac muscle. These studies were also performed to determine the effect of short incubation on the lead-induced nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PNP. In prefixed sections the reaction product was diffusely localized over the section. However, in unfixed sections the reaction product appeared only on the sarcolemma and sarcotubule system. Results are presented showing that short incubation (i.e., 5 min) prevents the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PMP by lead. In biochemical studies lead (10(-3) M) was shown to completely inhibit the activity of this enzyme. However, in the presence of 4 micrograms phosphatidylinositol, lead inhibition of this enzyme was reduced to 50% of the control value. Based on this observation, it is suggested that approximately 50% of adenylate cyclase is present in sections of cardiac muscle exposed to 2 x 10(-3) M lead, which is presumably enough activity for demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Localization of adenylate cyclase in unfixed sections of cardiac muscle. Previous investigators have shown that prefixation and lead staining completely inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase. Lead has also been shown to stimulate the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PMP (the substrate for adenylate cyclase) after 30 min incubation. The present studies were performed to determine if the omission of prefixation would provide a better method for localizing adenylate cyclase in cardiac muscle. These studies were also performed to determine the effect of short incubation on the lead-induced nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PNP. In prefixed sections the reaction product was diffusely localized over the section. However, in unfixed sections the reaction product appeared only on the sarcolemma and sarcotubule system. Results are presented showing that short incubation (i.e., 5 min) prevents the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of AMP-PMP by lead. In biochemical studies lead (10(-3) M) was shown to completely inhibit the activity of this enzyme. However, in the presence of 4 micrograms phosphatidylinositol, lead inhibition of this enzyme was reduced to 50% of the control value. Based on this observation, it is suggested that approximately 50% of adenylate cyclase is present in sections of cardiac muscle exposed to 2 x 10(-3) M lead, which is presumably enough activity for demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 512318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9663", "title": "Lead aspartate, an en bloc contrast stain particularly useful for ultrastructural enzymology.", "content": "Lead aspartate is a new en bloc stain for electron microscopy. Its predictable staining depends on chelation that results from the interaction of the two stain components, lead nitrate and aspartic acid, which must be present in a specific ratio. Lead aspartate stain is 0.02 M in lead nitrate and 0.03 M in aspartic acid, adjusted to pH 5.5. Cells or tissues are stained at 60 degrees C for 30 to 60 min. Cells stained en bloc with lead aspartate closely resemble cells stained on grids by lead citrate, except that the former seldom have contamination. En bloc staining with lead aspartate bypasses the grid-staining step so that samples can be viewed and photographed immediately after they are thin-sectioned. The lower pH of the lead aspartate solution allows counterstaining of enzyme reaction products that dissolve in the highly alkaline lead citrate stain. Lead aspartate en bloc staining to enhance contrast should especially benefit studies of ultrastructure requiring a clean and predictably lead stain.", "contents": "Lead aspartate, an en bloc contrast stain particularly useful for ultrastructural enzymology. Lead aspartate is a new en bloc stain for electron microscopy. Its predictable staining depends on chelation that results from the interaction of the two stain components, lead nitrate and aspartic acid, which must be present in a specific ratio. Lead aspartate stain is 0.02 M in lead nitrate and 0.03 M in aspartic acid, adjusted to pH 5.5. Cells or tissues are stained at 60 degrees C for 30 to 60 min. Cells stained en bloc with lead aspartate closely resemble cells stained on grids by lead citrate, except that the former seldom have contamination. En bloc staining with lead aspartate bypasses the grid-staining step so that samples can be viewed and photographed immediately after they are thin-sectioned. The lower pH of the lead aspartate solution allows counterstaining of enzyme reaction products that dissolve in the highly alkaline lead citrate stain. Lead aspartate en bloc staining to enhance contrast should especially benefit studies of ultrastructure requiring a clean and predictably lead stain.", "PMID": 512319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9664", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase as a tracer for capillary permeability studies.", "content": "The permeability of capillaries was investigated utilizing an in vivo injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and an in situ perfusion of a balanced salt solution containing HRP and lanthanum chloride. In the continuous capillaries of heart and muscle, HRP diffuses mainly through intercellular junctions, while in testicular capillaries, the transport is via micropinocytotic vesicles. The diffusion and micropinocytotic transport of HRP was demonstrated in both directions, i.e. from the capillary lumen to the interstitium and vice versa. Lanthanum can be used as a bidirectional inhibitor of micropinocytosis. The transport of HRP is then almost completely hindered in testicular capillaries. In heart muscle, the effect on HRP transport is not significant, due to second transport pathway, i.e. intercellular cleft passage.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase as a tracer for capillary permeability studies. The permeability of capillaries was investigated utilizing an in vivo injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and an in situ perfusion of a balanced salt solution containing HRP and lanthanum chloride. In the continuous capillaries of heart and muscle, HRP diffuses mainly through intercellular junctions, while in testicular capillaries, the transport is via micropinocytotic vesicles. The diffusion and micropinocytotic transport of HRP was demonstrated in both directions, i.e. from the capillary lumen to the interstitium and vice versa. Lanthanum can be used as a bidirectional inhibitor of micropinocytosis. The transport of HRP is then almost completely hindered in testicular capillaries. In heart muscle, the effect on HRP transport is not significant, due to second transport pathway, i.e. intercellular cleft passage.", "PMID": 512320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9665", "title": "Reproductive tract peroxidases as endproducts of estrogen-specific gene expression.", "content": "Estrogen is an essential requirement for the postpubertal trophic development and maintenance of the differentiated state of the oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and mammary glands of mammals. Estrogen, apparently functioning through its specific cytoplasmic receptor protein via a multistep interaction pathway induces gene expression of specific biochemical events leading to growth and differentiation of target tissues (Jensen et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 59:632, 1968; Gorski et al., Recent Prog Horm Res 24:45, 1968). One biochemical expression of the estrogen gene is the synthesis of specific mRNA transcripts for certain specific marker proteins, including ovalbumin, lysozyme and ovomucoid in the chick oviduct (O'Malley and McGuire, Proc Natl Acad Sci 60:1527, 1968; Palmiter and Schimke, J Biol Chem 248:1502, 1973), tubulin in the mammalian oviduct (Brenner and Anderson, Handbook of Physiology 7(2):123, 1973; Brenner et al., Endocrinology 95:1094, 1974) and peroxidase (EC 1,11.1.7) in the rodent uterus (Brockelmann and Fawcett, Biol Reprod 1:59, 1969; Churg and Anderson, J Cell Biol 62:449, 1974; Anderson et al., J Cell Biol 64:668, 1975).", "contents": "Reproductive tract peroxidases as endproducts of estrogen-specific gene expression. Estrogen is an essential requirement for the postpubertal trophic development and maintenance of the differentiated state of the oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and mammary glands of mammals. Estrogen, apparently functioning through its specific cytoplasmic receptor protein via a multistep interaction pathway induces gene expression of specific biochemical events leading to growth and differentiation of target tissues (Jensen et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 59:632, 1968; Gorski et al., Recent Prog Horm Res 24:45, 1968). One biochemical expression of the estrogen gene is the synthesis of specific mRNA transcripts for certain specific marker proteins, including ovalbumin, lysozyme and ovomucoid in the chick oviduct (O'Malley and McGuire, Proc Natl Acad Sci 60:1527, 1968; Palmiter and Schimke, J Biol Chem 248:1502, 1973), tubulin in the mammalian oviduct (Brenner and Anderson, Handbook of Physiology 7(2):123, 1973; Brenner et al., Endocrinology 95:1094, 1974) and peroxidase (EC 1,11.1.7) in the rodent uterus (Brockelmann and Fawcett, Biol Reprod 1:59, 1969; Churg and Anderson, J Cell Biol 62:449, 1974; Anderson et al., J Cell Biol 64:668, 1975).", "PMID": 512322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9666", "title": "Pituitary adenomas. Clinico-morphologic correlations.", "content": "Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy allow new insights into the biology and natural history of the proliferative processes of the hypophysis. Hyperplasia can be diffuse or focal. Its function and/or growth are controlled by hypothalamic factors. Hyperplasia may precede the formation of an adenoma. Function and/or growth of adenomas is partially or completely independent of hypothalamic regulation. Adenomas are divided according to their functional activity into an endocrine active and inactive group. A further subdivision is made according to the secreted hormone. Inactive adenomas may have lost the ability to produce hormones, may secrete hormones at a very low rate, or may secrete abnormal substances.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas. Clinico-morphologic correlations. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy allow new insights into the biology and natural history of the proliferative processes of the hypophysis. Hyperplasia can be diffuse or focal. Its function and/or growth are controlled by hypothalamic factors. Hyperplasia may precede the formation of an adenoma. Function and/or growth of adenomas is partially or completely independent of hypothalamic regulation. Adenomas are divided according to their functional activity into an endocrine active and inactive group. A further subdivision is made according to the secreted hormone. Inactive adenomas may have lost the ability to produce hormones, may secrete hormones at a very low rate, or may secrete abnormal substances.", "PMID": 512326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9667", "title": "The diffuse neuroendocrine system. Studies of this newly discovered controlling system in health and disease.", "content": "Numerous peptides (neuropeptides) have been recently found to be present in both the nervous and endocrine systems composing what is now known as the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Two immunological methods, radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry, have been used here in combination to study their distribution and cellular localization. A number of these neuropeptides have recently been found to be abnormal in disease state, thus providing further information as to their role in normal and pathological conditions.", "contents": "The diffuse neuroendocrine system. Studies of this newly discovered controlling system in health and disease. Numerous peptides (neuropeptides) have been recently found to be present in both the nervous and endocrine systems composing what is now known as the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Two immunological methods, radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry, have been used here in combination to study their distribution and cellular localization. A number of these neuropeptides have recently been found to be abnormal in disease state, thus providing further information as to their role in normal and pathological conditions.", "PMID": 512327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9668", "title": "Membrane differentiation of developing hemic cells of the bone marrow demonstrated by changes in concanavalin A surface labeling.", "content": "The concanavalin A-gold labeled horseradish peroxidase (Con A-HRP-G) method has been employed in the ultrastructural localization of Con A surface receptor sites on glutaraldehyde-fixed normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells. The number of gold particles per micron of cell surface was counted and data subjected to statistical analysis. All cells of the bone marrow exhibited Con A binding; however, the extent of surface labeling was dependent both on cell type and stage of differentiation. Distinctive modifications in mean surface density correlated with specific periods during the maturation of the erythrocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic and monocytic cell series. In several instances, the differentiative changes in surface Con A labeling proved to be species dependent. These observations are discussed in relationship to methodology and to potential changes in number and/or spatial arrangement of Con A receptor sites, primarily attributable to mannosyl and/or glucosyl residues associated with membrane glycoproteins and/or glycolipids of developing neutrophilic and erythrocytic cells.", "contents": "Membrane differentiation of developing hemic cells of the bone marrow demonstrated by changes in concanavalin A surface labeling. The concanavalin A-gold labeled horseradish peroxidase (Con A-HRP-G) method has been employed in the ultrastructural localization of Con A surface receptor sites on glutaraldehyde-fixed normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells. The number of gold particles per micron of cell surface was counted and data subjected to statistical analysis. All cells of the bone marrow exhibited Con A binding; however, the extent of surface labeling was dependent both on cell type and stage of differentiation. Distinctive modifications in mean surface density correlated with specific periods during the maturation of the erythrocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic and monocytic cell series. In several instances, the differentiative changes in surface Con A labeling proved to be species dependent. These observations are discussed in relationship to methodology and to potential changes in number and/or spatial arrangement of Con A receptor sites, primarily attributable to mannosyl and/or glucosyl residues associated with membrane glycoproteins and/or glycolipids of developing neutrophilic and erythrocytic cells.", "PMID": 512328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9669", "title": "A fluorescent assay of proteinases in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "We have demonstrated proteinase activity in unfixed cells grown on tissue culture plates with a technique using 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and peptide derivatives of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine. The 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine liberated by proteinase activity reacts with 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde to form a fluorescent product. The substrates CBZ-alanyl-arginyl-arginyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine and lysyl-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine, were used for the direct visual detection of two arylamidase activities in BALB/c 3T3 and C3H 10T 1/2 cells. With low magnification these enzyme activities can be detected in single clones; with higher magnification the fluorescent product can be seen within the cytoplasm of single cells.", "contents": "A fluorescent assay of proteinases in cultured mammalian cells. We have demonstrated proteinase activity in unfixed cells grown on tissue culture plates with a technique using 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and peptide derivatives of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine. The 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine liberated by proteinase activity reacts with 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde to form a fluorescent product. The substrates CBZ-alanyl-arginyl-arginyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine and lysyl-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine, were used for the direct visual detection of two arylamidase activities in BALB/c 3T3 and C3H 10T 1/2 cells. With low magnification these enzyme activities can be detected in single clones; with higher magnification the fluorescent product can be seen within the cytoplasm of single cells.", "PMID": 512330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9670", "title": "Cytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in macrophages and mast cells.", "content": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP II) was demonstrated cytochemically at light and electron microscope levels in rat macrophages and mast cells using Lys-Ala-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as a specific substrate. The enzyme which was found to be lysosomal in both cell types, was analyzed biochemically in extracts by measuring fluorometrically the liberated naphthylamine, and was visualized in sections microscopically using azo-coupling methods. DAP II was further characterized by isoelectric focusing techniques. Macrophage DAP II was found to be typical of that found in other rat tissues in terms of its structural latency, substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivities, and pH activator requirements. Addition DAP II isozymes, not previously recognized, were observed.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in macrophages and mast cells. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP II) was demonstrated cytochemically at light and electron microscope levels in rat macrophages and mast cells using Lys-Ala-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as a specific substrate. The enzyme which was found to be lysosomal in both cell types, was analyzed biochemically in extracts by measuring fluorometrically the liberated naphthylamine, and was visualized in sections microscopically using azo-coupling methods. DAP II was further characterized by isoelectric focusing techniques. Macrophage DAP II was found to be typical of that found in other rat tissues in terms of its structural latency, substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivities, and pH activator requirements. Addition DAP II isozymes, not previously recognized, were observed.", "PMID": 512331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9671", "title": "A study of acid phosphatase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in monodispersed anterior pituitary cells using flow cytometry and electron microscopy.", "content": "A brief historical review of cytoenzymology is presented from the time of introduction into electron microscopy to the present, where the direction for quantification of an enzyme in single cells appears most promising by fluorescent staining. First attempts are reported to quantitate acid phosphatase (AcPase) and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP-II) in monodispersed anterior pituitary cells from lactating and postlactating rats by flow cytometry, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. 3-Hydroxy-flavone is introduced as a new fluorescent cytochemical stain for AcPase, useful in flow cytometry but of only limited use in fluorescent microscopy. Histograms for AcPase indicate a single peak of cells staining more intensely in cell preparations from postlactating over lactating animals. Histograms for DAP-II staining indicate two distinct populations of cells present in the lactating and only one in the postlactating rat anterior pituitary gland. The application of dual laser staining indicates that not all cells stain for both enzymes. Electron microscopy shows the subcellular localization of DAP-II to be limited to lytic bodies and in mammotrophic cells to some secretion granules.", "contents": "A study of acid phosphatase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in monodispersed anterior pituitary cells using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. A brief historical review of cytoenzymology is presented from the time of introduction into electron microscopy to the present, where the direction for quantification of an enzyme in single cells appears most promising by fluorescent staining. First attempts are reported to quantitate acid phosphatase (AcPase) and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP-II) in monodispersed anterior pituitary cells from lactating and postlactating rats by flow cytometry, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. 3-Hydroxy-flavone is introduced as a new fluorescent cytochemical stain for AcPase, useful in flow cytometry but of only limited use in fluorescent microscopy. Histograms for AcPase indicate a single peak of cells staining more intensely in cell preparations from postlactating over lactating animals. Histograms for DAP-II staining indicate two distinct populations of cells present in the lactating and only one in the postlactating rat anterior pituitary gland. The application of dual laser staining indicates that not all cells stain for both enzymes. Electron microscopy shows the subcellular localization of DAP-II to be limited to lytic bodies and in mammotrophic cells to some secretion granules.", "PMID": 512332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9672", "title": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography. Progress towards a routine technique.", "content": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography was introduced in 1976 as a new technique for the autoradiography of diffusible compounds at the electron microscope level. With the original approach coating of the frozen replicated specimens was performed in a cryostat at atmospheric pressure. Ice contamination of the specimen surface acting as an outstanding source of artifacts was thereby not excluded. With the use of a specially designed coating device and volatile spreading substances it was made possible to coat the frozen replicated specimens in the maintained vacuum of the freeze-fracture plant. In this complicated technique we have recently extended the freeze-fracture autoradiography to labeled frozen-dried \"half\" membranes of red blood cells.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography. Progress towards a routine technique. Freeze-fracture autoradiography was introduced in 1976 as a new technique for the autoradiography of diffusible compounds at the electron microscope level. With the original approach coating of the frozen replicated specimens was performed in a cryostat at atmospheric pressure. Ice contamination of the specimen surface acting as an outstanding source of artifacts was thereby not excluded. With the use of a specially designed coating device and volatile spreading substances it was made possible to coat the frozen replicated specimens in the maintained vacuum of the freeze-fracture plant. In this complicated technique we have recently extended the freeze-fracture autoradiography to labeled frozen-dried \"half\" membranes of red blood cells.", "PMID": 512334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9673", "title": "Freezing of tissue-limits for the autoradiographic localization of diffusible substances.", "content": "Frozen thin sections and sections from freeze-dried and embedded tissue are used for the autoradiographic localization of diffusible substances at the electron microscope level. The presence of ice crystals in such sections may limit the autoradiographic resolution. Ice crystals are formed during freezing and may grow during subsequent processing of tissue. The contribution of ice crystal growth to the final image was estimated by measuring the distribution of the ice crystal sizes in freeze-etch replicas and in sections from freeze-dried and embedded tissues. A surface layer (10-15 mu) without visible ice crystals was present in both preparations. Beneath this surface layer the diameter of ice crystals increased towards the interior with the same relationship between crystal size and distance from the surface in the freeze-etch preparation as in the freeze-dry preparation. Ice crystal growth occurring during a much longer time during freeze-drying compared to freeze-etching does not significantly contribute to the final image in the electron microscope. The formation of ice crystals during freezing determines to a large extent the image (and therefore the autoradiographic resolution) of freeze-dry preparations and this probably holds also for thin cryosections of which examples are given.", "contents": "Freezing of tissue-limits for the autoradiographic localization of diffusible substances. Frozen thin sections and sections from freeze-dried and embedded tissue are used for the autoradiographic localization of diffusible substances at the electron microscope level. The presence of ice crystals in such sections may limit the autoradiographic resolution. Ice crystals are formed during freezing and may grow during subsequent processing of tissue. The contribution of ice crystal growth to the final image was estimated by measuring the distribution of the ice crystal sizes in freeze-etch replicas and in sections from freeze-dried and embedded tissues. A surface layer (10-15 mu) without visible ice crystals was present in both preparations. Beneath this surface layer the diameter of ice crystals increased towards the interior with the same relationship between crystal size and distance from the surface in the freeze-etch preparation as in the freeze-dry preparation. Ice crystal growth occurring during a much longer time during freeze-drying compared to freeze-etching does not significantly contribute to the final image in the electron microscope. The formation of ice crystals during freezing determines to a large extent the image (and therefore the autoradiographic resolution) of freeze-dry preparations and this probably holds also for thin cryosections of which examples are given.", "PMID": 512336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9674", "title": "High resolution scintiautoradiography.", "content": "An electron microscopic scintiautoradiographic method for studying histological sections is reported. An increase in the silver grain yield is attained by using a scintillator in embedding medium. The amplification effect for 3H-labeling reaches 3-fold and for 14C reaches a 15-fold. No lessening of autoradiographic resolution was observed. On the basis of these preliminary results only qualitative evaluation of data is discussed.", "contents": "High resolution scintiautoradiography. An electron microscopic scintiautoradiographic method for studying histological sections is reported. An increase in the silver grain yield is attained by using a scintillator in embedding medium. The amplification effect for 3H-labeling reaches 3-fold and for 14C reaches a 15-fold. No lessening of autoradiographic resolution was observed. On the basis of these preliminary results only qualitative evaluation of data is discussed.", "PMID": 512338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9675", "title": "Photometric methods in quantitation of light microscope radioautography.", "content": "Photometric evaluation of autoradiographic grain densities can be performed according to various optical principles. In all instances the amount of light recorded should be a measure of the radioactive substance amount in the specimens. It is shown that grain densities suitable for light microscopic autoradiography are indeed linearly related to radiation exposure. Dependent on the photometric system used, there is a larger or smaller section of linear correlation of the photometric response with grain density. The advantages of incident light bright-field illumination for silver grain counting are discussed. Quantitation of substance amounts in autoradiographs depends on the use of radioactive standard sources. Two different approaches of quantitation are discussed. In 14C-autoradiography which can be applied for cell-kinetic studies, standard plates are used consisting of 14C-polymethylmethacrylate. Allowance has to be made for the different condition of radiation geometry of the cells and the standards. In 125I-autoradiography, 125I-labeled red cells are used as standards. This technique allows for quantitating the number of antibodies bound to individual cell surfaces.", "contents": "Photometric methods in quantitation of light microscope radioautography. Photometric evaluation of autoradiographic grain densities can be performed according to various optical principles. In all instances the amount of light recorded should be a measure of the radioactive substance amount in the specimens. It is shown that grain densities suitable for light microscopic autoradiography are indeed linearly related to radiation exposure. Dependent on the photometric system used, there is a larger or smaller section of linear correlation of the photometric response with grain density. The advantages of incident light bright-field illumination for silver grain counting are discussed. Quantitation of substance amounts in autoradiographs depends on the use of radioactive standard sources. Two different approaches of quantitation are discussed. In 14C-autoradiography which can be applied for cell-kinetic studies, standard plates are used consisting of 14C-polymethylmethacrylate. Allowance has to be made for the different condition of radiation geometry of the cells and the standards. In 125I-autoradiography, 125I-labeled red cells are used as standards. This technique allows for quantitating the number of antibodies bound to individual cell surfaces.", "PMID": 512339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9676", "title": "Quantitation and resolution in electron microscope radioautography.", "content": "Electron microscopy can resolve structures with accuracy of the order of 0.2-0.3 nm, but the radioautographic technique is able to locate radioactive label with much less certainty, at best 50 nm. This difference in resolution is what creates the problem of quantitation in electron microscope radioautographs.", "contents": "Quantitation and resolution in electron microscope radioautography. Electron microscopy can resolve structures with accuracy of the order of 0.2-0.3 nm, but the radioautographic technique is able to locate radioactive label with much less certainty, at best 50 nm. This difference in resolution is what creates the problem of quantitation in electron microscope radioautographs.", "PMID": 512340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9677", "title": "Morphometry of the chinchilla organ of Corti and stria vascularis.", "content": "This research describes a procedure for a morphometric analysis of the organ of Corti and stria vascularis in the chinchilla. In nine normal cochleae the length of the basilar membrane and the stria vascularis measured 18.47 and 25.22 mm, respectively. An average of 1910 inner and 7501 outer hair cells were present while an average of 15 inner and 90 outer hair cells were absent. In all cochleae examined there were always some missing hair cells in varying numbers even though the animals had no known ototoxic exposure. Stria area, width and thickness increased from the cochlear apex toward the base. Consistency of changes in stria dimensions among animals was enhanced by expressing position in terms of percentage stria length rather than distance as such. Total stria volume was estimated at 0.15 microliter.", "contents": "Morphometry of the chinchilla organ of Corti and stria vascularis. This research describes a procedure for a morphometric analysis of the organ of Corti and stria vascularis in the chinchilla. In nine normal cochleae the length of the basilar membrane and the stria vascularis measured 18.47 and 25.22 mm, respectively. An average of 1910 inner and 7501 outer hair cells were present while an average of 15 inner and 90 outer hair cells were absent. In all cochleae examined there were always some missing hair cells in varying numbers even though the animals had no known ototoxic exposure. Stria area, width and thickness increased from the cochlear apex toward the base. Consistency of changes in stria dimensions among animals was enhanced by expressing position in terms of percentage stria length rather than distance as such. Total stria volume was estimated at 0.15 microliter.", "PMID": 512345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9678", "title": "Applications of stereology to the mechanics of soft tissues.", "content": "Quantification of microstructure in conjunction with mechanical testing and modeling may provide new insight into problems of soft tissue mechanics with potential clinical significance. Some general observations concerning this as well as brief discussions of specif examples are presented.", "contents": "Applications of stereology to the mechanics of soft tissues. Quantification of microstructure in conjunction with mechanical testing and modeling may provide new insight into problems of soft tissue mechanics with potential clinical significance. Some general observations concerning this as well as brief discussions of specif examples are presented.", "PMID": 512346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9679", "title": "Morphometry of the effect of increased experience and training on synaptic density in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus.", "content": "A morphometric analysis of the effect of differential experiences on synapses was performed in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus. Two methods of quantitation that used a superimposed lattice grid were employed. In the first method squares overlying synapses were measured as a proportion of the total number of squares scanned; in the second method intersections of lattice lines with synapses were counted as a proportion of the total length of lines. Both measures showed that rats which were housed in an enriched environment and received 10 weeks of training had a significant increase in total area of synaptic contacts compared to both nonenriched controls and a croup with increased motor activity.", "contents": "Morphometry of the effect of increased experience and training on synaptic density in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus. A morphometric analysis of the effect of differential experiences on synapses was performed in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus. Two methods of quantitation that used a superimposed lattice grid were employed. In the first method squares overlying synapses were measured as a proportion of the total number of squares scanned; in the second method intersections of lattice lines with synapses were counted as a proportion of the total length of lines. Both measures showed that rats which were housed in an enriched environment and received 10 weeks of training had a significant increase in total area of synaptic contacts compared to both nonenriched controls and a croup with increased motor activity.", "PMID": 512348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9680", "title": "Numerical density of convex, nonbranching organelles in anisotropically oriented cells. Cilia in tangential chondrocytes.", "content": "A stereological expression relating the mean number of organelle profiles per cell profile, Np, to the mean number of organelles per cell, Nc, is first derived and then tested for cilia in tangenital articular chondrocytes where Nc is known to be 1.0. Nc derived stereologically for this organelle-cell model is 1.19. This close approximation of the estimate to a known value provides empirical evidence of the usefulness of the derived stereological expression.", "contents": "Numerical density of convex, nonbranching organelles in anisotropically oriented cells. Cilia in tangential chondrocytes. A stereological expression relating the mean number of organelle profiles per cell profile, Np, to the mean number of organelles per cell, Nc, is first derived and then tested for cilia in tangenital articular chondrocytes where Nc is known to be 1.0. Nc derived stereologically for this organelle-cell model is 1.19. This close approximation of the estimate to a known value provides empirical evidence of the usefulness of the derived stereological expression.", "PMID": 512349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9681", "title": "Influenza vaccination with live-attenuated and inactivated virus-vaccines during an outbreak of disease.", "content": "Immunization procedures with live attenuated and inactivated vaccines were carried out on a group of young recruits at the beginning of an outbreak of infection due to an A/Victoria/3/75-related virus strain, which occurred in February 1977 in a military camp. A retrospective investigation on protection from clinical influenza was then performed in order to investigate whether immunization with live virus vaccines, administered at the beginning of an epidemic, could provide early protection from the disease. In the course of the two weeks following vaccination, laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza cases occurred in 4 subjects among the 110 volunteers of the control group which received placebo, and in 8, 7 and 4 subjects respectively of the 3 groups of about 125 individuals, each of which received one of the following vaccine preparations: (a), live attenuated A/Victoria/3/75 influenza virus oral vaccine, grown on chick embryo kidney culture; (b), live attenuated nasal vaccine, a recombinant of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 with A/Victoria/3/75 virus; and (c), inactivated A/Victoria/3/75 virus intramuscular vaccine. These data do not support the hypothesis that, during an epidemic of infection, early protection from clinical influenza can be achieved through immunization with live attenuated or inactivated influenza virus vaccines, in spite of the high immunizing capability of the vaccine preparations.", "contents": "Influenza vaccination with live-attenuated and inactivated virus-vaccines during an outbreak of disease. Immunization procedures with live attenuated and inactivated vaccines were carried out on a group of young recruits at the beginning of an outbreak of infection due to an A/Victoria/3/75-related virus strain, which occurred in February 1977 in a military camp. A retrospective investigation on protection from clinical influenza was then performed in order to investigate whether immunization with live virus vaccines, administered at the beginning of an epidemic, could provide early protection from the disease. In the course of the two weeks following vaccination, laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza cases occurred in 4 subjects among the 110 volunteers of the control group which received placebo, and in 8, 7 and 4 subjects respectively of the 3 groups of about 125 individuals, each of which received one of the following vaccine preparations: (a), live attenuated A/Victoria/3/75 influenza virus oral vaccine, grown on chick embryo kidney culture; (b), live attenuated nasal vaccine, a recombinant of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 with A/Victoria/3/75 virus; and (c), inactivated A/Victoria/3/75 virus intramuscular vaccine. These data do not support the hypothesis that, during an epidemic of infection, early protection from clinical influenza can be achieved through immunization with live attenuated or inactivated influenza virus vaccines, in spite of the high immunizing capability of the vaccine preparations.", "PMID": 512351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9682", "title": "Seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Chinese and Caucasians in Hong Kong.", "content": "The seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Hong Kong Chinese was examined by haemagglutination inhibition of normal sera and a comparison made where feasible with Caucasians living in Hong Kong. Taking reciprocal titre of 20 as a baseline, the incidence of maternally acquired antibody was 84% for Chinese and 90% for Caucasians. In babies up to 2 months this incidence was maintained in Caucasians but declined to 54% in Chinese. High titre antibody was more frequently detected in Caucasians generally, including women of child-bearing age. The detection of rubella-specific IgM in the Caucasian babies was suggestive of recent maternal infection. However, fewer Caucasian (20%) than Chinese (36%) women of child-bearing age (15-40 years) appeared unprotected against rubella. When all age groups were considered, 88% of Caucasians and 53% of Chinese were seropositive. The occurrence of a rubella outbreak during the study did not give rise to a significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity in Chinese 19-25 years, the only age group able to be evaluated in this manner. The ethnic differences in seroepidemiology are considered in the light of known HLA-1 and HLA-8 antigen distributions in Caucasian and Mongoloid people and the apparently low incidence of congenitally acquired rubella in Chinese.", "contents": "Seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Chinese and Caucasians in Hong Kong. The seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Hong Kong Chinese was examined by haemagglutination inhibition of normal sera and a comparison made where feasible with Caucasians living in Hong Kong. Taking reciprocal titre of 20 as a baseline, the incidence of maternally acquired antibody was 84% for Chinese and 90% for Caucasians. In babies up to 2 months this incidence was maintained in Caucasians but declined to 54% in Chinese. High titre antibody was more frequently detected in Caucasians generally, including women of child-bearing age. The detection of rubella-specific IgM in the Caucasian babies was suggestive of recent maternal infection. However, fewer Caucasian (20%) than Chinese (36%) women of child-bearing age (15-40 years) appeared unprotected against rubella. When all age groups were considered, 88% of Caucasians and 53% of Chinese were seropositive. The occurrence of a rubella outbreak during the study did not give rise to a significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity in Chinese 19-25 years, the only age group able to be evaluated in this manner. The ethnic differences in seroepidemiology are considered in the light of known HLA-1 and HLA-8 antigen distributions in Caucasian and Mongoloid people and the apparently low incidence of congenitally acquired rubella in Chinese.", "PMID": 512352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9683", "title": "HLA antigens and responses to rubella vaccination.", "content": "Attempts were made to correlate virus excretion, joint symptoms and antibody response with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in seronegative adult women given attenuated rubella vaccine. No association was shown between HLA antigens of the A and B loci and excretion of either high or low titres of RA27/3 vaccine among 26 volunteers. However, virus excretion was influenced by such factors as the time of day at which specimens were collected and the method of virus isolation. Our study therefore failed to confirm the hypothesis that certain persons are good 'spreaders' of rubella virus and that this capacity is associated with HLA-A1 and B8. The study of joint symptoms following vaccination with Cendehill, HPV77.DE-5, RA27/3 or To-336 vaccines showed no association between such symptoms and HLA antigens. However, joint symptoms occurred within 7 days of the onset of menstruation in 33 of 47 (70%) vaccinees (P less than 0.01) and it is therefore suggested that hormonal factors must play a role. No association between HLA antigens and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titres, 8 weeks after vaccination with RA27/3, was found amongst 34 volunteers.", "contents": "HLA antigens and responses to rubella vaccination. Attempts were made to correlate virus excretion, joint symptoms and antibody response with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in seronegative adult women given attenuated rubella vaccine. No association was shown between HLA antigens of the A and B loci and excretion of either high or low titres of RA27/3 vaccine among 26 volunteers. However, virus excretion was influenced by such factors as the time of day at which specimens were collected and the method of virus isolation. Our study therefore failed to confirm the hypothesis that certain persons are good 'spreaders' of rubella virus and that this capacity is associated with HLA-A1 and B8. The study of joint symptoms following vaccination with Cendehill, HPV77.DE-5, RA27/3 or To-336 vaccines showed no association between such symptoms and HLA antigens. However, joint symptoms occurred within 7 days of the onset of menstruation in 33 of 47 (70%) vaccinees (P less than 0.01) and it is therefore suggested that hormonal factors must play a role. No association between HLA antigens and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titres, 8 weeks after vaccination with RA27/3, was found amongst 34 volunteers.", "PMID": 512353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9684", "title": "Antibody studies in natural bovine cowpox.", "content": "Serological studies on cows recovered from natural cowpox indicated that Haemagglutinin-Inhibiting (HAI) antibody persisted for at least 27 weeks, and Virus Neutralizing (VN) antibody persisted for at least 98 weeks.", "contents": "Antibody studies in natural bovine cowpox. Serological studies on cows recovered from natural cowpox indicated that Haemagglutinin-Inhibiting (HAI) antibody persisted for at least 27 weeks, and Virus Neutralizing (VN) antibody persisted for at least 98 weeks.", "PMID": 512354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9685", "title": "Comparison of selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport's medium for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water using a pre-enrichment technique.", "content": "Three enrichment broths, selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport, were examined for their efficiency in salmonella isolation. The three media, prepared from single ingredients in the laboratory, were compared with their commercial equivalents. Laboratory-prepared media were more efficient for isolating salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water samples. A pre-enrichment stage using buffered peptone water was employed throughout the investigation. The size of inoculum from the pre-enrichment medium was relevant to successful salmonella isolation. Inocula studied were 1 ml and one loopful (3 mm diameter loop). The smaller inoculum gave better results with Rappaport, the larger with selenite and tetrathionate. Using the optimal inocula, Rappaport was the most efficient enrichment broth of the three fluid media in this study.", "contents": "Comparison of selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport's medium for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water using a pre-enrichment technique. Three enrichment broths, selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport, were examined for their efficiency in salmonella isolation. The three media, prepared from single ingredients in the laboratory, were compared with their commercial equivalents. Laboratory-prepared media were more efficient for isolating salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water samples. A pre-enrichment stage using buffered peptone water was employed throughout the investigation. The size of inoculum from the pre-enrichment medium was relevant to successful salmonella isolation. Inocula studied were 1 ml and one loopful (3 mm diameter loop). The smaller inoculum gave better results with Rappaport, the larger with selenite and tetrathionate. Using the optimal inocula, Rappaport was the most efficient enrichment broth of the three fluid media in this study.", "PMID": 512355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9686", "title": "Potential risk of salivary-mediated viral hepatitis type B transmission from oral exposure to fomites.", "content": "Twelve grade school and junior high school students had oral exposures to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive saliva via contact with contaminated musical instruments. The 12 exposed students and 18 students who served as age and sex matched controls were tested for the presence of HBsAg and antibody to the hepatitis surface antigen (anti-HBs) at 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after exposure. All students were negative for HBsAg and anti-HBs on all dates tested and reported no illness during that time suggestive of viral hepatitis. There was no evidence of viral hepatitis, type B transmission from the exposure. The students probably experienced the maximum possible oral exposure from direct or fomites contact, since there was no cleaning of the musical instruments between use by the students and teacher. Based on these results, the risk of transmission of viral hepatitis, type B from oral contact with fomites is unlikely.", "contents": "Potential risk of salivary-mediated viral hepatitis type B transmission from oral exposure to fomites. Twelve grade school and junior high school students had oral exposures to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive saliva via contact with contaminated musical instruments. The 12 exposed students and 18 students who served as age and sex matched controls were tested for the presence of HBsAg and antibody to the hepatitis surface antigen (anti-HBs) at 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after exposure. All students were negative for HBsAg and anti-HBs on all dates tested and reported no illness during that time suggestive of viral hepatitis. There was no evidence of viral hepatitis, type B transmission from the exposure. The students probably experienced the maximum possible oral exposure from direct or fomites contact, since there was no cleaning of the musical instruments between use by the students and teacher. Based on these results, the risk of transmission of viral hepatitis, type B from oral contact with fomites is unlikely.", "PMID": 512356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9687", "title": "Laboratory breeding of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale).", "content": "A method is described for the laboratory breeding of the rabbit flea in which the immature stages are reared at constant temperature and humidity. Eggs are obtained by confining fleas taken from a rabbit and her nest shortly after parturition with two of her nestlings in an incubator for 24 h. The eggs are transferred to an artificial diet medium on which the immature stages are reared. On average a female flea produces 50 eggs during the first six days post-partum. At 25 degrees C, 95% of eggs hatched at 79% RH and 98% at 84% RH. Most eggs hatched on the third day after laying and hatching was completed by the fourth day. Significantly more fleas of both sexes were obtained when larvae were reared at 25 degrees C on a medium containing powdered 41B rodent diet than on one containing terrier meal. Both diets also contained yeast and dried rabbit blood. There was no significant difference between the numbers of fleas obtained at 79% RH and 84% RH. Significantly more fleas were also obtained when larvae were reared at 27 degrees C, 84% RH, than at 25 degrees C. Female fleas emerged sooner than males at both 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Fleas from the laboratory culture were heavier than those from wild nests. Female fleas were heavier than male fleas in both cases.", "contents": "Laboratory breeding of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale). A method is described for the laboratory breeding of the rabbit flea in which the immature stages are reared at constant temperature and humidity. Eggs are obtained by confining fleas taken from a rabbit and her nest shortly after parturition with two of her nestlings in an incubator for 24 h. The eggs are transferred to an artificial diet medium on which the immature stages are reared. On average a female flea produces 50 eggs during the first six days post-partum. At 25 degrees C, 95% of eggs hatched at 79% RH and 98% at 84% RH. Most eggs hatched on the third day after laying and hatching was completed by the fourth day. Significantly more fleas of both sexes were obtained when larvae were reared at 25 degrees C on a medium containing powdered 41B rodent diet than on one containing terrier meal. Both diets also contained yeast and dried rabbit blood. There was no significant difference between the numbers of fleas obtained at 79% RH and 84% RH. Significantly more fleas were also obtained when larvae were reared at 27 degrees C, 84% RH, than at 25 degrees C. Female fleas emerged sooner than males at both 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Fleas from the laboratory culture were heavier than those from wild nests. Female fleas were heavier than male fleas in both cases.", "PMID": 512357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9688", "title": "Leukocyte chemotaxis under agarose: manipulations of serum and plasma before incorporation into agarose can influence cell movement.", "content": "In the migration under agarose assay for measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and random migration, the agarose gel ordinarily contains 10% human serum or plasma. Influences of serum and plasma on cell movement using this assay were defined. Utilizing plasma as protein source allowed more random migration and chemotaxis than when serum was used. Heat inactivation of both serum and plasma decreased random migration and chemotaxis. If heating at 56 degrees C was prolonged beyond 15--30 min, leukocyte movement was augmented. Excessive concentrations of platelets or platelet products, or heparin in agarose, also augmented migration, but storage of plasma or sera at various temperatures for 24 h did not appreciably affect migration. Large amounts of hemoglobin in agarose decreased chemotaxis, but the effect of trace amounts of hemolysis was negligible. Handling plasma or sera in standard ways prior to use in the under agarose assay may make this assay more reproducible and sensitive.", "contents": "Leukocyte chemotaxis under agarose: manipulations of serum and plasma before incorporation into agarose can influence cell movement. In the migration under agarose assay for measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and random migration, the agarose gel ordinarily contains 10% human serum or plasma. Influences of serum and plasma on cell movement using this assay were defined. Utilizing plasma as protein source allowed more random migration and chemotaxis than when serum was used. Heat inactivation of both serum and plasma decreased random migration and chemotaxis. If heating at 56 degrees C was prolonged beyond 15--30 min, leukocyte movement was augmented. Excessive concentrations of platelets or platelet products, or heparin in agarose, also augmented migration, but storage of plasma or sera at various temperatures for 24 h did not appreciably affect migration. Large amounts of hemoglobin in agarose decreased chemotaxis, but the effect of trace amounts of hemolysis was negligible. Handling plasma or sera in standard ways prior to use in the under agarose assay may make this assay more reproducible and sensitive.", "PMID": 512358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9689", "title": "Transfer plate radioassay using cell monolayers to detect anti-cell surface antibodies synthesized by lymphocyte hybridomas.", "content": "A solid-phase [125I]Protein A radioassay for anti-cell surface antibodies is described which employs target cell monolayers cultured on fenestrated polyvinyl chloride 96-well plates ('transfer plates'). The calibrated aperture in the bottom of each well is small enough to retain fluid contents by surface tension during monolayer growth, but also permits fluid to enter the wells when transfer plates are lowered into receptacles containing washing buffer or test sera. To assay for antibodies directed against target cell surface antigens, transfer plates bearing monolayers are inserted into microculture plates with corresponding 96-well geometry, thereby simultaneously sampling 96 wells. This assay allows rapid screening of hundreds of hybird cell colonies for production of antibodies with desired tissue specificity.", "contents": "Transfer plate radioassay using cell monolayers to detect anti-cell surface antibodies synthesized by lymphocyte hybridomas. A solid-phase [125I]Protein A radioassay for anti-cell surface antibodies is described which employs target cell monolayers cultured on fenestrated polyvinyl chloride 96-well plates ('transfer plates'). The calibrated aperture in the bottom of each well is small enough to retain fluid contents by surface tension during monolayer growth, but also permits fluid to enter the wells when transfer plates are lowered into receptacles containing washing buffer or test sera. To assay for antibodies directed against target cell surface antigens, transfer plates bearing monolayers are inserted into microculture plates with corresponding 96-well geometry, thereby simultaneously sampling 96 wells. This assay allows rapid screening of hundreds of hybird cell colonies for production of antibodies with desired tissue specificity.", "PMID": 512359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9690", "title": "A general affinity chromatographic method for preparing monospecific antibody to mammalian serum haptoglobin.", "content": "A general affinity chromatographic method for preparation of monospecific antibody to serum haptoglobin of any species is described. Hemoglobin prepared from the species to be immunized is coupled to an organomercurical substituted agarose gel support (Affi-Gel 501). The immobilized hemoglobin binds haptoglobin with great affinity and allows removal of other serum proteins by extensive washing. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes are then specifically eluted by buffers containing dithiothreitol or other thiols and are further purified by chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose and Sephacryl S-200 columns. The pure complexes are very effective immunogens. Potent monospecific antisera to rabbit and to human haptoglobin have been prepared. The potential usefulness of affinity chromatography support media with specifically cleavable ligand sites in studies of haptoglobin and in other biological studies is discussed.", "contents": "A general affinity chromatographic method for preparing monospecific antibody to mammalian serum haptoglobin. A general affinity chromatographic method for preparation of monospecific antibody to serum haptoglobin of any species is described. Hemoglobin prepared from the species to be immunized is coupled to an organomercurical substituted agarose gel support (Affi-Gel 501). The immobilized hemoglobin binds haptoglobin with great affinity and allows removal of other serum proteins by extensive washing. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes are then specifically eluted by buffers containing dithiothreitol or other thiols and are further purified by chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose and Sephacryl S-200 columns. The pure complexes are very effective immunogens. Potent monospecific antisera to rabbit and to human haptoglobin have been prepared. The potential usefulness of affinity chromatography support media with specifically cleavable ligand sites in studies of haptoglobin and in other biological studies is discussed.", "PMID": 512360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9691", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) without extraction and dialysis using solid-phase antibody.", "content": "A modified radioimmunoassay has been developed for plasma CEA levels. This procedure used immobilized, solid-state antibodies, does not require perchloric acid extraction of the plasma samples and purification of the extract by dialysis. The accuracy, sensitivity and precision are equal to those of the most widely used procedure and the laboratory effort is greatly reduced.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) without extraction and dialysis using solid-phase antibody. A modified radioimmunoassay has been developed for plasma CEA levels. This procedure used immobilized, solid-state antibodies, does not require perchloric acid extraction of the plasma samples and purification of the extract by dialysis. The accuracy, sensitivity and precision are equal to those of the most widely used procedure and the laboratory effort is greatly reduced.", "PMID": 512361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9692", "title": "A sensitive assay for the detection cytotoxic antibodies to mammalian cell surface antigens.", "content": "A microcytotoxicity assay for the detection of complement-dependent serum toxicity against adherent cells has been modified to include post-labeling of the target cells with [3H]leucine or [3H]thymidine. The adaptation represents a significant improvement over the visual counting of residual cells. The technique is more objective and less tedious than the original procedure, while retaining the features of economy of cells and sera, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Examples are given which demonstrate the suitability of the modified assay for the analysis of human and mouse tumor antigens using autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic sera.", "contents": "A sensitive assay for the detection cytotoxic antibodies to mammalian cell surface antigens. A microcytotoxicity assay for the detection of complement-dependent serum toxicity against adherent cells has been modified to include post-labeling of the target cells with [3H]leucine or [3H]thymidine. The adaptation represents a significant improvement over the visual counting of residual cells. The technique is more objective and less tedious than the original procedure, while retaining the features of economy of cells and sera, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Examples are given which demonstrate the suitability of the modified assay for the analysis of human and mouse tumor antigens using autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic sera.", "PMID": 512362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9693", "title": "Metabolic studies of C3 in man.", "content": "The results of metabolic studies with radioactively labelled C3 in 14 healthy individuals are presented. Plasma volume determined by labelled C3 was generally higher than when determined by labelled albumin, and different batches of C3 behaved differently during the early part of the experiments. These phenomena are probably caused by C3 inhomogenities which are difficult to detect by usual biochemical and immunological methods. We have, therefore, excluded the first 24 h of the experiments from the mathematical analysis. In this way, rather narrow limits for the metabolic parameters have been obtained.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of C3 in man. The results of metabolic studies with radioactively labelled C3 in 14 healthy individuals are presented. Plasma volume determined by labelled C3 was generally higher than when determined by labelled albumin, and different batches of C3 behaved differently during the early part of the experiments. These phenomena are probably caused by C3 inhomogenities which are difficult to detect by usual biochemical and immunological methods. We have, therefore, excluded the first 24 h of the experiments from the mathematical analysis. In this way, rather narrow limits for the metabolic parameters have been obtained.", "PMID": 512363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9694", "title": "Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis for the analysis of lymphocyte surface antigens.", "content": "A sensitive crossed radioimmunoelectrophoreses technique is described as a model tool for studying lymphocyte surface antigens, using Triton X-100 solubilized sufface radiolabeled human peripheral blood lymphocytes as the antigen source and experimental antiserum produced  by hyperimmunization of rabbits as the antibody source. The technique seems to have potential for qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of lymphocyte surface antigens.", "contents": "Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis for the analysis of lymphocyte surface antigens. A sensitive crossed radioimmunoelectrophoreses technique is described as a model tool for studying lymphocyte surface antigens, using Triton X-100 solubilized sufface radiolabeled human peripheral blood lymphocytes as the antigen source and experimental antiserum produced  by hyperimmunization of rabbits as the antibody source. The technique seems to have potential for qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of lymphocyte surface antigens.", "PMID": 512364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9695", "title": "C3b binding immune complexes and immunoconglutinins in human sera. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to measure autoantibodies against C3b (immunoconglutinins: IK) also detects immune complexes (IC). Solid phase C3b, in addition to binding IK of IgG, IgM and IgA classes, bound aggregated human IgG, IgA and aggregated immunologically purified anti-tetanus toxid antibodies as well as model complexes of tetanus toxoid-human anti-toxoid. Significant C3b binding IgG, IgM and IgA activities were seen in the sera of 20 SLE patients but not in sera from healthy blood donors. Ultracentrifugation analysis of two SLE sera revealed C3b binding IgG and IgA activities in both light (7S) and heavy (greater than or equal to 11S) fractions. This indicates simultaneous presence of IK and IC in these sera. On the basis of the known relationship between IK and IC formation we suggest that the solid phase C3b ELISA may be of value in evaluating immune reactions in patients.", "contents": "C3b binding immune complexes and immunoconglutinins in human sera. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to measure autoantibodies against C3b (immunoconglutinins: IK) also detects immune complexes (IC). Solid phase C3b, in addition to binding IK of IgG, IgM and IgA classes, bound aggregated human IgG, IgA and aggregated immunologically purified anti-tetanus toxid antibodies as well as model complexes of tetanus toxoid-human anti-toxoid. Significant C3b binding IgG, IgM and IgA activities were seen in the sera of 20 SLE patients but not in sera from healthy blood donors. Ultracentrifugation analysis of two SLE sera revealed C3b binding IgG and IgA activities in both light (7S) and heavy (greater than or equal to 11S) fractions. This indicates simultaneous presence of IK and IC in these sera. On the basis of the known relationship between IK and IC formation we suggest that the solid phase C3b ELISA may be of value in evaluating immune reactions in patients.", "PMID": 512366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9696", "title": "Anomalous reactions in the haemagglutination assay for anti-collagen antibodies: studies on patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain.", "content": "Sera from 23 patients with chronic low back pain, 20 rheumatoid patients and 16 normal controls were tested for antibodies to collagen types I, II and III, both native and denatured, by haemagglutination. Weak reactions against denatured collagen types I and II were found in 30-40% of the sera. Sera from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain behaved similarly, while only one normal serum showed any positive reaction. Reactions to denatured collagen type III and to native collagen of all 3 types were largely negative. Non-antibody serum components were thought to be responsible for these haemagglutination reactions since weakly positive reactions were abolished by cryoprecipitation and could not be confirmed by a solid-phase fluorimetric assay. Using the latter technique sera from 62 rheumatoid patients were screened for antibodies to type II collagen (native and denatured) and only one positive serum found. We conclude that haemagglutination is subject to false positive reactions and that the incidence of anticollagen antibodies in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain is low.", "contents": "Anomalous reactions in the haemagglutination assay for anti-collagen antibodies: studies on patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain. Sera from 23 patients with chronic low back pain, 20 rheumatoid patients and 16 normal controls were tested for antibodies to collagen types I, II and III, both native and denatured, by haemagglutination. Weak reactions against denatured collagen types I and II were found in 30-40% of the sera. Sera from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain behaved similarly, while only one normal serum showed any positive reaction. Reactions to denatured collagen type III and to native collagen of all 3 types were largely negative. Non-antibody serum components were thought to be responsible for these haemagglutination reactions since weakly positive reactions were abolished by cryoprecipitation and could not be confirmed by a solid-phase fluorimetric assay. Using the latter technique sera from 62 rheumatoid patients were screened for antibodies to type II collagen (native and denatured) and only one positive serum found. We conclude that haemagglutination is subject to false positive reactions and that the incidence of anticollagen antibodies in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic low back pain is low.", "PMID": 512369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9697", "title": "Quantitative estimation of IgA in rats: a comparison of two methods.", "content": "Two methods for estimating IgA in body fluids of rats were devised and tested for their accuracy and reliability. Specifically purified monomeric and polymeric IgA was prepared so that results obtained could be properly assessed. The two systems tried were prepared so that results obtained could be properly assessed. The two systems tried were rocket immunoelectrophoresis, carried out after reduction of samples with dithiothreitol and using monomeric IgA as standard, and a radioimmunoassay utilising a double antibody precipitation method and polymeric IgA as standard. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was found generally unsuitable for IgA estimation: the reduction methods employed were found to be unreliable or unsuitable for some samples, and the estimation of IgA in bile by this method was further complicated by the presence of IgA fragments. The radioimmunoassay system, however, could be used to estimate IgA to a lower limit of 1 microgram/ml, and accurate results could be obtained almost irrespective of the molecular weights of the IgA in the sample.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of IgA in rats: a comparison of two methods. Two methods for estimating IgA in body fluids of rats were devised and tested for their accuracy and reliability. Specifically purified monomeric and polymeric IgA was prepared so that results obtained could be properly assessed. The two systems tried were prepared so that results obtained could be properly assessed. The two systems tried were rocket immunoelectrophoresis, carried out after reduction of samples with dithiothreitol and using monomeric IgA as standard, and a radioimmunoassay utilising a double antibody precipitation method and polymeric IgA as standard. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was found generally unsuitable for IgA estimation: the reduction methods employed were found to be unreliable or unsuitable for some samples, and the estimation of IgA in bile by this method was further complicated by the presence of IgA fragments. The radioimmunoassay system, however, could be used to estimate IgA to a lower limit of 1 microgram/ml, and accurate results could be obtained almost irrespective of the molecular weights of the IgA in the sample.", "PMID": 512370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9698", "title": "Intraperitoneal systemic anaphylaxis in the mouse. I. Age-dependence of fatal anaphylactic shock.", "content": "Following the i.p. challenge of a shocking dose of BSA from 9 days up to 133 days after the s.c. injection of BSA in CFA, fatal anaphylaxis was induced regularly in female ICR mice that had been given the immunizing antigen when 8 weeks old. These immunized mice provided an antiserum to BSA that had the capacity to transfer fatal shock to normal recipient mice at a minimum Ab-N dose of 8 microgram when the i.p. route for challenge was employed. The optimal dose-range of antigen and antibody in order to elicit fatal shock following the i.p. challenge was much broader than that obtained by i.v. injection. Age is critical in producing fatal shock in mice; a 100% fatal anaphylaxis never occurred in groups of 6- and 7-week-old recipient mice although those at 8 weeks and older were sufficiently sensitized by the amounts of antibody given.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal systemic anaphylaxis in the mouse. I. Age-dependence of fatal anaphylactic shock. Following the i.p. challenge of a shocking dose of BSA from 9 days up to 133 days after the s.c. injection of BSA in CFA, fatal anaphylaxis was induced regularly in female ICR mice that had been given the immunizing antigen when 8 weeks old. These immunized mice provided an antiserum to BSA that had the capacity to transfer fatal shock to normal recipient mice at a minimum Ab-N dose of 8 microgram when the i.p. route for challenge was employed. The optimal dose-range of antigen and antibody in order to elicit fatal shock following the i.p. challenge was much broader than that obtained by i.v. injection. Age is critical in producing fatal shock in mice; a 100% fatal anaphylaxis never occurred in groups of 6- and 7-week-old recipient mice although those at 8 weeks and older were sufficiently sensitized by the amounts of antibody given.", "PMID": 512371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9699", "title": "The evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for phenothiazines and thioxanthenes using an iodinated tracer.", "content": "Antisera have been raised in rabbits to the immogen 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine-10-beta-propionate bovine serum albumin. An [125I]-labelled tyrosine methyl ester derivative of the immunogen precursor has been synthesised and used with the antisera to develop a simple, precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for phenothiazines and thioxanthenes bearing 2-trifluoromethyl substituents. The assay can detect 0.4 ng/ml of fluphenazine, trifluorperazine or (Z)-flupenthixol in 100 microliter of human serum without interference from their sulphoxide or 7-hydroxylated metabolites. An acceptable correlation between this assay and an established fluphenazine radioimmunoassay using commercial [3H]fluphenazine has been obtained for plasma samples.", "contents": "The evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for phenothiazines and thioxanthenes using an iodinated tracer. Antisera have been raised in rabbits to the immogen 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine-10-beta-propionate bovine serum albumin. An [125I]-labelled tyrosine methyl ester derivative of the immunogen precursor has been synthesised and used with the antisera to develop a simple, precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for phenothiazines and thioxanthenes bearing 2-trifluoromethyl substituents. The assay can detect 0.4 ng/ml of fluphenazine, trifluorperazine or (Z)-flupenthixol in 100 microliter of human serum without interference from their sulphoxide or 7-hydroxylated metabolites. An acceptable correlation between this assay and an established fluphenazine radioimmunoassay using commercial [3H]fluphenazine has been obtained for plasma samples.", "PMID": 512372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9700", "title": "Dependence of the guinea pig IgE and IgG1 immune responses on the inclusion of potassium in the preparation of alum adjuvant.", "content": "Primary immunization with alum prepared using AlK(SO4)2 and adjuvant enhanced IgE production in the guinea pig. Alum prepared from Al2 (SO4)3 showed greatly reduced IgE and IgG1 anti-EA titers. This variance in immunoglobulin titer was observed only in the guinea pig. Both rats and mice respond to alum preparations prepared from either AlK(SO4)2 or Al2(SO4)3 equally as well.", "contents": "Dependence of the guinea pig IgE and IgG1 immune responses on the inclusion of potassium in the preparation of alum adjuvant. Primary immunization with alum prepared using AlK(SO4)2 and adjuvant enhanced IgE production in the guinea pig. Alum prepared from Al2 (SO4)3 showed greatly reduced IgE and IgG1 anti-EA titers. This variance in immunoglobulin titer was observed only in the guinea pig. Both rats and mice respond to alum preparations prepared from either AlK(SO4)2 or Al2(SO4)3 equally as well.", "PMID": 512373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9701", "title": "Radiotoxicity of 111indium.", "content": "Bone marrow cells were labelled with various concentrations of 111Indium-oxine and their capacity to form colonies (CFU-s) in an adoptive transfer was investigated. Labelling with more than 0.1 muCi/ml/107 cells impaired colony formation. It is concluded that the 111Indium-oxine complex is detrimental to cell proliferation.", "contents": "Radiotoxicity of 111indium. Bone marrow cells were labelled with various concentrations of 111Indium-oxine and their capacity to form colonies (CFU-s) in an adoptive transfer was investigated. Labelling with more than 0.1 muCi/ml/107 cells impaired colony formation. It is concluded that the 111Indium-oxine complex is detrimental to cell proliferation.", "PMID": 512374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9702", "title": "Inactivation of the mitogenic property of pokeweed mitogen by erythrocytes.", "content": "In whole blood culture, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) is unable to stimulate human lymphocytes. This is because the mitogenic property of PWM is inactivated by erythrocytes, presumably due to absorption. The inactivation was observed with as few as 5 x 10(6)/ml of human erythrocytes. Therefore, when PWM is used to study the functions of human lymphocytes, especially of suppressor T lymphocytes, erythrocytes should be removed from lymphocyte preparations for accurate analysis.", "contents": "Inactivation of the mitogenic property of pokeweed mitogen by erythrocytes. In whole blood culture, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) is unable to stimulate human lymphocytes. This is because the mitogenic property of PWM is inactivated by erythrocytes, presumably due to absorption. The inactivation was observed with as few as 5 x 10(6)/ml of human erythrocytes. Therefore, when PWM is used to study the functions of human lymphocytes, especially of suppressor T lymphocytes, erythrocytes should be removed from lymphocyte preparations for accurate analysis.", "PMID": 512376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9703", "title": "The effects of psoralen and UVA (PUVA) on epidermal melanocytes of the tail in C57BL mice.", "content": "The morphological and numerical changes in epidermal melanocytes in tail skin of C57BL mice after exposure to psoralen followed by UVA irradiation were studied. The dorsal aspect of the tail was painted daily for 5 days a week with 0.1 ml methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) in acetone, followed by UVA irradiation (peak 365 nm) after 2 hr with increasing energies up to a maximum of 2.0 J/cm2 daily. Control animals received UVA or acetone treatment only. The total duration of the experiment was 8 weeks. Biopsies taken after 1 and 3 days, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks were studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA techniques. After 2 weeks of PUVA treatment the original brick like arrangement of melanocytes was obliterated and replaced by a confluent layer of melanocytes, and after 4 weeks the number of melanocytes had tipled and these cells also appeared on the epithelium covering the pilosebaceous units. UVA treatment alone did not show these effects. Inflammation and denuding of the skin after 4 weeks was followed by regeneration of the epidermis and the melanocyte system, in spite of continuing PUVA treatment.", "contents": "The effects of psoralen and UVA (PUVA) on epidermal melanocytes of the tail in C57BL mice. The morphological and numerical changes in epidermal melanocytes in tail skin of C57BL mice after exposure to psoralen followed by UVA irradiation were studied. The dorsal aspect of the tail was painted daily for 5 days a week with 0.1 ml methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) in acetone, followed by UVA irradiation (peak 365 nm) after 2 hr with increasing energies up to a maximum of 2.0 J/cm2 daily. Control animals received UVA or acetone treatment only. The total duration of the experiment was 8 weeks. Biopsies taken after 1 and 3 days, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks were studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA techniques. After 2 weeks of PUVA treatment the original brick like arrangement of melanocytes was obliterated and replaced by a confluent layer of melanocytes, and after 4 weeks the number of melanocytes had tipled and these cells also appeared on the epithelium covering the pilosebaceous units. UVA treatment alone did not show these effects. Inflammation and denuding of the skin after 4 weeks was followed by regeneration of the epidermis and the melanocyte system, in spite of continuing PUVA treatment.", "PMID": 512405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9704", "title": "Abnormal proliferation of uninvolved psoriatic epidermis: differential induction by saline, propranolol, and tape stripping in vivo.", "content": "Cell proliferation of the uninvolved psoriatic skin was compared with normal skin of volunteers following stimulation by the intradermal injections of saline or propranolol, or stripping of the stratum corneum with pressure-sensitive tape. Initially, no significant in vivo difference in tritiated thymidine labeling indices were observed between normal and uninvolved epidermal cells. However, 48 hr after each stimulus more DNA synthesizing cells were found in the uninvolved psoriatic than in normal epidermis. Of these 3 stimuli, propranolol was the most effective in distinguishing between uninvolved psoriatic skin and skin from normal control subjects. Thus, uninvolved psoriatic skin appears to possess an abnormal regulation of epidermopoiesis that may be amplified by propranolol injection.", "contents": "Abnormal proliferation of uninvolved psoriatic epidermis: differential induction by saline, propranolol, and tape stripping in vivo. Cell proliferation of the uninvolved psoriatic skin was compared with normal skin of volunteers following stimulation by the intradermal injections of saline or propranolol, or stripping of the stratum corneum with pressure-sensitive tape. Initially, no significant in vivo difference in tritiated thymidine labeling indices were observed between normal and uninvolved epidermal cells. However, 48 hr after each stimulus more DNA synthesizing cells were found in the uninvolved psoriatic than in normal epidermis. Of these 3 stimuli, propranolol was the most effective in distinguishing between uninvolved psoriatic skin and skin from normal control subjects. Thus, uninvolved psoriatic skin appears to possess an abnormal regulation of epidermopoiesis that may be amplified by propranolol injection.", "PMID": 512406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9705", "title": "Multiple forms and glycoprotein nature of acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase of psoriatic scales.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography were used to study the multiple forms and glycoprotein natures of so-called lysosomal hydrolases from psoriatic scales. Acid phosphatase appeared as 5 different forms with pI values of 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 5.6 and 5.45. Seven isoenzymes of alpha-fucosidase were identified with pI values of 6.4, 6.2, 5.9, 5.75, 5.65, 5.4 and 5.2. Acid alpha-mannosidase activity appeared as one peak with pI value of 6.75 and a weak activity of neutral alpha-mannosidase was present with pI value of 6.7. Incubation of the extract with neuraminidase increased their pI values of acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase to the more basic forms. This finding suggests that epidermal acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase have some N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. In addition concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography was also performed to confirm the glycoprotein nature of acid phosphatase. This enzyme was bound to the column and not released from the column even with the treatment of 0.5 M NaCl, but the enzyme was eluted from the column with the treatment of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside.", "contents": "Multiple forms and glycoprotein nature of acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase of psoriatic scales. Isoelectric focusing and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography were used to study the multiple forms and glycoprotein natures of so-called lysosomal hydrolases from psoriatic scales. Acid phosphatase appeared as 5 different forms with pI values of 6.5, 6.1, 5.8, 5.6 and 5.45. Seven isoenzymes of alpha-fucosidase were identified with pI values of 6.4, 6.2, 5.9, 5.75, 5.65, 5.4 and 5.2. Acid alpha-mannosidase activity appeared as one peak with pI value of 6.75 and a weak activity of neutral alpha-mannosidase was present with pI value of 6.7. Incubation of the extract with neuraminidase increased their pI values of acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase to the more basic forms. This finding suggests that epidermal acid phosphatase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase have some N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. In addition concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography was also performed to confirm the glycoprotein nature of acid phosphatase. This enzyme was bound to the column and not released from the column even with the treatment of 0.5 M NaCl, but the enzyme was eluted from the column with the treatment of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside.", "PMID": 512407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9706", "title": "Surface area measurements of psoriatic corneocytes: effects of intralesional steriod therapy.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of surface areas of corneocytes from the desquamating portion of psoriatic lesions in 11 patients showed that psoriatic corneocytes were much smaller (27%) than corneocytes from noninvolved normal skin in the same patients. Corneocyte surface areas gradually increased in size following one intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension and were almost normal approximately 6 weeks after treatment. These findings support other observations suggesting that rapidly proliferating epidermal cells have smaller surface areas than normal cells.", "contents": "Surface area measurements of psoriatic corneocytes: effects of intralesional steriod therapy. Quantitative measurements of surface areas of corneocytes from the desquamating portion of psoriatic lesions in 11 patients showed that psoriatic corneocytes were much smaller (27%) than corneocytes from noninvolved normal skin in the same patients. Corneocyte surface areas gradually increased in size following one intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension and were almost normal approximately 6 weeks after treatment. These findings support other observations suggesting that rapidly proliferating epidermal cells have smaller surface areas than normal cells.", "PMID": 512408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9707", "title": "Kinetics of epidermal Langerhans cells.", "content": "Langerhans cells are considered to play an important role in the initiation of the immune response. This study was performed in order to analyze the kinetics of the Langerhans cell population under different experimental conditions. Using tritiated thymidine, the number of labeled Langerhans cells (demonstrated by the Leucinaminopeptidase reaction), and of labeled basal keratinocytes was investigated by autoradiography in guinea pig skin in vivo, before and 2, 5 and 8 days after stripping and before and 2, 5 and 8 days after initiation of repeated topical exposures to a 0.25% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). In addition the total number of Langerhans cells per mm2 was determined before and after DNCB treatment of epidermal guinea pig sheet preparations using the ATPase reaction. A total of more than 100,000 cell as of basal keratinocytes was stimulated significantly (by statistical analysis), both by stripping and by application of DNCB. After stripping, however, the increase of the Langerhans cell turnover was found to be secondary to the turnover of basal keratinocytes, whereas after DNCB application the increase in the proliferative activity of Langerhans cells appeared as the primary event in epidermal cellular kinetics.", "contents": "Kinetics of epidermal Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells are considered to play an important role in the initiation of the immune response. This study was performed in order to analyze the kinetics of the Langerhans cell population under different experimental conditions. Using tritiated thymidine, the number of labeled Langerhans cells (demonstrated by the Leucinaminopeptidase reaction), and of labeled basal keratinocytes was investigated by autoradiography in guinea pig skin in vivo, before and 2, 5 and 8 days after stripping and before and 2, 5 and 8 days after initiation of repeated topical exposures to a 0.25% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). In addition the total number of Langerhans cells per mm2 was determined before and after DNCB treatment of epidermal guinea pig sheet preparations using the ATPase reaction. A total of more than 100,000 cell as of basal keratinocytes was stimulated significantly (by statistical analysis), both by stripping and by application of DNCB. After stripping, however, the increase of the Langerhans cell turnover was found to be secondary to the turnover of basal keratinocytes, whereas after DNCB application the increase in the proliferative activity of Langerhans cells appeared as the primary event in epidermal cellular kinetics.", "PMID": 512409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9708", "title": "Wheat protein antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect class-specific antibodies to wheat protein antigens. Antibodies which we detected by this technique reacted indistinguishably with antigens prepared from crude gluten, crude gliadin, alpha-gliadin, Frazer fraction III, and subfraction B and B3 of Frazer fraction III. No sera reacted with a human serum albumin control antigen. The prevalence of IgG antibodies to wheat protein antigens was significantly greater in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy, 12 of 17, (p = .00011) and in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, 5 of 14, (p = .046) than in normal control subjects. Strongly positive reactions for IgG antibodies were present only in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy or dermatitis herpetiformis. IgA antibodies to wheat protein antigens were found only in gluten-sensitive enteropathy patients. We have found this to be a sensitive, precise technique for measurement of antibodies to wheat protein antigens and feel that it will prove useful in evaluation of the role of immune complexes involving wheat protein antigens and their antibodies in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.", "contents": "Wheat protein antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect class-specific antibodies to wheat protein antigens. Antibodies which we detected by this technique reacted indistinguishably with antigens prepared from crude gluten, crude gliadin, alpha-gliadin, Frazer fraction III, and subfraction B and B3 of Frazer fraction III. No sera reacted with a human serum albumin control antigen. The prevalence of IgG antibodies to wheat protein antigens was significantly greater in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy, 12 of 17, (p = .00011) and in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, 5 of 14, (p = .046) than in normal control subjects. Strongly positive reactions for IgG antibodies were present only in patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy or dermatitis herpetiformis. IgA antibodies to wheat protein antigens were found only in gluten-sensitive enteropathy patients. We have found this to be a sensitive, precise technique for measurement of antibodies to wheat protein antigens and feel that it will prove useful in evaluation of the role of immune complexes involving wheat protein antigens and their antibodies in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.", "PMID": 512410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9709", "title": "Appearance of \"pemphigus acantholysis factor\" in human skin cultured with pemphigus antibody.", "content": "These studies deal with the mechanism of pemphigus IgG-induced epidermal acantholysis. When normal human skin was culted with defined medium containing IgG from pemphigus serum, extensive epidermal acantholysis developed and heat-labile proteolytic enzyme(s) were recovered in the culture medium. The enzyme(s) displayed maximal activity at pH 6.5 when a 3H-amino acid-labeled, insoluble epidermal cell material was used as substrate. The enzyme activity increased during the first 3 days of culture and the appearance of maximal activity coincided with the time of onset of acantholysis. Acantholysis did not occur in control cultures incubated with normal IgG and the enzyme did not appear in the medium or in aqueous extracts of cultured tissues. The enzyme(s) is probably not of lysosomal origin because low pH-active proteases characteristic of these organelles remained within the cells. The effects of puromycin on appearance of enzyme activity, acantholysis and cell viability was studied. At cytotoxic concentrations, the appearance of the enzyme(s) and acantholysis were prevented, whereas at less toxic concentrations enzyme activity and acantholysis were not prevented. Because inhibition of protein synthetic rates by puromycin could not be dissociated from the cytotoxic effects, it is uncertain whether enzyme appearance and acantholysis were dependent upon living tissue or on specific protein synthesis. After pemphigus IgG was removed from the conditioned medium by DEAE cellulose and affinity column chromatography, the remaining material contained enzyme activity and caused acantholysis in fresh skin explants. Similar activities were not present in normal IgG-containing conditioned medium or unfractionated epidermal extracts from normal skin. These data indicate that when the pemphigus IgG autoantibody interacts with epidermal cell surface antigens, the cell responds by synthesis or activation of a non-IgG \"pemphigus acantholysis factor\" (PAF) which may be a nonlysosomal proteolytic enzyme. It is suggested that PAF causes loss of adhesion between keratinocytes and ultimately produces the characteristic acantholytic cells of pemphigus.", "contents": "Appearance of \"pemphigus acantholysis factor\" in human skin cultured with pemphigus antibody. These studies deal with the mechanism of pemphigus IgG-induced epidermal acantholysis. When normal human skin was culted with defined medium containing IgG from pemphigus serum, extensive epidermal acantholysis developed and heat-labile proteolytic enzyme(s) were recovered in the culture medium. The enzyme(s) displayed maximal activity at pH 6.5 when a 3H-amino acid-labeled, insoluble epidermal cell material was used as substrate. The enzyme activity increased during the first 3 days of culture and the appearance of maximal activity coincided with the time of onset of acantholysis. Acantholysis did not occur in control cultures incubated with normal IgG and the enzyme did not appear in the medium or in aqueous extracts of cultured tissues. The enzyme(s) is probably not of lysosomal origin because low pH-active proteases characteristic of these organelles remained within the cells. The effects of puromycin on appearance of enzyme activity, acantholysis and cell viability was studied. At cytotoxic concentrations, the appearance of the enzyme(s) and acantholysis were prevented, whereas at less toxic concentrations enzyme activity and acantholysis were not prevented. Because inhibition of protein synthetic rates by puromycin could not be dissociated from the cytotoxic effects, it is uncertain whether enzyme appearance and acantholysis were dependent upon living tissue or on specific protein synthesis. After pemphigus IgG was removed from the conditioned medium by DEAE cellulose and affinity column chromatography, the remaining material contained enzyme activity and caused acantholysis in fresh skin explants. Similar activities were not present in normal IgG-containing conditioned medium or unfractionated epidermal extracts from normal skin. These data indicate that when the pemphigus IgG autoantibody interacts with epidermal cell surface antigens, the cell responds by synthesis or activation of a non-IgG \"pemphigus acantholysis factor\" (PAF) which may be a nonlysosomal proteolytic enzyme. It is suggested that PAF causes loss of adhesion between keratinocytes and ultimately produces the characteristic acantholytic cells of pemphigus.", "PMID": 512411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9710", "title": "Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by gas-liquid chromatography. II. Analysis of spinal fluid.", "content": "The feasibility of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of spinal fluid from dogs with experimental meningitis and from patients with meningitis was evaluated. Normal canine and human spinal fluid contained consistent levels of palmitic and stearic acids, glucose, and trace amounts of glycerol. Pneumococcal meningitis in dogs and humans was characterized by a complex fatty-acid pattern in spinal fluid similar to that seen in pneumococcal cells. Spinal fluid from dogs with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis yielded several saturated fatty acids as well as rhamnose, xylose, and glucosamine; four of five spinal fluid specimens from patients with H. influenzae meningitis gave similar results. Fatty-acid profiles of spinal fluid from dogs with staphylococcal meningitis were complex, with branched-chain and straight-chain fatty acids. Spinal fluid specimens from Neisseria meningitidis-infected dogs yielded 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids and sialic acid. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of spinal fluid proved valuable as a tool for identifying bacterial infections and differentiating between common spinal fluid pathogens.", "contents": "Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by gas-liquid chromatography. II. Analysis of spinal fluid. The feasibility of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of spinal fluid from dogs with experimental meningitis and from patients with meningitis was evaluated. Normal canine and human spinal fluid contained consistent levels of palmitic and stearic acids, glucose, and trace amounts of glycerol. Pneumococcal meningitis in dogs and humans was characterized by a complex fatty-acid pattern in spinal fluid similar to that seen in pneumococcal cells. Spinal fluid from dogs with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis yielded several saturated fatty acids as well as rhamnose, xylose, and glucosamine; four of five spinal fluid specimens from patients with H. influenzae meningitis gave similar results. Fatty-acid profiles of spinal fluid from dogs with staphylococcal meningitis were complex, with branched-chain and straight-chain fatty acids. Spinal fluid specimens from Neisseria meningitidis-infected dogs yielded 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids and sialic acid. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of spinal fluid proved valuable as a tool for identifying bacterial infections and differentiating between common spinal fluid pathogens.", "PMID": 512413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9711", "title": "Transmission of hepatitis B virus in clinical laboratory areas.", "content": "The transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in clinical laboratory areas was delineated by the use of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as presumptive evidence for the presence of the infective agent. Twenty-six (34%) of 76 environmental surfaces sampled were positive for HBsAg. The outer surfaces of blood- and serum-specimen containers had HBsAg contamination rates of 55% (six of 11) and 44% (four of nine), respectively. Subsequent handling of pipetting aids, marking devices, and other items led to their contamination and further dissemination of HBsAg. An assay instrument for complete determinations of blood cell counts was observed to splatter and drip blood during its operation. The contamination rate for environmental surfaces associated with this instrument was 15%. The data indicate that transmission of HBV in the clinical laboratory is subtle and mainly via hand contact with contaminated items during the various steps of blood processing. These data support the concept that the portal of entry of HBV is through inapparent breaks in skin and mucous membranes.", "contents": "Transmission of hepatitis B virus in clinical laboratory areas. The transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in clinical laboratory areas was delineated by the use of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as presumptive evidence for the presence of the infective agent. Twenty-six (34%) of 76 environmental surfaces sampled were positive for HBsAg. The outer surfaces of blood- and serum-specimen containers had HBsAg contamination rates of 55% (six of 11) and 44% (four of nine), respectively. Subsequent handling of pipetting aids, marking devices, and other items led to their contamination and further dissemination of HBsAg. An assay instrument for complete determinations of blood cell counts was observed to splatter and drip blood during its operation. The contamination rate for environmental surfaces associated with this instrument was 15%. The data indicate that transmission of HBV in the clinical laboratory is subtle and mainly via hand contact with contaminated items during the various steps of blood processing. These data support the concept that the portal of entry of HBV is through inapparent breaks in skin and mucous membranes.", "PMID": 512414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9712", "title": "Altered neutrophil migration during bacterial infection associated with a serum modulator of cellular motility.", "content": "The motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) from 25 patients with bacterial infection was assessed by using the migration-under-agarose assay. A spectrum of responses was observed. Random and directional motility stimulated by C5a or pressed in parallel. These responses contrasted with those of normal PMNLs preincubated with either FMLP or C5a; preincubation with one chemotaxin inhibited a subsequent response to the same stimulus but did not inhibit the response to the other. The parallel responses of patient PMNLs to C5a and FMLP suggest that the altered motility reflects a perturbation independent of a specific chemotactic receptor. Heat-inactivated serum from patients with bacterial infection, when preincubated with normal PMNLs, resulted in significant enhancement of both random and directional migration. The data indicate that bacterial infection is associated with appearance of a modulator of neutrophil motility.", "contents": "Altered neutrophil migration during bacterial infection associated with a serum modulator of cellular motility. The motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) from 25 patients with bacterial infection was assessed by using the migration-under-agarose assay. A spectrum of responses was observed. Random and directional motility stimulated by C5a or pressed in parallel. These responses contrasted with those of normal PMNLs preincubated with either FMLP or C5a; preincubation with one chemotaxin inhibited a subsequent response to the same stimulus but did not inhibit the response to the other. The parallel responses of patient PMNLs to C5a and FMLP suggest that the altered motility reflects a perturbation independent of a specific chemotactic receptor. Heat-inactivated serum from patients with bacterial infection, when preincubated with normal PMNLs, resulted in significant enhancement of both random and directional migration. The data indicate that bacterial infection is associated with appearance of a modulator of neutrophil motility.", "PMID": 512415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9713", "title": "Dopamine and saralasin antagonism of renal vasoconstriction and oliguria caused by amphotericin B in dogs.", "content": "Amphotericin B (2.5 mg/kg, administered intravenously) increased vascular resistance (renal more than pulmonary more than systemic) and decreased glomerular filtration and urine flow 94% in 16 anesthetized female mongrel dogs. Dopamine decreased renal vascular resistance 31% in 14 dogs; when amphotericin B was given with dopamine, there was partial antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction. Saralasin partially antagonized amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction in seven dogs. When amphotericin B was given during combined infusion of dopamine and saralasin in eight dogs, renal blood flow remained at initial control levels, urine flow increased above initial levels, and glomerular filtration decreased only 21% from initial values. Amphotericin B increased renal vascular resistance 296% when given alone but only 41% in dogs during injection of both dopamine and saralasin (P = 0.002). The antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal effects by the combination of dopamine and saralasin was significant and specific for the renal vascular bed.", "contents": "Dopamine and saralasin antagonism of renal vasoconstriction and oliguria caused by amphotericin B in dogs. Amphotericin B (2.5 mg/kg, administered intravenously) increased vascular resistance (renal more than pulmonary more than systemic) and decreased glomerular filtration and urine flow 94% in 16 anesthetized female mongrel dogs. Dopamine decreased renal vascular resistance 31% in 14 dogs; when amphotericin B was given with dopamine, there was partial antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction. Saralasin partially antagonized amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction in seven dogs. When amphotericin B was given during combined infusion of dopamine and saralasin in eight dogs, renal blood flow remained at initial control levels, urine flow increased above initial levels, and glomerular filtration decreased only 21% from initial values. Amphotericin B increased renal vascular resistance 296% when given alone but only 41% in dogs during injection of both dopamine and saralasin (P = 0.002). The antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal effects by the combination of dopamine and saralasin was significant and specific for the renal vascular bed.", "PMID": 512416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9714", "title": "The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure.", "content": "Peak serum levels of gentamicin were varied in rats by administering a standard nephrotoxic dosage of 40 mg/kg per day in one (QD), two, or three (TID) daily doses. The QD animals had the highest peak serum levels but showed no appreciable increase of serum creatinine concentrations over a 10-day treatment period. The TID rats had the lowest peak serum levels, but, after 10 days of drug administration, the serum creatinine concentration (2.8 +/- 0.2 mg/100 ml, mean +/- SE) was significantly higher than in control rats (0.6 +/- 0.01 mg/100 ml) (P less than 0.001). After two days of gentamicin treatment, the renal concentration of gentamicin was 269 +/- 77 micrograms/g in the QD rats and 820 +/- 29 micrograms/g in the TID rats (P less than 0.001). In this rat model, the frequency of doses was a more important factor in the development of nephrotoxicity than the peak serum concentration of gentamicin. The results suggest that dose frequency should be considered when data from different laboratories are compared.", "contents": "The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure. Peak serum levels of gentamicin were varied in rats by administering a standard nephrotoxic dosage of 40 mg/kg per day in one (QD), two, or three (TID) daily doses. The QD animals had the highest peak serum levels but showed no appreciable increase of serum creatinine concentrations over a 10-day treatment period. The TID rats had the lowest peak serum levels, but, after 10 days of drug administration, the serum creatinine concentration (2.8 +/- 0.2 mg/100 ml, mean +/- SE) was significantly higher than in control rats (0.6 +/- 0.01 mg/100 ml) (P less than 0.001). After two days of gentamicin treatment, the renal concentration of gentamicin was 269 +/- 77 micrograms/g in the QD rats and 820 +/- 29 micrograms/g in the TID rats (P less than 0.001). In this rat model, the frequency of doses was a more important factor in the development of nephrotoxicity than the peak serum concentration of gentamicin. The results suggest that dose frequency should be considered when data from different laboratories are compared.", "PMID": 512417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9715", "title": "Structure-function relationship: biological activities of the lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and the lipid A moiety from five different strains of Vibrio cholerae have been investigated. Lipid A was biologically the most active component of lipopolysaccharides from these bacteria. Immunization of rabbits with lipid A from Inaba (66/64) strain led to the production of specific antibodies to lipid A. On fractionation of the immunoglobulins with Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, antibodies against lipid A were detected in the IgM and IgG fractions.", "contents": "Structure-function relationship: biological activities of the lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from Vibrio cholerae. The biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and the lipid A moiety from five different strains of Vibrio cholerae have been investigated. Lipid A was biologically the most active component of lipopolysaccharides from these bacteria. Immunization of rabbits with lipid A from Inaba (66/64) strain led to the production of specific antibodies to lipid A. On fractionation of the immunoglobulins with Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, antibodies against lipid A were detected in the IgM and IgG fractions.", "PMID": 512418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9716", "title": "Viral shedding patterns of children with influenza B infection.", "content": "During an epidemic of influenza B, 43 ambulatory children were prospectively followed to determine the quantitative shedding patterns of influenza B viral infection, because these have not been previously described. The spectrum of illness included 74% with a typical influenzalike illness, 7% with an afebrile infection of the upper respiratory tract, and 19% with croup. Mild myositis occurred in 21%. For the first three days of illness, greater than or equal to 93% of the children shed virus, and 74% shed on day 4. The average peak quantity of virus shed in the nasal wash was 4.0 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml(range, 1.5-6.0), which gradually declined over four days to 2.4 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml. The quantities of virus shed correlated significantly with severity of illness and fever score, but not with sex, type of illness, or occurrence of myositis. These results suggest that the degree of clinical illness may be directly related to the cytotoxic effects of the virus and to the transmissibility of the disease.", "contents": "Viral shedding patterns of children with influenza B infection. During an epidemic of influenza B, 43 ambulatory children were prospectively followed to determine the quantitative shedding patterns of influenza B viral infection, because these have not been previously described. The spectrum of illness included 74% with a typical influenzalike illness, 7% with an afebrile infection of the upper respiratory tract, and 19% with croup. Mild myositis occurred in 21%. For the first three days of illness, greater than or equal to 93% of the children shed virus, and 74% shed on day 4. The average peak quantity of virus shed in the nasal wash was 4.0 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml(range, 1.5-6.0), which gradually declined over four days to 2.4 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml. The quantities of virus shed correlated significantly with severity of illness and fever score, but not with sex, type of illness, or occurrence of myositis. These results suggest that the degree of clinical illness may be directly related to the cytotoxic effects of the virus and to the transmissibility of the disease.", "PMID": 512419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9717", "title": "Persistent urethral leukocytosis and asymptomatic chlamydial urethritis.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 47% of asymptomatic, sexually active men whose urethral smears contained four or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) per high-power field (hpf) one week after their sexual activity was restricted. C. trachomatis was not detected in any of 23 asymptomatic, sexually active men having less than 4 PMN/hpf in two urethral smears obtained one week apart. Semiquantitation of urethral PMN in the urethral Gram-stained smear is useful in the evaluation of asymptomatic men without gonorrhea who are concerned about the possibility of harboring a urethral pathogen.", "contents": "Persistent urethral leukocytosis and asymptomatic chlamydial urethritis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 47% of asymptomatic, sexually active men whose urethral smears contained four or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) per high-power field (hpf) one week after their sexual activity was restricted. C. trachomatis was not detected in any of 23 asymptomatic, sexually active men having less than 4 PMN/hpf in two urethral smears obtained one week apart. Semiquantitation of urethral PMN in the urethral Gram-stained smear is useful in the evaluation of asymptomatic men without gonorrhea who are concerned about the possibility of harboring a urethral pathogen.", "PMID": 512420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9718", "title": "Experimental plague in the California ground squirrel.", "content": "In experiments to determine the current susceptibility to plague, it was demonstrated that 256 Yersinia pestis (a local strain of high virulence) were required to produce a 50% infectious dose (ID50) in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) that had been collected in southeastern Monterey County, California; 6,070 Y. pestis were required to produce a 50% lethal dose (LD50). (The LD50 was about 24 times the ID50.) The frequency of serologic response to the specific fraction 1 antigen of Y. pestis and mortality were dose-related. Approximately half of the squirrels inoculated with six to 6,070 Y. pestis survived without seroconversion, whereas antibody to specific fraction 1 antigen was always observed in squirrels that survived challenges of greater than or equal to 60,700 Y. pestis. However, titers never exceeded 1:64. The implications of these data for enzootic and epizootic transmission of plague in resistant squirrel populations are examined.", "contents": "Experimental plague in the California ground squirrel. In experiments to determine the current susceptibility to plague, it was demonstrated that 256 Yersinia pestis (a local strain of high virulence) were required to produce a 50% infectious dose (ID50) in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) that had been collected in southeastern Monterey County, California; 6,070 Y. pestis were required to produce a 50% lethal dose (LD50). (The LD50 was about 24 times the ID50.) The frequency of serologic response to the specific fraction 1 antigen of Y. pestis and mortality were dose-related. Approximately half of the squirrels inoculated with six to 6,070 Y. pestis survived without seroconversion, whereas antibody to specific fraction 1 antigen was always observed in squirrels that survived challenges of greater than or equal to 60,700 Y. pestis. However, titers never exceeded 1:64. The implications of these data for enzootic and epizootic transmission of plague in resistant squirrel populations are examined.", "PMID": 512421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9719", "title": "[Condylo-cephalic nail fixation for trochanteric fractures of the femur (author's transl)].", "content": "Condylo-cephalic nailing which has been developed by Ender is described. Three elastic pins are inserted at the proximal part of the medial femoral condyle and passed through the femur across the fracture into the head of the femur. The operative procedure is very simple and not hazardous to elderly patients. A special advantage is early weight-bearing. One hundred and three patients with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fracture were treated by this method. The average age was seventy-six years. Our own experiments have shown that this method can allow immediate weight-bearing.", "contents": "[Condylo-cephalic nail fixation for trochanteric fractures of the femur (author's transl)]. Condylo-cephalic nailing which has been developed by Ender is described. Three elastic pins are inserted at the proximal part of the medial femoral condyle and passed through the femur across the fracture into the head of the femur. The operative procedure is very simple and not hazardous to elderly patients. A special advantage is early weight-bearing. One hundred and three patients with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fracture were treated by this method. The average age was seventy-six years. Our own experiments have shown that this method can allow immediate weight-bearing.", "PMID": 512430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9720", "title": "[Studies of femoral neck fractures--biomechanical experiments with various devices for internal fixation with follow-up study on clinical cases-- (author's transl)].", "content": "The Tri-cancellous compression screw method was developed in order to overcome some defects which we feel exist in other methods of fixation presently in use. The author has conducted studies on the stability of the Tri-cancellous compression screw method and on the results of its clinical use. The conclusions are as follows: 1) In compression and torsion tests, the Tri-cancellous compression screw method showed greater strength than other methods. 2) The holding strength in cancellous bone of the screw is determined solely by its outside diameter and is never influenced by its thread profile and pitch. 3) The stability of the Tri-cancellous compression screw method decreases every hour postoperatively. 4) Clinically, when the Tri-cancellous compression screw method was correctly used, we found no evidence of the development of non-union. However, late segmental collapse has remained a problem of the same level as when other methods are used.", "contents": "[Studies of femoral neck fractures--biomechanical experiments with various devices for internal fixation with follow-up study on clinical cases-- (author's transl)]. The Tri-cancellous compression screw method was developed in order to overcome some defects which we feel exist in other methods of fixation presently in use. The author has conducted studies on the stability of the Tri-cancellous compression screw method and on the results of its clinical use. The conclusions are as follows: 1) In compression and torsion tests, the Tri-cancellous compression screw method showed greater strength than other methods. 2) The holding strength in cancellous bone of the screw is determined solely by its outside diameter and is never influenced by its thread profile and pitch. 3) The stability of the Tri-cancellous compression screw method decreases every hour postoperatively. 4) Clinically, when the Tri-cancellous compression screw method was correctly used, we found no evidence of the development of non-union. However, late segmental collapse has remained a problem of the same level as when other methods are used.", "PMID": 512431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9721", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies concerned with the Jikei femoral head prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "For experimental purposes, femoral head prostheses for dogs, using both high density polyethylene (HDP) or titanium as the material for the head, were developed. Periodic observations of the acetabular cartilage influenced by the prosthetic head were done. The results showed that HDP was not suitable as a material for the artificial head because of rapid degeneration of the acetabular cartilage and marked wear and deformity of the HDP femoral head as soon as the surgery was done. On the other hand, the titanium femoral head was seen as causing much less damage to the acetabular cartilage in those cases where the diameter of the prosthetic head was quite adequate in its size. These findings indicated that the metal prosthetic head was useful for clinical cases. It was also clarified that the fixing of the stem to the bone could be achieved with our self-locking design instead of the use of bone cement. In follow-up studies of clinical cases used by the Jikei titanium femoral head prosthesis based upon our experimental results, it was found that better results could be expected when care is taken to use a femoral head which is not larger against the acetabulum. In addition, it was proved the procedure with the femoral head prosthesis is not indicated in cases where degeneration in acetabular cartilage has already occurred.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies concerned with the Jikei femoral head prosthesis (author's transl)]. For experimental purposes, femoral head prostheses for dogs, using both high density polyethylene (HDP) or titanium as the material for the head, were developed. Periodic observations of the acetabular cartilage influenced by the prosthetic head were done. The results showed that HDP was not suitable as a material for the artificial head because of rapid degeneration of the acetabular cartilage and marked wear and deformity of the HDP femoral head as soon as the surgery was done. On the other hand, the titanium femoral head was seen as causing much less damage to the acetabular cartilage in those cases where the diameter of the prosthetic head was quite adequate in its size. These findings indicated that the metal prosthetic head was useful for clinical cases. It was also clarified that the fixing of the stem to the bone could be achieved with our self-locking design instead of the use of bone cement. In follow-up studies of clinical cases used by the Jikei titanium femoral head prosthesis based upon our experimental results, it was found that better results could be expected when care is taken to use a femoral head which is not larger against the acetabulum. In addition, it was proved the procedure with the femoral head prosthesis is not indicated in cases where degeneration in acetabular cartilage has already occurred.", "PMID": 512432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9722", "title": "[An experimental study on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis--histological and biochemical changes of proteoglycan in the osteoarthritic cartilage of rabbit in the early stage-- (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteoarthritis is generally a slowly progressive destructive disease of joints. As the disease is asymptomatic in its initial phases, it was detectable only at the later stage when radiological changes and clinical symptom had developed. The biochemical and cellular changes that had been recorded were those of the later clinically recognizable stage of the disease. Because the time of onset in not known, the initial events which might be the most important to investigate the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, are virtually impossible to investigate except in experimentally induced models of osteoarthritis. For the purpose of investigating the pathogenesis of degenerative osteoarthritis, experimental osteoarthritic model was prepared. Section of the medial collateral and both cruciate ligaments combined with resection of the medial meniscus in adult rabbit knees showed progressive histological changes similar to those in human osteoarthritis. Therefore, qualitative and progressive alteration of the cartilage matrix proteoglycan in experimental osteoarthritis of the early stages were investigated with time. Biochemical analysis of the cartilage from experimental osteoarthritic model demonstrated a decrease in the content of glycosaminoglycan and increase in the rate of the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan as compared to the normals. The analysis of disaccharide chain revealed a decrease in the concentration of kelatan sulfate and chondroitin-6 sulfate, along with an increase in the concentration of chondroitin-4 sulfate. These findings, which were quite consistent with those in human osteoarthritis and were contrary to those in aging, indicate the attempts of cells to compensate for the proteoglycan deficiency in osteoarthritic cartilage by synthesizing large quantities of glycosaminoglycans of immature pattern. On the other hand, synthesized aggregated proteoglycans in arthritic cartilage had shown a polydispersive pattern in CsCl density gradient compared to that of normal one, which had shown a single curved pattern. Further, newly synthesized proteoglycan in osteoarthritic cartilage seemed to be polydispersive compared with control proteoglycan in molecular sizes on Sepharose 2B gel chromatography under non-aggregated dissociative condition. Large molecular size proteoglycan composed of small molecular size glycosaminoglycan on its polysaccharide chain and small molecular size proteoglycan composed of large molecular size glycosaminoglycan. This might represent the expression of repair mechanism in the damaged cartilage, or phenotypic transformation of extracellular macromolecule in osteoarthritis.", "contents": "[An experimental study on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis--histological and biochemical changes of proteoglycan in the osteoarthritic cartilage of rabbit in the early stage-- (author's transl)]. Osteoarthritis is generally a slowly progressive destructive disease of joints. As the disease is asymptomatic in its initial phases, it was detectable only at the later stage when radiological changes and clinical symptom had developed. The biochemical and cellular changes that had been recorded were those of the later clinically recognizable stage of the disease. Because the time of onset in not known, the initial events which might be the most important to investigate the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, are virtually impossible to investigate except in experimentally induced models of osteoarthritis. For the purpose of investigating the pathogenesis of degenerative osteoarthritis, experimental osteoarthritic model was prepared. Section of the medial collateral and both cruciate ligaments combined with resection of the medial meniscus in adult rabbit knees showed progressive histological changes similar to those in human osteoarthritis. Therefore, qualitative and progressive alteration of the cartilage matrix proteoglycan in experimental osteoarthritis of the early stages were investigated with time. Biochemical analysis of the cartilage from experimental osteoarthritic model demonstrated a decrease in the content of glycosaminoglycan and increase in the rate of the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan as compared to the normals. The analysis of disaccharide chain revealed a decrease in the concentration of kelatan sulfate and chondroitin-6 sulfate, along with an increase in the concentration of chondroitin-4 sulfate. These findings, which were quite consistent with those in human osteoarthritis and were contrary to those in aging, indicate the attempts of cells to compensate for the proteoglycan deficiency in osteoarthritic cartilage by synthesizing large quantities of glycosaminoglycans of immature pattern. On the other hand, synthesized aggregated proteoglycans in arthritic cartilage had shown a polydispersive pattern in CsCl density gradient compared to that of normal one, which had shown a single curved pattern. Further, newly synthesized proteoglycan in osteoarthritic cartilage seemed to be polydispersive compared with control proteoglycan in molecular sizes on Sepharose 2B gel chromatography under non-aggregated dissociative condition. Large molecular size proteoglycan composed of small molecular size glycosaminoglycan on its polysaccharide chain and small molecular size proteoglycan composed of large molecular size glycosaminoglycan. This might represent the expression of repair mechanism in the damaged cartilage, or phenotypic transformation of extracellular macromolecule in osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 512433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9723", "title": "Functional anatomy of the elbow joint and three-dimensional quantitative motion analysis of the elbow joint.", "content": "This work consists of two parts. Part One is a three-dimensional study of the passive motion of the elbow joint and revealed that the elbow joint was not a true hinge joint. Part Two is a three-dimensional quantitative motion analysis which was undertaken to compare shoulder and trunk motion in normal subjects with those with contracted elbows. This analysis revealed that shoulder rotation, shoulder abduction, trunk flexion and trunk rotation compensates for a contracted elbow.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the elbow joint and three-dimensional quantitative motion analysis of the elbow joint. This work consists of two parts. Part One is a three-dimensional study of the passive motion of the elbow joint and revealed that the elbow joint was not a true hinge joint. Part Two is a three-dimensional quantitative motion analysis which was undertaken to compare shoulder and trunk motion in normal subjects with those with contracted elbows. This analysis revealed that shoulder rotation, shoulder abduction, trunk flexion and trunk rotation compensates for a contracted elbow.", "PMID": 512435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9724", "title": "Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma of the mandible following treatment for bilateral retinoblastoma.", "content": "A case of fibrosarcoma of the mandible following radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma and occurring in an 11-year-old female child is described. After a clinical description of the case, reported with histological documentation, problems connected with the pathogenesis of the malignancies are dealt with. Besides irradiation, genetic mutation as a carcinogenetic co-factor is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma of the mandible following treatment for bilateral retinoblastoma. A case of fibrosarcoma of the mandible following radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma and occurring in an 11-year-old female child is described. After a clinical description of the case, reported with histological documentation, problems connected with the pathogenesis of the malignancies are dealt with. Besides irradiation, genetic mutation as a carcinogenetic co-factor is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 512464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9725", "title": "True carcinosarcoma of the larynx: a case report.", "content": "A case of true carcinosarcoma of the larynx occurring in a 55-year-old male is reported. The two components of this very rare tumour are pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. A review of the literature has revealed only two authentic cases of true carcinosarcomas.", "contents": "True carcinosarcoma of the larynx: a case report. A case of true carcinosarcoma of the larynx occurring in a 55-year-old male is reported. The two components of this very rare tumour are pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. A review of the literature has revealed only two authentic cases of true carcinosarcomas.", "PMID": 512465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9726", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "A chondrosarcoma arising in the posterior cricoid plate is presented. The tumour gave rise to increasing inspiratory stridor: laryngectomy was performed. The tumour consisted of loose cartilaginous tissue with great predominance of highly differentiated cartilage cells and only small areas with nuclear polymorphism. This complicated the differential diagnosis between chondroma and highly differentiated chondrosarcoma. From the fact that the patient died from massive pulmonary metastases 3 1/2 years later, it is evident that the degree of malignancy of cartilaginous tumours should be determined even on small polymorphic foci. The DNA histogram for the foci of the laryngeal tumour with atypia differed distinctly from those for benign chondroma and normal cartilage, but resembled those of the pulmonary and splenic metastases and of a nasal chondrosarcoma. Photometric examination may provide an aid in the difficult differential diagnosis between chondroma and highly differentiated chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx. A chondrosarcoma arising in the posterior cricoid plate is presented. The tumour gave rise to increasing inspiratory stridor: laryngectomy was performed. The tumour consisted of loose cartilaginous tissue with great predominance of highly differentiated cartilage cells and only small areas with nuclear polymorphism. This complicated the differential diagnosis between chondroma and highly differentiated chondrosarcoma. From the fact that the patient died from massive pulmonary metastases 3 1/2 years later, it is evident that the degree of malignancy of cartilaginous tumours should be determined even on small polymorphic foci. The DNA histogram for the foci of the laryngeal tumour with atypia differed distinctly from those for benign chondroma and normal cartilage, but resembled those of the pulmonary and splenic metastases and of a nasal chondrosarcoma. Photometric examination may provide an aid in the difficult differential diagnosis between chondroma and highly differentiated chondrosarcoma.", "PMID": 512466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9727", "title": "The effects of vascular occlusion on the human inner ear.", "content": "Occlusion of the anterior vestibular artery has resulted in severe degeneration and new bone formation limited to the utricle, saccule, and superior and lateral semicircular canals. Depriving the inner ear of its main blood supply, i.e. the internal auditory artery, has resulted in severe degeneration and ossification of the entire membranous labyrinth, except the endolymphatic duct and sac. A more severe cochlear sclerosis was seen when both arterial and venous blood supplies to the cochlea were occluded. The implications of these findings on the etiology and management of inner ear disorders are emphasized.", "contents": "The effects of vascular occlusion on the human inner ear. Occlusion of the anterior vestibular artery has resulted in severe degeneration and new bone formation limited to the utricle, saccule, and superior and lateral semicircular canals. Depriving the inner ear of its main blood supply, i.e. the internal auditory artery, has resulted in severe degeneration and ossification of the entire membranous labyrinth, except the endolymphatic duct and sac. A more severe cochlear sclerosis was seen when both arterial and venous blood supplies to the cochlea were occluded. The implications of these findings on the etiology and management of inner ear disorders are emphasized.", "PMID": 512467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9728", "title": "Use of middle ear ventilation tubes in recurrent acute otitis media.", "content": "A method of treatment of recurrent acute otitis media with polythene middle ear ventilation tubes in young children is presented. 56 ears in which infection had persisted for one to six months despite antibiotic therapy and multiple myringotomies were included in the study. The tubes were inserted under topical anaesthesia and cure within one week was obtained in 73 per cent of ears. In another 9 per cent the otorrhoea stopped within 3 weeks, but in 18 per cent reinsertion of the tube became necessary and in this latter group 11 per cent resolved in two weeks following adenoidectomy as well. In 7 per cent the problem remained unresolved. Therefore with this regimen a total of 93 per cent of recurrent infections settled. It is emphasized that the ventilation tube should remain 'in situ' for over 3 months.", "contents": "Use of middle ear ventilation tubes in recurrent acute otitis media. A method of treatment of recurrent acute otitis media with polythene middle ear ventilation tubes in young children is presented. 56 ears in which infection had persisted for one to six months despite antibiotic therapy and multiple myringotomies were included in the study. The tubes were inserted under topical anaesthesia and cure within one week was obtained in 73 per cent of ears. In another 9 per cent the otorrhoea stopped within 3 weeks, but in 18 per cent reinsertion of the tube became necessary and in this latter group 11 per cent resolved in two weeks following adenoidectomy as well. In 7 per cent the problem remained unresolved. Therefore with this regimen a total of 93 per cent of recurrent infections settled. It is emphasized that the ventilation tube should remain 'in situ' for over 3 months.", "PMID": 512469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9729", "title": "Domestic pets and perennial nasal allergy in children.", "content": "Domestic pets form an important etiological factor in the occurrence of perennial allergic rhinitis. In their management, patients responded well to animal exclusion and hyposensitization, with good amelioration of all their symptoms; these measures form an effective treatment for this type of disease.", "contents": "Domestic pets and perennial nasal allergy in children. Domestic pets form an important etiological factor in the occurrence of perennial allergic rhinitis. In their management, patients responded well to animal exclusion and hyposensitization, with good amelioration of all their symptoms; these measures form an effective treatment for this type of disease.", "PMID": 512470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9730", "title": "Hearing loss in perforations of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "70 patients with dry central perforations have been studied to assess the hearing loss. The hearing loss is greater at the lower frequencies and increases with the size of the perforation. Malleolar perforations cause more hearing loss than the non-malleolar unless the perforation involves less than 10 per cent of the tympanic membrane surface area. Perforations of the postero-inferior quadrant cause more hearing loss than those in the antero-inferior quadrant.", "contents": "Hearing loss in perforations of the tympanic membrane. 70 patients with dry central perforations have been studied to assess the hearing loss. The hearing loss is greater at the lower frequencies and increases with the size of the perforation. Malleolar perforations cause more hearing loss than the non-malleolar unless the perforation involves less than 10 per cent of the tympanic membrane surface area. Perforations of the postero-inferior quadrant cause more hearing loss than those in the antero-inferior quadrant.", "PMID": 512477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9731", "title": "Sequential audiometric evaluations of cats with regrowing tympanic membranes.", "content": "Audiometric evaluations were made for cats which were undergoing TM regeneration. For a one month period of regrowth and testing, there was an improvement in thresholds over the range of frequencies which were tested and the final evaluations (complete TM regrown) indicated greater auditory deficits in the high frequencies. The greater high frequency losses started at 1 to 2 kHz. and increased with frequency. The pattern of greater high frequency loss is thought to result from the fact that the regrown TMs did not adhere to the manubrium, but rather grew straight from the fibrous annulus and formed a flat rather than conical membrane.", "contents": "Sequential audiometric evaluations of cats with regrowing tympanic membranes. Audiometric evaluations were made for cats which were undergoing TM regeneration. For a one month period of regrowth and testing, there was an improvement in thresholds over the range of frequencies which were tested and the final evaluations (complete TM regrown) indicated greater auditory deficits in the high frequencies. The greater high frequency losses started at 1 to 2 kHz. and increased with frequency. The pattern of greater high frequency loss is thought to result from the fact that the regrown TMs did not adhere to the manubrium, but rather grew straight from the fibrous annulus and formed a flat rather than conical membrane.", "PMID": 512478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9732", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of ameloblastoma of the maxilla are presented. Symptoms, diagnostic procedures and therapy are discussed in relation to these cases. It is stressed that surgery of a maxillary ameloblastoma must be radical from the beginning. Otherwise the tumour may spread to the pterygopalatine fossa, temporal fossa or base of skull. Such tumour extensions are not resectable. The tumour is slowly-growing and a careful follow-up is mandatory.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Report of three cases. Three cases of ameloblastoma of the maxilla are presented. Symptoms, diagnostic procedures and therapy are discussed in relation to these cases. It is stressed that surgery of a maxillary ameloblastoma must be radical from the beginning. Otherwise the tumour may spread to the pterygopalatine fossa, temporal fossa or base of skull. Such tumour extensions are not resectable. The tumour is slowly-growing and a careful follow-up is mandatory.", "PMID": 512479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9733", "title": "Nasal metastasis from primary cancer of the kidney.", "content": "A case of nasal metastasis, indicating primary cancer of the kidney, and occurring in a 67-year-old man, is described. Differential diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed. In particular, stress is laid on the problems concerning diagnosis when the nasal metastasis is the first clinical symptom. A clinicosemeiologic study of the patient is mandatory, as histology alone is not always sufficient to settle all doubts, even with the support of ample histochemical investigations.", "contents": "Nasal metastasis from primary cancer of the kidney. A case of nasal metastasis, indicating primary cancer of the kidney, and occurring in a 67-year-old man, is described. Differential diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed. In particular, stress is laid on the problems concerning diagnosis when the nasal metastasis is the first clinical symptom. A clinicosemeiologic study of the patient is mandatory, as histology alone is not always sufficient to settle all doubts, even with the support of ample histochemical investigations.", "PMID": 512480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9734", "title": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in nasal polyposis.", "content": "The incidence of atopy among 64 adults undergoing polypectomy was 25 per cent. Among these atopic patients it was usual for the polyp IgE level to exceed that in the serum. Similarly, D. pteronyssinus-specific IgE was more commonly identified in polyp fluid by the RAST technique than in serum. However, this was not so for grass pollen-specific IgE, where serum and polyp fluid were equally positive. We conclude that there are atopic and non-atopic polyps.", "contents": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in nasal polyposis. The incidence of atopy among 64 adults undergoing polypectomy was 25 per cent. Among these atopic patients it was usual for the polyp IgE level to exceed that in the serum. Similarly, D. pteronyssinus-specific IgE was more commonly identified in polyp fluid by the RAST technique than in serum. However, this was not so for grass pollen-specific IgE, where serum and polyp fluid were equally positive. We conclude that there are atopic and non-atopic polyps.", "PMID": 512485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9735", "title": "Lennert's lymphoma (lympho-epithelioid cellular lymphoma).", "content": "The authors describe a case of Lennert's lymphoma occurring in a 64-year-old male patient. After a comprehensive examination of the world literature on the disease, clinical and pathologic problems, as well as differential diagnoses from other malignant lymphoid proliferations, are discussed. This is the first observation to be reported in the otorhinolaryngologie literature.", "contents": "Lennert's lymphoma (lympho-epithelioid cellular lymphoma). The authors describe a case of Lennert's lymphoma occurring in a 64-year-old male patient. After a comprehensive examination of the world literature on the disease, clinical and pathologic problems, as well as differential diagnoses from other malignant lymphoid proliferations, are discussed. This is the first observation to be reported in the otorhinolaryngologie literature.", "PMID": 512487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9736", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome involving the larynx: report of a case.", "content": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a presumably autoimmune disease with pathologic findings of lymphocytic infiltration of the involved structures. Although the salivary and lacrimal glands are the most commonly involved sites, extraglandular lymphoproliferation also occurs. Upper and lower respiratory tract lymphoproliferation is known, but only one case of Sj\u00f6gren's disease of the larynx has been previously reported. We present a case of laryngeal involvement in which the gross pathologic appearance is different from that in the earlier case report. The otolaryngologist should consider Sj\u00f6gren's disease in the differential diagnosis of diffuse laryngeal lesions.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome involving the larynx: report of a case. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a presumably autoimmune disease with pathologic findings of lymphocytic infiltration of the involved structures. Although the salivary and lacrimal glands are the most commonly involved sites, extraglandular lymphoproliferation also occurs. Upper and lower respiratory tract lymphoproliferation is known, but only one case of Sj\u00f6gren's disease of the larynx has been previously reported. We present a case of laryngeal involvement in which the gross pathologic appearance is different from that in the earlier case report. The otolaryngologist should consider Sj\u00f6gren's disease in the differential diagnosis of diffuse laryngeal lesions.", "PMID": 512490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9737", "title": "A contemporary view of the ventricular gradient of Wilson.", "content": "We have derived quantitative expressions for QRS, T, and QRST areas of the scalar electrocardiogram. The QRST area, or ventricular gradient, is seen to be essentially independent of the activation sequence and to reflect recovery properties of the tissue as weighted by the vector lead field of a given lead. The results are derived for uniform isotropic conditions and under the assumption that the temporal waveforms everywhere are identical except for possible variations in the duration of the plateau. However, it is noted that the results are, probably, valid under anisotropic conditions as well. The examination of ventricular gradients from epicardial and intramural leads should reflect local recovery properties and be a useful tool in study of the physiology of recovery, as well as the study of arrhythmias.", "contents": "A contemporary view of the ventricular gradient of Wilson. We have derived quantitative expressions for QRS, T, and QRST areas of the scalar electrocardiogram. The QRST area, or ventricular gradient, is seen to be essentially independent of the activation sequence and to reflect recovery properties of the tissue as weighted by the vector lead field of a given lead. The results are derived for uniform isotropic conditions and under the assumption that the temporal waveforms everywhere are identical except for possible variations in the duration of the plateau. However, it is noted that the results are, probably, valid under anisotropic conditions as well. The examination of ventricular gradients from epicardial and intramural leads should reflect local recovery properties and be a useful tool in study of the physiology of recovery, as well as the study of arrhythmias.", "PMID": 512529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9738", "title": "An approach to direct detection of sinus nodal activity in man.", "content": "We are reporting a series of 13 out of a total of 16 patients in whom sinus nodal activity was recorded with the use of intra-atrial electrodes, during diagnostic His-bundle electrocardiography investigations. The protocol consisted of the simultaneous monitoring of the following intra-atrial points: high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, left atrium and the His-bundle electrogram (HBE), which accompanied the detecting sonde placed as a loop in the superior vena cava, with the electrodes facing the sinus nodal area. This permitted an adequate assessment of the sequence of the depolarizing activity. All patients showed sinus nodal potentials preceding the initiation of the P-wave in the surface-EKG or the atrial potential in the high right atrial lead, respectively, in the range of 60 to 270 msec depending upon the functional status of the sinus node in each patient. Such waves were clearly separated from the initiation of the atrial potential by an isoelectric line and showed functional traits compatible with the S-A nodal functions, as many authors have previously reported in experimental animal models. The text contains a review of the relevant literature and discussion upon the diagnostic significance of this method in the assessment of sinus nodal disease.", "contents": "An approach to direct detection of sinus nodal activity in man. We are reporting a series of 13 out of a total of 16 patients in whom sinus nodal activity was recorded with the use of intra-atrial electrodes, during diagnostic His-bundle electrocardiography investigations. The protocol consisted of the simultaneous monitoring of the following intra-atrial points: high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, left atrium and the His-bundle electrogram (HBE), which accompanied the detecting sonde placed as a loop in the superior vena cava, with the electrodes facing the sinus nodal area. This permitted an adequate assessment of the sequence of the depolarizing activity. All patients showed sinus nodal potentials preceding the initiation of the P-wave in the surface-EKG or the atrial potential in the high right atrial lead, respectively, in the range of 60 to 270 msec depending upon the functional status of the sinus node in each patient. Such waves were clearly separated from the initiation of the atrial potential by an isoelectric line and showed functional traits compatible with the S-A nodal functions, as many authors have previously reported in experimental animal models. The text contains a review of the relevant literature and discussion upon the diagnostic significance of this method in the assessment of sinus nodal disease.", "PMID": 512530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9739", "title": "Effects of dobutamine on electrophysiological properties of the specialized conduction system in man.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of Dobutamine, a new beta adrenergic drug, were investigated using intracardiac electrograms and the extrastimulus method, in 19 patients with 1:1 AV conduction and in 10 other patients, five with second and five with third degree AV block. The electrophysiological effects were studied at three concentrations of the drug: 5, 10 and 15 micrograms/Kg/m'. Dobutamine induces: 1) an enhancement of SA node automaticity, showed by a decrease of the sinus cycle length (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration) and by a decrease in the corrected sinus node recovery time (P less than 0.001 at the second concentration); 2) a decrease in the effective atrial refractory period (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration); 3) an improvement of AV conduction, showed by a decrease in AH interval (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration) and by a shortening of functional and effective refractory periods (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration); 4) no change in the HV interval; 5) an improvement of conduction in patients with second degree AV block proximal to the His bundle; and 6) a minimal increase in the heart rate in patients with complete AV block distal to His bundle.", "contents": "Effects of dobutamine on electrophysiological properties of the specialized conduction system in man. The electrophysiological effects of Dobutamine, a new beta adrenergic drug, were investigated using intracardiac electrograms and the extrastimulus method, in 19 patients with 1:1 AV conduction and in 10 other patients, five with second and five with third degree AV block. The electrophysiological effects were studied at three concentrations of the drug: 5, 10 and 15 micrograms/Kg/m'. Dobutamine induces: 1) an enhancement of SA node automaticity, showed by a decrease of the sinus cycle length (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration) and by a decrease in the corrected sinus node recovery time (P less than 0.001 at the second concentration); 2) a decrease in the effective atrial refractory period (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration); 3) an improvement of AV conduction, showed by a decrease in AH interval (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration) and by a shortening of functional and effective refractory periods (P less than 0.001 at the first concentration); 4) no change in the HV interval; 5) an improvement of conduction in patients with second degree AV block proximal to the His bundle; and 6) a minimal increase in the heart rate in patients with complete AV block distal to His bundle.", "PMID": 512532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9740", "title": "Carotid sinus massage induced elimination of rate related bundle branch block during paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: a simple method of proving bypass tract participation in the tachycardia.", "content": "Four cases of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia are described in whom rate related left bundle branch block (LBBB) was often present which persisted indefintely and showed no signs of spontaneous disappearance. Transient slowing of the tachycardia by carotid sinus massage in each case eliminated LBBB and this led to tachycardia acceleration. The tachycardia acceleration was traceable to a shortening in ventriculoatrial conduction. These observations proved the participation of a left sided bypass tract in the tachycardia circuit in each of these cases.", "contents": "Carotid sinus massage induced elimination of rate related bundle branch block during paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: a simple method of proving bypass tract participation in the tachycardia. Four cases of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia are described in whom rate related left bundle branch block (LBBB) was often present which persisted indefintely and showed no signs of spontaneous disappearance. Transient slowing of the tachycardia by carotid sinus massage in each case eliminated LBBB and this led to tachycardia acceleration. The tachycardia acceleration was traceable to a shortening in ventriculoatrial conduction. These observations proved the participation of a left sided bypass tract in the tachycardia circuit in each of these cases.", "PMID": 512533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9741", "title": "Spectral analysis of the normal electrocardiogram in children and adults.", "content": "We performed spectral analysis of the X-lead Frank VCG from six normal adults (Group A) and eight normal children (Group B) using a Fast Fourier Transform. The Group A magnitudes were consistently and significantly lower than Group B in the 20--90 Hz region. Similarly, the -40 dB point was 75 Hz for Group A and 107 Hz for Group B. The P waves of the two groups had similar spectra, as did their T waves. When the entire cardiac cycle was analyzed, there was again a consistent and significant difference in the frequencies from 25--80 Hz. Despite the significant differences in the Group A and B spectra, the vast majority of the information contained in the ECG signal was confined to frequencies below 100 Hz. Therefore, a bandwidth of 100 Hz is probably adequate for accurate recording of the ECG signal from children, as well as from adults.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of the normal electrocardiogram in children and adults. We performed spectral analysis of the X-lead Frank VCG from six normal adults (Group A) and eight normal children (Group B) using a Fast Fourier Transform. The Group A magnitudes were consistently and significantly lower than Group B in the 20--90 Hz region. Similarly, the -40 dB point was 75 Hz for Group A and 107 Hz for Group B. The P waves of the two groups had similar spectra, as did their T waves. When the entire cardiac cycle was analyzed, there was again a consistent and significant difference in the frequencies from 25--80 Hz. Despite the significant differences in the Group A and B spectra, the vast majority of the information contained in the ECG signal was confined to frequencies below 100 Hz. Therefore, a bandwidth of 100 Hz is probably adequate for accurate recording of the ECG signal from children, as well as from adults.", "PMID": 512534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9742", "title": "The normal values of spatial velocity in the second part of QRS (a cooperative study of 229 healthy individuals).", "content": "The Spatial Velocity (SV) represents the inscription velocity from spatial vectors of the QRS loop. According to Sano, this parameter has revealed a diagnostic capacity for some well defined pathologies. Using Hellerstein and Hamlin's formula, the SV has been determined from the orthogonal Frank leads in a 250 mm/sec recording. Using Simonson's criteria, 229 normal individuals, arranged in seven groups according to age and sex, were used in an attempt to get normal values for the second half of the QRS loop. SV was determined in six time intervals of 2.5 msec from the 25 msec vector before the end of QRS. We found significant difference between the values obtained from each time interval, except in the 35--37.5 msec and 37.5--40 msec vectors. On the other hand, no significant differences were found among the normal individual groups. The 96th percentile distribution was used to get the normal extreme values in the entire group of individuals.", "contents": "The normal values of spatial velocity in the second part of QRS (a cooperative study of 229 healthy individuals). The Spatial Velocity (SV) represents the inscription velocity from spatial vectors of the QRS loop. According to Sano, this parameter has revealed a diagnostic capacity for some well defined pathologies. Using Hellerstein and Hamlin's formula, the SV has been determined from the orthogonal Frank leads in a 250 mm/sec recording. Using Simonson's criteria, 229 normal individuals, arranged in seven groups according to age and sex, were used in an attempt to get normal values for the second half of the QRS loop. SV was determined in six time intervals of 2.5 msec from the 25 msec vector before the end of QRS. We found significant difference between the values obtained from each time interval, except in the 35--37.5 msec and 37.5--40 msec vectors. On the other hand, no significant differences were found among the normal individual groups. The 96th percentile distribution was used to get the normal extreme values in the entire group of individuals.", "PMID": 512535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9743", "title": "Experimental evaluation of the mean electrical equivalent generator of the isolated rabbit heart.", "content": "Previous data have documented that the instantaneous cardiac equivalent generator is inadequately modeled as a single dipole. The properties of the mean equivalent generator during the QRS, ST-T and QRST intervals were determined in 22 isolated rabbit heart preparations suspended within a spherical volume conductor and perfused with an electrolyte solution. ECG potentials recorded from 32 surface electrodes were processed to compute instantaneous equivalent generator properties at 0.4 to 2.0 msec intervals during QRS and ST-T. QRS and ST-T areas of each electrode waveform were determined and processed to compute the parameters of the mean generator during QRS, ST-T and QRST intervals. A centric dipole fit 77.96, 71.73 and 67.48 percent of the recorded summed square (SSQ) area during these three intervals. Corresponding values for a single moving dipole model were 86.14%, 87.17% and 86.11%. A four element centric multipole series, in contrast, fit over 98% of SSQ area during each interval. Isoarea maps demonstrated multiple maxima and/or minima in 48% of the studied cases. Thus, mean cardiac forces during activation and recovery, as well as the instantaneous counterparts, are inadequately represented as single dipolar generator sources.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of the mean electrical equivalent generator of the isolated rabbit heart. Previous data have documented that the instantaneous cardiac equivalent generator is inadequately modeled as a single dipole. The properties of the mean equivalent generator during the QRS, ST-T and QRST intervals were determined in 22 isolated rabbit heart preparations suspended within a spherical volume conductor and perfused with an electrolyte solution. ECG potentials recorded from 32 surface electrodes were processed to compute instantaneous equivalent generator properties at 0.4 to 2.0 msec intervals during QRS and ST-T. QRS and ST-T areas of each electrode waveform were determined and processed to compute the parameters of the mean generator during QRS, ST-T and QRST intervals. A centric dipole fit 77.96, 71.73 and 67.48 percent of the recorded summed square (SSQ) area during these three intervals. Corresponding values for a single moving dipole model were 86.14%, 87.17% and 86.11%. A four element centric multipole series, in contrast, fit over 98% of SSQ area during each interval. Isoarea maps demonstrated multiple maxima and/or minima in 48% of the studied cases. Thus, mean cardiac forces during activation and recovery, as well as the instantaneous counterparts, are inadequately represented as single dipolar generator sources.", "PMID": 512536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9744", "title": "A sequential angular lead presentation.", "content": "The presentation of the frontal leads was altered so that they could be displayed in sequential angular order. This was achieved by insertion of an inverting switch at the output stage of an electrocardiograph, so that the presented sequence of leads would be I, -aVR, II, aVF, III, and -aVL, corresponding to frontal plane vectors of 0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, 120 degrees and 150 degrees. This form of presentation was made in normals, patients with myocardial infarction, hemiblock, and switched leads. A smooth flow of ECG information results, the extent of the disease is more easily evaluated, and the QRS, T, and P axis is more easily evaluated. The usefulness of neglected leads in diagnosis may be increased.", "contents": "A sequential angular lead presentation. The presentation of the frontal leads was altered so that they could be displayed in sequential angular order. This was achieved by insertion of an inverting switch at the output stage of an electrocardiograph, so that the presented sequence of leads would be I, -aVR, II, aVF, III, and -aVL, corresponding to frontal plane vectors of 0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, 120 degrees and 150 degrees. This form of presentation was made in normals, patients with myocardial infarction, hemiblock, and switched leads. A smooth flow of ECG information results, the extent of the disease is more easily evaluated, and the QRS, T, and P axis is more easily evaluated. The usefulness of neglected leads in diagnosis may be increased.", "PMID": 512537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9745", "title": "Torso mounted electrocardiographic electrodes for routine clinical electrocardiography.", "content": "An easily applicable lead system similar to that proposed by Mason and Likar in 1966 for stress electrocardiography provides quantitative and qualitative electrocardiographic information and diagnoses similar to those derived from the \"standard\" lead system using only torso placement of ten electrodes.", "contents": "Torso mounted electrocardiographic electrodes for routine clinical electrocardiography. An easily applicable lead system similar to that proposed by Mason and Likar in 1966 for stress electrocardiography provides quantitative and qualitative electrocardiographic information and diagnoses similar to those derived from the \"standard\" lead system using only torso placement of ten electrodes.", "PMID": 512538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9746", "title": "The precordial ECG belt for obtaining rapid reproducible precordial leads.", "content": "A new, stretchable precordial ECC belt is described. It represents an excellent method for obtaining reproducible, accurate precordial ECGs and is especially useful in women and individuals with abnormal chest configurations.", "contents": "The precordial ECG belt for obtaining rapid reproducible precordial leads. A new, stretchable precordial ECC belt is described. It represents an excellent method for obtaining reproducible, accurate precordial ECGs and is especially useful in women and individuals with abnormal chest configurations.", "PMID": 512539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9747", "title": "A grid for calculating vectorcardiographic loop areas.", "content": "A graph consisting of small squares of equal size preprinted on a transparent plastic chart can be used for a quick and accurate calculation of the VCG loop area in each quadrant of the three conventional planes.", "contents": "A grid for calculating vectorcardiographic loop areas. A graph consisting of small squares of equal size preprinted on a transparent plastic chart can be used for a quick and accurate calculation of the VCG loop area in each quadrant of the three conventional planes.", "PMID": 512540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9748", "title": "Ventricular parasystole in a newborn infant.", "content": "A case of ventricular parasystole is presented which appeared in an otherwise healthy newborn infant. The dysrhythmia persisted until 10 months of age. In contrast to its occurrence in adults, this rare dysrhythmia appears not to be associated with primary cardiac disease in children.", "contents": "Ventricular parasystole in a newborn infant. A case of ventricular parasystole is presented which appeared in an otherwise healthy newborn infant. The dysrhythmia persisted until 10 months of age. In contrast to its occurrence in adults, this rare dysrhythmia appears not to be associated with primary cardiac disease in children.", "PMID": 512541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9749", "title": "Dependence of testicular germ cells on hormones: a quantitative study in hypophysectomized testosterone-treated rats.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis was used to investigate the dependence of testicular germ cells on hormones in Sprague-Dawley rats. Adult hypophysectomized rats were given daily injections of testosterone propionate (TP) for 30 days. Intact and hypophysectomized control rats received vehicle only. Spermatogonia were classified as undifferentiated or differentiated, using established criteria suitable for morphological identification on periodic acid-Schiff's-haematoxylin stained sections of testis. Data on cell counts showed that the undifferentiated spermatogonia may be partially dependent on TP and/or pituitary hormones. The group of differentiated spermatogonia were dependent on pituitary hormones, and TP only partially restored their number by partially protecting them from spontaneous degeneration in stages XIV to II (A3-to-Intermediate). The maturation and division of B type spermatogonia and maturation of preleptotene spermatocytes to the zygotene stage appeared to be independent of hormones. Maturation of pachytene spermatocytes was hormone dependent, and TP completely supported their development, meiotic division and spermiogenesis in the complete absence of pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Dependence of testicular germ cells on hormones: a quantitative study in hypophysectomized testosterone-treated rats. Quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis was used to investigate the dependence of testicular germ cells on hormones in Sprague-Dawley rats. Adult hypophysectomized rats were given daily injections of testosterone propionate (TP) for 30 days. Intact and hypophysectomized control rats received vehicle only. Spermatogonia were classified as undifferentiated or differentiated, using established criteria suitable for morphological identification on periodic acid-Schiff's-haematoxylin stained sections of testis. Data on cell counts showed that the undifferentiated spermatogonia may be partially dependent on TP and/or pituitary hormones. The group of differentiated spermatogonia were dependent on pituitary hormones, and TP only partially restored their number by partially protecting them from spontaneous degeneration in stages XIV to II (A3-to-Intermediate). The maturation and division of B type spermatogonia and maturation of preleptotene spermatocytes to the zygotene stage appeared to be independent of hormones. Maturation of pachytene spermatocytes was hormone dependent, and TP completely supported their development, meiotic division and spermiogenesis in the complete absence of pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 512545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9750", "title": "Progestin binding in vitro by the brain cell nuclei of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats.", "content": "The uptake and binding of 17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, a synthetic progestin, by the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats was examined in vitro. Uptake of this steroid by the medial basal hypothalamus was higher than that by the remaining hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The component in the cytosol from whole hypothalami which bound the radioactive progestin sedimented in the 7S region when centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient. The tritiated progestin was displaced by incubation with non-radioactive progestin or progesterone but not by oestradiol-17 beta, corticosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1 mumol/l). No 7S binding component was detected in a similar preparation from the cerebral cortex. The nuclear fraction from whole hypothalami extracted by KCl (0.4 mol/l) contained a progestin-binding complex which sedimented at 9S and which was heat-labile and protein in nature. It was concluded that the hypothalamus of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats contains progestin-binding material in the cytoplasm and progestin, bound to such material, is transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.", "contents": "Progestin binding in vitro by the brain cell nuclei of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats. The uptake and binding of 17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, a synthetic progestin, by the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats was examined in vitro. Uptake of this steroid by the medial basal hypothalamus was higher than that by the remaining hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The component in the cytosol from whole hypothalami which bound the radioactive progestin sedimented in the 7S region when centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient. The tritiated progestin was displaced by incubation with non-radioactive progestin or progesterone but not by oestradiol-17 beta, corticosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1 mumol/l). No 7S binding component was detected in a similar preparation from the cerebral cortex. The nuclear fraction from whole hypothalami extracted by KCl (0.4 mol/l) contained a progestin-binding complex which sedimented at 9S and which was heat-labile and protein in nature. It was concluded that the hypothalamus of ovariectomized oestrogen-primed rats contains progestin-binding material in the cytoplasm and progestin, bound to such material, is transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.", "PMID": 512546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9751", "title": "Circadian phase-dependent prolactin mechanisms in hepatic lipogenesis of a teleost.", "content": "In the teleost, Fundulus grandis, injections of prolactin early in the light phase cause an immediate 50% depression in the rate of hepatic lipogenesis ([14C]acetate incorporation); 10 h later, that rate has returned to levels not different from controls. Injections of prolactin late in the light phase cause an even more dramatic immediate depression of lipogenesis (79%) followed by a gradual increase in lipogenic rate which is 2.6 times higher than the control rate after 24 h. The stimulation of lipogenesis by prolactin is blocked by simultaneous treatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. These circadian phase-dependent effects of prolactin on hepatic lipogenesis are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of action exerted by endogenous prolactin rhythms.", "contents": "Circadian phase-dependent prolactin mechanisms in hepatic lipogenesis of a teleost. In the teleost, Fundulus grandis, injections of prolactin early in the light phase cause an immediate 50% depression in the rate of hepatic lipogenesis ([14C]acetate incorporation); 10 h later, that rate has returned to levels not different from controls. Injections of prolactin late in the light phase cause an even more dramatic immediate depression of lipogenesis (79%) followed by a gradual increase in lipogenic rate which is 2.6 times higher than the control rate after 24 h. The stimulation of lipogenesis by prolactin is blocked by simultaneous treatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. These circadian phase-dependent effects of prolactin on hepatic lipogenesis are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of action exerted by endogenous prolactin rhythms.", "PMID": 512547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9752", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for adrenal specific protein: its measurement in biological fluids and tissues.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for a new human adrenal specific protein (ASP) is described. The assay has a lower limit of detection of approximately 50 micrograms/l. The ASP extracted and purified from adrenal glands was used for standardization, radio-iodination and immunization of rabbits. Adrenal specific protein can be detected in normal human serum and plasma (240 +/- 80 and 190 +/- 60 micrograms/ml (means +/- S.D.) respectively), tissue levels were found in extracts of adrenal medulla, with appreciable amounts in the adrenal cortex, pituitary gland, seminal vesicle and testis, and low levels in all other tissues examined. The highest concentrations in biological fluids were found in seminal plasma and to a lesser extent in milk and menstrual fluid.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for adrenal specific protein: its measurement in biological fluids and tissues. A radioimmunoassay for a new human adrenal specific protein (ASP) is described. The assay has a lower limit of detection of approximately 50 micrograms/l. The ASP extracted and purified from adrenal glands was used for standardization, radio-iodination and immunization of rabbits. Adrenal specific protein can be detected in normal human serum and plasma (240 +/- 80 and 190 +/- 60 micrograms/ml (means +/- S.D.) respectively), tissue levels were found in extracts of adrenal medulla, with appreciable amounts in the adrenal cortex, pituitary gland, seminal vesicle and testis, and low levels in all other tissues examined. The highest concentrations in biological fluids were found in seminal plasma and to a lesser extent in milk and menstrual fluid.", "PMID": 512548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9753", "title": "Reduction of androstenedione by skin in vitro and serum levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in men with hypospadias.", "content": "The reduction of 4-[1,2-3H]androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) in vitro by scrotal skin was measured in samples from nine men (16--34 years old) with hypospadias and from ten male control subjects. The reduction of androstenedione was also studied in axillary and upper arm skin of seven control subjects. Androstenedione was reduced to material with chromatographic characteristics of 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione and to 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one. No difference in 5 alpha-reductase activity (defined as the sum of these three metabolites formed) was found in scrotal skin from hypospadic and control men. The mean concentration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in serum from men with hypospadias was lower than that in serum from control subjects (P less than 0.01). The mean ratio of the serum concentrations of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was higher in hypospadic men than in control subjects (P less than 0.05). No differences between the two groups were found in the mean serum concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone or testosterone-binding globulin.", "contents": "Reduction of androstenedione by skin in vitro and serum levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in men with hypospadias. The reduction of 4-[1,2-3H]androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) in vitro by scrotal skin was measured in samples from nine men (16--34 years old) with hypospadias and from ten male control subjects. The reduction of androstenedione was also studied in axillary and upper arm skin of seven control subjects. Androstenedione was reduced to material with chromatographic characteristics of 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione and to 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one. No difference in 5 alpha-reductase activity (defined as the sum of these three metabolites formed) was found in scrotal skin from hypospadic and control men. The mean concentration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in serum from men with hypospadias was lower than that in serum from control subjects (P less than 0.01). The mean ratio of the serum concentrations of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was higher in hypospadic men than in control subjects (P less than 0.05). No differences between the two groups were found in the mean serum concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone or testosterone-binding globulin.", "PMID": 512549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9754", "title": "Secretion rate and metabolic clearance rate of prolactin in the rat during mid- and late lactation.", "content": "The prolactin concentration in the plasma of lactating rats rose less rapidly and attained a significantly lower plateau level in response to suckling on day 20--21 of lactation than it did on day 13--14 of lactation. Neither differences in suckling stimulation of the older pups nor a higher metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of prolactin were implicated in the reduced prolactin concentration seen in the late-lactating rats. The MCR was, in fact, slightly reduced in both conscious and late-lactating rats anaesthetized with urethane when compared with those in mid-lactation. The MCR of prolactin was not significantly altered by urethane anaesthesia in rats on either day of lactation. However, the secretion rate of prolactin, computed from the MCR multiplied by the equilibrium concentration of prolactin during suckling, was considerably reduced (665 to 392 ng/min) from mid- to late lactation. We conclude from these data that the reduced plasma concentration of prolactin in response to suckling in late lactation is the result of an impairment within the prolactin secretory mechanism.", "contents": "Secretion rate and metabolic clearance rate of prolactin in the rat during mid- and late lactation. The prolactin concentration in the plasma of lactating rats rose less rapidly and attained a significantly lower plateau level in response to suckling on day 20--21 of lactation than it did on day 13--14 of lactation. Neither differences in suckling stimulation of the older pups nor a higher metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of prolactin were implicated in the reduced prolactin concentration seen in the late-lactating rats. The MCR was, in fact, slightly reduced in both conscious and late-lactating rats anaesthetized with urethane when compared with those in mid-lactation. The MCR of prolactin was not significantly altered by urethane anaesthesia in rats on either day of lactation. However, the secretion rate of prolactin, computed from the MCR multiplied by the equilibrium concentration of prolactin during suckling, was considerably reduced (665 to 392 ng/min) from mid- to late lactation. We conclude from these data that the reduced plasma concentration of prolactin in response to suckling in late lactation is the result of an impairment within the prolactin secretory mechanism.", "PMID": 512550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9755", "title": "Steroid and prostaglandin secretion by the corpus luteum, endometrium and embryos of cyclic and pregnant pigs.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) secreted by the reproductive tissues of the pig in vitro was measured and it was found that the levels secreted by the corpus luteum and endometrium of early pregnant sows were significantly lower than those secreted by tissues during the late stage of the oestrous cycle. They were, however, comparable to levels secreted by tissues from the mid-stage of the oestrous cycle. Embryos also secreted significant amounts of PGF2 alpha. Secretion of progesterone and oestradiol by the corpora lutea of both cyclic and pregnant pigs fell within accepted limits but embryos were also found to secrete significant amounts of oestradiol. The results suggest that luteal maintenance in the early pregnant pig is unlikely to be directly due to reduced synthesis of PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "Steroid and prostaglandin secretion by the corpus luteum, endometrium and embryos of cyclic and pregnant pigs. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) secreted by the reproductive tissues of the pig in vitro was measured and it was found that the levels secreted by the corpus luteum and endometrium of early pregnant sows were significantly lower than those secreted by tissues during the late stage of the oestrous cycle. They were, however, comparable to levels secreted by tissues from the mid-stage of the oestrous cycle. Embryos also secreted significant amounts of PGF2 alpha. Secretion of progesterone and oestradiol by the corpora lutea of both cyclic and pregnant pigs fell within accepted limits but embryos were also found to secrete significant amounts of oestradiol. The results suggest that luteal maintenance in the early pregnant pig is unlikely to be directly due to reduced synthesis of PGF2 alpha.", "PMID": 512551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9756", "title": "Determination of the tumorigenic potential of methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline.", "content": "Methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline (MOCA) induced a wide spectrum of neoplasms in male rats fed either a protein-adequate (27 percent casein) or a protein-deficient (8 percent casein) diet. The concentrations of MOCA used were 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm. Increasing doses of MOCA in either diet resulted in decreased survival times. MOCA induced pulmonary adenomas, adenocarcinomas, mammary gland adenocarcinomas, Zymbal gland carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiosarcomas. In both diet groups the lungs were the most sensitive organs to the induction of neoplasms by MOCA. The incidence of primary pulmonary neoplasms in the lowest dose tested (125 ppm) was 6 percent (p less than or equal to 0.01), while in the highest dose (1000 ppm) it was 70 percent (p less than or equal to 0.01). The hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in rats fed a protein-deficient diet with 500 ppm MOCA was 18 percent, whereas in rats fed a protein-adequate diet with the same MOCA concentration this incidence was only 4 percent. The mean urinary concentration of MOCA in the group of rats fed the lowest dose (125 ppm-PD) was 0.63 ppm, a concentration comparable to that measured in the urine of workers exposed to MOCA.", "contents": "Determination of the tumorigenic potential of methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline. Methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline (MOCA) induced a wide spectrum of neoplasms in male rats fed either a protein-adequate (27 percent casein) or a protein-deficient (8 percent casein) diet. The concentrations of MOCA used were 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm. Increasing doses of MOCA in either diet resulted in decreased survival times. MOCA induced pulmonary adenomas, adenocarcinomas, mammary gland adenocarcinomas, Zymbal gland carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiosarcomas. In both diet groups the lungs were the most sensitive organs to the induction of neoplasms by MOCA. The incidence of primary pulmonary neoplasms in the lowest dose tested (125 ppm) was 6 percent (p less than or equal to 0.01), while in the highest dose (1000 ppm) it was 70 percent (p less than or equal to 0.01). The hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in rats fed a protein-deficient diet with 500 ppm MOCA was 18 percent, whereas in rats fed a protein-adequate diet with the same MOCA concentration this incidence was only 4 percent. The mean urinary concentration of MOCA in the group of rats fed the lowest dose (125 ppm-PD) was 0.63 ppm, a concentration comparable to that measured in the urine of workers exposed to MOCA.", "PMID": 512554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9757", "title": "Toxicity of low concentration long-term exposure to an airborne mixture of nitrous oxide and halothane.", "content": "To evaluate experimentally the questions of reproductive, teratological, cytogenetic, and tumorigenic sequelae of long-term exposures to escape levels of halothane plus nitrous oxide (N2O), male and female rats were exposed either to air, to 1 ppm halothane plus 50 ppm N2O, or to 10 ppm halothane plus 500 ppm N2O for 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk for appropriate periods of time. In one experiment, young adult female rats were exposed for 60 days, then mated and reexposed either staring with Day 1 or Day 6 of gestation until Day 15. The former were permitted to deliver naturally while the latter were delivered by C-section on Day 20. The young adult males used in breeding were also exposed for 60 days prior to mating and then for a total of 52 weeks thereafter. At termination, bone marrow cell and spermatogonial metaphase preparations were made and assessed for cytogenetic abnormalities. The mated females were evaluated for ovulation, pre- and post-implantation loss, fetal growth, fetal abnormalities, and early post-natal development, as appropriate. In a parallel experiment, 50 male and 50 female weanling rats in each group were exposed for 104 weeks to the same levels and then evaluated for tumor development with emphasis on the reticuloendothelial system. The results indicated a significant reduction in ovulation and implantation efficiency from exposure to the higher levels and slightly retarded fetal development at both levels. No teratological or abortifacient effects were noted. No tumorogenic effects were observed. However, cytogenetic damage to both bone marrow and spermatogonial cells was seen at both levels.", "contents": "Toxicity of low concentration long-term exposure to an airborne mixture of nitrous oxide and halothane. To evaluate experimentally the questions of reproductive, teratological, cytogenetic, and tumorigenic sequelae of long-term exposures to escape levels of halothane plus nitrous oxide (N2O), male and female rats were exposed either to air, to 1 ppm halothane plus 50 ppm N2O, or to 10 ppm halothane plus 500 ppm N2O for 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk for appropriate periods of time. In one experiment, young adult female rats were exposed for 60 days, then mated and reexposed either staring with Day 1 or Day 6 of gestation until Day 15. The former were permitted to deliver naturally while the latter were delivered by C-section on Day 20. The young adult males used in breeding were also exposed for 60 days prior to mating and then for a total of 52 weeks thereafter. At termination, bone marrow cell and spermatogonial metaphase preparations were made and assessed for cytogenetic abnormalities. The mated females were evaluated for ovulation, pre- and post-implantation loss, fetal growth, fetal abnormalities, and early post-natal development, as appropriate. In a parallel experiment, 50 male and 50 female weanling rats in each group were exposed for 104 weeks to the same levels and then evaluated for tumor development with emphasis on the reticuloendothelial system. The results indicated a significant reduction in ovulation and implantation efficiency from exposure to the higher levels and slightly retarded fetal development at both levels. No teratological or abortifacient effects were noted. No tumorogenic effects were observed. However, cytogenetic damage to both bone marrow and spermatogonial cells was seen at both levels.", "PMID": 512555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9758", "title": "The use of helium-oxygen spirometry in occupational lung disease.", "content": "One of the major problems in the study and management of occupational lung disease is to detect early impairment so that corrective measures can be taken before irreversible or more severe damage occurs. Unfortunately standard spirometric tests are not sensitive to functional impairment in small airways where the earliest abnormalities in many pulmonary diseases are thought to occur. A a result, several new tests have been devised in the last decade to study this so-called silent zone. Helium-oxygen spirometry, one such test, is safe, convenient, and can eaily be added to conventional air spirometry apparatus. Two studies using helium-oxygen and air spirometry done by the Appalachian Laboratory are presented. In the first, non-exposed controls were compared to flax workers with either low or high dust exposure. Both air and helium-oxygen flow volume curves showed decreased flow rates after a work-shift in the high exposure group but no change in controls. In the low-dust exposure group, only helium-oxygen spirometry detected decreased post-shift flow rates suggesting small airways disease. Coal miners were compared to controls in the second study. Subgroups of younger subjects, smokers, non-smokers, bronchitics, and non-bronchitics were also analyzed. In no case did helium-oxygen spirometry detect differences which were not present on routine air spirometry. It is concluded that further studies in this area are needed. At present, random screening with helium-oxygen spirometry for early occupational disease is not warranted, and this test remains an investigative tool.", "contents": "The use of helium-oxygen spirometry in occupational lung disease. One of the major problems in the study and management of occupational lung disease is to detect early impairment so that corrective measures can be taken before irreversible or more severe damage occurs. Unfortunately standard spirometric tests are not sensitive to functional impairment in small airways where the earliest abnormalities in many pulmonary diseases are thought to occur. A a result, several new tests have been devised in the last decade to study this so-called silent zone. Helium-oxygen spirometry, one such test, is safe, convenient, and can eaily be added to conventional air spirometry apparatus. Two studies using helium-oxygen and air spirometry done by the Appalachian Laboratory are presented. In the first, non-exposed controls were compared to flax workers with either low or high dust exposure. Both air and helium-oxygen flow volume curves showed decreased flow rates after a work-shift in the high exposure group but no change in controls. In the low-dust exposure group, only helium-oxygen spirometry detected decreased post-shift flow rates suggesting small airways disease. Coal miners were compared to controls in the second study. Subgroups of younger subjects, smokers, non-smokers, bronchitics, and non-bronchitics were also analyzed. In no case did helium-oxygen spirometry detect differences which were not present on routine air spirometry. It is concluded that further studies in this area are needed. At present, random screening with helium-oxygen spirometry for early occupational disease is not warranted, and this test remains an investigative tool.", "PMID": 512556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9759", "title": "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane.", "content": "Nitromethane (NM) and 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and versatile compounds employed in a wide variety of industrial applications, thus providing ample opportunity for occupational exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the subchronic inhalation toxicity of NM and 2-NP in order to recommend acceptable exposure levels in the workplace. Fifty male rats and 15 male rabbits were exposed to either 98 ppm or 745 ppm of NM or 27 or 207 ppm of 2-NP 7 hours/day, 5 days/week, for periods up to 24 weeks. Fifty rats and 15 rabbits were exposed to filtered air for similar lengths of time and served as controls. Ten rats from each exposure and control group were sacrificed following 2 days, 10 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of exposure. Five rabbits from each exposure or control group were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 6 months of exposure. Effects relatable to exposure to NM were decreased body weight gain in rats following 8 weeks of exposure to 745 ppm, and a thyroid effect evidenced by an increased thyroid weight and decreased serum thyroxin levels, most notable in rabbits. Liver weights were significantly elevated in rats exposed to 207 ppm of 2-NP for 1, 3, and 6 months. No exposure-related gross or microscopic alterations were seen in any of the tissues examined for rats and rabbits exposed to 745 and 98 ppm of NM and 27 ppm of 2-NP or in tissues of rabbits exposed to 207 ppm of 2-NP. Liver neoplasms were seen in all 10 rats killed following 6 months of exposure to 207 ppm of 2-NP, indicating that 2-NP is a potent carcinogen in the rat.", "contents": "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane. Nitromethane (NM) and 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and versatile compounds employed in a wide variety of industrial applications, thus providing ample opportunity for occupational exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the subchronic inhalation toxicity of NM and 2-NP in order to recommend acceptable exposure levels in the workplace. Fifty male rats and 15 male rabbits were exposed to either 98 ppm or 745 ppm of NM or 27 or 207 ppm of 2-NP 7 hours/day, 5 days/week, for periods up to 24 weeks. Fifty rats and 15 rabbits were exposed to filtered air for similar lengths of time and served as controls. Ten rats from each exposure and control group were sacrificed following 2 days, 10 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of exposure. Five rabbits from each exposure or control group were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 6 months of exposure. Effects relatable to exposure to NM were decreased body weight gain in rats following 8 weeks of exposure to 745 ppm, and a thyroid effect evidenced by an increased thyroid weight and decreased serum thyroxin levels, most notable in rabbits. Liver weights were significantly elevated in rats exposed to 207 ppm of 2-NP for 1, 3, and 6 months. No exposure-related gross or microscopic alterations were seen in any of the tissues examined for rats and rabbits exposed to 745 and 98 ppm of NM and 27 ppm of 2-NP or in tissues of rabbits exposed to 207 ppm of 2-NP. Liver neoplasms were seen in all 10 rats killed following 6 months of exposure to 207 ppm of 2-NP, indicating that 2-NP is a potent carcinogen in the rat.", "PMID": 512557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9760", "title": "Frequency of sickness absence and worksite clinic visits among nurses as a function of shift.", "content": "The records of 1219 nurses on permanent day, afternoon, night and rotating shifts were examined to assess the effects of shift schedule on sick leave and frequency of worksite clinic visits. Relative to nurses on permanent shifts, rotators exhibited a significantly higher rate of clinic visits and took more sick days for serious illnesses.", "contents": "Frequency of sickness absence and worksite clinic visits among nurses as a function of shift. The records of 1219 nurses on permanent day, afternoon, night and rotating shifts were examined to assess the effects of shift schedule on sick leave and frequency of worksite clinic visits. Relative to nurses on permanent shifts, rotators exhibited a significantly higher rate of clinic visits and took more sick days for serious illnesses.", "PMID": 512553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9761", "title": "A preliminary report of mortality patterns among foundry workers.", "content": "A proportional mortality study was conducted utilizing the death records maintained from 1971 to 1975 by the International Molders and Allied Workers Union as part of a death benefits program. Death certificates were obtained on 3,013 members of the study group and classified according to the 8th Revision of the ICA by a trained nosologist. The ate- and race-specific cause distribution of all deaths among males in the United States for 1973 were used as a standard from which expected deaths were calculated. The statistical significance of differences between observed and expected numbers of deaths was determined by a chi-square test. The most statistically significant finding in this study was an excess lung cancer mortality (208 observed vs. 142 expected) and an excess mortality due to pneumoconiosis (29 observed vs. 5 expected). A discussion is included of the potential agents found in the foundry environment that may be responsible for the increased lung cancer risk.", "contents": "A preliminary report of mortality patterns among foundry workers. A proportional mortality study was conducted utilizing the death records maintained from 1971 to 1975 by the International Molders and Allied Workers Union as part of a death benefits program. Death certificates were obtained on 3,013 members of the study group and classified according to the 8th Revision of the ICA by a trained nosologist. The ate- and race-specific cause distribution of all deaths among males in the United States for 1973 were used as a standard from which expected deaths were calculated. The statistical significance of differences between observed and expected numbers of deaths was determined by a chi-square test. The most statistically significant finding in this study was an excess lung cancer mortality (208 observed vs. 142 expected) and an excess mortality due to pneumoconiosis (29 observed vs. 5 expected). A discussion is included of the potential agents found in the foundry environment that may be responsible for the increased lung cancer risk.", "PMID": 512558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9762", "title": "Engineering control technology in polyvinyl chloride polymerization plants.", "content": "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering has initiated a research program in control technology. The objective of this program is to facilitate the implementation of effective preventative measures in order to prevent occupational illness. The plastics and resins industry control technology assessment has recently been completed. The objectives of this study were to document and evaluate effective control technology for plastics and resins polymerization plants. Particular emphasis was given to PVC polymerization processes, since the relatively recent lowering in the personal exposure limit for vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) to an 8-hour 1-ppm time-weighted average has required the application of state-of-the-art controls. The present paper contains a summary of the control technology that was found to be effective in controlling VCM in processes manufacturing PVC by suspension, bulk, and dispersion polymerization. Controls necessary for VCM include process and equipment modification, isolation, local and general ventilation, work practices, personal protective equipment, workplace monitoring systems, employee/employer education, and on-going effort by both workers and management. All of these components must function together as an integrated coordinated system in order to assure worker protection under normal operating conditions or under conditions of process upset or maintenance.", "contents": "Engineering control technology in polyvinyl chloride polymerization plants. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering has initiated a research program in control technology. The objective of this program is to facilitate the implementation of effective preventative measures in order to prevent occupational illness. The plastics and resins industry control technology assessment has recently been completed. The objectives of this study were to document and evaluate effective control technology for plastics and resins polymerization plants. Particular emphasis was given to PVC polymerization processes, since the relatively recent lowering in the personal exposure limit for vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) to an 8-hour 1-ppm time-weighted average has required the application of state-of-the-art controls. The present paper contains a summary of the control technology that was found to be effective in controlling VCM in processes manufacturing PVC by suspension, bulk, and dispersion polymerization. Controls necessary for VCM include process and equipment modification, isolation, local and general ventilation, work practices, personal protective equipment, workplace monitoring systems, employee/employer education, and on-going effort by both workers and management. All of these components must function together as an integrated coordinated system in order to assure worker protection under normal operating conditions or under conditions of process upset or maintenance.", "PMID": 512560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9763", "title": "Recent developments in fibrous aerosol measurements.", "content": "Asbestos and other fibrous aerosols have been shown to cause respiratory disease. There has been a continuing search for improved monitoring methods to evaluate workers exposure to fibrous aerosols, especially asbestos. Work is continuing in several areas on the use of light scattering from fibers for their detection. A contract with GCA/Technology, which was completed in FY 77, resulted in a portable survey instrument. We have investigated the capabilities of this instrument and it looks very promising. The basic behavior and characteristics of the detection system for this instrument is the subject of a current NIOSH grant to the John B. Pierce Foundation. In-house work in FY 76 indicated that the use of light scattering for the detection of fibers directly on filter samples was promising A current contract at leeds and Northrup will result in an instrument based on this work and should provide some relief in the future for people who are involved in manual counting of asbestos.", "contents": "Recent developments in fibrous aerosol measurements. Asbestos and other fibrous aerosols have been shown to cause respiratory disease. There has been a continuing search for improved monitoring methods to evaluate workers exposure to fibrous aerosols, especially asbestos. Work is continuing in several areas on the use of light scattering from fibers for their detection. A contract with GCA/Technology, which was completed in FY 77, resulted in a portable survey instrument. We have investigated the capabilities of this instrument and it looks very promising. The basic behavior and characteristics of the detection system for this instrument is the subject of a current NIOSH grant to the John B. Pierce Foundation. In-house work in FY 76 indicated that the use of light scattering for the detection of fibers directly on filter samples was promising A current contract at leeds and Northrup will result in an instrument based on this work and should provide some relief in the future for people who are involved in manual counting of asbestos.", "PMID": 512563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9764", "title": "Schedule-induced drinking: rate of food delivery and Herrnstein's equation.", "content": "Schedule-induced drinking was measured in four rats exposed to fixed-time schedules of food ranging from 30 to 480 seconds. Herrnstein's (1970, 1974) equation relating rate of a single response as a hyperbolic function of reinforcement rate provided a good fit to three measures of drinking: lick rate, ingestion rate, and relative time spent drinking. The functions relating the three measures of drinking to reinforcement rate were of similar form. Herrnstein's equation also provided a good description of some already published data on schedule-induced drinking. The fit both to the present data and to the already published data was improved somewhat by computing the measures by subtracting from the time base a latency constant representing the minimal time required to consume the food pellet and travel to the water source. The data from this study provide two correspondences between operant behavior and schedule-induced behavior: (a) conformity to Herrnstein's equation and (b) equivalence of rate and relative time measures.", "contents": "Schedule-induced drinking: rate of food delivery and Herrnstein's equation. Schedule-induced drinking was measured in four rats exposed to fixed-time schedules of food ranging from 30 to 480 seconds. Herrnstein's (1970, 1974) equation relating rate of a single response as a hyperbolic function of reinforcement rate provided a good fit to three measures of drinking: lick rate, ingestion rate, and relative time spent drinking. The functions relating the three measures of drinking to reinforcement rate were of similar form. Herrnstein's equation also provided a good description of some already published data on schedule-induced drinking. The fit both to the present data and to the already published data was improved somewhat by computing the measures by subtracting from the time base a latency constant representing the minimal time required to consume the food pellet and travel to the water source. The data from this study provide two correspondences between operant behavior and schedule-induced behavior: (a) conformity to Herrnstein's equation and (b) equivalence of rate and relative time measures.", "PMID": 512568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9765", "title": "Comparison of yes-no and latency measures of auditory intensity discrimination.", "content": "Rats discriminated auditory intensity differences of sinusoids at 3.0 kilohertz in a go/no-go signal detection procedure. Responses to the signal (hits) were reinforced with electrical brain stimulation, and misses produced a brief timeout. On intermixed noise trials, withholding of responses (correct rejections) was reinforced, and false alarms produced the time-out. In two test conditions, the signal was either the louder (100 decibels) or softer (90, 93, 96, or 99 decibels) of the pair of intensities presented within a set of trials. Each animal was first trained with signal value louder or softer, and reversed for the second condition so that the former noise value served as signal. Hits showed shorter latencies than false alarms, regardless of the relative intensity of signal and noise, and the magnitude of differentiation was proportional to signal-noise separation. Both hits and false alarms showed longer latencies as the discrimination became more difficult. Isosensitivity contours derived from the latencies showed close similarity across conditions; in comparison, the yes-no measure of detectability, d', showed greater variability. The similarity of latency differentiation across louder and softer signal conditions supports a detection model in which the observer's judgment is controlled by the distance of sensory effect from criterion on each trial, as opposed to the loudness of the tones per se.", "contents": "Comparison of yes-no and latency measures of auditory intensity discrimination. Rats discriminated auditory intensity differences of sinusoids at 3.0 kilohertz in a go/no-go signal detection procedure. Responses to the signal (hits) were reinforced with electrical brain stimulation, and misses produced a brief timeout. On intermixed noise trials, withholding of responses (correct rejections) was reinforced, and false alarms produced the time-out. In two test conditions, the signal was either the louder (100 decibels) or softer (90, 93, 96, or 99 decibels) of the pair of intensities presented within a set of trials. Each animal was first trained with signal value louder or softer, and reversed for the second condition so that the former noise value served as signal. Hits showed shorter latencies than false alarms, regardless of the relative intensity of signal and noise, and the magnitude of differentiation was proportional to signal-noise separation. Both hits and false alarms showed longer latencies as the discrimination became more difficult. Isosensitivity contours derived from the latencies showed close similarity across conditions; in comparison, the yes-no measure of detectability, d', showed greater variability. The similarity of latency differentiation across louder and softer signal conditions supports a detection model in which the observer's judgment is controlled by the distance of sensory effect from criterion on each trial, as opposed to the loudness of the tones per se.", "PMID": 512569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9766", "title": "Immunological studies of grain dust.", "content": "Epidemiological investigations of grain workers have suggested the presence of biological hazards in terminal grain elevators. Immunological assessments of the involved individuals, however, have produced inconclusive results. We have recently demonstrated in vitro a potential biological mechanism which could occur in vivo upon inhaling airborne graon dust, thereby constituting a potential inflammatory insult to the respiratory tracts of grain workers. Airborne dusts of similar size distributions generated by transporting grain in terminal grain elevators have been shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement in precipitin-negative pooled normal human serum. These dusts consumed hemolytic complement in a dose-response manner as quantified by both CH100 immunodiffusion and CH50 tube methods. The proactivator of C3 was converted to the activator form in the presence of the chelator EGTA, but conversion was prevented by EDTA. Likewise, serum from guinea pigs genetically deficient in C4, thereby lacking a functional classical complement pathway, showed complement consumption by grain dusts via the alternative pathway. Relative CH50 toxicity ranking of the various dusts was found to be unrelated to the amount of endotoxin present. Of interest, aged settled dust (20-30 years) remained relatively active against the alternative complement pathway as did 15 min aqueous extracts of ground whole rye.", "contents": "Immunological studies of grain dust. Epidemiological investigations of grain workers have suggested the presence of biological hazards in terminal grain elevators. Immunological assessments of the involved individuals, however, have produced inconclusive results. We have recently demonstrated in vitro a potential biological mechanism which could occur in vivo upon inhaling airborne graon dust, thereby constituting a potential inflammatory insult to the respiratory tracts of grain workers. Airborne dusts of similar size distributions generated by transporting grain in terminal grain elevators have been shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement in precipitin-negative pooled normal human serum. These dusts consumed hemolytic complement in a dose-response manner as quantified by both CH100 immunodiffusion and CH50 tube methods. The proactivator of C3 was converted to the activator form in the presence of the chelator EGTA, but conversion was prevented by EDTA. Likewise, serum from guinea pigs genetically deficient in C4, thereby lacking a functional classical complement pathway, showed complement consumption by grain dusts via the alternative pathway. Relative CH50 toxicity ranking of the various dusts was found to be unrelated to the amount of endotoxin present. Of interest, aged settled dust (20-30 years) remained relatively active against the alternative complement pathway as did 15 min aqueous extracts of ground whole rye.", "PMID": 512566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9767", "title": "Signal probability, reinforcement and signal detection.", "content": "Five pigeons were trained to detect differences in light intensity. Two stimuli, S1 and S2, differing in intensity, were arranged on the center key of a three-key chamber according to set probabilities. A peck on the center key turned on the two side keys. When S1 was presented on the center key, a peck on the left key was \"correct\" and when S2 was presented, a peck on the right key was \"correct.\" Correct responses produced reinforcement and incorrect responses produced 3-second blackout. Detection performance was measured under three procedures. The first was a standard signal-detection design in which the probability of S1 was varied and the number of reinforcements obtained for correct responses to S1 was allowed to covary. In the second procedure, the probability of S1 was again varied but the distribution of reinforcements between the two choices was kept equal. In the third procedure, probability of S1 was held constant while the distribution of reinforcements was varied between the two choices. Changes in response bias were a function of variations in the relative reinforcement ratio for the choice responses and not a function of variations in the probability of stimulus presentation. Discriminability remained constant across the three procedures.", "contents": "Signal probability, reinforcement and signal detection. Five pigeons were trained to detect differences in light intensity. Two stimuli, S1 and S2, differing in intensity, were arranged on the center key of a three-key chamber according to set probabilities. A peck on the center key turned on the two side keys. When S1 was presented on the center key, a peck on the left key was \"correct\" and when S2 was presented, a peck on the right key was \"correct.\" Correct responses produced reinforcement and incorrect responses produced 3-second blackout. Detection performance was measured under three procedures. The first was a standard signal-detection design in which the probability of S1 was varied and the number of reinforcements obtained for correct responses to S1 was allowed to covary. In the second procedure, the probability of S1 was again varied but the distribution of reinforcements between the two choices was kept equal. In the third procedure, probability of S1 was held constant while the distribution of reinforcements was varied between the two choices. Changes in response bias were a function of variations in the relative reinforcement ratio for the choice responses and not a function of variations in the probability of stimulus presentation. Discriminability remained constant across the three procedures.", "PMID": 512570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9768", "title": "Shock as a signal for shock or no-shock: a feature-negative effect in conditioned suppression.", "content": "Rats were trained in conditioned suppression discriminations where shock at the beginning of a trial signaled either shock or no-shock at the end of the trial. In the shock-positive condition, shock at the beginning of a presentation of white noise signaled that noise would end with shock; noise that did not begin with shock did not end with shock. In the shock-negative discrimination, shock at the beginning of noise signaled that noise would not end with shock; presentations of noise that did not begin with shock ended with shock. In shock-random training, shock at the beginning of noise did not reliably signal whether the noise presentation would or would not end with shock. Most subjects in shock-negative training quickly developed a differential pattern of suppression on positive (shock reinforced) trials and no suppression on negative (nonreinforced) trials. The shock-positive discrimination was much more difficult to establish and was not acquired by the majority of the rats. This \"feature-negative\" effect is a clear exception to the general superiority of feature-positive learning commonly observed in discriminations based on a single distinguishing feature. The results are discussed in terms of Pavlovian stimulus-shock contingencies in the shock-positive and shock-negative paradigms, which appear to favor rapid development of the shock-negative discrimination.", "contents": "Shock as a signal for shock or no-shock: a feature-negative effect in conditioned suppression. Rats were trained in conditioned suppression discriminations where shock at the beginning of a trial signaled either shock or no-shock at the end of the trial. In the shock-positive condition, shock at the beginning of a presentation of white noise signaled that noise would end with shock; noise that did not begin with shock did not end with shock. In the shock-negative discrimination, shock at the beginning of noise signaled that noise would not end with shock; presentations of noise that did not begin with shock ended with shock. In shock-random training, shock at the beginning of noise did not reliably signal whether the noise presentation would or would not end with shock. Most subjects in shock-negative training quickly developed a differential pattern of suppression on positive (shock reinforced) trials and no suppression on negative (nonreinforced) trials. The shock-positive discrimination was much more difficult to establish and was not acquired by the majority of the rats. This \"feature-negative\" effect is a clear exception to the general superiority of feature-positive learning commonly observed in discriminations based on a single distinguishing feature. The results are discussed in terms of Pavlovian stimulus-shock contingencies in the shock-positive and shock-negative paradigms, which appear to favor rapid development of the shock-negative discrimination.", "PMID": 512571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9769", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of carbon monoxide and methylene chloride on human performance.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether similar carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) values obtained from inhaling carbon monoxide or methylene chloride have the same behavioral effects. The effects were assessed by the performance of 12 humans on a visual-manual, dual-task, and an auditory vigilance task. The results indicated that both substances in concentrations sufficient to produce 5-percent COHb significantly impaired human performance under difficult or demanding task conditions. The conclusion was that carbon monoxide, the main metabolite of methylene chloride, was responsible for the observed performance decrements.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of carbon monoxide and methylene chloride on human performance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether similar carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) values obtained from inhaling carbon monoxide or methylene chloride have the same behavioral effects. The effects were assessed by the performance of 12 humans on a visual-manual, dual-task, and an auditory vigilance task. The results indicated that both substances in concentrations sufficient to produce 5-percent COHb significantly impaired human performance under difficult or demanding task conditions. The conclusion was that carbon monoxide, the main metabolite of methylene chloride, was responsible for the observed performance decrements.", "PMID": 512567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9770", "title": "Choice for signaled over unsignaled shock as a function of signal length.", "content": "Subjects chose between signaled and unsignaled shock conditions while signal length was varied between .5 and 2.0 seconds in steps of .5 seconds in both ascending and descending series. Preference for the signaled condition failed to develop initially for five of six subjects when signals were .5 or 1.0 seconds but became strong for all subjects when signals were 2.0 seconds (ascending series). Preference declined when signals were shortened, but for most subjects this decline was small (descending series). Since discriminable shock-free periods were present in the signaled condition at all signal lengths, these results suggest that safety may not be a sufficient condition for preference to develop for signaled shock.", "contents": "Choice for signaled over unsignaled shock as a function of signal length. Subjects chose between signaled and unsignaled shock conditions while signal length was varied between .5 and 2.0 seconds in steps of .5 seconds in both ascending and descending series. Preference for the signaled condition failed to develop initially for five of six subjects when signals were .5 or 1.0 seconds but became strong for all subjects when signals were 2.0 seconds (ascending series). Preference declined when signals were shortened, but for most subjects this decline was small (descending series). Since discriminable shock-free periods were present in the signaled condition at all signal lengths, these results suggest that safety may not be a sufficient condition for preference to develop for signaled shock.", "PMID": 512572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9771", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine on schedule-controlled and schedule-induced responding.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine were studied on rates and patterns of lever pressing and schedule-induced licking under fixed-interval schedules of food pellet presentation. In addition, the effects of caffeine were studied on lever pressing and licking under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule. Caffeine reduced mean overall rates of licking at lower doses than it reduced mean overall rates of pressing under the fixed-interval schedules, but the effects of caffeine on both licking and lever pressing depended largely on the control rate of responding. d-Amphetamine reduced mean overall rates of lever pressing and licking at about the same dose, but the effects of d-amphetamine also were a function of the control rate of responding.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine on schedule-controlled and schedule-induced responding. The effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine were studied on rates and patterns of lever pressing and schedule-induced licking under fixed-interval schedules of food pellet presentation. In addition, the effects of caffeine were studied on lever pressing and licking under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule. Caffeine reduced mean overall rates of licking at lower doses than it reduced mean overall rates of pressing under the fixed-interval schedules, but the effects of caffeine on both licking and lever pressing depended largely on the control rate of responding. d-Amphetamine reduced mean overall rates of lever pressing and licking at about the same dose, but the effects of d-amphetamine also were a function of the control rate of responding.", "PMID": 512573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9772", "title": "Mortality of steelworkers employed in hot jobs.", "content": "This paper investigates possible relationships between heat stress of steelworkers and cause-specific mortality patterns. Prior to field investigation, jobs were identified which appeared to involve heat stress exposure. A selected sample of these jobs was surveyed for assessing the workers' environmental and metabolic heat load. These data were utilized to form different categories of heat stress. Mortality patterns of workers in jobs falling in each of the heat stress categories were analyzed by length of exposure for those workers from a cohort of 59,000 steelworkers who held one of the surveyed jobs. The comparison group consisted of workers who never worked in any of the work areas in which job were surveyed but were members of the same cohort. Findings of interest are: a deficit in mortality from cardiovascular disease for workers in jobs involving higher levels of environmental heat exposure; a high risk of death from cardiovascular disease for workers with less than 6 months of exposure and a downward trend in mortality for workers who remained on the job, indicating a possible relationship between inability to work in jobs involving heat stress and health; and, increased risks of digestive disease mortality among workers exposed to higher levels of environmental heat.", "contents": "Mortality of steelworkers employed in hot jobs. This paper investigates possible relationships between heat stress of steelworkers and cause-specific mortality patterns. Prior to field investigation, jobs were identified which appeared to involve heat stress exposure. A selected sample of these jobs was surveyed for assessing the workers' environmental and metabolic heat load. These data were utilized to form different categories of heat stress. Mortality patterns of workers in jobs falling in each of the heat stress categories were analyzed by length of exposure for those workers from a cohort of 59,000 steelworkers who held one of the surveyed jobs. The comparison group consisted of workers who never worked in any of the work areas in which job were surveyed but were members of the same cohort. Findings of interest are: a deficit in mortality from cardiovascular disease for workers in jobs involving higher levels of environmental heat exposure; a high risk of death from cardiovascular disease for workers with less than 6 months of exposure and a downward trend in mortality for workers who remained on the job, indicating a possible relationship between inability to work in jobs involving heat stress and health; and, increased risks of digestive disease mortality among workers exposed to higher levels of environmental heat.", "PMID": 512565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9773", "title": "Synaptic and hormonal modulation of a neuronal oscillator: a search for molecular mechanisms.", "content": "1. The central ganglia of a number of gastropod molluscs (including the marine snail Aplysia californica and the terrestrial snail Helix pomatia) contain neurones which exhibit endogenous patterns of oscillatory activity. 2. This oscillatory activity can be modulated for long periods of time by synaptic and hormonal stimulation. 3. Stimulation of appropriate pre-synaptic nerves causes long-lasting hyperpolarization in these neurones, with complete abolition of oscillatory activity. This synaptic response is mediated by an increase in K+ conductance, together with a decrease in inward (Na+/Ca2+) conductance. The ionic conductances affected by synaptic stimulation are those responsible for producing the rhythmic oscillations. 4. The oscillatory activity can also be modulated by the vertebrate neurohyophyseal peptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, and by an endogenous peptide-containing extract of molluscan ganglia. In contrast to synaptic stimulation, these agents cause an increase in oscillatory activity. 5. The endogenous molluscan factor which produces an increase in oscillatory activity can be purified by affinity chromatography on bovine neurophysin linked to Sepharose. This indicates that the molluscan nervous system may contain a neurohypophyseal-like peptide. 6. Oscillatory activity can be modulated by manipulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in these neurones. Increases in cAMP alone are associated with abolition of oscillatory activity; this mimics long-lasting synaptic hyperpolarization. Increases in cAMP and cGMP together are associated with an increase in oscillatory activity and mimic the effects of the vertebrate and molluscan peptides. Thus, it is possible that cyclic nucleotides play a role in these physiological responses.", "contents": "Synaptic and hormonal modulation of a neuronal oscillator: a search for molecular mechanisms. 1. The central ganglia of a number of gastropod molluscs (including the marine snail Aplysia californica and the terrestrial snail Helix pomatia) contain neurones which exhibit endogenous patterns of oscillatory activity. 2. This oscillatory activity can be modulated for long periods of time by synaptic and hormonal stimulation. 3. Stimulation of appropriate pre-synaptic nerves causes long-lasting hyperpolarization in these neurones, with complete abolition of oscillatory activity. This synaptic response is mediated by an increase in K+ conductance, together with a decrease in inward (Na+/Ca2+) conductance. The ionic conductances affected by synaptic stimulation are those responsible for producing the rhythmic oscillations. 4. The oscillatory activity can also be modulated by the vertebrate neurohyophyseal peptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, and by an endogenous peptide-containing extract of molluscan ganglia. In contrast to synaptic stimulation, these agents cause an increase in oscillatory activity. 5. The endogenous molluscan factor which produces an increase in oscillatory activity can be purified by affinity chromatography on bovine neurophysin linked to Sepharose. This indicates that the molluscan nervous system may contain a neurohypophyseal-like peptide. 6. Oscillatory activity can be modulated by manipulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in these neurones. Increases in cAMP alone are associated with abolition of oscillatory activity; this mimics long-lasting synaptic hyperpolarization. Increases in cAMP and cGMP together are associated with an increase in oscillatory activity and mimic the effects of the vertebrate and molluscan peptides. Thus, it is possible that cyclic nucleotides play a role in these physiological responses.", "PMID": 512575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9774", "title": "Oscillatory contraction activity in Physarum.", "content": "The plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum show different oscillatory phenomena (time period approximately 1.3 min) in their contraction behaviour and their protoplasmic flow. The force generating system for these phenomena is cytoplasmic actomyosin. The biochemical nature and location(s) of the oscillator(s), i.e. the clock governing these phenomena are unknown. The following locations are discussed as possible sites of the oscillator: (1) cytoplasmic actomyosin, (2) the energy supply system, (3) inner Ca2+ stores, and (4) the plasmalemma, which must be involved at least in modulating the force generated by the contractile machinery during a chemotactic response. The following oscillatory phenomena were used to assess the effects of externally and internally applied substances (e.g. calcium antagonistic drugs, caffeine, D2O) on oscillating force output: (1) persistance of longitudinal contractile activity of veins (for external application of test substances), (2) persistance of radial activity of veins (for internal application of the test substances), (3) de novo generation of contractile activity in protoplasmic drops (external application). The data seem to exclude rhythmical Ca2+, Na+ or K+ transport across the plasmalemma as a triggering function for the oscillation. Contractile activity seems to represent a spontaneous, endogeneous oscillation which can be modulated via the plasmalemma during chemotaxis.", "contents": "Oscillatory contraction activity in Physarum. The plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum show different oscillatory phenomena (time period approximately 1.3 min) in their contraction behaviour and their protoplasmic flow. The force generating system for these phenomena is cytoplasmic actomyosin. The biochemical nature and location(s) of the oscillator(s), i.e. the clock governing these phenomena are unknown. The following locations are discussed as possible sites of the oscillator: (1) cytoplasmic actomyosin, (2) the energy supply system, (3) inner Ca2+ stores, and (4) the plasmalemma, which must be involved at least in modulating the force generated by the contractile machinery during a chemotactic response. The following oscillatory phenomena were used to assess the effects of externally and internally applied substances (e.g. calcium antagonistic drugs, caffeine, D2O) on oscillating force output: (1) persistance of longitudinal contractile activity of veins (for external application of test substances), (2) persistance of radial activity of veins (for internal application of the test substances), (3) de novo generation of contractile activity in protoplasmic drops (external application). The data seem to exclude rhythmical Ca2+, Na+ or K+ transport across the plasmalemma as a triggering function for the oscillation. Contractile activity seems to represent a spontaneous, endogeneous oscillation which can be modulated via the plasmalemma during chemotaxis.", "PMID": 512576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9775", "title": "On exploring the basis for slow potential oscillations in the mammalian stomach and intestine.", "content": "The basic driving unit of oscillatory electrical activity in stomach and intestine is the slow wave, a propagating depolarization of myogenic origin. The slow wave controls contractile activity in the intestine by triggering action potential bursts, while in the stomach there is both action potential and spike-free slow wave activation. This review attempts to summarize recent characterizations of the slow wave and to explore in detail the evidence, which suggests that the mechanisms which generate the electrical oscillations are quite closely coupled to metabolic processes.", "contents": "On exploring the basis for slow potential oscillations in the mammalian stomach and intestine. The basic driving unit of oscillatory electrical activity in stomach and intestine is the slow wave, a propagating depolarization of myogenic origin. The slow wave controls contractile activity in the intestine by triggering action potential bursts, while in the stomach there is both action potential and spike-free slow wave activation. This review attempts to summarize recent characterizations of the slow wave and to explore in detail the evidence, which suggests that the mechanisms which generate the electrical oscillations are quite closely coupled to metabolic processes.", "PMID": 512577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9776", "title": "Cellular and subcellular mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker oscillations.", "content": "Rhythmic oscillations in the membrane potential of heart cells are important in normal cardiac pacemaker activity as well as cardiac arrhythmias. Two fundamentally different mechanisms of oscillatory activity can be distinguished at the cellular and subcellular level. The first mechanism, referred to as a surface membrane oscillator, can be represented by a control loop in which membrane potential changes evoke delayed conductance changes and vice versa. Since the surface membrane potential is a key variable within the control loop, the oscillation can be interrupted at any time by holding the membrane potential constant with a voltage clamp. This mode of oscillation seems to describe spontaneous pacemaker activity in the primary cardiac pacemaker (sinoatrial node) as well as other regions (Purkinje fibre, atrial or ventricular muscle). In all tissues studied so far, the pacemaker depolarization is dominated by the slow shutting-off of an outward current, largely carried by potassium ions. The second mechanism can be called an internal oscillator since it depends upon a subcellular rhythm generator which is largely independent from the surface membrane. Under voltage clamp, the existence of the internal oscillation is revealed by the presence of oscillations in membrane conductance or contractile force which occur even though the membrane potential is held fixed. The two oscillatory mechanisms are not mutually exclusive; the subcellular mechanism can be preferentially enhanced in any given cardiac cell by conditions which elevate intracellular calcium. Such conditions include digitalis intoxication, high Cao, low Nao, low or high Ko, cooling, or rapid stimulation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the subcellular mechanism involves oscillatory variations in myoplasmic calcium, probably due to cycles of Ca uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The detailed nature of the Cai oscillator and its interaction with the surface membrane await further investigation.", "contents": "Cellular and subcellular mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker oscillations. Rhythmic oscillations in the membrane potential of heart cells are important in normal cardiac pacemaker activity as well as cardiac arrhythmias. Two fundamentally different mechanisms of oscillatory activity can be distinguished at the cellular and subcellular level. The first mechanism, referred to as a surface membrane oscillator, can be represented by a control loop in which membrane potential changes evoke delayed conductance changes and vice versa. Since the surface membrane potential is a key variable within the control loop, the oscillation can be interrupted at any time by holding the membrane potential constant with a voltage clamp. This mode of oscillation seems to describe spontaneous pacemaker activity in the primary cardiac pacemaker (sinoatrial node) as well as other regions (Purkinje fibre, atrial or ventricular muscle). In all tissues studied so far, the pacemaker depolarization is dominated by the slow shutting-off of an outward current, largely carried by potassium ions. The second mechanism can be called an internal oscillator since it depends upon a subcellular rhythm generator which is largely independent from the surface membrane. Under voltage clamp, the existence of the internal oscillation is revealed by the presence of oscillations in membrane conductance or contractile force which occur even though the membrane potential is held fixed. The two oscillatory mechanisms are not mutually exclusive; the subcellular mechanism can be preferentially enhanced in any given cardiac cell by conditions which elevate intracellular calcium. Such conditions include digitalis intoxication, high Cao, low Nao, low or high Ko, cooling, or rapid stimulation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the subcellular mechanism involves oscillatory variations in myoplasmic calcium, probably due to cycles of Ca uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The detailed nature of the Cai oscillator and its interaction with the surface membrane await further investigation.", "PMID": 512578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9777", "title": "Oscillatory membrane potential changes in cells of mesenchymal origin: the role of an intracellular calcium regulating system.", "content": "A number of mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes) respond to a variety of stimuli with large hyperpolarizations lasting several seconds (the H.A. response). The H.A. responses can occur as repetitive trains or oscillations. These hyperpolarizations are due to an increase of the surface membrane permeability to potassium ions which is probably mediated by an increase in the cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the source of this increased calcium, is least in part, an intracellular sequestering system, probably the endoplasmic reticulum. A model capable of producing oscillatory changes in membrane potential is proposed based on such an intracellular calcium sequestering and releasing system.", "contents": "Oscillatory membrane potential changes in cells of mesenchymal origin: the role of an intracellular calcium regulating system. A number of mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes) respond to a variety of stimuli with large hyperpolarizations lasting several seconds (the H.A. response). The H.A. responses can occur as repetitive trains or oscillations. These hyperpolarizations are due to an increase of the surface membrane permeability to potassium ions which is probably mediated by an increase in the cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the source of this increased calcium, is least in part, an intracellular sequestering system, probably the endoplasmic reticulum. A model capable of producing oscillatory changes in membrane potential is proposed based on such an intracellular calcium sequestering and releasing system.", "PMID": 512579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9778", "title": "Rapid acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate oscillations triggered by stimulation of the Torpedo electric organ.", "content": "1. When the electric organ of Torpedo is stimulated a large number of synchronized cholinergic synapses are activated. This permits the measurement of changes in the tissue level of ACh associated with the release process, usually recorded as an electric discharge. 2. At 5 Hz stimulation the output per impulse and the amount of cytoplasmic (free ACh) declines for about 30 s. The output then remains constant while ACh is synthesized for about 90 s. Finally, the output and cytoplasmic ACh are exhausted after 120 s. These 'slow wave' changes in ACh represent about 50% of the total. 3. Superimposed on the 'slow wave' are rapid oscillations of 5 s period, which represent about 30% of the total ACh. 4. The amount of ATP oscillates in phase with ACh. These oscillations might result from regulation of enzymes involved in the synthesis of transmitter. 5. The amplitude of electrical discharge does not normally oscillate. Transmitter output is therefore not directly related to ACh concentration changes. The mechanism releasing ACh is a saturable process.", "contents": "Rapid acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate oscillations triggered by stimulation of the Torpedo electric organ. 1. When the electric organ of Torpedo is stimulated a large number of synchronized cholinergic synapses are activated. This permits the measurement of changes in the tissue level of ACh associated with the release process, usually recorded as an electric discharge. 2. At 5 Hz stimulation the output per impulse and the amount of cytoplasmic (free ACh) declines for about 30 s. The output then remains constant while ACh is synthesized for about 90 s. Finally, the output and cytoplasmic ACh are exhausted after 120 s. These 'slow wave' changes in ACh represent about 50% of the total. 3. Superimposed on the 'slow wave' are rapid oscillations of 5 s period, which represent about 30% of the total ACh. 4. The amount of ATP oscillates in phase with ACh. These oscillations might result from regulation of enzymes involved in the synthesis of transmitter. 5. The amplitude of electrical discharge does not normally oscillate. Transmitter output is therefore not directly related to ACh concentration changes. The mechanism releasing ACh is a saturable process.", "PMID": 512580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9779", "title": "Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for two distinct steric portions of the glycolipid ganglio-N-triosylceramide (asialo GM2).", "content": "Two hybrid cell lines were prepared by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with the spleen cells of BALB/c mice that had been immunized with the glycolipid ganglio-N-triosylceramide (asialo GM2). The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies produced by these hybridomas, one an IgM and the other an IgG3, has been defined by hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and lysis of glycolipid liposomes by antibody and complement. A major determinant recognized by the IgM antibody is the nonreducing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine including the C6 primary hydroxyl group, but excluding the C2-acetamide group of N-acetylgalactosamine, because oxidation with galactose oxidase produced a structure showing only minimal cross-reaction with the IgM but replacement of the N-acetyl group with an N-n-butyryl group produced a glycolipid that reacts with IgM antibody to the same extent as with the unmodified glycoplipd. A major determinant recognized by the IgG3 antibody is the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine including the C2-acetamido group, but excluding the C6 primary hydroxyl group of N-acetylgalactosamine, because replacement of the N-acetyl group with an N-n-butyryl group produced a glycolipid that did not react with the IgG3 antibody; in striking contrast the IgG3 antibody reacted with the C6-oxidized glycolipid as well as with the native glycolipid. Neither antibody reacted significantly with any other natural glycolipids tested including several that are structurally related to asialo GM2 such as ganglioside GM2, ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (asialo GM1), or ceramide dihexoside. These results indicated that in addition to the fine structure specificity described above both antibodies recognize the nonreducing terminal GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal structure. The strict antigenic specificity of these monoclonal anti-glycolipid antibodies indicates their great potential as specific probes for cell surface studies.", "contents": "Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for two distinct steric portions of the glycolipid ganglio-N-triosylceramide (asialo GM2). Two hybrid cell lines were prepared by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with the spleen cells of BALB/c mice that had been immunized with the glycolipid ganglio-N-triosylceramide (asialo GM2). The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies produced by these hybridomas, one an IgM and the other an IgG3, has been defined by hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and lysis of glycolipid liposomes by antibody and complement. A major determinant recognized by the IgM antibody is the nonreducing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine including the C6 primary hydroxyl group, but excluding the C2-acetamide group of N-acetylgalactosamine, because oxidation with galactose oxidase produced a structure showing only minimal cross-reaction with the IgM but replacement of the N-acetyl group with an N-n-butyryl group produced a glycolipid that reacts with IgM antibody to the same extent as with the unmodified glycoplipd. A major determinant recognized by the IgG3 antibody is the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine including the C2-acetamido group, but excluding the C6 primary hydroxyl group of N-acetylgalactosamine, because replacement of the N-acetyl group with an N-n-butyryl group produced a glycolipid that did not react with the IgG3 antibody; in striking contrast the IgG3 antibody reacted with the C6-oxidized glycolipid as well as with the native glycolipid. Neither antibody reacted significantly with any other natural glycolipids tested including several that are structurally related to asialo GM2 such as ganglioside GM2, ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (asialo GM1), or ceramide dihexoside. These results indicated that in addition to the fine structure specificity described above both antibodies recognize the nonreducing terminal GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal structure. The strict antigenic specificity of these monoclonal anti-glycolipid antibodies indicates their great potential as specific probes for cell surface studies.", "PMID": 512581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9780", "title": "H-Y antigen. Cell surface mapping and testosterone-induced supramolecular repatterning.", "content": "Previous work with the antibody-blocking technique showed that the map of surface components for thymocytes prefixed with paraformaldehyde is the same as the map for unfixed thymocytes, with the following exception: after exposure to anti-TL or anti-Db, TL and H-2Db occupy adjacent positions on unfixed cells but not on fixed cells. This was interpreted as an indication that activation of particular components of the surface phenotype initiates ordered changes in the display of cell-surface molecules, approximation of TL and Db in this instance. These studies have now been extended to the H-Y component on the surface of male cells. On fixed male mouse thymocytes, H-Y lies adjacent to TL and relatively distant from H-2Db, H-2Kb, H-2Lb, Lyt-1.2, and Lyt-2.2. However, on unfixed male mouse thymocytes, similarly exposed to H-Y antibody, H-Y and H-2Db are adjacent. Presumably, this engagement of H-Y sites by H-Y antibody brings H-Y and H-2Db together. Evidence that this change in pattern may be physiologically relevant comes from the finding that testosterone, but not estradiol, caused the same selective approximation of H-Y and H-2Db.", "contents": "H-Y antigen. Cell surface mapping and testosterone-induced supramolecular repatterning. Previous work with the antibody-blocking technique showed that the map of surface components for thymocytes prefixed with paraformaldehyde is the same as the map for unfixed thymocytes, with the following exception: after exposure to anti-TL or anti-Db, TL and H-2Db occupy adjacent positions on unfixed cells but not on fixed cells. This was interpreted as an indication that activation of particular components of the surface phenotype initiates ordered changes in the display of cell-surface molecules, approximation of TL and Db in this instance. These studies have now been extended to the H-Y component on the surface of male cells. On fixed male mouse thymocytes, H-Y lies adjacent to TL and relatively distant from H-2Db, H-2Kb, H-2Lb, Lyt-1.2, and Lyt-2.2. However, on unfixed male mouse thymocytes, similarly exposed to H-Y antibody, H-Y and H-2Db are adjacent. Presumably, this engagement of H-Y sites by H-Y antibody brings H-Y and H-2Db together. Evidence that this change in pattern may be physiologically relevant comes from the finding that testosterone, but not estradiol, caused the same selective approximation of H-Y and H-2Db.", "PMID": 512582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9781", "title": "Diacylglycerol metabolism in mast cells: a potential role in membrane fusion and arachidonic acid release.", "content": "Purified rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with the polycationic histamine-releasing agent compound 48/80 demonstrated a two- to four-fold increase in cellular levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) within 1 min as detected by radioactive labeling and direct quantitation experiments. When 2-[1-14C]arachidonoyl-DAG was incubated in the presence of mast-cell homogenates, a rapid conversion to free arachidonate, and to a lesser extent, to monoacylglycerol, triglyceride, and phospholipid was observed. The release of arachidonate was proportional to the amount of broken-cell preparation added and the time of incubation, was prevented by preheating mast-cell preparations, and did not occur when 1-[1-14C]arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine was used as substrate, suggesting that the degradation was mediated by an enzyme with Dag-lipase activity. Although much work remains to be done to clarify the precise role of DAG in mast cells, DAG metabolism may be involved in secretion by generating substances which may faciliate membrane fusion and also in arachidonic acid-derived mediator formation by liberating esterified arachidonic acid from mast-cell lipids. Taken together, these studies indicate that the formation of DAG may play a central role in mast-cell function.", "contents": "Diacylglycerol metabolism in mast cells: a potential role in membrane fusion and arachidonic acid release. Purified rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with the polycationic histamine-releasing agent compound 48/80 demonstrated a two- to four-fold increase in cellular levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) within 1 min as detected by radioactive labeling and direct quantitation experiments. When 2-[1-14C]arachidonoyl-DAG was incubated in the presence of mast-cell homogenates, a rapid conversion to free arachidonate, and to a lesser extent, to monoacylglycerol, triglyceride, and phospholipid was observed. The release of arachidonate was proportional to the amount of broken-cell preparation added and the time of incubation, was prevented by preheating mast-cell preparations, and did not occur when 1-[1-14C]arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine was used as substrate, suggesting that the degradation was mediated by an enzyme with Dag-lipase activity. Although much work remains to be done to clarify the precise role of DAG in mast cells, DAG metabolism may be involved in secretion by generating substances which may faciliate membrane fusion and also in arachidonic acid-derived mediator formation by liberating esterified arachidonic acid from mast-cell lipids. Taken together, these studies indicate that the formation of DAG may play a central role in mast-cell function.", "PMID": 512583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9782", "title": "Recognition among mice. Evidence from the use of a Y-maze differentially scented by congenic mice of different major histocompatibility types.", "content": "Previous studies of mating preference signified that mice can sense one another's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) types, probably by olfaction. This conclusion has now been substantiated by the use of a Y-maze whose two arms were differentially scented with currents of air conducted through boxes occupied by B6 (H-2b) males and by B6-H-2k congenic males. Four B6 mice, two males and two females, were successfully trained, by water deprivation and reward, to enter the arm scented by B6 or B6-H-2k males. One of the males and one of the females were trained to select the B6-scented arm; the other male and female were trained to select the B6-H-2k-scented arm. Untrained mice showed no MHC discrimination in the maze. The performance of the trained mice in distinguishing between MHC congenic homozygous F2 segregants derived from a cross of B6-H-2k with B6 was as good as their performance in distinguishing the respective inbred strains, thus essentially eliminating alternative and significant additional explanations of MHC-associated sensory discrimination. The data further indicate that chemosensory discrimination of MHC types can be entirely dissociated from sex differences and from the circumstances of mating.", "contents": "Recognition among mice. Evidence from the use of a Y-maze differentially scented by congenic mice of different major histocompatibility types. Previous studies of mating preference signified that mice can sense one another's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) types, probably by olfaction. This conclusion has now been substantiated by the use of a Y-maze whose two arms were differentially scented with currents of air conducted through boxes occupied by B6 (H-2b) males and by B6-H-2k congenic males. Four B6 mice, two males and two females, were successfully trained, by water deprivation and reward, to enter the arm scented by B6 or B6-H-2k males. One of the males and one of the females were trained to select the B6-scented arm; the other male and female were trained to select the B6-H-2k-scented arm. Untrained mice showed no MHC discrimination in the maze. The performance of the trained mice in distinguishing between MHC congenic homozygous F2 segregants derived from a cross of B6-H-2k with B6 was as good as their performance in distinguishing the respective inbred strains, thus essentially eliminating alternative and significant additional explanations of MHC-associated sensory discrimination. The data further indicate that chemosensory discrimination of MHC types can be entirely dissociated from sex differences and from the circumstances of mating.", "PMID": 512584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9783", "title": "Multicellular origin of fibrosarcomas in mice induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The cellular origin of tumors induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in mice with X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism. Because only one of the two X-chromosomes is active in XX somatic cells, a female heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) locus for the usual Pgk-1b gene and the variant Pgk-1a has two populations of cells, in the cells of one population, Pgk-1b is active and B-type enzyme is synthesized, whereas in cells of the other population, A-type enzyme is produced. Both enzyme types are found in normal tissues from these mosaic mice. A tumor developing from a single cell exhibits only one of the two PGK enzyme types, whereas a tumor with a multicellular origin expresses both enzymes (i.e., it has a double-enzyme phenotype). Five fibrosarcomas developing at the site of injection of 0.2 or 2.0 mg of MCA were analyzed. 36 of 38 fragments from the five tumors had double-enzyme PGK phenotypes. One piece from each of two tumors showed a single-enzyme phenotype. Histological, cell culture, and cloning studies indicate that the double-enzyme phenotypes reflect the presence of both types of malignant cells and not admixture of normal with neoplastic elements in the specimens tested for PGK. The results suggest strongly that these fibrosarcomas have a multicellular origin.", "contents": "Multicellular origin of fibrosarcomas in mice induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene. The cellular origin of tumors induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in mice with X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism. Because only one of the two X-chromosomes is active in XX somatic cells, a female heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) locus for the usual Pgk-1b gene and the variant Pgk-1a has two populations of cells, in the cells of one population, Pgk-1b is active and B-type enzyme is synthesized, whereas in cells of the other population, A-type enzyme is produced. Both enzyme types are found in normal tissues from these mosaic mice. A tumor developing from a single cell exhibits only one of the two PGK enzyme types, whereas a tumor with a multicellular origin expresses both enzymes (i.e., it has a double-enzyme phenotype). Five fibrosarcomas developing at the site of injection of 0.2 or 2.0 mg of MCA were analyzed. 36 of 38 fragments from the five tumors had double-enzyme PGK phenotypes. One piece from each of two tumors showed a single-enzyme phenotype. Histological, cell culture, and cloning studies indicate that the double-enzyme phenotypes reflect the presence of both types of malignant cells and not admixture of normal with neoplastic elements in the specimens tested for PGK. The results suggest strongly that these fibrosarcomas have a multicellular origin.", "PMID": 512585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9784", "title": "Association of alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cells in bone marrow with granulocytic precursors.", "content": "In the bone marrow, an elaborate stroma forms the structural basis of the hemopoietic microenvironment. In this study, two different types of stromal cells were identified with certainty on tissue sections of intact bone marrow of rats and mice using light and electron microscopic histochemistry: (a) a fibroblast-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by having alkaline phosphatase associated with its plasma membrane. We refer to this cell as the alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cell (Al-RC). It is closely associated with granulocytic precursors, particularly myeloblasts and neutrophilic promyelocytes. These reticulum cells may be found throughout the marrow but are concentrated near the endosteum. (b) a macrophage-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by its abundance of lysosomal acid phosphatase and is mainly associated with erythroid precursors (as observed by others). In contrast to the above-mentioned cell type, this latter cell was found to be distributed uniformly throughout the marrow. We speculate that the Al-RC are mesenchymal stromal cells necessary for granulocytic differentiation in bone marrow.", "contents": "Association of alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cells in bone marrow with granulocytic precursors. In the bone marrow, an elaborate stroma forms the structural basis of the hemopoietic microenvironment. In this study, two different types of stromal cells were identified with certainty on tissue sections of intact bone marrow of rats and mice using light and electron microscopic histochemistry: (a) a fibroblast-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by having alkaline phosphatase associated with its plasma membrane. We refer to this cell as the alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cell (Al-RC). It is closely associated with granulocytic precursors, particularly myeloblasts and neutrophilic promyelocytes. These reticulum cells may be found throughout the marrow but are concentrated near the endosteum. (b) a macrophage-type of reticulum cell which is characterized by its abundance of lysosomal acid phosphatase and is mainly associated with erythroid precursors (as observed by others). In contrast to the above-mentioned cell type, this latter cell was found to be distributed uniformly throughout the marrow. We speculate that the Al-RC are mesenchymal stromal cells necessary for granulocytic differentiation in bone marrow.", "PMID": 512586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9785", "title": "Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. II. The role of oxygen intermediates.", "content": "The capacity of three populations of mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate oxidative metabolites (as judged by extracellular release of H2O2) was compared to their ability to influence the intracellular fate of virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Macrophages from normal mice released little H2O2 and allowed unrestricted multiplication of intracellular toxoplasmas. Cells from chronically infected, immune (IM) mice released 4 times more H2O2 and displayed microbistatic activity. In contrast, macrophages from immune-boosted (IB) mice released 25 times more H2O2 than normal cells and rapidly killed the bulk of ingested toxoplasmas within 1 h. When macrophage monolayers were exposed to scavengers of O2-, H2O2, OH., and 1O2, both the inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma multiplication by IM macrophages and the killing of toxoplasmas by IB macrophages were reversed. Depriving cells of glucose, which markedly reduced H2O2 release, resulted in similar reversal of IM and IB macrophage anti-toxoplasma activity. As judged by the effect of the individual oxygen intermediate scavengers, O2- and H2O2 appeared to serve as precursors for the key toxic agents which may include OH. and 1O2. Providing normal macrophages with an exogenous source of oxidative metabolites generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase, but not glucose and glucose oxidase, resulted in inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma growth. These findings suggest the presence of an oxygen-dependent antimicrobial system in mononuclear phagocytes beyond the production of O2- and H2O2, and indicate an important role for oxygen intermediates in macrophage resistance to the intracellular pathogen T. gondii.", "contents": "Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. II. The role of oxygen intermediates. The capacity of three populations of mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate oxidative metabolites (as judged by extracellular release of H2O2) was compared to their ability to influence the intracellular fate of virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Macrophages from normal mice released little H2O2 and allowed unrestricted multiplication of intracellular toxoplasmas. Cells from chronically infected, immune (IM) mice released 4 times more H2O2 and displayed microbistatic activity. In contrast, macrophages from immune-boosted (IB) mice released 25 times more H2O2 than normal cells and rapidly killed the bulk of ingested toxoplasmas within 1 h. When macrophage monolayers were exposed to scavengers of O2-, H2O2, OH., and 1O2, both the inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma multiplication by IM macrophages and the killing of toxoplasmas by IB macrophages were reversed. Depriving cells of glucose, which markedly reduced H2O2 release, resulted in similar reversal of IM and IB macrophage anti-toxoplasma activity. As judged by the effect of the individual oxygen intermediate scavengers, O2- and H2O2 appeared to serve as precursors for the key toxic agents which may include OH. and 1O2. Providing normal macrophages with an exogenous source of oxidative metabolites generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase, but not glucose and glucose oxidase, resulted in inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma growth. These findings suggest the presence of an oxygen-dependent antimicrobial system in mononuclear phagocytes beyond the production of O2- and H2O2, and indicate an important role for oxygen intermediates in macrophage resistance to the intracellular pathogen T. gondii.", "PMID": 512587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9786", "title": "A new class of cell surface antigens. Quantitative absorption studies defining cell-lineage-specific antigens on hemopoietic cells.", "content": "A new class of cell surface antigens are described which are expressed on cells within a particular differentiation pathway. These antigens, termed cell-lineage-specific antigens, are shown to be distinct from differentiation antigens and from histocompatibility antigens. The presence of these antigens was demonstrated by raising antisera against terminally differentiated hemopoietic cells such as platelets, thymocytes, and macrophages and showing cross-reaction with the pluripotent stem cells from which these cells were derived. Quantitative absorption studies of each antiserum showed the antigens to be largely cell-lineage-specific. For example, the anti-stem cell activity in anti-platelet serum was not absorbed out with thymocytes or macrophages from the same mouse strain but was removed by absorption with platelets. Absorption of each antiserum with nonhemopoietic mouse tissues such as brain, kidney, liver, and testis did not reduce anti-stem cell activity. Thus, each antiserum was shown to be tissue specific and species specific. Hemopoietic cells from mouse strains other than CBA absorbed out most of the anti-stem cell activity indicating cell-lineage-specific antigens to be common to the mouse strains tested.", "contents": "A new class of cell surface antigens. Quantitative absorption studies defining cell-lineage-specific antigens on hemopoietic cells. A new class of cell surface antigens are described which are expressed on cells within a particular differentiation pathway. These antigens, termed cell-lineage-specific antigens, are shown to be distinct from differentiation antigens and from histocompatibility antigens. The presence of these antigens was demonstrated by raising antisera against terminally differentiated hemopoietic cells such as platelets, thymocytes, and macrophages and showing cross-reaction with the pluripotent stem cells from which these cells were derived. Quantitative absorption studies of each antiserum showed the antigens to be largely cell-lineage-specific. For example, the anti-stem cell activity in anti-platelet serum was not absorbed out with thymocytes or macrophages from the same mouse strain but was removed by absorption with platelets. Absorption of each antiserum with nonhemopoietic mouse tissues such as brain, kidney, liver, and testis did not reduce anti-stem cell activity. Thus, each antiserum was shown to be tissue specific and species specific. Hemopoietic cells from mouse strains other than CBA absorbed out most of the anti-stem cell activity indicating cell-lineage-specific antigens to be common to the mouse strains tested.", "PMID": 512588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9787", "title": "Integration of a virus membrane protein into the lipid bilayer of target cells as a prerequisite for immune cytolysis. Specific cytolysis after virosome-target cell fusion.", "content": "Structural requirements for membrane antigens on target cells to mediate immune cytolysis were studied in a model system with purified membrane proteins from Semliki Forest virus (SFV). These SFV spike proteins were isolated in the form of detergent- and lipid-free protein micelles (29S complexes) or, after reconstitution into lipid vesicles, in the form of virosomes. Both the 29S complexes and the virosomes were found to bind well to murine tumor cells (P815 or Eb). When these cells, however, were used as target cells in complement-dependent lysis or in antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity assays in the presence of anti-SFV serum, they were not lysed, although they effectively bound the antibody and consumed complement. The same tumor cells infected with SFV served as positive controls in both assays. Different results were obtained when inactivated Sendai virus was added as a fusion reagent to the cells coated with either virosomes or 29S complexes. Under these conditions the virosome-coated cells became susceptible to SFV- specific lysis, whereas the 29S complex-coated cells remained resistant. Evidence that the susceptibility to lysis ofvirosome-coated cells was dependent on active fusion and, therefore, integration of the viral antigens into the lipid bilayer of the target cells was derived from control experiments with enzyme-treated Sendai virus preparations. The 29S complexes and the virosomes partially and selectively blocked the target cell lysis by anti-H-2 sera but not by anti-non-H-2 sera confirming our previous finding that major histocompatibility antigens serve as receptors for SFV. The general significance of these findings for mechanisms of immune cytolysis is dicussed.", "contents": "Integration of a virus membrane protein into the lipid bilayer of target cells as a prerequisite for immune cytolysis. Specific cytolysis after virosome-target cell fusion. Structural requirements for membrane antigens on target cells to mediate immune cytolysis were studied in a model system with purified membrane proteins from Semliki Forest virus (SFV). These SFV spike proteins were isolated in the form of detergent- and lipid-free protein micelles (29S complexes) or, after reconstitution into lipid vesicles, in the form of virosomes. Both the 29S complexes and the virosomes were found to bind well to murine tumor cells (P815 or Eb). When these cells, however, were used as target cells in complement-dependent lysis or in antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity assays in the presence of anti-SFV serum, they were not lysed, although they effectively bound the antibody and consumed complement. The same tumor cells infected with SFV served as positive controls in both assays. Different results were obtained when inactivated Sendai virus was added as a fusion reagent to the cells coated with either virosomes or 29S complexes. Under these conditions the virosome-coated cells became susceptible to SFV- specific lysis, whereas the 29S complex-coated cells remained resistant. Evidence that the susceptibility to lysis ofvirosome-coated cells was dependent on active fusion and, therefore, integration of the viral antigens into the lipid bilayer of the target cells was derived from control experiments with enzyme-treated Sendai virus preparations. The 29S complexes and the virosomes partially and selectively blocked the target cell lysis by anti-H-2 sera but not by anti-non-H-2 sera confirming our previous finding that major histocompatibility antigens serve as receptors for SFV. The general significance of these findings for mechanisms of immune cytolysis is dicussed.", "PMID": 512589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9788", "title": "Identification of secretory component as an IgA receptor on rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Secretory component (SC) was found to be synthesized by isolated rat hepatocytes. SC was detected by radioimmunoassay and cultured hepatocytes were found to synthesize 0.078 microgram SC/10(6) hepatocytes in a 48-h period. SC was also present on the surface of hepatocytes as detected by the specific binding of radiolabeled anti-SC antibodies as well as by the detection of specific membrane staining in indirect immunofluorescence tests using specifically purified anti-SC antibodies. Rat SC was detected on hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells but not on peripheral blood lymphocytes, unfractionated spleen cells, or erythrocytes. Specific binding of radiolabeled rat dimeric IgA to rat hepatocytes was also observed and evidence was obtained to indicate that such binding was mediated by SC. Thus, prior incubation of hepatocytes with anti-SC prevented binding of radiolabeled IgA. Moreover, prior incubation of radiolabeled IgA with rat SC prevented binding of the IgA to isolated hepatocytes. Cells treated with 0.25% trypsin lost their ability to bind to radiolabeled dimeric IgA.", "contents": "Identification of secretory component as an IgA receptor on rat hepatocytes. Secretory component (SC) was found to be synthesized by isolated rat hepatocytes. SC was detected by radioimmunoassay and cultured hepatocytes were found to synthesize 0.078 microgram SC/10(6) hepatocytes in a 48-h period. SC was also present on the surface of hepatocytes as detected by the specific binding of radiolabeled anti-SC antibodies as well as by the detection of specific membrane staining in indirect immunofluorescence tests using specifically purified anti-SC antibodies. Rat SC was detected on hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells but not on peripheral blood lymphocytes, unfractionated spleen cells, or erythrocytes. Specific binding of radiolabeled rat dimeric IgA to rat hepatocytes was also observed and evidence was obtained to indicate that such binding was mediated by SC. Thus, prior incubation of hepatocytes with anti-SC prevented binding of radiolabeled IgA. Moreover, prior incubation of radiolabeled IgA with rat SC prevented binding of the IgA to isolated hepatocytes. Cells treated with 0.25% trypsin lost their ability to bind to radiolabeled dimeric IgA.", "PMID": 512590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9789", "title": "Secretory component as the receptor for polymeric IgA on rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Rat hepatocytes in short-term monolayer cultures bound radiolabeled polymeric rat IgA but not IgG. The binding of 125I-IgA was inhibited equally well by unlabeled polymeric IgA and by antiserum to rat secretory component (SC). The antibody to SC, after specific purification and radiolabeling, was bound to hepatocytes as effectively as the IgA. These results indicate that SC acts as the receptor for polymeric IgA on rat hepatocytes as it does on human gut epithelia, and that the transport of IgA from blood to bile in rats across the liver is analogous to that of IgA across human enterocytes.", "contents": "Secretory component as the receptor for polymeric IgA on rat hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes in short-term monolayer cultures bound radiolabeled polymeric rat IgA but not IgG. The binding of 125I-IgA was inhibited equally well by unlabeled polymeric IgA and by antiserum to rat secretory component (SC). The antibody to SC, after specific purification and radiolabeling, was bound to hepatocytes as effectively as the IgA. These results indicate that SC acts as the receptor for polymeric IgA on rat hepatocytes as it does on human gut epithelia, and that the transport of IgA from blood to bile in rats across the liver is analogous to that of IgA across human enterocytes.", "PMID": 512591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9790", "title": "An ultrastructural study of epididymal mouse spermatozoa binding to zonae pellucidae in vitro: sequential relationship to the acrosome reaction.", "content": "Mouse sperm bind to the zona pellucida of the egg prior to penetration of the zona and entry into the perivitelline space. The question then arises: when does the acrosome reaction occur relative to these processes? An ultrastructural study of mouse epididymal sperm bound to the surface of the zona and in the privitelline space was undertaken to clarify this point. Cumulus-free mouse eggs were inseminated in either a complete defined culture medium capable of supporting in vitro fertilization or in Tris/NaCl buffer containing Ca+2. Both media support sperm binding to the zona to the same extent; binding is complete in 15 minutes. Unbound sperm were removed by a step gradient density centrifugation to yield a preparation of eggs with sperm firmly bound. All sperm in the perivitelline space had undergone the acrosome reaction. Sperm bound at the surface of the zonae pellucidae of eggs recovered at ten minutes after insemination all had intact acrosomes. At 40 minutes after insemination, half of the sperm were intact; the other half were in the initial stages of the acrosome reaction. At 90 minutes after insemination, 12% of the sperm had undergone the full acrosome reaction and were starting to penetrate the zona; of the balance, half were in various stages of the acrosome reaction, while half were still intact. These findings support the hypothesis that the sequence of the early reactions leading to fertilization in the mouse is: intact sperm binding to zona; acrosome reaction at the zona surface; penetration of the zona.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of epididymal mouse spermatozoa binding to zonae pellucidae in vitro: sequential relationship to the acrosome reaction. Mouse sperm bind to the zona pellucida of the egg prior to penetration of the zona and entry into the perivitelline space. The question then arises: when does the acrosome reaction occur relative to these processes? An ultrastructural study of mouse epididymal sperm bound to the surface of the zona and in the privitelline space was undertaken to clarify this point. Cumulus-free mouse eggs were inseminated in either a complete defined culture medium capable of supporting in vitro fertilization or in Tris/NaCl buffer containing Ca+2. Both media support sperm binding to the zona to the same extent; binding is complete in 15 minutes. Unbound sperm were removed by a step gradient density centrifugation to yield a preparation of eggs with sperm firmly bound. All sperm in the perivitelline space had undergone the acrosome reaction. Sperm bound at the surface of the zonae pellucidae of eggs recovered at ten minutes after insemination all had intact acrosomes. At 40 minutes after insemination, half of the sperm were intact; the other half were in the initial stages of the acrosome reaction. At 90 minutes after insemination, 12% of the sperm had undergone the full acrosome reaction and were starting to penetrate the zona; of the balance, half were in various stages of the acrosome reaction, while half were still intact. These findings support the hypothesis that the sequence of the early reactions leading to fertilization in the mouse is: intact sperm binding to zona; acrosome reaction at the zona surface; penetration of the zona.", "PMID": 512592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9791", "title": "Germinal vesicle configurations and patterns of polypeptide synthesis of procine oocytes from antral follicles of different size, as related to their competency for spontaneous maturation.", "content": "The cytogenetic configurations of germinal vesicle (gv) chromatin were analyzed for pools of porcine oocytes harvested from small (1.0-2.0 mm), medium (3.0-5.0 mm), and large (6.0-10.0 mm) antral follicles. Groups of oocytes from these follicular classes also were examined by high-resolution, two-dimensional, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to compare their patterns of polypeptide synthesis. The results show a high incidence of gross and cytogenetic degeneration among oocytes from small antral follicles as compared with those from medium or lage follicles. Pools of oocytes could be separated, on the basis of gross morphology and integrity of adherent granulosa cells, into two classes: \"Type A\" which appeared normal, and \"type B\" which appeared to be atretic. Among selected \"type A\" oocytes a particular chromatin configuration, termed \"fibrous\" characterizes the gv of oocytes from small follicles; whereas a different configuration, termed \"diffuse,\" characterizes the gv of oocytes from large follicles. The patterns of polypeptide synthesis were markedly different for samples of \"type A\" oocytes of the three follicular classes; and the patterns for oocytes from medium and large follicles were more similar to each other than to patterns for oocytes from slall follicles. The incidences of maturational development beyond the gv stage in vitro were similar for \"type A\" oocytes from the three follicular classes (i.e., 66% to 82% maturation); although \"type B\" oocytes underwent maturation beyond the gv at a significantly reduced incidence (i.e., 20% to 29% maturation). \"Type A\" oocytes from large follicles completed maturation in vitro (i.e., underwent the first meiotic division) at a significantly higher incidence (55%) than did oocytes from small (11% to 20%) or medium (16%) follicles. Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that a high proportion of oocytes from small antral follicles are atretic, and that a developmental program controls the molecular and cytogenetic changes occurring in porcine oocytes during follicular growth. These changes appear to be highly correlated with the acquisition of competency to complete maturation in vitro, and possibly also are required for normal fertilization and embryogenesis.", "contents": "Germinal vesicle configurations and patterns of polypeptide synthesis of procine oocytes from antral follicles of different size, as related to their competency for spontaneous maturation. The cytogenetic configurations of germinal vesicle (gv) chromatin were analyzed for pools of porcine oocytes harvested from small (1.0-2.0 mm), medium (3.0-5.0 mm), and large (6.0-10.0 mm) antral follicles. Groups of oocytes from these follicular classes also were examined by high-resolution, two-dimensional, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to compare their patterns of polypeptide synthesis. The results show a high incidence of gross and cytogenetic degeneration among oocytes from small antral follicles as compared with those from medium or lage follicles. Pools of oocytes could be separated, on the basis of gross morphology and integrity of adherent granulosa cells, into two classes: \"Type A\" which appeared normal, and \"type B\" which appeared to be atretic. Among selected \"type A\" oocytes a particular chromatin configuration, termed \"fibrous\" characterizes the gv of oocytes from small follicles; whereas a different configuration, termed \"diffuse,\" characterizes the gv of oocytes from large follicles. The patterns of polypeptide synthesis were markedly different for samples of \"type A\" oocytes of the three follicular classes; and the patterns for oocytes from medium and large follicles were more similar to each other than to patterns for oocytes from slall follicles. The incidences of maturational development beyond the gv stage in vitro were similar for \"type A\" oocytes from the three follicular classes (i.e., 66% to 82% maturation); although \"type B\" oocytes underwent maturation beyond the gv at a significantly reduced incidence (i.e., 20% to 29% maturation). \"Type A\" oocytes from large follicles completed maturation in vitro (i.e., underwent the first meiotic division) at a significantly higher incidence (55%) than did oocytes from small (11% to 20%) or medium (16%) follicles. Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that a high proportion of oocytes from small antral follicles are atretic, and that a developmental program controls the molecular and cytogenetic changes occurring in porcine oocytes during follicular growth. These changes appear to be highly correlated with the acquisition of competency to complete maturation in vitro, and possibly also are required for normal fertilization and embryogenesis.", "PMID": 512593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9792", "title": "Electrophoretic analyses of lactate dehydrogenase C4 in testes and vesicular glands of normal and male sterile translocation mice.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C, activity was observed in testis extracts from normal mice but was progressively reduced in mice carrying the male-sterile translocations T31H, T32H, T37H, T38H, T40H and T42H, with no detectable activity being observed in the last two mice. None of the vesicular gland extracts from these male-steriles showed LDH-C4 activity, unlike normal mice. The differential LDH-C4 activity in male-sterile testes is interpreted as reflecting the varying stages of the spermatogenic defect during meiosis. In general, early meiotic defects exhibited no LDH-C4 activity whereas late stage (usually after metaphase-1 stage) defect animals exhibited some activity. The results also provide evidence for contaminating sperm being the source of normal vesicular gland LDH-C4 activity.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analyses of lactate dehydrogenase C4 in testes and vesicular glands of normal and male sterile translocation mice. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C, activity was observed in testis extracts from normal mice but was progressively reduced in mice carrying the male-sterile translocations T31H, T32H, T37H, T38H, T40H and T42H, with no detectable activity being observed in the last two mice. None of the vesicular gland extracts from these male-steriles showed LDH-C4 activity, unlike normal mice. The differential LDH-C4 activity in male-sterile testes is interpreted as reflecting the varying stages of the spermatogenic defect during meiosis. In general, early meiotic defects exhibited no LDH-C4 activity whereas late stage (usually after metaphase-1 stage) defect animals exhibited some activity. The results also provide evidence for contaminating sperm being the source of normal vesicular gland LDH-C4 activity.", "PMID": 512594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9793", "title": "Relationships between eye factors and lens-forming transformations in the cornea and pericorneal epidermis of larval Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Larval Xenopus laevis at stage 56 (Nieuwkoop and Faber, '56) were subjected to various types of lentectomy: (1) simple lentectomy, from the pupillary space after incision of outer and inner cornea; (2) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye; (3) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye and simultaneous incision of the outer cornea; (4) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye and simultaneous incision of the outer and inner cornea. The results obtained show that the outer cornea underwent lens-forming transformations only when the inner cornea had been incised, thus permitting outer cornea (Experiments I-IV). No lens regeneration occurred when the inner cornea was left intact (Experiments II, III). It was concluded that the factor(s) allowing the lens-forming transformations of the outer cornea is not an aspecific nutritional factor(s) but a more specific factor(s) that cannot reach the outer cornea when the inner cornea is intact. Therefore, the absence of the lens and sufficient nutrient available to the outer cornea are not enough to allow lens regeneration from the outer cornea. When lens removal was carried out through the dorsal part of the eye (Experiments III-IV) the lens regenerated from the pericorneal epidermis of this region in a large number of cases.", "contents": "Relationships between eye factors and lens-forming transformations in the cornea and pericorneal epidermis of larval Xenopus laevis. Larval Xenopus laevis at stage 56 (Nieuwkoop and Faber, '56) were subjected to various types of lentectomy: (1) simple lentectomy, from the pupillary space after incision of outer and inner cornea; (2) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye; (3) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye and simultaneous incision of the outer cornea; (4) lentectomy from the dorsal region of the eye and simultaneous incision of the outer and inner cornea. The results obtained show that the outer cornea underwent lens-forming transformations only when the inner cornea had been incised, thus permitting outer cornea (Experiments I-IV). No lens regeneration occurred when the inner cornea was left intact (Experiments II, III). It was concluded that the factor(s) allowing the lens-forming transformations of the outer cornea is not an aspecific nutritional factor(s) but a more specific factor(s) that cannot reach the outer cornea when the inner cornea is intact. Therefore, the absence of the lens and sufficient nutrient available to the outer cornea are not enough to allow lens regeneration from the outer cornea. When lens removal was carried out through the dorsal part of the eye (Experiments III-IV) the lens regenerated from the pericorneal epidermis of this region in a large number of cases.", "PMID": 512595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9794", "title": "The interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs.", "content": "Previous studies involving nerve interactions and limb regenerative processes were carried out on adult newts after their forelimbs were amputated through the distal radius and ulna and fused end-to-end. On the basis of limb regeneration results at the junction of the fused limbs, it was postulated that regenerating nerves from each limb (i.e., nerves of opposite polarity) would not invade the foreign territory of the contralateral limb if it were already normally innervated. A direct study of this nerve interaction, however, was not made in this earlier study. The present investigation was designed to obtain direct histological and electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs. The primary objective was to determine how the regenerating nerves would interact in the establishment of innervation territories-first, at the fusion zone, which represents the junction of the normal innervation territories of the nerves of each limb; and secondly, half way up one of the limbs, where interaction would occur in a territory normally innervated by only one of the regenerating nerves. The results showed that when nerves of opposite regenerating polarity approached one another at the junction of the fused limbs a discontinuation of axonal growth occurred; no indication of overlap of nerves into foreign territory was seen. When the nerves were allowed to interact within one of the fused limbs, however, an overlap of nerve fibers and a functional \"double innervation\" of that limb was demonstrated. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for the establishment of innervation territories in salamander limbs. The question of nerve-muscle reinnervation specificity is also raised.", "contents": "The interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs. Previous studies involving nerve interactions and limb regenerative processes were carried out on adult newts after their forelimbs were amputated through the distal radius and ulna and fused end-to-end. On the basis of limb regeneration results at the junction of the fused limbs, it was postulated that regenerating nerves from each limb (i.e., nerves of opposite polarity) would not invade the foreign territory of the contralateral limb if it were already normally innervated. A direct study of this nerve interaction, however, was not made in this earlier study. The present investigation was designed to obtain direct histological and electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs. The primary objective was to determine how the regenerating nerves would interact in the establishment of innervation territories-first, at the fusion zone, which represents the junction of the normal innervation territories of the nerves of each limb; and secondly, half way up one of the limbs, where interaction would occur in a territory normally innervated by only one of the regenerating nerves. The results showed that when nerves of opposite regenerating polarity approached one another at the junction of the fused limbs a discontinuation of axonal growth occurred; no indication of overlap of nerves into foreign territory was seen. When the nerves were allowed to interact within one of the fused limbs, however, an overlap of nerve fibers and a functional \"double innervation\" of that limb was demonstrated. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for the establishment of innervation territories in salamander limbs. The question of nerve-muscle reinnervation specificity is also raised.", "PMID": 512596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9795", "title": "A comparison between oocyte growth in coculture with granulosa cells and oocytes with granulosa cell-oocyte junctional contact maintained in vitro.", "content": "Evidence is presented that strongly supports the hypothesis that the junctional association between oocytes and granulosa cells must be maintained to promote oocyte growth and development in vitro and that the coculture of oocytes with granulosa cells is not a sufficient condition for oocyte development. Furthermore, it is shown that incorporation of uridine and leucine by oocytes into TCA-insoluble material is significantly greater in granulosa cell-enclosed oocytes than in cocultured oocytes.", "contents": "A comparison between oocyte growth in coculture with granulosa cells and oocytes with granulosa cell-oocyte junctional contact maintained in vitro. Evidence is presented that strongly supports the hypothesis that the junctional association between oocytes and granulosa cells must be maintained to promote oocyte growth and development in vitro and that the coculture of oocytes with granulosa cells is not a sufficient condition for oocyte development. Furthermore, it is shown that incorporation of uridine and leucine by oocytes into TCA-insoluble material is significantly greater in granulosa cell-enclosed oocytes than in cocultured oocytes.", "PMID": 512597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9796", "title": "Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis of postcranial skeletal measurements.", "content": "Thieme and Schull [16] took measurements of seven postcranial traits from black skeletons of known sex to devise a method for accurately sexing human remains. With a linear discriminant function analysis of the data they obtained a 98.5% accuracy. The research reported here was designed to assess the accuracy of their method in the hands of other investigators using a sample of the same black population and its applicability to other populations of the same and different races. None of the samples used in this study were sexed with the same rate of accuracy either achieved or predicted by Thieme and Schull. However, two samples did reach 91% or better. Such results suggest that the methods employed have considerable value if used with appropriate precautions. Our multiple discriminant function analysis strongly indicates that neither side nor observer techniques affected the results. Sex accounts for a predominant fraction of the total variation among samples and race accounts for most of that remaining.", "contents": "Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis of postcranial skeletal measurements. Thieme and Schull [16] took measurements of seven postcranial traits from black skeletons of known sex to devise a method for accurately sexing human remains. With a linear discriminant function analysis of the data they obtained a 98.5% accuracy. The research reported here was designed to assess the accuracy of their method in the hands of other investigators using a sample of the same black population and its applicability to other populations of the same and different races. None of the samples used in this study were sexed with the same rate of accuracy either achieved or predicted by Thieme and Schull. However, two samples did reach 91% or better. Such results suggest that the methods employed have considerable value if used with appropriate precautions. Our multiple discriminant function analysis strongly indicates that neither side nor observer techniques affected the results. Sex accounts for a predominant fraction of the total variation among samples and race accounts for most of that remaining.", "PMID": 512599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9797", "title": "Some difficulties in the Gustafson dental age estimations.", "content": "The Gustafson technique was a significant contribution to forensic identification. Unfortunately, many statistical errors were present in the published articles. It now seems clear that greater precision can be achieved through modification of the original technique. One of the authors (W. R. M.) will report soon on multiple regression formulae that offer both increased precision and technical simplicity.", "contents": "Some difficulties in the Gustafson dental age estimations. The Gustafson technique was a significant contribution to forensic identification. Unfortunately, many statistical errors were present in the published articles. It now seems clear that greater precision can be achieved through modification of the original technique. One of the authors (W. R. M.) will report soon on multiple regression formulae that offer both increased precision and technical simplicity.", "PMID": 512600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9798", "title": "Identification of mass disaster victims: the Swiss identification system.", "content": "A new, simple, and reliable forensic identification system has been described. It permits the rapid and positive identification of victims of catastrophies such as airplane accidents, battles, floods, and fires. An electronic microprocessing unit directs a mechanical engraver to encode up to 13 alphanumeric characters on a small gold disk 0.25 mm thick and 2.0 mm in diameter. The identification chip is sealed in a 0.8-mm deep cavity prepared with a specially designed diamond burr in the lingual enamel of a molar tooth. The sealant is a stained composite material shown experimentally to be leakage proof, fire resistant, and readily detectable in teeth exposed to high temperatures. At the identification center the gold disk can easily be recovered and the victim positively identified without recourse to time-consuming comparison of dental records. Minimal training is required for the forensic personnel.", "contents": "Identification of mass disaster victims: the Swiss identification system. A new, simple, and reliable forensic identification system has been described. It permits the rapid and positive identification of victims of catastrophies such as airplane accidents, battles, floods, and fires. An electronic microprocessing unit directs a mechanical engraver to encode up to 13 alphanumeric characters on a small gold disk 0.25 mm thick and 2.0 mm in diameter. The identification chip is sealed in a 0.8-mm deep cavity prepared with a specially designed diamond burr in the lingual enamel of a molar tooth. The sealant is a stained composite material shown experimentally to be leakage proof, fire resistant, and readily detectable in teeth exposed to high temperatures. At the identification center the gold disk can easily be recovered and the victim positively identified without recourse to time-consuming comparison of dental records. Minimal training is required for the forensic personnel.", "PMID": 512601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9799", "title": "Dissecting coronary artery aneurysm: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of sudden, unexpected death resulting from coronary artery dissection have been reported. Since sudden and unexpected death falls within medical examiners' jurisdiction, the systematic autopsy examination of such cases offers an opportunity to evaluate this entity as well as other rare causes of natural death. A review of the literature concerning the subject has been presented.", "contents": "Dissecting coronary artery aneurysm: a report of two cases. Two cases of sudden, unexpected death resulting from coronary artery dissection have been reported. Since sudden and unexpected death falls within medical examiners' jurisdiction, the systematic autopsy examination of such cases offers an opportunity to evaluate this entity as well as other rare causes of natural death. A review of the literature concerning the subject has been presented.", "PMID": 512602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9800", "title": "Verifying identification of military remains: a case study.", "content": "The processing and reprocessing of repatriated remains of military personnel in the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Thailand, were a complex set of laboratory and administrative procedures. These procedures had been standardized and systematized to comply with the requirements of the case papers generated for each set of remains examined. Supplementary osteological data, obtained during laboratory examination but not requested by the standard forms, revealed additional information that suggested that the history of the remains was somewhat different from the accounts reported in the accompanying records or in the accounts related by the former inmates of the prison camps in North Vietnam.", "contents": "Verifying identification of military remains: a case study. The processing and reprocessing of repatriated remains of military personnel in the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Thailand, were a complex set of laboratory and administrative procedures. These procedures had been standardized and systematized to comply with the requirements of the case papers generated for each set of remains examined. Supplementary osteological data, obtained during laboratory examination but not requested by the standard forms, revealed additional information that suggested that the history of the remains was somewhat different from the accounts reported in the accompanying records or in the accounts related by the former inmates of the prison camps in North Vietnam.", "PMID": 512603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9801", "title": "Further alleles of phosphoglucomutase in human semen detected by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "A technique for identifying further alleles of PGM1 in human semen detected by isoelectric focusing has been described. A survey of 100 semen samples has shown that there was close agreement between the observed and expected gene frequencies of these new alleles on the basis that there were four common alleles determined by the PGM1 locus and not two as originally proposed [1,2]. The use of these new genetic variatns of PGM will considerably enhance the investigation of semen stains in forensic science.", "contents": "Further alleles of phosphoglucomutase in human semen detected by isoelectric focusing. A technique for identifying further alleles of PGM1 in human semen detected by isoelectric focusing has been described. A survey of 100 semen samples has shown that there was close agreement between the observed and expected gene frequencies of these new alleles on the basis that there were four common alleles determined by the PGM1 locus and not two as originally proposed [1,2]. The use of these new genetic variatns of PGM will considerably enhance the investigation of semen stains in forensic science.", "PMID": 512604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9802", "title": "A stability study of the esterase D isoenzymes.", "content": "A study of the changes in electrophoretic patterns of EsD 1 and 2--1 phenotypes in progressively aging bloodstains was carried out and resulted in the establishment of criteria for the proper interpretation of such patterns. With these criteria, the EsD isoenzymes in dried bloodstains were found to have a maximum stability of four weeks. While degradation of the isoenzyme in fluid blood at 37 degrees C was complete by the third day, instability was not detected until the sixth week in fluid samples stored at 3 degrees C; the presence or type of anticoagulant had no observable effect on the 3 degrees C samples. When fluid blood was stored at room temperature, the presence of anticoagulant and preservative did not enhance the stabilityof EsD. Critrate-fluoride did not produce any observable effect; heparin, oxalate, and EDTA increased the rate of degradation, with EDTA being the most detrimental, reducing the stable period to three days.", "contents": "A stability study of the esterase D isoenzymes. A study of the changes in electrophoretic patterns of EsD 1 and 2--1 phenotypes in progressively aging bloodstains was carried out and resulted in the establishment of criteria for the proper interpretation of such patterns. With these criteria, the EsD isoenzymes in dried bloodstains were found to have a maximum stability of four weeks. While degradation of the isoenzyme in fluid blood at 37 degrees C was complete by the third day, instability was not detected until the sixth week in fluid samples stored at 3 degrees C; the presence or type of anticoagulant had no observable effect on the 3 degrees C samples. When fluid blood was stored at room temperature, the presence of anticoagulant and preservative did not enhance the stabilityof EsD. Critrate-fluoride did not produce any observable effect; heparin, oxalate, and EDTA increased the rate of degradation, with EDTA being the most detrimental, reducing the stable period to three days.", "PMID": 512605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9803", "title": "Factors influencing gastric emptying.", "content": "Gastric emptying time may be of investigative value and evidentiary significance in estimating the time of death. However, in order to express an expert opinion with a degree of certainty, the time, volume, and character of the last meal must be known, and other factors considered. The maximum normal emptying time for the healthy intact stomach is 6 h. Factors accelerating or delaying gastric emptying include fear and apprehension, acute and chronic diseases, trauma, drugs, and the stomach that has undergone surgery. Recognition of these influences supports the conclusions that the forensic pathologist draws regarding the interval between the last meal and death.", "contents": "Factors influencing gastric emptying. Gastric emptying time may be of investigative value and evidentiary significance in estimating the time of death. However, in order to express an expert opinion with a degree of certainty, the time, volume, and character of the last meal must be known, and other factors considered. The maximum normal emptying time for the healthy intact stomach is 6 h. Factors accelerating or delaying gastric emptying include fear and apprehension, acute and chronic diseases, trauma, drugs, and the stomach that has undergone surgery. Recognition of these influences supports the conclusions that the forensic pathologist draws regarding the interval between the last meal and death.", "PMID": 512606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9804", "title": "Sudden coronary deaths associated with sexual activity.", "content": "Two cases of sudden coronary deaths occurring in circumstances of unusual sexual activity are reported. Previous recorded cases are reviewed and the subject is discussed as regards the magnitude of the problem, its circumstances, the mechanisms involved, and the preventive measures to be adopted.", "contents": "Sudden coronary deaths associated with sexual activity. Two cases of sudden coronary deaths occurring in circumstances of unusual sexual activity are reported. Previous recorded cases are reviewed and the subject is discussed as regards the magnitude of the problem, its circumstances, the mechanisms involved, and the preventive measures to be adopted.", "PMID": 512608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9805", "title": "Enuresis, firesetting, and cruelty to animals: the significance of two thirds of this triad.", "content": "The full childhood triad of enuresis, firesetting, and cruelty to animals is seldom reported by patients in acute care psychiatric facilities. Two of the three elements have been reported with greater frequency and constitute useful diagnostic information. Literature on the triad has been reviewed and data from three studies have been presented. The authors concluded that a history of two thirds of the triad is significantly associated with aggressive behaviours directed against people.", "contents": "Enuresis, firesetting, and cruelty to animals: the significance of two thirds of this triad. The full childhood triad of enuresis, firesetting, and cruelty to animals is seldom reported by patients in acute care psychiatric facilities. Two of the three elements have been reported with greater frequency and constitute useful diagnostic information. Literature on the triad has been reviewed and data from three studies have been presented. The authors concluded that a history of two thirds of the triad is significantly associated with aggressive behaviours directed against people.", "PMID": 512610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9806", "title": "Human plague in New Mexico: report of three autopsied cases.", "content": "Plague is a deadly disease of obvious concern to individuals, communities, and public health officials. The rapid recognition of plague victims is of paramount importance in saving the lives of the victims and in the protection of contacts. Three autopsied plague cases have been presented and the pathological features have been discussed.", "contents": "Human plague in New Mexico: report of three autopsied cases. Plague is a deadly disease of obvious concern to individuals, communities, and public health officials. The rapid recognition of plague victims is of paramount importance in saving the lives of the victims and in the protection of contacts. Three autopsied plague cases have been presented and the pathological features have been discussed.", "PMID": 512611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9807", "title": "A new approach to upper cervical injuries.", "content": "Severe injuries to the upper cervical region can be the cause of death. Standard autopsy techniques are inadequate for examination of this area. Therefore a technique has been developed that gives excellent visualization and allows removal of the brain and spinal cord in one piece. With the body prone a midline incision is made from the top of the head to the sacrum. The skull is sawed in a circle from one side of the foramen magnum around the top of the skull to the other side of the foramen magnum. The lamina of the neural arches of the vertebral column are sawed. With the removal of the piece of skull and the posterior portions of the neural arches, the posterior half of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and entire spinal cord are exposed. The entire brain and spinal cord can be removed as a unit. Cases are selected by history, X-ray examination, or floppy head. Four cases in which this approach has been helpful are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "A new approach to upper cervical injuries. Severe injuries to the upper cervical region can be the cause of death. Standard autopsy techniques are inadequate for examination of this area. Therefore a technique has been developed that gives excellent visualization and allows removal of the brain and spinal cord in one piece. With the body prone a midline incision is made from the top of the head to the sacrum. The skull is sawed in a circle from one side of the foramen magnum around the top of the skull to the other side of the foramen magnum. The lamina of the neural arches of the vertebral column are sawed. With the removal of the piece of skull and the posterior portions of the neural arches, the posterior half of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and entire spinal cord are exposed. The entire brain and spinal cord can be removed as a unit. Cases are selected by history, X-ray examination, or floppy head. Four cases in which this approach has been helpful are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 512613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9808", "title": "The screening and quantitation of diazepam, flurazepam, chloridazepoxide, and their metabolites in blood and plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A combined GLC-ECD and HPLC procedure has been developed for the analysis of the most commonly encountered benzodiazepine drugs and has been applied to both plasma and postmortem blood samples. There is no doubt that since their introduction the use of these sensitive analytical methods have resulted in an increase in the incidence of detection of these drugs in both clinical and forensic toxicology cases.", "contents": "The screening and quantitation of diazepam, flurazepam, chloridazepoxide, and their metabolites in blood and plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. A combined GLC-ECD and HPLC procedure has been developed for the analysis of the most commonly encountered benzodiazepine drugs and has been applied to both plasma and postmortem blood samples. There is no doubt that since their introduction the use of these sensitive analytical methods have resulted in an increase in the incidence of detection of these drugs in both clinical and forensic toxicology cases.", "PMID": 512615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9809", "title": "Determination at the nanogram range of rilatinic acid in urine after ion-pair extraction.", "content": "Ion-pair extraction and extractive alkylation of urine allows a simple, rapid, and very sensitive detection by TLC as well as EC-GLC tecnhiques, of rilatinic acid in small urine samples after the oral intake of therapeutic doses of methylphenidate.", "contents": "Determination at the nanogram range of rilatinic acid in urine after ion-pair extraction. Ion-pair extraction and extractive alkylation of urine allows a simple, rapid, and very sensitive detection by TLC as well as EC-GLC tecnhiques, of rilatinic acid in small urine samples after the oral intake of therapeutic doses of methylphenidate.", "PMID": 512616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9810", "title": "Fatal intoxication from 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.", "content": "The symptoms of MDA intoxication exhibited by the decedent prior to death closely mimic those of acute amphetamine poisoning: profuse sweating, violent and irrational behavior, and stereotypically compulsive behavior. Therefore, if amphetamines are not detected in specimens from a person displaying classic symptoms of amphetamine poisoning, hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives may be considered. In the case described, a divided dose of 850 mg of MDA ingested within 2 h and 15 min was sufficient to cause the death of a 24-year-old male, 4 h after the final dose. While the methaqualone may have contributed to the demise of the decedent, the authors think that the MDA itself was sufficient to cause death. Results of limited recovery studies of MDA extraction from blood and elution from TLC plates supported the observations of Cimbura [13]. Approximately 85% of MDA is extracted by the method described and its elution from TLC plates is quantitative. This case points out once again the dangers of false advertising in the illicit market. The decedent, himself a dealer in the illicit drug market, and all present at the party believed the ingested white powder to be a mixture of morphine, LSD, and amphetamine, hence MDA. They were totally unfamiliar with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, MDA.", "contents": "Fatal intoxication from 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine. The symptoms of MDA intoxication exhibited by the decedent prior to death closely mimic those of acute amphetamine poisoning: profuse sweating, violent and irrational behavior, and stereotypically compulsive behavior. Therefore, if amphetamines are not detected in specimens from a person displaying classic symptoms of amphetamine poisoning, hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives may be considered. In the case described, a divided dose of 850 mg of MDA ingested within 2 h and 15 min was sufficient to cause the death of a 24-year-old male, 4 h after the final dose. While the methaqualone may have contributed to the demise of the decedent, the authors think that the MDA itself was sufficient to cause death. Results of limited recovery studies of MDA extraction from blood and elution from TLC plates supported the observations of Cimbura [13]. Approximately 85% of MDA is extracted by the method described and its elution from TLC plates is quantitative. This case points out once again the dangers of false advertising in the illicit market. The decedent, himself a dealer in the illicit drug market, and all present at the party believed the ingested white powder to be a mixture of morphine, LSD, and amphetamine, hence MDA. They were totally unfamiliar with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, MDA.", "PMID": 512617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9811", "title": "Correlates of outcome following acute glutethimide overdosage.", "content": "Potential predictors of outcome following acute glutethimide overdosage were assessed in 63 patients hospitalized with this diagnosis at a large urban medical center between 1962 and 1975. Their mean age was 34 years (range, 15 to 84 years) and 62% were female. Assisted ventilation was required in 59% of cases, and 32% developed hypotension. Six patients died, including all three aged 60 years or older. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that age was the major identifiable determinant of survival, regardless of other factors. Among identifiable determinants of coma grade, glutethimide dose, glutethimide plasma concentration, and coingestion of barbiturates were the most important. An ingested dose of 10 g or more, or a plasma concentration exceeding 30 microgram/ml, was almost always associated with deep coma. However, a relatively small ingested dose or a low plasma level by no means ruled out development of serious intoxication, particularly in those patients who also ingested barbiturates. Thus elderly individuals are at high risk for fatal outcome following glutethimide overdosage and should receive priority for intensive care and monitoring. Glutethimide dose, plasma concentration, and history of coingestion of barbiturates are of value in predicting development of deep coma. These items of information should be obtained on admission whenever possible.", "contents": "Correlates of outcome following acute glutethimide overdosage. Potential predictors of outcome following acute glutethimide overdosage were assessed in 63 patients hospitalized with this diagnosis at a large urban medical center between 1962 and 1975. Their mean age was 34 years (range, 15 to 84 years) and 62% were female. Assisted ventilation was required in 59% of cases, and 32% developed hypotension. Six patients died, including all three aged 60 years or older. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that age was the major identifiable determinant of survival, regardless of other factors. Among identifiable determinants of coma grade, glutethimide dose, glutethimide plasma concentration, and coingestion of barbiturates were the most important. An ingested dose of 10 g or more, or a plasma concentration exceeding 30 microgram/ml, was almost always associated with deep coma. However, a relatively small ingested dose or a low plasma level by no means ruled out development of serious intoxication, particularly in those patients who also ingested barbiturates. Thus elderly individuals are at high risk for fatal outcome following glutethimide overdosage and should receive priority for intensive care and monitoring. Glutethimide dose, plasma concentration, and history of coingestion of barbiturates are of value in predicting development of deep coma. These items of information should be obtained on admission whenever possible.", "PMID": 512618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9812", "title": "Modification of a voltage-gated K+ channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum by a pronase-derived specific endopeptidase.", "content": "AK+ -selective membrane conductance channel from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is studied in an artificial planar phospholipid bilayer. Membranes containing many such channels display voltage-dependent conductance, which is well described by a two-state conformational equilibrium with a free energy term linearly dependent on applied voltage. Pronase-derived alkaline proteinase b (APb), when added to the side of the membrane opposite to the SR vesicles (trans side), reduces the voltage dependence of the K+ conductance. Single-channel fluctuation experiments show that after APb treatment, the channel is still able to undergo transitions between its open and closed states, but that the probability of forming the open state is only slightly voltage-dependent. In terms of the conformational model, the enzyme's primary effect is to reduce the effective gating charge of the opening process by over 80%; a second effect of APb is to reduce the internal free energy of opening from +1.2 to +0.4 kcal/mol. The kinetics of APb action are strongly voltage-dependent, so as to indicate that the enzyme can react only with the channel's open state. The results imply that the channel contains a highly charged polypeptide region which moves in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane when transitions between the open and closed states occur. A lysine or arginine residue in this region becomes exposed to the trans aqueous solution when the channel is in its open conformation.", "contents": "Modification of a voltage-gated K+ channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum by a pronase-derived specific endopeptidase. AK+ -selective membrane conductance channel from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is studied in an artificial planar phospholipid bilayer. Membranes containing many such channels display voltage-dependent conductance, which is well described by a two-state conformational equilibrium with a free energy term linearly dependent on applied voltage. Pronase-derived alkaline proteinase b (APb), when added to the side of the membrane opposite to the SR vesicles (trans side), reduces the voltage dependence of the K+ conductance. Single-channel fluctuation experiments show that after APb treatment, the channel is still able to undergo transitions between its open and closed states, but that the probability of forming the open state is only slightly voltage-dependent. In terms of the conformational model, the enzyme's primary effect is to reduce the effective gating charge of the opening process by over 80%; a second effect of APb is to reduce the internal free energy of opening from +1.2 to +0.4 kcal/mol. The kinetics of APb action are strongly voltage-dependent, so as to indicate that the enzyme can react only with the channel's open state. The results imply that the channel contains a highly charged polypeptide region which moves in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane when transitions between the open and closed states occur. A lysine or arginine residue in this region becomes exposed to the trans aqueous solution when the channel is in its open conformation.", "PMID": 512625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9813", "title": "Inotropic effects and changes in sodium and calcium contents associated with inhibition of monovalent cation active transport by ouabain in cultured myocardial cells.", "content": "Cultured monolayers of spontaneously contracting chick embryo ventricular cells were perfused with culture medium containing ouabain. Contractile state was monitored by an optical-video system recording amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion. Positive inotropic effects of 2.5 x 10(-7) to 10(-6) M ouabain were manifest within 1.5-2 min, and reached a stable plateau within 5-6 min. The inotropic effect was fully reversed within 5 min after washout of ouabain. Inhibition of uptake of 42K+ (or the K+ analog 86Rb+) and efflux of 24Na+ occurred 1.5-2 min after exposure to ouabain. The degree of inhibition of transport was closely related to the magnitude of the positive inotropic effect throughout the ouabain concentration range 10(-7) to 10(-6) M. After washout of ouabain from monolayers, the monovalent cation active transport rate returned to normal within 1 min. Thus, both the onset and offset of inotropic action of ouabain were closely related temporally to inhibition of the sodium pump. Exposure to ouabain caused significant increases in exchangeable Na and Ca contents that appeared to be developed within 5 min. These data support the hypothesis that inhibition of monovalent cation active transport by ouabain is causally related to the development of positive inotropy and are consistent with modulation of Ca content by intracellular Na+ via the Na+-Ca2+ exchange carrier mechanism.", "contents": "Inotropic effects and changes in sodium and calcium contents associated with inhibition of monovalent cation active transport by ouabain in cultured myocardial cells. Cultured monolayers of spontaneously contracting chick embryo ventricular cells were perfused with culture medium containing ouabain. Contractile state was monitored by an optical-video system recording amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion. Positive inotropic effects of 2.5 x 10(-7) to 10(-6) M ouabain were manifest within 1.5-2 min, and reached a stable plateau within 5-6 min. The inotropic effect was fully reversed within 5 min after washout of ouabain. Inhibition of uptake of 42K+ (or the K+ analog 86Rb+) and efflux of 24Na+ occurred 1.5-2 min after exposure to ouabain. The degree of inhibition of transport was closely related to the magnitude of the positive inotropic effect throughout the ouabain concentration range 10(-7) to 10(-6) M. After washout of ouabain from monolayers, the monovalent cation active transport rate returned to normal within 1 min. Thus, both the onset and offset of inotropic action of ouabain were closely related temporally to inhibition of the sodium pump. Exposure to ouabain caused significant increases in exchangeable Na and Ca contents that appeared to be developed within 5 min. These data support the hypothesis that inhibition of monovalent cation active transport by ouabain is causally related to the development of positive inotropy and are consistent with modulation of Ca content by intracellular Na+ via the Na+-Ca2+ exchange carrier mechanism.", "PMID": 512626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9814", "title": "Selective hepatic uptake of synthetic glycoproteins: mannosaminated ribonuclease A dimer and serum albumin.", "content": "The influence of mannose-containing oligosaccharides on the tissue uptake of glycoproteins has been examined with synthetic glycoconjugates. Oligosaccharides obtained from the acetolysis of bakers' yeast mannan have been coupled to the lysine residues of the cross-linked dimer of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and of human serum albumin by reductive amination with cyanoborohydride. 14C-labeled derivatives of the two proteins containing two to four mannopyranose residues per 10,000 mol wt were administered intravenously to rats. There was selective (70-80%) uptake of these derivatives by the liver within 10-15 min after injection. A minor site of uptake was the spleen. The extent of hepatic uptake was a function of the number and size of the mannooligosaccharide residues coupled. With the nonglycosaminated derivatives the liver uptake was less than 5%. Related studies have shown that mannose-containing glycoproteins are taken up by both the endothelial and Kupffer cells of the liver; thus, reductive mannosamination may provide a means of directing to these cells proteins of potential therapeutic interest.", "contents": "Selective hepatic uptake of synthetic glycoproteins: mannosaminated ribonuclease A dimer and serum albumin. The influence of mannose-containing oligosaccharides on the tissue uptake of glycoproteins has been examined with synthetic glycoconjugates. Oligosaccharides obtained from the acetolysis of bakers' yeast mannan have been coupled to the lysine residues of the cross-linked dimer of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and of human serum albumin by reductive amination with cyanoborohydride. 14C-labeled derivatives of the two proteins containing two to four mannopyranose residues per 10,000 mol wt were administered intravenously to rats. There was selective (70-80%) uptake of these derivatives by the liver within 10-15 min after injection. A minor site of uptake was the spleen. The extent of hepatic uptake was a function of the number and size of the mannooligosaccharide residues coupled. With the nonglycosaminated derivatives the liver uptake was less than 5%. Related studies have shown that mannose-containing glycoproteins are taken up by both the endothelial and Kupffer cells of the liver; thus, reductive mannosamination may provide a means of directing to these cells proteins of potential therapeutic interest.", "PMID": 512627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9815", "title": "Calcium distribution in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "A preliminary investigation of the distribution of cellular calcium in Amoeba proteus was undertaken. Total cellular calcium under control conditions was found to be 4.59 mmol/kg of cells. When the external Ca++ concentration is increased from the control level of 0.03 to 20 mM, a net Ca++ influx results with a new steady-state cellular calcium level being achieved in integral of 3 h. At steady state the amount of calcium per unit weight of cells is higher than the amount of calcium per unit weight of external solution when the external concentration of Ca++ is below 10 mM. At external Ca++ concentrations above this level, total cellular calcium approaches the medium level of Ca++. Steady-state calcium exchange in Amoeba proteus was determined with 45Ca. There is an immediate and rapid exchange of integral of 0.84 mmol/kg of cells or 18% of the total cellular calcium with the labelled Ca++. Following this initial exchange, there was very little if any further exchange observed. Most of this exchanged calcium could be eliminated from the cell with 1 mM La+++, suggesting that the exchanged calcium is associated with the surface of the cell. Increase in either the external Ca++ concentration of pH raise the amount of exchangeable calcium associated with the cell. Calcium may be associated with the cell surface as a co-ion in the diffuse double layer or bound to fixed negative sites on the surface of the cell. If Ca++-binding sites do exist on the cell surface, there may be more than one type and they may have different dissociation constants. The cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity is probably maintained at very low levels.", "contents": "Calcium distribution in Amoeba proteus. A preliminary investigation of the distribution of cellular calcium in Amoeba proteus was undertaken. Total cellular calcium under control conditions was found to be 4.59 mmol/kg of cells. When the external Ca++ concentration is increased from the control level of 0.03 to 20 mM, a net Ca++ influx results with a new steady-state cellular calcium level being achieved in integral of 3 h. At steady state the amount of calcium per unit weight of cells is higher than the amount of calcium per unit weight of external solution when the external concentration of Ca++ is below 10 mM. At external Ca++ concentrations above this level, total cellular calcium approaches the medium level of Ca++. Steady-state calcium exchange in Amoeba proteus was determined with 45Ca. There is an immediate and rapid exchange of integral of 0.84 mmol/kg of cells or 18% of the total cellular calcium with the labelled Ca++. Following this initial exchange, there was very little if any further exchange observed. Most of this exchanged calcium could be eliminated from the cell with 1 mM La+++, suggesting that the exchanged calcium is associated with the surface of the cell. Increase in either the external Ca++ concentration of pH raise the amount of exchangeable calcium associated with the cell. Calcium may be associated with the cell surface as a co-ion in the diffuse double layer or bound to fixed negative sites on the surface of the cell. If Ca++-binding sites do exist on the cell surface, there may be more than one type and they may have different dissociation constants. The cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity is probably maintained at very low levels.", "PMID": 512628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9816", "title": "Sucrose uptake by pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus and the influence of external calcium.", "content": "The relationship between Ca++ and pinocytosis was investigated in Amoeba proteus. Pinocytosis was induced with 0.01% alcian blue, a large molecular weight dye which binds irreversibly to the cell surface. The time-course and intensity of pinocytosis was monitored by following the uptake of [3H]SUCROSE. When the cells are exposed to 0.01% alcian blue, there is an immediate uptake of sucrose. The cells take up integral of 10% of their initial volume during the time-course of pinocytosis. The duration of pinocytosis in the amoeba is integral of 50 min, with maximum sucrose uptake occurring 15 min after the induction of pinocytosis. The pinocytotic uptake of sucrose is reversibly blocked at 3 degrees C and a decrease in pH increases the uptake of sucrose by pinocytosis. The process of pinocytosis is also dependent upon the concentration of the inducer in the external medium. The association between Ca++ and pinocytosis in A. proteus was investigated initially by determining the effect of the external Ca++ concentration on sucrose uptake induced by alcian blue. In Ca++-free medium, no sucrose uptake is observed in the presence of 0.01% alcian blue. As the Ca++ concentration is increased, up to a maximum of 0.1 mM, pinocytotic sucrose uptake is also increased. Increases in the external Ca++ concentration above 0.1 mM brings about a decrease in sucrose uptake. Further investigations into the association between Ca++ and pinocytosis demonstrated that the inducer of pinocytosis displaces surface calcium in the amoeba. It is suggested that Ca++ is involved in two separate stages in the process of pinocytosis; an initial displacement of surface calcium by the inducer which may increase the permeability of the membrane to solutes and a subsequent Ca++ influx bringing about localized increases in cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity.", "contents": "Sucrose uptake by pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus and the influence of external calcium. The relationship between Ca++ and pinocytosis was investigated in Amoeba proteus. Pinocytosis was induced with 0.01% alcian blue, a large molecular weight dye which binds irreversibly to the cell surface. The time-course and intensity of pinocytosis was monitored by following the uptake of [3H]SUCROSE. When the cells are exposed to 0.01% alcian blue, there is an immediate uptake of sucrose. The cells take up integral of 10% of their initial volume during the time-course of pinocytosis. The duration of pinocytosis in the amoeba is integral of 50 min, with maximum sucrose uptake occurring 15 min after the induction of pinocytosis. The pinocytotic uptake of sucrose is reversibly blocked at 3 degrees C and a decrease in pH increases the uptake of sucrose by pinocytosis. The process of pinocytosis is also dependent upon the concentration of the inducer in the external medium. The association between Ca++ and pinocytosis in A. proteus was investigated initially by determining the effect of the external Ca++ concentration on sucrose uptake induced by alcian blue. In Ca++-free medium, no sucrose uptake is observed in the presence of 0.01% alcian blue. As the Ca++ concentration is increased, up to a maximum of 0.1 mM, pinocytotic sucrose uptake is also increased. Increases in the external Ca++ concentration above 0.1 mM brings about a decrease in sucrose uptake. Further investigations into the association between Ca++ and pinocytosis demonstrated that the inducer of pinocytosis displaces surface calcium in the amoeba. It is suggested that Ca++ is involved in two separate stages in the process of pinocytosis; an initial displacement of surface calcium by the inducer which may increase the permeability of the membrane to solutes and a subsequent Ca++ influx bringing about localized increases in cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity.", "PMID": 512629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9817", "title": "Arterial bifurcations in the human retina.", "content": "The branching angles and relative diameters of blood vessels in 51 arterial bifurcations in the retina of a normal human eye were measured. In eight other bifurcations, only the total branching angles were measured. The results are compared with theoretical predictions in an attempt to understand the physiological principles governing branching in the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Arterial bifurcations in the human retina. The branching angles and relative diameters of blood vessels in 51 arterial bifurcations in the retina of a normal human eye were measured. In eight other bifurcations, only the total branching angles were measured. The results are compared with theoretical predictions in an attempt to understand the physiological principles governing branching in the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 512630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9818", "title": "Renewal of opsin in the photoreceptor cells of the mosquito.", "content": "Mosquito rhodopsin is a digitonin-soluble membrane protein of molecular weight 39,000 daltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The rhodopsin undergoes a spectral transition from R515-520 to M480 after orange illumination. The visual pigment apoprotein, opsin, is the major membrane protein in the eye. Protein synthesis in the photoreceptor cells occurs in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the newly made protein is transported to the rhabdom. Light adaptation increases the rate of turnover of this rhabdomal protein. The turnover of electrophoretically isolated opsin is also stimulated by light adaptation. The changes observed in protein metabolism biochemically, are consistent with previous morphological observations of photoreceptor membrane turnover. The results agree with the hypothesis that the newly synthesized rhabdomal protein is opsin.", "contents": "Renewal of opsin in the photoreceptor cells of the mosquito. Mosquito rhodopsin is a digitonin-soluble membrane protein of molecular weight 39,000 daltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The rhodopsin undergoes a spectral transition from R515-520 to M480 after orange illumination. The visual pigment apoprotein, opsin, is the major membrane protein in the eye. Protein synthesis in the photoreceptor cells occurs in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the newly made protein is transported to the rhabdom. Light adaptation increases the rate of turnover of this rhabdomal protein. The turnover of electrophoretically isolated opsin is also stimulated by light adaptation. The changes observed in protein metabolism biochemically, are consistent with previous morphological observations of photoreceptor membrane turnover. The results agree with the hypothesis that the newly synthesized rhabdomal protein is opsin.", "PMID": 512631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9819", "title": "Influence of molecular configuration on the passage of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall.", "content": "The influence of molecular configuration on the filtration of macromolecules across glomerular capillary walls was examined by comparing fractional clearances of two uncharged polysaccharides of distinctly different molecular configuration in the Munich-Wistar rat. The macromolecules employed were dextran, a slightly branched polymer of glucopyranose, and ficoll, a highly cross-linked copolymer of sucrose and epichlorohydrin. Differences in effective shape between these two polymers were determined from measurements of several physical properties of aqueous solutions containing either dextran or ficoll. It was found that dextran is best represented as a prolate ellipsoid with axial ratios of 4, 9, and 16 for molecules with Stokes-Einstein radii of 22, 32, and 40 A, respectively. On the other hand, ficoll is more closely approximated as spherical since the axial ratio was found to be between 1 and 2 for all molecular sizes. Fractional clearances of dextran and ficoll ranging in effective radius from 18 to 44 A were determined in each of seven Munich-Wistar rats. Fractional clearances of dextran were found to be greater than those of ficoll, the difference being significant for molecular radii ranging from 24 to 44 A. In addition, as shown previously for dextran, ficoll was found to be neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the renal tubules. These results, therefore, suggest that in addition to molecular size and charge, molecular configuration is also a determinant of the filtration of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall.", "contents": "Influence of molecular configuration on the passage of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall. The influence of molecular configuration on the filtration of macromolecules across glomerular capillary walls was examined by comparing fractional clearances of two uncharged polysaccharides of distinctly different molecular configuration in the Munich-Wistar rat. The macromolecules employed were dextran, a slightly branched polymer of glucopyranose, and ficoll, a highly cross-linked copolymer of sucrose and epichlorohydrin. Differences in effective shape between these two polymers were determined from measurements of several physical properties of aqueous solutions containing either dextran or ficoll. It was found that dextran is best represented as a prolate ellipsoid with axial ratios of 4, 9, and 16 for molecules with Stokes-Einstein radii of 22, 32, and 40 A, respectively. On the other hand, ficoll is more closely approximated as spherical since the axial ratio was found to be between 1 and 2 for all molecular sizes. Fractional clearances of dextran and ficoll ranging in effective radius from 18 to 44 A were determined in each of seven Munich-Wistar rats. Fractional clearances of dextran were found to be greater than those of ficoll, the difference being significant for molecular radii ranging from 24 to 44 A. In addition, as shown previously for dextran, ficoll was found to be neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the renal tubules. These results, therefore, suggest that in addition to molecular size and charge, molecular configuration is also a determinant of the filtration of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall.", "PMID": 512632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9820", "title": "Sodium channels in axons and glial cells of the optic nerve of Necturus maculosa.", "content": "Experiments investigating both the binding of radioactively labelled saxitoxin (STX) and the electrophysiological response to drugs that increase the sodium permeability of excitable membranes were conducted in an effort to detect sodium channels in glial cells of the optic nerve of Necturus maculosa, the mudpuppy. Glial cells in nerves from chronically enucleated animals, which lack optic nerve axons, show no saturable uptake of STX whereas a saturable uptake is clearly present in normal optic nerves. The normal nerve is depolarized by aconitine, batrachotoxin, and veratridine (10(-6)-10(-5) M), whereas the all-glial preparation is only depolarized by veratridine and at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M. Unlike the depolarization caused by veratridine in normal nerves, the response in the all-glial tissue is not blocked by tetrodotoxin nor enhanced by scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus). In glial cells of the normal nerve, where axons are also present, the addition of 10(-5) M veratridine does lead to a transient depolarization; however, it is much briefer than the axonal response to veratridine in this same tissue. This glial response to veratridine could be caused by the efflux of K+ from the drug-depolarized axons, and is similar to the glial response to extracellular K+ accumulation resulting from action potentials in the axon.", "contents": "Sodium channels in axons and glial cells of the optic nerve of Necturus maculosa. Experiments investigating both the binding of radioactively labelled saxitoxin (STX) and the electrophysiological response to drugs that increase the sodium permeability of excitable membranes were conducted in an effort to detect sodium channels in glial cells of the optic nerve of Necturus maculosa, the mudpuppy. Glial cells in nerves from chronically enucleated animals, which lack optic nerve axons, show no saturable uptake of STX whereas a saturable uptake is clearly present in normal optic nerves. The normal nerve is depolarized by aconitine, batrachotoxin, and veratridine (10(-6)-10(-5) M), whereas the all-glial preparation is only depolarized by veratridine and at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M. Unlike the depolarization caused by veratridine in normal nerves, the response in the all-glial tissue is not blocked by tetrodotoxin nor enhanced by scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus). In glial cells of the normal nerve, where axons are also present, the addition of 10(-5) M veratridine does lead to a transient depolarization; however, it is much briefer than the axonal response to veratridine in this same tissue. This glial response to veratridine could be caused by the efflux of K+ from the drug-depolarized axons, and is similar to the glial response to extracellular K+ accumulation resulting from action potentials in the axon.", "PMID": 512633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9821", "title": "Glaucescin, a bacteriocin-like substance from Streptomyces glaucescens.", "content": "Streptomyces glaucescens ETH 22794 produced a variety of antibiotic substances. Besides low molecular weight antibiotics like hydroxystreptomycin and the tetracenomycins, this strain excreted glaucescin, a high molecular weight product with bacteriocin-like properties. In plate tests the antagonism of glaucescin against Streptomyces canadiensis was masked by the large inhibition zone caused by the tetracenomycins. Glaucescin activity was revealed when a tetracenomycin-resistant mutant of S. canadiensis NRRL 3155 was used as an indicator. Glaucesin was produced on complex and minimal solid and liquid media. It was not inducible by mitomycin C. The killing activity of glaucescin was thermolabile and resistant to DNAase, RNAase, various proteinases, and lipase. Its apparent molecular weight was estimated as 196000 by gel filtration and glycerol gradient centrifugation. Glaucescin preferentially killed outgrowing spores of S. canadiensis. Resting spores and mycelium were considerably less sensitive to the inhibitor, and adsorption of glaucescin by S. canadiensis paralleled sensitivity. The activity spectrum of the bacteriocin was restricted to spore-forming Actinomycetales. Non spore-forming nocardiae and a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to glaucescin.", "contents": "Glaucescin, a bacteriocin-like substance from Streptomyces glaucescens. Streptomyces glaucescens ETH 22794 produced a variety of antibiotic substances. Besides low molecular weight antibiotics like hydroxystreptomycin and the tetracenomycins, this strain excreted glaucescin, a high molecular weight product with bacteriocin-like properties. In plate tests the antagonism of glaucescin against Streptomyces canadiensis was masked by the large inhibition zone caused by the tetracenomycins. Glaucescin activity was revealed when a tetracenomycin-resistant mutant of S. canadiensis NRRL 3155 was used as an indicator. Glaucesin was produced on complex and minimal solid and liquid media. It was not inducible by mitomycin C. The killing activity of glaucescin was thermolabile and resistant to DNAase, RNAase, various proteinases, and lipase. Its apparent molecular weight was estimated as 196000 by gel filtration and glycerol gradient centrifugation. Glaucescin preferentially killed outgrowing spores of S. canadiensis. Resting spores and mycelium were considerably less sensitive to the inhibitor, and adsorption of glaucescin by S. canadiensis paralleled sensitivity. The activity spectrum of the bacteriocin was restricted to spore-forming Actinomycetales. Non spore-forming nocardiae and a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to glaucescin.", "PMID": 512635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9822", "title": "Effect of growth temperature on the lipid composition of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607.", "content": "The total lipid content of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 was the same whether it was grown at 27 or 37 degrees C. The total phospholipid content, however, increased significantly at 27 degrees C. Phosphatidylethanolamine increased most markedly with a simultaneous decrease in phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Among individual phosphatidylinositol mannosides, tri- and tetra-acylated dimannophosphoinositides and tetra-acylated hexamannophosphoinositides all decreased at the lower growth temperature. Triacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols increased at the lower temperature but diacylglycerols were unaffected. Unsaturated fatty acids of total phospholipids increased as the temperature was lowered.", "contents": "Effect of growth temperature on the lipid composition of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607. The total lipid content of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 was the same whether it was grown at 27 or 37 degrees C. The total phospholipid content, however, increased significantly at 27 degrees C. Phosphatidylethanolamine increased most markedly with a simultaneous decrease in phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Among individual phosphatidylinositol mannosides, tri- and tetra-acylated dimannophosphoinositides and tetra-acylated hexamannophosphoinositides all decreased at the lower growth temperature. Triacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols increased at the lower temperature but diacylglycerols were unaffected. Unsaturated fatty acids of total phospholipids increased as the temperature was lowered.", "PMID": 512636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9823", "title": "Regular arrangement of wall polymers in staphylococci.", "content": "Concentric circular structures were observed on the newly exposed surface of the wall of Staphylococcus epidermidis and on its isolated cross-wall. These structures were removed by treatment with trichloroacetic acid. Chemical analysis revealed that after treatment with trichloroacetic acid most of the wall phosphorus was extracted but more than half of the N-acetylglucosamine remained associated with the wall. These observations suggest that polysaccharides are likely to be arranged circularly on the surface of the wall.", "contents": "Regular arrangement of wall polymers in staphylococci. Concentric circular structures were observed on the newly exposed surface of the wall of Staphylococcus epidermidis and on its isolated cross-wall. These structures were removed by treatment with trichloroacetic acid. Chemical analysis revealed that after treatment with trichloroacetic acid most of the wall phosphorus was extracted but more than half of the N-acetylglucosamine remained associated with the wall. These observations suggest that polysaccharides are likely to be arranged circularly on the surface of the wall.", "PMID": 512637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9824", "title": "Penetration of maturating red blood cells by Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Penetration of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was studied in vitro using murine erythroid cells at different stages of development. Toxoplasma gondii penetrated nucleated erythroblasts and macroreticulocytes from foetal mouse liver and the circulating erythrocytes of foetal, neonatal or severely anaemic adult mice. Immature reticulocytes were more susceptible to penetration than mature ones, indicating that some change in their membrane properties occurred during maturation. The present results confirmed our previous finding that the major erythrocyte membrane-specific proteins do not prevent erythrocyte penetration since these proteins are known to be present in the reticulocyte membrane.", "contents": "Penetration of maturating red blood cells by Toxoplasma gondii. Penetration of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was studied in vitro using murine erythroid cells at different stages of development. Toxoplasma gondii penetrated nucleated erythroblasts and macroreticulocytes from foetal mouse liver and the circulating erythrocytes of foetal, neonatal or severely anaemic adult mice. Immature reticulocytes were more susceptible to penetration than mature ones, indicating that some change in their membrane properties occurred during maturation. The present results confirmed our previous finding that the major erythrocyte membrane-specific proteins do not prevent erythrocyte penetration since these proteins are known to be present in the reticulocyte membrane.", "PMID": 512638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9825", "title": "Children's fears: a developmental comparison of normal and exceptional children.", "content": "The fears of 133 boys and girls aged 7 to 19, classified as educable mentally retarded (EMR), trainable mentally retarded (TMR), and specific learning disabled (SLD), were ascertained through self-report data and compared with those of 106 normal children aged 6 to 12. Similar developmental trends were found in all groups, with younger children reporting more unrealistic fears than older children. When mental age was calculated for the EMR and TMR children, their developmental trends closely approximated those of the normal children. In general, exceptional children were found to have a much wider range and a greater number of fears than normal children. Most fears were found to be realistic, learned, and dependent upon the child's intellectural and maturational level.", "contents": "Children's fears: a developmental comparison of normal and exceptional children. The fears of 133 boys and girls aged 7 to 19, classified as educable mentally retarded (EMR), trainable mentally retarded (TMR), and specific learning disabled (SLD), were ascertained through self-report data and compared with those of 106 normal children aged 6 to 12. Similar developmental trends were found in all groups, with younger children reporting more unrealistic fears than older children. When mental age was calculated for the EMR and TMR children, their developmental trends closely approximated those of the normal children. In general, exceptional children were found to have a much wider range and a greater number of fears than normal children. Most fears were found to be realistic, learned, and dependent upon the child's intellectural and maturational level.", "PMID": 512639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9826", "title": "Responses to social and inanimate stimuli in early infancy.", "content": "The reactions of 38 infants to two social stimuli (mother and experimenter (E) smiling and talking) as well as a nonsocial stimulus (a rotating musical mobile) were observed longitudinally when they were 4-, 12-, and 20-weeks old. The durations of four responses were assessed: visual focus, smile, vocalization, and movement. By 12 weeks of age all four responses differentiated among the stimuli but not in the same way. Infants looked at the nonsocial stimulus more than they did at the social stimuli. Each of the other three responses was manifested more to the social stimuli. Infants were more active in the presence of their mothers than they were in the presence of the E, but at 20 weeks they looked at the E more and tended to smile at the E more. These results are discussed in terms of the discrepancy hypothesis.", "contents": "Responses to social and inanimate stimuli in early infancy. The reactions of 38 infants to two social stimuli (mother and experimenter (E) smiling and talking) as well as a nonsocial stimulus (a rotating musical mobile) were observed longitudinally when they were 4-, 12-, and 20-weeks old. The durations of four responses were assessed: visual focus, smile, vocalization, and movement. By 12 weeks of age all four responses differentiated among the stimuli but not in the same way. Infants looked at the nonsocial stimulus more than they did at the social stimuli. Each of the other three responses was manifested more to the social stimuli. Infants were more active in the presence of their mothers than they were in the presence of the E, but at 20 weeks they looked at the E more and tended to smile at the E more. These results are discussed in terms of the discrepancy hypothesis.", "PMID": 512642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9827", "title": "Infant development in father-absent families.", "content": "In a sample of 55 black infants (age 5-6 months) living in the inner city in lower socioeconomic circumstances, 27 infants were being reared by their mothers in single-parent families. Male infants who had experienced minimal interaction with their fathers were significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index and in measures of social responsiveness, secondary circular reactions, and preferences for novel stimuli. Female infants in this sample appeared unaffected by the father's presence or absence. After weighing alternative interpretations of the findings, we conclude that the father is a significant component in the early environment and that both observational studies and conceptual development of the role of the father in infancy are needed.", "contents": "Infant development in father-absent families. In a sample of 55 black infants (age 5-6 months) living in the inner city in lower socioeconomic circumstances, 27 infants were being reared by their mothers in single-parent families. Male infants who had experienced minimal interaction with their fathers were significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index and in measures of social responsiveness, secondary circular reactions, and preferences for novel stimuli. Female infants in this sample appeared unaffected by the father's presence or absence. After weighing alternative interpretations of the findings, we conclude that the father is a significant component in the early environment and that both observational studies and conceptual development of the role of the father in infancy are needed.", "PMID": 512643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9828", "title": "Nervous and mental disease. Genetics and the future of psychoanalysis.", "content": "Genetics has been associated with psychoanalytic theory since the earliest writings of Freud. Innate factors of constitution and heredity have been recognized in studies of adults and children, both retrospective and prospective. Contemporary genetics has become a science of gene expression and control, not merely of transmission, and its influence will illuminate processes of interaction in the development of affect and personality. As new genetic proposals and practices influence the choices and meanings of human life, they will have a profound effect on man's decisions, values, and self-image, and psychoanalysis will need to reaffirm its interpreative role. Finally, more effective prevention and treatment will be based on better appreciation of the interacting roles of genotype and environment.", "contents": "Nervous and mental disease. Genetics and the future of psychoanalysis. Genetics has been associated with psychoanalytic theory since the earliest writings of Freud. Innate factors of constitution and heredity have been recognized in studies of adults and children, both retrospective and prospective. Contemporary genetics has become a science of gene expression and control, not merely of transmission, and its influence will illuminate processes of interaction in the development of affect and personality. As new genetic proposals and practices influence the choices and meanings of human life, they will have a profound effect on man's decisions, values, and self-image, and psychoanalysis will need to reaffirm its interpreative role. Finally, more effective prevention and treatment will be based on better appreciation of the interacting roles of genotype and environment.", "PMID": 512644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9829", "title": "Characteristics of patients with depressive disorder on entry into home hemodialysis.", "content": "During a prospective study of 58 patients entering home hemodialysis training, systematic interviews revealed that thirteen (22 per cent) of the patients were suffering depressive disorder. Depressed patients were more likely than nondepressed patients to have experienced a decline in job performance during the previous year, applied for disability income, and reduced leisure activities after the beginning of training. Further, the only two patients complaining of \"quite a lot\" of anxiety during dialyses were both found to be suffering depressive disorder. Polycystic kidney disease and depressive disorder were significantly positively associated in this patient sample. Possible implications of that association are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of patients with depressive disorder on entry into home hemodialysis. During a prospective study of 58 patients entering home hemodialysis training, systematic interviews revealed that thirteen (22 per cent) of the patients were suffering depressive disorder. Depressed patients were more likely than nondepressed patients to have experienced a decline in job performance during the previous year, applied for disability income, and reduced leisure activities after the beginning of training. Further, the only two patients complaining of \"quite a lot\" of anxiety during dialyses were both found to be suffering depressive disorder. Polycystic kidney disease and depressive disorder were significantly positively associated in this patient sample. Possible implications of that association are discussed.", "PMID": 512646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9830", "title": "Pharmacological treatment of aggressive behavior and emesis in the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome.", "content": "Chlorpromazine and fluphenazine decanoate were employed to treat aggressive behavior and emesis in a 22-year-old patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Institution of the above neuroleptics, following an unsuccessful trial of diazepam, produced reductions of 95.1 per cent and 37.9 per cent for aggressive behavior and emesis, respectively. Four follow-up observations, occurring at 3-week intervals, revealed maintenance of low rates of aggressive behavior and continued reductions in emesis (mean reduction of 81.5 per cent). These findings are important for their a) inclusion of direct behavioral observation as the data base, and b) initial promising effects of neuroleptics for a rare mental retardation syndrome.", "contents": "Pharmacological treatment of aggressive behavior and emesis in the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. Chlorpromazine and fluphenazine decanoate were employed to treat aggressive behavior and emesis in a 22-year-old patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Institution of the above neuroleptics, following an unsuccessful trial of diazepam, produced reductions of 95.1 per cent and 37.9 per cent for aggressive behavior and emesis, respectively. Four follow-up observations, occurring at 3-week intervals, revealed maintenance of low rates of aggressive behavior and continued reductions in emesis (mean reduction of 81.5 per cent). These findings are important for their a) inclusion of direct behavioral observation as the data base, and b) initial promising effects of neuroleptics for a rare mental retardation syndrome.", "PMID": 512649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9831", "title": "The effects of splanchnic nerve stimulation on the plasma levels of serotonin and substance P in the portal vein of the cat.", "content": "The blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) in the portal vein were studied after splanchnic nerve stimulation in the cat. The portal levels of both substances were studied before, during and after splanchnic nerve stimulation. There was a twofold increase in 5-HT during stimulation whilst the SP concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest that the nervous control of the amine release into the portal stream and the mechanism that regulates the release of the polypeptide is not the same.", "contents": "The effects of splanchnic nerve stimulation on the plasma levels of serotonin and substance P in the portal vein of the cat. The blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) in the portal vein were studied after splanchnic nerve stimulation in the cat. The portal levels of both substances were studied before, during and after splanchnic nerve stimulation. There was a twofold increase in 5-HT during stimulation whilst the SP concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest that the nervous control of the amine release into the portal stream and the mechanism that regulates the release of the polypeptide is not the same.", "PMID": 512650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9832", "title": "Age-related changes in catecholamine metabolites of human urine from birth to adulthood.", "content": "Catecholamines (dopamine [DA], norepinephrine [NE], epinephrine [E]), methoxyamines (3-methoxytyramine [MT], normetanephrine [NMN], metanephrine [MN]), DOPA, and acidic metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [DOPAC], vanilmandelic acid [VMA]) were determined in human urines from one day of age to adulthood, in order to investigate sympatho-adrenal development during life. All adrenergic compounds are present in neonate urines on the first day of life, but their postnatal evolution is quite different according to the nature of metabolites. Daily E, MN and VMA amounts remain low until the 10th month of life; daily NE, MT and DOPA levels increase progressively, but, in contrast, NMN amounts are already high in the neonatal period and increase only beyond the fourth year of age. DA is at either age the predominant catecholamine but its elimination is relatively more important in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Age-related changes in catecholamine metabolites of human urine from birth to adulthood. Catecholamines (dopamine [DA], norepinephrine [NE], epinephrine [E]), methoxyamines (3-methoxytyramine [MT], normetanephrine [NMN], metanephrine [MN]), DOPA, and acidic metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [DOPAC], vanilmandelic acid [VMA]) were determined in human urines from one day of age to adulthood, in order to investigate sympatho-adrenal development during life. All adrenergic compounds are present in neonate urines on the first day of life, but their postnatal evolution is quite different according to the nature of metabolites. Daily E, MN and VMA amounts remain low until the 10th month of life; daily NE, MT and DOPA levels increase progressively, but, in contrast, NMN amounts are already high in the neonatal period and increase only beyond the fourth year of age. DA is at either age the predominant catecholamine but its elimination is relatively more important in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 512651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9833", "title": "Clozapine induced increase of human plasma norepinephrine.", "content": "Four psychotic patients and 5 controls were treated with clozapine (200--400 mg/day during 30 days, patients, respectively 100 mg/day during 7 days, controls) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was measured. In the morning, shortly after end of sleep, plasma NE concentration was significantly increased under clozapine treatment in both populations. The effects of clozapine were explained with a direct pharmacological action of the drug on NE receptors.", "contents": "Clozapine induced increase of human plasma norepinephrine. Four psychotic patients and 5 controls were treated with clozapine (200--400 mg/day during 30 days, patients, respectively 100 mg/day during 7 days, controls) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was measured. In the morning, shortly after end of sleep, plasma NE concentration was significantly increased under clozapine treatment in both populations. The effects of clozapine were explained with a direct pharmacological action of the drug on NE receptors.", "PMID": 512652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9834", "title": "The intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine and cholinergic enzymes in rat sciatic nerve during regeneration after various types of axonal trauma.", "content": "The proximo-distal intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase, CAT, and ACh-esterase, AChE) in rat regenerating sciatic nerve was studied by accumulation technique. Four types of axonal trauma were performed: freezing with solid CO2, crushing, ligating the nerve with remaining tight silk ligature, and cutting the nerve. Normal and sham-operated rats were used as controls. One to twenty-nine days later, the nerves were crushed about 15 mm proximal to the trauma. The nerve segment proximal to this crush was dissected out 12 hr later and assayed for ACh-content and enzyme activities. The increase in this segment 12 hr after crushing was taken as an indication of proximo-distal transport in the regenerating nerves. ACh transport did not seem to vary during regeneration as compared to controls. In contrast, the transport of both CAT and AChE was initially markedly depressed. Towards the end of the observation period (29 days), a recovery of CAT-transport occurred in all groups. Recovery of AChE-transport was marked in the freeze and crush groups. In the cut group no recovery was seen and in the ligated group only a small recovery occurred. Thus, in the nerves where regeneration was facilitated by the presence of intact connective tissue sheaths (freezing and crushing) recovery of transport occurred earlier than in cut or ligated nerves.", "contents": "The intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine and cholinergic enzymes in rat sciatic nerve during regeneration after various types of axonal trauma. The proximo-distal intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase, CAT, and ACh-esterase, AChE) in rat regenerating sciatic nerve was studied by accumulation technique. Four types of axonal trauma were performed: freezing with solid CO2, crushing, ligating the nerve with remaining tight silk ligature, and cutting the nerve. Normal and sham-operated rats were used as controls. One to twenty-nine days later, the nerves were crushed about 15 mm proximal to the trauma. The nerve segment proximal to this crush was dissected out 12 hr later and assayed for ACh-content and enzyme activities. The increase in this segment 12 hr after crushing was taken as an indication of proximo-distal transport in the regenerating nerves. ACh transport did not seem to vary during regeneration as compared to controls. In contrast, the transport of both CAT and AChE was initially markedly depressed. Towards the end of the observation period (29 days), a recovery of CAT-transport occurred in all groups. Recovery of AChE-transport was marked in the freeze and crush groups. In the cut group no recovery was seen and in the ligated group only a small recovery occurred. Thus, in the nerves where regeneration was facilitated by the presence of intact connective tissue sheaths (freezing and crushing) recovery of transport occurred earlier than in cut or ligated nerves.", "PMID": 512653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9835", "title": "Motor innervation of the pharynx levator muscle of the snail, Helix pomatia: physiological and histological properties.", "content": "(1) Motor innervation of the pharynx levator muscle of Helix pomatia was investigated with intracellular recording and axonal iontophoresis of cobalt chloride. (2) Muscle fibers respond to direct electrical stimulation of the muscle with active graded responses or non-overshooting spike potentials. (3) Each fiber is innervated via the external and internal lip nerves by several (mostly 3) excitatory nerve fibers each. Two types of EPSPs can be distinguished according to amplitude, duration, and facilitation. (4) Axonal CoCl2-staining via an external lip nerve branch revealed many nerve fibers entering the muscle and branching there into a rich network of blebbed fibers of various diameters.", "contents": "Motor innervation of the pharynx levator muscle of the snail, Helix pomatia: physiological and histological properties. (1) Motor innervation of the pharynx levator muscle of Helix pomatia was investigated with intracellular recording and axonal iontophoresis of cobalt chloride. (2) Muscle fibers respond to direct electrical stimulation of the muscle with active graded responses or non-overshooting spike potentials. (3) Each fiber is innervated via the external and internal lip nerves by several (mostly 3) excitatory nerve fibers each. Two types of EPSPs can be distinguished according to amplitude, duration, and facilitation. (4) Axonal CoCl2-staining via an external lip nerve branch revealed many nerve fibers entering the muscle and branching there into a rich network of blebbed fibers of various diameters.", "PMID": 512654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9836", "title": "The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. II. Physiology.", "content": "Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from pairs of motor neurons in the pro- or mesothoracic ganglion of the locust. Though central connections were sought between pairs of motor neurons, none were found. This is in sharp contrast to the findings that flexor and extensor tibiae neurons in the metathoracic ganglion make certain connections between themselves (Hoyle and Burrows, 1973; Heitler and Burrows, 1977a). As the previously mentioned authors believed that the metathoracic flexor-extensor connections were used as part of the motor program for jumping and kicking, the present results strongly support their hypothesis. Common PSPs have been found in a variety of pairs of motor neurons. Of note are common PSPs of the same sign to antagonists. Different innervation patterns have been found for the flexor and extensor muscles. It is proposed that serially homologous motor neurons serving similar functions are, to a first approximation, similar in the locust. Serially homologous motor neurons serving different functions will, in most cases, have altered structures and/or functions.", "contents": "The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. II. Physiology. Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from pairs of motor neurons in the pro- or mesothoracic ganglion of the locust. Though central connections were sought between pairs of motor neurons, none were found. This is in sharp contrast to the findings that flexor and extensor tibiae neurons in the metathoracic ganglion make certain connections between themselves (Hoyle and Burrows, 1973; Heitler and Burrows, 1977a). As the previously mentioned authors believed that the metathoracic flexor-extensor connections were used as part of the motor program for jumping and kicking, the present results strongly support their hypothesis. Common PSPs have been found in a variety of pairs of motor neurons. Of note are common PSPs of the same sign to antagonists. Different innervation patterns have been found for the flexor and extensor muscles. It is proposed that serially homologous motor neurons serving similar functions are, to a first approximation, similar in the locust. Serially homologous motor neurons serving different functions will, in most cases, have altered structures and/or functions.", "PMID": 512655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9837", "title": "Autophosphorylation of chick brain synaptic polypeptides. Phosphorylation of proteins during incubation of intact synaptosomes with 32PO4.", "content": "Chick brain synaptosomes incorporated phosphate into proteins when incubated in physiological buffer containing energy sources. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that three synaptosomal polypeptides were significantly phosphorylated after 15 sec incubation while at least fifteen polypeptides were active kinase substrates after 15 min incubation. Labeled synaptosomes were hypotonically lysed and separated by centrifugation into soluble, membrane, and mitochondrial fractions. Every fraction exhibited significant phosphate incorporation. Electrophoresis revealed that each fraction had several unique phosphorylated polypeptides and a distinctive phosphorylation pattern. The same polypeptides appear to be labeled whether MgATP was added to synaptic plasma membranes or synaptic plasma membranes were isolated after synaptosomal autophosphorylation.", "contents": "Autophosphorylation of chick brain synaptic polypeptides. Phosphorylation of proteins during incubation of intact synaptosomes with 32PO4. Chick brain synaptosomes incorporated phosphate into proteins when incubated in physiological buffer containing energy sources. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that three synaptosomal polypeptides were significantly phosphorylated after 15 sec incubation while at least fifteen polypeptides were active kinase substrates after 15 min incubation. Labeled synaptosomes were hypotonically lysed and separated by centrifugation into soluble, membrane, and mitochondrial fractions. Every fraction exhibited significant phosphate incorporation. Electrophoresis revealed that each fraction had several unique phosphorylated polypeptides and a distinctive phosphorylation pattern. The same polypeptides appear to be labeled whether MgATP was added to synaptic plasma membranes or synaptic plasma membranes were isolated after synaptosomal autophosphorylation.", "PMID": 512656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9838", "title": "Retrograde axonal transport of specific macromolecules as a tool for characterizing nerve terminal membranes.", "content": "The uptake of macromolecules by nerve terminals which is followed by retrograde axonal transport seems to occur by two different mechanisms, a specific and a nonspecific one. The nonspecific uptake depends on the presence of macromolecules (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) in the vicinity of the nerve terminals at very high concentrations and is enhanced by neuronal activity. In contrast, the specific uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport becomes apparent at much lower concentrations of the appropriate macromolecules, depends on the affinity of these ligands for specific binding sites on the surface of the neuronal membrane, and is independent of neuronal activity. The fact that lectins and some bacterial toxins bind to specific membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids allows conclusions to be drawn regarding qualitative and even quantitative aspects of the composition of the plasma membrane of the nerve terminals. 125I-labelled nerve growth factor (NGF), tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), ricin II, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and concanavalin A (ConA) were injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats where they were taken up by adrenergic nerve terminals and transported retrogradely to the superior cervical ganglion. The saturation of the uptake-transport found for NGF, WGA, choleragenoid and an atoxic binding-fragment of tetanus toxin indicates that limited numbers of binding sites, which showed also different affinities, are present for each ligand on the membrane of the nerve terminals. Competition experiments showed that the binding sites for the ligands investigated are largely independent. Two different classes of binding sites (high affinity--low capacity and intermediate affinity--intermediate capacity) seem to be involved in the saturable retrograde axonal transport of NGF. In contrast, WGA seems to have only a single class of binding-uptake sites with high capacity and relatively low affinity. Strong evidence for positive cooperativity was obtained for the uptake and subsequent transport of the tetanus toxin fragment.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal transport of specific macromolecules as a tool for characterizing nerve terminal membranes. The uptake of macromolecules by nerve terminals which is followed by retrograde axonal transport seems to occur by two different mechanisms, a specific and a nonspecific one. The nonspecific uptake depends on the presence of macromolecules (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) in the vicinity of the nerve terminals at very high concentrations and is enhanced by neuronal activity. In contrast, the specific uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport becomes apparent at much lower concentrations of the appropriate macromolecules, depends on the affinity of these ligands for specific binding sites on the surface of the neuronal membrane, and is independent of neuronal activity. The fact that lectins and some bacterial toxins bind to specific membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids allows conclusions to be drawn regarding qualitative and even quantitative aspects of the composition of the plasma membrane of the nerve terminals. 125I-labelled nerve growth factor (NGF), tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), ricin II, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and concanavalin A (ConA) were injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats where they were taken up by adrenergic nerve terminals and transported retrogradely to the superior cervical ganglion. The saturation of the uptake-transport found for NGF, WGA, choleragenoid and an atoxic binding-fragment of tetanus toxin indicates that limited numbers of binding sites, which showed also different affinities, are present for each ligand on the membrane of the nerve terminals. Competition experiments showed that the binding sites for the ligands investigated are largely independent. Two different classes of binding sites (high affinity--low capacity and intermediate affinity--intermediate capacity) seem to be involved in the saturable retrograde axonal transport of NGF. In contrast, WGA seems to have only a single class of binding-uptake sites with high capacity and relatively low affinity. Strong evidence for positive cooperativity was obtained for the uptake and subsequent transport of the tetanus toxin fragment.", "PMID": 512657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9839", "title": "Reduction of methemerythrin-anion adducts by dithionite ion.", "content": "The reduction by dithionite ion (in excess) of methemerythrin-anion adducts, Hr+X-, to deoxyhemerythrin, Hr degree, has been examined at 25 degrees and pH 6.3 and 8.2. The results accord with the scheme: S2O42- in equilibrium 2SO2- rapid Hr+X- in equilibrium Hr++X- k-1, k1 Hr++SO2- leads to PRODUCT k2 with X- = Br-, HCO2-, CNO-, and F-, k2[SO2-] greater than k1[X-], and the pseudo first-order rate constant, kobs (= k-1), is independent of [X-] and [S2O42-]. Only with X- = NCS- is k2[SO2-] approximately k1[X-] and kobs = a[S2O42-]1/2 (b[NCS-] + [S2OR2-]1/2)-1. Values at pH 6.3 of k-1 (sec-1) and k1 (M-1 sec-1), obtained by anation and anion displacement reactions, are 2.3 x 10(-3), 1.6 x 10(-2) (Br-); 1.5 x 10(-3), 1.2 x 10(-2) (HCO2-); 1.3 x 10(-4), 0.52 (CNO-) and approximately 2 x 10(-4), 3.3 x 10(-3) (CN-, pH 7.0). Values of k-1 from reduction and displacement methods are in good agreement with each other. The value of k2 (1.6 x 10(5) M-1 sec-1, pH 6.3) in somewhat smaller than that for reduction of the met form of hemoproteins. There is only a small effect of pH on rates. Direct reduction of Hr+CN- does not occur, in contrast with Mb+CN-.", "contents": "Reduction of methemerythrin-anion adducts by dithionite ion. The reduction by dithionite ion (in excess) of methemerythrin-anion adducts, Hr+X-, to deoxyhemerythrin, Hr degree, has been examined at 25 degrees and pH 6.3 and 8.2. The results accord with the scheme: S2O42- in equilibrium 2SO2- rapid Hr+X- in equilibrium Hr++X- k-1, k1 Hr++SO2- leads to PRODUCT k2 with X- = Br-, HCO2-, CNO-, and F-, k2[SO2-] greater than k1[X-], and the pseudo first-order rate constant, kobs (= k-1), is independent of [X-] and [S2O42-]. Only with X- = NCS- is k2[SO2-] approximately k1[X-] and kobs = a[S2O42-]1/2 (b[NCS-] + [S2OR2-]1/2)-1. Values at pH 6.3 of k-1 (sec-1) and k1 (M-1 sec-1), obtained by anation and anion displacement reactions, are 2.3 x 10(-3), 1.6 x 10(-2) (Br-); 1.5 x 10(-3), 1.2 x 10(-2) (HCO2-); 1.3 x 10(-4), 0.52 (CNO-) and approximately 2 x 10(-4), 3.3 x 10(-3) (CN-, pH 7.0). Values of k-1 from reduction and displacement methods are in good agreement with each other. The value of k2 (1.6 x 10(5) M-1 sec-1, pH 6.3) in somewhat smaller than that for reduction of the met form of hemoproteins. There is only a small effect of pH on rates. Direct reduction of Hr+CN- does not occur, in contrast with Mb+CN-.", "PMID": 512658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9840", "title": "Biologically related iron-sulfur clusters as reaction centers. Reduction of acetylene to ethylene in systems based on [Fe4S4(SR)4]3-.", "content": "The possibility that clusters containing the Fe4S4 core unit found in a wide variety of proteins can effect reductive transformations of Fe-S enzyme substrates has been investigated using the reduced synthetic clusters [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- and acetylene, an alternate nitrogenase substrate. The system [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3-/acetic acid/acetic anhydride in N-methylpyrollidinone at approximately 25 degrees was found to reduce acetylene homogeneously to ethylene, and in the presence of a deuterium source to afford as the principal stereochemical product cis-1,2-C2H2D2. No appreciable reduction was found using the oxidized cluster [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2-. The system is not catalytic and departs from the strict stoichiometry of the reaction, 2[Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- + C2H2 + 2H+ leads to 2 [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2- + C2H4, primarily because of a competing cluster oxidation reaction which could not be eliminated. Based on this reaction ca. 60% conversion of acetylene to ethylene was achieved. A reaction sequence based on absorption and 1H nmr spectral observations and product stereo-chemistry is suggested. The results demonstrate that biologically related, reduced Fe4S4 clusters can effect reduction of at least one Fe-S enzyme substrate, and raise the general possibility of substrate transformation with such clusters as reaction sites in biological systems.", "contents": "Biologically related iron-sulfur clusters as reaction centers. Reduction of acetylene to ethylene in systems based on [Fe4S4(SR)4]3-. The possibility that clusters containing the Fe4S4 core unit found in a wide variety of proteins can effect reductive transformations of Fe-S enzyme substrates has been investigated using the reduced synthetic clusters [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- and acetylene, an alternate nitrogenase substrate. The system [Fe4S4(SPh)4]3-/acetic acid/acetic anhydride in N-methylpyrollidinone at approximately 25 degrees was found to reduce acetylene homogeneously to ethylene, and in the presence of a deuterium source to afford as the principal stereochemical product cis-1,2-C2H2D2. No appreciable reduction was found using the oxidized cluster [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2-. The system is not catalytic and departs from the strict stoichiometry of the reaction, 2[Fe4S4(SPh)4]3- + C2H2 + 2H+ leads to 2 [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2- + C2H4, primarily because of a competing cluster oxidation reaction which could not be eliminated. Based on this reaction ca. 60% conversion of acetylene to ethylene was achieved. A reaction sequence based on absorption and 1H nmr spectral observations and product stereo-chemistry is suggested. The results demonstrate that biologically related, reduced Fe4S4 clusters can effect reduction of at least one Fe-S enzyme substrate, and raise the general possibility of substrate transformation with such clusters as reaction sites in biological systems.", "PMID": 512659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9841", "title": "The formation and nature of the mixed valence copper-D-penicillamine-chloride cluster in aqueous solution and its relevance to the treatment of Wilson's disease.", "content": "Complex formation between D-penicillamine (Pen) and copper(II) ions has been studied under simulated physiological conditions in both the presence and absence of the blood plasma constituents albumin, alanine, histidine, and zinc(II). Chromatographic and uv/vis and electron spin resonance (esr) spectroscopic methods were used. The major species formed, at neutral pH and 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl, is the violet species which is shown to have the same stoichiometry as the recently reported solid-state complex, i.e., [Cu8I Cu6II (Pen)12 Cl] 5-. The rate of formation of this species (MVC) is shown to be dependent on the Cu concentration, Cu:Pen ratio, relative Cl- ion concentration, pH, and temperature. Formation is inhibited by the presence of O2 and biological chelates. At the concentration levels found in blood plasma it is unlikely that the MVC ion has any significance in the therapeutic action of penicillamine in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Reexamination of the aqueous Cu-albumin-pen system reinforces earlier findings that pen is unable to mobilize Cu that is bound to albumin. Significant binding of pen to the protein is observed is not related to any protein-bound copper ions. Evidence that ternary complexes of the type amino acid-Cu-Pen can form in blood plasma is presented. These are unlikely, however, to be physiologically significant and the copper depletion induced by Pen in Wilson's disease cases must be elsewhere than in the blood plasma compartment.", "contents": "The formation and nature of the mixed valence copper-D-penicillamine-chloride cluster in aqueous solution and its relevance to the treatment of Wilson's disease. Complex formation between D-penicillamine (Pen) and copper(II) ions has been studied under simulated physiological conditions in both the presence and absence of the blood plasma constituents albumin, alanine, histidine, and zinc(II). Chromatographic and uv/vis and electron spin resonance (esr) spectroscopic methods were used. The major species formed, at neutral pH and 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl, is the violet species which is shown to have the same stoichiometry as the recently reported solid-state complex, i.e., [Cu8I Cu6II (Pen)12 Cl] 5-. The rate of formation of this species (MVC) is shown to be dependent on the Cu concentration, Cu:Pen ratio, relative Cl- ion concentration, pH, and temperature. Formation is inhibited by the presence of O2 and biological chelates. At the concentration levels found in blood plasma it is unlikely that the MVC ion has any significance in the therapeutic action of penicillamine in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Reexamination of the aqueous Cu-albumin-pen system reinforces earlier findings that pen is unable to mobilize Cu that is bound to albumin. Significant binding of pen to the protein is observed is not related to any protein-bound copper ions. Evidence that ternary complexes of the type amino acid-Cu-Pen can form in blood plasma is presented. These are unlikely, however, to be physiologically significant and the copper depletion induced by Pen in Wilson's disease cases must be elsewhere than in the blood plasma compartment.", "PMID": 512660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9842", "title": "Developmental patterns of copper and zinc concentrations in mouse liver and brain: evidence that the gene crinkled (cr) is associated with an abnormality in copper metabolism.", "content": "An abnormality in copper metabolism during both the prenatal and postnatal (preweaning) periods was found to be associated with the autosomal recessive gene \"crinkled\" (cr) in mice. Liver copper concentration was significantly lower in crinkled mice (cr/cr) than in littermate controls (+/?) from 18 days of gestation to 20 days after birth. Crinkled mice older than 20 days of age and liver copper concentrations similar to those of littermate controls. Liver zinc and brain copper and were similar in crinkled and noncrinkled mice at all times tested. In both crinkled and noncrinkled mice, brain copper concentration increased during the suckling period, and liver copper concentration decreased.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of copper and zinc concentrations in mouse liver and brain: evidence that the gene crinkled (cr) is associated with an abnormality in copper metabolism. An abnormality in copper metabolism during both the prenatal and postnatal (preweaning) periods was found to be associated with the autosomal recessive gene \"crinkled\" (cr) in mice. Liver copper concentration was significantly lower in crinkled mice (cr/cr) than in littermate controls (+/?) from 18 days of gestation to 20 days after birth. Crinkled mice older than 20 days of age and liver copper concentrations similar to those of littermate controls. Liver zinc and brain copper and were similar in crinkled and noncrinkled mice at all times tested. In both crinkled and noncrinkled mice, brain copper concentration increased during the suckling period, and liver copper concentration decreased.", "PMID": 512661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9843", "title": "Sialidosis type 1: cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome with sialidase deficiency and altered electrophoretic mobilities of some enzymes known to be glycoproteins. 1. Clinical findings.", "content": "A family is described with three affected brothers, two of whom were examined, born to consanguineous parent, who in early adult life began to experience ataxia, intention myoclonus, and progressive visual failure. The brothers examined had cherry red spots at the maculae and cataracts. They were of normal intelligence. The intention myoclonus responded partially to treatment with clonazepam and pheneturide, but not to 5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with carbidopa or to sodium valproate. Studies in one patient showed the excretion of large quantities of sialylated oligosaccharides in the urine. Both patients showed deficient sialidase activity in their cultured fibroblasts. Further studies on cultured skin fibroblasts revealed increased electrophoretic mobility of six glycoprotein enzymes that was returned approximately to normal by treatment with sialidase. The clinical and biochemical findings indicate that these patients are further cases of the newly described condition sialidosis type 1.", "contents": "Sialidosis type 1: cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome with sialidase deficiency and altered electrophoretic mobilities of some enzymes known to be glycoproteins. 1. Clinical findings. A family is described with three affected brothers, two of whom were examined, born to consanguineous parent, who in early adult life began to experience ataxia, intention myoclonus, and progressive visual failure. The brothers examined had cherry red spots at the maculae and cataracts. They were of normal intelligence. The intention myoclonus responded partially to treatment with clonazepam and pheneturide, but not to 5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with carbidopa or to sodium valproate. Studies in one patient showed the excretion of large quantities of sialylated oligosaccharides in the urine. Both patients showed deficient sialidase activity in their cultured fibroblasts. Further studies on cultured skin fibroblasts revealed increased electrophoretic mobility of six glycoprotein enzymes that was returned approximately to normal by treatment with sialidase. The clinical and biochemical findings indicate that these patients are further cases of the newly described condition sialidosis type 1.", "PMID": 512662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9844", "title": "Abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid amino-acids in purulent meningitis.", "content": "Serial measurements were made of the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino-acid concentrations in 12 patients with purulent meningitis. Marked increases in the concentrations of most CSF amino-acids were found, possibly caused by altered transport mechanisms in the inflamed meninges and choroid plexuses.", "contents": "Abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid amino-acids in purulent meningitis. Serial measurements were made of the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino-acid concentrations in 12 patients with purulent meningitis. Marked increases in the concentrations of most CSF amino-acids were found, possibly caused by altered transport mechanisms in the inflamed meninges and choroid plexuses.", "PMID": 512663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9845", "title": "Amine metabolites in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in coma.", "content": "The concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in samples of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taken from 15 patients who were comatose as a result of an acute head injury, a tumour, or a cerebrovascular accident. The metabolite levels were not related to the ventricular fluid pressure. In the eight patients who recovered and from whom serial samples of CSF were obtained, the metabolite levels did not change, except for two patients in whom HVA increased as coma progressed. The concentration of MHPG, but not of HVA or 5-HIAA, was greater (P less than 0.02) in the five patients who died without regaining consciousness than in the 10 patients who recovered.", "contents": "Amine metabolites in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in coma. The concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in samples of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taken from 15 patients who were comatose as a result of an acute head injury, a tumour, or a cerebrovascular accident. The metabolite levels were not related to the ventricular fluid pressure. In the eight patients who recovered and from whom serial samples of CSF were obtained, the metabolite levels did not change, except for two patients in whom HVA increased as coma progressed. The concentration of MHPG, but not of HVA or 5-HIAA, was greater (P less than 0.02) in the five patients who died without regaining consciousness than in the 10 patients who recovered.", "PMID": 512664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9846", "title": "beta-Adrenoreceptor antagonists in essential tremor.", "content": "Three different beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists--propranolol, sotalol, and atenolol--were compared in a double-blind study with placebo in nine patients with essential tremor. All three drugs produced an equal reduction in standing pulse rate but atenolol was less effective in reducing tremor than propranolol and sotalol. These results suggest that the reduction in tremor produced by beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists is mediated by an effect on peripheral beta 2-adrenoreceptors.", "contents": "beta-Adrenoreceptor antagonists in essential tremor. Three different beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists--propranolol, sotalol, and atenolol--were compared in a double-blind study with placebo in nine patients with essential tremor. All three drugs produced an equal reduction in standing pulse rate but atenolol was less effective in reducing tremor than propranolol and sotalol. These results suggest that the reduction in tremor produced by beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists is mediated by an effect on peripheral beta 2-adrenoreceptors.", "PMID": 512665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9847", "title": "Angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries in Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Shy-Drager syndrome who presented with severe angina pectoris is described. Special investigations of his autonomic nervous system showed sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction with supersensitive end-organ response. Sympathetic dysfunction manifested as labile hypertension, severe postural hypotension, and inadequate heart rate response to atropine and the Valsalva manoeuvre. These changes in blood pressure were accompanied by severe disabling angina pectoris. Selective coronary angiography showed normal coronary arteries. It is suggested that angina pectoris resulted from the inadequate circulatory response and is another clinical manifestation of the Shy-Drager syndrome.", "contents": "Angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries in Shy-Drager syndrome. A patient with Shy-Drager syndrome who presented with severe angina pectoris is described. Special investigations of his autonomic nervous system showed sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction with supersensitive end-organ response. Sympathetic dysfunction manifested as labile hypertension, severe postural hypotension, and inadequate heart rate response to atropine and the Valsalva manoeuvre. These changes in blood pressure were accompanied by severe disabling angina pectoris. Selective coronary angiography showed normal coronary arteries. It is suggested that angina pectoris resulted from the inadequate circulatory response and is another clinical manifestation of the Shy-Drager syndrome.", "PMID": 512666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9848", "title": "Infection of the brainstem by Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A case of brainstem infection by Listeria monocytogenes is described. The patient was a 63 year old man previously in good health and his illness did not follow the usual bi-phasic pattern. There was no prodromal phase, and the progressive brainstem signs with a lymphocytosis and a normal sugar level in the CSF led to a tentative diagnosis of viral brainstem encephalitis. Ampicillin was begun only when signs of pulmonary infection developed. Clinical diagnosis is difficult but ampicillin should probably be used in any doubtful case in which a \"viral\" brainstem encephalitis is being considered.", "contents": "Infection of the brainstem by Listeria monocytogenes. A case of brainstem infection by Listeria monocytogenes is described. The patient was a 63 year old man previously in good health and his illness did not follow the usual bi-phasic pattern. There was no prodromal phase, and the progressive brainstem signs with a lymphocytosis and a normal sugar level in the CSF led to a tentative diagnosis of viral brainstem encephalitis. Ampicillin was begun only when signs of pulmonary infection developed. Clinical diagnosis is difficult but ampicillin should probably be used in any doubtful case in which a \"viral\" brainstem encephalitis is being considered.", "PMID": 512667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9849", "title": "Multiple sclerosis plaque related to abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials.", "content": "A patient with mild multiple sclerosis died from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. It was possible to relate abnormalities of somatosensory evoked potentials recorded some months earlier to a plaque involving the root entry zone in the cervical spinal cord which had not resulted in clinical sensory abnormalities.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis plaque related to abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials. A patient with mild multiple sclerosis died from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. It was possible to relate abnormalities of somatosensory evoked potentials recorded some months earlier to a plaque involving the root entry zone in the cervical spinal cord which had not resulted in clinical sensory abnormalities.", "PMID": 512668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9850", "title": "Tonic vibration reflex in Holmes-Adie syndrome: an electrophysiological study.", "content": "The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying benign areflexia were studied in six patients with Holmes-Adie syndrome. No impairment of sensory conduction velocity of sural nerve was found. A normal tonic vibration reflex was obtained in all patients. H reflex was absent in five patients, but responses like F waves were recorded in three subjects. These findings suggest that muscle spindles are not affected and that spinal motoneurone excitability is normal.", "contents": "Tonic vibration reflex in Holmes-Adie syndrome: an electrophysiological study. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying benign areflexia were studied in six patients with Holmes-Adie syndrome. No impairment of sensory conduction velocity of sural nerve was found. A normal tonic vibration reflex was obtained in all patients. H reflex was absent in five patients, but responses like F waves were recorded in three subjects. These findings suggest that muscle spindles are not affected and that spinal motoneurone excitability is normal.", "PMID": 512669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9851", "title": "Psychoses in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "In the survey of 74 Danish patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent temporal lobectomy, a total of 20 patients were psychotic. Nine of these became psychotic during the follow-up period, six of them after cessation of their epileptic seizures. There were 13 schizophrenia-like psychoses, six paranoid delusional and depressive psychoses, and one childhood psychosis. Operation was on the right side in 39 and on the left side in 35 patients. When the various psychotic groups were compared with each other or with the nonpsychotic patients, the side of operation was not found to be statistically important. The patients with psychoses were older at operation and showed a higher rate of focal lesions in the resected specimens. Although more psychotic patients were bright or normally gifted, and had achieved a higher standard of schooling than nonpsychotic patients, their social status after operation was inferior. Surgery had no effect on psychosis present preoperatively nor on its possible postoperative onset. The diagnosis of psychosis was not considered to be contraindication to temporal lobectomy.", "contents": "Psychoses in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. In the survey of 74 Danish patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent temporal lobectomy, a total of 20 patients were psychotic. Nine of these became psychotic during the follow-up period, six of them after cessation of their epileptic seizures. There were 13 schizophrenia-like psychoses, six paranoid delusional and depressive psychoses, and one childhood psychosis. Operation was on the right side in 39 and on the left side in 35 patients. When the various psychotic groups were compared with each other or with the nonpsychotic patients, the side of operation was not found to be statistically important. The patients with psychoses were older at operation and showed a higher rate of focal lesions in the resected specimens. Although more psychotic patients were bright or normally gifted, and had achieved a higher standard of schooling than nonpsychotic patients, their social status after operation was inferior. Surgery had no effect on psychosis present preoperatively nor on its possible postoperative onset. The diagnosis of psychosis was not considered to be contraindication to temporal lobectomy.", "PMID": 512670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9852", "title": "Myonuclear calcium in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. An X-ray microanalysis study.", "content": "Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis (EMMA) was used to study calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the muscle fibre nuclei of 3 genetically definite, 5 probable and 2 possible carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. All cases showed elevated mean calcium:phosphorus ratios compared with 4 female controls and, with the exception of one possible carrier, all showed elevated calcium concentrations. A significantly greater variation of values was also found for both parameters. Analyses were made of nuclei from fibres showing no morphological abnormalities and the results suggest elevation of myonuclear calcium may be an early defect in dystrophic muscle.", "contents": "Myonuclear calcium in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. An X-ray microanalysis study. Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis (EMMA) was used to study calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the muscle fibre nuclei of 3 genetically definite, 5 probable and 2 possible carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. All cases showed elevated mean calcium:phosphorus ratios compared with 4 female controls and, with the exception of one possible carrier, all showed elevated calcium concentrations. A significantly greater variation of values was also found for both parameters. Analyses were made of nuclei from fibres showing no morphological abnormalities and the results suggest elevation of myonuclear calcium may be an early defect in dystrophic muscle.", "PMID": 512671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9853", "title": "Trophic muscle regulation in children with congenital cerebral lesions.", "content": "A decrease in sarcomere number and hypoextensibility of ankle extensors was observed in certain children with congenital cerebral lesions. This phenomenon was reproducible and reversible in normal animals, i.e. trophic regulation adapted the muscle to the imposed length. The form of the torque-ankle angle curve was studied in 30 children. Its modification after treatment was considered as a sign of muscle adaptation. This adaptation was present in one group of 14 children. The steepness of the curve increased or diminished depending on the initial disorder and the treatment administered. In another group, treatment failed to modify the shape of the curve. In certain cases trophic regulation of the muscle appeared to be absent.", "contents": "Trophic muscle regulation in children with congenital cerebral lesions. A decrease in sarcomere number and hypoextensibility of ankle extensors was observed in certain children with congenital cerebral lesions. This phenomenon was reproducible and reversible in normal animals, i.e. trophic regulation adapted the muscle to the imposed length. The form of the torque-ankle angle curve was studied in 30 children. Its modification after treatment was considered as a sign of muscle adaptation. This adaptation was present in one group of 14 children. The steepness of the curve increased or diminished depending on the initial disorder and the treatment administered. In another group, treatment failed to modify the shape of the curve. In certain cases trophic regulation of the muscle appeared to be absent.", "PMID": 512672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9854", "title": "Recurrent demyelination in chronic central nervous system infection produced by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "A morphologic study of demyelination produced by Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in C3H/He mice was performed. Demyelination in this strain of mouse was less intense and had a milder gliomesodermal response than that observed in SJL mice. As early as 80 days after infection numerous remyelinated axons were present in C3H/He mice, and later, extensive remyelination was observed and was mainly by Schwann cells. About one-third of remyelinated plaques showed recurrent demyelinating activity at 200 days. The best evidence of recurrent demyelination was the loss of myelin by abons which had been previously remyelinated by Schwann cells. In addition, acute areas of demyelination were also seen in spinal cords which contained chronic or quiescent plaques. The demonstration of recurrent demyelination in TMEV infection is important for it increases the relevance of this model to multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition TMEV infection of C3H/He mice appears to be an excellent model for further studies of Schwann cell remyelination and recurrent demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS).", "contents": "Recurrent demyelination in chronic central nervous system infection produced by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. A morphologic study of demyelination produced by Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in C3H/He mice was performed. Demyelination in this strain of mouse was less intense and had a milder gliomesodermal response than that observed in SJL mice. As early as 80 days after infection numerous remyelinated axons were present in C3H/He mice, and later, extensive remyelination was observed and was mainly by Schwann cells. About one-third of remyelinated plaques showed recurrent demyelinating activity at 200 days. The best evidence of recurrent demyelination was the loss of myelin by abons which had been previously remyelinated by Schwann cells. In addition, acute areas of demyelination were also seen in spinal cords which contained chronic or quiescent plaques. The demonstration of recurrent demyelination in TMEV infection is important for it increases the relevance of this model to multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition TMEV infection of C3H/He mice appears to be an excellent model for further studies of Schwann cell remyelination and recurrent demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS).", "PMID": 512673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9855", "title": "Topographical distribution of arsenic, manganese, and selenium in the normal human brain.", "content": "The concentrations of arsenic, manganese and selenium per gram wet tissue weight were determined in samples from 24 areas of normal human brain from 5 persons with ages ranging from 15 to 81 years of age. The concentrations of the 3 elements were determined for each sample by means of neutron activation analysis with radiochemical separation. Distinct patterns of distribution were shown for each of the 3 elements. Variations between individuals were found for some but not all brain areas, resulting in coefficients of variation between individuals of about 30% for arsenic, 10% for manganese and 20% for selenium. The results seem to indicate that arsenic is associated with the lipid phase, manganese with the dry matter and selenium with the aqueous phase of brain tissue.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of arsenic, manganese, and selenium in the normal human brain. The concentrations of arsenic, manganese and selenium per gram wet tissue weight were determined in samples from 24 areas of normal human brain from 5 persons with ages ranging from 15 to 81 years of age. The concentrations of the 3 elements were determined for each sample by means of neutron activation analysis with radiochemical separation. Distinct patterns of distribution were shown for each of the 3 elements. Variations between individuals were found for some but not all brain areas, resulting in coefficients of variation between individuals of about 30% for arsenic, 10% for manganese and 20% for selenium. The results seem to indicate that arsenic is associated with the lipid phase, manganese with the dry matter and selenium with the aqueous phase of brain tissue.", "PMID": 512674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9856", "title": "[Cerebral manifestations in angioneurotic edema (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema are described. A female patient, born in 1929, showed an infarction in the area of the right posterior cerebral artery, verified by computer tomography. The son of this patient, aged 20 years, suffered from a transitory ischemic attack and a prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit, both in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. Etiology, symptomatology, therapy, and differential diagnosis of cerebral manifestations in angioneurotic edema are discussed in view of previously described cases.", "contents": "[Cerebral manifestations in angioneurotic edema (author's transl)]. Two patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema are described. A female patient, born in 1929, showed an infarction in the area of the right posterior cerebral artery, verified by computer tomography. The son of this patient, aged 20 years, suffered from a transitory ischemic attack and a prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit, both in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. Etiology, symptomatology, therapy, and differential diagnosis of cerebral manifestations in angioneurotic edema are discussed in view of previously described cases.", "PMID": 512675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9857", "title": "Thyrotoxic myopathy: a clinical and quantitative analytic electromyographic study.", "content": "The clinical entity of chronic thyrotoxic myopathy was considered rare by Waldenstr\u00f6m in 1945. Forty eight consecutive patients with thyrotoxicosis were studied clinically and by electromyography for muscle involvement. Quantitative electromyographic techniques were used to analyse both the electromyographic activity of the muscle at a standard tension and also the single motor potential obtained in isolation at minimal effort. The interference pattern was described in simple numerical terms such as the number of potential changes/s and the mean amplitude. All cases that were thyrotoxic (both clinically and on thyroid function tests) showed the changes of myopathy on electromyography, though only 68% of the cases showed clinical myopathy consisting of muscle weakness and/or atrophy.", "contents": "Thyrotoxic myopathy: a clinical and quantitative analytic electromyographic study. The clinical entity of chronic thyrotoxic myopathy was considered rare by Waldenstr\u00f6m in 1945. Forty eight consecutive patients with thyrotoxicosis were studied clinically and by electromyography for muscle involvement. Quantitative electromyographic techniques were used to analyse both the electromyographic activity of the muscle at a standard tension and also the single motor potential obtained in isolation at minimal effort. The interference pattern was described in simple numerical terms such as the number of potential changes/s and the mean amplitude. All cases that were thyrotoxic (both clinically and on thyroid function tests) showed the changes of myopathy on electromyography, though only 68% of the cases showed clinical myopathy consisting of muscle weakness and/or atrophy.", "PMID": 512676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9858", "title": "Neuropathy in tetanus.", "content": "Thirty-four cases of severe tetanus were studied. On clinical examination weakness and sensory loss compatible with peripheral neuropathy was found in 27. The pattern was usually asymmetrical, the commonest nerves affected being ulnar, median and lateral popliteal, although occasionally circumflex, musculocutaneous, femoral and facial nerves were also involved. Electrophysiological studies showed spontaneous activity resembling denervation potentials, diphasic and positive sharp waves. In some muscles there was also activity resembling spontaneous firing of motor units. Motor and sensory conduction velocities in the affected nerves were moderately reduced and the amplitude of sensory potentials was also reduced. No conduction was found in 11 nerves in 8 patients on initial studies, but 4 out of 7 nerves that could be studied showed rapid recovery. Although most of the nerves in the rest of the patients showed clinical recovery, conduction velocities showed improvement most often when examined about 10 weeks after the onset of trismus. The clinical and electrophysiological evidence suggests the involvement of peripheral nerves in severe tetanus. Serum neuritis, hypersensitivity reaction to tetanus toxoid or drug-induced neuropathy have been ruled out.", "contents": "Neuropathy in tetanus. Thirty-four cases of severe tetanus were studied. On clinical examination weakness and sensory loss compatible with peripheral neuropathy was found in 27. The pattern was usually asymmetrical, the commonest nerves affected being ulnar, median and lateral popliteal, although occasionally circumflex, musculocutaneous, femoral and facial nerves were also involved. Electrophysiological studies showed spontaneous activity resembling denervation potentials, diphasic and positive sharp waves. In some muscles there was also activity resembling spontaneous firing of motor units. Motor and sensory conduction velocities in the affected nerves were moderately reduced and the amplitude of sensory potentials was also reduced. No conduction was found in 11 nerves in 8 patients on initial studies, but 4 out of 7 nerves that could be studied showed rapid recovery. Although most of the nerves in the rest of the patients showed clinical recovery, conduction velocities showed improvement most often when examined about 10 weeks after the onset of trismus. The clinical and electrophysiological evidence suggests the involvement of peripheral nerves in severe tetanus. Serum neuritis, hypersensitivity reaction to tetanus toxoid or drug-induced neuropathy have been ruled out.", "PMID": 512677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9859", "title": "Distal spinal muscular atrophy. A clinical and genetic study of 8 kindreds.", "content": "Twelve patients (8 kindreds) with distal SMA are described, and an analysis presented of their clinical and genetic features. Distal SMA accounted for 10% of all patients with SMA in a total population survey of this disease in North-East England. The parental consanguinity rate is high, occurring in 3 of the 8 kindreds reported; the sex ratio was 1.0; the segregation ratio of sibs did not differ from 0.25. Intrafamilial concordance for clinical features of the disease is high. This current data is consistent with a suggested aetiology of two separate autosomal recessive genes. Clinical features are discussed and a review of the literature presented. The disease is only slowly progressive, but one of the genetic types may present with infantile or early juvenile onset; there is no evidence that it shortens life. 50% of cases did not have a normal gait after 4 years of age; 50% could not run after 17 years of age; and 50% could not walk unaided after 28 years of age. Details of prognosis, and principles of genetic counselling in this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Distal spinal muscular atrophy. A clinical and genetic study of 8 kindreds. Twelve patients (8 kindreds) with distal SMA are described, and an analysis presented of their clinical and genetic features. Distal SMA accounted for 10% of all patients with SMA in a total population survey of this disease in North-East England. The parental consanguinity rate is high, occurring in 3 of the 8 kindreds reported; the sex ratio was 1.0; the segregation ratio of sibs did not differ from 0.25. Intrafamilial concordance for clinical features of the disease is high. This current data is consistent with a suggested aetiology of two separate autosomal recessive genes. Clinical features are discussed and a review of the literature presented. The disease is only slowly progressive, but one of the genetic types may present with infantile or early juvenile onset; there is no evidence that it shortens life. 50% of cases did not have a normal gait after 4 years of age; 50% could not run after 17 years of age; and 50% could not walk unaided after 28 years of age. Details of prognosis, and principles of genetic counselling in this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 512678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9860", "title": "Gliogenesis and ependymogenesis during embryonic development of the rat. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "With the aid of [3H]thymidine autoradiography gliogenesis and ependymogenesis were studied in the brain of the rat during embryonic development. Gliogenesis was found to begin on day 17 of gestation in the caudal regions of the brain stem, and to spread rostrally. On days 20 and 21 of gestation gliogenesis reached a peak, and then declined. Ependymogenesis began earlier and showed the following pattern: day 14 of gestation in the 4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, day 15 in the 3rd ventricle, and day 17 in the lateral ventricles reaching a peak on different days in different sites. Both gliogenesis and ependymogensis continued up to the last day of gestation, day 22. Issues pertaining to gliogenesis and the formation of glioblasts, and the relationship between gliogenesis and ependymogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Gliogenesis and ependymogenesis during embryonic development of the rat. An autoradiographic study. With the aid of [3H]thymidine autoradiography gliogenesis and ependymogenesis were studied in the brain of the rat during embryonic development. Gliogenesis was found to begin on day 17 of gestation in the caudal regions of the brain stem, and to spread rostrally. On days 20 and 21 of gestation gliogenesis reached a peak, and then declined. Ependymogenesis began earlier and showed the following pattern: day 14 of gestation in the 4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, day 15 in the 3rd ventricle, and day 17 in the lateral ventricles reaching a peak on different days in different sites. Both gliogenesis and ependymogensis continued up to the last day of gestation, day 22. Issues pertaining to gliogenesis and the formation of glioblasts, and the relationship between gliogenesis and ependymogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 512679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9861", "title": "Degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junctions of red, white and intermediate muscle fibers. Part 1. Response to short stump nerve section.", "content": "Degeneration at the neuromuscular function following cutting the phrenic nerve at the 9th intercostal space differs in red, white and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers. The ultrastructure of the nerve terminal and the muscle fiber between 12 hours and 21 days following denervation suggests that lack of neurotrophic influences results in responses specific for each fiber type. Degeneration of axon ends is rapid and by 2 days axon terminals are missing from the end-plate areas of all 3 fiber types. Schwann cells \"engulf\" degenerating axon terminals and eventually replace them in the primary clefts. Schwann cells display specific morphological changes directly related to axonal degeneration. In all instances axon terminal degeneration precedes muscle fiber degeneration. Synaptic cleft changes are similar for all types of muscle fibers. Primary cleft structure appears to be dependent upon neurotrophic influence, whereas secondary cleft structure is relatively unaffected by denervation. Initial changes in subsynpatic regions of muscle fibers include focal loss of sarcomere alignment and skewing of the Z lines. By 21 days myofibrillar disorganization appears most severe in white fibers and least in red muscle fibers. The rate and degree of degeneration of the axon terminal and subjacent muscle fiber are different for each of the 3 muscle fiber types.", "contents": "Degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junctions of red, white and intermediate muscle fibers. Part 1. Response to short stump nerve section. Degeneration at the neuromuscular function following cutting the phrenic nerve at the 9th intercostal space differs in red, white and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers. The ultrastructure of the nerve terminal and the muscle fiber between 12 hours and 21 days following denervation suggests that lack of neurotrophic influences results in responses specific for each fiber type. Degeneration of axon ends is rapid and by 2 days axon terminals are missing from the end-plate areas of all 3 fiber types. Schwann cells \"engulf\" degenerating axon terminals and eventually replace them in the primary clefts. Schwann cells display specific morphological changes directly related to axonal degeneration. In all instances axon terminal degeneration precedes muscle fiber degeneration. Synaptic cleft changes are similar for all types of muscle fibers. Primary cleft structure appears to be dependent upon neurotrophic influence, whereas secondary cleft structure is relatively unaffected by denervation. Initial changes in subsynpatic regions of muscle fibers include focal loss of sarcomere alignment and skewing of the Z lines. By 21 days myofibrillar disorganization appears most severe in white fibers and least in red muscle fibers. The rate and degree of degeneration of the axon terminal and subjacent muscle fiber are different for each of the 3 muscle fiber types.", "PMID": 512680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9862", "title": "Degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junctions of red, white, and intermediate muscle fibers. Part 2. Responses to long stump nerve section and colchicine treatment.", "content": "The ultrastructure at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of red, white, and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers undergoes specific changes following either unilateral severance of the phrenic nerve or unilateral topical treatment of the phrenic nerve with colchicine. Both procedures were performed in the cervical region and produce similar rates of muscle fiber degeneration. The severity of degeneration appears to be related to muscle fiber type with white fibers being most severely affected and red fibers least affected. Degeneration rates of the axon terminal also correlate with fiber type in the orderwhite, intermediate, red. However, the rates of degeneration of the specific axon terminals are more rapid with surgical severance than with colchicine treatment. Statistical analysis of morphometric data indicates that hemidiaphragms denervated surgically exhibited significant axon terminal degeneration before significant muscle degeneration. Conversely, diaphragmatic muscle fibers of colchicine-treated phrenic nerves exhibit significant degeneration before loss of the axon terminal. Despite reversal of the temporal sequences for loss of axonal and muscular components between the two preparations, degenerative characteristics of muscle fiber structure are similar. This suggests that the presence of fiber-specific neurotrophic substances transmitted from the neuronal cell body to the axon terminal and released at the NMJ may be an important factor in the maintenance of normal muscle fiber morphology.", "contents": "Degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junctions of red, white, and intermediate muscle fibers. Part 2. Responses to long stump nerve section and colchicine treatment. The ultrastructure at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of red, white, and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers undergoes specific changes following either unilateral severance of the phrenic nerve or unilateral topical treatment of the phrenic nerve with colchicine. Both procedures were performed in the cervical region and produce similar rates of muscle fiber degeneration. The severity of degeneration appears to be related to muscle fiber type with white fibers being most severely affected and red fibers least affected. Degeneration rates of the axon terminal also correlate with fiber type in the orderwhite, intermediate, red. However, the rates of degeneration of the specific axon terminals are more rapid with surgical severance than with colchicine treatment. Statistical analysis of morphometric data indicates that hemidiaphragms denervated surgically exhibited significant axon terminal degeneration before significant muscle degeneration. Conversely, diaphragmatic muscle fibers of colchicine-treated phrenic nerves exhibit significant degeneration before loss of the axon terminal. Despite reversal of the temporal sequences for loss of axonal and muscular components between the two preparations, degenerative characteristics of muscle fiber structure are similar. This suggests that the presence of fiber-specific neurotrophic substances transmitted from the neuronal cell body to the axon terminal and released at the NMJ may be an important factor in the maintenance of normal muscle fiber morphology.", "PMID": 512681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9863", "title": "The significance of the estimation of serum myoglobin in neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "The serum myoglobin concentration was determined and compared with the serum creatine kinase activity in 230 patients suffering from various neuromuscular diseases. No correlation was found between the two levels. In general serum creatine kinase activity estimation seemed more sensitive for the detection of neuromuscular disease than serum myoglobin estimation. In myotonic dystrophy, however, determination of serum myoglobin was distinctly the more sensitive method.", "contents": "The significance of the estimation of serum myoglobin in neuromuscular diseases. The serum myoglobin concentration was determined and compared with the serum creatine kinase activity in 230 patients suffering from various neuromuscular diseases. No correlation was found between the two levels. In general serum creatine kinase activity estimation seemed more sensitive for the detection of neuromuscular disease than serum myoglobin estimation. In myotonic dystrophy, however, determination of serum myoglobin was distinctly the more sensitive method.", "PMID": 512682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9864", "title": "The effects of murine muscular dystrophy on the metabolic and homeostatic functions of the skeletal muscles.", "content": "The maintenance of blood glucose is largely dependent on the ability of the skeletal muscles to regulate the supply of amino acids for hepatic glucose production. This study shows that when muscles are damaged in muscular dystrophy the mechanisms by which this control is exerted are impaired. In normally fed congenitally dystrophic mice the blood glucose level was raised and there were significant reductions of the levels of the principal gluconeogenic amino acids in the circulation. This was a result of abnormal exchange of amino acids between the dystrophic muscles and the blood, apparently due to the use of amino acids to a considerable extent in place of glucose for energy metabolism within the diseased muscles. When dystrophic animals were fasted, further reductions in the levels of amino acids in the circulation, to abnormally low values, were caused by an increased use of these amino acids by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Although the reason for the excessive metabolism of amino acids in dystrophic muscle is not clear, such changes will favour muscle protein breakdown, and a stress such as fasting will further aggravate the process of muscle wasting by depleting still further the pool of amino acids in the body.", "contents": "The effects of murine muscular dystrophy on the metabolic and homeostatic functions of the skeletal muscles. The maintenance of blood glucose is largely dependent on the ability of the skeletal muscles to regulate the supply of amino acids for hepatic glucose production. This study shows that when muscles are damaged in muscular dystrophy the mechanisms by which this control is exerted are impaired. In normally fed congenitally dystrophic mice the blood glucose level was raised and there were significant reductions of the levels of the principal gluconeogenic amino acids in the circulation. This was a result of abnormal exchange of amino acids between the dystrophic muscles and the blood, apparently due to the use of amino acids to a considerable extent in place of glucose for energy metabolism within the diseased muscles. When dystrophic animals were fasted, further reductions in the levels of amino acids in the circulation, to abnormally low values, were caused by an increased use of these amino acids by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Although the reason for the excessive metabolism of amino acids in dystrophic muscle is not clear, such changes will favour muscle protein breakdown, and a stress such as fasting will further aggravate the process of muscle wasting by depleting still further the pool of amino acids in the body.", "PMID": 512683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9865", "title": "Noninvasive measurement of cerebral vasopasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured as fast flow clearance (F1) and the initial slope index (ISI2) after inhalation of 133Xe in 30 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Vasomotor responsiveness to reduction in end-tibal PECO2 was examined in those patients who could carry out this procedure satisfactorily as a test for the presence or absence of vasospasm. F1 and ISI2 were significantly reduced in patients with recent SAH compared to 35 age-matched normal volunteers. The degree of reduction of F1 and ISI2 correlated directly with severity of the neurological deficit graded according to the Hunt and Hess rating scale. Topographic reductions of rCBF correlated with angiographically demonstrated vasospasm or intracerebral hematoma. The degree of impairment of cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to reduction of PECO2 by hyperventilation also correlated with the severity of vasospasm demonstrated angiographically in 16 patients. The reductions of rCBF values were maximal during the first week after SAH but returned gradually toward normal by the 5th week. Individual patients with SAH whose lowest F1 values were above 50 ml/100 g brain/min tolerated surgical intervention best. Non-invasive measurements of rCBF after SAH appear to be helpful in estimating the presence and time course of vasospasm, in recognizing the development of normal pressure hydrocephalus, and in planning medical and surgical management.", "contents": "Noninvasive measurement of cerebral vasopasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured as fast flow clearance (F1) and the initial slope index (ISI2) after inhalation of 133Xe in 30 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Vasomotor responsiveness to reduction in end-tibal PECO2 was examined in those patients who could carry out this procedure satisfactorily as a test for the presence or absence of vasospasm. F1 and ISI2 were significantly reduced in patients with recent SAH compared to 35 age-matched normal volunteers. The degree of reduction of F1 and ISI2 correlated directly with severity of the neurological deficit graded according to the Hunt and Hess rating scale. Topographic reductions of rCBF correlated with angiographically demonstrated vasospasm or intracerebral hematoma. The degree of impairment of cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to reduction of PECO2 by hyperventilation also correlated with the severity of vasospasm demonstrated angiographically in 16 patients. The reductions of rCBF values were maximal during the first week after SAH but returned gradually toward normal by the 5th week. Individual patients with SAH whose lowest F1 values were above 50 ml/100 g brain/min tolerated surgical intervention best. Non-invasive measurements of rCBF after SAH appear to be helpful in estimating the presence and time course of vasospasm, in recognizing the development of normal pressure hydrocephalus, and in planning medical and surgical management.", "PMID": 512684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9866", "title": "Chronic form of childhood spinal muscular atrophy. Are the problems of its genetics really solved?", "content": "The authors discuss the differences between the two large series of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophies (SMA)--their own comprising 273 cases, and that of Pearn et al. comprising 141 cases. The main difference concerns the predominance of males in the clinically milder later-onset group in the present series. The data of Pearn et al. (1978a, b) are quite different. The reason for the discrepancies is apparently a different selection of material. The present material is highly selective in favour of chronic cases, and Kugelberg-Welander cases are well-represented, whereas the percentage of Kugelberg-Welander cases in the material of Pearn et al. was very small. Differences in selection also appear to be responsible for discordance in observations regarding influence of sex on the course of the disease. The present data seem to support the view that most of the cases revealing chronic forms of SMA (both mild and severe) are not distinct genetically. However, the possible existence of a distinct subgroup in which sex influence is strongly expressed is not excluded.", "contents": "Chronic form of childhood spinal muscular atrophy. Are the problems of its genetics really solved? The authors discuss the differences between the two large series of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophies (SMA)--their own comprising 273 cases, and that of Pearn et al. comprising 141 cases. The main difference concerns the predominance of males in the clinically milder later-onset group in the present series. The data of Pearn et al. (1978a, b) are quite different. The reason for the discrepancies is apparently a different selection of material. The present material is highly selective in favour of chronic cases, and Kugelberg-Welander cases are well-represented, whereas the percentage of Kugelberg-Welander cases in the material of Pearn et al. was very small. Differences in selection also appear to be responsible for discordance in observations regarding influence of sex on the course of the disease. The present data seem to support the view that most of the cases revealing chronic forms of SMA (both mild and severe) are not distinct genetically. However, the possible existence of a distinct subgroup in which sex influence is strongly expressed is not excluded.", "PMID": 512685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9867", "title": "Ultrastructural study of myelinating cells and sub-pial astrocytes in developing rat spinal cord.", "content": "The anterior funiculus of the spinal cervical cord of post-natal rats was examined ultrastructurally. The myelinating cells found one day after brith contained a large amount of evenly distributed ribosomes up to the outer tongue of mesaxons, representing the cytoplasmic density. These cells were separated by astrocytic processes from the pial basement membrane, even when they were located on the pial surface. Astrocytes contained glial fibrils from one day onwards and often attached their processes to the pial basement membrane. Although the cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes occasionally wrapped axons, they were never shown to form the initial layer of myelin sheaths. However, the tenuous processes of the sub-pial astrocytes were occasionally rolled in myelin lamellae, as if a part of the myelin sheaths was constructed by astrocytic processes. The interpretation for this finding is discussed in relation to function and potency of the astrocytes, and variations and anomalies of nervous ontogeny.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of myelinating cells and sub-pial astrocytes in developing rat spinal cord. The anterior funiculus of the spinal cervical cord of post-natal rats was examined ultrastructurally. The myelinating cells found one day after brith contained a large amount of evenly distributed ribosomes up to the outer tongue of mesaxons, representing the cytoplasmic density. These cells were separated by astrocytic processes from the pial basement membrane, even when they were located on the pial surface. Astrocytes contained glial fibrils from one day onwards and often attached their processes to the pial basement membrane. Although the cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes occasionally wrapped axons, they were never shown to form the initial layer of myelin sheaths. However, the tenuous processes of the sub-pial astrocytes were occasionally rolled in myelin lamellae, as if a part of the myelin sheaths was constructed by astrocytic processes. The interpretation for this finding is discussed in relation to function and potency of the astrocytes, and variations and anomalies of nervous ontogeny.", "PMID": 512686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9868", "title": "The diagnostic value of spectrophotometric analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hematomas.", "content": "On a clinical basis it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between small intracerebral hematomas and reversible ischemic strokes (RIND). Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been used in ths context for several years and is still of importance even since the introduction of computerized tomography (CT) of the brain. CSF has been examined in 23 patients with intracerebral hematomas. Typical cell changes with an increase of poly- and mononuclear white cells are seen within the first days after the stroke, whereas clearly pathological spectrophotometric changes are not seen until about one week after the stroke. None of the investigated patients had a significant increase of the absorbance values at the wavelenths 406 and 415 nm (met- and oxyhemoglobin) until 5 days after the stroke.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of spectrophotometric analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hematomas. On a clinical basis it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between small intracerebral hematomas and reversible ischemic strokes (RIND). Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been used in ths context for several years and is still of importance even since the introduction of computerized tomography (CT) of the brain. CSF has been examined in 23 patients with intracerebral hematomas. Typical cell changes with an increase of poly- and mononuclear white cells are seen within the first days after the stroke, whereas clearly pathological spectrophotometric changes are not seen until about one week after the stroke. None of the investigated patients had a significant increase of the absorbance values at the wavelenths 406 and 415 nm (met- and oxyhemoglobin) until 5 days after the stroke.", "PMID": 512687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9869", "title": "Peripheral intraaxonal storage in Tay-Sachs' disease (GM2-gangliosidosis type 1.", "content": "Considerable intraaxonal lipid storage was observed in intramuscular nerve fibres mainly of the extraocular muscles and less frequently in limb muscles of a 3-year-old child, which had suffered from Tay-Sachs' disease. Many axons of the small intramuscular nerve twigs and of the terminal and preterminal nerve endings showed spherical and cylindrical enlargements containing granular storage material of the same staining properties  as the material in the central nervous system. The identify of the axonal and the neuronal storage material was further confirmed by electron-microscopical demonstration of typical multilamellated cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs) in both of them. In addition, silver impregnation and electron microscopy revealed dystrophic changes with an increase of argyrophilic filamentous material within some of the axonal distensions, indicating that the latter were probably due to both a lipid storage and an unspecific dystrophic process.", "contents": "Peripheral intraaxonal storage in Tay-Sachs' disease (GM2-gangliosidosis type 1. Considerable intraaxonal lipid storage was observed in intramuscular nerve fibres mainly of the extraocular muscles and less frequently in limb muscles of a 3-year-old child, which had suffered from Tay-Sachs' disease. Many axons of the small intramuscular nerve twigs and of the terminal and preterminal nerve endings showed spherical and cylindrical enlargements containing granular storage material of the same staining properties  as the material in the central nervous system. The identify of the axonal and the neuronal storage material was further confirmed by electron-microscopical demonstration of typical multilamellated cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs) in both of them. In addition, silver impregnation and electron microscopy revealed dystrophic changes with an increase of argyrophilic filamentous material within some of the axonal distensions, indicating that the latter were probably due to both a lipid storage and an unspecific dystrophic process.", "PMID": 512688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9870", "title": "Abnormal leukocyte electrophoretic mobility in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Electrophoretic mobility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was studied in 10 patients with myotonic dystrophy. The mobility of patients' PMNs differed significantly from that of controls. Following incubation with bacterial chemotactic factor the PMNs from patients showed significantly less change in net surface charge compared to that in controls. Our data support a leukocyte membrane defect in myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Abnormal leukocyte electrophoretic mobility in myotonic dystrophy. Electrophoretic mobility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was studied in 10 patients with myotonic dystrophy. The mobility of patients' PMNs differed significantly from that of controls. Following incubation with bacterial chemotactic factor the PMNs from patients showed significantly less change in net surface charge compared to that in controls. Our data support a leukocyte membrane defect in myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 512689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9871", "title": "Acute ischaemic neuropathy in the rabbit.", "content": "Ligation of either the common and internal iliac or the internal and external iliac arteries produced ischaemic lesions of the sciatic nerve and its branches, as well as direct muscle damage, in 5 out of 6 rabbits. In one animal, ligation of the aorta and of the internal iliac artery on one side produced a similar mixture of nerve and muscle damage on the side of the double ligation. Ligation of the femoral artery alone in 3 animals failed to produce significant changes. In the 6 affected animals there was paralysis of the hind leg on the side of the iliac ligations, with loss of tendon reflexes. Appreciation of pinprick over the foot and lower leg also appeared to be impaired. Complete ischaemic necrosis with irreversible damage to both neural and connective tissue elements did not occur in the main nerve trunks, but was present in some of the intramuscular nerve bundles as part of generalized coagulative necrosis of the most severely affected muscles. The characteristic pathological changes in the nerve fibres of the main nerve trunks were Wallerin degeneration and paranodal demyelination, the former being more extensive than the latter. In the animals with double iliac ligations, the upper level of ischaemic nerve damage was in the thigh, the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve being more commonly affected than the peroneal. Nerve and muscle damage tended to occur at different levels in the limb, but there was no example of clinical paresis due to neural damage without any ischaemic muscle changes being present. In two of the 3 animals in which the plantar muscles were examined, these muscles appeared to escape direct damage in spite of ischaemic lesions in the more proximal parts of the limb.", "contents": "Acute ischaemic neuropathy in the rabbit. Ligation of either the common and internal iliac or the internal and external iliac arteries produced ischaemic lesions of the sciatic nerve and its branches, as well as direct muscle damage, in 5 out of 6 rabbits. In one animal, ligation of the aorta and of the internal iliac artery on one side produced a similar mixture of nerve and muscle damage on the side of the double ligation. Ligation of the femoral artery alone in 3 animals failed to produce significant changes. In the 6 affected animals there was paralysis of the hind leg on the side of the iliac ligations, with loss of tendon reflexes. Appreciation of pinprick over the foot and lower leg also appeared to be impaired. Complete ischaemic necrosis with irreversible damage to both neural and connective tissue elements did not occur in the main nerve trunks, but was present in some of the intramuscular nerve bundles as part of generalized coagulative necrosis of the most severely affected muscles. The characteristic pathological changes in the nerve fibres of the main nerve trunks were Wallerin degeneration and paranodal demyelination, the former being more extensive than the latter. In the animals with double iliac ligations, the upper level of ischaemic nerve damage was in the thigh, the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve being more commonly affected than the peroneal. Nerve and muscle damage tended to occur at different levels in the limb, but there was no example of clinical paresis due to neural damage without any ischaemic muscle changes being present. In two of the 3 animals in which the plantar muscles were examined, these muscles appeared to escape direct damage in spite of ischaemic lesions in the more proximal parts of the limb.", "PMID": 512690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9872", "title": "Lysophosphatidyl choline-induced focal demyelination in the rabbit corpus callosum. Light-microscopic observations.", "content": "The local application of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) by microinjection into the region of the corpus callosum of the rabbit produced demyelinating lesions. The lesions were assessed histologically using the Luxol fast blue myelin stain and the Holmes silver nitrate stain for the axis cylinders. Survival times for the animals ranged from 7 to 14 days. The center of the lesion was marked by infiltration of macrophages and necrosis, but the major area of the lesion was characterized by demyelination. By consideration of anatomical factors influencing LPC diffusion and of the appropriate placement of the injection, the entire vertical extent (about 0.5 mm) of the corpus callosum could be demyelinated with minimal amounts of necrosis. Since focal demyelination was possible in the fine caliber axons of the corpus callosum which are anatomically representative of many forebrain fiber systems, and since this fiber system is amenable to chronic physiological investigation, the corpus callosum may serve as an experimental model for morpho-physiological studies of mammalian central demyelinating pathways.", "contents": "Lysophosphatidyl choline-induced focal demyelination in the rabbit corpus callosum. Light-microscopic observations. The local application of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) by microinjection into the region of the corpus callosum of the rabbit produced demyelinating lesions. The lesions were assessed histologically using the Luxol fast blue myelin stain and the Holmes silver nitrate stain for the axis cylinders. Survival times for the animals ranged from 7 to 14 days. The center of the lesion was marked by infiltration of macrophages and necrosis, but the major area of the lesion was characterized by demyelination. By consideration of anatomical factors influencing LPC diffusion and of the appropriate placement of the injection, the entire vertical extent (about 0.5 mm) of the corpus callosum could be demyelinated with minimal amounts of necrosis. Since focal demyelination was possible in the fine caliber axons of the corpus callosum which are anatomically representative of many forebrain fiber systems, and since this fiber system is amenable to chronic physiological investigation, the corpus callosum may serve as an experimental model for morpho-physiological studies of mammalian central demyelinating pathways.", "PMID": 512691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9873", "title": "Cystic intracranial tumours. Cyst fluid, biochemical changes and computerised tomographic findings.", "content": "The concentrations of five biochemical substances were studied in cyst fluid from 49 cystic intracranial tumours and the findings were compared with the computerised tomographic (CT) scan and histological appearances of the tumours. The attenuation of the cyst wall on unenhanced CT was found to be related to cyst fluid alkaline phosphatase levels. Enhancement of the cyst wall with contrast medium was associated with higher levels of protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and  lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cyst fluid. Lesions of high grade malignancy had higher levels of protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, LDH and PHI than lesion of low grade malignancy and also higher levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and PHI than benign lesions. Oedema around a lesion was associated with increased malignancy.", "contents": "Cystic intracranial tumours. Cyst fluid, biochemical changes and computerised tomographic findings. The concentrations of five biochemical substances were studied in cyst fluid from 49 cystic intracranial tumours and the findings were compared with the computerised tomographic (CT) scan and histological appearances of the tumours. The attenuation of the cyst wall on unenhanced CT was found to be related to cyst fluid alkaline phosphatase levels. Enhancement of the cyst wall with contrast medium was associated with higher levels of protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and  lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cyst fluid. Lesions of high grade malignancy had higher levels of protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, LDH and PHI than lesion of low grade malignancy and also higher levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and PHI than benign lesions. Oedema around a lesion was associated with increased malignancy.", "PMID": 512692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9874", "title": "Normal human aging and cerebral vasoconstrictive responses to hypocapnia.", "content": "Cerebral vasoconstrictive capacitance was measured during voluntary hyperventilation hypocapnia in 22 healthly normal volunteers aged 21--65 years by serial 133Xe inhalation estimates of rCBF by the initial slope index method of Risberg (ISI2) in the steady state followed by the hypocapnic state. End-tidal PCO2 was monitored by a capnograph. There was significant linear correlation between reduction of PECO2 and the ISI2 values. Significant reduction of cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hypocapnia was found with normal advancing age which is attributed to (1) minor atherosclerosis or loss of elasticity of cerebral vessels with advancing age, (2) the presence of an ischemic threshold during hyperventilation at which CBF tends to stabilize.", "contents": "Normal human aging and cerebral vasoconstrictive responses to hypocapnia. Cerebral vasoconstrictive capacitance was measured during voluntary hyperventilation hypocapnia in 22 healthly normal volunteers aged 21--65 years by serial 133Xe inhalation estimates of rCBF by the initial slope index method of Risberg (ISI2) in the steady state followed by the hypocapnic state. End-tidal PCO2 was monitored by a capnograph. There was significant linear correlation between reduction of PECO2 and the ISI2 values. Significant reduction of cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hypocapnia was found with normal advancing age which is attributed to (1) minor atherosclerosis or loss of elasticity of cerebral vessels with advancing age, (2) the presence of an ischemic threshold during hyperventilation at which CBF tends to stabilize.", "PMID": 512693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9875", "title": "Central conduction time as an index of ischaemia in subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "Central conduction time (CCT) has been measured in 12 healthy volunteers, and in 16 patients admitted to a neurosurgical unit following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Twelve of the patients were subsequently operated upon for the obliteration of an intracranial aneurysm. CCT has been found to have low standard deviation in control cases, and in the normal side following subarachnoid haemorrhage from aneurysms in the Circle of Willis, and to be prolonged during the development of ischaemic complications, either of the haemorrhage or following surgery. Evidence so far suggests that CCT may be useful as a monitor of developing ischaemia in association with surgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "contents": "Central conduction time as an index of ischaemia in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Central conduction time (CCT) has been measured in 12 healthy volunteers, and in 16 patients admitted to a neurosurgical unit following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Twelve of the patients were subsequently operated upon for the obliteration of an intracranial aneurysm. CCT has been found to have low standard deviation in control cases, and in the normal side following subarachnoid haemorrhage from aneurysms in the Circle of Willis, and to be prolonged during the development of ischaemic complications, either of the haemorrhage or following surgery. Evidence so far suggests that CCT may be useful as a monitor of developing ischaemia in association with surgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "PMID": 512694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9876", "title": "Digestibility of raw and cooked starches from legume seeds using the laboratory rat.", "content": "The in vivo digestibility and growth responses to diets containing raw and cooked legume starches were determined using male Wistar rats. These starches were obtained from seven legumes including smooth- and wrinkled-seeded field peas, navy beans, kidney beans, garbanzo beans, mung beans and lentils. Wheat and potato starch diets were fed for comparative purposes. With the exception of potato and the field pea starches, rats fed uncooked starch diets had higher weight gains than those fed cooked starch diets. The starches from wheat and all legumes, excluding the high-amylose wrinkled pea, were nearly 100% digestible but the legume starches reduced the digestibility of casein protein by 3 to 4%. Raw potato starch was shown to be only 57% digestible. The starches from potato and wrinkled pea reduced the digestibility of casein protein to 87% and gave high cecum weights. These characteristics were not altered by cooking the starch of wrinkled pea. The starches of smooth-seeded peas, lentils and all beans were highly digestible, showed no adverse effects on growth and were comparable to wheat starch in this evaluation.", "contents": "Digestibility of raw and cooked starches from legume seeds using the laboratory rat. The in vivo digestibility and growth responses to diets containing raw and cooked legume starches were determined using male Wistar rats. These starches were obtained from seven legumes including smooth- and wrinkled-seeded field peas, navy beans, kidney beans, garbanzo beans, mung beans and lentils. Wheat and potato starch diets were fed for comparative purposes. With the exception of potato and the field pea starches, rats fed uncooked starch diets had higher weight gains than those fed cooked starch diets. The starches from wheat and all legumes, excluding the high-amylose wrinkled pea, were nearly 100% digestible but the legume starches reduced the digestibility of casein protein by 3 to 4%. Raw potato starch was shown to be only 57% digestible. The starches from potato and wrinkled pea reduced the digestibility of casein protein to 87% and gave high cecum weights. These characteristics were not altered by cooking the starch of wrinkled pea. The starches of smooth-seeded peas, lentils and all beans were highly digestible, showed no adverse effects on growth and were comparable to wheat starch in this evaluation.", "PMID": 512695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9877", "title": "Effect of bran and cellulose on lipid metabolism in obese female Zucker rats.", "content": "The effects on lipid metabolism of bran and cellulose added to a low-cholesterol purified diet were studied in female obese Zucker rats. The obese Zucker rat was chosen for the experiment because of its sensitivity to dietary changes with regard to lipid metabolism. Cellulos, as well as bran, had an effect on lipid metabolism, which is expressed as an increase in the excretion of fecal bile acid and cholesterol and, in the case of bran feeding, as a decrease in liver cholesterol level and an increase of fecal fat excretion. The increased excretion rate of cholesterol and bile acids did not result in a reduction of the plasma cholesterol levels, which suggests a compensatory mechanism in the form of either an increase of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and/or changes within the body cholesterol pools. The increased excretion of fecal fat that occurred when bran was added to the diet, is not likely to influence cholesterol metabolism, since fecal fat excretion only appeared to form a small percentage of the total fat intake. Bran as well as cellulose caused a significant increase in fecal wet weight and a decrease in transit time. Though both cellulose and bran are capable of binding bile acid, cholesterol and/or fat, the intestinal transit time and the fecal bulk might also be a cause of increased steroid excretion. The fact that our results are inconsistent with those of some investigations described in the literature but in agreement with the findings of other workers, again stresses the primary need for a better chemical characterization of the various fiber sources.", "contents": "Effect of bran and cellulose on lipid metabolism in obese female Zucker rats. The effects on lipid metabolism of bran and cellulose added to a low-cholesterol purified diet were studied in female obese Zucker rats. The obese Zucker rat was chosen for the experiment because of its sensitivity to dietary changes with regard to lipid metabolism. Cellulos, as well as bran, had an effect on lipid metabolism, which is expressed as an increase in the excretion of fecal bile acid and cholesterol and, in the case of bran feeding, as a decrease in liver cholesterol level and an increase of fecal fat excretion. The increased excretion rate of cholesterol and bile acids did not result in a reduction of the plasma cholesterol levels, which suggests a compensatory mechanism in the form of either an increase of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and/or changes within the body cholesterol pools. The increased excretion of fecal fat that occurred when bran was added to the diet, is not likely to influence cholesterol metabolism, since fecal fat excretion only appeared to form a small percentage of the total fat intake. Bran as well as cellulose caused a significant increase in fecal wet weight and a decrease in transit time. Though both cellulose and bran are capable of binding bile acid, cholesterol and/or fat, the intestinal transit time and the fecal bulk might also be a cause of increased steroid excretion. The fact that our results are inconsistent with those of some investigations described in the literature but in agreement with the findings of other workers, again stresses the primary need for a better chemical characterization of the various fiber sources.", "PMID": 512697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9878", "title": "The influence of carrier of gustatory stimulation on the cephalic phase of canine pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The pancreatic secretory responses of dogs to various taste stimuli were examined in this study. Additionally, taste preferences were examined in 24-hour exposure tests to taste stimulus solutions as well as in short exposure tests to taste solutions mixed with commercial stock diet. The liquid and solid food preference tests produced quite different results. In dogs with cannulated gastric and duodenal fistulas, gustatory receptors were stimulated orally with 100 ml of taste stimulus solution (water 0.05 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), 0.05 M citric acid or 0.3 M sucrose) mixed with 25 g of a carrier (commercial stock diet, purified diet or cellulose). Pancreatic secretory responses to the taste stimuli varied with the type of carrier. Stock diet carrier was a better stimulant than the purified diet for both protein output and volume flow. Taste stimuli with a cellulose carrier did not produce any pancreatic response at all. The differences in responses to the different carriers were greater than the differences between taste stimuli when the same carrier was used. This experiment indicates that gustatory stimulation does influence the function of pancreatic secretion depending on the carriers used.", "contents": "The influence of carrier of gustatory stimulation on the cephalic phase of canine pancreatic secretion. The pancreatic secretory responses of dogs to various taste stimuli were examined in this study. Additionally, taste preferences were examined in 24-hour exposure tests to taste stimulus solutions as well as in short exposure tests to taste solutions mixed with commercial stock diet. The liquid and solid food preference tests produced quite different results. In dogs with cannulated gastric and duodenal fistulas, gustatory receptors were stimulated orally with 100 ml of taste stimulus solution (water 0.05 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), 0.05 M citric acid or 0.3 M sucrose) mixed with 25 g of a carrier (commercial stock diet, purified diet or cellulose). Pancreatic secretory responses to the taste stimuli varied with the type of carrier. Stock diet carrier was a better stimulant than the purified diet for both protein output and volume flow. Taste stimuli with a cellulose carrier did not produce any pancreatic response at all. The differences in responses to the different carriers were greater than the differences between taste stimuli when the same carrier was used. This experiment indicates that gustatory stimulation does influence the function of pancreatic secretion depending on the carriers used.", "PMID": 512698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9879", "title": "Effect of dietary mineral composition on nutritional equivalency of amino acid mixtures and casein in rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary mineral composition on the quality of amino acid mixtures and intact casein was examined in growing rats fed for 28 days under \"conventional\" conditions. When 25% demineralized casein (DC) was the sole dietary protein source, the widely-used mineral mixture by Harper (MMH) supported growth poorly (3.2 g/day), but a new formula mineral mixture (MM2) containing sufficient amounts of zinc gave a growth rate of over 8 g/day for 21 days. With a crude casein (CC) diet, rats grew at the same rate regardless of mineral mixtures. The growth-supporting power of amino acid mixtures, one of which simulated casein (AA-A) and another patterned after Rogers and Harper to give maximal growth of rats (AA-B), was compared with those of DC and CC with addition of MMH or MM2. When the protein source was DC, AA-A or AA-B, MM2 significantly improved the growth over that of rats fed MMH. The growth-stimulating effect of MM2 was greater when added to DC diet than when added to AA-A diet. When MM2 was added to AA-B diet, the growth rate greatly increased and reached that of rats fed DC diet containing MM2 (over 8 g/day), showing a nutritional equivalency between the amino acid mixture and intact protein. Drawbacks inherent in MMH did not appear with CC diet, because CC contained considerable amounts of zinc. When a highly purified amino acid-sucrose diet is used, dietary minerals become most limiting for growth even under conventional conditions. Thus, the previous conflicting results concerning nutritional equivalency of amino acid mixtures and protein can be explained by inadequate mineral sources.", "contents": "Effect of dietary mineral composition on nutritional equivalency of amino acid mixtures and casein in rats. The effect of dietary mineral composition on the quality of amino acid mixtures and intact casein was examined in growing rats fed for 28 days under \"conventional\" conditions. When 25% demineralized casein (DC) was the sole dietary protein source, the widely-used mineral mixture by Harper (MMH) supported growth poorly (3.2 g/day), but a new formula mineral mixture (MM2) containing sufficient amounts of zinc gave a growth rate of over 8 g/day for 21 days. With a crude casein (CC) diet, rats grew at the same rate regardless of mineral mixtures. The growth-supporting power of amino acid mixtures, one of which simulated casein (AA-A) and another patterned after Rogers and Harper to give maximal growth of rats (AA-B), was compared with those of DC and CC with addition of MMH or MM2. When the protein source was DC, AA-A or AA-B, MM2 significantly improved the growth over that of rats fed MMH. The growth-stimulating effect of MM2 was greater when added to DC diet than when added to AA-A diet. When MM2 was added to AA-B diet, the growth rate greatly increased and reached that of rats fed DC diet containing MM2 (over 8 g/day), showing a nutritional equivalency between the amino acid mixture and intact protein. Drawbacks inherent in MMH did not appear with CC diet, because CC contained considerable amounts of zinc. When a highly purified amino acid-sucrose diet is used, dietary minerals become most limiting for growth even under conventional conditions. Thus, the previous conflicting results concerning nutritional equivalency of amino acid mixtures and protein can be explained by inadequate mineral sources.", "PMID": 512699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9880", "title": "Effects of magnesium deficiency on parturition and uterine involution in the rat.", "content": "The effects of moderate magnesium deficiency on the outcome of pregnancy, the process of parturition and uterine involution, were studied in successive experiments using Sherman rats. Females were fed purified diets containing 0.110 or 1.500 g Mg/kg throughout pregnancy and lactation. This magnesium deficient diet decreased the plasma magnesium but did not affect the number of pregnant rats or the weight of females at parturition. There was no change in the weight and size of litter. The number of still births was not significantly increased. The parturition process was observed; abdominal contractions were less obvious in deficient animals than in controls, and they were often not noticeable. Parturition was slightly lengthened in deficient rats. The major effects of magnesium deficiency occurred during lactation when the dam lost weight and the growth of her young was reduced. The uterine weight and its collagen content was higher and the collagen solubility was lower in the deficient rats than in controls between 2 and 10 days post partum. The delay in uterine involution could be prevented by provision of a magnesium supplement after parturition.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium deficiency on parturition and uterine involution in the rat. The effects of moderate magnesium deficiency on the outcome of pregnancy, the process of parturition and uterine involution, were studied in successive experiments using Sherman rats. Females were fed purified diets containing 0.110 or 1.500 g Mg/kg throughout pregnancy and lactation. This magnesium deficient diet decreased the plasma magnesium but did not affect the number of pregnant rats or the weight of females at parturition. There was no change in the weight and size of litter. The number of still births was not significantly increased. The parturition process was observed; abdominal contractions were less obvious in deficient animals than in controls, and they were often not noticeable. Parturition was slightly lengthened in deficient rats. The major effects of magnesium deficiency occurred during lactation when the dam lost weight and the growth of her young was reduced. The uterine weight and its collagen content was higher and the collagen solubility was lower in the deficient rats than in controls between 2 and 10 days post partum. The delay in uterine involution could be prevented by provision of a magnesium supplement after parturition.", "PMID": 512700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9881", "title": "Effect of excess dietary methionine on the catabolism of cysteine in rats.", "content": "The effect of excess methionine (MET) on cysteine (CYS) catabolism was investigated in rats prefed either a control (10% casein + 0.3% L-MET) or high-MET (10% casein + 3.0% L-MET) diet for 50 or 20 days. The activities of cysteine dioxygenase, cysteine desulfhydrase and cystathionase were increased in high-MET rats to levels 5.9, 2.7 and 2.7 times, respectively, those of control rats after 5 days and to 2.9, 2.0 and 2.7 times control levels after 20 days. Cysteine aminotransferase and cystathionine synthase activities were increased to 1.5 and 1.7 times control values after 5 days but were not significantly different from control values at 20 days. Following gastric intubation of 5 g of an L-amino acid diet containing 0.2% L-[35S]CYS, the 24-hour urinary exretion of 35SO4, [35S]taurine and total 35S (% of administered dose) and the [35S]taurine:35S and [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratios were increased in rats prefed excess MET for 5 or 20 days. When 2.6% L-[35S]CYS was administered similarly, no significant differences between high-MET and control rats were observed. However, the [35S]taurine:35S and [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratios were elevated in both high-MET and control rats given 2.6% L-[35S]CYS over those for control rats fed 0.2% L-[35S]CYS. The increase in cysteine dioxygenase activity and the increase in [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratio in rats fed excess MET or given a load dose of CYS suggest that the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway plays a major role in the regulation of CYS degradation.", "contents": "Effect of excess dietary methionine on the catabolism of cysteine in rats. The effect of excess methionine (MET) on cysteine (CYS) catabolism was investigated in rats prefed either a control (10% casein + 0.3% L-MET) or high-MET (10% casein + 3.0% L-MET) diet for 50 or 20 days. The activities of cysteine dioxygenase, cysteine desulfhydrase and cystathionase were increased in high-MET rats to levels 5.9, 2.7 and 2.7 times, respectively, those of control rats after 5 days and to 2.9, 2.0 and 2.7 times control levels after 20 days. Cysteine aminotransferase and cystathionine synthase activities were increased to 1.5 and 1.7 times control values after 5 days but were not significantly different from control values at 20 days. Following gastric intubation of 5 g of an L-amino acid diet containing 0.2% L-[35S]CYS, the 24-hour urinary exretion of 35SO4, [35S]taurine and total 35S (% of administered dose) and the [35S]taurine:35S and [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratios were increased in rats prefed excess MET for 5 or 20 days. When 2.6% L-[35S]CYS was administered similarly, no significant differences between high-MET and control rats were observed. However, the [35S]taurine:35S and [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratios were elevated in both high-MET and control rats given 2.6% L-[35S]CYS over those for control rats fed 0.2% L-[35S]CYS. The increase in cysteine dioxygenase activity and the increase in [35S]taurine:35SO4 ratio in rats fed excess MET or given a load dose of CYS suggest that the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway plays a major role in the regulation of CYS degradation.", "PMID": 512701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9882", "title": "Effect of prolonged starvation on substrate uptake in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "The pattern of substrate uptake by the heart in prolonged starvation, when lipid reserves are approaching depletion, has been examined. The classical Langendorff perfused heart preparation was employed to determine substrate uptakes in male rats fed ad libitum or starved for 7 days. Levels of metabolites in \"arterial\" and \"venous\" perfusion media and in heart tissue were determined by fluoroenzymatic assays, with the exception of palmitic acid which was analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that glucose is the principal fuel of oxidation in perfused hearts of ad libitum-fed rats, whereas palmitate (FFA) is the major fuel of oxidation in perfused hearts of starved rats, followed by lactate, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate and alanine. Such changes might be related to some of the alterations in the metabolic pathway (e.g., glycolytic inhibition) in prolonged starvation.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged starvation on substrate uptake in the isolated perfused rat heart. The pattern of substrate uptake by the heart in prolonged starvation, when lipid reserves are approaching depletion, has been examined. The classical Langendorff perfused heart preparation was employed to determine substrate uptakes in male rats fed ad libitum or starved for 7 days. Levels of metabolites in \"arterial\" and \"venous\" perfusion media and in heart tissue were determined by fluoroenzymatic assays, with the exception of palmitic acid which was analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that glucose is the principal fuel of oxidation in perfused hearts of ad libitum-fed rats, whereas palmitate (FFA) is the major fuel of oxidation in perfused hearts of starved rats, followed by lactate, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate and alanine. Such changes might be related to some of the alterations in the metabolic pathway (e.g., glycolytic inhibition) in prolonged starvation.", "PMID": 512702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9883", "title": "Effects of vitamin B-12 deprivation on phospholipid fatty acid patterns in liver and brain of rats fed high and low levels of linoleate in low methionine diets.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine how 20 weeks of deprivation of vitamin B-12 (B-12) would influence polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) patterns in cerebral and liver phospholipids of female rats. All experimental diets included 24% soybean protein and either 3.5 of 0.35% of linoleate (18:2). Deprivation of B-12 and restricted intakes of 18:2 significantly inhibited growth of the rats. Rats depleted of B-12 had 6.7 times more methylmalonic acid in their liver, and significantly more odd-numbered acids (15:0 + 17:0) were present in phosphatidyl choline (PC) of their liver and cerebrum. Deprivation of B-12 promoted 63.3 to 97.3% increases of 18:2 in PC and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of the liver. Rats deprived of B-12 had significantly less arachidonate (20:4 omega 6) and 22:5 omega 6 in their liver PC, as well as smaller amounts of 20:4 omega 6 and 22:6 omega 3 in their cerebral PC. Some of the observed changes appear to be due to a significant interaction between the effects of B-12 and linoleate. Changes in PUFA patterns of cerebral and hepatic PC suggest that B-12 deprivation may interfere with the conversion of 18:2 omega 6 leads to 20:4 omega 6 leads to 22:5 omega 6. Some of the observed changes may also be related to an inhibited ability to convert PE to PC.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B-12 deprivation on phospholipid fatty acid patterns in liver and brain of rats fed high and low levels of linoleate in low methionine diets. Experiments were conducted to determine how 20 weeks of deprivation of vitamin B-12 (B-12) would influence polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) patterns in cerebral and liver phospholipids of female rats. All experimental diets included 24% soybean protein and either 3.5 of 0.35% of linoleate (18:2). Deprivation of B-12 and restricted intakes of 18:2 significantly inhibited growth of the rats. Rats depleted of B-12 had 6.7 times more methylmalonic acid in their liver, and significantly more odd-numbered acids (15:0 + 17:0) were present in phosphatidyl choline (PC) of their liver and cerebrum. Deprivation of B-12 promoted 63.3 to 97.3% increases of 18:2 in PC and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of the liver. Rats deprived of B-12 had significantly less arachidonate (20:4 omega 6) and 22:5 omega 6 in their liver PC, as well as smaller amounts of 20:4 omega 6 and 22:6 omega 3 in their cerebral PC. Some of the observed changes appear to be due to a significant interaction between the effects of B-12 and linoleate. Changes in PUFA patterns of cerebral and hepatic PC suggest that B-12 deprivation may interfere with the conversion of 18:2 omega 6 leads to 20:4 omega 6 leads to 22:5 omega 6. Some of the observed changes may also be related to an inhibited ability to convert PE to PC.", "PMID": 512704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9884", "title": "Maternal-fetal transfer of ascorbic acid in the guinea pig.", "content": "Placental transfer of ascorbic acid was studied in the guinea pig using an in situ placental perfusion technique. A total of 14 animals were studied during their last week of gestation. The fetus was shown to have higher plasma total ascorbic acid (TAA) levels than the mother prior to maternal ascorbic acid infusion. However, following maternal venous infusion this normal gradient for TAA (fetal greater than maternal) disappeared and a new gradient was established (maternal greater than fetal). As maternal plasma TAA levels rose, the level of TAA in the placental perfusate steadily increased to a maximal concentration of approximately 0.85 mg/dl. This occurred when maternal plasma TAA levels were above 3.0 mg/dl. These results demonstrate that a saturable or carrier-mediated transport mechanism is involved in the placental transfer of ascorbic acid in this species. The apparent Vmax (the maximal transport rate by the saturable system per gram placenta) and the Kt (or one-half saturation concentration) were estimated to be 8.3 nmoles/minute and 0.12 mM, respectively. Additional results are presented to suggest that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) may be the predominant form of the vitamin crossing the guinea pig placenta.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal transfer of ascorbic acid in the guinea pig. Placental transfer of ascorbic acid was studied in the guinea pig using an in situ placental perfusion technique. A total of 14 animals were studied during their last week of gestation. The fetus was shown to have higher plasma total ascorbic acid (TAA) levels than the mother prior to maternal ascorbic acid infusion. However, following maternal venous infusion this normal gradient for TAA (fetal greater than maternal) disappeared and a new gradient was established (maternal greater than fetal). As maternal plasma TAA levels rose, the level of TAA in the placental perfusate steadily increased to a maximal concentration of approximately 0.85 mg/dl. This occurred when maternal plasma TAA levels were above 3.0 mg/dl. These results demonstrate that a saturable or carrier-mediated transport mechanism is involved in the placental transfer of ascorbic acid in this species. The apparent Vmax (the maximal transport rate by the saturable system per gram placenta) and the Kt (or one-half saturation concentration) were estimated to be 8.3 nmoles/minute and 0.12 mM, respectively. Additional results are presented to suggest that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) may be the predominant form of the vitamin crossing the guinea pig placenta.", "PMID": 512708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9885", "title": "Adipocyte cholesterol storage: effect of experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat.", "content": "In order to more clearly define the influence of adipocyte size and plasma cholesterol on adipose tissue cholesterol storage, hypercholesterolemia was induced in male Fisher rats at a time when body weight and adipocyte size become fixed. In one experiment (experiment 1), increasing amounts (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0%) of dietary cholesterol were added to a fat-free, purified diet (sucrose-casein-cellulose) fed to 1 year old virgin males. In experiment 2, retired breeder rats were fed 0 or 5% cholesterol, with and without corn oil supplementation of the purified diet. The plasma cholesterol responses (in experiment 1) to the various dietary cholesterol levels were in the order 0 = 0.5 greater than 0.05 greater than 5.0% = stock diet. In experiment 2, however, rats fed cholesterol had higher plasma cholesterol values than those fed the cholesterol-free diet. When total cholesterol concentration per 10(6) adipocytes was examined in four adipose depots, it was found that adipocyte cholesterol content tended to increase with increasing levels of circulating total cholesterol, regardless of the cholesterol content of the diet. The accretion of cholesterol in adipocytes was accompanied by enhanced storage in the esterified form, a response very similar to that of liver in these experiments but unlike skeletal muscle. It is concluded that adipose tissue participates physiologically in the response to hypercholesterolemia in the rat, but that the response may depend upon the nutritional or metabolic state of the animal prior to cholesterol feeding (young rats versus retired breeders) and is not similar in all adipose tissue depots.", "contents": "Adipocyte cholesterol storage: effect of experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat. In order to more clearly define the influence of adipocyte size and plasma cholesterol on adipose tissue cholesterol storage, hypercholesterolemia was induced in male Fisher rats at a time when body weight and adipocyte size become fixed. In one experiment (experiment 1), increasing amounts (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0%) of dietary cholesterol were added to a fat-free, purified diet (sucrose-casein-cellulose) fed to 1 year old virgin males. In experiment 2, retired breeder rats were fed 0 or 5% cholesterol, with and without corn oil supplementation of the purified diet. The plasma cholesterol responses (in experiment 1) to the various dietary cholesterol levels were in the order 0 = 0.5 greater than 0.05 greater than 5.0% = stock diet. In experiment 2, however, rats fed cholesterol had higher plasma cholesterol values than those fed the cholesterol-free diet. When total cholesterol concentration per 10(6) adipocytes was examined in four adipose depots, it was found that adipocyte cholesterol content tended to increase with increasing levels of circulating total cholesterol, regardless of the cholesterol content of the diet. The accretion of cholesterol in adipocytes was accompanied by enhanced storage in the esterified form, a response very similar to that of liver in these experiments but unlike skeletal muscle. It is concluded that adipose tissue participates physiologically in the response to hypercholesterolemia in the rat, but that the response may depend upon the nutritional or metabolic state of the animal prior to cholesterol feeding (young rats versus retired breeders) and is not similar in all adipose tissue depots.", "PMID": 512709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9886", "title": "Effects of tristearin, triolein and safflower oil diets on cholesterol balance in rats.", "content": "Diets containing relatively homogeneous triglycerides composed of 18-carbon chain saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids were fed to rats. Cholesterol absorption and turnover were studied. Cholesterol absorption was significantly less in rats fed tristearin than in animals fed triolein or safflower oil. Cholesterol removal from plasma was fastest in rats fed tristearin and slowest with safflower oil and triolein. Plasma cholesterol levels were lowest with tristearin and highest with safflower oil. Increased cholesterol in high density lipoproteins was observed with tristearin and triolein. Lymph and hepatic cholesterol, and lymph triglycerides were highest with safflower oil, suggesting endogenous mobilization. Cholesterol production was least with triolein. Sterol synthesis was greatest with tristearin, perhaps attributable to decreased negative feedback analogous to effects of cholestyramine. Differences in lipoprotein composition observed with the various diets are important since effects on particle size and shape may influence removal mechanisms. The mechanisms underlying the different effects of dietary triglycerides on sterol absorption and metabolism remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Effects of tristearin, triolein and safflower oil diets on cholesterol balance in rats. Diets containing relatively homogeneous triglycerides composed of 18-carbon chain saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids were fed to rats. Cholesterol absorption and turnover were studied. Cholesterol absorption was significantly less in rats fed tristearin than in animals fed triolein or safflower oil. Cholesterol removal from plasma was fastest in rats fed tristearin and slowest with safflower oil and triolein. Plasma cholesterol levels were lowest with tristearin and highest with safflower oil. Increased cholesterol in high density lipoproteins was observed with tristearin and triolein. Lymph and hepatic cholesterol, and lymph triglycerides were highest with safflower oil, suggesting endogenous mobilization. Cholesterol production was least with triolein. Sterol synthesis was greatest with tristearin, perhaps attributable to decreased negative feedback analogous to effects of cholestyramine. Differences in lipoprotein composition observed with the various diets are important since effects on particle size and shape may influence removal mechanisms. The mechanisms underlying the different effects of dietary triglycerides on sterol absorption and metabolism remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 512710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9887", "title": "Effects of diets of homogeneous saturated triglycerides on cholesterol balance in rats.", "content": "The effects of a diet of 10% homogeneous triglycerides of 12 to 18-carbon chain saturated fatty acids on cholesterol absorption and turnover were studied in rats. Cholesterol absorption was successively significantly less in rats fed tristearin than in groups fed tripalmitin, trimyristin and trilaurin. Lesser fatty acid absorption may explain the differences in part, since cholesterol absorption was significantly correlated with fat absorption. Cholesterol removal from plasma was fastest in rats fed tristearin. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased with the trilaurin diet although the rate of cholesterol accumulation in lymph after gavage was slower with trilaurin. Lymph triglycerides were highest with trilaurin and trimyristin diets perhaps indicating endogenous mobilization of triglyceride for lipoprotein formation. Lymph triglycerides were, however, decreased with tristearin. Sterol turnover (production, absorption plus synthesis) was increased with tristearin or trilaurin by kinetic or balance methods.", "contents": "Effects of diets of homogeneous saturated triglycerides on cholesterol balance in rats. The effects of a diet of 10% homogeneous triglycerides of 12 to 18-carbon chain saturated fatty acids on cholesterol absorption and turnover were studied in rats. Cholesterol absorption was successively significantly less in rats fed tristearin than in groups fed tripalmitin, trimyristin and trilaurin. Lesser fatty acid absorption may explain the differences in part, since cholesterol absorption was significantly correlated with fat absorption. Cholesterol removal from plasma was fastest in rats fed tristearin. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased with the trilaurin diet although the rate of cholesterol accumulation in lymph after gavage was slower with trilaurin. Lymph triglycerides were highest with trilaurin and trimyristin diets perhaps indicating endogenous mobilization of triglyceride for lipoprotein formation. Lymph triglycerides were, however, decreased with tristearin. Sterol turnover (production, absorption plus synthesis) was increased with tristearin or trilaurin by kinetic or balance methods.", "PMID": 512711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9888", "title": "Vitamin C deficiency in growing willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus).", "content": "Willow ptarmigan chicks raised on a diet containing 265 mg ascorbic acid/kg develop scury-like symptoms and die by 4 weeks of age. If blueberry plants are given as an ad libitum supplement to this diet, the malady is prevented. We have described the clinical, pathological and histological changes which accompany this malnutrition and conclude that they are in accord with the description of scurvy in guinea pig and man. Biochemical determination of ascorbic acid synthesis in the kidney of ptarmigan chicks indicated a rate of synthesis five times that found in livers of growing white rats. Blueberry plants and many other plants found in the natural diet of ptarmigan chicks contain 2,000 to 5,000 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry weight. Feeding experiments showed that the pathological signs were avoided and that already afflicted chicks recovered if the vitamin C content of the diet was raised to 750 mg/kg dry weight of food. Since the food intake of the chicks was 5 to 8 g/day the daily requirement of external vitamin C is about 150 mg/kg body weight. To our knowledge this is the first example of an animal which, while producing vitamin C itself, requires substantial amounts of external vitamin C to survive.", "contents": "Vitamin C deficiency in growing willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). Willow ptarmigan chicks raised on a diet containing 265 mg ascorbic acid/kg develop scury-like symptoms and die by 4 weeks of age. If blueberry plants are given as an ad libitum supplement to this diet, the malady is prevented. We have described the clinical, pathological and histological changes which accompany this malnutrition and conclude that they are in accord with the description of scurvy in guinea pig and man. Biochemical determination of ascorbic acid synthesis in the kidney of ptarmigan chicks indicated a rate of synthesis five times that found in livers of growing white rats. Blueberry plants and many other plants found in the natural diet of ptarmigan chicks contain 2,000 to 5,000 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry weight. Feeding experiments showed that the pathological signs were avoided and that already afflicted chicks recovered if the vitamin C content of the diet was raised to 750 mg/kg dry weight of food. Since the food intake of the chicks was 5 to 8 g/day the daily requirement of external vitamin C is about 150 mg/kg body weight. To our knowledge this is the first example of an animal which, while producing vitamin C itself, requires substantial amounts of external vitamin C to survive.", "PMID": 512712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9889", "title": "Drinking problems among employed, unemployed and shift workers.", "content": "This study investigated the relationships between drinking problems and the following: current employment status, current occupation, unemployment, shift work and alcohol-related problems. The study involved a household survey of 993 persons in Durham, an area near Toronto. A scale of 17 alcohol problems and symptoms was used. It was found that the highest rates of problems were among shift workers and the unemployed. The workers most likely to have serious problems were in processing/manufacturing, transport, artistic/literary/recreational and sales areas. Males with serious problems and shift workers reported drinking more when unemployed. Sanctions for work-related drinking problems, even for those with serious dependency, were rarely applied. This study suggests that priority targets for programs to assist employees with drinking problems should be males in processing/manufacturing, transport, artistic/literary/recreational areas and sales.", "contents": "Drinking problems among employed, unemployed and shift workers. This study investigated the relationships between drinking problems and the following: current employment status, current occupation, unemployment, shift work and alcohol-related problems. The study involved a household survey of 993 persons in Durham, an area near Toronto. A scale of 17 alcohol problems and symptoms was used. It was found that the highest rates of problems were among shift workers and the unemployed. The workers most likely to have serious problems were in processing/manufacturing, transport, artistic/literary/recreational and sales areas. Males with serious problems and shift workers reported drinking more when unemployed. Sanctions for work-related drinking problems, even for those with serious dependency, were rarely applied. This study suggests that priority targets for programs to assist employees with drinking problems should be males in processing/manufacturing, transport, artistic/literary/recreational areas and sales.", "PMID": 512716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9890", "title": "Middle life crisis and industrial workers.", "content": "Psychiatric consultation with a large utility company has uncovered a unique manifestation of the middle life syndrome. Employees with 20 or more years of service, referred to our psychiatric group, have in common such issues as \"institutional transference,\" unfulfilled employee vocational dreams and fantasies, with concurrent inability to adjust to technological, geographical and personnel changes. The author suggests personnel programs and policies which might help to deal preventively with these problems before employees reach middle life. Methods are suggested in which corporation changes might be more sensitively instituted to meet the psychological needs of employees.", "contents": "Middle life crisis and industrial workers. Psychiatric consultation with a large utility company has uncovered a unique manifestation of the middle life syndrome. Employees with 20 or more years of service, referred to our psychiatric group, have in common such issues as \"institutional transference,\" unfulfilled employee vocational dreams and fantasies, with concurrent inability to adjust to technological, geographical and personnel changes. The author suggests personnel programs and policies which might help to deal preventively with these problems before employees reach middle life. Methods are suggested in which corporation changes might be more sensitively instituted to meet the psychological needs of employees.", "PMID": 512717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9891", "title": "Mortality of pesticide applicators.", "content": "Information has been obtained on a cohort of professional pesticide applicators which will be followed prospectively. The cohort consists of 16,126 males employed for three months or more between 1967 and 1976 by any of three nationwide pest control companies. Deaths which occurred between 1967 and 1976 were reported by the Social Security Administration as a result of a search of its records. Overall, 311 deaths were ascertained, giving a standardized mortality ration (SMR) of 84. SMRs were over 100 for three causes of death--cancer of the lung (115), cancer of the skin (173) and cancer of the bladder (277). The confidence intervals of two of these ratios include 100, and the observed numbers therefore do not differ significantly from those expected. For bladder cancer the excess is on the border of statistical significance (p less than 0.05). The excess of deaths from lung cancer was not seen for applicators classified as termite control operators, a group more likely to be exposed to chlordane and heptachlor. There were significantly low SMRs for cancer of the digestive organs (46) and for other diseases of the digestive (55) and respiratory (29) systems. Deaths from cerebrovascular disease were also less than expected, though not significantly so.", "contents": "Mortality of pesticide applicators. Information has been obtained on a cohort of professional pesticide applicators which will be followed prospectively. The cohort consists of 16,126 males employed for three months or more between 1967 and 1976 by any of three nationwide pest control companies. Deaths which occurred between 1967 and 1976 were reported by the Social Security Administration as a result of a search of its records. Overall, 311 deaths were ascertained, giving a standardized mortality ration (SMR) of 84. SMRs were over 100 for three causes of death--cancer of the lung (115), cancer of the skin (173) and cancer of the bladder (277). The confidence intervals of two of these ratios include 100, and the observed numbers therefore do not differ significantly from those expected. For bladder cancer the excess is on the border of statistical significance (p less than 0.05). The excess of deaths from lung cancer was not seen for applicators classified as termite control operators, a group more likely to be exposed to chlordane and heptachlor. There were significantly low SMRs for cancer of the digestive organs (46) and for other diseases of the digestive (55) and respiratory (29) systems. Deaths from cerebrovascular disease were also less than expected, though not significantly so.", "PMID": 512718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9892", "title": "The effect of constructive coercion on the rehabilitative process. A study of the employed alcoholics in an alcoholism treatment program.", "content": "Two groups of employed men in an alcoholic rehabilitation program--one referred through an organized policy of constructive coercion and the other volunteer--were compared to test the efficacy of constructive coercion in the rehabilitation process. It was found that the patients referred by constructive coercion were younger, had fewer psychosocial problems, had a higher percentage who were abstinent and had higher rates of compliance with follow-up. A policy of constructive coercion allows earlier identification of workers with alcohol problems and improves the chances for a positive treatment outcome.", "contents": "The effect of constructive coercion on the rehabilitative process. A study of the employed alcoholics in an alcoholism treatment program. Two groups of employed men in an alcoholic rehabilitation program--one referred through an organized policy of constructive coercion and the other volunteer--were compared to test the efficacy of constructive coercion in the rehabilitation process. It was found that the patients referred by constructive coercion were younger, had fewer psychosocial problems, had a higher percentage who were abstinent and had higher rates of compliance with follow-up. A policy of constructive coercion allows earlier identification of workers with alcohol problems and improves the chances for a positive treatment outcome.", "PMID": 512719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9893", "title": "Lung cancer mortality among iron foundry workers.", "content": "The present study was designed to test earlier findings of increased risk of lung cancer among iron foundry workers and to define the cause of the risk. The subjects were 3,425 workers with at least one year's employment in an iron foundry sometime between 1918 and December 31, 1972. The number (51) of cases of lung cancer which occurred prior to December 31, 1976 was statistically significantly higher than that expected, i.e., 35.3 based on proportional mortality. Molders and casters were determined to have the highest excess risk in a case-control study among the cohort. The worker groups with high exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) experienced a lung cancer risk higher than that of other groups, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Lung cancer mortality among iron foundry workers. The present study was designed to test earlier findings of increased risk of lung cancer among iron foundry workers and to define the cause of the risk. The subjects were 3,425 workers with at least one year's employment in an iron foundry sometime between 1918 and December 31, 1972. The number (51) of cases of lung cancer which occurred prior to December 31, 1976 was statistically significantly higher than that expected, i.e., 35.3 based on proportional mortality. Molders and casters were determined to have the highest excess risk in a case-control study among the cohort. The worker groups with high exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) experienced a lung cancer risk higher than that of other groups, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 512720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9894", "title": "Facsimile epithelioid cells obtained from stimulated peritoneal macrophages and their secretory activity in vitro.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages collected after exposure to new born calf serum in vivo were found to have some of the morphological and ultrastructural features attributed to epithelioid cells. These features were accentuated by short term culture in vivo or in vitro. Three accepted varieties of epithelioid cell were reproduced, i.e., those with predominant rough ER, those with predominant smooth vesicles and the plasmacytoid variety. Cells resembling fibroblasts were not seen, nor were lymphoid cells. The facsimile epithelioid cells had considerable secretory activity for a range of macrophage enzymes. They retained the phagocytic capacity and the surface receptors of macrophages but to a reduced extent. It is suggested that epithelioid cells are a form of stimulated macrophage, especially effective in enzyme secretion and liable to appear after excitation of the cell membrane by pinocytosis rather than phagocytosis.", "contents": "Facsimile epithelioid cells obtained from stimulated peritoneal macrophages and their secretory activity in vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages collected after exposure to new born calf serum in vivo were found to have some of the morphological and ultrastructural features attributed to epithelioid cells. These features were accentuated by short term culture in vivo or in vitro. Three accepted varieties of epithelioid cell were reproduced, i.e., those with predominant rough ER, those with predominant smooth vesicles and the plasmacytoid variety. Cells resembling fibroblasts were not seen, nor were lymphoid cells. The facsimile epithelioid cells had considerable secretory activity for a range of macrophage enzymes. They retained the phagocytic capacity and the surface receptors of macrophages but to a reduced extent. It is suggested that epithelioid cells are a form of stimulated macrophage, especially effective in enzyme secretion and liable to appear after excitation of the cell membrane by pinocytosis rather than phagocytosis.", "PMID": 512741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9895", "title": "The normal parathyroid gland at autopsy: the significance of stromal fat in adult patients.", "content": "Traditionally half of the cell population of the adult parathyroid gland is considered to be stromal fat. A marked decrease of stromal fat has been observed at autopsy of adult patients, the functional significance of which is unknown. In order to investigate this phenomenon, the stromal and parenchymal fat of the parathyroid glands of 33 adult patients who died with no known hormonal abnormalities were evaluated. Stromal fat was much less than 50 per cent, i.e., less than 10 per cent., in the majority of cases, while parenchymal fat was ample in all cases. This finding, especially if compared to cases with hyperparathyroidism, indicates the lack of functional specificity of change in stromal fat, whereas, alteration in parenchymal fat appears to be a better anatomical register of normal or abnormal parathyroid function.", "contents": "The normal parathyroid gland at autopsy: the significance of stromal fat in adult patients. Traditionally half of the cell population of the adult parathyroid gland is considered to be stromal fat. A marked decrease of stromal fat has been observed at autopsy of adult patients, the functional significance of which is unknown. In order to investigate this phenomenon, the stromal and parenchymal fat of the parathyroid glands of 33 adult patients who died with no known hormonal abnormalities were evaluated. Stromal fat was much less than 50 per cent, i.e., less than 10 per cent., in the majority of cases, while parenchymal fat was ample in all cases. This finding, especially if compared to cases with hyperparathyroidism, indicates the lack of functional specificity of change in stromal fat, whereas, alteration in parenchymal fat appears to be a better anatomical register of normal or abnormal parathyroid function.", "PMID": 512742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9896", "title": "Peribronchiolar fibrosis following acute experimental lung damage by cadmium aerosol.", "content": "Following exposure to an aerosol of 0.1 per cent. (0.005M) cadmium chloride in physiologic saline, rat lungs were examined at 1 hour, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 21 days. Light microscopy showed that damage was most marked about respiratory bronchioles with a prominent increase in interstitial cells. Up to 3 days the intestitial cells were closely packed and monocytic in type, but on the fourth and fifth days, the cellular density had decreased and elongated cells resembling fibroblasts appeared. By 7 days the interstitial cells were predominantly fibroblastic. Ultrastructurally the fibroblasts were active with prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous, single, haphazardly scattered collagen fibrils in lacunae at the cell margins. At 21 days after injury, interstitial collagen was seen as well organised, mature bundles. The fibrosis was seen in a peribronchiolar position with distoration of the bronchiole and adjacent alveoli. We suggest that the peribronchiolar localisation of fibrosis is the probable cause of centriacinar emphysema resulting from acute cadmium fume poisoning in man.", "contents": "Peribronchiolar fibrosis following acute experimental lung damage by cadmium aerosol. Following exposure to an aerosol of 0.1 per cent. (0.005M) cadmium chloride in physiologic saline, rat lungs were examined at 1 hour, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 21 days. Light microscopy showed that damage was most marked about respiratory bronchioles with a prominent increase in interstitial cells. Up to 3 days the intestitial cells were closely packed and monocytic in type, but on the fourth and fifth days, the cellular density had decreased and elongated cells resembling fibroblasts appeared. By 7 days the interstitial cells were predominantly fibroblastic. Ultrastructurally the fibroblasts were active with prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous, single, haphazardly scattered collagen fibrils in lacunae at the cell margins. At 21 days after injury, interstitial collagen was seen as well organised, mature bundles. The fibrosis was seen in a peribronchiolar position with distoration of the bronchiole and adjacent alveoli. We suggest that the peribronchiolar localisation of fibrosis is the probable cause of centriacinar emphysema resulting from acute cadmium fume poisoning in man.", "PMID": 512743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9897", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of some normal and diseased conditions of mammalian skin as revealed in leather manufacture.", "content": "Sheep, goat and bovine skins, as leather, were examined. The surface contours of dermal response to sunburn, facial eczema, rape scald, and demodicosis are illustrated. In sunburn, demodicosis and rape scald, finger-like and ridge pattern projections had developed. In the photo-sensitive condition of rape scald and facial eczema distension was apparent, and in addition in rape scald reactions of contrasting nature involving hair follicles indicated a considerable disorientation of the skin. The transition from str. basale to str. corneum in bovine epidermis has been examined in leather from which the epidermis had unintentionally been incompletely removed in the course of manufacture, during attack on the keratinous tissue by hydrosulphide ions at high hydroxyl ion concentration. A \"pore\" presumably related to the position of the nucleus was observed in the outer surface of each of the cells in each layer exposed by the attack. The walls of the basal and adjacent cells appeared remarkably sturdy. As judged from the basal cells the intercellular cement (cell coating) disappeared before the cell wall degraded, but intercellular bridges remained clearly visible in the prickle cell layer, while towards the exterior, adjacent cell walls appeared more closely knit and the str. corneum (residues of which were observed around the follicles) appeared to lie in sheets. Discrete and fibrous cell components were exposed. At the latest degree of degradation observed in the basal cells the wall had reduced to a fibrous network.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of some normal and diseased conditions of mammalian skin as revealed in leather manufacture. Sheep, goat and bovine skins, as leather, were examined. The surface contours of dermal response to sunburn, facial eczema, rape scald, and demodicosis are illustrated. In sunburn, demodicosis and rape scald, finger-like and ridge pattern projections had developed. In the photo-sensitive condition of rape scald and facial eczema distension was apparent, and in addition in rape scald reactions of contrasting nature involving hair follicles indicated a considerable disorientation of the skin. The transition from str. basale to str. corneum in bovine epidermis has been examined in leather from which the epidermis had unintentionally been incompletely removed in the course of manufacture, during attack on the keratinous tissue by hydrosulphide ions at high hydroxyl ion concentration. A \"pore\" presumably related to the position of the nucleus was observed in the outer surface of each of the cells in each layer exposed by the attack. The walls of the basal and adjacent cells appeared remarkably sturdy. As judged from the basal cells the intercellular cement (cell coating) disappeared before the cell wall degraded, but intercellular bridges remained clearly visible in the prickle cell layer, while towards the exterior, adjacent cell walls appeared more closely knit and the str. corneum (residues of which were observed around the follicles) appeared to lie in sheets. Discrete and fibrous cell components were exposed. At the latest degree of degradation observed in the basal cells the wall had reduced to a fibrous network.", "PMID": 512744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9898", "title": "Budd Chiari syndrome from myosarcoma of right atrium.", "content": "A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal pain followed by marked liver and renal dysfunction. Although liver scan appearances were not diagnostic, at laparotomy a tense, enlarged liver was found with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Despite full supportive measures the patient died within a month of laparotomy. Subsequent necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of Budd Chiari syndrome and revealed the primary cause to be a myosarcoma of the right atrium, an occurrence hitherto unreported.", "contents": "Budd Chiari syndrome from myosarcoma of right atrium. A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal pain followed by marked liver and renal dysfunction. Although liver scan appearances were not diagnostic, at laparotomy a tense, enlarged liver was found with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Despite full supportive measures the patient died within a month of laparotomy. Subsequent necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of Budd Chiari syndrome and revealed the primary cause to be a myosarcoma of the right atrium, an occurrence hitherto unreported.", "PMID": 512745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9899", "title": "Fasciola hepatica in rats: transfer of immunity by serum and cells from infected to F. hepatica naive animals.", "content": "Immune, hyperimmune, and nonimmune serum samples were collected from inbred rats following 10 to 15 weeks of one [5 metacercariae (mc)/rat], two (5 mc followed by 30 mc/rat) or no (uninfected) exposure to Fasciola hepatica. Lymphoid cells also were collected from these donors. Inbred, naive rats in groups receiving immune serum, hyperimmune serum, nonimmune serum (serum control), immune cells, hyperimmune cells, and nonimmune cells (cell control) received intraperitoneally either a total of 20 ml of serum or a total of 3 x 10(8) viable lymphoid cells. A challenge infection of 30 mc/rat was administered orally at about the time of serum or cell transfer. The transfer of immunity was evaluated by examining recipient rats for parasites 4 and 8 weeks after challenge. Some hematological parameters and the precipitating antibody response of the recipients were monitored also. Hyperimmune serum, unlike immune serum, consistently provided a significant degree of protection in recipient rats. The precipitating antibody titre of this serum was higher than that obtained from the immune donor group. The importance of a second sensitization to obtain sufficiently potent serum was demonstrated. Lymphoid cells from infected donors did not consistently confer protection on recipients. Thus, the expression of protective immunity against F. hepatica seemed to be more dependent on the presence of antibodies than on cells. The hematological parameters of the recipients, in general, supported this observation. The precipitating-antibody response of protected rats was lower than that of unprotected animals following challenge, presumably because the development of fewer worms in the former provided less antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Fasciola hepatica in rats: transfer of immunity by serum and cells from infected to F. hepatica naive animals. Immune, hyperimmune, and nonimmune serum samples were collected from inbred rats following 10 to 15 weeks of one [5 metacercariae (mc)/rat], two (5 mc followed by 30 mc/rat) or no (uninfected) exposure to Fasciola hepatica. Lymphoid cells also were collected from these donors. Inbred, naive rats in groups receiving immune serum, hyperimmune serum, nonimmune serum (serum control), immune cells, hyperimmune cells, and nonimmune cells (cell control) received intraperitoneally either a total of 20 ml of serum or a total of 3 x 10(8) viable lymphoid cells. A challenge infection of 30 mc/rat was administered orally at about the time of serum or cell transfer. The transfer of immunity was evaluated by examining recipient rats for parasites 4 and 8 weeks after challenge. Some hematological parameters and the precipitating antibody response of the recipients were monitored also. Hyperimmune serum, unlike immune serum, consistently provided a significant degree of protection in recipient rats. The precipitating antibody titre of this serum was higher than that obtained from the immune donor group. The importance of a second sensitization to obtain sufficiently potent serum was demonstrated. Lymphoid cells from infected donors did not consistently confer protection on recipients. Thus, the expression of protective immunity against F. hepatica seemed to be more dependent on the presence of antibodies than on cells. The hematological parameters of the recipients, in general, supported this observation. The precipitating-antibody response of protected rats was lower than that of unprotected animals following challenge, presumably because the development of fewer worms in the former provided less antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 512746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9900", "title": "Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. I. Evaluation of techniques for radioisotope labeling of surface proteins from adult worms.", "content": "Radiolabeled surface proteins of adult Schistosoma mansoni were prepared by in vitro labeling of whole worms, and by labeling freeze-thaw surface membrane extracts. Incorporation of 125I into surface proteins was attempted using the lactoperoxidase, chloramine-T, iodosulfanilic acid, and Bolton-Hunter methods. Radiolabeling of whole worms with lactoperoxidase, chloramine-T and iodosulfanilic acid yielded a single protein peak (mol wt greater than 100,000) on SDS-PAGE, and showed considerable incorporation of label in the lipid fraction. Bolton-Hunter labeling of whole worms yielded four major peaks with molecular weights of 100,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 21,000, and minor peaks with molecular weights of 26,000, 36,000, 43,000, 68,000 and 78,000; three of the four major peaks corresponded to prominent bands in Coomassie blue-stained gels. Although carbohydrate-labeling techniques were not successful, a single carbohydrate band, molecular weight greater than 100,000, was detected was PAS staining. Radiolabeling of freeze-thaw extracts yielded results similar to those obtained with whole worms. Electron microscopy revealed the tegument to be left intact and undamaged after labeling with the Bolton-Hunter reagent.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. I. Evaluation of techniques for radioisotope labeling of surface proteins from adult worms. Radiolabeled surface proteins of adult Schistosoma mansoni were prepared by in vitro labeling of whole worms, and by labeling freeze-thaw surface membrane extracts. Incorporation of 125I into surface proteins was attempted using the lactoperoxidase, chloramine-T, iodosulfanilic acid, and Bolton-Hunter methods. Radiolabeling of whole worms with lactoperoxidase, chloramine-T and iodosulfanilic acid yielded a single protein peak (mol wt greater than 100,000) on SDS-PAGE, and showed considerable incorporation of label in the lipid fraction. Bolton-Hunter labeling of whole worms yielded four major peaks with molecular weights of 100,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 21,000, and minor peaks with molecular weights of 26,000, 36,000, 43,000, 68,000 and 78,000; three of the four major peaks corresponded to prominent bands in Coomassie blue-stained gels. Although carbohydrate-labeling techniques were not successful, a single carbohydrate band, molecular weight greater than 100,000, was detected was PAS staining. Radiolabeling of freeze-thaw extracts yielded results similar to those obtained with whole worms. Electron microscopy revealed the tegument to be left intact and undamaged after labeling with the Bolton-Hunter reagent.", "PMID": 512747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9901", "title": "Adoptive transfer of protective immunity in experimental schistosomiasis in the mouse.", "content": "Passive transfer of immune serum alone did not confer protection to recipient mice irrespective of the routes of serum transfer or cercarial challenge of Schistosoma mansoni. Mice that received both sensitized cells and immune serum were protected against challenge by subcutaneous injection of cercariae but not by percutaneous exposure. The immune serum could be transferred as late as 8 days after subcutaneous challenge, suggesting that the protection was afforded in part by a late parasite killing mechanism which functions after the schistosomula have migrated through the lungs.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of protective immunity in experimental schistosomiasis in the mouse. Passive transfer of immune serum alone did not confer protection to recipient mice irrespective of the routes of serum transfer or cercarial challenge of Schistosoma mansoni. Mice that received both sensitized cells and immune serum were protected against challenge by subcutaneous injection of cercariae but not by percutaneous exposure. The immune serum could be transferred as late as 8 days after subcutaneous challenge, suggesting that the protection was afforded in part by a late parasite killing mechanism which functions after the schistosomula have migrated through the lungs.", "PMID": 512748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9902", "title": "The purine phosphoribosyltransferases of Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "The purine phosphoribosyltransferases of Crithidia fasciculata were identified and some of their properties described. The organism possesses three separate enzymes for the production of AMP, IMP, and GMP. The evidence for this comes from the observed differences in elution patterns from gel filtration columns, differences in heat sensitivity, and especially the clear separation of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from guanine phosphoribosyltransferase by affinity chromatography on GMP-agarose. APRTase is activated most efficiently by Zn++, whereas HPRTase and GPRTase are activated most effectively by Co++. In no case did the product mononucleotides produce strong inhibition of the transferase activities.", "contents": "The purine phosphoribosyltransferases of Crithidia fasciculata. The purine phosphoribosyltransferases of Crithidia fasciculata were identified and some of their properties described. The organism possesses three separate enzymes for the production of AMP, IMP, and GMP. The evidence for this comes from the observed differences in elution patterns from gel filtration columns, differences in heat sensitivity, and especially the clear separation of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from guanine phosphoribosyltransferase by affinity chromatography on GMP-agarose. APRTase is activated most efficiently by Zn++, whereas HPRTase and GPRTase are activated most effectively by Co++. In no case did the product mononucleotides produce strong inhibition of the transferase activities.", "PMID": 512749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9903", "title": "The use of sodium taurodeoxycholate for excystation of Eimeria tenella sporozoites.", "content": "As an in vitro excystor, sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC) released 80--90% Eimeria tenella sporozites, in contrast to 0--15% excystation by six other bile salts or bile extracts, and pooled chicken bile in 90 min at 37 C with continuous agitation. Pooled chicken bile required 4 to 4 1/2 hr to excyst similar percentages of sporozoites. Prolonged incubation with other bile salts and bile extracts excysted most sporozoites, but killed them. When the incubation temperature was raised to 44 C, TDC excysted 100% of the sporozoites in 60 min. In all other bile salts or bile extracts, the percentage of excystation increased greatly at 44 C, but none equalled that of TDC. The molecular similarity of TDC to a naturally occurring bile salt of chickens is presented as an explanation for the superior performance of TDC as an excystor. Data are examined to minimize the possibility that excysting activity of TDC can be attributed to other bile salts present at impurities.", "contents": "The use of sodium taurodeoxycholate for excystation of Eimeria tenella sporozoites. As an in vitro excystor, sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC) released 80--90% Eimeria tenella sporozites, in contrast to 0--15% excystation by six other bile salts or bile extracts, and pooled chicken bile in 90 min at 37 C with continuous agitation. Pooled chicken bile required 4 to 4 1/2 hr to excyst similar percentages of sporozoites. Prolonged incubation with other bile salts and bile extracts excysted most sporozoites, but killed them. When the incubation temperature was raised to 44 C, TDC excysted 100% of the sporozoites in 60 min. In all other bile salts or bile extracts, the percentage of excystation increased greatly at 44 C, but none equalled that of TDC. The molecular similarity of TDC to a naturally occurring bile salt of chickens is presented as an explanation for the superior performance of TDC as an excystor. Data are examined to minimize the possibility that excysting activity of TDC can be attributed to other bile salts present at impurities.", "PMID": 512750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9904", "title": "De novo synthesis of methionine in normal and Brugia-infected Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Crude extracts of normal, adult Aedes aegypti were able to form methionine from homocysteine in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MeFH4) but not betaine. The requirements for the reaction, including a need for vitamin B12, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and a reducing system, indicated that it was catalyzed by MeFH4:homocysteine transmethylase (methionine synthetase). The general properties of A. aegypti methionine synthetase were found to be similar to those of the analogous enzyme from bacterial and mammalian sources, except that its apparent affinity for SAM was significantly lower. Extracts of normal, adult A. aegypti females (5 days after emergence, as well as 7 and 12 days after they fed upon uninfected jirds) synthesized methionine at a rate of 0.6 nmole per hr per mg protein. Extracts of female mosquitoes prepared 7 and 12 days after they fed upon Brugia pahangi-infected jirds synthesized methionine at double the normal rate. Because methionine formation by extracts of adult B. pahangi could not be detected, it is probable that methionine synthetase activity increased in the arthropod host in response to filarial infection.", "contents": "De novo synthesis of methionine in normal and Brugia-infected Aedes aegypti. Crude extracts of normal, adult Aedes aegypti were able to form methionine from homocysteine in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MeFH4) but not betaine. The requirements for the reaction, including a need for vitamin B12, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and a reducing system, indicated that it was catalyzed by MeFH4:homocysteine transmethylase (methionine synthetase). The general properties of A. aegypti methionine synthetase were found to be similar to those of the analogous enzyme from bacterial and mammalian sources, except that its apparent affinity for SAM was significantly lower. Extracts of normal, adult A. aegypti females (5 days after emergence, as well as 7 and 12 days after they fed upon uninfected jirds) synthesized methionine at a rate of 0.6 nmole per hr per mg protein. Extracts of female mosquitoes prepared 7 and 12 days after they fed upon Brugia pahangi-infected jirds synthesized methionine at double the normal rate. Because methionine formation by extracts of adult B. pahangi could not be detected, it is probable that methionine synthetase activity increased in the arthropod host in response to filarial infection.", "PMID": 512751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9905", "title": "Fine structure of the tegument of Mesocestoides tetrathyridia by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The tegumental surface of tetrathyridial stages of the tapeworm, Mesocestoides corti, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two structural types of microvilli were observed--blade-shaped or conical ones, and elongated, slender microvilli. The distribution and relative frequency of the two types of microvilli differs in different areas of the body surface. Host peritoneal cells were observed attached to the blade-shaped microvilli by slender cytoplasmic projections.", "contents": "Fine structure of the tegument of Mesocestoides tetrathyridia by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tegumental surface of tetrathyridial stages of the tapeworm, Mesocestoides corti, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two structural types of microvilli were observed--blade-shaped or conical ones, and elongated, slender microvilli. The distribution and relative frequency of the two types of microvilli differs in different areas of the body surface. Host peritoneal cells were observed attached to the blade-shaped microvilli by slender cytoplasmic projections.", "PMID": 512753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9906", "title": "A unicellular endocrine gland in cestodes.", "content": "Unicellular glands are reported from the scolex and anterior neck region of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. Despite positive staining reactions with the presumptive neurosecretory stains, paraldehyde-fuchsin and chrome-alum-hematoxylin, ultrastructurally these glands exhibit many non-neural characteristics. Glandular cell processes are frequently found in close proximity to muscular tissue, particularly in the suckers, suggesting a regulatory role in muscle modulation as a possible function. Two types of putative, neurosecretory cells are reported from the cephalic ganglia and the lateral nerve cords. Neurosecretory regulation of the unicellular endocrine glands is postulated based on the lack of direct innervation of the glands and the frequent close proximity of axons containing putative, neurosecretory granules.", "contents": "A unicellular endocrine gland in cestodes. Unicellular glands are reported from the scolex and anterior neck region of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. Despite positive staining reactions with the presumptive neurosecretory stains, paraldehyde-fuchsin and chrome-alum-hematoxylin, ultrastructurally these glands exhibit many non-neural characteristics. Glandular cell processes are frequently found in close proximity to muscular tissue, particularly in the suckers, suggesting a regulatory role in muscle modulation as a possible function. Two types of putative, neurosecretory cells are reported from the cephalic ganglia and the lateral nerve cords. Neurosecretory regulation of the unicellular endocrine glands is postulated based on the lack of direct innervation of the glands and the frequent close proximity of axons containing putative, neurosecretory granules.", "PMID": 512754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9907", "title": "Intraerythrocytic parasites in rodent populations of Connecticut: Babesia and Grahamella species.", "content": "A total of 612 Peromyscus leucopus, 11 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 21 Clethrionomys gapperi, and 4 Tamias striatus was collected in Connecticut and examined for Babesia and Grahamella during 1976 and 1977. Babesia antibodies were detected in sera of 9 P. leucopus collected from 4 sites. Babesia parasites were not detected in the blood smears of captured rodents. Subsequent splenectomy and subinoculation of blood from these rodents into susceptible animals failed to induce disease and no Babesia was isolated. Six of 10 P. leucopus inoculated with a Shelter Island, New York strain of B. microti remained infected for 3 1/2 months. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers of experimentally infected P. leucopus ranged from 1:8 to 1:256. Prevalence of Grahamella peromysci infection, as determined from examinations of blood smears of P. leucopus, was 13%. This infection rate is a conservative estimate because parasitemia is difficult to detect in intact animals. Twenty of 58 P. leucopus, taken at 2 sites and with negative blood smears for G. peromysci, developed parasitemia after splenectomy.", "contents": "Intraerythrocytic parasites in rodent populations of Connecticut: Babesia and Grahamella species. A total of 612 Peromyscus leucopus, 11 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 21 Clethrionomys gapperi, and 4 Tamias striatus was collected in Connecticut and examined for Babesia and Grahamella during 1976 and 1977. Babesia antibodies were detected in sera of 9 P. leucopus collected from 4 sites. Babesia parasites were not detected in the blood smears of captured rodents. Subsequent splenectomy and subinoculation of blood from these rodents into susceptible animals failed to induce disease and no Babesia was isolated. Six of 10 P. leucopus inoculated with a Shelter Island, New York strain of B. microti remained infected for 3 1/2 months. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers of experimentally infected P. leucopus ranged from 1:8 to 1:256. Prevalence of Grahamella peromysci infection, as determined from examinations of blood smears of P. leucopus, was 13%. This infection rate is a conservative estimate because parasitemia is difficult to detect in intact animals. Twenty of 58 P. leucopus, taken at 2 sites and with negative blood smears for G. peromysci, developed parasitemia after splenectomy.", "PMID": 512755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9908", "title": "Laboratory infection of blackflies (Simuliidae) and midges (Chironomidae) by the mosquito mermithid, Romanomermis culicivorax.", "content": "Penetrating infective juveniles of Romanomermis culicivorax usually killed first-stage larvae of Chironomus maturus Johann., Chironomus sp., Simulium damnosum Theo., and S. venustum Say. Nematodes were melanized and died after they entered fourth stage larvae of 2 chironomid species, but no host reaction was evident after entry into fourth-stage blackfly larvae. In contrast, the nematodes initiated development in the latter hosts, which died before the nematodes completed their development.", "contents": "Laboratory infection of blackflies (Simuliidae) and midges (Chironomidae) by the mosquito mermithid, Romanomermis culicivorax. Penetrating infective juveniles of Romanomermis culicivorax usually killed first-stage larvae of Chironomus maturus Johann., Chironomus sp., Simulium damnosum Theo., and S. venustum Say. Nematodes were melanized and died after they entered fourth stage larvae of 2 chironomid species, but no host reaction was evident after entry into fourth-stage blackfly larvae. In contrast, the nematodes initiated development in the latter hosts, which died before the nematodes completed their development.", "PMID": 512756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9909", "title": "Incidence of infection and host specificity of Cuterebra tenebrosa in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) from central Washington.", "content": "Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett bot flies were studied under natural and laboratory conditions in bushy-tailed wood rats and 7 other small mammal host species. Larvae demonstrated strong host specificity for Neotoma cinerea. Monthly trapping samples of wood rats in central Washington showed infection peaks of 65--70% in May and 30--40% in late summer. In laboratory-induced infections, wood rats supported 7 larvae without host mortality. Natural infections in trapped rats ranged from 1 to 6 per host. Larvae developed in lateral and dorsal warbles in laboratory and natural infections. Few wood rats demonstrated evidence of acquired immunity in repeated infections over 2 years.", "contents": "Incidence of infection and host specificity of Cuterebra tenebrosa in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) from central Washington. Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett bot flies were studied under natural and laboratory conditions in bushy-tailed wood rats and 7 other small mammal host species. Larvae demonstrated strong host specificity for Neotoma cinerea. Monthly trapping samples of wood rats in central Washington showed infection peaks of 65--70% in May and 30--40% in late summer. In laboratory-induced infections, wood rats supported 7 larvae without host mortality. Natural infections in trapped rats ranged from 1 to 6 per host. Larvae developed in lateral and dorsal warbles in laboratory and natural infections. Few wood rats demonstrated evidence of acquired immunity in repeated infections over 2 years.", "PMID": 512757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9910", "title": "Helminths of shorebirds from the Texas Gulfcoast. I. Digenetic trematodes from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus.", "content": "Trematodes found in 10 Numenius americanus from the Galveston area included Pelmatostomum americanum sp. n. (Echinostomatidae) from the intestine; Paratrema numenii gen. et sp. n. (Philophthalmidae) from the Bursa Fabricii and lower intestine; and the following previously known species, all representing new host records: Maritrema arenaria and Probolocorphye glandulosa (Microphallidae); Lyperosomum oswaldoi and L. sinuosum (Dicrocoeliidae); Cyclocoelum obscurum (Cyclocoelidae); Himasthla rhigedana (Echinostomatidae); and Parorchis acanthus (Philophthalmidae). New taxa are diagnosed and H. rhigedana is redescribed.", "contents": "Helminths of shorebirds from the Texas Gulfcoast. I. Digenetic trematodes from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. Trematodes found in 10 Numenius americanus from the Galveston area included Pelmatostomum americanum sp. n. (Echinostomatidae) from the intestine; Paratrema numenii gen. et sp. n. (Philophthalmidae) from the Bursa Fabricii and lower intestine; and the following previously known species, all representing new host records: Maritrema arenaria and Probolocorphye glandulosa (Microphallidae); Lyperosomum oswaldoi and L. sinuosum (Dicrocoeliidae); Cyclocoelum obscurum (Cyclocoelidae); Himasthla rhigedana (Echinostomatidae); and Parorchis acanthus (Philophthalmidae). New taxa are diagnosed and H. rhigedana is redescribed.", "PMID": 512758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9911", "title": "Feather mites of the greater sandhill crane.", "content": "New taxa are described from Grus canadensis tabida: Brephosceles petersoni sp. n. (Alloptidae); Pseudogabucinia reticulata sp. n. (Kramerellidae); Geranolichus canadensis sp. n., and Gruolichus wodashae, gen. et sp. n. (Pterolichidae). Observations on resource partitioning by these mites are given.", "contents": "Feather mites of the greater sandhill crane. New taxa are described from Grus canadensis tabida: Brephosceles petersoni sp. n. (Alloptidae); Pseudogabucinia reticulata sp. n. (Kramerellidae); Geranolichus canadensis sp. n., and Gruolichus wodashae, gen. et sp. n. (Pterolichidae). Observations on resource partitioning by these mites are given.", "PMID": 512759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9912", "title": "Neottialges (Pelecanectes) ibisicola sp. n. (Acari: Hypoderidae) from the subcutaneous tissues of the white-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae).", "content": "Neottialges (Pelecanectes) ibisicola sp. n. is described from the subcutaneous tissues of the White-faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi, from west Texas. The new species is similar to N. (P.) plegadicola Fain, but differs from this and other species of the subgenus by idiosomal chaetotaxy, presence of a bifurcate apical extension on Tarsus III, solenidion phi on Tibia I less than 1/2 as long in the new species, lateroventral seta of Tibia I whiplike, structure of the genital sclerite and suckers, and presence of punctations on the dorsal idiosoma. The morphology and host-parasite relationships of the new species are compared with those of related species of hypopi from the host family Threskiornithidae.", "contents": "Neottialges (Pelecanectes) ibisicola sp. n. (Acari: Hypoderidae) from the subcutaneous tissues of the white-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae). Neottialges (Pelecanectes) ibisicola sp. n. is described from the subcutaneous tissues of the White-faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi, from west Texas. The new species is similar to N. (P.) plegadicola Fain, but differs from this and other species of the subgenus by idiosomal chaetotaxy, presence of a bifurcate apical extension on Tarsus III, solenidion phi on Tibia I less than 1/2 as long in the new species, lateroventral seta of Tibia I whiplike, structure of the genital sclerite and suckers, and presence of punctations on the dorsal idiosoma. The morphology and host-parasite relationships of the new species are compared with those of related species of hypopi from the host family Threskiornithidae.", "PMID": 512760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9913", "title": "Field study of the relationship between skin-sensitizing antibody production in the cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus, and infestation by the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acri: Ixodidae).", "content": "The resistance of cottontail rabbits to tick feeding appears correlated with the rabbits' development of skin-sensitizing antibodies. Resistance appeared to be greatest in adult rabbits which had been repeatedly infested with ticks. Rabbits with little exposure to ticks, usually the young cottontails, showed little or no skin-sensitizing antibody present in their blood and usually had relatively high tick loads when compared with adult rabbits. Models used to interpret the data show promise as tools for predicting tick population fluctuations and, perhaps, incidence of vector borne disease outbreaks. The existence of resistance to tick attachment has important implications for the host-parasite relationship. The research lends support to the hypothesis that the resistance may function as a homeostatic regulatory mechanism capable of maintaining the size of the tick population in equilibrium with the size of the rabbit population. In this way, host resistance may be advantageous to the parasite as well as to the host.", "contents": "Field study of the relationship between skin-sensitizing antibody production in the cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus, and infestation by the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acri: Ixodidae). The resistance of cottontail rabbits to tick feeding appears correlated with the rabbits' development of skin-sensitizing antibodies. Resistance appeared to be greatest in adult rabbits which had been repeatedly infested with ticks. Rabbits with little exposure to ticks, usually the young cottontails, showed little or no skin-sensitizing antibody present in their blood and usually had relatively high tick loads when compared with adult rabbits. Models used to interpret the data show promise as tools for predicting tick population fluctuations and, perhaps, incidence of vector borne disease outbreaks. The existence of resistance to tick attachment has important implications for the host-parasite relationship. The research lends support to the hypothesis that the resistance may function as a homeostatic regulatory mechanism capable of maintaining the size of the tick population in equilibrium with the size of the rabbit population. In this way, host resistance may be advantageous to the parasite as well as to the host.", "PMID": 512764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9914", "title": "Fascioliasis: similarities of the anemia in rats to that produced by infused proline.", "content": "Fasciola hepatica releases large amounts of proline into the bile of its host. Significant increases in the levels of other amino acids in the bile also occur. The present investigation examines whether proline and these other amino acids may play a role in inducing the anemia that frequently accompanies fascioliasis. In experiments, rats were infused intra-abdominally for 2 weeks with 1 of 3 solutions: 20.0 mM proline in saline, a mixture of 8 amino acids (excluding proline) each at 2.0 mM in saline, or saline only. At the end of the experiments 2 cc of blood was removed from each rat, via cardiac puncture. The heparinized blood was used to count erythrocytes and reticulocytes, and to measure hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Analysis of variance disclosed highly significant differences in erythrocyte counts, MCV, and reticulocyte counts among the 5 groups. A Student-Newman-Keuls test indicated that the Proline and Infected groups were not different from each other (except for MCV, where proline's effect was more severe) and that both groups differed significantly from the Amino Acid group, the Saline group, and the Control group. Hence, it appears that infused proline can cause an anemia similar to that induced by Fasciola.", "contents": "Fascioliasis: similarities of the anemia in rats to that produced by infused proline. Fasciola hepatica releases large amounts of proline into the bile of its host. Significant increases in the levels of other amino acids in the bile also occur. The present investigation examines whether proline and these other amino acids may play a role in inducing the anemia that frequently accompanies fascioliasis. In experiments, rats were infused intra-abdominally for 2 weeks with 1 of 3 solutions: 20.0 mM proline in saline, a mixture of 8 amino acids (excluding proline) each at 2.0 mM in saline, or saline only. At the end of the experiments 2 cc of blood was removed from each rat, via cardiac puncture. The heparinized blood was used to count erythrocytes and reticulocytes, and to measure hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Analysis of variance disclosed highly significant differences in erythrocyte counts, MCV, and reticulocyte counts among the 5 groups. A Student-Newman-Keuls test indicated that the Proline and Infected groups were not different from each other (except for MCV, where proline's effect was more severe) and that both groups differed significantly from the Amino Acid group, the Saline group, and the Control group. Hence, it appears that infused proline can cause an anemia similar to that induced by Fasciola.", "PMID": 512765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9915", "title": "Changes in the structure of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis intestinal cells during development from the free-living to the parasitic stages.", "content": "The ultrastructure of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis intestinal cells was examined in free-living, feeding second-stage larvae, infective, nonfeeding third-stage larvae, and parasitic, feeding third-stage larvae. The intestinal cells of second-stage larvae were characterized by a well-developed microvillar border, large numbers of ribosomes, Golgi complexes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The intestinal cells of infective, third-stage larvae had very few microvilli and the cells were extremely narrow. Few ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and little rough endoplasmic  reticulum were present. Nuclei did not contain nucleoli. When worms were introduced into an in vitro culture system, development of intestinal cells began. By 36 hr, microvilli were well differentiated and the cysoplasm contained numerous ribosomes and Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleoli were prominent. These morphological changes were related to changes in the physiology of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis which occur during development from a free-living to parasitic form.", "contents": "Changes in the structure of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis intestinal cells during development from the free-living to the parasitic stages. The ultrastructure of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis intestinal cells was examined in free-living, feeding second-stage larvae, infective, nonfeeding third-stage larvae, and parasitic, feeding third-stage larvae. The intestinal cells of second-stage larvae were characterized by a well-developed microvillar border, large numbers of ribosomes, Golgi complexes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The intestinal cells of infective, third-stage larvae had very few microvilli and the cells were extremely narrow. Few ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and little rough endoplasmic  reticulum were present. Nuclei did not contain nucleoli. When worms were introduced into an in vitro culture system, development of intestinal cells began. By 36 hr, microvilli were well differentiated and the cysoplasm contained numerous ribosomes and Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleoli were prominent. These morphological changes were related to changes in the physiology of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis which occur during development from a free-living to parasitic form.", "PMID": 512766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9916", "title": "Trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans.", "content": "1 Metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. The parasites were grown at 25 C and 30 C on a bovine embryonic spleen (BESP) feeder layer in buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (BFS) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. Initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, salivary glands were added to the cultures. The parasites thus cultured appeared like slender or intermediate blood stream forms which were infective to rats and mice. Addition of rat anti-T. brucei specific antiserum to the cultures caused agglutination of the parasites and rendered them noninfective. This study opens up new areas of investigating sleeping sickness. The cultured metacyclic parasites have the potential of being applied as antigens for controlling African trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans. 1 Metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. The parasites were grown at 25 C and 30 C on a bovine embryonic spleen (BESP) feeder layer in buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (BFS) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. Initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, salivary glands were added to the cultures. The parasites thus cultured appeared like slender or intermediate blood stream forms which were infective to rats and mice. Addition of rat anti-T. brucei specific antiserum to the cultures caused agglutination of the parasites and rendered them noninfective. This study opens up new areas of investigating sleeping sickness. The cultured metacyclic parasites have the potential of being applied as antigens for controlling African trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 512767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9917", "title": "Development, survival, and oviposition of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (Acari: Ixodidae), at constant temperatures.", "content": "The relationship between development, survival, and oviposition rates, and five constant temperatures is described for the developing and reproductive life stages of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard). Development was most rapid at 29.7 C for egg and larvae, and 35.6 C for nymphs. Survival was greatest between 14.7 and 29.7 C, but was reduced at 35.6 C for eggs and larvae. Oviposition was optimal between 19.9 and 29.7 C with a maximum mean daily oviposition of 253 eggs/female/day on the third day of oviposition at 29.7 C. Maximum mean total eggs per female produced was 1,157 with a range of 277 to 3,327. The total number of eggs produced per female correlated with the weight of the engorged female. Both linear and sigmoid curve equations were used to approximate the relationship between the temperature and development rates of eggs, larvae, and nymphs. The nymphs had the highest heat requirements of the 3 development stages. Comparisons with field host-parasite data indicate that the rabbit tick has a 2-yr life cycle in southwestern Nova Scotia.", "contents": "Development, survival, and oviposition of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (Acari: Ixodidae), at constant temperatures. The relationship between development, survival, and oviposition rates, and five constant temperatures is described for the developing and reproductive life stages of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard). Development was most rapid at 29.7 C for egg and larvae, and 35.6 C for nymphs. Survival was greatest between 14.7 and 29.7 C, but was reduced at 35.6 C for eggs and larvae. Oviposition was optimal between 19.9 and 29.7 C with a maximum mean daily oviposition of 253 eggs/female/day on the third day of oviposition at 29.7 C. Maximum mean total eggs per female produced was 1,157 with a range of 277 to 3,327. The total number of eggs produced per female correlated with the weight of the engorged female. Both linear and sigmoid curve equations were used to approximate the relationship between the temperature and development rates of eggs, larvae, and nymphs. The nymphs had the highest heat requirements of the 3 development stages. Comparisons with field host-parasite data indicate that the rabbit tick has a 2-yr life cycle in southwestern Nova Scotia.", "PMID": 512768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9918", "title": "Rallinyssus sorae sp. n. (Acari: Dermanyssidae: rhinonyssinae) from the nasal passages of the sora, Porzana carolina (Aves: Rallidae).", "content": "Rallinyssus sorae sp. n. is described from the nasal turbinates of the sora, Porzana carolina, collected in Maryland and Ohio. The new species is most similar to Rallinyssus verheyeni Fain but differs in number of setae on the female ventral opisthosoma, structure of the fixed and movable digits of the male and female chelicerae, chaetotaxy of legs I to IV, and presence of a sternal plate in the male. The taxonomy and host-parasite relationships of the various species of Rallinyssus are discussed.", "contents": "Rallinyssus sorae sp. n. (Acari: Dermanyssidae: rhinonyssinae) from the nasal passages of the sora, Porzana carolina (Aves: Rallidae). Rallinyssus sorae sp. n. is described from the nasal turbinates of the sora, Porzana carolina, collected in Maryland and Ohio. The new species is most similar to Rallinyssus verheyeni Fain but differs in number of setae on the female ventral opisthosoma, structure of the fixed and movable digits of the male and female chelicerae, chaetotaxy of legs I to IV, and presence of a sternal plate in the male. The taxonomy and host-parasite relationships of the various species of Rallinyssus are discussed.", "PMID": 512771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9919", "title": "A new genus of cyclopoid copepod (Chondracanthidae) parasitic on halibut from California inshore waters.", "content": "Auchenochondria lobosa gen. et sp. n. was recovered from the oral cavity of the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus (Ayers), collected in Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, California. The new genus is closely related to Prochondracanthus Yamaguti 1939, and Rhynchochondria Ho 1967, but can be distinguished from them by the possession of cephalothoracic processes, a long neck, a 2-segmented abdomen, and a distinctly 6-segmented first antenna. Auchenochondria lobosa gen. et sp. n. is the only known species of chondracanthid in which the mandible of the male is equipped with more teeth on both the convex and concave surfaces than that of the female.", "contents": "A new genus of cyclopoid copepod (Chondracanthidae) parasitic on halibut from California inshore waters. Auchenochondria lobosa gen. et sp. n. was recovered from the oral cavity of the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus (Ayers), collected in Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, California. The new genus is closely related to Prochondracanthus Yamaguti 1939, and Rhynchochondria Ho 1967, but can be distinguished from them by the possession of cephalothoracic processes, a long neck, a 2-segmented abdomen, and a distinctly 6-segmented first antenna. Auchenochondria lobosa gen. et sp. n. is the only known species of chondracanthid in which the mandible of the male is equipped with more teeth on both the convex and concave surfaces than that of the female.", "PMID": 512772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9920", "title": "Procyonostrongylus muelleri gen. et sp. n. (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) from the raccoon (Procyon l. lotor).", "content": "Procyonostrongylus muelleri gen. et sp. n. from under the epithelium of the epiglottis of Procyon l. lotor is distinguished by 1) the absence of lips; 2) a highly developed reinforced bursa with a deep terminal incision; 3) highly developed toothlike dorsal rays; 1) greatly reduced externodorsal rays; and 5) the terminal or subterminal anus and vulva in the female.", "contents": "Procyonostrongylus muelleri gen. et sp. n. (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) from the raccoon (Procyon l. lotor). Procyonostrongylus muelleri gen. et sp. n. from under the epithelium of the epiglottis of Procyon l. lotor is distinguished by 1) the absence of lips; 2) a highly developed reinforced bursa with a deep terminal incision; 3) highly developed toothlike dorsal rays; 1) greatly reduced externodorsal rays; and 5) the terminal or subterminal anus and vulva in the female.", "PMID": 512773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9921", "title": "A case of isolated medial wall fracture with medial rectus entrapment following seemingly trivial trauma.", "content": "A case of isolated medial orbital wall fracture and medial rectus entrapment is presented. With minimal external evidence of trauma and lack of definitive evidence of fracture on plain films, a high index of suspicion if needed to diagnose this relatively unusual syndrome. The triad of: (1) retraction syndrome; (2) positive forced ductions in abduction; and (3) radiographic evidence of medial wall fracture on polytomography, will help the clinician to properly diagnose this condition. Epistaxis and subcutaneous emphysema, when present, should alert one to look carefully for a medial wall fracture.", "contents": "A case of isolated medial wall fracture with medial rectus entrapment following seemingly trivial trauma. A case of isolated medial orbital wall fracture and medial rectus entrapment is presented. With minimal external evidence of trauma and lack of definitive evidence of fracture on plain films, a high index of suspicion if needed to diagnose this relatively unusual syndrome. The triad of: (1) retraction syndrome; (2) positive forced ductions in abduction; and (3) radiographic evidence of medial wall fracture on polytomography, will help the clinician to properly diagnose this condition. Epistaxis and subcutaneous emphysema, when present, should alert one to look carefully for a medial wall fracture.", "PMID": 512783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9922", "title": "Subperiosteal hematomas of the orbit in young males: a serious complication of trauma or surgery in the eye region.", "content": "Three documented cases of subperiosteal hematomas in the region of the orbital roof of young males are used to demonstrate the unpredictable appearance, the obscure nature, the complications and the treatment of this process. One case occurred in a 14-year-old boy following blunt head trauma and was cured by aspiration. The second case, in a 16-year-old boy, also resulted from blunt head trauma; it was associated with a large subgaleal hematoma and caused permanent blindness of the involved eye. The third case developed in an 18-year-old male as a complication of acute purulent endophthalmitis following an intraocular foreign body. The aim of this study is to separate subperiosteal hematomas and to show that it is a concise clinical entity with its own typical history, appearance and treatment.", "contents": "Subperiosteal hematomas of the orbit in young males: a serious complication of trauma or surgery in the eye region. Three documented cases of subperiosteal hematomas in the region of the orbital roof of young males are used to demonstrate the unpredictable appearance, the obscure nature, the complications and the treatment of this process. One case occurred in a 14-year-old boy following blunt head trauma and was cured by aspiration. The second case, in a 16-year-old boy, also resulted from blunt head trauma; it was associated with a large subgaleal hematoma and caused permanent blindness of the involved eye. The third case developed in an 18-year-old male as a complication of acute purulent endophthalmitis following an intraocular foreign body. The aim of this study is to separate subperiosteal hematomas and to show that it is a concise clinical entity with its own typical history, appearance and treatment.", "PMID": 512784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9923", "title": "Prognosis in traumatic cataract surgery.", "content": "Surgical results in 30 cases of traumatic cataracts using mainly aspiration and extraction techniques are reported. A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 64.3% of cases. Three eyes had light perception only. Early surgery using aspiration technique followed by contact lens correction is recommended for traumatic cataracts.", "contents": "Prognosis in traumatic cataract surgery. Surgical results in 30 cases of traumatic cataracts using mainly aspiration and extraction techniques are reported. A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 64.3% of cases. Three eyes had light perception only. Early surgery using aspiration technique followed by contact lens correction is recommended for traumatic cataracts.", "PMID": 512785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9924", "title": "The Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy) for biliary atresia--experience with 20 cases.", "content": "Twenty infants have undergone hepatic portoenterostomy at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Sigificant bile flow was obtained in six babies. No correlation was found between the size of the ducts in excised portal tissue and postoperative bile flow. Ascending cholangitis has not been a major problem. Progressive cirrhosis leading to portal hypertension is the main late problem in those patients who have had bile flow successfully reestablished.", "contents": "The Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy) for biliary atresia--experience with 20 cases. Twenty infants have undergone hepatic portoenterostomy at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Sigificant bile flow was obtained in six babies. No correlation was found between the size of the ducts in excised portal tissue and postoperative bile flow. Ascending cholangitis has not been a major problem. Progressive cirrhosis leading to portal hypertension is the main late problem in those patients who have had bile flow successfully reestablished.", "PMID": 512791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9925", "title": "Previous strabismus surgery and eye position under anesthesia.", "content": "We studied eye position under general anesthesia in 51 patients with concomitant esotropia or exotropia, divided into two groups. One group consisted of strabismus patients who had had no previous surgery. The second group consisted of strabismus patients who had undergone previous surgery on one (asymmetric) or both (symmetric) eyes. We found that both groups showed either no change or more divergence under general anesthesia in comparison to their preoperative state. Those patients who had had no previous surgery revealed an equal divergence in both eyes. This relationship also held true for those patients who had undergone symmetrical surgery in both eyes. However, those patients who had had surgery in one eye only showed more divergence in the operated eye than in the unoperated one. These findings reflect the mechanical--anatomical factors created by the surgery itself.", "contents": "Previous strabismus surgery and eye position under anesthesia. We studied eye position under general anesthesia in 51 patients with concomitant esotropia or exotropia, divided into two groups. One group consisted of strabismus patients who had had no previous surgery. The second group consisted of strabismus patients who had undergone previous surgery on one (asymmetric) or both (symmetric) eyes. We found that both groups showed either no change or more divergence under general anesthesia in comparison to their preoperative state. Those patients who had had no previous surgery revealed an equal divergence in both eyes. This relationship also held true for those patients who had undergone symmetrical surgery in both eyes. However, those patients who had had surgery in one eye only showed more divergence in the operated eye than in the unoperated one. These findings reflect the mechanical--anatomical factors created by the surgery itself.", "PMID": 512786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9926", "title": "Neurogenic tumors and VIP-induced diarrhea.", "content": "The authors report a case of cervical ganglioneuroblastoma associated with intractable watery diarrhea and hypokalemia. The probable physiopathologic mechanism of the diarrhea and its relation to the vasoactive intestinal peptide secretion (VIP) by the tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Neurogenic tumors and VIP-induced diarrhea. The authors report a case of cervical ganglioneuroblastoma associated with intractable watery diarrhea and hypokalemia. The probable physiopathologic mechanism of the diarrhea and its relation to the vasoactive intestinal peptide secretion (VIP) by the tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 512792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9927", "title": "Diagnostic signs in the nystagmus compensation syndrome.", "content": "A summary of the diagnostic signs of the nystagmus compensation syndrome have been presented. A brief description of the present regimens of therapy is also included.", "contents": "Diagnostic signs in the nystagmus compensation syndrome. A summary of the diagnostic signs of the nystagmus compensation syndrome have been presented. A brief description of the present regimens of therapy is also included.", "PMID": 512787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9928", "title": "Intestinal lymphangiectasia and colonic polyps: surgical intervention.", "content": "A 36-mo-old boy with Milroy's Disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and an exudative enteropathy (EE), was shown to have four colonic polyps. A large adenomatous polyp was excised from the transverse colon in an effort to control his EE and hypoalbuminemia (1.95 g/dl). His clinical status then stabilized until age 50 mo when there was a marked exacerbation of his EE. Medical management resulted in a temporary stabilization of his condition. A partial resection (40 cm) of the visually worse affected jejunum was performed. There was no improvement in the EE as measured by 51Cr-tagged albumin study; however, his clinical response was dramatic. In the 10 mo since surgery, he has been well and has shown catchup in linear growth.", "contents": "Intestinal lymphangiectasia and colonic polyps: surgical intervention. A 36-mo-old boy with Milroy's Disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and an exudative enteropathy (EE), was shown to have four colonic polyps. A large adenomatous polyp was excised from the transverse colon in an effort to control his EE and hypoalbuminemia (1.95 g/dl). His clinical status then stabilized until age 50 mo when there was a marked exacerbation of his EE. Medical management resulted in a temporary stabilization of his condition. A partial resection (40 cm) of the visually worse affected jejunum was performed. There was no improvement in the EE as measured by 51Cr-tagged albumin study; however, his clinical response was dramatic. In the 10 mo since surgery, he has been well and has shown catchup in linear growth.", "PMID": 512793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9929", "title": "Anorectal manometry in premature infants.", "content": "Twenty-eight unselected premature infants were subjected to anorectal pressure studies, using an infusion manometric technique, with a view to establishing normal parameters in this age group. Satisfactory rectal and sphincter pressure readings were obtained in all but one case. In all of these there was a normal anorectal reflex. Low birth weight and prematurity do no preclude a normal anorectal reflex as measured by this technique.", "contents": "Anorectal manometry in premature infants. Twenty-eight unselected premature infants were subjected to anorectal pressure studies, using an infusion manometric technique, with a view to establishing normal parameters in this age group. Satisfactory rectal and sphincter pressure readings were obtained in all but one case. In all of these there was a normal anorectal reflex. Low birth weight and prematurity do no preclude a normal anorectal reflex as measured by this technique.", "PMID": 512794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9930", "title": "Posterior tenectomy of the superior oblique.", "content": "Modifications of the original technique for posterior tenectomy of the superior oblique are presented and the results obtained in 23 patients with a follow-up of two or more years are reported. The simplicity of the procedure and the lack of intra- and post-operative complications make it useful for surgical treatment of moderate A-pattern deviations.", "contents": "Posterior tenectomy of the superior oblique. Modifications of the original technique for posterior tenectomy of the superior oblique are presented and the results obtained in 23 patients with a follow-up of two or more years are reported. The simplicity of the procedure and the lack of intra- and post-operative complications make it useful for surgical treatment of moderate A-pattern deviations.", "PMID": 512788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9931", "title": "Juvenile polyposis coli: a case treated with ileoendorectal pullthrough.", "content": "Juvenile polyposis coli in a 6-yr-old girl produced such severe chronic complications that total colectomy was required. In what we believe to be the first application of the Soave-Bolley technique of ileoendorectal pullthrough to this condition, symptoms were relieved completely and rectal continence preserved.", "contents": "Juvenile polyposis coli: a case treated with ileoendorectal pullthrough. Juvenile polyposis coli in a 6-yr-old girl produced such severe chronic complications that total colectomy was required. In what we believe to be the first application of the Soave-Bolley technique of ileoendorectal pullthrough to this condition, symptoms were relieved completely and rectal continence preserved.", "PMID": 512795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9932", "title": "A clinical and manometric correlation for assessment of postoperative continence in imperforate anus.", "content": "Functional results after surgical correction of anorectal malformations were assessed on a clinical basis following Kelly score and by manometric study. Forty-six patients, aged 2--17, were personally interviewed and 25 of these 46 had manometric studies to evaluate postoperative continence. The manometric study was also performed on 35 normal children as a control group. Continent patients characteristically had marked high pressure zones as did the normal subjects. On the other hand, in the patients with fair or poor results, the anorectal pressure profile had no marked high pressure zone in the anal canal. The presence of normal anal pressure at rest as well as adequate ano-rectal pressure difference was found to correlate well with continence. In patients with perineoplasty, the ano-rectal reflex correlated well with continence but not in patients treated by abdominoperineal rectoplasty.", "contents": "A clinical and manometric correlation for assessment of postoperative continence in imperforate anus. Functional results after surgical correction of anorectal malformations were assessed on a clinical basis following Kelly score and by manometric study. Forty-six patients, aged 2--17, were personally interviewed and 25 of these 46 had manometric studies to evaluate postoperative continence. The manometric study was also performed on 35 normal children as a control group. Continent patients characteristically had marked high pressure zones as did the normal subjects. On the other hand, in the patients with fair or poor results, the anorectal pressure profile had no marked high pressure zone in the anal canal. The presence of normal anal pressure at rest as well as adequate ano-rectal pressure difference was found to correlate well with continence. In patients with perineoplasty, the ano-rectal reflex correlated well with continence but not in patients treated by abdominoperineal rectoplasty.", "PMID": 512796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9933", "title": "Can my child see? The evaluation of visual function in children.", "content": "Careful evaluation of all parameters of ocular function are required to delineate the cause of lack of visual responses in children. Any visual fixation, no matter how fleeting, is a sign of intact visual pathways. If no sign of ocular pathology can be found on the routine exam of the visually inattentive child, electrophysiologic testing may be necessary to confirm the presence of abnormality of the visual pathways. In the child with a generalized CNS disorder, the lack of visual response may be due to his inability to respond to visual information (perceptual blindness) rather than to organic pathology in the occipital cortex (cortical blindness).", "contents": "Can my child see? The evaluation of visual function in children. Careful evaluation of all parameters of ocular function are required to delineate the cause of lack of visual responses in children. Any visual fixation, no matter how fleeting, is a sign of intact visual pathways. If no sign of ocular pathology can be found on the routine exam of the visually inattentive child, electrophysiologic testing may be necessary to confirm the presence of abnormality of the visual pathways. In the child with a generalized CNS disorder, the lack of visual response may be due to his inability to respond to visual information (perceptual blindness) rather than to organic pathology in the occipital cortex (cortical blindness).", "PMID": 512790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9934", "title": "Experience in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease using the anomanometer.", "content": "Results of using electromanometry as the sole preoperative diagnostic test for Hirschsprung's disease are presented. Out of a total of 113 infants and children diagnosed to be suffering from the disease, manometry was the initial diagnostic test in 92 infants and children. In nine, manometry confirmed the diagnosis after a colostomy has been done. In 11, barium enema had diagnosed the condition at a peripheral hospital and manometry confirmed the diagnosis. In one, manometry was interpreted as normal, but laparotomy revealed Hirschsprung's disease. Histologic corroboration has been obtained in 97 instances. In 14, no operative treatment was undertaken and, hence, no histologic examination was made; in 2, histologic examination is still pending.", "contents": "Experience in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease using the anomanometer. Results of using electromanometry as the sole preoperative diagnostic test for Hirschsprung's disease are presented. Out of a total of 113 infants and children diagnosed to be suffering from the disease, manometry was the initial diagnostic test in 92 infants and children. In nine, manometry confirmed the diagnosis after a colostomy has been done. In 11, barium enema had diagnosed the condition at a peripheral hospital and manometry confirmed the diagnosis. In one, manometry was interpreted as normal, but laparotomy revealed Hirschsprung's disease. Histologic corroboration has been obtained in 97 instances. In 14, no operative treatment was undertaken and, hence, no histologic examination was made; in 2, histologic examination is still pending.", "PMID": 512797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9935", "title": "Acute lacrimal abscess in infancy: a report of 22 cases.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of acute lacrimal abscess in infancy seen between 1959 and 1976 have been presented. Twelve of them had more han one attack at the time of reporting to this hospital. Initial treatment of the condition was medical, utilizing local and systemic antibiotics. If this did not produce a prompt response, incision and drainage of the abscess was done. The cases showed a preponderance of infections by mixed organisms. In three cases, blocked lacrimal passages opened up spontaneously while on medical treatment. In the remaining 19 cases, probing in an attempt to remove the obstruction in the nasolacrimal duct was performed as soon as the acute inflammation was controlled. Reprobing was needed in nine cases. Only two cases eventually required surgery to achieve a cure. The study indicates that early probing is successful in a high percentage of cases of acute lacrimal abscess including those coming with recurrent attacks.", "contents": "Acute lacrimal abscess in infancy: a report of 22 cases. Twenty-two cases of acute lacrimal abscess in infancy seen between 1959 and 1976 have been presented. Twelve of them had more han one attack at the time of reporting to this hospital. Initial treatment of the condition was medical, utilizing local and systemic antibiotics. If this did not produce a prompt response, incision and drainage of the abscess was done. The cases showed a preponderance of infections by mixed organisms. In three cases, blocked lacrimal passages opened up spontaneously while on medical treatment. In the remaining 19 cases, probing in an attempt to remove the obstruction in the nasolacrimal duct was performed as soon as the acute inflammation was controlled. Reprobing was needed in nine cases. Only two cases eventually required surgery to achieve a cure. The study indicates that early probing is successful in a high percentage of cases of acute lacrimal abscess including those coming with recurrent attacks.", "PMID": 512789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9936", "title": "The surgical separation of pygopagous twins.", "content": "A set of female pygopagous twins was successfully separated. Preparation for the main operative procedure and the surgical anatomy encountered are described in details.", "contents": "The surgical separation of pygopagous twins. A set of female pygopagous twins was successfully separated. Preparation for the main operative procedure and the surgical anatomy encountered are described in details.", "PMID": 512798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9937", "title": "Surgical correction of caudal duplication.", "content": "The authors report the rare case of a dipygus monster. The infant had an omphalocele, a secondary pelvis with two limbs, an accessory pelvic kidney, and two bladders. At operation, the secondary pelvis and extremities were removed, and the omphalocele was repaired. The postoperative course was complicated by wound infection, urinary infections, proteinuria, cardiomegaly, and hypertension of renovascular origin. The infant died after right nephrectomy, 5 mo after the first operation.", "contents": "Surgical correction of caudal duplication. The authors report the rare case of a dipygus monster. The infant had an omphalocele, a secondary pelvis with two limbs, an accessory pelvic kidney, and two bladders. At operation, the secondary pelvis and extremities were removed, and the omphalocele was repaired. The postoperative course was complicated by wound infection, urinary infections, proteinuria, cardiomegaly, and hypertension of renovascular origin. The infant died after right nephrectomy, 5 mo after the first operation.", "PMID": 512800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9938", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of prenatal intestinal obstruction.", "content": "The prenatal ultrasonographic demonstration of distal bowel obstruction is described. The diagnosis proved to be intestinal aganglionosis involving colon and distal ileum.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of prenatal intestinal obstruction. The prenatal ultrasonographic demonstration of distal bowel obstruction is described. The diagnosis proved to be intestinal aganglionosis involving colon and distal ileum.", "PMID": 512802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9939", "title": "Splenic pseudocyst: preoperative diagnosis with ultrasonography.", "content": "Ultrasonography was used to establish the preoperative diagnosis of splenic pseudocyst in a 12-yr-old girl. This procedure was tried after the exact nature of the mass could not be determined from an intravenous pyelogram and a 99m Tc liver-spleen scan. The patient was successfully treated by splenectomy. The advantages of ultrasonography for detecting splenic cysts are emphasized.", "contents": "Splenic pseudocyst: preoperative diagnosis with ultrasonography. Ultrasonography was used to establish the preoperative diagnosis of splenic pseudocyst in a 12-yr-old girl. This procedure was tried after the exact nature of the mass could not be determined from an intravenous pyelogram and a 99m Tc liver-spleen scan. The patient was successfully treated by splenectomy. The advantages of ultrasonography for detecting splenic cysts are emphasized.", "PMID": 512803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9940", "title": "Diaphragmatic hernia associated with double pulmonary sequestration.", "content": "The association of pulmonary sequestration with diaphragmatic hernia is an infrequent but well known situation. We report a rare case in which the diaphragmatic malformation was accompanied by two extralobar pulmonary sequestrations.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic hernia associated with double pulmonary sequestration. The association of pulmonary sequestration with diaphragmatic hernia is an infrequent but well known situation. We report a rare case in which the diaphragmatic malformation was accompanied by two extralobar pulmonary sequestrations.", "PMID": 512804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9941", "title": "Bronchial carcinoid tumor.", "content": "Bronchial carcinoid tumor occurring in an 11-yr-old boy is described. Pertinent diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoid tumor. Bronchial carcinoid tumor occurring in an 11-yr-old boy is described. Pertinent diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 512807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9942", "title": "Ganglioneuroma, heterochromia iridis, and Horner's syndrome.", "content": "A child with mediastinal and supraclavicular ganglioneuroma, heterochromia iridis, and Horner's syndrome is described. The authors postulate that the thoracic neoplasm originated as a congenital neuroblastoma with metastasis to the supraclavicular lymph nodes and subsequent benign transformation, and that the ocular abnormalities resulted from sympathetic ganglion injury by the tumor in infancy. This seems to be the first published report of such ocular abnormalities associated with mediastinal ganglioneuroma.", "contents": "Ganglioneuroma, heterochromia iridis, and Horner's syndrome. A child with mediastinal and supraclavicular ganglioneuroma, heterochromia iridis, and Horner's syndrome is described. The authors postulate that the thoracic neoplasm originated as a congenital neuroblastoma with metastasis to the supraclavicular lymph nodes and subsequent benign transformation, and that the ocular abnormalities resulted from sympathetic ganglion injury by the tumor in infancy. This seems to be the first published report of such ocular abnormalities associated with mediastinal ganglioneuroma.", "PMID": 512808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9943", "title": "Predicting suicide using the Rorschach Inkblot Test.", "content": "Three hundred and seventy-five Rorschach protocols were scored blind and then divided into three groups: psychiatric controls, suicide attempts, and suicide effectors. Using the stepwise procedure of multiple discriminant analysis a trio of formulas, composed of six weighted variables each, and a constant, were constructed to apply to each of the three groups based on a test sample of 100 subjects in each group. Cross validation results on a new sample of 25 subjects in each group predicted classification with 52% overall accuracy at step six (chance .33). Internal reliability tests showed all values significant beyond .001. Discussion integrates the test data into the literature on suicide, and attends to the problem of overlap of predictability which occurs with most prediction scales.", "contents": "Predicting suicide using the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Three hundred and seventy-five Rorschach protocols were scored blind and then divided into three groups: psychiatric controls, suicide attempts, and suicide effectors. Using the stepwise procedure of multiple discriminant analysis a trio of formulas, composed of six weighted variables each, and a constant, were constructed to apply to each of the three groups based on a test sample of 100 subjects in each group. Cross validation results on a new sample of 25 subjects in each group predicted classification with 52% overall accuracy at step six (chance .33). Internal reliability tests showed all values significant beyond .001. Discussion integrates the test data into the literature on suicide, and attends to the problem of overlap of predictability which occurs with most prediction scales.", "PMID": 512810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9944", "title": "A validation study of the Draw-A-Person as a measure of racial identity acceptance.", "content": "The present study is a replication of Schofield's findings (1978) in the use of the Draw-A-Person as a measure of racial identity acceptance. Unlike Schofield's study, the present investigation involved an adolescent sample of blacks and whites, and race of figure drawn was determined by judges' consensus rather than an objective scoring system. The findings generally supported those of Schofield and the racial identity and preference literature as a whole in revealing blacks to be less accepting of their racial identity than whites.", "contents": "A validation study of the Draw-A-Person as a measure of racial identity acceptance. The present study is a replication of Schofield's findings (1978) in the use of the Draw-A-Person as a measure of racial identity acceptance. Unlike Schofield's study, the present investigation involved an adolescent sample of blacks and whites, and race of figure drawn was determined by judges' consensus rather than an objective scoring system. The findings generally supported those of Schofield and the racial identity and preference literature as a whole in revealing blacks to be less accepting of their racial identity than whites.", "PMID": 512811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9945", "title": "Cross-cultural validity, reliability, and stimulus characteristics of the L\u00fcscher Color Test.", "content": "The L\u00fcscher Color Test (LCT) was administered to 125 Canadian university students, 88 of whom were retested 21 days later. Sample and sex-specific color preferences were found as well as discrepancies between L\u00fcscher's color-naming system and two widely used color-naming systems. Test-retest reliability estimates were low. It was concluded that the LCT suffers from major shortcomings and that research investigating the relationship between color preference and personality should follow alternate paths.", "contents": "Cross-cultural validity, reliability, and stimulus characteristics of the L\u00fcscher Color Test. The L\u00fcscher Color Test (LCT) was administered to 125 Canadian university students, 88 of whom were retested 21 days later. Sample and sex-specific color preferences were found as well as discrepancies between L\u00fcscher's color-naming system and two widely used color-naming systems. Test-retest reliability estimates were low. It was concluded that the LCT suffers from major shortcomings and that research investigating the relationship between color preference and personality should follow alternate paths.", "PMID": 512812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9946", "title": "Validation of a subjective helplessness measure.", "content": "Investigated the potential utility and validity of a measure of subjective helplessness, the H25. Helplessness is defined as the degree to which the individual perceives him/herself to be unable to influence or control the initiation and outcome of a variety of potentially reinforcing activities. Alcoholic subjects were classified into three levels of self-reported helplessness. An initial multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the groups differed with respect to severity level across a number of dimensions of depressive symptomatology, with the High Helplessness group appearing significantly more depressed on each of the measures than Low Helplessness subjects. Subsequent analyses supported the construct validity of the H25. Those measures found to be most descriminating between groups and most predictive of the level of helplessness reflected a dimension of behavioral retardation consistent with the motivational dificits noted in the learned helplessness model. Recommendations for the future validation of individual difference measures of helplessness are discussed.", "contents": "Validation of a subjective helplessness measure. Investigated the potential utility and validity of a measure of subjective helplessness, the H25. Helplessness is defined as the degree to which the individual perceives him/herself to be unable to influence or control the initiation and outcome of a variety of potentially reinforcing activities. Alcoholic subjects were classified into three levels of self-reported helplessness. An initial multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the groups differed with respect to severity level across a number of dimensions of depressive symptomatology, with the High Helplessness group appearing significantly more depressed on each of the measures than Low Helplessness subjects. Subsequent analyses supported the construct validity of the H25. Those measures found to be most descriminating between groups and most predictive of the level of helplessness reflected a dimension of behavioral retardation consistent with the motivational dificits noted in the learned helplessness model. Recommendations for the future validation of individual difference measures of helplessness are discussed.", "PMID": 512813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9947", "title": "Correspondence of the MMPI and MMPI-168 among incarcerated female felons.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the correspondence between the MMPI and MMPI-168 for a sample of adult incarcerated female felons. The results indicated a high degree of agreement, median correlation of .79, between corresponding validity and clinical scales of the MMPI-168 and the full MMPI. The MMPI-168 significantly overestimated scales L, F, and D, while it underestimated scales K, Hy, Pd, and Mf. Configural correspondence between the two instruments in terms of profile high points was somewhat less than has been reported for psychiatric populations. However, the MMPI-168 appeared to be a useful short screening instrument for incarcerated female felons with respect to accurate assessment of profile validity, configural correspondence to the full MMPI, and correlations between corresponding scales. Its utility in these respects far exceeds prior attempts to employ the Mini-Mult with a similar sample of incarcerated females.", "contents": "Correspondence of the MMPI and MMPI-168 among incarcerated female felons. This study was designed to assess the correspondence between the MMPI and MMPI-168 for a sample of adult incarcerated female felons. The results indicated a high degree of agreement, median correlation of .79, between corresponding validity and clinical scales of the MMPI-168 and the full MMPI. The MMPI-168 significantly overestimated scales L, F, and D, while it underestimated scales K, Hy, Pd, and Mf. Configural correspondence between the two instruments in terms of profile high points was somewhat less than has been reported for psychiatric populations. However, the MMPI-168 appeared to be a useful short screening instrument for incarcerated female felons with respect to accurate assessment of profile validity, configural correspondence to the full MMPI, and correlations between corresponding scales. Its utility in these respects far exceeds prior attempts to employ the Mini-Mult with a similar sample of incarcerated females.", "PMID": 512814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9948", "title": "Guilt and shyness: a profile of social discomfort.", "content": "The Mosher Guilt Scales, the Stanford Shyness Survey, and measures of anxiety, hostility, and self-esteem were administered to 54 college females in an effort to clarify the nature of the personality problems that beset shy and guilty persons in social situations. As was hypothesized, it was found that shy people also tended to be guilty. This complicates attempts to understand the nature of the problems with which shy and guilty persons must cope. In addition, it was found that both shy and guilty people tended to be high in trait anxiety, and low in hostility and self-esteem. Thus the profile of a shy, guilty person is that of an individual who is uncomfortable with her own feelings, actions, and beliefs across a variety of social situations.", "contents": "Guilt and shyness: a profile of social discomfort. The Mosher Guilt Scales, the Stanford Shyness Survey, and measures of anxiety, hostility, and self-esteem were administered to 54 college females in an effort to clarify the nature of the personality problems that beset shy and guilty persons in social situations. As was hypothesized, it was found that shy people also tended to be guilty. This complicates attempts to understand the nature of the problems with which shy and guilty persons must cope. In addition, it was found that both shy and guilty people tended to be high in trait anxiety, and low in hostility and self-esteem. Thus the profile of a shy, guilty person is that of an individual who is uncomfortable with her own feelings, actions, and beliefs across a variety of social situations.", "PMID": 512815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9949", "title": "A measure of intensity of parental punishment.", "content": "To test the possibilities that antecedents and consequents of certain levels of intensity of punishment may have far-reaching effects on behavior, a self-report measure of parental intensity of punishment was developed. Consisting of 33 different situations to which parents react, scores from the instrument were found to be reliable over time. Further construct validity was demonstrated with a variety of predicted relationships between punishment intensity and parent and child characteristics. Five samples of subjects were used with over 400 families, high intensity of punishment scores were found to be related to mothers' lack of warmth and to her intrusiveness when playing with her child; children's maladjusted behavior; aggression and impulsivity in boys; withdrawal and inhibition in girls, and uncooperativeness. Inconsistency of parental punishment also was associated with maladjustment. Results were discussed in terms of Rotter's social learning theory.", "contents": "A measure of intensity of parental punishment. To test the possibilities that antecedents and consequents of certain levels of intensity of punishment may have far-reaching effects on behavior, a self-report measure of parental intensity of punishment was developed. Consisting of 33 different situations to which parents react, scores from the instrument were found to be reliable over time. Further construct validity was demonstrated with a variety of predicted relationships between punishment intensity and parent and child characteristics. Five samples of subjects were used with over 400 families, high intensity of punishment scores were found to be related to mothers' lack of warmth and to her intrusiveness when playing with her child; children's maladjusted behavior; aggression and impulsivity in boys; withdrawal and inhibition in girls, and uncooperativeness. Inconsistency of parental punishment also was associated with maladjustment. Results were discussed in terms of Rotter's social learning theory.", "PMID": 512816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9950", "title": "Defensiveness in exhibitionists.", "content": "Focuses on the excessive defensiveness and the psychodynamic factors that typify many exhibitionists. After reviewing some of the literature describing the marked guardedness of these offenders, a detailed discussion follows of the Rorschach protocol of an exhibitionist revealing his core emotional conflicts. These test results illustrate the value of the Rorschach in eiliciting material that in many cases would be difficult to obtain because of these patients' characteristically suspicious and defensive stance concerning their offense and their personal lives. The case demonstrates the significant role of psychological testing in the forensic process, particularly for defensive, less verbal, and unpsychologically-minded offenders.", "contents": "Defensiveness in exhibitionists. Focuses on the excessive defensiveness and the psychodynamic factors that typify many exhibitionists. After reviewing some of the literature describing the marked guardedness of these offenders, a detailed discussion follows of the Rorschach protocol of an exhibitionist revealing his core emotional conflicts. These test results illustrate the value of the Rorschach in eiliciting material that in many cases would be difficult to obtain because of these patients' characteristically suspicious and defensive stance concerning their offense and their personal lives. The case demonstrates the significant role of psychological testing in the forensic process, particularly for defensive, less verbal, and unpsychologically-minded offenders.", "PMID": 512817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9951", "title": "Birth control practices and conservatism.", "content": "This study examined the relationship of conservatism to reports of contraceptive usage, reasons for nonusage of a particular birth control method, and knowledge of birth control information. The never married high conservative subjects who were sexually experienced revealed that they had (a) a lower frequency of usage as well as a lower variety of contraceptive methods; (b) endorsed the beliefs that it was morally wrong and that it was unnatural to use a given birth control method significantly more often as reasons for not using contraceptive techniques; and (c) less knowledge of birth control methods than did low conservative subjects who were sexually experienced. Results were interpreted to support the notion that the fear of loss of control of one's impulses and hence the basis for conservative attitudes are determinants of contraceptive usage.", "contents": "Birth control practices and conservatism. This study examined the relationship of conservatism to reports of contraceptive usage, reasons for nonusage of a particular birth control method, and knowledge of birth control information. The never married high conservative subjects who were sexually experienced revealed that they had (a) a lower frequency of usage as well as a lower variety of contraceptive methods; (b) endorsed the beliefs that it was morally wrong and that it was unnatural to use a given birth control method significantly more often as reasons for not using contraceptive techniques; and (c) less knowledge of birth control methods than did low conservative subjects who were sexually experienced. Results were interpreted to support the notion that the fear of loss of control of one's impulses and hence the basis for conservative attitudes are determinants of contraceptive usage.", "PMID": 512818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9952", "title": "Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors.", "content": "Negatively valued masculinity (M-) and femininity (F-) personality scales were developed to supplement the positively valued Masculinity (M+) and Femininity (F+) scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence & Helmreich). M- consisted of traits that had been judged to be (a) more typical of males than females, (b) undesirable in both sexes, and (c ) agentic or instrumental in content. Two F- scales were developed, both containing stereotypically feminine, undesirable traits, one set of traits referring to communionlike characteristics (Fc-) and the other to verbal passive-aggressive qualities (FVA-). Significant sex differences in the predicted direction were found on all scales. In both sexes, low and typically nonsignificant correlations were found between parallel positive and negative scales, but highly significant negative correlations were found between positive and negative cross-sex scales. These findings provide additional evidence for the multidimentionslity of masculinity and femininity. Scores on a self-esteem measure were positively correlated with M+ and F+, uncorrelated with M-, and negatively correlated with the F- scales. Different patterns of scores were associated with two types of problem behaviors. In both sexes, neuroticism was most highly correlated (in a negative direction) with M+, and acting out behavoir was most strongly correlated (in a positive direction) with M-. The next highest correlation in both instances was with FVA-.", "contents": "Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Negatively valued masculinity (M-) and femininity (F-) personality scales were developed to supplement the positively valued Masculinity (M+) and Femininity (F+) scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence & Helmreich). M- consisted of traits that had been judged to be (a) more typical of males than females, (b) undesirable in both sexes, and (c ) agentic or instrumental in content. Two F- scales were developed, both containing stereotypically feminine, undesirable traits, one set of traits referring to communionlike characteristics (Fc-) and the other to verbal passive-aggressive qualities (FVA-). Significant sex differences in the predicted direction were found on all scales. In both sexes, low and typically nonsignificant correlations were found between parallel positive and negative scales, but highly significant negative correlations were found between positive and negative cross-sex scales. These findings provide additional evidence for the multidimentionslity of masculinity and femininity. Scores on a self-esteem measure were positively correlated with M+ and F+, uncorrelated with M-, and negatively correlated with the F- scales. Different patterns of scores were associated with two types of problem behaviors. In both sexes, neuroticism was most highly correlated (in a negative direction) with M+, and acting out behavoir was most strongly correlated (in a positive direction) with M-. The next highest correlation in both instances was with FVA-.", "PMID": 512834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9953", "title": "Telling lies.", "content": "Men and women (20 each) were videotaped while describing someone they liked, someone they disliked, someone they were ambivalent about, someone they were indifferent about, someone they liked as though they disliked him or her, and someone they disliked as thought they like him or her. Accuracy at detecting that some deception had occurred was far greater than accuracy at detecting the true underlying affect, and people who were good at detecting that deception was occurring were not particularly skilled at reading the speakers' underlying affects. However, people whose deception attempts were more easily detected by others also had their underlying affects read more easily. Speakers whose lies were seen more readily by men also had their lies seen more readily by women, and observers better able to see the underlying affects of women were better able to see the underlying affects of men. Skill at lying successfully was unrelated to skill at catching others in their lies. A histrionic strategy (hamming) was very effective in deceiving others, and this strategy was employed more by more Machiavellian people, who also tended to get caught less often in their lies. Methodological considerations and systematic programs for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Telling lies. Men and women (20 each) were videotaped while describing someone they liked, someone they disliked, someone they were ambivalent about, someone they were indifferent about, someone they liked as though they disliked him or her, and someone they disliked as thought they like him or her. Accuracy at detecting that some deception had occurred was far greater than accuracy at detecting the true underlying affect, and people who were good at detecting that deception was occurring were not particularly skilled at reading the speakers' underlying affects. However, people whose deception attempts were more easily detected by others also had their underlying affects read more easily. Speakers whose lies were seen more readily by men also had their lies seen more readily by women, and observers better able to see the underlying affects of women were better able to see the underlying affects of men. Skill at lying successfully was unrelated to skill at catching others in their lies. A histrionic strategy (hamming) was very effective in deceiving others, and this strategy was employed more by more Machiavellian people, who also tended to get caught less often in their lies. Methodological considerations and systematic programs for future research are discussed.", "PMID": 512835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9954", "title": "Acknowledgment of handicap as a tactic in social interaction.", "content": "Nonhandicapped people often report discomfort and uncertainty when interacting with handicapped individuals. The three studies reported here investigated a possible tactic that handicapped people could use to reduce a fellow interactant's discomfort and uncertainty. Nonhandicapped subjects watched two videotapes of handicapped individuals being interviewed. Each subject then chose the handicapped person with whom he would prefer to work on a cooperative task. Results of all three studies supported the hypothesis that a handicapped person acknowledging his handicap will be preferred to a handicapped person who does not acknowledge his handicap. In Study 1, subjects significantly preferred a handicapped person who acknowledged his handicap to a handicapped person who did not disclose anything personal. In Study 2, subjects significantly preferred an acknowledging person over one who made a personal disclosure other than about his handicap. In Study 3, subjects preferred the individual acknowledging a handicap over one who disclosed something else personal even when the acknowledging individual was clearly nervous about doing so. These results suggest that acknowledging the handicap may be a promising tactic.", "contents": "Acknowledgment of handicap as a tactic in social interaction. Nonhandicapped people often report discomfort and uncertainty when interacting with handicapped individuals. The three studies reported here investigated a possible tactic that handicapped people could use to reduce a fellow interactant's discomfort and uncertainty. Nonhandicapped subjects watched two videotapes of handicapped individuals being interviewed. Each subject then chose the handicapped person with whom he would prefer to work on a cooperative task. Results of all three studies supported the hypothesis that a handicapped person acknowledging his handicap will be preferred to a handicapped person who does not acknowledge his handicap. In Study 1, subjects significantly preferred a handicapped person who acknowledged his handicap to a handicapped person who did not disclose anything personal. In Study 2, subjects significantly preferred an acknowledging person over one who made a personal disclosure other than about his handicap. In Study 3, subjects preferred the individual acknowledging a handicap over one who disclosed something else personal even when the acknowledging individual was clearly nervous about doing so. These results suggest that acknowledging the handicap may be a promising tactic.", "PMID": 512836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9955", "title": "Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: inquiries into depression and rape.", "content": "Two types of self-blame--behavioral and characterological--are distinguished. Behavioral self-blame is control related, involves attributions to a modifiable source (one's behavior), and is associated with a belief in the future avoidability of a negative outcome. Characterological self-blame is esteem related, involves attributions to a relatively nonmodifiable source (one's character), and is associated with a belief in personal deservingness for past negative outcomes. Two studies are reported that bear on this self-blame distinction. In the first study, it was found that depressed female college students engaged in more characterologial self-blame than nondepressed female college students, whereas behavioral self-blame did not differ between the two groups; the depressed population was also characterized by greater attributions to chance and decreased beliefs in personal control. Characterological self-blame is proposed as a possible solution to the \"paradox in depression.\" In a second study, rape crisis centers were surveyed. Behavioral self-blame, and not characterological self-blame, emerged as the most common response of rape victims to their victimization, suggesting the victim's desire to maintain a belief in control, particularly the belief in the future avoidability of rape. Implications of this self-blame distinction and potential directions for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: inquiries into depression and rape. Two types of self-blame--behavioral and characterological--are distinguished. Behavioral self-blame is control related, involves attributions to a modifiable source (one's behavior), and is associated with a belief in the future avoidability of a negative outcome. Characterological self-blame is esteem related, involves attributions to a relatively nonmodifiable source (one's character), and is associated with a belief in personal deservingness for past negative outcomes. Two studies are reported that bear on this self-blame distinction. In the first study, it was found that depressed female college students engaged in more characterologial self-blame than nondepressed female college students, whereas behavioral self-blame did not differ between the two groups; the depressed population was also characterized by greater attributions to chance and decreased beliefs in personal control. Characterological self-blame is proposed as a possible solution to the \"paradox in depression.\" In a second study, rape crisis centers were surveyed. Behavioral self-blame, and not characterological self-blame, emerged as the most common response of rape victims to their victimization, suggesting the victim's desire to maintain a belief in control, particularly the belief in the future avoidability of rape. Implications of this self-blame distinction and potential directions for future research are discussed.", "PMID": 512837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9956", "title": "Emergencies: what are they and do they influence bystanders to intervene?", "content": "Social psychological research on helping has, in part, been concerned with the intervention of bystanders into emergencies. Pertinent empirical literature does not seem to be available on what factors bystanders use to define an emergency nor the effect of such a decision on the rate of helping. A series of four studies was conducted to answer these questions. We found that (a) Emergencies are a subclass of problem situation that usually result from accidents; (b) there is a high degree of agreement concerning what problem situations are definitely an emergency; (c) emergency situations are differentiated from other problem situations by threat of harm or actual harm worsening with time, unavailability of an easy solution to the problem, and necessity of obtaining outside help to solve the problem; (d) disagreement on whether a problem situation is an emergency or not results from differing perceptions of the degree to which threat of harm or actual harm worsens with time; (e) bystanders are more likely to help in emergency than in nonemergency problem situations. The results were interpreted as indicating that the need of the victim is a salient feature used by bystanders in determining whether or not to help.", "contents": "Emergencies: what are they and do they influence bystanders to intervene? Social psychological research on helping has, in part, been concerned with the intervention of bystanders into emergencies. Pertinent empirical literature does not seem to be available on what factors bystanders use to define an emergency nor the effect of such a decision on the rate of helping. A series of four studies was conducted to answer these questions. We found that (a) Emergencies are a subclass of problem situation that usually result from accidents; (b) there is a high degree of agreement concerning what problem situations are definitely an emergency; (c) emergency situations are differentiated from other problem situations by threat of harm or actual harm worsening with time, unavailability of an easy solution to the problem, and necessity of obtaining outside help to solve the problem; (d) disagreement on whether a problem situation is an emergency or not results from differing perceptions of the degree to which threat of harm or actual harm worsens with time; (e) bystanders are more likely to help in emergency than in nonemergency problem situations. The results were interpreted as indicating that the need of the victim is a salient feature used by bystanders in determining whether or not to help.", "PMID": 512838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9957", "title": "Self-awareness and transgression in children: two field studies.", "content": "Two field studies explored the relationship between self-awareness and transgressive behavior. In the first study, 363 Halloween trick-or-treaters were instructed to only take one candy. Self-awareness induced by the presence of a mirror placed behind the candy bowl decreased transgression rates for children who had been individuated by asking them their name and address, but did not affect the behavior of children left anonymous. Self-awareness influenced older but not younger children. Naturally occurring standards instituted by the behavior of the first child to approach the candy bowl in each group were shown to interact with the experimenter's verbally stated standard. The behavior of 349 subjects in the second study replicated the findings in the first study. Additionally, when no standard was stated by the experimenter, children took more candy when not self-aware than when self-aware.", "contents": "Self-awareness and transgression in children: two field studies. Two field studies explored the relationship between self-awareness and transgressive behavior. In the first study, 363 Halloween trick-or-treaters were instructed to only take one candy. Self-awareness induced by the presence of a mirror placed behind the candy bowl decreased transgression rates for children who had been individuated by asking them their name and address, but did not affect the behavior of children left anonymous. Self-awareness influenced older but not younger children. Naturally occurring standards instituted by the behavior of the first child to approach the candy bowl in each group were shown to interact with the experimenter's verbally stated standard. The behavior of 349 subjects in the second study replicated the findings in the first study. Additionally, when no standard was stated by the experimenter, children took more candy when not self-aware than when self-aware.", "PMID": 512839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9958", "title": "Quinidine pharmacokinetics in man: choice of a disposition model and absolute bioavailability studies.", "content": "Parameters describing disposition and absolute oral bioavailability of quinidine were determined in ten normal male volunteers using a specific assay. Various models were compared for their ability to describe the experimental data. An intravenous quinidine gluconate and an oral quinidine sulfate solution were administered (3.74 mg/kg quinidine base). In three subjects the intravenous and oral studies were repeated. One-, two-, and three-compartment models with zero and first-order input were fitted to the plasma concentrations. The selection of the best model was made by the Akaike information criterion and by eye. After intravenous administration, plasma concentration-time curves could be adequately described by a two-compartment model. Mean disposition constants (+/- SD) were obtained from individualized fits (V1: 0.398 +/- 0.336 LITER/KG, Vdarea: 2.53 +/- 0.72 liter/kg, alpha: 0.316 +/- 0.294 min -1, beta: 0.00204 +/- 0.00262 min -1, k2: 0.0305 +/- 0.0101 min -1). A clearance of 4.9 +/- 1.5 ml/min/kg was observed. After oral administration, three-compartment models were needed to describe the observed data in some cases. Absorption was in most cases best described by a zero-order rather than by a first-order process. The time to peak concentration varied from 23 to 121 min, the lag time was always less than 3 min, and the mean elimination rate constant was 0.00171 min -1. The mean oral bioavailability of quinidine was 0.70 +/- 0.17.", "contents": "Quinidine pharmacokinetics in man: choice of a disposition model and absolute bioavailability studies. Parameters describing disposition and absolute oral bioavailability of quinidine were determined in ten normal male volunteers using a specific assay. Various models were compared for their ability to describe the experimental data. An intravenous quinidine gluconate and an oral quinidine sulfate solution were administered (3.74 mg/kg quinidine base). In three subjects the intravenous and oral studies were repeated. One-, two-, and three-compartment models with zero and first-order input were fitted to the plasma concentrations. The selection of the best model was made by the Akaike information criterion and by eye. After intravenous administration, plasma concentration-time curves could be adequately described by a two-compartment model. Mean disposition constants (+/- SD) were obtained from individualized fits (V1: 0.398 +/- 0.336 LITER/KG, Vdarea: 2.53 +/- 0.72 liter/kg, alpha: 0.316 +/- 0.294 min -1, beta: 0.00204 +/- 0.00262 min -1, k2: 0.0305 +/- 0.0101 min -1). A clearance of 4.9 +/- 1.5 ml/min/kg was observed. After oral administration, three-compartment models were needed to describe the observed data in some cases. Absorption was in most cases best described by a zero-order rather than by a first-order process. The time to peak concentration varied from 23 to 121 min, the lag time was always less than 3 min, and the mean elimination rate constant was 0.00171 min -1. The mean oral bioavailability of quinidine was 0.70 +/- 0.17.", "PMID": 512840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9959", "title": "Pharmacokinetic modeling of heparin and its clinical implications.", "content": "Experimental work on heparin has indicated that its half-life increases with dose. Two models to describe heparin's pharmacokinetic behavior are proposed, and the parameters in the models are fitted to experimental data. Both models exhibit an apparent first-order decay with a \"half-life\" that increases with dose. It is shown that, even though both models exhibit a bolus half-life of from 1 to 2 hr, over 2 days can be required for true steady-state conditions to be achieved in these models when a constant intravenous infusion of drug is given. The clinical implications of these models are discussed. Suggestions are made for further research on heparin kinetics.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic modeling of heparin and its clinical implications. Experimental work on heparin has indicated that its half-life increases with dose. Two models to describe heparin's pharmacokinetic behavior are proposed, and the parameters in the models are fitted to experimental data. Both models exhibit an apparent first-order decay with a \"half-life\" that increases with dose. It is shown that, even though both models exhibit a bolus half-life of from 1 to 2 hr, over 2 days can be required for true steady-state conditions to be achieved in these models when a constant intravenous infusion of drug is given. The clinical implications of these models are discussed. Suggestions are made for further research on heparin kinetics.", "PMID": 512841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9960", "title": "Single-dose fasting bioequivalence assessment of erythromycin stearate tablets in man.", "content": "The bioequivalence of film-coated erythromycin stearate tablets produced by five different manufacturers was evaluated in a balanced incomplete block design involving the five formulations given to 30 fasted subjects over a 3-week study period. Serum levels of erythromycin activity were determined microbiologically. Statistical analysis of variance was performed on the observed bioavailability parameters: maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum serum concentration (Tmax), and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC). There was no statistical difference between formulations for the Tmax parameter. Formulation differences were found, however, based on the analysis of variance of the Cmax and AUC parameters. Two products, although not significantly different from one another, showed significantly greater Cmax and AUC values than the other three products.", "contents": "Single-dose fasting bioequivalence assessment of erythromycin stearate tablets in man. The bioequivalence of film-coated erythromycin stearate tablets produced by five different manufacturers was evaluated in a balanced incomplete block design involving the five formulations given to 30 fasted subjects over a 3-week study period. Serum levels of erythromycin activity were determined microbiologically. Statistical analysis of variance was performed on the observed bioavailability parameters: maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum serum concentration (Tmax), and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC). There was no statistical difference between formulations for the Tmax parameter. Formulation differences were found, however, based on the analysis of variance of the Cmax and AUC parameters. Two products, although not significantly different from one another, showed significantly greater Cmax and AUC values than the other three products.", "PMID": 512842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9961", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of piroxicam, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, under fasting and postprandial states in man.", "content": "The kinetic disposition of piroxicam, under evaluation in man as a new anti-inflammatory drug, was studied in human volunteers given a single oral dose after both overnight fasting and food. Total absorption was uninfluenced by food intake, although the data indicate that food causes some delay in attainment of peak serum levels. The half-life of drug in plasma in the fasting subjects (37.5 +/- 2.4 hr) was similar in both the fasting state and after food, suggesting that once-daily dosing may be appropriate for maintaining therapeutic plasma levels. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for both studies in the fasting state and after meals are volume of distribution divided by availability, 0.140 or 0.136 liter/kg; total plasma clearance divided by availability, 2.68 or 3.12 ml/hr/kg. Approximately 10% of a single dose of piroxicam was eliminated in the urine within 8 days after oral drug administration. Renal clearance of the drug (0.28 +/- 0.10 ml/hr/kg) was 10.4% or less of plasma clearance, suggesting that piroxicam is extensively metabolized. In this study one subject showed a reduction in white blood count on the sixteenth day after a 60-mg dose; however, hematology values evaluated in both intra- and intersubject comparisons did not show any other differences in the present study.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of piroxicam, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, under fasting and postprandial states in man. The kinetic disposition of piroxicam, under evaluation in man as a new anti-inflammatory drug, was studied in human volunteers given a single oral dose after both overnight fasting and food. Total absorption was uninfluenced by food intake, although the data indicate that food causes some delay in attainment of peak serum levels. The half-life of drug in plasma in the fasting subjects (37.5 +/- 2.4 hr) was similar in both the fasting state and after food, suggesting that once-daily dosing may be appropriate for maintaining therapeutic plasma levels. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for both studies in the fasting state and after meals are volume of distribution divided by availability, 0.140 or 0.136 liter/kg; total plasma clearance divided by availability, 2.68 or 3.12 ml/hr/kg. Approximately 10% of a single dose of piroxicam was eliminated in the urine within 8 days after oral drug administration. Renal clearance of the drug (0.28 +/- 0.10 ml/hr/kg) was 10.4% or less of plasma clearance, suggesting that piroxicam is extensively metabolized. In this study one subject showed a reduction in white blood count on the sixteenth day after a 60-mg dose; however, hematology values evaluated in both intra- and intersubject comparisons did not show any other differences in the present study.", "PMID": 512843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9962", "title": "Chlorpheniramine. II. Effect of the first-pass metabolism on the oral bioavailability in dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine has been studied in six dogs by following the time course of plasma concentration of the drug after intravenous and oral administration of its maleate salt in solution form. After intravenous dosing the decline in chlorpheniramine plasma concentration was typically biexponential. The drug distributed rapidly and extensively to the extravascular tissues. The mean distribution phase half-life was 12.5 min, and the mean apparent volume of distribution, Vdb, was 525% of the body weight in four dogs with normal hematocrits. The mean half-life of elimination was 1.7 hr. The percent absolute availability following oral administration of the drug in the aqueous solution form was found to be dose dependent. At 100-mg dose, in six dogs, an average of 36% of the orally administered dose was found to be systemically available. At 50-mg dose, in one of the four dogs studied, no measurable plasma levels of chlorpheniramine were obtained, and the average bioavailability was only 9.4%. The average availability in four dogs at 200-mg dose was 39.4%. Even at 200-mg oral dose, the dogs did not show any signs of sedation and remained alert all through the experiment. Saturable first-pass gut and/or hepatic elimination has been postulated. The possible implications of these findings on the therapeutic effectiveness of the usual dosing regimen of chlorpheniramine in dogs are discussed.", "contents": "Chlorpheniramine. II. Effect of the first-pass metabolism on the oral bioavailability in dogs. The pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine has been studied in six dogs by following the time course of plasma concentration of the drug after intravenous and oral administration of its maleate salt in solution form. After intravenous dosing the decline in chlorpheniramine plasma concentration was typically biexponential. The drug distributed rapidly and extensively to the extravascular tissues. The mean distribution phase half-life was 12.5 min, and the mean apparent volume of distribution, Vdb, was 525% of the body weight in four dogs with normal hematocrits. The mean half-life of elimination was 1.7 hr. The percent absolute availability following oral administration of the drug in the aqueous solution form was found to be dose dependent. At 100-mg dose, in six dogs, an average of 36% of the orally administered dose was found to be systemically available. At 50-mg dose, in one of the four dogs studied, no measurable plasma levels of chlorpheniramine were obtained, and the average bioavailability was only 9.4%. The average availability in four dogs at 200-mg dose was 39.4%. Even at 200-mg oral dose, the dogs did not show any signs of sedation and remained alert all through the experiment. Saturable first-pass gut and/or hepatic elimination has been postulated. The possible implications of these findings on the therapeutic effectiveness of the usual dosing regimen of chlorpheniramine in dogs are discussed.", "PMID": 512844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9963", "title": "Accumulation kinetics of drugs with nonlinear plasma protein and tissue binding characteristics.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to study, by digital computer stimulation, the accumulation kinetics of drugs which exhibit concentration-dependent binding to tissues and either linear (constant free fraction) or concentration-dependent (increasing free action with increasing drug concentration) binding to plasma proteins. It was assumed that elimination rate is proportional to free drug concentration in plasma and that there occurs instantaneous equilibration of drug between vascular and nonvascular spaces. Nonlinear binding can yield, under certain conditions, apparently biexponential plasma concentration-time curves which may be misinterpreted as being representative of a linear and biexponential system. Such misinterpretation would cause the following errors in the prediction of drug accumulation and elimination kinetics during and after constant-rate infusion: (a) the time required to reach steady state may be overestimated, and (b) the prominence of the apparent distribution phase after cessation of infusion may be underestimated. Drugs with linear and nonlinear plasma protein binding characteristics differ with respect to the relaionship between infusion rate and steady-state concentration. This relationship is linear when plasma protein binding is linear. Steady-state concentration increases less than proportionally with increasing infusion rate if plasma protein binding is drug concentration dependent.", "contents": "Accumulation kinetics of drugs with nonlinear plasma protein and tissue binding characteristics. The purpose of this investigation was to study, by digital computer stimulation, the accumulation kinetics of drugs which exhibit concentration-dependent binding to tissues and either linear (constant free fraction) or concentration-dependent (increasing free action with increasing drug concentration) binding to plasma proteins. It was assumed that elimination rate is proportional to free drug concentration in plasma and that there occurs instantaneous equilibration of drug between vascular and nonvascular spaces. Nonlinear binding can yield, under certain conditions, apparently biexponential plasma concentration-time curves which may be misinterpreted as being representative of a linear and biexponential system. Such misinterpretation would cause the following errors in the prediction of drug accumulation and elimination kinetics during and after constant-rate infusion: (a) the time required to reach steady state may be overestimated, and (b) the prominence of the apparent distribution phase after cessation of infusion may be underestimated. Drugs with linear and nonlinear plasma protein binding characteristics differ with respect to the relaionship between infusion rate and steady-state concentration. This relationship is linear when plasma protein binding is linear. Steady-state concentration increases less than proportionally with increasing infusion rate if plasma protein binding is drug concentration dependent.", "PMID": 512845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9964", "title": "A pharmacokinetic model to differentiate preabsorptive, gut epithelial, and hepatic first-pass metabolism.", "content": "A combined perfusion/compartmental pharmacokinetic model has been developed to describe the time course of drugs that are subject to preabsorptive, intestinal epithelial, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. Equations are derived to estimate the fraction of the administered dose which is metabolized at each of the three sites and to establish the limits of the true absorption rate constant. The model is tested using literature data for phenacetin.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic model to differentiate preabsorptive, gut epithelial, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. A combined perfusion/compartmental pharmacokinetic model has been developed to describe the time course of drugs that are subject to preabsorptive, intestinal epithelial, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. Equations are derived to estimate the fraction of the administered dose which is metabolized at each of the three sites and to establish the limits of the true absorption rate constant. The model is tested using literature data for phenacetin.", "PMID": 512846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9965", "title": "Syntheses and bioactivities of 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones and related ethers and esters.", "content": "A number of nuclear hydroxy styryl ketones and related compounds were prepared and evaluated for antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities as well as for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antianaphylactic properties. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of several esters with hydroxide ion in aqueous dioxane (50% v/v) at 36.9 degrees were determined. The screening results showed that activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia was found solely with the ethers and that antimicrobial properties were obtained virtually exclusively with the phenolic derivatives. All compounds showed analgesic properties, except for four that were algesic. While little anti-inflammatory activity was found, several compounds showed some antianaphylaxis.", "contents": "Syntheses and bioactivities of 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones and related ethers and esters. A number of nuclear hydroxy styryl ketones and related compounds were prepared and evaluated for antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities as well as for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antianaphylactic properties. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of several esters with hydroxide ion in aqueous dioxane (50% v/v) at 36.9 degrees were determined. The screening results showed that activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia was found solely with the ethers and that antimicrobial properties were obtained virtually exclusively with the phenolic derivatives. All compounds showed analgesic properties, except for four that were algesic. While little anti-inflammatory activity was found, several compounds showed some antianaphylaxis.", "PMID": 512849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9966", "title": "Differential thermal, solubility, and aging studies on various sources of digoxin and digitoxin powder: biopharmaceutical implications.", "content": "Unlike most organic compounds, both digoxin and digitoxin melted over a wide temperature range, with the widest range being 88 and 33 degrees for both compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the melting ranges varied markedly among several untriturated powders obtained from commercial sources and after recrystallization. Trituration produced dramatically sharper and generally lower melting temperatures. Apparent equilibrium solubility also varied considerably among different untriturated compounds. Correlation between solubility and final melting temperature was found. Results from dynamic solubility studies were used to explain the failure of trituration to enhance the apparent equilibrium solubility in certain samples. Storage at room temperature increased the melting points and decreased aqueous solubilities. Several reasons such as the presence of polymorphic and amorphous forms, crystal defects, impurities, and solvate formation were postulated to explain the findings. In a preliminary study, the in vitro dissolution rates of two commercial tablet products stored at elevated temperatures for 4-8 weeks progressively decreased. Biopharmaceutical implications and areas for further studies are discussed.", "contents": "Differential thermal, solubility, and aging studies on various sources of digoxin and digitoxin powder: biopharmaceutical implications. Unlike most organic compounds, both digoxin and digitoxin melted over a wide temperature range, with the widest range being 88 and 33 degrees for both compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the melting ranges varied markedly among several untriturated powders obtained from commercial sources and after recrystallization. Trituration produced dramatically sharper and generally lower melting temperatures. Apparent equilibrium solubility also varied considerably among different untriturated compounds. Correlation between solubility and final melting temperature was found. Results from dynamic solubility studies were used to explain the failure of trituration to enhance the apparent equilibrium solubility in certain samples. Storage at room temperature increased the melting points and decreased aqueous solubilities. Several reasons such as the presence of polymorphic and amorphous forms, crystal defects, impurities, and solvate formation were postulated to explain the findings. In a preliminary study, the in vitro dissolution rates of two commercial tablet products stored at elevated temperatures for 4-8 weeks progressively decreased. Biopharmaceutical implications and areas for further studies are discussed.", "PMID": 512850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9967", "title": "Microbial transformations and 13C-NMR analysis of colchicine.", "content": "Several microorganisms were screened for their ability to biotransform colchicine, and two were selected for preparative scale fermentations. Streptomyces spectabilis and Streptomyces griseus both produced O2-demethylcolchicine and O3-demethylcolchicine but in different amounts. The 13C-NMR assignments of colchicine, O10-demethylcolchicine, and trimethylcolchicinic acid are reported and were used to help identify the structures of the metabolites.", "contents": "Microbial transformations and 13C-NMR analysis of colchicine. Several microorganisms were screened for their ability to biotransform colchicine, and two were selected for preparative scale fermentations. Streptomyces spectabilis and Streptomyces griseus both produced O2-demethylcolchicine and O3-demethylcolchicine but in different amounts. The 13C-NMR assignments of colchicine, O10-demethylcolchicine, and trimethylcolchicinic acid are reported and were used to help identify the structures of the metabolites.", "PMID": 512852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9968", "title": "Surface properties of membrane systems: interaction of ketamine with monomolecular films of ganliosides and mitochondrial lipids.", "content": "Ketamine solutions did not form a film (pi=0) but had an appreciable surface potential (delta V=500 mv), indicating a significant array of +/- oriented charge dipoles at the air-water interface, as opposed to calcium chloride solutions whose delta V was zero. The delta V values of ganglioside films spread on the aqueous phase varied in the order water less than sodium chloride less than calcium chloride less than ketamine hydrochloride. At equivalent concentrations, calcium chloride was 500 times as effective as sodium chloride, and ketamine at the clinical concentrations of 10-20 microgram/ml (36-72 micrometer) was 6000 times  as effective as calcium chloride in raising the surface potential of gangliosides; the delta V effect with mitochondrial lipid was in the reverse order; water less than sodium chloride = ketamine hydrochloride less than calcium chloride. This calcium-ketamine inversion indicates a unique specificity of ketamine for gangliosides. Since ketamine acts on the brain and did not affect mitochondrial respiration, the surface potential data suggest that part of the mechanism of action of ketamine could be its interaction with synaptic surfaces and, specifically, with the sialic acid of gangliosides and/or glycoproteins present on the synaptic membrane surface.", "contents": "Surface properties of membrane systems: interaction of ketamine with monomolecular films of ganliosides and mitochondrial lipids. Ketamine solutions did not form a film (pi=0) but had an appreciable surface potential (delta V=500 mv), indicating a significant array of +/- oriented charge dipoles at the air-water interface, as opposed to calcium chloride solutions whose delta V was zero. The delta V values of ganglioside films spread on the aqueous phase varied in the order water less than sodium chloride less than calcium chloride less than ketamine hydrochloride. At equivalent concentrations, calcium chloride was 500 times as effective as sodium chloride, and ketamine at the clinical concentrations of 10-20 microgram/ml (36-72 micrometer) was 6000 times  as effective as calcium chloride in raising the surface potential of gangliosides; the delta V effect with mitochondrial lipid was in the reverse order; water less than sodium chloride = ketamine hydrochloride less than calcium chloride. This calcium-ketamine inversion indicates a unique specificity of ketamine for gangliosides. Since ketamine acts on the brain and did not affect mitochondrial respiration, the surface potential data suggest that part of the mechanism of action of ketamine could be its interaction with synaptic surfaces and, specifically, with the sialic acid of gangliosides and/or glycoproteins present on the synaptic membrane surface.", "PMID": 512853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9969", "title": "Long-range substituent effects in morphine-type agonists and antagonists: a possible explanation for some opiate anomalies.", "content": "Anomalous variations in the pKa values of variously substituted morphine-type agonists and antagonists are interpreted as a reflection of long-range substituent effects operating in these molecules. Based on the operation of long-range effects, a mechanism is proposed by which substitution into the N-normorphine portion of morphine-type agonists and antagonists changes the activity of the parent molecule. Thus, a remote substituent would distort the whole molecule via a conformational transmission effect and thereby (a) change the fit between the opiate and its receptor; (b) change the electron density distribution throughout the molecule and, therefore, at the nitrogen; (c) modify the directionality of the lone electron pair on the nitrogen; and (d) affect the pKa of the drug. The operation of long-range effects as proposed here could account for some of the anomalous changes in opiate activity effected by substitution into the parent molecule.", "contents": "Long-range substituent effects in morphine-type agonists and antagonists: a possible explanation for some opiate anomalies. Anomalous variations in the pKa values of variously substituted morphine-type agonists and antagonists are interpreted as a reflection of long-range substituent effects operating in these molecules. Based on the operation of long-range effects, a mechanism is proposed by which substitution into the N-normorphine portion of morphine-type agonists and antagonists changes the activity of the parent molecule. Thus, a remote substituent would distort the whole molecule via a conformational transmission effect and thereby (a) change the fit between the opiate and its receptor; (b) change the electron density distribution throughout the molecule and, therefore, at the nitrogen; (c) modify the directionality of the lone electron pair on the nitrogen; and (d) affect the pKa of the drug. The operation of long-range effects as proposed here could account for some of the anomalous changes in opiate activity effected by substitution into the parent molecule.", "PMID": 512854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9970", "title": "Modification of metoclopramide GLC assay: application to human biological specimens.", "content": "A modified electron-capture GLC assay for metoclopramide in human biological specimens is reported. This assay involves the incorporation of a back-extraction method to remove endogenous contaminants. Its applicability was demonstrated by studying the time course of metoclopramide in plasma and urine from a human subject. The lowest quantifiable metoclopramide concentration in plasma was 7 ng/ml, provided 0.5 ml of plasma was used.", "contents": "Modification of metoclopramide GLC assay: application to human biological specimens. A modified electron-capture GLC assay for metoclopramide in human biological specimens is reported. This assay involves the incorporation of a back-extraction method to remove endogenous contaminants. Its applicability was demonstrated by studying the time course of metoclopramide in plasma and urine from a human subject. The lowest quantifiable metoclopramide concentration in plasma was 7 ng/ml, provided 0.5 ml of plasma was used.", "PMID": 512855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9971", "title": "Kinetic studies of hydralazine reaction with acetaldehyde.", "content": "In vitro kinetic studies of the reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde at physiological concentrations and pH were conducted. This reaction, which leads to the formation of 3-methyl-S-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine, may occur in the plasma and may represent an alternative pathway for hydralazine metabolism. The reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde followed second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 16.9 kcal/mole. At 37 degrees, the half-life of the reaction for a colution containing 2.3 microgram of acetaldehyde/ml and 1 microgram of hydralazine/ml was 4.5 hr. The rate increased with increasing acetaldehyde concentrations.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of hydralazine reaction with acetaldehyde. In vitro kinetic studies of the reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde at physiological concentrations and pH were conducted. This reaction, which leads to the formation of 3-methyl-S-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine, may occur in the plasma and may represent an alternative pathway for hydralazine metabolism. The reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde followed second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 16.9 kcal/mole. At 37 degrees, the half-life of the reaction for a colution containing 2.3 microgram of acetaldehyde/ml and 1 microgram of hydralazine/ml was 4.5 hr. The rate increased with increasing acetaldehyde concentrations.", "PMID": 512856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9972", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of two peripheral vasodilators, nylidrin hydrochloride and isoxsuprine hydrochloride, in pharmaceutical dosage forms.", "content": "A reliable and selective high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the quantitative determination of nylidrin hydrochloride or isoxsuprine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. The specificity of the stability-indicating HPLC procedure is presented for nylidrin hydrochloride.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of two peripheral vasodilators, nylidrin hydrochloride and isoxsuprine hydrochloride, in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A reliable and selective high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the quantitative determination of nylidrin hydrochloride or isoxsuprine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. The specificity of the stability-indicating HPLC procedure is presented for nylidrin hydrochloride.", "PMID": 512857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9973", "title": "Solubility determination of barely aqueous-soluble organic solids.", "content": "Solubility determination of organic molecules having very low solubilities is hampered by such problems as slow equilibration during measurement, influence of impurities, and inherent heterogeneity in the energetic content of the crystalline solid. Three approaches to meeting these problems are presented. The first approach involves enhancing the dissolution rate by the addition of a water-immiscible solvent in which the organic solute is more soluble, thereby increasing the surface area available for dissolution. The second method is  a combination of experimental data with a group contribution approach that allows the estimation of extremely insoluble solids. This approach involves measurement of the solubility in an organic solvent and calculation of the aqueous solubility from the estimated partition coefficient and the organic solvent data. The third approach is based on using a large excess of the solid and a highly specific analytical determination of the main component. The first two approaches were explored in detail and tested using norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, methyltestosterone, and methyltestosterone acetate.", "contents": "Solubility determination of barely aqueous-soluble organic solids. Solubility determination of organic molecules having very low solubilities is hampered by such problems as slow equilibration during measurement, influence of impurities, and inherent heterogeneity in the energetic content of the crystalline solid. Three approaches to meeting these problems are presented. The first approach involves enhancing the dissolution rate by the addition of a water-immiscible solvent in which the organic solute is more soluble, thereby increasing the surface area available for dissolution. The second method is  a combination of experimental data with a group contribution approach that allows the estimation of extremely insoluble solids. This approach involves measurement of the solubility in an organic solvent and calculation of the aqueous solubility from the estimated partition coefficient and the organic solvent data. The third approach is based on using a large excess of the solid and a highly specific analytical determination of the main component. The first two approaches were explored in detail and tested using norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, methyltestosterone, and methyltestosterone acetate.", "PMID": 512858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9974", "title": "Determination of phenylmercuric nitrate by potentiometric titration.", "content": "A procedure was developed for measuring small amounts of phenylmercuric nitrate in aqueous solutions. The method depends on the formation of insoluble phenylmercuric iodide upon titration of phenylmercuric nitrate with potassium iodide. The end-point can be detected using an iodide-sensitive electrode. The method is able to measure down to 0.000125% aqueous solution of phenylmercuric nitrate with a 1% accuracy. Procedural details and dexcriptions of excipient effects on the assay are presented. Naphazoline hydrochloride, phenylephrine hydrochloride, fluroescein sodium, and antipyrine interfered with the method, while the common buffer systems, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium thiosulfate, edetate sodium, and chloramphenicol had no effect.", "contents": "Determination of phenylmercuric nitrate by potentiometric titration. A procedure was developed for measuring small amounts of phenylmercuric nitrate in aqueous solutions. The method depends on the formation of insoluble phenylmercuric iodide upon titration of phenylmercuric nitrate with potassium iodide. The end-point can be detected using an iodide-sensitive electrode. The method is able to measure down to 0.000125% aqueous solution of phenylmercuric nitrate with a 1% accuracy. Procedural details and dexcriptions of excipient effects on the assay are presented. Naphazoline hydrochloride, phenylephrine hydrochloride, fluroescein sodium, and antipyrine interfered with the method, while the common buffer systems, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium thiosulfate, edetate sodium, and chloramphenicol had no effect.", "PMID": 512859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9975", "title": "Stereospecific assay and stereospecific disposition of racemic carprofen in rats.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the separation and selective quantitative determination of the (S)(+)- and (R)(-)-enantiomers of the racemic anti-inflammatory drug carprofen as their diastereomeric l-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamides. These derivatives are obtained in equivalent yields by reacint purified 14C-carprofen from biological specimens with l-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamine via the 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole intermediate, followed by extraction and differential radiometric quantitation of the TLC-separated diastereomers. In the rat, the (R)(-)-carprofen enantiomer was eliminated from blood and secreted in the bile as the ester glucuronide at a rate approximately twice that of the (S)-(+)-enantiomer, resulting in the accumulation of the pharmacologically more active (S)(+)-enantiomer in the rat blood. Evidence for an additional process favoring the elimination of the (R)(-)-enantiomer in the rat was derived from pharmacokinetic data evaluation.", "contents": "Stereospecific assay and stereospecific disposition of racemic carprofen in rats. A procedure was developed for the separation and selective quantitative determination of the (S)(+)- and (R)(-)-enantiomers of the racemic anti-inflammatory drug carprofen as their diastereomeric l-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamides. These derivatives are obtained in equivalent yields by reacint purified 14C-carprofen from biological specimens with l-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamine via the 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole intermediate, followed by extraction and differential radiometric quantitation of the TLC-separated diastereomers. In the rat, the (R)(-)-carprofen enantiomer was eliminated from blood and secreted in the bile as the ester glucuronide at a rate approximately twice that of the (S)-(+)-enantiomer, resulting in the accumulation of the pharmacologically more active (S)(+)-enantiomer in the rat blood. Evidence for an additional process favoring the elimination of the (R)(-)-enantiomer in the rat was derived from pharmacokinetic data evaluation.", "PMID": 512860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9976", "title": "ADS-12: an automated programmable 12-tablet dissolution testing system.", "content": "A novel computerized automated system is described which conforms to the basic requirements set forth in the compendia for testing the dissolution characteristics of solid dosage forms. This modular system can test 12 tablets simultaneously. It can maintain sink conditions at all times and can handle any chemistry amenable to an automatic analyzer. Dissolution, sampling, chemistry, and readout are all accomplished simultaneously, reducing the complete test time for 12 tablets to the dissolution time itself.", "contents": "ADS-12: an automated programmable 12-tablet dissolution testing system. A novel computerized automated system is described which conforms to the basic requirements set forth in the compendia for testing the dissolution characteristics of solid dosage forms. This modular system can test 12 tablets simultaneously. It can maintain sink conditions at all times and can handle any chemistry amenable to an automatic analyzer. Dissolution, sampling, chemistry, and readout are all accomplished simultaneously, reducing the complete test time for 12 tablets to the dissolution time itself.", "PMID": 512861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9977", "title": "Use of rabbits for GI drug absorption studies: relationship between dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin tablets.", "content": "The correlation between the dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin tablets was studied in stomach-emptying-controlled rabbits and in humans. Three different test tablets, each consisting of two dose levels (62.5 or 125 mg) of griseofulvin, were used. The dissolution rates in 0.5 hr were approximately 75, 40, and 12%. With oral administration at 62.5 mg/rabbit, the ratio of peak plasma level, Cmax, was 1.00:0.66:0.40 and that of the area under the curve (AUC) was 1.00:0.73:0.46 for the three tablets. The corresponding C'max ratio was 1.00:0.74:0.34 and the AUC ratio was 1.00:0.72:0.33 in humans at the dose level of 500 mg. A good correlation was observed for the rank order of Cmax and AUC between rabbits and humans, but such a correlation was not seen between in vivo data and in vitro data at a larger dose of 125 mg/rabbit. This finding was attributable to the dose, which exceeded the GI drug dissolution or absorption capacities. These results suggest that the stomach-emptying-controlled rabbit is useful for evaluating oral dosage forms for human use and that dose level selection is important in the bioavailability study of a barely water-soluble drug.", "contents": "Use of rabbits for GI drug absorption studies: relationship between dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin tablets. The correlation between the dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin tablets was studied in stomach-emptying-controlled rabbits and in humans. Three different test tablets, each consisting of two dose levels (62.5 or 125 mg) of griseofulvin, were used. The dissolution rates in 0.5 hr were approximately 75, 40, and 12%. With oral administration at 62.5 mg/rabbit, the ratio of peak plasma level, Cmax, was 1.00:0.66:0.40 and that of the area under the curve (AUC) was 1.00:0.73:0.46 for the three tablets. The corresponding C'max ratio was 1.00:0.74:0.34 and the AUC ratio was 1.00:0.72:0.33 in humans at the dose level of 500 mg. A good correlation was observed for the rank order of Cmax and AUC between rabbits and humans, but such a correlation was not seen between in vivo data and in vitro data at a larger dose of 125 mg/rabbit. This finding was attributable to the dose, which exceeded the GI drug dissolution or absorption capacities. These results suggest that the stomach-emptying-controlled rabbit is useful for evaluating oral dosage forms for human use and that dose level selection is important in the bioavailability study of a barely water-soluble drug.", "PMID": 512862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9978", "title": "Dissolution behavior of commercial enteric-coated aspirin tablets.", "content": "Dissolution behavior was studied for four commercial batches of enteric-coated aspirin tablets from two companies. The USP XIX dissolution procedure was modified by including pretreatment in simulated gastric juice. The effects of five pretreatment times were studied. Pretreated tablets yielded higher dissolution profiles and fewer undissolved fractions than nonpretreated tablets. Among pretreatments, 15 min was adequate and 60 min produced the highest dissolution profiles. None of the pretreatments differed significantly from each other. An F test and conducted on the data indicated that Product X was significantly better than Product Y at the p=0.05 level. Batch C was ranked as the best batch irrespective of pretreatment time, followed by Batch D. Batches A and B were equal, although Batch A appeared to be better than B for the 60-min pretreatment, as indicated by the lower t80% value.", "contents": "Dissolution behavior of commercial enteric-coated aspirin tablets. Dissolution behavior was studied for four commercial batches of enteric-coated aspirin tablets from two companies. The USP XIX dissolution procedure was modified by including pretreatment in simulated gastric juice. The effects of five pretreatment times were studied. Pretreated tablets yielded higher dissolution profiles and fewer undissolved fractions than nonpretreated tablets. Among pretreatments, 15 min was adequate and 60 min produced the highest dissolution profiles. None of the pretreatments differed significantly from each other. An F test and conducted on the data indicated that Product X was significantly better than Product Y at the p=0.05 level. Batch C was ranked as the best batch irrespective of pretreatment time, followed by Batch D. Batches A and B were equal, although Batch A appeared to be better than B for the 60-min pretreatment, as indicated by the lower t80% value.", "PMID": 512863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9979", "title": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of levodopa preparations I: Amino acid impurities.", "content": "A reversed-phage high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 280 mm is presented for the determination of 6-hydroxydopa, tyrosine, 3-O-methyldopa, and other trace amino acid impurities in levodopa preparations. The method is fast and sufficiently sensitive to determine trace impurities at 0.1% of the levodopa concentration with a relative standard deviation of 4-6%. The trace impurities can be estimated at less than or equal to 0.01%.", "contents": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of levodopa preparations I: Amino acid impurities. A reversed-phage high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 280 mm is presented for the determination of 6-hydroxydopa, tyrosine, 3-O-methyldopa, and other trace amino acid impurities in levodopa preparations. The method is fast and sufficiently sensitive to determine trace impurities at 0.1% of the levodopa concentration with a relative standard deviation of 4-6%. The trace impurities can be estimated at less than or equal to 0.01%.", "PMID": 512864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9980", "title": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of levodopa preparations II: Levodopa determination.", "content": "A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 280 nm is presented for levodopa determination in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is fast and specific for levodopa in the presence of its most likely impurities and degradation products.", "contents": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of levodopa preparations II: Levodopa determination. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 280 nm is presented for levodopa determination in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is fast and specific for levodopa in the presence of its most likely impurities and degradation products.", "PMID": 512865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9981", "title": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2, 15-ketoprostaglandin E2, and hydroxy fatty acids by ram seminal vesicle microsomes.", "content": "At high arachidonic acid concentrations (164 micrometer) and without exogenous cofactors, ram seminal vesicle microsomes produced prostaglandin E2 and two less polar products, identified as prostaglandin D2 and 15-ketoprostaglandin E2. The ratio of the biosynthetic products formed depended on the exogenous cofactor and on the arachidonic acid concentration. At high arachidonic acid concentrations (greater than 150 micrometer), tryptophan, phenol, and glutathione stimulated prostaglandin E2 formation, but each affected the formation of the other prostaglandins differently. Ascorbic acid markedly stimulated hydroxy fatty acid formation. GLC-mass spectral analysis of the hydroxy fatty acid fraction indicated the presence of 11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. At low arachidonic acid concentrations (30 micrometer), glutathione still stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, but the other cofactors stimulated 6-ketoprostaglandin F1a and hydroxy fatty acid formation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2, 15-ketoprostaglandin E2, and hydroxy fatty acids by ram seminal vesicle microsomes. At high arachidonic acid concentrations (164 micrometer) and without exogenous cofactors, ram seminal vesicle microsomes produced prostaglandin E2 and two less polar products, identified as prostaglandin D2 and 15-ketoprostaglandin E2. The ratio of the biosynthetic products formed depended on the exogenous cofactor and on the arachidonic acid concentration. At high arachidonic acid concentrations (greater than 150 micrometer), tryptophan, phenol, and glutathione stimulated prostaglandin E2 formation, but each affected the formation of the other prostaglandins differently. Ascorbic acid markedly stimulated hydroxy fatty acid formation. GLC-mass spectral analysis of the hydroxy fatty acid fraction indicated the presence of 11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. At low arachidonic acid concentrations (30 micrometer), glutathione still stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, but the other cofactors stimulated 6-ketoprostaglandin F1a and hydroxy fatty acid formation.", "PMID": 512866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9982", "title": "p-Aminophenol fluorescence and determination in the presence of acetaminophen.", "content": "The spectrophotometric and fluorometric properties of the aminophenols and of several compounds related to p-aminophenol were examined. A direct spectrofluorometric method for p-aminophenol determination at trace levels in methanol was developed and evaluated for the effect of inner filtering by acetaminophen. The method was applied to the determination of p-aminophenol as an impurity in acetaminophen and acetaminophen-containing tablets.", "contents": "p-Aminophenol fluorescence and determination in the presence of acetaminophen. The spectrophotometric and fluorometric properties of the aminophenols and of several compounds related to p-aminophenol were examined. A direct spectrofluorometric method for p-aminophenol determination at trace levels in methanol was developed and evaluated for the effect of inner filtering by acetaminophen. The method was applied to the determination of p-aminophenol as an impurity in acetaminophen and acetaminophen-containing tablets.", "PMID": 512867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9983", "title": "Double Latin square study to determine variability and relative bioavailability of methylprednisolone.", "content": "The variability and relative bioavailability of methylprednisolone tablets were evaluated utilizing  a double Latin square crossover design in which each of 20 subjects was given four of five treatments. Three different lots of methylprednisolone tablets exhibited virtually identical absorption, with similar ranges and coefficients of variation of some selected bioavailability parameters indicative of lot-to-lot uniformity in bioavailability. Within-lot and between-lot uniformities in bioavailability also were similar, suggesting that the observed variability in serum methylprednisolone levels was not due to manufacturing process variables. With respect to intra-versus intersubject variability, no differences were found for the absorption rate or terminal half-life. In contrast, between-subject variability associated with extent of absorption was greater than that within subjects. Relative to an aqueous suspension, methylprednisolone tablets were fully bioavailable.", "contents": "Double Latin square study to determine variability and relative bioavailability of methylprednisolone. The variability and relative bioavailability of methylprednisolone tablets were evaluated utilizing  a double Latin square crossover design in which each of 20 subjects was given four of five treatments. Three different lots of methylprednisolone tablets exhibited virtually identical absorption, with similar ranges and coefficients of variation of some selected bioavailability parameters indicative of lot-to-lot uniformity in bioavailability. Within-lot and between-lot uniformities in bioavailability also were similar, suggesting that the observed variability in serum methylprednisolone levels was not due to manufacturing process variables. With respect to intra-versus intersubject variability, no differences were found for the absorption rate or terminal half-life. In contrast, between-subject variability associated with extent of absorption was greater than that within subjects. Relative to an aqueous suspension, methylprednisolone tablets were fully bioavailable.", "PMID": 512868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9984", "title": "Separation of penicillin G potassium and its degradation products using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the separation of penicillin G potassium and several of its decomposition products. The method utilized a buffered acetonitrile-phosphate mobile phase on a reversed-phase C18 column. Separation of penicillin G potassium and six degradation products was attained within 25 min.", "contents": "Separation of penicillin G potassium and its degradation products using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the separation of penicillin G potassium and several of its decomposition products. The method utilized a buffered acetonitrile-phosphate mobile phase on a reversed-phase C18 column. Separation of penicillin G potassium and six degradation products was attained within 25 min.", "PMID": 512869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9985", "title": "Sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the accurate determination of disopyramide and its chief metabolite in plasma is presented. The method is suitable for monitoring patients receiving disopyramide therapy. A reversed-phase cyanopropylsilane column is utilized with a mobile phase of 50% acetonitrile and 50% 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Absorption was monitored at 254 nm with a detection limit of 0.2 microgram/ml of plasma. The reproducibility and precision of the procedure were demonstrated on samples containing 0.50-12 microgram/ml of plasma.", "contents": "Sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the accurate determination of disopyramide and its chief metabolite in plasma is presented. The method is suitable for monitoring patients receiving disopyramide therapy. A reversed-phase cyanopropylsilane column is utilized with a mobile phase of 50% acetonitrile and 50% 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Absorption was monitored at 254 nm with a detection limit of 0.2 microgram/ml of plasma. The reproducibility and precision of the procedure were demonstrated on samples containing 0.50-12 microgram/ml of plasma.", "PMID": 512870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9986", "title": "Identification of an imidazolinium salt, the major product from reaction of benzathine with iodine.", "content": "The isolation and identification of an imidazolinium salt are described. Unambiguous determination of structure was accomplished by independent synthesis. The isolated product interferes in the iodometric assay of the benzathine salts of penicillin.", "contents": "Identification of an imidazolinium salt, the major product from reaction of benzathine with iodine. The isolation and identification of an imidazolinium salt are described. Unambiguous determination of structure was accomplished by independent synthesis. The isolated product interferes in the iodometric assay of the benzathine salts of penicillin.", "PMID": 512871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9987", "title": "4-Acetoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinolinium iodide, an acetylcholine analog.", "content": "4-Acetoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinolinium iodide, an analog of acetylcholine, was synthesized and a pharmacological profile of its GI effects was compiled. The agent inhibited dog colonic contraction in response to pelvic nerve stimulation and to acetylcholine. In rats, the compound markedly reduced gastric acid output and the volume of gastric secretions. The lack of inhibition of chromodacryorrhea production in response to carbachol indicates a lack of anticholinergic action. The agent failed to affect the acute inflammatory response of the rat hindpaw in response to carrageenan. The precursor of the compound was ineffective in the pharmacological tests.", "contents": "4-Acetoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinolinium iodide, an acetylcholine analog. 4-Acetoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinolinium iodide, an analog of acetylcholine, was synthesized and a pharmacological profile of its GI effects was compiled. The agent inhibited dog colonic contraction in response to pelvic nerve stimulation and to acetylcholine. In rats, the compound markedly reduced gastric acid output and the volume of gastric secretions. The lack of inhibition of chromodacryorrhea production in response to carbachol indicates a lack of anticholinergic action. The agent failed to affect the acute inflammatory response of the rat hindpaw in response to carrageenan. The precursor of the compound was ineffective in the pharmacological tests.", "PMID": 512872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9988", "title": "Urinary excretion of dyphylline in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of a single dyphylline dose were studied in five normal volunteers. The mean dyphylline half-life was 1.8 +/- 0.2 hr; the mean total body clearance rate and mean renal clearance rate were 333 +/- 62 and 276 +/- 52 ml/min, respectively; and the mean volume of distribution was 0.8 +/- 0.2 liter/kg. In the urine, 83 +/- 5% of the dose was excreted as unchanged drug, and theophylline was not detected. Dyphylline doses of 19--27 mg/kg, resulting in peak serum dyphylline concentrations of 19.3--23.5 micrograms/ml, were tolerated well by four subjects. One subject had a severe headache following a 28-mg/kg dose, associated with a peak serum dyphylline concentration of 36.4 micrograms/ml. This study confirms speculation that dyphylline is not metabolized to theophylline in vivo.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of dyphylline in humans. The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of a single dyphylline dose were studied in five normal volunteers. The mean dyphylline half-life was 1.8 +/- 0.2 hr; the mean total body clearance rate and mean renal clearance rate were 333 +/- 62 and 276 +/- 52 ml/min, respectively; and the mean volume of distribution was 0.8 +/- 0.2 liter/kg. In the urine, 83 +/- 5% of the dose was excreted as unchanged drug, and theophylline was not detected. Dyphylline doses of 19--27 mg/kg, resulting in peak serum dyphylline concentrations of 19.3--23.5 micrograms/ml, were tolerated well by four subjects. One subject had a severe headache following a 28-mg/kg dose, associated with a peak serum dyphylline concentration of 36.4 micrograms/ml. This study confirms speculation that dyphylline is not metabolized to theophylline in vivo.", "PMID": 512873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9989", "title": "Stability of amitriptyline hydrochloride in a commercial aqueous solution.", "content": "A commercial amitriptyline hydrochloride solution was stored at 80 degrees for up to 3 months. High-performance liquid chromatography showed no evidence of amitriptyline hydrochloride degradation. The method also indicated that two reported degradates, 3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2;4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene and dibenzosuberone, were present at levels less than 0.1% (the detection limit of the method) under the storage conditions. The stability of the commercial solutions is attributed to their relatively low ratio of headspace oxygen to amitriptyline hydrochloride.", "contents": "Stability of amitriptyline hydrochloride in a commercial aqueous solution. A commercial amitriptyline hydrochloride solution was stored at 80 degrees for up to 3 months. High-performance liquid chromatography showed no evidence of amitriptyline hydrochloride degradation. The method also indicated that two reported degradates, 3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2;4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene and dibenzosuberone, were present at levels less than 0.1% (the detection limit of the method) under the storage conditions. The stability of the commercial solutions is attributed to their relatively low ratio of headspace oxygen to amitriptyline hydrochloride.", "PMID": 512874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9990", "title": "1,2-Dialkyl-4-pyrazolidinethiols as potential antiradiation agents.", "content": "The reaction between 3-chloropropylene sulfide and the 1,2-dialkylhydrazines was employed to prepare a series of 1,2-dialkyl-4-pyrazolidinethiols. Evidence is presented to support the structure proposed for the product. These mercaptoheterocycles are related to the beta-mercaptoethylamines and were prepared as potential radiation protective agents. No significant activity was observed.", "contents": "1,2-Dialkyl-4-pyrazolidinethiols as potential antiradiation agents. The reaction between 3-chloropropylene sulfide and the 1,2-dialkylhydrazines was employed to prepare a series of 1,2-dialkyl-4-pyrazolidinethiols. Evidence is presented to support the structure proposed for the product. These mercaptoheterocycles are related to the beta-mercaptoethylamines and were prepared as potential radiation protective agents. No significant activity was observed.", "PMID": 512875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9991", "title": "Colorimetric determination of penicillins and related compounds in intravenous solutions by nickel (II)-catalyzed hydroxamic acid formation.", "content": "Solutions of ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, and cephalothin in 5% dextrose were analyzed by nickel(II)-catalyzed hydroxylaminolysis. The reactions of these antibiotics were complete within 20 min at room temperature. Under the analytical conditions, molar absorptivities of the ferric-hydroxamate complexes ranged from 830 to 1005 liters/mole/cm. Coefficients of variation for the analysis of these antibiotics in 5% dextrose were typically less than 3% at concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Oxacillin was analyzed by the same method in normal saline and/or lactated Ringer solutions. The method also was applied to the analysis of chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions. Only ampicillin showed a significant decrease in concentration in 48 hr.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of penicillins and related compounds in intravenous solutions by nickel (II)-catalyzed hydroxamic acid formation. Solutions of ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, and cephalothin in 5% dextrose were analyzed by nickel(II)-catalyzed hydroxylaminolysis. The reactions of these antibiotics were complete within 20 min at room temperature. Under the analytical conditions, molar absorptivities of the ferric-hydroxamate complexes ranged from 830 to 1005 liters/mole/cm. Coefficients of variation for the analysis of these antibiotics in 5% dextrose were typically less than 3% at concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Oxacillin was analyzed by the same method in normal saline and/or lactated Ringer solutions. The method also was applied to the analysis of chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions. Only ampicillin showed a significant decrease in concentration in 48 hr.", "PMID": 512876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9992", "title": "Physical model evaluation of topical prodrug delivery-simultaneous transport and bioconversion of vidarabine-5'-valerate I: Physical model development.", "content": "A physical model approach to the topical delivery of a vidarabine ester prodrug was investigated. It involved modeling, theoretical simulations, experimental method development for factoring and quantifying parameters, and, finally, employment of the deduced parameters to determine the steady-state species fluxes and concentration profiles in the target tissue. The present report describes the physical modeling and theoretical simulation aspects. The physical model for the simultaneous transport and bioconversion of a topically delivered prodrug was formulated assuming homogeneous enzyme distributions and constant diffusivities in the membrane. The mathematical problem was solved, and the solution yielded concentration profiles and fluxes of all species in the biomembrane. These results provided the prevailing levels of the prodrug, the drug, and the metabolite at the target site and the transport rates of all species into the bloodstream. Computations of concentration profiles and fluxes were carried out for a reasonable range of the parameters. The relative activities of the esterase and the deaminase enzymes, as well as the stratum corneum permeabilities, were important in influencing the concentration profiles and fluxes of all species.", "contents": "Physical model evaluation of topical prodrug delivery-simultaneous transport and bioconversion of vidarabine-5'-valerate I: Physical model development. A physical model approach to the topical delivery of a vidarabine ester prodrug was investigated. It involved modeling, theoretical simulations, experimental method development for factoring and quantifying parameters, and, finally, employment of the deduced parameters to determine the steady-state species fluxes and concentration profiles in the target tissue. The present report describes the physical modeling and theoretical simulation aspects. The physical model for the simultaneous transport and bioconversion of a topically delivered prodrug was formulated assuming homogeneous enzyme distributions and constant diffusivities in the membrane. The mathematical problem was solved, and the solution yielded concentration profiles and fluxes of all species in the biomembrane. These results provided the prevailing levels of the prodrug, the drug, and the metabolite at the target site and the transport rates of all species into the bloodstream. Computations of concentration profiles and fluxes were carried out for a reasonable range of the parameters. The relative activities of the esterase and the deaminase enzymes, as well as the stratum corneum permeabilities, were important in influencing the concentration profiles and fluxes of all species.", "PMID": 512880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9993", "title": "Physical model evaluation of topical prodrug delivery-simultaneous transport and bioconversion of vidarabine-5'-valerate II: Parameter determinations.", "content": "Results of initial studies on methods for determining various model parameters are reported. By employing excised hairless mouse skin in a diffusion cell system, numerous model parameter values were deduced. The stratum corneum permeability was estimated from steadystate fluxes with preparations of heat-separated epidermal membranes. Determinations of dermis diffusivities and enzyme rate constants in situ involved considering the simultaneous transport and the enzyme processes and factoring the diffusivities and enzyme rate constants from the overall kinetics. Dermal diffusivities were on the order of 10-6 cm2/sec for vidarabine and its 5'-valerate ester. The enzyme rate constants were 1.70 x 10-3 sec-1 for the esterase and 8.68 x 10-3 sec-1 for the deaminase.", "contents": "Physical model evaluation of topical prodrug delivery-simultaneous transport and bioconversion of vidarabine-5'-valerate II: Parameter determinations. Results of initial studies on methods for determining various model parameters are reported. By employing excised hairless mouse skin in a diffusion cell system, numerous model parameter values were deduced. The stratum corneum permeability was estimated from steadystate fluxes with preparations of heat-separated epidermal membranes. Determinations of dermis diffusivities and enzyme rate constants in situ involved considering the simultaneous transport and the enzyme processes and factoring the diffusivities and enzyme rate constants from the overall kinetics. Dermal diffusivities were on the order of 10-6 cm2/sec for vidarabine and its 5'-valerate ester. The enzyme rate constants were 1.70 x 10-3 sec-1 for the esterase and 8.68 x 10-3 sec-1 for the deaminase.", "PMID": 512881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9994", "title": "Synthesis of new mercaptotriazoles with potential antibilharzial activity.", "content": "Several 3-mercaptotriazoles with the 8-hydroxyquinoline moiety in the 5-position were prepared and tested for antiparasitic activity. Preliminary biological tests on experimentally infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni worms revealed that the new compounds possess potent schistosomicidal activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of new mercaptotriazoles with potential antibilharzial activity. Several 3-mercaptotriazoles with the 8-hydroxyquinoline moiety in the 5-position were prepared and tested for antiparasitic activity. Preliminary biological tests on experimentally infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni worms revealed that the new compounds possess potent schistosomicidal activity.", "PMID": 512883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9995", "title": "Evaluation of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-nonen-3-one hydrochloride effect on nucleic acid and protein syntheses using murine leukemia L-1210 cells.", "content": "Several Mannich bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones were shown to have potent cytotoxicity toward murine leukemia L-1210 cells and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells in culture. The most cytotoxic derivative, (E)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-nonen-3-one hydrochloride, profoundly inhibited the incorporation of tritiated leucine into protein(s) and tritiated deoxythymidine into DNA at concentrations of 0.79-1.32 muM in L-1210 cells. At higher concentrations, incorporation of triated uridine into RNA and tritiated deoxyuridine into DNA was inhibited to a lesser degree. This compound failed to inhibit the enzymes thymidylate synthetase or dihydrofolate reductase up to a concentration of 10-4 M and was ineffective in retarding the growth of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats.", "contents": "Evaluation of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-nonen-3-one hydrochloride effect on nucleic acid and protein syntheses using murine leukemia L-1210 cells. Several Mannich bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones were shown to have potent cytotoxicity toward murine leukemia L-1210 cells and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells in culture. The most cytotoxic derivative, (E)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-nonen-3-one hydrochloride, profoundly inhibited the incorporation of tritiated leucine into protein(s) and tritiated deoxythymidine into DNA at concentrations of 0.79-1.32 muM in L-1210 cells. At higher concentrations, incorporation of triated uridine into RNA and tritiated deoxyuridine into DNA was inhibited to a lesser degree. This compound failed to inhibit the enzymes thymidylate synthetase or dihydrofolate reductase up to a concentration of 10-4 M and was ineffective in retarding the growth of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats.", "PMID": 512884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9996", "title": "Simultaneous automated determination of free and total sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole in plasma and urine.", "content": "A fully automated method for the determination of sulfisoxazole, N4-acetylsulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole in human plasma and urine was developed. Untreated plasma is analyzed by automation of dialysis, hydrolysis, color development, and quantitation. The method has a sensitivyt limit of 2 microgram/ml of plasma and has been used successfully to determine sulfonamide levels following administration of sulfoxazole and a combination drug product containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in humans. Samples are processed at the rate of 40 per hour, with a minimum of sample handling, data reduction, and materials.", "contents": "Simultaneous automated determination of free and total sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole in plasma and urine. A fully automated method for the determination of sulfisoxazole, N4-acetylsulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole in human plasma and urine was developed. Untreated plasma is analyzed by automation of dialysis, hydrolysis, color development, and quantitation. The method has a sensitivyt limit of 2 microgram/ml of plasma and has been used successfully to determine sulfonamide levels following administration of sulfoxazole and a combination drug product containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in humans. Samples are processed at the rate of 40 per hour, with a minimum of sample handling, data reduction, and materials.", "PMID": 512885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9997", "title": "Discontinuous absorption processes in pharmacokinetic models.", "content": "The limited contact time of absorbable drug with absorbing surfaces is, in some cases, a significant factor determining the fraction of the dose absorbed. A simple modification of customary linear compartmental models is presented to account for this situation, and a general input function in the Laplace domain for truncated first-order absorption is derived. An extension to series of truncated absorption processes is discussed.", "contents": "Discontinuous absorption processes in pharmacokinetic models. The limited contact time of absorbable drug with absorbing surfaces is, in some cases, a significant factor determining the fraction of the dose absorbed. A simple modification of customary linear compartmental models is presented to account for this situation, and a general input function in the Laplace domain for truncated first-order absorption is derived. An extension to series of truncated absorption processes is discussed.", "PMID": 512886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9998", "title": "NMR spectroscopic determination of preferred conformations of quinidine and hydroquinidine.", "content": "NMR spectra of quinidine (I), hydroquinidine (II), and their respective acetyl derivatives (III and IV) were compared. The chemical shifts of some protons in I differed from those of their counterparts in II. These values were concentration dependent in I and II; they were similar in III and IV but not concentration dependent. The implications of these findings and the correlation of the NMR data with the preferred conformations are discussed.", "contents": "NMR spectroscopic determination of preferred conformations of quinidine and hydroquinidine. NMR spectra of quinidine (I), hydroquinidine (II), and their respective acetyl derivatives (III and IV) were compared. The chemical shifts of some protons in I differed from those of their counterparts in II. These values were concentration dependent in I and II; they were similar in III and IV but not concentration dependent. The implications of these findings and the correlation of the NMR data with the preferred conformations are discussed.", "PMID": 512887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_9999", "title": "Cytotoxicity of modified indole alkaloids.", "content": "Indole alkaloids of the iboga series were structurally modified by incorporation of a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl or -benzoyl unit so that they contained the N-O-O triangle required for antileukemic activity according to the triangulation hypothesis. The cytotoxicities of the modified alkaloids in the in vitro P-388 system were not significantly increased over the unmodified alkaloids, suggesting that the triangulation hypothesis does not apply in this series at least.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of modified indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids of the iboga series were structurally modified by incorporation of a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl or -benzoyl unit so that they contained the N-O-O triangle required for antileukemic activity according to the triangulation hypothesis. The cytotoxicities of the modified alkaloids in the in vitro P-388 system were not significantly increased over the unmodified alkaloids, suggesting that the triangulation hypothesis does not apply in this series at least.", "PMID": 512888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10000", "title": "Sarin transport across excised human skin I: Permeability and adsorption characteristics.", "content": "The transport rates and permeability coefficients for the transport of sarin in solution across both hydrous and anhydrous excised human skin were determined quantitatively. An activation energy was determined from study of the temperature influence on the transport of sarin in solution across anhydrous callus membranes. The transport of pure sarin and of sarin as a water-soluble and water-insoluble gel was studied also. The adsorption characteristics of sarin on powdered keratin were studied to determine their role in permeation. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium measurements were made, which allowed calculation of the heat of adsorption, the heat of activation for adsorption, and the heat of activation for desorption. The results show that interaction between the membrane and penetrant plays a significant role in sarin transport across human skin.", "contents": "Sarin transport across excised human skin I: Permeability and adsorption characteristics. The transport rates and permeability coefficients for the transport of sarin in solution across both hydrous and anhydrous excised human skin were determined quantitatively. An activation energy was determined from study of the temperature influence on the transport of sarin in solution across anhydrous callus membranes. The transport of pure sarin and of sarin as a water-soluble and water-insoluble gel was studied also. The adsorption characteristics of sarin on powdered keratin were studied to determine their role in permeation. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium measurements were made, which allowed calculation of the heat of adsorption, the heat of activation for adsorption, and the heat of activation for desorption. The results show that interaction between the membrane and penetrant plays a significant role in sarin transport across human skin.", "PMID": 512889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10001", "title": "Sarin transport across excised human skin II: Effect of solvent pretreatment on permeability.", "content": "The effect of pretreating callus membranes with dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, formamide, dioxane, or methyl orthoformate on sarin permeability was studied at three temperatures to determine the activation energy for transport. In addition, the effect of membrane pretreatment on permeability through callus membranes from either a sarin-carboxypolymethylene gel or a sarin-polymethyl methacrylate gel was studied.", "contents": "Sarin transport across excised human skin II: Effect of solvent pretreatment on permeability. The effect of pretreating callus membranes with dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, formamide, dioxane, or methyl orthoformate on sarin permeability was studied at three temperatures to determine the activation energy for transport. In addition, the effect of membrane pretreatment on permeability through callus membranes from either a sarin-carboxypolymethylene gel or a sarin-polymethyl methacrylate gel was studied.", "PMID": 512890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10002", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of azosemide in commercial animal feed.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of 2-chloro-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-[(2-thienylmethyl)amino]benzenesulfonamide (I) in animal feed diet mixtures. The sample is extracted with acetone, an aliquot of the extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in chloroform. This solution can be subjected to either of two cleanup procedures. The first traps I on a sodium hydroxide-diatomaceuous earth column. Compound I is then recovered using an acetic acid-ethyl acetate-chloroform eluent, which is removed by evaporation, followed by dissolution of the residue in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The second procedure involves the direct extraction of I from the chloroform solution. A linear relationship exists between the HPLC UV detector response at 254 nm and concentration up to 170 microgram/ml. The sodium hydroxide extraction procedure resulted in an overall recovery (+/- SD) of 92.9 +/- 1.6 and 97.4 +/- 1.8% (n = 5) at levels of 200 and 6000 ppm, respectively. Overall recoveries (+/- SD) obtained by the diatomaceous earth column procedure for the 20- and 6000-ppm levels were 90.0 +/- 2.0 and 95.9 +/- 1.6% (n = 5), respectively.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of azosemide in commercial animal feed. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of 2-chloro-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-[(2-thienylmethyl)amino]benzenesulfonamide (I) in animal feed diet mixtures. The sample is extracted with acetone, an aliquot of the extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in chloroform. This solution can be subjected to either of two cleanup procedures. The first traps I on a sodium hydroxide-diatomaceuous earth column. Compound I is then recovered using an acetic acid-ethyl acetate-chloroform eluent, which is removed by evaporation, followed by dissolution of the residue in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The second procedure involves the direct extraction of I from the chloroform solution. A linear relationship exists between the HPLC UV detector response at 254 nm and concentration up to 170 microgram/ml. The sodium hydroxide extraction procedure resulted in an overall recovery (+/- SD) of 92.9 +/- 1.6 and 97.4 +/- 1.8% (n = 5) at levels of 200 and 6000 ppm, respectively. Overall recoveries (+/- SD) obtained by the diatomaceous earth column procedure for the 20- and 6000-ppm levels were 90.0 +/- 2.0 and 95.9 +/- 1.6% (n = 5), respectively.", "PMID": 512891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10003", "title": "Potentiometric determination of iodine in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "Methods for the determination of organically bound iodine were compared. A preliminary destruction of the sample was preferable. The sample was mineralized using the Sch\u00f6niger combustion. Since direct potentiometry of the iodide ion was used, further reduction of the sample was necessary. Several reductors were compared, and the best results were obtained with Devarda alloy. The proposed method was amployed for the determination of iodine in X-ray contrast products. Pure compounds and pharmaceutical preparations were investigated. The coefficient of variation of the method was 0.9%.", "contents": "Potentiometric determination of iodine in pharmaceutical preparations. Methods for the determination of organically bound iodine were compared. A preliminary destruction of the sample was preferable. The sample was mineralized using the Sch\u00f6niger combustion. Since direct potentiometry of the iodide ion was used, further reduction of the sample was necessary. Several reductors were compared, and the best results were obtained with Devarda alloy. The proposed method was amployed for the determination of iodine in X-ray contrast products. Pure compounds and pharmaceutical preparations were investigated. The coefficient of variation of the method was 0.9%.", "PMID": 512892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10004", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for hydralazine in human plasma.", "content": "A specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for hydralazine in human plasma was developed. Plasma hydralazine is reacted with 10 microliter of p-anisaldehyde for 7 min at room temperature to form hydralazine p-anisaldehyde hydrazone. This derivative is extracted into ethyl acetate, and the solvent is removed by evaporation. The residue is reconstituted in 100 microliter of methanol, and 90 microliter is injected onto a reversed-phase column. The mobile phase is 32% acetonitrile in 0.75 M acetate buffer, pH 3.4, at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. The retention time of hydralazine p-anisaldehyde hydrazone is 6.5 min. The average coefficient of variation over 10-200 ng/ml is 5.5%, and the sensitivity limit is 5 ng/ml. Under the assay conditions, hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone, a known plasma metabolite of hydralazine, yields less than 0.1% hydralazine. Detectable plasma hydralazine levels of 5-20 ng/ml were found 10-30 min after a 0.5-mg/kg oral dose of hydralazine hydrochloride was given to a male volunteer.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for hydralazine in human plasma. A specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for hydralazine in human plasma was developed. Plasma hydralazine is reacted with 10 microliter of p-anisaldehyde for 7 min at room temperature to form hydralazine p-anisaldehyde hydrazone. This derivative is extracted into ethyl acetate, and the solvent is removed by evaporation. The residue is reconstituted in 100 microliter of methanol, and 90 microliter is injected onto a reversed-phase column. The mobile phase is 32% acetonitrile in 0.75 M acetate buffer, pH 3.4, at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. The retention time of hydralazine p-anisaldehyde hydrazone is 6.5 min. The average coefficient of variation over 10-200 ng/ml is 5.5%, and the sensitivity limit is 5 ng/ml. Under the assay conditions, hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone, a known plasma metabolite of hydralazine, yields less than 0.1% hydralazine. Detectable plasma hydralazine levels of 5-20 ng/ml were found 10-30 min after a 0.5-mg/kg oral dose of hydralazine hydrochloride was given to a male volunteer.", "PMID": 512893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10005", "title": "Occurrence of short-duration hypotensive phospholipid from dog peritoneal dialysate.", "content": "From the total lipid fraction of dog peritoneal dialysate after freeze drying and extraction, a hypotensive phospholipid was isolated through silicic acid, cellulose, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography in a pure grade; it showed a single spot on TLC. The purified hypotensive factor, designated as Peritoneal Dialysate Depressor-I, elicited potent depressor responses in anesthetized rats, and its threshold dose was approximately 35 microgram/kg. The material resisted proteases and 15-hydroxyprostanoate oxidoreductase. In mobility on TLC, the hypotensive factor was distinuishable from water-soluble hypotensive substances and also from depressor lipids. Judging from its behavior on TLC and column chromatography during the purification procedure, the hypotensive factor seems to be a choline-containing phospholipid and shows the general characteristics of hysolecithin, except for its potent hypotensive activity, and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein on TLC. The molar ratio of phosphorusurated ones such as stearic and palmitic acids.", "contents": "Occurrence of short-duration hypotensive phospholipid from dog peritoneal dialysate. From the total lipid fraction of dog peritoneal dialysate after freeze drying and extraction, a hypotensive phospholipid was isolated through silicic acid, cellulose, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography in a pure grade; it showed a single spot on TLC. The purified hypotensive factor, designated as Peritoneal Dialysate Depressor-I, elicited potent depressor responses in anesthetized rats, and its threshold dose was approximately 35 microgram/kg. The material resisted proteases and 15-hydroxyprostanoate oxidoreductase. In mobility on TLC, the hypotensive factor was distinuishable from water-soluble hypotensive substances and also from depressor lipids. Judging from its behavior on TLC and column chromatography during the purification procedure, the hypotensive factor seems to be a choline-containing phospholipid and shows the general characteristics of hysolecithin, except for its potent hypotensive activity, and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein on TLC. The molar ratio of phosphorusurated ones such as stearic and palmitic acids.", "PMID": 512894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10006", "title": "Pseudomonas cepacia resistance to antibacterials.", "content": "Reproducible growth rates of Pseudomonas cepacia were obtained. P. cepacia had a markedly different resistance pattern to single and combined antibacterials from that characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Benzalkonium and chlorhexidine were more active against log phase P. cepacia than against log phase P. aeruginosa, but polymyxin B sulfate was inactive against log phase P. cepacia at all concentrations tested (smaller than or equal to 16 units/ml). Antagonism of antibacterial activity between edetate disodium-benzalkonium and edetate disodium-chlorhexidine combinations was marked with 16-hr P. cepacia and with 16-hr Staphylococcus aureus. Phenylethanol-benzalkonium and phenylethanolchlorhexidine combinations had no more than additive activity against log phase P. cepacia. These results have relevance to hospital disinfection and preservation of pharmaceutical solutions.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cepacia resistance to antibacterials. Reproducible growth rates of Pseudomonas cepacia were obtained. P. cepacia had a markedly different resistance pattern to single and combined antibacterials from that characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Benzalkonium and chlorhexidine were more active against log phase P. cepacia than against log phase P. aeruginosa, but polymyxin B sulfate was inactive against log phase P. cepacia at all concentrations tested (smaller than or equal to 16 units/ml). Antagonism of antibacterial activity between edetate disodium-benzalkonium and edetate disodium-chlorhexidine combinations was marked with 16-hr P. cepacia and with 16-hr Staphylococcus aureus. Phenylethanol-benzalkonium and phenylethanolchlorhexidine combinations had no more than additive activity against log phase P. cepacia. These results have relevance to hospital disinfection and preservation of pharmaceutical solutions.", "PMID": 512895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10007", "title": "Analysis of cyclazocine in plasma.", "content": "The analysis of plasma cyclazocine by two methods is described. The radioimmunoassay employed a 125I-labeled radioligand, rabbit antiserum, and sepration of bound from free cyclazocine with a second antibody. The radioimmunoassay was specific for cyclazocine and had a detection limit of approximately 20 pg/ml. The GLC method employed a mass spectrometer as the detector and had a detection limit of approximately 109 pg/ml. Both techniques had acceptable accuracy and precision when used to quantitate cyclazocine in dog and human plasma. The methods were used successfully to quantitate cyclazocine from beagle hounds receiving 0.5 mg of 3H-cylazocine/kg iv. The decline in plasma cyclazocine fitted a two-compartment body model with a mean plasma clearance rate of 39.2 liters/hr.", "contents": "Analysis of cyclazocine in plasma. The analysis of plasma cyclazocine by two methods is described. The radioimmunoassay employed a 125I-labeled radioligand, rabbit antiserum, and sepration of bound from free cyclazocine with a second antibody. The radioimmunoassay was specific for cyclazocine and had a detection limit of approximately 20 pg/ml. The GLC method employed a mass spectrometer as the detector and had a detection limit of approximately 109 pg/ml. Both techniques had acceptable accuracy and precision when used to quantitate cyclazocine in dog and human plasma. The methods were used successfully to quantitate cyclazocine from beagle hounds receiving 0.5 mg of 3H-cylazocine/kg iv. The decline in plasma cyclazocine fitted a two-compartment body model with a mean plasma clearance rate of 39.2 liters/hr.", "PMID": 512897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10008", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of ticrynafen and one of its metabolites in urine and serum.", "content": "A method is described for the extraction of ticrynafen, a new hypotensive agent, and its reduced metabolite from serum and urine. Drug-related material is extracted from biological fluids with ether under strongly acidic conditions and then back-extracted into an alkaline aqueous phase, which is subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Separations are performed on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile. This accurate and reproducible method measures serum concentrations of ticrynafen and its reduced metabolite as low as 1.0 and 0.4 microgram/ml, respectively.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of ticrynafen and one of its metabolites in urine and serum. A method is described for the extraction of ticrynafen, a new hypotensive agent, and its reduced metabolite from serum and urine. Drug-related material is extracted from biological fluids with ether under strongly acidic conditions and then back-extracted into an alkaline aqueous phase, which is subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Separations are performed on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile. This accurate and reproducible method measures serum concentrations of ticrynafen and its reduced metabolite as low as 1.0 and 0.4 microgram/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 512898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10009", "title": "Frozen conformers of clotrimazole: reaction of imadazole with 1-Chloro-9-hydroxy-9-phenylxanthene.", "content": "1-Chloro-9-hydroxy-9-phenylxanthene reacts with imidazole at 180 degrees to form a 5:1 mixture of the 9-(imidazo-1-yl)- and 9-(imidazo-2-yl)-1-chloro-9-phenylxanthenes. These products lack significant antifungal activity.", "contents": "Frozen conformers of clotrimazole: reaction of imadazole with 1-Chloro-9-hydroxy-9-phenylxanthene. 1-Chloro-9-hydroxy-9-phenylxanthene reacts with imidazole at 180 degrees to form a 5:1 mixture of the 9-(imidazo-1-yl)- and 9-(imidazo-2-yl)-1-chloro-9-phenylxanthenes. These products lack significant antifungal activity.", "PMID": 512899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10010", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of (Z)- and (E)-doxepin hydrochloride isomers.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of (Z)- and (E)-doxepin hydrochloride isomers was developed. The analysis employs a column packed with spherical silica microparticles (5-6 mum), and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-chloroform-diethylamine (750:250:0.2) permits baseline resolution and simultaneous determination of the (Z)- and (E)-doxepin isomers. Process-related substances do not interfere. The method is accurate and precise (the relative standard deviation was 0.3% for both isomers). The simple procedure is highly suitable for routine doxepin hydrochloride analysis.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of (Z)- and (E)-doxepin hydrochloride isomers. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of (Z)- and (E)-doxepin hydrochloride isomers was developed. The analysis employs a column packed with spherical silica microparticles (5-6 mum), and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-chloroform-diethylamine (750:250:0.2) permits baseline resolution and simultaneous determination of the (Z)- and (E)-doxepin isomers. Process-related substances do not interfere. The method is accurate and precise (the relative standard deviation was 0.3% for both isomers). The simple procedure is highly suitable for routine doxepin hydrochloride analysis.", "PMID": 512900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10011", "title": "Sensitive assay for determination of hydroxyzine in plasma and its human pharmacokinetics.", "content": "An assay suitable for hydroxyzine determination in human plasma following therapeutic doses was developed. The method involves GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry of the acetate derivatives of hydroxyzine and of a pentadeuterated analog internal standard. Following administration of 100-mg single oral doses to normal male volunteers, peak plasma concentrations of approximately 80 ng/ml were observed; the half-life of drug removal was approximately 3 hr.", "contents": "Sensitive assay for determination of hydroxyzine in plasma and its human pharmacokinetics. An assay suitable for hydroxyzine determination in human plasma following therapeutic doses was developed. The method involves GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry of the acetate derivatives of hydroxyzine and of a pentadeuterated analog internal standard. Following administration of 100-mg single oral doses to normal male volunteers, peak plasma concentrations of approximately 80 ng/ml were observed; the half-life of drug removal was approximately 3 hr.", "PMID": 512901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10012", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma propylthiouracil.", "content": "A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was developed for propylthiouracil in plasma (1 ml). After protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the solution was diluted with water and injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with C-18 and C-8 columns in series. The peak area was linear over the 0.25-10-mg/liter range, and the recovery was 101 +/- 4.5%. This assay has the advantages of specificity, simplicity, and speed over previously published methods and requires smaller sample volumes. None of 19 drugs tested interfered with the assay.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma propylthiouracil. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was developed for propylthiouracil in plasma (1 ml). After protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the solution was diluted with water and injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with C-18 and C-8 columns in series. The peak area was linear over the 0.25-10-mg/liter range, and the recovery was 101 +/- 4.5%. This assay has the advantages of specificity, simplicity, and speed over previously published methods and requires smaller sample volumes. None of 19 drugs tested interfered with the assay.", "PMID": 512902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10013", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of propylthiouracil in human plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of prophylthiouracil in plasma. The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and UV detection at 280 nm. The method is sufficiently sensitive for most bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. Coinentrations between 0.1 and 5.0 microgram/ml were measured with a coefficient of variation of 0.6-5.3% for a given day. Methylthiouracil was employed as an internal standard.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of propylthiouracil in human plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of prophylthiouracil in plasma. The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and UV detection at 280 nm. The method is sufficiently sensitive for most bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. Coinentrations between 0.1 and 5.0 microgram/ml were measured with a coefficient of variation of 0.6-5.3% for a given day. Methylthiouracil was employed as an internal standard.", "PMID": 512903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10014", "title": "Ion-pair reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of cough-cold syrups I: pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, brompheniramine maleate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide.", "content": "Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (I), brompheniramine maleate (II), and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (III) in a cough-cold sytup were separated and determined by ion-pair reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The separation was carried out using a muBondapak C18 column (30 cm x 3.9 mm i.d.) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (40:60:1) with 0.01 N 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 0.05 N potassium nitrate. Detection was accomplished using a UV detector at 265 nm for I and II; III was monitored at 280 nm. Concentration versus peak height plots in the ranges of 0.37-1.9 mg/ml for I, 0.025-0.126 mg/ml for II, and 0.125-0.625 mg/ml for III were linear. Ten consecutive injections of a mixture gave a percent relative standard deviation of less than 1% for all three components. Average recoveries from laboratory-prepared samples were 100.5% for I, 100.9% for II, and 100.1% for III. No precolumn cleanup was necessary, and the chromatogram was complete in 16 min.", "contents": "Ion-pair reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of cough-cold syrups I: pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, brompheniramine maleate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (I), brompheniramine maleate (II), and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (III) in a cough-cold sytup were separated and determined by ion-pair reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The separation was carried out using a muBondapak C18 column (30 cm x 3.9 mm i.d.) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (40:60:1) with 0.01 N 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 0.05 N potassium nitrate. Detection was accomplished using a UV detector at 265 nm for I and II; III was monitored at 280 nm. Concentration versus peak height plots in the ranges of 0.37-1.9 mg/ml for I, 0.025-0.126 mg/ml for II, and 0.125-0.625 mg/ml for III were linear. Ten consecutive injections of a mixture gave a percent relative standard deviation of less than 1% for all three components. Average recoveries from laboratory-prepared samples were 100.5% for I, 100.9% for II, and 100.1% for III. No precolumn cleanup was necessary, and the chromatogram was complete in 16 min.", "PMID": 512904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10015", "title": "Stability-indicating assay of acetaminophen in an effervescent tablet by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A stability-indicating analytical method is described for determining acetaminophen and its degradation product, p-aminophenol, in an affervescent tablet. Tablets assayed by ion-pair high-performance reversed-phase liquid partition chromatography required no sample cleanup. The method applied to tablets containing 325 mg of acetaminophen yielded an average recovery of 99.6% with a relative standard deviation of 0.70% (n = 10). As little as 0.005% p-aminophenol could be detected.", "contents": "Stability-indicating assay of acetaminophen in an effervescent tablet by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. A stability-indicating analytical method is described for determining acetaminophen and its degradation product, p-aminophenol, in an affervescent tablet. Tablets assayed by ion-pair high-performance reversed-phase liquid partition chromatography required no sample cleanup. The method applied to tablets containing 325 mg of acetaminophen yielded an average recovery of 99.6% with a relative standard deviation of 0.70% (n = 10). As little as 0.005% p-aminophenol could be detected.", "PMID": 512905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10016", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloridazepoxide and its major metabolites in biological fluids.", "content": "A simple, isocratic, reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide and its major metabolites in plasma and urine. The within-run coefficient of variation was 3.4-8.0%, and the day-to-day variation was 4.0-8.0%. Recoveries of 80-91% with sensitivity limits of 50 ng/ml were obtained for the parent drug and its metabolites. Plasma and urine samples collected after single intravenous and single oral doses were analyzed using this procedure.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloridazepoxide and its major metabolites in biological fluids. A simple, isocratic, reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide and its major metabolites in plasma and urine. The within-run coefficient of variation was 3.4-8.0%, and the day-to-day variation was 4.0-8.0%. Recoveries of 80-91% with sensitivity limits of 50 ng/ml were obtained for the parent drug and its metabolites. Plasma and urine samples collected after single intravenous and single oral doses were analyzed using this procedure.", "PMID": 512906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10017", "title": "Effect of diffusional lag time on multicompartmental pharmacokinetics for transepidermal infusion.", "content": "A simple proof is given to demonstrate that the lag time to reach steady state from transepidermal infusion is the sum of the diffusional and pharmacokinetic lag times.", "contents": "Effect of diffusional lag time on multicompartmental pharmacokinetics for transepidermal infusion. A simple proof is given to demonstrate that the lag time to reach steady state from transepidermal infusion is the sum of the diffusional and pharmacokinetic lag times.", "PMID": 512907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10018", "title": "Effect of diuretics on ADP incorporation in kidney mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of diuretics on incorporation of ADP in mitochondria isolated from rabbit renal cortex and medulla was examined. Inhibition of incorporation of [14 C]ADP into both types of mitochondria was observed following pretreatment with furosemide, ethacrynic acid and meralluride at high drug concentrations (7.5 x 10-4 M furosemide and ethacrynic acid, 6.4 x 10-3 M meralluride). At lower concentrations (7.5 x 10-5 M furosemide and ethacrynic acid, 6.4 x 10-4 M meralluride), only entry of ADP in medullary mitochondria was inhibited. Chlorothiazide, 1.7 x 10-3 M, did not inhibit incorporation of ADP into either mitochondrial preparation. Atractyloside, a classic inhibitor of ADP-ATP exchange, showed inhibition in both preparations. Furosemide, injected in vivo inhibited incorporation of ADP into medullary but not cortical mitochondria. These results are consistent with the possibility that loop diuretics may reduce tubular sodium reabsorption by inhibiting ADP-ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, thereby depriving active transport processes of ATP. The differential action on cortical and medullary mitochondria by loop diuretics is consistent with their predominant site of action in the tubule and with the different morphologic characteristics of both types of mitochondria.", "contents": "Effect of diuretics on ADP incorporation in kidney mitochondria. The effect of diuretics on incorporation of ADP in mitochondria isolated from rabbit renal cortex and medulla was examined. Inhibition of incorporation of [14 C]ADP into both types of mitochondria was observed following pretreatment with furosemide, ethacrynic acid and meralluride at high drug concentrations (7.5 x 10-4 M furosemide and ethacrynic acid, 6.4 x 10-3 M meralluride). At lower concentrations (7.5 x 10-5 M furosemide and ethacrynic acid, 6.4 x 10-4 M meralluride), only entry of ADP in medullary mitochondria was inhibited. Chlorothiazide, 1.7 x 10-3 M, did not inhibit incorporation of ADP into either mitochondrial preparation. Atractyloside, a classic inhibitor of ADP-ATP exchange, showed inhibition in both preparations. Furosemide, injected in vivo inhibited incorporation of ADP into medullary but not cortical mitochondria. These results are consistent with the possibility that loop diuretics may reduce tubular sodium reabsorption by inhibiting ADP-ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, thereby depriving active transport processes of ATP. The differential action on cortical and medullary mitochondria by loop diuretics is consistent with their predominant site of action in the tubule and with the different morphologic characteristics of both types of mitochondria.", "PMID": 512910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10019", "title": "Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) metabolism in rat brain and its effect on acetylcholine synthesis.", "content": "Specific methods utilizing combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry were used to measure the metabolism of [2H6] deanol and its effects on acetylcholine concentration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro [2H6]deanol was rapidly taken up by rat brain synaptosomes, but was neither methylated nor acetylated. [2H6]Deanol was a weak competitive inhibitor of the high affinity transport of [2H4]choline, thus reducing the synthesis of [2H4]acetylcholine. In vivo [2H6]deanol was present in the brain after i.p. or p.o. administration, but was not methylated or acetylated. Treatment of rats with [2H6]deanol significantly increased the concentration of choline in the plasma and brain but did not alter the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. Treatment of rats with atropine (to stimulate acetylcholine turnover) or with hemicholinium-3 (to inhibit the high affinity transport of choline) did not reveal any effect of [2H6]deanol on acetylcholine synthesis in vivo. However, since [2H6]deanol did increase brain choline, it may prove therapeutically useful when the production of choline is reduced or when the utilization of choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine is impaired.", "contents": "Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) metabolism in rat brain and its effect on acetylcholine synthesis. Specific methods utilizing combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry were used to measure the metabolism of [2H6] deanol and its effects on acetylcholine concentration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro [2H6]deanol was rapidly taken up by rat brain synaptosomes, but was neither methylated nor acetylated. [2H6]Deanol was a weak competitive inhibitor of the high affinity transport of [2H4]choline, thus reducing the synthesis of [2H4]acetylcholine. In vivo [2H6]deanol was present in the brain after i.p. or p.o. administration, but was not methylated or acetylated. Treatment of rats with [2H6]deanol significantly increased the concentration of choline in the plasma and brain but did not alter the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. Treatment of rats with atropine (to stimulate acetylcholine turnover) or with hemicholinium-3 (to inhibit the high affinity transport of choline) did not reveal any effect of [2H6]deanol on acetylcholine synthesis in vivo. However, since [2H6]deanol did increase brain choline, it may prove therapeutically useful when the production of choline is reduced or when the utilization of choline for the synthesis of acetylcholine is impaired.", "PMID": 512912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10020", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects in rabbits of a major hydralazine metabolite, the hydralazine pyruvic-acid hydrazone.", "content": "The hydrazone of hydralazine and pyruvic acid (HPH) has been recognized as a quantitatively important metabolite of hydralazine in human plasma. We evaluated the disposition of [14C] HPH after its i.v. administration to normal, anephric and probenecid-pretreated rabbits. Renal clearance of HPH in normal rabbits exceeded the glomerular filtration rate by a factor of 3 to 4 and accounted for 80 to 90% of the total body clearance. Active tubular secretion was established by the effect of probenecid pretreatment to reduce the renal clearance of HPH by 80%. Total body clearance of HPH in anephric rabbits was 10% of that of normal animals, emphasizing the minor importance of metabolic conversion for the overall disposition of HPH. HPH in a maximum dose of 50 mumol/kg i.v. had no hypotensive effect in renal hypertensive rabbits and did not interfere with the subsequent hypotensive response to hydralazine. This HPH dose produced plasma levels at least 50 times in excess of those reported  in humans after administration of therapeutic doses of parent hydralazine. HPH is consequently of negligible clinical significance, despite the relatively high plasma concentration of this metabolite which occurs after administration of parent hydralazine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects in rabbits of a major hydralazine metabolite, the hydralazine pyruvic-acid hydrazone. The hydrazone of hydralazine and pyruvic acid (HPH) has been recognized as a quantitatively important metabolite of hydralazine in human plasma. We evaluated the disposition of [14C] HPH after its i.v. administration to normal, anephric and probenecid-pretreated rabbits. Renal clearance of HPH in normal rabbits exceeded the glomerular filtration rate by a factor of 3 to 4 and accounted for 80 to 90% of the total body clearance. Active tubular secretion was established by the effect of probenecid pretreatment to reduce the renal clearance of HPH by 80%. Total body clearance of HPH in anephric rabbits was 10% of that of normal animals, emphasizing the minor importance of metabolic conversion for the overall disposition of HPH. HPH in a maximum dose of 50 mumol/kg i.v. had no hypotensive effect in renal hypertensive rabbits and did not interfere with the subsequent hypotensive response to hydralazine. This HPH dose produced plasma levels at least 50 times in excess of those reported  in humans after administration of therapeutic doses of parent hydralazine. HPH is consequently of negligible clinical significance, despite the relatively high plasma concentration of this metabolite which occurs after administration of parent hydralazine.", "PMID": 512915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10021", "title": "Effect of desmethylimipramine on the kinetics of chlorphentermine accumulation in isolated perfused rat lung.", "content": "A number of basic amines are preferentially accumulated by the lung and there is the possibility that drug interactions in this organ may be important in vivo. In this study, the kinetics of the accumulation process for chlorphentermine were examined in a \"single pass\" isolated perfused rat lung. Chlorphentermine (2.5 x 10-7-2.5 x 10-5 M) was rapidly taken up over the 10-min perfusion period, and the rate of uptake was well described by a biexponential equation. One component of the uptake was small in capacity and nonsaturable while the other was large in capacity and saturable. The smaller component could not be explained solely by distribution into total lung water. When desmethylimipramine (10-6-10-3 M) was added to the perfusate, it had little effect on the nonsaturable component but markedly affected the other; the initial velocity of uptake was decreased and the (negative) rate of change of uptake was increased with increased desmethylimipramine concentration. The data suggested that there were at least two mechanisms involved in uptake of chlorphentermine: a saturable transport process and tissue binding. It is not clear without further work whether the transport saturability is a mainfestation of a carrier-mediated process or of drug-induced membrane changes affecting diffusion.", "contents": "Effect of desmethylimipramine on the kinetics of chlorphentermine accumulation in isolated perfused rat lung. A number of basic amines are preferentially accumulated by the lung and there is the possibility that drug interactions in this organ may be important in vivo. In this study, the kinetics of the accumulation process for chlorphentermine were examined in a \"single pass\" isolated perfused rat lung. Chlorphentermine (2.5 x 10-7-2.5 x 10-5 M) was rapidly taken up over the 10-min perfusion period, and the rate of uptake was well described by a biexponential equation. One component of the uptake was small in capacity and nonsaturable while the other was large in capacity and saturable. The smaller component could not be explained solely by distribution into total lung water. When desmethylimipramine (10-6-10-3 M) was added to the perfusate, it had little effect on the nonsaturable component but markedly affected the other; the initial velocity of uptake was decreased and the (negative) rate of change of uptake was increased with increased desmethylimipramine concentration. The data suggested that there were at least two mechanisms involved in uptake of chlorphentermine: a saturable transport process and tissue binding. It is not clear without further work whether the transport saturability is a mainfestation of a carrier-mediated process or of drug-induced membrane changes affecting diffusion.", "PMID": 512916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10022", "title": "Toxicity of platinum complexes on hemopoietic precursor cells.", "content": "Four platinum compounds, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum, dichloro- 1,2-benzenediamine-N,N'-platinum, cis-dichlorobis-(cyclohexylamine)platinum and cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum, were studied for their toxicity toward myelocytic progenitor cells (CFC assay) and pre-antigen reactive cells (P-PFC assay) in murine bone marrow and toward antigen reactive cells in the mouse spleen (MD-PFC assay). It was demonstrated that each of the platinum compounds markedly suppressed the ability of splenic antigen reactive cells to generate antibody producing cells (MD-PFC) 3 days after i.v. injection. At the same time, certain doses of each of the platinum compounds induced selective recovery of the preantigen reactive cells (P-PFC) and myelocytic progenitor cells (CFC) in the bone marrow with a pattern that was unique for each compound. It was also demonstrated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum that the recovery for both bone marrow precursor cell populations was multiphasic with time. In general, the results indicated that the platinum compounds induced unique patterns of immunosuppression with relatively minor hemopoietic toxicity.", "contents": "Toxicity of platinum complexes on hemopoietic precursor cells. Four platinum compounds, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum, dichloro- 1,2-benzenediamine-N,N'-platinum, cis-dichlorobis-(cyclohexylamine)platinum and cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum, were studied for their toxicity toward myelocytic progenitor cells (CFC assay) and pre-antigen reactive cells (P-PFC assay) in murine bone marrow and toward antigen reactive cells in the mouse spleen (MD-PFC assay). It was demonstrated that each of the platinum compounds markedly suppressed the ability of splenic antigen reactive cells to generate antibody producing cells (MD-PFC) 3 days after i.v. injection. At the same time, certain doses of each of the platinum compounds induced selective recovery of the preantigen reactive cells (P-PFC) and myelocytic progenitor cells (CFC) in the bone marrow with a pattern that was unique for each compound. It was also demonstrated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum that the recovery for both bone marrow precursor cell populations was multiphasic with time. In general, the results indicated that the platinum compounds induced unique patterns of immunosuppression with relatively minor hemopoietic toxicity.", "PMID": 512918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10023", "title": "Termination of \"ventricular\" arrhythmias from digoxin by selective production of complete atrioventricular block with physostigmine in the dog.", "content": "In previous studies we have come to doubt that ventricular rhythms of an automatic nature will arise spontaneously from the peripheral Purkinje system. In 20 anesthetized dogs, digoxin was administered i.v. (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and in 12 dogs by selectively perfusing the atrioventricular (AV) node artery (2 ml; 40 microgram/ml). We obtained the following results. First, selective pharmacological production of complete AV block (acetylcholine or physostigmine) interrupts the \"ventricular\" arrhythmias considered characteristic of digitalis intoxication.Second, digitalis arrhythmias are difficult to produce when this type of complete heart block had been previously established. Third, abolition of ventricular arrhythmias by selective pharmacological production of heart block can be reversed (i.e., the arrhythmia restored) with atropine. Fourth, rapid pacing of the ventricles during complete heart block in dogs poisoned with digitalis can eventually induce ventricular arrhythmias, but not quickly. We interpret that these digitalis arrhythmias originated within the acetylcholine-sensitive portion of the AV node-His bundle region.", "contents": "Termination of \"ventricular\" arrhythmias from digoxin by selective production of complete atrioventricular block with physostigmine in the dog. In previous studies we have come to doubt that ventricular rhythms of an automatic nature will arise spontaneously from the peripheral Purkinje system. In 20 anesthetized dogs, digoxin was administered i.v. (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and in 12 dogs by selectively perfusing the atrioventricular (AV) node artery (2 ml; 40 microgram/ml). We obtained the following results. First, selective pharmacological production of complete AV block (acetylcholine or physostigmine) interrupts the \"ventricular\" arrhythmias considered characteristic of digitalis intoxication.Second, digitalis arrhythmias are difficult to produce when this type of complete heart block had been previously established. Third, abolition of ventricular arrhythmias by selective pharmacological production of heart block can be reversed (i.e., the arrhythmia restored) with atropine. Fourth, rapid pacing of the ventricles during complete heart block in dogs poisoned with digitalis can eventually induce ventricular arrhythmias, but not quickly. We interpret that these digitalis arrhythmias originated within the acetylcholine-sensitive portion of the AV node-His bundle region.", "PMID": 512919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10024", "title": "Phenytoin stimulates renin secretion from rat kidney slices.", "content": "Phenytoin stimulated renin secretion from rat renal cortical slices. A sigmoid relationship was found between stimulatory effect and log concentration, from 1 to 8 mg/100 ml. The ED5C was 2.8 mg/100 ml. Basal secretion and the stimulation of secretion elicited by phenytoin were blocked by incubating slices in a K-free medium and by adding 1 mM ouabain to the medium (both of which inhibit Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase activity and increase intracellular Na concentration), and by reductions in the Na concentration of the incubation medium. NaCl in the incubation medium was replaced by choline chloride so that osmolality and Cl concentration were held constant. It is suggested that renin secretion rate is directly related to the transmembrane Na gradient, that phenytoin stimulates secretion by increasing the gradient, and that ouabain, K-free medium and reductions in Na concentration of the medium inhibit secretion by reducing the gradient.", "contents": "Phenytoin stimulates renin secretion from rat kidney slices. Phenytoin stimulated renin secretion from rat renal cortical slices. A sigmoid relationship was found between stimulatory effect and log concentration, from 1 to 8 mg/100 ml. The ED5C was 2.8 mg/100 ml. Basal secretion and the stimulation of secretion elicited by phenytoin were blocked by incubating slices in a K-free medium and by adding 1 mM ouabain to the medium (both of which inhibit Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase activity and increase intracellular Na concentration), and by reductions in the Na concentration of the incubation medium. NaCl in the incubation medium was replaced by choline chloride so that osmolality and Cl concentration were held constant. It is suggested that renin secretion rate is directly related to the transmembrane Na gradient, that phenytoin stimulates secretion by increasing the gradient, and that ouabain, K-free medium and reductions in Na concentration of the medium inhibit secretion by reducing the gradient.", "PMID": 512921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10025", "title": "Acrylic microspheres in vivo. I. Distribution and elimination of polyacrylamide microparticles after intravenous and intraperitoneal injection in mouse and rat.", "content": "Microspheres of 14C-labeled highly cross-linked polyacrylamide (mean diameter 0.25-0.30 micron) have been prepared by emulsion polymerization. The label was introduced in the polymer via the cross-linking monomer. N,N'-[14C]methylenebisacrylamide. The microparticles were used to follow qualitatively and quantitatively the distribution and the fate of polyacrylamide in mouse and rat after i.v. and i.p. injection. The polyacrylamide particles are rapidly cleared from the circulation (t 1/2 in rat approximately 40 min) by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. They are mainly (about 80%) found in the liver and spleen both after i.v. and i.p. injection (4.1 mg given totally to mice weighing 20-25 g). They can also be detected early (1 hr after i.v. injection) in the bone marrow, and particle aggregates are also initially found in the lungs, although no respiratory problems were noted. After about 16 weeks, the radioactivity rapidly decreases in the liver and spleen, with t 1/2 10 to 14 weeks and 15 to 24 weeks, respectively, depending on the route of administration. Radioactivity in the gut and gut walls detected 2 months after injection suggests that the polyacrylamide is slowly metabolized. No toxic effects-apart from transient hepatospleenomegaly-were detected in mice 45 weeks after they were given a total of 9.8 mg of polyacrylamide.", "contents": "Acrylic microspheres in vivo. I. Distribution and elimination of polyacrylamide microparticles after intravenous and intraperitoneal injection in mouse and rat. Microspheres of 14C-labeled highly cross-linked polyacrylamide (mean diameter 0.25-0.30 micron) have been prepared by emulsion polymerization. The label was introduced in the polymer via the cross-linking monomer. N,N'-[14C]methylenebisacrylamide. The microparticles were used to follow qualitatively and quantitatively the distribution and the fate of polyacrylamide in mouse and rat after i.v. and i.p. injection. The polyacrylamide particles are rapidly cleared from the circulation (t 1/2 in rat approximately 40 min) by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. They are mainly (about 80%) found in the liver and spleen both after i.v. and i.p. injection (4.1 mg given totally to mice weighing 20-25 g). They can also be detected early (1 hr after i.v. injection) in the bone marrow, and particle aggregates are also initially found in the lungs, although no respiratory problems were noted. After about 16 weeks, the radioactivity rapidly decreases in the liver and spleen, with t 1/2 10 to 14 weeks and 15 to 24 weeks, respectively, depending on the route of administration. Radioactivity in the gut and gut walls detected 2 months after injection suggests that the polyacrylamide is slowly metabolized. No toxic effects-apart from transient hepatospleenomegaly-were detected in mice 45 weeks after they were given a total of 9.8 mg of polyacrylamide.", "PMID": 512927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10026", "title": "Acrylic microspheres in vivo. II. The effect in rat of L-asparaginase given in microparticles of polyacrylamide.", "content": "L-Asparaginase was immobilized in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide. Particles of three different sizes, mean diameter 0.34, 18 and 36 micron, respectively, were used. The Michaelis constant Km, for L-asparaginase, immobilized in small particles (0.34 micron), is virtually the same as in solution. L-Asparaginase in microparticles was also more stable than free enzyme after storage for 140 days at +4 and +37 degrees C. After an i.v. injection of 200 I.U./kg into rat, the plasma L-asparagine fell to very low values (less than 10 nmol/ml), but was normalized again after 4 to 5 days with both the native and immobilized enzymes. After an i.p. injection of 1000 I.U./kg into rats, the microparticles containing L-asparaginase lowered the plasma L-asparagine level for a substantially longer period of time than L-asparaginase in free solution. Normal L-asparagine level was thus reached on day 14 after the injection with immobilized enzyme. However, L-asparaginase activity was still present in the abdominal lymph nodes after this period of time.", "contents": "Acrylic microspheres in vivo. II. The effect in rat of L-asparaginase given in microparticles of polyacrylamide. L-Asparaginase was immobilized in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide. Particles of three different sizes, mean diameter 0.34, 18 and 36 micron, respectively, were used. The Michaelis constant Km, for L-asparaginase, immobilized in small particles (0.34 micron), is virtually the same as in solution. L-Asparaginase in microparticles was also more stable than free enzyme after storage for 140 days at +4 and +37 degrees C. After an i.v. injection of 200 I.U./kg into rat, the plasma L-asparagine fell to very low values (less than 10 nmol/ml), but was normalized again after 4 to 5 days with both the native and immobilized enzymes. After an i.p. injection of 1000 I.U./kg into rats, the microparticles containing L-asparaginase lowered the plasma L-asparagine level for a substantially longer period of time than L-asparaginase in free solution. Normal L-asparagine level was thus reached on day 14 after the injection with immobilized enzyme. However, L-asparaginase activity was still present in the abdominal lymph nodes after this period of time.", "PMID": 512928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10027", "title": "Ethanol-induced prenatal growth deficiency: changes in fetal body composition.", "content": "Ethanol (6 g/kg/day) produced intrauterine growth retardation (both body weight and length) in rat fetuses compared to pair-fed controls. Associated with this retardation was an increase in fetal body water and sodium content and a decrease in lipid-free solid content. Comparable electrolyte changes were not observed in maternal blood. These effects in fetal body content are not commonly observed in fetal malnutrition studies and are suggestive of a direct teratogenic effect of ethanol.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced prenatal growth deficiency: changes in fetal body composition. Ethanol (6 g/kg/day) produced intrauterine growth retardation (both body weight and length) in rat fetuses compared to pair-fed controls. Associated with this retardation was an increase in fetal body water and sodium content and a decrease in lipid-free solid content. Comparable electrolyte changes were not observed in maternal blood. These effects in fetal body content are not commonly observed in fetal malnutrition studies and are suggestive of a direct teratogenic effect of ethanol.", "PMID": 512929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10028", "title": "Nonhemodynamic effects of histamine on gracilis muscle capillary permeability.", "content": "The effects of histamine were studied in the maximally vasodilated gracilis muscle. Dog gracilis muscles were isolated in a plethysmograph and perfused at constant inflow pressure (102 +/- 2 mm Hg). Maximal vasodilation was produced with constant infusion of papaverine (0.2 mg/ml). Constant infusion of blood labeled with albumin-131l or red blood cells (RBC)-51Cr was made throughout the duration of the experiment. Tissue radioactivity and tissue volume changes were continuously measured. Papaverine did not increase transcapillary movement of protein, Histamine (5 microgram/kg/min) was added to the blood and 10 to 15 min later the dose level was increased to 60 microgram/kg/min. Since the vasculature was maximally dilated, changes in tissue radioactivity and tissue volume would be due to transcapillary movement rather than to vascular volume effects. The low dose of histamine significantly steepened the slopes of tissue volume and tissue albumin-s131l increase. The highest dose of histamine significantly further increased these rates. The tissue red cells-51Cr slope was not significantly increased with either dose of histamine. The capillary filtration coefficient was significantly increased above the papaverine vasodilation value by the histamine. The data would support increased transcapillary movement of proteins by other than hemodynamic mechanisms.", "contents": "Nonhemodynamic effects of histamine on gracilis muscle capillary permeability. The effects of histamine were studied in the maximally vasodilated gracilis muscle. Dog gracilis muscles were isolated in a plethysmograph and perfused at constant inflow pressure (102 +/- 2 mm Hg). Maximal vasodilation was produced with constant infusion of papaverine (0.2 mg/ml). Constant infusion of blood labeled with albumin-131l or red blood cells (RBC)-51Cr was made throughout the duration of the experiment. Tissue radioactivity and tissue volume changes were continuously measured. Papaverine did not increase transcapillary movement of protein, Histamine (5 microgram/kg/min) was added to the blood and 10 to 15 min later the dose level was increased to 60 microgram/kg/min. Since the vasculature was maximally dilated, changes in tissue radioactivity and tissue volume would be due to transcapillary movement rather than to vascular volume effects. The low dose of histamine significantly steepened the slopes of tissue volume and tissue albumin-s131l increase. The highest dose of histamine significantly further increased these rates. The tissue red cells-51Cr slope was not significantly increased with either dose of histamine. The capillary filtration coefficient was significantly increased above the papaverine vasodilation value by the histamine. The data would support increased transcapillary movement of proteins by other than hemodynamic mechanisms.", "PMID": 512930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10029", "title": "Analgesic activity of diflunisal [MK-647; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)salicylic acid] in rats with hyperalgesia induced by Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "A method is described for testing analgesia for narcotic or nonnarcotic drugs in rats injected with Freund's adjuvant in the tail, by manipulation of the tail the day after injection, or of the feet after the development of adjuvant arthritis. The method is responsive to a behavioral depressant or an anti-inflammatory steroid. Diflunisal (MK-647; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)salicylic acid] exhibited activity in this assay after oral administration with potency about 25 times greater than that of aspirin, about 3 times that of glafenine and twice that of zomepirac. The onset of activity was within a 1/2 hour for narcotic analgesics but required about an hour for non-narcotic compounds. With the latter, the peak of activity was not attained until 2 to 4 hr, depending on the compound. The peak for diflunisal was delayed until the 3rd or 4th hour, but the onset of action was more prompt and the duration greater as the dose was increased. [14C]Diflunisal was concentrated to some extent in the inflamed tissue after adjuvant injection. Peak levels both in plasma and tissue appeared about 2 hr before peak analgesic effect. Repeated administration of large doses produced neither tolerance nor sensitization to the analgesic action of diflunisal. Naloxone and naltrexone did not antagonize the action of the compound, but when morphine and diflunisal were given together, the overall effect was enhanced.", "contents": "Analgesic activity of diflunisal [MK-647; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)salicylic acid] in rats with hyperalgesia induced by Freund's adjuvant. A method is described for testing analgesia for narcotic or nonnarcotic drugs in rats injected with Freund's adjuvant in the tail, by manipulation of the tail the day after injection, or of the feet after the development of adjuvant arthritis. The method is responsive to a behavioral depressant or an anti-inflammatory steroid. Diflunisal (MK-647; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)salicylic acid] exhibited activity in this assay after oral administration with potency about 25 times greater than that of aspirin, about 3 times that of glafenine and twice that of zomepirac. The onset of activity was within a 1/2 hour for narcotic analgesics but required about an hour for non-narcotic compounds. With the latter, the peak of activity was not attained until 2 to 4 hr, depending on the compound. The peak for diflunisal was delayed until the 3rd or 4th hour, but the onset of action was more prompt and the duration greater as the dose was increased. [14C]Diflunisal was concentrated to some extent in the inflamed tissue after adjuvant injection. Peak levels both in plasma and tissue appeared about 2 hr before peak analgesic effect. Repeated administration of large doses produced neither tolerance nor sensitization to the analgesic action of diflunisal. Naloxone and naltrexone did not antagonize the action of the compound, but when morphine and diflunisal were given together, the overall effect was enhanced.", "PMID": 512931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10030", "title": "Age-dependent alteration in the response of isolated rabbit basilar arteries to vasoactive agents.", "content": "Responses to vasoactive agents were compared in helical strips of basilar arteries isolated from rabbits, 15 to 360 days of age, which were stretched under optimal resting forces. Contractions induced by serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II and K+ increased with increasing age. However, the maximum forces developed by these drugs relative to those by 50 mM K+ as well as ED50 values of these drugs were not significantly different in the arteries from mature and immature rabbits; only the response to serotinin at day 360 was significantly less. Basilar arteries contracted with histamine relaxed in response to isoproterenol; the relaxing effect was suppressed by treatment with 10-6 M propranolol and was inversely related to age. On the other hand, relaxations induced by adenosine and prostaglandin E1 did not significantly differ in the arteries from rabbits of different ages. Relaxations induced by small amounts of K+ (0.5-10 mM) increased with age; the relaxations were suppressed by ouabain. It may be concluded that the cerebroarterial relaxation related specifically to the beta adrenergic mechanism is reduced with increasing age. The electrogenic Na+ pump mechanism appears to mature in rabbit basilar arteries during an early postnatal period.", "contents": "Age-dependent alteration in the response of isolated rabbit basilar arteries to vasoactive agents. Responses to vasoactive agents were compared in helical strips of basilar arteries isolated from rabbits, 15 to 360 days of age, which were stretched under optimal resting forces. Contractions induced by serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II and K+ increased with increasing age. However, the maximum forces developed by these drugs relative to those by 50 mM K+ as well as ED50 values of these drugs were not significantly different in the arteries from mature and immature rabbits; only the response to serotinin at day 360 was significantly less. Basilar arteries contracted with histamine relaxed in response to isoproterenol; the relaxing effect was suppressed by treatment with 10-6 M propranolol and was inversely related to age. On the other hand, relaxations induced by adenosine and prostaglandin E1 did not significantly differ in the arteries from rabbits of different ages. Relaxations induced by small amounts of K+ (0.5-10 mM) increased with age; the relaxations were suppressed by ouabain. It may be concluded that the cerebroarterial relaxation related specifically to the beta adrenergic mechanism is reduced with increasing age. The electrogenic Na+ pump mechanism appears to mature in rabbit basilar arteries during an early postnatal period.", "PMID": 512935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10031", "title": "Segmental and descending control of the external urethral and anal sphincters in the cat.", "content": "1. The present work concerns the contribution of the somatic central nervous system to two viscero-somatic reflexes, micturition and defecation. Descending and segmental actions and properties of the motoneurones innervating the striated external urethral and external anal sphincters were studied with intracellular recording in male cats, under chloralose anaesthesia. 2. Motoneurones innervating the external urethral and external anal sphincters were intermingled and most strongly concentrated in the lateral part of the ventral horn in the S2 segment of the spinal cord. 3. Stimulation of the S1 to S3 ipsilateral dorsal roots or of the homonymous pudendal nerve branches showed that less than half of the sphincter motoneurons receive monosynaptic excitatory connexions from low threshold afferents. 4. The after-hyperpolarization recorded in the external urethral and external anal sphincter motoneurones was relatively short lasting, not long lasting as would have been expected for motoneurones innervating slow-twitch, tonic type muscles. 5. There was no evidence for recurrent inhibition in pudendal motoneurones innervating the external urethral and external anal sphincters. 6. Descending excitation and inhibition to the sphincter motoneurones originated in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medullary reticular formation. The descending reticulospinal actions are comparable to those observed in hind limb motoneurones. 7. It is suggested that the segmental reflex connexions play a role in controlling bladder and rectal continence. The descending actions studied also modulate the segmental reflex actions and may provide voluntary control of the sphincter muscles.", "contents": "Segmental and descending control of the external urethral and anal sphincters in the cat. 1. The present work concerns the contribution of the somatic central nervous system to two viscero-somatic reflexes, micturition and defecation. Descending and segmental actions and properties of the motoneurones innervating the striated external urethral and external anal sphincters were studied with intracellular recording in male cats, under chloralose anaesthesia. 2. Motoneurones innervating the external urethral and external anal sphincters were intermingled and most strongly concentrated in the lateral part of the ventral horn in the S2 segment of the spinal cord. 3. Stimulation of the S1 to S3 ipsilateral dorsal roots or of the homonymous pudendal nerve branches showed that less than half of the sphincter motoneurons receive monosynaptic excitatory connexions from low threshold afferents. 4. The after-hyperpolarization recorded in the external urethral and external anal sphincter motoneurones was relatively short lasting, not long lasting as would have been expected for motoneurones innervating slow-twitch, tonic type muscles. 5. There was no evidence for recurrent inhibition in pudendal motoneurones innervating the external urethral and external anal sphincters. 6. Descending excitation and inhibition to the sphincter motoneurones originated in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medullary reticular formation. The descending reticulospinal actions are comparable to those observed in hind limb motoneurones. 7. It is suggested that the segmental reflex connexions play a role in controlling bladder and rectal continence. The descending actions studied also modulate the segmental reflex actions and may provide voluntary control of the sphincter muscles.", "PMID": 512936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10032", "title": "The electrogenic potential in rat C nerve fibres: some effects of lithium and thallium.", "content": "1. Subsequent to bathing a desheathed vagus nerve in a K-free medium Li (5-50 mM) generates a hyperpolarizing response in the same manner as does K except that Li is 23 times less potent than K. Preincubation with small concentrations of either Li or K inhibits a subsequent K response.2. The Li response is less phasic than the K response. In the presence of a cardiac glycoside Li has no effect whereas K depolarizes the preparation. Thus Li is presumed to generate a relatively pure ouabain-sensitive electrogenic response.3. If a Li response is always terminated with 50 mM-Li, but various concentrations are used during the first half, the total response has a constant area despite the wide range of activation during the first half. This implies that the electrogenic pump ratio is constant over this range of activation.4. Thallium (1 mM) also generates a ouabain-sensitive response, but even short exposures (5 min) produces a strong and lasting inhibition of subsequent potassium responses. On a slower time scale Tl also inhibits the electrogenic post-tetanic hyperpolarization. After exposure to Tl a test action potential shows that the afterpotential is also decreased.5. If action potentials are produced during an electrogenic response the hyperpolarizing afterpotential reverses polarity. It is supposed that this is due to a short-circuiting of the electrogenic potential during this time.", "contents": "The electrogenic potential in rat C nerve fibres: some effects of lithium and thallium. 1. Subsequent to bathing a desheathed vagus nerve in a K-free medium Li (5-50 mM) generates a hyperpolarizing response in the same manner as does K except that Li is 23 times less potent than K. Preincubation with small concentrations of either Li or K inhibits a subsequent K response.2. The Li response is less phasic than the K response. In the presence of a cardiac glycoside Li has no effect whereas K depolarizes the preparation. Thus Li is presumed to generate a relatively pure ouabain-sensitive electrogenic response.3. If a Li response is always terminated with 50 mM-Li, but various concentrations are used during the first half, the total response has a constant area despite the wide range of activation during the first half. This implies that the electrogenic pump ratio is constant over this range of activation.4. Thallium (1 mM) also generates a ouabain-sensitive response, but even short exposures (5 min) produces a strong and lasting inhibition of subsequent potassium responses. On a slower time scale Tl also inhibits the electrogenic post-tetanic hyperpolarization. After exposure to Tl a test action potential shows that the afterpotential is also decreased.5. If action potentials are produced during an electrogenic response the hyperpolarizing afterpotential reverses polarity. It is supposed that this is due to a short-circuiting of the electrogenic potential during this time.", "PMID": 512937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10033", "title": "Adaptive hyperplasia and compensatory growth in the salt glands of ducks and geese.", "content": "1. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into salt-gland DNA has been studied in vivo and in vitro during adaptation of birds to salt water. 2. No increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in vivo was apparent in birds on salt water for 0.25 and 1 day compared with those on fresh water. However, by 2 days there was a marked increase. At 7 and 14 days, incorporation was again low but by these later stages the DNA content of the glands was significantly increased. 3. Increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine was also evident in salt-gland slices incubated in vitro from birds on salt water for 2 or 4 days, but not for 14 days, compared with those on fresh water. 4. It is concluded that hyperplasia, as well as the hypertrophy demonstrated previously, occurs as part of the over-all adaptive response of the salt glands during the continual ingestion of salt water, but that the time course of the two processes is different. 5. In geese with one salt gland removed, no indication of compensatory growth of the remaining gland was evident in birds kept on fresh water for 24 days. In such birds on salt water for 14 days, some compensatory growth occurred but, as judged by measurements of DNA, RNA and protein, this could be ascribed to hypertrophy.", "contents": "Adaptive hyperplasia and compensatory growth in the salt glands of ducks and geese. 1. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into salt-gland DNA has been studied in vivo and in vitro during adaptation of birds to salt water. 2. No increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in vivo was apparent in birds on salt water for 0.25 and 1 day compared with those on fresh water. However, by 2 days there was a marked increase. At 7 and 14 days, incorporation was again low but by these later stages the DNA content of the glands was significantly increased. 3. Increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine was also evident in salt-gland slices incubated in vitro from birds on salt water for 2 or 4 days, but not for 14 days, compared with those on fresh water. 4. It is concluded that hyperplasia, as well as the hypertrophy demonstrated previously, occurs as part of the over-all adaptive response of the salt glands during the continual ingestion of salt water, but that the time course of the two processes is different. 5. In geese with one salt gland removed, no indication of compensatory growth of the remaining gland was evident in birds kept on fresh water for 24 days. In such birds on salt water for 14 days, some compensatory growth occurred but, as judged by measurements of DNA, RNA and protein, this could be ascribed to hypertrophy.", "PMID": 512938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10034", "title": "Potent stimulation of the avian exocrine pancreas by porcine and chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide.", "content": "1. The actions of chicken and porcine secretins and vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIPs) were compared on the rate of flow and rate of protein secretion from the exocrine pancreas in urethane anaesthetized turkeys and rats. 2. Chicken VIP was about twice as potent as porcine VIP and 100-150 times as potent as chicken and porcine secretins in stimulating the flow of pancreatic juice in the turkey. 3. Porcine secretin was a strong stimulant of the flow of pancreatic juice in the rat, but chicken secretin and the two VIPs were only active in doses 20-50 times higher than those of porcine secretin. 4. Neither the two VIPs nor the two secretins significantly stimulated the rate of pancreatic protein secretion in the turkey or rat. 5. In the turkey I.V. infusion of graded doses of chicken VIP produced graded increases in the flow of pancreatic juice; in the presence of an infusion of a low dose of CCK8 the flow of juice secreted in response to the highest dose of chicken VIP was significantly lower compared with the infusion of VIP alone, and responses to the other doses of VIP were lower but not significantly so. The infusion of chicken secretin reduced the flow of juice in response to infusions of chicken VIP, but the differences were not significant. There was no significant difference in either the rate of flow, or rate of protein secretion from the turkey pancreas in response to an infusion of chicken secretin and CCK8, compared with CCK8 alone. 6. The results cast doubt on the importance of secretin for regulation of the avian pancreas, and suggest instead that VIP might have a physiological role in regulating the flow of pancreatic juice in birds.", "contents": "Potent stimulation of the avian exocrine pancreas by porcine and chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide. 1. The actions of chicken and porcine secretins and vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIPs) were compared on the rate of flow and rate of protein secretion from the exocrine pancreas in urethane anaesthetized turkeys and rats. 2. Chicken VIP was about twice as potent as porcine VIP and 100-150 times as potent as chicken and porcine secretins in stimulating the flow of pancreatic juice in the turkey. 3. Porcine secretin was a strong stimulant of the flow of pancreatic juice in the rat, but chicken secretin and the two VIPs were only active in doses 20-50 times higher than those of porcine secretin. 4. Neither the two VIPs nor the two secretins significantly stimulated the rate of pancreatic protein secretion in the turkey or rat. 5. In the turkey I.V. infusion of graded doses of chicken VIP produced graded increases in the flow of pancreatic juice; in the presence of an infusion of a low dose of CCK8 the flow of juice secreted in response to the highest dose of chicken VIP was significantly lower compared with the infusion of VIP alone, and responses to the other doses of VIP were lower but not significantly so. The infusion of chicken secretin reduced the flow of juice in response to infusions of chicken VIP, but the differences were not significant. There was no significant difference in either the rate of flow, or rate of protein secretion from the turkey pancreas in response to an infusion of chicken secretin and CCK8, compared with CCK8 alone. 6. The results cast doubt on the importance of secretin for regulation of the avian pancreas, and suggest instead that VIP might have a physiological role in regulating the flow of pancreatic juice in birds.", "PMID": 512939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10035", "title": "Initial-image and afterimage discrimination in the human rod and cone systems.", "content": "1. The rod-isolation technique of Aguilar & Stiles (1954) was used to obtain scotopic increment-threshold functions in the dark-adapted eye. Increment-threshold functions were obtained for background durations of 50 to 500 msec, but the onset of the background and increment fields was always simultaneous. In all conditions the duration of the increment field was 50 msec. 2. The pattern of results obtained is the same as that reported earlier for the cone system (Geisler, 1978). For background durations greater than that of the increment field, the increment-threshold functions have two distinct branches. It was shown, by measuring action spectra, that both branches reflect the sensitivity of the rod system. 3. When the increment thresholds are plotted as a function of background retinal illuminance, all the lower branches superimpose. This implies that those thresholds are dependent only on the number of background quanta absorbed during presentation of the increment field. On the other hand, when the increment thresholds are plotted as a function of background energy, all the upper branches superimpose, implying that those thresholds are determined by the total number of background quanta absorbed. 4. For the thresholds falling on the lower branches observes reported that the increment field was detected in the initital image of the background and increment fields when they were flashed. For the upper branches, the increment field was detected in a short-term afterimage that appeared after the background was extinguished. The higher the background intensity the longer was the latency until the increment appeared in the afterimage. 5. All of the above findings appear to be consistent with the known properties of the electrical responses of vertebrate photoreceptors. A model based on Penn & Hagins' (1972) model for the photocurrent in rat rods predicts, fairly accurately, the rod and cone increment-threshold results. The parameters estimated by fitting the model support the hypothesis that the short-term rod and cone afterimages are due to the relatively slow decay of internal transmitter, but they suggest that post-receptor mechanisms are responsible for the threshold saturation observed with flashed backgrounds.", "contents": "Initial-image and afterimage discrimination in the human rod and cone systems. 1. The rod-isolation technique of Aguilar & Stiles (1954) was used to obtain scotopic increment-threshold functions in the dark-adapted eye. Increment-threshold functions were obtained for background durations of 50 to 500 msec, but the onset of the background and increment fields was always simultaneous. In all conditions the duration of the increment field was 50 msec. 2. The pattern of results obtained is the same as that reported earlier for the cone system (Geisler, 1978). For background durations greater than that of the increment field, the increment-threshold functions have two distinct branches. It was shown, by measuring action spectra, that both branches reflect the sensitivity of the rod system. 3. When the increment thresholds are plotted as a function of background retinal illuminance, all the lower branches superimpose. This implies that those thresholds are dependent only on the number of background quanta absorbed during presentation of the increment field. On the other hand, when the increment thresholds are plotted as a function of background energy, all the upper branches superimpose, implying that those thresholds are determined by the total number of background quanta absorbed. 4. For the thresholds falling on the lower branches observes reported that the increment field was detected in the initital image of the background and increment fields when they were flashed. For the upper branches, the increment field was detected in a short-term afterimage that appeared after the background was extinguished. The higher the background intensity the longer was the latency until the increment appeared in the afterimage. 5. All of the above findings appear to be consistent with the known properties of the electrical responses of vertebrate photoreceptors. A model based on Penn & Hagins' (1972) model for the photocurrent in rat rods predicts, fairly accurately, the rod and cone increment-threshold results. The parameters estimated by fitting the model support the hypothesis that the short-term rod and cone afterimages are due to the relatively slow decay of internal transmitter, but they suggest that post-receptor mechanisms are responsible for the threshold saturation observed with flashed backgrounds.", "PMID": 512940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10036", "title": "Renin, antidiuretic hormone and the kidney in water restriction and rehydration.", "content": "1. The effect of restricted water intake followed by voluntary rehydration with water or 10 mM-KCl was studied in four conscious sheep with respect to plasma concentrations of renin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), protein and electrolytes, and urine flow rate, osmolality and osmolal excretion. 2. Water restriction increased the plasma renin concentration and the plasma ADH concentration. 3. Rehydration with water caused a further rise in plasma renin, but plasma ADH returned to basal levels in less than 2 hr. 4. Rehydration with 10 mM-KCl in order to stabilize plasma K concentration greatly attenuated the post-drinking rise in plasma renin concentration, while plasma ADH levels fell as before. 5. Urine flow rates after rehydration with water and 10 mM-KCl remained low for at least 6 hr in most experiments despite low plasma ADH levels. The effect on urine osmolality ranged from no change to a large drop. 6. The post-drinking antidiuresis was associated with a reduction in solute excretion rate. However, free water clearance usually remained negative. 7. These experiments do not support the existence of a direct nexus between plasma ADH levels and plasma renin concentration.", "contents": "Renin, antidiuretic hormone and the kidney in water restriction and rehydration. 1. The effect of restricted water intake followed by voluntary rehydration with water or 10 mM-KCl was studied in four conscious sheep with respect to plasma concentrations of renin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), protein and electrolytes, and urine flow rate, osmolality and osmolal excretion. 2. Water restriction increased the plasma renin concentration and the plasma ADH concentration. 3. Rehydration with water caused a further rise in plasma renin, but plasma ADH returned to basal levels in less than 2 hr. 4. Rehydration with 10 mM-KCl in order to stabilize plasma K concentration greatly attenuated the post-drinking rise in plasma renin concentration, while plasma ADH levels fell as before. 5. Urine flow rates after rehydration with water and 10 mM-KCl remained low for at least 6 hr in most experiments despite low plasma ADH levels. The effect on urine osmolality ranged from no change to a large drop. 6. The post-drinking antidiuresis was associated with a reduction in solute excretion rate. However, free water clearance usually remained negative. 7. These experiments do not support the existence of a direct nexus between plasma ADH levels and plasma renin concentration.", "PMID": 512941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10037", "title": "Studies on amino acid inhibition of monosaccharide exit from anuran small intestinal epithelium.", "content": "1. The effect of the addition of amino acids to the intestinal lumen upon the movement of the monosaccharide alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alpha MG) from the preloaded epithelium into the blood and into the lumen of the vascularly perfused frog small intestine has been studied. 2. The neutral hydrophobic amino acids tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, valine, norleucine and cycloleucine all rapidly inhibit the exit of alpha MG out of the epithelium into the vascular bed. They stimulate backflux of the sugar from the epithelium into the lumen to a very much smaller extent. 3. L-Leucine is a more effective inhibitor of alpha MG exit into the blood than is D-leucine. Near-maximal inhibition of alpha MG exit is seen with 10 mM-L-leucine in the intestinal lumen. 4. The addition of leucine (10 mM) to the lumen of the intestine preloaded with alpha MG approximately halves the rate constant for alpha MG washout into the blood from 12.6 +/- 1.7 (4) x 10(-3) to 5.5 +/- 1.4 (4) x 10(-3) min-1, without appreciably altering the pool of monosaccharide in the tissue. The inhibitory effect of L-leucine upon alpha MG exit into the blood is not abolished by the presence of phlorizin (5 x 10(-5) M) in the intestinal lumen. 5. The complex pattern of inhibition of alpha MG transfer from the lumen to the blood observed upon the addition of L-leucine to the lumen is consistent with the finding that the amino acid inhibits the exit of the monosaccharide out of the epithelium into the blood in addition to any inhibitory effect upon sugar entry across the brush border. 6. It is suggested that alpha MG may be a substrate for a proposed transport system for neutral hydrophobic amino acids which, it is suggested, is present in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell.", "contents": "Studies on amino acid inhibition of monosaccharide exit from anuran small intestinal epithelium. 1. The effect of the addition of amino acids to the intestinal lumen upon the movement of the monosaccharide alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alpha MG) from the preloaded epithelium into the blood and into the lumen of the vascularly perfused frog small intestine has been studied. 2. The neutral hydrophobic amino acids tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, valine, norleucine and cycloleucine all rapidly inhibit the exit of alpha MG out of the epithelium into the vascular bed. They stimulate backflux of the sugar from the epithelium into the lumen to a very much smaller extent. 3. L-Leucine is a more effective inhibitor of alpha MG exit into the blood than is D-leucine. Near-maximal inhibition of alpha MG exit is seen with 10 mM-L-leucine in the intestinal lumen. 4. The addition of leucine (10 mM) to the lumen of the intestine preloaded with alpha MG approximately halves the rate constant for alpha MG washout into the blood from 12.6 +/- 1.7 (4) x 10(-3) to 5.5 +/- 1.4 (4) x 10(-3) min-1, without appreciably altering the pool of monosaccharide in the tissue. The inhibitory effect of L-leucine upon alpha MG exit into the blood is not abolished by the presence of phlorizin (5 x 10(-5) M) in the intestinal lumen. 5. The complex pattern of inhibition of alpha MG transfer from the lumen to the blood observed upon the addition of L-leucine to the lumen is consistent with the finding that the amino acid inhibits the exit of the monosaccharide out of the epithelium into the blood in addition to any inhibitory effect upon sugar entry across the brush border. 6. It is suggested that alpha MG may be a substrate for a proposed transport system for neutral hydrophobic amino acids which, it is suggested, is present in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell.", "PMID": 512942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10038", "title": "The mechanism of coupled transport of sodium and chloride in isolated urinary bladder of the trout.", "content": "1. Transepithelial fluxes of Na and Cl were measured in dissected trout bladders mounted in Ussing chambers. The mucosa-to-serosa fluxes appeared to comprise a linear and a saturating (Km = 8 mM) component as a function of the luminal concentration of the ion. The over-all permeability for Cl was higher than for Na. Removal of either ion from the mucosal side induced the disappearance of the net flux of the co-ion even when the substituting ions were not impermeant. This indicated a complete and specific mutual dependence between the Na and Cl transports. A large part (30-50%) of Cl exchanges was ascribed to an exchange-diffusion process. 2. In order to localize the site of ion copuling, the apical uptakes of Na and Cl were measured by short-term exposure (2 min) to radioisotopes. The apical fluxes were similar to the transepithelial fluxes and therefore appeared to be the limiting factor for ion transfer. Ionic replacements on the mucosal side showed that the coupling between Na and Cl and Cl/Cl exchange occurs at this step.", "contents": "The mechanism of coupled transport of sodium and chloride in isolated urinary bladder of the trout. 1. Transepithelial fluxes of Na and Cl were measured in dissected trout bladders mounted in Ussing chambers. The mucosa-to-serosa fluxes appeared to comprise a linear and a saturating (Km = 8 mM) component as a function of the luminal concentration of the ion. The over-all permeability for Cl was higher than for Na. Removal of either ion from the mucosal side induced the disappearance of the net flux of the co-ion even when the substituting ions were not impermeant. This indicated a complete and specific mutual dependence between the Na and Cl transports. A large part (30-50%) of Cl exchanges was ascribed to an exchange-diffusion process. 2. In order to localize the site of ion copuling, the apical uptakes of Na and Cl were measured by short-term exposure (2 min) to radioisotopes. The apical fluxes were similar to the transepithelial fluxes and therefore appeared to be the limiting factor for ion transfer. Ionic replacements on the mucosal side showed that the coupling between Na and Cl and Cl/Cl exchange occurs at this step.", "PMID": 512943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10039", "title": "Intracellular recording from neurones of the rat subfornical organ in vitro.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings from neurones in the subfornical organ in vitro showed that there were two classes of neurones. One class lay within 55 micron of the ventricular surface and was synaptically excited but not inhibited by stimulation of the body or columns of the fornix. These neurones could not be excited antidromically. The other class lay more deeply and was antidromically and synaptically excited and inhibited by stimulation of the body and columns of the fornix. 2. The neurones of the subfornical organ appeared to have the characteristics of neurosecretory neurones. Their action potentials were prolonged and their antidromic spike was easily broken down into components by repetitive stimulation. 3. The organization of the subfornical organ inferred from extracellular recording was confirmed by the results of intracellular recording.", "contents": "Intracellular recording from neurones of the rat subfornical organ in vitro. 1. Intracellular recordings from neurones in the subfornical organ in vitro showed that there were two classes of neurones. One class lay within 55 micron of the ventricular surface and was synaptically excited but not inhibited by stimulation of the body or columns of the fornix. These neurones could not be excited antidromically. The other class lay more deeply and was antidromically and synaptically excited and inhibited by stimulation of the body and columns of the fornix. 2. The neurones of the subfornical organ appeared to have the characteristics of neurosecretory neurones. Their action potentials were prolonged and their antidromic spike was easily broken down into components by repetitive stimulation. 3. The organization of the subfornical organ inferred from extracellular recording was confirmed by the results of intracellular recording.", "PMID": 512944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10040", "title": "Effect of intraventricular injection of transmitter substances and temperature on autonomic functions of conscious sheep.", "content": "1. Changes in cardiovascular and renal functions following injection of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol into one lateral cerebral ventricle were investigated in conscious sheep at ambient air temperatures of 0 and 40 degrees C. The dose rates used were known to produce predictable changes in thermoregulation in sheep. 2. The changes in body temperature, respiratory frequency and shivering caused by the intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol were as reported previously. 3. The cardiovascular and renal responses of the sheep at both high and low ambient temperatures were consistent for each transmitter indicating that these activities had no major dependence on the type of thermoregulatory response. 4. I.C.V. injection of noradrenaline increased heart rate and decreased pulse pressure but caused no change in mean arterial blood pressure (B.P.). Urine flow rate, sodium clearance, potassium clearance and osmolal clearance were decreased whereas solute-free water reabsorption was unaltered. 5. I.C.V. injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine caused no significant alterations in either cardiovascular or renal function. 6. I.C.V. injection of carbachol increased systolic and diastolic B.P., heart rate and haematocrit. Sodium, potassium and osmolal clearances were increased after administration of carbachol. 7. The changes in renal function after noradrenaline and carbachol injection could be explained by the concurrent changes in cardiovascular function.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular injection of transmitter substances and temperature on autonomic functions of conscious sheep. 1. Changes in cardiovascular and renal functions following injection of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol into one lateral cerebral ventricle were investigated in conscious sheep at ambient air temperatures of 0 and 40 degrees C. The dose rates used were known to produce predictable changes in thermoregulation in sheep. 2. The changes in body temperature, respiratory frequency and shivering caused by the intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol were as reported previously. 3. The cardiovascular and renal responses of the sheep at both high and low ambient temperatures were consistent for each transmitter indicating that these activities had no major dependence on the type of thermoregulatory response. 4. I.C.V. injection of noradrenaline increased heart rate and decreased pulse pressure but caused no change in mean arterial blood pressure (B.P.). Urine flow rate, sodium clearance, potassium clearance and osmolal clearance were decreased whereas solute-free water reabsorption was unaltered. 5. I.C.V. injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine caused no significant alterations in either cardiovascular or renal function. 6. I.C.V. injection of carbachol increased systolic and diastolic B.P., heart rate and haematocrit. Sodium, potassium and osmolal clearances were increased after administration of carbachol. 7. The changes in renal function after noradrenaline and carbachol injection could be explained by the concurrent changes in cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 512945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10041", "title": "Inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of potassium-depleted solutions on mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. We have investigated the electrical and mechanical effects of reducing the bathing K concentration, K0, over the range from 4-0 mM in guinea-pig papillary muscle and in sheep Purkinje fibres. 2. In papillary muscle, reducing K0 to zero produces a negative shift in the resting potential and an initial increase in action potential duration. An increase of twitch tension ensues, followed by a reduction in actin potential duration and, eventually, an increase in tonic tension. This increase in tonic tension is often accompanied by a decrease of twitch tension. Finally, transient depolarizations and after contractions are produced. 3. In voltage clamped Purkinje fibres, K0 reduction decreases the slope conductance at the more negative potentials and reduces the pace-maker current, iK2. Twitch tension increases rapidly and voltage dependent tonic tension develops. After even very short exposures to very low K0 (1 mM and below), an oscillatory transient inward current and accompanying aftercontraction can be seen. The oscillatory transient inward current and aftercontraction are similar to those described for cardiotonic steroid intoxication by Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart (1978). 4. Prolonged exposure to 0 K0 leads to the development of a slow current 'creep'. This current is activated by depolarization and has a reversal potential of -6.7 +/- 3.5 mV. The development of this creep current is accompanied by an increasing 'creep' in tonic tension with the same time course. On repolarization both the current creep and creep in tension recover with time courses still similar to each other. 5. Fluctuations appear in both the tension and current records during exposure to low K0. The tension and current fluctuations have similar principal frequencies (about 1 Hz). 6. Ca0 removal, substituting Ba0 for Ca0 or adding Mn0 (2 mM) can each remove the transient inward current, aftercontraction, fluctuations of current and tension, and creep current as well as the increase of twitch and tonic tension. 7. Replacing Ca0 by Sr0 leads to an increased inotropic effect of low K0 with altered kinetics and appears to abolish the transient inward current, aftercontraction and fluctuations of current and tension. 8. It is concluded that Ca1 plays a central role in the inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of low K0. Possible mechanisms of Ca1 control are discussed in light of the results that have been presented.", "contents": "Inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of potassium-depleted solutions on mammalian cardiac muscle. 1. We have investigated the electrical and mechanical effects of reducing the bathing K concentration, K0, over the range from 4-0 mM in guinea-pig papillary muscle and in sheep Purkinje fibres. 2. In papillary muscle, reducing K0 to zero produces a negative shift in the resting potential and an initial increase in action potential duration. An increase of twitch tension ensues, followed by a reduction in actin potential duration and, eventually, an increase in tonic tension. This increase in tonic tension is often accompanied by a decrease of twitch tension. Finally, transient depolarizations and after contractions are produced. 3. In voltage clamped Purkinje fibres, K0 reduction decreases the slope conductance at the more negative potentials and reduces the pace-maker current, iK2. Twitch tension increases rapidly and voltage dependent tonic tension develops. After even very short exposures to very low K0 (1 mM and below), an oscillatory transient inward current and accompanying aftercontraction can be seen. The oscillatory transient inward current and aftercontraction are similar to those described for cardiotonic steroid intoxication by Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart (1978). 4. Prolonged exposure to 0 K0 leads to the development of a slow current 'creep'. This current is activated by depolarization and has a reversal potential of -6.7 +/- 3.5 mV. The development of this creep current is accompanied by an increasing 'creep' in tonic tension with the same time course. On repolarization both the current creep and creep in tension recover with time courses still similar to each other. 5. Fluctuations appear in both the tension and current records during exposure to low K0. The tension and current fluctuations have similar principal frequencies (about 1 Hz). 6. Ca0 removal, substituting Ba0 for Ca0 or adding Mn0 (2 mM) can each remove the transient inward current, aftercontraction, fluctuations of current and tension, and creep current as well as the increase of twitch and tonic tension. 7. Replacing Ca0 by Sr0 leads to an increased inotropic effect of low K0 with altered kinetics and appears to abolish the transient inward current, aftercontraction and fluctuations of current and tension. 8. It is concluded that Ca1 plays a central role in the inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of low K0. Possible mechanisms of Ca1 control are discussed in light of the results that have been presented.", "PMID": 512946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10042", "title": "The role of the sodium pump in the effects of potassium-depleted solutions on mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. Mammalian Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle are significantly affected by exposure to low K solutions (Eisner & Lederer, 1979). Such exposure produces two classes of effects. ;Early' effects, developing over tens of seconds include (in ventricular muscle) a more negative resting potential and a lengthening of the action potential. In Purkinje fibres the principal ;early' effect is a decrease in slope conductance. ;Late' effects develop over minutes. In ventricular muscle such effects include a shortening of the action potential, an increase in twitch and tonic tension, and the development of transient depolarizations and aftercontractions. The late effects in Purkinje fibres are the increase in twitch tension and voltage dependent tonic tension, the development of transient depolarizations and the underlying oscillatory transient inward currents, the appearance of aftercontractions accompanying the transient depolarizations or transient inward currents, and the development of a slow ;creep' in both current and tension.2. The rate of development of early effects is consistent with the time taken to change the bathing K concentration, K(o). However the time course of onset of the late effects (including the positive inotropy) is too slow to be explained by the time taken to change K(o).3. The late effects of reducing K(o) from 4 to 0 mM can be prevented by including appropriate concentrations of the activator cations of the Na pump (Tl, Rb, Cs, NH(4) or Li) in the 0 K(o) bathing solution. Similarly the late effects of 0 K(o), once established, can be reversed by adding these cations to the 0 K(o) superfusing solution.4. The order of potency of these cations to remove the effects of 0 K(o) was found to be: Tl > K approximately Rb > NH(4) approximately Cs > Li. This is similar to the order of efficacy shown to activate the external K site of the Na pump in nerve and other tissue (Rang & Ritchie, 1968).5. Strophanthidin (10(-5)M) produces qualitatively similar electrical and mechanical effects as those seen in 0 K(o). However, the effects of strophanthidin are not reversed by the activator cations. Furthermore, in the presence of strophanthidin (10(-5)M), these cations do not reverse the effects of 0 K(o).6. In voltage-clamped Purkinje fibres, returning to a solution of 4 mM-K(o) after exposure to 0 K(o) produces a transient increase in outward current. Similarly, during exposure to 0 K(o) the addition of activator cations also produces a transient increase of outward current. The ability of these ions to develop this outward transient current is correlated with their ability to remove the inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 0 K(o).7. The transient outward current produced by activator cations in 0 K(o) is blocked by strophanthidin (10(-5)M). We conclude that the outward current transient reflects activation of an electrogenic Na pump. Furthermore, we find that, as in other tissues, the activator cations can substitute for K(o) in activating the Na-K pump.8. The reversal of inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 0 K(o) by activator cations indicates that such effects result from Na pump blockade. No additional explanation (e.g. Ca/K exchange) need be invoked.", "contents": "The role of the sodium pump in the effects of potassium-depleted solutions on mammalian cardiac muscle. 1. Mammalian Purkinje fibres and ventricular muscle are significantly affected by exposure to low K solutions (Eisner & Lederer, 1979). Such exposure produces two classes of effects. ;Early' effects, developing over tens of seconds include (in ventricular muscle) a more negative resting potential and a lengthening of the action potential. In Purkinje fibres the principal ;early' effect is a decrease in slope conductance. ;Late' effects develop over minutes. In ventricular muscle such effects include a shortening of the action potential, an increase in twitch and tonic tension, and the development of transient depolarizations and aftercontractions. The late effects in Purkinje fibres are the increase in twitch tension and voltage dependent tonic tension, the development of transient depolarizations and the underlying oscillatory transient inward currents, the appearance of aftercontractions accompanying the transient depolarizations or transient inward currents, and the development of a slow ;creep' in both current and tension.2. The rate of development of early effects is consistent with the time taken to change the bathing K concentration, K(o). However the time course of onset of the late effects (including the positive inotropy) is too slow to be explained by the time taken to change K(o).3. The late effects of reducing K(o) from 4 to 0 mM can be prevented by including appropriate concentrations of the activator cations of the Na pump (Tl, Rb, Cs, NH(4) or Li) in the 0 K(o) bathing solution. Similarly the late effects of 0 K(o), once established, can be reversed by adding these cations to the 0 K(o) superfusing solution.4. The order of potency of these cations to remove the effects of 0 K(o) was found to be: Tl > K approximately Rb > NH(4) approximately Cs > Li. This is similar to the order of efficacy shown to activate the external K site of the Na pump in nerve and other tissue (Rang & Ritchie, 1968).5. Strophanthidin (10(-5)M) produces qualitatively similar electrical and mechanical effects as those seen in 0 K(o). However, the effects of strophanthidin are not reversed by the activator cations. Furthermore, in the presence of strophanthidin (10(-5)M), these cations do not reverse the effects of 0 K(o).6. In voltage-clamped Purkinje fibres, returning to a solution of 4 mM-K(o) after exposure to 0 K(o) produces a transient increase in outward current. Similarly, during exposure to 0 K(o) the addition of activator cations also produces a transient increase of outward current. The ability of these ions to develop this outward transient current is correlated with their ability to remove the inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 0 K(o).7. The transient outward current produced by activator cations in 0 K(o) is blocked by strophanthidin (10(-5)M). We conclude that the outward current transient reflects activation of an electrogenic Na pump. Furthermore, we find that, as in other tissues, the activator cations can substitute for K(o) in activating the Na-K pump.8. The reversal of inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of 0 K(o) by activator cations indicates that such effects result from Na pump blockade. No additional explanation (e.g. Ca/K exchange) need be invoked.", "PMID": 512947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10043", "title": "Effect of thumb anaesthesia on weight perception, muscle activity and the stretch reflex in man.", "content": "1. We have confirmed the results of Gandevia & McCloskey (1977) on the effect of thumb anaesthesia on perception of weights lifted by the thumb. Weights lifted by flexion feel heavier and weights lifted by extension feel lighter. 2. The change in size of the long-latency stretch reflex in flexor pollicis longus or extensor pollicis longus after thumb anaesthesia cannot explain the effect on weight perception by removal or augmentation of the background servo assistance to muscular contraction. 3. During smooth thumb flexion, thumb anaesthesia increases e.m.g. activity in flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus for any given opposing torque. 4. During smooth thumb extension the opposite occurs: e.m.g. activity in both extensor and flexor pollicis longus decreases. 5. Clamping the thumb at the proximal phalanx to limit movement solely to the interphalangeal joint reduces or abolishes the effect of anaesthesia on both weight perception and e.m.g. activity during both flexion or extension tasks. 6. Gandevia & McCloskey's findings on the distorting effects of thumb anaesthesia on weight perception cannot be used to support the hypothesis of an efferent monitoring system of the sense of effort. Our results emphasize the close functional relationship between cutaneous and joint afferent information and motor control.", "contents": "Effect of thumb anaesthesia on weight perception, muscle activity and the stretch reflex in man. 1. We have confirmed the results of Gandevia & McCloskey (1977) on the effect of thumb anaesthesia on perception of weights lifted by the thumb. Weights lifted by flexion feel heavier and weights lifted by extension feel lighter. 2. The change in size of the long-latency stretch reflex in flexor pollicis longus or extensor pollicis longus after thumb anaesthesia cannot explain the effect on weight perception by removal or augmentation of the background servo assistance to muscular contraction. 3. During smooth thumb flexion, thumb anaesthesia increases e.m.g. activity in flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus for any given opposing torque. 4. During smooth thumb extension the opposite occurs: e.m.g. activity in both extensor and flexor pollicis longus decreases. 5. Clamping the thumb at the proximal phalanx to limit movement solely to the interphalangeal joint reduces or abolishes the effect of anaesthesia on both weight perception and e.m.g. activity during both flexion or extension tasks. 6. Gandevia & McCloskey's findings on the distorting effects of thumb anaesthesia on weight perception cannot be used to support the hypothesis of an efferent monitoring system of the sense of effort. Our results emphasize the close functional relationship between cutaneous and joint afferent information and motor control.", "PMID": 512948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10044", "title": "Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.", "content": "1. In response to an auditory stimulus normal subjects made ballistic flexion movements of the top joint of the thumb against a lever attached to the spindle of a low-inertia electric motor. 2. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity was recorded from pairs of fine wire electrodes inserted into flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus, respectively the sole flexor and extensor of the joint. 3. Movements of 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees were made from initial angles of 10 degrees, 20 degrees and 30 degrees flexion against torques of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 Nm. 4. The e.m.g. activity initiating such movements was characterized by a 'triphasic' pattern of sequential bursts of activity in the agonist (flexor pollicis longus), then in the antagonist (extensor pollicis longus), and then in the agonist again. 5. The duration of the first agonist and first antagonist bursts ranged from about 50 to 90 ms and there was no significant change of burst length in the different mechanical conditions. 6. In movements of differing angular distance, the rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst could be correlated with the distance moved. The rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first antagonist burst could not be correlated with the distance moved. 7. Responses of the muscles to perturbations either before or during the ballistic movements were studied. Current in the motor could be altered so to extend the thumb ('stretch'), to allow it to accelerate ('release'), or to prevent further movement ('halt'). 8. Suitably timed stretch increased the e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst while release decreased it. 9. There was a small response of the agonist to stretch or halt timed to act during the interval between the first two agonist bursts; the major response was an augmentation of the second agonist burst. 10. Stretch, timed to act between the first two agonist bursts which released the antagonist, diminished the activity of the first antagonist burst while halt virtually eradicated it in all but one subject. Release, at this time, which stretched the antagonist, increased the activity of the first antagonist burst. 11. It is concluded that the individual components of a ballistic movement are relatively fixed in duration and the amount of e.m.g. activity is altered within this time interval to produce the different forces required for fast movements of different amplitude. 12. Both agonist and antagonist muscles remain under some feed-back control during the entire course of a ballistic movement, but the amount of influence of fedd-back depends on the supraspinal command signal and the changes in the spindle during the course of the movement.", "contents": "Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb. 1. In response to an auditory stimulus normal subjects made ballistic flexion movements of the top joint of the thumb against a lever attached to the spindle of a low-inertia electric motor. 2. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity was recorded from pairs of fine wire electrodes inserted into flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus, respectively the sole flexor and extensor of the joint. 3. Movements of 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees were made from initial angles of 10 degrees, 20 degrees and 30 degrees flexion against torques of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 Nm. 4. The e.m.g. activity initiating such movements was characterized by a 'triphasic' pattern of sequential bursts of activity in the agonist (flexor pollicis longus), then in the antagonist (extensor pollicis longus), and then in the agonist again. 5. The duration of the first agonist and first antagonist bursts ranged from about 50 to 90 ms and there was no significant change of burst length in the different mechanical conditions. 6. In movements of differing angular distance, the rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst could be correlated with the distance moved. The rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first antagonist burst could not be correlated with the distance moved. 7. Responses of the muscles to perturbations either before or during the ballistic movements were studied. Current in the motor could be altered so to extend the thumb ('stretch'), to allow it to accelerate ('release'), or to prevent further movement ('halt'). 8. Suitably timed stretch increased the e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst while release decreased it. 9. There was a small response of the agonist to stretch or halt timed to act during the interval between the first two agonist bursts; the major response was an augmentation of the second agonist burst. 10. Stretch, timed to act between the first two agonist bursts which released the antagonist, diminished the activity of the first antagonist burst while halt virtually eradicated it in all but one subject. Release, at this time, which stretched the antagonist, increased the activity of the first antagonist burst. 11. It is concluded that the individual components of a ballistic movement are relatively fixed in duration and the amount of e.m.g. activity is altered within this time interval to produce the different forces required for fast movements of different amplitude. 12. Both agonist and antagonist muscles remain under some feed-back control during the entire course of a ballistic movement, but the amount of influence of fedd-back depends on the supraspinal command signal and the changes in the spindle during the course of the movement.", "PMID": 512949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10045", "title": "Neural mechanisms of reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility to stimulation of various skin areas in rats.", "content": "1. Experiments were performed on chloralose-urethane anaesthetized rats to determine the involvement of extrinsic gastric autonomic nerves in reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility when mechanical nociceptive stimulation was delivered to either hind paw or abdominal skin, respectively. 2. After bilaterally sectioning the splanchnic nerves in vagal intact animals, the reflex facilitation of gastric motility produced by hind paw stimulation persisted, but the reflex inhibition previously produced by abdominal skin stimulation disappeared. 3. Hind paw stimulation increased efferent activity of the gastric branch of the vagus nerve, but stimulation of abdominal skin had little influence. 4. Bilateral vagotomy in splanchnic nerve intact animals did not influence the gastric reflex inhibition by abdominal skin stimulation, but either abolished gastric reflex facilitation produced by hind paw stimulation or reversed the reflex facilitation response to slight reflex inhibition. 5. Efferent activity of the gastric sympathetic nerve was greatly increased by abdominal skin stimulation, and was either slightly increased or not influenced by hind paw stimulation. 6. It was concluded that reflex increase of efferent activity of the gastric vagi was responsible for the gastric motility facilitation produced by hind paw stimulation, and also that reflexly increased efferent activity of the gastric sympathetic nerves resulted in gastric motility inhibition produced by abdominal skin stimulation. It is suggested efferents are inhibitory. 7. After spinal transection at the cervical level, the reflex facilitation of gastric motility previously produced by stimulation of a hind paw was completely abolished, or reversed to slight reflex inhibition, while reflex inhibition of gastric motility produced by stimulation of abdominal skin remained. It was concluded that the gastric reflex inhibition was a spinal reflex. 8. Interaction between reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility during simultaneous stimulation of both hind paws and abdominal skin was observed as partial cancellation of each effect by the other. However, sympathetic reflex inhibition of gastric motility seemed to be much stronger than the vagal reflex facilitatory effect.", "contents": "Neural mechanisms of reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility to stimulation of various skin areas in rats. 1. Experiments were performed on chloralose-urethane anaesthetized rats to determine the involvement of extrinsic gastric autonomic nerves in reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility when mechanical nociceptive stimulation was delivered to either hind paw or abdominal skin, respectively. 2. After bilaterally sectioning the splanchnic nerves in vagal intact animals, the reflex facilitation of gastric motility produced by hind paw stimulation persisted, but the reflex inhibition previously produced by abdominal skin stimulation disappeared. 3. Hind paw stimulation increased efferent activity of the gastric branch of the vagus nerve, but stimulation of abdominal skin had little influence. 4. Bilateral vagotomy in splanchnic nerve intact animals did not influence the gastric reflex inhibition by abdominal skin stimulation, but either abolished gastric reflex facilitation produced by hind paw stimulation or reversed the reflex facilitation response to slight reflex inhibition. 5. Efferent activity of the gastric sympathetic nerve was greatly increased by abdominal skin stimulation, and was either slightly increased or not influenced by hind paw stimulation. 6. It was concluded that reflex increase of efferent activity of the gastric vagi was responsible for the gastric motility facilitation produced by hind paw stimulation, and also that reflexly increased efferent activity of the gastric sympathetic nerves resulted in gastric motility inhibition produced by abdominal skin stimulation. It is suggested efferents are inhibitory. 7. After spinal transection at the cervical level, the reflex facilitation of gastric motility previously produced by stimulation of a hind paw was completely abolished, or reversed to slight reflex inhibition, while reflex inhibition of gastric motility produced by stimulation of abdominal skin remained. It was concluded that the gastric reflex inhibition was a spinal reflex. 8. Interaction between reflex facilitation and inhibition of gastric motility during simultaneous stimulation of both hind paws and abdominal skin was observed as partial cancellation of each effect by the other. However, sympathetic reflex inhibition of gastric motility seemed to be much stronger than the vagal reflex facilitatory effect.", "PMID": 512950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10046", "title": "Calcium channels in the high resistivity axonal membrane of photoreceptors of the giant barnacle.", "content": "1. The distribution of calcium channels in the cell membrane of the photoreceptor neurone of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, was studied by recording intracellularly in or near the soma, in the axon, and near the presynaptic terminals. The membrane properties of these different regions of the cell could be studied by separately superfusing each region with test salines or by cutting the axon between two regions. 2. In the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 3-aminopyridine (3-AP), but not in their absence, Ca dependent action potentials could be evoked with depolarizing current pulses in the somatic, axonal, and terminal regions. Consequently, voltage-sensitive Ca channels and TEA-sensitive channels are present in all three regions of the cell. 3. The action potentials recorded from the three regions were similar in their slow times-to-peak (30-300 msec), long durations (0.2-2 sec in 100 mM-TEA), and long-lasting (0.2-10 sec) undershoots. The action potentials were inhibited by extracellular Co. 4. Clear differences were consistently observed between terminal action potentials and axonal or somatic action potentials in TEA. Terminal action potentials displayed a lower voltage threshold, faster rate of rise, and were less sensitive to inhibition by extracellular cobalt, suggesting that the Ca current is greater in the terminal region. 5. Bathing the receptor axon in low Ca or Co solutions led to a greater attenuation of large depolarizing components of the visual signal as they spread to the presynaptic terminals.", "contents": "Calcium channels in the high resistivity axonal membrane of photoreceptors of the giant barnacle. 1. The distribution of calcium channels in the cell membrane of the photoreceptor neurone of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, was studied by recording intracellularly in or near the soma, in the axon, and near the presynaptic terminals. The membrane properties of these different regions of the cell could be studied by separately superfusing each region with test salines or by cutting the axon between two regions. 2. In the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 3-aminopyridine (3-AP), but not in their absence, Ca dependent action potentials could be evoked with depolarizing current pulses in the somatic, axonal, and terminal regions. Consequently, voltage-sensitive Ca channels and TEA-sensitive channels are present in all three regions of the cell. 3. The action potentials recorded from the three regions were similar in their slow times-to-peak (30-300 msec), long durations (0.2-2 sec in 100 mM-TEA), and long-lasting (0.2-10 sec) undershoots. The action potentials were inhibited by extracellular Co. 4. Clear differences were consistently observed between terminal action potentials and axonal or somatic action potentials in TEA. Terminal action potentials displayed a lower voltage threshold, faster rate of rise, and were less sensitive to inhibition by extracellular cobalt, suggesting that the Ca current is greater in the terminal region. 5. Bathing the receptor axon in low Ca or Co solutions led to a greater attenuation of large depolarizing components of the visual signal as they spread to the presynaptic terminals.", "PMID": 512951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10047", "title": "Characteristics of the anion channel in the sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit.", "content": "1. The anion permeability of the sino-atrial node cell membranes was determined by substituting various anions for Cl and observing the resultant transient changes in membrane potential. The permeability sequence was found to be in the following order: thiocyanate greater than NO3 greater than I Br greater than Cl greater than acetate. 2. The membrane resistance in Cl solution was compared with that in various anion solutions by the voltage-clamp method. The conductance sequence for the sino-atrial node cell membrane was observed to be the same as the permeability sequence. 3 The potential generated by the Na-K pump was partly short-circuited in normal bathing solution, and thus the pump could be responsible in part for the generation of the sin-atrial node resting membrane potential. 4 When Cl was replaced by acetate, a less permeable ion, the inward-going rectification disappeared. Thus, the inward-going rectification might be due partly to a time- and voltage-dependent Cl current.", "contents": "Characteristics of the anion channel in the sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit. 1. The anion permeability of the sino-atrial node cell membranes was determined by substituting various anions for Cl and observing the resultant transient changes in membrane potential. The permeability sequence was found to be in the following order: thiocyanate greater than NO3 greater than I Br greater than Cl greater than acetate. 2. The membrane resistance in Cl solution was compared with that in various anion solutions by the voltage-clamp method. The conductance sequence for the sino-atrial node cell membrane was observed to be the same as the permeability sequence. 3 The potential generated by the Na-K pump was partly short-circuited in normal bathing solution, and thus the pump could be responsible in part for the generation of the sin-atrial node resting membrane potential. 4 When Cl was replaced by acetate, a less permeable ion, the inward-going rectification disappeared. Thus, the inward-going rectification might be due partly to a time- and voltage-dependent Cl current.", "PMID": 512952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10048", "title": "Open-circuit sodium and chloride fluxes across isolated opercular epithelia from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "1. The Na+ and Cl- fluxes across opercular epithelia from sea water-adapted Fundulus heteroclitus were measured in vitro under open-circuit conditions while bathed on the mucosa with sea water and the serosa with Ringer solution. 2. The mean predicted Na+ flux ratio was 0.94 +/- 0.08 and the observed ratio was 1.14 +/- 0.12 (n = 15; mean +/- S.E. of mean). The difference in these means was not significant (P greater than 0.20). The mean predicted Cl- flux ratio was 11.4 +/- 0.9 and the mean observed ratio was 1.38 +/- 0.27 (n = 10). The difference in these means was significant (P less than 0.001). 3. Ouabain, at 10(-6) M in the serosal solution, produced a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the Na+ efflux while having no significant (P greater than 0.40) effect on the Na+ influx. The agreement between the predicted (1.70 +/- 0.14) and observed (1.72 +/- 0.18) Na+ flux ratios after ouabain treatment suggested that this effect could be completely attributed to the depolarization of the epithelium secondary to ATPase inhibition. 4. beta-adrenergic activation by isoprenaline stimulated the Cl- efflux 24.2% and alpha-adrenergic activation by noradrenaline inhibited the Cl- efflux 66.5%. These changes occurred oppositely to those predicted by the changes in the electrical gradient produced by these agents, while the changes in the Cl- influxes corresponded to the electrical changes. Short-circuit experiments confirmed these effects on the Cl- efflux and the lack of effects on the Cl- influx. 5. The results suggested that Na+ was near theromodynamic equilibrium and that the unidirectional fluxes were passive. The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic activation suggested that the active Cl- secretion may be antagonistically regulated by catecholamines.", "contents": "Open-circuit sodium and chloride fluxes across isolated opercular epithelia from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. 1. The Na+ and Cl- fluxes across opercular epithelia from sea water-adapted Fundulus heteroclitus were measured in vitro under open-circuit conditions while bathed on the mucosa with sea water and the serosa with Ringer solution. 2. The mean predicted Na+ flux ratio was 0.94 +/- 0.08 and the observed ratio was 1.14 +/- 0.12 (n = 15; mean +/- S.E. of mean). The difference in these means was not significant (P greater than 0.20). The mean predicted Cl- flux ratio was 11.4 +/- 0.9 and the mean observed ratio was 1.38 +/- 0.27 (n = 10). The difference in these means was significant (P less than 0.001). 3. Ouabain, at 10(-6) M in the serosal solution, produced a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the Na+ efflux while having no significant (P greater than 0.40) effect on the Na+ influx. The agreement between the predicted (1.70 +/- 0.14) and observed (1.72 +/- 0.18) Na+ flux ratios after ouabain treatment suggested that this effect could be completely attributed to the depolarization of the epithelium secondary to ATPase inhibition. 4. beta-adrenergic activation by isoprenaline stimulated the Cl- efflux 24.2% and alpha-adrenergic activation by noradrenaline inhibited the Cl- efflux 66.5%. These changes occurred oppositely to those predicted by the changes in the electrical gradient produced by these agents, while the changes in the Cl- influxes corresponded to the electrical changes. Short-circuit experiments confirmed these effects on the Cl- efflux and the lack of effects on the Cl- influx. 5. The results suggested that Na+ was near theromodynamic equilibrium and that the unidirectional fluxes were passive. The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic activation suggested that the active Cl- secretion may be antagonistically regulated by catecholamines.", "PMID": 512953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10049", "title": "Potassium depletion and sodium block of potassium currents under hyperpolarization in frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "1. A three-electrode voltage clamp method was used to investigate the mechanism of the fall in resting potassium permeability which occurs under extreme hyperpolarization in frog sartorius muscle fibres. 2. Experiments were performed which show that this permeability change is due to a potential dependent block by Na+ ions present in the external solution. 3. Inward K-currents recorded on hyperpolarization turned off exponentially with time. In the presence of Na the steady-state current-voltage relation had a region of negative slope beyond -140 mV. This negative-slope region was removed when Na was replaced by TMA, Tris or Li. Increasing [Na] to 140 mM shifted the negative-slope region to less negative membrane potentials; reducing [Na] to 14 mM shifted the region to more negative potentials. 4. The time constant for the turn-off of the currents (tau) was the same in Na and TMA-containing solutions at  membrane potentials positive to -140 mV. At more negative membrane potentials the tau s in Na became progressively shorter than those in TMA. Increasing [Na] to 140 mM (from 70 mM) gave smaller tau s at all potentials. 5. If fibres were hyperpolarized to -240 mV and then repolarized to -160 mV in 70 mM-Na the current recorded during the second pulse turned on with time, often reaching a value greater than that at the end of the first pulse. This behaviour was removed when Na was replaced by TMA or Tris. 6. An estimate of the steady-state relationship between the degree of block and membrane potential was obtained, and could be fitted by an expression for a potential-dependent ionic block with a very low affinity binding site for Na+ in the membrane. 7. The recovery after hyperpolarization of K-currents at the holding potential was examined in two-pulse experiments. In 70 mM-TMA recovery occurred at the same rate whether the initial hyperpolarization was to -120 or to -210 mV. In 70 mM-Na recovery after an initial pulse to -120 mV occurred at the same rate as in TMA, but recovery after a pulse to -210 mV occurred about 9 times faster. These results are consistent with depletion of K from the lumen of the T-system dominating the turn-off of K currents in TMA and in Na for the hyperpolarization to -120 mV, but a different mechanism being involved for the -120 mV pulse in Na. 8. A three-compartment model is presented which attempts to describe the depletion of K from the T-system. The model accurately predicts the time-course for the decline of inward K-currents, both in 10 and 80 mM-K solutions.", "contents": "Potassium depletion and sodium block of potassium currents under hyperpolarization in frog sartorius muscle. 1. A three-electrode voltage clamp method was used to investigate the mechanism of the fall in resting potassium permeability which occurs under extreme hyperpolarization in frog sartorius muscle fibres. 2. Experiments were performed which show that this permeability change is due to a potential dependent block by Na+ ions present in the external solution. 3. Inward K-currents recorded on hyperpolarization turned off exponentially with time. In the presence of Na the steady-state current-voltage relation had a region of negative slope beyond -140 mV. This negative-slope region was removed when Na was replaced by TMA, Tris or Li. Increasing [Na] to 140 mM shifted the negative-slope region to less negative membrane potentials; reducing [Na] to 14 mM shifted the region to more negative potentials. 4. The time constant for the turn-off of the currents (tau) was the same in Na and TMA-containing solutions at  membrane potentials positive to -140 mV. At more negative membrane potentials the tau s in Na became progressively shorter than those in TMA. Increasing [Na] to 140 mM (from 70 mM) gave smaller tau s at all potentials. 5. If fibres were hyperpolarized to -240 mV and then repolarized to -160 mV in 70 mM-Na the current recorded during the second pulse turned on with time, often reaching a value greater than that at the end of the first pulse. This behaviour was removed when Na was replaced by TMA or Tris. 6. An estimate of the steady-state relationship between the degree of block and membrane potential was obtained, and could be fitted by an expression for a potential-dependent ionic block with a very low affinity binding site for Na+ in the membrane. 7. The recovery after hyperpolarization of K-currents at the holding potential was examined in two-pulse experiments. In 70 mM-TMA recovery occurred at the same rate whether the initial hyperpolarization was to -120 or to -210 mV. In 70 mM-Na recovery after an initial pulse to -120 mV occurred at the same rate as in TMA, but recovery after a pulse to -210 mV occurred about 9 times faster. These results are consistent with depletion of K from the lumen of the T-system dominating the turn-off of K currents in TMA and in Na for the hyperpolarization to -120 mV, but a different mechanism being involved for the -120 mV pulse in Na. 8. A three-compartment model is presented which attempts to describe the depletion of K from the T-system. The model accurately predicts the time-course for the decline of inward K-currents, both in 10 and 80 mM-K solutions.", "PMID": 512954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10050", "title": "The action of acetylcholine and catecholamines on an intracellular calcium store in the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "1. The role of an intracellular Ca store in excitation-contraction coupling was studied by recording isometric tension development of thin strips (100-150 micron in diameter) of taenia coli incubated in Ca-free solution containing 2 mM-EGTA. 2. The smooth muscle cells of taenia coli do not contract during exposure to a K+-rich and Ca-free solution. However a contractile response can be elicited by acetylcholine or carbachol at concentrations exceeding 10(-6) M. These contractions are probably induced by a release of intracellular Ca. Ca is also released from the same store, although less effectively, by histamine and caffeine. 3. The amount Ca in the intracellular store, as revealed by the magnitude of the carbachol contraction in Ca-free solution, increases after contractions have been induced by high (K+)0 or by solutions containing low concentrations of carbachol. This contraction amplitude decreases after stimulation with a high concentration of carbachol. The amount of Ca in the filled store is sufficient for a near-maximal contraction. 4. The activation of beta-receptors during a K+-depolarization reduces the height of the contracture and induces a carbachol response in Ca-free solution which is higher than that obtained after a preceding K+ depolarization without isoprenaline. This observation indicates that an increased uptake of Ca into the carbachol-sensitive store contributes to the relaxing effect of beta-agonists. 5. In the tissues which have been loaded with 45Ca in a K+-depolarizing solution, a release of Ca into Ca-free solution is observed when the muscle is stimulated with carbachol, but not when it is stimulated with Ca-free high K+. The release is larger when isoprenaline was present during the loading with 45Ca. 6. The removal of Na+ from the solution exerts a complex and unexplained action on the Ca store. Substitution of Na+ by Tris+ and by K+ have similar effects. 7. It is concluded that the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli have an intracellular store of Ca which participates in excitation-contraction coupling. The store is sensitive to muscarinic agonists, beta-agonists and monovalent ions, but is not affected by depolarization of the outer membrane.", "contents": "The action of acetylcholine and catecholamines on an intracellular calcium store in the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli. 1. The role of an intracellular Ca store in excitation-contraction coupling was studied by recording isometric tension development of thin strips (100-150 micron in diameter) of taenia coli incubated in Ca-free solution containing 2 mM-EGTA. 2. The smooth muscle cells of taenia coli do not contract during exposure to a K+-rich and Ca-free solution. However a contractile response can be elicited by acetylcholine or carbachol at concentrations exceeding 10(-6) M. These contractions are probably induced by a release of intracellular Ca. Ca is also released from the same store, although less effectively, by histamine and caffeine. 3. The amount Ca in the intracellular store, as revealed by the magnitude of the carbachol contraction in Ca-free solution, increases after contractions have been induced by high (K+)0 or by solutions containing low concentrations of carbachol. This contraction amplitude decreases after stimulation with a high concentration of carbachol. The amount of Ca in the filled store is sufficient for a near-maximal contraction. 4. The activation of beta-receptors during a K+-depolarization reduces the height of the contracture and induces a carbachol response in Ca-free solution which is higher than that obtained after a preceding K+ depolarization without isoprenaline. This observation indicates that an increased uptake of Ca into the carbachol-sensitive store contributes to the relaxing effect of beta-agonists. 5. In the tissues which have been loaded with 45Ca in a K+-depolarizing solution, a release of Ca into Ca-free solution is observed when the muscle is stimulated with carbachol, but not when it is stimulated with Ca-free high K+. The release is larger when isoprenaline was present during the loading with 45Ca. 6. The removal of Na+ from the solution exerts a complex and unexplained action on the Ca store. Substitution of Na+ by Tris+ and by K+ have similar effects. 7. It is concluded that the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli have an intracellular store of Ca which participates in excitation-contraction coupling. The store is sensitive to muscarinic agonists, beta-agonists and monovalent ions, but is not affected by depolarization of the outer membrane.", "PMID": 512955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10051", "title": "Bicarbonate exchange through the human red cell membrane determined with [14C] bicarbonate.", "content": "1. Bicarbonate transport across human red cell membranes was studied between 0 and 10 degrees C at alkaline pH values by determining the efflux of 14C-labelled bicarbonate from resealed erythrocyte ghosts. Transfer of labelled CO2 was eliminated as a source of error, when formation of intracellular 14CO2 was inhibited with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The study showed that there are no fundamental differences between the characteristics of bicarbonate and of chloride self-exchange as has been inferred from previous studies of chloride-bicarbonate exchange. 2. Efflux of radioactivity could be reduced more than 99% by reversible and irreversible inhibitors of anion transport. Inhibition of both chloride and bicarbonate self-exchange was linearly related to the binding of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to the membranes. Complete (i.e. greater than 99%) inhibition was obtained after binding of 1.2 x 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell. 3. Bicarbonate self-exchange proved a saturable function of bicarbonate concentration, with a maximum at external and internal concentrations of approximately 100 mM, showing self-depression at higher bicarbonate concentrations, and half-maximum exchange flux at a concentration of 10 mM. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the exchange mechanism has two anion binding sites, one mediating ion transport and the other causing transport inhibition. 4. Maximum exchange flux of bicarbonate was about 30% larger thant that of chloride, and the affinity of bicarbonate for the transport site was about three times larger than that of chloride. The apparent activation energy of bicarbonate exchange was 28 kcal/mole, the same order of magnitude as found for other inorganic anions between 0 and 10 degrees C. 5. The ability of other inorganic anions to exchange with bicarbonate decreased in the sequence Cl greater than NO3 greater than F greater than Br greater than or equal to I, corresponding to the sequence of the rate of self-exchange of halides. 6. Counter-transport of bicarbonate could be driven by a chloride gradient, when ghosts containing KCl were suspended in a medium containing traces of labelled bicarbonate in addition to a non-permeating anion. Concentration ratios (ci/co) up to about 1000 could be obtained. 7. It is concluded that bicarbonate is transported by the inorganic anion exchange mechanism of the erythrocyte membrane. The slight differences between the exchange kinetics of chloride and bicarbonate were explained by differing affinities of the two anions for the two anion binding sites of the transport system.", "contents": "Bicarbonate exchange through the human red cell membrane determined with [14C] bicarbonate. 1. Bicarbonate transport across human red cell membranes was studied between 0 and 10 degrees C at alkaline pH values by determining the efflux of 14C-labelled bicarbonate from resealed erythrocyte ghosts. Transfer of labelled CO2 was eliminated as a source of error, when formation of intracellular 14CO2 was inhibited with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The study showed that there are no fundamental differences between the characteristics of bicarbonate and of chloride self-exchange as has been inferred from previous studies of chloride-bicarbonate exchange. 2. Efflux of radioactivity could be reduced more than 99% by reversible and irreversible inhibitors of anion transport. Inhibition of both chloride and bicarbonate self-exchange was linearly related to the binding of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to the membranes. Complete (i.e. greater than 99%) inhibition was obtained after binding of 1.2 x 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell. 3. Bicarbonate self-exchange proved a saturable function of bicarbonate concentration, with a maximum at external and internal concentrations of approximately 100 mM, showing self-depression at higher bicarbonate concentrations, and half-maximum exchange flux at a concentration of 10 mM. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the exchange mechanism has two anion binding sites, one mediating ion transport and the other causing transport inhibition. 4. Maximum exchange flux of bicarbonate was about 30% larger thant that of chloride, and the affinity of bicarbonate for the transport site was about three times larger than that of chloride. The apparent activation energy of bicarbonate exchange was 28 kcal/mole, the same order of magnitude as found for other inorganic anions between 0 and 10 degrees C. 5. The ability of other inorganic anions to exchange with bicarbonate decreased in the sequence Cl greater than NO3 greater than F greater than Br greater than or equal to I, corresponding to the sequence of the rate of self-exchange of halides. 6. Counter-transport of bicarbonate could be driven by a chloride gradient, when ghosts containing KCl were suspended in a medium containing traces of labelled bicarbonate in addition to a non-permeating anion. Concentration ratios (ci/co) up to about 1000 could be obtained. 7. It is concluded that bicarbonate is transported by the inorganic anion exchange mechanism of the erythrocyte membrane. The slight differences between the exchange kinetics of chloride and bicarbonate were explained by differing affinities of the two anions for the two anion binding sites of the transport system.", "PMID": 512956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10052", "title": "Hypothalamic thermo-responsive neurones in the new-born rat.", "content": "1. Single unit activities were recorded from the neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of developing new-born rats (aged 1-24 days old) during thermal stimulation of the brain. During the first 2 weeks of life, about 80% of these neurones had low spontaneous firing rates between 0.1 and 5 impulses/sec at 38 degrees C hypothalamic temperature (Thyp). 2. Out of 640 units studied, 118 units increased the firing rate upon elevation of Thyp (warm-units) and fourteen showed the opposite type of response to temperature changes (cold-units). Warm-units were found in the rats of all the age span studied and cold-units were recorded in the rats more than 8 days old. 3. Thermal coefficients of warm-units and cold-units varied between +0.11 and +2.47 and between -0.10 and -0.49 impulses/sec, degrees C, respectively. Number of warm-units with higher rates of firing and greater thermal coefficients, comparable to those of warm-units in the adult, gradually increased with growth. The thermal responsiveness of warm-units, when expressed by Q10, are already high even in the immediate neonatal period. Their Q10 values were in the range between 2 and 38.5 (mean 6.4). 4. Units responding to extrahypothalamic temperatures were only found in the rats more than 14 days old. 5. All the six warm-units tested increased the firing rates following subcutaneous injections of capsaicin, while the majority of thermo-unresponsive units were not affected by this drug. 6. It is suggested that thermo-responsive neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus in the new-born rat have attained some degree of electrophysiological maturity, despite their slowly firing characteristics.", "contents": "Hypothalamic thermo-responsive neurones in the new-born rat. 1. Single unit activities were recorded from the neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of developing new-born rats (aged 1-24 days old) during thermal stimulation of the brain. During the first 2 weeks of life, about 80% of these neurones had low spontaneous firing rates between 0.1 and 5 impulses/sec at 38 degrees C hypothalamic temperature (Thyp). 2. Out of 640 units studied, 118 units increased the firing rate upon elevation of Thyp (warm-units) and fourteen showed the opposite type of response to temperature changes (cold-units). Warm-units were found in the rats of all the age span studied and cold-units were recorded in the rats more than 8 days old. 3. Thermal coefficients of warm-units and cold-units varied between +0.11 and +2.47 and between -0.10 and -0.49 impulses/sec, degrees C, respectively. Number of warm-units with higher rates of firing and greater thermal coefficients, comparable to those of warm-units in the adult, gradually increased with growth. The thermal responsiveness of warm-units, when expressed by Q10, are already high even in the immediate neonatal period. Their Q10 values were in the range between 2 and 38.5 (mean 6.4). 4. Units responding to extrahypothalamic temperatures were only found in the rats more than 14 days old. 5. All the six warm-units tested increased the firing rates following subcutaneous injections of capsaicin, while the majority of thermo-unresponsive units were not affected by this drug. 6. It is suggested that thermo-responsive neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus in the new-born rat have attained some degree of electrophysiological maturity, despite their slowly firing characteristics.", "PMID": 512957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10053", "title": "Effects of dark adaptation on spatial and temporal properties of receptive fields in cat lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "1. We studied the effect of dark adaptation on the spatial organization of receptive fields of single cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus l.g.n. of the cat. 2. Contrary to previous reports, we found that in many l.g.n. cells the ability of the receptive field surround to suppress the response of the centre was diminished following dark adaptation. 3. The degree of reduction of the surround antagonistic strength varied from cell to cell, and was independent of the various classifications of visual neurones (X/Y, ON/OFF, layer, A/layer, A1 and central/peripheral). 4. Most cells also showed an increase in the apparent size of the excitatory centre upon dark adaptation. On the average, the width of the most effective bar stimulus located at the centre of the receptive field increased more than twofold. 5. We also studied the effect of dark adaptation on the temporal properties of l.g.n. receptive fields. In many cells dark adaptation changed the temporal modulation transfer function: it flattened the amplitude function, and changed the phase relationship between the centre response and the surround response. 6. Retinal ganglion cells showed qualitatively similar behaviour to that of l.g.n. neurones. 7. Our data do not support the notion that retinal ganglion cell centres converge on l.g.n. cells to form their surround mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of dark adaptation on spatial and temporal properties of receptive fields in cat lateral geniculate nucleus. 1. We studied the effect of dark adaptation on the spatial organization of receptive fields of single cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus l.g.n. of the cat. 2. Contrary to previous reports, we found that in many l.g.n. cells the ability of the receptive field surround to suppress the response of the centre was diminished following dark adaptation. 3. The degree of reduction of the surround antagonistic strength varied from cell to cell, and was independent of the various classifications of visual neurones (X/Y, ON/OFF, layer, A/layer, A1 and central/peripheral). 4. Most cells also showed an increase in the apparent size of the excitatory centre upon dark adaptation. On the average, the width of the most effective bar stimulus located at the centre of the receptive field increased more than twofold. 5. We also studied the effect of dark adaptation on the temporal properties of l.g.n. receptive fields. In many cells dark adaptation changed the temporal modulation transfer function: it flattened the amplitude function, and changed the phase relationship between the centre response and the surround response. 6. Retinal ganglion cells showed qualitatively similar behaviour to that of l.g.n. neurones. 7. Our data do not support the notion that retinal ganglion cell centres converge on l.g.n. cells to form their surround mechanism.", "PMID": 512958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10054", "title": "Development of spinal reflexes in the rat fetus studied in vitro.", "content": "1. The onset and development of spinal reflex activity was investigated using the isolated spinal cord of the rat fetus. The potential changes generated in motoneurones were recorded extracellularly from L3 ventral roots. 2. A spike potential was recorded from the ventral root at embryonic day 13.5 in response to stimulation of the cord surface close to the ventral root. The discharge persisted in Ca2+-free solution but was blocked by tetrodotoxin. 3. At embryonic day 14.5, trans-synaptically evoked discharges were detected in motoneurones. 4. Stimulation of the dorsal root was first effective in eliciting reflex discharges at embryonic day 15.5. The reflex response then consisted of a prolonged depolarization upon which were superimposed small spikes, and was probably polysynaptic. 5. A spike potential, presumably a monosynaptic reflex, was generated at the end of fetal life. This discharge appeared first at embryonic day 17.5 in a primitive form. 6. Between embryonic day 16.5 and 17.5, stimulation of the dorsal root of diffferent segments (L1-L6) elicited responses similar to those induced by the corresponding (i.e. L3) dorsal root stimulation. These inter-segmentally induced responses were then reduced in size toward the birth. However, in the presence of strychnine, a train of spike discharges of similar shape to the segmentally induced response was also evoked by stimulation of the dorsal root at L4 or L5. These spikes disappeared during further post-natal development. 7. It is concluded that synapses in the segmental polysynaptic pathway become functional in a retrograde sequence with respect to the direction of normal reflex impulse flow. The reflex responses, elicited by stimulation of the dorsal roots of different segments, are suggested to be suppressed first by the development of inhibitory mechanisms and then by neuronal cell death or by elimination of the synapses responsible for generating the inter-segmental reflexes.", "contents": "Development of spinal reflexes in the rat fetus studied in vitro. 1. The onset and development of spinal reflex activity was investigated using the isolated spinal cord of the rat fetus. The potential changes generated in motoneurones were recorded extracellularly from L3 ventral roots. 2. A spike potential was recorded from the ventral root at embryonic day 13.5 in response to stimulation of the cord surface close to the ventral root. The discharge persisted in Ca2+-free solution but was blocked by tetrodotoxin. 3. At embryonic day 14.5, trans-synaptically evoked discharges were detected in motoneurones. 4. Stimulation of the dorsal root was first effective in eliciting reflex discharges at embryonic day 15.5. The reflex response then consisted of a prolonged depolarization upon which were superimposed small spikes, and was probably polysynaptic. 5. A spike potential, presumably a monosynaptic reflex, was generated at the end of fetal life. This discharge appeared first at embryonic day 17.5 in a primitive form. 6. Between embryonic day 16.5 and 17.5, stimulation of the dorsal root of diffferent segments (L1-L6) elicited responses similar to those induced by the corresponding (i.e. L3) dorsal root stimulation. These inter-segmentally induced responses were then reduced in size toward the birth. However, in the presence of strychnine, a train of spike discharges of similar shape to the segmentally induced response was also evoked by stimulation of the dorsal root at L4 or L5. These spikes disappeared during further post-natal development. 7. It is concluded that synapses in the segmental polysynaptic pathway become functional in a retrograde sequence with respect to the direction of normal reflex impulse flow. The reflex responses, elicited by stimulation of the dorsal roots of different segments, are suggested to be suppressed first by the development of inhibitory mechanisms and then by neuronal cell death or by elimination of the synapses responsible for generating the inter-segmental reflexes.", "PMID": 512959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10055", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine and catecholamines on the smooth muscle cell of the porcine coronary artery.", "content": "The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA) and isoprenaline (Isop) on the membrane and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells of the pig coronary artery were investigated by micro-electrode, double sucrose gap and isometric tension recording methods. (1) The mean membrane potential was -51.4 mV and the membrane was electrically quiescent. Application of outward current pulse generated a graded response. The current-voltage relationship was linear for application of inward current pulses. The length constant of the tissue was 0.67 mm and time constant of the membrane was 290 msec. The tissue possessed cable-like properties. (2) ACh (10(-10) to 10(-5) g/ml.) did not change the membrane potential and membrane resistance, but NA and Isop hyperpolarized the membrane and reduced the membrane resistance. These actions of catecholamines, presumably mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, were suppressed by propranolol but not phentolamine. (3) The minimum depolarization required to produce the contraction was 4 mV by excess extracellular K concentration and 6 mV by electrical displacement of the membrane potential. The amplitude of the contraction evoked by depolarization in excess K was consistently larger than that by the electrical displacement. The minimum concentration required to produce the contraction induced by ACh was 5 x 10(-9) g/ml. NA and Isop consistently suppressed the contraction evoked by excess extracellular K or by ACh. (4) When the tissue was immersed in Ca-free EGTA solution containing excess K or Ca-free EGTA Krebs solution, the time taken for Ca depletion from the intracellular store site was longer with depolarized membranes than that with polarized membranes. ACh evoked contraction, even after the tissue had lost the ability to produce contraction by excess extracellular K in Ca-free solution. (5) After the tissue had been immersed in Ca-free solution containing excess K for more than 4 hr, or Ca-free Krebs solution for more than 2 hr, application of Ca evoked the contraction. These effects of Ca were suppressed by application of catecholamines. The amplitudes of subsequent ACh-induced contraction in Ca-free excess K were not suppressed, while there was a suppression of the K-induced contraction in Ca-free Krebs solution. (6) It is concluded that the smooth muscle cell of the pig coronary artery possesses muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. The former mainly activates the mechanical response without affecting the surface membrane while the latter modifies both membrane and mechanical properties.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine and catecholamines on the smooth muscle cell of the porcine coronary artery. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA) and isoprenaline (Isop) on the membrane and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells of the pig coronary artery were investigated by micro-electrode, double sucrose gap and isometric tension recording methods. (1) The mean membrane potential was -51.4 mV and the membrane was electrically quiescent. Application of outward current pulse generated a graded response. The current-voltage relationship was linear for application of inward current pulses. The length constant of the tissue was 0.67 mm and time constant of the membrane was 290 msec. The tissue possessed cable-like properties. (2) ACh (10(-10) to 10(-5) g/ml.) did not change the membrane potential and membrane resistance, but NA and Isop hyperpolarized the membrane and reduced the membrane resistance. These actions of catecholamines, presumably mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, were suppressed by propranolol but not phentolamine. (3) The minimum depolarization required to produce the contraction was 4 mV by excess extracellular K concentration and 6 mV by electrical displacement of the membrane potential. The amplitude of the contraction evoked by depolarization in excess K was consistently larger than that by the electrical displacement. The minimum concentration required to produce the contraction induced by ACh was 5 x 10(-9) g/ml. NA and Isop consistently suppressed the contraction evoked by excess extracellular K or by ACh. (4) When the tissue was immersed in Ca-free EGTA solution containing excess K or Ca-free EGTA Krebs solution, the time taken for Ca depletion from the intracellular store site was longer with depolarized membranes than that with polarized membranes. ACh evoked contraction, even after the tissue had lost the ability to produce contraction by excess extracellular K in Ca-free solution. (5) After the tissue had been immersed in Ca-free solution containing excess K for more than 4 hr, or Ca-free Krebs solution for more than 2 hr, application of Ca evoked the contraction. These effects of Ca were suppressed by application of catecholamines. The amplitudes of subsequent ACh-induced contraction in Ca-free excess K were not suppressed, while there was a suppression of the K-induced contraction in Ca-free Krebs solution. (6) It is concluded that the smooth muscle cell of the pig coronary artery possesses muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. The former mainly activates the mechanical response without affecting the surface membrane while the latter modifies both membrane and mechanical properties.", "PMID": 512960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10056", "title": "Time- and voltage-dependent ionic components of the rod response.", "content": "1. The electrical properties of individual rods, physically isolated from the rod network, were measured in terms of the time course of response and voltage-current relations derived from current steps. Properties were measured in normal and altered bathing media designed to reveal the ionic basis for the time and voltage dependent properties of the rod response. 2. In normal media the rod membrane was strongly outward-rectifying with slope resistance near 100 M omega when hyperpolarized, but near 10 M omega when depolarized from a typical ambient level near 35 mV. The membrane become inward rectifying for hyperpolarizations beyond -95 mV, with slope resistance near 70 M omega. 3. The normal hyperpolarizing overshoot associated with the rod response was strongly potential dependent: the overshoot in response to a current step disappeared when the membrane was first depolarized or hyperpolarized by more than about 10 mV from the -35 mV ambient potential level. The decay from overshoot elicited either by current or light, could be approximated with a first order time constant of about 150 msec. 4. In the absence of sodium the peak-plateau sequence remained intact. Membrane resistance increased during transition to the plateau. The plateau became more hyperpolarized than the early phase during responses beyond -75 mV. These results indicate a time- and voltage-dependent conductance other than sodium contributes to the peak-plateau response, probably potassium. 5. Outward rectification was greatly reduced in the presence of 15 mM-TEA,  suggesting that it is mediated by potassium activation. 6. Inward rectification, and the associated transients near -95 mV were eliminated in the presence of 2 mM-caesium, suggesting that potassium conductance contributes to the time and voltage dependent inward rectification.", "contents": "Time- and voltage-dependent ionic components of the rod response. 1. The electrical properties of individual rods, physically isolated from the rod network, were measured in terms of the time course of response and voltage-current relations derived from current steps. Properties were measured in normal and altered bathing media designed to reveal the ionic basis for the time and voltage dependent properties of the rod response. 2. In normal media the rod membrane was strongly outward-rectifying with slope resistance near 100 M omega when hyperpolarized, but near 10 M omega when depolarized from a typical ambient level near 35 mV. The membrane become inward rectifying for hyperpolarizations beyond -95 mV, with slope resistance near 70 M omega. 3. The normal hyperpolarizing overshoot associated with the rod response was strongly potential dependent: the overshoot in response to a current step disappeared when the membrane was first depolarized or hyperpolarized by more than about 10 mV from the -35 mV ambient potential level. The decay from overshoot elicited either by current or light, could be approximated with a first order time constant of about 150 msec. 4. In the absence of sodium the peak-plateau sequence remained intact. Membrane resistance increased during transition to the plateau. The plateau became more hyperpolarized than the early phase during responses beyond -75 mV. These results indicate a time- and voltage-dependent conductance other than sodium contributes to the peak-plateau response, probably potassium. 5. Outward rectification was greatly reduced in the presence of 15 mM-TEA,  suggesting that it is mediated by potassium activation. 6. Inward rectification, and the associated transients near -95 mV were eliminated in the presence of 2 mM-caesium, suggesting that potassium conductance contributes to the time and voltage dependent inward rectification.", "PMID": 512961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10057", "title": "Intercellular spaces in chemically fixed corneal endothelia are related to solute pump activity not to solvent coupling.", "content": "1. Stereological analyses of the lateral intercellular spaces in the endothelium of rabbit corneas after chemical fixation were undertaken. 2. Immediately preceding chemical fixation the endothelia were in one of four transport modes: (a) bicarbonate pump activated and no coupled solvent flux, (b) bicarbonate pump activated and, coupled to it, a solvent flux, (c) no fluxes across the endothelia and (d) passive fluid fluxes across the endothelia. 3. In each transport mode, the intercellular spaces were measured after immersion in a series of fixatives in which the concentration of buffer (sodium cacodylate) was increased. 4. Lateral intercellular spaces were a function of buffer concentration in the fixative and activity of the bicarbonate pump. They were not a function of either solvent coupling or passive solvent flow. 5. It is concluded that the characteristic changes of lateral intercellular spaces, when transport is inhibited, do not indicate the site of local osmotic coupling.", "contents": "Intercellular spaces in chemically fixed corneal endothelia are related to solute pump activity not to solvent coupling. 1. Stereological analyses of the lateral intercellular spaces in the endothelium of rabbit corneas after chemical fixation were undertaken. 2. Immediately preceding chemical fixation the endothelia were in one of four transport modes: (a) bicarbonate pump activated and no coupled solvent flux, (b) bicarbonate pump activated and, coupled to it, a solvent flux, (c) no fluxes across the endothelia and (d) passive fluid fluxes across the endothelia. 3. In each transport mode, the intercellular spaces were measured after immersion in a series of fixatives in which the concentration of buffer (sodium cacodylate) was increased. 4. Lateral intercellular spaces were a function of buffer concentration in the fixative and activity of the bicarbonate pump. They were not a function of either solvent coupling or passive solvent flow. 5. It is concluded that the characteristic changes of lateral intercellular spaces, when transport is inhibited, do not indicate the site of local osmotic coupling.", "PMID": 512962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10058", "title": "Inhibition by angiotensin II of baroreceptor-evoked activity in cardiac vagal efferent nerves in the dog.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded in single baroreceptor fibres dissected from the carotid sinus nerves in dogs during increases in blood pressure caused by I.V. injection of angiotensin II, and by I.V. injection of phenylephrine or inflation of an aortic balloon. Action potentials were recorded in single cardiac efferent fibres dissected from the right cervical vagus nerve in other dogs during increases in blood pressure caused by angiotensin II, and by phenylephrine or by inflation of an aortic balloon. 2. There was no difference in the discharge frequency of single carotid sinus baroreceptor fibres at any blood pressure when phenylephrine, balloon inflation, or angiotensin II were used to raise the pressure. 3. Activity in single cardiac vagal efferent fibres was increased when blood pressure was increased by phenylephrine or by inflation of an aortic balloon. However, when blood pressure rose by a comparable amount in response to angiotensin II, vagal firing decreased (three fibres), was little changed from control levels (four fibres), or increased less than it did in response to phenylephrine (one fibre). 4. It is concluded that while angiotensin II has no effect on baroreceptor sensitivity, it does inhibit vagal discharge which is evoked by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors.", "contents": "Inhibition by angiotensin II of baroreceptor-evoked activity in cardiac vagal efferent nerves in the dog. 1. Action potentials were recorded in single baroreceptor fibres dissected from the carotid sinus nerves in dogs during increases in blood pressure caused by I.V. injection of angiotensin II, and by I.V. injection of phenylephrine or inflation of an aortic balloon. Action potentials were recorded in single cardiac efferent fibres dissected from the right cervical vagus nerve in other dogs during increases in blood pressure caused by angiotensin II, and by phenylephrine or by inflation of an aortic balloon. 2. There was no difference in the discharge frequency of single carotid sinus baroreceptor fibres at any blood pressure when phenylephrine, balloon inflation, or angiotensin II were used to raise the pressure. 3. Activity in single cardiac vagal efferent fibres was increased when blood pressure was increased by phenylephrine or by inflation of an aortic balloon. However, when blood pressure rose by a comparable amount in response to angiotensin II, vagal firing decreased (three fibres), was little changed from control levels (four fibres), or increased less than it did in response to phenylephrine (one fibre). 4. It is concluded that while angiotensin II has no effect on baroreceptor sensitivity, it does inhibit vagal discharge which is evoked by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors.", "PMID": 512963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10059", "title": "Distribution of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex slices following in vivo or in vitro equilibration.", "content": "1. The distribution spaces of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex slices were determined in tracer experiments. Tracer equilibration times of 5 hr were used with combined ventriculo-cisternal perfusion and I.V. infusion of tracers. After 5 hr of equilibration the distribution volumes (expressed as mul./100 mg wet wt.) obtained using the perfusion fluid as reference and after correction of tracer amount in residual blood were obtained. Information on cellular uptake was obtained by examining a slow component of wash-out curves from brain slices after in vivo equilibration. Distribution spaces were corrected for intracellular penetration to obtain the extracellular volumes of distribution. Inulin was found to equilibrate with 13.3 mul. extracellular tissue water per 100 mg initial wet weight, sucrose with 16.6 mul. and mannitol with 19.5 mul.2. Marker spaces in rat brain cortex slices were also analysed by compartmental analysis of efflux of tracer inulin, sucrose and mannitol following in vitro incubation in a balanced medium for 60 min. Following in vitro equilibration, inulin was found to equilibrate with 22.4 mul. extracellular tissue water per 100 mg of final wet weight, sucrose to equilibrate with 31.7 mul. extracellular tissue water and mannitol with 42.3 mul.3. Inulin space in vitro when allowance is made for swelling produced during incubation of the slice was similar to the chemically delineated extracellular distribution volume in vivo. Sucrose and mannitol spaces in vitro, however, did not accord with in vivo determinations, most likely due to access of markers to areas of cell damage in the slice arisen during incubation.4. Comparison of fluid spaces delineated by inulin in slices of rat cerebral cortex following in vivo and in vitro equilibration indicated that swelling produced during incubation in vitro mainly occurred in the extracellular space. Swollen glial cells may account for the small, but significant intracellular swelling in incubated slices.", "contents": "Distribution of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex slices following in vivo or in vitro equilibration. 1. The distribution spaces of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex slices were determined in tracer experiments. Tracer equilibration times of 5 hr were used with combined ventriculo-cisternal perfusion and I.V. infusion of tracers. After 5 hr of equilibration the distribution volumes (expressed as mul./100 mg wet wt.) obtained using the perfusion fluid as reference and after correction of tracer amount in residual blood were obtained. Information on cellular uptake was obtained by examining a slow component of wash-out curves from brain slices after in vivo equilibration. Distribution spaces were corrected for intracellular penetration to obtain the extracellular volumes of distribution. Inulin was found to equilibrate with 13.3 mul. extracellular tissue water per 100 mg initial wet weight, sucrose with 16.6 mul. and mannitol with 19.5 mul.2. Marker spaces in rat brain cortex slices were also analysed by compartmental analysis of efflux of tracer inulin, sucrose and mannitol following in vitro incubation in a balanced medium for 60 min. Following in vitro equilibration, inulin was found to equilibrate with 22.4 mul. extracellular tissue water per 100 mg of final wet weight, sucrose to equilibrate with 31.7 mul. extracellular tissue water and mannitol with 42.3 mul.3. Inulin space in vitro when allowance is made for swelling produced during incubation of the slice was similar to the chemically delineated extracellular distribution volume in vivo. Sucrose and mannitol spaces in vitro, however, did not accord with in vivo determinations, most likely due to access of markers to areas of cell damage in the slice arisen during incubation.4. Comparison of fluid spaces delineated by inulin in slices of rat cerebral cortex following in vivo and in vitro equilibration indicated that swelling produced during incubation in vitro mainly occurred in the extracellular space. Swollen glial cells may account for the small, but significant intracellular swelling in incubated slices.", "PMID": 512964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10060", "title": "The electrosensitivity of the lateral line of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L.", "content": "The lateral line neuromast of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) are slightly sensitive to electric current (threshold current density about 1 x 10(-6) A/cm2). A comparison is made with threshold values found by several authors by means of conditioning experiments.", "contents": "The electrosensitivity of the lateral line of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. The lateral line neuromast of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) are slightly sensitive to electric current (threshold current density about 1 x 10(-6) A/cm2). A comparison is made with threshold values found by several authors by means of conditioning experiments.", "PMID": 512967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10061", "title": "Functioning of catfish electroreceptors: relation between skin potential and receptor activity.", "content": "Properties of catfish electroceptors were investigated by simultaneous recording of the skin potential and the activity of an afferent nerve. 1. The normal threshold stimulus intensity induces a potential amplitude of about 10 to 30 muV across the skin (Table I). 2. The average spike frequency in the nerve increases approximately with the logarithm of the stimulus intensity (Fig. 1). 3. The direct current restoring the receptor activity in calcium deficient media makes the skin potential more negative. 4. Presumably, not the skin potential itself but a difference between the skin potential and the e.m.f. generated by the receptor epithelium influences receptor functioning. 5. Amplitude and phase characteristics can be described by a filter circuit (Fig. 4 and 5).", "contents": "Functioning of catfish electroreceptors: relation between skin potential and receptor activity. Properties of catfish electroceptors were investigated by simultaneous recording of the skin potential and the activity of an afferent nerve. 1. The normal threshold stimulus intensity induces a potential amplitude of about 10 to 30 muV across the skin (Table I). 2. The average spike frequency in the nerve increases approximately with the logarithm of the stimulus intensity (Fig. 1). 3. The direct current restoring the receptor activity in calcium deficient media makes the skin potential more negative. 4. Presumably, not the skin potential itself but a difference between the skin potential and the e.m.f. generated by the receptor epithelium influences receptor functioning. 5. Amplitude and phase characteristics can be described by a filter circuit (Fig. 4 and 5).", "PMID": 512968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10062", "title": "Marine electric fields and fish orientation.", "content": "1. Two methods for short-span measurements of DC electric fields in the sea are described. 2. The results indicate a difference between local electric fields (up to 150 muV/m) caused by bottom structures and regional electric fields (up to 60 muV/m) due to electromagnetic processes. 3. The possible relevance of these phenomena to electro-sensitive fishes is discussed.", "contents": "Marine electric fields and fish orientation. 1. Two methods for short-span measurements of DC electric fields in the sea are described. 2. The results indicate a difference between local electric fields (up to 150 muV/m) caused by bottom structures and regional electric fields (up to 60 muV/m) due to electromagnetic processes. 3. The possible relevance of these phenomena to electro-sensitive fishes is discussed.", "PMID": 512969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10063", "title": "Spatial aspects of electrolocation in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii.", "content": "The range of electrolocation in the weakly electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii, was determined for plastic and aluminium cubes. A characteristic change in the fish's EOD activity, and abrupt change to more uniform EOD intervals (regularization), was used as the criterion for object detection. The average response distances extending laterally from the fish's longitudinal axis were significantly different (p less than 0.05) for the aluminium cube (5.4 cm) and the plastic cube (7.0 cm).", "contents": "Spatial aspects of electrolocation in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii. The range of electrolocation in the weakly electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii, was determined for plastic and aluminium cubes. A characteristic change in the fish's EOD activity, and abrupt change to more uniform EOD intervals (regularization), was used as the criterion for object detection. The average response distances extending laterally from the fish's longitudinal axis were significantly different (p less than 0.05) for the aluminium cube (5.4 cm) and the plastic cube (7.0 cm).", "PMID": 512970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10064", "title": "Development of the gigantocerebellum of the weakly electric fish Pollimyrus.", "content": "The morphogenesis of the \"hypertrophied\" mormyrid cerebellum was investigated in Pollimyrus (Pisces). Two adults and 36 larvae and young fish raised in captivity were used. Two Gnathonemus petersii adults were taken for comparison. The ontogenetic development of the various cerebellar structures was analysed in inverse chronological order with the aid of serial sagittal and frontal brain sections. Special attention was given to the trilobed corpus cerebelli (C1, C2, C3), the lobi transitorii et caudales, the valvula, the crista cerebelli, the eminentia granularis and the lobus lineae lateralis. 1. The cerebellar structures are of bilateral origin; they develop from the cerebellar and acoustico-lateral \"anlage\" of the rhombencephalon behind the rhombomesencephalic fissure, either through budding or individualisation and appear between the 4th and 11th day after spawning. The midline fusion of the symmetrical structures is accomplished somewhat later, between the 8th and 23rd days. 2. The cerebellar structures acquire their definitive spatial organisation within 38 days, except for the valvula whose development takes much longer. Recognisable from the 11th day, the valvula upon which ridges are visible from the beginning continues to grow after the 38th day beyond the mesencephalic ventricle, finally overlying the telencephalon frontally and the different rhombencephalic structures caudally. This development, which includes a large antero-lateral folding of the valvula, takes 240 days. 3. Cytological differentiation is just as complex as the general development of the cerebellar structures. Cortical stratification first begins on the 8th to the 11th day in the corpus cerebelli and in the valvula from day 21 to 23 onwards. This differentiation is characterised throughout almost the entire cerebellum by a downward migration of the superficial undifferentiated cells which then constitute the granular layer. In the valvula, the majority of the undifferentiated cells leave the ridges to form a continuous granular layer at the base of the ridges. 4. A differentiation gradient was observed on the antero-posterior axis. 5. In spite of its complexity, the mormyrid cerebellum develops much more rapidly than the cerebellum of the trout.", "contents": "Development of the gigantocerebellum of the weakly electric fish Pollimyrus. The morphogenesis of the \"hypertrophied\" mormyrid cerebellum was investigated in Pollimyrus (Pisces). Two adults and 36 larvae and young fish raised in captivity were used. Two Gnathonemus petersii adults were taken for comparison. The ontogenetic development of the various cerebellar structures was analysed in inverse chronological order with the aid of serial sagittal and frontal brain sections. Special attention was given to the trilobed corpus cerebelli (C1, C2, C3), the lobi transitorii et caudales, the valvula, the crista cerebelli, the eminentia granularis and the lobus lineae lateralis. 1. The cerebellar structures are of bilateral origin; they develop from the cerebellar and acoustico-lateral \"anlage\" of the rhombencephalon behind the rhombomesencephalic fissure, either through budding or individualisation and appear between the 4th and 11th day after spawning. The midline fusion of the symmetrical structures is accomplished somewhat later, between the 8th and 23rd days. 2. The cerebellar structures acquire their definitive spatial organisation within 38 days, except for the valvula whose development takes much longer. Recognisable from the 11th day, the valvula upon which ridges are visible from the beginning continues to grow after the 38th day beyond the mesencephalic ventricle, finally overlying the telencephalon frontally and the different rhombencephalic structures caudally. This development, which includes a large antero-lateral folding of the valvula, takes 240 days. 3. Cytological differentiation is just as complex as the general development of the cerebellar structures. Cortical stratification first begins on the 8th to the 11th day in the corpus cerebelli and in the valvula from day 21 to 23 onwards. This differentiation is characterised throughout almost the entire cerebellum by a downward migration of the superficial undifferentiated cells which then constitute the granular layer. In the valvula, the majority of the undifferentiated cells leave the ridges to form a continuous granular layer at the base of the ridges. 4. A differentiation gradient was observed on the antero-posterior axis. 5. In spite of its complexity, the mormyrid cerebellum develops much more rapidly than the cerebellum of the trout.", "PMID": 512971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10065", "title": "Processing of ampullary input in the brain: comparison of sensitivity and evoked responses among elasmobranch and siluriform fishes.", "content": "1. Averaged evoked potentials (AEP) in response to pulses and sine waves of electric current, either as a homogeneous field or a large dipole field around the fish, have been recorded from the brain in 5 genera of elasmobranchs and 10 genera of siluriform fishes. 2. In the elasmobranchs, AEP's and spike-hash bursts are described from medulla, cerebellum, mesencephalon and telencephalon. A complex  sequence of early and late waves is found in each level. Two sets of factors influence the latency and amplitude of the component waves. One is stimulus parameters including intensity, stimulus orientation, sign of the change of current, position of dipole, serial number in the first few cycles of a train as well as interval or frequency of a regular series. Separate component peaks of the complex AEP appear to have different dependencies upon these factors. To sinusoidal stimuli the best response by a certain criterion is at 20--30 Hz in a shark (Carcharhinus), 10--15 Hz in a ray (Potamotrygon); these are much higher than the values based on behavior from previous authors. The lowest threshold, with moderate averaging, was 0.015 muV/cm (= 0.8 nA/cm2) in marine species, less than 50 muV/cm (= 0.7 nA/cm2) in the freshwater ray. 3. The other set of factors determining AEP is brain parameters, including the recording locus, the type of electrode and electrode advance and the state of the brain (anesthesia, etc.). There is evidence of topographic segregation of some stimulus parameters, but mapping was not undertaken. Responsive regions are described in the several brain levels. 4. The best loci for electric AEP are distinct from those for acoustic and photic AEPs. No interaction between these was found. 5. All of the siluriforms tested show electroreception by the criterion of high sensitivity AEP. No obvious specialization was noted among the diverse species, but most were represented by a single experiment. Taken together with the previously known species, the sample of nine families of this large order suggests that this is a general characteristic of the order. 6. The best responses were found in the region of the torus semicircularis and in the lateral lobe. The lowest threshold by the criterion used was less than 0.15 mV/cm (= 2 nA/cm2), but some were nearly 2 mV/cm. Compared to much lower values in Ictalurus, this suggests species differences although part of the difference may be due to failure to record from the optimal locus. The AEP may be useful as a method of suveying for other electroreceptive groups. It is also potentially useful to reveal discriminable parameters of importance, such as dipole position, orientation, polarity and frequency.", "contents": "Processing of ampullary input in the brain: comparison of sensitivity and evoked responses among elasmobranch and siluriform fishes. 1. Averaged evoked potentials (AEP) in response to pulses and sine waves of electric current, either as a homogeneous field or a large dipole field around the fish, have been recorded from the brain in 5 genera of elasmobranchs and 10 genera of siluriform fishes. 2. In the elasmobranchs, AEP's and spike-hash bursts are described from medulla, cerebellum, mesencephalon and telencephalon. A complex  sequence of early and late waves is found in each level. Two sets of factors influence the latency and amplitude of the component waves. One is stimulus parameters including intensity, stimulus orientation, sign of the change of current, position of dipole, serial number in the first few cycles of a train as well as interval or frequency of a regular series. Separate component peaks of the complex AEP appear to have different dependencies upon these factors. To sinusoidal stimuli the best response by a certain criterion is at 20--30 Hz in a shark (Carcharhinus), 10--15 Hz in a ray (Potamotrygon); these are much higher than the values based on behavior from previous authors. The lowest threshold, with moderate averaging, was 0.015 muV/cm (= 0.8 nA/cm2) in marine species, less than 50 muV/cm (= 0.7 nA/cm2) in the freshwater ray. 3. The other set of factors determining AEP is brain parameters, including the recording locus, the type of electrode and electrode advance and the state of the brain (anesthesia, etc.). There is evidence of topographic segregation of some stimulus parameters, but mapping was not undertaken. Responsive regions are described in the several brain levels. 4. The best loci for electric AEP are distinct from those for acoustic and photic AEPs. No interaction between these was found. 5. All of the siluriforms tested show electroreception by the criterion of high sensitivity AEP. No obvious specialization was noted among the diverse species, but most were represented by a single experiment. Taken together with the previously known species, the sample of nine families of this large order suggests that this is a general characteristic of the order. 6. The best responses were found in the region of the torus semicircularis and in the lateral lobe. The lowest threshold by the criterion used was less than 0.15 mV/cm (= 2 nA/cm2), but some were nearly 2 mV/cm. Compared to much lower values in Ictalurus, this suggests species differences although part of the difference may be due to failure to record from the optimal locus. The AEP may be useful as a method of suveying for other electroreceptive groups. It is also potentially useful to reveal discriminable parameters of importance, such as dipole position, orientation, polarity and frequency.", "PMID": 512972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10066", "title": "Electrosensory systems in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii : special emphasis on the fast conducting pathway.", "content": "1. Rhombencephalic and mesencephalic structures involved in electroreception were investigated by electrophysiological methods in the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. 2. The existence of a synchronous response to electric field stimulation of the fish in the mesencephalic exterolateral nucleus (n.ext.-lat.mes) with 2.5-3 ms latency was confirmed. The lateral line lobe nucleus (nLLL) is identified as the rhombencephalic relay for the mesencephalic responses because of the short latency synchronous response in the nLLL obtained by threshold stimulation of the posterior lateral line nerve. Responses in both the nLLL and the n.ext.-lat.mes. appear and their amplitudes increase simultaneously with increasing stimulus intensity. 3. Comparison of latencies supports a three-neuron pathway hypothesis which also agrees well with the various functional properties described. 4. The nLLL-n.ext.-lat.mes. pathway is blocked sharply for a period of 1 ms occurring 3 ms after the electric organ discharge (EOD). This inhibitory period is phase-related to the Mesencephalic Command Associated Signal (MCAS) of Aljure (1946) ; The phase relation is such that no response is observed to the fish's own EOD. 5. Long-lasting responses of 10-12 ms duration to higher stimulation intensities were obtained in the ganglionic layer of the lateral line lobe (LLL). Intensities evoking maximal responses in the nLLL and n.ext.lat.mes. are still threshold stimulation for lateral line lobe responses. 6. Long-lasting responses (of the same order as in the LLL) to the fish' own EOD were observed in the mesencephalic lateral nucleus. Responses to artificial electric pulses were obtained only if delivered in a certain phase realtion to the MCAS. The MCAS displays a facilitating effect on the slow conducting electrosensory system. 7. Results indicate the existence in mormyrids of a double, fast and slow conducting, electrosensory system similar to that of gymnotid fish. The mormyrids can control both of these electrosensory systems by means of the MCAS, the effect of which is opposite for the same time period on the two systems.", "contents": "Electrosensory systems in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii : special emphasis on the fast conducting pathway. 1. Rhombencephalic and mesencephalic structures involved in electroreception were investigated by electrophysiological methods in the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. 2. The existence of a synchronous response to electric field stimulation of the fish in the mesencephalic exterolateral nucleus (n.ext.-lat.mes) with 2.5-3 ms latency was confirmed. The lateral line lobe nucleus (nLLL) is identified as the rhombencephalic relay for the mesencephalic responses because of the short latency synchronous response in the nLLL obtained by threshold stimulation of the posterior lateral line nerve. Responses in both the nLLL and the n.ext.-lat.mes. appear and their amplitudes increase simultaneously with increasing stimulus intensity. 3. Comparison of latencies supports a three-neuron pathway hypothesis which also agrees well with the various functional properties described. 4. The nLLL-n.ext.-lat.mes. pathway is blocked sharply for a period of 1 ms occurring 3 ms after the electric organ discharge (EOD). This inhibitory period is phase-related to the Mesencephalic Command Associated Signal (MCAS) of Aljure (1946) ; The phase relation is such that no response is observed to the fish's own EOD. 5. Long-lasting responses of 10-12 ms duration to higher stimulation intensities were obtained in the ganglionic layer of the lateral line lobe (LLL). Intensities evoking maximal responses in the nLLL and n.ext.lat.mes. are still threshold stimulation for lateral line lobe responses. 6. Long-lasting responses (of the same order as in the LLL) to the fish' own EOD were observed in the mesencephalic lateral nucleus. Responses to artificial electric pulses were obtained only if delivered in a certain phase realtion to the MCAS. The MCAS displays a facilitating effect on the slow conducting electrosensory system. 7. Results indicate the existence in mormyrids of a double, fast and slow conducting, electrosensory system similar to that of gymnotid fish. The mormyrids can control both of these electrosensory systems by means of the MCAS, the effect of which is opposite for the same time period on the two systems.", "PMID": 512973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10067", "title": "Single unit activity in the mesencephalon of Sternarchus.", "content": "Action potentials evoked in a phase-locked 1 : 1 relationship by natural electric organ discharges (EOD) were recorded extracellularly and intracellularly from single mesencephalic magnocellular nucleus units in the high frequency electric fish Sternarchus albifrons (Gymnotidae). This activity has been shown to be the result of an extrinsic feedback of the electrosensory system and is probably important for the socalled jamming avoidance response triggered artificial electric pulses when delivered into the water in a 1 : 1 relationship at intensities higher than the EOD. In the same way, artificial pulses of frequency near EOD could either drive or, due to beats, greatly disturb the regular firing of the units. More insight into the neural mechanism was yielded by single EOD-triggered shocks provoking a failure in firing of certain action potentials of the series and causing long-lasting (10-20 ms) accelerations and decelerations of the regular EOD-evoked firing (transient disturbance). Intracellular stimulations show similar effects. The biological significance of this neural mechanism for the fish's electroperception and JAR is discussed.", "contents": "Single unit activity in the mesencephalon of Sternarchus. Action potentials evoked in a phase-locked 1 : 1 relationship by natural electric organ discharges (EOD) were recorded extracellularly and intracellularly from single mesencephalic magnocellular nucleus units in the high frequency electric fish Sternarchus albifrons (Gymnotidae). This activity has been shown to be the result of an extrinsic feedback of the electrosensory system and is probably important for the socalled jamming avoidance response triggered artificial electric pulses when delivered into the water in a 1 : 1 relationship at intensities higher than the EOD. In the same way, artificial pulses of frequency near EOD could either drive or, due to beats, greatly disturb the regular firing of the units. More insight into the neural mechanism was yielded by single EOD-triggered shocks provoking a failure in firing of certain action potentials of the series and causing long-lasting (10-20 ms) accelerations and decelerations of the regular EOD-evoked firing (transient disturbance). Intracellular stimulations show similar effects. The biological significance of this neural mechanism for the fish's electroperception and JAR is discussed.", "PMID": 512974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10068", "title": "On the electromotor neurons of both electric organs of Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei).", "content": "The electromotor neurons (EMNs) of the adult electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori and the \"giant neurons\" (GNs) found in the more rostral part of the spinal cord were investigated both with light and electron microscopical methods. The two kinds of neuron are more or less similar in size, about 30 microns, and are found in the more dorsal part of the spinal cord. The EMNs show somatosomatic gap junctions, as do the GNs. In addition, chemical synapses could be found between nerve fibres and both types of neurons. Histochemical investigations show that the EMNs and the GNs are both AChE positive. On the basis of the arguments presented in the discussion, we believe that the \"giant neurons\" are the electromotor neurons of the larval electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori.", "contents": "On the electromotor neurons of both electric organs of Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei). The electromotor neurons (EMNs) of the adult electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori and the \"giant neurons\" (GNs) found in the more rostral part of the spinal cord were investigated both with light and electron microscopical methods. The two kinds of neuron are more or less similar in size, about 30 microns, and are found in the more dorsal part of the spinal cord. The EMNs show somatosomatic gap junctions, as do the GNs. In addition, chemical synapses could be found between nerve fibres and both types of neurons. Histochemical investigations show that the EMNs and the GNs are both AChE positive. On the basis of the arguments presented in the discussion, we believe that the \"giant neurons\" are the electromotor neurons of the larval electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori.", "PMID": 512975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10069", "title": "Sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of adolescent daughters from mother-absent, father-absent, and intact families.", "content": "The effects of divorce and resulting paternal or maternal absence on the sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of 39 adolescent daughters were investigated. Differences among the mean sex-role identity scores and self-concept scores of the daughters of mother-absent (MA), father-absent (FA), and intact (IF) families were not found. Parental identification with the mother and the father in the IF group was greater than identification with the mother in the FA group. Fathers in the MA and IF groups did not differ on the sex-role identity measure; FA and IF mothers also did not differ on this measure. The sex-role identity scores of the daughters were not related to the sex-role identity scores of either their mothers or fathers. The results revealed no negative consequences of the father receiving custody of an adolescent daughter and, therefore, suggest that fathers of adolescent daughters should be given greater consideration in custody cases.", "contents": "Sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of adolescent daughters from mother-absent, father-absent, and intact families. The effects of divorce and resulting paternal or maternal absence on the sex-role identity, parental identification, and self-concept of 39 adolescent daughters were investigated. Differences among the mean sex-role identity scores and self-concept scores of the daughters of mother-absent (MA), father-absent (FA), and intact (IF) families were not found. Parental identification with the mother and the father in the IF group was greater than identification with the mother in the FA group. Fathers in the MA and IF groups did not differ on the sex-role identity measure; FA and IF mothers also did not differ on this measure. The sex-role identity scores of the daughters were not related to the sex-role identity scores of either their mothers or fathers. The results revealed no negative consequences of the father receiving custody of an adolescent daughter and, therefore, suggest that fathers of adolescent daughters should be given greater consideration in custody cases.", "PMID": 512978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10070", "title": "Impulsivity, temporal perspective, and posthospital adjustment of neuropsychiatric patients.", "content": "Hypotheses were tested regarding relationships between impulsivity as a personality construct and various biographical characteristics among neuropsychiatric patients referred for rehabilitation. Seventy-five males and five females (mean age 33) with mixed diagnoses served as Ss. Variables included an ego-delay measure obtained from temporal estimations, perceptions of temporal dominance and relatedness obtained from Cottle's Circles Test, Ss' ages, and a measure of long-term posthospital adjustment. Ego-delaying patients were significantly younger, diminished the importance of their past temporal mode relative to the present and future, perceived the future as a dominant temporal mode relative to the present and past, and achieved significantly better long-term adjustment following psychiatric hospitalization.", "contents": "Impulsivity, temporal perspective, and posthospital adjustment of neuropsychiatric patients. Hypotheses were tested regarding relationships between impulsivity as a personality construct and various biographical characteristics among neuropsychiatric patients referred for rehabilitation. Seventy-five males and five females (mean age 33) with mixed diagnoses served as Ss. Variables included an ego-delay measure obtained from temporal estimations, perceptions of temporal dominance and relatedness obtained from Cottle's Circles Test, Ss' ages, and a measure of long-term posthospital adjustment. Ego-delaying patients were significantly younger, diminished the importance of their past temporal mode relative to the present and future, perceived the future as a dominant temporal mode relative to the present and past, and achieved significantly better long-term adjustment following psychiatric hospitalization.", "PMID": 512979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10071", "title": "The development of embarrassment.", "content": "Parents of children in the age range 3 to 12 years were asked about their children's embarrassment and blushing during the previous six months. This survey revealed that roughly one in four preschool children showed embarrassment. Starting with age 5, a majority of children showed embarrassment. There were no systematic gender differences. Blushing was reported in slightly more than half the children who were embarrassed. On the assumption that embarrassment signals the presence of a social self, a social self develops at about 5 years of age for most children.", "contents": "The development of embarrassment. Parents of children in the age range 3 to 12 years were asked about their children's embarrassment and blushing during the previous six months. This survey revealed that roughly one in four preschool children showed embarrassment. Starting with age 5, a majority of children showed embarrassment. There were no systematic gender differences. Blushing was reported in slightly more than half the children who were embarrassed. On the assumption that embarrassment signals the presence of a social self, a social self develops at about 5 years of age for most children.", "PMID": 512980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10072", "title": "Sex-role behavior change: intrasubject studies of boyhood gender disturbance.", "content": "Sex-role behaviors were modified in a seven-year-old boy who had been evaluated by an independent psychiatrist as manifesting cross-gender identification. The child's developmental history paralleled the retrospective reports of adult transsexuals. In Experiment 1, the boy was treated in the clinic by a nonprofessional female \"therapist\" who reinforced \"masculine\" sex-typed play behaviors and extinguished \"feminine\" behaviors. The treatment effects generalized to the boy's play with a different set of toys in the presence of male and female strangers, but did not generalize to the boy's play in the alone condition. An intrasubject reversal design was used to replicate the treatment effects. Concurrently, Experiment 2 was conducted to shape the child's athletic skills to a level that would enable him to compete with his peers. The treatment effect for \"sockball\" was replicated for \"kickball\" in a multiple-baseline intrasubject design. Future research is suggested to explore variables that would maximize both generalization of treatment effects and parental cooperation over time.", "contents": "Sex-role behavior change: intrasubject studies of boyhood gender disturbance. Sex-role behaviors were modified in a seven-year-old boy who had been evaluated by an independent psychiatrist as manifesting cross-gender identification. The child's developmental history paralleled the retrospective reports of adult transsexuals. In Experiment 1, the boy was treated in the clinic by a nonprofessional female \"therapist\" who reinforced \"masculine\" sex-typed play behaviors and extinguished \"feminine\" behaviors. The treatment effects generalized to the boy's play with a different set of toys in the presence of male and female strangers, but did not generalize to the boy's play in the alone condition. An intrasubject reversal design was used to replicate the treatment effects. Concurrently, Experiment 2 was conducted to shape the child's athletic skills to a level that would enable him to compete with his peers. The treatment effect for \"sockball\" was replicated for \"kickball\" in a multiple-baseline intrasubject design. Future research is suggested to explore variables that would maximize both generalization of treatment effects and parental cooperation over time.", "PMID": 512981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10073", "title": "Predictive analysis vs. segmentational analysis in sentence perception.", "content": "Three experiments involving ongoing sentence perception are described. A nonword detection (NWD) latency procedure was employed without a concurrent task (Experiment I), with a concurrent comprehension task (Experiment II), and with a concurrent recall task (Experiment III). Predictions were made based on two plausible models of sentence perception--predictive analysis (PA) and segmentational analysis (SA). Both characterize the hearer as actively imposing a grammatical structure on the input. PA constructs a surface structure representation sequentially (i.e., on a word-by-word basis). SA partitions off clauselike units before establishing the structure of smaller within-clause constitutents. The NWD latency data generally support a PA system (particularly when a concurrent task is used). The results of a nongrammatical condition in Experiment III confirmed that the general findings were not artifactual.", "contents": "Predictive analysis vs. segmentational analysis in sentence perception. Three experiments involving ongoing sentence perception are described. A nonword detection (NWD) latency procedure was employed without a concurrent task (Experiment I), with a concurrent comprehension task (Experiment II), and with a concurrent recall task (Experiment III). Predictions were made based on two plausible models of sentence perception--predictive analysis (PA) and segmentational analysis (SA). Both characterize the hearer as actively imposing a grammatical structure on the input. PA constructs a surface structure representation sequentially (i.e., on a word-by-word basis). SA partitions off clauselike units before establishing the structure of smaller within-clause constitutents. The NWD latency data generally support a PA system (particularly when a concurrent task is used). The results of a nongrammatical condition in Experiment III confirmed that the general findings were not artifactual.", "PMID": 512982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10074", "title": "\"Motority\" in three functional domains of word meaning.", "content": "This article deals with relations between \"mental motor\" evoking capacity (\"motority,\" Putnoky, 1975a, b) and the sensory and affective connotations, as well as certain denotations, of words. Sensory connotation is indexed by degree of visual, auditory, and tactual imagery, as assessed on a 7-point scale, while affective connotation is indexed by the usual three factors tapped by the semantic differential. The aspect of denotation used here is the abstractness value of words, also based on rating by scales. The general conclusions about motority are as follows: (1) the finding that its sensory connotations are mainly via the auditory modality of imagery, and especially in correlation with abstract words, suggests that it has a specific function that may have originated in the processing of heard language; (2) it correlates with the potency and activity factors of affective connation, which suggests the existence of a nonspecific function or component in it; (3) correlations with abstractness reflect that motority must have a denotative function or component, especially in case of abstract verbal stimuli. On the basis of the results, motority is supposed to play a regulative role at higher levels of the organization of word meaning in particular.", "contents": "\"Motority\" in three functional domains of word meaning. This article deals with relations between \"mental motor\" evoking capacity (\"motority,\" Putnoky, 1975a, b) and the sensory and affective connotations, as well as certain denotations, of words. Sensory connotation is indexed by degree of visual, auditory, and tactual imagery, as assessed on a 7-point scale, while affective connotation is indexed by the usual three factors tapped by the semantic differential. The aspect of denotation used here is the abstractness value of words, also based on rating by scales. The general conclusions about motority are as follows: (1) the finding that its sensory connotations are mainly via the auditory modality of imagery, and especially in correlation with abstract words, suggests that it has a specific function that may have originated in the processing of heard language; (2) it correlates with the potency and activity factors of affective connation, which suggests the existence of a nonspecific function or component in it; (3) correlations with abstractness reflect that motority must have a denotative function or component, especially in case of abstract verbal stimuli. On the basis of the results, motority is supposed to play a regulative role at higher levels of the organization of word meaning in particular.", "PMID": 512983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10075", "title": "Interaction of visual information, verbal information, and linguistic competence in the preschool-aged child.", "content": "Carol Chomsky found evidence to support the notion that children have not mastered the syntactic form of the sentence \"John is easy to see\" until after the age of 8 years. However, she failed to control for the effects the visual stimulus might have had on the child's understanding of the stimulus question. This study reexamined Chomsky's conclusions by using two experimental conditions. The first condition was an exact replication of Chomsky's method, while the second included a control for the biasing effects produced by the visual stimulus. The results confirmed the authors' suspicions that the visual stimulus was indeed distorting Chomsky's findings and that, on the average, children were able to decode this particular syntactic form by the age of 67 months. These findings are discussed from the perspective of Bruner's theory, which states that cognitive processes of children under 8 years of age are dominated by the iconic mode of representation.", "contents": "Interaction of visual information, verbal information, and linguistic competence in the preschool-aged child. Carol Chomsky found evidence to support the notion that children have not mastered the syntactic form of the sentence \"John is easy to see\" until after the age of 8 years. However, she failed to control for the effects the visual stimulus might have had on the child's understanding of the stimulus question. This study reexamined Chomsky's conclusions by using two experimental conditions. The first condition was an exact replication of Chomsky's method, while the second included a control for the biasing effects produced by the visual stimulus. The results confirmed the authors' suspicions that the visual stimulus was indeed distorting Chomsky's findings and that, on the average, children were able to decode this particular syntactic form by the age of 67 months. These findings are discussed from the perspective of Bruner's theory, which states that cognitive processes of children under 8 years of age are dominated by the iconic mode of representation.", "PMID": 512984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10076", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the bovine rete testis and testicular straight tubules.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination showed that the epithelium of the bovine rete testis and the tubuli recti could phagocytose spermatozoa. Macrophages were regularly found in the basal parts of the epithelial cells and could be involved in the removal of degraded sperm material.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the bovine rete testis and testicular straight tubules. Ultrastructural examination showed that the epithelium of the bovine rete testis and the tubuli recti could phagocytose spermatozoa. Macrophages were regularly found in the basal parts of the epithelial cells and could be involved in the removal of degraded sperm material.", "PMID": 512992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10077", "title": "Influence of hCG injection and steroid treatment on prostaglandin metabolism by rabbit uterus and oviduct.", "content": "Metabolism of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by cytosolic fractions (100 000 g supernatant) of rabbit uterus, oviduct and lung was measured in vitro. Metabolism of PGE-2 was greater than that of PGF-2 alpha for oviduct and uterus. After an ovulating injection of hCG metabolism of both PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by lung and uterus declined linearly up to 72 h (during the time of ovum transport). The amount of PG metabolism by the oviduct did not change significantly during this period, but the percentage changes of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha metabolism from oestrous values did differ, and perhaps indicated a change in the ratio of intracellular PGs. No change of metabolism of either PG by lung, uterus or oviduct occurred at 24 or 72 h after an injection of 250 micrograms oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate given concomitantly with the hCG (a treatment regimen which causes 'tube-locking' of ova). However, progesterone treatment, in a regimen known to cause accelerated transport of ova through the oviduct, caused significantly enhanced metabolism of both PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by uterus and oviduct, but not lung, 30 and 48 h later except for PGE-2 by uterus at 30 h. These results suggest that changes in metabolism of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by the oviduct may be involved in the mechanisms controlling ovum transport.", "contents": "Influence of hCG injection and steroid treatment on prostaglandin metabolism by rabbit uterus and oviduct. Metabolism of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by cytosolic fractions (100 000 g supernatant) of rabbit uterus, oviduct and lung was measured in vitro. Metabolism of PGE-2 was greater than that of PGF-2 alpha for oviduct and uterus. After an ovulating injection of hCG metabolism of both PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by lung and uterus declined linearly up to 72 h (during the time of ovum transport). The amount of PG metabolism by the oviduct did not change significantly during this period, but the percentage changes of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha metabolism from oestrous values did differ, and perhaps indicated a change in the ratio of intracellular PGs. No change of metabolism of either PG by lung, uterus or oviduct occurred at 24 or 72 h after an injection of 250 micrograms oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate given concomitantly with the hCG (a treatment regimen which causes 'tube-locking' of ova). However, progesterone treatment, in a regimen known to cause accelerated transport of ova through the oviduct, caused significantly enhanced metabolism of both PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by uterus and oviduct, but not lung, 30 and 48 h later except for PGE-2 by uterus at 30 h. These results suggest that changes in metabolism of PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha by the oviduct may be involved in the mechanisms controlling ovum transport.", "PMID": 512993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10078", "title": "Age-related changes in the testicular and antler cycles of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus.", "content": "A total of 111 male reindeer of various ages was shot in all months of the year to study the relationship between the seasonal changes in testicular activity and the antler cycle. From the changes in testis weight, seminiferous tubular tissue area and plasma testosterone values and the occurrence of spermatogenesis, it is concluded that calves attain physiological puberty in their first year, during which they also complete an antler cycle. The amplitude of the cyclical change in testis weight and plasma testosterone values increases with age and can be correlated with the earlier onset of events in the spermatogenic and antler cycles of older animals. The duration of the spermatogenic and testosterone cycles of reindeer is short, and is inversely related to the long period spent without antlers. It is suggested that testosterone strongly influences the antler cycle of reindeer males.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the testicular and antler cycles of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. A total of 111 male reindeer of various ages was shot in all months of the year to study the relationship between the seasonal changes in testicular activity and the antler cycle. From the changes in testis weight, seminiferous tubular tissue area and plasma testosterone values and the occurrence of spermatogenesis, it is concluded that calves attain physiological puberty in their first year, during which they also complete an antler cycle. The amplitude of the cyclical change in testis weight and plasma testosterone values increases with age and can be correlated with the earlier onset of events in the spermatogenic and antler cycles of older animals. The duration of the spermatogenic and testosterone cycles of reindeer is short, and is inversely related to the long period spent without antlers. It is suggested that testosterone strongly influences the antler cycle of reindeer males.", "PMID": 512994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10079", "title": "Growth of the corpus luteum and its progesterone content during pregnancy in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii.", "content": "Corpora lutea were obtained from wallabies at different stages of pregnancy, following removal of pouch young to initiate embryonic development. Progesterone was present at a concentration of 11.3 ng/mg in quiescent corpora lutea from lactating animals. Progesterone values rose with increasing corpus luteum weight to reach a maximum of 40--50 ng/mg in corpora lutea weighing 50--60 mg. Total progesterone reached a maximum of 1500 +/- 300 (s.e.m.) ng at Days 21--23 after removal of pouch young, but fell markedly at Days 24 and 25 (900 +/- 150 ng) immediately before parturition.", "contents": "Growth of the corpus luteum and its progesterone content during pregnancy in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Corpora lutea were obtained from wallabies at different stages of pregnancy, following removal of pouch young to initiate embryonic development. Progesterone was present at a concentration of 11.3 ng/mg in quiescent corpora lutea from lactating animals. Progesterone values rose with increasing corpus luteum weight to reach a maximum of 40--50 ng/mg in corpora lutea weighing 50--60 mg. Total progesterone reached a maximum of 1500 +/- 300 (s.e.m.) ng at Days 21--23 after removal of pouch young, but fell markedly at Days 24 and 25 (900 +/- 150 ng) immediately before parturition.", "PMID": 512995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10080", "title": "Exchange of krypton-85 between the blood vessels of the human uterine adnexa.", "content": "A miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller probe was inserted into one ovary of 8 women undergoing hysterectomy. A control probe was inserted into the other ovary of 2 of the women. Krypton-85 in 0.15 M-NaCl was infused into the adjacent utero-ovarian vein and the radioactivity was registered for 5--14 min after the infusion. An increase of radioactivity was recorded in the ovary in 5 cases. In one of the women with 2 probes, no increase in radioactivity was observed in the control ovary. The results show a local transfer of gas from the ovarian branch of the uterine vein into the adjacent ovary, which may be due to a countercurrent exchange mechanism between the vessels of the human uterine adnexa.", "contents": "Exchange of krypton-85 between the blood vessels of the human uterine adnexa. A miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller probe was inserted into one ovary of 8 women undergoing hysterectomy. A control probe was inserted into the other ovary of 2 of the women. Krypton-85 in 0.15 M-NaCl was infused into the adjacent utero-ovarian vein and the radioactivity was registered for 5--14 min after the infusion. An increase of radioactivity was recorded in the ovary in 5 cases. In one of the women with 2 probes, no increase in radioactivity was observed in the control ovary. The results show a local transfer of gas from the ovarian branch of the uterine vein into the adjacent ovary, which may be due to a countercurrent exchange mechanism between the vessels of the human uterine adnexa.", "PMID": 512996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10081", "title": "Age-related changes in conversion of  5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one to 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol by rat testicular cells in vitro.", "content": "Conversion of labelled 5 alpha-androstane-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT) by isolated testicular cells from rats of different ages was examined under saturating substrate conditions in vitro (5--10 micrograms DHT/ml in a 24 h incubation). Two detectable metabolites of DHT were produced by testicular cells in vitro. 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta-diol). Production of these diols during a 24 h period was linear, and the amounts formed were directly related to the cell number. The amount of 3 alpha- and 3 beta-diols formed by testicular cells of rats of different ages increased from Day 10 to Day 25, then declined. Testicular cells from rats 10 to 20 days of age converted DHT mainly to 3 alpha-diol, but thereafter 3 beta-diol was the predominant testicular metabolite of DHT.", "contents": "Age-related changes in conversion of  5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one to 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol by rat testicular cells in vitro. Conversion of labelled 5 alpha-androstane-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT) by isolated testicular cells from rats of different ages was examined under saturating substrate conditions in vitro (5--10 micrograms DHT/ml in a 24 h incubation). Two detectable metabolites of DHT were produced by testicular cells in vitro. 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta-diol). Production of these diols during a 24 h period was linear, and the amounts formed were directly related to the cell number. The amount of 3 alpha- and 3 beta-diols formed by testicular cells of rats of different ages increased from Day 10 to Day 25, then declined. Testicular cells from rats 10 to 20 days of age converted DHT mainly to 3 alpha-diol, but thereafter 3 beta-diol was the predominant testicular metabolite of DHT.", "PMID": 512997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10082", "title": "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been solubilized from separated head and tail fractions from normal bovine spermatozoa and from spermatozoa carrying the 'decapitated sperm defect'. When enzyme extracts from separated heads and tails were chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex, the head fraction was resolved into 2 distinguishable peaks eluting at about 0.11 and 0.15 M-(NH4)2SO4 while the tail fraction yielded 4 distinct peaks eluting at about 0.11, 0.15, 0.255 and 0.35 M-(NH4)2SO4. Results indentical to those observed for sperm tails were obtained with extracts prepared from highly purified mitochondria from bovine or murine heart or liver. Optimization of reaction parameters and inhibitor studies with alpha-amanitin and rifampicin revealed strong similarities between eucaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases 1 and 2 and the 2 RNA polymerases associated with sperm heads. Similar experiments comparing the RNA polymerases from somatic mitochondria and sperm tails suggested the sperm tail enzymes were mitochondrial in origin.", "contents": "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in bovine spermatozoa. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been solubilized from separated head and tail fractions from normal bovine spermatozoa and from spermatozoa carrying the 'decapitated sperm defect'. When enzyme extracts from separated heads and tails were chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex, the head fraction was resolved into 2 distinguishable peaks eluting at about 0.11 and 0.15 M-(NH4)2SO4 while the tail fraction yielded 4 distinct peaks eluting at about 0.11, 0.15, 0.255 and 0.35 M-(NH4)2SO4. Results indentical to those observed for sperm tails were obtained with extracts prepared from highly purified mitochondria from bovine or murine heart or liver. Optimization of reaction parameters and inhibitor studies with alpha-amanitin and rifampicin revealed strong similarities between eucaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases 1 and 2 and the 2 RNA polymerases associated with sperm heads. Similar experiments comparing the RNA polymerases from somatic mitochondria and sperm tails suggested the sperm tail enzymes were mitochondrial in origin.", "PMID": 512998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10083", "title": "Modulatory effects of the amygdala on oestrogen-induced LH secretion in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "An increase in LH secretion was induced in ovariectomized oestradiol benzoate-primed rats 5 h after a second injection of oestradiol benzoate. Lesions stereotaxically placed in the cortical and basomedial amygdala of steroid-primed rats abolished this rise. The results provide evidence for a facilitatory action of the amygdala upon LH release and an involvement of this region of the limbic system in oestrogen-feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "Modulatory effects of the amygdala on oestrogen-induced LH secretion in ovariectomized rats. An increase in LH secretion was induced in ovariectomized oestradiol benzoate-primed rats 5 h after a second injection of oestradiol benzoate. Lesions stereotaxically placed in the cortical and basomedial amygdala of steroid-primed rats abolished this rise. The results provide evidence for a facilitatory action of the amygdala upon LH release and an involvement of this region of the limbic system in oestrogen-feedback mechanisms.", "PMID": 512999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10084", "title": "The reproductive tract of the male spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) and coagulation studies with other species.", "content": "The testes of the spiny mice showed asymmetry, the left being significantly heavier than the right (P = 0.025). Histological studies indicated that spermatozoa were first present in the testes of animals 35--45 days of age but the maturation of the accessory glands, especially the lateral prostates and coagulating glands, occurred later. The highest fructose concentration in the adult was in the lateral prostates (126.97 +/- 22.23 mg fructose/100 g, n = 5) and coagulating glands (99.38 +/- 17.65 mg fructose/100 g gland weight, n = 5). Coagulation tests of mixtures of extracts of seminal vesicles and coagulating glands from spiny mice and rats indicated that the vesiculase of the spiny mouse was active on rat substrates and vice versa. Cross-reactions of extracts of house mouse (Mus musculus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), and guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) seminal vesicles (substrate) and coagulating glands (vesiculase) with those of rats and spiny mice showed that although the substrates of rat and spiny mouse were readily coagulated by vesiculase from all the other species, rat and spiny mouse vesiculase were not equally active on substrates of the other species.", "contents": "The reproductive tract of the male spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) and coagulation studies with other species. The testes of the spiny mice showed asymmetry, the left being significantly heavier than the right (P = 0.025). Histological studies indicated that spermatozoa were first present in the testes of animals 35--45 days of age but the maturation of the accessory glands, especially the lateral prostates and coagulating glands, occurred later. The highest fructose concentration in the adult was in the lateral prostates (126.97 +/- 22.23 mg fructose/100 g, n = 5) and coagulating glands (99.38 +/- 17.65 mg fructose/100 g gland weight, n = 5). Coagulation tests of mixtures of extracts of seminal vesicles and coagulating glands from spiny mice and rats indicated that the vesiculase of the spiny mouse was active on rat substrates and vice versa. Cross-reactions of extracts of house mouse (Mus musculus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), and guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) seminal vesicles (substrate) and coagulating glands (vesiculase) with those of rats and spiny mice showed that although the substrates of rat and spiny mouse were readily coagulated by vesiculase from all the other species, rat and spiny mouse vesiculase were not equally active on substrates of the other species.", "PMID": 513000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10085", "title": "Lipid changes in boar spermatozoa during epididymal maturation with some observations on the flow and composition of boar rete testis fluid.", "content": "The flow rate and composition of boar rete testis fluid were similar to those in other species studied previously. The total phospholipid phosphorus and phospholipid fatty acid content of boar spermatozoa decreased during maturation in the epididymis but the level of phospholipid phosphorus was slightly higher in ejaculated spermatozoa than in epididymal spermatozoa. During passage of the spermatozoa from the testis to the cauda epididymidis, loss of the major saturated acids (palmitic, 16:0, and stearic, 18:0) was extensive but partly recovered in the ejaculated spermatozoa. The mass of docosapentaenoic (22:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids tended to decrease continuously during maturation but the percentage of 22:6 by weight of total phospholipid fatty acid reached a maximum in the epididymis. Ejaculated boar spermatozoa contained considerably more phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid than did ejaculated bull or ram spermatozoa.", "contents": "Lipid changes in boar spermatozoa during epididymal maturation with some observations on the flow and composition of boar rete testis fluid. The flow rate and composition of boar rete testis fluid were similar to those in other species studied previously. The total phospholipid phosphorus and phospholipid fatty acid content of boar spermatozoa decreased during maturation in the epididymis but the level of phospholipid phosphorus was slightly higher in ejaculated spermatozoa than in epididymal spermatozoa. During passage of the spermatozoa from the testis to the cauda epididymidis, loss of the major saturated acids (palmitic, 16:0, and stearic, 18:0) was extensive but partly recovered in the ejaculated spermatozoa. The mass of docosapentaenoic (22:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids tended to decrease continuously during maturation but the percentage of 22:6 by weight of total phospholipid fatty acid reached a maximum in the epididymis. Ejaculated boar spermatozoa contained considerably more phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid than did ejaculated bull or ram spermatozoa.", "PMID": 513001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10086", "title": "Lipid changes during epididymal maturation in ram spermatozoa collected at different times of the year.", "content": "The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid content of ram spermatozoa decreased during maturation in the epididymis but interpretation of the results was complicated by a possible seasonal factor. Loss of individual fatty acids was selective, resulting in an increase in unsaturation during maturation. Testicular spermatozoa and fluid collected directly into chloroform-methanol contained about 7 times more neutral lipid fatty acid than testicular spermatozoa collected for 6--18 h, separated from the rete testis fluid and then extracted; the difference was not due to lipid in the rete testis fluid. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that cholesterol esters and triglycerides were the neutral lipids which were not lost during collection. Epididymal spermatozoa contained only slightly less neutral lipid fatty acid than continuously collected testicular spermatozoa.", "contents": "Lipid changes during epididymal maturation in ram spermatozoa collected at different times of the year. The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid content of ram spermatozoa decreased during maturation in the epididymis but interpretation of the results was complicated by a possible seasonal factor. Loss of individual fatty acids was selective, resulting in an increase in unsaturation during maturation. Testicular spermatozoa and fluid collected directly into chloroform-methanol contained about 7 times more neutral lipid fatty acid than testicular spermatozoa collected for 6--18 h, separated from the rete testis fluid and then extracted; the difference was not due to lipid in the rete testis fluid. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that cholesterol esters and triglycerides were the neutral lipids which were not lost during collection. Epididymal spermatozoa contained only slightly less neutral lipid fatty acid than continuously collected testicular spermatozoa.", "PMID": 513002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10087", "title": "Glycolytic, Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in spermatozoa of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "Various enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase), the Krebs cycle (isocitrate, succinic and malate dehydrogenases), and the pentose phosphate cycle (glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases) were studied in buffalo spermatozoa by biochemical and cytochemical methods. The enzymes of glycolysis were found to be loosely bound whereas those of the Krebs and pentose phosphate cycles were strongly bound to mitochondrial membranes. All the enzymes studied were localized histochemically in the mid-piece.", "contents": "Glycolytic, Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in spermatozoa of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Various enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase), the Krebs cycle (isocitrate, succinic and malate dehydrogenases), and the pentose phosphate cycle (glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases) were studied in buffalo spermatozoa by biochemical and cytochemical methods. The enzymes of glycolysis were found to be loosely bound whereas those of the Krebs and pentose phosphate cycles were strongly bound to mitochondrial membranes. All the enzymes studied were localized histochemically in the mid-piece.", "PMID": 513003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10088", "title": "Can reduced consumption of gonadotrophins account for ovarian compensation in unilaterally ovariectomized, immature mice injected with gonadotrophins?", "content": "The effect of unilateral ovariectomy on ovulation rates in immature mice was studied. Ovulations were induced by injecting PMSG and hCG and their number was determined by counting tubal oocytes. A 2--3-fold increase in number of ovulations per ovary was observed after unilateral ovariectomy, and daily injections of progesterone abolished this ovulatory compensation. No significant increase in serum concentrations of immunoreactive FSH and LH was observed at 4, 8, 32 and 51 h after unilateral ovariectomy. Progesterone treatment lowered FSH levels at all times, while LH was unaffected. In intact mice, ovarian sensitivity to PMSG and hCG was not substantially affected by progesterone. Ovulatory compensation in immature gonadotrophin-injected mice appears to arise through a negative feedback mechanism and transiently increased secretion of pituitary gonadotrophin rather than through a greater utilization of a fixed amount of gonadotrophin.", "contents": "Can reduced consumption of gonadotrophins account for ovarian compensation in unilaterally ovariectomized, immature mice injected with gonadotrophins? The effect of unilateral ovariectomy on ovulation rates in immature mice was studied. Ovulations were induced by injecting PMSG and hCG and their number was determined by counting tubal oocytes. A 2--3-fold increase in number of ovulations per ovary was observed after unilateral ovariectomy, and daily injections of progesterone abolished this ovulatory compensation. No significant increase in serum concentrations of immunoreactive FSH and LH was observed at 4, 8, 32 and 51 h after unilateral ovariectomy. Progesterone treatment lowered FSH levels at all times, while LH was unaffected. In intact mice, ovarian sensitivity to PMSG and hCG was not substantially affected by progesterone. Ovulatory compensation in immature gonadotrophin-injected mice appears to arise through a negative feedback mechanism and transiently increased secretion of pituitary gonadotrophin rather than through a greater utilization of a fixed amount of gonadotrophin.", "PMID": 513004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10089", "title": "Polyamine inhibition of the conversion of human proacrosin to acrosin.", "content": "The conversion of human proacrosin to acrosin was inhibited by polyamines. The order of effectiveness was spermine greater than spermidine greater than cadaverine greater than putrescine greater than 1,3,-diaminopropane. These results are similar to those obtained for the conversion of boar proacrosin to acrosin. Unlike the effects on boar acrosin, however, polyamines did not affect the esterolytic activity of human acrosin but had a slight stimulatory effect on the proteolytic activity of human acrosin.", "contents": "Polyamine inhibition of the conversion of human proacrosin to acrosin. The conversion of human proacrosin to acrosin was inhibited by polyamines. The order of effectiveness was spermine greater than spermidine greater than cadaverine greater than putrescine greater than 1,3,-diaminopropane. These results are similar to those obtained for the conversion of boar proacrosin to acrosin. Unlike the effects on boar acrosin, however, polyamines did not affect the esterolytic activity of human acrosin but had a slight stimulatory effect on the proteolytic activity of human acrosin.", "PMID": 513005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10090", "title": "Chorionic gonadotrophin in the mouse from implantation to term.", "content": "Chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in implantation sites from Days 5 to 12 and placentae from Days 13 to 19 of pregnancy in the mouse was determined by utilizing a cross-reaction with human CG in a radioimmunoassay. Significant amounts of CG could be detected throughout the period of gestation investigated. The amount of CG per implantation site increased steadily from Day 5 to a peak on Day 11. In the second part of pregnancy a second peak was observed with the highest amount of CG per placenta found on Day 16. No gonadotrophic activity could be detected in blastocysts flushed from the uteri on Day 5 of pregnancy or in uteri of non-pregnant mice.", "contents": "Chorionic gonadotrophin in the mouse from implantation to term. Chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in implantation sites from Days 5 to 12 and placentae from Days 13 to 19 of pregnancy in the mouse was determined by utilizing a cross-reaction with human CG in a radioimmunoassay. Significant amounts of CG could be detected throughout the period of gestation investigated. The amount of CG per implantation site increased steadily from Day 5 to a peak on Day 11. In the second part of pregnancy a second peak was observed with the highest amount of CG per placenta found on Day 16. No gonadotrophic activity could be detected in blastocysts flushed from the uteri on Day 5 of pregnancy or in uteri of non-pregnant mice.", "PMID": 513006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10091", "title": "Activity of ovarian delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) with respect to age.", "content": "The distribution of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was examined in the ovaries of hens aged 8--30 weeks. At all ages the interstitial cells (both thecal and stromal) gave a positive formazan reaction, but a positive reaction was not obtained in the granulosa cells of follicles less than 5 mm diameter in mature or immature birds. Since activity was restricted to follicles of larger size than this, it is concluded that steroidogenesis occurs in the granulosa cells for only the last 7--8 days of their life in the preovulatory follicle.", "contents": "Activity of ovarian delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) with respect to age. The distribution of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was examined in the ovaries of hens aged 8--30 weeks. At all ages the interstitial cells (both thecal and stromal) gave a positive formazan reaction, but a positive reaction was not obtained in the granulosa cells of follicles less than 5 mm diameter in mature or immature birds. Since activity was restricted to follicles of larger size than this, it is concluded that steroidogenesis occurs in the granulosa cells for only the last 7--8 days of their life in the preovulatory follicle.", "PMID": 513007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10092", "title": "Effects of castration, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and cyproterone acetate on enzyme activity in the mouse epididymis.", "content": "The influence of castration, androgen replacement therapy and cyproterone acetate on the activity of beta-glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was studied in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis of the mouse. The results add further evidence that the epididymis is not uniform but has regional differences in activity. Thus beta-glucuronidase was found to be androgen-dependent only in the cauda epididymidis, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was under androgenic control in the caput epididymidis. The response of alkaline and acid phosphatases to castration and to androgen replacement was different in different segments.", "contents": "Effects of castration, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and cyproterone acetate on enzyme activity in the mouse epididymis. The influence of castration, androgen replacement therapy and cyproterone acetate on the activity of beta-glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was studied in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis of the mouse. The results add further evidence that the epididymis is not uniform but has regional differences in activity. Thus beta-glucuronidase was found to be androgen-dependent only in the cauda epididymidis, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was under androgenic control in the caput epididymidis. The response of alkaline and acid phosphatases to castration and to androgen replacement was different in different segments.", "PMID": 513008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10093", "title": "Studies on the contractile activity and ultrastructure of the boar testicular capsule.", "content": "The ultrastructure and the spontaneous and drug-induced contractility of the testicular capsule of 18 boars were investigated. Isometric recordings were obtained in vitro using strips of the tunica albuginea isolated from various regions of the testis. Maximal contractile activity was found in the strips of the posterior border of the testis, in which the histological studies (light and electron microscopy) showed abundant typical smooth muscle cells distributed in layers parallel to the testicular long axis. These cells were largely aggregated in the inner layer of the testicular capsule, which displayed contractile activity similar to that of the entire tunica albuginea. The outer layer of the tunica albuginea was almost totally devoid of smooth muscle fibres and showed little or no contractility. The spontaneous contractions were rhythmic and exhibited an amplitude of 20--70 mg and a frequency of 5--30 contractions/10 min. Norepinephrine, acetylcholine and oxytocin all produced an increase of the contractility of the tunica albuginea, consisting mainly in a rise of the tone.", "contents": "Studies on the contractile activity and ultrastructure of the boar testicular capsule. The ultrastructure and the spontaneous and drug-induced contractility of the testicular capsule of 18 boars were investigated. Isometric recordings were obtained in vitro using strips of the tunica albuginea isolated from various regions of the testis. Maximal contractile activity was found in the strips of the posterior border of the testis, in which the histological studies (light and electron microscopy) showed abundant typical smooth muscle cells distributed in layers parallel to the testicular long axis. These cells were largely aggregated in the inner layer of the testicular capsule, which displayed contractile activity similar to that of the entire tunica albuginea. The outer layer of the tunica albuginea was almost totally devoid of smooth muscle fibres and showed little or no contractility. The spontaneous contractions were rhythmic and exhibited an amplitude of 20--70 mg and a frequency of 5--30 contractions/10 min. Norepinephrine, acetylcholine and oxytocin all produced an increase of the contractility of the tunica albuginea, consisting mainly in a rise of the tone.", "PMID": 513009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10094", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on the ovine corpus luteum: the role of granules in the secretion of progesterone.", "content": "Cycloheximide (3 mg/h) was infused into the corpus luteum of the sheep via a side branch of the ovarian artery. The concentration of progesterone in the peripheral plasma and the luteal tissue decreased after the infusion. Ultrastructural studies showed that cycloheximide caused inhibition of the formation and secretion of densely stained granules in the luteal cells. The results provide further evidence that progesterone bound to protein is secreted by the luteal cell in the form of granules.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on the ovine corpus luteum: the role of granules in the secretion of progesterone. Cycloheximide (3 mg/h) was infused into the corpus luteum of the sheep via a side branch of the ovarian artery. The concentration of progesterone in the peripheral plasma and the luteal tissue decreased after the infusion. Ultrastructural studies showed that cycloheximide caused inhibition of the formation and secretion of densely stained granules in the luteal cells. The results provide further evidence that progesterone bound to protein is secreted by the luteal cell in the form of granules.", "PMID": 513010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10095", "title": "Effect of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone on oviductal transport and early development of mouse embryos.", "content": "Transport of embryos through the oviduct, cleavage rate and transformation of morulae to blastocysts, were delayed in females ovariectomized on Day 2 of pregnancy. Oestradiol-17 beta in doses of 60 to 6000 pg/day for 3 days did not normalize the transport of embryos, but the transformation of morulae to blastocysts reached values near or equal to those of the controls, in spite of a lowered rate of cleavage. Progesterone at a dose of 100 micrograms/day, resulted in normal transport, rate of cleavage and rate of differentiation. Treatment with both hormones had synergistic effects on transport and the rate of cleavage and differentiation. These results give further support to the concept that ovarian hormones are the controlling factors for these processes in early pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone on oviductal transport and early development of mouse embryos. Transport of embryos through the oviduct, cleavage rate and transformation of morulae to blastocysts, were delayed in females ovariectomized on Day 2 of pregnancy. Oestradiol-17 beta in doses of 60 to 6000 pg/day for 3 days did not normalize the transport of embryos, but the transformation of morulae to blastocysts reached values near or equal to those of the controls, in spite of a lowered rate of cleavage. Progesterone at a dose of 100 micrograms/day, resulted in normal transport, rate of cleavage and rate of differentiation. Treatment with both hormones had synergistic effects on transport and the rate of cleavage and differentiation. These results give further support to the concept that ovarian hormones are the controlling factors for these processes in early pregnancy.", "PMID": 513011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10096", "title": "Granulocytes in the endometrium of post-partum women.", "content": "Endometrial samples of women at various stages of gonadal activity after parturition were examined for the presence and numbers of endometrial granulocytes. Although samples at all the stages contained significant numbers of the granulocytes (i.e. greater than 7/high-power field), the 100% values for late-proliferative and adaptation hyperplasia were significantly higher than the values for the resting (81.8%), early (82.4%) and mid- (87.9%) proliferative and secretory (83.3%) phases. We suggest that this correlates with the suggestion that the granulocytes constitute a receptor system for oestrogens.", "contents": "Granulocytes in the endometrium of post-partum women. Endometrial samples of women at various stages of gonadal activity after parturition were examined for the presence and numbers of endometrial granulocytes. Although samples at all the stages contained significant numbers of the granulocytes (i.e. greater than 7/high-power field), the 100% values for late-proliferative and adaptation hyperplasia were significantly higher than the values for the resting (81.8%), early (82.4%) and mid- (87.9%) proliferative and secretory (83.3%) phases. We suggest that this correlates with the suggestion that the granulocytes constitute a receptor system for oestrogens.", "PMID": 513012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10097", "title": "Onset of puberty and duration of fertility in rats fed a restricted diet.", "content": "Chronic dietary restriction such that the body weight of CFY Sprague-Dawley female rats was 50% that of animals fed ad libitum resulted in enhanced longevity (LD 50 of 1090 days compared to 704 days). All the experimental females had reached puberty by 227 days and 80% were able to conceive and wean young at 510 days, an age beyond that at which the control rats had ceased to breed (450 days). Some (25%) of the experimental rats were able to breed at over 800 days of age.", "contents": "Onset of puberty and duration of fertility in rats fed a restricted diet. Chronic dietary restriction such that the body weight of CFY Sprague-Dawley female rats was 50% that of animals fed ad libitum resulted in enhanced longevity (LD 50 of 1090 days compared to 704 days). All the experimental females had reached puberty by 227 days and 80% were able to conceive and wean young at 510 days, an age beyond that at which the control rats had ceased to breed (450 days). Some (25%) of the experimental rats were able to breed at over 800 days of age.", "PMID": 513013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10098", "title": "Changes in ovine cervical mucus in response to oestrogen treatment.", "content": "After 10 days pretreatment with 10 mg progesterone daily, ovariectomized ewes were injected i.m. with 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 micrograms oestradiol benzoate (OB) and cervical mucus was collected 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 h later (Exp. 1), or were injected with 12.5, 40 or 100 micrograms OB daily, and the mucus examined, for 9 days (Exp. 2). The Spinnbarkeit was affected by the dose of OB over 9 days, but at all doses it increased over the first 3 days of treatment (Exp. 2). The wet weight of the mucus, the amount and proportion of water, and therefore the degree of arborization, increased with the dose of OB but decreased after 3 days in Exp. 2. The amount of dry matter, protein or carbohydrate did not have any clear relationship to dose or duration of OB treatment.", "contents": "Changes in ovine cervical mucus in response to oestrogen treatment. After 10 days pretreatment with 10 mg progesterone daily, ovariectomized ewes were injected i.m. with 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 micrograms oestradiol benzoate (OB) and cervical mucus was collected 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 h later (Exp. 1), or were injected with 12.5, 40 or 100 micrograms OB daily, and the mucus examined, for 9 days (Exp. 2). The Spinnbarkeit was affected by the dose of OB over 9 days, but at all doses it increased over the first 3 days of treatment (Exp. 2). The wet weight of the mucus, the amount and proportion of water, and therefore the degree of arborization, increased with the dose of OB but decreased after 3 days in Exp. 2. The amount of dry matter, protein or carbohydrate did not have any clear relationship to dose or duration of OB treatment.", "PMID": 513014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10099", "title": "Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone during the normal oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the lion (Panthera leo).", "content": "During a 6-month study period weekly serum samples demonstrated 9 oestradiol surges above 14 pg/ml (range 19-108 pg/ml) among 3 lionesses isolated from male lions. Intervals between peaks ranged from 3 to 8 weeks. Progesterone surges of more than 17 ng/ml (range 17-282 ng/ml) and lasting for 2-6 weeks were recorded after 7 of the oestradiol peaks. Sexual behaviour correlated well with the oestradiol peaks. Except for cornification following oestradiol peaks, there was no obvious vaginal cytology pattern at other times of the cycle. Pregnancy occurred after a 12-h contact with a male during behavioural oestrus. During gestation (108 days) oestradiol values remained low, while progesterone was elevated to 49 ng/ml within 12 h after mating, reaching a peak of 143 ng/ml at the 4th week, and remaining elevated during the next 2 months.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone during the normal oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the lion (Panthera leo). During a 6-month study period weekly serum samples demonstrated 9 oestradiol surges above 14 pg/ml (range 19-108 pg/ml) among 3 lionesses isolated from male lions. Intervals between peaks ranged from 3 to 8 weeks. Progesterone surges of more than 17 ng/ml (range 17-282 ng/ml) and lasting for 2-6 weeks were recorded after 7 of the oestradiol peaks. Sexual behaviour correlated well with the oestradiol peaks. Except for cornification following oestradiol peaks, there was no obvious vaginal cytology pattern at other times of the cycle. Pregnancy occurred after a 12-h contact with a male during behavioural oestrus. During gestation (108 days) oestradiol values remained low, while progesterone was elevated to 49 ng/ml within 12 h after mating, reaching a peak of 143 ng/ml at the 4th week, and remaining elevated during the next 2 months.", "PMID": 513015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10100", "title": "Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams.", "content": "Sixteen Romney rams were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects on semen production of (i) contrasting lighting regimens, and (ii) pinealectomy or sham-operation. Reversal of the annual photoperiodic cycle advanced the seasonal peak of fructose levels in semen by 4 months and also reduced percentages of unstained and morphologically normal spermatozoa. Pinealectomy abolished this advancement of peak fructose production and reduced overall concentrations and motility of spermatozoa. Moreover, towards the end of the study pinealectomized rams had higher ejaculate volumes than did sham-operated rams. Testicular and accessory sex gland data obtained after the rams were killed showed a marked influence of the lighting regimen: high values from sham-operated rams in short daily photoperiods contrasted with depressed values from those in long daily photoperiods. Pinealectomized rams provided values midway between these extremes, a finding which suggested both anti- and pro-gonadotrophic roles for the pineal gland in rams.", "contents": "Effects of various lighting regimens and pinealectomy on semen production in Romney rams. Sixteen Romney rams were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects on semen production of (i) contrasting lighting regimens, and (ii) pinealectomy or sham-operation. Reversal of the annual photoperiodic cycle advanced the seasonal peak of fructose levels in semen by 4 months and also reduced percentages of unstained and morphologically normal spermatozoa. Pinealectomy abolished this advancement of peak fructose production and reduced overall concentrations and motility of spermatozoa. Moreover, towards the end of the study pinealectomized rams had higher ejaculate volumes than did sham-operated rams. Testicular and accessory sex gland data obtained after the rams were killed showed a marked influence of the lighting regimen: high values from sham-operated rams in short daily photoperiods contrasted with depressed values from those in long daily photoperiods. Pinealectomized rams provided values midway between these extremes, a finding which suggested both anti- and pro-gonadotrophic roles for the pineal gland in rams.", "PMID": 513016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10101", "title": "Gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity in seminal plasma from intact and vasectomized bulls.", "content": "Bull seminal plasma administered to male rats at the time of castration inhibited the rise in the levels of FSH and LH otherwise seen in the serum 24 h later. That the gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity was also present in the seminal plasma from vasectomized bulls suggests that it was not of testicular origin. Although the substance with gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity was a protein, it may be chemically distinct from inhibin.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity in seminal plasma from intact and vasectomized bulls. Bull seminal plasma administered to male rats at the time of castration inhibited the rise in the levels of FSH and LH otherwise seen in the serum 24 h later. That the gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity was also present in the seminal plasma from vasectomized bulls suggests that it was not of testicular origin. Although the substance with gonadotrophin-inhibiting activity was a protein, it may be chemically distinct from inhibin.", "PMID": 513017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10102", "title": "Evidence of the origin of the gelatinous masses in the oviducts of mares.", "content": "The gelatinous masses known to occur in the mare oviduct were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Many (44%) of the masses which occurred in 16 of the 24 oviducts studied were connected with the mucosa of the ampulla near the ampullary-isthmic junction. The masses consisted of lobules of fine fibres probably derived from the fibrous connective tissue of the lamina propria in the oviductal mucosa.", "contents": "Evidence of the origin of the gelatinous masses in the oviducts of mares. The gelatinous masses known to occur in the mare oviduct were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Many (44%) of the masses which occurred in 16 of the 24 oviducts studied were connected with the mucosa of the ampulla near the ampullary-isthmic junction. The masses consisted of lobules of fine fibres probably derived from the fibrous connective tissue of the lamina propria in the oviductal mucosa.", "PMID": 513018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10103", "title": "The location of eggs retained in the oviducts of mares.", "content": "The oviducts of 24 mares were examined to determine the site of retention of unfertilized eggs. The ampullary-isthmic junction regions of 42 of the 48 oviducts were serially sectioned and examined histologically. The remaining parts of the oviducts were flushed and the flushings searched microscopically. Of 45 eggs located, 40 were in the sectioned segments of 24 oviducts and only 5 were in the flushings. All but one of the sectioned segments contained prominent masses of material obstructing the lumen, but these were apparently not the direct cause of egg retention since eggs were found on both sides of them.", "contents": "The location of eggs retained in the oviducts of mares. The oviducts of 24 mares were examined to determine the site of retention of unfertilized eggs. The ampullary-isthmic junction regions of 42 of the 48 oviducts were serially sectioned and examined histologically. The remaining parts of the oviducts were flushed and the flushings searched microscopically. Of 45 eggs located, 40 were in the sectioned segments of 24 oviducts and only 5 were in the flushings. All but one of the sectioned segments contained prominent masses of material obstructing the lumen, but these were apparently not the direct cause of egg retention since eggs were found on both sides of them.", "PMID": 513019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10104", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of hypophysectomy and unilateral ovariectomy on ovarian follicular populations in sheep.", "content": "The effects of hypophysectomy and unilateral ovariectomy on the total number of follicles with greater than 3 layers of granulosa cells were determined at 4 and 70 days following treatment. The population of preantral follicles (less than 0.23 min diam.) was found to be under the control of gonadotrophins but such control was only evident on a long-term basis. At 70 days after unilateral ovariectomy there was a large increase in the number of preantral follicles but at 70 days after hypophysectomy there was a large decrease. The population of antral follicles (greater than 0.23 mm diam.) was under the immediate control of gonadotrophins. By 4 days after hypophysectomy all large antral follicles had become atretic and the number of antral follicles was further decreased at 70 days after treatment. At 70 days after unilateral ovariectomy there was an increase in the number of antral follicles. The follicular growth rates at 70 days following treatment were decreased in hypophysectomized ewes but increased in ewes after unilateral ovariectomy.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of hypophysectomy and unilateral ovariectomy on ovarian follicular populations in sheep. The effects of hypophysectomy and unilateral ovariectomy on the total number of follicles with greater than 3 layers of granulosa cells were determined at 4 and 70 days following treatment. The population of preantral follicles (less than 0.23 min diam.) was found to be under the control of gonadotrophins but such control was only evident on a long-term basis. At 70 days after unilateral ovariectomy there was a large increase in the number of preantral follicles but at 70 days after hypophysectomy there was a large decrease. The population of antral follicles (greater than 0.23 mm diam.) was under the immediate control of gonadotrophins. By 4 days after hypophysectomy all large antral follicles had become atretic and the number of antral follicles was further decreased at 70 days after treatment. At 70 days after unilateral ovariectomy there was an increase in the number of antral follicles. The follicular growth rates at 70 days following treatment were decreased in hypophysectomized ewes but increased in ewes after unilateral ovariectomy.", "PMID": 513020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10105", "title": "Selecting a mammalian species for the separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa.", "content": "All (524) male karyotypes in An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes (Hsu & Benirschke, 1967-1977) were visually estimated for the chromatin difference between the X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. After more exact measurement of axial chromatid length for 100 karotypes, 24 species were found in which the difference between X and Y chromosomes was greater than 6.2%. It is suggested that such species would be the best for attempts to separate the X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa.", "contents": "Selecting a mammalian species for the separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. All (524) male karyotypes in An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes (Hsu & Benirschke, 1967-1977) were visually estimated for the chromatin difference between the X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. After more exact measurement of axial chromatid length for 100 karotypes, 24 species were found in which the difference between X and Y chromosomes was greater than 6.2%. It is suggested that such species would be the best for attempts to separate the X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa.", "PMID": 513021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10106", "title": "Morphological characteristics of male germ cells of rats in contact with Sertoli cells in vitro.", "content": "Fragments of seminiferous epithelium were prepared from 3-week-old rats. Although the Sertoli cells formed a monolayer, germ cells (spermatogonia and early spermatocytes) remained in association with them and were of normal ultrastructural appearance. Germ cells became completely separated from Sertoli cells after 3 weeks of culture in a chemically defined medium. The contact areas between Sertoli and germ cells were characterized by desmosome-like junctions while those between germ cells appeared to be pentalaminar.", "contents": "Morphological characteristics of male germ cells of rats in contact with Sertoli cells in vitro. Fragments of seminiferous epithelium were prepared from 3-week-old rats. Although the Sertoli cells formed a monolayer, germ cells (spermatogonia and early spermatocytes) remained in association with them and were of normal ultrastructural appearance. Germ cells became completely separated from Sertoli cells after 3 weeks of culture in a chemically defined medium. The contact areas between Sertoli and germ cells were characterized by desmosome-like junctions while those between germ cells appeared to be pentalaminar.", "PMID": 513022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10107", "title": "A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony.", "content": "The group of Caspian ponies studied contained some animals with 65 chromosomes and others with 64 chromosomes. The morphology and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes resembled those of Equus caballus and E. przewalskii. The karyogram of animals with 65 chromosomes was identical to that of the cross between E. caballus and E. przewalskii. It is suggested that the Caspian pony is the product of natural hybridization between E. caballus and E. prezwalskii. Low reproductive effeciency of the Caspian pony is suggested as the cause of decline in the population of these animals.", "contents": "A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony. The group of Caspian ponies studied contained some animals with 65 chromosomes and others with 64 chromosomes. The morphology and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes resembled those of Equus caballus and E. przewalskii. The karyogram of animals with 65 chromosomes was identical to that of the cross between E. caballus and E. przewalskii. It is suggested that the Caspian pony is the product of natural hybridization between E. caballus and E. prezwalskii. Low reproductive effeciency of the Caspian pony is suggested as the cause of decline in the population of these animals.", "PMID": 513023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10108", "title": "Effect of the fetal placenta and of a rabbit pituitary extract on plasma progesterone in fetectomized rabbits.", "content": "When fetuses and placentas were removed on Day 18 in normal pregnant rabbits, plasma progesterone levels declined rapidly to non-pregnant values within 48 h. This decline was largely prevented if only fetectomy was performed, leaving the placentas in situ, but not when the fetal components of the placentas were also removed. These results suggested that ovarian progesterone production was dependent upon trophic influences emanating from the fetal portions of the placentas. Ovarian progesterone production was maintained by an extract of rabbit pituitaries for at least 72 h after removal of fetuses and placentas.", "contents": "Effect of the fetal placenta and of a rabbit pituitary extract on plasma progesterone in fetectomized rabbits. When fetuses and placentas were removed on Day 18 in normal pregnant rabbits, plasma progesterone levels declined rapidly to non-pregnant values within 48 h. This decline was largely prevented if only fetectomy was performed, leaving the placentas in situ, but not when the fetal components of the placentas were also removed. These results suggested that ovarian progesterone production was dependent upon trophic influences emanating from the fetal portions of the placentas. Ovarian progesterone production was maintained by an extract of rabbit pituitaries for at least 72 h after removal of fetuses and placentas.", "PMID": 513024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10109", "title": "Fetal and placental weight relationships in the rat at days 13 and 17 of gestation.", "content": "Mean fetal and placental weights were, respectively, 0.018 and 0.051 g on Day 13 and 0.376 and 0.250 g on Day 17. Fetal and placental weights within litters were weakly correlated on Day 13 (r = 0.322) but not on Day 17. Litter size was negatively correlated with placental weight on Day 17 (r = -0.485) but not with fetal weight. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses on Day 17 but their placentas were not significantly different. Fetuses and placentas were lighter at the ovarian end of the uterine horn on both days examined, revealing an early influence of local environmental factors on their growth.", "contents": "Fetal and placental weight relationships in the rat at days 13 and 17 of gestation. Mean fetal and placental weights were, respectively, 0.018 and 0.051 g on Day 13 and 0.376 and 0.250 g on Day 17. Fetal and placental weights within litters were weakly correlated on Day 13 (r = 0.322) but not on Day 17. Litter size was negatively correlated with placental weight on Day 17 (r = -0.485) but not with fetal weight. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses on Day 17 but their placentas were not significantly different. Fetuses and placentas were lighter at the ovarian end of the uterine horn on both days examined, revealing an early influence of local environmental factors on their growth.", "PMID": 513025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10110", "title": "Cytogenetics and reproduction of sheep with multiple centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations).", "content": "The significance of centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations) in domestic animals, with special reference to sheep, is reviewed. The mating is described of a further 856 ewes with either a normal chromosome number 2n = 54 or carrying one or more of the three different translocations (centric fusions) t1, t2 and t3 in various heterozygous and homozygous arrangements. Rams which were used in the matings were homozygous for one of the translocation chromosomes (2n = 52), double heterozygotes (2n = 52), triple heterozygotes (2n = 51) or were carriers of 4 translocation chromosomes (2n = 50) and 5 translocation chromosomes (2n = 49). A remarkably even distribution of segregation products was recorded in the progeny of all combinations of translocation ewes x translocation rams in those groups in which sufficient animals were available for statistical analysis. Forty-eight chromosomally different groups of animals were mated. Further, the overall fertility of the translocation sheep, measured by conception rate to first service, lambing percentage and number of ewes which did not breed a lamb, was not significantly different from New Zealand national sheep breeding data. In some groups the poorer reproductive performance could be explained by the age structure of the flock and inbreeding depression, which probably affected the performance of some animals. Sheep with progressively decreasing chromosome numbers, due to centric fusion, 2n = 50, 2n = 49 and 2n = 48, are reported. The 2n = 48 category represents a triple homozygous ewe and a triple homozygous ram and is the first report of the viable evolution of such domestic animals. Less than 1% of phenotypically abnormal lambs were recorded in a total of 1995 progeny born over 10 years. It is now considered that there is little or no evidence to suggest that centric fusions in a variety of combinations affect the total productive fitness of domestic sheep. It is suggested that future research should be more actively directed to understanding their genetic significance.", "contents": "Cytogenetics and reproduction of sheep with multiple centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). The significance of centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations) in domestic animals, with special reference to sheep, is reviewed. The mating is described of a further 856 ewes with either a normal chromosome number 2n = 54 or carrying one or more of the three different translocations (centric fusions) t1, t2 and t3 in various heterozygous and homozygous arrangements. Rams which were used in the matings were homozygous for one of the translocation chromosomes (2n = 52), double heterozygotes (2n = 52), triple heterozygotes (2n = 51) or were carriers of 4 translocation chromosomes (2n = 50) and 5 translocation chromosomes (2n = 49). A remarkably even distribution of segregation products was recorded in the progeny of all combinations of translocation ewes x translocation rams in those groups in which sufficient animals were available for statistical analysis. Forty-eight chromosomally different groups of animals were mated. Further, the overall fertility of the translocation sheep, measured by conception rate to first service, lambing percentage and number of ewes which did not breed a lamb, was not significantly different from New Zealand national sheep breeding data. In some groups the poorer reproductive performance could be explained by the age structure of the flock and inbreeding depression, which probably affected the performance of some animals. Sheep with progressively decreasing chromosome numbers, due to centric fusion, 2n = 50, 2n = 49 and 2n = 48, are reported. The 2n = 48 category represents a triple homozygous ewe and a triple homozygous ram and is the first report of the viable evolution of such domestic animals. Less than 1% of phenotypically abnormal lambs were recorded in a total of 1995 progeny born over 10 years. It is now considered that there is little or no evidence to suggest that centric fusions in a variety of combinations affect the total productive fitness of domestic sheep. It is suggested that future research should be more actively directed to understanding their genetic significance.", "PMID": 513026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10111", "title": "Detection of induced death of embryos in sheep by the rosette inhibition test.", "content": "The rosette inhibition test has been used to monitor the decrease of an 'early pregnancy factor' in 2 groups of pregnant sheep (19-21 days) in which embryos were removed surgically or by induction of luteolysis with cloprostenol. The rosette inhibition titres of sera taken from sheep of each group declined from high (16-18) to low (8-10) levels within 48 h of treatment. Surgical removal of embryos caused little change in serum progesterone concentration whereas cloprostenol prompted a rapid decrease over the same period. Death of the embryo can therefore be detected by the rosette inhibition test within 48 h of occurrence, but not necessarily by the measurement of progesterone in blood within this period.", "contents": "Detection of induced death of embryos in sheep by the rosette inhibition test. The rosette inhibition test has been used to monitor the decrease of an 'early pregnancy factor' in 2 groups of pregnant sheep (19-21 days) in which embryos were removed surgically or by induction of luteolysis with cloprostenol. The rosette inhibition titres of sera taken from sheep of each group declined from high (16-18) to low (8-10) levels within 48 h of treatment. Surgical removal of embryos caused little change in serum progesterone concentration whereas cloprostenol prompted a rapid decrease over the same period. Death of the embryo can therefore be detected by the rosette inhibition test within 48 h of occurrence, but not necessarily by the measurement of progesterone in blood within this period.", "PMID": 513027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10112", "title": "Within-subject variability of human semen in regard to sperm count, volume, total number of spermatozoa and length of abstinence.", "content": "The within-subject variability of the semen sperm count (n), volume (v) and the total number of spermatozoa (N) was studied on 220 ejaculates from 36 normal subjects after an abstinence of 7 days or less. For each of the three variables, the within-subject standard deviation, sigma, was practically proportional to the mean, mu; the common value of the coefficient of variation sigma/mu for all subjects was very high: 0.39 for n, 0.28 for v and 0.55 for N. The 95% confidence intervals based on a single ejaculate were asymmetrical and very large, the lower and upper limits being respectively 0.5 x n and 2.3 x n; 0.7 x v and 1.8 x v; 0.4 x N and 2.9 x N. The three semen characteristics for a given subject were highly correlated with length of abstinence: for an increase in abstinence of 1 day there were mean increments of 13 x 10(6)/ml for n, 0.4 ml for v, and 87 x 10(6) for N.", "contents": "Within-subject variability of human semen in regard to sperm count, volume, total number of spermatozoa and length of abstinence. The within-subject variability of the semen sperm count (n), volume (v) and the total number of spermatozoa (N) was studied on 220 ejaculates from 36 normal subjects after an abstinence of 7 days or less. For each of the three variables, the within-subject standard deviation, sigma, was practically proportional to the mean, mu; the common value of the coefficient of variation sigma/mu for all subjects was very high: 0.39 for n, 0.28 for v and 0.55 for N. The 95% confidence intervals based on a single ejaculate were asymmetrical and very large, the lower and upper limits being respectively 0.5 x n and 2.3 x n; 0.7 x v and 1.8 x v; 0.4 x N and 2.9 x N. The three semen characteristics for a given subject were highly correlated with length of abstinence: for an increase in abstinence of 1 day there were mean increments of 13 x 10(6)/ml for n, 0.4 ml for v, and 87 x 10(6) for N.", "PMID": 513028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10113", "title": "Detection of anti-M\u00fcllerian activity in boar rete testis fluid.", "content": "Boar rete testis fluid was tested for its capacity to induce M\u00fcllerian regression in 14.5-day-old rat M\u00fcllerian ducts. Weak activity was present in crude RTF, but after gel filtration 5-fold concentration, greater activity was detected in 1 our of 7 pools of the eluted fractions. The biologically active fraction (mol. wt 160 000-310 000) coincided with the elution of authentic labelled anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, obtained from bovine fetal testes. These results indicate that a small amount of anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone is still synthesized in post-natal life.", "contents": "Detection of anti-M\u00fcllerian activity in boar rete testis fluid. Boar rete testis fluid was tested for its capacity to induce M\u00fcllerian regression in 14.5-day-old rat M\u00fcllerian ducts. Weak activity was present in crude RTF, but after gel filtration 5-fold concentration, greater activity was detected in 1 our of 7 pools of the eluted fractions. The biologically active fraction (mol. wt 160 000-310 000) coincided with the elution of authentic labelled anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, obtained from bovine fetal testes. These results indicate that a small amount of anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone is still synthesized in post-natal life.", "PMID": 513029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10114", "title": "Exteroceptive factors and pregnancy block in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "A series of experiments based on 150 newly mated, uni- and multi-parous Mongolian gerbils provided no evidence for the existence of pregnancy blocking due to a strangle male effect. The reduced level of fertility observed was attributed to stressful factors at critical times in the pregnancy. Treatment with 10 i.u. PMSG on the day following mating interrupted pregnancy and the majority of females mated again within 4 days.", "contents": "Exteroceptive factors and pregnancy block in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. A series of experiments based on 150 newly mated, uni- and multi-parous Mongolian gerbils provided no evidence for the existence of pregnancy blocking due to a strangle male effect. The reduced level of fertility observed was attributed to stressful factors at critical times in the pregnancy. Treatment with 10 i.u. PMSG on the day following mating interrupted pregnancy and the majority of females mated again within 4 days.", "PMID": 513030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10115", "title": "Increase of total protein synthesis during mouse oocyte growth.", "content": "Quantitative changes of mouse oocyte protein synthesis during oogenesis have been studied by determining the rate of leucine incorporation into total cell protein. The leucine intracellular poor was artificially expanded by exposing the isolated oocytes to different concentrations of radiolabelled leucine, and leucine incorporation was followed as a function of the time. Protein synthesis by mouse oocytes increases linearly with the increase of the cell volume, and such increase is constant throughout the entire period of oocyte growth.", "contents": "Increase of total protein synthesis during mouse oocyte growth. Quantitative changes of mouse oocyte protein synthesis during oogenesis have been studied by determining the rate of leucine incorporation into total cell protein. The leucine intracellular poor was artificially expanded by exposing the isolated oocytes to different concentrations of radiolabelled leucine, and leucine incorporation was followed as a function of the time. Protein synthesis by mouse oocytes increases linearly with the increase of the cell volume, and such increase is constant throughout the entire period of oocyte growth.", "PMID": 513031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10116", "title": "Spontaneous electrical activity of the rat epididymis in vitro.", "content": "Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded with suction electrodes from the partly or completely uncoiled epididymal duct of the rat in vitro. The electrical activity of the cauda epididymidis consisted of one or few spikes followed by a plateau of 1-2 sec. The frequency of electrical activity declined from the thicker-walled initial segment of the thin-walled initial segment, was increased to the level seen in the initial segment in the thicker, major portion of the caput epididymidis, declined in the corpus and fell steeply in the cauda epididymidis towards the vas deferens. Electrical activity spread over long distances in the distal cauda and epididymal vas. Elsewhere in the epididymis activity remained synchronous only for a short period in short segments.", "contents": "Spontaneous electrical activity of the rat epididymis in vitro. Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded with suction electrodes from the partly or completely uncoiled epididymal duct of the rat in vitro. The electrical activity of the cauda epididymidis consisted of one or few spikes followed by a plateau of 1-2 sec. The frequency of electrical activity declined from the thicker-walled initial segment of the thin-walled initial segment, was increased to the level seen in the initial segment in the thicker, major portion of the caput epididymidis, declined in the corpus and fell steeply in the cauda epididymidis towards the vas deferens. Electrical activity spread over long distances in the distal cauda and epididymal vas. Elsewhere in the epididymis activity remained synchronous only for a short period in short segments.", "PMID": 513032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10117", "title": "Electrical activity and intraluminal pressure of the cauda epididymidis of the rat.", "content": "Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded simultaneously with intraluminal pressure in the cauda epididymidis and epididymal vas of the rat in vitro. Spontaneous electrical activity spread over distances of several centimetres and was associated with a pressure wave recorded through an open-ended catheter in the distal cauda and epididymal vas. Transmission of pressure wave was gradually damped by filling of the catheter with spermatozoa.", "contents": "Electrical activity and intraluminal pressure of the cauda epididymidis of the rat. Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded simultaneously with intraluminal pressure in the cauda epididymidis and epididymal vas of the rat in vitro. Spontaneous electrical activity spread over distances of several centimetres and was associated with a pressure wave recorded through an open-ended catheter in the distal cauda and epididymal vas. Transmission of pressure wave was gradually damped by filling of the catheter with spermatozoa.", "PMID": 513033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10118", "title": "A high molecular weight antifertility factor from human seminal plasma.", "content": "The presence of a high molecular weight antifertility factor in human seminal plasma was established. The factor can be precipitated by centrifugation at 104 000 g. Its activity is maximal when the protein concentration reaches 150 micrograms/10(5) spermatozoa using the mouse in-vitro fertilization assay as the test system. The factor is heat labile but its activity is not affected by dialysis. It prevents the penetration of the spermatozoa through the layers surrounding the egg but has no effect on the fusion of the spermatozoa with the vitelline membrane. The factor is only partly removed from spermatozoa by washing but is completely dispersed when the spermatozoa are incubated in capacitation medium. The pellet that is precipitated from the seminal plasma does not contain any particles or vesicles. However, it is significantly contaminated with low molecular weight material. This material includes the acrosin inhibitor which is present in large enough quantities to hinder fertilization. Washing the pellet twice with H2O removes these low molecular weight compounds, as indicated by the absence of the acrosin inhibitor, but has no effect on the antifertility properties of the pellet. Therefore, before further study or purification of the factor, it is essential that the pellet is washed such low molecular weight material. The washed pellet consists of at least 7 components as judged by disc gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "A high molecular weight antifertility factor from human seminal plasma. The presence of a high molecular weight antifertility factor in human seminal plasma was established. The factor can be precipitated by centrifugation at 104 000 g. Its activity is maximal when the protein concentration reaches 150 micrograms/10(5) spermatozoa using the mouse in-vitro fertilization assay as the test system. The factor is heat labile but its activity is not affected by dialysis. It prevents the penetration of the spermatozoa through the layers surrounding the egg but has no effect on the fusion of the spermatozoa with the vitelline membrane. The factor is only partly removed from spermatozoa by washing but is completely dispersed when the spermatozoa are incubated in capacitation medium. The pellet that is precipitated from the seminal plasma does not contain any particles or vesicles. However, it is significantly contaminated with low molecular weight material. This material includes the acrosin inhibitor which is present in large enough quantities to hinder fertilization. Washing the pellet twice with H2O removes these low molecular weight compounds, as indicated by the absence of the acrosin inhibitor, but has no effect on the antifertility properties of the pellet. Therefore, before further study or purification of the factor, it is essential that the pellet is washed such low molecular weight material. The washed pellet consists of at least 7 components as judged by disc gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 513034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10119", "title": "Effect on gonadotrophin secretion of blockage of the ductuli efferentes in the normal and androgen-deprived rat.", "content": "Serum LH and FSH concentrations were measured in adult male rats. Blockage of the ductuli efferentes by surgical ligation or treatment with the anti-fertility drug alpha-chlorohydrin did not produce any changes in serum LH or androgen-dependent organ weights. Serum FSH in both groups was significantly raised by 4 days after treatment and remained so throughout most of the experimental period (42 days) but did not attain the values obtained in castrates. The gonadotrophin changes were accompanied by an initial increase in the weight and turgidity of the testes which then became flaccid and atrophied. These changes were similar but not identical after both treatments. Androgen secretion was impaired in adult rats treated with ethylene dimethane sulphonate; serum LH values were similar to those of 14-day castrates, and serum FSH was also elevated but not to the level found in the castrates. Ligation of the ductuli efferentes did not produce any further changes in concentrations of either hormone in spite of the retention of the testicular products within the testes as reflected by an increase in weight. The results are consistent with the view that changes in serum FSH after blockage of the ductuli efferentes are related to disturbances in the production of inhibin from the seminiferous epithelium rather than retention of inhibin with the testicular tubules.", "contents": "Effect on gonadotrophin secretion of blockage of the ductuli efferentes in the normal and androgen-deprived rat. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were measured in adult male rats. Blockage of the ductuli efferentes by surgical ligation or treatment with the anti-fertility drug alpha-chlorohydrin did not produce any changes in serum LH or androgen-dependent organ weights. Serum FSH in both groups was significantly raised by 4 days after treatment and remained so throughout most of the experimental period (42 days) but did not attain the values obtained in castrates. The gonadotrophin changes were accompanied by an initial increase in the weight and turgidity of the testes which then became flaccid and atrophied. These changes were similar but not identical after both treatments. Androgen secretion was impaired in adult rats treated with ethylene dimethane sulphonate; serum LH values were similar to those of 14-day castrates, and serum FSH was also elevated but not to the level found in the castrates. Ligation of the ductuli efferentes did not produce any further changes in concentrations of either hormone in spite of the retention of the testicular products within the testes as reflected by an increase in weight. The results are consistent with the view that changes in serum FSH after blockage of the ductuli efferentes are related to disturbances in the production of inhibin from the seminiferous epithelium rather than retention of inhibin with the testicular tubules.", "PMID": 513035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10120", "title": "Determination ob biologically active LH in the serum of male rheusus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The in-vitro bioassay for LH, using mouse Leydig cells, has been modified for the direct measurement of serum LH in the male rhesus monkey. Validation of the assay demonstrated good reliability in terms of accuracy, precision and sensitivity (1.5 mi.u./ml). Basal LH concentrations in laboratory-maintained monkeys with and without anaesthesia were not significantly different from those in free-ranging, feral monkeys. LH-RH (50 micrograms i.v.) elicited a 30-fold increase in LH concentrations after 30 min. LH levels in castrated adult monkeys were approximately 50 times the normal levels. Intact and castrated juvenile males had only very low LH levels. LH from the serum of an adult male castrate was further characterized by Sephadex G100 column chromatography. The in-vitro bioassay provides a preferable alternative to the heterologous radioimmunoassay method for the routine determination of LH in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Determination ob biologically active LH in the serum of male rheusus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The in-vitro bioassay for LH, using mouse Leydig cells, has been modified for the direct measurement of serum LH in the male rhesus monkey. Validation of the assay demonstrated good reliability in terms of accuracy, precision and sensitivity (1.5 mi.u./ml). Basal LH concentrations in laboratory-maintained monkeys with and without anaesthesia were not significantly different from those in free-ranging, feral monkeys. LH-RH (50 micrograms i.v.) elicited a 30-fold increase in LH concentrations after 30 min. LH levels in castrated adult monkeys were approximately 50 times the normal levels. Intact and castrated juvenile males had only very low LH levels. LH from the serum of an adult male castrate was further characterized by Sephadex G100 column chromatography. The in-vitro bioassay provides a preferable alternative to the heterologous radioimmunoassay method for the routine determination of LH in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 513036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10121", "title": "Nutrient requirements of rat embryos undergoing organogenesis in vitro.", "content": "Rat embryos at the head-fold stage were cultured in rotating bottles for 2 days in rat serum extensively dialysed against glucose-free BSS, and to which various energy sources and nutrients were added. Optimum growth and differentiation, virtually indentical with that obtained in while serum and to that seen during the corresponding period in vivo, were obtained with the addition of glucose and certain vitamins: pantothenic acid and riboflavin had a general beneficial effect on development, i-inositol suppressed neural tube defects, and folic acid significantly improved growth of the embryos.", "contents": "Nutrient requirements of rat embryos undergoing organogenesis in vitro. Rat embryos at the head-fold stage were cultured in rotating bottles for 2 days in rat serum extensively dialysed against glucose-free BSS, and to which various energy sources and nutrients were added. Optimum growth and differentiation, virtually indentical with that obtained in while serum and to that seen during the corresponding period in vivo, were obtained with the addition of glucose and certain vitamins: pantothenic acid and riboflavin had a general beneficial effect on development, i-inositol suppressed neural tube defects, and folic acid significantly improved growth of the embryos.", "PMID": 513037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10122", "title": "Elemental composition of rabbit antral fluid during preovulatory follicular swelling.", "content": "Electron probe microanalysis was used to determine the concentrations of Na, Cl, K Ca, Mg, S and P in samples of follicular fluid, ovarian vein serum and peripheral venous serum obtained from virgin rabbits at 2-h intervals up to 10 h after injection of hCG. Throughout this 10-h period the elemental composition of follicular fluid was essentially the same as that of blood serum. However, there was a significant drop in follicular fluid Ca relative to blood during the 10-h period which may reflect Ca involvement in the regulation of oocyte maturation. Significant differences were also found between follicles within rabbits for K and P concentrations.", "contents": "Elemental composition of rabbit antral fluid during preovulatory follicular swelling. Electron probe microanalysis was used to determine the concentrations of Na, Cl, K Ca, Mg, S and P in samples of follicular fluid, ovarian vein serum and peripheral venous serum obtained from virgin rabbits at 2-h intervals up to 10 h after injection of hCG. Throughout this 10-h period the elemental composition of follicular fluid was essentially the same as that of blood serum. However, there was a significant drop in follicular fluid Ca relative to blood during the 10-h period which may reflect Ca involvement in the regulation of oocyte maturation. Significant differences were also found between follicles within rabbits for K and P concentrations.", "PMID": 513038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10123", "title": "Changes in body weight, blood glucose and serum proteins in relation to the appearance of post-partum oestrus in Gir cows.", "content": "Of 16 cows, 9 did not exhibit oestrus within 90 days of parturition. These 9 cows had significantly lower body weights, blood glucose and serum protein concentrations than did the 7 cows which exhibited a fertile oestrus. It is suggested that these differences could be used to identify those cows which will not show an early post-partum oestrus.", "contents": "Changes in body weight, blood glucose and serum proteins in relation to the appearance of post-partum oestrus in Gir cows. Of 16 cows, 9 did not exhibit oestrus within 90 days of parturition. These 9 cows had significantly lower body weights, blood glucose and serum protein concentrations than did the 7 cows which exhibited a fertile oestrus. It is suggested that these differences could be used to identify those cows which will not show an early post-partum oestrus.", "PMID": 513039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10124", "title": "Clinical use of plasma total estriol measurements in late pregnancy.", "content": "A critical review of the clinical use of measurements of plasma total estriol concentration in late pregnancy was done on the basis of one year's experience with the test at one institution which provides tertiary-level care to high-risk obstetric patients. The overall efficiency of the test in discriminating patients at risk was 59%. It appears to be most useful when a negative result provides some reassurance that the status of the fetus is satisfactory.", "contents": "Clinical use of plasma total estriol measurements in late pregnancy. A critical review of the clinical use of measurements of plasma total estriol concentration in late pregnancy was done on the basis of one year's experience with the test at one institution which provides tertiary-level care to high-risk obstetric patients. The overall efficiency of the test in discriminating patients at risk was 59%. It appears to be most useful when a negative result provides some reassurance that the status of the fetus is satisfactory.", "PMID": 513042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10125", "title": "Results of the intensive perinatal management of very-low-birth-weight infants (501 to 1,500 grams).", "content": "In January 1975 at the University of Colorado Medical Center, a program of intensive intrapartum and neonatal care went into effect for all infants with expected birth weights of over 600 gm. Data are presented on the 187 infants weighing 501 to 1,000 gm born in 1975 to 1976. The 70 infants weighing 501 to 1,000 gm had a perinatal mortality of 65% and a neonatal mortality of 55%. The perinatal mortality of the 117 infants weighing 1,001 to 1,500 gm was 25% and the neonatal mortality 20%. Among the 501- to 1,000-gm infants, cesarean section for delivery of abnormal presentations resulted in a lower perinatal mortality than did vaginal delivery. Apgar scores were predictive of an improved chance of survival, but scores of three or less even at five minutes were associated with a 25% survival rate. Of those infants who did not survive the neonatal period, over 70% had died by 48 hours of life. These results were achieved without the use of beta-mimetic tocolytic agents to inhibit labor or long-acting corticosteroids to enhance pulmonary maturation. The improved survival of the infants weighing 1,500 gm or less when compared with infants of similar weights in preceding years is attributed to more intensive perinatal management of these mothers and their very-low-birth-weight infants.", "contents": "Results of the intensive perinatal management of very-low-birth-weight infants (501 to 1,500 grams). In January 1975 at the University of Colorado Medical Center, a program of intensive intrapartum and neonatal care went into effect for all infants with expected birth weights of over 600 gm. Data are presented on the 187 infants weighing 501 to 1,000 gm born in 1975 to 1976. The 70 infants weighing 501 to 1,000 gm had a perinatal mortality of 65% and a neonatal mortality of 55%. The perinatal mortality of the 117 infants weighing 1,001 to 1,500 gm was 25% and the neonatal mortality 20%. Among the 501- to 1,000-gm infants, cesarean section for delivery of abnormal presentations resulted in a lower perinatal mortality than did vaginal delivery. Apgar scores were predictive of an improved chance of survival, but scores of three or less even at five minutes were associated with a 25% survival rate. Of those infants who did not survive the neonatal period, over 70% had died by 48 hours of life. These results were achieved without the use of beta-mimetic tocolytic agents to inhibit labor or long-acting corticosteroids to enhance pulmonary maturation. The improved survival of the infants weighing 1,500 gm or less when compared with infants of similar weights in preceding years is attributed to more intensive perinatal management of these mothers and their very-low-birth-weight infants.", "PMID": 513049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10126", "title": "4-Anilidopiperidine analgesics. 2. A study of the conformational aspects of the analgesic activity of the 4-anilidopiperidines utilizing isomeric N-substituted 3-(propananilido)nortropane analogues.", "content": "Relatively little information is available concerning the influence of conformational factors on the potent analgesic actions of the 4-anilidopiperidines. A series of N-substituted 3 alpha- and 3 beta-(propananilido)nortropanes have been designed, synthesized, and stereochemically characterized as semirigid analogues of the 4-anilidopiperidine analgesics in an attempt to study the influence of certain stereochemical factors on analgesia in this class of compounds. Conformational analysis of 3 alpha-propananilides (4) reveals a boat conformation for the preferred conformation of the piperidine ring of these tropane analogues. Evaluation of the analgesic potencies of the isomeric N-substituted 3-(propananilido)nortropanes of this study indicates greater potency for the 3 beta-(propananilido) isomers (5) with N-benzyl and N-phenethyl substitution as compared to the corresponding N-substituted 3 alpha-propananilides. Analysis of relative solubility differences among these isomers suggests that both structural and stereochemical influences predominate in affecting analgesic potency.", "contents": "4-Anilidopiperidine analgesics. 2. A study of the conformational aspects of the analgesic activity of the 4-anilidopiperidines utilizing isomeric N-substituted 3-(propananilido)nortropane analogues. Relatively little information is available concerning the influence of conformational factors on the potent analgesic actions of the 4-anilidopiperidines. A series of N-substituted 3 alpha- and 3 beta-(propananilido)nortropanes have been designed, synthesized, and stereochemically characterized as semirigid analogues of the 4-anilidopiperidine analgesics in an attempt to study the influence of certain stereochemical factors on analgesia in this class of compounds. Conformational analysis of 3 alpha-propananilides (4) reveals a boat conformation for the preferred conformation of the piperidine ring of these tropane analogues. Evaluation of the analgesic potencies of the isomeric N-substituted 3-(propananilido)nortropanes of this study indicates greater potency for the 3 beta-(propananilido) isomers (5) with N-benzyl and N-phenethyl substitution as compared to the corresponding N-substituted 3 alpha-propananilides. Analysis of relative solubility differences among these isomers suggests that both structural and stereochemical influences predominate in affecting analgesic potency.", "PMID": 513063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10127", "title": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 1. Primary alpha-amino anilides.", "content": "Thirty-two alpha-amino anilides with various substituents in the aromatic ring and in the alpha position are described. Their abilities to protect mice against chloroform-induced fibrillation and to elicit toxicity were determined. Substitution of an alkyl or aryl group in the alpha position enhanced the antifibrillatory activity. In most cases, increased potency was accompanied by increased toxicity. Eleven compounds were tested in dogs with surgically induced myocardial infarction; most showed antiarrhythmic activity. 2-Aminopropiono-2',6'-xylidide, tocainide, was chosen for clinical investigation.", "contents": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 1. Primary alpha-amino anilides. Thirty-two alpha-amino anilides with various substituents in the aromatic ring and in the alpha position are described. Their abilities to protect mice against chloroform-induced fibrillation and to elicit toxicity were determined. Substitution of an alkyl or aryl group in the alpha position enhanced the antifibrillatory activity. In most cases, increased potency was accompanied by increased toxicity. Eleven compounds were tested in dogs with surgically induced myocardial infarction; most showed antiarrhythmic activity. 2-Aminopropiono-2',6'-xylidide, tocainide, was chosen for clinical investigation.", "PMID": 513064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10128", "title": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 2. Amide alkyl alpha-amino xylidides.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of N-alkyl 2-amino 2',6'-xylidides is described. The method involved coupling of the N-alkyl-2',6'-xylidine with the appropriate 2-haloacyl halide, followed by ammonolysis. Alternatively, alkylation of the 2-phthalimido 2',6'-xylidide with NaH and the alkyl halide followed by hydrazinolysis was used. All compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect mice against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation. The compounds were generally more potent antifibrillatory agents than the corresponding secondary amides. All were more potent than tocainide and several showed less CNS toxicity. Five compounds were further evaluated in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial infarction. N-Ethyl-2-aminoaceto-4'-propoxy-2',6'-xylidide was as potent as lidocaine and produced less CNS toxicity.", "contents": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 2. Amide alkyl alpha-amino xylidides. The synthesis of a series of N-alkyl 2-amino 2',6'-xylidides is described. The method involved coupling of the N-alkyl-2',6'-xylidine with the appropriate 2-haloacyl halide, followed by ammonolysis. Alternatively, alkylation of the 2-phthalimido 2',6'-xylidide with NaH and the alkyl halide followed by hydrazinolysis was used. All compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect mice against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation. The compounds were generally more potent antifibrillatory agents than the corresponding secondary amides. All were more potent than tocainide and several showed less CNS toxicity. Five compounds were further evaluated in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial infarction. N-Ethyl-2-aminoaceto-4'-propoxy-2',6'-xylidide was as potent as lidocaine and produced less CNS toxicity.", "PMID": 513065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10129", "title": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 3. Primary beta-amino anilides.", "content": "The synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of primary beta-amino anilides, as well as comparisons with tocainide, lidocaine, and its beta homologue, are described. Substituted anilines were acylated with 3-bromoacyl chlorides and converted to the title compounds by direct amination or via 3-phthalimido anilides and subsequent hydrazinolysis. Alternatively, anilines were acylated with substituted acryloyl chlorides and the amines prepared by addition of ammonia to the double bond. The target compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced fibrillation in mice. All were found to have some antifibrillatory activity; several were more potent than tocainide, a compound in clinical trials as an oral antiarrhythmic drug. Four compounds were tested for their effects against ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with myocardial infarction. 3-Amino-2',6'-butyroxylidide (38) was found to be more potent and less CNS toxic than tocainide.", "contents": "New antiarrhythmic agents. 3. Primary beta-amino anilides. The synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of primary beta-amino anilides, as well as comparisons with tocainide, lidocaine, and its beta homologue, are described. Substituted anilines were acylated with 3-bromoacyl chlorides and converted to the title compounds by direct amination or via 3-phthalimido anilides and subsequent hydrazinolysis. Alternatively, anilines were acylated with substituted acryloyl chlorides and the amines prepared by addition of ammonia to the double bond. The target compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced fibrillation in mice. All were found to have some antifibrillatory activity; several were more potent than tocainide, a compound in clinical trials as an oral antiarrhythmic drug. Four compounds were tested for their effects against ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with myocardial infarction. 3-Amino-2',6'-butyroxylidide (38) was found to be more potent and less CNS toxic than tocainide.", "PMID": 513066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10130", "title": "Reactions of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea in aqueous solution.", "content": "Products formed from the reaction of two chloroethylnitrosoureas in neutral aqueous solution have been identified and quantified. Mixture components recovered after a 1-h incubation period accounted for 75--85% of the starting nitrosourea. Approximately 65--85% of the reaction products were formed by an initial cleavage of the nitrosourea to the proposed intermediates 2-chloroethyl azohydroxide and an isocyanate and by subsequent hydrolytic reactions. A minor pathway, 5--10% of products, involves denitrosation of the nitrosourea with oxazoline formation. Stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry have been used to determine the reaction sequence and product origins. Reaction product identification has been made using high-performance LC isolation and comparison with synthetic material.", "contents": "Reactions of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea in aqueous solution. Products formed from the reaction of two chloroethylnitrosoureas in neutral aqueous solution have been identified and quantified. Mixture components recovered after a 1-h incubation period accounted for 75--85% of the starting nitrosourea. Approximately 65--85% of the reaction products were formed by an initial cleavage of the nitrosourea to the proposed intermediates 2-chloroethyl azohydroxide and an isocyanate and by subsequent hydrolytic reactions. A minor pathway, 5--10% of products, involves denitrosation of the nitrosourea with oxazoline formation. Stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry have been used to determine the reaction sequence and product origins. Reaction product identification has been made using high-performance LC isolation and comparison with synthetic material.", "PMID": 513067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10131", "title": "Comparative cytotoxic and biochemical effects of ligands and metal complexes of alpha-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones.", "content": "Several alpha-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones and their iron and copper complexes have been tested for their cytotoxicity and inhibiting activity against DNA synthesis under controlled metal conditions. No ligands show cytotoxicity against Ehrlich cells at the concentrations tested, while some iron and copper complexes are active. In contrast, the ligands inhibit DNA synthesis at much lower concentrations than used above. Similarly, the metal complexes are effective inhibitors at concentrations much below those necessary to demonstrate cytotoxicity. In addition, the iron complexes of 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, and 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone were shown to be three- to sixfold more active than their free ligands as inhibitors of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase to which no iron has been added. The copper complex of 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone was slightly more active than the free ligand against the reductase.", "contents": "Comparative cytotoxic and biochemical effects of ligands and metal complexes of alpha-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. Several alpha-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones and their iron and copper complexes have been tested for their cytotoxicity and inhibiting activity against DNA synthesis under controlled metal conditions. No ligands show cytotoxicity against Ehrlich cells at the concentrations tested, while some iron and copper complexes are active. In contrast, the ligands inhibit DNA synthesis at much lower concentrations than used above. Similarly, the metal complexes are effective inhibitors at concentrations much below those necessary to demonstrate cytotoxicity. In addition, the iron complexes of 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, and 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone were shown to be three- to sixfold more active than their free ligands as inhibitors of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase to which no iron has been added. The copper complex of 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone was slightly more active than the free ligand against the reductase.", "PMID": 513069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10132", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 31. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the antileukemic bis(guanylhydrazones).", "content": "Certain L1210-active bis(guanylhydrazones) have structural and biological properties in common with the DNA minor groove binding, antileukemic, bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles. Monitoring of the DNA binding of the bis(guanylhydrazones), by fluorimetric quantitation of drug displacement of DNA-bound ethidium, shows that, like the bisquaternary salts, these agents bind more strongly to poly[d(A-T)] than poly[d(G-C)]. The drug concentrations necessary to inhibit L1210 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase in vitro by 50% (IC50) are linearly related to measures of drug-DNA binding with no preference for a particular primary sequence of DNA being evident. Mammalian toxicity of the bis(guanylhydrazones) is effectively modeled by a regression equation containing binomial terms in Rm values, used as a measure of agent lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, and the logarithms of the IC50 values.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 31. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the antileukemic bis(guanylhydrazones). Certain L1210-active bis(guanylhydrazones) have structural and biological properties in common with the DNA minor groove binding, antileukemic, bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles. Monitoring of the DNA binding of the bis(guanylhydrazones), by fluorimetric quantitation of drug displacement of DNA-bound ethidium, shows that, like the bisquaternary salts, these agents bind more strongly to poly[d(A-T)] than poly[d(G-C)]. The drug concentrations necessary to inhibit L1210 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase in vitro by 50% (IC50) are linearly related to measures of drug-DNA binding with no preference for a particular primary sequence of DNA being evident. Mammalian toxicity of the bis(guanylhydrazones) is effectively modeled by a regression equation containing binomial terms in Rm values, used as a measure of agent lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, and the logarithms of the IC50 values.", "PMID": 513070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10133", "title": "Chance factors in studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Multiple regression analysis is a basic statistical tool used for QSAR studies in drug design. However, there is a risk or arriving at fortuitous correlations when too many variables are screened relative to the number of available observations. In this regard, a critical distinction must be made between the number of variables screened for possible correlation and the number which actually appear in the regression equation. Using a modified Fortran stepwise multiple-regression analysis program, simulated QSAR studies employing random numbers were run for many different combinations of screened variables and observations. Under certain conditions, a substantial incidence of correlations with high r2 values were found, although the overall degree of chance correlation noted was less than that reported in a previous study. Analysis of the results has provided a basis for making judgements concerning the level of risk of encountering chance correlations for a wide range of combinations of observations and screened variables in QSAR studies using multiple-regression analysis. For illustrative purposes, some examples involving published QSAR studies have been considered and the reported correlations shown to be less significant than originally presented through the influence of unrecognized chance factors.", "contents": "Chance factors in studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships. Multiple regression analysis is a basic statistical tool used for QSAR studies in drug design. However, there is a risk or arriving at fortuitous correlations when too many variables are screened relative to the number of available observations. In this regard, a critical distinction must be made between the number of variables screened for possible correlation and the number which actually appear in the regression equation. Using a modified Fortran stepwise multiple-regression analysis program, simulated QSAR studies employing random numbers were run for many different combinations of screened variables and observations. Under certain conditions, a substantial incidence of correlations with high r2 values were found, although the overall degree of chance correlation noted was less than that reported in a previous study. Analysis of the results has provided a basis for making judgements concerning the level of risk of encountering chance correlations for a wide range of combinations of observations and screened variables in QSAR studies using multiple-regression analysis. For illustrative purposes, some examples involving published QSAR studies have been considered and the reported correlations shown to be less significant than originally presented through the influence of unrecognized chance factors.", "PMID": 513071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10134", "title": "A preliminary structure-activity study of the mixed-function oxidase inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone.", "content": "A series of substituted and structural analogues of 7,8-benzoflavone were examined for their ability to inhibit benzo[a]pyrene oxidation by the mixed-function oxidases found in hepatic microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholanthrene- and phenobarbital-induced rats. Of all the benzoflavones tested, only 6-amino-7,8-benzoflavone possessed significant inhibitory activity toward both classes of induced mixed-function oxidases. Parameters which were found to be necessary for maximal inhibitory activity were the maintenance of an unsubstituted or specifically substituted exocyclic phenyl group on position 2, the preservation of the pyran-4-one ring, and a 6 position which is either unsubstituted or substituted with an oxidizable moiety.", "contents": "A preliminary structure-activity study of the mixed-function oxidase inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone. A series of substituted and structural analogues of 7,8-benzoflavone were examined for their ability to inhibit benzo[a]pyrene oxidation by the mixed-function oxidases found in hepatic microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholanthrene- and phenobarbital-induced rats. Of all the benzoflavones tested, only 6-amino-7,8-benzoflavone possessed significant inhibitory activity toward both classes of induced mixed-function oxidases. Parameters which were found to be necessary for maximal inhibitory activity were the maintenance of an unsubstituted or specifically substituted exocyclic phenyl group on position 2, the preservation of the pyran-4-one ring, and a 6 position which is either unsubstituted or substituted with an oxidizable moiety.", "PMID": 513072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10135", "title": "Syntheses and biological activities of 7 beta-methyl steroids.", "content": "The preparation of 7 beta-methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone acetate and its 2-thia-A-nor analogue is described. Biological evaluation shows that a 7 beta-Me largely decreases myotrophic-androgenic activity in both 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the 2-thia-A nor analogue. Testing for antitumor activity shows that the reduction in breast tumor weight was not significant for either compound, but the final tumor size in the animals treated with 7 beta-methyl-2-thia-A nor steroid at 10 (mg/kg)/day was significantly reduced. The effects of 7 beta-Me steroids on the various organ weights are also described. The influence of 7 beta-Me substituent on the biological activities of androgens may be mediated through direct interaction of the substituent with the receptor surface in contact with the third dimension of the steroid molecule.", "contents": "Syntheses and biological activities of 7 beta-methyl steroids. The preparation of 7 beta-methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone acetate and its 2-thia-A-nor analogue is described. Biological evaluation shows that a 7 beta-Me largely decreases myotrophic-androgenic activity in both 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the 2-thia-A nor analogue. Testing for antitumor activity shows that the reduction in breast tumor weight was not significant for either compound, but the final tumor size in the animals treated with 7 beta-methyl-2-thia-A nor steroid at 10 (mg/kg)/day was significantly reduced. The effects of 7 beta-Me steroids on the various organ weights are also described. The influence of 7 beta-Me substituent on the biological activities of androgens may be mediated through direct interaction of the substituent with the receptor surface in contact with the third dimension of the steroid molecule.", "PMID": 513073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10136", "title": "Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.", "content": "The compounds 1-(2-methyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminopropane and 1-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminopropane were synthesized and evaluated for pharmacologic effects in mice. These can be viewed as analogues of the known psychotomimetic agent 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA). Their hydrochloride salts were compared with MDA for their ability to increase spontaneous motor activity and to elicit behavioral effects. The former compounds was MDA-like in action, while the latter was not. The results suggest that one face of the molecule must be free of steric bulk to possess activity.", "contents": "Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring. The compounds 1-(2-methyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminopropane and 1-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminopropane were synthesized and evaluated for pharmacologic effects in mice. These can be viewed as analogues of the known psychotomimetic agent 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA). Their hydrochloride salts were compared with MDA for their ability to increase spontaneous motor activity and to elicit behavioral effects. The former compounds was MDA-like in action, while the latter was not. The results suggest that one face of the molecule must be free of steric bulk to possess activity.", "PMID": 513074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10137", "title": "Structure-activity relationship of aniline mustards acting against B-16 melanoma in mice.", "content": "A set of 23 aniline mustards [X-C6H4N(CH2CH2Cl)2] have been tested for their activity against B-16 melanoma in mice. The following quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) correlates the data well: log 1/C = -2.06 sigma - 0.15 pi - 0.13 pi2 + 4.13 (r = 0.936). When this equation is compared with those formulated for aniline mustards acting against leukemia, it is found that log P0 (ideal lipophilicity) is higher for solid tumors. The QSAR brings out the unique activity of phenylalanine aniline mustard.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship of aniline mustards acting against B-16 melanoma in mice. A set of 23 aniline mustards [X-C6H4N(CH2CH2Cl)2] have been tested for their activity against B-16 melanoma in mice. The following quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) correlates the data well: log 1/C = -2.06 sigma - 0.15 pi - 0.13 pi2 + 4.13 (r = 0.936). When this equation is compared with those formulated for aniline mustards acting against leukemia, it is found that log P0 (ideal lipophilicity) is higher for solid tumors. The QSAR brings out the unique activity of phenylalanine aniline mustard.", "PMID": 513075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10138", "title": "Allylic esters as potential antitumor agents. Derivatives and analogues of 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene.", "content": "Derivatives and analogues of 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene were synthesized. Of the compounds prepared, dimethyl 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-5,6-dicarboxylate (5) was the most potent in a leukemia L1210 tissue culture assay (93% inhibition at 10(-6) M). None of the compounds showed significant reproducible in vivo antileukemic activity.", "contents": "Allylic esters as potential antitumor agents. Derivatives and analogues of 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene. Derivatives and analogues of 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene were synthesized. Of the compounds prepared, dimethyl 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-5,6-dicarboxylate (5) was the most potent in a leukemia L1210 tissue culture assay (93% inhibition at 10(-6) M). None of the compounds showed significant reproducible in vivo antileukemic activity.", "PMID": 513076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10139", "title": "Autosomal recessive sudden unexpected death in children probably caused by a cardiomyopathy associated with myopathy.", "content": "The propositus, who died suddenly at the age of 22 months, was investigated because of an unusual myopathy. Family history revealed two sisters and four cousins who had also died suddenly and unexpectedly. The finding of asymmetric septal hypertrophy by echocardiography in the propositus suggested that the cause of the sudden death in the relatives was an undetected cardiomyopathy accompanying a mild and often subclinical myopathy. The affected children were in two sibships and both sets of parents were first cousins. The mother of one sibship was the sister of the father of the other. It is suggested that a gene causes a mild autosomal recessive myopathy with cardiomyopathy that is often undiagnosed and usually ends in sudden unexpected death in the second year of life. The same gene may manifest on echocardiogram in some heterozygotes as asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive sudden unexpected death in children probably caused by a cardiomyopathy associated with myopathy. The propositus, who died suddenly at the age of 22 months, was investigated because of an unusual myopathy. Family history revealed two sisters and four cousins who had also died suddenly and unexpectedly. The finding of asymmetric septal hypertrophy by echocardiography in the propositus suggested that the cause of the sudden death in the relatives was an undetected cardiomyopathy accompanying a mild and often subclinical myopathy. The affected children were in two sibships and both sets of parents were first cousins. The mother of one sibship was the sister of the father of the other. It is suggested that a gene causes a mild autosomal recessive myopathy with cardiomyopathy that is often undiagnosed and usually ends in sudden unexpected death in the second year of life. The same gene may manifest on echocardiogram in some heterozygotes as asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "PMID": 513079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10140", "title": "Heterochromatic polymorphism in spontaneous abortions.", "content": "Since the advent of C-banding as a routine diagnostic procedure, the significance of heterochromatic polymorphism has been questioned. Some workers have considered variations in heterochromatin in chromosomes 1 and 9 to be associated with fetal wastage, recurrent abortions, and abnormal phenotypes. Over a 15-month period, this laboratory made a study of the diagnostic significance of heterochromatic variants in 50 couples with a history of recurrent abortions. A control group of 50 couples with at least two normal children and no miscarriages was investigated simultaneously. The results indicated no significant difference in the heterochromatic regions between aborting and non-aborting couples.", "contents": "Heterochromatic polymorphism in spontaneous abortions. Since the advent of C-banding as a routine diagnostic procedure, the significance of heterochromatic polymorphism has been questioned. Some workers have considered variations in heterochromatin in chromosomes 1 and 9 to be associated with fetal wastage, recurrent abortions, and abnormal phenotypes. Over a 15-month period, this laboratory made a study of the diagnostic significance of heterochromatic variants in 50 couples with a history of recurrent abortions. A control group of 50 couples with at least two normal children and no miscarriages was investigated simultaneously. The results indicated no significant difference in the heterochromatic regions between aborting and non-aborting couples.", "PMID": 513080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10141", "title": "Alpha-thalassaemia in Cyprus.", "content": "The frequency of alpha-thalassaemia in Cyprus was determined with studies of haemoglobin Bart's in 1200 Greek Cypriot and 132 Turkish Cypriot newborn babies. Of the Greek newborns, 12.4%, and of the Turkish newborns, 6.8% had raised Hb Bart's (from 0.6% to 12.9% of the total haemoglobin) suggesting that they were carriers of either alpha-thalassaemia-1 or alpha-thalassaemia-2 genes. The findings suggest that the population of Cyprus has the highest frequencies of alpha-thalassaemia among Caucasian people.", "contents": "Alpha-thalassaemia in Cyprus. The frequency of alpha-thalassaemia in Cyprus was determined with studies of haemoglobin Bart's in 1200 Greek Cypriot and 132 Turkish Cypriot newborn babies. Of the Greek newborns, 12.4%, and of the Turkish newborns, 6.8% had raised Hb Bart's (from 0.6% to 12.9% of the total haemoglobin) suggesting that they were carriers of either alpha-thalassaemia-1 or alpha-thalassaemia-2 genes. The findings suggest that the population of Cyprus has the highest frequencies of alpha-thalassaemia among Caucasian people.", "PMID": 513081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10142", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia by fetal red cell concentration with anti-AB serum.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis by globin chain synthesis analysis on fetal blood samples obtained by placental aspiration was performed in two pregnancies at risk for beta-thalassaemia. Since both fathers had blood group AB, and both mothers had group O, fetal red cell concentration from maternal-fetal mixtures was obtained with the aid of anti-AB serum. With this approach it was possible to carry out globin chain synthesis analysis with very small amounts of fetal blood. Heterozygous and normal genotypes were ascertained and confirmed after birth.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia by fetal red cell concentration with anti-AB serum. Prenatal diagnosis by globin chain synthesis analysis on fetal blood samples obtained by placental aspiration was performed in two pregnancies at risk for beta-thalassaemia. Since both fathers had blood group AB, and both mothers had group O, fetal red cell concentration from maternal-fetal mixtures was obtained with the aid of anti-AB serum. With this approach it was possible to carry out globin chain synthesis analysis with very small amounts of fetal blood. Heterozygous and normal genotypes were ascertained and confirmed after birth.", "PMID": 513082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10143", "title": "Benign familial haematuria in children from the Jewish communities of Israel: clinical and genetic studies.", "content": "Over 7 years, 130 children were referred for prolonged isolated haematuria of unknown cause. In 34 instances, haematuria was also found in one or more family members. In 23 of these families (18% of all referrals for isolated haematuria), investigation and follow-up, for periods of 5 to 10 years, of the index cases and of 56 haematuric relatives showed no evidence of renal disease and no other pathological findings. These subjects were diagnosed as having benign familial haematuria. The gene for benign familial haematuria is apparently transmitted as an autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. In Israel, the disorder seems to be more frequent among Jews of non-Ashkenazi descent than among those of European ancestry (Ashkenazim).", "contents": "Benign familial haematuria in children from the Jewish communities of Israel: clinical and genetic studies. Over 7 years, 130 children were referred for prolonged isolated haematuria of unknown cause. In 34 instances, haematuria was also found in one or more family members. In 23 of these families (18% of all referrals for isolated haematuria), investigation and follow-up, for periods of 5 to 10 years, of the index cases and of 56 haematuric relatives showed no evidence of renal disease and no other pathological findings. These subjects were diagnosed as having benign familial haematuria. The gene for benign familial haematuria is apparently transmitted as an autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. In Israel, the disorder seems to be more frequent among Jews of non-Ashkenazi descent than among those of European ancestry (Ashkenazim).", "PMID": 513083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10144", "title": "Non-progressive cerebellar ataxia, aplasia of pupillary zone of iris, and mental subnormality (Gillespie's syndrome) affecting 3 members of a non-consanguineous family in 2 generations.", "content": "A family is reported in which a brother and sister both showed non-progressive cerebellar ataxia, aplasia of the pupillary zone of the iris, and mild mental subnormality. These clinical findings were similar to those in two previous case reports. Despite the birth of an affected son to the affected sister, this family is considered to confirm autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome. The paternity of the mother's husband is supported by blood groups and biochemical markers and it is presumed that the husband is a heterozygote, even though no consanguinity could be detected.", "contents": "Non-progressive cerebellar ataxia, aplasia of pupillary zone of iris, and mental subnormality (Gillespie's syndrome) affecting 3 members of a non-consanguineous family in 2 generations. A family is reported in which a brother and sister both showed non-progressive cerebellar ataxia, aplasia of the pupillary zone of the iris, and mild mental subnormality. These clinical findings were similar to those in two previous case reports. Despite the birth of an affected son to the affected sister, this family is considered to confirm autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome. The paternity of the mother's husband is supported by blood groups and biochemical markers and it is presumed that the husband is a heterozygote, even though no consanguinity could be detected.", "PMID": 513084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10145", "title": "Muscular dystrophy in an X; 1 translocation female suggests that Duchenne locus is on X chromosome short arm.", "content": "A unique combination of a Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy in a girl with a translocation-inversion rearrangement involving an X chromosome and a no 1 chromosome appeared as a result of both gene mutation and chromosome mutation in the mother. The X-autosome rearrangement would permit full expression of an X-linked recessive gene, such as that for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in a female, and this would satisfactorily explain the characteristic Duchenne-like course of our patient's illness. The simultaneous de novo appearance of the Duchenne mutation and the X;1 rearrange suggests possible sites for the Duchenne locus on the X chromosome short arm (at Xp1106 or Xp2107).", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy in an X; 1 translocation female suggests that Duchenne locus is on X chromosome short arm. A unique combination of a Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy in a girl with a translocation-inversion rearrangement involving an X chromosome and a no 1 chromosome appeared as a result of both gene mutation and chromosome mutation in the mother. The X-autosome rearrangement would permit full expression of an X-linked recessive gene, such as that for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in a female, and this would satisfactorily explain the characteristic Duchenne-like course of our patient's illness. The simultaneous de novo appearance of the Duchenne mutation and the X;1 rearrange suggests possible sites for the Duchenne locus on the X chromosome short arm (at Xp1106 or Xp2107).", "PMID": 513085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10146", "title": "Duchenne type muscular dystrophy and consanguinity: difficulties in pedigree analysis.", "content": "We report the case of a 2-year-old girl who had signs of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy on clinical, electromyographic, laboratory, and pathological examination. The parents of the child are first cousins. A brother and nephew of the mother also had Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. Karyotype analysis in the proband showed both X chromosomes to be morphologically normal. The mother had very high plasma CK levels, equivalent to those observed in carriers of the disease. We discuss different hypothetical mechanisms designed to account for the family pedigree.", "contents": "Duchenne type muscular dystrophy and consanguinity: difficulties in pedigree analysis. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl who had signs of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy on clinical, electromyographic, laboratory, and pathological examination. The parents of the child are first cousins. A brother and nephew of the mother also had Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. Karyotype analysis in the proband showed both X chromosomes to be morphologically normal. The mother had very high plasma CK levels, equivalent to those observed in carriers of the disease. We discuss different hypothetical mechanisms designed to account for the family pedigree.", "PMID": 513086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10147", "title": "A case of partial trisomy 17 resulting from X-autosomal translocation.", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 17 with partial monosomy X resulting from a maternal X-autosomal translocation t(X;17)(q13;q21) is presented. Three previously reported cases are reviewed and the phenotypic features of trisomy 17 are discussed.", "contents": "A case of partial trisomy 17 resulting from X-autosomal translocation. A case of partial trisomy 17 with partial monosomy X resulting from a maternal X-autosomal translocation t(X;17)(q13;q21) is presented. Three previously reported cases are reviewed and the phenotypic features of trisomy 17 are discussed.", "PMID": 513087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10148", "title": "18p--syndrome resulting from translocation (13a;18q) in a mildly affected adult male.", "content": "The patient was a 27-year-old male with short stature, borderline mental deficiency, strabismus, and a short fourth metacarpal. His karyotype showed deletion of the short arm of a chromosome 18 as the result of de novo fusion centric translocation between chromosomes 13 and 18 (45,XY, --13, --18, +t(13;18) (13qter yields cen yields 18qter).", "contents": "18p--syndrome resulting from translocation (13a;18q) in a mildly affected adult male. The patient was a 27-year-old male with short stature, borderline mental deficiency, strabismus, and a short fourth metacarpal. His karyotype showed deletion of the short arm of a chromosome 18 as the result of de novo fusion centric translocation between chromosomes 13 and 18 (45,XY, --13, --18, +t(13;18) (13qter yields cen yields 18qter).", "PMID": 513088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10149", "title": "Brachydactyly and polydactyly with dermal ridge dissociation and ridge hypoplasia.", "content": "A child with brachymesophalangy and postaxial postminimal polydactyly was found also to have dermal ridge dissociation and ridge hypoplasia. She was the second child of unaffected, unrelated parents and was born after a normal pregnancy and delivery. No previous report of a similar combination has been traced.", "contents": "Brachydactyly and polydactyly with dermal ridge dissociation and ridge hypoplasia. A child with brachymesophalangy and postaxial postminimal polydactyly was found also to have dermal ridge dissociation and ridge hypoplasia. She was the second child of unaffected, unrelated parents and was born after a normal pregnancy and delivery. No previous report of a similar combination has been traced.", "PMID": 513089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10150", "title": "Relationships between performance in medical school and first postgraduate year.", "content": "Data from a longitudinal study of Jefferson Medical College graduates were analyzed to determine levels of clinical competence in the first postgraduate year and relationships between postgraduate ratings and performance during medical school. Ratings were obtained on knowledge, data-gathering skills, clinical judgement, and professional attitudes from the hospitals in which the graduates received their training. Significant relationships were found among three levels of performance in medical school and postgraduate ratings and in all four competence areas. Relationships were strongest at the highest and lowest performance levels. It is concluded that in a substantial number of cases good and poor performance in the first postgraduate year can be predicted on the basis of information already available to the medical school faculty.", "contents": "Relationships between performance in medical school and first postgraduate year. Data from a longitudinal study of Jefferson Medical College graduates were analyzed to determine levels of clinical competence in the first postgraduate year and relationships between postgraduate ratings and performance during medical school. Ratings were obtained on knowledge, data-gathering skills, clinical judgement, and professional attitudes from the hospitals in which the graduates received their training. Significant relationships were found among three levels of performance in medical school and postgraduate ratings and in all four competence areas. Relationships were strongest at the highest and lowest performance levels. It is concluded that in a substantial number of cases good and poor performance in the first postgraduate year can be predicted on the basis of information already available to the medical school faculty.", "PMID": 513092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10151", "title": "Augmentation of clinical services in rural areas by health sciences students.", "content": "Over a five-year period 230 senior-level students in medicine, nursing, and pharmacy served in clinics located throughout five rural communities. Students participated in the development of the clinics and in the organization of services that otherwise would not have been delivered. Community-based preceptors helped integrate the students' learning about community processes. The project provided experiential learning and interdisciplinary interactions that were enthusiastically received by the students. Follow-up surveys suggested that the experience reinforced interest in eventual practice in rural areas and in interdisciplinary settings. The project demonstrated that students were able to provide clinical services which were useful and acceptable to the communities and which were supported by local practitioners.", "contents": "Augmentation of clinical services in rural areas by health sciences students. Over a five-year period 230 senior-level students in medicine, nursing, and pharmacy served in clinics located throughout five rural communities. Students participated in the development of the clinics and in the organization of services that otherwise would not have been delivered. Community-based preceptors helped integrate the students' learning about community processes. The project provided experiential learning and interdisciplinary interactions that were enthusiastically received by the students. Follow-up surveys suggested that the experience reinforced interest in eventual practice in rural areas and in interdisciplinary settings. The project demonstrated that students were able to provide clinical services which were useful and acceptable to the communities and which were supported by local practitioners.", "PMID": 513093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10152", "title": "Prison health and medical education.", "content": "Prison health has long been neglected as an area of serivice by organized medicine and a site for clinical education by health science centers. The University of New Mexico Health Science Center offers an elective, weekly clinical experience for preclinical medical students, senior nursing students, and senior pharmacy students at a prison facility in need of medical services. Students' reaction to the prison experience was strongly positive. Most developed empathy toward the inmates and a greater understanding of prison health problems. Inmates rated the student service highly and requested its continuation. This community health education experience has provided a noncontractual model of a university-prison health alliance.", "contents": "Prison health and medical education. Prison health has long been neglected as an area of serivice by organized medicine and a site for clinical education by health science centers. The University of New Mexico Health Science Center offers an elective, weekly clinical experience for preclinical medical students, senior nursing students, and senior pharmacy students at a prison facility in need of medical services. Students' reaction to the prison experience was strongly positive. Most developed empathy toward the inmates and a greater understanding of prison health problems. Inmates rated the student service highly and requested its continuation. This community health education experience has provided a noncontractual model of a university-prison health alliance.", "PMID": 513094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10153", "title": "The volunteer patient as an educational resource.", "content": "In this article the authors describe the contribution to health science teaching made by volunteer patients in a purely educational setting. Patients with documented illnesses volunteer to give their own history, to be examined, and frequently to provide feedback to students. The over 2,500 such volunteer patients who have participated in this program in a six-year period are enthusiastic and highly motivated. Significant educational benefits are achieved, including the assumption of teaching responsibilities by nonprofessionals. The fact that this large number of ambulatory patients is available suggests that the majority of patients in active treatment settings may also appreciate their opportunity to cooperate in the education of health science students.", "contents": "The volunteer patient as an educational resource. In this article the authors describe the contribution to health science teaching made by volunteer patients in a purely educational setting. Patients with documented illnesses volunteer to give their own history, to be examined, and frequently to provide feedback to students. The over 2,500 such volunteer patients who have participated in this program in a six-year period are enthusiastic and highly motivated. Significant educational benefits are achieved, including the assumption of teaching responsibilities by nonprofessionals. The fact that this large number of ambulatory patients is available suggests that the majority of patients in active treatment settings may also appreciate their opportunity to cooperate in the education of health science students.", "PMID": 513095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10154", "title": "Student performance in internal medicine: the effect of previous clerkship experience.", "content": "To test the assumption that students who have completed other clerkships are likely to perform better in internal medicine, the authors undertook a prospective study of 160 senior students from two classes. Groups of students with little or no senior clerkship experience before their internal medicine clerkship were compared with groups of students who had extensive clerkship experience in disciplines other than medicine. Groups were compared with respect to ward-performance scores and scores on identical multiple-choice examinations. Neither ward-performance nor multiple-choice scores revealed differences attributable to previous clerkship experience. It is concluded that despite areas of instruction and experience which overlap between medicine and other disciplines, previous clerkship experience apparently does not have a beneficial effect on student performance in internal medicine, as measured by these two commonly used methods of evaluation.", "contents": "Student performance in internal medicine: the effect of previous clerkship experience. To test the assumption that students who have completed other clerkships are likely to perform better in internal medicine, the authors undertook a prospective study of 160 senior students from two classes. Groups of students with little or no senior clerkship experience before their internal medicine clerkship were compared with groups of students who had extensive clerkship experience in disciplines other than medicine. Groups were compared with respect to ward-performance scores and scores on identical multiple-choice examinations. Neither ward-performance nor multiple-choice scores revealed differences attributable to previous clerkship experience. It is concluded that despite areas of instruction and experience which overlap between medicine and other disciplines, previous clerkship experience apparently does not have a beneficial effect on student performance in internal medicine, as measured by these two commonly used methods of evaluation.", "PMID": 513096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10155", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of a purified lymphoreticular-stimulating fraction of Corynebacterium parvum (Propionibacterium acnes type I).", "content": "A method is described in which washed whole cells of Corynebacterium parvum were chemically and enzymatically extracted to remove cytoplasm and cell-wall lipids. The resultant insoluble cell-wall residue possessed lympho-reticular stimulating properties as measured by their ability to increase spleen weight and protect against tumour-cell challenge. Analysis of the final product by chromatography and infrared spectroscopy has shown it to consist of carbohydrate and peptidoglycan, both of which appear to be necessary for the activities measured.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of a purified lymphoreticular-stimulating fraction of Corynebacterium parvum (Propionibacterium acnes type I). A method is described in which washed whole cells of Corynebacterium parvum were chemically and enzymatically extracted to remove cytoplasm and cell-wall lipids. The resultant insoluble cell-wall residue possessed lympho-reticular stimulating properties as measured by their ability to increase spleen weight and protect against tumour-cell challenge. Analysis of the final product by chromatography and infrared spectroscopy has shown it to consist of carbohydrate and peptidoglycan, both of which appear to be necessary for the activities measured.", "PMID": 513108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10156", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to rubella virus and its ribonucleoprotein component.", "content": "IgA and IgG antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component of rubella virus have been demonstrated by radioimmune precipitation in sera from patients with recent but not remote rubella infection. This observation suggests that a test for antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component may provide additional evidence in the diagnosis of recent rubella infection.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to rubella virus and its ribonucleoprotein component. IgA and IgG antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component of rubella virus have been demonstrated by radioimmune precipitation in sera from patients with recent but not remote rubella infection. This observation suggests that a test for antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component may provide additional evidence in the diagnosis of recent rubella infection.", "PMID": 513109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10157", "title": "Electron microscopy of the L-cycle in Bacillus licheniformis var. Endoparasiticus (Benedek).", "content": "Electronmicrographs of sections show that the L-phases of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek) simulate the various types of micro-organism described by previous workers as associated with ostensibly noninfective conditions, notably cancer and arthritis; e.g., mycoplasmas, mycobacteria, corynebacteria and actinomycetes. The stages of the L-cycle, from spheroplasts through smaller and larger 'diphtheroid' bacteria to the fully reverted sporogenous bacillus, differ from one another mainly in their degree of reconstitution of the cell envelopes. Occurrence in 'diphtheroids' of nonresistant, cell-wall-deficient spore-like bodies, confirms their relationship with the true sporing bacillus stage. Large, swollen forms appear to be mother cells of minute stages.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the L-cycle in Bacillus licheniformis var. Endoparasiticus (Benedek). Electronmicrographs of sections show that the L-phases of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek) simulate the various types of micro-organism described by previous workers as associated with ostensibly noninfective conditions, notably cancer and arthritis; e.g., mycoplasmas, mycobacteria, corynebacteria and actinomycetes. The stages of the L-cycle, from spheroplasts through smaller and larger 'diphtheroid' bacteria to the fully reverted sporogenous bacillus, differ from one another mainly in their degree of reconstitution of the cell envelopes. Occurrence in 'diphtheroids' of nonresistant, cell-wall-deficient spore-like bodies, confirms their relationship with the true sporing bacillus stage. Large, swollen forms appear to be mother cells of minute stages.", "PMID": 513110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10158", "title": "Relationship between sexual intercourse and urinary-tract infection in women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "The prevalence of urinary-tract infection (UTI), diagnosed by examination of a single midstream urine from sexually active women was found to be 6.4%. Significant bacteriuria was most common in women who presented within 24 h of coitus but was not related to the number of sexual partners. UTI occurred significantly more often in women who presented within 4 days of intercourse than in women seen after a longer interval. Whether frequency of intercourse affects the prevalence of UTI remains to be determined.", "contents": "Relationship between sexual intercourse and urinary-tract infection in women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. The prevalence of urinary-tract infection (UTI), diagnosed by examination of a single midstream urine from sexually active women was found to be 6.4%. Significant bacteriuria was most common in women who presented within 24 h of coitus but was not related to the number of sexual partners. UTI occurred significantly more often in women who presented within 4 days of intercourse than in women seen after a longer interval. Whether frequency of intercourse affects the prevalence of UTI remains to be determined.", "PMID": 513111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10159", "title": "Oerskovia species: rare opportunistic pathogens.", "content": "The second documented instance of opportunistic infection by member of the genus Oerskovia is reported. There is some evidence to suggest that this group of bacteria, which is extensively distributed in the soil, may be more closely associated with man than has hitherto been supposed.", "contents": "Oerskovia species: rare opportunistic pathogens. The second documented instance of opportunistic infection by member of the genus Oerskovia is reported. There is some evidence to suggest that this group of bacteria, which is extensively distributed in the soil, may be more closely associated with man than has hitherto been supposed.", "PMID": 513112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10160", "title": "A binding site model of membrane transport: binary and cooperative flows.", "content": "The flows of solute molecules in a membrane under the influence of concentration gradients are considered within the framework of classical physical theories. A lattice model is constructed in which the binding sites represent potential minima and the flows are regarded as a result of molecules' making discrete transitions between the binding sites. Expressions for two-component currents are derived from certain descriptions for the transition mechanism. Where the molecular movement is given the crudest description, permeability coefficients are identical for both components and there is no current coupling. Where the molecular movement is given some finer detail, the permeability coefficients differ and positive coupling of flows appears. Our result applies to a combination of flows of tracer and abundant species as well as, more generally, to any combination of flows of two components which are distinguishable yet kinetically similar. Also considered are binary currents whose transport mechanism is further controlled by allosteric cooperativity. Whether the cooperative control is short or long ranged, permeability coefficients and fluxes differ appreciably from those without cooperative control. Thus, unlike in the case of channel flow, current coupling here may be either positive or negative, depending on the strength and nature of cooperative coupling. Numerical evidence suggests that the permeability and coupling may have discontinuous behavior, possibly indicating the existence of phase transitions. Our lattice model, from which the formulations for the flows are obtained, is compatible with current concepts of membrane structure.", "contents": "A binding site model of membrane transport: binary and cooperative flows. The flows of solute molecules in a membrane under the influence of concentration gradients are considered within the framework of classical physical theories. A lattice model is constructed in which the binding sites represent potential minima and the flows are regarded as a result of molecules' making discrete transitions between the binding sites. Expressions for two-component currents are derived from certain descriptions for the transition mechanism. Where the molecular movement is given the crudest description, permeability coefficients are identical for both components and there is no current coupling. Where the molecular movement is given some finer detail, the permeability coefficients differ and positive coupling of flows appears. Our result applies to a combination of flows of tracer and abundant species as well as, more generally, to any combination of flows of two components which are distinguishable yet kinetically similar. Also considered are binary currents whose transport mechanism is further controlled by allosteric cooperativity. Whether the cooperative control is short or long ranged, permeability coefficients and fluxes differ appreciably from those without cooperative control. Thus, unlike in the case of channel flow, current coupling here may be either positive or negative, depending on the strength and nature of cooperative coupling. Numerical evidence suggests that the permeability and coupling may have discontinuous behavior, possibly indicating the existence of phase transitions. Our lattice model, from which the formulations for the flows are obtained, is compatible with current concepts of membrane structure.", "PMID": 513113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10161", "title": "Hypertonic cryohemolysis of human red blood cells.", "content": "Hypertonic cryohemolysis of human erythrocytes is caused by incubation of the cells in hypertonic medium at a temperature of 20--50 degrees C (stage 1), with subsequent cooling to 0 degrees C (stage 2). In 0.86 M sucrose hemolysis increases, with increasing stage 1 temperature, whereas in 1 M NaCl cryohemolysis has a temperature optimum at a stage 1 temperature of about 30 degrees C. Cryohmeolysis is inhibited by preceding ATP depletion of the cells and by preincubation of the cells in hypertonic medium at 0 degrees C. In general, anesthetics inhibit cryohemolysis strongly. Only in 1 M NaCl at stage 1 temperatures in the range of 40--50 degrees C is cryohemolysis stimulated by these drugs, if present during the entire incubation period. This effect is abolished, however, when the anesthetic is added after prior incubation of the cells at 40--50 degrees C in 1 M NaCl. Ghost-bound ANS fluorescence indicates complicated conformation changes in the membrane structure during the various experimental stages leading to cryohemolysis. Some of the experimental results can be considered as examples of molecular hysteresis, thus indicating several different metastable structures of the membrane, under various experimental conditions. The described results support the working hypothesis of Green and Jung that the experimental procedure results in membrane protein damage, preventing normal adaptation of the membrane during cooling.", "contents": "Hypertonic cryohemolysis of human red blood cells. Hypertonic cryohemolysis of human erythrocytes is caused by incubation of the cells in hypertonic medium at a temperature of 20--50 degrees C (stage 1), with subsequent cooling to 0 degrees C (stage 2). In 0.86 M sucrose hemolysis increases, with increasing stage 1 temperature, whereas in 1 M NaCl cryohemolysis has a temperature optimum at a stage 1 temperature of about 30 degrees C. Cryohmeolysis is inhibited by preceding ATP depletion of the cells and by preincubation of the cells in hypertonic medium at 0 degrees C. In general, anesthetics inhibit cryohemolysis strongly. Only in 1 M NaCl at stage 1 temperatures in the range of 40--50 degrees C is cryohemolysis stimulated by these drugs, if present during the entire incubation period. This effect is abolished, however, when the anesthetic is added after prior incubation of the cells at 40--50 degrees C in 1 M NaCl. Ghost-bound ANS fluorescence indicates complicated conformation changes in the membrane structure during the various experimental stages leading to cryohemolysis. Some of the experimental results can be considered as examples of molecular hysteresis, thus indicating several different metastable structures of the membrane, under various experimental conditions. The described results support the working hypothesis of Green and Jung that the experimental procedure results in membrane protein damage, preventing normal adaptation of the membrane during cooling.", "PMID": 513114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10162", "title": "Anionic detergents as divalent cation ionophores across black lipid membranes.", "content": "Three ionic detergents commonly used in membrane-bound protein isolation and reconstitution experiments, SDS, cholate, and DOC, are shown to act as divalent cation ionophores when incorporated into black lipid membranes made from either oxidized cholesterol or a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (PC/cholesterol = 5:1 mg). At a concentration greater than or equal to 1 microM, SDS shows large selectivity differences between cations and anions and among the different cations tested (Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+). Deoxycholate and cholate at concentrations greater than 4 X 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M, respectively, also act as divalent cation ionophores. The selectivity sequence measured for these two detergents is evidence for a strong ionic interaction between the divalent cation and the anionic charged groups on the detergent. In the case of cholate, the conductance depends on the third or fourth power of the cholate concentration and shows a linear dependence on CaCl2 concentration. The conductance for deoxycholate depends onthe sixth or seventh power of the DOC concentration and is also linearly dependent on the CaCl2 concentration. In an oxidized cholesterol black lipid membrane in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, small concentrations of LaCl3 (less then 1 microM) inhibit the ionophoric activity of each of the detergents tested. Evidence is presented to show that this inhibitory effect is a nonspecific effect on oxidized cholesterol BLM's, and is not due to a direct effect of La3+ on detergent-mediated transport.", "contents": "Anionic detergents as divalent cation ionophores across black lipid membranes. Three ionic detergents commonly used in membrane-bound protein isolation and reconstitution experiments, SDS, cholate, and DOC, are shown to act as divalent cation ionophores when incorporated into black lipid membranes made from either oxidized cholesterol or a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (PC/cholesterol = 5:1 mg). At a concentration greater than or equal to 1 microM, SDS shows large selectivity differences between cations and anions and among the different cations tested (Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+). Deoxycholate and cholate at concentrations greater than 4 X 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M, respectively, also act as divalent cation ionophores. The selectivity sequence measured for these two detergents is evidence for a strong ionic interaction between the divalent cation and the anionic charged groups on the detergent. In the case of cholate, the conductance depends on the third or fourth power of the cholate concentration and shows a linear dependence on CaCl2 concentration. The conductance for deoxycholate depends onthe sixth or seventh power of the DOC concentration and is also linearly dependent on the CaCl2 concentration. In an oxidized cholesterol black lipid membrane in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, small concentrations of LaCl3 (less then 1 microM) inhibit the ionophoric activity of each of the detergents tested. Evidence is presented to show that this inhibitory effect is a nonspecific effect on oxidized cholesterol BLM's, and is not due to a direct effect of La3+ on detergent-mediated transport.", "PMID": 513115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10163", "title": "Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes, membranes, and solubilized binding sites from rat brain.", "content": "Binding of 3H-saxitoxin to Na+ channels was studied in subcellular fractions prepared from rat brain homogenates. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 1 nM; about 1 pmol/mg protein was bound at saturating saxitoxin concentrations. A linear, nonsaturable component of saxitoxin binding accounted for less than 3% of the total binding at 30 nM. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was unaffected by depolarization with elevated K+ concentrations, or by activation of the Na+ channels with batrachotoxin plus a purified polypeptide toxin from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. A procedure is described for preparing a membrane fraction that contains 70--80% of the total saxitoxin binding activity of the crude homogenate. The specific activity of this fraction was about 4 to 6 pmol/mg protein. About 60--70% of the saxitoxin binding sites were solubilized by incubating these membranes with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the detergent-solubilized binding sites eluted at a position corresponding to a mol wt of about 700,000 on gel filtration chromatography. Both membrane-bound and solubilized saxitoxin binding were assayed by a new cation exchange column method. The binding of saxitoxin to both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized binding sites was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 2 nM. Dissociation of the saxitoxin-receptor complex followed a single exponential decay with a rate constant at 0 degrees of 0.1 min-1 for membrane bound and 0.2 min-1 for detergent-solubilized binding sites. The measured association rate constant was 6 X 10(8) M-1 min-1 at 0 degrees for membrane-bound saxitoxin binding sites.", "contents": "Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes, membranes, and solubilized binding sites from rat brain. Binding of 3H-saxitoxin to Na+ channels was studied in subcellular fractions prepared from rat brain homogenates. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 1 nM; about 1 pmol/mg protein was bound at saturating saxitoxin concentrations. A linear, nonsaturable component of saxitoxin binding accounted for less than 3% of the total binding at 30 nM. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was unaffected by depolarization with elevated K+ concentrations, or by activation of the Na+ channels with batrachotoxin plus a purified polypeptide toxin from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. A procedure is described for preparing a membrane fraction that contains 70--80% of the total saxitoxin binding activity of the crude homogenate. The specific activity of this fraction was about 4 to 6 pmol/mg protein. About 60--70% of the saxitoxin binding sites were solubilized by incubating these membranes with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the detergent-solubilized binding sites eluted at a position corresponding to a mol wt of about 700,000 on gel filtration chromatography. Both membrane-bound and solubilized saxitoxin binding were assayed by a new cation exchange column method. The binding of saxitoxin to both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized binding sites was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 2 nM. Dissociation of the saxitoxin-receptor complex followed a single exponential decay with a rate constant at 0 degrees of 0.1 min-1 for membrane bound and 0.2 min-1 for detergent-solubilized binding sites. The measured association rate constant was 6 X 10(8) M-1 min-1 at 0 degrees for membrane-bound saxitoxin binding sites.", "PMID": 513116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10164", "title": "Intracellular chloride activities and active chloride absorption in the intestinal epithelium of the winter flounder.", "content": "Intracellular chloride activities, (Cl)c, and the electrical potential difference across the mucosal membrane, psimc, were determined in the isolated small intestine of the winter flounder, using Cl-selective and conventional (KCl-filled) microelectrodes. In the presence of a Na-containing buffer psimc averages -69 mV and (Cl)c averages 24 mM, a value that is 3.4 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal membrane. On the other hand, when the tissue is then perfused with Na-free buffer, (Cl)c slowly falls to a value that does not differ significantly from that predicted for an equilibrium distribution, and psimc depolarizes significantly. Finally, when the tissue is again bathed in the Na-containing buffer, (Cl)c rapidly returns to a value well above equilibrium. These results, together with those of Frizzell et al. (J. Membrane Biol. 46:27, 1979), provide direct evidence that: (1) Cl is accumulated against its electrochemical potential difference (32 mV) by this tissue, and (2) this accumulation is coupled to and energized by the entry of Na down its steep electrochemical potential difference.", "contents": "Intracellular chloride activities and active chloride absorption in the intestinal epithelium of the winter flounder. Intracellular chloride activities, (Cl)c, and the electrical potential difference across the mucosal membrane, psimc, were determined in the isolated small intestine of the winter flounder, using Cl-selective and conventional (KCl-filled) microelectrodes. In the presence of a Na-containing buffer psimc averages -69 mV and (Cl)c averages 24 mM, a value that is 3.4 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal membrane. On the other hand, when the tissue is then perfused with Na-free buffer, (Cl)c slowly falls to a value that does not differ significantly from that predicted for an equilibrium distribution, and psimc depolarizes significantly. Finally, when the tissue is again bathed in the Na-containing buffer, (Cl)c rapidly returns to a value well above equilibrium. These results, together with those of Frizzell et al. (J. Membrane Biol. 46:27, 1979), provide direct evidence that: (1) Cl is accumulated against its electrochemical potential difference (32 mV) by this tissue, and (2) this accumulation is coupled to and energized by the entry of Na down its steep electrochemical potential difference.", "PMID": 513117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10165", "title": "Highly purified basal lateral plasma membranes from rat duodenum. Physical criteria for purity.", "content": "Preparations of intestinal epithelial cell basal lateral plasma membranes were analyzed with free flow electrophoresis and density perturbation with digitonin. The initial basal lateral membrane preparations were obtained by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation after two different schemes of homogenization and differential sedimentation (A.K. Mircheff, C.H. van Os, and E.M. Wright. 1978. Membr. Biochem. 1:177, and A.K. Mircheff, S.D. Hanna, M.W. Walling, and E.M. Wright. 1979. Prep. Biochem. 9:33. In these preparations, Na,K-ATPase, a marker for the basal lateral mambrane, was purified 16- to 18-fold over the initial homogenate. The preparations were also enriched in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and galactosyltransferase. Both free-flow electrophoresis, which separates on the basis of surface charge, and density perturbation with digitonin, which depends on a specific interaction of digitonin with cholesterol-rich membranes, resolved the preparation into three populations of particles. The major population, which represented basal lateral membranes purified 20- to 32-fold with respect to the initial homogenate, contained Na,K-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, adenylate cyclase, and acid phosphatase. A second population was defined by its content of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and the third was defined by its content of galactosyltransferase. Guanylate cyclase appeared to be partitioned between the Na,K-ATPase-rich and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase-rich populations. Galactosyltransferase is also present in fractions which contain the Na,K-ATPase-rich membranes, but the present data cannot exclude the possibility of spillover by the adjacent, galactosyltransferase-rich population. This work emphasizes the importance of multiple, physical criteria for purity in the isolation of subcellular components.", "contents": "Highly purified basal lateral plasma membranes from rat duodenum. Physical criteria for purity. Preparations of intestinal epithelial cell basal lateral plasma membranes were analyzed with free flow electrophoresis and density perturbation with digitonin. The initial basal lateral membrane preparations were obtained by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation after two different schemes of homogenization and differential sedimentation (A.K. Mircheff, C.H. van Os, and E.M. Wright. 1978. Membr. Biochem. 1:177, and A.K. Mircheff, S.D. Hanna, M.W. Walling, and E.M. Wright. 1979. Prep. Biochem. 9:33. In these preparations, Na,K-ATPase, a marker for the basal lateral mambrane, was purified 16- to 18-fold over the initial homogenate. The preparations were also enriched in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and galactosyltransferase. Both free-flow electrophoresis, which separates on the basis of surface charge, and density perturbation with digitonin, which depends on a specific interaction of digitonin with cholesterol-rich membranes, resolved the preparation into three populations of particles. The major population, which represented basal lateral membranes purified 20- to 32-fold with respect to the initial homogenate, contained Na,K-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, adenylate cyclase, and acid phosphatase. A second population was defined by its content of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and the third was defined by its content of galactosyltransferase. Guanylate cyclase appeared to be partitioned between the Na,K-ATPase-rich and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase-rich populations. Galactosyltransferase is also present in fractions which contain the Na,K-ATPase-rich membranes, but the present data cannot exclude the possibility of spillover by the adjacent, galactosyltransferase-rich population. This work emphasizes the importance of multiple, physical criteria for purity in the isolation of subcellular components.", "PMID": 513118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10166", "title": "Effect of amiloride on the apical cell membrane cation channels of a sodium-absorbing, potassium-secreting renal epithelium.", "content": "The effect of the K-sparing diuretic amiloride was assessed electrophysiologically in the isolated cortical collecting tubule of the rabbit, a segment which absorbs Na and secretes K. Low concentrations of amiloride in the perfusate caused a rapid, reversible, decrease in the magnitude of the lumen negative transepithelial potential difference, Vte, transepithelial conductance Gte, and equivalent short-circuit current, Isc, with an apparent K1/2 of approximately 7 X 10(-8) M. The effects of a maximum inhibitory concentration of amiloride (10(-5) M) were identical to those observed upon Na removal from lumen and bath (Na removal from the bath alone has no effect). Removal of Na in the presence of 10(-5) M amiloride had no affect on Vte, Gte, or Isc, and is consistent with the view that amiloride blocks the Na conductive pathways of the apical cell membrane. Further, in the absence of Na, the subsequent addition of amiloride had no influence. In tubules where active Na absorption was either spontaneously low, or abolished by removal of Na from lumen and bath, the elevation of K from 5 to 155 meq/liter in the perfusate caused a marked change of the Vte in the negative direction and an increase in the Gte. These effects could be attributed to a high K permeability of the apical cell membrane and not of the tight junctions. Amiloride (10(-5) M) had no effect on these responses to K. It is concluded that amiloride selectively blocks the apical cell membrane Na channels but has no effect on the K conductive pathway(s). This selective nature of amiloride may indicate that Na and K are transported across the apical cell membrane via separate conductive pathways.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on the apical cell membrane cation channels of a sodium-absorbing, potassium-secreting renal epithelium. The effect of the K-sparing diuretic amiloride was assessed electrophysiologically in the isolated cortical collecting tubule of the rabbit, a segment which absorbs Na and secretes K. Low concentrations of amiloride in the perfusate caused a rapid, reversible, decrease in the magnitude of the lumen negative transepithelial potential difference, Vte, transepithelial conductance Gte, and equivalent short-circuit current, Isc, with an apparent K1/2 of approximately 7 X 10(-8) M. The effects of a maximum inhibitory concentration of amiloride (10(-5) M) were identical to those observed upon Na removal from lumen and bath (Na removal from the bath alone has no effect). Removal of Na in the presence of 10(-5) M amiloride had no affect on Vte, Gte, or Isc, and is consistent with the view that amiloride blocks the Na conductive pathways of the apical cell membrane. Further, in the absence of Na, the subsequent addition of amiloride had no influence. In tubules where active Na absorption was either spontaneously low, or abolished by removal of Na from lumen and bath, the elevation of K from 5 to 155 meq/liter in the perfusate caused a marked change of the Vte in the negative direction and an increase in the Gte. These effects could be attributed to a high K permeability of the apical cell membrane and not of the tight junctions. Amiloride (10(-5) M) had no effect on these responses to K. It is concluded that amiloride selectively blocks the apical cell membrane Na channels but has no effect on the K conductive pathway(s). This selective nature of amiloride may indicate that Na and K are transported across the apical cell membrane via separate conductive pathways.", "PMID": 513119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10167", "title": "Reduction of stereotyped body-rocking using variable time reinforcement: practical and theoretical implications.", "content": "The first experiment assessed the effectiveness of two schedules of reinforcement in reducing stereotypy engaged in profoundly retarded patients in ward environments. These schedules were the differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO) and variable time reinforcement (VT). This experiment was terminated prematurely because of problems in implementing the DRO contingencies. However, the VT contingency appeared to reduce stereotypy. The second experiment evaluated the VT schedule of reinforcement alone. Significant decreases in amounts of stereotypy from baseline measures were observed in all five profoundly retarded female subjects. It is tentatively concluded that stereotypies in ward and laboratory environments differ in function. This has implications for the treatment of patients who engage in stereotyped behaviour.", "contents": "Reduction of stereotyped body-rocking using variable time reinforcement: practical and theoretical implications. The first experiment assessed the effectiveness of two schedules of reinforcement in reducing stereotypy engaged in profoundly retarded patients in ward environments. These schedules were the differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO) and variable time reinforcement (VT). This experiment was terminated prematurely because of problems in implementing the DRO contingencies. However, the VT contingency appeared to reduce stereotypy. The second experiment evaluated the VT schedule of reinforcement alone. Significant decreases in amounts of stereotypy from baseline measures were observed in all five profoundly retarded female subjects. It is tentatively concluded that stereotypies in ward and laboratory environments differ in function. This has implications for the treatment of patients who engage in stereotyped behaviour.", "PMID": 513120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10168", "title": "Experimental hyperglycinaemia--an evaluation of the efficacy of strychnine therapy in nonketotic hyperglycinaemia.", "content": "A hyperglycinaemic state resembling the human disease nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (NKH) was created in male adult albino rabbits by injecting subcutaneously a ten  percent aqueous glycine solution. A single dose of 300 mg./kg. caused a transient rise of plasma glycine level, but CSF glycine concentration began to rise only after an injection of 1,000 mg./kg. glycine. Repetition of the latter dose every four hours for twenty-four hours caused a gradual rise of both plasma and CSF glycine. Progressive neurological symptoms, highly resembling the early stages of NKH, developed during this prolonged loading. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been made to NKH which, if not fatal during the neonatal period, leads to severe psychomotor retardation, but only strychnine treatment (100--200 micrograms./kg/. day) has resulted in some improvement of the clinical condition of these patients. However, even the highest tolerated dose of strychnine (1 mg./kg./day) did not significantly alter the progression of neurological symptoms during glycine loading in the present study. All but one of twenty-nine rabbits succumbed during glycine loading, and only three of twenty-one survived when the glucine-antagonist strychnine was administered during glycine loading. Therefore, it seems probable that the protective effect of strychnine in a hyperglycinaemic state is of limited value. Glycine loading influenced intermediate amino acid metabolism in several ways, plasma alpha-amino-N and ammonia level rose and moderate metabolic acidosis developed during the last phase of the experiment. Profound alterations of levels of amino acids involved in glycine metabolism occurred in both blood plasma and cerebropinal fluid.", "contents": "Experimental hyperglycinaemia--an evaluation of the efficacy of strychnine therapy in nonketotic hyperglycinaemia. A hyperglycinaemic state resembling the human disease nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (NKH) was created in male adult albino rabbits by injecting subcutaneously a ten  percent aqueous glycine solution. A single dose of 300 mg./kg. caused a transient rise of plasma glycine level, but CSF glycine concentration began to rise only after an injection of 1,000 mg./kg. glycine. Repetition of the latter dose every four hours for twenty-four hours caused a gradual rise of both plasma and CSF glycine. Progressive neurological symptoms, highly resembling the early stages of NKH, developed during this prolonged loading. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been made to NKH which, if not fatal during the neonatal period, leads to severe psychomotor retardation, but only strychnine treatment (100--200 micrograms./kg/. day) has resulted in some improvement of the clinical condition of these patients. However, even the highest tolerated dose of strychnine (1 mg./kg./day) did not significantly alter the progression of neurological symptoms during glycine loading in the present study. All but one of twenty-nine rabbits succumbed during glycine loading, and only three of twenty-one survived when the glucine-antagonist strychnine was administered during glycine loading. Therefore, it seems probable that the protective effect of strychnine in a hyperglycinaemic state is of limited value. Glycine loading influenced intermediate amino acid metabolism in several ways, plasma alpha-amino-N and ammonia level rose and moderate metabolic acidosis developed during the last phase of the experiment. Profound alterations of levels of amino acids involved in glycine metabolism occurred in both blood plasma and cerebropinal fluid.", "PMID": 513121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10169", "title": "The effects of institutionalisation on retardates social independence.", "content": "Subjects were grouped into eight experimental groups to control for mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA) and at the same time to allow the examination of the effects due to the proportion of lifetime spent institutionalised on an objective measure of social dependency. The results suggest that the longer proportion of life-time institutionalised, the more likely the retardate is to be socially dependent. The implications of this finding for retardates in institutional settings is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of institutionalisation on retardates social independence. Subjects were grouped into eight experimental groups to control for mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA) and at the same time to allow the examination of the effects due to the proportion of lifetime spent institutionalised on an objective measure of social dependency. The results suggest that the longer proportion of life-time institutionalised, the more likely the retardate is to be socially dependent. The implications of this finding for retardates in institutional settings is discussed.", "PMID": 513122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10170", "title": "Post-maturation of the plastid ribosomal RNA in the plant kingdom.", "content": "The in vivo fragmentation of the plastid rRNA from plants situated at different places in the evolutionary sclae, with the exception of Algae, was analysed by electrophoresis using fully denaturing conditions. This fragmentation corresponds to an in vivo post-maturation. It exists only in some bacteria and is not random. Five main groups of fragments with the following real molecular weights (Mr) are found in 23 S: ca 0.9 x 10(6); 0.7 x 10(6); 0.45 x 10(6); 0.35 x 10(6) and 0.15 x 10(6). The existence of a large fragment (Mr = 0.9 x 10(6)) corresponds to a primitive type of fragmentation found in some archaic plants. Dicotyledons and several other groups have the same pattern of 23 S fragmentation, often comprising all the fragments mentioned above, whilst Graminaceae (Monocotyledons) constitute a special group with a very predominant 0.35 x 10(6) dalton fragment and the absence of the 0.45 x 10(6) dalton fragment. The plastid 16 S rRNA in all plants studied here has a Mr of 0.54 x 10(6) which is smaller than the 16 S of Escherichia coli taken as reference (0.56 x 10(6) dalton).", "contents": "Post-maturation of the plastid ribosomal RNA in the plant kingdom. The in vivo fragmentation of the plastid rRNA from plants situated at different places in the evolutionary sclae, with the exception of Algae, was analysed by electrophoresis using fully denaturing conditions. This fragmentation corresponds to an in vivo post-maturation. It exists only in some bacteria and is not random. Five main groups of fragments with the following real molecular weights (Mr) are found in 23 S: ca 0.9 x 10(6); 0.7 x 10(6); 0.45 x 10(6); 0.35 x 10(6) and 0.15 x 10(6). The existence of a large fragment (Mr = 0.9 x 10(6)) corresponds to a primitive type of fragmentation found in some archaic plants. Dicotyledons and several other groups have the same pattern of 23 S fragmentation, often comprising all the fragments mentioned above, whilst Graminaceae (Monocotyledons) constitute a special group with a very predominant 0.35 x 10(6) dalton fragment and the absence of the 0.45 x 10(6) dalton fragment. The plastid 16 S rRNA in all plants studied here has a Mr of 0.54 x 10(6) which is smaller than the 16 S of Escherichia coli taken as reference (0.56 x 10(6) dalton).", "PMID": 513138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10171", "title": "The role of metal ions in chemical evolution: polymerization of alanine and glycine in a cation-exchanged clay environment.", "content": "The effect of the exchangeable cation on the condensation of glycine and alanine was investigated using a series of homoinic bentonites. A cycling procedure of drying, warming and wetting was employed. Peptide bond formation was observed, and the effectiveness of metal ions to catalyze the condensation was Cu2+ greater than Ni2+ approximately Zn2+ greater than Na+. Glycine showed 6% of the monomer incorporated into oligomers with the largest detected being the pentamer. Alanine showed less peptide bond formation (a maximum of 2%) and only the dimer was observed.", "contents": "The role of metal ions in chemical evolution: polymerization of alanine and glycine in a cation-exchanged clay environment. The effect of the exchangeable cation on the condensation of glycine and alanine was investigated using a series of homoinic bentonites. A cycling procedure of drying, warming and wetting was employed. Peptide bond formation was observed, and the effectiveness of metal ions to catalyze the condensation was Cu2+ greater than Ni2+ approximately Zn2+ greater than Na+. Glycine showed 6% of the monomer incorporated into oligomers with the largest detected being the pentamer. Alanine showed less peptide bond formation (a maximum of 2%) and only the dimer was observed.", "PMID": 513139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10172", "title": "Geometry of the dry-state oligomerization of 2',3'-cyclic phosphates.", "content": "Evaporation of a solution of thymidine plus either the exo or the endo diastereomer of uridine cyclic 2',3'-O, O-phosphorothioate (U greater than p(S) in 1,2-diaminoethane hydrochloride buffer gave the 2',5' and 3',5' isomers of (P-thio) uridylylthymidine (Up(S)dT) in a ratio of 1:2 with a combined yield of about 20%. These isomers were re-converted to U greater than p(S) and dT by a reaction that is known to proceed by an in-line mechanism. Both the 2',5' and 3',5' isomers gave as product the same diasteromer of U greater than p(S) that had been used originally in their formation. These dry-state 'prebiotic' reactions (Verlander, Lohrmann, and Orgel 1973) are thus shown to be stereospecific, and both the 2',5' and 3',5' internucleotide bonds are formed by an in-line mechanism.", "contents": "Geometry of the dry-state oligomerization of 2',3'-cyclic phosphates. Evaporation of a solution of thymidine plus either the exo or the endo diastereomer of uridine cyclic 2',3'-O, O-phosphorothioate (U greater than p(S) in 1,2-diaminoethane hydrochloride buffer gave the 2',5' and 3',5' isomers of (P-thio) uridylylthymidine (Up(S)dT) in a ratio of 1:2 with a combined yield of about 20%. These isomers were re-converted to U greater than p(S) and dT by a reaction that is known to proceed by an in-line mechanism. Both the 2',5' and 3',5' isomers gave as product the same diasteromer of U greater than p(S) that had been used originally in their formation. These dry-state 'prebiotic' reactions (Verlander, Lohrmann, and Orgel 1973) are thus shown to be stereospecific, and both the 2',5' and 3',5' internucleotide bonds are formed by an in-line mechanism.", "PMID": 513140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10173", "title": "Primary structure of pronghorn pancreatic ribonuclease: close relationship between giraffe and pronghorn.", "content": "Pancreatic ribonuclease from pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) was isolated and its amino acid sequence was determined from a tryptic digest of the performic acid-oxidized protein. Peptides were positioned by homology with other ribonucleases. Only peptides that differed in amino acid composition from the corresponding peptides of ox or goat ribonucleases were sequenced. In a most parsimonius tree of pancreatic ribonucleases, pronghorn and giraffe were placed together and these two were placed with the bovids, leaving the deer as a taxon separate from the other ruminants. The amino acid replacements that determine this tree topology are three rarely occurring replacements shared by pronghorn and giraffe. Notwithstanding their close phylogenetic relationship, both ribonucleases differ strongly in extent of glycosidation, net charge and antigenic properties.", "contents": "Primary structure of pronghorn pancreatic ribonuclease: close relationship between giraffe and pronghorn. Pancreatic ribonuclease from pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) was isolated and its amino acid sequence was determined from a tryptic digest of the performic acid-oxidized protein. Peptides were positioned by homology with other ribonucleases. Only peptides that differed in amino acid composition from the corresponding peptides of ox or goat ribonucleases were sequenced. In a most parsimonius tree of pancreatic ribonucleases, pronghorn and giraffe were placed together and these two were placed with the bovids, leaving the deer as a taxon separate from the other ruminants. The amino acid replacements that determine this tree topology are three rarely occurring replacements shared by pronghorn and giraffe. Notwithstanding their close phylogenetic relationship, both ribonucleases differ strongly in extent of glycosidation, net charge and antigenic properties.", "PMID": 513141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10174", "title": "The assessment of sexual function and marital interaction.", "content": "The increasing need expressed by clinicians and researchers alike for valid and reliable psychological measures of sexual behavior and adjustment contrast with the limited available information on the assessment of human sexual functioning. The aim of this article is to present relevant data on the psychometric characteristics of scales designed to measure one or more aspects of human sexual activity and marital interaction. This list is by no means exhaustive but covers most assessments of either individuals or dyads, mainly in a heterosexual context. Under the title of the scales, which have been arranged by alphabetical order according to the first author's name, the information provided may permit a preliminary judgment concerning the potential applicability of the instrument to the reader's need.", "contents": "The assessment of sexual function and marital interaction. The increasing need expressed by clinicians and researchers alike for valid and reliable psychological measures of sexual behavior and adjustment contrast with the limited available information on the assessment of human sexual functioning. The aim of this article is to present relevant data on the psychometric characteristics of scales designed to measure one or more aspects of human sexual activity and marital interaction. This list is by no means exhaustive but covers most assessments of either individuals or dyads, mainly in a heterosexual context. Under the title of the scales, which have been arranged by alphabetical order according to the first author's name, the information provided may permit a preliminary judgment concerning the potential applicability of the instrument to the reader's need.", "PMID": 513142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10175", "title": "Assessing sexual behavior in couples.", "content": "The role of formal assessment in the practice of sex therapy with couples is discussed. A case is made for the use of behaviorally oriented paper-and-pencil tests of the self-report variety, in clinical settings, at two points in time: prior to any therapist-client contact and following completion of therapy. Such procedures are both efficient and effective, yielding information relevant to diagnosis, treatment planning, and development of clinical skills. Assessment procedures used routinely at the Stony Brook Sex Therapy Center are described and illustrated using sample cases. The authors suggest that behavioral assessment approaches have considerable clinical potential which has yet to be fully realized.", "contents": "Assessing sexual behavior in couples. The role of formal assessment in the practice of sex therapy with couples is discussed. A case is made for the use of behaviorally oriented paper-and-pencil tests of the self-report variety, in clinical settings, at two points in time: prior to any therapist-client contact and following completion of therapy. Such procedures are both efficient and effective, yielding information relevant to diagnosis, treatment planning, and development of clinical skills. Assessment procedures used routinely at the Stony Brook Sex Therapy Center are described and illustrated using sample cases. The authors suggest that behavioral assessment approaches have considerable clinical potential which has yet to be fully realized.", "PMID": 513143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10176", "title": "The DSFI: a multidimensional measure of sexual functioning.", "content": "The present report summarizes work to date on the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI), a multidimensional measure of human sexual functioning. We discuss the rationale for the test as well as the selection of the primary domains of measurement. Reliability coefficients for the various subtests are given, and a review section on validation studies is provided, including a factor analysis, predictive validation, and discriminant function analyses. Prototypic clinical profiles are also provided for several of the major types of sexual dysfunction.", "contents": "The DSFI: a multidimensional measure of sexual functioning. The present report summarizes work to date on the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI), a multidimensional measure of human sexual functioning. We discuss the rationale for the test as well as the selection of the primary domains of measurement. Reliability coefficients for the various subtests are given, and a review section on validation studies is provided, including a factor analysis, predictive validation, and discriminant function analyses. Prototypic clinical profiles are also provided for several of the major types of sexual dysfunction.", "PMID": 513144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10177", "title": "The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT).", "content": "The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT) was designed to measure knowledge, attitudes and degree of experience in a variety of sexual behaviors, and to be used as a teaching and research instrument. The SKAT has been administered to over 35,000 students, approximately two-thirds of whom have been medical students. SKAT has served two major objectives: to measure changes in knowledge and attitudes after a course or program in human sexuality and to demonstrate the deficiencies of medical and nursing education in preparing health professionals to aid patients with sexual problems. Additional types of research using the SKAT are suggested.", "contents": "The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT). The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT) was designed to measure knowledge, attitudes and degree of experience in a variety of sexual behaviors, and to be used as a teaching and research instrument. The SKAT has been administered to over 35,000 students, approximately two-thirds of whom have been medical students. SKAT has served two major objectives: to measure changes in knowledge and attitudes after a course or program in human sexuality and to demonstrate the deficiencies of medical and nursing education in preparing health professionals to aid patients with sexual problems. Additional types of research using the SKAT are suggested.", "PMID": 513145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10178", "title": "The measurement of marital quality.", "content": "The quality of marital relationships is the most studied topic pertaining to marriage and family life. Moreover, clinicians have become increasingly interested in this variable as divorce rates have climbed and as services for counseling and therapy have become more readily available and more widely accepted. These research and clinical needs necessitate the availability of measures of variables which assess marital quality (e.g., marital adjustment, satisfaction, and happiness). This article discusses the need for such measures, reviews the history of measurements in this area, identifies some conceptual and methodological issues of relevance, and then focuses most specifically on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale developed by Spanier. Some cautions for clinicians are noted, and a discussion of future measurement needs is presented.", "contents": "The measurement of marital quality. The quality of marital relationships is the most studied topic pertaining to marriage and family life. Moreover, clinicians have become increasingly interested in this variable as divorce rates have climbed and as services for counseling and therapy have become more readily available and more widely accepted. These research and clinical needs necessitate the availability of measures of variables which assess marital quality (e.g., marital adjustment, satisfaction, and happiness). This article discusses the need for such measures, reviews the history of measurements in this area, identifies some conceptual and methodological issues of relevance, and then focuses most specifically on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale developed by Spanier. Some cautions for clinicians are noted, and a discussion of future measurement needs is presented.", "PMID": 513146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10179", "title": "Partial hepatectomy reduces both metabolism and toxicity of benzene.", "content": "Removal of 70--80% of the liver reduced both the metabolism and the toxicity of benzene in rats. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the levels of urinary metabolites in both sham-operated and partially hepatectomized rats given 2200 mg/kg [3H]benzene sc. Toxicity was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of 59Fe into circulating erythrocytes according to the method of Lee et al. The observation that partial hepatectomy decreases benzene metabolism and protects against benzene toxicity indicates that the liver may play a primary role in the development of benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity. The fact that benzene administration also reduces the ability of the liver to regenerate after partial hepatectomy suggests that the regenerating liver may serve as a model system in lieu of the bone marrow for studying the mechanism by which benzene inhibits cell proliferation.", "contents": "Partial hepatectomy reduces both metabolism and toxicity of benzene. Removal of 70--80% of the liver reduced both the metabolism and the toxicity of benzene in rats. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the levels of urinary metabolites in both sham-operated and partially hepatectomized rats given 2200 mg/kg [3H]benzene sc. Toxicity was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of 59Fe into circulating erythrocytes according to the method of Lee et al. The observation that partial hepatectomy decreases benzene metabolism and protects against benzene toxicity indicates that the liver may play a primary role in the development of benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity. The fact that benzene administration also reduces the ability of the liver to regenerate after partial hepatectomy suggests that the regenerating liver may serve as a model system in lieu of the bone marrow for studying the mechanism by which benzene inhibits cell proliferation.", "PMID": 513147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10180", "title": "A new in vitro method for testing plant metabolism in mutagenicity studies.", "content": "A rapid method was proposed to detect whether a harmless agricultural chemical can be converted into a mutagenic one by plant metabolism. The method is based on the use of Nicotiana alata cell cultures. Results obtained with five pesticides (atrazine, dichlorvos, tetrachlorvinphos, Kelevan, and maleic hydrazide) suggest that the proposed method simulates the metabolism of the whole plant. This procedure was also successfully applied to the genetic system of Aspergillus nidulans. One pesticide, atrazine, induced mutations and somatic segregation only after metabolism during cocultivation with N. alata cells.", "contents": "A new in vitro method for testing plant metabolism in mutagenicity studies. A rapid method was proposed to detect whether a harmless agricultural chemical can be converted into a mutagenic one by plant metabolism. The method is based on the use of Nicotiana alata cell cultures. Results obtained with five pesticides (atrazine, dichlorvos, tetrachlorvinphos, Kelevan, and maleic hydrazide) suggest that the proposed method simulates the metabolism of the whole plant. This procedure was also successfully applied to the genetic system of Aspergillus nidulans. One pesticide, atrazine, induced mutations and somatic segregation only after metabolism during cocultivation with N. alata cells.", "PMID": 513148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10181", "title": "Perinatal toxicity of maneb, ethylene thiourea, and ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide in rodents.", "content": "The potential of the fungicide maneb and two of  its metabolites, ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide (EBIS) and ethylene thiourea (ETU), to induce perinatal toxicity in four species of rodents was investigated. The compounds were admininistered to rats and mice during the period of organogenesis, and ETU was also administered to rats and mice during the period of organogenesis, and ETU was also administered by oral gavage for a similar period to hamsters and guinea pigs. Treatment also continued through the lactational period in groups of rats that were allowed to give birth. Fetuses were examined for signs of toxicity, including terata, and neonates for reflex developement and open-field behavior. Maneb produced hydrocephalus in fetuses in litters of rats receiving 480 mg/kg . d. No fetotoxic effects were noted in litters of rats receiving EBIS at doses at high as 30 mg/kg . d. ETU proved to be a potent teratogen in the rat. Among the effects seen at doses of 40 mg/kg . d or greater were hydrocephalus, encephalocele, kyphosis, and various defects of the digits. Neither maneb (up to 1500 mg/kg . d), ETU (up to 200 mg/kg . d), nor EBIS (up to 200 mg/kg . d) elicited signs of fetal toxicity in the mouse. ETU also failed to result in fetal toxicity when administered to the hamster (100 mg/kg . d) or the guinea pig (100 mg/kg . d). Neither maneb nor EBIS produced significant dose-related alterations in the behavioral development of perinatally exposed rat neonates. At doses that also produced neonatal hydrocephalus, ETU produced significant increases in the open-field activity of the neonates. In addition to the perinatal effects noted above, both maneb and EBIS caused maternal limb paralysis in the rat, an effect not noted in the mouse at much higher doses.", "contents": "Perinatal toxicity of maneb, ethylene thiourea, and ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide in rodents. The potential of the fungicide maneb and two of  its metabolites, ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide (EBIS) and ethylene thiourea (ETU), to induce perinatal toxicity in four species of rodents was investigated. The compounds were admininistered to rats and mice during the period of organogenesis, and ETU was also administered to rats and mice during the period of organogenesis, and ETU was also administered by oral gavage for a similar period to hamsters and guinea pigs. Treatment also continued through the lactational period in groups of rats that were allowed to give birth. Fetuses were examined for signs of toxicity, including terata, and neonates for reflex developement and open-field behavior. Maneb produced hydrocephalus in fetuses in litters of rats receiving 480 mg/kg . d. No fetotoxic effects were noted in litters of rats receiving EBIS at doses at high as 30 mg/kg . d. ETU proved to be a potent teratogen in the rat. Among the effects seen at doses of 40 mg/kg . d or greater were hydrocephalus, encephalocele, kyphosis, and various defects of the digits. Neither maneb (up to 1500 mg/kg . d), ETU (up to 200 mg/kg . d), nor EBIS (up to 200 mg/kg . d) elicited signs of fetal toxicity in the mouse. ETU also failed to result in fetal toxicity when administered to the hamster (100 mg/kg . d) or the guinea pig (100 mg/kg . d). Neither maneb nor EBIS produced significant dose-related alterations in the behavioral development of perinatally exposed rat neonates. At doses that also produced neonatal hydrocephalus, ETU produced significant increases in the open-field activity of the neonates. In addition to the perinatal effects noted above, both maneb and EBIS caused maternal limb paralysis in the rat, an effect not noted in the mouse at much higher doses.", "PMID": 513149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10182", "title": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "Egg surface applications of microliter quantities of crude and refined oils of high aromatic content are embryotoxic to mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and other avian species; applications of aliphatic hydrocarbons have virtually no effect. Mallard eggs at 72 h of development were exposed to a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons or to aromatic compounds representative to those present in crude oil to assess their toxicity. The class composition of the mixture was similar to that of South Louisiana crude oil, an American Petroleum Institute reference oil. Application of 20 microliter of the mixture reduced embryonic survival by nearly 70%. The temporal pattern of embryonic death was similar to that after exposure to South Louisiana crude oil. Embryonic growth was stunted, as reflected by weight, crown-rump length, and bill length, and there was a significant increase in the incidence of abnormal survivors. When individual classes of aromatic hydrocarbons were tested, tetracyclics caused some embryonic death at the concentrations in the mixture. When classes were tested in all possible combinations of two, no combination appeared to be as toxic as the entire mixture. Addition of the tetracyclic compound chrysene to the aromatic mixture considerably enhanced embryotoxicity, but could not completely account for the toxicity of the crude oil. The presence of additional unidentified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as methylated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds such as chrysene may further account for the embryotoxicity of the crude oil.", "contents": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Egg surface applications of microliter quantities of crude and refined oils of high aromatic content are embryotoxic to mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and other avian species; applications of aliphatic hydrocarbons have virtually no effect. Mallard eggs at 72 h of development were exposed to a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons or to aromatic compounds representative to those present in crude oil to assess their toxicity. The class composition of the mixture was similar to that of South Louisiana crude oil, an American Petroleum Institute reference oil. Application of 20 microliter of the mixture reduced embryonic survival by nearly 70%. The temporal pattern of embryonic death was similar to that after exposure to South Louisiana crude oil. Embryonic growth was stunted, as reflected by weight, crown-rump length, and bill length, and there was a significant increase in the incidence of abnormal survivors. When individual classes of aromatic hydrocarbons were tested, tetracyclics caused some embryonic death at the concentrations in the mixture. When classes were tested in all possible combinations of two, no combination appeared to be as toxic as the entire mixture. Addition of the tetracyclic compound chrysene to the aromatic mixture considerably enhanced embryotoxicity, but could not completely account for the toxicity of the crude oil. The presence of additional unidentified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as methylated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds such as chrysene may further account for the embryotoxicity of the crude oil.", "PMID": 513150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10183", "title": "Accumulation and excretion of [1-14C]bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in mice.", "content": "Laboratory COBS strain albino mice were administered [1-14C]bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in dilute aqueous solutions. Test solutions were prepared by using an elastomeric controlled-release formulations that emitted the agent at a constant rate. Tissue and excreta were periodically analyzed for 14C by standard liquid scintillation counting methods. Assuming that the label was not cleaved from the tin, 90--96% of the ingested agent was excreted, predominantly in the feces. Of the remainder, kidney levels were high, possibly indicating metabolism; tissue accumulation was diffuse, with liver, spleen, and fat predominating. Blood levels were low. Termination of organotin ingestion led to rapid clearance of storage sites.", "contents": "Accumulation and excretion of [1-14C]bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in mice. Laboratory COBS strain albino mice were administered [1-14C]bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in dilute aqueous solutions. Test solutions were prepared by using an elastomeric controlled-release formulations that emitted the agent at a constant rate. Tissue and excreta were periodically analyzed for 14C by standard liquid scintillation counting methods. Assuming that the label was not cleaved from the tin, 90--96% of the ingested agent was excreted, predominantly in the feces. Of the remainder, kidney levels were high, possibly indicating metabolism; tissue accumulation was diffuse, with liver, spleen, and fat predominating. Blood levels were low. Termination of organotin ingestion led to rapid clearance of storage sites.", "PMID": 513152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10184", "title": "Variation of corneal glycosaminoglycan values of hares in relation to environmental pollution by industrial emissions.", "content": "In localities contaminated by industrial emissions a significant decrease in keratan sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate occurs in the cornea of the hare. The changes also occur in hares living near small emission sources with a local emission zone; therefore they should not be neglected, especially if the area is used for recreation, as in the case reported here. The decrease in glycosaminoglycan values is more pronounced in adults than in juveniles, because of the length of exposure. Relatively large amounts of keratan sulfate in the glycosaminoglycan fraction correspond to changes expected in a prematurely senescent tissue. Because of the painstaking laboratory work required, assessment of glycosaminoglycans could be used for special bioindication purposes but would not be suitable for routine monitoring.", "contents": "Variation of corneal glycosaminoglycan values of hares in relation to environmental pollution by industrial emissions. In localities contaminated by industrial emissions a significant decrease in keratan sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate occurs in the cornea of the hare. The changes also occur in hares living near small emission sources with a local emission zone; therefore they should not be neglected, especially if the area is used for recreation, as in the case reported here. The decrease in glycosaminoglycan values is more pronounced in adults than in juveniles, because of the length of exposure. Relatively large amounts of keratan sulfate in the glycosaminoglycan fraction correspond to changes expected in a prematurely senescent tissue. Because of the painstaking laboratory work required, assessment of glycosaminoglycans could be used for special bioindication purposes but would not be suitable for routine monitoring.", "PMID": 513153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10185", "title": "Nickel(II)-binding constituents of human blood serum.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to investigate the Ni(II)-binding properties of human blood serum and to identify the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding constitutents in the serum. Three Ni(II)-binding fractions were obtained when labeled nickel chloride (63NiCl2) was added to the native serum. Of the total Ni(II), 95.7% was associated with albumin, 4.2% was bound to low-molecular-weight components, and a small fraction, usually less than 0.1% was associated with a high-molecular-weight protein that was eluted in the void volume of Sephadex G-150. Amino acids were shown to be responsible for the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding fraction and L-histidine was found to be the main (Ni(II)-binding amino acid in human blood serum. Compared with albumin, L-histidine was shown to possess a greater affinity for Ni(II). Ni(II)-binding to human albumin became evident only when no more L-histidine was available. Since the concentration of albumin is much higher than the concentration of L-histidine in normal serum, most of the added Ni(II) was associated with albumin. The equilibria between Ni(II)-L-histidine and Ni(II)-albumin may facilitate the transport of Ni(ii) between blood and tissues.", "contents": "Nickel(II)-binding constituents of human blood serum. Studies were undertaken to investigate the Ni(II)-binding properties of human blood serum and to identify the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding constitutents in the serum. Three Ni(II)-binding fractions were obtained when labeled nickel chloride (63NiCl2) was added to the native serum. Of the total Ni(II), 95.7% was associated with albumin, 4.2% was bound to low-molecular-weight components, and a small fraction, usually less than 0.1% was associated with a high-molecular-weight protein that was eluted in the void volume of Sephadex G-150. Amino acids were shown to be responsible for the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding fraction and L-histidine was found to be the main (Ni(II)-binding amino acid in human blood serum. Compared with albumin, L-histidine was shown to possess a greater affinity for Ni(II). Ni(II)-binding to human albumin became evident only when no more L-histidine was available. Since the concentration of albumin is much higher than the concentration of L-histidine in normal serum, most of the added Ni(II) was associated with albumin. The equilibria between Ni(II)-L-histidine and Ni(II)-albumin may facilitate the transport of Ni(ii) between blood and tissues.", "PMID": 513154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10186", "title": "Inorganic mercury(II)-binding components in normal human blood serum.", "content": "The interaction of Hg(II) with human blood serum was studied at physiological pH. Most of the Hg(II) was found to be associated with the proteins, and only a small fraction was associated with the low-molecular-weight substances in serum. Albumin is the major Hg(II)-binding protein (greater than or equal to 90%) in serum. Among the amino acids, L-cysteine has the highest affinity for Hg(II). In dialyzed serum having equimolar concentrations of Hg(II), albumin, and L-cysteine, the amount of Hg(II) found in the supernatant after ultracentrifugation was about 6--7%. There are preferential Hg(II)-binding sites on the albumin molecule. However, no significant change in the circular dichroism spectrum of albumin was detected until at least two equivalents of Hg(II) were present. Hg(II) can mediate the formation of the albumin dimer as well as a ternary complex of the type albumin-Hg(II)-L-cysteine. The latter presumably plays an important role in the transport of Hg(II) between blood and various tissues.", "contents": "Inorganic mercury(II)-binding components in normal human blood serum. The interaction of Hg(II) with human blood serum was studied at physiological pH. Most of the Hg(II) was found to be associated with the proteins, and only a small fraction was associated with the low-molecular-weight substances in serum. Albumin is the major Hg(II)-binding protein (greater than or equal to 90%) in serum. Among the amino acids, L-cysteine has the highest affinity for Hg(II). In dialyzed serum having equimolar concentrations of Hg(II), albumin, and L-cysteine, the amount of Hg(II) found in the supernatant after ultracentrifugation was about 6--7%. There are preferential Hg(II)-binding sites on the albumin molecule. However, no significant change in the circular dichroism spectrum of albumin was detected until at least two equivalents of Hg(II) were present. Hg(II) can mediate the formation of the albumin dimer as well as a ternary complex of the type albumin-Hg(II)-L-cysteine. The latter presumably plays an important role in the transport of Hg(II) between blood and various tissues.", "PMID": 513155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10187", "title": "Proliferation of lung and airway cells induced by nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Proliferation of lung cells of Chinese hamsters was examined in several regions of the lung parenchyma and ciliated airway epithelium after a 24-h exposure to 28.2 mg/m3 (15 ppm) nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Label was retained 3 wk after the injection of [3H]thymidine, and autoradiographic methods were used to localize the site of retention. By 24 h after administration of [3H]thymidine, parenchymal areas, exclusive of airways, showed an increased labeling index, indicative of cell death and replacement. This increase in the number of labeled cells persisted for 3 wk. Type II cells were labeled twice as frequently in regions of the terminal bronchiole than in other alveolar areas. Type II cell cycle time was reduced from 26 to 3 d after NO2 exposure. Alveolar macrophages were significantly labeled in the alveolar areas during the thymidine pulse at the end of the exposure episode and retained label for 3 wk. Airway epithelia showed no labeling in the trachea and progressively greater labeling in increasingly small er airways. Epithelial cells lining the small airways and alveoli showed greater susceptibility to NO2 injury than cells lining the bronchi or trachea. Nonciliated or basal cells serve as a precursor of ciliated cells in the epithelium of small airways (0.35 mm) and bronchi.", "contents": "Proliferation of lung and airway cells induced by nitrogen dioxide. Proliferation of lung cells of Chinese hamsters was examined in several regions of the lung parenchyma and ciliated airway epithelium after a 24-h exposure to 28.2 mg/m3 (15 ppm) nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Label was retained 3 wk after the injection of [3H]thymidine, and autoradiographic methods were used to localize the site of retention. By 24 h after administration of [3H]thymidine, parenchymal areas, exclusive of airways, showed an increased labeling index, indicative of cell death and replacement. This increase in the number of labeled cells persisted for 3 wk. Type II cells were labeled twice as frequently in regions of the terminal bronchiole than in other alveolar areas. Type II cell cycle time was reduced from 26 to 3 d after NO2 exposure. Alveolar macrophages were significantly labeled in the alveolar areas during the thymidine pulse at the end of the exposure episode and retained label for 3 wk. Airway epithelia showed no labeling in the trachea and progressively greater labeling in increasingly small er airways. Epithelial cells lining the small airways and alveoli showed greater susceptibility to NO2 injury than cells lining the bronchi or trachea. Nonciliated or basal cells serve as a precursor of ciliated cells in the epithelium of small airways (0.35 mm) and bronchi.", "PMID": 513156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10188", "title": "Effect of styrene and fiber glass on small airways of mice.", "content": "Three groups of 20 mice each were exposed to respirable glass fibers, to 300 ppm styrene vapor, and to glass fibers plus 300 ppm styrene. The glass fiber concentration was congruent to 1070/cm3; fiber diameters were under 3 micron and fiber lenths under 10 microns. The 5 h/d, 5 d/wk inhalation experiment lasted 6 wk. Glass fibers did not cause any lung damage when inhaled separately but combined styrene and glass fibers induced a change in the cellularity of the bronchiolar lining, where aprocrine-type cells became predominant. The same type of bronchiolar epithelial change was found in 10% of the styrene-exposed mice, while most of the styrene-exposed animals (90%) presented thickened bronchiolar walls becasue of stratification of the bronchiolar epithelium.", "contents": "Effect of styrene and fiber glass on small airways of mice. Three groups of 20 mice each were exposed to respirable glass fibers, to 300 ppm styrene vapor, and to glass fibers plus 300 ppm styrene. The glass fiber concentration was congruent to 1070/cm3; fiber diameters were under 3 micron and fiber lenths under 10 microns. The 5 h/d, 5 d/wk inhalation experiment lasted 6 wk. Glass fibers did not cause any lung damage when inhaled separately but combined styrene and glass fibers induced a change in the cellularity of the bronchiolar lining, where aprocrine-type cells became predominant. The same type of bronchiolar epithelial change was found in 10% of the styrene-exposed mice, while most of the styrene-exposed animals (90%) presented thickened bronchiolar walls becasue of stratification of the bronchiolar epithelium.", "PMID": 513157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10189", "title": "Residue studies with [14C]fosamine ammonium in channel catfish.", "content": "The active ingredient in du Pont Krenite brush control agent is ammonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonate (fosamine ammonium salt, formerly known as DPX-1108). Residues in channel catfish exposed to 1.1 ppm 14C-carbonyl-labeled fosamine ammonium in water for 4 wk were found to plateau in 2-3 wk with an accumulation factor (ratio of residue in fish to residue in water) of less than 1. In a separate experiment channel catfish were placed for 4 wk in a tank containing [14C]fosamine ammonium-treated soil (15 ppm) that had been aged for 30 d prior to flooding and initiation of fish exposure. The residue levels in this latter group of catfish also plateaued in 2-3 wk with an accumulation factor of less than 1. In both experiments, after the 4-wk exposures, the fish were transferred to fresh water for 2-wk depuration periods, during which residue levels dropped 50--90%. No effects on the fish were observed during these experiments.", "contents": "Residue studies with [14C]fosamine ammonium in channel catfish. The active ingredient in du Pont Krenite brush control agent is ammonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonate (fosamine ammonium salt, formerly known as DPX-1108). Residues in channel catfish exposed to 1.1 ppm 14C-carbonyl-labeled fosamine ammonium in water for 4 wk were found to plateau in 2-3 wk with an accumulation factor (ratio of residue in fish to residue in water) of less than 1. In a separate experiment channel catfish were placed for 4 wk in a tank containing [14C]fosamine ammonium-treated soil (15 ppm) that had been aged for 30 d prior to flooding and initiation of fish exposure. The residue levels in this latter group of catfish also plateaued in 2-3 wk with an accumulation factor of less than 1. In both experiments, after the 4-wk exposures, the fish were transferred to fresh water for 2-wk depuration periods, during which residue levels dropped 50--90%. No effects on the fish were observed during these experiments.", "PMID": 513158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10190", "title": "In vitro formation of neuroglial synapses.", "content": "Neuroglial synapses have been systematically observed in histotypical cerebellar rotary tissue cultures. These axoglial contacts appear as excitatory-like synapses in which the presynaptic element contains rounded synaptic vesicles accumulated at the presynaptic active zone. The post-synaptic structures were always the somata as well as processes of astrocytic glial cells. The axoglial contacts appear in these cultures when they are prepared from 16-day-old chick embryos cerebellum and cultivated during 6 days. To explain these neuroglial interrelationship it has been suggested as a working hypothesis that glial and nerve cells develop plastic capacities in order to establish synaptic contact in the in vitro conditions.", "contents": "In vitro formation of neuroglial synapses. Neuroglial synapses have been systematically observed in histotypical cerebellar rotary tissue cultures. These axoglial contacts appear as excitatory-like synapses in which the presynaptic element contains rounded synaptic vesicles accumulated at the presynaptic active zone. The post-synaptic structures were always the somata as well as processes of astrocytic glial cells. The axoglial contacts appear in these cultures when they are prepared from 16-day-old chick embryos cerebellum and cultivated during 6 days. To explain these neuroglial interrelationship it has been suggested as a working hypothesis that glial and nerve cells develop plastic capacities in order to establish synaptic contact in the in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 513159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10191", "title": "Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by cortical synaptosomes from the Long-Evans rat.", "content": "Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been studied in synaptosomes from the Long-Evans rat. Although there are some differences, the results are generally similar to those reported for Sprague--Dawley rats. Both D-glucose and 2-DG are taken up by the same carrier, since D-glucose was found to inhibit uptake of 2-DG. Uptake is highly dependent on a source of metabolic energy, since incubation at 0 degrees C completely eliminated uptake, while 10(-3) M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) inhibited uptake by 76.5%. Uptake has also been measured as a function of both 2-DG and sodium concentration and the data fitted to a model. Sodium is found to inhibit uptake. A model assuming noncompetitive inhibition by sodium gives best fit to the data. Thus both Kt and apparent Vm are dependent on the sodium concentration. Although these effects are small, Kt increases with [Na], while apparent Vm declines.", "contents": "Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by cortical synaptosomes from the Long-Evans rat. Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has been studied in synaptosomes from the Long-Evans rat. Although there are some differences, the results are generally similar to those reported for Sprague--Dawley rats. Both D-glucose and 2-DG are taken up by the same carrier, since D-glucose was found to inhibit uptake of 2-DG. Uptake is highly dependent on a source of metabolic energy, since incubation at 0 degrees C completely eliminated uptake, while 10(-3) M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) inhibited uptake by 76.5%. Uptake has also been measured as a function of both 2-DG and sodium concentration and the data fitted to a model. Sodium is found to inhibit uptake. A model assuming noncompetitive inhibition by sodium gives best fit to the data. Thus both Kt and apparent Vm are dependent on the sodium concentration. Although these effects are small, Kt increases with [Na], while apparent Vm declines.", "PMID": 513160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10192", "title": "Cerebral uptake of nicotine and of amino acids.", "content": "Nicotine is among the compounds that enter the brain very rapidly (blood-flow-limited). It also leaves the brain rapidly; by five minutes, 90% exits, an exit somewhat slower than that of water. In spite of rapid exit, brain levels remain higher than levels in blood over a wide range of blood concentrations. Nicotine enters the fetal circulation from the maternal blood; it enters fetal brain but to a smaller extent than adult brain. Nicotine entry is different from that of amino acid: No interaction of amino acid transport and nicotine could be detected. Most close analogs have no effect on nicotine uptake, but at higher concentrations nicotine uptake is saturable. Nicotine and morphine mutually inhibit each other's uptake. The results suggest an uptake compartment (lipid space) for nicotine shared by morphine.", "contents": "Cerebral uptake of nicotine and of amino acids. Nicotine is among the compounds that enter the brain very rapidly (blood-flow-limited). It also leaves the brain rapidly; by five minutes, 90% exits, an exit somewhat slower than that of water. In spite of rapid exit, brain levels remain higher than levels in blood over a wide range of blood concentrations. Nicotine enters the fetal circulation from the maternal blood; it enters fetal brain but to a smaller extent than adult brain. Nicotine entry is different from that of amino acid: No interaction of amino acid transport and nicotine could be detected. Most close analogs have no effect on nicotine uptake, but at higher concentrations nicotine uptake is saturable. Nicotine and morphine mutually inhibit each other's uptake. The results suggest an uptake compartment (lipid space) for nicotine shared by morphine.", "PMID": 513161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10193", "title": "The effect of morphine tolerance on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins of rat synaptic membranes.", "content": "The rate of incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins of the synaptic junctional and nonjunctional membranes and synaptic vesicles of rat brain has been examined in control and morphine-tolerant rats. There are no discernible differences between control and tolerant animals in amount of protein as measured by densitometric tracings of dye-stained proteins separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis from the three membrane fractions of whole brain areas. However, there are differences in the turnover of membrane protein: three vesicle protein bands and one junctional-membrane protein band are significantly more highly labeled, and one junctional-membrane protein is significantly less highly labeled by 3H-leucine in samples from tolerant rats. Of these, the two junctional-membrane proteins can be tentatively identified as components of the post synaptic densities, and one of the vesicle proteins as tubulin.", "contents": "The effect of morphine tolerance on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins of rat synaptic membranes. The rate of incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins of the synaptic junctional and nonjunctional membranes and synaptic vesicles of rat brain has been examined in control and morphine-tolerant rats. There are no discernible differences between control and tolerant animals in amount of protein as measured by densitometric tracings of dye-stained proteins separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis from the three membrane fractions of whole brain areas. However, there are differences in the turnover of membrane protein: three vesicle protein bands and one junctional-membrane protein band are significantly more highly labeled, and one junctional-membrane protein is significantly less highly labeled by 3H-leucine in samples from tolerant rats. Of these, the two junctional-membrane proteins can be tentatively identified as components of the post synaptic densities, and one of the vesicle proteins as tubulin.", "PMID": 513162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10194", "title": "Pediatric pelvic fractures: review of 52 patients.", "content": "Fifty-two patients (ages 1 to 16 years) with pelvic fractures were hospitalized at an urban medical center during a 5-year period. All patients with acetabular fractures had adjacent hemipelvis fractures. None were seen to develop symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Stable breaks in the ring (anterior ring fracture) were encountered most frequently. While many patients were discharged ambulating within a short time, over 50% had prolonged hospitalizations due to associated truma. Only one child had serious urologic trauma, demonstrating that isolated anterior ring fractures in children are not as treacherous in terms of pelvic content injury as those one might encounter in adults. Unstable breaks (anterior and posterior ring fractures) pose acute and chronic management problems and associated injuries are often fatal. Life-threatening complications may overshadow proper fracture management. It is critical to maintain a symmetrical pelvis in order to prevent either cephalad translation or anterior-posterior hemipelvis rotation. A child with the latter problem is presented in detail.", "contents": "Pediatric pelvic fractures: review of 52 patients. Fifty-two patients (ages 1 to 16 years) with pelvic fractures were hospitalized at an urban medical center during a 5-year period. All patients with acetabular fractures had adjacent hemipelvis fractures. None were seen to develop symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Stable breaks in the ring (anterior ring fracture) were encountered most frequently. While many patients were discharged ambulating within a short time, over 50% had prolonged hospitalizations due to associated truma. Only one child had serious urologic trauma, demonstrating that isolated anterior ring fractures in children are not as treacherous in terms of pelvic content injury as those one might encounter in adults. Unstable breaks (anterior and posterior ring fractures) pose acute and chronic management problems and associated injuries are often fatal. Life-threatening complications may overshadow proper fracture management. It is critical to maintain a symmetrical pelvis in order to prevent either cephalad translation or anterior-posterior hemipelvis rotation. A child with the latter problem is presented in detail.", "PMID": 513163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10195", "title": "Filtration of debris from banked blood.", "content": "Commercially available filters will effectively remove microaggregates from stored blood. The combined results of screen filtration pressure (SFP), debris weight, and particle size analysis offer a reproducible means of evaluating different filters. The effectiveness of three blood filters (Fenwal, Bentley, and Pall) is evaluated using SFP, debris weight measurement, particle size analysis, and determinations of filter capacity. Of the filters studied the Fenwal filter provides the most efficient means of removing debris while maintaining adquate flow rates for relatively large volumes of blood. The filter appears comparable to the Swank filter in overall effectiveness and flow characteristics.", "contents": "Filtration of debris from banked blood. Commercially available filters will effectively remove microaggregates from stored blood. The combined results of screen filtration pressure (SFP), debris weight, and particle size analysis offer a reproducible means of evaluating different filters. The effectiveness of three blood filters (Fenwal, Bentley, and Pall) is evaluated using SFP, debris weight measurement, particle size analysis, and determinations of filter capacity. Of the filters studied the Fenwal filter provides the most efficient means of removing debris while maintaining adquate flow rates for relatively large volumes of blood. The filter appears comparable to the Swank filter in overall effectiveness and flow characteristics.", "PMID": 513164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10196", "title": "Adenylate cyclase after burn injury: resistance to desensitization by catecholamines.", "content": "In vivo injection of isoproterenol(IPR) (4 mg/kg) in normal rats caused fat cell adenylate cyclase to become desensitized to stimulation by IPR in vitro. In contrast, adenylate cyclase from tissues of burn-injured rats (20% body surface, full-thickness scald) remained fully responsive to stimulation by IPR for several days after injury even though catecholamine excretion was elevated more than twofold. Furthermore, fat cell adenylate cyclase from burn-injured animals was not desensitized after acute in vivo IPR injections, whereas adenylate cyclase from the shams did become desensitized after acute IPR injections. To determine whether the apparent resistance to desensitization in burn-injured rats might be an adaptation to the chronic elevation of catecholamines that follows burn injury, two other rat models in which catecholamines are chronically elevated were studied: one was produced by a twice daily schedule or IPR (1 mg/kg) injections for 3 weeks; the other by 3 weeks' cold exposure (0--4 degrees C). As had been observed in burn injury, adenylate cyclase remained fully responsive to IPR in both models, and adenylate cyclase from the cold-acclimated rats was resistant to desensitization by acute injections of IPR. It therefore seems likely that chronic elevations of catecholamines evoke regulatory mechanisms in target cells to circumvent the desensitizationwhich would otherwise occur consequent to acute exposures to catecholamines. In burn injury this  may result in an inadvertent adaptation which contributes to hypermetabolism.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase after burn injury: resistance to desensitization by catecholamines. In vivo injection of isoproterenol(IPR) (4 mg/kg) in normal rats caused fat cell adenylate cyclase to become desensitized to stimulation by IPR in vitro. In contrast, adenylate cyclase from tissues of burn-injured rats (20% body surface, full-thickness scald) remained fully responsive to stimulation by IPR for several days after injury even though catecholamine excretion was elevated more than twofold. Furthermore, fat cell adenylate cyclase from burn-injured animals was not desensitized after acute in vivo IPR injections, whereas adenylate cyclase from the shams did become desensitized after acute IPR injections. To determine whether the apparent resistance to desensitization in burn-injured rats might be an adaptation to the chronic elevation of catecholamines that follows burn injury, two other rat models in which catecholamines are chronically elevated were studied: one was produced by a twice daily schedule or IPR (1 mg/kg) injections for 3 weeks; the other by 3 weeks' cold exposure (0--4 degrees C). As had been observed in burn injury, adenylate cyclase remained fully responsive to IPR in both models, and adenylate cyclase from the cold-acclimated rats was resistant to desensitization by acute injections of IPR. It therefore seems likely that chronic elevations of catecholamines evoke regulatory mechanisms in target cells to circumvent the desensitizationwhich would otherwise occur consequent to acute exposures to catecholamines. In burn injury this  may result in an inadvertent adaptation which contributes to hypermetabolism.", "PMID": 513165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10197", "title": "Effects of reserpine upon thermal stress-induced cardiovascular changes.", "content": "The cardiovascular changes induced by 15% total body surface area third-degree burn have been studied in anesthetized dogs. The responses observed were a decrease in plasma volume, a decrease in cardiac output, and a slight but insignificant fall in mean arterial pressure. Graded doses of reserpine ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg were administered preceding thermal trauma, and produced a reduction in plasma volume loss. The most effective dose of reserpine was 0.2 mg/kg. Despite the significant reduction (approximately 50%) of plasma volume loss in this dosage group, there were no significant alterations in either cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. These results demonstrate that reserpine is effective in reducing plasma volume loss but ineffective in altering the other cardiovascular parameters observed. Based upon the size of the maximally effective dose in reducing plasma volume loss and the failure of this dose to alter the other cardiovascular responses, it is postulated that the plasma loss reduction may be due to some action of reserpine other than its release of catecholamines and reduction in catecholamine stores.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine upon thermal stress-induced cardiovascular changes. The cardiovascular changes induced by 15% total body surface area third-degree burn have been studied in anesthetized dogs. The responses observed were a decrease in plasma volume, a decrease in cardiac output, and a slight but insignificant fall in mean arterial pressure. Graded doses of reserpine ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg were administered preceding thermal trauma, and produced a reduction in plasma volume loss. The most effective dose of reserpine was 0.2 mg/kg. Despite the significant reduction (approximately 50%) of plasma volume loss in this dosage group, there were no significant alterations in either cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. These results demonstrate that reserpine is effective in reducing plasma volume loss but ineffective in altering the other cardiovascular parameters observed. Based upon the size of the maximally effective dose in reducing plasma volume loss and the failure of this dose to alter the other cardiovascular responses, it is postulated that the plasma loss reduction may be due to some action of reserpine other than its release of catecholamines and reduction in catecholamine stores.", "PMID": 513166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10198", "title": "Clinical implications of blood gas analysis of chest tube drainage.", "content": "Blood gas analysis of chest tube drainage following thoracostomy for experimental and clinical penetrating chest injuries was evaluated to determine its usefulness in predicting the etiology of the injury. Twenty dogs were divided into four groups and sustained right chest injury as follows: Group I--closed chest lung laceration; Group II--open chest lung laceration; Group IIII-gunshot wounds; Group IV--thoracotomy and injection of autologous, mixed venous blood. All animals and 14 patients who sustained penetrating chest injury were made simultaneously from chest tube draininage, systemic artery, and central vein in all dogs and patients. Eight patients (Group A) had pneumothorax; six patients (Group B) did not. Mean control canine aortic PO2 and pulmonary arterial PO2 values in Group I did not differ significantly from those in the other three canine groups, nor from the two human groups. Group II dogs exhibited chest tube PO2 which was significantly (p less than 0.01) above aortic PO2. In Group IV, chest tube PO2 was increased significantly above pulmonary arterial blood. Patients without pneumothorax had values for PO2 in chest tube drainage and aorta which were not significantly different, whereas when pneumothorax was present, PO2 of chest tube drainage was significantly higher than that of aortic PO2. Thus blood gas determinations on chest tube drainage may reflect the nature of the injury; however, the presence of air in the pleural space can result in oxygenation of contained blood well above systemic arterial levels.", "contents": "Clinical implications of blood gas analysis of chest tube drainage. Blood gas analysis of chest tube drainage following thoracostomy for experimental and clinical penetrating chest injuries was evaluated to determine its usefulness in predicting the etiology of the injury. Twenty dogs were divided into four groups and sustained right chest injury as follows: Group I--closed chest lung laceration; Group II--open chest lung laceration; Group IIII-gunshot wounds; Group IV--thoracotomy and injection of autologous, mixed venous blood. All animals and 14 patients who sustained penetrating chest injury were made simultaneously from chest tube draininage, systemic artery, and central vein in all dogs and patients. Eight patients (Group A) had pneumothorax; six patients (Group B) did not. Mean control canine aortic PO2 and pulmonary arterial PO2 values in Group I did not differ significantly from those in the other three canine groups, nor from the two human groups. Group II dogs exhibited chest tube PO2 which was significantly (p less than 0.01) above aortic PO2. In Group IV, chest tube PO2 was increased significantly above pulmonary arterial blood. Patients without pneumothorax had values for PO2 in chest tube drainage and aorta which were not significantly different, whereas when pneumothorax was present, PO2 of chest tube drainage was significantly higher than that of aortic PO2. Thus blood gas determinations on chest tube drainage may reflect the nature of the injury; however, the presence of air in the pleural space can result in oxygenation of contained blood well above systemic arterial levels.", "PMID": 513167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10199", "title": "Injury patterns in motorcycle accidents.", "content": "A retrospective study of 260 cases of motorcycle accidents which occurred over a 4 1/2 year period is reported. Approximately 8% died of their injuries. The vulnerability of the tibia to open fractures is noted, and the frequent association of these open injuries with severe contamination and devitalization of tissues resulting in a high complication rate. Severely comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal tibia and radius were numerous, and one is tempted to name the injury the \"motorcycle radius.\" Traumatic amputations were few and all involved the lower extremity. Fractures of the cervical and thoracic spine numbered only one each, but in each instance severe neurologic sequelae ensued. A plea is made for more accident prevention measures including protective equipment and driver education specific for the motorcyclist.", "contents": "Injury patterns in motorcycle accidents. A retrospective study of 260 cases of motorcycle accidents which occurred over a 4 1/2 year period is reported. Approximately 8% died of their injuries. The vulnerability of the tibia to open fractures is noted, and the frequent association of these open injuries with severe contamination and devitalization of tissues resulting in a high complication rate. Severely comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal tibia and radius were numerous, and one is tempted to name the injury the \"motorcycle radius.\" Traumatic amputations were few and all involved the lower extremity. Fractures of the cervical and thoracic spine numbered only one each, but in each instance severe neurologic sequelae ensued. A plea is made for more accident prevention measures including protective equipment and driver education specific for the motorcyclist.", "PMID": 513169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10200", "title": "Complete sensorimotor paralysis after cord injury: mortality, recovery, and therapeutic implications.", "content": "In 273 completely paralyzed cord injured patients, the 1-year mortality was 34% in the patients with cervical fractures and 7% in the patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures. Recovery of useful motor function return occurred in 6.7% of the cervical and 11% of the thoracic and thoracolumbar patients; only 1% of the patient population became completely normal. No specific treatment could be singled out as aiding recovery. A case with recovery from complete paralysis after C5--6 fracture-dislocation is presented.", "contents": "Complete sensorimotor paralysis after cord injury: mortality, recovery, and therapeutic implications. In 273 completely paralyzed cord injured patients, the 1-year mortality was 34% in the patients with cervical fractures and 7% in the patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures. Recovery of useful motor function return occurred in 6.7% of the cervical and 11% of the thoracic and thoracolumbar patients; only 1% of the patient population became completely normal. No specific treatment could be singled out as aiding recovery. A case with recovery from complete paralysis after C5--6 fracture-dislocation is presented.", "PMID": 513170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10201", "title": "Ayptical lumbar spine injury from a two-point seatbelt.", "content": "A case of atypical lumbar spine injury of a 20-year-old man is described. Injury resulted from a car crash while the man was wearing a two-point safety belt. The characteristics of injuries caused by seatbelts are described. In previous cases displacement fractures were usually at the same level. The patient reported is unusual in that a longitudinal fracture of L3 and injury at two different levels occurred. Recovery was uneventful.", "contents": "Ayptical lumbar spine injury from a two-point seatbelt. A case of atypical lumbar spine injury of a 20-year-old man is described. Injury resulted from a car crash while the man was wearing a two-point safety belt. The characteristics of injuries caused by seatbelts are described. In previous cases displacement fractures were usually at the same level. The patient reported is unusual in that a longitudinal fracture of L3 and injury at two different levels occurred. Recovery was uneventful.", "PMID": 513171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10202", "title": "Fractures of the calcaneum.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with 86 fractures of the calcaneum were re-examined 2 to 6 years after their injury. These fractures of the calcaneum were of two types: thalamic, involving the posterior subtalar joint (85%); and nonthalamic, confined to the extra-articular area (15%). Treatment had been by functional therapy, plaster fixation, pin reduction, or open reduction. At followup, only 28 of the 86 heels were entirely painless. Pain was most common posterolaterally along the peroneal tendons; reduction of the tuber (B\u00f6hler) angle correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with an abutment of the peroneal tendons. Motion in the subtalar joint was restricted in two thirds of the series, and in the talocrural joint in one third; a reduction of the tuber angle correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with reduced mobility of these joints. The duration of sick leave was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter after functional treatment of displaced thalamic fractures than after treatment with pin reduction and immobilization in plaster. Results were the same with both modes of treatment. The results of treatment of nonthalamic fractures were rewarding, whereas a common consequence of thalamic fractures was considerable impairment of ankle function. The significant correlation between a depressed tuber angle and unsatisfactory functional results suggests that closer attention should be paid to the accurate alignment of the posterior subtalar joint in the treatment of thalamic fractures of the calcaneum.", "contents": "Fractures of the calcaneum. Sixty-seven patients with 86 fractures of the calcaneum were re-examined 2 to 6 years after their injury. These fractures of the calcaneum were of two types: thalamic, involving the posterior subtalar joint (85%); and nonthalamic, confined to the extra-articular area (15%). Treatment had been by functional therapy, plaster fixation, pin reduction, or open reduction. At followup, only 28 of the 86 heels were entirely painless. Pain was most common posterolaterally along the peroneal tendons; reduction of the tuber (B\u00f6hler) angle correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with an abutment of the peroneal tendons. Motion in the subtalar joint was restricted in two thirds of the series, and in the talocrural joint in one third; a reduction of the tuber angle correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with reduced mobility of these joints. The duration of sick leave was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter after functional treatment of displaced thalamic fractures than after treatment with pin reduction and immobilization in plaster. Results were the same with both modes of treatment. The results of treatment of nonthalamic fractures were rewarding, whereas a common consequence of thalamic fractures was considerable impairment of ankle function. The significant correlation between a depressed tuber angle and unsatisfactory functional results suggests that closer attention should be paid to the accurate alignment of the posterior subtalar joint in the treatment of thalamic fractures of the calcaneum.", "PMID": 513173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10203", "title": "Therapeutic arterial embolization in trauma.", "content": "Use of therapeutic arterial embolization (TAE) in the traumatized patient can achieve rapid control of hemorrhage and obviate the need for immediate surgery on poor-risk patients or in high-risk areas of the body. The techniques of embolization, its risks, and complications are discussed in light of the authors' experience, and a review of recent literature is presented.", "contents": "Therapeutic arterial embolization in trauma. Use of therapeutic arterial embolization (TAE) in the traumatized patient can achieve rapid control of hemorrhage and obviate the need for immediate surgery on poor-risk patients or in high-risk areas of the body. The techniques of embolization, its risks, and complications are discussed in light of the authors' experience, and a review of recent literature is presented.", "PMID": 513174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10204", "title": "Acute effect of open joint wounds on articular cartilage and synovium in rabbits.", "content": "Open joint wounds were made in immature and mature rabbit knees by surgical arthrotomy. The wounds of the right knees were packed open for 5 days and the left knee wounds were closed primarily. The biochemical studies were selected to determine the effect of our treatment regimen on changes in the metabolism of articular cartilage and synovium. Neither closed nor open treatment produced significant changes in enzyme activities measured in the articular cartilage as compared to the controls in either immature or mature rabbits. Most of the synovial enzymes were elevated in the injured joints. There were, however, no significant differences in enzyme activity between the joints treated by either open or closed methods. Our findings suggest that short-term open treatment wounds does not cause matrix degradation in the cartilage nor affect the synovium more than simple arthrotomy.", "contents": "Acute effect of open joint wounds on articular cartilage and synovium in rabbits. Open joint wounds were made in immature and mature rabbit knees by surgical arthrotomy. The wounds of the right knees were packed open for 5 days and the left knee wounds were closed primarily. The biochemical studies were selected to determine the effect of our treatment regimen on changes in the metabolism of articular cartilage and synovium. Neither closed nor open treatment produced significant changes in enzyme activities measured in the articular cartilage as compared to the controls in either immature or mature rabbits. Most of the synovial enzymes were elevated in the injured joints. There were, however, no significant differences in enzyme activity between the joints treated by either open or closed methods. Our findings suggest that short-term open treatment wounds does not cause matrix degradation in the cartilage nor affect the synovium more than simple arthrotomy.", "PMID": 513175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10205", "title": "Undiagnosed deep ulnar nerve paralysis resulting from stab wounds of the palm.", "content": "Stab wounds of the palm may cause laceration of the ulnar deep motor nerve. The acute diagnosis can be very difficult, since had sensation and major tendon function are uninvolved. Three cases are presented with ulnar deep motor paralysis secondary to stab wounds of the palm undiagnosed at the time of injury. The early diagnosis with nerve repair should yield excellent results and prevent permanent paralytic deformity.", "contents": "Undiagnosed deep ulnar nerve paralysis resulting from stab wounds of the palm. Stab wounds of the palm may cause laceration of the ulnar deep motor nerve. The acute diagnosis can be very difficult, since had sensation and major tendon function are uninvolved. Three cases are presented with ulnar deep motor paralysis secondary to stab wounds of the palm undiagnosed at the time of injury. The early diagnosis with nerve repair should yield excellent results and prevent permanent paralytic deformity.", "PMID": 513176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10206", "title": "Primary treatment of shotgun injuries to the face.", "content": "The treatment of close-range shotgun wounds to the face can be extremely difficult. Over the years, surgeons have progressed from the conservative approach of debridement and delayed reconstruction to that of immediate reconstruction. While the complex nature of these injuries requires treatment on an individual basis, the principles of conservative debridement, thorough wound cleansing, and primary replacement of soft-tissue defects will often result in a better functional and esthetic restoration in a shorter period of time. Five patients with shotgun facial wounds managed by individualized primary repair are discussed.", "contents": "Primary treatment of shotgun injuries to the face. The treatment of close-range shotgun wounds to the face can be extremely difficult. Over the years, surgeons have progressed from the conservative approach of debridement and delayed reconstruction to that of immediate reconstruction. While the complex nature of these injuries requires treatment on an individual basis, the principles of conservative debridement, thorough wound cleansing, and primary replacement of soft-tissue defects will often result in a better functional and esthetic restoration in a shorter period of time. Five patients with shotgun facial wounds managed by individualized primary repair are discussed.", "PMID": 513177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10207", "title": "Brainstem evoked potentials to tonepips in notched noise.", "content": "Notched noise can be used to mask the frequency spread of acoustic energy in the brief tonepips that are used to elicit brainstem evoked potentials. Brainstem responses to tonepips and notched noise can therefore be used to evaluate auditory thresholds at particular frequencies. These thresholds are more frequency-specific than those obtained using tonepips alone, and are accurate to within 20 dB of the conventional audiometric thresholds.", "contents": "Brainstem evoked potentials to tonepips in notched noise. Notched noise can be used to mask the frequency spread of acoustic energy in the brief tonepips that are used to elicit brainstem evoked potentials. Brainstem responses to tonepips and notched noise can therefore be used to evaluate auditory thresholds at particular frequencies. These thresholds are more frequency-specific than those obtained using tonepips alone, and are accurate to within 20 dB of the conventional audiometric thresholds.", "PMID": 513178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10208", "title": "Blepharoplasty: when to combine it with brow, temple, or coronal lift.", "content": "Some patients coming for esthetic blepharoplasty should have one of three supplemental procedures performed to elevate or change the position of the eyebrows. The most precise eyebrow alterations are effected with brow lifting procedures, but these may produce adverse scarring. The temple lift may be employed to draw the lateral part of the eyebrow upward and laterally. Drooping of the central part of the eyebrow requires a frontal or coronal lift or an eyebrow lift. Additional guides to the selection and combination of the procedures are provided.", "contents": "Blepharoplasty: when to combine it with brow, temple, or coronal lift. Some patients coming for esthetic blepharoplasty should have one of three supplemental procedures performed to elevate or change the position of the eyebrows. The most precise eyebrow alterations are effected with brow lifting procedures, but these may produce adverse scarring. The temple lift may be employed to draw the lateral part of the eyebrow upward and laterally. Drooping of the central part of the eyebrow requires a frontal or coronal lift or an eyebrow lift. Additional guides to the selection and combination of the procedures are provided.", "PMID": 513180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10209", "title": "Antral-choanal polyps.", "content": "The series involves 38 patients who had antral-choanal polyps removed at the Mayo Clinic during the 10 year period between 1965 and 1974. In contrast to common nasal polyps, antral-choanal polyps often are solitary and unilateral and usually are not associated with an allergic diathesis. These polyps recur frequently if they are simply avulsed; permanent ablation of the polyps requires thorough curettage of the antrum.", "contents": "Antral-choanal polyps. The series involves 38 patients who had antral-choanal polyps removed at the Mayo Clinic during the 10 year period between 1965 and 1974. In contrast to common nasal polyps, antral-choanal polyps often are solitary and unilateral and usually are not associated with an allergic diathesis. These polyps recur frequently if they are simply avulsed; permanent ablation of the polyps requires thorough curettage of the antrum.", "PMID": 513181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10210", "title": "The effectiveness of hearing protectors in practice.", "content": "A series of workmen being evaluated for pensions for occupational hearing loss were asked to bring their own hearing protectors from work, to fit them themselves, following which attenuation studies were made. The muffs and most earplugs produced similar attenuation levels at high frequencies, although the muffs produced less attenuation at low frequencies. In all cases the mean attenuation was significantly lower than optimum figures suggested in the literature, and the standard deviation was relatively high. Personally molded earplugs were significantly less effective than other plugs used. Reasons are discussed for the relatively poor performance of these devices and the concept of assumed protection, i.e. mean minus one standard deviation, is discussed. There is need for better instruction on how to use hearing protectors if they are to be effective.", "contents": "The effectiveness of hearing protectors in practice. A series of workmen being evaluated for pensions for occupational hearing loss were asked to bring their own hearing protectors from work, to fit them themselves, following which attenuation studies were made. The muffs and most earplugs produced similar attenuation levels at high frequencies, although the muffs produced less attenuation at low frequencies. In all cases the mean attenuation was significantly lower than optimum figures suggested in the literature, and the standard deviation was relatively high. Personally molded earplugs were significantly less effective than other plugs used. Reasons are discussed for the relatively poor performance of these devices and the concept of assumed protection, i.e. mean minus one standard deviation, is discussed. There is need for better instruction on how to use hearing protectors if they are to be effective.", "PMID": 513182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10211", "title": "Cross-links in African swine fever virus DNA.", "content": "African swine fever virus DNA sediments in neutral sucrose density gradients as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 60S. In alkaline sucrose density gradients, this material shows two components with sedimentation coefficients of 85S and 95S, respectively. The sedimentation rate value of alkali-denatured virus DNA in neutral sucrose density gradients and the renaturation velocity of denatured DNA show that is reassociated much faster than expected from its genetic complexity. This behavior is compatible with the existence of interstrand cross-links in the molecule. We also present results which suggest that there are only a few such cross-links per molecule, that they are sensitive to S1 nuclease digestion, and that they are probably located next to the ends of the DNA.", "contents": "Cross-links in African swine fever virus DNA. African swine fever virus DNA sediments in neutral sucrose density gradients as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 60S. In alkaline sucrose density gradients, this material shows two components with sedimentation coefficients of 85S and 95S, respectively. The sedimentation rate value of alkali-denatured virus DNA in neutral sucrose density gradients and the renaturation velocity of denatured DNA show that is reassociated much faster than expected from its genetic complexity. This behavior is compatible with the existence of interstrand cross-links in the molecule. We also present results which suggest that there are only a few such cross-links per molecule, that they are sensitive to S1 nuclease digestion, and that they are probably located next to the ends of the DNA.", "PMID": 513189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10212", "title": "In vitro translation products specified by the transforming region of adenovirus type 2.", "content": "Region 1 DNA sequences (map positions 0 to 11% on the linear adenovirus 2 genome) are expressed both early and late in lytic infection and are required for transformation by the virus. During productive infection six distinct cytoplasmic RNAs are synthesized from this region. These RNAs comprise two families, each consisting of three size classes that share 3' sequences. Region 1 RNA's were purified by hybridization selection, using restriction fragments bound to nitrocellulose membranes, and by size fractionation. The isolated RNAs were then translated in cell-free systems derived from wheat germ and rabbit reticulocytes. The family of RNAs specified by 0 to 4.4 sequences includes two RNAs, which are 12S and 13S in size. These RNAs were partially separated by molecular weight and translated. The 13S RNA produced 53,000-dalton (53K) and 41K peptides, and the 12S RNA synthesized 47K and 35K products. The family of RNAs mapping from 4.4 to 11.0 encodes three separate polypeptides, each of which can be assigned to a specific RNA. A 12K product that comigrates with structural polypeptide IX is synthesized from the 9S RNA as previously reported (U. Pettersson and M. B. Mathews, Cell 12:741-750, 1977). The 13S RNA encodes a 15K polypeptide that corresponds to a 15K polypeptide in infected cell extracts. The 22s RNA encodes a 52K protein distinct from the 0 to 4.4 polypeptides.", "contents": "In vitro translation products specified by the transforming region of adenovirus type 2. Region 1 DNA sequences (map positions 0 to 11% on the linear adenovirus 2 genome) are expressed both early and late in lytic infection and are required for transformation by the virus. During productive infection six distinct cytoplasmic RNAs are synthesized from this region. These RNAs comprise two families, each consisting of three size classes that share 3' sequences. Region 1 RNA's were purified by hybridization selection, using restriction fragments bound to nitrocellulose membranes, and by size fractionation. The isolated RNAs were then translated in cell-free systems derived from wheat germ and rabbit reticulocytes. The family of RNAs specified by 0 to 4.4 sequences includes two RNAs, which are 12S and 13S in size. These RNAs were partially separated by molecular weight and translated. The 13S RNA produced 53,000-dalton (53K) and 41K peptides, and the 12S RNA synthesized 47K and 35K products. The family of RNAs mapping from 4.4 to 11.0 encodes three separate polypeptides, each of which can be assigned to a specific RNA. A 12K product that comigrates with structural polypeptide IX is synthesized from the 9S RNA as previously reported (U. Pettersson and M. B. Mathews, Cell 12:741-750, 1977). The 13S RNA encodes a 15K polypeptide that corresponds to a 15K polypeptide in infected cell extracts. The 22s RNA encodes a 52K protein distinct from the 0 to 4.4 polypeptides.", "PMID": 513190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10213", "title": "Measles virus-specified polypeptide synthesis in two persistently infected HeLa cell lines.", "content": "Measles virus-directed protein synthesis was examined in two HeLa cell lines (K11 and K11A) that are persistently infected with wild-type measles virus. Four viral proteins (H, hemagglutination protein; P, nucleocapsid-associated protein; NP, the major nucleocapsid protein; and M, the matrix protein) were readily detected in both cell lines by immune precipitation of [(35)S]methionine-labeled cell extracts followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three (H, NP, and M) of the four viral proteins in both K11 and K11A cells differed from the corresponding viral proteins synthesized in HeLa cells acutely infected with the parental wild-type virus. In addition, the M protein from K11A cells migrated significantly more slowly on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than the M protein from K11 cells, and there appeared to be slight differences in the H and NP proteins between these two persistently infected cell lines. The altered viral proteins detected in K11 and K11A cells appeared to be the result of viral mutations rather than changes in the host cell, since virus recovered from these cells directed the synthesis of similar aberrant viral proteins in HeLa cells. Virus recovered from K11 cells and virus recovered from K11A cells were both temperature sensitive and grew more slowly than wild-type virus. HeLa cells infected with virus recovered from K11 cells readily became persistently infected, resembling the original persistently infected K11 cells. Thus, viral mutations are associated with persistent measles virus infections in cell cultures.", "contents": "Measles virus-specified polypeptide synthesis in two persistently infected HeLa cell lines. Measles virus-directed protein synthesis was examined in two HeLa cell lines (K11 and K11A) that are persistently infected with wild-type measles virus. Four viral proteins (H, hemagglutination protein; P, nucleocapsid-associated protein; NP, the major nucleocapsid protein; and M, the matrix protein) were readily detected in both cell lines by immune precipitation of [(35)S]methionine-labeled cell extracts followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three (H, NP, and M) of the four viral proteins in both K11 and K11A cells differed from the corresponding viral proteins synthesized in HeLa cells acutely infected with the parental wild-type virus. In addition, the M protein from K11A cells migrated significantly more slowly on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than the M protein from K11 cells, and there appeared to be slight differences in the H and NP proteins between these two persistently infected cell lines. The altered viral proteins detected in K11 and K11A cells appeared to be the result of viral mutations rather than changes in the host cell, since virus recovered from these cells directed the synthesis of similar aberrant viral proteins in HeLa cells. Virus recovered from K11 cells and virus recovered from K11A cells were both temperature sensitive and grew more slowly than wild-type virus. HeLa cells infected with virus recovered from K11 cells readily became persistently infected, resembling the original persistently infected K11 cells. Thus, viral mutations are associated with persistent measles virus infections in cell cultures.", "PMID": 513191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10214", "title": "Genome complexities of the three mRNA species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus and in vitro translation of S mRNA to viral N polypeptide.", "content": "The genome complexities of the principal intracellular viral complementary RNA species of the snowshoe hare bunyavirus have been analyzed by duplex analyses involving hybridization of complementary RNA to individual 32P-labeled viral RNA species (large, L; medium, M; and small, S), recovery of nuclease-resistant duplexes, and determination of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the protected 32P-labeled viral sequences. The result for the M RNA (which codes for the glycoproteins G1 and G2; J. R. Gentsch and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 30:767-770, 1979) indicates that there is a single polycistronic M mRNA. Similar results were obtained for the L and S RNA species. In vitro translation studies with the S complementary RNA species of snowshoe hare virus as well as melted purified S duplexes substantiate earlier genetic and molecular studies (J. R. Gentsch and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 28:417-419, 1978; J. Gentsch, D. H. L. Bishop, and J. F. Obijeski, J. Gen. Virol. 34-257-268, 1977), which indicate that S mRNA codes for the virion nucleocapsid protein N.", "contents": "Genome complexities of the three mRNA species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus and in vitro translation of S mRNA to viral N polypeptide. The genome complexities of the principal intracellular viral complementary RNA species of the snowshoe hare bunyavirus have been analyzed by duplex analyses involving hybridization of complementary RNA to individual 32P-labeled viral RNA species (large, L; medium, M; and small, S), recovery of nuclease-resistant duplexes, and determination of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the protected 32P-labeled viral sequences. The result for the M RNA (which codes for the glycoproteins G1 and G2; J. R. Gentsch and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 30:767-770, 1979) indicates that there is a single polycistronic M mRNA. Similar results were obtained for the L and S RNA species. In vitro translation studies with the S complementary RNA species of snowshoe hare virus as well as melted purified S duplexes substantiate earlier genetic and molecular studies (J. R. Gentsch and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 28:417-419, 1978; J. Gentsch, D. H. L. Bishop, and J. F. Obijeski, J. Gen. Virol. 34-257-268, 1977), which indicate that S mRNA codes for the virion nucleocapsid protein N.", "PMID": 513192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10215", "title": "Recombination between snowhoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.", "content": "We have previously reported heterologous genetic recombination resulting from crosses involving temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of La Crosse (LAC) group II and snowshoe hare (SSH) group I ts mutants (J. Gentsch, L. R. Wynne, J. P. Clewley, R. E. Shope, and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 24:893-902, 1977). From those crosses two reassortant viruses having the large/medium/small viral RNA segment genotypes of SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC were obtained. In this study it has been found that the reciprocal cross (SSH group II x LAC group I ts mutants) has not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH or LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant viruses. The backcross of a SSH/LAC/SSH group II ts mutant with a LAC group I ts mutant has produced a new reassortant virus, LAC/LAC/SSH, whereas the backcross of SSH/LAC/LAC group I ts mutants with SSH group II ts mutants gave another reassortant, SSH/SSH/LAC. Backcross analyses of LAC/LAC/SSH group I ts mutants with Group II ts mutants of SSH have not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH reassortant virus, nor have backcrosses of SSH/SSH/LAC group II ts mutants with group I ts mutants of LAC virus yielded the expected LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant. Possible reasons why certain reassortant viruses are not produced are discussed. A procedure to screen SSH-LAC reassortant viruses which differ in their virion N polypeptides is described.", "contents": "Recombination between snowhoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. We have previously reported heterologous genetic recombination resulting from crosses involving temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of La Crosse (LAC) group II and snowshoe hare (SSH) group I ts mutants (J. Gentsch, L. R. Wynne, J. P. Clewley, R. E. Shope, and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Virol. 24:893-902, 1977). From those crosses two reassortant viruses having the large/medium/small viral RNA segment genotypes of SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC were obtained. In this study it has been found that the reciprocal cross (SSH group II x LAC group I ts mutants) has not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH or LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant viruses. The backcross of a SSH/LAC/SSH group II ts mutant with a LAC group I ts mutant has produced a new reassortant virus, LAC/LAC/SSH, whereas the backcross of SSH/LAC/LAC group I ts mutants with SSH group II ts mutants gave another reassortant, SSH/SSH/LAC. Backcross analyses of LAC/LAC/SSH group I ts mutants with Group II ts mutants of SSH have not yielded the expected LAC/SSH/SSH reassortant virus, nor have backcrosses of SSH/SSH/LAC group II ts mutants with group I ts mutants of LAC virus yielded the expected LAC/SSH/LAC reassortant. Possible reasons why certain reassortant viruses are not produced are discussed. A procedure to screen SSH-LAC reassortant viruses which differ in their virion N polypeptides is described.", "PMID": 513193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10216", "title": "Species specificity of interferon action: maintenance and establishment of the antiviral state in the presence of a heterospecific nucleus.", "content": "The expression of the interferon-induced antiviral state was studied in heterokaryons and cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids). An autoradiographic assay for the antiviral state, in which the percentage of cells containing vaccinia viral DNA factories was determined, was used. The expression of the antiviral state was dominant in homokaryons and heterokaryons formed by fusion of interferon-treated cells with untreated cells. Cytoplasts derived from treated cells conferred resistance to virus growth on cybrids formed by fusing such cytoplasts with untreated cells. Treatment of L cell x HeLa cell heterokaryons with human interferon or mouse interferon was much less effective in inducing a detectable antiviral state than was similar treatment of parental cells with homospecific interferon. The antiviral state was fully induced when heterokaryons were treated simultaneously with both types of interferon. Cybrids formed by fusing L cell cytoplasts with HeLa cells or HeLa cytoplasts with L cells did not enter a detectable antiviral state after treatment with interferon specific for the cell type of the enucleated parent. However, treatment of cybrids with interferon specific for the cell type of the nucleated parent was effective in inducing a detectable antiviral state.", "contents": "Species specificity of interferon action: maintenance and establishment of the antiviral state in the presence of a heterospecific nucleus. The expression of the interferon-induced antiviral state was studied in heterokaryons and cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids). An autoradiographic assay for the antiviral state, in which the percentage of cells containing vaccinia viral DNA factories was determined, was used. The expression of the antiviral state was dominant in homokaryons and heterokaryons formed by fusion of interferon-treated cells with untreated cells. Cytoplasts derived from treated cells conferred resistance to virus growth on cybrids formed by fusing such cytoplasts with untreated cells. Treatment of L cell x HeLa cell heterokaryons with human interferon or mouse interferon was much less effective in inducing a detectable antiviral state than was similar treatment of parental cells with homospecific interferon. The antiviral state was fully induced when heterokaryons were treated simultaneously with both types of interferon. Cybrids formed by fusing L cell cytoplasts with HeLa cells or HeLa cytoplasts with L cells did not enter a detectable antiviral state after treatment with interferon specific for the cell type of the enucleated parent. However, treatment of cybrids with interferon specific for the cell type of the nucleated parent was effective in inducing a detectable antiviral state.", "PMID": 513194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10217", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 terminal protein: purification and comparison of tryptic peptides with known adenovirus-coded proteins.", "content": "The protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of adenovirus type 2 DNA has been purified from virus labeled with [35S]methionine, using exclusion chromatography of disrupted virions to isolate the DNA-protein complex, which is then digested with DNase. The terminal protein isolated from mature virus is most effectively labeled if the cells are exposed to [35S]methionine during the \"intermediate\" period of 13 to 21 h postinfection, suggesting that the protein is synthesized during this interval. The tryptic peptides of the terminal protein were compared with those of several known adenovirus-coded proteins and found to be unrelated. In particular, the terminal protein is not related to the 38-50K early proteins encoded by the leftmost 4.4% of the adenovirus genome, one region essential for the transforming activity of the virus. Neither is it related to the 72K single-strand-specific DNA binding protein, the minor virion component IVa2, or the major capsid component hexon.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 terminal protein: purification and comparison of tryptic peptides with known adenovirus-coded proteins. The protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of adenovirus type 2 DNA has been purified from virus labeled with [35S]methionine, using exclusion chromatography of disrupted virions to isolate the DNA-protein complex, which is then digested with DNase. The terminal protein isolated from mature virus is most effectively labeled if the cells are exposed to [35S]methionine during the \"intermediate\" period of 13 to 21 h postinfection, suggesting that the protein is synthesized during this interval. The tryptic peptides of the terminal protein were compared with those of several known adenovirus-coded proteins and found to be unrelated. In particular, the terminal protein is not related to the 38-50K early proteins encoded by the leftmost 4.4% of the adenovirus genome, one region essential for the transforming activity of the virus. Neither is it related to the 72K single-strand-specific DNA binding protein, the minor virion component IVa2, or the major capsid component hexon.", "PMID": 513195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10218", "title": "Abortive transcription products of vaccinia virus are guanylylated, methylated, and polyadenylylated.", "content": "Abortive transcription products were synthesized in vitro by UV-irradiated vaccinia virus particles that were incubated with all four ribonucleoside triphosphates or by unirradiated particles that were incubated in reaction mixtures deficient in CTP or UTP. The RNA sedimented at 4 to 6S in sucrose gradients, suggesting that premature termination had occurred, presumably in one case because the DNA contained UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and in the other case because of ribonucleoside triphosphate was present at limiting concentration for transcription. Nevertheless, the short transcripts were capped, methylated, and polyadenylylated, indicating that neither completion of an RNA chain nor processing from a polycistronic precursor was required for modification of either end of the RNA. In addition, the finding of m7G(5')pppAm and m7G(5')pppGm at the 5' ends of the short RNA molecules implied that transcription was initiated with both ATP and GTP. The presence of the polyadenylic acid tract suggested that a slow-down or cessation of transcription, rather than a specific 3'-terminal sequence, served as a signal for polyadenylylation.", "contents": "Abortive transcription products of vaccinia virus are guanylylated, methylated, and polyadenylylated. Abortive transcription products were synthesized in vitro by UV-irradiated vaccinia virus particles that were incubated with all four ribonucleoside triphosphates or by unirradiated particles that were incubated in reaction mixtures deficient in CTP or UTP. The RNA sedimented at 4 to 6S in sucrose gradients, suggesting that premature termination had occurred, presumably in one case because the DNA contained UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and in the other case because of ribonucleoside triphosphate was present at limiting concentration for transcription. Nevertheless, the short transcripts were capped, methylated, and polyadenylylated, indicating that neither completion of an RNA chain nor processing from a polycistronic precursor was required for modification of either end of the RNA. In addition, the finding of m7G(5')pppAm and m7G(5')pppGm at the 5' ends of the short RNA molecules implied that transcription was initiated with both ATP and GTP. The presence of the polyadenylic acid tract suggested that a slow-down or cessation of transcription, rather than a specific 3'-terminal sequence, served as a signal for polyadenylylation.", "PMID": 513196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10219", "title": "Efficient propagation of measles virus in suspension cultures.", "content": "Suspension cultures of a human prostate cell line (MA160) supported abundant growth of the Edmonston strain of measles virus. The virus yields obtained with these suspension cultures (150 to 800 PFU/cell) were at least 20- to 100-fold higher than those frequently reported in the literature. Monolayer cultures of MA160 cells did not support a virus replication nearly as efficiently (progeny yield, 25 PFU/cell).", "contents": "Efficient propagation of measles virus in suspension cultures. Suspension cultures of a human prostate cell line (MA160) supported abundant growth of the Edmonston strain of measles virus. The virus yields obtained with these suspension cultures (150 to 800 PFU/cell) were at least 20- to 100-fold higher than those frequently reported in the literature. Monolayer cultures of MA160 cells did not support a virus replication nearly as efficiently (progeny yield, 25 PFU/cell).", "PMID": 513197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10220", "title": "Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants.", "content": "Recombinants between two different influenza C viruses were isolated. In MDCK (canine kidney) cells, one strain, C/JJ/50, caused lytic plaques, whereas C/JHG/66 virus did not produce clear plaques. From a mixed infection of MDCK cells with C/JHG/66 virus and UV-inactivated C/JJ/50 virus, clones were isolated which possessed the clear-plaque phenotype. Fingerprint analyses indicated that the RNAs of parent viruses had different oligonucleotide patterns and that one of the clones derived from the mixed infection was formed by reassortment of parental genes. This recombinant clone most likely inherited RNAs 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 from C/JGH/66 virus and RNAs 4 and 5 from C/JJ/50 virus.", "contents": "Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants. Recombinants between two different influenza C viruses were isolated. In MDCK (canine kidney) cells, one strain, C/JJ/50, caused lytic plaques, whereas C/JHG/66 virus did not produce clear plaques. From a mixed infection of MDCK cells with C/JHG/66 virus and UV-inactivated C/JJ/50 virus, clones were isolated which possessed the clear-plaque phenotype. Fingerprint analyses indicated that the RNAs of parent viruses had different oligonucleotide patterns and that one of the clones derived from the mixed infection was formed by reassortment of parental genes. This recombinant clone most likely inherited RNAs 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 from C/JGH/66 virus and RNAs 4 and 5 from C/JJ/50 virus.", "PMID": 513198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10221", "title": "Inhibition of influenza C virus replication by actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin, and UV irradiation.", "content": "Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin caused similar reductions in the yields of influenza A/WSN and influenza C/JBH/1/66 viruses in a chicken kidney cell culture system. Irradiation of host cells with UV light before virus infection also produced a similar reduction in yields of the two viruses. The results indicate a close similarity between the replication processes of influenza C and other orthomyxoviruses.", "contents": "Inhibition of influenza C virus replication by actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin, and UV irradiation. Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin caused similar reductions in the yields of influenza A/WSN and influenza C/JBH/1/66 viruses in a chicken kidney cell culture system. Irradiation of host cells with UV light before virus infection also produced a similar reduction in yields of the two viruses. The results indicate a close similarity between the replication processes of influenza C and other orthomyxoviruses.", "PMID": 513199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10222", "title": "Purification of the JS-3 isolate of Herpesvirus ovis (Bovid herpesvirus 4) and some properties of its DNA.", "content": "A procedure incorporating the use of heparin was developed to purify Herpesvirus ovis. The viral DNA has a buoyant density of 1.706 +/- 0.001 g/cm3, and the sedimentation constant was estimated to be 47.5 +/- 1.5S; from the latter, the molecular weight was calculated as 67.3 +/- 5.4 X 10(6). Estimates of the guanine-plus-cytosine content made from the buoyant density and melting point (72 degrees C) gave levels of 47 and 46%, respectively.", "contents": "Purification of the JS-3 isolate of Herpesvirus ovis (Bovid herpesvirus 4) and some properties of its DNA. A procedure incorporating the use of heparin was developed to purify Herpesvirus ovis. The viral DNA has a buoyant density of 1.706 +/- 0.001 g/cm3, and the sedimentation constant was estimated to be 47.5 +/- 1.5S; from the latter, the molecular weight was calculated as 67.3 +/- 5.4 X 10(6). Estimates of the guanine-plus-cytosine content made from the buoyant density and melting point (72 degrees C) gave levels of 47 and 46%, respectively.", "PMID": 513200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10223", "title": "Composition and molecular organization of lipids and proteins in the envelope of mycoplasmavirus MVL2.", "content": "MVL2 virus was purified from culture supernatants of infected Acholeplasma laidlawii cells by differential centrifugation, followed by velocity centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The purified virus contained 0.08 to 0.1 mumol of lipid phosphorous per ml of viral protein. Thin-layer chromatography of viral lipids revealed the presence of phospho-, glyco-, and phosphoglycolipids identical with those found in the host cell membrane, but the relative amount of phosphatidylglycerol was much lower than that in the virus. The fatty acid composition of lipids incorporated into the virus included lipids synthesized before and after infection. The freedom of motion of spin-labeled fatty acids in MVL2 depended markedly on temperature and on the position of the nitroxide group on the hydrocarbon chain of the probe, suggesting that the local environment of the probe has the properties of a lipid bilayer. Nevertheless, the lipid hydrocarbon chains in MVL2 appear to be less mobile than those in membranes of the host cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified MVL2 revealed four major and about five minor polypeptide bands. None of the polypeptide bands gave a positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Lactoperoxidase-mediated iodination, followed by proteolytic digestion of intact MVL2 particles, revealed that at least two major polypeptides are localized on the external surface of the viral envelope.", "contents": "Composition and molecular organization of lipids and proteins in the envelope of mycoplasmavirus MVL2. MVL2 virus was purified from culture supernatants of infected Acholeplasma laidlawii cells by differential centrifugation, followed by velocity centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The purified virus contained 0.08 to 0.1 mumol of lipid phosphorous per ml of viral protein. Thin-layer chromatography of viral lipids revealed the presence of phospho-, glyco-, and phosphoglycolipids identical with those found in the host cell membrane, but the relative amount of phosphatidylglycerol was much lower than that in the virus. The fatty acid composition of lipids incorporated into the virus included lipids synthesized before and after infection. The freedom of motion of spin-labeled fatty acids in MVL2 depended markedly on temperature and on the position of the nitroxide group on the hydrocarbon chain of the probe, suggesting that the local environment of the probe has the properties of a lipid bilayer. Nevertheless, the lipid hydrocarbon chains in MVL2 appear to be less mobile than those in membranes of the host cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified MVL2 revealed four major and about five minor polypeptide bands. None of the polypeptide bands gave a positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Lactoperoxidase-mediated iodination, followed by proteolytic digestion of intact MVL2 particles, revealed that at least two major polypeptides are localized on the external surface of the viral envelope.", "PMID": 513201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10224", "title": "Regulation of the primary expression of the early adenovirus transcription units.", "content": "The time course of appearance of transcriptional activity from five early adenovirus type 2 transcription units has been determined. RNA complementary to region 1A (1-4.4 map units), the first region to be transcribed, was detectable at 45 min after infection; a maximal rate of RNA synthesis was reached at 3 h after infection and was maintained thereafter for at least 6 h. RNA from region 2 (75-56 map units), which encodes the mRNA for the 72,000-dalton DNA-binding protein, was the last to be synthesized; transcription commenced at about 2 h postinfection, reached a maximum at 7 h, and then declined. Transcription of regions 3 (76-86 map units) and 4 (99-91 map units) reached a maximal value at 3 h postinfection. The rates of RNA synthesis from these regions then declined over the next 6 h. The decline of transcription from regions 2 and 4 appeared to be a specific repression of these transcription units. The repression did not occur in the absence of protein synthesis, suggesting that a viral protein might be involved. Transcription of all early regions was initiated and continued for at least 2 to 3 h in cells that were treated with cycloheximide or emetine before and during infection, suggesting that at least the initiation of RNA synthesis from the five early adenovirus type 2 transcription units does not depend on the formation of a viral protein. Moreover, mRNA was formed in the absence of protein synthesis that hybridized to DNA fragments representing each of the five early transcription units. The increase in mRNA accumulation in the presence of cycloheximide (or emetine) does not appear to be due to increased RNA synthesis; thus, either increased mRNA stability or increased efficiency of nuclear RNA processing must occur.", "contents": "Regulation of the primary expression of the early adenovirus transcription units. The time course of appearance of transcriptional activity from five early adenovirus type 2 transcription units has been determined. RNA complementary to region 1A (1-4.4 map units), the first region to be transcribed, was detectable at 45 min after infection; a maximal rate of RNA synthesis was reached at 3 h after infection and was maintained thereafter for at least 6 h. RNA from region 2 (75-56 map units), which encodes the mRNA for the 72,000-dalton DNA-binding protein, was the last to be synthesized; transcription commenced at about 2 h postinfection, reached a maximum at 7 h, and then declined. Transcription of regions 3 (76-86 map units) and 4 (99-91 map units) reached a maximal value at 3 h postinfection. The rates of RNA synthesis from these regions then declined over the next 6 h. The decline of transcription from regions 2 and 4 appeared to be a specific repression of these transcription units. The repression did not occur in the absence of protein synthesis, suggesting that a viral protein might be involved. Transcription of all early regions was initiated and continued for at least 2 to 3 h in cells that were treated with cycloheximide or emetine before and during infection, suggesting that at least the initiation of RNA synthesis from the five early adenovirus type 2 transcription units does not depend on the formation of a viral protein. Moreover, mRNA was formed in the absence of protein synthesis that hybridized to DNA fragments representing each of the five early transcription units. The increase in mRNA accumulation in the presence of cycloheximide (or emetine) does not appear to be due to increased RNA synthesis; thus, either increased mRNA stability or increased efficiency of nuclear RNA processing must occur.", "PMID": 513202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10225", "title": "Stabilization of \"A\" particles of coxsackievirus B3 by a HeLa cell plasma membrane extract.", "content": "Previous studies in our laboratory showed that HeLa cell plasma membranes were recovered from sucrose gradients in two major bands and that the heavier band possessed a putative inhibitor of uncoating of coxsackievirus B3. It has now been found that the mechanism of inhibition is the stabilization of \"A\" particles against inactivation at 37 degrees C. [3H]uridine-labeled virions converted to A particles by band 4, the heavier band, were four times more stable at 37 degrees C than those produced by band 3. Partially purified A particles from both bands were equally unstable. It was found that the stabilizing factor was extractable by saline from band 4 and remained soluble after centrifugation (109,000 X g for 2 h). Addition to A particles of this soluble factor isolated from either band 4 or band 3 stabilized the A particles. The stabilizing factor could not be replaced by an extract from band 3 or by bovine serum albumin. Thus, the finding that the membrane factor inhibits virus uncoating by stabilizing A particles against spontaneous disruption at 37 degrees C focuses attention on an inherent problem associated with defining receptor-mediated virus uncoating.", "contents": "Stabilization of \"A\" particles of coxsackievirus B3 by a HeLa cell plasma membrane extract. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that HeLa cell plasma membranes were recovered from sucrose gradients in two major bands and that the heavier band possessed a putative inhibitor of uncoating of coxsackievirus B3. It has now been found that the mechanism of inhibition is the stabilization of \"A\" particles against inactivation at 37 degrees C. [3H]uridine-labeled virions converted to A particles by band 4, the heavier band, were four times more stable at 37 degrees C than those produced by band 3. Partially purified A particles from both bands were equally unstable. It was found that the stabilizing factor was extractable by saline from band 4 and remained soluble after centrifugation (109,000 X g for 2 h). Addition to A particles of this soluble factor isolated from either band 4 or band 3 stabilized the A particles. The stabilizing factor could not be replaced by an extract from band 3 or by bovine serum albumin. Thus, the finding that the membrane factor inhibits virus uncoating by stabilizing A particles against spontaneous disruption at 37 degrees C focuses attention on an inherent problem associated with defining receptor-mediated virus uncoating.", "PMID": 513203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10226", "title": "5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of the Rauscher leukemia virus and gibbon ape leukemia virus genomes exhibit a high degree of correspondence.", "content": "The 5'-terminal regions of gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island and Rauscher murine leukemia virus have been completely sequenced. The chain length for the 5'-terminal region of Rauscher murine leukemia virus is 140 nucleotides, and that for gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island is 144 nucleotides. An alignment of the sequences maximizing the number of ocrrespondences with the minimum introduction of gaps shows 81% nucleotide matches. From the complementary RNA, secondary structures of this region have been proposed. These data demonstrate the conservation of the 5'-terminal genetic sequences of these viruses and strongly reinforce the concept that viruses of murine origin and viruses of the gibbon ape leukemia virus-Simian sarcoma-associated virus group are closely related.", "contents": "5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of the Rauscher leukemia virus and gibbon ape leukemia virus genomes exhibit a high degree of correspondence. The 5'-terminal regions of gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island and Rauscher murine leukemia virus have been completely sequenced. The chain length for the 5'-terminal region of Rauscher murine leukemia virus is 140 nucleotides, and that for gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island is 144 nucleotides. An alignment of the sequences maximizing the number of ocrrespondences with the minimum introduction of gaps shows 81% nucleotide matches. From the complementary RNA, secondary structures of this region have been proposed. These data demonstrate the conservation of the 5'-terminal genetic sequences of these viruses and strongly reinforce the concept that viruses of murine origin and viruses of the gibbon ape leukemia virus-Simian sarcoma-associated virus group are closely related.", "PMID": 513204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10227", "title": "Cap and internal nucleotides of reovirus mRNA primers are incorporated into influenza viral complementary RNA during transcription in vitro.", "content": "Reovirus mRNA's containing a 5'-terminal methylated cap structure (m(7)GpppG(m)) were shown to be effective primers for influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro catalyzed by the influenza virion transcriptase. Priming activity required the presence of methyl groups in the cap since reovirus mRNA's with 5'-terminal GpppG were inactive as primers. Both the cap and internal nucleotides were physically transferred from radiolabeled reovirus mRNA to influenza viral complementary RNA (cRNA) during transcription in vitro. By using reovirus mRNA's with methyl-(3)H-labeled caps as primers, we showed that the influenza viral cRNA synthesized in the presence of unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates contained [methyl-(3)H]m(7)GpppG(m), identical to that found in the reovirus mRNA primer. To demonstrate transfer of internal residues, reovirus mRNA's synthesized in the presence of all four alpha-(32)P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates were used as primers. The resulting influenza viral cRNA was (32)P-labeled. Diethyl-aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of the RNase T2 digest of this cRNA demonstrated (32)P radiolabel in both internal residues (charge -2) and the cap (charge -4.6). Approximately 25 internal nucleotides along with the cap of reovirus mRNA were transferred to each chain of influenza viral cRNA. Gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that the segments of influenza viral cRNA primed by reovirus mRNA were approximately the same size as those primed by a different mRNA, globin mRNA, strongly suggesting that the influenza virion transcriptase complex transfers approximately the same number of nucleotides plus the cap from different mRNA primers to the 5' end of influenza viral RNA transcripts.", "contents": "Cap and internal nucleotides of reovirus mRNA primers are incorporated into influenza viral complementary RNA during transcription in vitro. Reovirus mRNA's containing a 5'-terminal methylated cap structure (m(7)GpppG(m)) were shown to be effective primers for influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro catalyzed by the influenza virion transcriptase. Priming activity required the presence of methyl groups in the cap since reovirus mRNA's with 5'-terminal GpppG were inactive as primers. Both the cap and internal nucleotides were physically transferred from radiolabeled reovirus mRNA to influenza viral complementary RNA (cRNA) during transcription in vitro. By using reovirus mRNA's with methyl-(3)H-labeled caps as primers, we showed that the influenza viral cRNA synthesized in the presence of unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates contained [methyl-(3)H]m(7)GpppG(m), identical to that found in the reovirus mRNA primer. To demonstrate transfer of internal residues, reovirus mRNA's synthesized in the presence of all four alpha-(32)P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates were used as primers. The resulting influenza viral cRNA was (32)P-labeled. Diethyl-aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of the RNase T2 digest of this cRNA demonstrated (32)P radiolabel in both internal residues (charge -2) and the cap (charge -4.6). Approximately 25 internal nucleotides along with the cap of reovirus mRNA were transferred to each chain of influenza viral cRNA. Gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that the segments of influenza viral cRNA primed by reovirus mRNA were approximately the same size as those primed by a different mRNA, globin mRNA, strongly suggesting that the influenza virion transcriptase complex transfers approximately the same number of nucleotides plus the cap from different mRNA primers to the 5' end of influenza viral RNA transcripts.", "PMID": 513205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10228", "title": "regA protein of bacteriophage T4D: identification, schedule of synthesis, and autogenous regulation.", "content": "Proteins labeled with 14C-amino acids after infection of Escherichia coli B by T4 phage were examined by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Four regA mutants (regA1, regA8, regA11, and regA15) failed to make a protein having a molecular weight of about 12,000, whereas mutant regA9 did make such a protein; regA15 produced a new, apparently smaller protein that was presumably a nonsense fragment, whereas regA11 produced a new, apparently larger protein. We conclude that the 12,000-dalton protein was the product of the regA gene. The molecular weight assignment rested primarily on our finding that the regA protein had the same mobility as the T4 gene 33 protein, which we identified by electrophoresis of whole-cell extracts of E. coli B infected with a gene 33 mutant, amE1120. Synthesis of wild-type regA protein occurred from about 3 to 11 min after infection at 37 degrees C in the DNA+ state and extended to about 20 min in the DNA- state. However, synthesis of the altered regA proteins of regA9, regA11, and regA15 occurred at a higher rate and for a much longer period in both the DNA+ and DNA- states; thus, the regA gene is autogenously regulated. At 30 degrees C, both regA9 and regA11 exhibited partial regA function by eventually shutting off the synthesis of many T4 early proteins; the specificity of this shutoff differed between these two mutants. We also obtained evidence that the regA protein is not Stevens's \"polypeptide 3.\" As a technical point, we found that, when quantitating acid-precipitable radioactivity in protein samples containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was necessary to use 15 to 20% trichloroacetic acid; use of 5% acid, e.g., resulted in loss of over half of the labeled protein.", "contents": "regA protein of bacteriophage T4D: identification, schedule of synthesis, and autogenous regulation. Proteins labeled with 14C-amino acids after infection of Escherichia coli B by T4 phage were examined by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Four regA mutants (regA1, regA8, regA11, and regA15) failed to make a protein having a molecular weight of about 12,000, whereas mutant regA9 did make such a protein; regA15 produced a new, apparently smaller protein that was presumably a nonsense fragment, whereas regA11 produced a new, apparently larger protein. We conclude that the 12,000-dalton protein was the product of the regA gene. The molecular weight assignment rested primarily on our finding that the regA protein had the same mobility as the T4 gene 33 protein, which we identified by electrophoresis of whole-cell extracts of E. coli B infected with a gene 33 mutant, amE1120. Synthesis of wild-type regA protein occurred from about 3 to 11 min after infection at 37 degrees C in the DNA+ state and extended to about 20 min in the DNA- state. However, synthesis of the altered regA proteins of regA9, regA11, and regA15 occurred at a higher rate and for a much longer period in both the DNA+ and DNA- states; thus, the regA gene is autogenously regulated. At 30 degrees C, both regA9 and regA11 exhibited partial regA function by eventually shutting off the synthesis of many T4 early proteins; the specificity of this shutoff differed between these two mutants. We also obtained evidence that the regA protein is not Stevens's \"polypeptide 3.\" As a technical point, we found that, when quantitating acid-precipitable radioactivity in protein samples containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was necessary to use 15 to 20% trichloroacetic acid; use of 5% acid, e.g., resulted in loss of over half of the labeled protein.", "PMID": 513206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10229", "title": "Transformation of primary rat kidney cells by DNA fragments of weakly oncogenic adenoviruses.", "content": "Primary cultures of baby rat kidney (BRK) cells were transformed by intact DNA and DNA fragments of weakly oncogenic human adenovirus types 3 and 7. The smallest fragment found to contain transforming activity was the left-terminal 4% endo R.HindIII fragment (for both adenovirus type 3 and 7 DNAs). The efficiency of transformation of this fragment was low, and no permanent cell line could be established. Left-terminal fragments ranging from 84 to 4,5% of the viral genome could all transform BRK cells with the same efficiency as intact viral DNA. A number of adenovirus type 7 DNA fragment-transformed lines were established and were found to contain persistent viral DNA sequences and adenovirus subgroup B-specific T antigen. Consequently, the transforming functions of adenovirus types 3 and 7 are located at the extreme left-hand end of the genome, and the minimum size for a DNA fragment with transforming activity is 1.0 X 10(6) daltons. These results do not rule out the possibility that viral genes located outside the transforming region may also influence transformation.", "contents": "Transformation of primary rat kidney cells by DNA fragments of weakly oncogenic adenoviruses. Primary cultures of baby rat kidney (BRK) cells were transformed by intact DNA and DNA fragments of weakly oncogenic human adenovirus types 3 and 7. The smallest fragment found to contain transforming activity was the left-terminal 4% endo R.HindIII fragment (for both adenovirus type 3 and 7 DNAs). The efficiency of transformation of this fragment was low, and no permanent cell line could be established. Left-terminal fragments ranging from 84 to 4,5% of the viral genome could all transform BRK cells with the same efficiency as intact viral DNA. A number of adenovirus type 7 DNA fragment-transformed lines were established and were found to contain persistent viral DNA sequences and adenovirus subgroup B-specific T antigen. Consequently, the transforming functions of adenovirus types 3 and 7 are located at the extreme left-hand end of the genome, and the minimum size for a DNA fragment with transforming activity is 1.0 X 10(6) daltons. These results do not rule out the possibility that viral genes located outside the transforming region may also influence transformation.", "PMID": 513207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10230", "title": "Genome organization of retroviruses. VI. Heteroduplex analysis of ecotropic and xenotropic sequences of moloney mink cell focus-inducing viral RNA obtained from either a cloned isolate or a thymoma cell line.", "content": "The genome of a recombinant murine leukemia virus capable of inducing focal areas of morphological alteration in mink lung fibroblasts was studied by heteroduplex analysis. The dual-tropic recombinant virus was isolated from a thymoma cell line (Th16.3) and is referred to as BALB/Moloney mink cell focus-inducing virus (BALB/Mo-MCF virus). The nucleic acid sequences of RNA from virions obtained from either a thymoma cell line (Th16.3) or a clonal isolate (BALB/Mo-MCF81) were compared with the genomes of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. The following inferences were drawn (i) A single nonhomologous region (substitution loop alpha) of about 0.7 kilobase was observed in a heteroduplex formed between Moloney murine leukemia virus complementary DNA (cDNA) and BALB/MoMCF81 RNA. This nonhomology region was mapped between 1.71 and 2.40 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome. (ii) The predominant class of heteroduplexes formed between virion RNA obtained from the thymoma cell line (Th16.3) and Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA showed a substitution loop similar to that observed with the RNA obtained from a cloned isolate, BALB/Mo-MCF81. However, there were other molecules with additional regions of nonhomology. (iii) Heteroduplexes formed between NZB xenotropic RNA and ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA exhibited four major nonhomology regions extending 0.75 to 1.46, 2.0 to 2.8, 3.6 to 4.3, and 7.4 to 7.9 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome. (iv) The MCF-specific substitution loop alpha (1.71 to 2.40 kilobases) appeared as a duplex region when NZB xenotropic RNA was hybridized to cDNA transcripts synthesized by virions obtained from thymoma cell line Th16.3. The position of the other substitution loops observed in a heteroduplex formed between NZB xenotropic RNA and Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA was not affected. (v) Heteroduplexes formed between xenotropic BALB virus 2 cDNA and NZB xenotropic RNA demonstrated a large degree of nucleic acid sequence homology. Of the 29 heteroduplexes examined, 24 appeared to be homoduplexes, and in the remaining 5 heteroduplexes only one region of nonhomology located between 3.2 and 3.8 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome could be identified. Hybridization of BALB virus 2 xenotropic RNA to NZB xenotropic cDNA followed by digestion with single-strand-specific nuclease S1 showed an 80% sequence homology.", "contents": "Genome organization of retroviruses. VI. Heteroduplex analysis of ecotropic and xenotropic sequences of moloney mink cell focus-inducing viral RNA obtained from either a cloned isolate or a thymoma cell line. The genome of a recombinant murine leukemia virus capable of inducing focal areas of morphological alteration in mink lung fibroblasts was studied by heteroduplex analysis. The dual-tropic recombinant virus was isolated from a thymoma cell line (Th16.3) and is referred to as BALB/Moloney mink cell focus-inducing virus (BALB/Mo-MCF virus). The nucleic acid sequences of RNA from virions obtained from either a thymoma cell line (Th16.3) or a clonal isolate (BALB/Mo-MCF81) were compared with the genomes of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. The following inferences were drawn (i) A single nonhomologous region (substitution loop alpha) of about 0.7 kilobase was observed in a heteroduplex formed between Moloney murine leukemia virus complementary DNA (cDNA) and BALB/MoMCF81 RNA. This nonhomology region was mapped between 1.71 and 2.40 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome. (ii) The predominant class of heteroduplexes formed between virion RNA obtained from the thymoma cell line (Th16.3) and Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA showed a substitution loop similar to that observed with the RNA obtained from a cloned isolate, BALB/Mo-MCF81. However, there were other molecules with additional regions of nonhomology. (iii) Heteroduplexes formed between NZB xenotropic RNA and ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA exhibited four major nonhomology regions extending 0.75 to 1.46, 2.0 to 2.8, 3.6 to 4.3, and 7.4 to 7.9 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome. (iv) The MCF-specific substitution loop alpha (1.71 to 2.40 kilobases) appeared as a duplex region when NZB xenotropic RNA was hybridized to cDNA transcripts synthesized by virions obtained from thymoma cell line Th16.3. The position of the other substitution loops observed in a heteroduplex formed between NZB xenotropic RNA and Moloney murine leukemia virus cDNA was not affected. (v) Heteroduplexes formed between xenotropic BALB virus 2 cDNA and NZB xenotropic RNA demonstrated a large degree of nucleic acid sequence homology. Of the 29 heteroduplexes examined, 24 appeared to be homoduplexes, and in the remaining 5 heteroduplexes only one region of nonhomology located between 3.2 and 3.8 kilobases from the 3' end of the genome could be identified. Hybridization of BALB virus 2 xenotropic RNA to NZB xenotropic cDNA followed by digestion with single-strand-specific nuclease S1 showed an 80% sequence homology.", "PMID": 513208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10231", "title": "In vitro association of empty adenovirus capsids with double-stranded DNA.", "content": "Several lines of evidence suggest that empty adenovirus capsids are preassembled intermediates in the pathway of virion assembly. We have observed that purified empty capsids of subgroup B adenoviruses have a remarkable affinity for DNA in vitro. The products of capsid-DNA association are sufficiently stable, once formed in low-salt solution, to permit purification and characterization in CsCl density gradients. Neither virions nor the DNA-containing incomplete particles of subgroup B adenoviruses can give rise to such in vitro reaction products. The average molecular weight of the empty adenovirus capsids is about 123 X 10(6), consistent with the absence of viral core peptides and a small deficiency of exterior shell polypeptides. Electron microscopy of negatively stained capsids and the capsids bound to DNA reveals a typical adenovirus size and architecture. The particles appear with a surface discontinuity that is presumed to expose the DNA binding site(s). The DNA molecules associated with the empty capsids are susceptible to the actions of DNase and restriction endonucleases. The dependence of rate of capsid-DNA association on DNA length suggests randomly distributed binding sites on the DNA molecules. Although the DNA molecules can successively acquire additional empty capsids, the empty particles themselves are restricted to interactionwith only one DNA molecule. Electron microscopy of the capsid-DNA complexes spread in cytochrome c films shows that the particles are bo-nd along the contour of extended duplex DNA. The amount of DNA within each bound particle appears to be less than 300 base pairs, as estimated by the length of the DNA molecules visible outside of the bound particle. The empty capsid-DNA association product described in this report provides an interesting substrate for further investigation of the DNA packaging process in a defined in vitro system, with extracts or purified components from infected cells.", "contents": "In vitro association of empty adenovirus capsids with double-stranded DNA. Several lines of evidence suggest that empty adenovirus capsids are preassembled intermediates in the pathway of virion assembly. We have observed that purified empty capsids of subgroup B adenoviruses have a remarkable affinity for DNA in vitro. The products of capsid-DNA association are sufficiently stable, once formed in low-salt solution, to permit purification and characterization in CsCl density gradients. Neither virions nor the DNA-containing incomplete particles of subgroup B adenoviruses can give rise to such in vitro reaction products. The average molecular weight of the empty adenovirus capsids is about 123 X 10(6), consistent with the absence of viral core peptides and a small deficiency of exterior shell polypeptides. Electron microscopy of negatively stained capsids and the capsids bound to DNA reveals a typical adenovirus size and architecture. The particles appear with a surface discontinuity that is presumed to expose the DNA binding site(s). The DNA molecules associated with the empty capsids are susceptible to the actions of DNase and restriction endonucleases. The dependence of rate of capsid-DNA association on DNA length suggests randomly distributed binding sites on the DNA molecules. Although the DNA molecules can successively acquire additional empty capsids, the empty particles themselves are restricted to interactionwith only one DNA molecule. Electron microscopy of the capsid-DNA complexes spread in cytochrome c films shows that the particles are bo-nd along the contour of extended duplex DNA. The amount of DNA within each bound particle appears to be less than 300 base pairs, as estimated by the length of the DNA molecules visible outside of the bound particle. The empty capsid-DNA association product described in this report provides an interesting substrate for further investigation of the DNA packaging process in a defined in vitro system, with extracts or purified components from infected cells.", "PMID": 513209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10232", "title": "Cystoscopy in children: indications for its use in common urologic problems.", "content": "The use of cystoscopy in children as part of the routine urologic evaluation in 4 diagnostic categories is evaluated for its ability to provide significant data and influence the course of management and cost effectiveness. Records of patients with hematuria, voiding dysfunction, urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. Our analysis of these data suggests that this procedure has certain well defined indications. Its omission when these indications are not fulfilled presents the potential for considerable monetary savings without reduction in the quality of medical care.", "contents": "Cystoscopy in children: indications for its use in common urologic problems. The use of cystoscopy in children as part of the routine urologic evaluation in 4 diagnostic categories is evaluated for its ability to provide significant data and influence the course of management and cost effectiveness. Records of patients with hematuria, voiding dysfunction, urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. Our analysis of these data suggests that this procedure has certain well defined indications. Its omission when these indications are not fulfilled presents the potential for considerable monetary savings without reduction in the quality of medical care.", "PMID": 513210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10233", "title": "Lack of agreement between subjective ratings of instructors and objective testing of knowledge acquisition in a urological continuing medical education course.", "content": "Objective scores from multiple-choice questions before and after a postgraduate course were compared to subjective ratings of the instructors at a 3-day seminar. The objective mean scores after the course were significantly higher than the scores before the course (p less than 0.0001). There was no correlation between test results and subjective ratings of instructors.", "contents": "Lack of agreement between subjective ratings of instructors and objective testing of knowledge acquisition in a urological continuing medical education course. Objective scores from multiple-choice questions before and after a postgraduate course were compared to subjective ratings of the instructors at a 3-day seminar. The objective mean scores after the course were significantly higher than the scores before the course (p less than 0.0001). There was no correlation between test results and subjective ratings of instructors.", "PMID": 513211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10234", "title": "Accuracy of ultrasound in predicting the nature of renal masses.", "content": "Renal ultrasonography is an established, reliable means of evaluating the consistency of renal masses. In a retrospective evaluation of 136 proved cases renal ultrasonography was 95 per cent accurate in distinguishing normal from pathological renal masses, 85 per cent accurate in diagnosing uncomplicated cysts and 100 per cent accurate in identifying complicated cysts, polycystic disease, extrarenal lesions and solid or partially solid neoplasms. Ultrasonography was useful in directing the diagnostic examination and in determining which patients should undergo further, more invasive diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Accuracy of ultrasound in predicting the nature of renal masses. Renal ultrasonography is an established, reliable means of evaluating the consistency of renal masses. In a retrospective evaluation of 136 proved cases renal ultrasonography was 95 per cent accurate in distinguishing normal from pathological renal masses, 85 per cent accurate in diagnosing uncomplicated cysts and 100 per cent accurate in identifying complicated cysts, polycystic disease, extrarenal lesions and solid or partially solid neoplasms. Ultrasonography was useful in directing the diagnostic examination and in determining which patients should undergo further, more invasive diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 513212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10235", "title": "Renal pedicle injury in the multiple injured patient.", "content": "Renal pedicle injuries were associated with multiple system trauma and a mortality rate of 42 per cent in 31 patients seen from 1959 to 1978. These injuries were to the renal artery in 14 patients, branches of the renal artery in 5, renal vein in 8, and renal artery and vein in 4. Priority of treatment for life-threatening associated injuries resulted in delayed diagnosis of the renal pedicle injury, which was not optimal for preservation of functioning renal tissues. Since 1968 an immediate excretory urogram has been performed for hematuria or a perirenal hematoma found during laparotomy for associated injuries. This study has resulted in the early diagnosis of renal pedicle injuries and immediate vascular repair has been attempted in 6 patients. Three of these patients survived with no hypertension on followup. A repaired renal vein in 1 patinet resulted in normal renal function and renal arteries were repaired in the other 2 patients with reduced renal function.", "contents": "Renal pedicle injury in the multiple injured patient. Renal pedicle injuries were associated with multiple system trauma and a mortality rate of 42 per cent in 31 patients seen from 1959 to 1978. These injuries were to the renal artery in 14 patients, branches of the renal artery in 5, renal vein in 8, and renal artery and vein in 4. Priority of treatment for life-threatening associated injuries resulted in delayed diagnosis of the renal pedicle injury, which was not optimal for preservation of functioning renal tissues. Since 1968 an immediate excretory urogram has been performed for hematuria or a perirenal hematoma found during laparotomy for associated injuries. This study has resulted in the early diagnosis of renal pedicle injuries and immediate vascular repair has been attempted in 6 patients. Three of these patients survived with no hypertension on followup. A repaired renal vein in 1 patinet resulted in normal renal function and renal arteries were repaired in the other 2 patients with reduced renal function.", "PMID": 513213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10236", "title": "The management of urinary fistulas and strictures with percutaneous ureteral stent catheters.", "content": "A method is described for percutaneous anterograde introduction of a ureteral stent catheter. The experience and treatment of 5 patients are reported: 2 ureterovaginal fistulas, 2 ureterocutaneous fistulas and 1 ureteral stricture. The capability of the technique to place a stent catheter in the presence of an almost complete separation of the ureter or through ureteral segments deformed by extensive cicatricial changes is emphasized. The method is advocated as a most effective alternative to supravesical drainage in patients with ureteral fistulas and impaired healing potential of ureters devitalized by surgical stripping and/or radiation therapy.", "contents": "The management of urinary fistulas and strictures with percutaneous ureteral stent catheters. A method is described for percutaneous anterograde introduction of a ureteral stent catheter. The experience and treatment of 5 patients are reported: 2 ureterovaginal fistulas, 2 ureterocutaneous fistulas and 1 ureteral stricture. The capability of the technique to place a stent catheter in the presence of an almost complete separation of the ureter or through ureteral segments deformed by extensive cicatricial changes is emphasized. The method is advocated as a most effective alternative to supravesical drainage in patients with ureteral fistulas and impaired healing potential of ureters devitalized by surgical stripping and/or radiation therapy.", "PMID": 513214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10237", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition assay in patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition assay has demonstrated successfully tumor-associated antigenic activity in protein extracts of cell culture lines of a number of neoplasms. Our data have shown a high degree of leukocyte migration inhibition reactivity with protein extracts from the well characterized T-24 transitional carcinoma cell line. Thus, the leukocyte migration inhibition assay may prove a valuable method of in vitro assessment of the cell-mediated immunity of bladder cancer patients and as a method to monitor attempts at further purification of tumor-associated antigens.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition assay in patients with bladder cancer. The leukocyte migration inhibition assay has demonstrated successfully tumor-associated antigenic activity in protein extracts of cell culture lines of a number of neoplasms. Our data have shown a high degree of leukocyte migration inhibition reactivity with protein extracts from the well characterized T-24 transitional carcinoma cell line. Thus, the leukocyte migration inhibition assay may prove a valuable method of in vitro assessment of the cell-mediated immunity of bladder cancer patients and as a method to monitor attempts at further purification of tumor-associated antigens.", "PMID": 513216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10238", "title": "Phallography: technique and results of nocturnal tumescence monitoring.", "content": "Phallography, or nocturnal tumescence monitoring, is a relatively new technique to measure and record nocturnal erections. The technique is most useful in differentiating between organic male erectile disability and psychogenic impotence. It is a relatively simple procedure and the equipment is available commercially. Of 40 recordings done on 17 patients 35 were adequate for interpretation. Six patients had total erectile failure, 9 had various erectile disabilities and 2 were normal. The 2 patients with normal erections represented psychogenic erectile disability. The technique is reliable and can be recommended for general use to separate organic from psychogenic impotence and to define different types of erectile disability.", "contents": "Phallography: technique and results of nocturnal tumescence monitoring. Phallography, or nocturnal tumescence monitoring, is a relatively new technique to measure and record nocturnal erections. The technique is most useful in differentiating between organic male erectile disability and psychogenic impotence. It is a relatively simple procedure and the equipment is available commercially. Of 40 recordings done on 17 patients 35 were adequate for interpretation. Six patients had total erectile failure, 9 had various erectile disabilities and 2 were normal. The 2 patients with normal erections represented psychogenic erectile disability. The technique is reliable and can be recommended for general use to separate organic from psychogenic impotence and to define different types of erectile disability.", "PMID": 513217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10239", "title": "The use of fluorescein in radical inguinal lymphadenectomy.", "content": "Necrosis with slough of skin flaps is a common and distressing complication after radical inguinal node dissection. Conventional methods to predict viability of dermal flaps are notoriously unreliable. Intravenous fluorescein has been shown to be a reliable indicator of the adequacy of blood supply to dermal flaps in experimental models and in radical mastectomies. Fluorescein has been used in 6 separate node dissections for carcinoma of the penis. In all cases fluorescein reliably delineated viable skin flaps and its use can help decrease the morbidity rate in inguinal node dissection.", "contents": "The use of fluorescein in radical inguinal lymphadenectomy. Necrosis with slough of skin flaps is a common and distressing complication after radical inguinal node dissection. Conventional methods to predict viability of dermal flaps are notoriously unreliable. Intravenous fluorescein has been shown to be a reliable indicator of the adequacy of blood supply to dermal flaps in experimental models and in radical mastectomies. Fluorescein has been used in 6 separate node dissections for carcinoma of the penis. In all cases fluorescein reliably delineated viable skin flaps and its use can help decrease the morbidity rate in inguinal node dissection.", "PMID": 513218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10240", "title": "Testicular abnormalities of the subfertile male.", "content": "Evaluation of 48 cases of male infertility included testicular biopsy. The histologic classification included normal spermatogenesis (normal or abnormal supporting tissue, maturation arrest (spermatocyte or spermatid stage), hypospermatogenesis, Klinefelter's syndrome and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. No diagnostic advantage was found in bilateral over unilateral testicular biopsies. Clinical presentation of the patient was correlated with histologic classification: 1) 4 of 13 azoospermic cases had normal spermatogenesis, suggesting post-testicular obstruction, 2) severe oligospermic cases (1 X 10(6) sperm per ml.) had spermatogenic abnormalities and 3) only 1 of 8 mild oligospermic cases (10 to 20 X 10(6) per ml.) had abnormalities of spermatogenesis. The histologic pattern in patients with varicocele seemed consistent with hypospermatogenesis in 9 of 13 cases studied. Testicular biopsy may be useful in the diagnosis of reversible post-testicular obstruction in some azoospermic patients. In addition, some patients with severe oligospermia may find an advantage of increased accuracy of diagnostic counseling based on histologic information. Testicular biopsy in cases of moderate oligospermia may be useful as investigational information in determining histologic patterns that may be responsive to certain modes of therapy. Histologic information obtained in cases of mild oligospermia was not sufficient to provide indication for testicular biopsy in mild oligospermic patients.", "contents": "Testicular abnormalities of the subfertile male. Evaluation of 48 cases of male infertility included testicular biopsy. The histologic classification included normal spermatogenesis (normal or abnormal supporting tissue, maturation arrest (spermatocyte or spermatid stage), hypospermatogenesis, Klinefelter's syndrome and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. No diagnostic advantage was found in bilateral over unilateral testicular biopsies. Clinical presentation of the patient was correlated with histologic classification: 1) 4 of 13 azoospermic cases had normal spermatogenesis, suggesting post-testicular obstruction, 2) severe oligospermic cases (1 X 10(6) sperm per ml.) had spermatogenic abnormalities and 3) only 1 of 8 mild oligospermic cases (10 to 20 X 10(6) per ml.) had abnormalities of spermatogenesis. The histologic pattern in patients with varicocele seemed consistent with hypospermatogenesis in 9 of 13 cases studied. Testicular biopsy may be useful in the diagnosis of reversible post-testicular obstruction in some azoospermic patients. In addition, some patients with severe oligospermia may find an advantage of increased accuracy of diagnostic counseling based on histologic information. Testicular biopsy in cases of moderate oligospermia may be useful as investigational information in determining histologic patterns that may be responsive to certain modes of therapy. Histologic information obtained in cases of mild oligospermia was not sufficient to provide indication for testicular biopsy in mild oligospermic patients.", "PMID": 513219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10241", "title": "The value of sonography and lymphography in the detection of retroperitoneal metastases in testicular tumors.", "content": "Lymphography has led to falsely negative or falsely positive diagnoses in 10 to 45 per cent of the cases of testicular tumor metastases reported in the literature. In our comparative study of lymphography and sonography in the preoperative staging of 29 malignant testicular tumors lymphography was accurate in 58.5 per cent of the cases, while sonography had an accuracy rate of 82.5 per cent. Sonography was superior to lymphography in the evaluation of hilar lymph node metastases and their extent, as well as for routine checkups after lymphadenectomy or irradiation.", "contents": "The value of sonography and lymphography in the detection of retroperitoneal metastases in testicular tumors. Lymphography has led to falsely negative or falsely positive diagnoses in 10 to 45 per cent of the cases of testicular tumor metastases reported in the literature. In our comparative study of lymphography and sonography in the preoperative staging of 29 malignant testicular tumors lymphography was accurate in 58.5 per cent of the cases, while sonography had an accuracy rate of 82.5 per cent. Sonography was superior to lymphography in the evaluation of hilar lymph node metastases and their extent, as well as for routine checkups after lymphadenectomy or irradiation.", "PMID": 513220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10242", "title": "Immediate radiological evaluation and early surgical management of genitourinary injuries from external trauma.", "content": "An immediate diagnostic evaluation of genitourinary trauma is mandatory for an early operation. A method of immediate radiological evaluation is presented and the accuracy rate in the diagnosis of the type and site of injury is detailed. The advantages of early surgical management are compared to the results with expectant management.", "contents": "Immediate radiological evaluation and early surgical management of genitourinary injuries from external trauma. An immediate diagnostic evaluation of genitourinary trauma is mandatory for an early operation. A method of immediate radiological evaluation is presented and the accuracy rate in the diagnosis of the type and site of injury is detailed. The advantages of early surgical management are compared to the results with expectant management.", "PMID": 513221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10243", "title": "Further observations on the cystometric and uroflowmetric effects of bethanechol chloride on the human bladder.", "content": "We evaluated the cystometric and uroflowmetric effects of bethanechol chloride on non-neurogenic, non-decompensated human bladders. Statistically significant changes were measured using cystometric and uroflowmetric parameters. We discuss the indications and methods for therapy with bethanechol chloride.", "contents": "Further observations on the cystometric and uroflowmetric effects of bethanechol chloride on the human bladder. We evaluated the cystometric and uroflowmetric effects of bethanechol chloride on non-neurogenic, non-decompensated human bladders. Statistically significant changes were measured using cystometric and uroflowmetric parameters. We discuss the indications and methods for therapy with bethanechol chloride.", "PMID": 513222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10244", "title": "Urodynamics in spinal shock patients.", "content": "We investigated 17 spinal shock patients with traumatic complete cord lesions with cystometry, urethral pressure profile, anal and rectal pressure recordings, and electromyography of the pelvic floor sphincters. Bladder filling was accompanied by an elevation of resistance in the bladder neck area, with a concomitant increase of pressure in the external sphincter zone but without a simultaneous increase of the electromyographic activity. These results indicate an increased sympathetic activity in the smooth muscle component of the entire urethra. In the majority of patients the continuous withdrawal pressure profile had higher values in the membranous urethra than the interrupted withdrawal pressure profile had higher values in the membranous urethra than the interrupted withdrawal pressure profile, revealing the importance of sensory afferents from the urethral mucosal receptors in producing artifactual reflex activity in the pelvic floor muscles. In the majority of interrupted withdrawal urethral pressure profiles higher pressures were recorded in the juxtabulbous region than in the mid part of the membranous urethra. A somewhat decreased electromyographic activity was found in the anal and urethral sphincters at rest. It did not often relate to the amount of resistance recorded in either sphincter. High urethral sphincter pressures and somatic activity of the conus medullaris reflexes show that external urethral and anal sphincters escape spinal shock, the primary characteristic of which is areflexia.", "contents": "Urodynamics in spinal shock patients. We investigated 17 spinal shock patients with traumatic complete cord lesions with cystometry, urethral pressure profile, anal and rectal pressure recordings, and electromyography of the pelvic floor sphincters. Bladder filling was accompanied by an elevation of resistance in the bladder neck area, with a concomitant increase of pressure in the external sphincter zone but without a simultaneous increase of the electromyographic activity. These results indicate an increased sympathetic activity in the smooth muscle component of the entire urethra. In the majority of patients the continuous withdrawal pressure profile had higher values in the membranous urethra than the interrupted withdrawal pressure profile had higher values in the membranous urethra than the interrupted withdrawal pressure profile, revealing the importance of sensory afferents from the urethral mucosal receptors in producing artifactual reflex activity in the pelvic floor muscles. In the majority of interrupted withdrawal urethral pressure profiles higher pressures were recorded in the juxtabulbous region than in the mid part of the membranous urethra. A somewhat decreased electromyographic activity was found in the anal and urethral sphincters at rest. It did not often relate to the amount of resistance recorded in either sphincter. High urethral sphincter pressures and somatic activity of the conus medullaris reflexes show that external urethral and anal sphincters escape spinal shock, the primary characteristic of which is areflexia.", "PMID": 513223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10245", "title": "A simple inexpensive urodynamic catheter.", "content": "Described herein is an easily constructed and inexpensive triple lumen urodynamic catheter. The catheter permits accurate and reproducible simultaneous measurements of urethral and bladder pressure.", "contents": "A simple inexpensive urodynamic catheter. Described herein is an easily constructed and inexpensive triple lumen urodynamic catheter. The catheter permits accurate and reproducible simultaneous measurements of urethral and bladder pressure.", "PMID": 513224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10246", "title": "Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part V. The dysplastic ureter.", "content": "The ureters in neonates and infants can be anatomically and functionally so severely compromised to warrant the term \"dysplasia\". The clinicopathologic criteria for this diagnosis are: 1) a variable degree of dilatation on the excretory urogram and/or cystogram. 2) poor or absent ureteral motility as observed on cine-fluoroscopy or at operation, 3) poor muscularization and decreased muscle/connective tissue ratio under light microscopy and 4) small and deformed muscle cells with nexuses that are markedly decreased or absent and intracellular organelles that are poorly defined under electron microscopy. Excessive collagen and ground substance are present throughout the ureter. Although these qualitative and quantitative structural abnormalities are non-specific and can occur as a result of prenatal obstruction and postnatal infection, their severity in early postnatal life and their frequent association with dysplastic kidneys suggest congenital dysplasia as their etiology.", "contents": "Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part V. The dysplastic ureter. The ureters in neonates and infants can be anatomically and functionally so severely compromised to warrant the term \"dysplasia\". The clinicopathologic criteria for this diagnosis are: 1) a variable degree of dilatation on the excretory urogram and/or cystogram. 2) poor or absent ureteral motility as observed on cine-fluoroscopy or at operation, 3) poor muscularization and decreased muscle/connective tissue ratio under light microscopy and 4) small and deformed muscle cells with nexuses that are markedly decreased or absent and intracellular organelles that are poorly defined under electron microscopy. Excessive collagen and ground substance are present throughout the ureter. Although these qualitative and quantitative structural abnormalities are non-specific and can occur as a result of prenatal obstruction and postnatal infection, their severity in early postnatal life and their frequent association with dysplastic kidneys suggest congenital dysplasia as their etiology.", "PMID": 513225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10247", "title": "The uroradiographic evaluation of the enuretic child.", "content": "The proper evaluation of the enuretic child is controversial. A standardized evaluation was devised to decrease the number of examinations done based on the extant literature. During a 5-year period 138 children were examined uroradiographically. Of these patients 21 were found to have a significant anatomic abnormality. These abnormalities were found in children with either a history of a urinary tract infection, infected urine at the time of examination or obstructive signs or symptoms. Based on these findings a simple flow sheet for the evaluation of enuretic children is presented.", "contents": "The uroradiographic evaluation of the enuretic child. The proper evaluation of the enuretic child is controversial. A standardized evaluation was devised to decrease the number of examinations done based on the extant literature. During a 5-year period 138 children were examined uroradiographically. Of these patients 21 were found to have a significant anatomic abnormality. These abnormalities were found in children with either a history of a urinary tract infection, infected urine at the time of examination or obstructive signs or symptoms. Based on these findings a simple flow sheet for the evaluation of enuretic children is presented.", "PMID": 513226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10248", "title": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn with evidence of bleeding while in utero.", "content": "A case is reported of bilateral hemorrhagic adrenal cysts in a newborn. Evaluation of the patient included x-rays of the abdomen, excretory urography, retrograde pyelography and sonography. The presence of a faint calcification in the region of the right adrenal at birth and further progression of calcification in the same area suggest that some initial bleeding occurred in utero.", "contents": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn with evidence of bleeding while in utero. A case is reported of bilateral hemorrhagic adrenal cysts in a newborn. Evaluation of the patient included x-rays of the abdomen, excretory urography, retrograde pyelography and sonography. The presence of a faint calcification in the region of the right adrenal at birth and further progression of calcification in the same area suggest that some initial bleeding occurred in utero.", "PMID": 513228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10249", "title": "Bivalve nephrolithotomy in kidneys with ileal ureter.", "content": "We describe the surgical management of 2 patients with staghorn stones in kidneys previously operated upon and an ileal ureter. Bivalve nephrolithotomy was accomplished in situ using local hypothermia and anatrophic nephrotomy. This approach seemed to be the most suitable in these cases because other procedures could have been difficult and risky for the pelvioileo-anastomosis.", "contents": "Bivalve nephrolithotomy in kidneys with ileal ureter. We describe the surgical management of 2 patients with staghorn stones in kidneys previously operated upon and an ileal ureter. Bivalve nephrolithotomy was accomplished in situ using local hypothermia and anatrophic nephrotomy. This approach seemed to be the most suitable in these cases because other procedures could have been difficult and risky for the pelvioileo-anastomosis.", "PMID": 513229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10250", "title": "Hyperchloremic acidosis and imperforate anus.", "content": "The predominant electrolyte imbalance associated with enterourinary fistulas is hyperchloremic acidosis. The mechanism is the absorption of urinary electrolytes across the colonic mucosa. One of the genitourinary associated anomalies of a high imperforate anus is a rectourinary fistula. There have been 5 cases of hyperchloremic acidosis as a complication of an imperforate anus with a rectourinary fistula reported in the literature to date. An additional case is presented with a clinical analysis of the previously reported cases. The important factors in the development of hyperchloremic acidosis in patients with an imperforate anus are 1) the presence of a rectourinary fistula, 2) an initial diverting colostomy permitting a long segment of colonic mucosa for the absorption of urinary electrolytes, 3) distal urinary tract obstruction allowing significant volumes of urine to flow into the colonic segment and 4) the presence of urinary tract infection contributing to the urinary obstruction. Management should consist of vigorous electrolyte therapy, decreasing the retrograde flow of urine into the colon by temporary catheterization and early repair of the fistulous tract.", "contents": "Hyperchloremic acidosis and imperforate anus. The predominant electrolyte imbalance associated with enterourinary fistulas is hyperchloremic acidosis. The mechanism is the absorption of urinary electrolytes across the colonic mucosa. One of the genitourinary associated anomalies of a high imperforate anus is a rectourinary fistula. There have been 5 cases of hyperchloremic acidosis as a complication of an imperforate anus with a rectourinary fistula reported in the literature to date. An additional case is presented with a clinical analysis of the previously reported cases. The important factors in the development of hyperchloremic acidosis in patients with an imperforate anus are 1) the presence of a rectourinary fistula, 2) an initial diverting colostomy permitting a long segment of colonic mucosa for the absorption of urinary electrolytes, 3) distal urinary tract obstruction allowing significant volumes of urine to flow into the colonic segment and 4) the presence of urinary tract infection contributing to the urinary obstruction. Management should consist of vigorous electrolyte therapy, decreasing the retrograde flow of urine into the colon by temporary catheterization and early repair of the fistulous tract.", "PMID": 513230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10251", "title": "Association of crossed fused renal ectopia and multicystic kidney.", "content": "A male newborn presented with mild azotemia, an abdominal mass and non-visualized right kidney on excretory urography. Evaluation, including ultrasound and surgical exploration, revealed the simultaneous occurence of crossed fused renal ectopia and multicystic kidney.", "contents": "Association of crossed fused renal ectopia and multicystic kidney. A male newborn presented with mild azotemia, an abdominal mass and non-visualized right kidney on excretory urography. Evaluation, including ultrasound and surgical exploration, revealed the simultaneous occurence of crossed fused renal ectopia and multicystic kidney.", "PMID": 513231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10252", "title": "Renal insufficiency in a solitary kidney secondary to hydronephrosis of pregnancy.", "content": "A case is reported of renal insufficiency in a solitary kidney secondary to hydronephrosis of pregnancy. Evidence supporting obstruction on a mechanical basis is presented. This entity should be considered when pursuing a correctable cause for functional renal deterioration in pregnant women. The clinical importance of this entity in the management of renal insufficiency in the pregnant woman is discussed.", "contents": "Renal insufficiency in a solitary kidney secondary to hydronephrosis of pregnancy. A case is reported of renal insufficiency in a solitary kidney secondary to hydronephrosis of pregnancy. Evidence supporting obstruction on a mechanical basis is presented. This entity should be considered when pursuing a correctable cause for functional renal deterioration in pregnant women. The clinical importance of this entity in the management of renal insufficiency in the pregnant woman is discussed.", "PMID": 513232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10253", "title": "Treatment of arteriovenous angiomas of the kidney: surgical intervention and intra-arterial embolization.", "content": "Angiomas of the kidney are benign vascular dysplasias, which usually can be identified angiographically. If there are no clinical symptoms treatment is not necessary. In cases of hematuria and/or hypertension either intra-arterial superselective embolization seems to cause less functional loss of the renal parenchyma, whereas excision often leads to heminephrectomy or even total nephrectomy. Even if the angioma is initially not completely embolized followup study to 2 years has shown complete occlusion of the angioma, either owing to inflammatory reactions or redistribution of blood flow and diminished blood pressure. Two cases of renal angiomas are presented. Treatment consisted of intra-arterial superselective embolization in 1 case and surgical clipping of the supplying arterial branch in the other.", "contents": "Treatment of arteriovenous angiomas of the kidney: surgical intervention and intra-arterial embolization. Angiomas of the kidney are benign vascular dysplasias, which usually can be identified angiographically. If there are no clinical symptoms treatment is not necessary. In cases of hematuria and/or hypertension either intra-arterial superselective embolization seems to cause less functional loss of the renal parenchyma, whereas excision often leads to heminephrectomy or even total nephrectomy. Even if the angioma is initially not completely embolized followup study to 2 years has shown complete occlusion of the angioma, either owing to inflammatory reactions or redistribution of blood flow and diminished blood pressure. Two cases of renal angiomas are presented. Treatment consisted of intra-arterial superselective embolization in 1 case and surgical clipping of the supplying arterial branch in the other.", "PMID": 513233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10254", "title": "Intraoperative management of renal cell carcinoma with supradiaphragmatic caval extension.", "content": "A new technique for inferior vena caval tumor thrombectomy is described. Vascular isolation of the cava from the right atrium to the pelvis is achieved by temporary circulatory arrest of the lower torso. Removal of the neoplastic thrombus under direct vision with minimal blood loss was accomplished in a patient with renal carcinoma, whose tumor extended into the intrapericardial vena cava.", "contents": "Intraoperative management of renal cell carcinoma with supradiaphragmatic caval extension. A new technique for inferior vena caval tumor thrombectomy is described. Vascular isolation of the cava from the right atrium to the pelvis is achieved by temporary circulatory arrest of the lower torso. Removal of the neoplastic thrombus under direct vision with minimal blood loss was accomplished in a patient with renal carcinoma, whose tumor extended into the intrapericardial vena cava.", "PMID": 513234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10255", "title": "Eosinophilic pyeloureteritis: report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported of ureteral obstruction that was owing to eosinophilic pyeloureteritis, a previously unrecorded entity. The microscopic findings of extensive fibrosis and a relatively mild eosinophilic infiltrate were similar to those found in a series of eosinophilic cystitis, which was reported recently from this laboratory. Also, local injury appears to initiate some examples of eosinophilic cystitis and in the present case there was a striking history of injury 1 month before the symptoms of ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Eosinophilic pyeloureteritis: report of a case. A case is reported of ureteral obstruction that was owing to eosinophilic pyeloureteritis, a previously unrecorded entity. The microscopic findings of extensive fibrosis and a relatively mild eosinophilic infiltrate were similar to those found in a series of eosinophilic cystitis, which was reported recently from this laboratory. Also, local injury appears to initiate some examples of eosinophilic cystitis and in the present case there was a striking history of injury 1 month before the symptoms of ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 513235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10256", "title": "Flaccid neurogenic bladder as a presenting symptom of spinal cord ependymoma.", "content": "Spinal cord tumors commonly present with back pain, sciatica, weakness in the legs and bladder symptoms. A case is reported in which an isolated flaccid neurogenic bladder was the only presenting symptom of a spinal cord ependymoma.", "contents": "Flaccid neurogenic bladder as a presenting symptom of spinal cord ependymoma. Spinal cord tumors commonly present with back pain, sciatica, weakness in the legs and bladder symptoms. A case is reported in which an isolated flaccid neurogenic bladder was the only presenting symptom of a spinal cord ependymoma.", "PMID": 513236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10257", "title": "Ultrasonic localization of a non-palpable testis tumor.", "content": "A young man was found to have a retroperitoneal seminoma and normal testicles by palpation. Initial diagnosis was an extratesticular primary germ cell tumor until ultrasound examination detected a lesion in the left testicle. A left radical orchiectomy was done and a seminoma of the testicle was found. We recommend ultrasound examination of the testicles to demonstrate occult testicular tumors when faced with the possibility of an extratesticular primary germ cell tumor.", "contents": "Ultrasonic localization of a non-palpable testis tumor. A young man was found to have a retroperitoneal seminoma and normal testicles by palpation. Initial diagnosis was an extratesticular primary germ cell tumor until ultrasound examination detected a lesion in the left testicle. A left radical orchiectomy was done and a seminoma of the testicle was found. We recommend ultrasound examination of the testicles to demonstrate occult testicular tumors when faced with the possibility of an extratesticular primary germ cell tumor.", "PMID": 513237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10258", "title": "Children in motor vehicles. Never too young to die.", "content": "In a series of 89 children less than 15 years old who were killed as motor vehicle occupants, children under 1 year of age were greatly overrepresented. Only three children were using child restraint systems or seat belts. Eight were traveling on their parents' laps. Head injuries predominated and were most common in the youngest children. Children under age 1 were the most likely to have reached the hospital alive. The high death rate for very young children was not explained by the circumstances of the crashes or by the age distribution of children involved in all crashes.", "contents": "Children in motor vehicles. Never too young to die. In a series of 89 children less than 15 years old who were killed as motor vehicle occupants, children under 1 year of age were greatly overrepresented. Only three children were using child restraint systems or seat belts. Eight were traveling on their parents' laps. Head injuries predominated and were most common in the youngest children. Children under age 1 were the most likely to have reached the hospital alive. The high death rate for very young children was not explained by the circumstances of the crashes or by the age distribution of children involved in all crashes.", "PMID": 513252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10259", "title": "Efficacy of radionuclide scanning in patients with lung cancer.", "content": "Ninety-two patients with histologically proved carcinoma of the lung were studied retrospectively to determine the usefulness of liver, brain, and bone imaging in their examination and treatment. Occult metastatic liver disease was observed in two (5.3%) of 38 asymptomatic patients, while four (6.6%) of 58 neurologically intact patients had abnormal brain scans. Eight (13.6%) of 59 asymptomatic patients had metastatic bone disease. Seven (18.4%) of 38 patients with no clinical evidence of metastatic disease to liver, brain, or bone had at least one type of abnormal radionuclide study. More than half (52.5%) of the patients studied had at least one abnormal scan exclusive of symptoms. Radionuclide imaging is a useful procedure in the initial evaluation and subsequent management of lung cancer.", "contents": "Efficacy of radionuclide scanning in patients with lung cancer. Ninety-two patients with histologically proved carcinoma of the lung were studied retrospectively to determine the usefulness of liver, brain, and bone imaging in their examination and treatment. Occult metastatic liver disease was observed in two (5.3%) of 38 asymptomatic patients, while four (6.6%) of 58 neurologically intact patients had abnormal brain scans. Eight (13.6%) of 59 asymptomatic patients had metastatic bone disease. Seven (18.4%) of 38 patients with no clinical evidence of metastatic disease to liver, brain, or bone had at least one type of abnormal radionuclide study. More than half (52.5%) of the patients studied had at least one abnormal scan exclusive of symptoms. Radionuclide imaging is a useful procedure in the initial evaluation and subsequent management of lung cancer.", "PMID": 513253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10260", "title": "Predictability of the response to the ergonovine test. Value in the diagnosis of coronary spasm.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with atypical chest pain were given ergonovine maleate as a provocative test for coronary spasm. None of the patients had significant coronary atherosclerosis. The patients were divided into two groups based on clinical information available before ergonovine testing. Group 1 patients (n=13) had objective evidence of cardiac disease manifested by episodes of syncope, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or transient ST segment shifts with chest pain. Group 2 patients had chest pain but no objective evidence of cardiac disease. The ergonovine test was positive in 11 of 13 patients in group 1. None of the 22 group 2 patients had a positive response to ergonovine. These data suggest that ergonovine testing does not allow for any more precise recognition of patients with atypical chest pain who have coronary artery spasm than do clinical data alone.", "contents": "Predictability of the response to the ergonovine test. Value in the diagnosis of coronary spasm. Thirty-five patients with atypical chest pain were given ergonovine maleate as a provocative test for coronary spasm. None of the patients had significant coronary atherosclerosis. The patients were divided into two groups based on clinical information available before ergonovine testing. Group 1 patients (n=13) had objective evidence of cardiac disease manifested by episodes of syncope, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or transient ST segment shifts with chest pain. Group 2 patients had chest pain but no objective evidence of cardiac disease. The ergonovine test was positive in 11 of 13 patients in group 1. None of the 22 group 2 patients had a positive response to ergonovine. These data suggest that ergonovine testing does not allow for any more precise recognition of patients with atypical chest pain who have coronary artery spasm than do clinical data alone.", "PMID": 513254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10261", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Five of 62 maintenance hemodialysis patients were found to have carpal tunnel syndrome, and another five had prolonged distal motor latencies. Contrary to previous reports, there was no relation between carpal tunnel syndrome and the site of vascular access. Synovial biopsy specimens from flexor tendons demonstrated edema without inflammation, suggesting that extracellular fluid volume excess in the presence of flexion and immobility during dialysis may be pathogenetically important.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Five of 62 maintenance hemodialysis patients were found to have carpal tunnel syndrome, and another five had prolonged distal motor latencies. Contrary to previous reports, there was no relation between carpal tunnel syndrome and the site of vascular access. Synovial biopsy specimens from flexor tendons demonstrated edema without inflammation, suggesting that extracellular fluid volume excess in the presence of flexion and immobility during dialysis may be pathogenetically important.", "PMID": 513255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10262", "title": "Methemoglobinemia resulting from absorption of nitrates.", "content": "Three cases of toxic methemoglobinemia resulted from absorption of nitrate salts through burned skin areas. In addition to the unusual route of intoxication, this report emphasizes the occupational hazard of methemoglobinemia in workers exposed to nitrogen salts and the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis of methemoglobinemia should be suspected in any case of cyanosis refractory to oxygen therapy. Appropriate treatment should include oxygen, methylene blue, and exchange transfusion in clinically severe cases.", "contents": "Methemoglobinemia resulting from absorption of nitrates. Three cases of toxic methemoglobinemia resulted from absorption of nitrate salts through burned skin areas. In addition to the unusual route of intoxication, this report emphasizes the occupational hazard of methemoglobinemia in workers exposed to nitrogen salts and the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis of methemoglobinemia should be suspected in any case of cyanosis refractory to oxygen therapy. Appropriate treatment should include oxygen, methylene blue, and exchange transfusion in clinically severe cases.", "PMID": 513256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10263", "title": "Evaluation of a new uricosuric diuretic--ticrynafen.", "content": "Ticrynafen is an orally administered diuretic that is similar to the thiazides in its therapeutic actions, but unlike the thiazides, it increases urate excretion and lowers serum uric acid levels. Ticrynafen is useful in the treatment of hypertension and in selected cases of chronic congestive heart failure. At present, it appears to be indicated primarily in patients with these disorders who have a history of gout. Patients who are currently receiving a thiazide should not have their therapy arbitrarily changed to ticrynafen because of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new uricosuric diuretic--ticrynafen. Ticrynafen is an orally administered diuretic that is similar to the thiazides in its therapeutic actions, but unlike the thiazides, it increases urate excretion and lowers serum uric acid levels. Ticrynafen is useful in the treatment of hypertension and in selected cases of chronic congestive heart failure. At present, it appears to be indicated primarily in patients with these disorders who have a history of gout. Patients who are currently receiving a thiazide should not have their therapy arbitrarily changed to ticrynafen because of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.", "PMID": 513260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10264", "title": "Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The concept that many patients with asymptomatic coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, including myocardial infarction, can and should return toward normal living is the basis of the rehabilitation effort. The primary care physician is increasingly employing this approach in the care of patients with myocardial infarction. Much of the capacity to effect rehabilitation should be available in the community hospital, in the office of the primary physician, or through community, governmental, public, and voluntary health care agencies and facilities. Although some patients with complex diagnostic problems and more severe impairment require consultative services or referral to specialized cardiac centers, all patients must eventually be returned to the care system and services of their local communities.", "contents": "Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. The concept that many patients with asymptomatic coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, including myocardial infarction, can and should return toward normal living is the basis of the rehabilitation effort. The primary care physician is increasingly employing this approach in the care of patients with myocardial infarction. Much of the capacity to effect rehabilitation should be available in the community hospital, in the office of the primary physician, or through community, governmental, public, and voluntary health care agencies and facilities. Although some patients with complex diagnostic problems and more severe impairment require consultative services or referral to specialized cardiac centers, all patients must eventually be returned to the care system and services of their local communities.", "PMID": 513261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10265", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the alveolar-capillary barrier in the patients of chronic pulmonary edema.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies on the alveolar-capillary barrier were carried out in 13 patients of chronic pulmonary edema and/or congestion resulting from heart disease of various etiologies. The characteristic findings are tremendous proliferation of type II granular pneumocyte and irregular thickening of alveolar epithelial and capillary basement membrane. These ultrastructural changes correlated to the duration of heart failure and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure despite of disease groups and the age of the patients. In particular, lamination of capillary basement membrane with fragmentation was more specific finding which was observed only in patients with mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure above 35 mmHg and duration of heart failure over 6 hears. There was no apparent relationship existed between the ultrastructural changes and pulmonary arterial pressure. In addition to these characteristic changes the remaining ultrastructural changes of the alveolar-capillary barrier were difficult to make a correlation to clinical course and cardio-pulmonary hemodynamics.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the alveolar-capillary barrier in the patients of chronic pulmonary edema. Electron microscopic studies on the alveolar-capillary barrier were carried out in 13 patients of chronic pulmonary edema and/or congestion resulting from heart disease of various etiologies. The characteristic findings are tremendous proliferation of type II granular pneumocyte and irregular thickening of alveolar epithelial and capillary basement membrane. These ultrastructural changes correlated to the duration of heart failure and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure despite of disease groups and the age of the patients. In particular, lamination of capillary basement membrane with fragmentation was more specific finding which was observed only in patients with mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure above 35 mmHg and duration of heart failure over 6 hears. There was no apparent relationship existed between the ultrastructural changes and pulmonary arterial pressure. In addition to these characteristic changes the remaining ultrastructural changes of the alveolar-capillary barrier were difficult to make a correlation to clinical course and cardio-pulmonary hemodynamics.", "PMID": 513267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10266", "title": "Influence of surgery for ischemic heart disease on early postoperative left ventricular function.", "content": "The pre- and postoperative systolic time intervals, hemodynamics and serum catecholamines were studied in 30 patients with successful myocardial revascularization surgery or left ventricular aneurysmectomy and the influence of the surgery on the left ventricular function was evaluated. 1. Significant depression of left ventricular performance was recognized in the group of patients with left ventricular aneurysm as compared to the patients with angina pectoris with or without previous myocardial infarction before the operation. 2. At 2 hours after the operation, signigicant decrease of ET/PEP, cardiac index and stroke work index and marked elevation of systemic vascular resistance were seen in the group of patients with aortocoronary bypass surgery who had previous myocardial infarction and with left ventricular aneurysmectomy as compared to the group of patients without previous myocardial infarction. 3. At 2 hours after the operation, ET/PEP seemed to reflect the left ventricular stroke work and the depression of the left ventricular function was mainly affected by the elevation of systemic vascular resistance due to the hypersecrection of serum catecholamines. 4. Reduction of systemic vascular resistance by vasodilator brought an improvement of EG/PEP, cardiac index and stroke work index.", "contents": "Influence of surgery for ischemic heart disease on early postoperative left ventricular function. The pre- and postoperative systolic time intervals, hemodynamics and serum catecholamines were studied in 30 patients with successful myocardial revascularization surgery or left ventricular aneurysmectomy and the influence of the surgery on the left ventricular function was evaluated. 1. Significant depression of left ventricular performance was recognized in the group of patients with left ventricular aneurysm as compared to the patients with angina pectoris with or without previous myocardial infarction before the operation. 2. At 2 hours after the operation, signigicant decrease of ET/PEP, cardiac index and stroke work index and marked elevation of systemic vascular resistance were seen in the group of patients with aortocoronary bypass surgery who had previous myocardial infarction and with left ventricular aneurysmectomy as compared to the group of patients without previous myocardial infarction. 3. At 2 hours after the operation, ET/PEP seemed to reflect the left ventricular stroke work and the depression of the left ventricular function was mainly affected by the elevation of systemic vascular resistance due to the hypersecrection of serum catecholamines. 4. Reduction of systemic vascular resistance by vasodilator brought an improvement of EG/PEP, cardiac index and stroke work index.", "PMID": 513268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10267", "title": "Chemical analysis of vascular collagen in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Chemical characteristics of vascular collagen were studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which developed cerebrovascular lesions spontaneously in over 90% of the population. Aminoacid analysis of arterial collagen among SHRSP showed no remarkable difference from stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WK). The uronic acid content of the aorta, which elevated with aging, was increased in SHRSR and especially in SHRSP. The hexose content of collagen was also increased in SHRSP characteristically with a concomitant increase in the ratio of the disaccharide unit (glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine) to the monosaccharide (galactosyl-hydroxylysine). The relative increase in beta and gamma components was also noted in SHRSP. These structural changes of vascular collagen especially noted in SHRSP may be related to the fragility of arterial wall or to the stroke-proneness.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of vascular collagen in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chemical characteristics of vascular collagen were studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which developed cerebrovascular lesions spontaneously in over 90% of the population. Aminoacid analysis of arterial collagen among SHRSP showed no remarkable difference from stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WK). The uronic acid content of the aorta, which elevated with aging, was increased in SHRSR and especially in SHRSP. The hexose content of collagen was also increased in SHRSP characteristically with a concomitant increase in the ratio of the disaccharide unit (glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine) to the monosaccharide (galactosyl-hydroxylysine). The relative increase in beta and gamma components was also noted in SHRSP. These structural changes of vascular collagen especially noted in SHRSP may be related to the fragility of arterial wall or to the stroke-proneness.", "PMID": 513269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10268", "title": "[A clinical study of intravenous doxycycline in the pediatrics field (author's transl)].", "content": "An intravenous preparation of doxycycline (DOTC, Vibramycin 'Pfizer'), a long-lasting tetracycline, was administered mainly by drip infusion for a series of study in the pediatrics field, and the results were as follows: 1) DOTC (100 mg) was dissolved in a 100 ml of glucose solution and 2--3 mg/kg was administered intravenously. When the total infusion time was adjusted between one to two hours, the peak serum level of DOTC was seen at the end of infusion in each case. The serum level in a two-hour infusion time, however, the serum level was delectable for a long period of time: the serum level after 10 hours was 0.82--1.23 micrograms/ml. Above results suggest that DOTC intravenous should be given in a two-hour infusion twice a day for applicable infections in the pediatrics field. 2) Urine excretion of DOTC was about a half (50%) of the administered dosage. 3) DOTC was given mostly at about 3--5 mg/kg per day (twice a day) infusion to 25 children with five infections, viz. acute angina lacunaris, acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia and acute urinary tract infections. A clinical improvement seemed attributable to DOTC was clearly observed in 23 out of 25 patients (92%). 4). DOTC infusion was also effective for Mycoplasma meningoencephalitis, severe Mycoplasma pneumonia associated with pleuritis, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia with a lot of Staphylococcus aureus identified in the sputum medium, acute urinary tract infections caused by E. coli. 5) Before and ten days after DOTC infusion, laboratory tests for liver and renal functions and blood were performed. No noticeable abnormalities were found except one case with transient GOT and GPT elevations. Above summary was presented at the 26th annual meeting of Japan Society of Chemotherapy in June 1978.", "contents": "[A clinical study of intravenous doxycycline in the pediatrics field (author's transl)]. An intravenous preparation of doxycycline (DOTC, Vibramycin 'Pfizer'), a long-lasting tetracycline, was administered mainly by drip infusion for a series of study in the pediatrics field, and the results were as follows: 1) DOTC (100 mg) was dissolved in a 100 ml of glucose solution and 2--3 mg/kg was administered intravenously. When the total infusion time was adjusted between one to two hours, the peak serum level of DOTC was seen at the end of infusion in each case. The serum level in a two-hour infusion time, however, the serum level was delectable for a long period of time: the serum level after 10 hours was 0.82--1.23 micrograms/ml. Above results suggest that DOTC intravenous should be given in a two-hour infusion twice a day for applicable infections in the pediatrics field. 2) Urine excretion of DOTC was about a half (50%) of the administered dosage. 3) DOTC was given mostly at about 3--5 mg/kg per day (twice a day) infusion to 25 children with five infections, viz. acute angina lacunaris, acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia and acute urinary tract infections. A clinical improvement seemed attributable to DOTC was clearly observed in 23 out of 25 patients (92%). 4). DOTC infusion was also effective for Mycoplasma meningoencephalitis, severe Mycoplasma pneumonia associated with pleuritis, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia with a lot of Staphylococcus aureus identified in the sputum medium, acute urinary tract infections caused by E. coli. 5) Before and ten days after DOTC infusion, laboratory tests for liver and renal functions and blood were performed. No noticeable abnormalities were found except one case with transient GOT and GPT elevations. Above summary was presented at the 26th annual meeting of Japan Society of Chemotherapy in June 1978.", "PMID": 513284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10269", "title": "[Clinical studies of cefamandole in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical studies on cefamandole were carried out with the following results. (1) Cefamandole was administered 100 mg/kg/day (q.i.d.) by intravenous route to 29 cases of children. In 10 out of 29 cases bacteriological effect was observed. Bacteriological response was effective in 8 cases (80.0%). Clinical responses were effective in 27 cases (93.1%). (2) As to adverse reactions, granulocytopenia and elevation of S-GOT, S-GPT developed in each two cases.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of cefamandole in children (author's transl)]. Clinical studies on cefamandole were carried out with the following results. (1) Cefamandole was administered 100 mg/kg/day (q.i.d.) by intravenous route to 29 cases of children. In 10 out of 29 cases bacteriological effect was observed. Bacteriological response was effective in 8 cases (80.0%). Clinical responses were effective in 27 cases (93.1%). (2) As to adverse reactions, granulocytopenia and elevation of S-GOT, S-GPT developed in each two cases.", "PMID": 513285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10270", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical study of cefamandole by intravenous injection in the pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefamandole sodium (CMD) was intravenously administered and following laboratoric and clinical results were obtained. (1) The peak blood concentration was 32 approximately 44 micrograms/ml when the drip infusion was finished. At 1 hour after the end of the drip infusion the blood concentration was 7.6 approximately 8.1 micrograms/ml. Half life was approximately 0.64 hours. (2) Urinary recovery rate was 84.5 approximately 95% in active state within 6 hours. (3) Penetration of cerebrospinal fluid was found in 2 cases. (4) In most of 170 strains of Streptococcus haemolyticus MICs of cefamandole were 0.05 microgram/ml. They were less susceptible to cefazoline, cefmetazole and ceftezole. (5) CMD was administered to 35 pediatric patients (upper or lower RTI, lymphadenitis, enteritis or UTI) at 100 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 9 days, the efficacy rate was 97.1%. (6) Side effect: Rash occurred in one case, and eosinophilia was observed in 4 cases. No abnormal finding of renal and liver function was observed.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical study of cefamandole by intravenous injection in the pediatric field (author's transl)]. Cefamandole sodium (CMD) was intravenously administered and following laboratoric and clinical results were obtained. (1) The peak blood concentration was 32 approximately 44 micrograms/ml when the drip infusion was finished. At 1 hour after the end of the drip infusion the blood concentration was 7.6 approximately 8.1 micrograms/ml. Half life was approximately 0.64 hours. (2) Urinary recovery rate was 84.5 approximately 95% in active state within 6 hours. (3) Penetration of cerebrospinal fluid was found in 2 cases. (4) In most of 170 strains of Streptococcus haemolyticus MICs of cefamandole were 0.05 microgram/ml. They were less susceptible to cefazoline, cefmetazole and ceftezole. (5) CMD was administered to 35 pediatric patients (upper or lower RTI, lymphadenitis, enteritis or UTI) at 100 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 9 days, the efficacy rate was 97.1%. (6) Side effect: Rash occurred in one case, and eosinophilia was observed in 4 cases. No abnormal finding of renal and liver function was observed.", "PMID": 513290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10271", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefamandole in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, cefamandole (CMD), and following results were obtained. (1) Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CMD were determined after an intravenous administration of CMD 30 mg/kg in 13 children with normal renal function.  In 5 of 13 children, mean serum levels after a one shot intravenous injection were 112.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 52.2 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 23.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 4.9 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and trace at 4 hours. In other 5 children, mean serum levels after drip infusion for 1 hour were 78 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 59 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 9.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and trace at 4 hours, after the onset of drip infusion. In the remaining 3 children who received CMD by drip infusion for 2 hours, mean serum levels were 24.3 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 35.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 30.2 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 5.3 micrograms/ml at 3 hours and 1.5 micrograms/ml at 4 hours after the onset of drip infusion. Urinary recovery rates in 5 children were 154.7%, 98.3%, 93.2%, 111.8% and 66.9%, respectively, during 8 hours. (2) CMD was administered to 40 patients with various infections (acute U.T.I. 8, acute angina lacunaris; 2, acute bronchitis; 5, cervical purulent lymphadenitis; 2, post-measles bronchopneumonia; 3, acute bronchopneumonia; 18, pyothorax; 2, S.S.S. syndrome; 1) by one-shot intravenous injection at a dose of 40-120 mg/kg per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% and bacteriological efficacy rate was 79.2%. (3) As the side effect of CMD, eosinophilia was observed in 1 case, rash and elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, and proteinuria in 1 case.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefamandole in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, cefamandole (CMD), and following results were obtained. (1) Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CMD were determined after an intravenous administration of CMD 30 mg/kg in 13 children with normal renal function.  In 5 of 13 children, mean serum levels after a one shot intravenous injection were 112.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 52.2 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 23.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 4.9 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and trace at 4 hours. In other 5 children, mean serum levels after drip infusion for 1 hour were 78 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 59 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 9.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and trace at 4 hours, after the onset of drip infusion. In the remaining 3 children who received CMD by drip infusion for 2 hours, mean serum levels were 24.3 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 35.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 30.2 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 5.3 micrograms/ml at 3 hours and 1.5 micrograms/ml at 4 hours after the onset of drip infusion. Urinary recovery rates in 5 children were 154.7%, 98.3%, 93.2%, 111.8% and 66.9%, respectively, during 8 hours. (2) CMD was administered to 40 patients with various infections (acute U.T.I. 8, acute angina lacunaris; 2, acute bronchitis; 5, cervical purulent lymphadenitis; 2, post-measles bronchopneumonia; 3, acute bronchopneumonia; 18, pyothorax; 2, S.S.S. syndrome; 1) by one-shot intravenous injection at a dose of 40-120 mg/kg per day. The clinical efficacy rate was 92.5% and bacteriological efficacy rate was 79.2%. (3) As the side effect of CMD, eosinophilia was observed in 1 case, rash and elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, and proteinuria in 1 case.", "PMID": 513291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10272", "title": "[Experimental study of the biliary excretion of antibiotic (cefotiam) in the presence of biliary tract obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "Excretion of a new semisynthetic analogue of cephalosporin, cefotiam (CTM), and cefazolin (CEZ) in bile was investigated in dogs with experimental obstruction of biliary tract. In the control group, peak concentrations of antibiotics in bile after 50 mg/kg intravenous administration were as follows: In CTM administrated groups, 5,302 micrograms/ml at one hour after administration; and in CEZ administrated group, 1,249 micrograms/ml after one hour. The total biliary excretory rates summed to 6 hours after administration of antibiotics were 7.8% in the CTM group, and 2.1% in the CEZ group. On the other hand, in the biliary tract obstruction group, the peak concentration in bile in CTM group was 65.7 micrograms/ml after 1 hours, and in CEZ group, 62.4 micrograms/ml after 2 hours. The total biliary excretory rate in the CTM group was 0.202%, while in the CEZ group 0.12%. The peak concentration and the excretory rate of CTM in bile was four times higher than that of CEZ in the control group. No significant difference was revealed in the peak concentration and the excretory rate in bile between CTM and CEZ in the biliary tract obstruction group.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the biliary excretion of antibiotic (cefotiam) in the presence of biliary tract obstruction (author's transl)]. Excretion of a new semisynthetic analogue of cephalosporin, cefotiam (CTM), and cefazolin (CEZ) in bile was investigated in dogs with experimental obstruction of biliary tract. In the control group, peak concentrations of antibiotics in bile after 50 mg/kg intravenous administration were as follows: In CTM administrated groups, 5,302 micrograms/ml at one hour after administration; and in CEZ administrated group, 1,249 micrograms/ml after one hour. The total biliary excretory rates summed to 6 hours after administration of antibiotics were 7.8% in the CTM group, and 2.1% in the CEZ group. On the other hand, in the biliary tract obstruction group, the peak concentration in bile in CTM group was 65.7 micrograms/ml after 1 hours, and in CEZ group, 62.4 micrograms/ml after 2 hours. The total biliary excretory rate in the CTM group was 0.202%, while in the CEZ group 0.12%. The peak concentration and the excretory rate of CTM in bile was four times higher than that of CEZ in the control group. No significant difference was revealed in the peak concentration and the excretory rate in bile between CTM and CEZ in the biliary tract obstruction group.", "PMID": 513292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10273", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical results of cefuroxime (CXM) (author's transl)].", "content": "I. Pharmacokinetics (1) CXM 24.4 and 31.9 mg/kg were administered by intravenous drip infusion for 4 hours. The plateau levels were obtained at 1 approximately 2 hours, the blood levels at which time were 25.6 and 33.8 micrograms/ml respectively with dose response observed. (2) The respective  half-lives were as short as 49.4 and 36.2 minutes. (3) The total clearances were 74.6 and 127.2 ml/min respectively; when calculated on plateau level and infusion rate, these were 81.6 and 111.0 ml/min. These differently determined values were near each other. (4) The respective renal clearances were 157.8 and 101.9 ml/min. II. Clinical results CXM for intravenous use was administered to 21 pediatric patients, and the clinical results were good and excellent in 19 (90.5%). Excluding 2 cases with elevation of cold hemagglutination values, the efficacy rate of 94.7% (18/19 cases) was achieved. The doses administered ranged 44 approximately 100 mg/kg body weight, and this dosage level was considered enough to achieve clinical effect. With the current clinical trial we considered that although the effectiveness of this drug was proved in 3 approximately 7 day intravenous drip infusion and intravenous injection, the continued treatment with other oral antibiotic following CXM treatment would be necessary from the patients' general conditions and laboratory examination findings. No noteworthy side effects were observed in any of the patients. No abnormality was seen in biochemistry and electrolyte findings, either.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical results of cefuroxime (CXM) (author's transl)]. I. Pharmacokinetics (1) CXM 24.4 and 31.9 mg/kg were administered by intravenous drip infusion for 4 hours. The plateau levels were obtained at 1 approximately 2 hours, the blood levels at which time were 25.6 and 33.8 micrograms/ml respectively with dose response observed. (2) The respective  half-lives were as short as 49.4 and 36.2 minutes. (3) The total clearances were 74.6 and 127.2 ml/min respectively; when calculated on plateau level and infusion rate, these were 81.6 and 111.0 ml/min. These differently determined values were near each other. (4) The respective renal clearances were 157.8 and 101.9 ml/min. II. Clinical results CXM for intravenous use was administered to 21 pediatric patients, and the clinical results were good and excellent in 19 (90.5%). Excluding 2 cases with elevation of cold hemagglutination values, the efficacy rate of 94.7% (18/19 cases) was achieved. The doses administered ranged 44 approximately 100 mg/kg body weight, and this dosage level was considered enough to achieve clinical effect. With the current clinical trial we considered that although the effectiveness of this drug was proved in 3 approximately 7 day intravenous drip infusion and intravenous injection, the continued treatment with other oral antibiotic following CXM treatment would be necessary from the patients' general conditions and laboratory examination findings. No noteworthy side effects were observed in any of the patients. No abnormality was seen in biochemistry and electrolyte findings, either.", "PMID": 513293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10274", "title": "[Clinical experience with cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefuroxime (CXM) was administered to 11 patients with pediatric bacterial infections, and clinical effective results were obtained in all these cases. Causative organisms detected in 5 cases with respiratory tract infection, and with urinary tract infections were all eliminated, and the bacterial count decreased in patients with colitis. As for side effect, 1 case developed eosinophilia, and another case with impaired liver function as underlying disease showed transitory exacerbated examination values. Time-course determinations of blood levels and urinary excretions were performed in 1 case. Fecal levels were determined in 2 cases but could not be detected; inactivation action of CXM was observed from the same fecal filtrate.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Cefuroxime (CXM) was administered to 11 patients with pediatric bacterial infections, and clinical effective results were obtained in all these cases. Causative organisms detected in 5 cases with respiratory tract infection, and with urinary tract infections were all eliminated, and the bacterial count decreased in patients with colitis. As for side effect, 1 case developed eosinophilia, and another case with impaired liver function as underlying disease showed transitory exacerbated examination values. Time-course determinations of blood levels and urinary excretions were performed in 1 case. Fecal levels were determined in 2 cases but could not be detected; inactivation action of CXM was observed from the same fecal filtrate.", "PMID": 513294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10275", "title": "[Clinical study in cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefuroxime (CXM), a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was used in pediatric field, and the following results were obtained. 1. Absorption and excretion CXM was administered by intravenous drip infusion to 3 patients aged 14 years, 1 year and 1 month, and 5 years and 3 months, respectively, at doses of 15.4 mg/kg, 14.1 mg/kg, and 13.2 mg/kg. The following blood levels were obtained; 71 micrograms/ml at the completion of infusion, 26.8 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 13.2 micrograms/ml at 1 hours, 5.05 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 2.07 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, and less than 0.45 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after the infusion. Urinary excretion of the drug administered was measured in one of these cases. The urinary excretion rate at 1 approximately 6 hours after intravenous drip infusion was 50.4%. 2. Clinical result CXM 17 approximately 55 mg/kg were administered for 2 approximately 4 days to 6 patients with acute respiratory tract infection, 1 with acute cervical lymphadenitis, and 1 with acute enteritis. The clinical results was poor in the case with acute enteritis and good in the other 7 cases. No side effect was observed in 9 cases (the above 8 cases plus 1 unassessable case), and the laboratory examination results showed no abnormality, either.", "contents": "[Clinical study in cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Cefuroxime (CXM), a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was used in pediatric field, and the following results were obtained. 1. Absorption and excretion CXM was administered by intravenous drip infusion to 3 patients aged 14 years, 1 year and 1 month, and 5 years and 3 months, respectively, at doses of 15.4 mg/kg, 14.1 mg/kg, and 13.2 mg/kg. The following blood levels were obtained; 71 micrograms/ml at the completion of infusion, 26.8 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 13.2 micrograms/ml at 1 hours, 5.05 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 2.07 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, and less than 0.45 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after the infusion. Urinary excretion of the drug administered was measured in one of these cases. The urinary excretion rate at 1 approximately 6 hours after intravenous drip infusion was 50.4%. 2. Clinical result CXM 17 approximately 55 mg/kg were administered for 2 approximately 4 days to 6 patients with acute respiratory tract infection, 1 with acute cervical lymphadenitis, and 1 with acute enteritis. The clinical results was poor in the case with acute enteritis and good in the other 7 cases. No side effect was observed in 9 cases (the above 8 cases plus 1 unassessable case), and the laboratory examination results showed no abnormality, either.", "PMID": 513295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10276", "title": "[Fundamental and clinical studies of cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of studies on cefuroxime (CXM) were carried out and the following results were obtained. 1) Most of MICs to recent clinical isolates of Group A hemolytic Streptococcus were less than 0.0125 micrograms/ml. 2) A single intravenous bolus dose of 36.5 mg/kg of CXM was given to two children, and the peak blood levels of 30 and 40 micrograms/ml were obtained at 30 minutres after injection; mean half-life in blood was 1.02 hours. The doses of 25 approximately 50 mg/kg were given over 1 hour by intravenous instillation to six children. The peak blood level appeared at the end of instillation, and half-life in blood was distributed between 0.56 and 0.81 hour. With both of these administrations, measurable blood levels were maintained up to 6 hours, and urinary excretion rate in active form up to 6 hours was distributed between 40.5 and 96%. 3) Serious upper respiratory tract inflammations, low respiratory tract inflammations (acute bronchitis and bronchopneumonia), staphylococcal exanthema and acute urinary tract infections mostly responded well to CXM intravenous administration (one shot injection, or instillation at dose of 50 approximately mg/kg/day in 2 approximately 3 daily divided doses. 4) Staphylococcal pyothorax was completely cured by 17 day-long CXM intravenous instillation at dose of about 150 mg/kg/day. 5) No difference in CXM therapy result was seen between the two administration forms used, i.e., one shot injection and instillation. 6) Clinical efficacy rate in 48 patients was 100% (excluding 1 unassessable case). As for side effect, transitory elevation of GPT and Al-P were seen in only 1 case each. The summary of this paper was reported on June 9, 1979 at 27th General Meeting of Japan Society of Chemotherapy (Fukuoka).", "contents": "[Fundamental and clinical studies of cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, in pediatric field (author's transl)]. A series of studies on cefuroxime (CXM) were carried out and the following results were obtained. 1) Most of MICs to recent clinical isolates of Group A hemolytic Streptococcus were less than 0.0125 micrograms/ml. 2) A single intravenous bolus dose of 36.5 mg/kg of CXM was given to two children, and the peak blood levels of 30 and 40 micrograms/ml were obtained at 30 minutres after injection; mean half-life in blood was 1.02 hours. The doses of 25 approximately 50 mg/kg were given over 1 hour by intravenous instillation to six children. The peak blood level appeared at the end of instillation, and half-life in blood was distributed between 0.56 and 0.81 hour. With both of these administrations, measurable blood levels were maintained up to 6 hours, and urinary excretion rate in active form up to 6 hours was distributed between 40.5 and 96%. 3) Serious upper respiratory tract inflammations, low respiratory tract inflammations (acute bronchitis and bronchopneumonia), staphylococcal exanthema and acute urinary tract infections mostly responded well to CXM intravenous administration (one shot injection, or instillation at dose of 50 approximately mg/kg/day in 2 approximately 3 daily divided doses. 4) Staphylococcal pyothorax was completely cured by 17 day-long CXM intravenous instillation at dose of about 150 mg/kg/day. 5) No difference in CXM therapy result was seen between the two administration forms used, i.e., one shot injection and instillation. 6) Clinical efficacy rate in 48 patients was 100% (excluding 1 unassessable case). As for side effect, transitory elevation of GPT and Al-P were seen in only 1 case each. The summary of this paper was reported on June 9, 1979 at 27th General Meeting of Japan Society of Chemotherapy (Fukuoka).", "PMID": 513297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10277", "title": "[Experience with cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Having resistance to beta-lactamase-producing strains and showing resistance to not only cephalosporin resistant strains of E. coli and Klebsiella but also to Citrobacter, Proteus and Enterobacter, Cefuroxime (CXM) was used in pediatric field for both fundamental and clinical studies. CXM was found to be a useful antibiotic in views of high clinical efficacy rate obtained and no side effect noted. As for the dose, the single dose of 25 mg/kg achieved sufficient blood levels. Also in view of good clinical effect, the dose of 25 mg/kg three or four times daily seems appropriate for treatment of children.", "contents": "[Experience with cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Having resistance to beta-lactamase-producing strains and showing resistance to not only cephalosporin resistant strains of E. coli and Klebsiella but also to Citrobacter, Proteus and Enterobacter, Cefuroxime (CXM) was used in pediatric field for both fundamental and clinical studies. CXM was found to be a useful antibiotic in views of high clinical efficacy rate obtained and no side effect noted. As for the dose, the single dose of 25 mg/kg achieved sufficient blood levels. Also in view of good clinical effect, the dose of 25 mg/kg three or four times daily seems appropriate for treatment of children.", "PMID": 513298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10278", "title": "[Study of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Cefuroxime (CXM) was studied for absorption and excretion in 4 pediatric patients given one shot intravenous injection of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg. The following serum levels were determined: 24.5 approximately 38.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes (mean 33.3 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml), 10.0 approximately 17.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hours (mean 13.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml), 3.4 approximately 7.6 micrograms/ml at 2 hours (mean 5.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, 0.7 approximately 2.1 micrograms/ml at 4 hours (mean 1.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, 0.1 approximately 0.3 microgram/ml at 6 hours (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram microgram/ml). Half-life (T 1/2) was 0.65 approximately 0.88 hour (mean 0.75 +/- 0.10 hour). Urinary levels were 1,280 approximately 7,100 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 96 approximately 3,400 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 68 approximately 250 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours. Urinary recovery rate at 0 approximately 6 hours was 54.1 approximately 74.4% (mean 61.8 +/- 9.4%). 2. From the study on spinal fluid concentration in pediatric patients with Haemophilus influenzae-induced meningitis, the dose of CXM 52.2 mg/kg was given to 1 pediatric case with this disease by one shot intravenous injection. Spinal fluid levels were presumed as 9.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 6.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. 3. CXM was studied in 19 pediatric patients with bacterial infection for clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and side effect. Clinical result was found good in 1 with purulent meningitis; excellent in 9 out of 15 with acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, and good in remaining 6 cases; good in 2 with acute bronchitis; excellent in 1 with acute pyelonephritis. This represents efficacy (\"excellent\" plus \"good\") rate of 100%. Of 5 strains of H. influenzae presumed as causative organisms, 4 were disappeared and 1 was reduced. Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were disappeared. No side effect was noted in terms of clinical symptom. Laboratory examination showed elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, but these elevated values returned to normal after the end of the CXM treatment.", "contents": "[Study of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 1. Cefuroxime (CXM) was studied for absorption and excretion in 4 pediatric patients given one shot intravenous injection of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg. The following serum levels were determined: 24.5 approximately 38.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes (mean 33.3 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml), 10.0 approximately 17.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hours (mean 13.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml), 3.4 approximately 7.6 micrograms/ml at 2 hours (mean 5.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, 0.7 approximately 2.1 micrograms/ml at 4 hours (mean 1.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, 0.1 approximately 0.3 microgram/ml at 6 hours (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram microgram/ml). Half-life (T 1/2) was 0.65 approximately 0.88 hour (mean 0.75 +/- 0.10 hour). Urinary levels were 1,280 approximately 7,100 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 96 approximately 3,400 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 68 approximately 250 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours. Urinary recovery rate at 0 approximately 6 hours was 54.1 approximately 74.4% (mean 61.8 +/- 9.4%). 2. From the study on spinal fluid concentration in pediatric patients with Haemophilus influenzae-induced meningitis, the dose of CXM 52.2 mg/kg was given to 1 pediatric case with this disease by one shot intravenous injection. Spinal fluid levels were presumed as 9.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 6.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. 3. CXM was studied in 19 pediatric patients with bacterial infection for clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and side effect. Clinical result was found good in 1 with purulent meningitis; excellent in 9 out of 15 with acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, and good in remaining 6 cases; good in 2 with acute bronchitis; excellent in 1 with acute pyelonephritis. This represents efficacy (\"excellent\" plus \"good\") rate of 100%. Of 5 strains of H. influenzae presumed as causative organisms, 4 were disappeared and 1 was reduced. Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were disappeared. No side effect was noted in terms of clinical symptom. Laboratory examination showed elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, but these elevated values returned to normal after the end of the CXM treatment.", "PMID": 513299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10279", "title": "[Treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia saginata infections with aminosidine (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently, it has been known that the aminosidine has marked anthelmintic efficacy against tapeworm. In this investigation, aminosidine was used for treating 14 cases with Ciphyllobothrium latum infection and 5 cases with Taenia saginata infection. Aminosidine was administered orally in a single dose of 50 mg/kg, followed by a purge after the treatment. Fourteen patients with D. latum infection and 5 patients with T. saginata infection expelled long strobila in all cases. Although only 7 scolices of 18 worms of D. latum were found in the stool and no scolex of T. saginata was found, follow-up examination for a long period showed no evidence of remaining infection with one exception of D. latum. Mild nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain were observed in only one of 19 cases given aminosidine. But in the other 18 cases, no side effects were encountered. It was concluded that aminosidine is safe, effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of cestodiasis in man.", "contents": "[Treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia saginata infections with aminosidine (author's transl)]. Recently, it has been known that the aminosidine has marked anthelmintic efficacy against tapeworm. In this investigation, aminosidine was used for treating 14 cases with Ciphyllobothrium latum infection and 5 cases with Taenia saginata infection. Aminosidine was administered orally in a single dose of 50 mg/kg, followed by a purge after the treatment. Fourteen patients with D. latum infection and 5 patients with T. saginata infection expelled long strobila in all cases. Although only 7 scolices of 18 worms of D. latum were found in the stool and no scolex of T. saginata was found, follow-up examination for a long period showed no evidence of remaining infection with one exception of D. latum. Mild nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain were observed in only one of 19 cases given aminosidine. But in the other 18 cases, no side effects were encountered. It was concluded that aminosidine is safe, effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of cestodiasis in man.", "PMID": 513300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10280", "title": "[Studies on small dosage regimen of minocycline in the treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of treating twenty patients with acute urinary tract infections, the toxicity and efficacy of a small dosage regimen (50 mg p.o., t.i.d.) of minocycline were evaluated. No vestibular symptoms attributable to minocycline treatment were observed in any of the cases entered in this study. Adverse reactions included mild nausea in 1 case and urticaria in another case. Minocycline with this dosage regimen sterilized the urine of 90% of patients with acute urinary tract infections.", "contents": "[Studies on small dosage regimen of minocycline in the treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. In the course of treating twenty patients with acute urinary tract infections, the toxicity and efficacy of a small dosage regimen (50 mg p.o., t.i.d.) of minocycline were evaluated. No vestibular symptoms attributable to minocycline treatment were observed in any of the cases entered in this study. Adverse reactions included mild nausea in 1 case and urticaria in another case. Minocycline with this dosage regimen sterilized the urine of 90% of patients with acute urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 513301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10281", "title": "Endotracheal epinephrine in a canine anaphylactic shock model.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if epinephrine administered endotracheally is as effective in treating anaphylactic shock as is intravenously administered epinephrine. An animal model of anaphylactic shock was produced in anesthetized dogs by the intravenous administration of histamine phosphate. Both the endotracheal and intravenous routes of epinephrine administration resulted in efficient and effective reversal of histamine-induced hypotension. At the doses employed, the intravenous administration of epinephrine resulted in the production of significantly (p less than 0.05) greater numbers of ventricular cardiac arrhythmias than did the endotracheal route of administration.", "contents": "Endotracheal epinephrine in a canine anaphylactic shock model. This study was undertaken to determine if epinephrine administered endotracheally is as effective in treating anaphylactic shock as is intravenously administered epinephrine. An animal model of anaphylactic shock was produced in anesthetized dogs by the intravenous administration of histamine phosphate. Both the endotracheal and intravenous routes of epinephrine administration resulted in efficient and effective reversal of histamine-induced hypotension. At the doses employed, the intravenous administration of epinephrine resulted in the production of significantly (p less than 0.05) greater numbers of ventricular cardiac arrhythmias than did the endotracheal route of administration.", "PMID": 513403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10282", "title": "Trauma to the cervical spine.", "content": "Ninety-one patients with cervical injuries treated at the Geisinger Medical Center Emergency Department were reviewed. Most injuries were bony injuries with no evidence of cord injury. Of the 43 cases with cord injury, 56% had partial cord injuries and 44% had complete cord injuries. Clinical presentations of these patients were reviewed. A basic outline of management is discussed.", "contents": "Trauma to the cervical spine. Ninety-one patients with cervical injuries treated at the Geisinger Medical Center Emergency Department were reviewed. Most injuries were bony injuries with no evidence of cord injury. Of the 43 cases with cord injury, 56% had partial cord injuries and 44% had complete cord injuries. Clinical presentations of these patients were reviewed. A basic outline of management is discussed.", "PMID": 513404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10283", "title": "The observation-holding area; a prospective study.", "content": "Although emergency department observation-holding units have been shown to be effective in limiting hospitalizations and improving the accuracy of disposition, the possibility of adverse outcome following discharge from such units has not been addressed. To establish the safety of the unit, a five-month prospective study of all patients admitted to this area was carried out and included long-term follow-up. There were 442 patients admitted. Of these, 78% were discharged improved. Complications in the unit were minimal and there were no deaths. Long-term follow-up revealed four deaths (1%) and four patients (1%) who had complicated hospitalizations. Diagnosis, age, patient condition, and time of admission to the unit were predictive of the need for inpatient hospitalization. We conclude that the observation-holding unit, with appropriate supervision, represents a safe alternative disposition for selected emergency patients.", "contents": "The observation-holding area; a prospective study. Although emergency department observation-holding units have been shown to be effective in limiting hospitalizations and improving the accuracy of disposition, the possibility of adverse outcome following discharge from such units has not been addressed. To establish the safety of the unit, a five-month prospective study of all patients admitted to this area was carried out and included long-term follow-up. There were 442 patients admitted. Of these, 78% were discharged improved. Complications in the unit were minimal and there were no deaths. Long-term follow-up revealed four deaths (1%) and four patients (1%) who had complicated hospitalizations. Diagnosis, age, patient condition, and time of admission to the unit were predictive of the need for inpatient hospitalization. We conclude that the observation-holding unit, with appropriate supervision, represents a safe alternative disposition for selected emergency patients.", "PMID": 513405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10284", "title": "Emergency medical technician (EMT-A) instruction of medical students.", "content": "In 1977 the Department of Anesthesiology of the Medical College of Virginia coordinated a compulsory 72-hour course for first-year medical students fulfilling all requirements of the Department of Transportation and leading to eligibility for certification of the medical student as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-A). We describe the methodology and content of this course, as well as problems encountered and lessons learned. This sound foundation in emergency care concepts will enable the medical student to develop greater competence in critical skills during the clinical years.", "contents": "Emergency medical technician (EMT-A) instruction of medical students. In 1977 the Department of Anesthesiology of the Medical College of Virginia coordinated a compulsory 72-hour course for first-year medical students fulfilling all requirements of the Department of Transportation and leading to eligibility for certification of the medical student as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-A). We describe the methodology and content of this course, as well as problems encountered and lessons learned. This sound foundation in emergency care concepts will enable the medical student to develop greater competence in critical skills during the clinical years.", "PMID": 513406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10285", "title": "Endotracheal epinephrine in cardiorespiratory collapse.", "content": "The endotracheal route for the administration of epinephrine has been studied extensively in dogs. There has been little in the medical literature to document the successful use of this technique in humans. The successful use of endotracheally administered epinephrine in two patients with cardiorespiratory collapse is reported. Specific points concerning endotracheal drugs are discussed and a set of guidelines for clinical use is offered.", "contents": "Endotracheal epinephrine in cardiorespiratory collapse. The endotracheal route for the administration of epinephrine has been studied extensively in dogs. There has been little in the medical literature to document the successful use of this technique in humans. The successful use of endotracheally administered epinephrine in two patients with cardiorespiratory collapse is reported. Specific points concerning endotracheal drugs are discussed and a set of guidelines for clinical use is offered.", "PMID": 513407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10286", "title": "Strychnine intoxication.", "content": "Strychnine intoxication is manifested by agitation, muscle spasms, and convulsions. We report a case in which intractable convulsions led to severe lactic acidosis which secondarily resulted in visceral (lung, heart, kidney, liver, and brain) collapse and death. Aggressive therapy instituted in the emergency department and aimed at control of seizure activity and lactic acidosis may be lifesaving.", "contents": "Strychnine intoxication. Strychnine intoxication is manifested by agitation, muscle spasms, and convulsions. We report a case in which intractable convulsions led to severe lactic acidosis which secondarily resulted in visceral (lung, heart, kidney, liver, and brain) collapse and death. Aggressive therapy instituted in the emergency department and aimed at control of seizure activity and lactic acidosis may be lifesaving.", "PMID": 513408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10287", "title": "Hypothermia: quantitative aspects of therapy.", "content": "Quantitative aspects of various methods of warming are presented comparing the peripheral method of warm bath immersion to the central method of ventilation with heated water-saturated air, infusion of warmed intravenous solutions, peritoneal lavage with warmed solutions, and hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass. The need to convert arterial blood gas results for body temperature is emphasized. Two cases demonstrate combined use of peripheral warming using warming mattress and blankets and central warming with ventilation and infusion.", "contents": "Hypothermia: quantitative aspects of therapy. Quantitative aspects of various methods of warming are presented comparing the peripheral method of warm bath immersion to the central method of ventilation with heated water-saturated air, infusion of warmed intravenous solutions, peritoneal lavage with warmed solutions, and hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass. The need to convert arterial blood gas results for body temperature is emphasized. Two cases demonstrate combined use of peripheral warming using warming mattress and blankets and central warming with ventilation and infusion.", "PMID": 513409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10288", "title": "External rotation method of shoulder dislocation reduction.", "content": "We used the external rotation method for reducing anterior shoulder dislocations on 85 consecutive patients seen in our emergency department during a one-year period. In relatively inexperienced hands, the external rotation method was successful on first attempt in 80% of cases. There were no complications attributable to the technique itself. We feel that it is a successful, easy, and atraumatic method of achieving reduction in both first occurrence and recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations.", "contents": "External rotation method of shoulder dislocation reduction. We used the external rotation method for reducing anterior shoulder dislocations on 85 consecutive patients seen in our emergency department during a one-year period. In relatively inexperienced hands, the external rotation method was successful on first attempt in 80% of cases. There were no complications attributable to the technique itself. We feel that it is a successful, easy, and atraumatic method of achieving reduction in both first occurrence and recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations.", "PMID": 513410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10289", "title": "Suspected esophageal foreign body -- choosing appropriate management.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of probable esophageal or pharyngeal foreign body seen at an emergency service were studied retrospectively, using 15 predetermined factors chosen to detect or anticipate the acute consequences of foreign body ingestion. Three findings were particularly predictive: 1) foreign body visualized directly or on plain x-ray films; 2) hypersalivation; 3) obstruction or foreign body image in the esophagus on barium swallow. No patient with none of these three abnormal findings, even in the presence of localized pain increased by swallowing, received further treatment, and no complications developed. All patients with any one of these three findings underwent direct foreign body removal (four cases) or esophagoscopy (11 cases). Five esophageal foreign bodies passed spontaneously into the stomach before esophagoscopy; four foreign bodies were removed, and two esophagi were abnormal (stricture, myasthenia gravis). In two cases no foreign body was found. Hypersalivation was the only finding always associated with an abnormal esophagoscopy. Particular attention must be paid to the interpretation of plain x-ray films, with regard to probable foreign body location at the cricopharyngeal constriction and to indirect signs such as fluid levels, soft tissue swelling, free air, if small foreign bodies are not to be missed.", "contents": "Suspected esophageal foreign body -- choosing appropriate management. Twenty-two cases of probable esophageal or pharyngeal foreign body seen at an emergency service were studied retrospectively, using 15 predetermined factors chosen to detect or anticipate the acute consequences of foreign body ingestion. Three findings were particularly predictive: 1) foreign body visualized directly or on plain x-ray films; 2) hypersalivation; 3) obstruction or foreign body image in the esophagus on barium swallow. No patient with none of these three abnormal findings, even in the presence of localized pain increased by swallowing, received further treatment, and no complications developed. All patients with any one of these three findings underwent direct foreign body removal (four cases) or esophagoscopy (11 cases). Five esophageal foreign bodies passed spontaneously into the stomach before esophagoscopy; four foreign bodies were removed, and two esophagi were abnormal (stricture, myasthenia gravis). In two cases no foreign body was found. Hypersalivation was the only finding always associated with an abnormal esophagoscopy. Particular attention must be paid to the interpretation of plain x-ray films, with regard to probable foreign body location at the cricopharyngeal constriction and to indirect signs such as fluid levels, soft tissue swelling, free air, if small foreign bodies are not to be missed.", "PMID": 513415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10290", "title": "Comparative evaluation of the effect of a high yield criteria list upon skull radiography.", "content": "Based on results of studies using high yield criteria to determine the need for skull radiography, the Utilization Review Committee of the University Hospital (UH), University of Washington, Seattle implemented a policy encouraging use of the criteria in ordering skull radiology. The Bureau of Radiologic Health of the FDA supported a project comparing skull radiology use patterns at UH, with the high yield criteria policy, and Harborview Medical Center (HMC), without a policy. Results showed an increase of around 60% at HMC since the 1972--73 academic year. At UH, there was a decrease of 40% since the 1972--73 academic year. At HMC a medical record review showed only 51 positive reports that significantly contributed to patient care, about the same rate observed in 1967. At the UH, only nine positive reports significantly contributed to patient care, with 62% compliance with the high yield criteria. A current demonstration project under the auspices of the Washington State Professional Standards Review Organization and Bureau of Radiologic Health involves implementing the high yield criteria list at both HMC and UH. After three months, out of 6,003 patient visits, skull radiography was deemed necessary in 518 cases. Of this total 181 had high yield criteria checked. There were 37 positive reports out of these and 23 examinations that made a documented significant contribution to patient care. In the group without high yield criteria, 434 cases, there were 22 positive reports but no significant contribution to patient care documented after four weeks.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of the effect of a high yield criteria list upon skull radiography. Based on results of studies using high yield criteria to determine the need for skull radiography, the Utilization Review Committee of the University Hospital (UH), University of Washington, Seattle implemented a policy encouraging use of the criteria in ordering skull radiology. The Bureau of Radiologic Health of the FDA supported a project comparing skull radiology use patterns at UH, with the high yield criteria policy, and Harborview Medical Center (HMC), without a policy. Results showed an increase of around 60% at HMC since the 1972--73 academic year. At UH, there was a decrease of 40% since the 1972--73 academic year. At HMC a medical record review showed only 51 positive reports that significantly contributed to patient care, about the same rate observed in 1967. At the UH, only nine positive reports significantly contributed to patient care, with 62% compliance with the high yield criteria. A current demonstration project under the auspices of the Washington State Professional Standards Review Organization and Bureau of Radiologic Health involves implementing the high yield criteria list at both HMC and UH. After three months, out of 6,003 patient visits, skull radiography was deemed necessary in 518 cases. Of this total 181 had high yield criteria checked. There were 37 positive reports out of these and 23 examinations that made a documented significant contribution to patient care. In the group without high yield criteria, 434 cases, there were 22 positive reports but no significant contribution to patient care documented after four weeks.", "PMID": 513416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10291", "title": "Teaching emergency department administration: the in-basket exercise.", "content": "Borrowing from formats that have been successfully used in teaching administrators, we developed a limited, time-dependent simulation model, the In-Basket Exercise for teaching emergency department administration. The exercise is designed as an introduction to nonclinical decisions, management communication, and managerial control. Using selected material, and under time constraints, participants are asked to describe the options for several types of administrative items. These options and decisions are then discussed within a group. The In-Basket Exercise has been well received as a simple new tool for teaching emergency department administration where existing methods are generally deficient.", "contents": "Teaching emergency department administration: the in-basket exercise. Borrowing from formats that have been successfully used in teaching administrators, we developed a limited, time-dependent simulation model, the In-Basket Exercise for teaching emergency department administration. The exercise is designed as an introduction to nonclinical decisions, management communication, and managerial control. Using selected material, and under time constraints, participants are asked to describe the options for several types of administrative items. These options and decisions are then discussed within a group. The In-Basket Exercise has been well received as a simple new tool for teaching emergency department administration where existing methods are generally deficient.", "PMID": 513417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10292", "title": "Self-administered nitrous oxide: an adjunct analgesic.", "content": "In a pilot study of 26 patients, a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (N2O-O2) appeared to be an effective and safe analgesic for the incision and drainage of closed-space infections. The analgesic effect of N2O-O2, as measured by a Mean Analgesic Index, is augmented by both amnesic and dissociative effects, ie, patients remembered experiencing significantly less pain than they complained of during the procedure (p less than .01) and reported significantly more pain than they appeared to be having, as recorded by an observer (p less than .01). The patient's recollected pain, however, correlated well (r = .68) with the observer's assessment. Forty-two percent of patients had undergone a similar or identical procedure in the past without the benefit of N2O-O2 and made uniformly favorable comparative statement concerning the analgesic effect of the gas.", "contents": "Self-administered nitrous oxide: an adjunct analgesic. In a pilot study of 26 patients, a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (N2O-O2) appeared to be an effective and safe analgesic for the incision and drainage of closed-space infections. The analgesic effect of N2O-O2, as measured by a Mean Analgesic Index, is augmented by both amnesic and dissociative effects, ie, patients remembered experiencing significantly less pain than they complained of during the procedure (p less than .01) and reported significantly more pain than they appeared to be having, as recorded by an observer (p less than .01). The patient's recollected pain, however, correlated well (r = .68) with the observer's assessment. Forty-two percent of patients had undergone a similar or identical procedure in the past without the benefit of N2O-O2 and made uniformly favorable comparative statement concerning the analgesic effect of the gas.", "PMID": 513425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10293", "title": "Acute poisoning from over-the-counter sleep preparations.", "content": "All cases received by the Rocky Mountain Poison Center involving over-the-counter (OTC) sleep preparations were studied during an 18-month period to elucidate 1) the range of toxicity; 2) characteristic symptoms, and 3) the time of onset of symptoms. In 155 cases reviewed retrospectively, the three most commonly ingested agents were Sominex, Nytol and Sleepeze. Multiple ingestions were also involved. Symptomatology was equally divided among no symptoms, mild symptoms and possible life-threatening symptoms. The least amount taken to produce possible life-threatening symptoms was 16 Sominex, 18 Nytol and 15 Sleepeze, although the average amount producing the same symptoms was approximately twice that. These symptoms were seen within six hours in all but three of the 39 cases presenting with these symptoms. There were no deaths.", "contents": "Acute poisoning from over-the-counter sleep preparations. All cases received by the Rocky Mountain Poison Center involving over-the-counter (OTC) sleep preparations were studied during an 18-month period to elucidate 1) the range of toxicity; 2) characteristic symptoms, and 3) the time of onset of symptoms. In 155 cases reviewed retrospectively, the three most commonly ingested agents were Sominex, Nytol and Sleepeze. Multiple ingestions were also involved. Symptomatology was equally divided among no symptoms, mild symptoms and possible life-threatening symptoms. The least amount taken to produce possible life-threatening symptoms was 16 Sominex, 18 Nytol and 15 Sleepeze, although the average amount producing the same symptoms was approximately twice that. These symptoms were seen within six hours in all but three of the 39 cases presenting with these symptoms. There were no deaths.", "PMID": 513426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10294", "title": "Mucus-stimulating substances in human body fluids assayed in an invertebrate mucous cell system.", "content": "An in vitro cell system has been shown to respond differentially to body fluids from normal subjects and from those with disorders of mucus secretion. The urn cell complex of the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus responds to mucus-stimulating substances (MSS) in normal human lacrimal fluids and stool filtrates by producing mucus. The process of mucus secretion can be directly observed, and the amount produced can be measured, in a calibrated light microscope. MSS are decreased in lacrimal fluids of patients with dry-eye conditions, while they are periodically increased in filtered stools of patients with acute Shigella dysentery and acute cholera. MSS are remarkably increased isotonic dilutions of sera of rabbits with acute mucoid enteritis, but are absent from sera of normal rabbits. MSS are present in isotonic dilutions of normal human sera which are heated to 85 degrees C for 4 minutes, but are absent from similarly processed sera of immunosuppressed patients. Mean MSS values of heated sera of children with cystic fibrosis are higher than those of controls. The active factor in tears and serum is a large molecule and is heat-stable.", "contents": "Mucus-stimulating substances in human body fluids assayed in an invertebrate mucous cell system. An in vitro cell system has been shown to respond differentially to body fluids from normal subjects and from those with disorders of mucus secretion. The urn cell complex of the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus responds to mucus-stimulating substances (MSS) in normal human lacrimal fluids and stool filtrates by producing mucus. The process of mucus secretion can be directly observed, and the amount produced can be measured, in a calibrated light microscope. MSS are decreased in lacrimal fluids of patients with dry-eye conditions, while they are periodically increased in filtered stools of patients with acute Shigella dysentery and acute cholera. MSS are remarkably increased isotonic dilutions of sera of rabbits with acute mucoid enteritis, but are absent from sera of normal rabbits. MSS are present in isotonic dilutions of normal human sera which are heated to 85 degrees C for 4 minutes, but are absent from similarly processed sera of immunosuppressed patients. Mean MSS values of heated sera of children with cystic fibrosis are higher than those of controls. The active factor in tears and serum is a large molecule and is heat-stable.", "PMID": 513427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10295", "title": "Alkaptonuria.", "content": "Alkaptonuria is found relatively frequently in Slovakia, Eastern Czechoslovakia (1 in 25,000 inhabitants). Reported herein are the clinical, radiographic, and biochemical aspects and genetics of 126 patients with alkaptonuria. Forty-seven were diagnosed in childhood; the sequential appearance of each manifestation is documented by decade. A simple screening method for this disorder is described. Pedigree analyses confirm recessive inheritance. Possible genetic and sociologic factors responsible for this high frequency of alkaptonuria are discussed.", "contents": "Alkaptonuria. Alkaptonuria is found relatively frequently in Slovakia, Eastern Czechoslovakia (1 in 25,000 inhabitants). Reported herein are the clinical, radiographic, and biochemical aspects and genetics of 126 patients with alkaptonuria. Forty-seven were diagnosed in childhood; the sequential appearance of each manifestation is documented by decade. A simple screening method for this disorder is described. Pedigree analyses confirm recessive inheritance. Possible genetic and sociologic factors responsible for this high frequency of alkaptonuria are discussed.", "PMID": 513428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10296", "title": "Digoxin -- quinidine interaction.", "content": "A patient with chronic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, receiving maintenance doses of digoxin, was admitted for addition of quinidine therapy. With stable serum digoxin levels, the institution of oral quinidine sulfate resulted in a rise in the serum digoxin level in less than 24 hours. The serum digoxin concentration increased more than threefold before digoxin was discontinued. The rise and fall of the digoxin serum concentration appeared to correlate directly with an increase and decrease in the PR interval. With the reinstitution of digoxin at lower doses, apparently stable therapeutic levels of both digoxin and quinidine were achieved. However, discontinuation of quinidine alone was followed by a prompt fall in the serum digoxin level. This study demonstrates that quinidine produces a significant increase in the serum digoxin level. The increased digoxin concentration appears to correlate with enhanced electrophysiologic effects of digoxin and emphasizes the caution required when these two drugs are used simultaneously.", "contents": "Digoxin -- quinidine interaction. A patient with chronic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, receiving maintenance doses of digoxin, was admitted for addition of quinidine therapy. With stable serum digoxin levels, the institution of oral quinidine sulfate resulted in a rise in the serum digoxin level in less than 24 hours. The serum digoxin concentration increased more than threefold before digoxin was discontinued. The rise and fall of the digoxin serum concentration appeared to correlate directly with an increase and decrease in the PR interval. With the reinstitution of digoxin at lower doses, apparently stable therapeutic levels of both digoxin and quinidine were achieved. However, discontinuation of quinidine alone was followed by a prompt fall in the serum digoxin level. This study demonstrates that quinidine produces a significant increase in the serum digoxin level. The increased digoxin concentration appears to correlate with enhanced electrophysiologic effects of digoxin and emphasizes the caution required when these two drugs are used simultaneously.", "PMID": 513429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10297", "title": "An alternative method for proximal placement of the heparin-coated tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) shunt.", "content": "An alternative method for proximal placement of the heparin-coated tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) shunt is described. A side arm is sewn on the grafts and the proximal shunt is inserted. The distal cannulation is done in the usual fashion. This provides an additional site of proximal cannulation and increases its versatility.", "contents": "An alternative method for proximal placement of the heparin-coated tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) shunt. An alternative method for proximal placement of the heparin-coated tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) shunt is described. A side arm is sewn on the grafts and the proximal shunt is inserted. The distal cannulation is done in the usual fashion. This provides an additional site of proximal cannulation and increases its versatility.", "PMID": 513430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10298", "title": "[Current problems in the surgical treatment of acquired mitral heart defect].", "content": "The experience of 22 years in the surgical management of patients with mitral valvular disease is discussed. A total of 7,122 operations was carried out, among which 6,810 were performed by the closed method and 244 under conditions of extracorporeal circulation. The principal ways for improving the immediate and late postoperative results are discussed.", "contents": "[Current problems in the surgical treatment of acquired mitral heart defect]. The experience of 22 years in the surgical management of patients with mitral valvular disease is discussed. A total of 7,122 operations was carried out, among which 6,810 were performed by the closed method and 244 under conditions of extracorporeal circulation. The principal ways for improving the immediate and late postoperative results are discussed.", "PMID": 513453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10299", "title": "[Late results of mitral commissurotomies].", "content": "The late results of 1,205 operations for mitral commissurotomy were studied. The investigation embraced 88.3% of patients discharged from the clinic after surgery. The follow-up period was 8 years and 9 months on average. The late postoperative result was good in 47%, satisfactory in 26.4%, and poor in 16.4% of patients. Late mortality was 10.2%; 75% of patients were alive 15 years after the operation. The effect of the stage of the disease, the volume of the reverse blood flow on the mitral valve and the presence and extent of its calcification on the late results of the operation was studied. Longterm follow-up testifies to the high efficacy of closed mitral commissurotomy.", "contents": "[Late results of mitral commissurotomies]. The late results of 1,205 operations for mitral commissurotomy were studied. The investigation embraced 88.3% of patients discharged from the clinic after surgery. The follow-up period was 8 years and 9 months on average. The late postoperative result was good in 47%, satisfactory in 26.4%, and poor in 16.4% of patients. Late mortality was 10.2%; 75% of patients were alive 15 years after the operation. The effect of the stage of the disease, the volume of the reverse blood flow on the mitral valve and the presence and extent of its calcification on the late results of the operation was studied. Longterm follow-up testifies to the high efficacy of closed mitral commissurotomy.", "PMID": 513454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10300", "title": "[Problems of rehabilitating patients who have undergone a mitral commissurotomy].", "content": "The article analyses the course of the rheumatic process in 241 patients who underwent mitral commissurotomy. Study was conducted at the same time of the volume of antirecurrence antirheumatic treatment applied before and after operation and its importance in the prevention of exacerbations of rheumatism in late postoperative periods. Analysis was made of the working capacity of 241 patients in follow-up periods of one to 20 years after operation and the individual tolerance to physical exertion was determined in 52 patients. It was found that the maximum number of individuals in occupation (62.3%) is encountered in the period from 5 to 11--12 years.", "contents": "[Problems of rehabilitating patients who have undergone a mitral commissurotomy]. The article analyses the course of the rheumatic process in 241 patients who underwent mitral commissurotomy. Study was conducted at the same time of the volume of antirecurrence antirheumatic treatment applied before and after operation and its importance in the prevention of exacerbations of rheumatism in late postoperative periods. Analysis was made of the working capacity of 241 patients in follow-up periods of one to 20 years after operation and the individual tolerance to physical exertion was determined in 52 patients. It was found that the maximum number of individuals in occupation (62.3%) is encountered in the period from 5 to 11--12 years.", "PMID": 513456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10301", "title": "[Congenital heart defects in persons over 16].", "content": "The authors had under their observation 389 patients over 16 years of age with congenital heart diseases, 157 of whom were operated on. The specific features of the diagnosis, course, and operative treatment of the most commonly encountered congenital heart disease among adults were studied. Peculiarities were revealed in the clinical symptomatology in adults with congenital heart diseases complicated by pulmonary hypertension. The authors discuss the problems of rehabilitation of adults who had been operated on, in the light of the study of the late postoperative results.", "contents": "[Congenital heart defects in persons over 16]. The authors had under their observation 389 patients over 16 years of age with congenital heart diseases, 157 of whom were operated on. The specific features of the diagnosis, course, and operative treatment of the most commonly encountered congenital heart disease among adults were studied. Peculiarities were revealed in the clinical symptomatology in adults with congenital heart diseases complicated by pulmonary hypertension. The authors discuss the problems of rehabilitation of adults who had been operated on, in the light of the study of the late postoperative results.", "PMID": 513457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10302", "title": "[Physical activity and work capacity of patients in the late periods after the surgical correction of pulmonary stenosis].", "content": "From analysis of the data on the physical activity and working capacity of 162 patients with valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery and tetraology of Fallot before and after correction of the anomaly, it was found that only 26.5% of patients have good physical resources before operation. In the late periods after effective correction of the defect in all grades of stenosis and even in secondary stenosis of the right conus arteriosus, reverse dynamics of functional disorders occurs and high physical activity is restored in more than 90% of patients.", "contents": "[Physical activity and work capacity of patients in the late periods after the surgical correction of pulmonary stenosis]. From analysis of the data on the physical activity and working capacity of 162 patients with valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery and tetraology of Fallot before and after correction of the anomaly, it was found that only 26.5% of patients have good physical resources before operation. In the late periods after effective correction of the defect in all grades of stenosis and even in secondary stenosis of the right conus arteriosus, reverse dynamics of functional disorders occurs and high physical activity is restored in more than 90% of patients.", "PMID": 513458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10303", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the overall therapy of chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Seventy-seven patients with chronic ischemic heart disease were treated in single-seater oxygen hyperbaric chambers; 52 patients had angina pectoris of effort or angina of effort and at rest while 25 patients with macrofocal postinfarction cardiosclerosis had insufficiency of pulmonary or systemic circulation. Treatment consisted of 12--15 procedures. The use of hyperbaric oxygenation in a complex with drug therapy makes it possible to alleviate or arrest the attack of angina pectoris and relieve considerably the symptoms of cardiac decompensation. The initial condition of central hemodynamics affects greatly the results of barotherapy. Normal parameters of hemodynamics hardly change after treatment. At the same time, in patients with markedly reduced myocardial contractility hyperbaric oxygenation causes evident positive changes in hemodynamics. The combination of hyperbaric oxygenation with drug therapy improves the effect of treatment significantly.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the overall therapy of chronic ischemic heart disease]. Seventy-seven patients with chronic ischemic heart disease were treated in single-seater oxygen hyperbaric chambers; 52 patients had angina pectoris of effort or angina of effort and at rest while 25 patients with macrofocal postinfarction cardiosclerosis had insufficiency of pulmonary or systemic circulation. Treatment consisted of 12--15 procedures. The use of hyperbaric oxygenation in a complex with drug therapy makes it possible to alleviate or arrest the attack of angina pectoris and relieve considerably the symptoms of cardiac decompensation. The initial condition of central hemodynamics affects greatly the results of barotherapy. Normal parameters of hemodynamics hardly change after treatment. At the same time, in patients with markedly reduced myocardial contractility hyperbaric oxygenation causes evident positive changes in hemodynamics. The combination of hyperbaric oxygenation with drug therapy improves the effect of treatment significantly.", "PMID": 513459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10304", "title": "[Blood serum lipoprotein spectrum in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The lipoprotein spectrum was studied in polyacrylamide gel and by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel in 236 patients with myocardial infarction in different periods of the disease, in 45 patients with unstable angina pectoris, in 75 healthy persons and in 8 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction. Besides an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides and a decrease in the level of diglycerides in blood serum, there is a disturbance in the ratio of phospholipid fractions, mainly in myocardial infarction. The level of pre-beta-lipoproteins was increased in the acute period of myocardial infarction, the level of beta-lipoproteins in the subacute period. Complications and concomitant inflammatory diseases were attended by a higher level of beta-lipoproteins. A connection was noted between the lipoprotein spectrum, predominantly of the pre-beta-fraction, and the ABO phenotype and the season.", "contents": "[Blood serum lipoprotein spectrum in myocardial infarct]. The lipoprotein spectrum was studied in polyacrylamide gel and by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel in 236 patients with myocardial infarction in different periods of the disease, in 45 patients with unstable angina pectoris, in 75 healthy persons and in 8 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction. Besides an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides and a decrease in the level of diglycerides in blood serum, there is a disturbance in the ratio of phospholipid fractions, mainly in myocardial infarction. The level of pre-beta-lipoproteins was increased in the acute period of myocardial infarction, the level of beta-lipoproteins in the subacute period. Complications and concomitant inflammatory diseases were attended by a higher level of beta-lipoproteins. A connection was noted between the lipoprotein spectrum, predominantly of the pre-beta-fraction, and the ABO phenotype and the season.", "PMID": 513460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10305", "title": "[Metabolic manifestations of myocardial ischemia in the cardialgia syndrome of varying origin (study data on lactate from the coronary sinus, the precardiac stimulation test and coronary angiography)].", "content": "Twenty-one patients with various myocardial lesions (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, noncoronarogenous cardialgias) were examined. The atrial stimulation test with collection of blood specimen from the coronary sinus and determination of arteriovenous difference by lactate was conducted. It was established that the beginning of lactate production is the most early and significant sign of myocardial ischemia and is of considerable differential-diagnostic and prognostic value.", "contents": "[Metabolic manifestations of myocardial ischemia in the cardialgia syndrome of varying origin (study data on lactate from the coronary sinus, the precardiac stimulation test and coronary angiography)]. Twenty-one patients with various myocardial lesions (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, noncoronarogenous cardialgias) were examined. The atrial stimulation test with collection of blood specimen from the coronary sinus and determination of arteriovenous difference by lactate was conducted. It was established that the beginning of lactate production is the most early and significant sign of myocardial ischemia and is of considerable differential-diagnostic and prognostic value.", "PMID": 513461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10306", "title": "[Express evaluation of the contractile state of the myocardium after heart operations].", "content": "By means of the method of long-term catheterization of the cardiac chambers, the authors studied the dynamics of changes in the shape of the intraventricular pressure curves after correction of congenital and acquired heart diseases. Analysis revealed three main types of pressure curves. With the development of myocardial insufficiency under conditions of normal pressure, pressure curves characteristic of hypertension of pulmonary circulation were recorded in the right ventricle. The absence of abnormalities in pulmonary circulation made it possible to demonstrate a direct dependence of the shape of the curves on the contractile condition of the myocardium, which is valuable in the rapid diagnosis of myocardial insufficiency.", "contents": "[Express evaluation of the contractile state of the myocardium after heart operations]. By means of the method of long-term catheterization of the cardiac chambers, the authors studied the dynamics of changes in the shape of the intraventricular pressure curves after correction of congenital and acquired heart diseases. Analysis revealed three main types of pressure curves. With the development of myocardial insufficiency under conditions of normal pressure, pressure curves characteristic of hypertension of pulmonary circulation were recorded in the right ventricle. The absence of abnormalities in pulmonary circulation made it possible to demonstrate a direct dependence of the shape of the curves on the contractile condition of the myocardium, which is valuable in the rapid diagnosis of myocardial insufficiency.", "PMID": 513462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10307", "title": "[Changes in the contractile function of the myocardium in various methods of excluding the heart from the circulation during the surgical correction of acquired heart defects].", "content": "Changes in myocardial contractile function were studied during 46 operations with extracorporeal circulation on patients with acquired heart diseases; the operations were performed with the use of cold cardioplegia and electrical fibrillation of the heart. The dependence of the decrease in myocardial contractilicy on the method of cardioplegia, the duration of the heart arrest, and the parameters of extracorporeal circulation is analysed. The results obtained are evidence that it is necessary to improve the method for protecting the myocardium during operations with extracorpeal circulation.", "contents": "[Changes in the contractile function of the myocardium in various methods of excluding the heart from the circulation during the surgical correction of acquired heart defects]. Changes in myocardial contractile function were studied during 46 operations with extracorporeal circulation on patients with acquired heart diseases; the operations were performed with the use of cold cardioplegia and electrical fibrillation of the heart. The dependence of the decrease in myocardial contractilicy on the method of cardioplegia, the duration of the heart arrest, and the parameters of extracorporeal circulation is analysed. The results obtained are evidence that it is necessary to improve the method for protecting the myocardium during operations with extracorpeal circulation.", "PMID": 513463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10308", "title": "[Trauma to the blood during assisted circulation].", "content": "Trauma inflicted to blood in different method of assisted circulation was studied in experiments and in the clinic. Morphological disturbances of red blood cells and changes in their aggregation properties were revealed. Left ventricular shunt and aorto-aortic counter-pulsation are attended with increased aggregation properties of blood platelets. Aorta-aortic counter-pulsation causes a greater damaging effect than shunting of the left ventricle. Counter-pulsation by means of a balloon pump is attended with least hemolysis.", "contents": "[Trauma to the blood during assisted circulation]. Trauma inflicted to blood in different method of assisted circulation was studied in experiments and in the clinic. Morphological disturbances of red blood cells and changes in their aggregation properties were revealed. Left ventricular shunt and aorto-aortic counter-pulsation are attended with increased aggregation properties of blood platelets. Aorta-aortic counter-pulsation causes a greater damaging effect than shunting of the left ventricle. Counter-pulsation by means of a balloon pump is attended with least hemolysis.", "PMID": 513464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10309", "title": "[Basic courses of approach to the surgical treatment of postinfarct defects of the interventricular septum].", "content": "The authors studied 20 patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defects; among them 9 had been operated on and 2 of these patients died. Eleven patients did not undergo operation, 10 of them died. All patients subjected to operation had severe circulatory insufficiency; in 3 the septal defect was of nor more than one month's duration. Patients whose condition was particularly severe were subjected to intubation, catheterization of the heart, left ventriculo- and coronarography, and after the operation has been planned they were operated on on the same day. Some patients who could move about but who also suffered from circulatory insufficiency were operated on according to the planned schedule. In 10 patients who had died without being operated on the anatomy of the defect and the condition of coronary circulation were examined. The authors contend that before undertaking an operation it is necessary to assess the patient's condition and the possibility of operating on him and determine the role of the ventricular septal defect and the hemodynamic disturbances consequent upon the infarction; all cardiac lesions should be corrected during the operation. Besides closure of the defect and resection of an aneurysm 2 patients also underwent operation for aorticocoronary shunt.", "contents": "[Basic courses of approach to the surgical treatment of postinfarct defects of the interventricular septum]. The authors studied 20 patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defects; among them 9 had been operated on and 2 of these patients died. Eleven patients did not undergo operation, 10 of them died. All patients subjected to operation had severe circulatory insufficiency; in 3 the septal defect was of nor more than one month's duration. Patients whose condition was particularly severe were subjected to intubation, catheterization of the heart, left ventriculo- and coronarography, and after the operation has been planned they were operated on on the same day. Some patients who could move about but who also suffered from circulatory insufficiency were operated on according to the planned schedule. In 10 patients who had died without being operated on the anatomy of the defect and the condition of coronary circulation were examined. The authors contend that before undertaking an operation it is necessary to assess the patient's condition and the possibility of operating on him and determine the role of the ventricular septal defect and the hemodynamic disturbances consequent upon the infarction; all cardiac lesions should be corrected during the operation. Besides closure of the defect and resection of an aneurysm 2 patients also underwent operation for aorticocoronary shunt.", "PMID": 513465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10310", "title": "[Sympathetic-adrenal and enterochromaffin systems and homeostatic indices in open-heart surgical operations under morphine anesthesia].", "content": "Catecholamine, serotonin and histamine metabolism and the level of acid metabolites and the activity of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and catalse in blood were studied in patients with congenital heart disease who were operated on under conditions of extracorporeal circulation and morphine anesthesia. The results obtained were compared with the values of acid-base balance, haemodynamics and volume of diuresis. It wwas found that the period of morphine induction was marked by a significant increase in the blood plasma noradrenalin content in the absence of essential changes in the other biochemical and hemodynamic indices studied. No significant changes were noted in the systems of neurohumoral and tissue regulation, indices of the redox processes and renal excretion in the most traumatic periods of the operation. The data obtained allow morphine to be accepted as an anesthetic which provides adequate protection of the organism from operative trauma.", "contents": "[Sympathetic-adrenal and enterochromaffin systems and homeostatic indices in open-heart surgical operations under morphine anesthesia]. Catecholamine, serotonin and histamine metabolism and the level of acid metabolites and the activity of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and catalse in blood were studied in patients with congenital heart disease who were operated on under conditions of extracorporeal circulation and morphine anesthesia. The results obtained were compared with the values of acid-base balance, haemodynamics and volume of diuresis. It wwas found that the period of morphine induction was marked by a significant increase in the blood plasma noradrenalin content in the absence of essential changes in the other biochemical and hemodynamic indices studied. No significant changes were noted in the systems of neurohumoral and tissue regulation, indices of the redox processes and renal excretion in the most traumatic periods of the operation. The data obtained allow morphine to be accepted as an anesthetic which provides adequate protection of the organism from operative trauma.", "PMID": 513466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10311", "title": "[Use of correlation analysis of clinical biochemical indices for a study of the pathogenesis of acute arterial obstruction].", "content": "The role of serotonin, histamine, and the kallikrein-kinin system in acute arterial occlusion during ischemia was studied from the standpoint of multivariate correlation analysis. The mechanisms of their participation in the genesis of pathophysiological disorders in the organism in acute arterial occlusion are discussed. The important role of serotonin and the kallikrein inhibitor in this pathological condition is shown.", "contents": "[Use of correlation analysis of clinical biochemical indices for a study of the pathogenesis of acute arterial obstruction]. The role of serotonin, histamine, and the kallikrein-kinin system in acute arterial occlusion during ischemia was studied from the standpoint of multivariate correlation analysis. The mechanisms of their participation in the genesis of pathophysiological disorders in the organism in acute arterial occlusion are discussed. The important role of serotonin and the kallikrein inhibitor in this pathological condition is shown.", "PMID": 513467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10312", "title": "[Effect of auxilliary orthograde perfusion on lesser circulation hemodynamics].", "content": "The causes of disorders of the venous return of blood to the heart in development of acute experimental cardiovascular insufficiency were studied. It was established that grave hemodynamic disturbances in pulmonary circulation are the consequence but not the cause of the sharp decrease of venous blood return to the heart with the development of acute cardiovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of auxilliary orthograde perfusion on lesser circulation hemodynamics]. The causes of disorders of the venous return of blood to the heart in development of acute experimental cardiovascular insufficiency were studied. It was established that grave hemodynamic disturbances in pulmonary circulation are the consequence but not the cause of the sharp decrease of venous blood return to the heart with the development of acute cardiovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 513468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10313", "title": "[Behavioral factors in the problem of treating arterial hypertension].", "content": "The paper deals with the role of the psychological factors in the control of arterial hypertension in the population. The attitude of the population towards their own health and possible medical intervention--these are the factors. It is proved that the negative attitude can low down the efficiency of the public health effort in the revealment and systematic management of hypertensives. Special attention is paid to the discussion of the role of the psychological factors in the pathogenesis of the essential hypertension. Personality traits of the patients with different forms and course of arterial hypertension (symptomatic included) are considered. Strategy and psychological intervention methods in essential hypertension control in order to increase the treatment efficiency are also discussed. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach which envisages routine hypertensive drugs, beta-blocker, psychotropic agents and relaxatiion technique, causal-pathogenetic psychotherapy methods, psychosocial intervention is stressed.", "contents": "[Behavioral factors in the problem of treating arterial hypertension]. The paper deals with the role of the psychological factors in the control of arterial hypertension in the population. The attitude of the population towards their own health and possible medical intervention--these are the factors. It is proved that the negative attitude can low down the efficiency of the public health effort in the revealment and systematic management of hypertensives. Special attention is paid to the discussion of the role of the psychological factors in the pathogenesis of the essential hypertension. Personality traits of the patients with different forms and course of arterial hypertension (symptomatic included) are considered. Strategy and psychological intervention methods in essential hypertension control in order to increase the treatment efficiency are also discussed. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach which envisages routine hypertensive drugs, beta-blocker, psychotropic agents and relaxatiion technique, causal-pathogenetic psychotherapy methods, psychosocial intervention is stressed.", "PMID": 513471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10314", "title": "[Nature of the reaction of blood plasma steroid hormones in hypertension to various types of stimulation].", "content": "Fifteen healthy persons and 31 patients with essential hypertension whose ages ranged from 18 to 45 were examined. The basal level of three steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol) in blood plasma and their level after loading (walking, furosemid and rest, furosemid and walking) were studied by the radioimmune method. It is shown that in comparison with healthy individuals, patients with essential hypertension are marked by a change in the ratio of the pressor (aldosterone, cortisol) to the depressor (progesterone) hormones in blood plasma during loading. In different types of loading, no direct correlation was found, on the whole, between the degree of the reactions of aldosterone and renin in healthy individuals and in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Nature of the reaction of blood plasma steroid hormones in hypertension to various types of stimulation]. Fifteen healthy persons and 31 patients with essential hypertension whose ages ranged from 18 to 45 were examined. The basal level of three steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol) in blood plasma and their level after loading (walking, furosemid and rest, furosemid and walking) were studied by the radioimmune method. It is shown that in comparison with healthy individuals, patients with essential hypertension are marked by a change in the ratio of the pressor (aldosterone, cortisol) to the depressor (progesterone) hormones in blood plasma during loading. In different types of loading, no direct correlation was found, on the whole, between the degree of the reactions of aldosterone and renin in healthy individuals and in patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 513472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10315", "title": "[Clinical aspects of hypertensive crises].", "content": "Hypertensive crises were studied in 80 patients. In severe cases the ECG provided evidence of systolic overloading of the left ventricle with intensification of coronary circulation and development of acute myocardial ischemia. Phase analysis showed prolongation of the mechanical systole with increase of the myocardial index. In more complicated cases there was a more evident hypodynamic syndrome with marked myocardial insufficiency. Hemodynamic disturbance were marked by a sharply increased peripheral resistance with a heterogenous reaction of the cardiac output. Blood supply to the cerebral tissue reduced sharply with an increase in the resistance of cerebral vessels. Renin activity was directly related to the severity of the crisis. A sharp onset of cerebral and cardiac ischemia was marked by changes in the antigen albumin. Timely diagnosis and differentiated treatment made it possible to avoid vascular complications in hypertensive crisis.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of hypertensive crises]. Hypertensive crises were studied in 80 patients. In severe cases the ECG provided evidence of systolic overloading of the left ventricle with intensification of coronary circulation and development of acute myocardial ischemia. Phase analysis showed prolongation of the mechanical systole with increase of the myocardial index. In more complicated cases there was a more evident hypodynamic syndrome with marked myocardial insufficiency. Hemodynamic disturbance were marked by a sharply increased peripheral resistance with a heterogenous reaction of the cardiac output. Blood supply to the cerebral tissue reduced sharply with an increase in the resistance of cerebral vessels. Renin activity was directly related to the severity of the crisis. A sharp onset of cerebral and cardiac ischemia was marked by changes in the antigen albumin. Timely diagnosis and differentiated treatment made it possible to avoid vascular complications in hypertensive crisis.", "PMID": 513473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10316", "title": "[Fluorescein angiographic studies of the fundus oculi in the malignant arterial hypertension syndrome].", "content": "Fluorescein-angiographic examination of fundus oculi in 33 patients with the syndrome of malignant hypertension made it possible to recognize for the first time changes in the choriocapillary layer, which in 29 patients were displayed by choroidal retention; ischemic zones were seen in 20 patients. It is suggested that the discovery of ischemic zones in the choriocapillary layer may be an early diagnostic criterion of malignant hypertension.", "contents": "[Fluorescein angiographic studies of the fundus oculi in the malignant arterial hypertension syndrome]. Fluorescein-angiographic examination of fundus oculi in 33 patients with the syndrome of malignant hypertension made it possible to recognize for the first time changes in the choriocapillary layer, which in 29 patients were displayed by choroidal retention; ischemic zones were seen in 20 patients. It is suggested that the discovery of ischemic zones in the choriocapillary layer may be an early diagnostic criterion of malignant hypertension.", "PMID": 513474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10317", "title": "[State of the vascular wall in experimental hypertension induced by the administration of indomethacin in combination with a saline drink].", "content": "It is shown that various types of vessels (elastic, musculo-elastic, and muscular) possess initially different capacity for synthesizing and destroying prostaglandins. Under the effect of indomethacin and salt load considerable changes occur in the synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins and the closely related system of cyclic nucleotides in the vessels of experimental animals. The character of these changes suggests the predominance of constrictive vascular reactions, which was confirmed by the results of functional tests on segments of the aorta and femoral arteries. It was shown also that the walls of small arteries of different organs, the kidneys in particular, undergo marked structural changes resulting in their thickening and narrowing of the lumen. These functional and structural changes may underlie the increase in peripheral vascular resistance and be the principal pathogenic mechanism of hypertension.", "contents": "[State of the vascular wall in experimental hypertension induced by the administration of indomethacin in combination with a saline drink]. It is shown that various types of vessels (elastic, musculo-elastic, and muscular) possess initially different capacity for synthesizing and destroying prostaglandins. Under the effect of indomethacin and salt load considerable changes occur in the synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins and the closely related system of cyclic nucleotides in the vessels of experimental animals. The character of these changes suggests the predominance of constrictive vascular reactions, which was confirmed by the results of functional tests on segments of the aorta and femoral arteries. It was shown also that the walls of small arteries of different organs, the kidneys in particular, undergo marked structural changes resulting in their thickening and narrowing of the lumen. These functional and structural changes may underlie the increase in peripheral vascular resistance and be the principal pathogenic mechanism of hypertension.", "PMID": 513475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10318", "title": "[Blood plasma lipoextraction as a method of lipid removal from atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in rabbits].", "content": "The effect of repeated lipoextraction of their own blood plasma on regression of the atherosclerotic process was studied in rabbits with experimental hypercholesterolemia 2 months after they had been fed cholesterol. The blood plasma cholesterol level at the end of the experiment was lower in the experimental animals than in the controls, whereas the results of morphological examination of the aortic areas involved in atherosclerosis showed that repeated removal of lipids from the blood plasma promotes rapid regression of experimental atherosclerosis in the experimental animals.", "contents": "[Blood plasma lipoextraction as a method of lipid removal from atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in rabbits]. The effect of repeated lipoextraction of their own blood plasma on regression of the atherosclerotic process was studied in rabbits with experimental hypercholesterolemia 2 months after they had been fed cholesterol. The blood plasma cholesterol level at the end of the experiment was lower in the experimental animals than in the controls, whereas the results of morphological examination of the aortic areas involved in atherosclerosis showed that repeated removal of lipids from the blood plasma promotes rapid regression of experimental atherosclerosis in the experimental animals.", "PMID": 513476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10319", "title": "[Effect of the characteristics of the preinfarct period on the state of patients in the 1st year after a myocardial infarct].", "content": "From a follow-up of 496 patients (males aged from 20 to 65 years) the authors analyse their condition during the first year after recovery from myocardial infarction. It is shown that preceding arterial hypertension, a history of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris as well as the patient's elderly age have an unfavourable effect with regard to the possible development of circulatory insufficiency during the first year after myocardial infarction which must, without doubt, be taken into account in planning regimens of motor activity for these patients. An unfavourable prognostication factor with regard to the hazard of a new myocardial infarction developing during the first year is a recurrent affection of the cardiac muscle, and in patients of the 60--65 year group, the existence of hypertension prior to myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Effect of the characteristics of the preinfarct period on the state of patients in the 1st year after a myocardial infarct]. From a follow-up of 496 patients (males aged from 20 to 65 years) the authors analyse their condition during the first year after recovery from myocardial infarction. It is shown that preceding arterial hypertension, a history of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris as well as the patient's elderly age have an unfavourable effect with regard to the possible development of circulatory insufficiency during the first year after myocardial infarction which must, without doubt, be taken into account in planning regimens of motor activity for these patients. An unfavourable prognostication factor with regard to the hazard of a new myocardial infarction developing during the first year is a recurrent affection of the cardiac muscle, and in patients of the 60--65 year group, the existence of hypertension prior to myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 513477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10320", "title": "[Functional state of the left ventricle in patients who have had a myocardial infarct according to ultrasonic scanning data].", "content": "In most patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction 3 1/2 to 12 months (7.6 months on the average) previously and had no clinical symptoms of circulatory insufficiency, ultrasonic scanning of the heart showed normal stroke volume and stroke index, and normal minute volume and cardiac index against the background of low indices of left ventricular contractility function (ejection fraction, % delta S, VcF) and large end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes. Normal stroke ejection was achieved due to an increase of the end-diastolic volume, the decrease in the contractility of the left ventricular was thus compensated for with the participation of the Frank-Starling mechanism.", "contents": "[Functional state of the left ventricle in patients who have had a myocardial infarct according to ultrasonic scanning data]. In most patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction 3 1/2 to 12 months (7.6 months on the average) previously and had no clinical symptoms of circulatory insufficiency, ultrasonic scanning of the heart showed normal stroke volume and stroke index, and normal minute volume and cardiac index against the background of low indices of left ventricular contractility function (ejection fraction, % delta S, VcF) and large end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes. Normal stroke ejection was achieved due to an increase of the end-diastolic volume, the decrease in the contractility of the left ventricular was thus compensated for with the participation of the Frank-Starling mechanism.", "PMID": 513478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10321", "title": "[Blood hormones in chronic ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The activity of some blood hormones was determined by radioimmune analysis in 58 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), 60 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and in 24 practically healthy individuals. Increased activity of pituitary hormones (ACTH and TTH) with simultaneous increase in the blood STH content in the absence of essential changes in the FSH and LH content was established. These shifts in the production of pituitary hormones are evidently due both to disorders in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area and to changes in the activity of systems coordinated to the pituitary gland in patients with CIHD. In patients with MI the activity of these hormones in blood does not differ from that in the control group. In patients with CIHD, the activity of the thyroid is diminished due to a decrease in its thyroxin-producing ability against the background of high activity of the pituitary thyreotropic function. The discussed shifts in the activity of some hormones in CIND and MI are conducive to the advancement of atherosclerosis and changes in myocardial metabolism.", "contents": "[Blood hormones in chronic ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarct]. The activity of some blood hormones was determined by radioimmune analysis in 58 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), 60 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and in 24 practically healthy individuals. Increased activity of pituitary hormones (ACTH and TTH) with simultaneous increase in the blood STH content in the absence of essential changes in the FSH and LH content was established. These shifts in the production of pituitary hormones are evidently due both to disorders in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area and to changes in the activity of systems coordinated to the pituitary gland in patients with CIHD. In patients with MI the activity of these hormones in blood does not differ from that in the control group. In patients with CIHD, the activity of the thyroid is diminished due to a decrease in its thyroxin-producing ability against the background of high activity of the pituitary thyreotropic function. The discussed shifts in the activity of some hormones in CIND and MI are conducive to the advancement of atherosclerosis and changes in myocardial metabolism.", "PMID": 513479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10322", "title": "Study of factors which modify the development of norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure in the dog.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that the fall in inulin clearance which occurs 3 hours after the intrarenal administration of norepinephrine can be markedly attenuated by the prior administration of intrarenal prostaglandin E2 (PGE). Since in the previous studies PGE led to a marked increase in both renal blood flow and solute excretion, we designed the present series of experiments to investigate whether an increase in renal blood flow, solute excretion, or other factors were responsible for the protective effect in the norepinephrine model. Two renal vasodilators, bradykinin and secretin, were evaluated initially. Bradykinin administration prior to norepinephrine administration had a protective effect similar to that previously found with PGE, whereas secretin did not. Both of these vasocilators increased renal blood flow to the same degree, but only bradykinin increased urine flow and solute excretion. The fall in inulin clearance 3 hours after the administration of norepinephrine was also attenuated by two diuretics (mannitol and furosemide) which tended to increase renal blood flow. In contrast, two natriuretic agents, which are also renal vasoconstrictors (chlorothiazide and benzolamide), had no protective effect. Further, chlorothiazide and benzolamide obviated the protective effect of bradykinin. These studies demonstrate that there are several types of pharmacologic agents which can modify the magnitude of renal functional impairment resulting from extreme renal ischemia. Although the mechanism of the protective effects remain unclear, the findings are compatible with the view that the protective effect noted with PGE, bradykinin, mannitol, and furosemide may be related to an increase in osmolar excretion which occurred with administration of each of these agents. This potentially salutory effect (increased osmolar excretion), however, could be overcome by an agent (e.g., chlorothiazide or benzolamide) which also increased renal resistance prior to the administration of norepinephrine.", "contents": "Study of factors which modify the development of norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure in the dog. Previous studies have demonstrated that the fall in inulin clearance which occurs 3 hours after the intrarenal administration of norepinephrine can be markedly attenuated by the prior administration of intrarenal prostaglandin E2 (PGE). Since in the previous studies PGE led to a marked increase in both renal blood flow and solute excretion, we designed the present series of experiments to investigate whether an increase in renal blood flow, solute excretion, or other factors were responsible for the protective effect in the norepinephrine model. Two renal vasodilators, bradykinin and secretin, were evaluated initially. Bradykinin administration prior to norepinephrine administration had a protective effect similar to that previously found with PGE, whereas secretin did not. Both of these vasocilators increased renal blood flow to the same degree, but only bradykinin increased urine flow and solute excretion. The fall in inulin clearance 3 hours after the administration of norepinephrine was also attenuated by two diuretics (mannitol and furosemide) which tended to increase renal blood flow. In contrast, two natriuretic agents, which are also renal vasoconstrictors (chlorothiazide and benzolamide), had no protective effect. Further, chlorothiazide and benzolamide obviated the protective effect of bradykinin. These studies demonstrate that there are several types of pharmacologic agents which can modify the magnitude of renal functional impairment resulting from extreme renal ischemia. Although the mechanism of the protective effects remain unclear, the findings are compatible with the view that the protective effect noted with PGE, bradykinin, mannitol, and furosemide may be related to an increase in osmolar excretion which occurred with administration of each of these agents. This potentially salutory effect (increased osmolar excretion), however, could be overcome by an agent (e.g., chlorothiazide or benzolamide) which also increased renal resistance prior to the administration of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 513486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10323", "title": "Effects of fluorocitrate on renal ammoniagenesis and glutamine metabolism in the intact dog kidney.", "content": "Renal glutamine metabolism was studied in vivo following infusions of fluorocitrate into chronically acidotic and alkalotic dogs. Coincident with a dramatic rise in renal cortical citrate concentrations, there was a significant fall in tissue glutamate in both acid-base states. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total renal ammonia production. Glutamine metabolism and ammoningenesis in alkalotic dogs receiving fluorocitrate simulated that achieved in acidotic dogs. The simultaneous administration of alpha-ketoglutarate and fluorocitrate significantly diminished the fall in tissue glutamate and the rise in ammoniagenesis induced by fluorocitrate alone. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that ammonia production from glutamine is enhanced secondary to increased glutamate deamination. We postulate that this chain of events may be the consequence of impaired alpha-ketoglutarate production from citrate.", "contents": "Effects of fluorocitrate on renal ammoniagenesis and glutamine metabolism in the intact dog kidney. Renal glutamine metabolism was studied in vivo following infusions of fluorocitrate into chronically acidotic and alkalotic dogs. Coincident with a dramatic rise in renal cortical citrate concentrations, there was a significant fall in tissue glutamate in both acid-base states. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total renal ammonia production. Glutamine metabolism and ammoningenesis in alkalotic dogs receiving fluorocitrate simulated that achieved in acidotic dogs. The simultaneous administration of alpha-ketoglutarate and fluorocitrate significantly diminished the fall in tissue glutamate and the rise in ammoniagenesis induced by fluorocitrate alone. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that ammonia production from glutamine is enhanced secondary to increased glutamate deamination. We postulate that this chain of events may be the consequence of impaired alpha-ketoglutarate production from citrate.", "PMID": 513488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10324", "title": "Functional characterization of drug-induced experimental papillary necrosis.", "content": "The functional expression of papillary necrosis was investigated with a model of drug-induced papillary necrosis. Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) administration to rats uniformly resulted in the development of papillary necrosis. All studies were performed 24 hours after BEA administration with the exception of the electrolyte balance studies, which were performed during the 72 hours after the induction of papillary necrosis. GFR was not different between BEA-treated and sham rats. BEA-treated rats had a significantly lower maximal urine osmolality and free water reabsorption than did sham rats. Renal tissue concentrations of sodium, potassium, and water were not different between BEA-treated and sham rats. During water diuresis, free water clearance was not significantly different between the two groups. During sodium bicarbonate administration, maximal bicarbonate reabsorption and urine-blood Pco2 gradient (at comparable urine bicarbonate concentrations) were not significantly different between the two groups. During sodium sulfate infusion, there was no difference in minimum urine pH, ammonium excretion, and net acid excretion between chronically acidotic BEA-injected and sham rats. In rats on \"zero\" sodium intake, BEA administration resulted in a significant increase in urine flow and sodium excretion, whereas sham rats remained in sodium balance. In rats with restriction of both sodium and chloride, BEA administration resulted in a significant wastage of sodium, chloride, and calcium. There was no difference in potassium excretion between BEA-treated and sham rats during hydropenia, bicarbonate administration, sodium sulfate infusion, or ingestion of a normal potassium diet. When potassium intake was restricted to \"zero,\" BEA-treated rats developed potassium wastage; when potassium intake was increased to 21 mEq/day, BEA-treated rats had a significantly lower potassium excretion than did sham rats. These findings may result from alterations in collecting duct transport, but damage to deep medullary structures may also contribute.", "contents": "Functional characterization of drug-induced experimental papillary necrosis. The functional expression of papillary necrosis was investigated with a model of drug-induced papillary necrosis. Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) administration to rats uniformly resulted in the development of papillary necrosis. All studies were performed 24 hours after BEA administration with the exception of the electrolyte balance studies, which were performed during the 72 hours after the induction of papillary necrosis. GFR was not different between BEA-treated and sham rats. BEA-treated rats had a significantly lower maximal urine osmolality and free water reabsorption than did sham rats. Renal tissue concentrations of sodium, potassium, and water were not different between BEA-treated and sham rats. During water diuresis, free water clearance was not significantly different between the two groups. During sodium bicarbonate administration, maximal bicarbonate reabsorption and urine-blood Pco2 gradient (at comparable urine bicarbonate concentrations) were not significantly different between the two groups. During sodium sulfate infusion, there was no difference in minimum urine pH, ammonium excretion, and net acid excretion between chronically acidotic BEA-injected and sham rats. In rats on \"zero\" sodium intake, BEA administration resulted in a significant increase in urine flow and sodium excretion, whereas sham rats remained in sodium balance. In rats with restriction of both sodium and chloride, BEA administration resulted in a significant wastage of sodium, chloride, and calcium. There was no difference in potassium excretion between BEA-treated and sham rats during hydropenia, bicarbonate administration, sodium sulfate infusion, or ingestion of a normal potassium diet. When potassium intake was restricted to \"zero,\" BEA-treated rats developed potassium wastage; when potassium intake was increased to 21 mEq/day, BEA-treated rats had a significantly lower potassium excretion than did sham rats. These findings may result from alterations in collecting duct transport, but damage to deep medullary structures may also contribute.", "PMID": 513489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10325", "title": "Effects of hemodialysis on protein-bound calcium.", "content": "This study evaluates whether hemodialysis alters the affinity of plasma proteins for calcium. We have used a new automated methodology for the determination of the dialyzable calcium fraction. Protein-bound calcium was estimated as the difference between the total and dialyzable calcium fractions. All measurements were made after adjustment of the sample pH to 7.40 +/- 0.02. The calcium fractions were determined in 12 patients before and after hemodialysis. In addition, we added calcium to the predialysis specimens to evaluate the effect of increased ionic calcium on protein binding and corrected the protein-bound calcium in these specimens for the increase in total protein observed in the postdialysis specimens. Hemodialysis significantly increased total, dialysable, and protein-bound calcium. The mean ratio of protein-bound calcium in the postdialysis specimens to the corrected protein-bound calcium in the predialysis specimens with calcium added was 0.97 +/- 0.02. We conclude that (1) the increase in protein-bound calcium to the predialysis specimens, and that (2) the binding affinity of serum proteins for calcium is not altered by hemodialysis.", "contents": "Effects of hemodialysis on protein-bound calcium. This study evaluates whether hemodialysis alters the affinity of plasma proteins for calcium. We have used a new automated methodology for the determination of the dialyzable calcium fraction. Protein-bound calcium was estimated as the difference between the total and dialyzable calcium fractions. All measurements were made after adjustment of the sample pH to 7.40 +/- 0.02. The calcium fractions were determined in 12 patients before and after hemodialysis. In addition, we added calcium to the predialysis specimens to evaluate the effect of increased ionic calcium on protein binding and corrected the protein-bound calcium in these specimens for the increase in total protein observed in the postdialysis specimens. Hemodialysis significantly increased total, dialysable, and protein-bound calcium. The mean ratio of protein-bound calcium in the postdialysis specimens to the corrected protein-bound calcium in the predialysis specimens with calcium added was 0.97 +/- 0.02. We conclude that (1) the increase in protein-bound calcium to the predialysis specimens, and that (2) the binding affinity of serum proteins for calcium is not altered by hemodialysis.", "PMID": 513491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10326", "title": "Effect of potassium chloride on plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during sodium restriction in normal man.", "content": "The present study was designed to evaluate the spectrum of responses of PRA and plasma aldosterone (PAldo) to a range of oral potassium intakes (0 to 300 mEq of potassium chloride per day) in 20 normal human subjects receiving an electrolyte-free diet. Potassium exhibited a dose-dependent natriuretic effect. The results of the PRA studies indicate that normal dietary amounts (50 mEq/day) of potassium chloride do not prevent the increase in PRA with absolute sodium deprivation and that PRA is maximally stimulated on 150 mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PRA is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration. The results of the PAldo studies indicate that potassium chloride deprivation attenuates PAldo increases due to sodium deprivation and that PAldo is maximally stimulated on 150mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PAldo is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration and with PRA. The administration of 300 mEq/day of potassium chloride caused significant hyperkalemia and blunted both PRA and PAldo increases. Our results suggest that potassium chloride has an important role in the regulation of PRA and PAldo, and that only following potassium chloride deprivation is the PRA/PAldo response dissociated.", "contents": "Effect of potassium chloride on plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during sodium restriction in normal man. The present study was designed to evaluate the spectrum of responses of PRA and plasma aldosterone (PAldo) to a range of oral potassium intakes (0 to 300 mEq of potassium chloride per day) in 20 normal human subjects receiving an electrolyte-free diet. Potassium exhibited a dose-dependent natriuretic effect. The results of the PRA studies indicate that normal dietary amounts (50 mEq/day) of potassium chloride do not prevent the increase in PRA with absolute sodium deprivation and that PRA is maximally stimulated on 150 mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PRA is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration. The results of the PAldo studies indicate that potassium chloride deprivation attenuates PAldo increases due to sodium deprivation and that PAldo is maximally stimulated on 150mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PAldo is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration and with PRA. The administration of 300 mEq/day of potassium chloride caused significant hyperkalemia and blunted both PRA and PAldo increases. Our results suggest that potassium chloride has an important role in the regulation of PRA and PAldo, and that only following potassium chloride deprivation is the PRA/PAldo response dissociated.", "PMID": 513492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10327", "title": "Autoradiography of gentamicin uptake by the rat proximal tubule cell.", "content": "Rats were injected with 25 microCi (14.2 microgram) of tritiated gentamicin and were killed 10 min, 1 hour, or 24 hours after the injection. Renal tissue was preserved by intravascular perfusion of a glutaraldehyde-containing solution. In a preliminary experiment, glutaraldehyde was found to fix gentamicin to bovine serum albumin, and this property probably accounted for the negligible loss of label during specimen preparation. By light microscopy, gentamicin appeared to be confined almost entirely to the proximal tubules. Autoradiographic grains appeared initially over the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells and, with time, moved progressively into the interior of the cell. Electron-microscopy revealed that the grains were associated with apical vesicles at 10 min and lysosomes at 1 and 24 hours. The specificity of labeling was confirmed by quantitative grain analysis. These results indicate that gentamicin is transported into the proximal tubule cell by pinocytosis and becomes sequestered in lysosomes. This process may account for the accumulation of myeloid bodies in the proximal tubule lysosomes of gentamicin-treated rats, but whether this mechanism contributes the nephrotoxicity of this drug cannot be ascertained at this time.", "contents": "Autoradiography of gentamicin uptake by the rat proximal tubule cell. Rats were injected with 25 microCi (14.2 microgram) of tritiated gentamicin and were killed 10 min, 1 hour, or 24 hours after the injection. Renal tissue was preserved by intravascular perfusion of a glutaraldehyde-containing solution. In a preliminary experiment, glutaraldehyde was found to fix gentamicin to bovine serum albumin, and this property probably accounted for the negligible loss of label during specimen preparation. By light microscopy, gentamicin appeared to be confined almost entirely to the proximal tubules. Autoradiographic grains appeared initially over the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells and, with time, moved progressively into the interior of the cell. Electron-microscopy revealed that the grains were associated with apical vesicles at 10 min and lysosomes at 1 and 24 hours. The specificity of labeling was confirmed by quantitative grain analysis. These results indicate that gentamicin is transported into the proximal tubule cell by pinocytosis and becomes sequestered in lysosomes. This process may account for the accumulation of myeloid bodies in the proximal tubule lysosomes of gentamicin-treated rats, but whether this mechanism contributes the nephrotoxicity of this drug cannot be ascertained at this time.", "PMID": 513493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10328", "title": "The connecting tubule: a functional subdivision of the rabbit distal nephron segments.", "content": "Studies on adenylate cyclase response of the nephron fragments to hormones and drugs have suggested that there is a functionally distinct segment tentatively called the connecting tubule (CNT), which is located between the distal (DT) and the cortical collecting tubule (CCT). The functional significance of these biochemical findings was examined with isolated rabbit renal tubules perfused in vitro. The transepithelial voltage (PDt) of the DT, CNT, and CCT were, respectively, -28.7 +/- 3.24 mV (24), -27.0 +/- 2.69 mV (24), and -3.5 +/- 2.14 mV (11) in the normal rabbits. The PDt of the CCT increased to -32.2 +/- 2.02 mV (33) when rabbits were pretreated for at least 3 days with deoxycorticosterone acetate, DOCA (1 mg/kg/day, i.m.), whereas the PDt of the DT and the CNT remained unchanged. The PDt of the CCT obtained from deoxycorticosterone acetate- (DOCA) treated animals decreased after addition of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or isoproterenol (ISO) to the bath. The PDt of the CNT also responded to these agents, but the dose required to obtain the same response was quite different: The CNT was 100-fold more sensitive to ISO as compared to the CCT, whereas the CCT was 10-fold more sensitive to ADH than was the CNT. In contrast, the PDt of the DT did not respond to any of these agents, even at a higher concentration. After addition of ADH (200 microU/ml) to the bath, the osmotic water permeability (10(-8) cm2 . sec-1 . atm-1) of the CCT increased from 1.13 +/- 0.83 to 7.46 +/- 2.36, but that of the CNT remained low (0.36 +/- 0.78 in control vs. 0.48 + 0.64 after ADH). These observations support the view that the CNT is functionally distinct from either the DT or the CCT.", "contents": "The connecting tubule: a functional subdivision of the rabbit distal nephron segments. Studies on adenylate cyclase response of the nephron fragments to hormones and drugs have suggested that there is a functionally distinct segment tentatively called the connecting tubule (CNT), which is located between the distal (DT) and the cortical collecting tubule (CCT). The functional significance of these biochemical findings was examined with isolated rabbit renal tubules perfused in vitro. The transepithelial voltage (PDt) of the DT, CNT, and CCT were, respectively, -28.7 +/- 3.24 mV (24), -27.0 +/- 2.69 mV (24), and -3.5 +/- 2.14 mV (11) in the normal rabbits. The PDt of the CCT increased to -32.2 +/- 2.02 mV (33) when rabbits were pretreated for at least 3 days with deoxycorticosterone acetate, DOCA (1 mg/kg/day, i.m.), whereas the PDt of the DT and the CNT remained unchanged. The PDt of the CCT obtained from deoxycorticosterone acetate- (DOCA) treated animals decreased after addition of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or isoproterenol (ISO) to the bath. The PDt of the CNT also responded to these agents, but the dose required to obtain the same response was quite different: The CNT was 100-fold more sensitive to ISO as compared to the CCT, whereas the CCT was 10-fold more sensitive to ADH than was the CNT. In contrast, the PDt of the DT did not respond to any of these agents, even at a higher concentration. After addition of ADH (200 microU/ml) to the bath, the osmotic water permeability (10(-8) cm2 . sec-1 . atm-1) of the CCT increased from 1.13 +/- 0.83 to 7.46 +/- 2.36, but that of the CNT remained low (0.36 +/- 0.78 in control vs. 0.48 + 0.64 after ADH). These observations support the view that the CNT is functionally distinct from either the DT or the CCT.", "PMID": 513494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10329", "title": "Effect of erythropoietin on anemia of peritoneally dialyzed anephric rats.", "content": "The effect of erythropoietin on anemia was studied in anephric rats undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Both the number of bone marrow red cell precursors and plasma iron turnover were markedly depressed in untreated peritoneally dialyzed anephric animals when compared to peritoneally dialyzed sham-operated control rats. Anephric rats receiving 2 U of erythropoietin per day for 12 days had greater than threefold more bone marrow red cell precursors and a twofold larger plasma iron turnover than did the saline injected anephric rats. There was no significant difference in either bone marrow red cell precursors or plasma iron turnover in the erythropoietin-treated anephric rats when compared to the nonuremic controls. Although the rats receiving erythropoietin for 12 days had a significantly higher hematocrit (29.5%) than the saline injected uremic rats did (19.0%), the hematocrit was significantly lower than that found in nonuremic control animals, either receiving erythropoietin (48.1%) or not receiving erythropoietin (41.6%). Our data suggests that erythropoietin is potentially a useful agent for the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Effect of erythropoietin on anemia of peritoneally dialyzed anephric rats. The effect of erythropoietin on anemia was studied in anephric rats undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Both the number of bone marrow red cell precursors and plasma iron turnover were markedly depressed in untreated peritoneally dialyzed anephric animals when compared to peritoneally dialyzed sham-operated control rats. Anephric rats receiving 2 U of erythropoietin per day for 12 days had greater than threefold more bone marrow red cell precursors and a twofold larger plasma iron turnover than did the saline injected anephric rats. There was no significant difference in either bone marrow red cell precursors or plasma iron turnover in the erythropoietin-treated anephric rats when compared to the nonuremic controls. Although the rats receiving erythropoietin for 12 days had a significantly higher hematocrit (29.5%) than the saline injected uremic rats did (19.0%), the hematocrit was significantly lower than that found in nonuremic control animals, either receiving erythropoietin (48.1%) or not receiving erythropoietin (41.6%). Our data suggests that erythropoietin is potentially a useful agent for the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 513495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10330", "title": "Hemodynamic changes during sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis.", "content": "Seven patients on regular dialysis were studied to elucidate the hemodynamic changes during ultrafiltration and dialysis, performed sequentially, the period of ultrafiltration (1 hour) either preceding or following dialysis (3 hours). During dialysis ultrafiltration was prevented by applying positive pressure in the dialysate compartment. Cardiac index (dye dilution: indocyanine green), heart rate, stroke volume index, blood pressure, and total peripheral vascular resistance index were measured. During ultrafiltration, cardiac index and stroke volume index decreased, but heart rate was not significantly changed. Total peripheral vascular resistance increased, resulting in unchanged blood pressure. During dialysis, the total peripheral vascular resistance decreased, but cardiac index and heart rate increased. BP decreased when the increase in cardiac index was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance. PRA increased during ultrafiltration due to hypovolemia and decreased during dialysis, presumably due to decreased sympathetic activity which may also be a cause of dialysis-induced vasodilation.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes during sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis. Seven patients on regular dialysis were studied to elucidate the hemodynamic changes during ultrafiltration and dialysis, performed sequentially, the period of ultrafiltration (1 hour) either preceding or following dialysis (3 hours). During dialysis ultrafiltration was prevented by applying positive pressure in the dialysate compartment. Cardiac index (dye dilution: indocyanine green), heart rate, stroke volume index, blood pressure, and total peripheral vascular resistance index were measured. During ultrafiltration, cardiac index and stroke volume index decreased, but heart rate was not significantly changed. Total peripheral vascular resistance increased, resulting in unchanged blood pressure. During dialysis, the total peripheral vascular resistance decreased, but cardiac index and heart rate increased. BP decreased when the increase in cardiac index was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance. PRA increased during ultrafiltration due to hypovolemia and decreased during dialysis, presumably due to decreased sympathetic activity which may also be a cause of dialysis-induced vasodilation.", "PMID": 513498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10331", "title": "Recovery from postischemic acute renal failure in the rat.", "content": "To define the pattern of recovery from postischemic acute renal failure (ARF), we performed clearance and micropuncture studies at intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks following 60 min of complete unilateral renal artery occlusion in the rat. At 1 week, the inulin clearance (CIn) of the postischemic kidney was less than 2% of normal. The presence of marked preglomerular vasoconstriction was indicated by the reductions in renal blood flow (RBF), and stop-flow (SFP) and estimated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressures (GCPe). In additon, there was evidence of tubular obstruction. Proximal intratubular pressures (PITP) were elevated, and intratubular casts could be seen in vivo and on histologic sections. At 2 weeks CIn had increased more than tenfold. This change occurred in the absence of any significant elevation in RBF, SFP, or GCPe. PITP had fallen, however, to normal values, and histologic sections revealed a marked reduction in the extent of intratubular casts. Ipsilateral urinary recovery of 3H-inulin microinjected into proximal convolutions was complete. At 4 and 8 weeks, there were further but more gradual rises in CIn, which were associated with progressive increases in RBF, SFP, and GCPe. These observations indicate that recovery from postischemic ARF occurred in a biphasic pattern. The initial rise in CIn was associated with the relief of intratubular obstruction, whereas subsequent rises in CIn occurred in association with progressive renal vasodilation.", "contents": "Recovery from postischemic acute renal failure in the rat. To define the pattern of recovery from postischemic acute renal failure (ARF), we performed clearance and micropuncture studies at intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks following 60 min of complete unilateral renal artery occlusion in the rat. At 1 week, the inulin clearance (CIn) of the postischemic kidney was less than 2% of normal. The presence of marked preglomerular vasoconstriction was indicated by the reductions in renal blood flow (RBF), and stop-flow (SFP) and estimated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressures (GCPe). In additon, there was evidence of tubular obstruction. Proximal intratubular pressures (PITP) were elevated, and intratubular casts could be seen in vivo and on histologic sections. At 2 weeks CIn had increased more than tenfold. This change occurred in the absence of any significant elevation in RBF, SFP, or GCPe. PITP had fallen, however, to normal values, and histologic sections revealed a marked reduction in the extent of intratubular casts. Ipsilateral urinary recovery of 3H-inulin microinjected into proximal convolutions was complete. At 4 and 8 weeks, there were further but more gradual rises in CIn, which were associated with progressive increases in RBF, SFP, and GCPe. These observations indicate that recovery from postischemic ARF occurred in a biphasic pattern. The initial rise in CIn was associated with the relief of intratubular obstruction, whereas subsequent rises in CIn occurred in association with progressive renal vasodilation.", "PMID": 513500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10332", "title": "Tissue resistance to insulin stimulation of amino acid uptake in acutely uremic rats.", "content": "Peripheral tissue resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs in uremia. A similar resistance also may exist to insulin-mediated amino acid uptake. The present study examined the effect of insulin on the uptake or distribution ratios (DR) of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) attained in the tissues of rats made acutely uremic by bilateral nephrectomy. Both uremic and control rats concentrated equally AIBA in the gastrocnemius muscle in the absence of insulin (DR = 2.82 +/- 0.39 in controls, 2.52 +/- 0.40 in uremics). Compared to control rats, the diaphragm and liver of uremic rats, in the absence of insulin, had higher concentrations of AIBA. Insulin had the expected effect of increasing the uptake in the gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and liver of control rats but had no effect on uptake in the gastrocnemius muscle of uremic rats (DR = 5.82 +/- 0.78 in controls, 3.07 +/- 0.60 in uremics). The effect of insulin on the distribution ratio of AIBA in diaphragm and liver or uremic rats was less than it was in control rats. Uremia is associated with inhibition of insulin-mediated amino acid uptake as well as peripheral resistance to glucose utilization.", "contents": "Tissue resistance to insulin stimulation of amino acid uptake in acutely uremic rats. Peripheral tissue resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs in uremia. A similar resistance also may exist to insulin-mediated amino acid uptake. The present study examined the effect of insulin on the uptake or distribution ratios (DR) of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) attained in the tissues of rats made acutely uremic by bilateral nephrectomy. Both uremic and control rats concentrated equally AIBA in the gastrocnemius muscle in the absence of insulin (DR = 2.82 +/- 0.39 in controls, 2.52 +/- 0.40 in uremics). Compared to control rats, the diaphragm and liver of uremic rats, in the absence of insulin, had higher concentrations of AIBA. Insulin had the expected effect of increasing the uptake in the gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and liver of control rats but had no effect on uptake in the gastrocnemius muscle of uremic rats (DR = 5.82 +/- 0.78 in controls, 3.07 +/- 0.60 in uremics). The effect of insulin on the distribution ratio of AIBA in diaphragm and liver or uremic rats was less than it was in control rats. Uremia is associated with inhibition of insulin-mediated amino acid uptake as well as peripheral resistance to glucose utilization.", "PMID": 513501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10333", "title": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on transport by peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Because the gastrointestinal hormones are known to dilate the splanchnic vasculature, their effects on transport of water and solutes during peritoneal dialysis were studied in an experimental model, the rabbit. In unanesthetized rabbits, dialysate volume was calculated by isotope dilution, and clearances were estimated by dialysate/plasma concentration ratio factored by minute volume. With isotonic dialysis solution, the mean increment in dialysate volume per minute of intraperitoneal dwell was 0.19 ml/kg/min, and mean clearances of creatinine and urea were 0.71 and 0.90 ml/kg/min, respectively. When administered intravenously, secretin significantly augmented osmotically induced water flux, but not when given intraperitoneally. Neither glucagon nor cholecystokinin affected dialysate volume. Intravenously, but not intraperitoneally, glucagon increased peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urea to more than 150% of control values. Neither cholecystokinin nor secretin augmented significantly peritoneal mass transport when given by either route. The data suggest that the site of acton is the endothelial surface of the membrane, that the mechanisms of augmenting transport involve increased permeability and/or surface area, and that agents which combine an increase in mass transport and capillary filtration coefficient may be clinically useful.", "contents": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on transport by peritoneal dialysis. Because the gastrointestinal hormones are known to dilate the splanchnic vasculature, their effects on transport of water and solutes during peritoneal dialysis were studied in an experimental model, the rabbit. In unanesthetized rabbits, dialysate volume was calculated by isotope dilution, and clearances were estimated by dialysate/plasma concentration ratio factored by minute volume. With isotonic dialysis solution, the mean increment in dialysate volume per minute of intraperitoneal dwell was 0.19 ml/kg/min, and mean clearances of creatinine and urea were 0.71 and 0.90 ml/kg/min, respectively. When administered intravenously, secretin significantly augmented osmotically induced water flux, but not when given intraperitoneally. Neither glucagon nor cholecystokinin affected dialysate volume. Intravenously, but not intraperitoneally, glucagon increased peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urea to more than 150% of control values. Neither cholecystokinin nor secretin augmented significantly peritoneal mass transport when given by either route. The data suggest that the site of acton is the endothelial surface of the membrane, that the mechanisms of augmenting transport involve increased permeability and/or surface area, and that agents which combine an increase in mass transport and capillary filtration coefficient may be clinically useful.", "PMID": 513502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10334", "title": "Reversal of renal cortical actions of angiotensin II by verapamil and manganese.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 19 euvolemic Munich Wistar rats to examine the role of calcium in the action of angiotensin II(AII) on the glomerular microcirculation. Intravenous infusion of a mildly pressor dose of AII(N = 7 rats) led to a significant rise in mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) and significant decines in glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf). Because of these offsetting effects, single nephron GFR (SNGFR) and total kidney GFR failed to change significantly. Both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances (RA and RE) increased during AII infusion, on average by approximately 40% and 75%, respectively. Despite continued AII infusion, addition of verapamil led to return of values for PGC, QA, Kf, RA, and RE essentially to pre-AII levels. In 7 other rats, verapamil infusion alone failed to exert significant influences on these indices. Likewise, no significant changes in these measures were observed when this same dose of AII was infused into verapamil-pretreated animals. Moreover, intrarenal arterial injection of a nonpressor dose of AII into 6 other rats also resulted in changes in PGC, QA, Kf, and RE similar to those seen during intravenous infusion, and addition of manganese abolished these effects. Since verapamil and manganese are both known to interfere with excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle, perhaps by inhibiting transcellular calcium transport, the present results suggest that the calcium ion may be an important cofactor required for the expression of AII action on the glomerular microcirculation, by affecting mesangial and efferent arteriolar smooth muscle contractility.", "contents": "Reversal of renal cortical actions of angiotensin II by verapamil and manganese. Experiments were performed on 19 euvolemic Munich Wistar rats to examine the role of calcium in the action of angiotensin II(AII) on the glomerular microcirculation. Intravenous infusion of a mildly pressor dose of AII(N = 7 rats) led to a significant rise in mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) and significant decines in glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf). Because of these offsetting effects, single nephron GFR (SNGFR) and total kidney GFR failed to change significantly. Both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances (RA and RE) increased during AII infusion, on average by approximately 40% and 75%, respectively. Despite continued AII infusion, addition of verapamil led to return of values for PGC, QA, Kf, RA, and RE essentially to pre-AII levels. In 7 other rats, verapamil infusion alone failed to exert significant influences on these indices. Likewise, no significant changes in these measures were observed when this same dose of AII was infused into verapamil-pretreated animals. Moreover, intrarenal arterial injection of a nonpressor dose of AII into 6 other rats also resulted in changes in PGC, QA, Kf, and RE similar to those seen during intravenous infusion, and addition of manganese abolished these effects. Since verapamil and manganese are both known to interfere with excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle, perhaps by inhibiting transcellular calcium transport, the present results suggest that the calcium ion may be an important cofactor required for the expression of AII action on the glomerular microcirculation, by affecting mesangial and efferent arteriolar smooth muscle contractility.", "PMID": 513503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10335", "title": "Synergism of dopamine plus furosemide in preventing acute renal failure in the dog.", "content": "The protective effects of a combination of dopamine and furosemide were studied in dogs during the initial phase of acute renal failure (ARF) induced by intravenous uranyl nitrate (10 mg/kg). Fifteen minutes after injection of the nephrotoxin, and infusion of dopamine (3 micrograms/kg/min), furosemide (1 mg/kg/bolus followed by 1 mg/kg/hr), or both drugs simultaneously were given for 6 hours. Exogenous creatinine clearance was measured for 6 hours, and the intrarenal blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres before and 3 hours after the induction of ARF. Treatment with both dopamine and furosemide produced renal vasodilatation, high urine flow rate, and attenuation of the fall in GRF seen in untreated animals. In contrast, single use of dopamine or furosemide was totally ineffective in producing renal vasodilation, a diuresis, or the maintenance of the GFR. These data indicate that dopamine plus furosemide have a synergistic effect in preventing the early pathophysiologic changes associated with ARF in this animal model. Maintenance of a high GFR correlated best with the enhancement of solute excretion and urine flow rate. Potential protective effects of dopamine plus furosemide in other models of ARF deserve careful investigation.", "contents": "Synergism of dopamine plus furosemide in preventing acute renal failure in the dog. The protective effects of a combination of dopamine and furosemide were studied in dogs during the initial phase of acute renal failure (ARF) induced by intravenous uranyl nitrate (10 mg/kg). Fifteen minutes after injection of the nephrotoxin, and infusion of dopamine (3 micrograms/kg/min), furosemide (1 mg/kg/bolus followed by 1 mg/kg/hr), or both drugs simultaneously were given for 6 hours. Exogenous creatinine clearance was measured for 6 hours, and the intrarenal blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres before and 3 hours after the induction of ARF. Treatment with both dopamine and furosemide produced renal vasodilatation, high urine flow rate, and attenuation of the fall in GRF seen in untreated animals. In contrast, single use of dopamine or furosemide was totally ineffective in producing renal vasodilation, a diuresis, or the maintenance of the GFR. These data indicate that dopamine plus furosemide have a synergistic effect in preventing the early pathophysiologic changes associated with ARF in this animal model. Maintenance of a high GFR correlated best with the enhancement of solute excretion and urine flow rate. Potential protective effects of dopamine plus furosemide in other models of ARF deserve careful investigation.", "PMID": 513504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10336", "title": "[The immune competence of patients with Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in 15 patients with Crohn's disease and in 28 age-matched control subjects by means of several in vivo and in vitro methods. The disease activity in most patients was absent or moderate. Studying cellular immunocompetence we investigated the skin reactivity to various recall antigens (Candida, Trichophytin, Mumpsantigen, Streptokinase-Streptodornase, PPD), the primary immune response to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), and the lymphocyte transformation induced by mitogens (Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavaline A, Pokeweed Mitogen) and specific antigens. Humoral immunity was studied by measuring immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, and the antibody response to KLH. In addition, complement components and (in 10 patients) the proportions of T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were evaluated. Cutaneous responsiveness to Candida, Mumps-antigen, SK-SD, and DNCB as well as the cellular immune response to KLH were impaired in patients with Crohn's disease (significance was reached for SK-SD, DNCB, and the mean area of induration). The lymphocyte transformation test with PHA, ConA, and PWM revealed normal results. For specific antigens (PPD, SK-SD, KLH) a good correlation could be demonstrated between delayed hypersensitivity and the in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness. Humoral immunity was not unequivocally impaired in Crohn's disease. Five patients with Crohn's disease proved constantly decreased total absolute lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood. The proportions of T- and B-lymphocytes and the complement-levels were corresponding to those in normal controls. No correlation was found between immunological and clinical parameters. In conclusion, patients with Crohn's disease exhibited a partial impairment of the cellular immune response, whereas humoral immunity was not affected. However, it remains to be elucidated whether this immune defect represents a basic pathogenetic factor in the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[The immune competence of patients with Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. The cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in 15 patients with Crohn's disease and in 28 age-matched control subjects by means of several in vivo and in vitro methods. The disease activity in most patients was absent or moderate. Studying cellular immunocompetence we investigated the skin reactivity to various recall antigens (Candida, Trichophytin, Mumpsantigen, Streptokinase-Streptodornase, PPD), the primary immune response to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), and the lymphocyte transformation induced by mitogens (Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavaline A, Pokeweed Mitogen) and specific antigens. Humoral immunity was studied by measuring immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, and the antibody response to KLH. In addition, complement components and (in 10 patients) the proportions of T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were evaluated. Cutaneous responsiveness to Candida, Mumps-antigen, SK-SD, and DNCB as well as the cellular immune response to KLH were impaired in patients with Crohn's disease (significance was reached for SK-SD, DNCB, and the mean area of induration). The lymphocyte transformation test with PHA, ConA, and PWM revealed normal results. For specific antigens (PPD, SK-SD, KLH) a good correlation could be demonstrated between delayed hypersensitivity and the in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness. Humoral immunity was not unequivocally impaired in Crohn's disease. Five patients with Crohn's disease proved constantly decreased total absolute lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood. The proportions of T- and B-lymphocytes and the complement-levels were corresponding to those in normal controls. No correlation was found between immunological and clinical parameters. In conclusion, patients with Crohn's disease exhibited a partial impairment of the cellular immune response, whereas humoral immunity was not affected. However, it remains to be elucidated whether this immune defect represents a basic pathogenetic factor in the onset of the disease.", "PMID": 513603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10337", "title": "New type of hepatic porphyria with porphobilinogen synthase defect and intermittent acute clinical manifestation.", "content": "In two young patients with acute hepatic porphyria syndrome and persisting paralyses, which increased in intensity during intermittent occurring crisis, the activity of erythrocyte porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) was found to be considerably diminished, below 1% of the value of normal control persons. In contrast, the activity of uroporphyrinogen synthase was normal. Both patients have been excreting high quantities of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphyrins in urine for years. Lead intoxication has definitively been excluded. Since the relatives also show lower activities in porphobilinogen synthase, the disease of these two patients is probably a new enzymatic type of inherited acute hepatic porphyria, the excretion profile of which is qualitatively completely different from those of the known acute porphyrias. The discovery of this porphyria confirms the theory of overlapping transition in the biochemical and clinical symptoms and analogies among acute hepatic porphyrias.", "contents": "New type of hepatic porphyria with porphobilinogen synthase defect and intermittent acute clinical manifestation. In two young patients with acute hepatic porphyria syndrome and persisting paralyses, which increased in intensity during intermittent occurring crisis, the activity of erythrocyte porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) was found to be considerably diminished, below 1% of the value of normal control persons. In contrast, the activity of uroporphyrinogen synthase was normal. Both patients have been excreting high quantities of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphyrins in urine for years. Lead intoxication has definitively been excluded. Since the relatives also show lower activities in porphobilinogen synthase, the disease of these two patients is probably a new enzymatic type of inherited acute hepatic porphyria, the excretion profile of which is qualitatively completely different from those of the known acute porphyrias. The discovery of this porphyria confirms the theory of overlapping transition in the biochemical and clinical symptoms and analogies among acute hepatic porphyrias.", "PMID": 513604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10338", "title": "Aldosterone 18-glucuronide excretion determined with and without chromatography in human hypertensives.", "content": "24 h-urine excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide was determined with and without preceding paper chromatography in patients with essential hypertension (n = 50). Radioimmunoassay was performed with a highly specific antibody against aldosterone. Urine specimens determined without chromatography gave significantly higher values than aliquots which were estimated at the same time with chromatography. A highly significant correlation was found between the two methods (r = 0.91, p less than 0.0001). Without chromatography, mean over estimation in samples with concentrations in the low and middle range was on average 32 and 24% respectively, whereas aldosterone concentrations in the upper range showed a 14% over estimation. The RIA procedure for aldosterone without chromatography as here described is suitable for hypertension screening programmes to exclude known forms of primary hyperaldosteronism in which elevated aldosterone excretion rates have to be differentiated from values lying within the normal range.", "contents": "Aldosterone 18-glucuronide excretion determined with and without chromatography in human hypertensives. 24 h-urine excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide was determined with and without preceding paper chromatography in patients with essential hypertension (n = 50). Radioimmunoassay was performed with a highly specific antibody against aldosterone. Urine specimens determined without chromatography gave significantly higher values than aliquots which were estimated at the same time with chromatography. A highly significant correlation was found between the two methods (r = 0.91, p less than 0.0001). Without chromatography, mean over estimation in samples with concentrations in the low and middle range was on average 32 and 24% respectively, whereas aldosterone concentrations in the upper range showed a 14% over estimation. The RIA procedure for aldosterone without chromatography as here described is suitable for hypertension screening programmes to exclude known forms of primary hyperaldosteronism in which elevated aldosterone excretion rates have to be differentiated from values lying within the normal range.", "PMID": 513605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10339", "title": "[Circulating platelet aggregates during haemodialysis].", "content": "In eight chronically haemodialysed patients a significant increase of circulating platelet aggregates (method of Wu and Hoak) was observed immediately after starting haemodialysis. The number of aggregates decreased at the end of haemodialysis reaching the starting values after 360 min. The platelet interaction with the dialysis membrane surface might cause this phenomenon. Anticoagulation with heparin alone was insufficient in preventing aggregate formation during haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Circulating platelet aggregates during haemodialysis]. In eight chronically haemodialysed patients a significant increase of circulating platelet aggregates (method of Wu and Hoak) was observed immediately after starting haemodialysis. The number of aggregates decreased at the end of haemodialysis reaching the starting values after 360 min. The platelet interaction with the dialysis membrane surface might cause this phenomenon. Anticoagulation with heparin alone was insufficient in preventing aggregate formation during haemodialysis.", "PMID": 513606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10340", "title": "Hemodilution (HD) in patients with ischemic skin ulcers.", "content": "In 25 patients with arterial occlusive disease in the clinical stage IV according to Fontaine a hemodilution down to an average hematocrit value of 0.31 +/- 0.02 was performed. Eighteen patients had peripheral ulcers of the lower limbs and 3 patients had ulcers of the upper ones. Four patients had tissular lesions both at the level of the feet and toes and hand and fingers. The average age of the patients was 43. Hemodilution was achieved by repeated withdrawals of approx. 500 ml blood, followed by reinfusion of the autologous plasma associated with infusion of substitutive solutions of low-molecular weight dextran to avoid hypovolemia. In all patients with peripheral ulcers of the upper limbs, with no exception, a good to a very good clinical effect was obtained ranging from extended to complete healing. The healing tendency of lesions in the feet and toe region was on the whole less marked and depended basically on the total number of vascular impediments found in one patient. The rheological and hemodynamic mechanism of the therapeutic effect of hemodilution, the preliminary criteria for indicating this therapy and its observed complications are discussed.", "contents": "Hemodilution (HD) in patients with ischemic skin ulcers. In 25 patients with arterial occlusive disease in the clinical stage IV according to Fontaine a hemodilution down to an average hematocrit value of 0.31 +/- 0.02 was performed. Eighteen patients had peripheral ulcers of the lower limbs and 3 patients had ulcers of the upper ones. Four patients had tissular lesions both at the level of the feet and toes and hand and fingers. The average age of the patients was 43. Hemodilution was achieved by repeated withdrawals of approx. 500 ml blood, followed by reinfusion of the autologous plasma associated with infusion of substitutive solutions of low-molecular weight dextran to avoid hypovolemia. In all patients with peripheral ulcers of the upper limbs, with no exception, a good to a very good clinical effect was obtained ranging from extended to complete healing. The healing tendency of lesions in the feet and toe region was on the whole less marked and depended basically on the total number of vascular impediments found in one patient. The rheological and hemodynamic mechanism of the therapeutic effect of hemodilution, the preliminary criteria for indicating this therapy and its observed complications are discussed.", "PMID": 513607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10341", "title": "[Application of the mechanical oscillator technique for the measurement of blood density and hematocrit (author's transl)].", "content": "Density measurements were performed with an accuracy of 0.01 g/l by means of a density meter based on the \"mechanical oscillator technique\", on human whole blood, on plasma, and on erythrocyte concentrates. A highly significant correlation between blood density and hematocrit was found. If plasma and red cell densities are known, hematocrit can be estimated more precisely than using the centrifugation method. This fact is important if small variations of the hematocrit are to be determined. Such variations can be produced, e.g., by alteration of the transcapillary filtration equilibrium. Furthermore, the statistical distribution of plasma and erythrocyte densities allows to determine the range of variation of blood densities for certain hematocrit values and vice versa.", "contents": "[Application of the mechanical oscillator technique for the measurement of blood density and hematocrit (author's transl)]. Density measurements were performed with an accuracy of 0.01 g/l by means of a density meter based on the \"mechanical oscillator technique\", on human whole blood, on plasma, and on erythrocyte concentrates. A highly significant correlation between blood density and hematocrit was found. If plasma and red cell densities are known, hematocrit can be estimated more precisely than using the centrifugation method. This fact is important if small variations of the hematocrit are to be determined. Such variations can be produced, e.g., by alteration of the transcapillary filtration equilibrium. Furthermore, the statistical distribution of plasma and erythrocyte densities allows to determine the range of variation of blood densities for certain hematocrit values and vice versa.", "PMID": 513608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10342", "title": "[Polyvinylpyrolidone-fixed hemoglobin as an oxygen carrying blood substitute (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of blood substitute oxygen carriers has branched off into several directions: stroma-free hemoglobin solutions, modelling of hemoglobin by fixation of heme or hemopeptides to polymers, filling of microcapsules with hemoglobin solution, crosslinking of hemoglobin. However, the application as blood replacement fluids in patients has not been possible so far because of several disadvantages. In this paper synthesis and properties of an oxygen carrying blood substitute are described in which the hemoglobin molecule is covalently bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone. In aqueous solution the preparation fulfills some basic requirements such as high solubility, only slightly increased oxygen affinity, and low viscosity. Normothermic perfusion experiments with isolated pig kidneys demonstrate that the solution provides an adequate oxygen supply to the organ, has no toxic side effects on kidney function, and has a significantly lower elimination rate compared to an unmodified hemoglobin solution.", "contents": "[Polyvinylpyrolidone-fixed hemoglobin as an oxygen carrying blood substitute (author's transl)]. The development of blood substitute oxygen carriers has branched off into several directions: stroma-free hemoglobin solutions, modelling of hemoglobin by fixation of heme or hemopeptides to polymers, filling of microcapsules with hemoglobin solution, crosslinking of hemoglobin. However, the application as blood replacement fluids in patients has not been possible so far because of several disadvantages. In this paper synthesis and properties of an oxygen carrying blood substitute are described in which the hemoglobin molecule is covalently bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone. In aqueous solution the preparation fulfills some basic requirements such as high solubility, only slightly increased oxygen affinity, and low viscosity. Normothermic perfusion experiments with isolated pig kidneys demonstrate that the solution provides an adequate oxygen supply to the organ, has no toxic side effects on kidney function, and has a significantly lower elimination rate compared to an unmodified hemoglobin solution.", "PMID": 513609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10343", "title": "[Haemodynamic studies on the blood pressure-raising effect of mineralocorticoids (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects on systemic haemodynamics of long-term administration of high mineralocorticoid doses were studied in six healthy volunteers. The subjects received the synthetic steroid fludrocortisone in a daily oral dose of 0.8 mg. Central venous and arterial pressures were recorded directly, and cardiac output was determined by dye dilution method before as well as after 1 and 6 weeks of steroid application. Within the first week of steroid administration, mean arterial pressure rose by 5.6 +/- 4.6 (+/- S.D.) mm Hg (p less than 0.025). Body weight increased by 2.5 +/- 1.1 kg (p less than 0.01), and central venous pressure by 1.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). An increase in cardiac index was observed in all subjects, the average increase was 0.72 +/- 0.47 1/min.m2 (p less than 0.01). Heart rate decreased. After the 6th week of steroid administration, blood pressure had risen in all subjects, the average increase in mean arterial pressure was 17.8 +/- 6.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). This pressure rise was the consequence of an increase in total peripheral resistance by 267 +/- 125 dyn.cm-5.s (p less than 0.01) on the average. At that time cardiac index was even lower than at the first study in five of the six subjects. Compared to the second study, heart rate had decreased further, central venous pressure had increased further, and body weight had not changed significantly. This data show that the mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure rise is initially due to an increase in cardiac output and in its chronic phase due to an elevated peripheral resistance. The mechanism of the increase in peripheral resistance remains unclear.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic studies on the blood pressure-raising effect of mineralocorticoids (author's transl)]. The effects on systemic haemodynamics of long-term administration of high mineralocorticoid doses were studied in six healthy volunteers. The subjects received the synthetic steroid fludrocortisone in a daily oral dose of 0.8 mg. Central venous and arterial pressures were recorded directly, and cardiac output was determined by dye dilution method before as well as after 1 and 6 weeks of steroid application. Within the first week of steroid administration, mean arterial pressure rose by 5.6 +/- 4.6 (+/- S.D.) mm Hg (p less than 0.025). Body weight increased by 2.5 +/- 1.1 kg (p less than 0.01), and central venous pressure by 1.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). An increase in cardiac index was observed in all subjects, the average increase was 0.72 +/- 0.47 1/min.m2 (p less than 0.01). Heart rate decreased. After the 6th week of steroid administration, blood pressure had risen in all subjects, the average increase in mean arterial pressure was 17.8 +/- 6.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). This pressure rise was the consequence of an increase in total peripheral resistance by 267 +/- 125 dyn.cm-5.s (p less than 0.01) on the average. At that time cardiac index was even lower than at the first study in five of the six subjects. Compared to the second study, heart rate had decreased further, central venous pressure had increased further, and body weight had not changed significantly. This data show that the mineralocorticoid-induced blood pressure rise is initially due to an increase in cardiac output and in its chronic phase due to an elevated peripheral resistance. The mechanism of the increase in peripheral resistance remains unclear.", "PMID": 513610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10344", "title": "[Influence of hydroxyurea on DNA synthesis of human bone marrow in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "Four patients, who suffered from malignant, disseminated tumors but had a morphologically intact bone marrow, where given a peroral Hydroxyurea (HU) infusion in a concentration of about 5 x 10(-4) mol over a period of 10 h. As indicator of the DNA synthesis the 3H-TdR-incorporation of bone marrow, gained by puncture before, during, and/or after HU application, was measured. While using HU, the DNA synthesis was extensively inhibited. Fourteen to 16 h after discontinuing the HU it increased by the factor 1.5 to 2 of the initial value, i.e., before treatment. This is interpreted as a partial synchronization of bone marrow cells where effects of cell depletion and recruitment are not to be entirely excluded, Toxicity, such as the decrease of peripheral blood cells or nausea, did not occur.", "contents": "[Influence of hydroxyurea on DNA synthesis of human bone marrow in vivo (author's transl)]. Four patients, who suffered from malignant, disseminated tumors but had a morphologically intact bone marrow, where given a peroral Hydroxyurea (HU) infusion in a concentration of about 5 x 10(-4) mol over a period of 10 h. As indicator of the DNA synthesis the 3H-TdR-incorporation of bone marrow, gained by puncture before, during, and/or after HU application, was measured. While using HU, the DNA synthesis was extensively inhibited. Fourteen to 16 h after discontinuing the HU it increased by the factor 1.5 to 2 of the initial value, i.e., before treatment. This is interpreted as a partial synchronization of bone marrow cells where effects of cell depletion and recruitment are not to be entirely excluded, Toxicity, such as the decrease of peripheral blood cells or nausea, did not occur.", "PMID": 513612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10345", "title": "Three variations of hairlessness associated with albinism in the laboratory rat.", "content": "The relationship of three variants of hairlessness, or hypotrichosis, in laboratory rats were examined morphologically, genetically and histologically. The results indicated that the recessive gene causing the fuzzy characteristic in Wistar Furth rats and genes responsible for two other hypotrichotic coat variants in albino rats were the same gene or closely linked genes. The genes were in Linkage Group I of the Norway rat and were closely associated with the albino gene (c), with a recombination percentage of approximately 18%. The hypotrichotic animals had fewer and smaller hair follicles, smaller hair shafts, and a reduction of medullated hair shafts.", "contents": "Three variations of hairlessness associated with albinism in the laboratory rat. The relationship of three variants of hairlessness, or hypotrichosis, in laboratory rats were examined morphologically, genetically and histologically. The results indicated that the recessive gene causing the fuzzy characteristic in Wistar Furth rats and genes responsible for two other hypotrichotic coat variants in albino rats were the same gene or closely linked genes. The genes were in Linkage Group I of the Norway rat and were closely associated with the albino gene (c), with a recombination percentage of approximately 18%. The hypotrichotic animals had fewer and smaller hair follicles, smaller hair shafts, and a reduction of medullated hair shafts.", "PMID": 513614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10346", "title": "Environmental and biological effects of propoxur-impregnated strips within a laboratory animal room.", "content": "Rats were exposed to propoxur-impregnated strips in a conventional laboratory animal room. The air in the room was monitored for the pesticide, and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was determined periodically. Air concentration of the pesticide never exceeded 0.8 microgram/m3, and no significant change in enzyme activity was observed.", "contents": "Environmental and biological effects of propoxur-impregnated strips within a laboratory animal room. Rats were exposed to propoxur-impregnated strips in a conventional laboratory animal room. The air in the room was monitored for the pesticide, and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was determined periodically. Air concentration of the pesticide never exceeded 0.8 microgram/m3, and no significant change in enzyme activity was observed.", "PMID": 513615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10347", "title": "Protein requirement of hamsters fed a natural diet.", "content": "The dietary protein requirement for growing hamsters was studied in two 5-week feeding trials using 52 weanling hamsters in the first trial and 37 in the second. Diets prepared primarily from natural ingredients supplied protein from four sources and contained 13.7, 16.7 and 19.7% protein in the first trial and 10.6, 13.7 and 16.7% protein in the second. Mean daily body weight gains of 2.04, 2.04 and 1.99 g/day, respectively, in the first experiment were not significantly different. In the second trial, daily gains of 1.55, 1.79 and 1.93 g/day were significantly improved when the dietary protein was increased from 10.6 to 13.7 and 16.7%. The maintenance requirement for protein by the adult hamster was evaluated in two nitrogen balance studies using four adult males fed a diet with 7.8% protein and seven fed 5.6%. The mature males remained in positive nitrogen balance and gained a slight amount of weight with both levels of protein.", "contents": "Protein requirement of hamsters fed a natural diet. The dietary protein requirement for growing hamsters was studied in two 5-week feeding trials using 52 weanling hamsters in the first trial and 37 in the second. Diets prepared primarily from natural ingredients supplied protein from four sources and contained 13.7, 16.7 and 19.7% protein in the first trial and 10.6, 13.7 and 16.7% protein in the second. Mean daily body weight gains of 2.04, 2.04 and 1.99 g/day, respectively, in the first experiment were not significantly different. In the second trial, daily gains of 1.55, 1.79 and 1.93 g/day were significantly improved when the dietary protein was increased from 10.6 to 13.7 and 16.7%. The maintenance requirement for protein by the adult hamster was evaluated in two nitrogen balance studies using four adult males fed a diet with 7.8% protein and seven fed 5.6%. The mature males remained in positive nitrogen balance and gained a slight amount of weight with both levels of protein.", "PMID": 513616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10348", "title": "True pregnancy toxemia (preeclampsia) in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).", "content": "In this study, normal nonpregnant, normal full-term pregnant, fasting ketotic and spontaneous pregnancy toxemic guinea pigs were compared to define the mechanism of this disease. In addition to conventional clinical, laboratory and pathologic studies, arterial blood pressure (thoracic and abdominal aortic) measurements and angiography were used. The results showed that in spontaneous cases of pregnancy toxemia, there is an aortic compression just caudal to the renal arteries. This compression reduced the aortic diameter by 22% of prerenal level as compared to 10% for fasting ketotic and normal pregnant guinea pigs. The aortic compression also resulted in a 30% postcompression reduction in blood pressure. No pressure differences were seen in the other groups. The postulated etiology for true toxemia of pregnancy in guinea pigs is, therefore, similar to that of man where aortic compression produces uterine ischemia and the resultant syndrome.", "contents": "True pregnancy toxemia (preeclampsia) in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). In this study, normal nonpregnant, normal full-term pregnant, fasting ketotic and spontaneous pregnancy toxemic guinea pigs were compared to define the mechanism of this disease. In addition to conventional clinical, laboratory and pathologic studies, arterial blood pressure (thoracic and abdominal aortic) measurements and angiography were used. The results showed that in spontaneous cases of pregnancy toxemia, there is an aortic compression just caudal to the renal arteries. This compression reduced the aortic diameter by 22% of prerenal level as compared to 10% for fasting ketotic and normal pregnant guinea pigs. The aortic compression also resulted in a 30% postcompression reduction in blood pressure. No pressure differences were seen in the other groups. The postulated etiology for true toxemia of pregnancy in guinea pigs is, therefore, similar to that of man where aortic compression produces uterine ischemia and the resultant syndrome.", "PMID": 513617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10349", "title": "Selected biological values of the African white-tailed sand rat (Mystromys albicaudatus).", "content": "Forty-three female and 44 male, sexually mature normal African sand rats (Mystromys albicaudatus) provided serum and urine for determining normal ranges of selected serum chemistry and electrolyte determinations and for routine nonfasted urinalyses. Serum chloride and serum glucose levels were greater and serum sodium levels lower for female rats. An unusually high physiological level of urine protein was detected, and it was determined that standard dipstick methods for determining urine protein levels in this species gave artificially high results. Ketouria and glycosuria were more common in males than in females, but these determinations were not correlated to blood urea nitrogen or to serum glucose levels. No association was found between body weight and any of the serum chemistry, electrolyte or urinalysis variables examined.", "contents": "Selected biological values of the African white-tailed sand rat (Mystromys albicaudatus). Forty-three female and 44 male, sexually mature normal African sand rats (Mystromys albicaudatus) provided serum and urine for determining normal ranges of selected serum chemistry and electrolyte determinations and for routine nonfasted urinalyses. Serum chloride and serum glucose levels were greater and serum sodium levels lower for female rats. An unusually high physiological level of urine protein was detected, and it was determined that standard dipstick methods for determining urine protein levels in this species gave artificially high results. Ketouria and glycosuria were more common in males than in females, but these determinations were not correlated to blood urea nitrogen or to serum glucose levels. No association was found between body weight and any of the serum chemistry, electrolyte or urinalysis variables examined.", "PMID": 513618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10350", "title": "Cardiopulmonary, hemocytologic and biochemical effects of xylazine in goats.", "content": "Intramuscular administration of xylazine at the rate of 0.22 mg/kg body weight caused a significant reduction in respiratory rates. Mean arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were not altered. Preadministration of atropine did not affect the depth and pattern of respiration; however, the heart rate increased. A significant reduction in pH and arterial oxygen tension and an increase in carbon dioxide tension was observed after xylazine and xylazine following atropine treatment. Hemocytologic changes included a decrease in total erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration and a rise in neutrophils with relative decrease in lymphocytes. Biochemical changes included a slight rise in potassium and a decrease in sodium concentration. Glucose level was significantly increased at maximum depth of sedation. The changes in hemocytologic and biochemical parameters returned to near preadministration level in 24-72 hours. No alteration was observed in the electrocardiogram. Xylazine was well tolerated, and the sedation was rapid in onset and lasted for about 30 minutes. The recovery was uneventful.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary, hemocytologic and biochemical effects of xylazine in goats. Intramuscular administration of xylazine at the rate of 0.22 mg/kg body weight caused a significant reduction in respiratory rates. Mean arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were not altered. Preadministration of atropine did not affect the depth and pattern of respiration; however, the heart rate increased. A significant reduction in pH and arterial oxygen tension and an increase in carbon dioxide tension was observed after xylazine and xylazine following atropine treatment. Hemocytologic changes included a decrease in total erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration and a rise in neutrophils with relative decrease in lymphocytes. Biochemical changes included a slight rise in potassium and a decrease in sodium concentration. Glucose level was significantly increased at maximum depth of sedation. The changes in hemocytologic and biochemical parameters returned to near preadministration level in 24-72 hours. No alteration was observed in the electrocardiogram. Xylazine was well tolerated, and the sedation was rapid in onset and lasted for about 30 minutes. The recovery was uneventful.", "PMID": 513619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10351", "title": "Idiopathic megaesophagus in a rat (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "Necropsy and histopathologic examination of a rat (Rattus norvegicus) revealed megaesophagus and gangrenous bronchopneumonia. The esophageal dilitation, mural atrophy with persistence of neural structures, regurgitation and bronchopneumonia seen in this case were similar to findings in other animals with megaesophagus.", "contents": "Idiopathic megaesophagus in a rat (Rattus norvegicus). Necropsy and histopathologic examination of a rat (Rattus norvegicus) revealed megaesophagus and gangrenous bronchopneumonia. The esophageal dilitation, mural atrophy with persistence of neural structures, regurgitation and bronchopneumonia seen in this case were similar to findings in other animals with megaesophagus.", "PMID": 513620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10352", "title": "A restraining cage for instrumented rats.", "content": "A rectangular restraining cage for chronically instrumented rats was constructed of acrylic plastic. The cage allowed connections between implanted instrumentation and external recorders through a slot in the top cover. The cage was easy to load and unload through a removable cover plate, and the sidewall was adjustable to accommodate rats of diverse sizes. The cage was easy to dissemble for cleaning, and it was inexpensive.", "contents": "A restraining cage for instrumented rats. A rectangular restraining cage for chronically instrumented rats was constructed of acrylic plastic. The cage allowed connections between implanted instrumentation and external recorders through a slot in the top cover. The cage was easy to load and unload through a removable cover plate, and the sidewall was adjustable to accommodate rats of diverse sizes. The cage was easy to dissemble for cleaning, and it was inexpensive.", "PMID": 513621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10353", "title": "The fabrication of plastic cages for suspension in mass air flow racks.", "content": "A cage for suspension in mass air flow racks was constructed of plastic and used to house rats. Little or no difficulty was encountered with the mass air flow rack-suspended cage system during the 4 years it was used for the study of trace elements.", "contents": "The fabrication of plastic cages for suspension in mass air flow racks. A cage for suspension in mass air flow racks was constructed of plastic and used to house rats. Little or no difficulty was encountered with the mass air flow rack-suspended cage system during the 4 years it was used for the study of trace elements.", "PMID": 513622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10354", "title": "A plastic restraining device for rodents.", "content": "A simple device was fabricated from a single piece of plastic to restrain several different species of rodents. The device served as a useful adjunct for numerous research, medical and teaching applications.", "contents": "A plastic restraining device for rodents. A simple device was fabricated from a single piece of plastic to restrain several different species of rodents. The device served as a useful adjunct for numerous research, medical and teaching applications.", "PMID": 513623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10355", "title": "Congenital entropion in a litter of rabbits.", "content": "Conjunctivitis and blepharospasm were observed in a litter of four, 2-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Corneal opacity and neovascularization of the cornea and entropion of the upper eyelids were observed when the rabbits were examined 10 weeks later. Conjunctival cultures of these rabbits yielded normal bacterial flora. Treatment with a steroid-antibiotic ophthalmic ointment did not alter the ocular abnormalities. Surgical correction of the entropion resulted in a complete regression of all clinical signs.", "contents": "Congenital entropion in a litter of rabbits. Conjunctivitis and blepharospasm were observed in a litter of four, 2-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Corneal opacity and neovascularization of the cornea and entropion of the upper eyelids were observed when the rabbits were examined 10 weeks later. Conjunctival cultures of these rabbits yielded normal bacterial flora. Treatment with a steroid-antibiotic ophthalmic ointment did not alter the ocular abnormalities. Surgical correction of the entropion resulted in a complete regression of all clinical signs.", "PMID": 513624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10356", "title": "The restraint of rabbits in a special sling.", "content": "A special sling for the restraint of rabbits was developed for the investigation of the effects of continuous motion on the healing of intraarticular injuries. Studies of over 200 rabbits have demonstrated the sling restraint system to be effective and humane, with a restraint related mortality of less than 10%.", "contents": "The restraint of rabbits in a special sling. A special sling for the restraint of rabbits was developed for the investigation of the effects of continuous motion on the healing of intraarticular injuries. Studies of over 200 rabbits have demonstrated the sling restraint system to be effective and humane, with a restraint related mortality of less than 10%.", "PMID": 513625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10357", "title": "Fin damage in captured and reared squids.", "content": "Fin damage was a major factor in the mortality of wild-caught squids kept in the laboratory. Infection of abraded fins by opportunistic bacterial pathogens impaired swimming and led to death. Serious skin abrasions were especially common in trawl-caught squids. Dipnets and jigs inflicted minimal trauma and were preferred for squid capture. Fin damage also occurred during transportation and during maintenance of squids in onshore tanks. A successful aquarium system with recycled sea water was used for squid maintenance. Hatchling, juvenile and adult loliginid squids remained healthy in closed-system aquaria for periods ranging from 1 to 16 weeks.", "contents": "Fin damage in captured and reared squids. Fin damage was a major factor in the mortality of wild-caught squids kept in the laboratory. Infection of abraded fins by opportunistic bacterial pathogens impaired swimming and led to death. Serious skin abrasions were especially common in trawl-caught squids. Dipnets and jigs inflicted minimal trauma and were preferred for squid capture. Fin damage also occurred during transportation and during maintenance of squids in onshore tanks. A successful aquarium system with recycled sea water was used for squid maintenance. Hatchling, juvenile and adult loliginid squids remained healthy in closed-system aquaria for periods ranging from 1 to 16 weeks.", "PMID": 513626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10358", "title": "A technique for barium esophagram in the opossum.", "content": "Single and double contrast barium esophagram examinations were performed on 42 opossums. Each animal was anesthetized with pentabarbital sodium, a catheter was placed in the esophagus, and barium or barium and air were injected into the esophagus. Two radiographs per second for 7 seconds were taken. The radiographs were reproducible and of high quality.", "contents": "A technique for barium esophagram in the opossum. Single and double contrast barium esophagram examinations were performed on 42 opossums. Each animal was anesthetized with pentabarbital sodium, a catheter was placed in the esophagus, and barium or barium and air were injected into the esophagus. Two radiographs per second for 7 seconds were taken. The radiographs were reproducible and of high quality.", "PMID": 513627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10359", "title": "Adjustable metabolism units for swine.", "content": "A swine metabolism unit was constructed which permitted separate quantitative collection of urine and feces. The unit was built of wood and proved to be reliable. It was adapted for studies with goats, sheep and young cattle.", "contents": "Adjustable metabolism units for swine. A swine metabolism unit was constructed which permitted separate quantitative collection of urine and feces. The unit was built of wood and proved to be reliable. It was adapted for studies with goats, sheep and young cattle.", "PMID": 513628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10360", "title": "Anesthesia for prairie dogs.", "content": "The combination of 20 mg xylazine/kg of body weight and 100-150 mg ketamine/kg of body weight provided satisfactory levels of anesthesia in 63 prairie dogs, and the combination was tolerated well with a mortality rate of 3.2%.", "contents": "Anesthesia for prairie dogs. The combination of 20 mg xylazine/kg of body weight and 100-150 mg ketamine/kg of body weight provided satisfactory levels of anesthesia in 63 prairie dogs, and the combination was tolerated well with a mortality rate of 3.2%.", "PMID": 513629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10361", "title": "Body temperature changes in sows during the periparturient period.", "content": "Deep body temperatures were monitored with an implanted radiotelemetry device from 2 to 4 days prepartum to approximately 12 days postpartum in sows. The mean prepartum temperature of five normal sows was 38.6 degrees C, with a range of 38.3--38.9 degrees C. An increase in body temperature (1.4 degrees C) was associated with parturition. The increase in body temperature began about 12 hours before the first pig was born, peaked 1-2 hours after delivery of the last pig, and decreased during the first day postpartum but did not reach the prepartum values. Two days postpartum, the mean body temperature was about 1 degree C higher than it was during the prepartum period. The mean body temperature increased an average of 0.06 degrees C per day during the 12-day postpartum period. A diurnal pattern was evident in the body temperature variations.", "contents": "Body temperature changes in sows during the periparturient period. Deep body temperatures were monitored with an implanted radiotelemetry device from 2 to 4 days prepartum to approximately 12 days postpartum in sows. The mean prepartum temperature of five normal sows was 38.6 degrees C, with a range of 38.3--38.9 degrees C. An increase in body temperature (1.4 degrees C) was associated with parturition. The increase in body temperature began about 12 hours before the first pig was born, peaked 1-2 hours after delivery of the last pig, and decreased during the first day postpartum but did not reach the prepartum values. Two days postpartum, the mean body temperature was about 1 degree C higher than it was during the prepartum period. The mean body temperature increased an average of 0.06 degrees C per day during the 12-day postpartum period. A diurnal pattern was evident in the body temperature variations.", "PMID": 513630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10362", "title": "Microbiological evaluation of a biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal.", "content": "A biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal was tested to determine the cabinet's ability to protect operators and experiments from aerosol exposure during routine microbiological and cage cleaning procedures. Stringent test conditions were provided by modifications of standardized protocols in addition to simulated cage dumping procedures, both of which utilized bacterial aerosols as challenges. Results of standardized test procedures (with no operator present) indicated good performance in protecting both operators and experiments. Procedures involving the dumping (by an operator) of contaminated bedding within the unit showed that the cabinet was able to contain 99.96% or greater of the total particles generated.", "contents": "Microbiological evaluation of a biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal. A biological safety cabinet modified for bedding disposal was tested to determine the cabinet's ability to protect operators and experiments from aerosol exposure during routine microbiological and cage cleaning procedures. Stringent test conditions were provided by modifications of standardized protocols in addition to simulated cage dumping procedures, both of which utilized bacterial aerosols as challenges. Results of standardized test procedures (with no operator present) indicated good performance in protecting both operators and experiments. Procedures involving the dumping (by an operator) of contaminated bedding within the unit showed that the cabinet was able to contain 99.96% or greater of the total particles generated.", "PMID": 513631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10363", "title": "A device for milk collection from mice.", "content": "Approximately 14 days after SHN, SLN and C3H/He strains of mice gave birth, their pups were removed. After 14--16 hours away from their pups, the dam was anesthetized, injected with oxytocin and milked. The milking device consisted of a rubber-stoppered centrifuge tube containing a stainless steel catheter and polyvinyl chloride tube. It was operated by vacuum.", "contents": "A device for milk collection from mice. Approximately 14 days after SHN, SLN and C3H/He strains of mice gave birth, their pups were removed. After 14--16 hours away from their pups, the dam was anesthetized, injected with oxytocin and milked. The milking device consisted of a rubber-stoppered centrifuge tube containing a stainless steel catheter and polyvinyl chloride tube. It was operated by vacuum.", "PMID": 513632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10364", "title": "Orbital venous anatomy of the rat.", "content": "Ten rats were embalmed, the veins of the head latex-injected, and the heads were dissected. Five rats were used to prepare corrosion casts of the venous structures of the head. It was found that the rat has an orbital venous plexus rather than an orbital venous sinus as seen in the mouse and hamster. The orbital venous plexus was formed by the external dorsal ophthalmic vein, the external ventral ophthalmic vein and numerous anastomoses between these veins. Of major interest was a large anastomotic vein located in the caudaldorsal area of the orbit. The anastomotic vein joined the orbital venous plexus and the superficial temporal vein.", "contents": "Orbital venous anatomy of the rat. Ten rats were embalmed, the veins of the head latex-injected, and the heads were dissected. Five rats were used to prepare corrosion casts of the venous structures of the head. It was found that the rat has an orbital venous plexus rather than an orbital venous sinus as seen in the mouse and hamster. The orbital venous plexus was formed by the external dorsal ophthalmic vein, the external ventral ophthalmic vein and numerous anastomoses between these veins. Of major interest was a large anastomotic vein located in the caudaldorsal area of the orbit. The anastomotic vein joined the orbital venous plexus and the superficial temporal vein.", "PMID": 513633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10365", "title": "Harderian gland dacryoadenitis in rats resulting from orbital bleeding.", "content": "Localized necrotizing inflammation of the Harderian gland was a sequela to obtaining blood samples from rats by the orbital bleeding technique. The lesion affected a few adjoining lobules that were adjacent to ocular muscles, in contrast to the widespread inflammation of the Harderian gland which results from sialodacryoadenitis virus infection. Lesions resolved in 4 weeks by atrophy of acini in affected lobules with associated mononuclear cell inflammation and fibrosis.", "contents": "Harderian gland dacryoadenitis in rats resulting from orbital bleeding. Localized necrotizing inflammation of the Harderian gland was a sequela to obtaining blood samples from rats by the orbital bleeding technique. The lesion affected a few adjoining lobules that were adjacent to ocular muscles, in contrast to the widespread inflammation of the Harderian gland which results from sialodacryoadenitis virus infection. Lesions resolved in 4 weeks by atrophy of acini in affected lobules with associated mononuclear cell inflammation and fibrosis.", "PMID": 513634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10366", "title": "Frequency of hydronephrosis in Wistar rats.", "content": "Kidneys from 1806 Wistar rats were examined grossly for hydronephrosis and ureteral dilation. Hydronephrosis was seen more often on the right side (11%) than the left (0.3%). Overall frequency of hydronephrosis in males (181/1305) was greater than in females (23/501), and the frequency was statistically greater in male rats aged 5,6,8 and 9 weeks than in age-matched females.", "contents": "Frequency of hydronephrosis in Wistar rats. Kidneys from 1806 Wistar rats were examined grossly for hydronephrosis and ureteral dilation. Hydronephrosis was seen more often on the right side (11%) than the left (0.3%). Overall frequency of hydronephrosis in males (181/1305) was greater than in females (23/501), and the frequency was statistically greater in male rats aged 5,6,8 and 9 weeks than in age-matched females.", "PMID": 513635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10367", "title": "A latex-sponge collar for partial-body plethysmography using anesthetized rodents.", "content": "A latex-sponge sandwich collar was used for sealing rodents in a partial body plethsymograph. This collar formed a leak-free seal between an aerosol inhalation exposure unit and the plethysmograph. Respiratory frequency was compared in anesthetized rats and hamsters using this collar and other types of collars. The newly designed collars did not hamper breathing patterns and reduced the incidence of deaths observed using collars of another design.", "contents": "A latex-sponge collar for partial-body plethysmography using anesthetized rodents. A latex-sponge sandwich collar was used for sealing rodents in a partial body plethsymograph. This collar formed a leak-free seal between an aerosol inhalation exposure unit and the plethysmograph. Respiratory frequency was compared in anesthetized rats and hamsters using this collar and other types of collars. The newly designed collars did not hamper breathing patterns and reduced the incidence of deaths observed using collars of another design.", "PMID": 513636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10368", "title": "Cryptosporidium cuniculus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "Cryptosporidium cuniculus was identified by light and electron microscopy in two apparently healthy rabbits. Organisms were firmly attached at the brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells. Cellular alterations were minimal, consisting of elongation and shortening of microvilli adjacent to the attachment sites of organisms. Various developmental stages of cryptosporidium were identified by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cryptosporidium cuniculus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cryptosporidium cuniculus was identified by light and electron microscopy in two apparently healthy rabbits. Organisms were firmly attached at the brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells. Cellular alterations were minimal, consisting of elongation and shortening of microvilli adjacent to the attachment sites of organisms. Various developmental stages of cryptosporidium were identified by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 513637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10369", "title": "Fecal cup for collection of feces in male rats.", "content": "A cup was designed which fits around the tail of male rats. The cup was used to collect feces and made it possible to separate urine and feces completely from each other. The cup was easy to apply, remove, empty and replace, and its use did not cause noticeable stress to the animal.", "contents": "Fecal cup for collection of feces in male rats. A cup was designed which fits around the tail of male rats. The cup was used to collect feces and made it possible to separate urine and feces completely from each other. The cup was easy to apply, remove, empty and replace, and its use did not cause noticeable stress to the animal.", "PMID": 513638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10370", "title": "Toe-clipping procedure for individual identification of rodents.", "content": "A simple, easily readable system for permanent individual identification of rodents was accomplished by clipping off selected toes according to a code. Up to 10,000 animals could be consecutively numbered using this system.", "contents": "Toe-clipping procedure for individual identification of rodents. A simple, easily readable system for permanent individual identification of rodents was accomplished by clipping off selected toes according to a code. Up to 10,000 animals could be consecutively numbered using this system.", "PMID": 513639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10371", "title": "A safe and simple technique for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits.", "content": "A safe and simple method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from the anesthetized rabbit was accomplished by cannulating the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid (1.5--2.0 ml) was obtained for laboratory analysis. The procedure could be repeated at 2--3 day intervals without  detrimental effects.", "contents": "A safe and simple technique for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits. A safe and simple method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from the anesthetized rabbit was accomplished by cannulating the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid (1.5--2.0 ml) was obtained for laboratory analysis. The procedure could be repeated at 2--3 day intervals without  detrimental effects.", "PMID": 513640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10372", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in the cirrhotic rat.", "content": "Bile acid metabolism was studied in rats with cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Although the typical histologic features of cirrhosis were seen, cholestasis was not present in these animals as evidenced by a normal total serum bilirubin concentration and by a normal hepatic capacity to remove taurocholate infused intravenously. The cirrhotic rats also secreted taurocholate into bile at a normal rate. The total bile salt pool size in the cirrhotic rats was not significantly different from the pool size in normal rats (10.59 +/- 1.19 mumoles per gm. of liver (+/- 1 standard error of the mean) and 10.43 +/- 0.92 mumoles per gm. of liver, respectively). When the bile was drained externally through a chronic bile fistula, the normal rats increased the bile salt synthetic rate approximately 3-fold after 48 hours of drainage. However, the cirrhotic rats failed to significantly increase the synthetic rate for bile salts in response to biliary drainage. The normal rats also had a significant increase in cholic acid synthesis at the maximal synthetic rate, whereas the cirrhotic rats did not. These findings indicate that (when feedback inhibition is removed) CCl4 cirrhotic rats lack the ability to normally increase the activity of 7 alpha-hydroxylase and 12 alpha-hydroxylase, rate-limiting enzymes in the synthesis of bile salts.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in the cirrhotic rat. Bile acid metabolism was studied in rats with cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Although the typical histologic features of cirrhosis were seen, cholestasis was not present in these animals as evidenced by a normal total serum bilirubin concentration and by a normal hepatic capacity to remove taurocholate infused intravenously. The cirrhotic rats also secreted taurocholate into bile at a normal rate. The total bile salt pool size in the cirrhotic rats was not significantly different from the pool size in normal rats (10.59 +/- 1.19 mumoles per gm. of liver (+/- 1 standard error of the mean) and 10.43 +/- 0.92 mumoles per gm. of liver, respectively). When the bile was drained externally through a chronic bile fistula, the normal rats increased the bile salt synthetic rate approximately 3-fold after 48 hours of drainage. However, the cirrhotic rats failed to significantly increase the synthetic rate for bile salts in response to biliary drainage. The normal rats also had a significant increase in cholic acid synthesis at the maximal synthetic rate, whereas the cirrhotic rats did not. These findings indicate that (when feedback inhibition is removed) CCl4 cirrhotic rats lack the ability to normally increase the activity of 7 alpha-hydroxylase and 12 alpha-hydroxylase, rate-limiting enzymes in the synthesis of bile salts.", "PMID": 513642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10373", "title": "Morphologic observations on experimental corneal vascularization in the rat.", "content": "The morphologic evolution of the early events of corneal vascularization in the rat cornea induced by silver nitrate cautery were followed by light and electron microscopy. An initial acute inflammatory response occurred within the first 6 hours after cautery as evidenced by vascular dilation, diapedesis of leukocytes, and an increased vascular permeability, as manifested by distended lymphatics and the presence of extravascular fibrin. At 24 hours after injury, the hypertrophy and the prominence of nucleoli and the presence of abundant polyribosomes were the initial suggestion that vascular endothelial cells and pericytes had entered the mitotic cycle. Nine hours later, at 33 hours after cautery, the first new vessels were observed as sprouts from the capillary arcade and postcapillary venules. The experiments reemphasize the association of acute inflammation and corneal vascularization in this model and underscore the early occurrence of vascular endothelial cell replication.", "contents": "Morphologic observations on experimental corneal vascularization in the rat. The morphologic evolution of the early events of corneal vascularization in the rat cornea induced by silver nitrate cautery were followed by light and electron microscopy. An initial acute inflammatory response occurred within the first 6 hours after cautery as evidenced by vascular dilation, diapedesis of leukocytes, and an increased vascular permeability, as manifested by distended lymphatics and the presence of extravascular fibrin. At 24 hours after injury, the hypertrophy and the prominence of nucleoli and the presence of abundant polyribosomes were the initial suggestion that vascular endothelial cells and pericytes had entered the mitotic cycle. Nine hours later, at 33 hours after cautery, the first new vessels were observed as sprouts from the capillary arcade and postcapillary venules. The experiments reemphasize the association of acute inflammation and corneal vascularization in this model and underscore the early occurrence of vascular endothelial cell replication.", "PMID": 513644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10374", "title": "Autopsy study of small cardiac scars in Japanese men who lived in Hiroshima, Japan and Honolulu, Hawaii.", "content": "Japanese men long resident in Honolulu, Hawaii have significantly more ischemic heart disease but significantly fewer small cardiac scars than men in Hiroshima, Japan. These scars occur in three forms:(1)small scars in the mural myocardium which account for the difference in frequency of small lesions in the two cities and are of uncertain etiology; (2)areas of diffuse fibrosis in the papillary muscles. These are equally frequent in the two cities and are associated with advancing age and sclerosis of papillary muscle arteries; and(3)focal scars in the papillary muscles. These are more frequent in Honolulu than Hiroshima. They are healed infarcts due to ischemic heart disease and are associated with a severe degree of extramural coronary artery atherosclerosis. Small mural myocardial scars, when present, are usually found in multiple sites. Their increased frequency in Hiroshima is not explained by differences in age or heart weight. They are more common in the presence of sclerosis of intramural small arteries, but this association also fails to explain the intercity difference. It is supected that the excess of these small cardiac scars in Hiroshima males reflects past privation. There is no evidence that is is related to A-bomb radiation exposure.", "contents": "Autopsy study of small cardiac scars in Japanese men who lived in Hiroshima, Japan and Honolulu, Hawaii. Japanese men long resident in Honolulu, Hawaii have significantly more ischemic heart disease but significantly fewer small cardiac scars than men in Hiroshima, Japan. These scars occur in three forms:(1)small scars in the mural myocardium which account for the difference in frequency of small lesions in the two cities and are of uncertain etiology; (2)areas of diffuse fibrosis in the papillary muscles. These are equally frequent in the two cities and are associated with advancing age and sclerosis of papillary muscle arteries; and(3)focal scars in the papillary muscles. These are more frequent in Honolulu than Hiroshima. They are healed infarcts due to ischemic heart disease and are associated with a severe degree of extramural coronary artery atherosclerosis. Small mural myocardial scars, when present, are usually found in multiple sites. Their increased frequency in Hiroshima is not explained by differences in age or heart weight. They are more common in the presence of sclerosis of intramural small arteries, but this association also fails to explain the intercity difference. It is supected that the excess of these small cardiac scars in Hiroshima males reflects past privation. There is no evidence that is is related to A-bomb radiation exposure.", "PMID": 513645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10375", "title": "Assessment of Dharmendra antigen. II. Standardisation of the antigens.", "content": "Dharmendra antigen with different bacterial counts (16, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 and 2.5 million/ml) have been utilized for determination of skin delayed hypersensitivity in leprosy patients. It has been noted that antigen with 10 million acid fast bacilli (AFB)/ml mounts a standard early (24 hrs) as well as late (3 weeks) reaction in patients. Lepromatous patients do not show any skin reaction with this dilution. Thus, a standard Dharmendra antigen has been prepared using a considerably smaller number of organisms as compared to the International standards for Mitsuda antigen.", "contents": "Assessment of Dharmendra antigen. II. Standardisation of the antigens. Dharmendra antigen with different bacterial counts (16, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 and 2.5 million/ml) have been utilized for determination of skin delayed hypersensitivity in leprosy patients. It has been noted that antigen with 10 million acid fast bacilli (AFB)/ml mounts a standard early (24 hrs) as well as late (3 weeks) reaction in patients. Lepromatous patients do not show any skin reaction with this dilution. Thus, a standard Dharmendra antigen has been prepared using a considerably smaller number of organisms as compared to the International standards for Mitsuda antigen.", "PMID": 513648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10376", "title": "Assessment of Dharmendra antigen. III. Comparative study with Mitsuda antigen.", "content": "Four fractions each from Dharmendra and Mitsuda antigen have been obtained by step-wise centrifugation and sonication of the antigen. These fractions have been assessed for their capacity of inducing skin delayed hypersensitivity response. While, it has been noted that all fractions of both types of antigens can induce a good early reaction, the late skin reaction is only mounted by intact bacilli of both types of antigen. When compared at a constant bacillary concentration, Dharmendra antigen has produced better early skin reaction than Mitsuda antigen, whereas the intensity of late skin reaction is almost equal with both the antigens. The hypothesis has been put forward that the early, as well as the late reaction are produced by the same antigen and this antigen is located in the protoplasm of M. leprae.", "contents": "Assessment of Dharmendra antigen. III. Comparative study with Mitsuda antigen. Four fractions each from Dharmendra and Mitsuda antigen have been obtained by step-wise centrifugation and sonication of the antigen. These fractions have been assessed for their capacity of inducing skin delayed hypersensitivity response. While, it has been noted that all fractions of both types of antigens can induce a good early reaction, the late skin reaction is only mounted by intact bacilli of both types of antigen. When compared at a constant bacillary concentration, Dharmendra antigen has produced better early skin reaction than Mitsuda antigen, whereas the intensity of late skin reaction is almost equal with both the antigens. The hypothesis has been put forward that the early, as well as the late reaction are produced by the same antigen and this antigen is located in the protoplasm of M. leprae.", "PMID": 513649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10377", "title": "Ulnar nerve decompression by medial epicondylectomy of the humerus and a method of assessing muscle power status by totalling the muscle grading.", "content": "This paper advocates the principle of ulnar nerve decompression by medial epicondylectomy of the humerus in leprosy patients presenting with ulnar nerve neuritis and early muscle weakness of ulnar nerve supplied muscles. 16 medial epicondylectomies were done on 14 patients and a follow up showed relief of nerve tenderness and an improvement in the motor power status of the muscles as shown by total grading.", "contents": "Ulnar nerve decompression by medial epicondylectomy of the humerus and a method of assessing muscle power status by totalling the muscle grading. This paper advocates the principle of ulnar nerve decompression by medial epicondylectomy of the humerus in leprosy patients presenting with ulnar nerve neuritis and early muscle weakness of ulnar nerve supplied muscles. 16 medial epicondylectomies were done on 14 patients and a follow up showed relief of nerve tenderness and an improvement in the motor power status of the muscles as shown by total grading.", "PMID": 513650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10378", "title": "Activity and effective serum level of repository sulphones (DADDS) in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "35 cases of lepromatous leprosy were studied to evaluate the effective blood level and long depot action of acedapsone (DADDS). It was revealed that serum level of this drug is maintained well above the minimum inhibitory concentration upto 60 days following single intramuscular injection. No significant untoward effects of the drug were encountered except one case of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum and six patients with mild reactional symptoms in the form of fever and arthralgia.", "contents": "Activity and effective serum level of repository sulphones (DADDS) in lepromatous leprosy. 35 cases of lepromatous leprosy were studied to evaluate the effective blood level and long depot action of acedapsone (DADDS). It was revealed that serum level of this drug is maintained well above the minimum inhibitory concentration upto 60 days following single intramuscular injection. No significant untoward effects of the drug were encountered except one case of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum and six patients with mild reactional symptoms in the form of fever and arthralgia.", "PMID": 513651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10379", "title": "A study of platelet adhesiveness in leprosy.", "content": "Platelet adhesiveness was studied in fifty patients of leprosy and fifteen healthy individuals who served as control group. Platelet adhesiveness as determined by glass bead apparatus showed a trend towards elevation in patients of leprosy, being maximum in reactional phase, statistically also the increase being highly significant (p value less than 0.001). The observed increase in platelet adhesiveness may be due to marked tissue destruction and vasculitis seen in leprosy patients.", "contents": "A study of platelet adhesiveness in leprosy. Platelet adhesiveness was studied in fifty patients of leprosy and fifteen healthy individuals who served as control group. Platelet adhesiveness as determined by glass bead apparatus showed a trend towards elevation in patients of leprosy, being maximum in reactional phase, statistically also the increase being highly significant (p value less than 0.001). The observed increase in platelet adhesiveness may be due to marked tissue destruction and vasculitis seen in leprosy patients.", "PMID": 513652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10380", "title": "Effects of speech materials on the loudness discomfort level.", "content": "Clinicians have used speech stimuli when measuring the loudness discomfort level (LDL) to determine the upper intensity limit for test stimulus presentation, and to select the saturation sound pressure level for an individual's hearing aid. Because little research has investigated the effects of speech stimuli on the LDL, this study was undertaken to compare LDLs using six commercially available speech materials on 120 normally hearing listeners. Our comparisons showed no significant differences between the mean scores for any of the speech stimuli. These findings suggest that any differences in the mean LDLs among studies probably are not attributable to the speech stimuli. The intrasession reliability of LDL measurement was also assessed using a modified method of limits procedure with 2-dB increments and instructions stressing initial discomfort. It was concluded that examiners probably could attain a high degree of reliability by simply averaging the results of two ascending trials, because 95% of these test/retest differences did not exceed 6 dB. Our findings were integrated with previous studies in terms of: (1) test stimuli; (2) listener experience; (3) instructional set; and (4) psychophysical method. This discussion points to many unanswered questions and concludes that the LDL should be interpreted very cautiously. Moreover, it is suggested that the stimuli selected for LDL measurement should reflect the examiner's purpose.", "contents": "Effects of speech materials on the loudness discomfort level. Clinicians have used speech stimuli when measuring the loudness discomfort level (LDL) to determine the upper intensity limit for test stimulus presentation, and to select the saturation sound pressure level for an individual's hearing aid. Because little research has investigated the effects of speech stimuli on the LDL, this study was undertaken to compare LDLs using six commercially available speech materials on 120 normally hearing listeners. Our comparisons showed no significant differences between the mean scores for any of the speech stimuli. These findings suggest that any differences in the mean LDLs among studies probably are not attributable to the speech stimuli. The intrasession reliability of LDL measurement was also assessed using a modified method of limits procedure with 2-dB increments and instructions stressing initial discomfort. It was concluded that examiners probably could attain a high degree of reliability by simply averaging the results of two ascending trials, because 95% of these test/retest differences did not exceed 6 dB. Our findings were integrated with previous studies in terms of: (1) test stimuli; (2) listener experience; (3) instructional set; and (4) psychophysical method. This discussion points to many unanswered questions and concludes that the LDL should be interpreted very cautiously. Moreover, it is suggested that the stimuli selected for LDL measurement should reflect the examiner's purpose.", "PMID": 513668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10381", "title": "Aspects of phonological acquisition during articulation training.", "content": "Acquisition of correct /s/ over time was studied in five misarticulating children and compared to data reported for younger children during normal phonological development. Changes in production of /s/ as the children were learning to produce /s/ were examined in untrained syllables session by session. These longitudinal data were explored for patterns reported to occur in normal acquisition. It was found that the misarticulating children typically shifted their responses from correct to incorrect during the acquisition period; this may be attributed to competing rules operating during the early stages of acquisition similar to the rules proposed to be operating during morphological acquisition. The children varied in the time required to acquire correct production which is comparable to the variability reported in normal acquisition. Individual learning strategies were noted in the children's productions of consonant clusters which correspond to the proposed stages of development in normal phonological acquisition.", "contents": "Aspects of phonological acquisition during articulation training. Acquisition of correct /s/ over time was studied in five misarticulating children and compared to data reported for younger children during normal phonological development. Changes in production of /s/ as the children were learning to produce /s/ were examined in untrained syllables session by session. These longitudinal data were explored for patterns reported to occur in normal acquisition. It was found that the misarticulating children typically shifted their responses from correct to incorrect during the acquisition period; this may be attributed to competing rules operating during the early stages of acquisition similar to the rules proposed to be operating during morphological acquisition. The children varied in the time required to acquire correct production which is comparable to the variability reported in normal acquisition. Individual learning strategies were noted in the children's productions of consonant clusters which correspond to the proposed stages of development in normal phonological acquisition.", "PMID": 513669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10382", "title": "Level of aspiration in female stutterers: changing times?", "content": "In a study designed to cross-check a previous finding that females who stutter suffer from markedly low self-esteem and low levels of aspiration, 21 female stutters and 35 female controls were compared on the Rotter Level of Aspiration Board. For the female stutterers, the mean D score was +1.46, while for the female nonstutterers, it was +3.11 (t = 2.75; p less than 0.005). It was concluded that females who stutter do indeed suffer from low self-esteem, as reflected in their greater reluctance to bid for scores promising higher achievement. Comparison of the 1979 sample with a 1955 sample indicated that female stutterers may be making some generational gains in self-esteem perhaps reflecting improved status of females in our society.", "contents": "Level of aspiration in female stutterers: changing times? In a study designed to cross-check a previous finding that females who stutter suffer from markedly low self-esteem and low levels of aspiration, 21 female stutters and 35 female controls were compared on the Rotter Level of Aspiration Board. For the female stutterers, the mean D score was +1.46, while for the female nonstutterers, it was +3.11 (t = 2.75; p less than 0.005). It was concluded that females who stutter do indeed suffer from low self-esteem, as reflected in their greater reluctance to bid for scores promising higher achievement. Comparison of the 1979 sample with a 1955 sample indicated that female stutterers may be making some generational gains in self-esteem perhaps reflecting improved status of females in our society.", "PMID": 513670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10383", "title": "Effects of listener uncertainty on articulatory inconsistency.", "content": "This investigation determined the effects of listener uncertainty on articulatory inconsistency. Subjects were 15 children between three and five years of age. Each subject was tested to find a set of 45 pictures to which articulatory responses would contain sound errors on: /f,v,th,s,ts,dz/. After one week, articulatory responses to these 45 stimuli elicited by traditional picture naming techniques were compared to productions of the same words elicited in an experimental communication setting. The number of sound errors decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) in the experimental communication setting when the listener pretended to be uncertain of what the speaker said. This finding was interpreted to mean that listener uncertainty may increase the effectiveness of articulatory remediation procedures if included in treatment programs.", "contents": "Effects of listener uncertainty on articulatory inconsistency. This investigation determined the effects of listener uncertainty on articulatory inconsistency. Subjects were 15 children between three and five years of age. Each subject was tested to find a set of 45 pictures to which articulatory responses would contain sound errors on: /f,v,th,s,ts,dz/. After one week, articulatory responses to these 45 stimuli elicited by traditional picture naming techniques were compared to productions of the same words elicited in an experimental communication setting. The number of sound errors decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) in the experimental communication setting when the listener pretended to be uncertain of what the speaker said. This finding was interpreted to mean that listener uncertainty may increase the effectiveness of articulatory remediation procedures if included in treatment programs.", "PMID": 513671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10384", "title": "A child with Noonan syndrome.", "content": "The speech, language, and hearing characteristics of a child with Noonan syndrome are described in this report. The physical characteristics of this disorder are presented. Also included is a description of a pragmatic language analysis completed to provide a description of social-linguistic communication and a basis for treatment.", "contents": "A child with Noonan syndrome. The speech, language, and hearing characteristics of a child with Noonan syndrome are described in this report. The physical characteristics of this disorder are presented. Also included is a description of a pragmatic language analysis completed to provide a description of social-linguistic communication and a basis for treatment.", "PMID": 513672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10385", "title": "Planning and self-assessment in articulatory training.", "content": "Children misarticulating the /r/ or /s/ speech sounds or both were identified, and assigned randomly to one of two groups. Each group received speech lessons that were similar. However, during response acquisition training, Group 1 was requested to plan articulatory movements mentally, produce the target sound, and assess the production. Group 2 practiced the training units without using the planning and assessment procedures. Group 1 exceeded Group 2 on generalization measures when the planning and assessment training was in effect.", "contents": "Planning and self-assessment in articulatory training. Children misarticulating the /r/ or /s/ speech sounds or both were identified, and assigned randomly to one of two groups. Each group received speech lessons that were similar. However, during response acquisition training, Group 1 was requested to plan articulatory movements mentally, produce the target sound, and assess the production. Group 2 practiced the training units without using the planning and assessment procedures. Group 1 exceeded Group 2 on generalization measures when the planning and assessment training was in effect.", "PMID": 513673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10386", "title": "Isovowel lines for the evaluation of vowel formant structure in speech disorders.", "content": "This report describes a system of isovowel lines in the F1-F2 and F2-F3 planes and demonstrates how these linear approximations to vowel formant frequencies for a diverse sample of speakers can be used to evaluate the vowel formant structures of individuals with speech disorders. The application to disordered speech is illustrated with data for dysarthric adults, deaf adolescents, and young children with developmental errors of: Formula: (See Text) production.", "contents": "Isovowel lines for the evaluation of vowel formant structure in speech disorders. This report describes a system of isovowel lines in the F1-F2 and F2-F3 planes and demonstrates how these linear approximations to vowel formant frequencies for a diverse sample of speakers can be used to evaluate the vowel formant structures of individuals with speech disorders. The application to disordered speech is illustrated with data for dysarthric adults, deaf adolescents, and young children with developmental errors of: Formula: (See Text) production.", "PMID": 513674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10387", "title": "A comparison of the NU-6 and W-22 speech discrimination tests for assessing sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The Auditec recordings of the CID W-22 and NU-6 word lists were administered to 30 adults having sensorineural hearing losses. Speech discrimination scores for both tests were obtained at 16, 24, and 32 dB sensation level. Results suggest that both tests differentiate sensorineural-impaired subjects from normal listeners, although scores were significantly better for the W-22 word lists at all sensation levels. Implications for the clinical use of these measures are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the NU-6 and W-22 speech discrimination tests for assessing sensorineural hearing loss. The Auditec recordings of the CID W-22 and NU-6 word lists were administered to 30 adults having sensorineural hearing losses. Speech discrimination scores for both tests were obtained at 16, 24, and 32 dB sensation level. Results suggest that both tests differentiate sensorineural-impaired subjects from normal listeners, although scores were significantly better for the W-22 word lists at all sensation levels. Implications for the clinical use of these measures are discussed.", "PMID": 513675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10388", "title": "SSW and dichotic digit results pre- and post-commissurotomy: a case report.", "content": "A 19-year-old right-handed male with normal peripheral hearing bilaterally, was tested on the SSW and dichotic digits before and after commissurotomy. SSW results showed a definite deficit for words presented to the left ear in both the competing and noncompeting conditions. Dichotic digit results showed complete inability on the part of the subject to report the digits presented to the left ear. These findings are similar to other dichotic test results previously reported on split-brain patients.", "contents": "SSW and dichotic digit results pre- and post-commissurotomy: a case report. A 19-year-old right-handed male with normal peripheral hearing bilaterally, was tested on the SSW and dichotic digits before and after commissurotomy. SSW results showed a definite deficit for words presented to the left ear in both the competing and noncompeting conditions. Dichotic digit results showed complete inability on the part of the subject to report the digits presented to the left ear. These findings are similar to other dichotic test results previously reported on split-brain patients.", "PMID": 513676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10389", "title": "A systematic investigation of measurement parameters of acoustic-reflex adaptation.", "content": "Acoustic-reflex adaptation was assessed in 49 normal ears. Acoustic reflexes were elicited by the use of contralateral stimulation at four frequencies and five sensation levels. The results displayed the effects of stimulus frequency and sensation level on the amount of acoustic-reflex adaptation. Suggestions are presented for clinical procedures for obtaining contralateral acoustic reflex adaptation measures.", "contents": "A systematic investigation of measurement parameters of acoustic-reflex adaptation. Acoustic-reflex adaptation was assessed in 49 normal ears. Acoustic reflexes were elicited by the use of contralateral stimulation at four frequencies and five sensation levels. The results displayed the effects of stimulus frequency and sensation level on the amount of acoustic-reflex adaptation. Suggestions are presented for clinical procedures for obtaining contralateral acoustic reflex adaptation measures.", "PMID": 513677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10390", "title": "Variables influencing phonemic discrimination performance in normal and learning-disabled children.", "content": "Twenty-five learning-disabled and 25 normal first-grade-age children took a phonemic discrimination test that manipulated word-pairs systematically according to degree of phonetic difference, position of phoneme contrast, and lexical familiarity. Results indicated that (1) the significantly lower performance of the learning-disabled to children as a group was due to the impaired performance by a small subgroup, (2) all three stimulus variables had significant effects on performance, (3) all combinations of stimulus variables interacted significantly, and (4) discrimination performance did not correlate with measures of receptive vocabulary or reading achievement for either group.", "contents": "Variables influencing phonemic discrimination performance in normal and learning-disabled children. Twenty-five learning-disabled and 25 normal first-grade-age children took a phonemic discrimination test that manipulated word-pairs systematically according to degree of phonetic difference, position of phoneme contrast, and lexical familiarity. Results indicated that (1) the significantly lower performance of the learning-disabled to children as a group was due to the impaired performance by a small subgroup, (2) all three stimulus variables had significant effects on performance, (3) all combinations of stimulus variables interacted significantly, and (4) discrimination performance did not correlate with measures of receptive vocabulary or reading achievement for either group.", "PMID": 513678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10391", "title": "Static acoustic-immittance measurements.", "content": "The basic principles of deriving static acoustic-immittance measurements in human ears are presented. Problems caused by differences in instrumentation, computations, and measurement technique are discussed in terms of the utility and comparisons of static acoustic-immittance measurements. Data are provided regarding the short- and long-term variabilities inherent to static measurements. Although our subject pool was relatively small, certain patterns were apparent in the short- and long-term variability inherent to static acoustic-impedance measurements. The intra-event variability about the mean static acoustic impedance was small and varied inversely with probe-tone frequency. Standard deviations were less than 50 acoustic ohms for a 220-Hz probe tone and less than 25 acoustic ohms for a 660-Hz probe tone. Session-to-session variability in static measurements varied little within subjects but varied greatly across subjects. There was little correlation between the mean and standard deviation for within-subject measurements. Standard deviations across subjects approximate a relatively constant proportion (30-40%) of the mean static value. The need for large population studies of static acoustic-immittance measurements is noted.", "contents": "Static acoustic-immittance measurements. The basic principles of deriving static acoustic-immittance measurements in human ears are presented. Problems caused by differences in instrumentation, computations, and measurement technique are discussed in terms of the utility and comparisons of static acoustic-immittance measurements. Data are provided regarding the short- and long-term variabilities inherent to static measurements. Although our subject pool was relatively small, certain patterns were apparent in the short- and long-term variability inherent to static acoustic-impedance measurements. The intra-event variability about the mean static acoustic impedance was small and varied inversely with probe-tone frequency. Standard deviations were less than 50 acoustic ohms for a 220-Hz probe tone and less than 25 acoustic ohms for a 660-Hz probe tone. Session-to-session variability in static measurements varied little within subjects but varied greatly across subjects. There was little correlation between the mean and standard deviation for within-subject measurements. Standard deviations across subjects approximate a relatively constant proportion (30-40%) of the mean static value. The need for large population studies of static acoustic-immittance measurements is noted.", "PMID": 513679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10392", "title": "Prediction of hearing levels from acoustic reflex thresholds in persons with high-frequency hearing losses.", "content": "This study examined the precision of the bivariate method in subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. The current bivariate data effectively separated normal hearing subjects from those with pure tone averages of greater than 32 dB HL, in a manner consistent with the results of Popelka and Trumpf (1976) and Margolis and Fox (1977b). However, for persons with high-frequency losses the prediction of hearing levels from acoustic reflex thresholds (ARTs) appears to be complicated. Moderate hearing losses involving 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz (\"speech frequencies\") as well as higher frequencies were identified on the basis of elevated average ARTs for 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz. Normal ears (pure tone averages of less than 30 dB HL) were isolated from others on the basis of position on the bivariate graph. Those with (1) normal hearing in the \"speech frequencies\" and a high-frequency loss and (2) a mild loss in the \"speech frequencies\" and a high-frequency loss, could be separated from those with normal hearing by location on the bivariate graph, and from those with moderate (or worse) losses on the basis of average ART for tones. Consideration of these findings is useful in the evaluation of patients at risk for high-frequency loss, such as patients with noise exposure, and is particularly useful in cases of suspected functional impairment within this population. A modification of the bivariate method is suggested which extends its application to patient populations with a large incidence of high frequency sensorineural hearing loss.", "contents": "Prediction of hearing levels from acoustic reflex thresholds in persons with high-frequency hearing losses. This study examined the precision of the bivariate method in subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. The current bivariate data effectively separated normal hearing subjects from those with pure tone averages of greater than 32 dB HL, in a manner consistent with the results of Popelka and Trumpf (1976) and Margolis and Fox (1977b). However, for persons with high-frequency losses the prediction of hearing levels from acoustic reflex thresholds (ARTs) appears to be complicated. Moderate hearing losses involving 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz (\"speech frequencies\") as well as higher frequencies were identified on the basis of elevated average ARTs for 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz. Normal ears (pure tone averages of less than 30 dB HL) were isolated from others on the basis of position on the bivariate graph. Those with (1) normal hearing in the \"speech frequencies\" and a high-frequency loss and (2) a mild loss in the \"speech frequencies\" and a high-frequency loss, could be separated from those with normal hearing by location on the bivariate graph, and from those with moderate (or worse) losses on the basis of average ART for tones. Consideration of these findings is useful in the evaluation of patients at risk for high-frequency loss, such as patients with noise exposure, and is particularly useful in cases of suspected functional impairment within this population. A modification of the bivariate method is suggested which extends its application to patient populations with a large incidence of high frequency sensorineural hearing loss.", "PMID": 513680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10393", "title": "Intonation and intelligibility of time-compressed speech. Supplementary report: English vs. French.", "content": "Comparative data are reported for the intelligibility of English and of French time-compressed speech when heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns conflicting with underlying syntactic structure. Within an overall decrement in intelligibility with increasing compression, both French and English show similar superiority functions for sentences heard in normal intonation. Results suggest a role of prosodic features in perceptual processing of French comparable to that previously reported for English.", "contents": "Intonation and intelligibility of time-compressed speech. Supplementary report: English vs. French. Comparative data are reported for the intelligibility of English and of French time-compressed speech when heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns conflicting with underlying syntactic structure. Within an overall decrement in intelligibility with increasing compression, both French and English show similar superiority functions for sentences heard in normal intonation. Results suggest a role of prosodic features in perceptual processing of French comparable to that previously reported for English.", "PMID": 513681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10394", "title": "The effect of psychophysical method on the loudness of continuous and interrupted pure tones.", "content": "Using the Bekesy tracking method for loudness judgement tasks such as most comfortable loudness (MCL) and recalled loudness (RL) measurements, normal listeners have tracked continuous (C) tones at lesser intensities than interrupted (I) tones. The resulting continuous/interrupted (C/I) separations have ranged up to 22 dB. Explanations of the unexpected C/I separations have not been in agreement. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether psychophysical method has a significant effect on the C/I separation. Subjects were six normal-hearing adults, each of whom participated in three practice and ten test sessions of one hour each. Thirty-six experimental conditions were presented. The test signals were C tones, 200/200 msec I tones and 200/800 msec I tones, all at 1 kHz. The reference intensities wer 20, 50 and 80 dB SPL. The four methods were Bekesy tracking method (BTM), method of adjustment (MAdj), method of limits (ML) and method of constant stimuli difference (MCSD). Mean values for Point of Subjective Equality and C/I separation were calculated. C/I separations obtained with the BTM were significantly larger than C/I separations obtained with any other psychophysical method. These results demonstrate that C/I separations obtained during suprathreshold Bekesy tracking tasks by normal hearers are largely caused by the measurement method itself rather than by differences in C and I tone loudness. Time order errors could explain the BTM effect.", "contents": "The effect of psychophysical method on the loudness of continuous and interrupted pure tones. Using the Bekesy tracking method for loudness judgement tasks such as most comfortable loudness (MCL) and recalled loudness (RL) measurements, normal listeners have tracked continuous (C) tones at lesser intensities than interrupted (I) tones. The resulting continuous/interrupted (C/I) separations have ranged up to 22 dB. Explanations of the unexpected C/I separations have not been in agreement. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether psychophysical method has a significant effect on the C/I separation. Subjects were six normal-hearing adults, each of whom participated in three practice and ten test sessions of one hour each. Thirty-six experimental conditions were presented. The test signals were C tones, 200/200 msec I tones and 200/800 msec I tones, all at 1 kHz. The reference intensities wer 20, 50 and 80 dB SPL. The four methods were Bekesy tracking method (BTM), method of adjustment (MAdj), method of limits (ML) and method of constant stimuli difference (MCSD). Mean values for Point of Subjective Equality and C/I separation were calculated. C/I separations obtained with the BTM were significantly larger than C/I separations obtained with any other psychophysical method. These results demonstrate that C/I separations obtained during suprathreshold Bekesy tracking tasks by normal hearers are largely caused by the measurement method itself rather than by differences in C and I tone loudness. Time order errors could explain the BTM effect.", "PMID": 513682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10395", "title": "Phone rate and the effective planning time hypothesis of stuttering.", "content": "Effects on syllable disfluency and phone rate (duration of phones spoken per minute) were compared in 19 adult stutterers under three reading rate conditions: control; slow normally-spoken-word-syllable timed (WS); and phone-prolongation (PP) matched to WS in syllable rate. Both phone rate and syllable disfluency were progressively reduced from control to WS to PP conditions. These results strongly support the discoordination hypothesis that any condition which facilitates initiation of phonation in coordination with articulation and respiration will reduce stuttering. A broader hypothesis is that effective planning time for voice onset coordinations is the common element that explains the power of retarded phone rate, reduction of phonatory complexity, and rhythm virtually to eliminate stuttering.", "contents": "Phone rate and the effective planning time hypothesis of stuttering. Effects on syllable disfluency and phone rate (duration of phones spoken per minute) were compared in 19 adult stutterers under three reading rate conditions: control; slow normally-spoken-word-syllable timed (WS); and phone-prolongation (PP) matched to WS in syllable rate. Both phone rate and syllable disfluency were progressively reduced from control to WS to PP conditions. These results strongly support the discoordination hypothesis that any condition which facilitates initiation of phonation in coordination with articulation and respiration will reduce stuttering. A broader hypothesis is that effective planning time for voice onset coordinations is the common element that explains the power of retarded phone rate, reduction of phonatory complexity, and rhythm virtually to eliminate stuttering.", "PMID": 513683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10396", "title": "Effects of hemodialysis on pure-tone thresholds and blood chemistry measures.", "content": "Eight adults suffering from end-stage renal disease and undergoing hemodialysis were subjected to pure tone audiometry before and after each of five consecutive hemodialysis treatments. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment blood chemistries were analyzed. Computer statistics for these audiometric and physiologic variables indicated that these subjects, as a group, did not exhibit significant differences in threshold before and after hemodialysis, although individual differences did appear. No trend regarding the direction of change was evident. However, threshold shifts did occur which might reflect transient imbalance in the labyrinthine system produced by hemodialysis.", "contents": "Effects of hemodialysis on pure-tone thresholds and blood chemistry measures. Eight adults suffering from end-stage renal disease and undergoing hemodialysis were subjected to pure tone audiometry before and after each of five consecutive hemodialysis treatments. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment blood chemistries were analyzed. Computer statistics for these audiometric and physiologic variables indicated that these subjects, as a group, did not exhibit significant differences in threshold before and after hemodialysis, although individual differences did appear. No trend regarding the direction of change was evident. However, threshold shifts did occur which might reflect transient imbalance in the labyrinthine system produced by hemodialysis.", "PMID": 513684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10397", "title": "A note on patterns of comprehension and recovery in global aphasia.", "content": "Two tests of auditory comprehension (one probing knowledge of geographical locations, the other probing knowledge of familiar objects) were administered on two occasions to global aphasic patients. In addition to words drawn from the relevant lexical domains, nonsense words and words from inappropriate syntactic categories also were presented to the patients. The aphasic subjects attained more success rejecting nonsense words and words drawn from inappropriate syntactic categories than in comprehending the target words; in addition there was a consistent and surprising superiority in making correct localizations on a map as contrasted to localizing correctly familiar objects in a room. Similarly, patients' improvement across administrations was more pronounced in their heightened ability to reject the inappropriate terms rather than in increased capacity to make more accurate localizations of the target words. Overall, improvement was modest and virtually equivalent on the two measures of auditory comprehension.", "contents": "A note on patterns of comprehension and recovery in global aphasia. Two tests of auditory comprehension (one probing knowledge of geographical locations, the other probing knowledge of familiar objects) were administered on two occasions to global aphasic patients. In addition to words drawn from the relevant lexical domains, nonsense words and words from inappropriate syntactic categories also were presented to the patients. The aphasic subjects attained more success rejecting nonsense words and words drawn from inappropriate syntactic categories than in comprehending the target words; in addition there was a consistent and surprising superiority in making correct localizations on a map as contrasted to localizing correctly familiar objects in a room. Similarly, patients' improvement across administrations was more pronounced in their heightened ability to reject the inappropriate terms rather than in increased capacity to make more accurate localizations of the target words. Overall, improvement was modest and virtually equivalent on the two measures of auditory comprehension.", "PMID": 513685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10398", "title": "Articulatory effects of monaural and binaural masking in normal speaking adults wearing palatal appliances.", "content": "Ten normal speaking adults (five male, five female) performed three speaking tasks during conditions of monaural and binaural masking with and without complete palatal appliances. Significant effects on the subjects' articulation were found for the factors of masking type, palatal appliance and speaking task. No significant effects were found for monaural right- versus monaural left-ear masking or sex of the speakers. The findings are similar to previous results using binaural masking and indicate that the disruptive effect of monaural masking on the articulation of adult subjects is approximately midway between the effects of no masking and binaural masking. It is suggested that the lack of a significant effect for right-ear versus left-ear monaural masking may be due to the high degree of automatization which subjects possessed for the stimuli used in the speaking tasks.", "contents": "Articulatory effects of monaural and binaural masking in normal speaking adults wearing palatal appliances. Ten normal speaking adults (five male, five female) performed three speaking tasks during conditions of monaural and binaural masking with and without complete palatal appliances. Significant effects on the subjects' articulation were found for the factors of masking type, palatal appliance and speaking task. No significant effects were found for monaural right- versus monaural left-ear masking or sex of the speakers. The findings are similar to previous results using binaural masking and indicate that the disruptive effect of monaural masking on the articulation of adult subjects is approximately midway between the effects of no masking and binaural masking. It is suggested that the lack of a significant effect for right-ear versus left-ear monaural masking may be due to the high degree of automatization which subjects possessed for the stimuli used in the speaking tasks.", "PMID": 513686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10399", "title": "A further evaluation of the speech of stutterers during chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions.", "content": "The claim that stutterers change their customary way of speaking during chorus-reading conditions was assessed in a single subject experimental design on the speech of three stutterers. A number of pairs of speech samples of identical prose were obtained from chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions for each stutterer. Observers judged whether the pairs were composed of samples drawn from same (chorus/chorus or nonchorus/nonchorus) or different (chorus/nonchorus) oral reading conditions. The findings aligned with those obtained in an earlier group study. They indicated that there may be changes in the speech pattern of some stutterers during chorus-reading conditions, but this change may not occur in the speech pattern of all stutterers who respond to chorus reading conditions.", "contents": "A further evaluation of the speech of stutterers during chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions. The claim that stutterers change their customary way of speaking during chorus-reading conditions was assessed in a single subject experimental design on the speech of three stutterers. A number of pairs of speech samples of identical prose were obtained from chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions for each stutterer. Observers judged whether the pairs were composed of samples drawn from same (chorus/chorus or nonchorus/nonchorus) or different (chorus/nonchorus) oral reading conditions. The findings aligned with those obtained in an earlier group study. They indicated that there may be changes in the speech pattern of some stutterers during chorus-reading conditions, but this change may not occur in the speech pattern of all stutterers who respond to chorus reading conditions.", "PMID": 513687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10400", "title": "Vocal shadowing under conditions of normal and altered laryngeal sensation.", "content": "Five adult male subjects vocally matched the pitches of tones in a steady-state tone matching task (SSTMT) and vocally shadowed frequency changes in a frequency modulated tone matching task (FMTMT). Matching was done in both a normal condition and a condition of topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucosa. Pitch matching accuracy was not seriously altered in the anethesia condition, but anesthetized subjects required more time and had slower velocities in effecting transitions between tones on the FMTMT, as compared to normal. In both conditions there was a direct proportionality between interval size and each of the time and velocity variables examined, while frequency lowering was generally faster than frequency raising. Analysis of subject response strategies on the FMTMT revealed recurring patterns, described here as Overshoot, Undershoot, Oscillate and Hit. Fewer Hit, and more Oscillate, patterns were observed for the anesthesia condition as compared to normal. It was concluded that the FMTMT, as compared to the SSTMT, required finer and more rapid laryngeal control to coordinate respiratory driving pressures and glottal resistance, and hence was more susceptible to impairment of the laryngeal mucosal reflexogenic system. Implications of the data for modeling certain mechanical and physiological aspects of laryngeal control are discussed.", "contents": "Vocal shadowing under conditions of normal and altered laryngeal sensation. Five adult male subjects vocally matched the pitches of tones in a steady-state tone matching task (SSTMT) and vocally shadowed frequency changes in a frequency modulated tone matching task (FMTMT). Matching was done in both a normal condition and a condition of topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucosa. Pitch matching accuracy was not seriously altered in the anethesia condition, but anesthetized subjects required more time and had slower velocities in effecting transitions between tones on the FMTMT, as compared to normal. In both conditions there was a direct proportionality between interval size and each of the time and velocity variables examined, while frequency lowering was generally faster than frequency raising. Analysis of subject response strategies on the FMTMT revealed recurring patterns, described here as Overshoot, Undershoot, Oscillate and Hit. Fewer Hit, and more Oscillate, patterns were observed for the anesthesia condition as compared to normal. It was concluded that the FMTMT, as compared to the SSTMT, required finer and more rapid laryngeal control to coordinate respiratory driving pressures and glottal resistance, and hence was more susceptible to impairment of the laryngeal mucosal reflexogenic system. Implications of the data for modeling certain mechanical and physiological aspects of laryngeal control are discussed.", "PMID": 513688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10401", "title": "Verbal training to improve explanations of conservation with aphasic adults.", "content": "Recent research has indicated a need to study the relationship between the language of the adult aphasic and his attempts at cognitive processing. Nine aphasic adults who demonstrated a minimal ability to explain conservation (as defined by Piaget), a cognitive task which they understood, were given verbal model training to improve their explanations of weight and liquid conservation. Each subject was given a pretest, an experimental condition during which explanations for weight conservation only were trained, a control condition during which subjects named pictured common objects, and a posttest. Order of presentation of the experimental and control conditions was varied. As a result of training, a greater number of explanations (quantitative improvement) and a greater number of explanatory concepts (qualitative improvement) were expressed for both the trained and nontrained conservation tasks. It is suggested that the improvement in conservation explanations is the result of \"response facilitation effects\" as described by Bandura. Furthermore, the improvement in conservation explanations is supportive of Schuell's concept of impaired linguistic retrieval mechanisms in aphasia.", "contents": "Verbal training to improve explanations of conservation with aphasic adults. Recent research has indicated a need to study the relationship between the language of the adult aphasic and his attempts at cognitive processing. Nine aphasic adults who demonstrated a minimal ability to explain conservation (as defined by Piaget), a cognitive task which they understood, were given verbal model training to improve their explanations of weight and liquid conservation. Each subject was given a pretest, an experimental condition during which explanations for weight conservation only were trained, a control condition during which subjects named pictured common objects, and a posttest. Order of presentation of the experimental and control conditions was varied. As a result of training, a greater number of explanations (quantitative improvement) and a greater number of explanatory concepts (qualitative improvement) were expressed for both the trained and nontrained conservation tasks. It is suggested that the improvement in conservation explanations is the result of \"response facilitation effects\" as described by Bandura. Furthermore, the improvement in conservation explanations is supportive of Schuell's concept of impaired linguistic retrieval mechanisms in aphasia.", "PMID": 513689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10402", "title": "Harmonic levels and vowel roughness.", "content": "In this study the effects of vowel roughness on the level of harmonics in test vowel spectra were investigated. Twenty normal-speaking adult males sustained productions of each of the vowels (formula: see text) first normally and then with simulated abnormal vocal roughness, at one intensity. A tape recording of each production was rated for roughness on an equal-appearing intervals scale by 11 judges and was also analyzed to obtain its 3-Hz bandwidth amplitude-by-frequency acoustic spectrum. The median roughness rating, the level of the first five spectral harmonics, and the f0 of each production were obtained. It was found that the level of the first three harmonics for each test vowel diminished with an increase in roughness (as was hypothesized from earlier results), but the higher harmonics of /u/ and /i/ showed some reversals. A moderately large negative correlative relationship was shown between lower-harmonic levels and median vowel roughness. A possible explanation of the higher-harmonic reversals was offered. The results suggest that spectral noise level measurements may provide a more reliable acoustic index of vowel wave aperiodicity and vowel roughness than measurements of harmonic level.", "contents": "Harmonic levels and vowel roughness. In this study the effects of vowel roughness on the level of harmonics in test vowel spectra were investigated. Twenty normal-speaking adult males sustained productions of each of the vowels (formula: see text) first normally and then with simulated abnormal vocal roughness, at one intensity. A tape recording of each production was rated for roughness on an equal-appearing intervals scale by 11 judges and was also analyzed to obtain its 3-Hz bandwidth amplitude-by-frequency acoustic spectrum. The median roughness rating, the level of the first five spectral harmonics, and the f0 of each production were obtained. It was found that the level of the first three harmonics for each test vowel diminished with an increase in roughness (as was hypothesized from earlier results), but the higher harmonics of /u/ and /i/ showed some reversals. A moderately large negative correlative relationship was shown between lower-harmonic levels and median vowel roughness. A possible explanation of the higher-harmonic reversals was offered. The results suggest that spectral noise level measurements may provide a more reliable acoustic index of vowel wave aperiodicity and vowel roughness than measurements of harmonic level.", "PMID": 513690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10403", "title": "Syntactic and phonological influences on children's articulation.", "content": "The effects of syntactic and phonological structure on the consonant articulations of children with phonological deficits were investigated. Three structural variables were studied: syntactic structure (noun phrase, declarative sentence and passive sentence), work structure (monosyllable and disyllable) and word position (initial and final). Syntactic structure and word structure significantly affected the accuracy of articulation and the degree of word simplification. Structural complexity may contribute to overall hierarchial complexity, in turn causing children to simplify their speech.", "contents": "Syntactic and phonological influences on children's articulation. The effects of syntactic and phonological structure on the consonant articulations of children with phonological deficits were investigated. Three structural variables were studied: syntactic structure (noun phrase, declarative sentence and passive sentence), work structure (monosyllable and disyllable) and word position (initial and final). Syntactic structure and word structure significantly affected the accuracy of articulation and the degree of word simplification. Structural complexity may contribute to overall hierarchial complexity, in turn causing children to simplify their speech.", "PMID": 513691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10404", "title": "Loudness discomfort level and acoustic reflex threshold for speech stimuli.", "content": "Loudness discomfort level (LDL) and acoustic reflex threshold (ART) measurements were obtained from subjects with normal hearing using several speech stimuli, as well as broad-band and speech-spectrum noise. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the LDL for a variety of representative speech samples, and to determine the relationship between the LDL and ART for selected speech and noise stimuli. For all stimuli, LDL measurements were relatively constant, but ART measurements decreased significantly for wide-band noise stimuli as compared with the speech stimuli. Mean differences between the two measures were consistent, but individual subject data were characterized by wide variability precluding accurate prediction of the LDL from ART measurements.", "contents": "Loudness discomfort level and acoustic reflex threshold for speech stimuli. Loudness discomfort level (LDL) and acoustic reflex threshold (ART) measurements were obtained from subjects with normal hearing using several speech stimuli, as well as broad-band and speech-spectrum noise. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the LDL for a variety of representative speech samples, and to determine the relationship between the LDL and ART for selected speech and noise stimuli. For all stimuli, LDL measurements were relatively constant, but ART measurements decreased significantly for wide-band noise stimuli as compared with the speech stimuli. Mean differences between the two measures were consistent, but individual subject data were characterized by wide variability precluding accurate prediction of the LDL from ART measurements.", "PMID": 513692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10405", "title": "Chest wall movements prior to phonation.", "content": "Movements of the chest wall during the interval between an acoustic stimulus and the subject's vocal response were examined and timed in eight normal males. The reaction-time interval was divisible into two phases, a latency period with duration independent on chest wall status at the time of stimulus and an adjustment period during which the rib cage and abdomen usually moved oppositionally to achieve a prephonatory postural set. The time required for this adjustment varied significantly with lung volume, but was independent of the ventilatory phaze previously in progress.", "contents": "Chest wall movements prior to phonation. Movements of the chest wall during the interval between an acoustic stimulus and the subject's vocal response were examined and timed in eight normal males. The reaction-time interval was divisible into two phases, a latency period with duration independent on chest wall status at the time of stimulus and an adjustment period during which the rib cage and abdomen usually moved oppositionally to achieve a prephonatory postural set. The time required for this adjustment varied significantly with lung volume, but was independent of the ventilatory phaze previously in progress.", "PMID": 513693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10406", "title": "Relationship between loudness discomfort level and acoustic reflex threshold for normal and sensorineural hearing-impaired individuals.", "content": "The relationship between loudness discomfort level (LDL) and acoustic reflex threshold (ART) was determined by comparing the ART to the LDL obtained by the psychophysical method of constant stimuli. Randomly presented stimuli of 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and a multi-talker speech noise were presented to normal and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners. The listener's task was to judge whether the stimulus was at a level that was: (1) too loud or uncomfortably loud; or (2) not too loud or not uncomfortably loud. Prior to the judgement of the subject acoustic reflex threshold were determined. Both LDL and ART were found to be significantly higher for the hearing-impaired group. For the pure tone stimuli, LDL for the hearing-impaired group was at or below the ART. Significant differences were shown to exist between LDL and ART for each group. A multiple regression analysis indicated significant correlations between LDL and ART. Ranges of prediction error were selected to investigate the ability of ART to predict LDL. Both pure tone and speech ART successfully predicted LDL within +/- 10 dB for a high percentage of the subjects.", "contents": "Relationship between loudness discomfort level and acoustic reflex threshold for normal and sensorineural hearing-impaired individuals. The relationship between loudness discomfort level (LDL) and acoustic reflex threshold (ART) was determined by comparing the ART to the LDL obtained by the psychophysical method of constant stimuli. Randomly presented stimuli of 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and a multi-talker speech noise were presented to normal and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners. The listener's task was to judge whether the stimulus was at a level that was: (1) too loud or uncomfortably loud; or (2) not too loud or not uncomfortably loud. Prior to the judgement of the subject acoustic reflex threshold were determined. Both LDL and ART were found to be significantly higher for the hearing-impaired group. For the pure tone stimuli, LDL for the hearing-impaired group was at or below the ART. Significant differences were shown to exist between LDL and ART for each group. A multiple regression analysis indicated significant correlations between LDL and ART. Ranges of prediction error were selected to investigate the ability of ART to predict LDL. Both pure tone and speech ART successfully predicted LDL within +/- 10 dB for a high percentage of the subjects.", "PMID": 513694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10407", "title": "Comparison of the major polypeptides of the erythrocyte nuclear envelope.", "content": "The three most abundant nonhistone polypeptides (molecular weights 75,000, 71,000 and 61,000) of the avian erythrocyte nucleus have previously been isolated in the nuclear envelope fraction. They have been separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide-mapped after limited enzymatic digestion. Three enzymes -- chymotrypsin, papain and Staphylococcus aureus protease -- were used. Results obtained with each enzyme indicate strong similarities between the three nuclear envelope polypeptides. The amino acid compositions of the two most abundant polypeptides (P75 and P71) have been determined and found to be similar. Further, they readily yield large fragments upon brief alkaline hydrolysis. For both P75, and P71 the degree and the pattern of alkaline fragmentation are almost identical. A 61,000-dalton polypeptide which appears to be P61 is obtained from P75 and P71 by mild acid hydrolysis. These results establish the close chemical similarity of these predominant polypeptides in the erythrocyte nucleus and suggest that they serve related functions.", "contents": "Comparison of the major polypeptides of the erythrocyte nuclear envelope. The three most abundant nonhistone polypeptides (molecular weights 75,000, 71,000 and 61,000) of the avian erythrocyte nucleus have previously been isolated in the nuclear envelope fraction. They have been separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide-mapped after limited enzymatic digestion. Three enzymes -- chymotrypsin, papain and Staphylococcus aureus protease -- were used. Results obtained with each enzyme indicate strong similarities between the three nuclear envelope polypeptides. The amino acid compositions of the two most abundant polypeptides (P75 and P71) have been determined and found to be similar. Further, they readily yield large fragments upon brief alkaline hydrolysis. For both P75, and P71 the degree and the pattern of alkaline fragmentation are almost identical. A 61,000-dalton polypeptide which appears to be P61 is obtained from P75 and P71 by mild acid hydrolysis. These results establish the close chemical similarity of these predominant polypeptides in the erythrocyte nucleus and suggest that they serve related functions.", "PMID": 513770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10408", "title": "Tubulin rings: curved filaments with limited flexibility and two modes of association.", "content": "Tubulin rings have been previously identified as composed of linear polymers of tubulin subunits, equivalent to a protofilament in the microtubule wall but in a curved rather than a straight conformation. We have examined and measured a number of different ring structures obtained under different conditions. The preferred curvature is indicated by a single ring of 380 A outside diameter. Radially double rings consist of two coplanar rings of 460 A and 350 A outside diameter, held together by a pattern of eight identical contacts between the 40 A subunits in the inner and outer rings. In some circumstances a larger ring, 570 A diameter, can be added to the outside, or a smaller ring, 240 A diameter, may be added to the inside of the radially double ring, in both cases repeating the pattern of eight radial contacts. The distortion of the filament from its relaxed 380 A diameter curvature apparently can be made without disrupting the longitudinal bond between subunits in the filament, but must be stabilized by the energy of the radial contact. All of these rings (single and radially double and triple) are observed to associate axially to form pairs or in some cases larger stacks. The radially double rings or an axially associated pair of these (quadruple ring) may also associate to form crystals. These are thin plates, up to 100 micrometers in extent and several micrometers thick which have been of limited use so far in diffraction studies because of irregularities in the packing of adjacent rings.", "contents": "Tubulin rings: curved filaments with limited flexibility and two modes of association. Tubulin rings have been previously identified as composed of linear polymers of tubulin subunits, equivalent to a protofilament in the microtubule wall but in a curved rather than a straight conformation. We have examined and measured a number of different ring structures obtained under different conditions. The preferred curvature is indicated by a single ring of 380 A outside diameter. Radially double rings consist of two coplanar rings of 460 A and 350 A outside diameter, held together by a pattern of eight identical contacts between the 40 A subunits in the inner and outer rings. In some circumstances a larger ring, 570 A diameter, can be added to the outside, or a smaller ring, 240 A diameter, may be added to the inside of the radially double ring, in both cases repeating the pattern of eight radial contacts. The distortion of the filament from its relaxed 380 A diameter curvature apparently can be made without disrupting the longitudinal bond between subunits in the filament, but must be stabilized by the energy of the radial contact. All of these rings (single and radially double and triple) are observed to associate axially to form pairs or in some cases larger stacks. The radially double rings or an axially associated pair of these (quadruple ring) may also associate to form crystals. These are thin plates, up to 100 micrometers in extent and several micrometers thick which have been of limited use so far in diffraction studies because of irregularities in the packing of adjacent rings.", "PMID": 513771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10409", "title": "Dram shop liability and the prevention of alcohol-related problems.", "content": "Aspects of dram shop imposed by 27 states and the District of Columbia are described, with emphasis on recent developments in California. Recommendations include broadening the focus of dram shop liability to include the prevention of alcohol-related problems.", "contents": "Dram shop liability and the prevention of alcohol-related problems. Aspects of dram shop imposed by 27 states and the District of Columbia are described, with emphasis on recent developments in California. Recommendations include broadening the focus of dram shop liability to include the prevention of alcohol-related problems.", "PMID": 513772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10410", "title": "Ethanol, tobacco and laterality effects on simple and complex motor performance.", "content": "Tobacco had no effect on knob turning, hand tapping, foot tapping and pursuit rotor tests in 24 right-handed men, but ethanol influenced left-hand performance more than right.", "contents": "Ethanol, tobacco and laterality effects on simple and complex motor performance. Tobacco had no effect on knob turning, hand tapping, foot tapping and pursuit rotor tests in 24 right-handed men, but ethanol influenced left-hand performance more than right.", "PMID": 513774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10411", "title": "A multivariate evaluation of the MAST.", "content": "Five factors underlying the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test reflect specific problem areas, while total scores classify patients along a continuum according to degree of alcohol misuse. For most purposes, a simpler unit weighting method of scoring may be used in place of differential weights.", "contents": "A multivariate evaluation of the MAST. Five factors underlying the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test reflect specific problem areas, while total scores classify patients along a continuum according to degree of alcohol misuse. For most purposes, a simpler unit weighting method of scoring may be used in place of differential weights.", "PMID": 513775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10412", "title": "Psychometric properties of the MAST and two briefer versions.", "content": "The discriminative value and internal consistency of items of the MAST, MAST-10 and MAST-13, as well as the predictive validity of the MAST-10 and MAST-13, are examined in the scores of 200 motorists arrested for driving while intoxicated.", "contents": "Psychometric properties of the MAST and two briefer versions. The discriminative value and internal consistency of items of the MAST, MAST-10 and MAST-13, as well as the predictive validity of the MAST-10 and MAST-13, are examined in the scores of 200 motorists arrested for driving while intoxicated.", "PMID": 513776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10413", "title": "Self-regulation and sense of competence in men alcoholics.", "content": "Although alcoholics' performance on three measures of self-regulatory competence was markedly inferior to that of nonalcoholics, alcoholics' overestimates of their ability and underestimates of their limitations were greater than those of nonalcoholics.", "contents": "Self-regulation and sense of competence in men alcoholics. Although alcoholics' performance on three measures of self-regulatory competence was markedly inferior to that of nonalcoholics, alcoholics' overestimates of their ability and underestimates of their limitations were greater than those of nonalcoholics.", "PMID": 513777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10414", "title": "Drinking as conformity; a critique of sociological literature on occupational differences in drinking.", "content": "Research on occupational differences in drinking has focused on deviant drinking. The deficiencies of this perspective are discussed, and a subcultural theory is proposed.", "contents": "Drinking as conformity; a critique of sociological literature on occupational differences in drinking. Research on occupational differences in drinking has focused on deviant drinking. The deficiencies of this perspective are discussed, and a subcultural theory is proposed.", "PMID": 513778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10415", "title": "A note on the effects of changes in alcohol control policies in the Canadian North.", "content": "Of three communities changing their alcohol control policies, only Frobisher Bay, the most isolated, experienced a noticeable decrease in arrests for assault and public drunkenness.", "contents": "A note on the effects of changes in alcohol control policies in the Canadian North. Of three communities changing their alcohol control policies, only Frobisher Bay, the most isolated, experienced a noticeable decrease in arrests for assault and public drunkenness.", "PMID": 513781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10416", "title": "Characteristics of detoxication of patients referred to alcoholism treatment programs.", "content": "An attempt to predict referrals to an alcoholism treatment program from a general detoxication population was largely unsuccessful, suggesting that referrals are made on a subjective basis.", "contents": "Characteristics of detoxication of patients referred to alcoholism treatment programs. An attempt to predict referrals to an alcoholism treatment program from a general detoxication population was largely unsuccessful, suggesting that referrals are made on a subjective basis.", "PMID": 513782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10417", "title": "Drinking behavior of children in Santiago, Chile.", "content": "Eighty per cent of the 9-year-old children studied had consumed alcohol, usually a beverage that was sweet and of low alcohol content; 28% drank once a week, 23% twice a week and 9% every day.", "contents": "Drinking behavior of children in Santiago, Chile. Eighty per cent of the 9-year-old children studied had consumed alcohol, usually a beverage that was sweet and of low alcohol content; 28% drank once a week, 23% twice a week and 9% every day.", "PMID": 513783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10418", "title": "Gastrointestinal hormone profile in renal insufficiency.", "content": "Fasting serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations were simultaneously measured in normal subjects and in patients with different degrees of renal failure. Values of gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon were significantly higher in all patients with serum creatinine concentrations greater than 3 mg/dl than in controls (P less than 0.01). The degree of renal insufficiency was significantly correlated (P less than 0.05) with serum concentrations of each hormone, but no significant linear correlation existed among the serum concentrations of different gastrointestinal hormones in individuals. Hemodialysis did not significantly alter predialysis serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, or glucagon concentration, but the serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration decreased by 30% (P less than 0.01) after hemodialysis. The disproportionate increases of hormones with antagonistic actions may alter gastrointestinal function in renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hormone profile in renal insufficiency. Fasting serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations were simultaneously measured in normal subjects and in patients with different degrees of renal failure. Values of gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon were significantly higher in all patients with serum creatinine concentrations greater than 3 mg/dl than in controls (P less than 0.01). The degree of renal insufficiency was significantly correlated (P less than 0.05) with serum concentrations of each hormone, but no significant linear correlation existed among the serum concentrations of different gastrointestinal hormones in individuals. Hemodialysis did not significantly alter predialysis serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, or glucagon concentration, but the serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration decreased by 30% (P less than 0.01) after hemodialysis. The disproportionate increases of hormones with antagonistic actions may alter gastrointestinal function in renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 513844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10419", "title": "The surgical treatment of incapacitating constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon.", "content": "Results of the surgical treatment of idiopathic megacolon with incapacitating constipation in 23 patients are reviewed. The Swenson endorectal pull-through procedure, although it gave satisfactory results, was associated with high morbidity and resulted in the only death in this series. Anterior resection gave good results in six of eight patients. This procedure should give good results when the dilatation as seen on barium enema studies is confined to the rectosigmoid. However, for patients who have more extensive dilatation of the colon, extensive left hemicolectomy or total abdominal colectomy should be strongly considered, for these procedures have been associated with uniformly good results and little morbidity. There is little to recommend bilateral lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of incapacitating constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon. Results of the surgical treatment of idiopathic megacolon with incapacitating constipation in 23 patients are reviewed. The Swenson endorectal pull-through procedure, although it gave satisfactory results, was associated with high morbidity and resulted in the only death in this series. Anterior resection gave good results in six of eight patients. This procedure should give good results when the dilatation as seen on barium enema studies is confined to the rectosigmoid. However, for patients who have more extensive dilatation of the colon, extensive left hemicolectomy or total abdominal colectomy should be strongly considered, for these procedures have been associated with uniformly good results and little morbidity. There is little to recommend bilateral lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 513845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10420", "title": "Responses of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities to aging.", "content": "The previous observation (Eur. J. Biochem., 82 (1978) 563--567) that age-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides follows as a consequence of increased radical formation in mitochondria has prompted an examination of the response of a set of protective enzymes to the above situation. Levels of mitochondrial catalase activity as well as selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity were found to be increased with age, while superoxide dismutase activity remained unchanged. No selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity could be detected either in preparations from young 3-month-old controls or in preparations from 2-year-old rats. Both the relatively high and unchanged levels of reduced glutathione and kinetic considerations suggest that glutathione peroxidase is preferentially involved in lipid peroxide metabolism, while catalase predominantly metabolizes mitochondrial H2O2.", "contents": "Responses of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities to aging. The previous observation (Eur. J. Biochem., 82 (1978) 563--567) that age-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides follows as a consequence of increased radical formation in mitochondria has prompted an examination of the response of a set of protective enzymes to the above situation. Levels of mitochondrial catalase activity as well as selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity were found to be increased with age, while superoxide dismutase activity remained unchanged. No selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity could be detected either in preparations from young 3-month-old controls or in preparations from 2-year-old rats. Both the relatively high and unchanged levels of reduced glutathione and kinetic considerations suggest that glutathione peroxidase is preferentially involved in lipid peroxide metabolism, while catalase predominantly metabolizes mitochondrial H2O2.", "PMID": 513850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10421", "title": "Analysis of the translational capacity of the male accessory gland during aging in Acheta domesticus.", "content": "The protein synthesizing capacity of the male cricket accessory gland was inspected for changes associated with aging by analysis of organs from young (2 weeks post-imaginal molt), middle-aged (4 and 6 weeks) and senescent (8 weeks) animals. Total RNA content and the percentage of ribosomes in polysomes show an increase up to 4 weeks and then a steady decline. The rates of protein synthesis by young and old glands incubated in vitro were comparable, although the old glands were significantly less efficient in precursor uptake and therefore showed lower incorporation levels. The overall picture appears to be one of a steady but unspectacular decline in protein synthesizing capacity in aging animals. The quality of the secretory proteins formed by young and old glands was inspected by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing, using both wide and narrow pH-range gels. While some differences in the banding patterns of isoelectric focusing gels were detected, they were eliminated by the inclusion of Triton X-100 in the gels. No other evidence for age-associated qualitative or quantitative changes was detected, strongly suggesting that proteins from young and old glands are identical.", "contents": "Analysis of the translational capacity of the male accessory gland during aging in Acheta domesticus. The protein synthesizing capacity of the male cricket accessory gland was inspected for changes associated with aging by analysis of organs from young (2 weeks post-imaginal molt), middle-aged (4 and 6 weeks) and senescent (8 weeks) animals. Total RNA content and the percentage of ribosomes in polysomes show an increase up to 4 weeks and then a steady decline. The rates of protein synthesis by young and old glands incubated in vitro were comparable, although the old glands were significantly less efficient in precursor uptake and therefore showed lower incorporation levels. The overall picture appears to be one of a steady but unspectacular decline in protein synthesizing capacity in aging animals. The quality of the secretory proteins formed by young and old glands was inspected by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing, using both wide and narrow pH-range gels. While some differences in the banding patterns of isoelectric focusing gels were detected, they were eliminated by the inclusion of Triton X-100 in the gels. No other evidence for age-associated qualitative or quantitative changes was detected, strongly suggesting that proteins from young and old glands are identical.", "PMID": 513851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10422", "title": "Age changes in the livers of Costa Ricans.", "content": "Age changes in the livers of Costa Ricans have been compared with those of native and Hawaii Japanese and U.S. caucasians. In the case of the U.S. caucasians and Costa Ricans, the decrease in the number of hepatic cells is similar up to 70 years of age, but after 80 years of age the decrease is more marked in the Costa Ricans. The difference in the process of senile change among these four groups suggests that the environmental, especially nutritional, conditions during their childhood and adolescence play an important role.", "contents": "Age changes in the livers of Costa Ricans. Age changes in the livers of Costa Ricans have been compared with those of native and Hawaii Japanese and U.S. caucasians. In the case of the U.S. caucasians and Costa Ricans, the decrease in the number of hepatic cells is similar up to 70 years of age, but after 80 years of age the decrease is more marked in the Costa Ricans. The difference in the process of senile change among these four groups suggests that the environmental, especially nutritional, conditions during their childhood and adolescence play an important role.", "PMID": 513852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10423", "title": "Strict relationship between dialyzed serum concentration and cellular life span in vitro.", "content": "To determine the extent of the contribution of growth factor level on the life span of human diploid fibroblasts in vitro, the growth rate changes of IMR-90 cells under altered dialyzed serum (d-FBS) concentrations were investigated at different population doubling levels (PDL). As the PDL increased, the cells showed an accelerated requirement for d-FBS in order to maintain a constant growth rate, thus indicating a rapid loss of responsiveness of the cells to serum growth factors. A similar relationship was observed when the growth rate was extrapolated to zero and the cellular life span was predicted from this relationship. The cells cultured with 0.3% and 10% d-FBS ceased their growth at 54 and 76 PDL, respectively, while their predicted life span was 58 and 80--85 PDL, respectively. The cells cultured with 0.3% d-FBS responded poorly to an increase in the d-FBS concentration after entering phase III. These results suggest that the serum growth factor level is one of the determinants of cellular life span in vitro.", "contents": "Strict relationship between dialyzed serum concentration and cellular life span in vitro. To determine the extent of the contribution of growth factor level on the life span of human diploid fibroblasts in vitro, the growth rate changes of IMR-90 cells under altered dialyzed serum (d-FBS) concentrations were investigated at different population doubling levels (PDL). As the PDL increased, the cells showed an accelerated requirement for d-FBS in order to maintain a constant growth rate, thus indicating a rapid loss of responsiveness of the cells to serum growth factors. A similar relationship was observed when the growth rate was extrapolated to zero and the cellular life span was predicted from this relationship. The cells cultured with 0.3% and 10% d-FBS ceased their growth at 54 and 76 PDL, respectively, while their predicted life span was 58 and 80--85 PDL, respectively. The cells cultured with 0.3% d-FBS responded poorly to an increase in the d-FBS concentration after entering phase III. These results suggest that the serum growth factor level is one of the determinants of cellular life span in vitro.", "PMID": 513853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10424", "title": "Cell culture studies in progeria. I. Establishment and partial characterization of a lymphoblastoid cell line.", "content": "A lymphoblastoid cell line (EKS-L44) with definitive HLA specificities (HLA-Aw24, w30, B14, w35, Cw4-, DRw4, 5) was established from peripheral blood cells of a patient with progeria using Epstein-Barr virus. Cytogenetic study indicated that EKS-L44 was diploid after four months in vitro. The growth pattern of this cell line was not significantly different from a similarly established normal control nor from other lines initiated from patients with various disorders.", "contents": "Cell culture studies in progeria. I. Establishment and partial characterization of a lymphoblastoid cell line. A lymphoblastoid cell line (EKS-L44) with definitive HLA specificities (HLA-Aw24, w30, B14, w35, Cw4-, DRw4, 5) was established from peripheral blood cells of a patient with progeria using Epstein-Barr virus. Cytogenetic study indicated that EKS-L44 was diploid after four months in vitro. The growth pattern of this cell line was not significantly different from a similarly established normal control nor from other lines initiated from patients with various disorders.", "PMID": 513854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10425", "title": "On the duration of mitotic stages in senescing human fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "The duration of three mitotic periods was measured by time-lapse cinemicrography in a line of normal human fibroblasts which displays the phenomenon of limited growth potential in vitro. It was found that the durations of metaphase and anaphase did not change as a function of passage level but that there was a statistically significant increase in the duration of cytokinesis. It was also found that there was no progressive increase in the variance of these periods between early and late passage cells. The data suggest that for those late passage cells which still retain the capacity to divide, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the synthesis of functional proteins, energy regulation and at least some membrane functions appear to be working normally.", "contents": "On the duration of mitotic stages in senescing human fibroblasts in culture. The duration of three mitotic periods was measured by time-lapse cinemicrography in a line of normal human fibroblasts which displays the phenomenon of limited growth potential in vitro. It was found that the durations of metaphase and anaphase did not change as a function of passage level but that there was a statistically significant increase in the duration of cytokinesis. It was also found that there was no progressive increase in the variance of these periods between early and late passage cells. The data suggest that for those late passage cells which still retain the capacity to divide, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the synthesis of functional proteins, energy regulation and at least some membrane functions appear to be working normally.", "PMID": 513855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10426", "title": "Changes in the activity and distribution of the ribosomal dissociation factor of rat liver during growth.", "content": "In order to assess the relationships between the rate of growth and the activity of the initiation factors of protein synthesis, the activity and intracellular distribution of partially purified preparations of the ribosomal dissociation factor, obtained from the 0.5 M KCl wash of the ribosomes and from the high-speed supernatant (cytosol) of rat liver, were investigated in animals aged 1, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. During the early phases of growth the activity of the dissociation factor was found mostly in the KCl wash of ribosomes. With advancing age, this activity decreased whereas that of the supernatant was found to increase. The activity of the supernatant was similar to that of ribosomes at 60, 90 and 180 days of age. The older rats showed, however, a decline in the activity of the dissociation factor. These observations suggest an increased rate of protein synthesis initiation in the early phases of growth in rat liver. With advancing age, a progressive reduction of ribosome recycling into subunits might take place, due to the increased accumulation of the dissociation factor in the cytosol. This might suggest a lowering of the initiation reactions of protein synthesis in such conditions.", "contents": "Changes in the activity and distribution of the ribosomal dissociation factor of rat liver during growth. In order to assess the relationships between the rate of growth and the activity of the initiation factors of protein synthesis, the activity and intracellular distribution of partially purified preparations of the ribosomal dissociation factor, obtained from the 0.5 M KCl wash of the ribosomes and from the high-speed supernatant (cytosol) of rat liver, were investigated in animals aged 1, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. During the early phases of growth the activity of the dissociation factor was found mostly in the KCl wash of ribosomes. With advancing age, this activity decreased whereas that of the supernatant was found to increase. The activity of the supernatant was similar to that of ribosomes at 60, 90 and 180 days of age. The older rats showed, however, a decline in the activity of the dissociation factor. These observations suggest an increased rate of protein synthesis initiation in the early phases of growth in rat liver. With advancing age, a progressive reduction of ribosome recycling into subunits might take place, due to the increased accumulation of the dissociation factor in the cytosol. This might suggest a lowering of the initiation reactions of protein synthesis in such conditions.", "PMID": 513856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10427", "title": "Substrate specificity of monoamine oxidase in pig liver mitochondria.", "content": "In pig liver both the A and the B form of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were found to be responsible for the oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), a substrate oxidised by the A form alone in most other tissues. With increasing concentrations of this substrate, the percentage of the substrate oxidised by the B form increased. The Km value of the A and the B form of MAO for 5HT was 200 microns and 2.2 mM, respectively. It is suggested that the division of the monoamines into A and B form substrates should be done on the basis of the molecular turnover numbers rather than on their activities, and that the substrate specificities of the two forms of MAO should be determined over a large range of substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of monoamine oxidase in pig liver mitochondria. In pig liver both the A and the B form of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were found to be responsible for the oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), a substrate oxidised by the A form alone in most other tissues. With increasing concentrations of this substrate, the percentage of the substrate oxidised by the B form increased. The Km value of the A and the B form of MAO for 5HT was 200 microns and 2.2 mM, respectively. It is suggested that the division of the monoamines into A and B form substrates should be done on the basis of the molecular turnover numbers rather than on their activities, and that the substrate specificities of the two forms of MAO should be determined over a large range of substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 513878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10428", "title": "Morphological findings in granular reticulum of arcuate nucleus neurons after clomiphene citrate administration.", "content": "The action of high doses of clomiphene citrate on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the hypothalamic arcuate neurons of male cat has been studied. Clomiphene (250 mg/kg) produces an accumulation of typical paracrystalline material in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the administration of a protein-synthesis inhibitor no such material was observed in clomiphene-treated cats. The possibility exists that the specific ultrastructural changes seen indicate an increased protein synthesis in hypothalamic arcuate neurons.", "contents": "Morphological findings in granular reticulum of arcuate nucleus neurons after clomiphene citrate administration. The action of high doses of clomiphene citrate on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the hypothalamic arcuate neurons of male cat has been studied. Clomiphene (250 mg/kg) produces an accumulation of typical paracrystalline material in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the administration of a protein-synthesis inhibitor no such material was observed in clomiphene-treated cats. The possibility exists that the specific ultrastructural changes seen indicate an increased protein synthesis in hypothalamic arcuate neurons.", "PMID": 513879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10429", "title": "Acetaldehyde in cerebrospinal fluid: its near-absence in ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid of five ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics was found to contain only barely detectable (0--5 microM) concentrations of acetaldehyde, thus questioning its frequently advocated contribution to intoxication, dependence and other central ethanol effects.", "contents": "Acetaldehyde in cerebrospinal fluid: its near-absence in ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics. The cerebrospinal fluid of five ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics was found to contain only barely detectable (0--5 microM) concentrations of acetaldehyde, thus questioning its frequently advocated contribution to intoxication, dependence and other central ethanol effects.", "PMID": 513881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10430", "title": "On the analysis of ambulatory utilization: an investigation of the roles of need, access and price as predictors of illness and preventive visits.", "content": "After separating ambulatory visits into those made in connection with illness or injury and preventive visits, the utilization patterns of a sample of families and individuals are analyzed. Need, in terms of perceived health status and the numbers of acute and chronic conditions, price, and access are found to be the best predictors of visit rates, but their roles in illness and preventive visit rates are different. The methodologically relevant findings indicate that individual self-reports and independent individual observations are required to identify relationships hidden by family member data, such as that between hospital episodes and ambulatory visits. The substantive findings indicate a substitutive relationship between illness and preventive visits, lend further evidence for relatively low price elasticity for illness visits and show that membership in a closed panel health maintenance organization increases preventive visit rate while price has little or no effect on it. The tentative policy implication--that it is not so much price as the characteristics of the usual source of care which appear to determine preventive services utilization--is discussed in the context of potential biases inherent in the sample.", "contents": "On the analysis of ambulatory utilization: an investigation of the roles of need, access and price as predictors of illness and preventive visits. After separating ambulatory visits into those made in connection with illness or injury and preventive visits, the utilization patterns of a sample of families and individuals are analyzed. Need, in terms of perceived health status and the numbers of acute and chronic conditions, price, and access are found to be the best predictors of visit rates, but their roles in illness and preventive visit rates are different. The methodologically relevant findings indicate that individual self-reports and independent individual observations are required to identify relationships hidden by family member data, such as that between hospital episodes and ambulatory visits. The substantive findings indicate a substitutive relationship between illness and preventive visits, lend further evidence for relatively low price elasticity for illness visits and show that membership in a closed panel health maintenance organization increases preventive visit rate while price has little or no effect on it. The tentative policy implication--that it is not so much price as the characteristics of the usual source of care which appear to determine preventive services utilization--is discussed in the context of potential biases inherent in the sample.", "PMID": 513882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10431", "title": "Illness with a high emotional component and the use of medical services.", "content": "This article investigates the relationship between the use of medical services for illnesses with a high emotional component and the use of medical services for other conditions. The site of the research is the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program (Portland). The study population comprises a sample of 2502 adults for whom up to seven years of utilization data are available. Using a specially developed disease classification system, all doctor office visits (DOVs) are summarized by disease class for the years 1967-73 and converted into annualized rates for each subject. In the analysis, the rates of DOVs for \"diseases with a high emotional component,\" one of the ten classes in the classification system, is the independent variable. The dependent variables are the rates of DOVs for the other disease classes, both singly and in combination. Sex and age are included as control variables. Except for one disease class (chronic nontreatable) and a few sex/age groups in the case of several other classes, there is a highly significant relationship between DOVs for emotion-related illnesses and DOVs for other diseases or conditions. Some implications of these findings are noted.", "contents": "Illness with a high emotional component and the use of medical services. This article investigates the relationship between the use of medical services for illnesses with a high emotional component and the use of medical services for other conditions. The site of the research is the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program (Portland). The study population comprises a sample of 2502 adults for whom up to seven years of utilization data are available. Using a specially developed disease classification system, all doctor office visits (DOVs) are summarized by disease class for the years 1967-73 and converted into annualized rates for each subject. In the analysis, the rates of DOVs for \"diseases with a high emotional component,\" one of the ten classes in the classification system, is the independent variable. The dependent variables are the rates of DOVs for the other disease classes, both singly and in combination. Sex and age are included as control variables. Except for one disease class (chronic nontreatable) and a few sex/age groups in the case of several other classes, there is a highly significant relationship between DOVs for emotion-related illnesses and DOVs for other diseases or conditions. Some implications of these findings are noted.", "PMID": 513883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10432", "title": "Selecting a suitable appointment system in an outpatient setting.", "content": "One of the principal causes of waiting time in outpatient departments is the lack of well-designed appointment systems. A conceptual framework is given for dealing with existing appointment systems and to explain their working. The variables that play a role with respect to the appointment system are discussed. All different appointment systems can be compared according to their effect on the patients' waiting time and the physician's idle time, when the systems are expressed in terms of a new variable called \"prepunctuality.\" Prepunctuality means the difference between the time of a patient's arrival at the clinic and the expected time of treatment, and is caused by the patient's own earliness, physician's lateness and the earliness induced by the appointment system chosen. The relationship between prepunctuality and both waiting and idle time was investigated by means of a computer simulation model. In this way, the consequences of using different appointment systems have been clarified, expressed in mean waiting time for the patient and total idle time for the physician. Given certain standards for waiting and idle time, the calculated results can be used to determine an appropriate appointment system and the corresponding waiting and idle time for the range of most common clinic situations. Examples are given to illustrate how these results can be used.", "contents": "Selecting a suitable appointment system in an outpatient setting. One of the principal causes of waiting time in outpatient departments is the lack of well-designed appointment systems. A conceptual framework is given for dealing with existing appointment systems and to explain their working. The variables that play a role with respect to the appointment system are discussed. All different appointment systems can be compared according to their effect on the patients' waiting time and the physician's idle time, when the systems are expressed in terms of a new variable called \"prepunctuality.\" Prepunctuality means the difference between the time of a patient's arrival at the clinic and the expected time of treatment, and is caused by the patient's own earliness, physician's lateness and the earliness induced by the appointment system chosen. The relationship between prepunctuality and both waiting and idle time was investigated by means of a computer simulation model. In this way, the consequences of using different appointment systems have been clarified, expressed in mean waiting time for the patient and total idle time for the physician. Given certain standards for waiting and idle time, the calculated results can be used to determine an appropriate appointment system and the corresponding waiting and idle time for the range of most common clinic situations. Examples are given to illustrate how these results can be used.", "PMID": 513884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10433", "title": "Effects of a self-administered health history on new-patient visits in a general medical clinic.", "content": "Self-administered health history questionnaires (SAHHQs) are widely used in ambulatory care settings to save provider time and to assure completeness of the clinical data base. A controlled, prospective study was undertaken in a general medical clinic to evaluate the impact of an extensively pretested, highly reliable, 120-item self-administered health history questionnaire developed for new patient visits. Seventy-seven patients were randomly assigned to the SAHHQ or control groups. Time analyses were performed on audiotapes of the encounters. Patients' charts were scored on explicit criteria for data completeness. Problem recognition was determined by comparison of pre-encounter and postencounter problem lists. SAHHQ and control visits did not differ significantly in total encounter time (44.7 versus 48.3 minutes, respectively). Less time was spent in SAHHQ encounters on data base questions (2.5 versus 3.9 minutes, p = .003). Chart data were more complete for SAHHQ patients (p less than .001). The completeness of senior staff charts was more affected by the presence of the SAHHQ than residents' charts (p = .03). Physicians tended to recognize more new problems in SAHHQ visits. Mutual (physician and patient) recognition of problems occurred more often in the SAHHQ visits (p = .05). Carefully designed SAHHQs increase recorded data base completeness and may increase problem recognition, but do not result in major time savings.", "contents": "Effects of a self-administered health history on new-patient visits in a general medical clinic. Self-administered health history questionnaires (SAHHQs) are widely used in ambulatory care settings to save provider time and to assure completeness of the clinical data base. A controlled, prospective study was undertaken in a general medical clinic to evaluate the impact of an extensively pretested, highly reliable, 120-item self-administered health history questionnaire developed for new patient visits. Seventy-seven patients were randomly assigned to the SAHHQ or control groups. Time analyses were performed on audiotapes of the encounters. Patients' charts were scored on explicit criteria for data completeness. Problem recognition was determined by comparison of pre-encounter and postencounter problem lists. SAHHQ and control visits did not differ significantly in total encounter time (44.7 versus 48.3 minutes, respectively). Less time was spent in SAHHQ encounters on data base questions (2.5 versus 3.9 minutes, p = .003). Chart data were more complete for SAHHQ patients (p less than .001). The completeness of senior staff charts was more affected by the presence of the SAHHQ than residents' charts (p = .03). Physicians tended to recognize more new problems in SAHHQ visits. Mutual (physician and patient) recognition of problems occurred more often in the SAHHQ visits (p = .05). Carefully designed SAHHQs increase recorded data base completeness and may increase problem recognition, but do not result in major time savings.", "PMID": 513885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10434", "title": "Areawide fluctuations in hospital daily census.", "content": "The importance of variations in hospital census for planning bed requirements has long been recognized. Traditional models assume Poisson or normal distribution patterns accurately describe such variations in specific hospital units, entire facilities, and groups of hospitals serving the same area. A study of 20 groups of hospitals in five states indicates that these traditional statistical distributions are only occasionally accurate. Different services display different census variation patterns. The standard deviation of the daily census distribution becomes increasingly higher than the square root of the mean estimate as the size of the mean increases. Implications of this finding for regional planning and coordination of hospitals are discussed.", "contents": "Areawide fluctuations in hospital daily census. The importance of variations in hospital census for planning bed requirements has long been recognized. Traditional models assume Poisson or normal distribution patterns accurately describe such variations in specific hospital units, entire facilities, and groups of hospitals serving the same area. A study of 20 groups of hospitals in five states indicates that these traditional statistical distributions are only occasionally accurate. Different services display different census variation patterns. The standard deviation of the daily census distribution becomes increasingly higher than the square root of the mean estimate as the size of the mean increases. Implications of this finding for regional planning and coordination of hospitals are discussed.", "PMID": 513886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10435", "title": "Automated medical screening in an urban county jail.", "content": "A machine-administered, branch-chain automated medical history (AMH) was evaluated as a medical intake screening tool for inmates of a large metropolitan county jail. The reproducibility, validity, sensitivity and specificity of the AMH were measured and found comparable to other previously reported AMH systems. The AMH did not produce intake screening data comparable to that obtained by trained face to face medical interviewers. This, in addition to the time and personnel effort required for administering the AMH while preventing vandalization of the equipment, made the AMH impractical for use in the county jail setting. Physicians used only 21 per cent of the positive AMH responses when they were asked to formulate problem lists from the AMH data. Physicians who used the AMH in clinical settings complained that \"the AMH data seem as often wrong as right.\" The authors observed that the number of true-positive AMH responses was matched by an almost equal number of false-positve and false-negative responses. This may account for the physician's subjective response. If so, this represents a problem to be addressed by future AMH systems. Physicians used only 55.8 per cent of the intake screening information obtained by nurse practitioners. This was also somewhat lower than expected. For this reason, medical historical information in the county jail setting might be most efficiently obtained by the provider who has clinical responsibility for prescribing treatment.", "contents": "Automated medical screening in an urban county jail. A machine-administered, branch-chain automated medical history (AMH) was evaluated as a medical intake screening tool for inmates of a large metropolitan county jail. The reproducibility, validity, sensitivity and specificity of the AMH were measured and found comparable to other previously reported AMH systems. The AMH did not produce intake screening data comparable to that obtained by trained face to face medical interviewers. This, in addition to the time and personnel effort required for administering the AMH while preventing vandalization of the equipment, made the AMH impractical for use in the county jail setting. Physicians used only 21 per cent of the positive AMH responses when they were asked to formulate problem lists from the AMH data. Physicians who used the AMH in clinical settings complained that \"the AMH data seem as often wrong as right.\" The authors observed that the number of true-positive AMH responses was matched by an almost equal number of false-positve and false-negative responses. This may account for the physician's subjective response. If so, this represents a problem to be addressed by future AMH systems. Physicians used only 55.8 per cent of the intake screening information obtained by nurse practitioners. This was also somewhat lower than expected. For this reason, medical historical information in the county jail setting might be most efficiently obtained by the provider who has clinical responsibility for prescribing treatment.", "PMID": 513887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10436", "title": "Microprocessors as intelligent front-end devices for medical-information systems.", "content": "Computer technology has produced increasingly powerful systems whose miniaturization has spawned the term microprocessor. The role of microcomputers is optimal if they are linked to larger systems in a distributed, hierarchical network with each element performing those functions for which it is best suited. Obstacles to the development of such a network include incompatibilities in operating systems, application languages, file structures, and communication protocols. Some attempts to address these problems are briefly reviewed. Given the availability on an effective distributed hierarchy of computers, the microprocessor can be useful in a number of functions requiring rapid response and limited access to large, central data files. Examples of such activities in the medical-information environment included program development and testing, forms entry, and text-management systems. With adequate attention to the systems support as well as the development of effective application techniques, the role of microprocessor-based intelligent terminals will inevitably expand rapidly in coming years.", "contents": "Microprocessors as intelligent front-end devices for medical-information systems. Computer technology has produced increasingly powerful systems whose miniaturization has spawned the term microprocessor. The role of microcomputers is optimal if they are linked to larger systems in a distributed, hierarchical network with each element performing those functions for which it is best suited. Obstacles to the development of such a network include incompatibilities in operating systems, application languages, file structures, and communication protocols. Some attempts to address these problems are briefly reviewed. Given the availability on an effective distributed hierarchy of computers, the microprocessor can be useful in a number of functions requiring rapid response and limited access to large, central data files. Examples of such activities in the medical-information environment included program development and testing, forms entry, and text-management systems. With adequate attention to the systems support as well as the development of effective application techniques, the role of microprocessor-based intelligent terminals will inevitably expand rapidly in coming years.", "PMID": 513889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10437", "title": "Methods of implementation of the MUMPS global data-base.", "content": "Recent standardization of the MUMPS language (ANSI X11.1-1977) has resulted in increased investigations into its efficient implementation. Of particular concern is the method of implementation of the MUMPS hierarchical data file, or global. Two implementation techniques have found substantial support: a traditional technique utilizing linked physical blocks, and a more recent, self-indexing method based on the theory of balanced trees. Comparison of these methods shows that the balanced-tree implementation offers significant advantages in most MUMPS environments.", "contents": "Methods of implementation of the MUMPS global data-base. Recent standardization of the MUMPS language (ANSI X11.1-1977) has resulted in increased investigations into its efficient implementation. Of particular concern is the method of implementation of the MUMPS hierarchical data file, or global. Two implementation techniques have found substantial support: a traditional technique utilizing linked physical blocks, and a more recent, self-indexing method based on the theory of balanced trees. Comparison of these methods shows that the balanced-tree implementation offers significant advantages in most MUMPS environments.", "PMID": 513890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10438", "title": "Computerized management of a medical bacteriology laboratory using real-time processing.", "content": "The computer system of the Bacteriology Laboratory at the H\u00f4pital Cardiologique in Lyon is one of the elements in the computer management of patient data. It dovetails in with the various units for admission, patient location, ward surveillance, outpatient appointments. The main objectives are as follows: to improve quality of sample information, to reduce clerical work and accelerate information circulation, to widen the scope of epidemiological research. Computers can register samples, edit laboratory work sheets, entry lists, record results, generate reports, give a visual listing of all analyses performed before a patient leaves hospital, list pending analytical results, make available in the total system all laboratory-validated information, produce automatic billing of analyses and statistical editing. The Bacteriology Laboratory has three visual display units and two printers at its disposal. Computer laboratory management has been operational since May 1977. First results are satisfactory and suggest extension of the system to other laboratories and handling of quality control.", "contents": "Computerized management of a medical bacteriology laboratory using real-time processing. The computer system of the Bacteriology Laboratory at the H\u00f4pital Cardiologique in Lyon is one of the elements in the computer management of patient data. It dovetails in with the various units for admission, patient location, ward surveillance, outpatient appointments. The main objectives are as follows: to improve quality of sample information, to reduce clerical work and accelerate information circulation, to widen the scope of epidemiological research. Computers can register samples, edit laboratory work sheets, entry lists, record results, generate reports, give a visual listing of all analyses performed before a patient leaves hospital, list pending analytical results, make available in the total system all laboratory-validated information, produce automatic billing of analyses and statistical editing. The Bacteriology Laboratory has three visual display units and two printers at its disposal. Computer laboratory management has been operational since May 1977. First results are satisfactory and suggest extension of the system to other laboratories and handling of quality control.", "PMID": 513891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10439", "title": "A computerized perinatal data system.", "content": "A computerized perinatal data system has been proposed and is under implementation at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The concept encompasses all phases of perinatal care from pre-natal consultation through transferral of infant care to the family paediatrician. A complete record system was designed and computerized to serve both in-house and regional institutions with an on-line data system. Extensions into labour-delivery and nursery are under way and will provide augmentation of health care delivery as well as serving educational, audit, and research needs.", "contents": "A computerized perinatal data system. A computerized perinatal data system has been proposed and is under implementation at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The concept encompasses all phases of perinatal care from pre-natal consultation through transferral of infant care to the family paediatrician. A complete record system was designed and computerized to serve both in-house and regional institutions with an on-line data system. Extensions into labour-delivery and nursery are under way and will provide augmentation of health care delivery as well as serving educational, audit, and research needs.", "PMID": 513888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10440", "title": "Clinical use of triaxicardiometry.", "content": "A series of analogue and digital derivations from recorded electrocardiograms is analysed. Processing such data by digital computer allows the maximum amount of information to be extracted from the data. The triaxicardiometric method enables the differentiation between normal and abnormal cardiograms to be improved by the extra amount of information available. The analyses of 550 patients are presented.", "contents": "Clinical use of triaxicardiometry. A series of analogue and digital derivations from recorded electrocardiograms is analysed. Processing such data by digital computer allows the maximum amount of information to be extracted from the data. The triaxicardiometric method enables the differentiation between normal and abnormal cardiograms to be improved by the extra amount of information available. The analyses of 550 patients are presented.", "PMID": 513893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10441", "title": "The long-term quality control and clinical data evaluation of individuals in AMHTS.", "content": "A new aspect of clinical data evaluation has been revealed by our recent research on the membership of AMHTS--long-term quality control (LTQC). The state of LTQC is evaluated by the distribution of mu, where mu is (mean minus micro 0) square root n minus/sigma 0, n is the number of the samples taken each day, mean is the mean of each day's samples, and sigma 0 and micro 0 are population deviation. Correction methods have been developed to obtain reasonable correction factors against the long-term analytic errors, and they have been implemented as an on-line, real-time subsystem of the AMHTS information system. The correction of LTQC errors has enabled us to observe an individual's health dynamics accurately, which allows us to pursue detection methods of diseases, such as cancer, in terms of a homeostatic disorder.", "contents": "The long-term quality control and clinical data evaluation of individuals in AMHTS. A new aspect of clinical data evaluation has been revealed by our recent research on the membership of AMHTS--long-term quality control (LTQC). The state of LTQC is evaluated by the distribution of mu, where mu is (mean minus micro 0) square root n minus/sigma 0, n is the number of the samples taken each day, mean is the mean of each day's samples, and sigma 0 and micro 0 are population deviation. Correction methods have been developed to obtain reasonable correction factors against the long-term analytic errors, and they have been implemented as an on-line, real-time subsystem of the AMHTS information system. The correction of LTQC errors has enabled us to observe an individual's health dynamics accurately, which allows us to pursue detection methods of diseases, such as cancer, in terms of a homeostatic disorder.", "PMID": 513892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10442", "title": "Identification ability of the first five letters of Christian name and surname.", "content": "Identifiers must be easy for access and discrimination. Usual identification by surname and christian name is convenient, for these two identifiers are almost always available. Their discrimination ability was studied in terms of the theory of information and the rate of homonymy. In the French language, the first five letters of the surname provide information equal to 12.11 bits and the rate of homonymy is about 0.659%. If one adds the first three letters of the first name, the gain in the quantity of information is 1.68 bits and the rate of homonymy becomes 0.087%. So the first five letters of a surname and the first three letters of a christian name ensure a relatively satisfactory identification and may constitute a significant way of reinforcing the discrimination power of another identification system.", "contents": "Identification ability of the first five letters of Christian name and surname. Identifiers must be easy for access and discrimination. Usual identification by surname and christian name is convenient, for these two identifiers are almost always available. Their discrimination ability was studied in terms of the theory of information and the rate of homonymy. In the French language, the first five letters of the surname provide information equal to 12.11 bits and the rate of homonymy is about 0.659%. If one adds the first three letters of the first name, the gain in the quantity of information is 1.68 bits and the rate of homonymy becomes 0.087%. So the first five letters of a surname and the first three letters of a christian name ensure a relatively satisfactory identification and may constitute a significant way of reinforcing the discrimination power of another identification system.", "PMID": 513894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10443", "title": "Inflammatory and neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinus in children.", "content": "This study categorizes the diseases of 376 children with inflammatory or neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinuses treated at the University of Pittsburgh or reviewed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The presenting symptoms and signs of these masses, patient evaluations, and the outcome of management are reviewed. A plan for therapy of the various masses presenting in this area is suggested based on the outcome of this study.", "contents": "Inflammatory and neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinus in children. This study categorizes the diseases of 376 children with inflammatory or neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinuses treated at the University of Pittsburgh or reviewed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The presenting symptoms and signs of these masses, patient evaluations, and the outcome of management are reviewed. A plan for therapy of the various masses presenting in this area is suggested based on the outcome of this study.", "PMID": 513911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10444", "title": "Early childhood language delay: the otolaryngologist's perspective.", "content": "Many etiologic factors have been implicated in delayed language development in the preschool child including: low birth weight, perinatal insults to the CNS, and chronic/recurrent middle ear disease with conductive hearing impairment during the first years of life. The results of an in-depth evaluation of 24 children, who manifested preschool language delay significant enough to require remedial intervention, are reported. A suggested early identification model employing High Risk Factors and a Developmental Screening Questionnaire for use by otolaryngologists, pediatricians and audiologists is presented.", "contents": "Early childhood language delay: the otolaryngologist's perspective. Many etiologic factors have been implicated in delayed language development in the preschool child including: low birth weight, perinatal insults to the CNS, and chronic/recurrent middle ear disease with conductive hearing impairment during the first years of life. The results of an in-depth evaluation of 24 children, who manifested preschool language delay significant enough to require remedial intervention, are reported. A suggested early identification model employing High Risk Factors and a Developmental Screening Questionnaire for use by otolaryngologists, pediatricians and audiologists is presented.", "PMID": 513912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10445", "title": "The influence of embryology of the mid-face on the spread of epithelial malignancies.", "content": "A review of 150 cases of mid-face skin cancers treated by the fresh tissue technique of microscopic controlled excision has revealed local epithelial cancer spread to be markedly influenced by embryological fusion planes. Knowledge of facial embryology which is reviewed in this article should allow the surgeon to better predict and treat mid-facial skin cancer.", "contents": "The influence of embryology of the mid-face on the spread of epithelial malignancies. A review of 150 cases of mid-face skin cancers treated by the fresh tissue technique of microscopic controlled excision has revealed local epithelial cancer spread to be markedly influenced by embryological fusion planes. Knowledge of facial embryology which is reviewed in this article should allow the surgeon to better predict and treat mid-facial skin cancer.", "PMID": 513913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10446", "title": "The surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.", "content": "Injury to the spinal accessory nerve may occur during conservation neck dissection. In supraglottic laryngectomy preservation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve has largely been ignored. Cadaver dissection and diagrams are used to review the surgical anatomy of these two structures. Particularly important are the relationship of the spinal accessory nerve to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, its interaction with the cervical plexus, and its superficial path inferiorly. Landmarks for the identification of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve are indicated, and technique for preservation is described. An intact accessory nerve can be efficiently preserved thereby eliminating the shoulder syndrome. Significant sparing of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can be routinely accomplished as an aid in minimizing postoperative aspiration.", "contents": "The surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Injury to the spinal accessory nerve may occur during conservation neck dissection. In supraglottic laryngectomy preservation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve has largely been ignored. Cadaver dissection and diagrams are used to review the surgical anatomy of these two structures. Particularly important are the relationship of the spinal accessory nerve to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, its interaction with the cervical plexus, and its superficial path inferiorly. Landmarks for the identification of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve are indicated, and technique for preservation is described. An intact accessory nerve can be efficiently preserved thereby eliminating the shoulder syndrome. Significant sparing of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can be routinely accomplished as an aid in minimizing postoperative aspiration.", "PMID": 513914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10447", "title": "Hypermobility of the incudostapedial joint: a clinical entity.", "content": "During exploratory tympanotomy for conductive deafness, the surgeon is occasionally perplexed to find no apparent cause for the air-bone gap. This unexplained deafness has been called \"inner ear conductive hearing less\" because of the apparent absence of pathology in the middle ear. The incudostapedial joint was studied in 68 vertically sectioned temporal bones and the anatomy is presented. Varying amounts of laxity is observed in the normal joint capsule at the time of surgery. A theory is suggested in which an elongated capsule allows incus motion without energy transmission to the stapes. It is proposed that hypermobility of the incudostapedial joint may exist and explain conductive hearing loss of undetermined etiology.", "contents": "Hypermobility of the incudostapedial joint: a clinical entity. During exploratory tympanotomy for conductive deafness, the surgeon is occasionally perplexed to find no apparent cause for the air-bone gap. This unexplained deafness has been called \"inner ear conductive hearing less\" because of the apparent absence of pathology in the middle ear. The incudostapedial joint was studied in 68 vertically sectioned temporal bones and the anatomy is presented. Varying amounts of laxity is observed in the normal joint capsule at the time of surgery. A theory is suggested in which an elongated capsule allows incus motion without energy transmission to the stapes. It is proposed that hypermobility of the incudostapedial joint may exist and explain conductive hearing loss of undetermined etiology.", "PMID": 513915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10448", "title": "Anterior table frontal sinus fractures.", "content": "Frontal sinus fractures cover a spectrum of injury. A series of 52 primarily treated patients from the University of Cincinnati Medical Center is presented. Initial systematic management was applied to these patients and consisted of complete radiographic evaluation supplemented by wound care and cosmetic restoration when needed. All patients were followed on a long-term basis; both clinically and radiographically. Results to date are that 49 patients have had an uneventful post-traumatic course with re-establishment of normal sinus aeration. From the cosmetic standpoint no contour revisions have been needed and only two patients required elective scar revision. Three patients developed chronic suppurative sinus disease within the first post-traumatic year which was readily diagnosed and managed without complication by osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy and adipose obliteration.", "contents": "Anterior table frontal sinus fractures. Frontal sinus fractures cover a spectrum of injury. A series of 52 primarily treated patients from the University of Cincinnati Medical Center is presented. Initial systematic management was applied to these patients and consisted of complete radiographic evaluation supplemented by wound care and cosmetic restoration when needed. All patients were followed on a long-term basis; both clinically and radiographically. Results to date are that 49 patients have had an uneventful post-traumatic course with re-establishment of normal sinus aeration. From the cosmetic standpoint no contour revisions have been needed and only two patients required elective scar revision. Three patients developed chronic suppurative sinus disease within the first post-traumatic year which was readily diagnosed and managed without complication by osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy and adipose obliteration.", "PMID": 513916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10449", "title": "Clinical accuracy of tuning fork tests.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals a surprisingly sparse amount of true documentation concerning the validity of using tuning forks as an adjunctive measure in the diagnosis of hearing impairment. Most reports are historical or anecdotal. With this in mind, a protocol was set up to identify the value of three standard tuning fork tests--the Rinne, the Weber, the Bing Occlusion--at frequencies of 256, 512 and 1024 Hz. The data were compared to otologic examination, audiometry and acoustic impedance. Results indicate the Rinne, Weber and Bing Occlusion tests do not accurately predict the type of hearing impairment as frequently as the literature suggests.", "contents": "Clinical accuracy of tuning fork tests. A review of the literature reveals a surprisingly sparse amount of true documentation concerning the validity of using tuning forks as an adjunctive measure in the diagnosis of hearing impairment. Most reports are historical or anecdotal. With this in mind, a protocol was set up to identify the value of three standard tuning fork tests--the Rinne, the Weber, the Bing Occlusion--at frequencies of 256, 512 and 1024 Hz. The data were compared to otologic examination, audiometry and acoustic impedance. Results indicate the Rinne, Weber and Bing Occlusion tests do not accurately predict the type of hearing impairment as frequently as the literature suggests.", "PMID": 513917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10450", "title": "Development of laryngeal function: etiologic significance in the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Recent clinical evidence implicates transient upper airway obstruction as a cause of potentially fatal cardiorespiratory disturbances. This investigation identifies age-related neurologic mechanisms which may be pertinent to the production of abnormal laryngeal closure as a possible cause of unexpected infant death. A period of transient laryngeal hyper-excitability is identified in pups 50--75 days post-natally. The mechanism of the hyper-excitable state resulting in increased risk of laryngeal spasm, appears related to: 1. the completion of central synaptic maturation: 2. transient reduction in central latency; and 3. a reduction in central inhibition. Such observations provide clues to neurologic vulnerability occurring not immediately after birth, but during a discrete time period thereafter, prior to complete neurologic maturation. As such, these observations fulfill a criterion of utmost importance in the search for etiologic significance in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and, in a broad sense, support the concept of selective maturational failure as a possible cause for age-dependent, unexpected infant death.", "contents": "Development of laryngeal function: etiologic significance in the sudden infant death syndrome. Recent clinical evidence implicates transient upper airway obstruction as a cause of potentially fatal cardiorespiratory disturbances. This investigation identifies age-related neurologic mechanisms which may be pertinent to the production of abnormal laryngeal closure as a possible cause of unexpected infant death. A period of transient laryngeal hyper-excitability is identified in pups 50--75 days post-natally. The mechanism of the hyper-excitable state resulting in increased risk of laryngeal spasm, appears related to: 1. the completion of central synaptic maturation: 2. transient reduction in central latency; and 3. a reduction in central inhibition. Such observations provide clues to neurologic vulnerability occurring not immediately after birth, but during a discrete time period thereafter, prior to complete neurologic maturation. As such, these observations fulfill a criterion of utmost importance in the search for etiologic significance in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and, in a broad sense, support the concept of selective maturational failure as a possible cause for age-dependent, unexpected infant death.", "PMID": 513918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10451", "title": "The treatment of subglottic stenosis in children by prolonged dilatation.", "content": "Laryngeal stenosis can present with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, hoarseness, stridor or decreased exercise tolerance. Asphyxia and death may follow. One accepted method of treatment is to perform a tracheostomy, dilate the stricture and insert an obturator for 6 to 9 mo. Ten children with a subglottic stenosis were treated by this technique and 7 completed the treatment. Results in 5 of these children were good, 1 was improved and 1 restenosed. These results compare favorably with those reported by others. This form of treatment is indicated for unyielding but dilatable strictures which have failed to respond to other approaches. The choice, therefore, lies between resection and plastic repair or prolonged dilatation. Results are generally quite good for strictures near the vocal cords, but are variable for those well below the cords. The manufacture and insertion of a prosthesis used in the above cases are described.", "contents": "The treatment of subglottic stenosis in children by prolonged dilatation. Laryngeal stenosis can present with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, hoarseness, stridor or decreased exercise tolerance. Asphyxia and death may follow. One accepted method of treatment is to perform a tracheostomy, dilate the stricture and insert an obturator for 6 to 9 mo. Ten children with a subglottic stenosis were treated by this technique and 7 completed the treatment. Results in 5 of these children were good, 1 was improved and 1 restenosed. These results compare favorably with those reported by others. This form of treatment is indicated for unyielding but dilatable strictures which have failed to respond to other approaches. The choice, therefore, lies between resection and plastic repair or prolonged dilatation. Results are generally quite good for strictures near the vocal cords, but are variable for those well below the cords. The manufacture and insertion of a prosthesis used in the above cases are described.", "PMID": 513919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10452", "title": "Bronchial adenoma: a malignant misnomer.", "content": "Bronchial adenomas are a histologically and clinically diverse group of respiratory tract neoplasms arising from mucous glands and ducts of the tracheobronchial tree. They represent 1% of pulmonary malignancies. The traditional concept of a single, histologically benign form is challenged and the malignant potential of these tumors is stressed. Three main cell types with their characteristic histopathologic and clinical features are discussed: carcinoid, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A case of bronchial carcinoid with hepatic metastases is reported, emphasizing the malignant potential of this controversial group of tumors. The appropriate diagnostic evaluation is outlined and aggressive surgical management is stressed. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy which are reserved mainly for palliation do not add to overall five year survival rates.", "contents": "Bronchial adenoma: a malignant misnomer. Bronchial adenomas are a histologically and clinically diverse group of respiratory tract neoplasms arising from mucous glands and ducts of the tracheobronchial tree. They represent 1% of pulmonary malignancies. The traditional concept of a single, histologically benign form is challenged and the malignant potential of these tumors is stressed. Three main cell types with their characteristic histopathologic and clinical features are discussed: carcinoid, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A case of bronchial carcinoid with hepatic metastases is reported, emphasizing the malignant potential of this controversial group of tumors. The appropriate diagnostic evaluation is outlined and aggressive surgical management is stressed. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy which are reserved mainly for palliation do not add to overall five year survival rates.", "PMID": 513920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10453", "title": "Spastic dysphonia: treatment by selective section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.", "content": "Selective section of the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve appears to result in phonatory results similar to complete nerve section without the inherent morbidity. The abductor branch to the posterior cricoid-arytenoid muscle remains intact for glottic opening during inspiration. We emphasize the importance of careful preoperative patient evaluation as described by Dedo. All patients should be seen by a speech therapist and undergo a trial of speech therapy prior to surgical evaluation. A test block of the recurrent nerve with 1% xylocaine is imperative to allow the patient to hear the postoperative speech characteristics and give him a realistic expectation of the surgical result. We find that patients and referring professionals more readily accept the concept of selective nerve section.", "contents": "Spastic dysphonia: treatment by selective section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Selective section of the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve appears to result in phonatory results similar to complete nerve section without the inherent morbidity. The abductor branch to the posterior cricoid-arytenoid muscle remains intact for glottic opening during inspiration. We emphasize the importance of careful preoperative patient evaluation as described by Dedo. All patients should be seen by a speech therapist and undergo a trial of speech therapy prior to surgical evaluation. A test block of the recurrent nerve with 1% xylocaine is imperative to allow the patient to hear the postoperative speech characteristics and give him a realistic expectation of the surgical result. We find that patients and referring professionals more readily accept the concept of selective nerve section.", "PMID": 513921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10454", "title": "Serum lipids in suckling and post-weanling iron-deficient rats.", "content": "Serum lipids were studied in iron-deficient and control rats during suckling and after weaning at 21, 30, and 60 days of age. Diets providing 5 or 307 ppm iron were fed to dams and their offspring during gestation, lactation, and after weaning. Rats on the deficient diet throughout the experimental period developed a hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids which was present at 21, 30, and 60 days. Control pups weaned to the deficient diet developed anemia at 30 days of age and hypertriglyceridemia at 60 days of age. Repletion of deficient rats with iron after weaning caused a rapid decline in serum lipid levels after only 9 days on the control diet. The hyperlipidemia of iron deficiency thus appears to be reversible with iron supplementation. The time required to develop hypertriglyceridemia in iron deficiency is longer postweaning than during suckling.", "contents": "Serum lipids in suckling and post-weanling iron-deficient rats. Serum lipids were studied in iron-deficient and control rats during suckling and after weaning at 21, 30, and 60 days of age. Diets providing 5 or 307 ppm iron were fed to dams and their offspring during gestation, lactation, and after weaning. Rats on the deficient diet throughout the experimental period developed a hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids which was present at 21, 30, and 60 days. Control pups weaned to the deficient diet developed anemia at 30 days of age and hypertriglyceridemia at 60 days of age. Repletion of deficient rats with iron after weaning caused a rapid decline in serum lipid levels after only 9 days on the control diet. The hyperlipidemia of iron deficiency thus appears to be reversible with iron supplementation. The time required to develop hypertriglyceridemia in iron deficiency is longer postweaning than during suckling.", "PMID": 513975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10455", "title": "End product specificity of triacylglycerol lipases from intestine, fat body, muscle and haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.", "content": "The triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing capacity of tissue homogenates has been investigate for midgut, fat body, thoracic musculature and haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The greatest lipolytic activity was demonstrated in midgut homogenates with decreasing levels of activity present in fat body, muscle and haemolymph. Comparison of the lipolytic products resulting from triacylglycerol hydrolysis indicates that midgut homogenates effect the production of sn-2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids, whereas the other tissues that were examined favor the accumulation of diacylglycerols. Stereospecific analysis of the diacylglycerol products of triacylglycerol hydrolysis demonstrated that the lipolytic activities of midgut and muscle homogenates result in the production of a racemic mixture of the sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-enantiomers, but the fat body and haemolymph show a preference for the accumulation of the sn-1,2-isomer.", "contents": "End product specificity of triacylglycerol lipases from intestine, fat body, muscle and haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. The triacylglycerol-hydrolyzing capacity of tissue homogenates has been investigate for midgut, fat body, thoracic musculature and haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The greatest lipolytic activity was demonstrated in midgut homogenates with decreasing levels of activity present in fat body, muscle and haemolymph. Comparison of the lipolytic products resulting from triacylglycerol hydrolysis indicates that midgut homogenates effect the production of sn-2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids, whereas the other tissues that were examined favor the accumulation of diacylglycerols. Stereospecific analysis of the diacylglycerol products of triacylglycerol hydrolysis demonstrated that the lipolytic activities of midgut and muscle homogenates result in the production of a racemic mixture of the sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-enantiomers, but the fat body and haemolymph show a preference for the accumulation of the sn-1,2-isomer.", "PMID": 513976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10456", "title": "Reaction between peroxidized phospholipid and protein: II. Molecular weight and phosphorus content of albumin after reaction with peroxidized cardiolipin.", "content": "Peroxidized cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) reacts covalently with albumin. Incubation of albumin with increasing amounts of peroxidized cardiolipin produces a gradual increase in molecular size. Incubation with a small amount of peroxidized cardiolipin (molar ratio of cardiolipin/albumin 21) produces a mixture of complexes that differs considerably with respect to the number of cardiolipin molecules bound per molecule of albumin. With larger amounts of peroxidized cardiolipin (molar ratios of cardiolipin/albumin 54 and 114), the complexes formed seem to be of a more uniform type since the numbers of cardiolipin molecules bound per molecule of albumin are similar. No polymerization occurs for reactions in which up to at least 15 moles of cardiolipin have become bound per mole of albumin, and 20--25 moles may be found with only very little polymerization. Only when the ratio of peroxidized cardiolipin to albumin was increased to a high value of 314 did polymerization occur. The present findings show that extensive covalent binding of peroxidized cardiolipin to albumin can occur without intermolecular crosslinking of the protein.", "contents": "Reaction between peroxidized phospholipid and protein: II. Molecular weight and phosphorus content of albumin after reaction with peroxidized cardiolipin. Peroxidized cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) reacts covalently with albumin. Incubation of albumin with increasing amounts of peroxidized cardiolipin produces a gradual increase in molecular size. Incubation with a small amount of peroxidized cardiolipin (molar ratio of cardiolipin/albumin 21) produces a mixture of complexes that differs considerably with respect to the number of cardiolipin molecules bound per molecule of albumin. With larger amounts of peroxidized cardiolipin (molar ratios of cardiolipin/albumin 54 and 114), the complexes formed seem to be of a more uniform type since the numbers of cardiolipin molecules bound per molecule of albumin are similar. No polymerization occurs for reactions in which up to at least 15 moles of cardiolipin have become bound per mole of albumin, and 20--25 moles may be found with only very little polymerization. Only when the ratio of peroxidized cardiolipin to albumin was increased to a high value of 314 did polymerization occur. The present findings show that extensive covalent binding of peroxidized cardiolipin to albumin can occur without intermolecular crosslinking of the protein.", "PMID": 513977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10457", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in mammary tissue, lung, and kidney following cholesterol feeding in the lactating rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were randomly allocated to one of 3 experimental dietary groups: Group 1 -- 15.5% butter, 2% cholesterol, 0.78% sodium cholate purified diet; Group 2 -- standard rat diet with the addition of 10% lard and 2% cholesterol, and Group 3 -- standard rat diet. Plasma and milk cholesterol at 10 days postpartum were significantly elevated in dams fed exogenous cholesterol. The rat of incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols of mammary tissue slices from dams in Group 1 and Group 2 was eight-fold and two-fold, respectively, less than controls. Mammary tissue cholesterol was greater in dams fed detary cholesterol. Thus, our data, for the first time, demonstrate that cholesterol synthesis in lactating rat mammary tissue is suppressed following cholesterol feeding. In a second experiment, the rate of incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols in kidney and lung tissue of Group 1 rats was suppressed; however, this response was not as marked as that observed in lactating mammary tissue. The concentration of cholesterol in kidney and lung was greater than controls. These results suggest that extrahepatic inhibition of cholesterol synthesis exists in the rat with a concomitant increase in tissue cholesterol.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in mammary tissue, lung, and kidney following cholesterol feeding in the lactating rat. Pregnant rats were randomly allocated to one of 3 experimental dietary groups: Group 1 -- 15.5% butter, 2% cholesterol, 0.78% sodium cholate purified diet; Group 2 -- standard rat diet with the addition of 10% lard and 2% cholesterol, and Group 3 -- standard rat diet. Plasma and milk cholesterol at 10 days postpartum were significantly elevated in dams fed exogenous cholesterol. The rat of incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols of mammary tissue slices from dams in Group 1 and Group 2 was eight-fold and two-fold, respectively, less than controls. Mammary tissue cholesterol was greater in dams fed detary cholesterol. Thus, our data, for the first time, demonstrate that cholesterol synthesis in lactating rat mammary tissue is suppressed following cholesterol feeding. In a second experiment, the rate of incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols in kidney and lung tissue of Group 1 rats was suppressed; however, this response was not as marked as that observed in lactating mammary tissue. The concentration of cholesterol in kidney and lung was greater than controls. These results suggest that extrahepatic inhibition of cholesterol synthesis exists in the rat with a concomitant increase in tissue cholesterol.", "PMID": 513978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10458", "title": "Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine at different ages in the rat brain in vitro.", "content": "The de novo synthesis of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in brain microsomes from 18 month-old male rats was investigated in vitro by using labeled cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline and cytidine-5'-diphosphate ethanolamine as lipid precursors. The rate of synthesis of the two phospholipid classes was found to be noticeably decreased, as compared to that of adult animals. The addition of exogenous diacyl glycerols to microsomes from ageing rat brain brings the rate of synthesis nearly to the adult levels. The synthesis of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is not affected in the liver microsomes of ageing rats. The molar distribution of fatty acids in brain microsomal diacyl glycerols of ageing rats is noticeably different from that of adult animals. The content of monoenoic and dienoic species is increased, whereas that of the tetraenoic species is decreased. Base exchange reaction for choline and ethanolamine incorporation into respective phospholipids is not affected in the brain microsomes of the aged rats.", "contents": "Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine at different ages in the rat brain in vitro. The de novo synthesis of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in brain microsomes from 18 month-old male rats was investigated in vitro by using labeled cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline and cytidine-5'-diphosphate ethanolamine as lipid precursors. The rate of synthesis of the two phospholipid classes was found to be noticeably decreased, as compared to that of adult animals. The addition of exogenous diacyl glycerols to microsomes from ageing rat brain brings the rate of synthesis nearly to the adult levels. The synthesis of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is not affected in the liver microsomes of ageing rats. The molar distribution of fatty acids in brain microsomal diacyl glycerols of ageing rats is noticeably different from that of adult animals. The content of monoenoic and dienoic species is increased, whereas that of the tetraenoic species is decreased. Base exchange reaction for choline and ethanolamine incorporation into respective phospholipids is not affected in the brain microsomes of the aged rats.", "PMID": 513980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10459", "title": "Metabolism of linoleic acid in the cat.", "content": "Cats fed a diet containing linoleate as the only polyunsaturated fatty acid showed extremely low levels of arachidonate in the plasma lipids, as well as an increase in linoleate, eicosadienoate and an unknown fatty acid. Administration of [1-14C]linoleic acid and [2-14C]eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid to cats showed that in the liver there was no conversion of the [1-14C] 18:2 to arachidonate, whereas there was significant metabolism of [2-14C] 20:3 to arachidonate. It was found when methyl-gamma-linolenate was fed to cats that the level of 20:3 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6 in the erythrocytes increased significantly. These results show that there is no significant delta 6 desaturase activity in the cat, whereas chain elongation and delta 5 desaturase enzymes are operative. The unknown fatty acid was isolated from the liver lipids and shown to be a 20-carbon fatty acid with 3 double bonds and which by gas liquid chromatography could be separated from 20:3 omega 9 and 20:3 omega 6. The presence of the delta 5-desaturase activity and the results of the ozonolysis studies indicated that this unknown fatty acid was eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of linoleic acid in the cat. Cats fed a diet containing linoleate as the only polyunsaturated fatty acid showed extremely low levels of arachidonate in the plasma lipids, as well as an increase in linoleate, eicosadienoate and an unknown fatty acid. Administration of [1-14C]linoleic acid and [2-14C]eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid to cats showed that in the liver there was no conversion of the [1-14C] 18:2 to arachidonate, whereas there was significant metabolism of [2-14C] 20:3 to arachidonate. It was found when methyl-gamma-linolenate was fed to cats that the level of 20:3 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6 in the erythrocytes increased significantly. These results show that there is no significant delta 6 desaturase activity in the cat, whereas chain elongation and delta 5 desaturase enzymes are operative. The unknown fatty acid was isolated from the liver lipids and shown to be a 20-carbon fatty acid with 3 double bonds and which by gas liquid chromatography could be separated from 20:3 omega 9 and 20:3 omega 6. The presence of the delta 5-desaturase activity and the results of the ozonolysis studies indicated that this unknown fatty acid was eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid.", "PMID": 513981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10460", "title": "Comparison of lipid composition of Candida guilliermondii grown on glucose, ethanol and methanol as the sole carbon source.", "content": "The carbon and energy source for aerobically grown cultures of Candida guilliermondii profoundly influenced the neutral lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the individual lipid components. Methanol (0.80%, w/v) grown cells cultivated at 30 C in presence of 0.025% ammonium sulfate contained 12% total lipids, 67% of which was neutral lipids. Glucose (0.74%), w/v) or ethanol (0.53%, w/v) grown cells contained 21--22% total lipids, 80% of which was neutral lipids, under the same conditions. Methanol-grown cells contained a decreased 18:1 acid (52--54% of total fatty acids) and an increased 18:2 acid (23--25%), as compared with glucose- or ethanol-grown cells which contained 57--66% 18:1 acid and 8--14% 18:2 acid, in both neutral and polar lipid fractions. The relationship between methanol metabolism and desaturation of fatty acid in yeast was discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of lipid composition of Candida guilliermondii grown on glucose, ethanol and methanol as the sole carbon source. The carbon and energy source for aerobically grown cultures of Candida guilliermondii profoundly influenced the neutral lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the individual lipid components. Methanol (0.80%, w/v) grown cells cultivated at 30 C in presence of 0.025% ammonium sulfate contained 12% total lipids, 67% of which was neutral lipids. Glucose (0.74%), w/v) or ethanol (0.53%, w/v) grown cells contained 21--22% total lipids, 80% of which was neutral lipids, under the same conditions. Methanol-grown cells contained a decreased 18:1 acid (52--54% of total fatty acids) and an increased 18:2 acid (23--25%), as compared with glucose- or ethanol-grown cells which contained 57--66% 18:1 acid and 8--14% 18:2 acid, in both neutral and polar lipid fractions. The relationship between methanol metabolism and desaturation of fatty acid in yeast was discussed.", "PMID": 513982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10461", "title": "Isomerization of the double bonds of a conjugated fatty acid during beta-oxidation.", "content": "The beta-oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid containing conjugated double bonds at odd-numbered carbon atoms has not previously been studied. It is, therefore, not clear whether, during the beta-oxidation of such an acid, the double bonds will be isomerized by enoyl-CoA isomerase (delta 3 - delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase) with the loss or retention of its conjugated nature. To investigate the problem, (E,E)-3,5-octadienoyl-CoA was synthesized for use as a model substrate, and enoyl-CoA isomerase was partially purified from bovine liver. The isomerization was followed by spectrophotometric and gas liquid chromatographic methods, and the results suggested that the isomerization of the model substrate proceeded with retention of a conjugated double bond system. It is, therefore, proposed that the beta-oxidation intermediate of alpha-eleostearic acid (delta 9,11,13 fatty acid) will also isomerize with retention of the conjugated double bond system.", "contents": "Isomerization of the double bonds of a conjugated fatty acid during beta-oxidation. The beta-oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid containing conjugated double bonds at odd-numbered carbon atoms has not previously been studied. It is, therefore, not clear whether, during the beta-oxidation of such an acid, the double bonds will be isomerized by enoyl-CoA isomerase (delta 3 - delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase) with the loss or retention of its conjugated nature. To investigate the problem, (E,E)-3,5-octadienoyl-CoA was synthesized for use as a model substrate, and enoyl-CoA isomerase was partially purified from bovine liver. The isomerization was followed by spectrophotometric and gas liquid chromatographic methods, and the results suggested that the isomerization of the model substrate proceeded with retention of a conjugated double bond system. It is, therefore, proposed that the beta-oxidation intermediate of alpha-eleostearic acid (delta 9,11,13 fatty acid) will also isomerize with retention of the conjugated double bond system.", "PMID": 513983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10462", "title": "[Polarization method of examining the fundus and anterior chamber of the eye].", "content": "The method using polarization light proved to be efficient for examining eye tissues. It provides better contrast of some ocular elements, and thus, more reliable detection of pathological changes, more complete extinction (relaxation) of reflexes which hamper the observation and photograph of different eye parts. To interprete the patterns observed on the fundus in crossed polaroids, a matrix method is recommended for calculation of intensity of light passing through the optically-anisotropic layers of the eye ball. Data of clinical examinations carried out on pilot models of ophthalmological instruments confirmed diagnostic value of the polarization method for the eye study.", "contents": "[Polarization method of examining the fundus and anterior chamber of the eye]. The method using polarization light proved to be efficient for examining eye tissues. It provides better contrast of some ocular elements, and thus, more reliable detection of pathological changes, more complete extinction (relaxation) of reflexes which hamper the observation and photograph of different eye parts. To interprete the patterns observed on the fundus in crossed polaroids, a matrix method is recommended for calculation of intensity of light passing through the optically-anisotropic layers of the eye ball. Data of clinical examinations carried out on pilot models of ophthalmological instruments confirmed diagnostic value of the polarization method for the eye study.", "PMID": 514013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10463", "title": "[Statistical analysis of data from glaucoma examinations].", "content": "Early detection of glaucoma can be achieved through prophylactic screening of population. This leads to a sharp increase in the patients' flow and deprives the physician of a possibility to examine them by routine methods. Such examinations will be feasible if to reduce the procedure time by automation, or to cut the examination program after the analysis of the existing medical programs by mathematical methods. The authors have used the method of linear discriminant functions which permits one on the basis of the medical data statistical analysis to learn the informativeness of diagnostic symptoms and decisive rules to form risk-groups of the patients who need more thorough medical examination. The analysis accomplished has indicated that there is no closely interlaced symptoms. Among most informative there are signs considerably differing in their statistical characteristics. The diagnostic rules proposed in this article provide adequately high accuracy in selection of healthy people groups and, as well, the patients with suspected glaucoma or suffering this disease.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of data from glaucoma examinations]. Early detection of glaucoma can be achieved through prophylactic screening of population. This leads to a sharp increase in the patients' flow and deprives the physician of a possibility to examine them by routine methods. Such examinations will be feasible if to reduce the procedure time by automation, or to cut the examination program after the analysis of the existing medical programs by mathematical methods. The authors have used the method of linear discriminant functions which permits one on the basis of the medical data statistical analysis to learn the informativeness of diagnostic symptoms and decisive rules to form risk-groups of the patients who need more thorough medical examination. The analysis accomplished has indicated that there is no closely interlaced symptoms. Among most informative there are signs considerably differing in their statistical characteristics. The diagnostic rules proposed in this article provide adequately high accuracy in selection of healthy people groups and, as well, the patients with suspected glaucoma or suffering this disease.", "PMID": 514014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10464", "title": "[Automation of mass screening for glaucoma].", "content": "An experimental model (mock-up) of automated complex \"Glaucoma\" has been produced for mass population screening. It comprises five ophthalmologic instruments: for history data collection; for visual acuity examining; for examining the visual fields limits (perimeter); for determination of paracentral sites within visual field (campimeter), and finally a device for intraocular tension measurement. A special computer serves to control the operation of these instruments, collection, processing and display of information. A set including magnetic recorder, projector and synchronizer provides instructions for patients. The latter were examined following special lecture explaining the purpose of investigation, operation rules for these instruments and sequence of procedures.", "contents": "[Automation of mass screening for glaucoma]. An experimental model (mock-up) of automated complex \"Glaucoma\" has been produced for mass population screening. It comprises five ophthalmologic instruments: for history data collection; for visual acuity examining; for examining the visual fields limits (perimeter); for determination of paracentral sites within visual field (campimeter), and finally a device for intraocular tension measurement. A special computer serves to control the operation of these instruments, collection, processing and display of information. A set including magnetic recorder, projector and synchronizer provides instructions for patients. The latter were examined following special lecture explaining the purpose of investigation, operation rules for these instruments and sequence of procedures.", "PMID": 514015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10465", "title": "[Improving the quality of glass ocular prostheses].", "content": "A critical analysis has been attempted of the current state-of-the-art in studying seleno-cadmium ruby glasses applicable for glass ocular prosthesis production. Better quality of these prostheses can be achieved by both the refinement of the ruby glass composition and by its strengthening (hardening) through proper methods.", "contents": "[Improving the quality of glass ocular prostheses]. A critical analysis has been attempted of the current state-of-the-art in studying seleno-cadmium ruby glasses applicable for glass ocular prosthesis production. Better quality of these prostheses can be achieved by both the refinement of the ruby glass composition and by its strengthening (hardening) through proper methods.", "PMID": 514016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10466", "title": "[Medical digital thermometer].", "content": "For rapid measurement of the human body temperature, three modifications of medical digital thermometer are recommended for clinics: a thermometer with compensation of the body's local cooling by a transducer, thermometer for cardiosurgery, and adaptive thermometer. The article describes the basic structural scheme of the medical digital thermometer, ways of accelerated temperature measurement and main technical characteristics of the above models.", "contents": "[Medical digital thermometer]. For rapid measurement of the human body temperature, three modifications of medical digital thermometer are recommended for clinics: a thermometer with compensation of the body's local cooling by a transducer, thermometer for cardiosurgery, and adaptive thermometer. The article describes the basic structural scheme of the medical digital thermometer, ways of accelerated temperature measurement and main technical characteristics of the above models.", "PMID": 514017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10467", "title": "[SFON-01 Watchall stethophonendoscope].", "content": "The Watchall-type stethophonendoscope CphiOH-01 for auscultation of adult patients, which most completely meets the current medical requirements, has been recommended for medical practice.", "contents": "[SFON-01 Watchall stethophonendoscope]. The Watchall-type stethophonendoscope CphiOH-01 for auscultation of adult patients, which most completely meets the current medical requirements, has been recommended for medical practice.", "PMID": 514019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10468", "title": "[Use of fiber-optic elements in ophthalmological instruments and light sources].", "content": "Application of flexible light guides in ophthalmological devices and light sources permits to develop the tools for illumination of surgical field, transilluminators for eyes, combinations of instruments with tools for intraocular manipulations. An eye transilluminator has been produced and tested with a set of attachments comprising fiver-optic light-guiding elements. This instrument allows to reveal foreign particles in the eye's vitreous body and in the surrounding tissues, and to diagnose some pathological changes.", "contents": "[Use of fiber-optic elements in ophthalmological instruments and light sources]. Application of flexible light guides in ophthalmological devices and light sources permits to develop the tools for illumination of surgical field, transilluminators for eyes, combinations of instruments with tools for intraocular manipulations. An eye transilluminator has been produced and tested with a set of attachments comprising fiver-optic light-guiding elements. This instrument allows to reveal foreign particles in the eye's vitreous body and in the surrounding tissues, and to diagnose some pathological changes.", "PMID": 514020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10469", "title": "[Ocular microforceps with fiber lightguides].", "content": "Application of fiber-optic elements for intraocular illumination facilitates the search, capture and holding of foreign particles at their removal from the human eye's vitrecus body.", "contents": "[Ocular microforceps with fiber lightguides]. Application of fiber-optic elements for intraocular illumination facilitates the search, capture and holding of foreign particles at their removal from the human eye's vitrecus body.", "PMID": 514026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10470", "title": "Common bile duct stenosis from chronic pancreatitis: a clinical and pathologic spectrum.", "content": "The chronic pancreatitis population of Wadsworth VA Hospital over the past five years was screened for two-fold or greater alkaline phosphatase elevation at any time during their course, as a marker for either distal common bile duct stenosis or other hepatobiliary disease. Forty-seven of 207 patients screened met this criterion and are reviewed in detail. Of the 16 patients with persistent alkaline phosphatase elevation (group B), 15 had proven common bile duct stenosis, demonstrating a clear pathophysiologic role of partial bile duct obstruction in their liver disease. Three had developed secondary biliary cirrhosis, marking this entity the commonest cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis at our hospital. Of the remaining 31 patients with transient alkaline phosphatase elevation (group A), only 4 had proven duct abnormalities which may resolve during recovery. Alcoholic liver disease was demonstrated with normal extrahepatic ducts in the remainder in group A adequately studies. Persistent greater than two-fold alkaline phosphatase elevation in pancreatitis thus represents a reliable marker of distal common bile duct stenosis, whose sequelae may include cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis and which requires operative intervention in these cases. When a persistent alkaline phosphatase elevation greater than two-fold is encountered in a chronic pancreatitis patient, adequate cholangiography and liver histology are both necessary to confirm and grade this frequent and treatable complication.", "contents": "Common bile duct stenosis from chronic pancreatitis: a clinical and pathologic spectrum. The chronic pancreatitis population of Wadsworth VA Hospital over the past five years was screened for two-fold or greater alkaline phosphatase elevation at any time during their course, as a marker for either distal common bile duct stenosis or other hepatobiliary disease. Forty-seven of 207 patients screened met this criterion and are reviewed in detail. Of the 16 patients with persistent alkaline phosphatase elevation (group B), 15 had proven common bile duct stenosis, demonstrating a clear pathophysiologic role of partial bile duct obstruction in their liver disease. Three had developed secondary biliary cirrhosis, marking this entity the commonest cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis at our hospital. Of the remaining 31 patients with transient alkaline phosphatase elevation (group A), only 4 had proven duct abnormalities which may resolve during recovery. Alcoholic liver disease was demonstrated with normal extrahepatic ducts in the remainder in group A adequately studies. Persistent greater than two-fold alkaline phosphatase elevation in pancreatitis thus represents a reliable marker of distal common bile duct stenosis, whose sequelae may include cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis and which requires operative intervention in these cases. When a persistent alkaline phosphatase elevation greater than two-fold is encountered in a chronic pancreatitis patient, adequate cholangiography and liver histology are both necessary to confirm and grade this frequent and treatable complication.", "PMID": 514065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10471", "title": "Factor XIII.", "content": "1. Activated factor XIII is the enzyme that covalently cross-links fibrin monomers into fibrin polymers and results in increased clot strength and resistance of the clot to fibrinolysis. 2. Small amounts (greater than 1% of normal) of factor XIII are necessary for normal in vitro and in vivo activity. 3. Factor XIII deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive illness in which a hemorrhagic diathesis is caused by the virtual absence of the active a subunit of factor XIII. Approximately 100 cases have been described. 4. The disease in homozygotes is characterized by umbilical stump bleeding, a high incidence of fetal wastage, delayed soft tissue hemorrhage, and a high incidence of intracranial bleeding. The heterozygote is asymptomatic. 5. This paper calls attention to the apparent high incidence of oligospermia and small testes seen in homozygote males. Otherwise secondary sex characterics are normal. 6. Because there is no abnormality in thrombin generation and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, route coagulation tests (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, etc.) are normal. Platelet function tests are normal. 7. Clots made from recalcified plasma severely deficient in factor XIII are soluble in 5 M urea or 1% monochloroacetic acid. These screening tests are simple and nearly pathognomonic of the illness. 8. More sophisticated and quantitative tests (e.g., dansylcadaverine incorporation) are available for definitive diagnosis and heterozygote detection. 9. Replacement treatment of the illness is simple, effective, and relatively inexpensive. Due to the long half-life of infused factor XIII and the small amounts necessary for normal hemostasis, prophylaxis is feasible and encouraged.", "contents": "Factor XIII. 1. Activated factor XIII is the enzyme that covalently cross-links fibrin monomers into fibrin polymers and results in increased clot strength and resistance of the clot to fibrinolysis. 2. Small amounts (greater than 1% of normal) of factor XIII are necessary for normal in vitro and in vivo activity. 3. Factor XIII deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive illness in which a hemorrhagic diathesis is caused by the virtual absence of the active a subunit of factor XIII. Approximately 100 cases have been described. 4. The disease in homozygotes is characterized by umbilical stump bleeding, a high incidence of fetal wastage, delayed soft tissue hemorrhage, and a high incidence of intracranial bleeding. The heterozygote is asymptomatic. 5. This paper calls attention to the apparent high incidence of oligospermia and small testes seen in homozygote males. Otherwise secondary sex characterics are normal. 6. Because there is no abnormality in thrombin generation and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, route coagulation tests (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, etc.) are normal. Platelet function tests are normal. 7. Clots made from recalcified plasma severely deficient in factor XIII are soluble in 5 M urea or 1% monochloroacetic acid. These screening tests are simple and nearly pathognomonic of the illness. 8. More sophisticated and quantitative tests (e.g., dansylcadaverine incorporation) are available for definitive diagnosis and heterozygote detection. 9. Replacement treatment of the illness is simple, effective, and relatively inexpensive. Due to the long half-life of infused factor XIII and the small amounts necessary for normal hemostasis, prophylaxis is feasible and encouraged.", "PMID": 514066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10472", "title": "[Determination of benzidine in the air using the colorimetry and liquid chromatography methods].", "content": "The paper presents selection of analytical methods for determination of airborne benzidine, whose maximum admissible concentration (MAC) comes to zero. Colorimetric method with T chloroamine, allowing to determine 3 microgram of benzidine in m3 of the air, was evaluated. Such advantages of the method as specificity and availability of reagents and measuring apparatus were stressed. Another method presented in the paper is based on liquid chromatography, and its main features are: much better determinability of--0.7 microgram benzidine in m3 of the air and better precision than that of the colorimetric method. Its usefulness is however limited due to the necessity to have a very expensive liquid chromatograph.", "contents": "[Determination of benzidine in the air using the colorimetry and liquid chromatography methods]. The paper presents selection of analytical methods for determination of airborne benzidine, whose maximum admissible concentration (MAC) comes to zero. Colorimetric method with T chloroamine, allowing to determine 3 microgram of benzidine in m3 of the air, was evaluated. Such advantages of the method as specificity and availability of reagents and measuring apparatus were stressed. Another method presented in the paper is based on liquid chromatography, and its main features are: much better determinability of--0.7 microgram benzidine in m3 of the air and better precision than that of the colorimetric method. Its usefulness is however limited due to the necessity to have a very expensive liquid chromatograph.", "PMID": 514067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10473", "title": "[Effects of chronic inhalation intoxication with carbon disulfide on the content of various lipid metabolism indices in the serum, aorta and cardiac muscle in rabbits. II. Lipid phosphorus and phospholipid fractions in the serum, aorta and cardiac muscle].", "content": "Lipid phosphorus and single phospholipids content was checked in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle of rabbits exposed in toxicological chamber for 3 and 6 months, to carbon disulfide of low concentration (0.44 mg/l) and higher concentration (0.8 mg/l). Phospholipids were separated using thin--layer chromatography. Lipid phosphorus content in each fraction was determined colorimetrically. Statistical analysis of obtained results was done based on the Student \"t\" test. Lipid phosphorus content in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle was found to increase in animals exposed to CS2 in lower concentration. A decrease in lipid phosphorus content (statistically significant) was noted in the serum of rabbits intoxicated with CS2 in high concentration for 3 months. Changes in the percentage of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelins in cardiac muscle were found.", "contents": "[Effects of chronic inhalation intoxication with carbon disulfide on the content of various lipid metabolism indices in the serum, aorta and cardiac muscle in rabbits. II. Lipid phosphorus and phospholipid fractions in the serum, aorta and cardiac muscle]. Lipid phosphorus and single phospholipids content was checked in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle of rabbits exposed in toxicological chamber for 3 and 6 months, to carbon disulfide of low concentration (0.44 mg/l) and higher concentration (0.8 mg/l). Phospholipids were separated using thin--layer chromatography. Lipid phosphorus content in each fraction was determined colorimetrically. Statistical analysis of obtained results was done based on the Student \"t\" test. Lipid phosphorus content in serum, aorta and cardiac muscle was found to increase in animals exposed to CS2 in lower concentration. A decrease in lipid phosphorus content (statistically significant) was noted in the serum of rabbits intoxicated with CS2 in high concentration for 3 months. Changes in the percentage of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelins in cardiac muscle were found.", "PMID": 514068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10474", "title": "[Effect of vibration on the functioning of the lymphatic system in the small intestine in rat].", "content": "The production rate and flow of the lymph in mesenteric lymph vessels under normal conditions and after horizontal vibration of 5 Hz frequency and 20 mm amplitude were measured by means of intravital, intravenous injection of trypan blue water solution. The investigations were carried out on 66 Wistar rats of both sexes. It was found, that 3 and 7-hour vibration and everyday 7-hour vibration applied during a week result in the acceleration of lymph flow, whereas 3- and 4-week vibrations result in reduction of production and flow of the lymph. In all cases the lymph flow speed becomes normal after one day break. The results obtained show that low frequency vibration causes reversible functional changes in small intestine lymphatic system. These changes more probably result from hemodynamic disturbances. The applied vibration parameters did not cause any perceptible morphological changes in the lymphatic system.", "contents": "[Effect of vibration on the functioning of the lymphatic system in the small intestine in rat]. The production rate and flow of the lymph in mesenteric lymph vessels under normal conditions and after horizontal vibration of 5 Hz frequency and 20 mm amplitude were measured by means of intravital, intravenous injection of trypan blue water solution. The investigations were carried out on 66 Wistar rats of both sexes. It was found, that 3 and 7-hour vibration and everyday 7-hour vibration applied during a week result in the acceleration of lymph flow, whereas 3- and 4-week vibrations result in reduction of production and flow of the lymph. In all cases the lymph flow speed becomes normal after one day break. The results obtained show that low frequency vibration causes reversible functional changes in small intestine lymphatic system. These changes more probably result from hemodynamic disturbances. The applied vibration parameters did not cause any perceptible morphological changes in the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 514069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10475", "title": "[Cytochemical and immunological examinations of workers exposed to the effects of organic solvents of paints and varnishes. I. Activity of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Glycogen content in lymphocytes].", "content": "In workers, aged 26--55, occupationally exposed for 80--118 months to organic solvents of paints and varnishes containing benzene, toluene and xylene, beta-glucuronidase (GR) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (GZ activities were determined and glycogen content in peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated. In addition to lymphocytopenia, the number of lymphocytes with cytoplasmic localization of GR and GZ and a decrease in glycogen content in those cells were found. The authors suppose these changes are due to toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, present in organic solvents of paints and varnishes, upon lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Cytochemical and immunological examinations of workers exposed to the effects of organic solvents of paints and varnishes. I. Activity of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Glycogen content in lymphocytes]. In workers, aged 26--55, occupationally exposed for 80--118 months to organic solvents of paints and varnishes containing benzene, toluene and xylene, beta-glucuronidase (GR) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (GZ activities were determined and glycogen content in peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated. In addition to lymphocytopenia, the number of lymphocytes with cytoplasmic localization of GR and GZ and a decrease in glycogen content in those cells were found. The authors suppose these changes are due to toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, present in organic solvents of paints and varnishes, upon lymphocytes.", "PMID": 514070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10476", "title": "[Butylglycol toxicity].", "content": "Basing on literature, the authors evaluate the toxicity of butylglycol, especially its narcotic effects and action inducing parenchymatous organs lesions, symptoms of inhalant, oral and percutaneous intoxications and their treatment.", "contents": "[Butylglycol toxicity]. Basing on literature, the authors evaluate the toxicity of butylglycol, especially its narcotic effects and action inducing parenchymatous organs lesions, symptoms of inhalant, oral and percutaneous intoxications and their treatment.", "PMID": 514071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10477", "title": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. I. Pneumoconiosis].", "content": "In two mines, \"A\"--in Lower Silesia with low, inclined coal seam and lesser degree of output mechanization and \"B\"--in the Silesia-Dabrowa Basin with high coal seams and a great degree of output mechanization), work conditions were examined (dust concentration, chemical composition of dust, and microclimate) and medical examinations of underground miners were done. The examinations involved: mine \"A\"--2094 miners, mine \"B\"--1846 miners. The two examined populations were almost identical as regards age and length of employment. The number of miners working in bad conditions in the \"A\" mine was twice as great as that of miners working in bad conditions in the \"B\" mine. In dust collected on work--stands in the \"A\" mine the amount of copper, chromium and vanadium was 3 times that in the \"B\" mine and in the \"A\" mine approximately 40% more nickel was found in the dust than in the \"B\" mine. Average dust concentration on work stands was 10 times greater in the \"B\" mine than in the \"A\" mine. The rate of pneumoconiosis was on average 3.7% in both populations, in the \"A\" mine--6.2% and in the \"B\" mine--0.8%. In currently working miners no nodular changes, like PMF, were found. The rate of pneumoconiosis significantly varied with the length of employment. In 71.7% miners changes in EKG were found, in the \"B\" mine the number of those with changes being about 10% greater than in those in the \"A\" mine. In miners from the \"A\" mine, mostly changes in conduction (17.1%) were found; in the \"B\" mine these changes were twice less frequent.", "contents": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. I. Pneumoconiosis]. In two mines, \"A\"--in Lower Silesia with low, inclined coal seam and lesser degree of output mechanization and \"B\"--in the Silesia-Dabrowa Basin with high coal seams and a great degree of output mechanization), work conditions were examined (dust concentration, chemical composition of dust, and microclimate) and medical examinations of underground miners were done. The examinations involved: mine \"A\"--2094 miners, mine \"B\"--1846 miners. The two examined populations were almost identical as regards age and length of employment. The number of miners working in bad conditions in the \"A\" mine was twice as great as that of miners working in bad conditions in the \"B\" mine. In dust collected on work--stands in the \"A\" mine the amount of copper, chromium and vanadium was 3 times that in the \"B\" mine and in the \"A\" mine approximately 40% more nickel was found in the dust than in the \"B\" mine. Average dust concentration on work stands was 10 times greater in the \"B\" mine than in the \"A\" mine. The rate of pneumoconiosis was on average 3.7% in both populations, in the \"A\" mine--6.2% and in the \"B\" mine--0.8%. In currently working miners no nodular changes, like PMF, were found. The rate of pneumoconiosis significantly varied with the length of employment. In 71.7% miners changes in EKG were found, in the \"B\" mine the number of those with changes being about 10% greater than in those in the \"A\" mine. In miners from the \"A\" mine, mostly changes in conduction (17.1%) were found; in the \"B\" mine these changes were twice less frequent.", "PMID": 514072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10478", "title": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. II. Chronic non-specific respiratory tract diseases in coal miners].", "content": "Miners of two coal mines were examined: mine \"A\"--2094 miners and mine \"B\"--1846 miners working underground. Both the examined population and work environment were thoroughly described in part I. Medical examinations involved disease history and occupational inquiry on a special questionnaire form, a part of this questionnaire being based on the BMRC questionnaire. In addition, spirometric examinations were conducted, VC, FEV1 was determined, and chest was X-rayed. Average PNChUO rate in both populations under examinations came to 16.5%; in the \"A\" mine it was significantly higher (19.1%), compared to the \"B\" mine--(13.5%). Obturative PNChUO constituted, on average, 1.7% of the total PNChUO rate in both mines and occurred more frequently in the \"B\" mine (2.1%), where work was more mechanized than in the \"A\" mine (1.3%). The highest PNChUO percentage was found in those working at most dusted work--stands. The PNChUO rate in its obturative form was found to be directly proportional to age and length of employment. No effect of PNChUO on the quality and rate of changes in EKG in those suffering from this disease was found.", "contents": "[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. II. Chronic non-specific respiratory tract diseases in coal miners]. Miners of two coal mines were examined: mine \"A\"--2094 miners and mine \"B\"--1846 miners working underground. Both the examined population and work environment were thoroughly described in part I. Medical examinations involved disease history and occupational inquiry on a special questionnaire form, a part of this questionnaire being based on the BMRC questionnaire. In addition, spirometric examinations were conducted, VC, FEV1 was determined, and chest was X-rayed. Average PNChUO rate in both populations under examinations came to 16.5%; in the \"A\" mine it was significantly higher (19.1%), compared to the \"B\" mine--(13.5%). Obturative PNChUO constituted, on average, 1.7% of the total PNChUO rate in both mines and occurred more frequently in the \"B\" mine (2.1%), where work was more mechanized than in the \"A\" mine (1.3%). The highest PNChUO percentage was found in those working at most dusted work--stands. The PNChUO rate in its obturative form was found to be directly proportional to age and length of employment. No effect of PNChUO on the quality and rate of changes in EKG in those suffering from this disease was found.", "PMID": 514073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10479", "title": "[Respiratory tract in subjects occupationally exposed to asbestos dust].", "content": "Health status of 145 \"isolators\", in this 50 women, engaged in ship building and repair, inhalating asbestos dust for 2 to 24 years of occupation (10.7 and 1.7 years on average) was examined. High percentage (63.6) of chronic bronchitis was found, especially in those working more than 10 years, and more frequently in women. 13.3% of asbestos cases were diagnosed, in this in the group working longer than 15 years in 47.4%. In 20.6% of those examined, respiratory disfunction was noted, mainly obturative, with no changes in blood gases. Chronic bronchitis was found to have developed earlier and more frequently in women than in men, under the same exposure. This should be a contraindication to employ women on those work--stands where the air is considerably dusted by highly aggressive dusts.", "contents": "[Respiratory tract in subjects occupationally exposed to asbestos dust]. Health status of 145 \"isolators\", in this 50 women, engaged in ship building and repair, inhalating asbestos dust for 2 to 24 years of occupation (10.7 and 1.7 years on average) was examined. High percentage (63.6) of chronic bronchitis was found, especially in those working more than 10 years, and more frequently in women. 13.3% of asbestos cases were diagnosed, in this in the group working longer than 15 years in 47.4%. In 20.6% of those examined, respiratory disfunction was noted, mainly obturative, with no changes in blood gases. Chronic bronchitis was found to have developed earlier and more frequently in women than in men, under the same exposure. This should be a contraindication to employ women on those work--stands where the air is considerably dusted by highly aggressive dusts.", "PMID": 514074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10480", "title": "[Improper posture adopted by workers in 2 different groups: weavers and seamstresses].", "content": "50 weavers working in a standing-walking position and 50 seamstresses working in a sitting position have been examined. During the research it has been shown that frequent occurrence of posture defects is different in various occupational groups and it increases with the age and duration of work. Posture defects prophylaxis in the examined two occupational groups has been presented as well.", "contents": "[Improper posture adopted by workers in 2 different groups: weavers and seamstresses]. 50 weavers working in a standing-walking position and 50 seamstresses working in a sitting position have been examined. During the research it has been shown that frequent occurrence of posture defects is different in various occupational groups and it increases with the age and duration of work. Posture defects prophylaxis in the examined two occupational groups has been presented as well.", "PMID": 514075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10481", "title": "[Occupational exposure to x-rays in Poland in 1977].", "content": "The paper presents results of measurements of individual doses received by people occupationally exposed to X-rays in Poland. At the end of 1977 measurements covered over 18 thous persons. The group of those who did not exceed 1/10 permissible annual dose came to 99.24%. Average dose for the whole monitored population amounted to 74.6 mrem. Only 28 cases of exceeded permissible quarterly doses and 7 cases of exceeded permissible annual doses have been noted.", "contents": "[Occupational exposure to x-rays in Poland in 1977]. The paper presents results of measurements of individual doses received by people occupationally exposed to X-rays in Poland. At the end of 1977 measurements covered over 18 thous persons. The group of those who did not exceed 1/10 permissible annual dose came to 99.24%. Average dose for the whole monitored population amounted to 74.6 mrem. Only 28 cases of exceeded permissible quarterly doses and 7 cases of exceeded permissible annual doses have been noted.", "PMID": 514076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10482", "title": "Effect of endurance exercise training on plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration during exercise.", "content": "The effect of exercise on human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) levels was evaluated in five subjects preceding and following a conditioning program. During 90 min of exercise, the plasma concentration of hPP rose to a peak value five times higher than the resting level. After 2 mo of endurance exercise training, exercising at the same absolute work load resulted in only a twofold increase in hPP levels. Even at a higher work load, plasma hPP levels were significantly lower than the values observed prior to conditioning. These results show that plasma hPP concentrations rise during exercise and the magnitude of this response is significantly lower after 2 mo of endurance exercise training.", "contents": "Effect of endurance exercise training on plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration during exercise. The effect of exercise on human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) levels was evaluated in five subjects preceding and following a conditioning program. During 90 min of exercise, the plasma concentration of hPP rose to a peak value five times higher than the resting level. After 2 mo of endurance exercise training, exercising at the same absolute work load resulted in only a twofold increase in hPP levels. Even at a higher work load, plasma hPP levels were significantly lower than the values observed prior to conditioning. These results show that plasma hPP concentrations rise during exercise and the magnitude of this response is significantly lower after 2 mo of endurance exercise training.", "PMID": 514078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10483", "title": "Insulin secretory dynamics after two consecutive intravenous stimulations with glucose and/or tolbutamide.", "content": "Intravenous glucose and/or tolbutamide administered in two consecutive pulses 30 and 60 min apart to the same subjects using identical doses showed that insulin secretory responses was altered during a subsequent stimulation and that this was modulated by the time factor. Insulin response was more sustained after the second glucose pulses and the insulin peak response was delayed and diminished if the second glucose dose was given 30 min after the first, but not if given 60 min later. It is suggested that the beta-cell membrane might remain partially depolarized above a certain glucose level or that a postulated signal relay mechanism might become saturated. Responses to two tolbutamide pulses did not show these characteristics; however, the second insulin response was smaller than the first. When the first pulse was glucose and the second tolbutamide, or vice versa, the second responses were altogether different from those elicited by the double doses of either tolbutamide or glucose. To explain these characteristic patterns of insulin secretory dynamics, the existence of occult glucose receptors on the beta-cell that are opened up by tolbutamide was postulated. These studies do not support the two-pool theory, or at least restrict it to glucose-stimulated insulin response. The positive correlations between the first and the second insulin responses in all tests argue strongly against the existence of an insulin feedback mechanism in man.", "contents": "Insulin secretory dynamics after two consecutive intravenous stimulations with glucose and/or tolbutamide. Intravenous glucose and/or tolbutamide administered in two consecutive pulses 30 and 60 min apart to the same subjects using identical doses showed that insulin secretory responses was altered during a subsequent stimulation and that this was modulated by the time factor. Insulin response was more sustained after the second glucose pulses and the insulin peak response was delayed and diminished if the second glucose dose was given 30 min after the first, but not if given 60 min later. It is suggested that the beta-cell membrane might remain partially depolarized above a certain glucose level or that a postulated signal relay mechanism might become saturated. Responses to two tolbutamide pulses did not show these characteristics; however, the second insulin response was smaller than the first. When the first pulse was glucose and the second tolbutamide, or vice versa, the second responses were altogether different from those elicited by the double doses of either tolbutamide or glucose. To explain these characteristic patterns of insulin secretory dynamics, the existence of occult glucose receptors on the beta-cell that are opened up by tolbutamide was postulated. These studies do not support the two-pool theory, or at least restrict it to glucose-stimulated insulin response. The positive correlations between the first and the second insulin responses in all tests argue strongly against the existence of an insulin feedback mechanism in man.", "PMID": 514079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10484", "title": "Biochemical abnormalities of the human diabetic glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Since the biochemical composition of the diabetic glomerular basement membrane is still a controversial area, a study was carried out using kidneys from seven diabetic and seven nondiabetic subjects. In diabetic membranes, the glycine, hydroxylysine, glucose, galactose, and hydroxylysine-linked disaccharide unit content was increased together with a decrease in the half-cystine and sialic acid content. These findings support the view of a biochemical alteration in the human diabetic glomerular basement membrane.", "contents": "Biochemical abnormalities of the human diabetic glomerular basement membrane. Since the biochemical composition of the diabetic glomerular basement membrane is still a controversial area, a study was carried out using kidneys from seven diabetic and seven nondiabetic subjects. In diabetic membranes, the glycine, hydroxylysine, glucose, galactose, and hydroxylysine-linked disaccharide unit content was increased together with a decrease in the half-cystine and sialic acid content. These findings support the view of a biochemical alteration in the human diabetic glomerular basement membrane.", "PMID": 514080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10485", "title": "Racial differences of parameters associated with blood pressure levels in children--the Bogalusa heart study.", "content": "Racial differences in prevalence of essential hypertension are well known. In order to explore these differences at an early age in terms of etiology, we investigated schoolchildren in an entire, biracial community. A sample of 278 children, stratified by diastolic (fourth-phase) blood pressure and specific for age, race, and sex, was reexamined 1--2 yr after initial observation for the following: (1) a physical examination and urinalysis to exclude secondary hypertension; (2) 24-hr urine sodium, potassium, plasma renin activity, and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase; (3) 1-hr oral glucose tolerance test; and (4) heart rate and blood pressure at rest and under standarized physical stress. We found that 24-hr urine sodium was positively associated with blood pressure level as measured on the same day for the high blood pressure strata of black children. Urine potassium excretion was lower in blacks than in whites, although their intakes seemed equal. In the high blood pressure strata especially, black boys had lower renin activity than whites, and the resting-supine and stressed systolic blood pressures were higher in black boys than in any other group. In these black boys, resting and stressed systolic pressures were negatively related to plasma renin activity. On the other hand, dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels in white children were higher than in blacks for all blood pressure strata, and in the high blood pressure strata white children had higher 1-hr glucose levels and faster resting heart rates than black children. Different mechanisms may play a role in and contribute to the early stage of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Racial differences of parameters associated with blood pressure levels in children--the Bogalusa heart study. Racial differences in prevalence of essential hypertension are well known. In order to explore these differences at an early age in terms of etiology, we investigated schoolchildren in an entire, biracial community. A sample of 278 children, stratified by diastolic (fourth-phase) blood pressure and specific for age, race, and sex, was reexamined 1--2 yr after initial observation for the following: (1) a physical examination and urinalysis to exclude secondary hypertension; (2) 24-hr urine sodium, potassium, plasma renin activity, and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase; (3) 1-hr oral glucose tolerance test; and (4) heart rate and blood pressure at rest and under standarized physical stress. We found that 24-hr urine sodium was positively associated with blood pressure level as measured on the same day for the high blood pressure strata of black children. Urine potassium excretion was lower in blacks than in whites, although their intakes seemed equal. In the high blood pressure strata especially, black boys had lower renin activity than whites, and the resting-supine and stressed systolic blood pressures were higher in black boys than in any other group. In these black boys, resting and stressed systolic pressures were negatively related to plasma renin activity. On the other hand, dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels in white children were higher than in blacks for all blood pressure strata, and in the high blood pressure strata white children had higher 1-hr glucose levels and faster resting heart rates than black children. Different mechanisms may play a role in and contribute to the early stage of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 514082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10486", "title": "Differential sensitivity to somatostatin of pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "This dose-response study deals with the relative inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the acetylcholine-stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, and insulin from the isolated canine pancrease. Somatostatin in picomolar doses potently inhibited insulin and glucagon secretion, whereas PP secretion was relatively insensitive. Also, in the absence of acetylcholine, somatostatin exerted a preferential inhibition of the release insulin and glucagon compared with PP. These findings point to a physiologically important role of somatostatin for the secretion of insulin and glucagon, but probably not for PP.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity to somatostatin of pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. This dose-response study deals with the relative inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the acetylcholine-stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, and insulin from the isolated canine pancrease. Somatostatin in picomolar doses potently inhibited insulin and glucagon secretion, whereas PP secretion was relatively insensitive. Also, in the absence of acetylcholine, somatostatin exerted a preferential inhibition of the release insulin and glucagon compared with PP. These findings point to a physiologically important role of somatostatin for the secretion of insulin and glucagon, but probably not for PP.", "PMID": 514083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10487", "title": "Increased dietary calcium lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The effect of increased dietary calcium on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was investigated by feeding lab chow fortified with calcium carbonate (2.5% calcium, hCa) beginning at 4 wk of age. A control SH group was fed regular lab chow (1.2% calcium, rCa). Two groups of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated in parallel. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly until the age of 18 wk using a tail cuff method. The hCa diet significantly attenuated the time course of hypertension in SH rats even though both SH groups eventually developed hypertension. The hCa also lowered BP in WKYs, but to a lesser extent. Urine output (24-hr volumes) was not affected by hCa, but in both SH and WKY groups fed the hCa diet, the excretion of Na+, K+ and Ca++ was markedly elevated at 11, 15, and 19 wk of age. Urine osmolality was also elevated. Plasma Na+, Ca++ and osmolality were not significantly altered by the diet in either SH or WKY rats; plasma potassium was significantly lower in the SH group fed the hCa diet than in the group given rCa. The hCa diet did not significantly affect the body or heart, kidney, adrenal, or thymus weights. The results suggest that hCa diet may attenuate genetic hypertension by inducing an osmotic diuresis.", "contents": "Increased dietary calcium lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The effect of increased dietary calcium on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was investigated by feeding lab chow fortified with calcium carbonate (2.5% calcium, hCa) beginning at 4 wk of age. A control SH group was fed regular lab chow (1.2% calcium, rCa). Two groups of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated in parallel. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly until the age of 18 wk using a tail cuff method. The hCa diet significantly attenuated the time course of hypertension in SH rats even though both SH groups eventually developed hypertension. The hCa also lowered BP in WKYs, but to a lesser extent. Urine output (24-hr volumes) was not affected by hCa, but in both SH and WKY groups fed the hCa diet, the excretion of Na+, K+ and Ca++ was markedly elevated at 11, 15, and 19 wk of age. Urine osmolality was also elevated. Plasma Na+, Ca++ and osmolality were not significantly altered by the diet in either SH or WKY rats; plasma potassium was significantly lower in the SH group fed the hCa diet than in the group given rCa. The hCa diet did not significantly affect the body or heart, kidney, adrenal, or thymus weights. The results suggest that hCa diet may attenuate genetic hypertension by inducing an osmotic diuresis.", "PMID": 514084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10488", "title": "Effect of growth hormone on lymphocyte respiration and growth rate of children.", "content": "Oxygen consumption by circulating lymphocytes of children with isolated growth hormone deficiency was studied before and 6 mo after the start of growth hormone therapy. A plot of percent change in respiration (oxygen consumed per mg protein or microgram DNA) against height gain during the therapy showed a linear association (correlation coefficient 0.667--0.756).", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone on lymphocyte respiration and growth rate of children. Oxygen consumption by circulating lymphocytes of children with isolated growth hormone deficiency was studied before and 6 mo after the start of growth hormone therapy. A plot of percent change in respiration (oxygen consumed per mg protein or microgram DNA) against height gain during the therapy showed a linear association (correlation coefficient 0.667--0.756).", "PMID": 514085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10489", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in children with growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that hyperlipidemia is characteristic of growth hormone deficiency in childhood, we have measured serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in 24 euthyroid children with growth hormone deficiency. Although modest elevations of cholesterol and/or triglyceride above the 95th percentile for age, race, and sex were present in 46% of the children studied, the mean (+/- 1 SD) cholesterol of 173 +/- 36 mg/dl and the mean triglyceride of 80 +/- 42 mg/dl were not significantly different from published normal mean values. Administration of human growth hormone for 4 mo to 15 of these subjects did not alter these mean cholesterol and triglyceride values, but did result in a marked improvement in the growth rate. Some individuals (n = 6) with a subnormal growth response to therapy and/or a low serum thyroxine and high serum cholesterol were treated for an additional 4 mo with growth hormone and thyroid hormone together. There was a statistically significant decrement in serum cholesterol in this group. We conclude that modest hyperlipidemia does exist in some children with growth hormone deficiency. Subclinical hypothyroidism may play a role in the hypercholesterolemia of some children, as may growth hormone deficiency itself. Any association of growth hormone and lipid metabolism remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in children with growth hormone deficiency. To test the hypothesis that hyperlipidemia is characteristic of growth hormone deficiency in childhood, we have measured serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in 24 euthyroid children with growth hormone deficiency. Although modest elevations of cholesterol and/or triglyceride above the 95th percentile for age, race, and sex were present in 46% of the children studied, the mean (+/- 1 SD) cholesterol of 173 +/- 36 mg/dl and the mean triglyceride of 80 +/- 42 mg/dl were not significantly different from published normal mean values. Administration of human growth hormone for 4 mo to 15 of these subjects did not alter these mean cholesterol and triglyceride values, but did result in a marked improvement in the growth rate. Some individuals (n = 6) with a subnormal growth response to therapy and/or a low serum thyroxine and high serum cholesterol were treated for an additional 4 mo with growth hormone and thyroid hormone together. There was a statistically significant decrement in serum cholesterol in this group. We conclude that modest hyperlipidemia does exist in some children with growth hormone deficiency. Subclinical hypothyroidism may play a role in the hypercholesterolemia of some children, as may growth hormone deficiency itself. Any association of growth hormone and lipid metabolism remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 514086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10490", "title": "Anion transport in red blood cells. III. Sites and sidedness of inhibition by high-affinity reversible binding probes.", "content": "Studies of binding of the reversible inhibitor DNDS (for abbreviations, see Nomenclature) and red blood cell membranes revealed 8.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(5) high-affinity binding sites per cell (KD = 0.8 +/- 0.4 muM). Under conditions of \"mutual depletion,\" inhibition studies of anion exchange revealed 8.0 +/- 0.7 x 10(5) DNDS inhibitory sites per cell (KD = 0.87 +/- 0.04 muM). Binding and kinetics studies with DNDS indicate that there are 0.8 -- 0.9 x 10(6) functional anion transport sites per blood cell. The transport of DNDS displayed high temperature and concentration dependencies, chemical specificity, susceptibility to inhibition by DIDS, and differences between egress and ingress properties. Under conditions of no DNDS penetration (e.g., 0 degrees C), inhibition of anion exchange by DNDS showed marked sidedness from the outside inhibitions and were demonstrable at micromolar concentrations, whereas from the inside no inhibition occurred even at millimolar concentrations. The asymmetry of DNDS transport properties and the sidedness of binding and inhibition suggest that anion transport sites have a very low affinity for or are inaccessible to DNDS at the inner membrane face. The site of DNDS permeation, although susceptible to DIDS, is apparently not the site of anion exchange.", "contents": "Anion transport in red blood cells. III. Sites and sidedness of inhibition by high-affinity reversible binding probes. Studies of binding of the reversible inhibitor DNDS (for abbreviations, see Nomenclature) and red blood cell membranes revealed 8.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(5) high-affinity binding sites per cell (KD = 0.8 +/- 0.4 muM). Under conditions of \"mutual depletion,\" inhibition studies of anion exchange revealed 8.0 +/- 0.7 x 10(5) DNDS inhibitory sites per cell (KD = 0.87 +/- 0.04 muM). Binding and kinetics studies with DNDS indicate that there are 0.8 -- 0.9 x 10(6) functional anion transport sites per blood cell. The transport of DNDS displayed high temperature and concentration dependencies, chemical specificity, susceptibility to inhibition by DIDS, and differences between egress and ingress properties. Under conditions of no DNDS penetration (e.g., 0 degrees C), inhibition of anion exchange by DNDS showed marked sidedness from the outside inhibitions and were demonstrable at micromolar concentrations, whereas from the inside no inhibition occurred even at millimolar concentrations. The asymmetry of DNDS transport properties and the sidedness of binding and inhibition suggest that anion transport sites have a very low affinity for or are inaccessible to DNDS at the inner membrane face. The site of DNDS permeation, although susceptible to DIDS, is apparently not the site of anion exchange.", "PMID": 514089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10491", "title": "Solute transport process in intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "In rat small intestine, the active transport of organic solutes results in significant depolarization of the membrane potential measured in an epithelial cell with respect to a grounded mucosal solution and in an increase in the transepithelial potential difference. According to the analysis with an equivalent circuit model for the epithelium, the changes in emf's of mucosal and serosal membranes induced by active solute transport were calculated using the measured conductive parameters. The result indicates that the mucosal cell membrane depolarizes while the serosal cell membrane remarkably hyperpolarizes on the active solute transport. Corresponding results are derived from the calculations of emf's in a variety of intestines, using the data that have hitherto been reported. The hyperpolarization of serosal membrane induced by the active solute transport might be ascribed to activation of the serosal electrogenic sodium pump. In an attempt to determine the causative factors in mucosal membrane depolarization during active solute transport, cell water contents and ion concentrations were measured. The cell water content remarkably increased and, at the same time, intracellular monovalent ion concentrations significantly decreased with glucose transport. Net gain of glucose within the cell was estimated from the restraint of osmotic balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids. In contrast to the apparent decreases in intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, significant gains of Na+ and K+ occurred with glucose transport. The quantitative relationships among net gains of Na+, K+ and glucose during active glucose transport suggest that the coupling ratio between glucose and Na+ entry by the carrier mechanism on the mucosal membrane is approximately 1:1 and the coupling ratio between Na+-efflux and K+-influx of the serosal electrogenic sodium pump is approximately 4:3 in rat small intestine. In addition to the electrogenic ternary complex inflow across the mucosal cell membrane, the decreases in intracellular monovalent ion concentrations, the temporary formation of an osmotic pressure gradient across the cell membrane and the streaming potential induced by water inflow through negatively charged pores of the cell membrane in the course of an active solute transport in intestinal epithelial cells are apparently all possible causes of mucosal membrane depolarization.", "contents": "Solute transport process in intestinal epithelial cells. In rat small intestine, the active transport of organic solutes results in significant depolarization of the membrane potential measured in an epithelial cell with respect to a grounded mucosal solution and in an increase in the transepithelial potential difference. According to the analysis with an equivalent circuit model for the epithelium, the changes in emf's of mucosal and serosal membranes induced by active solute transport were calculated using the measured conductive parameters. The result indicates that the mucosal cell membrane depolarizes while the serosal cell membrane remarkably hyperpolarizes on the active solute transport. Corresponding results are derived from the calculations of emf's in a variety of intestines, using the data that have hitherto been reported. The hyperpolarization of serosal membrane induced by the active solute transport might be ascribed to activation of the serosal electrogenic sodium pump. In an attempt to determine the causative factors in mucosal membrane depolarization during active solute transport, cell water contents and ion concentrations were measured. The cell water content remarkably increased and, at the same time, intracellular monovalent ion concentrations significantly decreased with glucose transport. Net gain of glucose within the cell was estimated from the restraint of osmotic balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids. In contrast to the apparent decreases in intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, significant gains of Na+ and K+ occurred with glucose transport. The quantitative relationships among net gains of Na+, K+ and glucose during active glucose transport suggest that the coupling ratio between glucose and Na+ entry by the carrier mechanism on the mucosal membrane is approximately 1:1 and the coupling ratio between Na+-efflux and K+-influx of the serosal electrogenic sodium pump is approximately 4:3 in rat small intestine. In addition to the electrogenic ternary complex inflow across the mucosal cell membrane, the decreases in intracellular monovalent ion concentrations, the temporary formation of an osmotic pressure gradient across the cell membrane and the streaming potential induced by water inflow through negatively charged pores of the cell membrane in the course of an active solute transport in intestinal epithelial cells are apparently all possible causes of mucosal membrane depolarization.", "PMID": 514090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10492", "title": "Characterization of an 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin: binding and enzyme activity on rat brain synaptosomal membranes.", "content": "The binding and phospholipase A2 activity of an 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin, isolated from Bungarus multicincutus venom, have been characterized using rat brain subcellular fractions as substrates. 125I-labeled beta-bungarotoxin binds rapidly (k = 0.14 min-1 and 0.11 min-1), saturably (Vmax = 130.1 +/- 5.0 fmoles/mg and 128.2 +/- 7.1) fmoles/mg), and with high affinity (apparent Kd = 0.8 +/- 0.1 nM and 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM) to rat brain mitochondria and synaptosomal membranes, respectively, but not to myelin. The binding to synaptosomal membranes is inhibited by divalent cations and by pretreatment with trypsin. The binding results suggest that the toxin binds to specific protein receptor sites on presynpatic membranes. The 11,000-dalton toxin rapidly hydrolyzes synaptosomal membrane phospholipids to lysophosphatides and manifests relative substrate specificity in the order phosphatidyl ethanolamine greater than phosphatidyl choline greater than phosphatidyl serine. These results indicate that the 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin is a phospholipase A2 and can use presynaptic membrane phospholipids as substrates. The binding, phospholipase activity and other biological properties of the 11,000-dalton toxin are contrasted with those of the beta-bungarotoxin found in highest concentration in the venom (the 22,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin), and the two toxins are shown to have qualitatively similar properties. Finally the results are shown to support the hypothesis that beta-bungarotoxins act in a two-step fashion to inhibit transmitter release: first, by binding to a protein receptor site on the presynatic membrane associated with Ca2+ entry, and second, by perturbing through enzymatic hydrolyses the phospholipid matrix of the membrane and thereby causing an increase in passive Ca2+ permeability.", "contents": "Characterization of an 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin: binding and enzyme activity on rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The binding and phospholipase A2 activity of an 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin, isolated from Bungarus multicincutus venom, have been characterized using rat brain subcellular fractions as substrates. 125I-labeled beta-bungarotoxin binds rapidly (k = 0.14 min-1 and 0.11 min-1), saturably (Vmax = 130.1 +/- 5.0 fmoles/mg and 128.2 +/- 7.1) fmoles/mg), and with high affinity (apparent Kd = 0.8 +/- 0.1 nM and 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM) to rat brain mitochondria and synaptosomal membranes, respectively, but not to myelin. The binding to synaptosomal membranes is inhibited by divalent cations and by pretreatment with trypsin. The binding results suggest that the toxin binds to specific protein receptor sites on presynpatic membranes. The 11,000-dalton toxin rapidly hydrolyzes synaptosomal membrane phospholipids to lysophosphatides and manifests relative substrate specificity in the order phosphatidyl ethanolamine greater than phosphatidyl choline greater than phosphatidyl serine. These results indicate that the 11,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin is a phospholipase A2 and can use presynaptic membrane phospholipids as substrates. The binding, phospholipase activity and other biological properties of the 11,000-dalton toxin are contrasted with those of the beta-bungarotoxin found in highest concentration in the venom (the 22,000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin), and the two toxins are shown to have qualitatively similar properties. Finally the results are shown to support the hypothesis that beta-bungarotoxins act in a two-step fashion to inhibit transmitter release: first, by binding to a protein receptor site on the presynatic membrane associated with Ca2+ entry, and second, by perturbing through enzymatic hydrolyses the phospholipid matrix of the membrane and thereby causing an increase in passive Ca2+ permeability.", "PMID": 514091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10493", "title": "Electrogenic absorption of sugars and amino acids in the small intestine of the human fetus.", "content": "Some characteristics and the degree of intestinal absorption in the developing human fetus were examined by measuring solute evoked potentials and 14C-D-glucose uptake into the everted jejunal segments. In all segments, the Michaelis-Menten relationship was observed between D-glucose concentrations and the evoked potentials or D-glucose uptake. Increase of Na-ion concentrations enhanced both D-glucose evoked potentials and uptake. Both D-glucose and L-alpha-alanine evoked potentials increased in a significant correlation to the fetal age; however, the apparent Michaelis constants did not show any signficant change. The structural specificity of sugar for generating evoked potentials was the same as that reported for adult mammals. Among amino acids, only the L-form of neutral and acidic amino acids generated markedly high evoked potentials, but the basic ones hardly at all. Oligopeptides such as glycyl-glycine and glycyl-glycyl-glycine also generated high evoked potentials. Our results have indicated that the active transport system of sugars and amino acids in the human fetus have already developed by as early as the sixth month of gestation.", "contents": "Electrogenic absorption of sugars and amino acids in the small intestine of the human fetus. Some characteristics and the degree of intestinal absorption in the developing human fetus were examined by measuring solute evoked potentials and 14C-D-glucose uptake into the everted jejunal segments. In all segments, the Michaelis-Menten relationship was observed between D-glucose concentrations and the evoked potentials or D-glucose uptake. Increase of Na-ion concentrations enhanced both D-glucose evoked potentials and uptake. Both D-glucose and L-alpha-alanine evoked potentials increased in a significant correlation to the fetal age; however, the apparent Michaelis constants did not show any signficant change. The structural specificity of sugar for generating evoked potentials was the same as that reported for adult mammals. Among amino acids, only the L-form of neutral and acidic amino acids generated markedly high evoked potentials, but the basic ones hardly at all. Oligopeptides such as glycyl-glycine and glycyl-glycyl-glycine also generated high evoked potentials. Our results have indicated that the active transport system of sugars and amino acids in the human fetus have already developed by as early as the sixth month of gestation.", "PMID": 514092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10494", "title": "Control of renal bicarbonate transport.", "content": "Single rabbit renal tubules were perfused in vitro to elucidate the factors that control bicarbonate transport. One factor studied was the preexisting acid-base status of the rabbits. Cortical collecting ducts from acidotic rabbits (given ammonium chloride) transported bicarbonate from lumen to bath. Collecting ducts from alkalotic rabbits (given sodium bicarbonate) transported bicarbonate in the opposite direction. Thus, bicarbonate transport by collecting ducts in vitro was conditioned by the preexisting state of the rabbit in vivo. In contrast, bicarbonate transport by proximal straight tubules and cortical thick ascending limbs was not affected by ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate given to the rabbits. Parathyroid hormone, the second factor studied, strongly inhibited bicarbonate absorption by proximal straight tubules.", "contents": "Control of renal bicarbonate transport. Single rabbit renal tubules were perfused in vitro to elucidate the factors that control bicarbonate transport. One factor studied was the preexisting acid-base status of the rabbits. Cortical collecting ducts from acidotic rabbits (given ammonium chloride) transported bicarbonate from lumen to bath. Collecting ducts from alkalotic rabbits (given sodium bicarbonate) transported bicarbonate in the opposite direction. Thus, bicarbonate transport by collecting ducts in vitro was conditioned by the preexisting state of the rabbit in vivo. In contrast, bicarbonate transport by proximal straight tubules and cortical thick ascending limbs was not affected by ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate given to the rabbits. Parathyroid hormone, the second factor studied, strongly inhibited bicarbonate absorption by proximal straight tubules.", "PMID": 514093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10495", "title": "The activation mechanism of human complement system by immune precipitate formed with rabbit IgG antibody.", "content": "Immune precipitate (Ippt) formed between egg albumin and rabbit IgG antibody activated both pathways of the human complement system. On incubation with diluted serum, Ippt combined with several factors in the serum to form a complex which acquired C3- and C5-cleaving activities. In serum chelated with ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), C3- and C5-cleaving activities of properdin system enzymes were formed on Ippt. Kinetic studies on the formation and the decay of C3- and C5-cleaving enzymes on Ippt revealed that C3- and C5-cleaving activites were almost dependent on the properdin system enzymes. The experiments in which C3-cleaving activity formed on Ippt was inhibited by anti-properdin or anti-B but not by anti-C4 supported the above results. The participation of the classical pathway was considered to accelerate the assembly of the properdin system enzymes.", "contents": "The activation mechanism of human complement system by immune precipitate formed with rabbit IgG antibody. Immune precipitate (Ippt) formed between egg albumin and rabbit IgG antibody activated both pathways of the human complement system. On incubation with diluted serum, Ippt combined with several factors in the serum to form a complex which acquired C3- and C5-cleaving activities. In serum chelated with ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), C3- and C5-cleaving activities of properdin system enzymes were formed on Ippt. Kinetic studies on the formation and the decay of C3- and C5-cleaving enzymes on Ippt revealed that C3- and C5-cleaving activites were almost dependent on the properdin system enzymes. The experiments in which C3-cleaving activity formed on Ippt was inhibited by anti-properdin or anti-B but not by anti-C4 supported the above results. The participation of the classical pathway was considered to accelerate the assembly of the properdin system enzymes.", "PMID": 514094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10496", "title": "Complement proteins and macrophages. 1. Quantitative estimation of factor B produced by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Cobra venom factor was used for the detection of factor B synthesized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. This method was shown to be specific for factor B assay by neutralization by antimouse factor B antibody. The amount of factor B in the culture supernatant, assessed by this method, was found to be dependent on the medium used for cultivation of macrophages. The addition of 25% L cell-conditioned medium to minimal essential medium (LCM-MEM) enhanced the production of factor B and also of lysozyme. Kinetic analysis in LCM-MEM showed that factor B produced by 6 x 10(4) cells/cm2 increased up to 72 hr and reached a plateau at 96 hr. The amounts of factor B and lysozyme produced in LCM-MEM depended upon the number of macrophages. Production of factor B was completely inhibited by 1 microgram of cycloheximide per ml and was restored by its removal.", "contents": "Complement proteins and macrophages. 1. Quantitative estimation of factor B produced by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Cobra venom factor was used for the detection of factor B synthesized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. This method was shown to be specific for factor B assay by neutralization by antimouse factor B antibody. The amount of factor B in the culture supernatant, assessed by this method, was found to be dependent on the medium used for cultivation of macrophages. The addition of 25% L cell-conditioned medium to minimal essential medium (LCM-MEM) enhanced the production of factor B and also of lysozyme. Kinetic analysis in LCM-MEM showed that factor B produced by 6 x 10(4) cells/cm2 increased up to 72 hr and reached a plateau at 96 hr. The amounts of factor B and lysozyme produced in LCM-MEM depended upon the number of macrophages. Production of factor B was completely inhibited by 1 microgram of cycloheximide per ml and was restored by its removal.", "PMID": 514097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10497", "title": "The role of zinc in anorexia nervosa: etiology and treatment.", "content": "Zinc deficiency may play a role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa and zinc deficiency are similar in a number of respects, e.g., weight loss, loss of appetite, amenorrhea in females, impotence in males, nausea and skin lesions. In both conditions females under 25 are most at risk. Stress, estrogen and dietary habits may also be involved in the complex of factors which create or exacerbate a zinc deficiency and result in anorexia nervosa. It is proposed that effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "The role of zinc in anorexia nervosa: etiology and treatment. Zinc deficiency may play a role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa and zinc deficiency are similar in a number of respects, e.g., weight loss, loss of appetite, amenorrhea in females, impotence in males, nausea and skin lesions. In both conditions females under 25 are most at risk. Stress, estrogen and dietary habits may also be involved in the complex of factors which create or exacerbate a zinc deficiency and result in anorexia nervosa. It is proposed that effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 514114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10498", "title": "The varieties of chance in scientific research.", "content": "Four kinds of luck can be defined --- one that is pure \"blind\" luck, and three others that are influenced to some degree by certain behavioral characteristics. The term, altamirage is introduced to call attention to that special personal quality by which good luck is prompted as a result of personally distinctive actions (Chance IV). In contrast, serendipity involves finding valuable things as a result of happy accidents (Chance I), general exploratory behaviour (Chance II), or saga-city (Chance III). The most novel scientific discoveries occur when several varities of chance coincide.", "contents": "The varieties of chance in scientific research. Four kinds of luck can be defined --- one that is pure \"blind\" luck, and three others that are influenced to some degree by certain behavioral characteristics. The term, altamirage is introduced to call attention to that special personal quality by which good luck is prompted as a result of personally distinctive actions (Chance IV). In contrast, serendipity involves finding valuable things as a result of happy accidents (Chance I), general exploratory behaviour (Chance II), or saga-city (Chance III). The most novel scientific discoveries occur when several varities of chance coincide.", "PMID": 514115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10499", "title": "The conceptually-oriented physician.", "content": "This article is based on the authors' book \"Physician or Magician: The Myths and Realities of Patient Care\" (McGraw Hill and Hemisphere, 1978). In this paper, the authors contend that the main problem confronting medical practice and medical education today is that there is no consensus on what physicians should be doing. Should they be technologists or should they be conceptually-oriented? The authors further state that these two types of physicians are trained in different approaches to problem solving. They conclude by saying that both types of physicians are needed if the quality of patient care is to improve while containing cost, but that the conceptually-oriented physician--the primary physician--should be in charge of all treatment patients receive. This is because the primary physicians as well as the Cartesian approach. Therefore, they would be better able to determine the risks and benefits to each patient of various technological regimens.", "contents": "The conceptually-oriented physician. This article is based on the authors' book \"Physician or Magician: The Myths and Realities of Patient Care\" (McGraw Hill and Hemisphere, 1978). In this paper, the authors contend that the main problem confronting medical practice and medical education today is that there is no consensus on what physicians should be doing. Should they be technologists or should they be conceptually-oriented? The authors further state that these two types of physicians are trained in different approaches to problem solving. They conclude by saying that both types of physicians are needed if the quality of patient care is to improve while containing cost, but that the conceptually-oriented physician--the primary physician--should be in charge of all treatment patients receive. This is because the primary physicians as well as the Cartesian approach. Therefore, they would be better able to determine the risks and benefits to each patient of various technological regimens.", "PMID": 514116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10500", "title": "On the role of tortuous coronary arteries in billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. A hypothesis.", "content": "Sixty three male patients with billowing mitral leaflet syndrome (BML) and forty one age and sex match controls were studied with emphasis on the cineangiographic features of coronary arteries. In the BML group, the coronary arteries were considered normal in five and abnormal in fifty eight. In fifty eight with abnormal coronary arteries, twelve showed atherosclerotic occlusive lesions, fifteen showed combined occlusive lesions and nonocclusive abnormalities and thirty one showed nonocclusive abnormalities alone. The non-atherosclerotic abnormalities consisted of redundancy of the coronary arteries manifested by bizarre changes in configuration and motion. These abnormalities were present in only five patients in the Control Group. On the basis of our observations and corroborative evdience in the literature, a hypothesis is presented; the salient features of which are that: (1) the spectrum of BML may be considerably more complex than  hitherto suspected, (2) a combination of BML and tortuous coronary arteries may form a distinct subset of this spectrum and (3) the increased tortuousity may result in impaired coronary perfusion causing myocardial ischemia thus offering a possible explanation for some of the symptoms - such as chest pain, arrhythmias and even sudden death seen in this syndrome.", "contents": "On the role of tortuous coronary arteries in billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. A hypothesis. Sixty three male patients with billowing mitral leaflet syndrome (BML) and forty one age and sex match controls were studied with emphasis on the cineangiographic features of coronary arteries. In the BML group, the coronary arteries were considered normal in five and abnormal in fifty eight. In fifty eight with abnormal coronary arteries, twelve showed atherosclerotic occlusive lesions, fifteen showed combined occlusive lesions and nonocclusive abnormalities and thirty one showed nonocclusive abnormalities alone. The non-atherosclerotic abnormalities consisted of redundancy of the coronary arteries manifested by bizarre changes in configuration and motion. These abnormalities were present in only five patients in the Control Group. On the basis of our observations and corroborative evdience in the literature, a hypothesis is presented; the salient features of which are that: (1) the spectrum of BML may be considerably more complex than  hitherto suspected, (2) a combination of BML and tortuous coronary arteries may form a distinct subset of this spectrum and (3) the increased tortuousity may result in impaired coronary perfusion causing myocardial ischemia thus offering a possible explanation for some of the symptoms - such as chest pain, arrhythmias and even sudden death seen in this syndrome.", "PMID": 514117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10501", "title": "Is idiopathic dementia a regional vitamin deficiency state?", "content": "We hypothesize that some cases of idiopathic dementia are due to a gradual undernourishment of the brain with water-soluble vitamins. This occurs because the choroid plexus and possibly other transport loci in the central nervous system become unable to transport water-soluble vitamins from blood into the central nervous system in adequate amounts. If this testable hypothesis is correct, direct injections of vitamins into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid should ameliorate the development of dementia.", "contents": "Is idiopathic dementia a regional vitamin deficiency state? We hypothesize that some cases of idiopathic dementia are due to a gradual undernourishment of the brain with water-soluble vitamins. This occurs because the choroid plexus and possibly other transport loci in the central nervous system become unable to transport water-soluble vitamins from blood into the central nervous system in adequate amounts. If this testable hypothesis is correct, direct injections of vitamins into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid should ameliorate the development of dementia.", "PMID": 514118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10502", "title": "Does exposure to elevated levels of lead enhance sodium induced hypertension?", "content": "Numerous community drinking water sources have elevated levels of both sodium and lead. Recently reported studies have indicated that elevated levels of sodium in drinking water may be a facter in the development of elevated blood pressure. The question of how elevated levels of lead may affect sodium induced elevated blood pressure is addressed. The hypothesis is developed which states that elevated levels of lead exposure will not interact with sodium to enhance the development of renin angiotensin aldosterone related hypertension but in fact may even diminish the effects of exposure to elevated amounts of sodium on blood pressure through a depression of plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Does exposure to elevated levels of lead enhance sodium induced hypertension? Numerous community drinking water sources have elevated levels of both sodium and lead. Recently reported studies have indicated that elevated levels of sodium in drinking water may be a facter in the development of elevated blood pressure. The question of how elevated levels of lead may affect sodium induced elevated blood pressure is addressed. The hypothesis is developed which states that elevated levels of lead exposure will not interact with sodium to enhance the development of renin angiotensin aldosterone related hypertension but in fact may even diminish the effects of exposure to elevated amounts of sodium on blood pressure through a depression of plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 514119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10503", "title": "Some thoughts on the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, (with special reference to women \"on the pill\"). Role of ascorbic acid.", "content": "Consideration of nine major factors predisposing to cerebral thrombosis, coronary thrombosis or thrombosis in the deep veins of the calf, reveals that these factors all have one thing in common. Estrogen administration, pregnancy, ageing, smoking, infection, trauma, surgery, soft water and winter season are all associated with a tendency towards decreased plasma ascorbic acid levels. Normally, ascorbic acid deficiency is thought of as causing a tendency towards hemorrhage rather than thrombosis, but it is here suggested that petechial hemorrhages under the endothelium of the blood vessels may precipitate thrombosis on the damaged endothelium. Is not blood coagulation the normal mechanism for the arrest of hemorrhage?", "contents": "Some thoughts on the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, (with special reference to women \"on the pill\"). Role of ascorbic acid. Consideration of nine major factors predisposing to cerebral thrombosis, coronary thrombosis or thrombosis in the deep veins of the calf, reveals that these factors all have one thing in common. Estrogen administration, pregnancy, ageing, smoking, infection, trauma, surgery, soft water and winter season are all associated with a tendency towards decreased plasma ascorbic acid levels. Normally, ascorbic acid deficiency is thought of as causing a tendency towards hemorrhage rather than thrombosis, but it is here suggested that petechial hemorrhages under the endothelium of the blood vessels may precipitate thrombosis on the damaged endothelium. Is not blood coagulation the normal mechanism for the arrest of hemorrhage?", "PMID": 514120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10504", "title": "Cellular control of heparin in blood.", "content": "Many investigators have observed the uptake of exogenous heparin by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (R.E.S.). When heparin is administered by the intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intratracheal routes the anticoagulant response observed is of varying magnitude. This has led us to examine the literature for evidence of a distribution of heparin between the cellular and blood compartments. A re-evaluation of such evidence has provided a new perspective on the pharmacokinetics of heparin. This is presented here in the cellular pool concept which is based on the premise that there exists in the body a pool of cells which takes up a portion of the administered heparin, stores it and later releases it to the circulation. This concept provides a rational explanation for the different types of anticoagulant response obtained with different modes of administration.", "contents": "Cellular control of heparin in blood. Many investigators have observed the uptake of exogenous heparin by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (R.E.S.). When heparin is administered by the intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intratracheal routes the anticoagulant response observed is of varying magnitude. This has led us to examine the literature for evidence of a distribution of heparin between the cellular and blood compartments. A re-evaluation of such evidence has provided a new perspective on the pharmacokinetics of heparin. This is presented here in the cellular pool concept which is based on the premise that there exists in the body a pool of cells which takes up a portion of the administered heparin, stores it and later releases it to the circulation. This concept provides a rational explanation for the different types of anticoagulant response obtained with different modes of administration.", "PMID": 514121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10505", "title": "Repeated abortions and histocompatibility antigens. Can HLA antigen restricted gene dose effects influence the feto-maternal relationship?", "content": "It is suggested that the induction of cytotoxic reactions in the mother by allogeneic fetal cells is HLA antigen restricted and influenced, in certain haplotype combinations, by gene dose effects of specific HLA antigens (locus A and B), shared by the fetus and by the mother. The possibility that alloimmunization of maternal cells to fetal transplantation antigens may have beneficial or adverse effects on the fetal target cells dependent upon feto-maternal histocompatibility antigen interrelationship would provide a new approach for interpreting functional disturbances in certain cases of human pregnancy.", "contents": "Repeated abortions and histocompatibility antigens. Can HLA antigen restricted gene dose effects influence the feto-maternal relationship? It is suggested that the induction of cytotoxic reactions in the mother by allogeneic fetal cells is HLA antigen restricted and influenced, in certain haplotype combinations, by gene dose effects of specific HLA antigens (locus A and B), shared by the fetus and by the mother. The possibility that alloimmunization of maternal cells to fetal transplantation antigens may have beneficial or adverse effects on the fetal target cells dependent upon feto-maternal histocompatibility antigen interrelationship would provide a new approach for interpreting functional disturbances in certain cases of human pregnancy.", "PMID": 514122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10506", "title": "Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in an Australian man.", "content": "A 63-year-old man with a history of increasing cough with sputum, weight loss, and lethargy was found to have pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi, a species rarely seen in Australia. Chemotherapy was successful. Apart from war service in Papua New Guinea, the patient had not travelled outside Australia.", "contents": "Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in an Australian man. A 63-year-old man with a history of increasing cough with sputum, weight loss, and lethargy was found to have pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi, a species rarely seen in Australia. Chemotherapy was successful. Apart from war service in Papua New Guinea, the patient had not travelled outside Australia.", "PMID": 514123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10507", "title": "Fatal thioridazine cardiotoxicity.", "content": "A case of fatal cardiotoxicity after a deliberate ingestion of 5000 mg thioridazine (Melleril) is reported. The serum thioridazine level is documented for the first time at the time of arrhythmia. Correct treatment of similar cases should often include insertion of a transvenous pacing wire, as the arrhythmias are generally resistant to drug therapy.", "contents": "Fatal thioridazine cardiotoxicity. A case of fatal cardiotoxicity after a deliberate ingestion of 5000 mg thioridazine (Melleril) is reported. The serum thioridazine level is documented for the first time at the time of arrhythmia. Correct treatment of similar cases should often include insertion of a transvenous pacing wire, as the arrhythmias are generally resistant to drug therapy.", "PMID": 514124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10508", "title": "The Canberra mental health survey: further analysis of the adult sample.", "content": "Secondary analysis of the Canberra Mental Health Survey (adult sample) extends the results of earlier analysis. New relationships between independent and dependent variables are revealed. Marital status previously not associated with mental health proves important when sex and socioeconomic status are controlled. Participation in organizations is strongly associated with social variables and mental health adjustment, suggesting explanations of mental health in relation to social support.", "contents": "The Canberra mental health survey: further analysis of the adult sample. Secondary analysis of the Canberra Mental Health Survey (adult sample) extends the results of earlier analysis. New relationships between independent and dependent variables are revealed. Marital status previously not associated with mental health proves important when sex and socioeconomic status are controlled. Participation in organizations is strongly associated with social variables and mental health adjustment, suggesting explanations of mental health in relation to social support.", "PMID": 514143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10509", "title": "Ear disease in rural Australia.", "content": "Aboriginals in rural Australia have a higher over-all prevalence of otitis media and tympanic scarring than non-Aboriginals. Over-all, 11% of 60273 Aboriginals had otitis media and 29.1% had scarring in one or both ears, although the rates varied widely in different regions. Of 37713 non-Aboriginals, 1.1% had otitis media and 13.5% had scarring in one or both ears. Children less than 10 years of age had the highest prevalence of otitis media in both racial groups. A lower proportion of the otitis media was \"glue ear\" in Aboriginals than in non-Aboriginals. The pattern of prevalence of otitis media and scarring suggests that otitis media occurs more frequently and lasts longer in Aboriginals. Scarring rates suggest that otitis media is less frequent now than in the past in non-Aboriginals, but is more frequent in Aboriginals.", "contents": "Ear disease in rural Australia. Aboriginals in rural Australia have a higher over-all prevalence of otitis media and tympanic scarring than non-Aboriginals. Over-all, 11% of 60273 Aboriginals had otitis media and 29.1% had scarring in one or both ears, although the rates varied widely in different regions. Of 37713 non-Aboriginals, 1.1% had otitis media and 13.5% had scarring in one or both ears. Children less than 10 years of age had the highest prevalence of otitis media in both racial groups. A lower proportion of the otitis media was \"glue ear\" in Aboriginals than in non-Aboriginals. The pattern of prevalence of otitis media and scarring suggests that otitis media occurs more frequently and lasts longer in Aboriginals. Scarring rates suggest that otitis media is less frequent now than in the past in non-Aboriginals, but is more frequent in Aboriginals.", "PMID": 514144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10510", "title": "Petrol-inhalation in aboriginal towns. Its remedy: the homelands movement.", "content": "Regular petrol-inhaling involves 50 children (\"sniffers\"), aged nine to 14 years, at the Aboriginal town of Maningrida--over one-third of resident children of this age. Children of two closely related clan-language groups comprise the majority of inhalers. Similarly, at the town of Galiwinku the children of two deprived clans are involved almost exclusively. These are the only clans in eastern Arnhem Land without outstations on their homelands. Revitalization of these clans appears the only effective method of containing the practice. Petrol-inhaling is associated with delinquency, low body weight, venereal disease, and elevated levels of blood lead. The effectiveness of past remedial action is in doubt.", "contents": "Petrol-inhalation in aboriginal towns. Its remedy: the homelands movement. Regular petrol-inhaling involves 50 children (\"sniffers\"), aged nine to 14 years, at the Aboriginal town of Maningrida--over one-third of resident children of this age. Children of two closely related clan-language groups comprise the majority of inhalers. Similarly, at the town of Galiwinku the children of two deprived clans are involved almost exclusively. These are the only clans in eastern Arnhem Land without outstations on their homelands. Revitalization of these clans appears the only effective method of containing the practice. Petrol-inhaling is associated with delinquency, low body weight, venereal disease, and elevated levels of blood lead. The effectiveness of past remedial action is in doubt.", "PMID": 514145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10511", "title": "Drowning: community aspects.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-six fatal immersion accidents occurred in Geelong and district during the 20-year period, 1959 to 1978. Of 54 drownings in children aged 16 years and younger, 43 (80%) occurred in males and 33 (61%) in fresh water. All 14 drownings in children under four years of age occurred in fresh-water sites, 12 of which were about the home. Immediate and optimal resuscitative measures in such children are extremely important.", "contents": "Drowning: community aspects. One hundred and ninety-six fatal immersion accidents occurred in Geelong and district during the 20-year period, 1959 to 1978. Of 54 drownings in children aged 16 years and younger, 43 (80%) occurred in males and 33 (61%) in fresh water. All 14 drownings in children under four years of age occurred in fresh-water sites, 12 of which were about the home. Immediate and optimal resuscitative measures in such children are extremely important.", "PMID": 514146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10512", "title": "Bee-sting anaphylaxis in childhood.", "content": "The syndrome of bee-sting anaphylaxis is described. Children who have suffered crescendo reactions to previous bee stings, especially children with a history of asthma, are significantly at risk. Desensitization is required in such cases; adrenaline should be kept in the home, and parents should be trained in its emergency use. The immunological mechanisms of bee-sting anaphylaxis are described. The striking seasonal incidence of anaphylaxis suggests that pollen or plant products which are incorporated in the venom may also be important in its genesis; it suggests also that antigens prepared from either whole-body or pure-venom extracts should be prepared from bees which are collected in late spring.", "contents": "Bee-sting anaphylaxis in childhood. The syndrome of bee-sting anaphylaxis is described. Children who have suffered crescendo reactions to previous bee stings, especially children with a history of asthma, are significantly at risk. Desensitization is required in such cases; adrenaline should be kept in the home, and parents should be trained in its emergency use. The immunological mechanisms of bee-sting anaphylaxis are described. The striking seasonal incidence of anaphylaxis suggests that pollen or plant products which are incorporated in the venom may also be important in its genesis; it suggests also that antigens prepared from either whole-body or pure-venom extracts should be prepared from bees which are collected in late spring.", "PMID": 514147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10513", "title": "The 1977 Busselton children's survey.", "content": "A health survey of 551 high school students in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia, was undertaken in November, 1977. Physical measurements showed that approximately 17% of the boys and 24% of the girls were overweight (115% or more of their standard weight for height and age). Blood pressures ranged from 108/64 mmHg at 13 years to 129/70 mmHg at 17 years for boys, and 109/63 mmHg to 116/66 mmHg for girls of the same age group. Fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were also obtained. Twenty-seven per cent of the girls and 17% of the boys were regular smokers, a habit often acquired by the age of 12 years. Most of the children watched television from two to four hours daily during the week, and for longer periods at weekends. Although most had satisfactory levels of physical fitness, there was a trend towards poor performance in overweight children, and there was a significant decrease in participation in regular sports by the older teenagers.", "contents": "The 1977 Busselton children's survey. A health survey of 551 high school students in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia, was undertaken in November, 1977. Physical measurements showed that approximately 17% of the boys and 24% of the girls were overweight (115% or more of their standard weight for height and age). Blood pressures ranged from 108/64 mmHg at 13 years to 129/70 mmHg at 17 years for boys, and 109/63 mmHg to 116/66 mmHg for girls of the same age group. Fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were also obtained. Twenty-seven per cent of the girls and 17% of the boys were regular smokers, a habit often acquired by the age of 12 years. Most of the children watched television from two to four hours daily during the week, and for longer periods at weekends. Although most had satisfactory levels of physical fitness, there was a trend towards poor performance in overweight children, and there was a significant decrease in participation in regular sports by the older teenagers.", "PMID": 514170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10514", "title": "Bicycle accidents in childhood.", "content": "From a total of 4589 accident cases reported from nine Sydney hospitals during 1978, 312 children, 50% of whom were five to nine years old, were injured while riding bicycles. An in-depth investigation of 139 cases showed that motor vehicles were involved on only three occasions; the children were injured as a result of inexperience and misuse. These results indicate the value of developing and implementing bicycle education programmes for younger children, especially those aged five to nine years. Equal emphasis should be given both to traffic safety instruction and to basic riding skills.", "contents": "Bicycle accidents in childhood. From a total of 4589 accident cases reported from nine Sydney hospitals during 1978, 312 children, 50% of whom were five to nine years old, were injured while riding bicycles. An in-depth investigation of 139 cases showed that motor vehicles were involved on only three occasions; the children were injured as a result of inexperience and misuse. These results indicate the value of developing and implementing bicycle education programmes for younger children, especially those aged five to nine years. Equal emphasis should be given both to traffic safety instruction and to basic riding skills.", "PMID": 514171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10515", "title": "Swimming ability of children: a survey of 4000 Queensland children in a high drowning region.", "content": "The swimming ability of 4128 Queensland school children was studied. The median age for swimming 10 metres is 6.5 years. Ninety-five percent of children are able to swim by 11 years of age. Cumulative frequency curves, by age, are presented for the ability to swim 10 and 50 metres: the latter distance is of relevance in boating accidents. Twenty percent fewer children from lower socioeconomic levels are able to swim. Water safety training is as important as swimming lessons.", "contents": "Swimming ability of children: a survey of 4000 Queensland children in a high drowning region. The swimming ability of 4128 Queensland school children was studied. The median age for swimming 10 metres is 6.5 years. Ninety-five percent of children are able to swim by 11 years of age. Cumulative frequency curves, by age, are presented for the ability to swim 10 and 50 metres: the latter distance is of relevance in boating accidents. Twenty percent fewer children from lower socioeconomic levels are able to swim. Water safety training is as important as swimming lessons.", "PMID": 514172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10516", "title": "Genetic screening of the newborn in Australia. Results for 1978.", "content": "Since screening of newborn infants for phenylketonuria (PKU) by Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay was established in the 1960s. 2 334 679 infants have been tested in Australia, and 208 cases of PKU detected (an incidence of 1/11 224). In 1978, 21 infants with PKU were detected. Screening for hypothyroidism was carried out in three States, and 29 cases of congenital hypothyroidism were detected in 1978 (an incidence of 1/5894).", "contents": "Genetic screening of the newborn in Australia. Results for 1978. Since screening of newborn infants for phenylketonuria (PKU) by Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay was established in the 1960s. 2 334 679 infants have been tested in Australia, and 208 cases of PKU detected (an incidence of 1/11 224). In 1978, 21 infants with PKU were detected. Screening for hypothyroidism was carried out in three States, and 29 cases of congenital hypothyroidism were detected in 1978 (an incidence of 1/5894).", "PMID": 514173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10517", "title": "An Australia-wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by Norwalk virus.", "content": "At least 2000 persons were involved in an Australia-wide outbreak of oyster-associated food poisoning in June and July, 1978. At the time, this episode presented a major health risk to the community as a whole and has subsequently posed a serious economic problem for the oyster farming and distributing industry. Although bacteriological investigations indicated some batches of oysters were contaminated by sewage, no bacterial cause could be established. The causative organism was shown to be Norwalk virus, a known cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. This virus was found in 39% of faecal specimens examined by electron microscopy and an antibody response was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in 75% of paired sera tested. Norwalk virus has not been identified previously outside the United States of America and has not been linked to food-borne gastroenteritis before. Purification of oysters and other measures have been instituted to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak.", "contents": "An Australia-wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by Norwalk virus. At least 2000 persons were involved in an Australia-wide outbreak of oyster-associated food poisoning in June and July, 1978. At the time, this episode presented a major health risk to the community as a whole and has subsequently posed a serious economic problem for the oyster farming and distributing industry. Although bacteriological investigations indicated some batches of oysters were contaminated by sewage, no bacterial cause could be established. The causative organism was shown to be Norwalk virus, a known cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. This virus was found in 39% of faecal specimens examined by electron microscopy and an antibody response was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in 75% of paired sera tested. Norwalk virus has not been identified previously outside the United States of America and has not been linked to food-borne gastroenteritis before. Purification of oysters and other measures have been instituted to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak.", "PMID": 514174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10518", "title": "Acute hepatitis B in a metropolitan population.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-three patients with acute hepatitis B infection over a four-year period have been reviewed. They were predominantly young males (60%) with a mild illness. There was no indication of the source of the infection in 56 patients (36%), while 52 patients (34%) had a history of intravenous narcotic abuse. Twenty-five patients were hospital staff members, while the remainder had known environmental associations with the hepatitis B virus. Eight of the 80 patients who were followed up for longer than six months had persistent hepatitis B surface antigenaemia, and evidence of progression to chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Acute hepatitis B in a metropolitan population. One hundred and fifty-three patients with acute hepatitis B infection over a four-year period have been reviewed. They were predominantly young males (60%) with a mild illness. There was no indication of the source of the infection in 56 patients (36%), while 52 patients (34%) had a history of intravenous narcotic abuse. Twenty-five patients were hospital staff members, while the remainder had known environmental associations with the hepatitis B virus. Eight of the 80 patients who were followed up for longer than six months had persistent hepatitis B surface antigenaemia, and evidence of progression to chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 514175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10519", "title": "Coeliac disease. Haematological features, and delay in diagnosis.", "content": "Seventy patients consecutively diagnosed as having coeliac disease were studied with regard to the clinical and laboratory features of related blood disorders and the delays that occurred in making the eventual correct diagnosis. Eighty-four percent of these patients had some readily demonstrable haematological abnormality. Thrombocytosis was present in 44% of the patients appropriately studied and hyposplenism was diagnosed in 21% of the total group. The importance of associating these conditions with coeliac disease has been stressed. The average delay from the time of initial presentation with relevant symptoms to correct diagnosis was 73 months.", "contents": "Coeliac disease. Haematological features, and delay in diagnosis. Seventy patients consecutively diagnosed as having coeliac disease were studied with regard to the clinical and laboratory features of related blood disorders and the delays that occurred in making the eventual correct diagnosis. Eighty-four percent of these patients had some readily demonstrable haematological abnormality. Thrombocytosis was present in 44% of the patients appropriately studied and hyposplenism was diagnosed in 21% of the total group. The importance of associating these conditions with coeliac disease has been stressed. The average delay from the time of initial presentation with relevant symptoms to correct diagnosis was 73 months.", "PMID": 514176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10520", "title": "Intestinal pseudo-obstruction.", "content": "Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a fairly common clinical condition. It is often asosociated with the taking of phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants and anti-Parkinsonian drugs, or with another disease. Treatment is conservative, unless gross colonic distension cannot be relieved or perforation is suspected. Vasopressin (Pitressin) may be a useful adjunct in management.", "contents": "Intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a fairly common clinical condition. It is often asosociated with the taking of phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants and anti-Parkinsonian drugs, or with another disease. Treatment is conservative, unless gross colonic distension cannot be relieved or perforation is suspected. Vasopressin (Pitressin) may be a useful adjunct in management.", "PMID": 514177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10521", "title": "Injuries in Rugby League football.", "content": "All injuries occurring in the top three grades of a New South Wales club were documented over a one-year period (1978). Two hundred and four injuries were recorded and over half of these injuries (51%) occurred in the lower limbs. The injury rate was calculated at one injury per 3.6 man hours of play. There was a significant difference in the type of injury sustained by forwards and backs, the forwards receiving more cuts, bruises and haematomas, and fewer joint injuries. This difference is probably because of the nature of the game played by these subgroups.", "contents": "Injuries in Rugby League football. All injuries occurring in the top three grades of a New South Wales club were documented over a one-year period (1978). Two hundred and four injuries were recorded and over half of these injuries (51%) occurred in the lower limbs. The injury rate was calculated at one injury per 3.6 man hours of play. There was a significant difference in the type of injury sustained by forwards and backs, the forwards receiving more cuts, bruises and haematomas, and fewer joint injuries. This difference is probably because of the nature of the game played by these subgroups.", "PMID": 514178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10522", "title": "Children born after elective induction of labour.", "content": "A comparison was made between the performance at eight years of age of 63 children who were born after elective induction of labour, and 29 spontaneously born children. The children had been tested previously at five years of age. Tests of reading and arithmetic achievement, visuomotor coordination, aural-visual coordination, auditory discrimination, and behavioural rating scales were administered. On two of the 12 measures (reading comprehension and euroticism) the induced children performed better than the spontaneously born. On all other measures there were no significant differences. There appeared to be no evidence of specific learning disabilities or behavioural problems among the induced children.", "contents": "Children born after elective induction of labour. A comparison was made between the performance at eight years of age of 63 children who were born after elective induction of labour, and 29 spontaneously born children. The children had been tested previously at five years of age. Tests of reading and arithmetic achievement, visuomotor coordination, aural-visual coordination, auditory discrimination, and behavioural rating scales were administered. On two of the 12 measures (reading comprehension and euroticism) the induced children performed better than the spontaneously born. On all other measures there were no significant differences. There appeared to be no evidence of specific learning disabilities or behavioural problems among the induced children.", "PMID": 514187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10523", "title": "Epidemics of procedures: growth in admissions to hospital in Western Australia, 1972 to 1977.", "content": "Admissions to hospital, associated with procedures, increased by 20% in Western Australia between 1972 and 1977. This increase in hospital-based procedures appeared to be widespread, both in terms of types of procedures and in terms of age groups of patients. For some procedures the increase was so large as to imitate an \"epidemic\". Manpower data indicate a parallel growth in practising clinical specialists and the increase in admissions to hospitals. Some suggestions are made about this association and possible causal factors.", "contents": "Epidemics of procedures: growth in admissions to hospital in Western Australia, 1972 to 1977. Admissions to hospital, associated with procedures, increased by 20% in Western Australia between 1972 and 1977. This increase in hospital-based procedures appeared to be widespread, both in terms of types of procedures and in terms of age groups of patients. For some procedures the increase was so large as to imitate an \"epidemic\". Manpower data indicate a parallel growth in practising clinical specialists and the increase in admissions to hospitals. Some suggestions are made about this association and possible causal factors.", "PMID": 514210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10524", "title": "Five-year review of spinal cord injuries in motorcyclists.", "content": "One hundred and twenty motorcyclists with significant spinal cord injuries, who were admitted to hospital over a five-year period, have been reviewed. Fifty-one per cent of them suffered direct injuries to the vertebral column and spinal cord, the majority remaining permanently paraplegic. Thirteen of the 25 riders who became tetraplegic were wearing open-face helmets, and 11 of these remained permanently paralysed. The survey suggests that the open-face helmet offers less protection to the cervical spinal cord than the full-face helmet. There is an urgent need to review standards for the design of helmets worn by motorcyclists.", "contents": "Five-year review of spinal cord injuries in motorcyclists. One hundred and twenty motorcyclists with significant spinal cord injuries, who were admitted to hospital over a five-year period, have been reviewed. Fifty-one per cent of them suffered direct injuries to the vertebral column and spinal cord, the majority remaining permanently paraplegic. Thirteen of the 25 riders who became tetraplegic were wearing open-face helmets, and 11 of these remained permanently paralysed. The survey suggests that the open-face helmet offers less protection to the cervical spinal cord than the full-face helmet. There is an urgent need to review standards for the design of helmets worn by motorcyclists.", "PMID": 514211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10525", "title": "Effect of radiographic positioning on the heart shadow in dogs.", "content": "Dorsoventral thoracic radiographs of 9 dogs were taken from 0 degree to 20 degrees to the right and to the left of a vertical line from mid-sternum to the mid-thoracic vertebrae. Certain measurements indicated that angles greater than 5 degrees from the vertical introduced significant distortions of the heart shadow and thoracic wall in some instances. A method is proposed for determining from a DV thoracic radiograph when improper positioning has produced an angulation greater than 5 degrees.", "contents": "Effect of radiographic positioning on the heart shadow in dogs. Dorsoventral thoracic radiographs of 9 dogs were taken from 0 degree to 20 degrees to the right and to the left of a vertical line from mid-sternum to the mid-thoracic vertebrae. Certain measurements indicated that angles greater than 5 degrees from the vertical introduced significant distortions of the heart shadow and thoracic wall in some instances. A method is proposed for determining from a DV thoracic radiograph when improper positioning has produced an angulation greater than 5 degrees.", "PMID": 514237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10526", "title": "Necrotizing lymphadenitis as a cause of acute abdominal distress in a dog.", "content": "An unusual case of acute abdominal distress caused by necrotizing lymphadenitis of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in a 10-year-old Springer Spaniel is presented. The retroperitoneal lymph nodes were severely distended, but no other abnormalities were found in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere. Biopsy revealed acute necrotizing lymphadenitis, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal disorders in the dog.", "contents": "Necrotizing lymphadenitis as a cause of acute abdominal distress in a dog. An unusual case of acute abdominal distress caused by necrotizing lymphadenitis of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in a 10-year-old Springer Spaniel is presented. The retroperitoneal lymph nodes were severely distended, but no other abnormalities were found in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere. Biopsy revealed acute necrotizing lymphadenitis, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal disorders in the dog.", "PMID": 514246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10527", "title": "The presence of minor histone components in the chromatin of Pisum sativum L. seedlings.", "content": "Two minor basic protein components (M1 and M2) were found in the histone extract from chromatin of pea seedlings. In the histone extract of pea cotyledons only one minor component (M1) was detected. These minor components show a high affinity for chromatin, have a molecular weight of 20.200 and 17.800 respectively and a basic amino acid composition. They are not contaminants of cytoplasmatic origin. Two similar minor components were found in the chromatin of Pisum arvense and Lens culinaris-seedlings, one component was present in the chromatin from cotyledons of these species.", "contents": "The presence of minor histone components in the chromatin of Pisum sativum L. seedlings. Two minor basic protein components (M1 and M2) were found in the histone extract from chromatin of pea seedlings. In the histone extract of pea cotyledons only one minor component (M1) was detected. These minor components show a high affinity for chromatin, have a molecular weight of 20.200 and 17.800 respectively and a basic amino acid composition. They are not contaminants of cytoplasmatic origin. Two similar minor components were found in the chromatin of Pisum arvense and Lens culinaris-seedlings, one component was present in the chromatin from cotyledons of these species.", "PMID": 514265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10528", "title": "Effect of phosphatidylcholine vesicles on the activity of DNA polymerase-alpha.", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine vesicles stimulate the activity of the DNA polymerase-alpha from calf thymus. This effect is dependent upon the way of addition to the Mg ions, and the extent of the 3H-dTTP incorporation is closely related to the concentration of the vesicles. A role of phospholipids on the activity of the DNA-related enzymes is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of phosphatidylcholine vesicles on the activity of DNA polymerase-alpha. Phosphatidylcholine vesicles stimulate the activity of the DNA polymerase-alpha from calf thymus. This effect is dependent upon the way of addition to the Mg ions, and the extent of the 3H-dTTP incorporation is closely related to the concentration of the vesicles. A role of phospholipids on the activity of the DNA-related enzymes is suggested.", "PMID": 514266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10529", "title": "Temperature dependence of the fluorescence of pyrene labeled crab nerve membranes.", "content": "A method, using albumin-pyrene complexes, has been developed for labeling, in a controlled manner, crab leg nerves whose excitability was preserved. The excimer-to-monomer fluorescence intensity ratio of pyrene, embedded in nerve membrane lipids and in their crude lipid extracts, is a fluidity parameter which displayed the following features with temperatures. a--a temperature-dependent increase of fluidity b--three breaks (6 degrees, 19 degrees and 37 degrees C) in the physiological medium c--In Ca++-depleted sea water, the 37 degrees characteristic temperature vanished. These breaks may reflect some lateral phase separations of the lipid components of nerve membranes. The calcium dependent temperature break may involve a segregation of acidic phospholipids while the other two breaks (6 degrees and 19 degrees C) may be due to neutral lipids phase separation. The relationship of these findings to nerve function is discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the fluorescence of pyrene labeled crab nerve membranes. A method, using albumin-pyrene complexes, has been developed for labeling, in a controlled manner, crab leg nerves whose excitability was preserved. The excimer-to-monomer fluorescence intensity ratio of pyrene, embedded in nerve membrane lipids and in their crude lipid extracts, is a fluidity parameter which displayed the following features with temperatures. a--a temperature-dependent increase of fluidity b--three breaks (6 degrees, 19 degrees and 37 degrees C) in the physiological medium c--In Ca++-depleted sea water, the 37 degrees characteristic temperature vanished. These breaks may reflect some lateral phase separations of the lipid components of nerve membranes. The calcium dependent temperature break may involve a segregation of acidic phospholipids while the other two breaks (6 degrees and 19 degrees C) may be due to neutral lipids phase separation. The relationship of these findings to nerve function is discussed.", "PMID": 514267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10530", "title": "[Selective screening for organic acidurias (author's transl)].", "content": "The difference between mass screening of all newborns and selective screening of certain sick newborns is defined and the characteristic clinical features of organic acidurias are outlined. According to own experiences during the last 5 years, the author pleads for the introduction of a systematically performed selective screening for organic acidurias by gas chromatography on all hospitalized pediatric patients showing symptoms suggesting inborn errors of metabolism. Two or three well equipped laboratories should be enough to cover demands for all the pediatric beds in the Federal Republic of Germany. Some results of our selective screening for organic acidurias are presented.", "contents": "[Selective screening for organic acidurias (author's transl)]. The difference between mass screening of all newborns and selective screening of certain sick newborns is defined and the characteristic clinical features of organic acidurias are outlined. According to own experiences during the last 5 years, the author pleads for the introduction of a systematically performed selective screening for organic acidurias by gas chromatography on all hospitalized pediatric patients showing symptoms suggesting inborn errors of metabolism. Two or three well equipped laboratories should be enough to cover demands for all the pediatric beds in the Federal Republic of Germany. Some results of our selective screening for organic acidurias are presented.", "PMID": 514272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10531", "title": "[Is the intake of palm oil (palmitic acid) in meals associated with the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in Nigeria? (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative gaschromatographic assays of different domestic oils used in West Germany and the domestic oil (palm oil) used in Nigeria and other West African countries were performed. It was discovered that the palm oil contains extremely high amounts of palmitic acid and linoleic acid compared to the other oils used in Germany. In view of the fact that previous studies have shown that palmitic acid is required for the biosynthesis of lung lecithin, which is closely related to fetal maturation, we performed animal experiments with rabbits to determine the incorporation rate of 3H-marked palmitic acid into various fetal organs: (fetal lung, placenta, fetal liver, fetal intestine etc.) after a previous intravenous injection of the 3H-marked palmitic acid to the mother rabbit. The radiochromatogram showed high incorporation rates of palmitate into the lecithin by fetal lung and placenta. These results seem to document that the high content of palm oil in Nigerian meals can partly be related to the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrom in Nigerian premature infants.", "contents": "[Is the intake of palm oil (palmitic acid) in meals associated with the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in Nigeria? (author's transl)]. Comparative gaschromatographic assays of different domestic oils used in West Germany and the domestic oil (palm oil) used in Nigeria and other West African countries were performed. It was discovered that the palm oil contains extremely high amounts of palmitic acid and linoleic acid compared to the other oils used in Germany. In view of the fact that previous studies have shown that palmitic acid is required for the biosynthesis of lung lecithin, which is closely related to fetal maturation, we performed animal experiments with rabbits to determine the incorporation rate of 3H-marked palmitic acid into various fetal organs: (fetal lung, placenta, fetal liver, fetal intestine etc.) after a previous intravenous injection of the 3H-marked palmitic acid to the mother rabbit. The radiochromatogram showed high incorporation rates of palmitate into the lecithin by fetal lung and placenta. These results seem to document that the high content of palm oil in Nigerian meals can partly be related to the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrom in Nigerian premature infants.", "PMID": 514273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10532", "title": "[The effect of iron on globin chain synthesis during the first six months of extrauterine life (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanism regulating the formation of the globin-chains of hemoglobin is unknown. We have examined the formation of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains during the first 6 months in 10 healthy infants. Immediately after birth the ratio between rates of synthesis of alpha- and non-alpha-chains was 0.94 +/- 0.16. At 6 weeks the ratio was alpha/gamma + beta = 1.22 +/- 0.29. After oral therapy with iron (2 mg/kg) between ages 3 and 6 months the ratio alpha/gamma + beta became 0.92 +/- 0.14. Whether the imbalance at 6 weeks is due to a depression of alpha-chain synthesis or to a stimulation of gamma-chain and beta-chain synthesis remains unclear. Possibly in infants without iron therapy the gamma-chain synthesis is stimulated as was suggested by the comparison of the gamma/beta ratios in infants with and without iron therapy.", "contents": "[The effect of iron on globin chain synthesis during the first six months of extrauterine life (author's transl)]. The mechanism regulating the formation of the globin-chains of hemoglobin is unknown. We have examined the formation of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains during the first 6 months in 10 healthy infants. Immediately after birth the ratio between rates of synthesis of alpha- and non-alpha-chains was 0.94 +/- 0.16. At 6 weeks the ratio was alpha/gamma + beta = 1.22 +/- 0.29. After oral therapy with iron (2 mg/kg) between ages 3 and 6 months the ratio alpha/gamma + beta became 0.92 +/- 0.14. Whether the imbalance at 6 weeks is due to a depression of alpha-chain synthesis or to a stimulation of gamma-chain and beta-chain synthesis remains unclear. Possibly in infants without iron therapy the gamma-chain synthesis is stimulated as was suggested by the comparison of the gamma/beta ratios in infants with and without iron therapy.", "PMID": 514275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10533", "title": "[Micromelic type of spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 6/12 years old girl with micromelic type of spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia combined with hepatosplenomegaly and muscular hypotonia is described.", "contents": "[Micromelic type of spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia (author's transl)]. A 3 6/12 years old girl with micromelic type of spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia combined with hepatosplenomegaly and muscular hypotonia is described.", "PMID": 514276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10534", "title": "[Enteritis due to yersinia enterocolitica in children (author's transl)].", "content": "1922 stool specimens of children aged less than 14 years were screened for enteropathogenic bacteria over the past two years. In 24 cases Yersinia enterocolitica serovar 03 and 09, respectively, was identified. 16 of them suffered from acute gastroenteritis, 8 showed symptoms of pseudoappendicitis. All patients exhibited high agglutinin titers against the respective reference strains which were maintained for up to 4 months. All isolated strains had identical sensitivity patterns against the chemotherapeutics tested. Other enteropathogenic bacteria isolated at the same time are mentioned.", "contents": "[Enteritis due to yersinia enterocolitica in children (author's transl)]. 1922 stool specimens of children aged less than 14 years were screened for enteropathogenic bacteria over the past two years. In 24 cases Yersinia enterocolitica serovar 03 and 09, respectively, was identified. 16 of them suffered from acute gastroenteritis, 8 showed symptoms of pseudoappendicitis. All patients exhibited high agglutinin titers against the respective reference strains which were maintained for up to 4 months. All isolated strains had identical sensitivity patterns against the chemotherapeutics tested. Other enteropathogenic bacteria isolated at the same time are mentioned.", "PMID": 514284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10535", "title": "[Pericarditis and lymphangioma of the mediastinum (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a child with pericardial effusion and septic fever. Increasing mediastinal enlargement and osteolytic lesions were obviously not caused by inflammation. Open thoracic surgery revealed a lymphangioma inaccessible to resection.", "contents": "[Pericarditis and lymphangioma of the mediastinum (author's transl)]. Case report of a child with pericardial effusion and septic fever. Increasing mediastinal enlargement and osteolytic lesions were obviously not caused by inflammation. Open thoracic surgery revealed a lymphangioma inaccessible to resection.", "PMID": 514285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10536", "title": "[The radiolucent esophageal foreign body in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptoms of radiolucent esophageal foreign bodies in small children may be predominantly respiratory with stridor and dyspnea. In a 1 3/12 years old girl who suffered from inspiratory stridor and only later from dysphagia as well this diagnosis was delayed for 2.5 months. Air in the upper part of the esophagus was the first striking roentgenologic symptom of the foreign body which was then clearly outlined by a barium swallow examination. The foreign body was a plastic lid of a candy tube.", "contents": "[The radiolucent esophageal foreign body in children (author's transl)]. The symptoms of radiolucent esophageal foreign bodies in small children may be predominantly respiratory with stridor and dyspnea. In a 1 3/12 years old girl who suffered from inspiratory stridor and only later from dysphagia as well this diagnosis was delayed for 2.5 months. Air in the upper part of the esophagus was the first striking roentgenologic symptom of the foreign body which was then clearly outlined by a barium swallow examination. The foreign body was a plastic lid of a candy tube.", "PMID": 514286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10537", "title": "[Nutrition in preschool and school age (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of energy and nutrient consumption surveys of 2--14 year old children in their families are described. It is shown that the average energy and nutrient consumption of an age-group is not obligatory for a single child. Based on menus the amount of the different foodstuffs for the average energy and nutrient supply of preschool and schoolchildren is demonstrated. Children receive on average, independent of their socio-economic background, a mixed diet which, in our present knowledge, guarantees a good supply with energy and nutrients. The risk factors in the modern trend in nutrition, as increasing consumption of skimmed milk and skimmed dairy products, carbohydrate rich foodstuffs of low biological value and sweetened drinks are discussed.", "contents": "[Nutrition in preschool and school age (author's transl)]. The results of energy and nutrient consumption surveys of 2--14 year old children in their families are described. It is shown that the average energy and nutrient consumption of an age-group is not obligatory for a single child. Based on menus the amount of the different foodstuffs for the average energy and nutrient supply of preschool and schoolchildren is demonstrated. Children receive on average, independent of their socio-economic background, a mixed diet which, in our present knowledge, guarantees a good supply with energy and nutrients. The risk factors in the modern trend in nutrition, as increasing consumption of skimmed milk and skimmed dairy products, carbohydrate rich foodstuffs of low biological value and sweetened drinks are discussed.", "PMID": 514287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10538", "title": "[Leukocyte function in colostrum (author's transl)].", "content": "Breast milk, especially colostrum was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively as well as the function of various cell types in it. The phagocyte activity of the mass of leukocytes consisting predominantly of macro- and microphages approaches the phagocyte index of leukocytes of the newborn infant, however, neither of them reaches the level of adults.--The lymphocytes traceable in a minor proportion produce secretory IgA as well as IgG.--On the basis of literary data the authors discuss the literature and their own results regarding the immunobiological significance of breast milk.", "contents": "[Leukocyte function in colostrum (author's transl)]. Breast milk, especially colostrum was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively as well as the function of various cell types in it. The phagocyte activity of the mass of leukocytes consisting predominantly of macro- and microphages approaches the phagocyte index of leukocytes of the newborn infant, however, neither of them reaches the level of adults.--The lymphocytes traceable in a minor proportion produce secretory IgA as well as IgG.--On the basis of literary data the authors discuss the literature and their own results regarding the immunobiological significance of breast milk.", "PMID": 514289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10539", "title": "[Spontaneous secretion of growth hormone in children with constitutional delay of growth and adolescence and with early normal puberty (author's transl)].", "content": "The spontaneous secretion of hGH (plasma-hGH levels, 1/2-hourly determined) during the first 5 1/2 h of sleep was measured in 18 prepubertal children with constitutional delay of growth and adolescence (cDGA), in 14 controls (matched pairs) and 1 girl with early normal puberty (enP). The mean value of the highest individual peaks of the children with cDGA as well as their planimetrically assessed total secretion of hGH amounted to 56% of that of the controls (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.001). The girl with enP showed enhanced hGH maxima and an increased total secretion. Therapeutic trials with hGH, 10 i.u./m2/week lead to a growth velocity twice as fast as before. Treatment with a long acting testosterone preparation caused a manifold increase of the hGH-secretion.", "contents": "[Spontaneous secretion of growth hormone in children with constitutional delay of growth and adolescence and with early normal puberty (author's transl)]. The spontaneous secretion of hGH (plasma-hGH levels, 1/2-hourly determined) during the first 5 1/2 h of sleep was measured in 18 prepubertal children with constitutional delay of growth and adolescence (cDGA), in 14 controls (matched pairs) and 1 girl with early normal puberty (enP). The mean value of the highest individual peaks of the children with cDGA as well as their planimetrically assessed total secretion of hGH amounted to 56% of that of the controls (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.001). The girl with enP showed enhanced hGH maxima and an increased total secretion. Therapeutic trials with hGH, 10 i.u./m2/week lead to a growth velocity twice as fast as before. Treatment with a long acting testosterone preparation caused a manifold increase of the hGH-secretion.", "PMID": 514290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10540", "title": "[Colonoscopy in children and juveniles (author's transl)].", "content": "Colonoscopy, as an established endoscopic procedure in adults, is thought to be of great value in children and juveniles as well. The main indications for its use are intestinal hemorrhage, polypectomy, diarrhoea of uncertain origin, uncertain x-ray findings as well as the confirmation of a diagnosis made by biopsy. The choice of instruments used, preparations prior to the examination and premedication are dependent upon the child's age. 32 children, aged between 1--14 years, and 41 juveniles between 15 and 18 years were examined. Most common diagnoses were Crohn's disease (29), polyps (7) and ulcerative colitis (4). Others were unspecific colitis (3), follicular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum (2), lymphangiectasia (2), one hemangioma and one rectal ulcer. In 24 patients endoscopy revealed nothing pathological within the colon. Examinations should be performed only by skilled endoscopists with special experience of the problems of colonoscopy in children.", "contents": "[Colonoscopy in children and juveniles (author's transl)]. Colonoscopy, as an established endoscopic procedure in adults, is thought to be of great value in children and juveniles as well. The main indications for its use are intestinal hemorrhage, polypectomy, diarrhoea of uncertain origin, uncertain x-ray findings as well as the confirmation of a diagnosis made by biopsy. The choice of instruments used, preparations prior to the examination and premedication are dependent upon the child's age. 32 children, aged between 1--14 years, and 41 juveniles between 15 and 18 years were examined. Most common diagnoses were Crohn's disease (29), polyps (7) and ulcerative colitis (4). Others were unspecific colitis (3), follicular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum (2), lymphangiectasia (2), one hemangioma and one rectal ulcer. In 24 patients endoscopy revealed nothing pathological within the colon. Examinations should be performed only by skilled endoscopists with special experience of the problems of colonoscopy in children.", "PMID": 514291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10541", "title": "[Idiopathic hypercalciuria due to primary decrease in the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. Hypercalciuria type 2 according to Bordier (author's transl)].", "content": "A persistent hypercalciuria and normal serum levels of calcium were measured in a 5-year-old boy suffering from recurrent macro- and microhaematuria and bilateral nephrolithiasis (stone analysis was positive for calcium-oxalate). No growth retardation or any other relevant clinical parameters concerning hypercalciuria e.g. vitamin D-intoxication or renal tubular acidosis could be observed. A slight secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased calcium excretion during fasting or calcium depleted diet indicates a primary failure of calcium reabsorption as previously described by Bordier (hypercalciuria type 2). Treatment with a combination of hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix) and sodium chloride depleted diet resulted in a long-lasting normalization of calcium excretion and thus disappearance of symptoms in the child.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hypercalciuria due to primary decrease in the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. Hypercalciuria type 2 according to Bordier (author's transl)]. A persistent hypercalciuria and normal serum levels of calcium were measured in a 5-year-old boy suffering from recurrent macro- and microhaematuria and bilateral nephrolithiasis (stone analysis was positive for calcium-oxalate). No growth retardation or any other relevant clinical parameters concerning hypercalciuria e.g. vitamin D-intoxication or renal tubular acidosis could be observed. A slight secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased calcium excretion during fasting or calcium depleted diet indicates a primary failure of calcium reabsorption as previously described by Bordier (hypercalciuria type 2). Treatment with a combination of hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix) and sodium chloride depleted diet resulted in a long-lasting normalization of calcium excretion and thus disappearance of symptoms in the child.", "PMID": 514292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10542", "title": "[Idiopathic osteolysis type Hajdu-Cheney in early childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe clinical and radiological signs of the rare idiopathic osteolysis, type Hajdu-Cheney were manifest in a seven year old girl. A peculiar aspect of her face was evident since birth. The acroosteolysis and a general osteoporosis were radiologically visible when she was three years old. During the following 4 years there was a fast progression of the bone abnormalities and the shape of the skull became dolichocephalic.", "contents": "[Idiopathic osteolysis type Hajdu-Cheney in early childhood (author's transl)]. Severe clinical and radiological signs of the rare idiopathic osteolysis, type Hajdu-Cheney were manifest in a seven year old girl. A peculiar aspect of her face was evident since birth. The acroosteolysis and a general osteoporosis were radiologically visible when she was three years old. During the following 4 years there was a fast progression of the bone abnormalities and the shape of the skull became dolichocephalic.", "PMID": 514293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10543", "title": "Host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated adenovirus in Cockayne syndrome.", "content": "Measurements of the host-cell reactivation (HCR) of mutagen-treated virus provides a very sensitive tool for detecting abnormal DNA repair. The best example of the utility of HCR studies in the examination of the DNA-repair capacity of human cells has come from studies of cells from the UV-sensitive repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients. We have examined the HCR of UV-treated adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and type 2 (Ad2) in cells from patients with Cocayne syndrome (CS), another sun-sensitive syndrome whose cells also exhibits UV-sensitivity in culture. Comparisons with obligate heterozygotes and normal controls failed to reveal an abnromality in the HCR capacity of the CS cells. As the abnormality in DNA metabolism in CS appears to be in a late step in excision repair, a bypass mechanism may exist in these cells for circumventing the defect in the repair of viral DNA.", "contents": "Host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated adenovirus in Cockayne syndrome. Measurements of the host-cell reactivation (HCR) of mutagen-treated virus provides a very sensitive tool for detecting abnormal DNA repair. The best example of the utility of HCR studies in the examination of the DNA-repair capacity of human cells has come from studies of cells from the UV-sensitive repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients. We have examined the HCR of UV-treated adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and type 2 (Ad2) in cells from patients with Cocayne syndrome (CS), another sun-sensitive syndrome whose cells also exhibits UV-sensitivity in culture. Comparisons with obligate heterozygotes and normal controls failed to reveal an abnromality in the HCR capacity of the CS cells. As the abnormality in DNA metabolism in CS appears to be in a late step in excision repair, a bypass mechanism may exist in these cells for circumventing the defect in the repair of viral DNA.", "PMID": 514294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10544", "title": "Enhancement by transition metals of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by isoniazid and related hydrazines in cultured normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human cells.", "content": "In combination with transition metals (Mn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III)), isoniazid and related hydrazine compounds induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (DNA repair) in cultured human fibroblasts. Manganese at 10(-5) and 10(-4) M strongly enhanced DNA repair induced by isoniazid, iproniazid, nialamide and hydrazine. Peak levels of DNA repair occurred at 5 x 10(-4)--10(-3) M of the 4 hydrazine compounds. Copper caused less enhancement of DNA repair while iron had no detectable effect. Without added metal, unscheduled DNA synthesis was not observed in cells treated with any of the 4 freshly-prepared hydrazine compounds. However, following preincubation in medium for 6--12 h, isoniazid alone at high concentrations (10(-2) M--10(-1) M) induced DNA repair. With isoniazid/manganese mixtures, preincubation did not further enhance DNA repair except at low concentrations of isoniazid (2--5 x 10(-4) M). Catalase reduced the DNA damage caused by preincubated isoniazid and by the isoniazid/metal mixtures. Exposure of repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cells to isoniazid plus manganese resulted in a DNA-repair profile similar to that of normal cells. The results are consistent with hydrogen peroxide being a critical intermediate for the production of free radicals which cause the observed DNA damage.", "contents": "Enhancement by transition metals of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by isoniazid and related hydrazines in cultured normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human cells. In combination with transition metals (Mn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III)), isoniazid and related hydrazine compounds induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (DNA repair) in cultured human fibroblasts. Manganese at 10(-5) and 10(-4) M strongly enhanced DNA repair induced by isoniazid, iproniazid, nialamide and hydrazine. Peak levels of DNA repair occurred at 5 x 10(-4)--10(-3) M of the 4 hydrazine compounds. Copper caused less enhancement of DNA repair while iron had no detectable effect. Without added metal, unscheduled DNA synthesis was not observed in cells treated with any of the 4 freshly-prepared hydrazine compounds. However, following preincubation in medium for 6--12 h, isoniazid alone at high concentrations (10(-2) M--10(-1) M) induced DNA repair. With isoniazid/manganese mixtures, preincubation did not further enhance DNA repair except at low concentrations of isoniazid (2--5 x 10(-4) M). Catalase reduced the DNA damage caused by preincubated isoniazid and by the isoniazid/metal mixtures. Exposure of repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cells to isoniazid plus manganese resulted in a DNA-repair profile similar to that of normal cells. The results are consistent with hydrogen peroxide being a critical intermediate for the production of free radicals which cause the observed DNA damage.", "PMID": 514296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10545", "title": "In vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in liver and marrow cells by drugs requiring metabolic activation.", "content": "A highly sensitive method for the detection of in vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) has been developed in mice subjected to partial hepatectomy. SCE induction by either acetylaminofluorene (AAF) or cyclophosphamide, drugs requiring metabolic activation, is significantly greater in both regenerating liver and bone-marrow cells of partial hepatectomized animals than in marrow cells of unhepatectomized mice. These experiments have confirmed the ability of AAF, a well known mutagen-carcinogen, to induce SCE formation, even though the cytogenic effects of this drug on non-hepatectomized mice is very small. The in vivo system described has demonstrated the influence of the liver on drug-induced damage to extra-hepatic tissues. The procedures developed should facilitate the detection of drug-induced cytogenic damage and permit the comparison of inter-tissue differences in SCE induction with tissue-specific differences in drug-activation pathways.", "contents": "In vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in liver and marrow cells by drugs requiring metabolic activation. A highly sensitive method for the detection of in vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) has been developed in mice subjected to partial hepatectomy. SCE induction by either acetylaminofluorene (AAF) or cyclophosphamide, drugs requiring metabolic activation, is significantly greater in both regenerating liver and bone-marrow cells of partial hepatectomized animals than in marrow cells of unhepatectomized mice. These experiments have confirmed the ability of AAF, a well known mutagen-carcinogen, to induce SCE formation, even though the cytogenic effects of this drug on non-hepatectomized mice is very small. The in vivo system described has demonstrated the influence of the liver on drug-induced damage to extra-hepatic tissues. The procedures developed should facilitate the detection of drug-induced cytogenic damage and permit the comparison of inter-tissue differences in SCE induction with tissue-specific differences in drug-activation pathways.", "PMID": 514298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10546", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of methotrexate on human cells in vivo: comparison between results obtained by chromosome studies on bone-marrow cells and blood lymphocytes and by the micronucleus test.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were performed in 22 patients treated with methotrexate (MTX). In some patients, metaphases from both bone-marrow cells and peripheral blood cells were studied. In the bone-marrow preparations an increased number of structural chromosomal aberrations was present, whereas abnormalities were not observed in the peripheral blood cells. An examination of the bone-marrow chromosomes must therefore be included in the study of the possible chromosome-breaking effect of chemical agents. The results obtained with the micronucleus test and chromosome studies were compared in 10 patients treated with MTX. The micronucleus test was more sensitive than the chromosome analysis as regards the clastogenic effect of MTX.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of methotrexate on human cells in vivo: comparison between results obtained by chromosome studies on bone-marrow cells and blood lymphocytes and by the micronucleus test. Cytogenetic studies were performed in 22 patients treated with methotrexate (MTX). In some patients, metaphases from both bone-marrow cells and peripheral blood cells were studied. In the bone-marrow preparations an increased number of structural chromosomal aberrations was present, whereas abnormalities were not observed in the peripheral blood cells. An examination of the bone-marrow chromosomes must therefore be included in the study of the possible chromosome-breaking effect of chemical agents. The results obtained with the micronucleus test and chromosome studies were compared in 10 patients treated with MTX. The micronucleus test was more sensitive than the chromosome analysis as regards the clastogenic effect of MTX.", "PMID": 514299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10547", "title": "Sister-chromatid exchanges in oral contraceptive users.", "content": "The effect of the use of an oral contraceptive on the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was investigated. Oral contraceptive users showed significantly higher mean SCE per cell compared with both normal and pregnant women. This result obviously means an increased mutagenic environment in these cells--due either to the pill itself or to a metabolite(s).", "contents": "Sister-chromatid exchanges in oral contraceptive users. The effect of the use of an oral contraceptive on the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was investigated. Oral contraceptive users showed significantly higher mean SCE per cell compared with both normal and pregnant women. This result obviously means an increased mutagenic environment in these cells--due either to the pill itself or to a metabolite(s).", "PMID": 514301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10548", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of mice given a normal or a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with various heavy metals.", "content": "Mice kept on a normal (1.1% calcium) or low-calcium (0.03%) diet were exposed for one month to zinc chloride (0.5% Zn), lead acetate (0.5% Pb) or cadmium chloride (0.06% Cd) or to a mixture of these salts at half the above concentrations. These concentrations, given in a poor calcium diet, represent an LD 50/30 days. After the mice were killed bone-marrow cells were assayed for chromosomal aberrations, and serum calcium was determined. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in the mice maintained on a low-calcium diet and exposed to lead, zinc or a mixture of lead, zinc and cadmium. The possible mechanism for the synergistic action on genetic effects of the lack of calcium and intoxication by heavy metals are discussed, and it is recommended that routine attention be given to the state of calcium metabolism in heavy-metal intoxication.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of mice given a normal or a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with various heavy metals. Mice kept on a normal (1.1% calcium) or low-calcium (0.03%) diet were exposed for one month to zinc chloride (0.5% Zn), lead acetate (0.5% Pb) or cadmium chloride (0.06% Cd) or to a mixture of these salts at half the above concentrations. These concentrations, given in a poor calcium diet, represent an LD 50/30 days. After the mice were killed bone-marrow cells were assayed for chromosomal aberrations, and serum calcium was determined. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in the mice maintained on a low-calcium diet and exposed to lead, zinc or a mixture of lead, zinc and cadmium. The possible mechanism for the synergistic action on genetic effects of the lack of calcium and intoxication by heavy metals are discussed, and it is recommended that routine attention be given to the state of calcium metabolism in heavy-metal intoxication.", "PMID": 514302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10549", "title": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse germ cells following 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) exposure.", "content": "Acute toxicity studies of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in mice demonstrated that the respective LD50 values for prepubertal and adult male mice were 180.7 mg/kg (154.0-197.5 mg/kg body weight) and 123 mg/kg (100.5-141.5 mg/kg body weight) which were significantly different. The slopes of the dose-response curves (1.2) were steep and essentially the same, indicating a narrow margin of safety. A single maximally tolerated dose of DBCP (100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally to prepubertal male mice induced significant unscheduled DNA synthesis in the premeiotic germ cells but not in spermatozoa.", "contents": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse germ cells following 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) exposure. Acute toxicity studies of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in mice demonstrated that the respective LD50 values for prepubertal and adult male mice were 180.7 mg/kg (154.0-197.5 mg/kg body weight) and 123 mg/kg (100.5-141.5 mg/kg body weight) which were significantly different. The slopes of the dose-response curves (1.2) were steep and essentially the same, indicating a narrow margin of safety. A single maximally tolerated dose of DBCP (100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally to prepubertal male mice induced significant unscheduled DNA synthesis in the premeiotic germ cells but not in spermatozoa.", "PMID": 514303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10550", "title": "On the mutagenicity of methadone hydrochloride. Induced dominant lethal mutation and spermatocyte chromosomal aberrations in treated males.", "content": "The mutagenicity of methadone hydrochloride was tested in male mice using the dominant lethal mutation technique and the spermatocyte test of treated mice. Male mice of C3H inbred strain received one of the following doses, 1, 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg body weight once a day for 3 consecutive days. Another group of mice served as control and received saline instead. Treated males were then mated to virgin females at 3-day intervals for a period of 45 days. Pregnant females were dissected at mid-term and the corpora lutea and intrauterine contents were recorded. The spermatocytes of treated males were examined 45-50 d after treatments with methadone and abnormal pairing configurations were scored. The methadone treatment was found to increase the rate of preimplantation deaths consistently in all post-meiotic stages with all doses used. In addition, the higher doses, 4 and 6 mg, affected spermatogonia stages. Quantitatively, the dose-response relationship cannot be demonstrated though the spectrum of effect increased with higher doses as more spermatogenesis stages became more sensitive to the treatment. In many cases the frequency of live implants showed a positive correlation with preimplantation deaths in contrast with the frequency of early deaths which showed only sporadic variation. The mutation indices based on total embryonic death indicate that methadone hydrochloride affected several stages of germ-cell maturation namely, spermatozoa (M.I. 14-35), late spermatids (M.I. 15-48), early spermatids (M.I. 14-50), late spermatocytes (M.I. 15-43) and spermatogonial stages (M.I.  12-63). Chromosome analysis at diakinesis-metaphase 1 revealed significant increase in the frequency of sex chromosome and autosome univalents with different doses of methadone. The smallest dose applied was quite effective and the data represent direct dose-response relationship. Of the multivalent configuration, the most frequent type was chain quadrivalents. The frequencies of total translocations per cell were estimated as 0.1, 0.16 and 0.2 for the 4 applied doses illustrating a dose-response relationship for the doses: 1, 2 and 4 mg, whereas with the higher dose, 6 mg, an abrupt decrease was apparent (0.05). This study calls for concern regarding the possible genetic hazards this drug may impose upon human populations.", "contents": "On the mutagenicity of methadone hydrochloride. Induced dominant lethal mutation and spermatocyte chromosomal aberrations in treated males. The mutagenicity of methadone hydrochloride was tested in male mice using the dominant lethal mutation technique and the spermatocyte test of treated mice. Male mice of C3H inbred strain received one of the following doses, 1, 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg body weight once a day for 3 consecutive days. Another group of mice served as control and received saline instead. Treated males were then mated to virgin females at 3-day intervals for a period of 45 days. Pregnant females were dissected at mid-term and the corpora lutea and intrauterine contents were recorded. The spermatocytes of treated males were examined 45-50 d after treatments with methadone and abnormal pairing configurations were scored. The methadone treatment was found to increase the rate of preimplantation deaths consistently in all post-meiotic stages with all doses used. In addition, the higher doses, 4 and 6 mg, affected spermatogonia stages. Quantitatively, the dose-response relationship cannot be demonstrated though the spectrum of effect increased with higher doses as more spermatogenesis stages became more sensitive to the treatment. In many cases the frequency of live implants showed a positive correlation with preimplantation deaths in contrast with the frequency of early deaths which showed only sporadic variation. The mutation indices based on total embryonic death indicate that methadone hydrochloride affected several stages of germ-cell maturation namely, spermatozoa (M.I. 14-35), late spermatids (M.I. 15-48), early spermatids (M.I. 14-50), late spermatocytes (M.I. 15-43) and spermatogonial stages (M.I.  12-63). Chromosome analysis at diakinesis-metaphase 1 revealed significant increase in the frequency of sex chromosome and autosome univalents with different doses of methadone. The smallest dose applied was quite effective and the data represent direct dose-response relationship. Of the multivalent configuration, the most frequent type was chain quadrivalents. The frequencies of total translocations per cell were estimated as 0.1, 0.16 and 0.2 for the 4 applied doses illustrating a dose-response relationship for the doses: 1, 2 and 4 mg, whereas with the higher dose, 6 mg, an abrupt decrease was apparent (0.05). This study calls for concern regarding the possible genetic hazards this drug may impose upon human populations.", "PMID": 514304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10551", "title": "Mutagenicity of metal cations in cultured cells from Chinese hamster.", "content": "The mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) locus in Chinese hamster V79 cells induced by metal cations were examined by the development of resistance to 8-azaguanine (8AG). The spontaneous frequency of 8AG resistance was 5.8 per 10(6) cells, and the frequency was enhanced to 2-6 times that of the control by treatment of cells with the chlorides of beryllium and manganese. About 75% of 8AG-resistant colonies were sensitive to amethopterin, and 86% of the resistant colonies showed less than 3% of the HGPRTase activity of the wild-type cells. The mutant frequency in cultures treated with cobalt and nickel chlorides were slightly increased, and mutation induction was only detectable at very low rates of cell survival.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of metal cations in cultured cells from Chinese hamster. The mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) locus in Chinese hamster V79 cells induced by metal cations were examined by the development of resistance to 8-azaguanine (8AG). The spontaneous frequency of 8AG resistance was 5.8 per 10(6) cells, and the frequency was enhanced to 2-6 times that of the control by treatment of cells with the chlorides of beryllium and manganese. About 75% of 8AG-resistant colonies were sensitive to amethopterin, and 86% of the resistant colonies showed less than 3% of the HGPRTase activity of the wild-type cells. The mutant frequency in cultures treated with cobalt and nickel chlorides were slightly increased, and mutation induction was only detectable at very low rates of cell survival.", "PMID": 514305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10552", "title": "Amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos are mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of amosite, chrysotile or crocidolite displayed inhibition of cell growth. Phagocytosis of asbestos by cells was observed. Amosite and chrysotile appeared to be twice as toxic as crocidolite based on an equal weight/volume basis. Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance was studied. After treatment at 10 microgram/cm2 for 24 h, and with a 48-h expression time, numerically the cells did not change significantly from 6-thioguanine-sensitive to 6-thioguanine-resistant for each pair of control and experimental mutation frequencies. When all data points were considered as a whole, use of Student's t-test on paired samples showed that all 3 types of asbestos were mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. It was reported that benzo[a]anthracene was an organic contaminant of abestos. Used as a positive control compound, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was metabolized by rat-liver microsomes and was found mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. Microsome activation did not increase the mutagenic potential of asbestos. These findings point to the weak mutagenic potential of asbestos. Chinese hamster lung cells phagocytize particles and are ideal materials to study mutagenesis of environmental agents that exist in a particulate form.", "contents": "Amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos are mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of amosite, chrysotile or crocidolite displayed inhibition of cell growth. Phagocytosis of asbestos by cells was observed. Amosite and chrysotile appeared to be twice as toxic as crocidolite based on an equal weight/volume basis. Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance was studied. After treatment at 10 microgram/cm2 for 24 h, and with a 48-h expression time, numerically the cells did not change significantly from 6-thioguanine-sensitive to 6-thioguanine-resistant for each pair of control and experimental mutation frequencies. When all data points were considered as a whole, use of Student's t-test on paired samples showed that all 3 types of asbestos were mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. It was reported that benzo[a]anthracene was an organic contaminant of abestos. Used as a positive control compound, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was metabolized by rat-liver microsomes and was found mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. Microsome activation did not increase the mutagenic potential of asbestos. These findings point to the weak mutagenic potential of asbestos. Chinese hamster lung cells phagocytize particles and are ideal materials to study mutagenesis of environmental agents that exist in a particulate form.", "PMID": 514306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10553", "title": "The afferent influence on the voluntary firing range of individual motor units in man.", "content": "The firing ranges of 50 normal anterior tibial or short toe extensor motor units in sustained isometric voluntary contraction were studied in electromyographic recordings. The afferent inflow was decreased by compression of the sciatic nerve, thereby blocking large afferents before alpha efferents. Motor units with low minimum and low maximum rates before blockade had higher minimum and maximum rates before blockade had a lower minimum but an unchanged maximum rate on blockade. The firing range recorded for both types of motor unit on blockade was also recorded for all tonically firing motor units during early reinnervation after traumatic lesion to the muscle nerve in 14 patients. It is concluded that both facilitating and inhibiting proprioceptive afferent activity is involved in the differentiation of motor unit firing ranges in sustained isometric voluntary contraction.", "contents": "The afferent influence on the voluntary firing range of individual motor units in man. The firing ranges of 50 normal anterior tibial or short toe extensor motor units in sustained isometric voluntary contraction were studied in electromyographic recordings. The afferent inflow was decreased by compression of the sciatic nerve, thereby blocking large afferents before alpha efferents. Motor units with low minimum and low maximum rates before blockade had higher minimum and maximum rates before blockade had a lower minimum but an unchanged maximum rate on blockade. The firing range recorded for both types of motor unit on blockade was also recorded for all tonically firing motor units during early reinnervation after traumatic lesion to the muscle nerve in 14 patients. It is concluded that both facilitating and inhibiting proprioceptive afferent activity is involved in the differentiation of motor unit firing ranges in sustained isometric voluntary contraction.", "PMID": 514309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10554", "title": "Thenar hypoplasia with associated radiologic abnormalities.", "content": "We report on five patients who presented with unilateral or bilateral hypoplasia of the thenar eminence. X rays of the affected limbs showed varying degrees of malformation and underdevelopment of the thumb phalanges and first metacarpal bone, and of the carpal bones at the base of the thumb, indicating a developmental abnormality. Our electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with this interpretation. We suggest that this condition is part of the clinical spectrum of radial club hand (radial dysplasia) and that when seen in adults, its recognition is important in the differential diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Thenar hypoplasia with associated radiologic abnormalities. We report on five patients who presented with unilateral or bilateral hypoplasia of the thenar eminence. X rays of the affected limbs showed varying degrees of malformation and underdevelopment of the thumb phalanges and first metacarpal bone, and of the carpal bones at the base of the thumb, indicating a developmental abnormality. Our electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with this interpretation. We suggest that this condition is part of the clinical spectrum of radial club hand (radial dysplasia) and that when seen in adults, its recognition is important in the differential diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 514310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10555", "title": "F waves in patients with hand wasting caused by a cervical rib and band.", "content": "In five patients with unilateral wasting of the hand muscles as a result of cervical rib and band, F waves were recorded from the hypothenar muscles following stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Twelve healthy control subjects were also examined. F-wave latency was consistently increased in the affected hands of the patients, compared with results from the unaffected and control hands. This increase persisted after removal of the cervical band in four patients and was thought to be mainly due to degeneration of fast-conducting fibers. In the fifth patient, F-wave latency decreased after operation, suggesting recovery of a local conduction block in the proximal part of the nerve.", "contents": "F waves in patients with hand wasting caused by a cervical rib and band. In five patients with unilateral wasting of the hand muscles as a result of cervical rib and band, F waves were recorded from the hypothenar muscles following stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Twelve healthy control subjects were also examined. F-wave latency was consistently increased in the affected hands of the patients, compared with results from the unaffected and control hands. This increase persisted after removal of the cervical band in four patients and was thought to be mainly due to degeneration of fast-conducting fibers. In the fifth patient, F-wave latency decreased after operation, suggesting recovery of a local conduction block in the proximal part of the nerve.", "PMID": 514311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10556", "title": "Split genes and muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Recent developments in molecular biology have shown that some genes are split into segments, each coding for part of a protein. The intervening segments are transcribed but later excised, and the messenger RNA is spliced back together again before translation into protein begins. Abnormalities in the nontranslated segments would not be reflected in abnormal protein structure but, presumably, in the control of syntehsis of a particular protein. The muscular dystrophies may be an example of this class of disease. They are particularly amenable to investigation of this idea because muscle produces large amounts of relatively few proteins, facilitating isolation of the appropriate messenger RNA.", "contents": "Split genes and muscular dystrophy. Recent developments in molecular biology have shown that some genes are split into segments, each coding for part of a protein. The intervening segments are transcribed but later excised, and the messenger RNA is spliced back together again before translation into protein begins. Abnormalities in the nontranslated segments would not be reflected in abnormal protein structure but, presumably, in the control of syntehsis of a particular protein. The muscular dystrophies may be an example of this class of disease. They are particularly amenable to investigation of this idea because muscle produces large amounts of relatively few proteins, facilitating isolation of the appropriate messenger RNA.", "PMID": 514312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10557", "title": "Evoked responses of the elbow flexors in control subjects and in myopathy patients.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical responses were evoked in the elbow flexors (EFs) of normal subjects and myopathy patients by maximal stimulation of the musculocutaneous nerve by a wire electrode in the axilla. In normals, the decrement in the mechanical responses during short trains of twitches was small (10%). The potentiation during a staircase decreased with increasing frequency of stimuli, but the potentiation 30 sec after the 100-sec staircase was the same at all frequencies. Posttetanic potentiation was twice as large as the maximal potentiation attained during the staircase. The staircase phenomenon probably results from two opposing events, diminution and potentiation. Findings in 11 patients with myopathy varied according to the severity of involvement. Slight weakness of the EFs was associated with an increased twitch:tetanus ratio, decreased tetanic tension, and decrease in the staircase and posttetanic potentiation. Additionally, severe weakness of the EFs was associated with a diminution in twitch tension.", "contents": "Evoked responses of the elbow flexors in control subjects and in myopathy patients. Electrical and mechanical responses were evoked in the elbow flexors (EFs) of normal subjects and myopathy patients by maximal stimulation of the musculocutaneous nerve by a wire electrode in the axilla. In normals, the decrement in the mechanical responses during short trains of twitches was small (10%). The potentiation during a staircase decreased with increasing frequency of stimuli, but the potentiation 30 sec after the 100-sec staircase was the same at all frequencies. Posttetanic potentiation was twice as large as the maximal potentiation attained during the staircase. The staircase phenomenon probably results from two opposing events, diminution and potentiation. Findings in 11 patients with myopathy varied according to the severity of involvement. Slight weakness of the EFs was associated with an increased twitch:tetanus ratio, decreased tetanic tension, and decrease in the staircase and posttetanic potentiation. Additionally, severe weakness of the EFs was associated with a diminution in twitch tension.", "PMID": 514313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10558", "title": "A new regional curare test of the elbow flexors in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical responses of the elbow flexors (EFs) and the adductor pollicis muscle (ADP) were evoked in 31 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Thirteen patients with moderate or severe involvement showed a decrement during trains of repetitive stimuli in both muscle types, greater in the proximal ones than in the distal one. Seven of 18 patients with mild generalized or ocular MG showed abnormalities in the EFs, and 4 patients showed abnormalities in the ADP. A regional curare test was performed in the EFs of 11 patients with borderline or no abnormalities in the EFs and the ADP. All patients were more sensitive to curare than were control subjects; in 2, a decrement outside the range of controls could only be provoked in the partly curarized muscle during posttetanic exhaustion. Excitation-contraction coupling, as evidenced by the staircase phenomenon and after correction for blackade of fibers, was abnormal in 5 of 31 patients in the EFs, and in 11 patients in the ADP. In both muscles, the action potential was a more sensitive criterion of abnormality than the mechanical response. The decrement in the action potentials during 3/sec stimuli gave the largest diagnostic yield.", "contents": "A new regional curare test of the elbow flexors in myasthenia gravis. Electrical and mechanical responses of the elbow flexors (EFs) and the adductor pollicis muscle (ADP) were evoked in 31 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Thirteen patients with moderate or severe involvement showed a decrement during trains of repetitive stimuli in both muscle types, greater in the proximal ones than in the distal one. Seven of 18 patients with mild generalized or ocular MG showed abnormalities in the EFs, and 4 patients showed abnormalities in the ADP. A regional curare test was performed in the EFs of 11 patients with borderline or no abnormalities in the EFs and the ADP. All patients were more sensitive to curare than were control subjects; in 2, a decrement outside the range of controls could only be provoked in the partly curarized muscle during posttetanic exhaustion. Excitation-contraction coupling, as evidenced by the staircase phenomenon and after correction for blackade of fibers, was abnormal in 5 of 31 patients in the EFs, and in 11 patients in the ADP. In both muscles, the action potential was a more sensitive criterion of abnormality than the mechanical response. The decrement in the action potentials during 3/sec stimuli gave the largest diagnostic yield.", "PMID": 514314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10559", "title": "Role of plasma membrane defect of skeletal muscle in malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Halothane, at clinical concentrations, depolarizes the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle from Poland China pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia but does not affect the resting membrane potential of muscle from normal poland China pigs, mice, or frogs. The depolarization is reduced or partially reversed in the presence of dantrolene sodium. We suggest the possibility that malignant hyperthermia may be initiated by this abnormal depolarization of skeletal muscle by halothane.", "contents": "Role of plasma membrane defect of skeletal muscle in malignant hyperthermia. Halothane, at clinical concentrations, depolarizes the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle from Poland China pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia but does not affect the resting membrane potential of muscle from normal poland China pigs, mice, or frogs. The depolarization is reduced or partially reversed in the presence of dantrolene sodium. We suggest the possibility that malignant hyperthermia may be initiated by this abnormal depolarization of skeletal muscle by halothane.", "PMID": 514315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10560", "title": "Recurrent hypoglycemia associated with glutaric aciduria type II in an adult.", "content": "Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia accompanied by elevated serum concentrations of free fatty acid without ketosis, fatty infiltration of the liver, hepatic dysfunction, and proximal myopathy in a 19-year-old woman, prompted us to analyze her urine for organic acids. Greatly increased quantities of glutaric acid, ethylmalonic acid, dicarboxylic acids with six to 10 carbons, and isovalerylglycine were consistently found in her urine. The ability of cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient to oxidize [1(-14)C]butyrate and [2(-14)C]lysine was reduced. These urinary and in vitro findings indicated defective activity of several acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases, including glutaryl, isovaleryl, and butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenases -- establishing a diagnosis of glutaric aciduria Type II. Carnitine concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver were moderately reduced, but carnitine deficiency was considered a secondary biochemical abnormality. Although glutaric aciduria Type II has previously been described only in a neonate, the disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia in adults.", "contents": "Recurrent hypoglycemia associated with glutaric aciduria type II in an adult. Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia accompanied by elevated serum concentrations of free fatty acid without ketosis, fatty infiltration of the liver, hepatic dysfunction, and proximal myopathy in a 19-year-old woman, prompted us to analyze her urine for organic acids. Greatly increased quantities of glutaric acid, ethylmalonic acid, dicarboxylic acids with six to 10 carbons, and isovalerylglycine were consistently found in her urine. The ability of cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient to oxidize [1(-14)C]butyrate and [2(-14)C]lysine was reduced. These urinary and in vitro findings indicated defective activity of several acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases, including glutaryl, isovaleryl, and butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenases -- establishing a diagnosis of glutaric aciduria Type II. Carnitine concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver were moderately reduced, but carnitine deficiency was considered a secondary biochemical abnormality. Although glutaric aciduria Type II has previously been described only in a neonate, the disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia in adults.", "PMID": 514320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10561", "title": "[Mass spectroscopy-gas cromatographic identification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in trout].", "content": "The PCB-content and the content of chlorinated hydrocarbons in trout was examined by GC-MS. PCBs ranging from trichlorobiphenyls to hexachlorbiphenyls, chlordan, DDE, DDD, DDT and dieldrine were found and identified by mass spectrometry. We suppose that less chlorinated PCBs in trout are not deposed or will be excreted very quickly.", "contents": "[Mass spectroscopy-gas cromatographic identification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in trout]. The PCB-content and the content of chlorinated hydrocarbons in trout was examined by GC-MS. PCBs ranging from trichlorobiphenyls to hexachlorbiphenyls, chlordan, DDE, DDD, DDT and dieldrine were found and identified by mass spectrometry. We suppose that less chlorinated PCBs in trout are not deposed or will be excreted very quickly.", "PMID": 514337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10562", "title": "[Determination of residues of the fungicide benzimidazole carbamic acid methyl ester and its metabolites 2-aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole].", "content": "The authors describe a method for extracting and determining benzimidazole carbamic acid methyl ester (MBC) in the presence of its metabolites 2-aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole. The determination is performed thin-layer and paper chromatographically using visual spot comparison. A sensitive biological method is employed for the detection of MBC. The metabolites are assayed by chemical procedures. The smallest amounts of residues that the authors could detect were: 0.01 p.p.m. of MBC and approximately 0.2 p.p.m. of the metabolites, the recovery rate ranging from 70--85%.", "contents": "[Determination of residues of the fungicide benzimidazole carbamic acid methyl ester and its metabolites 2-aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole]. The authors describe a method for extracting and determining benzimidazole carbamic acid methyl ester (MBC) in the presence of its metabolites 2-aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole. The determination is performed thin-layer and paper chromatographically using visual spot comparison. A sensitive biological method is employed for the detection of MBC. The metabolites are assayed by chemical procedures. The smallest amounts of residues that the authors could detect were: 0.01 p.p.m. of MBC and approximately 0.2 p.p.m. of the metabolites, the recovery rate ranging from 70--85%.", "PMID": 514338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10563", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of glucose and saccharose in selected dietetic foods].", "content": "The need to enlarge the offer of dietetic foods requires more sensitive methods for the determination of certain food constituents. Thus, the exact estimation of glucose and saccharose in foods for diabetics is of particular importance. The enzymatic determination of the two sugars is suited for these purposes. The enzymatic method used by the authors is described. On the basis of results from their own investigations, the authors compare the values yielded by the enzymatic method with those obtained by means of the Luff-Schoorl procedure. The differences observed were more or less great from one food to another.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of glucose and saccharose in selected dietetic foods]. The need to enlarge the offer of dietetic foods requires more sensitive methods for the determination of certain food constituents. Thus, the exact estimation of glucose and saccharose in foods for diabetics is of particular importance. The enzymatic determination of the two sugars is suited for these purposes. The enzymatic method used by the authors is described. On the basis of results from their own investigations, the authors compare the values yielded by the enzymatic method with those obtained by means of the Luff-Schoorl procedure. The differences observed were more or less great from one food to another.", "PMID": 514339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10564", "title": "[Contamination of foods and feeding stuffs from selected areas of the Erfurt district with lead and cadmium. I. Determination of lead and cadmium in vegetable material by inverse voltammetry].", "content": "An inverse voltammetric method is used for determining the trace elements lead and cadmium in vegetable foods and feeding stuffs. The organic meterials are mineralized by nitric acid vapour and, in the second stage, with the addition of perchloric acid. The procedure is very sensitive and suited for routine work. The detection limits are: 0.66 ng/ml for lead, and 0.30 ng/ml for cadmium. The error of the method is: VPb = 20.5% and VCd = 28.6%. The respective recoveries of amounts of lead and cadmium added to the samples prior to digestion were: 102.0 +/- 10.8% and 101.6 +/- 11.4%.", "contents": "[Contamination of foods and feeding stuffs from selected areas of the Erfurt district with lead and cadmium. I. Determination of lead and cadmium in vegetable material by inverse voltammetry]. An inverse voltammetric method is used for determining the trace elements lead and cadmium in vegetable foods and feeding stuffs. The organic meterials are mineralized by nitric acid vapour and, in the second stage, with the addition of perchloric acid. The procedure is very sensitive and suited for routine work. The detection limits are: 0.66 ng/ml for lead, and 0.30 ng/ml for cadmium. The error of the method is: VPb = 20.5% and VCd = 28.6%. The respective recoveries of amounts of lead and cadmium added to the samples prior to digestion were: 102.0 +/- 10.8% and 101.6 +/- 11.4%.", "PMID": 514340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10565", "title": "Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution.", "content": "The DNA fragment d(CpGpCpGpCpG) crystallises as a left-handed double helical molecule with Watson-Crick base pairs and an antiparallel organisation of the sugar phosphate chains. The helix has two nucleotides in the asymmetric unit and contains twelve base pairs per turn. It differs significantly from right-handed B-DNA.", "contents": "Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution. The DNA fragment d(CpGpCpGpCpG) crystallises as a left-handed double helical molecule with Watson-Crick base pairs and an antiparallel organisation of the sugar phosphate chains. The helix has two nucleotides in the asymmetric unit and contains twelve base pairs per turn. It differs significantly from right-handed B-DNA.", "PMID": 514347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10566", "title": "Non-retinotopic arrangement of fibres in cat optic nerve.", "content": "Fibres in the mammalian optic nerve are generally thought to be organised retinotopically. Recording electrophysiologically from the cat optic nerve, we found little evidence to support this notion, which led us to investigate the problem by anatomical methods. We made a localised injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate body of the cat, labelling a small clump of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve. These fibres, emanating from neighbouring cells in the retina, became widely scattered through the optic nerve, indicating that retinotopic order is essentially lacking.", "contents": "Non-retinotopic arrangement of fibres in cat optic nerve. Fibres in the mammalian optic nerve are generally thought to be organised retinotopically. Recording electrophysiologically from the cat optic nerve, we found little evidence to support this notion, which led us to investigate the problem by anatomical methods. We made a localised injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate body of the cat, labelling a small clump of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve. These fibres, emanating from neighbouring cells in the retina, became widely scattered through the optic nerve, indicating that retinotopic order is essentially lacking.", "PMID": 514350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10567", "title": "A central role for denervated tissues in causing nerve sprouting.", "content": "One of the oldest known forms of neuronal plasticity is the ability of peripheral nerves to grow and form functional connections after damage to neighbouring axons. Yet the source of the signal which elicits this \"sprouting\" remains unknown. In mammalian muscles, paralysis-which gives rise to many of the changes which occur in denervated muscles-causes motor nerve terminals to sprout. Could the inactive muscle fibres (rather than nerve degeneration products, another likely source) be responsible for some of the sprouting found in partial denervation? We confirm in this paper that direct stimulation of a partially denervated muscle inhibits sprouting and show that stimulation does so by activating the denervated fibres. Consequently after partial denervation the same signal as that which causes terminal sprouting in a paralysed muscle is able to spread from the denervated muscle fibres to the nerves on the innervated fibres and initiate terminal sprouting.", "contents": "A central role for denervated tissues in causing nerve sprouting. One of the oldest known forms of neuronal plasticity is the ability of peripheral nerves to grow and form functional connections after damage to neighbouring axons. Yet the source of the signal which elicits this \"sprouting\" remains unknown. In mammalian muscles, paralysis-which gives rise to many of the changes which occur in denervated muscles-causes motor nerve terminals to sprout. Could the inactive muscle fibres (rather than nerve degeneration products, another likely source) be responsible for some of the sprouting found in partial denervation? We confirm in this paper that direct stimulation of a partially denervated muscle inhibits sprouting and show that stimulation does so by activating the denervated fibres. Consequently after partial denervation the same signal as that which causes terminal sprouting in a paralysed muscle is able to spread from the denervated muscle fibres to the nerves on the innervated fibres and initiate terminal sprouting.", "PMID": 514352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10568", "title": "Competition between foreign and original nerves in adult mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "It is well established that a normally innervated, uninjured mammalian skeletal muscle does not accept further innervation from a foreign nerve transplanted on to the muscle's extrasynaptic region. Because synapse formation under these circumstances would require the induction of new postsynaptic specialisations, it is not clear whether foreign axons could make connections if they were allowed instead to compete for existing synaptic sites. The capacity of individual endplates to accept multiple inputs has in fact been demonstrated during both normal development and reinnervation of adult mammalian muscle, that is, in conditions involving interactions among recently formed synapses. We report here that even in adult muscles whose normal innervation remains fully intact, a similar susceptibility to further innervation can be expressed following appropriate placement of a transplanted foreign nerve. Moreover, the establishment of foreign synapses can lead to suppression of original inputs.", "contents": "Competition between foreign and original nerves in adult mammalian skeletal muscle. It is well established that a normally innervated, uninjured mammalian skeletal muscle does not accept further innervation from a foreign nerve transplanted on to the muscle's extrasynaptic region. Because synapse formation under these circumstances would require the induction of new postsynaptic specialisations, it is not clear whether foreign axons could make connections if they were allowed instead to compete for existing synaptic sites. The capacity of individual endplates to accept multiple inputs has in fact been demonstrated during both normal development and reinnervation of adult mammalian muscle, that is, in conditions involving interactions among recently formed synapses. We report here that even in adult muscles whose normal innervation remains fully intact, a similar susceptibility to further innervation can be expressed following appropriate placement of a transplanted foreign nerve. Moreover, the establishment of foreign synapses can lead to suppression of original inputs.", "PMID": 514353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10569", "title": "Contractile force measured in unskinned isolated adult rat heart fibres.", "content": "A number of investigators have succeeded in preparing isolated cardiac cells by enzymatic digestion which tolerate external [Ca2+] in the millimolar range. However, a persistent problem with these preparations is that, unlike in situ adult ventricular fibres, the isolated fibres usually beat spontaneously. This spontaneity suggests persistent ionic leakage not present in situ. A preferable preparation for mechanical and electrical studies would be one which is quiescent but excitable in response to electrical stimulation and which does not undergo contracture with repeated stimulation. We report here a modified method of cardiac fibre isolation and perfusion which leaves the fibre membrane electrically excitable and moderately resistant to mechanical stress so that the attachment of suction micropipettes to the fibre is possible for force measurement and length control. Force generation in single isolated adult rat heart fibres is consistent with in situ contractile force. The negative staircase effect (treppe) characteristic of adult not heart tissue is present with increased frequency of stimulation. Isometric developed tension increases with fibre length as in in situ ventricular tissue.", "contents": "Contractile force measured in unskinned isolated adult rat heart fibres. A number of investigators have succeeded in preparing isolated cardiac cells by enzymatic digestion which tolerate external [Ca2+] in the millimolar range. However, a persistent problem with these preparations is that, unlike in situ adult ventricular fibres, the isolated fibres usually beat spontaneously. This spontaneity suggests persistent ionic leakage not present in situ. A preferable preparation for mechanical and electrical studies would be one which is quiescent but excitable in response to electrical stimulation and which does not undergo contracture with repeated stimulation. We report here a modified method of cardiac fibre isolation and perfusion which leaves the fibre membrane electrically excitable and moderately resistant to mechanical stress so that the attachment of suction micropipettes to the fibre is possible for force measurement and length control. Force generation in single isolated adult rat heart fibres is consistent with in situ contractile force. The negative staircase effect (treppe) characteristic of adult not heart tissue is present with increased frequency of stimulation. Isometric developed tension increases with fibre length as in in situ ventricular tissue.", "PMID": 514354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10570", "title": "Suppression of natural antitumour defence mechanisms by phorbol esters.", "content": "Chemical carcinogenesis in certain tissues occurs in at least two stages: initiation, producing irreversible tissue alterations, and promotion (by agents, themselves non-carcinogenic), enhancing the outgrowth of transformed cells. Among the various tumour-promoting compounds isolated from croton oil, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), is the most potent. Cell culture studies have shown that the phorbol diesters and structurally related substances induce a variety of dramatic changes in diverse eukaryotic cells. Spreading, differentiation, metabolism, DNA synthesis, expression of cell surface glycopeptides, deoxyglucose transport, as well as polyamine, plasminogen activator and ornithine decarboxylase activity are altered. These findings indicate that tumour promoters potentiate expression of the transformed phenotype in cells already malignantly transformed and also induce reversible manifestations of the transformed phenotype in normal cells. It is not known whether these agents additionally influence host effector systems involved in antitumour resistance. The present study is concerned with the effects of PMA on spontaneous in vitro cytotoxicity by macrophages and/or natural killer (NK) cells, and on the resistance to rat fibrosarcoma in vivo considered to depend on these normal effectors, in particular on mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Suppression of natural antitumour defence mechanisms by phorbol esters. Chemical carcinogenesis in certain tissues occurs in at least two stages: initiation, producing irreversible tissue alterations, and promotion (by agents, themselves non-carcinogenic), enhancing the outgrowth of transformed cells. Among the various tumour-promoting compounds isolated from croton oil, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), is the most potent. Cell culture studies have shown that the phorbol diesters and structurally related substances induce a variety of dramatic changes in diverse eukaryotic cells. Spreading, differentiation, metabolism, DNA synthesis, expression of cell surface glycopeptides, deoxyglucose transport, as well as polyamine, plasminogen activator and ornithine decarboxylase activity are altered. These findings indicate that tumour promoters potentiate expression of the transformed phenotype in cells already malignantly transformed and also induce reversible manifestations of the transformed phenotype in normal cells. It is not known whether these agents additionally influence host effector systems involved in antitumour resistance. The present study is concerned with the effects of PMA on spontaneous in vitro cytotoxicity by macrophages and/or natural killer (NK) cells, and on the resistance to rat fibrosarcoma in vivo considered to depend on these normal effectors, in particular on mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 514355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10571", "title": "Glucocorticoid hormones inhibit DNA synthesis and enhance interferon production in human lymphoid cell line.", "content": "Although buffy coat leukocytes have been the prime source of human interferon, cells of the Burkitt lymphoma line Namalwa are increasingly used for the large scale production of interferon. On induction with Sendai virus or Newcastle disease virus, Namalwa cells produce a substantial quantity of interferon which contains predominantly the leukocyte antigenic species and minor amounts of fibroblast-type interferon. We have recently demonstrated that inducers of erythropoietic differentiation in Friend cells are able to enhance interferon synthesis in Namalwa cells when added to cultures larger than or equal to 24 h before interferon induction by Sendai virus. The most potent compounds, n-butyrate, stimulated interferon production about 30-fold and has also been independelty described by others. All active compounds inhibited DNA synthesis in Namalwa cells and the extent of inhibition apparently paralleled the stimulatory potency of the respective compound. Induction of differentiation of Friend cells can be antagonised by various steroid hormones, which by themselves have no measurable effects on these cells. In contrast, we report here that glucocorticoid hormones inhibit DNA synthesis in Namalwa cells and augment Sendai virus-induced interferon synthesis.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid hormones inhibit DNA synthesis and enhance interferon production in human lymphoid cell line. Although buffy coat leukocytes have been the prime source of human interferon, cells of the Burkitt lymphoma line Namalwa are increasingly used for the large scale production of interferon. On induction with Sendai virus or Newcastle disease virus, Namalwa cells produce a substantial quantity of interferon which contains predominantly the leukocyte antigenic species and minor amounts of fibroblast-type interferon. We have recently demonstrated that inducers of erythropoietic differentiation in Friend cells are able to enhance interferon synthesis in Namalwa cells when added to cultures larger than or equal to 24 h before interferon induction by Sendai virus. The most potent compounds, n-butyrate, stimulated interferon production about 30-fold and has also been independelty described by others. All active compounds inhibited DNA synthesis in Namalwa cells and the extent of inhibition apparently paralleled the stimulatory potency of the respective compound. Induction of differentiation of Friend cells can be antagonised by various steroid hormones, which by themselves have no measurable effects on these cells. In contrast, we report here that glucocorticoid hormones inhibit DNA synthesis in Namalwa cells and augment Sendai virus-induced interferon synthesis.", "PMID": 514356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10572", "title": "Shear-induced concanavalin A agglutination of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The mechanism by which cell suspensions are agglutinated by plant lectins remains obscure. The agglutination of a particular cell line in the presence of a specific plant lectin probably depends on several factors including the number and valence of lectin molecules bound to the cell surface, the mobility of receptor molecules in the membrane, the surface morphology and charge and the metabolic state of the cell1-6. The assay system used to assess cell agglutination also seems to be important, since many laboratories studying the same agglutination reaction have reported dissimilar or contradictory results. To provide further information on the molecular mechanism of agglutination we have begun a systematic study on the aggregation of human red cells by the lectin concanavalin A (Con A). By using an adaptation of our previously described aggregation assay which provides a continuous measure of both the rate and degree of intercellular adhesion in the presence of controlled shear forces, we have found that the agglutination of erythrocytes by Con A can be resolved into three stages, two of which are observed only if the system is exposed to shear.", "contents": "Shear-induced concanavalin A agglutination of human erythrocytes. The mechanism by which cell suspensions are agglutinated by plant lectins remains obscure. The agglutination of a particular cell line in the presence of a specific plant lectin probably depends on several factors including the number and valence of lectin molecules bound to the cell surface, the mobility of receptor molecules in the membrane, the surface morphology and charge and the metabolic state of the cell1-6. The assay system used to assess cell agglutination also seems to be important, since many laboratories studying the same agglutination reaction have reported dissimilar or contradictory results. To provide further information on the molecular mechanism of agglutination we have begun a systematic study on the aggregation of human red cells by the lectin concanavalin A (Con A). By using an adaptation of our previously described aggregation assay which provides a continuous measure of both the rate and degree of intercellular adhesion in the presence of controlled shear forces, we have found that the agglutination of erythrocytes by Con A can be resolved into three stages, two of which are observed only if the system is exposed to shear.", "PMID": 514357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10573", "title": "Diethylcarbamazine enhances antibody-mediated cellular adherence to Brugia malayi microfilariae.", "content": "Treatment with the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC) results in a rapid decline in the number of microfilariae circulating in the blood of infected hosts. DEC induces morphological changes in the surface layers of microfilariae, but these alterations alone are probably insufficient to cause the death of the parasite, because the drug fails to reduce microfilaraemia in animals lacking filarial antibodies, and also does not shorten the survival of microfilariae in vitro. The effect of DEC in vivo is thought to result from the trapping of microfilariae in the liver, where they undergo lysis.", "contents": "Diethylcarbamazine enhances antibody-mediated cellular adherence to Brugia malayi microfilariae. Treatment with the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC) results in a rapid decline in the number of microfilariae circulating in the blood of infected hosts. DEC induces morphological changes in the surface layers of microfilariae, but these alterations alone are probably insufficient to cause the death of the parasite, because the drug fails to reduce microfilaraemia in animals lacking filarial antibodies, and also does not shorten the survival of microfilariae in vitro. The effect of DEC in vivo is thought to result from the trapping of microfilariae in the liver, where they undergo lysis.", "PMID": 514361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10574", "title": "Genomic rearrangements correlated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The capacity of African trypanosomes to express sequentially a large repertoire of different surface antigens during an infection enables the parasite to evade the immune response of its host, and makes attempts to produce a vaccine against the disease difficult. It is evident that point mutations cannot account for antigen diversity. Variable antigens like immunoglobulins are derived from an extensive family of genes of which only one is expressed in a given cell. As somatic tic recombination is involved in the immunoglobulin gene system, this similarity prompted us to search for somatic rearrangements in trypanosome variable antigen genes. We have constructed a recombinant plasmid containing approximately half the DNA sequence coding for a Trypanosoma brucei variable antigen and hybridised the inserted sequences to various restriction enzyme digests of nuclear DNA from different trypanosome clones. Differences in the sizes of restriction tion fragments hybridising to the inserted variable antigen coding sequence show altered positions of enzyme sites relative to this sequence, indicating different arrangements of DNA sequences around this gene in different trypanosome clones.", "contents": "Genomic rearrangements correlated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. The capacity of African trypanosomes to express sequentially a large repertoire of different surface antigens during an infection enables the parasite to evade the immune response of its host, and makes attempts to produce a vaccine against the disease difficult. It is evident that point mutations cannot account for antigen diversity. Variable antigens like immunoglobulins are derived from an extensive family of genes of which only one is expressed in a given cell. As somatic tic recombination is involved in the immunoglobulin gene system, this similarity prompted us to search for somatic rearrangements in trypanosome variable antigen genes. We have constructed a recombinant plasmid containing approximately half the DNA sequence coding for a Trypanosoma brucei variable antigen and hybridised the inserted sequences to various restriction enzyme digests of nuclear DNA from different trypanosome clones. Differences in the sizes of restriction tion fragments hybridising to the inserted variable antigen coding sequence show altered positions of enzyme sites relative to this sequence, indicating different arrangements of DNA sequences around this gene in different trypanosome clones.", "PMID": 514362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10575", "title": "Acetylcholine synthesis by mesencephalic neural crest cells in the process of migration in vivo.", "content": "Specific to the vertebrate embryo, the neural crest is a transitory structure whose constituent cells migrate extensively through the developing animal and ultimately give rise to many distinct cell types, including the components of the peripheral nervous system. The earliest clear indices of their differentiation have so far been detected only when cells from the crest have reached their destination. This is exemplified by the acquisition of the ability to synthesise and store catecholamines; absent from crest cells before and during their dorso-ventral migration, this ability appears concomitantly with their aggregation into the primary sympathetic ganglia. The chronology of cholinergic maturation, however, is less well defined. Appropriate biochemical markers are demonstrable as soon as parasympathetic or enteric ganglia are formed, but the lack of a suitable cytochemical method is a major obstacle to the identification of any cholinergic cells before then. Although acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is present in migrating neural crest, choline acetyltransferase (CAT), the enzyme catalysing acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, is a much more relevant correlate, and definitive evidence for cholinergic differentiation should include the demonstration of ACh-synthesising activity in intact cells or their extracts. We show here that neural crest, as soon as it begins migration, can synthesise ACh.", "contents": "Acetylcholine synthesis by mesencephalic neural crest cells in the process of migration in vivo. Specific to the vertebrate embryo, the neural crest is a transitory structure whose constituent cells migrate extensively through the developing animal and ultimately give rise to many distinct cell types, including the components of the peripheral nervous system. The earliest clear indices of their differentiation have so far been detected only when cells from the crest have reached their destination. This is exemplified by the acquisition of the ability to synthesise and store catecholamines; absent from crest cells before and during their dorso-ventral migration, this ability appears concomitantly with their aggregation into the primary sympathetic ganglia. The chronology of cholinergic maturation, however, is less well defined. Appropriate biochemical markers are demonstrable as soon as parasympathetic or enteric ganglia are formed, but the lack of a suitable cytochemical method is a major obstacle to the identification of any cholinergic cells before then. Although acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is present in migrating neural crest, choline acetyltransferase (CAT), the enzyme catalysing acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, is a much more relevant correlate, and definitive evidence for cholinergic differentiation should include the demonstration of ACh-synthesising activity in intact cells or their extracts. We show here that neural crest, as soon as it begins migration, can synthesise ACh.", "PMID": 514364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10576", "title": "Incorporation of inositol hexaphosphate into intact red blood cells. I. Fusion of effector-containing lipid vesicles with erythrocytes.", "content": "Fluid charged lipid vesicles loaded with an inositol hexaphosphate solution were used to transport this allosteric effector into human intact red blood cells. Rate and extent of uptake of the vesicles and of the effector by the red blood cells were measured as changes in the O2 half-saturation pressure and the 31P-NMR spectra of the intracellular inositol hexaphosphate-haemoglobin complex.", "contents": "Incorporation of inositol hexaphosphate into intact red blood cells. I. Fusion of effector-containing lipid vesicles with erythrocytes. Fluid charged lipid vesicles loaded with an inositol hexaphosphate solution were used to transport this allosteric effector into human intact red blood cells. Rate and extent of uptake of the vesicles and of the effector by the red blood cells were measured as changes in the O2 half-saturation pressure and the 31P-NMR spectra of the intracellular inositol hexaphosphate-haemoglobin complex.", "PMID": 514370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10577", "title": "Single ionic channels observed in tissue-cultured muscle.", "content": "The extracellular patch clamp technique developed by Neher et al. to record the responses of single channels in skeletal muscle has provided firm evidence for the two-state nature of the conductance event in nicotinic endplate channels. We report here the use of the extracellular patch technique to record single-channel responses from tissue-cultured chick skeletal muscle cells. The temperature dependence of channel conductance and gating kinetics shows no evidence of discontinuous behaviour between 17 and 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Single ionic channels observed in tissue-cultured muscle. The extracellular patch clamp technique developed by Neher et al. to record the responses of single channels in skeletal muscle has provided firm evidence for the two-state nature of the conductance event in nicotinic endplate channels. We report here the use of the extracellular patch technique to record single-channel responses from tissue-cultured chick skeletal muscle cells. The temperature dependence of channel conductance and gating kinetics shows no evidence of discontinuous behaviour between 17 and 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 514365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10578", "title": "Single postsynaptic channel currents in tissue cultured muscle.", "content": "Some of the most compelling evidence for the existence of ionic channels in cell membranes comes from direct recording of quantised current jumps generated by the opening and closing of individual channels. Single-channel jumps have been extensively studied for lipid bilayer membranes doped with various channel-forming additives. Recently agonist-induced single-channel currents were detected in denervated frog muscle by use of extracellular electrodes, which can isolate the current from a small area of membrane. The current jumps provide a means for the direct test of many of the inferences about ionic channels which have come from electrical noise analysis. In this report we present measurements of single-channel currents induced by the agonist carbamylcholine in tissue-cultured mammalian muscle. These measurements confirm the earlier noise studies on tissue culture preparations. Recordings of single-channel currents induced by the agonist, suberyldicholine, in avian muscle are presented by Nelson and Sachs.", "contents": "Single postsynaptic channel currents in tissue cultured muscle. Some of the most compelling evidence for the existence of ionic channels in cell membranes comes from direct recording of quantised current jumps generated by the opening and closing of individual channels. Single-channel jumps have been extensively studied for lipid bilayer membranes doped with various channel-forming additives. Recently agonist-induced single-channel currents were detected in denervated frog muscle by use of extracellular electrodes, which can isolate the current from a small area of membrane. The current jumps provide a means for the direct test of many of the inferences about ionic channels which have come from electrical noise analysis. In this report we present measurements of single-channel currents induced by the agonist carbamylcholine in tissue-cultured mammalian muscle. These measurements confirm the earlier noise studies on tissue culture preparations. Recordings of single-channel currents induced by the agonist, suberyldicholine, in avian muscle are presented by Nelson and Sachs.", "PMID": 514366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10579", "title": "X-ray crystallography of the binding of the bacterial cell wall trisaccharide NAM-NAG-NAM to lysozyme.", "content": "Hen egg white lysozyme was the first enzyme whose structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The proposed mechanism based on this structure involves the distortion of the saccharide residue (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid, NAM) in the natural substrate (an alternating beta (1 leads to 4) linked oligomer of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (NAG) and NAM residues) bound to site D in the binding cleft. The importance of substrate distortion has prompted numerous enzymatic, chemical, theoretical, and physical studies, but there is little direct crystallographic evidence on the conformation of a NAM residue bound at site D. We now present the X-ray structure of the non-hydrolysed trisaccharide NAM-NAG-NAM bound in subsites B, C, D. Our interpretation of the 2.5-A resolution difference map does not involve distortion of this residue in site D. Comparison with the structure of the delta-lactone derived from tetra N-acetylchitotetraose (NAG)3NAL) bound to lysozyme suggests we may be looking at a Michaelis complex.", "contents": "X-ray crystallography of the binding of the bacterial cell wall trisaccharide NAM-NAG-NAM to lysozyme. Hen egg white lysozyme was the first enzyme whose structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The proposed mechanism based on this structure involves the distortion of the saccharide residue (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid, NAM) in the natural substrate (an alternating beta (1 leads to 4) linked oligomer of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (NAG) and NAM residues) bound to site D in the binding cleft. The importance of substrate distortion has prompted numerous enzymatic, chemical, theoretical, and physical studies, but there is little direct crystallographic evidence on the conformation of a NAM residue bound at site D. We now present the X-ray structure of the non-hydrolysed trisaccharide NAM-NAG-NAM bound in subsites B, C, D. Our interpretation of the 2.5-A resolution difference map does not involve distortion of this residue in site D. Comparison with the structure of the delta-lactone derived from tetra N-acetylchitotetraose (NAG)3NAL) bound to lysozyme suggests we may be looking at a Michaelis complex.", "PMID": 514367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10580", "title": "Quasi-hexagonal molecular packing in collagen fibrils.", "content": "Collagen molecules in native 66.8 nm (D) periodic fibrils are widely believed to be assembled into discrete, rope-like substructures, or microfibrils. Several types of microfibril have been proposed (2, 4, 5, 7- and 8-stranded) mainly on the basis of information contained in the medium angle X-ray diffraction patterns of native tendon fibres. These patterns show a series of equatorial and near-equatorial Bragg reflections which indicate that the collagen molecules are arranged on a three-dimensional crystalline lattice. The 4-stranded, 5-stranded and 8-stranded microfibrils are D-periodic with approximate diameter 3.8 nm, and these and the 2-stranded model are supposed to be packed on a three-dimensional lattice whose basal unit cell, (approximately) perpendicular to the fibril axis, is tetragonal (or quasi-tetragonal)with side a, a square root 2 or 2a, where a is approximately 3.8 nm. In this paper we describe a re-interpretation of the X-ray data which leads to a new model for the crystalline regions of the fibril, based on quasi-hexagonal molecular packing without microfibrillar sub-structures, and hence having the character of a molecular crystal.", "contents": "Quasi-hexagonal molecular packing in collagen fibrils. Collagen molecules in native 66.8 nm (D) periodic fibrils are widely believed to be assembled into discrete, rope-like substructures, or microfibrils. Several types of microfibril have been proposed (2, 4, 5, 7- and 8-stranded) mainly on the basis of information contained in the medium angle X-ray diffraction patterns of native tendon fibres. These patterns show a series of equatorial and near-equatorial Bragg reflections which indicate that the collagen molecules are arranged on a three-dimensional crystalline lattice. The 4-stranded, 5-stranded and 8-stranded microfibrils are D-periodic with approximate diameter 3.8 nm, and these and the 2-stranded model are supposed to be packed on a three-dimensional lattice whose basal unit cell, (approximately) perpendicular to the fibril axis, is tetragonal (or quasi-tetragonal)with side a, a square root 2 or 2a, where a is approximately 3.8 nm. In this paper we describe a re-interpretation of the X-ray data which leads to a new model for the crystalline regions of the fibril, based on quasi-hexagonal molecular packing without microfibrillar sub-structures, and hence having the character of a molecular crystal.", "PMID": 514368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10581", "title": "X-ray diffraction from the side-by-side model of DNA.", "content": "An intriguing topological problem posed by the double-helical Watson-Crick model of DNA is that of unwinding the intertwined strands during replication. Several workers have recently proposed novel side-by-side (SBS) structures for DNA. In all these models the two strands are joined by complementary Watson-Crick base pairs and the antiparallel polynucleotide strands alternate between short segments of right- and left-handed helix, thus both reducing the amount of intertwining and alleviating the unwinding problem. We show here that there are unacceptable discrepancies between the observed diffraction pattern of B-DNA and that calculated for the original SBS structure. We also describe a simple modification of this model which resolves some of the more serious discrepancies. However, the agreement is still markedly inferior to that obtained for a Watson-Crick model of DNA.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction from the side-by-side model of DNA. An intriguing topological problem posed by the double-helical Watson-Crick model of DNA is that of unwinding the intertwined strands during replication. Several workers have recently proposed novel side-by-side (SBS) structures for DNA. In all these models the two strands are joined by complementary Watson-Crick base pairs and the antiparallel polynucleotide strands alternate between short segments of right- and left-handed helix, thus both reducing the amount of intertwining and alleviating the unwinding problem. We show here that there are unacceptable discrepancies between the observed diffraction pattern of B-DNA and that calculated for the original SBS structure. We also describe a simple modification of this model which resolves some of the more serious discrepancies. However, the agreement is still markedly inferior to that obtained for a Watson-Crick model of DNA.", "PMID": 514369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10582", "title": "[Receptive fields of the visual cortex--detectors or filters of spatial frequencies?].", "content": "Spatial frequency characteristics of the complex cortical visual receptive field were studied in curarized cats. It is shown that, besides the main maximum, they also have additional maxima and negative regions as predicted by the theory of piecewise Fourier-analysis. Comparison of responses of the complex receptive field to sinusoidal grating entering the field completely or incompletely together with the comparison of responses to sinusoidal and squarewave gratings shows the linear properties of the receptive field as a spatial frequency filter. The response of the complex receptive field increases with the number of periods constituting the sinusoidal grating. Several periods of optimal spatial frequency matched the size of the complex receptive field. In the columns of neurons, the receptive fields were found tuned to a broad band of spatial frequencies. The data confirm the hypothesis according to which the complex receptive fields are rather spatial frequency filters than detectors.", "contents": "[Receptive fields of the visual cortex--detectors or filters of spatial frequencies?]. Spatial frequency characteristics of the complex cortical visual receptive field were studied in curarized cats. It is shown that, besides the main maximum, they also have additional maxima and negative regions as predicted by the theory of piecewise Fourier-analysis. Comparison of responses of the complex receptive field to sinusoidal grating entering the field completely or incompletely together with the comparison of responses to sinusoidal and squarewave gratings shows the linear properties of the receptive field as a spatial frequency filter. The response of the complex receptive field increases with the number of periods constituting the sinusoidal grating. Several periods of optimal spatial frequency matched the size of the complex receptive field. In the columns of neurons, the receptive fields were found tuned to a broad band of spatial frequencies. The data confirm the hypothesis according to which the complex receptive fields are rather spatial frequency filters than detectors.", "PMID": 514404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10583", "title": "[Habituation in the cortical division of the visceral analyzer].", "content": "Reactions of neurons without background activity (\"silent\" neurons) on long-lasting stimulation of mesenteric nerves were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose 65-70 mg/kg) and paralyzed with flaxedile. It is shown that the \"silent\" neurons of the parietal and first projections areas are characterized by habituation during long-lasting stimulation of visceral nerves. Habituation developed faster in the parietal cortex and in the focus of maximal activity of the first somatosensory areas as compared to the second somatosensory area. The particularities of neuronal habituation in the cortex on visceral stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "[Habituation in the cortical division of the visceral analyzer]. Reactions of neurons without background activity (\"silent\" neurons) on long-lasting stimulation of mesenteric nerves were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose 65-70 mg/kg) and paralyzed with flaxedile. It is shown that the \"silent\" neurons of the parietal and first projections areas are characterized by habituation during long-lasting stimulation of visceral nerves. Habituation developed faster in the parietal cortex and in the focus of maximal activity of the first somatosensory areas as compared to the second somatosensory area. The particularities of neuronal habituation in the cortex on visceral stimulation are discussed.", "PMID": 514405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10584", "title": "[Horseradish peroxidase labelled neurons of nonspecific thalamic nuclei projecting to the cat brain somatosensory zone I].", "content": "The morphology and topography of neurons whose axons form the thalamic nonspecific input to the primary somatosensory cortex were studied in the cat thalamus by the method of the retrograde transport of the horseradish peroxidase. The labelled cells were found in the dorsolateral part of the nucleus ventralis anterior, in the nucleus centralis lateralis, in the lateral part of the nucleus dorsalis medialis, in the dorsal part of the nucleus centrum medianum. A very small number of slightly stained cells were found in the nucleus paracentralis. The variety of the shape, size and intensity of labelling of the HRP-positive cells was observed in each thalamic structure. The results of the experiments indicate that not only the ventrobasal complex but also the nonspecific thalamic nuclei are projected to the primary somatosensory cortex. These data demonstrate the existence of multiple afferent thalamic inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex.", "contents": "[Horseradish peroxidase labelled neurons of nonspecific thalamic nuclei projecting to the cat brain somatosensory zone I]. The morphology and topography of neurons whose axons form the thalamic nonspecific input to the primary somatosensory cortex were studied in the cat thalamus by the method of the retrograde transport of the horseradish peroxidase. The labelled cells were found in the dorsolateral part of the nucleus ventralis anterior, in the nucleus centralis lateralis, in the lateral part of the nucleus dorsalis medialis, in the dorsal part of the nucleus centrum medianum. A very small number of slightly stained cells were found in the nucleus paracentralis. The variety of the shape, size and intensity of labelling of the HRP-positive cells was observed in each thalamic structure. The results of the experiments indicate that not only the ventrobasal complex but also the nonspecific thalamic nuclei are projected to the primary somatosensory cortex. These data demonstrate the existence of multiple afferent thalamic inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex.", "PMID": 514406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10585", "title": "[Configuration of the electrical field of an evoked potential in in the superiod colliculus of the rabbit brain upon punctiform afferent stimulation].", "content": "Evoked potentials were studied in the rabbit superior colliculus to punctiform light stimulation of the receptive field. The evoked potentials were of negative polarity and did not show potential reversion. The depths of recordings were from 0.1 to 1 mM. The 4-6 degrees shift of the punctiform stimulus from the optimal position led to the disappearance of the evoked potential. If large (more than 5-6 degrees) or diffuse stimuli were used the evoked potentials reversed from surface-negative to deep-positive at a depth of 0.3-0.4 mM. It is suggested that the evoked potential to punctiform stimuli indicate more precisely the location of afferent synapses.", "contents": "[Configuration of the electrical field of an evoked potential in in the superiod colliculus of the rabbit brain upon punctiform afferent stimulation]. Evoked potentials were studied in the rabbit superior colliculus to punctiform light stimulation of the receptive field. The evoked potentials were of negative polarity and did not show potential reversion. The depths of recordings were from 0.1 to 1 mM. The 4-6 degrees shift of the punctiform stimulus from the optimal position led to the disappearance of the evoked potential. If large (more than 5-6 degrees) or diffuse stimuli were used the evoked potentials reversed from surface-negative to deep-positive at a depth of 0.3-0.4 mM. It is suggested that the evoked potential to punctiform stimuli indicate more precisely the location of afferent synapses.", "PMID": 514407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10586", "title": "[Laminar distribution of sources of ascending spinocerebral fiber systems in the spinal cord of cats].", "content": "Cells of origin of the spinobular, spinomesencephalic and spinothalamic tracts in the cat brain were identified by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport technique. A conclusion is made that neurons in laminae IV and V give rise to ascending fibres to the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei and neurons in the lateral parts of laminae V and VI and in lamina VIII establish direct connections with the contralateral thalamus (CM, MD, CL) and reticular formation of the brain stem. Throughout the spinal cord the labelled neurons were present in the intermediate zone of both sides.", "contents": "[Laminar distribution of sources of ascending spinocerebral fiber systems in the spinal cord of cats]. Cells of origin of the spinobular, spinomesencephalic and spinothalamic tracts in the cat brain were identified by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport technique. A conclusion is made that neurons in laminae IV and V give rise to ascending fibres to the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei and neurons in the lateral parts of laminae V and VI and in lamina VIII establish direct connections with the contralateral thalamus (CM, MD, CL) and reticular formation of the brain stem. Throughout the spinal cord the labelled neurons were present in the intermediate zone of both sides.", "PMID": 514408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10587", "title": "[Effect of the alkaloid lappaconitine on ion currents through the somatic membrane of Helix pomatia neurons].", "content": "The effect of alkoloid lappaconitine on ionic currents through the somatic membrane of identified neurons of the mollusc Helix pomatia was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. It is shown that 4 mM lappaconitine causes a reversible blocking action on the calcium channels. Concentration exceeding 4 mM causes irreversible changes. Lappaconitine had either an insignificant or no effect on sodium currents.", "contents": "[Effect of the alkaloid lappaconitine on ion currents through the somatic membrane of Helix pomatia neurons]. The effect of alkoloid lappaconitine on ionic currents through the somatic membrane of identified neurons of the mollusc Helix pomatia was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. It is shown that 4 mM lappaconitine causes a reversible blocking action on the calcium channels. Concentration exceeding 4 mM causes irreversible changes. Lappaconitine had either an insignificant or no effect on sodium currents.", "PMID": 514409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10588", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of the properties of the cholinoreceptors of frog sympathetic ganglion neurons].", "content": "The effect of the perfusion with cholinomimetics and cholinolytics on the membrane potential and membrane conduction of the isolated frog sympathetic ganglion neurons was studied using the intracellular microelectrodes. The activation of nicotinic cholinoreceptors with carbachol, suberildicholine and tetramethylammonium evoked depolarization with an increase in membrane conduction. The activation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol and 5-methylfurmethide evoked depolarization accompanied with a decrease or less frequently with an increase in the membrane conduction. It is found that atropine caused no changes in the membrane electric parameters when used as the perfused first drug, but it caused a short-lasting depolarization with the membrane conduction increase when used after carbachol.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of the properties of the cholinoreceptors of frog sympathetic ganglion neurons]. The effect of the perfusion with cholinomimetics and cholinolytics on the membrane potential and membrane conduction of the isolated frog sympathetic ganglion neurons was studied using the intracellular microelectrodes. The activation of nicotinic cholinoreceptors with carbachol, suberildicholine and tetramethylammonium evoked depolarization with an increase in membrane conduction. The activation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol and 5-methylfurmethide evoked depolarization accompanied with a decrease or less frequently with an increase in the membrane conduction. It is found that atropine caused no changes in the membrane electric parameters when used as the perfused first drug, but it caused a short-lasting depolarization with the membrane conduction increase when used after carbachol.", "PMID": 514410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10589", "title": "[Polarization and spectral sensitivity of individual house cricket photoreceptors].", "content": "Polarization and spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptors of a house-cricket were measured. Morphologically, the cricket rhabdom is a symmetric model in which the polarization sensitivity of a single photoreceptor is equal to the dichroic ratio of a single microvillus. The spectral sensitivity curves of all the photoreceptors measured (24 cells) appeared to be similar and showed the main peak of sensitivity at 500 nm and the secondary peak at 360 nm--the situation reminding properties of vertebrate rhodopsin. The polarization sensitivity measured was equal to 2.28 +/- 0.85 (mean for 70 cells +/- standard deviation). This value is in favour of small preferential orientation of the dipole moments of the pigment molecules along the microvillar axes.", "contents": "[Polarization and spectral sensitivity of individual house cricket photoreceptors]. Polarization and spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptors of a house-cricket were measured. Morphologically, the cricket rhabdom is a symmetric model in which the polarization sensitivity of a single photoreceptor is equal to the dichroic ratio of a single microvillus. The spectral sensitivity curves of all the photoreceptors measured (24 cells) appeared to be similar and showed the main peak of sensitivity at 500 nm and the secondary peak at 360 nm--the situation reminding properties of vertebrate rhodopsin. The polarization sensitivity measured was equal to 2.28 +/- 0.85 (mean for 70 cells +/- standard deviation). This value is in favour of small preferential orientation of the dipole moments of the pigment molecules along the microvillar axes.", "PMID": 514411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10590", "title": "[Frequency potentiation in newborn rabbit hippocampus].", "content": "Ontogenetic development of the frequency potentiation in the entorhinal afferent input of the hippocampus was studied on unanesthetized rabbits 1--15 days after birth. In the fields CA1 and CA3 of the new-born rabbits rhythmical electrical stimulation (1--20 Hz) of the perforant path led to a 20--100% increase in the amplitude of local potentials as compared to the control value and to an increase in the probability of the mass discharge response from 0--0.5 (in control) to 0.8--1.0 (during tetanization). In 1--3-day-old rabbits the potentiation was especially pronounced at frequencies of 4--6 Hz. The frequency optimum of 4--15 Hz appeared on the fifth day after birth. The frequency potentiation of the mass discharge was observed on the 8th--10th day of life. The results show that the frequency potentiation in the cortical afferent connections of the hippocampus can be recorded already in new-born rabbits and achieved the mature pattern at the beginning of the second week of the postnatal life.", "contents": "[Frequency potentiation in newborn rabbit hippocampus]. Ontogenetic development of the frequency potentiation in the entorhinal afferent input of the hippocampus was studied on unanesthetized rabbits 1--15 days after birth. In the fields CA1 and CA3 of the new-born rabbits rhythmical electrical stimulation (1--20 Hz) of the perforant path led to a 20--100% increase in the amplitude of local potentials as compared to the control value and to an increase in the probability of the mass discharge response from 0--0.5 (in control) to 0.8--1.0 (during tetanization). In 1--3-day-old rabbits the potentiation was especially pronounced at frequencies of 4--6 Hz. The frequency optimum of 4--15 Hz appeared on the fifth day after birth. The frequency potentiation of the mass discharge was observed on the 8th--10th day of life. The results show that the frequency potentiation in the cortical afferent connections of the hippocampus can be recorded already in new-born rabbits and achieved the mature pattern at the beginning of the second week of the postnatal life.", "PMID": 514412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10591", "title": "[Squirrel visual cortex neurons selective for contour orientation].", "content": "The receptive field organization of orientation-selective neurons was studied in the squirrel visual cortex. Neurons with mutual inhibiting on- and off-areas of the receptive field, partially and completely overlapping excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms were observed. Neurons of the second group are the most typical. They reveal orientation selectivity if the stimuli are in the excitatory area of the receptive field, the inhibitory areas outside the excitatory area sharpen the selectivity. It is supposed that no obvious differentiation between simple and complex neurons exist in the squirrel visual cortex.", "contents": "[Squirrel visual cortex neurons selective for contour orientation]. The receptive field organization of orientation-selective neurons was studied in the squirrel visual cortex. Neurons with mutual inhibiting on- and off-areas of the receptive field, partially and completely overlapping excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms were observed. Neurons of the second group are the most typical. They reveal orientation selectivity if the stimuli are in the excitatory area of the receptive field, the inhibitory areas outside the excitatory area sharpen the selectivity. It is supposed that no obvious differentiation between simple and complex neurons exist in the squirrel visual cortex.", "PMID": 514413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10592", "title": "[Hypothalamic influences on the activity of superior colliculus neurons in cats].", "content": "Experimens on immobilized unanesthetized cats showed that hypothalamic stimulation effectively modifies background and evoked activity of superior colliculus neurons. Some differences in the nature of influences from different hypothalamic areas were revealed. Stimulation of the AHA and HL often caused depression of the background impulsation with initial inhibition, especially during stimulation of HL. Cyclic modulation of background activity was also revealed. The influence of these structures on the activity evoked by light was mostly of modulating character. Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus produced both inhibitory and excitatory effects on the activity of tectal neurons with a tendency to an increased rate of the latter when using repetitive stimulation.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic influences on the activity of superior colliculus neurons in cats]. Experimens on immobilized unanesthetized cats showed that hypothalamic stimulation effectively modifies background and evoked activity of superior colliculus neurons. Some differences in the nature of influences from different hypothalamic areas were revealed. Stimulation of the AHA and HL often caused depression of the background impulsation with initial inhibition, especially during stimulation of HL. Cyclic modulation of background activity was also revealed. The influence of these structures on the activity evoked by light was mostly of modulating character. Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus produced both inhibitory and excitatory effects on the activity of tectal neurons with a tendency to an increased rate of the latter when using repetitive stimulation.", "PMID": 514414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10593", "title": "[Depolarization of the terminals of different groups of afferent fibers of the lumbar region of the spinal cord during fictive scratching].", "content": "Kinetics of lumbar primary afferent depolarization was investigated during fictitious scratching of decerebrated and decapitated cats. Fictitious scratching was accompanied by tonic and phasic primary afferent depolarization. Periodic depolarization of primary afferents was synphasic in different segments of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Tonic depolarization was observed in the terminals of all the investigated groups of fibres (low-threshold cutaneous and of groups 1a and 1b). Phasic changes took place in terminals of low-threshold cutaneous fibres and fibres of group 1b. Physiological significance of modulation of primary afferent depolarization by the spinal scratching generator is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.", "contents": "[Depolarization of the terminals of different groups of afferent fibers of the lumbar region of the spinal cord during fictive scratching]. Kinetics of lumbar primary afferent depolarization was investigated during fictitious scratching of decerebrated and decapitated cats. Fictitious scratching was accompanied by tonic and phasic primary afferent depolarization. Periodic depolarization of primary afferents was synphasic in different segments of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Tonic depolarization was observed in the terminals of all the investigated groups of fibres (low-threshold cutaneous and of groups 1a and 1b). Phasic changes took place in terminals of low-threshold cutaneous fibres and fibres of group 1b. Physiological significance of modulation of primary afferent depolarization by the spinal scratching generator is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.", "PMID": 514415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10594", "title": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine on the dopaminergic system of rat brain].", "content": "Using a quantitative fluorescence-histochemical analysis the dynamics of changes of the dopamine level in dopaminergic neurons of the nigro-neostriatal and mesolimbic systems of the rat brain was studied during an hour after intraperitoneal injection of beta-phenylethylamine (100 mg/kg). The temporary increase in the dopamine level in the terminals coincided with a sharp decrease in the dopamine level in the neuron bodies, and conversely, the depletion of dopamine in the terminals after 30 min was accompanied by an increase in the dopamine level in the neuron bodies. The obtained results enable a suggestion that the increase in locomotor activity of animals after injection of beta-phenylethylamine described in the literature is due to the effect of phenylethylamine on catecholaminergic brain systems, the dopaminergic systems in particular.", "contents": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine on the dopaminergic system of rat brain]. Using a quantitative fluorescence-histochemical analysis the dynamics of changes of the dopamine level in dopaminergic neurons of the nigro-neostriatal and mesolimbic systems of the rat brain was studied during an hour after intraperitoneal injection of beta-phenylethylamine (100 mg/kg). The temporary increase in the dopamine level in the terminals coincided with a sharp decrease in the dopamine level in the neuron bodies, and conversely, the depletion of dopamine in the terminals after 30 min was accompanied by an increase in the dopamine level in the neuron bodies. The obtained results enable a suggestion that the increase in locomotor activity of animals after injection of beta-phenylethylamine described in the literature is due to the effect of phenylethylamine on catecholaminergic brain systems, the dopaminergic systems in particular.", "PMID": 514416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10595", "title": "[Possibility of using an analgesic (fentanyl) for electrophysiologic studies of the cerebellar cortex].", "content": "The effect of the central analgetic, fentanyl, on evoked potentials and Purkinje cells discharges in the cerbellar cortex to stimulation either the cerebral cortex or somatic nerves were studied in nonanaesthetized cats. It was found that the analgetic dose fentanyl (10-30 microgram/kg) did not affect the evoked potentials. The fentanyl dose of 30 microgram/kg suppressed the resting discharges and responses of Purkinje cells while the dose of 10 microgram/kg facilitated them. However these effects were substantially weaker as compared with those of nembutal. Therefore fentanyl can be used for analgesia during electrophysiological study of the cerebellar cortex in nonanaesthetized cats.", "contents": "[Possibility of using an analgesic (fentanyl) for electrophysiologic studies of the cerebellar cortex]. The effect of the central analgetic, fentanyl, on evoked potentials and Purkinje cells discharges in the cerbellar cortex to stimulation either the cerebral cortex or somatic nerves were studied in nonanaesthetized cats. It was found that the analgetic dose fentanyl (10-30 microgram/kg) did not affect the evoked potentials. The fentanyl dose of 30 microgram/kg suppressed the resting discharges and responses of Purkinje cells while the dose of 10 microgram/kg facilitated them. However these effects were substantially weaker as compared with those of nembutal. Therefore fentanyl can be used for analgesia during electrophysiological study of the cerebellar cortex in nonanaesthetized cats.", "PMID": 514417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10596", "title": "[Disulfide bonds in the cholinoreceptors of frog sympathetic ganglion neurons].", "content": "The effect of dithiotreitol (disulfide bonds reducing agent) and potassium ferricyanide (oxidative agent) on the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors of frog's sympathetic ganglion neurons were studied using intracellular electrodes. Dithiotreitol inhibited the responses evoked by carbachol, suberildicholine and 5-methylfurmethide. Ferricyanide if applied after dithiotreitol increased the inhibited responses to suberildicholine and decreased those to 5-methylfurmethide. Using protectors it was shown that both acetylcholine and tetramethylammonium protected nicotinic and muscarinic receptors from the action of dithiotreitol, the acetylcholine was more effective than tetramethylammonium in the case of nicotinic receptor. It was suggested that there are disulfide bonds in the active centres of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors located in the anionic centres as well as outside of those centres.", "contents": "[Disulfide bonds in the cholinoreceptors of frog sympathetic ganglion neurons]. The effect of dithiotreitol (disulfide bonds reducing agent) and potassium ferricyanide (oxidative agent) on the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors of frog's sympathetic ganglion neurons were studied using intracellular electrodes. Dithiotreitol inhibited the responses evoked by carbachol, suberildicholine and 5-methylfurmethide. Ferricyanide if applied after dithiotreitol increased the inhibited responses to suberildicholine and decreased those to 5-methylfurmethide. Using protectors it was shown that both acetylcholine and tetramethylammonium protected nicotinic and muscarinic receptors from the action of dithiotreitol, the acetylcholine was more effective than tetramethylammonium in the case of nicotinic receptor. It was suggested that there are disulfide bonds in the active centres of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors located in the anionic centres as well as outside of those centres.", "PMID": 514418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10597", "title": "[Activity of cerebellar fastigial nucleus neurons during the fictive scratching reflex in cats].", "content": "The activity of neurons in the rostral part of the fastigial nucleus was recorded during fictious scratch reflex (FSR) in immobilized cats. During FSR the discharge frequency of many fastigial neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation to the scratch cycle: most of them fired in bursts at the end of the flexor phase or at the extensor phase of the cycle. The firing pattern of fastigial neurons was similar during both ipsilateral and contralateral FSR. Therefore the fastigial nuclei exert bilateral influences on the brain stem structures during one-sided motor activity.", "contents": "[Activity of cerebellar fastigial nucleus neurons during the fictive scratching reflex in cats]. The activity of neurons in the rostral part of the fastigial nucleus was recorded during fictious scratch reflex (FSR) in immobilized cats. During FSR the discharge frequency of many fastigial neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation to the scratch cycle: most of them fired in bursts at the end of the flexor phase or at the extensor phase of the cycle. The firing pattern of fastigial neurons was similar during both ipsilateral and contralateral FSR. Therefore the fastigial nuclei exert bilateral influences on the brain stem structures during one-sided motor activity.", "PMID": 514420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10598", "title": "Partial reversal of the defect in intestinal calcium absorption during the course of regular hemodialysis.", "content": "The coefficient of true intestinal calcium absorption (a value) was measured by a double radioisotope technique in 24 patients treated by regular hemodialysis for 2--46 months. The mean a value of these patients was significantly below normal (p less than 0.001). 18 of them were studied a second time after an interval of 12 months. Values at 12 months were higher than the corresponding initial values (p less than 0.001). There was a trend to higher a values in the patients treated for longer periods of time. It is concluded that the defect in calcium absorption tends to reverse during the course of regular hemodialysis.", "contents": "Partial reversal of the defect in intestinal calcium absorption during the course of regular hemodialysis. The coefficient of true intestinal calcium absorption (a value) was measured by a double radioisotope technique in 24 patients treated by regular hemodialysis for 2--46 months. The mean a value of these patients was significantly below normal (p less than 0.001). 18 of them were studied a second time after an interval of 12 months. Values at 12 months were higher than the corresponding initial values (p less than 0.001). There was a trend to higher a values in the patients treated for longer periods of time. It is concluded that the defect in calcium absorption tends to reverse during the course of regular hemodialysis.", "PMID": 514423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10599", "title": "Intravenous pyelography in nonuremic diabetic patients.", "content": "We studied the influence of intravenous pyelography (IVP) in 40 diabetic patients with a serum creatinine level of less than 2 mg/100 ml. None of the patients experienced irreversible renal function changes but 4 patients had an early significant rise in creatinine levels (greater than 0.2 mg/100 ml). In 3 of these it was only mild, but 1 patient sustained reversible serious damage with a creatinine rising from 1.6 to 3.8 mg/100 ml. 3 of these 4 patients had evidence of renal disease with mild creatinine elevations or proteinuria. Thus, IVP is a relatively safe procedure in nonuremic diabetic patients. This is different from IVP in diabetic patients who have creatinines over 2 mg/100 ml where 76% of the patients have serious acute renal failure and this is irreversible in one-third.", "contents": "Intravenous pyelography in nonuremic diabetic patients. We studied the influence of intravenous pyelography (IVP) in 40 diabetic patients with a serum creatinine level of less than 2 mg/100 ml. None of the patients experienced irreversible renal function changes but 4 patients had an early significant rise in creatinine levels (greater than 0.2 mg/100 ml). In 3 of these it was only mild, but 1 patient sustained reversible serious damage with a creatinine rising from 1.6 to 3.8 mg/100 ml. 3 of these 4 patients had evidence of renal disease with mild creatinine elevations or proteinuria. Thus, IVP is a relatively safe procedure in nonuremic diabetic patients. This is different from IVP in diabetic patients who have creatinines over 2 mg/100 ml where 76% of the patients have serious acute renal failure and this is irreversible in one-third.", "PMID": 514424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10600", "title": "Peritoneal transport of vancomycin during peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "The peritoneal transport of vancomycin during peritoneal dialysis was studied in 11 uremic patients following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of vancomycin. The half-life of vancomycin was about 18 h and the clearance of vancomycin 6.1 ml/min (range 4.2--9.8) during the period of dialysis. Following intraperitoneal administration of vancomycin 50 micrograms/ml of dialysate, serum concentrations from 5.1 to 21.5 micrograms/ml were obtained and 35% of the instilled amount of vancomycin was absorbed during 15 h of dialysis. The peritoneal transport of vancomycin indicates that the dosage should be increased during peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may be treated by peritoneal dialysis with vancomycin added to the dialysate.", "contents": "Peritoneal transport of vancomycin during peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneal transport of vancomycin during peritoneal dialysis was studied in 11 uremic patients following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of vancomycin. The half-life of vancomycin was about 18 h and the clearance of vancomycin 6.1 ml/min (range 4.2--9.8) during the period of dialysis. Following intraperitoneal administration of vancomycin 50 micrograms/ml of dialysate, serum concentrations from 5.1 to 21.5 micrograms/ml were obtained and 35% of the instilled amount of vancomycin was absorbed during 15 h of dialysis. The peritoneal transport of vancomycin indicates that the dosage should be increased during peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may be treated by peritoneal dialysis with vancomycin added to the dialysate.", "PMID": 514426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10601", "title": "Glucose-enriched dialysate and tolerance to maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "10 patients entered a controlled 4-week study to evaluate the effect of a glucose-enriched dialysate (400 mg/100 ml) on hemodialysis tolerance. Headache during and after dialysis and post-dialysis fatigue decreased in a statistically significant manner. The average glycemia was only moderately increased with an adequate insulin response. Blood cholesterol and triglycerides did not vary signifcantly during this short study period.", "contents": "Glucose-enriched dialysate and tolerance to maintenance hemodialysis. 10 patients entered a controlled 4-week study to evaluate the effect of a glucose-enriched dialysate (400 mg/100 ml) on hemodialysis tolerance. Headache during and after dialysis and post-dialysis fatigue decreased in a statistically significant manner. The average glycemia was only moderately increased with an adequate insulin response. Blood cholesterol and triglycerides did not vary signifcantly during this short study period.", "PMID": 514425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10602", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on renal function and plasma renin activity in dogs with chronic renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity (PRA) and renal function was examined in conscious dogs with chronic renovascular hypertension before or after volume expansion. PRA did not change following the infusion of indomethacin: PRA was 5.18 +/- 1.46 ng/ml/h during control periods and was 5.01 +/- 0.95 ng/ml/h (p greater than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 121.6 +/- 7.4 mm Hg during control periods and was 122.0 +/- 4.6 mm Hg (p greater than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. Infusion of indomethacin into these dogs undergoing diuresis did not change inulin or p-aminohippuric acid clearance. Sodium excretion (UNaV) showed slight but not signifcant decreases with the infusion of indomethacin. UNaV was 109.3 +/- 25.7 muEq/min during control periods and was 69.6 +/- 21.0 muEq/min (0.05 less than p less than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. The results suggest that renin release, sodium excretion, and blood pressure in the dog with chronic renovascular hypertension in uninfluenced by indomethacin.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on renal function and plasma renin activity in dogs with chronic renovascular hypertension. The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity (PRA) and renal function was examined in conscious dogs with chronic renovascular hypertension before or after volume expansion. PRA did not change following the infusion of indomethacin: PRA was 5.18 +/- 1.46 ng/ml/h during control periods and was 5.01 +/- 0.95 ng/ml/h (p greater than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 121.6 +/- 7.4 mm Hg during control periods and was 122.0 +/- 4.6 mm Hg (p greater than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. Infusion of indomethacin into these dogs undergoing diuresis did not change inulin or p-aminohippuric acid clearance. Sodium excretion (UNaV) showed slight but not signifcant decreases with the infusion of indomethacin. UNaV was 109.3 +/- 25.7 muEq/min during control periods and was 69.6 +/- 21.0 muEq/min (0.05 less than p less than 0.1) after 80 min of infusion of indomethacin. The results suggest that renin release, sodium excretion, and blood pressure in the dog with chronic renovascular hypertension in uninfluenced by indomethacin.", "PMID": 514427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10603", "title": "Intrarenal prostaglandins: effect of sodium and indomethacin on PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in rabbits.", "content": "The levels of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha in different parts of the rabbit kidney were determined to observe the effect of sodium and indomethacin. After the pretreatment with injections of saline or with indomethacin, tissues from inner and outer medulla and cortex were separated, extracted, analyzed for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha by radioimmunoassay. In the normal rabbit kidney, the greatest amount of PG was found in the inner medulla. Saline injections appeared to increase PGE2 (but not PGF2 alpha), especially in the inner medulla. Repeated injections of saline, on the other hand, markedly reduced PGE2 in the inner medulla but increased outer medullary PGE2. Indomethacin reduced the production of PGs in all kidney segments. These results suggest the bidirectional effect of sodium on PG concentration in the rabbit kidney. Acute administration of sodium may directly stimulate the synthesis of PGE2 in the inner medulla but chronic stimulation with sodium may alter the pattern of PGE2 synthesis.", "contents": "Intrarenal prostaglandins: effect of sodium and indomethacin on PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in rabbits. The levels of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha in different parts of the rabbit kidney were determined to observe the effect of sodium and indomethacin. After the pretreatment with injections of saline or with indomethacin, tissues from inner and outer medulla and cortex were separated, extracted, analyzed for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha by radioimmunoassay. In the normal rabbit kidney, the greatest amount of PG was found in the inner medulla. Saline injections appeared to increase PGE2 (but not PGF2 alpha), especially in the inner medulla. Repeated injections of saline, on the other hand, markedly reduced PGE2 in the inner medulla but increased outer medullary PGE2. Indomethacin reduced the production of PGs in all kidney segments. These results suggest the bidirectional effect of sodium on PG concentration in the rabbit kidney. Acute administration of sodium may directly stimulate the synthesis of PGE2 in the inner medulla but chronic stimulation with sodium may alter the pattern of PGE2 synthesis.", "PMID": 514428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10604", "title": "Behavior of amikacin in renal parenchyma of normal rats and of rats with acute obstructive renal insufficiency.", "content": "Aminoglycosides show a remarkable tendency to accumulate and persist in the renal parenchyma. In order to study the kinetics of this phenomenon for amikacin, rats received 25 mg/kg of this antibiotic i. p. and were sacrificed in groups of 6 up to 15 days after the injection. At 6 h, while the other organs and the serum were almost completely freed of amikacin, concentrations in the renal cortex reached 156 +/- 21 micrograms/g, or 6 times the peak serum level (instead of 20 times the peak serum level for gentamicin or sisomicin, a difference which is reduced by the fact that amikacin is given in higher dosage). They then decreased very slowly, according to a half-life of 122 h. Although it decreases glomerular filtration, ligation of ureters 20 h before the injection quadrupled the concentration in the cortex. These data explain the characteristics of the nephrotoxicity of amikacin and the increased toxic risk in acute obstructive renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Behavior of amikacin in renal parenchyma of normal rats and of rats with acute obstructive renal insufficiency. Aminoglycosides show a remarkable tendency to accumulate and persist in the renal parenchyma. In order to study the kinetics of this phenomenon for amikacin, rats received 25 mg/kg of this antibiotic i. p. and were sacrificed in groups of 6 up to 15 days after the injection. At 6 h, while the other organs and the serum were almost completely freed of amikacin, concentrations in the renal cortex reached 156 +/- 21 micrograms/g, or 6 times the peak serum level (instead of 20 times the peak serum level for gentamicin or sisomicin, a difference which is reduced by the fact that amikacin is given in higher dosage). They then decreased very slowly, according to a half-life of 122 h. Although it decreases glomerular filtration, ligation of ureters 20 h before the injection quadrupled the concentration in the cortex. These data explain the characteristics of the nephrotoxicity of amikacin and the increased toxic risk in acute obstructive renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 514429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10605", "title": "Mitochondrial granulation in the proximal renal tubule in uremia.", "content": "Mitochondria contain electron-dense particles, partly composed of an amorphous form of calcium phosphate. We have used electron microscopy from percutaneous renal biopsy material to analyze mitochondrial granulation in the proximal renal tubule of nonuremic and uremic children. Based on a technique of cutting mitochondria from ten electron micrographs per biopsy, counting the granules in each mitochondrion and weighing the paper, we found that mitochondria of nonuremic children averaged 23.7 +/- 1.2 granules/g paper while uremic children had only 11.8 +/- 1.1 granules/g. The number of granules per gram was unrelated to the serum calcium phosphate solubility product. A significant decrease in calcium granulation in uremia can also be produced experimentally in rats. Control rats averaged 14.7 +/- 1.5 granules/g, while rats made uremic by partial nephrectomy had 6.0 +/- 0.7 granules/g. Treatment of uremic rats with a pharmacological dose of vitamin D restored granulation to normal within 24 h. The significant decrease in calcium phosphate granulation in the renal proximal tubule in uremic children and in experimental animals is probably related to the documented loss of 1 alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D in uremia.", "contents": "Mitochondrial granulation in the proximal renal tubule in uremia. Mitochondria contain electron-dense particles, partly composed of an amorphous form of calcium phosphate. We have used electron microscopy from percutaneous renal biopsy material to analyze mitochondrial granulation in the proximal renal tubule of nonuremic and uremic children. Based on a technique of cutting mitochondria from ten electron micrographs per biopsy, counting the granules in each mitochondrion and weighing the paper, we found that mitochondria of nonuremic children averaged 23.7 +/- 1.2 granules/g paper while uremic children had only 11.8 +/- 1.1 granules/g. The number of granules per gram was unrelated to the serum calcium phosphate solubility product. A significant decrease in calcium granulation in uremia can also be produced experimentally in rats. Control rats averaged 14.7 +/- 1.5 granules/g, while rats made uremic by partial nephrectomy had 6.0 +/- 0.7 granules/g. Treatment of uremic rats with a pharmacological dose of vitamin D restored granulation to normal within 24 h. The significant decrease in calcium phosphate granulation in the renal proximal tubule in uremic children and in experimental animals is probably related to the documented loss of 1 alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D in uremia.", "PMID": 514430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10606", "title": "Clinical analysis of arachnoid cysts in the middle fossa.", "content": "This paper describes the clinical picture and radiological findings of 12 cases of \"idiopathic\" arachnoid cyst in the middle fossa which the authors have encountered during the past 12 years. Their results are as follows. 1) The age of the patient in 10 out of 12 cases was under 15 years of age, and 8 cases were males. The site of the cyst was on the left side in 9 cases. 2) On plain skull radiography, thinning and bulging of the temporal bone by the lesion, elevation of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, and forward projection of the greater wing of the sphenoid were observed in all cases. 3) On cerebral angiography, a characteristic elevation of the middle cerebral artery and hypoplasia of its insular and opercular portion were observed; and in the venous phase, a defect of the middle cerebral vein, backward deviation of the vein of Labb\u00e9, and elevation of the vein of Rosenthal were seen. 4) On Metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography, there were two types, one which communicated and the other which did not communicate with the adjacent subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Clinical analysis of arachnoid cysts in the middle fossa. This paper describes the clinical picture and radiological findings of 12 cases of \"idiopathic\" arachnoid cyst in the middle fossa which the authors have encountered during the past 12 years. Their results are as follows. 1) The age of the patient in 10 out of 12 cases was under 15 years of age, and 8 cases were males. The site of the cyst was on the left side in 9 cases. 2) On plain skull radiography, thinning and bulging of the temporal bone by the lesion, elevation of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, and forward projection of the greater wing of the sphenoid were observed in all cases. 3) On cerebral angiography, a characteristic elevation of the middle cerebral artery and hypoplasia of its insular and opercular portion were observed; and in the venous phase, a defect of the middle cerebral vein, backward deviation of the vein of Labb\u00e9, and elevation of the vein of Rosenthal were seen. 4) On Metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography, there were two types, one which communicated and the other which did not communicate with the adjacent subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 514432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10607", "title": "[Opercular aplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on 11 cases of opercular aplasia in patients aged 5 to 44 years. Aplasia occurred to a greater extent in the frontal operculum than in the temporal operculum, and was always associated with space-requiring arachnoidal cysts. Symphyses and obstruction of the flow of the basal CSF spaces were also seen. In 91% of the cases, the aplasia was localized on the left side, 91% of the patients were males. The patients tend to decompensate after a cerebrocranial trauma, and in many cases surgery reveals a subdural haematoma which fills the aplastic region, due to detachment of the exposed cerebral veins effecting basal drainage. In the remaining cases, surgery was performed because of general signs of cerebral compression, exacerbation of an existing disease associated with attacks, or because of the space-occupying character of the concomitant arachnoidal cysts. In patients with opercular aplasia without space-occupying arachnoidal cysts, surgery is not performed for the time being; instead, regular neurological and CT control is effected.", "contents": "[Opercular aplasia (author's transl)]. The article reports on 11 cases of opercular aplasia in patients aged 5 to 44 years. Aplasia occurred to a greater extent in the frontal operculum than in the temporal operculum, and was always associated with space-requiring arachnoidal cysts. Symphyses and obstruction of the flow of the basal CSF spaces were also seen. In 91% of the cases, the aplasia was localized on the left side, 91% of the patients were males. The patients tend to decompensate after a cerebrocranial trauma, and in many cases surgery reveals a subdural haematoma which fills the aplastic region, due to detachment of the exposed cerebral veins effecting basal drainage. In the remaining cases, surgery was performed because of general signs of cerebral compression, exacerbation of an existing disease associated with attacks, or because of the space-occupying character of the concomitant arachnoidal cysts. In patients with opercular aplasia without space-occupying arachnoidal cysts, surgery is not performed for the time being; instead, regular neurological and CT control is effected.", "PMID": 514433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10608", "title": "The protective effect of steroid treatment on lysosomal enzymes after cold lesion of the cat brain.", "content": "The effect of posttraumatic steroid treatment (6-methylprednisolone) on the stability of lysosomal membranes in the cat brain is studied. The share of free activity of the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and N-acetylhexosaminidase indicates the grade of membrane stability. The results demonstrate an increased stability of lysosomal membranes in grey as well as in white matter after posttraumatic steroid treatment. This regarded as an important aspect of the protective effects of steroid treatment in posttraumatic brain edema.", "contents": "The protective effect of steroid treatment on lysosomal enzymes after cold lesion of the cat brain. The effect of posttraumatic steroid treatment (6-methylprednisolone) on the stability of lysosomal membranes in the cat brain is studied. The share of free activity of the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and N-acetylhexosaminidase indicates the grade of membrane stability. The results demonstrate an increased stability of lysosomal membranes in grey as well as in white matter after posttraumatic steroid treatment. This regarded as an important aspect of the protective effects of steroid treatment in posttraumatic brain edema.", "PMID": 514434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10609", "title": "Diagnostic aid of aspiration biopsy cytology in brain lesions.", "content": "In a series of 28 neurosurgical cases we tried to assess the value of aspiration biopsy cytology from brain lesions during the operation. Cytological aspirates during craniotomy were compared with simultaneously performed frozen section biopsies. Cytology was correct in 24 out of 28 cases (86%). It is concluded that aspiration cytology permits a safe microscopic diagnosis provided the specimens are cellular and representative. Cases are mentioned where this technique can be very useful and/or the only way to obtain microscopic evidence of a malignant tumour before treatment.", "contents": "Diagnostic aid of aspiration biopsy cytology in brain lesions. In a series of 28 neurosurgical cases we tried to assess the value of aspiration biopsy cytology from brain lesions during the operation. Cytological aspirates during craniotomy were compared with simultaneously performed frozen section biopsies. Cytology was correct in 24 out of 28 cases (86%). It is concluded that aspiration cytology permits a safe microscopic diagnosis provided the specimens are cellular and representative. Cases are mentioned where this technique can be very useful and/or the only way to obtain microscopic evidence of a malignant tumour before treatment.", "PMID": 514435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10610", "title": "[Etiology of parkinsonism. A verification of Poskanzer's and Schwab's hypothesis].", "content": "It was the purpose of this work to verify the hypothesis of Poskanzer and Schwab according to which nearly all cases of parkinsonism are consequences of clinical and subclinical lethargic encephalitis in the years 1917-1926. The investigated material included 495 patients with parkinsonism treated at the neurological hospital departments in Warsaw in the years 1967-1976 and 263 patients living in the City of Warsaw and treated as outpatients or inpatients in the years 1972-1976. The control group comprised patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treated in the Warsaw hospitals in the years 1967-1976. The correlation between the mean age at the time of disease onset and the calendar year of disease onset was studied in different groups of patients. The indices of disease prevalence, first visits and mortality were calculated in the group of patients living in the City of Warsaw. Low values of correlation indices and persistence of approximately unchanged indices of first visits and mortality in the years 1972-1976 failed to confirm the hypothesis of Poskanzer and Schwab.", "contents": "[Etiology of parkinsonism. A verification of Poskanzer's and Schwab's hypothesis]. It was the purpose of this work to verify the hypothesis of Poskanzer and Schwab according to which nearly all cases of parkinsonism are consequences of clinical and subclinical lethargic encephalitis in the years 1917-1926. The investigated material included 495 patients with parkinsonism treated at the neurological hospital departments in Warsaw in the years 1967-1976 and 263 patients living in the City of Warsaw and treated as outpatients or inpatients in the years 1972-1976. The control group comprised patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treated in the Warsaw hospitals in the years 1967-1976. The correlation between the mean age at the time of disease onset and the calendar year of disease onset was studied in different groups of patients. The indices of disease prevalence, first visits and mortality were calculated in the group of patients living in the City of Warsaw. Low values of correlation indices and persistence of approximately unchanged indices of first visits and mortality in the years 1972-1976 failed to confirm the hypothesis of Poskanzer and Schwab.", "PMID": 514436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10611", "title": "[Cerebrovascular disorders in the urban population of Kielce: incidence and mortality in the years 1973-1974].", "content": "During 1973 and 1974 in the urban population of Kielce 528 verified new cases of cerebro-vascular disorders (CVD) were found. The average annual incidence rates reached 203 for males, 176--for females, and 189 for both sexes per (100,000) 181, 167 and 174 respectively when cases of transient ischaemic attack were excluded. The mortality rates in those cases were estimated to be 103, 82 and 92 respectively. Nearly 70 percent of all cases were admitted to neurological departments, and 14 percent remained at home. Age-adjusted incidence rates for subarachnoidal haemorrhage and cerebral embolism were three times higher, and the total incidence rate--twice higher than the rates estimated previously for the Warsaw population. It can be concluded that the incidence rates for CVD based exclusively on data from neurological departments are underestimated by at least 30 percent, and this bias varies according to the type of CVD. Prospective studies aimed toward evaluation of factors which can influence risk of development or death of CVD should be initiated.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular disorders in the urban population of Kielce: incidence and mortality in the years 1973-1974]. During 1973 and 1974 in the urban population of Kielce 528 verified new cases of cerebro-vascular disorders (CVD) were found. The average annual incidence rates reached 203 for males, 176--for females, and 189 for both sexes per (100,000) 181, 167 and 174 respectively when cases of transient ischaemic attack were excluded. The mortality rates in those cases were estimated to be 103, 82 and 92 respectively. Nearly 70 percent of all cases were admitted to neurological departments, and 14 percent remained at home. Age-adjusted incidence rates for subarachnoidal haemorrhage and cerebral embolism were three times higher, and the total incidence rate--twice higher than the rates estimated previously for the Warsaw population. It can be concluded that the incidence rates for CVD based exclusively on data from neurological departments are underestimated by at least 30 percent, and this bias varies according to the type of CVD. Prospective studies aimed toward evaluation of factors which can influence risk of development or death of CVD should be initiated.", "PMID": 514437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10612", "title": "[EEG in offspring of epileptic mothers].", "content": "In a group of 134 children of epileptic mothers abnormal EEG tracings were found in 39.6% of cases, 7 of these children (5.2%) had epileptic seizures. In 92% of cases EEG changes had the character of paroxysmal dysrythmia, and they were significantly more frequent in children aged 5 to 14 years and significantly more frequent in the children of mothers who had had epilepsy before the age of 20 years. Pathological EEG changes were more frequent in daughters than in sons, and in the daughters generalized discharges of centrencephalic type were significantly more frequent. In all families with more than two children at least one child had pathological EEG tracings.", "contents": "[EEG in offspring of epileptic mothers]. In a group of 134 children of epileptic mothers abnormal EEG tracings were found in 39.6% of cases, 7 of these children (5.2%) had epileptic seizures. In 92% of cases EEG changes had the character of paroxysmal dysrythmia, and they were significantly more frequent in children aged 5 to 14 years and significantly more frequent in the children of mothers who had had epilepsy before the age of 20 years. Pathological EEG changes were more frequent in daughters than in sons, and in the daughters generalized discharges of centrencephalic type were significantly more frequent. In all families with more than two children at least one child had pathological EEG tracings.", "PMID": 514439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10613", "title": "[Neural conduction velocity in patients on hemodialysis].", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and with Alport's syndrome were treated. Haemodialysis was performed 2--3 times weekly. The duration of treatment was from 10 months to 9 years. Serum levels of electrolytes, urea and creatinine were determined, the neurological condition was examined and nerve conduction velocity was measured in the lower and upper extremities. The determinations were done before and after haemodialysis. Subclinical manifestations of polyneuropathy were demonstrated with reduced motor-nerve conduction velocity in the lower extremities. A direct effect of single haemodialysis was far from uniform: usually the conduction velocity increased after haemodialysis and in some cases it decreased. There was no correlation between the serum levels of electrolytes, urea and creatinine and motor-nerve conduction velocity.", "contents": "[Neural conduction velocity in patients on hemodialysis]. Fourteen patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and with Alport's syndrome were treated. Haemodialysis was performed 2--3 times weekly. The duration of treatment was from 10 months to 9 years. Serum levels of electrolytes, urea and creatinine were determined, the neurological condition was examined and nerve conduction velocity was measured in the lower and upper extremities. The determinations were done before and after haemodialysis. Subclinical manifestations of polyneuropathy were demonstrated with reduced motor-nerve conduction velocity in the lower extremities. A direct effect of single haemodialysis was far from uniform: usually the conduction velocity increased after haemodialysis and in some cases it decreased. There was no correlation between the serum levels of electrolytes, urea and creatinine and motor-nerve conduction velocity.", "PMID": 514440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10614", "title": "[Effectiveness of antifibrinolytic, edema-preventing and hypotensive agents in the prevention of recurrent bleeding from intracranial aneurysms].", "content": "On the basis of a material of 561 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, Medical Academy in Cracow in the years 1971 to 1977 the authors discuss the effectiveness of conservative treatment for prevention of recurrent bleeding from these aneurysms. The whole group of 561 patients were divied into two subgroups: 361 patients (group A) receiving standard antifibrilytic treatment, drugs preventing oedema formation and reducing the arterial blood pressure, and 254 patients (group B) who were not given antifibrinolytic agents and the other pharmacological agents were given to them only sporadivally. Recurrent bleeding developed in 8.86% of cases of group A and 11.02% in group B. The difference was not significant.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of antifibrinolytic, edema-preventing and hypotensive agents in the prevention of recurrent bleeding from intracranial aneurysms]. On the basis of a material of 561 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, Medical Academy in Cracow in the years 1971 to 1977 the authors discuss the effectiveness of conservative treatment for prevention of recurrent bleeding from these aneurysms. The whole group of 561 patients were divied into two subgroups: 361 patients (group A) receiving standard antifibrilytic treatment, drugs preventing oedema formation and reducing the arterial blood pressure, and 254 patients (group B) who were not given antifibrinolytic agents and the other pharmacological agents were given to them only sporadivally. Recurrent bleeding developed in 8.86% of cases of group A and 11.02% in group B. The difference was not significant.", "PMID": 514441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10615", "title": "[Evaluation of the intelligence level in patients following craniocerebral injuries].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to find out whether persistent depression of intellectual functions after craniocerebral injuries occurs also outside the group of very severe traumas and what is the role played by the degree of injury, the age of the patient and the length of time after trauma. Using Wechsler's test for adults 150 men were tested who had had from 1 to 10 years earlier craniocerebral injuries. The sustained injuries were classified according to the severity and permanent neurological sequelae. A control group of 50 individuals was tested similarly. The study showed that craniocerebral injuries caused permanent depression of intellectual functions also in the cases of less severe injuries, and that the degree of trauma severity was not always correlated significantly with the degree of intellectual impairment. It was shown that in the subjects with skull trauma sustained at the age above 40 years intellectual impairment caused by trauma was greater (significance level p less than 0.002) than in younger subjects.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the intelligence level in patients following craniocerebral injuries]. The purpose of the study was to find out whether persistent depression of intellectual functions after craniocerebral injuries occurs also outside the group of very severe traumas and what is the role played by the degree of injury, the age of the patient and the length of time after trauma. Using Wechsler's test for adults 150 men were tested who had had from 1 to 10 years earlier craniocerebral injuries. The sustained injuries were classified according to the severity and permanent neurological sequelae. A control group of 50 individuals was tested similarly. The study showed that craniocerebral injuries caused permanent depression of intellectual functions also in the cases of less severe injuries, and that the degree of trauma severity was not always correlated significantly with the degree of intellectual impairment. It was shown that in the subjects with skull trauma sustained at the age above 40 years intellectual impairment caused by trauma was greater (significance level p less than 0.002) than in younger subjects.", "PMID": 514438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10616", "title": "[Intraoperative electrocardiographic control of the position of the cardiac part of the ventriculoatrial valve catheter].", "content": "The author reports 86 cases treated surgically at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy in Warsaw in the years 1974--1977 for hydrocephalus of different aetiology, who had Pudenz and Hakim valves implanted and in whom the position of the intracardiac part of the device was checked by ECG during the operation. The method included filling of the cardiac portion of the device with 10% saline and connecting it to the ECG on which the ECG curve was recorded continaually during insertion of the catheter into the venous system. Obtaining of P wave in the record corresponding in height to the QRS complex was a reliable indicator of the end part of the catheter reaching the middle part of the right atrium. The described method is technically simple and no complications have been observed as yet connected with it.", "contents": "[Intraoperative electrocardiographic control of the position of the cardiac part of the ventriculoatrial valve catheter]. The author reports 86 cases treated surgically at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy in Warsaw in the years 1974--1977 for hydrocephalus of different aetiology, who had Pudenz and Hakim valves implanted and in whom the position of the intracardiac part of the device was checked by ECG during the operation. The method included filling of the cardiac portion of the device with 10% saline and connecting it to the ECG on which the ECG curve was recorded continaually during insertion of the catheter into the venous system. Obtaining of P wave in the record corresponding in height to the QRS complex was a reliable indicator of the end part of the catheter reaching the middle part of the right atrium. The described method is technically simple and no complications have been observed as yet connected with it.", "PMID": 514442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10617", "title": "Cytoarchitecture of the supraoptic nucleus. A Golgi study.", "content": "A Golgi-Cox study of the supraoptic nucleus of the adult rabbit has revealed the presence of three major cell types: (1) large multipolar neurons; (2) large bipolar neurons, and (3) small interneurons. The multipolar and bipolar neurons demonstrated regional variation in the rostral and caudal aspects of this nucleus, while the interneurons appeared identical throughout the nucleus. This study provides detailed cytoarchitectural descriptions of the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus and establishes the presence of an interneuronal cell population through which incoming afferent messages could influence the neurosecretory neurons.", "contents": "Cytoarchitecture of the supraoptic nucleus. A Golgi study. A Golgi-Cox study of the supraoptic nucleus of the adult rabbit has revealed the presence of three major cell types: (1) large multipolar neurons; (2) large bipolar neurons, and (3) small interneurons. The multipolar and bipolar neurons demonstrated regional variation in the rostral and caudal aspects of this nucleus, while the interneurons appeared identical throughout the nucleus. This study provides detailed cytoarchitectural descriptions of the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus and establishes the presence of an interneuronal cell population through which incoming afferent messages could influence the neurosecretory neurons.", "PMID": 514452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10618", "title": "Hypothalamic injection of cycloheximide in the 4-day cyclic rat. Acute suppression of lordotic behavior and ovulation.", "content": "The results of serveral studies imply that estrogen can act upon the central nervous system via a protein synthetic step. Our objective was to determine if the intrahypothalamic (preoptic area, POA) injection of cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, at 17.00 h on diestrus II of the 4-day cycle altered lordotic behavior and (or) ovulation in the intact rat (sexual receptivity to males normally begins on the evening of proestrus as herein defined; ovulation occurs on estrus of the cycle). CHX-treated females were tested for lordotic behavior at 23.00 h on proestrus, then killed at 17.00 h on the following day. None of the CHX-POA rats were receptive to the males and 90% of these rats did not ovulate. Thus, CHX significantly suppressed sex behavior and ovulation in the cyclic rat.", "contents": "Hypothalamic injection of cycloheximide in the 4-day cyclic rat. Acute suppression of lordotic behavior and ovulation. The results of serveral studies imply that estrogen can act upon the central nervous system via a protein synthetic step. Our objective was to determine if the intrahypothalamic (preoptic area, POA) injection of cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, at 17.00 h on diestrus II of the 4-day cycle altered lordotic behavior and (or) ovulation in the intact rat (sexual receptivity to males normally begins on the evening of proestrus as herein defined; ovulation occurs on estrus of the cycle). CHX-treated females were tested for lordotic behavior at 23.00 h on proestrus, then killed at 17.00 h on the following day. None of the CHX-POA rats were receptive to the males and 90% of these rats did not ovulate. Thus, CHX significantly suppressed sex behavior and ovulation in the cyclic rat.", "PMID": 514453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10619", "title": "Altered neuroendocrine status of middle-aged rats prior to the onset of senescent anovulation.", "content": "The incidence of senescent anovulation (constant estrus) in female rats increases sharply in the age interval 10--14 months. We have compared the neuroendocrine status of 12-month-old rats, which were still cycling, with that of 6-month-old rats in the reproductive prime. Norepinephrine content in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and circulating levels of FSh and androstenedione were significnatly higher in middle-aged rats (12 months old) than in young controls (6 months old). These increases were selective, in that ten other neuroendocrine parameters measured were unchanged. These results indicate that changes occur at multiple levels of the neuroendocrine system during the transitional phase prior to the onset of senescent anovulation.", "contents": "Altered neuroendocrine status of middle-aged rats prior to the onset of senescent anovulation. The incidence of senescent anovulation (constant estrus) in female rats increases sharply in the age interval 10--14 months. We have compared the neuroendocrine status of 12-month-old rats, which were still cycling, with that of 6-month-old rats in the reproductive prime. Norepinephrine content in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and circulating levels of FSh and androstenedione were significnatly higher in middle-aged rats (12 months old) than in young controls (6 months old). These increases were selective, in that ten other neuroendocrine parameters measured were unchanged. These results indicate that changes occur at multiple levels of the neuroendocrine system during the transitional phase prior to the onset of senescent anovulation.", "PMID": 514454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10620", "title": "Foetal thyroidectomy and brain development in the sheep.", "content": "Sheep foetuses were surgically thyroidectomized at 50-60 days gestation, when thyroid function begins, and the pregnancy was then allowed to continue until 90, 120 or 150 days (term). At these times the foetuses were removed by caesarean delivery, exsanguinated, weighed and dissected. The central nervous system was divided--cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord for subsequent analysis. Comparison was made with sham operations on seven foetuses. Thyroidectomy led to a fall in body weight (24.7%) and brain weight (11.7%) at 120 days and 150 days, 31.1% and 24.5% respectively. The hemispheres showed the greatest change and the cerebellum the least. DNA and protein contents were reduced in the hemispheres and cerebellum at 150 days, while in the brain stem and spinal cord the DNA content was not significantly affected. Protein content was, however, reduced indicating a reduced cell size, but not a reduced cell number as in the other two regions. Somatic changes included reduced wool growth, delayed osseous development in the limbs (X-ray assessment) a reduced heart weight (39.1%) and an increased pituitary weight (48.1%). The thyroidectomized lambs failed to survive for more than a few hours after birth or caesarean delivery at 150 days. The findings indicate significant effects of foetal thyroidectomy on brain development in the sheep late in pregnancy along with other evidence of foetal hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Foetal thyroidectomy and brain development in the sheep. Sheep foetuses were surgically thyroidectomized at 50-60 days gestation, when thyroid function begins, and the pregnancy was then allowed to continue until 90, 120 or 150 days (term). At these times the foetuses were removed by caesarean delivery, exsanguinated, weighed and dissected. The central nervous system was divided--cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord for subsequent analysis. Comparison was made with sham operations on seven foetuses. Thyroidectomy led to a fall in body weight (24.7%) and brain weight (11.7%) at 120 days and 150 days, 31.1% and 24.5% respectively. The hemispheres showed the greatest change and the cerebellum the least. DNA and protein contents were reduced in the hemispheres and cerebellum at 150 days, while in the brain stem and spinal cord the DNA content was not significantly affected. Protein content was, however, reduced indicating a reduced cell size, but not a reduced cell number as in the other two regions. Somatic changes included reduced wool growth, delayed osseous development in the limbs (X-ray assessment) a reduced heart weight (39.1%) and an increased pituitary weight (48.1%). The thyroidectomized lambs failed to survive for more than a few hours after birth or caesarean delivery at 150 days. The findings indicate significant effects of foetal thyroidectomy on brain development in the sheep late in pregnancy along with other evidence of foetal hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 514448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10621", "title": "Estradiol generates pulses of prolactin secretion in castrated male rats.", "content": "Unrestrained, freely moving rats implanted with an atrial indwelling cannula were used to inject estradiol and to take blood samples. The effect of estradiol on prolactin secretion was monitored by taking blood samples every 2 min. When a single bolus of estradiol (100 micrograms/kg) was injected, no response was seen for approximately 2 h. There then followed a pulsatile pattern of plasma prolactin and this lasted more than 24 h. The elevation of the prolactin concentration was not accomplished by a gradual change but through frequent pulsatile bursts of secretion. The major slopes of the decay curves of these bursts, plotted on a semilogarithmic scale, were parallel to a theoretical curve with a slope of 7 min half-life. Such consistency of decay slopes indicates that prolactin secretion is accomplished through discrete bursts of secretion.", "contents": "Estradiol generates pulses of prolactin secretion in castrated male rats. Unrestrained, freely moving rats implanted with an atrial indwelling cannula were used to inject estradiol and to take blood samples. The effect of estradiol on prolactin secretion was monitored by taking blood samples every 2 min. When a single bolus of estradiol (100 micrograms/kg) was injected, no response was seen for approximately 2 h. There then followed a pulsatile pattern of plasma prolactin and this lasted more than 24 h. The elevation of the prolactin concentration was not accomplished by a gradual change but through frequent pulsatile bursts of secretion. The major slopes of the decay curves of these bursts, plotted on a semilogarithmic scale, were parallel to a theoretical curve with a slope of 7 min half-life. Such consistency of decay slopes indicates that prolactin secretion is accomplished through discrete bursts of secretion.", "PMID": 514455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10622", "title": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on serum levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in prepubertal male and female rats.", "content": "The effects of morphine (M) and naloxone (N) on serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) in prepubertal male and female rats were investigated. N raised serum LH concentrations in female rats at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of age, but increased serum LH levels in male prepubertal rats only at 30 days of age. M significantly depressed serum LH values in both sexes only at 15 days of age. M increased serum PRL levels in immature rats of both sexes in all age groups, except in 25-day-old males, whereas N decreased serum PRL only in 25-day-old male rats. These data show that there are differences in the pituitary LH and PRL responses to M or N of immature as compared to the responses previously reported in mature rats, and suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides may have a role in regulating LH and PRL secretion in immature rats.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on serum levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in prepubertal male and female rats. The effects of morphine (M) and naloxone (N) on serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) in prepubertal male and female rats were investigated. N raised serum LH concentrations in female rats at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of age, but increased serum LH levels in male prepubertal rats only at 30 days of age. M significantly depressed serum LH values in both sexes only at 15 days of age. M increased serum PRL levels in immature rats of both sexes in all age groups, except in 25-day-old males, whereas N decreased serum PRL only in 25-day-old male rats. These data show that there are differences in the pituitary LH and PRL responses to M or N of immature as compared to the responses previously reported in mature rats, and suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides may have a role in regulating LH and PRL secretion in immature rats.", "PMID": 514456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10623", "title": "Morphometric studies of rat glial cell ultrastructure after urease-induced hyperammonaemia.", "content": "The ultrastructure of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes was investigated in hyperammonaemic rats injected daily with urease for 4 days. Glial cells were randomly photographed and magnified x28 000. Cell and nuclear sizes were estimated by planimetry and mitochondrial size and density were measured by image analysis. After 4 days of hyperammonaemia the astrocyte cytoplasmic area was increased by 46%. Mitochondrial area was increased by 20%, but after correction for cytoplasmic oedema the number and size of mitochondria were not significantly increased. The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of oligodendrocytes were unchanged. The mitochondria of oligodendrocytes were small in the hyperammonaemic group and so was their percentage area to cytoplasmic area, but their numbers were unchanged. It was concluded that hyperammonaemia induces astrocyte oedema and increases the astrocyte mitochondrial content. These findings support the assumption that the astrocytes are the active cells in the brain metabolism of ammonia. The decrease in oligodendrocyte mitochondrial content could be considered a point against an active function of oligodendrocyte mitochondria in ammonia metabolism in hyperammonaemia.", "contents": "Morphometric studies of rat glial cell ultrastructure after urease-induced hyperammonaemia. The ultrastructure of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes was investigated in hyperammonaemic rats injected daily with urease for 4 days. Glial cells were randomly photographed and magnified x28 000. Cell and nuclear sizes were estimated by planimetry and mitochondrial size and density were measured by image analysis. After 4 days of hyperammonaemia the astrocyte cytoplasmic area was increased by 46%. Mitochondrial area was increased by 20%, but after correction for cytoplasmic oedema the number and size of mitochondria were not significantly increased. The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of oligodendrocytes were unchanged. The mitochondria of oligodendrocytes were small in the hyperammonaemic group and so was their percentage area to cytoplasmic area, but their numbers were unchanged. It was concluded that hyperammonaemia induces astrocyte oedema and increases the astrocyte mitochondrial content. These findings support the assumption that the astrocytes are the active cells in the brain metabolism of ammonia. The decrease in oligodendrocyte mitochondrial content could be considered a point against an active function of oligodendrocyte mitochondria in ammonia metabolism in hyperammonaemia.", "PMID": 514447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10624", "title": "The fragility of cerebral lysosomes in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The possibility that cerebral lysosomes in the white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are more fragile than in normal controls was investigated in tissue obtained at necropsy. In the MS cases no differences were found in results from samples obtained from histologically distinct areas of white matter, i.e. plaque, periplaque and macroscopically normal white matter. However, in comparison to white matter from a group of controls, certain differences were found. Firstly, the cerebral lysosomes in MS white matter appeared to be more fragile than those in the control cases. Secondly, the remaining intact lysosomes in MS cases showed different characteristics from those obtained in control cases. These results, in the light of earlier experiments in rat brain, were interpreted as further evidence of a greater fragility in the cerebral lysosomes from MS cases. The implications of these results in relation to current thinking on the aetiology of MS are discussed.", "contents": "The fragility of cerebral lysosomes in multiple sclerosis. The possibility that cerebral lysosomes in the white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are more fragile than in normal controls was investigated in tissue obtained at necropsy. In the MS cases no differences were found in results from samples obtained from histologically distinct areas of white matter, i.e. plaque, periplaque and macroscopically normal white matter. However, in comparison to white matter from a group of controls, certain differences were found. Firstly, the cerebral lysosomes in MS white matter appeared to be more fragile than those in the control cases. Secondly, the remaining intact lysosomes in MS cases showed different characteristics from those obtained in control cases. These results, in the light of earlier experiments in rat brain, were interpreted as further evidence of a greater fragility in the cerebral lysosomes from MS cases. The implications of these results in relation to current thinking on the aetiology of MS are discussed.", "PMID": 514451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10625", "title": "Observations on focal demyelinating lesions in cat optic nerves.", "content": "A demyelinating perivascular condition has been observed in the optic nerves of three cats, the lesions of which included the following features: thinly myelinated and demyelinated axons, few normal oligodendrocytes, astroglial scar tissue, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mononuclear phagocytic cells and lipid-laden cells. Also present were tubular inclusion bodies which had morphological features similar to the nucleocapsids of some paramyxoviruses. These lesions are compared with some other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, and similarities to the lesions of multiple sclerosis are suggested.", "contents": "Observations on focal demyelinating lesions in cat optic nerves. A demyelinating perivascular condition has been observed in the optic nerves of three cats, the lesions of which included the following features: thinly myelinated and demyelinated axons, few normal oligodendrocytes, astroglial scar tissue, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mononuclear phagocytic cells and lipid-laden cells. Also present were tubular inclusion bodies which had morphological features similar to the nucleocapsids of some paramyxoviruses. These lesions are compared with some other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, and similarities to the lesions of multiple sclerosis are suggested.", "PMID": 514450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10626", "title": "Effects of neonatal ovariectomy upon 3H-estradiol uptake by target tissues of androgen-sterilized female rats.", "content": "Tissue distributions of radioactivity were studied at 2, 4 and 6 h after intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol-17 beta (48.6 ng/100 g b.w.) in 4 groups of 10 or 11 adult female rats with the following neonatal treatments: Control = sham ovariectomy (ovx) on day 1, oil injection on day 5 (n = 10); ovx = ovx on day 1, oil on day 5 (n = 11); TP = sham ovx on day 1, 30 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP) on day 5 (n = 10); ovx-TP = ovx on day 1, 30 micrograms TP on day 5 (n = 11). Neonatal TP treatment significantly hastened vaginal opening in all animals. After ovariectomy, vaginal opening occurred in 20/22 rats regardless of hormonal treatment; ovariectomy did not significantly affect the time of vaginal opening in these 20 animals. All ovariectomized animals had diestrous vaginal smears after puberty, all controls cycled normally and all of the TP group used for the uptake part were in persistent vaginal estrus (sequence of vaginal smears with 70% or more containing no leukocytes) confirmed by ovarian histology to be anovulatory (11/13 injected). 72 h prior to radioisotope injection, intact females in the above groups were ovariectomized and the neonatally ovariectomized were sham operated. Tissue radioactivity was extracted from the anterior, middle and posterior hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebrum, anterior pituitary, uterus and plasma. Neonatal ovariectomy raised 3H-estradiol concentrations in all tissues, except hippocampus and anterior pituitary, suggesting an increase in nonspecifically bound hormone. Neonatal TP decreased 3H-estradiol concentrations in the anterior and middle hypothalamus and uterus only, in both the intact and ovariectomized group, demonstrating a selective effect of neonatal TP upon subsequent development of estrogen binding capacities of target tissues that is independent of the ovaries.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal ovariectomy upon 3H-estradiol uptake by target tissues of androgen-sterilized female rats. Tissue distributions of radioactivity were studied at 2, 4 and 6 h after intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol-17 beta (48.6 ng/100 g b.w.) in 4 groups of 10 or 11 adult female rats with the following neonatal treatments: Control = sham ovariectomy (ovx) on day 1, oil injection on day 5 (n = 10); ovx = ovx on day 1, oil on day 5 (n = 11); TP = sham ovx on day 1, 30 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP) on day 5 (n = 10); ovx-TP = ovx on day 1, 30 micrograms TP on day 5 (n = 11). Neonatal TP treatment significantly hastened vaginal opening in all animals. After ovariectomy, vaginal opening occurred in 20/22 rats regardless of hormonal treatment; ovariectomy did not significantly affect the time of vaginal opening in these 20 animals. All ovariectomized animals had diestrous vaginal smears after puberty, all controls cycled normally and all of the TP group used for the uptake part were in persistent vaginal estrus (sequence of vaginal smears with 70% or more containing no leukocytes) confirmed by ovarian histology to be anovulatory (11/13 injected). 72 h prior to radioisotope injection, intact females in the above groups were ovariectomized and the neonatally ovariectomized were sham operated. Tissue radioactivity was extracted from the anterior, middle and posterior hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebrum, anterior pituitary, uterus and plasma. Neonatal ovariectomy raised 3H-estradiol concentrations in all tissues, except hippocampus and anterior pituitary, suggesting an increase in nonspecifically bound hormone. Neonatal TP decreased 3H-estradiol concentrations in the anterior and middle hypothalamus and uterus only, in both the intact and ovariectomized group, demonstrating a selective effect of neonatal TP upon subsequent development of estrogen binding capacities of target tissues that is independent of the ovaries.", "PMID": 514457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10627", "title": "Pigment-filled appendages of the small spiny neurons: a severe pathological change of the striatum in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.", "content": "In neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, the small spinous nerve cells of the striatum show a conspicuous pathological change in that they develop spindle-shaped and pigment-filled appendages of the soma. The axon emerges from the tip of these expansions, the volume of which often exceeds that of the cell body. The aspiny neurons of the striatum do not show this alteration. The pigment-filled expansions close to the axon may be considered an early sign of neuronal degeneration. The small spinous nerve cell is the predominant cell type of the striatum which receives inputs from various sources. Its slowly progressive destruction might account for extra-pyramidal motor disturbances in the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.", "contents": "Pigment-filled appendages of the small spiny neurons: a severe pathological change of the striatum in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, the small spinous nerve cells of the striatum show a conspicuous pathological change in that they develop spindle-shaped and pigment-filled appendages of the soma. The axon emerges from the tip of these expansions, the volume of which often exceeds that of the cell body. The aspiny neurons of the striatum do not show this alteration. The pigment-filled expansions close to the axon may be considered an early sign of neuronal degeneration. The small spinous nerve cell is the predominant cell type of the striatum which receives inputs from various sources. Its slowly progressive destruction might account for extra-pyramidal motor disturbances in the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.", "PMID": 514449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10628", "title": "Multidirectional reconstruction of angiograms by stereogrammetry and computer. Application to computed tomography.", "content": "A technique of reconstruction of angiograms in any projection, by stereogrammetry and computer, is described. Sections of the vessels may be obtained and superimposed on CT sections.", "contents": "Multidirectional reconstruction of angiograms by stereogrammetry and computer. Application to computed tomography. A technique of reconstruction of angiograms in any projection, by stereogrammetry and computer, is described. Sections of the vessels may be obtained and superimposed on CT sections.", "PMID": 514491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10629", "title": "Diagnosis of small and micro pituitary adenomas by intercavernous sinus venography. A preliminary report.", "content": "Intercavernous sinuses surround the pituitary gland and their form can be modified by small pituitary tumors. A preliminary report of the use of venography for the diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas is presented.", "contents": "Diagnosis of small and micro pituitary adenomas by intercavernous sinus venography. A preliminary report. Intercavernous sinuses surround the pituitary gland and their form can be modified by small pituitary tumors. A preliminary report of the use of venography for the diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas is presented.", "PMID": 514492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10630", "title": "A qualitative comparison of two contrast media for cerebral angiography. A clinical method.", "content": "A qualitative comparison of two contrast media for cerebral angiography with regard to contrast should, preferably, be based on a comparison made in two different hemispheres of one patient. Two problems then arise which made evaluation difficult. Vasodilation occurs after the first contrast injection as a result of which the second contrast medium to be compared flows into a dilated vascular tree. In addition, in the case of a comparison in two different hemispheres, variations of image geometry occur, resulting in differences of sharpness and contrast. The method of solving these problems is discussed and is illustrated by a comparison of two contrast media which might be expected to produce differences in contrast because of their physical properties. The results of this clinical comparison show that the expected differences can be partly demonstrated.", "contents": "A qualitative comparison of two contrast media for cerebral angiography. A clinical method. A qualitative comparison of two contrast media for cerebral angiography with regard to contrast should, preferably, be based on a comparison made in two different hemispheres of one patient. Two problems then arise which made evaluation difficult. Vasodilation occurs after the first contrast injection as a result of which the second contrast medium to be compared flows into a dilated vascular tree. In addition, in the case of a comparison in two different hemispheres, variations of image geometry occur, resulting in differences of sharpness and contrast. The method of solving these problems is discussed and is illustrated by a comparison of two contrast media which might be expected to produce differences in contrast because of their physical properties. The results of this clinical comparison show that the expected differences can be partly demonstrated.", "PMID": 514493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10631", "title": "Foix-Chavany syndrome: CT study and clinical report of three cases.", "content": "The Foix-Chavany syndrome is a neurological entity characterized by linguo-bucco-facial apraxia almost always caused by disturbed cerebral circulation. Three typical cases of this syndrome are described and the role of the CT scan to obtain a definite diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Foix-Chavany syndrome: CT study and clinical report of three cases. The Foix-Chavany syndrome is a neurological entity characterized by linguo-bucco-facial apraxia almost always caused by disturbed cerebral circulation. Three typical cases of this syndrome are described and the role of the CT scan to obtain a definite diagnosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 514494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10632", "title": "Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning.", "content": "Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.", "contents": "Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning. Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.", "PMID": 514495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10633", "title": "Moyamoya disease and intracerebral hematoma. Clinical pathological report.", "content": "This report concerns a hypertensive woman who suffered a stroke at the age of 51 and recovered from left hemiparesis after 3 to 4 months. During the subsequent 24 years she had four seizures which involved the left arm and face and became generalized, ending with left hemiparesis, from which she recovered after 4 to 5 days. Carotid angiography was performed in 1967, 1973 and 1974 and the characteristic picture of moyamoya disease was demonstrated. She died at the age of 77 with extensive vascular disease. The literature concerning 215 cases of moyamoya disease, in which there were 14 intracerebral hematomas, is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Moyamoya disease and intracerebral hematoma. Clinical pathological report. This report concerns a hypertensive woman who suffered a stroke at the age of 51 and recovered from left hemiparesis after 3 to 4 months. During the subsequent 24 years she had four seizures which involved the left arm and face and became generalized, ending with left hemiparesis, from which she recovered after 4 to 5 days. Carotid angiography was performed in 1967, 1973 and 1974 and the characteristic picture of moyamoya disease was demonstrated. She died at the age of 77 with extensive vascular disease. The literature concerning 215 cases of moyamoya disease, in which there were 14 intracerebral hematomas, is reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 514496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10634", "title": "CT and pneumographic studies of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius. A case report.", "content": "A case of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius with malformation of the skull and associated hydrocephalus is reported. The diagnosis was made with the help of CT, pneumoencephalography and ventriculography. In the literature membranous occlusion of the aqueduct has been considered to be a rare cause of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "CT and pneumographic studies of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius. A case report. A case of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius with malformation of the skull and associated hydrocephalus is reported. The diagnosis was made with the help of CT, pneumoencephalography and ventriculography. In the literature membranous occlusion of the aqueduct has been considered to be a rare cause of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 514497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10635", "title": "Assessment of posterior fossa tumors in infants and children by means of computed tomography.", "content": "The attenuation profiles before and after contrast enhancement were examined in 18 infants and children with posterior fossa tumors: eight cerebellar astrocytomas, six medulloblastomas, and four brainstem tumors. The astrocytomas, with one exception, had characteristic patterns, and all could be distinguished from the medulloblastomas, which have a distinct pattern of their own. The brainstem tumors had varying appearances, and were entirely low-attenuating, high-attenuating or had a ring shadow after enhancement. The nature of a posterior fossa tumor in a pediatric patient can usually be predicted fairly satisfactorily from a computed tomogram.", "contents": "Assessment of posterior fossa tumors in infants and children by means of computed tomography. The attenuation profiles before and after contrast enhancement were examined in 18 infants and children with posterior fossa tumors: eight cerebellar astrocytomas, six medulloblastomas, and four brainstem tumors. The astrocytomas, with one exception, had characteristic patterns, and all could be distinguished from the medulloblastomas, which have a distinct pattern of their own. The brainstem tumors had varying appearances, and were entirely low-attenuating, high-attenuating or had a ring shadow after enhancement. The nature of a posterior fossa tumor in a pediatric patient can usually be predicted fairly satisfactorily from a computed tomogram.", "PMID": 514498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10636", "title": "Clinical testing of Conray meglumine and Amipaque in cerebral angiography.", "content": "Amipaque 280 mg I/ml and Conray meglumine 282 mg I/ml have been compared in a double-bind trial in cerebral angiography. Altogether 55 cerebral artery branches have been examined in 21 patients, who served as their own controls. The effect of the contrast injections on the intra-arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, ECG, circulatory rate and the patients' reactions were recorded under standardized conditions. The quality of the films was also evaluated. No significant difference in the cardiovascular effects of the two contrast media was found. There was a significant difference in favour of Amipaque in the discomfort of the patients--less pain and sensation of warmth. No serious side effects were observed.", "contents": "Clinical testing of Conray meglumine and Amipaque in cerebral angiography. Amipaque 280 mg I/ml and Conray meglumine 282 mg I/ml have been compared in a double-bind trial in cerebral angiography. Altogether 55 cerebral artery branches have been examined in 21 patients, who served as their own controls. The effect of the contrast injections on the intra-arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, ECG, circulatory rate and the patients' reactions were recorded under standardized conditions. The quality of the films was also evaluated. No significant difference in the cardiovascular effects of the two contrast media was found. There was a significant difference in favour of Amipaque in the discomfort of the patients--less pain and sensation of warmth. No serious side effects were observed.", "PMID": 514499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10637", "title": "The demonstration of the auditory ossicles by high resolution CT.", "content": "The high resolution CT scanning system introduced by EMI in 1978 has added a new dimension to computerised tomography in otology. The apparatus used for this study was an EMI CT 5005 body scanner adapted for head and neck scanning and incorporating a high resolution facility. The latter has proved most advantageous in areas of relatively high differential absorption, so that its application to the demonstration of abnormalities in the petrous temporal bone, and in particular middle ear disease, has been very rewarding. Traumatic ossicular disruptions may now be demonstrated and the high contrast of CT often shows them better than conventional hypocycloidal tomography. The stapes is also better visualised and congenital abnormalities of its superstructure have been recorded. These studies have been achieved with a very acceptable level of radiation to the eye, lens and cornea and the technique is clearly a rival to conventional pluridirectional tomography in the assessment of the petrous temporal bone. With further design improvements high resolution CT could completely replace existing techniques.", "contents": "The demonstration of the auditory ossicles by high resolution CT. The high resolution CT scanning system introduced by EMI in 1978 has added a new dimension to computerised tomography in otology. The apparatus used for this study was an EMI CT 5005 body scanner adapted for head and neck scanning and incorporating a high resolution facility. The latter has proved most advantageous in areas of relatively high differential absorption, so that its application to the demonstration of abnormalities in the petrous temporal bone, and in particular middle ear disease, has been very rewarding. Traumatic ossicular disruptions may now be demonstrated and the high contrast of CT often shows them better than conventional hypocycloidal tomography. The stapes is also better visualised and congenital abnormalities of its superstructure have been recorded. These studies have been achieved with a very acceptable level of radiation to the eye, lens and cornea and the technique is clearly a rival to conventional pluridirectional tomography in the assessment of the petrous temporal bone. With further design improvements high resolution CT could completely replace existing techniques.", "PMID": 514500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10638", "title": "Diagnosis of sellar and parasellar lesions by computed tomography.", "content": "Suspected lesions in and around the sella were examined by CT in 129 cases. The diagnostic accuracy and various technical aspects of the method are described. The mean attenuation and enhancement after administration of contrast material are evaluated in craniopharyngiomas, chromophobe adenomas, meningiomas, aneurysms, dermoid cysts, an arachnoid cyst and a glioma. the choice of collimator and its use in relation to sellar dimensions, particularly the sellar depths, are emphasized.", "contents": "Diagnosis of sellar and parasellar lesions by computed tomography. Suspected lesions in and around the sella were examined by CT in 129 cases. The diagnostic accuracy and various technical aspects of the method are described. The mean attenuation and enhancement after administration of contrast material are evaluated in craniopharyngiomas, chromophobe adenomas, meningiomas, aneurysms, dermoid cysts, an arachnoid cyst and a glioma. the choice of collimator and its use in relation to sellar dimensions, particularly the sellar depths, are emphasized.", "PMID": 514501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10639", "title": "Extravasation of contrast-enhanced blood into the subarachnoid space during computed tomography.", "content": "Four cases are described in which there was extravasation of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space at the time of enhanced CT. Three were being investigated for a previous subarachnoid haemorrhage which was due to an aneurysm in two and an angioma in one. The other patient had suffered a severe head injury.", "contents": "Extravasation of contrast-enhanced blood into the subarachnoid space during computed tomography. Four cases are described in which there was extravasation of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space at the time of enhanced CT. Three were being investigated for a previous subarachnoid haemorrhage which was due to an aneurysm in two and an angioma in one. The other patient had suffered a severe head injury.", "PMID": 514502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10640", "title": "Synovial cyst (ganglion) of the lumbar spine simulating extradural mass.", "content": "Four additional cases of synovial cyst (ganglion) arising from the facet joint between L4 and L5 are reported. Only five such cases have been reported in the past. For the first time impressive and characteristic myelographic findings are described, which make a preoperative diagnosis possible in these cases.", "contents": "Synovial cyst (ganglion) of the lumbar spine simulating extradural mass. Four additional cases of synovial cyst (ganglion) arising from the facet joint between L4 and L5 are reported. Only five such cases have been reported in the past. For the first time impressive and characteristic myelographic findings are described, which make a preoperative diagnosis possible in these cases.", "PMID": 514503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10641", "title": "Transient bilateral occipital lobe ischemia: microembolization through a trigeminal artery.", "content": "Microembolization from an ulcerated carotid artery to both occipital lobes via a persistent trigeminal artery was observed in a patient presenting with episodic bilateral central scotomata. Symptomatic relief was obtained following carotid endarterectomy. This unique pathway which resulted in occipital lobe ischemia has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Transient bilateral occipital lobe ischemia: microembolization through a trigeminal artery. Microembolization from an ulcerated carotid artery to both occipital lobes via a persistent trigeminal artery was observed in a patient presenting with episodic bilateral central scotomata. Symptomatic relief was obtained following carotid endarterectomy. This unique pathway which resulted in occipital lobe ischemia has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 514504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10642", "title": "Ascending pharyngeal artery collateral circulation simulating internal carotid artery hypoplasia.", "content": "Complete occlusion of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery may result in a collateral circuit between an enlarged ascending pharyngeal artery and the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. This anastomosis may simulate a severely stenotic or hypoplastic internal carotid artery. Differentiation between these entities is particularly important if carotid endarterectomy for relief of stenosis is contemplated.", "contents": "Ascending pharyngeal artery collateral circulation simulating internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Complete occlusion of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery may result in a collateral circuit between an enlarged ascending pharyngeal artery and the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. This anastomosis may simulate a severely stenotic or hypoplastic internal carotid artery. Differentiation between these entities is particularly important if carotid endarterectomy for relief of stenosis is contemplated.", "PMID": 514505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10643", "title": "[Pollution levels of the anesthetic agent fluorurate (gas chromatography study)].", "content": "Using a simple, highly sensitive technique, the rate of pollution due to enflurane in an operating theatre with two beds and two respirators but without an air exchange system has been measured. After much debate and after seven serious cases of viral hepatitis among medical staff, the facility was closed because it was judged to be unusable and because the surgical department using it was moved elsewhere.", "contents": "[Pollution levels of the anesthetic agent fluorurate (gas chromatography study)]. Using a simple, highly sensitive technique, the rate of pollution due to enflurane in an operating theatre with two beds and two respirators but without an air exchange system has been measured. After much debate and after seven serious cases of viral hepatitis among medical staff, the facility was closed because it was judged to be unusable and because the surgical department using it was moved elsewhere.", "PMID": 514523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10644", "title": "[Glucagon and renal function in arterial hypotension (experimental study)].", "content": "The effects of glucagon on the renal function of dogs in posthaemorrhagic hypotension has been investigated. A significant improvement in renal emunctory function was noted after administration (with physiological solution vehicle) of glucagon under these conditions. Following these encouraging results, findings have been transferred to clinical practice.", "contents": "[Glucagon and renal function in arterial hypotension (experimental study)]. The effects of glucagon on the renal function of dogs in posthaemorrhagic hypotension has been investigated. A significant improvement in renal emunctory function was noted after administration (with physiological solution vehicle) of glucagon under these conditions. Following these encouraging results, findings have been transferred to clinical practice.", "PMID": 514524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10645", "title": "[Ketamine administration technic in pediatric anesthesia].", "content": "Psychic trauma connected with surgical operations and with all their preparatory procedures in children, often cause behavioural alterations. Problems related to the type of anesthetic premedication and to the anesthesiologic technique also come within this field. The Authors describe their experience with ketamine, administered by oral route, as a sole drug to obtain a deep sedation (when radiographic examination and orthopedic procedures were required) and as an induction drug for a balanced anesthesia.", "contents": "[Ketamine administration technic in pediatric anesthesia]. Psychic trauma connected with surgical operations and with all their preparatory procedures in children, often cause behavioural alterations. Problems related to the type of anesthetic premedication and to the anesthesiologic technique also come within this field. The Authors describe their experience with ketamine, administered by oral route, as a sole drug to obtain a deep sedation (when radiographic examination and orthopedic procedures were required) and as an induction drug for a balanced anesthesia.", "PMID": 514525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10646", "title": "[Propanidid-ketamine combination in obstetrical anesthesia].", "content": "The A. have introduced a new technique in obstetrical, anaesthesia for short and long term intervention, included caesarean section, inducing anaesthesia with a mixture in the same syringe of propanidid and ketamin. The A. exhibit the results they have got treating the first 100 patients in this way and conclude with an extremely positive judgement.", "contents": "[Propanidid-ketamine combination in obstetrical anesthesia]. The A. have introduced a new technique in obstetrical, anaesthesia for short and long term intervention, included caesarean section, inducing anaesthesia with a mixture in the same syringe of propanidid and ketamin. The A. exhibit the results they have got treating the first 100 patients in this way and conclude with an extremely positive judgement.", "PMID": 514526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10647", "title": "[Foreign bodies in the airways. Role of endoscopy in their diagnosis and treatment].", "content": "The inhalation of foreign bodies gives rise to a symptom picture that will depend on the nature and size of the foreign body, its location in the airways, the age of the patient, and the presence of prior lung affections. Non-invasive removal of such bodies is often enough to resolve both acute and chronic symptomatologies. In view of the striking nature of the symptoms and the imminent risk of complications or exacerbation associated with the continued presence of foreign bodies and the therapeutic strategy to be adopted, many workers consider that treatment should be given in a suitable environment, with proper equipment and an experienced staff. Reference is made to a personal series collected at the Chieti and Bologna resuscitation centres in describing the criteria followed in the diagnosis and management of cases of recently inhaled or latent foreign bodies, and their parenchymal complications. Non-invasive management by means of direct bronchoscopy is advised in all cases except those in which the subsequent intervention of serious, evident and irreversible parenchymal alterations make surgery inevitable.", "contents": "[Foreign bodies in the airways. Role of endoscopy in their diagnosis and treatment]. The inhalation of foreign bodies gives rise to a symptom picture that will depend on the nature and size of the foreign body, its location in the airways, the age of the patient, and the presence of prior lung affections. Non-invasive removal of such bodies is often enough to resolve both acute and chronic symptomatologies. In view of the striking nature of the symptoms and the imminent risk of complications or exacerbation associated with the continued presence of foreign bodies and the therapeutic strategy to be adopted, many workers consider that treatment should be given in a suitable environment, with proper equipment and an experienced staff. Reference is made to a personal series collected at the Chieti and Bologna resuscitation centres in describing the criteria followed in the diagnosis and management of cases of recently inhaled or latent foreign bodies, and their parenchymal complications. Non-invasive management by means of direct bronchoscopy is advised in all cases except those in which the subsequent intervention of serious, evident and irreversible parenchymal alterations make surgery inevitable.", "PMID": 514527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10648", "title": "[Intensive care units in surgery].", "content": "The reasons why intensive care units have become essential are examined. The purpose of such units is to modify the organization of hospital assistance according to the concept of progressive treatment in line with the gravity of the disease concerned. Monitoring techniques as a function of the patient's gravity are outlined and the use of electronic processing as a valuable contribution to the surgeon in providing him with a complete and speedy physiological profile of the seriously ill patient is recommended. Finally, the cost of intensive care units is examined and to keep it down careful attention must be paid to the type of pathology admitted to such units. In spite of this by no means negligible factor, institution of such units is still recommended as quickly as possible, their organization being moulded to the situation in question.", "contents": "[Intensive care units in surgery]. The reasons why intensive care units have become essential are examined. The purpose of such units is to modify the organization of hospital assistance according to the concept of progressive treatment in line with the gravity of the disease concerned. Monitoring techniques as a function of the patient's gravity are outlined and the use of electronic processing as a valuable contribution to the surgeon in providing him with a complete and speedy physiological profile of the seriously ill patient is recommended. Finally, the cost of intensive care units is examined and to keep it down careful attention must be paid to the type of pathology admitted to such units. In spite of this by no means negligible factor, institution of such units is still recommended as quickly as possible, their organization being moulded to the situation in question.", "PMID": 514528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10649", "title": "[Sequential renal scintiscanning with 99mTc calcium gluconate. Possibilities and limitations].", "content": "The methods used in the study of the kidney are discussed and sequential scintiscanning is suggested as a means of supplementing purely morphological data with morpho-functional data. An account of the modalities employed with a variety of radio-compounds and reasons are proffered for the choice of 99mTc calcium gluconate. Results obtained with this method are described. These include the acquisition of information concerning the function and shape of the renal parenchyma and urinary tracts. Organic classification of the results will be dealt with in a later paper. It is felt that the method proposed is a valuable diagnostic aid with interesting possibilities in the study of diseases of the urinary apparatus.", "contents": "[Sequential renal scintiscanning with 99mTc calcium gluconate. Possibilities and limitations]. The methods used in the study of the kidney are discussed and sequential scintiscanning is suggested as a means of supplementing purely morphological data with morpho-functional data. An account of the modalities employed with a variety of radio-compounds and reasons are proffered for the choice of 99mTc calcium gluconate. Results obtained with this method are described. These include the acquisition of information concerning the function and shape of the renal parenchyma and urinary tracts. Organic classification of the results will be dealt with in a later paper. It is felt that the method proposed is a valuable diagnostic aid with interesting possibilities in the study of diseases of the urinary apparatus.", "PMID": 514533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10650", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia treated with refrigerant venous catheterization].", "content": "A cold water circulation heat exchanger metal probe was used in 3 patients to treat severe hyperthermia. The probe was introduced into the caval veins by way of the sephenous vein. In 40' temperature fell from 42 degrees to 37 degrees and the patients were saved. The apparatus is simple and the technique straightforward.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia treated with refrigerant venous catheterization]. A cold water circulation heat exchanger metal probe was used in 3 patients to treat severe hyperthermia. The probe was introduced into the caval veins by way of the sephenous vein. In 40' temperature fell from 42 degrees to 37 degrees and the patients were saved. The apparatus is simple and the technique straightforward.", "PMID": 514534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10651", "title": "Brain stem afferents to visual cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 in the cat, demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The origins of brain stem projections to the cytoarchitectonically different areas 17, 18 and 19 of the cat's visual cortex were studied following small horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections. Labelled cells were counted in a dopaminergic nucleus (nucleus linearis rostralis (NLR)), other catecholaminergic nuclei (locus coeruleus, parabrachialis nuclei and nucleus subcoeruleus) and serotonergic nuclei (nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) and nucleus centralis superior (NCS)). Area 18 receives afferents from more locus coeruleus cells than either of areas 17 or 19. The number of labelled cells in the catecholaminergic nuclei far exceeds that in the serotonergic nuclei.", "contents": "Brain stem afferents to visual cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 in the cat, demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase. The origins of brain stem projections to the cytoarchitectonically different areas 17, 18 and 19 of the cat's visual cortex were studied following small horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections. Labelled cells were counted in a dopaminergic nucleus (nucleus linearis rostralis (NLR)), other catecholaminergic nuclei (locus coeruleus, parabrachialis nuclei and nucleus subcoeruleus) and serotonergic nuclei (nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) and nucleus centralis superior (NCS)). Area 18 receives afferents from more locus coeruleus cells than either of areas 17 or 19. The number of labelled cells in the catecholaminergic nuclei far exceeds that in the serotonergic nuclei.", "PMID": 514536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10652", "title": "A method for the dynamic continuous estimation of excitability changes of single fiber terminals in the central nervous system.", "content": "A method is presented allowing direct and continuous estimation of the excitability changes of single fiber terminal arborizations within the central nervous system. In essence, the method measures the current required to maintain a preset antidromic firing probability of the unit under study. This implies operation in a closed loop system controlled by a computer. With this technique one can accurately determine input-output curves of single units requiring relatively small current variations (0.15-2.1 microA) to change from zero to maximal probability of response. The method also allows measurement of the excitability changes produced by conditioning volleys to sensory nerves.", "contents": "A method for the dynamic continuous estimation of excitability changes of single fiber terminals in the central nervous system. A method is presented allowing direct and continuous estimation of the excitability changes of single fiber terminal arborizations within the central nervous system. In essence, the method measures the current required to maintain a preset antidromic firing probability of the unit under study. This implies operation in a closed loop system controlled by a computer. With this technique one can accurately determine input-output curves of single units requiring relatively small current variations (0.15-2.1 microA) to change from zero to maximal probability of response. The method also allows measurement of the excitability changes produced by conditioning volleys to sensory nerves.", "PMID": 514537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10653", "title": "Identification of the inferior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by HRP bathings of the transected glossopharyngeal nerve root.", "content": "The localization of the inferior salivatory nucleus that gives rise to parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland was identified by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in the cat. The inferior salivatory nucleus does exist in the medulla oblongata and is situated in the dorsal part of the reticular formation. The nucleus is well-circumscribed caudally but rostrally the nucleus becomes scattered within the wide area of the dorso-lateral reticular formation. The inferior salivatory nucleus, demonstrated by the present study is composed of medium-sized multipolar neurons with well-developed slender dendrites and densely stained Nissl substance.", "contents": "Identification of the inferior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by HRP bathings of the transected glossopharyngeal nerve root. The localization of the inferior salivatory nucleus that gives rise to parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland was identified by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in the cat. The inferior salivatory nucleus does exist in the medulla oblongata and is situated in the dorsal part of the reticular formation. The nucleus is well-circumscribed caudally but rostrally the nucleus becomes scattered within the wide area of the dorso-lateral reticular formation. The inferior salivatory nucleus, demonstrated by the present study is composed of medium-sized multipolar neurons with well-developed slender dendrites and densely stained Nissl substance.", "PMID": 514538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10654", "title": "On the course and origin of cranial nerves in the teleost fish Gnathonemus determined by ortho- and retrograde horseradish peroxidase axonal transport.", "content": "By horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling the course and origin of the II-X cranial nerves are identified in the teleost fish Gnathonemus petersii. Roots as well as motor and sensory nuclei in the viscero- and somatomotor and somatosensory areas are localised. Earlier data of comparative and experimental anatomical observations are completed, partly confirmed or corrected.", "contents": "On the course and origin of cranial nerves in the teleost fish Gnathonemus determined by ortho- and retrograde horseradish peroxidase axonal transport. By horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling the course and origin of the II-X cranial nerves are identified in the teleost fish Gnathonemus petersii. Roots as well as motor and sensory nuclei in the viscero- and somatomotor and somatosensory areas are localised. Earlier data of comparative and experimental anatomical observations are completed, partly confirmed or corrected.", "PMID": 514539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10655", "title": "Plasma corticosterone and its relation to susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone has been correlated with the susceptibility to animal hypnosis in male rabbits. Subjects (Ss) were considered susceptible when mean hypnosis duration was above 30 sec or when initial duration (duration of trial 1) was greater than 0. A positive significant correlation was found between mean and initial duration. A significant difference was found between corticosterone levels in susceptible and unsusceptible Ss: higher values were associated with susceptible SS and with SS with initial duration greater than 0. These results indicate a higher susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits with a more active adrenocortical system.", "contents": "Plasma corticosterone and its relation to susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits. Plasma corticosterone has been correlated with the susceptibility to animal hypnosis in male rabbits. Subjects (Ss) were considered susceptible when mean hypnosis duration was above 30 sec or when initial duration (duration of trial 1) was greater than 0. A positive significant correlation was found between mean and initial duration. A significant difference was found between corticosterone levels in susceptible and unsusceptible Ss: higher values were associated with susceptible SS and with SS with initial duration greater than 0. These results indicate a higher susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits with a more active adrenocortical system.", "PMID": 514540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10656", "title": "The lipid composition of rat brain aggregating cell cultures during development.", "content": "The lipid and fatty acid composition of rat brain was studied during its development both in vivo and in an aggregating cell culture system. Although the amount of lipid present in the cultures was very low, the increase in glycolipid content corresponded closely to the period of intense myelin formation. Very long chain fatty acids (hydroxylated and unsubstituted) were present in 41-day cultures. In comparison to the in vivo situation, myelination was delayed in vitro and, after 40 days in culture, cholesterol esters were 5-fold higher than in vivo, indicating that demyelination was occurring.", "contents": "The lipid composition of rat brain aggregating cell cultures during development. The lipid and fatty acid composition of rat brain was studied during its development both in vivo and in an aggregating cell culture system. Although the amount of lipid present in the cultures was very low, the increase in glycolipid content corresponded closely to the period of intense myelin formation. Very long chain fatty acids (hydroxylated and unsubstituted) were present in 41-day cultures. In comparison to the in vivo situation, myelination was delayed in vitro and, after 40 days in culture, cholesterol esters were 5-fold higher than in vivo, indicating that demyelination was occurring.", "PMID": 514541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10657", "title": "Postsynaptic membrane and spine apparatus: proximity in dendritic spines.", "content": "We have reported previously that at dendritic spine synapses, the spine apparatus is associated with the synaptic spinule. In this report this association is shown, in serial thin sections, to involve intimate physical proximity between the postsynaptic density and membranous structures that are part of, or extend from, the spine apparatus itself. Because of the variegated shapes of synaptic spinules, the spine apparatus-postsynaptic density relation suggests participation in membrane distribution or synaptic remodeling phenomena.", "contents": "Postsynaptic membrane and spine apparatus: proximity in dendritic spines. We have reported previously that at dendritic spine synapses, the spine apparatus is associated with the synaptic spinule. In this report this association is shown, in serial thin sections, to involve intimate physical proximity between the postsynaptic density and membranous structures that are part of, or extend from, the spine apparatus itself. Because of the variegated shapes of synaptic spinules, the spine apparatus-postsynaptic density relation suggests participation in membrane distribution or synaptic remodeling phenomena.", "PMID": 514542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10658", "title": "Projections of the common fur of the muzzle upon the cortical area for mystacial vibrissae in rats dewhiskered since birth.", "content": "In normal adult rats, the mystacial vibrissae and the common fur of the snout project at different loci on the SI cortex. The surface area of the normal fur projection is 0.8 mm2, whereas the vibrissa field amounts to 3-4 mm2. In rats dewhiskered since birth, the vibrissa area can still be identified through the projections from ipsilateral vibrissae (undamaged side). It is shown that in the absence of the vibrissae since birth, the vibrissa area, and this alone, is invaded by projections from the contralateral fur (damaged side).", "contents": "Projections of the common fur of the muzzle upon the cortical area for mystacial vibrissae in rats dewhiskered since birth. In normal adult rats, the mystacial vibrissae and the common fur of the snout project at different loci on the SI cortex. The surface area of the normal fur projection is 0.8 mm2, whereas the vibrissa field amounts to 3-4 mm2. In rats dewhiskered since birth, the vibrissa area can still be identified through the projections from ipsilateral vibrissae (undamaged side). It is shown that in the absence of the vibrissae since birth, the vibrissa area, and this alone, is invaded by projections from the contralateral fur (damaged side).", "PMID": 514543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10659", "title": "Behavioural activation induced in the rat by substance P infusion into ventral tegmental area: implication of dopaminergic A10 neurones.", "content": "The functional role of the putative transmitter substance P (SP) was studied using a behavioural approach. SP infusion into the ventral tegmental area in awake rats elicited an increase in locomotor activity which could be blocked by either infusion of a neuroleptic into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) or by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the ascending dopaminergic A10 neurones. Our results suggest that SP induces its behavioural effects through activation of dopaminergic A10 neurones, and imply that endogenous SP may have an important modulatory role.", "contents": "Behavioural activation induced in the rat by substance P infusion into ventral tegmental area: implication of dopaminergic A10 neurones. The functional role of the putative transmitter substance P (SP) was studied using a behavioural approach. SP infusion into the ventral tegmental area in awake rats elicited an increase in locomotor activity which could be blocked by either infusion of a neuroleptic into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) or by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the ascending dopaminergic A10 neurones. Our results suggest that SP induces its behavioural effects through activation of dopaminergic A10 neurones, and imply that endogenous SP may have an important modulatory role.", "PMID": 514544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10660", "title": "Decrease of inhibitory driving force in crayfish stretch reception: a mechanism of the convulsant action of penicillin.", "content": "The effect of penicillin on the evoked IPSP was investigated in the isolated crayfish stretch receptor. The IPSP driving force (IPSP reversal potential minus membrane potential) was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion but, when necessary correction was made for the decrease in resting membrane conductance, the synaptic conductance was only slightly reduced. The possibility that a penicillin-induced intracellular acidification was responsible for the decrease in IPSP driving force is considered.", "contents": "Decrease of inhibitory driving force in crayfish stretch reception: a mechanism of the convulsant action of penicillin. The effect of penicillin on the evoked IPSP was investigated in the isolated crayfish stretch receptor. The IPSP driving force (IPSP reversal potential minus membrane potential) was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion but, when necessary correction was made for the decrease in resting membrane conductance, the synaptic conductance was only slightly reduced. The possibility that a penicillin-induced intracellular acidification was responsible for the decrease in IPSP driving force is considered.", "PMID": 514545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10661", "title": "Assessment of ovulation by ultrasound and plasma estradiol determinations.", "content": "The timing of ovulation was studied daily during the periovular period in 19 women attending an artificial insemination clinic during 24 menstrual cycles; B-mode ultrasound examination and plasma estradiol (E2) determinations were used. The maximum diameters of the ovarian follicles and the peak plasma E2 determinations all occurred within 2 days prior to and including the day of ovulation, as determined by conventional means, in the 12 normal cycles studied. The average values on the day prior to ovulation (day -1) for maximum follicle size and peak E2 determination were 2.5 cm and 1660 pmole/liter, respectively. Two definite ultrasonic patterns were noted after ovulation: The follicle either disappeared or filled with internal echoes. It is concluded from the preliminary study that ultrasound examination and plasma E2 determinations are equally effective in predicting the time of ovulation.", "contents": "Assessment of ovulation by ultrasound and plasma estradiol determinations. The timing of ovulation was studied daily during the periovular period in 19 women attending an artificial insemination clinic during 24 menstrual cycles; B-mode ultrasound examination and plasma estradiol (E2) determinations were used. The maximum diameters of the ovarian follicles and the peak plasma E2 determinations all occurred within 2 days prior to and including the day of ovulation, as determined by conventional means, in the 12 normal cycles studied. The average values on the day prior to ovulation (day -1) for maximum follicle size and peak E2 determination were 2.5 cm and 1660 pmole/liter, respectively. Two definite ultrasonic patterns were noted after ovulation: The follicle either disappeared or filled with internal echoes. It is concluded from the preliminary study that ultrasound examination and plasma E2 determinations are equally effective in predicting the time of ovulation.", "PMID": 514553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10662", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia and primary amenorrhea.", "content": "Four women with primary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. These patients started thelarchal and pubarchal development but never had a spontaneous menses. Hypothyroidism was not demonstrable in these patients. The causes for hyperprolactinemia in these patients and the clinical follow-up are discussed. In the authors' experience, hyperprolactinemia is seen in about one third of women with normogonadotropic primary amenorrhea, and primary amenorrhea is seen in about 3% of women with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia and primary amenorrhea. Four women with primary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. These patients started thelarchal and pubarchal development but never had a spontaneous menses. Hypothyroidism was not demonstrable in these patients. The causes for hyperprolactinemia in these patients and the clinical follow-up are discussed. In the authors' experience, hyperprolactinemia is seen in about one third of women with normogonadotropic primary amenorrhea, and primary amenorrhea is seen in about 3% of women with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 514554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10663", "title": "Amniotic fluid phospholipid profile as a predictor of fetal maturity in diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "The phospholipids in amniotic fluid from diabetic pregnancies were compared with those in normal pregnancies. There was little difference in the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios on the basis of the gestational ages. However, in diabetic pregnancies, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was absent or low, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) remained high even if the L/S ratio was greater than 2. The phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylinositol (PG/PI) ratio was expressed as a function of the L/S ratio. The PG/PI ratio was significantly lower in maternal diabetes. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) coincided with an L/S ratio of between 2.0 and 3.0 only when PG was absent. Infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers with a particularly low PG/PI ratio (less than 50% of the median) had higher relative birth weights and more often had hypoglycemia than those infants born to mothers with a high PG/PI ratio (greater than 200% of the median). The phospholipids of amniotic fluid correlate with fetal functional maturity and may reflect deviations of hormonal balance required for normal perinatal development.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phospholipid profile as a predictor of fetal maturity in diabetic pregnancies. The phospholipids in amniotic fluid from diabetic pregnancies were compared with those in normal pregnancies. There was little difference in the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios on the basis of the gestational ages. However, in diabetic pregnancies, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was absent or low, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) remained high even if the L/S ratio was greater than 2. The phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylinositol (PG/PI) ratio was expressed as a function of the L/S ratio. The PG/PI ratio was significantly lower in maternal diabetes. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) coincided with an L/S ratio of between 2.0 and 3.0 only when PG was absent. Infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers with a particularly low PG/PI ratio (less than 50% of the median) had higher relative birth weights and more often had hypoglycemia than those infants born to mothers with a high PG/PI ratio (greater than 200% of the median). The phospholipids of amniotic fluid correlate with fetal functional maturity and may reflect deviations of hormonal balance required for normal perinatal development.", "PMID": 514555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10664", "title": "Influence of preinduction prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel on cervical ripening and labor.", "content": "A sterile gel containing prostaglandin (PG) E2 (2 mg PGE2 10 ml gel) was instilled vaginally in 65 primigravidas with unripe cervixes to accelerate ripening before planned surgical induction of labor. The patients treated with the gel were compared with 30 similar untreated controls. In the PGE2-treated group a significant improvement on cervical score was achieved before labor began, and 47% began to labor \"spontaneously\" without further treatment. Both the duration of subsequent labor and the incidence of cesarean section were significantly lower in the PGE2-treated group. There were no unwanted fetal or maternal effects. Pretreatment with intravaginal PGE2 gel reduces the risk of failed induction and provides the mother with an experience similar to spontaneous labor without harming the fetus.", "contents": "Influence of preinduction prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel on cervical ripening and labor. A sterile gel containing prostaglandin (PG) E2 (2 mg PGE2 10 ml gel) was instilled vaginally in 65 primigravidas with unripe cervixes to accelerate ripening before planned surgical induction of labor. The patients treated with the gel were compared with 30 similar untreated controls. In the PGE2-treated group a significant improvement on cervical score was achieved before labor began, and 47% began to labor \"spontaneously\" without further treatment. Both the duration of subsequent labor and the incidence of cesarean section were significantly lower in the PGE2-treated group. There were no unwanted fetal or maternal effects. Pretreatment with intravaginal PGE2 gel reduces the risk of failed induction and provides the mother with an experience similar to spontaneous labor without harming the fetus.", "PMID": 514556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10665", "title": "Real-time ultrasound in locating intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Roentgenography and ultrasonography have been recommended for location of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) when the strings are not visible at the cervical os. Real-time ultrasound may have limited application compared to gray-scale B-scanning in certain clinical applications. Because of previous difficulty in locating an IUCD in 2 gravid and 2 nongravid patients, a blind study of 68 women was conducted. Seven patients were eliminated from the study because of inadequately filled bladders and failure to return for follow-up visits. There were 37 patients with IUCDs and 24 patients in the control group who used other forms of contraception. An incorrect diagnosis was made in 12 of 61 patients. Ten of 37 patients with an IUCD were identified as having no IUCD and 2 of 24 patients without an IUCD were identified as having an IUCD present. The accuracy of correctly identifying the presence or absence of an IUCD appears to be related to the type of device used. All of the 20 patients with a Copper-7 were correctly identified as having an IUCD, although the type was in error in 11 of the 20. Five of 7 patients with a Lippes Loop and none of the patients with a Saf-T-Coil were correctly identified as having an IUCD. Prior literature is reviewed, and possible sources of error are discussed.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound in locating intrauterine contraceptive devices. Roentgenography and ultrasonography have been recommended for location of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) when the strings are not visible at the cervical os. Real-time ultrasound may have limited application compared to gray-scale B-scanning in certain clinical applications. Because of previous difficulty in locating an IUCD in 2 gravid and 2 nongravid patients, a blind study of 68 women was conducted. Seven patients were eliminated from the study because of inadequately filled bladders and failure to return for follow-up visits. There were 37 patients with IUCDs and 24 patients in the control group who used other forms of contraception. An incorrect diagnosis was made in 12 of 61 patients. Ten of 37 patients with an IUCD were identified as having no IUCD and 2 of 24 patients without an IUCD were identified as having an IUCD present. The accuracy of correctly identifying the presence or absence of an IUCD appears to be related to the type of device used. All of the 20 patients with a Copper-7 were correctly identified as having an IUCD, although the type was in error in 11 of the 20. Five of 7 patients with a Lippes Loop and none of the patients with a Saf-T-Coil were correctly identified as having an IUCD. Prior literature is reviewed, and possible sources of error are discussed.", "PMID": 514557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10666", "title": "Benign breast disease: studies of prostaglandin E2, steroids, and thermographic effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "Plasma levels of estradiol (E2), prostaglandin (PG)E2, and progesterone (P) were measured in both phases of the menstrual cycle in 22 women with benign mastopathies and in 5 normal women. In both phases of the cycle, PGE2 blood levels were significantly higher in patients with benign mastopathies than in normal women. In contrast, the plasma levels of both steroids were lower in patients than in controls. An estrogen-directed synthesis of PGE2 is proposed. In 10 patients, breast thermogenic response to inhibitors of PG biosynthesis (aspirin and indomethacin) revealed a cooling effect in 4 cases, a partly positive response in 3 cases, and no response in 3 cases. The 7 cases with positive responses also had a deficiency of variable magnitude of both steroids without an unbalanced P/E2 ratio. In contrast, patients with a negative thermographic response manifested very low levels of progesterone and a low P/E2 ratio. The significance of patients' unresponsiveness to inhibitors of PGE2 biosynthesis is discussed, as well as the implications with regard to breast cancer.", "contents": "Benign breast disease: studies of prostaglandin E2, steroids, and thermographic effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Plasma levels of estradiol (E2), prostaglandin (PG)E2, and progesterone (P) were measured in both phases of the menstrual cycle in 22 women with benign mastopathies and in 5 normal women. In both phases of the cycle, PGE2 blood levels were significantly higher in patients with benign mastopathies than in normal women. In contrast, the plasma levels of both steroids were lower in patients than in controls. An estrogen-directed synthesis of PGE2 is proposed. In 10 patients, breast thermogenic response to inhibitors of PG biosynthesis (aspirin and indomethacin) revealed a cooling effect in 4 cases, a partly positive response in 3 cases, and no response in 3 cases. The 7 cases with positive responses also had a deficiency of variable magnitude of both steroids without an unbalanced P/E2 ratio. In contrast, patients with a negative thermographic response manifested very low levels of progesterone and a low P/E2 ratio. The significance of patients' unresponsiveness to inhibitors of PGE2 biosynthesis is discussed, as well as the implications with regard to breast cancer.", "PMID": 514558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10667", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. I. Diagnostic accuracy.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in gynecology. A total of 77 aspirations were performed on 74 patients. In 34 instances the purpose was to rule out or confirm a diagnosis of primary disease, and in 43 cases the procedure was used for suspected metastatic disease or disease recurrent after surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Excellent correlation was noted between the cytologic and subsequent histopathologic diagnoses of 58 aspirations from patients who also underwent surgical biopsy. Two specimens were false negatives as the result of sampling errors. The applicability of FNA cytology in the field of gynecolotic oncology is discussed.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. I. Diagnostic accuracy. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in gynecology. A total of 77 aspirations were performed on 74 patients. In 34 instances the purpose was to rule out or confirm a diagnosis of primary disease, and in 43 cases the procedure was used for suspected metastatic disease or disease recurrent after surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Excellent correlation was noted between the cytologic and subsequent histopathologic diagnoses of 58 aspirations from patients who also underwent surgical biopsy. Two specimens were false negatives as the result of sampling errors. The applicability of FNA cytology in the field of gynecolotic oncology is discussed.", "PMID": 514559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10668", "title": "Unusual cystadenofibromas: endometrioid, mucinous, and clear cell types.", "content": "Cystadenofibromas are benign ovarian neoplasms containing both epithelial and stromal components. The epithelial component is usually of simple serous type resembling fallopian tube epithelium. Occasionally, tumors with unusual epithelial pattenrs are encountered. In this study, 16 cystadenofibromas with unusual epithelium are described. Twelve are examples of an endometrioid type, 3 of a clear cell (mesonephroid) type, and 1 of a mucinous-type epithelium. The stromal component in all tumors is identical to that of ordinary cystadenofibromas. One of the patients with a tumor containing endometrioid epithelium developed recurrence in the vagina after surgical removal of the ovarian tumor. The rest of the clinical features of these tumors are similar to those of ordinary cystadenofibromas with the exception that the median age is 10--20 years greater in the unusual-epithelium group.", "contents": "Unusual cystadenofibromas: endometrioid, mucinous, and clear cell types. Cystadenofibromas are benign ovarian neoplasms containing both epithelial and stromal components. The epithelial component is usually of simple serous type resembling fallopian tube epithelium. Occasionally, tumors with unusual epithelial pattenrs are encountered. In this study, 16 cystadenofibromas with unusual epithelium are described. Twelve are examples of an endometrioid type, 3 of a clear cell (mesonephroid) type, and 1 of a mucinous-type epithelium. The stromal component in all tumors is identical to that of ordinary cystadenofibromas. One of the patients with a tumor containing endometrioid epithelium developed recurrence in the vagina after surgical removal of the ovarian tumor. The rest of the clinical features of these tumors are similar to those of ordinary cystadenofibromas with the exception that the median age is 10--20 years greater in the unusual-epithelium group.", "PMID": 514560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10669", "title": "Evaluation and clinical application of the quantitative radioreceptor assay for serum hCG.", "content": "An evaluation of a radioreceptor assay (RRA) for the quantitation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum resulted in intra- and interassay variations of 2.6 and 5.5% (average), respectively. Recovery of hCG in a preparation of second IRP-hCG gave an accuracy of 93.2%. Standard curve data demonstrated that variation in reagent addition and incubation time allowed for flexibility in the use of the assay depending on the level of sensitivity desired. The most sensitive assay, which used an incubation of 2 hours, gave a usable range of 40--250 mIU/ml hCG on the standard curve. The applicability of the quantitative RRA in clinical cases is shown with 9 patients (total of 31 serum samples) in a comparison study with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the beta-subunit of hCG.", "contents": "Evaluation and clinical application of the quantitative radioreceptor assay for serum hCG. An evaluation of a radioreceptor assay (RRA) for the quantitation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum resulted in intra- and interassay variations of 2.6 and 5.5% (average), respectively. Recovery of hCG in a preparation of second IRP-hCG gave an accuracy of 93.2%. Standard curve data demonstrated that variation in reagent addition and incubation time allowed for flexibility in the use of the assay depending on the level of sensitivity desired. The most sensitive assay, which used an incubation of 2 hours, gave a usable range of 40--250 mIU/ml hCG on the standard curve. The applicability of the quantitative RRA in clinical cases is shown with 9 patients (total of 31 serum samples) in a comparison study with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the beta-subunit of hCG.", "PMID": 514561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10670", "title": "Cervical incompetence, hourglass membranes, and amniocentesis.", "content": "A method is described for treatment of cervical incompetence when there are bulging fetal membranes (hourglassing). The technique consists of abdominal amniocentesis and amniotic injection of antibiotics prior to closing the cervical defect.", "contents": "Cervical incompetence, hourglass membranes, and amniocentesis. A method is described for treatment of cervical incompetence when there are bulging fetal membranes (hourglassing). The technique consists of abdominal amniocentesis and amniotic injection of antibiotics prior to closing the cervical defect.", "PMID": 514562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10671", "title": "An undeliverable fetus with an ominous fetal heart pattern: an obstetric dilemma.", "content": "An unusual fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern was detected in a patient with sickle cell crisis in early labor. Despite the potentially ominous significance of this pattern, immediate delivery by cesarean section had to be deferred because of maternal contraindications. Institution of treatment directed at possible etiologic factors failed to correct the heart rate abnormalities. An attempt at symptomatic treatment by administration of propranolol to the mother was successful and was associated with good fetal outcome.", "contents": "An undeliverable fetus with an ominous fetal heart pattern: an obstetric dilemma. An unusual fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern was detected in a patient with sickle cell crisis in early labor. Despite the potentially ominous significance of this pattern, immediate delivery by cesarean section had to be deferred because of maternal contraindications. Institution of treatment directed at possible etiologic factors failed to correct the heart rate abnormalities. An attempt at symptomatic treatment by administration of propranolol to the mother was successful and was associated with good fetal outcome.", "PMID": 514563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10672", "title": "Heterotopic pregnancy: midtrimester management.", "content": "A case of heterotopic pregnancy is presented. A search of the English literature reveals the present case to be the first instance in which a living second-trimester abdominal fetus has been extracted while its placenta remained undisturbed, and the intrauterine pregnancy progressed normally to term.", "contents": "Heterotopic pregnancy: midtrimester management. A case of heterotopic pregnancy is presented. A search of the English literature reveals the present case to be the first instance in which a living second-trimester abdominal fetus has been extracted while its placenta remained undisturbed, and the intrauterine pregnancy progressed normally to term.", "PMID": 514564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10673", "title": "Early cervical pregnancy: ultrasonic diagnosis and conservative treatment.", "content": "Five cases of cervical pregnancy collected over an 8-year period (1971--1978) are analyzed. The incidence of cervical pregnancy at this institution is 1:7040 pregnancies. All cases were diagnosed prior to 12 weeks' gestation, and conservative treatment was instituted in each case. Etiology, criteria, definition, and clinical and pathologic signs are discussed. Several unusual features are emphasized, particularly conservative treatment and the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Early cervical pregnancy: ultrasonic diagnosis and conservative treatment. Five cases of cervical pregnancy collected over an 8-year period (1971--1978) are analyzed. The incidence of cervical pregnancy at this institution is 1:7040 pregnancies. All cases were diagnosed prior to 12 weeks' gestation, and conservative treatment was instituted in each case. Etiology, criteria, definition, and clinical and pathologic signs are discussed. Several unusual features are emphasized, particularly conservative treatment and the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 514565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10674", "title": "Protecting workers from chemical hazards.", "content": "The most significant problem in recognizing workplace hazards is the lack of adequate surveillance systems for the identification and assessment of harmful exposures.", "contents": "Protecting workers from chemical hazards. The most significant problem in recognizing workplace hazards is the lack of adequate surveillance systems for the identification and assessment of harmful exposures.", "PMID": 514568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10675", "title": "OSHA noise regulations: pathways to compliance.", "content": "Personal ear protection is probably the most expensive and least fruitful approach when one considers the cost of plugs, tests, monitoring and record keeping.", "contents": "OSHA noise regulations: pathways to compliance. Personal ear protection is probably the most expensive and least fruitful approach when one considers the cost of plugs, tests, monitoring and record keeping.", "PMID": 514570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10676", "title": "Cancer detection: industrial screening programs.", "content": "Development of oncologic occupational medicine has an interesting history and emphasizes the need for early detection of cancers in the industrial environment.", "contents": "Cancer detection: industrial screening programs. Development of oncologic occupational medicine has an interesting history and emphasizes the need for early detection of cancers in the industrial environment.", "PMID": 514569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10677", "title": "Tumor-bound immunoglobulins. Hemagglutinins on ascites tumor cells grown in mice immunized with xenologous erythrocytes.", "content": "In this study we demonstrated that gamma G2A myeloma cells in syngeneic BALB/c mice and Ehrlich adenocarcinoma cells in outbred Swiss mice, when grown in animals previously immunized against RRBC, have RRBC antibodies bound on their surface. Ascites tumor cells obtained from animals not immunized against RRBC can bind RRBC antibodies from the medium. Tumor cells from RRBC-immunized mice and tumor cells with RRBC antibodies bound in vitro were both able to form 'rosettes' when tested with RRBC, thus demonstrating that the combining site of the antibody molecule was not involved in the binding. Some theoretical implications of the presence of nonspecific antitumor immunoglobulins on cancer cell membrane are discussed.", "contents": "Tumor-bound immunoglobulins. Hemagglutinins on ascites tumor cells grown in mice immunized with xenologous erythrocytes. In this study we demonstrated that gamma G2A myeloma cells in syngeneic BALB/c mice and Ehrlich adenocarcinoma cells in outbred Swiss mice, when grown in animals previously immunized against RRBC, have RRBC antibodies bound on their surface. Ascites tumor cells obtained from animals not immunized against RRBC can bind RRBC antibodies from the medium. Tumor cells from RRBC-immunized mice and tumor cells with RRBC antibodies bound in vitro were both able to form 'rosettes' when tested with RRBC, thus demonstrating that the combining site of the antibody molecule was not involved in the binding. Some theoretical implications of the presence of nonspecific antitumor immunoglobulins on cancer cell membrane are discussed.", "PMID": 514588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10678", "title": "Lactic dehydrogenase in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas. Total lactic dehydrogenase activity and isozymes in autochthonous gliomas and cloned transplantable astrocytomas.", "content": "Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and LDH isozyme patterns were measured in homogenates of 12 autochthonous ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas and 5 cloned rat astrocytoma cell lines maintained in culture and transplanted to brain or flank sites in syngeneic hosts. The total LDH values in the autochthonous gliomas did not differ appreciably from normal brain controls, but the proportions of the cathodal isozymes, LDH4 and LDH5, were increased to a degree similar to that reported by others in spontaneous human malignant astrocytic gliomas. The cloned astrocytoma lines, both in vitro and in transplants at intracerebral or subcutaneous sites, commonly demonstrated elevated total LDH values and, without exception, showed a preponderance of isozymes, LDH4 and LDH5, that was distinctly more marked than in autochthonous tumors. Especially in cultured and transplanted rat gliomas, these findings suggest that astrocytic tumor cells maintain energy supplies by utilizing anaerobic glycolysis in relatively hypoxic environments. These data further underscore the need to develop laboratory brain tumor models for use in therapy trials that not only retain the convenience and predictability of transplantable gliomas but also approximate closely the metabolic properties of human spontaneous gliomas.", "contents": "Lactic dehydrogenase in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas. Total lactic dehydrogenase activity and isozymes in autochthonous gliomas and cloned transplantable astrocytomas. Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and LDH isozyme patterns were measured in homogenates of 12 autochthonous ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas and 5 cloned rat astrocytoma cell lines maintained in culture and transplanted to brain or flank sites in syngeneic hosts. The total LDH values in the autochthonous gliomas did not differ appreciably from normal brain controls, but the proportions of the cathodal isozymes, LDH4 and LDH5, were increased to a degree similar to that reported by others in spontaneous human malignant astrocytic gliomas. The cloned astrocytoma lines, both in vitro and in transplants at intracerebral or subcutaneous sites, commonly demonstrated elevated total LDH values and, without exception, showed a preponderance of isozymes, LDH4 and LDH5, that was distinctly more marked than in autochthonous tumors. Especially in cultured and transplanted rat gliomas, these findings suggest that astrocytic tumor cells maintain energy supplies by utilizing anaerobic glycolysis in relatively hypoxic environments. These data further underscore the need to develop laboratory brain tumor models for use in therapy trials that not only retain the convenience and predictability of transplantable gliomas but also approximate closely the metabolic properties of human spontaneous gliomas.", "PMID": 514589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10679", "title": "Multiple persistent keratoacanthomas.", "content": "A unique case of multiple keratoacanthomas is described, with involvement of the face and lower extremities with persistent lesions clinically and histologically diagnostic of keratoacanthomas. The lower extremity lesions appear as giant keratoacanthomas, with evolution into a distinctive confluent plaque. This important tumor and its present classification are reviewed.", "contents": "Multiple persistent keratoacanthomas. A unique case of multiple keratoacanthomas is described, with involvement of the face and lower extremities with persistent lesions clinically and histologically diagnostic of keratoacanthomas. The lower extremity lesions appear as giant keratoacanthomas, with evolution into a distinctive confluent plaque. This important tumor and its present classification are reviewed.", "PMID": 514590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10680", "title": "[Effect of teratogens on the functional state of the lysosomal segregation apparatus of embryonic hepatocytes].", "content": "The effect of chloridine, 2-mercaptobenzimidazol, 6-mercaptopurine, dichlorhydrate 2(beta-ethyl aminoethyl) pyridine, pentoxyl, actinomycin D and dimethyl sulfoxide on the functional state of lysosome-segregation system (red acridine granules) was studied in drugs to stabilize the lysosome membrane in the embryonic cells is proved on the basis of experiments with quenching the acridine orange granules adsorbed by the structures with the neutral red molecules.", "contents": "[Effect of teratogens on the functional state of the lysosomal segregation apparatus of embryonic hepatocytes]. The effect of chloridine, 2-mercaptobenzimidazol, 6-mercaptopurine, dichlorhydrate 2(beta-ethyl aminoethyl) pyridine, pentoxyl, actinomycin D and dimethyl sulfoxide on the functional state of lysosome-segregation system (red acridine granules) was studied in drugs to stabilize the lysosome membrane in the embryonic cells is proved on the basis of experiments with quenching the acridine orange granules adsorbed by the structures with the neutral red molecules.", "PMID": 514591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10681", "title": "[Phenotypic modulation of chick embryo muscle cells in a suspension culture].", "content": "Three-dimensional aggregates are formed in the suspension culture by myoblasts of the chick embryo femoral muscle. Cells present in these aggregates undergo mitotic divisions just as in a monolayer; thereafter they fuse with the formation of myosimplasts. Further stages of myogenesis are impaired under the conditions of the suspension culture. This was manifested in the formation of atypical, massive spherical or vesicle-like thick-walled myosimplasts with dozens or hundreds of randomly clustered nuclei. After the replating and attachment to a glass surface myosimplasts undergo gladual elongation and differentiate into muscle fibers. Thus the attachment to the artificial solid support is a necessary prerequisite for the completion of morphogenesis in vitro.", "contents": "[Phenotypic modulation of chick embryo muscle cells in a suspension culture]. Three-dimensional aggregates are formed in the suspension culture by myoblasts of the chick embryo femoral muscle. Cells present in these aggregates undergo mitotic divisions just as in a monolayer; thereafter they fuse with the formation of myosimplasts. Further stages of myogenesis are impaired under the conditions of the suspension culture. This was manifested in the formation of atypical, massive spherical or vesicle-like thick-walled myosimplasts with dozens or hundreds of randomly clustered nuclei. After the replating and attachment to a glass surface myosimplasts undergo gladual elongation and differentiate into muscle fibers. Thus the attachment to the artificial solid support is a necessary prerequisite for the completion of morphogenesis in vitro.", "PMID": 514592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10682", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectrum in preimplantation murine embryos].", "content": "The spectrum of LDH isozymes was studied using different concentration of X-100 triton for enzyme extraction from the eggs and embryos, different systems of electrophoresis and different methods of staining electrophoregrams. Similar results were obtained in all cases. The mouse eggs and embryos were shown to contain only LDH-1; the treatment of oviducal fluid with X-100 triton strengthened the activity of LDH-4 and LDH-5. The detection of the activity of LDH-5 and hybrid isozymes appears to be related to the presence of oviducal fluid in the sample under study.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectrum in preimplantation murine embryos]. The spectrum of LDH isozymes was studied using different concentration of X-100 triton for enzyme extraction from the eggs and embryos, different systems of electrophoresis and different methods of staining electrophoregrams. Similar results were obtained in all cases. The mouse eggs and embryos were shown to contain only LDH-1; the treatment of oviducal fluid with X-100 triton strengthened the activity of LDH-4 and LDH-5. The detection of the activity of LDH-5 and hybrid isozymes appears to be related to the presence of oviducal fluid in the sample under study.", "PMID": 514593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10683", "title": "[Effect of preovulatory overripeness of the ovum on the course of the early stages of rat embryogenesis].", "content": "One day delay of ovulation in rats, caused by the injection of medinal, resulted in the marked slowing down of the cleavage rate. The delay is due to additive effect of both the drug itself and preovulatory over-ripeness of the oocytes. Upon two days medinal delay of ovulation, the toxic effect of over-ripeness was not stronger than upon the twofold injection of medinal; two days hormonal delay of ovulation resulted in the distinct inhibition of cleavage.", "contents": "[Effect of preovulatory overripeness of the ovum on the course of the early stages of rat embryogenesis]. One day delay of ovulation in rats, caused by the injection of medinal, resulted in the marked slowing down of the cleavage rate. The delay is due to additive effect of both the drug itself and preovulatory over-ripeness of the oocytes. Upon two days medinal delay of ovulation, the toxic effect of over-ripeness was not stronger than upon the twofold injection of medinal; two days hormonal delay of ovulation resulted in the distinct inhibition of cleavage.", "PMID": 514594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10684", "title": "[Change in the electrophysiological parameters of rat oocytes maturing in vivo].", "content": "The membrane potential (MP) and input membrane resistance (R) were measured in the immature (1) and mature ovulated (2) rat eggs. The population 1 is homogeneous enough: in 78.3% of all oocytes MP equaled --18 +/- 0.3 mV and R = 3 +/- 0.6 mO; 21.7% of cells had MP = --2 +/- 0.9 MV and R = 3.5 +/- 0.6 mO. The population 2 was divided by the indices under study into 4 groups. The respective values of MP and R in each of 4 groupd 5.5 +/- 0.5 mO, c) --15 +/- 0.6 mV and 7 +/- 1.0 mO, d) --3 +/- 0.4 mV and 9 +/- 0.5 mO. A suggestion is put forward that MP and R of the oocytes change with respect to the maturation stage.", "contents": "[Change in the electrophysiological parameters of rat oocytes maturing in vivo]. The membrane potential (MP) and input membrane resistance (R) were measured in the immature (1) and mature ovulated (2) rat eggs. The population 1 is homogeneous enough: in 78.3% of all oocytes MP equaled --18 +/- 0.3 mV and R = 3 +/- 0.6 mO; 21.7% of cells had MP = --2 +/- 0.9 MV and R = 3.5 +/- 0.6 mO. The population 2 was divided by the indices under study into 4 groups. The respective values of MP and R in each of 4 groupd 5.5 +/- 0.5 mO, c) --15 +/- 0.6 mV and 7 +/- 1.0 mO, d) --3 +/- 0.4 mV and 9 +/- 0.5 mO. A suggestion is put forward that MP and R of the oocytes change with respect to the maturation stage.", "PMID": 514595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10685", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the salivary glands of the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae). I. The granulosecreting alveoles of the fasting female].", "content": "Two types of granulosecreting alveoles were found in salivary glands of hungry females by means of electron microscopy of ultrafine sections. Alveoles of the IInd type occur in the anterior helf of the gland. They are not numerous and consist of three types of secretory cells (A, B, C) surrounding the inneralveolar cavity. The secretory cells are separated from each other and from the basal membrane by the strands of the epithelial cells P. Three types of spherical inclusions were found in the secretory cells. They differ in size, electron density and intensity of staining of half-fine sections with toluidin blue. The apical cytoplasmatic membrane of secretory cells bears numerous microvilli. Alveoles of the IIIrd type, which constitute the main mass of the gland tissue, have a narrow slit-like inneralveolar cavity. The basal part of the alveole is formed by 3--4 large cells filled with large spherical electron-transparent vacuoles of the secretion. The apical part of the alveole is occupied by 9 to 11 cells E, whose cytoplasm is filled with numerous flat cisternae of granular endoplasmatic reticulum and small and medium secretory vacuoles of different electron density. Alveoles of the IInd and IIIrd type of I. persulcatus are not identical with those of Hyalomma asiaticum, Boophilus microplus and other members of the subfamily Amblyomminae.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the salivary glands of the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae). I. The granulosecreting alveoles of the fasting female]. Two types of granulosecreting alveoles were found in salivary glands of hungry females by means of electron microscopy of ultrafine sections. Alveoles of the IInd type occur in the anterior helf of the gland. They are not numerous and consist of three types of secretory cells (A, B, C) surrounding the inneralveolar cavity. The secretory cells are separated from each other and from the basal membrane by the strands of the epithelial cells P. Three types of spherical inclusions were found in the secretory cells. They differ in size, electron density and intensity of staining of half-fine sections with toluidin blue. The apical cytoplasmatic membrane of secretory cells bears numerous microvilli. Alveoles of the IIIrd type, which constitute the main mass of the gland tissue, have a narrow slit-like inneralveolar cavity. The basal part of the alveole is formed by 3--4 large cells filled with large spherical electron-transparent vacuoles of the secretion. The apical part of the alveole is occupied by 9 to 11 cells E, whose cytoplasm is filled with numerous flat cisternae of granular endoplasmatic reticulum and small and medium secretory vacuoles of different electron density. Alveoles of the IInd and IIIrd type of I. persulcatus are not identical with those of Hyalomma asiaticum, Boophilus microplus and other members of the subfamily Amblyomminae.", "PMID": 514626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10686", "title": "[Age-related changes of the mineral component content in the hemolymph of 2d- and 3d-stage larvae of the reindeer warble fly (Hypodermatidae)].", "content": "A mineral components concentration in the haemolymph of the IInd- and IIIrd-stage larvae of Oedemagena tarandi depends on the physiological state of parasites. Metabolism of mineral components is most intensive in a young actively growing organism and during moulting. The moulting is characterized by the decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and potassium and by the increase of calcium, magnesium and natrium.", "contents": "[Age-related changes of the mineral component content in the hemolymph of 2d- and 3d-stage larvae of the reindeer warble fly (Hypodermatidae)]. A mineral components concentration in the haemolymph of the IInd- and IIIrd-stage larvae of Oedemagena tarandi depends on the physiological state of parasites. Metabolism of mineral components is most intensive in a young actively growing organism and during moulting. The moulting is characterized by the decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and potassium and by the increase of calcium, magnesium and natrium.", "PMID": 514627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10687", "title": "[Interaction of Toxoplasma gondii endozoites with the omental cells of the white mouse in acute experimental infestation. An electron microscopic study].", "content": "The omentum of 8 white mice was examined 24--96 hours after the intraperitoneal infection. Endozoites are capable of intensive intrusion not only into phagocytizing cells (hystocytes, peritoneal macrophages) but also into the cells which are not phagocytes (mesothelium). Just after the intrusion metabolism of the host-cell intensifies and in it are formed special structures which facilitate metabolic processes between the cell and the parasite (microvilli on the membrane of the parasitophore vacuole). At the final stage of the interaction with the cell endozoites cause the lysis of the membrane of the parasitophore vacuole that facilitates their transition into new cells. The ability to intrude into the cells, which are not phagocytes, and to cause the lysis of parasitophores vacuole is a factor of pathogenicity of virulent strains of toxoplasms which determines the generalized character of the infection caused by them.", "contents": "[Interaction of Toxoplasma gondii endozoites with the omental cells of the white mouse in acute experimental infestation. An electron microscopic study]. The omentum of 8 white mice was examined 24--96 hours after the intraperitoneal infection. Endozoites are capable of intensive intrusion not only into phagocytizing cells (hystocytes, peritoneal macrophages) but also into the cells which are not phagocytes (mesothelium). Just after the intrusion metabolism of the host-cell intensifies and in it are formed special structures which facilitate metabolic processes between the cell and the parasite (microvilli on the membrane of the parasitophore vacuole). At the final stage of the interaction with the cell endozoites cause the lysis of the membrane of the parasitophore vacuole that facilitates their transition into new cells. The ability to intrude into the cells, which are not phagocytes, and to cause the lysis of parasitophores vacuole is a factor of pathogenicity of virulent strains of toxoplasms which determines the generalized character of the infection caused by them.", "PMID": 514628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10688", "title": "[Change in the amino acid makeup in the muscle and liver tissues of broiler chicks with coccidiosis (Coccidiida)].", "content": "Broiler 7-week old chicks were infected with E. tenella (150 000 oocysts). The contents of aminoacids of muscular tissues of femur and liver as well as combined aminoacids of femoral muscles were investigated. It has been established that the total amount of aminoacids of muscular tissues increases on account of free aminoacids while the contents of combined aminoacids decreases. In the liver of infected chicks there was observed an increase of alanine and a decrease of histidine, arginine and of total quantity of nonsubstituted aminoacids. Coccidial infection causes pathological changes in the organism of birds thus reducing their food value.", "contents": "[Change in the amino acid makeup in the muscle and liver tissues of broiler chicks with coccidiosis (Coccidiida)]. Broiler 7-week old chicks were infected with E. tenella (150 000 oocysts). The contents of aminoacids of muscular tissues of femur and liver as well as combined aminoacids of femoral muscles were investigated. It has been established that the total amount of aminoacids of muscular tissues increases on account of free aminoacids while the contents of combined aminoacids decreases. In the liver of infected chicks there was observed an increase of alanine and a decrease of histidine, arginine and of total quantity of nonsubstituted aminoacids. Coccidial infection causes pathological changes in the organism of birds thus reducing their food value.", "PMID": 514629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10689", "title": "[Systematic position of monogenean species of the genus Diplozoon in Far Eastern fishes].", "content": "The paper concerns the toxonomic position of the species Diplozoon bychowskyi, D. ctenopharyngodoni and D. strelkowi. As far as there are no serious morphological differences between them the first two species are reduced to synonyms of D. strelkowi. Despite the great similarity between D. diplodiscus and D. strelkowi some characters do not allow to consider them synonyms. On the basis of new data the descriptions of D. diplodiscus and D. strelkowi are given.", "contents": "[Systematic position of monogenean species of the genus Diplozoon in Far Eastern fishes]. The paper concerns the toxonomic position of the species Diplozoon bychowskyi, D. ctenopharyngodoni and D. strelkowi. As far as there are no serious morphological differences between them the first two species are reduced to synonyms of D. strelkowi. Despite the great similarity between D. diplodiscus and D. strelkowi some characters do not allow to consider them synonyms. On the basis of new data the descriptions of D. diplodiscus and D. strelkowi are given.", "PMID": 514630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10690", "title": "Guanidination of kappa-elastin from bovine ligamentum nuchae.", "content": "Kappa-Elastin is exhaustively guanidinated in order to chemically modify the pre-existing lysine content to homoarginine. However the pre-existing lysine content is only modified to homoarginine content about 50 p.cent. The other lysyl-bonds are buried or/and engaged to aldi-imine bonds or other bonds. Therefore the first guanidinated kappa-Elastin is submitted to partial acide hydrolysis (HCL, 1 N, 110 degrees C for 2 hours) and submitted to a second exhaustive guanidination. The pre-existing lysin content in kappa-Elastin almost quantitively disappeared and is transformed to the corresponding homoarginine. These results are similar to those obtained by photolysis of (Iso) desmosine residues by UV light which will liberate \"new\" lysine containing peptides from kappa-Elastin.", "contents": "Guanidination of kappa-elastin from bovine ligamentum nuchae. Kappa-Elastin is exhaustively guanidinated in order to chemically modify the pre-existing lysine content to homoarginine. However the pre-existing lysine content is only modified to homoarginine content about 50 p.cent. The other lysyl-bonds are buried or/and engaged to aldi-imine bonds or other bonds. Therefore the first guanidinated kappa-Elastin is submitted to partial acide hydrolysis (HCL, 1 N, 110 degrees C for 2 hours) and submitted to a second exhaustive guanidination. The pre-existing lysin content in kappa-Elastin almost quantitively disappeared and is transformed to the corresponding homoarginine. These results are similar to those obtained by photolysis of (Iso) desmosine residues by UV light which will liberate \"new\" lysine containing peptides from kappa-Elastin.", "PMID": 514636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10691", "title": "Biosynthesis of acylglycerol fatty acids in dog arteries.", "content": "The incorporation of (2-14C) acetate into the diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fatty acids of three aortic layers and of the coronary arteries of the dog was investigated. In all tissues of the health animals, 50-60% of the label was found in the fatty acids greater than C16. This percentage was significantly higher in the diacylglycerols of the aortic media than in the adjacent layers or in the triacylglycerols of the media preparation. Under the influence of an atherogenic diet rich in cholesterol, incorporation of the label into the long chain fatty acids of the acylglycerols was markedly elevated in the aortic media and in the coronary artery. These results are interpreted in terms of metabolic alterations due to hypoxia in the normal aortic media and under hypercholesterolemic conditions. An active metabolic role of the diacylglycerols without net accumulation in the aortic media is discussed. In addition, the present data lend support to recent results on the coronary arteries and their susceptibility to atherogenesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of acylglycerol fatty acids in dog arteries. The incorporation of (2-14C) acetate into the diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fatty acids of three aortic layers and of the coronary arteries of the dog was investigated. In all tissues of the health animals, 50-60% of the label was found in the fatty acids greater than C16. This percentage was significantly higher in the diacylglycerols of the aortic media than in the adjacent layers or in the triacylglycerols of the media preparation. Under the influence of an atherogenic diet rich in cholesterol, incorporation of the label into the long chain fatty acids of the acylglycerols was markedly elevated in the aortic media and in the coronary artery. These results are interpreted in terms of metabolic alterations due to hypoxia in the normal aortic media and under hypercholesterolemic conditions. An active metabolic role of the diacylglycerols without net accumulation in the aortic media is discussed. In addition, the present data lend support to recent results on the coronary arteries and their susceptibility to atherogenesis.", "PMID": 514637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10692", "title": "[Reaction of Philophthalmus rhionica (Trematoda, Philophthalmidae miracidia to light].", "content": "The light response of miracidia was studied by means of several original methodics. The heterogeneity in the character of light response between various larvae of the same age population was determined in the course of experiments. It was shown that a part of miracidia possesses the strict positive phototaxis. Moreover, in their movement to the light the larvae seem to orientate themselves on the light intensity gradient. Not all the miracidia possess the positive phototaxis (\"+\" miracidia). Some of them (\"-\" miracidia) leave for the dark side of camera under the influence of direct ray of light. There are also larvae indifferent to the light conditions in thepopulation. They can move in different directions in spite of the light ray direction (\"0\" miracidia). The number of \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" miracidia in the population is inconstant. The number of the negative phototactic larvae grows with age and respectively the number of \"+\" miracidia decreases. It is obvious the \"+\" miracidia can transform into \"0\" or \"-\" forms, while there is no opposite transformation. The reasons of differences in the movement character of \"+\" and \"-\" miracidia are under discussion.", "contents": "[Reaction of Philophthalmus rhionica (Trematoda, Philophthalmidae miracidia to light]. The light response of miracidia was studied by means of several original methodics. The heterogeneity in the character of light response between various larvae of the same age population was determined in the course of experiments. It was shown that a part of miracidia possesses the strict positive phototaxis. Moreover, in their movement to the light the larvae seem to orientate themselves on the light intensity gradient. Not all the miracidia possess the positive phototaxis (\"+\" miracidia). Some of them (\"-\" miracidia) leave for the dark side of camera under the influence of direct ray of light. There are also larvae indifferent to the light conditions in thepopulation. They can move in different directions in spite of the light ray direction (\"0\" miracidia). The number of \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" miracidia in the population is inconstant. The number of the negative phototactic larvae grows with age and respectively the number of \"+\" miracidia decreases. It is obvious the \"+\" miracidia can transform into \"0\" or \"-\" forms, while there is no opposite transformation. The reasons of differences in the movement character of \"+\" and \"-\" miracidia are under discussion.", "PMID": 514632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10693", "title": "[Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in the arterial intima. VII. Isolation and purification of fucosyl-transferase from the aorta].", "content": "A fucosyl-transferase, catalysing the transfer of fucose, from GDP-fucose to proteinic or polyprenic acceptors, exists in microsomes of intima-media from aorta. Solubilization and purification of this enzyme is obtained by treatment of microsomes with Cemulsol NPT 12, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Dowex 1 X 8 and electrofocusing. Only one molecular species is detected at pHi = 4.7.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in the arterial intima. VII. Isolation and purification of fucosyl-transferase from the aorta]. A fucosyl-transferase, catalysing the transfer of fucose, from GDP-fucose to proteinic or polyprenic acceptors, exists in microsomes of intima-media from aorta. Solubilization and purification of this enzyme is obtained by treatment of microsomes with Cemulsol NPT 12, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Dowex 1 X 8 and electrofocusing. Only one molecular species is detected at pHi = 4.7.", "PMID": 514638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10694", "title": "[New species of tremstodes from Indian Ocean and Red Sea fishes].", "content": "On the basis of the material collected in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean four new species of trematodes are described: Bucephalopsis pseni sp. n., Diploproctodaeum chelonodoni sp. n., Bucephalus neoscombropsi sp. n., Phyllodistomum sobolevi sp. n. Anatomical and morphological characteristics of the above species as well as original figures of the trematodes are given, their taxonomic position is discussed.", "contents": "[New species of tremstodes from Indian Ocean and Red Sea fishes]. On the basis of the material collected in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean four new species of trematodes are described: Bucephalopsis pseni sp. n., Diploproctodaeum chelonodoni sp. n., Bucephalus neoscombropsi sp. n., Phyllodistomum sobolevi sp. n. Anatomical and morphological characteristics of the above species as well as original figures of the trematodes are given, their taxonomic position is discussed.", "PMID": 514634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10695", "title": "Arterial lesions and hypertension induced by saline, unilateral nephrectomy, and deoxycorticosterone in spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats.", "content": "Male and female, 100 days old, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into two major groups: intact and uninephrectomized, given either no treatment, 1p.100 saline drinking water, 1p.100 saline + Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), or DOC alone. The DOC (Percorten pivalate) was given subcutaneously 2 times weekly, at a dose level of 2 mg/rat for 8 weeks. At autopsy, the combination of DOC + saline caused: the greatest exacerbation of blood pressure, marked catabolism, adrenal hypertrophy and thymic involution, little increase in heart weight, but a marked increase in kidney weight, elevated triglyceride and free fatty acids, cerebral and myocardial necrosis, fibrinous hyalinization of the cerebral, coronary, mesenteric, renal, testicular and ovarian arteries, foci of aortic cartilaginous metaplasia, PAN, foci of hepatic necrosis, and extensive lipid depletion from the zonae glomerulosa. Circulating corticosterone levels were suppressed to below normal levels. Excursion of circulating CPK levels coincided with the finding of myocardial necrosis and cerebral damage. It is suggested that the genetically-mediated hypertension of SHR is programmed through abnormal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the specific morphologic make-up of arterial lesions is dependent upon the variety of adrenal or gonadal steroids secreted and their conditioning effect on the arterial wall.", "contents": "Arterial lesions and hypertension induced by saline, unilateral nephrectomy, and deoxycorticosterone in spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats. Male and female, 100 days old, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into two major groups: intact and uninephrectomized, given either no treatment, 1p.100 saline drinking water, 1p.100 saline + Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), or DOC alone. The DOC (Percorten pivalate) was given subcutaneously 2 times weekly, at a dose level of 2 mg/rat for 8 weeks. At autopsy, the combination of DOC + saline caused: the greatest exacerbation of blood pressure, marked catabolism, adrenal hypertrophy and thymic involution, little increase in heart weight, but a marked increase in kidney weight, elevated triglyceride and free fatty acids, cerebral and myocardial necrosis, fibrinous hyalinization of the cerebral, coronary, mesenteric, renal, testicular and ovarian arteries, foci of aortic cartilaginous metaplasia, PAN, foci of hepatic necrosis, and extensive lipid depletion from the zonae glomerulosa. Circulating corticosterone levels were suppressed to below normal levels. Excursion of circulating CPK levels coincided with the finding of myocardial necrosis and cerebral damage. It is suggested that the genetically-mediated hypertension of SHR is programmed through abnormal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the specific morphologic make-up of arterial lesions is dependent upon the variety of adrenal or gonadal steroids secreted and their conditioning effect on the arterial wall.", "PMID": 514639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10696", "title": "[Morphogenesis of the genital system of Passerilepsis crenata (Cestoidea: Hymenolepididae)].", "content": "The consecutive development of the genital organs in proglottides of the mature st obile of Passerilepis crenata was studied. The organs of the male and female genital systems, excluding testes and efferent ductules, are laid as a common genital anlage, which later become subdivided into three departments. On the basis of the degree of development of the genital organs zonation of the worm's strobile has been specified.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of the genital system of Passerilepsis crenata (Cestoidea: Hymenolepididae)]. The consecutive development of the genital organs in proglottides of the mature st obile of Passerilepis crenata was studied. The organs of the male and female genital systems, excluding testes and efferent ductules, are laid as a common genital anlage, which later become subdivided into three departments. On the basis of the degree of development of the genital organs zonation of the worm's strobile has been specified.", "PMID": 514631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10697", "title": "[Tabanid fly fauna (Tanidae) of southeastern Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous Okrug].", "content": "The species compositon of tabanid flies from the southeastern part of the Khanty-Mansijsk territory (the river Vakh basin) was studied. 15 species belonging to 4 genera were found as follows: Chrysops, Atylotus, Haematopota, Hybomitra. The duration of flight, abundance of tabanid flies and the periods of their damaging activities were established.", "contents": "[Tabanid fly fauna (Tanidae) of southeastern Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous Okrug]. The species compositon of tabanid flies from the southeastern part of the Khanty-Mansijsk territory (the river Vakh basin) was studied. 15 species belonging to 4 genera were found as follows: Chrysops, Atylotus, Haematopota, Hybomitra. The duration of flight, abundance of tabanid flies and the periods of their damaging activities were established.", "PMID": 514633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10698", "title": "Rickets: a roentgenographic scheme for diagnosis.", "content": "The roentgenograms in seventy-two (72) patients with all forms of rickets were reviewed in an attempt to determine whether specific forms of rickets could be identified and classified roentgenographically. All cases were clinically proven and after analyzing the roentgenographic changes in all of the patients, it was determined that such a scheme was possible. This scheme allows one to either diagnose the specific type of rickets or offer a short, pertinent differential diagnosis from roentgenograms alone.", "contents": "Rickets: a roentgenographic scheme for diagnosis. The roentgenograms in seventy-two (72) patients with all forms of rickets were reviewed in an attempt to determine whether specific forms of rickets could be identified and classified roentgenographically. All cases were clinically proven and after analyzing the roentgenographic changes in all of the patients, it was determined that such a scheme was possible. This scheme allows one to either diagnose the specific type of rickets or offer a short, pertinent differential diagnosis from roentgenograms alone.", "PMID": 514674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10699", "title": "The paradoxial movement of the mediastinum. A diagnostic sign of foreign-body aspiration during childhood.", "content": "The paradoxical movement of the mediastinum, in relation to the respiratory cycle, is a valuable fluoroscopie sign in the evaluation of partial obstruction of air-flow through the trachea or larynx. Its recognition in the presence of the normal chest radiograms together with the clinical history of aspiration, is of importance in the diagnosis of a foreign body located above the tracheal bifurcation. The pathophysiology and the radiographic manifestations of this phenomenon are described. Various etiologies are discussed in which this sign is also seen. The experience with 18 pediatric patients is presented and 3 cases are outlined in details.", "contents": "The paradoxial movement of the mediastinum. A diagnostic sign of foreign-body aspiration during childhood. The paradoxical movement of the mediastinum, in relation to the respiratory cycle, is a valuable fluoroscopie sign in the evaluation of partial obstruction of air-flow through the trachea or larynx. Its recognition in the presence of the normal chest radiograms together with the clinical history of aspiration, is of importance in the diagnosis of a foreign body located above the tracheal bifurcation. The pathophysiology and the radiographic manifestations of this phenomenon are described. Various etiologies are discussed in which this sign is also seen. The experience with 18 pediatric patients is presented and 3 cases are outlined in details.", "PMID": 514675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10700", "title": "Barotraumatic pneumothorax during cardiopulmonary bypass: a rare complication of open heart surgery.", "content": "In the absence of underlying lung disease, pneumothorax is a rare complication of open heart surgery in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. However, barotraumatic pneumothoraces may be induced by manually applied endotracheal tube positive pressure to prevent air emboli from the left heart during open heart surgery. Two patients in whom barotraumatic pneumothoraces occurred during cardiopulmonary bypass and open heart surgery are reported.", "contents": "Barotraumatic pneumothorax during cardiopulmonary bypass: a rare complication of open heart surgery. In the absence of underlying lung disease, pneumothorax is a rare complication of open heart surgery in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. However, barotraumatic pneumothoraces may be induced by manually applied endotracheal tube positive pressure to prevent air emboli from the left heart during open heart surgery. Two patients in whom barotraumatic pneumothoraces occurred during cardiopulmonary bypass and open heart surgery are reported.", "PMID": 514676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10701", "title": "99mTc-pyrophosphate imaging: bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "The authors describe a positive 99mTc-Pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scan in a child with congenital cyanotic heart disease who developed bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "99mTc-pyrophosphate imaging: bacterial endocarditis. The authors describe a positive 99mTc-Pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scan in a child with congenital cyanotic heart disease who developed bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 514677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10702", "title": "Double-contrast enemas in children: the \"knee-chest\" view of the rectosigmoid colon.", "content": "A modified prone lateral projection of the rectosigmoid colon with horizontal beam is described for double-contrast barium enemas in children. Elevation of the buttocks allows barium to drain retrograde from the air-filled rectum, improving visualization in selected patients.", "contents": "Double-contrast enemas in children: the \"knee-chest\" view of the rectosigmoid colon. A modified prone lateral projection of the rectosigmoid colon with horizontal beam is described for double-contrast barium enemas in children. Elevation of the buttocks allows barium to drain retrograde from the air-filled rectum, improving visualization in selected patients.", "PMID": 514678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10703", "title": "A syndrome of multiple gastrointestinal atresias with intraluminal calcification. A report of a case and a review of the literature.", "content": "An infant with multiple gastrointestinal atresias from the stomach to the rectum is reported and the literature concerning this syndrome is reviewed. The syndrome has been reported, to date, exclusively in infants born to families with a French-Canadian background. The radiological hallmark of this syndrome is extensive calcification of intraluminal content between the areas of atresia which appears as rounded or oval homogeneous radiopacities on abdominal radiographs. Inheritance is thought to be autosomal recessive and the etiology is uncertain. All previously reported cases have died. The significance of biliary gas, seen in postoperative films, is discussed.", "contents": "A syndrome of multiple gastrointestinal atresias with intraluminal calcification. A report of a case and a review of the literature. An infant with multiple gastrointestinal atresias from the stomach to the rectum is reported and the literature concerning this syndrome is reviewed. The syndrome has been reported, to date, exclusively in infants born to families with a French-Canadian background. The radiological hallmark of this syndrome is extensive calcification of intraluminal content between the areas of atresia which appears as rounded or oval homogeneous radiopacities on abdominal radiographs. Inheritance is thought to be autosomal recessive and the etiology is uncertain. All previously reported cases have died. The significance of biliary gas, seen in postoperative films, is discussed.", "PMID": 514679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10704", "title": "Reduction of dose in pelvic examinations of infants using modern X-ray techniques.", "content": "A simple dose-saving procedure for the diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia employing a diaphragm in near-focus position is presented. Doses to the skin and the gonads are measured with a phantom, comparing the new and other techniques. With optimal techniques the skin dose is smaller than 2 mR and the gonadal doses lie around 0.1 mR for both male and female patients.", "contents": "Reduction of dose in pelvic examinations of infants using modern X-ray techniques. A simple dose-saving procedure for the diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia employing a diaphragm in near-focus position is presented. Doses to the skin and the gonads are measured with a phantom, comparing the new and other techniques. With optimal techniques the skin dose is smaller than 2 mR and the gonadal doses lie around 0.1 mR for both male and female patients.", "PMID": 514680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10705", "title": "Rare pediatric conditions: contribution of grey-scale ultrasonography.", "content": "The authors report some unusual pediatric conditions where grey scale ultrasound was the most useful diagnostic tool. Cases of pericardial cyst, polycystic kidney disease of the adult type, hepatic hamartoma and hepatocarcinoma, gallstones, renal pseudo tumors, calcified inferior vena caval thrombus, acute pancreatitis, multicystic kidney and retroperitoneal lymphangioma are briefly described and compared to the literature. In a patient presenting with hereditary tyrosinemia, ultrasound not only disclosed evidence of hepatocarcinoma but was shown to be the procedure of choice for following the course of the disease.", "contents": "Rare pediatric conditions: contribution of grey-scale ultrasonography. The authors report some unusual pediatric conditions where grey scale ultrasound was the most useful diagnostic tool. Cases of pericardial cyst, polycystic kidney disease of the adult type, hepatic hamartoma and hepatocarcinoma, gallstones, renal pseudo tumors, calcified inferior vena caval thrombus, acute pancreatitis, multicystic kidney and retroperitoneal lymphangioma are briefly described and compared to the literature. In a patient presenting with hereditary tyrosinemia, ultrasound not only disclosed evidence of hepatocarcinoma but was shown to be the procedure of choice for following the course of the disease.", "PMID": 514681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10706", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of jugular venous system dilatation in children. A report of five cases.", "content": "We report five children with a soft mass in the neck due to congenital jugular venous ectasia. Three had fusiform dilatation of the internal jugular vein, which in one case was associated with dilatation of the ipselateral external jugular vein. Two children had aneurysmal dilatation of the superficial cervical communicating vein. The first four cases required angiographic studies for final diagnosis. Venography via the femoral vein was most valuable for visualization of the dilated segments of internal jugular veins but failed to show the vascular mass communicating with the superficial vein of the neck. These were best visualized by direct injection of the contrast medium into the vessel. In the fifth case a correct diagnosis was obtained with xeroradiography alone.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of jugular venous system dilatation in children. A report of five cases. We report five children with a soft mass in the neck due to congenital jugular venous ectasia. Three had fusiform dilatation of the internal jugular vein, which in one case was associated with dilatation of the ipselateral external jugular vein. Two children had aneurysmal dilatation of the superficial cervical communicating vein. The first four cases required angiographic studies for final diagnosis. Venography via the femoral vein was most valuable for visualization of the dilated segments of internal jugular veins but failed to show the vascular mass communicating with the superficial vein of the neck. These were best visualized by direct injection of the contrast medium into the vessel. In the fifth case a correct diagnosis was obtained with xeroradiography alone.", "PMID": 514682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10707", "title": "Large skull defect in a headbanger.", "content": "A mentally retarded self-mutilating child developed a large skull defect at the site of repeated trauma. The bony defect involved only the outer table and had smooth bony margins.", "contents": "Large skull defect in a headbanger. A mentally retarded self-mutilating child developed a large skull defect at the site of repeated trauma. The bony defect involved only the outer table and had smooth bony margins.", "PMID": 514683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10708", "title": "Giant lobar emphysema--neonatal diagnosis.", "content": "Giant emphysema of a lung lobe has distinctive features. Classically there is overdistension of the affected lung lobe, with one lobe only being involved, and, 50% of cases occur in the newborn infant [1, 4, 8]. The authors describe a particularly severe example with marked mediastinal shift and initially the hemithorax on the side of the lesion was opaque. Angiography was carried out and followed by resection when the infant was 4 months old.", "contents": "Giant lobar emphysema--neonatal diagnosis. Giant emphysema of a lung lobe has distinctive features. Classically there is overdistension of the affected lung lobe, with one lobe only being involved, and, 50% of cases occur in the newborn infant [1, 4, 8]. The authors describe a particularly severe example with marked mediastinal shift and initially the hemithorax on the side of the lesion was opaque. Angiography was carried out and followed by resection when the infant was 4 months old.", "PMID": 514684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10709", "title": "Traumatic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a child.", "content": "A case of traumatic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a child is reported. This complication must be suspected in a child who sustains severe injury from closed thoracic trauma and develops an abnormally wide anterior mediastinum. A mechanism for ascending aortic rupture and aneurysm is proposed. Aortography is essential when aortic injury and its complications are suspected.", "contents": "Traumatic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a child. A case of traumatic aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a child is reported. This complication must be suspected in a child who sustains severe injury from closed thoracic trauma and develops an abnormally wide anterior mediastinum. A mechanism for ascending aortic rupture and aneurysm is proposed. Aortography is essential when aortic injury and its complications are suspected.", "PMID": 514685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10710", "title": "Regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the right atria of humans and dogs.", "content": "The regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the right atrium was determined by quantitative chemical measurements on hearts obtained from 14 infant and 9 adult humans of autopsy, and 9 adult dogs after termination of acute animal experiments. The atrium and interatrial septum were dissected, and the appendage was cut along its fold from the ventricular border to the superior vena cava. The atrium was cut into 20 consecutive sections. Homogenates (10% w/v) were prepared, centrifuged, and the supernatants were used for the enzyme assay by the method of Ellman. The acetylcholinesterase concentration [AChE] was mapped by section, or the sections were grouped into areas and mapped. The results show that: 1) in the dog, [AChE] is significantly higher in the nodal regions as compared to the appendicular areas, which contain the lowest [AChE]; 2) in the human, the [AChE] distribution pattern is qualitatively similar between the adult and infant, and in contrast to the dog, the appendicular areas contain the highest [AChE]; 3) for all areas studied, human infant [AChE] levels are significantly higher than human adult levels for corresponding areas. It is concluded that there is a distinct species difference between the regional distribution of the [AChE] in human and canine right atrium. Also, within humans, there is an age-related difference in the quantitative [AChE] levels. These species and age-related differences may reflect a varying pattern of distribution of the vagus nerve between the two species studied.", "contents": "Regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the right atria of humans and dogs. The regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the right atrium was determined by quantitative chemical measurements on hearts obtained from 14 infant and 9 adult humans of autopsy, and 9 adult dogs after termination of acute animal experiments. The atrium and interatrial septum were dissected, and the appendage was cut along its fold from the ventricular border to the superior vena cava. The atrium was cut into 20 consecutive sections. Homogenates (10% w/v) were prepared, centrifuged, and the supernatants were used for the enzyme assay by the method of Ellman. The acetylcholinesterase concentration [AChE] was mapped by section, or the sections were grouped into areas and mapped. The results show that: 1) in the dog, [AChE] is significantly higher in the nodal regions as compared to the appendicular areas, which contain the lowest [AChE]; 2) in the human, the [AChE] distribution pattern is qualitatively similar between the adult and infant, and in contrast to the dog, the appendicular areas contain the highest [AChE]; 3) for all areas studied, human infant [AChE] levels are significantly higher than human adult levels for corresponding areas. It is concluded that there is a distinct species difference between the regional distribution of the [AChE] in human and canine right atrium. Also, within humans, there is an age-related difference in the quantitative [AChE] levels. These species and age-related differences may reflect a varying pattern of distribution of the vagus nerve between the two species studied.", "PMID": 514686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10711", "title": "Kinky hair disease. Biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "The biosynthetic activities of protein and collagen from the patient of kinky hair disease, were reduced to 70 and 50%, respectively, compared with control. In tissue cultures, fast-green FCF staining coarse granules were found in the cytoplasm of skin fibroblasts from the patient. Ultrastructurally, collagen fibrils by iliac cartilage biopsy were irregular in width. Ruthenium red staining granules, presumed to be proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix, were relatively small in size and few in number. Chondrocytes showed poor development of organelles and relatively small glycogen accumulation.", "contents": "Kinky hair disease. Biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies. The biosynthetic activities of protein and collagen from the patient of kinky hair disease, were reduced to 70 and 50%, respectively, compared with control. In tissue cultures, fast-green FCF staining coarse granules were found in the cytoplasm of skin fibroblasts from the patient. Ultrastructurally, collagen fibrils by iliac cartilage biopsy were irregular in width. Ruthenium red staining granules, presumed to be proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix, were relatively small in size and few in number. Chondrocytes showed poor development of organelles and relatively small glycogen accumulation.", "PMID": 514687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10712", "title": "Studies on the effects of saturated and unsaturated short-chain monocarboxylic acids on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of eight branched-chain amino acid metabolites, four metabolites from the beta-oxidation, and the unphysiologic acid 4-pentenoic acid on the oxygen consumption rate of liver mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate, 2-oxo-glutarate, and L-palmitoylcarnitine has been investigated. The 12 metabolites are: propionic, isobutyric, 2-Me-butyric, isovaleric, acrylic, Me-acrylic, tiglic, Me-crotonic, butyric, hexanoic, crotonic, and 2-hexenoic acids. The oxidation rate of pyruvate was strongly inhibited by propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids at 0.1, 0.1, and 1.0 mM, respectively. With 2-oxo-glutarate as substrate, the oxygen consumption rate was strongly inhibited at 0.1 mM of propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids. The L-palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation rate was very strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM 4-petenoic acid, whereas butyric and hexanoic acids exerted a moderate inhibition at 0.1 mM. Propionic acid inhibited L-palmitoylcarnitine oxidation slightly at 1.0 mM. It is argued that propionyl-CoA and isovaleryl-CoA inhibit pyruvate and 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenases directly, and the significance of the results for ketotic episodes in organic acidurias is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of saturated and unsaturated short-chain monocarboxylic acids on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria. The effect of eight branched-chain amino acid metabolites, four metabolites from the beta-oxidation, and the unphysiologic acid 4-pentenoic acid on the oxygen consumption rate of liver mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate, 2-oxo-glutarate, and L-palmitoylcarnitine has been investigated. The 12 metabolites are: propionic, isobutyric, 2-Me-butyric, isovaleric, acrylic, Me-acrylic, tiglic, Me-crotonic, butyric, hexanoic, crotonic, and 2-hexenoic acids. The oxidation rate of pyruvate was strongly inhibited by propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids at 0.1, 0.1, and 1.0 mM, respectively. With 2-oxo-glutarate as substrate, the oxygen consumption rate was strongly inhibited at 0.1 mM of propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids. The L-palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation rate was very strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM 4-petenoic acid, whereas butyric and hexanoic acids exerted a moderate inhibition at 0.1 mM. Propionic acid inhibited L-palmitoylcarnitine oxidation slightly at 1.0 mM. It is argued that propionyl-CoA and isovaleryl-CoA inhibit pyruvate and 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenases directly, and the significance of the results for ketotic episodes in organic acidurias is discussed.", "PMID": 514688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10713", "title": "Possible sodium and D-glucose cotransport in isolated jejunal epithelium of children.", "content": "Some experimental data in human jejunum suggest a Na dependence for glucose absorption and a glucose dependence for Na absorption. However, the relationship between these two transport processes is not yet known. Na+ and D-glucose absorptions were, therefore, measured simultaneously, in vitro, in isolated jejunal mucosa of children. The results are as follows: 1) the steady-state accumulation of D-glucose (C/M glucose) is a function of the Na concentration gradient between cell and medium (C/M Na). In Ringer solution, C/M glucose = 3.97 and C/M Na = 0.29; in the presence of 10(-4) M ouabain, C/M glucose = 1.63 and C/M Na = 0.60, and in Na free solution, C/M glucose = 0.99. In the presence of phloridzin, C/M Na is not statistically different from that in Ringer, but C/M glucose is significantly decreased. 2) The influx of D-glucose at the luminal membrane is a function of Na concentration in the bathing solution; it has the value of 4.41 mumole/hr cm2 in the presence of Na and of 1.65 mumole/hr cm2 in absence of Na. 3) The short-circuit current is a saturable function of D-glucose and of 3-O-D-methylglucose. The Kt for glucose is 8.01 mM. These results support the concept of a coupling between Na and D-glucose absorptions at the luminal membrane of jejunal mucosa of children.", "contents": "Possible sodium and D-glucose cotransport in isolated jejunal epithelium of children. Some experimental data in human jejunum suggest a Na dependence for glucose absorption and a glucose dependence for Na absorption. However, the relationship between these two transport processes is not yet known. Na+ and D-glucose absorptions were, therefore, measured simultaneously, in vitro, in isolated jejunal mucosa of children. The results are as follows: 1) the steady-state accumulation of D-glucose (C/M glucose) is a function of the Na concentration gradient between cell and medium (C/M Na). In Ringer solution, C/M glucose = 3.97 and C/M Na = 0.29; in the presence of 10(-4) M ouabain, C/M glucose = 1.63 and C/M Na = 0.60, and in Na free solution, C/M glucose = 0.99. In the presence of phloridzin, C/M Na is not statistically different from that in Ringer, but C/M glucose is significantly decreased. 2) The influx of D-glucose at the luminal membrane is a function of Na concentration in the bathing solution; it has the value of 4.41 mumole/hr cm2 in the presence of Na and of 1.65 mumole/hr cm2 in absence of Na. 3) The short-circuit current is a saturable function of D-glucose and of 3-O-D-methylglucose. The Kt for glucose is 8.01 mM. These results support the concept of a coupling between Na and D-glucose absorptions at the luminal membrane of jejunal mucosa of children.", "PMID": 514689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10714", "title": "Immunologic studies of prothrombin in newborns.", "content": "Prothrombin of newborns was investigated by means of the quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The plasma of 10 of 24 healthy term newborns and of 5 preterm infants taken immediately after birth showed one prothrombin precipitate in the alpha-2-beta-globulin position when a buffer containing 25 mM calcium lactate was used. No differences in the mobility and form of the precipitate could be observed as compared to healthy adults. The plasma of the other 14 term newborns and one small-for-date infant showed two precipitates, one in the alpha-2-beta-globulin position and a second in the alpha-1-globulin position. Twenty-four hr after the injection of vitamin K, the precipitate in alpha-1-globulin position was no longer evident. When a buffer without calcium was used in the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, only one precipitate in the alpha-1-globulin position was found in all newborns. In the quantitative immunologic determination, the prothrombin was found to be decreased as compared to that of adults. The quantitative immunologic determination and the activity assay gave equal results in those infants who had only one precipitate in the two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. In those newborns, who had two precipitates, the quantitative immunologic determination gave higher results than the measurement of the activity assay. From this study, no evidence of differences between the prothrombin of newborns and that of adults could be derived. Vitamin K deficiency, as judged from the appearance of a second peak in alpha-1-globulin position in the two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was a frequent findings in term newborns, even on the 1st day of life.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of prothrombin in newborns. Prothrombin of newborns was investigated by means of the quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The plasma of 10 of 24 healthy term newborns and of 5 preterm infants taken immediately after birth showed one prothrombin precipitate in the alpha-2-beta-globulin position when a buffer containing 25 mM calcium lactate was used. No differences in the mobility and form of the precipitate could be observed as compared to healthy adults. The plasma of the other 14 term newborns and one small-for-date infant showed two precipitates, one in the alpha-2-beta-globulin position and a second in the alpha-1-globulin position. Twenty-four hr after the injection of vitamin K, the precipitate in alpha-1-globulin position was no longer evident. When a buffer without calcium was used in the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, only one precipitate in the alpha-1-globulin position was found in all newborns. In the quantitative immunologic determination, the prothrombin was found to be decreased as compared to that of adults. The quantitative immunologic determination and the activity assay gave equal results in those infants who had only one precipitate in the two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. In those newborns, who had two precipitates, the quantitative immunologic determination gave higher results than the measurement of the activity assay. From this study, no evidence of differences between the prothrombin of newborns and that of adults could be derived. Vitamin K deficiency, as judged from the appearance of a second peak in alpha-1-globulin position in the two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was a frequent findings in term newborns, even on the 1st day of life.", "PMID": 514690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10715", "title": "Kniest dysplasia. A histochemical study of the growth plate.", "content": "Chondro-osseous tissue from four patients with the Kniest dysplasia was studied histochemically using a new plastic embedding technique. Extensive vacuolar changes were observed p--1 throughout the endochondral growth plate and adjacent resting cartilage. These changes occurred within the cartilage matrix and also in the lacunae of degenerating chrondrocytes. The septa of the lesions contained chondroitin sulfate, but little keratan sulfate or collagen. Resting cartilage not adjacent to the growth plate stained irregularly and showed few of the vacuolar lesions, and chondrocytes were enlarged and contained cytoplasic inclusions, but no vacuolar material. Thus, there appears to be a sequence of events initiated by cellular accumulation of a substance and progressing to cellular and matrix degeneration.", "contents": "Kniest dysplasia. A histochemical study of the growth plate. Chondro-osseous tissue from four patients with the Kniest dysplasia was studied histochemically using a new plastic embedding technique. Extensive vacuolar changes were observed p--1 throughout the endochondral growth plate and adjacent resting cartilage. These changes occurred within the cartilage matrix and also in the lacunae of degenerating chrondrocytes. The septa of the lesions contained chondroitin sulfate, but little keratan sulfate or collagen. Resting cartilage not adjacent to the growth plate stained irregularly and showed few of the vacuolar lesions, and chondrocytes were enlarged and contained cytoplasic inclusions, but no vacuolar material. Thus, there appears to be a sequence of events initiated by cellular accumulation of a substance and progressing to cellular and matrix degeneration.", "PMID": 514691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10716", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to right atrial injections of phenyl diguanide in pentobarbital-anesthetized newborn piglets.", "content": "The present series of experiments was designed to determine whether the piglet has mature cardiorespiratory responses to the administration of phenyl diguanide (PDG) similar to those reported in adult mammals. A total of 26 acutely instrumented piglets aged 2--23 days were lightly anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. After control conditions were established, PDG was injected into the right atrium. Each animal was its own control for determination of presence and magnitude of aortic pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and volume, and blood flow responses to test doses of PDG. A fall in blood pressure was observed in all animals within 2--4 sec after right atrial injection of PDG. Bradycardia occurred and a transient cardiac arrhythmia, consisting of 2nd and 3rd degree heart block, was observed in most animals; the latter has not been previously reported. Apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing was observed in most animals. This respiratory effect was more pronounced in the younger animals. After atropine, PDG elicited a monophasic rise in aortic pressure; the cardiac rhythm and rate changes were abolished. However, the apneic response was retained. Subsequent bilateral vagotomy abolished the hypotensive effect on PDG. Such results suggest the possibility that the piglet,s cardiorespiratory response to the administration of PDG may be evoked by stimulation of type J pulmonary receptors. These have been postulated to be responsible for the triad of responses of hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea seen in other species after PDG administration.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to right atrial injections of phenyl diguanide in pentobarbital-anesthetized newborn piglets. The present series of experiments was designed to determine whether the piglet has mature cardiorespiratory responses to the administration of phenyl diguanide (PDG) similar to those reported in adult mammals. A total of 26 acutely instrumented piglets aged 2--23 days were lightly anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. After control conditions were established, PDG was injected into the right atrium. Each animal was its own control for determination of presence and magnitude of aortic pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and volume, and blood flow responses to test doses of PDG. A fall in blood pressure was observed in all animals within 2--4 sec after right atrial injection of PDG. Bradycardia occurred and a transient cardiac arrhythmia, consisting of 2nd and 3rd degree heart block, was observed in most animals; the latter has not been previously reported. Apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing was observed in most animals. This respiratory effect was more pronounced in the younger animals. After atropine, PDG elicited a monophasic rise in aortic pressure; the cardiac rhythm and rate changes were abolished. However, the apneic response was retained. Subsequent bilateral vagotomy abolished the hypotensive effect on PDG. Such results suggest the possibility that the piglet,s cardiorespiratory response to the administration of PDG may be evoked by stimulation of type J pulmonary receptors. These have been postulated to be responsible for the triad of responses of hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea seen in other species after PDG administration.", "PMID": 514692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10717", "title": "The fat and water content of the dead infants skinfold.", "content": "Precentages of total fat and water in skinfold tissue from the suprailiac site were estimated in 46 newborn infants of varying gestations. No significant correlation between fat content and gestation was present and no marked difference existed between the sexes at term (the mean fat value in males being 44.6% and that in females 41.5%). A significant correlation was demonstrated between water content and gestation, levels decreasing from 86% at 30/52 to 65% at 40/52, and the mean water value in term males was, at 68.9%, significantly different from the female mean of 59.33%.", "contents": "The fat and water content of the dead infants skinfold. Precentages of total fat and water in skinfold tissue from the suprailiac site were estimated in 46 newborn infants of varying gestations. No significant correlation between fat content and gestation was present and no marked difference existed between the sexes at term (the mean fat value in males being 44.6% and that in females 41.5%). A significant correlation was demonstrated between water content and gestation, levels decreasing from 86% at 30/52 to 65% at 40/52, and the mean water value in term males was, at 68.9%, significantly different from the female mean of 59.33%.", "PMID": 514695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10718", "title": "Rapid detection of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by transillumination.", "content": "Using transillumination and a sensitive cadmium sulfide light meter, 145 newborns were screened for the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was suspected when the light meter could not detect any light passing through the anterior fontanel when the light beam was directed through the frontal eminence. ICH was confirmed by branial computed tomography or postmortem examination in all 17 infants not transmitting light. Spectrophotometry was performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to demonstrate the mechanism through which blood in the CSF blocks light transmission.", "contents": "Rapid detection of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by transillumination. Using transillumination and a sensitive cadmium sulfide light meter, 145 newborns were screened for the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was suspected when the light meter could not detect any light passing through the anterior fontanel when the light beam was directed through the frontal eminence. ICH was confirmed by branial computed tomography or postmortem examination in all 17 infants not transmitting light. Spectrophotometry was performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to demonstrate the mechanism through which blood in the CSF blocks light transmission.", "PMID": 514712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10719", "title": "Children's car seat restraints: when top-tether straps are ignored, are these restraints safe?", "content": "Children's car seat restraints are impact sled-tested to evaluate their safety qualities. To determine whether these restraints can protect the child, it is necessary to test in two different ways those restraints that require a top-tether strap: (1) installed in accordance with the manufacturer's directions; and (2) installed in the manner they are actually used. In this study the five children's car seat restraints top-rated by a leading consumer organization were impact sled-tested with a top-tether strap in use. They were then tested without the top-tether strap--the way such restraints are often being used as indicated by an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety survey. In addition, two leading restraints not requiring a top-tether strap, but secured by the auto lap belt, were tested. This study shows that the five top-tethered restraints, when installed with top-tether and lap belt, and the two restraints not requiring a top-tether give good protection in a frontal crash. It also shows that, with one possible exception, the five restraints that require a top-tether strap do not provide adequate protection if the top-tether strap is not used.", "contents": "Children's car seat restraints: when top-tether straps are ignored, are these restraints safe? Children's car seat restraints are impact sled-tested to evaluate their safety qualities. To determine whether these restraints can protect the child, it is necessary to test in two different ways those restraints that require a top-tether strap: (1) installed in accordance with the manufacturer's directions; and (2) installed in the manner they are actually used. In this study the five children's car seat restraints top-rated by a leading consumer organization were impact sled-tested with a top-tether strap in use. They were then tested without the top-tether strap--the way such restraints are often being used as indicated by an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety survey. In addition, two leading restraints not requiring a top-tether strap, but secured by the auto lap belt, were tested. This study shows that the five top-tethered restraints, when installed with top-tether and lap belt, and the two restraints not requiring a top-tether give good protection in a frontal crash. It also shows that, with one possible exception, the five restraints that require a top-tether strap do not provide adequate protection if the top-tether strap is not used.", "PMID": 514713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10720", "title": "Motor vehicle occupant deaths in young children.", "content": "Motor vehicle occupant deaths of US children aged 0 to 12 years were analyzed. Surprisingly, the death rate is highest for children less than 6 months old: 9.0/100,000, dropping to 4.5/100,000 for 1-year-olds and about 3/100,000 for children aged 6 to 12. The second and third months of age are a period of especially high risk. More attention should therefore be focused on protecting infants from injury and death resulting from motor vehicle crashes.", "contents": "Motor vehicle occupant deaths in young children. Motor vehicle occupant deaths of US children aged 0 to 12 years were analyzed. Surprisingly, the death rate is highest for children less than 6 months old: 9.0/100,000, dropping to 4.5/100,000 for 1-year-olds and about 3/100,000 for children aged 6 to 12. The second and third months of age are a period of especially high risk. More attention should therefore be focused on protecting infants from injury and death resulting from motor vehicle crashes.", "PMID": 514715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10721", "title": "A comparison of absentee rates of elementary schoolchildren with asthma and nonasthmatic schoolmates.", "content": "Daily school attendance has been suggested as a health status measure for children. The present study compares school absence in children known to have asthma (N = 95) with a random sample of nonasthmatic elementary schoolchildren (N = 711). The differences in average percentage of days absent over one year were analyzed by comparing both groups' conditioning on ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, and grade. Children with asthma have a significantly higher absentee rate (absent 8.4% of days) than do nonasthmatic children (absent 5.9% of days) (P less than 9001). This significant difference holds true regardless of ethnicity of sex and for most socioeconomic groups. A comparison by grade level shows a similar trend for children with asthma and nonasthmatic children: absentee rates decrease as children get older; however, except for one grade level, children with asthma have a greater percentage of school days absent. Mean absentee rates for children with asthma were different when compared according to their mother's perception of severity of asthma--mild (6.9%), moderate (7.9%), and severe (13.9%).", "contents": "A comparison of absentee rates of elementary schoolchildren with asthma and nonasthmatic schoolmates. Daily school attendance has been suggested as a health status measure for children. The present study compares school absence in children known to have asthma (N = 95) with a random sample of nonasthmatic elementary schoolchildren (N = 711). The differences in average percentage of days absent over one year were analyzed by comparing both groups' conditioning on ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, and grade. Children with asthma have a significantly higher absentee rate (absent 8.4% of days) than do nonasthmatic children (absent 5.9% of days) (P less than 9001). This significant difference holds true regardless of ethnicity of sex and for most socioeconomic groups. A comparison by grade level shows a similar trend for children with asthma and nonasthmatic children: absentee rates decrease as children get older; however, except for one grade level, children with asthma have a greater percentage of school days absent. Mean absentee rates for children with asthma were different when compared according to their mother's perception of severity of asthma--mild (6.9%), moderate (7.9%), and severe (13.9%).", "PMID": 514716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10722", "title": "The influence of different electrode temperatures on the recorded transcutaneous Po2 level.", "content": "The technique of transcutaneous monitoring of oxygen partial pressure (PtcO2), first described in 1969, provided a new clinical possibility for continuous and noninvasive surveillance of changes in the oxygenation of the organism. To obtain optimal arterialization of the skin and thus a relieable recording, the electrodes used have been supplied with microheating elements. The electrode temperature used implies the risk of producing burns; this is especially true when the measurements are performed in patients with decreased skin circulation or in immature children with a thin and vulnerable skin. Thus, a careful choice of the electrode temperature is important in PtcO2 recording; a higher temperature is desirable for obtaining adequate arterialization, whereas a lower temperature is preferred for reducing the risk of burns. The electrode temperatures described for PtcO2 measurements range from 42--45 C. A systematic study with the Radiometer TCM 1 equipment showed that changing the electrode temperature influences the OtcO2 in a systematic way within the temperature range 43.0--45.0 C. The study also showed that simultaneous measurements obtained from two electrodes with different temperatures showed a highly parallel course and a comparable oscillating pattern within this temperature range. The results of the present study suggest that an electrode temperature of 44.5 C may be the most appropriate for this equipment in clinical applications with newborns.", "contents": "The influence of different electrode temperatures on the recorded transcutaneous Po2 level. The technique of transcutaneous monitoring of oxygen partial pressure (PtcO2), first described in 1969, provided a new clinical possibility for continuous and noninvasive surveillance of changes in the oxygenation of the organism. To obtain optimal arterialization of the skin and thus a relieable recording, the electrodes used have been supplied with microheating elements. The electrode temperature used implies the risk of producing burns; this is especially true when the measurements are performed in patients with decreased skin circulation or in immature children with a thin and vulnerable skin. Thus, a careful choice of the electrode temperature is important in PtcO2 recording; a higher temperature is desirable for obtaining adequate arterialization, whereas a lower temperature is preferred for reducing the risk of burns. The electrode temperatures described for PtcO2 measurements range from 42--45 C. A systematic study with the Radiometer TCM 1 equipment showed that changing the electrode temperature influences the OtcO2 in a systematic way within the temperature range 43.0--45.0 C. The study also showed that simultaneous measurements obtained from two electrodes with different temperatures showed a highly parallel course and a comparable oscillating pattern within this temperature range. The results of the present study suggest that an electrode temperature of 44.5 C may be the most appropriate for this equipment in clinical applications with newborns.", "PMID": 514717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10723", "title": "Increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura.", "content": "Aberration of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura has been investigated. Eighteen children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura demonstrated a marked increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood during the acute phase of the disease. The levels of IgA-bearing lymphocytes returned to the normal levels after the acute symptoms of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura had subsided. However, in patients who developed purpura nephritis, the increased levels of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood were retained after the disappearance of purpura, and lasted for more than 12 months. It is concluded that the monitoring of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes is useful for the screening of patients with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura and purpura nephritis.", "contents": "Increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura. Aberration of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura has been investigated. Eighteen children with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura demonstrated a marked increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood during the acute phase of the disease. The levels of IgA-bearing lymphocytes returned to the normal levels after the acute symptoms of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura had subsided. However, in patients who developed purpura nephritis, the increased levels of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood were retained after the disappearance of purpura, and lasted for more than 12 months. It is concluded that the monitoring of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes is useful for the screening of patients with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura and purpura nephritis.", "PMID": 514718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10724", "title": "Amebic liver abscess in children: clinical and epidemiologic features.", "content": "Amebiasis, that is, infection with Entameba histolytica, continues to be endemic in the United States, with liver abscess occurring as an infrequent but constant complication. Seven cases are reported, with epidemiologic investigation of two. Reliable findings in hepatic abscess include fever, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, tender abdomen, and large, tender liver. Anemia, elevated white count with left shift, and the radiographic findings of an elevated right hemidiaphragm are constant. Epidemiologically, amebiasis occurs in clusters in the United States with person-to-person transmission predominant in spread. Infection is associated with poor sanitation and crowding. Investigation of the families of two patients documented 9/21 carriers and an additional 3/21 who were seropositive, as well as crowding and poor sanitation. In this country, treatment of a patient with amebic disease should include investigation of his home and family.", "contents": "Amebic liver abscess in children: clinical and epidemiologic features. Amebiasis, that is, infection with Entameba histolytica, continues to be endemic in the United States, with liver abscess occurring as an infrequent but constant complication. Seven cases are reported, with epidemiologic investigation of two. Reliable findings in hepatic abscess include fever, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, tender abdomen, and large, tender liver. Anemia, elevated white count with left shift, and the radiographic findings of an elevated right hemidiaphragm are constant. Epidemiologically, amebiasis occurs in clusters in the United States with person-to-person transmission predominant in spread. Infection is associated with poor sanitation and crowding. Investigation of the families of two patients documented 9/21 carriers and an additional 3/21 who were seropositive, as well as crowding and poor sanitation. In this country, treatment of a patient with amebic disease should include investigation of his home and family.", "PMID": 514719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10725", "title": "The Cockayne syndrome: an evaluation of hypertension and studies of renal pathology.", "content": "Three children with renal disease, hypertension, and the Cockayne syndrome were evaluated. All patients had severe hypertension; peripheral vein renin was elevated in two patients. Renal biopsy specimens from two patients were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluoresence. Immunohistologic studies demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the vessels and glomeruli of the first patient; deposits of immunoglobulin and complement were seen in the glomeruli of the third patient. Also electron-dense deposits were seen in the glomerular basement membrane of the third patient. Circulating immune complexes were detected by the Raji cell and Clq binding techniques in this child as well. Both hypertension and renal disease are frequent complications of the Cockayne syndrome.", "contents": "The Cockayne syndrome: an evaluation of hypertension and studies of renal pathology. Three children with renal disease, hypertension, and the Cockayne syndrome were evaluated. All patients had severe hypertension; peripheral vein renin was elevated in two patients. Renal biopsy specimens from two patients were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluoresence. Immunohistologic studies demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the vessels and glomeruli of the first patient; deposits of immunoglobulin and complement were seen in the glomeruli of the third patient. Also electron-dense deposits were seen in the glomerular basement membrane of the third patient. Circulating immune complexes were detected by the Raji cell and Clq binding techniques in this child as well. Both hypertension and renal disease are frequent complications of the Cockayne syndrome.", "PMID": 514720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10726", "title": "Skin surface carbon dioxide tension in sick infants.", "content": "Skin surface PCO2 (PSCO2) was measured at 44 C in 17 sick infants using a Radiometer surface PCO2 electrode. Values obtained for PSCO2 were compared with simultaneous values for arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). PSCO2 was found to be linerarly related to PaCO2 by a regression line with a slope 1.37. PaCO2 could be predicted from PSCO2 to within 6 torr in all instances. The relationship was not affected by the patient's gestational age, postnatal age, weight, or blood pressure. This electrode is a valuable clinical tool in the management of sick infants.", "contents": "Skin surface carbon dioxide tension in sick infants. Skin surface PCO2 (PSCO2) was measured at 44 C in 17 sick infants using a Radiometer surface PCO2 electrode. Values obtained for PSCO2 were compared with simultaneous values for arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). PSCO2 was found to be linerarly related to PaCO2 by a regression line with a slope 1.37. PaCO2 could be predicted from PSCO2 to within 6 torr in all instances. The relationship was not affected by the patient's gestational age, postnatal age, weight, or blood pressure. This electrode is a valuable clinical tool in the management of sick infants.", "PMID": 514721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10727", "title": "Daydreaming: a measurable concept.", "content": "Research has been reported which supports the psychometric properties of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The purpose was to confirm and extend this research as well as investigate the interrelationships between daydreaming and depression, locus of control, and visual imagery. This inventory (7 scales), Beck Depression Inventory, Rotter Locus of Control Scale (I-E), and Gordon's Test of Visual Imagery Control were administered to 100 female undergraduates. A sample of 39 subjects were retested on the scales an average of 6.8 wk. after the first administration. Correlations with Imaginal Processes Inventory and test-retest data were consistent with Giambra's (1977) findings for males and support the reliability and generalizability of the scores. Other results include significant intercorrelations between the various scales of this inventory and the others. Implications for an understanding of the process of depression are discussed.", "contents": "Daydreaming: a measurable concept. Research has been reported which supports the psychometric properties of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The purpose was to confirm and extend this research as well as investigate the interrelationships between daydreaming and depression, locus of control, and visual imagery. This inventory (7 scales), Beck Depression Inventory, Rotter Locus of Control Scale (I-E), and Gordon's Test of Visual Imagery Control were administered to 100 female undergraduates. A sample of 39 subjects were retested on the scales an average of 6.8 wk. after the first administration. Correlations with Imaginal Processes Inventory and test-retest data were consistent with Giambra's (1977) findings for males and support the reliability and generalizability of the scores. Other results include significant intercorrelations between the various scales of this inventory and the others. Implications for an understanding of the process of depression are discussed.", "PMID": 514749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10728", "title": "Reliability of the Karolinska Rod-and-Frame Test.", "content": "Retest and internal consistency-reliability of the rod-and-frame task, a version which required the body be erect, and using a Rod-alone series, was satisfactory. There was a slight but statistically significant improvement over a 1-mo. interval.", "contents": "Reliability of the Karolinska Rod-and-Frame Test. Retest and internal consistency-reliability of the rod-and-frame task, a version which required the body be erect, and using a Rod-alone series, was satisfactory. There was a slight but statistically significant improvement over a 1-mo. interval.", "PMID": 514751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10729", "title": "Classification of placebo drugs: effect of color.", "content": "To study the role of color in the pscyhological effects of placebo drugs, 100 subjects were asked to place each of six different colored capsules into one of three classifications of drug effects. Results indicate that red and yellow placebos are classified as stimulants while blue placebos are classified as depressants.", "contents": "Classification of placebo drugs: effect of color. To study the role of color in the pscyhological effects of placebo drugs, 100 subjects were asked to place each of six different colored capsules into one of three classifications of drug effects. Results indicate that red and yellow placebos are classified as stimulants while blue placebos are classified as depressants.", "PMID": 514753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10730", "title": "Cognitive correlates of sex-role identification.", "content": "This study examined sex role and its relationship to several cognitive variables. No relationship between these variables and sex role but a significant difference between males and females was found for only a perceptual-motor speed task. These findings may indicate that sex role is unrelated to cognitive style as measured here.", "contents": "Cognitive correlates of sex-role identification. This study examined sex role and its relationship to several cognitive variables. No relationship between these variables and sex role but a significant difference between males and females was found for only a perceptual-motor speed task. These findings may indicate that sex role is unrelated to cognitive style as measured here.", "PMID": 514754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10731", "title": "Estimation of distance and Preferred State Theory.", "content": "This paper describes the application of Preferred State Theory to provide quantitative predictions of a variety of psychological effects, including the prothetic-metathetic distinction, and the expected form of the matching functions between physical stimuli and the estimates produced by magnitude and category subjective estimation methods. The subjective distance from a midwestern university campus to each of 24 American cities was judged by 157 male and female undergraduates. It was hypothesized on the basis of the theory that subjects would process short geographical distances as a metathetic continuum and longer distances as a prothetic continuum. This hypothesis was supported for the method of category judgments but not for the method of magnitude estimation. Based on the theory, the matching functions between physical and subjective distances for short distances were expected to be more nearly linear than for long distances for both judgment methods. The data do not support this hypothesis for either method.", "contents": "Estimation of distance and Preferred State Theory. This paper describes the application of Preferred State Theory to provide quantitative predictions of a variety of psychological effects, including the prothetic-metathetic distinction, and the expected form of the matching functions between physical stimuli and the estimates produced by magnitude and category subjective estimation methods. The subjective distance from a midwestern university campus to each of 24 American cities was judged by 157 male and female undergraduates. It was hypothesized on the basis of the theory that subjects would process short geographical distances as a metathetic continuum and longer distances as a prothetic continuum. This hypothesis was supported for the method of category judgments but not for the method of magnitude estimation. Based on the theory, the matching functions between physical and subjective distances for short distances were expected to be more nearly linear than for long distances for both judgment methods. The data do not support this hypothesis for either method.", "PMID": 514755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10732", "title": "Behavior rating scales: need for refining normative data.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to generate normative data by grade and sex to accompany behavior rating scales. Teachers rate 483 boys and girls in Grades 1 through 4. The findings suggest rating scales be re-examined since norms by grade level and sex may be desirable attributes.", "contents": "Behavior rating scales: need for refining normative data. The purpose of this study was to generate normative data by grade and sex to accompany behavior rating scales. Teachers rate 483 boys and girls in Grades 1 through 4. The findings suggest rating scales be re-examined since norms by grade level and sex may be desirable attributes.", "PMID": 514756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10733", "title": "Dichotic ear effects with digits and tones: a within-subject comparison.", "content": "56 right-handed adults (23 men, 33 women) with IQs ranging from 79 to 140 on the Quick Test each performed on two dichotic tests, one with digital input, one with tonal input. The average magnitude of the right-ear advantage for digits was comparable to that of the left-ear advantage for tones, but there was greater between-subject variability with tonal input than with digital input. Ear advantage with digits was unrelated with ear advantage with tones, and high intelligence was not associated with clearly opposite directions of ear advantage for the two types of test material. The results were discussed in terms of hemispheric specializations, as well as the reliability and validity of the dichotic ear effects.", "contents": "Dichotic ear effects with digits and tones: a within-subject comparison. 56 right-handed adults (23 men, 33 women) with IQs ranging from 79 to 140 on the Quick Test each performed on two dichotic tests, one with digital input, one with tonal input. The average magnitude of the right-ear advantage for digits was comparable to that of the left-ear advantage for tones, but there was greater between-subject variability with tonal input than with digital input. Ear advantage with digits was unrelated with ear advantage with tones, and high intelligence was not associated with clearly opposite directions of ear advantage for the two types of test material. The results were discussed in terms of hemispheric specializations, as well as the reliability and validity of the dichotic ear effects.", "PMID": 514757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10734", "title": "Examination stress and performance on a color-word interference test.", "content": "Interference observed in the Stroop color-word task is influenced by various characteristics of the words employed. 38 students in their final year, approaching examinations, were asked to name the colors of words associated with this theme. These words produced greater delay than a control set, and those students who were most anxious about the examinations experienced most interference. This effect might be more generally employed in stress research, providing a performance-based index of reaction to issues or situations which are potential sources of anxiety.", "contents": "Examination stress and performance on a color-word interference test. Interference observed in the Stroop color-word task is influenced by various characteristics of the words employed. 38 students in their final year, approaching examinations, were asked to name the colors of words associated with this theme. These words produced greater delay than a control set, and those students who were most anxious about the examinations experienced most interference. This effect might be more generally employed in stress research, providing a performance-based index of reaction to issues or situations which are potential sources of anxiety.", "PMID": 514758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10735", "title": "Fitts' reciprocal tapping task, a measure of motor capacity?", "content": "Employing Fitts' reciprocal tapping task, the capacity of the motor system in bits processed/second was assessed across different ages. In Exp. I a comparison was made among Grades 1, 5, 9, and university females. Motor capacity and average movement time/tap were significantly lower for Grade 1 girls than the other three grades. In addition, within-subject variability and percentage error rate decreased with increasing grade level. These findings were discussed in comparison to other studies looking at motor capacity changes across ages. Exp. II was designed to study the changes in motor capacity throughout 25 days of practice by two 5-yr.-old children. Two different methods were used to calculate motor capacity. One method (Kay, 1962) which assessed motor capacity separately for each tapping condition led to the conclusion that capacity increased with practice. A second method (Fitts & Peterson, 1964) treating all tapping conditions together in a regression equation and measuring capacity as the reciprocal of the slope (1/b) showed capacity to decrease with practice for one subject and oscillate with practice for the other subject. The general conclusion drawn from the two experiments was that motor capacity, as assessed by Fitts' tapping task, is not an extremely useful measure. Consideration of movement time is usually just as informative.", "contents": "Fitts' reciprocal tapping task, a measure of motor capacity? Employing Fitts' reciprocal tapping task, the capacity of the motor system in bits processed/second was assessed across different ages. In Exp. I a comparison was made among Grades 1, 5, 9, and university females. Motor capacity and average movement time/tap were significantly lower for Grade 1 girls than the other three grades. In addition, within-subject variability and percentage error rate decreased with increasing grade level. These findings were discussed in comparison to other studies looking at motor capacity changes across ages. Exp. II was designed to study the changes in motor capacity throughout 25 days of practice by two 5-yr.-old children. Two different methods were used to calculate motor capacity. One method (Kay, 1962) which assessed motor capacity separately for each tapping condition led to the conclusion that capacity increased with practice. A second method (Fitts & Peterson, 1964) treating all tapping conditions together in a regression equation and measuring capacity as the reciprocal of the slope (1/b) showed capacity to decrease with practice for one subject and oscillate with practice for the other subject. The general conclusion drawn from the two experiments was that motor capacity, as assessed by Fitts' tapping task, is not an extremely useful measure. Consideration of movement time is usually just as informative.", "PMID": 514759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10736", "title": "Perception: a model comprising two modes of consciousness.", "content": "A model of human perception is proposed in which conscious awareness is assumed to be the result of two separate mechanisms each involving consciousness, one outer, sensori-produced, and one inner, conceptual. By mediation of flexible memory representations the sensory data of the outer consciousness give rise to a matched \"copy\" in the inner consciousness which conceptually organizes the former and also serves as input to the memory store. The model is applied to some perceptual problems in vision such as ambiguous stimuli, subjective contours, space perception, a case of metacontrast, and subliminal perception.", "contents": "Perception: a model comprising two modes of consciousness. A model of human perception is proposed in which conscious awareness is assumed to be the result of two separate mechanisms each involving consciousness, one outer, sensori-produced, and one inner, conceptual. By mediation of flexible memory representations the sensory data of the outer consciousness give rise to a matched \"copy\" in the inner consciousness which conceptually organizes the former and also serves as input to the memory store. The model is applied to some perceptual problems in vision such as ambiguous stimuli, subjective contours, space perception, a case of metacontrast, and subliminal perception.", "PMID": 514762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10737", "title": "Effects of cerebral dominance on college-level achievement.", "content": "Ability to perform successfully on multiple-choice tests was assessed for students displaying various cognitive styles. Male and female undergraduate students were classified according to right, left, or integrated cerebral functioning as determined by Your Style of Learning and Thinking test. The students participated in introductory classes in educational psychology and completed multiple-choice questions designed to assess content. The effects of cerebral dominance on student's ability to complete multiple-choice questions successfully were determined. Students designated by SOLAT as left dominant correctly completed significantly more multiple-choice questions than did right-dominant students. Implications for education were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cerebral dominance on college-level achievement. Ability to perform successfully on multiple-choice tests was assessed for students displaying various cognitive styles. Male and female undergraduate students were classified according to right, left, or integrated cerebral functioning as determined by Your Style of Learning and Thinking test. The students participated in introductory classes in educational psychology and completed multiple-choice questions designed to assess content. The effects of cerebral dominance on student's ability to complete multiple-choice questions successfully were determined. Students designated by SOLAT as left dominant correctly completed significantly more multiple-choice questions than did right-dominant students. Implications for education were discussed.", "PMID": 514763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10738", "title": "An examination of relationship between subliminal perception, visual information processing, levels of processing, and hemispheric asymmetries.", "content": "A sublimiinal letter was exposed to the left or right hemisphere for either 15 or 30 msec. Subjective guesses were more accurate for visuo-spatial positional recognition made to presentations in the right hemisphere whereas verbal recognition was more accurate to presentations in the left hemisphere. The 30-msec. exposure increased the accuracy of the guesses. These findings were discussed in terms of differential triggering mechanisms for levels of hemispheric processing.", "contents": "An examination of relationship between subliminal perception, visual information processing, levels of processing, and hemispheric asymmetries. A sublimiinal letter was exposed to the left or right hemisphere for either 15 or 30 msec. Subjective guesses were more accurate for visuo-spatial positional recognition made to presentations in the right hemisphere whereas verbal recognition was more accurate to presentations in the left hemisphere. The 30-msec. exposure increased the accuracy of the guesses. These findings were discussed in terms of differential triggering mechanisms for levels of hemispheric processing.", "PMID": 514764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10739", "title": "Behavior problems of children in regular classes and those diagnosed as requiring speech therapy.", "content": "2,991 white children in regular classes and 106 white children requiring speech therapy were compared on Quay's Behavior Problem Checklist. The former had fewer problems checked in areas such as personality disorders and inadequacy-immaturity than did the latter, as expected, although the amount of variance accounted for was small. The groups did not differ on conduct problems and socialized deliquency. A question was raised about variations in psychotic signs.", "contents": "Behavior problems of children in regular classes and those diagnosed as requiring speech therapy. 2,991 white children in regular classes and 106 white children requiring speech therapy were compared on Quay's Behavior Problem Checklist. The former had fewer problems checked in areas such as personality disorders and inadequacy-immaturity than did the latter, as expected, although the amount of variance accounted for was small. The groups did not differ on conduct problems and socialized deliquency. A question was raised about variations in psychotic signs.", "PMID": 514765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10740", "title": "Maintenance of uncued isometric contractions by blind and sighted.", "content": "A comparison of 10 blind and 10 sighted subjects to a proprioceptive task was examined by analysis of response to maintenance of uncued static contractions. In attempting to sustain hand-grip tensions at specified percentages of maximum voluntary contraction, blind and sighted groups showed no significant difference in performance.", "contents": "Maintenance of uncued isometric contractions by blind and sighted. A comparison of 10 blind and 10 sighted subjects to a proprioceptive task was examined by analysis of response to maintenance of uncued static contractions. In attempting to sustain hand-grip tensions at specified percentages of maximum voluntary contraction, blind and sighted groups showed no significant difference in performance.", "PMID": 514766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10741", "title": "Clinical utility of the WISC-R and the French Pictorial Test of Intelligence with native American primary grade children.", "content": "Cultural bias and the clinical utility of the WISC-R and French Pictorial Test of Intelligence were evaluated using scores of 22 male and 22 female Navajo primary grade children. There were no significant differences in performance on either test according to sex. As expected, the Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ of the WISC-R and the Deviation IQ of the French provided significantly depressed estimates of ability. A prorated Performance IQ might be the least depressed measure of potential among these children.", "contents": "Clinical utility of the WISC-R and the French Pictorial Test of Intelligence with native American primary grade children. Cultural bias and the clinical utility of the WISC-R and French Pictorial Test of Intelligence were evaluated using scores of 22 male and 22 female Navajo primary grade children. There were no significant differences in performance on either test according to sex. As expected, the Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ of the WISC-R and the Deviation IQ of the French provided significantly depressed estimates of ability. A prorated Performance IQ might be the least depressed measure of potential among these children.", "PMID": 514767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10742", "title": "Information processing in imagination using nonverbalizable visual stimuli.", "content": "In groups of 20 to 25, 146 undergraduates were tested as to their ability to mentally combine two shapes. They were to pick the correct choice from 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15 alternatives. The shapes were previously proven to be effectively unverbalizable but recognizable and discriminable. Contrary to expectation, there was no negative decrement in performance with increasing numbers of incorrect alternatives.", "contents": "Information processing in imagination using nonverbalizable visual stimuli. In groups of 20 to 25, 146 undergraduates were tested as to their ability to mentally combine two shapes. They were to pick the correct choice from 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15 alternatives. The shapes were previously proven to be effectively unverbalizable but recognizable and discriminable. Contrary to expectation, there was no negative decrement in performance with increasing numbers of incorrect alternatives.", "PMID": 514768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10743", "title": "Augmentation-reduction and pain: reply to petrie.", "content": "The comments by Petrie (1978) on our earlier paper (Elton, et al., 1978) are discussed. Clarification of procedures demonstrates that Petrie's comments do not warrant any modification of our conclusion that the relationship between perceptual reactance and pain has not been clearly established.", "contents": "Augmentation-reduction and pain: reply to petrie. The comments by Petrie (1978) on our earlier paper (Elton, et al., 1978) are discussed. Clarification of procedures demonstrates that Petrie's comments do not warrant any modification of our conclusion that the relationship between perceptual reactance and pain has not been clearly established.", "PMID": 514769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10744", "title": "Personality and environmental variables associated with dental anxiety.", "content": "94 adult dental patients' anxiety was assessed. Scores on Spielberger, et al.'s inventory showed attractiveness of the waiting room, age, and Edwards' Harmavoidance were significantly related to anxiety.", "contents": "Personality and environmental variables associated with dental anxiety. 94 adult dental patients' anxiety was assessed. Scores on Spielberger, et al.'s inventory showed attractiveness of the waiting room, age, and Edwards' Harmavoidance were significantly related to anxiety.", "PMID": 514770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10745", "title": "Attention demands of ball-tracking skills.", "content": "This study was one of a series of experiments which investigated the theoretical basis underlying practical approaches to coaching ball skills. The results supported the notion that the attention demands of a ball-tracking task were greater at the beginning and end of the flight path.", "contents": "Attention demands of ball-tracking skills. This study was one of a series of experiments which investigated the theoretical basis underlying practical approaches to coaching ball skills. The results supported the notion that the attention demands of a ball-tracking task were greater at the beginning and end of the flight path.", "PMID": 514771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10746", "title": "Temporal locus of inference in the comprehension of brief passages: recognizing and verifying implications about instruments.", "content": "Recent investigations of language comprehension have shown that people frequently report recognizing test sentences which express ideas that were only implied in an antecedent passage. The present study asked whether the inferences underlying these false alarms are drawn when the original message is encoded or at test time. In Exp. 1, it was shown that the recognition rate for direct quotations from brief passages is clearly higher than for sentences expressing implications about the instruments used to perform actions. In Exps. 2, 3, and 4 the subjects were timed while they decided whether test sentences (a) had been heard verbatim in the passage or (b) were true concerning the passage. In all conditions, subjects needed about .2 sec. more to respond affirmatively to \"implicit\" sentences than to ones that quoted or paraphrased the passage. It was concluded that at least a subset of the cognitive processes associated with the inferences in question is executed at test time.", "contents": "Temporal locus of inference in the comprehension of brief passages: recognizing and verifying implications about instruments. Recent investigations of language comprehension have shown that people frequently report recognizing test sentences which express ideas that were only implied in an antecedent passage. The present study asked whether the inferences underlying these false alarms are drawn when the original message is encoded or at test time. In Exp. 1, it was shown that the recognition rate for direct quotations from brief passages is clearly higher than for sentences expressing implications about the instruments used to perform actions. In Exps. 2, 3, and 4 the subjects were timed while they decided whether test sentences (a) had been heard verbatim in the passage or (b) were true concerning the passage. In all conditions, subjects needed about .2 sec. more to respond affirmatively to \"implicit\" sentences than to ones that quoted or paraphrased the passage. It was concluded that at least a subset of the cognitive processes associated with the inferences in question is executed at test time.", "PMID": 514772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10747", "title": "Sighting-eye dominance related to composite sidedness in classroom and clinic samples.", "content": "Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 20 high and 20 low achievers each from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 (N = 240) yielded significant chi 2 for differences of proportions of lateral agreement with sidedness in comparison to distributions unrelated to sidedness. Composite sighting congruent to sidedness yielded significant differences between classroom and reading clinic samples. The near-point binocular sighting test markedly influences distributions of combined scores in sighting.", "contents": "Sighting-eye dominance related to composite sidedness in classroom and clinic samples. Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 20 high and 20 low achievers each from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 (N = 240) yielded significant chi 2 for differences of proportions of lateral agreement with sidedness in comparison to distributions unrelated to sidedness. Composite sighting congruent to sidedness yielded significant differences between classroom and reading clinic samples. The near-point binocular sighting test markedly influences distributions of combined scores in sighting.", "PMID": 514773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10748", "title": "Effects of body image on tactile sensitivity to a tickle:: a study of pregnancy.", "content": "A group of 20 middle-class women between 20 and 40 yr. of age and in the third trimester of pregnancy was compared with a control group of 20 non-pregnant women for cutaneous sensitivity (to a tickle) and for modifications of body schema which were hypothesized to occur during pregnancy. Latency and actual duration were considered in the perception of the tickle. Body schema were studied using two of Fisher's tests, Body Prominence and Body Cathexis. Pregnancy leads to modifications in sensitivity to tickle, specifically with regard to the right half of the body and to some extent in body schema.", "contents": "Effects of body image on tactile sensitivity to a tickle:: a study of pregnancy. A group of 20 middle-class women between 20 and 40 yr. of age and in the third trimester of pregnancy was compared with a control group of 20 non-pregnant women for cutaneous sensitivity (to a tickle) and for modifications of body schema which were hypothesized to occur during pregnancy. Latency and actual duration were considered in the perception of the tickle. Body schema were studied using two of Fisher's tests, Body Prominence and Body Cathexis. Pregnancy leads to modifications in sensitivity to tickle, specifically with regard to the right half of the body and to some extent in body schema.", "PMID": 514774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10749", "title": "Clinical use of the Quick Test with sheltered workshop clients.", "content": "The purpose of this note is to provide clinical reference data on the Quick Test responses of 48 adult sheltered workshop clients. The mean IQs for Forms 1, 2, and 3 were 66.3, 67.6, and 69.7, respectively. The mean IQ for combined Form 1 + 2 + 3 was 68.4. Standard deviations of IQs for the three forms were 13.68, 13.99, and 15.31, respectively, and for Form 1 + 2 + 3 was 13.65. There were 17 females and 31 males ranging in age from 18-2 to 61-1. These data provide tentative local norms for psychologists to use when the Quick Test is given to evaluate mentally subnormal clients of these sheltered workshops for placement or to predict their success in work programs. Future norms should be checked and updated for workshop clients.", "contents": "Clinical use of the Quick Test with sheltered workshop clients. The purpose of this note is to provide clinical reference data on the Quick Test responses of 48 adult sheltered workshop clients. The mean IQs for Forms 1, 2, and 3 were 66.3, 67.6, and 69.7, respectively. The mean IQ for combined Form 1 + 2 + 3 was 68.4. Standard deviations of IQs for the three forms were 13.68, 13.99, and 15.31, respectively, and for Form 1 + 2 + 3 was 13.65. There were 17 females and 31 males ranging in age from 18-2 to 61-1. These data provide tentative local norms for psychologists to use when the Quick Test is given to evaluate mentally subnormal clients of these sheltered workshops for placement or to predict their success in work programs. Future norms should be checked and updated for workshop clients.", "PMID": 514775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10750", "title": "Effects of instructions and format on reported visual imagery.", "content": "156 subjects (students and working adults) completed Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire in one of two formats reflecting item order (blocked, random) under one of three instructional conditions (easy, neutral, difficult) reflecting ease of image formation. Although the effect of instructions (but not format) was significant, scores were lower, i.e., more vivid imagery was reported, in the easy than in the neutral or difficult conditions, which did not differ. These results suggest that the validity of Marks' questionnaire is not seriously weakened by response leniency.", "contents": "Effects of instructions and format on reported visual imagery. 156 subjects (students and working adults) completed Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire in one of two formats reflecting item order (blocked, random) under one of three instructional conditions (easy, neutral, difficult) reflecting ease of image formation. Although the effect of instructions (but not format) was significant, scores were lower, i.e., more vivid imagery was reported, in the easy than in the neutral or difficult conditions, which did not differ. These results suggest that the validity of Marks' questionnaire is not seriously weakened by response leniency.", "PMID": 514776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10751", "title": "An argument for administering WISC-R Digit Span.", "content": "An argument is presented in favor of always administering the optional Digit Span subtest of the WISC-R. Use of Digit Span in conjunction with other subtests in a subtest grouping schemata--according to factor loadings--will substantially increase the usefulness of the WISC-R. Data show that often the Digit Span is not being given.", "contents": "An argument for administering WISC-R Digit Span. An argument is presented in favor of always administering the optional Digit Span subtest of the WISC-R. Use of Digit Span in conjunction with other subtests in a subtest grouping schemata--according to factor loadings--will substantially increase the usefulness of the WISC-R. Data show that often the Digit Span is not being given.", "PMID": 514778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10752", "title": "Relationship between sex, age, education and field-dependence: a cross-cultural comparison.", "content": "Past examination of the relationship between field-independence and age has indicated a developmental trend of increased field-independence up to 17 yr., with a movement toward greater field-dependence after this point. However, discrepancies between longitudinal and cross-sectional findings suggest that this relationship may be confounded by socioeconomic variables. The present study examined the age/field-dependence relationship in a sample of Northern Italians controlling for educational background. Results for females indicated statistical control of educational variables modified the age/field-dependence relationship, but did not for the male sample.", "contents": "Relationship between sex, age, education and field-dependence: a cross-cultural comparison. Past examination of the relationship between field-independence and age has indicated a developmental trend of increased field-independence up to 17 yr., with a movement toward greater field-dependence after this point. However, discrepancies between longitudinal and cross-sectional findings suggest that this relationship may be confounded by socioeconomic variables. The present study examined the age/field-dependence relationship in a sample of Northern Italians controlling for educational background. Results for females indicated statistical control of educational variables modified the age/field-dependence relationship, but did not for the male sample.", "PMID": 514779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10753", "title": "Analysis of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: public school version.", "content": "Many state agencies have ruled that assignment of students to special education classes for the mentally retarded must be determined by assessment of verbal, performance, and adaptive behaviors. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: Public School Version was subjected to a normative and validation study using 291 subjects from the southcentral area of Texas. Data were collected from groups of regular and special education students, both white and nonwhite, at 8, 10, and 12 yr. of age. Results were compared to the original normative data provided in the AAMD manual and indicated that (1) the instrument is effective in discriminating between regular and special education groups; (2) a shortened version may be feasible and more practical; and (3) the derived total score may be useful and effective when used as a cut-off score for placement in special education for the mentally retarded.", "contents": "Analysis of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: public school version. Many state agencies have ruled that assignment of students to special education classes for the mentally retarded must be determined by assessment of verbal, performance, and adaptive behaviors. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: Public School Version was subjected to a normative and validation study using 291 subjects from the southcentral area of Texas. Data were collected from groups of regular and special education students, both white and nonwhite, at 8, 10, and 12 yr. of age. Results were compared to the original normative data provided in the AAMD manual and indicated that (1) the instrument is effective in discriminating between regular and special education groups; (2) a shortened version may be feasible and more practical; and (3) the derived total score may be useful and effective when used as a cut-off score for placement in special education for the mentally retarded.", "PMID": 514780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10754", "title": "Differing lateralized perceptual-motor patterns in schizophrenic and non-psychotic children.", "content": "A neuropsychological assessment stressing lateralized perceptual-motor and cognitive abilities was administered to two groups of hospitalized child and adolescent psychiatric patients, 25 schizophrenics and 25 non-psychotics. The findings included an increased incidence of crossed eye-hand dominance in schizophrenics, poorer tactile sensory function in the right hands of schizophrenics than in the left hands, and lower Vocabulary and Similarities WISC subtest scores than Block Design and Object Assembly scores for schizophrenics. Right-left confusion was associated with finger agnosia for schizophrenics. The results supported the hypothesis that there may be left-hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia; however, no single pattern of dysfunction was apparent.", "contents": "Differing lateralized perceptual-motor patterns in schizophrenic and non-psychotic children. A neuropsychological assessment stressing lateralized perceptual-motor and cognitive abilities was administered to two groups of hospitalized child and adolescent psychiatric patients, 25 schizophrenics and 25 non-psychotics. The findings included an increased incidence of crossed eye-hand dominance in schizophrenics, poorer tactile sensory function in the right hands of schizophrenics than in the left hands, and lower Vocabulary and Similarities WISC subtest scores than Block Design and Object Assembly scores for schizophrenics. Right-left confusion was associated with finger agnosia for schizophrenics. The results supported the hypothesis that there may be left-hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia; however, no single pattern of dysfunction was apparent.", "PMID": 514781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10755", "title": "Concurrent validity of a children's version of the Stroop Color-Word Test: the Fruit Distraction Test.", "content": "To assess the concurrent validity of the Fruit Distraction Test, the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Fruit Distraction Test were administered to two groups of boys aged 12 yr. (N = 63) and 8 yr. (N = 52). Partial correlations, with IQ controlled, based on time and error scores derived from both tests, provided no convincing evidence that the Fruit Distraction Test is a valid downward extension of the Stroop.", "contents": "Concurrent validity of a children's version of the Stroop Color-Word Test: the Fruit Distraction Test. To assess the concurrent validity of the Fruit Distraction Test, the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Fruit Distraction Test were administered to two groups of boys aged 12 yr. (N = 63) and 8 yr. (N = 52). Partial correlations, with IQ controlled, based on time and error scores derived from both tests, provided no convincing evidence that the Fruit Distraction Test is a valid downward extension of the Stroop.", "PMID": 514782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10756", "title": "Nature of the representation for picture-recognition memory.", "content": "When distracting pictures are randomly selected from the same pool of pictures as the target pictures, performance with large numbers of pictures (1,000) is much poorer than has previously been reported. Further, performance drops quite substantially after 1 wk., a finding that differs from the conclusion that picture memory is relatively stable over time. Under conditions where the distractors were selected to reduce similarity between targets and distracting pictures, performance approximated levels previously reported in the literature. The results of the experiments seem to demand some type of categorization model of picture-recognition memory.", "contents": "Nature of the representation for picture-recognition memory. When distracting pictures are randomly selected from the same pool of pictures as the target pictures, performance with large numbers of pictures (1,000) is much poorer than has previously been reported. Further, performance drops quite substantially after 1 wk., a finding that differs from the conclusion that picture memory is relatively stable over time. Under conditions where the distractors were selected to reduce similarity between targets and distracting pictures, performance approximated levels previously reported in the literature. The results of the experiments seem to demand some type of categorization model of picture-recognition memory.", "PMID": 514783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10757", "title": "Response preference within the Rotter I-E Scale: perceived locus of control of self, average, and ideal others.", "content": "The Rotter I-E scale was administered to college juniors in education under five different instructional sets. Subjects were asked to complete it (a) as they would ordinarily (self-perception), (b) as they believed an average person of the same sex would, (c) as an average person of the opposite sex would, (d) as an ideal person of the same sex would, and (e) as an ideal person of the opposite sex would. As hypothesized, subjects saw the ideal person of both sexes as significantly more internal than themselves, while they saw the average person of both sexes as more external than themselves. These results suggest the general desirability of being perceived as internally oriented.", "contents": "Response preference within the Rotter I-E Scale: perceived locus of control of self, average, and ideal others. The Rotter I-E scale was administered to college juniors in education under five different instructional sets. Subjects were asked to complete it (a) as they would ordinarily (self-perception), (b) as they believed an average person of the same sex would, (c) as an average person of the opposite sex would, (d) as an ideal person of the same sex would, and (e) as an ideal person of the opposite sex would. As hypothesized, subjects saw the ideal person of both sexes as significantly more internal than themselves, while they saw the average person of both sexes as more external than themselves. These results suggest the general desirability of being perceived as internally oriented.", "PMID": 514785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10758", "title": "Neuroticism and the effect of stress on the pupillary light reflex.", "content": "The pupillary light reflex was recorded under control, stress and fatigue conditions for 30 subjects equally divided into groups low, moderate, and high in Neuroticism. The effects of stress were distinguished by a decrease in both latency and extent of pupillary constriction during the initial light stimulation trials, as well as by a greater magnitude of redilation. Latency to maximum constriction and extent of constriction and redilation progressively decreased during the fatigue condition. No differences between Neuroticism groups were observed although it was noted that Neuroticism was negatively correlated with magnitude of redilation during the post-stress condition.", "contents": "Neuroticism and the effect of stress on the pupillary light reflex. The pupillary light reflex was recorded under control, stress and fatigue conditions for 30 subjects equally divided into groups low, moderate, and high in Neuroticism. The effects of stress were distinguished by a decrease in both latency and extent of pupillary constriction during the initial light stimulation trials, as well as by a greater magnitude of redilation. Latency to maximum constriction and extent of constriction and redilation progressively decreased during the fatigue condition. No differences between Neuroticism groups were observed although it was noted that Neuroticism was negatively correlated with magnitude of redilation during the post-stress condition.", "PMID": 514786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10759", "title": "Hemispheric equality in reaction times to emotional and non-emotional nouns.", "content": "Twenty presentations of 6 emotional and 6 non-emotional words in mixed random orders were monaurally presented to the right or left ear. Using the left hand, subjects pushed one of two response buttons indicating type of word heard. Performance improved in later trials and emotional words were recognized more quickly regardless of ear presentation. No differences were associated with the separate ear presentations. Equivalent hemispheric performance indicates equal processing sensitivity to four-letter emotional and non-emotional nouns and substantiates the right hemisphere's verbal processing capability for simple nouns.", "contents": "Hemispheric equality in reaction times to emotional and non-emotional nouns. Twenty presentations of 6 emotional and 6 non-emotional words in mixed random orders were monaurally presented to the right or left ear. Using the left hand, subjects pushed one of two response buttons indicating type of word heard. Performance improved in later trials and emotional words were recognized more quickly regardless of ear presentation. No differences were associated with the separate ear presentations. Equivalent hemispheric performance indicates equal processing sensitivity to four-letter emotional and non-emotional nouns and substantiates the right hemisphere's verbal processing capability for simple nouns.", "PMID": 514787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10760", "title": "A first order approximation of satiation time: (IRT)2/Rt.", "content": "Habituation, satiation, adaptation, and boredom are a few of the words used to label the behavioral consequences of a fundamental operation: repeated and protracted presentation of a stimulus. The cumulative measure of the response associated with that stimulus is expected to display an inflection at some time Ti after which the slope approaches zero. Ti can be estimated by dividing the square of the interresponse time (IRT)2 by the duration of the response associated with reinforcement (Rt), where Rt is expressed in the nearest whole temporal unit of interresponse time. Calculated TiS for habituation to the same sexual, aggressive, or social stimuli are compatible with general observation.", "contents": "A first order approximation of satiation time: (IRT)2/Rt. Habituation, satiation, adaptation, and boredom are a few of the words used to label the behavioral consequences of a fundamental operation: repeated and protracted presentation of a stimulus. The cumulative measure of the response associated with that stimulus is expected to display an inflection at some time Ti after which the slope approaches zero. Ti can be estimated by dividing the square of the interresponse time (IRT)2 by the duration of the response associated with reinforcement (Rt), where Rt is expressed in the nearest whole temporal unit of interresponse time. Calculated TiS for habituation to the same sexual, aggressive, or social stimuli are compatible with general observation.", "PMID": 514789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10761", "title": "Analysis of visual and auditory rhythmic perception abilities of piano majors.", "content": "7 male and 15 female college level piano majors representing three categories of majors served as subjects. Piano instructors were asked to rate subjects' sight-reading ability on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicated minimum sight-reading ability and 10 professional sighting. Subjects were exposed to 30 pairs of rhythmic stimuli from the rhythm subtest, Seashore Measures of Musical Talents, to determine whether the second pattern was the same or different from the first. The visual test was reproduced by a 7.5-v bayonet lamp and socket. These flashes were near exact replications of the original source with little or no detectable latency. Aural and visual presentations were significantly different and favorable for aural medium. A significant correlation of .60 was found between ratings of sight-reading and grade point average.", "contents": "Analysis of visual and auditory rhythmic perception abilities of piano majors. 7 male and 15 female college level piano majors representing three categories of majors served as subjects. Piano instructors were asked to rate subjects' sight-reading ability on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicated minimum sight-reading ability and 10 professional sighting. Subjects were exposed to 30 pairs of rhythmic stimuli from the rhythm subtest, Seashore Measures of Musical Talents, to determine whether the second pattern was the same or different from the first. The visual test was reproduced by a 7.5-v bayonet lamp and socket. These flashes were near exact replications of the original source with little or no detectable latency. Aural and visual presentations were significantly different and favorable for aural medium. A significant correlation of .60 was found between ratings of sight-reading and grade point average.", "PMID": 514790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10762", "title": "Arousal seeking as a moderator of life stress.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between life stress and measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility as a function of subjects' arousal-seeking status. Results indicated significant relationships between negative life change and measures of both anxiety and hostility. These relationships, however, held only for subjects who were low on the arousal-seeking dimension. The results suggest that arousal-seeking status may serve as a moderator variable in determining the relationship between life stress and other variables.", "contents": "Arousal seeking as a moderator of life stress. This study investigated the relationship between life stress and measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility as a function of subjects' arousal-seeking status. Results indicated significant relationships between negative life change and measures of both anxiety and hostility. These relationships, however, held only for subjects who were low on the arousal-seeking dimension. The results suggest that arousal-seeking status may serve as a moderator variable in determining the relationship between life stress and other variables.", "PMID": 514791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10763", "title": "Immediate carbon monoxide estimates and self-reported smoking.", "content": "Because carbon monoxide (CO) is an easily understood danger of cigarette smoking, new breath CO analyzers may be useful in cessation programs. Self-reported cigarette consumption and breath CO correlated .70 using a 90-sec. CO-determination method. Smokers averaging 17 daily cigarettes had average breath CO of 24 parts per million (ppm), falling to 7.71 ppm for smokers claiming at least 24-hr. abstinence. Corresponding carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) estimates were 4.34% (slightly above World Health Organization 4% safety limit) and 1.39%. Smoking clinics can use CO-monitoring devices for feedback or surveillance, although feedback would provide the most benefits for participants.", "contents": "Immediate carbon monoxide estimates and self-reported smoking. Because carbon monoxide (CO) is an easily understood danger of cigarette smoking, new breath CO analyzers may be useful in cessation programs. Self-reported cigarette consumption and breath CO correlated .70 using a 90-sec. CO-determination method. Smokers averaging 17 daily cigarettes had average breath CO of 24 parts per million (ppm), falling to 7.71 ppm for smokers claiming at least 24-hr. abstinence. Corresponding carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) estimates were 4.34% (slightly above World Health Organization 4% safety limit) and 1.39%. Smoking clinics can use CO-monitoring devices for feedback or surveillance, although feedback would provide the most benefits for participants.", "PMID": 514792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10764", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk samples from women living in Northwest and Northeast Mississippi, 1973-75.", "content": "Organochlorine pesticide analyses were performed on human milk samples obtained from 34 women living in the Mississippi Delta, a high pesticide usage area, and from six women living in Starkville, Mississippi, a low pesticide usage area. Nine women collected samples before and after their babies had nursed so that fat levels and sigma DDT levels could be compared on whole milk and milk fat bases. sigma DDT values were independent of collection time if calculated on a milk fat basis, but not if calculated on a whole milk basis. Thus, the most consistent indicator of DDT residues were values calculated on a milk fat basis. Residue levels for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigma DDT were significantly different (P less than 0.01) in samples from the two areas. Residues of o,p'-DDT, beta-BHC, and oxychlordane in milk samples from women living in the high pesticide usage area also were significantly different (P less than 0.05). A mean value of 19.17 ppm sigma DDT, found in the milk fat of samples from the high pesticide usage area, is the highest ever reported. Samples from the low pesticide usage area contained a mean level of 2.36 ppm sigma DDT.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk samples from women living in Northwest and Northeast Mississippi, 1973-75. Organochlorine pesticide analyses were performed on human milk samples obtained from 34 women living in the Mississippi Delta, a high pesticide usage area, and from six women living in Starkville, Mississippi, a low pesticide usage area. Nine women collected samples before and after their babies had nursed so that fat levels and sigma DDT levels could be compared on whole milk and milk fat bases. sigma DDT values were independent of collection time if calculated on a milk fat basis, but not if calculated on a whole milk basis. Thus, the most consistent indicator of DDT residues were values calculated on a milk fat basis. Residue levels for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigma DDT were significantly different (P less than 0.01) in samples from the two areas. Residues of o,p'-DDT, beta-BHC, and oxychlordane in milk samples from women living in the high pesticide usage area also were significantly different (P less than 0.05). A mean value of 19.17 ppm sigma DDT, found in the milk fat of samples from the high pesticide usage area, is the highest ever reported. Samples from the low pesticide usage area contained a mean level of 2.36 ppm sigma DDT.", "PMID": 514793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10765", "title": "Pesticide residues in human milk, Alberta, Canada--1966-70, 1977-78.", "content": "Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in human milk of residents of Alberta, Canada, during 1966-70 and 1977-78. Levels of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some common organophosphorus pesticides were also monitored during 1977-78. Average residue levels were generally lower in 1977-78 samples, whereas the percent incidence of residues was generally lower in 1966-70 samples. beta-BHC was found in all 1977-78 samples, but was not detected in 1966-70 samples. PCBs were detected in all but two of the 1977-78 samples. Average levels of p,p'-DDT and is metabolites were substantially lower during the second period than during the first. Large increases in the average levels and percent incidences of heptachlor epoxide and o,p'-DDT have been attributed to refinements in both cleanup and gas chromatographic analysis. Although no PBBs or organophosphorus pesticides were detected in 1977-78 samples, an unidentified hydrocarbon similar to dicofol was found in all samples of that period. No correlation between donor age groups and average pesticide residue levels could be inferred.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in human milk, Alberta, Canada--1966-70, 1977-78. Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in human milk of residents of Alberta, Canada, during 1966-70 and 1977-78. Levels of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some common organophosphorus pesticides were also monitored during 1977-78. Average residue levels were generally lower in 1977-78 samples, whereas the percent incidence of residues was generally lower in 1966-70 samples. beta-BHC was found in all 1977-78 samples, but was not detected in 1966-70 samples. PCBs were detected in all but two of the 1977-78 samples. Average levels of p,p'-DDT and is metabolites were substantially lower during the second period than during the first. Large increases in the average levels and percent incidences of heptachlor epoxide and o,p'-DDT have been attributed to refinements in both cleanup and gas chromatographic analysis. Although no PBBs or organophosphorus pesticides were detected in 1977-78 samples, an unidentified hydrocarbon similar to dicofol was found in all samples of that period. No correlation between donor age groups and average pesticide residue levels could be inferred.", "PMID": 514794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10766", "title": "Dicofol residues in United States soils having a known history of its use as a miticide, 1974.", "content": "Soil samples were collected from a total of 21 sites in California, Washington, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Dicofol (Kelthane) miticide had been applied at various times over a 5-year period to 17 of the sites; four sites had received no applications. Samples were collected at 0-75-mm and 75-150-mm depths, and submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Samples from only four of the 17 treated sites contained mean residues equal to or exceeding 2.00 ppm. Residues in all cases were only a small fraction of the total amount applied. Apparently, a mechanism for the dissipation of dicofol exists, but it is unidentified at this time.", "contents": "Dicofol residues in United States soils having a known history of its use as a miticide, 1974. Soil samples were collected from a total of 21 sites in California, Washington, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Dicofol (Kelthane) miticide had been applied at various times over a 5-year period to 17 of the sites; four sites had received no applications. Samples were collected at 0-75-mm and 75-150-mm depths, and submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Samples from only four of the 17 treated sites contained mean residues equal to or exceeding 2.00 ppm. Residues in all cases were only a small fraction of the total amount applied. Apparently, a mechanism for the dissipation of dicofol exists, but it is unidentified at this time.", "PMID": 514795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10767", "title": "Effect of incubation on red cell shape and water content as measured by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A new method for measuring water content of red cells by using gas chromatography is described. Water content of healthy adult red cells was estimated to be 71.73 +/- 0.72%. Changes in water content and red cell shape following incubation are described. Intracellular water content increased in relation to the incubation time, reaching a maximum of 109% at 24 h, and then decreased to 82% at 48 h. Intercellular water content (trapped water) also increased for 24 h, reaching 209%, and then showed no remarkable change until 48 h. Observations with the scanning electron microscope revealed that these changes were associated with the process of transformation to echinocytes, both in numbers and stages.", "contents": "Effect of incubation on red cell shape and water content as measured by gas-liquid chromatography. A new method for measuring water content of red cells by using gas chromatography is described. Water content of healthy adult red cells was estimated to be 71.73 +/- 0.72%. Changes in water content and red cell shape following incubation are described. Intracellular water content increased in relation to the incubation time, reaching a maximum of 109% at 24 h, and then decreased to 82% at 48 h. Intercellular water content (trapped water) also increased for 24 h, reaching 209%, and then showed no remarkable change until 48 h. Observations with the scanning electron microscope revealed that these changes were associated with the process of transformation to echinocytes, both in numbers and stages.", "PMID": 514805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10768", "title": "[Monoclonal myelomatous IgA with antilipoprotein antibody activity of Ra specificity (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations performed in a patient with myeloma, hyperlipidemia, and xanthomatosis demonstrated the antilipoprotein activity of the monoclonal IgA directed against an antigenic site--called Ra.--different from those previously described. A complex IgA beta-lipoprotein has been firstly characterized. After isolation and purification of the IgA, it has been shown that the association between IgA and lipoprotein was immunologically mediated. The antibody is an IgA lambda bound via its Fab portion and in fixed combining ratio to an antigenic determinant shared only by LDL and VLDL of humans and some other mammalians to the exclusion of any other serum proteins. The results obtained with passive hemagglutination and inhibition of hemagglutination suggest that the antigenic site Ra. is not located on apoprotein B (major proteic moiety of LDL and VLDL), since the antigenic determinants of apolipoproteins are different in humans and in animals and since IgA Ra. fails to react with apolipoprotein B obtained by delipidation of LDL. On the other hand, the lack of reaction between IgA Ra. and HDL suggests that the antigenic determinant is not only present on the lipid hapten such as in the case of PG and AS determinants which are located on VLDL, LDL, and HDL from humans and animals. So the antigenic determinant revealed by IgA Ra. seems to be different from those previously described.", "contents": "[Monoclonal myelomatous IgA with antilipoprotein antibody activity of Ra specificity (author's transl)]. Investigations performed in a patient with myeloma, hyperlipidemia, and xanthomatosis demonstrated the antilipoprotein activity of the monoclonal IgA directed against an antigenic site--called Ra.--different from those previously described. A complex IgA beta-lipoprotein has been firstly characterized. After isolation and purification of the IgA, it has been shown that the association between IgA and lipoprotein was immunologically mediated. The antibody is an IgA lambda bound via its Fab portion and in fixed combining ratio to an antigenic determinant shared only by LDL and VLDL of humans and some other mammalians to the exclusion of any other serum proteins. The results obtained with passive hemagglutination and inhibition of hemagglutination suggest that the antigenic site Ra. is not located on apoprotein B (major proteic moiety of LDL and VLDL), since the antigenic determinants of apolipoproteins are different in humans and in animals and since IgA Ra. fails to react with apolipoprotein B obtained by delipidation of LDL. On the other hand, the lack of reaction between IgA Ra. and HDL suggests that the antigenic determinant is not only present on the lipid hapten such as in the case of PG and AS determinants which are located on VLDL, LDL, and HDL from humans and animals. So the antigenic determinant revealed by IgA Ra. seems to be different from those previously described.", "PMID": 514806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10769", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II: serologic and morphologic family study.", "content": "A 29-year old woman with a history of chronic anemia, jaundice, and splenectomy was found to have congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDA II), based on the following: marrow erythroid hyperplasia, abundance of binucleated erythroblasts, electron microscopic evidence of double membranes lining the cell membrane, erythrocyte lysis in the acidified serum test, erythrocyte agglutination and lysis by anti-i antibodies. Three healthy relatives (mother, father, and brother) of the patient had marrow erythroid hyperplasia and a percentage of binucleated erythroblasts that was higher than normal. A structural alteration of the nuclear membrane was detected in some of their erythroblasts. Furthermore, the erythrocytes of the father and the brother were agglutinated by anti-i antibodies. This observation is consistent with a recessive mechanism of inheritance, and suggests that heterozygosity for CDA II can be somatically expressed at different levels.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II: serologic and morphologic family study. A 29-year old woman with a history of chronic anemia, jaundice, and splenectomy was found to have congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDA II), based on the following: marrow erythroid hyperplasia, abundance of binucleated erythroblasts, electron microscopic evidence of double membranes lining the cell membrane, erythrocyte lysis in the acidified serum test, erythrocyte agglutination and lysis by anti-i antibodies. Three healthy relatives (mother, father, and brother) of the patient had marrow erythroid hyperplasia and a percentage of binucleated erythroblasts that was higher than normal. A structural alteration of the nuclear membrane was detected in some of their erythroblasts. Furthermore, the erythrocytes of the father and the brother were agglutinated by anti-i antibodies. This observation is consistent with a recessive mechanism of inheritance, and suggests that heterozygosity for CDA II can be somatically expressed at different levels.", "PMID": 514807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10770", "title": "A nuclear precursor to human gamma-globin messenger RNA.", "content": "RNA isolated from human foetal liver at an erythroid stage of development was transferred from methyl mercury hydroxide agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. A 16S RNA species containing gamma-globin mRNA sequences was identified by hybridisation to 32P-labelled human gamma-globin cDNA recombinant plasmid pHgamma GI. This RNA is found only in the cell nucleus and is polyadenylated. Human globin gene transcription is thus analagous to that in mouse: interventing sequences are transcribed and processed from the pre-mRNA in the nucleus after polyadenylation.", "contents": "A nuclear precursor to human gamma-globin messenger RNA. RNA isolated from human foetal liver at an erythroid stage of development was transferred from methyl mercury hydroxide agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. A 16S RNA species containing gamma-globin mRNA sequences was identified by hybridisation to 32P-labelled human gamma-globin cDNA recombinant plasmid pHgamma GI. This RNA is found only in the cell nucleus and is polyadenylated. Human globin gene transcription is thus analagous to that in mouse: interventing sequences are transcribed and processed from the pre-mRNA in the nucleus after polyadenylation.", "PMID": 514808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10771", "title": "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of adult chicken betal globin cDNA.", "content": "The molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of adult chicken beta globin mRNA is reported. DNA sequences derived from in vitro transcrption of globin mRNA were purified and amplified as recombinant DNA using the plasmid pBR322. Sequence analysis of several clones coding for beta globin strongly suggests that transcription errors may be generated near the 5' end of transcripts in vitro by reverse transcription. The complete sequence of the longest beta globin insert containing 51 bases of the 5' untranslated region as well as the complete coding and 3' untranslated regions has been determined.", "contents": "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of adult chicken betal globin cDNA. The molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of adult chicken beta globin mRNA is reported. DNA sequences derived from in vitro transcrption of globin mRNA were purified and amplified as recombinant DNA using the plasmid pBR322. Sequence analysis of several clones coding for beta globin strongly suggests that transcription errors may be generated near the 5' end of transcripts in vitro by reverse transcription. The complete sequence of the longest beta globin insert containing 51 bases of the 5' untranslated region as well as the complete coding and 3' untranslated regions has been determined.", "PMID": 514809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10772", "title": "Isolation and characterization of cloned human fetal globin genes.", "content": "Three clones containing both the human G gamma and A gamma globlin genes have been isolated and characterized from a library of DNA fragments generated by partial Eco RI digestion of cellular DNA using charon 4A phage as vector. Two of the clones (NY 2 and 3) are identical and have an insert of 14.0 kb. The third clone (NY 1) has a 15.4 kb insert by virtue of an extra 1.4 kb Eco RI fragment at its 5' most end. This clone also has a Kpn I site not present in the other two suggesting it is the product of the gamma gene on the opposite chromosome. Restriction analysis of the three clones indicates that the G gamma and A gamma genes are linked on a single continuous piece of DNA and are separated by 3.5 kb and each contains at least one large intervening sequence of 0.85 kg between the Bam HI and Eco RI sites. These findings in cloned DNA provide direct evidence for linkage and organization of the gamma genes in man.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of cloned human fetal globin genes. Three clones containing both the human G gamma and A gamma globlin genes have been isolated and characterized from a library of DNA fragments generated by partial Eco RI digestion of cellular DNA using charon 4A phage as vector. Two of the clones (NY 2 and 3) are identical and have an insert of 14.0 kb. The third clone (NY 1) has a 15.4 kb insert by virtue of an extra 1.4 kb Eco RI fragment at its 5' most end. This clone also has a Kpn I site not present in the other two suggesting it is the product of the gamma gene on the opposite chromosome. Restriction analysis of the three clones indicates that the G gamma and A gamma genes are linked on a single continuous piece of DNA and are separated by 3.5 kb and each contains at least one large intervening sequence of 0.85 kg between the Bam HI and Eco RI sites. These findings in cloned DNA provide direct evidence for linkage and organization of the gamma genes in man.", "PMID": 514810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10773", "title": "A unique subgenomic species of adenovirus 2 DNA generated under high multiplicities of infection.", "content": "We have identified a novel subgenomic viral DNA in KB cells infected with adenovirus 2 (Ad2) under high multiplicities of infection. KB cells were infected with Ad2 at multiplicities of infection greater than 100 PFU/cell. 32P-labeled viral DNA was selectively extracted by a modification of the method of Hirt (8) from the infected cells and analyzed by electrophoresis on agarose gels. In addition to full-length DNA (33 to 23 x 10(6) daltons), a unique subgenomic DNA species of about 12 to 13% (2.6 x 10(6) daltons) of full-length DNA in size was found in the infected cells. This subgenomic DNA was found to be double stranded and was not packaged inside the virus particles. This DNA could be isolated in large amounts (30 to 50% of total viral DNA) from infected cells. When cleaved with restriction endonuclease KpnI, the subgenomic DNA yielded two fragments, each corresponding to about 6% and 7% of the full-length genome in size.", "contents": "A unique subgenomic species of adenovirus 2 DNA generated under high multiplicities of infection. We have identified a novel subgenomic viral DNA in KB cells infected with adenovirus 2 (Ad2) under high multiplicities of infection. KB cells were infected with Ad2 at multiplicities of infection greater than 100 PFU/cell. 32P-labeled viral DNA was selectively extracted by a modification of the method of Hirt (8) from the infected cells and analyzed by electrophoresis on agarose gels. In addition to full-length DNA (33 to 23 x 10(6) daltons), a unique subgenomic DNA species of about 12 to 13% (2.6 x 10(6) daltons) of full-length DNA in size was found in the infected cells. This subgenomic DNA was found to be double stranded and was not packaged inside the virus particles. This DNA could be isolated in large amounts (30 to 50% of total viral DNA) from infected cells. When cleaved with restriction endonuclease KpnI, the subgenomic DNA yielded two fragments, each corresponding to about 6% and 7% of the full-length genome in size.", "PMID": 514811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10774", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the chicken ovomucoid gene.", "content": "The chicken ovomucoid gene has been isolated by screening a chicken DNA library with a plasmid containing ovomucoid mRNA sequences. Twelve recombinant phages carrying ovomucoid mRNA sequences were isolated. Two of them, extending farthest into the 5' and 3' direction respectively, were characterized by restriction mapping and Southern hybridization as well as by electron microscopic analysis of hybrids between the cloned DNA and ovomucoid mRNA. Seven intervening sequences interrupt the ovomucoid mRNA sequence in chromosomal DNA. From these data a minimal size of 5.6 kb can be estimated for the length of the ovomucoid gene.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the chicken ovomucoid gene. The chicken ovomucoid gene has been isolated by screening a chicken DNA library with a plasmid containing ovomucoid mRNA sequences. Twelve recombinant phages carrying ovomucoid mRNA sequences were isolated. Two of them, extending farthest into the 5' and 3' direction respectively, were characterized by restriction mapping and Southern hybridization as well as by electron microscopic analysis of hybrids between the cloned DNA and ovomucoid mRNA. Seven intervening sequences interrupt the ovomucoid mRNA sequence in chromosomal DNA. From these data a minimal size of 5.6 kb can be estimated for the length of the ovomucoid gene.", "PMID": 514812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10775", "title": "Structure of plant nuclear and ribosomal DNA containing chromatin.", "content": "Digestion of plant chromatin from Brassica pekinensis and Matthiola incana with staphylococcus nuclease leads to a DNA repeat of 175 plus or minus 8 and a core size of 140 base pairs. DNase I digestion results in multiples of 10 bases. Ribosomal RNN genes were studied as a model system for active plant chromatin because of their great redundancy and their high transcriptional activity in growing and differentiating tissues. The actively transcribed genes were identified by nascent RNA of ribosomal origin still attached to its matrix DNA. Hybridization techniques were used to demonstrate that even transcriptionally active gene sequences are present in nuclease generated chromatin subunits. Comparison of the DNase I kinetics of chromatin digestion with the amount of ribosomal RNA genes which is available for hybridization at the given times indicated that ribosomal RNA genes are digested, but not preferentially degraded by DNase I.", "contents": "Structure of plant nuclear and ribosomal DNA containing chromatin. Digestion of plant chromatin from Brassica pekinensis and Matthiola incana with staphylococcus nuclease leads to a DNA repeat of 175 plus or minus 8 and a core size of 140 base pairs. DNase I digestion results in multiples of 10 bases. Ribosomal RNN genes were studied as a model system for active plant chromatin because of their great redundancy and their high transcriptional activity in growing and differentiating tissues. The actively transcribed genes were identified by nascent RNA of ribosomal origin still attached to its matrix DNA. Hybridization techniques were used to demonstrate that even transcriptionally active gene sequences are present in nuclease generated chromatin subunits. Comparison of the DNase I kinetics of chromatin digestion with the amount of ribosomal RNA genes which is available for hybridization at the given times indicated that ribosomal RNA genes are digested, but not preferentially degraded by DNase I.", "PMID": 514813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10776", "title": "Novobiocin; an inhibitor of the repair of UV-induced but not X-ray-induced damage in mammalian cells.", "content": "In addition to inhibiting replicative DNA synthesis in HeLa cells, novobiocin has a severe effect on the cellular response to UV irradiation, reducing the number of breaks made in pre-existing DNA by the excision repair process. The inhibition of UV repair by novobiocin is reflected in enhanced UV-killing of these cells. Rejoining of DNA after X irradiation is not impaired by novobiocin. The recognition and removal of UV damage may require unwinding of the DNA by gyrase, which--in bacteria--is the target for novobiocin.", "contents": "Novobiocin; an inhibitor of the repair of UV-induced but not X-ray-induced damage in mammalian cells. In addition to inhibiting replicative DNA synthesis in HeLa cells, novobiocin has a severe effect on the cellular response to UV irradiation, reducing the number of breaks made in pre-existing DNA by the excision repair process. The inhibition of UV repair by novobiocin is reflected in enhanced UV-killing of these cells. Rejoining of DNA after X irradiation is not impaired by novobiocin. The recognition and removal of UV damage may require unwinding of the DNA by gyrase, which--in bacteria--is the target for novobiocin.", "PMID": 514814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10777", "title": "The number, physical organization and transcription of ribosomal RNA cistrons in an archaebacterium: Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Because it is now clear that archaebacteria may be as distinct from eubacteria as either group is from eukaryotic cells, and because a specifically archaebacterial ancestry has been proposed for the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells, we undertook to characterize, for the first time, the ribosomal RNA cistrons of an archaebacterium (Halobacterium halobium). We found these cistrons to be physically linked in the order 16S-23S-5S, and obtained evidence that they are also transcribed from a common promoter(s) in the order 5'-16S-23S-5S-3'. We showed that, although slightly larger immediate precursors of 16S and 23S are readily seen, no common precursor of both 16S and 23S can be easily detected in vivo. In all these respects the archaebacterium H. halobium is like a eubacterium and unlike the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells. We found, however, that it differs from eubacteria of comparable (large) genome size in having only one copy of the rRNA gene cluster per genome.", "contents": "The number, physical organization and transcription of ribosomal RNA cistrons in an archaebacterium: Halobacterium halobium. Because it is now clear that archaebacteria may be as distinct from eubacteria as either group is from eukaryotic cells, and because a specifically archaebacterial ancestry has been proposed for the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells, we undertook to characterize, for the first time, the ribosomal RNA cistrons of an archaebacterium (Halobacterium halobium). We found these cistrons to be physically linked in the order 16S-23S-5S, and obtained evidence that they are also transcribed from a common promoter(s) in the order 5'-16S-23S-5S-3'. We showed that, although slightly larger immediate precursors of 16S and 23S are readily seen, no common precursor of both 16S and 23S can be easily detected in vivo. In all these respects the archaebacterium H. halobium is like a eubacterium and unlike the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells. We found, however, that it differs from eubacteria of comparable (large) genome size in having only one copy of the rRNA gene cluster per genome.", "PMID": 514815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10778", "title": "Distribution of DNA damage in chromatin and its relation to repair in human cells treated with 7-bromomethylbenz(a) anthracene.", "content": "We have examined the relationship between the distribution of DNA damage and repair in chromatin from confluent human fibroblasts treated with the carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz (a) anthracene. Analysis of staphylococcal nuclease (SN)4 digestion kinetics and gel electrophoresis revealed that more total damage occurs in nucleosome core DNA (approximately 80-85% of chromatin DNA) than in SN sensitive DNA (APPROXIMATELY15-20%). Furthermore, over a 24 hr period, damage is removed at about the same rate from these two regions. In contrast, virtually all of the nucleotides incorporated during repair synthesis are initially SN sensitive even when measured at 12 hr after damage. With time many repair-incorporated nucleotides become SN resistant and coelectrophorese with nucleosome core DNA. To explain these data we propose a model whereby excision repair occurs in both linker and core DNA; however, in core DNA the repair process induces conformational changes resulting in temporarily increased SN sensitivity; subsequently, rearrangement occurs and results in the re-establishment of native or near-native nucleosome conformation and SN resistance.", "contents": "Distribution of DNA damage in chromatin and its relation to repair in human cells treated with 7-bromomethylbenz(a) anthracene. We have examined the relationship between the distribution of DNA damage and repair in chromatin from confluent human fibroblasts treated with the carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz (a) anthracene. Analysis of staphylococcal nuclease (SN)4 digestion kinetics and gel electrophoresis revealed that more total damage occurs in nucleosome core DNA (approximately 80-85% of chromatin DNA) than in SN sensitive DNA (APPROXIMATELY15-20%). Furthermore, over a 24 hr period, damage is removed at about the same rate from these two regions. In contrast, virtually all of the nucleotides incorporated during repair synthesis are initially SN sensitive even when measured at 12 hr after damage. With time many repair-incorporated nucleotides become SN resistant and coelectrophorese with nucleosome core DNA. To explain these data we propose a model whereby excision repair occurs in both linker and core DNA; however, in core DNA the repair process induces conformational changes resulting in temporarily increased SN sensitivity; subsequently, rearrangement occurs and results in the re-establishment of native or near-native nucleosome conformation and SN resistance.", "PMID": 514816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10779", "title": "Non-polyadenylated 22 s ribonucleoprotein particle is insensitive to translational inhibitor RNA of cryptobiotic gastrulae of Artemia salina.", "content": "A free cytoplasmic 22 S ribonucleoprotein particle exhibiting a major template activity in rabbit reticulocyte system has been identified in the cryptobiotic gastrulae of Artemia salina. This particle contains non-polyadenylated 9 S messenger RNA which codes primarily for a non-histone basic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 26 000 daltons. We have previously demonstrated the presence of a translational inhibitor RNA which is apparently responsible for transforming polyadenylated messenger (Slegers et al., FEBS Letters 80, 390-394, 1977). This inhibitor RNA was found to be completely ineffective on the template activity of non-polyadenylated 22 S messenger ribonucleoprotein, confirming the specificity of this regulatory RNA for polyadenylate sequences.", "contents": "Non-polyadenylated 22 s ribonucleoprotein particle is insensitive to translational inhibitor RNA of cryptobiotic gastrulae of Artemia salina. A free cytoplasmic 22 S ribonucleoprotein particle exhibiting a major template activity in rabbit reticulocyte system has been identified in the cryptobiotic gastrulae of Artemia salina. This particle contains non-polyadenylated 9 S messenger RNA which codes primarily for a non-histone basic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 26 000 daltons. We have previously demonstrated the presence of a translational inhibitor RNA which is apparently responsible for transforming polyadenylated messenger (Slegers et al., FEBS Letters 80, 390-394, 1977). This inhibitor RNA was found to be completely ineffective on the template activity of non-polyadenylated 22 S messenger ribonucleoprotein, confirming the specificity of this regulatory RNA for polyadenylate sequences.", "PMID": 514817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10780", "title": "Senile pulmonary amyloidosis.", "content": "Lung tissue obtained from 340 necropsies of persons aged 80 years and over was investigated for the occurrence of pulmonary amyloid deposits by means of a sensitive fluorescence technique. The incidence of pulmonary amyloidosis was about 2% below the age of 80, nearly 10% in individuals between 80 and 84 years, and more than 20% at and beyond 85 years. Vascular and concomitant alveolar-septal amyloidosis was seen slightly more often than the pure septal form of senile amyloidoisis. The two modes of deposition correspond to two different forms of cardiac amyloidosis, vascular and nodular. On the other hand, the two different modes of pulmonary amyloidosis affect different age groups. It is postulated that the disorder is related to age-linked immunological disturbances and to genetically determined factors.", "contents": "Senile pulmonary amyloidosis. Lung tissue obtained from 340 necropsies of persons aged 80 years and over was investigated for the occurrence of pulmonary amyloid deposits by means of a sensitive fluorescence technique. The incidence of pulmonary amyloidosis was about 2% below the age of 80, nearly 10% in individuals between 80 and 84 years, and more than 20% at and beyond 85 years. Vascular and concomitant alveolar-septal amyloidosis was seen slightly more often than the pure septal form of senile amyloidoisis. The two modes of deposition correspond to two different forms of cardiac amyloidosis, vascular and nodular. On the other hand, the two different modes of pulmonary amyloidosis affect different age groups. It is postulated that the disorder is related to age-linked immunological disturbances and to genetically determined factors.", "PMID": 514902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10781", "title": "Terminal care: evaluation of in-patient service at St Christopher's Hospice. Part II. Self assessments of effects of the service on surviving spouses.", "content": "Self-assessments of 34 spouses of patients who had died from cancer at St Christopher's Hospice were compared with self-assessments of a matched group of spouses of patients who had died in other hospitals in the vicinity. The spouses of St Christopher's patients differed significantly from the comparison group in spending more time at the hospital, talking to more members of staff, other patients and visitors, reporting less anxiety and psychosomatic accompaniments of anxiety before (but not after) the patient's death and being less worried about pain, others hurting or harming the patient or about revealing their own fears to the patient. The institutional ideals of the Hospice were characterized as: 'The hospital is like a family', 'Nothing is too much trouble' and 'Don't worry'.", "contents": "Terminal care: evaluation of in-patient service at St Christopher's Hospice. Part II. Self assessments of effects of the service on surviving spouses. Self-assessments of 34 spouses of patients who had died from cancer at St Christopher's Hospice were compared with self-assessments of a matched group of spouses of patients who had died in other hospitals in the vicinity. The spouses of St Christopher's patients differed significantly from the comparison group in spending more time at the hospital, talking to more members of staff, other patients and visitors, reporting less anxiety and psychosomatic accompaniments of anxiety before (but not after) the patient's death and being less worried about pain, others hurting or harming the patient or about revealing their own fears to the patient. The institutional ideals of the Hospice were characterized as: 'The hospital is like a family', 'Nothing is too much trouble' and 'Don't worry'.", "PMID": 514928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10782", "title": "The problem of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "content": "In the year May 1976 to April 1977, 489 enquiries about the management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning received at the London Centre of the National Poisons Information Service were followed-up. One hundred and sixty-four patients (33.5%) were unconscious, convulsions occurred in 62 (12.7%), hypotension in 31 (6.3%), respiratory depression in 28 (5.7%), tachydysrhythmias in 17 (3.5%) and cardiac arrest in 12 patients (2.5%). Sixteen patients died (3.3%). No statistically significant differences were found between individual antidepressants although poisoning with amitriptyline-like drugs resulted in a significantly higher proportion of unconscious patients than poisoning with imipramine-like drugs (P less than 0.01). There were more asymptomatic children than adults and more unconscious adults than children. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning is a major clinical problem in general medical and paediatric practice.", "contents": "The problem of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. In the year May 1976 to April 1977, 489 enquiries about the management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning received at the London Centre of the National Poisons Information Service were followed-up. One hundred and sixty-four patients (33.5%) were unconscious, convulsions occurred in 62 (12.7%), hypotension in 31 (6.3%), respiratory depression in 28 (5.7%), tachydysrhythmias in 17 (3.5%) and cardiac arrest in 12 patients (2.5%). Sixteen patients died (3.3%). No statistically significant differences were found between individual antidepressants although poisoning with amitriptyline-like drugs resulted in a significantly higher proportion of unconscious patients than poisoning with imipramine-like drugs (P less than 0.01). There were more asymptomatic children than adults and more unconscious adults than children. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning is a major clinical problem in general medical and paediatric practice.", "PMID": 514929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10783", "title": "Prevention of amino acid losses during peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "The addition of amino acid supplements to peritoneal dialysis fluid has been studied in 8 patients with compromised renal function requiring peritoneal dialysis. By the addition of 10 ml of Vamin-glucose solution to each one litre of peritoneal dialysate, amino acid losses were curtailed, no significant alterations occurred in the plasma amino acid concentrations, there were no local complications and no infections were seen. This procedure is recommended as a safe, simple way of keeping a patient in positive amino acid balance during peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Prevention of amino acid losses during peritoneal dialysis. The addition of amino acid supplements to peritoneal dialysis fluid has been studied in 8 patients with compromised renal function requiring peritoneal dialysis. By the addition of 10 ml of Vamin-glucose solution to each one litre of peritoneal dialysate, amino acid losses were curtailed, no significant alterations occurred in the plasma amino acid concentrations, there were no local complications and no infections were seen. This procedure is recommended as a safe, simple way of keeping a patient in positive amino acid balance during peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 514930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10784", "title": "Propranolol in acute intermittent porphyria.", "content": "Twenty cases of acute intermittent porphyria were studied during the acute phase. Cardiovascular manifestations were noted in all the cases, with tachycardia in 20 and with hypertension in 17. Propranolol in doses ranging from 20--200 mg was given to all the cases and produced adequate control of tachycardia and hypertension. At follow-up, smaller doses of propranolol were found to maintain the pulse rate and BP within normal limits and also to prevent acute attacks.", "contents": "Propranolol in acute intermittent porphyria. Twenty cases of acute intermittent porphyria were studied during the acute phase. Cardiovascular manifestations were noted in all the cases, with tachycardia in 20 and with hypertension in 17. Propranolol in doses ranging from 20--200 mg was given to all the cases and produced adequate control of tachycardia and hypertension. At follow-up, smaller doses of propranolol were found to maintain the pulse rate and BP within normal limits and also to prevent acute attacks.", "PMID": 514931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10785", "title": "Fatal intestinal amoebiasis.", "content": "The clinical presentation of amoebic colitis are diverse. Amoebiasis is comparatively rare in the U.K. and, unless the clinician is aware of the condition, wrong diagnosis often leads to delay in appropriate treatment resulting in high mortality. Diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion, stool examination, sigmoidoscopy with rectal biopsy and serological tests. Amoebiasis is readily treatable and death from it should be very rare.", "contents": "Fatal intestinal amoebiasis. The clinical presentation of amoebic colitis are diverse. Amoebiasis is comparatively rare in the U.K. and, unless the clinician is aware of the condition, wrong diagnosis often leads to delay in appropriate treatment resulting in high mortality. Diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion, stool examination, sigmoidoscopy with rectal biopsy and serological tests. Amoebiasis is readily treatable and death from it should be very rare.", "PMID": 514932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10786", "title": "Quality of specimens and sputum culture results: a retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study of laboratory reports of sputums examined in the first 3 months of 1977 and of 1978 showed some interesting findings, which were similar in these 2 years. Analysis of the findings demonstrated that information from a proportion of sputum cultures were not helpful to the clinicians. Probable causes of such unhelpful results and some ways to overcome these problems were discussed, along with reviews of relevant literature. A conclusion drawn at the end of the discussion was that, under present circumstances, it was not expected that sputum cultures would produce totally reliable aetiological agents, unless attempts were made to obtain a better quality of specimen, e.g. those obtained by transtracheal or bronchoscopic aspirations.", "contents": "Quality of specimens and sputum culture results: a retrospective study. A retrospective study of laboratory reports of sputums examined in the first 3 months of 1977 and of 1978 showed some interesting findings, which were similar in these 2 years. Analysis of the findings demonstrated that information from a proportion of sputum cultures were not helpful to the clinicians. Probable causes of such unhelpful results and some ways to overcome these problems were discussed, along with reviews of relevant literature. A conclusion drawn at the end of the discussion was that, under present circumstances, it was not expected that sputum cultures would produce totally reliable aetiological agents, unless attempts were made to obtain a better quality of specimen, e.g. those obtained by transtracheal or bronchoscopic aspirations.", "PMID": 514933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10787", "title": "Toxic psychosis with antihistamines reversed by physostigmine.", "content": "A case of toxic psychosis due to antihistamine poisoning is described. The reversal of this state by physostigmine supports the contention that it is caused by an anticholinergic syndrome. The management of antihistamine poisoning is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic psychosis with antihistamines reversed by physostigmine. A case of toxic psychosis due to antihistamine poisoning is described. The reversal of this state by physostigmine supports the contention that it is caused by an anticholinergic syndrome. The management of antihistamine poisoning is discussed.", "PMID": 514934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10788", "title": "Hypocalcaemic chorea secondary to malabsorption.", "content": "A patient presented with chorea and a recent history of Crohn's disease. Investigation revealed the cause of the chorea to be hypocalcaemia secondary to malabsorption. So far as is known there has been no previous report of hypocalcaemic chorea due to malabsorption.", "contents": "Hypocalcaemic chorea secondary to malabsorption. A patient presented with chorea and a recent history of Crohn's disease. Investigation revealed the cause of the chorea to be hypocalcaemia secondary to malabsorption. So far as is known there has been no previous report of hypocalcaemic chorea due to malabsorption.", "PMID": 514936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10789", "title": "Chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary with Cushing's syndrome and skin pigmentation.", "content": "A 76-year-old man with pigmentation and Cushing's disease is described, who was found to have a large chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. Despite normal skull X-rays the presence of bitemporal hemianopia led to the diagnosis which was later confirmed at post-mortem. Adrenalectomy performed in the treatment of Cushing's disease may be followed by skin pigmentation and an enlarging pituitary tumour (Nelson's syndrome), changes which are commonly attributed to the removal of the negative feed-back mechanism. The spontaneous occurrence of these changes in this patient who did not undergo adrenalectomy supports the view that a pituitary tumour pre-exists in cases of Nelson's syndrome and emphasizes the importance of directing initial treatment to the pituitary.", "contents": "Chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary with Cushing's syndrome and skin pigmentation. A 76-year-old man with pigmentation and Cushing's disease is described, who was found to have a large chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. Despite normal skull X-rays the presence of bitemporal hemianopia led to the diagnosis which was later confirmed at post-mortem. Adrenalectomy performed in the treatment of Cushing's disease may be followed by skin pigmentation and an enlarging pituitary tumour (Nelson's syndrome), changes which are commonly attributed to the removal of the negative feed-back mechanism. The spontaneous occurrence of these changes in this patient who did not undergo adrenalectomy supports the view that a pituitary tumour pre-exists in cases of Nelson's syndrome and emphasizes the importance of directing initial treatment to the pituitary.", "PMID": 514937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10790", "title": "Left ventricular failure with labetalol.", "content": "A patient treated for hypertension with labetalol developed left ventricular failure. When the drug was withdrawn and the BP controlled with 2 other agents, the signs of heart failure regressed. The ill effects in this case could have been because the beta-blocking effects of labetalol are 4 to 6 times greater than the alpha-blocking effects. Caution should be exercised when prescribing this drug for patients with heart failure or with previous symptoms.", "contents": "Left ventricular failure with labetalol. A patient treated for hypertension with labetalol developed left ventricular failure. When the drug was withdrawn and the BP controlled with 2 other agents, the signs of heart failure regressed. The ill effects in this case could have been because the beta-blocking effects of labetalol are 4 to 6 times greater than the alpha-blocking effects. Caution should be exercised when prescribing this drug for patients with heart failure or with previous symptoms.", "PMID": 514938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10791", "title": "Motor polyneuroapthy and nystagmus associated with chloroquine phosphate.", "content": "A 49-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed a motor polyneuropathy and nystagmus after 5 months' treatment with chloroquine phosphate. The peripheral neuropathy resolved after the chloroquine was discontinued.", "contents": "Motor polyneuroapthy and nystagmus associated with chloroquine phosphate. A 49-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed a motor polyneuropathy and nystagmus after 5 months' treatment with chloroquine phosphate. The peripheral neuropathy resolved after the chloroquine was discontinued.", "PMID": 514939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10792", "title": "Adverse reaction to disopyramide.", "content": "A case is reported where the use of i.v. disopyramide for a supraventricular tachycardia resulted in a more serious ventricular dysrhythmia giving hypotension and this probably contributed to the development of a myocardial infarction. Attention is drawn to the possible risk.", "contents": "Adverse reaction to disopyramide. A case is reported where the use of i.v. disopyramide for a supraventricular tachycardia resulted in a more serious ventricular dysrhythmia giving hypotension and this probably contributed to the development of a myocardial infarction. Attention is drawn to the possible risk.", "PMID": 514940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10793", "title": "Gastric leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma--five cases.", "content": "Five patients with smooth muscle tumours of the stomach are presented. In 3 cases, histological identification of the lesion was made pre-operatively on biopsy material obtained under direct vision at gastroscopy.", "contents": "Gastric leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma--five cases. Five patients with smooth muscle tumours of the stomach are presented. In 3 cases, histological identification of the lesion was made pre-operatively on biopsy material obtained under direct vision at gastroscopy.", "PMID": 514941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10794", "title": "Neuroblastoma in adults.", "content": "Two cases of neuroblastoma are described in patients who were both more than 25 years old when their symptoms first appeared. The behaviour of this tumour appears less aggressive in adults than in children, but the cases presented illustrate its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and surgery is suggested as the first line of treatment in adults, even if the growth cannot be removed completely.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma in adults. Two cases of neuroblastoma are described in patients who were both more than 25 years old when their symptoms first appeared. The behaviour of this tumour appears less aggressive in adults than in children, but the cases presented illustrate its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and surgery is suggested as the first line of treatment in adults, even if the growth cannot be removed completely.", "PMID": 514942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10795", "title": "A leucocytopenia induced in chickens by dietary ochratoxin A.", "content": "Ochratoxin A was fed (0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 microgram/g) to broiler chickens from day-old to three weeks of age when the birds were bled and total leucocyte and differential counts were performed. Ochratoxin A significantly (P less than .05) reduced leucocyte counts at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered. The leucocytopenia was characterized by an increase in the relative concentration of heterophils and decrease in the relative concentration of lymphocytes. From total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts the number of circulating cells was calculated for each type of leucocyte. The total number of circulating lymphocytes of blood decreased significantly (P less than .05) at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered, and the number of monocytes decreased at 2.0 microgram/g and above. However, the number of circulating heterophils was not altered. These data demonstrated that ochratoxin A induced a severe leucocytopenia (lympocytopenia primarily and monocytopenia to a lesser extent) and implied that the functioning of the immune system might be altered.", "contents": "A leucocytopenia induced in chickens by dietary ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A was fed (0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 microgram/g) to broiler chickens from day-old to three weeks of age when the birds were bled and total leucocyte and differential counts were performed. Ochratoxin A significantly (P less than .05) reduced leucocyte counts at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered. The leucocytopenia was characterized by an increase in the relative concentration of heterophils and decrease in the relative concentration of lymphocytes. From total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts the number of circulating cells was calculated for each type of leucocyte. The total number of circulating lymphocytes of blood decreased significantly (P less than .05) at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered, and the number of monocytes decreased at 2.0 microgram/g and above. However, the number of circulating heterophils was not altered. These data demonstrated that ochratoxin A induced a severe leucocytopenia (lympocytopenia primarily and monocytopenia to a lesser extent) and implied that the functioning of the immune system might be altered.", "PMID": 514943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10796", "title": "Refractory phagocytosis by chicken thrombocytes during aflatoxicosis.", "content": "The percentage phagocytosis of chicken thrombocytes was insensitive to dietary aflatoxin (10 microgram/g diet) while the mean phagocytosis was slightly but significantly (P less than .05) reduced by 5 or 10 microgram/g but not lower levels. Thrombocytic phagocytosis was dependent on a heat sensitive serum factor which is not affected during aflatoxicosis. These findings contrast with reports that other phagocytic types such as heterophils, macrophages, and monocytes are sensitive to low levels (e.g., .625 microgram/g) of dietary aflatoxin.", "contents": "Refractory phagocytosis by chicken thrombocytes during aflatoxicosis. The percentage phagocytosis of chicken thrombocytes was insensitive to dietary aflatoxin (10 microgram/g diet) while the mean phagocytosis was slightly but significantly (P less than .05) reduced by 5 or 10 microgram/g but not lower levels. Thrombocytic phagocytosis was dependent on a heat sensitive serum factor which is not affected during aflatoxicosis. These findings contrast with reports that other phagocytic types such as heterophils, macrophages, and monocytes are sensitive to low levels (e.g., .625 microgram/g) of dietary aflatoxin.", "PMID": 514944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10797", "title": "Impairment of phagocytosis in chicken monocytes during aflatoxicosis.", "content": "Graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, .625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 microgram/g) were tested for their effect on the phagocytic and locomotive capacities of monocytes from chicken blood. The percentage and mean phagocytic activites were decreased significantly (P less than .05) at 2.5 microgram/g and above and at 1.25 microgram/g and above, respectively. Both the directed and undirected locomotion of monocytes were impaired significantly (P less than .05) at 2.5 microgram/g and above. A serum factor with the heat sensitivity of complement and which was required for optimal phagocytosis by monocytes also was reduced in activity during aflatoxicosis. Thus, the circulating element of the mononuclear phagocyte series has reduced capacity to perform its role in host defense during aflatoxicosis.", "contents": "Impairment of phagocytosis in chicken monocytes during aflatoxicosis. Graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, .625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 microgram/g) were tested for their effect on the phagocytic and locomotive capacities of monocytes from chicken blood. The percentage and mean phagocytic activites were decreased significantly (P less than .05) at 2.5 microgram/g and above and at 1.25 microgram/g and above, respectively. Both the directed and undirected locomotion of monocytes were impaired significantly (P less than .05) at 2.5 microgram/g and above. A serum factor with the heat sensitivity of complement and which was required for optimal phagocytosis by monocytes also was reduced in activity during aflatoxicosis. Thus, the circulating element of the mononuclear phagocyte series has reduced capacity to perform its role in host defense during aflatoxicosis.", "PMID": 514945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10798", "title": "Studies on nickel metabolism: interaction with other mineral elements.", "content": "Nickel toxicity was studied in young chicks fed a semi-purified diet. Dietary nickel concentrations of 300 mg/kg and higher resulted in significant reduction in growth rate. Mortality and anemia were observed in chicks receiving 1100 mg/kg nickel. Dietary nickel content of 300 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in kidney nickel content while higher dietary levels were required to affect the nickel content of other body tissues. Supplementation of nickel toxic diets (500 mg/kg) with 100 mg/kg of cobalt, iron, copper, and zinc did not alleviate the symptoms of nickel toxicity or consistently affect tissue nickel accumulation. The addition of cobalt resulted in a further depression in growth rate when added to the nickel toxic diet. However, subsequent studies showed that this was due to the toxicity of cobalt and no evidence was found for an interaction between these two elements. The lack of interaction of nickel with copper, iron, and zinc is in contrast to the results observed by other investigators at low dietary concentrations of nickel.", "contents": "Studies on nickel metabolism: interaction with other mineral elements. Nickel toxicity was studied in young chicks fed a semi-purified diet. Dietary nickel concentrations of 300 mg/kg and higher resulted in significant reduction in growth rate. Mortality and anemia were observed in chicks receiving 1100 mg/kg nickel. Dietary nickel content of 300 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in kidney nickel content while higher dietary levels were required to affect the nickel content of other body tissues. Supplementation of nickel toxic diets (500 mg/kg) with 100 mg/kg of cobalt, iron, copper, and zinc did not alleviate the symptoms of nickel toxicity or consistently affect tissue nickel accumulation. The addition of cobalt resulted in a further depression in growth rate when added to the nickel toxic diet. However, subsequent studies showed that this was due to the toxicity of cobalt and no evidence was found for an interaction between these two elements. The lack of interaction of nickel with copper, iron, and zinc is in contrast to the results observed by other investigators at low dietary concentrations of nickel.", "PMID": 514946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10799", "title": "Protective effect of nicarbazin on nutritional encephalopathy in chicks.", "content": "Nutritional encephalopathy was induced in young chicks by vitamin E-deficient diets containing either 4% methyl esters of safflower oil or 10% thermally oxidized safflower oil. The coccidiostat nicarbazin (an equimolecular complex of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine) reduced the incidence of encephalopathy, but zoalene (3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide) and amprolium [1-(4-amino-2-n-propyl-5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2-picolinium chloride hydrochloride] did not. Neither of the two components of nicarbazin affected the rate of development of encephalopathy when fed separately, but when included together in the diet, they reduced the incidence of the disease.", "contents": "Protective effect of nicarbazin on nutritional encephalopathy in chicks. Nutritional encephalopathy was induced in young chicks by vitamin E-deficient diets containing either 4% methyl esters of safflower oil or 10% thermally oxidized safflower oil. The coccidiostat nicarbazin (an equimolecular complex of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine) reduced the incidence of encephalopathy, but zoalene (3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide) and amprolium [1-(4-amino-2-n-propyl-5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2-picolinium chloride hydrochloride] did not. Neither of the two components of nicarbazin affected the rate of development of encephalopathy when fed separately, but when included together in the diet, they reduced the incidence of the disease.", "PMID": 514947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10800", "title": "Effect of the previous diet, body weight, and duration of starvation of the assay bird on the true metabolizable energy value of corn.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with 36 adult White Leghorn roosters to determine the effect of previous intake of protein (Experiment 1) or purified cellulose (Experiment 2), body weight, and duration of starvation of the assay bird on the true metabolizable energy (TME) value of ground yellow corn. The mean TME value (+/- SE) of the corn was 4.06 +/- .03 and 4.06 +/- .04 kcal/g of dry matter in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary levels of 10, 20, and 30% protein or 0, 7.5, and 15.0% supplementary cellulose, and body weight distribution had no significant (P greater than .05) effect on the TME value of the corn. Starvation for 12 hr before force feeding resulted in a significant (P less than .05) decrease of 4% in the TME value of the corn, whereas fasting periods of 24 or 48 hr had no significant effect. It is suggested that the assay birds be paired on the basis of body weight and starved for a minimum period of 24 hr prior to force feeding to reduce the variation associated with the estimate of TME.", "contents": "Effect of the previous diet, body weight, and duration of starvation of the assay bird on the true metabolizable energy value of corn. Two experiments were conducted with 36 adult White Leghorn roosters to determine the effect of previous intake of protein (Experiment 1) or purified cellulose (Experiment 2), body weight, and duration of starvation of the assay bird on the true metabolizable energy (TME) value of ground yellow corn. The mean TME value (+/- SE) of the corn was 4.06 +/- .03 and 4.06 +/- .04 kcal/g of dry matter in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary levels of 10, 20, and 30% protein or 0, 7.5, and 15.0% supplementary cellulose, and body weight distribution had no significant (P greater than .05) effect on the TME value of the corn. Starvation for 12 hr before force feeding resulted in a significant (P less than .05) decrease of 4% in the TME value of the corn, whereas fasting periods of 24 or 48 hr had no significant effect. It is suggested that the assay birds be paired on the basis of body weight and starved for a minimum period of 24 hr prior to force feeding to reduce the variation associated with the estimate of TME.", "PMID": 514948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10801", "title": "Methionine and protein requirements of young turkeys.", "content": "Nine experiments involving a total of 3697 turkeys divided into 48 pens per experiment were conducted to determine the methionine or total sulfur amino acid and the protein requirements of Medium White turkeys between 0 and 4 weeks and between 4 and 8 weeks of age. In each experiment, 24 diets varying in protein and methionine content in a 4 X 6 factorial design were fed. Body weight gains were found to be more closely related to the total sulfur amino acid content than to the methionine content of practical type corn-soybean meal diets. For the respective age periods between 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 weeks, the total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys were approximately 1.10 and 1.00% or 3.8 and 3.4 mg per kcal metabolizable energy, and the minimum protein requirements were at least 27% and 24% when diets contained sufficient total amino acids.", "contents": "Methionine and protein requirements of young turkeys. Nine experiments involving a total of 3697 turkeys divided into 48 pens per experiment were conducted to determine the methionine or total sulfur amino acid and the protein requirements of Medium White turkeys between 0 and 4 weeks and between 4 and 8 weeks of age. In each experiment, 24 diets varying in protein and methionine content in a 4 X 6 factorial design were fed. Body weight gains were found to be more closely related to the total sulfur amino acid content than to the methionine content of practical type corn-soybean meal diets. For the respective age periods between 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 weeks, the total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys were approximately 1.10 and 1.00% or 3.8 and 3.4 mg per kcal metabolizable energy, and the minimum protein requirements were at least 27% and 24% when diets contained sufficient total amino acids.", "PMID": 514949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10802", "title": "Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys.", "content": "Diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. The poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 X 2 or 5 X 2 factorial experiments. Body weights increased 9.0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. No interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. Residues derived from either water or petroleum ether extraction of fish meal, when added to diets at levels equivalent to those in 5% fish meal, produced body weight gains nearly equal to those obtained from 5% fish meal. Body weights were not increased by the addition of either water or petroleum soluble extracts or by charred or ashed fish meal. The addition of a mixture of crystalline amino acids, defluorinated phosphate, and fat equivalent to 5% fish meal produced only a 4.4% increase in body weight. An unidentified growth factor which is non-lipid, non-mineral, and non-water soluble appears to be present in menhaden fish meal when added to well foritified po", "contents": "Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys. Diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. The poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 X 2 or 5 X 2 factorial experiments. Body weights increased 9.0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. No interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. Residues derived from either water or petroleum ether extraction of fish meal, when added to diets at levels equivalent to those in 5% fish meal, produced body weight gains nearly equal to those obtained from 5% fish meal. Body weights were not increased by the addition of either water or petroleum soluble extracts or by charred or ashed fish meal. The addition of a mixture of crystalline amino acids, defluorinated phosphate, and fat equivalent to 5% fish meal produced only a 4.4% increase in body weight. An unidentified growth factor which is non-lipid, non-mineral, and non-water soluble appears to be present in menhaden fish meal when added to well foritified po", "PMID": 514950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10803", "title": "The effect of water sodium on the chick requirement for dietary sodium.", "content": "Two strains of broiler chicks fed a basal wheat-soybean diet designed to be complete in all known nutrients failed to achieve optimal growth at 3 weeks of age. Increments of dietary sodium resulted in increased growth responses and improved feed efficiencies (P less than .05) which were not related to genotype. The sodium requirements for optimum weight gain was found to be greater than the NRC (1971) requirement when the water sodium level was 3 ppm. The addition of 50 ppm of sodium to the drinking water improved growth and feed efficiency (P less than .05) of birds fed the basal diet. When 100 ppm of sodium was added to the drinking water, a further increase in growth was obtained equivalent to that of birds receiving the basal diet to which increments of sodium were added up to .15%. Sodium in the drinking water was shown to be utilized more effectively than was sodium in the feed.", "contents": "The effect of water sodium on the chick requirement for dietary sodium. Two strains of broiler chicks fed a basal wheat-soybean diet designed to be complete in all known nutrients failed to achieve optimal growth at 3 weeks of age. Increments of dietary sodium resulted in increased growth responses and improved feed efficiencies (P less than .05) which were not related to genotype. The sodium requirements for optimum weight gain was found to be greater than the NRC (1971) requirement when the water sodium level was 3 ppm. The addition of 50 ppm of sodium to the drinking water improved growth and feed efficiency (P less than .05) of birds fed the basal diet. When 100 ppm of sodium was added to the drinking water, a further increase in growth was obtained equivalent to that of birds receiving the basal diet to which increments of sodium were added up to .15%. Sodium in the drinking water was shown to be utilized more effectively than was sodium in the feed.", "PMID": 514951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10804", "title": "Potassium deficiency in the adult male chicken.", "content": "Adult male chickens, which were maintained on a low dietary potassium intake for 11 weeks showed no gross abnormalities, but had significantly reduced feed intake and losses of body weight. Adult male chickens had a physiological capacity to increase the biological half life of their body potassium from 18 to 134 days when the dietary potassium was reduced from .32 to .02%. However, the deficient birds were unable to balance their intake with the excretion because of the obligatory loss of potassium. The relative specific activity of different tissues in adult male chickens determined at different time intervals after the intravenous injection of potassium-42 indicated that the plasma pool potassium had the highest turnover rate of potassium in the body. In decreasing order, it was followed by the skin, heart, liver, intestine, bone, and muscle. The daily balance of potassium in adult male chickens maintained under optimum and sub-optimum dietary potassium intake gave an estimated minimum requirement for this element of .06% of the diet.", "contents": "Potassium deficiency in the adult male chicken. Adult male chickens, which were maintained on a low dietary potassium intake for 11 weeks showed no gross abnormalities, but had significantly reduced feed intake and losses of body weight. Adult male chickens had a physiological capacity to increase the biological half life of their body potassium from 18 to 134 days when the dietary potassium was reduced from .32 to .02%. However, the deficient birds were unable to balance their intake with the excretion because of the obligatory loss of potassium. The relative specific activity of different tissues in adult male chickens determined at different time intervals after the intravenous injection of potassium-42 indicated that the plasma pool potassium had the highest turnover rate of potassium in the body. In decreasing order, it was followed by the skin, heart, liver, intestine, bone, and muscle. The daily balance of potassium in adult male chickens maintained under optimum and sub-optimum dietary potassium intake gave an estimated minimum requirement for this element of .06% of the diet.", "PMID": 514952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10805", "title": "Comparison of lipoprotein lipase activities in chickens and turkeys.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to compare the role of lipoprotein lipase in fatty acid metabolism in chickens and turkeys. An initial experiment to determine the effect of fasting on the enzyme activity of chicken and turkey muscle and adipose tissues demonstrated that fasting decreased the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue, while increasing the enzyme activity of muscle tissue in chickens only. Quantitatively, turkey samples showed a greater enzyme activity in both muscle and adipose tissue than the chicken samples. In a second experiment both insulin and epinephrine added in vitro signifiacntly increased activity of lipoprotein lipase from chicken adipose tissue, but not from turkey adipose tissue. In a third experiment conducted to examine the effects of carbohydrate and fat feeding on lipoprotein lipase activity of chicken and turkey adipose tissue, fat feeding increased activity the greatest amount. In both species, refeeding, regardless of the energy source, produced a significant increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue. Differences in lipoprotein lipase activity does not appear to be related to differences in rate of body fat deposition observed between broiler chickens and turkeys.", "contents": "Comparison of lipoprotein lipase activities in chickens and turkeys. Three experiments were conducted to compare the role of lipoprotein lipase in fatty acid metabolism in chickens and turkeys. An initial experiment to determine the effect of fasting on the enzyme activity of chicken and turkey muscle and adipose tissues demonstrated that fasting decreased the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue, while increasing the enzyme activity of muscle tissue in chickens only. Quantitatively, turkey samples showed a greater enzyme activity in both muscle and adipose tissue than the chicken samples. In a second experiment both insulin and epinephrine added in vitro signifiacntly increased activity of lipoprotein lipase from chicken adipose tissue, but not from turkey adipose tissue. In a third experiment conducted to examine the effects of carbohydrate and fat feeding on lipoprotein lipase activity of chicken and turkey adipose tissue, fat feeding increased activity the greatest amount. In both species, refeeding, regardless of the energy source, produced a significant increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue. Differences in lipoprotein lipase activity does not appear to be related to differences in rate of body fat deposition observed between broiler chickens and turkeys.", "PMID": 514953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10806", "title": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 1. Body temperature and selected blood constituents.", "content": "The effects of forced molting on body temperature and selected blood constituents were studied. Caged layers, reared under commercial conditions, were force molted successively at 72 and 104 weeks of age. This was accomplished by removing feed for up to 12 days and water for up to 3 days while simultaneously reducing the day length to 10 hr or less. This procedure resulted in a cessation of egg production within one week of the initiation of feed removal. There was a significant increase in body temperature during feather loss and renewal. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin increased significantly immediately upon removal of feed and water and remained elevated above control levels for the duration of the pause in egg production, while plasma total calcium, and inorganic phosphate decreased significantly during the corresponding period. Plasma total protein and plasma glucose did not exhibit consistent trends. Body temperature and the levels of the measured plasma consituents returned to normal levels upon the resumption of egg production.", "contents": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 1. Body temperature and selected blood constituents. The effects of forced molting on body temperature and selected blood constituents were studied. Caged layers, reared under commercial conditions, were force molted successively at 72 and 104 weeks of age. This was accomplished by removing feed for up to 12 days and water for up to 3 days while simultaneously reducing the day length to 10 hr or less. This procedure resulted in a cessation of egg production within one week of the initiation of feed removal. There was a significant increase in body temperature during feather loss and renewal. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin increased significantly immediately upon removal of feed and water and remained elevated above control levels for the duration of the pause in egg production, while plasma total calcium, and inorganic phosphate decreased significantly during the corresponding period. Plasma total protein and plasma glucose did not exhibit consistent trends. Body temperature and the levels of the measured plasma consituents returned to normal levels upon the resumption of egg production.", "PMID": 514954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10807", "title": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 2. Gross changes in organs.", "content": "The effects of forced molting on body weight and the absolute and relate weights of the liver, ovary, oviduct, right adrenal, and spleen were studied. White Leghorn hens which were reared and maintained under commercial conditions were force molted by reducing daylength as well as by withdrawing feed and water. This procedure induced a pause in egg production within one week of the initiation of feed removal. Four trials were conducted. In Trial 1 the hens were sampled at weekly intervals for 56 days beginning at the time feed was removed. In Trials 2, 3, and 4 the hens were sampled either daily or on alternate days for up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. The absolute and relative weights of the liver, ovary, and oviduct were decreased significantly. Body weight decreased consistently. No consistent trend over the four trials was found in the absolute or relative weights of the right adrenal or the spleen.", "contents": "Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 2. Gross changes in organs. The effects of forced molting on body weight and the absolute and relate weights of the liver, ovary, oviduct, right adrenal, and spleen were studied. White Leghorn hens which were reared and maintained under commercial conditions were force molted by reducing daylength as well as by withdrawing feed and water. This procedure induced a pause in egg production within one week of the initiation of feed removal. Four trials were conducted. In Trial 1 the hens were sampled at weekly intervals for 56 days beginning at the time feed was removed. In Trials 2, 3, and 4 the hens were sampled either daily or on alternate days for up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. The absolute and relative weights of the liver, ovary, and oviduct were decreased significantly. Body weight decreased consistently. No consistent trend over the four trials was found in the absolute or relative weights of the right adrenal or the spleen.", "PMID": 514955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10808", "title": "On hypothalamic control of ovulation in the turkey.", "content": "Small bilateral lesions of the ventromedial preoptic hypothalamus consistently blocked ovulation. Lesions that completely cut the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract or that were placed throughout the tuberal hypothalamus and median eminence had no effect on ovulation. Lesions placed in the posterodorsal, medial, and ventral parts of the infundibular nuclear complex and in the medial and posteria divisions of the median eminence resulted in slight to moderate atresia of rapidly growing follicles within 38 to 40 hr after surgery.", "contents": "On hypothalamic control of ovulation in the turkey. Small bilateral lesions of the ventromedial preoptic hypothalamus consistently blocked ovulation. Lesions that completely cut the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract or that were placed throughout the tuberal hypothalamus and median eminence had no effect on ovulation. Lesions placed in the posterodorsal, medial, and ventral parts of the infundibular nuclear complex and in the medial and posteria divisions of the median eminence resulted in slight to moderate atresia of rapidly growing follicles within 38 to 40 hr after surgery.", "PMID": 514956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10809", "title": "The effect of controlled temperature variations on growth rate and blood pressure, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values in the turkey.", "content": "Hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys were observed for the possibility of a synergistic response between hypertension and temperature stress. The birds in four experiments were placed in chambers with temperature settings of 15.6, 26.7, and 37.8 C (humidity approximately 60%) and an ambient control. The temperature effect was measured by comparing the responses in body weight-gain, systolic blood pressure, and hematocrit and hemoglobin values. In each experiment both hypertensive and hypotensive strains in the 37.8 C chamber had a significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) weight gain than those in the other chambers. The 26.7 C chamber had the next lowest weight gain. Considerably more variability in weight gain was observed in the hypertensive strain. Systolic blood pressure data were similar for all experiments. The lowest average blood pressures were recorded in the 37.8 C chamber. The high and low blood pressure strains showed overall average decreases in blood pressure of 28% and 14%, respectively. There was no consistent response in hematocrit and hemoglobin values due to temperature stress. Overall average hematocrit values were 39.1 and 38.0% for the hypertensive and hypotensive strains, respectively, while average hemoglobin values were 11.8 and 12.2 g/dl. The hypertensive strain showed more variation in weight gain, a greater percentage drop in blood pressure, and a 19% mortality rate in the high temperature chambers. These factors indicate that hypertension is an added factor in the overall stress of these birds.", "contents": "The effect of controlled temperature variations on growth rate and blood pressure, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values in the turkey. Hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys were observed for the possibility of a synergistic response between hypertension and temperature stress. The birds in four experiments were placed in chambers with temperature settings of 15.6, 26.7, and 37.8 C (humidity approximately 60%) and an ambient control. The temperature effect was measured by comparing the responses in body weight-gain, systolic blood pressure, and hematocrit and hemoglobin values. In each experiment both hypertensive and hypotensive strains in the 37.8 C chamber had a significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) weight gain than those in the other chambers. The 26.7 C chamber had the next lowest weight gain. Considerably more variability in weight gain was observed in the hypertensive strain. Systolic blood pressure data were similar for all experiments. The lowest average blood pressures were recorded in the 37.8 C chamber. The high and low blood pressure strains showed overall average decreases in blood pressure of 28% and 14%, respectively. There was no consistent response in hematocrit and hemoglobin values due to temperature stress. Overall average hematocrit values were 39.1 and 38.0% for the hypertensive and hypotensive strains, respectively, while average hemoglobin values were 11.8 and 12.2 g/dl. The hypertensive strain showed more variation in weight gain, a greater percentage drop in blood pressure, and a 19% mortality rate in the high temperature chambers. These factors indicate that hypertension is an added factor in the overall stress of these birds.", "PMID": 514957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10810", "title": "A comparison between aortic lumen surfaces of hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys.", "content": "Some features of the aortic intima were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and found to contribute to the etiology of dissecting aneurysm. The endothelium over intimal plaques was not as pendulous as endothelium surrounding plaques. The pendulous appearance of aortic endothelial cells could be associated with the contractile nature of these cells. Some undescribable factor, which has been termed stress or atherosclerosis, seemed to reduce the contractile nature of endothelial cells on the plaque areas. Analyses with SEM revealed a probable cause of a dissecting aneurysm. The effect of pulsating blood pressure on an inelastic endothelium could create a separation between endothelial cells and the fluid pressure of blood could then separate the tissue until the vessel ruptured into the body cavity or back into the aorta. Because all abdominal aortic segments examined had atherosclerosis, it was not possible to show the amount of intimal alteration between normal and atherosclerotic aortas. Each blood pressure line showed a similar change which was 4.52 and 4.95% for the high and low blood pressure lines, respectively. There were no demonstrable correlations in this study between either high or low blood pressure lines of turkeys and atherosclerosis.", "contents": "A comparison between aortic lumen surfaces of hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys. Some features of the aortic intima were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and found to contribute to the etiology of dissecting aneurysm. The endothelium over intimal plaques was not as pendulous as endothelium surrounding plaques. The pendulous appearance of aortic endothelial cells could be associated with the contractile nature of these cells. Some undescribable factor, which has been termed stress or atherosclerosis, seemed to reduce the contractile nature of endothelial cells on the plaque areas. Analyses with SEM revealed a probable cause of a dissecting aneurysm. The effect of pulsating blood pressure on an inelastic endothelium could create a separation between endothelial cells and the fluid pressure of blood could then separate the tissue until the vessel ruptured into the body cavity or back into the aorta. Because all abdominal aortic segments examined had atherosclerosis, it was not possible to show the amount of intimal alteration between normal and atherosclerotic aortas. Each blood pressure line showed a similar change which was 4.52 and 4.95% for the high and low blood pressure lines, respectively. There were no demonstrable correlations in this study between either high or low blood pressure lines of turkeys and atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 514958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10811", "title": "Plasma growth hormone levels in normal and testosterone implanted growing turkeys.", "content": "The growth of normal and testosterone implanted female turkeys was followed between 2 and 16 weeks of age and the concentration of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) in the peripheral plasma measured. The testosterone treated birds were larger than the controls between 3 and 11 weeks of age. In both groups the plasma GH levels were inversely correlated with the bird's age and body weight and directly correlated with the percentage weekly weight gain Plasma GH concentrations in the testosterone treated birds were higher than in the controls at 4 weeks of age and lower at 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 weeks of age. Significant differences between the groups in percentage weekly weight gain were not consistently associated with corresponding differences in plasma GH level.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone levels in normal and testosterone implanted growing turkeys. The growth of normal and testosterone implanted female turkeys was followed between 2 and 16 weeks of age and the concentration of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) in the peripheral plasma measured. The testosterone treated birds were larger than the controls between 3 and 11 weeks of age. In both groups the plasma GH levels were inversely correlated with the bird's age and body weight and directly correlated with the percentage weekly weight gain Plasma GH concentrations in the testosterone treated birds were higher than in the controls at 4 weeks of age and lower at 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 weeks of age. Significant differences between the groups in percentage weekly weight gain were not consistently associated with corresponding differences in plasma GH level.", "PMID": 514959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10812", "title": "[Synthesis of organic acids by immobilized propionic bacteria in the flow system and stabilization of the process].", "content": "The capacity of immobilized cells of propionic bacteria to synthesize organic acids was examined. Propionibacterium shermanii cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel were capable to synthesize propionic, acetic and pyruvic acids in the flow system. As a carbon source glucose, lactate-Na or whey lactose was used. The greatest amount of the acids was synthesized with the use of lactate-Na. The life-time of the biocatalyst (immobilized cells) can be increased by its reactivation with a nutrient medium required for optimal cell proliferation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of organic acids by immobilized propionic bacteria in the flow system and stabilization of the process]. The capacity of immobilized cells of propionic bacteria to synthesize organic acids was examined. Propionibacterium shermanii cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel were capable to synthesize propionic, acetic and pyruvic acids in the flow system. As a carbon source glucose, lactate-Na or whey lactose was used. The greatest amount of the acids was synthesized with the use of lactate-Na. The life-time of the biocatalyst (immobilized cells) can be increased by its reactivation with a nutrient medium required for optimal cell proliferation.", "PMID": 514985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10813", "title": "[Effect of salt supplements on lipid growth and synthesis by yeast cultivated on peat oxidates].", "content": "The accumulation of biomass and lipids and their fatty acid composition were investigated during cultivation of the yeast Candida tropicalis and Lipomyces lipoferus on peat oxidates supplemented with inorganic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The absence of additional sources of the above elements from the nutrient substrate inhibited the culture growth. In order to optimize cultivation of lipid synthesizing yeast on peat oxidates, the above compounds should be added in certain concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of salt supplements on lipid growth and synthesis by yeast cultivated on peat oxidates]. The accumulation of biomass and lipids and their fatty acid composition were investigated during cultivation of the yeast Candida tropicalis and Lipomyces lipoferus on peat oxidates supplemented with inorganic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The absence of additional sources of the above elements from the nutrient substrate inhibited the culture growth. In order to optimize cultivation of lipid synthesizing yeast on peat oxidates, the above compounds should be added in certain concentrations.", "PMID": 514986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10814", "title": "[Influence of cultivation conditions on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus 118].", "content": "The influence of mass exchange and cultivation temperature on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus was studied. Mass exchange parameters of the fermenter varied from 0.72 to 3.7 g O2 l/hr without oxygen limitations, and cultivation temperature ranged from 25 to 34 degrees C. The growth pattern, dynamics of substrate consumption and synthesis of trypsin inhibitor by the culture of Act. janthinus were shown to depend on mass exchange and cultivation temperature. With an increase in mass exchange the inhibitory activity reached maximum earlier but did not rise in its absolute value. With a temperature increase the inhibitory activity grew by 65%.", "contents": "[Influence of cultivation conditions on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus 118]. The influence of mass exchange and cultivation temperature on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus was studied. Mass exchange parameters of the fermenter varied from 0.72 to 3.7 g O2 l/hr without oxygen limitations, and cultivation temperature ranged from 25 to 34 degrees C. The growth pattern, dynamics of substrate consumption and synthesis of trypsin inhibitor by the culture of Act. janthinus were shown to depend on mass exchange and cultivation temperature. With an increase in mass exchange the inhibitory activity reached maximum earlier but did not rise in its absolute value. With a temperature increase the inhibitory activity grew by 65%.", "PMID": 514987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10815", "title": "[Sorption of acid ribonuclease from Penicillium brevi-compactum by various ion-exchange resins].", "content": "Sorption of acid ribonuclease from Penicillium brevi-compactum F-399 was studied. The effect of nature and structure of various ion-exchange resins on the sorption capacity and reversibility was determined. High rate and reversibility of the enzyme sorption on the strong base anion-exchange fiber TsM-A2 were demonstrated. It is suggested that sorption of acid ribonuclease of the TsM-A2 fiber proceeds as ion exchange and on carboxyl cation exchange resins as molecular sorption.", "contents": "[Sorption of acid ribonuclease from Penicillium brevi-compactum by various ion-exchange resins]. Sorption of acid ribonuclease from Penicillium brevi-compactum F-399 was studied. The effect of nature and structure of various ion-exchange resins on the sorption capacity and reversibility was determined. High rate and reversibility of the enzyme sorption on the strong base anion-exchange fiber TsM-A2 were demonstrated. It is suggested that sorption of acid ribonuclease of the TsM-A2 fiber proceeds as ion exchange and on carboxyl cation exchange resins as molecular sorption.", "PMID": 514988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10816", "title": "[Use of fluorescein isothiocyanate to label plasma membrane of lymphocytes].", "content": "The possibility of using fluoresceine isothiocyanate to label plasmatic membranes of lymphocytes was explored. Membrane labeling can be done under physiological conditions. The label interacted with the surface located membrane component, and the binding centers became saturated with the label concentration which left the membrane undamaged. Modification of the membrane surface resulting from fluoresceine isothiocyanate treatment influenced significantly intercellular interactions mediating mitogen-induced blast transformation.", "contents": "[Use of fluorescein isothiocyanate to label plasma membrane of lymphocytes]. The possibility of using fluoresceine isothiocyanate to label plasmatic membranes of lymphocytes was explored. Membrane labeling can be done under physiological conditions. The label interacted with the surface located membrane component, and the binding centers became saturated with the label concentration which left the membrane undamaged. Modification of the membrane surface resulting from fluoresceine isothiocyanate treatment influenced significantly intercellular interactions mediating mitogen-induced blast transformation.", "PMID": 514989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10817", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of hemagglutinin from the stock culture of Actinomyces streptomycini str. 32-12].", "content": "From the culture fluid of Actinomyces streptomycini streptomycin was extracted and then hemagglutinin, a biologically active substance, was isolated. The isolation included ethanol fractionation, sulfate ammonium protein precipitation, elimination of contaminating components via centrifugation, dialysis and subsequent lyophilization. The resultant hemagglutinin showed activity towards animal and human erythrocytes, and blast-transforming and mitogenic activity towards human lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of hemagglutinin from the stock culture of Actinomyces streptomycini str. 32-12]. From the culture fluid of Actinomyces streptomycini streptomycin was extracted and then hemagglutinin, a biologically active substance, was isolated. The isolation included ethanol fractionation, sulfate ammonium protein precipitation, elimination of contaminating components via centrifugation, dialysis and subsequent lyophilization. The resultant hemagglutinin showed activity towards animal and human erythrocytes, and blast-transforming and mitogenic activity towards human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 514990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10818", "title": "[Effect of various procedures of storing the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1, a lipase producer].", "content": "The effect of various storage procedures on the viability and synthesis of lipolytic enzymes by Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1 was studied. The best procedures of producer storage proved to be regular passages and lyophilization. These procedures made it possible to maintain stable activity of lipolytic enzymes produced by the fungus for a long time. The fungal storage in vaseline oil or in a dried state was less effective due to significant losses of its lipolytic capacity.", "contents": "[Effect of various procedures of storing the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1, a lipase producer]. The effect of various storage procedures on the viability and synthesis of lipolytic enzymes by Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1 was studied. The best procedures of producer storage proved to be regular passages and lyophilization. These procedures made it possible to maintain stable activity of lipolytic enzymes produced by the fungus for a long time. The fungal storage in vaseline oil or in a dried state was less effective due to significant losses of its lipolytic capacity.", "PMID": 514992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10819", "title": "[Partial purification and properties of proteases of bitoxibacillin].", "content": "The paper describes properties of proteases A and B isolated from the biological insecticide bitoxibacillin by sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. Proteases A and B of bitoxibacillin belong to the neutral bacterial proteases. pH optimum was found to be 6.0 and 7.5 for detection of proteolytic activity of protease A and protease B, respectively. Thermal stability of proteases A and B was similar and increased by 25% upon addition of CaCl2. Both proteases were inhibited with EDTA. The molecular weight of proteases A and B was estimated to be 57,000 and 47,000, respectively.", "contents": "[Partial purification and properties of proteases of bitoxibacillin]. The paper describes properties of proteases A and B isolated from the biological insecticide bitoxibacillin by sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. Proteases A and B of bitoxibacillin belong to the neutral bacterial proteases. pH optimum was found to be 6.0 and 7.5 for detection of proteolytic activity of protease A and protease B, respectively. Thermal stability of proteases A and B was similar and increased by 25% upon addition of CaCl2. Both proteases were inhibited with EDTA. The molecular weight of proteases A and B was estimated to be 57,000 and 47,000, respectively.", "PMID": 514993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10820", "title": "[Decomposition of human blood cholesterol by the enzyme from Actinomyces lavendulae].", "content": "In vitro experiments with enzymic decomposition of cholesterol contained in the human blood were carried out. The enzyme was obtained from the mycelium of Actinomyces lavendulae. As a result of incubation of blood samples in the presence of the enzyme at 37 degrees, the cholesterol content decreased and reached 30--43% of the initial value within 2 hours. The enzyme showed its specific effect only upon free cholesterol but not on its esters.", "contents": "[Decomposition of human blood cholesterol by the enzyme from Actinomyces lavendulae]. In vitro experiments with enzymic decomposition of cholesterol contained in the human blood were carried out. The enzyme was obtained from the mycelium of Actinomyces lavendulae. As a result of incubation of blood samples in the presence of the enzyme at 37 degrees, the cholesterol content decreased and reached 30--43% of the initial value within 2 hours. The enzyme showed its specific effect only upon free cholesterol but not on its esters.", "PMID": 514995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10821", "title": "[Method for assaying methane monooxygenase activity by measuring methane uptake in the reaction vessel].", "content": "The reaction vessel has been designed to measure methane monooxygenase activity. An elastic membrane has been built into one of the walls of the vessel to take liquid samples, avoiding formation of the gaseous phase in the reaction volume. The methane content in the samples is measured in a gas-liquid chromatograph with a flame ionization detector in two ways: 1. by direct measurement of methane in the liquid sample, and 2. by measurement of methane in the gaseous phase after methane diffusion from the liquid sample into the gaseous space of another vessel. The method is simple, sensitive (with a lower limit of 0.1 nMole CH4), and well reproducible. This method permits measurement of the oxidation kinetics of methane and other gaseous hydrocarbons both by intact cells and cell-free preparations of methane oxidizing bacteria.", "contents": "[Method for assaying methane monooxygenase activity by measuring methane uptake in the reaction vessel]. The reaction vessel has been designed to measure methane monooxygenase activity. An elastic membrane has been built into one of the walls of the vessel to take liquid samples, avoiding formation of the gaseous phase in the reaction volume. The methane content in the samples is measured in a gas-liquid chromatograph with a flame ionization detector in two ways: 1. by direct measurement of methane in the liquid sample, and 2. by measurement of methane in the gaseous phase after methane diffusion from the liquid sample into the gaseous space of another vessel. The method is simple, sensitive (with a lower limit of 0.1 nMole CH4), and well reproducible. This method permits measurement of the oxidation kinetics of methane and other gaseous hydrocarbons both by intact cells and cell-free preparations of methane oxidizing bacteria.", "PMID": 514991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10822", "title": "[Effect of urea on aggregation of immunoglobulins in water solutions].", "content": "The methods of molecular light scattering and of gel filtration were used to study the degree of urea-induced desaggregation of immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules preaggregated by heating. Urea was shown to desaggregate considerably (70--80%) protein IgG aggregates. The data obtained suggest an important role of hydrophobic interactions in the immunoglobulin aggregation.", "contents": "[Effect of urea on aggregation of immunoglobulins in water solutions]. The methods of molecular light scattering and of gel filtration were used to study the degree of urea-induced desaggregation of immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules preaggregated by heating. Urea was shown to desaggregate considerably (70--80%) protein IgG aggregates. The data obtained suggest an important role of hydrophobic interactions in the immunoglobulin aggregation.", "PMID": 514998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10823", "title": "[Immobilization of pectawamorine G10x by gel entrapment].", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel immobilization of pectawamorine G10x was investigated. Its pectinesterase and polygalacturonase activity and stability in storage were measured. The degree of pectawamorine binding during gel immobilization was 80--90%, 55% of initial activity being retained. Thermal stability of the immobilized and native preparations was equal. Pectinesterase activity of the gel immobilized enzyme increased during storage.", "contents": "[Immobilization of pectawamorine G10x by gel entrapment]. Polyacrylamide gel immobilization of pectawamorine G10x was investigated. Its pectinesterase and polygalacturonase activity and stability in storage were measured. The degree of pectawamorine binding during gel immobilization was 80--90%, 55% of initial activity being retained. Thermal stability of the immobilized and native preparations was equal. Pectinesterase activity of the gel immobilized enzyme increased during storage.", "PMID": 514999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10824", "title": "[Content of free and bound thiamine diphosphate in the liver hyaloplasm of vitamine B1 deficient rats].", "content": "The amount of free and protein-bound thiamin diphosphate (TDP) in the liver hyaloplasm of B1 vitamin deficient rats has been measured. In the norm the content of protein-bound TDP remains stable (4.5--4.7 micrograms/g tissue) and does not grow upon thiamin injections. The level of the free coenzyme varies appreciably: in the B1-avitaminotic state the content of free TDP decreases, and in the B1-saturated condition it may exceed the norm 4 times. In the liver this enzyme occurs only as a holoenzyme. In case of B1 vitamin deficiency in the diet the transketolase apoform cannot be detected in the liver. A new model for rapid generation of B1-avitaminosis characterized by a significantly lower level of free and bound TDP is described.", "contents": "[Content of free and bound thiamine diphosphate in the liver hyaloplasm of vitamine B1 deficient rats]. The amount of free and protein-bound thiamin diphosphate (TDP) in the liver hyaloplasm of B1 vitamin deficient rats has been measured. In the norm the content of protein-bound TDP remains stable (4.5--4.7 micrograms/g tissue) and does not grow upon thiamin injections. The level of the free coenzyme varies appreciably: in the B1-avitaminotic state the content of free TDP decreases, and in the B1-saturated condition it may exceed the norm 4 times. In the liver this enzyme occurs only as a holoenzyme. In case of B1 vitamin deficiency in the diet the transketolase apoform cannot be detected in the liver. A new model for rapid generation of B1-avitaminosis characterized by a significantly lower level of free and bound TDP is described.", "PMID": 514997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10825", "title": "[Procedure for isolating nisin from Streptococcus lactis].", "content": "The paper describes a method for obtaining the antibiotic nisine from Streptococcus lactis str. MSU via 50% acetic acid extraction. The concentrate is dried in the Anhydro spray drier (Denmark). The preparation is inactivated during a one-year storage in the refrigerator by 20-25%.", "contents": "[Procedure for isolating nisin from Streptococcus lactis]. The paper describes a method for obtaining the antibiotic nisine from Streptococcus lactis str. MSU via 50% acetic acid extraction. The concentrate is dried in the Anhydro spray drier (Denmark). The preparation is inactivated during a one-year storage in the refrigerator by 20-25%.", "PMID": 514994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10826", "title": "[Activities of protein-inhibitors of proteases in seeds of different varieties of yellow and white lupine plants].", "content": "Activities of protein-inhibitors of proteases and their correlation with the total content of protein and alkaloids in yellow and white lupine seeds were studied. Yellow lupine seeds showed lowe activities of protein-inhibitors. They also displayed negative correlation between activities of protein-inhibitors and the total content of protein and alkaloids.", "contents": "[Activities of protein-inhibitors of proteases in seeds of different varieties of yellow and white lupine plants]. Activities of protein-inhibitors of proteases and their correlation with the total content of protein and alkaloids in yellow and white lupine seeds were studied. Yellow lupine seeds showed lowe activities of protein-inhibitors. They also displayed negative correlation between activities of protein-inhibitors and the total content of protein and alkaloids.", "PMID": 515000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10827", "title": "[Methylation of ribonuclease and albumin by methyl cobalamin].", "content": "The capacity of methyl cobalamine (14CH3-B12) to methylate RNase and albumin in in vitro systems was studied. Under the experimental conditions, 14CH3-B12 methylated proteins about 100--1000 times more actively than S-adenosyl-methionine, a universal donor of methyl groups. The nature of buffer and pH 2 to 8 had no noticeable effect on the methylating capacity of 14CH3-B12. However, at higher pH rate of incorporation of methyl groups slightly increased. The 14CH3-groups incorporated into RNase amino acids remained stable upon illumination, in the presence of KCN in the incubation medium, and when heated in 20% HCl for 24--72 hr at 105 degrees. Methylation did not influence the enzymic properties of RNase. The automatic amino acid analyzer showed three peaks of the label of modified amino acids in the hydrolzates of methylated RNase, one of which corresponded to methylated methionine.", "contents": "[Methylation of ribonuclease and albumin by methyl cobalamin]. The capacity of methyl cobalamine (14CH3-B12) to methylate RNase and albumin in in vitro systems was studied. Under the experimental conditions, 14CH3-B12 methylated proteins about 100--1000 times more actively than S-adenosyl-methionine, a universal donor of methyl groups. The nature of buffer and pH 2 to 8 had no noticeable effect on the methylating capacity of 14CH3-B12. However, at higher pH rate of incorporation of methyl groups slightly increased. The 14CH3-groups incorporated into RNase amino acids remained stable upon illumination, in the presence of KCN in the incubation medium, and when heated in 20% HCl for 24--72 hr at 105 degrees. Methylation did not influence the enzymic properties of RNase. The automatic amino acid analyzer showed three peaks of the label of modified amino acids in the hydrolzates of methylated RNase, one of which corresponded to methylated methionine.", "PMID": 514996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10828", "title": "[Preparation and properties of protoplasts from Saccharomyces vini K-42].", "content": "Lytic enzymes from the edible snail--Helix pomatia--were used to obtain protoplasts of yeast Saccharomyces vini K-42. The yeast grown in aerobic conditions proved more sensitive. The resultant protoplasts oxidized glucose and sucrose and did not oxidize maltose.", "contents": "[Preparation and properties of protoplasts from Saccharomyces vini K-42]. Lytic enzymes from the edible snail--Helix pomatia--were used to obtain protoplasts of yeast Saccharomyces vini K-42. The yeast grown in aerobic conditions proved more sensitive. The resultant protoplasts oxidized glucose and sucrose and did not oxidize maltose.", "PMID": 515001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10829", "title": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: covalent binding of reactive metabolic intermediates principally to protein in vitro.", "content": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is metabolized by the mouse liver cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenase system to reactive intermediates which bind 'covalently' to cellular macromolecules. Although very difficult to quantitate, the presumably covalent binding to microsomal protein occurs between 120 and 2,640 times more readily than binding to deproteinized DNA in the in vitro reaction. Because of the extremely high rate of binding to protein rather than to DNA, it is visualized that TCDD metabolites may be so reactive that they bind in or near the P-450-active site where the TCDD is monoxygenated. This extreme reactivity may preclude the formation of detectable quantities of phenols, dihydrodiols, or conjugated products. The rate of TCDD metabolism is estimated to be between 9,000 and 36,000 times lower than the rate of P-450-mediated benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that TCDD is metabolized in any organism. There remains the possibility, however unlikely, that this covalently-bound radioactivity represents metabolites of contaminants--present in the radiolabeled TCDD sample in very minute amounts--rather than metabolites of tritiated TCDD itself. The possible relationship between P-450-mediated metabolism of this environmental contaminant and its extreme toxicity or teratogenicity is discussed.", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: covalent binding of reactive metabolic intermediates principally to protein in vitro. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is metabolized by the mouse liver cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenase system to reactive intermediates which bind 'covalently' to cellular macromolecules. Although very difficult to quantitate, the presumably covalent binding to microsomal protein occurs between 120 and 2,640 times more readily than binding to deproteinized DNA in the in vitro reaction. Because of the extremely high rate of binding to protein rather than to DNA, it is visualized that TCDD metabolites may be so reactive that they bind in or near the P-450-active site where the TCDD is monoxygenated. This extreme reactivity may preclude the formation of detectable quantities of phenols, dihydrodiols, or conjugated products. The rate of TCDD metabolism is estimated to be between 9,000 and 36,000 times lower than the rate of P-450-mediated benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that TCDD is metabolized in any organism. There remains the possibility, however unlikely, that this covalently-bound radioactivity represents metabolites of contaminants--present in the radiolabeled TCDD sample in very minute amounts--rather than metabolites of tritiated TCDD itself. The possible relationship between P-450-mediated metabolism of this environmental contaminant and its extreme toxicity or teratogenicity is discussed.", "PMID": 515166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10830", "title": "Selected cardiovascular and central properties of three lidocaine analogs.", "content": "Three analogs of lidocaine (benzyl carbamyl, benzyl nitrile and methyl nitrile) were synthesized and examined for cardiovascular and central activity. The benzyl carbamyl analog was more potent than lidocaine in lowering blood pressure but possessed only slight local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic and CNS-depressant activity. At 40 mg/kg the benzyl nitrile derivative was superior to lidocaine in protecting against chloroform-induced arrhythmias. The methyl nitrile analog was less active than the benzyl nitrile analog in most parameters examined. The benzyl nitrile derivative and lidocaine had similar potencies on blood pressure depression, local anesthetic activity and ability to protect against calcium chloride-induced arrhythmias. Unlike the benzyl carbamyl derivative both lidocaine and the benzyl nitrile compounds appear to depress the cardiovascular system via a common mechanism.", "contents": "Selected cardiovascular and central properties of three lidocaine analogs. Three analogs of lidocaine (benzyl carbamyl, benzyl nitrile and methyl nitrile) were synthesized and examined for cardiovascular and central activity. The benzyl carbamyl analog was more potent than lidocaine in lowering blood pressure but possessed only slight local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic and CNS-depressant activity. At 40 mg/kg the benzyl nitrile derivative was superior to lidocaine in protecting against chloroform-induced arrhythmias. The methyl nitrile analog was less active than the benzyl nitrile analog in most parameters examined. The benzyl nitrile derivative and lidocaine had similar potencies on blood pressure depression, local anesthetic activity and ability to protect against calcium chloride-induced arrhythmias. Unlike the benzyl carbamyl derivative both lidocaine and the benzyl nitrile compounds appear to depress the cardiovascular system via a common mechanism.", "PMID": 515167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10831", "title": "Inhibition of drug oxidation and stimulation of NADPH oxidase in vitro by doxorubicin and triferric-doxorubicin.", "content": "The electrophilic properties of the quinone-hydroquinone configuration of anthracycline antibiotics suggests a possible influence on cytochrome P-450-mediated mono-oxygenase reactions. Both doxorubicin and triferric-doxorubicin (a derivative in which the quinone groups are blocked with iron) showed a similar dose-dependent inhibition of liver microsomal drug metabolism. A doxorubicin concentration-related stimulation of NADPH oxidase activity was found to be linear but that for triferric-doxorubicin was asymptotic. Neither inhibitor affected the activity of cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome b5 reductase or cytochrome P-450 reductase. However, doxorubicin did potentiate the inhibitory effect of aniline on cytochrome P-450 reductase and on ethylmorphine metabolism. It is concluded that these anthracyclines inhibit drug metabolism in vitro not by their electron-withdrawing potential but in a manner more similar to that described for type II compounds.", "contents": "Inhibition of drug oxidation and stimulation of NADPH oxidase in vitro by doxorubicin and triferric-doxorubicin. The electrophilic properties of the quinone-hydroquinone configuration of anthracycline antibiotics suggests a possible influence on cytochrome P-450-mediated mono-oxygenase reactions. Both doxorubicin and triferric-doxorubicin (a derivative in which the quinone groups are blocked with iron) showed a similar dose-dependent inhibition of liver microsomal drug metabolism. A doxorubicin concentration-related stimulation of NADPH oxidase activity was found to be linear but that for triferric-doxorubicin was asymptotic. Neither inhibitor affected the activity of cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome b5 reductase or cytochrome P-450 reductase. However, doxorubicin did potentiate the inhibitory effect of aniline on cytochrome P-450 reductase and on ethylmorphine metabolism. It is concluded that these anthracyclines inhibit drug metabolism in vitro not by their electron-withdrawing potential but in a manner more similar to that described for type II compounds.", "PMID": 515168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10832", "title": "RNA and protein synthesis in rat brain during exercise. Effect of arginine and some phosphorylated amino acids.", "content": "RNA and protein synthesis is noticeably depressed in the brain of swimming rats. Repeated oral administration of phosphothreonine, phosphoserine or arginine is susceptible of improving brain macromolecular synthesis. A parallel induction is observed on spermine and spermidine accumulation, particularly evident when arginine is used. The anti-fatigue effect of phosphorylated amino acids or arginine may be associated with the observed restoration of brain macromolecular synthesis via polyamine accumulation.", "contents": "RNA and protein synthesis in rat brain during exercise. Effect of arginine and some phosphorylated amino acids. RNA and protein synthesis is noticeably depressed in the brain of swimming rats. Repeated oral administration of phosphothreonine, phosphoserine or arginine is susceptible of improving brain macromolecular synthesis. A parallel induction is observed on spermine and spermidine accumulation, particularly evident when arginine is used. The anti-fatigue effect of phosphorylated amino acids or arginine may be associated with the observed restoration of brain macromolecular synthesis via polyamine accumulation.", "PMID": 515169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10833", "title": "Choice of the measuring quantity for therapy-level dosemeters.", "content": "With the introduction of SI units in radiology the quantity exposure will probably be abandoned for therapy level dosemeters because of the inconvenient conversion factors which have, in SI units, to be applied for the change into absorbed dose. Instead of exposure, a quantity is envisaged which, like absorbed dose, is measured in the unit gray (= joule per kilogram). A difficulty lies in the fact that in the immediate future only primary standards of exposure will be available, necessitating the introduction of conversion factors at the interface between primary and secondary standards or field instruments. Expert opinion differs as to whether a kerma quantity, a half-way stage to the desired situation, should be used, or whether the full step should be taken involving the calibration of field instruments in terms of 'absorbed dose in water under specified conditions'. This paper discusses the problem and recommends the full step.", "contents": "Choice of the measuring quantity for therapy-level dosemeters. With the introduction of SI units in radiology the quantity exposure will probably be abandoned for therapy level dosemeters because of the inconvenient conversion factors which have, in SI units, to be applied for the change into absorbed dose. Instead of exposure, a quantity is envisaged which, like absorbed dose, is measured in the unit gray (= joule per kilogram). A difficulty lies in the fact that in the immediate future only primary standards of exposure will be available, necessitating the introduction of conversion factors at the interface between primary and secondary standards or field instruments. Expert opinion differs as to whether a kerma quantity, a half-way stage to the desired situation, should be used, or whether the full step should be taken involving the calibration of field instruments in terms of 'absorbed dose in water under specified conditions'. This paper discusses the problem and recommends the full step.", "PMID": 515176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10834", "title": "The influence of variations in the ventilation rate in rooms upon the respiratory dose from inhalation of radon daughters.", "content": "Theoretical calculations are reported of the mean respiratory dose from inhalation of short-lived radon daughters under different ventilation condtions. These calculations are related to the variations in ventilation practice over different periods of time.", "contents": "The influence of variations in the ventilation rate in rooms upon the respiratory dose from inhalation of radon daughters. Theoretical calculations are reported of the mean respiratory dose from inhalation of short-lived radon daughters under different ventilation condtions. These calculations are related to the variations in ventilation practice over different periods of time.", "PMID": 515177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10835", "title": "Radioactivity of building materials and the gamma radiation in dwellings.", "content": "Measurements of the radioactivity in some common building materials in Norway are reported, together with calculations of the gamma-ray exposure from walls of different materials. Model rooms are used in calculations of the mean exposure inside concrete, brick and light-weight expanded clay aggregate buildings. These calculations give very good agreement with previous experimental results. The radiological implications of using building materials with high concentrations of radioactivity are also discussed.", "contents": "Radioactivity of building materials and the gamma radiation in dwellings. Measurements of the radioactivity in some common building materials in Norway are reported, together with calculations of the gamma-ray exposure from walls of different materials. Model rooms are used in calculations of the mean exposure inside concrete, brick and light-weight expanded clay aggregate buildings. These calculations give very good agreement with previous experimental results. The radiological implications of using building materials with high concentrations of radioactivity are also discussed.", "PMID": 515178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10836", "title": "Solar dosimetry of the face: the relationship of natural ultraviolet radiation exposure to basal cell carcinoma localisation.", "content": "Measurements have been made of the distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at 41 sites on the face of a large fibreglass model of a head. The dosemeter used was the polymer film polysulphone. The results have been correlated with published values of the distribution of basal cell carcinomas on the face. Although the comparison has highlighted the problems of trying to relate frequency of skin tumour occurrence to sunlight exposure, the present results are compatible with the hypotheses that human skin cancer incidence increases with environmental UVR exposure, and that sunlight is not the only factor in the aetiology of basal cell carcinomas of the face.", "contents": "Solar dosimetry of the face: the relationship of natural ultraviolet radiation exposure to basal cell carcinoma localisation. Measurements have been made of the distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at 41 sites on the face of a large fibreglass model of a head. The dosemeter used was the polymer film polysulphone. The results have been correlated with published values of the distribution of basal cell carcinomas on the face. Although the comparison has highlighted the problems of trying to relate frequency of skin tumour occurrence to sunlight exposure, the present results are compatible with the hypotheses that human skin cancer incidence increases with environmental UVR exposure, and that sunlight is not the only factor in the aetiology of basal cell carcinomas of the face.", "PMID": 515179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10837", "title": "Computed LET distributions in the build-up region of tissue for 14 MeV neutrons.", "content": "Experimental radiobiological investigations of fast neutron beams involve irradiation of thin cell layers. The irradiation of cells is done either in free air or with a material such as graphite, TE plastic or bone-equivalent plastic covering the cells. This paper discusses the computed dose distributions in LET at shallow depths between 5 or 10 micrometers and the equilibrium depth, and the influence of the overlying materials on the distributions. The secondaries considered are elastic recoils of H, C, N and O, and 22 alpha particle groups and the corresponding heavy recoils arising from (n, alpha) events in C, N, O, P and Ca. Dose-average LET and curves of detailed dose distributions in LET as a function of depth in tissue are given for various overlying materials.", "contents": "Computed LET distributions in the build-up region of tissue for 14 MeV neutrons. Experimental radiobiological investigations of fast neutron beams involve irradiation of thin cell layers. The irradiation of cells is done either in free air or with a material such as graphite, TE plastic or bone-equivalent plastic covering the cells. This paper discusses the computed dose distributions in LET at shallow depths between 5 or 10 micrometers and the equilibrium depth, and the influence of the overlying materials on the distributions. The secondaries considered are elastic recoils of H, C, N and O, and 22 alpha particle groups and the corresponding heavy recoils arising from (n, alpha) events in C, N, O, P and Ca. Dose-average LET and curves of detailed dose distributions in LET as a function of depth in tissue are given for various overlying materials.", "PMID": 515180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10838", "title": "Attenuation factors for certain tissues when the body is irradiated omnidirectionally.", "content": "Experimental values of mean attenuation factors are reported for certain tissues in an anthropomorphic phantom irradiated omnidirectionally with gamma rays from sodium-24, radium-226, iodine-131 and xenon-133. The data are used to relate the mean absorbed dose to the whole body, bone marrow, gonads and skin to (a) the absorbed dose in air and (b) the exposure in air. Correlations are made for the degradation of the radiation by scatter and the photoelectron enhancement effect. It is proposed that for natural background gamma rays a mean attenuation factor of 0.7 may be used for bone marrow. The corresponding rad/R factor is 0.67. It is also estimated that the effective mean depth of bone marrow for omnidirectional irradiation is 5.0--5.5 cm.", "contents": "Attenuation factors for certain tissues when the body is irradiated omnidirectionally. Experimental values of mean attenuation factors are reported for certain tissues in an anthropomorphic phantom irradiated omnidirectionally with gamma rays from sodium-24, radium-226, iodine-131 and xenon-133. The data are used to relate the mean absorbed dose to the whole body, bone marrow, gonads and skin to (a) the absorbed dose in air and (b) the exposure in air. Correlations are made for the degradation of the radiation by scatter and the photoelectron enhancement effect. It is proposed that for natural background gamma rays a mean attenuation factor of 0.7 may be used for bone marrow. The corresponding rad/R factor is 0.67. It is also estimated that the effective mean depth of bone marrow for omnidirectional irradiation is 5.0--5.5 cm.", "PMID": 515181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10839", "title": "Theoretical of the measurement of choroidal blood flow using a radioactive inert gas clearance technique.", "content": "A mathematical model for the diffusion of krypton in ocular tissues and its removal by blood flow has been developed to explain the complex clearance pattern found experimentally in the rabbit--an animal which has predominantly a choroidal circulation. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results has shown that the initial slope of the clearance curve is a measure of choroidal blood flow for values of blood flow over 500 ml/100 g/min. The shape of the curve at later times has been shown to be attributable predominantly to the diffusion of krypton into other ocular tissues.", "contents": "Theoretical of the measurement of choroidal blood flow using a radioactive inert gas clearance technique. A mathematical model for the diffusion of krypton in ocular tissues and its removal by blood flow has been developed to explain the complex clearance pattern found experimentally in the rabbit--an animal which has predominantly a choroidal circulation. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results has shown that the initial slope of the clearance curve is a measure of choroidal blood flow for values of blood flow over 500 ml/100 g/min. The shape of the curve at later times has been shown to be attributable predominantly to the diffusion of krypton into other ocular tissues.", "PMID": 515182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10840", "title": "Effect of size and composition of the body on absolute measurement of calcium in vivo.", "content": "The effect of size and composition of the body on the measurement of total calcium in absolute units by neutron activation analysis is described. The neutron beam, produced from a cyclotron, was of mean energy 7.5 MeV. Counting of the activities induced in a patient was carried out with a multidetector whole body counter. Calibration of the system was achieved by using two phantoms of different sizes containing known quantities of calcium. The dimensions of various phantom sections were varied to determine the effect on efficiency of activation, an approximately linear relationship with body thickness being found. The influence of body habitus on counting efficiency was assessed by counting different patients who had been given known quantities of 42K. The effects of (a) the non-uniform distribution of calcium and (b) the variation in density of different tissues on both activation and counting efficiency are discussed. It is estimated that the 68% confidence limits on the measurement of 49Ca count rate per unit neutron fluence is +/- 3.0% and on the measurement of calcium in grams +/- 8.2%.", "contents": "Effect of size and composition of the body on absolute measurement of calcium in vivo. The effect of size and composition of the body on the measurement of total calcium in absolute units by neutron activation analysis is described. The neutron beam, produced from a cyclotron, was of mean energy 7.5 MeV. Counting of the activities induced in a patient was carried out with a multidetector whole body counter. Calibration of the system was achieved by using two phantoms of different sizes containing known quantities of calcium. The dimensions of various phantom sections were varied to determine the effect on efficiency of activation, an approximately linear relationship with body thickness being found. The influence of body habitus on counting efficiency was assessed by counting different patients who had been given known quantities of 42K. The effects of (a) the non-uniform distribution of calcium and (b) the variation in density of different tissues on both activation and counting efficiency are discussed. It is estimated that the 68% confidence limits on the measurement of 49Ca count rate per unit neutron fluence is +/- 3.0% and on the measurement of calcium in grams +/- 8.2%.", "PMID": 515183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10841", "title": "Elemental analysis of bone mineral by backscattering of alpha particles.", "content": "Backscattering of 2 MeV alpha particles has been applied for the first time to studies of the inorganic substances of human bone. Bone samples taken from the femoral shaft (dense bone) and iliac crest (spongy bone) of 18 cadavers were analysed for the calcium, phosphorus and oxygen content, after lyophilisation and heating for 1.5 h at 500 degrees C to remove water and organic material. The backscattering method produces a spectrum in which all the elements present in the sample except hydrogen can be seen at once. The reproducibility of the measurements was less than 2%. No previous studies were found in the literature of the measurement of elemental oxygen in bone samples. Ca/P ratios varied from 1.97 to 2.47, Ca/O ratios from 0.76 to 0.91 and P/O ratios from 0.34 to 0.41, the latter two being about 10--15% lower than expected if bone mineral were hydroxyapatite (Ca/O = 0.96 and P/O = 0.44). The results are consistent with previous work on Ca/P ratios but the low Ca/O and P/O ratios could not be explained without postulation of crystal or hydroxyl water in bone mineral. Support for the explanation was gained by differential gravimetric and thermal analysis.", "contents": "Elemental analysis of bone mineral by backscattering of alpha particles. Backscattering of 2 MeV alpha particles has been applied for the first time to studies of the inorganic substances of human bone. Bone samples taken from the femoral shaft (dense bone) and iliac crest (spongy bone) of 18 cadavers were analysed for the calcium, phosphorus and oxygen content, after lyophilisation and heating for 1.5 h at 500 degrees C to remove water and organic material. The backscattering method produces a spectrum in which all the elements present in the sample except hydrogen can be seen at once. The reproducibility of the measurements was less than 2%. No previous studies were found in the literature of the measurement of elemental oxygen in bone samples. Ca/P ratios varied from 1.97 to 2.47, Ca/O ratios from 0.76 to 0.91 and P/O ratios from 0.34 to 0.41, the latter two being about 10--15% lower than expected if bone mineral were hydroxyapatite (Ca/O = 0.96 and P/O = 0.44). The results are consistent with previous work on Ca/P ratios but the low Ca/O and P/O ratios could not be explained without postulation of crystal or hydroxyl water in bone mineral. Support for the explanation was gained by differential gravimetric and thermal analysis.", "PMID": 515184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10842", "title": "Thermal history and reusability of CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs.", "content": "The TL sensitivity of CaCO4 : Dy Teflon TLD discs was found not to change after isothermal annealing for 1 h in the temperature range 220--400 degrees C. The reusability of these TLD discs after two separate annealing treatments (240 degrees C and 400 degrees C, each 1 h) were studied for 20 cycles of use. The former annealing treatment resulted in a 12% loss in TL sensitivity after 20 cycles, mainly due to the increase in optical density of these discs. A decrease in the maximum temperature from 300 to 250 degrees C while clamped for read-out in the TLD reader has prevented any change in the optical density of these discs, and their TL sensitivity did not show any change after 20 cycles. The darkening of PTFE-based TL dosemeters was attributed to the reorientation of molecules in PTFE when the temperature during readout exceeds 250 degrees C; isothermal annealing at 400 degrees C restored their original colour. Their TL sensitivity decreased gradually with the number of cycles (over 15% in 20 cycles) after the 400 degrees C anneal, mainly because of the loss in TL sensitivity of the CaSO4 : Dy phosphor itself. This study has demonstrated that under controlled conditions, the Teflon TL dosemeters can be reused a number of times without any change in TL sensitivity.", "contents": "Thermal history and reusability of CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs. The TL sensitivity of CaCO4 : Dy Teflon TLD discs was found not to change after isothermal annealing for 1 h in the temperature range 220--400 degrees C. The reusability of these TLD discs after two separate annealing treatments (240 degrees C and 400 degrees C, each 1 h) were studied for 20 cycles of use. The former annealing treatment resulted in a 12% loss in TL sensitivity after 20 cycles, mainly due to the increase in optical density of these discs. A decrease in the maximum temperature from 300 to 250 degrees C while clamped for read-out in the TLD reader has prevented any change in the optical density of these discs, and their TL sensitivity did not show any change after 20 cycles. The darkening of PTFE-based TL dosemeters was attributed to the reorientation of molecules in PTFE when the temperature during readout exceeds 250 degrees C; isothermal annealing at 400 degrees C restored their original colour. Their TL sensitivity decreased gradually with the number of cycles (over 15% in 20 cycles) after the 400 degrees C anneal, mainly because of the loss in TL sensitivity of the CaSO4 : Dy phosphor itself. This study has demonstrated that under controlled conditions, the Teflon TL dosemeters can be reused a number of times without any change in TL sensitivity.", "PMID": 515185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10843", "title": "Electrical stimulation of wrist and fingers for hemiplegic patients.", "content": "Passive cyclical electrical stimulation was applied during a four-week treatment program to the wrist and finger extensors of 16 hemiplegic patients with flexor spasticity. The study noted the effects of this treatment on the patients' sensation; spasticity; passive range of motion of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints; and strength in the wrist extensor muscles. Patients were divided into chronic and subacute groups. Both groups received electrical stimulation for three half-hour periods a day, seven days a week, as a substitute for all other range-of-motion techniques. Flexion contractures were prevented in the subacute group of patients at the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints. A statistically and clinically significant increase in wrist extension range occurred in the chronic group that had wrist flexion contractures before the electrical stimulation. Increased extension was noted at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of patients in the chronic group. Those patients with some voluntary wrist extension before the treatment began were able to increase their extension strength during stimulation. No changes in skin sensation were noted and only a general trend in decreasing spasticity was apparent.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of wrist and fingers for hemiplegic patients. Passive cyclical electrical stimulation was applied during a four-week treatment program to the wrist and finger extensors of 16 hemiplegic patients with flexor spasticity. The study noted the effects of this treatment on the patients' sensation; spasticity; passive range of motion of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints; and strength in the wrist extensor muscles. Patients were divided into chronic and subacute groups. Both groups received electrical stimulation for three half-hour periods a day, seven days a week, as a substitute for all other range-of-motion techniques. Flexion contractures were prevented in the subacute group of patients at the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints. A statistically and clinically significant increase in wrist extension range occurred in the chronic group that had wrist flexion contractures before the electrical stimulation. Increased extension was noted at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of patients in the chronic group. Those patients with some voluntary wrist extension before the treatment began were able to increase their extension strength during stimulation. No changes in skin sensation were noted and only a general trend in decreasing spasticity was apparent.", "PMID": 515186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10844", "title": "Electrical stimulation in exercise of the quadriceps femoris muscle.", "content": "Thirty-seven healthy subjects took part in an investigation to determine if the application of electrical stimulation to normal muscle, in combination with exercise, augments strength. Subjects were divided into three groups. Grwoup A (n = 14) was a control group (no exercise, no electrical stimulation). Group B members (n = 11) engaged in 10 sessions of maximum isometric exercise, and Group C subjects (n = 12) performed 10 sessions of maximum isometric exercise while simultaneously receiving electrical stimulation. The knee extensor muscles of subjects in Groups B and C increased in strength. However, the strength gains for Groups B and C were equivalent, suggesting that electrical stimulation combined with maximum isometric contractions has no greater effect on enhancing strength than does conventional static exercise.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation in exercise of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Thirty-seven healthy subjects took part in an investigation to determine if the application of electrical stimulation to normal muscle, in combination with exercise, augments strength. Subjects were divided into three groups. Grwoup A (n = 14) was a control group (no exercise, no electrical stimulation). Group B members (n = 11) engaged in 10 sessions of maximum isometric exercise, and Group C subjects (n = 12) performed 10 sessions of maximum isometric exercise while simultaneously receiving electrical stimulation. The knee extensor muscles of subjects in Groups B and C increased in strength. However, the strength gains for Groups B and C were equivalent, suggesting that electrical stimulation combined with maximum isometric contractions has no greater effect on enhancing strength than does conventional static exercise.", "PMID": 515187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10845", "title": "Interactive effects of resistance and facilitation patterning upon reaction and response times.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the interactive effects of maximum resistance with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterning upon reaction, movement, and response time. Reaction time, response time-one (flexion at shoulder, extension at elbow), response time-two (flexion, adduction, external rotation at shoulder, elbow flexion), and movement time (response time-two minus reaction time) were measured before and after a training program. Fifty subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following training groups: weight training, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterning without resistance, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with maximum resistance. Subjects participated in their training sessions three times a week for six weeks. Analysis revealed no significant changes between the training groups.", "contents": "Interactive effects of resistance and facilitation patterning upon reaction and response times. The purpose of this study was to determine the interactive effects of maximum resistance with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterning upon reaction, movement, and response time. Reaction time, response time-one (flexion at shoulder, extension at elbow), response time-two (flexion, adduction, external rotation at shoulder, elbow flexion), and movement time (response time-two minus reaction time) were measured before and after a training program. Fifty subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following training groups: weight training, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterning without resistance, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation with maximum resistance. Subjects participated in their training sessions three times a week for six weeks. Analysis revealed no significant changes between the training groups.", "PMID": 515188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10846", "title": "Increasing sensory and motor stimulation for the patient with quadriplegia.", "content": "The common perception about the individual with quadriplegia (having a lesion at C5 and above) as a fragile, immobile, and medically unstable individual is in direct conflict with the concept of successful rehabilitation. Long hospitalizations, constant medical attention, and profound physical dependence often work against the efforts of those providing rehabilitation to ease the patient's transition back to as normal a life style as possible. This paper describes a successfully executed sensory and motor stimulation program, designed to meet the needs of the sensory-deprived individual with quadriplegia and to deemphasize the perception of both physical and psychological fragility.", "contents": "Increasing sensory and motor stimulation for the patient with quadriplegia. The common perception about the individual with quadriplegia (having a lesion at C5 and above) as a fragile, immobile, and medically unstable individual is in direct conflict with the concept of successful rehabilitation. Long hospitalizations, constant medical attention, and profound physical dependence often work against the efforts of those providing rehabilitation to ease the patient's transition back to as normal a life style as possible. This paper describes a successfully executed sensory and motor stimulation program, designed to meet the needs of the sensory-deprived individual with quadriplegia and to deemphasize the perception of both physical and psychological fragility.", "PMID": 515189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10847", "title": "Qualitative differences among sweeteners.", "content": "Seventeen sweeteners varying widely in chemical structure were arranged in a three-dimensional space by two multidimensional scaling procedures, INDSCAL and ALSCAL. Fructose, glucose, sorbose, xylitol and xylose tended to fall near one another. Two sweeteners with a syrupy component, maltose and sorbitol, fell further away. Ca cyclamate and the dipeptide aspartame were the two artificial sweeteners which fell closest to and thus tasted most like the sugars. The proteins monellin and thaumatin, as well as the chalcone glycoside, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, all have long aftertastes and thus tended to fall proximate to one another. Stimuli with the highest metallic and bitter ratings (acetosulfan, sodium saccharin, rebaudioside and stevioside) tended to fall near one another with the amino acid d-tryptophan located a little farther away. Adjective scales were related to the spatial arrangement. Wide variability in the patterns of intensity ratings over  subjects suggests that the sweet taste may be mediated by several peripheral receptor mechanisms.", "contents": "Qualitative differences among sweeteners. Seventeen sweeteners varying widely in chemical structure were arranged in a three-dimensional space by two multidimensional scaling procedures, INDSCAL and ALSCAL. Fructose, glucose, sorbose, xylitol and xylose tended to fall near one another. Two sweeteners with a syrupy component, maltose and sorbitol, fell further away. Ca cyclamate and the dipeptide aspartame were the two artificial sweeteners which fell closest to and thus tasted most like the sugars. The proteins monellin and thaumatin, as well as the chalcone glycoside, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, all have long aftertastes and thus tended to fall proximate to one another. Stimuli with the highest metallic and bitter ratings (acetosulfan, sodium saccharin, rebaudioside and stevioside) tended to fall near one another with the amino acid d-tryptophan located a little farther away. Adjective scales were related to the spatial arrangement. Wide variability in the patterns of intensity ratings over  subjects suggests that the sweet taste may be mediated by several peripheral receptor mechanisms.", "PMID": 515196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10848", "title": "Activation of sexual reflexes of male rats by dihydrotestosterone but not estrogen.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that withdrawal and administration of testosterone propionate (TP) has a quantitative influence on sexual reflexes which parallels changes in copulatory activity following castration and administration of TP. The present study involving castrated spinal male rats explored further this parallel, focusing on the effects on sexual reflexes of the administration of dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) and estradiol benzoate (EB), both of which can activate sexual behavior in spinally intact castrated male rats, but only if given in very large doses for a prolonged period of time. A parallel effect on reflexes and behavior was not found inasmuch as DHTP activated sexual reflexes at a dose (200 microgram daily) considerably below that needed to activate behavior, and EB did not appreciably activate reflexes, even after prolonged treatment at levels (100-200 microgram) higher than necessary to activate behavior. The results, with EB in particular, point out that the display of intromissive and ejaculatory patterns in rats may not involve spinal neural mechanisms that are customarily associated with these behavioral patterns.", "contents": "Activation of sexual reflexes of male rats by dihydrotestosterone but not estrogen. Previous studies have shown that withdrawal and administration of testosterone propionate (TP) has a quantitative influence on sexual reflexes which parallels changes in copulatory activity following castration and administration of TP. The present study involving castrated spinal male rats explored further this parallel, focusing on the effects on sexual reflexes of the administration of dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) and estradiol benzoate (EB), both of which can activate sexual behavior in spinally intact castrated male rats, but only if given in very large doses for a prolonged period of time. A parallel effect on reflexes and behavior was not found inasmuch as DHTP activated sexual reflexes at a dose (200 microgram daily) considerably below that needed to activate behavior, and EB did not appreciably activate reflexes, even after prolonged treatment at levels (100-200 microgram) higher than necessary to activate behavior. The results, with EB in particular, point out that the display of intromissive and ejaculatory patterns in rats may not involve spinal neural mechanisms that are customarily associated with these behavioral patterns.", "PMID": 515197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10849", "title": "Circadian rhythm of luminance detectability in the rat.", "content": "Rats lived in a visual detection test environment which allowed for around-the-clock measurement of the detectability of a 500 nm stimulus of low luminance. Daily trends in visual sensitivity were compared with a behavioral activity measure, the rate of trial initiations in the self-paced testing procedure. Both variables showed circadian rhythms with periods exceeding 24 hr in the absence of day-night cues. However, the two oscillations were phase-displaced, such that maximal visual sensitivity occurred earlier than did maximal behavioral activity, each day. The temporal organization of visual sensitivity may underlie well-known photic influence on circadian rhythms and photoperiodic behavior.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of luminance detectability in the rat. Rats lived in a visual detection test environment which allowed for around-the-clock measurement of the detectability of a 500 nm stimulus of low luminance. Daily trends in visual sensitivity were compared with a behavioral activity measure, the rate of trial initiations in the self-paced testing procedure. Both variables showed circadian rhythms with periods exceeding 24 hr in the absence of day-night cues. However, the two oscillations were phase-displaced, such that maximal visual sensitivity occurred earlier than did maximal behavioral activity, each day. The temporal organization of visual sensitivity may underlie well-known photic influence on circadian rhythms and photoperiodic behavior.", "PMID": 515198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10850", "title": "Spatial memory deficit following fimbria-fornix lesions: independent of time for stimulus processing.", "content": "The present experiment examined the possible role of stimulus processing time in the spatial memory deficit found following fimbria-fornix lesions in rats. Rats were trained preoperatively on a radial arm maze in a procedure that placed them at the end of each arm and confined them there for 30 seconds. This confinement period was markedly longer than the few seconds the rats normally spend there in the usual test procedure. Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions performed no better than expected by chance on the first choice after placements. Although performance on subsequent choices was above chance, this was due to a strong turning pattern; when this pattern was interrupted, performance was no greater than that expected by chance on all choices. These data demonstrate that the deficit in the radial arm maze resulted primarily from a difficulty in spatial memory, rather than from an insufficient time for processing stimulus information.", "contents": "Spatial memory deficit following fimbria-fornix lesions: independent of time for stimulus processing. The present experiment examined the possible role of stimulus processing time in the spatial memory deficit found following fimbria-fornix lesions in rats. Rats were trained preoperatively on a radial arm maze in a procedure that placed them at the end of each arm and confined them there for 30 seconds. This confinement period was markedly longer than the few seconds the rats normally spend there in the usual test procedure. Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions performed no better than expected by chance on the first choice after placements. Although performance on subsequent choices was above chance, this was due to a strong turning pattern; when this pattern was interrupted, performance was no greater than that expected by chance on all choices. These data demonstrate that the deficit in the radial arm maze resulted primarily from a difficulty in spatial memory, rather than from an insufficient time for processing stimulus information.", "PMID": 515199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10851", "title": "Genetic obestiy: estrogenic influences on the body weight and food intake of lean and obese adult Zucker (fa/fa) rats.", "content": "The effects of chronic estrogen withdrawal and subsequent hormone replacement on the feeding and body weight of adult lean and genetically obese Zucker rats were investigated. Following confirmation of a delay in the vaginal canalization of the fatty rat, subgroups of each genotype received either ovariectomy or sham surgery (Experiment 1). One hundred days later all subjects were injected subcutaneously (SC) with 1.0 microgram of estradiol benzoate (EB) daily for 16 treatment days (Experiment 2A). A second series of daily 2.0 microgram EB injections was administered intraperitoneally (IP) for 1 week (Experiment 2B). The first experiment revealed that ovariectomy produced overeating and similar weight gains in both genotypes. In the second experiment, SC hormone treatment completely reversed ovarian obesity in lean animals but failed to alter the food intake or weight gain of fatty rats. IP administration of EB depressed the feeding of fatty and lean animals to a comparable degree but a reduction in weight gain was observed only in the lean rats. These findings are discussed in light of current theories of estrogenic modulation of energy balance.", "contents": "Genetic obestiy: estrogenic influences on the body weight and food intake of lean and obese adult Zucker (fa/fa) rats. The effects of chronic estrogen withdrawal and subsequent hormone replacement on the feeding and body weight of adult lean and genetically obese Zucker rats were investigated. Following confirmation of a delay in the vaginal canalization of the fatty rat, subgroups of each genotype received either ovariectomy or sham surgery (Experiment 1). One hundred days later all subjects were injected subcutaneously (SC) with 1.0 microgram of estradiol benzoate (EB) daily for 16 treatment days (Experiment 2A). A second series of daily 2.0 microgram EB injections was administered intraperitoneally (IP) for 1 week (Experiment 2B). The first experiment revealed that ovariectomy produced overeating and similar weight gains in both genotypes. In the second experiment, SC hormone treatment completely reversed ovarian obesity in lean animals but failed to alter the food intake or weight gain of fatty rats. IP administration of EB depressed the feeding of fatty and lean animals to a comparable degree but a reduction in weight gain was observed only in the lean rats. These findings are discussed in light of current theories of estrogenic modulation of energy balance.", "PMID": 515200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10852", "title": "Weight loss, slower growth and lower fasting heat production rates following LH lesions in female rats.", "content": "Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) can result in a permanent loss of body weight and slower growth in female rats, but do not do so invariably. Weight and growth rate changes were always accompanied by lower rates of fasting heat production (FHP) independent of changes in activity. The thyroids of these animals were significantly below normal in size. None of the traditional deficits of the \"LH syndrome\" were present: the animals ate when deprived of water: drank when deprived of food (although less than the control animals) and increased their food intakes when injected systemically with insulin, at least on the initial test. With repeated tests the food intake following insulin-induced hypoglycemia declined both in the animals with lesions and in the animals whose body compositions and weights had been lowered to the same levels.", "contents": "Weight loss, slower growth and lower fasting heat production rates following LH lesions in female rats. Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) can result in a permanent loss of body weight and slower growth in female rats, but do not do so invariably. Weight and growth rate changes were always accompanied by lower rates of fasting heat production (FHP) independent of changes in activity. The thyroids of these animals were significantly below normal in size. None of the traditional deficits of the \"LH syndrome\" were present: the animals ate when deprived of water: drank when deprived of food (although less than the control animals) and increased their food intakes when injected systemically with insulin, at least on the initial test. With repeated tests the food intake following insulin-induced hypoglycemia declined both in the animals with lesions and in the animals whose body compositions and weights had been lowered to the same levels.", "PMID": 515201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10853", "title": "Effects of hippocampal lesions on adaptive intake of diets with disproportionate amounts of amino acids.", "content": "Bilateral double electrolytic overlapping lesions were placed in dorsal-lateral hippocampus of male 230 g rats, and their food intake responses to the ingestion of diets containing disproportionate amounts of amino acids were examined. Rats with such lesions and intact control rats maintained their normal intakes of the 6% casein basal diet or a threonine basal amino acid diet postoperatively. However, they exhibited marked initial food intake depression, similar to that of intact rats, when fed the threonine imbalanced amino acid diet. Also, animals with lesions in certain areas of the dorsal-lateral hippocampus showed facilitated adaptation to the amino acid imbalanced diet. Similar severe reduction in food intake with relative lack of adaptation were observed in both the intact controls and rats with hippocampal lesions when fed amino acid diets completely devoid of threonine. Initial food intake of rats with hippocampal lesions was inhibited drastically as was the case with the intact controls when fed a 75% casein high protein diet. All rats, either intact or lesioned, showed similar slow adaptation patterns with the prolonged ingestion of the high protein diet. The initial food intake responses and facilitated adaptation of the animals bearing lesions in certain areas of the hippocampus suggest that such areas are not crucially involved in the inhibition of food intake of rats fed disproportionate amounts of dietary amino acids. Rather, such areas of lesions in the hippocampus may play a role in a system governing the behavioral adaptation of the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets but not of diets containing amino acids in general excess. This would also indicate that different mechanisms control the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets and diets containing amino acids in excess.", "contents": "Effects of hippocampal lesions on adaptive intake of diets with disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Bilateral double electrolytic overlapping lesions were placed in dorsal-lateral hippocampus of male 230 g rats, and their food intake responses to the ingestion of diets containing disproportionate amounts of amino acids were examined. Rats with such lesions and intact control rats maintained their normal intakes of the 6% casein basal diet or a threonine basal amino acid diet postoperatively. However, they exhibited marked initial food intake depression, similar to that of intact rats, when fed the threonine imbalanced amino acid diet. Also, animals with lesions in certain areas of the dorsal-lateral hippocampus showed facilitated adaptation to the amino acid imbalanced diet. Similar severe reduction in food intake with relative lack of adaptation were observed in both the intact controls and rats with hippocampal lesions when fed amino acid diets completely devoid of threonine. Initial food intake of rats with hippocampal lesions was inhibited drastically as was the case with the intact controls when fed a 75% casein high protein diet. All rats, either intact or lesioned, showed similar slow adaptation patterns with the prolonged ingestion of the high protein diet. The initial food intake responses and facilitated adaptation of the animals bearing lesions in certain areas of the hippocampus suggest that such areas are not crucially involved in the inhibition of food intake of rats fed disproportionate amounts of dietary amino acids. Rather, such areas of lesions in the hippocampus may play a role in a system governing the behavioral adaptation of the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets but not of diets containing amino acids in general excess. This would also indicate that different mechanisms control the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets and diets containing amino acids in excess.", "PMID": 515202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10854", "title": "Patterns of eating as a function of the cost of the meal.", "content": "Rats were required to complete fixed ratio schedules (FR 20-FR 2560) of wheel turns to obtain access to food. By decreasing meal frequency and increasing meal size directly as functions of the fixed ratio requirement, animals controlled total daily food intake and body weight relatively constant until the highest ratio requirement was introduced. These functional changes in feeding patterns provide experimental support for theoretical models of optimal feeding strategies. At the highest ratio requirement, as animals lost weight, they increased running and therefore opportunities to feed, however, food intake continued to decrease with increasing exposure to this schedule. As rats on this schedule initiated feeding each time food became available, but did not eat large enough to this schedule. As rats on this schedule initiated feeding each time food became available, but did not eat large enough meals to maintain body weight, it is suggested that activity may interest with satiety mechanisms to produce termination of meals.", "contents": "Patterns of eating as a function of the cost of the meal. Rats were required to complete fixed ratio schedules (FR 20-FR 2560) of wheel turns to obtain access to food. By decreasing meal frequency and increasing meal size directly as functions of the fixed ratio requirement, animals controlled total daily food intake and body weight relatively constant until the highest ratio requirement was introduced. These functional changes in feeding patterns provide experimental support for theoretical models of optimal feeding strategies. At the highest ratio requirement, as animals lost weight, they increased running and therefore opportunities to feed, however, food intake continued to decrease with increasing exposure to this schedule. As rats on this schedule initiated feeding each time food became available, but did not eat large enough to this schedule. As rats on this schedule initiated feeding each time food became available, but did not eat large enough meals to maintain body weight, it is suggested that activity may interest with satiety mechanisms to produce termination of meals.", "PMID": 515203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10855", "title": "Evidence of state dependent learning of brightness discrimination in hypothermic mice.", "content": "Shock-elicited escape behavior of C57Bl mice in a brightness discrimination task was examined to investigate the effects of hypothermia on acquisition and reversal. Neither acquisition nor reversal was impaired by 7 degrees C or 13 degrees C decreases in central body temperature when body temperature remained at those levels throughout testing. However, body temperature changes from acquisition to reversal were accompanied by memory deficits during reversal if acquisition occurred at body temperature decreased by 13 degrees and reversal occurred at normal body temperature or body temperature decreased by 7 degrees and reversal at body temperature decreased by 13 degrees. This finding suggests the occurrence of a state dependent discrimination response: an instance of asymmetrical dissociation. In addition, during acquisition, latency of the escape response was longer in hypothermic animals than in controls, and should be interpreted as a performance deficit, rather than failure or delayed rate of learning. Depressed intertrial activity also was observed in hypothermic animals.", "contents": "Evidence of state dependent learning of brightness discrimination in hypothermic mice. Shock-elicited escape behavior of C57Bl mice in a brightness discrimination task was examined to investigate the effects of hypothermia on acquisition and reversal. Neither acquisition nor reversal was impaired by 7 degrees C or 13 degrees C decreases in central body temperature when body temperature remained at those levels throughout testing. However, body temperature changes from acquisition to reversal were accompanied by memory deficits during reversal if acquisition occurred at body temperature decreased by 13 degrees and reversal occurred at normal body temperature or body temperature decreased by 7 degrees and reversal at body temperature decreased by 13 degrees. This finding suggests the occurrence of a state dependent discrimination response: an instance of asymmetrical dissociation. In addition, during acquisition, latency of the escape response was longer in hypothermic animals than in controls, and should be interpreted as a performance deficit, rather than failure or delayed rate of learning. Depressed intertrial activity also was observed in hypothermic animals.", "PMID": 515204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10856", "title": "Pancreatic glucagon, food deprivation and feeding in intact and vagotomized rabbits.", "content": "Thirty New-Zealand female rabbits were implanted with hepatic-portal cannulas and six simultaneously underwent bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. When recovered, all animals received pancreatic glucagon infused at 1.0 cc/min for a total dosage of 12 microgram in 3.0 cc of isotonic saline. On alternate days, isotonic saline alone was infused as a control. Twelve intact and six vagotomized animals received infusions terminating food deprivations of 4, 8, and 24 hr while the remaining animals received the infusions only when free feeding. The feeding behavior of all animals was measured at 0.5, 1 and 2 hr postinfusion. Glucagon significantly suppressed feeding relative to saline only in 0- and 4-hr-food-deprived intact rabbits. Longer deprivations followed by glucagon did not produce suppression, and glucagon was completely ineffective in suppressing feeding in vagotomized animals. Although glucagon infusion in 4-hr food-deprived intact rabbits produced 38% suppression of food intake during the first hr postadministration, glycogen analysis revealed no significant reduction under the behavioral testing paradigm. These results indicate that glucagon can suppress food intake without depletion of liver glycogen. It is suggested that glucagon is not a satiety signal but can probably suppress feeding through initiating glycogenolysis.", "contents": "Pancreatic glucagon, food deprivation and feeding in intact and vagotomized rabbits. Thirty New-Zealand female rabbits were implanted with hepatic-portal cannulas and six simultaneously underwent bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. When recovered, all animals received pancreatic glucagon infused at 1.0 cc/min for a total dosage of 12 microgram in 3.0 cc of isotonic saline. On alternate days, isotonic saline alone was infused as a control. Twelve intact and six vagotomized animals received infusions terminating food deprivations of 4, 8, and 24 hr while the remaining animals received the infusions only when free feeding. The feeding behavior of all animals was measured at 0.5, 1 and 2 hr postinfusion. Glucagon significantly suppressed feeding relative to saline only in 0- and 4-hr-food-deprived intact rabbits. Longer deprivations followed by glucagon did not produce suppression, and glucagon was completely ineffective in suppressing feeding in vagotomized animals. Although glucagon infusion in 4-hr food-deprived intact rabbits produced 38% suppression of food intake during the first hr postadministration, glycogen analysis revealed no significant reduction under the behavioral testing paradigm. These results indicate that glucagon can suppress food intake without depletion of liver glycogen. It is suggested that glucagon is not a satiety signal but can probably suppress feeding through initiating glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 515205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10857", "title": "Superior colliculus lesions and environmental experience: nonvisual effects on problem solving and locomotor activity.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus were produced in rats reared in either a restricted or complex environment. Problem solving ability in a Hebb-Williams closed field and activity in an open field were subsequently observed in conditions of either bright or dim illumination. Animals with superior colliculus lesions were deficient in problem solving ability and were hyperactive in the open field. Complex environment exposure during development increased problem solving ability and initial ambulation scores in all groups. Extent of pretectal damage and behavioral measures were significantly related for animals reared in the complex, but not in the restricted environment. There were no interactions with illumination level, suggesting that the deficits resulting from collicular lesions are not dependent upon the availability of visual cues.", "contents": "Superior colliculus lesions and environmental experience: nonvisual effects on problem solving and locomotor activity. Bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus were produced in rats reared in either a restricted or complex environment. Problem solving ability in a Hebb-Williams closed field and activity in an open field were subsequently observed in conditions of either bright or dim illumination. Animals with superior colliculus lesions were deficient in problem solving ability and were hyperactive in the open field. Complex environment exposure during development increased problem solving ability and initial ambulation scores in all groups. Extent of pretectal damage and behavioral measures were significantly related for animals reared in the complex, but not in the restricted environment. There were no interactions with illumination level, suggesting that the deficits resulting from collicular lesions are not dependent upon the availability of visual cues.", "PMID": 515206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10858", "title": "Conditioned taste preferences as a measure of brain-stimulation reward in rats.", "content": "Conditioned taste preferences (CTPs) were demonstrated in rats after one, three or five pairings of a novel tasting solution with sessions of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Control groups that experienced single or repeated unpaired presentations of the novel taste or the ICSS did not exhibit such preferences. Although there were no group differences in the absolute size of the CPTs, the resistance of those preferences to extinction reliably increased with the number of novel taste/ICSS pairings. A second experiment was devised to study the effects of changes in ICSS Current intensity on the CTPs produced by that ICSS. There were statistically reliable differences in the CTPs produced by Low-Current and High-Current groups. A No-Current control group did not demonstrate a CTP. Taken together these data suggest that the conditioned taste preference is a learned phenomenon analogous to the conditioned taste aversion that occurs following novel taste/illness pairings. The use of the CTP paradigm as a measure of the rewarding nature of intracranial self-stimulation is proposed.", "contents": "Conditioned taste preferences as a measure of brain-stimulation reward in rats. Conditioned taste preferences (CTPs) were demonstrated in rats after one, three or five pairings of a novel tasting solution with sessions of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Control groups that experienced single or repeated unpaired presentations of the novel taste or the ICSS did not exhibit such preferences. Although there were no group differences in the absolute size of the CPTs, the resistance of those preferences to extinction reliably increased with the number of novel taste/ICSS pairings. A second experiment was devised to study the effects of changes in ICSS Current intensity on the CTPs produced by that ICSS. There were statistically reliable differences in the CTPs produced by Low-Current and High-Current groups. A No-Current control group did not demonstrate a CTP. Taken together these data suggest that the conditioned taste preference is a learned phenomenon analogous to the conditioned taste aversion that occurs following novel taste/illness pairings. The use of the CTP paradigm as a measure of the rewarding nature of intracranial self-stimulation is proposed.", "PMID": 515207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10859", "title": "Cranial irradiation of young rats impairs later learning and growth.", "content": "Young rats (26 days) were exposed to ionizing radiation of the head of 0, 1200, 2400, or 3000 rads total in 200 rads/day doses. The subsequent growth of irradiated rats was permanently impaired: such impairment was positively related  to amount of irradiation. Beginning in adolescence, rats were trained on a horizontal/vertical visual discrimination in a runway task, and although all four groups mastered the discrimination, they differed in their patterns of acquisition. These results indicate long term effects are associated with a cranial irradiation regimen similar to that given to children suffering acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).", "contents": "Cranial irradiation of young rats impairs later learning and growth. Young rats (26 days) were exposed to ionizing radiation of the head of 0, 1200, 2400, or 3000 rads total in 200 rads/day doses. The subsequent growth of irradiated rats was permanently impaired: such impairment was positively related  to amount of irradiation. Beginning in adolescence, rats were trained on a horizontal/vertical visual discrimination in a runway task, and although all four groups mastered the discrimination, they differed in their patterns of acquisition. These results indicate long term effects are associated with a cranial irradiation regimen similar to that given to children suffering acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).", "PMID": 515208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10860", "title": "The postnatal development of swimming behavior in the rabbit.", "content": "Adult rabbits make flexion and extension movements with fore- and hindlimbs while swimming. This type of behavior develops between 8 and 15 days after birth. It is concluded that by observing swimming movements the maturation of subcortical structures related to locomotion can be studied in unrestrained rabbits.", "contents": "The postnatal development of swimming behavior in the rabbit. Adult rabbits make flexion and extension movements with fore- and hindlimbs while swimming. This type of behavior develops between 8 and 15 days after birth. It is concluded that by observing swimming movements the maturation of subcortical structures related to locomotion can be studied in unrestrained rabbits.", "PMID": 515209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10861", "title": "Hypophagia follows the initial hyperphagia produced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats.", "content": "The glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) inhibits glucose metabolism and causes a rapid increase in food consumption in most species. This increase is most apparent during the first 6 postinjection hours, although it may persist as long as 10 hr. There are no published descriptions of alterations in food consumption subsequent to the hyperphagia. In the present study male and female rats were injected with 2DG (750 mg/kg IP), insulin (regular, 20 U/kg SC) or distilled water, and food intake was compared to baseline levels during the next 1, 6 and 24 hr. Results showed that food intake: (1) was not affected by injections of water: (2) was higher than normal during all 3 time periods following insulin injections: and (3) was higher than normal at 1 and 6 hr following 2DG, but significantly lower than normal by the end of 24 hr. The reasons underlying the development of hypophagia subsequent to the initial hyperphagia produced by 2DG are presently unknown.", "contents": "Hypophagia follows the initial hyperphagia produced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats. The glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) inhibits glucose metabolism and causes a rapid increase in food consumption in most species. This increase is most apparent during the first 6 postinjection hours, although it may persist as long as 10 hr. There are no published descriptions of alterations in food consumption subsequent to the hyperphagia. In the present study male and female rats were injected with 2DG (750 mg/kg IP), insulin (regular, 20 U/kg SC) or distilled water, and food intake was compared to baseline levels during the next 1, 6 and 24 hr. Results showed that food intake: (1) was not affected by injections of water: (2) was higher than normal during all 3 time periods following insulin injections: and (3) was higher than normal at 1 and 6 hr following 2DG, but significantly lower than normal by the end of 24 hr. The reasons underlying the development of hypophagia subsequent to the initial hyperphagia produced by 2DG are presently unknown.", "PMID": 515210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10862", "title": "An automatic device for delivering \"tail-pinch\" stimulation to freely moving rats.", "content": "An automatic device useful in the study of tail-pinch induced eating is described. The apparatus can apply pressure of controlled duration and intensity to the tail of freely moving rats. With this method, eating can be induced reliably without any vocalization.", "contents": "An automatic device for delivering \"tail-pinch\" stimulation to freely moving rats. An automatic device useful in the study of tail-pinch induced eating is described. The apparatus can apply pressure of controlled duration and intensity to the tail of freely moving rats. With this method, eating can be induced reliably without any vocalization.", "PMID": 515211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10863", "title": "The sexual attractiveness of male rats: olfactory and behavioral components.", "content": "Female rats are more attracted to intact than to castrated males. In this study, we compared the approach of female rats, in a straight runway, to (1) castrated males, which neither smell nor behave like intact males, (2) castrated males treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which smell like intact males but behave like castrate males, and (3) castrated males treated with DHT and estradiol benzoate (EB), which both smell and behave like intact males. It was found that females ran faster to DHT males than to the castrate controls; and faster to the DHT-EB group than to the DHT group. Thus the odour and the sexual activity of male rats are independent effective sources of incentive to females.", "contents": "The sexual attractiveness of male rats: olfactory and behavioral components. Female rats are more attracted to intact than to castrated males. In this study, we compared the approach of female rats, in a straight runway, to (1) castrated males, which neither smell nor behave like intact males, (2) castrated males treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which smell like intact males but behave like castrate males, and (3) castrated males treated with DHT and estradiol benzoate (EB), which both smell and behave like intact males. It was found that females ran faster to DHT males than to the castrate controls; and faster to the DHT-EB group than to the DHT group. Thus the odour and the sexual activity of male rats are independent effective sources of incentive to females.", "PMID": 515212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10864", "title": "Rodent hearing: apparatus for behavioral measurements with ultrasounds.", "content": "For frequencies from 4 to 80 kHz, the acoustic reliability, behavioral reliability and overall performance of an open platform were entirely satisfactory in measurements of \"absolute\" auditory thresholds (using a reward operant procedure) in Rattus norvegicus. Equal satisfaction was provided by a rodent-holder in measurements of Preyer reflex thresholds over a similar frequency range in R. norvegicus, Mus musculus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Meriones unguiculatus and Sigmodon hispidus.", "contents": "Rodent hearing: apparatus for behavioral measurements with ultrasounds. For frequencies from 4 to 80 kHz, the acoustic reliability, behavioral reliability and overall performance of an open platform were entirely satisfactory in measurements of \"absolute\" auditory thresholds (using a reward operant procedure) in Rattus norvegicus. Equal satisfaction was provided by a rodent-holder in measurements of Preyer reflex thresholds over a similar frequency range in R. norvegicus, Mus musculus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Meriones unguiculatus and Sigmodon hispidus.", "PMID": 515213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10865", "title": "Glucagon and insulin oscillatory self-administration in rats.", "content": "In a previous work, it was shown that insulin was intravenously self-injected by rats. By the study here reported it was demonstrated that, in the same procedure, glucagon was not self-administered. However, when allowed to obtain either insulin or glucagon ad lib in a two lever procedure, rats established a sustained daily self-injection pattern of the two hormones. Mostly self-injection bouts occurred immediately before and after each meal with an insulin to glucagon ratio higher after than prior to the meal. Fifty-six and sixty-four percent of glucagon and insulin respectively were self-injected in coupled oscillatory bursts. In such alternated self-injections the amounts of the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic agents obtained were positively correlated. These data indicate that rats might be able to learn and to carry out a behavioural regulation of blood glucose level.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin oscillatory self-administration in rats. In a previous work, it was shown that insulin was intravenously self-injected by rats. By the study here reported it was demonstrated that, in the same procedure, glucagon was not self-administered. However, when allowed to obtain either insulin or glucagon ad lib in a two lever procedure, rats established a sustained daily self-injection pattern of the two hormones. Mostly self-injection bouts occurred immediately before and after each meal with an insulin to glucagon ratio higher after than prior to the meal. Fifty-six and sixty-four percent of glucagon and insulin respectively were self-injected in coupled oscillatory bursts. In such alternated self-injections the amounts of the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic agents obtained were positively correlated. These data indicate that rats might be able to learn and to carry out a behavioural regulation of blood glucose level.", "PMID": 515214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10866", "title": "Visual cortical hypersynchronous bursting as an index of shifts in behavioral state.", "content": "Photically evoked after-discharge (PhAD) bursting was examined in lightly restrained albino rats during habituation of a leg flexion response. The initial effect of iterative footshock (200 trials, 0.17 mA, 2.5 msec duration, separated by 1.0 sec) was to block PhAD bursting. As response habituation developed PhAD reappeared at reduced levels, subsequently returning to control levels as habituation progressed and became complete. The number of spindles per PhAD burst was suppressed for a brief period which coincided with response sensitization. These results are interpreted as demonstrating that phasic shifts in behavioral state are reflected by PhAD parameters. In addition, the possible relationship between cortical information processing and PhAD bursting is discussed with reference to putative neural mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Visual cortical hypersynchronous bursting as an index of shifts in behavioral state. Photically evoked after-discharge (PhAD) bursting was examined in lightly restrained albino rats during habituation of a leg flexion response. The initial effect of iterative footshock (200 trials, 0.17 mA, 2.5 msec duration, separated by 1.0 sec) was to block PhAD bursting. As response habituation developed PhAD reappeared at reduced levels, subsequently returning to control levels as habituation progressed and became complete. The number of spindles per PhAD burst was suppressed for a brief period which coincided with response sensitization. These results are interpreted as demonstrating that phasic shifts in behavioral state are reflected by PhAD parameters. In addition, the possible relationship between cortical information processing and PhAD bursting is discussed with reference to putative neural mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 515215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10867", "title": "Dorsal bundle extinction effect: motivation or attention?", "content": "Male albino Wistar rats were injected bilaterally with 4 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine into the dorsal noradrenergic bundle to deplete forebrain noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values. Acquisition learning of a fixed interval schedule or a continuously reinforced schedule was not altered but resistance to extinction was seen after food reinforced training on either schedule but not after water reinforced training. A possible increase in food motivation was tested by the use of preloading with free food prior to a fixed interval session but both control and lesioned rats reacted similarly to this manipulation thus appearing to exclude an increase in food motivation. An attentional explanation is proposed and tested by the demonstration that resistance to extinction does not occur after a partially (variable ratio 4), as opposed to a continuously, reinforced schedule. Further evidence in favour of an attentional mechanism comes from the finding that on both a fixed interval and a continuously reinforced schedule the lesion has to be present during the acquisition phase to result in subsequent resistance to extinction. Intact animals trained on either schedule and subsequently subjected to the lesion failed to show an increased resistance to extinction.", "contents": "Dorsal bundle extinction effect: motivation or attention? Male albino Wistar rats were injected bilaterally with 4 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine into the dorsal noradrenergic bundle to deplete forebrain noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values. Acquisition learning of a fixed interval schedule or a continuously reinforced schedule was not altered but resistance to extinction was seen after food reinforced training on either schedule but not after water reinforced training. A possible increase in food motivation was tested by the use of preloading with free food prior to a fixed interval session but both control and lesioned rats reacted similarly to this manipulation thus appearing to exclude an increase in food motivation. An attentional explanation is proposed and tested by the demonstration that resistance to extinction does not occur after a partially (variable ratio 4), as opposed to a continuously, reinforced schedule. Further evidence in favour of an attentional mechanism comes from the finding that on both a fixed interval and a continuously reinforced schedule the lesion has to be present during the acquisition phase to result in subsequent resistance to extinction. Intact animals trained on either schedule and subsequently subjected to the lesion failed to show an increased resistance to extinction.", "PMID": 515216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10868", "title": "Dissociation of a visual discrimination task into incentive, location and response habits.", "content": "Rats previously trained to run from a start box, through a choice chamber, approach and displace a white card rather than a black card and enter a goal box in order to avoid footshock sustained damage to either the medial thalamus, occipital cortex or rostral caudoputamen. The retention test disclosed that the avoidance response was abolished by thalamic lesions, the visual discrimination response was abolished by occipital lesions and the card displacement response was abolished by caudatal lesions. These data demonstrate that this visual discrimination task can be fractionated into a least three discrete habits: One is related to the initiation of the response leading to the reward (incentive habit), the second is related to the location of the correct pathway to the reward (location habit) and the third is related to the response necessary to gain access to the reward (response habit).", "contents": "Dissociation of a visual discrimination task into incentive, location and response habits. Rats previously trained to run from a start box, through a choice chamber, approach and displace a white card rather than a black card and enter a goal box in order to avoid footshock sustained damage to either the medial thalamus, occipital cortex or rostral caudoputamen. The retention test disclosed that the avoidance response was abolished by thalamic lesions, the visual discrimination response was abolished by occipital lesions and the card displacement response was abolished by caudatal lesions. These data demonstrate that this visual discrimination task can be fractionated into a least three discrete habits: One is related to the initiation of the response leading to the reward (incentive habit), the second is related to the location of the correct pathway to the reward (location habit) and the third is related to the response necessary to gain access to the reward (response habit).", "PMID": 515217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10869", "title": "Taste responses to deuterium oxide.", "content": "Substitution of deuterium oxide (D2O) as the solvent in taste stimuli elicits neural responses which differ from ordinary water (H2O). Previous reports have shown that D2O is toxic to many animals and rats avoid drinking it when offered H2O simultaneously. In the current study, summated responses were recorded from the chorda tympani nerves of rats after NaCl, KCl, sucrose and quinine were applied to the tongue in solutions of either D2O or H2O. Both solvents were used as the adapting or rinse solution in separate series. On tongues adapted to H2O, D2O elicited mean responses which were equivalent to 29% of the response to 0.1 M NaCl. The threshold concentration of D2O in H2O was between 25% and 50%. Solutes in D2O yielded responses which were greater than corresponding solutions of H2O when adapting rinse was H2O. Adaptation to D2O diminished the responses to D2O solutions of NaCl, KCl and sucrose but not quinine. This observation suggests that some portion of the augmented response to stimuli in D2O is due to the solvent itself. The taste of water has been examined by both electrophysiological methods and by behavior, but none of the mechanisms espoused for its effect seem adequate to explain the response to D2O. Water structure at the interface between molecular components of the cell membrane and the bulk phase of the surrounding medium is considered as a locus for disparity in the taste responses to D2O and H2O in the rat.", "contents": "Taste responses to deuterium oxide. Substitution of deuterium oxide (D2O) as the solvent in taste stimuli elicits neural responses which differ from ordinary water (H2O). Previous reports have shown that D2O is toxic to many animals and rats avoid drinking it when offered H2O simultaneously. In the current study, summated responses were recorded from the chorda tympani nerves of rats after NaCl, KCl, sucrose and quinine were applied to the tongue in solutions of either D2O or H2O. Both solvents were used as the adapting or rinse solution in separate series. On tongues adapted to H2O, D2O elicited mean responses which were equivalent to 29% of the response to 0.1 M NaCl. The threshold concentration of D2O in H2O was between 25% and 50%. Solutes in D2O yielded responses which were greater than corresponding solutions of H2O when adapting rinse was H2O. Adaptation to D2O diminished the responses to D2O solutions of NaCl, KCl and sucrose but not quinine. This observation suggests that some portion of the augmented response to stimuli in D2O is due to the solvent itself. The taste of water has been examined by both electrophysiological methods and by behavior, but none of the mechanisms espoused for its effect seem adequate to explain the response to D2O. Water structure at the interface between molecular components of the cell membrane and the bulk phase of the surrounding medium is considered as a locus for disparity in the taste responses to D2O and H2O in the rat.", "PMID": 515218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10870", "title": "Effects of mesencephalic central gray and raphe nuclei lesions on hypothalamically induced escape.", "content": "Central gray (CG) lesions, in particular those located in its anterior part, provoked in about half of the lesioned rats a decrease in switch-off responses (SOR) induced by medial hypothalamic stimulation. Such a decrease in performance, followed by a partial or even total recovery, occurred only when the stimulation site was located in the postero-medial part of the medial hypothalamus. Occurrence and duration of the decrease in SOR did not depend on a possible severance of noradrenergic fibers that ascend from the locus coeruleus and course along the CG, since bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus did not alter SOR. On the other hand, a lasting facilitation of SOR was observed in those rats in which the CG lesion extended more caudalle fully explained by an interruption of serotonergic fibers ascending from the raph\u00e9 nuclei since lesions limited to the dorsal nucleus as well as combined lesions of the dorsal and medial raph\u00e9 nuclei induced only a transient facilitation, whereas a lasting one was provoked both by raph\u00e9 lesions that encroached upon the ventro-medial tegmentum and by CG lesions that only partially destroyed the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus.", "contents": "Effects of mesencephalic central gray and raphe nuclei lesions on hypothalamically induced escape. Central gray (CG) lesions, in particular those located in its anterior part, provoked in about half of the lesioned rats a decrease in switch-off responses (SOR) induced by medial hypothalamic stimulation. Such a decrease in performance, followed by a partial or even total recovery, occurred only when the stimulation site was located in the postero-medial part of the medial hypothalamus. Occurrence and duration of the decrease in SOR did not depend on a possible severance of noradrenergic fibers that ascend from the locus coeruleus and course along the CG, since bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus did not alter SOR. On the other hand, a lasting facilitation of SOR was observed in those rats in which the CG lesion extended more caudalle fully explained by an interruption of serotonergic fibers ascending from the raph\u00e9 nuclei since lesions limited to the dorsal nucleus as well as combined lesions of the dorsal and medial raph\u00e9 nuclei induced only a transient facilitation, whereas a lasting one was provoked both by raph\u00e9 lesions that encroached upon the ventro-medial tegmentum and by CG lesions that only partially destroyed the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus.", "PMID": 515219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10871", "title": "Effect of brain lesions on rat shuttle behavior in four different tests.", "content": "Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer in four different situations: pseudoconditioning or D test (buzzers and footshocks presented at random), classical conditioning or DP test (buzzers and footshocks paired on every trial), avoidance without stimulus pairing or DC test (buzzer-shock intervals varied at random, shocks contingent upon non-emission of a shuttle response to the preceding buzzer), and standard two-way avoidance or DPC test (buzzers paired to shocks, but the latter omitted every time there was shuttling to the buzzer). The letters in each test disignate the factors involved in the emission of responses in each one, which were shown in previous papers to be: a non-associative factor or \"drive\" (D), the Pavlovian or stimulus-stimulus relation (\"pairing\", P), and the shuttle-no shock or main avoidance contingency (C). The effects of various brain lesions on these behaviors were studied. Ventral caudate and amygdala lesions depress both the Pavlovian (P) and the avoidance (C) component. Dorsal caudate lesions have an opposite influence on these two factors. Septal (n.medialis + lateralis, and n.accumbens) and tuberculum olfactorium lesions enhance the non-associative component (D); accumbens lesions, in addition, impair operation of the C factor. The effect of the diverse lesions on jumping responses to the buzzer or on performance of intertrial crossings does not correlate with the effect on shuttle responses.", "contents": "Effect of brain lesions on rat shuttle behavior in four different tests. Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer in four different situations: pseudoconditioning or D test (buzzers and footshocks presented at random), classical conditioning or DP test (buzzers and footshocks paired on every trial), avoidance without stimulus pairing or DC test (buzzer-shock intervals varied at random, shocks contingent upon non-emission of a shuttle response to the preceding buzzer), and standard two-way avoidance or DPC test (buzzers paired to shocks, but the latter omitted every time there was shuttling to the buzzer). The letters in each test disignate the factors involved in the emission of responses in each one, which were shown in previous papers to be: a non-associative factor or \"drive\" (D), the Pavlovian or stimulus-stimulus relation (\"pairing\", P), and the shuttle-no shock or main avoidance contingency (C). The effects of various brain lesions on these behaviors were studied. Ventral caudate and amygdala lesions depress both the Pavlovian (P) and the avoidance (C) component. Dorsal caudate lesions have an opposite influence on these two factors. Septal (n.medialis + lateralis, and n.accumbens) and tuberculum olfactorium lesions enhance the non-associative component (D); accumbens lesions, in addition, impair operation of the C factor. The effect of the diverse lesions on jumping responses to the buzzer or on performance of intertrial crossings does not correlate with the effect on shuttle responses.", "PMID": 515220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10872", "title": "Effects of topical applications of epidermal growth factor on wound healing. Experimental study on rabbit ears.", "content": "In wounds in rabbit ears, the application every 12 hours of an ointment containing epidermal growth factor appears to produce faster and better healing. The resulting epithelium is thicker and more cellular than in the untreated ear wounds, and more fibroblasts appeared sooner during the healing process. Less wound contracture occurred in the EFG-treated wounds, and wound maturation occurred earlier. The healed wounds that had been treated with EGF more closely resembled the surrounding normal tissue, producing less local deformity than in the controls. It is too early to know whether this will have clinical application, but other experiments are under way to further investigate the effects of EGF on wound healing.", "contents": "Effects of topical applications of epidermal growth factor on wound healing. Experimental study on rabbit ears. In wounds in rabbit ears, the application every 12 hours of an ointment containing epidermal growth factor appears to produce faster and better healing. The resulting epithelium is thicker and more cellular than in the untreated ear wounds, and more fibroblasts appeared sooner during the healing process. Less wound contracture occurred in the EFG-treated wounds, and wound maturation occurred earlier. The healed wounds that had been treated with EGF more closely resembled the surrounding normal tissue, producing less local deformity than in the controls. It is too early to know whether this will have clinical application, but other experiments are under way to further investigate the effects of EGF on wound healing.", "PMID": 515226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10873", "title": "Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. Anatomical variations and pitfalls.", "content": "Injury to the facial nerve in rhytidectomy has been occurring in less than one percent of the cases, and a spontaneous return of function in more than 80 percent of these injuries has resulted within 6 months. With the introduction of the newer and more aggressive techniques of platysmal and subplatysmal flaps and SMAS dissections, the risk of injury to facial nerve branches is obviously increased. Though there has not yet been an increase in the facial nerve injuries reported, these techniques are still relatively recent additions to the face-lift operation-and usually they have been done by more experienced surgeons, taking more time and working under direct vision with a more careful dissection. More care is needed to prevent injuries. We discuss here the detailed anatomy of the muscular branches of the facial nerve, how to prevent injuries to them during rhytidectomy, and how to manage injuries when they do occur.", "contents": "Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. Anatomical variations and pitfalls. Injury to the facial nerve in rhytidectomy has been occurring in less than one percent of the cases, and a spontaneous return of function in more than 80 percent of these injuries has resulted within 6 months. With the introduction of the newer and more aggressive techniques of platysmal and subplatysmal flaps and SMAS dissections, the risk of injury to facial nerve branches is obviously increased. Though there has not yet been an increase in the facial nerve injuries reported, these techniques are still relatively recent additions to the face-lift operation-and usually they have been done by more experienced surgeons, taking more time and working under direct vision with a more careful dissection. More care is needed to prevent injuries. We discuss here the detailed anatomy of the muscular branches of the facial nerve, how to prevent injuries to them during rhytidectomy, and how to manage injuries when they do occur.", "PMID": 515227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10874", "title": "Providing useful and protective sensibility to the sitting area in patients with meningomyelocele.", "content": "About 62 percent of the patients with meningomyeloceles will have essentially normal sensation in the area supplied by the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (which is also the territory of the extended tensor fasciae latae flap), despite the fact that they may have complete anesthesia in their sitting area. In these, pressure sores can be healed and future ones prevented by transposing a sensation-bearing tensor fasciae latae flap to provide virtually normal sensibility in the sitting area.", "contents": "Providing useful and protective sensibility to the sitting area in patients with meningomyelocele. About 62 percent of the patients with meningomyeloceles will have essentially normal sensation in the area supplied by the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (which is also the territory of the extended tensor fasciae latae flap), despite the fact that they may have complete anesthesia in their sitting area. In these, pressure sores can be healed and future ones prevented by transposing a sensation-bearing tensor fasciae latae flap to provide virtually normal sensibility in the sitting area.", "PMID": 515228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10875", "title": "\"Apple coring\" the nipple in subcutaneous mastectomy.", "content": "A simple technique is described for removing the ductal tissue from the nipple in a subcutaneous mastectomy. We believe that complete removal of all the ductal tissue is desirable in this operation, and that it will also decrease the incidence of subsequent infection. The operative technique, the problems, the advantages, and the disadvantages of the procedure are described.", "contents": "\"Apple coring\" the nipple in subcutaneous mastectomy. A simple technique is described for removing the ductal tissue from the nipple in a subcutaneous mastectomy. We believe that complete removal of all the ductal tissue is desirable in this operation, and that it will also decrease the incidence of subsequent infection. The operative technique, the problems, the advantages, and the disadvantages of the procedure are described.", "PMID": 515229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10876", "title": "Fungi in and around implants after augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "Four cases of possible fungal infections after 700 augmentation mammaplasties are presented in a 9-year experience. The source could not be determined. If any readers have had one or more similar cases, we would appreciate your contacting us.", "contents": "Fungi in and around implants after augmentation mammaplasty. Four cases of possible fungal infections after 700 augmentation mammaplasties are presented in a 9-year experience. The source could not be determined. If any readers have had one or more similar cases, we would appreciate your contacting us.", "PMID": 515230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10877", "title": "Human bite losses of the lower lip.", "content": "In two years, in our hospital in Nigeria, we saw 16 patients with lower lip losses caused by human bites. These are presented, together with the methods used for early management and subsequent repair.", "contents": "Human bite losses of the lower lip. In two years, in our hospital in Nigeria, we saw 16 patients with lower lip losses caused by human bites. These are presented, together with the methods used for early management and subsequent repair.", "PMID": 515231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10878", "title": "Orbital cellulitis and blindness following a blepharoplasty.", "content": "An unusual case of orbital cellulitis following blepharoplasty, with resultant blindness in that eye, is presented. The cause is unknown, but the pathogenesis and treatment of this rare complication are discussed. Unilateral severe headache may alert one to the possibility of this rare, but grave, complication.", "contents": "Orbital cellulitis and blindness following a blepharoplasty. An unusual case of orbital cellulitis following blepharoplasty, with resultant blindness in that eye, is presented. The cause is unknown, but the pathogenesis and treatment of this rare complication are discussed. Unilateral severe headache may alert one to the possibility of this rare, but grave, complication.", "PMID": 515236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10879", "title": "An easy access incision for the removal of some intraoral malignant tumors.", "content": "A new access incision for the extirpation of intraoral malignancies has been used in 16 cases, and it is described--together with its apparent advantages.", "contents": "An easy access incision for the removal of some intraoral malignant tumors. A new access incision for the extirpation of intraoral malignancies has been used in 16 cases, and it is described--together with its apparent advantages.", "PMID": 515237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10880", "title": "Comparison of three studies of aircraft noise and psychiatric hospital admissions conducted in the same area.", "content": "Two earlier studies conducted in the vicinity of London (Heathrow) Airport compared the rate of admissions to a psychiatric hospital from areas exposed to different levels of aircraft noise. Their methods and results were not identical. A third study, reported here, examined standardized rates of admission to the same hospital for a longer period and for a larger area divided into 4 bands of aircraft noise. Statistically significant trends of decreasing admission with increasing noise levels were found. Comparisons between the investigations show how the contradictory results are related to the methods used and the accuracy of the data, and that caution should be exercised in formulating conclusions from exploratory research.", "contents": "Comparison of three studies of aircraft noise and psychiatric hospital admissions conducted in the same area. Two earlier studies conducted in the vicinity of London (Heathrow) Airport compared the rate of admissions to a psychiatric hospital from areas exposed to different levels of aircraft noise. Their methods and results were not identical. A third study, reported here, examined standardized rates of admission to the same hospital for a longer period and for a larger area divided into 4 bands of aircraft noise. Statistically significant trends of decreasing admission with increasing noise levels were found. Comparisons between the investigations show how the contradictory results are related to the methods used and the accuracy of the data, and that caution should be exercised in formulating conclusions from exploratory research.", "PMID": 515268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10881", "title": "The stability of perceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Patients with anorexia nervosa have previously been shown to display disturbances in visual self-perception and interoception. In the present investigation we wished to determine the stability of these disturbances and the effects of weight gain on them. We studied 29 females, 16 patients with primary anorexia nervosa and 13 controls, who had also been studied one year previously. Each subject took part in investigations of body image, using a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, using a satiety aversion to sucrose test. We found that some anorexic subjects tend to overestimate body size and have an absence of aversion to repeated sucrose tastes. Moreover, these disturbances were stable over the year and were not affected by weight change.", "contents": "The stability of perceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Patients with anorexia nervosa have previously been shown to display disturbances in visual self-perception and interoception. In the present investigation we wished to determine the stability of these disturbances and the effects of weight gain on them. We studied 29 females, 16 patients with primary anorexia nervosa and 13 controls, who had also been studied one year previously. Each subject took part in investigations of body image, using a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, using a satiety aversion to sucrose test. We found that some anorexic subjects tend to overestimate body size and have an absence of aversion to repeated sucrose tastes. Moreover, these disturbances were stable over the year and were not affected by weight change.", "PMID": 515269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10882", "title": "Altered platelet monoamine oxidase activity in affective disorders.", "content": "Platelet MAO activity was found to be elevated in primary depressive illness, and the severity to correlate positively with MAO activity. The reactive depression subgroup's mean platelet MAO activity was not significantly different from that of the controls. The endogenous group's unipolar and bipolar subgroups had significantly different platelet MAO activity, respectively high and low. The differences in MAO activity between unipolar and bipolar patients appeared to persist in the well state, but not after lithium carbonate therapy. These differences in MAO activity were apparent with the substrate tyramine but not with benzylamine. Altered MAO activity in patients with affective disorders may be determined through genetic mechanisms.", "contents": "Altered platelet monoamine oxidase activity in affective disorders. Platelet MAO activity was found to be elevated in primary depressive illness, and the severity to correlate positively with MAO activity. The reactive depression subgroup's mean platelet MAO activity was not significantly different from that of the controls. The endogenous group's unipolar and bipolar subgroups had significantly different platelet MAO activity, respectively high and low. The differences in MAO activity between unipolar and bipolar patients appeared to persist in the well state, but not after lithium carbonate therapy. These differences in MAO activity were apparent with the substrate tyramine but not with benzylamine. Altered MAO activity in patients with affective disorders may be determined through genetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 515270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10883", "title": "Depression and cancer: a follow-up study.", "content": "Thirty-nine male and 90 female patients aged 40 and over, who had been given a primary diagnosis of depression, were followed up for 2 1/3-4 years. During this period 9 male and 9 female patients died. Five male patients and 1 female died from cancer that had not been diagnosed at the time of their psychiatric admissions. The male cancer deaths are significantly higher than expected. The possible relationships of malignant neoplasm to affective disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Depression and cancer: a follow-up study. Thirty-nine male and 90 female patients aged 40 and over, who had been given a primary diagnosis of depression, were followed up for 2 1/3-4 years. During this period 9 male and 9 female patients died. Five male patients and 1 female died from cancer that had not been diagnosed at the time of their psychiatric admissions. The male cancer deaths are significantly higher than expected. The possible relationships of malignant neoplasm to affective disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 515271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10884", "title": "Integration of hospital care for the mentally ill: a status report.", "content": "Analysis of DHSS statistics from the Mental Health Enquiry for 1975 indicates that, contrary to some predictions, district general hospital psychiatric units (DGHU) are assuming a proportionate share of the burden of hospital care for most groups of mentally ill individuals. Comparisons of admissions to mental illness hospitals and DGHUs indicate no major differences in most categories of patient characteristics (age, sex, order of admission and diagnosis); where differences do exist, they appear to be decreasing. Concern that DGHUs might 'cream off' patients with less serious illnesses, with a resultant 'two-tier' system of mental hospital care, would thus appear to be unwarranted.", "contents": "Integration of hospital care for the mentally ill: a status report. Analysis of DHSS statistics from the Mental Health Enquiry for 1975 indicates that, contrary to some predictions, district general hospital psychiatric units (DGHU) are assuming a proportionate share of the burden of hospital care for most groups of mentally ill individuals. Comparisons of admissions to mental illness hospitals and DGHUs indicate no major differences in most categories of patient characteristics (age, sex, order of admission and diagnosis); where differences do exist, they appear to be decreasing. Concern that DGHUs might 'cream off' patients with less serious illnesses, with a resultant 'two-tier' system of mental hospital care, would thus appear to be unwarranted.", "PMID": 515273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10885", "title": "Comparative reliability of categorical and analogue rating scales in the assessment of psychiatric symptomatology.", "content": "The reliability of 26 items from the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE) was assessed using both the conventional categorical scales and separately constructed analogue scales. Reliability was also calculated when the analogue responses were rescaled down to 2, 3 and 4 categories. The levels of inter-rater agreement obtained were comparable to those achieved in previous studies of PSE reliability, although as expected the levels of agreement on audiotapes were greater than those for independent interviews performed on the same day. These levels were not significantly affected by any of the changes in scale format, but there were apparent differences in reliability depending on the statistics used. In selecting or constructing a psychiatric rating scale, the question of reliability should not influence the choice of a categorical or continuous scale, or the number of scored points in the scale.", "contents": "Comparative reliability of categorical and analogue rating scales in the assessment of psychiatric symptomatology. The reliability of 26 items from the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE) was assessed using both the conventional categorical scales and separately constructed analogue scales. Reliability was also calculated when the analogue responses were rescaled down to 2, 3 and 4 categories. The levels of inter-rater agreement obtained were comparable to those achieved in previous studies of PSE reliability, although as expected the levels of agreement on audiotapes were greater than those for independent interviews performed on the same day. These levels were not significantly affected by any of the changes in scale format, but there were apparent differences in reliability depending on the statistics used. In selecting or constructing a psychiatric rating scale, the question of reliability should not influence the choice of a categorical or continuous scale, or the number of scored points in the scale.", "PMID": 515274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10886", "title": "A cross-national comparison of the institutionalized elderly in the cities of New York and London.", "content": "Two random samples, each constituting 0.5% of the institutionalized elderly (over 65) in the cities of New York and London have been compared. This preliminary report of a collaborative study demonstrates the similarity of the 2 samples. Institutions in the 2 cities are shown to differ in size, type of ownership and the frequency that skilled nursing is provided. Some implications of these 2 findings are raised now, and will be discussed later when the full data for the study are presented.", "contents": "A cross-national comparison of the institutionalized elderly in the cities of New York and London. Two random samples, each constituting 0.5% of the institutionalized elderly (over 65) in the cities of New York and London have been compared. This preliminary report of a collaborative study demonstrates the similarity of the 2 samples. Institutions in the 2 cities are shown to differ in size, type of ownership and the frequency that skilled nursing is provided. Some implications of these 2 findings are raised now, and will be discussed later when the full data for the study are presented.", "PMID": 515277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10887", "title": "An epidemiologic study of the human bite.", "content": "The 892 human bites reported to the New York City Department of Health in 1977 were analyzed by time, place, and the victim's characteristics. The bites appeared to have a seasonality, increasing in March and exceeding the mean monthly average through August. The bite rate for the entire city, 10.7 per 100,000 population, was exceeded in 5 of the 10 Brooklyn health districts; one of these districts reported a rate of 60.9 human bites per 100,000 population. Most of the bites with identifiable locations occurred indoors (63.2 percent). In 72.8 percent of the bite episodes in which the activities surrounding them were known, these activities were aggressive in nature. Males exceeded females as bite victims in all age groups except those 10-20 and 55-60 years. Bites of the upper extremity accounted for 61.2 percent of the total bites. Left-sided bites exceeded right-sided, except for the hand. In frequency of reported occurrence, the human bite ranks third, after the dog bite and the cat bite. Human bites may be a useful indicator of antisocial behavior.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of the human bite. The 892 human bites reported to the New York City Department of Health in 1977 were analyzed by time, place, and the victim's characteristics. The bites appeared to have a seasonality, increasing in March and exceeding the mean monthly average through August. The bite rate for the entire city, 10.7 per 100,000 population, was exceeded in 5 of the 10 Brooklyn health districts; one of these districts reported a rate of 60.9 human bites per 100,000 population. Most of the bites with identifiable locations occurred indoors (63.2 percent). In 72.8 percent of the bite episodes in which the activities surrounding them were known, these activities were aggressive in nature. Males exceeded females as bite victims in all age groups except those 10-20 and 55-60 years. Bites of the upper extremity accounted for 61.2 percent of the total bites. Left-sided bites exceeded right-sided, except for the hand. In frequency of reported occurrence, the human bite ranks third, after the dog bite and the cat bite. Human bites may be a useful indicator of antisocial behavior.", "PMID": 515337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10888", "title": "Where people die.", "content": "Death certificates for 1977 filed with the New York State Department of Health were studied to determine where people died. Data were examined by the location and cause of death and by the age, sex, race, and marital status of the decedent. Comparisons were made with a similar study in which U.S. data were used for 1958 events. Approximately 60 percent of all the 1977 deaths in upstate New York occurred in hospitals; only 27 percent occurred outside an institution. The location of death varied by all the factors studied. Within all age categories, males had a higher percentage of hospital deaths. In those age categories in which nursing home deaths comprised a significant proportion of total deaths, females had a higher percentage of such deaths than males. Differences in the location of death according to its cause reflect the nature of the cause of death, for example, whether it was of sudden onset or the result of chronic disease. Most people do not consider in advance where they might die. The idea that age, sex, and marital status, as well as the more obvious cause, all play a part in the location may seem surprising. Yet all these factors were found to be associated withe location of deaths in upstate New York, and there is no reason to believe that this association does not hold true for the entire nation. More research, however, needs to be done based on more years and other geographic artal stutus may be instructive as to the present state of health resources.", "contents": "Where people die. Death certificates for 1977 filed with the New York State Department of Health were studied to determine where people died. Data were examined by the location and cause of death and by the age, sex, race, and marital status of the decedent. Comparisons were made with a similar study in which U.S. data were used for 1958 events. Approximately 60 percent of all the 1977 deaths in upstate New York occurred in hospitals; only 27 percent occurred outside an institution. The location of death varied by all the factors studied. Within all age categories, males had a higher percentage of hospital deaths. In those age categories in which nursing home deaths comprised a significant proportion of total deaths, females had a higher percentage of such deaths than males. Differences in the location of death according to its cause reflect the nature of the cause of death, for example, whether it was of sudden onset or the result of chronic disease. Most people do not consider in advance where they might die. The idea that age, sex, and marital status, as well as the more obvious cause, all play a part in the location may seem surprising. Yet all these factors were found to be associated withe location of deaths in upstate New York, and there is no reason to believe that this association does not hold true for the entire nation. More research, however, needs to be done based on more years and other geographic artal stutus may be instructive as to the present state of health resources.", "PMID": 515338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10889", "title": "A rubella vaccination program for women entering the U.S. Army.", "content": "A voluntary rubella vaccination program for female basic trainees was initiated on April 21, 1975, at Fort Jackson, S.C. A total of 29,852 women were tested for rubella titers between April 21, 1975, and December 31, 1977, and 6,167 were found to be nonimmune. An average of 53 percent of the susceptible women were vaccinated. The best results were obtained from August 1 to December 31, 1977, when 67 percent of the susceptible women were vaccinated. During this period, blood specimens for rubella titer and for pregnancy testing were obtained simultaneously. This procedure reduced the number of referrals to the Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic, as well as the amount of training time lost when pregnancy testing and rubella titer testing were done on separate days. Despite the vaccination program, however, rubella epidemics occurred among female trainees at Fort Jackson in 1975, 1976, and 1977. A significant number of women are still susceptible to rubella. To reduce morbidity and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome, rubella titer testing and immunization of susceptibles should be considered for women-especially where they can be screened, counseled, and vaccinated en masse.", "contents": "A rubella vaccination program for women entering the U.S. Army. A voluntary rubella vaccination program for female basic trainees was initiated on April 21, 1975, at Fort Jackson, S.C. A total of 29,852 women were tested for rubella titers between April 21, 1975, and December 31, 1977, and 6,167 were found to be nonimmune. An average of 53 percent of the susceptible women were vaccinated. The best results were obtained from August 1 to December 31, 1977, when 67 percent of the susceptible women were vaccinated. During this period, blood specimens for rubella titer and for pregnancy testing were obtained simultaneously. This procedure reduced the number of referrals to the Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic, as well as the amount of training time lost when pregnancy testing and rubella titer testing were done on separate days. Despite the vaccination program, however, rubella epidemics occurred among female trainees at Fort Jackson in 1975, 1976, and 1977. A significant number of women are still susceptible to rubella. To reduce morbidity and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome, rubella titer testing and immunization of susceptibles should be considered for women-especially where they can be screened, counseled, and vaccinated en masse.", "PMID": 515343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10890", "title": "[Angiography of the bronchial arteries in lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomical basis and method of selective angiography of the bronchial arteries are described. Selective vascular angiograms of different lung diseases are different in appearance but are not always specific. Bronchial-arteriograms of the following diseases are demonstrated: tumors, inflammations, bronchiectasis, cystic lungs diseases and angiomatous changes of the vessel. Key features common to all investigated cases are: 1. Increased flow with dilatation of the afferent bronchial artery. 2. Bronchialangiography is more effective in defining the extensions of the hypervascularized lung diseases than other conventional diagnostic methods. 3. In all our cases we have observed arterial bronchopulmonary anastomoses which seem to be a significant cause for hemoptysis occurring during the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Angiography of the bronchial arteries in lung disease (author's transl)]. Anatomical basis and method of selective angiography of the bronchial arteries are described. Selective vascular angiograms of different lung diseases are different in appearance but are not always specific. Bronchial-arteriograms of the following diseases are demonstrated: tumors, inflammations, bronchiectasis, cystic lungs diseases and angiomatous changes of the vessel. Key features common to all investigated cases are: 1. Increased flow with dilatation of the afferent bronchial artery. 2. Bronchialangiography is more effective in defining the extensions of the hypervascularized lung diseases than other conventional diagnostic methods. 3. In all our cases we have observed arterial bronchopulmonary anastomoses which seem to be a significant cause for hemoptysis occurring during the course of the disease.", "PMID": 515423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10891", "title": "[Therapeutic angiography in hemoptysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical results of therapeutic bronchial artery embolization in 100 patients are presented. The most frequent causes were chronic fibroproductive tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. 85 patients were cured, 10 patients showed recurrent bleeding and in 4 patients bleeding could not be stopped. Complete embolization of all supplying vessels is of great importance to achieve successful results. Caution has to be applied not to risk medullary complications.", "contents": "[Therapeutic angiography in hemoptysis (author's transl)]. Clinical results of therapeutic bronchial artery embolization in 100 patients are presented. The most frequent causes were chronic fibroproductive tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. 85 patients were cured, 10 patients showed recurrent bleeding and in 4 patients bleeding could not be stopped. Complete embolization of all supplying vessels is of great importance to achieve successful results. Caution has to be applied not to risk medullary complications.", "PMID": 515424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10892", "title": "[Roentgen signs of rare mediastinal masses (author's transl)].", "content": "Mediastinal masses are commonly classified into lesions of the anterior, middle, and posterior compartment as a first step in differential diagnosis. Teratoma,  neurogenic tumors, goiters, and thymoma with their characteristic localization constitute together already two thirds of all mediastinal neoplasms. However, the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses should include also rare diseases: lymphangio-hemangioma, aneurysm of the pulmonal artery, intrathoracic meningocele, esophageal cyst, and pleurobronchial cyst are demonstrated. It is emphasized, that differential diagnosis has to consider history and physical data of the patient as well.", "contents": "[Roentgen signs of rare mediastinal masses (author's transl)]. Mediastinal masses are commonly classified into lesions of the anterior, middle, and posterior compartment as a first step in differential diagnosis. Teratoma,  neurogenic tumors, goiters, and thymoma with their characteristic localization constitute together already two thirds of all mediastinal neoplasms. However, the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses should include also rare diseases: lymphangio-hemangioma, aneurysm of the pulmonal artery, intrathoracic meningocele, esophageal cyst, and pleurobronchial cyst are demonstrated. It is emphasized, that differential diagnosis has to consider history and physical data of the patient as well.", "PMID": 515425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10893", "title": "[Double contrast examination of the pericardial cavity in a case of exsudative pericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "1)Radiographic examinations of the pericardial cavity by double contrast technique yield good information about the pericardial layer itself, the pericardial cavity and its contents. -- 2) Pericardial puncture and fluid aspiration and subsequent creation of a pneumopericardium with installation of water soluble contrast material are important diagnostic tools and have an important therapeutic effect as well. -- 3) For an appropriate examination 300--400 ml gas (oxygen in inflammatory, room air in carcinomatous conditions) and 5--8 ml of 60% water soluble contrast material (0.1 ml per kg bodyweight) should be installed.", "contents": "[Double contrast examination of the pericardial cavity in a case of exsudative pericarditis (author's transl)]. 1)Radiographic examinations of the pericardial cavity by double contrast technique yield good information about the pericardial layer itself, the pericardial cavity and its contents. -- 2) Pericardial puncture and fluid aspiration and subsequent creation of a pneumopericardium with installation of water soluble contrast material are important diagnostic tools and have an important therapeutic effect as well. -- 3) For an appropriate examination 300--400 ml gas (oxygen in inflammatory, room air in carcinomatous conditions) and 5--8 ml of 60% water soluble contrast material (0.1 ml per kg bodyweight) should be installed.", "PMID": 515426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10894", "title": "[Phenomenology and psychopathology of agitation states].", "content": "States of agitation are frequent psychiatric emergency cases, which stem from very different biological, psychic and social constellations. Very often it is a question of a slipping expression of strong affects like fear, anger, pain and of excessive, reactive performances like flight, defence etc., which are built on top of the affects. Inner restlessness, which rises from unrestrained and disfigured drives, and the accompanying autonomic reactions of the affects promote the beginning of these states of agitation; whereas sensible expectations and clearly aimed absorptions of the drive do reduce the disposition to becoming agitated.", "contents": "[Phenomenology and psychopathology of agitation states]. States of agitation are frequent psychiatric emergency cases, which stem from very different biological, psychic and social constellations. Very often it is a question of a slipping expression of strong affects like fear, anger, pain and of excessive, reactive performances like flight, defence etc., which are built on top of the affects. Inner restlessness, which rises from unrestrained and disfigured drives, and the accompanying autonomic reactions of the affects promote the beginning of these states of agitation; whereas sensible expectations and clearly aimed absorptions of the drive do reduce the disposition to becoming agitated.", "PMID": 515447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10895", "title": "[Diagnosis in a psychiatric case register].", "content": "This study examines the stability of psychiatric diagnosis over a five-year period and its agreement with the diagnosis of a case register. The stability of diagnosis over a period of time has two component parts: the course of the morbid process and the reliability of the diagnostic technique. We studied the importance of these components as far as the cause of disends in diagnostic changes, the discrepancy of instability in different diagnostic categories and factors which may possibly indicate instability of psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis in a psychiatric case register]. This study examines the stability of psychiatric diagnosis over a five-year period and its agreement with the diagnosis of a case register. The stability of diagnosis over a period of time has two component parts: the course of the morbid process and the reliability of the diagnostic technique. We studied the importance of these components as far as the cause of disends in diagnostic changes, the discrepancy of instability in different diagnostic categories and factors which may possibly indicate instability of psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 515448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10896", "title": "[D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu: elaboration of a hypothetical model of explanation].", "content": "Although psychiatric literature abounds in allusions to the phenomenon of \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\", few communications were devoted to an analysis of this interesting psychological state. After a short review of the \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\" conditions, the author proposes a model consisting of two channels. Under normal conditions, the first deals with the reading of information already stored, and the second, the engrammic channel, will store future information. The \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\" condition is produced when the reading channel and the engrammic channel meet in the same area. This mechanism can explain the various etiological possibilities of \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\", ranging from more or less ordinary cases such as fatigue or anguish to the most important etiology which is a psychotic process.", "contents": "[D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu: elaboration of a hypothetical model of explanation]. Although psychiatric literature abounds in allusions to the phenomenon of \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\", few communications were devoted to an analysis of this interesting psychological state. After a short review of the \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\" conditions, the author proposes a model consisting of two channels. Under normal conditions, the first deals with the reading of information already stored, and the second, the engrammic channel, will store future information. The \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\" condition is produced when the reading channel and the engrammic channel meet in the same area. This mechanism can explain the various etiological possibilities of \"d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu\", ranging from more or less ordinary cases such as fatigue or anguish to the most important etiology which is a psychotic process.", "PMID": 515449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10897", "title": "Looking differences in relation to examiner's attitude in paranoid patients and normal controls.", "content": "The differences in amount and pattern of looking during interviews of 20 male paranoid patients and 20 nomral controls are investigated in relation to a female examiner's change of attitude, as indicated by change in the tone of her voice, by means of a cross-over design. The results indicate that paranoids do not follow the \"decreased looking\" model suggested for schizophrenics in other studies. Patients show a significant order effect, a higher overall amount of looking and a quite opposite pattern of looking across interviews as compared to controls. It is suggested that patients may have difficulties in regulating their visual behaviour according to examiner's attitude, resulting to a \"stereotyped\" pattern of looking. These findings are discussed with particular reference to visual information processing.", "contents": "Looking differences in relation to examiner's attitude in paranoid patients and normal controls. The differences in amount and pattern of looking during interviews of 20 male paranoid patients and 20 nomral controls are investigated in relation to a female examiner's change of attitude, as indicated by change in the tone of her voice, by means of a cross-over design. The results indicate that paranoids do not follow the \"decreased looking\" model suggested for schizophrenics in other studies. Patients show a significant order effect, a higher overall amount of looking and a quite opposite pattern of looking across interviews as compared to controls. It is suggested that patients may have difficulties in regulating their visual behaviour according to examiner's attitude, resulting to a \"stereotyped\" pattern of looking. These findings are discussed with particular reference to visual information processing.", "PMID": 515450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10898", "title": "Schistosome motility in saline media.", "content": "The authors observed the motility of 1067 worms used as a biological parameter indicating the vitality of the parasites, to define the survival time of S. mansoni males and females in 0,85% NaCl and PBS. Among the worms observed in 0,85% NaCl the mean time of survival in minutes was 204 for males and 240 for females and in PBS it was 267 min. for males and 344 min. for females. All the tested differences (media, sex; sex for saline group; sex for PBS group) were significant at a 0.0001 level.", "contents": "Schistosome motility in saline media. The authors observed the motility of 1067 worms used as a biological parameter indicating the vitality of the parasites, to define the survival time of S. mansoni males and females in 0,85% NaCl and PBS. Among the worms observed in 0,85% NaCl the mean time of survival in minutes was 204 for males and 240 for females and in PBS it was 267 min. for males and 344 min. for females. All the tested differences (media, sex; sex for saline group; sex for PBS group) were significant at a 0.0001 level.", "PMID": 515464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10899", "title": "[Bean and rice mixtures of high protein value (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimum content of different rice (Oryza sativa) and bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) combinations was studied in Albino rats. The mixture containing 3 g of rice proteins, corresponding to 41g of rice \"in natura\", and 7 g of bean protein, corresponding to 59 g of bean \"in natura\", presented the highest protein efficiency ratio and the feed efficiency ratio. Since the limiting amino acid of this mixture was methionine, new assays using varying levels of this amino acid as a supplement were carried out. The PER of normal rats as well as the \"plateau\" value of previously protein depleted rats were highest when 0.2% methionine was added to the mixture. The net protein utilization (NPU) confirmed these findings. The values attained after the addition of other amino acids were not higher than those attained by the mixture containing 7 g of bean protein and 3 g of rice protein supplemented with 0.2% methionine. The PER and the NPU values came close to those of milk.", "contents": "[Bean and rice mixtures of high protein value (author's transl)]. The optimum content of different rice (Oryza sativa) and bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) combinations was studied in Albino rats. The mixture containing 3 g of rice proteins, corresponding to 41g of rice \"in natura\", and 7 g of bean protein, corresponding to 59 g of bean \"in natura\", presented the highest protein efficiency ratio and the feed efficiency ratio. Since the limiting amino acid of this mixture was methionine, new assays using varying levels of this amino acid as a supplement were carried out. The PER of normal rats as well as the \"plateau\" value of previously protein depleted rats were highest when 0.2% methionine was added to the mixture. The net protein utilization (NPU) confirmed these findings. The values attained after the addition of other amino acids were not higher than those attained by the mixture containing 7 g of bean protein and 3 g of rice protein supplemented with 0.2% methionine. The PER and the NPU values came close to those of milk.", "PMID": 515465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10900", "title": "Histochemical and electrophoretical studies in normal and infected Biomphalaria glabrata. II. Acid and alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Various organs of normal and infected Biomphalaria glabrata were analysed, electrophoretically and histochemically, with respect to the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity. In general, digestive gland, ovotestis and stomach show an increase in acid phosphatase activity in infected snails, whereas kidney and albumen gland show less activity. Alkaline phosphatase does not show any significant different in activity between normal and infected snails. Electrophoretically digestive glands of snails, twenty days after infection, show an extra faint band, whereas seven days after infection, the snails do not show any such extra band. Histochemically also after twenty days, infected snails show more activity in the sporocyst region, but those infected for only seven days, do not show any increase in acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Histochemical and electrophoretical studies in normal and infected Biomphalaria glabrata. II. Acid and alkaline phosphatase. Various organs of normal and infected Biomphalaria glabrata were analysed, electrophoretically and histochemically, with respect to the acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity. In general, digestive gland, ovotestis and stomach show an increase in acid phosphatase activity in infected snails, whereas kidney and albumen gland show less activity. Alkaline phosphatase does not show any significant different in activity between normal and infected snails. Electrophoretically digestive glands of snails, twenty days after infection, show an extra faint band, whereas seven days after infection, the snails do not show any such extra band. Histochemically also after twenty days, infected snails show more activity in the sporocyst region, but those infected for only seven days, do not show any increase in acid phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 515466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10901", "title": "[Walker's 256 carcinosarcoma: metastatic dissemination in two cell lines (author's transl)].", "content": "Walker's 256 carcinosarcoma a transplantable tumor of the rate changes its behaviour as a consequence of various factors. In this paper we compare the evolution of 2 lines of the tumor: WM 16 (muscular) and Christ Hospital (ascitic) both inoculated intramuscularly. Animals receiving line WM 16 had a severe rapidly progressive evolution dying around day 14 after inoculation with diffuse metastases to lymph nodes (65% of animals), kidneys (53%), spleen (50%), lungs (46.5%), liver (45%), bone marrow (44.8%), in 56% of the animals there were circulating tumoral cells. Animals receiving Christ Hospital line survived up to 40 days, metastases were limited do lungs (48.7%) and lymph nodes (31.7%) and only in 2 of 45 animals circulating tumoral cells were observed.", "contents": "[Walker's 256 carcinosarcoma: metastatic dissemination in two cell lines (author's transl)]. Walker's 256 carcinosarcoma a transplantable tumor of the rate changes its behaviour as a consequence of various factors. In this paper we compare the evolution of 2 lines of the tumor: WM 16 (muscular) and Christ Hospital (ascitic) both inoculated intramuscularly. Animals receiving line WM 16 had a severe rapidly progressive evolution dying around day 14 after inoculation with diffuse metastases to lymph nodes (65% of animals), kidneys (53%), spleen (50%), lungs (46.5%), liver (45%), bone marrow (44.8%), in 56% of the animals there were circulating tumoral cells. Animals receiving Christ Hospital line survived up to 40 days, metastases were limited do lungs (48.7%) and lymph nodes (31.7%) and only in 2 of 45 animals circulating tumoral cells were observed.", "PMID": 515467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10902", "title": "Lack of evidence for hepatic control of renal sodium excretion in rats.", "content": "Three experimental protocols were used: a) normal and partially hepatectomized rats were expanded with isotonic saline; b) normal rats were expanded with isotonic saline; b) normal rats were infused with hypertonic saline (5%), either by the femoral or portal vein and c) hypertonic saline was sequentially and alternatively infused into normal rats via portal and femoral veins. All the experiments were made under anesthesia. Inulin clearance and absolute and fractional urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured. Multiple analysis of variance was made to compare normal and partially hepatectomized rats, as well as portal and femoral infusions made either in the same or in different animals. In none of these experiments it was possible to demonstrate an effect of the liver in enhancing the natriuresis induced by saline infusions.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for hepatic control of renal sodium excretion in rats. Three experimental protocols were used: a) normal and partially hepatectomized rats were expanded with isotonic saline; b) normal rats were expanded with isotonic saline; b) normal rats were infused with hypertonic saline (5%), either by the femoral or portal vein and c) hypertonic saline was sequentially and alternatively infused into normal rats via portal and femoral veins. All the experiments were made under anesthesia. Inulin clearance and absolute and fractional urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured. Multiple analysis of variance was made to compare normal and partially hepatectomized rats, as well as portal and femoral infusions made either in the same or in different animals. In none of these experiments it was possible to demonstrate an effect of the liver in enhancing the natriuresis induced by saline infusions.", "PMID": 515468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10903", "title": "Innervation of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint in guinea-pig Cavia cobaya (Rodentia - Mammalia).", "content": "The innervation of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint of 6 adults guinea pigs was studied with the use of Nonidez technique. Only occasional nerve fibers next to blood vessels at the posterior inferior peripheral part of the articular disc were observed.", "contents": "Innervation of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint in guinea-pig Cavia cobaya (Rodentia - Mammalia). The innervation of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint of 6 adults guinea pigs was studied with the use of Nonidez technique. Only occasional nerve fibers next to blood vessels at the posterior inferior peripheral part of the articular disc were observed.", "PMID": 515469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10904", "title": "[Progressive antithrombin activity in blood of pregnant women and neonates in the first four days of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Progressive antighrombin activity was assayed in 45 term infants in the first four days of life, in 20 cord blood specimens and in the blood of 20 pregnant women (at term). In the term infants a positive correlation was shown between progressive antithrombin and postnatal age. No correlation could be demonstrated with sex, ethnic group or type of delivery. Maternal antithrombin activity was shown to be moderately decreased, maternal values being closely related to cord blood values.", "contents": "[Progressive antithrombin activity in blood of pregnant women and neonates in the first four days of life (author's transl)]. Progressive antighrombin activity was assayed in 45 term infants in the first four days of life, in 20 cord blood specimens and in the blood of 20 pregnant women (at term). In the term infants a positive correlation was shown between progressive antithrombin and postnatal age. No correlation could be demonstrated with sex, ethnic group or type of delivery. Maternal antithrombin activity was shown to be moderately decreased, maternal values being closely related to cord blood values.", "PMID": 515470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10905", "title": "[Effects of choledochal perfusion with biliary acid solutions on activity of the sphincter of Oddi (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes of sphincter of Oddi's resistance, induced by choledochal perfusion of conjugated (taurocolic) and non-conjugated (colic) biliary acid solutions, in anesthetized dogs, were studied. The perfusions were made at a constant flow and intracholedochal pressures were registered. The mean number of contractions per minute, the mean maximal pressures and the mean minimal pressures in each study periods were analysed. The choledochal perfusion with the biliary acids solutions induced a slight but significative increase in sphincteric resistance. After 15 minutes, the perfusion with colic acid solution induced maximal pressures significantly more elevated than the ones observed with taurocolic acid solution. The non-conjugated solution induced a pressure tracing significantly distinct from the tracing observed with the conjugated acid solution. No changes in resistance were observed with a 2% NaCl solution. This implies that the observed changes in resistance were not related to osmotic stimulation of the sphincter of Oddi.", "contents": "[Effects of choledochal perfusion with biliary acid solutions on activity of the sphincter of Oddi (author's transl)]. The changes of sphincter of Oddi's resistance, induced by choledochal perfusion of conjugated (taurocolic) and non-conjugated (colic) biliary acid solutions, in anesthetized dogs, were studied. The perfusions were made at a constant flow and intracholedochal pressures were registered. The mean number of contractions per minute, the mean maximal pressures and the mean minimal pressures in each study periods were analysed. The choledochal perfusion with the biliary acids solutions induced a slight but significative increase in sphincteric resistance. After 15 minutes, the perfusion with colic acid solution induced maximal pressures significantly more elevated than the ones observed with taurocolic acid solution. The non-conjugated solution induced a pressure tracing significantly distinct from the tracing observed with the conjugated acid solution. No changes in resistance were observed with a 2% NaCl solution. This implies that the observed changes in resistance were not related to osmotic stimulation of the sphincter of Oddi.", "PMID": 515471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10906", "title": "Thermophilic Campylobacter-associated diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro.", "content": "Thermophilic Campylobacter is reported as the agent associated with chronic and acute diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Nine strains were isolated from 186 children with gastroenteritis. To our knowledge this is the first report of human Campylobacteriosis in Latin-America.", "contents": "Thermophilic Campylobacter-associated diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Thermophilic Campylobacter is reported as the agent associated with chronic and acute diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Nine strains were isolated from 186 children with gastroenteritis. To our knowledge this is the first report of human Campylobacteriosis in Latin-America.", "PMID": 515472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10907", "title": "The effects of hypophysectomy on the retinomotor responses of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "This paper presents the results of an investigation concerned with the effects of long-term hypophysectomy on the retinomotor responses of the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus: 1. The eye of hypophysectomised Fundulus heteroclitus responds to light and dark in the same manner as that of intact controls: the retina is not in a state of permanent light-adaptation as claimed by Vilter (1942) for the hypophysectomised eel. 2. There is no evidence of a persistent circadian rhythm during continous darkness. 3. Unilateral illumination of the eye of intact fish results in dispersion of retinal pigment in both illuminated and unilluminated eyes, as in the goldfish (Ali, 1964), but no such contralateral response was evident after hypophysectomy. The cones are unresponsive.", "contents": "The effects of hypophysectomy on the retinomotor responses of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. This paper presents the results of an investigation concerned with the effects of long-term hypophysectomy on the retinomotor responses of the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus: 1. The eye of hypophysectomised Fundulus heteroclitus responds to light and dark in the same manner as that of intact controls: the retina is not in a state of permanent light-adaptation as claimed by Vilter (1942) for the hypophysectomised eel. 2. There is no evidence of a persistent circadian rhythm during continous darkness. 3. Unilateral illumination of the eye of intact fish results in dispersion of retinal pigment in both illuminated and unilluminated eyes, as in the goldfish (Ali, 1964), but no such contralateral response was evident after hypophysectomy. The cones are unresponsive.", "PMID": 515474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10908", "title": "Relationships between hormone-induced calcium release and 86rubidium uptake stimulation in starfish oocytes.", "content": "86Rubidium+ uptake, but not 86Rubidium efflux, is strongly stimulated after addition of the meiosis inducing hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde) to prophase blocked oocytes of the starfish Marthasterias glacialis. This stimulation is a transient process which does not require the continuous presence of 1-MeAde and is elicited within 1 minute of contact. 1-MeAde and its biologically active structural analogs fully stimulate Rb+ uptake at concentrations which are about two orders of magnitude lower than those required to trigger meiosis reinitiation but which already release underthreshold levels of Ca2+ from the inner part of the plasma membrane. External Ca2+ concentrations effective in triggering meiosis reinitiation also stimulate Rb+ influx, while drugs like D600, theophyllin and caffein which suppress the hormone induced Ca2+ release, simultaneously preclude the stimulation of Rb+ uptake. Dithiothreitol (DTT) which mimicks 1-MeAde action in releasing Ca2+ and inducing meiosis acts both on the efflux and on active and passive Rb+ influxes. Ouabain, the classical inhibitor of the Na+, K+ pump does not preclude meiosis reinitiation under the influence of 1-MeAde, its agonists of mimetics. It suppresses the active component of Rb+ uptake both in control or stimulate oocytes. When applied only in preincubation before starting the hormone treatment, it cannot however inhibit the stimulation of Rb+ uptake, while basal pump inhibition is preserved. These results demonstrate that stimulation of the active Rb+ or K+ transport is not indispensable to meiosis reinitiation. They suggest moreover that the hormone induced Ca2+ release from the plasma membrane may be responsible for unmasking new ouabain sensitive transport sites.", "contents": "Relationships between hormone-induced calcium release and 86rubidium uptake stimulation in starfish oocytes. 86Rubidium+ uptake, but not 86Rubidium efflux, is strongly stimulated after addition of the meiosis inducing hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde) to prophase blocked oocytes of the starfish Marthasterias glacialis. This stimulation is a transient process which does not require the continuous presence of 1-MeAde and is elicited within 1 minute of contact. 1-MeAde and its biologically active structural analogs fully stimulate Rb+ uptake at concentrations which are about two orders of magnitude lower than those required to trigger meiosis reinitiation but which already release underthreshold levels of Ca2+ from the inner part of the plasma membrane. External Ca2+ concentrations effective in triggering meiosis reinitiation also stimulate Rb+ influx, while drugs like D600, theophyllin and caffein which suppress the hormone induced Ca2+ release, simultaneously preclude the stimulation of Rb+ uptake. Dithiothreitol (DTT) which mimicks 1-MeAde action in releasing Ca2+ and inducing meiosis acts both on the efflux and on active and passive Rb+ influxes. Ouabain, the classical inhibitor of the Na+, K+ pump does not preclude meiosis reinitiation under the influence of 1-MeAde, its agonists of mimetics. It suppresses the active component of Rb+ uptake both in control or stimulate oocytes. When applied only in preincubation before starting the hormone treatment, it cannot however inhibit the stimulation of Rb+ uptake, while basal pump inhibition is preserved. These results demonstrate that stimulation of the active Rb+ or K+ transport is not indispensable to meiosis reinitiation. They suggest moreover that the hormone induced Ca2+ release from the plasma membrane may be responsible for unmasking new ouabain sensitive transport sites.", "PMID": 515475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10909", "title": "Quality of light effects on immature stages and adults of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).", "content": "Larvae of Pieris rapae (L.), the imported cabbage worm, were reared to the adult stage under controlled light conditions. Spectral quality affected their development. The effect of the long wave ultraviolet light was to significantly decrease developmental time. The light source used also appeared to exert an effect on pupal colouration.", "contents": "Quality of light effects on immature stages and adults of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Larvae of Pieris rapae (L.), the imported cabbage worm, were reared to the adult stage under controlled light conditions. Spectral quality affected their development. The effect of the long wave ultraviolet light was to significantly decrease developmental time. The light source used also appeared to exert an effect on pupal colouration.", "PMID": 515476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10910", "title": "Salinity adaptation in the snake eel Pisoodonophis boro (Ham-buch).", "content": "The snake eel Pisoodonophis Boro (Family Ophichthidae) burrows, causing leaks in the bunds and damaging the salterns and paddy fields adjoining estuaries. The animal's capability to withstand brine in salterns and fresh water in paddy fields was determined from laboratory experiments. The eel tolerated salinities ranging from deionized water to 75%. Adaptation to fresh water as well as full strength seawater was completed within 24 h. The concentration of sodium and chloride in the blood varied by 10--20% on transfer from seawater to fresh water. P. boro can survive in paddy fields but not in salterns. However, their occurrence in both is described as a rare phenomenon and not obligatory.", "contents": "Salinity adaptation in the snake eel Pisoodonophis boro (Ham-buch). The snake eel Pisoodonophis Boro (Family Ophichthidae) burrows, causing leaks in the bunds and damaging the salterns and paddy fields adjoining estuaries. The animal's capability to withstand brine in salterns and fresh water in paddy fields was determined from laboratory experiments. The eel tolerated salinities ranging from deionized water to 75%. Adaptation to fresh water as well as full strength seawater was completed within 24 h. The concentration of sodium and chloride in the blood varied by 10--20% on transfer from seawater to fresh water. P. boro can survive in paddy fields but not in salterns. However, their occurrence in both is described as a rare phenomenon and not obligatory.", "PMID": 515477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10911", "title": "[Elongated mitotic cells in the neuroepithelium of Xenopus laevis and Notophtalmus viridescens].", "content": "Most neuroepithelial cells in the embryos of Xenopus laevis and Notophtalmus viridescens become round upon entering into mitosis. However, many maintain their elongated form, or show long cytoplasmic processes, during mitosis. It therefore seems possible that, in these species, two groups of microtubules are present during mitosis: cytoplasmic microtubules and mitotic microtubules.", "contents": "[Elongated mitotic cells in the neuroepithelium of Xenopus laevis and Notophtalmus viridescens]. Most neuroepithelial cells in the embryos of Xenopus laevis and Notophtalmus viridescens become round upon entering into mitosis. However, many maintain their elongated form, or show long cytoplasmic processes, during mitosis. It therefore seems possible that, in these species, two groups of microtubules are present during mitosis: cytoplasmic microtubules and mitotic microtubules.", "PMID": 515478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10912", "title": "Urine production in the halothane anesthetized rabbit.", "content": "Urine and blood parameters were studied in rabbits subjected to anesthesia and abdominal surgery. Conscious control animals both fasted and fed to which water was freely available were used for comparison. During anesthesia and operation one group of animals were given no intravenous fluid, other groups were infused with normal saline at a rate of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, or 2 ml per minute. The results demonstrated that an intravenous saline infusion of 0.5 ml per minute, maintains an essentially normal state of hydration and is beneficial to rabbits during anesthesia and surgery. However, with such an infusion, the rabbits do not produce urine under the experimental conditions. Higher rates of infusion are associated with a declining heart rate and blood pressure, abnormal urine, and metabolic acidosis. We conclude that the rabbit is an inappropraite species for renal studies involving anesthesia and surgery.", "contents": "Urine production in the halothane anesthetized rabbit. Urine and blood parameters were studied in rabbits subjected to anesthesia and abdominal surgery. Conscious control animals both fasted and fed to which water was freely available were used for comparison. During anesthesia and operation one group of animals were given no intravenous fluid, other groups were infused with normal saline at a rate of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, or 2 ml per minute. The results demonstrated that an intravenous saline infusion of 0.5 ml per minute, maintains an essentially normal state of hydration and is beneficial to rabbits during anesthesia and surgery. However, with such an infusion, the rabbits do not produce urine under the experimental conditions. Higher rates of infusion are associated with a declining heart rate and blood pressure, abnormal urine, and metabolic acidosis. We conclude that the rabbit is an inappropraite species for renal studies involving anesthesia and surgery.", "PMID": 515479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10913", "title": "Visual pigment absorbance and scotopic spectral sensitivity in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "Factors relating to the comparison of the absorbance spectra of visual pigments to experimentally determined relative spectral sensitivities of the eye are discussed with specific reference to the goldfish. It is concluded that the experimentally determined scotopic sensitivity of the goldfish can be directly related to the absorbance of goldfish porphyropsin without the need to infer input from long wavelength-sensitive cones.", "contents": "Visual pigment absorbance and scotopic spectral sensitivity in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Factors relating to the comparison of the absorbance spectra of visual pigments to experimentally determined relative spectral sensitivities of the eye are discussed with specific reference to the goldfish. It is concluded that the experimentally determined scotopic sensitivity of the goldfish can be directly related to the absorbance of goldfish porphyropsin without the need to infer input from long wavelength-sensitive cones.", "PMID": 515480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10914", "title": "Preparation of human leukocytes for SEM observation: a modified technique.", "content": "Variations in the mode of preparation, type of fixation and leukocyte collection can plan an important part in the determination of the surface structure of a given population, and can result in modifications of the microprojections, and their number, evident on the cell surface. We present preparatory modes that circumvent these difficulties, and the results obtained clearly show that the techniques are profitable, appear essential for the preservation of cell population and integrity, and allow accurate scanning electron microscopy observations without resort to time consuming procedures. Indeed, the entire process can be completed in one day.", "contents": "Preparation of human leukocytes for SEM observation: a modified technique. Variations in the mode of preparation, type of fixation and leukocyte collection can plan an important part in the determination of the surface structure of a given population, and can result in modifications of the microprojections, and their number, evident on the cell surface. We present preparatory modes that circumvent these difficulties, and the results obtained clearly show that the techniques are profitable, appear essential for the preservation of cell population and integrity, and allow accurate scanning electron microscopy observations without resort to time consuming procedures. Indeed, the entire process can be completed in one day.", "PMID": 515481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10915", "title": "[Cephalic gastroduodenopancreatectomy in cancer of the duodenobiliopancreatic crossover].", "content": "Over a period of 29 years (1949--1977) a total of 50 extended gastroduodenopancreatectomies have been performed in 309 patients with cancer of the subhepatic region. The indication for this type of surgery was determined by: 20 malignant lesions of the head of the pancreas, 14 cancers of the Vater ampula, 10 neoplasies of the juxta-vaterian duodenal portion, and 6 stenosing malignant tumors of the terminal choledocus. The major operation, of long duration, employed in radical oncologic treatment, entailed 13 postoperative deaths (26%) and resulted in an average survival of 2 years. Eight of the patients were alive after a follow-up of 5 years. The Child procedure was used 32 times, the remaining cases being operated according to a personal technique, in two variants. The results of paleative interventions are discussed in parallel. These consisted in simple bilio-digestive derivations. Based on the authors personal experience, and considering the data published in the specialized literature it may be postulated that oncologic surgery, such as that applied in extended gastroduodenopancreatectomy is fully justified when general and intra-operative conditions allow such interventions. The results depend, to a large extent, on the early diagnosis of these cancers.", "contents": "[Cephalic gastroduodenopancreatectomy in cancer of the duodenobiliopancreatic crossover]. Over a period of 29 years (1949--1977) a total of 50 extended gastroduodenopancreatectomies have been performed in 309 patients with cancer of the subhepatic region. The indication for this type of surgery was determined by: 20 malignant lesions of the head of the pancreas, 14 cancers of the Vater ampula, 10 neoplasies of the juxta-vaterian duodenal portion, and 6 stenosing malignant tumors of the terminal choledocus. The major operation, of long duration, employed in radical oncologic treatment, entailed 13 postoperative deaths (26%) and resulted in an average survival of 2 years. Eight of the patients were alive after a follow-up of 5 years. The Child procedure was used 32 times, the remaining cases being operated according to a personal technique, in two variants. The results of paleative interventions are discussed in parallel. These consisted in simple bilio-digestive derivations. Based on the authors personal experience, and considering the data published in the specialized literature it may be postulated that oncologic surgery, such as that applied in extended gastroduodenopancreatectomy is fully justified when general and intra-operative conditions allow such interventions. The results depend, to a large extent, on the early diagnosis of these cancers.", "PMID": 515483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10916", "title": "[Therapeutic attitude in some clinical forms of hepatic trauma].", "content": "Six cases of hepatic trauma are presented, that have raised particular problems of therapeutical attitude. The severity of the complications is discussed in this type of trauma, especially aspects related to hemobilia and hepatic suppurations which are accompanied by toxico-septic syndromes. The authors stress the role of sutures of deep hepatic wounds in the development of suppurations, as well as the opportunity of early re-interventions in such cases. Also some particular, more rare, clinical forms are discussed, that made necessary a differentiated therapeutical attitude.", "contents": "[Therapeutic attitude in some clinical forms of hepatic trauma]. Six cases of hepatic trauma are presented, that have raised particular problems of therapeutical attitude. The severity of the complications is discussed in this type of trauma, especially aspects related to hemobilia and hepatic suppurations which are accompanied by toxico-septic syndromes. The authors stress the role of sutures of deep hepatic wounds in the development of suppurations, as well as the opportunity of early re-interventions in such cases. Also some particular, more rare, clinical forms are discussed, that made necessary a differentiated therapeutical attitude.", "PMID": 515482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10917", "title": "[Results of the Childs-Phillips operation (34 cases of repeated intestinal occlusion)].", "content": "The authors sustain the methods used in the Childs-Phillips operation that they have performed in 34 patients. Details are given in relation with the diagnosis and the auxilliary interventions that have been requested. The authors stress the exclusive use of No. 5 of nylon or thread. Postoperative death-rate (11,5%) was due only to coexisting affections, the necropsies revealing intact enteroplicatures. The postoperative abdominal discomfort was detected in 8 patients over a duration of 1--2 years after surgery. Repeated radiologic controls have been carried out that showed in 8 patients the disappearance of aspects typical for disturbances following enteroplicature. The radiologic investigations have been performed at variable intervals (between 3 months and 2 years after surgery).", "contents": "[Results of the Childs-Phillips operation (34 cases of repeated intestinal occlusion)]. The authors sustain the methods used in the Childs-Phillips operation that they have performed in 34 patients. Details are given in relation with the diagnosis and the auxilliary interventions that have been requested. The authors stress the exclusive use of No. 5 of nylon or thread. Postoperative death-rate (11,5%) was due only to coexisting affections, the necropsies revealing intact enteroplicatures. The postoperative abdominal discomfort was detected in 8 patients over a duration of 1--2 years after surgery. Repeated radiologic controls have been carried out that showed in 8 patients the disappearance of aspects typical for disturbances following enteroplicature. The radiologic investigations have been performed at variable intervals (between 3 months and 2 years after surgery).", "PMID": 515485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10918", "title": "[Ciguatera fish poisoning in New Caledonia. Clinical and epidemiological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The author studies the incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning on the public health in New Caledonia. He gives the results of a large scaled inquiry on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease. The geographical distribution and the toxic species are discussed. It does appear that, though being not an acute medical problem, ciguatera is an important cause of morbidity in some tribus of the Pines and Loyalty Islands primarily, where the reef fish is the chief animal proteic resource.", "contents": "[Ciguatera fish poisoning in New Caledonia. Clinical and epidemiological aspects (author's transl)]. The author studies the incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning on the public health in New Caledonia. He gives the results of a large scaled inquiry on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease. The geographical distribution and the toxic species are discussed. It does appear that, though being not an acute medical problem, ciguatera is an important cause of morbidity in some tribus of the Pines and Loyalty Islands primarily, where the reef fish is the chief animal proteic resource.", "PMID": 515491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10919", "title": "[Gastric localization of Crohn's disease].", "content": "The authors present a case of Crohn disease with gastric location. The lesion was complicated by a blind fistula in the body of the pancreas. Surgery, which consisted in gastrectomy, solved the case for the time being, and the patient is followed up.", "contents": "[Gastric localization of Crohn's disease]. The authors present a case of Crohn disease with gastric location. The lesion was complicated by a blind fistula in the body of the pancreas. Surgery, which consisted in gastrectomy, solved the case for the time being, and the patient is followed up.", "PMID": 515487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10920", "title": "[Complications of surgery of cancer of the colon].", "content": "In the paper a systematic analysis is carried out of postoperative complications of colon surgery, 118 patients had complications, out of a total of 400 interventions on the colon. The complications are studied in relation with the time of their occurence and the localization of the neoplastic process, as well as from the point of view of the influence exerted by age and the \"background\" of the patients. A review is also made of the therapeutic attitudes required by the various complications, of the results obtained and finally a detailed analysis is presented of the causes that led to death of operated patients.", "contents": "[Complications of surgery of cancer of the colon]. In the paper a systematic analysis is carried out of postoperative complications of colon surgery, 118 patients had complications, out of a total of 400 interventions on the colon. The complications are studied in relation with the time of their occurence and the localization of the neoplastic process, as well as from the point of view of the influence exerted by age and the \"background\" of the patients. A review is also made of the therapeutic attitudes required by the various complications, of the results obtained and finally a detailed analysis is presented of the causes that led to death of operated patients.", "PMID": 515486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10921", "title": "[A comparative study of two similar groups of 364 children treated for rheumatic fever according to identical protocols (1955--1961, 1965--1972) (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1955 through 1972, all children admitted to two after-care centers for rheumatic fever were examined by the same physicians with the same diagnostic criteria and treated according to the same rules. A comparaison between two groups of children who were examined ten years apart has confirmed the changes which took place in the course of rheumatic fever during this period. The incidence of recidives recorded at admission has dropped considerably. Multiple recidives, too, have grown rarer. The incidence of the forms with cardiopathy at admission has dropped. This is, for the most part, due to the reduction in the number of recidives. The severity of cardiopathies has abated, too, and this goes irrespective of the number of previous attacks. The results of treatment in children with cardiopathy are identical in both groups. Treatment methods have not changed from the beginning to the ending of the study; there is a good ground for thinking that the advances observed are due principally to the secondary prevention and related, therefore, to improvements in the health education level, which leads to a recidive prevention better done than in the past.", "contents": "[A comparative study of two similar groups of 364 children treated for rheumatic fever according to identical protocols (1955--1961, 1965--1972) (author's transl)]. From 1955 through 1972, all children admitted to two after-care centers for rheumatic fever were examined by the same physicians with the same diagnostic criteria and treated according to the same rules. A comparaison between two groups of children who were examined ten years apart has confirmed the changes which took place in the course of rheumatic fever during this period. The incidence of recidives recorded at admission has dropped considerably. Multiple recidives, too, have grown rarer. The incidence of the forms with cardiopathy at admission has dropped. This is, for the most part, due to the reduction in the number of recidives. The severity of cardiopathies has abated, too, and this goes irrespective of the number of previous attacks. The results of treatment in children with cardiopathy are identical in both groups. Treatment methods have not changed from the beginning to the ending of the study; there is a good ground for thinking that the advances observed are due principally to the secondary prevention and related, therefore, to improvements in the health education level, which leads to a recidive prevention better done than in the past.", "PMID": 515492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10922", "title": "[An incidence study of digestive cancers in a well defined population. Results of two years registration in the departement of C\u00f4te d'Or (author's transl)].", "content": "A systematic registration of mortality and morbidity from digestive cancers was started in January 1976 in the French department of COTE-D'Or (population 455,727). In the course of two years 913 new cases of digestive cancers were recorded. Nearly half of these cancers were colorectal cancers. The survey gives informations on histology, stage of the disease and survival. The morbidity survey allows comparison with the incidence rate of digestive cancers in other countries.", "contents": "[An incidence study of digestive cancers in a well defined population. Results of two years registration in the departement of C\u00f4te d'Or (author's transl)]. A systematic registration of mortality and morbidity from digestive cancers was started in January 1976 in the French department of COTE-D'Or (population 455,727). In the course of two years 913 new cases of digestive cancers were recorded. Nearly half of these cancers were colorectal cancers. The survey gives informations on histology, stage of the disease and survival. The morbidity survey allows comparison with the incidence rate of digestive cancers in other countries.", "PMID": 515493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10923", "title": "[Incidence of cystic fibrosis in Brittany (author's transl)].", "content": "Incidence of cystic fibrosis has been estimated in three adjacent geographic areas of Brittany: North Finistere, South Finistere and Morbihan. This incidence is respectively 6.0 x 10(-4), 4.8 x 10(-4), 2.9 x 10(-4) in these three areas. A significant difference between North Finistere and Morbihan was found. Without proofs in favor of natural selection, genetic drift seems to be a possible explanation of this variation. Moreover, as in other studies, a genetic heterogeneity of the disease was not shown.", "contents": "[Incidence of cystic fibrosis in Brittany (author's transl)]. Incidence of cystic fibrosis has been estimated in three adjacent geographic areas of Brittany: North Finistere, South Finistere and Morbihan. This incidence is respectively 6.0 x 10(-4), 4.8 x 10(-4), 2.9 x 10(-4) in these three areas. A significant difference between North Finistere and Morbihan was found. Without proofs in favor of natural selection, genetic drift seems to be a possible explanation of this variation. Moreover, as in other studies, a genetic heterogeneity of the disease was not shown.", "PMID": 515494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10924", "title": "[Health indexes and \"sanimetry\": conceptual aspects of recent research on the measurement of a population's state of health (author's transl)].", "content": "The major health indexes based on the classical concepts of mortality and morbidity are reviewed while emphasizing their limitations: underestimation of health problems socio-economic impact, inadequacy for the evaluation of certain main objectives of health care delivery systems, purely negative measurement of health. This paper investigates the recent attempts to improve these aspects: extension of the concept of morbidity by the introduction of disability measurements and the development of a \"positive health\" concept. Finally, a discussion is presented of the major health indexes whose development is based on the use of these concepts and the main conceptual, methodological problems they give rise to.", "contents": "[Health indexes and \"sanimetry\": conceptual aspects of recent research on the measurement of a population's state of health (author's transl)]. The major health indexes based on the classical concepts of mortality and morbidity are reviewed while emphasizing their limitations: underestimation of health problems socio-economic impact, inadequacy for the evaluation of certain main objectives of health care delivery systems, purely negative measurement of health. This paper investigates the recent attempts to improve these aspects: extension of the concept of morbidity by the introduction of disability measurements and the development of a \"positive health\" concept. Finally, a discussion is presented of the major health indexes whose development is based on the use of these concepts and the main conceptual, methodological problems they give rise to.", "PMID": 515495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10925", "title": "Cigarette smoking and children's respiratory symptoms: validity of the questionnaire method.", "content": "Children who report that they smoke cigarettes, also report increased respiratory symptoms. Could this be an artefact of the questionnaire method? Reports of children's respiratory symptoms obtained from children and from their parents were compared. There was a significant association between these reports, although the relationship was not close. The relationship between symptoms and cigarette smoking was consistent, whichever report was used. It is concluded that the questionnaire technique is valid, and that children who smoke cigarettes are more likely than non-smokers to have respiratory symptoms.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and children's respiratory symptoms: validity of the questionnaire method. Children who report that they smoke cigarettes, also report increased respiratory symptoms. Could this be an artefact of the questionnaire method? Reports of children's respiratory symptoms obtained from children and from their parents were compared. There was a significant association between these reports, although the relationship was not close. The relationship between symptoms and cigarette smoking was consistent, whichever report was used. It is concluded that the questionnaire technique is valid, and that children who smoke cigarettes are more likely than non-smokers to have respiratory symptoms.", "PMID": 515496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10926", "title": "Triexponential disposition pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits.", "content": "Using a sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gentamicin, plasma-level profiles of gentamicin were found to fit to a triexponential equation in 3 out of 4 rabbits studied after bolus intravenous administration by the application of the Minimum Akaike's Information Criterion Estimation (MAICE) method. This is different from the monoexponential or biexponential decay of gentamicin often reported in humans. Volumes of distribution of central compartment and at the steady-state in rabbits were similar to those reported in humans. Extensive distribution and tissue binding of gentamicin in rabbits were indicated by their high Vdarea, about 3.9 l/kg. It is proposed that rabbits may serve as a useful model for studying the mechanism and prediction of renal toxicity of gentamicin in patients.", "contents": "Triexponential disposition pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits. Using a sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gentamicin, plasma-level profiles of gentamicin were found to fit to a triexponential equation in 3 out of 4 rabbits studied after bolus intravenous administration by the application of the Minimum Akaike's Information Criterion Estimation (MAICE) method. This is different from the monoexponential or biexponential decay of gentamicin often reported in humans. Volumes of distribution of central compartment and at the steady-state in rabbits were similar to those reported in humans. Extensive distribution and tissue binding of gentamicin in rabbits were indicated by their high Vdarea, about 3.9 l/kg. It is proposed that rabbits may serve as a useful model for studying the mechanism and prediction of renal toxicity of gentamicin in patients.", "PMID": 515497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10927", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of hydralazine, apparent hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone in humans.", "content": "Hydralazine is an antihypertensive vasodilator agent. Lack of specific assay techniques for its measurement have delayed elucidation of its pharmacokinetic profile. This study compares the plasma profiles of hydralazine, measured both by a specific and by a previously published nonspecific assay and of a major plasma metabolite, hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone. After po and iv administration of hydralazine, peak hydralazine levels were lower (7-33%) and plasma half lives were shorter (15-31%) when measured by the specific technique. The mean plasma half life of the pyruvic acid hydrazone was 156 min and mean urinary clearance, 28 ml/min. The plasma profile of hydralazine and of the major metabolite, the pyruvic acid hydrazone, do not appear to correspond to the duration of antihypertensive effect of administered hydralazine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of hydralazine, apparent hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone in humans. Hydralazine is an antihypertensive vasodilator agent. Lack of specific assay techniques for its measurement have delayed elucidation of its pharmacokinetic profile. This study compares the plasma profiles of hydralazine, measured both by a specific and by a previously published nonspecific assay and of a major plasma metabolite, hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone. After po and iv administration of hydralazine, peak hydralazine levels were lower (7-33%) and plasma half lives were shorter (15-31%) when measured by the specific technique. The mean plasma half life of the pyruvic acid hydrazone was 156 min and mean urinary clearance, 28 ml/min. The plasma profile of hydralazine and of the major metabolite, the pyruvic acid hydrazone, do not appear to correspond to the duration of antihypertensive effect of administered hydralazine.", "PMID": 515498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10928", "title": "Interaction of aminoglycosides and cephaloridine in the rabbit kidney.", "content": "Toxic doses of aminoglycosides augment organic anion transport in the rat kidney. Studies in rabbits and guinea pigs have shown that the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is closely related to their active transport by the organic anion carrier in the proximal renal tubule. We have examined the effects of the aminoglycosides neomycin and gentamicin on cephaloridine transport and cytotoxicity in the rabbit kidney. There was no effect of these aminoglycosides on renal cortical cephaloridine uptake. In several regimens of combined administration, there was also no additive nephrotoxicity of the aminoglycosides and cephaloridine, even though some degree of tubular necrosis was seen in the single drug control groups in each protocol. These results are in agreement with those of studies in the rat and provide evidence that the cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of the cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are not closely related.", "contents": "Interaction of aminoglycosides and cephaloridine in the rabbit kidney. Toxic doses of aminoglycosides augment organic anion transport in the rat kidney. Studies in rabbits and guinea pigs have shown that the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is closely related to their active transport by the organic anion carrier in the proximal renal tubule. We have examined the effects of the aminoglycosides neomycin and gentamicin on cephaloridine transport and cytotoxicity in the rabbit kidney. There was no effect of these aminoglycosides on renal cortical cephaloridine uptake. In several regimens of combined administration, there was also no additive nephrotoxicity of the aminoglycosides and cephaloridine, even though some degree of tubular necrosis was seen in the single drug control groups in each protocol. These results are in agreement with those of studies in the rat and provide evidence that the cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of the cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are not closely related.", "PMID": 515499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10929", "title": "Errors in interpretation of data from equilibrium dialysis protein binding experiments.", "content": "In equilibrium dialysis protein binding experiments, the fraction of free or bound drug determined at equilibrium by dialysis of a patient plasma sample does not correspond to the drug concentration in the initial plasma sample, but to the drug concentration inside the plasma compartment of the dialysis apparatus at equilibrium. That fraction of free or bound drug corresponds to a lower total drug concentration than that in the initial plasma sample because of loss of drug due to passage of free drug into the buffer compartment in the equilibrium dialysis experiment. The magnitude of the difference between the initial drug concentration and the equilibrium drug concentration depends on the extent of drug binding and experimental conditions. If the initial total drug concentration in the plasma or serum sample as well as the fraction of drug bound at equilibrium as determined by radiotracer methods are known, then, using methods given in the text, the equilibrium drug concentration, the binding parameters corresponding to equilibrium conditions, and the free drug concentration in the initial plasma sample may be estimated.", "contents": "Errors in interpretation of data from equilibrium dialysis protein binding experiments. In equilibrium dialysis protein binding experiments, the fraction of free or bound drug determined at equilibrium by dialysis of a patient plasma sample does not correspond to the drug concentration in the initial plasma sample, but to the drug concentration inside the plasma compartment of the dialysis apparatus at equilibrium. That fraction of free or bound drug corresponds to a lower total drug concentration than that in the initial plasma sample because of loss of drug due to passage of free drug into the buffer compartment in the equilibrium dialysis experiment. The magnitude of the difference between the initial drug concentration and the equilibrium drug concentration depends on the extent of drug binding and experimental conditions. If the initial total drug concentration in the plasma or serum sample as well as the fraction of drug bound at equilibrium as determined by radiotracer methods are known, then, using methods given in the text, the equilibrium drug concentration, the binding parameters corresponding to equilibrium conditions, and the free drug concentration in the initial plasma sample may be estimated.", "PMID": 515500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10930", "title": "Serum binding of aluminum.", "content": "The binding of aluminum in the serum of a normal male volunteer was examined using gel filtration chromatography and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The elution profile obtained with Sephacryl S-200 gel separated the aluminum into four major peaks. These peaks appear to be associated with a high molecular weight protein(s), albumin, and possibly some low molecular weight protein(s) and/or some inorganic anions. The elution profile for a renal dialysis patient gave similar results.", "contents": "Serum binding of aluminum. The binding of aluminum in the serum of a normal male volunteer was examined using gel filtration chromatography and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The elution profile obtained with Sephacryl S-200 gel separated the aluminum into four major peaks. These peaks appear to be associated with a high molecular weight protein(s), albumin, and possibly some low molecular weight protein(s) and/or some inorganic anions. The elution profile for a renal dialysis patient gave similar results.", "PMID": 515501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10931", "title": "Application of the charge-transfer constant for correlation of acetylcholinesterase affinity reciprocals vs. physico-chemical properties of aromatic inhibitors.", "content": "Some properties of the charge-transfer constant (CT) have been described. The constant in association with the Hansch coefficient (pi, hydrophobic coefficient) for 32 aromatics was applied for the correlation with reciprocals of their acetylcholinesterase affinities (KD). The investigated aromatics constituted p- and m-substituted phenyl methylcarbamates, carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), p-substituted phenylmethyl methylcarbamates, and various aromatics without the carbamyl group, the dependencies found for the following relations: KD vs. (CT + sigma delta CT), where CT is the charge-transfer constant for a whole aromatic system and delta CT refers to effects of substitutents upon it; KD vs. sigma pi; KD vs. (CT + sigma delta CT) + sigma pi; and KD vs. [(CT + sigma delta CT), sigma pi] were characterized by the correlation coefficients 0.72, 0.82, 0.92, and 0.93 respectively.", "contents": "Application of the charge-transfer constant for correlation of acetylcholinesterase affinity reciprocals vs. physico-chemical properties of aromatic inhibitors. Some properties of the charge-transfer constant (CT) have been described. The constant in association with the Hansch coefficient (pi, hydrophobic coefficient) for 32 aromatics was applied for the correlation with reciprocals of their acetylcholinesterase affinities (KD). The investigated aromatics constituted p- and m-substituted phenyl methylcarbamates, carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), p-substituted phenylmethyl methylcarbamates, and various aromatics without the carbamyl group, the dependencies found for the following relations: KD vs. (CT + sigma delta CT), where CT is the charge-transfer constant for a whole aromatic system and delta CT refers to effects of substitutents upon it; KD vs. sigma pi; KD vs. (CT + sigma delta CT) + sigma pi; and KD vs. [(CT + sigma delta CT), sigma pi] were characterized by the correlation coefficients 0.72, 0.82, 0.92, and 0.93 respectively.", "PMID": 515502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10932", "title": "Effects of barbital and disulfiram on the metabolism of intracerebroventricularly administered [14C]-5-hydroxytryptamine in rats.", "content": "Effects of barbital and disulfiram on the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in vivo were studied. One hr after intracerebroventricular injection of [14C]-5-HT (3 nmoles, 0.5 muCi), the levels of the total and deaminated radioactive materials were increased in rats receiving either barbital or disulfiram, as compared to those of control rats. In addition, an additive effect was observed by a combined administration of these two drugs. The results in this paper strongly suggest that barbital and disulfiram inhibit the metabolism of 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde (5-HIAAld), a first deaminated metabolite in 5-HT metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of barbital and disulfiram on the metabolism of intracerebroventricularly administered [14C]-5-hydroxytryptamine in rats. Effects of barbital and disulfiram on the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in vivo were studied. One hr after intracerebroventricular injection of [14C]-5-HT (3 nmoles, 0.5 muCi), the levels of the total and deaminated radioactive materials were increased in rats receiving either barbital or disulfiram, as compared to those of control rats. In addition, an additive effect was observed by a combined administration of these two drugs. The results in this paper strongly suggest that barbital and disulfiram inhibit the metabolism of 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde (5-HIAAld), a first deaminated metabolite in 5-HT metabolism.", "PMID": 515504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10933", "title": "The effect of purothionin on bovine adrenal medullary cells.", "content": "The effect of purothionin, a peptide isolated from wheat flour, on adrenal medullary cells was examined in perfused bovine adrenal glands. Addition of purothionin (4 microgram/ml) to the perfusion fluid caused the release of cytoplasmic glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (c-GOT), DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) and magnesium ions, which are present in the cytoplasmic fraction of adrenal medulla, but not the release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (m-GOT), which are located in the particulate fraction. These results suggest that purothionin makes small pores in the cytoplasmic membranes of bovine adrenal medullary cells, resulting in the leakage of the cytoplasmic proteins and ions from the cells.", "contents": "The effect of purothionin on bovine adrenal medullary cells. The effect of purothionin, a peptide isolated from wheat flour, on adrenal medullary cells was examined in perfused bovine adrenal glands. Addition of purothionin (4 microgram/ml) to the perfusion fluid caused the release of cytoplasmic glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (c-GOT), DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) and magnesium ions, which are present in the cytoplasmic fraction of adrenal medulla, but not the release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (m-GOT), which are located in the particulate fraction. These results suggest that purothionin makes small pores in the cytoplasmic membranes of bovine adrenal medullary cells, resulting in the leakage of the cytoplasmic proteins and ions from the cells.", "PMID": 515505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10934", "title": "Characterization of analgesic and activity effects of methotrimeprazine and morphine.", "content": "The interactions of Methotrimeprazine (MTM) with the CNS opiate receptor, with naloxone, and with morphine were investigated. MTM (16--256 nM) did not compete with 3H-naloxone for specific binding sites in mouse brain homogenates. In vivo, MTM induced analgesia was not antagonized by naloxone. After 14 days administration of MTM partial tolerance developed to the activity effect but not the analgesic effect. After 14 days administration of morphine, tolerance developed to both the activity effect and the analgesic effect.", "contents": "Characterization of analgesic and activity effects of methotrimeprazine and morphine. The interactions of Methotrimeprazine (MTM) with the CNS opiate receptor, with naloxone, and with morphine were investigated. MTM (16--256 nM) did not compete with 3H-naloxone for specific binding sites in mouse brain homogenates. In vivo, MTM induced analgesia was not antagonized by naloxone. After 14 days administration of MTM partial tolerance developed to the activity effect but not the analgesic effect. After 14 days administration of morphine, tolerance developed to both the activity effect and the analgesic effect.", "PMID": 515506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10935", "title": "The roles of brain noradrenaline and dopamine in the anorectic activity of diethylpropion in rats: a comparison with d-amphetamine.", "content": "The anorectic activity of diethylpropion and d-amphetamine was studied in rats subjected to various treatments known to affect brain monoamines. The effect of diethylpropion, like that of d-amphetamine, was completely prevented by a lesion of the ventral noradrenergic bundle, which selectively decreases brain noradrenaline, but was not significantly modified in desipramine pretreated rats by an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, a condition decreasing only dopamine. Pretreatment with penfluridol significantly reduced the effect of d-amphetamine but not that of diethylpropion. A non-significant reduction of drug effect was found with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Lesion of the nucleus medianus raphe, which destroys central serotonin neurons, or treatment with methergoline, a central serotonin antagonist, caused no changes in the effects of both compounds. The findings show that integrity of central noradrenergic neurons is an important condition for diethylpropion and d-amphetamine to exert their anorectic effect. Dopamine does not seem to play any role in the effect of diethylpropion but might contribute to that of d-amphetamine. The data are against any involvement of brain serotonin in diethylpropion anorexia.", "contents": "The roles of brain noradrenaline and dopamine in the anorectic activity of diethylpropion in rats: a comparison with d-amphetamine. The anorectic activity of diethylpropion and d-amphetamine was studied in rats subjected to various treatments known to affect brain monoamines. The effect of diethylpropion, like that of d-amphetamine, was completely prevented by a lesion of the ventral noradrenergic bundle, which selectively decreases brain noradrenaline, but was not significantly modified in desipramine pretreated rats by an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, a condition decreasing only dopamine. Pretreatment with penfluridol significantly reduced the effect of d-amphetamine but not that of diethylpropion. A non-significant reduction of drug effect was found with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Lesion of the nucleus medianus raphe, which destroys central serotonin neurons, or treatment with methergoline, a central serotonin antagonist, caused no changes in the effects of both compounds. The findings show that integrity of central noradrenergic neurons is an important condition for diethylpropion and d-amphetamine to exert their anorectic effect. Dopamine does not seem to play any role in the effect of diethylpropion but might contribute to that of d-amphetamine. The data are against any involvement of brain serotonin in diethylpropion anorexia.", "PMID": 515507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10936", "title": "Influence of pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase on the prenatal toxicity of ethanol in the rat.", "content": "Pyrazole, a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, induced a high incidence of ocular and urinary bladder anomalies in the offspring of rats following treatment on gestational day 9. A single moderate dose of ethanol potentiated the teratogenic action of pyrazole, but alone did not affect embryonic development.", "contents": "Influence of pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase on the prenatal toxicity of ethanol in the rat. Pyrazole, a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, induced a high incidence of ocular and urinary bladder anomalies in the offspring of rats following treatment on gestational day 9. A single moderate dose of ethanol potentiated the teratogenic action of pyrazole, but alone did not affect embryonic development.", "PMID": 515510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10937", "title": "Acute toxicology of butyl nitrites and butyl alcohols.", "content": "Commercially available isobutyl nitrite (iBN), n-butyl nitrite (nBN), sec-butyl nitrite (sBN) and tert-butyl nitrite (tBN) were found to be 63%, 79%, 44% and 96% pure, respectively, by GLC analysis. Pure samples of each compound were synthesized by the action of nitrous acid on each of the corresponding butyl alcohols; GLC analysis indicated greater than 99% purity for each nitrite. In determining LD50 values (mice, i.p.) for each compound, no deaths were observed after 30 min post-administration of sBN or tBN. Gross post-mortem examination suggests the delayed lethality may be due to liver damage. Administration of isobutyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl alcohols to mice produced similar hepatotoxicity, suggesting that butyl alcohols may play a role in the hepatotoxicity observed after sBN or tBN administration.", "contents": "Acute toxicology of butyl nitrites and butyl alcohols. Commercially available isobutyl nitrite (iBN), n-butyl nitrite (nBN), sec-butyl nitrite (sBN) and tert-butyl nitrite (tBN) were found to be 63%, 79%, 44% and 96% pure, respectively, by GLC analysis. Pure samples of each compound were synthesized by the action of nitrous acid on each of the corresponding butyl alcohols; GLC analysis indicated greater than 99% purity for each nitrite. In determining LD50 values (mice, i.p.) for each compound, no deaths were observed after 30 min post-administration of sBN or tBN. Gross post-mortem examination suggests the delayed lethality may be due to liver damage. Administration of isobutyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl alcohols to mice produced similar hepatotoxicity, suggesting that butyl alcohols may play a role in the hepatotoxicity observed after sBN or tBN administration.", "PMID": 515511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10938", "title": "Toxicological evaluation of new calcium antagonists: 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindenes.", "content": "The 2-n-propyl (pr) and 2-n-butyl (bu) methylenedioxyindenes (MDIs) developed in our laboratories are intracellular calcium antagonists with coronary dilating and antiarrhythmic actions. Acute toxicity studies resulted, in mice, in an iv LD50 of 40 and 32 mg/kg for pr-MDI and bu-MDI, respectively, and an ip LD50 of 185 mg/kg for both MDIs. In rats, the ip LD50 was 175 and 240 mg/kg for pr-MDI and bu-MDI, respectively. An iv dose of 16 mg/kg decreased motor activity and prolonged barbiturate sleeping time in mice, but did not affect conditioned avoidance behavior or motor coordination tests. In sub-acute toxicity studies, rats received daily for 4 weeks 26.25 or 52.5 mg/kg ip of either MDIs, while mice received 23.13 or 46.25 mg/kg ip of either MDIs. No alterations were observed in serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, bilirubin, chloride, cholesterol, uric acid, prothrombin time, and bromsulphalein retention. Blood glucose was slightly lowered. Serum calcium was slightly lowered in male mice. The higher dose of pr-MDI elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase in rats. Both MDIs elevated serum isocitric dehydrogenase in male rats. Light microscopic examination of brain, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine, stomach, and myocardium showed no anomalies resulting from the 4-week MDI treatment, and electron microscopic examination of hepatocytes revealed no deleterious effects of either MDIs.", "contents": "Toxicological evaluation of new calcium antagonists: 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindenes. The 2-n-propyl (pr) and 2-n-butyl (bu) methylenedioxyindenes (MDIs) developed in our laboratories are intracellular calcium antagonists with coronary dilating and antiarrhythmic actions. Acute toxicity studies resulted, in mice, in an iv LD50 of 40 and 32 mg/kg for pr-MDI and bu-MDI, respectively, and an ip LD50 of 185 mg/kg for both MDIs. In rats, the ip LD50 was 175 and 240 mg/kg for pr-MDI and bu-MDI, respectively. An iv dose of 16 mg/kg decreased motor activity and prolonged barbiturate sleeping time in mice, but did not affect conditioned avoidance behavior or motor coordination tests. In sub-acute toxicity studies, rats received daily for 4 weeks 26.25 or 52.5 mg/kg ip of either MDIs, while mice received 23.13 or 46.25 mg/kg ip of either MDIs. No alterations were observed in serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, bilirubin, chloride, cholesterol, uric acid, prothrombin time, and bromsulphalein retention. Blood glucose was slightly lowered. Serum calcium was slightly lowered in male mice. The higher dose of pr-MDI elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase in rats. Both MDIs elevated serum isocitric dehydrogenase in male rats. Light microscopic examination of brain, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine, stomach, and myocardium showed no anomalies resulting from the 4-week MDI treatment, and electron microscopic examination of hepatocytes revealed no deleterious effects of either MDIs.", "PMID": 515512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10939", "title": "Unusual response of anaesthetised pigs to asphyxia.", "content": "The effects of vagosympathectomy, asphyxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia on the breathing of anaesthetised pigs are described. Vagosympathectomy caused changes in cardiovascular variables and in the pattern of breathing characteristic of the loss of stretch receptor activity. After vagosympathectomy the linear relationship between tI and tE was abolished. Hypoxia in intact animals produced changes in minute ventilation by peripheral chemoreceptor drive. When this drive was removed by vagosympathectomy the central depressing effects of hypoxia were revealed as a slowing of breathing and reduction in minute volume. The central depressing effect of hypoxia on respiration was very potent in the pig and very clearly seen in asphyxia. Vagosympathectomy caused a reduction in frequency of breathing and respiratory arrest occurred when a dead space of only moderate size was used. Breathing slowed from the moment of connection of the dead space to produce respiratory arrest within 2 min. The pig lung has been considered similar to the human lung on morphometric and physiological grounds but these results show that there are very important species differences in response to asphyxia.", "contents": "Unusual response of anaesthetised pigs to asphyxia. The effects of vagosympathectomy, asphyxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia on the breathing of anaesthetised pigs are described. Vagosympathectomy caused changes in cardiovascular variables and in the pattern of breathing characteristic of the loss of stretch receptor activity. After vagosympathectomy the linear relationship between tI and tE was abolished. Hypoxia in intact animals produced changes in minute ventilation by peripheral chemoreceptor drive. When this drive was removed by vagosympathectomy the central depressing effects of hypoxia were revealed as a slowing of breathing and reduction in minute volume. The central depressing effect of hypoxia on respiration was very potent in the pig and very clearly seen in asphyxia. Vagosympathectomy caused a reduction in frequency of breathing and respiratory arrest occurred when a dead space of only moderate size was used. Breathing slowed from the moment of connection of the dead space to produce respiratory arrest within 2 min. The pig lung has been considered similar to the human lung on morphometric and physiological grounds but these results show that there are very important species differences in response to asphyxia.", "PMID": 515513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10940", "title": "Long-term vasoligation in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The effects of long-term (14 months) unilateral vasoligation on the tests and their excurrent ducts of the domestic fowl were studied histologically and ultrastructurally. Severe testicular degeneration and epididymal atrophy were observed in the ipsilateral organs while the contralateral control organs were normal. Massive macrophage activity was observed in the epididymal regions and to a lesser extent in some severely degenerated seminiferous tubules. Several granulomata occurred in the epididymal regions and the ducti deferentes, and most were resorbed or were undergoing resorption at the time of examination.", "contents": "Long-term vasoligation in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The effects of long-term (14 months) unilateral vasoligation on the tests and their excurrent ducts of the domestic fowl were studied histologically and ultrastructurally. Severe testicular degeneration and epididymal atrophy were observed in the ipsilateral organs while the contralateral control organs were normal. Massive macrophage activity was observed in the epididymal regions and to a lesser extent in some severely degenerated seminiferous tubules. Several granulomata occurred in the epididymal regions and the ducti deferentes, and most were resorbed or were undergoing resorption at the time of examination.", "PMID": 515514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10941", "title": "Immunological parameters in the intestinal lymph of pigs including changes during experimentally induced diarrhoea.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to provide basic immunological data on the intestinal lymph of young pigs. For this purpose indwelling cannulae were established in the main efferent intestinal lymphatic ducts of 12 animals and measurements were made of lymph flow rate, and concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM. Measurements were also made of cell numbers, differential counts and immunoglobulin specificity of lymphoid cells in lymph. Similar measurements were also made on six pigs in which experimental diarrhoea was induced. The mean number of leucocytes in intestinal lymph was extremely low (0.66 X 10(5)/ml). However a high proportion of lymphocytes contained cytoplasmic IgA (19.65 per cent) and IgM (12.53 per cent), with few containing IgG (1.35 per cent). The concentrations of IgM and IgA in intestinal lymph were 0.51 mg/ml and 1.64 mg/ml respectively, values which suggest that the intestine is an important organ for synthesis of these two classes of immunoglobulin in young pigs. Following induction of diarrhoea and consequent dehydration of the intestine, the lymph: serum concentration ratios for immunoglobulins increased but subsequently declined when the water balance in the intestine returned to normal.", "contents": "Immunological parameters in the intestinal lymph of pigs including changes during experimentally induced diarrhoea. Experiments were undertaken to provide basic immunological data on the intestinal lymph of young pigs. For this purpose indwelling cannulae were established in the main efferent intestinal lymphatic ducts of 12 animals and measurements were made of lymph flow rate, and concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM. Measurements were also made of cell numbers, differential counts and immunoglobulin specificity of lymphoid cells in lymph. Similar measurements were also made on six pigs in which experimental diarrhoea was induced. The mean number of leucocytes in intestinal lymph was extremely low (0.66 X 10(5)/ml). However a high proportion of lymphocytes contained cytoplasmic IgA (19.65 per cent) and IgM (12.53 per cent), with few containing IgG (1.35 per cent). The concentrations of IgM and IgA in intestinal lymph were 0.51 mg/ml and 1.64 mg/ml respectively, values which suggest that the intestine is an important organ for synthesis of these two classes of immunoglobulin in young pigs. Following induction of diarrhoea and consequent dehydration of the intestine, the lymph: serum concentration ratios for immunoglobulins increased but subsequently declined when the water balance in the intestine returned to normal.", "PMID": 515515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10942", "title": "The pathophysiology of ovine fascioliasis: studies on the feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance of sheep given rations of hay or hay plus a pelleted supplement.", "content": "The effect of Fasciola hepatica on feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance was measured during the course of experimental infections in sheep given a diet of hay or hay with 'concentrate'. A system of paired feeding was used to allow comparisons between infected and control animals. After the sixth week the appetites and body weights of all infected animals declined but both features were more prominent in the group given the diet of hay alone. By week 14 these animals became moribund and were necropsied whereas those given hay with concentrate which had the same fluke burdens, survived until week 20. At necropsy, the loss of weight in both groups was comparable but greater than in their pair-fed uninfected controls, suggesting that inappetence was not solely responsible. Measurements of feed digestibility revealed few differences between infected and control animals on either diet, but nitrogen retention was markedly lower in the infected animals after the eighth week, and sufficient to account for their inferior weight performance. Reduced nitrogen retention was primarily a reflection of a high urinary excretion in the infected animals, faecal excretion remaining unaltered despite the loss of substantial amounts of nitrogen into the gut as a result of the parasites' haematophagic activities.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of ovine fascioliasis: studies on the feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance of sheep given rations of hay or hay plus a pelleted supplement. The effect of Fasciola hepatica on feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance was measured during the course of experimental infections in sheep given a diet of hay or hay with 'concentrate'. A system of paired feeding was used to allow comparisons between infected and control animals. After the sixth week the appetites and body weights of all infected animals declined but both features were more prominent in the group given the diet of hay alone. By week 14 these animals became moribund and were necropsied whereas those given hay with concentrate which had the same fluke burdens, survived until week 20. At necropsy, the loss of weight in both groups was comparable but greater than in their pair-fed uninfected controls, suggesting that inappetence was not solely responsible. Measurements of feed digestibility revealed few differences between infected and control animals on either diet, but nitrogen retention was markedly lower in the infected animals after the eighth week, and sufficient to account for their inferior weight performance. Reduced nitrogen retention was primarily a reflection of a high urinary excretion in the infected animals, faecal excretion remaining unaltered despite the loss of substantial amounts of nitrogen into the gut as a result of the parasites' haematophagic activities.", "PMID": 515516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10943", "title": "Concentrations of free amino acids in maternal and fetal plasma from conscious catheterised ewes during the last five weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "Concentrations of amino acids, urea, glucose, fructose and corticosteroids were measured in maternal and fetal plasma from nine Scottish Blackface ewes during the last 35 days of pregnancy. During this period maternal plasma levels of most amino acids did not change significantly. In fetal plasma the concentrations of most amino acids decreased or remained relatively constant until about 20 days before birth (day -20) and then increased as term approached. Glucose levels in plasma from both sources did not change, but urea concentrations rose to maximum values about day -20. Except for valine and isoleucine, the concentrations of amino acids in fetal plasma varied independently of levels in maternal plasma up to day -20, but thereafter 10 amino acids, including seven essential amino acids, showed a significant positive correlation with maternal values. Possible causes of the observed variations in fetal plasma composition are discussed.", "contents": "Concentrations of free amino acids in maternal and fetal plasma from conscious catheterised ewes during the last five weeks of pregnancy. Concentrations of amino acids, urea, glucose, fructose and corticosteroids were measured in maternal and fetal plasma from nine Scottish Blackface ewes during the last 35 days of pregnancy. During this period maternal plasma levels of most amino acids did not change significantly. In fetal plasma the concentrations of most amino acids decreased or remained relatively constant until about 20 days before birth (day -20) and then increased as term approached. Glucose levels in plasma from both sources did not change, but urea concentrations rose to maximum values about day -20. Except for valine and isoleucine, the concentrations of amino acids in fetal plasma varied independently of levels in maternal plasma up to day -20, but thereafter 10 amino acids, including seven essential amino acids, showed a significant positive correlation with maternal values. Possible causes of the observed variations in fetal plasma composition are discussed.", "PMID": 515517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10944", "title": "Haptoglobin in the serum of thoroughbreds in training.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of haptoglobin in equine serum using the peroxidase activity of the haemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. The problems of interference with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are described. Normal values for haptoglobin in 629 blood samples from thoroughbreds in training are presented showing a log normal distribution with a 5 per cent to 95 per cent range of 0.42 to 1.7 g/litre. There was no consistent alteration in haptoglobin concentration throughout the season in spite of a change in red cell size and total bilirubin concentration. It is concluded that the measurement of haptoglobin is useful in the detection of frank haemolytic states but is insufficiently sensitive to detect mild red cell destruction. The test, after further investigation, might be used as an adjunct to the current batch of blood tests employed to assess liver function.", "contents": "Haptoglobin in the serum of thoroughbreds in training. A method is described for the measurement of haptoglobin in equine serum using the peroxidase activity of the haemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. The problems of interference with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are described. Normal values for haptoglobin in 629 blood samples from thoroughbreds in training are presented showing a log normal distribution with a 5 per cent to 95 per cent range of 0.42 to 1.7 g/litre. There was no consistent alteration in haptoglobin concentration throughout the season in spite of a change in red cell size and total bilirubin concentration. It is concluded that the measurement of haptoglobin is useful in the detection of frank haemolytic states but is insufficiently sensitive to detect mild red cell destruction. The test, after further investigation, might be used as an adjunct to the current batch of blood tests employed to assess liver function.", "PMID": 515518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10945", "title": "Pasture infectivity with trichostrongylid larvae in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.", "content": "For the study of pasture infectivity in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria, variable numbers of helminth-free tracer lambs grazing an unimproved pasture were slaughtered monthly throughout a period of 12 months. The numbers of worms recovered showed that large numbers of infective trichostrongyle larvae were ingested with the pasture from June till October. Infectivity started to decline from November until the end of January after which the pasture became completely free of parasitic nematode larvae and remained so until the end of May.", "contents": "Pasture infectivity with trichostrongylid larvae in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. For the study of pasture infectivity in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria, variable numbers of helminth-free tracer lambs grazing an unimproved pasture were slaughtered monthly throughout a period of 12 months. The numbers of worms recovered showed that large numbers of infective trichostrongyle larvae were ingested with the pasture from June till October. Infectivity started to decline from November until the end of January after which the pasture became completely free of parasitic nematode larvae and remained so until the end of May.", "PMID": 515519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10946", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the A and T types of Pasteurella haemolytica.", "content": "Minimal concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, kanamycin and gentamicin inhibitory to Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T were determined. They were found to be significantly higher for T than for A type strains in the case of all the antimicrobial drugs tested except the two aminoglycosides kanamycin and gentamicin, for which no differences were observed. In the case of penicillin the differences were so marked that they may be useful as a basis for biotyping P haemolytica isolates. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains observed in recent years, however, may limit such application.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the A and T types of Pasteurella haemolytica. Minimal concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, kanamycin and gentamicin inhibitory to Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T were determined. They were found to be significantly higher for T than for A type strains in the case of all the antimicrobial drugs tested except the two aminoglycosides kanamycin and gentamicin, for which no differences were observed. In the case of penicillin the differences were so marked that they may be useful as a basis for biotyping P haemolytica isolates. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains observed in recent years, however, may limit such application.", "PMID": 515520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10947", "title": "Bracken carcinogenicity.", "content": "The study of bracken carcinogenicity affords an interesting example of the close alliance, with mutual benefit, between the work of veterinarians in the field and experimental research. On the one hand was the condition found in many parts of the world of bovine enzootic haematuria with uncertain aetiology and, on the other, the investigations conducted on the acute radiomimetic cattle bracken poisoning under laboratory conditions. The two have led to the recognition of the long term cancer dangers of bracken consumption and the vulnerability of a wide variety of species of animals. In these the types of tumour vary to include many organs other than the bladder, such as the gastrointestinal tract and blood forming tissues. Work on the search for the chemical compounds involved is described, together with the possible hazards, both mutagenic and carcinogenic, on an environmental basis.", "contents": "Bracken carcinogenicity. The study of bracken carcinogenicity affords an interesting example of the close alliance, with mutual benefit, between the work of veterinarians in the field and experimental research. On the one hand was the condition found in many parts of the world of bovine enzootic haematuria with uncertain aetiology and, on the other, the investigations conducted on the acute radiomimetic cattle bracken poisoning under laboratory conditions. The two have led to the recognition of the long term cancer dangers of bracken consumption and the vulnerability of a wide variety of species of animals. In these the types of tumour vary to include many organs other than the bladder, such as the gastrointestinal tract and blood forming tissues. Work on the search for the chemical compounds involved is described, together with the possible hazards, both mutagenic and carcinogenic, on an environmental basis.", "PMID": 515521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10948", "title": "Immunoglobulin containing cells in the bronchopulmonary system of non-pneumonic and pneumonic calves.", "content": "In an examination of the immunoglobulin containing cells in the respiratory mucosa of three-month-old non-pneumonic calves, IgA was found to be the predominant plasma cell type. In calves with cuffing pneumonia there was a marked increase in the plasma cell population in the bronchial wall and IgG1 cells became the major cell type. Similarly in calves with an exudative type of pneumonia IgG1 plasma cells were the significant cell type in the respiratory mucosa but the total number of plasma cells was similar to that found in the non-pneumonic animals. The immunohistochemical results suggest that IgA and, to a lesser extent, IgM are both transported across the mucous membrane via bronchial epithelial secretory cells and submucosal glands.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin containing cells in the bronchopulmonary system of non-pneumonic and pneumonic calves. In an examination of the immunoglobulin containing cells in the respiratory mucosa of three-month-old non-pneumonic calves, IgA was found to be the predominant plasma cell type. In calves with cuffing pneumonia there was a marked increase in the plasma cell population in the bronchial wall and IgG1 cells became the major cell type. Similarly in calves with an exudative type of pneumonia IgG1 plasma cells were the significant cell type in the respiratory mucosa but the total number of plasma cells was similar to that found in the non-pneumonic animals. The immunohistochemical results suggest that IgA and, to a lesser extent, IgM are both transported across the mucous membrane via bronchial epithelial secretory cells and submucosal glands.", "PMID": 515522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10949", "title": "Staphylococcus hyicus in cattle.", "content": "Staphylococcus hyicus (subsp hyicus) was found to be a frequently occurring inhabitant of the skin of cattle. Significant numbers of this bacterium were found to be present in mange lesions of cattle between one and three years old. Experimental inoculations revealed that S hyicus had a pathogenic effect on the superficially scarified skin of young cattle.", "contents": "Staphylococcus hyicus in cattle. Staphylococcus hyicus (subsp hyicus) was found to be a frequently occurring inhabitant of the skin of cattle. Significant numbers of this bacterium were found to be present in mange lesions of cattle between one and three years old. Experimental inoculations revealed that S hyicus had a pathogenic effect on the superficially scarified skin of young cattle.", "PMID": 515523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10950", "title": "Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Pathological changes in the small intestine.", "content": "Eight four-month-old sheep were infected daily for 90 days with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae. Infections were patent by week 3; mean faecal egg counts reached a peak of 645 epg at week 5, then subsequently declined. Mean worm burden at slaughter was 6100 (range 60--25,080). Two sheep had visible lesions in the small intestine at slaughter. In both sheep, numerous shallow red depressed areas extended for 5 to 7 metres distal to the pylorus while, in one, more extensive irregular depressed areas occupied the first 1.5 metres. Microtopographical examination and scanning electron microscopy showed that these affected areas were devoid of villi and contained numerous worms embedded in the mucosa. Histological examination revealed many similarities with the lesions caused by T colubriformis. Subtotal villous atrophy and crypt elongation were present in the intestines from five of the remaining six sheep, and in these the mucosa contained numerous mononuclear cells and intraepithelial globule leucocytes.", "contents": "Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Pathological changes in the small intestine. Eight four-month-old sheep were infected daily for 90 days with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae. Infections were patent by week 3; mean faecal egg counts reached a peak of 645 epg at week 5, then subsequently declined. Mean worm burden at slaughter was 6100 (range 60--25,080). Two sheep had visible lesions in the small intestine at slaughter. In both sheep, numerous shallow red depressed areas extended for 5 to 7 metres distal to the pylorus while, in one, more extensive irregular depressed areas occupied the first 1.5 metres. Microtopographical examination and scanning electron microscopy showed that these affected areas were devoid of villi and contained numerous worms embedded in the mucosa. Histological examination revealed many similarities with the lesions caused by T colubriformis. Subtotal villous atrophy and crypt elongation were present in the intestines from five of the remaining six sheep, and in these the mucosa contained numerous mononuclear cells and intraepithelial globule leucocytes.", "PMID": 515524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10951", "title": "Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Some effects on food utilisation, skeletal growth and certain serum constituents.", "content": "The effect on food utilisation and skeletal growth of daily infection for 90 days with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae was investigated. Controls were killed initially or fed ad libitum. Food intake, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen and content of body fat, protein, water and minerals were determined, and selected bones examined chemically and histologically. Serum constituents were determined weekly. Digestibility of food dry matter and nitrogen were reduced during weeks 3 and 5 after initial infection but subsequently recovered. Deposition of fat, protein, calcium and phosphorus in the body was reduced by 36, 58, 67 and 78 per cent respectively. Gross efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy was reduced by 36 per cent. Bone changes were associated with a reduction in osteoblastic activity. Hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and hypophosphataemia were present in infected sheep. There were no significant changes in serum calcium or urea concentrations. It is concluded that the effects of continuous intakes of T vitrinus and T colubriformis larvae on host metabolism are essentially the same.", "contents": "Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Some effects on food utilisation, skeletal growth and certain serum constituents. The effect on food utilisation and skeletal growth of daily infection for 90 days with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae was investigated. Controls were killed initially or fed ad libitum. Food intake, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen and content of body fat, protein, water and minerals were determined, and selected bones examined chemically and histologically. Serum constituents were determined weekly. Digestibility of food dry matter and nitrogen were reduced during weeks 3 and 5 after initial infection but subsequently recovered. Deposition of fat, protein, calcium and phosphorus in the body was reduced by 36, 58, 67 and 78 per cent respectively. Gross efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy was reduced by 36 per cent. Bone changes were associated with a reduction in osteoblastic activity. Hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and hypophosphataemia were present in infected sheep. There were no significant changes in serum calcium or urea concentrations. It is concluded that the effects of continuous intakes of T vitrinus and T colubriformis larvae on host metabolism are essentially the same.", "PMID": 515525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10952", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) induced by experimental thiamine deficiency in lambs.", "content": "Lesions of polioencephalomalacia (PEM, cerebrocortical necrosis) have been demonstrated in pre-ruminant lambs fed on synthetic, thiamine-free milk. Thiamine deficiency in these lambs was confirmed by transketolase assay.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) induced by experimental thiamine deficiency in lambs. Lesions of polioencephalomalacia (PEM, cerebrocortical necrosis) have been demonstrated in pre-ruminant lambs fed on synthetic, thiamine-free milk. Thiamine deficiency in these lambs was confirmed by transketolase assay.", "PMID": 515526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10953", "title": "The effect of parturition on the blood picture of sheep.", "content": "Parturition in sheep was associated with significant increases in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red cell counts. Subsequently these values gradually declined, attaining prepartum levels by the seventh day post partum. Blood leucocyte counts were also elevated at parturition and this was associated with marked neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and mild eosinopenia. These changes were gradually reversed thereafter, with normal values being attained by the fourteenth day post partum.", "contents": "The effect of parturition on the blood picture of sheep. Parturition in sheep was associated with significant increases in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red cell counts. Subsequently these values gradually declined, attaining prepartum levels by the seventh day post partum. Blood leucocyte counts were also elevated at parturition and this was associated with marked neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and mild eosinopenia. These changes were gradually reversed thereafter, with normal values being attained by the fourteenth day post partum.", "PMID": 515527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10954", "title": "A simple technique to establish a self-retaining rumen catheter suitable for long-term infusions.", "content": "A simple and rapid technique is described for the establishment of a self-retaining permanent catheter in the rumen of sheep. The equipment required is minimal, the procedure takes less than five minutes and causes little disturbance to the animal. The technique has been used successfully on 39 sheep.", "contents": "A simple technique to establish a self-retaining rumen catheter suitable for long-term infusions. A simple and rapid technique is described for the establishment of a self-retaining permanent catheter in the rumen of sheep. The equipment required is minimal, the procedure takes less than five minutes and causes little disturbance to the animal. The technique has been used successfully on 39 sheep.", "PMID": 515528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10955", "title": "The effect of oxfendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Trials with oxfendazole carried out on 120 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. Diarrhoea occurred occasionally when the dose rate exceeded 20 mg/kg.", "contents": "The effect of oxfendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Trials with oxfendazole carried out on 120 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. Diarrhoea occurred occasionally when the dose rate exceeded 20 mg/kg.", "PMID": 515529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10956", "title": "The effect of Taenia hydatigena infection on existing and concurrent infections of Fasciola hepatica in sheep.", "content": "Sheep given a primary infection of Fasciola hepatica were challenged 18 weeks later with Taenia hydatigena or F hepatica, or both parasites together, or were not challenged. At the same time, control sheep were infected with T hydatigena and/or F hepatica separately or concurrently. All sheep were killed seven weeks after challenge and the number of cysts and flukes counted. Challenge infection with T hydatigena did not affect the numbers of flukes recovered from either primary or challenge F hepatica infections. On the other hand, the numbers of cysticerci were reduced in sheep previously infected with F hepatica but not in those given T hydatigena and F hepatica concurrently.", "contents": "The effect of Taenia hydatigena infection on existing and concurrent infections of Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Sheep given a primary infection of Fasciola hepatica were challenged 18 weeks later with Taenia hydatigena or F hepatica, or both parasites together, or were not challenged. At the same time, control sheep were infected with T hydatigena and/or F hepatica separately or concurrently. All sheep were killed seven weeks after challenge and the number of cysts and flukes counted. Challenge infection with T hydatigena did not affect the numbers of flukes recovered from either primary or challenge F hepatica infections. On the other hand, the numbers of cysticerci were reduced in sheep previously infected with F hepatica but not in those given T hydatigena and F hepatica concurrently.", "PMID": 515530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10957", "title": "The side of action of bronchodilating drugs (beta 2-stimulators) on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "The prophylactic effect of a sympathicomimetic drug (Fenoterol) was tested separately for the upper and the lower respiratory tract on 14 boxer dogs exposed to antigen challenge. In the lower airways, a restricted short-lasting diminution of bronchoconstriction was observed when both antigen and Fenoterol were administered to these airways. Administration of Fenoterol to the upper respiratory tract showed a long-lasting strong local effect in prevention of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. There is a strong long-lasting effect of sympathicomimetic bronchodilators on the sensoric part of the reflex way into the airways. There is, with similar dosages, a weak short-lasting direct effect of these drugs on bronchial muscles.", "contents": "The side of action of bronchodilating drugs (beta 2-stimulators) on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. The prophylactic effect of a sympathicomimetic drug (Fenoterol) was tested separately for the upper and the lower respiratory tract on 14 boxer dogs exposed to antigen challenge. In the lower airways, a restricted short-lasting diminution of bronchoconstriction was observed when both antigen and Fenoterol were administered to these airways. Administration of Fenoterol to the upper respiratory tract showed a long-lasting strong local effect in prevention of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. There is a strong long-lasting effect of sympathicomimetic bronchodilators on the sensoric part of the reflex way into the airways. There is, with similar dosages, a weak short-lasting direct effect of these drugs on bronchial muscles.", "PMID": 515532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10958", "title": "Relationships of carbon dioxide retention to ventilatory impairment and hypoxemia in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "In a group of 80 male patients (average age 52.5 years) with severe obstructive ventilatory impairment (FEV1.0 less than 40% of predicted) due to chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema, the blood carbon dioxide tension measured at rest, in a stable clinical status, was confronted to the spirometric variables and the oxygen tension. PaCO2 (range 31--60 mm Hg) was loosely related to the VC (r = -0.28) and the FEV (r = -0.30, both p less than 0.05) and strongly related to the PaO2 (r = 0.60; p less than 0.001). When patients were classified as bronchitic or emphysematous according to clinical, roentgenologic and biological criteria, the correlations above were found to be higher for bronchitics. In patients with chronic bronchitis with severe obstruction a very good estimation of PaCO2 is possible from PaO2: PaCO2 = 75.8-0.44 PaO2 (SEE 0.4 MM Hg).", "contents": "Relationships of carbon dioxide retention to ventilatory impairment and hypoxemia in chronic obstructive lung disease. In a group of 80 male patients (average age 52.5 years) with severe obstructive ventilatory impairment (FEV1.0 less than 40% of predicted) due to chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema, the blood carbon dioxide tension measured at rest, in a stable clinical status, was confronted to the spirometric variables and the oxygen tension. PaCO2 (range 31--60 mm Hg) was loosely related to the VC (r = -0.28) and the FEV (r = -0.30, both p less than 0.05) and strongly related to the PaO2 (r = 0.60; p less than 0.001). When patients were classified as bronchitic or emphysematous according to clinical, roentgenologic and biological criteria, the correlations above were found to be higher for bronchitics. In patients with chronic bronchitis with severe obstruction a very good estimation of PaCO2 is possible from PaO2: PaCO2 = 75.8-0.44 PaO2 (SEE 0.4 MM Hg).", "PMID": 515533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10959", "title": "Oxitropium bromide, a new anticholinergic drug, in a dose-response and placebo comparison in obstructive airway diseases.", "content": "12 patients with obstructive airway diseases took part in a double-blind study in which 0.02 and 0.2 mg of Ba 253 as metered aerosols were compared with a placebo. Both doses of Ba 253 elicited a significant fall of mean total airway resistance compared to the placebo, and this fall was still discernible even 8 h after inhalation. Under the higher dose, the maximum response was significantly greater and it occurred about 2 h after inhalation; the response was still significantly more pronounced 8 h after inhalation. There was no objective evidence of local or systemic side effects attributable to a vagus-blocking effect. In the light of published reports and our own experience, when Ba 253 is inhaled in the stated doses it appears to be equivalent to ipratropium bromide as regards potency, duration of action, tolerance and therapeutic safety margin.", "contents": "Oxitropium bromide, a new anticholinergic drug, in a dose-response and placebo comparison in obstructive airway diseases. 12 patients with obstructive airway diseases took part in a double-blind study in which 0.02 and 0.2 mg of Ba 253 as metered aerosols were compared with a placebo. Both doses of Ba 253 elicited a significant fall of mean total airway resistance compared to the placebo, and this fall was still discernible even 8 h after inhalation. Under the higher dose, the maximum response was significantly greater and it occurred about 2 h after inhalation; the response was still significantly more pronounced 8 h after inhalation. There was no objective evidence of local or systemic side effects attributable to a vagus-blocking effect. In the light of published reports and our own experience, when Ba 253 is inhaled in the stated doses it appears to be equivalent to ipratropium bromide as regards potency, duration of action, tolerance and therapeutic safety margin.", "PMID": 515535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10960", "title": "Functional evaluation of a physical rehabilitation program including breathing exercises and bicycle training in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "20 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were submitted to a 6-month rehabilitation program including breathing exercises only (A) or coupled with bicycle training (B). Functional results obtained at rest were the following: for A: nonsignificant changes in FRC, RV, FEV1, Raw, Pa O2, pH, Pp, VO2 max SL but significant changes (p less than 0.05)for TLC (+ 214 cm3), VC (+ 171 cm3), DL CO (+ 1.79 ml), Pa CO2 (-2.9 mm Hg). For B: similar changes as for A with additional significant changes in PaO2 (+ 7.4 mm Hg) VO2 max SL (+ 250 ml) and Pp (-4 mm Hg). These results, although minimal, are attributed to improved respiratory muscle strength and improved alveolar ventilation. Exercise training adds an increased ability to sustain higher loads.", "contents": "Functional evaluation of a physical rehabilitation program including breathing exercises and bicycle training in chronic obstructive lung disease. 20 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were submitted to a 6-month rehabilitation program including breathing exercises only (A) or coupled with bicycle training (B). Functional results obtained at rest were the following: for A: nonsignificant changes in FRC, RV, FEV1, Raw, Pa O2, pH, Pp, VO2 max SL but significant changes (p less than 0.05)for TLC (+ 214 cm3), VC (+ 171 cm3), DL CO (+ 1.79 ml), Pa CO2 (-2.9 mm Hg). For B: similar changes as for A with additional significant changes in PaO2 (+ 7.4 mm Hg) VO2 max SL (+ 250 ml) and Pp (-4 mm Hg). These results, although minimal, are attributed to improved respiratory muscle strength and improved alveolar ventilation. Exercise training adds an increased ability to sustain higher loads.", "PMID": 515531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10961", "title": "Relationship of static respiratory muscle pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation in normal subjects.", "content": "40 normal subjects performed spirometry, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and tests of static inspiratory (Pi max) and expiratory (Pe max) respiratory muscle pressure. Forced expiratory volumes in 0.5 (FEV0.5), in 0.75 (FEV0.75), and 1 sec (FEV1) correlated significantly with MVV (r = 0.805, 0.804, 0.779, respectively). When Pi max was considered as a second independent variable, the probability of predicting MVV from timed forced expiratory volumes was enhanced (r = 0.914, 0.900 and 0.872 for FEV0.5, FEV0.75, and FEV1, respectively). Statistical analysis indicated that multiple regression with Pi max was superior to regression with timed forced expiratory volume alone in the prediction of MVV. For any given FEV1, however, Pi max was widely dispersed (range: -60 to -200 cm H2O). MVV values, expressed as percentage difference between largest and smallest value, varied less than did Pi max. Pe max, vital capacity, height and age did not enhance the ability of timed forced expiratory volumes to predict MVV. These data indicate that while respiratory muscle strength is important for sustaining maximal ventilation, the MVV is not a sensitive indicator of respiratory muscle strength.", "contents": "Relationship of static respiratory muscle pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation in normal subjects. 40 normal subjects performed spirometry, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and tests of static inspiratory (Pi max) and expiratory (Pe max) respiratory muscle pressure. Forced expiratory volumes in 0.5 (FEV0.5), in 0.75 (FEV0.75), and 1 sec (FEV1) correlated significantly with MVV (r = 0.805, 0.804, 0.779, respectively). When Pi max was considered as a second independent variable, the probability of predicting MVV from timed forced expiratory volumes was enhanced (r = 0.914, 0.900 and 0.872 for FEV0.5, FEV0.75, and FEV1, respectively). Statistical analysis indicated that multiple regression with Pi max was superior to regression with timed forced expiratory volume alone in the prediction of MVV. For any given FEV1, however, Pi max was widely dispersed (range: -60 to -200 cm H2O). MVV values, expressed as percentage difference between largest and smallest value, varied less than did Pi max. Pe max, vital capacity, height and age did not enhance the ability of timed forced expiratory volumes to predict MVV. These data indicate that while respiratory muscle strength is important for sustaining maximal ventilation, the MVV is not a sensitive indicator of respiratory muscle strength.", "PMID": 515536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10962", "title": "Lung function in children with recurrent bronchitis.", "content": "Lung function was studied in 29 children suffering from recurrent bronchitis (average number of bronchitis attacks per year: 4.2 +/- 0.5). Most of them (73%) were 1--7 years old. The date of exploration in relation to the last acute bronchitis was on average 6 weeks. Lung mechanics, residual functional capacity, blood gases and regional lung function were measured. Most of the children were suffering from some kind of functional disorder; alteration of lung mechanics -- increase of lung resistance (22/29) decrease of dynamic compliance (15/23); increase of functional residual capacity (6/10), non specific bronchial hypersensitivity (12/17); regional ventilatory and perfusion malfunction. These functional disorders could be the first evidence of the bronchial lesions which cause chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults.", "contents": "Lung function in children with recurrent bronchitis. Lung function was studied in 29 children suffering from recurrent bronchitis (average number of bronchitis attacks per year: 4.2 +/- 0.5). Most of them (73%) were 1--7 years old. The date of exploration in relation to the last acute bronchitis was on average 6 weeks. Lung mechanics, residual functional capacity, blood gases and regional lung function were measured. Most of the children were suffering from some kind of functional disorder; alteration of lung mechanics -- increase of lung resistance (22/29) decrease of dynamic compliance (15/23); increase of functional residual capacity (6/10), non specific bronchial hypersensitivity (12/17); regional ventilatory and perfusion malfunction. These functional disorders could be the first evidence of the bronchial lesions which cause chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults.", "PMID": 515537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10963", "title": "Airway response in asthmatic children during and after exercise.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of moderate treadmill exercise on the airways of normal and asthmatic children using an effort-independent method (total respiratory resistance) as well as conventional pulmonary functions. Changes in total respiratory resistance (Rrs) were measured during and after exercise using a forced oscillation technique. Conventional spirometric (PEFR, FEV1 and MMEF) and body plethysmographic measurements (Raw, Vtg) were also determined before and after exercise. A rapid, signigicant decrease in Rrs, suggesting bronchodilation during exercise, was observed in both groups tested, but this decrease was greater in normal children than in asthmatic patients. The bronchodilation persisted throughout the exercise period in both the asthmatic and the normal children. Increasing the length of the exercise from 10 to 20 min did not alter the degree or the duration of exercise-induced bronchodilation. In both normal children and patients with bronchial asthma, during moderate treadmill exercice, a significant, persistent bronchodilation can be detected. At the end of exercise, bronchoconstriction developed in asthmatic patients, while the values in normal subjects returned to their preexercise levels.", "contents": "Airway response in asthmatic children during and after exercise. This study investigated the effect of moderate treadmill exercise on the airways of normal and asthmatic children using an effort-independent method (total respiratory resistance) as well as conventional pulmonary functions. Changes in total respiratory resistance (Rrs) were measured during and after exercise using a forced oscillation technique. Conventional spirometric (PEFR, FEV1 and MMEF) and body plethysmographic measurements (Raw, Vtg) were also determined before and after exercise. A rapid, signigicant decrease in Rrs, suggesting bronchodilation during exercise, was observed in both groups tested, but this decrease was greater in normal children than in asthmatic patients. The bronchodilation persisted throughout the exercise period in both the asthmatic and the normal children. Increasing the length of the exercise from 10 to 20 min did not alter the degree or the duration of exercise-induced bronchodilation. In both normal children and patients with bronchial asthma, during moderate treadmill exercice, a significant, persistent bronchodilation can be detected. At the end of exercise, bronchoconstriction developed in asthmatic patients, while the values in normal subjects returned to their preexercise levels.", "PMID": 515538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10964", "title": "[Occupational asthma and dermatitis after exposure to dusts of persulfate salts in two industrial workers (author's transl)].", "content": "Two workers developed dermatitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, and asthma after occupational exposure to dusts of persulfate salts. The causative role of the persulfate salts could be confirmed by case history, skin tests, occupational exposure tests and by removal of the 2 workers from their jobs. Patch tests produced late cutaneous reactions. Occupational exposure at the working place for 8 h resulted in each case in a pathological increase of airway resistance. Withdrawal from occupational exposure to persulfate salts resulted in recovery within a few days. Our results suggest that chemically irritative or toxic effects of persulfate salts play the predominant role in the pathogenesis of the reported cases.", "contents": "[Occupational asthma and dermatitis after exposure to dusts of persulfate salts in two industrial workers (author's transl)]. Two workers developed dermatitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, and asthma after occupational exposure to dusts of persulfate salts. The causative role of the persulfate salts could be confirmed by case history, skin tests, occupational exposure tests and by removal of the 2 workers from their jobs. Patch tests produced late cutaneous reactions. Occupational exposure at the working place for 8 h resulted in each case in a pathological increase of airway resistance. Withdrawal from occupational exposure to persulfate salts resulted in recovery within a few days. Our results suggest that chemically irritative or toxic effects of persulfate salts play the predominant role in the pathogenesis of the reported cases.", "PMID": 515539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10965", "title": "L\u00f6ffler's syndrome secondary to 'NTZ' nose drops: a self-limited illness.", "content": "A case of L\u00f6ffler's syndrome is presented. Emphasis is placed on the association of an 'over the counter' medication with L\u00f6ffler's syndrome.", "contents": "L\u00f6ffler's syndrome secondary to 'NTZ' nose drops: a self-limited illness. A case of L\u00f6ffler's syndrome is presented. Emphasis is placed on the association of an 'over the counter' medication with L\u00f6ffler's syndrome.", "PMID": 515540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10966", "title": "Morphology and therapeutic chances of interstitial lung disease.", "content": "101 cases of idiopathic interstitial lung disease diagnosed by lung biopsy, were reviewed according to clinical and X-ray appearance and especially to their response to steroid therapy. Four morphological inflammatory reactions are distinguished: (1) alveolitis; (2) onion-like mesenchymal proliferation; (3) sarcoid-like lesions, and (4) lymphofollicular reactions. Especially type 1 and/or type 2 show immediate response to steroid therapy. Only a few cases showed spontaneous improvement. Once a fibrosis exists, a 'restitutio ad integrum' cannot be expected any where. From this group of idiopathic interstitial lung diseases the conclusion seems to be justified that also other types of interstitial lung reactions should be treated with steroids to avoid it turning into lung fibrosis.", "contents": "Morphology and therapeutic chances of interstitial lung disease. 101 cases of idiopathic interstitial lung disease diagnosed by lung biopsy, were reviewed according to clinical and X-ray appearance and especially to their response to steroid therapy. Four morphological inflammatory reactions are distinguished: (1) alveolitis; (2) onion-like mesenchymal proliferation; (3) sarcoid-like lesions, and (4) lymphofollicular reactions. Especially type 1 and/or type 2 show immediate response to steroid therapy. Only a few cases showed spontaneous improvement. Once a fibrosis exists, a 'restitutio ad integrum' cannot be expected any where. From this group of idiopathic interstitial lung diseases the conclusion seems to be justified that also other types of interstitial lung reactions should be treated with steroids to avoid it turning into lung fibrosis.", "PMID": 515541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10967", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with fanconi's anemia.", "content": "A 16-year old patient with Fanconi's anemia developed pre-leukemia and pulmonary infiltration which was found upon autopsy to be pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The question whether the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was due to the marked leukopenia and an eventual defective phagocytic ability of the leukocytes is raised.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with fanconi's anemia. A 16-year old patient with Fanconi's anemia developed pre-leukemia and pulmonary infiltration which was found upon autopsy to be pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The question whether the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was due to the marked leukopenia and an eventual defective phagocytic ability of the leukocytes is raised.", "PMID": 515542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10968", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the lung secreting alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "A 42-year old male was found to have adenocarcinoma of the lung and very high serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The clinical course and autopsy excluded the possibility that the enzyme elevation was due to liver or bone metastases, which is the most common cause for such a phenomenon. It was proven that the tumor secreted the alkaline phosphatase, and that the latter could serve as a marker of its recidivation. Although the phenomenon of tumors secreting alkaline phosphatase is not new, including some types of lung carcinomas (such as squamous cell and epidermoid), it is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time adenocarcinoma of the lung was found to secrete the enzyme.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the lung secreting alkaline phosphatase. A 42-year old male was found to have adenocarcinoma of the lung and very high serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The clinical course and autopsy excluded the possibility that the enzyme elevation was due to liver or bone metastases, which is the most common cause for such a phenomenon. It was proven that the tumor secreted the alkaline phosphatase, and that the latter could serve as a marker of its recidivation. Although the phenomenon of tumors secreting alkaline phosphatase is not new, including some types of lung carcinomas (such as squamous cell and epidermoid), it is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time adenocarcinoma of the lung was found to secrete the enzyme.", "PMID": 515543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10969", "title": "Water-vapor conductance of testudinian and crocodilian eggs (class reptilia).", "content": "Flexible-shelled eggs of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) have conductances to water vapor that are 55 times higher than predicted for avian eggs of similar size, whereas rigid-shelled eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) and American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) have conductances that are only five times higher than expected for comparable eggs of birds. The differences between empirical and predicted values result from the much higher effective pore areas in reptilian eggshells than in those of birds. The relatively high porosities of these reptilian eggs presumably facilitate the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide eggshells in later stages of incubation when air trapped inside nest chambers may become hypoxic and hypercapnic, yet seem not to lead to excessive transpiration of water vapor owing to the high humidities in nests where incubation occurs.", "contents": "Water-vapor conductance of testudinian and crocodilian eggs (class reptilia). Flexible-shelled eggs of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) have conductances to water vapor that are 55 times higher than predicted for avian eggs of similar size, whereas rigid-shelled eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) and American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) have conductances that are only five times higher than expected for comparable eggs of birds. The differences between empirical and predicted values result from the much higher effective pore areas in reptilian eggshells than in those of birds. The relatively high porosities of these reptilian eggs presumably facilitate the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide eggshells in later stages of incubation when air trapped inside nest chambers may become hypoxic and hypercapnic, yet seem not to lead to excessive transpiration of water vapor owing to the high humidities in nests where incubation occurs.", "PMID": 515558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10970", "title": "Lung compliance and cholesterol during stellate ganglion stimulation.", "content": "The relationships between lung compliance, surface tension, and cholesterol during stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system were studied in 28 cats. Cats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrocholoride, injected with one of five sympathetic blocking agents or inhibitors and injected with isoprotenol. The left stellate ganglion was then stimulated electrically for 5 min. We found that stimulation decreased lung compliance and increased the surface tension and the cholesterol concentration in the lung wash fluid. Alpha blockers (phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine) and catecholamine inhibitors (reserpine and guanethidine) prevented these changes, but the beta blocker practolol did not. In additional experiments airway resistance, functional residual capacity and lung weights did not change during stellate stimulation. The results from the present study suggest that stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in decreased lung compliance with an increased surface tension and cholesterol in lung wash fluid.", "contents": "Lung compliance and cholesterol during stellate ganglion stimulation. The relationships between lung compliance, surface tension, and cholesterol during stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system were studied in 28 cats. Cats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrocholoride, injected with one of five sympathetic blocking agents or inhibitors and injected with isoprotenol. The left stellate ganglion was then stimulated electrically for 5 min. We found that stimulation decreased lung compliance and increased the surface tension and the cholesterol concentration in the lung wash fluid. Alpha blockers (phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine) and catecholamine inhibitors (reserpine and guanethidine) prevented these changes, but the beta blocker practolol did not. In additional experiments airway resistance, functional residual capacity and lung weights did not change during stellate stimulation. The results from the present study suggest that stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in decreased lung compliance with an increased surface tension and cholesterol in lung wash fluid.", "PMID": 515559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10971", "title": "Measurement of the distensibility of the parabronchi in duck lungs.", "content": "Air flow resistance in the parabronchial lung of the duck was measured at various pressure differences between the lung and the body surface (Prs) using a body plethysmograph. One lung of the anesthetized animal was ventilated at a steady flow rate, from trachea, through the parabronchial lung, and out via a cannula in the caudal thoracic air sac (Tr leads to CS flow), or vice versa (CS leads to Tr flow), all flow being directed over the parabronchi (Pb) by blocking the main bronchus between the medioventral (MV) and mediodorsal secondary bronchi (MD). Pressure differences were measured between MV and MD (Ptot), and between the clavicular air sac and MD giving the pressure drop along the parabronchial tubes (PPb). The pressure drop along MV, PVb, was derived as Ptot-PPb. Air flow resistances, Rtot, RPb, RVb, were calculated from the ratio of the corresponding pressure difference to the flow rate. Results show: (1) All resistances decreased with increasing distending pressure (Prs) from -20 to +20 cm H2O this change being most pronounced around Prs = 0; (2) The flow resistance of these structures depended on the flow direction, being smaller with Tr leads to CS flow during distension than in the opposite direction; (3) Arterial blood gases did not significantly change with varying distending pressure, suggesting unimpaired gas exchange even when the lung is significantly compressed. The results indicate that the parabronchi and the secondary bronchi of the duck lung have a finite compliance but that changes in intrapulmonary pressure, compression of the lung, do not result in significant collapse of the air capillaries with ensuing impairment of gas exchange.", "contents": "Measurement of the distensibility of the parabronchi in duck lungs. Air flow resistance in the parabronchial lung of the duck was measured at various pressure differences between the lung and the body surface (Prs) using a body plethysmograph. One lung of the anesthetized animal was ventilated at a steady flow rate, from trachea, through the parabronchial lung, and out via a cannula in the caudal thoracic air sac (Tr leads to CS flow), or vice versa (CS leads to Tr flow), all flow being directed over the parabronchi (Pb) by blocking the main bronchus between the medioventral (MV) and mediodorsal secondary bronchi (MD). Pressure differences were measured between MV and MD (Ptot), and between the clavicular air sac and MD giving the pressure drop along the parabronchial tubes (PPb). The pressure drop along MV, PVb, was derived as Ptot-PPb. Air flow resistances, Rtot, RPb, RVb, were calculated from the ratio of the corresponding pressure difference to the flow rate. Results show: (1) All resistances decreased with increasing distending pressure (Prs) from -20 to +20 cm H2O this change being most pronounced around Prs = 0; (2) The flow resistance of these structures depended on the flow direction, being smaller with Tr leads to CS flow during distension than in the opposite direction; (3) Arterial blood gases did not significantly change with varying distending pressure, suggesting unimpaired gas exchange even when the lung is significantly compressed. The results indicate that the parabronchi and the secondary bronchi of the duck lung have a finite compliance but that changes in intrapulmonary pressure, compression of the lung, do not result in significant collapse of the air capillaries with ensuing impairment of gas exchange.", "PMID": 515560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10972", "title": "Pentobarbital-induced apneusis in intact, vagotomized, and pneumotaxic-lesioned cats.", "content": "While recording several respiratory parameters, sodium pentobarbital (PB) was infused into the inferior vena cava of spontaneously breathing, PB anesthetized cats. Three cat groups were investigated: intact control (group A); vagotomized (group B); pneumotaxic center-lesioned (group C). With a few exceptions, all cats developed PB-induced inspiratory apneusis. Groups B and C exhibited 10-sec inspiratory hold pattern at significantly lower PB levels than group A cats. All groups developed apnea at different PB levels. Ventilation was consistently depressed, predominantly by breathing frequently attenuation. Tidal volume remained comparable to control, but decreased in vagotomized cats at high PB levels. These results are interpreted to signify that (1) inspiratory inhibitory inputs are more susceptible to depression by PB than inspiratory drive mechanisms; (2) the breathing pattern of apneusis results when summed inspiratory inhibition is reduced below a critical minimum level; (3) vagal and pneumotaxic center inhibitions on inspiration are equally weighted at apneusis, but not at apnea. These results are further discussed in terms of the inspiratory off-switch model. A possible model of Biot respiration is also introduced.", "contents": "Pentobarbital-induced apneusis in intact, vagotomized, and pneumotaxic-lesioned cats. While recording several respiratory parameters, sodium pentobarbital (PB) was infused into the inferior vena cava of spontaneously breathing, PB anesthetized cats. Three cat groups were investigated: intact control (group A); vagotomized (group B); pneumotaxic center-lesioned (group C). With a few exceptions, all cats developed PB-induced inspiratory apneusis. Groups B and C exhibited 10-sec inspiratory hold pattern at significantly lower PB levels than group A cats. All groups developed apnea at different PB levels. Ventilation was consistently depressed, predominantly by breathing frequently attenuation. Tidal volume remained comparable to control, but decreased in vagotomized cats at high PB levels. These results are interpreted to signify that (1) inspiratory inhibitory inputs are more susceptible to depression by PB than inspiratory drive mechanisms; (2) the breathing pattern of apneusis results when summed inspiratory inhibition is reduced below a critical minimum level; (3) vagal and pneumotaxic center inhibitions on inspiration are equally weighted at apneusis, but not at apnea. These results are further discussed in terms of the inspiratory off-switch model. A possible model of Biot respiration is also introduced.", "PMID": 515561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10973", "title": "Reflex stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors and the role of vascular receptors.", "content": "Impulses were recorded in single afferent fibres of aortic chemoreceptors of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. As expected raising the blood pressure (BP) passively by occluding the abdominal aorta, consistently reduced or abolished the activity of the chemoreceptors. This reduction persisted for as long as the BP remained high. Stimulating the sensory receptors of the small intestines increased the activity of 10 aortic chemoreceptors. The increased activity persisted after bilateral adrenalectomy but it was abolished by blocking the nerves of the mesentery with xylocaine. The increased activity was noteworthy because it occurred in spite of the rise in blood pressure (that always occurred when the intestines were squeezed) which by itself would tend to reduce the activity of the chemoreceptors. It was concluded that stimulating the intestinal receptors produces a reflex increase in the activity of aortic chemoreceptors by causing a reduction of glomeral blood flow through impulses in the sympathetic fibres.", "contents": "Reflex stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors and the role of vascular receptors. Impulses were recorded in single afferent fibres of aortic chemoreceptors of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. As expected raising the blood pressure (BP) passively by occluding the abdominal aorta, consistently reduced or abolished the activity of the chemoreceptors. This reduction persisted for as long as the BP remained high. Stimulating the sensory receptors of the small intestines increased the activity of 10 aortic chemoreceptors. The increased activity persisted after bilateral adrenalectomy but it was abolished by blocking the nerves of the mesentery with xylocaine. The increased activity was noteworthy because it occurred in spite of the rise in blood pressure (that always occurred when the intestines were squeezed) which by itself would tend to reduce the activity of the chemoreceptors. It was concluded that stimulating the intestinal receptors produces a reflex increase in the activity of aortic chemoreceptors by causing a reduction of glomeral blood flow through impulses in the sympathetic fibres.", "PMID": 515562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10974", "title": "Ventilatory response to inspired CO2 in the sea turtle: effects of body size and temperature.", "content": "The ventilatory response of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) to inspired CO2 was tested. Both immature (0.9--1.35 kg) and adult (59--130 kg) animals responded with increased ventilation (VE) that was primarily (immature) or exclusively (adult) due to increased respiratory frequency. The VE of the immature turtles while breathing air increased with temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees C with a Q10 of 1.95, but the peak VE of these turtles while breathing 4.5% CO2 in air was not significantly different at 15, 25 or 35 degrees C. VE increased irregularly with time throughout an hour of CO2 breathing in both groups, although several of the adult animals exhibited a first-breath response to CO2 and all animals increased VE within 5 min after the onset of CO2 breathing. The VE of an immature turtle at 35 degrees C increased with graded increases in CO2 up to 6%, but at 15 and 25 degrees C VE increased only up to 4.5% and decreased with 6% CO2. The results are discussed in terms of possible receptor mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to inspired CO2 in the sea turtle: effects of body size and temperature. The ventilatory response of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) to inspired CO2 was tested. Both immature (0.9--1.35 kg) and adult (59--130 kg) animals responded with increased ventilation (VE) that was primarily (immature) or exclusively (adult) due to increased respiratory frequency. The VE of the immature turtles while breathing air increased with temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees C with a Q10 of 1.95, but the peak VE of these turtles while breathing 4.5% CO2 in air was not significantly different at 15, 25 or 35 degrees C. VE increased irregularly with time throughout an hour of CO2 breathing in both groups, although several of the adult animals exhibited a first-breath response to CO2 and all animals increased VE within 5 min after the onset of CO2 breathing. The VE of an immature turtle at 35 degrees C increased with graded increases in CO2 up to 6%, but at 15 and 25 degrees C VE increased only up to 4.5% and decreased with 6% CO2. The results are discussed in terms of possible receptor mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 515563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10975", "title": "Cardiorespiratory responses to sudden release of circulatory occlusion during exercise.", "content": "Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were measured during and after release of pressure in thigh cuffs which occluded circulation to the legs of four human subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer. The subjects exercised at 200 kg/min while thigh cuffs were inflated for 4 min and then released. Responses from 6 to 8 identical experiments were ensemble averaged so the precise timing of delays could be obtained. Five to ten seconds following cuff release, end-tidal CO2 increased, marking arrival of the trapped blood at the lungs. Ten to eighteen seconds after this increase in end-tidal CO2, ventilation, respiratory rate and tidal volume increased. This delay in ventilation must have resulted in an increase in arterial PCO2 and suggests that arterial chemoreceptors mediated the responses, and that no venous chemoreceptors or CO2-flux or disequilibrium receptors in the lung need be postulated.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory responses to sudden release of circulatory occlusion during exercise. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were measured during and after release of pressure in thigh cuffs which occluded circulation to the legs of four human subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer. The subjects exercised at 200 kg/min while thigh cuffs were inflated for 4 min and then released. Responses from 6 to 8 identical experiments were ensemble averaged so the precise timing of delays could be obtained. Five to ten seconds following cuff release, end-tidal CO2 increased, marking arrival of the trapped blood at the lungs. Ten to eighteen seconds after this increase in end-tidal CO2, ventilation, respiratory rate and tidal volume increased. This delay in ventilation must have resulted in an increase in arterial PCO2 and suggests that arterial chemoreceptors mediated the responses, and that no venous chemoreceptors or CO2-flux or disequilibrium receptors in the lung need be postulated.", "PMID": 515564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10976", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic contributions to sustained activity in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "In conditions of declining water PO2, Xenopus obtains the majority of resting oxygen needs from lung breathing at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C. The critical oxygen tension was 120 +/- 9 mm Hg at 15 degrees C, and 90 +/- 10 mm Hg at 25 degrees C. During 30 min stimulation of activity to complete exhaustion at 15 degrees C, frogs exhibited an aerobic capacity of 1.7 microliter O2.g-1.h-1 and accumulated 2.22 mg lactate . g-1. Following activity these animals exhibited an oxygen debt of 49.2 microliter O2.g-1. At 25 degrees C, Xenopus had an aerobic capacity of 16.1 microliter O2.g-1 and accumulated 1.94 mg lactate . g-1. Following activity, 25 degrees C frogs exhibited an oxygen debt of 261.9 microliter O2.g-1. Thus at 15 degrees C, Xenopus acquires 85% of the ATP used during a bout of sustained exhaustive activity from anaerobic sources, and 98% at 25 degrees C. Recovery from exhaustive activity was complete after 5 h at 25 degrees C and 9 h at 15 degrees C. Comparison of these data with those of other amphibians stimulated to sustained activity suggests that aquatic amphibians can tolerate a larger lactate load than can terrestrial forms.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic contributions to sustained activity in Xenopus laevis. In conditions of declining water PO2, Xenopus obtains the majority of resting oxygen needs from lung breathing at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C. The critical oxygen tension was 120 +/- 9 mm Hg at 15 degrees C, and 90 +/- 10 mm Hg at 25 degrees C. During 30 min stimulation of activity to complete exhaustion at 15 degrees C, frogs exhibited an aerobic capacity of 1.7 microliter O2.g-1.h-1 and accumulated 2.22 mg lactate . g-1. Following activity these animals exhibited an oxygen debt of 49.2 microliter O2.g-1. At 25 degrees C, Xenopus had an aerobic capacity of 16.1 microliter O2.g-1 and accumulated 1.94 mg lactate . g-1. Following activity, 25 degrees C frogs exhibited an oxygen debt of 261.9 microliter O2.g-1. Thus at 15 degrees C, Xenopus acquires 85% of the ATP used during a bout of sustained exhaustive activity from anaerobic sources, and 98% at 25 degrees C. Recovery from exhaustive activity was complete after 5 h at 25 degrees C and 9 h at 15 degrees C. Comparison of these data with those of other amphibians stimulated to sustained activity suggests that aquatic amphibians can tolerate a larger lactate load than can terrestrial forms.", "PMID": 515565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10977", "title": "Elbow joint forces in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Whilst developing an elbow endoprosthesis, the joint forces were estimated for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Elbow flexion strength of rheumatoid patients was found to be 45% of normal. Muscle strengths and limb geometry data were found by a dissection technique, which allowed joint forces to be calculated during flexion, extension and abduction efforts. Forces up to 2.4 kN were predicted to act on the distal humerus, with similar forces acting in both radius and ulna. The skeletal structure is well adapted to carry the predicted forces, and onlay-type prostheses are recommended for elbow replacement.", "contents": "Elbow joint forces in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Whilst developing an elbow endoprosthesis, the joint forces were estimated for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Elbow flexion strength of rheumatoid patients was found to be 45% of normal. Muscle strengths and limb geometry data were found by a dissection technique, which allowed joint forces to be calculated during flexion, extension and abduction efforts. Forces up to 2.4 kN were predicted to act on the distal humerus, with similar forces acting in both radius and ulna. The skeletal structure is well adapted to carry the predicted forces, and onlay-type prostheses are recommended for elbow replacement.", "PMID": 515627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10978", "title": "The use of scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of traumatic foot lesions in ballet dancers.", "content": "In this paper we report the use of the technetium-99m diphosphonate bone scan in the diagnosis and management of traumatic bone lesions in the ballet dancer's foot. Nine illustrative case histories are given. We conclude that this is a useful technique particularly in the recognition of stress lesions not identified by conventional radiography.", "contents": "The use of scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of traumatic foot lesions in ballet dancers. In this paper we report the use of the technetium-99m diphosphonate bone scan in the diagnosis and management of traumatic bone lesions in the ballet dancer's foot. Nine illustrative case histories are given. We conclude that this is a useful technique particularly in the recognition of stress lesions not identified by conventional radiography.", "PMID": 515628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10979", "title": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: a family study.", "content": "Three generations of a single family exhibited evidence of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The distribution of involvement was entirely consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The family was characterized by premature osteoarthrosis of the hips developing in adolescence or early adulthood. In most patients there were no obvious signs of an underlying anomaly and the diagnosis was not recognized for a long time. Eventual diagnosis of the disorder allowed easy genetic counselling.", "contents": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: a family study. Three generations of a single family exhibited evidence of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The distribution of involvement was entirely consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The family was characterized by premature osteoarthrosis of the hips developing in adolescence or early adulthood. In most patients there were no obvious signs of an underlying anomaly and the diagnosis was not recognized for a long time. Eventual diagnosis of the disorder allowed easy genetic counselling.", "PMID": 515629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10980", "title": "[Technical factors, quality control, relevance of doctor's statements (author's transl)].", "content": "The correct description and classification of an x-ray film finding can be of vital importance to the patient. We must, therefore, always remain conscious of our responsibility. This responsibility can be discharged only via maximum quality and precision of performance.", "contents": "[Technical factors, quality control, relevance of doctor's statements (author's transl)]. The correct description and classification of an x-ray film finding can be of vital importance to the patient. We must, therefore, always remain conscious of our responsibility. This responsibility can be discharged only via maximum quality and precision of performance.", "PMID": 515649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10981", "title": "[Quality criteria - urography (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of urography is discussed on the basis of the pharmacokinetics of contrast media with easy renal passage. The quality characteristics of a technically good urogram are defined. The factors influencing the quality of this method of examination are discussed.", "contents": "[Quality criteria - urography (author's transl)]. The technique of urography is discussed on the basis of the pharmacokinetics of contrast media with easy renal passage. The quality characteristics of a technically good urogram are defined. The factors influencing the quality of this method of examination are discussed.", "PMID": 515650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10982", "title": "[Quality criteria in Mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Definite quality criteria must be observed to achieve optimum diagnostic success in mammography. These criteria refer to the apparatus, film, development of film, method and interpretation of findings. Cooperation with a mamma centre is discussed in case extended diagnosis of breast findings is required, or in case it becomes necessary to mark any non-palpable changes.", "contents": "[Quality criteria in Mammography (author's transl)]. Definite quality criteria must be observed to achieve optimum diagnostic success in mammography. These criteria refer to the apparatus, film, development of film, method and interpretation of findings. Cooperation with a mamma centre is discussed in case extended diagnosis of breast findings is required, or in case it becomes necessary to mark any non-palpable changes.", "PMID": 515651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10983", "title": "[67Ga scintigraphy as an aid in the differentiation of fibrosis and granulomatosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gallium scintigraphy enables the following statements: 1. It is possible to establish the existence of an active granulomatosis both in the acute and in the chronic stage I, as well as the granulomatous pulmonary infiltration of stage II. 2. A therapy-induced or spontaneous regression of granulomatosis is associated with a reduced and later on absent deposition of 67Ga. 3. Signs of fibrosis visible on x-ray film do not exclude the continued presence of granulomatous pulmonary infiltrations. Such a granulomatosis can progress and thus produce further fibrosing and hence functional disorders up to the development of pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale.) It follows from this that in such cases corticoid treatment must be continued or resumed. 4. Reduced or no longer apparent storage of 67Ga under therapy does not represent a safeguard against relapse. X-ray controls chould be performed after discontinuation of corticoid therapy in order to discover, if any, discrete signs of recurring granulomatosis. In such cases, gallium scintigraphy can clearly show the revival of granulomatosis. 5. In our opinion, gallium scintigraphy is mandatory in all pulmonary affections.", "contents": "[67Ga scintigraphy as an aid in the differentiation of fibrosis and granulomatosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Gallium scintigraphy enables the following statements: 1. It is possible to establish the existence of an active granulomatosis both in the acute and in the chronic stage I, as well as the granulomatous pulmonary infiltration of stage II. 2. A therapy-induced or spontaneous regression of granulomatosis is associated with a reduced and later on absent deposition of 67Ga. 3. Signs of fibrosis visible on x-ray film do not exclude the continued presence of granulomatous pulmonary infiltrations. Such a granulomatosis can progress and thus produce further fibrosing and hence functional disorders up to the development of pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale.) It follows from this that in such cases corticoid treatment must be continued or resumed. 4. Reduced or no longer apparent storage of 67Ga under therapy does not represent a safeguard against relapse. X-ray controls chould be performed after discontinuation of corticoid therapy in order to discover, if any, discrete signs of recurring granulomatosis. In such cases, gallium scintigraphy can clearly show the revival of granulomatosis. 5. In our opinion, gallium scintigraphy is mandatory in all pulmonary affections.", "PMID": 515652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10984", "title": "[Radioisotopic methods of diagnosis in pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary profusion scintigraphy is a simple, noninvasive and low-cost method for identifying acute pulmonary embolism. Although the method is highly sensitive, it is relatively non-specific, so that final assessment must include history, clinical findings and plain roentgenography of the thorax. Pulmonary scintigraphy is indicated whenever acute pulmonary embolism is suspected, on account of the therapeutic consequences resulting therefrom, in all cases where clinical findings and basic diagnosis cannot definitely establish the disease. It must not, however, be considered as an alternative to angiography of the pulmonary artery; as a matter of fact, it should be employed early and frequently in view of the high percentage of undiagnosed embolism of the lungs during the patients' lifetime.", "contents": "[Radioisotopic methods of diagnosis in pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. Pulmonary profusion scintigraphy is a simple, noninvasive and low-cost method for identifying acute pulmonary embolism. Although the method is highly sensitive, it is relatively non-specific, so that final assessment must include history, clinical findings and plain roentgenography of the thorax. Pulmonary scintigraphy is indicated whenever acute pulmonary embolism is suspected, on account of the therapeutic consequences resulting therefrom, in all cases where clinical findings and basic diagnosis cannot definitely establish the disease. It must not, however, be considered as an alternative to angiography of the pulmonary artery; as a matter of fact, it should be employed early and frequently in view of the high percentage of undiagnosed embolism of the lungs during the patients' lifetime.", "PMID": 515653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10985", "title": "[Sonographic structural analysis of circumscribed organ processes--possibilities and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "For the clinical examination three sonographic patterns - cystic, solid and mixed - are defined. Using 8 characteristics cases the difficulties of structure analysis are discussed and the problems involved in recognizing the mixed pattern are explained.", "contents": "[Sonographic structural analysis of circumscribed organ processes--possibilities and limitations (author's transl)]. For the clinical examination three sonographic patterns - cystic, solid and mixed - are defined. Using 8 characteristics cases the difficulties of structure analysis are discussed and the problems involved in recognizing the mixed pattern are explained.", "PMID": 515656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10986", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of haemoptysis with particular reference to angiomas of the bronchial arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "It is hardly ever assumed that pulmonary bleeding can be due to the presence of angioma racemosum arteriovenosum. This is not only because it is relatively rare, but also because it cannot be visualised in conventional x-ray films of the lung. It is also not accessible to more detailed and invasive lung diagnosis. Definite confirmation is only possible via selective bronchial arteriography, which is too rarely applied during diagnostic differentiation. The authors observed angioma racemosum arteriovenosum in seven out of 47 patients in whom angiography had been performed after single or repeated haemoptysis; in six of these patients, the angioma was removed by surgery. Bronchial arteriography not only enables visualisation of the characteristic vascular patterns, but also to differentiate this disease against other pulmonary disorders which may also be responsible for the occurrence of haemoptysis. Furthermore, the angiogram enables exact determination of the extension and localisation of the angioma, this being an important prerequisite of successful thoracosurgery.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of haemoptysis with particular reference to angiomas of the bronchial arteries (author's transl)]. It is hardly ever assumed that pulmonary bleeding can be due to the presence of angioma racemosum arteriovenosum. This is not only because it is relatively rare, but also because it cannot be visualised in conventional x-ray films of the lung. It is also not accessible to more detailed and invasive lung diagnosis. Definite confirmation is only possible via selective bronchial arteriography, which is too rarely applied during diagnostic differentiation. The authors observed angioma racemosum arteriovenosum in seven out of 47 patients in whom angiography had been performed after single or repeated haemoptysis; in six of these patients, the angioma was removed by surgery. Bronchial arteriography not only enables visualisation of the characteristic vascular patterns, but also to differentiate this disease against other pulmonary disorders which may also be responsible for the occurrence of haemoptysis. Furthermore, the angiogram enables exact determination of the extension and localisation of the angioma, this being an important prerequisite of successful thoracosurgery.", "PMID": 515657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10987", "title": "[The role of angiography in the diagnosis of chronic compression damage of the plexus brachialis (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on two cases of chronic compression of the plexus brachialis in the presence of osseous and vascular anomalies. The importance of selective angiography of the truncus brachiocephalicus or the a. subclavia for diagnosis and for selecting the most suitable therapeutic procedure, is emphasised.", "contents": "[The role of angiography in the diagnosis of chronic compression damage of the plexus brachialis (author's transl)]. The article reports on two cases of chronic compression of the plexus brachialis in the presence of osseous and vascular anomalies. The importance of selective angiography of the truncus brachiocephalicus or the a. subclavia for diagnosis and for selecting the most suitable therapeutic procedure, is emphasised.", "PMID": 515658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10988", "title": "[Alleviation of pain via lidocain in peripheral arteriography. Further experiences (author's transl)].", "content": "On comparing an ionic contrast medium with a contrast medium containing one or two mg Lidocain/ml contrast medium, the one with the higher Lidocain addition was found to be most effective in respect of pain alleviation. The feeling of flush could not be favourably influenced. The use of a higher dose of Lidocain in the contrast medium may involve more pronounced circulatory reactions, such as drop in blood pressure and enhanced pulse rate. Besides, the rate of side effects compared with the use of the pure contrast medium and contrast medium with one mg Lidocain/ml CM will be increased. For this reason, it is not recommended to add more than 1 mg/ml Lidocain to the contrast medium. In most cases, repeat examinations can be effected without any risk with 1 mg Lidocain/ml contrast medium. No absolute contraindications were found in the application to outpatients and risk patients. Relative contraindication exists in patients with bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia. Following preliminary injection of a vasodilatory substance, the Lidocain/contrast medium mixture is well suited for arteriography in the arm.", "contents": "[Alleviation of pain via lidocain in peripheral arteriography. Further experiences (author's transl)]. On comparing an ionic contrast medium with a contrast medium containing one or two mg Lidocain/ml contrast medium, the one with the higher Lidocain addition was found to be most effective in respect of pain alleviation. The feeling of flush could not be favourably influenced. The use of a higher dose of Lidocain in the contrast medium may involve more pronounced circulatory reactions, such as drop in blood pressure and enhanced pulse rate. Besides, the rate of side effects compared with the use of the pure contrast medium and contrast medium with one mg Lidocain/ml CM will be increased. For this reason, it is not recommended to add more than 1 mg/ml Lidocain to the contrast medium. In most cases, repeat examinations can be effected without any risk with 1 mg Lidocain/ml contrast medium. No absolute contraindications were found in the application to outpatients and risk patients. Relative contraindication exists in patients with bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia. Following preliminary injection of a vasodilatory substance, the Lidocain/contrast medium mixture is well suited for arteriography in the arm.", "PMID": 515659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10989", "title": "[Phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The article discusses the limitations of conclusive information supplied by different phlebographic methods. Particular attention is drawn to the insufficient staining properties, partly of the deep veins of the lower leg, the vena femoralis profunda and gastrocnemius veins. When assessing the course of acute phlebothromboses, conclusive information on the extent of thrombus formation is limited in complete obstruction of deep veins as well as in the reformation of thrombi in vessels which have already undergone post-thrombotic changes. Observation of the valvular function can supply essential information on the extent of fibrinolytic effects. Besides the conventional phlebographic techniques, the article also explains methods for the visualisation of rare angiomatoses with osseous involvement, using transosseous pelvic phlebography.", "contents": "[Phlebography (author's transl)]. The article discusses the limitations of conclusive information supplied by different phlebographic methods. Particular attention is drawn to the insufficient staining properties, partly of the deep veins of the lower leg, the vena femoralis profunda and gastrocnemius veins. When assessing the course of acute phlebothromboses, conclusive information on the extent of thrombus formation is limited in complete obstruction of deep veins as well as in the reformation of thrombi in vessels which have already undergone post-thrombotic changes. Observation of the valvular function can supply essential information on the extent of fibrinolytic effects. Besides the conventional phlebographic techniques, the article also explains methods for the visualisation of rare angiomatoses with osseous involvement, using transosseous pelvic phlebography.", "PMID": 515660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10990", "title": "Acoustically evoked potential: dependence upon age.", "content": "The slow components of the potentials evoked acoustically by pure tones (1 kHz, 0 to 90 dB HL) were compared between two groups of subjects. All subjects of one group were 22 years old; the members of the other group had an average age of 63 years. The P2-latencies of the older subjects were significantly shorter for 60, 75 and 90 dB HL than those of the younger group. This finding was interpreted as a sign of a decreased efferent inhibition of several nuclei of the auditory pathway in the older subjects. No significant difference between the two groups could be found for the amplitudes (N1/P2), the exponent of the intensity function, or the latencies of P1 and N1.", "contents": "Acoustically evoked potential: dependence upon age. The slow components of the potentials evoked acoustically by pure tones (1 kHz, 0 to 90 dB HL) were compared between two groups of subjects. All subjects of one group were 22 years old; the members of the other group had an average age of 63 years. The P2-latencies of the older subjects were significantly shorter for 60, 75 and 90 dB HL than those of the younger group. This finding was interpreted as a sign of a decreased efferent inhibition of several nuclei of the auditory pathway in the older subjects. No significant difference between the two groups could be found for the amplitudes (N1/P2), the exponent of the intensity function, or the latencies of P1 and N1.", "PMID": 515678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10991", "title": "Critical bandwidth in patients with acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Eleven patients with verified acoustic neuroma had critical band estimation performed by the method of loudness summation using noise bands centered around 1 kHz. The normal loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise was reduced at all levels except the highest. Judged as single individuals, 9 of the 11 patients had a normal critical band. The pooled data indicated a normal critical band, both in patients with hearing loss less than 50 dB HL and in patients with hearing loss greater than or equal to 50 dB HL. The results are similar to those obtained in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease (Bonding, 1978c) and thus CB-measurements cannot be utilized for differentiating between cochlear and retrocochlear lesions. However, at the highest test levels applied the loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise appeared to have some correlation to the presence or absence of recruitment.", "contents": "Critical bandwidth in patients with acoustic neuroma. Eleven patients with verified acoustic neuroma had critical band estimation performed by the method of loudness summation using noise bands centered around 1 kHz. The normal loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise was reduced at all levels except the highest. Judged as single individuals, 9 of the 11 patients had a normal critical band. The pooled data indicated a normal critical band, both in patients with hearing loss less than 50 dB HL and in patients with hearing loss greater than or equal to 50 dB HL. The results are similar to those obtained in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease (Bonding, 1978c) and thus CB-measurements cannot be utilized for differentiating between cochlear and retrocochlear lesions. However, at the highest test levels applied the loudness difference between broad band noise and narrow band noise appeared to have some correlation to the presence or absence of recruitment.", "PMID": 515679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10992", "title": "Human auditory on- and off-potentials of the brainstem.", "content": "Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) elicited by bursts of white noise and 2 kHz sine waves were investigated in 3 subjects with normal hearing. The effects of Gaussian-shaped envelopes of varying half-width on the BAEP for stimulus on- and offset are demonstrated. The concept of \"virtual trigger time, amplitude or energy\" of the acoustic stimulus is proposed for an understanding of the effects of different envelope characteristics on the BAEP. Apart from potentials due to stimulus onset, we also found consistent potential changes after signal switch-off both for bursts of white noise and sinewaves. In the case of white noise these potentials appear to be related to a synchronized decrease in the firing rate of the cochlea and the auditory nerve. In the case of tone-bursts the potentials appear to be related to transient spectral components which elicit a new On-potential during acoustic stimulus offset.", "contents": "Human auditory on- and off-potentials of the brainstem. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) elicited by bursts of white noise and 2 kHz sine waves were investigated in 3 subjects with normal hearing. The effects of Gaussian-shaped envelopes of varying half-width on the BAEP for stimulus on- and offset are demonstrated. The concept of \"virtual trigger time, amplitude or energy\" of the acoustic stimulus is proposed for an understanding of the effects of different envelope characteristics on the BAEP. Apart from potentials due to stimulus onset, we also found consistent potential changes after signal switch-off both for bursts of white noise and sinewaves. In the case of white noise these potentials appear to be related to a synchronized decrease in the firing rate of the cochlea and the auditory nerve. In the case of tone-bursts the potentials appear to be related to transient spectral components which elicit a new On-potential during acoustic stimulus offset.", "PMID": 515680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10993", "title": "The effects of age upon the visual perception of speech.", "content": "A sample of 110 middle-aged and geriatric subjects (40 to 87 years) with normal hearing and vision was drawn from the general population in order to compare visual performance for consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and sentences. Results of this investigation revealed that, above 70, age was a factor affecting visual perception of syllables. Individuals above age 70 received the poorest speechreading scores and were inconsistent in viseme categorization. Results of a comparison of speechreading scores for sentences and syllables revealed a greater number of differences among sentences. Only individuals between 40 and 60 years of age received statistically similar mean scores when presented with common sentences. Finally, using a linear regression model, it was found that sentence speechreading performance could be accurately predicted from the CV syllable score within a range of accuracy of +/- 9.7%.", "contents": "The effects of age upon the visual perception of speech. A sample of 110 middle-aged and geriatric subjects (40 to 87 years) with normal hearing and vision was drawn from the general population in order to compare visual performance for consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and sentences. Results of this investigation revealed that, above 70, age was a factor affecting visual perception of syllables. Individuals above age 70 received the poorest speechreading scores and were inconsistent in viseme categorization. Results of a comparison of speechreading scores for sentences and syllables revealed a greater number of differences among sentences. Only individuals between 40 and 60 years of age received statistically similar mean scores when presented with common sentences. Finally, using a linear regression model, it was found that sentence speechreading performance could be accurately predicted from the CV syllable score within a range of accuracy of +/- 9.7%.", "PMID": 515681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10994", "title": "Aging and the use of hearing aids.", "content": "Elderly subjects with both peripheral and central auditory deficits perform less well with amplification than elderly subjects with peripheral deficits only. This decrease in aided performance remains after control for degree of sensitivity loss, absolute speech understanding score, and chronological age. Furthermore, females show greater central deficits and, consequently poorer aided performance, than males. We discuss the implications of these findings for the auditory rehabilitation of the elderly.", "contents": "Aging and the use of hearing aids. Elderly subjects with both peripheral and central auditory deficits perform less well with amplification than elderly subjects with peripheral deficits only. This decrease in aided performance remains after control for degree of sensitivity loss, absolute speech understanding score, and chronological age. Furthermore, females show greater central deficits and, consequently poorer aided performance, than males. We discuss the implications of these findings for the auditory rehabilitation of the elderly.", "PMID": 515682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10995", "title": "Critical bandwidth in presbycusis.", "content": "Twenty patients with presbycusis and a rather flat audiometric pattern had critical band estimation performed by the method of loudness summation, using noise bands centred around 1 kHz. The pooled data indicated a normal critical band both in patients with a hearing loss less than 50 dB HL and in patients with a hearing loss greater than or equal to 50 dB HL. The normal loudness difference between broad band and narrow band noise was reduced at all levels except the highest, giving rise to very flat CB functions. This reduction was more pronounced at the highest test levels in recruiting ears than in non-recruiting ears. A theory is suggested for parts of the anatomical and physiological correlate of the empirical phenomenon, the critical band.", "contents": "Critical bandwidth in presbycusis. Twenty patients with presbycusis and a rather flat audiometric pattern had critical band estimation performed by the method of loudness summation, using noise bands centred around 1 kHz. The pooled data indicated a normal critical band both in patients with a hearing loss less than 50 dB HL and in patients with a hearing loss greater than or equal to 50 dB HL. The normal loudness difference between broad band and narrow band noise was reduced at all levels except the highest, giving rise to very flat CB functions. This reduction was more pronounced at the highest test levels in recruiting ears than in non-recruiting ears. A theory is suggested for parts of the anatomical and physiological correlate of the empirical phenomenon, the critical band.", "PMID": 515683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10996", "title": "Frequency composition of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials.", "content": "It has been demonstrated by digital filtration and power spectra analysis that main energies of different components of human brain-stem auditory evoked potentials are concentrated in the following frequency bands: 400--1 000 Hz for waves I and II, 100--900 Hz for wave III, and 100--500 Hz for waves IV--VI. The data obtained are compared with those published in Scand Audiol by Terkildsen et al. (1975) and Elberling (1976).", "contents": "Frequency composition of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials. It has been demonstrated by digital filtration and power spectra analysis that main energies of different components of human brain-stem auditory evoked potentials are concentrated in the following frequency bands: 400--1 000 Hz for waves I and II, 100--900 Hz for wave III, and 100--500 Hz for waves IV--VI. The data obtained are compared with those published in Scand Audiol by Terkildsen et al. (1975) and Elberling (1976).", "PMID": 515684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10997", "title": "Counselling and its effect on hearing aid use.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine if subjects who received pre- and post-issue counselling made better use of their National Health Service body-worn hearing aids than those who received no counselling. Assessment was by both subjective and objective methods, the latter employing a small use-time measuring device concealed within the aid. The findings suggested that subjects issued with hearing aids in the conventional NHS manner used their hearing aids even less than indicated by previous studies and achieved a low competence in handling. Significantly better use was made of their aids by subjects given a moderate amount of counselling. These patients were also considerably more adept in handling their aids and achieved a greater reduction in social hearing handicap than the non-counselled patients.", "contents": "Counselling and its effect on hearing aid use. The objective of this study was to determine if subjects who received pre- and post-issue counselling made better use of their National Health Service body-worn hearing aids than those who received no counselling. Assessment was by both subjective and objective methods, the latter employing a small use-time measuring device concealed within the aid. The findings suggested that subjects issued with hearing aids in the conventional NHS manner used their hearing aids even less than indicated by previous studies and achieved a low competence in handling. Significantly better use was made of their aids by subjects given a moderate amount of counselling. These patients were also considerably more adept in handling their aids and achieved a greater reduction in social hearing handicap than the non-counselled patients.", "PMID": 515686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10998", "title": "An evaluation of the English language version of the social hearing handicap index.", "content": "It is widely acknowledged that standard clinical measures of hearing assessment can provide no more than a relative measure of social efficiency. A Danish language scale for self-assessment of hearing handicap has been reported both in terms of initial assessment, and of assessing response to rehabilitatory intervention. The English language version of this scale was included in a study on hearing handicap in a sample of adult native English speakers. The results essentially supported the claims of the authors but some reservations are noted.", "contents": "An evaluation of the English language version of the social hearing handicap index. It is widely acknowledged that standard clinical measures of hearing assessment can provide no more than a relative measure of social efficiency. A Danish language scale for self-assessment of hearing handicap has been reported both in terms of initial assessment, and of assessing response to rehabilitatory intervention. The English language version of this scale was included in a study on hearing handicap in a sample of adult native English speakers. The results essentially supported the claims of the authors but some reservations are noted.", "PMID": 515687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_10999", "title": "The correlation between negative middle ear pressure and the corresponding conductive hearing loss in children. A 12-month study of 352 unselected 7-year-old children.", "content": "An epidemiological study of negative middle ear pressure in children made it possible to test its relationship to conductive hearing loss. About 350 children were subjected to a screening procedure recording audiogram and middle ear pressure five times during a 12-month period. Those children who failed to perceive just one tone or who had a middle ear pressure equal to or worse than -150 mmH2O in one or both ears were referred to the Hearing Clinic for conventional audiometry and middle ear pressure measurement each month. By computing the weighted average of the regressions for each child, a straight linear relationship was found between negative pressure and conductive hearing loss. In addition, a frequency dependence was found, the hearing loss being maximal at about 500 Hz. In general, the study shows that tympanometry is of limited value in predicting hearing loss in a child. The threshold for pathology of about -150 mmH2O, being a predisposing factor in secretory otitis media, corresponds to the upper confidence limit of the normal range of hearing loss found in this series. There is no distinct value of negative pressure that clearly distinguishes between normal and pathological condition, but it is concluded that a middle ear pressure worse than -150 mmH2O should be considered a probable hearing handicap.", "contents": "The correlation between negative middle ear pressure and the corresponding conductive hearing loss in children. A 12-month study of 352 unselected 7-year-old children. An epidemiological study of negative middle ear pressure in children made it possible to test its relationship to conductive hearing loss. About 350 children were subjected to a screening procedure recording audiogram and middle ear pressure five times during a 12-month period. Those children who failed to perceive just one tone or who had a middle ear pressure equal to or worse than -150 mmH2O in one or both ears were referred to the Hearing Clinic for conventional audiometry and middle ear pressure measurement each month. By computing the weighted average of the regressions for each child, a straight linear relationship was found between negative pressure and conductive hearing loss. In addition, a frequency dependence was found, the hearing loss being maximal at about 500 Hz. In general, the study shows that tympanometry is of limited value in predicting hearing loss in a child. The threshold for pathology of about -150 mmH2O, being a predisposing factor in secretory otitis media, corresponds to the upper confidence limit of the normal range of hearing loss found in this series. There is no distinct value of negative pressure that clearly distinguishes between normal and pathological condition, but it is concluded that a middle ear pressure worse than -150 mmH2O should be considered a probable hearing handicap.", "PMID": 515688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11000", "title": "Programmable hearing aid with multichannel compression.", "content": "A portable programmable hearing aid with multichannel compression was constructed with three channels with two independently variable crossover frequencies. The compression knee-point and attenuation in each channel and the two crossover frequencies can be programmed from a separate programming unit. Speech discrimination for seven subjects with sensorineural hearing loss was evaluated, comparing each subject individually in three different cases--equalization, multichannel compression and the subject's own conventional hearing aid. Each subject wore each aid for about a week in his/her own environment and was then tested. The following speech discrimination tests were used: monosyllabic phonetically balanced words with and without background noise, nonsense syllables in quiet, and a constant test in quiet and in noise. The study showed that some patients with sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by recruitment can double their speech discrimination by using a hearing aid with multichannel compression.", "contents": "Programmable hearing aid with multichannel compression. A portable programmable hearing aid with multichannel compression was constructed with three channels with two independently variable crossover frequencies. The compression knee-point and attenuation in each channel and the two crossover frequencies can be programmed from a separate programming unit. Speech discrimination for seven subjects with sensorineural hearing loss was evaluated, comparing each subject individually in three different cases--equalization, multichannel compression and the subject's own conventional hearing aid. Each subject wore each aid for about a week in his/her own environment and was then tested. The following speech discrimination tests were used: monosyllabic phonetically balanced words with and without background noise, nonsense syllables in quiet, and a constant test in quiet and in noise. The study showed that some patients with sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by recruitment can double their speech discrimination by using a hearing aid with multichannel compression.", "PMID": 515689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11001", "title": "Cochlear processes affecting wave V latency of the auditory evoked brain stem response. A study of patients with sensory hearing loss.", "content": "The effects of inner ear pathologies on wave V latency of the auditory evoked brain stem response (BSR) were studied in 12 selected patients with flat, low-frequency, severe high-frequency, and gradual high-frequency sensory hearing loss. In patients with flat and low-frequency sensory hearing loss (Meniere's disease), the latencies of wave V at intensities 4--10 dB greater than their response thresholds were roughly the same as those in normal-hearing subjects. In patients with severe high-frequency sensory hearing loss (sharp cut-off at about 2 or 3 kHz), the latencies of wave V were always delayed, compared with those in normal-hearing subjects. In patients with gradual high-frequency sensory hearing loss, the latency of wave V was delayed according to the degree of hearing loss (as determined by pure tone audiometry) above 2 kHz. The data are interpreted as showing that the wave V latency is sensitive to a kind of recruiting phenomenon in the transduction process as well as being an index of the pressure wave travel time to the cochlear portion responsible for the elicitation of the BSR.", "contents": "Cochlear processes affecting wave V latency of the auditory evoked brain stem response. A study of patients with sensory hearing loss. The effects of inner ear pathologies on wave V latency of the auditory evoked brain stem response (BSR) were studied in 12 selected patients with flat, low-frequency, severe high-frequency, and gradual high-frequency sensory hearing loss. In patients with flat and low-frequency sensory hearing loss (Meniere's disease), the latencies of wave V at intensities 4--10 dB greater than their response thresholds were roughly the same as those in normal-hearing subjects. In patients with severe high-frequency sensory hearing loss (sharp cut-off at about 2 or 3 kHz), the latencies of wave V were always delayed, compared with those in normal-hearing subjects. In patients with gradual high-frequency sensory hearing loss, the latency of wave V was delayed according to the degree of hearing loss (as determined by pure tone audiometry) above 2 kHz. The data are interpreted as showing that the wave V latency is sensitive to a kind of recruiting phenomenon in the transduction process as well as being an index of the pressure wave travel time to the cochlear portion responsible for the elicitation of the BSR.", "PMID": 515691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11002", "title": "High-frequency audiometry. Age and sex variations.", "content": "286 normal subject representing both sexes and seven age groups from 10 to greater than or equal to 70 years were tested with both conventional pure tone audiometry and high frequency audiometry (4--20 kHz) using a previously described free field system. The subjects were selected according to very strict criteria. Results from conventional audiometry are similar to other findings in presbycusis studies, though sex difference was seen for the oldest age groups, but only at the frequencies 4 and 5 kHz where the male population showed a significantly poorer hearing. The same sex difference was observed by high frequency audiometry at 4 and 8 kHz. From 10--20 kHz no sex difference was present. At the high frequencies there is an abrupt decrease in hearing sensitivity already from youth. Hitherto, no international standard for zero dB hearing level exists for frequencies above 8 kHz. It is questioned whether a general standard is meaningful at all and that normative data for various age groups should instead be used as a reference level.", "contents": "High-frequency audiometry. Age and sex variations. 286 normal subject representing both sexes and seven age groups from 10 to greater than or equal to 70 years were tested with both conventional pure tone audiometry and high frequency audiometry (4--20 kHz) using a previously described free field system. The subjects were selected according to very strict criteria. Results from conventional audiometry are similar to other findings in presbycusis studies, though sex difference was seen for the oldest age groups, but only at the frequencies 4 and 5 kHz where the male population showed a significantly poorer hearing. The same sex difference was observed by high frequency audiometry at 4 and 8 kHz. From 10--20 kHz no sex difference was present. At the high frequencies there is an abrupt decrease in hearing sensitivity already from youth. Hitherto, no international standard for zero dB hearing level exists for frequencies above 8 kHz. It is questioned whether a general standard is meaningful at all and that normative data for various age groups should instead be used as a reference level.", "PMID": 515692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11003", "title": "High-frequency audiometry and noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "A group of noise-exposed male subjects with an audiogram that is characteristic for noise trauma were submitted to high-frequency audiometry (HFA) up to 20 000 HZ. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of normally hearing persons with no history of noise exposure. Conserved high frequency hearing was found. Very strict selection criteria were applied in both groups in order to avoid hereditary diseases and to ensure normal middle ear function. The findings are in good overall agreement with histological findings in noise-exposed animals and also with high-frequency studies in the older literature. Two illustrative case stories from patients with severe 4--6 kHz dips are reported, one with preserved high-frequency hearing in spite of a considerable acoustic trauma and one with extreme sensitivity towards noise and with no hearing at all in the high frequencies. It is concluded that 1) HFA cannot be used as an early indicator of the traumatic effect of high intensity noise; 2) presbycusis and noise damage may be additive elements in the older age groups (above 50 years); 3) persons with abnormal high-frequency hearing are possibly hypersensitive towards excessive noise and HFA might be useful in the routine audiological evaluation of workers before these are exposed to noise.", "contents": "High-frequency audiometry and noise-induced hearing loss. A group of noise-exposed male subjects with an audiogram that is characteristic for noise trauma were submitted to high-frequency audiometry (HFA) up to 20 000 HZ. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of normally hearing persons with no history of noise exposure. Conserved high frequency hearing was found. Very strict selection criteria were applied in both groups in order to avoid hereditary diseases and to ensure normal middle ear function. The findings are in good overall agreement with histological findings in noise-exposed animals and also with high-frequency studies in the older literature. Two illustrative case stories from patients with severe 4--6 kHz dips are reported, one with preserved high-frequency hearing in spite of a considerable acoustic trauma and one with extreme sensitivity towards noise and with no hearing at all in the high frequencies. It is concluded that 1) HFA cannot be used as an early indicator of the traumatic effect of high intensity noise; 2) presbycusis and noise damage may be additive elements in the older age groups (above 50 years); 3) persons with abnormal high-frequency hearing are possibly hypersensitive towards excessive noise and HFA might be useful in the routine audiological evaluation of workers before these are exposed to noise.", "PMID": 515693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11004", "title": "Calibration of ipsilateral acoustic reflex stimuli. A comparison of loudness balance and equal reflex response methods.", "content": "Hearing levels for ipsilateral impedance probes have not yet been established. This study compares two techniques for \"transfer of threshold\" from the standardised TDH-39 earphone to the unstandardised probe. Ten normal hearing subjects participated, using both a loudness balance technique and a reflex measurement technique. The reflex measurement technique involved comparing the intensity required from each transducer to produce an equal reflex response, whereas the loudness balance technique compared the intensity required from each transducer for equal loudness. The two techniques were found to differ significantly in terms of the Hearing Level values which they produced. Differences between techniques amounted to approximately 3 dB at 1000 Hz, 11 dB at 2000 Hz, and 7 dB at 3000 Hz. As a comparison of the two techniques, the day to day variances were statistically estimated. The reflex measurement technique was shown to be more reliable than the loudness balance technique.", "contents": "Calibration of ipsilateral acoustic reflex stimuli. A comparison of loudness balance and equal reflex response methods. Hearing levels for ipsilateral impedance probes have not yet been established. This study compares two techniques for \"transfer of threshold\" from the standardised TDH-39 earphone to the unstandardised probe. Ten normal hearing subjects participated, using both a loudness balance technique and a reflex measurement technique. The reflex measurement technique involved comparing the intensity required from each transducer to produce an equal reflex response, whereas the loudness balance technique compared the intensity required from each transducer for equal loudness. The two techniques were found to differ significantly in terms of the Hearing Level values which they produced. Differences between techniques amounted to approximately 3 dB at 1000 Hz, 11 dB at 2000 Hz, and 7 dB at 3000 Hz. As a comparison of the two techniques, the day to day variances were statistically estimated. The reflex measurement technique was shown to be more reliable than the loudness balance technique.", "PMID": 515694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11005", "title": "Children who wear individual hearing aids in British Columbia, Canada.", "content": "Data collected on the use of hearing aids by 680 school-aged hearing-impaired subjects are examined and aid use is related to gender, age, hearing loss, age at onset, aetiology, age at diagnosis, educational setting, method of communication, primary language in the home, hearing status of parents and additional handicaps. The likelihood of a student wearing an aid is significantly related to certain educational settings, the degree of hearing loss, age and to a lesser extent, his method of communication.", "contents": "Children who wear individual hearing aids in British Columbia, Canada. Data collected on the use of hearing aids by 680 school-aged hearing-impaired subjects are examined and aid use is related to gender, age, hearing loss, age at onset, aetiology, age at diagnosis, educational setting, method of communication, primary language in the home, hearing status of parents and additional handicaps. The likelihood of a student wearing an aid is significantly related to certain educational settings, the degree of hearing loss, age and to a lesser extent, his method of communication.", "PMID": 515695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11006", "title": "The effect of masking by noise on word discrimination scores in listeners with normal hearing and with noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "Patients with high-frequency hearing loss often complain at the Workers' Compensation Board that they find it difficult to hear speech in a noisy environment. This study was undertaken to test the validity of their complaints. The experiment had a 2x3x3 factorial design. The factors were subject group (normal hearing versus sensorineural hearing loss), stimulus level (65, 75, and 85 dB SPL), and speech-to-noise ratio (5, 12, and 19 dB). There were 6 subjects in each condition. Each subject was tested for his speech discrimination with three CID W-22 50-word lists, one in each of the three different speech-to-noise ratios. Both speech and pink noise were presented through loudspeakers in a sound field. The results support the patients' complaints. Possible explanations for the results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of masking by noise on word discrimination scores in listeners with normal hearing and with noise-induced hearing loss. Patients with high-frequency hearing loss often complain at the Workers' Compensation Board that they find it difficult to hear speech in a noisy environment. This study was undertaken to test the validity of their complaints. The experiment had a 2x3x3 factorial design. The factors were subject group (normal hearing versus sensorineural hearing loss), stimulus level (65, 75, and 85 dB SPL), and speech-to-noise ratio (5, 12, and 19 dB). There were 6 subjects in each condition. Each subject was tested for his speech discrimination with three CID W-22 50-word lists, one in each of the three different speech-to-noise ratios. Both speech and pink noise were presented through loudspeakers in a sound field. The results support the patients' complaints. Possible explanations for the results are discussed.", "PMID": 515696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11007", "title": "Estimation of distances of recorded sounds presented through headphones.", "content": "Intermittent sounds generated at 270 degrees azimuth and from distances ranging from 2 to 10 feet were recorded on magnetic tape and played back to listeners via headphones. Loudness cues for relative distance were eliminated at the time of recording. Listeners were required to estimate the apparent distance of the recorded sounds when heard monoaurally and binaurally. Most subjects estimated the order of distances correctly. Distance estimations were as proficient when listening monaurally as when listening binaurally. Performance was more accurate for high-pass (greater than 4.0 kHz) noise bursts than for low-pass (less than 1.0 kHz) noise bursts. In a second study, broad-band noise bursts were recorded from azimuthal positions of 360 degrees, 330 degrees, 300 degrees and 270 degrees again at distances ranging from 2 to 10 feet. Estimations of the distances of the sounds, presented via headphones, were most proficient when azimuthal position of the original stimuli was 330 degrees.", "contents": "Estimation of distances of recorded sounds presented through headphones. Intermittent sounds generated at 270 degrees azimuth and from distances ranging from 2 to 10 feet were recorded on magnetic tape and played back to listeners via headphones. Loudness cues for relative distance were eliminated at the time of recording. Listeners were required to estimate the apparent distance of the recorded sounds when heard monoaurally and binaurally. Most subjects estimated the order of distances correctly. Distance estimations were as proficient when listening monaurally as when listening binaurally. Performance was more accurate for high-pass (greater than 4.0 kHz) noise bursts than for low-pass (less than 1.0 kHz) noise bursts. In a second study, broad-band noise bursts were recorded from azimuthal positions of 360 degrees, 330 degrees, 300 degrees and 270 degrees again at distances ranging from 2 to 10 feet. Estimations of the distances of the sounds, presented via headphones, were most proficient when azimuthal position of the original stimuli was 330 degrees.", "PMID": 515697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11008", "title": "Perceived sound quality of hearing aids.", "content": "Four experiments dealing with perceived sound quality of hearing aids are described. The purposes were (a) to find a limited number of perceptual dimensions suitable for describing variations in perceived sound quality, (b) to find the positions of the selected hearing aids in these dimensions, (c) to explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and the physical characteristics of the hearing aids, and (d) to explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and overall evaluations of the selected hearing aids. Using various multivariate techniques for dimension analysis, the resulting dimensions were interpreted as 'Sharpness/Hardness - Softness', 'Clearance/Distinctness', 'Brightness - Darkness', 'Fullness', 'Feeling of space', 'Nearness', 'Loudness', and 'Disturbing sounds'. Their relations to characteristics of the hearing aids were explored as well as their relations to overall evaluations. The implications for continued research and audiological applications are discussed.", "contents": "Perceived sound quality of hearing aids. Four experiments dealing with perceived sound quality of hearing aids are described. The purposes were (a) to find a limited number of perceptual dimensions suitable for describing variations in perceived sound quality, (b) to find the positions of the selected hearing aids in these dimensions, (c) to explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and the physical characteristics of the hearing aids, and (d) to explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and overall evaluations of the selected hearing aids. Using various multivariate techniques for dimension analysis, the resulting dimensions were interpreted as 'Sharpness/Hardness - Softness', 'Clearance/Distinctness', 'Brightness - Darkness', 'Fullness', 'Feeling of space', 'Nearness', 'Loudness', and 'Disturbing sounds'. Their relations to characteristics of the hearing aids were explored as well as their relations to overall evaluations. The implications for continued research and audiological applications are discussed.", "PMID": 515699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11009", "title": "On the asymmetry of susceptance tympanograms.", "content": "The origin of the tail asymmetry of susceptance tympanograms was investigated. A flow-measuring device enabled an accurate determination of ear-canal volume changes produced during tympanometry. From these measurements one finds that not only is the asymmetry due to the earcanal volume change but that finite drum susceptances exist at high transtympanic pressures. This residual susceptance was found to differ in the two tails of the tympanogram. Although no absolute values of those drum susceptances can be computed, it is possible to indicate which pressure side has the greater residual susceptance.", "contents": "On the asymmetry of susceptance tympanograms. The origin of the tail asymmetry of susceptance tympanograms was investigated. A flow-measuring device enabled an accurate determination of ear-canal volume changes produced during tympanometry. From these measurements one finds that not only is the asymmetry due to the earcanal volume change but that finite drum susceptances exist at high transtympanic pressures. This residual susceptance was found to differ in the two tails of the tympanogram. Although no absolute values of those drum susceptances can be computed, it is possible to indicate which pressure side has the greater residual susceptance.", "PMID": 515700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11010", "title": "Tympanometry in three-year-old children. II. Seasonal influence on tympanometric results in non-selected groups of three-year-old children.", "content": "Screening tympanometry was performed in January 1976 and in August 1978 on 938 healthy 3-year-old children (1 868 ears), constituting more than 95% of the total population of 3-year-olds living in a Danish provincial municipality at the time of testing. Seasonal influence upon the occurrence of middle ear effusion and tubal dysfunction, not previously quantitated by systematic studies on pre-school children, was thus elucidated by comparing the prevalence of these conditions in winter and in summer. There was a statistically significant preponderance of pathological tympanometry in winter, but the difference was not overwhelming. The findings emphasize that problems relating to a disturbed middle ear function in early childhood are of great practical importance throughout the year.", "contents": "Tympanometry in three-year-old children. II. Seasonal influence on tympanometric results in non-selected groups of three-year-old children. Screening tympanometry was performed in January 1976 and in August 1978 on 938 healthy 3-year-old children (1 868 ears), constituting more than 95% of the total population of 3-year-olds living in a Danish provincial municipality at the time of testing. Seasonal influence upon the occurrence of middle ear effusion and tubal dysfunction, not previously quantitated by systematic studies on pre-school children, was thus elucidated by comparing the prevalence of these conditions in winter and in summer. There was a statistically significant preponderance of pathological tympanometry in winter, but the difference was not overwhelming. The findings emphasize that problems relating to a disturbed middle ear function in early childhood are of great practical importance throughout the year.", "PMID": 515701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11011", "title": "Auditory electrophysiology. The use of templates and cross correlation functions in the analysis of brain stem potentials.", "content": "A method for the objective analysis of acoustically evoked brain stem potentials, BSER, is proposed. Recordings from 24 patients with pure cochlear hearing losses are adjusted in amplitude and time, and used to produce normative BSER waveforms serving as templates. The cross-correlation function between the individual, adjusted BSER recording and the corresponding template is calculated, yielding an objective measure of the BSER waveform and gross latency. Clinical application of the method has given encouraging results.", "contents": "Auditory electrophysiology. The use of templates and cross correlation functions in the analysis of brain stem potentials. A method for the objective analysis of acoustically evoked brain stem potentials, BSER, is proposed. Recordings from 24 patients with pure cochlear hearing losses are adjusted in amplitude and time, and used to produce normative BSER waveforms serving as templates. The cross-correlation function between the individual, adjusted BSER recording and the corresponding template is calculated, yielding an objective measure of the BSER waveform and gross latency. Clinical application of the method has given encouraging results.", "PMID": 515702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11012", "title": "Affective symptoms and the diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "content": "In a recent article in the Schizophrenia Bulletin, Goplerud and Depue (1978) discuss our writings on postpsychotic depression (McGlashan and Carpenter (1976a and 1976b). They argue that postpsychotic depression is the depressed phase of bipolar affective illness and thus join many workers who now challenge the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients in whom affective disturbance is a significant part of the manifest psychopathology. In our response, we place special emphasis on the fallacy of using nondiscriminating similarities between groups (e.g., suicidal ideation) as a basis for positing disease homogeneity. Contrariwise, we argue the value of emphasizing nosologically discriminating features of individual patients in reaching diagnostic decisions. Concern is expressed with the current trend of defining diagnostic criteria such that acute and episodic psychoses are increasingly classified as affective disorders. We present arguments in favor of maintaining such cases within an ambiguous or uncertain category and reassert the time-honored (but recently forgotten) observation that schizophrenic patients can be affectively disturubed and still be schizophrenic.", "contents": "Affective symptoms and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In a recent article in the Schizophrenia Bulletin, Goplerud and Depue (1978) discuss our writings on postpsychotic depression (McGlashan and Carpenter (1976a and 1976b). They argue that postpsychotic depression is the depressed phase of bipolar affective illness and thus join many workers who now challenge the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients in whom affective disturbance is a significant part of the manifest psychopathology. In our response, we place special emphasis on the fallacy of using nondiscriminating similarities between groups (e.g., suicidal ideation) as a basis for positing disease homogeneity. Contrariwise, we argue the value of emphasizing nosologically discriminating features of individual patients in reaching diagnostic decisions. Concern is expressed with the current trend of defining diagnostic criteria such that acute and episodic psychoses are increasingly classified as affective disorders. We present arguments in favor of maintaining such cases within an ambiguous or uncertain category and reassert the time-honored (but recently forgotten) observation that schizophrenic patients can be affectively disturubed and still be schizophrenic.", "PMID": 515703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11013", "title": "Affective symptoms, schizophrenia, and the conceptual ambiguity of postpsychotic depression.", "content": "McGlashan and Carpenter (1979) have critiqued our article (Goplerud and Depue 1978), in which we suggested that postpsychotic depression and bipolar depressive disorder may well be related. Their critique has many problems and, most importantly, raises new ambiguities concerning the definition of postpsychotic depression. Therefore, we have attempted to clarify the issues their discussion raises.", "contents": "Affective symptoms, schizophrenia, and the conceptual ambiguity of postpsychotic depression. McGlashan and Carpenter (1979) have critiqued our article (Goplerud and Depue 1978), in which we suggested that postpsychotic depression and bipolar depressive disorder may well be related. Their critique has many problems and, most importantly, raises new ambiguities concerning the definition of postpsychotic depression. Therefore, we have attempted to clarify the issues their discussion raises.", "PMID": 515704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11014", "title": "Psychiatric diagnostic error.", "content": "Although the problems of distinguishing between psychogenic and somatogenic disorders are not new, they have received meager attention in the context of routine psychiatric intake procedures. Given the multitude of medical disorders that produce psychiatric symptoms, and are often confused with psychiatric illness, more sophisticated diagnostic methods are needed. This article explores some of these illnesses and methodologies for decreasing the incidence of psychiatric diagnostic error.", "contents": "Psychiatric diagnostic error. Although the problems of distinguishing between psychogenic and somatogenic disorders are not new, they have received meager attention in the context of routine psychiatric intake procedures. Given the multitude of medical disorders that produce psychiatric symptoms, and are often confused with psychiatric illness, more sophisticated diagnostic methods are needed. This article explores some of these illnesses and methodologies for decreasing the incidence of psychiatric diagnostic error.", "PMID": 515705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11015", "title": "Recent advances in the study of schizophrenic cognition.", "content": "This is a review of some important areas of recent research on schizophrenic cognition. Foci of the review include: (1) The attempt to identify measures of thought disorder that may serve as markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia. (Measures of attention and of cognitive deviancy on the Rorschach have been prominent in this line of work.) (2) Controlled clinical description of schizophrenic thought disorder. (3) Studies of schizophrenic defects of memory.", "contents": "Recent advances in the study of schizophrenic cognition. This is a review of some important areas of recent research on schizophrenic cognition. Foci of the review include: (1) The attempt to identify measures of thought disorder that may serve as markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia. (Measures of attention and of cognitive deviancy on the Rorschach have been prominent in this line of work.) (2) Controlled clinical description of schizophrenic thought disorder. (3) Studies of schizophrenic defects of memory.", "PMID": 515707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11016", "title": "Simple reaction time crossover occurs in schizophrenic outpatients.", "content": "A crossover pattern similar to that reported for inpatient schizophrenics (e.g., Bellissimo and Steffy 1972) has now been found for outpatients, and its frequency of occurrence in these outpatients is comparable to that reported for hospitalized patients by DeAmicas and Cromwell (1978). The process-reactive construct was unrelated to crossover in the current study, although crossover is found only in process patients in hospitalized samples. The difference in findings may be due to the insensitivity of the particular measure of this concept used here, or to the lack of validity for the construct in samples of chronic patients in the community and in treatment. The present results, together with DeAmicas and Cromwell's (1978) data suggestive of the presence of crossover in nondisturbed first degree relatives of schizophrenics, are consistent with an interpretation of this reaction time phenomenon as a behavioral marker of vulnerability. This hypothesis warrants study in a more extensive series of patients, and from a longitudinal perspective in which behavioral measures and clinical-social functioning variables are tracked across time.", "contents": "Simple reaction time crossover occurs in schizophrenic outpatients. A crossover pattern similar to that reported for inpatient schizophrenics (e.g., Bellissimo and Steffy 1972) has now been found for outpatients, and its frequency of occurrence in these outpatients is comparable to that reported for hospitalized patients by DeAmicas and Cromwell (1978). The process-reactive construct was unrelated to crossover in the current study, although crossover is found only in process patients in hospitalized samples. The difference in findings may be due to the insensitivity of the particular measure of this concept used here, or to the lack of validity for the construct in samples of chronic patients in the community and in treatment. The present results, together with DeAmicas and Cromwell's (1978) data suggestive of the presence of crossover in nondisturbed first degree relatives of schizophrenics, are consistent with an interpretation of this reaction time phenomenon as a behavioral marker of vulnerability. This hypothesis warrants study in a more extensive series of patients, and from a longitudinal perspective in which behavioral measures and clinical-social functioning variables are tracked across time.", "PMID": 515708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11017", "title": "Visual hallucinations during hallucinogenic experience and schizophrenia.", "content": "The visual hallucinations experienced by a 26-year-old woman under the influence of hallucinogens and during schizophrenia are described. Three types of hallucinations are delineated: (1) superimposed hallucinations, (2) spatial and depth distortions, and (3) animations. These three types of hallucinations appear to represent consecutive gradations on a continuum of the ego function of reality testing, with superimposed hallucinations revealing the least and animations the greatest degree of disorientation. The findings of the present study indicate the need for a research design that compares the hallucinations of schizophrenics to the toxic hallucinations of nonschizophrenics.", "contents": "Visual hallucinations during hallucinogenic experience and schizophrenia. The visual hallucinations experienced by a 26-year-old woman under the influence of hallucinogens and during schizophrenia are described. Three types of hallucinations are delineated: (1) superimposed hallucinations, (2) spatial and depth distortions, and (3) animations. These three types of hallucinations appear to represent consecutive gradations on a continuum of the ego function of reality testing, with superimposed hallucinations revealing the least and animations the greatest degree of disorientation. The findings of the present study indicate the need for a research design that compares the hallucinations of schizophrenics to the toxic hallucinations of nonschizophrenics.", "PMID": 515709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11018", "title": "[The effect of atropine on the pancreas].", "content": "The literature relating to the effect of atropine on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man and animals is critically reviewed. In most species basal secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and enzyme secretion are reduced by atropine, thus indicating some neural control of basal pancreatic secretion. The literature is replete with conflicting findings on the effect of atropine on pancreatic response to exogenous hormones. In well controlled studies atropine had no effect on the action of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) or caerulein on the pancreas. Atropine either moderately depressed or did not alter the volume and bicarbonate response to secretin but constantly reduced enzyme secretion. With respect to pancreatic response to a meal, and to intestinal instillation of aminoacids, fat or HCL, all studies agree that pancreatic secretion is depressed by atropine. The recent finding that atropine did not alter the response of a transplanted denervated pancreas to intestinal stimulants suggests that atropine acts on the pancreas by interrupting an enteropancreatic vago-vagal reflex and not by blocking the action of hormones on the pancreas or by interfering with cholinergic facilitation of gastrointestinal hormone release.", "contents": "[The effect of atropine on the pancreas]. The literature relating to the effect of atropine on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man and animals is critically reviewed. In most species basal secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and enzyme secretion are reduced by atropine, thus indicating some neural control of basal pancreatic secretion. The literature is replete with conflicting findings on the effect of atropine on pancreatic response to exogenous hormones. In well controlled studies atropine had no effect on the action of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) or caerulein on the pancreas. Atropine either moderately depressed or did not alter the volume and bicarbonate response to secretin but constantly reduced enzyme secretion. With respect to pancreatic response to a meal, and to intestinal instillation of aminoacids, fat or HCL, all studies agree that pancreatic secretion is depressed by atropine. The recent finding that atropine did not alter the response of a transplanted denervated pancreas to intestinal stimulants suggests that atropine acts on the pancreas by interrupting an enteropancreatic vago-vagal reflex and not by blocking the action of hormones on the pancreas or by interfering with cholinergic facilitation of gastrointestinal hormone release.", "PMID": 515711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11019", "title": "[Mortality trends in Switzerland 1951-1977. Principal categories of the causes of death].", "content": "Analysis of age-standardized death rates for the main categories of deaths, over the period 1951--1977, shows a three-quarter fall in mortality from infectious diseases, a reduction of mortality from cardiovascular disease more accentuated in women (-46%) than in men (-23%) and a decrease in mortality from tumors in women only (-21%). Suicide rates slightly increased and mortality from accidents started to decrease in 1971, more markedly in men than in women. As regards the last category including all other causes of deaths, a decline in mortality of approximately a half in both sexes was observed. Calculation of the potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) reveals that in men, for the year 1977, 25% were due to accidents, 23% to tumours and 22% to cardiovascular diseases, whereas in women tumours came first (36%) and preceded cardiovascular disease (17%). Analysis of PYLL by individual cause of death shows, in decreasing order of importance, for men: motor accidents, suicide, ischaemic heart disease, other accidents, cancer of lung, cerebrovascular disease and cirrhosis of liver, and for women: suicide, breast cancer, motor accidents, other accidents, cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and uterine cancer. Finally, life expectancy at birth increased, over the period 1951--1977, from 66.4 to 71.8 years in men and from 71.0 to 78.4 years in women, which ranks Switzerland third among the 10 industrialized countries studies.", "contents": "[Mortality trends in Switzerland 1951-1977. Principal categories of the causes of death]. Analysis of age-standardized death rates for the main categories of deaths, over the period 1951--1977, shows a three-quarter fall in mortality from infectious diseases, a reduction of mortality from cardiovascular disease more accentuated in women (-46%) than in men (-23%) and a decrease in mortality from tumors in women only (-21%). Suicide rates slightly increased and mortality from accidents started to decrease in 1971, more markedly in men than in women. As regards the last category including all other causes of deaths, a decline in mortality of approximately a half in both sexes was observed. Calculation of the potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) reveals that in men, for the year 1977, 25% were due to accidents, 23% to tumours and 22% to cardiovascular diseases, whereas in women tumours came first (36%) and preceded cardiovascular disease (17%). Analysis of PYLL by individual cause of death shows, in decreasing order of importance, for men: motor accidents, suicide, ischaemic heart disease, other accidents, cancer of lung, cerebrovascular disease and cirrhosis of liver, and for women: suicide, breast cancer, motor accidents, other accidents, cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and uterine cancer. Finally, life expectancy at birth increased, over the period 1951--1977, from 66.4 to 71.8 years in men and from 71.0 to 78.4 years in women, which ranks Switzerland third among the 10 industrialized countries studies.", "PMID": 515712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11020", "title": "[Progress and developments in insulin therapy].", "content": "BANTING and BEST revolutionized diabetes therapy with the discovery of insulin 57 years ago. Since then, progress in this area has been slow despite tremendous reseach efforts. The subcutaneous injection of a depot insulin does not provide optimal control of blood sugar. True progress has been brought about by intravenous insulin administration for the management of diabetic coma. The authors do not recommend ultra low dose therapy. The prognosis of diabetic coma is much better than 20 years ago, in particular because of much improved and continuous supervision of the circulation (CVP, ECG, K+ etc.). Pancreas and islet transplantation fail in man due to immunological rejection. The \"artificial pancreas\" with a glucose sensor is useful for research purposes, and for controlling blood sugar for a few days at most. The implantable glucose sensor is not yet in sight. The authors have treated diabetics successfully with a programmable flexible open loop infusion program. The basal insulin infusion rate can be varied from 0.25 to 2 U/h, and rectangular one hour extra insulin infusions between 2 and 10 U/h are superimposed by pushing a button on the steering unit. The pump automatically switches back to the basal rate after one hour. No hypoglycemic reactions have been observed in patients on ths program on the ward or at home. At present, technical problems with the catheter remain to be solved before this simple therapeutic approach can be applied routinely.", "contents": "[Progress and developments in insulin therapy]. BANTING and BEST revolutionized diabetes therapy with the discovery of insulin 57 years ago. Since then, progress in this area has been slow despite tremendous reseach efforts. The subcutaneous injection of a depot insulin does not provide optimal control of blood sugar. True progress has been brought about by intravenous insulin administration for the management of diabetic coma. The authors do not recommend ultra low dose therapy. The prognosis of diabetic coma is much better than 20 years ago, in particular because of much improved and continuous supervision of the circulation (CVP, ECG, K+ etc.). Pancreas and islet transplantation fail in man due to immunological rejection. The \"artificial pancreas\" with a glucose sensor is useful for research purposes, and for controlling blood sugar for a few days at most. The implantable glucose sensor is not yet in sight. The authors have treated diabetics successfully with a programmable flexible open loop infusion program. The basal insulin infusion rate can be varied from 0.25 to 2 U/h, and rectangular one hour extra insulin infusions between 2 and 10 U/h are superimposed by pushing a button on the steering unit. The pump automatically switches back to the basal rate after one hour. No hypoglycemic reactions have been observed in patients on ths program on the ward or at home. At present, technical problems with the catheter remain to be solved before this simple therapeutic approach can be applied routinely.", "PMID": 515716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11021", "title": "[Determination of capillary lesions during diagnosis by means of the tourniquet test of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Decreased capillary resistance is documented by a pathologic tourniquet test (Rumpel-Leede), which demonstrates the existance of microangiopathy in diabetics. Thanks to its simple and rapid execution the tourniquet test is suitable for early diagnostic assessment of the situation in the microcirculation. The longer the patients have had diabetes, the more frequently is the tourniquet test pathological. There is also a direct correlation between the type of therapy (as an index of the severity of the disease) and the accumulation of pathologic results in measurement of capillary resistance. In diabetics with hypertension, capillary resistance is always decreased to a pathologic degree.", "contents": "[Determination of capillary lesions during diagnosis by means of the tourniquet test of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus]. Decreased capillary resistance is documented by a pathologic tourniquet test (Rumpel-Leede), which demonstrates the existance of microangiopathy in diabetics. Thanks to its simple and rapid execution the tourniquet test is suitable for early diagnostic assessment of the situation in the microcirculation. The longer the patients have had diabetes, the more frequently is the tourniquet test pathological. There is also a direct correlation between the type of therapy (as an index of the severity of the disease) and the accumulation of pathologic results in measurement of capillary resistance. In diabetics with hypertension, capillary resistance is always decreased to a pathologic degree.", "PMID": 515717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11022", "title": "[Changes in storage and oxydation of ingested glucose in obesity and diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Indirect calorimetric studies were performed during a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients with varying degrees of endocrine pancreatic dysfunction and in a control group of normal subjects. In 3 obese diabetics the study was repeated after a 3 day protein sparing modiefied fast. In diabetic patients the results show alterations of oxidation and storage of carbohydrates, related to insulin secretion deficiency on the one hand, and to overweight on the other. Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency may account directly for alterations observed in individuals with decreased or absent insulin response to glucose load, wheras metabolic factors such as adipose mass, hepatic steatosis, and peripheral insulin resistance appear to be responsible for alterations in carbohydrate oxidation and storage in subjects with relative endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, particularly obese diabetics.", "contents": "[Changes in storage and oxydation of ingested glucose in obesity and diabetes mellitus]. Indirect calorimetric studies were performed during a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients with varying degrees of endocrine pancreatic dysfunction and in a control group of normal subjects. In 3 obese diabetics the study was repeated after a 3 day protein sparing modiefied fast. In diabetic patients the results show alterations of oxidation and storage of carbohydrates, related to insulin secretion deficiency on the one hand, and to overweight on the other. Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency may account directly for alterations observed in individuals with decreased or absent insulin response to glucose load, wheras metabolic factors such as adipose mass, hepatic steatosis, and peripheral insulin resistance appear to be responsible for alterations in carbohydrate oxidation and storage in subjects with relative endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, particularly obese diabetics.", "PMID": 515718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11023", "title": "[Advantages and disadvantages of insulin therapy in elderly diabetics with asymptomatic hyperglycemia].", "content": "15 elderly diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose levels above 160 mg/100 ml, without hyperglycemic symptoms and previously treated with oral antidiabetic agents, were put on insulin. The change of treatment regimen was made in the outpatient department. Frequent clinical and laboratory controls were performed and the patients were given full instructions for injection technique and diet. On the insulin regimen a prompt and lasting improvement was observed in the metabolic parameters (blood glucose levels both fasting and after food intake, Hb A1c, serum insulin, glucagon and serum lipid concentrations). The so-called \"asymptomatic\" patients noticed a marked improvement in their general status and performance. Three months after insulin therapy was started 13 of our 15 patients preferred the insulin treatment to oral agents. However, weight gain and a tendency to hypoglycemia were noticed in less disciplined patients. In addition, considerable time was spent on instruction of the patients. Bearing these factors in mind, insulin therapy in elderly diabetics with so-called \"sysmptomatic hyperglycemia\" can be regarded as worthwhile.", "contents": "[Advantages and disadvantages of insulin therapy in elderly diabetics with asymptomatic hyperglycemia]. 15 elderly diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose levels above 160 mg/100 ml, without hyperglycemic symptoms and previously treated with oral antidiabetic agents, were put on insulin. The change of treatment regimen was made in the outpatient department. Frequent clinical and laboratory controls were performed and the patients were given full instructions for injection technique and diet. On the insulin regimen a prompt and lasting improvement was observed in the metabolic parameters (blood glucose levels both fasting and after food intake, Hb A1c, serum insulin, glucagon and serum lipid concentrations). The so-called \"asymptomatic\" patients noticed a marked improvement in their general status and performance. Three months after insulin therapy was started 13 of our 15 patients preferred the insulin treatment to oral agents. However, weight gain and a tendency to hypoglycemia were noticed in less disciplined patients. In addition, considerable time was spent on instruction of the patients. Bearing these factors in mind, insulin therapy in elderly diabetics with so-called \"sysmptomatic hyperglycemia\" can be regarded as worthwhile.", "PMID": 515719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11024", "title": "[Mortality from diabetic coma at the Basle Cantonal Hospital during 2 consecutive observation periods 1968-1973 abd 1973-1978, using conventional insulin therapy and treatment with lose dose insulin].", "content": "163 patients were admitted to the Cantonal Hospital, Basel, during the decade 1968--1978 with severe diabetic ketoacidosis or non-ketotic coma. The hospital mortality rate was 28% in the first period (1968--1973) but decreased to 14% (p less than 0.025) in the second period (1973--1978). The lower mortality rate in the second period was due to diminished early mortality within 3 days after admission. The decline in the mortality rate during the second period was assumed to be due to a general improvement of treatment and possibly to a direct effect of low-dose insulin therapy. The latter conclusion followed from the fact that the remaining recompensation therapy, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, was similar during both periods. However, in the non-ketotic patients low-dose insulin therapy resulted in a delayed fall in blood glucose and distinctly diminished potassium retention. The fatalities in the second period of treatment were mainly due to thromboembolic complications. This points to the need for a search for preventive measures against thromboembolism in order to resuce mortality in severe diabetic coma further.", "contents": "[Mortality from diabetic coma at the Basle Cantonal Hospital during 2 consecutive observation periods 1968-1973 abd 1973-1978, using conventional insulin therapy and treatment with lose dose insulin]. 163 patients were admitted to the Cantonal Hospital, Basel, during the decade 1968--1978 with severe diabetic ketoacidosis or non-ketotic coma. The hospital mortality rate was 28% in the first period (1968--1973) but decreased to 14% (p less than 0.025) in the second period (1973--1978). The lower mortality rate in the second period was due to diminished early mortality within 3 days after admission. The decline in the mortality rate during the second period was assumed to be due to a general improvement of treatment and possibly to a direct effect of low-dose insulin therapy. The latter conclusion followed from the fact that the remaining recompensation therapy, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, was similar during both periods. However, in the non-ketotic patients low-dose insulin therapy resulted in a delayed fall in blood glucose and distinctly diminished potassium retention. The fatalities in the second period of treatment were mainly due to thromboembolic complications. This points to the need for a search for preventive measures against thromboembolism in order to resuce mortality in severe diabetic coma further.", "PMID": 515720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11025", "title": "[Hepatitis following acupuncture].", "content": "Three patients with hepatitis B are presented whose common source of infection was attributed to a physician practising acupuncture. The contamination appears to be due to repetitive use of the same needles for insertion. Among the different side effects of acupuncture, hepatitis B may thus be a serious complication if the needles used are not properly autoclaved.", "contents": "[Hepatitis following acupuncture]. Three patients with hepatitis B are presented whose common source of infection was attributed to a physician practising acupuncture. The contamination appears to be due to repetitive use of the same needles for insertion. Among the different side effects of acupuncture, hepatitis B may thus be a serious complication if the needles used are not properly autoclaved.", "PMID": 515721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11026", "title": "[Delayed elimination of aminoglycoside antibiotics: importance for clinical use].", "content": "In 7 patients the elimination of amikacin (4), tobramycin (1) and gentamicin (2) in serum and urine was measured over several days after cessation of therapy. All three aminoglycosides showed multicompartmental pharmacokinetics with a terminal half life ranging between 46 and 150 hours. Using computer simulations, it is shown that slow drug accumulation in the body is to be expected during multiple dose therapy. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of these drugs should be avoided and the duration of therapy kept as short as possible.", "contents": "[Delayed elimination of aminoglycoside antibiotics: importance for clinical use]. In 7 patients the elimination of amikacin (4), tobramycin (1) and gentamicin (2) in serum and urine was measured over several days after cessation of therapy. All three aminoglycosides showed multicompartmental pharmacokinetics with a terminal half life ranging between 46 and 150 hours. Using computer simulations, it is shown that slow drug accumulation in the body is to be expected during multiple dose therapy. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of these drugs should be avoided and the duration of therapy kept as short as possible.", "PMID": 515722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11027", "title": "Studies on a new antiarrhythmic drug changrolin-4-(3',5'-bis [(N-pyrrolidinyl) methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino)-quinazoline.", "content": "Changrolin is 4-(3', 5'-bis[(N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino)-quinazoline. It is a novel type of antidysrhythmic drug. It has been synthesized in 4 steps. According to our experiments, changrolin exhibited significant protective and therapeutic effects against experimental arrhythmias induced by aconitine or ouabain. It raised the electrical threshold of ventricular fibrillation. Intravenous injections in dogs and rabbits caused (i) a mild tachycardia followed by bradycardia; (ii) a prolongation of P-R interval and a widening of QRS complex in the electrocardiogram; (iii) a gradual hypotehsion; (iv) a slight weakening of cardiac functions; and (v) only moderate influences on the hearts of dogs and rabbits when the rate of infusion was less than 1 mg/min. Changrolin could be well absorbed by oral administration. Absorption appeared to be more rapid and complete by intramuscular injection. 14C-labelled changrolin was distributed mainly in the liver and the alimentary tract.", "contents": "Studies on a new antiarrhythmic drug changrolin-4-(3',5'-bis [(N-pyrrolidinyl) methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino)-quinazoline. Changrolin is 4-(3', 5'-bis[(N-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino)-quinazoline. It is a novel type of antidysrhythmic drug. It has been synthesized in 4 steps. According to our experiments, changrolin exhibited significant protective and therapeutic effects against experimental arrhythmias induced by aconitine or ouabain. It raised the electrical threshold of ventricular fibrillation. Intravenous injections in dogs and rabbits caused (i) a mild tachycardia followed by bradycardia; (ii) a prolongation of P-R interval and a widening of QRS complex in the electrocardiogram; (iii) a gradual hypotehsion; (iv) a slight weakening of cardiac functions; and (v) only moderate influences on the hearts of dogs and rabbits when the rate of infusion was less than 1 mg/min. Changrolin could be well absorbed by oral administration. Absorption appeared to be more rapid and complete by intramuscular injection. 14C-labelled changrolin was distributed mainly in the liver and the alimentary tract.", "PMID": 515728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11028", "title": "Application of stepwise cluster analysis in medical research.", "content": "A stepwise clustering algorithm, a method of multivariate statistical analysis, is suggested in this paper. The algorithm is designed for solving problems connected with stepwise regression. It is efficient not only in handling both continuous and discrete variables, but also in the nonlinear relationships between the variables. The above procedure was used in an attempt to find out the causal association of esophageal cancer with its precursors, i.e. nitrates and nitrites of nitrosamines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic. An analysis has been made of the correlation between esophageal cancer as well as severe epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus and the concentrations of NO3- and NO2- in the drinking water. The samples used were collected from 495 wells in 49 production brigades of the Yaocun Commune in Linxian County, Honan Province. The result indicates that esophageal cancer is definitely connected with the levels of NO3- (summer) and NO2- (spring) in the drinking water. Severe epithelial hyperplasia is defintely connected with the contents of NO2- and NO3- in the drinking water collected in spring, autumn and winter. Our preliminary analysis shows that the stepwise clustering algorithm is a useful statistical method to be used for medical research.", "contents": "Application of stepwise cluster analysis in medical research. A stepwise clustering algorithm, a method of multivariate statistical analysis, is suggested in this paper. The algorithm is designed for solving problems connected with stepwise regression. It is efficient not only in handling both continuous and discrete variables, but also in the nonlinear relationships between the variables. The above procedure was used in an attempt to find out the causal association of esophageal cancer with its precursors, i.e. nitrates and nitrites of nitrosamines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic. An analysis has been made of the correlation between esophageal cancer as well as severe epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus and the concentrations of NO3- and NO2- in the drinking water. The samples used were collected from 495 wells in 49 production brigades of the Yaocun Commune in Linxian County, Honan Province. The result indicates that esophageal cancer is definitely connected with the levels of NO3- (summer) and NO2- (spring) in the drinking water. Severe epithelial hyperplasia is defintely connected with the contents of NO2- and NO3- in the drinking water collected in spring, autumn and winter. Our preliminary analysis shows that the stepwise clustering algorithm is a useful statistical method to be used for medical research.", "PMID": 515729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11029", "title": "Generation of unidirectionally propagated action potentials in a peripheral nerve by brief stimuli.", "content": "Single, unidirectionally propagated action potentials can be elicited in peripheral nerves by electrical stimuli of short duration. Propagation in one direction is blocked anodically by means of a quasi-trapezoidal stimulus wave form and a modified tripolar electrode configuration. Propagation in the other direction proceeds unhindered. This technique may be applicable to collision blocking of motor nerves for neural prostheses.", "contents": "Generation of unidirectionally propagated action potentials in a peripheral nerve by brief stimuli. Single, unidirectionally propagated action potentials can be elicited in peripheral nerves by electrical stimuli of short duration. Propagation in one direction is blocked anodically by means of a quasi-trapezoidal stimulus wave form and a modified tripolar electrode configuration. Propagation in the other direction proceeds unhindered. This technique may be applicable to collision blocking of motor nerves for neural prostheses.", "PMID": 515733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11030", "title": "Metabolism of theophylline to caffeine in human fetal liver.", "content": "Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a biotransformation product of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in the human fetus. Liver explants, obtained from human fetuses with gestational ages of 12 to 20 weeks, were incubated with theophylline and produced caffeine and, in lesser amounts, 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine. These findings suggest that the predominant pathway in theophylline metabolism in the fetus and newborn infant is the methylation reaction producing caffeine. This may contribute to the neonate's exceedingly slower elimination of caffeine relative to theophylline. Caffeine produced from theophylline may add to the pharmacologic effects of theophylline in newborn infants with apnea.", "contents": "Metabolism of theophylline to caffeine in human fetal liver. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a biotransformation product of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in the human fetus. Liver explants, obtained from human fetuses with gestational ages of 12 to 20 weeks, were incubated with theophylline and produced caffeine and, in lesser amounts, 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine. These findings suggest that the predominant pathway in theophylline metabolism in the fetus and newborn infant is the methylation reaction producing caffeine. This may contribute to the neonate's exceedingly slower elimination of caffeine relative to theophylline. Caffeine produced from theophylline may add to the pharmacologic effects of theophylline in newborn infants with apnea.", "PMID": 515734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11031", "title": "Choline excites cortical neurons.", "content": "In cats under halothane or methoxyflurane, iontophoretic applications of choline are only eight times weaker than applications of acetylcholine in evoking firing of neurons in the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex. The action of choline is suppressed by atropine but not by two agents that block choline uptake (hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine), and is not potentiated by an anticholinesterase (physostigmine). Choline therefore appears to excite cortical neurons by a direct action, which may be a significant component of its beneficial therapeutic effects.", "contents": "Choline excites cortical neurons. In cats under halothane or methoxyflurane, iontophoretic applications of choline are only eight times weaker than applications of acetylcholine in evoking firing of neurons in the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex. The action of choline is suppressed by atropine but not by two agents that block choline uptake (hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine), and is not potentiated by an anticholinesterase (physostigmine). Choline therefore appears to excite cortical neurons by a direct action, which may be a significant component of its beneficial therapeutic effects.", "PMID": 515735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11032", "title": "Shifts in perception of size after adaptation to gratings.", "content": "After viewing a suitable grating of vertical stripes for 5 minutes, subjects overestimated the width of a rectangle by 6 percent. The shifts in perception of size occurred whether individual stripes in the grating were narrower than, equal to, or wider than the rectangle. Rectangle width was underestimated only if the grating stripes were extremely wide, with a spatial frequency lower than most of the effective amplitude spectrum of the rectangle. These findings (and complementary ones with horizontal gratings) suggest that the visual system codes size on the basis of spatial frequency components, rather than directly in terms of width.", "contents": "Shifts in perception of size after adaptation to gratings. After viewing a suitable grating of vertical stripes for 5 minutes, subjects overestimated the width of a rectangle by 6 percent. The shifts in perception of size occurred whether individual stripes in the grating were narrower than, equal to, or wider than the rectangle. Rectangle width was underestimated only if the grating stripes were extremely wide, with a spatial frequency lower than most of the effective amplitude spectrum of the rectangle. These findings (and complementary ones with horizontal gratings) suggest that the visual system codes size on the basis of spatial frequency components, rather than directly in terms of width.", "PMID": 515736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11033", "title": "Genetic resistance to aflatoxin in Japanese quail.", "content": "Progress was rapid in attempts to develop lines of quail resistant to acute aflatoxicosis induced by oral dosing with aflatoxin. After five generations of selection, 8- and 11-fold differences were present in mortality between two selected lines and their respective control lines. These quail lines should be of value in investigating the physiological basis of resistance to aflatoxin.", "contents": "Genetic resistance to aflatoxin in Japanese quail. Progress was rapid in attempts to develop lines of quail resistant to acute aflatoxicosis induced by oral dosing with aflatoxin. After five generations of selection, 8- and 11-fold differences were present in mortality between two selected lines and their respective control lines. These quail lines should be of value in investigating the physiological basis of resistance to aflatoxin.", "PMID": 515737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11034", "title": "The radiology of rheumatoid involvement of the cervical spine.", "content": "The radiological features of cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis are described. These include atlanto-axial subluxation, in both the horizontal and vertical planes, sub-axial dislocation, erosions, and vertebral end plate sclerosis. Detailed radiological investigation, using inclined plane radiography, auto-tomography, tomography, and myelography may all be required to demonstrate the abnormalities. Disorders of mobility can only be assessed with dynamic views and fluoroscopy and the mechanics of these derangements vary depending on the type of subluxation encountered. The cumulative effects of the lesions conform to certain characteristic patterns and include marked reduction of neck height, disorders of mobility, and changes in the capacity of the spinal canal. The discrepancy between these changes and the clinical and neurological findings is discussed.", "contents": "The radiology of rheumatoid involvement of the cervical spine. The radiological features of cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis are described. These include atlanto-axial subluxation, in both the horizontal and vertical planes, sub-axial dislocation, erosions, and vertebral end plate sclerosis. Detailed radiological investigation, using inclined plane radiography, auto-tomography, tomography, and myelography may all be required to demonstrate the abnormalities. Disorders of mobility can only be assessed with dynamic views and fluoroscopy and the mechanics of these derangements vary depending on the type of subluxation encountered. The cumulative effects of the lesions conform to certain characteristic patterns and include marked reduction of neck height, disorders of mobility, and changes in the capacity of the spinal canal. The discrepancy between these changes and the clinical and neurological findings is discussed.", "PMID": 515744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11035", "title": "Ultrasound appearance of myositis ossificans.", "content": "Ultrasonic evaluation of a soft tissue mass of the thigh was performed and suggested the diagnosis of myositis ossificans. Correlation with routine radiographic studies is made, as well as with the follow-up radiographic examination.", "contents": "Ultrasound appearance of myositis ossificans. Ultrasonic evaluation of a soft tissue mass of the thigh was performed and suggested the diagnosis of myositis ossificans. Correlation with routine radiographic studies is made, as well as with the follow-up radiographic examination.", "PMID": 515745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11036", "title": "Osgood-Schlatter's disease, an emphasis on soft tissue changes in roentgen diagnosis.", "content": "Osgood-Schlatter's disease is a well known entity affecting the adolescent knee. Radiologic examination of the knee has been an integral part of the diagnosis of this condition for decades. However, the soft tissue changes have not been appreciated sufficiently. Emphasis is placed on the use of optimum radiographic technique and xeroradiography in the examination of the soft tissues of the knee.", "contents": "Osgood-Schlatter's disease, an emphasis on soft tissue changes in roentgen diagnosis. Osgood-Schlatter's disease is a well known entity affecting the adolescent knee. Radiologic examination of the knee has been an integral part of the diagnosis of this condition for decades. However, the soft tissue changes have not been appreciated sufficiently. Emphasis is placed on the use of optimum radiographic technique and xeroradiography in the examination of the soft tissues of the knee.", "PMID": 515746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11037", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery as a complication of an osteochondroma.", "content": "This is a report of mechanical compression and transection of the popliteal artery by an osteochondroma, documented angiographically and pathologically, in a patient hospitalized for endocarditis.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery as a complication of an osteochondroma. This is a report of mechanical compression and transection of the popliteal artery by an osteochondroma, documented angiographically and pathologically, in a patient hospitalized for endocarditis.", "PMID": 515747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11038", "title": "The value of traction during roentgenography of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints.", "content": "Traction on wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints during radiography produces 'vacuum phenomenon' due to the release of intra-articular gas. The resultant pneumoarthrogram clearly portrays the articular cartilage. Manual traction radiography of the wrist and the metacarpophalangeal joints has the following potential uses. 1. Detection of joint effusion; increased interosseous space during traction without release of intraarticular gas is indicative of joint disease with effusion. 2. Separation of the carpal bones; the traction separates the carpal bones and allows evaluation. 3. Differentiation of arthralgia from arthritis. 4. Evaluation of midcarpal, radiocarpal compartments, and the metacarpophalangeal joints can be performed before the secondary ossification centers are ossified. 5. Evaluation of the integrity of the joint cartilage.", "contents": "The value of traction during roentgenography of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints. Traction on wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints during radiography produces 'vacuum phenomenon' due to the release of intra-articular gas. The resultant pneumoarthrogram clearly portrays the articular cartilage. Manual traction radiography of the wrist and the metacarpophalangeal joints has the following potential uses. 1. Detection of joint effusion; increased interosseous space during traction without release of intraarticular gas is indicative of joint disease with effusion. 2. Separation of the carpal bones; the traction separates the carpal bones and allows evaluation. 3. Differentiation of arthralgia from arthritis. 4. Evaluation of midcarpal, radiocarpal compartments, and the metacarpophalangeal joints can be performed before the secondary ossification centers are ossified. 5. Evaluation of the integrity of the joint cartilage.", "PMID": 515748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11039", "title": "Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma.", "content": "Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma of long bones is more frequent than generally recognized. This should not cause confusion in differential diagnosis. The findings does not seem to have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma. Periosteal bone apposition in chondroblastoma of long bones is more frequent than generally recognized. This should not cause confusion in differential diagnosis. The findings does not seem to have prognostic significance.", "PMID": 515749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11040", "title": "Hypertrophy of the talar beak.", "content": "Hypertrophy of the talar beak is the product of traction of the insertion of the joint capsule. It is commonly seen in athletes and may be entirely asymptomatic despite its size. It should not be mistaken for spurring of the articular margin of the talus which is seen in tarsal coalition.", "contents": "Hypertrophy of the talar beak. Hypertrophy of the talar beak is the product of traction of the insertion of the joint capsule. It is commonly seen in athletes and may be entirely asymptomatic despite its size. It should not be mistaken for spurring of the articular margin of the talus which is seen in tarsal coalition.", "PMID": 515750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11041", "title": "Angiography in myeloma (plasmacytoma). A correlated angiographic and histologic study.", "content": "Angiography was performed in ten cases of myeloma (plasmacytoma), of which nine were solitary on admission. All lesions were hypervascular bone tumors with extension of neoplastic growth into adjacent soft tissue. Contrast uptake of the tumors occurred regularly and usually was non-homogeneous. In nearly all cases irregular tumor vessels and early venous drainage was evident with arteriovenous shunting in three. Pathologic-anatomic correlation demonstrated 'tumor vessels' to be newly formed vascular spaces lacking the normal constituents of vessel walls. The contrast uptake presumably was caused by passage of contrast into the newly formed, slit-like capillary vascular spaces. Angiography usually permitted separation of myeloma from benign, hypervascular bone lesions. The procedure proved to be of particular value in indicating definite malignancy, since myeloma was considered initially as the probable diagnosis in only one of the series. It was not possible, however, to differentiate myeloma from other malignant tumors by plain radiography or angiography. Irreversible renal failure occurred in one patient after angiography.", "contents": "Angiography in myeloma (plasmacytoma). A correlated angiographic and histologic study. Angiography was performed in ten cases of myeloma (plasmacytoma), of which nine were solitary on admission. All lesions were hypervascular bone tumors with extension of neoplastic growth into adjacent soft tissue. Contrast uptake of the tumors occurred regularly and usually was non-homogeneous. In nearly all cases irregular tumor vessels and early venous drainage was evident with arteriovenous shunting in three. Pathologic-anatomic correlation demonstrated 'tumor vessels' to be newly formed vascular spaces lacking the normal constituents of vessel walls. The contrast uptake presumably was caused by passage of contrast into the newly formed, slit-like capillary vascular spaces. Angiography usually permitted separation of myeloma from benign, hypervascular bone lesions. The procedure proved to be of particular value in indicating definite malignancy, since myeloma was considered initially as the probable diagnosis in only one of the series. It was not possible, however, to differentiate myeloma from other malignant tumors by plain radiography or angiography. Irreversible renal failure occurred in one patient after angiography.", "PMID": 515756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11042", "title": "Cutaneous myiasis in visitors to Central America.", "content": "Six cases of cutaneous myiasis occurred in three groups of visitors to Guatemala between February and May 1978. Attack rates ranged from 12% to 50%. Furuncular lesions were generally multiple and involved both exposed and usually unexposed areas of the body. Parasitic fly larvae recovered from two patients were identified as the botfly, Dermatobia hominis. Botfly infestation is endemic in areas of Central and South America and is acquired indirectly through the bite of carrier arthropods, including mosquitoes. Although reports of cases in North Americans visting endemic areas are rare, the condition is probably much more common in such persons than it is currently believed to be. A history of travel to Central or South America should suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous myiasis in visitors to Central America. Six cases of cutaneous myiasis occurred in three groups of visitors to Guatemala between February and May 1978. Attack rates ranged from 12% to 50%. Furuncular lesions were generally multiple and involved both exposed and usually unexposed areas of the body. Parasitic fly larvae recovered from two patients were identified as the botfly, Dermatobia hominis. Botfly infestation is endemic in areas of Central and South America and is acquired indirectly through the bite of carrier arthropods, including mosquitoes. Although reports of cases in North Americans visting endemic areas are rare, the condition is probably much more common in such persons than it is currently believed to be. A history of travel to Central or South America should suggest the diagnosis.", "PMID": 515759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11043", "title": "How and when to use barium for diagnosis of small bowel obstruction.", "content": "The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is readily made when a patient presents with typical history and signs, and when plain films of the abdomen display characteristic findings. Some patients, however, constitute diagnostic problems because abdominal roentgenograms are still equivocal, even after repetition in four hours. In the unclear case, use of a barium meal will safely, promptly, and routinely prove or disprove small bowel obstruction. Intestinal obstruction in which the initial abdominal films tend to be either unrevealing or equivocal include high obstructions, including the superior mesenteric artery syndrome; presence of strangulation; partial small bowel obstruction; and fluid-filled proximal bowel. In intestinal obstruction, characteristic roentgenographic findings with use of barium meal are normal to rather rapid transit time to the point of obstruction; homogenous dilution of barium in dilated proximal loops; and inhomogenous, scattered, and fragmented collections of barium in the distal, collapsed loops.", "contents": "How and when to use barium for diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is readily made when a patient presents with typical history and signs, and when plain films of the abdomen display characteristic findings. Some patients, however, constitute diagnostic problems because abdominal roentgenograms are still equivocal, even after repetition in four hours. In the unclear case, use of a barium meal will safely, promptly, and routinely prove or disprove small bowel obstruction. Intestinal obstruction in which the initial abdominal films tend to be either unrevealing or equivocal include high obstructions, including the superior mesenteric artery syndrome; presence of strangulation; partial small bowel obstruction; and fluid-filled proximal bowel. In intestinal obstruction, characteristic roentgenographic findings with use of barium meal are normal to rather rapid transit time to the point of obstruction; homogenous dilution of barium in dilated proximal loops; and inhomogenous, scattered, and fragmented collections of barium in the distal, collapsed loops.", "PMID": 515760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11044", "title": "Management of persimmon bezoars (diospyrobezoars).", "content": "Since 1946, 20 men and one woman aged 40 to 76 years (average 57) were operated upon for complications of diospyrobezoars. Shortly after eating persimmons, 11 (52.4%) had severe abdominal cramping, anusea, vomiting, and pyrexia. Twelve of 17 (70.9%) with gastric bezoars had hematemesis or melena caused by an associated gastric ulcer, while five (29.1%) had only moderate dyspepsia. In four (19.1%), the bezoar had lodged in the ileum, causing obstruction. Enzymatic therapy is indicated in those with minor symptoms. Gastrotomy or gastrotomy with bezoar removal and wedge resection of the gastric ulcer is recommended when enzymatic therapy fails, or when there is gastric outlet obstruction or marrise hemorrhage. Emergency exploration with removal is necessary when the persimmon bezoar causes ileal obstruction.", "contents": "Management of persimmon bezoars (diospyrobezoars). Since 1946, 20 men and one woman aged 40 to 76 years (average 57) were operated upon for complications of diospyrobezoars. Shortly after eating persimmons, 11 (52.4%) had severe abdominal cramping, anusea, vomiting, and pyrexia. Twelve of 17 (70.9%) with gastric bezoars had hematemesis or melena caused by an associated gastric ulcer, while five (29.1%) had only moderate dyspepsia. In four (19.1%), the bezoar had lodged in the ileum, causing obstruction. Enzymatic therapy is indicated in those with minor symptoms. Gastrotomy or gastrotomy with bezoar removal and wedge resection of the gastric ulcer is recommended when enzymatic therapy fails, or when there is gastric outlet obstruction or marrise hemorrhage. Emergency exploration with removal is necessary when the persimmon bezoar causes ileal obstruction.", "PMID": 515761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11045", "title": "Results of corrective surgery for alkaline reflux gastritis.", "content": "Reflux alkaline gastritis and esophagitis have been incriminated as a source of symptoms in achlorhydric patients afer operation for duodenal ulcer. Documentation of such pathologic findings has increased due to widespread use of fiberoptic endoscopy. As reported in the literature, results of remedial operations have ranged from encouraging to excellent, and evaluations have been uniformly laudatory. Correlation of the extent of symptoms and of pathologic findings has been difficult, and our results have not been as good as those reported in the literature. During a six-year period, the diagnosis of bile reflux gastritis in 13 patients was based on a characteristic symptom complex, endoscopic appearance, and histopathologic confirmation. Either a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or a Tanner-Roux 19 was the corrective procedure. There was complete relief of symptoms in five patients (38%) and partial relief in four, but no apparent relief in four others. In at least three of the patients, chronic gastritis and/or esophagitis have persisted and have not improved despite biliary diversion. Tabulation of the results of 13 remedial operations for reflux alkaline gastritis disclosed that copmlete relief of symptoms was achieved in 50% of those who had the Roux-en-Y and in 20% of those who had the Tanner 19 procedure. Based on our findings, we recommend a cautious approach to the surgical management of alkaline gastritis.", "contents": "Results of corrective surgery for alkaline reflux gastritis. Reflux alkaline gastritis and esophagitis have been incriminated as a source of symptoms in achlorhydric patients afer operation for duodenal ulcer. Documentation of such pathologic findings has increased due to widespread use of fiberoptic endoscopy. As reported in the literature, results of remedial operations have ranged from encouraging to excellent, and evaluations have been uniformly laudatory. Correlation of the extent of symptoms and of pathologic findings has been difficult, and our results have not been as good as those reported in the literature. During a six-year period, the diagnosis of bile reflux gastritis in 13 patients was based on a characteristic symptom complex, endoscopic appearance, and histopathologic confirmation. Either a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or a Tanner-Roux 19 was the corrective procedure. There was complete relief of symptoms in five patients (38%) and partial relief in four, but no apparent relief in four others. In at least three of the patients, chronic gastritis and/or esophagitis have persisted and have not improved despite biliary diversion. Tabulation of the results of 13 remedial operations for reflux alkaline gastritis disclosed that copmlete relief of symptoms was achieved in 50% of those who had the Roux-en-Y and in 20% of those who had the Tanner 19 procedure. Based on our findings, we recommend a cautious approach to the surgical management of alkaline gastritis.", "PMID": 515762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11046", "title": "Pancreatic and duodenal injuries: morbidity and mortality of surgical management.", "content": "A retrospective review of pancreatic injury is presented. Twenty-five cases in which the pancreatic injury was either the sole or major injury were selected from over 100 cases of pancreatic injury admitted during the period 1970 to 1977. Eight pancreatic injuries resulted from blunt trauma and 17 from penetrating trauma. Two methods of treatment were compared, drainage alone versus duodenal diverticularization and/or distal resection. There were no deaths. Of the 15 patients treated by drainage alone, 14 (93%) developed postoperative complications, as compared to 20% (two of ten patients) treated by diverticularization and/or distal resection.", "contents": "Pancreatic and duodenal injuries: morbidity and mortality of surgical management. A retrospective review of pancreatic injury is presented. Twenty-five cases in which the pancreatic injury was either the sole or major injury were selected from over 100 cases of pancreatic injury admitted during the period 1970 to 1977. Eight pancreatic injuries resulted from blunt trauma and 17 from penetrating trauma. Two methods of treatment were compared, drainage alone versus duodenal diverticularization and/or distal resection. There were no deaths. Of the 15 patients treated by drainage alone, 14 (93%) developed postoperative complications, as compared to 20% (two of ten patients) treated by diverticularization and/or distal resection.", "PMID": 515763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11047", "title": "Pelvic recurrence of cancer after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum.", "content": "Records of 122 patients with carcinoma of the rectum treated by abdominoperineal resection at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between 1967 and 1972 were reviewed with regard to local pelvic recurrence and survival. Local recurrence rates for men were: stage IB, 14%; II, 23%; and III, 21%; and for women: IB, 6%; II, 15%; and III, 35%. Forty-one percent of the male patients and 54% of female patients had nodal metastasis at the time of their initial operation. The high pelvic recurrence rates in women may lend support to consideration of a posterior exenteration in all female patients with advanced carcinoma of the rectum.", "contents": "Pelvic recurrence of cancer after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Records of 122 patients with carcinoma of the rectum treated by abdominoperineal resection at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between 1967 and 1972 were reviewed with regard to local pelvic recurrence and survival. Local recurrence rates for men were: stage IB, 14%; II, 23%; and III, 21%; and for women: IB, 6%; II, 15%; and III, 35%. Forty-one percent of the male patients and 54% of female patients had nodal metastasis at the time of their initial operation. The high pelvic recurrence rates in women may lend support to consideration of a posterior exenteration in all female patients with advanced carcinoma of the rectum.", "PMID": 515764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11048", "title": "Small cell carcinoma of the lung: results of combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy.", "content": "A retrospective study of 244 patients treated for small cell carcinoma of the lung from Jan 1, 1971 to Dec 31, 1976 revealed that 34% of patients, with local-regional disease who received radiation alone survived one year (median survival, seven months), and 53% with local-regional disease survived one year (median survival, 12 months) when treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation. The one-year survival for patients presenting with metastatic disease was 14.5% (median survival, five months) when treated with radiation alone and 50% (median survival, 11 months) when treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation. Although combination chemotherapy and radiation will prlong the disease-free interval in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung, more than 90% will develop evidence of progressive disease within two years.", "contents": "Small cell carcinoma of the lung: results of combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A retrospective study of 244 patients treated for small cell carcinoma of the lung from Jan 1, 1971 to Dec 31, 1976 revealed that 34% of patients, with local-regional disease who received radiation alone survived one year (median survival, seven months), and 53% with local-regional disease survived one year (median survival, 12 months) when treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation. The one-year survival for patients presenting with metastatic disease was 14.5% (median survival, five months) when treated with radiation alone and 50% (median survival, 11 months) when treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation. Although combination chemotherapy and radiation will prlong the disease-free interval in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung, more than 90% will develop evidence of progressive disease within two years.", "PMID": 515765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11049", "title": "Comparison of staphylococcal and nonstaphylococcal endocarditis in narcotic addicts.", "content": "In a 54-month retrospective review, we compared the clinical features of 26 narcotic addicts with staphylococcal endocarditis (group 1) and ten other addicts with nonstaphylococcal endocarditis (group 2). The admission temperature and the respiratory rate of patients in group 1 were significantly higher (P less thn .05 and less than .02 respectively) than those of patients in group 2. Group 1 also differed from group 2 in the following variables: (1) bilateral multiple pulmonary infiltrates in 46% vs none in group 2; (2) greater incidence of symptoms referable to the central nervous system (50% vs none in group 2); and (3) gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation in 62% vs 10% in group 2. Serious cardiovascular, renal, and other complications were more frequent in staphylococcal endocarditis. Tricuspid regurgitation occurred with equal frequency in both groups and was of no value in differentiating staphylococcal from nonstaphylococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Comparison of staphylococcal and nonstaphylococcal endocarditis in narcotic addicts. In a 54-month retrospective review, we compared the clinical features of 26 narcotic addicts with staphylococcal endocarditis (group 1) and ten other addicts with nonstaphylococcal endocarditis (group 2). The admission temperature and the respiratory rate of patients in group 1 were significantly higher (P less thn .05 and less than .02 respectively) than those of patients in group 2. Group 1 also differed from group 2 in the following variables: (1) bilateral multiple pulmonary infiltrates in 46% vs none in group 2; (2) greater incidence of symptoms referable to the central nervous system (50% vs none in group 2); and (3) gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation in 62% vs 10% in group 2. Serious cardiovascular, renal, and other complications were more frequent in staphylococcal endocarditis. Tricuspid regurgitation occurred with equal frequency in both groups and was of no value in differentiating staphylococcal from nonstaphylococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 515766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11050", "title": "Colposcopy in anorectal disease.", "content": "The colposcope was introduced into colon and rectal surgery for the evaluation of anal and perianal disease. The standard technics of gynecologic colposcopy were used. The indications included evaluations of pruritus ani, condyloma, mass lesions, unexplained bleeding or pain, and follow-up of patients previously treated for carcinoma of the anus or lower rectum.", "contents": "Colposcopy in anorectal disease. The colposcope was introduced into colon and rectal surgery for the evaluation of anal and perianal disease. The standard technics of gynecologic colposcopy were used. The indications included evaluations of pruritus ani, condyloma, mass lesions, unexplained bleeding or pain, and follow-up of patients previously treated for carcinoma of the anus or lower rectum.", "PMID": 515767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11051", "title": "Tuberculous peritonitis.", "content": "Tuberculous peritonitis is an uncommon disorder and is often not considered on initial evaluation of ascites. A negative 5-TU PPD test, a normal chest roentgenogram, or a low level of ascitic fluid protein may erroneously direct attention away from tuberculosis. Failure to thoroughly evaluate nonmalignant exudative ascites, especially in alcoholics, is a common diagnostic pitfall. TB peritonitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in every patient who presents with ascites, fever, and abdominal pain, particularly when alcoholism, a lung lesion, weight loss, or cirrhosis is also present. Percutaneous needle biopsy of peritoneum, followed by peritoneoscopy if necessary, may preclude the need for laparotomy. Antituberculous drugs, when conscientiously taken, afford a rapid response with a cure in most patients. Case material on four patients is presented.", "contents": "Tuberculous peritonitis. Tuberculous peritonitis is an uncommon disorder and is often not considered on initial evaluation of ascites. A negative 5-TU PPD test, a normal chest roentgenogram, or a low level of ascitic fluid protein may erroneously direct attention away from tuberculosis. Failure to thoroughly evaluate nonmalignant exudative ascites, especially in alcoholics, is a common diagnostic pitfall. TB peritonitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in every patient who presents with ascites, fever, and abdominal pain, particularly when alcoholism, a lung lesion, weight loss, or cirrhosis is also present. Percutaneous needle biopsy of peritoneum, followed by peritoneoscopy if necessary, may preclude the need for laparotomy. Antituberculous drugs, when conscientiously taken, afford a rapid response with a cure in most patients. Case material on four patients is presented.", "PMID": 515768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11052", "title": "Clearance of lidocaine by hemodialysis.", "content": "Because little has been known regarding the dialyzability of lidocaine, we studied the clearance of this drug by hemodialysis. The dialysance of lidocaine was found to range between 10.6 to 21.3 ml/min. Lidocaine-urea extraction ratio averaged 11%. Because of the low therapeutic and even toxic plasma levels, the amount of drug removed by dialysis is negligible. Therefore, dose adjustment is unnecessary during dialysis, and dialysis appears to be of little help in the treatment of lidocaine toxicity.", "contents": "Clearance of lidocaine by hemodialysis. Because little has been known regarding the dialyzability of lidocaine, we studied the clearance of this drug by hemodialysis. The dialysance of lidocaine was found to range between 10.6 to 21.3 ml/min. Lidocaine-urea extraction ratio averaged 11%. Because of the low therapeutic and even toxic plasma levels, the amount of drug removed by dialysis is negligible. Therefore, dose adjustment is unnecessary during dialysis, and dialysis appears to be of little help in the treatment of lidocaine toxicity.", "PMID": 515769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11053", "title": "Esophageal perforation in an infant: repair with a pleural flap.", "content": "Most esophageal perforations regardless of cause, should be treated surgically. Since anatomic features of the esophagus make even small rents difficult to close, a variety of technics have been developed. Flaps of pleura have been used in adults, but to our knowledge this technic has not been previously described in infants. We used a local pleural flap for successful closure of a large esophageal perforation in a 2-week-old infant. Rapid healing occurred without stricture.", "contents": "Esophageal perforation in an infant: repair with a pleural flap. Most esophageal perforations regardless of cause, should be treated surgically. Since anatomic features of the esophagus make even small rents difficult to close, a variety of technics have been developed. Flaps of pleura have been used in adults, but to our knowledge this technic has not been previously described in infants. We used a local pleural flap for successful closure of a large esophageal perforation in a 2-week-old infant. Rapid healing occurred without stricture.", "PMID": 515771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11054", "title": "Citrobacter freundii meningitis in an adult.", "content": "We have described the first case of an adult patient with Citrobacter freundii meningitis, which was successfully treated without administration of intrathecal aminoglycoside.", "contents": "Citrobacter freundii meningitis in an adult. We have described the first case of an adult patient with Citrobacter freundii meningitis, which was successfully treated without administration of intrathecal aminoglycoside.", "PMID": 515772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11055", "title": "Agranulocytosis during combined procainamide and phenytoin therapy.", "content": "We have presented two cases of agranulocytosis occurring in patients receiving a combination antiarrhythmic regimen. As multiple drug therapy for ventricular arrhythmias becomes more commonplace, increased scrutiny should be given to agents chosen, in an effort to prevent any possible adverse interactions. When future cases are encountered, the acetylator pheontype should be determined. This information would aid in assessing the predicative value of the acetylator phenotype in the development of agranulocytosis. Due to the inherent danger, neither patient was rechallenged with procainamide nor phenytoin.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis during combined procainamide and phenytoin therapy. We have presented two cases of agranulocytosis occurring in patients receiving a combination antiarrhythmic regimen. As multiple drug therapy for ventricular arrhythmias becomes more commonplace, increased scrutiny should be given to agents chosen, in an effort to prevent any possible adverse interactions. When future cases are encountered, the acetylator pheontype should be determined. This information would aid in assessing the predicative value of the acetylator phenotype in the development of agranulocytosis. Due to the inherent danger, neither patient was rechallenged with procainamide nor phenytoin.", "PMID": 515773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11056", "title": "Lithium carbonate therapy for granulocytopenia in a patient with myelofibrosis and septic arthritis.", "content": "We report a patient with myelofibrosis, granulocytopenia, and septic arthritis, in whom lithium carbonate induced a more appropriate granulocyte count. Further evaluation of the use of lithium carbonate in granulocytopenic states seems warranted.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate therapy for granulocytopenia in a patient with myelofibrosis and septic arthritis. We report a patient with myelofibrosis, granulocytopenia, and septic arthritis, in whom lithium carbonate induced a more appropriate granulocyte count. Further evaluation of the use of lithium carbonate in granulocytopenic states seems warranted.", "PMID": 515774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11057", "title": "Value of bone scan in primary sternal osteomyelitis.", "content": "Roentgenographic examination of the sternum is particularly difficult and offers little clinical assistance in the early stage of acute osteomyelitis. With only a few cases of primary sternal osteomyelitis reported, there are almost no data available regarding the role of bone scan in the diagnosis of this lesion. The present case illustrates the usefulness of the scan both in diagnosis and management of sternal osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Value of bone scan in primary sternal osteomyelitis. Roentgenographic examination of the sternum is particularly difficult and offers little clinical assistance in the early stage of acute osteomyelitis. With only a few cases of primary sternal osteomyelitis reported, there are almost no data available regarding the role of bone scan in the diagnosis of this lesion. The present case illustrates the usefulness of the scan both in diagnosis and management of sternal osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 515775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11058", "title": "Giant pheochromocytoma with sarcoidosis.", "content": "We describe a case of an asymptomatic patient with a huge left abdominal mass, which at operation was found to be a cystic pheochromocytoma weighing over 3,000 gm. A dignosis of sarcoidosis was established simultaneously, with the discovery of sarcoid granulomas in abdominal nodes and within the tumor mass itself. This is only the second observation of coexistent sarcoidosis and pheochromocytoma, and with the paucity of related literature, we conclude the association is probably fortuitous.", "contents": "Giant pheochromocytoma with sarcoidosis. We describe a case of an asymptomatic patient with a huge left abdominal mass, which at operation was found to be a cystic pheochromocytoma weighing over 3,000 gm. A dignosis of sarcoidosis was established simultaneously, with the discovery of sarcoid granulomas in abdominal nodes and within the tumor mass itself. This is only the second observation of coexistent sarcoidosis and pheochromocytoma, and with the paucity of related literature, we conclude the association is probably fortuitous.", "PMID": 515776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11059", "title": "Hyperglycemia and diabetic coma: possible relationship to diuretic-propranolol therapy.", "content": "Two patients developed diabetic coma when taking a combination of a thiazide diuretic and propranolol. On subsequent follow-up one patient is taking no insulin and has been maintained on hydrochlorothiazide; the other patient required insulin on two occasions when challenged with a propranolol-thiazide combination, but not when the thiazide was discontinued or replaced with furosemide. These reports suggest the possibility that the risk of developing hyperglycemia and diabetic coma with this combination may be greater than when taking diuretics alone. The mechanism is probably multifactorial.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia and diabetic coma: possible relationship to diuretic-propranolol therapy. Two patients developed diabetic coma when taking a combination of a thiazide diuretic and propranolol. On subsequent follow-up one patient is taking no insulin and has been maintained on hydrochlorothiazide; the other patient required insulin on two occasions when challenged with a propranolol-thiazide combination, but not when the thiazide was discontinued or replaced with furosemide. These reports suggest the possibility that the risk of developing hyperglycemia and diabetic coma with this combination may be greater than when taking diuretics alone. The mechanism is probably multifactorial.", "PMID": 515777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11060", "title": "Splenic infarction in a white man with sickle cell trait.", "content": "We report the third case of splenic infarction from sickle cell trait in a young white man traveling through mountains. Apparently the hypoxemia at 10,800 feet, along with a relatively high hemoglobin S concentration of 40%, interacted with the known conditions of splenic blood flow to cause sickling and infarction, even though our patient was not exercising. The optimal management for this rare complication of sickle cell trait remains unknown, but surgery may not be required for either diagnosis or therapy.", "contents": "Splenic infarction in a white man with sickle cell trait. We report the third case of splenic infarction from sickle cell trait in a young white man traveling through mountains. Apparently the hypoxemia at 10,800 feet, along with a relatively high hemoglobin S concentration of 40%, interacted with the known conditions of splenic blood flow to cause sickling and infarction, even though our patient was not exercising. The optimal management for this rare complication of sickle cell trait remains unknown, but surgery may not be required for either diagnosis or therapy.", "PMID": 515779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11061", "title": "Asymptomatic cecal stenosis after necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Survival of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis may be complicated by intestinal stricture(s) as a result of healing of ischemic segments of bowel. An asymptomatic cecal stenosis not visible on barium enema was identified at operation for reestablishment of intestinal continuity. Infants recovering from acute necrotizing enterocolitis deserve continued surveillance for mechanical and functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Patency of the intestinal lumen distal to the ostomy site should be clearly demonstrated by the surgeon when continuity is reestablished.", "contents": "Asymptomatic cecal stenosis after necrotizing enterocolitis. Survival of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis may be complicated by intestinal stricture(s) as a result of healing of ischemic segments of bowel. An asymptomatic cecal stenosis not visible on barium enema was identified at operation for reestablishment of intestinal continuity. Infants recovering from acute necrotizing enterocolitis deserve continued surveillance for mechanical and functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Patency of the intestinal lumen distal to the ostomy site should be clearly demonstrated by the surgeon when continuity is reestablished.", "PMID": 515780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11062", "title": "Pigmentation of the tongue and mucous membranes associated with cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Hyperpigmentation of the tongue and buccal mucosa was observed after administration of conbination chemotherapy containing doxorubicin. The pigmentation lessened after discontinuation of doxorubicin, suggesting this drug as the possible causative agent.", "contents": "Pigmentation of the tongue and mucous membranes associated with cancer chemotherapy. Hyperpigmentation of the tongue and buccal mucosa was observed after administration of conbination chemotherapy containing doxorubicin. The pigmentation lessened after discontinuation of doxorubicin, suggesting this drug as the possible causative agent.", "PMID": 515781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11063", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis associated with nephrotic syndrome and gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In this case of renal vein thrombosis secondary to a nephrotic syndrome, we postulate renal disease resulted from gold therapy. We know of no previous report relating gold toxicity and renal vein thrombosis. It should be emphasized that with increasing use of gold, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome may be more common than once suspected and, when present, predispose to the development of renal vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis associated with nephrotic syndrome and gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. In this case of renal vein thrombosis secondary to a nephrotic syndrome, we postulate renal disease resulted from gold therapy. We know of no previous report relating gold toxicity and renal vein thrombosis. It should be emphasized that with increasing use of gold, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome may be more common than once suspected and, when present, predispose to the development of renal vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 515782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11064", "title": "Isolated central nervous system histoplasmosis.", "content": "A solitary localized Histoplasma infection of the central nervous system, a \"histoplasmoma,\" may mimic a neoplastic brain tumor clinically and radiographically and should be considered in a differential diagnosis of localized central nervous system mass lesions.", "contents": "Isolated central nervous system histoplasmosis. A solitary localized Histoplasma infection of the central nervous system, a \"histoplasmoma,\" may mimic a neoplastic brain tumor clinically and radiographically and should be considered in a differential diagnosis of localized central nervous system mass lesions.", "PMID": 515787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11065", "title": "Pseudoneurilemoma of the spinal canal.", "content": "Two cases are presented with the myelographic appearance of an intradural tumor believed to be neurilemoma. In one instance the defect was undoubtedly caused by a cicatrix which developed over a period of years, consequent to postoperative spinal fluid fistula. In the second case a herniated disk at the L2-3 level was mistaken as artifact and its true nature was revealed only at operation seven years later. It was suspected to be neurilemoma because of the myelographic appearance and persistence of the lesion.", "contents": "Pseudoneurilemoma of the spinal canal. Two cases are presented with the myelographic appearance of an intradural tumor believed to be neurilemoma. In one instance the defect was undoubtedly caused by a cicatrix which developed over a period of years, consequent to postoperative spinal fluid fistula. In the second case a herniated disk at the L2-3 level was mistaken as artifact and its true nature was revealed only at operation seven years later. It was suspected to be neurilemoma because of the myelographic appearance and persistence of the lesion.", "PMID": 515788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11066", "title": "Severe tracheal stenosis after brief endotracheal intubation.", "content": "The most serious complication of endotracheal intubation is ischemic mucosal necrosis and subsequent stenosis caused by excessive cuff pressure. An instance of tracheal stenosis occurring after only 72 hours of intubation is presented. Resection of the stenotic segment with primary end-to-end anastomosis was curative. There has been no recurrence after six months.", "contents": "Severe tracheal stenosis after brief endotracheal intubation. The most serious complication of endotracheal intubation is ischemic mucosal necrosis and subsequent stenosis caused by excessive cuff pressure. An instance of tracheal stenosis occurring after only 72 hours of intubation is presented. Resection of the stenotic segment with primary end-to-end anastomosis was curative. There has been no recurrence after six months.", "PMID": 515789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11067", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography to diagnose carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater was diagnosed preoperatively by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the Chiba needle. A dilated pancreatic duct is a radiologic sign diagnostic of early ampullary carcinoma.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography to diagnose carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. A case of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater was diagnosed preoperatively by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the Chiba needle. A dilated pancreatic duct is a radiologic sign diagnostic of early ampullary carcinoma.", "PMID": 515790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11068", "title": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding during acute hemodialysis.", "content": "We report a case of spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding in a patient requiring acute hemodialysis. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are either contraindicated or will worsen the problem. Prompt surgical intervention was life-saving.", "contents": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding during acute hemodialysis. We report a case of spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding in a patient requiring acute hemodialysis. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are either contraindicated or will worsen the problem. Prompt surgical intervention was life-saving.", "PMID": 515791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11069", "title": "Problems of diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).", "content": "Acute generalized intravascular coagulation is regularly associated with fibrinolysis. Evidence of the clotting process includes thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, prolongation of the prothrombin time (deficiency of factor V and fibrinogen) and of the partial thromboplastin time (factor VIII is also deficient). Evidence of fibrinolysis is elevation of fibrinolytic split products (FSP or FDP). A positive protamine gel results from both coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "contents": "Problems of diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Acute generalized intravascular coagulation is regularly associated with fibrinolysis. Evidence of the clotting process includes thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, prolongation of the prothrombin time (deficiency of factor V and fibrinogen) and of the partial thromboplastin time (factor VIII is also deficient). Evidence of fibrinolysis is elevation of fibrinolytic split products (FSP or FDP). A positive protamine gel results from both coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 515796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11070", "title": "Dipyridamole in the treatment of dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Clinical studies in the treatment of 54 children suffering from DHF with a combination of dipyridamole and ASA as an adjuvant of our standard therapy consisted of fluid, electrolytes, blood, plasma and plasma expanders were evaluated. Heparin was administered in cases of DIC. It appeared that dipyridamole and ASA did not change the mortality significantly, but it prevented the progress of the severity of the disease from grade I and II to grade III and IV.", "contents": "Dipyridamole in the treatment of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Clinical studies in the treatment of 54 children suffering from DHF with a combination of dipyridamole and ASA as an adjuvant of our standard therapy consisted of fluid, electrolytes, blood, plasma and plasma expanders were evaluated. Heparin was administered in cases of DIC. It appeared that dipyridamole and ASA did not change the mortality significantly, but it prevented the progress of the severity of the disease from grade I and II to grade III and IV.", "PMID": 515801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11071", "title": "Investigation of coagulation abnormalities in patients with erythema nodosum leprosum.", "content": "Twenty erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) patients were examined. Coagulation studies were carried out in 13 of them during their active stage and 7 in the latent stage. From these 13 patients, 6 were re-examined when the disease became latent. From these observations a conclusion can be drawn that there are coagulation abnormalities in the majority of ENL patients in the active stage and these abnormalities will return to normal values when the disease becomes latent.", "contents": "Investigation of coagulation abnormalities in patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. Twenty erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) patients were examined. Coagulation studies were carried out in 13 of them during their active stage and 7 in the latent stage. From these 13 patients, 6 were re-examined when the disease became latent. From these observations a conclusion can be drawn that there are coagulation abnormalities in the majority of ENL patients in the active stage and these abnormalities will return to normal values when the disease becomes latent.", "PMID": 515802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11072", "title": "Coagulopathy in nephrotic syndrome at the time of renal biopsy.", "content": "Two cases of nephrotic syndrome with coagulopathy were presented. The first case was due to acquired factor IX deficiency. The second case was due to unexplanable prolonged thrombin time.", "contents": "Coagulopathy in nephrotic syndrome at the time of renal biopsy. Two cases of nephrotic syndrome with coagulopathy were presented. The first case was due to acquired factor IX deficiency. The second case was due to unexplanable prolonged thrombin time.", "PMID": 515803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11073", "title": "Thrombo-embolism in minimal change nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A case report of thrombo-embolism in minimal change nephrotic syndrome was presented. Autopsy revealed massive bilateral pulmonary emboli, edema and congestion, bilateral adrenocortical atrophy and left renal vein thrombosis. Thrombo-embolic phenomenon should be borne in mind during management and treatment of nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Thrombo-embolism in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. A case report of thrombo-embolism in minimal change nephrotic syndrome was presented. Autopsy revealed massive bilateral pulmonary emboli, edema and congestion, bilateral adrenocortical atrophy and left renal vein thrombosis. Thrombo-embolic phenomenon should be borne in mind during management and treatment of nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 515804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11074", "title": "Haemorrhage in neonatal hepatic necrosis due to herpes infection.", "content": "A case of early neonatal severe bleeding and persistent hypoglycemia with a fatal outcome is reported. The autopsy examination revealed the features of neonatal hepatic necrosis. Further study by the electron microscopy indicated the presence of herpes type particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the remaining liver cells. Serological study of the maternal blood, post partum, revelaed positive reaction to Herpes simplex virus type 2 at low titer. It is believed that intrauterine herpes infection was responsible for the severe hepatic damage manifesting in complex clinical findings.", "contents": "Haemorrhage in neonatal hepatic necrosis due to herpes infection. A case of early neonatal severe bleeding and persistent hypoglycemia with a fatal outcome is reported. The autopsy examination revealed the features of neonatal hepatic necrosis. Further study by the electron microscopy indicated the presence of herpes type particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the remaining liver cells. Serological study of the maternal blood, post partum, revelaed positive reaction to Herpes simplex virus type 2 at low titer. It is believed that intrauterine herpes infection was responsible for the severe hepatic damage manifesting in complex clinical findings.", "PMID": 515805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11075", "title": "Current status of spinal cord monitoring.", "content": "Spinal cord monitoring, as currently practiced, requires a source of sensory stimulus, transmitted through filters and amplifiers, to result in an enhanced signal, which is recorded and studied. Three techniques are under investigation. In one, the stimulation and responses are recorded directly from the dura. In another, the stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the response is gathered from vertebral bone. The third utilizes responses in the form of cortical evoked potentials, with the stimulus applied to peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Current status of spinal cord monitoring. Spinal cord monitoring, as currently practiced, requires a source of sensory stimulus, transmitted through filters and amplifiers, to result in an enhanced signal, which is recorded and studied. Three techniques are under investigation. In one, the stimulation and responses are recorded directly from the dura. In another, the stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the response is gathered from vertebral bone. The third utilizes responses in the form of cortical evoked potentials, with the stimulus applied to peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 515836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11076", "title": "Evoked spinal potentials as a monitor of spinal cord viability.", "content": "To determine the diagnostic and prognostic significance of evoked spinal potentials (ESPs), reproducible, compressive spinal cord lesions were produced in dogs under ESP monitoring. Both motor recovery and histologic findings were investigated in relation to the amplitude and persistence of the ESPs. Animals that had moderate, anterior compression (51% of canal width) in which the ESP was maintained had considerable motor recovery. Among animals that had submaximal compression (60%), motor recovery was good in those with persistent ESPs. The compression ratio at which ESPs terminated (67%) was termed the \"electrophysiologic maximum tolerable compression.\" Continuous ESP expiration resulted in irreversible lesions and loss of motor recovery. Compressive spinal cord lesions of reproducible, graded severity were employed for the first time in our study of ESP. Persistence and amplitude were both useful in predicting not only the severity and extent of this type of lesion but also the recovery.", "contents": "Evoked spinal potentials as a monitor of spinal cord viability. To determine the diagnostic and prognostic significance of evoked spinal potentials (ESPs), reproducible, compressive spinal cord lesions were produced in dogs under ESP monitoring. Both motor recovery and histologic findings were investigated in relation to the amplitude and persistence of the ESPs. Animals that had moderate, anterior compression (51% of canal width) in which the ESP was maintained had considerable motor recovery. Among animals that had submaximal compression (60%), motor recovery was good in those with persistent ESPs. The compression ratio at which ESPs terminated (67%) was termed the \"electrophysiologic maximum tolerable compression.\" Continuous ESP expiration resulted in irreversible lesions and loss of motor recovery. Compressive spinal cord lesions of reproducible, graded severity were employed for the first time in our study of ESP. Persistence and amplitude were both useful in predicting not only the severity and extent of this type of lesion but also the recovery.", "PMID": 515837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11077", "title": "Diagnosis of the level and severity of cord lesion in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spinal evoked potentials.", "content": "Experimental and clinical studies were performed to measure the segmental spinal evoked potential (SEP) of the cervical cord after stimulation of the median nerve, to determine the location, severity, and outcome of cord lesion in patients who had cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The SEP in control subjects consisted of two waves, the primary reactive R-wave and the secondary reactive N-wave. The R-wave related to both the dorsal root potential and the funiculus posterior potential; the N-wave related to the post-synaptic potential in the spinal cord. In the early stages of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, the N-wave weakens or disappears at the level of lesion. Then, as damage progresses, the R-wave also weakens or disappears.", "contents": "Diagnosis of the level and severity of cord lesion in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spinal evoked potentials. Experimental and clinical studies were performed to measure the segmental spinal evoked potential (SEP) of the cervical cord after stimulation of the median nerve, to determine the location, severity, and outcome of cord lesion in patients who had cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The SEP in control subjects consisted of two waves, the primary reactive R-wave and the secondary reactive N-wave. The R-wave related to both the dorsal root potential and the funiculus posterior potential; the N-wave related to the post-synaptic potential in the spinal cord. In the early stages of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, the N-wave weakens or disappears at the level of lesion. Then, as damage progresses, the R-wave also weakens or disappears.", "PMID": 515838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11078", "title": "Spinal cord monitoring using evoked potentials recorded from feline vertebral bone.", "content": "A new recording method for continuous spinal cord monitoring has been developed at Rancho Los Amigo Hospital. Using peripheral nerve stimulation, spinal evoked potentials (SEPs) are recorded from cancellous bone of spinous processes. This neurologically noninvasive technique provides a highly reproducible and consistent signal, unaffected by biologic noise and surgical handling of the spinal column. Moreover, the evoked response is extremely sensitive to changes in functional integrity of the spinal cord. In experimental spinal cord injuries, produced by localized distraction of the spine, changes of the evoked responses were well correlated with the change in spinal cord function.", "contents": "Spinal cord monitoring using evoked potentials recorded from feline vertebral bone. A new recording method for continuous spinal cord monitoring has been developed at Rancho Los Amigo Hospital. Using peripheral nerve stimulation, spinal evoked potentials (SEPs) are recorded from cancellous bone of spinous processes. This neurologically noninvasive technique provides a highly reproducible and consistent signal, unaffected by biologic noise and surgical handling of the spinal column. Moreover, the evoked response is extremely sensitive to changes in functional integrity of the spinal cord. In experimental spinal cord injuries, produced by localized distraction of the spine, changes of the evoked responses were well correlated with the change in spinal cord function.", "PMID": 515839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11079", "title": "Spinal evoked potentials from the cervical spine.", "content": "Spinal cord evoked potentials were recorded from spinous processes of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical levels of the spinal column of normal cats in response to direct stimulation of the sciatic nerve and subcutaneous stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. The typical primary response was altered by changes in location, magnitude, and frequency of the stimulation. Further changes in the primary response could be associated with spinal level of observation. Reduction in amplitude and decrease in signal complexity with increasing frequency of stimulus indicated the loss of the slower components of the primary response of average evoked potentials. Sharp reduction of signal amplitude and increase in latency was evident as the recording moved from L1 to C3 and C2.", "contents": "Spinal evoked potentials from the cervical spine. Spinal cord evoked potentials were recorded from spinous processes of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical levels of the spinal column of normal cats in response to direct stimulation of the sciatic nerve and subcutaneous stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. The typical primary response was altered by changes in location, magnitude, and frequency of the stimulation. Further changes in the primary response could be associated with spinal level of observation. Reduction in amplitude and decrease in signal complexity with increasing frequency of stimulus indicated the loss of the slower components of the primary response of average evoked potentials. Sharp reduction of signal amplitude and increase in latency was evident as the recording moved from L1 to C3 and C2.", "PMID": 515840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11080", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials during decompression and stabilization of the spine. Methods and findings.", "content": "As part of a study to determine if decompressive surgery benefits patients who have incomplete lesions of the spinal cord, the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) has been employed as an intraoperative spinal cord monitor. This procedure was used to see if decompression results in any rapid changes in spinal cord conductivity and to correlate these findings with the patient's subsequent clinical course. In addition to trauma, however, other factors also affect the SEP, and these must be recognized if intraoperative monitoring is to be successful. Frequency of stimulation, wakefulness, and anesthetic agents alter the wave-form and amplitude of the SEP. Using nitrous oxide, oxygen, meperidine (or morphine), and a muscle relaxant for anesthesia, and stimulating at frequencies of 1 or 2 per second, 11 patients with cervical or upper thoracic lesions have been monitored. There was no loss or diminution of an SEP and no patient was neurologically poorer afterwards. In 4 patients, the SEP \"improved\" soon after decompression. Clinical outcome, however, was not related to whether the SEP changed or remained the same. In total, 8 patients subsequently improved functionally and 3 did not.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials during decompression and stabilization of the spine. Methods and findings. As part of a study to determine if decompressive surgery benefits patients who have incomplete lesions of the spinal cord, the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) has been employed as an intraoperative spinal cord monitor. This procedure was used to see if decompression results in any rapid changes in spinal cord conductivity and to correlate these findings with the patient's subsequent clinical course. In addition to trauma, however, other factors also affect the SEP, and these must be recognized if intraoperative monitoring is to be successful. Frequency of stimulation, wakefulness, and anesthetic agents alter the wave-form and amplitude of the SEP. Using nitrous oxide, oxygen, meperidine (or morphine), and a muscle relaxant for anesthesia, and stimulating at frequencies of 1 or 2 per second, 11 patients with cervical or upper thoracic lesions have been monitored. There was no loss or diminution of an SEP and no patient was neurologically poorer afterwards. In 4 patients, the SEP \"improved\" soon after decompression. Clinical outcome, however, was not related to whether the SEP changed or remained the same. In total, 8 patients subsequently improved functionally and 3 did not.", "PMID": 515841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11081", "title": "Transoral microsurgical odontoid resection and spinal cord monitoring.", "content": "Four patients underwent transoral resection of the odontoid with utilization of microsurgical technique and spinal cord monitoring of somatosensory cortical evoked responses. All patients improved following surgery, and no operative morbidity or mortality was encountered. Spinal cord monitoring enhances the safety of the procedure and, reapplied at a later date, detects information of prognostic value.", "contents": "Transoral microsurgical odontoid resection and spinal cord monitoring. Four patients underwent transoral resection of the odontoid with utilization of microsurgical technique and spinal cord monitoring of somatosensory cortical evoked responses. All patients improved following surgery, and no operative morbidity or mortality was encountered. Spinal cord monitoring enhances the safety of the procedure and, reapplied at a later date, detects information of prognostic value.", "PMID": 515842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11082", "title": "Degenerative lumbar scoliosis.", "content": "Recent work on degenerative lumbar curves has focused on stable deformities with entrapment syndrome secondary to spondylotic compression. A review of our local experience with degenerative lumbar curves shows that approximately half of the 14 cases have had a less typical radiographic presentation of short reciprocating lumbar curves thought to be on the basis of asymmetric intervertebral osteochondrosis. In these latter cases, marked spondylotic ridging and intervertebral buttressing were absent; therefore, major decompressive surgery on the residual posterior elements may increase instability and hasten further collapse. Although most patients have had good relief of radicular leg complaints with decompressive procedures, several patients had persistent low-back pain that appeared to have a mechanical basis. In those instances of potentially increased postoperative instability or persistent mechanical back complaints, consideration should be given to augmenting decompressive procedures with Harrington instrumentation and fusion for these painful collapsing lumbar spines.", "contents": "Degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Recent work on degenerative lumbar curves has focused on stable deformities with entrapment syndrome secondary to spondylotic compression. A review of our local experience with degenerative lumbar curves shows that approximately half of the 14 cases have had a less typical radiographic presentation of short reciprocating lumbar curves thought to be on the basis of asymmetric intervertebral osteochondrosis. In these latter cases, marked spondylotic ridging and intervertebral buttressing were absent; therefore, major decompressive surgery on the residual posterior elements may increase instability and hasten further collapse. Although most patients have had good relief of radicular leg complaints with decompressive procedures, several patients had persistent low-back pain that appeared to have a mechanical basis. In those instances of potentially increased postoperative instability or persistent mechanical back complaints, consideration should be given to augmenting decompressive procedures with Harrington instrumentation and fusion for these painful collapsing lumbar spines.", "PMID": 515844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11083", "title": "Symptomatic lumbar scoliosis with degenerative changes in the elderly.", "content": "Lumbar scoliosis with degenerative changes in the elderly presents with spondylosis, variable apophyseal joint arthrosis, laminar hypertrophy, and marginal osteophytos most prominent within the scoliotic apex. Resultant lumbar stenosis, alone or with ventral spurs and herniated discs as isolated or associated lesions, can produce disabling low-back and lower extremity pain, weakness, and neurogenic claudication relievable by appropriate decompressive surgery. Myelography is essential as a preoperative measure. Whether such scoliosis is superimposed on adolescent thoracolumbar scoliosis or arises anew in later life remains an open question.", "contents": "Symptomatic lumbar scoliosis with degenerative changes in the elderly. Lumbar scoliosis with degenerative changes in the elderly presents with spondylosis, variable apophyseal joint arthrosis, laminar hypertrophy, and marginal osteophytos most prominent within the scoliotic apex. Resultant lumbar stenosis, alone or with ventral spurs and herniated discs as isolated or associated lesions, can produce disabling low-back and lower extremity pain, weakness, and neurogenic claudication relievable by appropriate decompressive surgery. Myelography is essential as a preoperative measure. Whether such scoliosis is superimposed on adolescent thoracolumbar scoliosis or arises anew in later life remains an open question.", "PMID": 515843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11084", "title": "The age, nutritional status and major diagnoses of outpatients at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital.", "content": "In 1961 a study of the age, sex, race, nutritional status and common diagnoses of children attending the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town during one 12-month period was reported. A similar study was undertaken during two 2-week periods in 1972--1973. Comparison of the studies shows: (i) that a greater number of older children attended the hospital in 1972/1973; (ii) that the proportion of malnourished children whose percentage of expected weight for age was less than 66% had decreased from 8--10% to 5,5--6%; and (iii) that the overall pattern of disease had not changed appreciably, most of the children presenting with minor or preventable conditions.", "contents": "The age, nutritional status and major diagnoses of outpatients at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. In 1961 a study of the age, sex, race, nutritional status and common diagnoses of children attending the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town during one 12-month period was reported. A similar study was undertaken during two 2-week periods in 1972--1973. Comparison of the studies shows: (i) that a greater number of older children attended the hospital in 1972/1973; (ii) that the proportion of malnourished children whose percentage of expected weight for age was less than 66% had decreased from 8--10% to 5,5--6%; and (iii) that the overall pattern of disease had not changed appreciably, most of the children presenting with minor or preventable conditions.", "PMID": 515864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11085", "title": "An anti-drooling operation in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Persistent drooling in cases of cerebral palsy can be successfully controlled by a combination of bilateral parotid duct translocation and bilateral submandibular gland excision. Ten children are described who underwent this operation with satisfactory results. Apart from mile transient postoperative swelling of the cheek, there have been no postoperative complications. The importance of bilateral submandibular gland excision is stressed and the operative details are described. These include elevating a flap of buccal mucosa distally from the orifice of the parotid duct and then burying this strip beneath the buccal mucosa posteriorly to emerge in the pharynx just above the tonsillar fossa. The edges are then sutured to the mucosa of the pharynx. In time the parotid secretions pass into the pharynx via the newly created tube of mucous membrane. The technique is simple and the end result is satisfactory.", "contents": "An anti-drooling operation in cerebral palsy. Persistent drooling in cases of cerebral palsy can be successfully controlled by a combination of bilateral parotid duct translocation and bilateral submandibular gland excision. Ten children are described who underwent this operation with satisfactory results. Apart from mile transient postoperative swelling of the cheek, there have been no postoperative complications. The importance of bilateral submandibular gland excision is stressed and the operative details are described. These include elevating a flap of buccal mucosa distally from the orifice of the parotid duct and then burying this strip beneath the buccal mucosa posteriorly to emerge in the pharynx just above the tonsillar fossa. The edges are then sutured to the mucosa of the pharynx. In time the parotid secretions pass into the pharynx via the newly created tube of mucous membrane. The technique is simple and the end result is satisfactory.", "PMID": 515865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11086", "title": "The effect of intravenous domperidone on the resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in dogs and baboons.", "content": "Domperidone (Motilium), a dopamine receptor blocking agent, increased the resting tone of the lower oesophageal sphincter in 15 dogs and 6 baboons. It is therefore a potentially useful drug in the management of gastrooesophageal reflux due to incompetence of the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous domperidone on the resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in dogs and baboons. Domperidone (Motilium), a dopamine receptor blocking agent, increased the resting tone of the lower oesophageal sphincter in 15 dogs and 6 baboons. It is therefore a potentially useful drug in the management of gastrooesophageal reflux due to incompetence of the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "PMID": 515866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11087", "title": "A critical look at geriatrics in a teaching hospital. Part II. The remedy.", "content": "Measures to improve the organization of geriatric care in South Africa are recommended after a study of overseas methods. The necessity for a geriatric unit in a teaching hospital is stressed, for the specific purposes of education of medical and paramedical personnel, and the linkage of hospital and community facilities.", "contents": "A critical look at geriatrics in a teaching hospital. Part II. The remedy. Measures to improve the organization of geriatric care in South Africa are recommended after a study of overseas methods. The necessity for a geriatric unit in a teaching hospital is stressed, for the specific purposes of education of medical and paramedical personnel, and the linkage of hospital and community facilities.", "PMID": 515867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11088", "title": "Albumin metabolism in health and disease.", "content": "Studies performed at the University of Cape Town on the metabolism of albumin have been reviewed. The control of albumin metabolism in protein energy malnutrition, in acute exposure to alcohol and after partial hepatectomy in the rat is discussed.", "contents": "Albumin metabolism in health and disease. Studies performed at the University of Cape Town on the metabolism of albumin have been reviewed. The control of albumin metabolism in protein energy malnutrition, in acute exposure to alcohol and after partial hepatectomy in the rat is discussed.", "PMID": 515869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11089", "title": "Familial symptomatic porphyria in South Africa.", "content": "Seven members from 3 generations of a family investigated for evidence of symptomatic porphyria (SP) were found to be affected in varying degrees by the disease. Four had cutaneous lesions, while all 7 had biochemical abnormalities diagnostic for SP in their excreta, plasma or hepatic tissue. The results were obtained using the highly sensitive technique of quantitative fluoroscanning after separation of the porphyrin methyl esters by thin-layer chromatography. This clear case of familial SP is rare in South Africa where the high incidence of the sporadic form of the disease is well documented. This study indicates that SP occurs in the following two forms: (i) the sporadic type, usually found as an uncommon associate of chronic liver disease; and (ii) the rare familial type, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Familial symptomatic porphyria in South Africa. Seven members from 3 generations of a family investigated for evidence of symptomatic porphyria (SP) were found to be affected in varying degrees by the disease. Four had cutaneous lesions, while all 7 had biochemical abnormalities diagnostic for SP in their excreta, plasma or hepatic tissue. The results were obtained using the highly sensitive technique of quantitative fluoroscanning after separation of the porphyrin methyl esters by thin-layer chromatography. This clear case of familial SP is rare in South Africa where the high incidence of the sporadic form of the disease is well documented. This study indicates that SP occurs in the following two forms: (i) the sporadic type, usually found as an uncommon associate of chronic liver disease; and (ii) the rare familial type, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "PMID": 515870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11090", "title": "Porphyria and the dangerous life-threatening drugs.", "content": "The dangerous life-threatening drugs have been identified in 153 acute attacks in 138 porphyric patients by establishing a consistent temporal relationship between the administration of a specific drug and the development of an acute attack. The drugs so identified have been supplemented by a number of others found to be porphyrogenic by testing with a recently devised rat model. Lists of the dangerous and the safe drugs have been compiled.", "contents": "Porphyria and the dangerous life-threatening drugs. The dangerous life-threatening drugs have been identified in 153 acute attacks in 138 porphyric patients by establishing a consistent temporal relationship between the administration of a specific drug and the development of an acute attack. The drugs so identified have been supplemented by a number of others found to be porphyrogenic by testing with a recently devised rat model. Lists of the dangerous and the safe drugs have been compiled.", "PMID": 515871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11091", "title": "Activation of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by ferrous iron in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase was measured in the presence of ferrous iron, using mitochondria-free rat liver extracts as enzyme source. The activity of the enzyme was found to be increased at concentrations of ferrous iron from 0,01 mM, with maximal activity exhibited from 0,1 mM. Enzyme kinetics indicate that uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase reversibly binds ferrous iron, with a binding constant of approximately 5 x 10(4) mol-1. It is proposed that the effect of phlebotomy on patients with porphyria cutanea tarda is to mobilze storage iron in the liver to the active ferrous form, which activates hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, the enzyme which is defective in this syndrome, with resultant clinical and biochemical remission.", "contents": "Activation of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by ferrous iron in porphyria cutanea tarda. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase was measured in the presence of ferrous iron, using mitochondria-free rat liver extracts as enzyme source. The activity of the enzyme was found to be increased at concentrations of ferrous iron from 0,01 mM, with maximal activity exhibited from 0,1 mM. Enzyme kinetics indicate that uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase reversibly binds ferrous iron, with a binding constant of approximately 5 x 10(4) mol-1. It is proposed that the effect of phlebotomy on patients with porphyria cutanea tarda is to mobilze storage iron in the liver to the active ferrous form, which activates hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, the enzyme which is defective in this syndrome, with resultant clinical and biochemical remission.", "PMID": 515872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11092", "title": "Gycosuria as an indication for glucose tolerance testing during pregnancy.", "content": "The indications for and results of all glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) performed at the Antenatal Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, over a period of 1 year, and the indications for a GTT in the first 80 newly diagnosed diabetics over a 4-year period are analysed. Out of 558 GTTs, only 17 tentative diagnoses of 'gestational diabetes' were made. The most rewarding single indication for a GTT was repeated glycosuria, which was an indication in 61 out of the 80 newly diagnosed diabetics. A combination of two indications in the same patient was related to twice as many abnormal GTTs as a single indication, while reported previous diabetes or hyperglycaemia certainly merited confirmation. Reasons for repeating GTTs are discussed, as well as the management of 'borderline' and 'potential' diabetics. It is emphasized that 'diabetes' or 'hyperglycaemia' diagnosed during pregnancy is not equivalent to a definite diagnosis of diabetes in the non-pregnant state.", "contents": "Gycosuria as an indication for glucose tolerance testing during pregnancy. The indications for and results of all glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) performed at the Antenatal Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, over a period of 1 year, and the indications for a GTT in the first 80 newly diagnosed diabetics over a 4-year period are analysed. Out of 558 GTTs, only 17 tentative diagnoses of 'gestational diabetes' were made. The most rewarding single indication for a GTT was repeated glycosuria, which was an indication in 61 out of the 80 newly diagnosed diabetics. A combination of two indications in the same patient was related to twice as many abnormal GTTs as a single indication, while reported previous diabetes or hyperglycaemia certainly merited confirmation. Reasons for repeating GTTs are discussed, as well as the management of 'borderline' and 'potential' diabetics. It is emphasized that 'diabetes' or 'hyperglycaemia' diagnosed during pregnancy is not equivalent to a definite diagnosis of diabetes in the non-pregnant state.", "PMID": 515873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11093", "title": "Choriocarcinoma and invasive mole. A review of 10 years' experience.", "content": "Experience gained in the management of 24 patients with choriocarcinoma and invasive mole admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, during the past 10 years is analysed. Three high-risk patients died and 21 patients recovered without any known recurrence, giving a 'cure' rate of 87%. The modes of presentation, methods of diagnosis, and treatment, including cytotoxic therapy and the place of hysterectomy, are discussed. Patients with choriocarcinoma require special facilities, including beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotrophin assay, ultrasonography and arteriography, together with skilled treatment, and a plea is made for the referral of all patients to special treatment centres.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma and invasive mole. A review of 10 years' experience. Experience gained in the management of 24 patients with choriocarcinoma and invasive mole admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, during the past 10 years is analysed. Three high-risk patients died and 21 patients recovered without any known recurrence, giving a 'cure' rate of 87%. The modes of presentation, methods of diagnosis, and treatment, including cytotoxic therapy and the place of hysterectomy, are discussed. Patients with choriocarcinoma require special facilities, including beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotrophin assay, ultrasonography and arteriography, together with skilled treatment, and a plea is made for the referral of all patients to special treatment centres.", "PMID": 515874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11094", "title": "Benign tumours of the larynx.", "content": "Over the 8-year period 1971--1978, 743 benign lesions of the larynx, of which 551 were pseudotumors and 192 were benign neoplasms, were surgically treated at Groote Schuur Hospital. In comparison, during the same period 402 malignant tumours of the larynx were also seen. The commonest benign lesions were vocal cord nodules, almost exclusively found in women, and the vocal cord polyp, predominantly found in men. The various specific pathological entities encountered are discussed.", "contents": "Benign tumours of the larynx. Over the 8-year period 1971--1978, 743 benign lesions of the larynx, of which 551 were pseudotumors and 192 were benign neoplasms, were surgically treated at Groote Schuur Hospital. In comparison, during the same period 402 malignant tumours of the larynx were also seen. The commonest benign lesions were vocal cord nodules, almost exclusively found in women, and the vocal cord polyp, predominantly found in men. The various specific pathological entities encountered are discussed.", "PMID": 515875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11095", "title": "Cystic pulmonary hamartoma simulating posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Posterolateral diaphragmatic hernias and cystic hamartomatous malformations of the lung can cause actue respiratory distress in the immediate postnatal period. The clinical and radiological features of these two conditions can be similar. Owing to misdiagnosis, the surgical approach was inappropriate in 2 of 26 patients diagnosed as having posterolateral diaphragmatic hernias on admission. During the same period, 5 cases of congenital cystic lung disease were treated surgically. Three of these patients were admitted in severe respiratory failure within 48 hours of birth, and in 2 of these cases the wrong diagnosis was made. The clinical features of these two easily confused congenital anomalies are discussed, and the main differentiating points on the chest radiographs are presented.", "contents": "Cystic pulmonary hamartoma simulating posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. Posterolateral diaphragmatic hernias and cystic hamartomatous malformations of the lung can cause actue respiratory distress in the immediate postnatal period. The clinical and radiological features of these two conditions can be similar. Owing to misdiagnosis, the surgical approach was inappropriate in 2 of 26 patients diagnosed as having posterolateral diaphragmatic hernias on admission. During the same period, 5 cases of congenital cystic lung disease were treated surgically. Three of these patients were admitted in severe respiratory failure within 48 hours of birth, and in 2 of these cases the wrong diagnosis was made. The clinical features of these two easily confused congenital anomalies are discussed, and the main differentiating points on the chest radiographs are presented.", "PMID": 515876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11096", "title": "Ocular aspects of learning disabilities in children.", "content": "A total of 160 children were investigated to establish the role of ocular problems in children with learning disabilities. Thirty-eight per cent were found to have associated ocular problems. Eight per cent (8%) of these showed improvement in scholastic achievement after the elimination of the ocular defect. When there was evidence of brain dysfunction, correction of errors of refraction or muscle balance problems failed to improve scholastic achievement. A multidisciplinary approach to the problem is mandatory.", "contents": "Ocular aspects of learning disabilities in children. A total of 160 children were investigated to establish the role of ocular problems in children with learning disabilities. Thirty-eight per cent were found to have associated ocular problems. Eight per cent (8%) of these showed improvement in scholastic achievement after the elimination of the ocular defect. When there was evidence of brain dysfunction, correction of errors of refraction or muscle balance problems failed to improve scholastic achievement. A multidisciplinary approach to the problem is mandatory.", "PMID": 515877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11097", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip. Management at the Princess Alice Orthopaedic Hospital.", "content": "The importance of early diagnosis of congenital hip instability is emphasized and the ultimate goal of treatment defined, and the management of congenital dislocation of the hip as practised at the Princess Alice Orthopaedic Hospital and the University of Cape Town is reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip. Management at the Princess Alice Orthopaedic Hospital. The importance of early diagnosis of congenital hip instability is emphasized and the ultimate goal of treatment defined, and the management of congenital dislocation of the hip as practised at the Princess Alice Orthopaedic Hospital and the University of Cape Town is reviewed.", "PMID": 515878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11098", "title": "Management of pituitary tumours at Groote Schuur Hospital from 1966 to 1978.", "content": "From 1975 both trans-sphenoidal and transcranial operations have been utilized for visual pathway decompression or removal of small functioning adenomas. The particular surgical route is selected on the basis of the size, situation, shape and secretory capacity of the tumour, the state of vision, and the state of the patient. Radiotherapy is given to all non-secreting tumours and all invasive or surgically uncontrolled secreting tumours. All patients are managed in a combined clinic where radiotherapists, endocrinologists, ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons function together.", "contents": "Management of pituitary tumours at Groote Schuur Hospital from 1966 to 1978. From 1975 both trans-sphenoidal and transcranial operations have been utilized for visual pathway decompression or removal of small functioning adenomas. The particular surgical route is selected on the basis of the size, situation, shape and secretory capacity of the tumour, the state of vision, and the state of the patient. Radiotherapy is given to all non-secreting tumours and all invasive or surgically uncontrolled secreting tumours. All patients are managed in a combined clinic where radiotherapists, endocrinologists, ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons function together.", "PMID": 515879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11099", "title": "Costs in a clinical pharmacological laboratory.", "content": "As a measure of the efficiency of service provided to the Groote Schuur group of hospitals by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, certain costs were analaysed. The approximate annual cost of routine analytical work was R40 000 $45 000 or 22 000 pounds). The average cost per assy was R9,50 ($11,30 or 5,50 pounds). Closer examination of data showed that the cheapest assays are those done in large batches using an off-line analytical technique such as thin-layer chromatographic densitometry.", "contents": "Costs in a clinical pharmacological laboratory. As a measure of the efficiency of service provided to the Groote Schuur group of hospitals by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, certain costs were analaysed. The approximate annual cost of routine analytical work was R40 000 $45 000 or 22 000 pounds). The average cost per assy was R9,50 ($11,30 or 5,50 pounds). Closer examination of data showed that the cheapest assays are those done in large batches using an off-line analytical technique such as thin-layer chromatographic densitometry.", "PMID": 515880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11100", "title": "Biochemical aspects of neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "Solutions of crude casein contain a chemotactic peptide with a molecular weight of 2 200 daltons. As in the case of other cytotaxins, this compound displays hydrophobic properties. Partially purified casein cytotaxin stimulated the disproportionate oxidation of glucose-1-carbon, from which we infer that hexose monophosphate shunt activity is increased in cells exposed to cytotaxin. No evidence could be found to support the suggestion that cytotaxin stimulation leads to activation of latent cellular esterases.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of neutrophil chemotaxis. Solutions of crude casein contain a chemotactic peptide with a molecular weight of 2 200 daltons. As in the case of other cytotaxins, this compound displays hydrophobic properties. Partially purified casein cytotaxin stimulated the disproportionate oxidation of glucose-1-carbon, from which we infer that hexose monophosphate shunt activity is increased in cells exposed to cytotaxin. No evidence could be found to support the suggestion that cytotaxin stimulation leads to activation of latent cellular esterases.", "PMID": 515881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11101", "title": "The Cape Town Psychiatric service.", "content": "A comprehensive psychiatric service for the city of Cape Town and a large rural catchment area in the southern and central Cape Province is described to show how the psychiatric facilities and services of the Department of Health, the Cape Provincial Administration and the University of Cape Town function together as an effective, co-ordinated whole. The principles on which this is based are described, namely, planning on the basis of what one multidisciplinary team can achieve, the development of specialized therapeutic units at different hospitals, and co-ordination of clinical activities by the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Cape Town. Emphasis is placed on community psychiatry. The different units and their functions are described, as well as teaching and research activities.", "contents": "The Cape Town Psychiatric service. A comprehensive psychiatric service for the city of Cape Town and a large rural catchment area in the southern and central Cape Province is described to show how the psychiatric facilities and services of the Department of Health, the Cape Provincial Administration and the University of Cape Town function together as an effective, co-ordinated whole. The principles on which this is based are described, namely, planning on the basis of what one multidisciplinary team can achieve, the development of specialized therapeutic units at different hospitals, and co-ordination of clinical activities by the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Cape Town. Emphasis is placed on community psychiatry. The different units and their functions are described, as well as teaching and research activities.", "PMID": 515882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11102", "title": "Need determination in AFDC program.", "content": "This study summarizes the State policy with respect to the determination of need in the Federal-State program of AFDC. The areas discussed are the individual State definitions of need, the content of need standard, the types of persons included in the payment, the amount of income and resources allowed recipient families, the method of determining need, and a comparison of State food allowances with the Department of Agriculture cost figures. The cumulative effect of these policies on payments is also explored. The information in the report is based on data assembled for the biennial report of program plan characteristics early in 1978.", "contents": "Need determination in AFDC program. This study summarizes the State policy with respect to the determination of need in the Federal-State program of AFDC. The areas discussed are the individual State definitions of need, the content of need standard, the types of persons included in the payment, the amount of income and resources allowed recipient families, the method of determining need, and a comparison of State food allowances with the Department of Agriculture cost figures. The cumulative effect of these policies on payments is also explored. The information in the report is based on data assembled for the biennial report of program plan characteristics early in 1978.", "PMID": 515883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11103", "title": "Tax impact from elimination of the retirement test.", "content": "The OASI eligibility provisions include a retirement test (or earnings test), and in 1979 aged beneficiaries who are under age 72 give up $1 in current benefits for each $2 of annual earnings above $4,500. If the retirement test were eliminated, total OASI payouts would increase because aged workers would no longer forfeit benefits. Aged workers also might increase earnings or delay retirement if this penalty on work effort were removed. Increased earnings would generate additional OASDHI taxes and individual income taxes. This article examines the fiscal effects on OASI benefit payouts and increased tax receipts if the retirement test were eliminated.", "contents": "Tax impact from elimination of the retirement test. The OASI eligibility provisions include a retirement test (or earnings test), and in 1979 aged beneficiaries who are under age 72 give up $1 in current benefits for each $2 of annual earnings above $4,500. If the retirement test were eliminated, total OASI payouts would increase because aged workers would no longer forfeit benefits. Aged workers also might increase earnings or delay retirement if this penalty on work effort were removed. Increased earnings would generate additional OASDHI taxes and individual income taxes. This article examines the fiscal effects on OASI benefit payouts and increased tax receipts if the retirement test were eliminated.", "PMID": 515884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11104", "title": "Educational and economic characteristics of student beneficiaries: black-white differences.", "content": "This article compares black and white student beneficiaries under the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) program during the 1972-73 school year from the standpoint of differences in economic and educational characteristics. The role that OASDI played in enabling students to continue in school full time is studied. The findings show that relatively more blacks were in the student beneficiary population than in the general student population; they were also overrepresented among students attending high school. Blacks were disadvantaged with respect to the educational attainment of their fathers and in terms of total family income. They also had lower-grade-point averages and those in high school were older than their white counterparts. Black high school students nevertheless planned to continue their education and to attend 4-year colleges in about the same proportion as whites. The total amount of educational income of black students was greater than that of white students, but the members of the latter group received more from loans and miscellaneous sources. Grants were the most important source of educational income for blacks. About half the student beneficiaries said they could continue full time in school without benefits and a third said they could not.", "contents": "Educational and economic characteristics of student beneficiaries: black-white differences. This article compares black and white student beneficiaries under the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) program during the 1972-73 school year from the standpoint of differences in economic and educational characteristics. The role that OASDI played in enabling students to continue in school full time is studied. The findings show that relatively more blacks were in the student beneficiary population than in the general student population; they were also overrepresented among students attending high school. Blacks were disadvantaged with respect to the educational attainment of their fathers and in terms of total family income. They also had lower-grade-point averages and those in high school were older than their white counterparts. Black high school students nevertheless planned to continue their education and to attend 4-year colleges in about the same proportion as whites. The total amount of educational income of black students was greater than that of white students, but the members of the latter group received more from loans and miscellaneous sources. Grants were the most important source of educational income for blacks. About half the student beneficiaries said they could continue full time in school without benefits and a third said they could not.", "PMID": 515885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11105", "title": "Hearing impairment: a family crisis.", "content": "This paper reviews the initial crisis for hearing impaired children and their families from the perspective of the clinician who must assess their adjustment at the point of entry into a school for the deaf. The use of crisis theory as it relates to the special needs of this client group is discussed.", "contents": "Hearing impairment: a family crisis. This paper reviews the initial crisis for hearing impaired children and their families from the perspective of the clinician who must assess their adjustment at the point of entry into a school for the deaf. The use of crisis theory as it relates to the special needs of this client group is discussed.", "PMID": 515888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11106", "title": "Visual impairment: facing possible blindness.", "content": "Blindness real or threatened often constitutes a major crisis for the eye patient. This paper discusses the use of crisis intervention during the acute phase of medical care to support the coping patterns of the patient and his family and prepare them for the rehabilitation tasks ahead.", "contents": "Visual impairment: facing possible blindness. Blindness real or threatened often constitutes a major crisis for the eye patient. This paper discusses the use of crisis intervention during the acute phase of medical care to support the coping patterns of the patient and his family and prepare them for the rehabilitation tasks ahead.", "PMID": 515889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11107", "title": "A study of person-environment fit among the chronically ill.", "content": "The ecological perspective is gaining acceptance in social work thinking. This approach focuses on the interaction of people and situations. An important ecological concept is person-environment fit; that is, the congruency between people needs, capacities, and aspirations and the resources demands and opportunities in their environment. The study described in this article explored the empirical manifestations of this concept among a group of chronically ill persons. The results suggested that there are several categories of person-environment fit that are important to people. The concept also appears to have potential usefulness for research on social work practice.", "contents": "A study of person-environment fit among the chronically ill. The ecological perspective is gaining acceptance in social work thinking. This approach focuses on the interaction of people and situations. An important ecological concept is person-environment fit; that is, the congruency between people needs, capacities, and aspirations and the resources demands and opportunities in their environment. The study described in this article explored the empirical manifestations of this concept among a group of chronically ill persons. The results suggested that there are several categories of person-environment fit that are important to people. The concept also appears to have potential usefulness for research on social work practice.", "PMID": 515890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11108", "title": "Head and neck cancer: a threat to life and social functioning.", "content": "This paper deals with the crisis of cancer and the communication loss faced by the laryngectomized patient. It considers the particular issues for the patient and his family and how the use of crisis intervention can reinforce the coping patterns of the patient and his family.", "contents": "Head and neck cancer: a threat to life and social functioning. This paper deals with the crisis of cancer and the communication loss faced by the laryngectomized patient. It considers the particular issues for the patient and his family and how the use of crisis intervention can reinforce the coping patterns of the patient and his family.", "PMID": 515891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11109", "title": "Comprehensive care of the chronically ill cancer patient: an inter-agency model.", "content": "The article identifies continuity of care between hospital and community as the key element of comprehensive health care for the chronically ill cancer patient. It describes the collaborative effort of the Michigan Cancer Foundation and the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Control Program to provide this continuity. The structure, process, and outcome of the inter-agency model is presented and illustrated through case example. The authors believe that this model is applicable to treatment of persons with other chronic diseases which require frequent hospitalization.", "contents": "Comprehensive care of the chronically ill cancer patient: an inter-agency model. The article identifies continuity of care between hospital and community as the key element of comprehensive health care for the chronically ill cancer patient. It describes the collaborative effort of the Michigan Cancer Foundation and the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Control Program to provide this continuity. The structure, process, and outcome of the inter-agency model is presented and illustrated through case example. The authors believe that this model is applicable to treatment of persons with other chronic diseases which require frequent hospitalization.", "PMID": 515892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11110", "title": "Social work and primary health care: an integrative approach.", "content": "An interinstitutional, interagency Consortium has been formed in Houston to develop an innovative service model and provide interdisciplinary primary care/mental health training. The Houston Consortium Program integrates mental health professionals and trainees into the primary care framework of a neighborhood center serving a low-income, predominatly Mexican-American population. The introduction of mental health, psychosocial, and cross-cultural perspectives to complement the long-standing physiological concerns of health professionals fosters an holistic approach to patient care. The social workers' full participation as members of primary care teams builds upon their traditional training to provide them the experience and skills required to function effectively in the expanded coordinative capacity of health/mental health manager as defined by the President's Commission on Mental Health. It is anticipated that Consortium Program can serve as a heuristic model in the development of a nationwide pattern of comprehensive care.", "contents": "Social work and primary health care: an integrative approach. An interinstitutional, interagency Consortium has been formed in Houston to develop an innovative service model and provide interdisciplinary primary care/mental health training. The Houston Consortium Program integrates mental health professionals and trainees into the primary care framework of a neighborhood center serving a low-income, predominatly Mexican-American population. The introduction of mental health, psychosocial, and cross-cultural perspectives to complement the long-standing physiological concerns of health professionals fosters an holistic approach to patient care. The social workers' full participation as members of primary care teams builds upon their traditional training to provide them the experience and skills required to function effectively in the expanded coordinative capacity of health/mental health manager as defined by the President's Commission on Mental Health. It is anticipated that Consortium Program can serve as a heuristic model in the development of a nationwide pattern of comprehensive care.", "PMID": 515893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11111", "title": "Collaboration, consultation and referral in an integrated health-mental health program at an HMO.", "content": "The paper describes interactions between primary care physicians (PCP's) and mental health clinicians (MHC's) in a \"team collaborative model.\" A study of the interactions showed there were about two consultations a day with PCP's for each MHC, that they were largely unscheduled, took place mostly in PCP or MHC offices or in corridors, and increased in frequency over a two-year period. Role definition was a continuing process; PCP's and MHC's each learned through repeated discussions what to expect from the other in patient care. It is found that a model with close working arrangements between PCP's and MHC's is of therapeutic value for that large population of emotionally disturbed patients seen often by PCP's much less often by MHC's.", "contents": "Collaboration, consultation and referral in an integrated health-mental health program at an HMO. The paper describes interactions between primary care physicians (PCP's) and mental health clinicians (MHC's) in a \"team collaborative model.\" A study of the interactions showed there were about two consultations a day with PCP's for each MHC, that they were largely unscheduled, took place mostly in PCP or MHC offices or in corridors, and increased in frequency over a two-year period. Role definition was a continuing process; PCP's and MHC's each learned through repeated discussions what to expect from the other in patient care. It is found that a model with close working arrangements between PCP's and MHC's is of therapeutic value for that large population of emotionally disturbed patients seen often by PCP's much less often by MHC's.", "PMID": 515894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11112", "title": "Anesthetic considerations in surgery for gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "We have attempted to present a brief overview of current considerations in anesthesia for surgery of gastrointestinal disease as practiced at our institution. Many considerations remain unexplored owing to limitations of space. We have deliberately concentrated upon antecedent and concurrent therapy encountered in the treatment of the surgical patient. The potent drugs introduced in the past decade have produced infinite potential for drug interactions--some serious, some not so serious, and some which are desirable. We hope we have generated further reader interest in this mushrooming problem of modern medicine confronting the anesthesiologist and surgeon in the perioperative period.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations in surgery for gastrointestinal disease. We have attempted to present a brief overview of current considerations in anesthesia for surgery of gastrointestinal disease as practiced at our institution. Many considerations remain unexplored owing to limitations of space. We have deliberately concentrated upon antecedent and concurrent therapy encountered in the treatment of the surgical patient. The potent drugs introduced in the past decade have produced infinite potential for drug interactions--some serious, some not so serious, and some which are desirable. We hope we have generated further reader interest in this mushrooming problem of modern medicine confronting the anesthesiologist and surgeon in the perioperative period.", "PMID": 515899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11113", "title": "The albatross syndrome--how to prevent it.", "content": "While no single test or historical feature will allow the physician to predict the patients who will have poor results from ulcer surgery, certain factors may alert the physician to a possible poor result and encourage careful re-evaluation of the need for surgery. Any patient with intractable pain should be assessed carefully in an attempt to establish the cause of the intractability, and this assessment should include endoscopy. The endoscopist may help to identify those patients with structural disease that is too minimal to explain the intractable complaints. Careful attention should also be given to the evaluation of the patient's personality, work record, and relationship to spouse, family, and friends. Patients who have previously been disabled by other medical problems such as low back injury should be approached with caution. While newer procedures in ulcer surgery may alter the incidence of standard postgastrectomy complications it will not alter the incidence of the albatross syndrome, which is more directly related to the selection of the patient rather than the selection of the surgeon or surgical procedure.", "contents": "The albatross syndrome--how to prevent it. While no single test or historical feature will allow the physician to predict the patients who will have poor results from ulcer surgery, certain factors may alert the physician to a possible poor result and encourage careful re-evaluation of the need for surgery. Any patient with intractable pain should be assessed carefully in an attempt to establish the cause of the intractability, and this assessment should include endoscopy. The endoscopist may help to identify those patients with structural disease that is too minimal to explain the intractable complaints. Careful attention should also be given to the evaluation of the patient's personality, work record, and relationship to spouse, family, and friends. Patients who have previously been disabled by other medical problems such as low back injury should be approached with caution. While newer procedures in ulcer surgery may alter the incidence of standard postgastrectomy complications it will not alter the incidence of the albatross syndrome, which is more directly related to the selection of the patient rather than the selection of the surgeon or surgical procedure.", "PMID": 515900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11114", "title": "Spontaneous cure of dural arteriovenous malformation in the posterior fossa.", "content": "A 28-year-old male with spontaneous disappearance of dural arteriovenous malformation in the posterior fossa ten years after onset is reported. Ligation and excision of the right occipital artery brought about no marked changes in clinical manifestations and the post-operative angiogram. Over nine years after that operation, pulsatile tinnitus disappeared suddenly without any obvious cause and the dural arteriovenous malforamation was absent on the angiogram. The frequency of such an occurrence and some possible mechanisms involved are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous cure of dural arteriovenous malformation in the posterior fossa. A 28-year-old male with spontaneous disappearance of dural arteriovenous malformation in the posterior fossa ten years after onset is reported. Ligation and excision of the right occipital artery brought about no marked changes in clinical manifestations and the post-operative angiogram. Over nine years after that operation, pulsatile tinnitus disappeared suddenly without any obvious cause and the dural arteriovenous malforamation was absent on the angiogram. The frequency of such an occurrence and some possible mechanisms involved are reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 515901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11115", "title": "Traumatic intracranial hematomas in hemophiliac children.", "content": "Three cases of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in hemophilia A children underwent surgical interventions. There were two functional survivors and one death. The management of intracranial hematoma in hemophiliac patients is discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic intracranial hematomas in hemophiliac children. Three cases of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in hemophilia A children underwent surgical interventions. There were two functional survivors and one death. The management of intracranial hematoma in hemophiliac patients is discussed.", "PMID": 515902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11116", "title": "Intracavernous giant aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "A case of intracavernous giant aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome is reported. The patient was treated with a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass and a ligation of the internal carotid artery in the neck. Although they are common in aorta and pulmonary artery, the vascular abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome are very rarely reported in intracranial arteries. The patient also had an aberrant internal carotid artery which presented as a red mass behind the eardrum.", "contents": "Intracavernous giant aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome. A case of intracavernous giant aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome is reported. The patient was treated with a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass and a ligation of the internal carotid artery in the neck. Although they are common in aorta and pulmonary artery, the vascular abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome are very rarely reported in intracranial arteries. The patient also had an aberrant internal carotid artery which presented as a red mass behind the eardrum.", "PMID": 515903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11117", "title": "Umbilical fistula as a complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.", "content": "Two cases of CSF umbilical fistula in children with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt are reported. In the first at exploratory laparotomy there was a persistent umbilical vein and in the second a diffuse perivisceritis. Only three cases of this complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Umbilical fistula as a complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Two cases of CSF umbilical fistula in children with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt are reported. In the first at exploratory laparotomy there was a persistent umbilical vein and in the second a diffuse perivisceritis. Only three cases of this complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 515904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11118", "title": "Intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary tumor.", "content": "This case report describes the complication of intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary adenoma.", "contents": "Intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary tumor. This case report describes the complication of intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary adenoma.", "PMID": 515905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11119", "title": "Postoperative complications in 1,000 cases of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Clinical analysis of postoperative complications was made in 1,000 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysm. Psychological symptoms, motor disturbances, and aphasia were observed in 107 cases (11.5%), 74 cases (7.1%) and 20 cases (2.1%), respectively, in 939 discharged cases. Water and electrolyte disturbances and gastro-intestinal bleeding were found in 60 cases (6.0%) and 19 cases (1.9%), respectively, in 1,000 surgically treated patients including those that died during hospitalization. Psychological symptoms were most apt to develop in cases of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm, multiple aneurysms and anterior communicating aneurysm. It appeared that the poorer the preoperative grade, the higher the incidence of psychological symptoms. These developed most frequently in patients operated on the third to seventh days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. The postoperative psychological symptoms improved in 63% of 107 cases. The occurrence rates of other complications were also studied.", "contents": "Postoperative complications in 1,000 cases of intracranial aneurysms. Clinical analysis of postoperative complications was made in 1,000 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysm. Psychological symptoms, motor disturbances, and aphasia were observed in 107 cases (11.5%), 74 cases (7.1%) and 20 cases (2.1%), respectively, in 939 discharged cases. Water and electrolyte disturbances and gastro-intestinal bleeding were found in 60 cases (6.0%) and 19 cases (1.9%), respectively, in 1,000 surgically treated patients including those that died during hospitalization. Psychological symptoms were most apt to develop in cases of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm, multiple aneurysms and anterior communicating aneurysm. It appeared that the poorer the preoperative grade, the higher the incidence of psychological symptoms. These developed most frequently in patients operated on the third to seventh days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. The postoperative psychological symptoms improved in 63% of 107 cases. The occurrence rates of other complications were also studied.", "PMID": 515906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11120", "title": "Intranasal approach to the sella turcica.", "content": "A transseptal approach to the sella turcica is described which is entirely intranasal and avoids the sublabial incision. The first incision is unilateral along the caudal edge of the septum, and the second incision is made across the base of the nasal columella. This allows the speculum to open the width of both nasal chambers, giving adequate exposure. The septal cartilage is either preserved or resected except for a caudal strut. The difficult dissection of mucosa from the nasal floor and maxillary crest is avoided. This technique is rapid and straightforward and results in a cosmetically acceptable scar.", "contents": "Intranasal approach to the sella turcica. A transseptal approach to the sella turcica is described which is entirely intranasal and avoids the sublabial incision. The first incision is unilateral along the caudal edge of the septum, and the second incision is made across the base of the nasal columella. This allows the speculum to open the width of both nasal chambers, giving adequate exposure. The septal cartilage is either preserved or resected except for a caudal strut. The difficult dissection of mucosa from the nasal floor and maxillary crest is avoided. This technique is rapid and straightforward and results in a cosmetically acceptable scar.", "PMID": 515907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11121", "title": "Multiple giant aneurysms.", "content": "A case with four unusual aneurysms is presented. On the right were a ruptured small middle cerebral artery aneurysm and a giant carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. On the left were two giant internal carotid artery aneurysms: one at the ophthalmic artery and one at a ventral or paraclinoid position. All four aneurysms were clipped. The patient returned to her household duties.", "contents": "Multiple giant aneurysms. A case with four unusual aneurysms is presented. On the right were a ruptured small middle cerebral artery aneurysm and a giant carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. On the left were two giant internal carotid artery aneurysms: one at the ophthalmic artery and one at a ventral or paraclinoid position. All four aneurysms were clipped. The patient returned to her household duties.", "PMID": 515908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11122", "title": "Intracranial meningiomas related to external cranial irradiation.", "content": "Three cases are presented of meningiomas following small-dose external cranial irradiation in which several features clearly indicate a causal relationship between radiotherapy and tumour development. In two of them, multiple meningiomas followed X-ray treatment for Tinea capitis. The length of the latent period separates meningiomas following high-dose irradiation, usually administered for intracranial tumours, from those which followed small-dose irradiation. Therefore the oncogenic mechanism seems to act differently in the two groups. This demonstration that multiple meningiomas can occur in patients irradiated for Tinea capitis should enable other similar cases to be recognized.", "contents": "Intracranial meningiomas related to external cranial irradiation. Three cases are presented of meningiomas following small-dose external cranial irradiation in which several features clearly indicate a causal relationship between radiotherapy and tumour development. In two of them, multiple meningiomas followed X-ray treatment for Tinea capitis. The length of the latent period separates meningiomas following high-dose irradiation, usually administered for intracranial tumours, from those which followed small-dose irradiation. Therefore the oncogenic mechanism seems to act differently in the two groups. This demonstration that multiple meningiomas can occur in patients irradiated for Tinea capitis should enable other similar cases to be recognized.", "PMID": 515909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11123", "title": "The value of serial computerized tomography in the management of severe head injury.", "content": "A consecutive series of 107 comatose patients with head injury was studied with regard to the proper role of serial computerized tomography for clinical management and as a research tool for studying the pathophysiology of severe head trauma. In this prospective study patients had serial CT scans on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, at 3 months, and at 1 year (day 1 is the day of admission). In seven instances CT scanning was responsible for detection of late intracranial lesions requiring surgical decompression two weeks to one year after injury. No surgically significant lesions were, however, detected by routine scanning on the pre-determined days in the early post-trauma period that had not already been signalled by changes in the neurological status, intracranial pressure, or volume pressure response. It is concluded that for purposes of clinical management, additional scans should be obtained in the following circumstances: 1) 1 day post-craniotomy, 2) no improvement by day 3, 3) at 2-3 weeks, and 4) at 3 months. All other scans should be obtained as needed. As a research tool, serial CT scanning is of value in studying post-traumatic hydrocephalus, delayed intracerebral hematomas, and intraventricular hemorrhage.", "contents": "The value of serial computerized tomography in the management of severe head injury. A consecutive series of 107 comatose patients with head injury was studied with regard to the proper role of serial computerized tomography for clinical management and as a research tool for studying the pathophysiology of severe head trauma. In this prospective study patients had serial CT scans on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, at 3 months, and at 1 year (day 1 is the day of admission). In seven instances CT scanning was responsible for detection of late intracranial lesions requiring surgical decompression two weeks to one year after injury. No surgically significant lesions were, however, detected by routine scanning on the pre-determined days in the early post-trauma period that had not already been signalled by changes in the neurological status, intracranial pressure, or volume pressure response. It is concluded that for purposes of clinical management, additional scans should be obtained in the following circumstances: 1) 1 day post-craniotomy, 2) no improvement by day 3, 3) at 2-3 weeks, and 4) at 3 months. All other scans should be obtained as needed. As a research tool, serial CT scanning is of value in studying post-traumatic hydrocephalus, delayed intracerebral hematomas, and intraventricular hemorrhage.", "PMID": 515911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11124", "title": "Supratentorial arteriovenous malformation presenting with cerebellar dysfunction.", "content": "A young patient with classic clinical presentation and radiological findings of an arteriovenous malformation subsequently developed a spontaneous occlusion of the straight sinus. Although the lesion was supratentorial, thrombosis of the straight sinus and cerebellar cortical veins resulted in signs and symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction. Successful surgical excision was performed with good results.", "contents": "Supratentorial arteriovenous malformation presenting with cerebellar dysfunction. A young patient with classic clinical presentation and radiological findings of an arteriovenous malformation subsequently developed a spontaneous occlusion of the straight sinus. Although the lesion was supratentorial, thrombosis of the straight sinus and cerebellar cortical veins resulted in signs and symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction. Successful surgical excision was performed with good results.", "PMID": 515912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11125", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery.", "content": "The anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery was studied in 25 adult brains (50 cerebral hemispheres). The point of origin and the distribution of this artery were determined. The surgical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery. The anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery was studied in 25 adult brains (50 cerebral hemispheres). The point of origin and the distribution of this artery were determined. The surgical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 515913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11126", "title": "Delayed cerebral radionecrosis following treatment of carcinoma of the scalp: clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A 56-year-old female was found to have cerebral radionecrosis four and one-half years following betatron therapy of a carcinoma of the scalp. Angiographic findings revealed irregular narrowing of the pericallosal artery in the site of the lesion. The patient has resumed full activities with no new neurological findings in the six years following radical extirpation of the lesion. Fourteen similar cases are reviewed. Ten of the twelve patients who underwent radical surgery were cured. Radical extirpation soon after making the diagnosis of cerebral radionecrosis appears to be the treatment of choice. Characteristic ultrastructural findings of abnormal vessels are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed cerebral radionecrosis following treatment of carcinoma of the scalp: clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study. A 56-year-old female was found to have cerebral radionecrosis four and one-half years following betatron therapy of a carcinoma of the scalp. Angiographic findings revealed irregular narrowing of the pericallosal artery in the site of the lesion. The patient has resumed full activities with no new neurological findings in the six years following radical extirpation of the lesion. Fourteen similar cases are reviewed. Ten of the twelve patients who underwent radical surgery were cured. Radical extirpation soon after making the diagnosis of cerebral radionecrosis appears to be the treatment of choice. Characteristic ultrastructural findings of abnormal vessels are discussed.", "PMID": 515915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11127", "title": "Middle meningeal--middle cerebral artery anastomosis for cerebral ischemia.", "content": "A new technique of anastomosing the middle meningeal artery to a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery is described. A case is presented in which the operation was technically successful and the immediate clinical result was good. Long-range follow-up is necessary and a larger series will be needed for study before the merits of the technique can be judged adequately. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are described, as well as possible indications and future studies.", "contents": "Middle meningeal--middle cerebral artery anastomosis for cerebral ischemia. A new technique of anastomosing the middle meningeal artery to a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery is described. A case is presented in which the operation was technically successful and the immediate clinical result was good. Long-range follow-up is necessary and a larger series will be needed for study before the merits of the technique can be judged adequately. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are described, as well as possible indications and future studies.", "PMID": 515916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11128", "title": "Cerebellar retraction: significance and sequelae.", "content": "Does cerebellar retraction during operations in the posterior fossa contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, and if so, what are the critical factors involved? In order to answer these questions, graded retractor pressures of 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg were applied for one hour to the cerebellar hemispheres of dogs in the sitting position. It was noted that the amount of mechanical pressure and the difference between systemic perfusion pressure and retractor pressure were important determinants of the outcome. The mechanism of damage from retractor pressure is discussed.", "contents": "Cerebellar retraction: significance and sequelae. Does cerebellar retraction during operations in the posterior fossa contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, and if so, what are the critical factors involved? In order to answer these questions, graded retractor pressures of 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg were applied for one hour to the cerebellar hemispheres of dogs in the sitting position. It was noted that the amount of mechanical pressure and the difference between systemic perfusion pressure and retractor pressure were important determinants of the outcome. The mechanism of damage from retractor pressure is discussed.", "PMID": 515917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11129", "title": "Hypertrophic pachymeningitis dorsalis.", "content": "A young man developed a paraplegia of relatively sudden onset. A myelogram revealed an obstruction at the T8 level. Laminectomy at T7-9 disclosed a remarkably thick dura mater compressing the spinal cord. Microscopic examination of the dura mater was suggestive of syphilitic granulation tissue. Serum and CSF samples examined for evidence of syphilis were strongly reactive.", "contents": "Hypertrophic pachymeningitis dorsalis. A young man developed a paraplegia of relatively sudden onset. A myelogram revealed an obstruction at the T8 level. Laminectomy at T7-9 disclosed a remarkably thick dura mater compressing the spinal cord. Microscopic examination of the dura mater was suggestive of syphilitic granulation tissue. Serum and CSF samples examined for evidence of syphilis were strongly reactive.", "PMID": 515918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11130", "title": "Chronic subgaleal haematoma.", "content": "A case is reported of a chronic subgaleal haematoma resulting from repeated head trauma during epileptic fits. The haematoma, which was organized and partially calcified, complicated the diagnosis and treatment of an underlying subdural haematoma.", "contents": "Chronic subgaleal haematoma. A case is reported of a chronic subgaleal haematoma resulting from repeated head trauma during epileptic fits. The haematoma, which was organized and partially calcified, complicated the diagnosis and treatment of an underlying subdural haematoma.", "PMID": 515919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11131", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid hypotension secondary to traumatic rupture of lumbosacral meninges.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid hypotension as a result of meningeal rupture due to injury is described. Nonsurgical therapy was followed by a good functional recovery.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid hypotension secondary to traumatic rupture of lumbosacral meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid hypotension as a result of meningeal rupture due to injury is described. Nonsurgical therapy was followed by a good functional recovery.", "PMID": 515920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11132", "title": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: cerebral mass lesions.", "content": "In 9% of reported cases, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presents clinically and radiographically as a focal cerebral mass lesion. Initial misdiagnosis may occur, leading to surgery for suspected malignancies. The electroencephalographic, radiologic, and histopathologic findings in such cases are discussed.", "contents": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: cerebral mass lesions. In 9% of reported cases, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presents clinically and radiographically as a focal cerebral mass lesion. Initial misdiagnosis may occur, leading to surgery for suspected malignancies. The electroencephalographic, radiologic, and histopathologic findings in such cases are discussed.", "PMID": 515921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11133", "title": "Vascular malformation of the medial posterior choroidal artery.", "content": "A case is presented of a vascular malformation of the medial posterior choroidal artery in the vicinity of the posterior part of the third ventricle successfully obliterated via the supracerebellar-infratentorial approach.", "contents": "Vascular malformation of the medial posterior choroidal artery. A case is presented of a vascular malformation of the medial posterior choroidal artery in the vicinity of the posterior part of the third ventricle successfully obliterated via the supracerebellar-infratentorial approach.", "PMID": 515922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11134", "title": "Germinomas in the cerebral hemisphere.", "content": "Three patients with germinomas developing in the frontal lobe are reported. Common to the three cases, long-standing pyramidal signs were observed and the tumors simulated a cystic glioma containing xanthochromic fluid. The site of origin of these germinomas and the relation to suprasellar germinomas are discussed.", "contents": "Germinomas in the cerebral hemisphere. Three patients with germinomas developing in the frontal lobe are reported. Common to the three cases, long-standing pyramidal signs were observed and the tumors simulated a cystic glioma containing xanthochromic fluid. The site of origin of these germinomas and the relation to suprasellar germinomas are discussed.", "PMID": 515923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11135", "title": "Reproductive function in temporal lobe epilepsy: the effect of temporal lobectomy.", "content": "We have examined sexual and reproductive changes in 25 patients (11 men and 14 women; mean follow-up 13 years) with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent temporal lobectomy. Five men and two women had sexual dysfunction preoperatively, in particular, decreased libido. This improved after temporal lobectomy in three of these patients. One woman developed a partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome. Reproductive dysfunction was present in one man (oligospermia) and in ten women (four had the onset of seizures either at pregnancy or menarche; four had increased frequency of seizures during menarche or pregnancy, and two had amenorrhea). The man fathered two children post-operatively, and an appreciable improvement in both the seizure activity and the reproductive dysfunction was noted in the majority of the women.", "contents": "Reproductive function in temporal lobe epilepsy: the effect of temporal lobectomy. We have examined sexual and reproductive changes in 25 patients (11 men and 14 women; mean follow-up 13 years) with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent temporal lobectomy. Five men and two women had sexual dysfunction preoperatively, in particular, decreased libido. This improved after temporal lobectomy in three of these patients. One woman developed a partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome. Reproductive dysfunction was present in one man (oligospermia) and in ten women (four had the onset of seizures either at pregnancy or menarche; four had increased frequency of seizures during menarche or pregnancy, and two had amenorrhea). The man fathered two children post-operatively, and an appreciable improvement in both the seizure activity and the reproductive dysfunction was noted in the majority of the women.", "PMID": 515924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11136", "title": "Evaluation of the plasma scalpel for intracranial surgery: a pilot study.", "content": "The plasma scalpel, a new type of thermal knife, was investigated to determine its utility in neurosurgery. A series of 23 dogs underwent cortical resections comparing the use of the plasma scalpel with conventional bipolar cautery. Tissue heating, blood loss, speed of coagulation, wound healing and pathological change associated with use of the plasma scalpel were studied. The device was found to be effective, safe and faster than bipolar cautery. At present, several technical problems, including the large size of the handpiece and the blast effect of the plasma beam, preclude preliminary human clinical trials.", "contents": "Evaluation of the plasma scalpel for intracranial surgery: a pilot study. The plasma scalpel, a new type of thermal knife, was investigated to determine its utility in neurosurgery. A series of 23 dogs underwent cortical resections comparing the use of the plasma scalpel with conventional bipolar cautery. Tissue heating, blood loss, speed of coagulation, wound healing and pathological change associated with use of the plasma scalpel were studied. The device was found to be effective, safe and faster than bipolar cautery. At present, several technical problems, including the large size of the handpiece and the blast effect of the plasma beam, preclude preliminary human clinical trials.", "PMID": 515925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11137", "title": "CT scan of retroperitoneal hematoma with neuropathy.", "content": "A hematoma in the left iliacus muscle induced by anticoagulant therapy and causing a femoral neuropathy was demonstrated by CT scan. The scan returned to normal after the surgical evacuation of the hematoma. Other possible uses of the CT scan to demonstrate neurological lesions in this region are discussed.", "contents": "CT scan of retroperitoneal hematoma with neuropathy. A hematoma in the left iliacus muscle induced by anticoagulant therapy and causing a femoral neuropathy was demonstrated by CT scan. The scan returned to normal after the surgical evacuation of the hematoma. Other possible uses of the CT scan to demonstrate neurological lesions in this region are discussed.", "PMID": 515926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11138", "title": "Metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma simulating a falx meningioma.", "content": "A 56-year-old man, with known metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, presented with a single Jacksonian seizure. Examination revealed a tumor of the falx cerebri which demonstrated many characteristics of a meningioma. Although exceedingly rare, the tumor proved to be a meningeal metastasis of the prostatic adenocarcinoma. The relevant literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma simulating a falx meningioma. A 56-year-old man, with known metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, presented with a single Jacksonian seizure. Examination revealed a tumor of the falx cerebri which demonstrated many characteristics of a meningioma. Although exceedingly rare, the tumor proved to be a meningeal metastasis of the prostatic adenocarcinoma. The relevant literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 515927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11139", "title": "Opacification of the lumbar epidural venous plexus during myelography.", "content": "Opacification of the regional epidural venous plexus is an untoward circumstance of myelography. The following case reports demonstrate the epidural veins and the transient pulmonary symptoms that resulted.", "contents": "Opacification of the lumbar epidural venous plexus during myelography. Opacification of the regional epidural venous plexus is an untoward circumstance of myelography. The following case reports demonstrate the epidural veins and the transient pulmonary symptoms that resulted.", "PMID": 515928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11140", "title": "Radiological features of holoprosencephaly.", "content": "Three cases of alobar, semilobar, and lobar types of holopresencephaly are reported. Their neuroradiological features and differential diagnosis are described.", "contents": "Radiological features of holoprosencephaly. Three cases of alobar, semilobar, and lobar types of holopresencephaly are reported. Their neuroradiological features and differential diagnosis are described.", "PMID": 515929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11141", "title": "Spinal epidural cavernous hemangioma.", "content": "A case of spinal extradural venous hemangioma is presented. Its initial manifestation simulated a herniated intervertebral cervical disc. The probable precipitating mechanism of its presentation in producing radicular pain and its successful surgical extirpation are discussed.", "contents": "Spinal epidural cavernous hemangioma. A case of spinal extradural venous hemangioma is presented. Its initial manifestation simulated a herniated intervertebral cervical disc. The probable precipitating mechanism of its presentation in producing radicular pain and its successful surgical extirpation are discussed.", "PMID": 515930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11142", "title": "Effects of nifedipine of pial arteriolar calibre: an in vivo study.", "content": "In cats the response of individual pial arterioles to perivascular microapplication of the Ca++-antagonistic drug nifedipine was studied using the image-splitting technique developed by Baez. It has previously been shown that the coefficient of variation for repeated measurements of pial vessel diameter using this system is 1%, under conditions of steady arterial pressure and blood gas tensions. All investigated pial arterioles invariably responded with a dilatation at an injected nifedipine concentration of 10 microM. The dilatatory response was inversely proportional to the resting vessel calibre, i.e., arterioles less tham 70 microns responded with a significantly stronger dilatation as compared with arterioles greater than 100 microns in diameter. In experiments where a minor subarachnoid hemorrhage was made by the injection micropipette injuring capillaries just before the perivascular microapplication of nifedipine, a dilatatory response invariably ensued in spite of the perivascular blood which in itself constricted the arterioles under examination.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine of pial arteriolar calibre: an in vivo study. In cats the response of individual pial arterioles to perivascular microapplication of the Ca++-antagonistic drug nifedipine was studied using the image-splitting technique developed by Baez. It has previously been shown that the coefficient of variation for repeated measurements of pial vessel diameter using this system is 1%, under conditions of steady arterial pressure and blood gas tensions. All investigated pial arterioles invariably responded with a dilatation at an injected nifedipine concentration of 10 microM. The dilatatory response was inversely proportional to the resting vessel calibre, i.e., arterioles less tham 70 microns responded with a significantly stronger dilatation as compared with arterioles greater than 100 microns in diameter. In experiments where a minor subarachnoid hemorrhage was made by the injection micropipette injuring capillaries just before the perivascular microapplication of nifedipine, a dilatatory response invariably ensued in spite of the perivascular blood which in itself constricted the arterioles under examination.", "PMID": 515931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11143", "title": "Acute cerebral revascularization: part I. Cerebral ischemia experimental animal model.", "content": "Thirty-two mongrel dogs divided into two groups were subjected to a transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or a combined transorbital MCA and cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Clinically apparent deficits were present in the MCA group in 18% of cases and in 73% of MCA/ICA cases. Pathologically, 55% of MCA cases and 73% of MCA/ICA cases had demonstrable areas of infarction. The incidence and severity of clinical deficits as well as the location and extent of pathological infarction were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) with the MCA/ICA group than in the MCA group. The mortality rate and frequency of pathologically apparent infarcts were not statistically different p greater than 0.05. No hemorrhagic infarctions were seen in any case.", "contents": "Acute cerebral revascularization: part I. Cerebral ischemia experimental animal model. Thirty-two mongrel dogs divided into two groups were subjected to a transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or a combined transorbital MCA and cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Clinically apparent deficits were present in the MCA group in 18% of cases and in 73% of MCA/ICA cases. Pathologically, 55% of MCA cases and 73% of MCA/ICA cases had demonstrable areas of infarction. The incidence and severity of clinical deficits as well as the location and extent of pathological infarction were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) with the MCA/ICA group than in the MCA group. The mortality rate and frequency of pathologically apparent infarcts were not statistically different p greater than 0.05. No hemorrhagic infarctions were seen in any case.", "PMID": 515932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11144", "title": "Balloon embolization of a giant aneurysm using a newly developed catheter.", "content": "A new catheter with a releasable balloon has been developed for the controllable embolization of intracranial vascular lesions located beyond many arterial curves such as the carotid siphon. Embolization is accomplished by introduction of the balloon to the lesion, followed by inflating the balloon with a polymerizable liquid. After this liquid sets to a gel, the catheter is twisted off to detach the balloon at a specially designed joint. This balloon catheter has been used clinically to embolize an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Balloon embolization of a giant aneurysm using a newly developed catheter. A new catheter with a releasable balloon has been developed for the controllable embolization of intracranial vascular lesions located beyond many arterial curves such as the carotid siphon. Embolization is accomplished by introduction of the balloon to the lesion, followed by inflating the balloon with a polymerizable liquid. After this liquid sets to a gel, the catheter is twisted off to detach the balloon at a specially designed joint. This balloon catheter has been used clinically to embolize an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 515933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11145", "title": "The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the meningiomas of the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae: a retrospective study of 105 cases.", "content": "Delay in the diagnosis of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale is detrimental to the patient in terms of visual recovery, morbidity and mortality. Early accurate diagnosis of these tumors is possible through the use of computed tomography which is recommended for all patients with unexplained impairment of vision. In this article 105 cases of meningiomas of the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae are reviewed. In only five cases was the diagnosis made within three months of the onset of the symptoms.", "contents": "The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the meningiomas of the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae: a retrospective study of 105 cases. Delay in the diagnosis of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale is detrimental to the patient in terms of visual recovery, morbidity and mortality. Early accurate diagnosis of these tumors is possible through the use of computed tomography which is recommended for all patients with unexplained impairment of vision. In this article 105 cases of meningiomas of the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae are reviewed. In only five cases was the diagnosis made within three months of the onset of the symptoms.", "PMID": 515934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11146", "title": "Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa.", "content": "Nine cases of arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa were operated upon, using microsurgical techniques. The excision was radical in eight patients. Seven of them, as well as the sole patient who had a partial removal of the malformation, returned to their previous occupations without neurological signs. In one case the preoperative deficit was unchanged. Some lesions that appear to penetrate the brain stem actually lie on its surface and can be dissected through an extrapial plane of cleavage. Extension of the malformation into the cerebellar peduncles requires dissection of the tangle and opening of the IVth ventricle.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa. Nine cases of arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa were operated upon, using microsurgical techniques. The excision was radical in eight patients. Seven of them, as well as the sole patient who had a partial removal of the malformation, returned to their previous occupations without neurological signs. In one case the preoperative deficit was unchanged. Some lesions that appear to penetrate the brain stem actually lie on its surface and can be dissected through an extrapial plane of cleavage. Extension of the malformation into the cerebellar peduncles requires dissection of the tangle and opening of the IVth ventricle.", "PMID": 515935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11147", "title": "Syringomyelia presenting as a mass lesion of the conus medullaris.", "content": "A case is presented of a young girl with syringomyelia presenting as a mass lesion of the conus medullaris. Computerized tomography of the cerical spinal cord revealed asymptomatic extension of the syrinx to that level. Seven other similar cases are reviewed, and suggestions made for preoperative diagnosis of this unusual entity.", "contents": "Syringomyelia presenting as a mass lesion of the conus medullaris. A case is presented of a young girl with syringomyelia presenting as a mass lesion of the conus medullaris. Computerized tomography of the cerical spinal cord revealed asymptomatic extension of the syrinx to that level. Seven other similar cases are reviewed, and suggestions made for preoperative diagnosis of this unusual entity.", "PMID": 515936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11148", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension: clinical features and diagnosis using computed tomography and treatment.", "content": "A series of 28 patients presenting with benign intracranial hypertension is reported. The diagnosis was based on normal CT scanning appearances, including ventricular size, and it is stressed that no further neuroradiological investigations were required. Conservative treatment is shown to be effective in the majority of patients. It is, however, suggested that surgical intervention in the form of a shunting procedure (lumboperitoneal in our cases) might prove necessary, if vision remains in jeopardy.", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension: clinical features and diagnosis using computed tomography and treatment. A series of 28 patients presenting with benign intracranial hypertension is reported. The diagnosis was based on normal CT scanning appearances, including ventricular size, and it is stressed that no further neuroradiological investigations were required. Conservative treatment is shown to be effective in the majority of patients. It is, however, suggested that surgical intervention in the form of a shunting procedure (lumboperitoneal in our cases) might prove necessary, if vision remains in jeopardy.", "PMID": 515937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11149", "title": "Modified suction system for neurosurgery.", "content": "A new system providing suction for neurosurgical operations is presented. It is designed so that the amount of suction is readily controllable and provides adequate suction for the removal of fluid and blood clots without damage to the nervous tissue. The device also allows the surgeon an unrestricted view of the operative field.", "contents": "Modified suction system for neurosurgery. A new system providing suction for neurosurgical operations is presented. It is designed so that the amount of suction is readily controllable and provides adequate suction for the removal of fluid and blood clots without damage to the nervous tissue. The device also allows the surgeon an unrestricted view of the operative field.", "PMID": 515938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11150", "title": "Coexistence of posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation fed by the same artery.", "content": "A saccular aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and an arteriovenous malformation in the cerebellum fed by the same artery are reported. Clipping of the neck of the aneurysm and total removal of the arteriovenous malformation were performed successfully in one operation.", "contents": "Coexistence of posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation fed by the same artery. A saccular aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and an arteriovenous malformation in the cerebellum fed by the same artery are reported. Clipping of the neck of the aneurysm and total removal of the arteriovenous malformation were performed successfully in one operation.", "PMID": 515939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11151", "title": "Intracerebral arteriovenous malformation angiographically resembling a dural malformation.", "content": "A case of intracerebral arteriovenous malformation with a purely external carotid contribution is presented. This case is not only rare, but also instructive in terms of the pathogenesis of the dural arterial supply to the intracerebral arteriovenous malformations.", "contents": "Intracerebral arteriovenous malformation angiographically resembling a dural malformation. A case of intracerebral arteriovenous malformation with a purely external carotid contribution is presented. This case is not only rare, but also instructive in terms of the pathogenesis of the dural arterial supply to the intracerebral arteriovenous malformations.", "PMID": 515940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11152", "title": "Experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats: part IV--cerebral angiography.", "content": "Carotid angiography was performed in our model rats with cerebral experimental aneurysms. Major vessels at the base of the brain and the cerebral aneurysms were well visualized by a single injection into one carotid artery.", "contents": "Experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats: part IV--cerebral angiography. Carotid angiography was performed in our model rats with cerebral experimental aneurysms. Major vessels at the base of the brain and the cerebral aneurysms were well visualized by a single injection into one carotid artery.", "PMID": 515941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11153", "title": "An aneurysm of the proximal anterior cerebral artery at the olfactory bulb.", "content": "The authors report a very rare case of ruptured intracranial aneurysm at the olfactory bulb. The aneurysm was located at the tip of an abnormal loop of the proximal anterior cerebral artery and was buried in the olfactory sulcus. Preoperative examination revealed hyposmia.", "contents": "An aneurysm of the proximal anterior cerebral artery at the olfactory bulb. The authors report a very rare case of ruptured intracranial aneurysm at the olfactory bulb. The aneurysm was located at the tip of an abnormal loop of the proximal anterior cerebral artery and was buried in the olfactory sulcus. Preoperative examination revealed hyposmia.", "PMID": 515942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11154", "title": "Giant serpentine aneurysms: a separate entity.", "content": "Giant intracranial aneurysms containing a tortuous vascular channel appear, to some extent, different from other giant aneurysms. Their particular features are outlined in the present report which concerns a case of a small fusiform aneurysm of the posterior temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery evolving over five years into a giant serpentine aneurysm. Successful and complete removal of this lesion was achieved.", "contents": "Giant serpentine aneurysms: a separate entity. Giant intracranial aneurysms containing a tortuous vascular channel appear, to some extent, different from other giant aneurysms. Their particular features are outlined in the present report which concerns a case of a small fusiform aneurysm of the posterior temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery evolving over five years into a giant serpentine aneurysm. Successful and complete removal of this lesion was achieved.", "PMID": 515943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11155", "title": "Progressive visual loss associated with peculiar disc swelling.", "content": "A patient with progressive visual loss associated with swelling of the disc presented the classic clinical picture of Leber's optic neuropathy. The hereditary patterns, diagnostic characteristics and natural history of the disease are discussed. Although there is no efficacious treatment for Leber's optic neuropathy available at this time, correct diagnosis is important for purposes of genetic counseling and avoidance of unnecessary neuroradiologic and surgical procedures.", "contents": "Progressive visual loss associated with peculiar disc swelling. A patient with progressive visual loss associated with swelling of the disc presented the classic clinical picture of Leber's optic neuropathy. The hereditary patterns, diagnostic characteristics and natural history of the disease are discussed. Although there is no efficacious treatment for Leber's optic neuropathy available at this time, correct diagnosis is important for purposes of genetic counseling and avoidance of unnecessary neuroradiologic and surgical procedures.", "PMID": 515944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11156", "title": "Pelvic hemodynamics after aortoiliac reconstruction.", "content": "Changes in blood flow to the pelvis were monitored by measurement of penile blood pressures before and after 38 aortoiliac vascular reconstructions. An increase in penile pressure was noted in 14 patients (37%), a decrease was seen in eight patients (21%), and no change occurred in 16 patients (46%). These changes could have been predicted by matching arteriograms to the surgical procedure performed. Preoperative impotence was present in 27 patients (17%). In this group a postoperative increase in penile pressure was associated with restoration of erectile capability in eight of 11 patients. Only one of 10 patients with an unchanged penile pressure regained sexual potency. In contrast, none of the eight patients whose penile pressures decreased had recurrence of erectile capability. Six of these patients had end-to-end aortobifemoral grafts, and concurrent external iliac disease prevented retrograde flow to the internal iliac vessels.", "contents": "Pelvic hemodynamics after aortoiliac reconstruction. Changes in blood flow to the pelvis were monitored by measurement of penile blood pressures before and after 38 aortoiliac vascular reconstructions. An increase in penile pressure was noted in 14 patients (37%), a decrease was seen in eight patients (21%), and no change occurred in 16 patients (46%). These changes could have been predicted by matching arteriograms to the surgical procedure performed. Preoperative impotence was present in 27 patients (17%). In this group a postoperative increase in penile pressure was associated with restoration of erectile capability in eight of 11 patients. Only one of 10 patients with an unchanged penile pressure regained sexual potency. In contrast, none of the eight patients whose penile pressures decreased had recurrence of erectile capability. Six of these patients had end-to-end aortobifemoral grafts, and concurrent external iliac disease prevented retrograde flow to the internal iliac vessels.", "PMID": 515949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11157", "title": "Pseudoaccommodation and progressive addition lenses.", "content": "The limitations of traditional multifocal lenses to replace normal ocular accommodation are well known. The recent development of progressive addition lenses circumvent many of those problems, furnishing smoothly varying power in desired amounts for various distances and allowing freedom from distracting lines. Optical characteristics, screening considerations, prescribing and fitting requirements, and the advantages and limitations of progressive addition lenses are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudoaccommodation and progressive addition lenses. The limitations of traditional multifocal lenses to replace normal ocular accommodation are well known. The recent development of progressive addition lenses circumvent many of those problems, furnishing smoothly varying power in desired amounts for various distances and allowing freedom from distracting lines. Optical characteristics, screening considerations, prescribing and fitting requirements, and the advantages and limitations of progressive addition lenses are discussed.", "PMID": 515945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11158", "title": "Ocular malingering and hysteria: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Confronted with a claim of poor vision in the absence of any apparent pathology, the ophthalmologist must consider the possibility that the patient is malingering or hysterical. The authors define four categories of such patients, and recommend diagnostic approaches for each. Specific diagnostic tests are described, as are methods of managing patients once the diagnosis of malingering or hysteria has been made.", "contents": "Ocular malingering and hysteria: diagnosis and management. Confronted with a claim of poor vision in the absence of any apparent pathology, the ophthalmologist must consider the possibility that the patient is malingering or hysterical. The authors define four categories of such patients, and recommend diagnostic approaches for each. Specific diagnostic tests are described, as are methods of managing patients once the diagnosis of malingering or hysteria has been made.", "PMID": 515946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11159", "title": "Late appearance of arterial emboli: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Although the occurrence of an arterial embolus is usually a cataclysmic event prompting emergency presentationand early diagnosis, we have managed 22 patients who presented more than 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis was apparent in only six patients. The remainder had subacute limb ischemia, and arteriography was used to help delineate the diagnosis in 14 of these patients. In most instances arteriograms were atypical of chronic occlusive disease, rather than diagnostic of arterial emboli. Embolectomy was performed a mean of 13 days after the onset of symptoms, with retrieval of thromboembolic material in all instances. Two patients died (mortality rate of 9%), and the limb salvage rate for the 25 limbs explored was 88%. Among 22 lower extremity embolectomies, foot pulses were restored in 13 patients (59%), and four patients (18%) had viable extremities without pulses. Adjunctive arterial reconstruction was required in three patients.", "contents": "Late appearance of arterial emboli: diagnosis and management. Although the occurrence of an arterial embolus is usually a cataclysmic event prompting emergency presentationand early diagnosis, we have managed 22 patients who presented more than 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis was apparent in only six patients. The remainder had subacute limb ischemia, and arteriography was used to help delineate the diagnosis in 14 of these patients. In most instances arteriograms were atypical of chronic occlusive disease, rather than diagnostic of arterial emboli. Embolectomy was performed a mean of 13 days after the onset of symptoms, with retrieval of thromboembolic material in all instances. Two patients died (mortality rate of 9%), and the limb salvage rate for the 25 limbs explored was 88%. Among 22 lower extremity embolectomies, foot pulses were restored in 13 patients (59%), and four patients (18%) had viable extremities without pulses. Adjunctive arterial reconstruction was required in three patients.", "PMID": 515954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11160", "title": "Interference of lead with implantation in the mouse: a study of the surface ultrastructure of blastocysts and endometrium.", "content": "Implantation chambers, trophoblast and uterine luminal surfaces were examined on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy by electron microscopy in mice with implantation failure due to an intravenous injection of 75 ppm of lead chloride on day 4. Attachment of the trophoblast cells to the surface of the endometrium and closure of the uterine lumina had failed to occur. Uterine epithelial cells in implantation chambers and along the lumina were covered with abundant microvilli. This appearance is similar to that seen in mice in experimental delay of implantation before the oestrogen-induced attachment of the blastocyst has occurred. It may therefore be assumed that lead has in some way interfered with the activity of ovarian steroid hormones on the endometrium. No significant changes were observed in surface ultrastructure of the blastocysts from the lead-treated and control groups.", "contents": "Interference of lead with implantation in the mouse: a study of the surface ultrastructure of blastocysts and endometrium. Implantation chambers, trophoblast and uterine luminal surfaces were examined on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy by electron microscopy in mice with implantation failure due to an intravenous injection of 75 ppm of lead chloride on day 4. Attachment of the trophoblast cells to the surface of the endometrium and closure of the uterine lumina had failed to occur. Uterine epithelial cells in implantation chambers and along the lumina were covered with abundant microvilli. This appearance is similar to that seen in mice in experimental delay of implantation before the oestrogen-induced attachment of the blastocyst has occurred. It may therefore be assumed that lead has in some way interfered with the activity of ovarian steroid hormones on the endometrium. No significant changes were observed in surface ultrastructure of the blastocysts from the lead-treated and control groups.", "PMID": 515956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11161", "title": "Sensitivity patterns for the induction of homeotic shifts in a favorable strain of mice.", "content": "In an effort to develop a prescreening system that is sensitive, is compatible with in-vivo administration of presumptive teratogens, and utilizes morphological endpoints, we are studying the induction of homeotic shifts in the axial skeleton. Our earlier work had demonstrated the existence of critical periods for certain such shifts, even though the (C57BL x NB)F1 hybrid used was not entirely suitable for this purpose. Using 100 R X-rays on successive days during the period of major organogenesis, we have now analyzed the sensitivity pattern of the BALB/c, since this strain normally straddles thresholds for the position of axial borders. Mortality, birthweight, and skeletal anomalies were analyzed, in addition to the homeotic shifts. --Day 9 1/4 postconception was clearly the most sensitive stage for the production of posterior shifts at the thoraco-lumbar border and the lumbo-sacral border, and for increases in the number of sternebrae and costo-sternal junctions. Anterior shift could be induced three days later, on day 12 1/4, but this was confined to only one of the four characters, the thoraco-lumbar border. There are a number of indications that, at given stages during the study period, BALB/c embryos correspond developmentally to chronologically somewhat earlier stages of two strains studied previously. The present results do not support the hypothesis that factors influencing the quantitative skeletal characters act by way of body size. --Since homeotic shifts can be produced by a number of mechanisms and are obvious indications that developmental interference has occurred, and since such shifts are easy to score and convenient to analyze quantitatively, our identification of a highly suitable strain and of stages of maximum sensitivity in this strain should aid in making the system useful in the prescreening for chemical teratogens.", "contents": "Sensitivity patterns for the induction of homeotic shifts in a favorable strain of mice. In an effort to develop a prescreening system that is sensitive, is compatible with in-vivo administration of presumptive teratogens, and utilizes morphological endpoints, we are studying the induction of homeotic shifts in the axial skeleton. Our earlier work had demonstrated the existence of critical periods for certain such shifts, even though the (C57BL x NB)F1 hybrid used was not entirely suitable for this purpose. Using 100 R X-rays on successive days during the period of major organogenesis, we have now analyzed the sensitivity pattern of the BALB/c, since this strain normally straddles thresholds for the position of axial borders. Mortality, birthweight, and skeletal anomalies were analyzed, in addition to the homeotic shifts. --Day 9 1/4 postconception was clearly the most sensitive stage for the production of posterior shifts at the thoraco-lumbar border and the lumbo-sacral border, and for increases in the number of sternebrae and costo-sternal junctions. Anterior shift could be induced three days later, on day 12 1/4, but this was confined to only one of the four characters, the thoraco-lumbar border. There are a number of indications that, at given stages during the study period, BALB/c embryos correspond developmentally to chronologically somewhat earlier stages of two strains studied previously. The present results do not support the hypothesis that factors influencing the quantitative skeletal characters act by way of body size. --Since homeotic shifts can be produced by a number of mechanisms and are obvious indications that developmental interference has occurred, and since such shifts are easy to score and convenient to analyze quantitatively, our identification of a highly suitable strain and of stages of maximum sensitivity in this strain should aid in making the system useful in the prescreening for chemical teratogens.", "PMID": 515957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11162", "title": "Role of vitamin E in the etiology of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters.", "content": "The intraperitoneal inoculation of pregnant hamsters with vitamin E during the first half of gestation reduced the severity or eliminated the occurrence of grossly observable effects of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) of the central nervous system in their offspring and improved the pre-weaning viability of their litters. The addition of corn oil (16%) or linoleic acid (8%) to a ration associated with the occurrence of SHN in fetal hamsters enhanced the incidence and severity of the disease, and these effects were moderated by inoculation of the dams with vitamin E. Experimental data indicated that, among multifactorial contributions to the cause of SHN in hamsters, vitamin E availability and levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid played a significant and interrelated role.", "contents": "Role of vitamin E in the etiology of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters. The intraperitoneal inoculation of pregnant hamsters with vitamin E during the first half of gestation reduced the severity or eliminated the occurrence of grossly observable effects of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) of the central nervous system in their offspring and improved the pre-weaning viability of their litters. The addition of corn oil (16%) or linoleic acid (8%) to a ration associated with the occurrence of SHN in fetal hamsters enhanced the incidence and severity of the disease, and these effects were moderated by inoculation of the dams with vitamin E. Experimental data indicated that, among multifactorial contributions to the cause of SHN in hamsters, vitamin E availability and levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid played a significant and interrelated role.", "PMID": 515958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11163", "title": "Early human pregnancy with the intrauterine contraceptive device in situ: incidence of heteroploidy.", "content": "An indirect method, based on placental morphology, was used to establish the incidence of heteroploidy in early human pregnancy and to determine the possible effect of the IUR on its occurrence. The non-IUD-wearing control population, comprised of 5,779 healthy fertile women undergoing therapeutic abortion for socioeconomic reasons, yielded an incidence of heteroploidy of 0.83% as compared with an overall incidence of 46.7% in our group of spontaneous aborters. In contrast heteroploidy was never detected pathologically in IUD-associated spontaneous and therapeutic abortions. It was concluded that the IUD significantly prevented the development of heteroploid conceptuses. the biological and clinical significance of these findings was discussed.", "contents": "Early human pregnancy with the intrauterine contraceptive device in situ: incidence of heteroploidy. An indirect method, based on placental morphology, was used to establish the incidence of heteroploidy in early human pregnancy and to determine the possible effect of the IUR on its occurrence. The non-IUD-wearing control population, comprised of 5,779 healthy fertile women undergoing therapeutic abortion for socioeconomic reasons, yielded an incidence of heteroploidy of 0.83% as compared with an overall incidence of 46.7% in our group of spontaneous aborters. In contrast heteroploidy was never detected pathologically in IUD-associated spontaneous and therapeutic abortions. It was concluded that the IUD significantly prevented the development of heteroploid conceptuses. the biological and clinical significance of these findings was discussed.", "PMID": 515961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11164", "title": "Some effects of continuous low-dose congenital exposure to methylmercury on organ growth in the rat fetus.", "content": "Congenital low-dose exposure of rat fetuses to methylmercury produced smaller offspring without anatomical abnormalities. The present study explored the mechanisms of the smallness of fetuses. The pregnant rats were given methylmercury water (25 ppm) from day 1 of pregnancy continuously until day 20 of gestation. There was a negative correlation of fetal weight and maternal and fetal mercury burden. The whole organ DNA and protein content of the livers and kidneys in the experiments were significantly lower than the control (P less than 0.05) indicating that there were fewer cells per organ in the mercury exposed fetuses. When the data were compared on a per gram of tissue basis, there was no significanct difference, indicating that the number and size of the cells of each were not diminished. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into fetal tissue DNA was also substantially lower in the experimental group indicating decreased proliferative activity. We conclude from this study that, at least for some major organs, the decreased size in the mercury exposed fetuses is due to fewer cells in the organs due to decreased proliferative activity.", "contents": "Some effects of continuous low-dose congenital exposure to methylmercury on organ growth in the rat fetus. Congenital low-dose exposure of rat fetuses to methylmercury produced smaller offspring without anatomical abnormalities. The present study explored the mechanisms of the smallness of fetuses. The pregnant rats were given methylmercury water (25 ppm) from day 1 of pregnancy continuously until day 20 of gestation. There was a negative correlation of fetal weight and maternal and fetal mercury burden. The whole organ DNA and protein content of the livers and kidneys in the experiments were significantly lower than the control (P less than 0.05) indicating that there were fewer cells per organ in the mercury exposed fetuses. When the data were compared on a per gram of tissue basis, there was no significanct difference, indicating that the number and size of the cells of each were not diminished. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into fetal tissue DNA was also substantially lower in the experimental group indicating decreased proliferative activity. We conclude from this study that, at least for some major organs, the decreased size in the mercury exposed fetuses is due to fewer cells in the organs due to decreased proliferative activity.", "PMID": 515962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11165", "title": "Selective inhibition of mandibular growth and induction of cleft palate by diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON) in the rat.", "content": "A high percentage of cleft palates can be induced in rat fetuses by a single injection of the glutamine analog diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON) on day 15 of gestation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of DON in vivo on craniofacial growth and spatial relations in order to identify factors that may contribute to the palatal defects. Sprague-Dawley rats in the experimental groups were given a single IP injection of 2.0 mg DON (6 mg/kg maternal body weight) on day 15 and were killed on day 16 or 17. Control fetuses were collected on days 15, 16 and 17. Fetal heads were fixed in Bouin's solution, embedded in Paraplast and serially-sectioned. Midsagittal and coronal sections were projected at 30 X and a series of linear and angular measurements were made. DON had limited effect on growth of the cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, and palatine processes, but dramatically reduced the length of Meckel's cartilage. Treatment with DON delayed shelf elevation approximately 24 hours, and tongue position remained high in the oronasal cavity. Growth retardation in Meckel's cartilage therefore may contribute to delayed shelf movement by retarding downward and forward positioning of the tongue-mandibular complex.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of mandibular growth and induction of cleft palate by diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON) in the rat. A high percentage of cleft palates can be induced in rat fetuses by a single injection of the glutamine analog diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON) on day 15 of gestation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of DON in vivo on craniofacial growth and spatial relations in order to identify factors that may contribute to the palatal defects. Sprague-Dawley rats in the experimental groups were given a single IP injection of 2.0 mg DON (6 mg/kg maternal body weight) on day 15 and were killed on day 16 or 17. Control fetuses were collected on days 15, 16 and 17. Fetal heads were fixed in Bouin's solution, embedded in Paraplast and serially-sectioned. Midsagittal and coronal sections were projected at 30 X and a series of linear and angular measurements were made. DON had limited effect on growth of the cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, and palatine processes, but dramatically reduced the length of Meckel's cartilage. Treatment with DON delayed shelf elevation approximately 24 hours, and tongue position remained high in the oronasal cavity. Growth retardation in Meckel's cartilage therefore may contribute to delayed shelf movement by retarding downward and forward positioning of the tongue-mandibular complex.", "PMID": 515963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11166", "title": "Is there a fetal gasoline syndrome?", "content": "Two children from a small Amerindian community presented with profound retardation, initial hypotonia progressing to hypertonia, scaphocephaly, a prominent occiput, poor postnatal head growth, and additional minor anomalies. Abuse of gasoline by inhalation was a widespread problem in the community, and gasoline inhalation during the pregnancy could be documented in both of the pregnancies. We are raising the question as to whether inhalation of gasoline during pregnancy may be teratogenic in humans.", "contents": "Is there a fetal gasoline syndrome? Two children from a small Amerindian community presented with profound retardation, initial hypotonia progressing to hypertonia, scaphocephaly, a prominent occiput, poor postnatal head growth, and additional minor anomalies. Abuse of gasoline by inhalation was a widespread problem in the community, and gasoline inhalation during the pregnancy could be documented in both of the pregnancies. We are raising the question as to whether inhalation of gasoline during pregnancy may be teratogenic in humans.", "PMID": 515965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11167", "title": "Selective proliferation and accumulation of chondroprogenitor cells as the mode of action of biomechanical factors during secondary chondrogenesis.", "content": "Secondary cartilage fails to differentiate on membrane bones of embryonic chicks which have been paralyzed by the in ovo injection of D-tubocurarine chloride at ten days of incubation. A planimetric analysis of serial sections of a membrane bone (the quadratojugal) from control (mobile), and from paralyzed embryos, indicated that osteogenesis was not slowed in paralyzed embryos. However the rate of accumulation of periosteal progenitor cells was significantly lower in paralyzed than in mobile embryos. Quantitative analysis of 3H-thymidine-labelled progenitor cells indicated that the slowed accumulation of progenitor cells was the result of fewer progenitor cells initiating DNA synthesis and mitosis. Between 10 and 11 days of incubation, 60 to 75 more 3H-thymidine-labelled progenitor cells accumulated in mobile embryos than accumulated on each quadratojugal in paralyzed embryos. This subpopulation of cells could represent the chondroprogenitor cells which produce secondary cartilage in mobile embryos. If this is so, then biomechanical factors control the ability of the embryo to produce secondary cartilage by allowing the selective accumulation of chondrogenic progenitor cells.", "contents": "Selective proliferation and accumulation of chondroprogenitor cells as the mode of action of biomechanical factors during secondary chondrogenesis. Secondary cartilage fails to differentiate on membrane bones of embryonic chicks which have been paralyzed by the in ovo injection of D-tubocurarine chloride at ten days of incubation. A planimetric analysis of serial sections of a membrane bone (the quadratojugal) from control (mobile), and from paralyzed embryos, indicated that osteogenesis was not slowed in paralyzed embryos. However the rate of accumulation of periosteal progenitor cells was significantly lower in paralyzed than in mobile embryos. Quantitative analysis of 3H-thymidine-labelled progenitor cells indicated that the slowed accumulation of progenitor cells was the result of fewer progenitor cells initiating DNA synthesis and mitosis. Between 10 and 11 days of incubation, 60 to 75 more 3H-thymidine-labelled progenitor cells accumulated in mobile embryos than accumulated on each quadratojugal in paralyzed embryos. This subpopulation of cells could represent the chondroprogenitor cells which produce secondary cartilage in mobile embryos. If this is so, then biomechanical factors control the ability of the embryo to produce secondary cartilage by allowing the selective accumulation of chondrogenic progenitor cells.", "PMID": 515966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11168", "title": "Cerebral embryopathy in late first trimester: possible association with swine influenza vaccine.", "content": "An infant girl was born with cerebral malformations characterized by developmental arrest late in the first trimester of gestation. These features included persistent pontine flexure, cerebellum developed only around the rhombic lip, failure of migration of inferior olive, absence of basis pontis and of corticospinal and corticopontine tracts, and agenesis of olfactory bulbs. The cerebral cortex was thin and poorly laminated, and primary and secondary sulci had failed to form. The choroid plexus contained vascular malformations, hemorrhages, and infarcts. The leptomeninges contained foci of primitive mesenchyme. The mother had received an inoculation of swine influenza vaccine six weeks after conception, followed by a 2-week illness. The temporal relation to the timing of the cerebral malformation suggests a teratogenic effect of the vaccine, but may have been coincidental.", "contents": "Cerebral embryopathy in late first trimester: possible association with swine influenza vaccine. An infant girl was born with cerebral malformations characterized by developmental arrest late in the first trimester of gestation. These features included persistent pontine flexure, cerebellum developed only around the rhombic lip, failure of migration of inferior olive, absence of basis pontis and of corticospinal and corticopontine tracts, and agenesis of olfactory bulbs. The cerebral cortex was thin and poorly laminated, and primary and secondary sulci had failed to form. The choroid plexus contained vascular malformations, hemorrhages, and infarcts. The leptomeninges contained foci of primitive mesenchyme. The mother had received an inoculation of swine influenza vaccine six weeks after conception, followed by a 2-week illness. The temporal relation to the timing of the cerebral malformation suggests a teratogenic effect of the vaccine, but may have been coincidental.", "PMID": 515967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11169", "title": "Running, walking, and hyperventilation causing asthma in children.", "content": "To examine further the relation between type of exercise, workload, ventilation, and exercise-induced asthma, we compared treadmill walking with treadmill running and treadmill running with isocapnic hyperventilation in separate studies in children and adolescents. Inspired air conditions were identical during each pair of tests. Walking and running with similar minute ventilation and oxygen consumption were followed by similar falls in peak expiratory flow rate as were running and hyperventilation with similar minute ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. This study supports the concept that hyperventilation is a central mechanism in exercise-induced asthma.", "contents": "Running, walking, and hyperventilation causing asthma in children. To examine further the relation between type of exercise, workload, ventilation, and exercise-induced asthma, we compared treadmill walking with treadmill running and treadmill running with isocapnic hyperventilation in separate studies in children and adolescents. Inspired air conditions were identical during each pair of tests. Walking and running with similar minute ventilation and oxygen consumption were followed by similar falls in peak expiratory flow rate as were running and hyperventilation with similar minute ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. This study supports the concept that hyperventilation is a central mechanism in exercise-induced asthma.", "PMID": 515978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11170", "title": "Peripheral vascular resistance and angiotensin II levels during pulsatile and non-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The effects of pulsatile and non-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on levels of peripheral vascular resistance and plasma angiotensin II (AII) have been studied in 24 patients submitted to elective cardiac surgical procedures. Twelve patients had conventional non-pulsatile perfusion throughout the period of CPB (non-pulsatile group), while 12 had pulsatile perfusion during the central period of total CPB, using the Stockert pulsatile pump system (pulsatile group). There were no significant differences between the groups in respect of age, weight, bypass time, cross-clamp time, or in mean pump flow or mean perfusion pressure at the onset of CPB. Peripheral vascular resistance index (PVRI) and plasma AII levels were measured at the onset of total CPB and at the end of total CPB. In the non-pulsatile group PVRI rose from 19.6 units to 29.96 units during perfusion. In the pulsatile group PVRI showed little change from 20.89 units to 21.45 units during perfusion (P less than 0.001). Plasma AII levels (normal less than 35 pg/ml) rose during perfusion from 49 pg/ml to 226 pg/ml in the non-pulsatile group. The rise in the pulsatile group from 44 pg/ml to 98 pg/ml was significantly smaller than that in the non-pulsatile group (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass prevents the rise in PVRI associated with non-pulsatile perfusion, and that this effect may be achieved by preventing excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system, thus producing significantly lower plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular resistance and angiotensin II levels during pulsatile and non-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. The effects of pulsatile and non-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on levels of peripheral vascular resistance and plasma angiotensin II (AII) have been studied in 24 patients submitted to elective cardiac surgical procedures. Twelve patients had conventional non-pulsatile perfusion throughout the period of CPB (non-pulsatile group), while 12 had pulsatile perfusion during the central period of total CPB, using the Stockert pulsatile pump system (pulsatile group). There were no significant differences between the groups in respect of age, weight, bypass time, cross-clamp time, or in mean pump flow or mean perfusion pressure at the onset of CPB. Peripheral vascular resistance index (PVRI) and plasma AII levels were measured at the onset of total CPB and at the end of total CPB. In the non-pulsatile group PVRI rose from 19.6 units to 29.96 units during perfusion. In the pulsatile group PVRI showed little change from 20.89 units to 21.45 units during perfusion (P less than 0.001). Plasma AII levels (normal less than 35 pg/ml) rose during perfusion from 49 pg/ml to 226 pg/ml in the non-pulsatile group. The rise in the pulsatile group from 44 pg/ml to 98 pg/ml was significantly smaller than that in the non-pulsatile group (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass prevents the rise in PVRI associated with non-pulsatile perfusion, and that this effect may be achieved by preventing excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system, thus producing significantly lower plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.", "PMID": 515979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11171", "title": "Surgery of the ascending aorta: five years' experience at a regional cardiac centre.", "content": "Between 1972 and 1978, 31 patients underwent replacement of the ascending aorta, with or without aortic valve surgery, at the Wessex Regional Cardiac Centre. The commonest indications for operation were aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta causing aortic regurgitation and acute dissection of the ascending aorta. Eleven of the 31 patients had features of Marfan's syndrome. The overall hospital mortality was 19.4%, a figure comparable with those reported in other series; ventricular failure secondary to ischaemia during operation was the commonest cause of death. The long-term symptomatic results were excellent, except in the two patients who underwent resuspension of the aortic valve for aortic regurgiation associated with acute dissections. For aneurysms of the ascending aorta with associated aortic regurgitation, replacement of the valve and ascending aorta with a combined valve prosthesis and synthetic tube graft, with reimplantation of the coronary ostia, is the procedure of choice if the aortic valve ring is diseased. Experience to date indicates that replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with separate prostheses, leaving the coronary ostia undisturbed, is a satisfactory alternative provided the aortic annulus is of suitable size and quality; this is more likely to be the case in dissections than in aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta. Replacement of the ascending aorta may also be indicated in some cases of dilatation of the ascending aorta secondary to aortic valve disease if the aortic wall is unusually thin.", "contents": "Surgery of the ascending aorta: five years' experience at a regional cardiac centre. Between 1972 and 1978, 31 patients underwent replacement of the ascending aorta, with or without aortic valve surgery, at the Wessex Regional Cardiac Centre. The commonest indications for operation were aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta causing aortic regurgitation and acute dissection of the ascending aorta. Eleven of the 31 patients had features of Marfan's syndrome. The overall hospital mortality was 19.4%, a figure comparable with those reported in other series; ventricular failure secondary to ischaemia during operation was the commonest cause of death. The long-term symptomatic results were excellent, except in the two patients who underwent resuspension of the aortic valve for aortic regurgiation associated with acute dissections. For aneurysms of the ascending aorta with associated aortic regurgitation, replacement of the valve and ascending aorta with a combined valve prosthesis and synthetic tube graft, with reimplantation of the coronary ostia, is the procedure of choice if the aortic valve ring is diseased. Experience to date indicates that replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with separate prostheses, leaving the coronary ostia undisturbed, is a satisfactory alternative provided the aortic annulus is of suitable size and quality; this is more likely to be the case in dissections than in aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta. Replacement of the ascending aorta may also be indicated in some cases of dilatation of the ascending aorta secondary to aortic valve disease if the aortic wall is unusually thin.", "PMID": 515980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11172", "title": "Dissection of an aneurysmal ascending aorta in association with coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "A previously fit 21-year-old man presented with severel central chest pain. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examination confirmed a dissection of an aneurysmal ascending aorta in the presence of previously undiagnosed severe aortic coarctation. Initial aortic dissection had occurred five days before admission. The medical and staged surgical management of the case are presented. Surgical survival with such a combination of lesions does not appear to have been previously recorded.", "contents": "Dissection of an aneurysmal ascending aorta in association with coarctation of the aorta. A previously fit 21-year-old man presented with severel central chest pain. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examination confirmed a dissection of an aneurysmal ascending aorta in the presence of previously undiagnosed severe aortic coarctation. Initial aortic dissection had occurred five days before admission. The medical and staged surgical management of the case are presented. Surgical survival with such a combination of lesions does not appear to have been previously recorded.", "PMID": 515981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11173", "title": "Surgical management of bronchial carcinoma invading the chest wall.", "content": "In a 20-year period (1958-77) 43 patients underwent combined pulmonary and chest wall resection for bronchial carcinoma with local invasion of the thoracic wall. The clinical data, symptoms, surgical procedures, pathology, and results are reviewed. Pain was the usual presenting symptom. The operative mortality was 16%, respiratory complications causing most of the postoperative morbidity and mortality. These complications were less common after pneumonectomy. Long-term survival was achieved in only three cases with a corrected three-year survival rate of 10%. The survivors had certain pathological and operative features in common that may have prognostic significance. Recurrent carcinoma was responsible for most late deaths. Despite the poor overall prognosis, surgical management provided reasonable palliation and occasionally resulted in prolonged disease-free survival.", "contents": "Surgical management of bronchial carcinoma invading the chest wall. In a 20-year period (1958-77) 43 patients underwent combined pulmonary and chest wall resection for bronchial carcinoma with local invasion of the thoracic wall. The clinical data, symptoms, surgical procedures, pathology, and results are reviewed. Pain was the usual presenting symptom. The operative mortality was 16%, respiratory complications causing most of the postoperative morbidity and mortality. These complications were less common after pneumonectomy. Long-term survival was achieved in only three cases with a corrected three-year survival rate of 10%. The survivors had certain pathological and operative features in common that may have prognostic significance. Recurrent carcinoma was responsible for most late deaths. Despite the poor overall prognosis, surgical management provided reasonable palliation and occasionally resulted in prolonged disease-free survival.", "PMID": 515982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11174", "title": "Resection of proximal left main bronchus carcinoma.", "content": "A carcionoma at the orifice of the left main bronchus is generally considered inoperable. Since 1963, in six patients, we have mobilised the transverse aortic arch and, working above the aortic arch, cut the left main bronchus off the trachea and closed the stump. The operation is completed as a pneumonectomy; it is referred to as a supra-aortic pneumonectomy. The indications, technique, and results are described.", "contents": "Resection of proximal left main bronchus carcinoma. A carcionoma at the orifice of the left main bronchus is generally considered inoperable. Since 1963, in six patients, we have mobilised the transverse aortic arch and, working above the aortic arch, cut the left main bronchus off the trachea and closed the stump. The operation is completed as a pneumonectomy; it is referred to as a supra-aortic pneumonectomy. The indications, technique, and results are described.", "PMID": 515983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11175", "title": "Cellular aggregation and trauma in cardiotomy suction systems.", "content": "Experiments in dogs showed that the high levels of cellular aggregation and trauma caused by cariodtomy suction can be considerably reduced by the avoidance of air aspiration. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this on the basis of shear stresses in the inlet cannula. Roller pump suction was also found to be slightly more traumatic than vaccum suction, but contact of the blood with the pericardium had no effect so long as the pericardium and epicardium had been previously washed with saline.", "contents": "Cellular aggregation and trauma in cardiotomy suction systems. Experiments in dogs showed that the high levels of cellular aggregation and trauma caused by cariodtomy suction can be considerably reduced by the avoidance of air aspiration. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this on the basis of shear stresses in the inlet cannula. Roller pump suction was also found to be slightly more traumatic than vaccum suction, but contact of the blood with the pericardium had no effect so long as the pericardium and epicardium had been previously washed with saline.", "PMID": 515984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11176", "title": "Chronic lung disease in the Papua New Guinea Highlands.", "content": "In the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea 46 men and 24 women with chronic lung disease underwent clinical and lung function investigations. In all cases the sole or predominant abnormality was irreversible airways obstruction, probably from chronic bronchitis with variable amounts of acompanying emphysema. There were close similarities to chronic obstructife lung disease in European populations in terms of symptoms, airways obstruction, transfer factor, and radiographic emphysema and inflammatory changes. Bronchiectasis and local fibrosis were present in a few subjects, but previous reports that pulmonary and pleural fibrosis are features of the disease were not confirmed. Possibly environmental and genetic factors may increase the associated blood gas disturbances leading to pulmonary hypertension. Unlike chronic obstructive lung disease in European populations, tobacco smoking is not an important aetiological factor. Although there is no direct evidence, the most likely possibilities are domestic wood smoke and acute chest infections.", "contents": "Chronic lung disease in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. In the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea 46 men and 24 women with chronic lung disease underwent clinical and lung function investigations. In all cases the sole or predominant abnormality was irreversible airways obstruction, probably from chronic bronchitis with variable amounts of acompanying emphysema. There were close similarities to chronic obstructife lung disease in European populations in terms of symptoms, airways obstruction, transfer factor, and radiographic emphysema and inflammatory changes. Bronchiectasis and local fibrosis were present in a few subjects, but previous reports that pulmonary and pleural fibrosis are features of the disease were not confirmed. Possibly environmental and genetic factors may increase the associated blood gas disturbances leading to pulmonary hypertension. Unlike chronic obstructive lung disease in European populations, tobacco smoking is not an important aetiological factor. Although there is no direct evidence, the most likely possibilities are domestic wood smoke and acute chest infections.", "PMID": 515985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11177", "title": "Cardiac and respiratory function before and after spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Ten girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were studied before and 17-23 months after spinal fusion. None had any cardiac or respiratory disease complicating the scoliosis. They underwent a range of resting lung function tests and a progressive exercise test. The mean angle of scoliosis decreased from 65.8 to 27.3 degrees after operation but the only significant physiological benefit detected in this study was a decrease in the submaximal minute ventilation. The physiological benefit of spinal fusion was therefore much less prominent than the anatomical improvement of the spinal curvature.", "contents": "Cardiac and respiratory function before and after spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Ten girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were studied before and 17-23 months after spinal fusion. None had any cardiac or respiratory disease complicating the scoliosis. They underwent a range of resting lung function tests and a progressive exercise test. The mean angle of scoliosis decreased from 65.8 to 27.3 degrees after operation but the only significant physiological benefit detected in this study was a decrease in the submaximal minute ventilation. The physiological benefit of spinal fusion was therefore much less prominent than the anatomical improvement of the spinal curvature.", "PMID": 515986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11178", "title": "Local excision of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae including the feeding artery and draining vein.", "content": "Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula were treated by local anatomical dissection and excision. This technique is preferable to pulmonary resection when the fistula is localised and superficially situated. The feeding vessels must be included in the resection to avoid possible recurrence. The history of the surgical removal of arteriovenous fistulae is discussed, and the reasons for preferring local excision are given.", "contents": "Local excision of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae including the feeding artery and draining vein. Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula were treated by local anatomical dissection and excision. This technique is preferable to pulmonary resection when the fistula is localised and superficially situated. The feeding vessels must be included in the resection to avoid possible recurrence. The history of the surgical removal of arteriovenous fistulae is discussed, and the reasons for preferring local excision are given.", "PMID": 515987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11179", "title": "Tracheal laceration with massive subcutaneous emphysema: a rare complication of endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Our patient sustained a laceration of the membranous portion of the trachea associated with massive subcutaneous emphysema after an apparently uneventful intubation. The patient was successfully operated on within seven hours. The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment in the event of this rare complicatoin and the different causative factors are discussed.", "contents": "Tracheal laceration with massive subcutaneous emphysema: a rare complication of endotracheal intubation. Our patient sustained a laceration of the membranous portion of the trachea associated with massive subcutaneous emphysema after an apparently uneventful intubation. The patient was successfully operated on within seven hours. The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment in the event of this rare complicatoin and the different causative factors are discussed.", "PMID": 515988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11180", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in asthma: population and family studies.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two patients with intrinsic asthma, extrinsic atopic asthma, or asthma with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were tissue typed for the HLA A, B, and C loci. No associations were found with any of the clinical groups, or with serum total IgE concentrations. Sixty-eight members of 10 families where more than one member was affected by asthma were studied. The segregation of haplotypes in siblings of the propositi who were or were not affected by asthma did not differ from the predicted segregation, and there were no differences when atopy or serum total IgE were considered. No biologically important association between HLA and asthma has been shown.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in asthma: population and family studies. One hundred and twenty-two patients with intrinsic asthma, extrinsic atopic asthma, or asthma with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were tissue typed for the HLA A, B, and C loci. No associations were found with any of the clinical groups, or with serum total IgE concentrations. Sixty-eight members of 10 families where more than one member was affected by asthma were studied. The segregation of haplotypes in siblings of the propositi who were or were not affected by asthma did not differ from the predicted segregation, and there were no differences when atopy or serum total IgE were considered. No biologically important association between HLA and asthma has been shown.", "PMID": 515989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11181", "title": "[Nematodirus battus definitely established in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "After Nematodirus battus infection had been detected in sheep imported from Britain into the Netherlands in January 1978, Dutch lambs and sheep on seven farms in the Province of Gelderland were also found to be infected with N. battus later in 1978. The possible origin of the infection was investigated. Three flocks had been in contact with British sheep, two farms were trading farms, one farm had purchased its sheep from various sources a few years previously, on another the cause continued to be obscure, recently purchased rams possibly having played a role in this case. Severe infections were not (sor far) observed. It was difficult to differentiate between clinical symptoms of N. battus infection, if any, and those due to coccidiosis which was diagnosed in a number of flocks.", "contents": "[Nematodirus battus definitely established in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. After Nematodirus battus infection had been detected in sheep imported from Britain into the Netherlands in January 1978, Dutch lambs and sheep on seven farms in the Province of Gelderland were also found to be infected with N. battus later in 1978. The possible origin of the infection was investigated. Three flocks had been in contact with British sheep, two farms were trading farms, one farm had purchased its sheep from various sources a few years previously, on another the cause continued to be obscure, recently purchased rams possibly having played a role in this case. Severe infections were not (sor far) observed. It was difficult to differentiate between clinical symptoms of N. battus infection, if any, and those due to coccidiosis which was diagnosed in a number of flocks.", "PMID": 516030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11182", "title": "[Fractures of the vertebrae in newborn calves (author's transl)].", "content": "A letter to the Editor on fractures of the vertebrae in newborn calves is commented upon (Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 104, 557, (1979)). Supplementary data is supplied and a theory regarding the pathogenesis is suggested. Intense muscular contractions during an attack of asphyxia could be the cause of these fractures of the vertebrae. Although non-genetic factors are bound to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asphyxia, genetic factors (probably showing a hereditary pattern which is more complex than singly recessive) also may help to produce these fractures.", "contents": "[Fractures of the vertebrae in newborn calves (author's transl)]. A letter to the Editor on fractures of the vertebrae in newborn calves is commented upon (Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 104, 557, (1979)). Supplementary data is supplied and a theory regarding the pathogenesis is suggested. Intense muscular contractions during an attack of asphyxia could be the cause of these fractures of the vertebrae. Although non-genetic factors are bound to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asphyxia, genetic factors (probably showing a hereditary pattern which is more complex than singly recessive) also may help to produce these fractures.", "PMID": 516031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11183", "title": "[Veterinary drugs and extravascular injections (author's transl)].", "content": "Significantly increased levels of ampicillin were recorded in the serum of nine normal dwarf goats following injection of ampicillin trihydrate (Penbritin, 20 mg per kg of body weight) into the lateral cervical muscles compared with injection into the gluteal region (semimembranosus muscle). The differences observed serve to emphasize the fact that more attention should be paid to the effect of the site of intramuscular injection on the biological availability of the drug, with particular reference to studies on clinical effectiveness.", "contents": "[Veterinary drugs and extravascular injections (author's transl)]. Significantly increased levels of ampicillin were recorded in the serum of nine normal dwarf goats following injection of ampicillin trihydrate (Penbritin, 20 mg per kg of body weight) into the lateral cervical muscles compared with injection into the gluteal region (semimembranosus muscle). The differences observed serve to emphasize the fact that more attention should be paid to the effect of the site of intramuscular injection on the biological availability of the drug, with particular reference to studies on clinical effectiveness.", "PMID": 516035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11184", "title": "[Dog breeding in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report is a review of the history of dog breeding and of the current status of breeding dogs in the Netherlands. Breeds of dogs were previously subjected to methods of breeding in which survival and reproduction of the animals depended on the usefulness of dogs for various duties. Today, animals of these breeds are mainly kept as pets. Although serious breeders try hard to preserve the original characteristics of the animals, the breeds are nowadays subjected to strong forces of fashion and the pressure of public opinion. A marked increase in interest in special breeds is resulting in a reduction of the pressure of selection and thus in a wide variety of undesirable traits. In the opinion of the present author improvement of knowledge and in the understanding of dogs provides the best weapon to combat these unwanted effects.", "contents": "[Dog breeding in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. The present report is a review of the history of dog breeding and of the current status of breeding dogs in the Netherlands. Breeds of dogs were previously subjected to methods of breeding in which survival and reproduction of the animals depended on the usefulness of dogs for various duties. Today, animals of these breeds are mainly kept as pets. Although serious breeders try hard to preserve the original characteristics of the animals, the breeds are nowadays subjected to strong forces of fashion and the pressure of public opinion. A marked increase in interest in special breeds is resulting in a reduction of the pressure of selection and thus in a wide variety of undesirable traits. In the opinion of the present author improvement of knowledge and in the understanding of dogs provides the best weapon to combat these unwanted effects.", "PMID": 516036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11185", "title": "[Conclusions and recommendations of the FVE (Federation of Veterinarians in the EEC) on animal welfare (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past thiry years, systems were developed in animal husbandry which raise serious questions for animal welfare with regard to nutrition and housing. The main cause of these problems consists in the fact that the development of these systems is governed solely be economic, expense - saving principles. The livestock breeder is not mainly to blame for these systems, nor is the agricultural scientist who invented them. Society as a whole is responsible for the fact that the welfare of production animals is in conflict with the expressed demand for cheap mass-production. Veterinary surgeons cannot avoid these questions, because their co-operation is requested in these intensive animal husbandry systems. They are also asked to preform interference procedures or mutilations to render animals suitable for these systems. As only decisions on EEC level can lead to the beginning of a solution of the above problems, the FVE has attempted to reconcile the views of national associations in order to provide precise veterinary advice to the EEC Commission. As a result, the Federation formulated thirty-three conclusions and recommendations, which are reviewed in detail in this paper.", "contents": "[Conclusions and recommendations of the FVE (Federation of Veterinarians in the EEC) on animal welfare (author's transl)]. During the past thiry years, systems were developed in animal husbandry which raise serious questions for animal welfare with regard to nutrition and housing. The main cause of these problems consists in the fact that the development of these systems is governed solely be economic, expense - saving principles. The livestock breeder is not mainly to blame for these systems, nor is the agricultural scientist who invented them. Society as a whole is responsible for the fact that the welfare of production animals is in conflict with the expressed demand for cheap mass-production. Veterinary surgeons cannot avoid these questions, because their co-operation is requested in these intensive animal husbandry systems. They are also asked to preform interference procedures or mutilations to render animals suitable for these systems. As only decisions on EEC level can lead to the beginning of a solution of the above problems, the FVE has attempted to reconcile the views of national associations in order to provide precise veterinary advice to the EEC Commission. As a result, the Federation formulated thirty-three conclusions and recommendations, which are reviewed in detail in this paper.", "PMID": 516034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11186", "title": "[Studies on the epizootiology of maedi/visna in sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "The transmission of maedi/visna from a severely infected flock to their progeny was studied. At birth, the lambs were divided at random in four groups of approximately forty animals each, which were exposed to the parent flock for zero hours, ten hours, six weeks and one year respectively. Although more than 80 percent of the ewes were affected with maedi, lambs which were separated from the ewes immediately after birth continued to be free from maedi/visna virus infection during an eight years period of observation. In addition, antibodies to the virus were not detected in this group. It is therefore concluded that congenital infection, if any, is of minor importance in the epizootiology of the disease. The number of sheep in which serological, virological and histopathological studies were positive, the onset of the disease and the severity of the lesions in the three other flocks increased with the period for which they had been exposed to the ewes. A separate trial did not supply any evidence to suggest that larvae of Muellerius capillaris are capable of transmitting infection with maedi/visna virus.", "contents": "[Studies on the epizootiology of maedi/visna in sheep (author's transl)]. The transmission of maedi/visna from a severely infected flock to their progeny was studied. At birth, the lambs were divided at random in four groups of approximately forty animals each, which were exposed to the parent flock for zero hours, ten hours, six weeks and one year respectively. Although more than 80 percent of the ewes were affected with maedi, lambs which were separated from the ewes immediately after birth continued to be free from maedi/visna virus infection during an eight years period of observation. In addition, antibodies to the virus were not detected in this group. It is therefore concluded that congenital infection, if any, is of minor importance in the epizootiology of the disease. The number of sheep in which serological, virological and histopathological studies were positive, the onset of the disease and the severity of the lesions in the three other flocks increased with the period for which they had been exposed to the ewes. A separate trial did not supply any evidence to suggest that larvae of Muellerius capillaris are capable of transmitting infection with maedi/visna virus.", "PMID": 516037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11187", "title": "One-year time sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. I. Growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights.", "content": "Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing O (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 52 weeks. After 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks each time 10 rats/sex/group were killed and subjected to extensive examinations. The present paper deals with growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights. Slight growth retardation throughout the experimental period and high mortality in the second half of the study were observed in VCM-exposed animals. Some of the haematological parameters and biochemical blood parameters were slightly influenced by VCM after an experimental period of 52 weeks only. Blood clotting time was generally slightly shorter in VCM-exposed rats than in controls. There were minor indications of increased potassium contents of the blood serum in VCM-exposed animals during the first half of the test period. The kidneys were adversely affected by VCM as appeared from increased blood urea nitrogen levels and relative kidney weights. After 52 weeks increased weights of heart and spleen, and slight signs of anaemia were noticed in VCM-exposed rats. The present study did not produce obviously suitable parameters for early diagnosing \"VCM-disease\" in man.", "contents": "One-year time sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. I. Growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights. Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing O (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 52 weeks. After 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks each time 10 rats/sex/group were killed and subjected to extensive examinations. The present paper deals with growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights. Slight growth retardation throughout the experimental period and high mortality in the second half of the study were observed in VCM-exposed animals. Some of the haematological parameters and biochemical blood parameters were slightly influenced by VCM after an experimental period of 52 weeks only. Blood clotting time was generally slightly shorter in VCM-exposed rats than in controls. There were minor indications of increased potassium contents of the blood serum in VCM-exposed animals during the first half of the test period. The kidneys were adversely affected by VCM as appeared from increased blood urea nitrogen levels and relative kidney weights. After 52 weeks increased weights of heart and spleen, and slight signs of anaemia were noticed in VCM-exposed rats. The present study did not produce obviously suitable parameters for early diagnosing \"VCM-disease\" in man.", "PMID": 516069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11188", "title": "Distribution of chromium in poisoned rats.", "content": "The effect of dose and duration of treatment with chromium on its distribution in certain vital organs and the blood of rats has been investigated. The accumulation of metal was highest in liver and kidneys, followed by testes, brain and blood and was rather more dependent on the dose than on the duration of exposure. The sub-cellular distribution in liver revealed greater concentration of the metal in the nuclear fraction than in the mitochrondrial or the post mitochondrial fraction. The uptake of the metal by the mitochondrial fraction however, increased with the increase in the dose of chromium from 1 mg/kg to 2 or 3 mg/kg.", "contents": "Distribution of chromium in poisoned rats. The effect of dose and duration of treatment with chromium on its distribution in certain vital organs and the blood of rats has been investigated. The accumulation of metal was highest in liver and kidneys, followed by testes, brain and blood and was rather more dependent on the dose than on the duration of exposure. The sub-cellular distribution in liver revealed greater concentration of the metal in the nuclear fraction than in the mitochrondrial or the post mitochondrial fraction. The uptake of the metal by the mitochondrial fraction however, increased with the increase in the dose of chromium from 1 mg/kg to 2 or 3 mg/kg.", "PMID": 516070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11189", "title": "Toxicological studies of ammonium sulfamate in rat after repeated oral administration.", "content": "A 90-day study involving administration of O (group 1), 100 (group 2), 250 (group 3) and 500 mg/kg (group 4) of ammonium sulfamate to rats 6 days a week was carried out. No adverse effect was observed in respect of appearance, behaviour or survival of animals. No significant difference in the body weights of rats was observed except in case of adult rats (group 4) where the body weight was significantly less than the controls after the end of 60 days. In all the groups food intake gradually reduced whereas water intake increased as the experiment proceeded. No significant change in relative organ weights were noticed in all groups of rats. Haematological examination conducted at 30, 60 and 90 days revealed non-significant increase in the neutrophils in the adults and male weanling rats (group 4) after 90 days. In the histological examination, organs in all the groups of animals appeared normal except that the liver of 1 rat in adults (group 4) showed slight fatty degenerative changes after 90 days.", "contents": "Toxicological studies of ammonium sulfamate in rat after repeated oral administration. A 90-day study involving administration of O (group 1), 100 (group 2), 250 (group 3) and 500 mg/kg (group 4) of ammonium sulfamate to rats 6 days a week was carried out. No adverse effect was observed in respect of appearance, behaviour or survival of animals. No significant difference in the body weights of rats was observed except in case of adult rats (group 4) where the body weight was significantly less than the controls after the end of 60 days. In all the groups food intake gradually reduced whereas water intake increased as the experiment proceeded. No significant change in relative organ weights were noticed in all groups of rats. Haematological examination conducted at 30, 60 and 90 days revealed non-significant increase in the neutrophils in the adults and male weanling rats (group 4) after 90 days. In the histological examination, organs in all the groups of animals appeared normal except that the liver of 1 rat in adults (group 4) showed slight fatty degenerative changes after 90 days.", "PMID": 516071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11190", "title": "Early biochemical liver changes following thiobenzamide poisoning.", "content": "Administration of thiobenzamide in a single dose (25 mg/100 g body wt by stomach tube) to male rats induced centrilobular necrosis, which became evident 10 h after the poisoning. In the meantime liver weight and water content underwent changes, glycogen was lost, triglycerides accumulated in the liver while decreasing in serum, [3H] leucine uptake in proteins was impaired and the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and aminopyrine demethylase decreased. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase remained unchanged, whereas a reduction of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 occurred. The liver amount of reduced glutathione underwent no significant changes. Pretreatment of the animals with cobalt chloride or 20-methylcholanthrene decreased the liver damage caused by the drug. The in vitro addition of thiobenzamide to liver microsomes resulted in a spectral change. The appearance of conjugated dienes among microsomal lipids from drug-treated rats indicated for a lipoperoxidation taking place in vivo.", "contents": "Early biochemical liver changes following thiobenzamide poisoning. Administration of thiobenzamide in a single dose (25 mg/100 g body wt by stomach tube) to male rats induced centrilobular necrosis, which became evident 10 h after the poisoning. In the meantime liver weight and water content underwent changes, glycogen was lost, triglycerides accumulated in the liver while decreasing in serum, [3H] leucine uptake in proteins was impaired and the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and aminopyrine demethylase decreased. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase remained unchanged, whereas a reduction of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 occurred. The liver amount of reduced glutathione underwent no significant changes. Pretreatment of the animals with cobalt chloride or 20-methylcholanthrene decreased the liver damage caused by the drug. The in vitro addition of thiobenzamide to liver microsomes resulted in a spectral change. The appearance of conjugated dienes among microsomal lipids from drug-treated rats indicated for a lipoperoxidation taking place in vivo.", "PMID": 516072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11191", "title": "One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. III. Morphological changes in the liver.", "content": "Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0 (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 52 weeks. After 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks each time 10 rats/sex/group were killed and subjected to extensive examinations. The present paper describes the morphological changes found in the liver. The major parenchymal changes comprised swelling and malformation of mitochondria, an increased amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, necrosis, nuclear and cellular polymorphism of hepatocytes, \"foci of cellular alteration\", neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. A reduced glucose-6-phosphatase activity in hepatocytes and a strong sinusoidal activity of alkaline phosphatase were found within \"foci of cellular alteration\". The non-parenchymal alterations included focal dilatation of sinusoids, focal proliferation of atypical sinusoidal cells and multicentric angiosarcomas. The effects of VCM on the hepatic parenchyma seemed to precede those on the hepatic stroma.", "contents": "One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. III. Morphological changes in the liver. Wistar rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0 (control) or 5000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 52 weeks. After 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks each time 10 rats/sex/group were killed and subjected to extensive examinations. The present paper describes the morphological changes found in the liver. The major parenchymal changes comprised swelling and malformation of mitochondria, an increased amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, necrosis, nuclear and cellular polymorphism of hepatocytes, \"foci of cellular alteration\", neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. A reduced glucose-6-phosphatase activity in hepatocytes and a strong sinusoidal activity of alkaline phosphatase were found within \"foci of cellular alteration\". The non-parenchymal alterations included focal dilatation of sinusoids, focal proliferation of atypical sinusoidal cells and multicentric angiosarcomas. The effects of VCM on the hepatic parenchyma seemed to precede those on the hepatic stroma.", "PMID": 516074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11192", "title": "Short term bioassay of cigarettes containing Cytrel tobacco supplement.", "content": "The toxicity of smoke from cigarettes containing tobacco, Cytrel tobacco supplement, or mixtures of the 2 materials, was investigated using 6 short term test methods. The tests used were rat trachea organ culture and mouse skin thickening tests, which may provide information on carcinogenicity, a ciliatoxicity test, an alveolar macrophage viability test, a haemolysis assay and a thiol inactivation test to provide measures of irritant and cytotoxic effects. In each case a response to the smoke from cigarettes containing tobacco alone was detected, while the magnitude of this response declined as the proportion of tobacco supplement in the blend increased. The least response was found with smoke from cigarettes containing Cytrel tobacco supplement alone.", "contents": "Short term bioassay of cigarettes containing Cytrel tobacco supplement. The toxicity of smoke from cigarettes containing tobacco, Cytrel tobacco supplement, or mixtures of the 2 materials, was investigated using 6 short term test methods. The tests used were rat trachea organ culture and mouse skin thickening tests, which may provide information on carcinogenicity, a ciliatoxicity test, an alveolar macrophage viability test, a haemolysis assay and a thiol inactivation test to provide measures of irritant and cytotoxic effects. In each case a response to the smoke from cigarettes containing tobacco alone was detected, while the magnitude of this response declined as the proportion of tobacco supplement in the blend increased. The least response was found with smoke from cigarettes containing Cytrel tobacco supplement alone.", "PMID": 516077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11193", "title": "Perinatal toxicity of endrin in rodents. I. Fetotoxic effects of prenatal exposure in hamsters.", "content": "The potential of the insecticide endrin to induce fetal toxicity was determined in hamsters exposed to the compound on either day 8 or days 5--14 of gestation. Endrin was administered by oral gavage as a solution in corn oil. Doses used included 0.5--10.0 mg/kg on day 8 and 0.75 to 3.5 mg/kg/day on days 5--14. Exposure to a single dose of endrin resulted in significant incidences of fused ribs and meningoencephaloceles at levels of 5 mg/kg or greater. No significant effects were noted in either maternal mortality and weight gain or in fetal mortality or weight gain. The administration of multiple doses of endrin resulted in few fetal defects, although a significant dose-related increase in fetal mortality and decrease in fetal weight was seen. Significant maternal lethality and weight reductions were noted at doses of 1.5 mg/kg/day or greater. At sacrifice, maternal liver and fetal tissues were collected and subsequently analyzed for endrin and a major metabolite, 12-ketoendrin. Endrin was found to cross the placenta and 20 ppb were found in fetuses from litters exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day. Maternal livers from this dose group contained an average of 2500 pbb of endrin.", "contents": "Perinatal toxicity of endrin in rodents. I. Fetotoxic effects of prenatal exposure in hamsters. The potential of the insecticide endrin to induce fetal toxicity was determined in hamsters exposed to the compound on either day 8 or days 5--14 of gestation. Endrin was administered by oral gavage as a solution in corn oil. Doses used included 0.5--10.0 mg/kg on day 8 and 0.75 to 3.5 mg/kg/day on days 5--14. Exposure to a single dose of endrin resulted in significant incidences of fused ribs and meningoencephaloceles at levels of 5 mg/kg or greater. No significant effects were noted in either maternal mortality and weight gain or in fetal mortality or weight gain. The administration of multiple doses of endrin resulted in few fetal defects, although a significant dose-related increase in fetal mortality and decrease in fetal weight was seen. Significant maternal lethality and weight reductions were noted at doses of 1.5 mg/kg/day or greater. At sacrifice, maternal liver and fetal tissues were collected and subsequently analyzed for endrin and a major metabolite, 12-ketoendrin. Endrin was found to cross the placenta and 20 ppb were found in fetuses from litters exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day. Maternal livers from this dose group contained an average of 2500 pbb of endrin.", "PMID": 516075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11194", "title": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells by the reducing agents bisulfite and ascorbic acid.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are induced in Chinese hamster cells by a 2--3-h exposure to ascorbic acid or bisulfite in the concentration range 10(-4)--10(-2) M. This activity of these 2 chemicals was intensified when cell cultures were exposed to each agent for longer time periods (24 h). The divalent metal cation, Cu2+, was effective in potentiating the ability of ascorbic acid to induce SCEs and toxicity, suggesting that the autooxidation of ascorbic acid was involved in this action. The ability of sodium bisulfite to induce SCEs was not affected by variation in the concentration of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine used as a labelling compound. This was interpreted as supporting the view that bisulfite, not a synergistic reaction between bisulfite and BrdU, was responsible for the elevated SCE levels.", "contents": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells by the reducing agents bisulfite and ascorbic acid. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are induced in Chinese hamster cells by a 2--3-h exposure to ascorbic acid or bisulfite in the concentration range 10(-4)--10(-2) M. This activity of these 2 chemicals was intensified when cell cultures were exposed to each agent for longer time periods (24 h). The divalent metal cation, Cu2+, was effective in potentiating the ability of ascorbic acid to induce SCEs and toxicity, suggesting that the autooxidation of ascorbic acid was involved in this action. The ability of sodium bisulfite to induce SCEs was not affected by variation in the concentration of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine used as a labelling compound. This was interpreted as supporting the view that bisulfite, not a synergistic reaction between bisulfite and BrdU, was responsible for the elevated SCE levels.", "PMID": 516076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11195", "title": "Light insensitive physical developers.", "content": "Within the pH range 2.5-6.5 tungstic acid (an isopolyacid) prevents the reduction of silver ions by ascorbic or hydroquinone more effectively than either gum acacia or other protective colloids. The colloid state of tungstic acid can be stabilized with nonionic detergents, especially with Triton X-100. For buffering the system a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate is optimal. Physical developers constituted on the basis of these observations are, in contrast to those commonly used in histology, light insensitive, and remain clear for about 30 min at room temperature, 2-5 times as long as the time required for development.", "contents": "Light insensitive physical developers. Within the pH range 2.5-6.5 tungstic acid (an isopolyacid) prevents the reduction of silver ions by ascorbic or hydroquinone more effectively than either gum acacia or other protective colloids. The colloid state of tungstic acid can be stabilized with nonionic detergents, especially with Triton X-100. For buffering the system a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate is optimal. Physical developers constituted on the basis of these observations are, in contrast to those commonly used in histology, light insensitive, and remain clear for about 30 min at room temperature, 2-5 times as long as the time required for development.", "PMID": 516090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11196", "title": "Separation of fuchsin analogs using thin layer chromatography.", "content": "The four analogs comprising basic fuchsin have been separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mixtures spotted on reverse phase TLC plates were developed with a solution of 25% methanol, 10% ammonium hydroxide, and 65% distilled water. The Rf values of the analogs were for pararosaniline, 0.54; rosaniline, 0.41; magenta II, 0.31; new fuchsin, 0.19.", "contents": "Separation of fuchsin analogs using thin layer chromatography. The four analogs comprising basic fuchsin have been separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mixtures spotted on reverse phase TLC plates were developed with a solution of 25% methanol, 10% ammonium hydroxide, and 65% distilled water. The Rf values of the analogs were for pararosaniline, 0.54; rosaniline, 0.41; magenta II, 0.31; new fuchsin, 0.19.", "PMID": 516091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11197", "title": "[Cobalt teletherapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "A three-year survival rate of 40% of a group of 287 patients was achieved by a standardized Co-60 teletherapy. This survival rate and the radiogenic late effects observed over a ten-year period are compared with results communicated in literature. Important prognostic factors were the findings of a pretherapeutic urogram, the tumor localization, histologic findings, the stade and the surgical proceeding. In this connexion, the W.H.O. classification containing the stades of penetration and the degrees of malignity proved to be valuable. Taking into consideration the own results and those found in literature, the authors propose a therapy depending on the stade and based on modern diagnostic methods and a reliable histologic classification.", "contents": "[Cobalt teletherapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. A three-year survival rate of 40% of a group of 287 patients was achieved by a standardized Co-60 teletherapy. This survival rate and the radiogenic late effects observed over a ten-year period are compared with results communicated in literature. Important prognostic factors were the findings of a pretherapeutic urogram, the tumor localization, histologic findings, the stade and the surgical proceeding. In this connexion, the W.H.O. classification containing the stades of penetration and the degrees of malignity proved to be valuable. Taking into consideration the own results and those found in literature, the authors propose a therapy depending on the stade and based on modern diagnostic methods and a reliable histologic classification.", "PMID": 516093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11198", "title": "[Growth rate of pulmonary metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of 148 untreated metastases to the lung was determined in 47 patients. Pulmonary metastases of squamous-cell carcinomas, sarcomas and malignant melanomas exhibited exponential growth, the doubling times were distributed log-normally, the geometric mean amounted to six weeks. The growth rate of adenocarcinomas decreased with increasing tumor size approximately in accordance with a Gompertzian function.", "contents": "[Growth rate of pulmonary metastases (author's transl)]. The growth of 148 untreated metastases to the lung was determined in 47 patients. Pulmonary metastases of squamous-cell carcinomas, sarcomas and malignant melanomas exhibited exponential growth, the doubling times were distributed log-normally, the geometric mean amounted to six weeks. The growth rate of adenocarcinomas decreased with increasing tumor size approximately in accordance with a Gompertzian function.", "PMID": 516094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11199", "title": "[Tumor-specific immune response of hypernephroid renal carcinoma after in vitro irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is possible to reproduce in vitro the induction in the leucocyte migration test of an immune response specific to hypernephroid carcinoma by preoperative radiation treatment of this neoplasm. The leucocyte migration is inhibited by soluble extracts of the tumor, prepared from hypernephroma-tissues (of 11 patients nontreated preoperatively) after in vitro irradiation either with electrons or with 60Co. This effect depends on the dose. The radiation dose producing a maximal inhibition following in vitro irradiation is nearly equal to that delivered by us before surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Tumor-specific immune response of hypernephroid renal carcinoma after in vitro irradiation (author's transl)]. It is possible to reproduce in vitro the induction in the leucocyte migration test of an immune response specific to hypernephroid carcinoma by preoperative radiation treatment of this neoplasm. The leucocyte migration is inhibited by soluble extracts of the tumor, prepared from hypernephroma-tissues (of 11 patients nontreated preoperatively) after in vitro irradiation either with electrons or with 60Co. This effect depends on the dose. The radiation dose producing a maximal inhibition following in vitro irradiation is nearly equal to that delivered by us before surgical treatment.", "PMID": 516095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11200", "title": "[Irradiation planning with computer tomograph and treatment planning equipment (author's transl)].", "content": "Using individual body cross-sections for purposes of irradiation (obtained by computed tomography with the Siemens-Somatom) in combination with a system for treatment planning (TPS, Phillips), a marked improvement of irradiation planning is achieved. Thus, an advance in the quality of radiation therapy may be expected. Some inconvenience with this combination of instruments, due to the necessity of enlarging the CT cross-sections up to life-sized cross-sections suitable for the TPS, is unavoidable so far.", "contents": "[Irradiation planning with computer tomograph and treatment planning equipment (author's transl)]. Using individual body cross-sections for purposes of irradiation (obtained by computed tomography with the Siemens-Somatom) in combination with a system for treatment planning (TPS, Phillips), a marked improvement of irradiation planning is achieved. Thus, an advance in the quality of radiation therapy may be expected. Some inconvenience with this combination of instruments, due to the necessity of enlarging the CT cross-sections up to life-sized cross-sections suitable for the TPS, is unavoidable so far.", "PMID": 516096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11201", "title": "[Investigations into the clinical significance of beta-glucuronidase as tumour indicator during radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined the activity of beta-glucuronidase in serum and urine in two different patient groups with carcinoma of the bladder. In one group the tumour was excised totally, in the other group tumour material was left. There was no correlation to be found between extension of the tumour and enzyme activity, or between the enzyme levels in urine and serum. This seems to be due to multiple factors like postoperative restitution, cystitis and radiation effects on bladder tissue.", "contents": "[Investigations into the clinical significance of beta-glucuronidase as tumour indicator during radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the bladder (author's transl)]. We examined the activity of beta-glucuronidase in serum and urine in two different patient groups with carcinoma of the bladder. In one group the tumour was excised totally, in the other group tumour material was left. There was no correlation to be found between extension of the tumour and enzyme activity, or between the enzyme levels in urine and serum. This seems to be due to multiple factors like postoperative restitution, cystitis and radiation effects on bladder tissue.", "PMID": 516097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11202", "title": "Dosimetry of normally and obliquely incident cobalt-60 teletherapy beams.", "content": "Standard isodose charts are generally given by the manufacturer for normal incidence of radiation beams of various qualities. These charts are used for routine treatment planning in a radiotherapy department. Due to the enormous variety of the cases encountered in the department, the physicist often runs short of appropriate charts required for specific treatment planning. Besides, the plan sometimes needs a beam directed at an angle to the patient's surface. As a result, isodose charts for individual treatment plans are desirable for precise delivery of the requisite dose to the tumour volume. In this paper a computer method is described for determining dose distributions for normally and obliquely incident 60Co beam. The experimental verification of the computed results using a 0.4 cm3 ionization chamber and a perspex water phantom assembly is also presented. The results are found to be in good agreement.", "contents": "Dosimetry of normally and obliquely incident cobalt-60 teletherapy beams. Standard isodose charts are generally given by the manufacturer for normal incidence of radiation beams of various qualities. These charts are used for routine treatment planning in a radiotherapy department. Due to the enormous variety of the cases encountered in the department, the physicist often runs short of appropriate charts required for specific treatment planning. Besides, the plan sometimes needs a beam directed at an angle to the patient's surface. As a result, isodose charts for individual treatment plans are desirable for precise delivery of the requisite dose to the tumour volume. In this paper a computer method is described for determining dose distributions for normally and obliquely incident 60Co beam. The experimental verification of the computed results using a 0.4 cm3 ionization chamber and a perspex water phantom assembly is also presented. The results are found to be in good agreement.", "PMID": 516098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11203", "title": "Relationship between dose rate and oxygen enhancement ratio.", "content": "Born [1] concluded that the D0 values of dose-effect curves from cells irradiated under chronically hypoxic conditions were not much influenced by the dose rate and that the oxygen enhancement ratio was decreased from 3.9 at 3.64 Gy. min-1 to 1.8 at 0.07 Gy.min-1. These conclusions, however, are not supported by properly performed experiments. Comments on the paper by Born [1] are provided and a method of obtaining realistic oxygen enhancement ratios at low dose rates is described.", "contents": "Relationship between dose rate and oxygen enhancement ratio. Born [1] concluded that the D0 values of dose-effect curves from cells irradiated under chronically hypoxic conditions were not much influenced by the dose rate and that the oxygen enhancement ratio was decreased from 3.9 at 3.64 Gy. min-1 to 1.8 at 0.07 Gy.min-1. These conclusions, however, are not supported by properly performed experiments. Comments on the paper by Born [1] are provided and a method of obtaining realistic oxygen enhancement ratios at low dose rates is described.", "PMID": 516099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11204", "title": "RBE of d(50)-Be neutrons for induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa onion roots.", "content": "RBE/absorbed dose relationship of d(50)-Be neutrons was determined for the induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa onion roots. Neutrons are produced at the cyclotron \"Cyclone\" by bombarding a thick beryllium target with 50 MeV deuterons. Two biological criteria were selected: (1) mean number of aberrations (mainly breaks) per cell in anaphase and telophase, (2) fraction of intact cells in anaphase and telophase. For the two criteria, RBE increases continuously from about 7 to 12 as the neutron absorbed dose decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 Gy. RBE values for the first criterion are slightly higher than for the second one. This observation is interpreted in terms of the analysis of the distribution of the aberrations in the cells. In logarithmic coordinates, RBE/absorbed dose relationships for the two criteria are almost linear with a slope close to -1/2. RBE values observed for induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa are higher than those generally observed for biological effects related to mammalian cell lethality.", "contents": "RBE of d(50)-Be neutrons for induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa onion roots. RBE/absorbed dose relationship of d(50)-Be neutrons was determined for the induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa onion roots. Neutrons are produced at the cyclotron \"Cyclone\" by bombarding a thick beryllium target with 50 MeV deuterons. Two biological criteria were selected: (1) mean number of aberrations (mainly breaks) per cell in anaphase and telophase, (2) fraction of intact cells in anaphase and telophase. For the two criteria, RBE increases continuously from about 7 to 12 as the neutron absorbed dose decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 Gy. RBE values for the first criterion are slightly higher than for the second one. This observation is interpreted in terms of the analysis of the distribution of the aberrations in the cells. In logarithmic coordinates, RBE/absorbed dose relationships for the two criteria are almost linear with a slope close to -1/2. RBE values observed for induction of chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa are higher than those generally observed for biological effects related to mammalian cell lethality.", "PMID": 516100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11205", "title": "Crypt cell population kinetics in mouse jejunum under continuous beta irradiation from tritiated water.", "content": "The behaviour of crypt cell population in mouse jejunum under continuous beta irradiation from tritiated water (HTO) has been studied. Adult mice were maintained on tritiated drinking water of the activity of 1.25 muCi/ml, after priming injection. The crypts were studied at 1, 5, 7, 15 and 30 days after the initiation of treatment. It is observed that there is a partial recovery in proliferative activity after the first day of the treatment. Again there is a decrease in the crypt cells on the 7th day, after which this population appears to achieve a near-steady-state level at about 8% below normal at the last interval studied. Crypt cell population and mitotic figures showed a simultaneous dip and recovery, while dead cells showed inverse relationship.", "contents": "Crypt cell population kinetics in mouse jejunum under continuous beta irradiation from tritiated water. The behaviour of crypt cell population in mouse jejunum under continuous beta irradiation from tritiated water (HTO) has been studied. Adult mice were maintained on tritiated drinking water of the activity of 1.25 muCi/ml, after priming injection. The crypts were studied at 1, 5, 7, 15 and 30 days after the initiation of treatment. It is observed that there is a partial recovery in proliferative activity after the first day of the treatment. Again there is a decrease in the crypt cells on the 7th day, after which this population appears to achieve a near-steady-state level at about 8% below normal at the last interval studied. Crypt cell population and mitotic figures showed a simultaneous dip and recovery, while dead cells showed inverse relationship.", "PMID": 516102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11206", "title": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 24th communication: response of blood circulation and respiratory function in mice upon whom was inflicted whole-body irradiation in combination with open skin wounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined injuries were inflicted upon NMRI-mice, hurting each with an open skin wound subsequent to sublethal exposition to X-rays. Lethality among animals with combined injuries was between 40 and 60%, while animals only irradiated and those with only a skin wound had lethalities between 10 and 20% and 0%, respectively. Blood circulation and respiration of animals injured with combined lesions were studied in an attempt to understand the cause of the high lethality in this group. The blood volume and the oxygen transport capacity were drastically reduced in animals with combined injuries as compared to those in animals only irradiated, although plasma volume, vascular permeability and distribution of the blood volume remained similar in both groups. Analyses of gases and acid/base composition of blood revealed neither respiratory nor metabolic acidosis. These findings indicate that combined injuries hardly impair blood circulation and respiratory function.", "contents": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 24th communication: response of blood circulation and respiratory function in mice upon whom was inflicted whole-body irradiation in combination with open skin wounds (author's transl)]. Combined injuries were inflicted upon NMRI-mice, hurting each with an open skin wound subsequent to sublethal exposition to X-rays. Lethality among animals with combined injuries was between 40 and 60%, while animals only irradiated and those with only a skin wound had lethalities between 10 and 20% and 0%, respectively. Blood circulation and respiration of animals injured with combined lesions were studied in an attempt to understand the cause of the high lethality in this group. The blood volume and the oxygen transport capacity were drastically reduced in animals with combined injuries as compared to those in animals only irradiated, although plasma volume, vascular permeability and distribution of the blood volume remained similar in both groups. Analyses of gases and acid/base composition of blood revealed neither respiratory nor metabolic acidosis. These findings indicate that combined injuries hardly impair blood circulation and respiratory function.", "PMID": 516101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11207", "title": "[Radiation lesions of the skin and mucous membrane and their treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapy of mucocutaneous lesions in the course of radiation therapy of malignant tumors is most important for lasting recovery in a successful combat against the primary tumor. The application of the different dermatological agents and of adjuvant therapy has to conform to the principles of dermatotherapy because of the necessary adaptation to the pathophysiology of the injured organ. Underlying principles and the requisite instructions for the combination of preparations are specified.", "contents": "[Radiation lesions of the skin and mucous membrane and their treatment (author's transl)]. The therapy of mucocutaneous lesions in the course of radiation therapy of malignant tumors is most important for lasting recovery in a successful combat against the primary tumor. The application of the different dermatological agents and of adjuvant therapy has to conform to the principles of dermatotherapy because of the necessary adaptation to the pathophysiology of the injured organ. Underlying principles and the requisite instructions for the combination of preparations are specified.", "PMID": 516103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11208", "title": "[Radiosensitization with metronidazole. Pharmacocinetical comparison by means of blood level curves after administration of \"metronidazol\" in the form of tablets, suppositories, and enemas (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe acute gastrointestinal side-effects following high oral doses of metronidazole (6 g/m2) could be avoided by a combined oral and rectal application. With tablets and an enema (1 g metronidazole/2 ml) in a ratio 1:4 and an increased dosage of 10 g/m2, maximal serum concentrations of about 200 micrograms/ml are obtained like after an oral dosage of 6 g/m2. The maximal radiosensitizing effect on hypoxic tumor cells is seen five hours after oral application and seven hours after the combined oro-rectal application. No longterm toxicity was found following six high doses of metronidazole.", "contents": "[Radiosensitization with metronidazole. Pharmacocinetical comparison by means of blood level curves after administration of \"metronidazol\" in the form of tablets, suppositories, and enemas (author's transl)]. Severe acute gastrointestinal side-effects following high oral doses of metronidazole (6 g/m2) could be avoided by a combined oral and rectal application. With tablets and an enema (1 g metronidazole/2 ml) in a ratio 1:4 and an increased dosage of 10 g/m2, maximal serum concentrations of about 200 micrograms/ml are obtained like after an oral dosage of 6 g/m2. The maximal radiosensitizing effect on hypoxic tumor cells is seen five hours after oral application and seven hours after the combined oro-rectal application. No longterm toxicity was found following six high doses of metronidazole.", "PMID": 516104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11209", "title": "Growth fraction of tumors estimated by continuous labeling.", "content": "The labeling index of tumors, when labeled continuously, was analysed kinetically and theoretically with regard to the growth fraction. The increase in the labeling index was composed of three slopes and was affected largely by the growth fraction. A method to estimate the growth fraction from the labeling index was presented.", "contents": "Growth fraction of tumors estimated by continuous labeling. The labeling index of tumors, when labeled continuously, was analysed kinetically and theoretically with regard to the growth fraction. The increase in the labeling index was composed of three slopes and was affected largely by the growth fraction. A method to estimate the growth fraction from the labeling index was presented.", "PMID": 516106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11210", "title": "Gap corrections for brachytherapy.", "content": "With discrete radiation sources, it is a deliberate treatment policy to provide gaps between two implantations of radioactive sources. Gap correction formulae have been arrived at to evaluate the ultimate biological effect on tissue. These formulae do not maintain the identity of the CRE and TDF concepts and hence Supe and Supe have chosen for external beam treatments appropriate gap corrections which maintain the equivalence of the concepts. During the continuous radiation therapy the tissue cells have a tendency to clump together in the sensitive phase and hence the radiation dose is more effective in this mode of treatment. Consequently the mathematical expressions for the CRE and TDFs for continuous radiation therapy differ from those for external beam therapy. The formula for complex treatment schedules of external beam therapy will not apply to those in brachytherapy, have been arrived at. In order to simplify the evaluation of the effective biological effects Tables for value of (T1+G1/T1)-0.155 and CRE0.71 have been prepared. The formulae developed for the resultant CREs and TDFs for the combination of brachytherapy treatments with gaps are different than those for combinations of external beam therapy. The powers of CRE and the terms of the type (T1+G1/T1) have changed appreciably.", "contents": "Gap corrections for brachytherapy. With discrete radiation sources, it is a deliberate treatment policy to provide gaps between two implantations of radioactive sources. Gap correction formulae have been arrived at to evaluate the ultimate biological effect on tissue. These formulae do not maintain the identity of the CRE and TDF concepts and hence Supe and Supe have chosen for external beam treatments appropriate gap corrections which maintain the equivalence of the concepts. During the continuous radiation therapy the tissue cells have a tendency to clump together in the sensitive phase and hence the radiation dose is more effective in this mode of treatment. Consequently the mathematical expressions for the CRE and TDFs for continuous radiation therapy differ from those for external beam therapy. The formula for complex treatment schedules of external beam therapy will not apply to those in brachytherapy, have been arrived at. In order to simplify the evaluation of the effective biological effects Tables for value of (T1+G1/T1)-0.155 and CRE0.71 have been prepared. The formulae developed for the resultant CREs and TDFs for the combination of brachytherapy treatments with gaps are different than those for combinations of external beam therapy. The powers of CRE and the terms of the type (T1+G1/T1) have changed appreciably.", "PMID": 516107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11211", "title": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 25th communication: renal function and energy metabolism in mice with injuries combined of whole-body irradiation and an open skin wound (author's transl)].", "content": "In NMRI-mice injured with combined lesions (whole-body irradiation with 500 R and, two or seven days later, an open skin wound), lethality increased from 10 or 20% following sole irradiation up to 60%. Investigations of urinary excretion and serum levels in animals with combined injuries did not show undue elevations of the levels of electrolytes, creatinine, urea, uric acid and acid or alkaline equivalents. Analysis of lactate, pyruvate, ATP and ADP in liver tissue and blood serum indicated no significant changes in the energy metabolism in animals with combined injuries in comparison with mice irradiated only. These findings and those of our last communication (24. Mitteilung) seem to be incompatible with the presence of a shock state as cause of the high lethality of mice with combined injuries.", "contents": "[Investigations on combined injuries, 25th communication: renal function and energy metabolism in mice with injuries combined of whole-body irradiation and an open skin wound (author's transl)]. In NMRI-mice injured with combined lesions (whole-body irradiation with 500 R and, two or seven days later, an open skin wound), lethality increased from 10 or 20% following sole irradiation up to 60%. Investigations of urinary excretion and serum levels in animals with combined injuries did not show undue elevations of the levels of electrolytes, creatinine, urea, uric acid and acid or alkaline equivalents. Analysis of lactate, pyruvate, ATP and ADP in liver tissue and blood serum indicated no significant changes in the energy metabolism in animals with combined injuries in comparison with mice irradiated only. These findings and those of our last communication (24. Mitteilung) seem to be incompatible with the presence of a shock state as cause of the high lethality of mice with combined injuries.", "PMID": 516108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11212", "title": "Post-irradiation enzyme activities of the rat small intestine: effects on circadian fluctuations.", "content": "The effects of ionizing radiations on circadian fluctuations in the activities of small bowel mucosal enzymes were studied. The fluctuations in activities of brush-border enzymes disappeared after irradiation coincidentally with changes in their activity. This change was particularly pronounced with leucinaminopeptidase. At longer periods after irradiation (50 and 74 hours) when the whole epithelium showed morphological changes, the activity of brush-border enzymes was very low. The activity of lysosomal enzymes (which do not show circadian fluctuations) increased when the epithelium showed marked morphological modifications and the stroma contained numerous inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Post-irradiation enzyme activities of the rat small intestine: effects on circadian fluctuations. The effects of ionizing radiations on circadian fluctuations in the activities of small bowel mucosal enzymes were studied. The fluctuations in activities of brush-border enzymes disappeared after irradiation coincidentally with changes in their activity. This change was particularly pronounced with leucinaminopeptidase. At longer periods after irradiation (50 and 74 hours) when the whole epithelium showed morphological changes, the activity of brush-border enzymes was very low. The activity of lysosomal enzymes (which do not show circadian fluctuations) increased when the epithelium showed marked morphological modifications and the stroma contained numerous inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 516109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11213", "title": "Effect of cystamine on rat tissue GSH level and glutathione reductase activity.", "content": "Reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione reductase activity were determined by means of the spectrophotometric method in various rat tissues after i.p. administration of cystamine (50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). GSH amount dropped in the spleen and kidney at 10 and 20 min; following this interval, an increase of GSH level was observed in the liver at 20--30 min, in the spleen and kidney at 60 min after the treatment with a radioprotective cystamine dose (50 mg/kg). The changes in GSH level induced by a non-radioprotective cystamine dose (20 mg/kg) had an opposite tendency. The activity of glutathione reductase was decreased in all tissues studied. As to the mechanism of the radioprotective action, both the inactivation of glutathione reductase activity and the changes in GSH level seem to be the factors contributing to the radioprotective effect of cystamine by strengthening the cellular radioresistance.", "contents": "Effect of cystamine on rat tissue GSH level and glutathione reductase activity. Reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione reductase activity were determined by means of the spectrophotometric method in various rat tissues after i.p. administration of cystamine (50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). GSH amount dropped in the spleen and kidney at 10 and 20 min; following this interval, an increase of GSH level was observed in the liver at 20--30 min, in the spleen and kidney at 60 min after the treatment with a radioprotective cystamine dose (50 mg/kg). The changes in GSH level induced by a non-radioprotective cystamine dose (20 mg/kg) had an opposite tendency. The activity of glutathione reductase was decreased in all tissues studied. As to the mechanism of the radioprotective action, both the inactivation of glutathione reductase activity and the changes in GSH level seem to be the factors contributing to the radioprotective effect of cystamine by strengthening the cellular radioresistance.", "PMID": 516110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11214", "title": "Reference compounds for the study of moxestrol metabolism.", "content": "Reference compounds for the subsequent identification of the metabolites of the potent estrogen, moxestrol (R 2858) , in various species were isolated from the bile of phenobarbital pretreated rats or obtained via enzymatic hydroxylation by microorganisms. A few of them were prepared by chemical synthesis. The structures of all these compounds were determined by physical and chemical methods.", "contents": "Reference compounds for the study of moxestrol metabolism. Reference compounds for the subsequent identification of the metabolites of the potent estrogen, moxestrol (R 2858) , in various species were isolated from the bile of phenobarbital pretreated rats or obtained via enzymatic hydroxylation by microorganisms. A few of them were prepared by chemical synthesis. The structures of all these compounds were determined by physical and chemical methods.", "PMID": 516111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11215", "title": "Metabolism of androstenedione by human ovarian tissues in vitro with particular reference to reductase and aromatase activity.", "content": "The ability of granulosa and theca cells of the human ovarian follicle at different stages of development, as well as stromal and luteal tissues from human ovaries to metabolize androstenedione (delta 4) to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) with or without exposure to additional amounts of folicle-stimulating hormone was investigated by in vitro experiments. The results show that all the aforementioned ovarian tissues metabolized delta 4 to DHT. Indeed, with the exception of estrogen-secreting granulosa cells from large antral follicle (greater than 10 mm diameter) and possibly also luteal tissue from mid-luteal phase ovaries, the various ovarian tissues preferentially metabolized delta 4 to DHT instead of E (E1 + E2). Although thecal tissue is a major source of delta 4 in human ovaries it is concluded that the granulosa cells do not interact with the theca for the synthesis of E as the follicle enlarges from 1 to 10 mm in diameter. Indeed, excessive thecal delta 4 during this growth phase probably inhibits normal follicular development. However, as the follicle enlarges beyond 10 mm in diameter, and as the granulosa cells begin to preferentially metabolize delta 4 to E, the two cell-types of the follicle may increasingly interact to enhance the follicular output of E.", "contents": "Metabolism of androstenedione by human ovarian tissues in vitro with particular reference to reductase and aromatase activity. The ability of granulosa and theca cells of the human ovarian follicle at different stages of development, as well as stromal and luteal tissues from human ovaries to metabolize androstenedione (delta 4) to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) with or without exposure to additional amounts of folicle-stimulating hormone was investigated by in vitro experiments. The results show that all the aforementioned ovarian tissues metabolized delta 4 to DHT. Indeed, with the exception of estrogen-secreting granulosa cells from large antral follicle (greater than 10 mm diameter) and possibly also luteal tissue from mid-luteal phase ovaries, the various ovarian tissues preferentially metabolized delta 4 to DHT instead of E (E1 + E2). Although thecal tissue is a major source of delta 4 in human ovaries it is concluded that the granulosa cells do not interact with the theca for the synthesis of E as the follicle enlarges from 1 to 10 mm in diameter. Indeed, excessive thecal delta 4 during this growth phase probably inhibits normal follicular development. However, as the follicle enlarges beyond 10 mm in diameter, and as the granulosa cells begin to preferentially metabolize delta 4 to E, the two cell-types of the follicle may increasingly interact to enhance the follicular output of E.", "PMID": 516112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11216", "title": "Role of the pituitary and the adrenals in mediating the effects of alcohol on testicular steroidogenesis in mice.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that intragastric administration of alcohol (1.24 g/kg body wt) to adult male mice results in suppression of testosterone production. We now report that the decline in peripheral testosterone levels in alcohol-treated mice is not accompanied by changes in plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone or estradiol-17 beta, and that it is markedly attenuated in adrenalectomized or adrenalectomized-corticosterone treated males.", "contents": "Role of the pituitary and the adrenals in mediating the effects of alcohol on testicular steroidogenesis in mice. We have previously demonstrated that intragastric administration of alcohol (1.24 g/kg body wt) to adult male mice results in suppression of testosterone production. We now report that the decline in peripheral testosterone levels in alcohol-treated mice is not accompanied by changes in plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone or estradiol-17 beta, and that it is markedly attenuated in adrenalectomized or adrenalectomized-corticosterone treated males.", "PMID": 516113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11217", "title": "pKa values of estrone, 17 beta-estradiol and 2-methoxyestrone.", "content": "The acid ionization constants of estrone (10.77), 17 beta-estradiol (10.71) and 2-methoxyestrone (10.81) have been determined spectrophotometrically and shown to be consistent with the additivity of substituent effects of the phenol ring. Previously published values for estrone (10.914) and 17 beta-estradiol (10.078) are shown to be incorrect, at variance with the established trend for phenols, and inconcsistent with the similarity of the compounds.", "contents": "pKa values of estrone, 17 beta-estradiol and 2-methoxyestrone. The acid ionization constants of estrone (10.77), 17 beta-estradiol (10.71) and 2-methoxyestrone (10.81) have been determined spectrophotometrically and shown to be consistent with the additivity of substituent effects of the phenol ring. Previously published values for estrone (10.914) and 17 beta-estradiol (10.078) are shown to be incorrect, at variance with the established trend for phenols, and inconcsistent with the similarity of the compounds.", "PMID": 516114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11218", "title": "Steroid structure and function V. A-ring conformation in 17-hydroxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone.", "content": "The molecular conformation of 17-hydroxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone has been determined crystallographically and is compared with 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 17-acetoxyprogesterone and 17-acetoxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone (MPA). The analysis demonstrates that the 6 alpha-methyl substituent is not sufficient by itself to induce inversion of the A-ring. Consequently, the inverted form observed in MPA and proposed to be responsible for high affinity binding to the progesterone receptor appears to be induced by the combined long range influence of 17 alpha-acetoxy substituent and the direct interaction of the 6 alpha-methyl group with the flexible A-ring.", "contents": "Steroid structure and function V. A-ring conformation in 17-hydroxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone. The molecular conformation of 17-hydroxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone has been determined crystallographically and is compared with 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 17-acetoxyprogesterone and 17-acetoxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone (MPA). The analysis demonstrates that the 6 alpha-methyl substituent is not sufficient by itself to induce inversion of the A-ring. Consequently, the inverted form observed in MPA and proposed to be responsible for high affinity binding to the progesterone receptor appears to be induced by the combined long range influence of 17 alpha-acetoxy substituent and the direct interaction of the 6 alpha-methyl group with the flexible A-ring.", "PMID": 516115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11219", "title": "In vitro metabolism of possible ecdysone precursors by the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "3 beta, 14 alpha-Dihydroxy-5 alpha-7-en-6-one (5 alpha-ketodiol) (1) is metabolized by the prothoracic glands to 2,22-dideoxy-5 alpha-ecdysone (4) and 2-deoxy-5 alpha-ecdysone (3) but not to ecdysone (5) or any other 5 beta-metabolites. Similarly, 3 beta,5 alpha,14 alpha-trihydroxy-cholest-7-en-6-one (5 alpha-ketotriol) (8) is hydroxylated at C-22 and C-25 (9,10) of the side chain. However, 3 beta,14 alhpa-dihydroxy-cholesta-4,7-diene-6-one (ketodienediol) (11) is not metabolized. The absence of 2 beta-hydroxymetabolites for substrates (1) and (8) implies that hydroxylation at C-2 can occur only when the A-B rings are cis fused (5 beta-configuration). By contrast, the enzyme complexes that introduce hydroxyls at C-22 and C-25 do not exhibit a preference for cis over trans fusion and appraently cannot recognize the planar A-B ring configuration.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of possible ecdysone precursors by the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. 3 beta, 14 alpha-Dihydroxy-5 alpha-7-en-6-one (5 alpha-ketodiol) (1) is metabolized by the prothoracic glands to 2,22-dideoxy-5 alpha-ecdysone (4) and 2-deoxy-5 alpha-ecdysone (3) but not to ecdysone (5) or any other 5 beta-metabolites. Similarly, 3 beta,5 alpha,14 alpha-trihydroxy-cholest-7-en-6-one (5 alpha-ketotriol) (8) is hydroxylated at C-22 and C-25 (9,10) of the side chain. However, 3 beta,14 alhpa-dihydroxy-cholesta-4,7-diene-6-one (ketodienediol) (11) is not metabolized. The absence of 2 beta-hydroxymetabolites for substrates (1) and (8) implies that hydroxylation at C-2 can occur only when the A-B rings are cis fused (5 beta-configuration). By contrast, the enzyme complexes that introduce hydroxyls at C-22 and C-25 do not exhibit a preference for cis over trans fusion and appraently cannot recognize the planar A-B ring configuration.", "PMID": 516116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11220", "title": "Rat thymic dihydrotestosterone receptor: preparation, location and physiochemical properties.", "content": "Castration in the male rat has been shown to produce enlargement of the thymus gland while treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) results in a decrease in thymic size in these animals. To determine if these changes might be receptor mediated, thymus tissue from castrate male rats was removed and homogenized in buffer and centrifuged to produce cytosol. By Scatchard plot analysis, it was shown that a specific DHT receptor was present at a concentration of 0.24 +/- 0.02 pmoles/g tissue and it possessed a KA of 2.51 +/- 0.45 x 10(9)M-1. This thymic DHT receptor sedimented on 5--20% sucrose gradients in the 8s region. By competition analysis it was found that testosterone only partially competed (25%) for this receptor, with virtually no binding noted for estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol. The receptor was found to be localized in the reticuloepithelial matrix of the thymus and was not present in the thymic lymphocyte fraction.", "contents": "Rat thymic dihydrotestosterone receptor: preparation, location and physiochemical properties. Castration in the male rat has been shown to produce enlargement of the thymus gland while treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) results in a decrease in thymic size in these animals. To determine if these changes might be receptor mediated, thymus tissue from castrate male rats was removed and homogenized in buffer and centrifuged to produce cytosol. By Scatchard plot analysis, it was shown that a specific DHT receptor was present at a concentration of 0.24 +/- 0.02 pmoles/g tissue and it possessed a KA of 2.51 +/- 0.45 x 10(9)M-1. This thymic DHT receptor sedimented on 5--20% sucrose gradients in the 8s region. By competition analysis it was found that testosterone only partially competed (25%) for this receptor, with virtually no binding noted for estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol. The receptor was found to be localized in the reticuloepithelial matrix of the thymus and was not present in the thymic lymphocyte fraction.", "PMID": 516117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11221", "title": "C26-analogs of naturally occurring bile alcohols-II. Preparation of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrols (25R and 25S) by a hydroboration procedure.", "content": "A convenient procedure for the synthesis of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrol (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol (25R and 25S) starting from 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol was developed. Dehydration of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha, 25-tetrol with glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride yielded a mixture of 24-nor-5 beta-cholest-23-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol and the corresponding delta 25 compound. Hydroboration and oxidation of the mixture of unsaturated nor-triols resulted in the formation of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrols (25R and 25S). In addition, smaller amounts of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,22 xi-tetrol and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol were also obtained. The C26 bile alcohols epimeric at C-23 and C-25 were resolved by analytical and preparative TLC and characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Provisional assignment of the configurations of the C-23 and C-25 hydroxyl groups were made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. These C26 alcohols will be used to test the stereospecificity of the hepatic enzymes that promote oxidation of the cholesterol side chain.", "contents": "C26-analogs of naturally occurring bile alcohols-II. Preparation of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrols (25R and 25S) by a hydroboration procedure. A convenient procedure for the synthesis of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrol (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol (25R and 25S) starting from 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol was developed. Dehydration of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha, 25-tetrol with glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride yielded a mixture of 24-nor-5 beta-cholest-23-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol and the corresponding delta 25 compound. Hydroboration and oxidation of the mixture of unsaturated nor-triols resulted in the formation of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrols (25R and 25S). In addition, smaller amounts of 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,22 xi-tetrol and 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol were also obtained. The C26 bile alcohols epimeric at C-23 and C-25 were resolved by analytical and preparative TLC and characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Provisional assignment of the configurations of the C-23 and C-25 hydroxyl groups were made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. These C26 alcohols will be used to test the stereospecificity of the hepatic enzymes that promote oxidation of the cholesterol side chain.", "PMID": 516118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11222", "title": "Conformational analysis of synthetic androgens. IV. 1,2-seco-a-bisnor-5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol acetate.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-seco-A-bisnor-5 alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate has been determined to evaluated the conformational importance of the intact steroid nucleus. The resulting tricyclic compound retains nearly the same steric profile for the remainder of the molecule when compared to the structures of dihydrotestosterone derivatives with intact A-rings. This may help to explain why these types of molecules retain a significant level of androgenic activity.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of synthetic androgens. IV. 1,2-seco-a-bisnor-5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol acetate. The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-seco-A-bisnor-5 alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate has been determined to evaluated the conformational importance of the intact steroid nucleus. The resulting tricyclic compound retains nearly the same steric profile for the remainder of the molecule when compared to the structures of dihydrotestosterone derivatives with intact A-rings. This may help to explain why these types of molecules retain a significant level of androgenic activity.", "PMID": 516119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11223", "title": "Steroids and related products. XLVI. The regiospecific alpha-hydroxymethylation of saturated carbonyl compounds via preformed enolate ions. An improved synthesis of 17-hdyroxymethyl 20-keto steroids.", "content": "As demonstrated for pregnenolone, saturated ketones are conveniently alpha-hydroxymethylated by their transformation into a lithium enolate and by the reaction of the latter with formaldehydr. The 17-hydroxymethylpregnenolone prepared by this method in very good yield was readily converted to 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone; either by selective acetylation in position 17(1) and subsequent Jones oxidation, followed by hydrolysis, or by conversion to the 4,5-dibromo 3-ketone - by bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide-bromine oxidation or by dibromination and oxidation with N-bromoacetamde - and debromination with zinc and acetic acid.", "contents": "Steroids and related products. XLVI. The regiospecific alpha-hydroxymethylation of saturated carbonyl compounds via preformed enolate ions. An improved synthesis of 17-hdyroxymethyl 20-keto steroids. As demonstrated for pregnenolone, saturated ketones are conveniently alpha-hydroxymethylated by their transformation into a lithium enolate and by the reaction of the latter with formaldehydr. The 17-hydroxymethylpregnenolone prepared by this method in very good yield was readily converted to 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone; either by selective acetylation in position 17(1) and subsequent Jones oxidation, followed by hydrolysis, or by conversion to the 4,5-dibromo 3-ketone - by bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide-bromine oxidation or by dibromination and oxidation with N-bromoacetamde - and debromination with zinc and acetic acid.", "PMID": 516120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11224", "title": "New frontiers in the relationship between suicidology and law enforcement.", "content": "This paper reviews some historic ties between crisis intervention and the beginning of suicidology. It reviews the author's involvement in suicidology and law enforcement, in terms of crisis intervention, management of the man with a gun, studies of suicide among police, bereavement of widows of slain police officers, jailer stress, psychological aspects of kidnapping, kidnappers, victim survival in kidnapping, hostage negotiation, and application of the psychological autopsy to homicide investigation. In addition, the development of a program to offer survivor counseling for those whose loved ones have been killed and for those whose loved ones were the killers is described. Other new areas for suicidology application are outlined in terms of survivors, industry, and school.", "contents": "New frontiers in the relationship between suicidology and law enforcement. This paper reviews some historic ties between crisis intervention and the beginning of suicidology. It reviews the author's involvement in suicidology and law enforcement, in terms of crisis intervention, management of the man with a gun, studies of suicide among police, bereavement of widows of slain police officers, jailer stress, psychological aspects of kidnapping, kidnappers, victim survival in kidnapping, hostage negotiation, and application of the psychological autopsy to homicide investigation. In addition, the development of a program to offer survivor counseling for those whose loved ones have been killed and for those whose loved ones were the killers is described. Other new areas for suicidology application are outlined in terms of survivors, industry, and school.", "PMID": 516125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11225", "title": "Suicide ideation: its relation to depression, suicide and suicide attempt.", "content": "A random sample of 3,935 adults from a general population were interviewed and asked to report how often they had thoughts of suicide as well as their opinion on the frequency of suicide ideation in others. Depression was found to be related to the respondent's reports of his/her own suicidal thoughts and to reports of frequent suicide ideation in others. A total of 5.4 percent of the respondents reported some degree of suicide ideation in the previous month and 9.1 percent reported that others think about suicide once a month or more. When the demographic characteristics of those who report suicide ideation in themselves or others were compared to those of suicide attempters and committers, some consistencies were found, suggesting that such questions may be useful in identifying those \"at risk.\" Nevertheless, sufficient discrepancies were found which suggest that there may be a number of factors which increase or decrease the likelihood that someone with thoughts of suicide will attempt or commit suicide. Follow-up studies are necessary to uncover such factors and the degrees to which they influence the occurrence of suicide.", "contents": "Suicide ideation: its relation to depression, suicide and suicide attempt. A random sample of 3,935 adults from a general population were interviewed and asked to report how often they had thoughts of suicide as well as their opinion on the frequency of suicide ideation in others. Depression was found to be related to the respondent's reports of his/her own suicidal thoughts and to reports of frequent suicide ideation in others. A total of 5.4 percent of the respondents reported some degree of suicide ideation in the previous month and 9.1 percent reported that others think about suicide once a month or more. When the demographic characteristics of those who report suicide ideation in themselves or others were compared to those of suicide attempters and committers, some consistencies were found, suggesting that such questions may be useful in identifying those \"at risk.\" Nevertheless, sufficient discrepancies were found which suggest that there may be a number of factors which increase or decrease the likelihood that someone with thoughts of suicide will attempt or commit suicide. Follow-up studies are necessary to uncover such factors and the degrees to which they influence the occurrence of suicide.", "PMID": 516126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11226", "title": "The suicide rate among psychiatrists revisited.", "content": "A review of the literature which examined the suicide rate among psychiatrists and other doctors was made. Particular attention was given to statistical and methodological problems. Common problems include small research sampling, inappropriate comparisons, lack of controls for age, sex, or other relevant factors, interpolating rates from a level per 10,000 to a level per 100,000, and inclusion of a number of unwarranted assumptions. The review did not find evidence that the suicide rate among psychiatrists is higher compared to the population as a whole; nor is there any evidence that the rates of any medical specialty are above average, controlling for the relevant variables. The materials reviewed included all published studies. In order adequately to assess the suicide rate among psychiatrists, a systematic and extensive study must be made, controlling for the relevant methodological variables.", "contents": "The suicide rate among psychiatrists revisited. A review of the literature which examined the suicide rate among psychiatrists and other doctors was made. Particular attention was given to statistical and methodological problems. Common problems include small research sampling, inappropriate comparisons, lack of controls for age, sex, or other relevant factors, interpolating rates from a level per 10,000 to a level per 100,000, and inclusion of a number of unwarranted assumptions. The review did not find evidence that the suicide rate among psychiatrists is higher compared to the population as a whole; nor is there any evidence that the rates of any medical specialty are above average, controlling for the relevant variables. The materials reviewed included all published studies. In order adequately to assess the suicide rate among psychiatrists, a systematic and extensive study must be made, controlling for the relevant methodological variables.", "PMID": 516127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11227", "title": "A comprehensive client management system for crisis intervention services.", "content": "This paper presents and evaluates a comprehensive client management system for suicide and crisis intervention services. The management system consists of five service designations: self-injury, crisis, active support, general support, and single contact. These designations determine the extent and type of activity engaged in, as well as the scope of follow-up and monitoring. As intended, self-injury clients received more contacts, longer periods of involvement, and more time in direct service. There was little difference in the length of each contact and the ability to ascertain outcome. While the management system established valuable service guidelines and priorities, it did not resolve approaches to some of the idiosyncratic problems presented to suicide and crisis intervention services.", "contents": "A comprehensive client management system for crisis intervention services. This paper presents and evaluates a comprehensive client management system for suicide and crisis intervention services. The management system consists of five service designations: self-injury, crisis, active support, general support, and single contact. These designations determine the extent and type of activity engaged in, as well as the scope of follow-up and monitoring. As intended, self-injury clients received more contacts, longer periods of involvement, and more time in direct service. There was little difference in the length of each contact and the ability to ascertain outcome. While the management system established valuable service guidelines and priorities, it did not resolve approaches to some of the idiosyncratic problems presented to suicide and crisis intervention services.", "PMID": 516128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11228", "title": "Clinical observations of play of hospitalized suicidal children.", "content": "This paper emphasizes the usefulness of play observation for diagnosis, treatment, and understanding suicidal behavior of children. Predictive indicators of play for potential suicidal behavior are themes of separation and loss, repetition of dangerous and reckless behavior, misuse and destruction of toys, and repetitive acting out of omnipotent fantasies. The selection of a suicidal method is partly derived from unconscious motivations that are illustrated in play themes. This study revealed a characteristic suicidal technique of latency age children seems to be jumping from heights.", "contents": "Clinical observations of play of hospitalized suicidal children. This paper emphasizes the usefulness of play observation for diagnosis, treatment, and understanding suicidal behavior of children. Predictive indicators of play for potential suicidal behavior are themes of separation and loss, repetition of dangerous and reckless behavior, misuse and destruction of toys, and repetitive acting out of omnipotent fantasies. The selection of a suicidal method is partly derived from unconscious motivations that are illustrated in play themes. This study revealed a characteristic suicidal technique of latency age children seems to be jumping from heights.", "PMID": 516129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11229", "title": "The relation of new Samaritan clients and volunteers to high risk people in England and Wales (1965-1977).", "content": "The declining English and Welsh suicide rates are associated with increased Samaritan efforts and detoxification of household gas during the pre-1972 era. The resulting debate has been heuristic. The author reviewed annual rates of new callers, volunteers and suicidal deaths between 1965 and 1977 and computed ratios of new clients to high risk people. This reveals an asymptotic progression towards 27 percent since 1972. Similarly, the ratio of new clients to volunteers has been constant at 11 for the same period. These consistencies help to explain the constant suicide rate at eight per 100,000 live people after 1972 despite increasing Samaritan efforts. The author recommends an effort to increase the percentage of high risk served as a test for the hypothesis of Samaritan causality in explaining the reduced English suicide rates.", "contents": "The relation of new Samaritan clients and volunteers to high risk people in England and Wales (1965-1977). The declining English and Welsh suicide rates are associated with increased Samaritan efforts and detoxification of household gas during the pre-1972 era. The resulting debate has been heuristic. The author reviewed annual rates of new callers, volunteers and suicidal deaths between 1965 and 1977 and computed ratios of new clients to high risk people. This reveals an asymptotic progression towards 27 percent since 1972. Similarly, the ratio of new clients to volunteers has been constant at 11 for the same period. These consistencies help to explain the constant suicide rate at eight per 100,000 live people after 1972 despite increasing Samaritan efforts. The author recommends an effort to increase the percentage of high risk served as a test for the hypothesis of Samaritan causality in explaining the reduced English suicide rates.", "PMID": 516130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11230", "title": "Morphology and function of isolated hepatocytes transplanted into rat spleen.", "content": "Hepatocytes isolated by the collagenase digestive method were transplanted into the spleens of syngeneic rats. Morphology and function of the hepatocytes in the spleen were investigated for 12 to 17 months after transplantation. The transplanted hepatocytes proliferated and reconfigured in the spleen without direct perfusion of portal venous blood and with the presence of an intact host liver. Fourteen to 17 months after transplantation, the hepatocytes which had formed a demarcated nodule occupied approximately 40% of the area of the splenic parenchyma without undifferentiation on microscopic examination. However, the weight of the hepatized spleen did not increase beyond the weight of a normal spleen and the weight of the host liver that had normal morphology also did not differ from a normal liver. Light and electron microscopic studies demonstrated differentiated cord structure and normal architecture for each heptocyte. Furthermore, the hepatized spleen synthesized albumin and glycogen as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and histochemical studies. Ammonia tolerance and indocyanine green clearance tests revealed functioning hepatocytes in the spleen proper. These results indicate that our experimental model lends itself well to investigations in cell growth mechanism and that hepatocellular transplantation has potential clinical application to compensate for impaired hepatic function.", "contents": "Morphology and function of isolated hepatocytes transplanted into rat spleen. Hepatocytes isolated by the collagenase digestive method were transplanted into the spleens of syngeneic rats. Morphology and function of the hepatocytes in the spleen were investigated for 12 to 17 months after transplantation. The transplanted hepatocytes proliferated and reconfigured in the spleen without direct perfusion of portal venous blood and with the presence of an intact host liver. Fourteen to 17 months after transplantation, the hepatocytes which had formed a demarcated nodule occupied approximately 40% of the area of the splenic parenchyma without undifferentiation on microscopic examination. However, the weight of the hepatized spleen did not increase beyond the weight of a normal spleen and the weight of the host liver that had normal morphology also did not differ from a normal liver. Light and electron microscopic studies demonstrated differentiated cord structure and normal architecture for each heptocyte. Furthermore, the hepatized spleen synthesized albumin and glycogen as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and histochemical studies. Ammonia tolerance and indocyanine green clearance tests revealed functioning hepatocytes in the spleen proper. These results indicate that our experimental model lends itself well to investigations in cell growth mechanism and that hepatocellular transplantation has potential clinical application to compensate for impaired hepatic function.", "PMID": 516133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11231", "title": "[Intraspecies variability of the normal human karyotype].", "content": "On the basis of data from literature the number of different normal structural variants of each human chromosome is calculated. Assuming independent combination of chromosome variants, the number of possible combinations of variants of all 22 pairs of autosomes and the probability of an individual to be hormozygous for the most frequent variants of all the autosome pairs simultaneously are estimated. The results obtained show that nearly each individual possesses a unique karyotype--a unique set of properties of chromosome heterochromatic regions.", "contents": "[Intraspecies variability of the normal human karyotype]. On the basis of data from literature the number of different normal structural variants of each human chromosome is calculated. Assuming independent combination of chromosome variants, the number of possible combinations of variants of all 22 pairs of autosomes and the probability of an individual to be hormozygous for the most frequent variants of all the autosome pairs simultaneously are estimated. The results obtained show that nearly each individual possesses a unique karyotype--a unique set of properties of chromosome heterochromatic regions.", "PMID": 516155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11232", "title": "[Cytophotometric determination of the DNA content in epithelial and connective tissue cells of the human prostate].", "content": "A study of the quantitative parameters of DNA in cells nuclei of epithelium and connective tissue allowed establishing certain periods which are characterized by an increase in the percentage of ploidy. The causes and importance of this phenomenon for the development of pathological processes in tissues of the prostate gland and the possibility of its use for the diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric determination of the DNA content in epithelial and connective tissue cells of the human prostate]. A study of the quantitative parameters of DNA in cells nuclei of epithelium and connective tissue allowed establishing certain periods which are characterized by an increase in the percentage of ploidy. The causes and importance of this phenomenon for the development of pathological processes in tissues of the prostate gland and the possibility of its use for the diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 516159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11233", "title": "[Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in the polyploid giant cells of the trophoblast].", "content": "Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in polyploid giant cells of the trophoblast have been studied in rat placenta on days 12--17 of development. The annulate lamellae are present in the cytoplasm within a limited time, being visible on day 12 only. These are arranged in bundles near the nucleus to be moving then to the cytoplasm. The end parts of annulate lamellae are broadened to make cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Unlike the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae, those found within the nucleus are seen in part of the nuclei investigated throughout the whole period examined to look as single structures (not gathered in bundles), they can be branching, separating closed spaces within the nucleus (making local swellings in the loci of branching; the latter having electron dense or transparent vesicles). Association with nuclear chromatin in some regions is a peculiar feature of the intranuclear annulate lamellae. This association is especially obvious at endoprophase in the cycle ofthe polytene nucleus during the somatic conjugation--chromonemes unite in a bundle and condense. Ultrastructural changes of the annulate lamellae is noted throughout the polytene nucleus cycle and during the cell differentiation. It is supposed that in the case of temporary labile chromosome polyteny in the nuclear cycle, which is characteristic of mammalian trophoblasts, annulate lamellae can well compare, in their function, with the synaptonemal complex--these prevent from too tight associations of homologues in the course of somatic conjugation of chromosomes.", "contents": "[Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in the polyploid giant cells of the trophoblast]. Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in polyploid giant cells of the trophoblast have been studied in rat placenta on days 12--17 of development. The annulate lamellae are present in the cytoplasm within a limited time, being visible on day 12 only. These are arranged in bundles near the nucleus to be moving then to the cytoplasm. The end parts of annulate lamellae are broadened to make cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Unlike the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae, those found within the nucleus are seen in part of the nuclei investigated throughout the whole period examined to look as single structures (not gathered in bundles), they can be branching, separating closed spaces within the nucleus (making local swellings in the loci of branching; the latter having electron dense or transparent vesicles). Association with nuclear chromatin in some regions is a peculiar feature of the intranuclear annulate lamellae. This association is especially obvious at endoprophase in the cycle ofthe polytene nucleus during the somatic conjugation--chromonemes unite in a bundle and condense. Ultrastructural changes of the annulate lamellae is noted throughout the polytene nucleus cycle and during the cell differentiation. It is supposed that in the case of temporary labile chromosome polyteny in the nuclear cycle, which is characteristic of mammalian trophoblasts, annulate lamellae can well compare, in their function, with the synaptonemal complex--these prevent from too tight associations of homologues in the course of somatic conjugation of chromosomes.", "PMID": 516165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11234", "title": "[Antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes and the cytological characteristics of immune cell complexes in vitro].", "content": "Bovine blood lymphocytes showed a high antibody-dependent (AD) cytotoxicity against target cultured L cells. The cytological analysis of immune cellular complexes, formed by affector lymphocytes with target cells during the cytotoxic reaction in vitro, revealed that adsorption of AD lymphocytes to target cells was completed within the first hours of incubation. Temporal parameters of contact between effector and target cells and dissociation of adsorbed lymphocytes varied widely, but after 48 hours of incubation the number of immune cellular complexes decreased by 5.6%. The morphological modification of AD effector lymphocytes during interaction with target cells is described.", "contents": "[Antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes and the cytological characteristics of immune cell complexes in vitro]. Bovine blood lymphocytes showed a high antibody-dependent (AD) cytotoxicity against target cultured L cells. The cytological analysis of immune cellular complexes, formed by affector lymphocytes with target cells during the cytotoxic reaction in vitro, revealed that adsorption of AD lymphocytes to target cells was completed within the first hours of incubation. Temporal parameters of contact between effector and target cells and dissociation of adsorbed lymphocytes varied widely, but after 48 hours of incubation the number of immune cellular complexes decreased by 5.6%. The morphological modification of AD effector lymphocytes during interaction with target cells is described.", "PMID": 516166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11235", "title": "[Ultrastructural equivalents of postburn anuria].", "content": "Dystrophic and degenerative disturbances in tubular epithelium are established by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes suggested that transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule are enhanced by cytoplasm vesiculation and dilation of intercellular spaces. Transepithelial pinocytosis is the basic process in distal tubules.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural equivalents of postburn anuria]. Dystrophic and degenerative disturbances in tubular epithelium are established by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes suggested that transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule are enhanced by cytoplasm vesiculation and dilation of intercellular spaces. Transepithelial pinocytosis is the basic process in distal tubules.", "PMID": 516162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11236", "title": "[Cytogenetic activity of the pesticide, Valexon, and its effect on the mutability of mouse bone marrow cells].", "content": "Cytogenetic activity of organo-phosphorous insecticide, Valexon, and its influence on the mutability of mice bone marrow cells were studied. Mice repeatedly treated with low doses of Valexon are determined to possess a higher bone marrow cytogenetic sensitivity to the action of the known mutagen rubomycin (daunomycin).", "contents": "[Cytogenetic activity of the pesticide, Valexon, and its effect on the mutability of mouse bone marrow cells]. Cytogenetic activity of organo-phosphorous insecticide, Valexon, and its influence on the mutability of mice bone marrow cells were studied. Mice repeatedly treated with low doses of Valexon are determined to possess a higher bone marrow cytogenetic sensitivity to the action of the known mutagen rubomycin (daunomycin).", "PMID": 516161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11237", "title": "Tuberculosis in Kenya: follow-up of the second (1974) national sampling survey and a comparison with the follow-up data from the first (1964) national sampling survey. An East African and British Medical Research Council co-operative investigation.", "content": "A total of 1,490 newly diagnosed patients admitted to a national sampling survey of tuberculosis conducted in 11 of 30 districts in Kenya in 1974 have been followed up after a year under the routine tuberculosis treatment services. The results are reported and compared with those observed in the follow-up of a similar survey in the same districts 10 years previously. The main follow-up concerns 1,351 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 803 had a positive culture at the start of treatment, 283 a negative culture, and 265 had no specimen examined. At 1 year or later, 57% of the 1,351 patients were culture negative, 8% were culture positive, 16% had died in the year of follow-up, 5% were permanently lost from observation and 14%, although known to be alive, had no bacteriological results. Of the 803 patients with a positive culture initially, 11% had a positive culture at 1 year or later, as had 3% of the 283 with a negative culture initially. The policies of therapy practised in the routine treatment services were studied in 1,207 patients; 95% were admitted to hospital at the start of chemotherapy for an average duration of 39 days, 95% were prescribed isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by a course of streptomycin, the average duration of which was 36 days. There was little variation in the policies applied in different district. Only 24% of the patients received or attended to collect a 12 months' supply of chemotherapy and 72% a 6 months' supply. The therapeutic results achieved in 1974 compare favourably with those observed in the 1964 survey. The estimated culture negativity rate at 1 year or later for the patients who had bacteriologically confirmed disease initially was 63% in the earlier survey and 71% in the 1974 survey. The proportion of patients lost from observation was 9% in 1964 and 5% in 1974. The policies of therapy were much more standardised in the second survey. In 1964 hospital admission, its duration and the usage of streptomycin varied considerably from district to district, but in the second survey nearly all of the patients were admitted to hospital and received the nationally recommended regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by streptomycin. Even so, the duration of chemotherapy received did not improve, only 28% in 1964 and 24% in 1974 receiving a 12 months' and 74% in 1964 and 72% in 1974 receiving a 6 months' supply. The transfer of patients from one district to another was more often successful in 1974 than 1964.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in Kenya: follow-up of the second (1974) national sampling survey and a comparison with the follow-up data from the first (1964) national sampling survey. An East African and British Medical Research Council co-operative investigation. A total of 1,490 newly diagnosed patients admitted to a national sampling survey of tuberculosis conducted in 11 of 30 districts in Kenya in 1974 have been followed up after a year under the routine tuberculosis treatment services. The results are reported and compared with those observed in the follow-up of a similar survey in the same districts 10 years previously. The main follow-up concerns 1,351 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 803 had a positive culture at the start of treatment, 283 a negative culture, and 265 had no specimen examined. At 1 year or later, 57% of the 1,351 patients were culture negative, 8% were culture positive, 16% had died in the year of follow-up, 5% were permanently lost from observation and 14%, although known to be alive, had no bacteriological results. Of the 803 patients with a positive culture initially, 11% had a positive culture at 1 year or later, as had 3% of the 283 with a negative culture initially. The policies of therapy practised in the routine treatment services were studied in 1,207 patients; 95% were admitted to hospital at the start of chemotherapy for an average duration of 39 days, 95% were prescribed isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by a course of streptomycin, the average duration of which was 36 days. There was little variation in the policies applied in different district. Only 24% of the patients received or attended to collect a 12 months' supply of chemotherapy and 72% a 6 months' supply. The therapeutic results achieved in 1974 compare favourably with those observed in the 1964 survey. The estimated culture negativity rate at 1 year or later for the patients who had bacteriologically confirmed disease initially was 63% in the earlier survey and 71% in the 1974 survey. The proportion of patients lost from observation was 9% in 1964 and 5% in 1974. The policies of therapy were much more standardised in the second survey. In 1964 hospital admission, its duration and the usage of streptomycin varied considerably from district to district, but in the second survey nearly all of the patients were admitted to hospital and received the nationally recommended regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by streptomycin. Even so, the duration of chemotherapy received did not improve, only 28% in 1964 and 24% in 1974 receiving a 12 months' and 74% in 1964 and 72% in 1974 receiving a 6 months' supply. The transfer of patients from one district to another was more often successful in 1974 than 1964.", "PMID": 516167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11238", "title": "[UV-sensitive mutants of Streptomyces olivaceus VKX].", "content": "14 UV-sensitive (uvs) mutants of S. olivaceus VKX isolated by replica-plating technique among 45780 survivors after the induction of mutations nitrosoguanidine or UV (about 0.03%). The sensitivity of uvs-mutants to UV-irradiation was 5-10 times higher than in the initial strains and in 4 uvs-mutants it was 100 and more times higher. One of the mutants was supersensitive to UV radiation.", "contents": "[UV-sensitive mutants of Streptomyces olivaceus VKX]. 14 UV-sensitive (uvs) mutants of S. olivaceus VKX isolated by replica-plating technique among 45780 survivors after the induction of mutations nitrosoguanidine or UV (about 0.03%). The sensitivity of uvs-mutants to UV-irradiation was 5-10 times higher than in the initial strains and in 4 uvs-mutants it was 100 and more times higher. One of the mutants was supersensitive to UV radiation.", "PMID": 516163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11239", "title": "Efficiency of address cards, experienced health visitors and motivated registry clerks in obtaining the home address of urban patients in South India.", "content": "The address card, a card on which the patient's home address is asked to be recorded by the local postman, or by a knowledgeable and literate neighbour, relative or friend, was investigated for acceptability and efficiency in 4 tuberculosis out-patient clinics, in an urban community with substantial levels of illiteracy in Madras City. In the 4 clinics combined, 96% of the patients who reattended returned the completed card. Letters posted to the address on the cared were received by 85% of 419 patients, while 5% were returned by the post office as undelivered and a further 4% were, in all probability, not delivered; no information was available about the remaining 6%. A formal comparison in 392 of the above patients demonstrated the address card method to be significantly more efficient than interrogation by experienced health visitors. A retrospective comparison suggested that the efficiency of experienced health visitors was slightly better than that of highly motivated registry clerks, the proportions of letters received being 72% and 65% respectively.", "contents": "Efficiency of address cards, experienced health visitors and motivated registry clerks in obtaining the home address of urban patients in South India. The address card, a card on which the patient's home address is asked to be recorded by the local postman, or by a knowledgeable and literate neighbour, relative or friend, was investigated for acceptability and efficiency in 4 tuberculosis out-patient clinics, in an urban community with substantial levels of illiteracy in Madras City. In the 4 clinics combined, 96% of the patients who reattended returned the completed card. Letters posted to the address on the cared were received by 85% of 419 patients, while 5% were returned by the post office as undelivered and a further 4% were, in all probability, not delivered; no information was available about the remaining 6%. A formal comparison in 392 of the above patients demonstrated the address card method to be significantly more efficient than interrogation by experienced health visitors. A retrospective comparison suggested that the efficiency of experienced health visitors was slightly better than that of highly motivated registry clerks, the proportions of letters received being 72% and 65% respectively.", "PMID": 516168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11240", "title": "[Morphometric study of the spleen in C57BL strain mice during pregnancy with syngeneic or allogeneic embryos].", "content": "A morphological study of the spleen in the C57BL line female mice on the 16th day of pregnancy showed a significant increase in the relative area of generative centres and red pulp and a decrease in the white pulp relative area as well as a rise in the amount of plasmatic cells and blast forms in red pulp during allogenic pregnancy (BALB embryos). Such changes are supposed to favour both the preservation of the intact mother-extrafetal organs-fetus system and the improvement of allogenic embryos trophics.", "contents": "[Morphometric study of the spleen in C57BL strain mice during pregnancy with syngeneic or allogeneic embryos]. A morphological study of the spleen in the C57BL line female mice on the 16th day of pregnancy showed a significant increase in the relative area of generative centres and red pulp and a decrease in the white pulp relative area as well as a rise in the amount of plasmatic cells and blast forms in red pulp during allogenic pregnancy (BALB embryos). Such changes are supposed to favour both the preservation of the intact mother-extrafetal organs-fetus system and the improvement of allogenic embryos trophics.", "PMID": 516160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11241", "title": "Tuberculoma of the central nervous system in Eastern Nigeria.", "content": "Although tuberculosis is prevalent in Eastern Nigeria, only 5 cases of tuberculoma of the central nervous system (CNS) were recorded over a 5 year period in a hospital in which about 4000 tuberculosis patients were treated. All the patients were Igbo males. In 4 cases the tuberculoma was supratentorial and in 1 case there was an extradural extraosseous spinal tuberculoma.", "contents": "Tuberculoma of the central nervous system in Eastern Nigeria. Although tuberculosis is prevalent in Eastern Nigeria, only 5 cases of tuberculoma of the central nervous system (CNS) were recorded over a 5 year period in a hospital in which about 4000 tuberculosis patients were treated. All the patients were Igbo males. In 4 cases the tuberculoma was supratentorial and in 1 case there was an extradural extraosseous spinal tuberculoma.", "PMID": 516169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11242", "title": "Ethambutol in pregnancy--foetal exposure.", "content": "We report a case of miliary tuberculosis in a pregnant Jamaican woman in whom foetal exposure to ethambutol has been assessed. The mother received 15 mg/kg ethambutol as part of her antituberculosis therapy. Immediately after delivery, amniotic fluid, maternal, placental, and cord blood specimens were obtained and analysed for ethambutol concentrations. The levels were within the therapeutic range in all 4 samples. The concentrations indicate that the placenta is not a significant physiological barrier to the transfer of ethambutol to the foetus.", "contents": "Ethambutol in pregnancy--foetal exposure. We report a case of miliary tuberculosis in a pregnant Jamaican woman in whom foetal exposure to ethambutol has been assessed. The mother received 15 mg/kg ethambutol as part of her antituberculosis therapy. Immediately after delivery, amniotic fluid, maternal, placental, and cord blood specimens were obtained and analysed for ethambutol concentrations. The levels were within the therapeutic range in all 4 samples. The concentrations indicate that the placenta is not a significant physiological barrier to the transfer of ethambutol to the foetus.", "PMID": 516170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11243", "title": "[Effect of a live measles vaccine on the chromosome apparatus of mouse bone marrow cells].", "content": "Vaccination of albino mice with live measles vaccine caused an increase in the chromosome aberrations frequency during the period from the 30th till the 120th day of the experiment. The maximum increase in the number of chromosome aberrations as well as in centromeric and telomeric chromosome associations was observed 60 days after immunization. Chromatid breaks were main type of the structural aberrations observed.", "contents": "[Effect of a live measles vaccine on the chromosome apparatus of mouse bone marrow cells]. Vaccination of albino mice with live measles vaccine caused an increase in the chromosome aberrations frequency during the period from the 30th till the 120th day of the experiment. The maximum increase in the number of chromosome aberrations as well as in centromeric and telomeric chromosome associations was observed 60 days after immunization. Chromatid breaks were main type of the structural aberrations observed.", "PMID": 516164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11244", "title": "Vulval tuberculosis.", "content": "A patient with chronic tuberculous ulceration of the vulva is reported. Tuberculosis of the external genitalia is unusual and primary infections are rare. Venereal transmission of the infection could not be proven in this patient, but appears the most likely origin of the disease. Complete healing of the vulval ulcer, with rapid relief of symptoms, followed antituberculosis chemotherapy. The importance of biopsy in the diagnosis of chronic genital ulcers is emphasised.", "contents": "Vulval tuberculosis. A patient with chronic tuberculous ulceration of the vulva is reported. Tuberculosis of the external genitalia is unusual and primary infections are rare. Venereal transmission of the infection could not be proven in this patient, but appears the most likely origin of the disease. Complete healing of the vulval ulcer, with rapid relief of symptoms, followed antituberculosis chemotherapy. The importance of biopsy in the diagnosis of chronic genital ulcers is emphasised.", "PMID": 516172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11245", "title": "Role of operative trauma: explosive metastases of similar size following amputation of the primary leg tumor.", "content": "Trauma produced by amputation of a limb bearing the primary tumor influenced pulmonary metastases of the Carcinosarcoma of Walker 256 of the rat. This enhancement was present in 38% of the animals following the removal of a limb bearing the primary tumor; and in 29% of those in which the controlateral limb without tumor was amputated. A significant prolongation of the clotting time, an elevation of fibrinogen factor II and VII and a rapid consumption of factor VIII present soon after trauma may have been the parameter responsible for the increase of pulmonary metastases seen in this study.", "contents": "Role of operative trauma: explosive metastases of similar size following amputation of the primary leg tumor. Trauma produced by amputation of a limb bearing the primary tumor influenced pulmonary metastases of the Carcinosarcoma of Walker 256 of the rat. This enhancement was present in 38% of the animals following the removal of a limb bearing the primary tumor; and in 29% of those in which the controlateral limb without tumor was amputated. A significant prolongation of the clotting time, an elevation of fibrinogen factor II and VII and a rapid consumption of factor VIII present soon after trauma may have been the parameter responsible for the increase of pulmonary metastases seen in this study.", "PMID": 516175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11246", "title": "Experimental study on bone marrow CFUs following anticancer drug administration to plethoric mice.", "content": "The effect of some cycle-dependent anticancer drugs on CFUs has been studied in transfused polycythemic mice. In untreated animals during passive plethora erythropoiesis is depressed but the content of CFUs per femur remains constant. In treated plethoric mice the femural content of CFUs is similar or higher than that found in treated controls after administration of adriamycin, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, it is lower when the mice receive azathioprine or hydroxyurea. These results suggest that suppression of erythropoiesis does not uniformly affect the susceptibility of pluripotent stem cells to anticancer drugs. Interpretation of the reported findings is difficult as it must take into account a complex interplay of a number of factors.", "contents": "Experimental study on bone marrow CFUs following anticancer drug administration to plethoric mice. The effect of some cycle-dependent anticancer drugs on CFUs has been studied in transfused polycythemic mice. In untreated animals during passive plethora erythropoiesis is depressed but the content of CFUs per femur remains constant. In treated plethoric mice the femural content of CFUs is similar or higher than that found in treated controls after administration of adriamycin, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, it is lower when the mice receive azathioprine or hydroxyurea. These results suggest that suppression of erythropoiesis does not uniformly affect the susceptibility of pluripotent stem cells to anticancer drugs. Interpretation of the reported findings is difficult as it must take into account a complex interplay of a number of factors.", "PMID": 516176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11247", "title": "Present status of treatment for invasive cervical carcinoma.", "content": "The results are presented of a retrospective clinical study carried out on 341 patients affected with cancer of the uterine cervix, with lymphography in the pretreatment diagnostic work-up, treated in our Institute from January 1961 to December 1976. The clinical classification of the patients studied was: 157 cases in Stage I (46.0%), 95 cases in Stage II (27.9%), and 89 cases in Stages III and IV (26.1%). During the period considered, the therapeutic approach for carcinoma of the cervix was practically constant and in line with the therapeutic policy most frequently followed for these neoplasms. For the early stages (9/341 patients or 27.6%) preference was given to a radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy combination; for borderline cases and \"bulky\" and \"barrel-shaped\" lesions, radiotherapy usually preceded surgical treatment to enlarge its indications and improve its results (36/341 patients or 10.5%). The cases that were more developed locally or that presented contraindications to surgery received radiological treatment alone (211/341 patients or 61.9%). Radiotherapy treatment consisted of radium therapy performed with a single application of 226Ra conventional sources, followed by percutaneous irradiation with 60Co-teletherapy in the more developed cases and/or in the presence of lymph node metastases. All the patients were submitted to diagnostic lymphography at the onset of the treatment and 92 (26.9%) had lymph node metastases. In the framework of this clinical review, the 5-year disease-free survival from onset of the treatment varied from 88.2%  for the cases at Stage Ib occult, 72.5% for the cases at Stage Ib, 63.8% for the Stage II cases, to 40.5% for the cases at Stage III and IV. The presence of a pathologic report at lymphography makes a considerable difference in terms of disease-free, long-term survival after treatment", "contents": "Present status of treatment for invasive cervical carcinoma. The results are presented of a retrospective clinical study carried out on 341 patients affected with cancer of the uterine cervix, with lymphography in the pretreatment diagnostic work-up, treated in our Institute from January 1961 to December 1976. The clinical classification of the patients studied was: 157 cases in Stage I (46.0%), 95 cases in Stage II (27.9%), and 89 cases in Stages III and IV (26.1%). During the period considered, the therapeutic approach for carcinoma of the cervix was practically constant and in line with the therapeutic policy most frequently followed for these neoplasms. For the early stages (9/341 patients or 27.6%) preference was given to a radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy combination; for borderline cases and \"bulky\" and \"barrel-shaped\" lesions, radiotherapy usually preceded surgical treatment to enlarge its indications and improve its results (36/341 patients or 10.5%). The cases that were more developed locally or that presented contraindications to surgery received radiological treatment alone (211/341 patients or 61.9%). Radiotherapy treatment consisted of radium therapy performed with a single application of 226Ra conventional sources, followed by percutaneous irradiation with 60Co-teletherapy in the more developed cases and/or in the presence of lymph node metastases. All the patients were submitted to diagnostic lymphography at the onset of the treatment and 92 (26.9%) had lymph node metastases. In the framework of this clinical review, the 5-year disease-free survival from onset of the treatment varied from 88.2%  for the cases at Stage Ib occult, 72.5% for the cases at Stage Ib, 63.8% for the Stage II cases, to 40.5% for the cases at Stage III and IV. The presence of a pathologic report at lymphography makes a considerable difference in terms of disease-free, long-term survival after treatment", "PMID": 516177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11248", "title": "[Content of lipids and their fractions in erythrocyte membranes of rats with Guerin's carcinoma, A-avitaminosis and the effect of vitamin A in significant doses].", "content": "The content of lipids in rat erythrocyte membranes was studied with vitamin A deficiency, Guerin's carcinoma and with administration of significant doses of vitamin A. It is found that vitamin A deficiency decreases the content of phospholipid fractions: phosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine. The content of phosphatidyl choline is unchanged. Under conditions of the experiment the content of cholesterol decreases. This dependence is lost when calculating per 1 g of protein. In erythrocytes of rats with Guerin's carcinoma the content of lipids increases. The character of the results is unchanged when calculating per 1 mg of protein. When administering 200.000 IU of vitamin A the content of the phospholipid and free cholesterol identified fractions lowers significantly.", "contents": "[Content of lipids and their fractions in erythrocyte membranes of rats with Guerin's carcinoma, A-avitaminosis and the effect of vitamin A in significant doses]. The content of lipids in rat erythrocyte membranes was studied with vitamin A deficiency, Guerin's carcinoma and with administration of significant doses of vitamin A. It is found that vitamin A deficiency decreases the content of phospholipid fractions: phosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine. The content of phosphatidyl choline is unchanged. Under conditions of the experiment the content of cholesterol decreases. This dependence is lost when calculating per 1 g of protein. In erythrocytes of rats with Guerin's carcinoma the content of lipids increases. The character of the results is unchanged when calculating per 1 mg of protein. When administering 200.000 IU of vitamin A the content of the phospholipid and free cholesterol identified fractions lowers significantly.", "PMID": 516179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11249", "title": "[Isoenzymes of blood serum alkaline phosphatase under experimental cholemia].", "content": "The activity and isoenzymic spectrum of alkaline phosphatase of the blood serum and liver under cholemia caused by deoxycholic acid were compared in healthy animals and in animals with the affected liver. It is shown, that under conditions of the bile acids higher content in the organism due to deoxycholic acid, the total activity increases considerably and there appears an isoenzyme absent in the blood serum of healthy animals. Changes in the activity and isoenzymic spectrum of alkaline phosphatase under experimental cholemia developing against a background of the healthy and affected liver are characterized by certain peculiarities.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of blood serum alkaline phosphatase under experimental cholemia]. The activity and isoenzymic spectrum of alkaline phosphatase of the blood serum and liver under cholemia caused by deoxycholic acid were compared in healthy animals and in animals with the affected liver. It is shown, that under conditions of the bile acids higher content in the organism due to deoxycholic acid, the total activity increases considerably and there appears an isoenzyme absent in the blood serum of healthy animals. Changes in the activity and isoenzymic spectrum of alkaline phosphatase under experimental cholemia developing against a background of the healthy and affected liver are characterized by certain peculiarities.", "PMID": 516178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11250", "title": "[Contents of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in tissue of the human brain glial tumors].", "content": "It is shown that in the tissue of the human brain glial tumours the content of putrescine depends on the degree of the tumour malignization. In malignant gliomas (glioblastomas), as compared to the benign (astrocytomas), the content of putrescine is significantly higher. The content of spermidine in glial tumours of a malignancy different degree is twice as high as the level of this polyamine in the brain grey matter, and it is twice as low as in the white matter. The content of spermine in the brain glial tumours does not differ essentially from its level in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Contents of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in tissue of the human brain glial tumors]. It is shown that in the tissue of the human brain glial tumours the content of putrescine depends on the degree of the tumour malignization. In malignant gliomas (glioblastomas), as compared to the benign (astrocytomas), the content of putrescine is significantly higher. The content of spermidine in glial tumours of a malignancy different degree is twice as high as the level of this polyamine in the brain grey matter, and it is twice as low as in the white matter. The content of spermine in the brain glial tumours does not differ essentially from its level in the brain tissue.", "PMID": 516181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11251", "title": "[Peculiarities of histones H1, H2b and H4 structure and aggregation in the presence of glycine].", "content": "The efficiency of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions of histons H1, H2b and H4 was studied as affected by the glycine concentration in the composition of the glycine-HCl buffer (pH 3.0). It is shown that the concentration of glycine less than 0.01m should be used in experiments with the glycine buffer. Glycine in a higher concentration evokes a considerable aggregation of the histon molecules. Sizes and shape of the aggregates differ in solutions with the lower and high ionic strength. In the presence of glycine the sizes of histone aggregates decrease in the series H1 greater than H2b greater than H4. Changes in the quantum yield of histon fluorescence reflect changes in the tertiary structure of their molecule but not in aggregation.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of histones H1, H2b and H4 structure and aggregation in the presence of glycine]. The efficiency of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions of histons H1, H2b and H4 was studied as affected by the glycine concentration in the composition of the glycine-HCl buffer (pH 3.0). It is shown that the concentration of glycine less than 0.01m should be used in experiments with the glycine buffer. Glycine in a higher concentration evokes a considerable aggregation of the histon molecules. Sizes and shape of the aggregates differ in solutions with the lower and high ionic strength. In the presence of glycine the sizes of histone aggregates decrease in the series H1 greater than H2b greater than H4. Changes in the quantum yield of histon fluorescence reflect changes in the tertiary structure of their molecule but not in aggregation.", "PMID": 516180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11252", "title": "[Citrate synthesis by reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate in rumen tissue of cattle and sheep].", "content": "In the cattle rumen mucosa the citrate synthesis from alpha-ketoglutarate and CO2 is activated by ATP and biotin; in the muscular tissue ATP or biotin separately does not affect this process. Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and cystein favour citrate synthesis; citrate is not formed in the presence of Fe2+. For homogenates prepared on the borate buffer, the rate of an increase in the citrate content is higher than for homogenates on the phosphate or tris-HCl-buffer. In the muscular tissue of the lamb rumen this index is greater than in the sheep, and in the mucosa cattle, sheep and lamb the intensity of the reaction is the same.", "contents": "[Citrate synthesis by reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate in rumen tissue of cattle and sheep]. In the cattle rumen mucosa the citrate synthesis from alpha-ketoglutarate and CO2 is activated by ATP and biotin; in the muscular tissue ATP or biotin separately does not affect this process. Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and cystein favour citrate synthesis; citrate is not formed in the presence of Fe2+. For homogenates prepared on the borate buffer, the rate of an increase in the citrate content is higher than for homogenates on the phosphate or tris-HCl-buffer. In the muscular tissue of the lamb rumen this index is greater than in the sheep, and in the mucosa cattle, sheep and lamb the intensity of the reaction is the same.", "PMID": 516184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11253", "title": "[Homocarnosine content and homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity in brain areas of hyperoxic rats].", "content": "The homocarnosine content and homocarnosine synthetase activity were studied in the brain of rats in normal state and under hyperoxia. The homocarnosine content is higher in phylogenetically old brain areas as compared with that in the cerebral hemispheres. Its nonuniform distribution in the brain is associated with different activity of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the corresponding brain areas. At the preconvulsive stage of oxygen poisoning the homocarnosine content in all the brain areas does not change, the homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity is 32% lower. At the convulsive stage of hyperoxia the homocarnosine amount in the cerebral hemisphere decreases by 33%, in the midbrain and diencephalon -- by 70, in the medulla oblongata -- by 60, in the cerebellum -- by 58%. The decrease in the homocarnosine content correlates with that in the activity of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the corresponding brain areas; in the cerebral hemispheres -- by 33%, in the midbrain and diencephalon -- by 50, in the medulla oblongata -- by 49, in the cerebellum -- by 40%.", "contents": "[Homocarnosine content and homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity in brain areas of hyperoxic rats]. The homocarnosine content and homocarnosine synthetase activity were studied in the brain of rats in normal state and under hyperoxia. The homocarnosine content is higher in phylogenetically old brain areas as compared with that in the cerebral hemispheres. Its nonuniform distribution in the brain is associated with different activity of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the corresponding brain areas. At the preconvulsive stage of oxygen poisoning the homocarnosine content in all the brain areas does not change, the homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity is 32% lower. At the convulsive stage of hyperoxia the homocarnosine amount in the cerebral hemisphere decreases by 33%, in the midbrain and diencephalon -- by 70, in the medulla oblongata -- by 60, in the cerebellum -- by 58%. The decrease in the homocarnosine content correlates with that in the activity of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the corresponding brain areas; in the cerebral hemispheres -- by 33%, in the midbrain and diencephalon -- by 50, in the medulla oblongata -- by 49, in the cerebellum -- by 40%.", "PMID": 516182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11254", "title": "[Cholesterol metabolism in liver at different levels of motor activity].", "content": "Biosynthesis and decomposition of cholesterol were studied in the rabbit liver under a dosed physical loading. Judging from the intensity of [2-14C]acetate incorporation, the cholesterol biosynthesis intensity rises during loading and decreases under conditions of limited mobility. The cholesterol content in the liver tissue of trained animals is unchanged and in animals, who were under conditions of limited mobility, it rises as compared with the control. Using [7-3N1] cholesterol as a substrate, it established that the activity of cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, as compared to the initial level, is increased under training and decreased under conditions of low mobility. The enzymic activity was determined by the amount of released 3H2O.", "contents": "[Cholesterol metabolism in liver at different levels of motor activity]. Biosynthesis and decomposition of cholesterol were studied in the rabbit liver under a dosed physical loading. Judging from the intensity of [2-14C]acetate incorporation, the cholesterol biosynthesis intensity rises during loading and decreases under conditions of limited mobility. The cholesterol content in the liver tissue of trained animals is unchanged and in animals, who were under conditions of limited mobility, it rises as compared with the control. Using [7-3N1] cholesterol as a substrate, it established that the activity of cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, as compared to the initial level, is increased under training and decreased under conditions of low mobility. The enzymic activity was determined by the amount of released 3H2O.", "PMID": 516187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11255", "title": "[Chemical properties of rat thymus agglutinating substance].", "content": "A substance reacting with sheep red blood cells and rabbit IgG was isolated from the rat thymocytes and calf thymus as a homogeneous preparation. Some chemical properties of this substance were studied. The molecular weight of the agglutinating substance was found to be 12300 according to the SDS-gel electrophoresis data. The infrared spectra show that this substance contains peptide bonds and a carbohydrate component. The amide II absorption band observed in the infrared spectrum disappears after treatment of the agglutinating substance with immobilized pronase. The treatment with immobilized pronase leads to degradation of this substance into two components detected by thin layer chromatography and to the loss of its agglutinating properties. Hexose was determined in the substance with an anthrone reagent. This substance is supposed to be a low-molecular glycoprotein.", "contents": "[Chemical properties of rat thymus agglutinating substance]. A substance reacting with sheep red blood cells and rabbit IgG was isolated from the rat thymocytes and calf thymus as a homogeneous preparation. Some chemical properties of this substance were studied. The molecular weight of the agglutinating substance was found to be 12300 according to the SDS-gel electrophoresis data. The infrared spectra show that this substance contains peptide bonds and a carbohydrate component. The amide II absorption band observed in the infrared spectrum disappears after treatment of the agglutinating substance with immobilized pronase. The treatment with immobilized pronase leads to degradation of this substance into two components detected by thin layer chromatography and to the loss of its agglutinating properties. Hexose was determined in the substance with an anthrone reagent. This substance is supposed to be a low-molecular glycoprotein.", "PMID": 516186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11256", "title": "[Role of acid anion in formation of low-soluble aggregates of immunoglobulin G characteristic of malignant growth].", "content": "The acid medium favour the formation of low-soluble aggregates in the cancer patient blood serum. An anion of the acid utilized for creation of the aggregate-forming medium is involved into composition of the agregates. The elementary quantitative analysis of such aggregates showed that the amount of the incorporating anion is in inverse dependence on its affinity for proteins. The anion is established to participate at the stage of the low-soluble complex formation. A schematic model is suggested for low-soluble aggregates formed in the cancer patient blood cerum under the effect of the acid medium.", "contents": "[Role of acid anion in formation of low-soluble aggregates of immunoglobulin G characteristic of malignant growth]. The acid medium favour the formation of low-soluble aggregates in the cancer patient blood serum. An anion of the acid utilized for creation of the aggregate-forming medium is involved into composition of the agregates. The elementary quantitative analysis of such aggregates showed that the amount of the incorporating anion is in inverse dependence on its affinity for proteins. The anion is established to participate at the stage of the low-soluble complex formation. A schematic model is suggested for low-soluble aggregates formed in the cancer patient blood cerum under the effect of the acid medium.", "PMID": 516189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11257", "title": "[Two pathways of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in birds].", "content": "Dillerent chicken tissues are shown to display a clearly pronounced specificity relative to [2-14C] orotic acid and [5-3H]uridine as precursors of synthesis of the pool and RNA pyrimidine nucleotides. The fraction of pyrimidine nucleotides synthetized relative to the reserve pathway (uridine utilization) decreases in the series: kidneys greater than duodenum mucosa greater than lungs greater than liver greater than pancreas greater than bone marrow greater than brain greater than spleen. The results of [2-14C]orotic acid and [53H]uridine incorporation into UMP and CMP of the liver and spleen tissues RNA are interpreted in terms of the concept on existence of separate pools of pyrimidine phosphates--RNA precursors.", "contents": "[Two pathways of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in birds]. Dillerent chicken tissues are shown to display a clearly pronounced specificity relative to [2-14C] orotic acid and [5-3H]uridine as precursors of synthesis of the pool and RNA pyrimidine nucleotides. The fraction of pyrimidine nucleotides synthetized relative to the reserve pathway (uridine utilization) decreases in the series: kidneys greater than duodenum mucosa greater than lungs greater than liver greater than pancreas greater than bone marrow greater than brain greater than spleen. The results of [2-14C]orotic acid and [53H]uridine incorporation into UMP and CMP of the liver and spleen tissues RNA are interpreted in terms of the concept on existence of separate pools of pyrimidine phosphates--RNA precursors.", "PMID": 516188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11258", "title": "[Comparison of acceptor activity of rabbit liver tRNA in ontogenesis].", "content": "The rabbit liver tRNA was studied in such functional states when there occurred essential qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein synthesis. On the basis of the maximum level of aminoacylation it is established that the contents of corresponding biologically active individual tRNA in the total preparation for adult animals is 1.5-3 times as high as that for 3-5 day rabbits. Exception is alanine tRNA whose number decreases sharply in the total preparation of the liver tRNA of one- and two-year animals. No correlation was found for any age group between the quantitative ratio of active individual tRNA and the amino acid composition of albumins whose synthesis in the liver is intensive. Thus, the synthesis and, respectively, the content of certain types of tRNA in the liver characterized by a wide spectrum of proteins with different functions are governed by other regularities, whose search is one of the most difficult and at the same time high-promising problems.", "contents": "[Comparison of acceptor activity of rabbit liver tRNA in ontogenesis]. The rabbit liver tRNA was studied in such functional states when there occurred essential qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein synthesis. On the basis of the maximum level of aminoacylation it is established that the contents of corresponding biologically active individual tRNA in the total preparation for adult animals is 1.5-3 times as high as that for 3-5 day rabbits. Exception is alanine tRNA whose number decreases sharply in the total preparation of the liver tRNA of one- and two-year animals. No correlation was found for any age group between the quantitative ratio of active individual tRNA and the amino acid composition of albumins whose synthesis in the liver is intensive. Thus, the synthesis and, respectively, the content of certain types of tRNA in the liver characterized by a wide spectrum of proteins with different functions are governed by other regularities, whose search is one of the most difficult and at the same time high-promising problems.", "PMID": 516185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11259", "title": "[Effect of cytosol on RNA-synthesizing ability of isolated nuclei of rat hepatocytes].", "content": "The addition of cytozol to isolated nuclei of the liver is accompanied by a rise in the amount of a new synthetizing RNA and changes in its nucleotide composition. An increase in the intensity of [3H] ATP incorporation at the end of incubation evidences for polyadenylation of the reaction product. Under the effect of cytozol 30-32% of RNA synthetized de novo is released. Heating of cytozol (50 degrees C, 15 min) leads to a loss of its ability to activate RNA synthesis by isolated nuclei.", "contents": "[Effect of cytosol on RNA-synthesizing ability of isolated nuclei of rat hepatocytes]. The addition of cytozol to isolated nuclei of the liver is accompanied by a rise in the amount of a new synthetizing RNA and changes in its nucleotide composition. An increase in the intensity of [3H] ATP incorporation at the end of incubation evidences for polyadenylation of the reaction product. Under the effect of cytozol 30-32% of RNA synthetized de novo is released. Heating of cytozol (50 degrees C, 15 min) leads to a loss of its ability to activate RNA synthesis by isolated nuclei.", "PMID": 516190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11260", "title": "[Direct phenol-hypochlorite method for determining glutaminase activity].", "content": "A simple and sensitive method is developed to determine the glutaminase activity. Conditions are selected for detecting enzymatically formed ammonia in the presence of such a high-labile substrate as glutamine. The method is simple in performance, readily reproducible and high-sensitive.", "contents": "[Direct phenol-hypochlorite method for determining glutaminase activity]. A simple and sensitive method is developed to determine the glutaminase activity. Conditions are selected for detecting enzymatically formed ammonia in the presence of such a high-labile substrate as glutamine. The method is simple in performance, readily reproducible and high-sensitive.", "PMID": 516191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11261", "title": "Radiation therapy as definitive treatment for localized carcinoma of prostate.", "content": "A progress report on the treatment of 116 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by external irradiation is presented. Fifteen, 60, and 41 patients presented initially with Stages A, B, and C, respectively. The majority of the patients received 7,000-7,500 rads during a period of seven to eight weeks, locally to the prostate gland. The five-year actuarial survival were 90, 70, and 40 per cent for Stages A, B, and C, respectively. The five-year survival rates for patients with well and moderately differentiated tumors were significantly better (45 per cent) than for those with poorly differentiated tumors (24 per cent). The five-year survival rate in the patients who received prior or concomitant hormone manipulation was lower (33 per cent) as compared with those receiving radiation therapy alone (43 per cent). All of the above differences were statistically significant (0.01 level). Of the patients failing, distant metastases have developed in 88 per cent suggesting that subclinical distant metastases might have been present prior to initiation of radiotherapy. The local control rate was 82 per cent. The morbidity of this mode of therapy was found to be acceptable. Radical radiation therapy is an effective method for control of carcinoma of the prostate and is potentially curative.", "contents": "Radiation therapy as definitive treatment for localized carcinoma of prostate. A progress report on the treatment of 116 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by external irradiation is presented. Fifteen, 60, and 41 patients presented initially with Stages A, B, and C, respectively. The majority of the patients received 7,000-7,500 rads during a period of seven to eight weeks, locally to the prostate gland. The five-year actuarial survival were 90, 70, and 40 per cent for Stages A, B, and C, respectively. The five-year survival rates for patients with well and moderately differentiated tumors were significantly better (45 per cent) than for those with poorly differentiated tumors (24 per cent). The five-year survival rate in the patients who received prior or concomitant hormone manipulation was lower (33 per cent) as compared with those receiving radiation therapy alone (43 per cent). All of the above differences were statistically significant (0.01 level). Of the patients failing, distant metastases have developed in 88 per cent suggesting that subclinical distant metastases might have been present prior to initiation of radiotherapy. The local control rate was 82 per cent. The morbidity of this mode of therapy was found to be acceptable. Radical radiation therapy is an effective method for control of carcinoma of the prostate and is potentially curative.", "PMID": 516207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11262", "title": "Aortorenal reimplantation in treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "From 1964 to 1977, 33 patients underwent aortorenal reimplantation as surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Over-all results were 13 patients cured (39 per cent), 15 patients improved (46 per cent), and there were 5 failures (15 per cent). The results were equally satisfactory in patients with atherosclerotic or fibrous renal artery disease. Postoperative arterial stenosis or occlusion occurred in 5 patients (15 per cent). Aortorenal reimplantation is an effective method of renal revascularization in properly selected patients, and long-term results are comparable with those of aortorenal bypass.", "contents": "Aortorenal reimplantation in treatment of renovascular hypertension. From 1964 to 1977, 33 patients underwent aortorenal reimplantation as surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Over-all results were 13 patients cured (39 per cent), 15 patients improved (46 per cent), and there were 5 failures (15 per cent). The results were equally satisfactory in patients with atherosclerotic or fibrous renal artery disease. Postoperative arterial stenosis or occlusion occurred in 5 patients (15 per cent). Aortorenal reimplantation is an effective method of renal revascularization in properly selected patients, and long-term results are comparable with those of aortorenal bypass.", "PMID": 516208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11263", "title": "Nonoperative management of renal artery embolus.", "content": "Two cases of renal artery emboli were treated nonsurgically with intravenous heparin. Both patients experienced prompt and total relief of the apparent embolization.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of renal artery embolus. Two cases of renal artery emboli were treated nonsurgically with intravenous heparin. Both patients experienced prompt and total relief of the apparent embolization.", "PMID": 516209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11264", "title": "Late hemorrhagic cystitis following low-dose cyclophosphamide therapy.", "content": "Hemorrhagic cystitis is a recognized acute complication of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy in the treatment of malignant disease. More recently, lower dose, long-term cyclophosphamide therapy has been used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. In 3 patients hemorrhagic cystitis developed after long-term cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Even in low dosage, this drug may cause hemorrhagic cystitis.", "contents": "Late hemorrhagic cystitis following low-dose cyclophosphamide therapy. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a recognized acute complication of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy in the treatment of malignant disease. More recently, lower dose, long-term cyclophosphamide therapy has been used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. In 3 patients hemorrhagic cystitis developed after long-term cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Even in low dosage, this drug may cause hemorrhagic cystitis.", "PMID": 516210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11265", "title": "Acute urinary retention in young homosexuals.", "content": "Acute urinary retention secondary to and intercourse was found in 4 homosexuals. All four were treated initially with an indwelling Foley catheter and then with bethanechol and phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). Normal micturition was restored in all 4 patients. Anal dilatation can produce reflex bladder inhibition resulting in acute retention.", "contents": "Acute urinary retention in young homosexuals. Acute urinary retention secondary to and intercourse was found in 4 homosexuals. All four were treated initially with an indwelling Foley catheter and then with bethanechol and phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). Normal micturition was restored in all 4 patients. Anal dilatation can produce reflex bladder inhibition resulting in acute retention.", "PMID": 516211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11266", "title": "Inflatable penile prosthesis: follow-up study of patient-partner satisfaction.", "content": "The surgical success rates using implantable penile prostheses are well documented, although follow-up on their functional success is required. In this study of 175 patients with an inflatable penile prosthesis, patients and their partners were evaluated as to patient-partner satisfaction, levels of satisfaction, causes of dissatisfaction, frequency of intercouse, and over-all acceptance of the device by patient and partner. The initial satisfaction rates of 79 per cent were significantly improved to 89 per cent after management of specific unrecognized complications. The high levels of satisfaction found in this study continue to support our guidelines for device selection and implantation.", "contents": "Inflatable penile prosthesis: follow-up study of patient-partner satisfaction. The surgical success rates using implantable penile prostheses are well documented, although follow-up on their functional success is required. In this study of 175 patients with an inflatable penile prosthesis, patients and their partners were evaluated as to patient-partner satisfaction, levels of satisfaction, causes of dissatisfaction, frequency of intercouse, and over-all acceptance of the device by patient and partner. The initial satisfaction rates of 79 per cent were significantly improved to 89 per cent after management of specific unrecognized complications. The high levels of satisfaction found in this study continue to support our guidelines for device selection and implantation.", "PMID": 516212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11267", "title": "Balanitis xerotica obliterans involving anterior urethra.", "content": "Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is known to affect the urethral meatus, glans, and prepuce. We describe a case of biopsy-proved BXO that involves not only the usual areas but the anterior urethra as well. Of added interest is the subsequent development of squamous cell carcinoma in the fossa navicularis. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Balanitis xerotica obliterans involving anterior urethra. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is known to affect the urethral meatus, glans, and prepuce. We describe a case of biopsy-proved BXO that involves not only the usual areas but the anterior urethra as well. Of added interest is the subsequent development of squamous cell carcinoma in the fossa navicularis. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 516213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11268", "title": "Carcinoma of gallbladder simulating metastatic prostatic cancer.", "content": "This is a case of carcinoma of the gallbladder, which clinically, chemically, and radiographically simulated metastatic prostate cancer. Other causes of elevated serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase and axial skeletal osteoblastic metastases are reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of gallbladder simulating metastatic prostatic cancer. This is a case of carcinoma of the gallbladder, which clinically, chemically, and radiographically simulated metastatic prostate cancer. Other causes of elevated serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase and axial skeletal osteoblastic metastases are reviewed.", "PMID": 516214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11269", "title": "Intrauterine testicular torsion: not an emergency.", "content": "A case of intrauterine testicular torison and infarction is described. Urgent exploration of the testis has been advocated in the management of this condition. However, the risks of early anesthesia in the immediate postdelivery period must be weighed against the chances of a successful outcome of the operation in preserving testicular function. Since this salvage rate is poor, we suggest surgical exploration at a time when the infant's condition is stable, unless there are indications that the event is very recent.", "contents": "Intrauterine testicular torsion: not an emergency. A case of intrauterine testicular torison and infarction is described. Urgent exploration of the testis has been advocated in the management of this condition. However, the risks of early anesthesia in the immediate postdelivery period must be weighed against the chances of a successful outcome of the operation in preserving testicular function. Since this salvage rate is poor, we suggest surgical exploration at a time when the infant's condition is stable, unless there are indications that the event is very recent.", "PMID": 516215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11270", "title": "Carcinoid tumor of kidney.", "content": "A case of carcinoid tumor of the kidney is reported. Pathologic findings of the tumor, clinical manifestation, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumor of kidney. A case of carcinoid tumor of the kidney is reported. Pathologic findings of the tumor, clinical manifestation, and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 516216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11271", "title": "Primary localized amyloidosis of male urethra (amyloidoma).", "content": "Amyloidosis of the urethra is extremely rare. The first reported case of amyloidosis of the fossa navicularis is presented.", "contents": "Primary localized amyloidosis of male urethra (amyloidoma). Amyloidosis of the urethra is extremely rare. The first reported case of amyloidosis of the fossa navicularis is presented.", "PMID": 516217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11272", "title": "Inaccuracies in angiographic staging of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "In 54 patients with renal cell carcinoma, the angiographic T category of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) clasification correlated with the histopathologic (P) staging in only 44.4 per cent. Staging of the primary lesion in renal cell carcinoma must be based on the P category and not the angiographic appearances.", "contents": "Inaccuracies in angiographic staging of renal cell carcinoma. In 54 patients with renal cell carcinoma, the angiographic T category of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) clasification correlated with the histopathologic (P) staging in only 44.4 per cent. Staging of the primary lesion in renal cell carcinoma must be based on the P category and not the angiographic appearances.", "PMID": 516219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11273", "title": "Computed tomography and ultrasound in diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound are emerging as useful diagnostic adjuvants in the confirmation of pelvic lipomatosis. A case of pelvic lipomatosis studied by CT and sonography is presented. These two techniques offer greater precision in the demonstration of fatty tissue density within the true pelvis. The findings appear characteristic and unique. CT and ultrasound confirmation of pelvic lipomatosis provide added confidence in an accurate clinical diagnosis and may obviate the need for diagnostic surgical exploration.", "contents": "Computed tomography and ultrasound in diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound are emerging as useful diagnostic adjuvants in the confirmation of pelvic lipomatosis. A case of pelvic lipomatosis studied by CT and sonography is presented. These two techniques offer greater precision in the demonstration of fatty tissue density within the true pelvis. The findings appear characteristic and unique. CT and ultrasound confirmation of pelvic lipomatosis provide added confidence in an accurate clinical diagnosis and may obviate the need for diagnostic surgical exploration.", "PMID": 516220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11274", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on isolated dog renal artery.", "content": "Actions of prostaglandin (PG) E1 were investigated using isolated dog renal arterial strips. Norepinephrine increased the tension of the renal arterial strips contracted with potassium, and this response was depressed by phentolamine. Isoproterenol produced relaxant effects on these arteries, and this response was converted to contractile one by propranolol. Diltiazem dose dependently relaxed the potassium-contracted strips. PGE1 (10(-9)-3 X 10(-8) Gm./ml.) constricted the renal arterial strips, while in higher concentrations (10(-7)-3 x 10(-7) Gm./ml.) it caused relaxations of them. Contractile responses by PGE1 were not affected by phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine, but were suppressed by diltiazem. On the other hand, relaxant effects of PGE1 were not changed by propranolol. Papaverine or theophylline significantly inhibited the contractions induced by PGE1. From these results it is suggested that (1) in the dog renal artery adrenergic alpha-receptors must be more dominant than beta-receptors; (2) PGE1 will produce a depolarization of renal arterial smooth muscle and/or increase an active transport of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells; and (3) the relaxant responses by PGE1 may be related to an increase in cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) contents.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on isolated dog renal artery. Actions of prostaglandin (PG) E1 were investigated using isolated dog renal arterial strips. Norepinephrine increased the tension of the renal arterial strips contracted with potassium, and this response was depressed by phentolamine. Isoproterenol produced relaxant effects on these arteries, and this response was converted to contractile one by propranolol. Diltiazem dose dependently relaxed the potassium-contracted strips. PGE1 (10(-9)-3 X 10(-8) Gm./ml.) constricted the renal arterial strips, while in higher concentrations (10(-7)-3 x 10(-7) Gm./ml.) it caused relaxations of them. Contractile responses by PGE1 were not affected by phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine, but were suppressed by diltiazem. On the other hand, relaxant effects of PGE1 were not changed by propranolol. Papaverine or theophylline significantly inhibited the contractions induced by PGE1. From these results it is suggested that (1) in the dog renal artery adrenergic alpha-receptors must be more dominant than beta-receptors; (2) PGE1 will produce a depolarization of renal arterial smooth muscle and/or increase an active transport of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells; and (3) the relaxant responses by PGE1 may be related to an increase in cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) contents.", "PMID": 516221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11275", "title": "The use of clinical information systems to control cost as well as to improve care.", "content": "Clinical resources represent the major items of expense in hospital care. These resources are under the primary control of physicians. For a number of reasons it is difficult to manage these resources in the sense of ensuring their prudent use under all circumstances. Relevant clinical information brought to bear at the time and place of the decisions which allocate these resources can encourage prudent use directly (through reduction in waste) and indirectly (through improving the quality of care).", "contents": "The use of clinical information systems to control cost as well as to improve care. Clinical resources represent the major items of expense in hospital care. These resources are under the primary control of physicians. For a number of reasons it is difficult to manage these resources in the sense of ensuring their prudent use under all circumstances. Relevant clinical information brought to bear at the time and place of the decisions which allocate these resources can encourage prudent use directly (through reduction in waste) and indirectly (through improving the quality of care).", "PMID": 516225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11276", "title": "Why more women than men have cholesterol gallstones: studies of biliary lipids in pregnancy.", "content": "More women than men have cholesterol gallstones. This probably to a large extent owing to ovarian hormones. Our preliminary studies suggest that the biliary lipid composition and gallbladder function may be abnormal in pregnancy. Studies are in progress to clarify these suggestive changes. We hope that the studies will allow us to determine the relevance of pregnancy to the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones.", "contents": "Why more women than men have cholesterol gallstones: studies of biliary lipids in pregnancy. More women than men have cholesterol gallstones. This probably to a large extent owing to ovarian hormones. Our preliminary studies suggest that the biliary lipid composition and gallbladder function may be abnormal in pregnancy. Studies are in progress to clarify these suggestive changes. We hope that the studies will allow us to determine the relevance of pregnancy to the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones.", "PMID": 516231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11277", "title": "[Fiber bronchoscopy with artificial pulmonary ventilation by an injection method in ambulatory practice].", "content": "The experience of 800 bronchoscopies with the help of fibrobronchoscopes under anesthesia in the outpatient clinic is generalized. An original method of the artificial ventilation of the lungs with the aid of a specially elaborated by the authors attachment-injector to an ordinary endotracheal tube is described. According to the authors' data, fibrobronchoscopy under anesthesia with the injectional artificial ventilation of the lungs is a little-traumatic measure which permits obtaining a complete information on the character of changes in the tracheobroncheal tree of the patients.", "contents": "[Fiber bronchoscopy with artificial pulmonary ventilation by an injection method in ambulatory practice]. The experience of 800 bronchoscopies with the help of fibrobronchoscopes under anesthesia in the outpatient clinic is generalized. An original method of the artificial ventilation of the lungs with the aid of a specially elaborated by the authors attachment-injector to an ordinary endotracheal tube is described. According to the authors' data, fibrobronchoscopy under anesthesia with the injectional artificial ventilation of the lungs is a little-traumatic measure which permits obtaining a complete information on the character of changes in the tracheobroncheal tree of the patients.", "PMID": 516253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11278", "title": "[Morphological study of the liver and lungs in closed injury].", "content": "In a closed trauma of the liver there occurs the disappearance of glycogen from hepatocytes in the circumference of the ruptures and from the foci of necrosis. In addition, within the first two hours after trauma considerable amounts of fine granular masses of glycogen in the rupture cavities, in hepatic vessels and in the pulmonary artery system. In later terms no free glycogen masses were found in the hepatic and pulmonary vessels.", "contents": "[Morphological study of the liver and lungs in closed injury]. In a closed trauma of the liver there occurs the disappearance of glycogen from hepatocytes in the circumference of the ruptures and from the foci of necrosis. In addition, within the first two hours after trauma considerable amounts of fine granular masses of glycogen in the rupture cavities, in hepatic vessels and in the pulmonary artery system. In later terms no free glycogen masses were found in the hepatic and pulmonary vessels.", "PMID": 516254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11279", "title": "[Experience with the surgical correction of the breasts using elastic silicon implants].", "content": "The paper describes the experience of prosthetics of the mammary glands with \"Dow Corning\" silicon implants. Operations performed on 26 patients with congenital defects of the mammary gland, postlactational involution and also in order to make the plasty of a defect after subcutaneous mastectomies and extended sectorial resection, have shown that silicon endoprostheses can be successfully employed in such cases. The procedures not only corrected the patient's figure but also contributed to the social and psychic rehabilitation of the patients.", "contents": "[Experience with the surgical correction of the breasts using elastic silicon implants]. The paper describes the experience of prosthetics of the mammary glands with \"Dow Corning\" silicon implants. Operations performed on 26 patients with congenital defects of the mammary gland, postlactational involution and also in order to make the plasty of a defect after subcutaneous mastectomies and extended sectorial resection, have shown that silicon endoprostheses can be successfully employed in such cases. The procedures not only corrected the patient's figure but also contributed to the social and psychic rehabilitation of the patients.", "PMID": 516257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11280", "title": "[Place of bronchography in the study and evaluation of the late results of the treatment of the pulmonary and pleural complications of acute pneumonia in children].", "content": "Late bronchography was performed in 93 patients, in 46 patients it was made immediately after cupping the critical period of inflammation. The changes found were dependent on the character and size of the process. It has been established that in non-operated children contrasting the bronchi is indicated in late terms of chronic pneumonia in order to specify the residual changes and to choose further treatment.", "contents": "[Place of bronchography in the study and evaluation of the late results of the treatment of the pulmonary and pleural complications of acute pneumonia in children]. Late bronchography was performed in 93 patients, in 46 patients it was made immediately after cupping the critical period of inflammation. The changes found were dependent on the character and size of the process. It has been established that in non-operated children contrasting the bronchi is indicated in late terms of chronic pneumonia in order to specify the residual changes and to choose further treatment.", "PMID": 516258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11281", "title": "[Therapeutic procedure in severe craniocerebral trauma combined with skeletal injuries in children].", "content": "The article is devoted to a complex and scantily explored problem of treatment of patients with a severe cranio-cerebral injury in the acute period. The analysis of a considerable material (129 cases) showed the early and valuable treatment of fractures of skeletal bones to have favourable effect upon the course of the traumatic disease of the brain and to diminish lethality and invalidism.", "contents": "[Therapeutic procedure in severe craniocerebral trauma combined with skeletal injuries in children]. The article is devoted to a complex and scantily explored problem of treatment of patients with a severe cranio-cerebral injury in the acute period. The analysis of a considerable material (129 cases) showed the early and valuable treatment of fractures of skeletal bones to have favourable effect upon the course of the traumatic disease of the brain and to diminish lethality and invalidism.", "PMID": 516259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11282", "title": "[Use of hyperbaric oxygenation and dimexide (DMSO) in the overall treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "It has been shown that the use of hyperbaric oxigenation and dimexide for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in 43 children had positive therapeutic effect in all the patients. The general state of the patient improved, both general and biochemical properties became normal sooner. Radiological data have shown the reparative processes in the bone tissue to become more rapid.", "contents": "[Use of hyperbaric oxygenation and dimexide (DMSO) in the overall treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. It has been shown that the use of hyperbaric oxigenation and dimexide for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in 43 children had positive therapeutic effect in all the patients. The general state of the patient improved, both general and biochemical properties became normal sooner. Radiological data have shown the reparative processes in the bone tissue to become more rapid.", "PMID": 516263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11283", "title": "[Surgical treatment of children with developmental anomalies of the tibia].", "content": "The paper describes surgical treatment of 22 children with the abnormal development of the tibia. The character and steps of the surgery are dependent on anatomomorphological alterations of the extremity. The deformity and dislocations of feet in 16 children were corrected by stretching of the crus muscles and dissection of soft tissue obstacles. The follow-up observation of the operated patients continued from 6 months till 4 years. The results of the surgery in 20 patients were estimated as satisfactory, 2 children had recurrent deformity of the feet.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of children with developmental anomalies of the tibia]. The paper describes surgical treatment of 22 children with the abnormal development of the tibia. The character and steps of the surgery are dependent on anatomomorphological alterations of the extremity. The deformity and dislocations of feet in 16 children were corrected by stretching of the crus muscles and dissection of soft tissue obstacles. The follow-up observation of the operated patients continued from 6 months till 4 years. The results of the surgery in 20 patients were estimated as satisfactory, 2 children had recurrent deformity of the feet.", "PMID": 516262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11284", "title": "[State of the upper part of the digestive tract in patients with proctologic diseases].", "content": "An analysis of the results of esophagogastroduodenostomy carried out upon 874 cases suffering from cancer of the rectum and colon, polyps and diffuse polyposis of the colon is set forth. The obtained data are correlated with changes in the stomach mucous membrane occuring therewith.", "contents": "[State of the upper part of the digestive tract in patients with proctologic diseases]. An analysis of the results of esophagogastroduodenostomy carried out upon 874 cases suffering from cancer of the rectum and colon, polyps and diffuse polyposis of the colon is set forth. The obtained data are correlated with changes in the stomach mucous membrane occuring therewith.", "PMID": 516267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11285", "title": "[Problems in treating duodenal ulcer by selective proximal vagotomy].", "content": "The gastric secretion after different types of vagotomy was studied in experiments on dogs and in clinic. The ordinary selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and the truncal vagotomy were successively performed in one and the same animal and the secretion of the Pavlov and Heidenhein stomachs was investigated. The cerebral phase of secretion proved to be inhibited similarly after all the types of vagotomy. As to the ventricular phase, it was most of all decreased following SPV without a draining operation. The clinical part of the work covers 148 patients with duodenal ulcers subjected to SPV without a draining operation (51 patients) and in combination with pyloroplasty (97 patients). The investigation of gastric secretion in these patients has shown the greatest decrease of it to occur after SPV without a draining operation. The same findings show that after SPV without a draining operation the damping syndrome and diarrhea are observed rarer than after all types of vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty.", "contents": "[Problems in treating duodenal ulcer by selective proximal vagotomy]. The gastric secretion after different types of vagotomy was studied in experiments on dogs and in clinic. The ordinary selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and the truncal vagotomy were successively performed in one and the same animal and the secretion of the Pavlov and Heidenhein stomachs was investigated. The cerebral phase of secretion proved to be inhibited similarly after all the types of vagotomy. As to the ventricular phase, it was most of all decreased following SPV without a draining operation. The clinical part of the work covers 148 patients with duodenal ulcers subjected to SPV without a draining operation (51 patients) and in combination with pyloroplasty (97 patients). The investigation of gastric secretion in these patients has shown the greatest decrease of it to occur after SPV without a draining operation. The same findings show that after SPV without a draining operation the damping syndrome and diarrhea are observed rarer than after all types of vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty.", "PMID": 516268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11286", "title": "[Characteristics of a Billroth I gastric resection for peptic ulcer with opisthorchiasis].", "content": "An analysis of the results of the stomach resections with direct gastroduodenal anastomosis, carried out upon 67 cases with opisthorchiasis, for gastric and duodenal ulcer is presented. The author has described the peculiarities of the surgical treatment and management of such cases in early postoperative period with regard to the concomitant parasitic disease.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a Billroth I gastric resection for peptic ulcer with opisthorchiasis]. An analysis of the results of the stomach resections with direct gastroduodenal anastomosis, carried out upon 67 cases with opisthorchiasis, for gastric and duodenal ulcer is presented. The author has described the peculiarities of the surgical treatment and management of such cases in early postoperative period with regard to the concomitant parasitic disease.", "PMID": 516269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11287", "title": "[Postoperative complications in the surgical treatment of lung cancer].", "content": "The paper describes the experience of 700 operations for pulmonary cancer. Under detailed analysis were 293 cases for the recent 7 years. Among them there were 55 patients with postoperative complications. Bronchial fistulas and pleura empyemas were found in 31 patients, cardio-respiratory insufficiency--in 10, pneumonia--in 6, postoperative hemorrhage--in 5, thromboembolism--in 3 patients. The methods of prophylaxis and treatment of such complications are proposed.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications in the surgical treatment of lung cancer]. The paper describes the experience of 700 operations for pulmonary cancer. Under detailed analysis were 293 cases for the recent 7 years. Among them there were 55 patients with postoperative complications. Bronchial fistulas and pleura empyemas were found in 31 patients, cardio-respiratory insufficiency--in 10, pneumonia--in 6, postoperative hemorrhage--in 5, thromboembolism--in 3 patients. The methods of prophylaxis and treatment of such complications are proposed.", "PMID": 516270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11288", "title": "[Surgical diseases of the small intestine].", "content": "The author analyzes 55 cases of different injuries of the small intestine (malignant and benign tumors, ulcers, Crohn's disease, infiltrate, congenital anomaly). The author believes that both tumors and inflammatory processes are usually of small size, which together with anatomo-topographic features of the small intestine, make the cases highly operable. However, an advanced state of the main process and its complications are responsible for high lethality. At the same time, the knowledge of the clinical picture of the disease and purposeful investigation of the small intestine by rentgenological and endoscopic methods will ensure earlier diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Surgical diseases of the small intestine]. The author analyzes 55 cases of different injuries of the small intestine (malignant and benign tumors, ulcers, Crohn's disease, infiltrate, congenital anomaly). The author believes that both tumors and inflammatory processes are usually of small size, which together with anatomo-topographic features of the small intestine, make the cases highly operable. However, an advanced state of the main process and its complications are responsible for high lethality. At the same time, the knowledge of the clinical picture of the disease and purposeful investigation of the small intestine by rentgenological and endoscopic methods will ensure earlier diagnosis of the disease.", "PMID": 516271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11289", "title": "[Adhesive processes in large and huge postoperative ventral hernias].", "content": "High incidence, severity and wide distribution of adhesive processes affecting the abdominal organs and the content of the hernial sacs in 250 patients with big and great postoperative ventral hernias were closely associated with the features, clinical manifestations of the disease and character of treatment. The author's experience shows that prolonged postoperative purgation, maximum possible disjoining of adhesions, early activization of the patients and of the evacuo-motor function of the gastrointestinal tract in the early postoperative period are necessary components of the complex surgical treatment of patients with such pathology.", "contents": "[Adhesive processes in large and huge postoperative ventral hernias]. High incidence, severity and wide distribution of adhesive processes affecting the abdominal organs and the content of the hernial sacs in 250 patients with big and great postoperative ventral hernias were closely associated with the features, clinical manifestations of the disease and character of treatment. The author's experience shows that prolonged postoperative purgation, maximum possible disjoining of adhesions, early activization of the patients and of the evacuo-motor function of the gastrointestinal tract in the early postoperative period are necessary components of the complex surgical treatment of patients with such pathology.", "PMID": 516272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11290", "title": "[Late results of operations for megadolichosigmoid in the \"cold\" period of the disease].", "content": "During the last 30 years the author has been performing comprehensive clinical observations of numerous patients with megadolichosigmoids. Among them 180 patients were operated for extreme pathological forms of megadolichosigmoids without a single lethal outcome. The analysis of remote results of the treatment of 173 patients is presented. The period of observation was from 3 to 25 years. The author believes that the operative method of choice in megadolichosigmoids is a one-step subtotal mesosigmoresection. It saves the patients from chronic ileus and is a reliable prophylaxis of acute volvulus of the sigmoid.", "contents": "[Late results of operations for megadolichosigmoid in the \"cold\" period of the disease]. During the last 30 years the author has been performing comprehensive clinical observations of numerous patients with megadolichosigmoids. Among them 180 patients were operated for extreme pathological forms of megadolichosigmoids without a single lethal outcome. The analysis of remote results of the treatment of 173 patients is presented. The period of observation was from 3 to 25 years. The author believes that the operative method of choice in megadolichosigmoids is a one-step subtotal mesosigmoresection. It saves the patients from chronic ileus and is a reliable prophylaxis of acute volvulus of the sigmoid.", "PMID": 516273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11291", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis].", "content": "In the period from 1963 til 1978 the authors observed 1084 patients with cholecystitis. Operations were performed on 336 patients. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed in 190 patients, chronic calculous cholecystitis--in 128 patients, chronic acalculous cholecystitis--in 18 cases. In acute cholecystitis the active-temporizing tactics was used. Urgent operations were performed on patients with peritonitis. In other variants the conservative treatment was prescribed. When the patient's condition was stated to improve, the surgical treatment was performed if indicated. Patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis were operated on diagnosing. Chronic acalculous cholecystitis was an indication for surgery in cases of frequent attacks of hepatic colic and inefficiency of the conservative therapy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis]. In the period from 1963 til 1978 the authors observed 1084 patients with cholecystitis. Operations were performed on 336 patients. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed in 190 patients, chronic calculous cholecystitis--in 128 patients, chronic acalculous cholecystitis--in 18 cases. In acute cholecystitis the active-temporizing tactics was used. Urgent operations were performed on patients with peritonitis. In other variants the conservative treatment was prescribed. When the patient's condition was stated to improve, the surgical treatment was performed if indicated. Patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis were operated on diagnosing. Chronic acalculous cholecystitis was an indication for surgery in cases of frequent attacks of hepatic colic and inefficiency of the conservative therapy.", "PMID": 516274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11292", "title": "[Differential diagnostic difficulties in large ovarian cysts].", "content": "The authors describe 18 patients with gygantic ovarian cysts. The duration of the disease was at an average 2 years. In the majority of the cases (17 patients) the correct and timely diagnosis became possible only after additional examinations: contrast X-ray analysis of the stomach, intestine, urinary system, mesenteriography. Fifteen patients were subjected to surgery, 6 of them were operated urgently. The volume of the surgery was dependent on the changes in the internal organs and consisted in a simple or extended (including the uterine appendages and uterus) ovarectomy.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic difficulties in large ovarian cysts]. The authors describe 18 patients with gygantic ovarian cysts. The duration of the disease was at an average 2 years. In the majority of the cases (17 patients) the correct and timely diagnosis became possible only after additional examinations: contrast X-ray analysis of the stomach, intestine, urinary system, mesenteriography. Fifteen patients were subjected to surgery, 6 of them were operated urgently. The volume of the surgery was dependent on the changes in the internal organs and consisted in a simple or extended (including the uterine appendages and uterus) ovarectomy.", "PMID": 516275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11293", "title": "[Nonstandard vascular anastomoses in the surgery of portal hypertension].", "content": "The non-standard porto-caval vascular anastomoses were performed in 32 patients in a series of 167 patients operated for portal hypertension. Some special features of certain variants of non-standard shunt operations, their near and late results are described. It was shown that the use of non-standard porto-caval vascular anastomoses under unfavourable topographo-anatomical conditions extends the possibilities of decompression of the portal system in patients with syndrome of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Nonstandard vascular anastomoses in the surgery of portal hypertension]. The non-standard porto-caval vascular anastomoses were performed in 32 patients in a series of 167 patients operated for portal hypertension. Some special features of certain variants of non-standard shunt operations, their near and late results are described. It was shown that the use of non-standard porto-caval vascular anastomoses under unfavourable topographo-anatomical conditions extends the possibilities of decompression of the portal system in patients with syndrome of portal hypertension.", "PMID": 516276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11294", "title": "[Fixation of a pathologically mobile kidney using a fascial pocket reinforced with a strip of heterogenous peritoneum].", "content": "The method of fixation of a pathologically movable kidney with a graft from the retrorenal fascia, modelled as a poach and strengthened with a heterogenic abdominal stripe, is described. The operation was carried out upon 76 patients. There were no complications. 63 patients were followed up for 6 month to 2.5 years. There were no cases of the recurrence of nephroptosis. The results of the operation are considered as favourable ones.", "contents": "[Fixation of a pathologically mobile kidney using a fascial pocket reinforced with a strip of heterogenous peritoneum]. The method of fixation of a pathologically movable kidney with a graft from the retrorenal fascia, modelled as a poach and strengthened with a heterogenic abdominal stripe, is described. The operation was carried out upon 76 patients. There were no complications. 63 patients were followed up for 6 month to 2.5 years. There were no cases of the recurrence of nephroptosis. The results of the operation are considered as favourable ones.", "PMID": 516277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11295", "title": "[Surgical treatment method for nephroptosis].", "content": "A new method of nephropexy with an autograft by the upper pole to the diaphragm from intercostal lumbotomy is described. The method induces little injury, is technically simple and can be employed in those patients who do not need a revision or surgery on the renal pelvis, ureter or vascular pedicle. The method was used in operations on 45 patients. Good immediate and remote results were obtained.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment method for nephroptosis]. A new method of nephropexy with an autograft by the upper pole to the diaphragm from intercostal lumbotomy is described. The method induces little injury, is technically simple and can be employed in those patients who do not need a revision or surgery on the renal pelvis, ureter or vascular pedicle. The method was used in operations on 45 patients. Good immediate and remote results were obtained.", "PMID": 516278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11296", "title": "[Results of helium-neon laser radiation action on the hematopoietic system experimentally and in the laser therapy of surgical diseases].", "content": "The investigation of effects of the red light of the helium-neon laser on hemopoiesis of experimental animals has provided data on the activation of erythropoiesis and the presence of the leucocyte redistribution reaction in the peripheral blood. No pathological changes in the morphological composition of the peripheral blood were detected in patients with a deforming arthrosis and patients with gastric ulcer in the process of laser therapy. Favourable changes were noted.", "contents": "[Results of helium-neon laser radiation action on the hematopoietic system experimentally and in the laser therapy of surgical diseases]. The investigation of effects of the red light of the helium-neon laser on hemopoiesis of experimental animals has provided data on the activation of erythropoiesis and the presence of the leucocyte redistribution reaction in the peripheral blood. No pathological changes in the morphological composition of the peripheral blood were detected in patients with a deforming arthrosis and patients with gastric ulcer in the process of laser therapy. Favourable changes were noted.", "PMID": 516279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11297", "title": "[Circulating system for performing immersion topical hypothermia of the myocardium].", "content": "A special circulating installation for topical hypothermia of the myocardium is proposed. An advantage of the installation is the possibility of the permanent controlled irrigation of the whole surface of the heart, especially of the posterior surface represented mainly by the left ventricle mass with the ice-cold solution.", "contents": "[Circulating system for performing immersion topical hypothermia of the myocardium]. A special circulating installation for topical hypothermia of the myocardium is proposed. An advantage of the installation is the possibility of the permanent controlled irrigation of the whole surface of the heart, especially of the posterior surface represented mainly by the left ventricle mass with the ice-cold solution.", "PMID": 516281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11298", "title": "[Correction of the lymph outflow using a lymphovenous anastomosis].", "content": "The authors report that the operation of end-to-side lympho-venous anastomosis was developed in experiment by submersion. In clinical conditions the operation was performed on 22 patients with chronic postthrombic venous insufficiency of lower extremities. The best results were obtained in patients with secondary lymphostasis and in edematic form of postthrombic venous insufficiency. In diseases of the veins operations were performed as a preliminary step of the surgical correction of the venous outflow. Remote results were observed during one year.", "contents": "[Correction of the lymph outflow using a lymphovenous anastomosis]. The authors report that the operation of end-to-side lympho-venous anastomosis was developed in experiment by submersion. In clinical conditions the operation was performed on 22 patients with chronic postthrombic venous insufficiency of lower extremities. The best results were obtained in patients with secondary lymphostasis and in edematic form of postthrombic venous insufficiency. In diseases of the veins operations were performed as a preliminary step of the surgical correction of the venous outflow. Remote results were observed during one year.", "PMID": 516282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11299", "title": "[Treatment of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome].", "content": "Under observation were 113 patients with the postthrombophlebitic syndrome. Fifty three patients were treated conservatively and 60 were operated upon. The tactics and remote results of the treatment are described. Conservative therapy in most cases fails to give satisfactory results. Surgery including operations on the ligation of communicating veins, dissection of superficial veins and plication of the deep fascia of the leg give stable and satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Treatment of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome]. Under observation were 113 patients with the postthrombophlebitic syndrome. Fifty three patients were treated conservatively and 60 were operated upon. The tactics and remote results of the treatment are described. Conservative therapy in most cases fails to give satisfactory results. Surgery including operations on the ligation of communicating veins, dissection of superficial veins and plication of the deep fascia of the leg give stable and satisfactory results.", "PMID": 516283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11300", "title": "[Dependence of the effectiveness of massive blood transfusions on the state of cellular and humoral immunity in severe mechanical injury].", "content": "The observation of 97 patients with severe mechanical traumas has shown massive hemotransfusions performed within the first two days subsequent to trauma against the background of maximum reduced cell immunity to be much more efficient than the massive hemotransfusion performed within the 3d--7th days after trauma (against the background of repairing cell immunity).", "contents": "[Dependence of the effectiveness of massive blood transfusions on the state of cellular and humoral immunity in severe mechanical injury]. The observation of 97 patients with severe mechanical traumas has shown massive hemotransfusions performed within the first two days subsequent to trauma against the background of maximum reduced cell immunity to be much more efficient than the massive hemotransfusion performed within the 3d--7th days after trauma (against the background of repairing cell immunity).", "PMID": 516295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11301", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract burns].", "content": "The work gives an analysis of clinical signs in 111 patients with burns of the respiratory tract. Two complexes of curative measures are proposed according to anatomical changes found in fibrobronchoscopy. The fibrobronchoscopies are of special importance in the treatment of burns of the tracheobronchial tree.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract burns]. The work gives an analysis of clinical signs in 111 patients with burns of the respiratory tract. Two complexes of curative measures are proposed according to anatomical changes found in fibrobronchoscopy. The fibrobronchoscopies are of special importance in the treatment of burns of the tracheobronchial tree.", "PMID": 516296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11302", "title": "Surgical repair of femoral neck fractures in two dogs and a calf.", "content": "The surgical techniques employed in the repair of femoral neck fractures in two dogs and a Charolais calf are described. All the fractures were extracapsular; one of the dogs also had a fractured femoral diaphysis. For both dogs, exposure of the femoral neck was made from a dorsal approach after removal of the greater trochanter, while for the calf, a gluteal transection technique was used. All the fractures were successfully fixed using cortical screws, and in the case of the femoral diaphysis, a vitallium plate was used. All the animals were walking with minimal lameness eight weeks after surgery.", "contents": "Surgical repair of femoral neck fractures in two dogs and a calf. The surgical techniques employed in the repair of femoral neck fractures in two dogs and a Charolais calf are described. All the fractures were extracapsular; one of the dogs also had a fractured femoral diaphysis. For both dogs, exposure of the femoral neck was made from a dorsal approach after removal of the greater trochanter, while for the calf, a gluteal transection technique was used. All the fractures were successfully fixed using cortical screws, and in the case of the femoral diaphysis, a vitallium plate was used. All the animals were walking with minimal lameness eight weeks after surgery.", "PMID": 516299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11303", "title": "A probable congenital diaphragmatic defect in an adult pony.", "content": "The presenting signs exhibited by a pony with a large diaphragmatic defect of probable developmental origin are described. The results of clinical examination, laparotomy and post mortem examination are presented.", "contents": "A probable congenital diaphragmatic defect in an adult pony. The presenting signs exhibited by a pony with a large diaphragmatic defect of probable developmental origin are described. The results of clinical examination, laparotomy and post mortem examination are presented.", "PMID": 516300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11304", "title": "The failure of trichothecene mycotoxins and whole cultures of Fusarium tricinctum to cause experimental haemorrhagic syndromes in calves and pigs.", "content": "Piglets and calves were dosed orally with pure diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin, crude extracts of Fusarium tricinctum containing T-2 toxin, and whole cultures of F tricinctum containing T-2 toxin at a constant daily rate of 0.1 mg toxin per kg body-weight (piglets) or 0.2 mg toxin per kg body-weight (calves). The treatment continued for periods of seven to 78 days but it failed to induce clinical haemorrhagic syndromes. Increasing the dose of F tricinctum culture five-fold for eight days following 78 days at the lower dose was equally ineffective. The lack of an effect by daily intakes of toxin that could have been ingested with naturally contaminated feedstuffs suggests that DAS, T-2 toxin and other metabolites of F tricinctum probably have little or no part to play in the aetiology of feed associated haemorrhagic disease.", "contents": "The failure of trichothecene mycotoxins and whole cultures of Fusarium tricinctum to cause experimental haemorrhagic syndromes in calves and pigs. Piglets and calves were dosed orally with pure diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin, crude extracts of Fusarium tricinctum containing T-2 toxin, and whole cultures of F tricinctum containing T-2 toxin at a constant daily rate of 0.1 mg toxin per kg body-weight (piglets) or 0.2 mg toxin per kg body-weight (calves). The treatment continued for periods of seven to 78 days but it failed to induce clinical haemorrhagic syndromes. Increasing the dose of F tricinctum culture five-fold for eight days following 78 days at the lower dose was equally ineffective. The lack of an effect by daily intakes of toxin that could have been ingested with naturally contaminated feedstuffs suggests that DAS, T-2 toxin and other metabolites of F tricinctum probably have little or no part to play in the aetiology of feed associated haemorrhagic disease.", "PMID": 516301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11305", "title": "Respiratory and cardiac arrest under general anaesthesia: treatment by acupuncture of the nasal philtrum.", "content": "The philtrum point VG 26 (Jen Chung) was needled in 69 cases of respiratory depression or apnoea in dogs and cats during induction or maintenance of general anaesthesia. Respiration was restored to normal or near normal rates within 10 to 30 seconds of insertion of the needle in all the cases. In seven cases of anaesthetic apnoea with concurrent cardiac arrest and absence of vital signs, the revival rate was 43 per cent. Those which recovered required four to 10 minutes of acupuncture stimulation. In eight cases of collapse due to other causes, the revival rate was 25 per cent. The cases included five sheep in shock following liver biopsy, two cases of haemorrhagic shock (dog, cat) and one terminal collapse in chronic congestive heart failure (dog).", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiac arrest under general anaesthesia: treatment by acupuncture of the nasal philtrum. The philtrum point VG 26 (Jen Chung) was needled in 69 cases of respiratory depression or apnoea in dogs and cats during induction or maintenance of general anaesthesia. Respiration was restored to normal or near normal rates within 10 to 30 seconds of insertion of the needle in all the cases. In seven cases of anaesthetic apnoea with concurrent cardiac arrest and absence of vital signs, the revival rate was 43 per cent. Those which recovered required four to 10 minutes of acupuncture stimulation. In eight cases of collapse due to other causes, the revival rate was 25 per cent. The cases included five sheep in shock following liver biopsy, two cases of haemorrhagic shock (dog, cat) and one terminal collapse in chronic congestive heart failure (dog).", "PMID": 516310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11306", "title": "Suspected acute myopathy of pigs.", "content": "Following sudden exposure to extreme cold, a group of 15-week-old pigs exhibited strange nervous signs which included arching the back, a high stepping gait, violent tremors of the whole body and screaming. The animals lowered themselves and once sitting, the tremors and screaming stopped. But if forced to rise, these signs recurred. When the pigs returned to a warmer environment, they rapidly recovered. An acute clinical myopathy caused by a marginal vitamin E deficiency was suspected. Other stress-induced factors, such as circulatory collapse caused by movement from a warm to a cold environment, were also thought to have contributed towards the myopathy.", "contents": "Suspected acute myopathy of pigs. Following sudden exposure to extreme cold, a group of 15-week-old pigs exhibited strange nervous signs which included arching the back, a high stepping gait, violent tremors of the whole body and screaming. The animals lowered themselves and once sitting, the tremors and screaming stopped. But if forced to rise, these signs recurred. When the pigs returned to a warmer environment, they rapidly recovered. An acute clinical myopathy caused by a marginal vitamin E deficiency was suspected. Other stress-induced factors, such as circulatory collapse caused by movement from a warm to a cold environment, were also thought to have contributed towards the myopathy.", "PMID": 516311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11307", "title": "Spinal analgesia and sedation of goats with lignocaine and xylazine.", "content": "Spinal anaesthesia of 20 does undergoing laparotomies was accomplished with epidural injections of 2 per cent lignocaine at a dosage of 1 ml per 4.55 kg in 16 goats. Epidural injection resulted in paralysis lasting 198.5 minutes +/- 36.6 minutes. Subarachnlid injection resulted in paralysis lasting 180.8 minutes +/- 44.9 minutes. Xylazine was given intramuscularly at the dosage of 0.11 mg per kg after posterior paralysis was complete. These treatments resulted in effective analgesia for surgical intervention. Recovery was complete and uneventful in all goats. An additional 26 operations were performed using this treatment and results were equally satisfactory.", "contents": "Spinal analgesia and sedation of goats with lignocaine and xylazine. Spinal anaesthesia of 20 does undergoing laparotomies was accomplished with epidural injections of 2 per cent lignocaine at a dosage of 1 ml per 4.55 kg in 16 goats. Epidural injection resulted in paralysis lasting 198.5 minutes +/- 36.6 minutes. Subarachnlid injection resulted in paralysis lasting 180.8 minutes +/- 44.9 minutes. Xylazine was given intramuscularly at the dosage of 0.11 mg per kg after posterior paralysis was complete. These treatments resulted in effective analgesia for surgical intervention. Recovery was complete and uneventful in all goats. An additional 26 operations were performed using this treatment and results were equally satisfactory.", "PMID": 516312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11308", "title": "Demographic studies on final year veterinary students of nine European schools.", "content": "In 1975 a survey of some aspects of veterinary student selection, background and education as well as intended employment after qualification was conducted in the veterinary schools at Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Helsinki, Stockholm, Hannover, Ghent, Toulouse and Vienna. In all schools student selection was primarily based on academic ability. A numerus clausus existed in six of the nine schools. No sex discrimination in student selection was practised in seven of the nine schools. The proportion of male students in the final year of 1975 ranged from 57 per cent in Glasgow to 97 per cent in Ghent. The parents of the students were predominantly of socioeconomic classes 1 (28 per cent), 2 (38 per cent) or 3 non manual (20 per cent), and no significant differences were found between the UK and the continental schools. Six per cent of the parents were veterinarians while 15 per cent were farmers. The financing by students of their veterinary studies varied markedly between schools. Over 80 per cent of the students wished to go first into general practice, with little tendency, except among UK students, to go into employment abroad first.", "contents": "Demographic studies on final year veterinary students of nine European schools. In 1975 a survey of some aspects of veterinary student selection, background and education as well as intended employment after qualification was conducted in the veterinary schools at Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Helsinki, Stockholm, Hannover, Ghent, Toulouse and Vienna. In all schools student selection was primarily based on academic ability. A numerus clausus existed in six of the nine schools. No sex discrimination in student selection was practised in seven of the nine schools. The proportion of male students in the final year of 1975 ranged from 57 per cent in Glasgow to 97 per cent in Ghent. The parents of the students were predominantly of socioeconomic classes 1 (28 per cent), 2 (38 per cent) or 3 non manual (20 per cent), and no significant differences were found between the UK and the continental schools. Six per cent of the parents were veterinarians while 15 per cent were farmers. The financing by students of their veterinary studies varied markedly between schools. Over 80 per cent of the students wished to go first into general practice, with little tendency, except among UK students, to go into employment abroad first.", "PMID": 516313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11309", "title": "Effect of hexoestrol on the response of finishing steers to treatment with trenbolone acetate.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of implanting 300 mg trenbolone acetate alone or in combination with either 15, 30 or 45 mg hexoestrol was studied in three 90-day experiments using 64 Friesian steers. In experiment 1 hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion in steers implanted with trenbolone acetate. In experiments 2 and 3 trenbolone acetate in combination with 30 mg hexoestrol gave a better growth response than when combined with either 15 or 45 mg. However, in experiment 3 trenbolone acetate plus 15 mg hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain by about 36 per cent compared with untreated controls. In experiment 2 small differences between treated groups in mean values for plasma urea, serum albumin, plasma glucose and free fatty acids were recorded.", "contents": "Effect of hexoestrol on the response of finishing steers to treatment with trenbolone acetate. The relative effectiveness of implanting 300 mg trenbolone acetate alone or in combination with either 15, 30 or 45 mg hexoestrol was studied in three 90-day experiments using 64 Friesian steers. In experiment 1 hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion in steers implanted with trenbolone acetate. In experiments 2 and 3 trenbolone acetate in combination with 30 mg hexoestrol gave a better growth response than when combined with either 15 or 45 mg. However, in experiment 3 trenbolone acetate plus 15 mg hexoestrol was shown to improve live-weight gain by about 36 per cent compared with untreated controls. In experiment 2 small differences between treated groups in mean values for plasma urea, serum albumin, plasma glucose and free fatty acids were recorded.", "PMID": 516314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11310", "title": "Idiopathic facial paralysis in the dog.", "content": "Facial nerve paralysis of acute onset is reported in seven mature dogs, five of which were cocker spaniels. The clinical signs were characterised by ear drooping, lip commissural paralysis, sialosis, and collection of food on the paralysed side of the mouth. All dogs showed absent menace responses and trigeminofacial/acousticofacial reflexes. Horner's syndrome was not present in any dog. In four dogs, bilateral facial paralysis developed. The facial paralysis was unrelated to otitis media. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed denervation potentials and absent evoked muscle potentials. Facial nerve biopsies from two cases showed nerve fibre degeneration and apparent loss of larger diameter myelinated fibres. The condition has been termed idiopathic facial paralysis since the aetiopathogenesis is presently unknown.", "contents": "Idiopathic facial paralysis in the dog. Facial nerve paralysis of acute onset is reported in seven mature dogs, five of which were cocker spaniels. The clinical signs were characterised by ear drooping, lip commissural paralysis, sialosis, and collection of food on the paralysed side of the mouth. All dogs showed absent menace responses and trigeminofacial/acousticofacial reflexes. Horner's syndrome was not present in any dog. In four dogs, bilateral facial paralysis developed. The facial paralysis was unrelated to otitis media. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed denervation potentials and absent evoked muscle potentials. Facial nerve biopsies from two cases showed nerve fibre degeneration and apparent loss of larger diameter myelinated fibres. The condition has been termed idiopathic facial paralysis since the aetiopathogenesis is presently unknown.", "PMID": 516320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11311", "title": "Comparison of selective culture and serologic agglutination of Treponema hyodysenteriae for diagnosis of swine dysentery.", "content": "Samples of faeces and of serum were collected from pigs of various ages on 21 farms. Faecal samples were cultured on trypticase soy agar containing 5 per cent citrated bovine blood and 400 micrograms per ml spectinomycin, incubated at 42 degrees C in Gaspak jars under an atmosphere of 80 per cent hydrogen: 20 per cent carbon dioxide. Antibody titres to Treponema hyodysenteriae were determined by a microtitration agglutination method using merthiolate-inactivated whole cell antigen prepared from a beta-haemolytic isolate. Results indicated that mean titres in pigs from which beta-haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher than in pigs which yielded isolates of weak beta-haemolytic T innocens or in culturally negative pigs (P less than 0.0225). Mean titres of herds where beta-haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than the mean titres of either of the other two groups. However, mean titres of herds where no isolates were obtained were not significantly different from mean titres of herds where weak beta-haemolytic T innocens was isolated.", "contents": "Comparison of selective culture and serologic agglutination of Treponema hyodysenteriae for diagnosis of swine dysentery. Samples of faeces and of serum were collected from pigs of various ages on 21 farms. Faecal samples were cultured on trypticase soy agar containing 5 per cent citrated bovine blood and 400 micrograms per ml spectinomycin, incubated at 42 degrees C in Gaspak jars under an atmosphere of 80 per cent hydrogen: 20 per cent carbon dioxide. Antibody titres to Treponema hyodysenteriae were determined by a microtitration agglutination method using merthiolate-inactivated whole cell antigen prepared from a beta-haemolytic isolate. Results indicated that mean titres in pigs from which beta-haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher than in pigs which yielded isolates of weak beta-haemolytic T innocens or in culturally negative pigs (P less than 0.0225). Mean titres of herds where beta-haemolytic T hyodysenteriae was isolated were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than the mean titres of either of the other two groups. However, mean titres of herds where no isolates were obtained were not significantly different from mean titres of herds where weak beta-haemolytic T innocens was isolated.", "PMID": 516340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11312", "title": "Immobilisation of free-ranging Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus californianus wollebaeki).", "content": "Nine free-ranging Gal\u00e1pagos sea lions were immobilised for marking, using a combination of ketamine (3 to 5 mg per kg) and xylazine (0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg). The degree of effect depended largely on the animals' behavioural and physiological state before immobilisation (after parturition, high arousal, subject to aggression, etc.) All nine animals survived. Overheating in the immobilised state may quickly result in heart and circulatory failures.", "contents": "Immobilisation of free-ranging Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus californianus wollebaeki). Nine free-ranging Gal\u00e1pagos sea lions were immobilised for marking, using a combination of ketamine (3 to 5 mg per kg) and xylazine (0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg). The degree of effect depended largely on the animals' behavioural and physiological state before immobilisation (after parturition, high arousal, subject to aggression, etc.) All nine animals survived. Overheating in the immobilised state may quickly result in heart and circulatory failures.", "PMID": 516341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11313", "title": "Isolation and immunisation studies of a canine parco-like virus from dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis.", "content": "A newly recognised canine parvo like virus was isolated from faeces of dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis. Cell cultures from several species were susceptible to it. Virus infected cells could be demonstrated by staining with fluorescent antibody reagents (prepared against canine virus or feline panleucopenia virus) or by haemagglutination with pig or rhesus monkey red blood cells. Inhibition of haemagglutination by specific antiserum prepared in specific-pathogen-free beagles provided a convenient method for viral identification. Experimental inoculation of specific-pathogen-free beagles resulted in elevated body temperatures and caused lymphopenia lasting one to three days. Feline panleucopenia virus vaccines protected dogs against challenge with virulent canine parvo-like virus.", "contents": "Isolation and immunisation studies of a canine parco-like virus from dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis. A newly recognised canine parvo like virus was isolated from faeces of dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis. Cell cultures from several species were susceptible to it. Virus infected cells could be demonstrated by staining with fluorescent antibody reagents (prepared against canine virus or feline panleucopenia virus) or by haemagglutination with pig or rhesus monkey red blood cells. Inhibition of haemagglutination by specific antiserum prepared in specific-pathogen-free beagles provided a convenient method for viral identification. Experimental inoculation of specific-pathogen-free beagles resulted in elevated body temperatures and caused lymphopenia lasting one to three days. Feline panleucopenia virus vaccines protected dogs against challenge with virulent canine parvo-like virus.", "PMID": 516347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11314", "title": "Chronic phenylmercuric acetate toxicity in a horse.", "content": "Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) was administered orally to a horse over a period of 27 weeks (190 days) at a dose rate of 0.4 mg Hg/kg per day. The effects produced were consistent with those of chronic inorganic mercury intoxication. The clinical features included masseter muscle atrophy, difficulty in prehension and mastication, malodorous breath, reduced appetite and weight loss, and reflected significant pathological changes involving the buccal, mandibular and dental tissues. Renal dysfunction was evident terminally and there was degeration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium. Necrotic and mineralized foci were found in facial and masticatory msucles, splenic trabecuale and the myocardium. The central nervous system and the intestinal tract were unaffected. The approximate mean plasma inorganic mercury concentration was 500 ng/ml whereas organic mercury levels in blood were much lower. The renal cortex had the highest inorganic mercury content, three times greater than in the liver and cecum, while organic mercury was highest in those tissues and absent from the kidney. The difference in the effects produced in this horse as compared to those in a horse receiving mercuric chloride at the same mercury dose rate, could be attributed to the more rapid and complete absorption of PMA from the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Chronic phenylmercuric acetate toxicity in a horse. Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) was administered orally to a horse over a period of 27 weeks (190 days) at a dose rate of 0.4 mg Hg/kg per day. The effects produced were consistent with those of chronic inorganic mercury intoxication. The clinical features included masseter muscle atrophy, difficulty in prehension and mastication, malodorous breath, reduced appetite and weight loss, and reflected significant pathological changes involving the buccal, mandibular and dental tissues. Renal dysfunction was evident terminally and there was degeration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium. Necrotic and mineralized foci were found in facial and masticatory msucles, splenic trabecuale and the myocardium. The central nervous system and the intestinal tract were unaffected. The approximate mean plasma inorganic mercury concentration was 500 ng/ml whereas organic mercury levels in blood were much lower. The renal cortex had the highest inorganic mercury content, three times greater than in the liver and cecum, while organic mercury was highest in those tissues and absent from the kidney. The difference in the effects produced in this horse as compared to those in a horse receiving mercuric chloride at the same mercury dose rate, could be attributed to the more rapid and complete absorption of PMA from the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 516360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11315", "title": "Toxicoses related to the petroleum industry.", "content": "During 1977, 4,976 oil and gas wells were drilled in Oklahoma to an average depth of 4,892 feet. There were 2,253 successful oil wells and 1092 successful gas wells (26). The Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory investigated several cases where livestock in close proximity to drilling sites became ill or die. The case histories emphasize the need for a careful and complete diagnostic work-up. The identification and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic chemicals and heavy metals in intestinal contents and tissues are diagnostically significant. The most difficult cases involve chronically ill and poor-doing animals following exposure to oil field wastes. The potential for litigation exists whenever cattle in close proximity to drilling and production sites become ill or die. Many of these cases could be prevented if livestock were prevented access to such sites by fencing or other means. The circumstantial evidence in many cases suggests the need for additional research on the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons, drilling muds and other oil dield  wastes. Improves diagnostic methods should benefit both the livestock and oil industries.", "contents": "Toxicoses related to the petroleum industry. During 1977, 4,976 oil and gas wells were drilled in Oklahoma to an average depth of 4,892 feet. There were 2,253 successful oil wells and 1092 successful gas wells (26). The Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory investigated several cases where livestock in close proximity to drilling sites became ill or die. The case histories emphasize the need for a careful and complete diagnostic work-up. The identification and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic chemicals and heavy metals in intestinal contents and tissues are diagnostically significant. The most difficult cases involve chronically ill and poor-doing animals following exposure to oil field wastes. The potential for litigation exists whenever cattle in close proximity to drilling and production sites become ill or die. Many of these cases could be prevented if livestock were prevented access to such sites by fencing or other means. The circumstantial evidence in many cases suggests the need for additional research on the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons, drilling muds and other oil dield  wastes. Improves diagnostic methods should benefit both the livestock and oil industries.", "PMID": 516361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11316", "title": "delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in patients treated with cancerchemotherapy; a double-blind cross-over trial against placebo.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and placebo was employed to test the antiemetic effect on nausea and vomiting after MOPP-therapy. Although THC had remarkable antiemetic effects, the side effects were severe. Most patients preferred the nausea and the vomiting after MOPP-therapy to the use of THC. A relation between the antiemetic action or the side-effects and the blood-level of THC could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in patients treated with cancerchemotherapy; a double-blind cross-over trial against placebo. A double-blind cross-over trial with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and placebo was employed to test the antiemetic effect on nausea and vomiting after MOPP-therapy. Although THC had remarkable antiemetic effects, the side effects were severe. Most patients preferred the nausea and the vomiting after MOPP-therapy to the use of THC. A relation between the antiemetic action or the side-effects and the blood-level of THC could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 516362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11317", "title": "Salt poisoning: presenting symptom of child abuse.", "content": "We have described two young children with severe hypernatremia where excess salt administration plus possible water deprivation as a form of child abuse is believed to be etiologic. We urge others to look for comparable cases.", "contents": "Salt poisoning: presenting symptom of child abuse. We have described two young children with severe hypernatremia where excess salt administration plus possible water deprivation as a form of child abuse is believed to be etiologic. We urge others to look for comparable cases.", "PMID": 516363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11318", "title": "Three cases of Zigadenus (death camus) poisoning.", "content": "Three cases are reported where 1/2-2 bulbs of Zigadenus were ingested. This resulted in vomiting, cramping and nausea, starting within 1-2 hours and lasting 4-5 hours. Both the heart rate and blood pressure were affected, generally, but not consistently, decreased. Atropine, when used for the cardiovascular effects, increased the heart rate, but had minimal action on the blood pressure. There was little toxic effect on respiration, central nervous system, or temperature. The one case of increased temperature was though to be due to an unrelated illness. Treatment of such cases should include emesis (or lavage, if emesis is contraindicated), activated charcoal, and saline cathartic. Symptomatic cases need an iv and possible administration of atropine, a sympathometic and/or a ganglionic blocking agent. Since there is considerable variation in what symptoms will be seen with the different species of Zigadenus, each case must be treated symptomatically; first with good supportive care, then possibly with administration of the above agents.", "contents": "Three cases of Zigadenus (death camus) poisoning. Three cases are reported where 1/2-2 bulbs of Zigadenus were ingested. This resulted in vomiting, cramping and nausea, starting within 1-2 hours and lasting 4-5 hours. Both the heart rate and blood pressure were affected, generally, but not consistently, decreased. Atropine, when used for the cardiovascular effects, increased the heart rate, but had minimal action on the blood pressure. There was little toxic effect on respiration, central nervous system, or temperature. The one case of increased temperature was though to be due to an unrelated illness. Treatment of such cases should include emesis (or lavage, if emesis is contraindicated), activated charcoal, and saline cathartic. Symptomatic cases need an iv and possible administration of atropine, a sympathometic and/or a ganglionic blocking agent. Since there is considerable variation in what symptoms will be seen with the different species of Zigadenus, each case must be treated symptomatically; first with good supportive care, then possibly with administration of the above agents.", "PMID": 516364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11319", "title": "Equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM): a study of Fusarium moniliforme as an etiologic agent.", "content": "Signs and lesions characteristic of equine leucoencephalomalacia were produced in one of two donkeys given corn cultured with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Gross and histopathologic lesions of the cerebrum included an extensive necrotic cavitation within one cerebral hemisphere, disruption and rarefication of the subcortical white matter, prominent perivascular hemorrhage, and some mononuclear cell perivascular cuffing. Another donkey and three rabbits fed the cultured corn did not develop characteristic signs or lesions of the toxicosis. Chick bioassay studies indicated that the cultured corn which produced the disease did not contain a monovalent salt of moniliformin.", "contents": "Equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM): a study of Fusarium moniliforme as an etiologic agent. Signs and lesions characteristic of equine leucoencephalomalacia were produced in one of two donkeys given corn cultured with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Gross and histopathologic lesions of the cerebrum included an extensive necrotic cavitation within one cerebral hemisphere, disruption and rarefication of the subcortical white matter, prominent perivascular hemorrhage, and some mononuclear cell perivascular cuffing. Another donkey and three rabbits fed the cultured corn did not develop characteristic signs or lesions of the toxicosis. Chick bioassay studies indicated that the cultured corn which produced the disease did not contain a monovalent salt of moniliformin.", "PMID": 516365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11320", "title": "Large animal hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic plants.", "content": "The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic plants of large domestic animals have been reviewed. The most important ones are those widely distributed as weeds over pastures, negelcted forests and grasslands, those used as ornamentals, the nitrate concentrating forage crops, and the cyanophoric plants. Crotolaria spp, the ragwort (Senecia jacobaea), the lantana spp. and heliotopum are common hepatoxic plants. Amaranthus retroflexus, Datura stramonium, Solanum rostratum, and the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) are nephrotoxic plants.", "contents": "Large animal hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic plants. The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic plants of large domestic animals have been reviewed. The most important ones are those widely distributed as weeds over pastures, negelcted forests and grasslands, those used as ornamentals, the nitrate concentrating forage crops, and the cyanophoric plants. Crotolaria spp, the ragwort (Senecia jacobaea), the lantana spp. and heliotopum are common hepatoxic plants. Amaranthus retroflexus, Datura stramonium, Solanum rostratum, and the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) are nephrotoxic plants.", "PMID": 516370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11321", "title": "[Effect of single and fractionated gamma irradiation on the growth and development in culture of Tr. Foetus].", "content": "Studied was the effect of gamma-treatment on the growth and development of Tr. foetus in cultures. The experiments were carried out with two strains (180 and 2548) supplied from the Academy of Sciences, Tallin, ESSR (USSR). Irradiation was performed by means of increasing rates of gamma treatment (from 1000 to 1500000 rad) applied either once or twice at equal portions and intervals of 1 and 3 or 24 hours. It was found that the higher the intensity of treatment the higher the biologic effect of gamma rays as judged by the inhibition of both the growth and the development of Trichomonas, by the changes in the morphology and physiology of this species, and by the lethal effect. The fractionated treatment at two rates coinciding with one or two consecutive mitotic cycles produced a stronger inhibitory effect than the single treatment at the same rate. In case the two fractions of treatment did not coincide with any of the mitotic cycles of division their effect was similar to that of the single treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of single and fractionated gamma irradiation on the growth and development in culture of Tr. Foetus]. Studied was the effect of gamma-treatment on the growth and development of Tr. foetus in cultures. The experiments were carried out with two strains (180 and 2548) supplied from the Academy of Sciences, Tallin, ESSR (USSR). Irradiation was performed by means of increasing rates of gamma treatment (from 1000 to 1500000 rad) applied either once or twice at equal portions and intervals of 1 and 3 or 24 hours. It was found that the higher the intensity of treatment the higher the biologic effect of gamma rays as judged by the inhibition of both the growth and the development of Trichomonas, by the changes in the morphology and physiology of this species, and by the lethal effect. The fractionated treatment at two rates coinciding with one or two consecutive mitotic cycles produced a stronger inhibitory effect than the single treatment at the same rate. In case the two fractions of treatment did not coincide with any of the mitotic cycles of division their effect was similar to that of the single treatment.", "PMID": 516434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11322", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies of chronic Herbazin-50 poisoning in sheep].", "content": "Studied were the changes in some clinical and paraclinical indices in sheep treated with the triazine preparation herbazin-50 used at the rate of 1.4 mg per kg of live weight. The effect was also followed up of this dose on the course of pregnancy, the general health status of the newborn lambs, and the deposition of the preparation in the liver and the musculature of the fetus.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies of chronic Herbazin-50 poisoning in sheep]. Studied were the changes in some clinical and paraclinical indices in sheep treated with the triazine preparation herbazin-50 used at the rate of 1.4 mg per kg of live weight. The effect was also followed up of this dose on the course of pregnancy, the general health status of the newborn lambs, and the deposition of the preparation in the liver and the musculature of the fetus.", "PMID": 516435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11323", "title": "[Impact on the state of health of lambs fed large amounts of concentrated fodder].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with a total of 18 male lambs at the age of 5 months, included in three groups. The test period lasted 150 days during which the animals of the first group were fed daily 1200-1500 g each of pelleted concentrates, those of the second group--1200, 1300, and 3000 g of wheat straw, and the lambs of the third one--800 and 1050 g of pelleted concentrates as well as 540-720 g of pelleted whole maize plants. It was found that continuous feeding with high amounts of concentrates produced unfavourable effects on the general status of the experimental animals. Hematologically, there was increase in the hemoglobin level, the erythrocyte count, and the leukocyte count. Biochemically, the calcium-and-phosphorus metabolism was disturbed, there was a drop of the Ca level and a rise of the phosphorus level of the blood. Morphologically, dystrophic and necrotic changes were observed in the liver, kidneys, heart, and forestomach. It was concluded that higher amounts of concentrates in the diet may cause a disease status with severe, generalized symptoms due to their defective, unablanced, and physiologically inappropriate feeding.", "contents": "[Impact on the state of health of lambs fed large amounts of concentrated fodder]. Experiments were carried out with a total of 18 male lambs at the age of 5 months, included in three groups. The test period lasted 150 days during which the animals of the first group were fed daily 1200-1500 g each of pelleted concentrates, those of the second group--1200, 1300, and 3000 g of wheat straw, and the lambs of the third one--800 and 1050 g of pelleted concentrates as well as 540-720 g of pelleted whole maize plants. It was found that continuous feeding with high amounts of concentrates produced unfavourable effects on the general status of the experimental animals. Hematologically, there was increase in the hemoglobin level, the erythrocyte count, and the leukocyte count. Biochemically, the calcium-and-phosphorus metabolism was disturbed, there was a drop of the Ca level and a rise of the phosphorus level of the blood. Morphologically, dystrophic and necrotic changes were observed in the liver, kidneys, heart, and forestomach. It was concluded that higher amounts of concentrates in the diet may cause a disease status with severe, generalized symptoms due to their defective, unablanced, and physiologically inappropriate feeding.", "PMID": 516436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11324", "title": "[Zoohygienic studies on the management of sows in ordinary stalls and in raised stalls].", "content": "Comparative zoohygiene studies were carried out on two types of industrial sow-raising technology that made use of common boxes and boxes the floor of which was lifted above the flooring on the premis in the winter season. It was found that raised boxes substantiated more favourable zoohygiene conditions for both sows and newborns. The latter were found to develop better, and the mortality rate was very low. The introduced ventilation system with the two types of technology, however, failed to guarantee the regular air exchange and the removal of injurious gases. Besides, when outside temperatures dropped below zero no optimal microclimate could be maintained within the houses for sows without using additional heating. Thirdly, with regard to their construction raised boxes were considered imperfect and did not meet the ergonomic and technologic requirements.", "contents": "[Zoohygienic studies on the management of sows in ordinary stalls and in raised stalls]. Comparative zoohygiene studies were carried out on two types of industrial sow-raising technology that made use of common boxes and boxes the floor of which was lifted above the flooring on the premis in the winter season. It was found that raised boxes substantiated more favourable zoohygiene conditions for both sows and newborns. The latter were found to develop better, and the mortality rate was very low. The introduced ventilation system with the two types of technology, however, failed to guarantee the regular air exchange and the removal of injurious gases. Besides, when outside temperatures dropped below zero no optimal microclimate could be maintained within the houses for sows without using additional heating. Thirdly, with regard to their construction raised boxes were considered imperfect and did not meet the ergonomic and technologic requirements.", "PMID": 516438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11325", "title": "[Serum enzymatic activity in acute injury to the renal parenchyma].", "content": "Studied was the activity of the serum enzymes LAP, CE, APh, SPh, and guanase as well as the isoenzymes of the unspecific esterases and APh in guinea pigs treated with potassium bichromate. Morphologically and histopathologically, an acute injury of the kidney parenchyma was found, being in close correlation with the size of lesions and these enzymes' activity. The activity of APh, SPh, and CE rose, and that of LAP and guanase did not change. These enzymes proved to form an appropriate constallation the changes in which could reflect the functional status of the kidneys and substantiate the differential diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases.", "contents": "[Serum enzymatic activity in acute injury to the renal parenchyma]. Studied was the activity of the serum enzymes LAP, CE, APh, SPh, and guanase as well as the isoenzymes of the unspecific esterases and APh in guinea pigs treated with potassium bichromate. Morphologically and histopathologically, an acute injury of the kidney parenchyma was found, being in close correlation with the size of lesions and these enzymes' activity. The activity of APh, SPh, and CE rose, and that of LAP and guanase did not change. These enzymes proved to form an appropriate constallation the changes in which could reflect the functional status of the kidneys and substantiate the differential diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases.", "PMID": 516440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11326", "title": "[Bilirubin in the blood serum of clinically healthy cows and those ill with ketosis and hepatopathies].", "content": "Studied was the bilirubin equilibrium in 62 normal cows, 52 cows with clinical ketosis, 31 cows with diffuse liver injury, and 14 cows that went off food for five days. A moderate rise of the total bilirubin of mixed type was found in ketosis-affected cows. Statistically significant proved the changes in the free fraction, however, there were no persuasive data that they were due to superproduction of bilirubin. Changes in the total bilirubin similar to those in cows with ketosis were established also in cows subjected to starvation, substantiated by the adequate rise of the free and the bound fraction. The hyperbilirubinemia in cows with diffuse liver injuries was found to be of a mixed type, with a very clear transposition in the bilirubin fractions. The direct: indirect ratio of bilirubin in this case was higher than unit, and the percent participation of the indirect fraction was brought down to 42.5. Apparently, the symptoms of liver affections were beyond the frames of what was found in the cows with ketosis. With the use of tests for the demonstration of urobilin and urobilinogen in the urine no dependable idea could be found of the status of the pigment fraction in the liver of ketosis-affected cows or the fact that this fraction was involved to a considerable extent. Discussed is the possibility of linking the state of hyperbilirubinemia in cows with ketosis with some energy deficiency with regard to the plasma glucosis and the liver glycogen.", "contents": "[Bilirubin in the blood serum of clinically healthy cows and those ill with ketosis and hepatopathies]. Studied was the bilirubin equilibrium in 62 normal cows, 52 cows with clinical ketosis, 31 cows with diffuse liver injury, and 14 cows that went off food for five days. A moderate rise of the total bilirubin of mixed type was found in ketosis-affected cows. Statistically significant proved the changes in the free fraction, however, there were no persuasive data that they were due to superproduction of bilirubin. Changes in the total bilirubin similar to those in cows with ketosis were established also in cows subjected to starvation, substantiated by the adequate rise of the free and the bound fraction. The hyperbilirubinemia in cows with diffuse liver injuries was found to be of a mixed type, with a very clear transposition in the bilirubin fractions. The direct: indirect ratio of bilirubin in this case was higher than unit, and the percent participation of the indirect fraction was brought down to 42.5. Apparently, the symptoms of liver affections were beyond the frames of what was found in the cows with ketosis. With the use of tests for the demonstration of urobilin and urobilinogen in the urine no dependable idea could be found of the status of the pigment fraction in the liver of ketosis-affected cows or the fact that this fraction was involved to a considerable extent. Discussed is the possibility of linking the state of hyperbilirubinemia in cows with ketosis with some energy deficiency with regard to the plasma glucosis and the liver glycogen.", "PMID": 516442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11327", "title": "[Anaphylactogenic properties of Bulgarian gonadotropic preparations].", "content": "Laboratory and clinical studies were carried out to elucidate the anaphylactogenic qualities of the Bulgarian goinadotropic preparations PMS (an untreated and a freeze-dried formula), gravohormone, and luteoziman. Comparatively was assessed the sensitivity of three methods employed in the routine determination of drug anaphylactogenicity. One of them is the author's personal modification of a pharmacopeia method (U. S. P. XVII)--sensibilizing doses were introduced in guinea pigs subcutaneously, once daily, in the course of three days at 3-day intervals. The resolution dose was applied intraperitoneally on the 10th day following the last sensibilizing dose. The manifestation of anaphylaxia were recorded immediately after the introduction of the resolution dose or two hours later (at the very latest). Studies revealed that the preparations tested had no equal anaphylactic properties. In guinea pigs, sheep, and cattle PMS induced allergic reactions in 50 per cent of the examined series. In these animals both gravohormone and luteoziman did not generate such response. Suggested is the use of a U. S. P. XVII modified method (as cited above) to determine the anaphylactogenicity of gonadotropic preparations; it makes it possible to qualify such preparations for a shorter time. The new modification is readily applicable at a production control basis.", "contents": "[Anaphylactogenic properties of Bulgarian gonadotropic preparations]. Laboratory and clinical studies were carried out to elucidate the anaphylactogenic qualities of the Bulgarian goinadotropic preparations PMS (an untreated and a freeze-dried formula), gravohormone, and luteoziman. Comparatively was assessed the sensitivity of three methods employed in the routine determination of drug anaphylactogenicity. One of them is the author's personal modification of a pharmacopeia method (U. S. P. XVII)--sensibilizing doses were introduced in guinea pigs subcutaneously, once daily, in the course of three days at 3-day intervals. The resolution dose was applied intraperitoneally on the 10th day following the last sensibilizing dose. The manifestation of anaphylaxia were recorded immediately after the introduction of the resolution dose or two hours later (at the very latest). Studies revealed that the preparations tested had no equal anaphylactic properties. In guinea pigs, sheep, and cattle PMS induced allergic reactions in 50 per cent of the examined series. In these animals both gravohormone and luteoziman did not generate such response. Suggested is the use of a U. S. P. XVII modified method (as cited above) to determine the anaphylactogenicity of gonadotropic preparations; it makes it possible to qualify such preparations for a shorter time. The new modification is readily applicable at a production control basis.", "PMID": 516443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11328", "title": "[Comparative clinical, bacteriological and pathohistological studies of the sex organs of infertile cows].", "content": "Investigations were performed with materials from 39 cows divided into two groups: I -- internal sexual organs of 29 cows slaughtered because of infertility; and II -- biopsy material from 10 cows that showed symptomies sterility. The same material was studied microbiologically and histopathologically by routine methods. The material was taken from the cervix, the uterus, and the horns. Bacteriologically, the presence was established of Str. uberis. E. coli, Str. dysgalactiae, Staph. et albus et citreus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Str. agalactiae, Candida albicans, Clostridium sp., and others. Organisms were also isolated from the genitalia of cows showing no clinical symptoms of endometritis. Histologically, the cervix of the animals in the 1st group presented necrobiosis of the glandular epithelium, and reticulohistiocytic proliferation. Most characteristic were the changes in the uterine corpus where stasis, oedema, low necrobiotic epithelium of the glands, and a surrounding reticulocytic proliferation with the presence of lymphocytes and plasmatic cells were observed. It was found that no direct correlation between the histologic changes, the microbiologic, and the clinic results.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical, bacteriological and pathohistological studies of the sex organs of infertile cows]. Investigations were performed with materials from 39 cows divided into two groups: I -- internal sexual organs of 29 cows slaughtered because of infertility; and II -- biopsy material from 10 cows that showed symptomies sterility. The same material was studied microbiologically and histopathologically by routine methods. The material was taken from the cervix, the uterus, and the horns. Bacteriologically, the presence was established of Str. uberis. E. coli, Str. dysgalactiae, Staph. et albus et citreus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Str. agalactiae, Candida albicans, Clostridium sp., and others. Organisms were also isolated from the genitalia of cows showing no clinical symptoms of endometritis. Histologically, the cervix of the animals in the 1st group presented necrobiosis of the glandular epithelium, and reticulohistiocytic proliferation. Most characteristic were the changes in the uterine corpus where stasis, oedema, low necrobiotic epithelium of the glands, and a surrounding reticulocytic proliferation with the presence of lymphocytes and plasmatic cells were observed. It was found that no direct correlation between the histologic changes, the microbiologic, and the clinic results.", "PMID": 516444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11329", "title": "[Encephalomalacia in partridges, quails and pheasants raised in warrens].", "content": "With the introduction of industrial methods of breeding game animals, resp., birds in confinement some new diseases have arisen, such as encephalomalacia. Due to its peculiar character this disease was first referred to as B-complex avitaminosis, respective therapeutic measures being taken. Recent studies have ruled out avitaminosis, and the disease is now confirmed as encephalomalacia. In the case of partridges, rock partridges, and pheasants some drop was found of the levels of vitamin E and selenium. Accordingly, vitamtin E and selenium therapy produced a rapid curative effect.", "contents": "[Encephalomalacia in partridges, quails and pheasants raised in warrens]. With the introduction of industrial methods of breeding game animals, resp., birds in confinement some new diseases have arisen, such as encephalomalacia. Due to its peculiar character this disease was first referred to as B-complex avitaminosis, respective therapeutic measures being taken. Recent studies have ruled out avitaminosis, and the disease is now confirmed as encephalomalacia. In the case of partridges, rock partridges, and pheasants some drop was found of the levels of vitamin E and selenium. Accordingly, vitamtin E and selenium therapy produced a rapid curative effect.", "PMID": 516445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11330", "title": "[alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity in rabbit organs and tissues in various endocrine disorders].", "content": "Activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDG) from rabbit tissues was distinctly decreased in hypothyroidism and increased in hyperthyroidism. In alloxane diabetes and after administration of high doses of insulin the GPDG activity, and especially the activity of its mitochondrial form, was markedly decreased in kidney and heart tissues; it was unaltered or slightly increased in liver tissue and sceletal muscles, as compared with control. The hormonal regulation of the GPDG activity is a complicated process, in which are involved not only the hormones of thyroid gland but also hormones of other endocrine glands.", "contents": "[alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity in rabbit organs and tissues in various endocrine disorders]. Activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDG) from rabbit tissues was distinctly decreased in hypothyroidism and increased in hyperthyroidism. In alloxane diabetes and after administration of high doses of insulin the GPDG activity, and especially the activity of its mitochondrial form, was markedly decreased in kidney and heart tissues; it was unaltered or slightly increased in liver tissue and sceletal muscles, as compared with control. The hormonal regulation of the GPDG activity is a complicated process, in which are involved not only the hormones of thyroid gland but also hormones of other endocrine glands.", "PMID": 516528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11331", "title": "[Effect of cooling on liver phospholipids].", "content": "Phospholipid composition of rat liver tissue was distinctly altered in cooling. Single-term cooling caused a decrease in content of phosphatidic acids, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl diethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine but it increased the sphingomyelin level. Content of phosphatidyl choline and of lysolecithins was markedly decreased in short-term cooling. Prolonged cooling was accompanied by an increase in content of all the phospholipid fractions except of phosphatidyl choline. Appearance of monophosphoinositide in the phospholipid spectrum under all the conditions studied reflect the response of the organism to a stressing influence of cooling.", "contents": "[Effect of cooling on liver phospholipids]. Phospholipid composition of rat liver tissue was distinctly altered in cooling. Single-term cooling caused a decrease in content of phosphatidic acids, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl diethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine but it increased the sphingomyelin level. Content of phosphatidyl choline and of lysolecithins was markedly decreased in short-term cooling. Prolonged cooling was accompanied by an increase in content of all the phospholipid fractions except of phosphatidyl choline. Appearance of monophosphoinositide in the phospholipid spectrum under all the conditions studied reflect the response of the organism to a stressing influence of cooling.", "PMID": 516527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11332", "title": "[Enzymatic activity in the enterolysed portions of the human gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and the effect of bile].", "content": "Activities of lactate dehydrogenase /LDH/, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase /G6PD/, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase as well as content of lactic acid were studied in enterolysed parts of gastric mucose and in normal mucose. The LDH activity and content of lactic acid were decreased in the enterolysed mucose. As compared with normal mucose the activity of G6PD was increased 3-fold, activities of alkaline phosphatase and of glutamine-alanine transaminases were increased 1.5-2-fold in the mucose regions with metaplasia. In vitro glycocholic acid and products of duodenal secretion inhibited distinctly G6PD and LDH within 10 min of incubation; maximal activity of G6PD was observed within 20 min, after addition of cholic acid the enzyme was completely inactivated within 30 min. Under these conditions the activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased within 10 min and returned up to the initial level within the subsequent periods.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity in the enterolysed portions of the human gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and the effect of bile]. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase /LDH/, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase /G6PD/, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase as well as content of lactic acid were studied in enterolysed parts of gastric mucose and in normal mucose. The LDH activity and content of lactic acid were decreased in the enterolysed mucose. As compared with normal mucose the activity of G6PD was increased 3-fold, activities of alkaline phosphatase and of glutamine-alanine transaminases were increased 1.5-2-fold in the mucose regions with metaplasia. In vitro glycocholic acid and products of duodenal secretion inhibited distinctly G6PD and LDH within 10 min of incubation; maximal activity of G6PD was observed within 20 min, after addition of cholic acid the enzyme was completely inactivated within 30 min. Under these conditions the activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased within 10 min and returned up to the initial level within the subsequent periods.", "PMID": 516530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11333", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase activity in the blood of neurological oncologic patients preoperatively and in the dynamics of the postoperative period].", "content": "Brain benign tumors /hypophyseal adenoma, meningeoma/ caused definite effects on the enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway in blood of patients. Distinct decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase /G6PD/ activity was observed in erythrocytes of patients with adenoma of hypophysis as compared with a control group; transketolase /TK/ activity was unaltered. In blood of patients with brain meningeomas the G6PD was activated by 8% and TK - by 36%. Within the first day after resection of the tumors activity of the enzymes was distinctly increased; it remained markedly higher than the enzymatic activity before the operation within all the periods studied /5-7 days and 10-15 days after the operation/.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase activity in the blood of neurological oncologic patients preoperatively and in the dynamics of the postoperative period]. Brain benign tumors /hypophyseal adenoma, meningeoma/ caused definite effects on the enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway in blood of patients. Distinct decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase /G6PD/ activity was observed in erythrocytes of patients with adenoma of hypophysis as compared with a control group; transketolase /TK/ activity was unaltered. In blood of patients with brain meningeomas the G6PD was activated by 8% and TK - by 36%. Within the first day after resection of the tumors activity of the enzymes was distinctly increased; it remained markedly higher than the enzymatic activity before the operation within all the periods studied /5-7 days and 10-15 days after the operation/.", "PMID": 516529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11334", "title": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the enzymatic activity of phospholipid biosynthesis and breakdown in burn injury].", "content": "Burns affected the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate /L-alpha-GP/ in rats; its level was reduced within 15 days after burns. Phasic changes in L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glycerokinase activities in liver and brain tissues and phospholipase A in blood were also observed. Intraperitoneal administration of alpha-tocopheryl acetate into rats subjected to burns abolished the decrease in content of L-alpha-GP although the activity of the drug varied within this 15 day period. In brain the activity of these enzymes was increased 2-3-fold. The data obtained are in good agreement with those published previously and indicating loss of phospholipids in liver and brain tissus following burns.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the enzymatic activity of phospholipid biosynthesis and breakdown in burn injury]. Burns affected the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate /L-alpha-GP/ in rats; its level was reduced within 15 days after burns. Phasic changes in L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glycerokinase activities in liver and brain tissues and phospholipase A in blood were also observed. Intraperitoneal administration of alpha-tocopheryl acetate into rats subjected to burns abolished the decrease in content of L-alpha-GP although the activity of the drug varied within this 15 day period. In brain the activity of these enzymes was increased 2-3-fold. The data obtained are in good agreement with those published previously and indicating loss of phospholipids in liver and brain tissus following burns.", "PMID": 516532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11335", "title": "[Blood serum enzymes in assessing the nature of the liver lesion and the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic actions in acrylonitrile poisoning].", "content": "After intraperitoneal administration of acrylonitrile into rats, fructose monophosphate aldolase was found in blood serum, activity of butyryl cholinesterase was inhibited but activity of alkaline phosphatase was unaltered in rat blood serum; these data demonstrate the necro-bystrophic type impairment. Decrease in the hepatotoxic effect of acrylonitrile after preadministration of antioxidants appears to be a result of stimulation of lipid peroxidation, preventing the toxic effect of this industrially important substance.", "contents": "[Blood serum enzymes in assessing the nature of the liver lesion and the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic actions in acrylonitrile poisoning]. After intraperitoneal administration of acrylonitrile into rats, fructose monophosphate aldolase was found in blood serum, activity of butyryl cholinesterase was inhibited but activity of alkaline phosphatase was unaltered in rat blood serum; these data demonstrate the necro-bystrophic type impairment. Decrease in the hepatotoxic effect of acrylonitrile after preadministration of antioxidants appears to be a result of stimulation of lipid peroxidation, preventing the toxic effect of this industrially important substance.", "PMID": 516533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11336", "title": "[Characteristics of the molecular diversities of human and rat aldolase via starch and agar gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Content of aldolase isoenzymes was reinvestigated in human and rat tissues by means of agar and starch gel electrophoresis. Heterogeneity of the A type aldolase is established and possible causes of formation of the multiple forms of the enzyme are discussed. The ratio of various fractions of aldolase A was different in erythrocytes of newborn and aldult persons. The patterns of the aldolase isozyme spectra were characterized in blood sera of newborns, in acute hepatitis and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the molecular diversities of human and rat aldolase via starch and agar gel electrophoresis]. Content of aldolase isoenzymes was reinvestigated in human and rat tissues by means of agar and starch gel electrophoresis. Heterogeneity of the A type aldolase is established and possible causes of formation of the multiple forms of the enzyme are discussed. The ratio of various fractions of aldolase A was different in erythrocytes of newborn and aldult persons. The patterns of the aldolase isozyme spectra were characterized in blood sera of newborns, in acute hepatitis and myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 516534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11337", "title": "[Coordination of the main and reutilization pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis in the lymphocytes in leukemia].", "content": "Coordination of these two pathways of nucleotide synthesis in leukocytes under chronic lympholeukosis was studied using incorporation of 14C-orotic acid and 14C-uridine into uridine mono-, di- and triphosphates and also into RNA. Simultaneously, activity of the key enzymes, participating in metabolism of orotic acid and of uridine, was measured: OMP-pyrophosphorylase /EC 2.4.2.10, orotidine-5'-phosphate: purophosphate phosphorybosyl transferase/ and uridine kinase /EC 2.7.1.48, ATP: uridine-5'-phosphotransferase/. The reutilizational pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was distinctly activated. At the same time there was only a slight increase in the main pathway of their synthesis in lymphocytes in leukemic form of cronic lympholeukosis. Activities of OMP-pyrophosphorylase and uridine kinase were increased by 30%. An impairment in the coordination of the rates of both pathways of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was related to inhibition of OMP-pyrophosphorylase caused by and increase in uridine nucleotide pool.", "contents": "[Coordination of the main and reutilization pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis in the lymphocytes in leukemia]. Coordination of these two pathways of nucleotide synthesis in leukocytes under chronic lympholeukosis was studied using incorporation of 14C-orotic acid and 14C-uridine into uridine mono-, di- and triphosphates and also into RNA. Simultaneously, activity of the key enzymes, participating in metabolism of orotic acid and of uridine, was measured: OMP-pyrophosphorylase /EC 2.4.2.10, orotidine-5'-phosphate: purophosphate phosphorybosyl transferase/ and uridine kinase /EC 2.7.1.48, ATP: uridine-5'-phosphotransferase/. The reutilizational pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was distinctly activated. At the same time there was only a slight increase in the main pathway of their synthesis in lymphocytes in leukemic form of cronic lympholeukosis. Activities of OMP-pyrophosphorylase and uridine kinase were increased by 30%. An impairment in the coordination of the rates of both pathways of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was related to inhibition of OMP-pyrophosphorylase caused by and increase in uridine nucleotide pool.", "PMID": 516531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11338", "title": "[Biogenic amine deamination in experimental tuberculosis].", "content": "Stimulation of lipid peroxidation /increase in content of conjugated dienes and of malone dialdehyde/, which was prevented by administration of isoniazid or sodium thiosulphate, was detected in mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue obtained from rats with tuberculosis of lungs. At the same time, in the mitochondrial fraction a significant decrease in tyramine and serotonin deamination rates and an increase in histamine, lysine and putrescine deamination rates were observed. The altered ratio of the deamination rates of the nitrogenous compounds may be prevented by administration of isoniazid and sodium thiosulphate into the animals. A hypothesis is discussed on the possible significance of qualitative alteration /transformation/ in catalytic properties of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase induced by the stimulation of lipid peroxidation as a cause underlying the reversible impairments in ratios of rates of the nitrogenous compounds deamination in tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Biogenic amine deamination in experimental tuberculosis]. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation /increase in content of conjugated dienes and of malone dialdehyde/, which was prevented by administration of isoniazid or sodium thiosulphate, was detected in mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue obtained from rats with tuberculosis of lungs. At the same time, in the mitochondrial fraction a significant decrease in tyramine and serotonin deamination rates and an increase in histamine, lysine and putrescine deamination rates were observed. The altered ratio of the deamination rates of the nitrogenous compounds may be prevented by administration of isoniazid and sodium thiosulphate into the animals. A hypothesis is discussed on the possible significance of qualitative alteration /transformation/ in catalytic properties of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase induced by the stimulation of lipid peroxidation as a cause underlying the reversible impairments in ratios of rates of the nitrogenous compounds deamination in tuberculosis.", "PMID": 516536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11339", "title": "[Mechanism of the change in energy and electrolyte metabolism in the respiratory musculature in experimental botulism].", "content": "Distinct decrease in concentrations of creatine phosphate and K+ was observed in various respiratory muscles of cat in generalized botulism, accompanied by the syndrom of asphyxia. Content of glycogen and Na+ was unaltered in these cases. In local botulinic paralysis concentrations of creatine phosphate, glycogen and K+ were decreased in the respiratory muscles. Accumulation of Na+ was observed in diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Content of K+ and creatine phosphate was partially restored in respiratory muscles after intraperitoneal administration of guanidine HCl/50 mg/kg of body weight/.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the change in energy and electrolyte metabolism in the respiratory musculature in experimental botulism]. Distinct decrease in concentrations of creatine phosphate and K+ was observed in various respiratory muscles of cat in generalized botulism, accompanied by the syndrom of asphyxia. Content of glycogen and Na+ was unaltered in these cases. In local botulinic paralysis concentrations of creatine phosphate, glycogen and K+ were decreased in the respiratory muscles. Accumulation of Na+ was observed in diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Content of K+ and creatine phosphate was partially restored in respiratory muscles after intraperitoneal administration of guanidine HCl/50 mg/kg of body weight/.", "PMID": 516537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11340", "title": "[Content of biological oxidation metabolites in the blood and urine of peptic ulcer patients].", "content": "Content of pyruvic, lactic, citric, acetic, oxaloacetic acids in blood as well as excretion of pyruvic acid with urine were studied in patients with ulcer, chronic gastritis, carcinoma of the stomach and in healthy persons. Concentrations of pyruvic and lactic acids in blood as well as excretion of pyruvic acid with urine were increased in the patients during acute periods of ulcerous disease, chronic gastritis and in carcinoma of the stomach. Level of citric acid was decreased in blood in ulcerous disease and increased in chronic gastritis and, especially, in the carcinoma. During acute period of ulcerous disease concentration of acetic acid was decreased in blood. Content of oxaloacetic acid was similar both in healthy persons and in patients with the disease. The data obtained suggest that oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is inhibited in patients with ulcerous disease.", "contents": "[Content of biological oxidation metabolites in the blood and urine of peptic ulcer patients]. Content of pyruvic, lactic, citric, acetic, oxaloacetic acids in blood as well as excretion of pyruvic acid with urine were studied in patients with ulcer, chronic gastritis, carcinoma of the stomach and in healthy persons. Concentrations of pyruvic and lactic acids in blood as well as excretion of pyruvic acid with urine were increased in the patients during acute periods of ulcerous disease, chronic gastritis and in carcinoma of the stomach. Level of citric acid was decreased in blood in ulcerous disease and increased in chronic gastritis and, especially, in the carcinoma. During acute period of ulcerous disease concentration of acetic acid was decreased in blood. Content of oxaloacetic acid was similar both in healthy persons and in patients with the disease. The data obtained suggest that oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is inhibited in patients with ulcerous disease.", "PMID": 516538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11341", "title": "[Isolation of cathepsin D from the aorta using pepstatin sepharose].", "content": "Affinity chromatography on pepstatin-Sepharose was used for isolation of cathepsin D from pig aorta. The enzyme was purified 800-fold. The proteolytic activity of cathepsin D was completely inhibited by pepstatin, suggesting that there were no other proteinases in the enzyme preparation obtained.", "contents": "[Isolation of cathepsin D from the aorta using pepstatin sepharose]. Affinity chromatography on pepstatin-Sepharose was used for isolation of cathepsin D from pig aorta. The enzyme was purified 800-fold. The proteolytic activity of cathepsin D was completely inhibited by pepstatin, suggesting that there were no other proteinases in the enzyme preparation obtained.", "PMID": 516535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11342", "title": "[mRNA breakdown in tumor cells in vivo under cycloheximide protein synthesis inhibition].", "content": "Amoung of prelabelled mRNA was unaltered in Zajhdel ascites hepatoma of rat cells within 3.5-4 hrs under conditions of treatment with actinomycin D. Due to combined effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide the content of mRNA in the hepatoma cells was rapidly decreased. Degradation of mRNA occurred in membrane-bound polyribosomes, free polyribosomes and in cytoplasmic mRNP-particles /informosomes/ as a result of the effect of cycloheximide. Simultaneously with these phenomena, distinct increase in activity of acid and alkaline RNAases was observed in cytoplasma of the hepatoma cells; activity of endoRNAase from membrane-bound and free polyribosomes of the hepatoma was also markedly increased. Cycloheximide did not affect the activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase in polyribosomes of the hepatoma cells. Labile proteins, responsible for inhibition of RNAses appeart to participate in regulation of mRNA stability in malignant cells.", "contents": "[mRNA breakdown in tumor cells in vivo under cycloheximide protein synthesis inhibition]. Amoung of prelabelled mRNA was unaltered in Zajhdel ascites hepatoma of rat cells within 3.5-4 hrs under conditions of treatment with actinomycin D. Due to combined effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide the content of mRNA in the hepatoma cells was rapidly decreased. Degradation of mRNA occurred in membrane-bound polyribosomes, free polyribosomes and in cytoplasmic mRNP-particles /informosomes/ as a result of the effect of cycloheximide. Simultaneously with these phenomena, distinct increase in activity of acid and alkaline RNAases was observed in cytoplasma of the hepatoma cells; activity of endoRNAase from membrane-bound and free polyribosomes of the hepatoma was also markedly increased. Cycloheximide did not affect the activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase in polyribosomes of the hepatoma cells. Labile proteins, responsible for inhibition of RNAses appeart to participate in regulation of mRNA stability in malignant cells.", "PMID": 516539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11343", "title": "[Effect of D,L-malic acid dibenzylhydrazide on changes in the antioxidizing activity of lipids and monoamine oxidase activity in mouse organs].", "content": "Administration of dibenzylhydracide of D,L-malic acid (inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) into animals caused not only inhibition but also transformation of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity, which acquired the property to deaminate histamine. Effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor on the antioxidative activity of lipids from mouse liver and brain tissues was studied. Effect of the dose administered and of the period of its action after administration were characterized. Influence of the inhibitor on oxidation of methyloleate was also studied in a model system. The data obtained suggest that the transformation-producing effect of the substance was not related to its immudiate action on the enzyme molecule but was apparently due to its influence on the intensity of lipid peroxidation in membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of D,L-malic acid dibenzylhydrazide on changes in the antioxidizing activity of lipids and monoamine oxidase activity in mouse organs]. Administration of dibenzylhydracide of D,L-malic acid (inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) into animals caused not only inhibition but also transformation of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity, which acquired the property to deaminate histamine. Effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor on the antioxidative activity of lipids from mouse liver and brain tissues was studied. Effect of the dose administered and of the period of its action after administration were characterized. Influence of the inhibitor on oxidation of methyloleate was also studied in a model system. The data obtained suggest that the transformation-producing effect of the substance was not related to its immudiate action on the enzyme molecule but was apparently due to its influence on the intensity of lipid peroxidation in membranes.", "PMID": 516540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11344", "title": "[Modification of a method of determining 15N in biological material].", "content": "A method is described for preparation of nitrogen samples and estimation of 15N concentration in free amino acids and urea, isolated from heart muscle, using mass-spectometric analysis. Components of the tissue extracts were separated at the preparative scale; amino acids and urea were desalted by means of ion exchange chromatography. CHN-analyzer was used to measure content of nitrogen in urea and amino acids. The method required about 100 micrograms of nitrogen for the isotope analysis.", "contents": "[Modification of a method of determining 15N in biological material]. A method is described for preparation of nitrogen samples and estimation of 15N concentration in free amino acids and urea, isolated from heart muscle, using mass-spectometric analysis. Components of the tissue extracts were separated at the preparative scale; amino acids and urea were desalted by means of ion exchange chromatography. CHN-analyzer was used to measure content of nitrogen in urea and amino acids. The method required about 100 micrograms of nitrogen for the isotope analysis.", "PMID": 516541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11345", "title": "[Morphological changes in the human thymus in cancer].", "content": "Morphohistochemical and morphometric assays of the thymus from 40 persons, died as a result of cancer of various localizations, demonstrated a reliable diminishing in size of Hassell's corpuscles, the constant presence of blast thymocytes, an increased  content of PAS-positive cells, reticuloepithelial dystrophy. Under lymphogenic metastasization and adrenal metastases the thymus may also increase its bulk. Some alternative changes in the thymus when involved by metastases are described.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the human thymus in cancer]. Morphohistochemical and morphometric assays of the thymus from 40 persons, died as a result of cancer of various localizations, demonstrated a reliable diminishing in size of Hassell's corpuscles, the constant presence of blast thymocytes, an increased  content of PAS-positive cells, reticuloepithelial dystrophy. Under lymphogenic metastasization and adrenal metastases the thymus may also increase its bulk. Some alternative changes in the thymus when involved by metastases are described.", "PMID": 516558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11346", "title": "[Bone marrow cellular makeup in stomach cancer].", "content": "The sternal and spinal bone marrow was studied in 32 patients, died at the age of 50--60 as a result of gastric cancer with different degree of differentiation and metastatic spread. Myelograms showed a reduced percentage of cells of the myeloid and erythroid series. With up to 3-year duration of the disease the amount of plasmocytes and lymphocytes in the bone marrow is regularly increased. With longer duration of the lesion lymphocytes were predominating. Such changes seem to indicate the stress status of the humoral and cell mechanisms of antitumor immunity.", "contents": "[Bone marrow cellular makeup in stomach cancer]. The sternal and spinal bone marrow was studied in 32 patients, died at the age of 50--60 as a result of gastric cancer with different degree of differentiation and metastatic spread. Myelograms showed a reduced percentage of cells of the myeloid and erythroid series. With up to 3-year duration of the disease the amount of plasmocytes and lymphocytes in the bone marrow is regularly increased. With longer duration of the lesion lymphocytes were predominating. Such changes seem to indicate the stress status of the humoral and cell mechanisms of antitumor immunity.", "PMID": 516559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11347", "title": "[Cancer of the gallbladder].", "content": "Clinical observations in 25 patients with cancer of the gallbladder are described. Tumor of this localization, as a rule, is characterized by a latent course with symptoms of cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, manifested by jaundice and signs of neoplasia only ar later stages. Special attention is given to a frequent association of gallbladder cancer with an acute inflammatory process. The prophylaxis against gallbladder cancer is early surgery for cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Cancer of the gallbladder]. Clinical observations in 25 patients with cancer of the gallbladder are described. Tumor of this localization, as a rule, is characterized by a latent course with symptoms of cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, manifested by jaundice and signs of neoplasia only ar later stages. Special attention is given to a frequent association of gallbladder cancer with an acute inflammatory process. The prophylaxis against gallbladder cancer is early surgery for cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 516560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11348", "title": "[Antigens in the blood serum in pancreatic cancer].", "content": "Blood serum from patients with cancer of the pancreas and from human controls was studied for the presence of antigenic components of the pancreas by using rabbit immunosera against the whole extract of the pancreas and its fractions, obtained through Sephadex G-200. By the reaction of precipitation in agar the pancreatic antigen was found in 18 of 21 patients with cancer of the pancreas, and in 7 of 40 patients with malignant tumors of other localizations, especially frequently in cancer of the intestine (in 5 of 15 cases). In aggravated pancreatitic the antigen was revealed in an acute period of the disease in 85% of cases, but it would disappear in blood at the 2--3d week of the lesion. In pancreatic cancer the first anode fractions were most frequently observed, which were seldom revealed in an inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Antigens in the blood serum in pancreatic cancer]. Blood serum from patients with cancer of the pancreas and from human controls was studied for the presence of antigenic components of the pancreas by using rabbit immunosera against the whole extract of the pancreas and its fractions, obtained through Sephadex G-200. By the reaction of precipitation in agar the pancreatic antigen was found in 18 of 21 patients with cancer of the pancreas, and in 7 of 40 patients with malignant tumors of other localizations, especially frequently in cancer of the intestine (in 5 of 15 cases). In aggravated pancreatitic the antigen was revealed in an acute period of the disease in 85% of cases, but it would disappear in blood at the 2--3d week of the lesion. In pancreatic cancer the first anode fractions were most frequently observed, which were seldom revealed in an inflammatory process.", "PMID": 516561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11349", "title": "[Quantitative histochemical determination of protein sulfhydryl groups in the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and cancer].", "content": "Cytophotometric quantitative studies were made on the concentration and total amount of protein sylfhydrile groups in the gastric mucosa in different forms of cancer (30) and ulcerous disease (26) on resected stomach specimens. The analysis has demonstrated that the epithelial cells both in the ulcer zone and in cancerous tumor show the increased concentration and total amount of SH-groups. The histograms obtained indicated that in malignant tumor cells there occurs a shift of \"the baseline\" one class to the right. Changes in the content of SH-groups in the cells is likely to be one of the conditions for metabolic disturbances responsible for alterations in the division of cells and their carcinogenic transformation.", "contents": "[Quantitative histochemical determination of protein sulfhydryl groups in the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and cancer]. Cytophotometric quantitative studies were made on the concentration and total amount of protein sylfhydrile groups in the gastric mucosa in different forms of cancer (30) and ulcerous disease (26) on resected stomach specimens. The analysis has demonstrated that the epithelial cells both in the ulcer zone and in cancerous tumor show the increased concentration and total amount of SH-groups. The histograms obtained indicated that in malignant tumor cells there occurs a shift of \"the baseline\" one class to the right. Changes in the content of SH-groups in the cells is likely to be one of the conditions for metabolic disturbances responsible for alterations in the division of cells and their carcinogenic transformation.", "PMID": 516562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11350", "title": "[Mitotic regime and the DNA content in pancreatic anaplastic cancer cells].", "content": "The author reports the numerical data of studies on the mitotic regime and the DNA content in cells of different (round cell, spindle cell and polymorphocellular) forms of anaplastic cancer of the pancreas. Each of these forms in shown to be characterized by the definite cytospectrophotometric and mitotic pattern, which together with the process spread taken into account may be used for prognosticating this lesion.", "contents": "[Mitotic regime and the DNA content in pancreatic anaplastic cancer cells]. The author reports the numerical data of studies on the mitotic regime and the DNA content in cells of different (round cell, spindle cell and polymorphocellular) forms of anaplastic cancer of the pancreas. Each of these forms in shown to be characterized by the definite cytospectrophotometric and mitotic pattern, which together with the process spread taken into account may be used for prognosticating this lesion.", "PMID": 516563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11351", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of the intramural neural apparatus of the mesentery in neoplasms of the small and large intestines].", "content": "The author has studied the nervous elements of the mesentery in various tumors of the large and small intestine. Different structural alterations were found in all the components of the mesentery intramural nervous apparatus: nervous cells, the intracellular plexus, nervous fibres and receptor-structures in all kinds of neoplasms. Various impregnation technics, the Nissle method and routine coloring technics were employed. The variety in pattern of the revealed morphological alterations of the nervous elements and the rate of their involvement are found to be directly dependent on the tumor stage and form, duration of the lesion and the body responsiveness.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of the intramural neural apparatus of the mesentery in neoplasms of the small and large intestines]. The author has studied the nervous elements of the mesentery in various tumors of the large and small intestine. Different structural alterations were found in all the components of the mesentery intramural nervous apparatus: nervous cells, the intracellular plexus, nervous fibres and receptor-structures in all kinds of neoplasms. Various impregnation technics, the Nissle method and routine coloring technics were employed. The variety in pattern of the revealed morphological alterations of the nervous elements and the rate of their involvement are found to be directly dependent on the tumor stage and form, duration of the lesion and the body responsiveness.", "PMID": 516564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11352", "title": "[Allergenic and anaphylactoid properties of carcinostatic compounds of platinum].", "content": "Different effects of platinum salts on the organism were studied comparatively. The toxic effect was estimated by LD50; the carcinogenic one--by the action on Ehrlich ascites tumor; the anaphylactoid effect was evaluated by the degree of the arterial pressure fall, the development of bronchospasm and an increased blood histamine level in cats under intravenous injection of platinum salts. The sensitization action of platinum salts was assessed on guinea pigs. All these effects are found to be dependent on the salts chemical composition, and they are manifested in an independent route.", "contents": "[Allergenic and anaphylactoid properties of carcinostatic compounds of platinum]. Different effects of platinum salts on the organism were studied comparatively. The toxic effect was estimated by LD50; the carcinogenic one--by the action on Ehrlich ascites tumor; the anaphylactoid effect was evaluated by the degree of the arterial pressure fall, the development of bronchospasm and an increased blood histamine level in cats under intravenous injection of platinum salts. The sensitization action of platinum salts was assessed on guinea pigs. All these effects are found to be dependent on the salts chemical composition, and they are manifested in an independent route.", "PMID": 516565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11353", "title": "[Results of the combined chemotherapy of stage III and IV lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of the results of polychemotherapy: MOPP, CCNU+NMU schedule in 36 patients with generalized lymphogranulomatosis of stage IIIB and IVA,B. An experience with the associated chemotherapy has evidenced the effectiveness of this kind of treatment and the possibility to gain the complete remission approximately in 80% of patients.", "contents": "[Results of the combined chemotherapy of stage III and IV lymphogranulomatosis]. The authors present an analysis of the results of polychemotherapy: MOPP, CCNU+NMU schedule in 36 patients with generalized lymphogranulomatosis of stage IIIB and IVA,B. An experience with the associated chemotherapy has evidenced the effectiveness of this kind of treatment and the possibility to gain the complete remission approximately in 80% of patients.", "PMID": 516566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11354", "title": "[Chemotherapy of stomach cancer in an oncology office].", "content": "Up to date of the total number of gastric cancer patients, who referred to the polyclinic, only 13% were found to be curable, 27%--may be treated without any guarantee of success, while 60% of patients were incurable. Such patients were administered 5-fluorouracil under outpatient conditions. Totally, 38 patients were treated, 13 of them are now alive, 25--died. Our observations indicated that the treatment of patients in an oncological cabinet proves to be quite feasible, and the use of chemotherapy largely improve and prolong the survival of patients with far-advanced cancer.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of stomach cancer in an oncology office]. Up to date of the total number of gastric cancer patients, who referred to the polyclinic, only 13% were found to be curable, 27%--may be treated without any guarantee of success, while 60% of patients were incurable. Such patients were administered 5-fluorouracil under outpatient conditions. Totally, 38 patients were treated, 13 of them are now alive, 25--died. Our observations indicated that the treatment of patients in an oncological cabinet proves to be quite feasible, and the use of chemotherapy largely improve and prolong the survival of patients with far-advanced cancer.", "PMID": 516567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11355", "title": "[Effect of the endolymphatic administration of chemical preparations on the leukocyte motor activity in stomach cancer].", "content": "The results are reported on the effect of endolymphatic administration of large doses of 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate on the rate of motion and the coefficient of the motion activity of leucocytes in peripheral blood in 20 gastric cancer patients. The functional changes were found to precede quantitative shifts in leucocytes. Two weeks after termination of the chemotherapy the rate of leucocytes motion and CMA restored to the initial values.", "contents": "[Effect of the endolymphatic administration of chemical preparations on the leukocyte motor activity in stomach cancer]. The results are reported on the effect of endolymphatic administration of large doses of 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate on the rate of motion and the coefficient of the motion activity of leucocytes in peripheral blood in 20 gastric cancer patients. The functional changes were found to precede quantitative shifts in leucocytes. Two weeks after termination of the chemotherapy the rate of leucocytes motion and CMA restored to the initial values.", "PMID": 516568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11356", "title": "[Increase in the sensitivity threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting action of dexamethasone in the process of aging and in cervical cancer].", "content": "The basal level of the androgenic and glucocorticoid hormones excretion and the level of blood glucocorticoids were studied in 237 females (52--control group, 185--cervical cancer patients) depending on the age and the ovarian function state. Also, the threshold of sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal function complex was estimated by a dexametazone test. Healthy females were shown with progressive ageing to have a relative preponderance of glucocorticoid hormones over androgenous ones, which is also observed in cervical cancer irrespective of age group. With ageing in healthy females the threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex sensitivity is raised, whereas in cervical cancer patients an increased threshold of the sensitivity is observed in younger age groups and is more manifest. The increased threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex sensitivity seems to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of such unfavourable hormonal shift (a relative predominance of glucocorticoid hormones over androgenic ones), which in its turn play a significant part in tumors origination and development.", "contents": "[Increase in the sensitivity threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting action of dexamethasone in the process of aging and in cervical cancer]. The basal level of the androgenic and glucocorticoid hormones excretion and the level of blood glucocorticoids were studied in 237 females (52--control group, 185--cervical cancer patients) depending on the age and the ovarian function state. Also, the threshold of sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal function complex was estimated by a dexametazone test. Healthy females were shown with progressive ageing to have a relative preponderance of glucocorticoid hormones over androgenous ones, which is also observed in cervical cancer irrespective of age group. With ageing in healthy females the threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex sensitivity is raised, whereas in cervical cancer patients an increased threshold of the sensitivity is observed in younger age groups and is more manifest. The increased threshold of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex sensitivity seems to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of such unfavourable hormonal shift (a relative predominance of glucocorticoid hormones over androgenic ones), which in its turn play a significant part in tumors origination and development.", "PMID": 516569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11357", "title": "[Hormonal balance in ovarian tumors].", "content": "As a result of examining the urine excretion of 17-OCS, 17-KS, estrogens and the concentration of protein bound iodine and butanolextractable iodine in blood of patients with benign and malignant ovarian tumors, there were found some deviations from the normal hormonal balance in all these patients. These deviations were manifested in a delayed transformation of cortisol to cortisone, in a shifted androgeno-estrogenic balance toward estrogen active fractions, and in the reduced production of thyroid hormones. In ovarian cancer, however, these changes were manifested to a greater extent.", "contents": "[Hormonal balance in ovarian tumors]. As a result of examining the urine excretion of 17-OCS, 17-KS, estrogens and the concentration of protein bound iodine and butanolextractable iodine in blood of patients with benign and malignant ovarian tumors, there were found some deviations from the normal hormonal balance in all these patients. These deviations were manifested in a delayed transformation of cortisol to cortisone, in a shifted androgeno-estrogenic balance toward estrogen active fractions, and in the reduced production of thyroid hormones. In ovarian cancer, however, these changes were manifested to a greater extent.", "PMID": 516570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11358", "title": "[Functional activity of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in oncological patients].", "content": "Studies of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in patients with cancer of the lung, stomach, mammary gland have revealed similar changes, manifested in the increased TTH concentration with simultaneous fall in the T3 and T4 content with the resultant increase of TTH/T3 and TTJ/T4 coefficients. The changes observed are characteristic of oncological patients only and may be used for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Functional activity of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in oncological patients]. Studies of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in patients with cancer of the lung, stomach, mammary gland have revealed similar changes, manifested in the increased TTH concentration with simultaneous fall in the T3 and T4 content with the resultant increase of TTH/T3 and TTJ/T4 coefficients. The changes observed are characteristic of oncological patients only and may be used for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 516575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11359", "title": "[Various cellular immunity indices in patients with esophageal cancer].", "content": "It was found that 75.8% of patients with esophageal cancer respond positively to percutaneous injection of the antigen polysaccharid fraction. In patients with esophagitis the positive reaction was noted in 25% of cases. The rosette-forming capacity of lymphocytes is suppressed in 91.2% of patients with esophageal cancer. Chemoradiation treatment results in greater depression of the organism responsiveness than chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Various cellular immunity indices in patients with esophageal cancer]. It was found that 75.8% of patients with esophageal cancer respond positively to percutaneous injection of the antigen polysaccharid fraction. In patients with esophagitis the positive reaction was noted in 25% of cases. The rosette-forming capacity of lymphocytes is suppressed in 91.2% of patients with esophageal cancer. Chemoradiation treatment results in greater depression of the organism responsiveness than chemotherapy.", "PMID": 516576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11360", "title": "[Clinico-radiological features of incipient esophageal cancer].", "content": "One hundred and five patients with esophageal cancer were observed. A retrospective analysis has shown that clinico-radiological examination associated with fiberoptic esophagescopy failed to reveal any typical clinical manifestations of early esophageal cancer. The diagnosis at early stages of the disease is possible only with the aid of different method of roentgenological investigation (serial aimed roentgenograms and radiographs with direct enlargement of the image, polygrams and tomograms of the esophagus, parietography). The most typical roentgenologic sings of esophageal cancer are as follows: the filling defect, rigidity of esophageal walls, changes in the mucous membrane relief and the barium \"depot\". Fiberoptic esophagoscopy indicates the character of growth and histological structure of the tumor.", "contents": "[Clinico-radiological features of incipient esophageal cancer]. One hundred and five patients with esophageal cancer were observed. A retrospective analysis has shown that clinico-radiological examination associated with fiberoptic esophagescopy failed to reveal any typical clinical manifestations of early esophageal cancer. The diagnosis at early stages of the disease is possible only with the aid of different method of roentgenological investigation (serial aimed roentgenograms and radiographs with direct enlargement of the image, polygrams and tomograms of the esophagus, parietography). The most typical roentgenologic sings of esophageal cancer are as follows: the filling defect, rigidity of esophageal walls, changes in the mucous membrane relief and the barium \"depot\". Fiberoptic esophagoscopy indicates the character of growth and histological structure of the tumor.", "PMID": 516577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11361", "title": "[Various indices of cellular immunity in cancer and chronic diseases of the stomach].", "content": "In gastric cancer there was revealed a suppressed delayed allergy to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and failure of dermal macrophages to render depression in the zone of percutaneous phytohemagglutinin injection. The most unfavourable prognosis was noted in cancer patients non-responsive to DNCB.", "contents": "[Various indices of cellular immunity in cancer and chronic diseases of the stomach]. In gastric cancer there was revealed a suppressed delayed allergy to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and failure of dermal macrophages to render depression in the zone of percutaneous phytohemagglutinin injection. The most unfavourable prognosis was noted in cancer patients non-responsive to DNCB.", "PMID": 516578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11362", "title": "[Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in patients with metastatic testicular teratoblastoma].", "content": "In 41 patients with testicular teratoblastoma the cell-mediated immunity was studied by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Skin tests for DNCB, PPD, polysaccharide fractions of teratoblastoma and normal human embryonal antigens were made. The DNCB response is shown to correlate with the process spread and patients' survival.", "contents": "[Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in patients with metastatic testicular teratoblastoma]. In 41 patients with testicular teratoblastoma the cell-mediated immunity was studied by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Skin tests for DNCB, PPD, polysaccharide fractions of teratoblastoma and normal human embryonal antigens were made. The DNCB response is shown to correlate with the process spread and patients' survival.", "PMID": 516579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11363", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of branched cancer of the lung].", "content": "The data on 36 patients with branched cancer of the lung are reported, which made 0.8% of the total number of lung cancer patients. A detailed analysis of radiological manifestations of branched lung cancer, presented in the article, indicated that at early stages of the disease its diagnosis is especially difficult and must be based only on the results of bronchoscopy together with biopsy. Clinical signs, as a rule, are followed by radiological symptoms which make possible to establish a reliable diagnosis of branched lung cancer. Tomograms made in the typical bronchial planes of bronchograms yield the most valuable information.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of branched cancer of the lung]. The data on 36 patients with branched cancer of the lung are reported, which made 0.8% of the total number of lung cancer patients. A detailed analysis of radiological manifestations of branched lung cancer, presented in the article, indicated that at early stages of the disease its diagnosis is especially difficult and must be based only on the results of bronchoscopy together with biopsy. Clinical signs, as a rule, are followed by radiological symptoms which make possible to establish a reliable diagnosis of branched lung cancer. Tomograms made in the typical bronchial planes of bronchograms yield the most valuable information.", "PMID": 516580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11364", "title": "[Role of hemostasis in metastatic spread].", "content": "Blood fibrin being deposited around the circulating tumor cells seems to contribute to metastatic spread, thus enhancing the cell implantation. Whereas the same fibrin hampers cells detachment from a tumor node and their further dissemination in the organism. The anticoagulation blood system interfers with the fibrin formation, whereby inhibiting the cell implantation and metastatic spread, but is may also enhance them, contributing to detachment and dissemination of tumor cells. In this respect, to enhance the antimetastatic resistance of the body there must be a balanced interaction between the coagulation and anticoagulation blood systems with an unremoved tumor and the increased anticoagulation function after the tumor node resection especially in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Role of hemostasis in metastatic spread]. Blood fibrin being deposited around the circulating tumor cells seems to contribute to metastatic spread, thus enhancing the cell implantation. Whereas the same fibrin hampers cells detachment from a tumor node and their further dissemination in the organism. The anticoagulation blood system interfers with the fibrin formation, whereby inhibiting the cell implantation and metastatic spread, but is may also enhance them, contributing to detachment and dissemination of tumor cells. In this respect, to enhance the antimetastatic resistance of the body there must be a balanced interaction between the coagulation and anticoagulation blood systems with an unremoved tumor and the increased anticoagulation function after the tumor node resection especially in the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 516581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11365", "title": "[Kinetics of morphological and histochemical changes in the spleen under conditions of ovarian neoplasms developing in same and of administration of anticollagen serum].", "content": "Experimentally, on the Biskind model it was shown that the development of ovarian tumors transplanted into the spleen is proceded by a progressive reduction in the amount of active splenic cell elements, containing serotonin and hydrolytic enzymes, and by the increased changes in the structure and chemical composition of non-cellular elements of its connective tissue framework with catecholamines accumulated in the latter and the remaining cells. The injection of anticollagen serum (ACS) would increase the terms of tumors arising with the resultant predominance of their benign forms.", "contents": "[Kinetics of morphological and histochemical changes in the spleen under conditions of ovarian neoplasms developing in same and of administration of anticollagen serum]. Experimentally, on the Biskind model it was shown that the development of ovarian tumors transplanted into the spleen is proceded by a progressive reduction in the amount of active splenic cell elements, containing serotonin and hydrolytic enzymes, and by the increased changes in the structure and chemical composition of non-cellular elements of its connective tissue framework with catecholamines accumulated in the latter and the remaining cells. The injection of anticollagen serum (ACS) would increase the terms of tumors arising with the resultant predominance of their benign forms.", "PMID": 516582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11366", "title": "[Changes in lysozyme activity in the blood and organs of white rats exposed to cyclophosphane].", "content": "The lysozyme activity was estimated in the tissue and organs of white non-inbred rats. Cyclophosphane was injected trice intramuscularly in a single dose of 40 mg/kg of weight with a 4-day interval. The lysozyme activity was studied by a diffusion method in agar. The level of the enzyme was found to rise in the lung, blood serum, leucocytes and spleen. The most pronounced changes were noted 24 hours following its administration. Increased lysozyme activity may cause the enhanced digestive function of leucocytes and bactericidal properties of blood serum.", "contents": "[Changes in lysozyme activity in the blood and organs of white rats exposed to cyclophosphane]. The lysozyme activity was estimated in the tissue and organs of white non-inbred rats. Cyclophosphane was injected trice intramuscularly in a single dose of 40 mg/kg of weight with a 4-day interval. The lysozyme activity was studied by a diffusion method in agar. The level of the enzyme was found to rise in the lung, blood serum, leucocytes and spleen. The most pronounced changes were noted 24 hours following its administration. Increased lysozyme activity may cause the enhanced digestive function of leucocytes and bactericidal properties of blood serum.", "PMID": 516583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11367", "title": "[Combination therapy of patients with cancer of the osphagus and stomach].", "content": "The experience with the treatment of 139 patients suffering cancer of the esophagus and stomach indicated that preoperative irradiation (3000-4500 rad) improves considerably late results of the treatment.", "contents": "[Combination therapy of patients with cancer of the osphagus and stomach]. The experience with the treatment of 139 patients suffering cancer of the esophagus and stomach indicated that preoperative irradiation (3000-4500 rad) improves considerably late results of the treatment.", "PMID": 516584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11368", "title": "[Causes for refusing surgical treatment among gastric cancer patients].", "content": "The data on 26 gastric cancer patients who refused to be treated at different Moscow City hospitals are reported. A questionnaire method was employed to study the cause of such refusals. Some practical recommendations are given to reduce the number of the latter.", "contents": "[Causes for refusing surgical treatment among gastric cancer patients]. The data on 26 gastric cancer patients who refused to be treated at different Moscow City hospitals are reported. A questionnaire method was employed to study the cause of such refusals. Some practical recommendations are given to reduce the number of the latter.", "PMID": 516585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11369", "title": "[Surgical treatment of benign bone neoplasms and its results].", "content": "The results of treatment of 404 patient with benign bone tumors are analysed, in 232 of them tumors being of osteogenic origin and in 172--of cartilaginous one. 382 patients were subjected to surgery. Late results of the treatment were studied in 313 (77%) patients. The recovery was noted in 297 (94.9%) patients, the recurrence--in 16 (5.1%). Good results were gained due to the active dispensary control of the patients till their complete cure that prevented late diagnosis of the recurrence.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of benign bone neoplasms and its results]. The results of treatment of 404 patient with benign bone tumors are analysed, in 232 of them tumors being of osteogenic origin and in 172--of cartilaginous one. 382 patients were subjected to surgery. Late results of the treatment were studied in 313 (77%) patients. The recovery was noted in 297 (94.9%) patients, the recurrence--in 16 (5.1%). Good results were gained due to the active dispensary control of the patients till their complete cure that prevented late diagnosis of the recurrence.", "PMID": 516586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11370", "title": "[Higher risk index in breast neoplasms].", "content": "To better reveal early forms of cancer and dyshormonal lesions of the mammary gland, it is suggested to use a special index which may help to ascertain more rapidly \"risk groups\" and also to conduct prophylactic examinations among females with greater efficacy.", "contents": "[Higher risk index in breast neoplasms]. To better reveal early forms of cancer and dyshormonal lesions of the mammary gland, it is suggested to use a special index which may help to ascertain more rapidly \"risk groups\" and also to conduct prophylactic examinations among females with greater efficacy.", "PMID": 516587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11371", "title": "[Assimilation of certain amino acids administered to animals of different ages].", "content": "Changes in the content of some amino acids (tryptophane, lysine, histidine and arginine) in blood plasma were studied in young and old rabbits administered lysine, arginine and urea into the stomach. A decrease in utilization rate of the test amino acids in old animals, their interdependence and the effect of urea administration on the lysine level in blood serum at a relatively stable content of tryptophane and histidine were established. A conclusion is drawn about the necessity of taking into consideration the age features of lysine and arginine assimilation in determining their consumption rates in nutrition and in the use as food additives and medicinal preparations.", "contents": "[Assimilation of certain amino acids administered to animals of different ages]. Changes in the content of some amino acids (tryptophane, lysine, histidine and arginine) in blood plasma were studied in young and old rabbits administered lysine, arginine and urea into the stomach. A decrease in utilization rate of the test amino acids in old animals, their interdependence and the effect of urea administration on the lysine level in blood serum at a relatively stable content of tryptophane and histidine were established. A conclusion is drawn about the necessity of taking into consideration the age features of lysine and arginine assimilation in determining their consumption rates in nutrition and in the use as food additives and medicinal preparations.", "PMID": 516594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11372", "title": "[Effect of time of administration of food supplement amino acids on protein utilization and the body composition of rats].", "content": "The effect of administration of amino acids enriching the diet on protein utilization and rat body composition was investigated. Net protein utilization (NPU) of the diet enriched by tryptophane, lysine or sulphur-containing amino acids comprised 0.408, 0.335 and 0.664. Changes in the time of administering the amino acids allowed NPU to be attained as 0.445, 0.352 and 0.716, respectively. It has been also shown that the time of administering the amino acids produces an effect on the rat body composition. The lowest fat content was recorded in the body with tryptophane given one hour before feeding the main diet, with lysine and sulphur-containing amino acids given one and two hours after feeding the main diet.", "contents": "[Effect of time of administration of food supplement amino acids on protein utilization and the body composition of rats]. The effect of administration of amino acids enriching the diet on protein utilization and rat body composition was investigated. Net protein utilization (NPU) of the diet enriched by tryptophane, lysine or sulphur-containing amino acids comprised 0.408, 0.335 and 0.664. Changes in the time of administering the amino acids allowed NPU to be attained as 0.445, 0.352 and 0.716, respectively. It has been also shown that the time of administering the amino acids produces an effect on the rat body composition. The lowest fat content was recorded in the body with tryptophane given one hour before feeding the main diet, with lysine and sulphur-containing amino acids given one and two hours after feeding the main diet.", "PMID": 516595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11373", "title": "[Effect of retinol and alpha-tocopherol on the stability of phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes].", "content": "The modifying action of retinol and alpha-tocopherol on the stability of bilayer phosphatidyl choline membranes was studied under control of their oxidation. The membranous stability was determined by the time during which the value of the ionic conduction of the membrane in a stationary condition remained unchanged. It was shown that the stability of the membranes modified by the addition of retinol and alpha-tocopherol was not a monotonous function of the modifier concentration in the membrane (but it was achieved through maximum). The ionic conduction of bilayer membranes modified by vitamines was constant with all the tested concentrations at which the bilayers were formed while high concentrations of cholesterol decreased appreciably the ionic conduction.", "contents": "[Effect of retinol and alpha-tocopherol on the stability of phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes]. The modifying action of retinol and alpha-tocopherol on the stability of bilayer phosphatidyl choline membranes was studied under control of their oxidation. The membranous stability was determined by the time during which the value of the ionic conduction of the membrane in a stationary condition remained unchanged. It was shown that the stability of the membranes modified by the addition of retinol and alpha-tocopherol was not a monotonous function of the modifier concentration in the membrane (but it was achieved through maximum). The ionic conduction of bilayer membranes modified by vitamines was constant with all the tested concentrations at which the bilayers were formed while high concentrations of cholesterol decreased appreciably the ionic conduction.", "PMID": 516597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11374", "title": "[Contrast-unloading week in the complex therapy of patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity and its effect on changes in body weight and lipid metabolism indices].", "content": "The influences of the contrast-unloading week (CUW) on the changes in the anthropometric and lipid metabolism parameters was studied in 150 female patients with metabolic alimentary obesity of the II-III stages, aged from 20 to 40. On the basis of the analysis of the changes in lipid metabolism in relation to their initial level and the hyperlipoproteinemia type it is suggested that the developed CUW is mostly indicated in a combined therapy of patients with the IV type of hyperlipoproteinemia. In the II type it is recommended in combination with a dosaged physical loading. CUW can be used in out-patients, which is confirmed by the experience in the prophylactic examination of patients with metabolic alimentary obesity.", "contents": "[Contrast-unloading week in the complex therapy of patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity and its effect on changes in body weight and lipid metabolism indices]. The influences of the contrast-unloading week (CUW) on the changes in the anthropometric and lipid metabolism parameters was studied in 150 female patients with metabolic alimentary obesity of the II-III stages, aged from 20 to 40. On the basis of the analysis of the changes in lipid metabolism in relation to their initial level and the hyperlipoproteinemia type it is suggested that the developed CUW is mostly indicated in a combined therapy of patients with the IV type of hyperlipoproteinemia. In the II type it is recommended in combination with a dosaged physical loading. CUW can be used in out-patients, which is confirmed by the experience in the prophylactic examination of patients with metabolic alimentary obesity.", "PMID": 516598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11375", "title": "[Heterogeneity of the kappa-casein glycomacropeptide and physiological activity of its fractions].", "content": "A number of fractions with differing intensity of the inhibitory action on the gastric secretion were obtained by gel filtration in a column with biogels P-30 and P-2 of cappa-casein glycomacropeptide. A low-molecular fraction displays the greatest capacity for inhibiting gastric secretion. Desialism, heating and partial hydrolysis of glycomacropeptide with pepsin, trypsin and chemotrypsin used separately have no effect on its inhibitory activity. The resulting data suggest that the inhibitory action of glycomacropeptide is caused by a certain part rather than by entire molecule.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of the kappa-casein glycomacropeptide and physiological activity of its fractions]. A number of fractions with differing intensity of the inhibitory action on the gastric secretion were obtained by gel filtration in a column with biogels P-30 and P-2 of cappa-casein glycomacropeptide. A low-molecular fraction displays the greatest capacity for inhibiting gastric secretion. Desialism, heating and partial hydrolysis of glycomacropeptide with pepsin, trypsin and chemotrypsin used separately have no effect on its inhibitory activity. The resulting data suggest that the inhibitory action of glycomacropeptide is caused by a certain part rather than by entire molecule.", "PMID": 516596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11376", "title": "[Effect of the alimentary factor on certain indices of the functional state of the pancreas in young peptic ulcer patients and atrophic gastritis patients].", "content": "The activity of amylase, lipase and trypsin was increased and that of the trypsin inhibitor decreased in the blood serum of young peptic ulcer patients as compared with healthy persons. The antiulcerous dietetics normalized significantly the parameters studied. Similar highly pronounced shifts in the activity of the blood pancreatic enzymes were revealed in atrophic gastritis patients. Hyperamilasuria and clinical symptoms of pancreatitis were not observed both in the peptic patients, and in the atrophic gastritis patients. The shifts in the blood content of pancreatic enzymes and their dynamics correlated mainly with the intensity and dynamics of the disturbances in the locomotive function of the gastroduodenal system.", "contents": "[Effect of the alimentary factor on certain indices of the functional state of the pancreas in young peptic ulcer patients and atrophic gastritis patients]. The activity of amylase, lipase and trypsin was increased and that of the trypsin inhibitor decreased in the blood serum of young peptic ulcer patients as compared with healthy persons. The antiulcerous dietetics normalized significantly the parameters studied. Similar highly pronounced shifts in the activity of the blood pancreatic enzymes were revealed in atrophic gastritis patients. Hyperamilasuria and clinical symptoms of pancreatitis were not observed both in the peptic patients, and in the atrophic gastritis patients. The shifts in the blood content of pancreatic enzymes and their dynamics correlated mainly with the intensity and dynamics of the disturbances in the locomotive function of the gastroduodenal system.", "PMID": 516599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11377", "title": "[Toxicologic-hygienic characteristics of the preparation nerosin, an agent for protecting plants and soils subject to wind erosion].", "content": "A year's experiment on albino rats fed with bread prepared from spring wheat \"Saratovskaya-29\" grown with the utilization of the antideflationary agent nerosin (1.5 t/hectare) showed that this bread did not effect the functional condition of the liver (the antitozic and protein-forming functions), as well as the redox activity of the blood constituents catalase and peroxidase, and the morphological structure of the peripheral blood of the animals. An elevation of glucuronic acid metabolism (33.16 +/- 3.45 microgram in the test group, 16.7 +/- 2.17 microgram in the controls, P less than 0.05) and a significant increase in the level of free and bound sulfates in urine, as well as a change in the sulfate index suggested intensified physiological functional defence reactions in the test animals. The use of nerosin did not affect the organoleptic characteristics of the bread and its baking properties.", "contents": "[Toxicologic-hygienic characteristics of the preparation nerosin, an agent for protecting plants and soils subject to wind erosion]. A year's experiment on albino rats fed with bread prepared from spring wheat \"Saratovskaya-29\" grown with the utilization of the antideflationary agent nerosin (1.5 t/hectare) showed that this bread did not effect the functional condition of the liver (the antitozic and protein-forming functions), as well as the redox activity of the blood constituents catalase and peroxidase, and the morphological structure of the peripheral blood of the animals. An elevation of glucuronic acid metabolism (33.16 +/- 3.45 microgram in the test group, 16.7 +/- 2.17 microgram in the controls, P less than 0.05) and a significant increase in the level of free and bound sulfates in urine, as well as a change in the sulfate index suggested intensified physiological functional defence reactions in the test animals. The use of nerosin did not affect the organoleptic characteristics of the bread and its baking properties.", "PMID": 516602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11378", "title": "[Comparative biological value of new canned child and dietary foods with supplements of fat-free curds and sodium caseinate (experimental study on weanling rats)].", "content": "The effect of introduction of milk proteins in a novel homogenized canned meat of the \"Kroshka\" type for child and dietetic nutrition was studied. It was shown in animal experiments that introduction of sodium caseinate and fat-free curds in a 5% amount into canned meat raises the biological value of canned food and exerts a favourable effect on some metabolic parameters of the growing organism.", "contents": "[Comparative biological value of new canned child and dietary foods with supplements of fat-free curds and sodium caseinate (experimental study on weanling rats)]. The effect of introduction of milk proteins in a novel homogenized canned meat of the \"Kroshka\" type for child and dietetic nutrition was studied. It was shown in animal experiments that introduction of sodium caseinate and fat-free curds in a 5% amount into canned meat raises the biological value of canned food and exerts a favourable effect on some metabolic parameters of the growing organism.", "PMID": 516600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11379", "title": "[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat testicular tissues after exposure to certain pesticides].", "content": "In experiments on male Wistar rats the action of organophosphorus pesticides (chlorophos and methylnitrophos) and cineb, belonging to compounds of the carbamine series, on the LDH and H-6-PDH of the testes tissues and their isoenzymatic spectra, was studied. The results of investigations demonstrated substantial changes in the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH isoenzymes occurring with a long-term priming for 9 months of chlorophos in a dose of 1 mg/kg of the mass. On the other hand, with introduction of methylnitrophos (in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg mass) and cineb (in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg) no statistically significant changes in the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH were in evidence. Introduction in the same doses of chlorophos, methylnitrophos and cineb for 3 months did not have any essential influence on the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH isoenzyme fractions, nor on their isoenzymatic profile by comparison with controls.", "contents": "[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat testicular tissues after exposure to certain pesticides]. In experiments on male Wistar rats the action of organophosphorus pesticides (chlorophos and methylnitrophos) and cineb, belonging to compounds of the carbamine series, on the LDH and H-6-PDH of the testes tissues and their isoenzymatic spectra, was studied. The results of investigations demonstrated substantial changes in the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH isoenzymes occurring with a long-term priming for 9 months of chlorophos in a dose of 1 mg/kg of the mass. On the other hand, with introduction of methylnitrophos (in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg mass) and cineb (in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg) no statistically significant changes in the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH were in evidence. Introduction in the same doses of chlorophos, methylnitrophos and cineb for 3 months did not have any essential influence on the activity of the LDH and H-6-PDH isoenzyme fractions, nor on their isoenzymatic profile by comparison with controls.", "PMID": 516603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11380", "title": "[Biological value of Mironovskaya-808 winter wheat grown using the herbicide simazine].", "content": "The biological value of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine which was introduced into soil prior to appearance of shoots at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha has been studied. The organoleptic parameters evaluated by the method of closed testing and physicochemical parameters characterizing the corn quality (protein fat, gluten and ash content, moisture, acidity) of experimental samples did not differ from those of the reference sample. Relative biological value of wheat grown with the use of simazine at a dose of 1.0 kg/ha evaluated by the test-object Tetrahymena pyriformis was slightly higher as compared to the control. The effect of test wheat samples on some parameters of protein metabolism was also studied in male rats (the content of protein and its fractions in blood serum, liver and brain as well as activity of enzymes participating in protein metabolism regulation: aminotransferases of blood serum and liver, catepsins, histidase and tryptophan oxygenase of the liver). According to the data obtained no adverse effect of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine on the above parameters of protein metabolism was recorded in test animals.", "contents": "[Biological value of Mironovskaya-808 winter wheat grown using the herbicide simazine]. The biological value of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine which was introduced into soil prior to appearance of shoots at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha has been studied. The organoleptic parameters evaluated by the method of closed testing and physicochemical parameters characterizing the corn quality (protein fat, gluten and ash content, moisture, acidity) of experimental samples did not differ from those of the reference sample. Relative biological value of wheat grown with the use of simazine at a dose of 1.0 kg/ha evaluated by the test-object Tetrahymena pyriformis was slightly higher as compared to the control. The effect of test wheat samples on some parameters of protein metabolism was also studied in male rats (the content of protein and its fractions in blood serum, liver and brain as well as activity of enzymes participating in protein metabolism regulation: aminotransferases of blood serum and liver, catepsins, histidase and tryptophan oxygenase of the liver). According to the data obtained no adverse effect of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine on the above parameters of protein metabolism was recorded in test animals.", "PMID": 516601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11381", "title": "[Rationalization of school nutrition].", "content": "The paper briefs age-specific features of schoolchildren, and nature of the present-day education with emphasis on the necessity of providing the children with rational diet to ensure harmonious development of the personality, health strengthening and improving school results. A list is presented of foods and culinary articles of high biological value developed by the Institute of Nutrition in cooperation with enterprises of food, meat and milk, and fishing industry and some other institutes of the country. A number of organizational measures required for providing schools with foods enumerated are offered and the necessity of developing differentiated diets for schoolchildren of varying age is stressed.", "contents": "[Rationalization of school nutrition]. The paper briefs age-specific features of schoolchildren, and nature of the present-day education with emphasis on the necessity of providing the children with rational diet to ensure harmonious development of the personality, health strengthening and improving school results. A list is presented of foods and culinary articles of high biological value developed by the Institute of Nutrition in cooperation with enterprises of food, meat and milk, and fishing industry and some other institutes of the country. A number of organizational measures required for providing schools with foods enumerated are offered and the necessity of developing differentiated diets for schoolchildren of varying age is stressed.", "PMID": 516608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11382", "title": "[State of the market for specialized child nutrition products and its prospects].", "content": "The relatioship has been analyzed for the first time between research into the development of new specialized foods for infants, its manufacture and trade and demand for it. Moreover, ways of improving specialized nutrition for infant population at the present time and in future (as per prognosis up to 1990) have been outlined.", "contents": "[State of the market for specialized child nutrition products and its prospects]. The relatioship has been analyzed for the first time between research into the development of new specialized foods for infants, its manufacture and trade and demand for it. Moreover, ways of improving specialized nutrition for infant population at the present time and in future (as per prognosis up to 1990) have been outlined.", "PMID": 516612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11383", "title": "[Effect of different types of feeding on the fatty acid makeup of the blood serum in premature infants].", "content": "The composition of fatty acids and the content of total serum lipids were studied in 65 virtually healthy premature infants on varying types of feeding, natural and mixed ones (supplemented with kefir and a mixture of the \"Similak\" type). It was established that the composition of blood serum fatty acids in premature infants on natural feeding is marked by age-specific features. The differences in the content of blood serum fatty acids among children on natural feeding and those whose food was supplemented by kefir and a mixture of the \"Similak\" type were consequent on the specificity of lipid fatty acids from the food given. Good tolerance, adequate weight gain and a high content of indispensable fatty acids in blood serum were attained as a result of the research described. Therefore it is recommended that whole kefir and the mixture of the \"Similak\" type may be used for feeding premature infants.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of feeding on the fatty acid makeup of the blood serum in premature infants]. The composition of fatty acids and the content of total serum lipids were studied in 65 virtually healthy premature infants on varying types of feeding, natural and mixed ones (supplemented with kefir and a mixture of the \"Similak\" type). It was established that the composition of blood serum fatty acids in premature infants on natural feeding is marked by age-specific features. The differences in the content of blood serum fatty acids among children on natural feeding and those whose food was supplemented by kefir and a mixture of the \"Similak\" type were consequent on the specificity of lipid fatty acids from the food given. Good tolerance, adequate weight gain and a high content of indispensable fatty acids in blood serum were attained as a result of the research described. Therefore it is recommended that whole kefir and the mixture of the \"Similak\" type may be used for feeding premature infants.", "PMID": 516613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11384", "title": "[Dynamics of the humoral immunity indices in children with phenylketonuria against a background of diet therapy and after its discontinuance].", "content": "The paper concerns variations in some parameters of humoral immunity in children with phenylketonuria examined at varying time (in the presence of specific dietetics and after its discontinuation). It is concluded that in children over 5 years of age, the hyperphenylalaninemia newly occurring after discontinuation of dietetics does not exert any material effect on the function of the mature enough immune system.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the humoral immunity indices in children with phenylketonuria against a background of diet therapy and after its discontinuance]. The paper concerns variations in some parameters of humoral immunity in children with phenylketonuria examined at varying time (in the presence of specific dietetics and after its discontinuation). It is concluded that in children over 5 years of age, the hyperphenylalaninemia newly occurring after discontinuation of dietetics does not exert any material effect on the function of the mature enough immune system.", "PMID": 516615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11385", "title": "[Food and biological value of the adapted acidophilous mixtures, Maliutka and Malysh].", "content": "The new acidophilus liquid mixtures \"Malyutka\" and \"Malysh\" manufactured under industrial conditions were subjected to comprehensive physicochemical, microbiological and biological studies. Amino acids and fatty acids contained by the mixtures as well as their biological value were also examined.", "contents": "[Food and biological value of the adapted acidophilous mixtures, Maliutka and Malysh]. The new acidophilus liquid mixtures \"Malyutka\" and \"Malysh\" manufactured under industrial conditions were subjected to comprehensive physicochemical, microbiological and biological studies. Amino acids and fatty acids contained by the mixtures as well as their biological value were also examined.", "PMID": 516609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11386", "title": "[Dry adapting additive and its use in dairy products for approximating the composition of human milk].", "content": "The paper concerns a procedure for a new product, dry adapting additive (DAA), designed for manufacture of liquid substitutes of breast milk under industrial conditions. The chemical composition of adapted milk mixtures is compared to that of breast milk. Procedures for adapted mixtures to be manufactured at city milk kitchens, food concentrate factories and under domestic conditions have been developed, with the mixtures being widely tried on clinical basis.", "contents": "[Dry adapting additive and its use in dairy products for approximating the composition of human milk]. The paper concerns a procedure for a new product, dry adapting additive (DAA), designed for manufacture of liquid substitutes of breast milk under industrial conditions. The chemical composition of adapted milk mixtures is compared to that of breast milk. Procedures for adapted mixtures to be manufactured at city milk kitchens, food concentrate factories and under domestic conditions have been developed, with the mixtures being widely tried on clinical basis.", "PMID": 516610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11387", "title": "[Effect of different types of feeding on the lipid metabolism of infants in the 1st months of life with acute digestive disorders].", "content": "A total of 147 sick children from 2 weeks to 6 months of age and 40 healthy children were examined. The children suffering from acute digestive disorders showed, in the presence of formula feeding, deep changes on the lipidogram at the height of the disease. The lipidogram does not return to normal even by the time of clinical recovery. With natural and mixed feeding the metabolic changes are less pronounced, all test parameters reaching normal by the time of convalescence. Intensive therapy does not exert any material effect on the body weight recovery in children with a low lipid level in the blood serum. Parenteral and enteral applications of fat emulsions favoured rapid recovery of these children.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of feeding on the lipid metabolism of infants in the 1st months of life with acute digestive disorders]. A total of 147 sick children from 2 weeks to 6 months of age and 40 healthy children were examined. The children suffering from acute digestive disorders showed, in the presence of formula feeding, deep changes on the lipidogram at the height of the disease. The lipidogram does not return to normal even by the time of clinical recovery. With natural and mixed feeding the metabolic changes are less pronounced, all test parameters reaching normal by the time of convalescence. Intensive therapy does not exert any material effect on the body weight recovery in children with a low lipid level in the blood serum. Parenteral and enteral applications of fat emulsions favoured rapid recovery of these children.", "PMID": 516614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11388", "title": "[Treatment of peptic ulcer with Biogastrone (carbenoxolone)].", "content": "The results are reported from the treatment of 30 patients with gastric and 13 with diodenal ulcers with biogastrone in the course of 20 days (300 mg were given the first week, where on -- 150 mg daily). A more favourable effect upon the clinical symptoms and ulcer were observed in the patients with gastric ulcer (the symptoms disappeared in 87 per cent whereas the ulcer -- in 32 per cent) as compared with the duodenal ulcer (the symptoms disappeared in 46 per cent, whereas -- the ulcer in none). Biogastrone treatment influences the pain in a higher per cent as compared with Caved-S and oxyferroscorbon (p greater then 0.05), whereas regards the rest of the clinical symptoms -- no statistically significant difference was established. As compared with the treatment with oxyferroscorbon, Caved-A and cimetidin, biogastrone has a slower effect on the subjective complaints and the ulcer niche. After biogastrone treatment, the indices of gastric secretion and acidity decrease and the sialic acid in gastric juice is increased only in the gastric ulcer, but does not change considerably in the duodenal ulcer. The rest of the laboratory indices do not change with biogastrone treatment. In two of the patients, in the course of biogastrone treatment, light edema appeared on the face and the arterial blood pressure was elevated in other two, disappearing after the treatment without any additional treatment. Biogastrone treatment is indicated mainly in cases with gastric ulcer, with decreased sialic acid in gastric juice.", "contents": "[Treatment of peptic ulcer with Biogastrone (carbenoxolone)]. The results are reported from the treatment of 30 patients with gastric and 13 with diodenal ulcers with biogastrone in the course of 20 days (300 mg were given the first week, where on -- 150 mg daily). A more favourable effect upon the clinical symptoms and ulcer were observed in the patients with gastric ulcer (the symptoms disappeared in 87 per cent whereas the ulcer -- in 32 per cent) as compared with the duodenal ulcer (the symptoms disappeared in 46 per cent, whereas -- the ulcer in none). Biogastrone treatment influences the pain in a higher per cent as compared with Caved-S and oxyferroscorbon (p greater then 0.05), whereas regards the rest of the clinical symptoms -- no statistically significant difference was established. As compared with the treatment with oxyferroscorbon, Caved-A and cimetidin, biogastrone has a slower effect on the subjective complaints and the ulcer niche. After biogastrone treatment, the indices of gastric secretion and acidity decrease and the sialic acid in gastric juice is increased only in the gastric ulcer, but does not change considerably in the duodenal ulcer. The rest of the laboratory indices do not change with biogastrone treatment. In two of the patients, in the course of biogastrone treatment, light edema appeared on the face and the arterial blood pressure was elevated in other two, disappearing after the treatment without any additional treatment. Biogastrone treatment is indicated mainly in cases with gastric ulcer, with decreased sialic acid in gastric juice.", "PMID": 516651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11389", "title": "[Our experience in the treatment of duodenal ulcer with cimetidine].", "content": "The authors have treated 23 patients with duodenal ulcer under clinical and partially under out-patient department conditions with cimetidin 0.8 g daily in the course of 25 days. The results obtained are as follows: in 100 per cent -- abating of all clinical symptoms, in 56.25 per cent -- elimination of niche at X-ray examination and in 18.75 per cent -- diminution of ulcer size. The authors lay stress upon the good tolerance of the drug and absence of side effects.", "contents": "[Our experience in the treatment of duodenal ulcer with cimetidine]. The authors have treated 23 patients with duodenal ulcer under clinical and partially under out-patient department conditions with cimetidin 0.8 g daily in the course of 25 days. The results obtained are as follows: in 100 per cent -- abating of all clinical symptoms, in 56.25 per cent -- elimination of niche at X-ray examination and in 18.75 per cent -- diminution of ulcer size. The authors lay stress upon the good tolerance of the drug and absence of side effects.", "PMID": 516652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11390", "title": "[HL-A and ankylosing spondylarthritis].", "content": "With the investigation of HL A phenotypes of 133 patients with an akylozing spondylarthritis, 110 males and 23 females, confirmed incidence of antigen B 27 was established in 87.96 per cent versus 10.78 per cent of 1085 control healthy subjects. The families of 24 patients were also examined with a total of 27 subjects HLA-B27 positive relations, among them 11 cases of SA with a latent course so far. The results from those exminations reveal that HLA-B27 antigen investigations could aid making the diagnosis in cases, suspected of SA, together with the other diagnostic methods.", "contents": "[HL-A and ankylosing spondylarthritis]. With the investigation of HL A phenotypes of 133 patients with an akylozing spondylarthritis, 110 males and 23 females, confirmed incidence of antigen B 27 was established in 87.96 per cent versus 10.78 per cent of 1085 control healthy subjects. The families of 24 patients were also examined with a total of 27 subjects HLA-B27 positive relations, among them 11 cases of SA with a latent course so far. The results from those exminations reveal that HLA-B27 antigen investigations could aid making the diagnosis in cases, suspected of SA, together with the other diagnostic methods.", "PMID": 516653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11391", "title": "[Basal prolactin secretion in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Consideration given to the literature data about the diabetogenic effect of prolactin, the basal prolactin secretion was investigated in 98 patients with diabetes mellitus. A significantly increased basal prolactin level was established. The influence of age, sex, disease duration, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, mode of treatment and vascular complications upon prolactinemia was studied. Significantly higher prolactinemia was found in insulin treated patients and insignificantly -- in diabetics with retinopathy. The correlation of prolactinemia with glycemia, insulinemia and lipacidemia is low. That provides gounds to admit that hyperprolactinemia plays no essential role as an additional diabetogenic factor in the patients with diabetes mellitus. The causal relationship between hyperprolactinemia and diabetes still remains not well elucidated.", "contents": "[Basal prolactin secretion in diabetes mellitus]. Consideration given to the literature data about the diabetogenic effect of prolactin, the basal prolactin secretion was investigated in 98 patients with diabetes mellitus. A significantly increased basal prolactin level was established. The influence of age, sex, disease duration, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, mode of treatment and vascular complications upon prolactinemia was studied. Significantly higher prolactinemia was found in insulin treated patients and insignificantly -- in diabetics with retinopathy. The correlation of prolactinemia with glycemia, insulinemia and lipacidemia is low. That provides gounds to admit that hyperprolactinemia plays no essential role as an additional diabetogenic factor in the patients with diabetes mellitus. The causal relationship between hyperprolactinemia and diabetes still remains not well elucidated.", "PMID": 516654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11392", "title": "[Changes in the serum level of prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor activity in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The authors studied the changes in four indices of kalikrein-kinine system. For that purpose 80 patients were examined, subdivided into the following groups; 1) hypertonic disease -- I -- II and II stage -- 20 patients; 2) myocardiosclerosis -- 20 patients; 3) unstable stenocardia -- 20 patients; 4) myocardial infarction -- 20 patients. The results obtained are compared with the results of the control group of 20 healthy subjects. The method of Colman and collaborators, modified by Veremeenko and collaborators was used for the quantitative determination of prekalikrein and kalikrein inhibitors. The data obtained suggest an enhanced kalikrein activity, very likely kinine as well, i.e. -- stimulation of kalikrein kinine system in IHD patients, determined by the increased formation and decreased inactivation of the enzyme (kalikrein).", "contents": "[Changes in the serum level of prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor activity in ischemic heart disease]. The authors studied the changes in four indices of kalikrein-kinine system. For that purpose 80 patients were examined, subdivided into the following groups; 1) hypertonic disease -- I -- II and II stage -- 20 patients; 2) myocardiosclerosis -- 20 patients; 3) unstable stenocardia -- 20 patients; 4) myocardial infarction -- 20 patients. The results obtained are compared with the results of the control group of 20 healthy subjects. The method of Colman and collaborators, modified by Veremeenko and collaborators was used for the quantitative determination of prekalikrein and kalikrein inhibitors. The data obtained suggest an enhanced kalikrein activity, very likely kinine as well, i.e. -- stimulation of kalikrein kinine system in IHD patients, determined by the increased formation and decreased inactivation of the enzyme (kalikrein).", "PMID": 516657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11393", "title": "[Phase analysis of the normal and postectopic left ventricular contractions in nonejection click-telesystolic apical murmur syndrome].", "content": "ECG, PCG, CSG and ACG were synchronously recorded in 25 patient with non-expulsion click syndrome -- telesystolic murmur as well as in 62 cardiac healthy subjects. With the investigation of the systolic and diastolic intervals, a prolongation of the transformation period was established (Q--1 = 72 +/- 12 msec) and a shortening of the isovolumetric relaxation (A2--0 = 63 +/- 10 msec). The ratio PPE/LVET (period prior to expulsion/left venticular expulsion time) is normal in patients with nonexpulsion click -- telesystolic apical murmur but the comparison of PPE/LVET with a normal contraction with that of the first post extrasystolic contraction shows a statistically significant shortening. The ratio PPE/LVET in prolapse of the mitral valve prior to extrasystole is 0.39 +/- 0.02, and during the first contraction with intensified stroke after a compensatory pause is 0.31 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.02). The possibility for explanation of the changes in phase analysis are discussed and a conclusion is drawn that they reflect the existence of deviation in the left ventricular mechanics and hemodynamics in case of mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "[Phase analysis of the normal and postectopic left ventricular contractions in nonejection click-telesystolic apical murmur syndrome]. ECG, PCG, CSG and ACG were synchronously recorded in 25 patient with non-expulsion click syndrome -- telesystolic murmur as well as in 62 cardiac healthy subjects. With the investigation of the systolic and diastolic intervals, a prolongation of the transformation period was established (Q--1 = 72 +/- 12 msec) and a shortening of the isovolumetric relaxation (A2--0 = 63 +/- 10 msec). The ratio PPE/LVET (period prior to expulsion/left venticular expulsion time) is normal in patients with nonexpulsion click -- telesystolic apical murmur but the comparison of PPE/LVET with a normal contraction with that of the first post extrasystolic contraction shows a statistically significant shortening. The ratio PPE/LVET in prolapse of the mitral valve prior to extrasystole is 0.39 +/- 0.02, and during the first contraction with intensified stroke after a compensatory pause is 0.31 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.02). The possibility for explanation of the changes in phase analysis are discussed and a conclusion is drawn that they reflect the existence of deviation in the left ventricular mechanics and hemodynamics in case of mitral valve prolapse.", "PMID": 516658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11394", "title": "Therapy for cancer of the breast. Current status of steroid hormone receptors.", "content": "Estrogen receptor (ER) assays in human breast cancer tissue have proved useful in selecting patients for endocrine therapies. The absence of ER indicates hormone independent tumors and precludes the use of endocrine therapy. Patients with positive tumor ER respond to endocrine therapy at nearly twice the rate of those patients chosen by clinical criteria, although about a third of ER positive tumors in patients still do not respond. Recently, research has been directed toward increasing the accuracy of the ER assay in the ER positive group. The absolute tumor ER value and the presence of progesterone receptor appear promising in this regard. The significance of nuclear estrogen receptor is being studied. Finally, the ER status of a primary breast tumor appears to be a marker for the length of time until recurrence after mastectomy, and for survival. The ER assay may prove valuable in planning new adjuvants in the treatment of breast cancer.", "contents": "Therapy for cancer of the breast. Current status of steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor (ER) assays in human breast cancer tissue have proved useful in selecting patients for endocrine therapies. The absence of ER indicates hormone independent tumors and precludes the use of endocrine therapy. Patients with positive tumor ER respond to endocrine therapy at nearly twice the rate of those patients chosen by clinical criteria, although about a third of ER positive tumors in patients still do not respond. Recently, research has been directed toward increasing the accuracy of the ER assay in the ER positive group. The absolute tumor ER value and the presence of progesterone receptor appear promising in this regard. The significance of nuclear estrogen receptor is being studied. Finally, the ER status of a primary breast tumor appears to be a marker for the length of time until recurrence after mastectomy, and for survival. The ER assay may prove valuable in planning new adjuvants in the treatment of breast cancer.", "PMID": 516664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11395", "title": "Suicide in general hospitals.", "content": "Of 14 medical and surgical patients who committed suicide in a general hospital, there were ten men and four women, ranging in age from 19 to 82. The patients had not made statements of suicidal intent; however, their hospital records showed there had been symptoms of depression and contained indirect references to a preoccupation with suicide. Most of the patients had been depressed because of their illnesses or distressing symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that there are clues that help anticipate suicide. Awareness by hospital staffs of symptoms and subtle signs of depression and of suicidal thoughts in patients is important in reducing the number of suicides in general hospitals. Of preventive and treatment measures, warmth, compassion and commitment to the care of patients by hospital staffs are most important.", "contents": "Suicide in general hospitals. Of 14 medical and surgical patients who committed suicide in a general hospital, there were ten men and four women, ranging in age from 19 to 82. The patients had not made statements of suicidal intent; however, their hospital records showed there had been symptoms of depression and contained indirect references to a preoccupation with suicide. Most of the patients had been depressed because of their illnesses or distressing symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that there are clues that help anticipate suicide. Awareness by hospital staffs of symptoms and subtle signs of depression and of suicidal thoughts in patients is important in reducing the number of suicides in general hospitals. Of preventive and treatment measures, warmth, compassion and commitment to the care of patients by hospital staffs are most important.", "PMID": 516665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11396", "title": "Marital and reproductive histories of women with cancer of the breast and their sisters.", "content": "In a study of 45 pairs of sisters-each pair including one sister with cancer of the breast and one without the disease-differences in marital and reproductive histories were observed. These differences included less frequent marriage, later marriage, fewer children, and a longer delay between date of marriage and the first pregnancy in the sisters with the disease. These findings appear to confirm presently known reproductive risk factors for cancer of the breast, but they also raise the possibility that unknown behavioral factors influencing the endocrine system may be delaying marriage and pregnancy.", "contents": "Marital and reproductive histories of women with cancer of the breast and their sisters. In a study of 45 pairs of sisters-each pair including one sister with cancer of the breast and one without the disease-differences in marital and reproductive histories were observed. These differences included less frequent marriage, later marriage, fewer children, and a longer delay between date of marriage and the first pregnancy in the sisters with the disease. These findings appear to confirm presently known reproductive risk factors for cancer of the breast, but they also raise the possibility that unknown behavioral factors influencing the endocrine system may be delaying marriage and pregnancy.", "PMID": 516666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11397", "title": "The treatment of retained gallstones.", "content": "Various techniques are available to evaluate patients suspected of having common duct stones before an operation on the biliary tract. In patients without jaundice, intravenous cholangiography with tomography may provide satisfactory visualization of the biliary system and its contents. Sonography and computerized axial tomography are useful noninvasive methods. Endoscopic retrograde and transhepatic cholangiography are invasive techniques; but, when successful, they provide the most precise preoperative information obtainable about the presence or absence of stones in the biliary system. The most appropriate diagnostic procedures must be carefully selected for each patient. Each year in 3,000 to 4,000 cases, stones are found remaining in the bile ducts after common duct exploration for the removal of stones. Retained stones can be treated by nonoperative extraction, by irrigation techniques and by surgical removal. Extraction methods probably deserve first consideration, if experienced personnel are available. The technique of irrigation of the common bile duct with cholic acid or other solutions, although limited in success, may also be tried; if these procedures fail, then reoperation is indicated.", "contents": "The treatment of retained gallstones. Various techniques are available to evaluate patients suspected of having common duct stones before an operation on the biliary tract. In patients without jaundice, intravenous cholangiography with tomography may provide satisfactory visualization of the biliary system and its contents. Sonography and computerized axial tomography are useful noninvasive methods. Endoscopic retrograde and transhepatic cholangiography are invasive techniques; but, when successful, they provide the most precise preoperative information obtainable about the presence or absence of stones in the biliary system. The most appropriate diagnostic procedures must be carefully selected for each patient. Each year in 3,000 to 4,000 cases, stones are found remaining in the bile ducts after common duct exploration for the removal of stones. Retained stones can be treated by nonoperative extraction, by irrigation techniques and by surgical removal. Extraction methods probably deserve first consideration, if experienced personnel are available. The technique of irrigation of the common bile duct with cholic acid or other solutions, although limited in success, may also be tried; if these procedures fail, then reoperation is indicated.", "PMID": 516667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11398", "title": "Antibiotic use in a small community hospital.", "content": "Audits of medical records were done for similar one-month periods in 1974 and 1977 in a 125-bed community hospital in Hawaii to determine patterns of antibiotic use. One quarter of all hospital patients in both study periods received antibiotics. In 1977 cephalosporins, ampicillin and aminoglycosides were the most commonly used antibiotics. Half of the antibiotics used by surgical specialty departments in both periods were for prophylactic indications. The cost of antimicrobial prophylaxis per patient was reduced by about 57 percent in 1977 compared with 1974. In the 1977 period, 58 percent of patients received proper prophylactic antibiotic regimens; this was statistically higher than the 15 percent of patients given appropriate prophylactic antibiotics in 1974. Fewer than half of the patients in both study periods treated for infections received correct antibiotic therapy. In contrast, 82 percent of infectious disease consultations were considered appropriate by an independent specialist in infectious disease. However, these consultations were obtained in only 15 percent of the patients who received therapeutic antibiotics. It was concluded that audits of patients receiving antibiotics can be effective in the development of appropriate prophylactic surgical regimens. However, during the study period in 1977, we were not able to show large scale improvement in therapeutic antimicrobial use at this community hospital, either by our attempts at physician education or by making infectious disease consultations available.", "contents": "Antibiotic use in a small community hospital. Audits of medical records were done for similar one-month periods in 1974 and 1977 in a 125-bed community hospital in Hawaii to determine patterns of antibiotic use. One quarter of all hospital patients in both study periods received antibiotics. In 1977 cephalosporins, ampicillin and aminoglycosides were the most commonly used antibiotics. Half of the antibiotics used by surgical specialty departments in both periods were for prophylactic indications. The cost of antimicrobial prophylaxis per patient was reduced by about 57 percent in 1977 compared with 1974. In the 1977 period, 58 percent of patients received proper prophylactic antibiotic regimens; this was statistically higher than the 15 percent of patients given appropriate prophylactic antibiotics in 1974. Fewer than half of the patients in both study periods treated for infections received correct antibiotic therapy. In contrast, 82 percent of infectious disease consultations were considered appropriate by an independent specialist in infectious disease. However, these consultations were obtained in only 15 percent of the patients who received therapeutic antibiotics. It was concluded that audits of patients receiving antibiotics can be effective in the development of appropriate prophylactic surgical regimens. However, during the study period in 1977, we were not able to show large scale improvement in therapeutic antimicrobial use at this community hospital, either by our attempts at physician education or by making infectious disease consultations available.", "PMID": 516689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11399", "title": "Functional overlay: an illegitimate diagnosis?", "content": "Functional overlay is not a recognized psychiatric diagnosis. Evaluating functional overlay and differentiating between this concept and organic conditions is important in medicolegal areas in which financial values are placed on pain and disability. Functional overlay is not malingering: the former is based on preconscious or unconscious mechanisms, the latter is consciously induced. In considering psychologic reactions to pain and disability, a gradient of simulation, malingering, symptom exaggeration, overvaluation, functional overlay and hysteria is useful. The dynamics of overlay are a combination of anxiety from body-image distortion and depression from decreased efficiency of the body, as well as the resulting psychosocial disruption in a patient's life.", "contents": "Functional overlay: an illegitimate diagnosis? Functional overlay is not a recognized psychiatric diagnosis. Evaluating functional overlay and differentiating between this concept and organic conditions is important in medicolegal areas in which financial values are placed on pain and disability. Functional overlay is not malingering: the former is based on preconscious or unconscious mechanisms, the latter is consciously induced. In considering psychologic reactions to pain and disability, a gradient of simulation, malingering, symptom exaggeration, overvaluation, functional overlay and hysteria is useful. The dynamics of overlay are a combination of anxiety from body-image distortion and depression from decreased efficiency of the body, as well as the resulting psychosocial disruption in a patient's life.", "PMID": 516698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11400", "title": "Tel-Med--a success story.", "content": "Providing health information by telephone with tape-recorded messages has spread from a local medical society project to a nationwide information resource. More than 800,000 calls per month are received in 180 cities, accessing a library of more than 300 subjects.", "contents": "Tel-Med--a success story. Providing health information by telephone with tape-recorded messages has spread from a local medical society project to a nationwide information resource. More than 800,000 calls per month are received in 180 cities, accessing a library of more than 300 subjects.", "PMID": 516712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11401", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip--prognostic implications of early diagnosis.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 62 patients with 78 congenital dislocations of the hip (CDH) referred to Children's Hospital at Stanford was done to ascertain whether CDH was being diagnosed as early as had been thought possible and whether various treatments were effective. In this series there were a substantial number of cases of CDH that were not diagnosed within the first 48 hours of life. At Children's Hospital the Pavlik harness was the most effective form of treatment of congenital dislocations of the hip in the perinatal period.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip--prognostic implications of early diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of 62 patients with 78 congenital dislocations of the hip (CDH) referred to Children's Hospital at Stanford was done to ascertain whether CDH was being diagnosed as early as had been thought possible and whether various treatments were effective. In this series there were a substantial number of cases of CDH that were not diagnosed within the first 48 hours of life. At Children's Hospital the Pavlik harness was the most effective form of treatment of congenital dislocations of the hip in the perinatal period.", "PMID": 516716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11402", "title": "Extracardiac manifestations of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis is an elusive disease that challenges clinicians' diagnostic capabilities. Because it can present with various combinations of extravalvular signs and symptoms, the underlying primary disease can go unnoticed.A review of the various extracardiac manifestations of bacterial endocarditis suggests three main patterns by which the valvular infection can be obscured. (1) A major clinical event may be so dramatic that subtle evidence of endocarditis is overlooked. The rupture of a mycotic aneurysm may simulate a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a congenital aneurysm. (2) The symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may be constitutional complaints easily attributable to a routine, trivial illness. Symptoms of low-grade fever, myalgias, back pain and anorexia may mimic a viral syndrome. (3) Endocarditis poses a difficult diagnostic dilemma when it generates constellations of findings that are classic for other disorders. Complaints of arthritis and arthralgias accompanied by hematuria and antinuclear antibody may suggest systemic lupus erythematosus; a renal biopsy study showing diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis may support this diagnosis. The combination of fever, petechiae, altered mental status, thrombocytopenia, azotemia and anemia may promote the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. When the protean guises of bacterial endocarditis create these clinical difficulties, errors in diagnosis occur and appropriate therapy is delayed. Keen awareness of the varied disease presentations will improve success in managing endocarditis by fostering rapid diagnosis and prompt therapy.", "contents": "Extracardiac manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. Bacterial endocarditis is an elusive disease that challenges clinicians' diagnostic capabilities. Because it can present with various combinations of extravalvular signs and symptoms, the underlying primary disease can go unnoticed.A review of the various extracardiac manifestations of bacterial endocarditis suggests three main patterns by which the valvular infection can be obscured. (1) A major clinical event may be so dramatic that subtle evidence of endocarditis is overlooked. The rupture of a mycotic aneurysm may simulate a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a congenital aneurysm. (2) The symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may be constitutional complaints easily attributable to a routine, trivial illness. Symptoms of low-grade fever, myalgias, back pain and anorexia may mimic a viral syndrome. (3) Endocarditis poses a difficult diagnostic dilemma when it generates constellations of findings that are classic for other disorders. Complaints of arthritis and arthralgias accompanied by hematuria and antinuclear antibody may suggest systemic lupus erythematosus; a renal biopsy study showing diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis may support this diagnosis. The combination of fever, petechiae, altered mental status, thrombocytopenia, azotemia and anemia may promote the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. When the protean guises of bacterial endocarditis create these clinical difficulties, errors in diagnosis occur and appropriate therapy is delayed. Keen awareness of the varied disease presentations will improve success in managing endocarditis by fostering rapid diagnosis and prompt therapy.", "PMID": 516715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11403", "title": "[Infections in children with malignant disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Infections of children with malignant disease, especially of the lympho-reticular system, are characterized by their severity, with a high mortality, as a consequence of defective immunocompetence. According to the immunosurveillance theory, temporary immune defects could have even facilitated the malignant growth. The neoplastic disease itself contributes to the immunodeficiency by multiple mechanisms. The powerful cytostatic-cytocidal drugs reduce the immune response also, especially in the phases of bone marrow depression. Granulocytopenia shows the most significant correlation with the incidence of serious infections. The different forms of hospital infections have been reviewed and classified as 1. bacterial, fungal and, rarely, (but most dangerous) protozoal infections, 2. endogenous infections with the patient's own anaerobic intestinal flora and 3. viral infections. The perspectives of up-to-date chemotherapy and management of the immunodeficiency e.g. with leucocyte transfusions, and attempts to prevent infection are discussed.", "contents": "[Infections in children with malignant disease (author's transl)]. Infections of children with malignant disease, especially of the lympho-reticular system, are characterized by their severity, with a high mortality, as a consequence of defective immunocompetence. According to the immunosurveillance theory, temporary immune defects could have even facilitated the malignant growth. The neoplastic disease itself contributes to the immunodeficiency by multiple mechanisms. The powerful cytostatic-cytocidal drugs reduce the immune response also, especially in the phases of bone marrow depression. Granulocytopenia shows the most significant correlation with the incidence of serious infections. The different forms of hospital infections have been reviewed and classified as 1. bacterial, fungal and, rarely, (but most dangerous) protozoal infections, 2. endogenous infections with the patient's own anaerobic intestinal flora and 3. viral infections. The perspectives of up-to-date chemotherapy and management of the immunodeficiency e.g. with leucocyte transfusions, and attempts to prevent infection are discussed.", "PMID": 516738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11404", "title": "[The significance of respiratory syncytial virus as pathogen in respiratory tract infections in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten out of twenty babies aged up to twelve months and admitted during the months February and March 1978 were shown to be infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. During the first 6 months of life the disease usually presents as bronchiolitis. Serologically only neutralising antibodies were demonstrable in this age group. IgA was usually raised in babies with bronchopneumonia. An allergic reaction between virus antigen and maternal antibodies is considered to occur, assuming an activation of the infant's own secretory immunoglobulin.", "contents": "[The significance of respiratory syncytial virus as pathogen in respiratory tract infections in infants (author's transl)]. Ten out of twenty babies aged up to twelve months and admitted during the months February and March 1978 were shown to be infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. During the first 6 months of life the disease usually presents as bronchiolitis. Serologically only neutralising antibodies were demonstrable in this age group. IgA was usually raised in babies with bronchopneumonia. An allergic reaction between virus antigen and maternal antibodies is considered to occur, assuming an activation of the infant's own secretory immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 516739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11405", "title": "[Preliminary findings with oral whooping cough vaccination in young infants (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary report is presented on oral vaccination against whooping cough. 23 babies younger than, and 2 older than nine weeks and 12 newborn infants were vaccinated orally. No side effects were observed. Serum antibody titres did not increase markedly, but no child was seronegative after vaccination. An evident antibody titre rise to a higher level than in serum was found in the saliva. These results point toward an adequate local immunity. At present a definite statement about the efficacy of this oral vaccination is difficult to make. Further investigations are necessary.", "contents": "[Preliminary findings with oral whooping cough vaccination in young infants (author's transl)]. A preliminary report is presented on oral vaccination against whooping cough. 23 babies younger than, and 2 older than nine weeks and 12 newborn infants were vaccinated orally. No side effects were observed. Serum antibody titres did not increase markedly, but no child was seronegative after vaccination. An evident antibody titre rise to a higher level than in serum was found in the saliva. These results point toward an adequate local immunity. At present a definite statement about the efficacy of this oral vaccination is difficult to make. Further investigations are necessary.", "PMID": 516740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11406", "title": "[Oral pertussis immunization of the newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral pertussis immunization of the newborn infant should be started from the second day after birth. A rapid increase in salivary antibody titres is observed after immunization, which then decreases slightly within the observation period of 4 weeks. These facts are discussed.", "contents": "[Oral pertussis immunization of the newborn infant (author's transl)]. Oral pertussis immunization of the newborn infant should be started from the second day after birth. A rapid increase in salivary antibody titres is observed after immunization, which then decreases slightly within the observation period of 4 weeks. These facts are discussed.", "PMID": 516741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11407", "title": "[Hepatitis B markers in paediatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "372 children with suspected liver disease were examined for serum HBsAg. Six (three boys, three girls) were found to be positive (1.6%). Further studies of these patients for up to three and a half years revealed elimination of HBsAg in one case only. Biopsies were performed in five patients. Three showed mild chronic hepatitis (two chronic persistent hepatitis, one unspecific reactive hepatitis). Chronic aggressive hepatitis was diagnosed in one patient. One child seemed to be normal on light microscopy, but the findings on electron microscopy were abnormal, the liver cell nuclei being filled with core particles. Two thirds of the family contacts of these children showed hepatitis B marker. Two pregnancies were observed in HBsAg-positive mothers. An infection of the babies was not demonstrable.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B markers in paediatric patients (author's transl)]. 372 children with suspected liver disease were examined for serum HBsAg. Six (three boys, three girls) were found to be positive (1.6%). Further studies of these patients for up to three and a half years revealed elimination of HBsAg in one case only. Biopsies were performed in five patients. Three showed mild chronic hepatitis (two chronic persistent hepatitis, one unspecific reactive hepatitis). Chronic aggressive hepatitis was diagnosed in one patient. One child seemed to be normal on light microscopy, but the findings on electron microscopy were abnormal, the liver cell nuclei being filled with core particles. Two thirds of the family contacts of these children showed hepatitis B marker. Two pregnancies were observed in HBsAg-positive mothers. An infection of the babies was not demonstrable.", "PMID": 516742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11408", "title": "[Coeliac disease: an analysis of the clinical data in 176 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 176 infants and children with documented coeliac disease born between 1953 and 1975 revealed the following data: Gluten was introduced into the diet of 49% of these patients at an age of 3 to 4 months. The interval between the introduction of gluten and the appearance of first symptoms was very variable and independent of age, occurring within 4 weeks in 32% and within 2 weeks in 20% of cases. In 13% this interval was 6 to 13 months. 91% of cases presented during the first year of life. Signs were also variable, the most frequent combination being failure to thrive, abnormal stools, anorexia vomiting and abdominal distension. In young infants symptoms tended to be more severe, whilst in children older than 2 years stunting of growth was the most frequent single clinical finding.", "contents": "[Coeliac disease: an analysis of the clinical data in 176 patients (author's transl)]. A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 176 infants and children with documented coeliac disease born between 1953 and 1975 revealed the following data: Gluten was introduced into the diet of 49% of these patients at an age of 3 to 4 months. The interval between the introduction of gluten and the appearance of first symptoms was very variable and independent of age, occurring within 4 weeks in 32% and within 2 weeks in 20% of cases. In 13% this interval was 6 to 13 months. 91% of cases presented during the first year of life. Signs were also variable, the most frequent combination being failure to thrive, abnormal stools, anorexia vomiting and abdominal distension. In young infants symptoms tended to be more severe, whilst in children older than 2 years stunting of growth was the most frequent single clinical finding.", "PMID": 516743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11409", "title": "[Urodynamic assessment of enuretic children (author's transl)].", "content": "Urodynamic assessment was carried out in 33 children with persistent enuresis in spite of previous therapy. According to these investigations it was possible to divide our patients into several groups. One group of children displayed a normal urodynamic pattern. Another group showed neurogenic non-inhibited detrusor contractions on cystometry. Obstruction was noted in a third group of patients by means of urodynamic parameters. A small group of children was urodynamically normal, but suffered from recurrent urinary infections. The therapeutic results and the aetiology of enuresis is discussed.", "contents": "[Urodynamic assessment of enuretic children (author's transl)]. Urodynamic assessment was carried out in 33 children with persistent enuresis in spite of previous therapy. According to these investigations it was possible to divide our patients into several groups. One group of children displayed a normal urodynamic pattern. Another group showed neurogenic non-inhibited detrusor contractions on cystometry. Obstruction was noted in a third group of patients by means of urodynamic parameters. A small group of children was urodynamically normal, but suffered from recurrent urinary infections. The therapeutic results and the aetiology of enuresis is discussed.", "PMID": 516744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11410", "title": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology of the thyroid gland: results and critical evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "Thyroid aspiration biopsy is a valuable complementary method for the examination of an enlarged thyroid gland--especially of cold nodules. Undifferentiated tumours and papillary carcinomas can be recognized with great accuracy. The inability to achieve a precise distinction between atypical follicular adenoma and highly-differentiated follicular carcinoma leads to false-positive or false-negative findings--depending on the strategy of cytological evaluation used. The selective value of the method can be preserved only by accepting false-positive cytological findings; false-negative findings are rare. Aspiration biopsy and cytological examination of the thyroid gland, therefore, can make a valuable contribution towards obtaining a precise indication for the surgical treatment of cold nodules of the thyroid.", "contents": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology of the thyroid gland: results and critical evaluation (author's transl)]. Thyroid aspiration biopsy is a valuable complementary method for the examination of an enlarged thyroid gland--especially of cold nodules. Undifferentiated tumours and papillary carcinomas can be recognized with great accuracy. The inability to achieve a precise distinction between atypical follicular adenoma and highly-differentiated follicular carcinoma leads to false-positive or false-negative findings--depending on the strategy of cytological evaluation used. The selective value of the method can be preserved only by accepting false-positive cytological findings; false-negative findings are rare. Aspiration biopsy and cytological examination of the thyroid gland, therefore, can make a valuable contribution towards obtaining a precise indication for the surgical treatment of cold nodules of the thyroid.", "PMID": 516745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11411", "title": "[Generalized ceroid histiocytosis in type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Histochemical, fluorescence and electron microscopic features of histiocytes from the spleen, lymph nodes and liver were investigated in a patient with type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia with splenomegaly (Fredrickson and Lees, 1965). The pigment stored in histocytes represented ceroid, a product of oxidation and polymerization of unsaturated lipids. The morphological features of ceroid and histogenesis of ceroid histiocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Generalized ceroid histiocytosis in type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)]. Histochemical, fluorescence and electron microscopic features of histiocytes from the spleen, lymph nodes and liver were investigated in a patient with type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia with splenomegaly (Fredrickson and Lees, 1965). The pigment stored in histocytes represented ceroid, a product of oxidation and polymerization of unsaturated lipids. The morphological features of ceroid and histogenesis of ceroid histiocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 516746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11412", "title": "[Continuous determination of the blood density during haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of the mechanical oscillator technique for measurement of blood density, in combination with a reference method for the determination of the absolute value of the blood volume, enables precise and continuous monitoring of fluid shifts during haemodialysis. The significant correlation between blood volume and density or plasma volume and density allows each variation in blood volume to be calculated from the blood density and the slope of the regression line for each individual patient. The possibility of taking continuous measurements and the high accuracy of the mechanical oscillator technique commends this method for the measurement of short-term and small fluid shifts.", "contents": "[Continuous determination of the blood density during haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Application of the mechanical oscillator technique for measurement of blood density, in combination with a reference method for the determination of the absolute value of the blood volume, enables precise and continuous monitoring of fluid shifts during haemodialysis. The significant correlation between blood volume and density or plasma volume and density allows each variation in blood volume to be calculated from the blood density and the slope of the regression line for each individual patient. The possibility of taking continuous measurements and the high accuracy of the mechanical oscillator technique commends this method for the measurement of short-term and small fluid shifts.", "PMID": 516747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11413", "title": "[Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis with different calcium concentrations in the dialysate (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was carried out in 25 patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis on the effect of increasing the dialysate calcium concentration from 1.5 to 1.75 mMol/l on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In 16 patients the increase in the dialysate calcium resulted in a sufficiently large increase in the plasma Ca level to suppress the parathyroid glands. The calcium influx during dialysis in these patients was sufficient to abolish the effects of diminished calcium absorption from the intestine due to loss of endocrine renal function. The remaining 9 patients showed no suppression of parathyroid gland activity and could be separated into two different groups, one requiring calcium supplementation and the other group manifesting signs of autonomic hyperparathyroidism. The five patients showing a higher calcium requirement were started on active vitamin D metabolites. In the remaining 4 patients parathyroidectomy will probably be inevitable if progression of the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism occurs. Close control of plasma phosphorus levels is mandatory to avoid an increase in the calcium phosphate product or the danger of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.", "contents": "[Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis with different calcium concentrations in the dialysate (author's transl)]. A study was carried out in 25 patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis on the effect of increasing the dialysate calcium concentration from 1.5 to 1.75 mMol/l on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In 16 patients the increase in the dialysate calcium resulted in a sufficiently large increase in the plasma Ca level to suppress the parathyroid glands. The calcium influx during dialysis in these patients was sufficient to abolish the effects of diminished calcium absorption from the intestine due to loss of endocrine renal function. The remaining 9 patients showed no suppression of parathyroid gland activity and could be separated into two different groups, one requiring calcium supplementation and the other group manifesting signs of autonomic hyperparathyroidism. The five patients showing a higher calcium requirement were started on active vitamin D metabolites. In the remaining 4 patients parathyroidectomy will probably be inevitable if progression of the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism occurs. Close control of plasma phosphorus levels is mandatory to avoid an increase in the calcium phosphate product or the danger of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.", "PMID": 516748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11414", "title": "[Recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract are discussed on the basis of six cases. An urothelial tumour can be considered as a local manifestation of general disorder of the mucosa of urinary tract and therefore every patient with such a tumour has to undergo regular X-ray and endoscopic checks of the whole urinary tract, even if the tumour has been radically operated. Among 38 urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract there were 6 recurring tumours (15.7%) at different sites and of varying malignancy. Descending and ascending tendencies of spread were observed.", "contents": "[Recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract (author's transl)]. Problems of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract are discussed on the basis of six cases. An urothelial tumour can be considered as a local manifestation of general disorder of the mucosa of urinary tract and therefore every patient with such a tumour has to undergo regular X-ray and endoscopic checks of the whole urinary tract, even if the tumour has been radically operated. Among 38 urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract there were 6 recurring tumours (15.7%) at different sites and of varying malignancy. Descending and ascending tendencies of spread were observed.", "PMID": 516751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11415", "title": "Clinical studies with gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of porcine GIP in man induces insulin release when a degree of hyperglycemia is present. This glucose-dependent insulinotropic response occurs when a dose of GIP is administered to obtain circulating levels of approximately 1 ng/ml, a physiologic level that can be achieved by the ingestion of glucose or corn oil or a mixed meal. Serum GIP was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the single antiserum used in all the described studies measures 2 immunoreactive forms of GIP. In patients with chronic pancreatitis receiving an oral glucose load or mixed liquid test meal, GIP levels have been shown to be exaggerated. Similar elevated responses have been observed in obese patients and in maturity onset diabetes. A reduced GIP response has been seen in patients with celiac disease. A physiologic role for GIP in the enteroinsular axis has been established. However, involvement of the hormone in pathophysiologic situations is equivocal.", "contents": "Clinical studies with gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Intravenous infusion of porcine GIP in man induces insulin release when a degree of hyperglycemia is present. This glucose-dependent insulinotropic response occurs when a dose of GIP is administered to obtain circulating levels of approximately 1 ng/ml, a physiologic level that can be achieved by the ingestion of glucose or corn oil or a mixed meal. Serum GIP was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the single antiserum used in all the described studies measures 2 immunoreactive forms of GIP. In patients with chronic pancreatitis receiving an oral glucose load or mixed liquid test meal, GIP levels have been shown to be exaggerated. Similar elevated responses have been observed in obese patients and in maturity onset diabetes. A reduced GIP response has been seen in patients with celiac disease. A physiologic role for GIP in the enteroinsular axis has been established. However, involvement of the hormone in pathophysiologic situations is equivocal.", "PMID": 516774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11416", "title": "The intestinal phase hormone.", "content": "The existence of a stimulatory intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion has been suspected, but largely ignored, for many years. Recently, however, it has become clear that the intestinal phase plays an important role in acid production during digestion. The intestinal phase is of additional interest in relation to the profound gastric acid hypersecretion associated with portacaval shunt (PCS). Substantial evidence indicates that PCS-related gastric hypersecretion is due to unmasking of the intestinal phase by hepatic bypass of a humoral stimulant in portal blood that is normally degraded to a considerable extent by the liver. Studies in our laboratory during the past 12 years have provided strong physiologic evidence for humoral mediation of both the intestinal phase of gastric secretion and of PCS-related hypersecretion by a hormone that arises in the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum. Furthermore, our studies have demonstrated that this intestinal phase hormone (IPH) exists in humans as well as in dogs, rats, and pigs. Additionally, recent work by a number of investigators, as well as by our group, has provided convincing evidence that IPH is different from any of the known gastric stimulatory hormones. With these physiologic observations as a background, we have used a classical method for extracting acidic peptides to prepare a hog intestinal mucosa extract (HIME) that has all of the known physiologic properties of an IPH. Specifically, HIME contains a potent stimulant of gastric acid secretion that acts according to a linear dose-response relationship; that is not gastrin in any of its immunoassayable forms; that significantly augments the maximal acid secretory responses to pentagastrin, gastrin, CCK, and histamine; and that is substantially degraded by the liver, in contrast to gastrin and CCK. Efforts at isolating the gastric stimulatory substance in HIME suggest that it is a peptide of low molecular weight. Work directed at isolating IPH in pure form and identifying it is in progress.", "contents": "The intestinal phase hormone. The existence of a stimulatory intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion has been suspected, but largely ignored, for many years. Recently, however, it has become clear that the intestinal phase plays an important role in acid production during digestion. The intestinal phase is of additional interest in relation to the profound gastric acid hypersecretion associated with portacaval shunt (PCS). Substantial evidence indicates that PCS-related gastric hypersecretion is due to unmasking of the intestinal phase by hepatic bypass of a humoral stimulant in portal blood that is normally degraded to a considerable extent by the liver. Studies in our laboratory during the past 12 years have provided strong physiologic evidence for humoral mediation of both the intestinal phase of gastric secretion and of PCS-related hypersecretion by a hormone that arises in the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum. Furthermore, our studies have demonstrated that this intestinal phase hormone (IPH) exists in humans as well as in dogs, rats, and pigs. Additionally, recent work by a number of investigators, as well as by our group, has provided convincing evidence that IPH is different from any of the known gastric stimulatory hormones. With these physiologic observations as a background, we have used a classical method for extracting acidic peptides to prepare a hog intestinal mucosa extract (HIME) that has all of the known physiologic properties of an IPH. Specifically, HIME contains a potent stimulant of gastric acid secretion that acts according to a linear dose-response relationship; that is not gastrin in any of its immunoassayable forms; that significantly augments the maximal acid secretory responses to pentagastrin, gastrin, CCK, and histamine; and that is substantially degraded by the liver, in contrast to gastrin and CCK. Efforts at isolating the gastric stimulatory substance in HIME suggest that it is a peptide of low molecular weight. Work directed at isolating IPH in pure form and identifying it is in progress.", "PMID": 516773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11417", "title": "Pancreatic apudomas.", "content": "Pancreatic apudomas are not common but are frequently curable. Thus, it is important for every clinician to be fully aware of the varied clinical syndromes that suggest their presence. The availability of specific radioimmunoassays has made confirmation of the diagnosis relatively simple. Advances in the techniques for staining the different cell types have led to the recognition that many of these tumors are mixed, and that the general term \"pancreatic apudoma\" is appropriate. Pancreatic endocrine tumors, as examples to \"nature's experiments,\" have yielded considerable insight into the possible physiologic effects of the various peptides they produce. It is to be hoped that further study of tumors such as the somatostatinoma and PPoma may yield further information about these enigmatic compounds.", "contents": "Pancreatic apudomas. Pancreatic apudomas are not common but are frequently curable. Thus, it is important for every clinician to be fully aware of the varied clinical syndromes that suggest their presence. The availability of specific radioimmunoassays has made confirmation of the diagnosis relatively simple. Advances in the techniques for staining the different cell types have led to the recognition that many of these tumors are mixed, and that the general term \"pancreatic apudoma\" is appropriate. Pancreatic endocrine tumors, as examples to \"nature's experiments,\" have yielded considerable insight into the possible physiologic effects of the various peptides they produce. It is to be hoped that further study of tumors such as the somatostatinoma and PPoma may yield further information about these enigmatic compounds.", "PMID": 516776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11418", "title": "Cimetidine treatment of acute and chronic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Thirteen patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) were treated with cimetidine. This population could be divided into chronic forms, mostly presenting as a common duodenal ulcer, and acute forms resulting in critical problems requiring intensive medical care. Among the 7 patients with chronic ZES, cimetidine treatment was unsuccessful in 2; satisfactory clinical control was obtained in 3 others, but gastrinoma excision was the final treatment; cimetidine treatment has been prolonged for more than 15 months in the last 2 patients. If, in this condition, acute pharmacologic secretory inhibition were constantly obtained, therapeutic efficiency criteria are not sensitive enough to establish certainty in the patient's long-term follow-up. Total gastrectomy is still a valuable alternative if excision of the gastrinoma is not possible. Of the 6 patients with acute ZES, 4 were treated by pirenzepin (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly 3 times a day) adjunctive to cimetidine infusion (2.4 mg/day), which resulted in increased antisecretory activity. However, total gastrectomy was the final outcome in every patient, with 1 immediate postoperative death. In conclusion, cimetidine in ZES treatment, although capable of inducing ulcer healing, diarrhea disappearance, and dramatic secretory inhibition, is still challenged by surgery, which allows either complete cure of the gastrinoma or definitive suppression of the secretory virulence.", "contents": "Cimetidine treatment of acute and chronic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Thirteen patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) were treated with cimetidine. This population could be divided into chronic forms, mostly presenting as a common duodenal ulcer, and acute forms resulting in critical problems requiring intensive medical care. Among the 7 patients with chronic ZES, cimetidine treatment was unsuccessful in 2; satisfactory clinical control was obtained in 3 others, but gastrinoma excision was the final treatment; cimetidine treatment has been prolonged for more than 15 months in the last 2 patients. If, in this condition, acute pharmacologic secretory inhibition were constantly obtained, therapeutic efficiency criteria are not sensitive enough to establish certainty in the patient's long-term follow-up. Total gastrectomy is still a valuable alternative if excision of the gastrinoma is not possible. Of the 6 patients with acute ZES, 4 were treated by pirenzepin (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly 3 times a day) adjunctive to cimetidine infusion (2.4 mg/day), which resulted in increased antisecretory activity. However, total gastrectomy was the final outcome in every patient, with 1 immediate postoperative death. In conclusion, cimetidine in ZES treatment, although capable of inducing ulcer healing, diarrhea disappearance, and dramatic secretory inhibition, is still challenged by surgery, which allows either complete cure of the gastrinoma or definitive suppression of the secretory virulence.", "PMID": 516777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11419", "title": "Endocrinology of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Several gastrointestinal peptides with proven or suggested endocrine or paracrine functions influence gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and mucosal blood flow. Increased or decreased release of such factors could participate in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease by inducing increased gastric acid concentration in the duodenal bulb. To date, increased stimulation of parietal cells by gastrin has been demonstrated only in patients with gastrinoma, G-cell hyperplasia, gastric outlet obstruction, hyperparathyroidism, excluded antrum, and short bowel syndrome, but not in the usual duodenal ulcer disease. Also, a defective inhibition of parietal cell function by endocrine or paracrine factors, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, seems not to exist in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. However, as long as the physiology of gastrointestinal peptides in gastric secretion and motility is not understood, a possible role of these factors in the pathogenesis of simple duodenal ulcer disease cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Endocrinology of duodenal ulcer. Several gastrointestinal peptides with proven or suggested endocrine or paracrine functions influence gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and mucosal blood flow. Increased or decreased release of such factors could participate in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease by inducing increased gastric acid concentration in the duodenal bulb. To date, increased stimulation of parietal cells by gastrin has been demonstrated only in patients with gastrinoma, G-cell hyperplasia, gastric outlet obstruction, hyperparathyroidism, excluded antrum, and short bowel syndrome, but not in the usual duodenal ulcer disease. Also, a defective inhibition of parietal cell function by endocrine or paracrine factors, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, seems not to exist in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. However, as long as the physiology of gastrointestinal peptides in gastric secretion and motility is not understood, a possible role of these factors in the pathogenesis of simple duodenal ulcer disease cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 516778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11420", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of \"H-type\" tracheoesophageal fistulas.", "content": "Four cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula are reported. The patients all had chronic aspiration from the esophagus. Although serious symptoms were present in all, definitive diagnoses were not made until the patients had reached 1, 6, 12, and 50 years of age, because ordinary radiologic methods failed to establish the diagnosis. The angulation of the fistula usually prevents contrast medium in the esophagus from entering the trachea, especially with the subject upright. On the other hand, air easily passes from the trachea to the esophagus, eventually producing megaesophagus which may be confused with the picture of achalasia. An ill-advised Heller esophagomyotomy was done on 1 patient. All 4 patients eventually had successful closure of the fistulas. Three operations were by the transthoracic route, and 1 high fistula in an infant was closed through a cervical approach.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of \"H-type\" tracheoesophageal fistulas. Four cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula are reported. The patients all had chronic aspiration from the esophagus. Although serious symptoms were present in all, definitive diagnoses were not made until the patients had reached 1, 6, 12, and 50 years of age, because ordinary radiologic methods failed to establish the diagnosis. The angulation of the fistula usually prevents contrast medium in the esophagus from entering the trachea, especially with the subject upright. On the other hand, air easily passes from the trachea to the esophagus, eventually producing megaesophagus which may be confused with the picture of achalasia. An ill-advised Heller esophagomyotomy was done on 1 patient. All 4 patients eventually had successful closure of the fistulas. Three operations were by the transthoracic route, and 1 high fistula in an infant was closed through a cervical approach.", "PMID": 516780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11421", "title": "The metabolism of nitrophenolic and 5-arylazorhodanine anthelmintics by Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa and by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes.", "content": "1. The anthelmintics disophenol (2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol), nitroxynil (3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzonitrile) and nitrodan (3-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenylazo)rhodanine) were reduced in vitro to the corresponding amines by intact Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa, by enzymes prepared from these helminths, and by mouse- and sheep-liver homogenates. Helminth reductases required NADH2 and glutathione as cofactors and were inhibited about 50% by 2.0 x 10(-7) M allopurinol. Azo bonds of nitrodan and its analogues were not reduced by the helminths but were reduced by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes. 2. Mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes, in addition to effecting nitro reduction, metabolized nitroxynil by hydrolysis to 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide and 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid. No hydroxylation products were found. Nitrodan was oxidized by the mammalian microsomal oxidation enzyme system to the thiazolidinedione derivative, but not by helminth enzymes.", "contents": "The metabolism of nitrophenolic and 5-arylazorhodanine anthelmintics by Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa and by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes. 1. The anthelmintics disophenol (2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol), nitroxynil (3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzonitrile) and nitrodan (3-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenylazo)rhodanine) were reduced in vitro to the corresponding amines by intact Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa, by enzymes prepared from these helminths, and by mouse- and sheep-liver homogenates. Helminth reductases required NADH2 and glutathione as cofactors and were inhibited about 50% by 2.0 x 10(-7) M allopurinol. Azo bonds of nitrodan and its analogues were not reduced by the helminths but were reduced by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes. 2. Mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes, in addition to effecting nitro reduction, metabolized nitroxynil by hydrolysis to 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide and 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid. No hydroxylation products were found. Nitrodan was oxidized by the mammalian microsomal oxidation enzyme system to the thiazolidinedione derivative, but not by helminth enzymes.", "PMID": 516789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11422", "title": "The oxidation of azaheterocycles with mammalian liver aldehyde oxidase.", "content": "1. Isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline and phthalazine were incubated with preparations of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 2. The oxidation products, 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, 4-hydroxycinnoline, 2-hydroxy- and 2,3-dihydroxy-quinoxaline, 4-hydroxy- and 2,4-dihydroxy-quinazoline, and 1-hydroxyphthalazine were identified by comparison of their spectral and chromatographic characteristics with those of authentic compounds. 3. Michaelis-Menten constants are reported for the action of the parent heterocycles with aldehyde oxidase. The compounds reported in this study are among the most efficient substrates yet described for rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 4. The compounds in 1 above were incubated with bovine milk xanthine oxidase: only quinazoline and phthalazine yielded significant amounts of metabolites. Km values were calculated for these compounds. 5. Incubation of the heterocycles with rat liver preparations gave qualitatively the same results as those obtained using rabbit liver, but smaller amounts of the oxidation products were detected from rat liver incubations.", "contents": "The oxidation of azaheterocycles with mammalian liver aldehyde oxidase. 1. Isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline and phthalazine were incubated with preparations of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 2. The oxidation products, 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, 4-hydroxycinnoline, 2-hydroxy- and 2,3-dihydroxy-quinoxaline, 4-hydroxy- and 2,4-dihydroxy-quinazoline, and 1-hydroxyphthalazine were identified by comparison of their spectral and chromatographic characteristics with those of authentic compounds. 3. Michaelis-Menten constants are reported for the action of the parent heterocycles with aldehyde oxidase. The compounds reported in this study are among the most efficient substrates yet described for rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 4. The compounds in 1 above were incubated with bovine milk xanthine oxidase: only quinazoline and phthalazine yielded significant amounts of metabolites. Km values were calculated for these compounds. 5. Incubation of the heterocycles with rat liver preparations gave qualitatively the same results as those obtained using rabbit liver, but smaller amounts of the oxidation products were detected from rat liver incubations.", "PMID": 516790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11423", "title": "The bilary excretion of flavanones in the rat.", "content": "1. The major biliary metabolites of flavanones in the rat have been identified by chromatographic and spectral methods. 2. Evidence is presented that flavanones and flavanone glycosides, following oral or parenteral administration, undergo glucuronylation and are selectively excreted via the bile. 3. Flavanone glycosides but not unconjugated aglycones may be excreted to a significant extent in bile. 4. The percentage of parenterally administered flavanones excreted in bile varies inversely with the amount administered.", "contents": "The bilary excretion of flavanones in the rat. 1. The major biliary metabolites of flavanones in the rat have been identified by chromatographic and spectral methods. 2. Evidence is presented that flavanones and flavanone glycosides, following oral or parenteral administration, undergo glucuronylation and are selectively excreted via the bile. 3. Flavanone glycosides but not unconjugated aglycones may be excreted to a significant extent in bile. 4. The percentage of parenterally administered flavanones excreted in bile varies inversely with the amount administered.", "PMID": 516791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11424", "title": "[Thermodynamics of microbial processes].", "content": "The unique description of the dependences of the specific consumption coefficients on the process state known from the literature is an important prerequisite to the further increase of the intensity and efficiency of the process for the industrial protein synthesis. Suitable measuring quantities for it are entropy production, an important quantity of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and differential heat flow which can be measured by microcalorimetry. The description of the dependences of consumption coefficients by thermodynamics of irreversible processes allows an ingenious statement of calorimetric measurements of the fermentation process to confirm and to make precise the knowledge deduced from thermodynamics. Thermodynamical considerations and calorimetric measurements are used to describe the dependences of consumption coefficients on substrate concentration, nature of limitation, and periodical perturbations of the process.", "contents": "[Thermodynamics of microbial processes]. The unique description of the dependences of the specific consumption coefficients on the process state known from the literature is an important prerequisite to the further increase of the intensity and efficiency of the process for the industrial protein synthesis. Suitable measuring quantities for it are entropy production, an important quantity of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and differential heat flow which can be measured by microcalorimetry. The description of the dependences of consumption coefficients by thermodynamics of irreversible processes allows an ingenious statement of calorimetric measurements of the fermentation process to confirm and to make precise the knowledge deduced from thermodynamics. Thermodynamical considerations and calorimetric measurements are used to describe the dependences of consumption coefficients on substrate concentration, nature of limitation, and periodical perturbations of the process.", "PMID": 516792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11425", "title": "[Biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides, mannan and glucan, by Candida spec. H as indication of different pathways of glucose breakdown].", "content": "The catabolic and anabolic D-glucose transformation of the yeast Candida spec. H has been studied. By using 1-14C-D-glucose and 6-14C-D-glucose, measuring the 14CO2 liberation and the label of glucose and mannose isolated from glucan and mannan, the following results have been obtained.1. Beginning with 100 micromoles glucose . ml-1 in the batch growth medium, at first on an average 64% of the glucose having been catabolized to CO2 are directly decarboxylated to pentose phosphate by pentose phosphate pathway (PPW). Later on at an exogen concentration of 70 micromoles.ml-1 73% of glucose on an average having been catabolised to CO2 undergoes transformation via glycolyse and tricarbonacid cycle (G-TCC). 2. Only after getting this glucose concentration the maximal hexose incorporation rate into glucan and mannan can be obtained. 3. 20--40% of the hexose channeled into the polysaccharid-biosynthesis have been prepared by resynthesis from pentose phosphate via PPW. 4. The results are discussed in connection with the observed crabtree effect.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides, mannan and glucan, by Candida spec. H as indication of different pathways of glucose breakdown]. The catabolic and anabolic D-glucose transformation of the yeast Candida spec. H has been studied. By using 1-14C-D-glucose and 6-14C-D-glucose, measuring the 14CO2 liberation and the label of glucose and mannose isolated from glucan and mannan, the following results have been obtained.1. Beginning with 100 micromoles glucose . ml-1 in the batch growth medium, at first on an average 64% of the glucose having been catabolized to CO2 are directly decarboxylated to pentose phosphate by pentose phosphate pathway (PPW). Later on at an exogen concentration of 70 micromoles.ml-1 73% of glucose on an average having been catabolised to CO2 undergoes transformation via glycolyse and tricarbonacid cycle (G-TCC). 2. Only after getting this glucose concentration the maximal hexose incorporation rate into glucan and mannan can be obtained. 3. 20--40% of the hexose channeled into the polysaccharid-biosynthesis have been prepared by resynthesis from pentose phosphate via PPW. 4. The results are discussed in connection with the observed crabtree effect.", "PMID": 516793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11426", "title": "Properties of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris phage Ta1 and its extracted DNA.", "content": "The virulent phage Ta1 was obtained in good yields from infected cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 1227. The purified phage was found to sediment with a single band, the sedimentation constant being (519 +/- 14)S, and to exhibit a typical nucleoprotein behaviour in UV-spectrophotometric and CD experiments. The Ta1 phage consists of a hexagonal head about 0.056 micrometers in diameter and a very short tail. It is morphologically similar to the temperate Salmonella phage P22. The nucleic acid extracted from the phage was found to be a double-stranded linear DNA with a G+C content of 42 mole-% as deduced both from its melting temperature and buoyant density in CsCl. Analytical sedimentation revealed a high degree of molecular homogeneity of Ta1 Dna. the sedimentation constant of this DNA amounts to (35.9 +/- 0.3)S, corresponding to a DNA molecular weight of about 29 millions daltons. The biological activity of Ta1 DNA was indicated by its ability to infect the mycelium of the components T. vulgaris strain 1227 and to give rise to mature phages.", "contents": "Properties of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris phage Ta1 and its extracted DNA. The virulent phage Ta1 was obtained in good yields from infected cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 1227. The purified phage was found to sediment with a single band, the sedimentation constant being (519 +/- 14)S, and to exhibit a typical nucleoprotein behaviour in UV-spectrophotometric and CD experiments. The Ta1 phage consists of a hexagonal head about 0.056 micrometers in diameter and a very short tail. It is morphologically similar to the temperate Salmonella phage P22. The nucleic acid extracted from the phage was found to be a double-stranded linear DNA with a G+C content of 42 mole-% as deduced both from its melting temperature and buoyant density in CsCl. Analytical sedimentation revealed a high degree of molecular homogeneity of Ta1 Dna. the sedimentation constant of this DNA amounts to (35.9 +/- 0.3)S, corresponding to a DNA molecular weight of about 29 millions daltons. The biological activity of Ta1 DNA was indicated by its ability to infect the mycelium of the components T. vulgaris strain 1227 and to give rise to mature phages.", "PMID": 516794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11427", "title": "Inhibition by glycine of the catabolic reduction of proline in Clostridium sticklandii: evidence on the regulation of amino acid reduction.", "content": "The growth of Clostridium sticklandii on the substrate pair L-alanine-L-proline (reductant-oxidant each 40 mM) in a medium containing 2 g/l yeast extract was completely inhibited by equimolar amounts of glycine, although glycine itself should be used as oxidant by the cells. The effect of glycine was the same, whether L-alanine, L-arginine, or L-serine wwere used as reductants. Performance of the growth experiments in media of high osmolarity excluded the possibility that the inhibition effected by glycine was caused by the synthesis of defective cell wall peptidoglycan. In cell-free extracts an inhibition of L-proline reduction by glycine was observed that did not belong to anyone of the known types of kinetic inhibition. It depended upon the presence of a functioning glycine-reducing enzyme system, besides glycine itself, and was lost after the purification of D-proline reductase. It was concluded from these results that a protein, besides glycine, participated in the inhibition of L-proline reduction. The regulatory implications of the inhibition for the energy metabolism of C. sticklandii are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by glycine of the catabolic reduction of proline in Clostridium sticklandii: evidence on the regulation of amino acid reduction. The growth of Clostridium sticklandii on the substrate pair L-alanine-L-proline (reductant-oxidant each 40 mM) in a medium containing 2 g/l yeast extract was completely inhibited by equimolar amounts of glycine, although glycine itself should be used as oxidant by the cells. The effect of glycine was the same, whether L-alanine, L-arginine, or L-serine wwere used as reductants. Performance of the growth experiments in media of high osmolarity excluded the possibility that the inhibition effected by glycine was caused by the synthesis of defective cell wall peptidoglycan. In cell-free extracts an inhibition of L-proline reduction by glycine was observed that did not belong to anyone of the known types of kinetic inhibition. It depended upon the presence of a functioning glycine-reducing enzyme system, besides glycine itself, and was lost after the purification of D-proline reductase. It was concluded from these results that a protein, besides glycine, participated in the inhibition of L-proline reduction. The regulatory implications of the inhibition for the energy metabolism of C. sticklandii are discussed.", "PMID": 516795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11428", "title": "[Calculations of airway parameters from expiratory concentration volume values based on the model of stationary bronchoalveolar gas exchange (author's transl)].", "content": "Approximating the cumulative cross section of the terminal airway structure by a single parabolic exponential term with the unknown parameters initial cross section a, exponential steepness b and external dead space VDE, calculations of the stationary concentration front F along airway length L, raising during constant flow inspiration, were done, solving the gas transport equation for stationary conditions numerically and integrating the distribution of dF/dL. The conversion to the expiratory F-V profile was done neglecting pulmonary inhomogeneity and expiratory front deformation. Calculations were applied on a scale of different a and b enclosing normal and some pathological lung models. Applying different inspiratory flows, there is a linear correlation between the reciprocal steepness dV/dF of expiratory F-V diagrams and the flow diffusion ratio V/D*, where D* is the effective diffusivity of gases. Compared to normal, the model of nonobstructive emphysema shows higher values of dV/dF and the general obstruction lower ones; all three have the same increase of dV/dF along V/D*. The peripheral obstruction type has the highest slope of regression along V/D* and the obstructive emphysema the lowest one. Mathematical approximations of the regression between dV/dF of the expiratory F-V diagram at certain intervals of F and V/D* were used to present a procedure calculating airway parameters a, b, VDE and the effective diffusivity D* from a sequence of F-V diagrams applying different inspiratory flows.", "contents": "[Calculations of airway parameters from expiratory concentration volume values based on the model of stationary bronchoalveolar gas exchange (author's transl)]. Approximating the cumulative cross section of the terminal airway structure by a single parabolic exponential term with the unknown parameters initial cross section a, exponential steepness b and external dead space VDE, calculations of the stationary concentration front F along airway length L, raising during constant flow inspiration, were done, solving the gas transport equation for stationary conditions numerically and integrating the distribution of dF/dL. The conversion to the expiratory F-V profile was done neglecting pulmonary inhomogeneity and expiratory front deformation. Calculations were applied on a scale of different a and b enclosing normal and some pathological lung models. Applying different inspiratory flows, there is a linear correlation between the reciprocal steepness dV/dF of expiratory F-V diagrams and the flow diffusion ratio V/D*, where D* is the effective diffusivity of gases. Compared to normal, the model of nonobstructive emphysema shows higher values of dV/dF and the general obstruction lower ones; all three have the same increase of dV/dF along V/D*. The peripheral obstruction type has the highest slope of regression along V/D* and the obstructive emphysema the lowest one. Mathematical approximations of the regression between dV/dF of the expiratory F-V diagram at certain intervals of F and V/D* were used to present a procedure calculating airway parameters a, b, VDE and the effective diffusivity D* from a sequence of F-V diagrams applying different inspiratory flows.", "PMID": 516796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11429", "title": "[Significance of bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with acetylcholine) and ventilatory inhomogeneity for the early detection and differentiation of chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with 0.01% acetylcholine ultrasonic aerosol) and ventilatory inhomogeneity (tested with V2/V1-parameter of the flow-volume diagram) using the pneumotest apparatus were studied. Patients with high bronchial reactivity are frequently showing not only ventilatory disorders of distribution but sometimes also an additional increase due to the bronchial provocation. Bronchial reactivity testing combined with the flow-volume diagram allows to estimate the predominant site of the bronchospastic response either centrally or also in the more peripheral parts of the bronchial system. By testing bronchial reactivity persons without any symptoms and with no evident spirometric alterations can be separated in dependence on the relative increase of total airway flow resistance as well on smoking habits. That does not succeed with the appliance of the inhomogeneity parameters V2/V1. The results obtained in this study are of value for preventive measures, for early detection of risk factors in premorbid stages, for assessment of prognosis in chronic nonspecific lung disease, for an adequate therapy and also for the rehabilitation of patients in jobs with inhalation of noxious dusts.", "contents": "[Significance of bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with acetylcholine) and ventilatory inhomogeneity for the early detection and differentiation of chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) (author's transl)]. Bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with 0.01% acetylcholine ultrasonic aerosol) and ventilatory inhomogeneity (tested with V2/V1-parameter of the flow-volume diagram) using the pneumotest apparatus were studied. Patients with high bronchial reactivity are frequently showing not only ventilatory disorders of distribution but sometimes also an additional increase due to the bronchial provocation. Bronchial reactivity testing combined with the flow-volume diagram allows to estimate the predominant site of the bronchospastic response either centrally or also in the more peripheral parts of the bronchial system. By testing bronchial reactivity persons without any symptoms and with no evident spirometric alterations can be separated in dependence on the relative increase of total airway flow resistance as well on smoking habits. That does not succeed with the appliance of the inhomogeneity parameters V2/V1. The results obtained in this study are of value for preventive measures, for early detection of risk factors in premorbid stages, for assessment of prognosis in chronic nonspecific lung disease, for an adequate therapy and also for the rehabilitation of patients in jobs with inhalation of noxious dusts.", "PMID": 516797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11430", "title": "[Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria on Endo agar and McConkey agar (author's transl)].", "content": "Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria by means of Endo Agar and McConkey Agar showed some better results in case of McConkey Agar.", "contents": "[Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria on Endo agar and McConkey agar (author's transl)]. Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria by means of Endo Agar and McConkey Agar showed some better results in case of McConkey Agar.", "PMID": 516798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11431", "title": "[Indices of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases a contribution to the surveillance of these diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiology of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases in GDR is reviewed. For tuberculosis an exact survey on its development in the course of the last 30 years is possible by reason of compulsory registration. The program of tuberculosis control has been pushed on consequently from the very beginning; all indices of tuberculosis epidemiology (annual infection rate, incidence and prevalence of morbidity, mortality) have favourably developed. Till 1982 tuberculosis is expected to be eliminated as a special problem of public health in GDR. The assessment and statistic evaluation of the nonspecific respiratory diseases is much more difficult. There is no compulsory registration or notification; acute respiratory diseases are very common; the chronic pulmonary diseases clinically and prognostically important are insufficiently defined and, therefore, patients can be delimited only badly from the by far greater number of persons with chronic cough and sputum defined on the base of epidemiological aspects. The informative significance of secondary statistics (temporary disabelement, dismissals from hospital, invalidity- social parameters) is analyzed regarding their value for an evaluation of these diseases. Acute respiratory diseases have serious consequences on the sickness absence rate due to the percentage of case and duration of absenteeism (20--35% of all cases) of the considerable portion of hospital dismissals. In periods of epidemics disablement is still by far higher.", "contents": "[Indices of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases a contribution to the surveillance of these diseases (author's transl)]. The epidemiology of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases in GDR is reviewed. For tuberculosis an exact survey on its development in the course of the last 30 years is possible by reason of compulsory registration. The program of tuberculosis control has been pushed on consequently from the very beginning; all indices of tuberculosis epidemiology (annual infection rate, incidence and prevalence of morbidity, mortality) have favourably developed. Till 1982 tuberculosis is expected to be eliminated as a special problem of public health in GDR. The assessment and statistic evaluation of the nonspecific respiratory diseases is much more difficult. There is no compulsory registration or notification; acute respiratory diseases are very common; the chronic pulmonary diseases clinically and prognostically important are insufficiently defined and, therefore, patients can be delimited only badly from the by far greater number of persons with chronic cough and sputum defined on the base of epidemiological aspects. The informative significance of secondary statistics (temporary disabelement, dismissals from hospital, invalidity- social parameters) is analyzed regarding their value for an evaluation of these diseases. Acute respiratory diseases have serious consequences on the sickness absence rate due to the percentage of case and duration of absenteeism (20--35% of all cases) of the considerable portion of hospital dismissals. In periods of epidemics disablement is still by far higher.", "PMID": 516799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11432", "title": "[Changes of biochemical processes of the lungs caused by air pollutants (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations of the last 10 years have shown that beside the respiratory function the biochemical processes of the lungs are of basic importance. The normal biochemical processes are the prerequisite to a normal respiratory function. Today the problems of air pollutants are topical. Therefore a review of the new literature about the influence of air pollutants on biochemical processes of the lungs is given. The following substances are included: gaseous air pollutants (ozone, NO2, SO2, phosgene) and aerosols as well as dust (cadmium, paraquat, carcinogens, tobacco smoke). Furthermore the biochemical changes of the lungs by high and low oxygen concentrations are described. Our knowledge concerning the simultaneous influence of several pollutants, the possibilities for an early biochemical detection of damages caused by air pollutants, and their therapeutical influence are still limited.", "contents": "[Changes of biochemical processes of the lungs caused by air pollutants (author's transl)]. The investigations of the last 10 years have shown that beside the respiratory function the biochemical processes of the lungs are of basic importance. The normal biochemical processes are the prerequisite to a normal respiratory function. Today the problems of air pollutants are topical. Therefore a review of the new literature about the influence of air pollutants on biochemical processes of the lungs is given. The following substances are included: gaseous air pollutants (ozone, NO2, SO2, phosgene) and aerosols as well as dust (cadmium, paraquat, carcinogens, tobacco smoke). Furthermore the biochemical changes of the lungs by high and low oxygen concentrations are described. Our knowledge concerning the simultaneous influence of several pollutants, the possibilities for an early biochemical detection of damages caused by air pollutants, and their therapeutical influence are still limited.", "PMID": 516800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11433", "title": "[Investigations for the use of micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test in patients with lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a preliminary study a micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test was examined for use in patients with specific and nonspecific lung diseases. Investigation was carried out about the influence of different conditions in the cell culture system. A micromodification was defined and introduced in the clinic simultaneously to the conventional macromodification of lymphocyte transformation test. This micro lymphocyte transformation test is of use for determination of cell mediated immunity. However, in the described form it is doubtful for the detection of present specific sensibilization.", "contents": "[Investigations for the use of micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test in patients with lung disease (author's transl)]. In a preliminary study a micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test was examined for use in patients with specific and nonspecific lung diseases. Investigation was carried out about the influence of different conditions in the cell culture system. A micromodification was defined and introduced in the clinic simultaneously to the conventional macromodification of lymphocyte transformation test. This micro lymphocyte transformation test is of use for determination of cell mediated immunity. However, in the described form it is doubtful for the detection of present specific sensibilization.", "PMID": 516801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11434", "title": "[Smoking education as a part of health education (author's transl)].", "content": "Health behaviour increasingly becomes important in fighting serious diseases. A point is that non-smoking must be carried as the normal behaviour. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the conditions underlying the tradition of smoking by totality of social education. Nonsmoking arguments should start from immediate requirements of target group. Some examples in this field are given.", "contents": "[Smoking education as a part of health education (author's transl)]. Health behaviour increasingly becomes important in fighting serious diseases. A point is that non-smoking must be carried as the normal behaviour. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the conditions underlying the tradition of smoking by totality of social education. Nonsmoking arguments should start from immediate requirements of target group. Some examples in this field are given.", "PMID": 516802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11435", "title": "[BCG-vaccination in the GDR--retrospective and prospective view (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective evaluation of BCG-vaccination from 1951--1977 shows the good effect on the number of TB-diseases especially among children. In former years with an annually infection-risk of 6--10% we found a big difference between TB-diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated persons. With the decreasing infections-risk (1977 0,05%) the absolute number and difference of diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated have become smaller and smaller. Nevertheless the decision was made to continue the BCG-vaccination of new-borns and pupils of 16 years in order to avoid also the last few cases of TB in children. The used BCG-vaccine produced in Jena/DDR has proved its immunogenic effect and caused very few complications. Till 1977 among nearly 10 millions of vaccinations only 68, mostly slight complications were registered.", "contents": "[BCG-vaccination in the GDR--retrospective and prospective view (author's transl)]. A retrospective evaluation of BCG-vaccination from 1951--1977 shows the good effect on the number of TB-diseases especially among children. In former years with an annually infection-risk of 6--10% we found a big difference between TB-diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated persons. With the decreasing infections-risk (1977 0,05%) the absolute number and difference of diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated have become smaller and smaller. Nevertheless the decision was made to continue the BCG-vaccination of new-borns and pupils of 16 years in order to avoid also the last few cases of TB in children. The used BCG-vaccine produced in Jena/DDR has proved its immunogenic effect and caused very few complications. Till 1977 among nearly 10 millions of vaccinations only 68, mostly slight complications were registered.", "PMID": 516803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11436", "title": "[Perspective of tuberculosis control--role of preventive chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short review of measures for control and eradication of infectious diseases in general and especially of tuberculosis, the indications of chemoprophylaxis and preventive chemotherapy of tuberculosis are discussed. Using results of a double-blind controlled trial on preventive chemotherapy in a high risk group (persons with fibrotic lung lesions), cost, benefit and side effects of preventive chemotherapy are analysed. Preventive chemotherapy in high risk persons is an effective measure in advanced stage of tuberculosis control. Recommendations to reduce side effects are given.", "contents": "[Perspective of tuberculosis control--role of preventive chemotherapy (author's transl)]. After a short review of measures for control and eradication of infectious diseases in general and especially of tuberculosis, the indications of chemoprophylaxis and preventive chemotherapy of tuberculosis are discussed. Using results of a double-blind controlled trial on preventive chemotherapy in a high risk group (persons with fibrotic lung lesions), cost, benefit and side effects of preventive chemotherapy are analysed. Preventive chemotherapy in high risk persons is an effective measure in advanced stage of tuberculosis control. Recommendations to reduce side effects are given.", "PMID": 516804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11437", "title": "[The function of pathology at service of clinical special disciplines in past and presence (author's transl)].", "content": "The intent of this presentation shall be a contemplation about the character and the position of the pathology in the past and its determination in the presence after changing of many tasks. The allsurrounding pathology as a general system and doctrin of diseases continues in the pathology in spite of the separation of pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry in teaching and researching methods. The necessary development of an organ-pathology supported by the clinical specialisation again demands a conform functional and structural style of thinking in pathic processes. Way and realization possibilities of this demand in the daily practice especially for lung pathology are discussed and proposed. The pathology is a service of other clinical specialities and has to promote advances of knowledge.", "contents": "[The function of pathology at service of clinical special disciplines in past and presence (author's transl)]. The intent of this presentation shall be a contemplation about the character and the position of the pathology in the past and its determination in the presence after changing of many tasks. The allsurrounding pathology as a general system and doctrin of diseases continues in the pathology in spite of the separation of pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry in teaching and researching methods. The necessary development of an organ-pathology supported by the clinical specialisation again demands a conform functional and structural style of thinking in pathic processes. Way and realization possibilities of this demand in the daily practice especially for lung pathology are discussed and proposed. The pathology is a service of other clinical specialities and has to promote advances of knowledge.", "PMID": 516805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11438", "title": "[Tendences of development of clinical pathology in pneumonology during the past 30 years in GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past 50 years pneumonology changed its character from tuberculous sanatoriums to high specialized clinics for specific and non specific lung diseases. The increased bioptic and surgical activity together with a broad spectrum of different diseases needs a specialized morphologic diagnostic. The development and position of clinical pathology in the field of pneumonology in the GDR during the past 30 years is described. Tasks and importance of this relative new special part of morphology are explained and similar tendences of development in socialist countries are pointed out.", "contents": "[Tendences of development of clinical pathology in pneumonology during the past 30 years in GDR (author's transl)]. During the past 50 years pneumonology changed its character from tuberculous sanatoriums to high specialized clinics for specific and non specific lung diseases. The increased bioptic and surgical activity together with a broad spectrum of different diseases needs a specialized morphologic diagnostic. The development and position of clinical pathology in the field of pneumonology in the GDR during the past 30 years is described. Tasks and importance of this relative new special part of morphology are explained and similar tendences of development in socialist countries are pointed out.", "PMID": 516806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11439", "title": "[Contributions of thoracic surgery in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis since its founding and under the presence conditions in the treatment of specific and nonspecific lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Thoracic surgery is done in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis for about 25 years. 2463 lung resections on account of tuberculosis, 934 lung resections on account of intrathoracic tumors, among them 795 suffering from bronchial carcinoma, 422 operations because of nonspecific pulmonary diseases (bronchiectasis, lung abscess a.s.o.) and nearly the same number of operations because of spontaneous pneumothorax were performed in this time. Cystic lung disease, bullous emphysema, pulmonary mycosis and diseases of diaphragm and oesophagus were rarer indications for surgery. Since 1970 an increasing number of thoracic injuries by accidents were treated (70 patients). At the beginning collapse therapy (1953/54) was still in use (305 operations). In all the number of great thoracic operations 1978 was 5417. Besides, experimental investigations dealing with lung transplantation were done in dogs. These results are published in several papers. The technical experience gained by this research work could be utilized for clinical practice.", "contents": "[Contributions of thoracic surgery in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis since its founding and under the presence conditions in the treatment of specific and nonspecific lung diseases (author's transl)]. Thoracic surgery is done in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis for about 25 years. 2463 lung resections on account of tuberculosis, 934 lung resections on account of intrathoracic tumors, among them 795 suffering from bronchial carcinoma, 422 operations because of nonspecific pulmonary diseases (bronchiectasis, lung abscess a.s.o.) and nearly the same number of operations because of spontaneous pneumothorax were performed in this time. Cystic lung disease, bullous emphysema, pulmonary mycosis and diseases of diaphragm and oesophagus were rarer indications for surgery. Since 1970 an increasing number of thoracic injuries by accidents were treated (70 patients). At the beginning collapse therapy (1953/54) was still in use (305 operations). In all the number of great thoracic operations 1978 was 5417. Besides, experimental investigations dealing with lung transplantation were done in dogs. These results are published in several papers. The technical experience gained by this research work could be utilized for clinical practice.", "PMID": 516807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11440", "title": "[Present state and further development of bronchology in the GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchoscopy and bronchography are further important diagnostic methods in lung diseases. Their development to a high level was influenced by the construction of Friedel's bronchoscope. In the future it will be necessary to extend these methods to general hospitals under special pressuppositions.", "contents": "[Present state and further development of bronchology in the GDR (author's transl)]. Bronchoscopy and bronchography are further important diagnostic methods in lung diseases. Their development to a high level was influenced by the construction of Friedel's bronchoscope. In the future it will be necessary to extend these methods to general hospitals under special pressuppositions.", "PMID": 516808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11441", "title": "[Reference values for lung function. A summary of reference values used in the GDR (analysis September 1978) (author's transl)].", "content": "The reference values of several original papers were summarized for the assessment of ventilation, flow-volume, blood gases, bodyplethysmography, single breath test, bronchial reactivity. The standards were showed for adults and children.", "contents": "[Reference values for lung function. A summary of reference values used in the GDR (analysis September 1978) (author's transl)]. The reference values of several original papers were summarized for the assessment of ventilation, flow-volume, blood gases, bodyplethysmography, single breath test, bronchial reactivity. The standards were showed for adults and children.", "PMID": 516809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11442", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of gastrointestinal radiography].", "content": "The picture intensifier television radioscopy, picture intensifier initial level photography, double contrast method and pharmacoradiography together with endoscopy further the optimation of the diagnostics of the diseases of oesophagus, stomach and intestine. The value of the X-ray diagnostics for the recognition of the biliary diseases and of the incleared jaundice is high. In diseases of liver and pancreas the X-ray diagnostics may further the finding of decision. Ways for a better interdisciplinary cooperation are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of gastrointestinal radiography]. The picture intensifier television radioscopy, picture intensifier initial level photography, double contrast method and pharmacoradiography together with endoscopy further the optimation of the diagnostics of the diseases of oesophagus, stomach and intestine. The value of the X-ray diagnostics for the recognition of the biliary diseases and of the incleared jaundice is high. In diseases of liver and pancreas the X-ray diagnostics may further the finding of decision. Ways for a better interdisciplinary cooperation are demonstrated.", "PMID": 516829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11443", "title": "[Progress in functional gastric surgery for stomach ulcers].", "content": "Different pathogenetic mechanisms lead to the formation of ulcers in stomach and duodenum. They must be taken into consideration, when selecting operative procedures. In the patient with duodenal ulcer we have with the selective proximal vagotomy a procedure at hand that in effective reduction of the secretion of the stomach and in preservation of the form and function of the stomach fulfills all criteria of a functional gastric surgery. At present in patients with gastric ulcers dominate still methods of resection with the aim of the removal of the ulcer and thus healing. The practicability and effectiveness of non-resecting methods is shown also in this case. But it should be controlled in larger clinical studies.", "contents": "[Progress in functional gastric surgery for stomach ulcers]. Different pathogenetic mechanisms lead to the formation of ulcers in stomach and duodenum. They must be taken into consideration, when selecting operative procedures. In the patient with duodenal ulcer we have with the selective proximal vagotomy a procedure at hand that in effective reduction of the secretion of the stomach and in preservation of the form and function of the stomach fulfills all criteria of a functional gastric surgery. At present in patients with gastric ulcers dominate still methods of resection with the aim of the removal of the ulcer and thus healing. The practicability and effectiveness of non-resecting methods is shown also in this case. But it should be controlled in larger clinical studies.", "PMID": 516830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11444", "title": "[Early diagnosis of stomach neoplasms].", "content": "The primary prevention of the carcinoma of the stomach promises little success in near future. Therefore the effort is directed to early recognition and healing (secondary prevention). The optimum method for this is the combination of X-ray-examination, gastroscopy and aimed biopsy. But also by early diagnosis and therapy in the invasive carcinoma the chances of survival are to be improved. At present only 5-6% of the patients with gastric carcinoma survive longer than 5 years. The author adopts a definite attitude to the groups with risk of carcinoma. The search for further factors of persons endangered by carcinoma (habit of nutrition, kind of constitution and preparation of food, other exogenous factors) must be continued intensively in order to get selected groups which may be controlled consequently.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of stomach neoplasms]. The primary prevention of the carcinoma of the stomach promises little success in near future. Therefore the effort is directed to early recognition and healing (secondary prevention). The optimum method for this is the combination of X-ray-examination, gastroscopy and aimed biopsy. But also by early diagnosis and therapy in the invasive carcinoma the chances of survival are to be improved. At present only 5-6% of the patients with gastric carcinoma survive longer than 5 years. The author adopts a definite attitude to the groups with risk of carcinoma. The search for further factors of persons endangered by carcinoma (habit of nutrition, kind of constitution and preparation of food, other exogenous factors) must be continued intensively in order to get selected groups which may be controlled consequently.", "PMID": 516831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11445", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP)].", "content": "Important experiences are reported from an analysis of 500 examinations. The ERCP gives eminent possibilities for the improvement of the pre- and postoperative diagnostics of the bile ducts, particularly in unclear cholestasis and in conditions after operations of the bile ducts. The ERCP is little suited for the early diagnosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas and for the ascertainment of the diagnosis in easy and moderate forms of chronic pancreatitis. Of particular value is the possibility to clear the causes of recidivations of pancreatitis as well as of complications of the severe chronic pancreatitis with regard to operative consequences.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP)]. Important experiences are reported from an analysis of 500 examinations. The ERCP gives eminent possibilities for the improvement of the pre- and postoperative diagnostics of the bile ducts, particularly in unclear cholestasis and in conditions after operations of the bile ducts. The ERCP is little suited for the early diagnosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas and for the ascertainment of the diagnosis in easy and moderate forms of chronic pancreatitis. Of particular value is the possibility to clear the causes of recidivations of pancreatitis as well as of complications of the severe chronic pancreatitis with regard to operative consequences.", "PMID": 516832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11446", "title": "[Critical notes on diet therapy in gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "The reasons for a transformation of the dietary therapy in gastroenterologic diseases are in the reduction of forms of mild diet related to organs (mild diet for stomach, intestine, liver and gall-bladder), which are based on connections between complaints and organic diseases no more up to date. In their place enters the gastroenterologic basis diet which, according to the course of the diseases (subacute, chronic) is represented in two steps as strong and dilated basic diet. The displacement of the emphasis of multifarious formed of.", "contents": "[Critical notes on diet therapy in gastrointestinal diseases]. The reasons for a transformation of the dietary therapy in gastroenterologic diseases are in the reduction of forms of mild diet related to organs (mild diet for stomach, intestine, liver and gall-bladder), which are based on connections between complaints and organic diseases no more up to date. In their place enters the gastroenterologic basis diet which, according to the course of the diseases (subacute, chronic) is represented in two steps as strong and dilated basic diet. The displacement of the emphasis of multifarious formed of.", "PMID": 516833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11447", "title": "[Clinico-diagnostic criteria for the evaluation of social aspects in acquired heart valve diseases].", "content": "In spite of the retrogression of the acute rheumatic fever the acquired valvular defects still play an essential role for the morbidity and mortality above all for the younger and middle decenniums of life. In the preliminary diagnostics it is the task of the family doctor to diagnose the valvular defect, to differentiate it from non-organic findings and to estimate its degree of severity. The diagnosis of a carditis renders special difficulties, particularly in its chronic recurrent form. Certain situations of life do not demand only an actual analysis of the findings, but also an individual prognostic estimation. For the choice of profession, the ability for military service and driving a car general references and regularities must be taken into consideration. The indication to operation of the valvular defect is generally given in degree of severity and with restriction also in stage IV. A mitral stenosis is operated already in stage II, when stronger complaints and haemodynamic changes are present. Patients with degree of severity III and IV should avoid a pregnancy, in stage I and II under common control by the internist and obstetrician the pregnant patient may not have any scruples to carry to full term.", "contents": "[Clinico-diagnostic criteria for the evaluation of social aspects in acquired heart valve diseases]. In spite of the retrogression of the acute rheumatic fever the acquired valvular defects still play an essential role for the morbidity and mortality above all for the younger and middle decenniums of life. In the preliminary diagnostics it is the task of the family doctor to diagnose the valvular defect, to differentiate it from non-organic findings and to estimate its degree of severity. The diagnosis of a carditis renders special difficulties, particularly in its chronic recurrent form. Certain situations of life do not demand only an actual analysis of the findings, but also an individual prognostic estimation. For the choice of profession, the ability for military service and driving a car general references and regularities must be taken into consideration. The indication to operation of the valvular defect is generally given in degree of severity and with restriction also in stage IV. A mitral stenosis is operated already in stage II, when stronger complaints and haemodynamic changes are present. Patients with degree of severity III and IV should avoid a pregnancy, in stage I and II under common control by the internist and obstetrician the pregnant patient may not have any scruples to carry to full term.", "PMID": 516834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11448", "title": "[Undesirable drug interactions. Notes on general principles].", "content": "Increasing knowledge about undersirable drug interactions make necessary new differential-therapeutic considerations. It is attempted to meet the problem in its general importance and - without any over-refinements which have nothing to do with practice - to draw conclusions for pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "[Undesirable drug interactions. Notes on general principles]. Increasing knowledge about undersirable drug interactions make necessary new differential-therapeutic considerations. It is attempted to meet the problem in its general importance and - without any over-refinements which have nothing to do with practice - to draw conclusions for pharmacotherapy.", "PMID": 516835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11449", "title": "[Efficacy of systemic rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarct--a 4 years' study].", "content": "Form and results of the rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction during and after clinical treatment are described in a 4-year-study. According to the form a system rehabilitation is concerned. It comprises a continuous course of early mobilisation during clinical treatment, immediately following group exercise treatment after clinical treatment, then a sanatory cure and a continuing life-long group training. The results are an ergometrically objectified increase of physical function which is larger than in an untrained patient and a decrease of the factor of risk, on the basis of which a high degree of occupational and social rehabilitation is gained.", "contents": "[Efficacy of systemic rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarct--a 4 years' study]. Form and results of the rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction during and after clinical treatment are described in a 4-year-study. According to the form a system rehabilitation is concerned. It comprises a continuous course of early mobilisation during clinical treatment, immediately following group exercise treatment after clinical treatment, then a sanatory cure and a continuing life-long group training. The results are an ergometrically objectified increase of physical function which is larger than in an untrained patient and a decrease of the factor of risk, on the basis of which a high degree of occupational and social rehabilitation is gained.", "PMID": 516836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11450", "title": "[Improvement of drug therapy for essential hypertension].", "content": "Only 20-30% out of all the patients suffering from hypertension have sufficient treatment. In spite of full treatment a small part of the patients (about 5%) shows an insatisfactory result. Subjective factors are more important: on the part of physicians doubtfulness about choice of medicaments and imperfect consistency to long-term treatment, on the part of patients inadequate co-operation. The use of 9 selected antihypertensive medicaments is suggested in a decided order under rational aspects (mode of action, side effects, expense for controls, cost). In 1975-1978 development of consumption of antihypertensives and diuretics in the district of Leipzig corresponded to this conception. The respective medicaments placed at disposal in the district of Leipzig were sufficient to treatment of 30% out of all persons suffering from hypertension in 1975 and of 40% in 1978.", "contents": "[Improvement of drug therapy for essential hypertension]. Only 20-30% out of all the patients suffering from hypertension have sufficient treatment. In spite of full treatment a small part of the patients (about 5%) shows an insatisfactory result. Subjective factors are more important: on the part of physicians doubtfulness about choice of medicaments and imperfect consistency to long-term treatment, on the part of patients inadequate co-operation. The use of 9 selected antihypertensive medicaments is suggested in a decided order under rational aspects (mode of action, side effects, expense for controls, cost). In 1975-1978 development of consumption of antihypertensives and diuretics in the district of Leipzig corresponded to this conception. The respective medicaments placed at disposal in the district of Leipzig were sufficient to treatment of 30% out of all persons suffering from hypertension in 1975 and of 40% in 1978.", "PMID": 516837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11451", "title": "[Ulcer anamnesis and gastroduodenoscopic findings--a contribution to the symptomatology of gastroduodenal ulcers].", "content": "513 patients who were gastroduodenoscopically examined on account of suspicion of ulcer were aimedly inquired for 18 typical ulcer complaints. Compared with patients with normal gastroduodenoscopic findings patients peptic ulcers of erosions of the gastric mucous membrane had significantly more frequently symptoms of the gastrointestinal haemorrhage, patients with ulcus ventriculi had, moreover, inappetence and vomiting, patients with duodenal ulcer a late pain in the centre of the epigastrium and in the right epigastrium. But these symptoms did not allow a significant differentiation between the patients with ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Patients without pathological gastroduodenoscopic findings had significantly more frequently an incompatibility of food and connected with this sensation of fullness. A typical symptomatology of ulcer may, indeed, be present in the individual case, but according to the results of the study it is no sufficient proof for the actual existence of a peptic ulcer and is thus of little differential-diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Ulcer anamnesis and gastroduodenoscopic findings--a contribution to the symptomatology of gastroduodenal ulcers]. 513 patients who were gastroduodenoscopically examined on account of suspicion of ulcer were aimedly inquired for 18 typical ulcer complaints. Compared with patients with normal gastroduodenoscopic findings patients peptic ulcers of erosions of the gastric mucous membrane had significantly more frequently symptoms of the gastrointestinal haemorrhage, patients with ulcus ventriculi had, moreover, inappetence and vomiting, patients with duodenal ulcer a late pain in the centre of the epigastrium and in the right epigastrium. But these symptoms did not allow a significant differentiation between the patients with ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Patients without pathological gastroduodenoscopic findings had significantly more frequently an incompatibility of food and connected with this sensation of fullness. A typical symptomatology of ulcer may, indeed, be present in the individual case, but according to the results of the study it is no sufficient proof for the actual existence of a peptic ulcer and is thus of little differential-diagnostic value.", "PMID": 516838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11452", "title": "[Possibilities of ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid and gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "Issuing from the physical principles of the ultrasound technique and the explanation of the different investigation methods, the possibilities of the ultrasonic diagnosis are demonstrated on own results in 1,166 cases of struma nodosa and 154 palpatorically and radiologically, respectively, localised enlargements of the organs or demands of space in the abdominal region. The establishment of 46 cysts in 357 scintigraphically warm nodes of the thyroid gland allows the conclusion that a relatively high percentage of the warm nodes contains solid cold regions. In several cases the ultrasonic diagnosis makes a clear diagnosis, in other cases it is an important supplementation to the other diagnostic possibilities. The A-picture-apparatuses produced in the GDR are suitable for the differential diagnosis of palpatorically or radiologically localised enlargements of the organs or space demands. In diffuse diseases of the organs and for the search of disturbances in extended regions B-picture-apparatuses with improved resolving power are necessary.", "contents": "[Possibilities of ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid and gastrointestinal diseases]. Issuing from the physical principles of the ultrasound technique and the explanation of the different investigation methods, the possibilities of the ultrasonic diagnosis are demonstrated on own results in 1,166 cases of struma nodosa and 154 palpatorically and radiologically, respectively, localised enlargements of the organs or demands of space in the abdominal region. The establishment of 46 cysts in 357 scintigraphically warm nodes of the thyroid gland allows the conclusion that a relatively high percentage of the warm nodes contains solid cold regions. In several cases the ultrasonic diagnosis makes a clear diagnosis, in other cases it is an important supplementation to the other diagnostic possibilities. The A-picture-apparatuses produced in the GDR are suitable for the differential diagnosis of palpatorically or radiologically localised enlargements of the organs or space demands. In diffuse diseases of the organs and for the search of disturbances in extended regions B-picture-apparatuses with improved resolving power are necessary.", "PMID": 516839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11453", "title": "[The correlation of blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride concentration with the administration of hormonal contraceptives in women from 2 Erfurt large-scale plants].", "content": "Within the framework of medical check-ups of heart and circulatory system 1,296 women at the age from 15 to 49 years were examined in two Erfurt large plants. Women with hormonal contraception in the age groups 30-34, 35-39 and 45-49 showed statistically significantly higher mean values of the systolic blood pressure than women without oral contraception. In the same way the difference of the cholesterol mean value of 15.3 mg/100 ml and 11 mg/100 ml depending on the intake of ovulation inhibitors could be statistically ascertained in women at the age of 20-24 and 30-34 years. Women with hormonal contraception have statistically significantly higher triglyceride mean value in the age group 15-24 and 35-44 years than the women without oral contraception.", "contents": "[The correlation of blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride concentration with the administration of hormonal contraceptives in women from 2 Erfurt large-scale plants]. Within the framework of medical check-ups of heart and circulatory system 1,296 women at the age from 15 to 49 years were examined in two Erfurt large plants. Women with hormonal contraception in the age groups 30-34, 35-39 and 45-49 showed statistically significantly higher mean values of the systolic blood pressure than women without oral contraception. In the same way the difference of the cholesterol mean value of 15.3 mg/100 ml and 11 mg/100 ml depending on the intake of ovulation inhibitors could be statistically ascertained in women at the age of 20-24 and 30-34 years. Women with hormonal contraception have statistically significantly higher triglyceride mean value in the age group 15-24 and 35-44 years than the women without oral contraception.", "PMID": 516840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11454", "title": "[Index of isometric contraction--a comparison with invasive methods of cardiac function testing in patients with ischemic heart diseases and post-myocardial infarct status].", "content": "In 81 patients with an ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction the evidence of the presphygmic index PI (non-invasive index) was tested concerning a beginning myocardial functional disturbance and a latent heart insufficiency, respectively, with the help of an invasive cardiopulmonary functional diagnostics which was performed under dosed bicycle ergometer load in the steady state. The presphygmic index PI correlates in significantly positive way with the end-diastolic pressure of the heart and the quotient from minute volume of the heart and the end-diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries (VM/PAEDP). The presphygmic index is on the basis of this correlation of the left-ventricular function suitable to establish disturbances of the myocardial functions and to give the possibility of a separation of the patients in cardially sufficient and cardially insufficient ones. Here the evidence of the presphygmic index might be larger concerning the recognition of a latent heart insufficiency than concerning the recognition of beginning myocardial functional disturbances. The presphygmic index apparantly possesses a high degree of sensibility then, when the myocardial functional disturbances coincide with a beginning reduction of the pumping action of the heart.", "contents": "[Index of isometric contraction--a comparison with invasive methods of cardiac function testing in patients with ischemic heart diseases and post-myocardial infarct status]. In 81 patients with an ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction the evidence of the presphygmic index PI (non-invasive index) was tested concerning a beginning myocardial functional disturbance and a latent heart insufficiency, respectively, with the help of an invasive cardiopulmonary functional diagnostics which was performed under dosed bicycle ergometer load in the steady state. The presphygmic index PI correlates in significantly positive way with the end-diastolic pressure of the heart and the quotient from minute volume of the heart and the end-diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries (VM/PAEDP). The presphygmic index is on the basis of this correlation of the left-ventricular function suitable to establish disturbances of the myocardial functions and to give the possibility of a separation of the patients in cardially sufficient and cardially insufficient ones. Here the evidence of the presphygmic index might be larger concerning the recognition of a latent heart insufficiency than concerning the recognition of beginning myocardial functional disturbances. The presphygmic index apparantly possesses a high degree of sensibility then, when the myocardial functional disturbances coincide with a beginning reduction of the pumping action of the heart.", "PMID": 516842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11455", "title": "[The blood-flow in hands with Dupuytren's contracture and Raynaud disease: functional and morphological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Concerning the question whether a correlation between the vasospasm and morphological changes in the neuro-myo-arterial glomerular (Hoyer-Grosser-Organ) exists also in Dupuytren disease, a series of 18 patients with Dupuytren and 5 patients with Raynaud disease were studied by finger venous occlusion plethysmography and finger tip biopsies. No typical histological changes were found in Dupuytren's Contracture, particularly none in the 13 cases (70%) which had a latent vasospasm and none in the 5 cases (30%) which had a normal plethysmogram, whereas in all the patients with Raynaud disease the typical morphological changes of wall, lumen and morphometric counts of the \"Suquet-Hoyer\" canals were found in correspondance to the abnormal plethysmogram. According to these results the vasospasm of Dupytren and Raynaud disease seems to be pathogenetically different.", "contents": "[The blood-flow in hands with Dupuytren's contracture and Raynaud disease: functional and morphological studies (author's transl)]. Concerning the question whether a correlation between the vasospasm and morphological changes in the neuro-myo-arterial glomerular (Hoyer-Grosser-Organ) exists also in Dupuytren disease, a series of 18 patients with Dupuytren and 5 patients with Raynaud disease were studied by finger venous occlusion plethysmography and finger tip biopsies. No typical histological changes were found in Dupuytren's Contracture, particularly none in the 13 cases (70%) which had a latent vasospasm and none in the 5 cases (30%) which had a normal plethysmogram, whereas in all the patients with Raynaud disease the typical morphological changes of wall, lumen and morphometric counts of the \"Suquet-Hoyer\" canals were found in correspondance to the abnormal plethysmogram. According to these results the vasospasm of Dupytren and Raynaud disease seems to be pathogenetically different.", "PMID": 516845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11456", "title": "[Contribution to anastomotic coronary circulation illustrated by a Bland-White-Garland-syndome in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The postmortal selective right coronary arteriogram shows an extensively anastomotic circulation in a case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from pulmonary trunk in an adult (Bland-White-Garland-syndrome). The morphometrical results of the coronary arteries demonstrate a reverse circulation in the left coronary artery.", "contents": "[Contribution to anastomotic coronary circulation illustrated by a Bland-White-Garland-syndome in an adult (author's transl)]. The postmortal selective right coronary arteriogram shows an extensively anastomotic circulation in a case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from pulmonary trunk in an adult (Bland-White-Garland-syndrome). The morphometrical results of the coronary arteries demonstrate a reverse circulation in the left coronary artery.", "PMID": 516846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11457", "title": "[The direct detection of sinus nodal potentials in man by means of the signal-averaging technique (author's transl)].", "content": "In 13 patients in the age range of 34 to 70 years (mean: 53 +/- 10 years), during diagnostic His-bundle investigations, registrations from the sinus nodal area were analyzed with a signal-averaging computer. In 12 patients we were able to get reproducible per-P-potentials with a sino-atrial conduction interval between 56 and 227 ms. The normal sequence of the excitation process from the atrium to the AV node together with the bundle of His and to the ventricles in all patients, and the reproducibility of the signal-averaged pre-P-potentials, which were well outlined from the atrial potential with a reasonable conduction interval, suggest that these signal-averaged pre-P-potentials reflect the sinus nodal activity rather than an ectopic focus. In 5 of 11 comparable cases there was a good correlation between the signal-averaged sino-atrial conduction intervals and those calculated with the extrastimulus technique. In 2 patients this correlation was moderate. The signal-averaging process may be impaired by coarse random noise, frequent atrial or ventricular extrasystoles, and by fluctuations of the baseline of the sinus nodal lead. The fact that the registrations are performed during normal undisturbed sinus rhythm offers a considerable advantage over the extrastimulus technique.", "contents": "[The direct detection of sinus nodal potentials in man by means of the signal-averaging technique (author's transl)]. In 13 patients in the age range of 34 to 70 years (mean: 53 +/- 10 years), during diagnostic His-bundle investigations, registrations from the sinus nodal area were analyzed with a signal-averaging computer. In 12 patients we were able to get reproducible per-P-potentials with a sino-atrial conduction interval between 56 and 227 ms. The normal sequence of the excitation process from the atrium to the AV node together with the bundle of His and to the ventricles in all patients, and the reproducibility of the signal-averaged pre-P-potentials, which were well outlined from the atrial potential with a reasonable conduction interval, suggest that these signal-averaged pre-P-potentials reflect the sinus nodal activity rather than an ectopic focus. In 5 of 11 comparable cases there was a good correlation between the signal-averaged sino-atrial conduction intervals and those calculated with the extrastimulus technique. In 2 patients this correlation was moderate. The signal-averaging process may be impaired by coarse random noise, frequent atrial or ventricular extrasystoles, and by fluctuations of the baseline of the sinus nodal lead. The fact that the registrations are performed during normal undisturbed sinus rhythm offers a considerable advantage over the extrastimulus technique.", "PMID": 516847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11458", "title": "Studies on the alimentary canal of amphipods: histochemistry of cephalic mucous glands in Talorchestia martensii (Weber) (Crustacea: Amphipoda).", "content": "With a view to analyse the chemical nature and the probable functional significance of the cephalic mucous glands the mucosubstances secreted and elaborated by these glands were investigated. All recent and standard histochemical techniques were employed. These reactions revealed that the three groups of glands namely the oesophageal, lateral and maxillipede groups are charged with the task of secreting both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Of these three, maxillipede groups are elaborating most of the neutral mucopolysaccharides and the other two groups are mainly involved in elaborating acid mucosubstances and to a little extent neutral mucosubstances. The acidic nature of the mucosubstances is partly due to hyaluronic acid and partly due to sialic acid. This was confirmed by hyaluronidase and neuraminidase treatment (digestion tests). The glands are also involved in secreting glycoproteins which was evidenced by their positivity to alcian blue/naphthol yellow and Congo red reactions. Entanglement of food and provision of fluid vehicle for lubrication as well as to achieve the desired consistency for digestion may be given as chief functions.", "contents": "Studies on the alimentary canal of amphipods: histochemistry of cephalic mucous glands in Talorchestia martensii (Weber) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). With a view to analyse the chemical nature and the probable functional significance of the cephalic mucous glands the mucosubstances secreted and elaborated by these glands were investigated. All recent and standard histochemical techniques were employed. These reactions revealed that the three groups of glands namely the oesophageal, lateral and maxillipede groups are charged with the task of secreting both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Of these three, maxillipede groups are elaborating most of the neutral mucopolysaccharides and the other two groups are mainly involved in elaborating acid mucosubstances and to a little extent neutral mucosubstances. The acidic nature of the mucosubstances is partly due to hyaluronic acid and partly due to sialic acid. This was confirmed by hyaluronidase and neuraminidase treatment (digestion tests). The glands are also involved in secreting glycoproteins which was evidenced by their positivity to alcian blue/naphthol yellow and Congo red reactions. Entanglement of food and provision of fluid vehicle for lubrication as well as to achieve the desired consistency for digestion may be given as chief functions.", "PMID": 516848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11459", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. III. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles.", "content": "The ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles shows that the regenerating nerve branches appear in the inner zone of the receptors at the end of the first month after nerve crush. The nerve branches are accompanied by the Schwann receptor cells. Two periods of regeneration can be established. During the first period the changes reflect mainly the quantitative relations between the regenerating nerve branches and the Schwann receptor cells, whereas during the second period the intracytoplasmic and intraaxoplasmic renewal of the organelles take place. The final regeneration of the receptors finishes at the end of the fifth month after nerve crush and one month later after nerve transection. Also, after transection the number of reinnervated receptors is less encountered.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. III. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles. The ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles shows that the regenerating nerve branches appear in the inner zone of the receptors at the end of the first month after nerve crush. The nerve branches are accompanied by the Schwann receptor cells. Two periods of regeneration can be established. During the first period the changes reflect mainly the quantitative relations between the regenerating nerve branches and the Schwann receptor cells, whereas during the second period the intracytoplasmic and intraaxoplasmic renewal of the organelles take place. The final regeneration of the receptors finishes at the end of the fifth month after nerve crush and one month later after nerve transection. Also, after transection the number of reinnervated receptors is less encountered.", "PMID": 516849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11460", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. IV. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Pacinian corpuscles.", "content": "The first signs of reinnervation of the Pacinian corpuscles have been established at the middle of the second month after nerve crush. The regenerative process pass through two periods. During the first period the progressive increase of the Schwann receptor cells has been observed parallel to the reduction of the regenerating nerve branches. During the second period the reorganization and renewal of the regenerated organelles takes place. Some organelles as dense core vesicles, coated vesicles and microtubules of the receptor nerve fibre show noticeable dynamics. The regeneration has been established only in the preexisting after denervation capsulated remnants of the receptors. After nerve transection the regeneration is prolonged one month later and the less of quantity reinnervated receptors have been observed.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. IV. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Pacinian corpuscles. The first signs of reinnervation of the Pacinian corpuscles have been established at the middle of the second month after nerve crush. The regenerative process pass through two periods. During the first period the progressive increase of the Schwann receptor cells has been observed parallel to the reduction of the regenerating nerve branches. During the second period the reorganization and renewal of the regenerated organelles takes place. Some organelles as dense core vesicles, coated vesicles and microtubules of the receptor nerve fibre show noticeable dynamics. The regeneration has been established only in the preexisting after denervation capsulated remnants of the receptors. After nerve transection the regeneration is prolonged one month later and the less of quantity reinnervated receptors have been observed.", "PMID": 516850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11461", "title": "Chronology of meiosis and spermiogenesis in a fresh-water teleost fish, Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider).", "content": "The duration of individual stages of meiosis and spermiogenesis in Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider) was calculated autoradiographically by following the kinetics of H3-TdR labelled spermatocytes in vivo. The leptotene lasts for less than 0.5 day, zygotene even for shorter period and pachytene for 1.86 +/- 0.13 days. The transition from diplotene to anaphase II requires about a day. The spermiogenesis is completed within 6.43 days. The labelled spermatozoa were detected at 9.68 d post injection, which is the approximate total duration of meiosis and spermiogenesis.", "contents": "Chronology of meiosis and spermiogenesis in a fresh-water teleost fish, Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider). The duration of individual stages of meiosis and spermiogenesis in Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider) was calculated autoradiographically by following the kinetics of H3-TdR labelled spermatocytes in vivo. The leptotene lasts for less than 0.5 day, zygotene even for shorter period and pachytene for 1.86 +/- 0.13 days. The transition from diplotene to anaphase II requires about a day. The spermiogenesis is completed within 6.43 days. The labelled spermatozoa were detected at 9.68 d post injection, which is the approximate total duration of meiosis and spermiogenesis.", "PMID": 516851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11462", "title": "Gap junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells in the teleost (Plecoglossus altivelis).", "content": "In the teleost, Plecoglossus altivelis, intercellular junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells were studied by electron microscopy. Microvilli, which were radiated from an oocyte and arrived at the surface of follicle cells, established contact with follicle cells. These contact areas appeared to be a seven-layered membrane with an overall thickness of about 18 microns by standard fixation. In freeze-fracture replicas, many small aggregates of intramembraneous particles were revealed on the cleavage faces of cytoplasmic membranes of follicle cells. These morphological evidences suggest that in the teleost gap junctions exist between the oocyte and follicle cells, especially on the surface of follicle cells.", "contents": "Gap junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells in the teleost (Plecoglossus altivelis). In the teleost, Plecoglossus altivelis, intercellular junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells were studied by electron microscopy. Microvilli, which were radiated from an oocyte and arrived at the surface of follicle cells, established contact with follicle cells. These contact areas appeared to be a seven-layered membrane with an overall thickness of about 18 microns by standard fixation. In freeze-fracture replicas, many small aggregates of intramembraneous particles were revealed on the cleavage faces of cytoplasmic membranes of follicle cells. These morphological evidences suggest that in the teleost gap junctions exist between the oocyte and follicle cells, especially on the surface of follicle cells.", "PMID": 516852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11463", "title": "Ultrastructure of the involuting thymus in mice.", "content": "The study was intended to research the changes in the fine structure of thymus in old mice. The research were made in 3 strains of mice (Swiss, Porton and C 57 BL). In the stroma of the senile thymus takes place--full disappearance of mesenchymal reticular cells, as well as the considerable reduction of thymocytes, which were digested by macrophages. In the involuted thymus a large number of plasma cells and lymphoblasts were present. The author suggest the hypothesis that involution has an immunologic character.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the involuting thymus in mice. The study was intended to research the changes in the fine structure of thymus in old mice. The research were made in 3 strains of mice (Swiss, Porton and C 57 BL). In the stroma of the senile thymus takes place--full disappearance of mesenchymal reticular cells, as well as the considerable reduction of thymocytes, which were digested by macrophages. In the involuted thymus a large number of plasma cells and lymphoblasts were present. The author suggest the hypothesis that involution has an immunologic character.", "PMID": 516853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11464", "title": "Fine structural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat ovum during cleavage.", "content": "On a submicroscopic level alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated by cytochemical methods in all stages of segmenting rat ova under survey, i.e. in the unfertilized and fertilized ovum, in the two-, four- and eight-cell stages and in the blastocyst. The reaction product was present in some cytoplasmic organelles as well as on cell membranes. A considerable number of cytoplasmic organelles with alkaline phosphatase activity was found in all stages from the one-cell up to the eight-cell stage. The reaction product was deposited in the tubules and vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelope and in the Golgi complex as well. Some multivesicular bodies, autophagic vacuoles and majority of residual bodies out of the secondary lysosomes showed enzymatic activity. In the multicellular stages no significant differences were observed between the individual blastomeres in the incidence and distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity. On the blastocyst-stage was found a low incidence of enzymatically active cytoplasmic organelles. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in some minute vesicles below the cell membrane and in some secondary lysosomes. No essential differences were found between the cells of the embryoblast and the cells of the trophoblast in the incidence of enzymatically active structures. In the one-cell stage the activity of alkaline phosphatase was present on the cell membrane only sporadically, in the two- and four-cell stages enzymatic activity was found in this localization in a third of all specimen. In the eight-cell stage alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated on the cell membranes of all blastomeres. In the blastocyst the reaction product was deposited regularly on the membranes of the trophoblastic cells turned towards the zone pellucida, frequently on membranes of mutual tactile cells of the trophoblast and the embryoblast and only sporadically on cell membranes limiting the blastocyst cavity.", "contents": "Fine structural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat ovum during cleavage. On a submicroscopic level alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated by cytochemical methods in all stages of segmenting rat ova under survey, i.e. in the unfertilized and fertilized ovum, in the two-, four- and eight-cell stages and in the blastocyst. The reaction product was present in some cytoplasmic organelles as well as on cell membranes. A considerable number of cytoplasmic organelles with alkaline phosphatase activity was found in all stages from the one-cell up to the eight-cell stage. The reaction product was deposited in the tubules and vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelope and in the Golgi complex as well. Some multivesicular bodies, autophagic vacuoles and majority of residual bodies out of the secondary lysosomes showed enzymatic activity. In the multicellular stages no significant differences were observed between the individual blastomeres in the incidence and distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity. On the blastocyst-stage was found a low incidence of enzymatically active cytoplasmic organelles. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in some minute vesicles below the cell membrane and in some secondary lysosomes. No essential differences were found between the cells of the embryoblast and the cells of the trophoblast in the incidence of enzymatically active structures. In the one-cell stage the activity of alkaline phosphatase was present on the cell membrane only sporadically, in the two- and four-cell stages enzymatic activity was found in this localization in a third of all specimen. In the eight-cell stage alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated on the cell membranes of all blastomeres. In the blastocyst the reaction product was deposited regularly on the membranes of the trophoblastic cells turned towards the zone pellucida, frequently on membranes of mutual tactile cells of the trophoblast and the embryoblast and only sporadically on cell membranes limiting the blastocyst cavity.", "PMID": 516854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11465", "title": "Cytochemical differentiation of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the ocular muscles of a fresh-water carp, Catla catla (Ham.).", "content": "1. Functional morphology of the ocular muscles with special reference to their topography, innervation and action have been studied in a fresh-water carp Catla catla. An attempt has also been made to differentiate tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the various ocular muscles by their SDH activities and their lipid contents. 2. Catla catla has large eyes (2 cm in diameter) in a fish measuring 30 cms. There are four recti (inferior, superior, anterior and posterior) and two obliquii (superior and inferior) muscles for the synchronized rotation of the eye ball within the orbit. Anterior and posterior myodomes are well developed. The former accommodates two obliquii muscles, while the latter gives space for the posterior and anterior recti. 3. In this fish, all the ocular muscles are composite in nature being made up of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units. The former is made up of red fibers whereas the latter have only white fibers. In the tonic muscle units lipid is more concentrated. 4. The superior and the inferior obliquii muscles rotate the eye ball on its antero-posterior axis. The upward and downward movements of the eye balls are achieved by the superior and the inferior recti. The anterior and posterior recti move the eye ball in the antero-lateral and postero-lateral directions. 5. The superior obliquii contains about 41% of the tonic and 59% of phasic muscle units. The inferior oblique is made up of 25% of tonic and 75% of the phasic muscle units. 6. The Anterior rectus contains greater percentage of tonic muscle fibers (48%) than the superior rectus (40%), the Interior rectus (34%) and the posterior rectus (35%).", "contents": "Cytochemical differentiation of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the ocular muscles of a fresh-water carp, Catla catla (Ham.). 1. Functional morphology of the ocular muscles with special reference to their topography, innervation and action have been studied in a fresh-water carp Catla catla. An attempt has also been made to differentiate tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the various ocular muscles by their SDH activities and their lipid contents. 2. Catla catla has large eyes (2 cm in diameter) in a fish measuring 30 cms. There are four recti (inferior, superior, anterior and posterior) and two obliquii (superior and inferior) muscles for the synchronized rotation of the eye ball within the orbit. Anterior and posterior myodomes are well developed. The former accommodates two obliquii muscles, while the latter gives space for the posterior and anterior recti. 3. In this fish, all the ocular muscles are composite in nature being made up of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units. The former is made up of red fibers whereas the latter have only white fibers. In the tonic muscle units lipid is more concentrated. 4. The superior and the inferior obliquii muscles rotate the eye ball on its antero-posterior axis. The upward and downward movements of the eye balls are achieved by the superior and the inferior recti. The anterior and posterior recti move the eye ball in the antero-lateral and postero-lateral directions. 5. The superior obliquii contains about 41% of the tonic and 59% of phasic muscle units. The inferior oblique is made up of 25% of tonic and 75% of the phasic muscle units. 6. The Anterior rectus contains greater percentage of tonic muscle fibers (48%) than the superior rectus (40%), the Interior rectus (34%) and the posterior rectus (35%).", "PMID": 516855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11466", "title": "Qualitative observations on fine structural changes with age in the ventricular myocardial cells of a teleost, Pleuronectes platessa L.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies on the ventricular myocardial cells of a sample of 10...16 year old plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) reveal an increase in the amount of glycogen particles, the presence of primary and secondary lysosomes and small intracellular vacuoles. Mitochondria were predominantly swollen and many were observed in different stages of degeneration and degradation by lysosomes within autophagic vacuoles. Myofilaments were not as distinctly defined as in the control group of 3...5 year old fish in which also the above features were not apparent. Such features are therefore interpreted as being age-associated.", "contents": "Qualitative observations on fine structural changes with age in the ventricular myocardial cells of a teleost, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ultrastructural studies on the ventricular myocardial cells of a sample of 10...16 year old plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) reveal an increase in the amount of glycogen particles, the presence of primary and secondary lysosomes and small intracellular vacuoles. Mitochondria were predominantly swollen and many were observed in different stages of degeneration and degradation by lysosomes within autophagic vacuoles. Myofilaments were not as distinctly defined as in the control group of 3...5 year old fish in which also the above features were not apparent. Such features are therefore interpreted as being age-associated.", "PMID": 516856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11467", "title": "[Morphometric studies of neonatal rat cerebral cortex explant cultures].", "content": "The following parameters were investigated quantitatively in cerebrocortex explants of rat brain after cultivation periods of 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 days in vitro by light microscopical methods. 1. The relationship between the sizes of explants and growth area was found to be statistically significant by correlation and regression analysis of the area index calculated from growth area and explant area following cultivation periods of two and four days in vitro. A significant increase in the cultivation area was also states (exception: 7th--10th). 2. The presence and changing percentage in the number of different cell populations within the growth area showed good correlations to previous results obtained from cerebellum explants in vitro. Problems of adaptive changes of the astrocytes to the in-vitro-conditions are discussed.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies of neonatal rat cerebral cortex explant cultures]. The following parameters were investigated quantitatively in cerebrocortex explants of rat brain after cultivation periods of 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 days in vitro by light microscopical methods. 1. The relationship between the sizes of explants and growth area was found to be statistically significant by correlation and regression analysis of the area index calculated from growth area and explant area following cultivation periods of two and four days in vitro. A significant increase in the cultivation area was also states (exception: 7th--10th). 2. The presence and changing percentage in the number of different cell populations within the growth area showed good correlations to previous results obtained from cerebellum explants in vitro. Problems of adaptive changes of the astrocytes to the in-vitro-conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 516857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11468", "title": "[A cell-culture assay for the detection of mycotoxins. I. Investigations with pure toxins (author's transl)].", "content": "For the detection of mycotoxins by a biological assay cells were seeded in Microtiter-plates together with toxin. After 24 h and 6 days of culture cells were examined visually for cytocidal effects, growth inhibition, and morphological aberrations. Three human and 2 porcine cell-lines were compared as to their reaction with 16 mycotoxins and 9 organic chemicals. The results indicate that the toxin-activating systems differ with type and origin of cells. This suggests the use of several selected cell-lines in parallel for testing of microbially derived food additives for possible contamination by mycotoxins.", "contents": "[A cell-culture assay for the detection of mycotoxins. I. Investigations with pure toxins (author's transl)]. For the detection of mycotoxins by a biological assay cells were seeded in Microtiter-plates together with toxin. After 24 h and 6 days of culture cells were examined visually for cytocidal effects, growth inhibition, and morphological aberrations. Three human and 2 porcine cell-lines were compared as to their reaction with 16 mycotoxins and 9 organic chemicals. The results indicate that the toxin-activating systems differ with type and origin of cells. This suggests the use of several selected cell-lines in parallel for testing of microbially derived food additives for possible contamination by mycotoxins.", "PMID": 516912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11469", "title": "[Determinations of boron in milk and milkproducts by ICP-analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper should be shown the possibilities of ICP-analysis for the direct determination of boron and some other elements in milk, milk powder and woman milk. Results are shown for some typical cases. Certified milk without any chemical preparations was supplied directly into the nebulizer of the ICP-spectrometer.", "contents": "[Determinations of boron in milk and milkproducts by ICP-analysis (author's transl)]. The paper should be shown the possibilities of ICP-analysis for the direct determination of boron and some other elements in milk, milk powder and woman milk. Results are shown for some typical cases. Certified milk without any chemical preparations was supplied directly into the nebulizer of the ICP-spectrometer.", "PMID": 516913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11470", "title": "Development of an enzymatic method to differentiate fresh and sea-frozen and thawed fish fillets. I. Comparison of the applicability of some enzymes of fish muscle.", "content": "The activities of mitochrondrial and lysosomal enzymes in press juices of fresh and frozen and thawed fillets were compared. It was demonstrated that several lysosomal enzymes are suitable for the detection of thawed fillets, because their activities in press juice increased considerably in consequence of freezing and thawing fish fillets.", "contents": "Development of an enzymatic method to differentiate fresh and sea-frozen and thawed fish fillets. I. Comparison of the applicability of some enzymes of fish muscle. The activities of mitochrondrial and lysosomal enzymes in press juices of fresh and frozen and thawed fillets were compared. It was demonstrated that several lysosomal enzymes are suitable for the detection of thawed fillets, because their activities in press juice increased considerably in consequence of freezing and thawing fish fillets.", "PMID": 516914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11471", "title": "[Determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat by high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat, liver, and kidney is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: homogenisation of the meat sample with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition first between acetonitrile and hexane, then between sodium hydroxide and petroleum ether/benzene; purification of a silica gel column. The purified sample is analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography using silica gel packings. Detection and quantitative determination are performed with a fluorescence and/or a spectrophotometric detector. Fluorescence measurements are carried out applying a self-made silica gel packed flow-cell. The detection limit in meat extracts is 50 ppb for testosterone and 5 ppb for trenbolone.", "contents": "[Determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat by high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. A new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat, liver, and kidney is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: homogenisation of the meat sample with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition first between acetonitrile and hexane, then between sodium hydroxide and petroleum ether/benzene; purification of a silica gel column. The purified sample is analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography using silica gel packings. Detection and quantitative determination are performed with a fluorescence and/or a spectrophotometric detector. Fluorescence measurements are carried out applying a self-made silica gel packed flow-cell. The detection limit in meat extracts is 50 ppb for testosterone and 5 ppb for trenbolone.", "PMID": 516915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11472", "title": "[Reduction of radiation-induced vitamin E- and B1- losses by irradiation of foodstuffs at low temperature and by exclusion of atmospheric oxygen].", "content": "The protective effect of low temperatures during irradiation on vitamin B1 and E levels in foods is not abolished by subsequent storage or heating. Egg powder irradiated at 1 Mrad in the presence of air and stored for 4 months at ambient temperature lost 68% of its thiamin content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 33% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Sunflower oil irradiated at 3 Mrad in the presence of air and subsequently heated for 1 hour at 180 degrees C lost 98% of its alpha-tocopherol content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 65% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Exclusion of atmospheric oxygen by packaging under nitrogen reduced the loss of alpha-tocopherol in irradiated (0.1 Mrad) rolled oats after 8 months of storage from 56 to 5% and the loss of thiamin from 86 to 26%. Vacuum packaging was equally effective during the first 3 months and somewhat less effective during the following 5 months. Packaging under carbon dioxide showed no advantage over packaging in air. Sensory evaluation of rolled oats, raw or cooked, 1 and 3 months after irradiation with 0.1 Mrad indicated no significant quality difference between unirradiated and irradiated samples packaged under nitrogen.", "contents": "[Reduction of radiation-induced vitamin E- and B1- losses by irradiation of foodstuffs at low temperature and by exclusion of atmospheric oxygen]. The protective effect of low temperatures during irradiation on vitamin B1 and E levels in foods is not abolished by subsequent storage or heating. Egg powder irradiated at 1 Mrad in the presence of air and stored for 4 months at ambient temperature lost 68% of its thiamin content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 33% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Sunflower oil irradiated at 3 Mrad in the presence of air and subsequently heated for 1 hour at 180 degrees C lost 98% of its alpha-tocopherol content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 65% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Exclusion of atmospheric oxygen by packaging under nitrogen reduced the loss of alpha-tocopherol in irradiated (0.1 Mrad) rolled oats after 8 months of storage from 56 to 5% and the loss of thiamin from 86 to 26%. Vacuum packaging was equally effective during the first 3 months and somewhat less effective during the following 5 months. Packaging under carbon dioxide showed no advantage over packaging in air. Sensory evaluation of rolled oats, raw or cooked, 1 and 3 months after irradiation with 0.1 Mrad indicated no significant quality difference between unirradiated and irradiated samples packaged under nitrogen.", "PMID": 516916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11473", "title": "Rapid determination of quinine in soft drinks by reversed phase ion pair chromatography.", "content": "Quinine can easily be determined in soft drinks by means of reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. Sample preparation is not necessary. Quinine is detected by fluorescence and UV spectrophotometry by continuous monitoring of the column effluent. A rectilinear response is obtained in the concentration range of 20--100 mg/l. The complete assay procedure takes about 8 min.", "contents": "Rapid determination of quinine in soft drinks by reversed phase ion pair chromatography. Quinine can easily be determined in soft drinks by means of reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. Sample preparation is not necessary. Quinine is detected by fluorescence and UV spectrophotometry by continuous monitoring of the column effluent. A rectilinear response is obtained in the concentration range of 20--100 mg/l. The complete assay procedure takes about 8 min.", "PMID": 516917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11474", "title": "Analysis of food dyes E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples by ion pair partition HPLC.", "content": "The isomeric food dyes E 110 and E 111 can be separated by ion pair partition HPLC on reversed-phase columns. The isomer E 111 - no longer permitted in Germany - can thus be determined in dye and food samples. The determination of E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples (canned saithe) is described.", "contents": "Analysis of food dyes E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples by ion pair partition HPLC. The isomeric food dyes E 110 and E 111 can be separated by ion pair partition HPLC on reversed-phase columns. The isomer E 111 - no longer permitted in Germany - can thus be determined in dye and food samples. The determination of E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples (canned saithe) is described.", "PMID": 516918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11475", "title": "[Experiences with the enzymatic determination of sugar and sugar substitutes in dietetic cake for diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Sorbitol and fructose were determined enzymatically in home-made and commercially produced cake for diabetics. In some commercial products, a loss of fructose depending upon the baking period was found. This loss of fructose is to be attributed to the Maillard reaction. The findings were confirmed by comparative studies will a reference cake.", "contents": "[Experiences with the enzymatic determination of sugar and sugar substitutes in dietetic cake for diabetics (author's transl)]. Sorbitol and fructose were determined enzymatically in home-made and commercially produced cake for diabetics. In some commercial products, a loss of fructose depending upon the baking period was found. This loss of fructose is to be attributed to the Maillard reaction. The findings were confirmed by comparative studies will a reference cake.", "PMID": 516919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11476", "title": "[New technical possibilities for simultaneous cystometry].", "content": "With the introduction of integrated semiconductor pressure admitters into the urodynamic examination methodology an optimization of the manometry of the bladder and the urethra was carried out, since the changer of the measuring value in this case is directly situated in the lumen of the bladder. Thus it is achieved that the possibilities of errors which are connected with the conventional measuring method with the catheter system filled with fluid or gas, such as movements, concussions, hydrostatic influence of the coupling medium by different altitude level of the catheter and the connection tube, respectively, but also constipations in haematuria or excretions of the mucus may be excluded. The presented tip manometre IBW 74 due to its measures and radiopaque properties is also suited for the measurement of the pressure on the upper urinary tracts including the pyelon. Hereby the pressure signals gained are further elaborated through a special insertion for the biomonitor system and thus may be recorded on every multiple recorder.", "contents": "[New technical possibilities for simultaneous cystometry]. With the introduction of integrated semiconductor pressure admitters into the urodynamic examination methodology an optimization of the manometry of the bladder and the urethra was carried out, since the changer of the measuring value in this case is directly situated in the lumen of the bladder. Thus it is achieved that the possibilities of errors which are connected with the conventional measuring method with the catheter system filled with fluid or gas, such as movements, concussions, hydrostatic influence of the coupling medium by different altitude level of the catheter and the connection tube, respectively, but also constipations in haematuria or excretions of the mucus may be excluded. The presented tip manometre IBW 74 due to its measures and radiopaque properties is also suited for the measurement of the pressure on the upper urinary tracts including the pyelon. Hereby the pressure signals gained are further elaborated through a special insertion for the biomonitor system and thus may be recorded on every multiple recorder.", "PMID": 516922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11477", "title": "[The experimental urethral replacement using tunica vaginalis and periorchium in the dog].", "content": "The good results on dogs, particularly in the patch substitute group, show that the Tunica vaginalis-periorchium-substitution of defects of the urethra fulfils all the expectations wanted. From this we conclude the right to recommend the broader use of this method in man.", "contents": "[The experimental urethral replacement using tunica vaginalis and periorchium in the dog]. The good results on dogs, particularly in the patch substitute group, show that the Tunica vaginalis-periorchium-substitution of defects of the urethra fulfils all the expectations wanted. From this we conclude the right to recommend the broader use of this method in man.", "PMID": 516923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11478", "title": "[Effect of phenoxybenzamine on the renal and general circulation in the hypovolemic hypotonic dog].", "content": "For the estimation of the haemodynamic and metabolic effect of 1 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine in a kidney donor with craniocerebral trauma model experiments were performed on dogs with hypovolaemic hypotension. The results show that phenoxybenzamine leads to vasodilatation in a constant aortic pressure of 80 mm Hg in the systemic circulation as well as in the renal circulation with different speed of reaction. Thus the arterial and venous O2 and CO2 partial pressure normalizes and the diuresis increases. On the other hand, the hypotension-conditioned metabolic acidosis and the symptoms of an acute renal failure may not be influenced.", "contents": "[Effect of phenoxybenzamine on the renal and general circulation in the hypovolemic hypotonic dog]. For the estimation of the haemodynamic and metabolic effect of 1 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine in a kidney donor with craniocerebral trauma model experiments were performed on dogs with hypovolaemic hypotension. The results show that phenoxybenzamine leads to vasodilatation in a constant aortic pressure of 80 mm Hg in the systemic circulation as well as in the renal circulation with different speed of reaction. Thus the arterial and venous O2 and CO2 partial pressure normalizes and the diuresis increases. On the other hand, the hypotension-conditioned metabolic acidosis and the symptoms of an acute renal failure may not be influenced.", "PMID": 516924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11479", "title": "[Behavior of the renal perfusion resistance during automatic organ preservation].", "content": "It is reported on experimental investigations in the preservation of mini pig kidneys. At first the behaviour during the initial hypothermic gravitation perfusion is examined. From the relation of perfusate outflow to the perfusate inflow the perfusion quotient PQ is calculated. It is a measure for the volume storage developing during the perfusion (tissue oedema?) and significantly correlates with the warm dead time. The behaviour of the renal current resistance during the following machine permanent perfusion was examined with the help of KABI-albumin-solution and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 40, and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 75. Here was shown that the increase of the current resistance correlates with the preservation time depending on the PQ of the initial perfusion. The result is a typical behaviour for the individual solutions. We are of the opinion that the judgement of the behaviour of the kidneys during the machine perfusion must be seen in connection with the initial perfusion.", "contents": "[Behavior of the renal perfusion resistance during automatic organ preservation]. It is reported on experimental investigations in the preservation of mini pig kidneys. At first the behaviour during the initial hypothermic gravitation perfusion is examined. From the relation of perfusate outflow to the perfusate inflow the perfusion quotient PQ is calculated. It is a measure for the volume storage developing during the perfusion (tissue oedema?) and significantly correlates with the warm dead time. The behaviour of the renal current resistance during the following machine permanent perfusion was examined with the help of KABI-albumin-solution and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 40, and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 75. Here was shown that the increase of the current resistance correlates with the preservation time depending on the PQ of the initial perfusion. The result is a typical behaviour for the individual solutions. We are of the opinion that the judgement of the behaviour of the kidneys during the machine perfusion must be seen in connection with the initial perfusion.", "PMID": 516925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11480", "title": "[Trends in neuropathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuropathology has been originated in clinical necessity and trended progressively towards independence in the last 30 years all over the world. In the future, substance and methods in neuropathology demand a good correlation to clinical and theoretical branches of medicine and a solid integration in the manner to work and to think in modern morphology.", "contents": "[Trends in neuropathology (author's transl)]. Neuropathology has been originated in clinical necessity and trended progressively towards independence in the last 30 years all over the world. In the future, substance and methods in neuropathology demand a good correlation to clinical and theoretical branches of medicine and a solid integration in the manner to work and to think in modern morphology.", "PMID": 516935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11481", "title": "[On the conception of a reference center \"malignant lymphomas\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Conceptions and experiences in connection with the foundation of a reference center \"Malignant Lymphomas\" of the Society of Pathology of the German Democratic Republic are described. The different degrees in reliability of pathomorphological diagnosis in the field of malignant lymphomas as well as the methods of co-operation with the reference center are reported.", "contents": "[On the conception of a reference center \"malignant lymphomas\" (author's transl)]. Conceptions and experiences in connection with the foundation of a reference center \"Malignant Lymphomas\" of the Society of Pathology of the German Democratic Republic are described. The different degrees in reliability of pathomorphological diagnosis in the field of malignant lymphomas as well as the methods of co-operation with the reference center are reported.", "PMID": 516936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11482", "title": "[Studies on the submicroscopic structure of botryoid (rhabdomyo)-sarcomas of the nasopharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and their botryoid variant are typical soft tissue sarcomas of infancy and childhood. Generally, the tumor cells are thought to be comparable with embryonal rhabdomyoblasts. Nevertheless, many authors do not require the cross-striation of the tumor cell cytoplasm as cytological marker for the diagnosis \"rhabdomyosarcoma\". In our study we examined the cytology of tissue samples of 4 botryoid sarcomas of nasopharynx with the electron microscope. A varying cytological picture was found. Besides undifferentiated tumor cells constituting the main part of the growths cellular elements with resemblance to fibroblasts, smooth and striated muscle cells, histiocytic cells and lipoblasts were observed. Furthermore, a vasoformative potency of the tumor tissue was occasionally seen. The conclusion is drawn from our results that, replacing the term embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, such tumors should better be designated as embryonal sarcomas. We think it probable that the present concept of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas must be revised.", "contents": "[Studies on the submicroscopic structure of botryoid (rhabdomyo)-sarcomas of the nasopharynx (author's transl)]. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and their botryoid variant are typical soft tissue sarcomas of infancy and childhood. Generally, the tumor cells are thought to be comparable with embryonal rhabdomyoblasts. Nevertheless, many authors do not require the cross-striation of the tumor cell cytoplasm as cytological marker for the diagnosis \"rhabdomyosarcoma\". In our study we examined the cytology of tissue samples of 4 botryoid sarcomas of nasopharynx with the electron microscope. A varying cytological picture was found. Besides undifferentiated tumor cells constituting the main part of the growths cellular elements with resemblance to fibroblasts, smooth and striated muscle cells, histiocytic cells and lipoblasts were observed. Furthermore, a vasoformative potency of the tumor tissue was occasionally seen. The conclusion is drawn from our results that, replacing the term embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, such tumors should better be designated as embryonal sarcomas. We think it probable that the present concept of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas must be revised.", "PMID": 516937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11483", "title": "[Morphology and classification of brain tumors induced by methylnitrosourea in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "There are different opinions concerning histology and classification of the MNU induced rabbit brain tumors first described by J\u00e4nisch and Schreiber. Therefore, a reexamination using silver impregnation of paraffin sections gained from the blocs was made. 40 out of 53 tumors were classified according to their prevalent cell types as glioblastomas, astroblastomas and malignant astrocytomas. Their structure is complicated by an admixture of various amounts of oligodendroglia, microglia and glioepithelium (mixed gliomas) and in most of them a raise of malignancy up to the appearance of glioblastoma multiforme in their central parts. The rest group contains 3 oligodendrogliomas, 4 sarcomas, 1 gioepithelioma and 5 times areas of loose tumor cell infiltrations. These results do not confirm the opinion of Z\u00fclch that the majority of MNU rabbit brain tumours are polymorphous oligodendrogliomas but are in accordance with their classification as polymorphous glioblastomas by J\u00e4nisch and Schreiber.", "contents": "[Morphology and classification of brain tumors induced by methylnitrosourea in rabbits (author's transl)]. There are different opinions concerning histology and classification of the MNU induced rabbit brain tumors first described by J\u00e4nisch and Schreiber. Therefore, a reexamination using silver impregnation of paraffin sections gained from the blocs was made. 40 out of 53 tumors were classified according to their prevalent cell types as glioblastomas, astroblastomas and malignant astrocytomas. Their structure is complicated by an admixture of various amounts of oligodendroglia, microglia and glioepithelium (mixed gliomas) and in most of them a raise of malignancy up to the appearance of glioblastoma multiforme in their central parts. The rest group contains 3 oligodendrogliomas, 4 sarcomas, 1 gioepithelioma and 5 times areas of loose tumor cell infiltrations. These results do not confirm the opinion of Z\u00fclch that the majority of MNU rabbit brain tumours are polymorphous oligodendrogliomas but are in accordance with their classification as polymorphous glioblastomas by J\u00e4nisch and Schreiber.", "PMID": 516938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11484", "title": "[Comparative biochemical study of brain phospholipids in insects].", "content": "Studies have been made on the content of total phospholipids (PL) and their separate families in the brain of larvae and imago of the insect species Blaberus giganteus, Periplaneta americana, Tenebrio molitor and Barathra brassicae. It was shown that during larval-pupal-imaginal transformation in T. molitor and B. brassicae the content of total PL increases by 17 and 14% respectively, whereas in B. giganteus and P. americana PL concentration undergoes only insignificant changes. With respect to total PL content the species investigated form the following sequence: B. brassicae greater than T. molitor greater than P. americana greater than B. giganteus. In larval and imago forms of these insects phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and polyglycerophosphatide were found in the brain. Besides, in the brain of B. giganteus and P. americana lysophosphatidylethanolamine and in the brain of T. molitor -- phosphatidic acid are present. Qualitative PL composition in larval and imago forms is identical, while quantitative ratio of separate fractions differs insignificantly. In all the species investigated, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the most abundant phospholipids.", "contents": "[Comparative biochemical study of brain phospholipids in insects]. Studies have been made on the content of total phospholipids (PL) and their separate families in the brain of larvae and imago of the insect species Blaberus giganteus, Periplaneta americana, Tenebrio molitor and Barathra brassicae. It was shown that during larval-pupal-imaginal transformation in T. molitor and B. brassicae the content of total PL increases by 17 and 14% respectively, whereas in B. giganteus and P. americana PL concentration undergoes only insignificant changes. With respect to total PL content the species investigated form the following sequence: B. brassicae greater than T. molitor greater than P. americana greater than B. giganteus. In larval and imago forms of these insects phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and polyglycerophosphatide were found in the brain. Besides, in the brain of B. giganteus and P. americana lysophosphatidylethanolamine and in the brain of T. molitor -- phosphatidic acid are present. Qualitative PL composition in larval and imago forms is identical, while quantitative ratio of separate fractions differs insignificantly. In all the species investigated, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the most abundant phospholipids.", "PMID": 516940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11485", "title": "[Distribution of catecholamine-containing nerve cells in the walls of the major vessels of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis].", "content": "Using histochemical fluorescence technique, two types of adrenergic nervous cells, i.e. small with intense fluorescence and large with weak fluorescence, have been detected in tissues and walls of the main blood vessels in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. The first type of cells is distributed along the whole vascular net concentrating mainly in branching nodes. The second type of cells was found only in the adventitial layer of the dorsal aorta and intestinal artery. Adrenergic nervous cells are also present in the walls of the main veins. Possibility of presence of catecholamines of different nature in the bodies of the nerve cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of catecholamine-containing nerve cells in the walls of the major vessels of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis]. Using histochemical fluorescence technique, two types of adrenergic nervous cells, i.e. small with intense fluorescence and large with weak fluorescence, have been detected in tissues and walls of the main blood vessels in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. The first type of cells is distributed along the whole vascular net concentrating mainly in branching nodes. The second type of cells was found only in the adventitial layer of the dorsal aorta and intestinal artery. Adrenergic nervous cells are also present in the walls of the main veins. Possibility of presence of catecholamines of different nature in the bodies of the nerve cells is discussed.", "PMID": 516941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11486", "title": "[Succinate dehydrogenase localization in the mitochondria of the renal tubules of cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates].", "content": "Using electron microscopic histochemical technique, studies have been made on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the kidneys of the cod Gadus morrhua and dog. It was shown that chelate granules indicating localization of the enzyme in the mitochondria of nephronal cells, concentrate mainly in two zones -- between the membranes and inside the cristae. This distribution of the enzyme implies the presence of two pools of succinic dehydrogenase in the mitochondria which are utilized at different stages of oxidative phosphorylation. Succinic dehydrogenase content of the cristae is lower in cod than in dog.", "contents": "[Succinate dehydrogenase localization in the mitochondria of the renal tubules of cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates]. Using electron microscopic histochemical technique, studies have been made on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the kidneys of the cod Gadus morrhua and dog. It was shown that chelate granules indicating localization of the enzyme in the mitochondria of nephronal cells, concentrate mainly in two zones -- between the membranes and inside the cristae. This distribution of the enzyme implies the presence of two pools of succinic dehydrogenase in the mitochondria which are utilized at different stages of oxidative phosphorylation. Succinic dehydrogenase content of the cristae is lower in cod than in dog.", "PMID": 516942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11487", "title": "[Localization of the receptors that initiate and maintain flight in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Using local air streams, screening and surgical removal of the cerci and antennae, studies have been made on the receptors which provide for initiation and maintenance of the flight in the cockroach. It was shown that in suspended insect which lacks any contacts of legs with the base, the flight may be initiated by direct air currents either on the cerci, or antennae. Receptors which maintain the flight are located on the antennae and wings, the prolonged flight being provided mainly by antennae receptors.", "contents": "[Localization of the receptors that initiate and maintain flight in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana]. Using local air streams, screening and surgical removal of the cerci and antennae, studies have been made on the receptors which provide for initiation and maintenance of the flight in the cockroach. It was shown that in suspended insect which lacks any contacts of legs with the base, the flight may be initiated by direct air currents either on the cerci, or antennae. Receptors which maintain the flight are located on the antennae and wings, the prolonged flight being provided mainly by antennae receptors.", "PMID": 516944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11488", "title": "[Postnatal formation of the mechanisms of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport in the rat small intestine].", "content": "Using accumulating preparations of the mucose, studies have been made on the rate of accumulation of the glucose from 11 mM solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in proximal, intermediate and distal parts of the small intestine of 2--13-week rats. It was demonstrated that in 2-week animals, rather intensive transmembrane transport of \"free\" glucose takes place in the proximal and medial parts of the small intestine, the transport of glucose in the form of maltose or starch being absent. At later stages of postnatal life, especially to the onset of definitive nutrition, together with the induction of alpha-glucosidase systems, gamma-amylase and maltase transporting mechanisms are formed which provide for the adaptation of the organism to qualitatively new feeding conditions.", "contents": "[Postnatal formation of the mechanisms of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport in the rat small intestine]. Using accumulating preparations of the mucose, studies have been made on the rate of accumulation of the glucose from 11 mM solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in proximal, intermediate and distal parts of the small intestine of 2--13-week rats. It was demonstrated that in 2-week animals, rather intensive transmembrane transport of \"free\" glucose takes place in the proximal and medial parts of the small intestine, the transport of glucose in the form of maltose or starch being absent. At later stages of postnatal life, especially to the onset of definitive nutrition, together with the induction of alpha-glucosidase systems, gamma-amylase and maltase transporting mechanisms are formed which provide for the adaptation of the organism to qualitatively new feeding conditions.", "PMID": 516943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11489", "title": "[Analysis of the action of a neuropeptide that induces delta-sleep in cats and white rats].", "content": "Suboccipital administration of the oligopeptide in a dose 15 or 20 micrograms/kg evokes within 15--20 min the electrographic (delta-sleep) and behavioural sleep in cats and albino rats. Oligopeptide administration significantly increases threshold reactions of EEG to sonic stimulation. Significant delay (for 50--90 min) of the development of paradoxical sleep was observed which is considered as a manifestation of inhibition of further development of sleep mechanisms due to the effect of neuropeptide. The data obtained indicate that natural sleep is not identical to that induced by the neuropeptide.", "contents": "[Analysis of the action of a neuropeptide that induces delta-sleep in cats and white rats]. Suboccipital administration of the oligopeptide in a dose 15 or 20 micrograms/kg evokes within 15--20 min the electrographic (delta-sleep) and behavioural sleep in cats and albino rats. Oligopeptide administration significantly increases threshold reactions of EEG to sonic stimulation. Significant delay (for 50--90 min) of the development of paradoxical sleep was observed which is considered as a manifestation of inhibition of further development of sleep mechanisms due to the effect of neuropeptide. The data obtained indicate that natural sleep is not identical to that induced by the neuropeptide.", "PMID": 516945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11490", "title": "[Characteristics of the conditioned motor reactions of unrestrained elasmobranches and teleosts].", "content": "In elasmobranch (Scyllium canicula, Galleus canis) and teleost (Migull capitocum) fishes it is possible to form motor food-searching conditioned reflexes to discrimination of light and darkness. Some differences were revealed in ecological and conditioned motor behavioural activities in higher and lower sharks. Elasmobranch and teleost fishes exhibit significant differences in ecological, feeding and conditioned reflex behaviour. Nervous activity in elasmobranchs is characterized by lower and primitive organization as compared to that in teleosts.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the conditioned motor reactions of unrestrained elasmobranches and teleosts]. In elasmobranch (Scyllium canicula, Galleus canis) and teleost (Migull capitocum) fishes it is possible to form motor food-searching conditioned reflexes to discrimination of light and darkness. Some differences were revealed in ecological and conditioned motor behavioural activities in higher and lower sharks. Elasmobranch and teleost fishes exhibit significant differences in ecological, feeding and conditioned reflex behaviour. Nervous activity in elasmobranchs is characterized by lower and primitive organization as compared to that in teleosts.", "PMID": 516946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11491", "title": "[Epidemic of influenza A (H1Ni), 1977--1978].", "content": "The work deals with the peculiarities of the spread of influenza A/USSR77 (H1N1) in the USSR and in the world. The authors point out that the most outstanding feature of the epidemic in the USSR was low morbidity rate among adults, persons aged up to 25 years being most affected. This suggests the existence of prolonged (up to 20 years) post-influenza immunity. The results of the mathematical pronostication of this epidemic for the territory of the USSR were analyzed and and found to be quite satisfactory for the majority of cities.", "contents": "[Epidemic of influenza A (H1Ni), 1977--1978]. The work deals with the peculiarities of the spread of influenza A/USSR77 (H1N1) in the USSR and in the world. The authors point out that the most outstanding feature of the epidemic in the USSR was low morbidity rate among adults, persons aged up to 25 years being most affected. This suggests the existence of prolonged (up to 20 years) post-influenza immunity. The results of the mathematical pronostication of this epidemic for the territory of the USSR were analyzed and and found to be quite satisfactory for the majority of cities.", "PMID": 516952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11492", "title": "[Ways of increasing the effectiveness of specialization in epidemiology].", "content": "The ways of increasing the efficiency of specialization in epidemiology on the 6th course are elucidated with an emphasis on a number of difficulties, both organizational and methodical, existing at present in this form of instruction. To achieve greater efficiency in the special training of graduates at sanitary and hygienic departments, it is necessary to improve the material base of the main institutions where the graduates are trained, to increase the share of theoretical knowledge (a tentative plan of lectures and practical work is proposed), and to improve the procedure of sending the graduates to work in their chosen field.", "contents": "[Ways of increasing the effectiveness of specialization in epidemiology]. The ways of increasing the efficiency of specialization in epidemiology on the 6th course are elucidated with an emphasis on a number of difficulties, both organizational and methodical, existing at present in this form of instruction. To achieve greater efficiency in the special training of graduates at sanitary and hygienic departments, it is necessary to improve the material base of the main institutions where the graduates are trained, to increase the share of theoretical knowledge (a tentative plan of lectures and practical work is proposed), and to improve the procedure of sending the graduates to work in their chosen field.", "PMID": 516953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11493", "title": "[Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and hemoglobin electrophoretic characteristics in rodent adaptation to high mountains].", "content": "Adaptation of the erythropoetic system to hypoxia was shown to be different in different populations of montaine rodents of the Central Caucasus. One type of adaptation includes the increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of erythrocytes, the hemoglobin structure remaining apparently unchanged. This pattern was found in two groups of animals -- in one population of the ground squirrel Citellus suslicus whose ancestors were introduced to the mountains some 25 years ago, and in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus which is a usual inhabitant of highland, although it does not form there any isolated populations. The other type of adaptation was found in the ground squirrel Citellus pygmaeus musicus, which is native to high altitude. The content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the erythrocytes in this animal is the same as in the sea-level subspecies C. p. planicola, whereas the electrophoretic picture of hemoglobin in these two subspecies was found to be different.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and hemoglobin electrophoretic characteristics in rodent adaptation to high mountains]. Adaptation of the erythropoetic system to hypoxia was shown to be different in different populations of montaine rodents of the Central Caucasus. One type of adaptation includes the increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of erythrocytes, the hemoglobin structure remaining apparently unchanged. This pattern was found in two groups of animals -- in one population of the ground squirrel Citellus suslicus whose ancestors were introduced to the mountains some 25 years ago, and in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus which is a usual inhabitant of highland, although it does not form there any isolated populations. The other type of adaptation was found in the ground squirrel Citellus pygmaeus musicus, which is native to high altitude. The content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the erythrocytes in this animal is the same as in the sea-level subspecies C. p. planicola, whereas the electrophoretic picture of hemoglobin in these two subspecies was found to be different.", "PMID": 516947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11494", "title": "[Characteristics of the seasonal distribution of typhoid fever cases in different areas of the USSR].", "content": "The results of the monthly registration of typhoid cases in all union republics and in the USSR as a whole for the period of 1970--1976 were analyzed. The mathematical parameters of the monthyly distribution of morbidity rate under the influence of long-term factors for each union republic were determined. In analyzing actual morbidity rates for definite years these data may help determine to what extent such rates are influenced by incidental factors. Mathematical analysis allowed to divide the territory of the USSR into 5 groups of areas with different patterns of the seasonal distribution of typhoid cases: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Soviet Baltic republics, the Transcaucasian republics, the republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR. April was found to be the optimum time for the immunoprophylaxis of typhoid fever throughout the whole territory of the USSR in the presence of epidemiological indications.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the seasonal distribution of typhoid fever cases in different areas of the USSR]. The results of the monthly registration of typhoid cases in all union republics and in the USSR as a whole for the period of 1970--1976 were analyzed. The mathematical parameters of the monthyly distribution of morbidity rate under the influence of long-term factors for each union republic were determined. In analyzing actual morbidity rates for definite years these data may help determine to what extent such rates are influenced by incidental factors. Mathematical analysis allowed to divide the territory of the USSR into 5 groups of areas with different patterns of the seasonal distribution of typhoid cases: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Soviet Baltic republics, the Transcaucasian republics, the republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR. April was found to be the optimum time for the immunoprophylaxis of typhoid fever throughout the whole territory of the USSR in the presence of epidemiological indications.", "PMID": 516957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11495", "title": "[Similarity of the DNA mucleotide sequences of vibrios].", "content": "The systematic position of some Vibrio species was ascertained by the method of molecular DNA -- DNA hybridization. The DNA of the brine vibrios V. costicola and V. fischeri were shown to have about 10% of sequences homologous with DNA of a typical cholera vibrio (V. cholerae eltor No. 334). Similarity between the genomes of other representatives of the Vibrionaceae family, as well as in DNA hybridization of V. costicola and V. fischeri, was found to be approximately on the same level. All species included into the genus, Vibrio on account of their phenotypic characteristics may be considered to have essential differences in the structures of their genomes.", "contents": "[Similarity of the DNA mucleotide sequences of vibrios]. The systematic position of some Vibrio species was ascertained by the method of molecular DNA -- DNA hybridization. The DNA of the brine vibrios V. costicola and V. fischeri were shown to have about 10% of sequences homologous with DNA of a typical cholera vibrio (V. cholerae eltor No. 334). Similarity between the genomes of other representatives of the Vibrionaceae family, as well as in DNA hybridization of V. costicola and V. fischeri, was found to be approximately on the same level. All species included into the genus, Vibrio on account of their phenotypic characteristics may be considered to have essential differences in the structures of their genomes.", "PMID": 516958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11496", "title": "[So-called antireceptor sera].", "content": "Experiments in delayed type hypersensitivity transfer were carried out with the aim of studying the ability of rabbit antisera against peritoneal exudate cells of rats sensitized with bovine gamma globulin or rabbit kidney tissue antigen to block peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs. In the serological test the antisera prepared against the cells of sensitized rats and tentatively named \"receptor antisera\", reacted not only with the cells of these rats, respectively, but also with guinea pig cells. In hypersensitivity transfer experiments in guinea pigs receptor antisera showed a blocking effect on the transferred cells, making them incapable of transferring hypersensitivity, i. e. rabbit antisera against rat peritoneal exudate cells reacted with guinea pig cells. This interaction was specific: the blocking effect was manifested only when guinea pigs whose cells were used in the transfer were sensitized with the same antigen as the rats against whose cells the receptor antisera had been prepared. The control antisera, taken for the treatment of the transferred cells in the same doses as the receptor antisera, had no blocking effect on the cells.", "contents": "[So-called antireceptor sera]. Experiments in delayed type hypersensitivity transfer were carried out with the aim of studying the ability of rabbit antisera against peritoneal exudate cells of rats sensitized with bovine gamma globulin or rabbit kidney tissue antigen to block peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs. In the serological test the antisera prepared against the cells of sensitized rats and tentatively named \"receptor antisera\", reacted not only with the cells of these rats, respectively, but also with guinea pig cells. In hypersensitivity transfer experiments in guinea pigs receptor antisera showed a blocking effect on the transferred cells, making them incapable of transferring hypersensitivity, i. e. rabbit antisera against rat peritoneal exudate cells reacted with guinea pig cells. This interaction was specific: the blocking effect was manifested only when guinea pigs whose cells were used in the transfer were sensitized with the same antigen as the rats against whose cells the receptor antisera had been prepared. The control antisera, taken for the treatment of the transferred cells in the same doses as the receptor antisera, had no blocking effect on the cells.", "PMID": 516959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11497", "title": "[Combined use of serological tests for the purpose of the diagnosis and study of Q-rickettsiosis].", "content": "The combined use of the complement fixation test, the indirect immunofluorescent test and the ring precipitation test with C. burnetii antigen greatly enhances the effectiveness or serological study, as it allows not only to find out the spread of infection among population more completely, but also to differentiate, to a certain extent, \"fresh\" infectious process from immunological trace reaction. The arguments are presented in favor of introducing the antigen of C. burnetii, phase I, into practice, especially in surveying the sera of farm animals.", "contents": "[Combined use of serological tests for the purpose of the diagnosis and study of Q-rickettsiosis]. The combined use of the complement fixation test, the indirect immunofluorescent test and the ring precipitation test with C. burnetii antigen greatly enhances the effectiveness or serological study, as it allows not only to find out the spread of infection among population more completely, but also to differentiate, to a certain extent, \"fresh\" infectious process from immunological trace reaction. The arguments are presented in favor of introducing the antigen of C. burnetii, phase I, into practice, especially in surveying the sera of farm animals.", "PMID": 516960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11498", "title": "[Antagonistic activity as 1 of the properties of hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "The frequency of antagonistic activity in S. aureus strains depended on the source from which the strains had been isolated. Antagonistic strains were most frequently detected in the departments of traumatology and orthopedy, as well as in the departments of routine and urgent surgery.", "contents": "[Antagonistic activity as 1 of the properties of hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus]. The frequency of antagonistic activity in S. aureus strains depended on the source from which the strains had been isolated. Antagonistic strains were most frequently detected in the departments of traumatology and orthopedy, as well as in the departments of routine and urgent surgery.", "PMID": 516961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11499", "title": "[Neurosecretory system of the hypothalamus in acute and chronic heart failure].", "content": "The hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was examined in the deceased from myocardial infarctions and chronic cardiac insufficiency. All 80 cases of infarctions showed in increased functional activity of the HHNS, irrespective of the time from the beginning of the disease. If the infarction was complicated by decompensation, the HHNS was characterized by hypervasopressure accompanied by occurrence of small vacuolized cells in the supraoptical nuclei with a low secretion content and high activity of biosynthetical enzymes, and a drop of secretion in the neurohypophysis. In chronic cardiac insufficiency (50 cases) there were 2 variants of changes in the HHNS, which correlated with the level of sympathetic nervous system activity (which was vitally determined from the diurnal catecholamine excretion). With high sympathetic activity, the changes in the HHNS were identical to those in myocardial infarctions, complicated by decompensation. The low activity was associated with HHNS depletion, which correlated with patients' nonsusceptibility to pathogenetic therapy.", "contents": "[Neurosecretory system of the hypothalamus in acute and chronic heart failure]. The hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was examined in the deceased from myocardial infarctions and chronic cardiac insufficiency. All 80 cases of infarctions showed in increased functional activity of the HHNS, irrespective of the time from the beginning of the disease. If the infarction was complicated by decompensation, the HHNS was characterized by hypervasopressure accompanied by occurrence of small vacuolized cells in the supraoptical nuclei with a low secretion content and high activity of biosynthetical enzymes, and a drop of secretion in the neurohypophysis. In chronic cardiac insufficiency (50 cases) there were 2 variants of changes in the HHNS, which correlated with the level of sympathetic nervous system activity (which was vitally determined from the diurnal catecholamine excretion). With high sympathetic activity, the changes in the HHNS were identical to those in myocardial infarctions, complicated by decompensation. The low activity was associated with HHNS depletion, which correlated with patients' nonsusceptibility to pathogenetic therapy.", "PMID": 516963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11500", "title": "[Features of the course of psoriasis in patients with organic diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "Of 190 patients suffering from psoriasis in 65 (34.2%) hypothalamic syndrome, sequelae of neuroinfections and craniocerebral injuries, acute and chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation were noted. These diseases preceded the development of psoriasis in 22.6% of the patients, the fact, that gives one grounds to regard them with a greater probability as a pathogenetic factor of psoriasis. In the patients suffering from psoriasis and the above diseases of the nervous system an inclinication to exudative and pustulous manifestations, arthropathy, and erythroderma, as well as frequent resistance to the therapy and torpid course of the disease were observed. An exacerbation of psoriasis aggravated some neurological disorders, and a deterioration of the neurological state coincided in time in some patients with exacerbation of psoriasis. The interaction between the dermal and the neurological disturbances appeared to be a reason for supplementing the complex of measures for psoriasis treatment with means improving the metabolic processes in the brain, psychotropic and vasocative drugs, and diadynamic currents that produce normalizing effects on the vegetative functions and cerebral hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Features of the course of psoriasis in patients with organic diseases of the nervous system]. Of 190 patients suffering from psoriasis in 65 (34.2%) hypothalamic syndrome, sequelae of neuroinfections and craniocerebral injuries, acute and chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation were noted. These diseases preceded the development of psoriasis in 22.6% of the patients, the fact, that gives one grounds to regard them with a greater probability as a pathogenetic factor of psoriasis. In the patients suffering from psoriasis and the above diseases of the nervous system an inclinication to exudative and pustulous manifestations, arthropathy, and erythroderma, as well as frequent resistance to the therapy and torpid course of the disease were observed. An exacerbation of psoriasis aggravated some neurological disorders, and a deterioration of the neurological state coincided in time in some patients with exacerbation of psoriasis. The interaction between the dermal and the neurological disturbances appeared to be a reason for supplementing the complex of measures for psoriasis treatment with means improving the metabolic processes in the brain, psychotropic and vasocative drugs, and diadynamic currents that produce normalizing effects on the vegetative functions and cerebral hemodynamics.", "PMID": 516964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11501", "title": "[Syndrome of congenital muscular hypotonia in children (\"flabby child\" syndrome)].", "content": "Clinico-electroneuromyographic examinations of 108 children with the \"flabby child\" syndrome of various genesis were carried out. A classification of diseases accompanied with muscular hypotonicity in early childhood is suggested. The electroneuromyographic examinations revealed an increase of the speed of impulse transmission along the peripheral nerves, this transmission being the most pronounced in the first two years of the life, and levelled down by the age of 3 to 7 years.", "contents": "[Syndrome of congenital muscular hypotonia in children (\"flabby child\" syndrome)]. Clinico-electroneuromyographic examinations of 108 children with the \"flabby child\" syndrome of various genesis were carried out. A classification of diseases accompanied with muscular hypotonicity in early childhood is suggested. The electroneuromyographic examinations revealed an increase of the speed of impulse transmission along the peripheral nerves, this transmission being the most pronounced in the first two years of the life, and levelled down by the age of 3 to 7 years.", "PMID": 516965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11502", "title": "[Reaction of the brain to local irradiation with protons].", "content": "In experiments on dogs neurological syndromes and pathomorphological changes in  the brain irradiated with a focussed beam of protons with an energy of 1,000 MEV in a static regime and with rotation in doses of 8,000; 30,000, and 32,000 rad were studied. The peculariaty of the method of morphological examination consisted in preparing transverse sections of the whole brain. With the higher doses penetrating cylinidrical or focal oval (depending on the irradiation conditions) necroses with distinct borders and a slight perifocal reaction were observed. Outside the focussing zone the tissue remained intact. The results obtained are intended for substrantiating stereotaxic operations on the brain.", "contents": "[Reaction of the brain to local irradiation with protons]. In experiments on dogs neurological syndromes and pathomorphological changes in  the brain irradiated with a focussed beam of protons with an energy of 1,000 MEV in a static regime and with rotation in doses of 8,000; 30,000, and 32,000 rad were studied. The peculariaty of the method of morphological examination consisted in preparing transverse sections of the whole brain. With the higher doses penetrating cylinidrical or focal oval (depending on the irradiation conditions) necroses with distinct borders and a slight perifocal reaction were observed. Outside the focussing zone the tissue remained intact. The results obtained are intended for substrantiating stereotaxic operations on the brain.", "PMID": 516966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11503", "title": "[Early patient mobilization after apoplectic stroke].", "content": "Principles of individualized functional mechanotherapy in the early post-hemorrhagic period are briefly presented. This therapy makes it possible to prevent or to alleviate complications specific for cerebral hemorrhage (rigidity of the muscles in the humoral region, development of contractures of the joints and pathological models of movements, unfavourable influence of the psychic syndrome developing after organic affections of the brain). While giving the therapy it is recommended to take into consideration the pathophysiological conditions present by the beginning of the development of the motor activity. Principal rules for the individualized functional mechanotherapy are formulated.", "contents": "[Early patient mobilization after apoplectic stroke]. Principles of individualized functional mechanotherapy in the early post-hemorrhagic period are briefly presented. This therapy makes it possible to prevent or to alleviate complications specific for cerebral hemorrhage (rigidity of the muscles in the humoral region, development of contractures of the joints and pathological models of movements, unfavourable influence of the psychic syndrome developing after organic affections of the brain). While giving the therapy it is recommended to take into consideration the pathophysiological conditions present by the beginning of the development of the motor activity. Principal rules for the individualized functional mechanotherapy are formulated.", "PMID": 516967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11504", "title": "[Interhemispheric asymmetry of visual evoked potentials in psychopathies].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of intrahemispheric visual evoked potentials (EP) in normals (10 individuals) and in psychopathic personalities (40 cases). EP were registered in the occipital and central areas of the right and left hemisphere to indiffirent and significant flashes. In normals an intrahemispheric asymmetry of visual EP was detected: the wave amplitude (P3) with a peak latency 160--170 ms in the left occipatal area was larger than the amplitude of the same wave in the right occipital area. An adjoinment of signal significancy to stimulations in normals increased to a large degree the intrahemispheric asymmetry of EP in the left hemisphere. In psychopathy even indifferent and signal-significant stimulations of EP, registered in the occipital area are bilaterally symmetrical.", "contents": "[Interhemispheric asymmetry of visual evoked potentials in psychopathies]. The paper deals with a study of intrahemispheric visual evoked potentials (EP) in normals (10 individuals) and in psychopathic personalities (40 cases). EP were registered in the occipital and central areas of the right and left hemisphere to indiffirent and significant flashes. In normals an intrahemispheric asymmetry of visual EP was detected: the wave amplitude (P3) with a peak latency 160--170 ms in the left occipatal area was larger than the amplitude of the same wave in the right occipital area. An adjoinment of signal significancy to stimulations in normals increased to a large degree the intrahemispheric asymmetry of EP in the left hemisphere. In psychopathy even indifferent and signal-significant stimulations of EP, registered in the occipital area are bilaterally symmetrical.", "PMID": 516968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11505", "title": "[Adaptive regulation of cerebral biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) in neurotic patients].", "content": "With the aid of a feedback towards an increase in the EEG intensity, adaptive regulation of brain biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) was conducted in 22 patients with different forms of neurosis. It was established that in patients with an initial low level of alpha-rhythm its regulation was more significant, while in patients with an initially middle level of alpha-rhythms in the EEG, its regulation was less expressed. The clinical effect of regulation in all cases was positive. The study also demonstrated a crosscorrelation of connections in the process of regulation between such functions as alpha-rhythm-EMG, alpha-rhythm-SGR, etc. It is suggested that, regulation of alpha-rhythms can be accepted as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of patients with neuroses.", "contents": "[Adaptive regulation of cerebral biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) in neurotic patients]. With the aid of a feedback towards an increase in the EEG intensity, adaptive regulation of brain biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) was conducted in 22 patients with different forms of neurosis. It was established that in patients with an initial low level of alpha-rhythm its regulation was more significant, while in patients with an initially middle level of alpha-rhythms in the EEG, its regulation was less expressed. The clinical effect of regulation in all cases was positive. The study also demonstrated a crosscorrelation of connections in the process of regulation between such functions as alpha-rhythm-EMG, alpha-rhythm-SGR, etc. It is suggested that, regulation of alpha-rhythms can be accepted as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of patients with neuroses.", "PMID": 516969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11506", "title": "[Pathomorphosis of classical forms of psychopathies].", "content": "The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.", "contents": "[Pathomorphosis of classical forms of psychopathies]. The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.", "PMID": 516970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11507", "title": "[Pupillary reactions in neurotic disorders].", "content": "For the differentiation of neurotic disorders, the indices of pupilary reactions and hippus were studied. The study was performed with the aid of a pupillograph. A comparison of the pupillographic data in patients with borderline neurotic disorders of the 3 main groups (asthenic, obsessive-phobic and hysterical), demonstrated statistically significant differences in the control group and within the group with different forms of neurotic disorders. The quantitive and informative characteristics of the pupilary reactions and some regular tendencies in the characteristic of the hippus may help in the solution of one of the main problems of borderline psychiatry, an improved diagnosis.", "contents": "[Pupillary reactions in neurotic disorders]. For the differentiation of neurotic disorders, the indices of pupilary reactions and hippus were studied. The study was performed with the aid of a pupillograph. A comparison of the pupillographic data in patients with borderline neurotic disorders of the 3 main groups (asthenic, obsessive-phobic and hysterical), demonstrated statistically significant differences in the control group and within the group with different forms of neurotic disorders. The quantitive and informative characteristics of the pupilary reactions and some regular tendencies in the characteristic of the hippus may help in the solution of one of the main problems of borderline psychiatry, an improved diagnosis.", "PMID": 516971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11508", "title": "[Medico-psychological and neurohumoral characteristics of patients with cardiovascular neuroses].", "content": "Medicopsychological and biochemical studies permitted to reveal changes in the psychoemotional and neurohumoral indices during formation and progression of cardiovascular neurosis to a protracted disease. Personality changes, interpersonal relations, the working capacity in some cases proceeds parallel to changes in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In other cases these changes preceed deviations in the protein metabolism and blood coagulation properties in a protracted development of the disease. The data obtained point to a complication of psychsomatic disturbances in the course of cardiovascular neurosis development.", "contents": "[Medico-psychological and neurohumoral characteristics of patients with cardiovascular neuroses]. Medicopsychological and biochemical studies permitted to reveal changes in the psychoemotional and neurohumoral indices during formation and progression of cardiovascular neurosis to a protracted disease. Personality changes, interpersonal relations, the working capacity in some cases proceeds parallel to changes in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In other cases these changes preceed deviations in the protein metabolism and blood coagulation properties in a protracted development of the disease. The data obtained point to a complication of psychsomatic disturbances in the course of cardiovascular neurosis development.", "PMID": 516972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11509", "title": "[Anorexia nervosa in men].", "content": "Nervous anorexia seen in males (25 cases), having a certain similarity in the clinical picture with female anorexia, has nevertheless, some special traits. Cases of anorexia in males are characterized by a higher predominance of hereditary loading, by an earlier onset (10--14 in comparison to 15--20 of female anorexia), a rather early appearance of refined deficitary symptomatology, and frequently enough a rapid psychopathization. However, these patients preserve formal abilities for a rather long period. The disease, as a rule, is an expression of a schizophrenic process unlike female anorexia, where this form of pathology may be inherent not only to schizophrenia but also to neuroses, psychopathy or be an independent psychosomatic disorder.", "contents": "[Anorexia nervosa in men]. Nervous anorexia seen in males (25 cases), having a certain similarity in the clinical picture with female anorexia, has nevertheless, some special traits. Cases of anorexia in males are characterized by a higher predominance of hereditary loading, by an earlier onset (10--14 in comparison to 15--20 of female anorexia), a rather early appearance of refined deficitary symptomatology, and frequently enough a rapid psychopathization. However, these patients preserve formal abilities for a rather long period. The disease, as a rule, is an expression of a schizophrenic process unlike female anorexia, where this form of pathology may be inherent not only to schizophrenia but also to neuroses, psychopathy or be an independent psychosomatic disorder.", "PMID": 516974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11510", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of non-process forms of deviant behavior in adolescence].", "content": "Clinico-psychopathological traits of non-process forms of deviant behaviour in adolescents were studied in the framework of pathological personality formation. Two variants in the development of the disease were distinguished: favourable and unfavourable. Some differential diagnostic criteria are outlined which permit to delineate this form of borderline pathology from a debut of schizophrenia in adolescency. The study includes a consideration of the disturbed system of relationships of the personality in the adolescents examined.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of non-process forms of deviant behavior in adolescence]. Clinico-psychopathological traits of non-process forms of deviant behaviour in adolescents were studied in the framework of pathological personality formation. Two variants in the development of the disease were distinguished: favourable and unfavourable. Some differential diagnostic criteria are outlined which permit to delineate this form of borderline pathology from a debut of schizophrenia in adolescency. The study includes a consideration of the disturbed system of relationships of the personality in the adolescents examined.", "PMID": 516975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11511", "title": "[Separation of psychopathy-like states of residual organic origin from psychogenic pathocharacterologic personality development (clinico-electroencephalographic study)].", "content": "The paper deals with a clinical and EEG characteristic of 2 groups of patients: 1) with psychopathlike conditions, due to early organic brain lesions (trauma during delivery, postnatal brain infections, etc), and 2) psychogenic pathological personality development in the presence of mild residual-organic brain insufficiency. Residual organic insufficiency in the first group is the main etiopathogenitical factor of disordered behaviour in children and adolescents. In the second group a psychogenically induced situation is one of the important factors of disturbed behaviour.", "contents": "[Separation of psychopathy-like states of residual organic origin from psychogenic pathocharacterologic personality development (clinico-electroencephalographic study)]. The paper deals with a clinical and EEG characteristic of 2 groups of patients: 1) with psychopathlike conditions, due to early organic brain lesions (trauma during delivery, postnatal brain infections, etc), and 2) psychogenic pathological personality development in the presence of mild residual-organic brain insufficiency. Residual organic insufficiency in the first group is the main etiopathogenitical factor of disordered behaviour in children and adolescents. In the second group a psychogenically induced situation is one of the important factors of disturbed behaviour.", "PMID": 516976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11512", "title": "[Paranoid states in the dynamics of psychopathies].", "content": "A total of 46 psychopathic personalities from 30 to 55 years of age were studied. Of them 40 subjects were examined by follow-up checkings. Under psychotraumatizing situations these patients demonstrated acute paranoiac syndromes the content of which was characterized by monotopical delusional ideas. The formation of such acute paranoiac reactions was determined by abnormal personality structures and by individual pathogenic psychotraumatizing situations. The paper contains a description of the psycho-pathological traits of acute paranoiac states in psychopaths and their impact on the general development of psychopathy.", "contents": "[Paranoid states in the dynamics of psychopathies]. A total of 46 psychopathic personalities from 30 to 55 years of age were studied. Of them 40 subjects were examined by follow-up checkings. Under psychotraumatizing situations these patients demonstrated acute paranoiac syndromes the content of which was characterized by monotopical delusional ideas. The formation of such acute paranoiac reactions was determined by abnormal personality structures and by individual pathogenic psychotraumatizing situations. The paper contains a description of the psycho-pathological traits of acute paranoiac states in psychopaths and their impact on the general development of psychopathy.", "PMID": 516977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11513", "title": "[Surgical tactics in injuries and compression of the superior sagittal sinus].", "content": "It is shown from the analysis of 38 cases with injury to and compression of the sagittal sinus that these traumas are often attended by contusion of the brain in the sagittal-parasagittal area and are characterized by hemiparesis with predominance of motor disorders in the distal parts of the limbs, often with ischuria. They are managed surgically. Emergency surgery is indicated in hemorrhage and when there is a clinical picture of progressive compression of the brain. In the other cases trephination of the skull should be postponed until shock is completely relieved and wound infection cured and should be performed by a skilled neurosurgeon and anesthetist when a sufficient amount of stored blood is available. Compression of the sagittal sinus for a period of up to 6 weeks did not cause any clinically marked disorders of cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in injuries and compression of the superior sagittal sinus]. It is shown from the analysis of 38 cases with injury to and compression of the sagittal sinus that these traumas are often attended by contusion of the brain in the sagittal-parasagittal area and are characterized by hemiparesis with predominance of motor disorders in the distal parts of the limbs, often with ischuria. They are managed surgically. Emergency surgery is indicated in hemorrhage and when there is a clinical picture of progressive compression of the brain. In the other cases trephination of the skull should be postponed until shock is completely relieved and wound infection cured and should be performed by a skilled neurosurgeon and anesthetist when a sufficient amount of stored blood is available. Compression of the sagittal sinus for a period of up to 6 weeks did not cause any clinically marked disorders of cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 516982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11514", "title": "[Changes in local cerebral circulation during the slow development and regression of intracranial hypertension (experimental study)].", "content": "Local cerebral blood flow and local vascular reactivity in various brain areas close to and at a distance from the focus of compression were studied in experiments on rabbits with slowly increasing intracranial hypertension and after removal of the focus limiting the intracranial space. General regularities of changes in local blood flow and vascular reactivity corresponding to the stages of the development of intracranial hypertension and in the first 10 days after removal of the focus of intracranial compression was revealed.", "contents": "[Changes in local cerebral circulation during the slow development and regression of intracranial hypertension (experimental study)]. Local cerebral blood flow and local vascular reactivity in various brain areas close to and at a distance from the focus of compression were studied in experiments on rabbits with slowly increasing intracranial hypertension and after removal of the focus limiting the intracranial space. General regularities of changes in local blood flow and vascular reactivity corresponding to the stages of the development of intracranial hypertension and in the first 10 days after removal of the focus of intracranial compression was revealed.", "PMID": 516983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11515", "title": "[Effect of spinal cord and spinal injuries on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils].", "content": "Study of neutrophil phagocytic activity in injuries to the spinal cord and spine and in damage to the spine without involvement of the spinal cord showed that injuries to the spinal cord have no specific effect on this activity. True, the phagocytic reaction is inhibited in the first 2-3 weeks after the trauma both in patients with injury to the spinal cord and spine and in those with injury only to the spine. In later periods after the trauma, however, with the neurological status remaining the same, the values of the phagocytic reaction do not differ from those in healthy persons. The level at which the spinal cord is injured hardly affects the activity of phagocytosis. The examination was conducted in 117 patients with spinal fractures 94 of whom had also sustained injury to the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Effect of spinal cord and spinal injuries on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils]. Study of neutrophil phagocytic activity in injuries to the spinal cord and spine and in damage to the spine without involvement of the spinal cord showed that injuries to the spinal cord have no specific effect on this activity. True, the phagocytic reaction is inhibited in the first 2-3 weeks after the trauma both in patients with injury to the spinal cord and spine and in those with injury only to the spine. In later periods after the trauma, however, with the neurological status remaining the same, the values of the phagocytic reaction do not differ from those in healthy persons. The level at which the spinal cord is injured hardly affects the activity of phagocytosis. The examination was conducted in 117 patients with spinal fractures 94 of whom had also sustained injury to the spinal cord.", "PMID": 516984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11516", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to influenza virus antigen and mitogen in guinea pigs: measurement with a semimicro protein synthesis assay.", "content": "A rapid and precise method for the assay of cell-mediated immune response basing on protein synthesis stimulation of mitogen-activated guinea pig lymphocytes is modified in a way that enables the study of virus-immunological problems. When used as a micromethod it has the following advantages over conventional methods: short-term cell culture, need of low quantities of cells and rapid preparation of great numbers of samples for radioactivity measurements. In this study we report the results of comparative experiments on measuring lymphocyte stimulation after addition of PHA and stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes following contact with homologous influenza virus antigen in vitro. The most important reaction parameters are as follows: 5-6 . 10(5) spleen lymphocytes/microculture in microtiter plates, use of Eagles's MEM cell culture medium without leucine, supplemented with HEPES buffer and 10% autologous guinea pig serum; optimum lymphocyte stimulation by addition of 0.5 microliter PHA or 0.1-1.0 microgram virus protein/ml; immuno-stimulation by PHA can be measured in vitro already after 6 h and by influenzavirus antigen already after 24 h.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to influenza virus antigen and mitogen in guinea pigs: measurement with a semimicro protein synthesis assay. A rapid and precise method for the assay of cell-mediated immune response basing on protein synthesis stimulation of mitogen-activated guinea pig lymphocytes is modified in a way that enables the study of virus-immunological problems. When used as a micromethod it has the following advantages over conventional methods: short-term cell culture, need of low quantities of cells and rapid preparation of great numbers of samples for radioactivity measurements. In this study we report the results of comparative experiments on measuring lymphocyte stimulation after addition of PHA and stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes following contact with homologous influenza virus antigen in vitro. The most important reaction parameters are as follows: 5-6 . 10(5) spleen lymphocytes/microculture in microtiter plates, use of Eagles's MEM cell culture medium without leucine, supplemented with HEPES buffer and 10% autologous guinea pig serum; optimum lymphocyte stimulation by addition of 0.5 microliter PHA or 0.1-1.0 microgram virus protein/ml; immuno-stimulation by PHA can be measured in vitro already after 6 h and by influenzavirus antigen already after 24 h.", "PMID": 516991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11517", "title": "[Cervical spondylosis and vertebrobasilar circulatory disorders].", "content": "The symptoms of cervical spondylosis may be removed or reduced in intensity by drug therapy or physiotherapeutic measures. Compression of the roots of the cerebrospinal nerves or the development of symptoms of myelopathy must be managed by surgery. The article discusses the pathophysiology of uncovertebral arthrosis or disorder of vertebrobasiliar circulation caused by spondylarthrosis of the falciform processes and the indications for operation. Analysis of the results of operation for decompression of the spinal arteries, performed on 4 patients, supplies grounds for the conclusion that the spinal artery is compressed not only by the spondylolytic masses but also by a cicatricial connective-tissue ring which forms about it and causes a direct stenosing effect. This factor acquires importance in the formation of morphological changes in the late stage of ttion of the cicatricial ring embracing the vessel. The results of the operative intervention are satisfactory.", "contents": "[Cervical spondylosis and vertebrobasilar circulatory disorders]. The symptoms of cervical spondylosis may be removed or reduced in intensity by drug therapy or physiotherapeutic measures. Compression of the roots of the cerebrospinal nerves or the development of symptoms of myelopathy must be managed by surgery. The article discusses the pathophysiology of uncovertebral arthrosis or disorder of vertebrobasiliar circulation caused by spondylarthrosis of the falciform processes and the indications for operation. Analysis of the results of operation for decompression of the spinal arteries, performed on 4 patients, supplies grounds for the conclusion that the spinal artery is compressed not only by the spondylolytic masses but also by a cicatricial connective-tissue ring which forms about it and causes a direct stenosing effect. This factor acquires importance in the formation of morphological changes in the late stage of ttion of the cicatricial ring embracing the vessel. The results of the operative intervention are satisfactory.", "PMID": 516985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11518", "title": "[Use of the water-soluble x-ray contrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography].", "content": "The use of the water-soluble radiocontrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography in 22 patients with a stable pain syndrome in the lumbosacral region showed that this method makes it possible to disclose the cause of the disease exactly and to reveal or rule out any neurosurgical pathology of this region. This examination is tolerated well by the patients, does not produce serious complications, and may be conducted in any neurosurgical institution.", "contents": "[Use of the water-soluble x-ray contrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography]. The use of the water-soluble radiocontrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography in 22 patients with a stable pain syndrome in the lumbosacral region showed that this method makes it possible to disclose the cause of the disease exactly and to reveal or rule out any neurosurgical pathology of this region. This examination is tolerated well by the patients, does not produce serious complications, and may be conducted in any neurosurgical institution.", "PMID": 516987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11519", "title": "[Prediction of the development of neurotraumatology up to the year 2000].", "content": "Avariant of long-term prognosis of the development of neurotraumatology is suggested on the basis of the analysis of questionnaires filled in by leading Soviet specialists in the field of neurosurgery, neurology, and traumatology as well as data in the literature and patent documentation. The concrete purposes and the approximate terms of their attainment according to the principal aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with craniocerebral trauma and injuries to the spine and spinal cord are presented.", "contents": "[Prediction of the development of neurotraumatology up to the year 2000]. Avariant of long-term prognosis of the development of neurotraumatology is suggested on the basis of the analysis of questionnaires filled in by leading Soviet specialists in the field of neurosurgery, neurology, and traumatology as well as data in the literature and patent documentation. The concrete purposes and the approximate terms of their attainment according to the principal aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with craniocerebral trauma and injuries to the spine and spinal cord are presented.", "PMID": 516988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11520", "title": "Structural transitions of chromatin induced by netropsin.", "content": "Structural changes of chromatin induced by interaction of netropsin (Nt) with DNA has been examined by analysis of CD and electromicroscopic measurements. The results demonstrate the existence of a transition from the condensed globular state of chromatin into nucleosomal fibres generated by extremely low Nt concentration up to 1 mole Nt per 200 nucleotides. A second transition occurs at high Nt ratio per DNA phosphate (v' = 0.3). involving disorganization of nucleosomal particles. The interference of the Nt binding with chromatin proteins maintaining the sub- and superstructure will be discussed.", "contents": "Structural transitions of chromatin induced by netropsin. Structural changes of chromatin induced by interaction of netropsin (Nt) with DNA has been examined by analysis of CD and electromicroscopic measurements. The results demonstrate the existence of a transition from the condensed globular state of chromatin into nucleosomal fibres generated by extremely low Nt concentration up to 1 mole Nt per 200 nucleotides. A second transition occurs at high Nt ratio per DNA phosphate (v' = 0.3). involving disorganization of nucleosomal particles. The interference of the Nt binding with chromatin proteins maintaining the sub- and superstructure will be discussed.", "PMID": 516994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11521", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of insolubilized enzyme. XI. Trypsin-carrier-complexes on the basis of macroporous glasses by interposing the hydrophilic polymer dextran].", "content": "A procedure for preparing derivatives of dialdehyde dextran-glass-carriers and their use for immobilization of trypsin is described. The dextran to the support as well as the trypsin to dextran were covalently immobilized via dialdehyde groups. The relative activity of immobilized trypsin in these enzyme-carrier-complexes amounted 17.3% and 20,4 (determined with alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilid) and 8,2% and 11.6% (determined with casein).", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of insolubilized enzyme. XI. Trypsin-carrier-complexes on the basis of macroporous glasses by interposing the hydrophilic polymer dextran]. A procedure for preparing derivatives of dialdehyde dextran-glass-carriers and their use for immobilization of trypsin is described. The dextran to the support as well as the trypsin to dextran were covalently immobilized via dialdehyde groups. The relative activity of immobilized trypsin in these enzyme-carrier-complexes amounted 17.3% and 20,4 (determined with alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilid) and 8,2% and 11.6% (determined with casein).", "PMID": 516995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11522", "title": "[Enzyme profile of exudate leukocytes from diabetic rabbits].", "content": "In leukocytes of exudate from diabetic rabbits, the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased, and a tendency of adenylate kinase activity to decline is observable. The activities of UDP-pyrophosphatase, UDP-glycogentransferase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutahione reductase in the exudate erythrocytes in diabetes are not essentially altered. The decrease of the key enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle, providing the leukocytes with energy and metabolites, reduces the functional activity of leukocytes from exudate in diabetes.", "contents": "[Enzyme profile of exudate leukocytes from diabetic rabbits]. In leukocytes of exudate from diabetic rabbits, the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased, and a tendency of adenylate kinase activity to decline is observable. The activities of UDP-pyrophosphatase, UDP-glycogentransferase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutahione reductase in the exudate erythrocytes in diabetes are not essentially altered. The decrease of the key enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle, providing the leukocytes with energy and metabolites, reduces the functional activity of leukocytes from exudate in diabetes.", "PMID": 516996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11523", "title": "Fucose incorporation into rat hippocampus structures after acquisition of a brightness discrimination. A histoautoradiographic analysis.", "content": "Using a brigthness discrimination model in rats, the labeling of discrete hippocampus formation structures was studied after intraventricular application of [3H]-fucose. This substance was injected 5 min before training as well as 5 min, 3, 7 and 23 h after training, the pulse period lasting 120 min in all cases. A significantly training-related enhanced labeling of CA1, CA3 and CA4 cell bodies and fibres revealed that a biphasic time course occurring when radioactive fucose was applied 5 min before training and 7 h after training, whereas the increased labeling of area dentata structures was evidenced only after application of radioactive fucose 5 min before and after training. In all structures under investigation the training-related increase in labeling was more pronounced in the fibre layers than in the pyramidal and granular cell bodies.", "contents": "Fucose incorporation into rat hippocampus structures after acquisition of a brightness discrimination. A histoautoradiographic analysis. Using a brigthness discrimination model in rats, the labeling of discrete hippocampus formation structures was studied after intraventricular application of [3H]-fucose. This substance was injected 5 min before training as well as 5 min, 3, 7 and 23 h after training, the pulse period lasting 120 min in all cases. A significantly training-related enhanced labeling of CA1, CA3 and CA4 cell bodies and fibres revealed that a biphasic time course occurring when radioactive fucose was applied 5 min before training and 7 h after training, whereas the increased labeling of area dentata structures was evidenced only after application of radioactive fucose 5 min before and after training. In all structures under investigation the training-related increase in labeling was more pronounced in the fibre layers than in the pyramidal and granular cell bodies.", "PMID": 516997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11524", "title": "[Effect of diet and L-thyroxine on deiodination of L-thyroxine in rat liver].", "content": "Male Wistar rats on 3 or 50% fat diet for 14 weeks were treated during 6 weeks with L-thyroxine (5 or 25 or 50 microgram 100 g body weight/2 times weekly, sc.) and the activity of L-thyroxine-deiodinase was determined in supernatans of liver homogenates. With increasing thyroxine lading the deiodinating activity increases statistically significantly within each diet group. The liver of animals on 50% fat diet deiodinates increasing thyroxine doses to a lesser extent than livers of animals on 3% fat diet. It is discussed that high fat diet influences thyroid function and that thyroxine shares effectiveness and undergoes deiodination also in other tissues, probably in fat tissue, to a higher extent.", "contents": "[Effect of diet and L-thyroxine on deiodination of L-thyroxine in rat liver]. Male Wistar rats on 3 or 50% fat diet for 14 weeks were treated during 6 weeks with L-thyroxine (5 or 25 or 50 microgram 100 g body weight/2 times weekly, sc.) and the activity of L-thyroxine-deiodinase was determined in supernatans of liver homogenates. With increasing thyroxine lading the deiodinating activity increases statistically significantly within each diet group. The liver of animals on 50% fat diet deiodinates increasing thyroxine doses to a lesser extent than livers of animals on 3% fat diet. It is discussed that high fat diet influences thyroid function and that thyroxine shares effectiveness and undergoes deiodination also in other tissues, probably in fat tissue, to a higher extent.", "PMID": 516998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11525", "title": "[Absorption of triglycine, diglycine, glycine or equimolar mixtures of diglycine and glycine in the perfused small intestine of rats].", "content": "1. After a wash-out period of 20 min with Krebs-Henseleit-buffer a 20 cm segment of proximal or distal small intestine of nonanaesthesized rats got a bolus infusion of 3 ml either triglycine, diglycine, glycine or an equimolar mixture of diglycine and glycine, respectively, in a concentration range of 20 to 1000 mmol/l glycine equivalents. With 9 ml of a peptide and amino acid free solution the gut was perfused in a single-pass perfusion and the whole fluid recovered was investigated by quantitative thin layer chromatography for triglycine, diglycine and glycine. 2. In the concentration range up to 170 mmol/l glycine equivalents the nitrogen absorption is independent of the substrates perfused. In the highest concentration range an additional increased disappearance of triglycine could be found. This change cannot be observed to the same extent for diglycine, glycine or the mixture of both. In contrast, in the highest concentration range the competition between glycine and diglycine results in a decrease of absorption. 3. The proximal or distal nitrogen absorption of all substrates is similar. 4. In the perfusate the peptide and its splitting products were investigated. 5. Based on the discrepancy between the disappearance of triglycine and the appearance of its splitting products it is assumed. 1. that the transport of intact triglycine is of quantitative importance in the highest concentration range and 2. that in the lower concentration range membrane digestion followed the transport of the splitting products prevails. 6. Extending Ugoley's model for dipeptides three general variations for membrane digestion of tripeptides are proposed. One of this is likely for the triglycine absorption.", "contents": "[Absorption of triglycine, diglycine, glycine or equimolar mixtures of diglycine and glycine in the perfused small intestine of rats]. 1. After a wash-out period of 20 min with Krebs-Henseleit-buffer a 20 cm segment of proximal or distal small intestine of nonanaesthesized rats got a bolus infusion of 3 ml either triglycine, diglycine, glycine or an equimolar mixture of diglycine and glycine, respectively, in a concentration range of 20 to 1000 mmol/l glycine equivalents. With 9 ml of a peptide and amino acid free solution the gut was perfused in a single-pass perfusion and the whole fluid recovered was investigated by quantitative thin layer chromatography for triglycine, diglycine and glycine. 2. In the concentration range up to 170 mmol/l glycine equivalents the nitrogen absorption is independent of the substrates perfused. In the highest concentration range an additional increased disappearance of triglycine could be found. This change cannot be observed to the same extent for diglycine, glycine or the mixture of both. In contrast, in the highest concentration range the competition between glycine and diglycine results in a decrease of absorption. 3. The proximal or distal nitrogen absorption of all substrates is similar. 4. In the perfusate the peptide and its splitting products were investigated. 5. Based on the discrepancy between the disappearance of triglycine and the appearance of its splitting products it is assumed. 1. that the transport of intact triglycine is of quantitative importance in the highest concentration range and 2. that in the lower concentration range membrane digestion followed the transport of the splitting products prevails. 6. Extending Ugoley's model for dipeptides three general variations for membrane digestion of tripeptides are proposed. One of this is likely for the triglycine absorption.", "PMID": 516999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11526", "title": "[Experimental therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation by streptokinase administration].", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in dogs by infusion of tissue thrombokinase. Its course was followed by coagulation tests, determination of the rate of microthrombosis, and measurement of organ functions and oxygen consumption. The therapeutic result of streptokinase administration at an early stage of pathological changes is demonstrated by improvement of the disturbed organ functions and oxygen supply as well as by the decrease in plasma-haemoglobin level. When streptokinase was administered at an advanced stage of organ damages, they remained irreversible, although repatency of the microvasculature had been reached.", "contents": "[Experimental therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation by streptokinase administration]. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in dogs by infusion of tissue thrombokinase. Its course was followed by coagulation tests, determination of the rate of microthrombosis, and measurement of organ functions and oxygen consumption. The therapeutic result of streptokinase administration at an early stage of pathological changes is demonstrated by improvement of the disturbed organ functions and oxygen supply as well as by the decrease in plasma-haemoglobin level. When streptokinase was administered at an advanced stage of organ damages, they remained irreversible, although repatency of the microvasculature had been reached.", "PMID": 517000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11527", "title": "Infrared spectral studies of carbon monoxide complexes of microsomal cytochromes P-450 and P-448.", "content": "The characteristic infrared spectral parameters of the carbonyl stretching vibration (the maximum position nu CO, the band width at half height delta nu 1/2 and the apparent molar extinction coefficient epsilon M) have been determined for the CO complexes of microsomal cytochromes P-450 (PB-induced) and P-448 (3-MC-induced) from rabbits and rats. The cytochromes P-450 and P-448 from the same species as well as the cytochromes prepared by the same inducer but from the two different species yielded nu CO band parameters different from each other and from the bacterial cytochrome P-450cam [1]. These differences are discussed in connection with (1) the presence of different protein moities (multiple forms) of cytochromes, (2) changes in the order of the nearest neighbour environment (accessibility) of the CO binding site and (3) the presence of (endogenous bound substrate. The heme-carbonyl of the microsomal cytochromes senses subtle changes in the nearest heme environment by changing the solvent from H2O to D2O.", "contents": "Infrared spectral studies of carbon monoxide complexes of microsomal cytochromes P-450 and P-448. The characteristic infrared spectral parameters of the carbonyl stretching vibration (the maximum position nu CO, the band width at half height delta nu 1/2 and the apparent molar extinction coefficient epsilon M) have been determined for the CO complexes of microsomal cytochromes P-450 (PB-induced) and P-448 (3-MC-induced) from rabbits and rats. The cytochromes P-450 and P-448 from the same species as well as the cytochromes prepared by the same inducer but from the two different species yielded nu CO band parameters different from each other and from the bacterial cytochrome P-450cam [1]. These differences are discussed in connection with (1) the presence of different protein moities (multiple forms) of cytochromes, (2) changes in the order of the nearest neighbour environment (accessibility) of the CO binding site and (3) the presence of (endogenous bound substrate. The heme-carbonyl of the microsomal cytochromes senses subtle changes in the nearest heme environment by changing the solvent from H2O to D2O.", "PMID": 517001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11528", "title": "Isolation, structural organization and mechanism of action of mitochondrial steroid hydroxylating systems.", "content": "A scheme for the isolation of individual proteins of the 20S,22R-cholesterol hydroxylating system is presented. Physico-chemical and structural parameters of cytochrome P-450 are furnished. Self-reconstitution of indivudal proteins of the system into an enzyme unit is shown. Furthermore a regulation process of electron transport in the 20S,22R-cholesterol system is considered.", "contents": "Isolation, structural organization and mechanism of action of mitochondrial steroid hydroxylating systems. A scheme for the isolation of individual proteins of the 20S,22R-cholesterol hydroxylating system is presented. Physico-chemical and structural parameters of cytochrome P-450 are furnished. Self-reconstitution of indivudal proteins of the system into an enzyme unit is shown. Furthermore a regulation process of electron transport in the 20S,22R-cholesterol system is considered.", "PMID": 517002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11529", "title": "The properties of cytochrome P-450 and hydroxylase activity of reconstituted proteoliposomal membranes.", "content": "Type I substrates are bound to soluble cytochrome P-450 worse than to microsomes. The incorporation of haemoprotein into phosphatidylcholine liposomes restores the capability of isolated cytochrome P-450 to interact with such substrates as well as the microsomal form. The soluble and lipid-binding cytochrome P-450 does not differ in its thermal stability and protease digestion. Liposome-bound cytochrome P-450 has a higher dimethylaniline, aniline and p-nitroanisole hydroxylase activity than its soluble form. Only the aniline hydroxylase activity of microsomal, proteoliposomal and soluble cytochrome P-450 was inhibited by tyrosine . copper (II) complex with NADPH or cumene hydroperoxide as cosubstrates. The inhibitory action of the Tyr2-Cu2+ complex on the other hydroxylase activities depended on the cytochrome P-450 forms and the type of cosubstrates and substrates used.", "contents": "The properties of cytochrome P-450 and hydroxylase activity of reconstituted proteoliposomal membranes. Type I substrates are bound to soluble cytochrome P-450 worse than to microsomes. The incorporation of haemoprotein into phosphatidylcholine liposomes restores the capability of isolated cytochrome P-450 to interact with such substrates as well as the microsomal form. The soluble and lipid-binding cytochrome P-450 does not differ in its thermal stability and protease digestion. Liposome-bound cytochrome P-450 has a higher dimethylaniline, aniline and p-nitroanisole hydroxylase activity than its soluble form. Only the aniline hydroxylase activity of microsomal, proteoliposomal and soluble cytochrome P-450 was inhibited by tyrosine . copper (II) complex with NADPH or cumene hydroperoxide as cosubstrates. The inhibitory action of the Tyr2-Cu2+ complex on the other hydroxylase activities depended on the cytochrome P-450 forms and the type of cosubstrates and substrates used.", "PMID": 517003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11530", "title": "Pituitary control of hepatic steroid metabolism.", "content": "Hypophysectomy of male animals has little effect on the hepatic 4-androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) metabolism except at the kinetic level where changes in the apparent Km of the 16 alpha- and 7 alpha-hydroxylases are seen. On the other hand, hypophysectomy of female animals leads to a \"masculinization\" of hepatic androstenedione metabolism, following the changes seen in Vmax of the respective enzymes probably due to the removal of the source of \"feminizing factor\" thought to maintain the female-type metabolism in the liver. There seems to be a temporal dissociation of the effects on the various enzymes indicating different cellular control mechanisms for these enzymes. Oestrogen treatment of male rats causes \"feminization\" of the hepatic androstenedione metabolism. The time study shows an initial increase in 17-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, 6 beta- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities followed by a decrease to the levels of females. This biphasic effect is possibly due to an initial direct effect of the oestrogen on the liver followed by an indirect effect via the hypothalamo-pituitary system. The changes in enzyme activity noted are related to changes in Vmax of the respective enzymes although changes in apparent Km are also seen.", "contents": "Pituitary control of hepatic steroid metabolism. Hypophysectomy of male animals has little effect on the hepatic 4-androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) metabolism except at the kinetic level where changes in the apparent Km of the 16 alpha- and 7 alpha-hydroxylases are seen. On the other hand, hypophysectomy of female animals leads to a \"masculinization\" of hepatic androstenedione metabolism, following the changes seen in Vmax of the respective enzymes probably due to the removal of the source of \"feminizing factor\" thought to maintain the female-type metabolism in the liver. There seems to be a temporal dissociation of the effects on the various enzymes indicating different cellular control mechanisms for these enzymes. Oestrogen treatment of male rats causes \"feminization\" of the hepatic androstenedione metabolism. The time study shows an initial increase in 17-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, 6 beta- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities followed by a decrease to the levels of females. This biphasic effect is possibly due to an initial direct effect of the oestrogen on the liver followed by an indirect effect via the hypothalamo-pituitary system. The changes in enzyme activity noted are related to changes in Vmax of the respective enzymes although changes in apparent Km are also seen.", "PMID": 517004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11531", "title": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in analysis of protein amino acid composition.", "content": "A method for quantitative analysis of protein amino acids using isotope ratio gas chromatography-mass spectrometry computer techniques is described. The amino acids are analysed as their N-trifluoroacetyl-n-butyl esters and the quantitation is accomplished by the inclusion of deuterated amino acid mixtures of known composition. The inclusion of internal standards prior to protein hydrolysis provides a method with high precision (coefficient of variation less than 5%). The method, which requires 100 microgram and can be performed in just over 2 h, when tested on insulin gave results which agreed well with the known composition of the protein and with simultaneous analysis on ion exchangers. Thus, the technique offers an alternative to automatic amino acid analysers (utilizing ion exchangers) for quantitative amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in analysis of protein amino acid composition. A method for quantitative analysis of protein amino acids using isotope ratio gas chromatography-mass spectrometry computer techniques is described. The amino acids are analysed as their N-trifluoroacetyl-n-butyl esters and the quantitation is accomplished by the inclusion of deuterated amino acid mixtures of known composition. The inclusion of internal standards prior to protein hydrolysis provides a method with high precision (coefficient of variation less than 5%). The method, which requires 100 microgram and can be performed in just over 2 h, when tested on insulin gave results which agreed well with the known composition of the protein and with simultaneous analysis on ion exchangers. Thus, the technique offers an alternative to automatic amino acid analysers (utilizing ion exchangers) for quantitative amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 517005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11532", "title": "Mercaptide chelated protoheme: a model compound for cytochrome P-450.", "content": "A mercaptide chelated heme having the spectral characteristics of cytochrome P-450 has been prepared by coupling di-3-amino-propyl-disulfide to protoheme, followed by reduction and disulfide cleavage with sodium dithionithe.", "contents": "Mercaptide chelated protoheme: a model compound for cytochrome P-450. A mercaptide chelated heme having the spectral characteristics of cytochrome P-450 has been prepared by coupling di-3-amino-propyl-disulfide to protoheme, followed by reduction and disulfide cleavage with sodium dithionithe.", "PMID": 517006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11533", "title": "The role of metal ions in oxygen activation.", "content": "The reaction of oxygen with a common organic molecule is a spin-forbidden process catalyzed by transition metal ions. Some reactions of this type were proved to be trace metal catalyzed. It is therefore reasonable to assume that all reactions of molecular oxygen with organic molecules are induced by trace metals; in the absolute absence of transition metal ions these reactions would not proceed at all. Based on detailed studies of two well known oxygen reactions the mechanism of trace metal catalysis was formulated. The experimental results are consistent with the conception that transition metal ions associate with all species present in the system to form complexes or clusters of various composition and stability. Some of them are redox reactive and represent true intermediates of the catalyzed reaction.", "contents": "The role of metal ions in oxygen activation. The reaction of oxygen with a common organic molecule is a spin-forbidden process catalyzed by transition metal ions. Some reactions of this type were proved to be trace metal catalyzed. It is therefore reasonable to assume that all reactions of molecular oxygen with organic molecules are induced by trace metals; in the absolute absence of transition metal ions these reactions would not proceed at all. Based on detailed studies of two well known oxygen reactions the mechanism of trace metal catalysis was formulated. The experimental results are consistent with the conception that transition metal ions associate with all species present in the system to form complexes or clusters of various composition and stability. Some of them are redox reactive and represent true intermediates of the catalyzed reaction.", "PMID": 517007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11534", "title": "Quantum chemical interpretation of the spectral properties of the CO and O2 complexes of hemoglobin and cytochrome P-450.", "content": "The electronic transitions of CO and O2 complexes of hemoglobin and cytochrome P-450 were calculated using a PPP method extended for metal complexes. The calculations show that the unusual spectral properties of cytochrome P-450 are very sensitive to the iron-sulfur bond distance. It is suggested from these calculations that for the conversion of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420 an increase of the iron-sulfur bond distance of only about 0.2 A is sufficient. The anomalous Soret band of the CO complex as well as the normal Soret band of the O2 complex of cytochrome P-450 are explicable assuming a mercaptide sulfur as fifth ligand.", "contents": "Quantum chemical interpretation of the spectral properties of the CO and O2 complexes of hemoglobin and cytochrome P-450. The electronic transitions of CO and O2 complexes of hemoglobin and cytochrome P-450 were calculated using a PPP method extended for metal complexes. The calculations show that the unusual spectral properties of cytochrome P-450 are very sensitive to the iron-sulfur bond distance. It is suggested from these calculations that for the conversion of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420 an increase of the iron-sulfur bond distance of only about 0.2 A is sufficient. The anomalous Soret band of the CO complex as well as the normal Soret band of the O2 complex of cytochrome P-450 are explicable assuming a mercaptide sulfur as fifth ligand.", "PMID": 517008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11535", "title": "Hydrodynamic studies on interactions between the components of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 system.", "content": "To understand the different behaviour of cytochrome P-450 systems in kinetics as well as in the demethylase activity, sedimentation and molecular weight experiments have been carried out with the following results: 1) Sedimentation coefficients of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2 fractions amount to 24 +/- 4 [S] and 12.8 +/- 1.2 [S], respectively. Molecular weights were determined to be 1.0 +/- 0.2 . 10(6) and 3.0 +/- 0.5 . 10(5) Dalton. 2) Triton N-101 provokes splitting of the associated structure both of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2; this effect is reversible. 3) The dissociation depends not only on the absolute concentration of Triton but rather on the Triton P-450 ratio. The dissociation curves of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2 are similar in shape and in the Triton/P-450 ratio dependence. 4) In the presence of small concentrations of Triton a more complicated dissociation behaviour was observed with broad integral distribution of the sedimentation coefficients. 5) The ionic detergent cholate splits the associated structure of P-450 LM2 at considerably higher concentrations in comparison with Triton-N 101. 6) Addition of reductase causes a decrease of sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights of solubilized P-450. The same effect in P-450 LM2 could be observed only in the presence of phospholipids.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic studies on interactions between the components of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 system. To understand the different behaviour of cytochrome P-450 systems in kinetics as well as in the demethylase activity, sedimentation and molecular weight experiments have been carried out with the following results: 1) Sedimentation coefficients of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2 fractions amount to 24 +/- 4 [S] and 12.8 +/- 1.2 [S], respectively. Molecular weights were determined to be 1.0 +/- 0.2 . 10(6) and 3.0 +/- 0.5 . 10(5) Dalton. 2) Triton N-101 provokes splitting of the associated structure both of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2; this effect is reversible. 3) The dissociation depends not only on the absolute concentration of Triton but rather on the Triton P-450 ratio. The dissociation curves of solubilized P-450 and P-450 LM2 are similar in shape and in the Triton/P-450 ratio dependence. 4) In the presence of small concentrations of Triton a more complicated dissociation behaviour was observed with broad integral distribution of the sedimentation coefficients. 5) The ionic detergent cholate splits the associated structure of P-450 LM2 at considerably higher concentrations in comparison with Triton-N 101. 6) Addition of reductase causes a decrease of sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights of solubilized P-450. The same effect in P-450 LM2 could be observed only in the presence of phospholipids.", "PMID": 517009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11536", "title": "Spectral properties of nonequilibrium states in cytochrome P-450 formed by reduction at subzero temperatures.", "content": "Nonequilibrium conformational states in cytochrome P-450 in the presence and absence of substrates formed by reduction at subzero temperatures with hydrates electrons were obtained and characterized by their absorption spectra. Different absorption spectra between the relaxed (298 K) and the non-relaxed enzyme forms (77 K) indicate conformational changes proceeding in the relaxed form after reduction of the heme iron which lead to altered interactions between the active centre and its environment in the protein. The two maxima of the nonequilibrium form of cytochrome P-450 without substrate in the visible absorption spectrum (alpha-band, beta-band) and the ratio of their intensities indicate the low-spin character of the heme iron. These spectral properties give evidence for a reduced cytochrome P-450 with two heme-linked axial ligands.", "contents": "Spectral properties of nonequilibrium states in cytochrome P-450 formed by reduction at subzero temperatures. Nonequilibrium conformational states in cytochrome P-450 in the presence and absence of substrates formed by reduction at subzero temperatures with hydrates electrons were obtained and characterized by their absorption spectra. Different absorption spectra between the relaxed (298 K) and the non-relaxed enzyme forms (77 K) indicate conformational changes proceeding in the relaxed form after reduction of the heme iron which lead to altered interactions between the active centre and its environment in the protein. The two maxima of the nonequilibrium form of cytochrome P-450 without substrate in the visible absorption spectrum (alpha-band, beta-band) and the ratio of their intensities indicate the low-spin character of the heme iron. These spectral properties give evidence for a reduced cytochrome P-450 with two heme-linked axial ligands.", "PMID": 517010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11537", "title": "Interaction of cytochrome P-450 with hydrocarbons.", "content": "Hydrocarbons of different structures interact with microsomal and solubilized cytochrome P-450 from liver of phenobarbital-pretreated rats forming a high spin enzyme-substrate type complex. The affinity of cytochrome P-450 for hydrocarbons increases with increasing lipophilicity independently of the chemical structure. The binding capacity of microsomal P-450 for aliphatic hydrocarbons is generally higher than for aromates. Mutual influence in binding of two different hydrocarbons by microsomal P-450 is stronger among aromatic than among aliphatic hydrocarbons; in both cases it appears to be effected rather by specific interaction of both substances with the binding site than by a nonspecific influence on the microsomal membrane. Only one fraction of low spin form of solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rat liver interacts with hydrocarbons. The binding capacity for aromatic and aliphatic substances corresponds to that found in microsomes. The affinity for the most lipiphilic substrate, perhydrophenanthrene, is equal in microsomal and solubilized preparation; with decreasing lipophilicity the affinity of solubilized P-450 decreases faster than in microsomes. The LM2 fraction of cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits interacts only with aliphatic hydrocarbons with wide variation of the binding capacity. The affinity is generally one order of magnitude lower than in microsomes. Active fractions of solubilized P-450 from both species are rapidly converted to P-420 by dithionite. The extent of this conversion is strongly reduced by saturation with substrate.", "contents": "Interaction of cytochrome P-450 with hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons of different structures interact with microsomal and solubilized cytochrome P-450 from liver of phenobarbital-pretreated rats forming a high spin enzyme-substrate type complex. The affinity of cytochrome P-450 for hydrocarbons increases with increasing lipophilicity independently of the chemical structure. The binding capacity of microsomal P-450 for aliphatic hydrocarbons is generally higher than for aromates. Mutual influence in binding of two different hydrocarbons by microsomal P-450 is stronger among aromatic than among aliphatic hydrocarbons; in both cases it appears to be effected rather by specific interaction of both substances with the binding site than by a nonspecific influence on the microsomal membrane. Only one fraction of low spin form of solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rat liver interacts with hydrocarbons. The binding capacity for aromatic and aliphatic substances corresponds to that found in microsomes. The affinity for the most lipiphilic substrate, perhydrophenanthrene, is equal in microsomal and solubilized preparation; with decreasing lipophilicity the affinity of solubilized P-450 decreases faster than in microsomes. The LM2 fraction of cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits interacts only with aliphatic hydrocarbons with wide variation of the binding capacity. The affinity is generally one order of magnitude lower than in microsomes. Active fractions of solubilized P-450 from both species are rapidly converted to P-420 by dithionite. The extent of this conversion is strongly reduced by saturation with substrate.", "PMID": 517011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11538", "title": "The mechanism of hydroperoxide-dependent reactions with participation of cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 destruction kinetics by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) has been studied at 25 degrees C in phosphate buffer, pH 7.25-7.50, in various systems: intact and induced rat or rabbit microsomes, highly purified LM2- and LM2- and LM4-forms of cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes. The destruction kinetics is characterized by three phases in all systems. The CHP-influenced cytochrome P-450 destruction is a radical chain process with linear termination of the chains. The acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and total microsomal phospholipids containing the acidic lipid components activate cytochrome P-450 in the hydroxylation of aniline and naphthalene by CHP. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin have no effect upon the cytochrome P-450 activity in the type I and II substrates oxidation by CHP. The phase transitions of the microsomal phospholipids influence the interaction of cytochrome P-450 with its reductase, altering the activation energy of type I substrates oxidation. The type II substrate oxidation is not affected by phase transitions in the full microsomal hydroxylating system.", "contents": "The mechanism of hydroperoxide-dependent reactions with participation of cytochrome P-450. Cytochrome P-450 destruction kinetics by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) has been studied at 25 degrees C in phosphate buffer, pH 7.25-7.50, in various systems: intact and induced rat or rabbit microsomes, highly purified LM2- and LM2- and LM4-forms of cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes. The destruction kinetics is characterized by three phases in all systems. The CHP-influenced cytochrome P-450 destruction is a radical chain process with linear termination of the chains. The acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and total microsomal phospholipids containing the acidic lipid components activate cytochrome P-450 in the hydroxylation of aniline and naphthalene by CHP. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin have no effect upon the cytochrome P-450 activity in the type I and II substrates oxidation by CHP. The phase transitions of the microsomal phospholipids influence the interaction of cytochrome P-450 with its reductase, altering the activation energy of type I substrates oxidation. The type II substrate oxidation is not affected by phase transitions in the full microsomal hydroxylating system.", "PMID": 517012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11539", "title": "RNA polymerases from avian liver. Isolation and fractionation by heparin-sepharose chromatography.", "content": "Optimal conditions for isolation of rooster liver nuclei were studied for the purification of RNA polymerases I and II by varying the concentrations of sucrose, magnesium chloride and spermine in the isolation medium. Addition of spermine and/or magnesium chloride to the hypertonic sucrose medium was found to be advantageous for the purification. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography can be recommended for purification of RNA polymerases when used in a stepwise manner. Furthermore, gradient elution in the heparin-Sepharose chromatography was found to separate RNA polymerases I and II. RNA polymerase III was eluted with RNA polymerase I. A few minor peaks of RNA polymerase II activity were detected with gradient elution. Factors influencing the affinity of RNA polymerases towards heparin-Sepharose are discussed.", "contents": "RNA polymerases from avian liver. Isolation and fractionation by heparin-sepharose chromatography. Optimal conditions for isolation of rooster liver nuclei were studied for the purification of RNA polymerases I and II by varying the concentrations of sucrose, magnesium chloride and spermine in the isolation medium. Addition of spermine and/or magnesium chloride to the hypertonic sucrose medium was found to be advantageous for the purification. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography can be recommended for purification of RNA polymerases when used in a stepwise manner. Furthermore, gradient elution in the heparin-Sepharose chromatography was found to separate RNA polymerases I and II. RNA polymerase III was eluted with RNA polymerase I. A few minor peaks of RNA polymerase II activity were detected with gradient elution. Factors influencing the affinity of RNA polymerases towards heparin-Sepharose are discussed.", "PMID": 517013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11540", "title": "[A rare tumor of the neck; a hydatid cyst. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of echonococcal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of hydatid cyst located in the musculature of the neck without any other detectable site is reported. With the cycle of the taenia echinococcus as reminder several pathophysiological hypotheses which might explain the inefficacy of the hepatic and pulmonary filter are discussed. A concise revue of the recent literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of the disease is given.", "contents": "[A rare tumor of the neck; a hydatid cyst. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of echonococcal disease (author's transl)]. A rare case of hydatid cyst located in the musculature of the neck without any other detectable site is reported. With the cycle of the taenia echinococcus as reminder several pathophysiological hypotheses which might explain the inefficacy of the hepatic and pulmonary filter are discussed. A concise revue of the recent literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of the disease is given.", "PMID": 517014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11541", "title": "Tracheal papillomatosis in the adult. Report of one case.", "content": "A 48 year old male suffered from localized tracheal papillomatosis. The diseaded trachea was resected but recurrence occurs 6 months later. Tracheal localization and occurrence in the adult age were singular features of this case.", "contents": "Tracheal papillomatosis in the adult. Report of one case. A 48 year old male suffered from localized tracheal papillomatosis. The diseaded trachea was resected but recurrence occurs 6 months later. Tracheal localization and occurrence in the adult age were singular features of this case.", "PMID": 517015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11542", "title": "[Operative methods and our results in the surgery of inguinal hernias in children].", "content": "Inguinal hernias in children are encountered very frequently in the surgical wards. The aim of surgical treatment of such hernias is to close and resect the nonobliterated - opened vaginal process. The distal portion of the vaginal process may left unaltered however, the position of the funiculus must not be changed. The operative procedure used by the authors has yielded excellent results with complications in less than 1% of the cases. A much larger percentage of complications (over 6%) occurs in those cases in which surgical procedures intended for adults are used for children. Testicular atrophy has been seen in 13% of such cases. Keeping in mind the difference in percentage in complications between the two above mentioned surgical approaches, it is obvious that only those procedures that yield the least complications should be used in pediatric hernioplasty. 430 inguinal hernia repairs were performed on children in our clinic and only one recidivism occurred in one child and in another, the testes did not descend completely into the scrotum. No other complications had occurred.", "contents": "[Operative methods and our results in the surgery of inguinal hernias in children]. Inguinal hernias in children are encountered very frequently in the surgical wards. The aim of surgical treatment of such hernias is to close and resect the nonobliterated - opened vaginal process. The distal portion of the vaginal process may left unaltered however, the position of the funiculus must not be changed. The operative procedure used by the authors has yielded excellent results with complications in less than 1% of the cases. A much larger percentage of complications (over 6%) occurs in those cases in which surgical procedures intended for adults are used for children. Testicular atrophy has been seen in 13% of such cases. Keeping in mind the difference in percentage in complications between the two above mentioned surgical approaches, it is obvious that only those procedures that yield the least complications should be used in pediatric hernioplasty. 430 inguinal hernia repairs were performed on children in our clinic and only one recidivism occurred in one child and in another, the testes did not descend completely into the scrotum. No other complications had occurred.", "PMID": 517021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11543", "title": "[Thymolipoma].", "content": "Thymolipoma is an uncommon mediastinal tumour composed of mixed thymic and adipose tissue. A tumour weighing 432 g was incidentally discovered in an otherwise healthy man (47 years), whose X-ray examination suggested a cardiomegally. The histopathology is discussed.", "contents": "[Thymolipoma]. Thymolipoma is an uncommon mediastinal tumour composed of mixed thymic and adipose tissue. A tumour weighing 432 g was incidentally discovered in an otherwise healthy man (47 years), whose X-ray examination suggested a cardiomegally. The histopathology is discussed.", "PMID": 517016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11544", "title": "[Spenic abscesses].", "content": "Abscess of the spleen is an uncommon entity that seems even less common as it still represents a diagnostic problem. The most common cause of splenic abscess is metastatic hematogenous seeding of the diseased spleen especially of the infarcted areas or traumatic hematomas. It can result also from the direct spread of infection from surrounding structures. Many patients with splenic abscess have a rapidly progressive generalized sepsis and even the combination of well-timed surgery and antibiotic therapy is not always curative. Local symptoms may be mild and overlooked and there may be only general symptoms of suppuration present. X-rays investigations often yield valuable information about the location of the abscess. By far the most promising technique is splenic scanning with the use of radioisotopes. Our case of splenic abscess following appendicitis has been described. The course and the diagnosis has been established using liver-spleen scanning. The patient was treated with Obracin and Dalacin and the diseased spleen has been removed. After drainage of the left subphrenic abscess the recovery was uneventful.", "contents": "[Spenic abscesses]. Abscess of the spleen is an uncommon entity that seems even less common as it still represents a diagnostic problem. The most common cause of splenic abscess is metastatic hematogenous seeding of the diseased spleen especially of the infarcted areas or traumatic hematomas. It can result also from the direct spread of infection from surrounding structures. Many patients with splenic abscess have a rapidly progressive generalized sepsis and even the combination of well-timed surgery and antibiotic therapy is not always curative. Local symptoms may be mild and overlooked and there may be only general symptoms of suppuration present. X-rays investigations often yield valuable information about the location of the abscess. By far the most promising technique is splenic scanning with the use of radioisotopes. Our case of splenic abscess following appendicitis has been described. The course and the diagnosis has been established using liver-spleen scanning. The patient was treated with Obracin and Dalacin and the diseased spleen has been removed. After drainage of the left subphrenic abscess the recovery was uneventful.", "PMID": 517022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11545", "title": "[Non-parasitic solitary cysts of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of solitary benign livercysts are reported. The first one (250 cm3) was incidentally discovered during a cholecystectomy for lithiasis and was located in the vicinity of a hamartoma. The second one was enormous (4800 cm3), inflamed, adherent and displacing the nearby organs. The third one contained 3,600 cm3. The literature of this rather rare entity was reviewed and the symptomatology, clinical findings, laboratory results, liver scintigraphy, selective arteriography and especially the coaxial computer tomography scan which by itself just almost reveals the diagnosis, are discussed in function of our findings. The etiology of these tumors and their possible association with a hamartoma is discussed. A classification of kystic livertumors is proposed. The treatment of choice is a kystectomy and the prognosis is good.", "contents": "[Non-parasitic solitary cysts of the liver (author's transl)]. Three cases of solitary benign livercysts are reported. The first one (250 cm3) was incidentally discovered during a cholecystectomy for lithiasis and was located in the vicinity of a hamartoma. The second one was enormous (4800 cm3), inflamed, adherent and displacing the nearby organs. The third one contained 3,600 cm3. The literature of this rather rare entity was reviewed and the symptomatology, clinical findings, laboratory results, liver scintigraphy, selective arteriography and especially the coaxial computer tomography scan which by itself just almost reveals the diagnosis, are discussed in function of our findings. The etiology of these tumors and their possible association with a hamartoma is discussed. A classification of kystic livertumors is proposed. The treatment of choice is a kystectomy and the prognosis is good.", "PMID": 517017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11546", "title": "[Percutaneous medial transcondylar osteosynthesis in supracondylar fractures of the humerus].", "content": "The authors describe their own method of fragments using Kirshner Wire in supracondylar extension fractures of the humerus. Of a total of 118 extension fractures 74 were of a III degree dislocation type. In 16 of these, the medial percutaneous fixation method was implemented. Indications for surgical intervention included those cases in which good positioning of the fragments could not be maintained due to edema, in cases in which flexion at the elbow caused a loss of the radial pulse, and in cases of manifested primary injury of the ulnar nerve. Following the repositioning of the fragments, 2--3 Kirshner wires were placed immediately above the olecranon along the medial line and through the lower and upper fragments. These wires were left in place for 14 days during which time the arm was kept immobilized. Rehabilitation was begun immediately following the removal of the wires. The end results were excellent and no early or late complications occurred.", "contents": "[Percutaneous medial transcondylar osteosynthesis in supracondylar fractures of the humerus]. The authors describe their own method of fragments using Kirshner Wire in supracondylar extension fractures of the humerus. Of a total of 118 extension fractures 74 were of a III degree dislocation type. In 16 of these, the medial percutaneous fixation method was implemented. Indications for surgical intervention included those cases in which good positioning of the fragments could not be maintained due to edema, in cases in which flexion at the elbow caused a loss of the radial pulse, and in cases of manifested primary injury of the ulnar nerve. Following the repositioning of the fragments, 2--3 Kirshner wires were placed immediately above the olecranon along the medial line and through the lower and upper fragments. These wires were left in place for 14 days during which time the arm was kept immobilized. Rehabilitation was begun immediately following the removal of the wires. The end results were excellent and no early or late complications occurred.", "PMID": 517025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11547", "title": "The screening value of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The screening value of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis is studied. A series of 28 patients with pancreatic disease is compared with 80 controls and 82 patients with other intra-abdominal disease. The greatest specificity of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio value is reached at the 3.5 level. The amylase creatinine clearance ratio value proves to be of interest, not only in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis but also in differentiating mild and heavy forms of pancreatitis.", "contents": "The screening value of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis. The screening value of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis is studied. A series of 28 patients with pancreatic disease is compared with 80 controls and 82 patients with other intra-abdominal disease. The greatest specificity of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio value is reached at the 3.5 level. The amylase creatinine clearance ratio value proves to be of interest, not only in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis but also in differentiating mild and heavy forms of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 517018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11548", "title": "[Surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers from 1968 to 1978].", "content": "Authors ten years experience and results in the surgical treatment of the gastroduodenal ulcer on Surgical clinic \"Dr. M.Stojanovic\" in Zagreb is esposed. During this period 1226 patients with the gastroduodenal ulcer operated, 804 from them with chronic, and 422 with acute complications as are perforation and bleeding. On the first period of time patients with the duodenal ulcer were operated by combined operative methods selective gastric vagotomy and antrectomy, and after 1975 by PSV with or without drainage procedure depent of the passage of the duodenum. The most of the patients with the gastric ulcer were operated by the Billroth I method of resection. PSV with suture of the perforated or bleeding ulcer of the duodenum is recommanded. 200 patients with chronic or acute complicated ulcer were operated by PSV with no death complication. All patients are normally tested before operation and 3 months, 12 months, and every year after operation. The results achieved by this method of the surgical treatment of the gastroduodenal ulcer are satisfied and harmonize with the modern therapy of ulcer disease.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers from 1968 to 1978]. Authors ten years experience and results in the surgical treatment of the gastroduodenal ulcer on Surgical clinic \"Dr. M.Stojanovic\" in Zagreb is esposed. During this period 1226 patients with the gastroduodenal ulcer operated, 804 from them with chronic, and 422 with acute complications as are perforation and bleeding. On the first period of time patients with the duodenal ulcer were operated by combined operative methods selective gastric vagotomy and antrectomy, and after 1975 by PSV with or without drainage procedure depent of the passage of the duodenum. The most of the patients with the gastric ulcer were operated by the Billroth I method of resection. PSV with suture of the perforated or bleeding ulcer of the duodenum is recommanded. 200 patients with chronic or acute complicated ulcer were operated by PSV with no death complication. All patients are normally tested before operation and 3 months, 12 months, and every year after operation. The results achieved by this method of the surgical treatment of the gastroduodenal ulcer are satisfied and harmonize with the modern therapy of ulcer disease.", "PMID": 517026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11549", "title": "[Cure of inguino-crural herniae through median preperitoneal route and teflon prosthesis. Personal series of 56 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors chose a median, preperitoneal incision with use of a large and flexible Teflon prosthesis for the treatment of recurrent herniae and for bilateral direct herniae. They describe their technique in detail. They stress the facility, the absence of subsequent pain, that allows early mobilization, the low morbidity and good tolerance of the material. They analyse a homogeneous series of 56 patients operated from 1st August 1974 to 31 December 1977 presenting with 91 primary herniae or recurrences. Forty-eight patients were followed between 6 months and 3.5 years: none has recurrence or sequellae. The authors envisage extension of the indications of this method.", "contents": "[Cure of inguino-crural herniae through median preperitoneal route and teflon prosthesis. Personal series of 56 cases (author's transl)]. The authors chose a median, preperitoneal incision with use of a large and flexible Teflon prosthesis for the treatment of recurrent herniae and for bilateral direct herniae. They describe their technique in detail. They stress the facility, the absence of subsequent pain, that allows early mobilization, the low morbidity and good tolerance of the material. They analyse a homogeneous series of 56 patients operated from 1st August 1974 to 31 December 1977 presenting with 91 primary herniae or recurrences. Forty-eight patients were followed between 6 months and 3.5 years: none has recurrence or sequellae. The authors envisage extension of the indications of this method.", "PMID": 517019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11550", "title": "[Autoplasties of evisceration on total flap-skin-graft (author's transl)].", "content": "The cure of major uncomplicated evisceration can be satisfactorily obtained by the method of autoplastic total skin-flap according to Seror and Stoppa. In 69 patients it yielded a significant success rate of 80% so that its use can be largely extended especially as it is an easy and benign procedure.", "contents": "[Autoplasties of evisceration on total flap-skin-graft (author's transl)]. The cure of major uncomplicated evisceration can be satisfactorily obtained by the method of autoplastic total skin-flap according to Seror and Stoppa. In 69 patients it yielded a significant success rate of 80% so that its use can be largely extended especially as it is an easy and benign procedure.", "PMID": 517020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11551", "title": "[Osteosynthesis with compression as an alternative method in the internal fixation of malleolar fractures].", "content": "The authors discussed a group of patients with malleolar fractures operated on between 1974 and 1977. Compressive osteosynthesis was used as an alternative method of treatment. They compared their group of patients with a much larger group of patients that were surgically treated for malleolar fractures in the traumatology clinic in Ljublana between 1974 and 1977. This second group was divided according to the type of fracture, the type of surgical treatment, the time of treatment, and early and late complications. The authors also discussed the specifics of early postoperative functional treatment. The evaluations of the end results were based on regular control examinations including those patients in whom treatment was complete and were statistically documented. The authors statistics showed very good results in 49%, good results in 20%, and poor results in 31% of the cases. The authors consider the advantages of osteosynthesis with compression over and above the other well known methods of inner fixation, and listed the indications and spectrum of application of this method in the surgical treatment of malleolar fractures.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis with compression as an alternative method in the internal fixation of malleolar fractures]. The authors discussed a group of patients with malleolar fractures operated on between 1974 and 1977. Compressive osteosynthesis was used as an alternative method of treatment. They compared their group of patients with a much larger group of patients that were surgically treated for malleolar fractures in the traumatology clinic in Ljublana between 1974 and 1977. This second group was divided according to the type of fracture, the type of surgical treatment, the time of treatment, and early and late complications. The authors also discussed the specifics of early postoperative functional treatment. The evaluations of the end results were based on regular control examinations including those patients in whom treatment was complete and were statistically documented. The authors statistics showed very good results in 49%, good results in 20%, and poor results in 31% of the cases. The authors consider the advantages of osteosynthesis with compression over and above the other well known methods of inner fixation, and listed the indications and spectrum of application of this method in the surgical treatment of malleolar fractures.", "PMID": 517027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11552", "title": "[Experimental investigation of the preservation of kidneys damaged during warm ischemia].", "content": "The author presented his observations of a small group of rabbits to which he administered small doses of dopamine under conditions of warm ischemia (the time between the clamping of the renal artery till the beginning of hypothermic extracorporeal circulation). Another group of rabbits did not receive dopamine. Those rabbits that were given dopamine lived longer and were more resistant to uremia and toxemia. The effect of dopamine lived longer and were more resistant to uremia and toxemia. The effect of dopamine is thought to be due to its vasodilator action on the kidney during periods of hyoxia ad hypotension. The author explained that the kidneys withstood three hours of warm ischemia when treated with dopamine. p.s. This paper is an abstract from the authors dissertation: Protective Action of Dopamine on the Kidney Damaged During Warm Ischemia.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation of the preservation of kidneys damaged during warm ischemia]. The author presented his observations of a small group of rabbits to which he administered small doses of dopamine under conditions of warm ischemia (the time between the clamping of the renal artery till the beginning of hypothermic extracorporeal circulation). Another group of rabbits did not receive dopamine. Those rabbits that were given dopamine lived longer and were more resistant to uremia and toxemia. The effect of dopamine lived longer and were more resistant to uremia and toxemia. The effect of dopamine is thought to be due to its vasodilator action on the kidney during periods of hyoxia ad hypotension. The author explained that the kidneys withstood three hours of warm ischemia when treated with dopamine. p.s. This paper is an abstract from the authors dissertation: Protective Action of Dopamine on the Kidney Damaged During Warm Ischemia.", "PMID": 517030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11553", "title": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver].", "content": "Two cases of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were presented. The first case involved a 9 year old girl  in whom palpable findings were made in the left lobe of the liver. The second case was incidentally discovered during a cholecystectomy. In both cases the laboratory results were within normal limits. The changes were found in the left portion of the liver. They were well delineated from the surrounding parenchyme and appeared septated. Central fibrotic contraction was also noted. The hepatocytes showed no changes. The biliary network was proliferated and the fibrous septae were of various thicknesses being in some places invaded by inflammatory infiltrate and irregular stretching. These alterations must be differentiated from hepatic adenoma because of the latter's malignant potential. Focal nodular hyperplastic lesions of the liver on the other hand are benign. The postoperative laboratory findings were also within normal limits. A lobectomy was performed in the first case and a partial resection and tumerectomy was carried out in the second case.", "contents": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver]. Two cases of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were presented. The first case involved a 9 year old girl  in whom palpable findings were made in the left lobe of the liver. The second case was incidentally discovered during a cholecystectomy. In both cases the laboratory results were within normal limits. The changes were found in the left portion of the liver. They were well delineated from the surrounding parenchyme and appeared septated. Central fibrotic contraction was also noted. The hepatocytes showed no changes. The biliary network was proliferated and the fibrous septae were of various thicknesses being in some places invaded by inflammatory infiltrate and irregular stretching. These alterations must be differentiated from hepatic adenoma because of the latter's malignant potential. Focal nodular hyperplastic lesions of the liver on the other hand are benign. The postoperative laboratory findings were also within normal limits. A lobectomy was performed in the first case and a partial resection and tumerectomy was carried out in the second case.", "PMID": 517031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11554", "title": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on pituitary prolactin-secreting tumours.", "content": "Management of the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to pituitary tumour is still controversial. However, in cases of pituitary prolactin-producing adenomas, ovulation and pregnancy are readily induced medically with bromocriptine. In our series of 14 patients conception occurred in all cases within 6 months of treatment. All of the 14 women had uneventful full term pregnancies and normal infants. Neither neurological nor visual symptoms appeared in these patients during their pregnancies. Lactation had no apparent effect on the growth of the pituitary tumour since radiological and neurological evaluations were unchanged. Prolactin levels for each patient following the termination of pregnancy and breast feeding were apparently diminished or similar to the prolactin levels obtained prior to treatment. This finding could add to the evidence that probably there was no further growth of the pituitary tumour. Three of the 14 women have had a second pregnancy without any complications. It is recommended that patients with microadenomas can be allowed to become pregnant on bromocriptine alone, provided that they are carefully supervised during pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on pituitary prolactin-secreting tumours. Management of the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to pituitary tumour is still controversial. However, in cases of pituitary prolactin-producing adenomas, ovulation and pregnancy are readily induced medically with bromocriptine. In our series of 14 patients conception occurred in all cases within 6 months of treatment. All of the 14 women had uneventful full term pregnancies and normal infants. Neither neurological nor visual symptoms appeared in these patients during their pregnancies. Lactation had no apparent effect on the growth of the pituitary tumour since radiological and neurological evaluations were unchanged. Prolactin levels for each patient following the termination of pregnancy and breast feeding were apparently diminished or similar to the prolactin levels obtained prior to treatment. This finding could add to the evidence that probably there was no further growth of the pituitary tumour. Three of the 14 women have had a second pregnancy without any complications. It is recommended that patients with microadenomas can be allowed to become pregnant on bromocriptine alone, provided that they are carefully supervised during pregnancy.", "PMID": 517046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11555", "title": "Formation of antibodies to synthetic human calcitonin during treatment of Paget's disease.", "content": "Low-titre antibodies to synthetic human calcitonin (hCT) were detected in a 69-year-old woman suffering from Paget's disease who was treated for 16 months with hCT and the diphosphonate EHDP. Levels of antibody were highest between 10 and 18 months after commencement of therapy, slowly decreased after completion of treatment and were later no longer measurable. There was no immunological response to a single re-injection of hCT 14 months after discontinuation of therapy. Formation of antibodies to hCT in man is a very rare event, this being the first recorded case of an immune response to synthetic human calcitonin, whereas synthetic salmon calcitonin induces an immune response in a high percentage (up to 78%) of the patients treated with this hormone.", "contents": "Formation of antibodies to synthetic human calcitonin during treatment of Paget's disease. Low-titre antibodies to synthetic human calcitonin (hCT) were detected in a 69-year-old woman suffering from Paget's disease who was treated for 16 months with hCT and the diphosphonate EHDP. Levels of antibody were highest between 10 and 18 months after commencement of therapy, slowly decreased after completion of treatment and were later no longer measurable. There was no immunological response to a single re-injection of hCT 14 months after discontinuation of therapy. Formation of antibodies to hCT in man is a very rare event, this being the first recorded case of an immune response to synthetic human calcitonin, whereas synthetic salmon calcitonin induces an immune response in a high percentage (up to 78%) of the patients treated with this hormone.", "PMID": 517048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11556", "title": "Effects of three-day oral cholecystography on serum iodothyronines and TSH concentrations: comparison of the effects among some cholecystographic agents and the effects of iopanoic acid on the pituitary-thyroid axis.", "content": "The effects of repeated doses of oral cholecystographic agents on serum thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations were studied in 37 euthyroid male subjects. Iobenzamic acid, tyropanoic acid, iopanoic acid, and ipodate sodium, in a dosage of 3 g for 3 days, respectively, induced a significant decrease in serum T3 and an increase in rT3 within 24 h after the initial dose, followed by an increase in TSH and a slight increase in T4. The extent of the changes in rT3 varied between the agents, ipodate causing the greatest change, but without any relation to the changes in T3 or T4. Responses of serum T4, T3, rT3 and TSH concentrations to exogenous thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and bovine TSH were also studied before and after 3-day doses of iopanoic acid. In 11 subjects given iopanoic acid, the response to TSH to TRH (500 micrograms, iv) was increased but the T3 response was unchanged. A dose of TSH (10 U.S.P. units, im) caused a significant increase in serum T3 and a decrease in TSH concentrations in 5 subjects both before and after cholecystography. It is thus suggested that in euthyroid subjects given multiple doses of oral cholecystographic agents, (1) the primary and consistent events are the reciprocal changes of serum T3 and RT3, although the extent of the changes is not coordinately reciprocal; (2) the responsiveness of the pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid to TRH is preserved; and (3) the high basal and TRH-induced TSH in the serum may be ascribed to the decrease in the serum T3 concentration.", "contents": "Effects of three-day oral cholecystography on serum iodothyronines and TSH concentrations: comparison of the effects among some cholecystographic agents and the effects of iopanoic acid on the pituitary-thyroid axis. The effects of repeated doses of oral cholecystographic agents on serum thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations were studied in 37 euthyroid male subjects. Iobenzamic acid, tyropanoic acid, iopanoic acid, and ipodate sodium, in a dosage of 3 g for 3 days, respectively, induced a significant decrease in serum T3 and an increase in rT3 within 24 h after the initial dose, followed by an increase in TSH and a slight increase in T4. The extent of the changes in rT3 varied between the agents, ipodate causing the greatest change, but without any relation to the changes in T3 or T4. Responses of serum T4, T3, rT3 and TSH concentrations to exogenous thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and bovine TSH were also studied before and after 3-day doses of iopanoic acid. In 11 subjects given iopanoic acid, the response to TSH to TRH (500 micrograms, iv) was increased but the T3 response was unchanged. A dose of TSH (10 U.S.P. units, im) caused a significant increase in serum T3 and a decrease in TSH concentrations in 5 subjects both before and after cholecystography. It is thus suggested that in euthyroid subjects given multiple doses of oral cholecystographic agents, (1) the primary and consistent events are the reciprocal changes of serum T3 and RT3, although the extent of the changes is not coordinately reciprocal; (2) the responsiveness of the pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid to TRH is preserved; and (3) the high basal and TRH-induced TSH in the serum may be ascribed to the decrease in the serum T3 concentration.", "PMID": 517049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11557", "title": "TSH synthesis and release in the thyroidectomized rat: b) effect of T3.", "content": "The time and dose dependent effects of T3 on the anterior pituitary (AP) TSH release and synthesis were studied in rats 5 days after thyroidectomy (T-5d). T3, in various doses, was injected iv to animals which were kileed at various times later. Plasma and AP TSH were measured. T3 lowered plasma TSH to a minimum within 3 h. An inverse linear relationship was found between T3, up to 634 +/- 134 ng/100 g b.w. (mean +/- SD) and plasma TSH. Higher doses of T3 did not lower plasma TSH any further. At T3 of 634 +/- 134 ng/100 g b.w. the specific AP binder was calculated to be 68% to 90% saturated; thus suggesting a relationship between occupancy by T3 of the AP binder and the regulation of TSH release. The TSH release and synthesis rates were compared after 0.5 micrograms, 1 microgram and 25 micrograms T3. All three doses of T3 suppressed the release as well as the synthesis. The effect of T3 on the synthesis rate, however, lagged behind the effect on the release both in time and magnitude.", "contents": "TSH synthesis and release in the thyroidectomized rat: b) effect of T3. The time and dose dependent effects of T3 on the anterior pituitary (AP) TSH release and synthesis were studied in rats 5 days after thyroidectomy (T-5d). T3, in various doses, was injected iv to animals which were kileed at various times later. Plasma and AP TSH were measured. T3 lowered plasma TSH to a minimum within 3 h. An inverse linear relationship was found between T3, up to 634 +/- 134 ng/100 g b.w. (mean +/- SD) and plasma TSH. Higher doses of T3 did not lower plasma TSH any further. At T3 of 634 +/- 134 ng/100 g b.w. the specific AP binder was calculated to be 68% to 90% saturated; thus suggesting a relationship between occupancy by T3 of the AP binder and the regulation of TSH release. The TSH release and synthesis rates were compared after 0.5 micrograms, 1 microgram and 25 micrograms T3. All three doses of T3 suppressed the release as well as the synthesis. The effect of T3 on the synthesis rate, however, lagged behind the effect on the release both in time and magnitude.", "PMID": 517051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11558", "title": "Unusual heterozygotes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency confirmed by HLA tissue typing.", "content": "In a previous publication, three relatives of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency from two families were considered to be unusual heterozygotes rather than homozygotes with mild clinical manifestations. Their heterozygosity could now be confirmed by HLA tissue typing.", "contents": "Unusual heterozygotes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency confirmed by HLA tissue typing. In a previous publication, three relatives of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency from two families were considered to be unusual heterozygotes rather than homozygotes with mild clinical manifestations. Their heterozygosity could now be confirmed by HLA tissue typing.", "PMID": 517053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11559", "title": "Oestrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations in human endometrium during gestation.", "content": "The concentrations of endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors, both in cytosol and in nuclei, have been studied at 8--10 weeks and at 38--40 weeks of gestation. At these two periods the concentration of oestrogen receptors is comparable with the concentration observed during the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. At 8--10 weeks of gestation, concentration of progesterone receptors is also comparable with the concentration observed during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, but at term there is a significant increase (P less than 0.05) and the concentration is then comparable with the concentration observed in the pre-ovulatory period of the menstrual cycle. The receptor binding sites are always predominantly found in nuclei and the increase in progesterone nuclear receptor at term suggests that in man the progesterone withdrawal is not a necessary step in the mechanism of uterine activation during parturition as it is in other species.", "contents": "Oestrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations in human endometrium during gestation. The concentrations of endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors, both in cytosol and in nuclei, have been studied at 8--10 weeks and at 38--40 weeks of gestation. At these two periods the concentration of oestrogen receptors is comparable with the concentration observed during the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. At 8--10 weeks of gestation, concentration of progesterone receptors is also comparable with the concentration observed during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, but at term there is a significant increase (P less than 0.05) and the concentration is then comparable with the concentration observed in the pre-ovulatory period of the menstrual cycle. The receptor binding sites are always predominantly found in nuclei and the increase in progesterone nuclear receptor at term suggests that in man the progesterone withdrawal is not a necessary step in the mechanism of uterine activation during parturition as it is in other species.", "PMID": 517054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11560", "title": "Correlation of plasma non-conjugated oestriol and plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy.", "content": "The present study concerns the diurnal variations of free plasma oestriol and their relationship to maternal plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy. Four pregnant women volunteered for the study. According to the half-life time of oestriol blood was drawn at intervals of 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, over a period of 24 hours. Free oestriol was measured by radioimmunoassay and cortisol was quantitated by a protein binding method. All patients exhibited a circadian rhythm for free oestriol with higher values in the evening and early night (14.4 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) than in the morning (11.3 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, P less than 0.001). The course of oestriol followed plasma cortisol in a significant negative correlation (r = -0.566, P less than 0.001). During the period of low cortisol concentration oestriol levels demonstrated the phenomenon of episodic secretion. The results suggest that the maternal adrenals predominantly regulate the circadian rhythm of free oestriol by a negative feed-back action on the foetal hypothalamus.", "contents": "Correlation of plasma non-conjugated oestriol and plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy. The present study concerns the diurnal variations of free plasma oestriol and their relationship to maternal plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy. Four pregnant women volunteered for the study. According to the half-life time of oestriol blood was drawn at intervals of 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, over a period of 24 hours. Free oestriol was measured by radioimmunoassay and cortisol was quantitated by a protein binding method. All patients exhibited a circadian rhythm for free oestriol with higher values in the evening and early night (14.4 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) than in the morning (11.3 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, P less than 0.001). The course of oestriol followed plasma cortisol in a significant negative correlation (r = -0.566, P less than 0.001). During the period of low cortisol concentration oestriol levels demonstrated the phenomenon of episodic secretion. The results suggest that the maternal adrenals predominantly regulate the circadian rhythm of free oestriol by a negative feed-back action on the foetal hypothalamus.", "PMID": 517055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11561", "title": "[Lung function studies with the bronchodilator terbutaline].", "content": "The acute bronchodilator effect of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline was tested single-blind cross-over in out-patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (intrinsic asthma). In 7 series comparisons were made with other marketed bronchodilators. Airways resistance was measured by whole body plethysmography. In another 3 series the effect on heart rate of terbutaline and other adrenoceptor agonists was tested in healthy volunteers. Terbutaline and the adrenoceptor agonists clenbuterol, epinephrine, fenoterol, hexoprenaline, isoprenaline, metaproterenol, reproterol and salbutamol, the vagolytics atropine, ipratropium bromide and AA 28-263, the xanthine-derivative theophylline ethylenediamine and one combined substance drug were used.", "contents": "[Lung function studies with the bronchodilator terbutaline]. The acute bronchodilator effect of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline was tested single-blind cross-over in out-patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (intrinsic asthma). In 7 series comparisons were made with other marketed bronchodilators. Airways resistance was measured by whole body plethysmography. In another 3 series the effect on heart rate of terbutaline and other adrenoceptor agonists was tested in healthy volunteers. Terbutaline and the adrenoceptor agonists clenbuterol, epinephrine, fenoterol, hexoprenaline, isoprenaline, metaproterenol, reproterol and salbutamol, the vagolytics atropine, ipratropium bromide and AA 28-263, the xanthine-derivative theophylline ethylenediamine and one combined substance drug were used.", "PMID": 517068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11562", "title": "[Morphology of coronary vessels in coronary heart disease. An analysis of 930 coronary angiograms].", "content": "Coronary anatomy was analyzed in 930 patients who underwent coronary arteriography because of coronary artery disease. There was a slight predominance of single vessel disease, whereas double and triple vessel disease were equally distributed. A left main (LM) lesion was found in 5.2%, with an additional right coronary artery lesion in 3.3%. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery was involved most frequently, followed by the right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex (Cx). The LAD demonstrated more often a proximal stenosis than the RCA and Cx. If the LM is associated with a RCA-stenosis then the LAD and Cx are involved more commonly, suggesting a more advanced disease in all major vessels. The analysis of ventricular function revealed a significant deterioration according to the number of diseased vessels. If the LM is associated with a RCA lesion, then the hemodynamics are similar to a 3-vessel disease, whereas isolated LM lesions are associated with good ventricular function according to the lesser degree of coronary sclerosis. The deterioration of the hemodynamics in correlation with coronary vessel involvement is significant, however due to the large standard deviations conclusions for the individual patient can not be drawn.", "contents": "[Morphology of coronary vessels in coronary heart disease. An analysis of 930 coronary angiograms]. Coronary anatomy was analyzed in 930 patients who underwent coronary arteriography because of coronary artery disease. There was a slight predominance of single vessel disease, whereas double and triple vessel disease were equally distributed. A left main (LM) lesion was found in 5.2%, with an additional right coronary artery lesion in 3.3%. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery was involved most frequently, followed by the right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex (Cx). The LAD demonstrated more often a proximal stenosis than the RCA and Cx. If the LM is associated with a RCA-stenosis then the LAD and Cx are involved more commonly, suggesting a more advanced disease in all major vessels. The analysis of ventricular function revealed a significant deterioration according to the number of diseased vessels. If the LM is associated with a RCA lesion, then the hemodynamics are similar to a 3-vessel disease, whereas isolated LM lesions are associated with good ventricular function according to the lesser degree of coronary sclerosis. The deterioration of the hemodynamics in correlation with coronary vessel involvement is significant, however due to the large standard deviations conclusions for the individual patient can not be drawn.", "PMID": 517069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11563", "title": "[Rehabilitation potential after myocardial infarction].", "content": "For determination of the individual rehabilitation potential in patients after myocardial infarction, factors were extracted which are of importance for exercise capacity and its influence upon rehabilitation measures. Further results of exercise tests were correlated with psychological tests (Freiburg-personality-inventory) and the results of a patients' questionnaire for individual self-assessment, with concerning restitution by means of rehabilitation measures. 147 patients were admitted to a controlled rehabilitation program 10 weeks after myocardial infarction or later. Mean increase of exercise capacity after one year of rehabilitation was 21.6% of the initial test. Significantly greater increases of exercise capacity were achieved in patients with regular attendance particularly in younger patients in comparison with older patients. As evidenced by ergometric test data initially low maximal heart rate, low increase of heart rate, low exercise capacity and low double product were correlated with greater increase of exercise capacity. Patients with anterior-wall myocardial infarction tended to increased exercise capacity more. A relation between \"psychosomatic disturbance\" at onset of rehabilitation and a greater increase of exercise capacity could be determined as a trend. Connections between psychosocial factors and determinants of exercise capacity in influencing the rehabilitation potential are discussed.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation potential after myocardial infarction]. For determination of the individual rehabilitation potential in patients after myocardial infarction, factors were extracted which are of importance for exercise capacity and its influence upon rehabilitation measures. Further results of exercise tests were correlated with psychological tests (Freiburg-personality-inventory) and the results of a patients' questionnaire for individual self-assessment, with concerning restitution by means of rehabilitation measures. 147 patients were admitted to a controlled rehabilitation program 10 weeks after myocardial infarction or later. Mean increase of exercise capacity after one year of rehabilitation was 21.6% of the initial test. Significantly greater increases of exercise capacity were achieved in patients with regular attendance particularly in younger patients in comparison with older patients. As evidenced by ergometric test data initially low maximal heart rate, low increase of heart rate, low exercise capacity and low double product were correlated with greater increase of exercise capacity. Patients with anterior-wall myocardial infarction tended to increased exercise capacity more. A relation between \"psychosomatic disturbance\" at onset of rehabilitation and a greater increase of exercise capacity could be determined as a trend. Connections between psychosocial factors and determinants of exercise capacity in influencing the rehabilitation potential are discussed.", "PMID": 517070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11564", "title": "Effects of the inter-stimulus interval on visual evoked potentials to patterned stimuli.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials to patterned stimulation of the upper and lower half of the visual field were investigated in nine adult Ss. The inter-stimulus interval varied between 350 and 2,600 msec. With patterned stimulation, no inter-stimulus interval effects were obtained for occipital components. In contrast for the vertex lead, on the other hand, as inter-stimulus interval increased, the N140-P200 amplitude increased. Because of the heterogeneity subjects' responses evoked by upper half-field stimulation, this effect was more pronounced in lower half-field stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of the inter-stimulus interval on visual evoked potentials to patterned stimuli. Visual evoked potentials to patterned stimulation of the upper and lower half of the visual field were investigated in nine adult Ss. The inter-stimulus interval varied between 350 and 2,600 msec. With patterned stimulation, no inter-stimulus interval effects were obtained for occipital components. In contrast for the vertex lead, on the other hand, as inter-stimulus interval increased, the N140-P200 amplitude increased. Because of the heterogeneity subjects' responses evoked by upper half-field stimulation, this effect was more pronounced in lower half-field stimulation.", "PMID": 517072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11565", "title": "Total RNA content and blood flow in rat brain after RNA administration.", "content": "The changes in blood flow through selected brain structures and the changes in the total RNA content of cells of these structures were examined after a single administration of yeast RNA to 6-month-old male rats. The total content of ribosomal RNA in cells of the limbic system (septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus) increased 48 hrs after the administration of 100 mg i.p. yeast RNA , dropped after 7 days (in hypothalamus), 21 and 30 days (in hippocampus), 30 days (in septum). In cells of the limbic system as a whole there is a higher total RNA content in experimental rats. No changes were observed in the cells of parietal brain cortex. Blood flow increased in limbic structures 21 and 30 days after RNA administration and in septum and in hippocampus also 90 days after application. No changes were observed in parietal brain cortex, bulbi olfactorii, cerebellum and brain stem. Histochemical changes correlated positively with blood flow changes in the limbic system 14, 21, 30 and 90 days after RNA application. The body weight of experimental rats did not differ from that of control animals. The changes in haemodynamic parameters were transient and were demonstrated as fluctuations in heart rate, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance. Blood pressure experienced no changes.", "contents": "Total RNA content and blood flow in rat brain after RNA administration. The changes in blood flow through selected brain structures and the changes in the total RNA content of cells of these structures were examined after a single administration of yeast RNA to 6-month-old male rats. The total content of ribosomal RNA in cells of the limbic system (septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus) increased 48 hrs after the administration of 100 mg i.p. yeast RNA , dropped after 7 days (in hypothalamus), 21 and 30 days (in hippocampus), 30 days (in septum). In cells of the limbic system as a whole there is a higher total RNA content in experimental rats. No changes were observed in the cells of parietal brain cortex. Blood flow increased in limbic structures 21 and 30 days after RNA administration and in septum and in hippocampus also 90 days after application. No changes were observed in parietal brain cortex, bulbi olfactorii, cerebellum and brain stem. Histochemical changes correlated positively with blood flow changes in the limbic system 14, 21, 30 and 90 days after RNA application. The body weight of experimental rats did not differ from that of control animals. The changes in haemodynamic parameters were transient and were demonstrated as fluctuations in heart rate, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance. Blood pressure experienced no changes.", "PMID": 517073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11566", "title": "Cosine analysis of heart beat data of children in a stressful situation.", "content": "The EKG of twenty-four children (mean age = = 5.7 years) was individually and continuously recorded in a dental situation. Measures of cardiac activity (heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) were computed by means of a CDC 1,700 and an IBM 360 computer. Histograms of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) measures were generated. -Successive cosine fits were fitted for each 70 beats within an interval for each individual and these cosine fits were also presented in a histogram which represented a frequency analysis of cyclic functions within individuals. Within and between subject correlations were also computed for all measures. Sinus arrhythmia seemed to account for less of the variance than a yet unexplained cosine fit function having a lower limit of 18.6 seconds in this child population. In this population many measures of HRV seem to be negatively correlated with HR.", "contents": "Cosine analysis of heart beat data of children in a stressful situation. The EKG of twenty-four children (mean age = = 5.7 years) was individually and continuously recorded in a dental situation. Measures of cardiac activity (heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) were computed by means of a CDC 1,700 and an IBM 360 computer. Histograms of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) measures were generated. -Successive cosine fits were fitted for each 70 beats within an interval for each individual and these cosine fits were also presented in a histogram which represented a frequency analysis of cyclic functions within individuals. Within and between subject correlations were also computed for all measures. Sinus arrhythmia seemed to account for less of the variance than a yet unexplained cosine fit function having a lower limit of 18.6 seconds in this child population. In this population many measures of HRV seem to be negatively correlated with HR.", "PMID": 517074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11567", "title": "Inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by ATP and quinaldate.", "content": "The inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by ATP is of purely mixed type with respect to NAD (Ki=4.9 mM), purely uncompetitive with respect to D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Ki=9.4 mM) and partially uncompetitive with respect to inorganic phosphate (Ki=6.0 mM). Quinaldate is a purely mixed type inhibitor with respect to both NAD (Ki==10.0 mM) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Ki=15.3 mM), whereas purely non-competitive with respect to inorganic phosphate (Ki=11.0 mM). In the presence of quinaldate a lag period is observed in the time course of enzyme reaction. The duration of this lag period depends on both quinaldate and substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by ATP and quinaldate. The inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by ATP is of purely mixed type with respect to NAD (Ki=4.9 mM), purely uncompetitive with respect to D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Ki=9.4 mM) and partially uncompetitive with respect to inorganic phosphate (Ki=6.0 mM). Quinaldate is a purely mixed type inhibitor with respect to both NAD (Ki==10.0 mM) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Ki=15.3 mM), whereas purely non-competitive with respect to inorganic phosphate (Ki=11.0 mM). In the presence of quinaldate a lag period is observed in the time course of enzyme reaction. The duration of this lag period depends on both quinaldate and substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 517104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11568", "title": "Studies on the biological effect of fast neutrons. II. Variation of total nucleic acid content and ultrastructure in barley leaves vs. dose.", "content": "The effect of fast neutrons on the ultrastructure and nucleic acid content of leaves of barley seedlings was studied. Irradiation led to chloroplast degeneration. The walls of the cells containing degenerated plastides were abnormally thickened. Irradiation reduced the water content of the leaves. Variations in the RNA and DNA content of the leaves, expressed on a dry weight basis, could not be written as a simple function of the dose. Their content have a minimum at the semi-lethal dose.", "contents": "Studies on the biological effect of fast neutrons. II. Variation of total nucleic acid content and ultrastructure in barley leaves vs. dose. The effect of fast neutrons on the ultrastructure and nucleic acid content of leaves of barley seedlings was studied. Irradiation led to chloroplast degeneration. The walls of the cells containing degenerated plastides were abnormally thickened. Irradiation reduced the water content of the leaves. Variations in the RNA and DNA content of the leaves, expressed on a dry weight basis, could not be written as a simple function of the dose. Their content have a minimum at the semi-lethal dose.", "PMID": 517105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11569", "title": "Double inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The simultaneous action of ATP (partially uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to Pi) and quinaldate (purely non-competitive inhibitor with respect to Pi) on D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was analyzed kinetically. The interaction constant [as defined by Keleti and Fajszi (1971) Math. Biosci. 12 197] of the two inhibitors for the D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-Pi complex is greater than 1, which means that the two inhibitors act antagonistically. The kinetic analysis of the double inhibition shows that there is no ATP-enzyme-quinaldate ternary complex, but a quaternary complex with Pi is formed. The interaction of the two inhibitors on the enzyme-Pi complex depends on substrate (Pi) concentration. The antagonistic effect of the two inhibitors becomes additive at low Pi concentrations (about 1 mM). The simultaneous action of oxalate (purely uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to NAD) and quinaldate (partially mixed type inhibitor with respect to NAD) on lactate dehydrogenase was also analyzed. Oxalate and quinaldate act antagonistically on lactate dehydrogenase. However, at low NAD concentrations (about 0.06 mM) or at high quinaldate and low oxalate concentrations (around 7 and 1.7 mM, respectively) the antagonism turns into the simple summation of the effects of the two inhibitors.", "contents": "Double inhibition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The simultaneous action of ATP (partially uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to Pi) and quinaldate (purely non-competitive inhibitor with respect to Pi) on D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was analyzed kinetically. The interaction constant [as defined by Keleti and Fajszi (1971) Math. Biosci. 12 197] of the two inhibitors for the D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-Pi complex is greater than 1, which means that the two inhibitors act antagonistically. The kinetic analysis of the double inhibition shows that there is no ATP-enzyme-quinaldate ternary complex, but a quaternary complex with Pi is formed. The interaction of the two inhibitors on the enzyme-Pi complex depends on substrate (Pi) concentration. The antagonistic effect of the two inhibitors becomes additive at low Pi concentrations (about 1 mM). The simultaneous action of oxalate (purely uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to NAD) and quinaldate (partially mixed type inhibitor with respect to NAD) on lactate dehydrogenase was also analyzed. Oxalate and quinaldate act antagonistically on lactate dehydrogenase. However, at low NAD concentrations (about 0.06 mM) or at high quinaldate and low oxalate concentrations (around 7 and 1.7 mM, respectively) the antagonism turns into the simple summation of the effects of the two inhibitors.", "PMID": 517106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11570", "title": "A fluorescence energy transfer system for studying the functional properties of chromatin.", "content": "3YI-B-1 rat embryo fibroblasts were used for double fluorescent labeling. The labeling was carried out with fluorescamine and ethidium bromide as an energy donor-acceptor pair. The fluorimetric measurements proved the existence of an energy transfer process. The parameters of this transfer depended on both cell and dye concentrations. It is this character that makes this labeling technique promising as a means of distinction between cells with different structures.", "contents": "A fluorescence energy transfer system for studying the functional properties of chromatin. 3YI-B-1 rat embryo fibroblasts were used for double fluorescent labeling. The labeling was carried out with fluorescamine and ethidium bromide as an energy donor-acceptor pair. The fluorimetric measurements proved the existence of an energy transfer process. The parameters of this transfer depended on both cell and dye concentrations. It is this character that makes this labeling technique promising as a means of distinction between cells with different structures.", "PMID": 517107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11571", "title": "Depolymerization of actin in concentrated solutions of divalent metal chlorides.", "content": "Actin transferred to concentrated (0.3-1.2 M) MgCl2 solutions depolymerizes completely. When protected by a high excess of ATP, actin in this MgCl2-depolymerized state is stable for several days in the cold. In the absence of excess ATP it slowly denatures. Chiroptical data and proteolysis experiments show that MgCl2-depolymerized actin is in a native, folded state, although its helix content is considerably decreased. By dissolving F-actin pellets or actin precipitated in paracrystalline state in concentrated MgCl2 solutions in the presence of ATP, very concentrated (100-200 mg/ml) monomeric actin solutions can be prepared. CaCl2 and MnCl2 have similar effects although these were not studied in detail.", "contents": "Depolymerization of actin in concentrated solutions of divalent metal chlorides. Actin transferred to concentrated (0.3-1.2 M) MgCl2 solutions depolymerizes completely. When protected by a high excess of ATP, actin in this MgCl2-depolymerized state is stable for several days in the cold. In the absence of excess ATP it slowly denatures. Chiroptical data and proteolysis experiments show that MgCl2-depolymerized actin is in a native, folded state, although its helix content is considerably decreased. By dissolving F-actin pellets or actin precipitated in paracrystalline state in concentrated MgCl2 solutions in the presence of ATP, very concentrated (100-200 mg/ml) monomeric actin solutions can be prepared. CaCl2 and MnCl2 have similar effects although these were not studied in detail.", "PMID": 517108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11572", "title": "A novel method for the purification of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin-dehydrogenase from swine lungs.", "content": "15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin-dehydrogenase was purified 3 to 5 fold and with almost 100% yield from swine lungs by a novel method of precipitation with Rivanol after which it was further purified (8-10 fold) by gel-filtration. The optimal stability parameters of the purified enzyme preparation were determined and the behaviour of PGDH in polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis was studied by local enzyme detection. The enzyme seems to be composed of subunits. KM values of PGDH with respect to NAD, PGE2 and PGF2alpha were found to be 0.27, 0.017 and 0.038 mM, respectively.", "contents": "A novel method for the purification of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin-dehydrogenase from swine lungs. 15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin-dehydrogenase was purified 3 to 5 fold and with almost 100% yield from swine lungs by a novel method of precipitation with Rivanol after which it was further purified (8-10 fold) by gel-filtration. The optimal stability parameters of the purified enzyme preparation were determined and the behaviour of PGDH in polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis was studied by local enzyme detection. The enzyme seems to be composed of subunits. KM values of PGDH with respect to NAD, PGE2 and PGF2alpha were found to be 0.27, 0.017 and 0.038 mM, respectively.", "PMID": 517109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11573", "title": "Heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of the gamma-chain of bovine fibrinogen.", "content": "Two glycopeptides with identical amino acid sequence and carbohydrate composition, but of different sialic acid content were isolated from a combined tryptic-chymotryptic hydrolysate of bovine fibrinogen. Glycopeptide 1 contained two moles, glycopeptide 2 one mole of sialic acid. Both of them may have been derived from the gamma-polypeptide chain according to their amino acid sequence: Gln-Val-Glu-Asn-Lys.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of the gamma-chain of bovine fibrinogen. Two glycopeptides with identical amino acid sequence and carbohydrate composition, but of different sialic acid content were isolated from a combined tryptic-chymotryptic hydrolysate of bovine fibrinogen. Glycopeptide 1 contained two moles, glycopeptide 2 one mole of sialic acid. Both of them may have been derived from the gamma-polypeptide chain according to their amino acid sequence: Gln-Val-Glu-Asn-Lys.", "PMID": 517110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11574", "title": "\"Bound\" water as solvent water.", "content": "The misconception, which says that an extraneous material cannot be solved in \"bound\" water has reappeared especially in biological literature. In our experiments quantities of urea and glucose enough for saturation dissolved in the saturated solutions of NaCl and KCl, though a part of water forming the hydration envelopment of ions can surely be considered as \"bound\" for it migrates together with the ion in an electric field.", "contents": "\"Bound\" water as solvent water. The misconception, which says that an extraneous material cannot be solved in \"bound\" water has reappeared especially in biological literature. In our experiments quantities of urea and glucose enough for saturation dissolved in the saturated solutions of NaCl and KCl, though a part of water forming the hydration envelopment of ions can surely be considered as \"bound\" for it migrates together with the ion in an electric field.", "PMID": 517111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11575", "title": "IgG subclasses, barrier function for albumin and production of immunoglobulin G in the central nervous system.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluids from patients with neurological diseases have been studied. It appeared that the detectability of immunoglobulin G subclasses 1, 2, 3, 4, and the occurrence of oligoclonal bands in the IgG region increased with increasing concentration of IgG in the spinal fluid. No specific pattern emerged in the different disease groups. Formula: see text.", "contents": "IgG subclasses, barrier function for albumin and production of immunoglobulin G in the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluids from patients with neurological diseases have been studied. It appeared that the detectability of immunoglobulin G subclasses 1, 2, 3, 4, and the occurrence of oligoclonal bands in the IgG region increased with increasing concentration of IgG in the spinal fluid. No specific pattern emerged in the different disease groups. Formula: see text.", "PMID": 517112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11576", "title": "Chronic painters' syndrome. Chronic toxic encephalopathy in house painters.", "content": "Seventy house painters were examined after being referred because organic solvent intoxication of dementia was suspected. In 50 cases no competitive etiological factors to the cerebral symptoms other than exposure to organic solvents could be disclosed. In these, neuropsychological examination showed signs of intellectual impairment in 39 patients and neuroradiological examination by PEG or CT demonstrated the presence of cerebral atrophy in 31 patients; 38 patients studied with CT were compaired to an age-matched control group regarding maximum sulcus width, and a highly significant difference was found. It is argued that long-term exposure to turpentine substitute-often through a period with acute intoxication symptoms--gradually may lead to the development of a chronic brain syndrome, which we have called the \"chronic painters' syndrome\".", "contents": "Chronic painters' syndrome. Chronic toxic encephalopathy in house painters. Seventy house painters were examined after being referred because organic solvent intoxication of dementia was suspected. In 50 cases no competitive etiological factors to the cerebral symptoms other than exposure to organic solvents could be disclosed. In these, neuropsychological examination showed signs of intellectual impairment in 39 patients and neuroradiological examination by PEG or CT demonstrated the presence of cerebral atrophy in 31 patients; 38 patients studied with CT were compaired to an age-matched control group regarding maximum sulcus width, and a highly significant difference was found. It is argued that long-term exposure to turpentine substitute-often through a period with acute intoxication symptoms--gradually may lead to the development of a chronic brain syndrome, which we have called the \"chronic painters' syndrome\".", "PMID": 517113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11577", "title": "Classification of the epilepsies. An investigation of 402 children.", "content": "The frequency distribution of different types of epilepsy (according to the classification model of the International League against Epilepsy) concerning 402 children is reported. The investigation showed a moderate preponderance of partial as against generalized epilepsies. Elemental and complex symptomatology were about equally frequent. As regards generalized epilepsies, the petit mal group was considerably smaller than most often reported previously; conversely, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (Lennox-Gastaut's syndrome) was more frequently encountered. The definitory criteria and the concept of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome are discussed. 91.8% of the whole pediatric population (age less than 15 years at time of investigation) could be categorized according to the classification model. This, in agreement with earlier investigations on this subject, shows the contemporary international classified model to be useful and relevant.", "contents": "Classification of the epilepsies. An investigation of 402 children. The frequency distribution of different types of epilepsy (according to the classification model of the International League against Epilepsy) concerning 402 children is reported. The investigation showed a moderate preponderance of partial as against generalized epilepsies. Elemental and complex symptomatology were about equally frequent. As regards generalized epilepsies, the petit mal group was considerably smaller than most often reported previously; conversely, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (Lennox-Gastaut's syndrome) was more frequently encountered. The definitory criteria and the concept of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome are discussed. 91.8% of the whole pediatric population (age less than 15 years at time of investigation) could be categorized according to the classification model. This, in agreement with earlier investigations on this subject, shows the contemporary international classified model to be useful and relevant.", "PMID": 517114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11578", "title": "Counting of flexor spasms.", "content": "A method is described which is able to convert muscular contraction to a top, which can be counted electronically or visually. Such contractions are found much more frequently in patients with flexor spasms than in normal subjects during studies over 6-9 hours during the night. The method is of value in long-term recording, in evaluating antispastic therapy and in analyzing factors influencing flexor spasms.", "contents": "Counting of flexor spasms. A method is described which is able to convert muscular contraction to a top, which can be counted electronically or visually. Such contractions are found much more frequently in patients with flexor spasms than in normal subjects during studies over 6-9 hours during the night. The method is of value in long-term recording, in evaluating antispastic therapy and in analyzing factors influencing flexor spasms.", "PMID": 517115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11579", "title": "Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A report of two cases in a single family.", "content": "This paper presents two juvenile cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They are the first and fourth child in a family with seven children from the eastern part of Finland. All seven children, as well as the parents, were examined by our group. In the first case the disease showed a rather mild course, while in the second a noticeable progression was observed even during a period of 10 months. The patients come from a rural area with a stable population and low immigration, which may favor an enrichment of certain genes and therefore support the possible hereditary basis for the disease.", "contents": "Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A report of two cases in a single family. This paper presents two juvenile cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They are the first and fourth child in a family with seven children from the eastern part of Finland. All seven children, as well as the parents, were examined by our group. In the first case the disease showed a rather mild course, while in the second a noticeable progression was observed even during a period of 10 months. The patients come from a rural area with a stable population and low immigration, which may favor an enrichment of certain genes and therefore support the possible hereditary basis for the disease.", "PMID": 517116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11580", "title": "Benign brainstem hematoma.", "content": "Brainstem hematoma is generally considered a very rare condition with a grave prognosis. This report presents two patients with extensive brainstem hematomas who both recovered without major sequele. A brainstem hematoma is often impossible to differentiate from an infarction despite angiographic and cerebrospinal fluid examinations, but is readily disclosed by computerized tomography. It is suggested that the seriousness of the prognosis in brainstem hematoma may earlier have been exaggerated as there may have been a tendency to classify cases exhibiting a good recovery as infarcts, while the diagnosis hematoma was reserved for cases verified at autopsy.", "contents": "Benign brainstem hematoma. Brainstem hematoma is generally considered a very rare condition with a grave prognosis. This report presents two patients with extensive brainstem hematomas who both recovered without major sequele. A brainstem hematoma is often impossible to differentiate from an infarction despite angiographic and cerebrospinal fluid examinations, but is readily disclosed by computerized tomography. It is suggested that the seriousness of the prognosis in brainstem hematoma may earlier have been exaggerated as there may have been a tendency to classify cases exhibiting a good recovery as infarcts, while the diagnosis hematoma was reserved for cases verified at autopsy.", "PMID": 517117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11581", "title": "DDAVP, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, in prevention of headache after lumbar puncture and lumbar pneumoencephalography.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled trial the possible prophylactic effect of intranasally applicated DDAVP (1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin, Minurin)--a synthetic analogue of vasopressin--is evaluated regarding the incidence of headache following lumbar puncture (LBP) in 51 patients and following pneumoencephalography (PEG) in 28 patients. DDAVP had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of headache or on the consumption of analgesics in the DDAVP-versus placebo groups (minimal relevant difference = 50%, 2 alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.50).", "contents": "DDAVP, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, in prevention of headache after lumbar puncture and lumbar pneumoencephalography. In a double-blind controlled trial the possible prophylactic effect of intranasally applicated DDAVP (1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin, Minurin)--a synthetic analogue of vasopressin--is evaluated regarding the incidence of headache following lumbar puncture (LBP) in 51 patients and following pneumoencephalography (PEG) in 28 patients. DDAVP had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of headache or on the consumption of analgesics in the DDAVP-versus placebo groups (minimal relevant difference = 50%, 2 alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.50).", "PMID": 517118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11582", "title": "Non-specifically bound IgG and Fc gamma receptors in human malignant tissues.", "content": "Similar amounts of non-specifically bound IgG were found in the eluates of the same tissues both after the Fc gamma receptor activity (FcRA) had been abolished by disrupting the tissue and when FcRA was intact. This indicates that the non-specifically bound IgG is either not attached to the FcR, or that only the free FcR were abolished. No FcRA was detected in the supernatant of the tissue from which the FcRA was abolished, thus indicating that the FcRA was destroyed.", "contents": "Non-specifically bound IgG and Fc gamma receptors in human malignant tissues. Similar amounts of non-specifically bound IgG were found in the eluates of the same tissues both after the Fc gamma receptor activity (FcRA) had been abolished by disrupting the tissue and when FcRA was intact. This indicates that the non-specifically bound IgG is either not attached to the FcR, or that only the free FcR were abolished. No FcRA was detected in the supernatant of the tissue from which the FcRA was abolished, thus indicating that the FcRA was destroyed.", "PMID": 517126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11583", "title": "Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on the smooth muscle from the lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine (Ach) on smooth-muscle strips isolated along the transversal axis of cat lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is studied. Ach in low concentrations (10(-11)--10(-9) g/ml) causes contraction of the muscle strips. Increase of the concentration to 10(-8) g/ml leads to biphasic effect: contraction with relaxation. Inhibitory response predominates at Ach 10(-6) and 10(-5) g/ml. Atropine (10(-6) M) eliminates the excitatory phase but it has no effect on the second relaxation phase. Propranolol (10(-6), 2 X 10(-6) M) as well  as phentolamine turn the inhibitory response to Ach into contraction. Noradrenaline leads to LES contraction while isoprenaline induces relaxation. In smooth-muscle LES strips from cats pretreated with reserpine (1 mg/kg for 3 days), Ach in the concentrations used (10(-5), 10(-6) g/ml) leads to contraction. The changes observed are membrane-dependent -- the contraction is accompanied by depolarization, relaxation by hyperpolarization. The inhibitory effect of Ach on LES smooth muscle is discussed in the light of the hypothesis of Burn and Rand (1960) about the release of noradrenaline under the effect of Ach.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on the smooth muscle from the lower esophageal sphincter. The effect of acetylcholine (Ach) on smooth-muscle strips isolated along the transversal axis of cat lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is studied. Ach in low concentrations (10(-11)--10(-9) g/ml) causes contraction of the muscle strips. Increase of the concentration to 10(-8) g/ml leads to biphasic effect: contraction with relaxation. Inhibitory response predominates at Ach 10(-6) and 10(-5) g/ml. Atropine (10(-6) M) eliminates the excitatory phase but it has no effect on the second relaxation phase. Propranolol (10(-6), 2 X 10(-6) M) as well  as phentolamine turn the inhibitory response to Ach into contraction. Noradrenaline leads to LES contraction while isoprenaline induces relaxation. In smooth-muscle LES strips from cats pretreated with reserpine (1 mg/kg for 3 days), Ach in the concentrations used (10(-5), 10(-6) g/ml) leads to contraction. The changes observed are membrane-dependent -- the contraction is accompanied by depolarization, relaxation by hyperpolarization. The inhibitory effect of Ach on LES smooth muscle is discussed in the light of the hypothesis of Burn and Rand (1960) about the release of noradrenaline under the effect of Ach.", "PMID": 517136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11584", "title": "Influence of temperature on the atrioventricular conduction time for spontaneous and imposed rhythms.", "content": "In the present work data are obtained about the changes in the atrioventricular conduction time under the effect of two parameters: temperature and frequency of the sinus node. The experiments are carried out on preparations from the right atrium of rabbit heart. Temperature changes are obtained by regulation of the temperature of the nutrient medium in the 23--36 degrees C range. The excitation frequency of the sinus node was changed by imposition of artificial (external) rhythms. Data are obtained about the presence of frequency- and temperature-dependent components of the atrioventricular (AV) delay. Upon cooling the preparation the influence of the temperature factor is predominant and parallel with this the capacity for assimilating a higher imposed rhythm decreases. Considerations are expressed about the behaviour of the AV-conduction system at different temperatures under conditions of saccadic changes in the imposed rhythm.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on the atrioventricular conduction time for spontaneous and imposed rhythms. In the present work data are obtained about the changes in the atrioventricular conduction time under the effect of two parameters: temperature and frequency of the sinus node. The experiments are carried out on preparations from the right atrium of rabbit heart. Temperature changes are obtained by regulation of the temperature of the nutrient medium in the 23--36 degrees C range. The excitation frequency of the sinus node was changed by imposition of artificial (external) rhythms. Data are obtained about the presence of frequency- and temperature-dependent components of the atrioventricular (AV) delay. Upon cooling the preparation the influence of the temperature factor is predominant and parallel with this the capacity for assimilating a higher imposed rhythm decreases. Considerations are expressed about the behaviour of the AV-conduction system at different temperatures under conditions of saccadic changes in the imposed rhythm.", "PMID": 517137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11585", "title": "Peripheral determination of the vascular effect of the carotid depressor reflex.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the changes in the vascular muscle contraction and the vascular bed resistance of cat hind leg in response to identical activation of the sinocarotid baroreceptors, however with different initial functional state of the vascular bed. Determining the dilatatory responses of the vascular bed in a state of rest, of increased tissue osmolarity and upon increase in femoral blood flow without the presence of autoregulatory reaction, it was shown that the baroreceptor decrease of the vascular contraction is peripherally conditioned by the value of the initial contraction, while the baroreceptor decrease of the resistance is determined by the ratio between the initial contraction and the initial radius. The peripheral determination of the organ differentiation of the depressor effect of the carotid baroreceptor reflex is discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "Peripheral determination of the vascular effect of the carotid depressor reflex. Experiments were carried out to study the changes in the vascular muscle contraction and the vascular bed resistance of cat hind leg in response to identical activation of the sinocarotid baroreceptors, however with different initial functional state of the vascular bed. Determining the dilatatory responses of the vascular bed in a state of rest, of increased tissue osmolarity and upon increase in femoral blood flow without the presence of autoregulatory reaction, it was shown that the baroreceptor decrease of the vascular contraction is peripherally conditioned by the value of the initial contraction, while the baroreceptor decrease of the resistance is determined by the ratio between the initial contraction and the initial radius. The peripheral determination of the organ differentiation of the depressor effect of the carotid baroreceptor reflex is discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 517138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11586", "title": "Vascular effects of the carotid baroreceptor reflex upon increased tissue osmolarity.", "content": "Acute experiments were carried out on the vascular bed of cat hind leg upon perfusion at constant blood flow and increased tissue osmolarity through intraarterial hypertonic infusion. The activity of the carotid baroreceptors was changed by means of bilateral carotid fusion. The activity of the carotid baroreceptors was changed by means of bilateral carotid occlusion and by increasing or decreasing the carotid blood flow. Hyperosmolarity reduced both the increase in the vascular contraction in response to the decreased baroreceptor activity and the decrease of the contraction resulting from the increased baroreceptor activation. The smaller rise in the contraction was connected with the direct hyperosmolarity inhibition of vascular contractility. The smaller decrease in the vascular response was connected with the smaller initial contraction of the vascular muscle due to hyperosmolarity inhibition of the spontaneous contractile activity. The results presented show that upon increasing tissue osmolarity the resistance vessels manifest the same behaviour with respect to the changes in the activity of the carotid baroreceptors as in the case of muscle exercises. This supports the assumption of the possible participation of the decrease in the neurogenic vascular tone in the appearance of hyperosmolarity vasodilation and of exercise hyperemia.", "contents": "Vascular effects of the carotid baroreceptor reflex upon increased tissue osmolarity. Acute experiments were carried out on the vascular bed of cat hind leg upon perfusion at constant blood flow and increased tissue osmolarity through intraarterial hypertonic infusion. The activity of the carotid baroreceptors was changed by means of bilateral carotid fusion. The activity of the carotid baroreceptors was changed by means of bilateral carotid occlusion and by increasing or decreasing the carotid blood flow. Hyperosmolarity reduced both the increase in the vascular contraction in response to the decreased baroreceptor activity and the decrease of the contraction resulting from the increased baroreceptor activation. The smaller rise in the contraction was connected with the direct hyperosmolarity inhibition of vascular contractility. The smaller decrease in the vascular response was connected with the smaller initial contraction of the vascular muscle due to hyperosmolarity inhibition of the spontaneous contractile activity. The results presented show that upon increasing tissue osmolarity the resistance vessels manifest the same behaviour with respect to the changes in the activity of the carotid baroreceptors as in the case of muscle exercises. This supports the assumption of the possible participation of the decrease in the neurogenic vascular tone in the appearance of hyperosmolarity vasodilation and of exercise hyperemia.", "PMID": 517139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11587", "title": "Voluntary control of the rate of increase of the isometric tension of human muscles.", "content": "Experiments were made with eight subjects to study the possibilities for voluntary control of the rate of increase of isometric muscle tension in m. biceps brachii and m. interosseus dig. dors. 1. In four consecutive experiments the voluntary effort was increased until maximum muscle tension was achieved. Each subsequent experiment was at a higher velocity. All subjects were able to rank the velocities. Repetition of performances with respect to the velocity values was low. A considerable difference existed between the group of chosen velocities which were very similar in the different subjects, and the maximum possible velocities which differed for each subject. Individually different was also the maximum muscle tension which in its turn was in a limited dependence on the rate of increase of the tension. No stable relations were established among the velocities, which could correspond to a standard description elaborated in the system for motor control.", "contents": "Voluntary control of the rate of increase of the isometric tension of human muscles. Experiments were made with eight subjects to study the possibilities for voluntary control of the rate of increase of isometric muscle tension in m. biceps brachii and m. interosseus dig. dors. 1. In four consecutive experiments the voluntary effort was increased until maximum muscle tension was achieved. Each subsequent experiment was at a higher velocity. All subjects were able to rank the velocities. Repetition of performances with respect to the velocity values was low. A considerable difference existed between the group of chosen velocities which were very similar in the different subjects, and the maximum possible velocities which differed for each subject. Individually different was also the maximum muscle tension which in its turn was in a limited dependence on the rate of increase of the tension. No stable relations were established among the velocities, which could correspond to a standard description elaborated in the system for motor control.", "PMID": 517140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11588", "title": "Experimental rheoencephalographic studies on the effect of the cinnarizin analogue As2 on cerebral circulation.", "content": "The effect of As2 and Cinnarizin on cerebral circulation is studied on rabbits using the method of local cerebral rheography. Rheoencephalograms (REG) are recorded from the following brain structures; sensomotor cortex, substantia alba, poseterior hippocampus amygdala; nucleus caudatus and coliculus superior. Arterial blood pressure and ECG are studied simultaneously. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the REG wave is made. Quantitative analysis involves the calculation of the following parameters: amplitude, anacrotic section of the curve and its relative part, spreading time and dicrotic index. The complex of REG-changes under the effect of the two drugs is very similar and suggests dilatation of the cerebral blood vessels. The difference is in the time of occurrence of the maximum effect: 5th min for As2 and 45th min for Cinnarizine.", "contents": "Experimental rheoencephalographic studies on the effect of the cinnarizin analogue As2 on cerebral circulation. The effect of As2 and Cinnarizin on cerebral circulation is studied on rabbits using the method of local cerebral rheography. Rheoencephalograms (REG) are recorded from the following brain structures; sensomotor cortex, substantia alba, poseterior hippocampus amygdala; nucleus caudatus and coliculus superior. Arterial blood pressure and ECG are studied simultaneously. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the REG wave is made. Quantitative analysis involves the calculation of the following parameters: amplitude, anacrotic section of the curve and its relative part, spreading time and dicrotic index. The complex of REG-changes under the effect of the two drugs is very similar and suggests dilatation of the cerebral blood vessels. The difference is in the time of occurrence of the maximum effect: 5th min for As2 and 45th min for Cinnarizine.", "PMID": 517141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11589", "title": "Behavioural reactions and changes in the spontaneous and evoked EEG-activity upon microinjection of noradrenaline and isoprenaline in cat nucleus raphe dorsalis.", "content": "Experiments are carried out on five cats with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in various brain structures. The electrode intended to be introduced into raphe dorsalis is placed in a \"guiding\" isolated cannule. The spontaneous EEG-activity, the evoked potentials of photo- and electrostimulation as well as the behavioural reactions are studied for each animal before and after administration of noradrenaline (NA), isoprenaline (ISO) respectively, into nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD). The evoked potential are tape-recorded and averaged on Nicolet--1072 computer. Administration of NA in cat RD is followed by manifestations characterized by vegetative and motor symptoms and accompanied by EEG-changes. Desynchronization develops immediately after the injection of both NA and ISO in RD. The restoration of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the EEG-activity take place in RD at the latest. Considerable changes are also observed in the evoked potentials recorded from the different structures. The EEG-changes observed after injection of NA, respectively ISO, in RD suggest functional connections between RD and the other brain structures studied. Both the EEG-changes and the observed behavioural reactions are probably largely based on the inhibition of the cerebral serotonin tonus by the catecholamines NA and ISO injected into RD and the resulting disruption of the balance between the adrenergic and serotoninergic cerebral systems.", "contents": "Behavioural reactions and changes in the spontaneous and evoked EEG-activity upon microinjection of noradrenaline and isoprenaline in cat nucleus raphe dorsalis. Experiments are carried out on five cats with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in various brain structures. The electrode intended to be introduced into raphe dorsalis is placed in a \"guiding\" isolated cannule. The spontaneous EEG-activity, the evoked potentials of photo- and electrostimulation as well as the behavioural reactions are studied for each animal before and after administration of noradrenaline (NA), isoprenaline (ISO) respectively, into nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD). The evoked potential are tape-recorded and averaged on Nicolet--1072 computer. Administration of NA in cat RD is followed by manifestations characterized by vegetative and motor symptoms and accompanied by EEG-changes. Desynchronization develops immediately after the injection of both NA and ISO in RD. The restoration of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the EEG-activity take place in RD at the latest. Considerable changes are also observed in the evoked potentials recorded from the different structures. The EEG-changes observed after injection of NA, respectively ISO, in RD suggest functional connections between RD and the other brain structures studied. Both the EEG-changes and the observed behavioural reactions are probably largely based on the inhibition of the cerebral serotonin tonus by the catecholamines NA and ISO injected into RD and the resulting disruption of the balance between the adrenergic and serotoninergic cerebral systems.", "PMID": 517142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11590", "title": "Visual estimation of filled or unfilled short time intervals.", "content": "A definition is given of filled and unfilled short time intervals presented visually by light and dark stimuli. A reply is given to the question whether the existence of events in a given time interval influences the estimation of the duration of this interval. The mean values of the estimations of filled intervals are lower compared with the mean values of the estimations of single unfilled intervals of the same duration. The influence of the complexity of the task on the mean values of the estimations is discussed. The results obtained are explained in terms of the motor theory of perception.", "contents": "Visual estimation of filled or unfilled short time intervals. A definition is given of filled and unfilled short time intervals presented visually by light and dark stimuli. A reply is given to the question whether the existence of events in a given time interval influences the estimation of the duration of this interval. The mean values of the estimations of filled intervals are lower compared with the mean values of the estimations of single unfilled intervals of the same duration. The influence of the complexity of the task on the mean values of the estimations is discussed. The results obtained are explained in terms of the motor theory of perception.", "PMID": 517143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11591", "title": "Ascorbate and Fe++-induced lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient rats.", "content": "The effects of ascorbate and Fe++ on lipid peroxidation are compared in liver mitochondria isolated from control and copper-deficient rats. Spontaneous, Fe++- and ascorbate-induced formation of compounds reacting with the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and the swelling in the mitochondria are studied as indicators of lipid peroxidation. The initial level of TBA-reacting compounds in freshly isolated copper-deficient mitochondria is higher than that in the control mitochonidria. Incubation at 20--22 degrees C for 60 min leads to a greater increase in the amount of the spontaneously formed TBA-reacting compounds in the copper-deficient mitochondria. Both the Fe++--ions and the ascorbate induce lipid peroxidation more intensively in the copper-deficient mitochondria than in the controls. The differences between the two types of mitochondria are manifested also with respect to the effect of antimycin A on the ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. The data obtained concerning a more enhanced spontaneous and induced lipid peroxidation in copper-deficient mitochondria are explained with the higher level of lipid peroxides, changes organization and fatty-acid composition of the membranes, and with lower activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase.", "contents": "Ascorbate and Fe++-induced lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient rats. The effects of ascorbate and Fe++ on lipid peroxidation are compared in liver mitochondria isolated from control and copper-deficient rats. Spontaneous, Fe++- and ascorbate-induced formation of compounds reacting with the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and the swelling in the mitochondria are studied as indicators of lipid peroxidation. The initial level of TBA-reacting compounds in freshly isolated copper-deficient mitochondria is higher than that in the control mitochonidria. Incubation at 20--22 degrees C for 60 min leads to a greater increase in the amount of the spontaneously formed TBA-reacting compounds in the copper-deficient mitochondria. Both the Fe++--ions and the ascorbate induce lipid peroxidation more intensively in the copper-deficient mitochondria than in the controls. The differences between the two types of mitochondria are manifested also with respect to the effect of antimycin A on the ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. The data obtained concerning a more enhanced spontaneous and induced lipid peroxidation in copper-deficient mitochondria are explained with the higher level of lipid peroxides, changes organization and fatty-acid composition of the membranes, and with lower activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase.", "PMID": 517144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11592", "title": "X-irradiation effects on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in copper deficient and copper loaded rat liver.", "content": "The whole body X-irradiation was found to intensify the lipoperoxidative processes in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes, which resulted in a two-fold increase of hydroperoxides in the membrane lipids. The moderate copper-loading of the liver cell had a protective effect against X-ray induced lipid peroxidation. The X-ray influence on the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in normocupric state, copper deficiency and copper loading was also studied. The latter two states were used as models of altered enzyme activity. Copper deficiency decreased the specific SOD activity in both mitochondrial fraction and cytosol, while the increased copper cell content activated this enzyme in mitochondria and did not change it in cytosol. Irradiation inhibited SOD in all preparations studied, with the exception of cytosol upon copper deficiency. Whatever the cell level of copper, X-ray exposure resulted in a decrease of catalase activity in cytosol, while in the mitochondrial fraction, including peroxisomes, the irradiation effects were different. It was found that both SOD and catalase after whole-body irradiation exhibited a higher specific activity in mitochondrial fraction upon copper loading compared with normocupric state, which correlates with the delayed lipid peroxidation processes.", "contents": "X-irradiation effects on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in copper deficient and copper loaded rat liver. The whole body X-irradiation was found to intensify the lipoperoxidative processes in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes, which resulted in a two-fold increase of hydroperoxides in the membrane lipids. The moderate copper-loading of the liver cell had a protective effect against X-ray induced lipid peroxidation. The X-ray influence on the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in normocupric state, copper deficiency and copper loading was also studied. The latter two states were used as models of altered enzyme activity. Copper deficiency decreased the specific SOD activity in both mitochondrial fraction and cytosol, while the increased copper cell content activated this enzyme in mitochondria and did not change it in cytosol. Irradiation inhibited SOD in all preparations studied, with the exception of cytosol upon copper deficiency. Whatever the cell level of copper, X-ray exposure resulted in a decrease of catalase activity in cytosol, while in the mitochondrial fraction, including peroxisomes, the irradiation effects were different. It was found that both SOD and catalase after whole-body irradiation exhibited a higher specific activity in mitochondrial fraction upon copper loading compared with normocupric state, which correlates with the delayed lipid peroxidation processes.", "PMID": 517145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11593", "title": "Amnestic-confabulatory syndrome in hydrocephalic dementia and Korsakoff's psychosis in alcoholism.", "content": "The clinical course of six alcoholics with Korsakoff's psyter shunt operation. The initial clinical state as well as the symptom improvement showed important similarities between the Korsakoff group and the hydrocephalic dementia group, who improved after shunt operation. Fantastic confabulation and appraxia were only observed in the hydrocephalic dementia group. Psychometrically, both groups showed a similar degree of improvement of the initially impaired verbal memory while only the hydrocephalic dementia group showed impairment of spatial abilities indicating a constructional apraxia. It is suggested that the similarities of the two conditions are related to dysfunction of diencephalic and temporal-limbic structures. The constructional and general apraxia as well as the fantastic confabulation in hydrocephalic dementia indicate a cortical, especially frontal cortical, dysfunction in this disorder.", "contents": "Amnestic-confabulatory syndrome in hydrocephalic dementia and Korsakoff's psychosis in alcoholism. The clinical course of six alcoholics with Korsakoff's psyter shunt operation. The initial clinical state as well as the symptom improvement showed important similarities between the Korsakoff group and the hydrocephalic dementia group, who improved after shunt operation. Fantastic confabulation and appraxia were only observed in the hydrocephalic dementia group. Psychometrically, both groups showed a similar degree of improvement of the initially impaired verbal memory while only the hydrocephalic dementia group showed impairment of spatial abilities indicating a constructional apraxia. It is suggested that the similarities of the two conditions are related to dysfunction of diencephalic and temporal-limbic structures. The constructional and general apraxia as well as the fantastic confabulation in hydrocephalic dementia indicate a cortical, especially frontal cortical, dysfunction in this disorder.", "PMID": 517148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11594", "title": "Amphetamine addiction and pregnancy. Psycho-social and medical aspects.", "content": "The psycho-social backgrounds of 69 amphetamine-addicted mothers were investigated in order to find indicators which might be applicable in predicting the addicted women's chances of adaptation to motherhood. Of these 69 women, 17 stopped taking drugs in the first months of gestation when they realized that they were pregnant (Group 1). The remaining 52 women continued taking drugs throughout pregnancy (Group 2). There was no difference between the groups as to number of years of addiction, or other drugs used except that more women in Group 2 abused alcohol at the same time. A large proportion of the women in both Groups 1 and 2 were, as children, known to the local social welfare agencies because of their unsatisfactory home conditions. In Group 2, psychiatric illness and drug abuse were more common among parents and siblings than in Group 1. In spite of this, the women in Group 2 had, on the average, been placed in a foster home at a significantly older age. Significantly more women in Group 2 also had a poorer educational background and a criminal record including more serious crimes. At the time of their current pregnancy the women in Group 1 had a more stable social situation with regard to permanent dwelling, work and relationship with non-addicted friends.", "contents": "Amphetamine addiction and pregnancy. Psycho-social and medical aspects. The psycho-social backgrounds of 69 amphetamine-addicted mothers were investigated in order to find indicators which might be applicable in predicting the addicted women's chances of adaptation to motherhood. Of these 69 women, 17 stopped taking drugs in the first months of gestation when they realized that they were pregnant (Group 1). The remaining 52 women continued taking drugs throughout pregnancy (Group 2). There was no difference between the groups as to number of years of addiction, or other drugs used except that more women in Group 2 abused alcohol at the same time. A large proportion of the women in both Groups 1 and 2 were, as children, known to the local social welfare agencies because of their unsatisfactory home conditions. In Group 2, psychiatric illness and drug abuse were more common among parents and siblings than in Group 1. In spite of this, the women in Group 2 had, on the average, been placed in a foster home at a significantly older age. Significantly more women in Group 2 also had a poorer educational background and a criminal record including more serious crimes. At the time of their current pregnancy the women in Group 1 had a more stable social situation with regard to permanent dwelling, work and relationship with non-addicted friends.", "PMID": 517149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11595", "title": "Research diagnosable \"schizo-affective\" disorder in Schneiderian \"first rank\" schizophrenia.", "content": "Recently, provisional research criteria for \"schizo-affective\" and related psychoses were published by the St. Louis Group. These rigorous criteria were modified and expanded for purposes of the present study in order to analyze the case records of 83 first admissions of Schneider-positive schizophrenics, that is, those with first rank symptoms, hospitalized in a strongly Schneider-oriented German University Clinic during the period 1962-1971. Research diagnosable \"schizo-affective\" disorder was thus found in 27.7% (23 cases) of these patients; 12 of the 23 satisfied \"full\" affective research criteria for depression or mania, whereas 11 fulfilled \"adjusted\" affective criteria geared to cover more \"labile\" mixed mood states. Moreover, 48.2% (40 cases) and 25.3% (21 cases) of the sample were research-positive for \"schizophreniform\" illness and \"atypical schizophrenia\" respectively. Findings such as these suggest that \"first rank\" schizophrenia, as routinely diagnosed in Germany, may not be all that homogeneous a clinical entity.", "contents": "Research diagnosable \"schizo-affective\" disorder in Schneiderian \"first rank\" schizophrenia. Recently, provisional research criteria for \"schizo-affective\" and related psychoses were published by the St. Louis Group. These rigorous criteria were modified and expanded for purposes of the present study in order to analyze the case records of 83 first admissions of Schneider-positive schizophrenics, that is, those with first rank symptoms, hospitalized in a strongly Schneider-oriented German University Clinic during the period 1962-1971. Research diagnosable \"schizo-affective\" disorder was thus found in 27.7% (23 cases) of these patients; 12 of the 23 satisfied \"full\" affective research criteria for depression or mania, whereas 11 fulfilled \"adjusted\" affective criteria geared to cover more \"labile\" mixed mood states. Moreover, 48.2% (40 cases) and 25.3% (21 cases) of the sample were research-positive for \"schizophreniform\" illness and \"atypical schizophrenia\" respectively. Findings such as these suggest that \"first rank\" schizophrenia, as routinely diagnosed in Germany, may not be all that homogeneous a clinical entity.", "PMID": 517150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11596", "title": "Suicide and attempted suicide in Greenland. A controlled study in Nuuk (Godthaab).", "content": "Suicidal behaviour in Eskimo populations has changed in pattern and quantity over the last decades. Rates have more than quadrupled and performers now are mainly young persons with obscure motivation. In a study from Greenland's major township all cases of attempted or completed suicide among Greenlanders are analysed for social, emotional, somatic, and environmental predisposing factors in comparison with a non-psychiatric, never-suicidal, matching group. Almost two per thousand of the adult population committed suicide yearly while attempts at suicide were five times as frequent. A quarrelsome, drinking, childhood home background was often found, at least as regards the attempters, who themselves frequently suffered from emotional conflicts with close contacts, alcohol affliction, criminality, and instability at work. Neither bereavement, cross-cultural exposure, broken homes, nor meteorological factors seemed to exert a significant influence. The results are discussed in relation to the social and cultural evolution of the Greenlandic society.", "contents": "Suicide and attempted suicide in Greenland. A controlled study in Nuuk (Godthaab). Suicidal behaviour in Eskimo populations has changed in pattern and quantity over the last decades. Rates have more than quadrupled and performers now are mainly young persons with obscure motivation. In a study from Greenland's major township all cases of attempted or completed suicide among Greenlanders are analysed for social, emotional, somatic, and environmental predisposing factors in comparison with a non-psychiatric, never-suicidal, matching group. Almost two per thousand of the adult population committed suicide yearly while attempts at suicide were five times as frequent. A quarrelsome, drinking, childhood home background was often found, at least as regards the attempters, who themselves frequently suffered from emotional conflicts with close contacts, alcohol affliction, criminality, and instability at work. Neither bereavement, cross-cultural exposure, broken homes, nor meteorological factors seemed to exert a significant influence. The results are discussed in relation to the social and cultural evolution of the Greenlandic society.", "PMID": 517151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11597", "title": "Spontaneous thrombosis of ruptured intracranial aneurysms during treatment with tranexamic acid (AMCA). Report of three cases.", "content": "Radiographically verified spontaneous disappearance of medium-sized arterial cerebral aneurysms is seldom reported, and only three times in connection with antifibrinolytic therapy (EACA). In our clinic repeat angiograms have shown non-filling of the aneurysms in three patients during treatment with tranexamic acid (AMCA) two, three, and four weeks respectively after primary bleeds. Initially, all three patients had severe radiological vasospasm associated with neurological deterioration. Follow-up angiograms have demonstrated partial reappearance of the aneurysm after one month in one patient and complete disappearance of the aneurysms in the other two patients after 9 and 22 months respectively. In two cases occlusion of cerebral arteries occurred. With regard to the higher risk of severe vasospasm and occlusion of cerebral arteries in our opinion it should not be a therapeutic goal to try to achieve a thrombosis of a ruptured aneurysm with antifibrinolytic drugs. The reason for spontaneous aneurysm thrombosis during treatment with AMCA may be a local inhibition of plasminogen activators in and around the aneurysm wall. It may also be related to the sympathomimetic property of the drug, with vasospasm and a subsequent flow-reduction inside the aneurysm or a possible interaction with other drugs and substances.", "contents": "Spontaneous thrombosis of ruptured intracranial aneurysms during treatment with tranexamic acid (AMCA). Report of three cases. Radiographically verified spontaneous disappearance of medium-sized arterial cerebral aneurysms is seldom reported, and only three times in connection with antifibrinolytic therapy (EACA). In our clinic repeat angiograms have shown non-filling of the aneurysms in three patients during treatment with tranexamic acid (AMCA) two, three, and four weeks respectively after primary bleeds. Initially, all three patients had severe radiological vasospasm associated with neurological deterioration. Follow-up angiograms have demonstrated partial reappearance of the aneurysm after one month in one patient and complete disappearance of the aneurysms in the other two patients after 9 and 22 months respectively. In two cases occlusion of cerebral arteries occurred. With regard to the higher risk of severe vasospasm and occlusion of cerebral arteries in our opinion it should not be a therapeutic goal to try to achieve a thrombosis of a ruptured aneurysm with antifibrinolytic drugs. The reason for spontaneous aneurysm thrombosis during treatment with AMCA may be a local inhibition of plasminogen activators in and around the aneurysm wall. It may also be related to the sympathomimetic property of the drug, with vasospasm and a subsequent flow-reduction inside the aneurysm or a possible interaction with other drugs and substances.", "PMID": 517175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11598", "title": "Outcome following acute subdural haematoma.", "content": "An analysis and long-term follow-up of 136 patients with acute subdural haematoma diagnosed or operated on within 72 hours after injury confirmed the poor outcome: 27 patients (20 percent) made a useful recovery, 13 (10 percent) are severely disabled, and 95 died (70 percent). One patient is still in a vegetative state. The poor outcome in those injuries requiring surgery in the first 24 hours suggests that the term \"acute subdural haematoma\" should be limited to this group. Earlier diagnosis and operation on acute subdural haematomas without severe primary brain injury may obviously save a few more patients. However, with very early admissions the number of patients with severe primary brain injury goes up; thus the poor outcome for acute subdural haematoma is likely to remain high.", "contents": "Outcome following acute subdural haematoma. An analysis and long-term follow-up of 136 patients with acute subdural haematoma diagnosed or operated on within 72 hours after injury confirmed the poor outcome: 27 patients (20 percent) made a useful recovery, 13 (10 percent) are severely disabled, and 95 died (70 percent). One patient is still in a vegetative state. The poor outcome in those injuries requiring surgery in the first 24 hours suggests that the term \"acute subdural haematoma\" should be limited to this group. Earlier diagnosis and operation on acute subdural haematomas without severe primary brain injury may obviously save a few more patients. However, with very early admissions the number of patients with severe primary brain injury goes up; thus the poor outcome for acute subdural haematoma is likely to remain high.", "PMID": 517177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11599", "title": "Penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds in civilians.", "content": "In spite of speedy transfer, only 18 percent of patients with penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds survived long enough to reach a neurosurgeon; the mortality among these was 79 percent. Mortality was 22 percent in patients conscious on admission, but 93 percent in patients unconscious on admission. True mortality from penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds in civilians seems to be extremely high; in this catchment area it was about 97 percent.", "contents": "Penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds in civilians. In spite of speedy transfer, only 18 percent of patients with penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds survived long enough to reach a neurosurgeon; the mortality among these was 79 percent. Mortality was 22 percent in patients conscious on admission, but 93 percent in patients unconscious on admission. True mortality from penetrating craniocerebral gunshot wounds in civilians seems to be extremely high; in this catchment area it was about 97 percent.", "PMID": 517178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11600", "title": "Disturbances of the coagulatory system in patients with severe cerebral trauma II. Platelet function.", "content": "Platelet number, spontaneous aggregation, ADP- and adrenaline-induced aggregation, fibrinogen, and factors 2, 5, 7, and 10, were investigated in a series of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the clinic following severe head injury. Data were evaluated daily during the first week after trauma. Platelets were significantly decreased, particularly in non-survivors; there was no pathological spontaneous aggregation, except in a group of 22.5% of cases who had a mean age of 23.5 years. ADP-induced aggregation was negative in 69% of cases, and adrenaline-induced aggregation was absent in only two non-survivors. Fibrinogen was markedly reduced during the first five days, thereafter normalizing or increasing towards the end of the week. The other investigated values remained within their normal range of 70--130%. The results give no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation as a generalized and frequent phenomenon in severely head injured patients. There are, however, signs of latent consumption coagulopathy, which support data from the literature that indicate focal microthrombosis in contused brain areas.", "contents": "Disturbances of the coagulatory system in patients with severe cerebral trauma II. Platelet function. Platelet number, spontaneous aggregation, ADP- and adrenaline-induced aggregation, fibrinogen, and factors 2, 5, 7, and 10, were investigated in a series of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the clinic following severe head injury. Data were evaluated daily during the first week after trauma. Platelets were significantly decreased, particularly in non-survivors; there was no pathological spontaneous aggregation, except in a group of 22.5% of cases who had a mean age of 23.5 years. ADP-induced aggregation was negative in 69% of cases, and adrenaline-induced aggregation was absent in only two non-survivors. Fibrinogen was markedly reduced during the first five days, thereafter normalizing or increasing towards the end of the week. The other investigated values remained within their normal range of 70--130%. The results give no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation as a generalized and frequent phenomenon in severely head injured patients. There are, however, signs of latent consumption coagulopathy, which support data from the literature that indicate focal microthrombosis in contused brain areas.", "PMID": 517179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11601", "title": "Spontaneous infected pneumatocoele secondary to chronic otitis media.", "content": "A case of spontaneous temporal pneumatocoele secondarily infected by Haemophilus parainfluenzae is reported. Its relation to the lateral ventricle and to a defect in the tegmen tympani was confirmed by computerized tomography (CT). The possible aetiological mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous infected pneumatocoele secondary to chronic otitis media. A case of spontaneous temporal pneumatocoele secondarily infected by Haemophilus parainfluenzae is reported. Its relation to the lateral ventricle and to a defect in the tegmen tympani was confirmed by computerized tomography (CT). The possible aetiological mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 517180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11602", "title": "Surgical treatment of thoracic disc protrusion.", "content": "The Authors report on nine cases of thoracic disc hernia operated on through Carson's posterolateral approach. Several steps were taken to protect the spinal cord, and to remove completely disc fragments and any calcifications. The importance of the combined use of the operating microscope and the posterolateral approach are emphasized, and the longterm results are evaluated.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of thoracic disc protrusion. The Authors report on nine cases of thoracic disc hernia operated on through Carson's posterolateral approach. Several steps were taken to protect the spinal cord, and to remove completely disc fragments and any calcifications. The importance of the combined use of the operating microscope and the posterolateral approach are emphasized, and the longterm results are evaluated.", "PMID": 517181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11603", "title": "The significance of Tinel's sign in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "A series of 47 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was systematically examined for the presence of Tinel's sign, and the results were compared to those in a group of patients with normal hands. In both groups Tinel's sign occurred, and there was no statistically significant difference in its frequency. Therefore it is concluded that Tinel's sign is of no diagnostic value.", "contents": "The significance of Tinel's sign in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. A series of 47 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was systematically examined for the presence of Tinel's sign, and the results were compared to those in a group of patients with normal hands. In both groups Tinel's sign occurred, and there was no statistically significant difference in its frequency. Therefore it is concluded that Tinel's sign is of no diagnostic value.", "PMID": 517182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11604", "title": "Optimal therapy in medulloblastoma.", "content": "Twenty-eight children with medulloblastoma (19 boys and 9 girls) were treated at the Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiotherapy in Essen between 1969 and 1977, and were followed prospectively after surgical treatment and postoperative irradiation. Because different radiation techniques had been used, these patients were divided into two groups, one given a limited irradiation volume and the other irradiation of the entire central nervous system. The results obtained in the former group were inferior to those in the latter. All living patients in the seond group are in good condition. Special attention is paid to the technique of irradiation and the factors which may influence prognosis. Even after the relatively short follow up period of one to five years, it may be concluded that high-dose irradiation of the entire central nervous system considerably improved the prognosis of medulloblastoma.", "contents": "Optimal therapy in medulloblastoma. Twenty-eight children with medulloblastoma (19 boys and 9 girls) were treated at the Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiotherapy in Essen between 1969 and 1977, and were followed prospectively after surgical treatment and postoperative irradiation. Because different radiation techniques had been used, these patients were divided into two groups, one given a limited irradiation volume and the other irradiation of the entire central nervous system. The results obtained in the former group were inferior to those in the latter. All living patients in the seond group are in good condition. Special attention is paid to the technique of irradiation and the factors which may influence prognosis. Even after the relatively short follow up period of one to five years, it may be concluded that high-dose irradiation of the entire central nervous system considerably improved the prognosis of medulloblastoma.", "PMID": 517183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11605", "title": "Medulloblastoma in childhood.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with medulloblastoma have been treated at the Children's Memorial Hospital during the past 11 years. The ratio between males and females was 2:1. The ages ranged from 4 months to 12 years; 7 patients were less than 12 months old at the time of diagnosis. After 1969, prior to definitive surgery, all patients were given a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to decompress the hydrocephalus which was invariably present. There were no cases of systemic metastasis related to these shunts. Subsequently, posterior fossa craniotomy was performed, with total or radical resection of tumour in 13 cases, subtotal resection in 20 cases, and partial resection or biopsy in 14 cases. After completion of surgical treatment and radiotherapy, the three-year survival rate was 45.6 per cent and the five-year survival 34.5 per cent. The survival of children given total resection of the tumour was significantly longer, and females survived longer than males. Local recurrence and spinal cord or systemic metastases are discussed. Reexploration of the posterior fossa for recurrences failed to improve the prognosis. Recurrent or metastatic medulloblastoma should be treated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or both.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma in childhood. Fifty-one patients with medulloblastoma have been treated at the Children's Memorial Hospital during the past 11 years. The ratio between males and females was 2:1. The ages ranged from 4 months to 12 years; 7 patients were less than 12 months old at the time of diagnosis. After 1969, prior to definitive surgery, all patients were given a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to decompress the hydrocephalus which was invariably present. There were no cases of systemic metastasis related to these shunts. Subsequently, posterior fossa craniotomy was performed, with total or radical resection of tumour in 13 cases, subtotal resection in 20 cases, and partial resection or biopsy in 14 cases. After completion of surgical treatment and radiotherapy, the three-year survival rate was 45.6 per cent and the five-year survival 34.5 per cent. The survival of children given total resection of the tumour was significantly longer, and females survived longer than males. Local recurrence and spinal cord or systemic metastases are discussed. Reexploration of the posterior fossa for recurrences failed to improve the prognosis. Recurrent or metastatic medulloblastoma should be treated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or both.", "PMID": 517184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11606", "title": "Cerebral tumours induced by ENU; changes of adenylate cyclase activity in the tumour latency time.", "content": "Tumours of the nervous system have been induced by transplacental ENU. Until the fourth month of life the tumoural lesions appear as mixed glial proliferations or oligodendroglial foci. From the fourth month on they develop as glial micro- and macrotumours or as isomorphic and polymorphic oligodendrogliomas. The adenylate cyclase activity studied during these two distinct phases of tumour development was markedly reduced in brain tumours, independent of their cellular origin, compared with the level in the normal brain. On the other hand, the activity of the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cyclic AMP is significantly increased during the first period of tumour development when early neoplastic proliferations are present.", "contents": "Cerebral tumours induced by ENU; changes of adenylate cyclase activity in the tumour latency time. Tumours of the nervous system have been induced by transplacental ENU. Until the fourth month of life the tumoural lesions appear as mixed glial proliferations or oligodendroglial foci. From the fourth month on they develop as glial micro- and macrotumours or as isomorphic and polymorphic oligodendrogliomas. The adenylate cyclase activity studied during these two distinct phases of tumour development was markedly reduced in brain tumours, independent of their cellular origin, compared with the level in the normal brain. On the other hand, the activity of the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cyclic AMP is significantly increased during the first period of tumour development when early neoplastic proliferations are present.", "PMID": 517185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11607", "title": "The subforaminal stenosis headache.", "content": "The clinical picture of the so-called subforaminal stenosis headache (Gutmann) and its surgical treatment (Roesner) have been presented. We have analyzed our findings in 119 patients and 55 operations. The clinical picture is characterized by increasing pain in the upper cervical and occipital region which in later stages may be accompanied also by other symptoms like disturbances of concentration, memory, libido, and potency, as well in some cases by symptoms similar to those of a secondary chronic myelopathy. The syndrome is caused by a subforaminal stenosis of the dural sac which regularly is compressed by the posterior atlas arch in connection with either morphological variations of the base of the skull or by static-functional deviations of the cranio-cervical region. The compression of the dural sac of the cranio-cervical region results in an impairment of its air chamber function, and additionally may disturb the connections between the intracranial and intraspinal venous plexus. By both factors the physiologically important smoothing function of the CSF space of the cranio-cervical region concerning intracranial pressure changes is disturbed. Treatment of choice is a laminectomy of the dorsal arch of the atlas and an osteoclastic dilatation of the foramen magnum but without opening of the dura. The results of this procedure are excellent.", "contents": "The subforaminal stenosis headache. The clinical picture of the so-called subforaminal stenosis headache (Gutmann) and its surgical treatment (Roesner) have been presented. We have analyzed our findings in 119 patients and 55 operations. The clinical picture is characterized by increasing pain in the upper cervical and occipital region which in later stages may be accompanied also by other symptoms like disturbances of concentration, memory, libido, and potency, as well in some cases by symptoms similar to those of a secondary chronic myelopathy. The syndrome is caused by a subforaminal stenosis of the dural sac which regularly is compressed by the posterior atlas arch in connection with either morphological variations of the base of the skull or by static-functional deviations of the cranio-cervical region. The compression of the dural sac of the cranio-cervical region results in an impairment of its air chamber function, and additionally may disturb the connections between the intracranial and intraspinal venous plexus. By both factors the physiologically important smoothing function of the CSF space of the cranio-cervical region concerning intracranial pressure changes is disturbed. Treatment of choice is a laminectomy of the dorsal arch of the atlas and an osteoclastic dilatation of the foramen magnum but without opening of the dura. The results of this procedure are excellent.", "PMID": 517189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11608", "title": "Clinical and morphological studies of pituitary and diencephalic space-occupying lesions before and after operation, with special reference to temperature regulation.", "content": "In this study investigations are reported which analyze the clinical and morphological results in the treatment of diencephalic tumours. Depending on their location, these tumours are classified according to the extent of hypothalamic compression. The following parameters were studied: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, serum electrolytes, water balance, and serum glucose. Hormonal tests were carried out to detect disturbances of pituitary and diencephalic function. The clinical findings were verified by morphological study of the hypothalamus in serial sections. The study covers 193 patients with sellar and diencephalic tumours. This analysis led to the following conclusions: 1. The postoperative temperature course is a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of diencephalic damage. 2. Diabetes insipidus is evidence of a diencephalic lesion. 3. Disturbances in the regulation of the serum glucose, electrolytes, blood pressure, and pulse rate are signs of a diffuse diencephalic lesion. 4. Endocrinological disturbances in the late phase indicate permanent diencephalic damage. This study indicates that the clinical findings in the acute postoperative period permit evaluation of the extent of the hypothalamic damage. These findings are consistent with Rothballer's observations on the pre-operative evaluation of these tumours.", "contents": "Clinical and morphological studies of pituitary and diencephalic space-occupying lesions before and after operation, with special reference to temperature regulation. In this study investigations are reported which analyze the clinical and morphological results in the treatment of diencephalic tumours. Depending on their location, these tumours are classified according to the extent of hypothalamic compression. The following parameters were studied: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, serum electrolytes, water balance, and serum glucose. Hormonal tests were carried out to detect disturbances of pituitary and diencephalic function. The clinical findings were verified by morphological study of the hypothalamus in serial sections. The study covers 193 patients with sellar and diencephalic tumours. This analysis led to the following conclusions: 1. The postoperative temperature course is a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of diencephalic damage. 2. Diabetes insipidus is evidence of a diencephalic lesion. 3. Disturbances in the regulation of the serum glucose, electrolytes, blood pressure, and pulse rate are signs of a diffuse diencephalic lesion. 4. Endocrinological disturbances in the late phase indicate permanent diencephalic damage. This study indicates that the clinical findings in the acute postoperative period permit evaluation of the extent of the hypothalamic damage. These findings are consistent with Rothballer's observations on the pre-operative evaluation of these tumours.", "PMID": 517188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11609", "title": "Cytotoxic immune response of meningioma patients towards allogeneic and autologous tumour cells before and after surgery.", "content": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CTX) of meningioma patients towards meningioma cells and fibroblasts was studied in vitro before and after surgery, using the 3H-proline microcytotoxicity test. When incubated with allogeneic target cells before surgery, lymphocytes from three out of seven donors showed a specific destruction of meningioma tissue, and two were cytotoxic on both types of targets. Five patients were tested against their own tumour and against skin fibroblasts; this was feasible by keeping their lymphocytes frozen in liquid nitrogen until their target cells grew as suitable monolayers in vitro. Three patients showed a specific cytotoxic response. After excision of the tumour a gradual loss of this reactivity was observed in both allogeneic and autologous systems. Sera of three patients, whose lymphocytes were not reactive against their own tumour, induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards autologous tumours if normal effector cells were used. This type of response was detectable mainly in postoperative sera, and could not be elicited in autologous lymphocytes. On the contrary, autologous sera inhibited CTX of meningioma effector cells. The data suggest that meningiomas can induce a complex immunological response in the host, which is dependent on the presence or absence of a large tumour burden.", "contents": "Cytotoxic immune response of meningioma patients towards allogeneic and autologous tumour cells before and after surgery. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CTX) of meningioma patients towards meningioma cells and fibroblasts was studied in vitro before and after surgery, using the 3H-proline microcytotoxicity test. When incubated with allogeneic target cells before surgery, lymphocytes from three out of seven donors showed a specific destruction of meningioma tissue, and two were cytotoxic on both types of targets. Five patients were tested against their own tumour and against skin fibroblasts; this was feasible by keeping their lymphocytes frozen in liquid nitrogen until their target cells grew as suitable monolayers in vitro. Three patients showed a specific cytotoxic response. After excision of the tumour a gradual loss of this reactivity was observed in both allogeneic and autologous systems. Sera of three patients, whose lymphocytes were not reactive against their own tumour, induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards autologous tumours if normal effector cells were used. This type of response was detectable mainly in postoperative sera, and could not be elicited in autologous lymphocytes. On the contrary, autologous sera inhibited CTX of meningioma effector cells. The data suggest that meningiomas can induce a complex immunological response in the host, which is dependent on the presence or absence of a large tumour burden.", "PMID": 517190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11610", "title": "A new gearing approximator for microsurgical vascular anastomoses.", "content": "A new gearing approximator for microsurgical vascular anastomoses is described. A highly precise and smoothly working robust gearing in connection with an asymmetrically notched key allows quick application of the approximator and an exactly adjustable interclip distance. By means of a combined handling and gearing screw and exchangeable 30 degrees-angled clips the instrument can easily be applied in narrow operating fields, and it can be handled under vision through the operating microscope without change in magnification adjustment. A quickly increasing platelt aggregation at the suture line and an early \"slow flow\" can be achieved by gradual opening of the clips. The ease of approximator application may contribute to shortening operation times.", "contents": "A new gearing approximator for microsurgical vascular anastomoses. A new gearing approximator for microsurgical vascular anastomoses is described. A highly precise and smoothly working robust gearing in connection with an asymmetrically notched key allows quick application of the approximator and an exactly adjustable interclip distance. By means of a combined handling and gearing screw and exchangeable 30 degrees-angled clips the instrument can easily be applied in narrow operating fields, and it can be handled under vision through the operating microscope without change in magnification adjustment. A quickly increasing platelt aggregation at the suture line and an early \"slow flow\" can be achieved by gradual opening of the clips. The ease of approximator application may contribute to shortening operation times.", "PMID": 517192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11611", "title": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformations; results of microsurgical management.", "content": "A series of 63 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) operated on during an eight-year period is presented. Indications for surgery and the timing of operation are discussed. Monitoring of epidural pressure was of help in assessing the intracranial pressure state, which is important in patient management in the acute stage, in timing of surgery, and in postoperative supervision. The operative mortality was one patient (1.6%). Two patients died due to incomplete resection and late rebleeding two years after operation. Among the others the overall result of surgery was good with respect to neurological deficit and working capacity.", "contents": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformations; results of microsurgical management. A series of 63 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) operated on during an eight-year period is presented. Indications for surgery and the timing of operation are discussed. Monitoring of epidural pressure was of help in assessing the intracranial pressure state, which is important in patient management in the acute stage, in timing of surgery, and in postoperative supervision. The operative mortality was one patient (1.6%). Two patients died due to incomplete resection and late rebleeding two years after operation. Among the others the overall result of surgery was good with respect to neurological deficit and working capacity.", "PMID": 517193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11612", "title": "The prognosis of intracranial saccular aneurysms when the surgeon refused surgery.", "content": "Despite our basic policy of performing intracranial definitive surgery whenever possible in cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms, we have had 80 patients with non-radically treated aneurysms. This investigation is based on an analysis of the prognosis in 54 cases where we refused definitive surgery; it provides insight into the factors and circumstances leading to the use of treatment of secondary choice, conservative rather than definitive treatment.", "contents": "The prognosis of intracranial saccular aneurysms when the surgeon refused surgery. Despite our basic policy of performing intracranial definitive surgery whenever possible in cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms, we have had 80 patients with non-radically treated aneurysms. This investigation is based on an analysis of the prognosis in 54 cases where we refused definitive surgery; it provides insight into the factors and circumstances leading to the use of treatment of secondary choice, conservative rather than definitive treatment.", "PMID": 517194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11613", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid macrophages after subarachnoid haemorrhage, and their possible role in the formation of subarachnoid fibrosis.", "content": "Sixty dogs with experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), repeated SAH, and subarachnoid fibrosis (examined three weeks and three months after SAH, and treated with urokinase or dexamethasone) were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The authors observed the resting and activated macrophages, the erythrophagocytosis, and giant cells in the subarachnoid space after SAH. They consider that the macrophages play an important role in the formation of subarachnoid fibrosis, similar to the role of macrophages in fibrosis in other sites.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid macrophages after subarachnoid haemorrhage, and their possible role in the formation of subarachnoid fibrosis. Sixty dogs with experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), repeated SAH, and subarachnoid fibrosis (examined three weeks and three months after SAH, and treated with urokinase or dexamethasone) were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The authors observed the resting and activated macrophages, the erythrophagocytosis, and giant cells in the subarachnoid space after SAH. They consider that the macrophages play an important role in the formation of subarachnoid fibrosis, similar to the role of macrophages in fibrosis in other sites.", "PMID": 517196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11614", "title": "Vasoconstriction of external carotid arteries after rupture of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Vasoconstriction of the external carotid arteries, which has not been previously reported, was investigated angiographically in 23 patients who had intracranial vasospasm after aneurysm rupture. In about 50% of these patients vasoconstrictive change in the external carotid arteries was also found. These changes were not seen in control cases without intracranial vasospasm. Pathogenesis of the vasoconstriction of the external carotid arteries was discussed with particular emphasis on the relationship with sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Vasoconstriction of external carotid arteries after rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Vasoconstriction of the external carotid arteries, which has not been previously reported, was investigated angiographically in 23 patients who had intracranial vasospasm after aneurysm rupture. In about 50% of these patients vasoconstrictive change in the external carotid arteries was also found. These changes were not seen in control cases without intracranial vasospasm. Pathogenesis of the vasoconstriction of the external carotid arteries was discussed with particular emphasis on the relationship with sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 517197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11615", "title": "Treatment of experimental brain oedema following sudden decompression, surgical wound, and cold lesion with vasoprotective drugs and the proteinase inhibitor \"Trasylol\".", "content": "The study was performed on 81 cats with three models of experimental brain oedema: sudden decompression, surgical wound, and cold injury. During the experiments blood pressure, central venous pressure, and intracranial pressure were recorded. The blood-brain-barrier was tested with Evans blue solution. The gray and white matter tissue was sampled at the end of the experiment, and the water content and sodium and potassium concentrations were determined. The animals with the same experimental model were divided into three groups: untreated, treated with the vasoprotective agents, and treated with the protease inhibitor Trasylol. In the sudden decompression model after balloon deflation, white matter haemorrhages and oedema development were found in gray matter and basal nuclei. In animals treated with the vasoprotective drugs, haemorrhages were not observed, and oedematous changes were less pronounced. The Trasylol effect on oedema development was not significant in this model. In the surgical wound model, oedematous changes were observed after 24 hours following the lesion. Oedema occurred in the white matter, as in the animals with cold lesions. In both models--surgical wound and cold lesion--the beneficial effect of Trasylol was shown, while the effect of Aescorin was less evident. The results obtained seemed to testify to the usefulness of both Trasylol and vasoprotective drugs in the prevention and treatment of brain oedema in neurosurgical patients.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental brain oedema following sudden decompression, surgical wound, and cold lesion with vasoprotective drugs and the proteinase inhibitor \"Trasylol\". The study was performed on 81 cats with three models of experimental brain oedema: sudden decompression, surgical wound, and cold injury. During the experiments blood pressure, central venous pressure, and intracranial pressure were recorded. The blood-brain-barrier was tested with Evans blue solution. The gray and white matter tissue was sampled at the end of the experiment, and the water content and sodium and potassium concentrations were determined. The animals with the same experimental model were divided into three groups: untreated, treated with the vasoprotective agents, and treated with the protease inhibitor Trasylol. In the sudden decompression model after balloon deflation, white matter haemorrhages and oedema development were found in gray matter and basal nuclei. In animals treated with the vasoprotective drugs, haemorrhages were not observed, and oedematous changes were less pronounced. The Trasylol effect on oedema development was not significant in this model. In the surgical wound model, oedematous changes were observed after 24 hours following the lesion. Oedema occurred in the white matter, as in the animals with cold lesions. In both models--surgical wound and cold lesion--the beneficial effect of Trasylol was shown, while the effect of Aescorin was less evident. The results obtained seemed to testify to the usefulness of both Trasylol and vasoprotective drugs in the prevention and treatment of brain oedema in neurosurgical patients.", "PMID": 517202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11616", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside (NPS) stimulates the lactate formation and causes intracellular electrolyte shifts in brain slices.", "content": "Nitroprusside sodium (NPS) was added to slices from grey and white rabbit brain matter. The respiration, consumption of glucose, formation of lactate and pyruvate, water content, size of the extracellular space, and total and intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were determined and calculated. 0.5 and 1 mM NPS stimulated the glycolytic glucose breakdown, and inhibited the respiration of grey and white slices. The respiration of white matter slices was stimulated by 0.05 and 0.01 mM NPS. The total and intracellular potassium concentrations in slices from grey and white matter were lowered markedly by 1 mM NPS. The total and the intracellular sodium concentrations in grey brain matter slices became higher in the presence of 1 mM NPS. A warning is given against uncritical clinical use of higher concentrations of NPS.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside (NPS) stimulates the lactate formation and causes intracellular electrolyte shifts in brain slices. Nitroprusside sodium (NPS) was added to slices from grey and white rabbit brain matter. The respiration, consumption of glucose, formation of lactate and pyruvate, water content, size of the extracellular space, and total and intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were determined and calculated. 0.5 and 1 mM NPS stimulated the glycolytic glucose breakdown, and inhibited the respiration of grey and white slices. The respiration of white matter slices was stimulated by 0.05 and 0.01 mM NPS. The total and intracellular potassium concentrations in slices from grey and white matter were lowered markedly by 1 mM NPS. The total and the intracellular sodium concentrations in grey brain matter slices became higher in the presence of 1 mM NPS. A warning is given against uncritical clinical use of higher concentrations of NPS.", "PMID": 517203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11617", "title": "A teratoma of the third ventricle of the brain.", "content": "A report is presented here of the total extirpation of a teratoma located in the third ventricle of a boy of eight. Since the tumour was made up of mature tissues (adult teratoma), its extirpation may be regarded as a cure. Although there are a few exceptions to the rule, other tumours located in the third ventricle of brain are mostly malignant, and they penetrate the tissues which constitute the wall of the third ventricle. For that reason the effects of a radical operation are doubtful. The adult teratoma is an exception. A tumour of this kind should be extirpated as a whole and removed from the third ventricle of brain.", "contents": "A teratoma of the third ventricle of the brain. A report is presented here of the total extirpation of a teratoma located in the third ventricle of a boy of eight. Since the tumour was made up of mature tissues (adult teratoma), its extirpation may be regarded as a cure. Although there are a few exceptions to the rule, other tumours located in the third ventricle of brain are mostly malignant, and they penetrate the tissues which constitute the wall of the third ventricle. For that reason the effects of a radical operation are doubtful. The adult teratoma is an exception. A tumour of this kind should be extirpated as a whole and removed from the third ventricle of brain.", "PMID": 517204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11618", "title": "School rebellion: a research note.", "content": "Pathanalysis is applied to survey data bearing on Arthur Stinchcombe's model of student rebellion. The linear causal model hypothesizes that school rebellion is due directly to expressive alienation and indirectly to strain in three systems: poor articulation regarding status allocation, claims to cultural symbols of adult rights, and unrealizable internal standards. Support for the model is not obtained. An alternate model is tested and verified in which political efficacy is an important antecedent of school disruption. The major implication is that school rebellion is not a response to the school experience itself. Other findings are presented concerning the scalability of school disruption items, the nature of expressive alienation and its components, and the impact of sex, race, and neighborhood on school rebellion.", "contents": "School rebellion: a research note. Pathanalysis is applied to survey data bearing on Arthur Stinchcombe's model of student rebellion. The linear causal model hypothesizes that school rebellion is due directly to expressive alienation and indirectly to strain in three systems: poor articulation regarding status allocation, claims to cultural symbols of adult rights, and unrealizable internal standards. Support for the model is not obtained. An alternate model is tested and verified in which political efficacy is an important antecedent of school disruption. The major implication is that school rebellion is not a response to the school experience itself. Other findings are presented concerning the scalability of school disruption items, the nature of expressive alienation and its components, and the impact of sex, race, and neighborhood on school rebellion.", "PMID": 517218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11619", "title": "The transmission and acquisition of values in the residential treatment of emotionally disturbed adolescents.", "content": "A discussion about (1) the role of values in adolescent development and (2) the various value pathologies found in adolescents in residential treatment was presented. A descriptive study of the transmission and acquisition of three values described how values are not only transmitted by unvarying routines, decrees, traditions, and unspoken codes, but are also conveyed by certain child-care practices. The consistency and quality of these practices were found to be a significant factor for the three values studied.", "contents": "The transmission and acquisition of values in the residential treatment of emotionally disturbed adolescents. A discussion about (1) the role of values in adolescent development and (2) the various value pathologies found in adolescents in residential treatment was presented. A descriptive study of the transmission and acquisition of three values described how values are not only transmitted by unvarying routines, decrees, traditions, and unspoken codes, but are also conveyed by certain child-care practices. The consistency and quality of these practices were found to be a significant factor for the three values studied.", "PMID": 517219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11620", "title": "A group behavior modification approach to adolescent obesity.", "content": "This article describes a group weight control project with severely obese adolescent girls in a medical setting. Behavior modification and nutritional principles were utilized with peer group interaction. Significant others were included through separate group meetings. This approach produced small amounts of net weight loss for the girls. The drop-outs continued to have a net gain. As a treatment method, this program was more effective for these girls than previous individual clinic contacts had been. When losing weight, the girls tended to use behavior modification techniques more often, and their diets became more adequate nutritionally. Development of group cohesion was tenuous and temporary. Girls who were functioning more independently appeared to do better in weight loss. Disinterested significant others were preferable to nonsupportive ones. A predictive factor was identified, the girls' perception of control. This was measured by the I-E test. Those with a more internalized perception of control were more likely to continue with the program and more likely to lose weight. Because the patient group was small, findings are tentative. However, this program helped to define particular areas that deserve further exploration.", "contents": "A group behavior modification approach to adolescent obesity. This article describes a group weight control project with severely obese adolescent girls in a medical setting. Behavior modification and nutritional principles were utilized with peer group interaction. Significant others were included through separate group meetings. This approach produced small amounts of net weight loss for the girls. The drop-outs continued to have a net gain. As a treatment method, this program was more effective for these girls than previous individual clinic contacts had been. When losing weight, the girls tended to use behavior modification techniques more often, and their diets became more adequate nutritionally. Development of group cohesion was tenuous and temporary. Girls who were functioning more independently appeared to do better in weight loss. Disinterested significant others were preferable to nonsupportive ones. A predictive factor was identified, the girls' perception of control. This was measured by the I-E test. Those with a more internalized perception of control were more likely to continue with the program and more likely to lose weight. Because the patient group was small, findings are tentative. However, this program helped to define particular areas that deserve further exploration.", "PMID": 517220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11621", "title": "Implications of developmental theories for counseling adolescents in groups.", "content": "This paper presents a rationale for the use of group techniques in counseling adolescents, based on selected developmental theories. In addition, it delineates specific practical implications and guidelines for group counselors to consider. Specifically, group selection, group size and composition, and topical content are discussed as they relate to developmental issues during adolescence.", "contents": "Implications of developmental theories for counseling adolescents in groups. This paper presents a rationale for the use of group techniques in counseling adolescents, based on selected developmental theories. In addition, it delineates specific practical implications and guidelines for group counselors to consider. Specifically, group selection, group size and composition, and topical content are discussed as they relate to developmental issues during adolescence.", "PMID": 517222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11622", "title": "A behavioral continuum synthesizing Neutralization Theory, situational ethics and juvenile delinquency.", "content": "This paper develops some ideas in Matza's Neutralization theory into a continuum containing four categories ranging from extreme goodness to rebellion. We labeled these categories as Moral Absolute, Situational Ethic, Neutralization, and Rebellious Absolute. We discuss the percentages expected in each category and hypothesize that involvement in delinquency will increase progressively across these four categories. The rationale behind this hypothesis is that youth in the United States are viewed as being socialized to accept absolute norms but also to allow exceptions to these norms for particular situations, and that delinquent youth extend these exceptions to zones wider than are tolerated by law officers and wider than are generally accepted. A modified version of the Nye-Short self-reported delinquency scale and measures of normative oreintation which we constructed were used in a mail-out questionnaire to public school students (N = 351). We view our findings as being basically consistent with these expectations.", "contents": "A behavioral continuum synthesizing Neutralization Theory, situational ethics and juvenile delinquency. This paper develops some ideas in Matza's Neutralization theory into a continuum containing four categories ranging from extreme goodness to rebellion. We labeled these categories as Moral Absolute, Situational Ethic, Neutralization, and Rebellious Absolute. We discuss the percentages expected in each category and hypothesize that involvement in delinquency will increase progressively across these four categories. The rationale behind this hypothesis is that youth in the United States are viewed as being socialized to accept absolute norms but also to allow exceptions to these norms for particular situations, and that delinquent youth extend these exceptions to zones wider than are tolerated by law officers and wider than are generally accepted. A modified version of the Nye-Short self-reported delinquency scale and measures of normative oreintation which we constructed were used in a mail-out questionnaire to public school students (N = 351). We view our findings as being basically consistent with these expectations.", "PMID": 517223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11623", "title": "A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy for program for adolescents.", "content": "A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy program was designed and implemented with adolescents who manifested problems in school, at home, and with peers. Baseline measures for target behaviors were taken within the activities therapy program and, after a behavioral analysis, specific techniques were chosen to remediate problems. Techniques employed included: contingency contracting, assertiveness training, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. Evaluation of the effectiveness of each program was performed through daily measurement of the frequency of the occurrence of the target behaviors. Three case studies are presented which are illustrative of the range of programs which can be successfully implemented with this population.", "contents": "A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy for program for adolescents. A behaviorally-oriented activities therapy program was designed and implemented with adolescents who manifested problems in school, at home, and with peers. Baseline measures for target behaviors were taken within the activities therapy program and, after a behavioral analysis, specific techniques were chosen to remediate problems. Techniques employed included: contingency contracting, assertiveness training, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. Evaluation of the effectiveness of each program was performed through daily measurement of the frequency of the occurrence of the target behaviors. Three case studies are presented which are illustrative of the range of programs which can be successfully implemented with this population.", "PMID": 517224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11624", "title": "Bipolar depression (manic-depressive disease) in early adolescence.", "content": "Bipolar Depression is rare in early adolescence. Since only rare cases were described in the literature, every case is important. In this article we described three cases of Bipolar Depression who were hospitalized in our Adolescent Unit during the past three years. All of them started at age 13--14. It is important to diagnose this illness in order to administer the required treatment in the acute phase and preventive treatment afterwards. Our experience indicates that treatment for early adolescents is identical with treatment for adults and calls for the same dosage.", "contents": "Bipolar depression (manic-depressive disease) in early adolescence. Bipolar Depression is rare in early adolescence. Since only rare cases were described in the literature, every case is important. In this article we described three cases of Bipolar Depression who were hospitalized in our Adolescent Unit during the past three years. All of them started at age 13--14. It is important to diagnose this illness in order to administer the required treatment in the acute phase and preventive treatment afterwards. Our experience indicates that treatment for early adolescents is identical with treatment for adults and calls for the same dosage.", "PMID": 517227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11625", "title": "Dextran-induced lowering of parameters of the kallikrein-kinin system in rat plasma.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with tranexamic acid inhibited the rapid lowering of the plasma levels of acetone/kaolin-activated prekallikrein proactivator and prekallikrein caused by intravenous injection of dextran, but did not inhibit the reduction in the level of plasminogen, and potentiated the lowering of high molecular weight kininogen. By acetone/kaolin activation of normal rat plasma a mixture of surface-bound factor XIIa and unbound XIIf was obtained, and a BAEe-esterase (MW about 47,000) possessing weak kininogenase activity was present in addition to kallikrein. In activated plasma from dextran-treated rats the cleavage of XIIa was strongly reduced, and the second esterase was almost absent. It is suggested that dextran induces the loss of a plasma factor which is important for the cleavage of factor XIIa in the adopted procedure. This factor was not high molecular weight kininogen, and the lowering of plasminogen was too small to account for the reduction in PKA-activity.", "contents": "Dextran-induced lowering of parameters of the kallikrein-kinin system in rat plasma. Pretreatment of rats with tranexamic acid inhibited the rapid lowering of the plasma levels of acetone/kaolin-activated prekallikrein proactivator and prekallikrein caused by intravenous injection of dextran, but did not inhibit the reduction in the level of plasminogen, and potentiated the lowering of high molecular weight kininogen. By acetone/kaolin activation of normal rat plasma a mixture of surface-bound factor XIIa and unbound XIIf was obtained, and a BAEe-esterase (MW about 47,000) possessing weak kininogenase activity was present in addition to kallikrein. In activated plasma from dextran-treated rats the cleavage of XIIa was strongly reduced, and the second esterase was almost absent. It is suggested that dextran induces the loss of a plasma factor which is important for the cleavage of factor XIIa in the adopted procedure. This factor was not high molecular weight kininogen, and the lowering of plasminogen was too small to account for the reduction in PKA-activity.", "PMID": 517228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11626", "title": "Substrate modulation as a control mechanism in the activation of plasma multienzyme systems.", "content": "Since plasma is a homogenous fluid its biochemical systems need special control mechanisms to prevent their unlimited and continuous activity. In general, enzymic activity is not preformed but generated by trigger processes. Activation is then enhanced by cascade reactions. It can be controlled by enzyme inhibitors, by enzymes which destroy co-factors, or by spontaneous decay or enzyme complexes involved in the system. In addition, in some reactions of the complement and Hageman factor-dependent systems the necessity of substrate modulation controls the extent of activation. Thus, factor B of the properdin system is activatable by factor D only when bound to the activated third component of complement, and C3b fragment; similarly C2 is activated and forms the C3 converting complex, C42, only when bound to C4b prior to its cleavage by C1; C5 can be activated by either of the two convertases only when bound to surface-fixed C3b; and the mutural activation of Hageman factor and pre-kallikrein on surfaces proceeds efficiently only when HMW-kininogen is present which complexes with pre-kallikrein and possibly with Hageman factor.", "contents": "Substrate modulation as a control mechanism in the activation of plasma multienzyme systems. Since plasma is a homogenous fluid its biochemical systems need special control mechanisms to prevent their unlimited and continuous activity. In general, enzymic activity is not preformed but generated by trigger processes. Activation is then enhanced by cascade reactions. It can be controlled by enzyme inhibitors, by enzymes which destroy co-factors, or by spontaneous decay or enzyme complexes involved in the system. In addition, in some reactions of the complement and Hageman factor-dependent systems the necessity of substrate modulation controls the extent of activation. Thus, factor B of the properdin system is activatable by factor D only when bound to the activated third component of complement, and C3b fragment; similarly C2 is activated and forms the C3 converting complex, C42, only when bound to C4b prior to its cleavage by C1; C5 can be activated by either of the two convertases only when bound to surface-fixed C3b; and the mutural activation of Hageman factor and pre-kallikrein on surfaces proceeds efficiently only when HMW-kininogen is present which complexes with pre-kallikrein and possibly with Hageman factor.", "PMID": 517230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11627", "title": "Activation of human Hageman factor by a leukocytic protease.", "content": "We earlier reported the IgE-mediated release of a basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A) which, like plasma kallikrein, is an arginine esterase and cleaves human plasma kininogen generating immunoreactive kinin. We herein report that, like plasma kallikrein, preparations rich in this basophil protease also activate human Hageman Factor by proteolytic cleavage of the zymogen molecule into light and heavy chains. These fragments of 28,000 and 52,000 daltons are similar in size to those produced during activation of Hageman Factor by plasma kallikrein. Exposure of Hageman Factor (bound to a negatively charged surface) to BK-A led to the proteolytic cleavage of Hageman Factor producing a 28,000 molecular weight fragment (HFa) which is functionally active and capable of activating prekallikrein to kallikrein. We conclude that, during anaphylaxis, basophils may release a protease that is capable of cleaving and activating Hageman Factor, thus providing a mechanism for initiating the in vivo activation of the Hageman Factor dependent systems.", "contents": "Activation of human Hageman factor by a leukocytic protease. We earlier reported the IgE-mediated release of a basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A) which, like plasma kallikrein, is an arginine esterase and cleaves human plasma kininogen generating immunoreactive kinin. We herein report that, like plasma kallikrein, preparations rich in this basophil protease also activate human Hageman Factor by proteolytic cleavage of the zymogen molecule into light and heavy chains. These fragments of 28,000 and 52,000 daltons are similar in size to those produced during activation of Hageman Factor by plasma kallikrein. Exposure of Hageman Factor (bound to a negatively charged surface) to BK-A led to the proteolytic cleavage of Hageman Factor producing a 28,000 molecular weight fragment (HFa) which is functionally active and capable of activating prekallikrein to kallikrein. We conclude that, during anaphylaxis, basophils may release a protease that is capable of cleaving and activating Hageman Factor, thus providing a mechanism for initiating the in vivo activation of the Hageman Factor dependent systems.", "PMID": 517231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11628", "title": "Contact activation of plasma: structure-activity relationships of human high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "Human high MW kininogen can be isolated as a single polypeptide chain of 110,000 MW. Purified human plasma kallikrein cleaves this molecule to give a disulfide-linked, two chain molecule, free of kinin, that retains full clotting activity. Following reduction and carboxymethylation of the two chain molecule, a light chain can be isolated that quantitatively retains the full coagulant activity of the native molecule. During contact activation in normal human plasma a rapid cleavage of high MW kininogen along with kinin liberation occurs in a reaction that is dependent upon the presence of prekallikrein and Factor XII (Hageman factor).", "contents": "Contact activation of plasma: structure-activity relationships of human high molecular weight kininogen. Human high MW kininogen can be isolated as a single polypeptide chain of 110,000 MW. Purified human plasma kallikrein cleaves this molecule to give a disulfide-linked, two chain molecule, free of kinin, that retains full clotting activity. Following reduction and carboxymethylation of the two chain molecule, a light chain can be isolated that quantitatively retains the full coagulant activity of the native molecule. During contact activation in normal human plasma a rapid cleavage of high MW kininogen along with kinin liberation occurs in a reaction that is dependent upon the presence of prekallikrein and Factor XII (Hageman factor).", "PMID": 517232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11629", "title": "The significant reduction of high molecular weight-kininogen in synovial fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "It has been proposed that kinin system was implicated in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Our present work provides further support on the involvement of the kinin system. In osteoarthritis patients, the total, high molecular weight (HMW)-, and low molecular weight (LMW)-kininogen levels in synovial fluid were not different from those in plasma. On the contrary, in rheumatoid patients, HMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was significantly lower than that in plasma, whereas LMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was not different from that in plasma. The reduction of HMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was much more marked in active cases of those who showed high blood sedimentation rate and high C-reactive protein value. Furthermore, the reduction was closely related to the clinical severity. In active rheumatoid patients, HMW-kininogen level was further reduced in the synovial fluid after withdrawal of indomethacin.", "contents": "The significant reduction of high molecular weight-kininogen in synovial fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. It has been proposed that kinin system was implicated in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Our present work provides further support on the involvement of the kinin system. In osteoarthritis patients, the total, high molecular weight (HMW)-, and low molecular weight (LMW)-kininogen levels in synovial fluid were not different from those in plasma. On the contrary, in rheumatoid patients, HMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was significantly lower than that in plasma, whereas LMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was not different from that in plasma. The reduction of HMW-kininogen level in synovial fluid was much more marked in active cases of those who showed high blood sedimentation rate and high C-reactive protein value. Furthermore, the reduction was closely related to the clinical severity. In active rheumatoid patients, HMW-kininogen level was further reduced in the synovial fluid after withdrawal of indomethacin.", "PMID": 517234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11630", "title": "The kinin-forming acid protease system in murine fibroblasts L-929.", "content": "Components of an acid protease kinin-forming enzyme system were isolated and purified from the murine fibroblast L-929 cell line grown in stationary cell culture. The enzyme, was purified from the 10,000 g supernatant cell fraction by sequential passage through G-200 Sephadex, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-A50 Sephadex and affinity chromatography columns. The specific activity was determined on a rat plasma kininogen purified on DEAE and G-100 Sephadex columns as assayed for kinin-forming activity on the isolated perfused rat uterus. Both enzyme and substrate showed a single band pattern by disc gel electrophoresis technique. Optimum protease activity was obtained at pH 3.8, and kinin release was both time- and enzyme-dependent at 37 degrees. The molecular weight of the protease and kininogen, estimated on a G-200 Sephadex column, was 39,000 and 115,000 respectively. Two fibroblast kinins were isolated from a mixture of 12,000 g fraction of fibroblast homogenate and rat plasma incubated at 37 degrees, pH 4.0 for 92 hours. The two fibroblast kinins (I, II) were separated and purified on G-25 Sephadex, CM-C50 Sephadex, and Biogel P-4 columns. The purity of the kinins was ascertained by thin layer chromatography. The molecular weight of fibroblast kinin I was estimated to be 1450 with a 14-amino acid composition consisting of AspThrSerProGluGlyAlaVal-LeuTyrPheLysHisArg. Fibroblast kinin II had an estimated molecular weight of 1000 with a 12-amino acid composition that included AspSerProGluGlyAlaLeuTyrLysHisArg. The kinins were relatively rich in arginine and did not contain the bradykinin sequence.", "contents": "The kinin-forming acid protease system in murine fibroblasts L-929. Components of an acid protease kinin-forming enzyme system were isolated and purified from the murine fibroblast L-929 cell line grown in stationary cell culture. The enzyme, was purified from the 10,000 g supernatant cell fraction by sequential passage through G-200 Sephadex, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-A50 Sephadex and affinity chromatography columns. The specific activity was determined on a rat plasma kininogen purified on DEAE and G-100 Sephadex columns as assayed for kinin-forming activity on the isolated perfused rat uterus. Both enzyme and substrate showed a single band pattern by disc gel electrophoresis technique. Optimum protease activity was obtained at pH 3.8, and kinin release was both time- and enzyme-dependent at 37 degrees. The molecular weight of the protease and kininogen, estimated on a G-200 Sephadex column, was 39,000 and 115,000 respectively. Two fibroblast kinins were isolated from a mixture of 12,000 g fraction of fibroblast homogenate and rat plasma incubated at 37 degrees, pH 4.0 for 92 hours. The two fibroblast kinins (I, II) were separated and purified on G-25 Sephadex, CM-C50 Sephadex, and Biogel P-4 columns. The purity of the kinins was ascertained by thin layer chromatography. The molecular weight of fibroblast kinin I was estimated to be 1450 with a 14-amino acid composition consisting of AspThrSerProGluGlyAlaVal-LeuTyrPheLysHisArg. Fibroblast kinin II had an estimated molecular weight of 1000 with a 12-amino acid composition that included AspSerProGluGlyAlaLeuTyrLysHisArg. The kinins were relatively rich in arginine and did not contain the bradykinin sequence.", "PMID": 517235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11631", "title": "Basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A)--purification and characterization.", "content": "These studies describe the IgE-mediated release of a basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A) that has arginine esterase activity and is inhibited by plasma, DFP, and Trasylol. The interaction of BK-A active fractions from ion exchange (DEAE-Sephacel) and gel filtration (Sepharose 6B) chromatography, with human plasma kininogen generates immunoreactive kinin. The BK-A and kinin-generating activities co-chromatograph on DEAE-Sephacel and Sepharose 6B columns, and the quantity of kinin generated is, in general, proportional to the BK-A activity of the column fractions, suggesting that these two activities are subserved by the same protease. These data suggest that kallikrein-like activity can be generated from human basophils as a direct result of a primary IgE-mediated immune reaction, thus providing a potential link between reactions of immediate hypersensitivity and the plasma and/or tissue kinin-generating systems.", "contents": "Basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A)--purification and characterization. These studies describe the IgE-mediated release of a basophil kallikrein of anaphylaxis (BK-A) that has arginine esterase activity and is inhibited by plasma, DFP, and Trasylol. The interaction of BK-A active fractions from ion exchange (DEAE-Sephacel) and gel filtration (Sepharose 6B) chromatography, with human plasma kininogen generates immunoreactive kinin. The BK-A and kinin-generating activities co-chromatograph on DEAE-Sephacel and Sepharose 6B columns, and the quantity of kinin generated is, in general, proportional to the BK-A activity of the column fractions, suggesting that these two activities are subserved by the same protease. These data suggest that kallikrein-like activity can be generated from human basophils as a direct result of a primary IgE-mediated immune reaction, thus providing a potential link between reactions of immediate hypersensitivity and the plasma and/or tissue kinin-generating systems.", "PMID": 517236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11632", "title": "Effect of pancreatic kallikrein, sperm acrosin and high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen on cervical mucus penetration ability of seminal plasma-free human spermatozoa.", "content": "Bradykinin is able to stimulate sperm migration of SPFS; HMW kininogen does not effect sperm migration of SPFS; Kallikrein and acrosin induce small stimulation of sperm migration of SPFS indicating traces of kininogen attached to the sperm surface enabling liberation of kinins; In the presence of kininogen, kallikrein and acrosin significantly improve cervical mucus penetration of SPFS; Lastly, from the presented studies there is experimental evidence that acrosin is involved in stimulation of sperm migration within the female genital tract due to liberation of kinins from kininogen (see Figure 7.).", "contents": "Effect of pancreatic kallikrein, sperm acrosin and high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen on cervical mucus penetration ability of seminal plasma-free human spermatozoa. Bradykinin is able to stimulate sperm migration of SPFS; HMW kininogen does not effect sperm migration of SPFS; Kallikrein and acrosin induce small stimulation of sperm migration of SPFS indicating traces of kininogen attached to the sperm surface enabling liberation of kinins; In the presence of kininogen, kallikrein and acrosin significantly improve cervical mucus penetration of SPFS; Lastly, from the presented studies there is experimental evidence that acrosin is involved in stimulation of sperm migration within the female genital tract due to liberation of kinins from kininogen (see Figure 7.).", "PMID": 517237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11633", "title": "Recent advances in microbial secondary metabolites: inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes.", "content": "We initiated the study of small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by microorganisms and found about 50 new compounds. In this paper, the author reviewed our studies on inhibitors of various proteases and enzymes on the surface of animal cells. Small molecular inhibitors of cellular surface enzymes enhanced or suppressed immune response. Studies on kinin and its related areas are rapidly progressing as shown by papers presented in this symposium. Parallel to the progress in these areas, it will become possible to establish new screening methods and to find new compounds useful in the study of kinin and its related systems.", "contents": "Recent advances in microbial secondary metabolites: inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. We initiated the study of small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by microorganisms and found about 50 new compounds. In this paper, the author reviewed our studies on inhibitors of various proteases and enzymes on the surface of animal cells. Small molecular inhibitors of cellular surface enzymes enhanced or suppressed immune response. Studies on kinin and its related areas are rapidly progressing as shown by papers presented in this symposium. Parallel to the progress in these areas, it will become possible to establish new screening methods and to find new compounds useful in the study of kinin and its related systems.", "PMID": 517239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11634", "title": "Molecular mechanisms of surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII).", "content": "Based on studies using 3H-DFP as an active site titrant, it is suggested that surface binding in itself does not result in the formation of new active sites in the Hageman factor molecule. Moreover, it was found that surface-binding of human and bovine Hageman factor renders these molecules 100 to 1000 times more susceptible to proteolytic activation by kallikrein, plasmin, or other proteases. Initiation of contact activation may involve proteolytic activation of surface-bound Hageman factor by a number of different proteases. Both Hageman factor and prekallikrein react with DFP like weakly active zymogens. Initiation of contact activation may also involve the expression of low intrinsic catalytic activity of these zymogens.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms of surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII). Based on studies using 3H-DFP as an active site titrant, it is suggested that surface binding in itself does not result in the formation of new active sites in the Hageman factor molecule. Moreover, it was found that surface-binding of human and bovine Hageman factor renders these molecules 100 to 1000 times more susceptible to proteolytic activation by kallikrein, plasmin, or other proteases. Initiation of contact activation may involve proteolytic activation of surface-bound Hageman factor by a number of different proteases. Both Hageman factor and prekallikrein react with DFP like weakly active zymogens. Initiation of contact activation may also involve the expression of low intrinsic catalytic activity of these zymogens.", "PMID": 517240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11635", "title": "Changes in blood level of kininogen, prostaglandin E and hemodynamics during experimental acute myocardial ischemia with and without FOY-007.", "content": "Changes in kininogen, prostaglandin E and hemodynamics were studied during 2 hours after left anterior descending artery ligation in 19 anesthetized dogs with and without FOY-007, an inhibitor of kinin forming enzyme. Significant decrease in kininogen in aorta and great cardiac vein (aorta greater than great cardiac vein) and increase in prostaglandin E in great cardiac vein were observed after ligation, indicating release of kinin and prostaglandin E from ischemic area. Both kininogen and prostaglandin E changes were inhibited by FOY-007 but further decrease in cardiac output and increase in systemic vascular resistance were observed. In summary, myocardial release of both kinin and prostaglandin E was inhibited by FOY-007, with increase of afterload of the heart.", "contents": "Changes in blood level of kininogen, prostaglandin E and hemodynamics during experimental acute myocardial ischemia with and without FOY-007. Changes in kininogen, prostaglandin E and hemodynamics were studied during 2 hours after left anterior descending artery ligation in 19 anesthetized dogs with and without FOY-007, an inhibitor of kinin forming enzyme. Significant decrease in kininogen in aorta and great cardiac vein (aorta greater than great cardiac vein) and increase in prostaglandin E in great cardiac vein were observed after ligation, indicating release of kinin and prostaglandin E from ischemic area. Both kininogen and prostaglandin E changes were inhibited by FOY-007 but further decrease in cardiac output and increase in systemic vascular resistance were observed. In summary, myocardial release of both kinin and prostaglandin E was inhibited by FOY-007, with increase of afterload of the heart.", "PMID": 517241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11636", "title": "Partial purification of prorenin and activation by kallikreins: a possible new link between renin and kallikrein systems.", "content": "With the objective of identifying prorenin and its physiological activation mechanism, human plasma prorenin was completely separated from active renin for the first time. It was shown that prorenin has no activity whereas active renin has no potential for further activation. Urinary kallikreins were found to activate prorenin fractions freed from kallikrein inhibitors by affinity chromatography and treatment at pH 3.3. Human plasma kallikrein also exhibited weak activation.", "contents": "Partial purification of prorenin and activation by kallikreins: a possible new link between renin and kallikrein systems. With the objective of identifying prorenin and its physiological activation mechanism, human plasma prorenin was completely separated from active renin for the first time. It was shown that prorenin has no activity whereas active renin has no potential for further activation. Urinary kallikreins were found to activate prorenin fractions freed from kallikrein inhibitors by affinity chromatography and treatment at pH 3.3. Human plasma kallikrein also exhibited weak activation.", "PMID": 517242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11637", "title": "Renal kallikrein-kinin system and prostaglandin in hypertension: their relation to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "content": "The present study was done to investigate the interrelationships between renal kallikrein-kinin, renal prostaglandin E and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in normal subjects and in essential hypertension by means of measuring urinary excretion of kallikrein and prostaglandin E, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration before and after stimulation or inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inhibition of renal prostaglandin E generation. Urinary kallikrein excretion was increased after the stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by low Na diet or the administration of furosemide and upright posture, while it decreased after the inhibition of the action of aldosterone by spironolactone. These data show that the change in urinary kallikrein excretion was related to that in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system following various stimuli, suggesting that renal kallikrein-kinin system may regulate blood pressure by opposing the action of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Urinary PGE excretion was decreased after sodium depletion and increased after the administration of furosemide in spite of the augmentation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The change in urinary PGE excretion was closely related to that in urinary Na output after various stimuli, and a significant positive correlation was found between basal levels of urinary PGE and those of urinary Na, suggesting that renal prostaglandin E may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure by affecting renal sodium handling. The present data show that basal level of urinary excretion of PGE and kallikrein was lower in essential hypertension than in normal subjects and that the release of renal kallikrein and PGE after the furosemide administration was also suppressed in patients with essential hypertension compared with that in normal subjects, suggesting that there exists, in this disease, an impaired defense mechanism against the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system resulting in sodium retention.", "contents": "Renal kallikrein-kinin system and prostaglandin in hypertension: their relation to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The present study was done to investigate the interrelationships between renal kallikrein-kinin, renal prostaglandin E and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in normal subjects and in essential hypertension by means of measuring urinary excretion of kallikrein and prostaglandin E, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration before and after stimulation or inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inhibition of renal prostaglandin E generation. Urinary kallikrein excretion was increased after the stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by low Na diet or the administration of furosemide and upright posture, while it decreased after the inhibition of the action of aldosterone by spironolactone. These data show that the change in urinary kallikrein excretion was related to that in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system following various stimuli, suggesting that renal kallikrein-kinin system may regulate blood pressure by opposing the action of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Urinary PGE excretion was decreased after sodium depletion and increased after the administration of furosemide in spite of the augmentation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The change in urinary PGE excretion was closely related to that in urinary Na output after various stimuli, and a significant positive correlation was found between basal levels of urinary PGE and those of urinary Na, suggesting that renal prostaglandin E may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure by affecting renal sodium handling. The present data show that basal level of urinary excretion of PGE and kallikrein was lower in essential hypertension than in normal subjects and that the release of renal kallikrein and PGE after the furosemide administration was also suppressed in patients with essential hypertension compared with that in normal subjects, suggesting that there exists, in this disease, an impaired defense mechanism against the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system resulting in sodium retention.", "PMID": 517244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11638", "title": "A clinical study on urinary kallikrein in patients with renal diseases.", "content": "The urinary kallikrein activity (KA) was measured to investigate its significance in the renal diseases by using tosyl-arginine methyl ester (TAME) as a substrate. The examinees were 94 patients with renal diseases and 25 normal persons. The daily urinary kallikrein excretion (KE, KE=KAxdaily urinary volume) is less in chronic glomerulonephritis and outstandingly less in chronic renal failure than in the normal controls. The KE also shows a positive correlation moderately to 15-min PSP excretion and relatively to creatinine clearance. KE is closely related to renal function and decreases with the degree of renal damage. KA has no relation to the concentration of urine protein, but it was parallel, in general, to the urokinase activity. In nephrotic syndrome, KA tends to show a negative correlation to the urinary alpha 1-antitrypsin. alpha 1-antitrypsin may have a function as an inhibitor to the urinary kallikrein.", "contents": "A clinical study on urinary kallikrein in patients with renal diseases. The urinary kallikrein activity (KA) was measured to investigate its significance in the renal diseases by using tosyl-arginine methyl ester (TAME) as a substrate. The examinees were 94 patients with renal diseases and 25 normal persons. The daily urinary kallikrein excretion (KE, KE=KAxdaily urinary volume) is less in chronic glomerulonephritis and outstandingly less in chronic renal failure than in the normal controls. The KE also shows a positive correlation moderately to 15-min PSP excretion and relatively to creatinine clearance. KE is closely related to renal function and decreases with the degree of renal damage. KA has no relation to the concentration of urine protein, but it was parallel, in general, to the urokinase activity. In nephrotic syndrome, KA tends to show a negative correlation to the urinary alpha 1-antitrypsin. alpha 1-antitrypsin may have a function as an inhibitor to the urinary kallikrein.", "PMID": 517249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11639", "title": "Blood kinin system in renal hypertensive patients administered with SQ 20881.", "content": "The i.v. administration of 0.25 mg/kg SQ 20881 to eight renal hypertensive patients caused blood pressure fall and in five of them also reduced heart rate. The latter was attributed to increase in vagal tone. Peripheral and renal blood samples taken at the nadir of the hypotensive response showed considerable inhibition of plasma kininase activity, rise in free kinin level and reduced kininogen content. This reduction was not due to increased consumption as shown by in vitro experiments. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels in kidney blood of three patients remained practically unchanged. Plasma renin activity was augmented to a larger extent in blood of kidney with stenotic artery than in the one with patent vessel. It is concluded that the action of SQ 20881 on human blood kinin system, besides inhibition of kininase, involves also reduction of kininogen, the mechanism of which remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Blood kinin system in renal hypertensive patients administered with SQ 20881. The i.v. administration of 0.25 mg/kg SQ 20881 to eight renal hypertensive patients caused blood pressure fall and in five of them also reduced heart rate. The latter was attributed to increase in vagal tone. Peripheral and renal blood samples taken at the nadir of the hypotensive response showed considerable inhibition of plasma kininase activity, rise in free kinin level and reduced kininogen content. This reduction was not due to increased consumption as shown by in vitro experiments. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels in kidney blood of three patients remained practically unchanged. Plasma renin activity was augmented to a larger extent in blood of kidney with stenotic artery than in the one with patent vessel. It is concluded that the action of SQ 20881 on human blood kinin system, besides inhibition of kininase, involves also reduction of kininogen, the mechanism of which remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 517251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11640", "title": "Interactions among Hageman factor (HG, Factor XII), plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, Factor XI), plasma prekallikrein (PK, Fletcher factor) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMW-K, Fitzgerald factor) in blood coagulation.", "content": "Studies of plasmas from individuals with Hageman trait (factor XII deficiency), plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) deficiency, Fletcher trait (plasma prekallikrein deficiency) and Fitzgerald trait (high molecular weight-kininogen deficiency) have revealed the importance of these proteins in blood coagulation. The interactions among them, however, are not fully elucidated. We have studied these reactions by two different approaches. (1) In a purified system, high molecular weight kininogen was absolutely required for activation of PTA by HF and ellagic acid (EA). The yield of activated PTA was proportional to the amount of HF, HMW-K, and PTA in the mixtures, suggesting that these three proteins may form a complex in the presence of EA. (2) In experiments with whole plasma, we took advantage of the adsorption of EA to Sephadex gels. When normal plasma or plasma deficient in HF, PK, HMW-K or PTA was exposed to Sephadex-EA and was separated by centrifugation, each supernatant plasma except that deficient in HF shortened the prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of HF-deficient plasma. Plasma simultaneously depleted of HMW-K, PK and PTA also shortened the PTT of HF-deficient plasma and of plasma depleted of HF and PK, but had virtually no procoagulant effect upon the PTT of plasma depleted of HF and MHW-K. Thus, exposure of HF in plasma to Sephadex-EA appeared to generate a clot-promoting form of HF in the absence of other clotting factors, but its expression required the presence of HMW-K.", "contents": "Interactions among Hageman factor (HG, Factor XII), plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, Factor XI), plasma prekallikrein (PK, Fletcher factor) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMW-K, Fitzgerald factor) in blood coagulation. Studies of plasmas from individuals with Hageman trait (factor XII deficiency), plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) deficiency, Fletcher trait (plasma prekallikrein deficiency) and Fitzgerald trait (high molecular weight-kininogen deficiency) have revealed the importance of these proteins in blood coagulation. The interactions among them, however, are not fully elucidated. We have studied these reactions by two different approaches. (1) In a purified system, high molecular weight kininogen was absolutely required for activation of PTA by HF and ellagic acid (EA). The yield of activated PTA was proportional to the amount of HF, HMW-K, and PTA in the mixtures, suggesting that these three proteins may form a complex in the presence of EA. (2) In experiments with whole plasma, we took advantage of the adsorption of EA to Sephadex gels. When normal plasma or plasma deficient in HF, PK, HMW-K or PTA was exposed to Sephadex-EA and was separated by centrifugation, each supernatant plasma except that deficient in HF shortened the prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of HF-deficient plasma. Plasma simultaneously depleted of HMW-K, PK and PTA also shortened the PTT of HF-deficient plasma and of plasma depleted of HF and PK, but had virtually no procoagulant effect upon the PTT of plasma depleted of HF and MHW-K. Thus, exposure of HF in plasma to Sephadex-EA appeared to generate a clot-promoting form of HF in the absence of other clotting factors, but its expression required the presence of HMW-K.", "PMID": 517254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11641", "title": "Variation of urinary kallikrein excretion during pregnancy and the effects of hypertension.", "content": "In normal pregnant women the excretion of urinary kallikrein diminishes between the second and the third trimester and such reduction is maintained during the first ten days of puerperium. A comparison between normal women and those suffering from hypertension during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy shows that, except for the first trimester, there exists a significant net reduction of enzyme excretion in the hypertensive cases. Dividing the patients according to the type of hypertension, it reveals that this phenomenon is unaltered for subjects having essential hypertension, while those affected by secondary hypertension or gestosis do not show any statistically significant variation in enzyme excretion from normal subjects.", "contents": "Variation of urinary kallikrein excretion during pregnancy and the effects of hypertension. In normal pregnant women the excretion of urinary kallikrein diminishes between the second and the third trimester and such reduction is maintained during the first ten days of puerperium. A comparison between normal women and those suffering from hypertension during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy shows that, except for the first trimester, there exists a significant net reduction of enzyme excretion in the hypertensive cases. Dividing the patients according to the type of hypertension, it reveals that this phenomenon is unaltered for subjects having essential hypertension, while those affected by secondary hypertension or gestosis do not show any statistically significant variation in enzyme excretion from normal subjects.", "PMID": 517257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11642", "title": "Altered urinary excretion of human kininase activity in hypertension.", "content": "This study describes the levels of urinary kininase activity in hypertension. Urinary kininase activity in essential and secondary hypertensive patients was higher than in controls (1010.2 +/- 102.7 versus 114.4 +/- 23.1 ng destroyed bradykinin/min.; p less than 0.001). In a group of hypertensive diabetics without nephropathy kininase activity in urine was decreased (46.0 +/- 12.7 ng destroyed bradykinin/min.). This investigation shows that in hypertension urinary kininase activity reaches higher levels. An inverse correlation was found between urinary kallikrein and urinary kininase activity from essential hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Altered urinary excretion of human kininase activity in hypertension. This study describes the levels of urinary kininase activity in hypertension. Urinary kininase activity in essential and secondary hypertensive patients was higher than in controls (1010.2 +/- 102.7 versus 114.4 +/- 23.1 ng destroyed bradykinin/min.; p less than 0.001). In a group of hypertensive diabetics without nephropathy kininase activity in urine was decreased (46.0 +/- 12.7 ng destroyed bradykinin/min.). This investigation shows that in hypertension urinary kininase activity reaches higher levels. An inverse correlation was found between urinary kallikrein and urinary kininase activity from essential hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 517258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11643", "title": "The specificity of potentiating effect of glutathione on the actions of bradykinin.", "content": "Potentiating effects of GSH, a physiologic kininase inhibitor on the bradykinin actions on (a) blood pressure responses of rabbits, (b) acute inflammatory response in rat's hind paws and (c) the isolated guinea-pig ileum contractions were examined among the combinations between various active agents and thiols. The potentiation of the hypotensive response to bradykinin by GSH was highly specific compared with the other experimental models (B and C). Throughout these three experiments, specific relation between GSH and bradykinin was consistently observed.", "contents": "The specificity of potentiating effect of glutathione on the actions of bradykinin. Potentiating effects of GSH, a physiologic kininase inhibitor on the bradykinin actions on (a) blood pressure responses of rabbits, (b) acute inflammatory response in rat's hind paws and (c) the isolated guinea-pig ileum contractions were examined among the combinations between various active agents and thiols. The potentiation of the hypotensive response to bradykinin by GSH was highly specific compared with the other experimental models (B and C). Throughout these three experiments, specific relation between GSH and bradykinin was consistently observed.", "PMID": 517259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11644", "title": "Homologous insemination with the addition of pancreatic kallikrein.", "content": "Hog pancreatic kallikrein does improve sperm motility and sperm migration in vitro. Kallikrein can be used for artificial insemination to improve cervical mucus sperm penetration ability of spermatozoa with reduced motility. Homologous insemination in 52 couples during a period of one year yields a conception rate of 38.5%. Insemination with kallikrein showed no side effects. Abortion rate with 15% was within the normal range. All delivered babies were healthy and showed no abnormalities.", "contents": "Homologous insemination with the addition of pancreatic kallikrein. Hog pancreatic kallikrein does improve sperm motility and sperm migration in vitro. Kallikrein can be used for artificial insemination to improve cervical mucus sperm penetration ability of spermatozoa with reduced motility. Homologous insemination in 52 couples during a period of one year yields a conception rate of 38.5%. Insemination with kallikrein showed no side effects. Abortion rate with 15% was within the normal range. All delivered babies were healthy and showed no abnormalities.", "PMID": 517261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11645", "title": "Inhibition of the contractile action of bradykinin on isolated smooth muscle preparations by derivatives of low molecular weight peptides.", "content": "The carbonyl terminal tripeptide sequence of bradykinin (Pro-Phe-Arg) is molecularly manipulated to obtain agents with potent antagonistic activity towards the smooth muscle contractile activity of bradykinin. Screening of various peptide derivatives revealed that heptyl amides or esters of H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg, and H-D-Phe-Phe-Arg possessed relatively stronger antibradykinin activity on the isolated smooth muscle preparation. The parent tripeptides, H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH, and H-D-Phe-Phe-Arg-OH, and their amino acid components, i.e. D-Proline, D-Phenylalanine, L-Phenylalanine and Arginine, did not possess any antibradykinin activity in concentrations of up to 10(-4) M. When the heptyl derivatives of these peptides were incubated with either heparinized or citrated whole blood or plasma, the antibradykinin activity was not lost. Incubation of these peptide derivatives with either carboxypeptidase A or B did not result in any loss of the pharmacological effect. However, pancreatic protease extract produced a significant loss of the anti-oxytocic action on the isolated rat uterus preparation. H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-NH-lauryl derivative also blocked the action of bradykinin and this effect sustained for a longer period of time comparative to the blockade with H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-NH-heptyl derivative. In concentrations of 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M and 1 min incubation, which blocked the contractile action of bradykinin (1 nmole) on the isolated guinea pig ileum, these peptide derivatives did not block the action of acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin. However, in concentrations of about 10(-6) M and higher with 5 min. incubation histamin is also blocked. On the isolated rat uterus preparation the contractile action of acetylcholine, angiotensin, oxytocin and vasopressin was blocked at concentrations of 10(-6) M. These findings warrant a differential pharmacological evaluation and in vivo testing of these peptide derivatives to investigate their therapeutic potential.", "contents": "Inhibition of the contractile action of bradykinin on isolated smooth muscle preparations by derivatives of low molecular weight peptides. The carbonyl terminal tripeptide sequence of bradykinin (Pro-Phe-Arg) is molecularly manipulated to obtain agents with potent antagonistic activity towards the smooth muscle contractile activity of bradykinin. Screening of various peptide derivatives revealed that heptyl amides or esters of H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg, and H-D-Phe-Phe-Arg possessed relatively stronger antibradykinin activity on the isolated smooth muscle preparation. The parent tripeptides, H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH, and H-D-Phe-Phe-Arg-OH, and their amino acid components, i.e. D-Proline, D-Phenylalanine, L-Phenylalanine and Arginine, did not possess any antibradykinin activity in concentrations of up to 10(-4) M. When the heptyl derivatives of these peptides were incubated with either heparinized or citrated whole blood or plasma, the antibradykinin activity was not lost. Incubation of these peptide derivatives with either carboxypeptidase A or B did not result in any loss of the pharmacological effect. However, pancreatic protease extract produced a significant loss of the anti-oxytocic action on the isolated rat uterus preparation. H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-NH-lauryl derivative also blocked the action of bradykinin and this effect sustained for a longer period of time comparative to the blockade with H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-NH-heptyl derivative. In concentrations of 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M and 1 min incubation, which blocked the contractile action of bradykinin (1 nmole) on the isolated guinea pig ileum, these peptide derivatives did not block the action of acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin. However, in concentrations of about 10(-6) M and higher with 5 min. incubation histamin is also blocked. On the isolated rat uterus preparation the contractile action of acetylcholine, angiotensin, oxytocin and vasopressin was blocked at concentrations of 10(-6) M. These findings warrant a differential pharmacological evaluation and in vivo testing of these peptide derivatives to investigate their therapeutic potential.", "PMID": 517262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11646", "title": "Fujiwara trait: the first case of kininogen deficiency in Japan.", "content": "Asymptomatic identical twins were found to show the prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, which was corrected by addition of normal, Hageman factor deficient or Fletcher trait plasma but not corrected by Fitzgerald or Williams plasma. The prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time was also corrected by addition of highly purified bovine high molecular weight kininogen but not by low molecular weight kininogen. When total kininogen was measured as the amount of bradykinin released by trypsin on acid treated plasma, only trace amount was detected in Fujiwara and Williams plasmas, although Fitzgerald plasma showed approximately 50% of the total kininogen of normal plasma level. Acetone-kaolin activated amidase activity of plasma kallikrein was not generated by Fujiwara plasma. Substitution with normal plasma in various ratios showed plasma kallikrein activity proportionally to the normal plasma contents. Extrapolation with the values at 120 min after activation gave the prekallikrein content of Fujiwara plasma as 30% of the normal value.", "contents": "Fujiwara trait: the first case of kininogen deficiency in Japan. Asymptomatic identical twins were found to show the prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, which was corrected by addition of normal, Hageman factor deficient or Fletcher trait plasma but not corrected by Fitzgerald or Williams plasma. The prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time was also corrected by addition of highly purified bovine high molecular weight kininogen but not by low molecular weight kininogen. When total kininogen was measured as the amount of bradykinin released by trypsin on acid treated plasma, only trace amount was detected in Fujiwara and Williams plasmas, although Fitzgerald plasma showed approximately 50% of the total kininogen of normal plasma level. Acetone-kaolin activated amidase activity of plasma kallikrein was not generated by Fujiwara plasma. Substitution with normal plasma in various ratios showed plasma kallikrein activity proportionally to the normal plasma contents. Extrapolation with the values at 120 min after activation gave the prekallikrein content of Fujiwara plasma as 30% of the normal value.", "PMID": 517263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11647", "title": "Autoradiographic studies on the cellular localization of GABA and beta-alanine uptake by neurones and glia in tissue culture.", "content": "Nervous tissue cultures have proved to be an excellent tool for investigating the cellular localization of the uptake of transmitter substances using autoradiography. The uptake of [3H]GABA and [3H]beta-alanine was studied in cultures of cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat. In cultures of brain stem and spinal cord, [3H]GABA was taken up by a great number of neurones and by almost all glial cells, suggesting that glial elements might also be involved in the inactivation of this amino acid. In cerebellar cultures, [3H]GABA was accumulated by many interneurones, by Purkinje cells and by a great number of glial cells. The finding that cultured Purkinje cells accumulated [3H]GABA contrasts with observations made in the cerebellum in vivo or in slices where no labelling of Purkinje cells could be demonstrated. Since GABA is taken up to a great extent by Bergman glia which tightly surround Purkinje cells in vivo, it has been suggested that the barrier formed by these glial cells prevents the uptake of the amino acid into Purkinje cells. In cultured cerebellum this glial barrier might be disrupted or absent and therefore Purkinje cells are able to accumulate [3H]GABA. A similar glial barrier preventing the uptake of [3H]GABA might also exist in DRG, where neurones that were completely surrounded by satellite glial cells did not take up the amino acid, whereas isolated neurones that were deprived of their glial envelopments became intensely labelled. After incubation with [3H]beta-alanine, it was observed that only glial cells were labelled in cerebellar and DRG cultures, whereas in spinal cord and brain stem both neurones and glial cells took up the amino acid providing further evidence that beta-alanine might act as a transmitter substance in these two regions.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies on the cellular localization of GABA and beta-alanine uptake by neurones and glia in tissue culture. Nervous tissue cultures have proved to be an excellent tool for investigating the cellular localization of the uptake of transmitter substances using autoradiography. The uptake of [3H]GABA and [3H]beta-alanine was studied in cultures of cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat. In cultures of brain stem and spinal cord, [3H]GABA was taken up by a great number of neurones and by almost all glial cells, suggesting that glial elements might also be involved in the inactivation of this amino acid. In cerebellar cultures, [3H]GABA was accumulated by many interneurones, by Purkinje cells and by a great number of glial cells. The finding that cultured Purkinje cells accumulated [3H]GABA contrasts with observations made in the cerebellum in vivo or in slices where no labelling of Purkinje cells could be demonstrated. Since GABA is taken up to a great extent by Bergman glia which tightly surround Purkinje cells in vivo, it has been suggested that the barrier formed by these glial cells prevents the uptake of the amino acid into Purkinje cells. In cultured cerebellum this glial barrier might be disrupted or absent and therefore Purkinje cells are able to accumulate [3H]GABA. A similar glial barrier preventing the uptake of [3H]GABA might also exist in DRG, where neurones that were completely surrounded by satellite glial cells did not take up the amino acid, whereas isolated neurones that were deprived of their glial envelopments became intensely labelled. After incubation with [3H]beta-alanine, it was observed that only glial cells were labelled in cerebellar and DRG cultures, whereas in spinal cord and brain stem both neurones and glial cells took up the amino acid providing further evidence that beta-alanine might act as a transmitter substance in these two regions.", "PMID": 517268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11648", "title": "Peripheral sensory stimulation and the release of transmitter amino acids in vivo from specific regions of cerebral cortex.", "content": "The effects of sensory stimulation on the release of amino acids from sensori-motor and visual cortices have been studied using a superfusion technique. Electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus contra-lateral to the superfusion cannula increased significantly the release of glutamate and glutamine from the sensori-motor cortex of anesthetized rats. No clear effect was observed with the other amino acids. Stimulation of the ipsi-lateral plexus had no effect on glutamate and glutamine release. In unanesthetized animals, stimulation of the contra-lateral brachial plexus raised the levels of all the amino acids in sensori-motor cortex superfusate. Weak photic stimulation of the eyes of dark-adapted rats increased glutamate release from the visual cortex but caused no significant change in the release of other amino acids. All evoked increases in amino acid release were reversible at the cessation of the stimuli.", "contents": "Peripheral sensory stimulation and the release of transmitter amino acids in vivo from specific regions of cerebral cortex. The effects of sensory stimulation on the release of amino acids from sensori-motor and visual cortices have been studied using a superfusion technique. Electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus contra-lateral to the superfusion cannula increased significantly the release of glutamate and glutamine from the sensori-motor cortex of anesthetized rats. No clear effect was observed with the other amino acids. Stimulation of the ipsi-lateral plexus had no effect on glutamate and glutamine release. In unanesthetized animals, stimulation of the contra-lateral brachial plexus raised the levels of all the amino acids in sensori-motor cortex superfusate. Weak photic stimulation of the eyes of dark-adapted rats increased glutamate release from the visual cortex but caused no significant change in the release of other amino acids. All evoked increases in amino acid release were reversible at the cessation of the stimuli.", "PMID": 517270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11649", "title": "Pre- and post-synaptic inhibition.", "content": "We now know a great deal about central inhibitory mechanisms: how they are organized in various neuronal circuits (\"feed-forward\" and \"feed-back\" inhibitions, inhibition of inhibitory cells giving \"disinhibition\" which releases neuronal activity in a finely graded and particularly safe manner); how they exercise a preponderant control over much of central neurl activity (9, 13, 14, 57); and of course, how inhibition operates at the cell membrane, by increasing Cl- permeability; this has a stabilizing action post-synaptically, but presynaptically, in afferent fibers, it depresses transmitter release from afferent terminals. In addition, there is some evidence that GABA transport may be electrogenic and therefore may significantly modulate membrane excitability, and that GABA may selectively depress Ca2+ influx in afferent terminals and thus inhibit transmitter release particularly effectively. However, it is by no means certain that we are fully aware of all the possible ways in which GABA affects neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, and there may well be further exciting surprises in store.", "contents": "Pre- and post-synaptic inhibition. We now know a great deal about central inhibitory mechanisms: how they are organized in various neuronal circuits (\"feed-forward\" and \"feed-back\" inhibitions, inhibition of inhibitory cells giving \"disinhibition\" which releases neuronal activity in a finely graded and particularly safe manner); how they exercise a preponderant control over much of central neurl activity (9, 13, 14, 57); and of course, how inhibition operates at the cell membrane, by increasing Cl- permeability; this has a stabilizing action post-synaptically, but presynaptically, in afferent fibers, it depresses transmitter release from afferent terminals. In addition, there is some evidence that GABA transport may be electrogenic and therefore may significantly modulate membrane excitability, and that GABA may selectively depress Ca2+ influx in afferent terminals and thus inhibit transmitter release particularly effectively. However, it is by no means certain that we are fully aware of all the possible ways in which GABA affects neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, and there may well be further exciting surprises in store.", "PMID": 517271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11650", "title": "Stoichiometry of GABA-receptor interactions: GABA modulates the glycine-receptor interaction allosterically in a vertebrate neuron.", "content": "1. Measurement of steady-state conductance changes provides a reliable method for determination of transmitter-receptor stoichiometry in general and for GABA and its receptor interactions in particular. Log-log plotting of steady-state conductance changes as a function of decreasing transmitter concentration gives the molecularity of the interaction as a limiting slope. 2. Suitable measurements of GABA action in locust muscle show a molecularity of 3 with strong positive cooperativity. One molecule of picrotoxin is sufficient to block this reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of occult desensitization. Thermodynamic studies reveal strong negative heats of interaction compatible with conformational changes in a multi-subunit receptor. 3. Measurements in the lateral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner cell reveal that glycine has a more powerful action than GABA. Both interactions, however, utilize 4 molecules of amino acid with strong positive cooperativity to activate its receptors. The receptors are apparently distinct and there appears to be a higher glycine-receptor density. 4. In addition to its action on its own receptor, GABA allosterically modulates the glycine-receptor interaction in the Mauthner cell by lowering the energy barrier for the binding of the first glycine molecule, thereby increasing the affinity of glycine for its receptor.", "contents": "Stoichiometry of GABA-receptor interactions: GABA modulates the glycine-receptor interaction allosterically in a vertebrate neuron. 1. Measurement of steady-state conductance changes provides a reliable method for determination of transmitter-receptor stoichiometry in general and for GABA and its receptor interactions in particular. Log-log plotting of steady-state conductance changes as a function of decreasing transmitter concentration gives the molecularity of the interaction as a limiting slope. 2. Suitable measurements of GABA action in locust muscle show a molecularity of 3 with strong positive cooperativity. One molecule of picrotoxin is sufficient to block this reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of occult desensitization. Thermodynamic studies reveal strong negative heats of interaction compatible with conformational changes in a multi-subunit receptor. 3. Measurements in the lateral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner cell reveal that glycine has a more powerful action than GABA. Both interactions, however, utilize 4 molecules of amino acid with strong positive cooperativity to activate its receptors. The receptors are apparently distinct and there appears to be a higher glycine-receptor density. 4. In addition to its action on its own receptor, GABA allosterically modulates the glycine-receptor interaction in the Mauthner cell by lowering the energy barrier for the binding of the first glycine molecule, thereby increasing the affinity of glycine for its receptor.", "PMID": 517272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11651", "title": "GABA binding processes in rat brain and liver.", "content": "Although these studies have provided some further insight into GABA binding processes associated with transport and receptor-activation, such attempts remain limited due to the lack of specificity of the ligands used to displace these components. Thus, BMI appeared to interact with both transport and synaptic receptor sites for GABA. Perhaps certain GABA-agonists (e.g., muscimol, isoguvacine) will be shown to interact more specifically with synaptic GABA-receptors? So-called \"specific\" binding of GABA and its analogues, or antagonists might not be the issue to be kept in focus in this type of experiment, especially since it cannot be separated into presynaptic, postsynaptic and non-synaptic components. The specificity of an interaction of ligand with membrane site may be determined by other requirements of the particular system concerned. In any case, it seems essential to examine the binding sites, themselves, in order to define more clearly which of these are involved in receptor-activation and in uptake. An approach involving the isolation and purification of GABA-receptors should provide evidence for specific binding of GABA to its postsynaptic receptors.", "contents": "GABA binding processes in rat brain and liver. Although these studies have provided some further insight into GABA binding processes associated with transport and receptor-activation, such attempts remain limited due to the lack of specificity of the ligands used to displace these components. Thus, BMI appeared to interact with both transport and synaptic receptor sites for GABA. Perhaps certain GABA-agonists (e.g., muscimol, isoguvacine) will be shown to interact more specifically with synaptic GABA-receptors? So-called \"specific\" binding of GABA and its analogues, or antagonists might not be the issue to be kept in focus in this type of experiment, especially since it cannot be separated into presynaptic, postsynaptic and non-synaptic components. The specificity of an interaction of ligand with membrane site may be determined by other requirements of the particular system concerned. In any case, it seems essential to examine the binding sites, themselves, in order to define more clearly which of these are involved in receptor-activation and in uptake. An approach involving the isolation and purification of GABA-receptors should provide evidence for specific binding of GABA to its postsynaptic receptors.", "PMID": 517277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11652", "title": "Correlation of changes in the GABA-ergic system with the development of spasticity in paraplegic cats.", "content": "Following spinal cord transection there occurred decreases in Km and Vmax of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) both above and below the lesion, and an initial decrease in the concentration of GABA. Concomitantly, there was a gradual decrease in presynaptic inhibition. Eight to 12 weeks after spinal cord transection, Km and Vmax for GAD returned to control values, but the GABA content of the spinal cord below the lesion increased significantly and presynaptic inhibition became maximally depressed. These results suggested that during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury there is a decrease in release of GABA, the interneuronal inhibitory neurotransmitter which mediates presynaptic inhibition. Diazepam, a GABA enhancer, increased presynaptic inhibition in acute and chronic spinal cats, this being accompanied by a reduction in somatic muscular spasticity. The degree of this enhancement by diazepam, however, is attenuated with gradual loss of presynaptic inhibition. In the acute cat, a conditioning volley applied to cutaneous afferents blocked the inhibition of the monosynaptic response to extensor motoneurones. In contrast, in chronic spinal cats (eight to 12 weeks), the duration of complete blockade was markedly reduced and was followed by a prolonged period which cutaneous nerve stimulation potentiated the monosynaptic discharge. Similar to GABA, there also occurred an increase of substance P below the level of the lesion. Other neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin) accumulated above and disappeared below the transection level. Although somatic msucular spasticity appears to be, to some extent, due to GABA dysfunction in the spinal cord, alterations in \"normal\" functioning of other neurotransmitters and the loss of supraspinal control also contribute to this state.", "contents": "Correlation of changes in the GABA-ergic system with the development of spasticity in paraplegic cats. Following spinal cord transection there occurred decreases in Km and Vmax of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) both above and below the lesion, and an initial decrease in the concentration of GABA. Concomitantly, there was a gradual decrease in presynaptic inhibition. Eight to 12 weeks after spinal cord transection, Km and Vmax for GAD returned to control values, but the GABA content of the spinal cord below the lesion increased significantly and presynaptic inhibition became maximally depressed. These results suggested that during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury there is a decrease in release of GABA, the interneuronal inhibitory neurotransmitter which mediates presynaptic inhibition. Diazepam, a GABA enhancer, increased presynaptic inhibition in acute and chronic spinal cats, this being accompanied by a reduction in somatic muscular spasticity. The degree of this enhancement by diazepam, however, is attenuated with gradual loss of presynaptic inhibition. In the acute cat, a conditioning volley applied to cutaneous afferents blocked the inhibition of the monosynaptic response to extensor motoneurones. In contrast, in chronic spinal cats (eight to 12 weeks), the duration of complete blockade was markedly reduced and was followed by a prolonged period which cutaneous nerve stimulation potentiated the monosynaptic discharge. Similar to GABA, there also occurred an increase of substance P below the level of the lesion. Other neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin) accumulated above and disappeared below the transection level. Although somatic msucular spasticity appears to be, to some extent, due to GABA dysfunction in the spinal cord, alterations in \"normal\" functioning of other neurotransmitters and the loss of supraspinal control also contribute to this state.", "PMID": 517279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11653", "title": "Thinking about ageing: a critique of liberal social gerontology.", "content": "The paper begins by comparing the modern view of ageing, which sees ageing as a social problem, with the ancient Stoic account of ageing, which sees ageing as a spiritual problem. This comparison allows us to see how modern gerontology has redefined ageing and has created a new context for its discussion. Through this comparison we find that gerontology today displays an affinity for scientific research methods and a liberal orientation to public policy and that on these two pillars, it rests its promise for creating a good old age. After analysing and providing a critique of gerontology's commitments, the paper concludes with a discussion of an alternative conception of good ageing and with a recommendation for the genesis of an alternative form of gerontology.", "contents": "Thinking about ageing: a critique of liberal social gerontology. The paper begins by comparing the modern view of ageing, which sees ageing as a social problem, with the ancient Stoic account of ageing, which sees ageing as a spiritual problem. This comparison allows us to see how modern gerontology has redefined ageing and has created a new context for its discussion. Through this comparison we find that gerontology today displays an affinity for scientific research methods and a liberal orientation to public policy and that on these two pillars, it rests its promise for creating a good old age. After analysing and providing a critique of gerontology's commitments, the paper concludes with a discussion of an alternative conception of good ageing and with a recommendation for the genesis of an alternative form of gerontology.", "PMID": 517312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11654", "title": "Screening for nutritional deficiencies in the elderly following gastric surgery.", "content": "Following gastric resection a slightly reduced haemoglobin is common. The use of erythrocyte morphology as a screening test for deficient absorption of haematinics is unsatisfactory; false positive (42.8%) and false negative (41.6%) results are encountered too frequently to recommend its use. The elderly postgastrectomy patient with mild anaemia may have biochemical evidence of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 deficiency with normal erythrocyte morphology.", "contents": "Screening for nutritional deficiencies in the elderly following gastric surgery. Following gastric resection a slightly reduced haemoglobin is common. The use of erythrocyte morphology as a screening test for deficient absorption of haematinics is unsatisfactory; false positive (42.8%) and false negative (41.6%) results are encountered too frequently to recommend its use. The elderly postgastrectomy patient with mild anaemia may have biochemical evidence of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 deficiency with normal erythrocyte morphology.", "PMID": 517313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11655", "title": "The prevalence of organic cerebral impairment and behavioural problems within local authority homes for the elderly.", "content": "Ninety-six per cent of the residents occupying the 11 Local Authority Homes within the catchment area of one Scottish district psychiatric hospital were surveyed to estimate current levels of organic cerebral impairment and behavioural problems in the Homes. Clear evidence of dementia was shown by 27.1% of the residents but the actual prevalence of organic cerebral impairment could be as high as 66.4%. An excessively high level of socially disruptive behaviour was discovered. This study suggests that Local Authority Homes, with their present staffing levels, are having to cope with large numbers of dependent and behaviourally disturbed old people. Four possible solutions are outlined. Irrespective of what is adopted, it is essential that Health and Social Service developments are fully co-ordinated.", "contents": "The prevalence of organic cerebral impairment and behavioural problems within local authority homes for the elderly. Ninety-six per cent of the residents occupying the 11 Local Authority Homes within the catchment area of one Scottish district psychiatric hospital were surveyed to estimate current levels of organic cerebral impairment and behavioural problems in the Homes. Clear evidence of dementia was shown by 27.1% of the residents but the actual prevalence of organic cerebral impairment could be as high as 66.4%. An excessively high level of socially disruptive behaviour was discovered. This study suggests that Local Authority Homes, with their present staffing levels, are having to cope with large numbers of dependent and behaviourally disturbed old people. Four possible solutions are outlined. Irrespective of what is adopted, it is essential that Health and Social Service developments are fully co-ordinated.", "PMID": 517315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11656", "title": "An outbreak of infection caused by trimethoprim-resistant coliform bacilli in a geriatric unit.", "content": "An outbreak of infections, particularly of the urinary tract, caused by coliform bacilli resistant to trimethoprim, and originating in a geriatric unit, is described. The investigation of the outbreak and the analysis of factors predisposing to asymptomatic carriage of trimethoprim-resistant coliform bacilli enabled successful control measures to be initiated. The significance of geriatric units as sources of hospital infection is discussed. The importance of cooperation between geriatricians, infection control nurses and microbiologists is emphasized.", "contents": "An outbreak of infection caused by trimethoprim-resistant coliform bacilli in a geriatric unit. An outbreak of infections, particularly of the urinary tract, caused by coliform bacilli resistant to trimethoprim, and originating in a geriatric unit, is described. The investigation of the outbreak and the analysis of factors predisposing to asymptomatic carriage of trimethoprim-resistant coliform bacilli enabled successful control measures to be initiated. The significance of geriatric units as sources of hospital infection is discussed. The importance of cooperation between geriatricians, infection control nurses and microbiologists is emphasized.", "PMID": 517316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11657", "title": "Problems associated with the development of a colony of aged mice for experimental purposes.", "content": "Old animals are not commercially available in the U.K. The following problems associated with the supply of aged C57BL mice to an experimental group over a period of 12 years are discussed: the choice of animal, initial assumptions about management, and husbandry and its change with time. Finally, the recurrent problems which remain if valuable animals are to be kept disease-free yet available to experimentalists are listed.", "contents": "Problems associated with the development of a colony of aged mice for experimental purposes. Old animals are not commercially available in the U.K. The following problems associated with the supply of aged C57BL mice to an experimental group over a period of 12 years are discussed: the choice of animal, initial assumptions about management, and husbandry and its change with time. Finally, the recurrent problems which remain if valuable animals are to be kept disease-free yet available to experimentalists are listed.", "PMID": 517317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11658", "title": "Circadian rhythm in the elderly: a study using a cortisol-specific radio-immuno-assay.", "content": "Plasma cortisol levels and diurnal variation have been examined in 30 elderly patients and compared with a control group of 29 middle-aged healthy subjects. The elderly patients had normal plasma cortisol levels which exhibited the diurnal variation seen in the younger age group. In spite of microscopic degenerative changes in the adrenals with age their secretory function and response to hypothalamic pituitary stimulation appear to remain normal.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm in the elderly: a study using a cortisol-specific radio-immuno-assay. Plasma cortisol levels and diurnal variation have been examined in 30 elderly patients and compared with a control group of 29 middle-aged healthy subjects. The elderly patients had normal plasma cortisol levels which exhibited the diurnal variation seen in the younger age group. In spite of microscopic degenerative changes in the adrenals with age their secretory function and response to hypothalamic pituitary stimulation appear to remain normal.", "PMID": 517318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11659", "title": "A prospective study of fractured proximal femur: factors predisposing to survival.", "content": "In a prospective study of patients with fractures of the proximal femur from a defined population it was found that age, mental test score, type of residence, place of injury and hospital of admission were all significantly associated with the likelihood of survival to six months. When these factors were taken into account no additional association between outcome and recorded associated disease, grade of surgeon operating, cigarette smoking, type of operation or social class was demonstrable. These findings have implications for the design of controlled trials of different types of treatment for fractures of the proximal femur.", "contents": "A prospective study of fractured proximal femur: factors predisposing to survival. In a prospective study of patients with fractures of the proximal femur from a defined population it was found that age, mental test score, type of residence, place of injury and hospital of admission were all significantly associated with the likelihood of survival to six months. When these factors were taken into account no additional association between outcome and recorded associated disease, grade of surgeon operating, cigarette smoking, type of operation or social class was demonstrable. These findings have implications for the design of controlled trials of different types of treatment for fractures of the proximal femur.", "PMID": 517319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11660", "title": "Comparative metabolism of histamine in two Amphibia anura.", "content": "The metabolism of histamine has been compared in Rana ridibunda and Discoglossus pictus, both Amphibia anura. An intralymphatic injection of 14C-histamine (5 microCi) was administered to the animals and the total radioactivity excreted in the urine was measured 24, 48, and 72 hours later. The metabolites excreted in the urine at 24 hours were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and subsequent autoradiography. In both species approximately 60--70% of the injected dose was found in the urine by 72 hours. In Rana ridibunda two histamine metabolites were found: imidazoleacetic and methylimidazoleacetic acid. The present results suggest that the catabolism of histamine differs in the two species.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of histamine in two Amphibia anura. The metabolism of histamine has been compared in Rana ridibunda and Discoglossus pictus, both Amphibia anura. An intralymphatic injection of 14C-histamine (5 microCi) was administered to the animals and the total radioactivity excreted in the urine was measured 24, 48, and 72 hours later. The metabolites excreted in the urine at 24 hours were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and subsequent autoradiography. In both species approximately 60--70% of the injected dose was found in the urine by 72 hours. In Rana ridibunda two histamine metabolites were found: imidazoleacetic and methylimidazoleacetic acid. The present results suggest that the catabolism of histamine differs in the two species.", "PMID": 517328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11661", "title": "Protective role of ceruloplasmin in inflammation.", "content": "Experimental inflammation in copper (Cu)-deficient rats is greater than that induced in controls eating normal diet. Cu-supplementation of the Cu-deficient diet results in a reduced swelling, down to normal levels. Injection of the naturally occurring acute phase reactant, ceruloplasmin (Cp) a Cu-bearing serum protein, also results in reduction of experimental inflammation. Since a rise in serum Cp occurs in normal pregnancy this protective anti-inflammatory action of Cp is proposed as an explanation for the widely-observed phenomenon of spontaneous control of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy.", "contents": "Protective role of ceruloplasmin in inflammation. Experimental inflammation in copper (Cu)-deficient rats is greater than that induced in controls eating normal diet. Cu-supplementation of the Cu-deficient diet results in a reduced swelling, down to normal levels. Injection of the naturally occurring acute phase reactant, ceruloplasmin (Cp) a Cu-bearing serum protein, also results in reduction of experimental inflammation. Since a rise in serum Cp occurs in normal pregnancy this protective anti-inflammatory action of Cp is proposed as an explanation for the widely-observed phenomenon of spontaneous control of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy.", "PMID": 517330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11662", "title": "A sensory-integrative approach to familial dysautonomia.", "content": "Familial dysautonomia, a relatively rare hereditary condition, consists of a baffling array of nervous system malfunctions that seriously disturb the lives of the young victims and their families. Since several of the deficits can be identified as sensory-integrative and as such have been successfully treated in other contexts, it is suggested that sensory integration therapy may benefit these children. Results of a ten-month-old Isralei child appear to support this conjecture and suggest further exploration of the sensory integration approach in evaluation and treatment of dysautonomia and related conditions.", "contents": "A sensory-integrative approach to familial dysautonomia. Familial dysautonomia, a relatively rare hereditary condition, consists of a baffling array of nervous system malfunctions that seriously disturb the lives of the young victims and their families. Since several of the deficits can be identified as sensory-integrative and as such have been successfully treated in other contexts, it is suggested that sensory integration therapy may benefit these children. Results of a ten-month-old Isralei child appear to support this conjecture and suggest further exploration of the sensory integration approach in evaluation and treatment of dysautonomia and related conditions.", "PMID": 517362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11663", "title": "Identification and management of psychosocial and environmental problems of children with cancer.", "content": "An occupational therapist working as a rehabilitation specialist on the hematology-oncology team for pediatric malignancy identified and sought solutions for problems encountered among 49 pediatric oncology patients and their families. The occupational therapist's role as \"CARE (CAncer REhabilitation) counselor\" involved working with the patient, family, and team members to meet needs and provide services other than direct medical treatment. A variety of environmental needs and psychosocial problems were identified and managed. Prospective interaction from the time of diagnosis, resulting in 63 percent solution of all problems, was more effective than intervention initiated at other stages of illness.", "contents": "Identification and management of psychosocial and environmental problems of children with cancer. An occupational therapist working as a rehabilitation specialist on the hematology-oncology team for pediatric malignancy identified and sought solutions for problems encountered among 49 pediatric oncology patients and their families. The occupational therapist's role as \"CARE (CAncer REhabilitation) counselor\" involved working with the patient, family, and team members to meet needs and provide services other than direct medical treatment. A variety of environmental needs and psychosocial problems were identified and managed. Prospective interaction from the time of diagnosis, resulting in 63 percent solution of all problems, was more effective than intervention initiated at other stages of illness.", "PMID": 517363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11664", "title": "Nystagmus and ocular fixation difficulties in learning-disabled children.", "content": "The visual fixation ability of learning-disabled children was evaluated after sensory integrative therapy had been administered for short or long periods of time. Children with hyporesponsive postrotary nystagmus displayed reduced oculomotor control skills, but the deficit was apparent only in those who had been in therapy for a shorter interval. These results present further support for the hypothesis that the learning disabled can be differentiated according to their nystagmus characteristics. In addition, very tentative evidence suggested that sensory integrative therapy may have been successful in ameliorating the fixation deficiency; however, further research into this possibility is needed. The data also indicate that oculomotor control dysfunction may be a mediating mechanism for at least part of the learning disabilities experienced by some learning-disabled children.", "contents": "Nystagmus and ocular fixation difficulties in learning-disabled children. The visual fixation ability of learning-disabled children was evaluated after sensory integrative therapy had been administered for short or long periods of time. Children with hyporesponsive postrotary nystagmus displayed reduced oculomotor control skills, but the deficit was apparent only in those who had been in therapy for a shorter interval. These results present further support for the hypothesis that the learning disabled can be differentiated according to their nystagmus characteristics. In addition, very tentative evidence suggested that sensory integrative therapy may have been successful in ameliorating the fixation deficiency; however, further research into this possibility is needed. The data also indicate that oculomotor control dysfunction may be a mediating mechanism for at least part of the learning disabilities experienced by some learning-disabled children.", "PMID": 517364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11665", "title": "Therapy and function: an issue of professional direction.", "content": "The author argues that occupational therapy is erring in its trends toward separating functional skills from overall well-being as therapeutic goals. Instead of only a means toward an end, task performance should be seen as a major factor, giving value to the life of either the disturbed or the healthy individual.", "contents": "Therapy and function: an issue of professional direction. The author argues that occupational therapy is erring in its trends toward separating functional skills from overall well-being as therapeutic goals. Instead of only a means toward an end, task performance should be seen as a major factor, giving value to the life of either the disturbed or the healthy individual.", "PMID": 517365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11666", "title": "Myringotomy: a neglected office procedure.", "content": "An office myringotomy is an easily performed, underused procedure which has definite clinical applications. The family physician should become familiar with the technique, its indications and its complications. Indications include otitis media with concomitant meningitis, with matoiditis or with cranial nerve involvement, and otitis media in an immunocompromised patient, in a neonate with signs of sepsis or in a very sick, toxic child. If the incision is made in the lower portion of the tympanic membrane, complications are rare.", "contents": "Myringotomy: a neglected office procedure. An office myringotomy is an easily performed, underused procedure which has definite clinical applications. The family physician should become familiar with the technique, its indications and its complications. Indications include otitis media with concomitant meningitis, with matoiditis or with cranial nerve involvement, and otitis media in an immunocompromised patient, in a neonate with signs of sepsis or in a very sick, toxic child. If the incision is made in the lower portion of the tympanic membrane, complications are rare.", "PMID": 517378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11667", "title": "Chancroid.", "content": "The mobility of our society may play an important part in  the epidemic proportions of sexually transmitter diseases in the United States. Chancroid, one of the major venereal diseases, is caused by Hemophilus ducreyi and can be recognized clinically. Because the morbidity of chancroid is related to delay in treatment, awareness of this disease is mandatory. Definitive laboratory proof can be obtained in only 50 percent of the cases. Sulfisoxazole is the drug of choice.", "contents": "Chancroid. The mobility of our society may play an important part in  the epidemic proportions of sexually transmitter diseases in the United States. Chancroid, one of the major venereal diseases, is caused by Hemophilus ducreyi and can be recognized clinically. Because the morbidity of chancroid is related to delay in treatment, awareness of this disease is mandatory. Definitive laboratory proof can be obtained in only 50 percent of the cases. Sulfisoxazole is the drug of choice.", "PMID": 517383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11668", "title": "Reversible toxic psychosis.", "content": "Psychotropic medications may produce a toxic confusional state, especially in elderly patients. Tricylcic antidepressants particularly, and the phenothiazines to a lesser extent, may induce these behavioral changes by their anticholinergic activity. The situation may be compounded by the use of more than one psychotropic drug or the addition of an antihistamine or a belladonna alkaloid. Physostigmine can reverse the anticholinergic effects and clear the mental state.", "contents": "Reversible toxic psychosis. Psychotropic medications may produce a toxic confusional state, especially in elderly patients. Tricylcic antidepressants particularly, and the phenothiazines to a lesser extent, may induce these behavioral changes by their anticholinergic activity. The situation may be compounded by the use of more than one psychotropic drug or the addition of an antihistamine or a belladonna alkaloid. Physostigmine can reverse the anticholinergic effects and clear the mental state.", "PMID": 517384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11669", "title": "Head and neck manifestations of SLE.", "content": "The records of 100 consecutive patients hospitalized with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed, and a 76 percent incidence of head and neck signs and symptoms was found. The findings of this study correlate with previous reports. Although no head and neck manifestations or combination of them is pathognomonic of the disease, the family physician should consider the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in young adults who present with otherwise unexplained and nonspecific head and neck findings.", "contents": "Head and neck manifestations of SLE. The records of 100 consecutive patients hospitalized with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed, and a 76 percent incidence of head and neck signs and symptoms was found. The findings of this study correlate with previous reports. Although no head and neck manifestations or combination of them is pathognomonic of the disease, the family physician should consider the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in young adults who present with otherwise unexplained and nonspecific head and neck findings.", "PMID": 517385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11670", "title": "Pneumoconiosis and fibrous glass.", "content": "Reports have appeared in the public press suggesting that dust from fibrous glass may be responsible for causing a form of lung disease in workers similar to that produced by asbestos. These reports are attributed to information about a case of pneumoconiosis presented at a meeting held under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute on November 15, 1978. They have occasioned widespread concern among those who make and use fibrous glass. The purpose of this communication is to provide additional information which now shows that the case in question was almost certainly due to asbestos and not to exposure to fibrous glass.", "contents": "Pneumoconiosis and fibrous glass. Reports have appeared in the public press suggesting that dust from fibrous glass may be responsible for causing a form of lung disease in workers similar to that produced by asbestos. These reports are attributed to information about a case of pneumoconiosis presented at a meeting held under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute on November 15, 1978. They have occasioned widespread concern among those who make and use fibrous glass. The purpose of this communication is to provide additional information which now shows that the case in question was almost certainly due to asbestos and not to exposure to fibrous glass.", "PMID": 517427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11671", "title": "Cyanide toxicity from the thermal degradation of rigid polyurethane foam.", "content": "Thermal degradation products (tdp) from a model, rigid polyurethane foam were collected in such a manner as to eliminate carbon monoxide and other gases with low boiling points. The effects in rats resulting from intratracheal intubation (I.T.) of the tdp are discussed. Cyanide was found to be a major factor associated with severe toxic responses of the experimental rats.", "contents": "Cyanide toxicity from the thermal degradation of rigid polyurethane foam. Thermal degradation products (tdp) from a model, rigid polyurethane foam were collected in such a manner as to eliminate carbon monoxide and other gases with low boiling points. The effects in rats resulting from intratracheal intubation (I.T.) of the tdp are discussed. Cyanide was found to be a major factor associated with severe toxic responses of the experimental rats.", "PMID": 517435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11672", "title": "A critical evaluation of the protection provided by common safety glasses from ultraviolet emissions in welding operations.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate critically several brands of safety spectacle lens and side shield combinations to determine their attenuation characteristics for ultraviolet (UV) radiation. By combining the information developed in this investigation with field data on UV from arc welding operations, it was possible to draw the conclusion that under the conditions stated, ordinary safety glasses with solid side shields provided adequate eye protection from UV.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of the protection provided by common safety glasses from ultraviolet emissions in welding operations. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate critically several brands of safety spectacle lens and side shield combinations to determine their attenuation characteristics for ultraviolet (UV) radiation. By combining the information developed in this investigation with field data on UV from arc welding operations, it was possible to draw the conclusion that under the conditions stated, ordinary safety glasses with solid side shields provided adequate eye protection from UV.", "PMID": 517436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11673", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene -- 1. Atmosphere generation and control.", "content": "1,3-butadiene, which is used extensively in the synthetic rubber industry, is a highly reactive, potentially explosive compound, presenting particular problems for the design and execution of inhalation toxicity studies. Before undertaking inhalation studies with butadiene, it was necessary to develop safe systems for the generation and control of stable exposure chamber atmospheres. Infrared and gas chromatographic analytical methods were adapted for monitoring the concentration and distribution of butadiene in exposure chambers, and for analysis of known impurities, particularly, t-butyl catechol and 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, in atmospheres generated for inhalation tests.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene -- 1. Atmosphere generation and control. 1,3-butadiene, which is used extensively in the synthetic rubber industry, is a highly reactive, potentially explosive compound, presenting particular problems for the design and execution of inhalation toxicity studies. Before undertaking inhalation studies with butadiene, it was necessary to develop safe systems for the generation and control of stable exposure chamber atmospheres. Infrared and gas chromatographic analytical methods were adapted for monitoring the concentration and distribution of butadiene in exposure chambers, and for analysis of known impurities, particularly, t-butyl catechol and 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, in atmospheres generated for inhalation tests.", "PMID": 517437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11674", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene -- 2. 3 month toxicity study in rats.", "content": "The available toxicological data for 1,3-butadiene are limited and contradictory. Three month toxicity and two year carcinogenicity studies have therefore been initiated to identify any potential hazard to occupationally exposed personnel. The results of the 3 month study are reported in this paper. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1,3-butadiene gas at atmospheric concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm v/v respectively, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Forty male and forty female animals were used in each group, of which 10 of each sex were killed at 2 and 6 weeks. Exposure took place in 5 chambers, in an area prepared specifically for the handling of a potentially explosive gas-air mixture at concentrations just below the lower explosive limit. No untoward effects attributable to exposure were observed, except a moderately increased salivation, particularly in female animals during the last 5--8 weeks of exposure, at higher concentrations of butadiene. No effects considered to be attributable to treatment were seen in growth rate, food consumption, hematological and blood biochemical investigations or urine analysis after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure. Macroscopic and histopathological examination after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure showed no untoward changes related to exposure to butadiene gas. Erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and neutrophil phagocytosis were also unaffected by treatment.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene -- 2. 3 month toxicity study in rats. The available toxicological data for 1,3-butadiene are limited and contradictory. Three month toxicity and two year carcinogenicity studies have therefore been initiated to identify any potential hazard to occupationally exposed personnel. The results of the 3 month study are reported in this paper. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1,3-butadiene gas at atmospheric concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm v/v respectively, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Forty male and forty female animals were used in each group, of which 10 of each sex were killed at 2 and 6 weeks. Exposure took place in 5 chambers, in an area prepared specifically for the handling of a potentially explosive gas-air mixture at concentrations just below the lower explosive limit. No untoward effects attributable to exposure were observed, except a moderately increased salivation, particularly in female animals during the last 5--8 weeks of exposure, at higher concentrations of butadiene. No effects considered to be attributable to treatment were seen in growth rate, food consumption, hematological and blood biochemical investigations or urine analysis after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure. Macroscopic and histopathological examination after 2, 6 and 13 weeks exposure showed no untoward changes related to exposure to butadiene gas. Erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and neutrophil phagocytosis were also unaffected by treatment.", "PMID": 517438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11675", "title": "Sampling and analysis of acetic anhydride in air.", "content": "This paper describes the development of a new method for monitoring acetic anhydride in the presence of acetic acid in the occupational environment. The method consisted of collecting airborne acetic anhydride on a solid sorbent, desorbing it with acetone and analyzing it by gas chromatography. During the development of this method various parameters such as selection of column, selection of solid sorbent, selection of desorber solvent, effects of humidity, flow rate, total sample volume, desorption efficiency, and shelf-life of samples were studied. Interference from methyl acetate, water, formic acid, and acetic acid was also tested with the determination of acetic anhydride.", "contents": "Sampling and analysis of acetic anhydride in air. This paper describes the development of a new method for monitoring acetic anhydride in the presence of acetic acid in the occupational environment. The method consisted of collecting airborne acetic anhydride on a solid sorbent, desorbing it with acetone and analyzing it by gas chromatography. During the development of this method various parameters such as selection of column, selection of solid sorbent, selection of desorber solvent, effects of humidity, flow rate, total sample volume, desorption efficiency, and shelf-life of samples were studied. Interference from methyl acetate, water, formic acid, and acetic acid was also tested with the determination of acetic anhydride.", "PMID": 517439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11676", "title": "Short-term in vitro bioassays: applicability to air monitoring in the coal conversion and shale oil industries.", "content": "Short-termbioassays such as that of Ames and co-workers may be a practical method of monitoring industrial environments for the presence of biologically active and potentially hazardous materials. In general, these assays detect agents that cause damage to DNA which may lead to mutations, cancer, birth defects and to other diseases. Used to monitor industrial environments, such tests can indicate the presence of biologically active materials and can detect changes in the levels of these materials in the air. This paper reviews the types of bioassays which are presently available and considers their applicability to evaluation of occupational exposures in the coal conversion and oil shale industries. As no direct assessment of the degree of human health hazard can be made from the results of such tests, the choice of appropriate comparisons, such as ambient air, are discussed. The advantages and limitations of such systems are considered. Some research needs for the application of bioassays to industrial monitoring are also discussed.", "contents": "Short-term in vitro bioassays: applicability to air monitoring in the coal conversion and shale oil industries. Short-termbioassays such as that of Ames and co-workers may be a practical method of monitoring industrial environments for the presence of biologically active and potentially hazardous materials. In general, these assays detect agents that cause damage to DNA which may lead to mutations, cancer, birth defects and to other diseases. Used to monitor industrial environments, such tests can indicate the presence of biologically active materials and can detect changes in the levels of these materials in the air. This paper reviews the types of bioassays which are presently available and considers their applicability to evaluation of occupational exposures in the coal conversion and oil shale industries. As no direct assessment of the degree of human health hazard can be made from the results of such tests, the choice of appropriate comparisons, such as ambient air, are discussed. The advantages and limitations of such systems are considered. Some research needs for the application of bioassays to industrial monitoring are also discussed.", "PMID": 517440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11677", "title": "Respirator use and protection from exposure to carbon monoxide.", "content": "Investigations of the protective effect afforded by respirators in Baltimore firefighters are presented. The data indicates that the continuous use of respirators offers significant protection from exposure to carbon monoxide but that this protection is not absolute. A surprising finding is that the intermittent use of the face mask offers as little protection to the men as does non-use. These findings emphasize the difficulties in relying upon respiratory personal protective equipment for protection from exposure.", "contents": "Respirator use and protection from exposure to carbon monoxide. Investigations of the protective effect afforded by respirators in Baltimore firefighters are presented. The data indicates that the continuous use of respirators offers significant protection from exposure to carbon monoxide but that this protection is not absolute. A surprising finding is that the intermittent use of the face mask offers as little protection to the men as does non-use. These findings emphasize the difficulties in relying upon respiratory personal protective equipment for protection from exposure.", "PMID": 517443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11678", "title": "Binding of concanavalin-A to critical-point-dried and freeze-dried human lymphocytes.", "content": "When human lymphocytes are treated with concanavalin-A (con A) and hemocyanin, the hemocyanin marker, which demonstrates con A binding sites, can be visualized by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on both critical-point-dried and freeze-dried cells. The ability to visualize the hemocyanin marker by SEM, its quantity and distribution, were all similar in lymphocytes prepared by both drying procedures. By TEM, hemocyanin was seen adjacent to the plasma membrane on critical-point-dried lymphocytes. In contrast, freeze-dried cells showed hemocyanin labeling at some distance from the plasma membrane (40-70 nm) as well as adjacent to it. The distribution of hemocyanin corresponded to the thickness of the amorphous coat seen on fixed, freeze-dried cells. Therefore, the extracellular coat on freeze-dried lymphocytes is a carbohydrate-containing glycocalyx.", "contents": "Binding of concanavalin-A to critical-point-dried and freeze-dried human lymphocytes. When human lymphocytes are treated with concanavalin-A (con A) and hemocyanin, the hemocyanin marker, which demonstrates con A binding sites, can be visualized by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on both critical-point-dried and freeze-dried cells. The ability to visualize the hemocyanin marker by SEM, its quantity and distribution, were all similar in lymphocytes prepared by both drying procedures. By TEM, hemocyanin was seen adjacent to the plasma membrane on critical-point-dried lymphocytes. In contrast, freeze-dried cells showed hemocyanin labeling at some distance from the plasma membrane (40-70 nm) as well as adjacent to it. The distribution of hemocyanin corresponded to the thickness of the amorphous coat seen on fixed, freeze-dried cells. Therefore, the extracellular coat on freeze-dried lymphocytes is a carbohydrate-containing glycocalyx.", "PMID": 517445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11679", "title": "Differential response of myofibrils and 10-nm filaments to a cocarcinogen.", "content": "Multinucleated myotubes containing large numbers of striated myofibrils and large numbers of longitudinally-oriented 10-nm filaments were treated with the cocarcinogen phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The inhibitory effects of PMA on the accumulation of myofibrils was evident within 24 hours, and by 72 hours virtually all striated myofibrils had disappeared. In contrast, the density of the 10-nm filaments was greatly enhanced in these myofibril-depleted myotubes. These effects were not due to a generalized cytotoxicity, for PMA stimulated the replication of the presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts present in these cultures. 24 hours after removing the PMA, these myotubes assembled a new set of striated myofibrils and the density of 10-nm filaments diminished proportionately.", "contents": "Differential response of myofibrils and 10-nm filaments to a cocarcinogen. Multinucleated myotubes containing large numbers of striated myofibrils and large numbers of longitudinally-oriented 10-nm filaments were treated with the cocarcinogen phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The inhibitory effects of PMA on the accumulation of myofibrils was evident within 24 hours, and by 72 hours virtually all striated myofibrils had disappeared. In contrast, the density of the 10-nm filaments was greatly enhanced in these myofibril-depleted myotubes. These effects were not due to a generalized cytotoxicity, for PMA stimulated the replication of the presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts present in these cultures. 24 hours after removing the PMA, these myotubes assembled a new set of striated myofibrils and the density of 10-nm filaments diminished proportionately.", "PMID": 517446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11680", "title": "Inhomogeneous distribution of filipin-sterol complexes in the ciliary membrane of rat tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Pieces of rat trachea fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 300 muM filipin, a sterol-specific polyene antibiotic (Elias et al., '78), were freeze-fractured in order to study the distribution of cholesterol within the ciliary membrane. Filipin-sterol complexes, recognizable as 25-30-nm protrusions on fracture faces, appeared densely and uniformly distributed over most of the ciliary membrane, but were absent from the region of the ciliary necklace. It is possible, therefore, that the ciliary necklace represents a cholesterol-poor area of membrane.", "contents": "Inhomogeneous distribution of filipin-sterol complexes in the ciliary membrane of rat tracheal epithelium. Pieces of rat trachea fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 300 muM filipin, a sterol-specific polyene antibiotic (Elias et al., '78), were freeze-fractured in order to study the distribution of cholesterol within the ciliary membrane. Filipin-sterol complexes, recognizable as 25-30-nm protrusions on fracture faces, appeared densely and uniformly distributed over most of the ciliary membrane, but were absent from the region of the ciliary necklace. It is possible, therefore, that the ciliary necklace represents a cholesterol-poor area of membrane.", "PMID": 517447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11681", "title": "The secretion of Mullerian inhibiting substance by cultured isolated Sertoli cells of the neonatal calf.", "content": "Sertoli cells have been insolated from the newborn calf testis using a combination of mechanical and enzymatic disruption. Testicular fragments, previously chopped into 1-mm pieces, are digested in an enzyme mixture consisting of hyaluronidase, collagenase, trypsin and DNAse, followed by a second digestion in trypsin and DNAse. Isolation of the resulting cellular fractions by sedimentation with unit gravity produces an aliquot of Sertoli cells which is over 95% pure when examined by light and electron microscopy. Cultures of these cells grow rapidly and produce Mullerian Inhibiting Substance as evidenced by their ability to cause the involution of the Mullerian duct of the female fetal rat when co-cultured in an organ-culture assay system.", "contents": "The secretion of Mullerian inhibiting substance by cultured isolated Sertoli cells of the neonatal calf. Sertoli cells have been insolated from the newborn calf testis using a combination of mechanical and enzymatic disruption. Testicular fragments, previously chopped into 1-mm pieces, are digested in an enzyme mixture consisting of hyaluronidase, collagenase, trypsin and DNAse, followed by a second digestion in trypsin and DNAse. Isolation of the resulting cellular fractions by sedimentation with unit gravity produces an aliquot of Sertoli cells which is over 95% pure when examined by light and electron microscopy. Cultures of these cells grow rapidly and produce Mullerian Inhibiting Substance as evidenced by their ability to cause the involution of the Mullerian duct of the female fetal rat when co-cultured in an organ-culture assay system.", "PMID": 517448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11682", "title": "The regenerating liver: a site of erythropoiesis in the adult Long-Evans rat.", "content": "Erythropoiesis, which is primarily hepatic in the rat during fetal and early neonatal life, shifts almost entirely to the bone marrow in the neonatal-adolescent stage of development. In the adult, extramedullary erythropoiesis has been demonstrated in the liver and spleen under certain pathological conditions when bone marrow red cell production is insufficient. In the present study, erythropoietic foci have been found in young-adult rat liver regenerating 24-72 hr after subtotal hepatectomy. This erythropoiesis is both extravascular and sinusoidal, with some erythroblastic islands noted. The centrolobular hepatic area contains the highest concentration of erythroblasts. Peripheral blood reticulocytosis coincides with the appearance of these cells and this is considered as an indicator of effective erythropoiesis. Liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy produces significant quantities of erythropoietin (Ep) in response to hypoxia. Subtotal hepatectomy may confer upon the adult liver the ability to revert to a fetal-like condition both in its ability to produce Ep and to function as a hematopoietic inductive microenvironment for erythropoiesis.", "contents": "The regenerating liver: a site of erythropoiesis in the adult Long-Evans rat. Erythropoiesis, which is primarily hepatic in the rat during fetal and early neonatal life, shifts almost entirely to the bone marrow in the neonatal-adolescent stage of development. In the adult, extramedullary erythropoiesis has been demonstrated in the liver and spleen under certain pathological conditions when bone marrow red cell production is insufficient. In the present study, erythropoietic foci have been found in young-adult rat liver regenerating 24-72 hr after subtotal hepatectomy. This erythropoiesis is both extravascular and sinusoidal, with some erythroblastic islands noted. The centrolobular hepatic area contains the highest concentration of erythroblasts. Peripheral blood reticulocytosis coincides with the appearance of these cells and this is considered as an indicator of effective erythropoiesis. Liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy produces significant quantities of erythropoietin (Ep) in response to hypoxia. Subtotal hepatectomy may confer upon the adult liver the ability to revert to a fetal-like condition both in its ability to produce Ep and to function as a hematopoietic inductive microenvironment for erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 517449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11683", "title": "Origin of necklace particles in thymic ciliating cells.", "content": "The formation of ciliary necklaces during ciliogenesis in a thymic cyst was observed in freeze-etched replicas. The necklaces first appear as clusters of particles arranged in concentric circles on a flat area of the cell membrane. As soon as the cilium begins to grow, the particles move to the periphery.", "contents": "Origin of necklace particles in thymic ciliating cells. The formation of ciliary necklaces during ciliogenesis in a thymic cyst was observed in freeze-etched replicas. The necklaces first appear as clusters of particles arranged in concentric circles on a flat area of the cell membrane. As soon as the cilium begins to grow, the particles move to the periphery.", "PMID": 517452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11684", "title": "Establishment of an epithelial cell line from rat thymus.", "content": "A cell line (IT-26R21), composed only of epithelial cells, was established from normal rat thymus. Thymuses were treated with both collagenase and trypsin. Four months after the initiation of cultures, epithelial cells in packed colonies formed a monolayer and no other cells were found in cultures. Thereafter, epithelial cells have been subcultured with trypsin and EDTA, and are currently at the 30th subculture. Based upon the fine structure of the thymus in vivo, IT-26R21 cells were identified as epithelial cells from the thymus, because of their mosaic-like arrangement, desmosomes and tonofilaments. Other features also supported their origin and identity.", "contents": "Establishment of an epithelial cell line from rat thymus. A cell line (IT-26R21), composed only of epithelial cells, was established from normal rat thymus. Thymuses were treated with both collagenase and trypsin. Four months after the initiation of cultures, epithelial cells in packed colonies formed a monolayer and no other cells were found in cultures. Thereafter, epithelial cells have been subcultured with trypsin and EDTA, and are currently at the 30th subculture. Based upon the fine structure of the thymus in vivo, IT-26R21 cells were identified as epithelial cells from the thymus, because of their mosaic-like arrangement, desmosomes and tonofilaments. Other features also supported their origin and identity.", "PMID": 517453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11685", "title": "Antileukocyte antibodies in patients refractory to platelet transfusions.", "content": "Sera from 12 multitransfused patients who were refractory to random-donor platelets were tested for lymphocytotoxic and leukoagglutinating antibodies using panel cells from various volunteers whose HLA-A and -B antigens were known. All sera contained leukoagglutinins reactive with cells from at least one panel member, whereas only 33% had lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Patients whose sera reacted frequently with panel cells using the microcapillary agglutination technic seldom responded to HLA-matched paltelets, whereas those whose sera reacted infrequently usually responded satisfactorily. It is concluded that non-HLA antibodies may play a significant role in determining the responses to platelet transfusions in multi-transfused patients.", "contents": "Antileukocyte antibodies in patients refractory to platelet transfusions. Sera from 12 multitransfused patients who were refractory to random-donor platelets were tested for lymphocytotoxic and leukoagglutinating antibodies using panel cells from various volunteers whose HLA-A and -B antigens were known. All sera contained leukoagglutinins reactive with cells from at least one panel member, whereas only 33% had lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Patients whose sera reacted frequently with panel cells using the microcapillary agglutination technic seldom responded to HLA-matched paltelets, whereas those whose sera reacted infrequently usually responded satisfactorily. It is concluded that non-HLA antibodies may play a significant role in determining the responses to platelet transfusions in multi-transfused patients.", "PMID": 517458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11686", "title": "Whole-blood hemoglobin determinations: a comparison of methodologies.", "content": "The Coulter Model S provides an accurate measurement of total hemoglobin (Hb) content in peripheral blood even when elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) are present. Commercial standards and diluents for spectrophotometric determinations of cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN) are variable in quality. All diluents studied produce turbidity in some samples, and this may explain why manual Hb determinations tend to be higher than hemoglobin measurement on the Coulter S. The most reliable diluent was the reagent described by Van Kampen and Zijlstra. Its reliability is enhanced by centrifugation of sample in diluent. The use of a narrow-band-pass spectrophotometer for routine HiCN determinations in a clinical laboratory is not recommended because of its sensitivity to turbidity and HbCO.", "contents": "Whole-blood hemoglobin determinations: a comparison of methodologies. The Coulter Model S provides an accurate measurement of total hemoglobin (Hb) content in peripheral blood even when elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) are present. Commercial standards and diluents for spectrophotometric determinations of cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN) are variable in quality. All diluents studied produce turbidity in some samples, and this may explain why manual Hb determinations tend to be higher than hemoglobin measurement on the Coulter S. The most reliable diluent was the reagent described by Van Kampen and Zijlstra. Its reliability is enhanced by centrifugation of sample in diluent. The use of a narrow-band-pass spectrophotometer for routine HiCN determinations in a clinical laboratory is not recommended because of its sensitivity to turbidity and HbCO.", "PMID": 517459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11687", "title": "Diagnostic yield of transbronchoscopic biopsies.", "content": "Transbronchoscopic biopsies of lung (transbronchial) or bronchus (endobronchial) have a high diagnostic of yield when performed by a single expert bronchoscopist or a small group of expert bronchoscopists. This procedure's diagnostic yield was evaluated in a general hospital where biopsies are performed by a diverse group of individuals. One hundred fifty-one consecutive biopsies were reviewed, including 53 transbronchial biopsies and 98 endobronchial biopsies. Only 44% of endobronchial biopsies and 21% of transbronchial biopsies were diagnostic. The diagnostic yield was significantly greater in patients with suspected neoplasms (48%) than in patients with suspected infections (13%). Of 97 patients who ultimately had definitive diagnoses established, 43 (44%) had negative biopsy results, including 36% of those with cancers and 80% of those with infections. Failure to obtain alveolar parenchyma by transbronchial biopsy (probably related to the absence of fluoroscopic control) and failure to obtain multiple tissue fragments during each procedure contributed to the low diagnostic yield. The especially disappointing results of transbronchial biopsy for diagnosis of infection suggest that, in this hospital setting, open lung biopsy may be the procedure of choice when infection is suspected.", "contents": "Diagnostic yield of transbronchoscopic biopsies. Transbronchoscopic biopsies of lung (transbronchial) or bronchus (endobronchial) have a high diagnostic of yield when performed by a single expert bronchoscopist or a small group of expert bronchoscopists. This procedure's diagnostic yield was evaluated in a general hospital where biopsies are performed by a diverse group of individuals. One hundred fifty-one consecutive biopsies were reviewed, including 53 transbronchial biopsies and 98 endobronchial biopsies. Only 44% of endobronchial biopsies and 21% of transbronchial biopsies were diagnostic. The diagnostic yield was significantly greater in patients with suspected neoplasms (48%) than in patients with suspected infections (13%). Of 97 patients who ultimately had definitive diagnoses established, 43 (44%) had negative biopsy results, including 36% of those with cancers and 80% of those with infections. Failure to obtain alveolar parenchyma by transbronchial biopsy (probably related to the absence of fluoroscopic control) and failure to obtain multiple tissue fragments during each procedure contributed to the low diagnostic yield. The especially disappointing results of transbronchial biopsy for diagnosis of infection suggest that, in this hospital setting, open lung biopsy may be the procedure of choice when infection is suspected.", "PMID": 517460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11688", "title": "A comparison of hard and soft glass blood-drawing tubes.", "content": "The authors examined both hard and soft glass evacuated blood-drawing tubes for possible effects on clinical chemistry measurements. Using routine laboratory procedures, no clinically or statistically significant difference could be detected in 34 analytes using 66 different methods. A special high-precision study utilizing an adaption of the NBS round-robin procedures for calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium detected no difference between paired sera when drawn or stored for 72 hours, or both, in the two types of glass. The authors conclude that the type of glass used in production of the evacuated blood-drawing tubes does not affect the clinical chemistry results obtained.", "contents": "A comparison of hard and soft glass blood-drawing tubes. The authors examined both hard and soft glass evacuated blood-drawing tubes for possible effects on clinical chemistry measurements. Using routine laboratory procedures, no clinically or statistically significant difference could be detected in 34 analytes using 66 different methods. A special high-precision study utilizing an adaption of the NBS round-robin procedures for calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium detected no difference between paired sera when drawn or stored for 72 hours, or both, in the two types of glass. The authors conclude that the type of glass used in production of the evacuated blood-drawing tubes does not affect the clinical chemistry results obtained.", "PMID": 517461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11689", "title": "Neutrophil migration under agarose: quantitation and variables.", "content": "Several variables have been evaluated for the in-vitro measurement of neutrophil migration under agarose. Commonly used anticoagulants do not alter migration. Cells may be collected in heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA. Neither hypotonic or ammonium chloride lysis of erythrocytes affects chemotactic activity. Saponin, however, decreased both leukocytic viability and migration. Passage of neutrophils through a Hypaque-Ficoll density gradient improved migration scores, presumably by removing contaminating material and cells. Both lymphocyte and erythrocyte contamination decreased test scores. Platelets did not have a detrimental effect on neutrophil migration. Fresh serum was the most potent chemotactic agent. This was followed, in order, by zymosan-activated serum, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine, casein, and Escherichia coli supernatant. A scoring method that combines features of both counting leukocytes and measuring the migration distance has been devised. The technic has a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. Scores for the normal adult population show a gaussian distribution.", "contents": "Neutrophil migration under agarose: quantitation and variables. Several variables have been evaluated for the in-vitro measurement of neutrophil migration under agarose. Commonly used anticoagulants do not alter migration. Cells may be collected in heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA. Neither hypotonic or ammonium chloride lysis of erythrocytes affects chemotactic activity. Saponin, however, decreased both leukocytic viability and migration. Passage of neutrophils through a Hypaque-Ficoll density gradient improved migration scores, presumably by removing contaminating material and cells. Both lymphocyte and erythrocyte contamination decreased test scores. Platelets did not have a detrimental effect on neutrophil migration. Fresh serum was the most potent chemotactic agent. This was followed, in order, by zymosan-activated serum, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine, casein, and Escherichia coli supernatant. A scoring method that combines features of both counting leukocytes and measuring the migration distance has been devised. The technic has a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. Scores for the normal adult population show a gaussian distribution.", "PMID": 517462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11690", "title": "Diagnostic value of candida precipitins determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with acute leukemia: a prospective study.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia had weekly determinations of Candida precipitins by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The only two patients who had proven disseminated candidiasis both had diagnostic (greater than or equal to 1/8) titers. However, most patients with \"possible\" disseminated candidiasis did not have diagnostic titers. The test's specificity was high (90%), and only one of five patients infected with other fungi had diagnostic titers. However, because there were so few \"true positives\" in this small series, the relatively small number of \"false positives\" resulted in a low predictive value for this test. Based on a review of the literature and the authors' experience, the value of this test for patients who have acute leukemia does not appear to be well established.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of candida precipitins determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with acute leukemia: a prospective study. Thirty-nine patients receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia had weekly determinations of Candida precipitins by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The only two patients who had proven disseminated candidiasis both had diagnostic (greater than or equal to 1/8) titers. However, most patients with \"possible\" disseminated candidiasis did not have diagnostic titers. The test's specificity was high (90%), and only one of five patients infected with other fungi had diagnostic titers. However, because there were so few \"true positives\" in this small series, the relatively small number of \"false positives\" resulted in a low predictive value for this test. Based on a review of the literature and the authors' experience, the value of this test for patients who have acute leukemia does not appear to be well established.", "PMID": 517463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11691", "title": "Pericardial-fluid complement: normal values.", "content": "Reports of low pericardial-fluid complement levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis have been difficult to interpret, as few data are available to describe complement concentrations in patients without pericardial disease. The authors therefore determined normal values under standardized conditions of collection, storage, and assay. The normal ranges for pericardial-fluid C3, C4, and total hemolytic complement were 35-127 mg/dl, 6.3-23 mg/dl, and 1.9-9.1 CH50 units, respectively. Storage at -20 C resulted in a 50% reduction in values. Hence, storage at -70 C is recommended. As the level of pericardial-fluid total hemolytic complement is normally low, caution is needed in interpreting its apparent reduction in various immunologic diseases.", "contents": "Pericardial-fluid complement: normal values. Reports of low pericardial-fluid complement levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis have been difficult to interpret, as few data are available to describe complement concentrations in patients without pericardial disease. The authors therefore determined normal values under standardized conditions of collection, storage, and assay. The normal ranges for pericardial-fluid C3, C4, and total hemolytic complement were 35-127 mg/dl, 6.3-23 mg/dl, and 1.9-9.1 CH50 units, respectively. Storage at -20 C resulted in a 50% reduction in values. Hence, storage at -70 C is recommended. As the level of pericardial-fluid total hemolytic complement is normally low, caution is needed in interpreting its apparent reduction in various immunologic diseases.", "PMID": 517464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11692", "title": "Helping police officers to cope with stress: a cognitive--behavioral approach.", "content": "Police Academy trainees participated in a stress management program which focused on developing skills for coping with anxiety and anger. Stress management training took place in six 2-hour sessions and included instruction and practice in the self-monitoring of reactions to stressful situations, muscular relaxation, and the development of adaptive self-statements. Self-report measures of anxiety and anger were obtained before and after the stress management program. In addition, self and observer ratings of trainees' performance in stressful simulated police activities were utilized as posttreatment dependent measures. In comparison to a control group of trainees, the performance of the treatment group was rated, by academy personnel, as superior in several of the simulated police activities. The results of the present study suggest that stress management with law enforcement officers may be most effective when the program focuses on the specific situations which are likely to be encountered by trainees. Limitations of the present program are examined and suggestions for future efforts with law enforcement personnel are discussed.", "contents": "Helping police officers to cope with stress: a cognitive--behavioral approach. Police Academy trainees participated in a stress management program which focused on developing skills for coping with anxiety and anger. Stress management training took place in six 2-hour sessions and included instruction and practice in the self-monitoring of reactions to stressful situations, muscular relaxation, and the development of adaptive self-statements. Self-report measures of anxiety and anger were obtained before and after the stress management program. In addition, self and observer ratings of trainees' performance in stressful simulated police activities were utilized as posttreatment dependent measures. In comparison to a control group of trainees, the performance of the treatment group was rated, by academy personnel, as superior in several of the simulated police activities. The results of the present study suggest that stress management with law enforcement officers may be most effective when the program focuses on the specific situations which are likely to be encountered by trainees. Limitations of the present program are examined and suggestions for future efforts with law enforcement personnel are discussed.", "PMID": 517465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11693", "title": "Hairdressers as caregivers. I. A descriptive profile of interpersonal help-giving involvements.", "content": "The interpersonal help-giving behaviors of 90 hairdressers were explored in depth in an interview study. On the average, hairdressers saw 55 customers a week, and talked 25 minutes with each. About one-third of the talking time concerned clients' moderate to serious personal problems--particularly problems with children, physical health, marriage, depression, and anxiety. Hairdressers reported that offering sympathy and support, being lighthearted, just listening, and presenting alternatives were among their most frequent response strategies. Although they often enjoyed fielding clients' personal problems, at times they felt perplexed by them. Hairdressers perceived listening to customers' interpersonal problems to be an important part of their everyday function and expressed a need for professional inputs in that domain.", "contents": "Hairdressers as caregivers. I. A descriptive profile of interpersonal help-giving involvements. The interpersonal help-giving behaviors of 90 hairdressers were explored in depth in an interview study. On the average, hairdressers saw 55 customers a week, and talked 25 minutes with each. About one-third of the talking time concerned clients' moderate to serious personal problems--particularly problems with children, physical health, marriage, depression, and anxiety. Hairdressers reported that offering sympathy and support, being lighthearted, just listening, and presenting alternatives were among their most frequent response strategies. Although they often enjoyed fielding clients' personal problems, at times they felt perplexed by them. Hairdressers perceived listening to customers' interpersonal problems to be an important part of their everyday function and expressed a need for professional inputs in that domain.", "PMID": 517466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11694", "title": "Grief intervention and sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "A program utilizing nurses to deliver grief intervention to parents losing a baby to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is described. Because parents of SIDS victims experience profound feelings of guilt and especially servere crisis reactions, programs relieving guilt and providing additional support to them are felt to have significant preventive potential. Data are presented tentatively supporting the conclusion that the SIDS grief intervention program had a beneficial impact on the participants. Implications for crisis theory and preventive programming in general are also discussed.", "contents": "Grief intervention and sudden infant death syndrome. A program utilizing nurses to deliver grief intervention to parents losing a baby to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is described. Because parents of SIDS victims experience profound feelings of guilt and especially servere crisis reactions, programs relieving guilt and providing additional support to them are felt to have significant preventive potential. Data are presented tentatively supporting the conclusion that the SIDS grief intervention program had a beneficial impact on the participants. Implications for crisis theory and preventive programming in general are also discussed.", "PMID": 517467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11695", "title": "Evaluation of two test-anxiety reduction treatments in a secondary prevention program.", "content": "The study evaluated the effectiveness of both a new anxiety management training program and a cognitive modification procedure as part of a secondary prevention effort to identify and treat test anxiety early in the academic career of college students. Subjects were 40 college freshmen who had been identified as high test-anxious in an initial mail-out survey of the Test Anxiety scale. Subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: anxiety management training, a cognitive modification procedure, and a no-treatment control group. Results indicated that both the cognitive modification and anxiety management training treatments were effective in reducing test anxiety on a posttreatment administration of the Test Anxiety scale. Especially interesting, a significant difference in academic performance emerged between treatment and control groups three semesters after treatment, underscoring the preventive value of the program.", "contents": "Evaluation of two test-anxiety reduction treatments in a secondary prevention program. The study evaluated the effectiveness of both a new anxiety management training program and a cognitive modification procedure as part of a secondary prevention effort to identify and treat test anxiety early in the academic career of college students. Subjects were 40 college freshmen who had been identified as high test-anxious in an initial mail-out survey of the Test Anxiety scale. Subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: anxiety management training, a cognitive modification procedure, and a no-treatment control group. Results indicated that both the cognitive modification and anxiety management training treatments were effective in reducing test anxiety on a posttreatment administration of the Test Anxiety scale. Especially interesting, a significant difference in academic performance emerged between treatment and control groups three semesters after treatment, underscoring the preventive value of the program.", "PMID": 517468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11696", "title": "Further evaluation of the optimum age for rubella vaccine administration.", "content": "The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses of 452 children to HPV-77, DE5 rubella vaccine were studied. Results indicated that seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers in infants inoculated at 12 through 14 months of age are comparable with those achieved in older children. \"Vaccine failures\" seem to occur randomly in vaccinees after 1 year of age; the infectivity of individual vaccines is questioned. The persistence of HI antibody was evaluated through serial sampling up to three years postinoculation.", "contents": "Further evaluation of the optimum age for rubella vaccine administration. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses of 452 children to HPV-77, DE5 rubella vaccine were studied. Results indicated that seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers in infants inoculated at 12 through 14 months of age are comparable with those achieved in older children. \"Vaccine failures\" seem to occur randomly in vaccinees after 1 year of age; the infectivity of individual vaccines is questioned. The persistence of HI antibody was evaluated through serial sampling up to three years postinoculation.", "PMID": 517472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11697", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary aneurysms.", "content": "The cross-sectional echocardiographic technique for detecting coronary artery aneurysms of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) was examined. When cutting the aortic root in round slices by the echocardiographic scanner, each of the right and left coronary arteries was imaged as a linear echo-free structure arising from the aortic root. Of 22 normal subjects, the left main coronary artery was imaged in all, the anterior descending branch in 18, the circumflex branch in six, and the right coronary artery in 18. Of 41 patients with MLNS, coronary artery aneurysms were detected as large echo-free spaces in four patients who were proved later to have these lesions by coronary angiography or autopsy. In addition, in four patients, whose echocardiograms demonstrated the coronary arteries to be normal, the angiographic studies showed that the coronary arteries were intact. These results suggest that the cross-sectional echocardiographic technique is a useful noninvasive diagnostic method for imaging the coronary arteries and the aneurysms in MLNS.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary aneurysms. The cross-sectional echocardiographic technique for detecting coronary artery aneurysms of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) was examined. When cutting the aortic root in round slices by the echocardiographic scanner, each of the right and left coronary arteries was imaged as a linear echo-free structure arising from the aortic root. Of 22 normal subjects, the left main coronary artery was imaged in all, the anterior descending branch in 18, the circumflex branch in six, and the right coronary artery in 18. Of 41 patients with MLNS, coronary artery aneurysms were detected as large echo-free spaces in four patients who were proved later to have these lesions by coronary angiography or autopsy. In addition, in four patients, whose echocardiograms demonstrated the coronary arteries to be normal, the angiographic studies showed that the coronary arteries were intact. These results suggest that the cross-sectional echocardiographic technique is a useful noninvasive diagnostic method for imaging the coronary arteries and the aneurysms in MLNS.", "PMID": 517473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11698", "title": "Sickle cell trait/hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin trait. Misdiagnosis as sickle cell anemia by newborn screening.", "content": "A black female infant, reported as a result of mandatory newborn screening to have sickle cell anemia, was found at 8 months of age to have instead the entirely benign disorder sickle cell trait/hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin trait. The finding of hemoglobin S without Hb A does not suffice for the diagnosis of homozygous Hb S. Screening programs that diagnose sickle cell aneimia without first demonstrating sickle hemoglobin in both parents will consistently misdiagnose several more benign hemoglobin states as sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait/hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin trait. Misdiagnosis as sickle cell anemia by newborn screening. A black female infant, reported as a result of mandatory newborn screening to have sickle cell anemia, was found at 8 months of age to have instead the entirely benign disorder sickle cell trait/hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin trait. The finding of hemoglobin S without Hb A does not suffice for the diagnosis of homozygous Hb S. Screening programs that diagnose sickle cell aneimia without first demonstrating sickle hemoglobin in both parents will consistently misdiagnose several more benign hemoglobin states as sickle cell anemia.", "PMID": 517474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11699", "title": "Immunological bases for superior survival of females.", "content": "Evolutionary selection has equipped females with immunoregulatory genes on the X chromosome for coping with life-threatening illness. Five immunodeficiency syndromes occur solely in males, suggesting that they arise from mutant immunoregulatory genes located on the X chromosome. These syndromes, although rare, could contribute to poorer survival of males. Females have higher serum IgM concentrations, superior ability to form antibodies to infectious agents, and experience a lower incidence of viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Preponderance of autoimmune disorders in females could arise from modified immune responses owing to estrogens. Clinical and animal studies indicate that male hormones suppress autoantibody production whereas female hormones support their production. Superior immunocompetence and survival of females is based, in part, on their being protected from mutant immunoregulatory genes located on the X chromosome.", "contents": "Immunological bases for superior survival of females. Evolutionary selection has equipped females with immunoregulatory genes on the X chromosome for coping with life-threatening illness. Five immunodeficiency syndromes occur solely in males, suggesting that they arise from mutant immunoregulatory genes located on the X chromosome. These syndromes, although rare, could contribute to poorer survival of males. Females have higher serum IgM concentrations, superior ability to form antibodies to infectious agents, and experience a lower incidence of viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Preponderance of autoimmune disorders in females could arise from modified immune responses owing to estrogens. Clinical and animal studies indicate that male hormones suppress autoantibody production whereas female hormones support their production. Superior immunocompetence and survival of females is based, in part, on their being protected from mutant immunoregulatory genes located on the X chromosome.", "PMID": 517475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11700", "title": "Periodic transfusions for sickle cell anemia and CNS infarction.", "content": "Recurrences of CNS infarction often lead to progressive neurologic disability in sickle cell anemia. To prevent such reccurrence, a periodic blood transfusion program was begun in 1969. Currently, 27 patients are on this regimen. Before inclusion in the program, 12 patients had had one to nine CNS recurrences each. Since the program was started, two patients have had transient CNS ischemia. There were no other recurrences and none of the patients have shown progression of neurologic abnormalities. In addition, there was a striking decrease in bacterial infection and pain. We conclude that periodic transfusions are effective in preventing recurrent CNS infarction in sickle cell anemia. The benefits must be weighed against the potentially serious problem of iron overload, as evidenced by moderately elevated serum ferritin values.", "contents": "Periodic transfusions for sickle cell anemia and CNS infarction. Recurrences of CNS infarction often lead to progressive neurologic disability in sickle cell anemia. To prevent such reccurrence, a periodic blood transfusion program was begun in 1969. Currently, 27 patients are on this regimen. Before inclusion in the program, 12 patients had had one to nine CNS recurrences each. Since the program was started, two patients have had transient CNS ischemia. There were no other recurrences and none of the patients have shown progression of neurologic abnormalities. In addition, there was a striking decrease in bacterial infection and pain. We conclude that periodic transfusions are effective in preventing recurrent CNS infarction in sickle cell anemia. The benefits must be weighed against the potentially serious problem of iron overload, as evidenced by moderately elevated serum ferritin values.", "PMID": 517476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11701", "title": "Linear porokeratosis and other linear cutaneous eruptions of childhood.", "content": "Several distinct linear cutaneous eruptions occur in childhood. They differ in natural history, response to therapy, and association with other abnormalities that may affect the child's general well-being.", "contents": "Linear porokeratosis and other linear cutaneous eruptions of childhood. Several distinct linear cutaneous eruptions occur in childhood. They differ in natural history, response to therapy, and association with other abnormalities that may affect the child's general well-being.", "PMID": 517477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11702", "title": "Therapeutic communities, old and new.", "content": "The author attempts to clarify two largely different uses of term, Therapeutic Community (TC). By \"old\" TC he describes a movement which originated in psychiatry in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. This was an attempt to establish a democratic system in hospitals where the domination of the doctors was replaced by open communication of content and feeling, information sharing, shared decision making, and problem solving shared as far as possible with all patients and staff. Daily meetings of all patients and staff formed the nucleus of this process. In recent years developments in the areas of systems theory, learning theory, and organization development have contributed to a better understanding of social organization and change. The \"new\" TCs derive from the more recent developments in the treatment of substance abuse. Central to this movement is Synanon and its many modification which use the clients' peer group to solve their own problems, largely eliminating mental health professionals. Linked with these \"new\" TCs is the development of Asklepieion units in prisons, which use Synanon \"games\" along with transactional analysis. An attempt is made to distinguish the methodologies used in TCs, \"old\" and \"new\".", "contents": "Therapeutic communities, old and new. The author attempts to clarify two largely different uses of term, Therapeutic Community (TC). By \"old\" TC he describes a movement which originated in psychiatry in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. This was an attempt to establish a democratic system in hospitals where the domination of the doctors was replaced by open communication of content and feeling, information sharing, shared decision making, and problem solving shared as far as possible with all patients and staff. Daily meetings of all patients and staff formed the nucleus of this process. In recent years developments in the areas of systems theory, learning theory, and organization development have contributed to a better understanding of social organization and change. The \"new\" TCs derive from the more recent developments in the treatment of substance abuse. Central to this movement is Synanon and its many modification which use the clients' peer group to solve their own problems, largely eliminating mental health professionals. Linked with these \"new\" TCs is the development of Asklepieion units in prisons, which use Synanon \"games\" along with transactional analysis. An attempt is made to distinguish the methodologies used in TCs, \"old\" and \"new\".", "PMID": 517487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11703", "title": "Changes in drug abuse clients--1972-1978: implications for revised treatment.", "content": "Considerable anecdotal evidence at this hospital had suggested that the present population of drug abuse patients was qualitatively different from the population for which the original treatment program had been designed. In order to assess these suspected differences, samples of drug abuse clients from 1972 and 1978 were compared to terms of pattern of abuse, previous treatments, means of support, family background, and psychological status. Results suggested significant increases in symptom severity within the 1978 sample in all comparison areas, especially psychological status. The authors consider the possibility that therapeutic approaches which were previously effective may no longer be meeting the more extensive needs of the current population.", "contents": "Changes in drug abuse clients--1972-1978: implications for revised treatment. Considerable anecdotal evidence at this hospital had suggested that the present population of drug abuse patients was qualitatively different from the population for which the original treatment program had been designed. In order to assess these suspected differences, samples of drug abuse clients from 1972 and 1978 were compared to terms of pattern of abuse, previous treatments, means of support, family background, and psychological status. Results suggested significant increases in symptom severity within the 1978 sample in all comparison areas, especially psychological status. The authors consider the possibility that therapeutic approaches which were previously effective may no longer be meeting the more extensive needs of the current population.", "PMID": 517488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11704", "title": "Angel dust use in an outpatient setting--clinical profile and implications for treatment.", "content": "The study attempts to identify two populations of 20 young people who are self-reporting marijuana use in one group and angel dust in the other. We have examined these populations and evaluated them on a series of variables in an attempt to discover whether there are significant differences between them and, if so, whether there is in fact a clinical profile which may be descriptive of nonacute reactions to angel dust. Results indicate that there are significant differences on variables that distinguish angel dust users in an outpatient setting.", "contents": "Angel dust use in an outpatient setting--clinical profile and implications for treatment. The study attempts to identify two populations of 20 young people who are self-reporting marijuana use in one group and angel dust in the other. We have examined these populations and evaluated them on a series of variables in an attempt to discover whether there are significant differences between them and, if so, whether there is in fact a clinical profile which may be descriptive of nonacute reactions to angel dust. Results indicate that there are significant differences on variables that distinguish angel dust users in an outpatient setting.", "PMID": 517489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11705", "title": "Parental correlates of drug use among young Puerto Rican adults.", "content": "A study was conducted by interview with 635 young Puerto Rican adults in Puerto Rico. Half of the sample were selected as high risk of heroin involvement, half as low risk. Parent-child relationships and parental usage of alcohol and cigarettes were related to five indices of heroin involvement. For boys, maternal acceptance was negatively associated with having ever tried heroin. Higher levels of maternal control were associated with lesser heroin use, never having tried heroin, less knowledge of heroin-related vocabulary, and fewer friends who had used heroin. Being the mother's favorite child was associated with less approval of heroin use. For boys, paternal acceptance was related to less knowledge of heroin vocabulary. Higher levels of paternal control went with less heroin use, less knowledge of heroin vocabulary, never having tried heroin, and few friends who used heroin. Paternal discipline was related to fewer friends using heroin. For girls, maternal control was associated with less knowledge of heroin vocabulary, maternal discipline with fewer friends using heroin, and being the mother's favorite child went with low heroin use, low approval for heroin use, and few friends using heroin. For girls, paternal acceptance and paternal discipline were associated with fewer friends using heroin. Maternal smoking and drinking were associated with increased usage of heroin for her son.", "contents": "Parental correlates of drug use among young Puerto Rican adults. A study was conducted by interview with 635 young Puerto Rican adults in Puerto Rico. Half of the sample were selected as high risk of heroin involvement, half as low risk. Parent-child relationships and parental usage of alcohol and cigarettes were related to five indices of heroin involvement. For boys, maternal acceptance was negatively associated with having ever tried heroin. Higher levels of maternal control were associated with lesser heroin use, never having tried heroin, less knowledge of heroin-related vocabulary, and fewer friends who had used heroin. Being the mother's favorite child was associated with less approval of heroin use. For boys, paternal acceptance was related to less knowledge of heroin vocabulary. Higher levels of paternal control went with less heroin use, less knowledge of heroin vocabulary, never having tried heroin, and few friends who used heroin. Paternal discipline was related to fewer friends using heroin. For girls, maternal control was associated with less knowledge of heroin vocabulary, maternal discipline with fewer friends using heroin, and being the mother's favorite child went with low heroin use, low approval for heroin use, and few friends using heroin. For girls, paternal acceptance and paternal discipline were associated with fewer friends using heroin. Maternal smoking and drinking were associated with increased usage of heroin for her son.", "PMID": 517490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11706", "title": "Measurement of urine temperature as an alternative to observed urination in a narcotic treatment program.", "content": "Upper and lower limits have been determined for the temperature of freshly voided ur;ne. When specified procedures are followed, more than 99% of measurements lie between 32.5 and 36.7 degrees C. This provides a basis for monitoring urine collection in a drug abuse treatment program in a manner that does not invade privacy. The method is not foolproof, but it provides sufficient control if there are no penalties for illicit drug use so that there is no strong incentive to turn in a fraudulent urine sample.", "contents": "Measurement of urine temperature as an alternative to observed urination in a narcotic treatment program. Upper and lower limits have been determined for the temperature of freshly voided ur;ne. When specified procedures are followed, more than 99% of measurements lie between 32.5 and 36.7 degrees C. This provides a basis for monitoring urine collection in a drug abuse treatment program in a manner that does not invade privacy. The method is not foolproof, but it provides sufficient control if there are no penalties for illicit drug use so that there is no strong incentive to turn in a fraudulent urine sample.", "PMID": 517492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11707", "title": "Evidence for the presence of two fundamentally different, age-independent characteriological types within unselected runs of male alcohol and drug abusers.", "content": "Analyses of the MAC Scale scores of male substance abusers evidence the presence of two fundamentally different, age-independent characterological types within unselected runs of male alcohol and drug abusers. Examination of those items which best accomplish this discrimination indicates that the members of the majority type (approximately 85%, on average, over several studies) have disorders of character, while the members of the minority type (approximately 15%, on average, over several studies) are introverted neurotics. Since both types are also present, but in roughly opposite proportions, in the self-depictions of the members of unselected runs of nonsubstance-abusing male psychiatric outpatients, it is evident that neither type is comprised only of substance abusers.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of two fundamentally different, age-independent characteriological types within unselected runs of male alcohol and drug abusers. Analyses of the MAC Scale scores of male substance abusers evidence the presence of two fundamentally different, age-independent characterological types within unselected runs of male alcohol and drug abusers. Examination of those items which best accomplish this discrimination indicates that the members of the majority type (approximately 85%, on average, over several studies) have disorders of character, while the members of the minority type (approximately 15%, on average, over several studies) are introverted neurotics. Since both types are also present, but in roughly opposite proportions, in the self-depictions of the members of unselected runs of nonsubstance-abusing male psychiatric outpatients, it is evident that neither type is comprised only of substance abusers.", "PMID": 517493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11708", "title": "Delay in seeking help and onset of crisis among Al-Anon wives.", "content": "A survey of 123 Al-Anon wives in the Washington, D.C. area revealed that these women delayed an average of more than 7 years after the first occurrence of problem drinking before finally seeking help. The various drinking-related problems antecedent to the wives' seeking help clustered into four time periods composed of similar types of problems; (1) nonthreatening events, such as arrest, occurred 7 years prior to help seeking; (2) acts of physical violence, 5 years; (3) intervention by outside authorities, 3 years; and (4) recognition by significant others that the drinking was out of control, 2 years. The phenomenon of extended delay before recognition of the problem and help seeking is consistent with the paradigm developed from studies of mental patients and their families: pathological behavior becomes defined as a problem only after a long accumulation of bizarre episodes.", "contents": "Delay in seeking help and onset of crisis among Al-Anon wives. A survey of 123 Al-Anon wives in the Washington, D.C. area revealed that these women delayed an average of more than 7 years after the first occurrence of problem drinking before finally seeking help. The various drinking-related problems antecedent to the wives' seeking help clustered into four time periods composed of similar types of problems; (1) nonthreatening events, such as arrest, occurred 7 years prior to help seeking; (2) acts of physical violence, 5 years; (3) intervention by outside authorities, 3 years; and (4) recognition by significant others that the drinking was out of control, 2 years. The phenomenon of extended delay before recognition of the problem and help seeking is consistent with the paradigm developed from studies of mental patients and their families: pathological behavior becomes defined as a problem only after a long accumulation of bizarre episodes.", "PMID": 517494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11709", "title": "Rural vs urban problem drinker clients.", "content": "The rural (n = 636) and urban (n = 3,294) clients served by the outpatient alcoholism service centers of Iowa during 1973-1974 are compared. More similarities than differences are observed. The implications for intervention and rehabilitation strategies are discussed.", "contents": "Rural vs urban problem drinker clients. The rural (n = 636) and urban (n = 3,294) clients served by the outpatient alcoholism service centers of Iowa during 1973-1974 are compared. More similarities than differences are observed. The implications for intervention and rehabilitation strategies are discussed.", "PMID": 517495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11710", "title": "Phycomycosis of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A case of gastrointestinal phycomycosis, a highly lethal fungal infection, is presented. Radiographic, operative and histopathologic features are discussed. Pathogenesis of the disease and the importance of underlying illness, malnutrition, immunosuppression and antibiotic therapy are considered. The literature is reviewed and current approaches to diagnosis and management are summarized. Greater awareness of the clinical setting in which gastrointestinal phycomycosis may develop and earlier consideration of the diagnosis are prerequisite to improved survival.", "contents": "Phycomycosis of the gastrointestinal tract. A case of gastrointestinal phycomycosis, a highly lethal fungal infection, is presented. Radiographic, operative and histopathologic features are discussed. Pathogenesis of the disease and the importance of underlying illness, malnutrition, immunosuppression and antibiotic therapy are considered. The literature is reviewed and current approaches to diagnosis and management are summarized. Greater awareness of the clinical setting in which gastrointestinal phycomycosis may develop and earlier consideration of the diagnosis are prerequisite to improved survival.", "PMID": 517498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11711", "title": "Effect of pancreatic stimulation on serum and urine amylase isoenzymes in man.", "content": "Alpha amylase of pancreatic origin is cleared by the kidney more rapidly than the salivary isoamylase. To determine whether alterations in the ratio of pancreatic to salivary amylase in sera caused alterations in over all renal clearance, the clearance of amylase was measured before and after the exocrine pancreas was stimulated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin. Serum and urine samples collected prior to and following stimulation were analyzed for amylase activity and creatinine concentration. Amylase isoenzymes were separated using isoelectric focusing. Over all renal clearance of amylase and of the separated amylase isoenzymes were calculated as a percentage of the clearance of creatinine. The hormone infusion was associated with an increase in serum and urine amylase activities, this increase being mainly accounted for by pancreatic amylase. The renal clearance of the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases was not altered by the hormone infusion but the over all amylase clearance by the kidney rose from 2.31 +/- 0.74 to 3.42 +/- 1.46% of creatinine clearance. In some cases the renal clearance of amylase following stimulation entered the range considered diagnostic for acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Effect of pancreatic stimulation on serum and urine amylase isoenzymes in man. Alpha amylase of pancreatic origin is cleared by the kidney more rapidly than the salivary isoamylase. To determine whether alterations in the ratio of pancreatic to salivary amylase in sera caused alterations in over all renal clearance, the clearance of amylase was measured before and after the exocrine pancreas was stimulated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin. Serum and urine samples collected prior to and following stimulation were analyzed for amylase activity and creatinine concentration. Amylase isoenzymes were separated using isoelectric focusing. Over all renal clearance of amylase and of the separated amylase isoenzymes were calculated as a percentage of the clearance of creatinine. The hormone infusion was associated with an increase in serum and urine amylase activities, this increase being mainly accounted for by pancreatic amylase. The renal clearance of the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases was not altered by the hormone infusion but the over all amylase clearance by the kidney rose from 2.31 +/- 0.74 to 3.42 +/- 1.46% of creatinine clearance. In some cases the renal clearance of amylase following stimulation entered the range considered diagnostic for acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 517499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11712", "title": "Renal and gastric hamartomas.", "content": "This report documents a patient with renal tumor which was originally diagnosed as \"Wilms' tumor\" and treated by irradiation and chemotherapy. Fifteen years later the patient was found to have gastric hamartomas. Reviews of the kidney tumor revealed it to be composed of morphologic features consistent with renal hamartoma rather than Wilms' tumor. We wish to report this extremely unusual association of renal and gastric hamartomas.", "contents": "Renal and gastric hamartomas. This report documents a patient with renal tumor which was originally diagnosed as \"Wilms' tumor\" and treated by irradiation and chemotherapy. Fifteen years later the patient was found to have gastric hamartomas. Reviews of the kidney tumor revealed it to be composed of morphologic features consistent with renal hamartoma rather than Wilms' tumor. We wish to report this extremely unusual association of renal and gastric hamartomas.", "PMID": 517500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11713", "title": "Cholesterol ascites in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "A 43-year old man with long-standing cirrhosis of the liver and ascites was found to have cholesterol crystals in his ascitic fluid. This unusual finding, not heretofore described in the medical literature, is reported and possible mechanisms for its production are discussed.", "contents": "Cholesterol ascites in alcoholic cirrhosis. A 43-year old man with long-standing cirrhosis of the liver and ascites was found to have cholesterol crystals in his ascitic fluid. This unusual finding, not heretofore described in the medical literature, is reported and possible mechanisms for its production are discussed.", "PMID": 517502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11714", "title": "Radiation therapy of a pancreatic fistula.", "content": "A patient with a pancreatic cutaneous fistula subsequent to laparotomy was unresponsive to medical management including intravenous hyperalimentation. Radiation therapy resulted in progressive diminution of volume from the fistula with subsequent complete closure. Radiation thus offers another therapeutic modality for pancreatic fistulas.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of a pancreatic fistula. A patient with a pancreatic cutaneous fistula subsequent to laparotomy was unresponsive to medical management including intravenous hyperalimentation. Radiation therapy resulted in progressive diminution of volume from the fistula with subsequent complete closure. Radiation thus offers another therapeutic modality for pancreatic fistulas.", "PMID": 517503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11715", "title": "Intussusception of the by-passed segment after jejunoileal by-pass for obesity. A cryptic problem.", "content": "Intussusception involving the excluded small bowel segment is an infrequent complication following intestinal by-pass procedures for morbid obesity. Because the intussusception involves bowel not in continuity with the alimentary stream, the usual diagnostic clinical and radiographic patterns fail to appear and recognition is usually delayed. This paper reports in detail such a patient, who was relieved of prolonged abdominal pain by operation. Previously reported patients are reviewed.", "contents": "Intussusception of the by-passed segment after jejunoileal by-pass for obesity. A cryptic problem. Intussusception involving the excluded small bowel segment is an infrequent complication following intestinal by-pass procedures for morbid obesity. Because the intussusception involves bowel not in continuity with the alimentary stream, the usual diagnostic clinical and radiographic patterns fail to appear and recognition is usually delayed. This paper reports in detail such a patient, who was relieved of prolonged abdominal pain by operation. Previously reported patients are reviewed.", "PMID": 517504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11716", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on gastric stasis after reversed jejunal loop for postvagotomy diarrhea.", "content": "The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying in a patient with an antiperistaltic jejunal loop interposed between the stomach and duodenum because of postvagotomy dumping symdrome is studied. Solid particle emptying by 99mTc-labeled chicken liver revealed profound gastric stasis with resultant bezoar formation. Orally administered metoclopramide resulted in correction of the gastric emptying rate and dramatic symptomatic relief. The possible use of metoclopramide in patients with stasis following surgical intervention to correct postvagotomy dumping is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on gastric stasis after reversed jejunal loop for postvagotomy diarrhea. The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying in a patient with an antiperistaltic jejunal loop interposed between the stomach and duodenum because of postvagotomy dumping symdrome is studied. Solid particle emptying by 99mTc-labeled chicken liver revealed profound gastric stasis with resultant bezoar formation. Orally administered metoclopramide resulted in correction of the gastric emptying rate and dramatic symptomatic relief. The possible use of metoclopramide in patients with stasis following surgical intervention to correct postvagotomy dumping is suggested.", "PMID": 517505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11717", "title": "Biliary peritonitis following blunt abdominal trauma in children. Report of a case.", "content": "Bile peritonitis, following blunt abdomen injury to the biliary tract, is not a very common condition. The clinical features, however, are typical, the treatment is delayed due to the quiescent interval between the symptoms. The operative treatment is simple draining of the area of perforation and the site of the collection of bile. A catheter in the gallbladder is helpful in assessing the stoppage of the leak and the restoration of biliary drainage. The prompt surgical treatment on diagnosis has good prognosis.", "contents": "Biliary peritonitis following blunt abdominal trauma in children. Report of a case. Bile peritonitis, following blunt abdomen injury to the biliary tract, is not a very common condition. The clinical features, however, are typical, the treatment is delayed due to the quiescent interval between the symptoms. The operative treatment is simple draining of the area of perforation and the site of the collection of bile. A catheter in the gallbladder is helpful in assessing the stoppage of the leak and the restoration of biliary drainage. The prompt surgical treatment on diagnosis has good prognosis.", "PMID": 517506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11718", "title": "Transient hypertrophic gastropathy in childhood: a protein-losing gastropathy distinct from Menetrier's disease.", "content": "Transient hypertrophic gastropathy in a child with similarity of radiographic and clinical features to Menetrier's disease is described. Distinction from Menetrier's disease is emphasized as the condition is characterized by abrupt onset, short duration, eosinophila and good prognosis. The association with hypersensitivity as a possible etiology is more suggestive in this condition. The radiographic changes will often provide the first clue to this condition and rapid reversal of the gastric changes is diagnostic.", "contents": "Transient hypertrophic gastropathy in childhood: a protein-losing gastropathy distinct from Menetrier's disease. Transient hypertrophic gastropathy in a child with similarity of radiographic and clinical features to Menetrier's disease is described. Distinction from Menetrier's disease is emphasized as the condition is characterized by abrupt onset, short duration, eosinophila and good prognosis. The association with hypersensitivity as a possible etiology is more suggestive in this condition. The radiographic changes will often provide the first clue to this condition and rapid reversal of the gastric changes is diagnostic.", "PMID": 517508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11719", "title": "Inherited deficiency of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.", "content": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) is the second enzyme in the porphyrin-heme pathway and converts delta-aminolevulinc acid (ALA) to porphobilinogen (PBG). A family is reported with an inherited deficiency of red cell ALA-D activity occurring over three generations in an autosomal dominant pattern. Intial experiments support the hypothesis that the mutation in this family may affect a regulatory gene, but enzyme purification and further study are required. Although no clinical manifestations of deficient ALA-D activity have been found in affected persons, families such as this may be at increased risk for the serious consequences of lead poisoning, which produces marked inhibition of ALA-D activity.", "contents": "Inherited deficiency of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) is the second enzyme in the porphyrin-heme pathway and converts delta-aminolevulinc acid (ALA) to porphobilinogen (PBG). A family is reported with an inherited deficiency of red cell ALA-D activity occurring over three generations in an autosomal dominant pattern. Intial experiments support the hypothesis that the mutation in this family may affect a regulatory gene, but enzyme purification and further study are required. Although no clinical manifestations of deficient ALA-D activity have been found in affected persons, families such as this may be at increased risk for the serious consequences of lead poisoning, which produces marked inhibition of ALA-D activity.", "PMID": 517518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11720", "title": "Testicular size and shape of 47,XYY and 47,XXY men in a double-blind, double-matched population survey.", "content": "This paper reports the testicular size and shape of 12 men with 47,XYY, 14 men with 47,XXY, and 52 matched controls with 46,XY. The abnormal karyotypes were identified in a systematic population search for XYY and XXY men. The subjects and their matched controls were examined in a double-blind fashion. The testes of the XYY men showed no significant differences from those of their XY controls for volume or shape. This indicates that previous reports of abnormal testes in XYYs reflect selection and publication bias and do not provide an accurate description of the condition of 47,XYY men's testicles. As expected, the testes of the XXY men were significantly smaller than those of their XY controls, and there was also a difference in shape. However, the mean size in this sample of XXYs was larger than in previous reports on Klinefelter syndrome patients, indicating that previous reports on XXYs, identified in clinics for male hypogonadism and other institutions, also suffered from selection bias.", "contents": "Testicular size and shape of 47,XYY and 47,XXY men in a double-blind, double-matched population survey. This paper reports the testicular size and shape of 12 men with 47,XYY, 14 men with 47,XXY, and 52 matched controls with 46,XY. The abnormal karyotypes were identified in a systematic population search for XYY and XXY men. The subjects and their matched controls were examined in a double-blind fashion. The testes of the XYY men showed no significant differences from those of their XY controls for volume or shape. This indicates that previous reports of abnormal testes in XYYs reflect selection and publication bias and do not provide an accurate description of the condition of 47,XYY men's testicles. As expected, the testes of the XXY men were significantly smaller than those of their XY controls, and there was also a difference in shape. However, the mean size in this sample of XXYs was larger than in previous reports on Klinefelter syndrome patients, indicating that previous reports on XXYs, identified in clinics for male hypogonadism and other institutions, also suffered from selection bias.", "PMID": 517519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11721", "title": "The two-mutational-event theory in medullary thyroid cancer.", "content": "Comparisons are presented of the ages of onset of 20 cases of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) and of 22 sporadic cases of this same type of cancer. These data are compatible with what might be expected by the two-mutational-event theory of the initiation of cancer postulated by Knudson. It had been previously postulated that C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid was a premalignant change resulting from the first or genetic mutational event in the initiation of this type of cancer. The finding of C-cell hyperplasia in thyroid glands of each of the 10 patients with the hereditary condition and in none of the 10 sporadic patients is compatible with this theory. The C-cell hyperplasia is believed to be the expression of the genetic mutation, which requires a subsequent somatic mutation to transform the initially mutated cell into a cancer cell.", "contents": "The two-mutational-event theory in medullary thyroid cancer. Comparisons are presented of the ages of onset of 20 cases of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) and of 22 sporadic cases of this same type of cancer. These data are compatible with what might be expected by the two-mutational-event theory of the initiation of cancer postulated by Knudson. It had been previously postulated that C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid was a premalignant change resulting from the first or genetic mutational event in the initiation of this type of cancer. The finding of C-cell hyperplasia in thyroid glands of each of the 10 patients with the hereditary condition and in none of the 10 sporadic patients is compatible with this theory. The C-cell hyperplasia is believed to be the expression of the genetic mutation, which requires a subsequent somatic mutation to transform the initially mutated cell into a cancer cell.", "PMID": 517520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11722", "title": "Screening and genetic counseling for beta-thalassemia trait in a population unselected for interest: effects on knowledge and mood.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of genetic screening and counseling in a population unselected for interest, adults in a health maintenance organization (HMO) were screened for beta-thalassemia trait as part of health care or multiphasic screening. Counseling was provided by either a trained physician or a videotape containing the same information, followed by an opportunity to question a trained physician. Knowledge of thalassemia, knowledge of genetics, and mood were assessed by standardized questionnaires and by interview immediately before and after counseling. Compared to controls, trait subjects demonstrated significant learning about thalassemia (P less than .001) and about genetics (P less than .001) and recorded significant mood changes, namely, surprise (startle) (P less than .05), increased alertness (decreased deactivation) (P less than .05), and decreased skepticism (P less than .01). Screening and genetic counseling for beta-thalassemia trait conducted as part of multiphasic screening of the population of a HMO, essentially and unselected population, can result in significant overall learning with acceptable effects on mood.", "contents": "Screening and genetic counseling for beta-thalassemia trait in a population unselected for interest: effects on knowledge and mood. To evaluate the effects of genetic screening and counseling in a population unselected for interest, adults in a health maintenance organization (HMO) were screened for beta-thalassemia trait as part of health care or multiphasic screening. Counseling was provided by either a trained physician or a videotape containing the same information, followed by an opportunity to question a trained physician. Knowledge of thalassemia, knowledge of genetics, and mood were assessed by standardized questionnaires and by interview immediately before and after counseling. Compared to controls, trait subjects demonstrated significant learning about thalassemia (P less than .001) and about genetics (P less than .001) and recorded significant mood changes, namely, surprise (startle) (P less than .05), increased alertness (decreased deactivation) (P less than .05), and decreased skepticism (P less than .01). Screening and genetic counseling for beta-thalassemia trait conducted as part of multiphasic screening of the population of a HMO, essentially and unselected population, can result in significant overall learning with acceptable effects on mood.", "PMID": 517521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11723", "title": "Estimating sex ratio biases in X-linked disorders: is there an excess of males in families with X-linked ichthyosis?", "content": "We derive the conditional probabilities for estimating the sex ratio in families ascertained through affected males for the study of X-linked recessive diseases. These conditional probabilities correct for the fact that the probability that a family will be ascertained increases with the number of males in the family. Data from four published studies for X-linked ichthyosis vulgaris are analyzed, three having an excess of males and one having a highly statistically significant excess of males. It is not known if this difference in the two samples represents a biological difference between the two populations or an unrecognized ascertainment bias.", "contents": "Estimating sex ratio biases in X-linked disorders: is there an excess of males in families with X-linked ichthyosis? We derive the conditional probabilities for estimating the sex ratio in families ascertained through affected males for the study of X-linked recessive diseases. These conditional probabilities correct for the fact that the probability that a family will be ascertained increases with the number of males in the family. Data from four published studies for X-linked ichthyosis vulgaris are analyzed, three having an excess of males and one having a highly statistically significant excess of males. It is not known if this difference in the two samples represents a biological difference between the two populations or an unrecognized ascertainment bias.", "PMID": 517522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11724", "title": "Adventitious contamination of intravenous admixtures during sterility testing.", "content": "The extent to which contamination of intravenous fluids measured by inhospital sterility-testing may be due to adventitious contamination (i.e., contamination introduced during the sterility-testing procedure) was studied. All one-liter admixtures prepared during a three-day period in a busy centralized i.v. admixture service were studied. Samples of i.v. admixtures were cultured before and after administration by direct ioculation or by culturing the membrane through which the admixture was filtered. Samples of similarly cultured large-volume parenterals served as controls. Contamination rates for control and admixture samples were not significantly different (p = 0.23). Of 10 control and test (admixture) solutions showing contamination before administration, only one test solution again showed contamination after administration but this was with a different microbe. The results suggest that adventitious contamination during sampling/culturing procedures is a component of, and possibly a dominant factor in, the contamination rates detected by inhospital sterility tests. Combined with infection surveillance, sterility tests may be of value when infections are possibly related to admixture contamination.", "contents": "Adventitious contamination of intravenous admixtures during sterility testing. The extent to which contamination of intravenous fluids measured by inhospital sterility-testing may be due to adventitious contamination (i.e., contamination introduced during the sterility-testing procedure) was studied. All one-liter admixtures prepared during a three-day period in a busy centralized i.v. admixture service were studied. Samples of i.v. admixtures were cultured before and after administration by direct ioculation or by culturing the membrane through which the admixture was filtered. Samples of similarly cultured large-volume parenterals served as controls. Contamination rates for control and admixture samples were not significantly different (p = 0.23). Of 10 control and test (admixture) solutions showing contamination before administration, only one test solution again showed contamination after administration but this was with a different microbe. The results suggest that adventitious contamination during sampling/culturing procedures is a component of, and possibly a dominant factor in, the contamination rates detected by inhospital sterility tests. Combined with infection surveillance, sterility tests may be of value when infections are possibly related to admixture contamination.", "PMID": 517534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11725", "title": "Decentralization of pharmaceutical services without satellite pharmacies.", "content": "The decentralization of pharmaceutical services without the addition of pharmacy satellites is described. Mobile, master medication carts are used by pharmacy personnel in the patient-care areas to fill the unit dose carts used by nurses. A combination medication administration record and patient profile eliminates duplication of effort by pharmacy and nursing. Responsibilities of pharmacists and technicians, the process of hospital-wide implementation of the system, current levels of service, and a clerkship designed to improve staff pharmacists' clinical abilities are described. The ratio of the number of drug doses administered to the number of drug doses handled per patient-day increased after the implementation of the new system. This indicated that individual doses were handled fewer times by pharmacy personnel. This method of decentralization permitted integration of distributive and clinical pharmaceutical services with a minimal personnel cost increase, no additional space requirements nor expenditures for renovation, and only a small cost for master medication carts. Because the pharmacists work in the patient-care areas, they are in more frequent contact with nurses, physicians and patients.", "contents": "Decentralization of pharmaceutical services without satellite pharmacies. The decentralization of pharmaceutical services without the addition of pharmacy satellites is described. Mobile, master medication carts are used by pharmacy personnel in the patient-care areas to fill the unit dose carts used by nurses. A combination medication administration record and patient profile eliminates duplication of effort by pharmacy and nursing. Responsibilities of pharmacists and technicians, the process of hospital-wide implementation of the system, current levels of service, and a clerkship designed to improve staff pharmacists' clinical abilities are described. The ratio of the number of drug doses administered to the number of drug doses handled per patient-day increased after the implementation of the new system. This indicated that individual doses were handled fewer times by pharmacy personnel. This method of decentralization permitted integration of distributive and clinical pharmaceutical services with a minimal personnel cost increase, no additional space requirements nor expenditures for renovation, and only a small cost for master medication carts. Because the pharmacists work in the patient-care areas, they are in more frequent contact with nurses, physicians and patients.", "PMID": 517536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11726", "title": "Developing reimbursable clinical pharmacy programs: pharmacokinetic dosing service.", "content": "The development, operation and evaluation of a pharmacy-conducted pharmacokinetic dosing service is described. Pharmacists recommend individualized drug dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic models and equations clinically tested for accuracy by the pharmacy department. Pharmacokinetic values are determined with the aid of online computer programs developed by the department. Drug assays are provided by the hospital's laboratory. All of the department's pharmacists were trained to provide the 24-hour service. The pharmacy department's $20 pharmacokinetic dosing service fee is reimbursed by Blue Cross. The pharmacokinetic dosing service is the first nonteaching, nonproduct-oriented pharmaceutical service whose cost-effectiveness has been recognized by a third-party payer.", "contents": "Developing reimbursable clinical pharmacy programs: pharmacokinetic dosing service. The development, operation and evaluation of a pharmacy-conducted pharmacokinetic dosing service is described. Pharmacists recommend individualized drug dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic models and equations clinically tested for accuracy by the pharmacy department. Pharmacokinetic values are determined with the aid of online computer programs developed by the department. Drug assays are provided by the hospital's laboratory. All of the department's pharmacists were trained to provide the 24-hour service. The pharmacy department's $20 pharmacokinetic dosing service fee is reimbursed by Blue Cross. The pharmacokinetic dosing service is the first nonteaching, nonproduct-oriented pharmaceutical service whose cost-effectiveness has been recognized by a third-party payer.", "PMID": 517538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11727", "title": "Word-processing equipment for hospital pharmacy applications.", "content": "Experiences with the use of three word-processing machines in the pharmacy departments of two hospitals are reported. Criteria used in evaluating the equipment included keyboard design, disc storage capabilities, software practicality, print format options and security of data. The applications studied were label production, storage of personnel information, scheduling of repetitive tasks, and composition of drug bulletins and procedure manuals. The Wang System 10A was the least useful. The Lanier LTE-2S required the shortest training period for routine tasks. The IBM System 6/442 was the most flexible. Word-processing equipment may be used effectively in the hospital pharmacy department to handle time-consuming, repetitive tasks.", "contents": "Word-processing equipment for hospital pharmacy applications. Experiences with the use of three word-processing machines in the pharmacy departments of two hospitals are reported. Criteria used in evaluating the equipment included keyboard design, disc storage capabilities, software practicality, print format options and security of data. The applications studied were label production, storage of personnel information, scheduling of repetitive tasks, and composition of drug bulletins and procedure manuals. The Wang System 10A was the least useful. The Lanier LTE-2S required the shortest training period for routine tasks. The IBM System 6/442 was the most flexible. Word-processing equipment may be used effectively in the hospital pharmacy department to handle time-consuming, repetitive tasks.", "PMID": 517539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11728", "title": "Pharmacy technician specialist: a career opportunity.", "content": "A training program for pharmacy technician specialists is described. The 200-hour pharmacy technician specialist training program consists of 20 hours of management seminars and conferences and 180 hours of on-the-job training. The program educates inhouse-trained technicians to assume more specialized tasks and supervisory roles. The behavioral objectives for the training program, and the responsibilities and job description of the technician specialist are presented. The technician specialist training program provides career opportunities which help stimulate and motivate technicians.", "contents": "Pharmacy technician specialist: a career opportunity. A training program for pharmacy technician specialists is described. The 200-hour pharmacy technician specialist training program consists of 20 hours of management seminars and conferences and 180 hours of on-the-job training. The program educates inhouse-trained technicians to assume more specialized tasks and supervisory roles. The behavioral objectives for the training program, and the responsibilities and job description of the technician specialist are presented. The technician specialist training program provides career opportunities which help stimulate and motivate technicians.", "PMID": 517540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11729", "title": "Stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride.", "content": "The stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride was studied. Vials of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose (Adriamycin) were reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to provide a drug concentration of 2 mg/ml. Samples were refrigerated (4 C) for up to one year and frozen (-20C) for 30 days then assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. One sample was assayed then refrozen each test period. Refrigerated and frozen samples showed no substantial loss of potency after six months and one month of storage, respectively. Filtration through a 0.22-micron filter did not affect potency. Degradation products were not detected, except for an unidentified small peak detected in the sample refrigerated for one year. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, when reconstituted with sterile water for injection, may be refrigerated for six months or frozen for one month without loss of potency.", "contents": "Stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride. The stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride was studied. Vials of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose (Adriamycin) were reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to provide a drug concentration of 2 mg/ml. Samples were refrigerated (4 C) for up to one year and frozen (-20C) for 30 days then assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. One sample was assayed then refrozen each test period. Refrigerated and frozen samples showed no substantial loss of potency after six months and one month of storage, respectively. Filtration through a 0.22-micron filter did not affect potency. Degradation products were not detected, except for an unidentified small peak detected in the sample refrigerated for one year. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, when reconstituted with sterile water for injection, may be refrigerated for six months or frozen for one month without loss of potency.", "PMID": 517541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11730", "title": "Medications not to be refrigerated.", "content": "A survey of selected drug labelers was conducted to generate a list of drug products that should not be refrigerated. Letters asking for information on products adversely affected by refrigeration were mailed to 109 drug product labelers. A second letter was sent to nonresponders and to labelers providing incomplete information. Responses were received from 97 labelers, 43 of whom stated that none of their products would be harmed by refrigeration. Eleven labelers were unable to provide conclusive data or a list of specific drug products that refrigeration would harm. Lists of drug products not to be refrigerated were provided by 43 labelers, some including explanations of the adverse effects of refrigeration. Pharmacists may find the survey's data useful in their patient education activities.", "contents": "Medications not to be refrigerated. A survey of selected drug labelers was conducted to generate a list of drug products that should not be refrigerated. Letters asking for information on products adversely affected by refrigeration were mailed to 109 drug product labelers. A second letter was sent to nonresponders and to labelers providing incomplete information. Responses were received from 97 labelers, 43 of whom stated that none of their products would be harmed by refrigeration. Eleven labelers were unable to provide conclusive data or a list of specific drug products that refrigeration would harm. Lists of drug products not to be refrigerated were provided by 43 labelers, some including explanations of the adverse effects of refrigeration. Pharmacists may find the survey's data useful in their patient education activities.", "PMID": 517543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11731", "title": "Determining the date of manufacture of drug products from lot numbers.", "content": "Information necessary to determine the date of manufacture of many drug products from assigned lot numbers is presented. Eighty-four U.S. drug manufacturers were surveyed by mail. Response was received from 71 (85%) of the companies contacted, but only 34 provided the information necessary to determine the date of manufacture of their drug products from assigned lot numbers. Pharmacists can use this information to remove potentially deteriorated drug products from inventory.", "contents": "Determining the date of manufacture of drug products from lot numbers. Information necessary to determine the date of manufacture of many drug products from assigned lot numbers is presented. Eighty-four U.S. drug manufacturers were surveyed by mail. Response was received from 71 (85%) of the companies contacted, but only 34 provided the information necessary to determine the date of manufacture of their drug products from assigned lot numbers. Pharmacists can use this information to remove potentially deteriorated drug products from inventory.", "PMID": 517544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11732", "title": "Developing reimbursable clinical pharmacy programs: a goal-oriented approach.", "content": "Using a goal-oriented approach, a model for achieving third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services is proposed. Within the framework of this model, the discussion includes: (1) determination of the hospital pharmacy mission, goals and objectives; (2) classification of clinical services into eight categories to establish the reimbursement potential for each service; (3) development of a clinical service protocol, techniques to establish charges and stages involved in communicating with the parties affected by the clinical services; and (4) methodologies for evaluating program outcome.", "contents": "Developing reimbursable clinical pharmacy programs: a goal-oriented approach. Using a goal-oriented approach, a model for achieving third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services is proposed. Within the framework of this model, the discussion includes: (1) determination of the hospital pharmacy mission, goals and objectives; (2) classification of clinical services into eight categories to establish the reimbursement potential for each service; (3) development of a clinical service protocol, techniques to establish charges and stages involved in communicating with the parties affected by the clinical services; and (4) methodologies for evaluating program outcome.", "PMID": 517545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11733", "title": "Strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmacists.", "content": "A strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmaceutical services in hospitals is described. The strategy consists of three steps: (1) Show that the overall quality of drug prescribing affects patient outcomes not only in a negative way but also in a positive manner; i.e., appropriate prescribing speeds recovery and minimizes the need for more expensive types of care; (2) show that the pharmacist can detect poor quality prescribing; and (3) show that after detecting poor quality prescribing, the clinical pharmacist can effectively intervene in the prescribing process to reduce inappropriate prescribing and improve patient outcomes.", "contents": "Strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmacists. A strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmaceutical services in hospitals is described. The strategy consists of three steps: (1) Show that the overall quality of drug prescribing affects patient outcomes not only in a negative way but also in a positive manner; i.e., appropriate prescribing speeds recovery and minimizes the need for more expensive types of care; (2) show that the pharmacist can detect poor quality prescribing; and (3) show that after detecting poor quality prescribing, the clinical pharmacist can effectively intervene in the prescribing process to reduce inappropriate prescribing and improve patient outcomes.", "PMID": 517546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11734", "title": "Folic acid hypersensitivity and fever: a case report.", "content": "An apparent case of folic acid hypersensitivity and fever in a 36-year-old anephric man is reported. The patient first experienced pruritus when he received 1 mg of folic acid daily; the drug subsequently was discontinued. Three months later, after administration of 1 mg of folic acid daily, the patient became febrile and pruritic. Fever, generalized pain, chills, urticaria and pruritus persisted despite administration of acetaminophen/oxycodone tablets. Leukocytosis was not present. Challenge with a 10-mg/ml folic acid solution intradermally revealed the patient was hypersensitive to folic acid. Previous reports of folic acid-induced hypersensitivity are reviewed. Hypersensitivity to folic acid should be suspected if a patient experiences fever or rash, or both, while receiving folic acid and if neither symptom can be attributed to infection or other pathologic state.", "contents": "Folic acid hypersensitivity and fever: a case report. An apparent case of folic acid hypersensitivity and fever in a 36-year-old anephric man is reported. The patient first experienced pruritus when he received 1 mg of folic acid daily; the drug subsequently was discontinued. Three months later, after administration of 1 mg of folic acid daily, the patient became febrile and pruritic. Fever, generalized pain, chills, urticaria and pruritus persisted despite administration of acetaminophen/oxycodone tablets. Leukocytosis was not present. Challenge with a 10-mg/ml folic acid solution intradermally revealed the patient was hypersensitive to folic acid. Previous reports of folic acid-induced hypersensitivity are reviewed. Hypersensitivity to folic acid should be suspected if a patient experiences fever or rash, or both, while receiving folic acid and if neither symptom can be attributed to infection or other pathologic state.", "PMID": 517548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11735", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on plasma naproxen concentration.", "content": "A case describing the effect of hemodialysis on naproxen plasma levels in a 48-year-old anuric man with chronic glomerulonephritis is reported. The patient received 500 mg of naproxen daily for rheumatoid arthritis while undergoing hemodialysis thrice weekly. The patient's mean pre-dialysis plasma concentrations were similar to those seen in normal volunteers, suggesting no accumulation of the drug. Plasma concentrations were higher after dialysis, probably because of fluid loss during dialysis. Naproxen is not cleared from the body during hemodialysis and, therefore, a post-dialysis naproxen dose is not necessary.", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on plasma naproxen concentration. A case describing the effect of hemodialysis on naproxen plasma levels in a 48-year-old anuric man with chronic glomerulonephritis is reported. The patient received 500 mg of naproxen daily for rheumatoid arthritis while undergoing hemodialysis thrice weekly. The patient's mean pre-dialysis plasma concentrations were similar to those seen in normal volunteers, suggesting no accumulation of the drug. Plasma concentrations were higher after dialysis, probably because of fluid loss during dialysis. Naproxen is not cleared from the body during hemodialysis and, therefore, a post-dialysis naproxen dose is not necessary.", "PMID": 517549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11736", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis--a complex disease entity.", "content": "Although usually regarded as merely a manifestation of a simple food allergy, eosinophilic gastroenteritis remains a poorly understood disorder. Characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall to a variable depth and gastrointestinal complaints, the disease responds inconsistently to simple food withdrawal programs. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to specific food substances have been found in a few patients leading to a postulated pathophysiologic mechanism involving tissue mast cells, release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and chemotaxis of eosinophils. Oral steroids appear, in uncontrolled trials, to ameliorate the disease.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis--a complex disease entity. Although usually regarded as merely a manifestation of a simple food allergy, eosinophilic gastroenteritis remains a poorly understood disorder. Characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall to a variable depth and gastrointestinal complaints, the disease responds inconsistently to simple food withdrawal programs. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to specific food substances have been found in a few patients leading to a postulated pathophysiologic mechanism involving tissue mast cells, release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and chemotaxis of eosinophils. Oral steroids appear, in uncontrolled trials, to ameliorate the disease.", "PMID": 517550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11737", "title": "Histologic diagnosis of diseases of malabsorption.", "content": "The diagnoses which may be arrived at by examination of peroral small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens are presented. Celiac sprue, unclassified sprue (refractory sprue), infectious gastroenterititis, stasis syndrome and kwashiorkor have a severe mucosal lesion. Other clinical conditions are required to establish the diagnosis in these diseases. A number of diseases have specific diagnostic features. Included are Whipple's disease, abetalipoproteinemia, collagenous sprue, primary intestinal lymphoma, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, giardiasis, coccidiosis, strongyloidiasis, lymphangiectasis and the intestinal immunodeficiency diseases. Mucosal abnormalities may be present in other diseases but the diagnoses are usually made on other criteria than small bowel biopsy. These include vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, Crohn's disease, gastrinoma, acrodermatitis enteropathica, amyloidosis, chronic granulomatous disease, lipid storage diseases, histoplasmosis, capillariasis, cytomegalovirus infection, schistosomiasis and macroglobulinemia.", "contents": "Histologic diagnosis of diseases of malabsorption. The diagnoses which may be arrived at by examination of peroral small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens are presented. Celiac sprue, unclassified sprue (refractory sprue), infectious gastroenterititis, stasis syndrome and kwashiorkor have a severe mucosal lesion. Other clinical conditions are required to establish the diagnosis in these diseases. A number of diseases have specific diagnostic features. Included are Whipple's disease, abetalipoproteinemia, collagenous sprue, primary intestinal lymphoma, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, giardiasis, coccidiosis, strongyloidiasis, lymphangiectasis and the intestinal immunodeficiency diseases. Mucosal abnormalities may be present in other diseases but the diagnoses are usually made on other criteria than small bowel biopsy. These include vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, Crohn's disease, gastrinoma, acrodermatitis enteropathica, amyloidosis, chronic granulomatous disease, lipid storage diseases, histoplasmosis, capillariasis, cytomegalovirus infection, schistosomiasis and macroglobulinemia.", "PMID": 517556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11738", "title": "An evaluation of Re/coagulan for blood center tests.", "content": "Re/coagulan was compared to the standard calcium chloride (CaCl2) method for effectiveness of recalcification of plasma and whole blood. The time required for clot formation was determined. The effect of Re/coagulan on the specificity of hepatitis tests, direct antiglobulin tests, indirect antiglobulin tests, and agglutination tests were investigated. Hepatitis testing was performed on untreated serum and Re/coagulan-treated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasmas by radioimmunoassay, reversed passive latex agglutination, and reversed passive hemagglutination methods. Direct antiglobulin tests were performed on untreated, CaCl2 treated, and Re/coagulan treated EDTA, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), and citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) samples of whole blood. Red cell antibody specificity and titer were determined before and after clot formation by both the CaCl2 and Re/coagulan methods. Examples of agglutinating and sensitizing antibodies were tested. Antibodies directed against antigens in the Rh, Kell, MNS, Lewis, P, Kidd, Duffy, and Lutheran blood groups systems were investigated. Re/coaglulan didnot have a detrimental effect on the tests performed and compared favorably to the standard recalcification method.", "contents": "An evaluation of Re/coagulan for blood center tests. Re/coagulan was compared to the standard calcium chloride (CaCl2) method for effectiveness of recalcification of plasma and whole blood. The time required for clot formation was determined. The effect of Re/coagulan on the specificity of hepatitis tests, direct antiglobulin tests, indirect antiglobulin tests, and agglutination tests were investigated. Hepatitis testing was performed on untreated serum and Re/coagulan-treated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasmas by radioimmunoassay, reversed passive latex agglutination, and reversed passive hemagglutination methods. Direct antiglobulin tests were performed on untreated, CaCl2 treated, and Re/coagulan treated EDTA, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), and citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) samples of whole blood. Red cell antibody specificity and titer were determined before and after clot formation by both the CaCl2 and Re/coagulan methods. Examples of agglutinating and sensitizing antibodies were tested. Antibodies directed against antigens in the Rh, Kell, MNS, Lewis, P, Kidd, Duffy, and Lutheran blood groups systems were investigated. Re/coaglulan didnot have a detrimental effect on the tests performed and compared favorably to the standard recalcification method.", "PMID": 517559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11739", "title": "Developing self-instructional learning materials--a case study.", "content": "A case study in the development of a self-instructional learning unit is presented. A seven-step systems approach \"Design for Learning Programs\" was followed in the development of a self-instructional unit on \"The Direct Coombs' Test.\" Each step of the process as well as the problems encountered in producing a self-instructional package is described. This model is adaptable to other learning design situations.", "contents": "Developing self-instructional learning materials--a case study. A case study in the development of a self-instructional learning unit is presented. A seven-step systems approach \"Design for Learning Programs\" was followed in the development of a self-instructional unit on \"The Direct Coombs' Test.\" Each step of the process as well as the problems encountered in producing a self-instructional package is described. This model is adaptable to other learning design situations.", "PMID": 517560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11740", "title": "Intestinal parasites in Los Angeles, California.", "content": "Because of an apparent increase in the number of parasitic infections in Los Angeles, California, a six-month retrospective analysis of data obtained from patient stool examinations for parasitic infections in out-patient populations from two county health facilities in Los Angeles County was compared with a survey published in 1936 and 1960. A significant increase in the incidence of pathogenic intestinal protozoal parasites was found to occur in the areas surveyed. Giardia lamblia and nonpathogenic Endolimax nana occurred with the greatest frequency.", "contents": "Intestinal parasites in Los Angeles, California. Because of an apparent increase in the number of parasitic infections in Los Angeles, California, a six-month retrospective analysis of data obtained from patient stool examinations for parasitic infections in out-patient populations from two county health facilities in Los Angeles County was compared with a survey published in 1936 and 1960. A significant increase in the incidence of pathogenic intestinal protozoal parasites was found to occur in the areas surveyed. Giardia lamblia and nonpathogenic Endolimax nana occurred with the greatest frequency.", "PMID": 517562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11741", "title": "Changing patterns of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.", "content": "Medical records of 134 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the Cincinnati General Hospital during 1975-1977 were reviewed. Bacteremia was community-acquired in 48 patients and hospital-acquired in 73 patients. In addition, 13 patients were on chronic hemodialysis. In 22 patients, bacteremia was associated with an infected intravenous catheter; all except one of these patients acquired the infection in the hospital. Thus 21 of 73 (29%) episodes of hospital-acquired S aureus bacteremia were associated with an infected intravenous catheter. Four of the 22 patients with intravenous catheter-associated bacteremia had endocarditis (18%). The overall incidence of endocarditis in this study was 16% (21 of 134 patients). This contrasted with the much higher incidence of endocarditis (64%) in Staphylococcal bacteremia reported from this same hospital in patients during 1940-1954. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.", "contents": "Changing patterns of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Medical records of 134 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the Cincinnati General Hospital during 1975-1977 were reviewed. Bacteremia was community-acquired in 48 patients and hospital-acquired in 73 patients. In addition, 13 patients were on chronic hemodialysis. In 22 patients, bacteremia was associated with an infected intravenous catheter; all except one of these patients acquired the infection in the hospital. Thus 21 of 73 (29%) episodes of hospital-acquired S aureus bacteremia were associated with an infected intravenous catheter. Four of the 22 patients with intravenous catheter-associated bacteremia had endocarditis (18%). The overall incidence of endocarditis in this study was 16% (21 of 134 patients). This contrasted with the much higher incidence of endocarditis (64%) in Staphylococcal bacteremia reported from this same hospital in patients during 1940-1954. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.", "PMID": 517564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11742", "title": "Foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A: clinical and laboratory features of acute and protracted illness.", "content": "During a 1974 foodborne outbreak of viral hepatitis type A among Navy recruits, we evaluated clinical and laboratory features prospectively in 130 affected persons. The ratio of anicteric to icteric persons identified during the outbreak was 1:3.5 but illness was relatively mild in this population of young adults. Infrequently reported in association with type A hepatitis, rash and arthralgias (but not arthritis) were reported by 14 and 10% of affected persons, respectively. Fourteen weeks after onset of acute illness, 8.5% of patients had persistently elevated aminotransferase activities and underwent percutaneous liver biopsy. Morphologic features included piecemeal necrosis, but clinical, biochemical, and histological evidence of disease resolved within five months to one year after the outbreak. Fecal shedding of hepatitis A virus began during the preicteric stage, did not persist beyond the second day of jaundice (even in patients with protracted illness), and was not detected in anicteric patients. Feces and serum obtained during the late incubation period, but not urine, were infectious in chimpanzees. Antibody to hepatitis A virus developed during convalescence, and serum anticomplementary activity was noted during acute illness. Failure of T-lymphocytes to bind sheep erythrocytes and form rosettes was observed, was found to be modulated in several cases by an intrinsic lymphocyte defect and in others by the presence in serum of an extrinsic immunoregulatory serum lipoprotein, \"rosette inhibitory factor,\" which persisted in patients with slow resolution.", "contents": "Foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A: clinical and laboratory features of acute and protracted illness. During a 1974 foodborne outbreak of viral hepatitis type A among Navy recruits, we evaluated clinical and laboratory features prospectively in 130 affected persons. The ratio of anicteric to icteric persons identified during the outbreak was 1:3.5 but illness was relatively mild in this population of young adults. Infrequently reported in association with type A hepatitis, rash and arthralgias (but not arthritis) were reported by 14 and 10% of affected persons, respectively. Fourteen weeks after onset of acute illness, 8.5% of patients had persistently elevated aminotransferase activities and underwent percutaneous liver biopsy. Morphologic features included piecemeal necrosis, but clinical, biochemical, and histological evidence of disease resolved within five months to one year after the outbreak. Fecal shedding of hepatitis A virus began during the preicteric stage, did not persist beyond the second day of jaundice (even in patients with protracted illness), and was not detected in anicteric patients. Feces and serum obtained during the late incubation period, but not urine, were infectious in chimpanzees. Antibody to hepatitis A virus developed during convalescence, and serum anticomplementary activity was noted during acute illness. Failure of T-lymphocytes to bind sheep erythrocytes and form rosettes was observed, was found to be modulated in several cases by an intrinsic lymphocyte defect and in others by the presence in serum of an extrinsic immunoregulatory serum lipoprotein, \"rosette inhibitory factor,\" which persisted in patients with slow resolution.", "PMID": 517565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11743", "title": "Acute effect of tobacco cigarette smoking on the platelet aggregate ratio.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking acutely increased circulating platelet aggregates as detected by lowering of the platelet aggregate ratio. Eighteen (11 male and 7 female) volunteers ranging from 16 to 47 years of age rested during a 20-minute control period and smoked two unfiltered tobacco cigarettes during another 20-minute period. Platelet aggregate ratios (mean +/- SD) before and after the control period were 0.86 +/- 13 and 0.82 +/- 0.12 respectively (p greater than 0.05) and before and after smoking were 0.84 +/- 0.14 and 0.66 +/- 0.18 respectively (p less than 0.01). The mean plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was not significantly different before and after smoking suggesting that the decrease in platelet aggregate ratio was not mediated through elevation of the plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration. Our results are consistent with the theory that platelet aggregates contribute to the increased incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden death from coronary artery disease observed among cigarette smokers.", "contents": "Acute effect of tobacco cigarette smoking on the platelet aggregate ratio. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking acutely increased circulating platelet aggregates as detected by lowering of the platelet aggregate ratio. Eighteen (11 male and 7 female) volunteers ranging from 16 to 47 years of age rested during a 20-minute control period and smoked two unfiltered tobacco cigarettes during another 20-minute period. Platelet aggregate ratios (mean +/- SD) before and after the control period were 0.86 +/- 13 and 0.82 +/- 0.12 respectively (p greater than 0.05) and before and after smoking were 0.84 +/- 0.14 and 0.66 +/- 0.18 respectively (p less than 0.01). The mean plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was not significantly different before and after smoking suggesting that the decrease in platelet aggregate ratio was not mediated through elevation of the plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration. Our results are consistent with the theory that platelet aggregates contribute to the increased incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden death from coronary artery disease observed among cigarette smokers.", "PMID": 517566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11744", "title": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: I. Affected females.", "content": "A total of 27 women of a Brazilian kindred are described as having one or more signs of the Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome. The history and physical examination were supplemented by four sweat tests and dermatolglyphic analysis. It is suggested that this syndrome has two forms -- a major form (in males) and a minor one (in females). Two signs verified in some of our patients (mosaic patchy distribution of body hair and radial deviation of distal phalanges of index fingers) seem to be here described for the first time. A review of the literature shows a corrected sex ratio between 1 M: 1.21 F and 1 M: 2.38 F among affecteds. Since the manifestation rate of the gene among carriers was estimated at about 0.70, the actual sex ratio is expected to be not lower than 1 M: 1.40 F. Contrary to a general opinion, affected females outnumber affected males.", "contents": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: I. Affected females. A total of 27 women of a Brazilian kindred are described as having one or more signs of the Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome. The history and physical examination were supplemented by four sweat tests and dermatolglyphic analysis. It is suggested that this syndrome has two forms -- a major form (in males) and a minor one (in females). Two signs verified in some of our patients (mosaic patchy distribution of body hair and radial deviation of distal phalanges of index fingers) seem to be here described for the first time. A review of the literature shows a corrected sex ratio between 1 M: 1.21 F and 1 M: 2.38 F among affecteds. Since the manifestation rate of the gene among carriers was estimated at about 0.70, the actual sex ratio is expected to be not lower than 1 M: 1.40 F. Contrary to a general opinion, affected females outnumber affected males.", "PMID": 517571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11745", "title": "The hypouricemic effect of o,p'-DDD.", "content": "o,p'-DDD, administered by mouth in doses of 1 to 7 grams daily for 5 to 42 days, was found to lower serum uric acid concentration in each of eight normouricemic patients (one with Cushing's disease and seven with metastatic cancer). The decrease ranged from 21 to 53% (average 39%) and the maximum effect was apparent in five to ten days. Urinary uric acid excretion showed no change, indicating that uric acid production was unaffected and that the hypouricemic effect resulted from an increase in the renal clearance of uric acid. The present findings introduce a new type of chemical compound to the group of known hypouricemic agents.", "contents": "The hypouricemic effect of o,p'-DDD. o,p'-DDD, administered by mouth in doses of 1 to 7 grams daily for 5 to 42 days, was found to lower serum uric acid concentration in each of eight normouricemic patients (one with Cushing's disease and seven with metastatic cancer). The decrease ranged from 21 to 53% (average 39%) and the maximum effect was apparent in five to ten days. Urinary uric acid excretion showed no change, indicating that uric acid production was unaffected and that the hypouricemic effect resulted from an increase in the renal clearance of uric acid. The present findings introduce a new type of chemical compound to the group of known hypouricemic agents.", "PMID": 517567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11746", "title": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: III. Carrier detection.", "content": "Detection of carriers of the Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome on the basis of data of physical examination has been possible in about 60--70% of the cases reported in 44 papers, including a large Brazilian kindred studied by the authors. Partial data, however, showed detection values ranging from 42% to 84%.", "contents": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: III. Carrier detection. Detection of carriers of the Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome on the basis of data of physical examination has been possible in about 60--70% of the cases reported in 44 papers, including a large Brazilian kindred studied by the authors. Partial data, however, showed detection values ranging from 42% to 84%.", "PMID": 517572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11747", "title": "The effects of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous twins.", "content": "To determine the effects, if any, of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous (MZ) twins, we tested the hypothesis that disparate environments that are related to chorion type have no effect on this variation. The parameters studied included congenital anomalies and dermatoglyphics (total ridge count and right-left asymmetry). With the exception of total ridge count, analyses of these data failed to reject the null hypothesis. Dichorionic MZ twins had a significantly greater within-pair variation than monochorionic MZ twins for total ridge count. In summary, then, these data could offer little support to prior speculation that monochorial placenta may present less favorable environments for feta development.", "contents": "The effects of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous twins. To determine the effects, if any, of chorion type on normal and abnormal developmental variation in monozygous (MZ) twins, we tested the hypothesis that disparate environments that are related to chorion type have no effect on this variation. The parameters studied included congenital anomalies and dermatoglyphics (total ridge count and right-left asymmetry). With the exception of total ridge count, analyses of these data failed to reject the null hypothesis. Dichorionic MZ twins had a significantly greater within-pair variation than monochorionic MZ twins for total ridge count. In summary, then, these data could offer little support to prior speculation that monochorial placenta may present less favorable environments for feta development.", "PMID": 517573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11748", "title": "Presumed immune thrombocytopenia and carcinoma: report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients presenting in a one-year period with coexisting carcinoma and presumed immune thrombocytopenia are the subject of this report. Review of the literature disclosed a paucity of previous reports of this association. Possible pathogenic mechanisms resulting in this association are discussed. All three patients responded to corticosteroids in usual doses used in treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The association of carcinoma with immune thrombocytopenia may be more common than has been previously appreciated.", "contents": "Presumed immune thrombocytopenia and carcinoma: report of three cases and review of the literature. Three patients presenting in a one-year period with coexisting carcinoma and presumed immune thrombocytopenia are the subject of this report. Review of the literature disclosed a paucity of previous reports of this association. Possible pathogenic mechanisms resulting in this association are discussed. All three patients responded to corticosteroids in usual doses used in treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The association of carcinoma with immune thrombocytopenia may be more common than has been previously appreciated.", "PMID": 517568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11749", "title": "The prognostic features of biochemical investigations in tetanus.", "content": "Factors determining prognosis in tetanus have been based mainly on clinical grounds and mortality is high especially in the developing countries. The biochemical changes occurring in tetanus before any form of therapy or sedation, were examined to determine screening parameters for earlier institution of intensive care in high risk patients. The results obtained from a prospective study of 73 patients are presented. The blood sugar and serum transaminases correlated well with the severity of the disease. The serum glutamic oxalate transaminase and blood urea were significantly higher in fatal cases. These findings as well as the clinical criteria utilized in determining the severity of the disease in this study are useful in predicting the outcome of the disease. It is suggested that these simple investigations could serve as screening parameters for instituting early intensive care in tetanus.", "contents": "The prognostic features of biochemical investigations in tetanus. Factors determining prognosis in tetanus have been based mainly on clinical grounds and mortality is high especially in the developing countries. The biochemical changes occurring in tetanus before any form of therapy or sedation, were examined to determine screening parameters for earlier institution of intensive care in high risk patients. The results obtained from a prospective study of 73 patients are presented. The blood sugar and serum transaminases correlated well with the severity of the disease. The serum glutamic oxalate transaminase and blood urea were significantly higher in fatal cases. These findings as well as the clinical criteria utilized in determining the severity of the disease in this study are useful in predicting the outcome of the disease. It is suggested that these simple investigations could serve as screening parameters for instituting early intensive care in tetanus.", "PMID": 517569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11750", "title": "Segregation of noisy Mendelian traits and the effect of age-dependence: a prolegomenon.", "content": "A discussion of the primordial confusion between the multiplicative Galtonian (\"lognormal\") trait and the imperfectly segregating Mendelian trait is laid out from a probabilistic standpoint. Several criteria used in comparing them (bimodality; bitangentiality; goodness of fit to the multinomialized form of the distribution; cumulants of the distributions) are reviewed and the inadequacy of their probabilistic properties discussed in some detail. The logical asymmetry of the normalized score (\"Roberts\" correction\") and hence its invalidity as a criterion for distinguishing between the models is pointed out. The form of a mixture of two Gaussian distributions with fixed and equal variances but with differing age-dependent means (\"the Platt model\") is explored. The epistemological implications are exhibited. As a first step to restoring symmetry, a general model is proposed of which these and other models in wide use emerge as special cases. No attempt is made to deal here with the statistical aspects of the problem.", "contents": "Segregation of noisy Mendelian traits and the effect of age-dependence: a prolegomenon. A discussion of the primordial confusion between the multiplicative Galtonian (\"lognormal\") trait and the imperfectly segregating Mendelian trait is laid out from a probabilistic standpoint. Several criteria used in comparing them (bimodality; bitangentiality; goodness of fit to the multinomialized form of the distribution; cumulants of the distributions) are reviewed and the inadequacy of their probabilistic properties discussed in some detail. The logical asymmetry of the normalized score (\"Roberts\" correction\") and hence its invalidity as a criterion for distinguishing between the models is pointed out. The form of a mixture of two Gaussian distributions with fixed and equal variances but with differing age-dependent means (\"the Platt model\") is explored. The epistemological implications are exhibited. As a first step to restoring symmetry, a general model is proposed of which these and other models in wide use emerge as special cases. No attempt is made to deal here with the statistical aspects of the problem.", "PMID": 517574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11751", "title": "Neuraminidase in cultured fibroblasts and leucocytes of homozygotes and heterozygotes for the mucolipidosis II gene (I-cell disease).", "content": "The significance of neuraminidase deficiency reported to be the primary defect in mucolipidosis II has been evaluated by determination of this enzyme activity in cultured fibroblasts, culture medium, and leucocytes from homozygote and heterozygous carriers of the disease. A new and sensitive fluorometric assay of neuraminidase was used with sodium (4-methylumbeliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminate) as substrate. We report: 1) nearly total deficiency of neuraminidase in mucolipidosis fibroblasts, 2) partial deficiency of this enzyme in leucocytes of one patient, 3) this decreased activity ceases to exist following Triton X-100 treatment, and 4) intermediary mean neuraminidase activity in fibroblasts and leucocytes from obligate heterozygotes. Although these results would be consistent with the suggestion that neuraminidase deficiency is the primary defect in this disease, evidence from the work of other authors suggests that the enzyme deficiency results from a secondary effect of the mucolipidosis II mutation.", "contents": "Neuraminidase in cultured fibroblasts and leucocytes of homozygotes and heterozygotes for the mucolipidosis II gene (I-cell disease). The significance of neuraminidase deficiency reported to be the primary defect in mucolipidosis II has been evaluated by determination of this enzyme activity in cultured fibroblasts, culture medium, and leucocytes from homozygote and heterozygous carriers of the disease. A new and sensitive fluorometric assay of neuraminidase was used with sodium (4-methylumbeliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminate) as substrate. We report: 1) nearly total deficiency of neuraminidase in mucolipidosis fibroblasts, 2) partial deficiency of this enzyme in leucocytes of one patient, 3) this decreased activity ceases to exist following Triton X-100 treatment, and 4) intermediary mean neuraminidase activity in fibroblasts and leucocytes from obligate heterozygotes. Although these results would be consistent with the suggestion that neuraminidase deficiency is the primary defect in this disease, evidence from the work of other authors suggests that the enzyme deficiency results from a secondary effect of the mucolipidosis II mutation.", "PMID": 517575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11752", "title": "Ampicillin resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis.", "content": "A case of Haemophilus parainfluenzae bacterial endocarditis is described. This is the first reported case of endocarditis caused by ampicillin resistant H parainfluenzae. Resistance was not mediated by a beta lactamase. Ampicillin therapy had not controlled the infection, but a four-week course of chloramphenicol was curative. Several general therapeutic points are discussed.", "contents": "Ampicillin resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. A case of Haemophilus parainfluenzae bacterial endocarditis is described. This is the first reported case of endocarditis caused by ampicillin resistant H parainfluenzae. Resistance was not mediated by a beta lactamase. Ampicillin therapy had not controlled the infection, but a four-week course of chloramphenicol was curative. Several general therapeutic points are discussed.", "PMID": 517570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11753", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "The accurate prenatal diagnosis of 21-beta-hydroxylase deficiency, based on amniotic fluid levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, is documented for a fetus 14 1/2 weeks old. In addition, family HLA genotyping data are consistent with the purported linkage between the HLA locus and the locus for 21-beta-hydroxylase.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The accurate prenatal diagnosis of 21-beta-hydroxylase deficiency, based on amniotic fluid levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, is documented for a fetus 14 1/2 weeks old. In addition, family HLA genotyping data are consistent with the purported linkage between the HLA locus and the locus for 21-beta-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 517576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11754", "title": "4p trisomy syndrome: report of 4 additional cases and segregation analysis of 21 families with different translocations.", "content": "Thirty reports of partial 4p trisomy have been published. The manifestations and cytogenetic findings in four additional cases from two families are described in the present paper. Segregation analysis has been performed on the 21 families reported to date. The risk of having unbalanced offspring was the same in carrier mothers and carrier fathers. The risk of trisomic offspring was 14%. Among phenotypically normal progeny, normal karyotypes and balanced translocation states occurred with about equal frequency.", "contents": "4p trisomy syndrome: report of 4 additional cases and segregation analysis of 21 families with different translocations. Thirty reports of partial 4p trisomy have been published. The manifestations and cytogenetic findings in four additional cases from two families are described in the present paper. Segregation analysis has been performed on the 21 families reported to date. The risk of having unbalanced offspring was the same in carrier mothers and carrier fathers. The risk of trisomic offspring was 14%. Among phenotypically normal progeny, normal karyotypes and balanced translocation states occurred with about equal frequency.", "PMID": 517577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11755", "title": "The SC phocomelia syndrome: report of two cases with cytogenetic abnormality.", "content": "We report two sibs with the SC phocomelia syndrome with typical facial appearance and bilateral absence or extreme hypoplasia of the fibula, radius, and thumb. One sib had bilateral humero-ulnar and femoro-tibial synostosis (absence of the elbow and knee joints). Application of the nosologic criteria of Herrmann and Opitz showed that there was no significant intrafamilial variation in phenotype. Chromosome analyses in both patients showed heterochromatic puffing and centromere separation involving many chromosomes, an observation that has previously been reported in patients with SC phocomelia and Roberts syndromes. More important, this finding will have significance in prenatal detection of a certain proportion of cases with these syndromes without resorting to the use of radiographic examinations.", "contents": "The SC phocomelia syndrome: report of two cases with cytogenetic abnormality. We report two sibs with the SC phocomelia syndrome with typical facial appearance and bilateral absence or extreme hypoplasia of the fibula, radius, and thumb. One sib had bilateral humero-ulnar and femoro-tibial synostosis (absence of the elbow and knee joints). Application of the nosologic criteria of Herrmann and Opitz showed that there was no significant intrafamilial variation in phenotype. Chromosome analyses in both patients showed heterochromatic puffing and centromere separation involving many chromosomes, an observation that has previously been reported in patients with SC phocomelia and Roberts syndromes. More important, this finding will have significance in prenatal detection of a certain proportion of cases with these syndromes without resorting to the use of radiographic examinations.", "PMID": 517578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11756", "title": "The Perrault syndrome: autosomal recessive ovarian dysgenesis with facultative, non-sex-limited sensorineural deafness.", "content": "We report three sisters with ovarian dysgenesis; all three and two of their otherwise apparently normal brothers also had moderate to severe sensorineural deafness. Three similarly affected sibships are known, and the total of 14 affected patients includes three males with deafness without gonadal defect, one woman with ovarian dysgenesis without deafness, and ten women with ovarian dysgenesis and deafness. In two families parental consanguinity is known. We conclude that this condition, which we propose to designate the Perrault syndrome, is an uncommon autosomal recessive trait with obligatory ovarian dysgenesis in female homozygotes and facultative deafness in male and female homozygotes. Right bundle branch block and mental retardation may possibly be additional, less common pleiotrophic manifestations.", "contents": "The Perrault syndrome: autosomal recessive ovarian dysgenesis with facultative, non-sex-limited sensorineural deafness. We report three sisters with ovarian dysgenesis; all three and two of their otherwise apparently normal brothers also had moderate to severe sensorineural deafness. Three similarly affected sibships are known, and the total of 14 affected patients includes three males with deafness without gonadal defect, one woman with ovarian dysgenesis without deafness, and ten women with ovarian dysgenesis and deafness. In two families parental consanguinity is known. We conclude that this condition, which we propose to designate the Perrault syndrome, is an uncommon autosomal recessive trait with obligatory ovarian dysgenesis in female homozygotes and facultative deafness in male and female homozygotes. Right bundle branch block and mental retardation may possibly be additional, less common pleiotrophic manifestations.", "PMID": 517579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11757", "title": "A family study of congenital inguinal hernia.", "content": "In fathers and mothers of 707 index patients with operated indirect congenital inguinal hernia (CIH) born in Budapest during the years 1962-1966 the frequency of CIH was two and five to six times higher, respectively, than in the general population. The rate of affected sibs was higher than that of parents but was greatly dependent on the sex of the index patient. Heritability estimates of CIH vary significantly in parents (0.35 +/- 0.12) and in sibs (0.78 +/- 0.14). In twins the heritability is 0.77. These data agree with the multifactorial threshold model involving dominance variance.", "contents": "A family study of congenital inguinal hernia. In fathers and mothers of 707 index patients with operated indirect congenital inguinal hernia (CIH) born in Budapest during the years 1962-1966 the frequency of CIH was two and five to six times higher, respectively, than in the general population. The rate of affected sibs was higher than that of parents but was greatly dependent on the sex of the index patient. Heritability estimates of CIH vary significantly in parents (0.35 +/- 0.12) and in sibs (0.78 +/- 0.14). In twins the heritability is 0.77. These data agree with the multifactorial threshold model involving dominance variance.", "PMID": 517580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11758", "title": "Ring chromosome 6 in a child with minimal abnormalities.", "content": "We describe a boy with a ring chromosome 6 and short stature, mild micrognathia, and bilateral transitional/simian creases. Five other patients with a ring 6 have been reported. The clinical and cytogenetic observations of all six patients are compared and discussed.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 6 in a child with minimal abnormalities. We describe a boy with a ring chromosome 6 and short stature, mild micrognathia, and bilateral transitional/simian creases. Five other patients with a ring 6 have been reported. The clinical and cytogenetic observations of all six patients are compared and discussed.", "PMID": 517581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11759", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"the handless and footless families of Brazil\"): XI. Pathologic aspects.", "content": "We report another case of acheiropodia, a rare autosomal recessive trait of distal limb deficiency, to date seen only in Brazil in persons of Portuguese ancestry. The patient's parent were first cousins; she had two younger affected sisters. She presented with signs of vascular insufficiency of the lower stumps, which after amputation were found to lack large vessels below the knee.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"the handless and footless families of Brazil\"): XI. Pathologic aspects. We report another case of acheiropodia, a rare autosomal recessive trait of distal limb deficiency, to date seen only in Brazil in persons of Portuguese ancestry. The patient's parent were first cousins; she had two younger affected sisters. She presented with signs of vascular insufficiency of the lower stumps, which after amputation were found to lack large vessels below the knee.", "PMID": 517582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11760", "title": "The \"intra-abdominal version technique\" for delivery of transverse lie by low-segment cesarean section.", "content": "Cesarean section is the delivery method of choice in all shoulder presentations of viable fetuses. The classic cesarean section is usually recommended when there is a transverse lie because of the potential technical difficulties associated with extraction of the fetus when a low-segment incision is used. This paper illustrates a technique that avoids the need of a classic cesarean section and permits the use of the more desirable low-segment cesarean section. The advantages of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "The \"intra-abdominal version technique\" for delivery of transverse lie by low-segment cesarean section. Cesarean section is the delivery method of choice in all shoulder presentations of viable fetuses. The classic cesarean section is usually recommended when there is a transverse lie because of the potential technical difficulties associated with extraction of the fetus when a low-segment incision is used. This paper illustrates a technique that avoids the need of a classic cesarean section and permits the use of the more desirable low-segment cesarean section. The advantages of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 517583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11761", "title": "The effect of smoking and oral contraceptives on the urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.", "content": "Eight smokers and seven nonsmokers between the ages of 20 and 38 years were studied. None of these patients was pregnant. Three smokers and two nonsmokers were not taking oral contraceptives, as contrasted by three nonsmokers and four smokers taking oral contraceptives. Results approached statistical significance for urinary norepinephrine (p = 0.15) and epinephrine (p = 0.07) when the groups were compared. The values for nonsmoking/noncontraception tended to be low but, unexpectedly, the values for smoking/contraception also were low. When the smoking subjects (six of seven) stopped there was a significant decline in norepinephrine (p = 0.02) and the epinephrine decline approached significance (p = 0.08). The study does not show any synergistic effect of oral contraceptives and smoking but demonstrates that the smoker can diminish stimulation of the adrenal gland (epinephrine) and sympathetic nervous system (norepinephrine) if she will stop smoking.", "contents": "The effect of smoking and oral contraceptives on the urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Eight smokers and seven nonsmokers between the ages of 20 and 38 years were studied. None of these patients was pregnant. Three smokers and two nonsmokers were not taking oral contraceptives, as contrasted by three nonsmokers and four smokers taking oral contraceptives. Results approached statistical significance for urinary norepinephrine (p = 0.15) and epinephrine (p = 0.07) when the groups were compared. The values for nonsmoking/noncontraception tended to be low but, unexpectedly, the values for smoking/contraception also were low. When the smoking subjects (six of seven) stopped there was a significant decline in norepinephrine (p = 0.02) and the epinephrine decline approached significance (p = 0.08). The study does not show any synergistic effect of oral contraceptives and smoking but demonstrates that the smoker can diminish stimulation of the adrenal gland (epinephrine) and sympathetic nervous system (norepinephrine) if she will stop smoking.", "PMID": 517584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11762", "title": "Probability of menopause with increasing duration of amenorrhea in middle-aged women.", "content": "The empirical percent probability that natural menopause has occurred after first presentation of amenorrhea of various durations in women greater than or equal to 45 years of age has been calculated using data from a cohort of subjects who prospectively recorded menstrual flow and related gynecologic events. The probability that menopause has occurred increases with the amenorrheal interval (duration), and for a given interval, the probability increases with age. After 180 days of amenorrhea, 45% to 72% of subjects were menopausal; after 360 days, 90%. These data may offer assistance in advising patients on the probability of menopause and the continuance of contraceptive practices, and in considering whether late genital bleeding after amenorrhea represents a physiologic or pathologic process.", "contents": "Probability of menopause with increasing duration of amenorrhea in middle-aged women. The empirical percent probability that natural menopause has occurred after first presentation of amenorrhea of various durations in women greater than or equal to 45 years of age has been calculated using data from a cohort of subjects who prospectively recorded menstrual flow and related gynecologic events. The probability that menopause has occurred increases with the amenorrheal interval (duration), and for a given interval, the probability increases with age. After 180 days of amenorrhea, 45% to 72% of subjects were menopausal; after 360 days, 90%. These data may offer assistance in advising patients on the probability of menopause and the continuance of contraceptive practices, and in considering whether late genital bleeding after amenorrhea represents a physiologic or pathologic process.", "PMID": 517585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11763", "title": "Coagulation studies of patients taking low-dose heparin during and after major gynecologic surgery.", "content": "In February, 1975, a prospective, randomized study of 75 patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery was undertaken. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups regardless of diagnosis and surgery contemplated. Coagulation studies were performed preoperatively and postoperatively in a control group, a receiving 2,000 U heparin/12 hr subcutaneously, and a third group receiving 5,000 U/12 hr via the same route. There was a statistically significant increase noted in fibrin degradation products in the group treated with 5,000 U heparin/12 hr as compared to the control group. Excessive bleeding intraoperatively or postoperatively was not encountered.", "contents": "Coagulation studies of patients taking low-dose heparin during and after major gynecologic surgery. In February, 1975, a prospective, randomized study of 75 patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery was undertaken. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups regardless of diagnosis and surgery contemplated. Coagulation studies were performed preoperatively and postoperatively in a control group, a receiving 2,000 U heparin/12 hr subcutaneously, and a third group receiving 5,000 U/12 hr via the same route. There was a statistically significant increase noted in fibrin degradation products in the group treated with 5,000 U heparin/12 hr as compared to the control group. Excessive bleeding intraoperatively or postoperatively was not encountered.", "PMID": 517586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11764", "title": "Local versus general anesthesia: which is safer for performing suction curettage abortions?", "content": "The relative safety of suction curettage abortions performed with either local or general anesthesia has not been clearly established. To compare the safety of these two anesthetic techniques, we studied 36,430 women who received local anesthetics and 17,725 who received general anesthetics for this operation in the United States from 1971 through 1975. The aggregated major complication rates for the two groups were similar, but there were significant differences between local and general anesthesia for specific complications and treatments. Local anesthesia was associated with higher rates of febrile and convulsive morbidity; however, general anesthesia was associated with higher rates of hemorrhage, cervical injury, and uterine perforation. Both anesthetic techniques appear to be safe, with similar degrees of overall safety, although each is associated with a different spectrum of complications.", "contents": "Local versus general anesthesia: which is safer for performing suction curettage abortions? The relative safety of suction curettage abortions performed with either local or general anesthesia has not been clearly established. To compare the safety of these two anesthetic techniques, we studied 36,430 women who received local anesthetics and 17,725 who received general anesthetics for this operation in the United States from 1971 through 1975. The aggregated major complication rates for the two groups were similar, but there were significant differences between local and general anesthesia for specific complications and treatments. Local anesthesia was associated with higher rates of febrile and convulsive morbidity; however, general anesthesia was associated with higher rates of hemorrhage, cervical injury, and uterine perforation. Both anesthetic techniques appear to be safe, with similar degrees of overall safety, although each is associated with a different spectrum of complications.", "PMID": 517587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11765", "title": "Rapid assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "content": "The absorbance of amniotic fluid at 653 nm has been measured in 300 specimens and found to have a significant correlation with the L/S ratio. Then 118 patients were further evaluated for neonatal outcome. RDS was absent in 99% of patients with mature absorbance values. This determination has the advantage of rapid performance without specialized equipment or training and represents a significant contribution to the assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "Rapid assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity. The absorbance of amniotic fluid at 653 nm has been measured in 300 specimens and found to have a significant correlation with the L/S ratio. Then 118 patients were further evaluated for neonatal outcome. RDS was absent in 99% of patients with mature absorbance values. This determination has the advantage of rapid performance without specialized equipment or training and represents a significant contribution to the assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "PMID": 517588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11766", "title": "Prenatal and intrapartum high-risk screening. II. Risk factors reassessed.", "content": "A method of identifying the high-risk pregnancy by a quantitative assessment of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors is presented. Calculating the probabilities of neonatal risk can be done with a hand-held calculator. The technique described provides a method of assessing the importance of perinatal variables and determining the effect of the process of health care on outcome.", "contents": "Prenatal and intrapartum high-risk screening. II. Risk factors reassessed. A method of identifying the high-risk pregnancy by a quantitative assessment of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors is presented. Calculating the probabilities of neonatal risk can be done with a hand-held calculator. The technique described provides a method of assessing the importance of perinatal variables and determining the effect of the process of health care on outcome.", "PMID": 517589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11767", "title": "Preinduction cervical priming with oral prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Seventy-three women, primigravidas and multigravidas, received 1.0 mg PGE2 tablets hourly for 5 doses the evening prior to scheduled induction of term labor to improve cervical ripeness. The over-all response to treatment depended upon the initial cervical score. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred infrequently and no complications to mother or fetus were observed. While the protocol used provoked an important in cervical favorability it is anticipated that a more prolonged PGE2 administration might achieve better results.", "contents": "Preinduction cervical priming with oral prostaglandin E2. Seventy-three women, primigravidas and multigravidas, received 1.0 mg PGE2 tablets hourly for 5 doses the evening prior to scheduled induction of term labor to improve cervical ripeness. The over-all response to treatment depended upon the initial cervical score. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred infrequently and no complications to mother or fetus were observed. While the protocol used provoked an important in cervical favorability it is anticipated that a more prolonged PGE2 administration might achieve better results.", "PMID": 517590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11768", "title": "Hydronephrosis of pregnancy: ultrasonographic study and classification of asymptomatic women.", "content": "Ultrasonographic examination of the upper urinary tract in 109 asymptomatic pregnant women was performed to determine the degree of dilatation, the time of onset, and the range of \"physiologic\" changes detectable by this method. Classification is established and prevalence and degree of dilatation are categorized by trimesters. The onset of dilatation is seen earlier than previously reported and the degree of obstruction is quite variable for the asymptomatic patient. The right side predominates, as expected. The finding of mild dilatation in a symptomatic patient would prompt a search for causes other than obstruction.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis of pregnancy: ultrasonographic study and classification of asymptomatic women. Ultrasonographic examination of the upper urinary tract in 109 asymptomatic pregnant women was performed to determine the degree of dilatation, the time of onset, and the range of \"physiologic\" changes detectable by this method. Classification is established and prevalence and degree of dilatation are categorized by trimesters. The onset of dilatation is seen earlier than previously reported and the degree of obstruction is quite variable for the asymptomatic patient. The right side predominates, as expected. The finding of mild dilatation in a symptomatic patient would prompt a search for causes other than obstruction.", "PMID": 517591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11769", "title": "Redistribution of cardiac output and oxygen delivery in the hypoxemic fetal lamb.", "content": "In hypoxia, fetal cardiac output and the product arterial O2 content x blood flow to the fetal heart and central nervous system (CNS) tend to remain constant. As a consequence the percentage of cardiac output directed to the heart and CNS increases hyperbolically in inverse relation to the oxygen content of the fetal ascending aorta, [O2]as. The fetal lamb maintains [O2]as approximately 0.45 mM (0.45 +/- 0.02 SEM) higher than the O2 content in the abdominal aorta, [O2]ab, over a wide range of oxygenation. When [O2]as decreases below the 2 mM level, the [O2]as--[O2]ab difference (delta O2) decreases also. A mathematical model of the fetal circulation shows that delta O2 is a function of the ratio oxygen consumption of fetal upper body/abdominal aorta blood flow (VU/FA). The behavior of delta O2 in hypoxia can be explained by assuming that the VU/FA ratio is maintained in moderate hypoxia and decreases in sever hypoxia.", "contents": "Redistribution of cardiac output and oxygen delivery in the hypoxemic fetal lamb. In hypoxia, fetal cardiac output and the product arterial O2 content x blood flow to the fetal heart and central nervous system (CNS) tend to remain constant. As a consequence the percentage of cardiac output directed to the heart and CNS increases hyperbolically in inverse relation to the oxygen content of the fetal ascending aorta, [O2]as. The fetal lamb maintains [O2]as approximately 0.45 mM (0.45 +/- 0.02 SEM) higher than the O2 content in the abdominal aorta, [O2]ab, over a wide range of oxygenation. When [O2]as decreases below the 2 mM level, the [O2]as--[O2]ab difference (delta O2) decreases also. A mathematical model of the fetal circulation shows that delta O2 is a function of the ratio oxygen consumption of fetal upper body/abdominal aorta blood flow (VU/FA). The behavior of delta O2 in hypoxia can be explained by assuming that the VU/FA ratio is maintained in moderate hypoxia and decreases in sever hypoxia.", "PMID": 517592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11770", "title": "Human fetal oxygenation following paracervical block.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that fetal heart rate (FHR) changes following paracervical block may be secondary to fetal hypoxia, human fetal oxygenation was measured continuously using a transcutaneous electrode. Following the block, each fetus demonstrated a decline in oxygen tension (tcPO2) at 5 minutes, which reached its lowest value at a mean of 11.5 minutes and remained at this level for an average of 3 minutes. Following the block, FHR variability increased at 5.2 minutes. reaching its maximal level by a mean of 7.5 minutes. By 11 minutes, a decrease in FHR variability was noted, which lasted for approximately 17 minutes. Decreased variability was not uniformly associated with low tcPO2. On some occasions, fetal tcPO2 declined even in the absence of increased uterine activity, which was noted at times following the block. The severity of the tcPO2 decline appears related to the analgesic effectiveness of the block.", "contents": "Human fetal oxygenation following paracervical block. To test the hypothesis that fetal heart rate (FHR) changes following paracervical block may be secondary to fetal hypoxia, human fetal oxygenation was measured continuously using a transcutaneous electrode. Following the block, each fetus demonstrated a decline in oxygen tension (tcPO2) at 5 minutes, which reached its lowest value at a mean of 11.5 minutes and remained at this level for an average of 3 minutes. Following the block, FHR variability increased at 5.2 minutes. reaching its maximal level by a mean of 7.5 minutes. By 11 minutes, a decrease in FHR variability was noted, which lasted for approximately 17 minutes. Decreased variability was not uniformly associated with low tcPO2. On some occasions, fetal tcPO2 declined even in the absence of increased uterine activity, which was noted at times following the block. The severity of the tcPO2 decline appears related to the analgesic effectiveness of the block.", "PMID": 517595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11771", "title": "External ocular toxicity of dipivalyl epinephrine.", "content": "Of 26 patients enrolled in a study designed to assess the usefulness of dipivalyl epinephrine 0.1%, administered topically at 12-hour intervals, for lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension, six patients (23.1%) developed adverse external ocular side effects severe enough to require that the drug be discontinued. Four of these six patients had a history of previous intolerance to epinephrine. The other two had successfully used epinephrine HCl 2% for more than two years before being treated with dipivalyl epinephrine and developed an adverse reaction after taking the drug 18 and 22 months, respectively. One patient with a history of epinephrine intolerance has successfully used dipivalyl epinephrine for 26 months to date. Our observations suggest that duration of exposure is an important factor in the development of sensitization to topically applied dipivalyl epinephrine.", "contents": "External ocular toxicity of dipivalyl epinephrine. Of 26 patients enrolled in a study designed to assess the usefulness of dipivalyl epinephrine 0.1%, administered topically at 12-hour intervals, for lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension, six patients (23.1%) developed adverse external ocular side effects severe enough to require that the drug be discontinued. Four of these six patients had a history of previous intolerance to epinephrine. The other two had successfully used epinephrine HCl 2% for more than two years before being treated with dipivalyl epinephrine and developed an adverse reaction after taking the drug 18 and 22 months, respectively. One patient with a history of epinephrine intolerance has successfully used dipivalyl epinephrine for 26 months to date. Our observations suggest that duration of exposure is an important factor in the development of sensitization to topically applied dipivalyl epinephrine.", "PMID": 517603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11772", "title": "The effects of timolol on cataract extraction and intraocular pressure.", "content": "We studied the effect of timolol on post-operative intraocular pressures (IOPs) in a control and experimental group of 30 eyes, each in patients who had uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extractions, most with iris clip lenses. Closure of the eye in each case was with three 6-0 silk sutures preplaced in a morticed incision. Six control eyes had IOP increases of 6 mm Hg or more within 24 hours of surgery. One patient treated with timolol had an IOP increase of 6 mm Hg or more. The differences in IOP between the control and experimental groups were statistically significant at the .01 level. The pressure lowering ability of timolol appears to be prophylactic as well as therapeutic. It is well suited for pseudophakic eyes as pressure reduction is not associated with pupillary alterations.", "contents": "The effects of timolol on cataract extraction and intraocular pressure. We studied the effect of timolol on post-operative intraocular pressures (IOPs) in a control and experimental group of 30 eyes, each in patients who had uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extractions, most with iris clip lenses. Closure of the eye in each case was with three 6-0 silk sutures preplaced in a morticed incision. Six control eyes had IOP increases of 6 mm Hg or more within 24 hours of surgery. One patient treated with timolol had an IOP increase of 6 mm Hg or more. The differences in IOP between the control and experimental groups were statistically significant at the .01 level. The pressure lowering ability of timolol appears to be prophylactic as well as therapeutic. It is well suited for pseudophakic eyes as pressure reduction is not associated with pupillary alterations.", "PMID": 517604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11773", "title": "Calcium oxalate crystals in the aqueous.", "content": "We found octohedral crystals in the aqueous of a patient with phacolytic glaucoma. They were identified as calcium oxalate by their physical and chemical characteristics.", "contents": "Calcium oxalate crystals in the aqueous. We found octohedral crystals in the aqueous of a patient with phacolytic glaucoma. They were identified as calcium oxalate by their physical and chemical characteristics.", "PMID": 517605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11774", "title": "Recurrent macular pucker.", "content": "A 43-year-old man with a history of multiple anterior segment operations had a severe preretinal membrane affecting macular function. The bulk of this lesion was removed by using vitrectomy techniques, but a recurrence of preretinal tissue was observed a few months after this procedure. The recurrent epiretinal membrane was removed in a second operation.", "contents": "Recurrent macular pucker. A 43-year-old man with a history of multiple anterior segment operations had a severe preretinal membrane affecting macular function. The bulk of this lesion was removed by using vitrectomy techniques, but a recurrence of preretinal tissue was observed a few months after this procedure. The recurrent epiretinal membrane was removed in a second operation.", "PMID": 517606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11775", "title": "Hemoglobin A1 and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The levels of the minor hemoglobin A1 components were measured in a consecutive series of 102 diabetic patients who were extensively studied for signs of diabetic retinopathy. We found a statistically significant relationship between metabolic control, as reflected by the hemoglobin A1 level, and the severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed before 30 years of age (P less than or equal to .001). We did not demonstrate a significant correlation between metabolic control and the severity of retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed after the age of 30 years. We found significantly more severe retinopathy among patients with longer duration of the disease, in men, in whites, in diabetics diagnosted before 30 years of age who were treated with lower insulin doses, and in obses patients with the onset of diabetes after the age of 30 years.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A1 and diabetic retinopathy. The levels of the minor hemoglobin A1 components were measured in a consecutive series of 102 diabetic patients who were extensively studied for signs of diabetic retinopathy. We found a statistically significant relationship between metabolic control, as reflected by the hemoglobin A1 level, and the severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed before 30 years of age (P less than or equal to .001). We did not demonstrate a significant correlation between metabolic control and the severity of retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed after the age of 30 years. We found significantly more severe retinopathy among patients with longer duration of the disease, in men, in whites, in diabetics diagnosted before 30 years of age who were treated with lower insulin doses, and in obses patients with the onset of diabetes after the age of 30 years.", "PMID": 517607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11776", "title": "Ischemic optic neuropathy as a possible early complication of vascular hypertension.", "content": "Eighteen patients with idiopathic optic neuropathy lacked symptoms and signs of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, especially when compared to three groups of patients with sudden visual loss caused by retinal infarction, transient ischemia, and cerebral infarction. Many patients in the latter groups had hypertension, carotid bruits, heart disease, transient ischemic attack, and stroke. But among the patients with ischemic optic neuropathy, hypertension was the only evidence of cardiovascular disease, affecting 44% of the patients. We argue that, in many cases, ischemic optic neuropathy represents a direct and early complication of hypertension arterial disease affecting small arterioles supplying the anterior part of the optic nerve. The pathologic process may thus be similar or identical to lacunar infarction of the brain.", "contents": "Ischemic optic neuropathy as a possible early complication of vascular hypertension. Eighteen patients with idiopathic optic neuropathy lacked symptoms and signs of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, especially when compared to three groups of patients with sudden visual loss caused by retinal infarction, transient ischemia, and cerebral infarction. Many patients in the latter groups had hypertension, carotid bruits, heart disease, transient ischemic attack, and stroke. But among the patients with ischemic optic neuropathy, hypertension was the only evidence of cardiovascular disease, affecting 44% of the patients. We argue that, in many cases, ischemic optic neuropathy represents a direct and early complication of hypertension arterial disease affecting small arterioles supplying the anterior part of the optic nerve. The pathologic process may thus be similar or identical to lacunar infarction of the brain.", "PMID": 517608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11777", "title": "Staphylococcal ophthalmia neonatorum and the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.", "content": "A 3-week-old infant had neonatal ophthalmia neonatorum, treated in a routine manner which rapidly developed into an advanced case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. The infant had sudden onset of widespread erythematous and tender areas of skin with subsequent exfoliation of large surface areas. We emphasize the recognition of this syndrome and the understanding that it may rapidly become a serious consequence of staphylococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. We stress the need for initial microbiologic studies and early antibiotic therapy for ophthalmia neonatorum.", "contents": "Staphylococcal ophthalmia neonatorum and the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. A 3-week-old infant had neonatal ophthalmia neonatorum, treated in a routine manner which rapidly developed into an advanced case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. The infant had sudden onset of widespread erythematous and tender areas of skin with subsequent exfoliation of large surface areas. We emphasize the recognition of this syndrome and the understanding that it may rapidly become a serious consequence of staphylococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. We stress the need for initial microbiologic studies and early antibiotic therapy for ophthalmia neonatorum.", "PMID": 517609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11778", "title": "Soft contact lenses from patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis.", "content": "We used scanning electron microscopy to study the surfaces of five coated soft contact lenses from subjects with giant papillary conjunctivitis. Findings were compared to the surfaces of five coated lenses from normal, asymptomatic wearers and five new, nerver-worn lenses. Lenses were from various manufacturers. All worn contact lenses differed strikingly from new, never-worn lenses. The anterior surface of worn lenses was covered with apparently adherent deposits. In only a few areas was the surface similar to new, never-worn lenses. Thick coatings on lenses from patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis and asymptomatic wearers were similar. High magnification of the coatings revealed a trabeculated morphology. Also seen was debris that resembled mucus-like material in both strand and particulate forms. On some lenses bacterial-shaped structures were scattered randomly over the surface. Smooth structures resembling cells were also seen. The posterior lens surface of all worn lenses was smoother than the anterior lens surface. The findings support our idea that the capacity to develop giant papillary conjunctivitis is influenced by individual differences more than by differences in lens deposits.", "contents": "Soft contact lenses from patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis. We used scanning electron microscopy to study the surfaces of five coated soft contact lenses from subjects with giant papillary conjunctivitis. Findings were compared to the surfaces of five coated lenses from normal, asymptomatic wearers and five new, nerver-worn lenses. Lenses were from various manufacturers. All worn contact lenses differed strikingly from new, never-worn lenses. The anterior surface of worn lenses was covered with apparently adherent deposits. In only a few areas was the surface similar to new, never-worn lenses. Thick coatings on lenses from patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis and asymptomatic wearers were similar. High magnification of the coatings revealed a trabeculated morphology. Also seen was debris that resembled mucus-like material in both strand and particulate forms. On some lenses bacterial-shaped structures were scattered randomly over the surface. Smooth structures resembling cells were also seen. The posterior lens surface of all worn lenses was smoother than the anterior lens surface. The findings support our idea that the capacity to develop giant papillary conjunctivitis is influenced by individual differences more than by differences in lens deposits.", "PMID": 517610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11779", "title": "Inverted papilloma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "We encountered inverted papilloma of the conjunctiva in three cases. To the best of our knowledge, this tumor, which typically involves the nose, paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal sac, has not been described previously in the conjunctiva. Two of the tumors occurred as purely inverted lesions of the inner canthal region )caruncle and plica) and the third as a mixed inverted-exophytic papilloma over the tarsus. Melanotic pigmentation in one of the lesions was clinically confused with malignant melanoma. Because of the high incidence of recurrence of these tumors in the sinuses and lacrimal sac, and their unknown biologic behavior in the conjunctiva, inverted papillomas should be removed completely and the patients carefully observed.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma of the conjunctiva. We encountered inverted papilloma of the conjunctiva in three cases. To the best of our knowledge, this tumor, which typically involves the nose, paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal sac, has not been described previously in the conjunctiva. Two of the tumors occurred as purely inverted lesions of the inner canthal region )caruncle and plica) and the third as a mixed inverted-exophytic papilloma over the tarsus. Melanotic pigmentation in one of the lesions was clinically confused with malignant melanoma. Because of the high incidence of recurrence of these tumors in the sinuses and lacrimal sac, and their unknown biologic behavior in the conjunctiva, inverted papillomas should be removed completely and the patients carefully observed.", "PMID": 517611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11780", "title": "Consequences of eyelid squeezing on intraocular pressure.", "content": "We investigated the effect of a forcible eyelid squeeze (two-second squeeze and two-second rest) over one minute, on intraocular pressure in volunteer groups of normal volunteers, ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients, and those with a family history of glaucoma. The normal volunteers fell into two groups: responders and nonresonders, with the responders showing about a 2-mm Hg decrease and the nonresponders a small increase in intraocular pressure. It was possible to arrange the groups into an order dependent upon the change in intraocular pressure induced by eyelid squeezing; normal responders (-1.98 mm Hg), family history of glaucoma (-0.48 mm Hg), ocular hypertensive patients (-0.07 mm Hg), normal nonresponders (+ 0.04 mm Hg) and glaucoma patients (taking medication) (+ 0.25 mm Hg). Correlation of disease entity with other ocular factors such as intraocular pressure and total outflow facility was poor.", "contents": "Consequences of eyelid squeezing on intraocular pressure. We investigated the effect of a forcible eyelid squeeze (two-second squeeze and two-second rest) over one minute, on intraocular pressure in volunteer groups of normal volunteers, ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients, and those with a family history of glaucoma. The normal volunteers fell into two groups: responders and nonresonders, with the responders showing about a 2-mm Hg decrease and the nonresponders a small increase in intraocular pressure. It was possible to arrange the groups into an order dependent upon the change in intraocular pressure induced by eyelid squeezing; normal responders (-1.98 mm Hg), family history of glaucoma (-0.48 mm Hg), ocular hypertensive patients (-0.07 mm Hg), normal nonresponders (+ 0.04 mm Hg) and glaucoma patients (taking medication) (+ 0.25 mm Hg). Correlation of disease entity with other ocular factors such as intraocular pressure and total outflow facility was poor.", "PMID": 517612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11781", "title": "Experimental perfusions through the anterior and vitreous chambers with possible relationships to malignant glaucoma.", "content": "Enucleated eyes were perfused alternately via the anterior and vitreous chambers. At low intraocular pressure (IOP), vitreous humor presented considerable resistance to forward flow of perfusion fluid in calf eyes, but not in human eyes. In human eyes when the perfusion pressure was increased to 60 mm Hg, the resistance to flow forward from the vitreous body increased, but became practically nil again when the IOP was decreased. At high pressure the volume of the vitreous body apparently increases and the anterior hyaloid membrane probably presses against the ciliary body, reducing the area of hyaloid membrane through which fluid can flow. Whether increased perfusion pressure can in some other manner change the permeability of human vitreous to resemble that of the calf remains unanswered. Our results suggest that factors other than, or in addition to, simple diversion of aqeous humor must be important in malignant glaucoma.", "contents": "Experimental perfusions through the anterior and vitreous chambers with possible relationships to malignant glaucoma. Enucleated eyes were perfused alternately via the anterior and vitreous chambers. At low intraocular pressure (IOP), vitreous humor presented considerable resistance to forward flow of perfusion fluid in calf eyes, but not in human eyes. In human eyes when the perfusion pressure was increased to 60 mm Hg, the resistance to flow forward from the vitreous body increased, but became practically nil again when the IOP was decreased. At high pressure the volume of the vitreous body apparently increases and the anterior hyaloid membrane probably presses against the ciliary body, reducing the area of hyaloid membrane through which fluid can flow. Whether increased perfusion pressure can in some other manner change the permeability of human vitreous to resemble that of the calf remains unanswered. Our results suggest that factors other than, or in addition to, simple diversion of aqeous humor must be important in malignant glaucoma.", "PMID": 517613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11782", "title": "A 20-gauge illumination and irrigation instrument for pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "We developed a 20-gauge combination illumination-irrigation probe for use in pars plana vitrectomy. This instrument makes the vitrectomy procedure less traumatic and technically easier.", "contents": "A 20-gauge illumination and irrigation instrument for pars plana vitrectomy. We developed a 20-gauge combination illumination-irrigation probe for use in pars plana vitrectomy. This instrument makes the vitrectomy procedure less traumatic and technically easier.", "PMID": 517615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11783", "title": "Combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction.", "content": "We performed combined trabeculectomy-cataract extraction in 37 eyes of 29 patients. Average follow-up was 23.7 months. Thirty-three (89.2%) of the 37 eyes were controlled with much improvement postoperatively. A total of 35 eyes (94.6%) were controlled postoperatively; 22 eyes (59.5%) required no medications postoperatively. No greater incidence of complications with the combined procedure from that expected with cataract extraction alone was evident, except for four flat or shallow chambers and four hyphemas, none of which appeared to have an adverse effect on the final outcome of the surgery. We believe that the combined trabeculectomy-cataract extraction is a valid and safe procedure, if not the procedure of choice, in our hands, for the patient with coexisting cataract and glaucoma, and the advantages of the greater pressure control with the single procedure outweight the small increase in the risks of the surgery.", "contents": "Combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction. We performed combined trabeculectomy-cataract extraction in 37 eyes of 29 patients. Average follow-up was 23.7 months. Thirty-three (89.2%) of the 37 eyes were controlled with much improvement postoperatively. A total of 35 eyes (94.6%) were controlled postoperatively; 22 eyes (59.5%) required no medications postoperatively. No greater incidence of complications with the combined procedure from that expected with cataract extraction alone was evident, except for four flat or shallow chambers and four hyphemas, none of which appeared to have an adverse effect on the final outcome of the surgery. We believe that the combined trabeculectomy-cataract extraction is a valid and safe procedure, if not the procedure of choice, in our hands, for the patient with coexisting cataract and glaucoma, and the advantages of the greater pressure control with the single procedure outweight the small increase in the risks of the surgery.", "PMID": 517620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11784", "title": "Broken nylon iris fixation sutures.", "content": "Broken nylon iris sutures, used to fixate the Worst suture lens, occurred in 41 of a series of 215 eyes, a remarkably high frequency. The estimated average time to break was 27.8 months. Over three fourths of the borken sutures were discovered incidentally on a return visit. Complications related to the broken suture occurred in 21 eyes. The characteristic complication was corneal epithelial edema caused by intermittent touch of the endothelium by the broken suture; spontaneous lens dislocation was infrequent. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that biodegradation caused the suture break. Broken iris  sutures can be avoided by fixation of the lens with a nonbiodegradable suture.", "contents": "Broken nylon iris fixation sutures. Broken nylon iris sutures, used to fixate the Worst suture lens, occurred in 41 of a series of 215 eyes, a remarkably high frequency. The estimated average time to break was 27.8 months. Over three fourths of the borken sutures were discovered incidentally on a return visit. Complications related to the broken suture occurred in 21 eyes. The characteristic complication was corneal epithelial edema caused by intermittent touch of the endothelium by the broken suture; spontaneous lens dislocation was infrequent. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that biodegradation caused the suture break. Broken iris  sutures can be avoided by fixation of the lens with a nonbiodegradable suture.", "PMID": 517621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11785", "title": "Lens implantation and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a series of 1,160 implant cases, 82 patients were diabetic. In this subgroup, lenses were implanted in 87 eyes, and a visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better was obtained in 77 (88.6%) of the patients, which compared well with the nondiabetic control group of 1,078 cases. Only patients with normal fundi or minimal background retinopathy were operated on, and the visual results obtained were independent of the diabetic medical management.", "contents": "Lens implantation and diabetes mellitus. In a series of 1,160 implant cases, 82 patients were diabetic. In this subgroup, lenses were implanted in 87 eyes, and a visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better was obtained in 77 (88.6%) of the patients, which compared well with the nondiabetic control group of 1,078 cases. Only patients with normal fundi or minimal background retinopathy were operated on, and the visual results obtained were independent of the diabetic medical management.", "PMID": 517622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11786", "title": "Speckle movement in laser refraction. I. Theory.", "content": "Slowly rotating, cylindrical, diffusing drums have been widely used in laser refraction. A simple geometrical evaluation of the optical path lengths involved is used to derive expressions for the position of the plane of stationarity and the apparent speed of speckle motion as a function of the characteristics of the illuminating wavefront, the drum, the refraction of the observer, and other system parameters. With apparatus of known characteristics, determination of the apparent speckle velocity allows calculation of the ametropia of the observer.", "contents": "Speckle movement in laser refraction. I. Theory. Slowly rotating, cylindrical, diffusing drums have been widely used in laser refraction. A simple geometrical evaluation of the optical path lengths involved is used to derive expressions for the position of the plane of stationarity and the apparent speed of speckle motion as a function of the characteristics of the illuminating wavefront, the drum, the refraction of the observer, and other system parameters. With apparatus of known characteristics, determination of the apparent speckle velocity allows calculation of the ametropia of the observer.", "PMID": 517623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11787", "title": "The effect of cycloplegia on the determination of refractive error by the Ophthalmetron.", "content": "The Ophthalmetron was used to measure the refractive error of 10 male optometry students. Although there was a high incidence of invalid readings, more repeatable results were obtained with use of a cycloplegic. Measurements made under cycloplegia revealed 0.41 D more hyperopia but no differences in astigmatism as compared to the noncycloplegic refraction. Instrument myopia was shown not to be a factor.", "contents": "The effect of cycloplegia on the determination of refractive error by the Ophthalmetron. The Ophthalmetron was used to measure the refractive error of 10 male optometry students. Although there was a high incidence of invalid readings, more repeatable results were obtained with use of a cycloplegic. Measurements made under cycloplegia revealed 0.41 D more hyperopia but no differences in astigmatism as compared to the noncycloplegic refraction. Instrument myopia was shown not to be a factor.", "PMID": 517624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11788", "title": "The position of the corneal apex in the normal eye.", "content": "The position of the apex of the cornea was found for 1000 \"normal\" eyes (500 right; 500 left) from photoelectronic keratoscopic analysis. The corneal apex was located on the vertical meridian in 21.3% of the eyes, temporally in 62.4%, and nasally in 16.3%. Although a temporally biased location for the corneal apex was demonstrated, 62.2% of the eyes had the apex within 0.5 mm of the visual axis. The implications of these findings in contact lens fitting are discussed.", "contents": "The position of the corneal apex in the normal eye. The position of the apex of the cornea was found for 1000 \"normal\" eyes (500 right; 500 left) from photoelectronic keratoscopic analysis. The corneal apex was located on the vertical meridian in 21.3% of the eyes, temporally in 62.4%, and nasally in 16.3%. Although a temporally biased location for the corneal apex was demonstrated, 62.2% of the eyes had the apex within 0.5 mm of the visual axis. The implications of these findings in contact lens fitting are discussed.", "PMID": 517625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11789", "title": "Marcus Gunn pupil in a possible case of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "A possible case of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is reviewed. The electrodiagnostic and clinical findings are discussed, with perspective given to alternative diagnoses. A review of the literature is included to show the controversy which clouds a positive diagnosis of unilateral RP. A co-existing Marcus Gunn pupil is defined and discussed in relation to unilateral RP-like processes.", "contents": "Marcus Gunn pupil in a possible case of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa. A possible case of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is reviewed. The electrodiagnostic and clinical findings are discussed, with perspective given to alternative diagnoses. A review of the literature is included to show the controversy which clouds a positive diagnosis of unilateral RP. A co-existing Marcus Gunn pupil is defined and discussed in relation to unilateral RP-like processes.", "PMID": 517626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11790", "title": "Identifying and teaching affective skills in optometric education.", "content": "Skills of interviewing, counseling, and patient management have been identified as vital parts of the ASCO curriculum model. This paper reviews the current status of the affective components of the optometric curriculum and describes a course which has as its goal the teaching or affective skills to optometry students.", "contents": "Identifying and teaching affective skills in optometric education. Skills of interviewing, counseling, and patient management have been identified as vital parts of the ASCO curriculum model. This paper reviews the current status of the affective components of the optometric curriculum and describes a course which has as its goal the teaching or affective skills to optometry students.", "PMID": 517627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11791", "title": "Normative and clinical data with a new type of dark adaptometer.", "content": "Dark adaptation has been measured with a new type of dark adaptometer in a group of 25 normal subjects, and in a group of 10 patients suffering from a variety of retinal pathologies. The results indicate that this instrument is capable of distinguishing between normal and pathological dark adaptation on the basis of data obtained in two clinical samples.", "contents": "Normative and clinical data with a new type of dark adaptometer. Dark adaptation has been measured with a new type of dark adaptometer in a group of 25 normal subjects, and in a group of 10 patients suffering from a variety of retinal pathologies. The results indicate that this instrument is capable of distinguishing between normal and pathological dark adaptation on the basis of data obtained in two clinical samples.", "PMID": 517628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11792", "title": "A laser retinoscope.", "content": "A retinoscope that uses a He-Ne laser as its light source has been designed. By this means it is possible to improve the performance of the conventional retinoscope. In particular the contrast of the fundus reflex has been enhanced and the retinoscope can be used at a greater working distance than usual. By using a polarized laser the specular reflections from the eye are completely suppressed. The retinoscope lends itself to refractions under normal room illumination. Patients find the light from the laser retinoscope less bothersome than that of the usual tungsten filament lamp. Advantages and disadvantages of the unit are discussed.", "contents": "A laser retinoscope. A retinoscope that uses a He-Ne laser as its light source has been designed. By this means it is possible to improve the performance of the conventional retinoscope. In particular the contrast of the fundus reflex has been enhanced and the retinoscope can be used at a greater working distance than usual. By using a polarized laser the specular reflections from the eye are completely suppressed. The retinoscope lends itself to refractions under normal room illumination. Patients find the light from the laser retinoscope less bothersome than that of the usual tungsten filament lamp. Advantages and disadvantages of the unit are discussed.", "PMID": 517629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11793", "title": "Sagittal depth considerations in the selection of the base curve radius of a soft contact lens.", "content": "Examination of the relationship between the sagittal depth of the cornea and the sagittal depth of an optimally fitting soft contact lens reveals that base curves are not always well chosen. The author reports a new system for selecting the number, range, and distribution of base curve radii such that the range of saggital depths clinically encountered is covered evenly. The saggital increment between adjacent base curves is then 0.1 mm.", "contents": "Sagittal depth considerations in the selection of the base curve radius of a soft contact lens. Examination of the relationship between the sagittal depth of the cornea and the sagittal depth of an optimally fitting soft contact lens reveals that base curves are not always well chosen. The author reports a new system for selecting the number, range, and distribution of base curve radii such that the range of saggital depths clinically encountered is covered evenly. The saggital increment between adjacent base curves is then 0.1 mm.", "PMID": 517631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11794", "title": "Corneal response to thick and thin hydrophilic lenses.", "content": "Thick and thin hydrophilic lenses with otherwise similar parameters were worn by patients for a period of 6 months. The thicker lenses produced greater changes in corneal sensitivity and thickness during the course of adaptation and wear than did the thinner lenses. Chronic edema levels of 3--4% were noted with the thick lenses. Changes in corneal power for each lens group were not significant. Thin hydrophilic lenses seemed to produce less upset of normal corneal physiology over the course of the 6-month wearing period.", "contents": "Corneal response to thick and thin hydrophilic lenses. Thick and thin hydrophilic lenses with otherwise similar parameters were worn by patients for a period of 6 months. The thicker lenses produced greater changes in corneal sensitivity and thickness during the course of adaptation and wear than did the thinner lenses. Chronic edema levels of 3--4% were noted with the thick lenses. Changes in corneal power for each lens group were not significant. Thin hydrophilic lenses seemed to produce less upset of normal corneal physiology over the course of the 6-month wearing period.", "PMID": 517632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11795", "title": "Panoramic viewing, visual acuity of the deviating eye, and anomalous retinal correspondence in the intermittent exotrope of the divergence excess type.", "content": "Monocular visual acuities in a binocular field of view, field of view under binocular conditions, and retinal correspondence were investigated in five intermittent exotropes of the divergence excess type. Results indicated that all five intermittent exotropes demonstrated (1) normal visual acuity in the deviating eye without suppressing the fixating eye, (2) a lateral extension of the temporal field of view (panoramic viewing), (3) anomalous retinal correspondence.", "contents": "Panoramic viewing, visual acuity of the deviating eye, and anomalous retinal correspondence in the intermittent exotrope of the divergence excess type. Monocular visual acuities in a binocular field of view, field of view under binocular conditions, and retinal correspondence were investigated in five intermittent exotropes of the divergence excess type. Results indicated that all five intermittent exotropes demonstrated (1) normal visual acuity in the deviating eye without suppressing the fixating eye, (2) a lateral extension of the temporal field of view (panoramic viewing), (3) anomalous retinal correspondence.", "PMID": 517633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11796", "title": "Hydrogel lens power and oxygen transmissibility.", "content": "Measurements of oxygen transmissibility are reported for hydrogel lenses of different power. Center thickness is related to oxygen transmissibility, and it is shown that the relation is different for lenses of high dioptric power compared with lenses of low power. For high plus lenses, the oxygen transmissibility is higher than would be expected from a simple consideration of center thickness and the oxygen permeability of the contact lens material. For high minus lenses, the oxygen transmissibility is less than would be expected. Clinically, this means that power as well as center thickness must be taken into account when estimating the oxygen transmissibility of high power lenses.", "contents": "Hydrogel lens power and oxygen transmissibility. Measurements of oxygen transmissibility are reported for hydrogel lenses of different power. Center thickness is related to oxygen transmissibility, and it is shown that the relation is different for lenses of high dioptric power compared with lenses of low power. For high plus lenses, the oxygen transmissibility is higher than would be expected from a simple consideration of center thickness and the oxygen permeability of the contact lens material. For high minus lenses, the oxygen transmissibility is less than would be expected. Clinically, this means that power as well as center thickness must be taken into account when estimating the oxygen transmissibility of high power lenses.", "PMID": 517634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11797", "title": "Bilateral keratoconus posticus circumscriptus: a case report.", "content": "The characteristics, clinical appearance, and frequency of the rare corneal condition, keratoconus posticus circumscriptus, are discussed. A bilateral case of this condition, examined by use of techniques not previously employed, is described.", "contents": "Bilateral keratoconus posticus circumscriptus: a case report. The characteristics, clinical appearance, and frequency of the rare corneal condition, keratoconus posticus circumscriptus, are discussed. A bilateral case of this condition, examined by use of techniques not previously employed, is described.", "PMID": 517635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11798", "title": "Epicapsular stars with visual loss.", "content": "The presence of epicapsular stars (congenital epicapsular pigmentation) is a common occurrence, but it can become clinically significant when vision is impaired. A case history reporting such a condition is presented.", "contents": "Epicapsular stars with visual loss. The presence of epicapsular stars (congenital epicapsular pigmentation) is a common occurrence, but it can become clinically significant when vision is impaired. A case history reporting such a condition is presented.", "PMID": 517636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11799", "title": "Field \"expansion\" by use of binocular full-field reversed 1.3X telescopic spectacles: a case report.", "content": "Full-field reversed 1.3X telescopes were used in the treatment of a 63-year-old male retinitis pigmentosa (R.P.) patient with a 5 degree central field. The patient was highly motivated to \"expand\" his visual field. He was trained intensively with 1.3X, 1.7X, and 2,2X reversed telescopes prior to prescribing. Evaluations by the Orientation and Mobility staff indicated significant improvements in his functioning with the devices. The reversed telescopes expanded his field to approximately 14 degrees. Patient has been reevaluated after using the aid at home and remains enthusiastic about his successful use of the aid. This case is notable in that binocular, low-power, full-field, reversed telescopes are being used successfully for mobility, eating, and other tasks.", "contents": "Field \"expansion\" by use of binocular full-field reversed 1.3X telescopic spectacles: a case report. Full-field reversed 1.3X telescopes were used in the treatment of a 63-year-old male retinitis pigmentosa (R.P.) patient with a 5 degree central field. The patient was highly motivated to \"expand\" his visual field. He was trained intensively with 1.3X, 1.7X, and 2,2X reversed telescopes prior to prescribing. Evaluations by the Orientation and Mobility staff indicated significant improvements in his functioning with the devices. The reversed telescopes expanded his field to approximately 14 degrees. Patient has been reevaluated after using the aid at home and remains enthusiastic about his successful use of the aid. This case is notable in that binocular, low-power, full-field, reversed telescopes are being used successfully for mobility, eating, and other tasks.", "PMID": 517637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11800", "title": "Evaluation of the binocularity of 147 unilateral and bilateral pseudophakic patients.", "content": "Tests of binocular functions were performed on a group of 147 patients with unilaterally or bilaterally implanted intraocular lenses. The quality of the binocular vision achieved was significantly better than that of unilateral aphakic patients wearing contact lenses. Compared to the normal population, the stereoscopic threshold in the pseudophakic population was found to be slightly poorer. Visual acuity, anisometropia, lens fixation, and vertical deviation were analyzed in relation to stereopsis.", "contents": "Evaluation of the binocularity of 147 unilateral and bilateral pseudophakic patients. Tests of binocular functions were performed on a group of 147 patients with unilaterally or bilaterally implanted intraocular lenses. The quality of the binocular vision achieved was significantly better than that of unilateral aphakic patients wearing contact lenses. Compared to the normal population, the stereoscopic threshold in the pseudophakic population was found to be slightly poorer. Visual acuity, anisometropia, lens fixation, and vertical deviation were analyzed in relation to stereopsis.", "PMID": 517638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11801", "title": "Efficacy of compression gloves in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose disease had become stabilized while receiving non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs and/or gold salt injections entered an 8 week crossover study in which the effect of a compression glove worn during sleep was compared to a loosely fitting glove made of the same material. Improvement in hand symptoms was greater with the compression glove than with the control glove as regards morning stiffness, pain, night time throbbing, numbness or heaviness and a subjective assessment of swelling (p = 0.01). In addition, swelling of the proximal interphalangeal joints was slightly reduced (p = 0.05). These data suggest that the night time use of compression gloves in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can improve hand symptoms and exert a mild, transiently beneficial effect upon the degree of hand swelling.", "contents": "Efficacy of compression gloves in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose disease had become stabilized while receiving non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs and/or gold salt injections entered an 8 week crossover study in which the effect of a compression glove worn during sleep was compared to a loosely fitting glove made of the same material. Improvement in hand symptoms was greater with the compression glove than with the control glove as regards morning stiffness, pain, night time throbbing, numbness or heaviness and a subjective assessment of swelling (p = 0.01). In addition, swelling of the proximal interphalangeal joints was slightly reduced (p = 0.05). These data suggest that the night time use of compression gloves in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can improve hand symptoms and exert a mild, transiently beneficial effect upon the degree of hand swelling.", "PMID": 517640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11802", "title": "Analysis of dorsal pitting in the os publis in an extensive sample of modern American females.", "content": "Pubic bones from 486 modern American females between the ages of 13 and 99 were studied in an attempt to explore the relationship between the degree of dorsal pitting and the following variables: (1) number of full term pregnancies, (2) inteval since last pregnancy, (3) age of decedent.A statistical association was found between the number of full term pregnancies and the degree of dorsal pitting. However, the correlation is not strong; 17 females reported as being nulliparous have \"medium to large\" dorsal changes whereas 22 females having from one to five full term pregnancies have an absence of dorsal changes. Females who had their last child 15 or more years prior to death are more apt to have \"medium to large\" dorsal changes than are females who have more recently given birth. This effect appears to be independent of the number of full term pregnancies, but is probably related to age. When the data are analyzed by multiple regression analaysis, it is found that age and number of pregnancies are most important in predicting the degree of pitting and the effect of the interval on pitting is not significant. Age is found to be an important variable independent of the number of full term pregnancies. In nulliparas, an absence of dorsal pitting is far more frequently found in females younger than 30 than in those over 30.", "contents": "Analysis of dorsal pitting in the os publis in an extensive sample of modern American females. Pubic bones from 486 modern American females between the ages of 13 and 99 were studied in an attempt to explore the relationship between the degree of dorsal pitting and the following variables: (1) number of full term pregnancies, (2) inteval since last pregnancy, (3) age of decedent.A statistical association was found between the number of full term pregnancies and the degree of dorsal pitting. However, the correlation is not strong; 17 females reported as being nulliparous have \"medium to large\" dorsal changes whereas 22 females having from one to five full term pregnancies have an absence of dorsal changes. Females who had their last child 15 or more years prior to death are more apt to have \"medium to large\" dorsal changes than are females who have more recently given birth. This effect appears to be independent of the number of full term pregnancies, but is probably related to age. When the data are analyzed by multiple regression analaysis, it is found that age and number of pregnancies are most important in predicting the degree of pitting and the effect of the interval on pitting is not significant. Age is found to be an important variable independent of the number of full term pregnancies. In nulliparas, an absence of dorsal pitting is far more frequently found in females younger than 30 than in those over 30.", "PMID": 517642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11803", "title": "Parturition and pelvic changes.", "content": "A detailed analysis of the female bony pelvis in relation to parity status was made. A total of 198 complete pelves were inspected for five features considered to be associated with pregnancy and parturition. During final analysis two features were eliminated. Three remaining features - dorsal pubic pitting, pre-auricular grooves, and grooves located at the site of interosseous ligament insertion were found to be significantly related to partirution. Other findings of interest were: (1) pits and grooves acquired through pregnancy and parturition appear to become obliterated in old age, (2) the preauricular groove is the most sensitive indicator of pregnancy and parturition, (3) moderate-large pitting in the dorsal pubic region rarely occurs in nulliparous females, and (4) it is doubtful that more precise statements than \"no children\" and \"one or more children\" can be made on the basis of skeletal remains alone.", "contents": "Parturition and pelvic changes. A detailed analysis of the female bony pelvis in relation to parity status was made. A total of 198 complete pelves were inspected for five features considered to be associated with pregnancy and parturition. During final analysis two features were eliminated. Three remaining features - dorsal pubic pitting, pre-auricular grooves, and grooves located at the site of interosseous ligament insertion were found to be significantly related to partirution. Other findings of interest were: (1) pits and grooves acquired through pregnancy and parturition appear to become obliterated in old age, (2) the preauricular groove is the most sensitive indicator of pregnancy and parturition, (3) moderate-large pitting in the dorsal pubic region rarely occurs in nulliparous females, and (4) it is doubtful that more precise statements than \"no children\" and \"one or more children\" can be made on the basis of skeletal remains alone.", "PMID": 517643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11804", "title": "Insulin antagonistic effects of epinephrine and glucagon in the dog.", "content": "The effect of glucagon and/or epinephrine on the response to physiologic insulin infusion was evaluated in dogs. Insulin alone produced a transient fall (50%) in glucose output, a threefold rise in glucose clearance, and a decline in plasma glucose, which then stabilized (40--45 mg/dl) afer 1 h. Glucagon infusion prevented the fall in glucose output, but had no effect on insulin-induced elevations in glucose clearance. The fall in plasma glucose was delayed (20 min), but late hypoglycemia was unaltered. Epinephrine infusion blocked the fall in glucose output as well as the insulin-induced rise in glucose clearance and uptake. Thus, while epinephrine and glucagon were equally effective in preventing the fall in glucose output induced by insulin, epinephrine was more effective in preventing insulin-induced hypoglycemia by virtue of its direct inhibitory action on insulin-stimulated glucose utilization. Simultaneous addition of glucagon and epinephrine increased glucose output twofold, suppressed glucose clearance, and caused a 15--30 mg/dl increase in plasma glucose despite ongoing hyperinsulinemia. Our data thus indicate that synergistic hormone interactions may play a role in the counterregulation of insulin hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Insulin antagonistic effects of epinephrine and glucagon in the dog. The effect of glucagon and/or epinephrine on the response to physiologic insulin infusion was evaluated in dogs. Insulin alone produced a transient fall (50%) in glucose output, a threefold rise in glucose clearance, and a decline in plasma glucose, which then stabilized (40--45 mg/dl) afer 1 h. Glucagon infusion prevented the fall in glucose output, but had no effect on insulin-induced elevations in glucose clearance. The fall in plasma glucose was delayed (20 min), but late hypoglycemia was unaltered. Epinephrine infusion blocked the fall in glucose output as well as the insulin-induced rise in glucose clearance and uptake. Thus, while epinephrine and glucagon were equally effective in preventing the fall in glucose output induced by insulin, epinephrine was more effective in preventing insulin-induced hypoglycemia by virtue of its direct inhibitory action on insulin-stimulated glucose utilization. Simultaneous addition of glucagon and epinephrine increased glucose output twofold, suppressed glucose clearance, and caused a 15--30 mg/dl increase in plasma glucose despite ongoing hyperinsulinemia. Our data thus indicate that synergistic hormone interactions may play a role in the counterregulation of insulin hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 517645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11805", "title": "Glucocorticoid and estrogen regulation of corticosteroid-binding globulin production by rat liver.", "content": "We have recently demonstrated that rat liver can synthesize and secrete corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). The present study extends these observations and examines the hormonal regulation of hepatic CBG production. Male rats were pretreated by adrenalectomy and/or glucocorticoid or estrogen administration and the rate of CBG production was measured in vitro. The production rates were assessed by the generation of specific corticosterone binding sites in both a liver-slice preparation and in an isolated perfused liver. The two techniques showed qualitatively similar results. Adrenalectomy enhanced and glucorticoid administration inhibited the rate of CBG production and secretion. Pretreatment of male rats with estradiol stimulated the rate of CBG production. The production rates were 20- to 40-fold higher in the perfused liver demonstrating its superiority over the liver-slice system. The livers from intact rats secreted CBG binding sites at a rate of approximately 18 pmol/g liver per hours, generating an estimated 20% of the total CBG content of a rat each day. The possible clinical implications of the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids that bind to CBG, yet inhibit CBG production, are discussed.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid and estrogen regulation of corticosteroid-binding globulin production by rat liver. We have recently demonstrated that rat liver can synthesize and secrete corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). The present study extends these observations and examines the hormonal regulation of hepatic CBG production. Male rats were pretreated by adrenalectomy and/or glucocorticoid or estrogen administration and the rate of CBG production was measured in vitro. The production rates were assessed by the generation of specific corticosterone binding sites in both a liver-slice preparation and in an isolated perfused liver. The two techniques showed qualitatively similar results. Adrenalectomy enhanced and glucorticoid administration inhibited the rate of CBG production and secretion. Pretreatment of male rats with estradiol stimulated the rate of CBG production. The production rates were 20- to 40-fold higher in the perfused liver demonstrating its superiority over the liver-slice system. The livers from intact rats secreted CBG binding sites at a rate of approximately 18 pmol/g liver per hours, generating an estimated 20% of the total CBG content of a rat each day. The possible clinical implications of the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids that bind to CBG, yet inhibit CBG production, are discussed.", "PMID": 517646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11806", "title": "Effects of bilirubin on fat cell metabolism and lipolysis.", "content": "Bilirubin (0.45 mM) inhibited lipolysis and stimulated [1-14C]glucose oxidation by rat fat cells in the presence of an equimolar concentration of bovine serum albumin. Bilirubin was an insulinlike agent with respect to inhibition of lipolysis and stimulation of glucose oxidation. There was a marked inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell ghosts by 0.001--0.1 mM bilirubin in the absence of albumin, which was largely reversed by the addition of albumin. Although both bilirubin and free fatty acids bind to albumin, the primary binding sites appear to be separate. The effects of bilirubin at a molar ratio to albumin of 2 or less were not influenced by free fatty acid-to-albumin ratios up to 3. Triglyceride lipase activity of partially purified rat fat cell homogenates was inhibited by bilirubin in the presence of an equimolar concentration of bovine albumin. These data indicate that the antilipolytic action of bilirubin is probably due to direct inhibition of triglyceride lipase through a mechanism that does not involve competition with free fatty acids for binding to albumin.", "contents": "Effects of bilirubin on fat cell metabolism and lipolysis. Bilirubin (0.45 mM) inhibited lipolysis and stimulated [1-14C]glucose oxidation by rat fat cells in the presence of an equimolar concentration of bovine serum albumin. Bilirubin was an insulinlike agent with respect to inhibition of lipolysis and stimulation of glucose oxidation. There was a marked inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell ghosts by 0.001--0.1 mM bilirubin in the absence of albumin, which was largely reversed by the addition of albumin. Although both bilirubin and free fatty acids bind to albumin, the primary binding sites appear to be separate. The effects of bilirubin at a molar ratio to albumin of 2 or less were not influenced by free fatty acid-to-albumin ratios up to 3. Triglyceride lipase activity of partially purified rat fat cell homogenates was inhibited by bilirubin in the presence of an equimolar concentration of bovine albumin. These data indicate that the antilipolytic action of bilirubin is probably due to direct inhibition of triglyceride lipase through a mechanism that does not involve competition with free fatty acids for binding to albumin.", "PMID": 517647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11807", "title": "Hepatic uptake of insulin in man.", "content": "The hepatic uptake of unlabeled insulin (5--50 mU/kg) was determined in 45 nondiabetic patients without hepatic disease. Thirty patients were studied at normoglycemia and 15 at moderate steady hyperglycemia, induced by intraportal infusion of 80 or 200 mg glucose per h and per kg. The first pass fractional hepatic uptake of insulin (FH) was estimated by comparing the results after a portal and a peripheral infusion of unlabeled insulin in each patient. It varied negatively with the amount of insulin given, decreasing about 50% after a tenfold increase in dose. FH was markedly smaller during steady hyperglycemia than at normoglycemia, regardless of insulin dose. For low doses (5--10 mU/kg), giving insulin concentrations within the physiological range, FH was 0.43 (5 mU/kg) and 0.40 (10 mU/kg) at normoglycemia and 0.16 (10 mU/kg) at hyperglycemia. FH did not vary with the fasting or the glucose-stimulated, endogenous insulin levels recorded before insulin infusion. It is suggested that glucose is more important than insulin in modulating the fractional hepatic uptake of insulin.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake of insulin in man. The hepatic uptake of unlabeled insulin (5--50 mU/kg) was determined in 45 nondiabetic patients without hepatic disease. Thirty patients were studied at normoglycemia and 15 at moderate steady hyperglycemia, induced by intraportal infusion of 80 or 200 mg glucose per h and per kg. The first pass fractional hepatic uptake of insulin (FH) was estimated by comparing the results after a portal and a peripheral infusion of unlabeled insulin in each patient. It varied negatively with the amount of insulin given, decreasing about 50% after a tenfold increase in dose. FH was markedly smaller during steady hyperglycemia than at normoglycemia, regardless of insulin dose. For low doses (5--10 mU/kg), giving insulin concentrations within the physiological range, FH was 0.43 (5 mU/kg) and 0.40 (10 mU/kg) at normoglycemia and 0.16 (10 mU/kg) at hyperglycemia. FH did not vary with the fasting or the glucose-stimulated, endogenous insulin levels recorded before insulin infusion. It is suggested that glucose is more important than insulin in modulating the fractional hepatic uptake of insulin.", "PMID": 517648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11808", "title": "Influence of bile salts on hepatic transport of dibromosulphthalein.", "content": "The influence of bile salts on hepatic transport of the organic anion dibromosulphthalein (DBSP) was investigated in rats. Bile salts influence the hepatic uptake, intracellular binding, and biliary excretion of DBSP. The overall effect depends on the administered dose of bile salts and DBSP. High doses of bile salts inhibited hepatic uptake of DBSP, whereas low doses of bile salts stimulated bile flow and simultaneously increased maximal biliary excretion of DBSP. The uncharged nonbile salt choleretic ouabain also stimulated biliary DBSP excretion. In contrast, the anionic nonbile salt choleretics, ethacrynic acid and theophylline, did not stimulate biliary excretion of DBSP. Because DBSP inhibited biliary excretion of ethacrynic acid and its metabolites, the lack of a stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid choleresis might be explained by concomitant inhibition of biliary excretion of DBSP, masking the stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid. Biliary transport maximum of DBSP was highly correlated with bile flow. The biliary clearance (Vmax/Km) was only moderately changed by bile salt administration, whereas the increase in the maximal biliary excretion rate was more pronounced, implying that the apparent Km for biliary excretion of DBSP was also increased by the bile salts. It is inferred that the stimulation of net biliary excretion of DBSP by bile salts may be due to a diminished transport from bile into the hepatocytes as the consequence of the decreased biliary concentration caused by the choleresis.", "contents": "Influence of bile salts on hepatic transport of dibromosulphthalein. The influence of bile salts on hepatic transport of the organic anion dibromosulphthalein (DBSP) was investigated in rats. Bile salts influence the hepatic uptake, intracellular binding, and biliary excretion of DBSP. The overall effect depends on the administered dose of bile salts and DBSP. High doses of bile salts inhibited hepatic uptake of DBSP, whereas low doses of bile salts stimulated bile flow and simultaneously increased maximal biliary excretion of DBSP. The uncharged nonbile salt choleretic ouabain also stimulated biliary DBSP excretion. In contrast, the anionic nonbile salt choleretics, ethacrynic acid and theophylline, did not stimulate biliary excretion of DBSP. Because DBSP inhibited biliary excretion of ethacrynic acid and its metabolites, the lack of a stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid choleresis might be explained by concomitant inhibition of biliary excretion of DBSP, masking the stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid. Biliary transport maximum of DBSP was highly correlated with bile flow. The biliary clearance (Vmax/Km) was only moderately changed by bile salt administration, whereas the increase in the maximal biliary excretion rate was more pronounced, implying that the apparent Km for biliary excretion of DBSP was also increased by the bile salts. It is inferred that the stimulation of net biliary excretion of DBSP by bile salts may be due to a diminished transport from bile into the hepatocytes as the consequence of the decreased biliary concentration caused by the choleresis.", "PMID": 517649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11809", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vagally mediated pancreatic secretion of fluid and HCO3.", "content": "The role of nerves that liberate vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the porcine pancrease as mediators of the atropine-resistant action of the vagus on flow and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion was examined. Efferent electrical stimulation of the vagus in atropinized pigs produced a profuse flow of pancreatic juice with high HCO3 content concomitantly with a significant increase in pancreatic VIP output from 13 to 113 fmol/min. Intravenous administration of somatostatin (SRIF) during continuous electrical vagal stimulation caused a parallel suppression of the VIP release and the pancreatic fluid and HCO3 secretion to prestimulatory values. The SRIF-induced reduction in fluid and HCO3 secretion seemed to be mediated via an inhibition of the VIP release rather than through a direct effect on the exocrine cells, inasmuch as SRIF did not influence the VIP-provoked exocrine response from the in vitro isolated perfused porcine pancreas. The results support the view that VIP is transmitter in the vagally induced atropine-resistant water and HCO3 secretion from the porcine pancreas.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vagally mediated pancreatic secretion of fluid and HCO3. The role of nerves that liberate vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the porcine pancrease as mediators of the atropine-resistant action of the vagus on flow and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion was examined. Efferent electrical stimulation of the vagus in atropinized pigs produced a profuse flow of pancreatic juice with high HCO3 content concomitantly with a significant increase in pancreatic VIP output from 13 to 113 fmol/min. Intravenous administration of somatostatin (SRIF) during continuous electrical vagal stimulation caused a parallel suppression of the VIP release and the pancreatic fluid and HCO3 secretion to prestimulatory values. The SRIF-induced reduction in fluid and HCO3 secretion seemed to be mediated via an inhibition of the VIP release rather than through a direct effect on the exocrine cells, inasmuch as SRIF did not influence the VIP-provoked exocrine response from the in vitro isolated perfused porcine pancreas. The results support the view that VIP is transmitter in the vagally induced atropine-resistant water and HCO3 secretion from the porcine pancreas.", "PMID": 517650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11810", "title": "Intestinal capillary blood flow during metabolic hyperemia.", "content": "It has been postulated that local circulatory control mechanisms regulate the O2 flux to parenchymal cells by two vascular mechanisms: changes in blood flow that minimize capillary PO2 variations and changes in the density of the perfused capillary bed through which O2 extraction is regulated. To test this prediction, isolated loops of canine jejenum and ileum were perfused at either constant blood flow or constant pressure, and intraluminal glucose was used to increase metabolic rate. In the constant-flow series, glucose increased O2 extraction, O2 uptake, and rubidium extraction. Resistance fell when the metabolic rate was elevated. In the constant-pressure series, glucose increased blood flow, O2 extraction, O2 uptake, and capillary filtration coefficients. These results show that vascular resistance falls and that capillary density increases following an increase in oxygen demand. Thus, the glucose-stimulated gut loop seems to be a valid model of metabolic hyperemia, and its behavior would be difficult to reconcile with a purely myogenic theory of intestinal blood flow autoregulation.", "contents": "Intestinal capillary blood flow during metabolic hyperemia. It has been postulated that local circulatory control mechanisms regulate the O2 flux to parenchymal cells by two vascular mechanisms: changes in blood flow that minimize capillary PO2 variations and changes in the density of the perfused capillary bed through which O2 extraction is regulated. To test this prediction, isolated loops of canine jejenum and ileum were perfused at either constant blood flow or constant pressure, and intraluminal glucose was used to increase metabolic rate. In the constant-flow series, glucose increased O2 extraction, O2 uptake, and rubidium extraction. Resistance fell when the metabolic rate was elevated. In the constant-pressure series, glucose increased blood flow, O2 extraction, O2 uptake, and capillary filtration coefficients. These results show that vascular resistance falls and that capillary density increases following an increase in oxygen demand. Thus, the glucose-stimulated gut loop seems to be a valid model of metabolic hyperemia, and its behavior would be difficult to reconcile with a purely myogenic theory of intestinal blood flow autoregulation.", "PMID": 517652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11811", "title": "Pancreatic and gastric release of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity during intestinal phase of a meal.", "content": "The present study was designed to examine pancreatic and gastric D-cell function during the intestinal phase of a liver meal. The intraduodenal instillation of a 20% liver meal (5 ml/min) elicited a significant rise in the plasma levels of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity (SLI) in the pancreatic vein and inferior vena cava, together with the rise in glucagon and insulin levels. The rise in pancreatic vein SLI was not reduced after truncal vagotomy or during atropine infusion. In the stomach, the intestinal liver meal elicited a significant rise in antral but not fundic vein SLI levels. The rise in antral vein SLI was augmented after truncal vagotomy and abolished during atropine infusion, as was the rise in inferior vena caval SLI. In contrast to the protein meal, intravenous infusion of an amino acid mixture elicited a rise in pancreatic vein SLI but not antral or fundic vein SLI. It is concluded that during the intestinal phase of a protein meal, pancreatic and antral but not fundic SLI release is stimulated. The effects of truncal vagotomy and atropine infusion on these responses suggest a close interaction between the vagus and muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms and the D cells of the stomach and pancreas.", "contents": "Pancreatic and gastric release of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity during intestinal phase of a meal. The present study was designed to examine pancreatic and gastric D-cell function during the intestinal phase of a liver meal. The intraduodenal instillation of a 20% liver meal (5 ml/min) elicited a significant rise in the plasma levels of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity (SLI) in the pancreatic vein and inferior vena cava, together with the rise in glucagon and insulin levels. The rise in pancreatic vein SLI was not reduced after truncal vagotomy or during atropine infusion. In the stomach, the intestinal liver meal elicited a significant rise in antral but not fundic vein SLI levels. The rise in antral vein SLI was augmented after truncal vagotomy and abolished during atropine infusion, as was the rise in inferior vena caval SLI. In contrast to the protein meal, intravenous infusion of an amino acid mixture elicited a rise in pancreatic vein SLI but not antral or fundic vein SLI. It is concluded that during the intestinal phase of a protein meal, pancreatic and antral but not fundic SLI release is stimulated. The effects of truncal vagotomy and atropine infusion on these responses suggest a close interaction between the vagus and muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms and the D cells of the stomach and pancreas.", "PMID": 517653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11812", "title": "Pathways of cycloleucine transport in killifish small intestine.", "content": "By using blocking concentrations of competitors, i.e., concentrations of other neutral amino acids that cause maximal inhibition, cycloleucine transport into slices or everted sacs of killifish (fundulus heteroclitus) small intestine could be partitioned into three pathways. One is apparently not mediated, a second is inhibited by all neutral amino acids tested (component 1), and a third, is inhibited by alpha-aminocarboxylic acids (component 2), but not by beta-alanine or taurine. Both mediated pathways were Na dependent, and each yielded a linear double reciprocal plot of initial slice uptake vs. cycloleucine concentration. Apparent Kt and Vmax values for component 1 were 0.03 mM and 33 pmol/mg tissue per 3 min, respectively; corresponding values for component 2 were 0.12 mM and 28 pmol/mg tissue per 3 min. Additional experiments with an intestinal brush border membrane vesicle preparation indicate that these mediated components reflect true differences in carrier specificity rather than the differential effects of inhibitors on metabolism or on the Na gradient that drives cycloleucine transport.", "contents": "Pathways of cycloleucine transport in killifish small intestine. By using blocking concentrations of competitors, i.e., concentrations of other neutral amino acids that cause maximal inhibition, cycloleucine transport into slices or everted sacs of killifish (fundulus heteroclitus) small intestine could be partitioned into three pathways. One is apparently not mediated, a second is inhibited by all neutral amino acids tested (component 1), and a third, is inhibited by alpha-aminocarboxylic acids (component 2), but not by beta-alanine or taurine. Both mediated pathways were Na dependent, and each yielded a linear double reciprocal plot of initial slice uptake vs. cycloleucine concentration. Apparent Kt and Vmax values for component 1 were 0.03 mM and 33 pmol/mg tissue per 3 min, respectively; corresponding values for component 2 were 0.12 mM and 28 pmol/mg tissue per 3 min. Additional experiments with an intestinal brush border membrane vesicle preparation indicate that these mediated components reflect true differences in carrier specificity rather than the differential effects of inhibitors on metabolism or on the Na gradient that drives cycloleucine transport.", "PMID": 517655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11813", "title": "Bradykinin-induced renal hemodynamic alterations: renin and prostaglandin relationships.", "content": "The present studies examined the role of the renin-angiotensin system as a modifier of the renal vasomotor response to bradykinin. Renal arterial bradykinin infusion (80 ng.kg-1.min-1) initially resulted in increased renal blood flow (RBF). The secretory rates of renin and prostaglandins increased after 60 min. With continued bradykinin administration (120 min) RBF and prostaglandin secretory rates returned toward control values, although renin secretory rate remained elevated (P less than 0.02). After prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, RBF decreased and bradykinin administration returned RBF to control values. Prostaglandin secretory rates decreased after meclofenamate (P less than 0.005). Continued bradykinin infusion resulted in a return of the renin secretory rate to control values. The administration of bradykinin after competitive inhibition of angiotensin II resulted in a sustained increase in renal blood flow. These results suggest that the initial bradykinin-induced renal hyperemia is only partially dependent on enhanced prostaglandin release, the increase in renin secretion by bradykinin infusion after prostaglandin synthetase inhibition is consistent with a bradykinin and renin interaction, and the lack of a sustained hyperemia after bradykinin is related to increased renin-angiotensin system activity.", "contents": "Bradykinin-induced renal hemodynamic alterations: renin and prostaglandin relationships. The present studies examined the role of the renin-angiotensin system as a modifier of the renal vasomotor response to bradykinin. Renal arterial bradykinin infusion (80 ng.kg-1.min-1) initially resulted in increased renal blood flow (RBF). The secretory rates of renin and prostaglandins increased after 60 min. With continued bradykinin administration (120 min) RBF and prostaglandin secretory rates returned toward control values, although renin secretory rate remained elevated (P less than 0.02). After prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, RBF decreased and bradykinin administration returned RBF to control values. Prostaglandin secretory rates decreased after meclofenamate (P less than 0.005). Continued bradykinin infusion resulted in a return of the renin secretory rate to control values. The administration of bradykinin after competitive inhibition of angiotensin II resulted in a sustained increase in renal blood flow. These results suggest that the initial bradykinin-induced renal hyperemia is only partially dependent on enhanced prostaglandin release, the increase in renin secretion by bradykinin infusion after prostaglandin synthetase inhibition is consistent with a bradykinin and renin interaction, and the lack of a sustained hyperemia after bradykinin is related to increased renin-angiotensin system activity.", "PMID": 517656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11814", "title": "Volume expansion-induced alterations in proximal tubule chloride gradient in the rat.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanisms by which acute volume expansion (AVE) induces a decrease in proximal tubule transepithelial chloride gradient, male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied before and after AVE with Ringer lactate. In group 1, after AVE equivalent to 10% body wt, there were decreases in both tubule fluid to plasma inulin ratio ((TF/P)In) (from 2.28 +/- 0.10 to 1.57 +/- 0.05) and tubule fluid to ultrafiltrate chloride ratio ((TF/UF)Cl) (from 1.25 +/- 0.02 to 1.18 +/- 0.02). Group 2 was studied during carbonic anhydrase inhibition (CAI) produced by benzolamide before and during superimposed AVE (20% body wr). Both (TF/P)In (from 1.91 +/- 0.10 to 1.41 +/- 0.08) and (TF/UF)Cl (from 1.07 +/- 0.02 to 1.01 +/- 0.01) decreased. Group 3 was studied during maintained AVE (15% body wt) as a control for group 4, in which CAI was superimposed on maintained AVE. In group 3, (TF/P)In and (TF/UF)Cl did not change, but in group 4 CAI was associated with a decrease in (TF/P)In (from 1.55 +/- 0.05 to 1.21 +/- 0.05) and in (TF/UF)Cl (from 1.16 +/- 0.01 to 1.04 +/- 0.07). These data suggest that in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule of the rat, AVE-induced alterations in transepithelial chloride gradient are dependent on a mechanism(s) other than changes in carbonic anhydrase-mediated bicarbonate reabsorption.", "contents": "Volume expansion-induced alterations in proximal tubule chloride gradient in the rat. To elucidate the mechanisms by which acute volume expansion (AVE) induces a decrease in proximal tubule transepithelial chloride gradient, male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied before and after AVE with Ringer lactate. In group 1, after AVE equivalent to 10% body wt, there were decreases in both tubule fluid to plasma inulin ratio ((TF/P)In) (from 2.28 +/- 0.10 to 1.57 +/- 0.05) and tubule fluid to ultrafiltrate chloride ratio ((TF/UF)Cl) (from 1.25 +/- 0.02 to 1.18 +/- 0.02). Group 2 was studied during carbonic anhydrase inhibition (CAI) produced by benzolamide before and during superimposed AVE (20% body wr). Both (TF/P)In (from 1.91 +/- 0.10 to 1.41 +/- 0.08) and (TF/UF)Cl (from 1.07 +/- 0.02 to 1.01 +/- 0.01) decreased. Group 3 was studied during maintained AVE (15% body wt) as a control for group 4, in which CAI was superimposed on maintained AVE. In group 3, (TF/P)In and (TF/UF)Cl did not change, but in group 4 CAI was associated with a decrease in (TF/P)In (from 1.55 +/- 0.05 to 1.21 +/- 0.05) and in (TF/UF)Cl (from 1.16 +/- 0.01 to 1.04 +/- 0.07). These data suggest that in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule of the rat, AVE-induced alterations in transepithelial chloride gradient are dependent on a mechanism(s) other than changes in carbonic anhydrase-mediated bicarbonate reabsorption.", "PMID": 517661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11815", "title": "Renal autoregulation of blood flow and filtration rate in the rabbit.", "content": "Electromagnetic flow techniques and inulin clearance were used to determine the autoregulatory capabilities of the rabbit kidney in vivo. Renal blood flow was measured in 13 animals over a renal perfusion pressure range of 40-110 mmHg. Normal renal blood flow averaged 3.2 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.g kidney-1 and was efficiently autoregulated above a renal artery pressure of 75 mmHg. For every 10 mmHg renal pressure change above 75 mmHg renal blood flow changed only 0.96%. Renal perfusion pressure was reduced from 102 +/- 3 to 74 +/- 2 mmHg in six animals. Over this pressure range glomerular filtration rate was not significantly decreased and averaged 4.2 +/- 0.5 ml/min at high pressure compared to 4.0 +/- 0.5 ml/min at low perfusion pressure. Results show that the rabbit kidney autoregulates renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate efficiently above 75 mmHg. This range of autoregulation compares well with the autoregulatory range of the dog. The results also show that in the autoregulatory range the rabbit and the rat appear to autoregulate with equal efficiency but that the rabbit kidney begins to autoregulate at a low perfusion pressure than the average of approximately 100 mmHg usually found in the rat.", "contents": "Renal autoregulation of blood flow and filtration rate in the rabbit. Electromagnetic flow techniques and inulin clearance were used to determine the autoregulatory capabilities of the rabbit kidney in vivo. Renal blood flow was measured in 13 animals over a renal perfusion pressure range of 40-110 mmHg. Normal renal blood flow averaged 3.2 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.g kidney-1 and was efficiently autoregulated above a renal artery pressure of 75 mmHg. For every 10 mmHg renal pressure change above 75 mmHg renal blood flow changed only 0.96%. Renal perfusion pressure was reduced from 102 +/- 3 to 74 +/- 2 mmHg in six animals. Over this pressure range glomerular filtration rate was not significantly decreased and averaged 4.2 +/- 0.5 ml/min at high pressure compared to 4.0 +/- 0.5 ml/min at low perfusion pressure. Results show that the rabbit kidney autoregulates renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate efficiently above 75 mmHg. This range of autoregulation compares well with the autoregulatory range of the dog. The results also show that in the autoregulatory range the rabbit and the rat appear to autoregulate with equal efficiency but that the rabbit kidney begins to autoregulate at a low perfusion pressure than the average of approximately 100 mmHg usually found in the rat.", "PMID": 517662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11816", "title": "Changes in the diastolic pressure-diameter relation after ventricular function curves.", "content": "Systolic performance depends on end-diastolic muscle fiber length, contractility, and afterload. Ventricular function curves are constructed using end-diastolic pressure instead of end-diastolic dimensions, on the assumption that end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic dimensions (reflecting muscle fiber length) have a constant relation. That assumption has been rejected. Theorectically, ventricular function curves should change with changes in the diastolic pressure-dimension relation as well as with contractility or afterload. We measured pressures and dimensions in ventricles of six open-chest dogs before and after opening the pericardium to alter diastolic pressure-dimension relations with afterload constant. When an indicator of systolic performance (developed pressure times diameter change during systole) was plotted against end-diastolic pressure, data obtained with the pericardium closed and open resulted in two distinct curves, suggesting an increase in contractility with the pericardium open. However, when systolic performance was plotted against end-diastolic diameter, data obtained with the pericardiumclosed and open fell along one curve, indicating no change in contractility. Therefore, changes in the diastolic pressure-dimension relation to shift conventional ventricular function curves.", "contents": "Changes in the diastolic pressure-diameter relation after ventricular function curves. Systolic performance depends on end-diastolic muscle fiber length, contractility, and afterload. Ventricular function curves are constructed using end-diastolic pressure instead of end-diastolic dimensions, on the assumption that end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic dimensions (reflecting muscle fiber length) have a constant relation. That assumption has been rejected. Theorectically, ventricular function curves should change with changes in the diastolic pressure-dimension relation as well as with contractility or afterload. We measured pressures and dimensions in ventricles of six open-chest dogs before and after opening the pericardium to alter diastolic pressure-dimension relations with afterload constant. When an indicator of systolic performance (developed pressure times diameter change during systole) was plotted against end-diastolic pressure, data obtained with the pericardium closed and open resulted in two distinct curves, suggesting an increase in contractility with the pericardium open. However, when systolic performance was plotted against end-diastolic diameter, data obtained with the pericardiumclosed and open fell along one curve, indicating no change in contractility. Therefore, changes in the diastolic pressure-dimension relation to shift conventional ventricular function curves.", "PMID": 517663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11817", "title": "Interaction between the baroreceptor and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.", "content": "The interaction between the carotid baroreflex and Bezold-Jarisch (BJ) reflex (intravenously administered veratridine) was studied in anesthetized rabbits after aortic nerve section. The carotid sinuses were vascularly isolated to regulate the intrasinus pressure (ISP). The extent of BJ reflex bradycardia and hypotension was progressively diminished as the ISP was elevated stepwise. When the carotid baroreflex was not operative by holding the ISP constant at control, the BJ reflex changes in heart rate (HR) and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were not significantly different from those induced at the normal condition. Thus the calculated baroreflex static loop gain was greatly decreased during the BJ reflex. However, sinus denervation, analogous to keeping ISP below 50 mmHg, significantly enhanced the BJ reflex effects. A steady-state infusion of veratridine remarkably reduced the slope of the baroreflex function ISP-SAP and ISP-HR curves. The results indicate that the BJ reflex effects are affected by the prevailing arterial baroreceptor input, varying inversely with the ISP level. An attenuation in the baroreflex sinsitivity, in terms of the loop gain or slope of the transfer function curve, was observed during the BJ reflex. The presence of tonic cardiovascular inhibitions exerted by the arterial baroreceptors tends to reduce the BJ reflex bradycardia and hypotension, but the baroreceptors do not function adequately in buffering the cardiovascular inhibition produced by the cardiogenic reflex.", "contents": "Interaction between the baroreceptor and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes. The interaction between the carotid baroreflex and Bezold-Jarisch (BJ) reflex (intravenously administered veratridine) was studied in anesthetized rabbits after aortic nerve section. The carotid sinuses were vascularly isolated to regulate the intrasinus pressure (ISP). The extent of BJ reflex bradycardia and hypotension was progressively diminished as the ISP was elevated stepwise. When the carotid baroreflex was not operative by holding the ISP constant at control, the BJ reflex changes in heart rate (HR) and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were not significantly different from those induced at the normal condition. Thus the calculated baroreflex static loop gain was greatly decreased during the BJ reflex. However, sinus denervation, analogous to keeping ISP below 50 mmHg, significantly enhanced the BJ reflex effects. A steady-state infusion of veratridine remarkably reduced the slope of the baroreflex function ISP-SAP and ISP-HR curves. The results indicate that the BJ reflex effects are affected by the prevailing arterial baroreceptor input, varying inversely with the ISP level. An attenuation in the baroreflex sinsitivity, in terms of the loop gain or slope of the transfer function curve, was observed during the BJ reflex. The presence of tonic cardiovascular inhibitions exerted by the arterial baroreceptors tends to reduce the BJ reflex bradycardia and hypotension, but the baroreceptors do not function adequately in buffering the cardiovascular inhibition produced by the cardiogenic reflex.", "PMID": 517664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11818", "title": "Interaction between carotid sinus baroreceptor and aortic nerve pressor reflexes in the dog.", "content": "In dogs anesthetized with morphine-chloralose, strong, low-frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve (AN) causes pressure in the perfused hindlimbs to rise. This pressor response is followed by a large depressor phase upon cessation of stimulation. Simultaneous stimulation of the ipsilateral carotid sinus nerve (CSN) with intermittent trains of stimuli enhanced the AN pressor response by 113%. Similar stimulation of the contralateral CSN had little effect on the AN pressor response. Constant-frequency stimulation of the ipsilateral CSN also failed to enhance this response. Possible mechanisms of the interaction between these antagonistic reflexes were investigated. The results suggest that the augmentation of the AN pressor response results from a central neuronal interaction between these antagonistic reflexes.", "contents": "Interaction between carotid sinus baroreceptor and aortic nerve pressor reflexes in the dog. In dogs anesthetized with morphine-chloralose, strong, low-frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve (AN) causes pressure in the perfused hindlimbs to rise. This pressor response is followed by a large depressor phase upon cessation of stimulation. Simultaneous stimulation of the ipsilateral carotid sinus nerve (CSN) with intermittent trains of stimuli enhanced the AN pressor response by 113%. Similar stimulation of the contralateral CSN had little effect on the AN pressor response. Constant-frequency stimulation of the ipsilateral CSN also failed to enhance this response. Possible mechanisms of the interaction between these antagonistic reflexes were investigated. The results suggest that the augmentation of the AN pressor response results from a central neuronal interaction between these antagonistic reflexes.", "PMID": 517665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11819", "title": "Oxygen delivery in lambs: cardiovascular and hematologic development.", "content": "After birth a decrease in hemoglobin concentration occurs while high metabolic demands are imposed on the infant by the extrauterine environment. Using the resting lamb as a model, we studied the mechanisms that are called into play during this period to maintain oxygen delivery. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, arterial and mixed venous blood oxygen contents, cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration, percent fetal hemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and hemoglobin oxygen affinity during the first two postnatal months. There was a rapid decrease in hemoglobin concentration after birth and concomitant decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity, changes similar to those described in humans. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption were both very high immediately after birth and declined in parallel, so that arteriovenous oxygen content difference was constant. Thus at rest cardiac output varies as a result of the changing need for oxygen. This relationship is independent of hemoglobin concentration or oxygen affinity within the normal range. If, however, oxygen demands were increased, oxygen delivery might be compromised by a limited ability to increase oxygen extraction during the immediate newborn period or when hemoglobin concentration is lowest.", "contents": "Oxygen delivery in lambs: cardiovascular and hematologic development. After birth a decrease in hemoglobin concentration occurs while high metabolic demands are imposed on the infant by the extrauterine environment. Using the resting lamb as a model, we studied the mechanisms that are called into play during this period to maintain oxygen delivery. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, arterial and mixed venous blood oxygen contents, cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration, percent fetal hemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and hemoglobin oxygen affinity during the first two postnatal months. There was a rapid decrease in hemoglobin concentration after birth and concomitant decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity, changes similar to those described in humans. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption were both very high immediately after birth and declined in parallel, so that arteriovenous oxygen content difference was constant. Thus at rest cardiac output varies as a result of the changing need for oxygen. This relationship is independent of hemoglobin concentration or oxygen affinity within the normal range. If, however, oxygen demands were increased, oxygen delivery might be compromised by a limited ability to increase oxygen extraction during the immediate newborn period or when hemoglobin concentration is lowest.", "PMID": 517666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11820", "title": "Analysis of oxygen diffusion from arteriolar networks.", "content": "A mathematical model of oxygen transport in the precapillary microcirculation is presented. The theory is then used to simulate oxygen distribution in the arteriolar network of the hamster cheek pouch. Theoretical prediction of transmural and longitudinal oxygen tension (PO2) gradients is in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. The effect of the variation of inlet network PO2, blood flow rate, blood hematocrit, and other parameters on the transport characteristics is studied. The calculations predict that the luminal PO2 in small arterioles is practically independent of the inlet network PO2 leve if the latter is sufficiently high; when this inlet PO2 level is low, then the longitudinal gradients of luminal PO2 vanish. It is further shown that retardation of blood flow may cause a significant increase in precapillary oxygen losses.", "contents": "Analysis of oxygen diffusion from arteriolar networks. A mathematical model of oxygen transport in the precapillary microcirculation is presented. The theory is then used to simulate oxygen distribution in the arteriolar network of the hamster cheek pouch. Theoretical prediction of transmural and longitudinal oxygen tension (PO2) gradients is in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. The effect of the variation of inlet network PO2, blood flow rate, blood hematocrit, and other parameters on the transport characteristics is studied. The calculations predict that the luminal PO2 in small arterioles is practically independent of the inlet network PO2 leve if the latter is sufficiently high; when this inlet PO2 level is low, then the longitudinal gradients of luminal PO2 vanish. It is further shown that retardation of blood flow may cause a significant increase in precapillary oxygen losses.", "PMID": 517667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11821", "title": "Renal circulatory effects of adrenergic stimuli in anesthetized piglets and mature swine.", "content": "The relative maturity of renal circulatory responses to efferent renal nerve stimulation, and to exogenous norepinephrine and isoproterenol, was tested in 62 piglets (1--16 days old) under pentobarbital anesthesia (10--25 mg/kg). Aortic pressure, heart rate, and renal and femoral arterial flows (measured by electromagnetic flow transducers) were recorded simultaneously. Renal vascular resistance was calculated as mean aortic pressure/mean flow. Transection of the renal nerve resulted in decreased renal resistance in all animals. Efferent renal nerve stimulation at increasing frequencies (2--12.5 Hz, at 1.2 ms pulse duration and 1.0 mA current) showed age-dependent differences in the threshold and also in the magnitude of increase in renal resistance. Norepinephrine (0.05--1.0 microgram/kg) caused age-dependent increases in renal resistance. Restoration of renal flow toward control level occurred during the peak pressor effect of norepinephrine only in older piglets. Isoproterenol (0.05--1.0 microgram/kg) did not alter renal resistance consistently in piglets younger than 1 wk. Phentolamine (0.25 mg/kg) attenuated or blocked resistance increases to 0.5 microgram norepinephrine/kg or to renal nerve stimulation at 12.5 Hz in all animals. Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated or blocked resistance decreases to 0.1 microgram isoproterenol/kg, which occurred only in older piglets. These results indicate the presence of an active alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictor mechanism and absence of the beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism in the renal circulation of swine at birth.", "contents": "Renal circulatory effects of adrenergic stimuli in anesthetized piglets and mature swine. The relative maturity of renal circulatory responses to efferent renal nerve stimulation, and to exogenous norepinephrine and isoproterenol, was tested in 62 piglets (1--16 days old) under pentobarbital anesthesia (10--25 mg/kg). Aortic pressure, heart rate, and renal and femoral arterial flows (measured by electromagnetic flow transducers) were recorded simultaneously. Renal vascular resistance was calculated as mean aortic pressure/mean flow. Transection of the renal nerve resulted in decreased renal resistance in all animals. Efferent renal nerve stimulation at increasing frequencies (2--12.5 Hz, at 1.2 ms pulse duration and 1.0 mA current) showed age-dependent differences in the threshold and also in the magnitude of increase in renal resistance. Norepinephrine (0.05--1.0 microgram/kg) caused age-dependent increases in renal resistance. Restoration of renal flow toward control level occurred during the peak pressor effect of norepinephrine only in older piglets. Isoproterenol (0.05--1.0 microgram/kg) did not alter renal resistance consistently in piglets younger than 1 wk. Phentolamine (0.25 mg/kg) attenuated or blocked resistance increases to 0.5 microgram norepinephrine/kg or to renal nerve stimulation at 12.5 Hz in all animals. Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated or blocked resistance decreases to 0.1 microgram isoproterenol/kg, which occurred only in older piglets. These results indicate the presence of an active alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictor mechanism and absence of the beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism in the renal circulation of swine at birth.", "PMID": 517668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11822", "title": "Myocardial cation contents during induction of calcium paradox.", "content": "Myocardial cation contents were measured in isolated rat hearts perfused under various conditions. Reperfusion of Ca2+-deprived hearts produced marked increases in myocardial Ca2+ and Na+ and decreases in Mg2+ and K+ contents. These changes were dependent on the Ca2+ concentration and duration of perfusion during the periods of Ca2+ deprivation and reperfusion. The loss of Ca2+ and K+ contents normally seen after Ca2+-free exposure as well as the reperfusion-induced changes were prevented if the Ca2+-free medium contained low (35 mM) Na+ or was cooled to 21 degrees C. Reperfusion with normal Ca2+, low Na+ medium augmented the increase in myocardial Ca2+ content, while reducing K+ or Mg2+ or increasing Mg2+ in the reperfusion medium had no effect. Addition of verapamil, D600, or propranolol to the reperfusion solution did not alter the reperfusion-induced cation changes observed using control medium. These data suggest that during Ca2+ depletion, the mechanisms responsible for regulating calcium influx are either lost or inactivated, so that reperfusion-induced changes are governed solely by the driving force favoring calcium influx. The occurrence of Ca2+ overload under this condition has been implicated in the irreversible damage to myocardium and contractile failure.", "contents": "Myocardial cation contents during induction of calcium paradox. Myocardial cation contents were measured in isolated rat hearts perfused under various conditions. Reperfusion of Ca2+-deprived hearts produced marked increases in myocardial Ca2+ and Na+ and decreases in Mg2+ and K+ contents. These changes were dependent on the Ca2+ concentration and duration of perfusion during the periods of Ca2+ deprivation and reperfusion. The loss of Ca2+ and K+ contents normally seen after Ca2+-free exposure as well as the reperfusion-induced changes were prevented if the Ca2+-free medium contained low (35 mM) Na+ or was cooled to 21 degrees C. Reperfusion with normal Ca2+, low Na+ medium augmented the increase in myocardial Ca2+ content, while reducing K+ or Mg2+ or increasing Mg2+ in the reperfusion medium had no effect. Addition of verapamil, D600, or propranolol to the reperfusion solution did not alter the reperfusion-induced cation changes observed using control medium. These data suggest that during Ca2+ depletion, the mechanisms responsible for regulating calcium influx are either lost or inactivated, so that reperfusion-induced changes are governed solely by the driving force favoring calcium influx. The occurrence of Ca2+ overload under this condition has been implicated in the irreversible damage to myocardium and contractile failure.", "PMID": 517670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11823", "title": "Indirect blood pressure determination by Doppler technique in renal hypertensive cats.", "content": "The Doppler ultrasonic recording technique was used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures indirectly in renal hypertensive cats. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparing indirect blood pressures from one leg of a cat with direct pressure measurements from the other leg. A linear relationship existed between indirect and direct systolic and diastolic pressures. The consistency of the method was assessed by measuring blood pressure during a 5-h monitoring period in normotensive and renal hypertensive cats. No significant variation occurred over this period. The sensitivity of the method to blood pressure changes was determined also. A significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure induced by hydralazine, 10 mg/kg po, was recorded during a 5-h monitoring period. The development of renovascular hypertension was followed for approximately 70 days. Systolic pressure rose in a logarithmic fashion from 160 to a maximum of 240 mmHg. It was concluded that the Doppler ultrasonic technique is a simple and reliable method for recording indirect blood pressure acutely and chronically in conscious unrestrained cats.", "contents": "Indirect blood pressure determination by Doppler technique in renal hypertensive cats. The Doppler ultrasonic recording technique was used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures indirectly in renal hypertensive cats. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparing indirect blood pressures from one leg of a cat with direct pressure measurements from the other leg. A linear relationship existed between indirect and direct systolic and diastolic pressures. The consistency of the method was assessed by measuring blood pressure during a 5-h monitoring period in normotensive and renal hypertensive cats. No significant variation occurred over this period. The sensitivity of the method to blood pressure changes was determined also. A significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure induced by hydralazine, 10 mg/kg po, was recorded during a 5-h monitoring period. The development of renovascular hypertension was followed for approximately 70 days. Systolic pressure rose in a logarithmic fashion from 160 to a maximum of 240 mmHg. It was concluded that the Doppler ultrasonic technique is a simple and reliable method for recording indirect blood pressure acutely and chronically in conscious unrestrained cats.", "PMID": 517671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11824", "title": "Preferential streaming of ductus venosus blood to the brain and heart in fetal lambs.", "content": "In 16 chronically prepared fetal lambs we compared the systemic distribution of ductus venosus blood flow with that of abdominal inferior vena caval blood by simultaneously injecting microspheres labeled with different radionuclides into an umbilical vein and into the abdominal inferior vena cava. A significantly greater proportion of ductus venosus blood flow than of abdominal inferior vena caval blood flow supplied the brain, heart, and upper body; this resulted from streaming of ductus venosus blood flow within the thoracic inferior vena cava with preferential direction of that blood flow through the foramen ovale. Blood flows to upper and lower body structures and placenta calculated from umbilical venous microsphere injections and reference arterial blood samples did not differ from those computed fromabdominal inferior vena caval injections and reference samples. Thus, despite streamline blood flow within the fetal thoracic inferior vena cava, organ blood flows can be accurately measured with either an umbilical venous or an abdominal inferior vena caval injection of microspheres when either is combined with the appropriate reference arterial blood samples.", "contents": "Preferential streaming of ductus venosus blood to the brain and heart in fetal lambs. In 16 chronically prepared fetal lambs we compared the systemic distribution of ductus venosus blood flow with that of abdominal inferior vena caval blood by simultaneously injecting microspheres labeled with different radionuclides into an umbilical vein and into the abdominal inferior vena cava. A significantly greater proportion of ductus venosus blood flow than of abdominal inferior vena caval blood flow supplied the brain, heart, and upper body; this resulted from streaming of ductus venosus blood flow within the thoracic inferior vena cava with preferential direction of that blood flow through the foramen ovale. Blood flows to upper and lower body structures and placenta calculated from umbilical venous microsphere injections and reference arterial blood samples did not differ from those computed fromabdominal inferior vena caval injections and reference samples. Thus, despite streamline blood flow within the fetal thoracic inferior vena cava, organ blood flows can be accurately measured with either an umbilical venous or an abdominal inferior vena caval injection of microspheres when either is combined with the appropriate reference arterial blood samples.", "PMID": 517672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11825", "title": "Transjugular hepatic vein cannulation in rats with nonisotopic in vivo verification.", "content": "A simple, rapid and relatively atraumatic method for transjugular cannulation of the hepatic vein and for repeated sampling of hepatic venous blood in the rat is described. Preliminary in vivo verification of the cannula's position is proposed, either by using the glucose differential between consecutive samples of the hepatic venous blood and inferior vena cava blood, or more practically, by using the glucose differential between the hepatic venous blood and tail blood obtained simultaneously. The latter procedure is favored because of its technical simplicity.", "contents": "Transjugular hepatic vein cannulation in rats with nonisotopic in vivo verification. A simple, rapid and relatively atraumatic method for transjugular cannulation of the hepatic vein and for repeated sampling of hepatic venous blood in the rat is described. Preliminary in vivo verification of the cannula's position is proposed, either by using the glucose differential between consecutive samples of the hepatic venous blood and inferior vena cava blood, or more practically, by using the glucose differential between the hepatic venous blood and tail blood obtained simultaneously. The latter procedure is favored because of its technical simplicity.", "PMID": 517673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11826", "title": "Interactive effects of cognitive involvement and response topography upon differential eyelid conditioning to conceptual discriminanda.", "content": "The purpose of the experiment was to determine some cognitive differences underlying the superior differential conditioning of voluntary-form (V) over conditioned-form (C) responders. Two cognitive activities were hypothesized to be jointly necessary for the superiority of Vs: first, an active development of reinforcement contingency awareness by the subject himself, and, second, an active use of acquired contingency knowledge in predicting UCS occurrences. The first variable was manipulated by asking half of the subjects to \"figure out\" the contingencies, while the other half were fully informed of them at the start. The second variable was assessed by requiring half of the subjects to engage in a button-pressing US prediction task on each trial. Conditioned discrimination indicated that, as predicted, both of these cognitive activities were required for good performance by Cs, supporting the hypothesis that Cs are normally deficient in these respects. An unpredicted deterioration in discrimination for Vs when both task manipulations were imposed suggested that competition between the Vs' spontaneous cognitive activities and the experimentally imposed ones developed in the high external demand situation.", "contents": "Interactive effects of cognitive involvement and response topography upon differential eyelid conditioning to conceptual discriminanda. The purpose of the experiment was to determine some cognitive differences underlying the superior differential conditioning of voluntary-form (V) over conditioned-form (C) responders. Two cognitive activities were hypothesized to be jointly necessary for the superiority of Vs: first, an active development of reinforcement contingency awareness by the subject himself, and, second, an active use of acquired contingency knowledge in predicting UCS occurrences. The first variable was manipulated by asking half of the subjects to \"figure out\" the contingencies, while the other half were fully informed of them at the start. The second variable was assessed by requiring half of the subjects to engage in a button-pressing US prediction task on each trial. Conditioned discrimination indicated that, as predicted, both of these cognitive activities were required for good performance by Cs, supporting the hypothesis that Cs are normally deficient in these respects. An unpredicted deterioration in discrimination for Vs when both task manipulations were imposed suggested that competition between the Vs' spontaneous cognitive activities and the experimentally imposed ones developed in the high external demand situation.", "PMID": 517674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11827", "title": "Immediate and final recall of pictures and words with written or oral tests.", "content": "Immediate and delayed recall of pictures and words was examined as a function of semantic or nonsemantic orienting tasks and the type of test (written or oral). As expected, semantic tasks generally led to greater final recall than nonsemantic tasks, with semantic tasks even producing positive recency on the delayed test. The evidence for a picture-word difference was largely restricted to the final recall of items involved in negative decisions; for such items the advantage of semantic tasks was apparent only for pictures. This suggests that \"congruity\" may be an important factor in picture-word differences, with such differences more apparent for the weaker items from negative judgments. Type of test did not seem to be a major factor in determining level of recall, suggesting that reinspecting the recall protocol during a written immediate test does not contribute substantially to final recall performance.", "contents": "Immediate and final recall of pictures and words with written or oral tests. Immediate and delayed recall of pictures and words was examined as a function of semantic or nonsemantic orienting tasks and the type of test (written or oral). As expected, semantic tasks generally led to greater final recall than nonsemantic tasks, with semantic tasks even producing positive recency on the delayed test. The evidence for a picture-word difference was largely restricted to the final recall of items involved in negative decisions; for such items the advantage of semantic tasks was apparent only for pictures. This suggests that \"congruity\" may be an important factor in picture-word differences, with such differences more apparent for the weaker items from negative judgments. Type of test did not seem to be a major factor in determining level of recall, suggesting that reinspecting the recall protocol during a written immediate test does not contribute substantially to final recall performance.", "PMID": 517675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11828", "title": "Positive contrast in the rat: a test of the additivity theory.", "content": "Rats were trained to lever press for food on a multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule, then shifted to a multiple variable-interval extinction schedule. For six subjects (group L), schedule components were signalled by the presence or absence of a flashing light emitted from an alternate, \"signal\" lever. For four subjects (group T), schedule components were signalled by two distinct auditory tones. Contrary to the predictions of an additivity theory based on the summation of response classes, contacts on the signal lever did not increase after the schedule shift in group L. However, nine of the ten subjects in the study demonstrated positive contrast effects on the operant lever. In a subsequent test for stimulus control, enhancement and suppression by the discriminative stimuli were found in these same nine subjects. An additivity theory based on the summation of excitatory processes, rather than response classes, appears to account for these data.", "contents": "Positive contrast in the rat: a test of the additivity theory. Rats were trained to lever press for food on a multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule, then shifted to a multiple variable-interval extinction schedule. For six subjects (group L), schedule components were signalled by the presence or absence of a flashing light emitted from an alternate, \"signal\" lever. For four subjects (group T), schedule components were signalled by two distinct auditory tones. Contrary to the predictions of an additivity theory based on the summation of response classes, contacts on the signal lever did not increase after the schedule shift in group L. However, nine of the ten subjects in the study demonstrated positive contrast effects on the operant lever. In a subsequent test for stimulus control, enhancement and suppression by the discriminative stimuli were found in these same nine subjects. An additivity theory based on the summation of excitatory processes, rather than response classes, appears to account for these data.", "PMID": 517676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11829", "title": "Image latency and recall as functions of array size.", "content": "A comparison of image latencies and recall as a function of increasing arrays of objects involved three groups of subjects listening to descriptions of arrangements of objects and responding when they had visualized each array as a whole. After each latency response, one group of subjects indicated if they had visualized all the objects, another group free recalled, and a third group had no additional task. A fourth group recalled the arrays immediately after the end of the description. Increasing array size, and hence the demands on the resources of the visual imagery system, produced a concomitant exponential-like deterioration in performance according to the latency and recall measures. However, the deterioration in recall only started above arrays of four objects compared with an increase in latencies across these array sizes; so the latency function is not produced by the unavailability of information, at least for smaller array sizes. The group who immediately recalled did not remember spatial positional information concerning the middle serial positions of six-object arrays as well as the group who underwent wholistic visualization prior to recall, indicating that the wholistic visualization process can facilitate the coding of spatial information.", "contents": "Image latency and recall as functions of array size. A comparison of image latencies and recall as a function of increasing arrays of objects involved three groups of subjects listening to descriptions of arrangements of objects and responding when they had visualized each array as a whole. After each latency response, one group of subjects indicated if they had visualized all the objects, another group free recalled, and a third group had no additional task. A fourth group recalled the arrays immediately after the end of the description. Increasing array size, and hence the demands on the resources of the visual imagery system, produced a concomitant exponential-like deterioration in performance according to the latency and recall measures. However, the deterioration in recall only started above arrays of four objects compared with an increase in latencies across these array sizes; so the latency function is not produced by the unavailability of information, at least for smaller array sizes. The group who immediately recalled did not remember spatial positional information concerning the middle serial positions of six-object arrays as well as the group who underwent wholistic visualization prior to recall, indicating that the wholistic visualization process can facilitate the coding of spatial information.", "PMID": 517677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11830", "title": "Fish (Tilapia aurea), as rats, learn shuttle better than lever-bumping (press) avoidance tasks: a suggestion for functionally similar universal reactions to a conditioned fear-arousing stimulus.", "content": "Fish learned a shuttle avoidance task faster than a lever-bumping task. The latter task was hardly mastered at all. These and other results tend to support the suggestion for functionally similar universal reactions to a conditioned fear-arousing stimulus.", "contents": "Fish (Tilapia aurea), as rats, learn shuttle better than lever-bumping (press) avoidance tasks: a suggestion for functionally similar universal reactions to a conditioned fear-arousing stimulus. Fish learned a shuttle avoidance task faster than a lever-bumping task. The latter task was hardly mastered at all. These and other results tend to support the suggestion for functionally similar universal reactions to a conditioned fear-arousing stimulus.", "PMID": 517678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11831", "title": "Similarity effects in face recognition.", "content": "Three experiments are described which examine the effects of similarity on face recognition using a new application of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCS). Experiments I and II employed a within-groups design where subjects attempted to recognize targets among decoys from the same and different cluster to the target. Common cluster membership accounted for 72% and 84%, respectively, of all false alarms in the two experiments. Absolute error rates were affected by the number of targets actually present in the array and the style of the instructions given to subjects but were not influenced by whether successive or simultaneous test presentation was employed. Experiment III used a between-subject design where targets were embedded in arrays composed from same or different clusters. False alarm rates were significantly higher for the same cluster condition, but hit rates were unaffected by recognition context. The significance of these findings for theories of face identification is discussed.", "contents": "Similarity effects in face recognition. Three experiments are described which examine the effects of similarity on face recognition using a new application of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCS). Experiments I and II employed a within-groups design where subjects attempted to recognize targets among decoys from the same and different cluster to the target. Common cluster membership accounted for 72% and 84%, respectively, of all false alarms in the two experiments. Absolute error rates were affected by the number of targets actually present in the array and the style of the instructions given to subjects but were not influenced by whether successive or simultaneous test presentation was employed. Experiment III used a between-subject design where targets were embedded in arrays composed from same or different clusters. False alarm rates were significantly higher for the same cluster condition, but hit rates were unaffected by recognition context. The significance of these findings for theories of face identification is discussed.", "PMID": 517679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11832", "title": "Some problems encountered in the psychoanalytic treatment of overt male homosexuality.", "content": "This article describes certain theoretical and clinical problems commonly met with during the psychoanalytic treatment of adult homosexual patients. Difficulties discussed are selected out of extensive clinical experience and are described under several headings: general problems, such as selection of patients, motivation for seeking therapy, problems at the outset; the working alliance and its maintenance; transference problems and the issue of analyzability; problems secondary to deficiencies in the structure of the ego of the homosexual patient; the imperativeness of the homosexual impulse and the problem of acting out; extrinsic problems.", "contents": "Some problems encountered in the psychoanalytic treatment of overt male homosexuality. This article describes certain theoretical and clinical problems commonly met with during the psychoanalytic treatment of adult homosexual patients. Difficulties discussed are selected out of extensive clinical experience and are described under several headings: general problems, such as selection of patients, motivation for seeking therapy, problems at the outset; the working alliance and its maintenance; transference problems and the issue of analyzability; problems secondary to deficiencies in the structure of the ego of the homosexual patient; the imperativeness of the homosexual impulse and the problem of acting out; extrinsic problems.", "PMID": 517682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11833", "title": "Group psychotherapy with acting-out patients: specific problems and technique.", "content": "Severe crises bring acting-out patients to psychotherapy. In order to keep them in treatment, the therapist has to educate them about what psychotherapy is. An explanation of the tasks of psychotherapy, as well as of patient and psychotherapist is required. Factors unique to these patients have to be taken into account. The author's experience demonstrates that group psychotherapy is preferable to individual therapy. Case examples are cited.", "contents": "Group psychotherapy with acting-out patients: specific problems and technique. Severe crises bring acting-out patients to psychotherapy. In order to keep them in treatment, the therapist has to educate them about what psychotherapy is. An explanation of the tasks of psychotherapy, as well as of patient and psychotherapist is required. Factors unique to these patients have to be taken into account. The author's experience demonstrates that group psychotherapy is preferable to individual therapy. Case examples are cited.", "PMID": 517683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11834", "title": "A practical approach to the psychotherapy of the borderline patient.", "content": "Guidelines for the ordinary psychotherapist in the day-to-day office treatment of so-called borderline patients are presented. Practical pointers for handling problems of diagnosis, working alliance, transferences, middle phase, and termination are given, followed by a brief discussion of the future of the concept of borderline patient.", "contents": "A practical approach to the psychotherapy of the borderline patient. Guidelines for the ordinary psychotherapist in the day-to-day office treatment of so-called borderline patients are presented. Practical pointers for handling problems of diagnosis, working alliance, transferences, middle phase, and termination are given, followed by a brief discussion of the future of the concept of borderline patient.", "PMID": 517684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11835", "title": "Toward unification of psychotherapies: a complementary model.", "content": "The emergence of different models of psychological healing from Freud to the present, and specific features which characterize \"new\" psychotherapies in contrast to psychoanalysis are examined. The author maintains that these represent a chronological evolution of therapeutic forms which are complementary and which portend the unification of the psychotherapies.", "contents": "Toward unification of psychotherapies: a complementary model. The emergence of different models of psychological healing from Freud to the present, and specific features which characterize \"new\" psychotherapies in contrast to psychoanalysis are examined. The author maintains that these represent a chronological evolution of therapeutic forms which are complementary and which portend the unification of the psychotherapies.", "PMID": 517685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11836", "title": "The therapeutic relationship in brief psychotherapy.", "content": "Brief psychotherapy is predicated upon a thorough knowledge of psychodynamics and careful conceptualization of each individual's psychopathology. Areas and methods of intervention must be concisely selected and clearly goal-related. As a modality, I see brief therapy relating to traditional therapy the way a short story relates to a novel. It takes special skill and expertise.", "contents": "The therapeutic relationship in brief psychotherapy. Brief psychotherapy is predicated upon a thorough knowledge of psychodynamics and careful conceptualization of each individual's psychopathology. Areas and methods of intervention must be concisely selected and clearly goal-related. As a modality, I see brief therapy relating to traditional therapy the way a short story relates to a novel. It takes special skill and expertise.", "PMID": 517686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11837", "title": "Differential diagnosis and therapeutic handling of communication barriers.", "content": "Encouragement of open, direct communication between members of a dyad may produce favorable or unfavorable results, depending upon the situation. The author presents a system of classifying communication barriers, designed to help the therapist decide when to encourage open communication and when to support the withholding of communication of certain sorts until other therapeutic goals have been achieved.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis and therapeutic handling of communication barriers. Encouragement of open, direct communication between members of a dyad may produce favorable or unfavorable results, depending upon the situation. The author presents a system of classifying communication barriers, designed to help the therapist decide when to encourage open communication and when to support the withholding of communication of certain sorts until other therapeutic goals have been achieved.", "PMID": 517687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11838", "title": "Termination: that difficult farewell.", "content": "Termination is usually a difficult and painful, yet powerfully significant life experience. It is experienced in multiple contexts beginning with birth and ending with death. This article addresses itself to these issues and the when and how of goodbyes.", "contents": "Termination: that difficult farewell. Termination is usually a difficult and painful, yet powerfully significant life experience. It is experienced in multiple contexts beginning with birth and ending with death. This article addresses itself to these issues and the when and how of goodbyes.", "PMID": 517688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11839", "title": "The nurturing of medical students: a psychotherapeutic approach to psychiatric education.", "content": "Students' resistances to learning psychiatry and their difficulties in relating to disturbed patients are both due largely to their own anxieties. Therefore it is both necessary and possible for the teacher to give them effective psychotherapeutic help as and when required as an integral part of the educational process.", "contents": "The nurturing of medical students: a psychotherapeutic approach to psychiatric education. Students' resistances to learning psychiatry and their difficulties in relating to disturbed patients are both due largely to their own anxieties. Therefore it is both necessary and possible for the teacher to give them effective psychotherapeutic help as and when required as an integral part of the educational process.", "PMID": 517689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11840", "title": "The role of a directly observed, continuous case conference in the training of child psychiatrists.", "content": "The directly observed, continuous case conference is studied in depth as a format for teaching child psychotherapy. The effects of group dynamics, direct observation, and the specific case on the processes of therapy, learning, and supervision are examined. Six guidelines are set forth to maximize the effectiveness of the conference.", "contents": "The role of a directly observed, continuous case conference in the training of child psychiatrists. The directly observed, continuous case conference is studied in depth as a format for teaching child psychotherapy. The effects of group dynamics, direct observation, and the specific case on the processes of therapy, learning, and supervision are examined. Six guidelines are set forth to maximize the effectiveness of the conference.", "PMID": 517690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11841", "title": "Munchausen's syndrome: an unusual case.", "content": "Unlike most Munchausen patients, Miss A. was willing to define herself as a psychiatric, as well as a medical-surgical patient. Consequently, it was possible to engage her in therapy in which observation could occur. It was found, also, that Miss A. had used eye drops to dilate her pupils to simulate a neurological disorder and had accidentally induced an anticholinergic delirium.", "contents": "Munchausen's syndrome: an unusual case. Unlike most Munchausen patients, Miss A. was willing to define herself as a psychiatric, as well as a medical-surgical patient. Consequently, it was possible to engage her in therapy in which observation could occur. It was found, also, that Miss A. had used eye drops to dilate her pupils to simulate a neurological disorder and had accidentally induced an anticholinergic delirium.", "PMID": 517691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11842", "title": "Tarsonemid mites in Danish house dust.", "content": "From a study of 98 typical Danish city apartments it was found that pyroglyphid and tarsonemid mites dominated the housedust acarofauna. Both groups of mites show a remarkable similarity in their occurrence and dependence on the microclimate. Room air humidities above 7 g water/kg dry air involved the highest densities. Below this limit only background contamination appeared. At least 14 distinct forms of tarsonemid mites were found, with Tarsonemus floricolus Can. & Fanz., 1876 as the dominating species. As tarsonemid mites were found regularly rather than occasionally, it is suggested that these mites may be responsible for at least a part of the cases of housedust allergy that cannot be ascribed to the content of Dermatophagoides mites in the housedust.", "contents": "Tarsonemid mites in Danish house dust. From a study of 98 typical Danish city apartments it was found that pyroglyphid and tarsonemid mites dominated the housedust acarofauna. Both groups of mites show a remarkable similarity in their occurrence and dependence on the microclimate. Room air humidities above 7 g water/kg dry air involved the highest densities. Below this limit only background contamination appeared. At least 14 distinct forms of tarsonemid mites were found, with Tarsonemus floricolus Can. & Fanz., 1876 as the dominating species. As tarsonemid mites were found regularly rather than occasionally, it is suggested that these mites may be responsible for at least a part of the cases of housedust allergy that cannot be ascribed to the content of Dermatophagoides mites in the housedust.", "PMID": 517709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11843", "title": "Comparison of skin tests and RAST for the diagnosis of bee sting allergy.", "content": "Skin tests and estimation of specific IgE-antibodies by the RAST are evaluated as diagnostic procedures in bee sting hypersensitivity with the followiny extracts. (2) With bee venom results of skin tests and RAST correspond in 82%, with bee wholebody extracts in 68%. (3) Both with skin tests and the RAST with bee venom a good discrimination between patients with bee sting hypersensitivity and non-allergic controls is observed. Skin tests with bee venom are somewhat more sensitive than bee venom-RAST. (4) With the careful skin test procedure chosen, no adverse reactions were observed.", "contents": "Comparison of skin tests and RAST for the diagnosis of bee sting allergy. Skin tests and estimation of specific IgE-antibodies by the RAST are evaluated as diagnostic procedures in bee sting hypersensitivity with the followiny extracts. (2) With bee venom results of skin tests and RAST correspond in 82%, with bee wholebody extracts in 68%. (3) Both with skin tests and the RAST with bee venom a good discrimination between patients with bee sting hypersensitivity and non-allergic controls is observed. Skin tests with bee venom are somewhat more sensitive than bee venom-RAST. (4) With the careful skin test procedure chosen, no adverse reactions were observed.", "PMID": 517710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11844", "title": "Dust mites. A 1-year study.", "content": "Mattress dust was collected by out-patients attending hospital for respiratory allergic problems. The dust mites were counted in \"pool\" samples of 100 mg. Each sample represented a single month's collection. The mites were classified according to family: Pyroglyphidae and Cheyletidae. Those not belonging to either of these two families were classified as \"other mites\". Temperature and humidity during the period of the study showed no correlations with the number of mites. There was a statistically significant correlation between the various mite groups.", "contents": "Dust mites. A 1-year study. Mattress dust was collected by out-patients attending hospital for respiratory allergic problems. The dust mites were counted in \"pool\" samples of 100 mg. Each sample represented a single month's collection. The mites were classified according to family: Pyroglyphidae and Cheyletidae. Those not belonging to either of these two families were classified as \"other mites\". Temperature and humidity during the period of the study showed no correlations with the number of mites. There was a statistically significant correlation between the various mite groups.", "PMID": 517711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11845", "title": "Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by glycopyrrolate and neostigmine. A study of the effects on lower oesophageal sphincter tone.", "content": "The effect of intravenous glycopyrrolate and neostigmine, a drug combination routinely given to antagonize non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade, on lower oesophageal sphincter tone was studied in twenty patients undergoing Caesarean section. Glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg i.v. increased LOS pressure insignificantly by a mean of 0.2 kPa (P less than 0.1). In contrast, glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg and neostigmine 5 mg increased LOS pressure by a mean of 1.2 kPa (P less than 0.001). The latter dosage of this drug combination thus appears preferable in patients presenting for emergency surgery, if the integrity of the lower oesophageal sphincter is to be maintained during extubation and recovery from general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by glycopyrrolate and neostigmine. A study of the effects on lower oesophageal sphincter tone. The effect of intravenous glycopyrrolate and neostigmine, a drug combination routinely given to antagonize non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade, on lower oesophageal sphincter tone was studied in twenty patients undergoing Caesarean section. Glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg i.v. increased LOS pressure insignificantly by a mean of 0.2 kPa (P less than 0.1). In contrast, glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg and neostigmine 5 mg increased LOS pressure by a mean of 1.2 kPa (P less than 0.001). The latter dosage of this drug combination thus appears preferable in patients presenting for emergency surgery, if the integrity of the lower oesophageal sphincter is to be maintained during extubation and recovery from general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 517713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11846", "title": "A survey of infection in an intensive care unit. \"Forewarned is forearmed\".", "content": "The infection (36%) and mortality rates (28%) were investigated in 433 patients admitted to a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit. It was found that the mortality rate was higher (45%) in the infected group than in the non-infected group (19%) and particularly so in patients who had had intra-abdominal surgery or who remained in the unit for longer than a week.", "contents": "A survey of infection in an intensive care unit. \"Forewarned is forearmed\". The infection (36%) and mortality rates (28%) were investigated in 433 patients admitted to a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit. It was found that the mortality rate was higher (45%) in the infected group than in the non-infected group (19%) and particularly so in patients who had had intra-abdominal surgery or who remained in the unit for longer than a week.", "PMID": 517717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11847", "title": "Paravertebral thoracic block-a reappraisal.", "content": "An accurate, simple and safe method, based upon cadaver studies, of obtaining a thoracic paravertebral block, suitable for repeated administration by catheter or for permanent accurate neurolytic block, and which carries significant advantages over intercostal or epidural block, is described in theory and practice.", "contents": "Paravertebral thoracic block-a reappraisal. An accurate, simple and safe method, based upon cadaver studies, of obtaining a thoracic paravertebral block, suitable for repeated administration by catheter or for permanent accurate neurolytic block, and which carries significant advantages over intercostal or epidural block, is described in theory and practice.", "PMID": 517716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11848", "title": "The Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter. Incidence of complications, with particular reference to ventricular dysrhythmias, and their prevention.", "content": "A series of seventy-three adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery was studied, in whom a Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter was inserted. The incidence of complications occurring during insertion and use of the catheter was noted, and a controlled trial carried out to determine the efficacy of lignocaine 1 mg/kg iv in preventing ventricular dysrhythmias during passage of the catheter. A significant decrease in dysrhythmia rate was observed. Ways of minimising or preventing other complications are discussed.", "contents": "The Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter. Incidence of complications, with particular reference to ventricular dysrhythmias, and their prevention. A series of seventy-three adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery was studied, in whom a Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter was inserted. The incidence of complications occurring during insertion and use of the catheter was noted, and a controlled trial carried out to determine the efficacy of lignocaine 1 mg/kg iv in preventing ventricular dysrhythmias during passage of the catheter. A significant decrease in dysrhythmia rate was observed. Ways of minimising or preventing other complications are discussed.", "PMID": 517718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11849", "title": "Ethamsylate and blood loss in total hip replacement.", "content": "Nineteen consecutive patients undergoing total hip replacement under epidural anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group received 1000 mg of ethamsylate intravenously before induction of anaesthesia. Blood lost during surgery was measured by a colorimetric technique. Closed suction drains were used and all blood lost after operation collected for measurement. Ethamsylate did not decrease the average volumes of blood lost during or after the operation. Neither did it reduce the requirements for blood transfusion. Although there were no side-effects attributable to ethamyslate, there seems to be no indication for its use in total hip replacement under epidural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Ethamsylate and blood loss in total hip replacement. Nineteen consecutive patients undergoing total hip replacement under epidural anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group received 1000 mg of ethamsylate intravenously before induction of anaesthesia. Blood lost during surgery was measured by a colorimetric technique. Closed suction drains were used and all blood lost after operation collected for measurement. Ethamsylate did not decrease the average volumes of blood lost during or after the operation. Neither did it reduce the requirements for blood transfusion. Although there were no side-effects attributable to ethamyslate, there seems to be no indication for its use in total hip replacement under epidural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 517720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11850", "title": "Architecture of the mesonephric nephron in pig and rabbit.", "content": "As a precondition for determining nephron profiles in sections, mature mesonephric nephrons from pig and rabbit embryos were isolated by a maceration technique in order to demonstrate nephron architecture, length, and diameter. In the pig the proximal tubule is largely constant. In the distal tubule the pre-attachment zone shows the greatest variation. The zone of attachment ot the corpuscle and the ventrolaterally directed post-attachment coil has a predictable course as does the collecting tubule. In contrast to earlier reports, the nephron shows no drastic differences in tubule diameter and is up to 33 mm long. The proportional length of the three major nephron segments is surprisingly constant. The rabbit nephron, although much shorter (4 mm) and simpler, with an alomst S-shaped pattern, is less easily understood in sections. Marked irregularities in its course are caused by the different behaviour of the terminal proximal segments. The distal tubule shows an ampullary dilatation in the attachment zone but can be very narrow in the pre-attachment part.", "contents": "Architecture of the mesonephric nephron in pig and rabbit. As a precondition for determining nephron profiles in sections, mature mesonephric nephrons from pig and rabbit embryos were isolated by a maceration technique in order to demonstrate nephron architecture, length, and diameter. In the pig the proximal tubule is largely constant. In the distal tubule the pre-attachment zone shows the greatest variation. The zone of attachment ot the corpuscle and the ventrolaterally directed post-attachment coil has a predictable course as does the collecting tubule. In contrast to earlier reports, the nephron shows no drastic differences in tubule diameter and is up to 33 mm long. The proportional length of the three major nephron segments is surprisingly constant. The rabbit nephron, although much shorter (4 mm) and simpler, with an alomst S-shaped pattern, is less easily understood in sections. Marked irregularities in its course are caused by the different behaviour of the terminal proximal segments. The distal tubule shows an ampullary dilatation in the attachment zone but can be very narrow in the pre-attachment part.", "PMID": 517755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11851", "title": "Scanning and light microscope studies of the development of the chick embryo semilunar heart valves.", "content": "The development of the semilunar valves of the great arteries was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in the chick embryo. The results show that three distinct developmental periods can be distinguished. The formation of the anlage of the valves takes place in the first period (stages 26--29). These early anlage consist of three pyramidal shaped cusps formed by a core of loosely packed mesenchymal cells covered by a flattened endothelium. In the second period (stages 30--35) the cusps undergo excavation on their distal face. Morphololgical evidence is reported suggesting that this excavation process is produced by an initial solid ingrowth of the endothelium of the arterial face of the cusps which is immediately luminated by detachment of cells towards the bloodstream and by cell death. The histogenesis of the valves takes place in the third period (from stage 36 until hatching). It was observed that during this period some myocardial cells of the outflow tracts of the ventricles invade the valvular tissue and that in the upper part of the cusps a prominent fibrous layer is formed.", "contents": "Scanning and light microscope studies of the development of the chick embryo semilunar heart valves. The development of the semilunar valves of the great arteries was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in the chick embryo. The results show that three distinct developmental periods can be distinguished. The formation of the anlage of the valves takes place in the first period (stages 26--29). These early anlage consist of three pyramidal shaped cusps formed by a core of loosely packed mesenchymal cells covered by a flattened endothelium. In the second period (stages 30--35) the cusps undergo excavation on their distal face. Morphololgical evidence is reported suggesting that this excavation process is produced by an initial solid ingrowth of the endothelium of the arterial face of the cusps which is immediately luminated by detachment of cells towards the bloodstream and by cell death. The histogenesis of the valves takes place in the third period (from stage 36 until hatching). It was observed that during this period some myocardial cells of the outflow tracts of the ventricles invade the valvular tissue and that in the upper part of the cusps a prominent fibrous layer is formed.", "PMID": 517759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11852", "title": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. IV. The areal pattern of the cortex of Galago demidovii (e. Geoffroy, 1796), (lorisidae, primates).", "content": "The boundaries of neo- and allocortical areas of Galago demidovii are analyzed with an automatic quantitative procedure using an image analyzer. The results are summarized in a cortical map and compared with a cortical map of Tupaia. Galago shows a highly differentiated temporal lobe and no homogeneous peristriate area comparable to the classical concept of Brodmann's Area 19. Primary motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual areas are delineated and shown to be surrounded by distinct secondary areas.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. IV. The areal pattern of the cortex of Galago demidovii (e. Geoffroy, 1796), (lorisidae, primates). The boundaries of neo- and allocortical areas of Galago demidovii are analyzed with an automatic quantitative procedure using an image analyzer. The results are summarized in a cortical map and compared with a cortical map of Tupaia. Galago shows a highly differentiated temporal lobe and no homogeneous peristriate area comparable to the classical concept of Brodmann's Area 19. Primary motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual areas are delineated and shown to be surrounded by distinct secondary areas.", "PMID": 517760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11853", "title": "An electron microscopic study of periderm cell development in mouse limb buds.", "content": "Development of periderm cells covering fore- and hindlimb buds of mouse embryos was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at half day intervals from day 9.5 to 12.5 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0). At day 9.5, the epidermis is single layered. Occasional periderm cells are present at day 10.5. By day 11.5 a complete layer of periderm cells has covered the entire limb bud. By scanning electron microscopic observation, periderm cells covering the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) are characterized by a small surface size and an elongated polygonal shape with the long axis parallel to the antero-posterior contour of the apical rim. Periderm cells covering the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the limb bud are relatively large and have a polygonal surface shape. The periderm covering the apical tip reflects well the developmental state of the AER. Hence, it is possible to estimate the development of the AER by observing the surface features of the apical periderm by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of periderm cell development in mouse limb buds. Development of periderm cells covering fore- and hindlimb buds of mouse embryos was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at half day intervals from day 9.5 to 12.5 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0). At day 9.5, the epidermis is single layered. Occasional periderm cells are present at day 10.5. By day 11.5 a complete layer of periderm cells has covered the entire limb bud. By scanning electron microscopic observation, periderm cells covering the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) are characterized by a small surface size and an elongated polygonal shape with the long axis parallel to the antero-posterior contour of the apical rim. Periderm cells covering the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the limb bud are relatively large and have a polygonal surface shape. The periderm covering the apical tip reflects well the developmental state of the AER. Hence, it is possible to estimate the development of the AER by observing the surface features of the apical periderm by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 517761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11854", "title": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in differentiation of stomach epithelium in fetal mice.", "content": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development of the forestomach and glandular stomach in fetal mice were investigated by recombination experiments in vitro. Stomach epithelium could not survive when cultivated alone, but its development was supported by the presence of homologous or heterologous mesenchyme. The developmental fate of the epithelium was not affected by recombination with heterologous mesenchyme, but the expression of epithelial differentiation was influenced by the type of mesenchyme. The rate of keratinization of the forestomach epithelium was significantly greater on recombination with homologous mesenchyme than on recombination with heterologous mesenchyme. Moreover, the rate of formation of glandular structures in the glandular stomach epithelium was significantly greater on recombination with 16.5-day stomach mesenchyme than on recombination with 14.5- or 18.5-day stomach mesenchyme.", "contents": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in differentiation of stomach epithelium in fetal mice. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development of the forestomach and glandular stomach in fetal mice were investigated by recombination experiments in vitro. Stomach epithelium could not survive when cultivated alone, but its development was supported by the presence of homologous or heterologous mesenchyme. The developmental fate of the epithelium was not affected by recombination with heterologous mesenchyme, but the expression of epithelial differentiation was influenced by the type of mesenchyme. The rate of keratinization of the forestomach epithelium was significantly greater on recombination with homologous mesenchyme than on recombination with heterologous mesenchyme. Moreover, the rate of formation of glandular structures in the glandular stomach epithelium was significantly greater on recombination with 16.5-day stomach mesenchyme than on recombination with 14.5- or 18.5-day stomach mesenchyme.", "PMID": 517763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11855", "title": "Histological analyses of lethal yellow mouse embryos (Ay/Ay) at 90 and 132 h post coitum.", "content": "Strain C57BL/6J-Ay/Ay embryos are developmentally retarded in utero at 90 hpc and are resorbed by 132 hpc. The Ay/Ay developmental delay previously observed in vitro has now been confirmed in vivo. Apparently Ay is involved in some aspect of cleavage stage metabolism.", "contents": "Histological analyses of lethal yellow mouse embryos (Ay/Ay) at 90 and 132 h post coitum. Strain C57BL/6J-Ay/Ay embryos are developmentally retarded in utero at 90 hpc and are resorbed by 132 hpc. The Ay/Ay developmental delay previously observed in vitro has now been confirmed in vivo. Apparently Ay is involved in some aspect of cleavage stage metabolism.", "PMID": 517764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11856", "title": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human vertebral column during the embryonic period proper.", "content": "A documented scheme of the early development of the human vertebrae is presented. It is based on (1) reports of workers who personally studied staged human embryos, and (2) personal observations and confirmations. The necessity of studying staged embryos in order to determine the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed.", "contents": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human vertebral column during the embryonic period proper. A documented scheme of the early development of the human vertebrae is presented. It is based on (1) reports of workers who personally studied staged human embryos, and (2) personal observations and confirmations. The necessity of studying staged embryos in order to determine the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed.", "PMID": 517765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11857", "title": "Early testicular development in sex reversed mice.", "content": "A comparison is made of two sets of data bearing on the development of testes in XX, Sxr mice. Although Spoljar and Drews (1978) reported no significant difference in the growth rates of XX and XY testes, nevertheless their data suggest that such a difference may exist. This confirms earlier work by Mittwoch and Buehr (1973), who found the testicular volumes of XX embryos aged 15 and 16 days to be below those of XY embryos.", "contents": "Early testicular development in sex reversed mice. A comparison is made of two sets of data bearing on the development of testes in XX, Sxr mice. Although Spoljar and Drews (1978) reported no significant difference in the growth rates of XX and XY testes, nevertheless their data suggest that such a difference may exist. This confirms earlier work by Mittwoch and Buehr (1973), who found the testicular volumes of XX embryos aged 15 and 16 days to be below those of XY embryos.", "PMID": 517766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11858", "title": "An early development defect in the cerebral cortex of the reeler mouse. A morphological study leading to a hypothesis concerning the action of the mutant gene.", "content": "Brains of reeler and normal mouse embryos have been studied on semi-thin sections and with Golgi impregnations. No change can be seen in the neuroepithelium or in the primary cortical organization. The first evidence of a morphological abnormality appears at E 14, in the cortical plate. Instead of being closely packed and radially oriented, nerve cells are loosely arranged and show quite variable orientations of their long axis and apical dendrite. The axons run obliquely through the cortical plate and do not display the characteristic angular course seen in the normal animal. It is suggested that the primary defect in reeler mice may be in the plasma membrane of cortical plate cells, resulting in a loss of their capacity for mutual recognition and binding. This could account for the cytoarchitectonic disorganization in this mutant, especially the absence of a molecular layer and the inversion of the histogenetic gradient in the developing cerebral cortex.", "contents": "An early development defect in the cerebral cortex of the reeler mouse. A morphological study leading to a hypothesis concerning the action of the mutant gene. Brains of reeler and normal mouse embryos have been studied on semi-thin sections and with Golgi impregnations. No change can be seen in the neuroepithelium or in the primary cortical organization. The first evidence of a morphological abnormality appears at E 14, in the cortical plate. Instead of being closely packed and radially oriented, nerve cells are loosely arranged and show quite variable orientations of their long axis and apical dendrite. The axons run obliquely through the cortical plate and do not display the characteristic angular course seen in the normal animal. It is suggested that the primary defect in reeler mice may be in the plasma membrane of cortical plate cells, resulting in a loss of their capacity for mutual recognition and binding. This could account for the cytoarchitectonic disorganization in this mutant, especially the absence of a molecular layer and the inversion of the histogenetic gradient in the developing cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 517767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11859", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons of layer VIb in immature neocortex: possible component of an early formed intrinsic cortical circuit.", "content": "In this ontogenetic study the neurons of layer VIb of rodent somatosensory cortex have been characterized using acetylcholinesterase (AchE) histochemistry, Golgi, and electron microscopic techniques. Already, at birth, the neurons were found to be AchE-rich. They contain presumed AchE reaction product within their granular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells send fine axons upwards towards the subpial layer where they terminate in a dense, AchE-rich, fiber plexus. In chronically undercut cortex, AchE staining persists in layer VIb neurons and in the subpial fiber plexus. These observations continue to support the view that there is an intrinsic neuronal circuit connecting layer VI with I in immature neocortex. The findings also raise the possibility that the putative circuit is cholinergic.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons of layer VIb in immature neocortex: possible component of an early formed intrinsic cortical circuit. In this ontogenetic study the neurons of layer VIb of rodent somatosensory cortex have been characterized using acetylcholinesterase (AchE) histochemistry, Golgi, and electron microscopic techniques. Already, at birth, the neurons were found to be AchE-rich. They contain presumed AchE reaction product within their granular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells send fine axons upwards towards the subpial layer where they terminate in a dense, AchE-rich, fiber plexus. In chronically undercut cortex, AchE staining persists in layer VIb neurons and in the subpial fiber plexus. These observations continue to support the view that there is an intrinsic neuronal circuit connecting layer VI with I in immature neocortex. The findings also raise the possibility that the putative circuit is cholinergic.", "PMID": 517768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11860", "title": "Extent of vascularization by the two branches of the renal artery in the brown bear (ursus arctos).", "content": "The renal arteries of four brown bears (Ursus arctos) have been investigated after filling with a polyester resin. It is shown that in all cases the renal artery devides into ventral and dorsal, sub- and suprapelvic arteries. The distribution of these arteries and the number of renculi supplied are described.", "contents": "Extent of vascularization by the two branches of the renal artery in the brown bear (ursus arctos). The renal arteries of four brown bears (Ursus arctos) have been investigated after filling with a polyester resin. It is shown that in all cases the renal artery devides into ventral and dorsal, sub- and suprapelvic arteries. The distribution of these arteries and the number of renculi supplied are described.", "PMID": 517769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11861", "title": "Histochemical studies on the autonomic innervation of the femoral artery and vein.", "content": "The innervation of the femoral artery and vein in the dog was studied using: a) glyoxylic acid fluorescence (for the histochemical localization of adrenergic nerve fibers); b) acetylcholinesterase (for the histochemical localization of cholinergic nerve fibers). -Andrenergic nerve fibers and related terminals in both vessels are confined to the adventitial-medial transitional zone and the outer layers of the media. Acetylcholinesterase containing nerve fibers are localized in the adventitial-medial transitional zone of the femoral artery. These findings may indicate the presence of a cholinergic vasodilatator system in the control of the circulation in the femoral artery.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the autonomic innervation of the femoral artery and vein. The innervation of the femoral artery and vein in the dog was studied using: a) glyoxylic acid fluorescence (for the histochemical localization of adrenergic nerve fibers); b) acetylcholinesterase (for the histochemical localization of cholinergic nerve fibers). -Andrenergic nerve fibers and related terminals in both vessels are confined to the adventitial-medial transitional zone and the outer layers of the media. Acetylcholinesterase containing nerve fibers are localized in the adventitial-medial transitional zone of the femoral artery. These findings may indicate the presence of a cholinergic vasodilatator system in the control of the circulation in the femoral artery.", "PMID": 517770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11862", "title": "Extraction of human and rabbit acrosomes: a comparison of sequential and sonication methods.", "content": "Two methods for the extraction of acrosomal membranes and enzymes from both human and rabbit spermatozoa were compared. Treatment of spermatozoa with hypotonic MgCl2 (0.05 M) solution causes removal of the plasma membrane, vesiculation, disruption and removal of the outer acrosomal membrane posterior to the equatorial segment with accompanying loss of soluble acrosomal material. Subsequent exposure to Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100 removes acrosomal material bound to the inner acrosomal membrane with concomitant solubilization of this membrane. The MgCl2 extract from rabbit spermatozoa contained a higher yield of hyaluronidase, acrosin, and total proteinase activities, whereas the subsequent detergent extracts contained higher yields of both arylsulfatase A and B activities. By comparison, after 4 minutes of sonication to separate heads and tails, both rabbit and human spermatozoa when viewed by transmission electron microscopy showed alterations of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes with considerable loss of the acrosomal contents. Analysis of acrosomal enzymes indicates the greatest percentage of all the enzymes assayed was located in the extract obtained by sonication in contrast to either the separated head or tail fractions used for further subcellular extraction. Subsequent treatment with Hyamine and Triton yields only minimal amounts of enzyme activity.", "contents": "Extraction of human and rabbit acrosomes: a comparison of sequential and sonication methods. Two methods for the extraction of acrosomal membranes and enzymes from both human and rabbit spermatozoa were compared. Treatment of spermatozoa with hypotonic MgCl2 (0.05 M) solution causes removal of the plasma membrane, vesiculation, disruption and removal of the outer acrosomal membrane posterior to the equatorial segment with accompanying loss of soluble acrosomal material. Subsequent exposure to Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100 removes acrosomal material bound to the inner acrosomal membrane with concomitant solubilization of this membrane. The MgCl2 extract from rabbit spermatozoa contained a higher yield of hyaluronidase, acrosin, and total proteinase activities, whereas the subsequent detergent extracts contained higher yields of both arylsulfatase A and B activities. By comparison, after 4 minutes of sonication to separate heads and tails, both rabbit and human spermatozoa when viewed by transmission electron microscopy showed alterations of plasma and outer acrosomal membranes with considerable loss of the acrosomal contents. Analysis of acrosomal enzymes indicates the greatest percentage of all the enzymes assayed was located in the extract obtained by sonication in contrast to either the separated head or tail fractions used for further subcellular extraction. Subsequent treatment with Hyamine and Triton yields only minimal amounts of enzyme activity.", "PMID": 517771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11863", "title": "Halothane does not inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The effect of halothane on precursor incorporation into nucleic acids was studied in Tetrahymena pyriformis, a ciliate protozoan. At concentrations that blocked cell division (1.2 and 2.4 per cent), halothane inhibited incorporation of 14C-thymidine and 14C-uridine into DNA and RNA, respectively, in intact cells. However, in nuclei isolated from T. pyriformis, the anesthetic did not inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis when these processes were assayed using the nucleoside triphosphates (3H-thymidine triphosphate and 3H-uridine triphosphate) as precursors. It is concluded that halothane does not directly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (i.e., the nucleic acid polymerase reactions), and that the inhibition of precursor incorporation observed in intact cells is due to an effect at a locus other than the DNA and RNA polymerase reactions.", "contents": "Halothane does not inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The effect of halothane on precursor incorporation into nucleic acids was studied in Tetrahymena pyriformis, a ciliate protozoan. At concentrations that blocked cell division (1.2 and 2.4 per cent), halothane inhibited incorporation of 14C-thymidine and 14C-uridine into DNA and RNA, respectively, in intact cells. However, in nuclei isolated from T. pyriformis, the anesthetic did not inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis when these processes were assayed using the nucleoside triphosphates (3H-thymidine triphosphate and 3H-uridine triphosphate) as precursors. It is concluded that halothane does not directly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (i.e., the nucleic acid polymerase reactions), and that the inhibition of precursor incorporation observed in intact cells is due to an effect at a locus other than the DNA and RNA polymerase reactions.", "PMID": 517777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11864", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of plasm testosterone levels. II. Testosterone levels during the 1st and 2d half-day].", "content": "Testosterone in plasma is measured in 50 young males in the morning and in the evening by radioimmunoassay. Peaks are found in the morning. At 07,00 h and 10,00 h the values lie on a plateau: 91,77% at 07.00 h and 90,59% at 10.00 h. The difference is not significant. Significant differences however can be noted in comparison between values in the first and second half-day. The difference between the 07.00 h value and the 16.00 h value amounts to 17,08%; between the 07.00 h value and the 19.00 h value, to 22,6%.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of plasm testosterone levels. II. Testosterone levels during the 1st and 2d half-day]. Testosterone in plasma is measured in 50 young males in the morning and in the evening by radioimmunoassay. Peaks are found in the morning. At 07,00 h and 10,00 h the values lie on a plateau: 91,77% at 07.00 h and 90,59% at 10.00 h. The difference is not significant. Significant differences however can be noted in comparison between values in the first and second half-day. The difference between the 07.00 h value and the 16.00 h value amounts to 17,08%; between the 07.00 h value and the 19.00 h value, to 22,6%.", "PMID": 517773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11865", "title": "Anti-acrosin antibodies in sera, colostrum and genital organs of vaccinated ewes: estimation and correlation with fertility.", "content": "Three ewes were vaccinated with boar sperm acrosin. Despite the presence of antiacrosin antibodies which crossreact with ram acrosin in the sera of the immunized sheep, no significant reduction in fertility was observed. Incubation of ejaculated or capacitated boar spermatozoa with anti-acrosin serum or IgG did not reduce the halos of digestion in the gelatinolysis test. However, an unexplained decrease of the forward progression and number of lytically active spermatozoa was observed after this treatment. We found antiacrosin antibodies and determined their titers in the sera of the vaccinated ewes, in colostrum and in aqueous extracts of cervix, uterus, oviduct and ovary. No antiacrosin antibodies could be detected in the sera of new born lambs. The immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM were isolated from the sera of the ewes. The acrosin-specific antibodies belonged exclusively to the IgG class. In genital extracts the amount of IgG, IgA and IgM was determined. IgG was found in higher amount in every extract. IgA is present in similar amount only in the cervix, in the other parts only in traces. In all extracts IgM is found in a very low level. The specificity of the antibodies for acrosin was proven by active enzyme staining of the precipitin lines obtained by immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Anti-acrosin antibodies in sera, colostrum and genital organs of vaccinated ewes: estimation and correlation with fertility. Three ewes were vaccinated with boar sperm acrosin. Despite the presence of antiacrosin antibodies which crossreact with ram acrosin in the sera of the immunized sheep, no significant reduction in fertility was observed. Incubation of ejaculated or capacitated boar spermatozoa with anti-acrosin serum or IgG did not reduce the halos of digestion in the gelatinolysis test. However, an unexplained decrease of the forward progression and number of lytically active spermatozoa was observed after this treatment. We found antiacrosin antibodies and determined their titers in the sera of the vaccinated ewes, in colostrum and in aqueous extracts of cervix, uterus, oviduct and ovary. No antiacrosin antibodies could be detected in the sera of new born lambs. The immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM were isolated from the sera of the ewes. The acrosin-specific antibodies belonged exclusively to the IgG class. In genital extracts the amount of IgG, IgA and IgM was determined. IgG was found in higher amount in every extract. IgA is present in similar amount only in the cervix, in the other parts only in traces. In all extracts IgM is found in a very low level. The specificity of the antibodies for acrosin was proven by active enzyme staining of the precipitin lines obtained by immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 517772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11866", "title": "Propranolol binding in plasma during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on the plasma binding of propranolol was examined in seven patients. The fraction of propranolol free in plasma doubled, increasing from 6.6 to 13.5 per cent (P less than 0.001) following the administration of heparin, 400 IU/kg. Once cardiopulmonary bypass was concluded and protamine, 8 mg/kg, given, the free fraction decreased from 13.4 to 8.7 per cent (P less than 0.005). There was a further significant decrease to 6.5 per cent over the next 3.1 hours (SE +/- 0.3). Those alterations in the free fraction, which would result in more drug being available for binding to receptor sites and for exerting its pharmacologic effect, were due principally to the changes in free fatty acid levels produced by heparin and protamine, but also to the hemodilution produced by the pump prime.", "contents": "Propranolol binding in plasma during cardiopulmonary bypass. The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on the plasma binding of propranolol was examined in seven patients. The fraction of propranolol free in plasma doubled, increasing from 6.6 to 13.5 per cent (P less than 0.001) following the administration of heparin, 400 IU/kg. Once cardiopulmonary bypass was concluded and protamine, 8 mg/kg, given, the free fraction decreased from 13.4 to 8.7 per cent (P less than 0.005). There was a further significant decrease to 6.5 per cent over the next 3.1 hours (SE +/- 0.3). Those alterations in the free fraction, which would result in more drug being available for binding to receptor sites and for exerting its pharmacologic effect, were due principally to the changes in free fatty acid levels produced by heparin and protamine, but also to the hemodilution produced by the pump prime.", "PMID": 517778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11867", "title": "Glutamic acid concentration in human semen--its origin and significance.", "content": "Glutamic acid content of semen was determined photometrically in over 400 semen specimens. Glutamatic acid content was found to increase proportionately to temperature in the first few hours post ejaculation. The glutamate estimation should therefore be performed on semen at 30 min. after ejaculation. The frequency distribution of glutamic acid concentration with 400 unselected specimens, 50 \"normozoospermias\" as well as 42 azoospermias is shown. The mean value of normozoospermias was 10.6 mg% (+/- 4.6 mg%) that of azoospermias 7.7 mg% (+/- 4.7 mg%). There was no correlation found between glutamic acid content and pH value. A correlation however, was demonstrated between glutamic acid and following: sperm count, citrate concentration, gamma-GT and carnitine. No correlation to fructose content was detectable. That suggests that glutamate gets to the ejaculate with the secretions from the prostate gland and epididymis whereas the seminal vesicles do not play a role in the level in the total semen.", "contents": "Glutamic acid concentration in human semen--its origin and significance. Glutamic acid content of semen was determined photometrically in over 400 semen specimens. Glutamatic acid content was found to increase proportionately to temperature in the first few hours post ejaculation. The glutamate estimation should therefore be performed on semen at 30 min. after ejaculation. The frequency distribution of glutamic acid concentration with 400 unselected specimens, 50 \"normozoospermias\" as well as 42 azoospermias is shown. The mean value of normozoospermias was 10.6 mg% (+/- 4.6 mg%) that of azoospermias 7.7 mg% (+/- 4.7 mg%). There was no correlation found between glutamic acid content and pH value. A correlation however, was demonstrated between glutamic acid and following: sperm count, citrate concentration, gamma-GT and carnitine. No correlation to fructose content was detectable. That suggests that glutamate gets to the ejaculate with the secretions from the prostate gland and epididymis whereas the seminal vesicles do not play a role in the level in the total semen.", "PMID": 517774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11868", "title": "Fetal morphology in mice exposed to halothane.", "content": "The teratogenic potential of subanesthetic and anesthetic exposure to halothane was studied in Swiss/ICR mice. Two treatment regimens were employed: daily exposure of males and females for nine weeks prior to conception and on days 1 through 17 of pregnancy; and exposure of females only on days 6 through 15 of pregnancy. Mice were exposed to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane for 0.025, 0.1, 0.4, and 1.2 MAC hours/day; anesthetic exposure was 4.0 MAC hours/day. Fetal morphologic development was normal at the two lowest exposures. Exposures of 0.4 MAC hours/day and more were associated with decreased fetal ossification. At the 1.2 MAC hour/day exposure, renal pelvic masturation was retarded and the incidence of skeletal variants was increased. The incidences of major malformations and minor anomalies were not increased following exposure to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane. Anesthetic exposure to 4.0 MAC hours/day was lethal to both dams and embryos, and resulted in major developmental malformations in surviving fetuses. These effects were probably due to altered maternal physiologic status. It is concluded that exposure of mice to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane does not result in important morphologic abnormalities in their offspring.", "contents": "Fetal morphology in mice exposed to halothane. The teratogenic potential of subanesthetic and anesthetic exposure to halothane was studied in Swiss/ICR mice. Two treatment regimens were employed: daily exposure of males and females for nine weeks prior to conception and on days 1 through 17 of pregnancy; and exposure of females only on days 6 through 15 of pregnancy. Mice were exposed to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane for 0.025, 0.1, 0.4, and 1.2 MAC hours/day; anesthetic exposure was 4.0 MAC hours/day. Fetal morphologic development was normal at the two lowest exposures. Exposures of 0.4 MAC hours/day and more were associated with decreased fetal ossification. At the 1.2 MAC hour/day exposure, renal pelvic masturation was retarded and the incidence of skeletal variants was increased. The incidences of major malformations and minor anomalies were not increased following exposure to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane. Anesthetic exposure to 4.0 MAC hours/day was lethal to both dams and embryos, and resulted in major developmental malformations in surviving fetuses. These effects were probably due to altered maternal physiologic status. It is concluded that exposure of mice to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane does not result in important morphologic abnormalities in their offspring.", "PMID": 517780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11869", "title": "A rapid, sensitive method for quantifying enflurane in whole blood.", "content": "Thermal conductively detection (TCD) in conjunction with gas-liquid chromatography was employed for the analysis of enflurane in n-heptane extracts of whole blood. Enflurane was estimated to be 98 per cent extracted from whole blood by n-heptane. Analysis of enflurane standards ranging in concentration from 4.1 to 813 muM demonstrated linearity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. As little as 8 muM enflurane may be detected in whole blood. TCD gas-liquid chromatography is a rapid and sensitive method for quantifying enflurane in whole blood.", "contents": "A rapid, sensitive method for quantifying enflurane in whole blood. Thermal conductively detection (TCD) in conjunction with gas-liquid chromatography was employed for the analysis of enflurane in n-heptane extracts of whole blood. Enflurane was estimated to be 98 per cent extracted from whole blood by n-heptane. Analysis of enflurane standards ranging in concentration from 4.1 to 813 muM demonstrated linearity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. As little as 8 muM enflurane may be detected in whole blood. TCD gas-liquid chromatography is a rapid and sensitive method for quantifying enflurane in whole blood.", "PMID": 517782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11870", "title": "[Contributions to the parasitic fauna of the GDR. 4. Studies of the presence of helminths in the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)].", "content": "120 Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), caught in a territory with animal production buildings in GDR, were infected with Ganguleterakis spumosa (58,3%), Hymenelopesis diminuta (44,1%) and Hydatigera taeniaeformis larv. (3,3%). The parasitological findings were compared with those of other authors from the neighbouring countries like CSSR, Poland, FRG and the former Deutsches Reich. For faunistic information results are necessary of researches in different parts of the country.", "contents": "[Contributions to the parasitic fauna of the GDR. 4. Studies of the presence of helminths in the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)]. 120 Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), caught in a territory with animal production buildings in GDR, were infected with Ganguleterakis spumosa (58,3%), Hymenelopesis diminuta (44,1%) and Hydatigera taeniaeformis larv. (3,3%). The parasitological findings were compared with those of other authors from the neighbouring countries like CSSR, Poland, FRG and the former Deutsches Reich. For faunistic information results are necessary of researches in different parts of the country.", "PMID": 517804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11871", "title": "Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis: in vitro culture of the strobilar stages from protoscoleces.", "content": "The techniques for the in vitro culture of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are described in detail. The sheep strain of E. granulosus was grown to sexual maturity but fertile eggs were not produced due to the failure to achieve insemination in vitro. The horse strain of E. granulosus grew only slightly in vitro and then ceases to develop, although remaining active for long periods. E. multiloculoris differentiated largely into unsegmented, sexually mature, \"monozoic\" forms; some organisms developed \"pseudo-proglottids\" with the interproglottid membrane absent or poorly formed. After prolonged culture, some strobila of E. multilocularis developed an extra scolex.", "contents": "Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis: in vitro culture of the strobilar stages from protoscoleces. The techniques for the in vitro culture of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are described in detail. The sheep strain of E. granulosus was grown to sexual maturity but fertile eggs were not produced due to the failure to achieve insemination in vitro. The horse strain of E. granulosus grew only slightly in vitro and then ceases to develop, although remaining active for long periods. E. multiloculoris differentiated largely into unsegmented, sexually mature, \"monozoic\" forms; some organisms developed \"pseudo-proglottids\" with the interproglottid membrane absent or poorly formed. After prolonged culture, some strobila of E. multilocularis developed an extra scolex.", "PMID": 517805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11872", "title": "[German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in a refrigerator].", "content": "German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) regularly occurred in a refrigerator of a hospital in Leipzig. Larvae of instars 1--6 of a population of high density but uneven spatial distribution infiltrated through the defective magnetic tape packing of the refrigerator door into an area maintaining +7...12 degrees C. In this way they utilised their temperature dependent ability to move almost down to the lower limit and gave a new example of the plasticity of their reactions. Behavioural and ecological aspects of the observations as well as hygienic consequences and prophylactic measures are discussed.", "contents": "[German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in a refrigerator]. German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) regularly occurred in a refrigerator of a hospital in Leipzig. Larvae of instars 1--6 of a population of high density but uneven spatial distribution infiltrated through the defective magnetic tape packing of the refrigerator door into an area maintaining +7...12 degrees C. In this way they utilised their temperature dependent ability to move almost down to the lower limit and gave a new example of the plasticity of their reactions. Behavioural and ecological aspects of the observations as well as hygienic consequences and prophylactic measures are discussed.", "PMID": 517806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11873", "title": "The eimeriid Aggregata kudio n. sp. from Sepia elliptica.", "content": "A new species of an Eimeriid coccidian, Aggregata kudoi n. sp. from the gut of the cuttle fish, Sepia elliptica Hoyle, is described. The oocysts are large measuring 0.5--1.0 mm in diameter and have a thin wall. The number of sporoblasts produced is very large. Each sporoblast in the fresh condition measures 9.4--10.8 microns in diameter. The sporocysts give rise to 6 sporozoites. A few abnormal sporocysts measuring 13.2--14.5 microns and producing 12 sporozoites are occasionally seen.", "contents": "The eimeriid Aggregata kudio n. sp. from Sepia elliptica. A new species of an Eimeriid coccidian, Aggregata kudoi n. sp. from the gut of the cuttle fish, Sepia elliptica Hoyle, is described. The oocysts are large measuring 0.5--1.0 mm in diameter and have a thin wall. The number of sporoblasts produced is very large. Each sporoblast in the fresh condition measures 9.4--10.8 microns in diameter. The sporocysts give rise to 6 sporozoites. A few abnormal sporocysts measuring 13.2--14.5 microns and producing 12 sporozoites are occasionally seen.", "PMID": 517807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11874", "title": "Seasonal variation of bovine anti-J in the tropics.", "content": "Close to the Equator at an altitude of 1750 m above sea level a total of 27 cows of various breeds have been studied with regard to the fluctuation of their anti-J naturally occurring antibodies. Over 16 consecutive months the average total score of anti-J varied from a minimum of 20 in October to a maximum of 37 at the end of December. Practically all the sera had the lowest level of anti-J in October. This is about two months after the lowest yearly maximum temperature. It is concluded that gradual changes in temperature can cause variation in anti-J titer, and that the magnitude of the seasonal temperature changes influences the fluctuation of the natural anti-J.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of bovine anti-J in the tropics. Close to the Equator at an altitude of 1750 m above sea level a total of 27 cows of various breeds have been studied with regard to the fluctuation of their anti-J naturally occurring antibodies. Over 16 consecutive months the average total score of anti-J varied from a minimum of 20 in October to a maximum of 37 at the end of December. Practically all the sera had the lowest level of anti-J in October. This is about two months after the lowest yearly maximum temperature. It is concluded that gradual changes in temperature can cause variation in anti-J titer, and that the magnitude of the seasonal temperature changes influences the fluctuation of the natural anti-J.", "PMID": 517809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11875", "title": "Polymorphism of the serum proteins of wild pigs.", "content": "One hundred and ninety five wild pigs from two different regions of Poland were investigated for transferrin, amylase and ceruloplasmin polymorphism. A new tranferrin phenotype Tf PB was detected. This phenotype differed from Tf AB in the electrophoretic mobility of the more anodal transferrin. Tf P is assumed to be the product of a new allele Tf P at the Tf locus. Two amylase phenotypes Am 1-2 and Am 2 were observed. The Am 1 allele was absent from the pigs in the Poznan region. Only one ceruloplasmin phenotype, Cp B, was found.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the serum proteins of wild pigs. One hundred and ninety five wild pigs from two different regions of Poland were investigated for transferrin, amylase and ceruloplasmin polymorphism. A new tranferrin phenotype Tf PB was detected. This phenotype differed from Tf AB in the electrophoretic mobility of the more anodal transferrin. Tf P is assumed to be the product of a new allele Tf P at the Tf locus. Two amylase phenotypes Am 1-2 and Am 2 were observed. The Am 1 allele was absent from the pigs in the Poznan region. Only one ceruloplasmin phenotype, Cp B, was found.", "PMID": 517810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11876", "title": "The blood group factor Kf and allele Kae in the pig.", "content": "By means of alloimmune reagents used in the indirect Coombs test and the dextran test a new factor Kf in the K bloodgroup system of pigs was found, controlled by alleles Kacf, Kacef and Kbf. A new allele Kae was also detected. The K system with 6 alleles, 11 phenotypes and 21 combinations of genotypes remains (from the genetic point of view) an open system.", "contents": "The blood group factor Kf and allele Kae in the pig. By means of alloimmune reagents used in the indirect Coombs test and the dextran test a new factor Kf in the K bloodgroup system of pigs was found, controlled by alleles Kacf, Kacef and Kbf. A new allele Kae was also detected. The K system with 6 alleles, 11 phenotypes and 21 combinations of genotypes remains (from the genetic point of view) an open system.", "PMID": 517811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11877", "title": "The nature of the prealbumin 'esterases' of horse serum.", "content": "Evidence is presented to suggest that the acidic prealbumin esterases in horse serum represent a protease-inhibitory protein. The esterase activity may arise from residual enzymic activity of the bound protease.", "contents": "The nature of the prealbumin 'esterases' of horse serum. Evidence is presented to suggest that the acidic prealbumin esterases in horse serum represent a protease-inhibitory protein. The esterase activity may arise from residual enzymic activity of the bound protease.", "PMID": 517812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11878", "title": "Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase.", "content": "Leukotaxis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) appears to be a critical step in the generation of local inflammatory reactions. The present studies demonstrate a reversible, dose-dependent inhibition of PMN chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). This inhibition does not appear to depend upon the presence of lymphocytes or the release of chemokinetic humoral factors and phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of PMN's are unaffected by the doses of SK-SD employed.", "contents": "Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase. Leukotaxis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) appears to be a critical step in the generation of local inflammatory reactions. The present studies demonstrate a reversible, dose-dependent inhibition of PMN chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). This inhibition does not appear to depend upon the presence of lymphocytes or the release of chemokinetic humoral factors and phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of PMN's are unaffected by the doses of SK-SD employed.", "PMID": 517814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11879", "title": "Mechanism for the diluent response in asthma.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism underlying the airway response to diluent challenge, three adult asthmatic patients who were known to be reactive to inhaled diluent were studied. Airway response as measured by conventional pulmonary function testing was measured under the conditions of time, inhalation of room air, diluent and placebo. Two of the patients responded to time or to room air, suggesting that the response was not due to the phenol-buffered diluent. The third subject reacted primarily to the diluent and not to time, room air or normal saline. Two of the three patients were placebo responders.", "contents": "Mechanism for the diluent response in asthma. To investigate the mechanism underlying the airway response to diluent challenge, three adult asthmatic patients who were known to be reactive to inhaled diluent were studied. Airway response as measured by conventional pulmonary function testing was measured under the conditions of time, inhalation of room air, diluent and placebo. Two of the patients responded to time or to room air, suggesting that the response was not due to the phenol-buffered diluent. The third subject reacted primarily to the diluent and not to time, room air or normal saline. Two of the three patients were placebo responders.", "PMID": 517815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11880", "title": "Is there a negative correlation between malignancy and respiratory atopy?", "content": "A history of respiratory atopy (seasonal hay fever or asthma) was sought among 218 patients with malignancy of endodermal origin (lung, gut, bladder, prostate), 104 patients with mesodermal malignancy (hematological, sarcomas, genitourinary system), 70 patients with ectodermal malignancy (skin and breast) and 303 age and sex matched controls. There was a significantly lower frequency of respiratory allergy in patients with endodermal malignancy when compared with their matched controls (6.4% compared to 13.2%, p less than 0.005). There were no significant differences among any of the other groups. Patients with respiratory atopy appeared to have some degree of protection against developing malignancies of endodermal origin. This may relate to immunologic factors, an inherent difference in the endodermal cell layer in atopic individuals or as yet undertermined factors.", "contents": "Is there a negative correlation between malignancy and respiratory atopy? A history of respiratory atopy (seasonal hay fever or asthma) was sought among 218 patients with malignancy of endodermal origin (lung, gut, bladder, prostate), 104 patients with mesodermal malignancy (hematological, sarcomas, genitourinary system), 70 patients with ectodermal malignancy (skin and breast) and 303 age and sex matched controls. There was a significantly lower frequency of respiratory allergy in patients with endodermal malignancy when compared with their matched controls (6.4% compared to 13.2%, p less than 0.005). There were no significant differences among any of the other groups. Patients with respiratory atopy appeared to have some degree of protection against developing malignancies of endodermal origin. This may relate to immunologic factors, an inherent difference in the endodermal cell layer in atopic individuals or as yet undertermined factors.", "PMID": 517816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11881", "title": "Relationship between serum and brain concentrations of phenytoin in the dog.", "content": "The concentrations of phenytoin (DPH) in the CNS of adult dogs given the drug by IV injection, continuous IV infusion, or repeated daily oral administration and of newborn pups given DPH by IV injection were consistently proportional to serum concentrations of the drug at the time of blood sample collections. Adult dogs injected IV with [14C]DPH failed to show predilection of the drug for the 13 anatomic brain sections sampled. The pharmacokinetics of DPH were studied in adult and neonatal dogs given 15 mg of the drug/kg of body weight as a single IV injection. The mean half-life of the drug in adult dogs injected IV was 4.5 hours. The serum half-life of injected DPH was lowest in pups 30 days of age when compared with that in other age groups. The serum half-life of injected DPH was increased in adult dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia.", "contents": "Relationship between serum and brain concentrations of phenytoin in the dog. The concentrations of phenytoin (DPH) in the CNS of adult dogs given the drug by IV injection, continuous IV infusion, or repeated daily oral administration and of newborn pups given DPH by IV injection were consistently proportional to serum concentrations of the drug at the time of blood sample collections. Adult dogs injected IV with [14C]DPH failed to show predilection of the drug for the 13 anatomic brain sections sampled. The pharmacokinetics of DPH were studied in adult and neonatal dogs given 15 mg of the drug/kg of body weight as a single IV injection. The mean half-life of the drug in adult dogs injected IV was 4.5 hours. The serum half-life of injected DPH was lowest in pups 30 days of age when compared with that in other age groups. The serum half-life of injected DPH was increased in adult dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia.", "PMID": 517820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11882", "title": "Inhibition of erythropoiesis by plasma component(s) from sheep, goats, and rabbits.", "content": "Plasma from hypertransfused and normal sheep and experimentally induced anemic and normal goats was fractionated by ultrafiltration. Fractions obtained were assayed for erythropoiesis stimulatory factor (ESF) or erythropoiesis inhibitory factor (EIF) activity (or both) in the posthypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. The most potent sheep plasma-inhibitor fraction was found in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 50,000. The most potent EIF fraction from anemic goats passed into the ultrafiltrate, but the comparable EIF from normal goats remained in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 500. The yield of the most potent EIF fraction was higher from anemic goats than was the yield from normal goats. During thin-layer chromatography, EIF extracted from goat plasma fractions had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction IV-4 had an inhibitory factor, and a benzene extract of the fraction contained a component that had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction V contained a component that potentiated an erythropoietin-generating factor.", "contents": "Inhibition of erythropoiesis by plasma component(s) from sheep, goats, and rabbits. Plasma from hypertransfused and normal sheep and experimentally induced anemic and normal goats was fractionated by ultrafiltration. Fractions obtained were assayed for erythropoiesis stimulatory factor (ESF) or erythropoiesis inhibitory factor (EIF) activity (or both) in the posthypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. The most potent sheep plasma-inhibitor fraction was found in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 50,000. The most potent EIF fraction from anemic goats passed into the ultrafiltrate, but the comparable EIF from normal goats remained in the retentate on a membrane with a cutoff at mol wt 500. The yield of the most potent EIF fraction was higher from anemic goats than was the yield from normal goats. During thin-layer chromatography, EIF extracted from goat plasma fractions had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction IV-4 had an inhibitory factor, and a benzene extract of the fraction contained a component that had the same mobility as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cohn rabbit plasma fraction V contained a component that potentiated an erythropoietin-generating factor.", "PMID": 517822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11883", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cantharidin, using a derivatization method in specimens from animals acutely poisoned by ingestion of blister beetles, Epicauta lemniscata.", "content": "Experimental animals (rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, and pony) were given cantharidin or dried preparations of blister beetles (Epicauta lemniscata) to stimulate naturally occurring toxicosis in which beetles were ingested with alfalfa hay. A sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, involving derivatization of cantharidin with p-nitrobenzyloxyamine, was developed to detect the toxin extracts of ingesta, fluids, and tissues from these severely poisoned animals. Urine and ingesta from the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract, containing from 1 to 20 ppm of cantharidin, were the most satisfactory samples for diagnosing toxicosis. Beetle preparations also were assayed and found to contain widely varying amounts of cantharidin (0.89% to 5.40% of dry weight). Blood chemical analyses on sera and urine samples from the sheep and pony indicated renal dysfunction.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cantharidin, using a derivatization method in specimens from animals acutely poisoned by ingestion of blister beetles, Epicauta lemniscata. Experimental animals (rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, and pony) were given cantharidin or dried preparations of blister beetles (Epicauta lemniscata) to stimulate naturally occurring toxicosis in which beetles were ingested with alfalfa hay. A sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, involving derivatization of cantharidin with p-nitrobenzyloxyamine, was developed to detect the toxin extracts of ingesta, fluids, and tissues from these severely poisoned animals. Urine and ingesta from the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract, containing from 1 to 20 ppm of cantharidin, were the most satisfactory samples for diagnosing toxicosis. Beetle preparations also were assayed and found to contain widely varying amounts of cantharidin (0.89% to 5.40% of dry weight). Blood chemical analyses on sera and urine samples from the sheep and pony indicated renal dysfunction.", "PMID": 517823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11884", "title": "Experimentally induced respiratory syncytial viral infection in lambs.", "content": "Signs of clinical illness, lesions, and seroconversion were observed in lambs experimentally inoculated with a respiratory syncytial virus of bovine origin. Signs of clinical illness were mild and consisted of fever and hyperpnea. Multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia were seen in lambs necropsied during the period of clinical response. All lambs seroconverted to viral antigen, and the virus was isolated from two of the lambs.", "contents": "Experimentally induced respiratory syncytial viral infection in lambs. Signs of clinical illness, lesions, and seroconversion were observed in lambs experimentally inoculated with a respiratory syncytial virus of bovine origin. Signs of clinical illness were mild and consisted of fever and hyperpnea. Multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia were seen in lambs necropsied during the period of clinical response. All lambs seroconverted to viral antigen, and the virus was isolated from two of the lambs.", "PMID": 517825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11885", "title": "Biophysical and serologic comparison of four equine adenovirus isolates.", "content": "Four equine adenovirus isolates have been characterized with regard to their biophysical and serologic properties. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that purified virions have a typical adenovirus morphologic characteristic, with 50-nm-long fiber projections at each vertex of an 80-nm-diameter icosahedron. Extracted viral DNA was found to be a linear duplex of molecular weight 21 to 22 x 10(6). All four isolates were found to have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.346 +/- 0.002 g/ml. Hexon structural components prepared from each isolate were shown to carry the same relative net charge, as judged from anion exchange elution profiles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the four isolates were composed of which the electrophoretic migration pattern was distinct from that of a human adenovirus reference. Serologic data (serum-neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests) did not reveal any distinct antigenic diversity among the four isolates. On the basis of data obtained in this study, it is proposed that equine adenovirus isolates thus far available do, in fact, constitute a single serotype.", "contents": "Biophysical and serologic comparison of four equine adenovirus isolates. Four equine adenovirus isolates have been characterized with regard to their biophysical and serologic properties. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that purified virions have a typical adenovirus morphologic characteristic, with 50-nm-long fiber projections at each vertex of an 80-nm-diameter icosahedron. Extracted viral DNA was found to be a linear duplex of molecular weight 21 to 22 x 10(6). All four isolates were found to have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.346 +/- 0.002 g/ml. Hexon structural components prepared from each isolate were shown to carry the same relative net charge, as judged from anion exchange elution profiles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the four isolates were composed of which the electrophoretic migration pattern was distinct from that of a human adenovirus reference. Serologic data (serum-neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests) did not reveal any distinct antigenic diversity among the four isolates. On the basis of data obtained in this study, it is proposed that equine adenovirus isolates thus far available do, in fact, constitute a single serotype.", "PMID": 517826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11886", "title": "Anatomic location and age-related changes in the chinchilla thymus.", "content": "Thymuses of chinchillas varying from 2 weeks to 8 years of age were studied grossly and histologically and were determined to be entirely intrathoracic. Histologically, the amount of actual thymic tissue in the older chinchillas appeared to be less than that in the younger chinchillas. Lymphocyte concentration within medullary centers of the older chinchillas was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that of the younger animals. Lymphocytopoietic activity was evident in the oldest animals studied. Body weight and thymic mass (thymus plus adipose tissue) weight were greater (P less than 0.05) in the older chinchillas.", "contents": "Anatomic location and age-related changes in the chinchilla thymus. Thymuses of chinchillas varying from 2 weeks to 8 years of age were studied grossly and histologically and were determined to be entirely intrathoracic. Histologically, the amount of actual thymic tissue in the older chinchillas appeared to be less than that in the younger chinchillas. Lymphocyte concentration within medullary centers of the older chinchillas was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that of the younger animals. Lymphocytopoietic activity was evident in the oldest animals studied. Body weight and thymic mass (thymus plus adipose tissue) weight were greater (P less than 0.05) in the older chinchillas.", "PMID": 517827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11887", "title": "Use of fenbendazole suspension (10%) against experimental infections of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum in beagle pups.", "content": "Eleven nematode-free Beagle pups were inoculated with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis; infection became patent 13 and 35 days later, respectively. Eight pups were treated with fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 days. The remaining three animals were unmedicated controls. The drug was effective in reducing both ascarid and hookworm burdens, and there was marked improvement in the clinical condition of treated pups as compared with unmedicated control pups. Natural expulsion of worms in control animals was 53% for ascarids and 2% for hookworms. Drug-related toxicosis was not observed in any of the medicated animals. It was concluded that fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at the 50-mg/kg dosage is easily administered and is an effective drug for reducing nematode burdens in experimentally infected pups.", "contents": "Use of fenbendazole suspension (10%) against experimental infections of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum in beagle pups. Eleven nematode-free Beagle pups were inoculated with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis; infection became patent 13 and 35 days later, respectively. Eight pups were treated with fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 days. The remaining three animals were unmedicated controls. The drug was effective in reducing both ascarid and hookworm burdens, and there was marked improvement in the clinical condition of treated pups as compared with unmedicated control pups. Natural expulsion of worms in control animals was 53% for ascarids and 2% for hookworms. Drug-related toxicosis was not observed in any of the medicated animals. It was concluded that fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at the 50-mg/kg dosage is easily administered and is an effective drug for reducing nematode burdens in experimentally infected pups.", "PMID": 517828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11888", "title": "Structural considerations in tracheal disease.", "content": "Examinations were made of three sections of trachea obtained from eight dogs. The sections examined were at the regions of the second ring caudal to the larynx, the thoracic inlet, and the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk. Measurements were made of the lateral and ventrodorsal diameters, the lumen area of the trachea, the width and thickness of the tracheal cartilages, and the thickness of the trachealis muscle. Cell counts-per-square-micrometer of the cartilage and trachealis muscle were made. The results of these measurements were subjected to statistical analyses by means of one-way and two-way analyses of variance. The tracheal diameters, cartialge thickness, muscle thickness, and tracheal lumen area had significantly different measurements among the areas compared with both statistical methods. Ventrodorsal tracheal diameter and lumen area were not found to have significantly different measurements between the levels of the thoracic inlet and the brachiocephalic trunk. The cell counts did not have significantly different values among the areas considered when body weight was not a factor, but the values were significant when weight was a factor.", "contents": "Structural considerations in tracheal disease. Examinations were made of three sections of trachea obtained from eight dogs. The sections examined were at the regions of the second ring caudal to the larynx, the thoracic inlet, and the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk. Measurements were made of the lateral and ventrodorsal diameters, the lumen area of the trachea, the width and thickness of the tracheal cartilages, and the thickness of the trachealis muscle. Cell counts-per-square-micrometer of the cartilage and trachealis muscle were made. The results of these measurements were subjected to statistical analyses by means of one-way and two-way analyses of variance. The tracheal diameters, cartialge thickness, muscle thickness, and tracheal lumen area had significantly different measurements among the areas compared with both statistical methods. Ventrodorsal tracheal diameter and lumen area were not found to have significantly different measurements between the levels of the thoracic inlet and the brachiocephalic trunk. The cell counts did not have significantly different values among the areas considered when body weight was not a factor, but the values were significant when weight was a factor.", "PMID": 517829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11889", "title": "Influence of progestin upon hemodynamics in castrated male pygmy goats.", "content": "Effects of progestin administration for 5 to 6 weeks upon hemodynamics were studied in two separate experiments, using trained, adult castrated male Pygmy goats. Measurements of cardiac output, blood pressure, plasma volume, and oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood were made before, during, and after treatment. In experiment 1, four animals were used. Progesterone was implanted subcutaneously in silicone envelopes which released an average of 44 mg of progesterone/day/goat. A 20% decrease in cardiac output occurred by the 5th week of treatment. Blood pressure was maintained by an increased peripheral vascular resistance. The five animals in experiment 2 were given (IM) 6 mg of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone/kg of body weight/day. Cardiac output decreased 17% in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of hormone treatment. 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone caused a transient natriuresis followed by sodium retention. Urinary aldosterone excretion increased after 9 days of treatment, but returned to normal by the 15th day.", "contents": "Influence of progestin upon hemodynamics in castrated male pygmy goats. Effects of progestin administration for 5 to 6 weeks upon hemodynamics were studied in two separate experiments, using trained, adult castrated male Pygmy goats. Measurements of cardiac output, blood pressure, plasma volume, and oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood were made before, during, and after treatment. In experiment 1, four animals were used. Progesterone was implanted subcutaneously in silicone envelopes which released an average of 44 mg of progesterone/day/goat. A 20% decrease in cardiac output occurred by the 5th week of treatment. Blood pressure was maintained by an increased peripheral vascular resistance. The five animals in experiment 2 were given (IM) 6 mg of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone/kg of body weight/day. Cardiac output decreased 17% in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of hormone treatment. 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone caused a transient natriuresis followed by sodium retention. Urinary aldosterone excretion increased after 9 days of treatment, but returned to normal by the 15th day.", "PMID": 517830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11890", "title": "Use of the double-isotope single-injection method for estimating renal function in normal cross-bred swine.", "content": "The double-isotope single-injection method to estimate renal function which utilizes the radiolabeled chemicals [131I]sodium iodohippurate and [125I]sodium iothalamate was evaluated in swine. A total of 46 normal, cross-bred swine were used to determine the applicability of this method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. The mean glomerular filtration rate in pigs was determined to be 5.33 +/- 0.82 ml/kg of body weight/minute for [125I]sodium iothalamate with a biological half-life (T 1/2) of 39.18 +/- 7.44 minutes. The mean effective renal plasma flow was determined to be 19.25 +/- 3.12 ml/kg of body weight/minute for [313I]sodium iodohippurate, with a T 1/2 of 18.45 +/- 1.74 minutes. These values are more closely related to the glomerular filtration and effective renal plasma flow values reported for dogs and cats than they are to values reported for man. The method is rapid and reliable; results are available 6 to 8 hours after the experiment. This method is advantageous when information about renal function variables is a prerequisite to pharmacokinetic or toxicologic studies.", "contents": "Use of the double-isotope single-injection method for estimating renal function in normal cross-bred swine. The double-isotope single-injection method to estimate renal function which utilizes the radiolabeled chemicals [131I]sodium iodohippurate and [125I]sodium iothalamate was evaluated in swine. A total of 46 normal, cross-bred swine were used to determine the applicability of this method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. The mean glomerular filtration rate in pigs was determined to be 5.33 +/- 0.82 ml/kg of body weight/minute for [125I]sodium iothalamate with a biological half-life (T 1/2) of 39.18 +/- 7.44 minutes. The mean effective renal plasma flow was determined to be 19.25 +/- 3.12 ml/kg of body weight/minute for [313I]sodium iodohippurate, with a T 1/2 of 18.45 +/- 1.74 minutes. These values are more closely related to the glomerular filtration and effective renal plasma flow values reported for dogs and cats than they are to values reported for man. The method is rapid and reliable; results are available 6 to 8 hours after the experiment. This method is advantageous when information about renal function variables is a prerequisite to pharmacokinetic or toxicologic studies.", "PMID": 517831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11891", "title": "Pathophysiologic studies of calves given 3-methylindole intraruminally.", "content": "Intraruminal administration of 0.25 g of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole/kg of body weight) to seven young calves generally caused mild respiratory signs and lesions, accompanied by only slight changes in cardiopulmonary function. Moderate depression, trembling, and irregular respiratory rate were observed between postadministration hours (PAH) 6 and 12. By PAH 24 at this dosage, abnormal clinical signs were not present. Statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) changes observed in blood gas data from the seven calves were a decrease in aortic oxygen tension at PAH 12, increases in free-flowing venous oxygen tension in the intervals between PAH 6 and 12 and between PAH 6 and 24, and an increase in occluded venous oxygen tension at PAH 24. All calves had increases (although generally not statistically significant) in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, and stroke index after 3MI administration. Mean aortic and pulmonary arterial pressure changes were generally small and variable. At necropsy, the lungs of the calves did not collapse when the thorax was opened. Patchy areas of consolidation (0.5 cm in diameter) were scattered throughout the parenchyma. Pulmonary edema or emphysema was not observed grossly. Microscopically, the alveolar septae were irregularly thickened because of edema, infiltration by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and vascular congestion. Interstitial lesions were patchy in distribution and severity and corresponded to the areas of consolidation observed grossly. Alveolar epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia were present, and an occasional focus of alevoli contained fluid of edema. Degeneration of individual hepatocytes was observed in scattered areas of the liver, especially in the periportal areas. It was concluded that differences in 3MI dosage response may exist between young calves and adult cattle in which calves are more resistant to the pulmonary cytotoxicity of 3MI.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic studies of calves given 3-methylindole intraruminally. Intraruminal administration of 0.25 g of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole/kg of body weight) to seven young calves generally caused mild respiratory signs and lesions, accompanied by only slight changes in cardiopulmonary function. Moderate depression, trembling, and irregular respiratory rate were observed between postadministration hours (PAH) 6 and 12. By PAH 24 at this dosage, abnormal clinical signs were not present. Statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) changes observed in blood gas data from the seven calves were a decrease in aortic oxygen tension at PAH 12, increases in free-flowing venous oxygen tension in the intervals between PAH 6 and 12 and between PAH 6 and 24, and an increase in occluded venous oxygen tension at PAH 24. All calves had increases (although generally not statistically significant) in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, and stroke index after 3MI administration. Mean aortic and pulmonary arterial pressure changes were generally small and variable. At necropsy, the lungs of the calves did not collapse when the thorax was opened. Patchy areas of consolidation (0.5 cm in diameter) were scattered throughout the parenchyma. Pulmonary edema or emphysema was not observed grossly. Microscopically, the alveolar septae were irregularly thickened because of edema, infiltration by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and vascular congestion. Interstitial lesions were patchy in distribution and severity and corresponded to the areas of consolidation observed grossly. Alveolar epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia were present, and an occasional focus of alevoli contained fluid of edema. Degeneration of individual hepatocytes was observed in scattered areas of the liver, especially in the periportal areas. It was concluded that differences in 3MI dosage response may exist between young calves and adult cattle in which calves are more resistant to the pulmonary cytotoxicity of 3MI.", "PMID": 517832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11892", "title": "Neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 in healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory tract disease.", "content": "A serosurvey of healthy cattle for the presence of serum-neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 (BAV-3) established the widespread prevalence of this agent in Iowa cattle. Of the animals studied, 19.1% (involving 157 calves that represented 40 outbreaks (herds) of respiratory tract disease) seroconverted to BAV-3. This pathogen was implicated serologically as being involved in the cause of respiratory tract disease in six herds. Bovine adenovirus serotype 3 was isolated from cattle in two of these herds. Based on seroconversion and lack of isolation of other viral agents, it appeared that BAV-3 could have been the sole virus involved in the respiratory tract disease in one of these two herds. In another herd, seroconversion was observed only to BAV-3, but other viral agents as well as BAV-3 were isolated. The remaining four herds presented a problem because the cattle seroconverted to more than one agent and additional viral agents were isolated from some animals. Whether the disease manifestations observed in these six herds were due solely or in part to BAV-3 can only be speculated. Cattle are capable of undergoing a natural infection, as indicated by seroconversion, in the absence of overt clinical signs of illness. It appears that maternal (passive) antibody decreases to a point at which infection by this virus becomes possible and an active immune response occurs.", "contents": "Neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 in healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory tract disease. A serosurvey of healthy cattle for the presence of serum-neutralizing antibody to bovine adenovirus serotype 3 (BAV-3) established the widespread prevalence of this agent in Iowa cattle. Of the animals studied, 19.1% (involving 157 calves that represented 40 outbreaks (herds) of respiratory tract disease) seroconverted to BAV-3. This pathogen was implicated serologically as being involved in the cause of respiratory tract disease in six herds. Bovine adenovirus serotype 3 was isolated from cattle in two of these herds. Based on seroconversion and lack of isolation of other viral agents, it appeared that BAV-3 could have been the sole virus involved in the respiratory tract disease in one of these two herds. In another herd, seroconversion was observed only to BAV-3, but other viral agents as well as BAV-3 were isolated. The remaining four herds presented a problem because the cattle seroconverted to more than one agent and additional viral agents were isolated from some animals. Whether the disease manifestations observed in these six herds were due solely or in part to BAV-3 can only be speculated. Cattle are capable of undergoing a natural infection, as indicated by seroconversion, in the absence of overt clinical signs of illness. It appears that maternal (passive) antibody decreases to a point at which infection by this virus becomes possible and an active immune response occurs.", "PMID": 517833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11893", "title": "Luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in pony mares.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) was quantified in pony mares during artificially induced sexual maturation. Ovarian follicular development was also assessed by rectal palpation of the ovaries. With the exception of large periovulatory LH concentrations in two mares that ovulated, LH concentrations were not significantly different in mares undergoing sexual maturation and thus having marked follicular development when compared with mares that were not undergoing sexual maturation and thus did not have marked follicular development. These results indicate a dissociation in time between the onset of follicular development and the increase in LH which is associated with the first ovulation of the year.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in pony mares. Luteinizing hormone (LH) was quantified in pony mares during artificially induced sexual maturation. Ovarian follicular development was also assessed by rectal palpation of the ovaries. With the exception of large periovulatory LH concentrations in two mares that ovulated, LH concentrations were not significantly different in mares undergoing sexual maturation and thus having marked follicular development when compared with mares that were not undergoing sexual maturation and thus did not have marked follicular development. These results indicate a dissociation in time between the onset of follicular development and the increase in LH which is associated with the first ovulation of the year.", "PMID": 517834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11894", "title": "Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume in the horse.", "content": "Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume was determined in 24 normal adult horses and 4 ponies. The method employed yielded highly reproducible results on multiple determinations in individual horses. A highly significant (P less than .001) correlation between thiocyanate space and body weight was demonstrated.", "contents": "Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume in the horse. Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume was determined in 24 normal adult horses and 4 ponies. The method employed yielded highly reproducible results on multiple determinations in individual horses. A highly significant (P less than .001) correlation between thiocyanate space and body weight was demonstrated.", "PMID": 517835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11895", "title": "Benzimidazole resistance of equine stronygles--critical tests of six compounds against population B.", "content": "Critical tests were conducted on eight horses naturally infected with several species of large and small strongyles from population B. Tested were six benzimidazoles, including thiabendazole (2 lots) (44 mg/kg of body weight); mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg); cambendazole (two formulations) (20 mg/kg); fenbendazole (10 mg/kg); oxibendazole (10 mg/kg); and oxfendazole (10 mg/kg). All compounds were administered by stomach tube except one of the two cambendazole formulations which was an intraoral paste. Removal of large strongyles (when present), Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus, was 100% by each drug. In general, five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) exhibited varying degrees of resistance (% removal) to all of the drugs except oxibendazole. A total of 19 other species of small strongyles from seven genera, including the three described earlier were about 100% removed by the six benzimidazoles. Poor removal of immature (fourth-stage larvae) forms was also characteristic of the six drugs.", "contents": "Benzimidazole resistance of equine stronygles--critical tests of six compounds against population B. Critical tests were conducted on eight horses naturally infected with several species of large and small strongyles from population B. Tested were six benzimidazoles, including thiabendazole (2 lots) (44 mg/kg of body weight); mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg); cambendazole (two formulations) (20 mg/kg); fenbendazole (10 mg/kg); oxibendazole (10 mg/kg); and oxfendazole (10 mg/kg). All compounds were administered by stomach tube except one of the two cambendazole formulations which was an intraoral paste. Removal of large strongyles (when present), Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus, was 100% by each drug. In general, five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) exhibited varying degrees of resistance (% removal) to all of the drugs except oxibendazole. A total of 19 other species of small strongyles from seven genera, including the three described earlier were about 100% removed by the six benzimidazoles. Poor removal of immature (fourth-stage larvae) forms was also characteristic of the six drugs.", "PMID": 517836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11896", "title": "Influence of vagal tone on rheology and transportability of canine tracheal mucus.", "content": "The influence of vagal tone on the rheology of tracheal mucus was studied in 6 conscious, tracheostomized dogs. Mucus was sampled via the tracheostomy with a cytology brush before and after administration of atropine. After vagal blockade, a clear decrease in the mucus collection rate was seen. The viscoelastic properties of the mucus were not altered by atropine when control elasticity was high, but when control elasticity was low, administration of atropine led to increased elasticity. In neither case was there a significant change in transportability of the mucus samples. The increase in elasticity from a small initial value was consistent with the blocking of moderate vagal activity, because administration of methacholine in the same group of dogs had been shown to cause a decrease in mucus elasticity.", "contents": "Influence of vagal tone on rheology and transportability of canine tracheal mucus. The influence of vagal tone on the rheology of tracheal mucus was studied in 6 conscious, tracheostomized dogs. Mucus was sampled via the tracheostomy with a cytology brush before and after administration of atropine. After vagal blockade, a clear decrease in the mucus collection rate was seen. The viscoelastic properties of the mucus were not altered by atropine when control elasticity was high, but when control elasticity was low, administration of atropine led to increased elasticity. In neither case was there a significant change in transportability of the mucus samples. The increase in elasticity from a small initial value was consistent with the blocking of moderate vagal activity, because administration of methacholine in the same group of dogs had been shown to cause a decrease in mucus elasticity.", "PMID": 517853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11897", "title": "The effect of increased ventilation on resistive load discrimination.", "content": "The ability of normal subjects to detect the addition of external resistive loads was determined both at rest and when ventilation was increased to more than 30 L/min by CO2 administration or exercise. Tidal volume, flow, and mouth and transpulmonary pressures were recorded during resistive load discrimination using standard psychophysical techniques. The mean resistance detection threshold was 0.40 +/- 0.06 cm H2O/L/s at rest, 0.36 cm H2O/L/s during administration of CO2, and 0.44 cm H2O/L/s with exercise. The Weber fraction was 0.28 +/- 0.04 at rest, 0.29 +/- 0.08 with CO2, and 0.34 +/- 0.04 with exercise. The lack of change in the ability to detect resistive loads when ventilation was increased was surprising because changes in both pressure and flow were tripled. The findings were supportive of the hypothesis that resistance or something like it is perceived, rather than change in flow or pressure.", "contents": "The effect of increased ventilation on resistive load discrimination. The ability of normal subjects to detect the addition of external resistive loads was determined both at rest and when ventilation was increased to more than 30 L/min by CO2 administration or exercise. Tidal volume, flow, and mouth and transpulmonary pressures were recorded during resistive load discrimination using standard psychophysical techniques. The mean resistance detection threshold was 0.40 +/- 0.06 cm H2O/L/s at rest, 0.36 cm H2O/L/s during administration of CO2, and 0.44 cm H2O/L/s with exercise. The Weber fraction was 0.28 +/- 0.04 at rest, 0.29 +/- 0.08 with CO2, and 0.34 +/- 0.04 with exercise. The lack of change in the ability to detect resistive loads when ventilation was increased was surprising because changes in both pressure and flow were tripled. The findings were supportive of the hypothesis that resistance or something like it is perceived, rather than change in flow or pressure.", "PMID": 517855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11898", "title": "Forced expiratory spirometric parameters derived by feature-extraction techniques.", "content": "Spirometric data from 200 patients seen in the pulmonary function laboratory were analyzed retrospectively. Using standard criteria, the spirometric patterns of the subjects were classified as indeterminate, normal, restrictive, or obstructive; obstruction was further classified as mild, moderate, severe, or very severe. A formal feature-extraction technique was used to define 2 new parameters. These were linear combinations of the 5 standard spirometric parameters and explained 94% of the variation in the original parameters. The derived parameters provided better separation of the various classes than the combination of the normalized forced vital capacity and the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to the forced vital capacity.", "contents": "Forced expiratory spirometric parameters derived by feature-extraction techniques. Spirometric data from 200 patients seen in the pulmonary function laboratory were analyzed retrospectively. Using standard criteria, the spirometric patterns of the subjects were classified as indeterminate, normal, restrictive, or obstructive; obstruction was further classified as mild, moderate, severe, or very severe. A formal feature-extraction technique was used to define 2 new parameters. These were linear combinations of the 5 standard spirometric parameters and explained 94% of the variation in the original parameters. The derived parameters provided better separation of the various classes than the combination of the normalized forced vital capacity and the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to the forced vital capacity.", "PMID": 517856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11899", "title": "Characterization of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by human alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is believed to be an important host defense mechanism. Although this reaction has been shown to be mediated by various Fc receptor-bearing effector cells, the ability of a mature macrophage population to mediate this reaction has not been previously demonstrated. In this study, alveolar macrophages obtained from normal subjects by subsegmental lung lavage were used to determine whether this mature macrophage population had the ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell killing. The results of this study demonstrated that alveolar macrophages clearly mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against antibody-coated erythrocyte targets and that the kinetics of the reaction are characteristic of an enzyme-substrate interaction. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that alveolar macrophages are more efficient at mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity than is their precursor cell, the peripheral blood monocyte.", "contents": "Characterization of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by human alveolar macrophages. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is believed to be an important host defense mechanism. Although this reaction has been shown to be mediated by various Fc receptor-bearing effector cells, the ability of a mature macrophage population to mediate this reaction has not been previously demonstrated. In this study, alveolar macrophages obtained from normal subjects by subsegmental lung lavage were used to determine whether this mature macrophage population had the ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell killing. The results of this study demonstrated that alveolar macrophages clearly mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against antibody-coated erythrocyte targets and that the kinetics of the reaction are characteristic of an enzyme-substrate interaction. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that alveolar macrophages are more efficient at mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity than is their precursor cell, the peripheral blood monocyte.", "PMID": 517858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11900", "title": "HLA-Bw15 and tuberculosis in a North American black population.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 black patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease proved by culture and 100 healthy black persons were HLA phenotyped using a standard lymphocytotoxicity test. Statistical analysis of the results showed that only Bw15 antigen had a significantly increased frequency among patients with tuberculosis when they were compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, examination of disease manifestations among patients with tuberculosis demonstrated that patients with Bw15 had significantly more far-advanced pulmonary disease with cavitation than did patients without Bw15. These observations suggest that Bw15 may influence both susceptibility to tuberculosis and the course of the disease.", "contents": "HLA-Bw15 and tuberculosis in a North American black population. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 black patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease proved by culture and 100 healthy black persons were HLA phenotyped using a standard lymphocytotoxicity test. Statistical analysis of the results showed that only Bw15 antigen had a significantly increased frequency among patients with tuberculosis when they were compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, examination of disease manifestations among patients with tuberculosis demonstrated that patients with Bw15 had significantly more far-advanced pulmonary disease with cavitation than did patients without Bw15. These observations suggest that Bw15 may influence both susceptibility to tuberculosis and the course of the disease.", "PMID": 517859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11901", "title": "Murine influenzal tracheitis: a model for the study of influenza and tracheal epithelial repair.", "content": "The murine model of influenza virus infection is generally a lethal pneumonitis produced by a highly mouse-adapted virus. However, we infected mice with a less adapted virus and produced a nonlethal disease that involved the airways without producing gross pneumonitis. Changes that occurred in the tracheal epithelium were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Complete desquamation of the epithelium occurred within 3 days after infection, regeneration began within 5 days, and repair was complete within 2 wk after infection. This model is proposed as an alternative to the lethal pneumonitis for the study of murine influenza and also as a model for the study of repair of the respiratory ciliated epithelium.", "contents": "Murine influenzal tracheitis: a model for the study of influenza and tracheal epithelial repair. The murine model of influenza virus infection is generally a lethal pneumonitis produced by a highly mouse-adapted virus. However, we infected mice with a less adapted virus and produced a nonlethal disease that involved the airways without producing gross pneumonitis. Changes that occurred in the tracheal epithelium were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Complete desquamation of the epithelium occurred within 3 days after infection, regeneration began within 5 days, and repair was complete within 2 wk after infection. This model is proposed as an alternative to the lethal pneumonitis for the study of murine influenza and also as a model for the study of repair of the respiratory ciliated epithelium.", "PMID": 517860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11902", "title": "Incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1950 to 1974.", "content": "Between 1950 and 1974, 318 cases of initial pneumothorax were diagnosed among the residents of Olmsted County, Minn. Seventy-five cases were due to trauma, and 102 were iatrogenic. One hundred forty-one cases were spontaneous in onset, of which 77 were primary and 64 secondary to a specific underlying pulmonary disease. The age-adjusted incidence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax was 7.4/100,000/yr for males and 1.2/100,000/yr for females. For secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, the incidence was 6.3 and 2.0/100,000/yr for males and females, respectively. The ratio of male-to-female incidence was 6.2:1 for primary and 3.2:1 for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. The differences between the incidence rates for primary and secondary pneumothorax by sex or in total were not significantly different.", "contents": "Incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1950 to 1974. Between 1950 and 1974, 318 cases of initial pneumothorax were diagnosed among the residents of Olmsted County, Minn. Seventy-five cases were due to trauma, and 102 were iatrogenic. One hundred forty-one cases were spontaneous in onset, of which 77 were primary and 64 secondary to a specific underlying pulmonary disease. The age-adjusted incidence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax was 7.4/100,000/yr for males and 1.2/100,000/yr for females. For secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, the incidence was 6.3 and 2.0/100,000/yr for males and females, respectively. The ratio of male-to-female incidence was 6.2:1 for primary and 3.2:1 for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. The differences between the incidence rates for primary and secondary pneumothorax by sex or in total were not significantly different.", "PMID": 517861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11903", "title": "Postulated sources of Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection: isolation of mycobacteria from estuaries and ocean waters.", "content": "Mycobacteria biochemically and serologically similar to those isolated from humans have been found in estuaries and ocean waters in the south-eastern United States. This is consistent with the hypothesis that aerosols from these waters are one potential source of infection with these mycobacteria.", "contents": "Postulated sources of Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection: isolation of mycobacteria from estuaries and ocean waters. Mycobacteria biochemically and serologically similar to those isolated from humans have been found in estuaries and ocean waters in the south-eastern United States. This is consistent with the hypothesis that aerosols from these waters are one potential source of infection with these mycobacteria.", "PMID": 517862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11904", "title": "Primary tumors of the heart: a rewarding challenge.", "content": "During a 10-year period 21 patients were treated for tumors of the heart, including 19 myxomas, one fibroma, and one sarcoma. The latter two cases are presented separately, and the 19 myxomas are analyzed together. An unusual association of left-sided myxoma with mitral valve abnormalities was found. In the surgical group (18 patients) there were no deaths and one case of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with residual sequelae during a mean follow-up of 55 months. The results show the good prognosis of patients operated upon for myxomas of the heart and that there is no need for routine full-thickness excision of the septum in its treatment.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the heart: a rewarding challenge. During a 10-year period 21 patients were treated for tumors of the heart, including 19 myxomas, one fibroma, and one sarcoma. The latter two cases are presented separately, and the 19 myxomas are analyzed together. An unusual association of left-sided myxoma with mitral valve abnormalities was found. In the surgical group (18 patients) there were no deaths and one case of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with residual sequelae during a mean follow-up of 55 months. The results show the good prognosis of patients operated upon for myxomas of the heart and that there is no need for routine full-thickness excision of the septum in its treatment.", "PMID": 517866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11905", "title": "Aortic valve replacement and the senior citizen.", "content": "The elderly patient, regardless of age, faces an early demise from progressive cardiac decompensation secondary to aortic valve disease. Aortic valve replacement can be carried out at a reasonable operative risk and extend the longevity to very close to that of normal life expectancy. It is our feeling, based on these results, that patients with significant symptoms secondary to aortic valvular disease, regardless of age and without other major organ problems, should be given the choice of aortic valve replacement to enhance the quality and quantity of their lives.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement and the senior citizen. The elderly patient, regardless of age, faces an early demise from progressive cardiac decompensation secondary to aortic valve disease. Aortic valve replacement can be carried out at a reasonable operative risk and extend the longevity to very close to that of normal life expectancy. It is our feeling, based on these results, that patients with significant symptoms secondary to aortic valvular disease, regardless of age and without other major organ problems, should be given the choice of aortic valve replacement to enhance the quality and quantity of their lives.", "PMID": 517867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11906", "title": "Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology.", "content": "Ultrasonography was performed on 37 patients with proven cancer of the pancreas. Three patients had lesions too small to be detectable, but, in the remainder, abnormalities were found in 30 (88%). Subsequently, percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology was obtained in 12 patients with suspected pancreatic cancer, in whom ultrasound confirmed the presence of a mass. There were two false negative results and no false positive diagnosis. For seven patients laparotomy was avoided. Ultrasonography should be the first investigation in patients with suspected cancer of the pancreas, and, if a mass is detected, it should be aspirated percutaneously using a fine needle.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology. Ultrasonography was performed on 37 patients with proven cancer of the pancreas. Three patients had lesions too small to be detectable, but, in the remainder, abnormalities were found in 30 (88%). Subsequently, percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology was obtained in 12 patients with suspected pancreatic cancer, in whom ultrasound confirmed the presence of a mass. There were two false negative results and no false positive diagnosis. For seven patients laparotomy was avoided. Ultrasonography should be the first investigation in patients with suspected cancer of the pancreas, and, if a mass is detected, it should be aspirated percutaneously using a fine needle.", "PMID": 517870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11907", "title": "The results of surgical treatment of bowel obstruction caused by peritoneal carcinomatosis.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with malignant bowel obstruction have been evaluated with particular regard to survival, success of decompression and incidence of reobstruction. In patients with intestinal obstruction caused by peritoneal carcinomatosis the following have been determined: 1) surgery is not urgent, 2) surgical decompression usually is possible, 3) surgical decompression may facilitate additional adjuvant therapy, and 4) death is usually not caused by reobstruction after surgical decompression.", "contents": "The results of surgical treatment of bowel obstruction caused by peritoneal carcinomatosis. Thirty-four patients with malignant bowel obstruction have been evaluated with particular regard to survival, success of decompression and incidence of reobstruction. In patients with intestinal obstruction caused by peritoneal carcinomatosis the following have been determined: 1) surgery is not urgent, 2) surgical decompression usually is possible, 3) surgical decompression may facilitate additional adjuvant therapy, and 4) death is usually not caused by reobstruction after surgical decompression.", "PMID": 517871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11908", "title": "Surgical problems in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis ranges from asymptomatic lymphadenopathy to debilitating cavitary lung disease and involves surgeons in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In 89 patients two died of pulmonary insufficiency from Stage III sarcoidosis. Sixty-two patients underwent 74 diagnostic surgical procedures, with mediastinoscopy most frequently used, yielding 100 per cent diagnostic accuracy. Biopsies of other obviously diseased sites, including lung, liver and skin were effectively used. Surgical treatment of sarcoidosis involved both general and thoracic procedures in seven patients. The severity of pulmonary problems in Stage III sarcoidosis is emphasized in two patients with Aspergillus infections, hemoptysis and Aspergillus empyema with bronchopleural fistula. Sarcoidosis becomes a significant surgical problem in both diagnosis and the treatment of its complications.", "contents": "Surgical problems in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis ranges from asymptomatic lymphadenopathy to debilitating cavitary lung disease and involves surgeons in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In 89 patients two died of pulmonary insufficiency from Stage III sarcoidosis. Sixty-two patients underwent 74 diagnostic surgical procedures, with mediastinoscopy most frequently used, yielding 100 per cent diagnostic accuracy. Biopsies of other obviously diseased sites, including lung, liver and skin were effectively used. Surgical treatment of sarcoidosis involved both general and thoracic procedures in seven patients. The severity of pulmonary problems in Stage III sarcoidosis is emphasized in two patients with Aspergillus infections, hemoptysis and Aspergillus empyema with bronchopleural fistula. Sarcoidosis becomes a significant surgical problem in both diagnosis and the treatment of its complications.", "PMID": 517873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11909", "title": "Colitis cystica profunda.", "content": "Colitis cystica profunda, although rare in occurrence, deserves recognition as a distinct pathologic entity. Several types of clinical presentation have been recognized, the most common being a solitary lesion in the rectum. The cause is generally ascribed to the reparative process associated with chronic mucosal inflammation. Differentiation of this entity from mucus-producing adenocarcinoma should be possible with an adequate biopsy. Conservative excision is appropriate therapy, depending on the clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Colitis cystica profunda. Colitis cystica profunda, although rare in occurrence, deserves recognition as a distinct pathologic entity. Several types of clinical presentation have been recognized, the most common being a solitary lesion in the rectum. The cause is generally ascribed to the reparative process associated with chronic mucosal inflammation. Differentiation of this entity from mucus-producing adenocarcinoma should be possible with an adequate biopsy. Conservative excision is appropriate therapy, depending on the clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 517874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11910", "title": "PTFE graft arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access.", "content": "The use of expanded PTFE graft arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access is becoming increasingly popular. Its low infection rate, low thrombogenicity, low body reactivity, and longevity make it an ideal vascular substitute. From May 1976 to June 2, 1978 we have placed 102 grafts in 89 patients, many of whom represent management problems of other access means. Major complications are pseudointimal proliferation at the venous anastomosis, pseudoaneurysm formation, and thrombosis, usually associated with low blood volume. These problems are, however, readily rectifiable. Other types of grafts, according to the literature, have not been successful for hemodialysis access.", "contents": "PTFE graft arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access. The use of expanded PTFE graft arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access is becoming increasingly popular. Its low infection rate, low thrombogenicity, low body reactivity, and longevity make it an ideal vascular substitute. From May 1976 to June 2, 1978 we have placed 102 grafts in 89 patients, many of whom represent management problems of other access means. Major complications are pseudointimal proliferation at the venous anastomosis, pseudoaneurysm formation, and thrombosis, usually associated with low blood volume. These problems are, however, readily rectifiable. Other types of grafts, according to the literature, have not been successful for hemodialysis access.", "PMID": 517875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11911", "title": "Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immune globulin. Reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study of needle-stick hepatitis. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group.", "content": "The mechanism of action of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin was sought in a reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study on needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood. Sera from 296 exposed persons were tested for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by radioimmunoassay. Type B hepatitis developed in three HBIG (2%) and in 12 ISG (8%) recipients. In contrast, subclinical infection (development of HBsAg or anti-HBs and anti-HBc without symptoms or jaundice) developed in 16 HBIG (10%) but only six immune serum globulin (4%) recipients. Thus, infection occurred equally in both groups but was more likely to be subclinical in HBIG recipients, indicating that HBIG permitted development of passive-active immunity to type B hepatitis. An additional 53 immune serum globulin recipients (36%) but only one HBIG recipient developed anti-HBs alone, without hepatitis, HBsAg, or anti-HBc. This response was more compatible with immunization by HBsAg than with infection. Ultracentrifugation analysis revealed occult HBsAg in the immune serum globulin but not the HBIG, indicating that some immune serum globulin preparations contain HBsAg and can induce active immunity to type B hepatitis.", "contents": "Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immune globulin. Reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study of needle-stick hepatitis. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group. The mechanism of action of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin was sought in a reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study on needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood. Sera from 296 exposed persons were tested for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by radioimmunoassay. Type B hepatitis developed in three HBIG (2%) and in 12 ISG (8%) recipients. In contrast, subclinical infection (development of HBsAg or anti-HBs and anti-HBc without symptoms or jaundice) developed in 16 HBIG (10%) but only six immune serum globulin (4%) recipients. Thus, infection occurred equally in both groups but was more likely to be subclinical in HBIG recipients, indicating that HBIG permitted development of passive-active immunity to type B hepatitis. An additional 53 immune serum globulin recipients (36%) but only one HBIG recipient developed anti-HBs alone, without hepatitis, HBsAg, or anti-HBc. This response was more compatible with immunization by HBsAg than with infection. Ultracentrifugation analysis revealed occult HBsAg in the immune serum globulin but not the HBIG, indicating that some immune serum globulin preparations contain HBsAg and can induce active immunity to type B hepatitis.", "PMID": 517881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11912", "title": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic for patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine and a placebo.", "content": "The antiemetic activity and side-effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were evaluated in 116 patients (median age 61 years) receiving combined 5-fluorouracil and semustine (methyl CCNU) therapy for gastrointestinal carcinoma. In a double-blind study, patients were randomized to receive THC, 15 mg orally three times a day, prochlorperazine, 10 mg orally three times a day, or placebo. The THC had superior antiemetic activity in comparison to placebo, but it showed no advantage over prochlorperazine. Central nervous system side-effects, however, were significantly more frequent and more severe with THC. With the dosage and schedule we used, and in our patient population of largely elderly adults, THC therapy resulted in an overall more unpleasant treatment experience than that noted with prochlorperazine or placebo. Although THC may have a role in preventing nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, this role must be more clearly defined before THC can be recommended for general use.", "contents": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic for patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine and a placebo. The antiemetic activity and side-effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were evaluated in 116 patients (median age 61 years) receiving combined 5-fluorouracil and semustine (methyl CCNU) therapy for gastrointestinal carcinoma. In a double-blind study, patients were randomized to receive THC, 15 mg orally three times a day, prochlorperazine, 10 mg orally three times a day, or placebo. The THC had superior antiemetic activity in comparison to placebo, but it showed no advantage over prochlorperazine. Central nervous system side-effects, however, were significantly more frequent and more severe with THC. With the dosage and schedule we used, and in our patient population of largely elderly adults, THC therapy resulted in an overall more unpleasant treatment experience than that noted with prochlorperazine or placebo. Although THC may have a role in preventing nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, this role must be more clearly defined before THC can be recommended for general use.", "PMID": 517882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11913", "title": "Complete remissions in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination drug therapy.", "content": "One hundred sixteen patients with metastatic breast cancer who achieved complete remission with combination chemotherapy were analyzed to ascertain the factors that affect the duration of complete remission and the patterns of relapse. The median duration of complete remission was 17 months. Disease recurred in 81 patients (70%) at periods ranging from 3 to 44 months after achievement of complete remission. The duration of complete remission was inversely related to the bulk of metastatic tumor. Twenty-three patients treated with combined oophorectomy and chemotherapy experienced the longest remissions (median duration of 33 months); only eight (35%) of them have relapsed. Seventy-six percent of the relapses occurred in previously known sites of tumor involvement; most of the remainder involved the brain. The short duration of complete remissions and tendency to relapse in sites of initial involvement suggest that patients with metastatic breast cancer who achieved complete remission with combination chemotherapy still had substantial residual tumor. Consolidation treatments, using hormonal therapy and non-cross-resistant chemotherapy along with irradiation to initial sites of metastases, whould be investigated to ascertain their usefulness in prolonging the remissions.", "contents": "Complete remissions in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination drug therapy. One hundred sixteen patients with metastatic breast cancer who achieved complete remission with combination chemotherapy were analyzed to ascertain the factors that affect the duration of complete remission and the patterns of relapse. The median duration of complete remission was 17 months. Disease recurred in 81 patients (70%) at periods ranging from 3 to 44 months after achievement of complete remission. The duration of complete remission was inversely related to the bulk of metastatic tumor. Twenty-three patients treated with combined oophorectomy and chemotherapy experienced the longest remissions (median duration of 33 months); only eight (35%) of them have relapsed. Seventy-six percent of the relapses occurred in previously known sites of tumor involvement; most of the remainder involved the brain. The short duration of complete remissions and tendency to relapse in sites of initial involvement suggest that patients with metastatic breast cancer who achieved complete remission with combination chemotherapy still had substantial residual tumor. Consolidation treatments, using hormonal therapy and non-cross-resistant chemotherapy along with irradiation to initial sites of metastases, whould be investigated to ascertain their usefulness in prolonging the remissions.", "PMID": 517883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11914", "title": "Potassium iodide sensitivity in four patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis.", "content": "During metabolism studies of radiolabeled proteins in 126 participants four patients were suspected of being sensitive to potassium iodide (Kl) because they repeatedly developed urticaria and other symptoms after Kl administration. Two of the four patients suspected of Kl sensitivity and 10 control patients were orally challenged with Kl to document and characterize Kl sensitivity and to evaluate the possible association(s) of Kl sensitivity with urticaria, hypocomplementemia, and vasculitis. The Kl challenges in the two sensitive patients precipitated urticaria, angioedema, polymyalgias, conjunctivitis, and coryza. One of these two patients also developed a severe systemic illness characterized by fever, headache, peritonitis, episcleritis, and pneumonitis. The four sensitive patients were strikingly similar in that they exhibited hypocomplementemia and dermal vasculitis associated with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting that other patients with similar clinical features may be sensitive to Kl and that Kl may precipitate severe systemic illness in them.", "contents": "Potassium iodide sensitivity in four patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis. During metabolism studies of radiolabeled proteins in 126 participants four patients were suspected of being sensitive to potassium iodide (Kl) because they repeatedly developed urticaria and other symptoms after Kl administration. Two of the four patients suspected of Kl sensitivity and 10 control patients were orally challenged with Kl to document and characterize Kl sensitivity and to evaluate the possible association(s) of Kl sensitivity with urticaria, hypocomplementemia, and vasculitis. The Kl challenges in the two sensitive patients precipitated urticaria, angioedema, polymyalgias, conjunctivitis, and coryza. One of these two patients also developed a severe systemic illness characterized by fever, headache, peritonitis, episcleritis, and pneumonitis. The four sensitive patients were strikingly similar in that they exhibited hypocomplementemia and dermal vasculitis associated with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting that other patients with similar clinical features may be sensitive to Kl and that Kl may precipitate severe systemic illness in them.", "PMID": 517884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11915", "title": "Seizures and intraventricular conduction defect in propranolol poisoning. A report of two cases.", "content": "We have recently seen two cases of propranolol poisoning. In both instances, plasma propranolol levels were elevated. Both patients experienced generalized seizures and had a transient intraventricular conduction defect on electrocardiogram. The literature on intoxication of propranolol and other beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs suggests that the effects of massive propranolol intoxication observed in our patients can be explained on the basis of the pharmacologic properties of propranolol. Therapy consisted of gastric lavage and agents to antagonize the beta-adrenoceptor blockade effect. Both patients recovered.", "contents": "Seizures and intraventricular conduction defect in propranolol poisoning. A report of two cases. We have recently seen two cases of propranolol poisoning. In both instances, plasma propranolol levels were elevated. Both patients experienced generalized seizures and had a transient intraventricular conduction defect on electrocardiogram. The literature on intoxication of propranolol and other beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs suggests that the effects of massive propranolol intoxication observed in our patients can be explained on the basis of the pharmacologic properties of propranolol. Therapy consisted of gastric lavage and agents to antagonize the beta-adrenoceptor blockade effect. Both patients recovered.", "PMID": 517885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11916", "title": "Guidelines for the care of patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis.", "content": "For years patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis have been placed in two categories of isolation--enteric precautions and blood precautions. This strategy was based on the inability to differentiate between hepatitis A and B and on the assumption that feces and blood from patients with either type might be infective. It is now known that patients with hepatitis A do not pose a problem of disease transmission through direct contact with blood, and although blood of patients with hepatitis B may be infective, the virus is not transmitted via feces. The enteric route is the principal mode of transmission for hepatitis A, but maximal levels of hepatitis A virus excretion occur before the onset of jaundice. Non-A, non-B hepatitis is similar epidemiologically to hepatitis B. Thus, the major thrust for caring for patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis is toward blood precautions; the same precautions used when handling feces, urine, and excretions from all other hospitalized patients are appropriate for patients admitted with a diagnosis of hepatitis A.", "contents": "Guidelines for the care of patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis. For years patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis have been placed in two categories of isolation--enteric precautions and blood precautions. This strategy was based on the inability to differentiate between hepatitis A and B and on the assumption that feces and blood from patients with either type might be infective. It is now known that patients with hepatitis A do not pose a problem of disease transmission through direct contact with blood, and although blood of patients with hepatitis B may be infective, the virus is not transmitted via feces. The enteric route is the principal mode of transmission for hepatitis A, but maximal levels of hepatitis A virus excretion occur before the onset of jaundice. Non-A, non-B hepatitis is similar epidemiologically to hepatitis B. Thus, the major thrust for caring for patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis is toward blood precautions; the same precautions used when handling feces, urine, and excretions from all other hospitalized patients are appropriate for patients admitted with a diagnosis of hepatitis A.", "PMID": 517890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11917", "title": "Clinical hypocompetence: the interview.", "content": "In observing more than 300 clinical interviews, we have seen a high frequency of physician-engendered defects. Most of the defective examples can be classified as one or a combination of five syndromes: the therapeutic lack; inattention to primary data (symptoms); a high control style; an incomplete data base usually omitting patient-centered data and active problems other than the present illness; and a thoughtless interview in which the physician fails to formulate needed working hypotheses. Proper diagnosis of these defects allows for better prescription of educational correction.", "contents": "Clinical hypocompetence: the interview. In observing more than 300 clinical interviews, we have seen a high frequency of physician-engendered defects. Most of the defective examples can be classified as one or a combination of five syndromes: the therapeutic lack; inattention to primary data (symptoms); a high control style; an incomplete data base usually omitting patient-centered data and active problems other than the present illness; and a thoughtless interview in which the physician fails to formulate needed working hypotheses. Proper diagnosis of these defects allows for better prescription of educational correction.", "PMID": 517891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11918", "title": "Geriatrics and internal medicine.", "content": "If medical education is to respond adequately to the growing number of citizens encompassed by the field of geriatric medicine, it must intensify its commitment to the special health and health-related problems of the elderly at every level, from student to certified specialist. This paper discusses the various intellectual, epidemiologic, economic, and attitudinal factors related to the teaching and practice of geriatric medicine. The emergence of a positive philosophy emphasizing coping and possible reversibility of disease is vital. The recent report of the Institute of Medicine on Aging and Medical Education is also reviewed, as well as graduate training opportunities and ways in which the American Board of Internal Medicine could play a leading role in this process by providing increased emphasis on geriatrics in its training programs and certifying examinations. The medical profession must continue its self-evaluation to ascertain how it can most effectively contribute to improving the lives of the elderly, perhaps our greatest national resource.", "contents": "Geriatrics and internal medicine. If medical education is to respond adequately to the growing number of citizens encompassed by the field of geriatric medicine, it must intensify its commitment to the special health and health-related problems of the elderly at every level, from student to certified specialist. This paper discusses the various intellectual, epidemiologic, economic, and attitudinal factors related to the teaching and practice of geriatric medicine. The emergence of a positive philosophy emphasizing coping and possible reversibility of disease is vital. The recent report of the Institute of Medicine on Aging and Medical Education is also reviewed, as well as graduate training opportunities and ways in which the American Board of Internal Medicine could play a leading role in this process by providing increased emphasis on geriatrics in its training programs and certifying examinations. The medical profession must continue its self-evaluation to ascertain how it can most effectively contribute to improving the lives of the elderly, perhaps our greatest national resource.", "PMID": 517892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11919", "title": "The drug regulation process and the challenge of regulatory reform.", "content": "After 17 years of experience with the far-reaching 1962 amendments to the law regulating new drugs, a major effort is underway to overhaul the law. Important questions of health policy are involved. An extensive recent study by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Review Panel on New Drug Regulation concluded that the system of regulation that requires governmental pre-market clearance of prescription drugs, based on evidence of safety and effectiveness, is fundamentally sound. But the Review Panel identified four principal deficiencies in the drug approval process: a lack of openness and public accountability, an inadequate science environment at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), imprecision in the standards and procedures for pre-market approval, and limited FDA authority in the post-marketing period. Former FDA commissioner Donald Kennedy took useful administrative steps to mitigate these problems, but legislation is badly needed. Although the bill that recently passed the Senate is not perfect, it contains substantial improvements over the status quo and merits support.", "contents": "The drug regulation process and the challenge of regulatory reform. After 17 years of experience with the far-reaching 1962 amendments to the law regulating new drugs, a major effort is underway to overhaul the law. Important questions of health policy are involved. An extensive recent study by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Review Panel on New Drug Regulation concluded that the system of regulation that requires governmental pre-market clearance of prescription drugs, based on evidence of safety and effectiveness, is fundamentally sound. But the Review Panel identified four principal deficiencies in the drug approval process: a lack of openness and public accountability, an inadequate science environment at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), imprecision in the standards and procedures for pre-market approval, and limited FDA authority in the post-marketing period. Former FDA commissioner Donald Kennedy took useful administrative steps to mitigate these problems, but legislation is badly needed. Although the bill that recently passed the Senate is not perfect, it contains substantial improvements over the status quo and merits support.", "PMID": 517893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11920", "title": "Organ of Corti in the human fetus: scanning and transmission electronmicroscope studies.", "content": "The organ of Corti in the five-month human fetus was studied by transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy. Differentiation of the surface organization of the organ of Corti into a single row of inner and three to four rows of outer hair cells was complete at this stage except at the apical end. The morphological aspects of the hair bundles changed with maturation of the sensory cells; the inner hair cells preceded the outer hair cells in cytodifferentiation at a given location.", "contents": "Organ of Corti in the human fetus: scanning and transmission electronmicroscope studies. The organ of Corti in the five-month human fetus was studied by transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy. Differentiation of the surface organization of the organ of Corti into a single row of inner and three to four rows of outer hair cells was complete at this stage except at the apical end. The morphological aspects of the hair bundles changed with maturation of the sensory cells; the inner hair cells preceded the outer hair cells in cytodifferentiation at a given location.", "PMID": 517918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11921", "title": "Traveling waves demonstrated by a revolving helix: a simple teaching aid.", "content": "A simple procedure for the demonstration of traveling waves in actual motion in the classroom is described. Using a matched set of experimental data on a) peak amplitude of basilar membrane oscillations, and b) phase-lag along the membrane, both for a given frequency of stimulation, it is possible to construct a solid spiral, or helix, of constantly changing diameter and pitch. When projected on a screen, the helix will look like a longitudinal amplitude gradient along the basilar membrane; as the helix is rotated, the projection will appear as a traveling wave. It is suggested that the device, because of its inherent simplicity, is a useful aid in a teaching laboratory for future otolaryngologists, audiologists and other professionals related to the field of hearing.", "contents": "Traveling waves demonstrated by a revolving helix: a simple teaching aid. A simple procedure for the demonstration of traveling waves in actual motion in the classroom is described. Using a matched set of experimental data on a) peak amplitude of basilar membrane oscillations, and b) phase-lag along the membrane, both for a given frequency of stimulation, it is possible to construct a solid spiral, or helix, of constantly changing diameter and pitch. When projected on a screen, the helix will look like a longitudinal amplitude gradient along the basilar membrane; as the helix is rotated, the projection will appear as a traveling wave. It is suggested that the device, because of its inherent simplicity, is a useful aid in a teaching laboratory for future otolaryngologists, audiologists and other professionals related to the field of hearing.", "PMID": 517919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11922", "title": "Otoscopy and photography: a new method.", "content": "A new hand-held otoscope photographic system, convenient and suitable for clinical application, is introduced. This instrument allows clear otoscopic examination in stenotic or tortuous ear canals, and photographs the subject in one procedure. The instrument consists of a rod-lens optical system, a fiberoptic light source, a camera, and exchangeable speculum and a strobe light. Color photographs of tympanic membranes and middle ear pathology are presented.", "contents": "Otoscopy and photography: a new method. A new hand-held otoscope photographic system, convenient and suitable for clinical application, is introduced. This instrument allows clear otoscopic examination in stenotic or tortuous ear canals, and photographs the subject in one procedure. The instrument consists of a rod-lens optical system, a fiberoptic light source, a camera, and exchangeable speculum and a strobe light. Color photographs of tympanic membranes and middle ear pathology are presented.", "PMID": 517920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11923", "title": "Relearning the swallowing process.", "content": "Three patients were encountered who had physical defects that prevented them from swallowing food. They had received nourishment for a long period of time by means of tube feedings, gastrostomy in two cases and nasogastric tube in the third. Following surgical correction of the physical problems, they were still unable to swallow food. It was conceived that they had forgotten how to swallow. A program to enable them to relearn the technique of swallowing was established, similar to that used in premature infants. The three patients were successfully rehabilitated, able to eat a regular diet. The method is being evaluated in stroke patients who have lost the ability to swallow food and saliva.", "contents": "Relearning the swallowing process. Three patients were encountered who had physical defects that prevented them from swallowing food. They had received nourishment for a long period of time by means of tube feedings, gastrostomy in two cases and nasogastric tube in the third. Following surgical correction of the physical problems, they were still unable to swallow food. It was conceived that they had forgotten how to swallow. A program to enable them to relearn the technique of swallowing was established, similar to that used in premature infants. The three patients were successfully rehabilitated, able to eat a regular diet. The method is being evaluated in stroke patients who have lost the ability to swallow food and saliva.", "PMID": 517921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11924", "title": "Change in the force-summed pressure measurements of the upper esophageal sphincter prelaryngectomy and postlaryngectomy.", "content": "The pharyngoesophageal high pressure zone (PE-HPZ) was measured prelaryngectomy and postlaryngectomy with a new force-summing probe that accounts for sphincter pressure asymmetry. A total of 31 patients were studied six times each. Postoperatively, pressures dropped from 130+/-24 mm Hg to 66+/-9 mm Hg. After a standardized, intensive laryngectomy rehabilitation program, 12 of 19 postoperative patients acquired acceptable esophageal speech and 7 did not. Speakers and nonspeakers were found to have nearly identical PE-HPZ pressures (speakers = 70+/-10 mm Hg, nonspeakers = 59+/-18 mm Hg). Differences in sphincter length or relaxation likewise did not discriminate between these two groups. We conclude that PE-HPZ pressure is not a critical determinant of the acquisition of esophageal speech.", "contents": "Change in the force-summed pressure measurements of the upper esophageal sphincter prelaryngectomy and postlaryngectomy. The pharyngoesophageal high pressure zone (PE-HPZ) was measured prelaryngectomy and postlaryngectomy with a new force-summing probe that accounts for sphincter pressure asymmetry. A total of 31 patients were studied six times each. Postoperatively, pressures dropped from 130+/-24 mm Hg to 66+/-9 mm Hg. After a standardized, intensive laryngectomy rehabilitation program, 12 of 19 postoperative patients acquired acceptable esophageal speech and 7 did not. Speakers and nonspeakers were found to have nearly identical PE-HPZ pressures (speakers = 70+/-10 mm Hg, nonspeakers = 59+/-18 mm Hg). Differences in sphincter length or relaxation likewise did not discriminate between these two groups. We conclude that PE-HPZ pressure is not a critical determinant of the acquisition of esophageal speech.", "PMID": 517922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11925", "title": "Laryngoscopy in space travel.", "content": "The need for laryngoscopy aboard a spacecraft on a mission of one to three years is anticipated. Therefore, the inexperience of the potential endoscopists and the problems they face in the free-floating environment of space are considered. A simplified coaxial intubation technique employing a split-apart modification of a Jako-type laryngoscope is suggested.", "contents": "Laryngoscopy in space travel. The need for laryngoscopy aboard a spacecraft on a mission of one to three years is anticipated. Therefore, the inexperience of the potential endoscopists and the problems they face in the free-floating environment of space are considered. A simplified coaxial intubation technique employing a split-apart modification of a Jako-type laryngoscope is suggested.", "PMID": 517924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11926", "title": "Endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cytology. A noninvasive technique for early detection of carcinoma of the lung and aerodigestive tract.", "content": "Carcinoma of the lung is the leading cause of death from malignancy in this country. Twenty percent of patients with lung carcinoma are asymptomatic early in the course of the disease. Survival rates are much better when lung carcinoma is discovered at the asymptomatic or radiographically occult stage, therefore improved screening methods should be investigated. Many tumors in the tracheobronchial tree shed malignant cells into the bronchi and sputum cytology has been of value in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree. Thousands of patients are intubated daily. During endotracheal anesthesia, secretions are stimulated in the tracheobronchial tree and endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes are coated with these secretions. In a preliminary study, the cytology examination of the secretions adherent to 50 endotracheal tubes suggests that endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cytology will prove to be a reliable, noninvasive and cost-effective means of screening high risk patients for occult primary carcinomas of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract.", "contents": "Endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cytology. A noninvasive technique for early detection of carcinoma of the lung and aerodigestive tract. Carcinoma of the lung is the leading cause of death from malignancy in this country. Twenty percent of patients with lung carcinoma are asymptomatic early in the course of the disease. Survival rates are much better when lung carcinoma is discovered at the asymptomatic or radiographically occult stage, therefore improved screening methods should be investigated. Many tumors in the tracheobronchial tree shed malignant cells into the bronchi and sputum cytology has been of value in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree. Thousands of patients are intubated daily. During endotracheal anesthesia, secretions are stimulated in the tracheobronchial tree and endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes are coated with these secretions. In a preliminary study, the cytology examination of the secretions adherent to 50 endotracheal tubes suggests that endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cytology will prove to be a reliable, noninvasive and cost-effective means of screening high risk patients for occult primary carcinomas of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract.", "PMID": 517923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11927", "title": "Vocal cord dysfunction - an industrial health hazard.", "content": "Vocal cord dysfunction has a definite incidence of association with high environmental noise levels. Our study has shown roughly an 8% incidence of vocal cord dysfunction (vocal cord nodules, vocal cord polyps and chronic laryngitis) in individuals working in high noise environments. In addition, those individuals who have surgery for vocal cord nodules and who work in high noise environments will have over a 30% incidence of recurrent vocal cord dysfunction following surgery. Our study indicates that females tend to be more at risk in high noise environments than males.", "contents": "Vocal cord dysfunction - an industrial health hazard. Vocal cord dysfunction has a definite incidence of association with high environmental noise levels. Our study has shown roughly an 8% incidence of vocal cord dysfunction (vocal cord nodules, vocal cord polyps and chronic laryngitis) in individuals working in high noise environments. In addition, those individuals who have surgery for vocal cord nodules and who work in high noise environments will have over a 30% incidence of recurrent vocal cord dysfunction following surgery. Our study indicates that females tend to be more at risk in high noise environments than males.", "PMID": 517925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11928", "title": "Optical stylet: an aid to intubation and teaching.", "content": "An optical stylet was developed which can be inserted into an endotracheal tube, and the passage through the vocal cords and position of the cuff in the trachea could be controlled visually. It is of great help in difficult intubations in adults and children. It became an invaluable tool in teaching endotracheal intubation by coupling a teaching attachment (beam splitter) to theoptical system. The operator and the second observer (student) can see the actual manipulations simultaneously.", "contents": "Optical stylet: an aid to intubation and teaching. An optical stylet was developed which can be inserted into an endotracheal tube, and the passage through the vocal cords and position of the cuff in the trachea could be controlled visually. It is of great help in difficult intubations in adults and children. It became an invaluable tool in teaching endotracheal intubation by coupling a teaching attachment (beam splitter) to theoptical system. The operator and the second observer (student) can see the actual manipulations simultaneously.", "PMID": 517927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11929", "title": "Epiglottitis: evolution in management during the last decade.", "content": "In the past decade, changes have occurred in the management of epiglottis. A ten-year retrospective study of 64 patients admitted to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with the diagnosis of epiglottis was performed. An evolution in the management of epiglottitis was demonstrated in this series of patients. The morbidity and mortality of currently employed modes of airway management (medical observation, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy) were complication than treatment with tracheostomy. A small, select group was conservatively managed with close observation. The use of antibiotics and steroids was analyzed. Suggested guidelines for management of epiglottitis are presented.", "contents": "Epiglottitis: evolution in management during the last decade. In the past decade, changes have occurred in the management of epiglottis. A ten-year retrospective study of 64 patients admitted to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with the diagnosis of epiglottis was performed. An evolution in the management of epiglottitis was demonstrated in this series of patients. The morbidity and mortality of currently employed modes of airway management (medical observation, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy) were complication than treatment with tracheostomy. A small, select group was conservatively managed with close observation. The use of antibiotics and steroids was analyzed. Suggested guidelines for management of epiglottitis are presented.", "PMID": 517926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11930", "title": "Value of radionucleotide scanning in the staging of head and neck carcinoma.", "content": "The presence or absence of distant metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is critical in making rational therapeutic decisions. Radionucleotide bone and liver scans are frequently utilized in the initial evaluation of these patients for possible distant metastases. The true value of routine bone and liver scans in the initial staging of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is unknown. One hundred eighteen patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, evaluated during a five-year period, were retrospectively reviewed. Eight percent were stage I, 18% stage II, 21% stage III, 53% stage IV. Because metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck is primarily regional or pulmonary, the low prevalence of liver and bone metastases limits the usefulness limits the usefulness of these radionucleotide scans. We conclude that routine bone and liver scanning is not a valuable diagnostic technique in the initial staging of head and neck carcinoma when clinical or biochemical evidence of distant metastases is not present.", "contents": "Value of radionucleotide scanning in the staging of head and neck carcinoma. The presence or absence of distant metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is critical in making rational therapeutic decisions. Radionucleotide bone and liver scans are frequently utilized in the initial evaluation of these patients for possible distant metastases. The true value of routine bone and liver scans in the initial staging of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is unknown. One hundred eighteen patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, evaluated during a five-year period, were retrospectively reviewed. Eight percent were stage I, 18% stage II, 21% stage III, 53% stage IV. Because metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck is primarily regional or pulmonary, the low prevalence of liver and bone metastases limits the usefulness limits the usefulness of these radionucleotide scans. We conclude that routine bone and liver scanning is not a valuable diagnostic technique in the initial staging of head and neck carcinoma when clinical or biochemical evidence of distant metastases is not present.", "PMID": 517928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11931", "title": "Laryngeal clefts: a histopathologic study and review.", "content": "The histopathologic findings in a case of laryngeal cleft studied by serial sectioning, and a literature review of this clinical entity are presented. The primary micropathologic findings include a cleft deformity of the posterior cricoid lamina, and alterations in muscle differentiation involving the interarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Possible embryogenic mechanisms are discussed. The clinical picture is characterized by signs and symtpoms of aspiration with airway obstruction, and definitive diagnosis is achieved by endoscopic examination. Treatment consists of surgical repair, although some patients with type 1 laryngeal clefts may be managed on a conservative trial. The need for uniform classification of laryngeal clefts in future reporting is emphasized.", "contents": "Laryngeal clefts: a histopathologic study and review. The histopathologic findings in a case of laryngeal cleft studied by serial sectioning, and a literature review of this clinical entity are presented. The primary micropathologic findings include a cleft deformity of the posterior cricoid lamina, and alterations in muscle differentiation involving the interarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Possible embryogenic mechanisms are discussed. The clinical picture is characterized by signs and symtpoms of aspiration with airway obstruction, and definitive diagnosis is achieved by endoscopic examination. Treatment consists of surgical repair, although some patients with type 1 laryngeal clefts may be managed on a conservative trial. The need for uniform classification of laryngeal clefts in future reporting is emphasized.", "PMID": 517929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11932", "title": "Multiple primary malignancies of the upper aerodigestive system.", "content": "Multiple primary carcinomas were found in 11.5% of 1,518 patients presenting with an index tumor in the oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal areas. These additional malignancies were subdivided into two groups: 1) those occurring in distant or unrelated tissues and 2) those occurring in a multicentric zone defined as including the oral area, pharyngeal area, larynx, esophagus and tracheobronchial tree. Although some trends were noted, a primary lesion may be found anywhere in the zone of multicentricity. The dynamic nature of the progressive transition of the potentially malignant tissues in the multicentric zone is reemphasized. The physician, treating patients with head and neck cancer, should be prepared not only to cope with simultaneously occurring primary cancers but also to be constantly vigilant for the later development of subsequent primary carcinomas.", "contents": "Multiple primary malignancies of the upper aerodigestive system. Multiple primary carcinomas were found in 11.5% of 1,518 patients presenting with an index tumor in the oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal areas. These additional malignancies were subdivided into two groups: 1) those occurring in distant or unrelated tissues and 2) those occurring in a multicentric zone defined as including the oral area, pharyngeal area, larynx, esophagus and tracheobronchial tree. Although some trends were noted, a primary lesion may be found anywhere in the zone of multicentricity. The dynamic nature of the progressive transition of the potentially malignant tissues in the multicentric zone is reemphasized. The physician, treating patients with head and neck cancer, should be prepared not only to cope with simultaneously occurring primary cancers but also to be constantly vigilant for the later development of subsequent primary carcinomas.", "PMID": 517930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11933", "title": "Stomal recurrence following laryngectomy: a critical evaluation.", "content": "Recurrent tumor in or around the tracheal stoma following laryngectomy almost always terminates in a fatal outcome. Several investigators have attempted to determine the factors that predispose a patient to stomal recurrence, but their conclusions are not entirely in agreement. The records of 251 consecutive laryngectomy patients treated at the UCLA Hospital between 1955 and 1977 were reviewed. The variables evaluated included type of operation, preoperative tracheostomy, interval from operation to recurrence, presence of neck metastases, performance of thyroidectomy, site of lesion, and control of tumor margins. While certain events, such as preoperative tracheostomy, appeared more frequently than others in the stomal recurrence patients, no single factor or group of factors could explain all the recurrences. It appears that stomal recurrences arise from heterogeneous causes. Good planning and utilization of the principles outlined should reduce the incidence of this dreaded complication.", "contents": "Stomal recurrence following laryngectomy: a critical evaluation. Recurrent tumor in or around the tracheal stoma following laryngectomy almost always terminates in a fatal outcome. Several investigators have attempted to determine the factors that predispose a patient to stomal recurrence, but their conclusions are not entirely in agreement. The records of 251 consecutive laryngectomy patients treated at the UCLA Hospital between 1955 and 1977 were reviewed. The variables evaluated included type of operation, preoperative tracheostomy, interval from operation to recurrence, presence of neck metastases, performance of thyroidectomy, site of lesion, and control of tumor margins. While certain events, such as preoperative tracheostomy, appeared more frequently than others in the stomal recurrence patients, no single factor or group of factors could explain all the recurrences. It appears that stomal recurrences arise from heterogeneous causes. Good planning and utilization of the principles outlined should reduce the incidence of this dreaded complication.", "PMID": 517931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11934", "title": "Tracheotomy for infant botulism.", "content": "Botulism is a serious intoxication caused by ingestion of food containing preformed botulinus toxin and characterized by rapidly progressive bulbar paralysis, generalized weakness, and respiratory insufficiency. In 1976 a distinct clinical entity of infant botulism was recognized. The disease apparently results from intraintestinal toxin production which produces a defect in neuromuscular transmission by interfering with release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Five cases of infant botulism were identified at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1975 and 1977. Initial symptoms included constipation, slow feeding, lethargy and weak cry. Four of the patients progressed to respiratory insufficiency requiring nasotracheal intubation. Three of the infants with respiratory failure required tracheotomy. Because infants with respiratory failure may require support for months, we recommend that a tracheotomy be performed early in the management to avoid the complications associated with prolonged intubation. The effectiveness of antitoxin or antibiotics to treat infant botulism remains questionable and therefore prolonged respiratory supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. In addition, we offer guidelines for decannulation in cases of infant botulism. None of the patients in our series could be decannulated prior to initial discharge from the hospital.", "contents": "Tracheotomy for infant botulism. Botulism is a serious intoxication caused by ingestion of food containing preformed botulinus toxin and characterized by rapidly progressive bulbar paralysis, generalized weakness, and respiratory insufficiency. In 1976 a distinct clinical entity of infant botulism was recognized. The disease apparently results from intraintestinal toxin production which produces a defect in neuromuscular transmission by interfering with release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Five cases of infant botulism were identified at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1975 and 1977. Initial symptoms included constipation, slow feeding, lethargy and weak cry. Four of the patients progressed to respiratory insufficiency requiring nasotracheal intubation. Three of the infants with respiratory failure required tracheotomy. Because infants with respiratory failure may require support for months, we recommend that a tracheotomy be performed early in the management to avoid the complications associated with prolonged intubation. The effectiveness of antitoxin or antibiotics to treat infant botulism remains questionable and therefore prolonged respiratory supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. In addition, we offer guidelines for decannulation in cases of infant botulism. None of the patients in our series could be decannulated prior to initial discharge from the hospital.", "PMID": 517932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11935", "title": "Foreign body and caustic ingestion: management 1979.", "content": "Most physicians involved in the diagnosis and management of foreign body aspiration and caustic ingestion assume that the numbers of these cases are decreasing. A sizeable number of patients die of caustic ingestion and poisoning annually, and deaths from foreign body ingestion have more than doubled since 1950. Increasing the significance of these needless tragedies is the fact that the most frequent victim is a young, healthy child. Physicians should encourage educational campaigns to alert parents to the dangers of caustic agents and small items capable of being aspirated. They should be conversant with the treatment of both. This paper reviews current opinions regarding management.", "contents": "Foreign body and caustic ingestion: management 1979. Most physicians involved in the diagnosis and management of foreign body aspiration and caustic ingestion assume that the numbers of these cases are decreasing. A sizeable number of patients die of caustic ingestion and poisoning annually, and deaths from foreign body ingestion have more than doubled since 1950. Increasing the significance of these needless tragedies is the fact that the most frequent victim is a young, healthy child. Physicians should encourage educational campaigns to alert parents to the dangers of caustic agents and small items capable of being aspirated. They should be conversant with the treatment of both. This paper reviews current opinions regarding management.", "PMID": 517934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11936", "title": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "Electron microscopy (EM) was useful in establishing the final diagnosis in specific instances of liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma of the larynx. In the first case light microscopy revealed cells that met the histologic criteria of a low grade liposarcoma; EM revealed cells that displayed a varied ultrastructural differentiation; thus the tumor was classified as a mixed mesenchymal tumor rather than liposarcoma per se. In the second case, pathologic evaluation indicated a grade 2 fibrosarcoma. EM revealed malignant mesenchymal cells that closely recapitulated normal fibroblasts (no epithelial differentiation was present). This kind of information enables more accurate determination of the source of the primary lesion than results of light microcsopy alone.", "contents": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma of the larynx. Electron microscopy (EM) was useful in establishing the final diagnosis in specific instances of liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma of the larynx. In the first case light microscopy revealed cells that met the histologic criteria of a low grade liposarcoma; EM revealed cells that displayed a varied ultrastructural differentiation; thus the tumor was classified as a mixed mesenchymal tumor rather than liposarcoma per se. In the second case, pathologic evaluation indicated a grade 2 fibrosarcoma. EM revealed malignant mesenchymal cells that closely recapitulated normal fibroblasts (no epithelial differentiation was present). This kind of information enables more accurate determination of the source of the primary lesion than results of light microcsopy alone.", "PMID": 517933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11937", "title": "Reliability of serum ferritin determinations after total dose infusion of iron dextran in pregnancy.", "content": "Serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and haemoglobin levels were measured in a group of 36 pregnant women before, one week after, and four weeks after a total dose infusion of iron dextran (T.D.I.). The serum ferritin level is considered to provide a reliable index of maternal iron stores one month, but not one week, after TDI.", "contents": "Reliability of serum ferritin determinations after total dose infusion of iron dextran in pregnancy. Serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and haemoglobin levels were measured in a group of 36 pregnant women before, one week after, and four weeks after a total dose infusion of iron dextran (T.D.I.). The serum ferritin level is considered to provide a reliable index of maternal iron stores one month, but not one week, after TDI.", "PMID": 517978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11938", "title": "Quality control of radioimmunoassays for proteins: the first two and a half years of a national scheme for serum growth hormone measurements.", "content": "The philosophy and achievements of the first two and a half years of a national quality control scheme for serum growth hormone assays are described. Three serum samples were distributed to participating laboratories every two weeks. A computer-produced summary of the quality control results, which contained scattergrams and a statistical analysis, was returned to participants four weeks after despatch. The performance of 11 experienced (SAS) laboratories was found to fulfil the necessary accuracy criteria, and their results provided the 'reference group mean', which served as the target value. Gross positive bias exhibited by several laboratories was due to the use of assays with inadequate sensitivity, and this practice was eliminated during the first six months. During the course of the Scheme the average bias fell from 30 to 14%. With assays of adequate sensitivity, bias was almost invariably due to the misuse of standards. Median within-laboratory, between-batch precision (CV) improved from 23 to 15%. The best performers achieved between-batch CV of 7% which was 1.5 x their within-batch CV: the worst had three- to four-fold differences between within- and between-batch CV. Rudimentary quality control of interpretation was found to result in improvements in interpretation per se and also served to reinforce the desire to improve numerical agreement. A 'recommended procedure' based upon supplied first and second antibody, and a communal 'reference range' from 280 untreated acromegalics, both proved valuable.", "contents": "Quality control of radioimmunoassays for proteins: the first two and a half years of a national scheme for serum growth hormone measurements. The philosophy and achievements of the first two and a half years of a national quality control scheme for serum growth hormone assays are described. Three serum samples were distributed to participating laboratories every two weeks. A computer-produced summary of the quality control results, which contained scattergrams and a statistical analysis, was returned to participants four weeks after despatch. The performance of 11 experienced (SAS) laboratories was found to fulfil the necessary accuracy criteria, and their results provided the 'reference group mean', which served as the target value. Gross positive bias exhibited by several laboratories was due to the use of assays with inadequate sensitivity, and this practice was eliminated during the first six months. During the course of the Scheme the average bias fell from 30 to 14%. With assays of adequate sensitivity, bias was almost invariably due to the misuse of standards. Median within-laboratory, between-batch precision (CV) improved from 23 to 15%. The best performers achieved between-batch CV of 7% which was 1.5 x their within-batch CV: the worst had three- to four-fold differences between within- and between-batch CV. Rudimentary quality control of interpretation was found to result in improvements in interpretation per se and also served to reinforce the desire to improve numerical agreement. A 'recommended procedure' based upon supplied first and second antibody, and a communal 'reference range' from 280 untreated acromegalics, both proved valuable.", "PMID": 517979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11939", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of trypsin. A new aid in the assessment of pancreatic function.", "content": "This review describes the development and application of a novel test to determine levels of human immunoreactive trypsin, an enzyme produced solely by the pancreas, in biological fluids. Being organ-specific, the assay of immunoreactive trypsin should be an ideal marker of pancreatic function, and this is supported by the results of a number of clinical and research investigations. Use of this assay in studies of chronic pancreatitis, juvenile-onset diabetes, and cystic fibrosis has yielded much valuable data, and it is expected that further research will lead to an improved understanding of these and other conditions associated with the pancreas in health and disease.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of trypsin. A new aid in the assessment of pancreatic function. This review describes the development and application of a novel test to determine levels of human immunoreactive trypsin, an enzyme produced solely by the pancreas, in biological fluids. Being organ-specific, the assay of immunoreactive trypsin should be an ideal marker of pancreatic function, and this is supported by the results of a number of clinical and research investigations. Use of this assay in studies of chronic pancreatitis, juvenile-onset diabetes, and cystic fibrosis has yielded much valuable data, and it is expected that further research will lead to an improved understanding of these and other conditions associated with the pancreas in health and disease.", "PMID": 517980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11940", "title": "Colorimetric method for determination of urinary methylmalonic acid.", "content": "The colorimetric method for the determination of methylmalonic acid by coupling with diazotised p-nitroaniline has been re-examined. Extraction of the diazotised product into amyl alcohol and tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide considerably increases its stability and sensitivity and reduces background absorbance. Preliminary solvent extraction and ion-exchange chromatography are desirable but can be accomplished simply and quickly using very small quantities of urine. In this form, the method is very reliable and gives recoveries of about 95% and a coefficient of variation of about 7%.", "contents": "Colorimetric method for determination of urinary methylmalonic acid. The colorimetric method for the determination of methylmalonic acid by coupling with diazotised p-nitroaniline has been re-examined. Extraction of the diazotised product into amyl alcohol and tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide considerably increases its stability and sensitivity and reduces background absorbance. Preliminary solvent extraction and ion-exchange chromatography are desirable but can be accomplished simply and quickly using very small quantities of urine. In this form, the method is very reliable and gives recoveries of about 95% and a coefficient of variation of about 7%.", "PMID": 517981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11941", "title": "Detection of alcoholic cardiomyopathy by serum enzyme and isoenzyme determination.", "content": "Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were studied in 73 patients with alcoholism, including two patients with clinical alcoholic cardiomyopathy and 28 patients with haemodynamic evidence (systolic time interval abnormality) of disordered myocardial function. No isoenzyme abnormalities suggestive of myocardial injury were observed. We conclude that isoenzyme examination is unsuitable for the early detection of myocardial damage from alcohol.", "contents": "Detection of alcoholic cardiomyopathy by serum enzyme and isoenzyme determination. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were studied in 73 patients with alcoholism, including two patients with clinical alcoholic cardiomyopathy and 28 patients with haemodynamic evidence (systolic time interval abnormality) of disordered myocardial function. No isoenzyme abnormalities suggestive of myocardial injury were observed. We conclude that isoenzyme examination is unsuitable for the early detection of myocardial damage from alcohol.", "PMID": 517982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11942", "title": "Successful operation of a regional scheme for the maintenance of automatic analysers.", "content": "The main operational and financial aspects of the maintenance service provided by the West of Scotland Health Boards' Department of Clinical Physics and Bio-Engineering (DCPB) to the clinical chemistry laboratories in the region are described. The scheme, in operation since March 1976, covers all breakdown servicing and engineering preventive maintenance for Technicon Auto-Analyzer equipment valued at pounds 1 1/4 million in terms of direct replacement costs. The engineering team works closely with the laboratory staffs to ensure that the performance of the equipment is maintained to specification. The direct economies for the Health Boards through savings in maintenance contract charges total around pounds 60,000 per year. In addition, considerable sums have been saved by servicing, modifying, and constructing other instruments for the laboratories outwith the immediate remit of Technicon maintenance. Other economic and operational benefits which result from the scheme are commercially disinterested advice on equipment obsolescence and replacement, and redistribution between the laboratories of old but useful equipment to meet specific needs of the service in the region.", "contents": "Successful operation of a regional scheme for the maintenance of automatic analysers. The main operational and financial aspects of the maintenance service provided by the West of Scotland Health Boards' Department of Clinical Physics and Bio-Engineering (DCPB) to the clinical chemistry laboratories in the region are described. The scheme, in operation since March 1976, covers all breakdown servicing and engineering preventive maintenance for Technicon Auto-Analyzer equipment valued at pounds 1 1/4 million in terms of direct replacement costs. The engineering team works closely with the laboratory staffs to ensure that the performance of the equipment is maintained to specification. The direct economies for the Health Boards through savings in maintenance contract charges total around pounds 60,000 per year. In addition, considerable sums have been saved by servicing, modifying, and constructing other instruments for the laboratories outwith the immediate remit of Technicon maintenance. Other economic and operational benefits which result from the scheme are commercially disinterested advice on equipment obsolescence and replacement, and redistribution between the laboratories of old but useful equipment to meet specific needs of the service in the region.", "PMID": 517983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11943", "title": "Theophylline estimation-a comparative evaluation of a gas chromatographic method and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.", "content": "A comparative evaluation of a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay and a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of plasma theophylline levels has been carried out. Both methods are reliable, accurate, and technically simple and appear to be specific for theophylline. The HPLC system is more sensitive (sample volume 25 micrliter) than the GLC system (sample volume 500 microliter) and is therefore suitable for the estimation of theophylline in microsamples. The HPLC system also has better precision (coefficient of variation: within-batch 2.0%, between-batch 3.0%) than the GLC system (coefficient of variation: within-batch 3.5%, between-batch 5.6%). Good correlation (r=0.964) was found between plasma theophylline levels (n=75, observed range 4-186 mumol/l) determined by each procedure. The results of this study indicate that, of the two systems investigated, HPLC is the method of choice.", "contents": "Theophylline estimation-a comparative evaluation of a gas chromatographic method and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. A comparative evaluation of a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay and a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of plasma theophylline levels has been carried out. Both methods are reliable, accurate, and technically simple and appear to be specific for theophylline. The HPLC system is more sensitive (sample volume 25 micrliter) than the GLC system (sample volume 500 microliter) and is therefore suitable for the estimation of theophylline in microsamples. The HPLC system also has better precision (coefficient of variation: within-batch 2.0%, between-batch 3.0%) than the GLC system (coefficient of variation: within-batch 3.5%, between-batch 5.6%). Good correlation (r=0.964) was found between plasma theophylline levels (n=75, observed range 4-186 mumol/l) determined by each procedure. The results of this study indicate that, of the two systems investigated, HPLC is the method of choice.", "PMID": 517984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11944", "title": "Paracetamol: a report of a regional quality control scheme.", "content": "The results from an external quality control scheme for the assay of paracetamol in serum are reported. A preferential method of assay has not become evident, but, as a result of the scheme, some laboratories have changed or modified their techniques or have re-established the limits of detection. The majority of laboratories were able to estimate paracetamol satisfactorily at those levels which are of clinical importance. The overall group performance has shown little change. The programme has had considerable impact in so far as it has led to a mutually useful interchange of information and trouble shooting.", "contents": "Paracetamol: a report of a regional quality control scheme. The results from an external quality control scheme for the assay of paracetamol in serum are reported. A preferential method of assay has not become evident, but, as a result of the scheme, some laboratories have changed or modified their techniques or have re-established the limits of detection. The majority of laboratories were able to estimate paracetamol satisfactorily at those levels which are of clinical importance. The overall group performance has shown little change. The programme has had considerable impact in so far as it has led to a mutually useful interchange of information and trouble shooting.", "PMID": 517985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11945", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in lyophilised quality control serum.", "content": "The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity has been studied after reconstitution of 16 commercial preparations of lyophilised quality control material. The effects of storage temperature and analytical method on the rise in activity have also been studied, with a view to producing a reconstitution protocol suitable for recommendation to participants in external quality control surveys. Great differences were found in the magnitude of this rise in activity; these differences can be reduced to negligible levels if the material is mixed for 30 minutes at ambient temperature after reconstitution and then stored for not more than 4 hours at 4 degrees C before assay.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in lyophilised quality control serum. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity has been studied after reconstitution of 16 commercial preparations of lyophilised quality control material. The effects of storage temperature and analytical method on the rise in activity have also been studied, with a view to producing a reconstitution protocol suitable for recommendation to participants in external quality control surveys. Great differences were found in the magnitude of this rise in activity; these differences can be reduced to negligible levels if the material is mixed for 30 minutes at ambient temperature after reconstitution and then stored for not more than 4 hours at 4 degrees C before assay.", "PMID": 517986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11946", "title": "Nulliparous women, IUD and pelvic infection.", "content": "Two copper-releasing IUDs were compared in a randomized study performed simultaneously in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Pelvic infections were carefully observed and the IUDs removed when these were diagnosed. The overall removal rate because of infection was low during the year. The rates were the same with each device overall and in different age and parity groups. The rate was higher in women under 25, in nulliparae and primiparae but lower in the 25-29 age group, in those over 35, and in women having two or more children. The insertion was performed always during menstruation or few days after. It seems that the removal rate because of infection reflected the sexual behaviour of women more than the parity or the use of an IUD.", "contents": "Nulliparous women, IUD and pelvic infection. Two copper-releasing IUDs were compared in a randomized study performed simultaneously in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Pelvic infections were carefully observed and the IUDs removed when these were diagnosed. The overall removal rate because of infection was low during the year. The rates were the same with each device overall and in different age and parity groups. The rate was higher in women under 25, in nulliparae and primiparae but lower in the 25-29 age group, in those over 35, and in women having two or more children. The insertion was performed always during menstruation or few days after. It seems that the removal rate because of infection reflected the sexual behaviour of women more than the parity or the use of an IUD.", "PMID": 517990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11947", "title": "Diagnosis of primary empty sella syndrome by computed tomography.", "content": "Eight cases of primary empty sella diagnosed on pneumoencephalography (PEG) were examined using computed tomography (CT). The diagnosis was made correctly in every case and it was possible to differentiate an empty sella from a pituitary adenoma. Slices 5 mm thick and an overlapping technique were necessary because of the small volume of the tissues analysed. PEG does not seem to be necessary in most cases of suspected intrasellar cisternal herniation, and it is needed only in the difficult case in which the clinical picture and the CT finding are not in harmony.", "contents": "Diagnosis of primary empty sella syndrome by computed tomography. Eight cases of primary empty sella diagnosed on pneumoencephalography (PEG) were examined using computed tomography (CT). The diagnosis was made correctly in every case and it was possible to differentiate an empty sella from a pituitary adenoma. Slices 5 mm thick and an overlapping technique were necessary because of the small volume of the tissues analysed. PEG does not seem to be necessary in most cases of suspected intrasellar cisternal herniation, and it is needed only in the difficult case in which the clinical picture and the CT finding are not in harmony.", "PMID": 517991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11948", "title": "Photosensitivity and cutaneous acid hydrolases in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "In the present study the participation of lysosomal enzymes in the primary photosensitizing process in the skin of porphyric patients were investigated. Cutaneous photosensitivity reactions were produced in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda by irradiation with near UV light and also to a lesser degree with visible light. The reactions occurred almost exclusively in patients with urinary uroporphyrin excretion exceeding 900 nmol/24 h and preceeded any noticeable increase of lysosomal enzyme activity by several hours. These results indicate that lysosomal enzymes are not primarily involved in the photosensitizing reaction in porphyric patients but that they participate in the cutaneous inflammatory process in porphyric skin at a later stage.", "contents": "Photosensitivity and cutaneous acid hydrolases in porphyria cutanea tarda. In the present study the participation of lysosomal enzymes in the primary photosensitizing process in the skin of porphyric patients were investigated. Cutaneous photosensitivity reactions were produced in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda by irradiation with near UV light and also to a lesser degree with visible light. The reactions occurred almost exclusively in patients with urinary uroporphyrin excretion exceeding 900 nmol/24 h and preceeded any noticeable increase of lysosomal enzyme activity by several hours. These results indicate that lysosomal enzymes are not primarily involved in the photosensitizing reaction in porphyric patients but that they participate in the cutaneous inflammatory process in porphyric skin at a later stage.", "PMID": 517992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11949", "title": "Tests for ischaemia and left ventricular function in young patients with effort-induced chest pain.", "content": "The type of angina pectoris was determined in 47 women and 27 men aged 40 or less who then underwent quantitative left cineventriculography, coronary arteriography and atrial pacing test with determination of lactate concentrations from arterial and coronary sinus blood samples. The 29/74 patients with atypical angina and no narrowings on coronary arteriography (Group I) gave no pathological atrial pacing tests but 9 had pathological lactate tests. Group II consisted of 27/74 patients with typical angina but normal coronary arteriography. In these the atrial pacing test was pathological in 20 and the lactate test in 11. Coronary narrowings of 50% or more were found in 18/74 patients (Group III), who all had pathological pacing tests but only 9 pathological lactate tests. No statistical differences could be elicited between diagnostic groups in the quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function and it could be regarded as normal in 42/74 patients. The left ventricular mass index exceeded the control level in 6 patients in Group I and in 10 patients in Group II who all had a net lactate production upon pacing. The end-diastolic volume index was above control level in 11 patients in Group II, in whom the ST depression in pacing test was the only finding indicating ischemia. The hoop stress values exceeded the control level in both of these subgroups. In Group III 7 patients had a high left ventricular mass index and 4 a billowing mitral leaflet. The changes observed suggest disturbed functioning of left ventricle.", "contents": "Tests for ischaemia and left ventricular function in young patients with effort-induced chest pain. The type of angina pectoris was determined in 47 women and 27 men aged 40 or less who then underwent quantitative left cineventriculography, coronary arteriography and atrial pacing test with determination of lactate concentrations from arterial and coronary sinus blood samples. The 29/74 patients with atypical angina and no narrowings on coronary arteriography (Group I) gave no pathological atrial pacing tests but 9 had pathological lactate tests. Group II consisted of 27/74 patients with typical angina but normal coronary arteriography. In these the atrial pacing test was pathological in 20 and the lactate test in 11. Coronary narrowings of 50% or more were found in 18/74 patients (Group III), who all had pathological pacing tests but only 9 pathological lactate tests. No statistical differences could be elicited between diagnostic groups in the quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function and it could be regarded as normal in 42/74 patients. The left ventricular mass index exceeded the control level in 6 patients in Group I and in 10 patients in Group II who all had a net lactate production upon pacing. The end-diastolic volume index was above control level in 11 patients in Group II, in whom the ST depression in pacing test was the only finding indicating ischemia. The hoop stress values exceeded the control level in both of these subgroups. In Group III 7 patients had a high left ventricular mass index and 4 a billowing mitral leaflet. The changes observed suggest disturbed functioning of left ventricle.", "PMID": 517993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11950", "title": "Cholescintigraphy in the determination of disturbed hepatobiliary function in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The hepatobiliary transit of 99mTc-diethyl-IDA was studied in 50 cases of acute cholecystitis. The intrahepatic transit was characterized by the liver mean transit time of the tracer. The extrahepatic passage through the biliary tract was assessed from a series of scintigrams. The data were classified according to previously obtained knowledge of normal and pathological states of the liver and the biliary tract. (Normal liver mean transit time less than or equal to 70 minutes, normal appearance-time of the tracer in the biliary tract less than or equal to 15 minutes and in the intestine less than or equal to 20 minutes, no retention of the tracer in the biliary tract in cases of later appearance-times). Abnormal hepatobiliary transit of the tracer was recorded in 27 cases; it was retarded at the intrahepatic level in 11 cases, at the gallbladder neck in 3 cases, distally in the biliary tract in 12 cases, and a tight extrahepatic obstruction was seen in 1 case. In consequence, acute cholecystitis is often associated with disturbed hepatobiliary function. The functional changes in acute cholecystitis were similar to those associated with other hepatobiliary disorders of either intrahepatic or extrahepatic origin.", "contents": "Cholescintigraphy in the determination of disturbed hepatobiliary function in acute cholecystitis. The hepatobiliary transit of 99mTc-diethyl-IDA was studied in 50 cases of acute cholecystitis. The intrahepatic transit was characterized by the liver mean transit time of the tracer. The extrahepatic passage through the biliary tract was assessed from a series of scintigrams. The data were classified according to previously obtained knowledge of normal and pathological states of the liver and the biliary tract. (Normal liver mean transit time less than or equal to 70 minutes, normal appearance-time of the tracer in the biliary tract less than or equal to 15 minutes and in the intestine less than or equal to 20 minutes, no retention of the tracer in the biliary tract in cases of later appearance-times). Abnormal hepatobiliary transit of the tracer was recorded in 27 cases; it was retarded at the intrahepatic level in 11 cases, at the gallbladder neck in 3 cases, distally in the biliary tract in 12 cases, and a tight extrahepatic obstruction was seen in 1 case. In consequence, acute cholecystitis is often associated with disturbed hepatobiliary function. The functional changes in acute cholecystitis were similar to those associated with other hepatobiliary disorders of either intrahepatic or extrahepatic origin.", "PMID": 517994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11951", "title": "Plasma lidocaine concentrations after different methods of releasing the tourniquet during intravenous regional anaesthesia.", "content": "Different methods of tourniquet release have been proposed to decrease the concentrations of local anaesthetic released into the systemic circulation at the end of intravenous regional anaesthesia. The effect of releasing the tourniquet intermittently with 5 seconds (group I) and 30 seconds (group II) deflation periods or at once (group III) was studied in 25 adult patients after intravenous regional anaesthesia with 40 ml of 0.5% lidocaine. The venous plasma lidocaine concentrations from the contralateral arm were measured by gas chromatography. There was no leakage of lidocaine from the occluded arm into the systemic circulation. The mean maximum plasma lidocaine concentration in group I 1.99 +/- 1.45 (SD) microgram/ml, in group II 1.33 +/- 0.54 microgram/ml and in group III 1.56 +/- 0.88 microgram/ml (P greater than 0.05) was below the toxic concentrations reported in the literature. There were subjective complaints such as dizziness and ringing in the ears in 4 out of the 7 patients in group I, in 2 out of the 9 patients in group II and in one of the 9 patients in group III (P greater than 0.05). There was no correlation between the duration of tourniquet time (range 12-87 minutes) and the maximum plasma lidocaine concentration. The intermittent release of the tourniquet did not decrease the venous plasma lidocaine concentrations in the contralateral arm; neither did comparing the lidocaine pharmacokinetics in 5 patients of group II after tourniquet release and in the 5 healthy volunteers after a single 100 mg intravenous lidocaine injection reveal any differences.", "contents": "Plasma lidocaine concentrations after different methods of releasing the tourniquet during intravenous regional anaesthesia. Different methods of tourniquet release have been proposed to decrease the concentrations of local anaesthetic released into the systemic circulation at the end of intravenous regional anaesthesia. The effect of releasing the tourniquet intermittently with 5 seconds (group I) and 30 seconds (group II) deflation periods or at once (group III) was studied in 25 adult patients after intravenous regional anaesthesia with 40 ml of 0.5% lidocaine. The venous plasma lidocaine concentrations from the contralateral arm were measured by gas chromatography. There was no leakage of lidocaine from the occluded arm into the systemic circulation. The mean maximum plasma lidocaine concentration in group I 1.99 +/- 1.45 (SD) microgram/ml, in group II 1.33 +/- 0.54 microgram/ml and in group III 1.56 +/- 0.88 microgram/ml (P greater than 0.05) was below the toxic concentrations reported in the literature. There were subjective complaints such as dizziness and ringing in the ears in 4 out of the 7 patients in group I, in 2 out of the 9 patients in group II and in one of the 9 patients in group III (P greater than 0.05). There was no correlation between the duration of tourniquet time (range 12-87 minutes) and the maximum plasma lidocaine concentration. The intermittent release of the tourniquet did not decrease the venous plasma lidocaine concentrations in the contralateral arm; neither did comparing the lidocaine pharmacokinetics in 5 patients of group II after tourniquet release and in the 5 healthy volunteers after a single 100 mg intravenous lidocaine injection reveal any differences.", "PMID": 517996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11952", "title": "Rehabilitation of Caisson's disease with spinal cord involvement.", "content": "Fifteen cases of Caisson's Disease or Decompression Sickness with spinal cord involvement treated at the Department of Rehabilitation Tan Tock Seng Hospital, from 1973 to 1978 are described. All the cases had bladder and bowel function involvement. Five cases developed bone complications, one of whom was referred to us primarily for rehabilitation after he had an operation for collapsed right femoral head which occurred two years after the incident.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of Caisson's disease with spinal cord involvement. Fifteen cases of Caisson's Disease or Decompression Sickness with spinal cord involvement treated at the Department of Rehabilitation Tan Tock Seng Hospital, from 1973 to 1978 are described. All the cases had bladder and bowel function involvement. Five cases developed bone complications, one of whom was referred to us primarily for rehabilitation after he had an operation for collapsed right femoral head which occurred two years after the incident.", "PMID": 518002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11953", "title": "Rehabilitation of traumatic spinal cord lesions--results of 145 cases treated between 1973 and 1977.", "content": "An analysis of 145 traumatic spinal cord lesions admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, between 1973 and 1977 is made. The annual incidence based on this figure and on a population of 2.2 million was 16.3 per million population. 68% of the cases were within the employable age group of 15 to 45 years. 40% of them were due to industrial accidents, 36% from road traffic accidents and 24% resulted from other causes like domestic accidents, sports mishaps and criminal violence. An analysis of the site of lesion shows that 71 cases had lesions at the cervical level, 50 at the thoracic lumbar region, 9 at the upper thoracic region and 15 at the lumbar region. After a course of rehabilitaion 66% were able to walk either independently or with some form of aids, 27% were wheelchair-bound and the rest were bedridden at time of discharge. In self-care activities 79% were independent, 15% were partially dependent and the rest totally dependent after rehabilitation.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of traumatic spinal cord lesions--results of 145 cases treated between 1973 and 1977. An analysis of 145 traumatic spinal cord lesions admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, between 1973 and 1977 is made. The annual incidence based on this figure and on a population of 2.2 million was 16.3 per million population. 68% of the cases were within the employable age group of 15 to 45 years. 40% of them were due to industrial accidents, 36% from road traffic accidents and 24% resulted from other causes like domestic accidents, sports mishaps and criminal violence. An analysis of the site of lesion shows that 71 cases had lesions at the cervical level, 50 at the thoracic lumbar region, 9 at the upper thoracic region and 15 at the lumbar region. After a course of rehabilitaion 66% were able to walk either independently or with some form of aids, 27% were wheelchair-bound and the rest were bedridden at time of discharge. In self-care activities 79% were independent, 15% were partially dependent and the rest totally dependent after rehabilitation.", "PMID": 518003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11954", "title": "Treatment of chancroid with Bactrim.", "content": "Bacterim in either oral or intramuscular injection forms were given to 67 patients with Chancroid. It was found that after one week of treatment, clinical cure rate was 46.3% and bacteriological cure rate was 73.1%. After two weeks, the clinical cure rate was 77.6%. Three patients (4.5%) had persistent sores at the end of two weeks and only one of these (2.5%) was bacteriologically active. Twelve patients defaulted. Adverse side-effects were observed in five patients. The effectiveness of Streptomycin, Sulphonamide and Tetracyclines, the other commonly used therapeutic agents, was discussed and compared with Bactrim. It was concluded that Bactrim was a safe and effective drug to use, and recommended as an alternative to Streptomycin and Sulphonamides in the management of Chancroid.", "contents": "Treatment of chancroid with Bactrim. Bacterim in either oral or intramuscular injection forms were given to 67 patients with Chancroid. It was found that after one week of treatment, clinical cure rate was 46.3% and bacteriological cure rate was 73.1%. After two weeks, the clinical cure rate was 77.6%. Three patients (4.5%) had persistent sores at the end of two weeks and only one of these (2.5%) was bacteriologically active. Twelve patients defaulted. Adverse side-effects were observed in five patients. The effectiveness of Streptomycin, Sulphonamide and Tetracyclines, the other commonly used therapeutic agents, was discussed and compared with Bactrim. It was concluded that Bactrim was a safe and effective drug to use, and recommended as an alternative to Streptomycin and Sulphonamides in the management of Chancroid.", "PMID": 518004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11955", "title": "Arthrography--a diagnostic aid to knee injury.", "content": "Injuries of the knee often present diagnostic problem. Using double contrast arthrography, each segment of the two menisci can be studied in detail. In addition, ligamentous tears can be detected. This method is particularly useful when the clinical signs are non-specific and the symptoms atypical. In the present series, double contrast arthrography was performed in 100 cases of suspected internal derangement of the knee. Abnormal radiological findings were recorded in 31 cases. Confirmation of the diagnosis was available in 17 out of 21 patients, subjected to surgery, giving a pre-operative diagnostic accuracy of 81%. This figure could be improved with experience and can be further enhanced, if used in conjunction with arthroscopy.", "contents": "Arthrography--a diagnostic aid to knee injury. Injuries of the knee often present diagnostic problem. Using double contrast arthrography, each segment of the two menisci can be studied in detail. In addition, ligamentous tears can be detected. This method is particularly useful when the clinical signs are non-specific and the symptoms atypical. In the present series, double contrast arthrography was performed in 100 cases of suspected internal derangement of the knee. Abnormal radiological findings were recorded in 31 cases. Confirmation of the diagnosis was available in 17 out of 21 patients, subjected to surgery, giving a pre-operative diagnostic accuracy of 81%. This figure could be improved with experience and can be further enhanced, if used in conjunction with arthroscopy.", "PMID": 518005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11956", "title": "Study of lumbar disc pathology among a group of dockworkers.", "content": "Low back disorders pose a serious health problem among workers engaged in heavy manual lifting and carrying. In order to determine the extent to which this type of activity may contribute to the prevalence and pattern of lumbar disc degeneration, a group of dockworkers doing heavy lifting and carrying and a control group of clerks were compared. The prevalence of disc changes was higher among the dockworkers at all disc levels studied (T12-L5). No significant differences in pattern of distribution of affected discs were demonstrated. A higher prevalence of anterior and posterior disc changes, occurring more in combination than singly, was observed in the dockworkers. There was a significant excess of such combined changes in the T12, L4 and L5 discs among the dockworkers, compared with only L5 involvement in the controls.", "contents": "Study of lumbar disc pathology among a group of dockworkers. Low back disorders pose a serious health problem among workers engaged in heavy manual lifting and carrying. In order to determine the extent to which this type of activity may contribute to the prevalence and pattern of lumbar disc degeneration, a group of dockworkers doing heavy lifting and carrying and a control group of clerks were compared. The prevalence of disc changes was higher among the dockworkers at all disc levels studied (T12-L5). No significant differences in pattern of distribution of affected discs were demonstrated. A higher prevalence of anterior and posterior disc changes, occurring more in combination than singly, was observed in the dockworkers. There was a significant excess of such combined changes in the T12, L4 and L5 discs among the dockworkers, compared with only L5 involvement in the controls.", "PMID": 518007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11957", "title": "Surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism--a review of 25 cases.", "content": "Mandibular prognathism is a common developmental jaw deformity with functional disabilities and facial disfigurement, characterised by a prominent mandible. Very satisfying cosmetic and functional results can be achieved by surgery and the literature is replete with surgical techniques for correcting this deformity. This paper discusses the surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism and reviews a series of 25 consecutive patients treated by an extra-oral technique known as Subsigmoid Oblique Osteotomy (Vertical Subcondylar Osteotomy) during a seven-year period, (1969-76).", "contents": "Surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism--a review of 25 cases. Mandibular prognathism is a common developmental jaw deformity with functional disabilities and facial disfigurement, characterised by a prominent mandible. Very satisfying cosmetic and functional results can be achieved by surgery and the literature is replete with surgical techniques for correcting this deformity. This paper discusses the surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism and reviews a series of 25 consecutive patients treated by an extra-oral technique known as Subsigmoid Oblique Osteotomy (Vertical Subcondylar Osteotomy) during a seven-year period, (1969-76).", "PMID": 518008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11958", "title": "Additional day-to-day precision estimates based on regional chemistry quality control data.", "content": "State-of-the-art precision values are presented for the following serum constituents: aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30), cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8), cortisol, gamma glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2), haptoglobin, immunoglobulins, lactic acid, leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1), total lipids, osmolality, protein fractions, T3 uptake, thyroxine and vitamin B12. Precision estimates are based on values reported for four lyophilized serum pools analyzed by participants in the Pennsylvania Association of Clinical Pathologists regional quality control program for clinical chemistry, during 1976, 1977 and 1978. Use of the upper limit of the \"most common range\" of precision (that range including the 75 percent most precise laboratories) as a warning level for trouble-shooting is advocated.", "contents": "Additional day-to-day precision estimates based on regional chemistry quality control data. State-of-the-art precision values are presented for the following serum constituents: aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30), cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8), cortisol, gamma glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2), haptoglobin, immunoglobulins, lactic acid, leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1), total lipids, osmolality, protein fractions, T3 uptake, thyroxine and vitamin B12. Precision estimates are based on values reported for four lyophilized serum pools analyzed by participants in the Pennsylvania Association of Clinical Pathologists regional quality control program for clinical chemistry, during 1976, 1977 and 1978. Use of the upper limit of the \"most common range\" of precision (that range including the 75 percent most precise laboratories) as a warning level for trouble-shooting is advocated.", "PMID": 518009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11959", "title": "Heparin induced platelet aggregation: in vitro confirmation of thrombotic complications associated with heparin therapy.", "content": "Eleven patients who developed thromboembolic complications while receiving heparin were studied for a possible adverse reaction to heparin as the cause of their progressive thrombosis. Fifteen additional patients who were receiving heparin for recurrent thromboembolism, but who did not develop signs of thrombotic complications, were studied as patient controls. The most significant finding was an abnormal in vitro aggregation response to heparin alone in all of the patients who developed complications who were tested for it (64 percent). None of the patient controls demonstrated this abnormality. In addition, thrombocytopenia was noted in all of the former but in only one of the latter. Results of prothrombin times, fibrinogens and fibrin split products eliminated disseminated intravascular coagulation as the cause of the thrombocytopenia in the majority of cases. Finally, an approach to the early detection of the abnormal heparin response is presented and guidelines for its therapeutic management are recommended.", "contents": "Heparin induced platelet aggregation: in vitro confirmation of thrombotic complications associated with heparin therapy. Eleven patients who developed thromboembolic complications while receiving heparin were studied for a possible adverse reaction to heparin as the cause of their progressive thrombosis. Fifteen additional patients who were receiving heparin for recurrent thromboembolism, but who did not develop signs of thrombotic complications, were studied as patient controls. The most significant finding was an abnormal in vitro aggregation response to heparin alone in all of the patients who developed complications who were tested for it (64 percent). None of the patient controls demonstrated this abnormality. In addition, thrombocytopenia was noted in all of the former but in only one of the latter. Results of prothrombin times, fibrinogens and fibrin split products eliminated disseminated intravascular coagulation as the cause of the thrombocytopenia in the majority of cases. Finally, an approach to the early detection of the abnormal heparin response is presented and guidelines for its therapeutic management are recommended.", "PMID": 518011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11960", "title": "Measurement of salicylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Salicylsalicylic acid (SS) and salicylic acid (SA) both appear in plasma after the oral ingestion of the former. They can be estimated in the presence of each other after extraction into dichloromethane using high pressure liquid chromatography. SS is unstable in plasma, being converted to SA in vitro. Conversion can be prevented by using ethylene diaminetetraacetic (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and carrying out the extraction in the cold. An aliquot of the extract is dried and dissolved in methanol. Weak solutions of SS in methanol are unstable at room temperature. Methanolysis can be prevented by the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. By adding phenylbutazone to the plasma as an internal standard, variations in extraction and sample application are nullified. Quality control is achieved by concurrent extraction of two different plasma standards containing SS and SA in known amounts. About 40 ng of SS and SA can be detected; reproducibility at 200 ng and above is better than 6.5 percent.", "contents": "Measurement of salicylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography. Salicylsalicylic acid (SS) and salicylic acid (SA) both appear in plasma after the oral ingestion of the former. They can be estimated in the presence of each other after extraction into dichloromethane using high pressure liquid chromatography. SS is unstable in plasma, being converted to SA in vitro. Conversion can be prevented by using ethylene diaminetetraacetic (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and carrying out the extraction in the cold. An aliquot of the extract is dried and dissolved in methanol. Weak solutions of SS in methanol are unstable at room temperature. Methanolysis can be prevented by the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. By adding phenylbutazone to the plasma as an internal standard, variations in extraction and sample application are nullified. Quality control is achieved by concurrent extraction of two different plasma standards containing SS and SA in known amounts. About 40 ng of SS and SA can be detected; reproducibility at 200 ng and above is better than 6.5 percent.", "PMID": 518013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11961", "title": "Secretion of nickel in rabbit saliva.", "content": "Secretion of nickel into unstimulated and stimulated saliva of rabbits was studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of nickel chloride labelled with 63Ni. Maximum 63Ni in unstimulated saliva was obtained in specimens collected one hr after maximum serum-63Ni was reached and two hrs after the nickel administration. Compared to serum-63Ni, the secretion of isotope into saliva was low whether or not stimulation was carried out. After 24 hrs, only traces of radioactivity were left in saliva. Forty to 60 percent of salivary-63Ni was ultrafiltrable. Most nickel associated with salivary proteins was weakly bound. Two acidic protein fractions obtained by gel filtration of saliva seemed to bind nickel firmly at neutral pH. No such binding of nickel to salivary proteins was observed after the in vitro addition of normal saliva to 63NiCl2.", "contents": "Secretion of nickel in rabbit saliva. Secretion of nickel into unstimulated and stimulated saliva of rabbits was studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of nickel chloride labelled with 63Ni. Maximum 63Ni in unstimulated saliva was obtained in specimens collected one hr after maximum serum-63Ni was reached and two hrs after the nickel administration. Compared to serum-63Ni, the secretion of isotope into saliva was low whether or not stimulation was carried out. After 24 hrs, only traces of radioactivity were left in saliva. Forty to 60 percent of salivary-63Ni was ultrafiltrable. Most nickel associated with salivary proteins was weakly bound. Two acidic protein fractions obtained by gel filtration of saliva seemed to bind nickel firmly at neutral pH. No such binding of nickel to salivary proteins was observed after the in vitro addition of normal saliva to 63NiCl2.", "PMID": 518010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11962", "title": "Circadian rhythms of serum aldosterone, cortisol and plasma renin activity in burn injuries.", "content": "Circadian rhythm of serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations and of plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 adults with thermal injuries. The determinations were begun 6 to 48 hours after the injury and continued for five consecutive days four times a day. In all patients, the normal pattern of the circadian rhythm for all three hormones disappeared and values remained quite high at any time of the day or the night. Four patients developed an hypertensive crisis with quite elevated levels of aldosterone, cortisol and plasma renin activity. The same hormones were also found very elevated in two hypotensive patients with 80 percent or more of injured body surface who were in agonal conditions and succumbed to the injury.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of serum aldosterone, cortisol and plasma renin activity in burn injuries. Circadian rhythm of serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations and of plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 adults with thermal injuries. The determinations were begun 6 to 48 hours after the injury and continued for five consecutive days four times a day. In all patients, the normal pattern of the circadian rhythm for all three hormones disappeared and values remained quite high at any time of the day or the night. Four patients developed an hypertensive crisis with quite elevated levels of aldosterone, cortisol and plasma renin activity. The same hormones were also found very elevated in two hypotensive patients with 80 percent or more of injured body surface who were in agonal conditions and succumbed to the injury.", "PMID": 518015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11963", "title": "Application of electroimmunoassay to the study of plasma protein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes.", "content": "Electroimmunoassay has been applied to the study of plasma protein synthesis and secretion in liver cell cultures. The assay is performed on unconcentrated samples of culture medium containing the secreted plasma proteins and yields results within 2 hours. The characteristics of plasma protein production by the cultured hepatocytes coupled with the sensitivity of this assay permit the study of plasma protein in synthesis and its regulation by hormones and other agents without the routine use of radioisotopes.", "contents": "Application of electroimmunoassay to the study of plasma protein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. Electroimmunoassay has been applied to the study of plasma protein synthesis and secretion in liver cell cultures. The assay is performed on unconcentrated samples of culture medium containing the secreted plasma proteins and yields results within 2 hours. The characteristics of plasma protein production by the cultured hepatocytes coupled with the sensitivity of this assay permit the study of plasma protein in synthesis and its regulation by hormones and other agents without the routine use of radioisotopes.", "PMID": 518014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11964", "title": "Clotting, activated partial thromboplastin and coagulation times in monitoring heparin therapy.", "content": "The automated-activated coagulation time, manual-activated coagulation time and the activated partial thromboplastin time were compared to the whole blood clotting time in the measurement of hypocoagulation of heparinized blood. The normal ranges and degree of reproducibility were determined for each clotting assay. Each method was examined for its sensitivity to various concentrations of heparin. In addition, blood samples from patients treated with heparin were assayed by all four methods and their results were compared. The results indicated that the manual-activated clotting time correlated best with the whole blood clotting time, was sensitive to low concentrations of heparin, formed a discernible clot within a convenient time period in blood containing high concentrations of heparin, was reproducible and was easily performed.", "contents": "Clotting, activated partial thromboplastin and coagulation times in monitoring heparin therapy. The automated-activated coagulation time, manual-activated coagulation time and the activated partial thromboplastin time were compared to the whole blood clotting time in the measurement of hypocoagulation of heparinized blood. The normal ranges and degree of reproducibility were determined for each clotting assay. Each method was examined for its sensitivity to various concentrations of heparin. In addition, blood samples from patients treated with heparin were assayed by all four methods and their results were compared. The results indicated that the manual-activated clotting time correlated best with the whole blood clotting time, was sensitive to low concentrations of heparin, formed a discernible clot within a convenient time period in blood containing high concentrations of heparin, was reproducible and was easily performed.", "PMID": 518012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11965", "title": "[Three hypothalamic tumours: clinical, biologic, X-ray and therapeutic study (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 3 cases of hypothalamic tumours (glioma of the hypothalamus or of the stem of the pituitary, glioma of the hypothalamus or of the optic chiasma, pinealoblastoma), the authors emphasise: (1) the existence of a special endocrine \"formula\" since it often combines anterior pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and moderate hyperprolactinaemia; (2) the remarkable efficacy, in all 3 cases, of cobalt therapy, tumour regression becoming complete during the 6 to 10 months following the end of radiotherapy; (3) the post-radiotherapeutic endocrine complications, endocrine deficit becoming greater whilst the tumour disappeared; (4) the diagnostic possibilities and above all regular surveillance now made possible by tomodensitometry.", "contents": "[Three hypothalamic tumours: clinical, biologic, X-ray and therapeutic study (author's transl)]. On the basis of 3 cases of hypothalamic tumours (glioma of the hypothalamus or of the stem of the pituitary, glioma of the hypothalamus or of the optic chiasma, pinealoblastoma), the authors emphasise: (1) the existence of a special endocrine \"formula\" since it often combines anterior pituitary insufficiency, diabetes insipidus and moderate hyperprolactinaemia; (2) the remarkable efficacy, in all 3 cases, of cobalt therapy, tumour regression becoming complete during the 6 to 10 months following the end of radiotherapy; (3) the post-radiotherapeutic endocrine complications, endocrine deficit becoming greater whilst the tumour disappeared; (4) the diagnostic possibilities and above all regular surveillance now made possible by tomodensitometry.", "PMID": 518017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11966", "title": "[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Boy 19, french -- Attacks of hypokaliemic flaccid tetraplegia in 1972 -- 4 months later thyreotoxicosis -- Disappearance of neurologic symptoms and euthyroid condition after carbimazole. Relapse 5 years later of concomitant thyreotoxicosis, hypokaliemic tetraplegia attacks and lower limbs myalgias. Normal conventional and enzymatic light histology of quadriceps. Anomalies of membraneous system (T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum) on electron microscopy -- subtotal thyroidectomy -- hormonal and neurologic total recovery. Caucasoid erythrocyte and HLA groups.", "contents": "[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: case report (author's transl)]. Boy 19, french -- Attacks of hypokaliemic flaccid tetraplegia in 1972 -- 4 months later thyreotoxicosis -- Disappearance of neurologic symptoms and euthyroid condition after carbimazole. Relapse 5 years later of concomitant thyreotoxicosis, hypokaliemic tetraplegia attacks and lower limbs myalgias. Normal conventional and enzymatic light histology of quadriceps. Anomalies of membraneous system (T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum) on electron microscopy -- subtotal thyroidectomy -- hormonal and neurologic total recovery. Caucasoid erythrocyte and HLA groups.", "PMID": 518019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11967", "title": "ABO blood groups and renal disease.", "content": "This study compares the frequency of ABO blood group distribution between 184 patients with renal parenchymal diseases and 3,820 apparently healthy subjects. The renal diseases were confirmed by renal biopsy studies in all patients. The distribution of renal patients among the blood groups was significantly different (p less than 0.01) from the blood group distribution of normal subjects. The differences occurred mainly in the B and O Groups with renal patients showing a 7 percent increase in Group B and a 10 percent decrease in Group O.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and renal disease. This study compares the frequency of ABO blood group distribution between 184 patients with renal parenchymal diseases and 3,820 apparently healthy subjects. The renal diseases were confirmed by renal biopsy studies in all patients. The distribution of renal patients among the blood groups was significantly different (p less than 0.01) from the blood group distribution of normal subjects. The differences occurred mainly in the B and O Groups with renal patients showing a 7 percent increase in Group B and a 10 percent decrease in Group O.", "PMID": 518016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11968", "title": "[In vivo regulation by calcium of the thyroidal iodine metabolism and its modulation by sodium, in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In vivo experiments, in the rat, using diets deficient in calcium, or sodium or both ions, proved these cations to regulate the thyroidal iodine metabolism. Calcium enhanced iodine entry into the thyroid and the intrathyroidal iodine and T4 pools. T4 level in serum was also increased by calcium. Sodium enhanced iodine entry and secretion. The two cations have local regulatory functions on the thyroid gland and do not affect TSH levels in serum and the hypophysis. The effects of calcium and sodium are interdependent, sodium deficiency suppressed the effects of calcium and the effects of sodium were significantly limited by calcium deficiency. Results from chromatography of the thyroid extracts and data from the literature are compatible with the hypothesis of calcium enhancing iodine entry and accumulation into the thyroid gland mainly through an effect on exocytosis of thyroglobulin, the was this ion enhances exocytosis of protein in stimulus-secretion coupling. An addition to this theory is pur forward in order to reconcile with it the whole set of experimental data obtained with the two cations, in vivo and in vitro, on thyroidal iodine metabolism.", "contents": "[In vivo regulation by calcium of the thyroidal iodine metabolism and its modulation by sodium, in the rat (author's transl)]. In vivo experiments, in the rat, using diets deficient in calcium, or sodium or both ions, proved these cations to regulate the thyroidal iodine metabolism. Calcium enhanced iodine entry into the thyroid and the intrathyroidal iodine and T4 pools. T4 level in serum was also increased by calcium. Sodium enhanced iodine entry and secretion. The two cations have local regulatory functions on the thyroid gland and do not affect TSH levels in serum and the hypophysis. The effects of calcium and sodium are interdependent, sodium deficiency suppressed the effects of calcium and the effects of sodium were significantly limited by calcium deficiency. Results from chromatography of the thyroid extracts and data from the literature are compatible with the hypothesis of calcium enhancing iodine entry and accumulation into the thyroid gland mainly through an effect on exocytosis of thyroglobulin, the was this ion enhances exocytosis of protein in stimulus-secretion coupling. An addition to this theory is pur forward in order to reconcile with it the whole set of experimental data obtained with the two cations, in vivo and in vitro, on thyroidal iodine metabolism.", "PMID": 518018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11969", "title": "[The study of the influence of prolactin on gonadal steroids metabolism by the human chorionic gonadotropin test. Plasma and urinary determinations in 27 subjects (control, hyperprolactinemic, normoprolactinemic but hypogonadic subjects) (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine whether hyperprolactinemia besides its action at the hypothalamic level, acts at the gonadal level, a serie of 28 stimulations by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG : 5 000 IU X 3) is reported. The following parameters were measured in plasma and in urine before and during 4 consecutive days following the injection of HCG : Progesterone (P), 17 OH Progest\u00e9rone (17 OHP), Androstenedione (A), Testost\u00e9rone (T), Dihydrotesterone (DHT), Estrone (E1), 17 beta estradiol (E2), Urinary Androstanediol (Adiol) Testosterone Glucuronide (G.T.) and phenolsteroids (PS). The test was performed in both sex, in 3 different groups including normal, hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic but hypogonadic subjects (hypopituitarism). These data suggest that in hyperprolactinemic subjects: there is no steroid 5 alpha reductase abnormality in male patients, and there is no gonadal resistance to HCG stimulation in both sex, at least to the high doses of HCG used in this study.", "contents": "[The study of the influence of prolactin on gonadal steroids metabolism by the human chorionic gonadotropin test. Plasma and urinary determinations in 27 subjects (control, hyperprolactinemic, normoprolactinemic but hypogonadic subjects) (author's transl)]. In order to determine whether hyperprolactinemia besides its action at the hypothalamic level, acts at the gonadal level, a serie of 28 stimulations by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG : 5 000 IU X 3) is reported. The following parameters were measured in plasma and in urine before and during 4 consecutive days following the injection of HCG : Progesterone (P), 17 OH Progest\u00e9rone (17 OHP), Androstenedione (A), Testost\u00e9rone (T), Dihydrotesterone (DHT), Estrone (E1), 17 beta estradiol (E2), Urinary Androstanediol (Adiol) Testosterone Glucuronide (G.T.) and phenolsteroids (PS). The test was performed in both sex, in 3 different groups including normal, hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic but hypogonadic subjects (hypopituitarism). These data suggest that in hyperprolactinemic subjects: there is no steroid 5 alpha reductase abnormality in male patients, and there is no gonadal resistance to HCG stimulation in both sex, at least to the high doses of HCG used in this study.", "PMID": 518021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11970", "title": "[Determination of 6 pituitary hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid. Control subjects, prolactin adenomas, empty sella syndrome and hypothalamic disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum concentrations of TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH and PRL were measured simultaneously in 34 subjects divided into 3 groups: I-12 normal subjects (6 males and 6 females); II-12 prolactin adenomas (3 males and 9 females); III-5 empty sella syndromes, 3 hypothalamic disorders, 1 chromophobe adenoma, 1 pituitary dwarfism. It is concluded that: 1) pituitary hormones are the normal constituents of CSF but the level can be undetectable and in any case lower than the serum level. 2) there is a positive correlation between serum and CSF concentration of PRL when serum PRL is higher than 20 ng/ml, indicating that the CSF level is influenced by serum level. 3) in prolactin adenomas, only prolactin is elevated in the CSF. 4) there is no correlation between the high level of CSF-PRL and a suprasellar extension of the adenoma.", "contents": "[Determination of 6 pituitary hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid. Control subjects, prolactin adenomas, empty sella syndrome and hypothalamic disorders (author's transl)]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum concentrations of TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH and PRL were measured simultaneously in 34 subjects divided into 3 groups: I-12 normal subjects (6 males and 6 females); II-12 prolactin adenomas (3 males and 9 females); III-5 empty sella syndromes, 3 hypothalamic disorders, 1 chromophobe adenoma, 1 pituitary dwarfism. It is concluded that: 1) pituitary hormones are the normal constituents of CSF but the level can be undetectable and in any case lower than the serum level. 2) there is a positive correlation between serum and CSF concentration of PRL when serum PRL is higher than 20 ng/ml, indicating that the CSF level is influenced by serum level. 3) in prolactin adenomas, only prolactin is elevated in the CSF. 4) there is no correlation between the high level of CSF-PRL and a suprasellar extension of the adenoma.", "PMID": 518022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11971", "title": "[Gonadal dysgenesis in a mother and her daughter (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present two cases of gonadal dysgenesis in a mother and her daughter. Caryotypes were 46, XX/45, X for the mother (RHG-banding) and 46, X, i (Xq)/45, X for the daughter. Some researches in family did not show any abnormalities to explain this very exceptionnel event in a mother and one of her 3 daughters.", "contents": "[Gonadal dysgenesis in a mother and her daughter (author's transl)]. The authors present two cases of gonadal dysgenesis in a mother and her daughter. Caryotypes were 46, XX/45, X for the mother (RHG-banding) and 46, X, i (Xq)/45, X for the daughter. Some researches in family did not show any abnormalities to explain this very exceptionnel event in a mother and one of her 3 daughters.", "PMID": 518023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11972", "title": "[Serum testosterone after HCG in thyroidectomized or hyperthyroid male rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in young male rats before and after IM HCG (500 IU) in basal conditions, after thyroidectomy, or during thyroxine administration. Basal testosterone levels decreased significantly with time in control group (p less than 0.025) and in thyroidectomized rats (p less than 0.025). After HCG, testosterone increased in the 3 groups. There was no difference between control and hypothyroid groups but a lower response (p less than 0.005) in hyperthyroid rats.", "contents": "[Serum testosterone after HCG in thyroidectomized or hyperthyroid male rats (author's transl)]. Serum testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in young male rats before and after IM HCG (500 IU) in basal conditions, after thyroidectomy, or during thyroxine administration. Basal testosterone levels decreased significantly with time in control group (p less than 0.025) and in thyroidectomized rats (p less than 0.025). After HCG, testosterone increased in the 3 groups. There was no difference between control and hypothyroid groups but a lower response (p less than 0.005) in hyperthyroid rats.", "PMID": 518020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11973", "title": "[Plasma aldosterone and renin activity in hypopituitarism (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) and plasma aldosterone were measured in twelve patients having hypopituitarism. Both mean values of this group were significantly lower than in normal subjects (P.R.A. recumbent: p less than 0.001, upright: p less than 0.001, plasma aldosterone: recumbent: p less than 0.02, upright: p less than 0.005). Hyporeninism is a controversed feature in hypopituitarism. Our preliminary data suggest that it is not directly correlated to ACTH or cortisol deficiency. Nevertheless it may explain the hypoaldosteronism prior reported in such patients.", "contents": "[Plasma aldosterone and renin activity in hypopituitarism (author's transl)]. Plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) and plasma aldosterone were measured in twelve patients having hypopituitarism. Both mean values of this group were significantly lower than in normal subjects (P.R.A. recumbent: p less than 0.001, upright: p less than 0.001, plasma aldosterone: recumbent: p less than 0.02, upright: p less than 0.005). Hyporeninism is a controversed feature in hypopituitarism. Our preliminary data suggest that it is not directly correlated to ACTH or cortisol deficiency. Nevertheless it may explain the hypoaldosteronism prior reported in such patients.", "PMID": 518024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11974", "title": "[Immunoreactive somatostatin in rat hypophysial portal blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Somatostatin levels have been determined by radioimmunoassay in hypophysial portal blood of pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. In euthyroid rats, the mean level was 158 +/- 27 pg/ml (n = 8); somatostatin was undetectable (less than 30 pg/ml) in systemic blood of these rats. Thyroidectomy and excess of T4 did not modify the levels of somatostatin in hypophysial portal blood.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive somatostatin in rat hypophysial portal blood (author's transl)]. Somatostatin levels have been determined by radioimmunoassay in hypophysial portal blood of pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. In euthyroid rats, the mean level was 158 +/- 27 pg/ml (n = 8); somatostatin was undetectable (less than 30 pg/ml) in systemic blood of these rats. Thyroidectomy and excess of T4 did not modify the levels of somatostatin in hypophysial portal blood.", "PMID": 518025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11975", "title": "Plasma variations in testicular and adrenal androgens during prolonged physical exercise in man.", "content": "The evolution of the relationship between cortisol and testicular androgens was verified on two teams of respectively 10 and 9 male subjects (average age 34) running 100 km races in an average time of 14 hours. When compared to a control population of the same age, these trained athletes exhibited reduced testicular androgen levels (T and DHT) and increased adrenal androgen (delta 4) and cortisol levels with no significant alteration of LH. The period of recovery is characterized by rapid return to normal of the hormonal parameters whereas testosterone levels continue to increase in the following days. This hormonal picture, which reappears under certain pathological situations or when subjects are exposed to heavy stresses, seems to prove that the testicular androgens could be, both by their metabolic and psychic action, one of the limiting factors of physical aptitude to sustained effort.", "contents": "Plasma variations in testicular and adrenal androgens during prolonged physical exercise in man. The evolution of the relationship between cortisol and testicular androgens was verified on two teams of respectively 10 and 9 male subjects (average age 34) running 100 km races in an average time of 14 hours. When compared to a control population of the same age, these trained athletes exhibited reduced testicular androgen levels (T and DHT) and increased adrenal androgen (delta 4) and cortisol levels with no significant alteration of LH. The period of recovery is characterized by rapid return to normal of the hormonal parameters whereas testosterone levels continue to increase in the following days. This hormonal picture, which reappears under certain pathological situations or when subjects are exposed to heavy stresses, seems to prove that the testicular androgens could be, both by their metabolic and psychic action, one of the limiting factors of physical aptitude to sustained effort.", "PMID": 518032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11976", "title": "[25 OH CC (25-hydroxycholecalciferol in spasmophilia) (author's transl)].", "content": "The level of 25 OH CC in plasma was evaluated in spasmophilia (126 cases) comparatively with normal persons. This level is significantly decreased in spasmophilia. Therapeutic by 25 OH CC of the calcipenic symptoms was tested with good clinical results. Some precautions are necessary when spasmophilia is associated with idiopathic hypercalciura.", "contents": "[25 OH CC (25-hydroxycholecalciferol in spasmophilia) (author's transl)]. The level of 25 OH CC in plasma was evaluated in spasmophilia (126 cases) comparatively with normal persons. This level is significantly decreased in spasmophilia. Therapeutic by 25 OH CC of the calcipenic symptoms was tested with good clinical results. Some precautions are necessary when spasmophilia is associated with idiopathic hypercalciura.", "PMID": 518027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11977", "title": "[Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism. Introduction].", "content": "Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism will be generalized in France during the next year, after it has been experienced in three regional areas. The data obtained from these experiences have shown that TSH assay is probably the safest way to detect most cases of thyroid failure in newborns. The Round Table organized by the Societ\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Endocrinologie has given opportunity to discuss previous trials and their results, and to prepare the large-scale organization of this new progress in preventive medicine.", "contents": "[Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism. Introduction]. Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism will be generalized in France during the next year, after it has been experienced in three regional areas. The data obtained from these experiences have shown that TSH assay is probably the safest way to detect most cases of thyroid failure in newborns. The Round Table organized by the Societ\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Endocrinologie has given opportunity to discuss previous trials and their results, and to prepare the large-scale organization of this new progress in preventive medicine.", "PMID": 518028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11978", "title": "Interactions between steroidreceptors.", "content": "Interactions between the estradiolreceptor and the progesteronereceptor are known to exist in the uterus. The \"priming effect\" of estradiol is likely to exist also in human and rat mammary tumors. In detecting also the progesteronereceptors along with the estrogenreceptors, one cannot only demonstrate the presence but also the activity of the estrogenreceptor. This finding should improve the response rate of hormonesensitivity to receptorpositivity. However preoperative irradiation possibly induces negative progesteronereceptortiters in human breast tumors.", "contents": "Interactions between steroidreceptors. Interactions between the estradiolreceptor and the progesteronereceptor are known to exist in the uterus. The \"priming effect\" of estradiol is likely to exist also in human and rat mammary tumors. In detecting also the progesteronereceptors along with the estrogenreceptors, one cannot only demonstrate the presence but also the activity of the estrogenreceptor. This finding should improve the response rate of hormonesensitivity to receptorpositivity. However preoperative irradiation possibly induces negative progesteronereceptortiters in human breast tumors.", "PMID": 518034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11979", "title": "[Thyroid protein synthesis and insulin: influence of the hormone concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "Canine thyroid slices were preincubated at 37 degrees C in the glucose-free TC 199 medium following in vitro addition of monocomponent insulin at increasing concentrations: from 10(-5) to 1 IU/ml. After 30 minutes, the incubation was continued in the presence of 3H-leucine (20 microCi/ml) for 1 h. The incorporation of radioleucine in the homogenates was determined as dpm/mg of protein. Insulin added in vitro significantly enhanced the mean 3H-leucine incorporation in the thyroid proteins at all concentrations tested. A maximal effect was obtained within the range 10(-3)-1 IU per ml. The response at lower concentrations, close to the physiologic conditions in man, was still pronounced. These data suggest that insulin strongly stimulates the thyroid synthesis up to a concentration of 10(-5) IU = 0.4 ng/ml, which has been found to be effective in the hormone-receptor binding studies.", "contents": "[Thyroid protein synthesis and insulin: influence of the hormone concentration (author's transl)]. Canine thyroid slices were preincubated at 37 degrees C in the glucose-free TC 199 medium following in vitro addition of monocomponent insulin at increasing concentrations: from 10(-5) to 1 IU/ml. After 30 minutes, the incubation was continued in the presence of 3H-leucine (20 microCi/ml) for 1 h. The incorporation of radioleucine in the homogenates was determined as dpm/mg of protein. Insulin added in vitro significantly enhanced the mean 3H-leucine incorporation in the thyroid proteins at all concentrations tested. A maximal effect was obtained within the range 10(-3)-1 IU per ml. The response at lower concentrations, close to the physiologic conditions in man, was still pronounced. These data suggest that insulin strongly stimulates the thyroid synthesis up to a concentration of 10(-5) IU = 0.4 ng/ml, which has been found to be effective in the hormone-receptor binding studies.", "PMID": 518026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11980", "title": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism by simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH on filter paper (author's transl)].", "content": "A simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH has been done on 48 000 new borns since January 1st of 1977 in the Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es district. 15 cases of hypothyroidism have been detected, an incidence of 1/3 200 new borns. TSH values always were above 80 microU/ml; T4 values are under m-2 sigma in 11 cases, normal in 2 cases (8,8 and 9 micrograms/dl) and between -1 and - 2 sigma in 2 cases. A thyroid scanning with 123 odine or 99 Tech, has shown the absence of thyroid in 6 cases, an ectopic gland in 7 cases and a thyroid in a normal position in one case. A treatment has been possible before the first month of life in each case. The average D.Q. for the seven oldest new borns (m = 11 months) is 96. The simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH is a sensitive and specific screening method for hypothyroidism. False-negative are avoided and the number of false-positive results is reduced. All cases of hypothyroidism can be detected (primary hypothyroidism, hypothalamo-hypopituitary hypothyroidism, TBG deficiency, etc...) Then, an early and certain diagnosis is made possible (T4 low and TSH increased).", "contents": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism by simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH on filter paper (author's transl)]. A simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH has been done on 48 000 new borns since January 1st of 1977 in the Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es district. 15 cases of hypothyroidism have been detected, an incidence of 1/3 200 new borns. TSH values always were above 80 microU/ml; T4 values are under m-2 sigma in 11 cases, normal in 2 cases (8,8 and 9 micrograms/dl) and between -1 and - 2 sigma in 2 cases. A thyroid scanning with 123 odine or 99 Tech, has shown the absence of thyroid in 6 cases, an ectopic gland in 7 cases and a thyroid in a normal position in one case. A treatment has been possible before the first month of life in each case. The average D.Q. for the seven oldest new borns (m = 11 months) is 96. The simultaneous determination of T4 and TSH is a sensitive and specific screening method for hypothyroidism. False-negative are avoided and the number of false-positive results is reduced. All cases of hypothyroidism can be detected (primary hypothyroidism, hypothalamo-hypopituitary hypothyroidism, TBG deficiency, etc...) Then, an early and certain diagnosis is made possible (T4 low and TSH increased).", "PMID": 518030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11981", "title": "Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: improved outcome with a minimal blood flow.", "content": "It has been reported that incomplete cerebral ischemia with cerebral blood flow less than 10% of control may be more damaging than an equal period of complete ischemia. In this study, the effects of severe, incomplete cerebral ischemia on neurological outcome and cerebral metabolism were studied in dogs anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The results were compared with those of a previous study concerned with the effects of complete ischemia. Dogs could sustain only 8 to 9 minutes of complete ischemia with return of normal neurological function, whereas maintenance of a cerebral blood flow rate less than 10% of control extended this limit to 10 6o 12 minutes. Following a 10-minute exposure, only dogs undergoing incomplete ischemia regained a normal cerebral oxygen consumption within 90 minutes; similarly, animals subjected to incomplete ischemia enjoyed a faster return of EEG activity than dogs exposed to complete ischemia of the same duration. Cerebral metabolite levels did not prove to be a good index of return of neurological function. Within periods of cerebral ischemia in which meaningful neurological recovery might be expected, we conclude that some blood flow is better than no flow.", "contents": "Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: improved outcome with a minimal blood flow. It has been reported that incomplete cerebral ischemia with cerebral blood flow less than 10% of control may be more damaging than an equal period of complete ischemia. In this study, the effects of severe, incomplete cerebral ischemia on neurological outcome and cerebral metabolism were studied in dogs anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The results were compared with those of a previous study concerned with the effects of complete ischemia. Dogs could sustain only 8 to 9 minutes of complete ischemia with return of normal neurological function, whereas maintenance of a cerebral blood flow rate less than 10% of control extended this limit to 10 6o 12 minutes. Following a 10-minute exposure, only dogs undergoing incomplete ischemia regained a normal cerebral oxygen consumption within 90 minutes; similarly, animals subjected to incomplete ischemia enjoyed a faster return of EEG activity than dogs exposed to complete ischemia of the same duration. Cerebral metabolite levels did not prove to be a good index of return of neurological function. Within periods of cerebral ischemia in which meaningful neurological recovery might be expected, we conclude that some blood flow is better than no flow.", "PMID": 518035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11982", "title": "[Problems encountered during intensive routine scale performace of paper T4 and TSH radioimmunoassays (author's transl)].", "content": "High sensitivity attained in radioimmunoassays explains the important role played by specialized laboratories as screening partners for early neonatal hypothyroidism detection. In this paper, the author tries to point out optimal technical conditions to be followed while performing at routine scale T4 and TSH paper immunoassays choice of filter paper, blood collection and storage, assay, quality control, assay mecanization, computer calculation of results).", "contents": "[Problems encountered during intensive routine scale performace of paper T4 and TSH radioimmunoassays (author's transl)]. High sensitivity attained in radioimmunoassays explains the important role played by specialized laboratories as screening partners for early neonatal hypothyroidism detection. In this paper, the author tries to point out optimal technical conditions to be followed while performing at routine scale T4 and TSH paper immunoassays choice of filter paper, blood collection and storage, assay, quality control, assay mecanization, computer calculation of results).", "PMID": 518031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11983", "title": "Perisulcal infarcts: lesions caused by hypotension during increased intracranial pressure.", "content": "A pattern of cortical necrosis surrounding the cerebral sulci and similar to ulegyria was found in 5 patients. The lesions were widely disseminated in all parts of the hemispheric cortex, affecting mostly the deep cortex of several adjacent sulci. They were hemorrhagic in 3 patients, ischemic in the others. Each patient had suffered a severe brain injury and became comatose thereafter. Increased intracranial pressure was evident from clinical findings, necropsy changes, or both. While in coma, each patient had at lease one episode of hypotension. The data suggest that perisulcal infarcts are a manifestation of diminished vascular perfusion during a period of increased intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Perisulcal infarcts: lesions caused by hypotension during increased intracranial pressure. A pattern of cortical necrosis surrounding the cerebral sulci and similar to ulegyria was found in 5 patients. The lesions were widely disseminated in all parts of the hemispheric cortex, affecting mostly the deep cortex of several adjacent sulci. They were hemorrhagic in 3 patients, ischemic in the others. Each patient had suffered a severe brain injury and became comatose thereafter. Increased intracranial pressure was evident from clinical findings, necropsy changes, or both. While in coma, each patient had at lease one episode of hypotension. The data suggest that perisulcal infarcts are a manifestation of diminished vascular perfusion during a period of increased intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 518036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11984", "title": "Primary aberrant third nerve regeneration.", "content": "The clinical and neuroradiological features in 4 patients with the syndrome of aberrant regeneration of the third nerve are presented. In contrast to what is commonly seen, the syndrome was not preceded by third nerve palsy. A petrous apex-cavernous sinus meningioma was the underlying lesion in all 4 patients. Surgical and pathological confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in 3. Regardless of whether the other ocular motor nerves are spared (as in our patients) or involved (as in other cases reported in the literature), primary aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve appears to be characteristic of a cavernous sinus meningioma.", "contents": "Primary aberrant third nerve regeneration. The clinical and neuroradiological features in 4 patients with the syndrome of aberrant regeneration of the third nerve are presented. In contrast to what is commonly seen, the syndrome was not preceded by third nerve palsy. A petrous apex-cavernous sinus meningioma was the underlying lesion in all 4 patients. Surgical and pathological confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in 3. Regardless of whether the other ocular motor nerves are spared (as in our patients) or involved (as in other cases reported in the literature), primary aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve appears to be characteristic of a cavernous sinus meningioma.", "PMID": 518037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11985", "title": "[Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism with TSH measurement in dried blood spots on filter paper. A two years experience (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism was started in Lyon in september 1976. This screening was coupled with PKU, using the same dried blood samples on filter paper obtained on the 5th day of life. TSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay adapted for dried blood samples (Kit Abbott). In 24 months, 56 176 samples were analyzed. The critical level calling for control was successively raised from from 20 to 30, now 40 microUI/ml of serum. A high level of TSH was found in 307 children (0,55%). Pathological deliveries were found in most of these infants (neonatal injury, cesarean, section forceps or ocytocic perfusion, neonatal icterus) and a second or a third measurement showed normal TSH level. Congenital hypothyroidism, was found detected in 18 infants: 12 ectopic gland, 5 athyreosis and 1 dyshormonogenesis. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 38 days (29 to 50 days).", "contents": "[Neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism with TSH measurement in dried blood spots on filter paper. A two years experience (author's transl)]. Systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism was started in Lyon in september 1976. This screening was coupled with PKU, using the same dried blood samples on filter paper obtained on the 5th day of life. TSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay adapted for dried blood samples (Kit Abbott). In 24 months, 56 176 samples were analyzed. The critical level calling for control was successively raised from from 20 to 30, now 40 microUI/ml of serum. A high level of TSH was found in 307 children (0,55%). Pathological deliveries were found in most of these infants (neonatal injury, cesarean, section forceps or ocytocic perfusion, neonatal icterus) and a second or a third measurement showed normal TSH level. Congenital hypothyroidism, was found detected in 18 infants: 12 ectopic gland, 5 athyreosis and 1 dyshormonogenesis. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 38 days (29 to 50 days).", "PMID": 518029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11986", "title": "[Odintologic studies on the dentition of Pan troglodytes verus].", "content": "The examination of 90 Pan troglodytes verus skulls from the collection of the Institute of Anthropology of the University of Giessen did not reveal the existence of a tuberculum Carabelli. Against that a well marked cingulum of the upper molars could be observed. Nearly half of the P2 showed two roots; one of the P1 had only one root. The two-rooted P2 are characteristic by a longitudinal groove on the buccal side, which may indicate bifurcation of the teeth. Agenesia of teeth was found in 3.6% of all cases, supernumerous teeth in one, respectively, two cases. Furthermore, a number of similarities with the tooth form of modern man was ascertained.", "contents": "[Odintologic studies on the dentition of Pan troglodytes verus]. The examination of 90 Pan troglodytes verus skulls from the collection of the Institute of Anthropology of the University of Giessen did not reveal the existence of a tuberculum Carabelli. Against that a well marked cingulum of the upper molars could be observed. Nearly half of the P2 showed two roots; one of the P1 had only one root. The two-rooted P2 are characteristic by a longitudinal groove on the buccal side, which may indicate bifurcation of the teeth. Agenesia of teeth was found in 3.6% of all cases, supernumerous teeth in one, respectively, two cases. Furthermore, a number of similarities with the tooth form of modern man was ascertained.", "PMID": 518043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11987", "title": "[Morphologic and pathologic findings in teeth and jaws from the middle bronze age (Pitten, Lower Austria)].", "content": "The detailed examination of the masticating apparatus of 18 skulls from the Middle Bronze Age in Pitten (Lower Austria) revealed numerous pathological findings of the teeth. Most remarkable were frequency and extent of dental abrasions. In addition to it, indications on inflammatory processes in the marginal parodontium were obtained, combined with partly immense formations of concrements on the surfaces of the teeth. The incidence of dental caries was relatively low. Abnormal positions of the teeth and pathological processes concerning the development of dentition as well as the eruption of the wisdom teeth could be observed repeatedly. Conclusions on insufficiences of the oral hygiene in this time follow especially from the concrement findings and from the inflammatory reactions of the marginal parodontium.", "contents": "[Morphologic and pathologic findings in teeth and jaws from the middle bronze age (Pitten, Lower Austria)]. The detailed examination of the masticating apparatus of 18 skulls from the Middle Bronze Age in Pitten (Lower Austria) revealed numerous pathological findings of the teeth. Most remarkable were frequency and extent of dental abrasions. In addition to it, indications on inflammatory processes in the marginal parodontium were obtained, combined with partly immense formations of concrements on the surfaces of the teeth. The incidence of dental caries was relatively low. Abnormal positions of the teeth and pathological processes concerning the development of dentition as well as the eruption of the wisdom teeth could be observed repeatedly. Conclusions on insufficiences of the oral hygiene in this time follow especially from the concrement findings and from the inflammatory reactions of the marginal parodontium.", "PMID": 518044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11988", "title": "Physical variation in three Assamese castes.", "content": "The paper deals with variation with regard to certain physical traits like AB0 blood groups, cerumen type, cross section of head hair, finger patterns and anthropometric characters in three Assamese caste populations, namely Brahmin, Kalita and Kaibarta representing three strata of the Assamese caste society. The study reveals that in respect of AB0 blood groups, cerumen type and finger patterns the Kaibartas stand apart from the Brahmin and Kalita, who are similar to one another. With regard to the other traits a different picture is observed. When the castes are arranged in hierarcheal order, the hair becomes coarser from the Brahmin to the Kaibarta through the Kalita. The metric values also can be arranged in a similar manner when certain values show a decrease from the lower to higher caste and others increase. While dealing with the nature of variation an attempt has also been made to look for the possible reasons. It appears that a host of factors like ethnic migration, inflow of genes, isolation are involved to cause variation.", "contents": "Physical variation in three Assamese castes. The paper deals with variation with regard to certain physical traits like AB0 blood groups, cerumen type, cross section of head hair, finger patterns and anthropometric characters in three Assamese caste populations, namely Brahmin, Kalita and Kaibarta representing three strata of the Assamese caste society. The study reveals that in respect of AB0 blood groups, cerumen type and finger patterns the Kaibartas stand apart from the Brahmin and Kalita, who are similar to one another. With regard to the other traits a different picture is observed. When the castes are arranged in hierarcheal order, the hair becomes coarser from the Brahmin to the Kaibarta through the Kalita. The metric values also can be arranged in a similar manner when certain values show a decrease from the lower to higher caste and others increase. While dealing with the nature of variation an attempt has also been made to look for the possible reasons. It appears that a host of factors like ethnic migration, inflow of genes, isolation are involved to cause variation.", "PMID": 518045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11989", "title": "Ethnic diversity in Punjab as based on finger dermatoglyphics.", "content": "Four ethnic groups of Punjab having same dialect viz. Khatris, Jats, Brahmins and Muslims were taken to see ethnic differences in regards to the distribution of whorls, loops, and arches of finger dermatoglyphics. The results show that there is a great diversity in the four groups for these parameters. These groups were compared with similar ethnic groups of other places having different dialect. The results reveal that there seems to be ethnic affinity between the group known by same name and which is true for all the four groups.", "contents": "Ethnic diversity in Punjab as based on finger dermatoglyphics. Four ethnic groups of Punjab having same dialect viz. Khatris, Jats, Brahmins and Muslims were taken to see ethnic differences in regards to the distribution of whorls, loops, and arches of finger dermatoglyphics. The results show that there is a great diversity in the four groups for these parameters. These groups were compared with similar ethnic groups of other places having different dialect. The results reveal that there seems to be ethnic affinity between the group known by same name and which is true for all the four groups.", "PMID": 518046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11990", "title": "[Actinomyces rimosus resistance to oxytetracycline].", "content": "High frequency of spontaneous and UV-and acridine dye-induced variants susceptible to oxytetracycline (OTC) and deprived of the capacity for synthesizing this antibiotic was observed in strain LST-118 of Actinomyces rimosus. The cells of strain LST-118 of Act. rimosus contained extrachromosomal DNA not found in its OTC susceptible variant BS87, which provides evidence in favour of participation of the extrachromosomal genetic elements in control of OTC resistance of the cells of Act. rimosus, LST-118. The OTC resistance in strain LST-118 is of inducable character. The resistance level is increasing from the beginning of the antibiotic synthesis and initially the subinhibitory concentrations of OTC in the medium were the inductors triggering cellular mechanisms ensuring resistance of the cell to the increasing concentrations of OTC in the medium. The capacity for absorption of OTC in Act rimosus is 2--3 times lower than that in E. coli. The experiments with labeled tetracycline showed that the cells of the actinomycete absorbed OTC when it was present in the medium. The absorption of the main amount of the antibiotic was registered during the first 5 minutes. The difference in absorption of OTC by the cells of the antibiotic resistant and sensitive strains was insignificant.", "contents": "[Actinomyces rimosus resistance to oxytetracycline]. High frequency of spontaneous and UV-and acridine dye-induced variants susceptible to oxytetracycline (OTC) and deprived of the capacity for synthesizing this antibiotic was observed in strain LST-118 of Actinomyces rimosus. The cells of strain LST-118 of Act. rimosus contained extrachromosomal DNA not found in its OTC susceptible variant BS87, which provides evidence in favour of participation of the extrachromosomal genetic elements in control of OTC resistance of the cells of Act. rimosus, LST-118. The OTC resistance in strain LST-118 is of inducable character. The resistance level is increasing from the beginning of the antibiotic synthesis and initially the subinhibitory concentrations of OTC in the medium were the inductors triggering cellular mechanisms ensuring resistance of the cell to the increasing concentrations of OTC in the medium. The capacity for absorption of OTC in Act rimosus is 2--3 times lower than that in E. coli. The experiments with labeled tetracycline showed that the cells of the actinomycete absorbed OTC when it was present in the medium. The absorption of the main amount of the antibiotic was registered during the first 5 minutes. The difference in absorption of OTC by the cells of the antibiotic resistant and sensitive strains was insignificant.", "PMID": 518047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11991", "title": "[Effect of lincomycin on its own producer, Actinomyces roseolus, in periodic cultivation in a liquid medium].", "content": "Lincomycin added to the cultivation medium induced a number of changes in the organism producing it during its ontogenesis when grown recurrently on liquid media. It was found that lincomycin inhibited the culture growth and decreased the absolute amount of the antibiotic synthesized while the specific activity of the culture increased. A number of cytomorphological rearrangements relevant to the adaptive protective reactions was found. It is suggested that an increase in the resistance of the culture to the antibiotic produced by it at the late developmental stages is the result of the above protective reactions.", "contents": "[Effect of lincomycin on its own producer, Actinomyces roseolus, in periodic cultivation in a liquid medium]. Lincomycin added to the cultivation medium induced a number of changes in the organism producing it during its ontogenesis when grown recurrently on liquid media. It was found that lincomycin inhibited the culture growth and decreased the absolute amount of the antibiotic synthesized while the specific activity of the culture increased. A number of cytomorphological rearrangements relevant to the adaptive protective reactions was found. It is suggested that an increase in the resistance of the culture to the antibiotic produced by it at the late developmental stages is the result of the above protective reactions.", "PMID": 518048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11992", "title": "[Express method of determining phenylacetic acid in the culture broth during the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin].", "content": "Phenylacetate acid (PAA) is transferred by extraction from the fermentation broth filtrate into toluol. The extract is applied to a Silufol plate with an aluminium foil lining (silica gel sorbent, Czechoslovakia). Reference solutions of PAA are also applied to the same plate. The reference and test solutions are applied dropwise (spots of 5--6 x 10(-3)m in diameter). For PAA development the spots are sprayed with a freshly prepared saturated solution of potassium manganate in 6N H2SO4. PAA of the test samples is developed as a dull ring against grey background and that of the reference solution is developed as a circle. The amount of PAA in the spot is determined by using correlation between the spot area and the amount of PAA applied. One plate of 225 X 10(-4) m2 can be used for about 300 analyses. One analysis takes 300--600 seconds.", "contents": "[Express method of determining phenylacetic acid in the culture broth during the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin]. Phenylacetate acid (PAA) is transferred by extraction from the fermentation broth filtrate into toluol. The extract is applied to a Silufol plate with an aluminium foil lining (silica gel sorbent, Czechoslovakia). Reference solutions of PAA are also applied to the same plate. The reference and test solutions are applied dropwise (spots of 5--6 x 10(-3)m in diameter). For PAA development the spots are sprayed with a freshly prepared saturated solution of potassium manganate in 6N H2SO4. PAA of the test samples is developed as a dull ring against grey background and that of the reference solution is developed as a circle. The amount of PAA in the spot is determined by using correlation between the spot area and the amount of PAA applied. One plate of 225 X 10(-4) m2 can be used for about 300 analyses. One analysis takes 300--600 seconds.", "PMID": 518049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11993", "title": "[Effect of the products of the vital activity of yeast-like fungi on levorin synthesis].", "content": "The effect on levorin synthesis of the cells and fermentation broth filtrates of Candida tropicalis after their cultivation in the fermentation medium was studied. It was found that the yeast-like fungi belonging to Candida excreted during their development some products capable of stimulating the synthesis of levorin by 40--60 per cent. When the actinomycete producing levorin was grown on the medium containing 80 per cent of the filtrate the level of levorin synthesis was the same as that observed with mixed cultivation of the actinomycete and C. tropicalis. The study on the conditions providing accumulation of the stimulating substances showed the following: production of the stimulating substances started during the first hours of the yeast growth and reached its maximum by the 48th hour, these substances being consumed by the actinomycete during the fermentation process. Aeration is required for production of the stimulating substances but its high levels are not necessary.", "contents": "[Effect of the products of the vital activity of yeast-like fungi on levorin synthesis]. The effect on levorin synthesis of the cells and fermentation broth filtrates of Candida tropicalis after their cultivation in the fermentation medium was studied. It was found that the yeast-like fungi belonging to Candida excreted during their development some products capable of stimulating the synthesis of levorin by 40--60 per cent. When the actinomycete producing levorin was grown on the medium containing 80 per cent of the filtrate the level of levorin synthesis was the same as that observed with mixed cultivation of the actinomycete and C. tropicalis. The study on the conditions providing accumulation of the stimulating substances showed the following: production of the stimulating substances started during the first hours of the yeast growth and reached its maximum by the 48th hour, these substances being consumed by the actinomycete during the fermentation process. Aeration is required for production of the stimulating substances but its high levels are not necessary.", "PMID": 518050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11994", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of proteolytic enzymes on antibiotic pharmacokinetics].", "content": "Possible relation between the changes in the penicillin pharmacokinetics and coagulograms under the effect of trypsin in rats and man was analysed. It was found that parenteral administration of the enzyme was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the penicillin blood level, oliguria, a decrease in the antibiotic amount excreted with urine and drop of the fibrinogen level in plasma. The latter is consequent on intravascular coagulation which results in temporary impairment of the excretion function of the kidneys defining the changes in the penicillin pharmacokinetics under the effect of trypsin.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of proteolytic enzymes on antibiotic pharmacokinetics]. Possible relation between the changes in the penicillin pharmacokinetics and coagulograms under the effect of trypsin in rats and man was analysed. It was found that parenteral administration of the enzyme was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the penicillin blood level, oliguria, a decrease in the antibiotic amount excreted with urine and drop of the fibrinogen level in plasma. The latter is consequent on intravascular coagulation which results in temporary impairment of the excretion function of the kidneys defining the changes in the penicillin pharmacokinetics under the effect of trypsin.", "PMID": 518051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11995", "title": "Electronystagmography in neurological diagnosis.", "content": "Electronystagmography (ENG) is a technique for recording nystagmus and other eye movements; our technique, based on the utilization of a bioelectrical potential which exists between the retina and the cornea, has been reported in detail elsewhere in a monograph [29]. ENG has been used particularly by otologists to record caloric nystagmus and study labyrinthine function [2, 4, 16, 19]. This technique should have even greater applications in the diagnosis of neurological disease, since nystagmus and abnormalities of ocular and vestibular functions are symptoms frequently encountered by the neurologist. This paper illustrates this point with three case reports.", "contents": "Electronystagmography in neurological diagnosis. Electronystagmography (ENG) is a technique for recording nystagmus and other eye movements; our technique, based on the utilization of a bioelectrical potential which exists between the retina and the cornea, has been reported in detail elsewhere in a monograph [29]. ENG has been used particularly by otologists to record caloric nystagmus and study labyrinthine function [2, 4, 16, 19]. This technique should have even greater applications in the diagnosis of neurological disease, since nystagmus and abnormalities of ocular and vestibular functions are symptoms frequently encountered by the neurologist. This paper illustrates this point with three case reports.", "PMID": 518053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11996", "title": "Cross-correlation analysis of the lateral pulvinar and scalp EEG in man.", "content": "Cross-correlation analysis of the EEG between the lateral pulvinar and various cortical regions was made after EEG was recorded during stereotactic pulvinectomy. Cross-correlation analysis of the alpha-waves between the lateral pulvinar and the scalp EEG showed that the lateral pulvinar has the highest degree of functional connection with the pre-central area, diminishing in degree with the parietal and frontal areas, and has poor functional connections with the occipital area. From these results, it might be concluded that the lateral pulvinar may be related to motor function by functional connections with the pre-central area rather than the parietal area.", "contents": "Cross-correlation analysis of the lateral pulvinar and scalp EEG in man. Cross-correlation analysis of the EEG between the lateral pulvinar and various cortical regions was made after EEG was recorded during stereotactic pulvinectomy. Cross-correlation analysis of the alpha-waves between the lateral pulvinar and the scalp EEG showed that the lateral pulvinar has the highest degree of functional connection with the pre-central area, diminishing in degree with the parietal and frontal areas, and has poor functional connections with the occipital area. From these results, it might be concluded that the lateral pulvinar may be related to motor function by functional connections with the pre-central area rather than the parietal area.", "PMID": 518054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11997", "title": "Alafosfalin, a new inhibitor of cell wall biosynthesis: in vitro activity against urinary isolates in Japan and potentiation with beta-lactams.", "content": "A new phosphonopeptide, alafosfalin, was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity and for synergism with beta-lactams, using 475 Japanese clinical isolates from urinary tract infections. Alafosfalin was found to be highly active against Escherichia coli and moderately active against Serratia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter, but less active against gram-positive organisms than were beta-lactams such as cephazolin or ampicillin and inactive against indole-positive Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. Potentiation with the two beta-lactams (fractional inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 0.5) was found in 10 to 40% of susceptible strains in 4:1 and 1:4 combinations, and to a lesser extent in those species or genera that were insensitive to alafosfalin alone. No cross resistance was seen between alafosfalin and the beta-lactams or any other commonly used antibacterial agents tested. Effect on selected ampicillin-resistant strains, differential sensitivity to alafosfalin among resistant strains of various types, and sensitivity of alafosfalin-insensitive E. coli and Klebsiella to other antibiotics are also discussed.", "contents": "Alafosfalin, a new inhibitor of cell wall biosynthesis: in vitro activity against urinary isolates in Japan and potentiation with beta-lactams. A new phosphonopeptide, alafosfalin, was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity and for synergism with beta-lactams, using 475 Japanese clinical isolates from urinary tract infections. Alafosfalin was found to be highly active against Escherichia coli and moderately active against Serratia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter, but less active against gram-positive organisms than were beta-lactams such as cephazolin or ampicillin and inactive against indole-positive Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. Potentiation with the two beta-lactams (fractional inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 0.5) was found in 10 to 40% of susceptible strains in 4:1 and 1:4 combinations, and to a lesser extent in those species or genera that were insensitive to alafosfalin alone. No cross resistance was seen between alafosfalin and the beta-lactams or any other commonly used antibacterial agents tested. Effect on selected ampicillin-resistant strains, differential sensitivity to alafosfalin among resistant strains of various types, and sensitivity of alafosfalin-insensitive E. coli and Klebsiella to other antibiotics are also discussed.", "PMID": 518073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11998", "title": "Agar medium for use in susceptibility testing of bacteria from human periodontal pockets.", "content": "An agar medium (medium V) was formulated to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for bacteria encountered in human periodontal pockets. The medium contained (per liter) Trypticase, 15 g; yeast extract, 5 g; sodium chloride, 5 g; glucose, 2 g; sodium pyruvate, 2 g; sodium formate, 1 g; sodium fumarate, 1.5 g; sodium succinate, 0.1 g; Tween 80, 0.25 ml; agar, 15 g; hemin, 5 mg; and menadione, 0.5 mg. The growth of 50 oral strains was compared on this and six other media which included: Wilkins-Chalgren agar, Schaedler agar, Brucella agar, Trypticase-soy blood agar, and Schaedler and Brucella agars supplemented with whole blood. Growth, for most strains, was greatest on medium V. Medium V was also compared with Wilkins-Chalgren agar, using the same oral strains, to determine the MICs of the following antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin. The MICs of these antibiotics were essentially the same on both media when growth was quantitatively similar.", "contents": "Agar medium for use in susceptibility testing of bacteria from human periodontal pockets. An agar medium (medium V) was formulated to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for bacteria encountered in human periodontal pockets. The medium contained (per liter) Trypticase, 15 g; yeast extract, 5 g; sodium chloride, 5 g; glucose, 2 g; sodium pyruvate, 2 g; sodium formate, 1 g; sodium fumarate, 1.5 g; sodium succinate, 0.1 g; Tween 80, 0.25 ml; agar, 15 g; hemin, 5 mg; and menadione, 0.5 mg. The growth of 50 oral strains was compared on this and six other media which included: Wilkins-Chalgren agar, Schaedler agar, Brucella agar, Trypticase-soy blood agar, and Schaedler and Brucella agars supplemented with whole blood. Growth, for most strains, was greatest on medium V. Medium V was also compared with Wilkins-Chalgren agar, using the same oral strains, to determine the MICs of the following antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin. The MICs of these antibiotics were essentially the same on both media when growth was quantitatively similar.", "PMID": 518074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_11999", "title": "Assay of serum tobramycin levels with the Bactec 460.", "content": "Serum tobramycin levels of synthetic and patient specimens were determined by the Bactec 460. The results were compared with those obtained from the same specimens by radioimmunoassay. These studies suggest that assays performed by either method should be run in duplicate or triplicate to achieve maximum accuracy. The studies also suggest that results obtained by the Bactec method are at least as reliable as those obtained by the radioimmunoassay method.", "contents": "Assay of serum tobramycin levels with the Bactec 460. Serum tobramycin levels of synthetic and patient specimens were determined by the Bactec 460. The results were compared with those obtained from the same specimens by radioimmunoassay. These studies suggest that assays performed by either method should be run in duplicate or triplicate to achieve maximum accuracy. The studies also suggest that results obtained by the Bactec method are at least as reliable as those obtained by the radioimmunoassay method.", "PMID": 518075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12000", "title": "Urinary casts as an indicator of renal tubular damage in patients receiving aminoglycosides.", "content": "We assessed the value of quantitative cast excretion as an early marker of renal tubular damage in 154 seriously ill patients. One hundred twenty-four of these received aminoglycoside antibiotics, and 30 of the 124 experienced a rise in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl or more during therapy. The remaining 30 of the 154 patients  were treated with other antibiotics and served as controls. Casts were quantitated in random urines collected before morning diuretic doses. Cast counts in control patients averaged 44 +/- 51 casts during the intensive care unit admission. Patients given aminoglycosides without a significant rise in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl or more excreted 153 +/- 196 casts, significantly more than controls. In comparison to both the control and nontoxic patients, the 30 nephrotoxic patients excreted significantly more casts (625 +/- 364) and were significantly higher as early as 9 days before serum creatinine first rose. Daily urinary cast counts are a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying early renal tubular damage in critically ill patients given aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Urinary casts as an indicator of renal tubular damage in patients receiving aminoglycosides. We assessed the value of quantitative cast excretion as an early marker of renal tubular damage in 154 seriously ill patients. One hundred twenty-four of these received aminoglycoside antibiotics, and 30 of the 124 experienced a rise in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl or more during therapy. The remaining 30 of the 154 patients  were treated with other antibiotics and served as controls. Casts were quantitated in random urines collected before morning diuretic doses. Cast counts in control patients averaged 44 +/- 51 casts during the intensive care unit admission. Patients given aminoglycosides without a significant rise in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl or more excreted 153 +/- 196 casts, significantly more than controls. In comparison to both the control and nontoxic patients, the 30 nephrotoxic patients excreted significantly more casts (625 +/- 364) and were significantly higher as early as 9 days before serum creatinine first rose. Daily urinary cast counts are a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying early renal tubular damage in critically ill patients given aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 518076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12001", "title": "Lipid composition and sensitivity of Prototheca wickerhamii to membrane-active antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The lipid composition of Prototheca wickerhamii ATCC 16529 is presented and discussed in relation to the unique susceptibility of the organism to drugs of three membrane-active antimicrobial classes: the polyenes, the polymyxins, and the imidazoles. The presence of ergosterol in the neutral lipid fraction of the membrane is likely responsible for the exquisite susceptibility to amphotericin B. The presence of a large quantity of free fatty acids in the membrane appears responsible for imidazole susceptibility. The membrane determinants of polymyxin B susceptibility are less well defined.", "contents": "Lipid composition and sensitivity of Prototheca wickerhamii to membrane-active antimicrobial agents. The lipid composition of Prototheca wickerhamii ATCC 16529 is presented and discussed in relation to the unique susceptibility of the organism to drugs of three membrane-active antimicrobial classes: the polyenes, the polymyxins, and the imidazoles. The presence of ergosterol in the neutral lipid fraction of the membrane is likely responsible for the exquisite susceptibility to amphotericin B. The presence of a large quantity of free fatty acids in the membrane appears responsible for imidazole susceptibility. The membrane determinants of polymyxin B susceptibility are less well defined.", "PMID": 518077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12002", "title": "Comparative nephrotoxicity of SCH 21420 and amikacin in rats.", "content": "The nephrotoxic potentials of the new aminoglycoside SCH 21420 and amikacin were compared in a rat model. Groups of rats received 100, 200, 300, or 600 mg of either drug per kg per day for 14 days. Enzymuria, urine osmolality, protein excretion, and blood urea nitrogen were monitored at periodic intervals, whereas creatinine clearance and pathological changes were determined at sacrifice. Amikacin caused more enzymuria at the two lower doses as well as greater proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen elevations at the highest dose than did SCH 21420 (P less than 0.05). Pathological changes were more severe with amikacin than with SCH 21420 at the three lower doses (P less than 0.05); however, at the 600 mg/kg per day dose, the pathological scores and creatinine clearances of animals receiving either drug were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparative nephrotoxicity of SCH 21420 and amikacin in rats. The nephrotoxic potentials of the new aminoglycoside SCH 21420 and amikacin were compared in a rat model. Groups of rats received 100, 200, 300, or 600 mg of either drug per kg per day for 14 days. Enzymuria, urine osmolality, protein excretion, and blood urea nitrogen were monitored at periodic intervals, whereas creatinine clearance and pathological changes were determined at sacrifice. Amikacin caused more enzymuria at the two lower doses as well as greater proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen elevations at the highest dose than did SCH 21420 (P less than 0.05). Pathological changes were more severe with amikacin than with SCH 21420 at the three lower doses (P less than 0.05); however, at the 600 mg/kg per day dose, the pathological scores and creatinine clearances of animals receiving either drug were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 518078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12003", "title": "Collaborative evaluation of a proposed reference dilution method of susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "An agar dilution method for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria was evaluated to determine whether results obtained would be consistent enough to recommend it as a reference method. The study was conducted in 10 laboratories where the minimum inhibitory concentrations of six antibiotics (carbenicillin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline) were determined against 10 bacterial strains on Wilkins-Chalgren agar prepared by three manufacturers. Minimum inhibitory concentrations falling on the modes varied from 57 to 80% of all determinations and on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode from 87 to 100% within each laboratory. When data from all laboratories were pooled, minimum inhibitory concentrations from each laboratory agreed with the overall mode 48 to 71% of the time, with an overall agreement at +/-1 log(2) dilution of 96%. This degree of reproducibility allows for recommendation of the procedure as a reference method. Results with three of the test strains were very consistent, and these strains are recommended as control strains: Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for these strains were on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode 98, 99, and 99% of the time, respectively. The remaining anaerobic bacteria are recommended as reference strains.", "contents": "Collaborative evaluation of a proposed reference dilution method of susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. An agar dilution method for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria was evaluated to determine whether results obtained would be consistent enough to recommend it as a reference method. The study was conducted in 10 laboratories where the minimum inhibitory concentrations of six antibiotics (carbenicillin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline) were determined against 10 bacterial strains on Wilkins-Chalgren agar prepared by three manufacturers. Minimum inhibitory concentrations falling on the modes varied from 57 to 80% of all determinations and on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode from 87 to 100% within each laboratory. When data from all laboratories were pooled, minimum inhibitory concentrations from each laboratory agreed with the overall mode 48 to 71% of the time, with an overall agreement at +/-1 log(2) dilution of 96%. This degree of reproducibility allows for recommendation of the procedure as a reference method. Results with three of the test strains were very consistent, and these strains are recommended as control strains: Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for these strains were on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode 98, 99, and 99% of the time, respectively. The remaining anaerobic bacteria are recommended as reference strains.", "PMID": 518079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12004", "title": "In vitro activity of LY127935.", "content": "LY127935 is a unique new beta-lactam antibiotic. Its activity against 536 clinical isolates was studied by using microdilution methods of susceptibility testing and compared with the activities of cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cephalothin. The lowest concentrations required to inhibit at least 90% of strains tested (MIC(90)s) of LY127935 for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae ranged from 2 to 8 mug/ml. The MIC(90)s for other staphylococci and streptococci were higher. The MIC(90)s for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species ranged from 0.12 to 8 mug/ml and 8 to >32 mug/ml, respectively. The MIC(90)s for anaerobes ranged from 2 to >32 mug/ml. As determined by MIC(90)s, LY127935 was consistently the least active antibiotic against facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci and the most active against aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. Its position with respect to activity against anaerobes varied from being the most active against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens to the least active against anaerobic cocci. In a population of multidrug-resistant isolates, concentrations of 8 mug or less of LY127935 per ml inhibited 82% of Enterobacteriaceae; concentrations of 32 mug or less per ml inhibited 100% of Enterobacteriaceae and 40% of P. aeruginosa. Increasing the inoculum size by 100-fold did not increase the minimal inhibitory concentrations of LY127935 or cefoxitin but did increase minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefamandole and cephalothin for some Enterobacteriaceae. All four drugs were bactericidal; minimal bactericidal concentrations were the same or one concentration higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations for 91 to 96% of strains tested. The broad spectrum and marked in vitro activity of LY127935 make it a promising new antibiotic.", "contents": "In vitro activity of LY127935. LY127935 is a unique new beta-lactam antibiotic. Its activity against 536 clinical isolates was studied by using microdilution methods of susceptibility testing and compared with the activities of cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cephalothin. The lowest concentrations required to inhibit at least 90% of strains tested (MIC(90)s) of LY127935 for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae ranged from 2 to 8 mug/ml. The MIC(90)s for other staphylococci and streptococci were higher. The MIC(90)s for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species ranged from 0.12 to 8 mug/ml and 8 to >32 mug/ml, respectively. The MIC(90)s for anaerobes ranged from 2 to >32 mug/ml. As determined by MIC(90)s, LY127935 was consistently the least active antibiotic against facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci and the most active against aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. Its position with respect to activity against anaerobes varied from being the most active against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens to the least active against anaerobic cocci. In a population of multidrug-resistant isolates, concentrations of 8 mug or less of LY127935 per ml inhibited 82% of Enterobacteriaceae; concentrations of 32 mug or less per ml inhibited 100% of Enterobacteriaceae and 40% of P. aeruginosa. Increasing the inoculum size by 100-fold did not increase the minimal inhibitory concentrations of LY127935 or cefoxitin but did increase minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefamandole and cephalothin for some Enterobacteriaceae. All four drugs were bactericidal; minimal bactericidal concentrations were the same or one concentration higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations for 91 to 96% of strains tested. The broad spectrum and marked in vitro activity of LY127935 make it a promising new antibiotic.", "PMID": 518080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12005", "title": "In vitro antimicrobial inhibition patterns of nutritionally variant streptococci.", "content": "Twenty-four isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci, previously categorized as species included among the viridans streptococci, were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for these isolates and for a control group of viridans streptococci with no apparent nutritional deficiencies were determined in two microdilution systems. Pyridoxal hydrochloride, which enhances growth of the nutritional variants, was added to one of these microdilution systems but not to the other. An agar dilution method was also used to test the nutritionally variant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations determined by the three methods compared favorably. Penicillin, nafcillin, methicillin, and clindamycin were less effective in vitro against the nutritional variants than were the other antibiotics tested. Streptomycin, however, was less effective against the control isolates.", "contents": "In vitro antimicrobial inhibition patterns of nutritionally variant streptococci. Twenty-four isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci, previously categorized as species included among the viridans streptococci, were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for these isolates and for a control group of viridans streptococci with no apparent nutritional deficiencies were determined in two microdilution systems. Pyridoxal hydrochloride, which enhances growth of the nutritional variants, was added to one of these microdilution systems but not to the other. An agar dilution method was also used to test the nutritionally variant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations determined by the three methods compared favorably. Penicillin, nafcillin, methicillin, and clindamycin were less effective in vitro against the nutritional variants than were the other antibiotics tested. Streptomycin, however, was less effective against the control isolates.", "PMID": 518081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12006", "title": "Oral neomycin dosage schedules for suppression of ammonia production by bowel flora.", "content": "To better define a minimal but optimal dose of oral neomycin to suppress ammonia production by bowel flora, several dosage regimens were examined in normal healthy volunteers. Fecal urease activity was quantitatively determined and was used as an indirect measure of intrinsic ammonia production by bowel flora. Large doses of neomycin were found to exert inhibition of fecal urease for many days. There was considerable variation in enzymatic activity among subjects even after adjustments were made for protein content of the stool. Depending on the dose, there was a 1- to 3-day lag in neomycin effect on stool urease activity and several days of continued effect. The most effective regimen of those studied was a loading dose of 6 g of neomycin given in three divided doses on day 1, followed by 1 g twice daily.", "contents": "Oral neomycin dosage schedules for suppression of ammonia production by bowel flora. To better define a minimal but optimal dose of oral neomycin to suppress ammonia production by bowel flora, several dosage regimens were examined in normal healthy volunteers. Fecal urease activity was quantitatively determined and was used as an indirect measure of intrinsic ammonia production by bowel flora. Large doses of neomycin were found to exert inhibition of fecal urease for many days. There was considerable variation in enzymatic activity among subjects even after adjustments were made for protein content of the stool. Depending on the dose, there was a 1- to 3-day lag in neomycin effect on stool urease activity and several days of continued effect. The most effective regimen of those studied was a loading dose of 6 g of neomycin given in three divided doses on day 1, followed by 1 g twice daily.", "PMID": 518082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12007", "title": "Action of egg white lysozyme on Clostridium tyrobutyricum.", "content": "A 500-U ml-1 portion of egg white lysozyme was able to kill 99% of 5 X 10(5) resting vegetative cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum within 24 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. Spores were completely resistant to lysozyme. Proliferating vegetative cells were severely inhibited, although lysozyme-resistant cells developed in growing cultures in the presence of lysozyme. Whereas early stages of spore germination (loss of optical refractility and heat resistance) were not inhibited by lysozyme, the overall outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells was delayed by 1 day in the presence of 500 U of lysosyme ml-1. This delay was independent of the lysozyme sensitivity or resistance of the mother culture of the used spores. It is suggested that this inhibition by lysozyme of the outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells of the lactate-fermenting C. tyrobutyricum is the basis for the observation that lysozyme can substitute for nitrate in preventing the \"late gas\" defect of Edam- and Gouda-type cheeses.", "contents": "Action of egg white lysozyme on Clostridium tyrobutyricum. A 500-U ml-1 portion of egg white lysozyme was able to kill 99% of 5 X 10(5) resting vegetative cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum within 24 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. Spores were completely resistant to lysozyme. Proliferating vegetative cells were severely inhibited, although lysozyme-resistant cells developed in growing cultures in the presence of lysozyme. Whereas early stages of spore germination (loss of optical refractility and heat resistance) were not inhibited by lysozyme, the overall outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells was delayed by 1 day in the presence of 500 U of lysosyme ml-1. This delay was independent of the lysozyme sensitivity or resistance of the mother culture of the used spores. It is suggested that this inhibition by lysozyme of the outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells of the lactate-fermenting C. tyrobutyricum is the basis for the observation that lysozyme can substitute for nitrate in preventing the \"late gas\" defect of Edam- and Gouda-type cheeses.", "PMID": 518083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12008", "title": "Comparison of antibodies in marine fish from clean and polluted waters of the New York Bight: relative levels against 36 bacteria.", "content": "Fish from polluted waters are subject to increased prevalence of disease. Because they respond to bacterial pathogens by producing serum antibodies, it was possible to construct a seasonal serological record in three fish species from clean and polluted waters of the New York Bight. Antibody levels were determined by testing sera for agglutinating activity against 36 strains of bacteria. Evaluation of 5,100 antibody titrations showed the following. During warm months, summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from the polluted area had significantly higher antibody levels and antibody to a greater diversity of bacteria than fish from the unpolluted area. Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) from the same polluted area shared with summer flounder raised titers to many bacteria. The greatest proportion of raised titers was against Vibrio species, although prominent titers were also seen against Aeromonas salmonicida and Haemophilus piscium, bacteria usually associated with diseases in freshwater but not marine fish. Differences between polluted and clean waters were not as evident in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) during cold months. This could be due, in part, to reduced antibody production at colder temperatures. The data illustrate the usefulness of the serum antibody record in identifying environmental exposure to bacteria in marine fish and indicate that the polluted New York Bight apex has increased levels and diversity of bacteria during warm months.", "contents": "Comparison of antibodies in marine fish from clean and polluted waters of the New York Bight: relative levels against 36 bacteria. Fish from polluted waters are subject to increased prevalence of disease. Because they respond to bacterial pathogens by producing serum antibodies, it was possible to construct a seasonal serological record in three fish species from clean and polluted waters of the New York Bight. Antibody levels were determined by testing sera for agglutinating activity against 36 strains of bacteria. Evaluation of 5,100 antibody titrations showed the following. During warm months, summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from the polluted area had significantly higher antibody levels and antibody to a greater diversity of bacteria than fish from the unpolluted area. Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) from the same polluted area shared with summer flounder raised titers to many bacteria. The greatest proportion of raised titers was against Vibrio species, although prominent titers were also seen against Aeromonas salmonicida and Haemophilus piscium, bacteria usually associated with diseases in freshwater but not marine fish. Differences between polluted and clean waters were not as evident in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) during cold months. This could be due, in part, to reduced antibody production at colder temperatures. The data illustrate the usefulness of the serum antibody record in identifying environmental exposure to bacteria in marine fish and indicate that the polluted New York Bight apex has increased levels and diversity of bacteria during warm months.", "PMID": 518084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12009", "title": "Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria associated with the gut of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus).", "content": "Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the intestinal tracts of swans and geese were isolated and characterized as part of a larger study of the microbiological effects of migratory waterfowl on water quality. A total of 356 isolates were identified by using rapid identification methods and classified by using numerical taxonomy. A diverse population of bacteria was recovered from the waterfowl, and representative strains could be classified into 21 phena. The majority of the aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria found in the gut of the waterfowl were species of Enterobacteriaceae. Streptococcus. Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. Unfortunately, the birds that were examined did not harbor significant numbers of any waterfowl-specific bacterial species. Thus, it may not be possible to assess microbiological impact of migratory waterfowl by using and \"indicator\" species since avian fecal pollution could not be distinguished from animal and human fecal pollution.", "contents": "Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria associated with the gut of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus). Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the intestinal tracts of swans and geese were isolated and characterized as part of a larger study of the microbiological effects of migratory waterfowl on water quality. A total of 356 isolates were identified by using rapid identification methods and classified by using numerical taxonomy. A diverse population of bacteria was recovered from the waterfowl, and representative strains could be classified into 21 phena. The majority of the aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria found in the gut of the waterfowl were species of Enterobacteriaceae. Streptococcus. Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. Unfortunately, the birds that were examined did not harbor significant numbers of any waterfowl-specific bacterial species. Thus, it may not be possible to assess microbiological impact of migratory waterfowl by using and \"indicator\" species since avian fecal pollution could not be distinguished from animal and human fecal pollution.", "PMID": 518085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12010", "title": "Production and isolation of chitosan from Mucor rouxii.", "content": "A method for the lab-scale production and isolation of chitosan (polyglucosamine) from hyphal walls of Mucor rouxii was developed. Hyphal wall yields were generally 16 to 22% on a dry cell weight basis, of which 35 to 40% was glucosamine. Chitosan was readily extracted from purified, mycelial walls with acetic, formic, and hydrochloric acids; the last named was the most efficient. The yield of chitosan isolated ranged from 4 to 8% of the dry weight of the cell wall material.", "contents": "Production and isolation of chitosan from Mucor rouxii. A method for the lab-scale production and isolation of chitosan (polyglucosamine) from hyphal walls of Mucor rouxii was developed. Hyphal wall yields were generally 16 to 22% on a dry cell weight basis, of which 35 to 40% was glucosamine. Chitosan was readily extracted from purified, mycelial walls with acetic, formic, and hydrochloric acids; the last named was the most efficient. The yield of chitosan isolated ranged from 4 to 8% of the dry weight of the cell wall material.", "PMID": 518086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12011", "title": "Acceptance by swine and rats of corn amended with trichothecenes.", "content": "Swine and rats demonstrated the same response factor (i.e., the average amount of corn amended with trichothecenes consumed by animals per the average amount of uncontaminated corn consumed by animals) for consumption of corn amended with 40 ppm of either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol Rat response factor for corn containing 40 ppm of vomitoxin was 1.8 times more than corn containing either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol at 40 ppm. For the corn containing 40 ppm of vomitoxin, swine response factor was 1.8 times greater than rat response factor.", "contents": "Acceptance by swine and rats of corn amended with trichothecenes. Swine and rats demonstrated the same response factor (i.e., the average amount of corn amended with trichothecenes consumed by animals per the average amount of uncontaminated corn consumed by animals) for consumption of corn amended with 40 ppm of either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol Rat response factor for corn containing 40 ppm of vomitoxin was 1.8 times more than corn containing either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol at 40 ppm. For the corn containing 40 ppm of vomitoxin, swine response factor was 1.8 times greater than rat response factor.", "PMID": 518087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12012", "title": "Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila to ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Distilled water suspensions of Legionella pneumophila were found to be sensitive to low doses of germicidal ultraviolet radiation.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila to ultraviolet radiation. Distilled water suspensions of Legionella pneumophila were found to be sensitive to low doses of germicidal ultraviolet radiation.", "PMID": 518088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12013", "title": "Numerical evaluation of facial pattern in children with isolated pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "A facial contouring technique, using light sectioning (Cobb, 1972), was modified (Ainsworth and Joseph, 1977) and used in a numerical study of children with isolated pulmonary stenosis (PS) to test the hypothesis that the facial pattern in this condition differs from the normal. Measurements were compared between a group of 20 normal children and a group of 20 children with PS between ages 6 and 10 1/2 years. A distinctive facial pattern emerged. Many anteroposterior measurements were much greater in the PS group, indicating that the tissues were more prominent in the maxillary region. Altogether, 29 measurements showed significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the two groups. Discriminant analyses were carried out to discover which, if any, might be used to predict the group to which an individual should belong. Depending on the variables chosen, between 34 and 37 individuals from the total of 40 were assigned to the correct group--PS or control.", "contents": "Numerical evaluation of facial pattern in children with isolated pulmonary stenosis. A facial contouring technique, using light sectioning (Cobb, 1972), was modified (Ainsworth and Joseph, 1977) and used in a numerical study of children with isolated pulmonary stenosis (PS) to test the hypothesis that the facial pattern in this condition differs from the normal. Measurements were compared between a group of 20 normal children and a group of 20 children with PS between ages 6 and 10 1/2 years. A distinctive facial pattern emerged. Many anteroposterior measurements were much greater in the PS group, indicating that the tissues were more prominent in the maxillary region. Altogether, 29 measurements showed significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the two groups. Discriminant analyses were carried out to discover which, if any, might be used to predict the group to which an individual should belong. Depending on the variables chosen, between 34 and 37 individuals from the total of 40 were assigned to the correct group--PS or control.", "PMID": 518103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12014", "title": "Childhood cystinuria in New South Wales. Results in children who were followed up after being detected by urinary screening in infancy.", "content": "Homozygous cystinuria was diagnosed in 45 children and 19 of their siblings in the course of routine urine screening of 6-week-old infants in New South Wales. These children were followed for up to 14 years. During this time there were 5 clinical episodes of renal disease which could be ascribed to cystinuria. There was normal mental development in all the children except one. Of 49 children over 3 years, 4 had height centiles less than the midparent height centile, while 45 had height centiles equal to or above the midparent centiles. Family testing in these 45 cases showed that 60% were type I cystinurics, and 35% were of the mixed or compound type (5% were not classified). Data from the parents and grandparents showed that renal tract calculi had occurred in 14 of them. This study shows that children with homozygous cystinuria, detected by urinary screening in infancy, rarely have renal symptoms. Mental development was normal as was growth in height. There was an increased incidence of noncystine stone formation among the relatives of these children. The incidence of homozygous cystinuria in New South Wales in one in 17 286.", "contents": "Childhood cystinuria in New South Wales. Results in children who were followed up after being detected by urinary screening in infancy. Homozygous cystinuria was diagnosed in 45 children and 19 of their siblings in the course of routine urine screening of 6-week-old infants in New South Wales. These children were followed for up to 14 years. During this time there were 5 clinical episodes of renal disease which could be ascribed to cystinuria. There was normal mental development in all the children except one. Of 49 children over 3 years, 4 had height centiles less than the midparent height centile, while 45 had height centiles equal to or above the midparent centiles. Family testing in these 45 cases showed that 60% were type I cystinurics, and 35% were of the mixed or compound type (5% were not classified). Data from the parents and grandparents showed that renal tract calculi had occurred in 14 of them. This study shows that children with homozygous cystinuria, detected by urinary screening in infancy, rarely have renal symptoms. Mental development was normal as was growth in height. There was an increased incidence of noncystine stone formation among the relatives of these children. The incidence of homozygous cystinuria in New South Wales in one in 17 286.", "PMID": 518105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12015", "title": "Exchange transfusion in newborn infants: effects on granulocyte function.", "content": "During 23 exchange transfusions, the granulocytes from 27 donors and 16 newborn infants were tested for opsonic activity and granulocyte function by the nitrobluetetrazolium test. Granulocyte function in a newborn baby receiving an exchange transfusion can be altered positively or negatively, depending on the quality of the donor's blood. If exchange transfusion is used in the management of neonatal sepsis, special attention should be given to the immunological properties of the donor blood.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in newborn infants: effects on granulocyte function. During 23 exchange transfusions, the granulocytes from 27 donors and 16 newborn infants were tested for opsonic activity and granulocyte function by the nitrobluetetrazolium test. Granulocyte function in a newborn baby receiving an exchange transfusion can be altered positively or negatively, depending on the quality of the donor's blood. If exchange transfusion is used in the management of neonatal sepsis, special attention should be given to the immunological properties of the donor blood.", "PMID": 518106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12016", "title": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen in carrier mothers in two west London hospitals.", "content": "126 children of 102 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers were delivered at Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, between 1971 and mid-1978. Blood tests on 110 of these children showed that 8 out of the 18 with Chinese mothers, but only 6 out of the 92 other children, have become HBsAg positive. The presence of maternal hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is also significantly correlated with transmission of HBsAg to the children. The management of children whose mothers are carriers is discussed.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen in carrier mothers in two west London hospitals. 126 children of 102 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers were delivered at Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, between 1971 and mid-1978. Blood tests on 110 of these children showed that 8 out of the 18 with Chinese mothers, but only 6 out of the 92 other children, have become HBsAg positive. The presence of maternal hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is also significantly correlated with transmission of HBsAg to the children. The management of children whose mothers are carriers is discussed.", "PMID": 518104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12017", "title": "Folate nutrition and growth in infancy.", "content": "The effect of suboptimal folate nutrtion on the growing infant was studied in a population of infants fed a diet based on boiled, pasteurised cows' milk. One group of infants received a daily supplement of 1 mg folic acid from age 2 months, while the other group received a placebo. The infants were seen at bimonthly intervals. In the supplemented group the red cell folate level had increased to twice its pretreatment value by 4 months, and remained at this high level to the end of the first year. Hb concentration and incidence of anaemia were similar in both groups. The incidence of infection in the two groups did not differ. Weights and lengths attained at 6 months, and the rate of gain from 2 to 6 months were higher in infants whose folate levels were above the median value than in those below it. In the second half of the first year the differences between the two groups were no longer evident.", "contents": "Folate nutrition and growth in infancy. The effect of suboptimal folate nutrtion on the growing infant was studied in a population of infants fed a diet based on boiled, pasteurised cows' milk. One group of infants received a daily supplement of 1 mg folic acid from age 2 months, while the other group received a placebo. The infants were seen at bimonthly intervals. In the supplemented group the red cell folate level had increased to twice its pretreatment value by 4 months, and remained at this high level to the end of the first year. Hb concentration and incidence of anaemia were similar in both groups. The incidence of infection in the two groups did not differ. Weights and lengths attained at 6 months, and the rate of gain from 2 to 6 months were higher in infants whose folate levels were above the median value than in those below it. In the second half of the first year the differences between the two groups were no longer evident.", "PMID": 518108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12018", "title": "Non-neuropathic Gaucher disease presenting in infancy.", "content": "The non-neuropathic form of Gaucher's disease was diagnosed in 11 children of non-Jewish ancestry in South Africa; all were under the age of 4. None had any neurological involvement and, apart from the precocious presentation and rapid course, the features in each resembled those of the classical 'adult' or chronic non-neuropathic form of Gaucher disease. By contrast, the condition presented after puberty in 24 out of 28 Ashkenazi Jews who were studied during the same investigation. Activity of beta-glucosidase was defective in both groups of patients and they could not be distinguished by histological criteria. Only one child with the infantile neuropathic form of Gaucher disease was identified during the survey. The preponderance of the atypical non-neuropathic form of the disorder in young children is of practical importance from the point of view of differential diagnosis in any child with hepatosplenomegaly.", "contents": "Non-neuropathic Gaucher disease presenting in infancy. The non-neuropathic form of Gaucher's disease was diagnosed in 11 children of non-Jewish ancestry in South Africa; all were under the age of 4. None had any neurological involvement and, apart from the precocious presentation and rapid course, the features in each resembled those of the classical 'adult' or chronic non-neuropathic form of Gaucher disease. By contrast, the condition presented after puberty in 24 out of 28 Ashkenazi Jews who were studied during the same investigation. Activity of beta-glucosidase was defective in both groups of patients and they could not be distinguished by histological criteria. Only one child with the infantile neuropathic form of Gaucher disease was identified during the survey. The preponderance of the atypical non-neuropathic form of the disorder in young children is of practical importance from the point of view of differential diagnosis in any child with hepatosplenomegaly.", "PMID": 518109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12019", "title": "Chorioamnionitis and funisitis due to Corynebacterium kutscheri.", "content": "When isolated from the female genital tract, diphtheroids are usually regarded as commensal organisms. Corynebacterium kutscheri however is a pathogen in laboratory rodents. We report a case in which C. kutscheri was isolated as a pure culture from the umbilical cord and from other surface sites in an infant. Histological examination of the cord and membranes demonstrated the organisms within these fetal tissues. The organisms evoked a fetal cellular response. The importance of recognising commensals as potential pathogens in states of altered host resistance in stressed.", "contents": "Chorioamnionitis and funisitis due to Corynebacterium kutscheri. When isolated from the female genital tract, diphtheroids are usually regarded as commensal organisms. Corynebacterium kutscheri however is a pathogen in laboratory rodents. We report a case in which C. kutscheri was isolated as a pure culture from the umbilical cord and from other surface sites in an infant. Histological examination of the cord and membranes demonstrated the organisms within these fetal tissues. The organisms evoked a fetal cellular response. The importance of recognising commensals as potential pathogens in states of altered host resistance in stressed.", "PMID": 518110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12020", "title": "Rectal aspirin--absorption and antipyretic effect.", "content": "Rectal acetylsalicylic acid was given to 14 children who had undergone open heart surgery. The effect on their temperatures was similar whether 15--30 or 30--50 mg/kg was given. Either dose was more effective than no treatment. The greatest fall in temperature occurred after 4 or 5 hours. Rectal aspirin in a triglyceride base is effective in lowering postoperative temperature. It should also be of use in treating other fevers. A dose of 20--25 mg/kg is suggested.", "contents": "Rectal aspirin--absorption and antipyretic effect. Rectal acetylsalicylic acid was given to 14 children who had undergone open heart surgery. The effect on their temperatures was similar whether 15--30 or 30--50 mg/kg was given. Either dose was more effective than no treatment. The greatest fall in temperature occurred after 4 or 5 hours. Rectal aspirin in a triglyceride base is effective in lowering postoperative temperature. It should also be of use in treating other fevers. A dose of 20--25 mg/kg is suggested.", "PMID": 518111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12021", "title": "Thrombocytosis in low birthweight infants: a physiological phenomenon in infancy.", "content": "Prematurity has traditionally been connected with thrombocytopenia, although this is unlikely to be associated with prematurity itself but rather with serious illnesses in such infants. Platelet counts were measured in 117 healthy preterm infants with birthweights less than 2000 g, who were followed up from 2 weeks to 6 months. In this series the platelet counts were high compared with those in previous reports, and also compared with what is considered normal for term infants. The 95% range was between 160 and 675 X 10(9)/1, with a median value of 375 X 10(9)/1. The data suggest that thrombocytosis is a phenomenon related to prematurity.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis in low birthweight infants: a physiological phenomenon in infancy. Prematurity has traditionally been connected with thrombocytopenia, although this is unlikely to be associated with prematurity itself but rather with serious illnesses in such infants. Platelet counts were measured in 117 healthy preterm infants with birthweights less than 2000 g, who were followed up from 2 weeks to 6 months. In this series the platelet counts were high compared with those in previous reports, and also compared with what is considered normal for term infants. The 95% range was between 160 and 675 X 10(9)/1, with a median value of 375 X 10(9)/1. The data suggest that thrombocytosis is a phenomenon related to prematurity.", "PMID": 518112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12022", "title": "Aortography in infantile coarctation: a simple and effective technique.", "content": "A new and simple technique is described which clearly defines the aortic anatomy in infantile coarctation. The technique greatly helps to select those neonates whose lives can be salvaged by early surgery. There have been no serious adverse effects.", "contents": "Aortography in infantile coarctation: a simple and effective technique. A new and simple technique is described which clearly defines the aortic anatomy in infantile coarctation. The technique greatly helps to select those neonates whose lives can be salvaged by early surgery. There have been no serious adverse effects.", "PMID": 518113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12023", "title": "Frequency and weight of normal stools in infancy.", "content": "These data give a guide to the range of stool weights and their frequency at different ages in infancy. The constancy of stool water content is emphasised.", "contents": "Frequency and weight of normal stools in infancy. These data give a guide to the range of stool weights and their frequency at different ages in infancy. The constancy of stool water content is emphasised.", "PMID": 518114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12024", "title": "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--unusual familial incidence.", "content": "A man, who had been treated for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (PS), was found to have 3 sons with the same condition. A genealogical table of his family showed that both his parents had relatives with PS. So far as it was known, none of his wife's relatives had the condition. It is suggested that the man's parents carried genes predisposing to PS and transmitted these to him in such quantity that he and all his children acquired the condition.", "contents": "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--unusual familial incidence. A man, who had been treated for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (PS), was found to have 3 sons with the same condition. A genealogical table of his family showed that both his parents had relatives with PS. So far as it was known, none of his wife's relatives had the condition. It is suggested that the man's parents carried genes predisposing to PS and transmitted these to him in such quantity that he and all his children acquired the condition.", "PMID": 518115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12025", "title": "Pulmonary alterations in rats exposed to 0.2 and 0.1 ppm ozone: a correlated morphological and biochemical study.", "content": "Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a synthetic diet supplemented with 11 mg vitamin E/kg body weight (to approximate average U.S. human dietary intake) or a commercial rat chow for 5 wk. At 2 months of age, rats were exposed to either 0.0, 0.1, or 0.2 ppm ozone continuously for 7 days. Morphological lesions were consistently present in centriacinar regions of lungs of both groups of rats at the 0.2 ppm level. At 0.1 ppm ozone, two of six rats fed the synthetic diet and two of five fed lab chow had minimal centriacinar lesions. Biochemical assays showeed that the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, and G-6-P dehydrogenase and level of nonprotein sulfhydryls in the lungs of rats fed the synthetic diet and exposed to 0.1 ppm were elevated to about one-half the level that was produced by 0.2 ppm. The authors conclude that the level whereby there are no observable morphologic effects for short-term exposure to ozone in 2-month-old rats is less than, but close to, 0.1 ppm.", "contents": "Pulmonary alterations in rats exposed to 0.2 and 0.1 ppm ozone: a correlated morphological and biochemical study. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a synthetic diet supplemented with 11 mg vitamin E/kg body weight (to approximate average U.S. human dietary intake) or a commercial rat chow for 5 wk. At 2 months of age, rats were exposed to either 0.0, 0.1, or 0.2 ppm ozone continuously for 7 days. Morphological lesions were consistently present in centriacinar regions of lungs of both groups of rats at the 0.2 ppm level. At 0.1 ppm ozone, two of six rats fed the synthetic diet and two of five fed lab chow had minimal centriacinar lesions. Biochemical assays showeed that the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, and G-6-P dehydrogenase and level of nonprotein sulfhydryls in the lungs of rats fed the synthetic diet and exposed to 0.1 ppm were elevated to about one-half the level that was produced by 0.2 ppm. The authors conclude that the level whereby there are no observable morphologic effects for short-term exposure to ozone in 2-month-old rats is less than, but close to, 0.1 ppm.", "PMID": 518118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12026", "title": "Biochemical and morphological correlation of oxidant-induced pulmonary injury: low dose exposure to paraquat, oxygen, and ozone.", "content": "The authors compared the temporal pattern of low-dose oxidant-induced lung injury in rats after exposure to either 1 ppm ozone or 100% oxygen for 24 hr or from treatment with paraquat (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Histological abnormalities in airways, parenchyma, and blood vessels were evaluated from coded and randomized sections and compared with appropriate controls. Drug metabolism by lung endoplasmic reticulum was studied in similarly treated rats as another index of lung injury. Exposure to oxygen caused no discernible morphological or biochemical abnormalities. Exposure to ozone caused histological lesions which appeared early and resolved by 7 to 14 days, whereas paraquat-induced lesions were first evident at about 7 to 14 days. Abnormalities in drug metabolism followed a similar pattern. Low-dose oxidant exposure from ozone and paraquat produce similar histological and biochemical lesions in rat lungs but with distinct temporal patterns.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological correlation of oxidant-induced pulmonary injury: low dose exposure to paraquat, oxygen, and ozone. The authors compared the temporal pattern of low-dose oxidant-induced lung injury in rats after exposure to either 1 ppm ozone or 100% oxygen for 24 hr or from treatment with paraquat (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Histological abnormalities in airways, parenchyma, and blood vessels were evaluated from coded and randomized sections and compared with appropriate controls. Drug metabolism by lung endoplasmic reticulum was studied in similarly treated rats as another index of lung injury. Exposure to oxygen caused no discernible morphological or biochemical abnormalities. Exposure to ozone caused histological lesions which appeared early and resolved by 7 to 14 days, whereas paraquat-induced lesions were first evident at about 7 to 14 days. Abnormalities in drug metabolism followed a similar pattern. Low-dose oxidant exposure from ozone and paraquat produce similar histological and biochemical lesions in rat lungs but with distinct temporal patterns.", "PMID": 518119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12027", "title": "Ozone sensitivity in aging WI-38 cells based on acid phosphatase content.", "content": "Young [16-19 population doubling level (PDL)] and senescing (50-53 PDL) WI-38 cell populations were exposed to 1 ppm ozone for 2 hr and the resultant extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatase concentration was measured. Dose-response curves were also determined for surviving populations of young and old cells after a 1 hr ozone exposure ranging in concentration from 0 to 1.00 ppm. Senescing cells released 8 times more acid phosphatase per million cells than the young cells. Both old and young cells showed a clear dose-response to the 1 hr ozone gradient exposure. However, the older cells demonstrated a consistent 17% average lower survival rate than the young cells. The higher acid hydrolase level in older WI-38 cells is probably related to the lower survival rate observed in the older cells in vitro.", "contents": "Ozone sensitivity in aging WI-38 cells based on acid phosphatase content. Young [16-19 population doubling level (PDL)] and senescing (50-53 PDL) WI-38 cell populations were exposed to 1 ppm ozone for 2 hr and the resultant extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatase concentration was measured. Dose-response curves were also determined for surviving populations of young and old cells after a 1 hr ozone exposure ranging in concentration from 0 to 1.00 ppm. Senescing cells released 8 times more acid phosphatase per million cells than the young cells. Both old and young cells showed a clear dose-response to the 1 hr ozone gradient exposure. However, the older cells demonstrated a consistent 17% average lower survival rate than the young cells. The higher acid hydrolase level in older WI-38 cells is probably related to the lower survival rate observed in the older cells in vitro.", "PMID": 518120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12028", "title": "The identification and elimination of a potential lead hazard in an urban park.", "content": "During development of a park in Oakland, California, a potential public helath hazard due to lead in the soil (approximately 1,000 to 100,000 ppm) was identified through cooperative sampling and analysis efforts of the staffs at the county and state health departments. Analysis of samples collected at various locations and depths in the park, coupled with a three-dimensional model of the lead values obtained, indicated steps necessary to eliminate the hazard. The county undertook the abatement program, and with the elimination of the health hazard, the park development has been completed. Concomitant blood lead screening of neighborhood children failed to establish the park as a source of elevated lead in any of the children tested.", "contents": "The identification and elimination of a potential lead hazard in an urban park. During development of a park in Oakland, California, a potential public helath hazard due to lead in the soil (approximately 1,000 to 100,000 ppm) was identified through cooperative sampling and analysis efforts of the staffs at the county and state health departments. Analysis of samples collected at various locations and depths in the park, coupled with a three-dimensional model of the lead values obtained, indicated steps necessary to eliminate the hazard. The county undertook the abatement program, and with the elimination of the health hazard, the park development has been completed. Concomitant blood lead screening of neighborhood children failed to establish the park as a source of elevated lead in any of the children tested.", "PMID": 518121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12029", "title": "Selenium in the blood of South Dakotans.", "content": "Determinations of blood selenium levels of the normal human population in and around the state of South Dakota were made and related to known seleniferous areas. With two exceptions, the highest mean values were obtained in regions where animal selenosis has been observed, but whether any of the samples contained enough selenium to indicate a chronic toxicosis cannot be stated. Data on blood, hair, and urine of four Rapid City residents showed no seasonal differences, and the average blood concentrations were consistent with previous findings. Urine concentrations were variable within limits. Hair was found to be unreliable in evaluating the selenium status of people because of the general use of antidandruff shampoos containing the element.", "contents": "Selenium in the blood of South Dakotans. Determinations of blood selenium levels of the normal human population in and around the state of South Dakota were made and related to known seleniferous areas. With two exceptions, the highest mean values were obtained in regions where animal selenosis has been observed, but whether any of the samples contained enough selenium to indicate a chronic toxicosis cannot be stated. Data on blood, hair, and urine of four Rapid City residents showed no seasonal differences, and the average blood concentrations were consistent with previous findings. Urine concentrations were variable within limits. Hair was found to be unreliable in evaluating the selenium status of people because of the general use of antidandruff shampoos containing the element.", "PMID": 518125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12030", "title": "Visual processes of smokers and nonsmokers at different ages.", "content": "Forty smokers and forty nonsmokers were matched for age over the range from 21 to 76 yr. The battery of tests included: optometric refraction for near vision, scotopic sensitivity, simple and choice reaction time, visually evoked cortical potentials to targets flashing at 1 and 16 times/sec, EEG, and a perimetric test of color detection. Roughly the same number of smokers and nonsmokers required spectacle corrections, but smokers tended to require more plus correction. The mean scotopic sensitivity of the smokers was significantly worse than that of the nonsmokers. Reaction time tended to be poorer for the smokers. There were no differences on the perimetry test and in the EEGs of the smokers and nonsmokers, and no significant changes in the visually evoked responses to either 1 or 16 flashes/sec. There was virtually no evidence of an increasing difference between the smokers and nonsmokers with increasing age.", "contents": "Visual processes of smokers and nonsmokers at different ages. Forty smokers and forty nonsmokers were matched for age over the range from 21 to 76 yr. The battery of tests included: optometric refraction for near vision, scotopic sensitivity, simple and choice reaction time, visually evoked cortical potentials to targets flashing at 1 and 16 times/sec, EEG, and a perimetric test of color detection. Roughly the same number of smokers and nonsmokers required spectacle corrections, but smokers tended to require more plus correction. The mean scotopic sensitivity of the smokers was significantly worse than that of the nonsmokers. Reaction time tended to be poorer for the smokers. There were no differences on the perimetry test and in the EEGs of the smokers and nonsmokers, and no significant changes in the visually evoked responses to either 1 or 16 flashes/sec. There was virtually no evidence of an increasing difference between the smokers and nonsmokers with increasing age.", "PMID": 518126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12031", "title": "The Tyler Asbestos Workers Program. I. A medical surveillance model and method.", "content": "An asbestos-exposed worker who smokes cigarettes has a high risk of developing cancer of the lung. One thousand ninety-five former workers at a plant manufacturing asbestos (amosite) insulation products were exposed to high levels of asbestos dust concentrations in the atmosphere. The workers have been identified and located. A semi-annual medical surveillance program has been developed with National Cancer Institute support. Examination of the worker includes the following: history (questionnaire), physical examination, sputum cytopathology, chest roentgenogram, pulmonary function studies, and other tests. Emphasis has been placed on understanding the role of sputum cytopathology in a cancer control program in former asbestos workers.", "contents": "The Tyler Asbestos Workers Program. I. A medical surveillance model and method. An asbestos-exposed worker who smokes cigarettes has a high risk of developing cancer of the lung. One thousand ninety-five former workers at a plant manufacturing asbestos (amosite) insulation products were exposed to high levels of asbestos dust concentrations in the atmosphere. The workers have been identified and located. A semi-annual medical surveillance program has been developed with National Cancer Institute support. Examination of the worker includes the following: history (questionnaire), physical examination, sputum cytopathology, chest roentgenogram, pulmonary function studies, and other tests. Emphasis has been placed on understanding the role of sputum cytopathology in a cancer control program in former asbestos workers.", "PMID": 518123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12032", "title": "Occupational lead exposure and renin release.", "content": "Hypertension may result from chronic lead exposure. Lead poisoning arising from \"moonshine whiskey\" drinking has been associated with a rise in plasma renin activity. In the present study, plasma renin concentration following intravenous administration of frusemide was measured in eleven subjects with moderate or severe lead poisoning of industrial origin. The results were compared with those obtained for seven normal, control subjects. There was no significant difference in response obtained in the two groups. Industrial lead poisoning does not appear to affect renin release. The combined insult of lead and alcohol may explain the findings in the previous study.", "contents": "Occupational lead exposure and renin release. Hypertension may result from chronic lead exposure. Lead poisoning arising from \"moonshine whiskey\" drinking has been associated with a rise in plasma renin activity. In the present study, plasma renin concentration following intravenous administration of frusemide was measured in eleven subjects with moderate or severe lead poisoning of industrial origin. The results were compared with those obtained for seven normal, control subjects. There was no significant difference in response obtained in the two groups. Industrial lead poisoning does not appear to affect renin release. The combined insult of lead and alcohol may explain the findings in the previous study.", "PMID": 518124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12033", "title": "Inhibition of follicle stimulating hormone binding to granulosa cells in vitro by human follicular fluid.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) factor in human follicular fluid that inhibits binding in vitro of FSH to ovarian granulosa cells is presented.", "contents": "Inhibition of follicle stimulating hormone binding to granulosa cells in vitro by human follicular fluid. Evidence for the existence of a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) factor in human follicular fluid that inhibits binding in vitro of FSH to ovarian granulosa cells is presented.", "PMID": 518131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12034", "title": "Comparison between tamoxifen and clomiphene therapy in women with anovulation.", "content": "Forty-eight women with various types of menstrual disorder were treated with tamoxifen: 30 of them ovulated as judged by serum progesterone concentrations and the basal body temperature (BBT) record. Serial determinations of serum FSH, LH, prolactin, and estradiol-17 beta showed that tamoxifen acts primarily on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Before or after the tamoxifen treatment cycles, 30 women received clomiphene. The ovulation rate in women with primary and secondary amenorrhea was similar, while women with oligomenorrhea tended to be more responsive to tamoxifen than to clomiphene. There was no difference between the drugs in the duration of the luteal phases nor in the pregnancy rate. The side effects during treatment with clomiphene were pronounced than during tamoxifen therapy.", "contents": "Comparison between tamoxifen and clomiphene therapy in women with anovulation. Forty-eight women with various types of menstrual disorder were treated with tamoxifen: 30 of them ovulated as judged by serum progesterone concentrations and the basal body temperature (BBT) record. Serial determinations of serum FSH, LH, prolactin, and estradiol-17 beta showed that tamoxifen acts primarily on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Before or after the tamoxifen treatment cycles, 30 women received clomiphene. The ovulation rate in women with primary and secondary amenorrhea was similar, while women with oligomenorrhea tended to be more responsive to tamoxifen than to clomiphene. There was no difference between the drugs in the duration of the luteal phases nor in the pregnancy rate. The side effects during treatment with clomiphene were pronounced than during tamoxifen therapy.", "PMID": 518130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12035", "title": "Chromosome aberrations induced by occupational exposure to mercury.", "content": "The incidence of chromosome aberrations was studied by peripheral blood incubation (52 hr, the last 4 hr in the presence of Colcemid) using a modification of the Evans' technique in twenty-two men exposed to either vapors of metallic mercury (Group I) or organic mercury (Group II). Mercury concentrations of the work areas frequently exceeded the Maximum Allowable Concentrations in the past. During the year proceding the investigation, mercury values ranged between 0.15 and 0.44 mg/m3. None of the investigated men were poisoned, but all had had repeated increased mercury absorption with urinary eliminations reaching 890 microgram/l and 896 microgram/l for subjects in Groups I and II, respectively. The incidence of chromosome aberrations was significantly higher (P less than .001) in subjects exposed to mercury as compared with a control group (ten subjects) of a similar mean age. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of chromosome aberrations between men belonging to Groups I and II. Although an increase of both chromatid gaps and breaks was noticed in exposed men, the incidence did not significantly differ from controls. No chromatid interchanges were recorded and no difference between exposed and control subjects was noticed concerning the frequency of aneuploid or polyploid cells.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations induced by occupational exposure to mercury. The incidence of chromosome aberrations was studied by peripheral blood incubation (52 hr, the last 4 hr in the presence of Colcemid) using a modification of the Evans' technique in twenty-two men exposed to either vapors of metallic mercury (Group I) or organic mercury (Group II). Mercury concentrations of the work areas frequently exceeded the Maximum Allowable Concentrations in the past. During the year proceding the investigation, mercury values ranged between 0.15 and 0.44 mg/m3. None of the investigated men were poisoned, but all had had repeated increased mercury absorption with urinary eliminations reaching 890 microgram/l and 896 microgram/l for subjects in Groups I and II, respectively. The incidence of chromosome aberrations was significantly higher (P less than .001) in subjects exposed to mercury as compared with a control group (ten subjects) of a similar mean age. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of chromosome aberrations between men belonging to Groups I and II. Although an increase of both chromatid gaps and breaks was noticed in exposed men, the incidence did not significantly differ from controls. No chromatid interchanges were recorded and no difference between exposed and control subjects was noticed concerning the frequency of aneuploid or polyploid cells.", "PMID": 518128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12036", "title": "Effect of near ambient exposures to sulfur dioxide and ferrous sulfate particles on murine pulmonary defense mechanisms.", "content": "An infectivity model was used to test the safety margins for presently established air quality standards for sulfur dioxide and sulfate particles. Mice and rats were exposed to atmospheres of sulfur dioxide and mono-disperse ferrous sulfate particles from 3 to 6 times the standard for 17 hr prior to, or 4 hr after infection with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus or Group C Streptococci. Exposure to these concentrations of pollutants did not impair the rodents' ability to ingest and inactivate the minimally virulent Straphylococcus or enhance the virulence of the Group C Streptococci. Insofar as these results can be extrapolated to man, the present air quality standards for sulfur dioxide and sulfate particles are protective in regard to respiratory bacterial infection.", "contents": "Effect of near ambient exposures to sulfur dioxide and ferrous sulfate particles on murine pulmonary defense mechanisms. An infectivity model was used to test the safety margins for presently established air quality standards for sulfur dioxide and sulfate particles. Mice and rats were exposed to atmospheres of sulfur dioxide and mono-disperse ferrous sulfate particles from 3 to 6 times the standard for 17 hr prior to, or 4 hr after infection with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus or Group C Streptococci. Exposure to these concentrations of pollutants did not impair the rodents' ability to ingest and inactivate the minimally virulent Straphylococcus or enhance the virulence of the Group C Streptococci. Insofar as these results can be extrapolated to man, the present air quality standards for sulfur dioxide and sulfate particles are protective in regard to respiratory bacterial infection.", "PMID": 518122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12037", "title": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on ovarian, hypothalamic and pituitary function in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Treatment of breast cancer by combination therapy induced luteal insufficiency, anovulatory cycles and sometimes hypergonadotropic amenorrhea in premenopausal women with previously normal mentrual cycles and ovarian function. In chemotherapy induced amenorrhea 17 beta-estradiol levels were those found in ovarectomised or postmenopausal women. Chemotherapy affected the ovary itself and not the hypothalamus or pituitary, the negative feedback mechanisms remaining intact. The ovary of perimenopausal patients was much more sensitive to cytotoxic drugs; following a short time chemotherapy hypergonadotropic amenorrhea invariably developed and the ovary seemed to be again the prime site of action. Postmenopausal patients continued to have physiologically high LH and FSH plasma concentrations and low plasma levels of prolactin and 17 beta-estradiol under cytotoxic treatment.", "contents": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on ovarian, hypothalamic and pituitary function in patients with breast cancer. Treatment of breast cancer by combination therapy induced luteal insufficiency, anovulatory cycles and sometimes hypergonadotropic amenorrhea in premenopausal women with previously normal mentrual cycles and ovarian function. In chemotherapy induced amenorrhea 17 beta-estradiol levels were those found in ovarectomised or postmenopausal women. Chemotherapy affected the ovary itself and not the hypothalamus or pituitary, the negative feedback mechanisms remaining intact. The ovary of perimenopausal patients was much more sensitive to cytotoxic drugs; following a short time chemotherapy hypergonadotropic amenorrhea invariably developed and the ovary seemed to be again the prime site of action. Postmenopausal patients continued to have physiologically high LH and FSH plasma concentrations and low plasma levels of prolactin and 17 beta-estradiol under cytotoxic treatment.", "PMID": 518132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12038", "title": "Mathematical, clinical, and laboratory study of hemodynamic changes in the placental circulation.", "content": "Various rheological properties of blood were investigated in pregnant and non-pregnant women of similar age. The results from 27 women with abnormal pregnancies were compared to those obtained from 17 non-pregnant women. In abnormal pregnancies we found a reduction of the erythrocyte filtration and a pathological use in red cell aggregation and in the shear resistance of the aggregates. Fractional light transmission (T7/T0) was higher than 1.0, suggesting that pressure gradients in the capillary circulation are not sufficient to disperse red cell aggregates. Thus, rheological factors may be partly responsible for the clinical consequences of pre-eclampsia. Pathological red blood cell aggregation and stagnation are consequences of the changed flow properties in the microcirculation. Even a small decrease of the local pressure gradients in the microcirculation of patients with pre-eclampsia would impair the dispersal of red blood cells and lead to their increased aggregation. Complete occlusion of the placental circulation by these aggregates would impair oxygen transfer at a speed that has been calculated from a diffusion equation based on the concept of the placenta as a hollow cylinder.", "contents": "Mathematical, clinical, and laboratory study of hemodynamic changes in the placental circulation. Various rheological properties of blood were investigated in pregnant and non-pregnant women of similar age. The results from 27 women with abnormal pregnancies were compared to those obtained from 17 non-pregnant women. In abnormal pregnancies we found a reduction of the erythrocyte filtration and a pathological use in red cell aggregation and in the shear resistance of the aggregates. Fractional light transmission (T7/T0) was higher than 1.0, suggesting that pressure gradients in the capillary circulation are not sufficient to disperse red cell aggregates. Thus, rheological factors may be partly responsible for the clinical consequences of pre-eclampsia. Pathological red blood cell aggregation and stagnation are consequences of the changed flow properties in the microcirculation. Even a small decrease of the local pressure gradients in the microcirculation of patients with pre-eclampsia would impair the dispersal of red blood cells and lead to their increased aggregation. Complete occlusion of the placental circulation by these aggregates would impair oxygen transfer at a speed that has been calculated from a diffusion equation based on the concept of the placenta as a hollow cylinder.", "PMID": 518133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12039", "title": "Purification and characterization of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A).", "content": "Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) has been isolated from late pregnancy plasma using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on Concanavalin-A, gel filtration and negative affinity chromatography. It was found that PAPP-A is an alpha 2-glycoprotein of 750-820 000 MW, probably a dimer with each monomer being composed of 2 polypeptide chains of 218 000 MW. The amino acid composition as well as other physicochemical characteristics are similar to human alpha 2-macroglobulin. PAPP-A exhibits in vitro an inhibition of the activity of the complement system, of the caseinolytic activity of plasmin and possibly of the urokinase activation of plasminogen. The hypothesis that PAPP-A plays a role in the regulation of fibrinolysis during pregnancy is put forward.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) has been isolated from late pregnancy plasma using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on Concanavalin-A, gel filtration and negative affinity chromatography. It was found that PAPP-A is an alpha 2-glycoprotein of 750-820 000 MW, probably a dimer with each monomer being composed of 2 polypeptide chains of 218 000 MW. The amino acid composition as well as other physicochemical characteristics are similar to human alpha 2-macroglobulin. PAPP-A exhibits in vitro an inhibition of the activity of the complement system, of the caseinolytic activity of plasmin and possibly of the urokinase activation of plasminogen. The hypothesis that PAPP-A plays a role in the regulation of fibrinolysis during pregnancy is put forward.", "PMID": 518134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12040", "title": "Antagonistic effects of zinc and aluminum on lead inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo studies regarding the influence of metals on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes indicate that a lead concentration of 4 micrometer/l completely inhibits the enzyme. Zinc activates the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo at concentrations greater than 76 micrometer/l. Aluminum has an inhibitory effect at all concentrations in vitro whereas it activates the enzyme in vivo. Zinc and aluminum together activate the enzyme in vivo. The in vitro activation of zinc is inhibited by increasing concentrations of aluminum. Aluminum and lead together depress the enzyme activity in an additive way that can be reactivated by the addition of zinc.", "contents": "Antagonistic effects of zinc and aluminum on lead inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. In vitro and in vivo studies regarding the influence of metals on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes indicate that a lead concentration of 4 micrometer/l completely inhibits the enzyme. Zinc activates the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo at concentrations greater than 76 micrometer/l. Aluminum has an inhibitory effect at all concentrations in vitro whereas it activates the enzyme in vivo. Zinc and aluminum together activate the enzyme in vivo. The in vitro activation of zinc is inhibited by increasing concentrations of aluminum. Aluminum and lead together depress the enzyme activity in an additive way that can be reactivated by the addition of zinc.", "PMID": 518129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12041", "title": "An ozone-generating system and chamber for testing injury to cultured cells.", "content": "A system was constructed which alternately exposed cultured cells to specific concentrations of ozone in the gas phase and then to cell culture medium. It was designed to produce a constant mass transfer between the gas phase and the exposed cell phase. Monolayers of neonatal rat lung fibroblasts cultured in miniature glass dishes were used to test for ozone toxicity. The cells were alternately exposed to ozone (0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, and 4.05 ppm) for 30 sec and then to culture medium for 30 sec over a 1-hr period. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of cell growth 4 days after exposure to ozone. Growth was significantly inhibited at all concentrations with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.8 ppm. The system described was effective for quantifying ozone toxicity for cultured lung cells.", "contents": "An ozone-generating system and chamber for testing injury to cultured cells. A system was constructed which alternately exposed cultured cells to specific concentrations of ozone in the gas phase and then to cell culture medium. It was designed to produce a constant mass transfer between the gas phase and the exposed cell phase. Monolayers of neonatal rat lung fibroblasts cultured in miniature glass dishes were used to test for ozone toxicity. The cells were alternately exposed to ozone (0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, and 4.05 ppm) for 30 sec and then to culture medium for 30 sec over a 1-hr period. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of cell growth 4 days after exposure to ozone. Growth was significantly inhibited at all concentrations with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.8 ppm. The system described was effective for quantifying ozone toxicity for cultured lung cells.", "PMID": 518127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12042", "title": "The results of isotope renography and intravenous pyelography in 420 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A group of women with carcinoma of the cervix was studied by renography and i.v. pyelography. The incidence of renal and urinary tract disorders detected by these tests increased as did the stage of the disease, being 17.1% with Stage I carcinoma of the cervix, 27.8% with Stage II carcinoma of the cervix, 47% with Stage III carcinoma of the cervix, and 83.3% in Stage IV carcinoma of the cervix. In patients with Stage I and Stage II carcinoma of the cervix, those selected for radiotherapy had twice the incidence of abnormal renograms as those selected for surgery. This difference probably reflected a higher incidence of medical disorders affecting renal and urinary tract function in those considered unfit for surgery. We believe that renograms should be used routinely as a screening test in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "The results of isotope renography and intravenous pyelography in 420 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A group of women with carcinoma of the cervix was studied by renography and i.v. pyelography. The incidence of renal and urinary tract disorders detected by these tests increased as did the stage of the disease, being 17.1% with Stage I carcinoma of the cervix, 27.8% with Stage II carcinoma of the cervix, 47% with Stage III carcinoma of the cervix, and 83.3% in Stage IV carcinoma of the cervix. In patients with Stage I and Stage II carcinoma of the cervix, those selected for radiotherapy had twice the incidence of abnormal renograms as those selected for surgery. This difference probably reflected a higher incidence of medical disorders affecting renal and urinary tract function in those considered unfit for surgery. We believe that renograms should be used routinely as a screening test in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 518135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12043", "title": "Studies with clonidine (dixarit) in menopausal women.", "content": "Eleven women with menopausal symptoms were treated with 150 micrograms Clonidine (dixarit) daily. Before and during therapy, plasma estradiol-17 beta, LH, FSH and prolactin levels were measured by specific radio-immunoassays. In addition, each patient recorded the number of hot flushes a day and symptoms were monitored by the Kupperman-index. A highly significant fall in the number of hot flushes by day and night occurred during therapy (p less than 0.001) and the Kupperman-index similarly improved. Significant pulse and blood pressure changes were not noted and plasma hormone concentrations remained unaltered. Medication was well tolerated. Clonidine therapy would appear to be the treatment of choice for menopausal symptoms if estrogens are contraindicated.", "contents": "Studies with clonidine (dixarit) in menopausal women. Eleven women with menopausal symptoms were treated with 150 micrograms Clonidine (dixarit) daily. Before and during therapy, plasma estradiol-17 beta, LH, FSH and prolactin levels were measured by specific radio-immunoassays. In addition, each patient recorded the number of hot flushes a day and symptoms were monitored by the Kupperman-index. A highly significant fall in the number of hot flushes by day and night occurred during therapy (p less than 0.001) and the Kupperman-index similarly improved. Significant pulse and blood pressure changes were not noted and plasma hormone concentrations remained unaltered. Medication was well tolerated. Clonidine therapy would appear to be the treatment of choice for menopausal symptoms if estrogens are contraindicated.", "PMID": 518136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12044", "title": "Investigations of gestation-induced metabolic changes in the rat liver. I. Glycogen metabolism.", "content": "The activities of alpha-glucan-phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase and the concentration of glycogen were measured in the liver of pregnant and non-pregnant rats. There were no significant differences between normal non-pregnant and pregnant animals nor was there any change of enzyme activities during pregnancy. Our results lend support to the idea that glycogen metabolism is not changed during normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Investigations of gestation-induced metabolic changes in the rat liver. I. Glycogen metabolism. The activities of alpha-glucan-phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase and the concentration of glycogen were measured in the liver of pregnant and non-pregnant rats. There were no significant differences between normal non-pregnant and pregnant animals nor was there any change of enzyme activities during pregnancy. Our results lend support to the idea that glycogen metabolism is not changed during normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 518137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12045", "title": "[Clinical significance of arteriovenous shunt malformations in the uterine and adnexal region (author's transl)].", "content": "This case report describes and discusses the entity of arteriovenous shunt malformations in the uterine and adnexal region. The diagnostic measurements and clinical importance of this disease is also outlined. The condition is rare, but should be considered in cases of severe hemorrhage when routine investigations have been normal. For the first time bloodgas-analytic measurements showing the extent of the shunting have been performed with such a disease.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of arteriovenous shunt malformations in the uterine and adnexal region (author's transl)]. This case report describes and discusses the entity of arteriovenous shunt malformations in the uterine and adnexal region. The diagnostic measurements and clinical importance of this disease is also outlined. The condition is rare, but should be considered in cases of severe hemorrhage when routine investigations have been normal. For the first time bloodgas-analytic measurements showing the extent of the shunting have been performed with such a disease.", "PMID": 518138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12046", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: investigation of its causes and implications.", "content": "When correction was made for hypoalbuminaemia, 23 of 50 ambulant patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were found to have hypercalcaemia. When these 23 patients were studied 6 months later, 7 had hypercalcaemia as defined by the correction factor for a low serum albumin level, and 6 of these patients had raised serum ionised calcium concentrations. Biochemical studies in the 23 patients indicated evidence of hyperparathyroidism, namely, hypophosphataemia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, hyperchloraemia, and reduced tubular reabsorption of calcium. However, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations were normal. Only one patient had an abnormally low serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D result: this patient had a high level of urinary D-glucaric acid and was receiving phenobarbitone for treatment of epilepsy. The biochemical features suggestive of parathyroid overactivity were particularly found in patients with raised serum calcium levels. The cause of hypercalcaemia in rheumatoid arthritis remains to be explained.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: investigation of its causes and implications. When correction was made for hypoalbuminaemia, 23 of 50 ambulant patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were found to have hypercalcaemia. When these 23 patients were studied 6 months later, 7 had hypercalcaemia as defined by the correction factor for a low serum albumin level, and 6 of these patients had raised serum ionised calcium concentrations. Biochemical studies in the 23 patients indicated evidence of hyperparathyroidism, namely, hypophosphataemia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, hyperchloraemia, and reduced tubular reabsorption of calcium. However, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations were normal. Only one patient had an abnormally low serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D result: this patient had a high level of urinary D-glucaric acid and was receiving phenobarbitone for treatment of epilepsy. The biochemical features suggestive of parathyroid overactivity were particularly found in patients with raised serum calcium levels. The cause of hypercalcaemia in rheumatoid arthritis remains to be explained.", "PMID": 518139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12047", "title": "Clinical and radiological features of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Symptomatic osteonecrosis occurred in 8 out of 68 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Multiple joints were involved in 3 patients, and weight-bearing joints were most frequently affected. Osteonecrosis tended to occur early in the disease, and the patients had all received corticosteroids. Symptoms tended to occur when the disease had progressed from an active phase into one of clinical and serological quiescence. In weight-bearing joints classical radiological changes were often absent at the onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Clinical and radiological features of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptomatic osteonecrosis occurred in 8 out of 68 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Multiple joints were involved in 3 patients, and weight-bearing joints were most frequently affected. Osteonecrosis tended to occur early in the disease, and the patients had all received corticosteroids. Symptoms tended to occur when the disease had progressed from an active phase into one of clinical and serological quiescence. In weight-bearing joints classical radiological changes were often absent at the onset of symptoms.", "PMID": 518140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12048", "title": "Another look at osteoarthritis.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of osteoarthritis seen in a medical clinic have been reviewed and contrasted with 100 patients with rheumatoid disease. Osteoarthritis was usually a polyarticular disease and as symmetrical in distribution as rheumatoid; the knees and hands were the most commonly involved sites. Evidence of inflammation was often found in patients with osteoarthritis and included morning stiffness, redness of distal interphalangeal joints, warmth, and effusions in the knees. In many cases there was either radiological or electron microscopical evidence of deposition of calcium salts. These findings do not support the concept of osteoarthritis as a mechanical, noninflammatory 'wear and tear' condition. An active metabolic abnormality of articular cartilage resulting in cartilage destruction, calcification, and inflammation is suggested as being more compatible with the findings.", "contents": "Another look at osteoarthritis. One hundred consecutive cases of osteoarthritis seen in a medical clinic have been reviewed and contrasted with 100 patients with rheumatoid disease. Osteoarthritis was usually a polyarticular disease and as symmetrical in distribution as rheumatoid; the knees and hands were the most commonly involved sites. Evidence of inflammation was often found in patients with osteoarthritis and included morning stiffness, redness of distal interphalangeal joints, warmth, and effusions in the knees. In many cases there was either radiological or electron microscopical evidence of deposition of calcium salts. These findings do not support the concept of osteoarthritis as a mechanical, noninflammatory 'wear and tear' condition. An active metabolic abnormality of articular cartilage resulting in cartilage destruction, calcification, and inflammation is suggested as being more compatible with the findings.", "PMID": 518141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12049", "title": "Maintenance dose of penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between a standard and a response-related flexible regimen.", "content": "There is much individual variation in the response of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to penicillamine, some patients deriving benefit from very small doses. A dose of 750 mg daily is widely regarded as standard, and, while their RA commonly responds, many patients discontinue treatment because of adverse reactions to penicillamine. A more flexible prescribing policy might be more successful in the long term and was tested in 1 group of 20 patients, another receiving a 'standard' regimen, each beginning treatment at a low dose level. Of those who were given increases of dose only if response was poor 17 completed 1 year of treatment on an average maintenance dose of 308 mg daily, but only 11 of the other group on an average dose 613 mg daily. Proteinuria, which was found only in the latter group accounted for 6 withdrawals, all at doses of 625 mg daily or above. The reduction in rheumatoid activity appeared to be of about the same degree among the members of both groups who completed 12 months of treatment. Penicillamine should be given initially in a low dose and this should be raised only if there is lack of response after at least 4 weeks.", "contents": "Maintenance dose of penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between a standard and a response-related flexible regimen. There is much individual variation in the response of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to penicillamine, some patients deriving benefit from very small doses. A dose of 750 mg daily is widely regarded as standard, and, while their RA commonly responds, many patients discontinue treatment because of adverse reactions to penicillamine. A more flexible prescribing policy might be more successful in the long term and was tested in 1 group of 20 patients, another receiving a 'standard' regimen, each beginning treatment at a low dose level. Of those who were given increases of dose only if response was poor 17 completed 1 year of treatment on an average maintenance dose of 308 mg daily, but only 11 of the other group on an average dose 613 mg daily. Proteinuria, which was found only in the latter group accounted for 6 withdrawals, all at doses of 625 mg daily or above. The reduction in rheumatoid activity appeared to be of about the same degree among the members of both groups who completed 12 months of treatment. Penicillamine should be given initially in a low dose and this should be raised only if there is lack of response after at least 4 weeks.", "PMID": 518142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12050", "title": "An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "There has been little basis on which to standardise a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and so 11 rheumatology units in the south and west of Great Britain have collaborated in a study to evaluate possible criteria. Symptoms and laboratory findings claimed to be of diagnostic value in PMR were included in an analysis of the features of 236 patients considered to have unequivocal PMR and 70 patients thought to have possible PMR. The results were compared with similar information from 253 patients with conditions that mimic PMR and from 201 consecutive new presentations to outpatients. The 7 most valuable criteria for differentiation were bilateral shoulder pain or stiffness, onset of illness of less than 2 weeks' duration, initial ESR greater than 40 mm/h, duration of morning stiffness exceeding 1 hour, age 65 years or more, depression and/or weight loss, and bilateral tenderness in the upper arms. We suggest that a patient might be regarded as having probable PMR if any 3 or more of these criteria are fulfilled, or if at least 1 criterion coexists with a clinical or pathological abnormality of the temporal artery. A standardised therapeutic test with prednisolone has value in making the diagnosis of PMR more certain.", "contents": "An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. There has been little basis on which to standardise a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and so 11 rheumatology units in the south and west of Great Britain have collaborated in a study to evaluate possible criteria. Symptoms and laboratory findings claimed to be of diagnostic value in PMR were included in an analysis of the features of 236 patients considered to have unequivocal PMR and 70 patients thought to have possible PMR. The results were compared with similar information from 253 patients with conditions that mimic PMR and from 201 consecutive new presentations to outpatients. The 7 most valuable criteria for differentiation were bilateral shoulder pain or stiffness, onset of illness of less than 2 weeks' duration, initial ESR greater than 40 mm/h, duration of morning stiffness exceeding 1 hour, age 65 years or more, depression and/or weight loss, and bilateral tenderness in the upper arms. We suggest that a patient might be regarded as having probable PMR if any 3 or more of these criteria are fulfilled, or if at least 1 criterion coexists with a clinical or pathological abnormality of the temporal artery. A standardised therapeutic test with prednisolone has value in making the diagnosis of PMR more certain.", "PMID": 518143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12051", "title": "Effects of corticosteroids and local anaesthetics applied directly to the synovial vascular bed.", "content": "The effects of intra-articular injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide on the rate of clearance of radioactive xenon (133Xe) was studied in 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No effect of the corticosteroid injection was observed, which suggests that the drug has no immediate effect on synovial blood vessels.", "contents": "Effects of corticosteroids and local anaesthetics applied directly to the synovial vascular bed. The effects of intra-articular injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide on the rate of clearance of radioactive xenon (133Xe) was studied in 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No effect of the corticosteroid injection was observed, which suggests that the drug has no immediate effect on synovial blood vessels.", "PMID": 518144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12052", "title": "Metabolic alterations in human synovial lining cells in pigmented villonodular synovitis.", "content": "Synovial tissue from 3 patients with villonodular synovitis has been examined by quantitative cytochemistry. Considerable changes in the metabolism of the synoviocytes have been observed. These included a massive rise in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase to levels even greater than those found in rheumatoid arthritis, and a significant rise in the activity of 2 glycolytic enzymes, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase. Lysosomal napthhylamidase showed raised activity with no latency. The sulphydryl content in the synoviocytes was raised, as was the amount of available phospholipid. This pattern of metabolic alterations is similar to that found in human rheumatoid synoviocytes.", "contents": "Metabolic alterations in human synovial lining cells in pigmented villonodular synovitis. Synovial tissue from 3 patients with villonodular synovitis has been examined by quantitative cytochemistry. Considerable changes in the metabolism of the synoviocytes have been observed. These included a massive rise in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase to levels even greater than those found in rheumatoid arthritis, and a significant rise in the activity of 2 glycolytic enzymes, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase. Lysosomal napthhylamidase showed raised activity with no latency. The sulphydryl content in the synoviocytes was raised, as was the amount of available phospholipid. This pattern of metabolic alterations is similar to that found in human rheumatoid synoviocytes.", "PMID": 518145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12053", "title": "Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue. II. Inhibition of sodium urate crystallisation by cation exchange.", "content": "The urate concentration of the supernatant was greater after supersaturated solutions of sodium urate were incubated in a suspension of CM-Sephadex C-25 than in one of Sephadex G-25. The supernatant urate concentration was greater when the CM-Sephadex had been equilibrated with potassium than with sodium. The results are analogous with those obtained in studies of urate solubility in proteoglycan solutions. They are consistent with the Donnan effect and the hypothesis that the glycosaminoglycans within the proteoglycan molecule function as cation exchangers which, when charged with potassium, exchange with the sodium of the urate molecule, leading to formation of highly soluble potassium urate.", "contents": "Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue. II. Inhibition of sodium urate crystallisation by cation exchange. The urate concentration of the supernatant was greater after supersaturated solutions of sodium urate were incubated in a suspension of CM-Sephadex C-25 than in one of Sephadex G-25. The supernatant urate concentration was greater when the CM-Sephadex had been equilibrated with potassium than with sodium. The results are analogous with those obtained in studies of urate solubility in proteoglycan solutions. They are consistent with the Donnan effect and the hypothesis that the glycosaminoglycans within the proteoglycan molecule function as cation exchangers which, when charged with potassium, exchange with the sodium of the urate molecule, leading to formation of highly soluble potassium urate.", "PMID": 518146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12054", "title": "Patients' expectations in relation to outcome of total hip replacment surgery.", "content": "The importance of expectations has been assessed by giving 88 patients who had undergone total hip replacement surgery a series of visual analogue scales to provide a pain score, a 5-point rating scale to assess their remembered expectations, and an interview to establish clinical, functional, social, and psychological data. Patients generally had high expectations, but only 55% had their expectations fulfilled. Despite this, 86% claimed the operation to be successful, though when questioned more closely patients noted a certain amount of displeasure about the outcome. Further analysis revealed that, when the sample was split into 2 groups of fulfilled and unfulfilled expectations, significant differences were noted in that the quality of life enjoyed by the former group was greater than that enjoyed by the latter group. This finding suggests that the notion of 'success' is not as effective as the notion of 'expectations' as a measure of the outcome of total hip replacement surgery.", "contents": "Patients' expectations in relation to outcome of total hip replacment surgery. The importance of expectations has been assessed by giving 88 patients who had undergone total hip replacement surgery a series of visual analogue scales to provide a pain score, a 5-point rating scale to assess their remembered expectations, and an interview to establish clinical, functional, social, and psychological data. Patients generally had high expectations, but only 55% had their expectations fulfilled. Despite this, 86% claimed the operation to be successful, though when questioned more closely patients noted a certain amount of displeasure about the outcome. Further analysis revealed that, when the sample was split into 2 groups of fulfilled and unfulfilled expectations, significant differences were noted in that the quality of life enjoyed by the former group was greater than that enjoyed by the latter group. This finding suggests that the notion of 'success' is not as effective as the notion of 'expectations' as a measure of the outcome of total hip replacement surgery.", "PMID": 518147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12055", "title": "Yellow nail syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis: report of three cases.", "content": "We report the occurrence of the yellow nail syndrome in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In 2 patients the development of the syndrome was related to severe chest infections, and there was evidence of immunodeficiency, consisting in 1 case of a persistently low serum IgA level and in the other of a generalised marrow suppression. The third patient gave a history of recurrent sinusitis and showed evidence of previous chest infections and pulmonary fibrosis, but has no gross evidence of immunodeficiency. We have found only 1 previous brief mention of a patient with the yellow nail syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Yellow nail syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis: report of three cases. We report the occurrence of the yellow nail syndrome in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In 2 patients the development of the syndrome was related to severe chest infections, and there was evidence of immunodeficiency, consisting in 1 case of a persistently low serum IgA level and in the other of a generalised marrow suppression. The third patient gave a history of recurrent sinusitis and showed evidence of previous chest infections and pulmonary fibrosis, but has no gross evidence of immunodeficiency. We have found only 1 previous brief mention of a patient with the yellow nail syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 518148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12056", "title": "Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa: what is it? Report of 2 cases.", "content": "Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa may be defined as the localised accumulation of painful fat near joints, most commonly the knee. It exists as a separate entity that must be distinguished from other causes of knee pain. We present 2 patients with this condition and review the literature. Various approaches to therapy are discussed. A classification of painful fat near joints is proposed.", "contents": "Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa: what is it? Report of 2 cases. Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa may be defined as the localised accumulation of painful fat near joints, most commonly the knee. It exists as a separate entity that must be distinguished from other causes of knee pain. We present 2 patients with this condition and review the literature. Various approaches to therapy are discussed. A classification of painful fat near joints is proposed.", "PMID": 518149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12057", "title": "Successful valve replacement for aortic incompetence in rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis.", "content": "A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), vasculitis, and aortic valve incompetence of the histologically nonspecific type is described. Valve replacement was undertaken, and an excellent haemodynamic result was achieved. Both arthritis and vasculitis subsequently remitted. Valve replacement can be successfully performed in RA despite active vasculitis.", "contents": "Successful valve replacement for aortic incompetence in rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), vasculitis, and aortic valve incompetence of the histologically nonspecific type is described. Valve replacement was undertaken, and an excellent haemodynamic result was achieved. Both arthritis and vasculitis subsequently remitted. Valve replacement can be successfully performed in RA despite active vasculitis.", "PMID": 518150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12058", "title": "[Regional conference on measles vaccination. Intervention in discussion].", "content": "A short account is given on the reasons for which it is esteemed appropriate the age of 13-15 months suggested by the Regional Consulting Committee as the best period for the extensive voluntary vaccination against measles. At the same time, the practical organization of the campaign can be obstaculated by the miss of sanitary operators.", "contents": "[Regional conference on measles vaccination. Intervention in discussion]. A short account is given on the reasons for which it is esteemed appropriate the age of 13-15 months suggested by the Regional Consulting Committee as the best period for the extensive voluntary vaccination against measles. At the same time, the practical organization of the campaign can be obstaculated by the miss of sanitary operators.", "PMID": 518154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12059", "title": "Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of colonic polyps.", "content": "The concept of a polyp-cancer sequence is assuming increasing credibility as a factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy permits most colonic polyps to be endoscopically removed and studied pathologically. Of various polyp types encountered in the colon only neoplastic polyps are regarded as having malignant potential. Neoplastic polyps include tubular adenomas (formerly, adenomatous polyps), villous adenomas and villotubular adenomas (formerly, mixed or tuboglandular polyps). Cancerous changes must penetrate the muscularis mucosae for a polyp to be regarded as clinically malignant. The present report analyzes a series of 5,786 adenomas from over 7,000 polyp endoscopically removed. The largest number of each type of adenoma presented in the sigmoid colon, followed by the descending colon in terms of frequency. In all zones tubular adenomas were most common, villous least. Abnormal cellular change, from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer was most frequently found in the sigmoid colon and, in all colon sectors, increased as the villous componency of the polyp increased. However, all categories of neoplastic polyps showed malignant changes. Polyp size, long recognized as a factor, was shown to be importantly related to malignant change, but invasive cancer was found even in polyps less than 1 cm in diameter. In addition, the incidence of malignancy rose parallel to the frequency of synchronous and metachronous polyps. A vigorous program for detection and endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps is recommended as a means of reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of colonic polyps. The concept of a polyp-cancer sequence is assuming increasing credibility as a factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy permits most colonic polyps to be endoscopically removed and studied pathologically. Of various polyp types encountered in the colon only neoplastic polyps are regarded as having malignant potential. Neoplastic polyps include tubular adenomas (formerly, adenomatous polyps), villous adenomas and villotubular adenomas (formerly, mixed or tuboglandular polyps). Cancerous changes must penetrate the muscularis mucosae for a polyp to be regarded as clinically malignant. The present report analyzes a series of 5,786 adenomas from over 7,000 polyp endoscopically removed. The largest number of each type of adenoma presented in the sigmoid colon, followed by the descending colon in terms of frequency. In all zones tubular adenomas were most common, villous least. Abnormal cellular change, from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer was most frequently found in the sigmoid colon and, in all colon sectors, increased as the villous componency of the polyp increased. However, all categories of neoplastic polyps showed malignant changes. Polyp size, long recognized as a factor, was shown to be importantly related to malignant change, but invasive cancer was found even in polyps less than 1 cm in diameter. In addition, the incidence of malignancy rose parallel to the frequency of synchronous and metachronous polyps. A vigorous program for detection and endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps is recommended as a means of reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 518167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12060", "title": "A comparative study of Japanese and American gastric dimensions.", "content": "A comparative study between Japanese and Americans was carried out to determine gastric characteristics of the two groups, since Japanese appear to allow easier gastric transposition to the neck. Japanese were found to have a longer and more mobile stomach, but in the vast majority of Americans an esophagogastric anastomosis in the neck is possible following an extensive Kocher maneuver.", "contents": "A comparative study of Japanese and American gastric dimensions. A comparative study between Japanese and Americans was carried out to determine gastric characteristics of the two groups, since Japanese appear to allow easier gastric transposition to the neck. Japanese were found to have a longer and more mobile stomach, but in the vast majority of Americans an esophagogastric anastomosis in the neck is possible following an extensive Kocher maneuver.", "PMID": 518168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12061", "title": "Metabolic profiles of thermal trauma.", "content": "The study was designed to establish where significant correlations exist in a variety of metabolic substrates and hormone mediators in patients sustaining thermal injury. The factors studied were insulin, human growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, free fatty acid, triglyceride and glucose. Incorporated into this design was an evaluation of the impact of quantitated severity of injury upon these correlations. In patients sustaining a low severity of injury (Probability of death (p = 2.2 to 33.9) there appeared a loss of glucose regulation in conjunction with insulin resistance without significant interplay of other factors studied. In contrast, patients sustaining high severity injury (p = 46.9 to 100) evidenced correlations between glucagon and glucose (negative), cortisol and free fatty acid indicating a significant role of hyperglucagonemia in these patients. A discriminant function analysis was employed to incorporate all significant variables into a probability model. Only insulin, glucose and glucagon appeared in the optimal classification equation.", "contents": "Metabolic profiles of thermal trauma. The study was designed to establish where significant correlations exist in a variety of metabolic substrates and hormone mediators in patients sustaining thermal injury. The factors studied were insulin, human growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, free fatty acid, triglyceride and glucose. Incorporated into this design was an evaluation of the impact of quantitated severity of injury upon these correlations. In patients sustaining a low severity of injury (Probability of death (p = 2.2 to 33.9) there appeared a loss of glucose regulation in conjunction with insulin resistance without significant interplay of other factors studied. In contrast, patients sustaining high severity injury (p = 46.9 to 100) evidenced correlations between glucagon and glucose (negative), cortisol and free fatty acid indicating a significant role of hyperglucagonemia in these patients. A discriminant function analysis was employed to incorporate all significant variables into a probability model. Only insulin, glucose and glucagon appeared in the optimal classification equation.", "PMID": 518169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12062", "title": "Perforated stress ulcer in infants: a silent threat.", "content": "Stress ulcer has become an important clinical entity and its two major complications--bleeding and perforation--are among the most baffling problems, in terms of management, in clinical practice. Perforation, though the less common of the two, is perhaps the most formidable particularly when this occurs in a very sick infant. Four such infants (cyanotic heart disease, gastroenteritis and two severe pneumonias) all developed this severe complication of their illness and after surgery two survived. Two of these infants presented with bleeding prior to perforation of their stress ulcer. The perforation diagnosis was initially not apparent and was first made after radiological examination. Clinical signs of peritonitis were absent as these infants were too sick for such signs to be elicited. All four ulcers were situated in the posterior wall of the duodenum. Two of these infants developed cardiac complications on the operating table, the cause of which was not very clear. It may have been due to the debilitation of these babies with the additional effect of anesthesia perhaps leading to myocardial toxicity. It is therefore recommended that: all sick infants on steroid therapy be placed on prophylactic antacids; abdominal girth measurements be taken frequently in sick infants to appreciate any unexplained increase in girth; such increase in abdominal girth must be evaluated with an upright abdominal x-ray; operative closure of the perforation must be simple and expedient.", "contents": "Perforated stress ulcer in infants: a silent threat. Stress ulcer has become an important clinical entity and its two major complications--bleeding and perforation--are among the most baffling problems, in terms of management, in clinical practice. Perforation, though the less common of the two, is perhaps the most formidable particularly when this occurs in a very sick infant. Four such infants (cyanotic heart disease, gastroenteritis and two severe pneumonias) all developed this severe complication of their illness and after surgery two survived. Two of these infants presented with bleeding prior to perforation of their stress ulcer. The perforation diagnosis was initially not apparent and was first made after radiological examination. Clinical signs of peritonitis were absent as these infants were too sick for such signs to be elicited. All four ulcers were situated in the posterior wall of the duodenum. Two of these infants developed cardiac complications on the operating table, the cause of which was not very clear. It may have been due to the debilitation of these babies with the additional effect of anesthesia perhaps leading to myocardial toxicity. It is therefore recommended that: all sick infants on steroid therapy be placed on prophylactic antacids; abdominal girth measurements be taken frequently in sick infants to appreciate any unexplained increase in girth; such increase in abdominal girth must be evaluated with an upright abdominal x-ray; operative closure of the perforation must be simple and expedient.", "PMID": 518170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12063", "title": "Glucagon or insulin suppressed biliary lipid excretion in dog and man.", "content": "The possibility that gastrointestinal hormones influence biliary lipid secretion was studied further in chronic bile fistula dogs and subsequently in a patient with a balloon-occludable t-tube. After stabilization of bile flow in the dog by infusing 500 mg/hr sodium taurocholate, glucagon and insulin increased bile flow, decreased cholesterol output, and had no effect on phospholipid or bile salt output. Similarly, during reinfusion of bile in the human subject, glucagon increased bile flow, decreased cholesterol output and had no effect on bile salt output. Phospholipid secretion decreased, as had occurred at a lower bile salt infusion rate in the chronic bile fistula dog. These findings suggest that glucagon or insulin may play a role in regulating cholesterol secretion in dog and man, and that mechanisms other than simple dilution of micelles are operative.", "contents": "Glucagon or insulin suppressed biliary lipid excretion in dog and man. The possibility that gastrointestinal hormones influence biliary lipid secretion was studied further in chronic bile fistula dogs and subsequently in a patient with a balloon-occludable t-tube. After stabilization of bile flow in the dog by infusing 500 mg/hr sodium taurocholate, glucagon and insulin increased bile flow, decreased cholesterol output, and had no effect on phospholipid or bile salt output. Similarly, during reinfusion of bile in the human subject, glucagon increased bile flow, decreased cholesterol output and had no effect on bile salt output. Phospholipid secretion decreased, as had occurred at a lower bile salt infusion rate in the chronic bile fistula dog. These findings suggest that glucagon or insulin may play a role in regulating cholesterol secretion in dog and man, and that mechanisms other than simple dilution of micelles are operative.", "PMID": 518171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12064", "title": "Pseudocyst of the head of the pancreas: relationship to the duct of Santorini.", "content": "A series of 14 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis is presented which illustrates that cysts originating in the superior segment of the head of the pancreas communicate with the duct of Santorini which normally drains this area of the gland. Cysts in this location do not communicate with the major pancreatic duct (Wirsung) in most instances, and therefore may be overlooked in the standard retrograde drainage procedures employed to relieve pancreatic exocrine obstruction.", "contents": "Pseudocyst of the head of the pancreas: relationship to the duct of Santorini. A series of 14 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis is presented which illustrates that cysts originating in the superior segment of the head of the pancreas communicate with the duct of Santorini which normally drains this area of the gland. Cysts in this location do not communicate with the major pancreatic duct (Wirsung) in most instances, and therefore may be overlooked in the standard retrograde drainage procedures employed to relieve pancreatic exocrine obstruction.", "PMID": 518172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12065", "title": "Experimental acute pancreatitis: the changes in pancreatic oxygen consumption and the effect of Dextran 40.", "content": "A canine model was devised to measure the oxygen consumption of the pancreas in experimentally induced pancreatitis. Over the 120 minute investigation period the oxygen consumption fell by 63% in the presence of a diminishing pancreatic blood flow and constant arteriovenous percentage saturation across the pancreas. Dextran 40 has been previously shown to maintain the pancreatic circulation. Accordingly a second group of dogs was treated with Dextran 40 (1.5 ml/kg) 60 minutes after induction of the pancreatitis. This produced a significant increase in the pancreatic oxygen consumption and widening of the arteriovenous difference. Dextran 40 appears to reverse the hypoxia of the pancreas noted in acute experimental pancreatitis.", "contents": "Experimental acute pancreatitis: the changes in pancreatic oxygen consumption and the effect of Dextran 40. A canine model was devised to measure the oxygen consumption of the pancreas in experimentally induced pancreatitis. Over the 120 minute investigation period the oxygen consumption fell by 63% in the presence of a diminishing pancreatic blood flow and constant arteriovenous percentage saturation across the pancreas. Dextran 40 has been previously shown to maintain the pancreatic circulation. Accordingly a second group of dogs was treated with Dextran 40 (1.5 ml/kg) 60 minutes after induction of the pancreatitis. This produced a significant increase in the pancreatic oxygen consumption and widening of the arteriovenous difference. Dextran 40 appears to reverse the hypoxia of the pancreas noted in acute experimental pancreatitis.", "PMID": 518173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12066", "title": "Intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology in pancreatic lesions.", "content": "The notes of 129 patients investigated by intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy between 1973 and 1977 have been reviewed. Eighty-four of the patients were operated on and punctured at the Department of Surgery, Lund, and 45 at different county hospitals belonging to the region. All aspirates were stained and evaluated at the Department of Cytodiagnostics, Lund. Sixty-four of the 75 patients with pancreatic cancer were correctly diagnosed and in another three patients the cytological diagnosis was \"suspicion of cancer.\" Including these latter cases the sensitivity of the method was 91% in pancreatic cancer. In four out of five patients with endocrine tumors the cytological report was correct i.e., \"endocrine tumor.\" In none of 22 patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cysts the diagnosis was falsely positive. Twenty-seven patients who during the operation were suspected of having a pancreatic lesion were at follow-up (mean 2.8 years) found not to have any significant pancreatic disease. Among these patients no falsely positive reports were given. In nine of the 129 patients (7%) the aspirates even at re-checking were found to be nonrepresentative or the aspiration unsuccessful. Six of these were performed at county hospitals. In 24 patients with pancreatic cancer total pancreatectomy was performed. In the remaining 105 patients no complications which could be related to the puncture were detected.", "contents": "Intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology in pancreatic lesions. The notes of 129 patients investigated by intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy between 1973 and 1977 have been reviewed. Eighty-four of the patients were operated on and punctured at the Department of Surgery, Lund, and 45 at different county hospitals belonging to the region. All aspirates were stained and evaluated at the Department of Cytodiagnostics, Lund. Sixty-four of the 75 patients with pancreatic cancer were correctly diagnosed and in another three patients the cytological diagnosis was \"suspicion of cancer.\" Including these latter cases the sensitivity of the method was 91% in pancreatic cancer. In four out of five patients with endocrine tumors the cytological report was correct i.e., \"endocrine tumor.\" In none of 22 patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cysts the diagnosis was falsely positive. Twenty-seven patients who during the operation were suspected of having a pancreatic lesion were at follow-up (mean 2.8 years) found not to have any significant pancreatic disease. Among these patients no falsely positive reports were given. In nine of the 129 patients (7%) the aspirates even at re-checking were found to be nonrepresentative or the aspiration unsuccessful. Six of these were performed at county hospitals. In 24 patients with pancreatic cancer total pancreatectomy was performed. In the remaining 105 patients no complications which could be related to the puncture were detected.", "PMID": 518174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12067", "title": "The use of arm veins in femoral-popliteal bypass grafts.", "content": "In view of the increasing debate as to the best alternative to saphenous vein for femoral popliteal bypass grafts, we present our experience with the use of arm vein grafts. Though there are many anecdotal reports, only one series has been previously published. Arm veins were used when saphenous vein was unavailable in 18 femoral popliteal or femoral tibial bypass grafts. Eighty-three per cent of the patients were diabetic. Ninety-four per cent of the patients were operated on for limb salvage, and in 67% the arteriograms showed only fair to poor run-off. Despite this, the one year patency rate was 82%, which is significantly better than the sixty-nine per cent one year patency rate reported by the senior author in an earlier series using cloth grafts. In view of these good results, we believe that autogenous vein remains the material of choice in femoral popliteal bypass grafts. We do not feel that expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts or umbilical vein grafts have yet been shown to be superior. We emphasize also the special techniques that are required when using arm veins.", "contents": "The use of arm veins in femoral-popliteal bypass grafts. In view of the increasing debate as to the best alternative to saphenous vein for femoral popliteal bypass grafts, we present our experience with the use of arm vein grafts. Though there are many anecdotal reports, only one series has been previously published. Arm veins were used when saphenous vein was unavailable in 18 femoral popliteal or femoral tibial bypass grafts. Eighty-three per cent of the patients were diabetic. Ninety-four per cent of the patients were operated on for limb salvage, and in 67% the arteriograms showed only fair to poor run-off. Despite this, the one year patency rate was 82%, which is significantly better than the sixty-nine per cent one year patency rate reported by the senior author in an earlier series using cloth grafts. In view of these good results, we believe that autogenous vein remains the material of choice in femoral popliteal bypass grafts. We do not feel that expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts or umbilical vein grafts have yet been shown to be superior. We emphasize also the special techniques that are required when using arm veins.", "PMID": 518175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12068", "title": "Aggressive approach to late thrombosis of bovine heterografts.", "content": "Between January, 1977 and December, 1978, 26 patients presented with delayed thrombosis of bovine heterografts inserted for chronic hemodialysis. Time of presentation ranged from 2-29 months (mean 8.8 months) after insertion. At the time of presentation eight patients were not considered candidates for thrombectomy due to associated infection or physician preference. The remaining eighteen patients underwent thrombectomy, 13 of whom required concomitant revision of the graft (patch angioplasty at the venous anastomosis (6), dilatation (1), resection of intimal hyperplasia (2), resection of stenotic segment with interposition graft (2), resection of false aneurysm (1) and patch graft to mid graft stenosis (1)). Six grafts failed from eight days to seven months after thrombectomy and could not be salvaged. Two grafts functioned until death at three and four months after thrombectomy and the remaining ten grafts remain patent from 4-24 months (mean 13.1 months) after thrombectomy. Critical to success of thrombectomy is an incision over the venous limb with calibration of the venous anastomosis and patch angioplasty when indicated. At completion of thrombectomy arteriograms are mandatory to defect residual thrombosis, defects in the graft and adequacy of venous runoff. This standardized approach has resulted in a significant prolongation of bovine heterograft survival.", "contents": "Aggressive approach to late thrombosis of bovine heterografts. Between January, 1977 and December, 1978, 26 patients presented with delayed thrombosis of bovine heterografts inserted for chronic hemodialysis. Time of presentation ranged from 2-29 months (mean 8.8 months) after insertion. At the time of presentation eight patients were not considered candidates for thrombectomy due to associated infection or physician preference. The remaining eighteen patients underwent thrombectomy, 13 of whom required concomitant revision of the graft (patch angioplasty at the venous anastomosis (6), dilatation (1), resection of intimal hyperplasia (2), resection of stenotic segment with interposition graft (2), resection of false aneurysm (1) and patch graft to mid graft stenosis (1)). Six grafts failed from eight days to seven months after thrombectomy and could not be salvaged. Two grafts functioned until death at three and four months after thrombectomy and the remaining ten grafts remain patent from 4-24 months (mean 13.1 months) after thrombectomy. Critical to success of thrombectomy is an incision over the venous limb with calibration of the venous anastomosis and patch angioplasty when indicated. At completion of thrombectomy arteriograms are mandatory to defect residual thrombosis, defects in the graft and adequacy of venous runoff. This standardized approach has resulted in a significant prolongation of bovine heterograft survival.", "PMID": 518176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12069", "title": "Superior vena caval obstruction associated with long-term peritoneovenous shunting.", "content": "The first described case of superior vena caval obstruction associated with a chronically implanted peritoneovenous shunt occurred in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome eight months after placement, and necessitated operative portal decompression and shunt removal.", "contents": "Superior vena caval obstruction associated with long-term peritoneovenous shunting. The first described case of superior vena caval obstruction associated with a chronically implanted peritoneovenous shunt occurred in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome eight months after placement, and necessitated operative portal decompression and shunt removal.", "PMID": 518177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12070", "title": "Influence of age on the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the increased operative risk in elderly patients is unknown. From a theoretical point of view, a change in endocrine-metabolic response might be involved. In the present study, a battery of hormonal and metabolic variables were measured in eight young and eight elderly healthy males undergoing elective inguinal hernial repair under general anesthesia. Blood was drawn before induction of anesthesia, at skin incision, and one, two, and six hours after skin incision. The findings were: 1) Plasma cortisol increase was significantly higher in elderly than in young controls. 2) Plasma renin level was lower in old age, but renin-aldosterone and electrolyte response patterns were alike in the two groups. 3) Thyroid parameters, in terms of serum T4, serum T3, serum rT3, and T3-resin uptake, responded normally to surgery and showed no age-related differences. 4) The hyperglycemic response was not significantly influenced by age indicating unchanged glycoregulatory mechanisms also verified by determinations of plasma catecholamines, cAMP, and insulin. 5) Blood lymphocyte count was constantly lower in elderly than in young and decreased with time, but the age-related difference was not significant. 6) Blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed an increase of the same magnitude in both age groups, although at a significantly slower rate in the elderly. It is concluded that age affects some aspects of the initial endocrine-metabolic response to surgery.", "contents": "Influence of age on the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery. The pathogenesis of the increased operative risk in elderly patients is unknown. From a theoretical point of view, a change in endocrine-metabolic response might be involved. In the present study, a battery of hormonal and metabolic variables were measured in eight young and eight elderly healthy males undergoing elective inguinal hernial repair under general anesthesia. Blood was drawn before induction of anesthesia, at skin incision, and one, two, and six hours after skin incision. The findings were: 1) Plasma cortisol increase was significantly higher in elderly than in young controls. 2) Plasma renin level was lower in old age, but renin-aldosterone and electrolyte response patterns were alike in the two groups. 3) Thyroid parameters, in terms of serum T4, serum T3, serum rT3, and T3-resin uptake, responded normally to surgery and showed no age-related differences. 4) The hyperglycemic response was not significantly influenced by age indicating unchanged glycoregulatory mechanisms also verified by determinations of plasma catecholamines, cAMP, and insulin. 5) Blood lymphocyte count was constantly lower in elderly than in young and decreased with time, but the age-related difference was not significant. 6) Blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed an increase of the same magnitude in both age groups, although at a significantly slower rate in the elderly. It is concluded that age affects some aspects of the initial endocrine-metabolic response to surgery.", "PMID": 518178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12071", "title": "Hyperparathyroid crisis: clinical and pathologic studies of 14 patients.", "content": "A study is presented of 14 patients with hyperparathyroid crisis treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1964 and 1978. These patients showed diverse clinical manifestations that were indistinguishable from those in patients with pseudohyperparathyroidism. Their symptoms varied from progressive fatigue, malaise, and weakness to those related to the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. The one biochemical alteration commonly found among these patients was the rapid increase in the serum calcium. There was a concomitant rise in the BUN in 50% of the patients and in the creatinine in 80%. The diagnosis was established by an elevated immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in all eight patients (100%) who had the radioimmunoassay; by the presence of subperiosteal resorption of the phalanges in six of the eight patients (75%); and in three of four patients (75%) by the loss of the lamina dura of the teeth. The 12 patients who had surgery all survived; the two who did not died. Thirteen patients (93%) had a neoplasm--an adenoma in 12 and a carcinoma in one. One patient had hyperplasia (7%). Nine patients (64%) received hypocalcemic drug therapy. The serum calcium temporarily fell to 12 mg/100 ml in five patients (56%) but failed to budge in four (44%). Simultaneous treatment with saline infusion, furosemide and with hypocalcemic drugs over a prolonged period compounded the difficulty at operation by increasing interstitial edema. Our findings from this study show prompt surgical intervention as the ideal treatment for hyperparathyroid crisis, preferably, within 72 hours of the acute onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroid crisis: clinical and pathologic studies of 14 patients. A study is presented of 14 patients with hyperparathyroid crisis treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1964 and 1978. These patients showed diverse clinical manifestations that were indistinguishable from those in patients with pseudohyperparathyroidism. Their symptoms varied from progressive fatigue, malaise, and weakness to those related to the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. The one biochemical alteration commonly found among these patients was the rapid increase in the serum calcium. There was a concomitant rise in the BUN in 50% of the patients and in the creatinine in 80%. The diagnosis was established by an elevated immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in all eight patients (100%) who had the radioimmunoassay; by the presence of subperiosteal resorption of the phalanges in six of the eight patients (75%); and in three of four patients (75%) by the loss of the lamina dura of the teeth. The 12 patients who had surgery all survived; the two who did not died. Thirteen patients (93%) had a neoplasm--an adenoma in 12 and a carcinoma in one. One patient had hyperplasia (7%). Nine patients (64%) received hypocalcemic drug therapy. The serum calcium temporarily fell to 12 mg/100 ml in five patients (56%) but failed to budge in four (44%). Simultaneous treatment with saline infusion, furosemide and with hypocalcemic drugs over a prolonged period compounded the difficulty at operation by increasing interstitial edema. Our findings from this study show prompt surgical intervention as the ideal treatment for hyperparathyroid crisis, preferably, within 72 hours of the acute onset of symptoms.", "PMID": 518179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12072", "title": "Cold blood as the vehicle for potassium cardioplegia.", "content": "Cold blood with potassium, 34 mEq/L, was compared with cold blood and with a cardioplegic solution. Three groups of 6 dogs had 2 hours of aortic cross-clamp while on total bypass at 28 degrees C with the left ventricle vented. An initial 5-minute coronary perfusion was followed by 2 minutes of perfusion every 15 minutes for the cardioplegic solution (8 degrees C) and every 30 minutes for 3 minutes with cold blood or cold blood with potassium (8 degrees C). Hearts receiving cold blood or cold blood with potassium had topical cardiac hypothermia with crushed ice. Peak systolic pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, maximum velocity of the contractile element, pressure volume curves, coronary flow, coronary flow distribution, and myocardial uptake of oxygen, lactate, and pyruvate were measured prior to ischemia and 30 minutes after restoration of coronary flow. Myocardial creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were determined at the end of ischemia and after recovery. Changes in coronary flow, coronary flow distribution, and myocardial uptake of oxygen and pyruvate were not significant. Peak systolic pressure and lactate uptake declined significantly for hearts perfused with cold blood but not those with cold blood with potassium. ATP and ADP were lowest in hearts perfused with cardioplegic solution, and CP and ATP did not return to control in any group. Heart water increased with the use of cold blood and cardioplegic solution. Myocardial protection with cold blood with potassium and topical hypothermia has some advantages over cold blood and cardioplegic solution.", "contents": "Cold blood as the vehicle for potassium cardioplegia. Cold blood with potassium, 34 mEq/L, was compared with cold blood and with a cardioplegic solution. Three groups of 6 dogs had 2 hours of aortic cross-clamp while on total bypass at 28 degrees C with the left ventricle vented. An initial 5-minute coronary perfusion was followed by 2 minutes of perfusion every 15 minutes for the cardioplegic solution (8 degrees C) and every 30 minutes for 3 minutes with cold blood or cold blood with potassium (8 degrees C). Hearts receiving cold blood or cold blood with potassium had topical cardiac hypothermia with crushed ice. Peak systolic pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, maximum velocity of the contractile element, pressure volume curves, coronary flow, coronary flow distribution, and myocardial uptake of oxygen, lactate, and pyruvate were measured prior to ischemia and 30 minutes after restoration of coronary flow. Myocardial creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were determined at the end of ischemia and after recovery. Changes in coronary flow, coronary flow distribution, and myocardial uptake of oxygen and pyruvate were not significant. Peak systolic pressure and lactate uptake declined significantly for hearts perfused with cold blood but not those with cold blood with potassium. ATP and ADP were lowest in hearts perfused with cardioplegic solution, and CP and ATP did not return to control in any group. Heart water increased with the use of cold blood and cardioplegic solution. Myocardial protection with cold blood with potassium and topical hypothermia has some advantages over cold blood and cardioplegic solution.", "PMID": 518180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12073", "title": "Surgical management of traumatic intracardiac injuries.", "content": "Today, surgeons are able to manage both blunt and penetrating wounds of the heart with increasing success, including those with associated intracardiac injuries. After diagnosis by cardiac catheterization, substantial intracardiac lesions are repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. Among more than 300 patients treated for cardiac wounds in our city-county hospital in recent years, 15 were found to have marded intracardiac defects. These defects included ventricular septal defects, aorta--right ventricle fistulas, aortic valve injuries, a mitral valve injury, and a coronary artery--right ventricle fistula. Thirteen of the 15 patients required repair of the intracardiac defects. One was repaired acutely and 12 were repaired electively. All 15 patients were alive and asymptomatic at the time of writing.", "contents": "Surgical management of traumatic intracardiac injuries. Today, surgeons are able to manage both blunt and penetrating wounds of the heart with increasing success, including those with associated intracardiac injuries. After diagnosis by cardiac catheterization, substantial intracardiac lesions are repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. Among more than 300 patients treated for cardiac wounds in our city-county hospital in recent years, 15 were found to have marded intracardiac defects. These defects included ventricular septal defects, aorta--right ventricle fistulas, aortic valve injuries, a mitral valve injury, and a coronary artery--right ventricle fistula. Thirteen of the 15 patients required repair of the intracardiac defects. One was repaired acutely and 12 were repaired electively. All 15 patients were alive and asymptomatic at the time of writing.", "PMID": 518181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12074", "title": "The Angell-Shiley porcine xenograft.", "content": "A 4-year clinical experience with fresh allograft tissue valves prompted a trial of 0.5% buffered glutaraldehyde as a valve fixative and sterilant. Tanned allograft and porcine xenograft valves were inserted into experimental animals, and, beginning in 1970, similar valves were implanted in a series of patients now totaling 312. The clinical results are excellent. The 5-year valve-related mortality is 6% for patients who had mitral valve replacement and 16% for those with aortic valve replacement. To date, the incidence of thromboembolism is 1.3% per patient-year, and valve-related morbidity and mortality for the combined groups is 27.4%. Valve stent design has evolved from symmetrically configured metal to anatomically molded plastic. The maintenance of natural valve configuration has optimized leaflet coaptation and support, decreased tissue stress, and eliminated valve-stent dehiscence and tissue rupture seen in valves deformed to fit symmetrical stents. Stent design, controlled glutaraldehyde solutions, and fixation techniques have improved leaflet flexibility and reduced valve orifice to annulus diameter ratios, thus producing transvalvular gradients comparable to both mechanical and modified orifice tissue valves. To date, tissue failure, observed in only 1.0% (3 of 287) of patients, is the result of calcification (2 patients) and cusp rupture due to incomplete fixation (1 patient).", "contents": "The Angell-Shiley porcine xenograft. A 4-year clinical experience with fresh allograft tissue valves prompted a trial of 0.5% buffered glutaraldehyde as a valve fixative and sterilant. Tanned allograft and porcine xenograft valves were inserted into experimental animals, and, beginning in 1970, similar valves were implanted in a series of patients now totaling 312. The clinical results are excellent. The 5-year valve-related mortality is 6% for patients who had mitral valve replacement and 16% for those with aortic valve replacement. To date, the incidence of thromboembolism is 1.3% per patient-year, and valve-related morbidity and mortality for the combined groups is 27.4%. Valve stent design has evolved from symmetrically configured metal to anatomically molded plastic. The maintenance of natural valve configuration has optimized leaflet coaptation and support, decreased tissue stress, and eliminated valve-stent dehiscence and tissue rupture seen in valves deformed to fit symmetrical stents. Stent design, controlled glutaraldehyde solutions, and fixation techniques have improved leaflet flexibility and reduced valve orifice to annulus diameter ratios, thus producing transvalvular gradients comparable to both mechanical and modified orifice tissue valves. To date, tissue failure, observed in only 1.0% (3 of 287) of patients, is the result of calcification (2 patients) and cusp rupture due to incomplete fixation (1 patient).", "PMID": 518182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12075", "title": "Successful repair of straddling atrioventricular valve by technique used for septation of univentricular heart.", "content": "Straddling atrioventricular valve (SAVV) is a rare anomaly. Only recently have the premortem diagnostic features been elucidated. Repair of the associated ventricular septal defect poses a considerable technical problem. Corrective operations, infrequently reported, have usually involved replacement of the SAVV. This report describes the successful management of a patient with a straddling left atrioventricular valve in whom the valve was preserved by a technique previously used for septation of the univentricular heart. This technique offers a useful alternative to valve replacement in the management of patients with SAVV.", "contents": "Successful repair of straddling atrioventricular valve by technique used for septation of univentricular heart. Straddling atrioventricular valve (SAVV) is a rare anomaly. Only recently have the premortem diagnostic features been elucidated. Repair of the associated ventricular septal defect poses a considerable technical problem. Corrective operations, infrequently reported, have usually involved replacement of the SAVV. This report describes the successful management of a patient with a straddling left atrioventricular valve in whom the valve was preserved by a technique previously used for septation of the univentricular heart. This technique offers a useful alternative to valve replacement in the management of patients with SAVV.", "PMID": 518183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12076", "title": "Results of epicardial pacing by the left subcostal approach.", "content": "We have determined the clinical course of 200 consecutive patients (mean age, 67.5 years) in whom epicardial pacing was established by the left subcostal route by insertion of 2 sutureless myocardial electrodes and a demand bipolar generator. There was 1 intraoperative death (0.5%). The overall 30-day perioperative mortality was 4 of 200 patients (2.0%). The principal postoperative complications included postpericardiotomy syndrome in 8 patients (4.0%), pneumonia or marked atelectasis in 2 patients (1.0%), and pulmonary embolus in 1 patient. Hemiplegia developed in 2 patients at 9 and 10 days, respectively, after operation, and transient monoparesis developed in another patient (1.5%). There were no wound infections, but the one wound dehiscence required resuturing. Follow-up has been completed in all patients from 1 to 39 months postoperatively (mean, 14.9 months). There have been 21 late deaths. Late lead thresholds were recorded for 45 individual leads from 26 patients up to 35 months after operation. The results obtained indicate that for patients undergoing primary implantation, the sutureless myocardial electrode provides reliable lead function. However, patients who required reoperation because of previous pacemaker failure due to threshold rise have done poorly as a group and may be better managed with lithium high-output pacemaker generators.", "contents": "Results of epicardial pacing by the left subcostal approach. We have determined the clinical course of 200 consecutive patients (mean age, 67.5 years) in whom epicardial pacing was established by the left subcostal route by insertion of 2 sutureless myocardial electrodes and a demand bipolar generator. There was 1 intraoperative death (0.5%). The overall 30-day perioperative mortality was 4 of 200 patients (2.0%). The principal postoperative complications included postpericardiotomy syndrome in 8 patients (4.0%), pneumonia or marked atelectasis in 2 patients (1.0%), and pulmonary embolus in 1 patient. Hemiplegia developed in 2 patients at 9 and 10 days, respectively, after operation, and transient monoparesis developed in another patient (1.5%). There were no wound infections, but the one wound dehiscence required resuturing. Follow-up has been completed in all patients from 1 to 39 months postoperatively (mean, 14.9 months). There have been 21 late deaths. Late lead thresholds were recorded for 45 individual leads from 26 patients up to 35 months after operation. The results obtained indicate that for patients undergoing primary implantation, the sutureless myocardial electrode provides reliable lead function. However, patients who required reoperation because of previous pacemaker failure due to threshold rise have done poorly as a group and may be better managed with lithium high-output pacemaker generators.", "PMID": 518184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12077", "title": "The prosthetic (Teflon) central aortopulmonary shunt for cyanotic infants less than three weeks old: results and long-term follow-up.", "content": "The expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4 mm vascular prosthesis has been used to create a central aortopulmonary shunt in 20 critically ill infants less than 3 weeks old. The infants ranged from 1 to 18 days old (5.25 days), and from 1.5 to 4.0 kg (2.9 kg). Conduit length ranged from 2 to 6 cm (4 cm). Sixteen patients had atresia of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve. There were 6 early deaths (30%), only 1 of which was shunt related. The mean preoperative arterial oxygen saturation was 62% (range, 33 to 80%), and mean postoperative saturation was 87% (range, 78 to 90%). There were 5 late deaths, 1 probably caused by shunt failure. Nine long-term survivors have done well. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 36 months (18 months). Factors influencing conduit function are length, technical considerations, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Late restudy in 5 of 9 survivors confirms patency and demonstrates bidirectional pulmonary blood flow. Since PTFE shunt flow capability is fixed, the infant may require repair or a second shunt within 24 months of the initial procedure.", "contents": "The prosthetic (Teflon) central aortopulmonary shunt for cyanotic infants less than three weeks old: results and long-term follow-up. The expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4 mm vascular prosthesis has been used to create a central aortopulmonary shunt in 20 critically ill infants less than 3 weeks old. The infants ranged from 1 to 18 days old (5.25 days), and from 1.5 to 4.0 kg (2.9 kg). Conduit length ranged from 2 to 6 cm (4 cm). Sixteen patients had atresia of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve. There were 6 early deaths (30%), only 1 of which was shunt related. The mean preoperative arterial oxygen saturation was 62% (range, 33 to 80%), and mean postoperative saturation was 87% (range, 78 to 90%). There were 5 late deaths, 1 probably caused by shunt failure. Nine long-term survivors have done well. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 36 months (18 months). Factors influencing conduit function are length, technical considerations, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Late restudy in 5 of 9 survivors confirms patency and demonstrates bidirectional pulmonary blood flow. Since PTFE shunt flow capability is fixed, the infant may require repair or a second shunt within 24 months of the initial procedure.", "PMID": 518185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12078", "title": "Pancoast's tumor: irradiation or surgery?", "content": "Seventy-three patients with Pancoast's tumor treated at the University of Maryland Hospital between 1955 and 1978 were reviewed. Three were 34 squamous cell carcinomas, 13 undifferentiated, 10 adenocarcinomas, 4 mixed adenosquamous, 1 alveolar cell, and 11 undetermined. Twenty-nine patients received irradiation, with 7% survival at 3 years; 19 patients underwent preoperative irradiation followed by en bloc resection of chest wall, with 23% survival at 3 years; 5 patients underwent extended resection, with 60% survival at 3 years; and 18 patients underwent operation followed by irradiation, with 7% survival at 3 years. Retrospective staging of 42 patients undergoing operation indicated that 22 (52%) were inoperable. Prognosis was related to staging of the disease, the extent of local invasion, nodal involvement, cell type, and adequacy of operation.", "contents": "Pancoast's tumor: irradiation or surgery? Seventy-three patients with Pancoast's tumor treated at the University of Maryland Hospital between 1955 and 1978 were reviewed. Three were 34 squamous cell carcinomas, 13 undifferentiated, 10 adenocarcinomas, 4 mixed adenosquamous, 1 alveolar cell, and 11 undetermined. Twenty-nine patients received irradiation, with 7% survival at 3 years; 19 patients underwent preoperative irradiation followed by en bloc resection of chest wall, with 23% survival at 3 years; 5 patients underwent extended resection, with 60% survival at 3 years; and 18 patients underwent operation followed by irradiation, with 7% survival at 3 years. Retrospective staging of 42 patients undergoing operation indicated that 22 (52%) were inoperable. Prognosis was related to staging of the disease, the extent of local invasion, nodal involvement, cell type, and adequacy of operation.", "PMID": 518186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12079", "title": "Nissen hiatal hernia repair: problems of recurrence and continued symptoms.", "content": "The standard Nissen operation is the most effective method of reflux control. However, the procedure can result in continuance of symptoms, particularly dysphagia, which presents considerable diagnostic difficulty. Experience gained in the management of 17 patients with continued recurrent symptoms following standard Nissen repair has allowed more specific definition of the nature of these problems. The anatomical defect has been categorized as follows: (1) tight repair (tight fundoplication or tight diaphragmatic repair); (2) anatomical recurrence with and without reflux; and (3) intussusception recurrence. Each patient has been evaluated by history, manometry, pH reflux, acid perfusion, radiology, and endoscopy. At the time of corrective operation, the previous repair was carefully dissected to allow confirmation of the type of defect. Correlation is made between symptoms, investigative findings, and the anatomical problem at operation.", "contents": "Nissen hiatal hernia repair: problems of recurrence and continued symptoms. The standard Nissen operation is the most effective method of reflux control. However, the procedure can result in continuance of symptoms, particularly dysphagia, which presents considerable diagnostic difficulty. Experience gained in the management of 17 patients with continued recurrent symptoms following standard Nissen repair has allowed more specific definition of the nature of these problems. The anatomical defect has been categorized as follows: (1) tight repair (tight fundoplication or tight diaphragmatic repair); (2) anatomical recurrence with and without reflux; and (3) intussusception recurrence. Each patient has been evaluated by history, manometry, pH reflux, acid perfusion, radiology, and endoscopy. At the time of corrective operation, the previous repair was carefully dissected to allow confirmation of the type of defect. Correlation is made between symptoms, investigative findings, and the anatomical problem at operation.", "PMID": 518187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12080", "title": "A technique of myocardial preservation perfusion.", "content": "We present a technique for administering cold cardioplegia that permits the pump technician to conveniently give the fluid. The method is comparable to that used in providing coronary perfusion for aortic valve procedures because it allows controlled volume flow and perfusion pressure. In addition, the technique is inherently safe from infusion of air bubbles.", "contents": "A technique of myocardial preservation perfusion. We present a technique for administering cold cardioplegia that permits the pump technician to conveniently give the fluid. The method is comparable to that used in providing coronary perfusion for aortic valve procedures because it allows controlled volume flow and perfusion pressure. In addition, the technique is inherently safe from infusion of air bubbles.", "PMID": 518188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12081", "title": "Left ventricular venting during cardioplegic arrest.", "content": "A technique is described for venting the left ventricle during ischemic arrest without cannulation of the ventricle. This approach is ideally suited for coronary revascularization.", "contents": "Left ventricular venting during cardioplegic arrest. A technique is described for venting the left ventricle during ischemic arrest without cannulation of the ventricle. This approach is ideally suited for coronary revascularization.", "PMID": 518189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12082", "title": "A special rongeur for removal of extensively calcified mitral valves.", "content": "A rare complication of advanced mitral valve disease occurs when calcium extends from the valve downward along the wall of the left ventricle into the ventricular cavity. This unusual condition can be recognized on fluoroscopy because the calcium is visible at right angles to the calcium in the valve. The surgeon faces a very difficult technical problem because it is hard to obtain adequate exposure and to remove the calcium without injury to adjacent tissues or loss of calcific fragments, with resulting embolization. Such difficulties were encountered a year ago in a patient undergoing mitral and aortic valve replacement and ultimately resulted in the patient's death. After this event, the special rongeurs described here were designed.", "contents": "A special rongeur for removal of extensively calcified mitral valves. A rare complication of advanced mitral valve disease occurs when calcium extends from the valve downward along the wall of the left ventricle into the ventricular cavity. This unusual condition can be recognized on fluoroscopy because the calcium is visible at right angles to the calcium in the valve. The surgeon faces a very difficult technical problem because it is hard to obtain adequate exposure and to remove the calcium without injury to adjacent tissues or loss of calcific fragments, with resulting embolization. Such difficulties were encountered a year ago in a patient undergoing mitral and aortic valve replacement and ultimately resulted in the patient's death. After this event, the special rongeurs described here were designed.", "PMID": 518190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12083", "title": "A suction instrument for coronary artery and pediatric cardiac surgery.", "content": "A suction instrument that is useful in the small heart and for maintaining clear visibility during direct coronary artery revascularization is described. The instrument permits a variable degree of suction intensity which allows it to be used atraumatically.", "contents": "A suction instrument for coronary artery and pediatric cardiac surgery. A suction instrument that is useful in the small heart and for maintaining clear visibility during direct coronary artery revascularization is described. The instrument permits a variable degree of suction intensity which allows it to be used atraumatically.", "PMID": 518191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12084", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on adrenal cortex of castrated mice.", "content": "Castrated adult male C57BL/6J mice displayed a wide perimedullary zone (secondary X-zone) whose cells were characterized by proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria with lamellar cristae. Castrated mice which received 0.08 mg/g of cyproterone acetate showed a much inhibited secondary X-zone at the light microscopic level, while at the ultrastructural level the perimedullary cells lacked the proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as the elongated mitochondria. Cyproterone acetate may inhibit the steroidogenic parameters of the androgen-producing cell population of the adrenal cortex without testicular mediation.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on adrenal cortex of castrated mice. Castrated adult male C57BL/6J mice displayed a wide perimedullary zone (secondary X-zone) whose cells were characterized by proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria with lamellar cristae. Castrated mice which received 0.08 mg/g of cyproterone acetate showed a much inhibited secondary X-zone at the light microscopic level, while at the ultrastructural level the perimedullary cells lacked the proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as the elongated mitochondria. Cyproterone acetate may inhibit the steroidogenic parameters of the androgen-producing cell population of the adrenal cortex without testicular mediation.", "PMID": 518193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12085", "title": "Mechanical properties of the mammalian vas deferens. I. In the passive state.", "content": "Knowledge of the mechanical properties of the vas deferens is important in order to understand the mechanical interaction between an intravasal device (IVD) and the vas deferens--a necessary step for successful long-term implantation. It is equally important in order to understand the mechanism of sperm transport through the vas, with or without an IVD implant, by means of quantitative mechanical models. Experiments were performed, in vitro, on vas deferens from rat, bull, and rabbit, to determine its mechanical properties in the passive state. The data consist of (1) load response to simple extension and cyclic extension, (2) extensional response to cyclic loading, and (3) stress relaxation response at constant extensions. The load-elongation behavior is characterized by Fung's exponential model T = (T* + beta)e alpha(lambda-lambda*) - beta quantitatively, where T is the Lagrangian or engineering stress (current force in the specimen divided by the original area of cross section) (dyn/cm2), T* is a convenient stress value (dyn/cm2), alpha is a parameter characterizing material elasticity (dimensionless), beta is a second material parameter (dyn/cm2), lambda is a stretch ratio (dimensionless) equal to l/l0, where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen (cm) and l0 is its reference length measured at 2-gram-force (1 gram force = 981 dyn) applied load (cm), and lambda* is the stretch level corresponding to T* (dimensionless). The vas appears to behave as a viscoelastic material and its reduced relaxation function may be dependent on the initial level of stretch. The cyclic-loading and cyclic-extension data give evidence of internal damping mechanisms, which make the loading curves different from the unloading curves (hysteresis). Also, the mechanical behavior of the vas is found to be altered by repeated loadings in quick succession. It is likely that cyclic loadings, in vivo, occur at much lower levels of stress and thus cause negligible damage, or that there are natural mechanisms which repair the damage. The behavior of tissue from different species of animals are qualitatively similar, although the tissue from the larger-size animal is likely to be stronger and stiffer. Due to very little interweaving between the muscle fibers of the longitudinal and circumferential layers, the data reported reflect the properties of the longitudinal layers only. Because the muscular structure of the three layers is very similar, the properties of the circumferential layer may be extrapolated.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of the mammalian vas deferens. I. In the passive state. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of the vas deferens is important in order to understand the mechanical interaction between an intravasal device (IVD) and the vas deferens--a necessary step for successful long-term implantation. It is equally important in order to understand the mechanism of sperm transport through the vas, with or without an IVD implant, by means of quantitative mechanical models. Experiments were performed, in vitro, on vas deferens from rat, bull, and rabbit, to determine its mechanical properties in the passive state. The data consist of (1) load response to simple extension and cyclic extension, (2) extensional response to cyclic loading, and (3) stress relaxation response at constant extensions. The load-elongation behavior is characterized by Fung's exponential model T = (T* + beta)e alpha(lambda-lambda*) - beta quantitatively, where T is the Lagrangian or engineering stress (current force in the specimen divided by the original area of cross section) (dyn/cm2), T* is a convenient stress value (dyn/cm2), alpha is a parameter characterizing material elasticity (dimensionless), beta is a second material parameter (dyn/cm2), lambda is a stretch ratio (dimensionless) equal to l/l0, where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen (cm) and l0 is its reference length measured at 2-gram-force (1 gram force = 981 dyn) applied load (cm), and lambda* is the stretch level corresponding to T* (dimensionless). The vas appears to behave as a viscoelastic material and its reduced relaxation function may be dependent on the initial level of stretch. The cyclic-loading and cyclic-extension data give evidence of internal damping mechanisms, which make the loading curves different from the unloading curves (hysteresis). Also, the mechanical behavior of the vas is found to be altered by repeated loadings in quick succession. It is likely that cyclic loadings, in vivo, occur at much lower levels of stress and thus cause negligible damage, or that there are natural mechanisms which repair the damage. The behavior of tissue from different species of animals are qualitatively similar, although the tissue from the larger-size animal is likely to be stronger and stiffer. Due to very little interweaving between the muscle fibers of the longitudinal and circumferential layers, the data reported reflect the properties of the longitudinal layers only. Because the muscular structure of the three layers is very similar, the properties of the circumferential layer may be extrapolated.", "PMID": 518194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12086", "title": "Mechanical properties of the mammalian vas deferens. II. In the active state.", "content": "The mechanical response of the vas induced by field stimulation is described in this paper. The experiments were performed, in vitro, on vasa from Sprague-Dawley albino rats. In the maintained ac tetanic stimulation, the active force achieves the peak magnitude in about 1 to 1.2 sec; thereafter, it relaxes gradually. For a given stimulus voltage (amplitude), a maximal response is elicited at 60 Hz. At 6000 Hz, and greater, no response is elicited. The ability to respond to stimulus dies out in 2 hr at 5 degrees C above the normal temperature of 37 degrees C; the ability to respond to stimulus remains unaffected at 5 degrees C below the normal temperature. The active force is always larger than the passive force when the vas is subjected to titanic stimulation near its in situ length.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of the mammalian vas deferens. II. In the active state. The mechanical response of the vas induced by field stimulation is described in this paper. The experiments were performed, in vitro, on vasa from Sprague-Dawley albino rats. In the maintained ac tetanic stimulation, the active force achieves the peak magnitude in about 1 to 1.2 sec; thereafter, it relaxes gradually. For a given stimulus voltage (amplitude), a maximal response is elicited at 60 Hz. At 6000 Hz, and greater, no response is elicited. The ability to respond to stimulus dies out in 2 hr at 5 degrees C above the normal temperature of 37 degrees C; the ability to respond to stimulus remains unaffected at 5 degrees C below the normal temperature. The active force is always larger than the passive force when the vas is subjected to titanic stimulation near its in situ length.", "PMID": 518195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12087", "title": "Properties of spermatozoa in relation to their elimination after vasectomy.", "content": "Sperm disposal and the formation of sperm granulomas are two related critical aspects of vasectomy which have been studied in man and several animal models. Since mammalian spermatozoa present a keratinoid quality, a comparison was made of the resistance of human and rat spermatozoa. When exposed to dithiothreitol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, human sperm decondense readily while rat sperm resist decondensation for long periods of time. A cooperative effect in the rate of decondensation was observed for human sperm but not for rat sperm. Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups renders human spermatozoa as resistant as rat spermatozoa, indicating that disulfide crosslinks are involved in this resistance. Human spermatozoa constitute a heterogeneous population with respect to sulfhydryl group content, suggesting variations in the state of maturation and/or elimination. The sulfhydryl group content of rat epididymal spermatozoa was similar from one cell to another, suggesting little sperm reabsorption in the epididymis. Human and rat spermatozoa differ in size, resistance to decondensing agents, cooperative effect during decondensation, and content and localization of sulfhydryl groups; these differences can explain why vasectomized rats invariably develop huge granulomas while this side effect is not severe in vasectomized men.", "contents": "Properties of spermatozoa in relation to their elimination after vasectomy. Sperm disposal and the formation of sperm granulomas are two related critical aspects of vasectomy which have been studied in man and several animal models. Since mammalian spermatozoa present a keratinoid quality, a comparison was made of the resistance of human and rat spermatozoa. When exposed to dithiothreitol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, human sperm decondense readily while rat sperm resist decondensation for long periods of time. A cooperative effect in the rate of decondensation was observed for human sperm but not for rat sperm. Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups renders human spermatozoa as resistant as rat spermatozoa, indicating that disulfide crosslinks are involved in this resistance. Human spermatozoa constitute a heterogeneous population with respect to sulfhydryl group content, suggesting variations in the state of maturation and/or elimination. The sulfhydryl group content of rat epididymal spermatozoa was similar from one cell to another, suggesting little sperm reabsorption in the epididymis. Human and rat spermatozoa differ in size, resistance to decondensing agents, cooperative effect during decondensation, and content and localization of sulfhydryl groups; these differences can explain why vasectomized rats invariably develop huge granulomas while this side effect is not severe in vasectomized men.", "PMID": 518196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12088", "title": "Estimation of daily sperm production rate (DSPR) by quantitative testicular histology in Buffalo-bulls (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "Testes and epididymides from six sexually rested buffalo-bulls were removed during breeding season. The average weight of the testicular parenchyma was 138.62 g, of which the tunica albuginea accounted for 8.45 g. Relative distribution of spermatozoa in caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides averaged 5.42, 0.75, and 11.45 billion, respectively. Total epididymal sperm reserve per bull was 36.2 billion. The efficiency of sperm production was quite uniform and averaged 14.5 x 10(6) sperm per gram of testicular parenchyma per day with a mean of 2.02 x 10(9) sperm per testis. Thus a typical buffalo-bull produces about 4 x 10(9) sperm daily during breeding season.", "contents": "Estimation of daily sperm production rate (DSPR) by quantitative testicular histology in Buffalo-bulls (Bubalus bubalis). Testes and epididymides from six sexually rested buffalo-bulls were removed during breeding season. The average weight of the testicular parenchyma was 138.62 g, of which the tunica albuginea accounted for 8.45 g. Relative distribution of spermatozoa in caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides averaged 5.42, 0.75, and 11.45 billion, respectively. Total epididymal sperm reserve per bull was 36.2 billion. The efficiency of sperm production was quite uniform and averaged 14.5 x 10(6) sperm per gram of testicular parenchyma per day with a mean of 2.02 x 10(9) sperm per testis. Thus a typical buffalo-bull produces about 4 x 10(9) sperm daily during breeding season.", "PMID": 518197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12089", "title": "Endocrine studies of azoospermia. II. Serum steroid levels in obstructive azoospermia.", "content": "Serum estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone were determined in the sera of 25 normal males and 25 patients with obstructive azoospermia. An increase in testosterone and estriol levels, and a decrease in other hormones were demonstrated in patients with obstructive azoospermia. These long-term effects of obstruction of the vas apparently also occur in comparable situations, for example, after vasectomy.", "contents": "Endocrine studies of azoospermia. II. Serum steroid levels in obstructive azoospermia. Serum estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone were determined in the sera of 25 normal males and 25 patients with obstructive azoospermia. An increase in testosterone and estriol levels, and a decrease in other hormones were demonstrated in patients with obstructive azoospermia. These long-term effects of obstruction of the vas apparently also occur in comparable situations, for example, after vasectomy.", "PMID": 518198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12090", "title": "The leprous testis.", "content": "A clinical investigative study of 148 male leprous patients demonstrated the presence of testicular lesions in 35 cases. Semen analysis revealed marked oligo-athenozoospermia in 10 cases and azoospermia in 25 cases. Testicular biopsies from leprous testes showed different histologic patterns ranging from spermatogenic arrest to complete hyalinization of both seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Histochemical staining for neurovascular supply revealed degenerative nerve change in addition to altered permeability of the testicular capillaries. There was good correlation between the results of semen analysis and histological and histochemical examination of testicular biopsies.", "contents": "The leprous testis. A clinical investigative study of 148 male leprous patients demonstrated the presence of testicular lesions in 35 cases. Semen analysis revealed marked oligo-athenozoospermia in 10 cases and azoospermia in 25 cases. Testicular biopsies from leprous testes showed different histologic patterns ranging from spermatogenic arrest to complete hyalinization of both seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Histochemical staining for neurovascular supply revealed degenerative nerve change in addition to altered permeability of the testicular capillaries. There was good correlation between the results of semen analysis and histological and histochemical examination of testicular biopsies.", "PMID": 518199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12091", "title": "Methotrexate and fertility in men.", "content": "The possible deleterious effects of folic acid antagonist methotrexate on the fertility potential have been investigated in 26 male psoriatic patients. Examination for semen, testicular histology, and spermatogenic function using radioactive phosphorus revealed that methotrexate had no unfavorable effect on male fertility. A long follow up of the patients and their offspring is needed to exclude the possible teratogenic effect of the drug.", "contents": "Methotrexate and fertility in men. The possible deleterious effects of folic acid antagonist methotrexate on the fertility potential have been investigated in 26 male psoriatic patients. Examination for semen, testicular histology, and spermatogenic function using radioactive phosphorus revealed that methotrexate had no unfavorable effect on male fertility. A long follow up of the patients and their offspring is needed to exclude the possible teratogenic effect of the drug.", "PMID": 518200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12092", "title": "Local male hormonal therapy in male infertility: a preliminary report.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of local infiltration of the testis by testosterone crystalline suspension was studied in 18 cases of severe oligozoospermia. Evaluation was done by semen analysis follow-up, and results were correlated with preoperative testicular biopsies. About 40% of the cases showed improvement of sperm count and/or motility. Testicular biopsies of responding cases showed mild inhibitory changes, such as sloughing or partial spermatogenic arrest at late stages, while cases with tubular hyalinization or spermatogenic arrest at the stage of spermatogonia showed no response. The method proved to be simple, safe, and promising.", "contents": "Local male hormonal therapy in male infertility: a preliminary report. The therapeutic effect of local infiltration of the testis by testosterone crystalline suspension was studied in 18 cases of severe oligozoospermia. Evaluation was done by semen analysis follow-up, and results were correlated with preoperative testicular biopsies. About 40% of the cases showed improvement of sperm count and/or motility. Testicular biopsies of responding cases showed mild inhibitory changes, such as sloughing or partial spermatogenic arrest at late stages, while cases with tubular hyalinization or spermatogenic arrest at the stage of spermatogonia showed no response. The method proved to be simple, safe, and promising.", "PMID": 518201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12093", "title": "Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in men with congenital absence of the vasa deferentia.", "content": "Spermiogenesis has been investigated in four cases of agenesia of vasa deferentia. During acrosome formation various anomalies gave rise to late spermatids with deformed heads. Chromatin condensation proceeded normally, but completion of this process appeared to be delayed. Redundant nuclear membranes frequently persisted at the basal region of the nuclei in mature spermatozoa, which occupied niches within Sertoli cells, as the tubules had no lumen. Flagellar structure was normal. These findings support the view that the altered local milieu and variations in acrosome formation may induce the observed anomalies.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in men with congenital absence of the vasa deferentia. Spermiogenesis has been investigated in four cases of agenesia of vasa deferentia. During acrosome formation various anomalies gave rise to late spermatids with deformed heads. Chromatin condensation proceeded normally, but completion of this process appeared to be delayed. Redundant nuclear membranes frequently persisted at the basal region of the nuclei in mature spermatozoa, which occupied niches within Sertoli cells, as the tubules had no lumen. Flagellar structure was normal. These findings support the view that the altered local milieu and variations in acrosome formation may induce the observed anomalies.", "PMID": 518202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12094", "title": "High sperm densities and the quality of semen.", "content": "Thirty semens with sperm densities above 200 million per milliliter from patients with fertility disorders were examined for volume, motility, vitality, and morphology of spermatozoa, and for fructose content as well as for percentile decreases with time of activity and viability. In addition, blood levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin were estimated. Percentages of motility, vitality, and morphological normality, motility grades, and percentile decreases in both activity and viability were found to be comparable with those of oligospermic specimens. On the average, volume of semens were lower by about 30% than in normo- and oligospermia. 42% of the investigated semens had low fructose values (below 1 mg/ml). In about 60% of patients the prolactin levels were low (2-5 ng/ml). Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were either within normal range or slightly decreased. Despite the above abnormalities, the overall numbers of \"normal\" spermatozoa per ejaculate were not inferior to those usually present in normospermic specimens, suggesting that factors of presently unknown nature, involved in regulation of both proliferation and spermatogenesis, might be responsible for fertility disorders in these conditions.", "contents": "High sperm densities and the quality of semen. Thirty semens with sperm densities above 200 million per milliliter from patients with fertility disorders were examined for volume, motility, vitality, and morphology of spermatozoa, and for fructose content as well as for percentile decreases with time of activity and viability. In addition, blood levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin were estimated. Percentages of motility, vitality, and morphological normality, motility grades, and percentile decreases in both activity and viability were found to be comparable with those of oligospermic specimens. On the average, volume of semens were lower by about 30% than in normo- and oligospermia. 42% of the investigated semens had low fructose values (below 1 mg/ml). In about 60% of patients the prolactin levels were low (2-5 ng/ml). Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were either within normal range or slightly decreased. Despite the above abnormalities, the overall numbers of \"normal\" spermatozoa per ejaculate were not inferior to those usually present in normospermic specimens, suggesting that factors of presently unknown nature, involved in regulation of both proliferation and spermatogenesis, might be responsible for fertility disorders in these conditions.", "PMID": 518203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12095", "title": "Elimination of errors induced during a routine human sperm motility analysis.", "content": "Influence of some variables on the accuracy of sperm motility evaluation was studied by analyzing normal seminal specimens with the aid of themultiple exposure photography (MEP) method. Results of this study demonstrated the existence of variations in sperm motility between view areas of the same sample or between different samples of the same specimen. Variations were found even when the same view area was analyzed intermittently during a short period of time. Motility was practically unaffected when a regular sized drop was kept within the preparation for about 20 min. The light from the microscope neither stimulated nor depressed sperm motility when they were illuminated continuously for that period of time. Percent of motility and sperm velocity was directly related to the thickness of the examined drop when the latter ranged between zero and ten micrometers. According to these findings it is suggested that several view areas from various drops of the same specimen should be analyzed with each view area being inspected several times before motility of that field is assessed. Motility should be evaluated from drops of standard and constant thickness; otherwise major errors in sperm motility assessment are to be expected.", "contents": "Elimination of errors induced during a routine human sperm motility analysis. Influence of some variables on the accuracy of sperm motility evaluation was studied by analyzing normal seminal specimens with the aid of themultiple exposure photography (MEP) method. Results of this study demonstrated the existence of variations in sperm motility between view areas of the same sample or between different samples of the same specimen. Variations were found even when the same view area was analyzed intermittently during a short period of time. Motility was practically unaffected when a regular sized drop was kept within the preparation for about 20 min. The light from the microscope neither stimulated nor depressed sperm motility when they were illuminated continuously for that period of time. Percent of motility and sperm velocity was directly related to the thickness of the examined drop when the latter ranged between zero and ten micrometers. According to these findings it is suggested that several view areas from various drops of the same specimen should be analyzed with each view area being inspected several times before motility of that field is assessed. Motility should be evaluated from drops of standard and constant thickness; otherwise major errors in sperm motility assessment are to be expected.", "PMID": 518204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12096", "title": "Macromolecular secretion into various segments of the guinea pig epididymis.", "content": "The secretion of proteins of different segments of the guinea pig epididymis was studied using micropuncture and radiochemical techniques. Tissue and fluid samples were taken 24-48 hr after intraperitoneal injections of 2 mCi of tritiated lysine. Macromolecular secretion was higher in the caput than in the corpus and cauda. Labelled spermatozoa were detected in smears taken from the caput epididymis 24 hr after injection. Few labelled spermatozoa were found in the corpus and none in the cauda. Since the capacity of epididymal sperm for fertilization is apparently achieved before spermatozoa reach the cauda, the protein synthesized in the epididymal caput and corpus would account for trigering sperm maturation.", "contents": "Macromolecular secretion into various segments of the guinea pig epididymis. The secretion of proteins of different segments of the guinea pig epididymis was studied using micropuncture and radiochemical techniques. Tissue and fluid samples were taken 24-48 hr after intraperitoneal injections of 2 mCi of tritiated lysine. Macromolecular secretion was higher in the caput than in the corpus and cauda. Labelled spermatozoa were detected in smears taken from the caput epididymis 24 hr after injection. Few labelled spermatozoa were found in the corpus and none in the cauda. Since the capacity of epididymal sperm for fertilization is apparently achieved before spermatozoa reach the cauda, the protein synthesized in the epididymal caput and corpus would account for trigering sperm maturation.", "PMID": 518205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12097", "title": "Distribution of pyrimidine synthetic enzymes in the rat testis.", "content": "The distribution of the de novo and the salvage pathway enzymes for pyrimidine synthesis in the rat testis was investigated in separated seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Aspartate carbamyltransferase (de novo synthesis) was localized primarily in the seminiferous tubules while the uridine and thymidine kinase activities were associated mainly with the interstitial tissue. To further delineate this distribution these enzymes were studied in testes from rats treated with Busulfan (the methane sulfonic acid diester of 1,4-butanediol), which causes degeneration of spermatogonia but not Sertoli cells. The results indicate that a part of the low tubular thymidine kinase activity resides in the germinal elements while the tubular uridine kinase activity is localized in the Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Distribution of pyrimidine synthetic enzymes in the rat testis. The distribution of the de novo and the salvage pathway enzymes for pyrimidine synthesis in the rat testis was investigated in separated seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Aspartate carbamyltransferase (de novo synthesis) was localized primarily in the seminiferous tubules while the uridine and thymidine kinase activities were associated mainly with the interstitial tissue. To further delineate this distribution these enzymes were studied in testes from rats treated with Busulfan (the methane sulfonic acid diester of 1,4-butanediol), which causes degeneration of spermatogonia but not Sertoli cells. The results indicate that a part of the low tubular thymidine kinase activity resides in the germinal elements while the tubular uridine kinase activity is localized in the Sertoli cells.", "PMID": 518206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12098", "title": "The penetration of antibody-covered spermatozoa into cervical mucus and egg white.", "content": "Autoantibodies to sperm membrane antigens may cause infertility in men. The antibodies can often be revealed in seminal plasma and the antifertility effect seems mainly to be due to hampered penetration into cervical mucus of antibody-covered spermatozoa. Recently, egg white has been used instead of cervical mucus in penetration tests. We have, therefore, compared the concentration of sperm autoantibodies in serum and seminal plasma to the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate into cervical mucus and egg white, respectively. With sperm from ten normospermic men with antibodies to sperm there was a correlation between the maximal penetration in the two different media and the cases with poor penetration were equally well revealed in cervical mucus and egg white. Penetration experiments with normal spermatozoa, treated with selected antibody-containing sera confirmed that the penetration-inhibiting effect of autoantibodies is revealed in egg white. Thus, the use of egg white in penetration tests can be of value in evaluation of cases with immunological infertility.", "contents": "The penetration of antibody-covered spermatozoa into cervical mucus and egg white. Autoantibodies to sperm membrane antigens may cause infertility in men. The antibodies can often be revealed in seminal plasma and the antifertility effect seems mainly to be due to hampered penetration into cervical mucus of antibody-covered spermatozoa. Recently, egg white has been used instead of cervical mucus in penetration tests. We have, therefore, compared the concentration of sperm autoantibodies in serum and seminal plasma to the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate into cervical mucus and egg white, respectively. With sperm from ten normospermic men with antibodies to sperm there was a correlation between the maximal penetration in the two different media and the cases with poor penetration were equally well revealed in cervical mucus and egg white. Penetration experiments with normal spermatozoa, treated with selected antibody-containing sera confirmed that the penetration-inhibiting effect of autoantibodies is revealed in egg white. Thus, the use of egg white in penetration tests can be of value in evaluation of cases with immunological infertility.", "PMID": 518207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12099", "title": "Enzyme comparative study of spermatozoa and seminal plasma in normal and subfertile man.", "content": "A semiquantitative colorimetric micromethod (APIZYM) was used to study the enzyme profiles of seminal plasma and of spermatozoa. Reactions with 65 different substrates are simultaneously tested in a single specimen. These substrates (principally naphtolic) allow the detection of hydrolytic enzymes (esterases, phosphatases, and peptidases) and of dehydrogenases potentially involved in sperm metabolism and in the process of fertilization. The usual sperm enzymes were regularly observed: C3-C4 esterases, amino acid arylamidases, acrosine, phosphatases, glutamyl transpeptidase, and various osidases. Among the dehydrogenases we observed a striking predominance of the enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt and of LDH. Seminal plasma has an enzyme pattern very similar to that of spermatozoa except for the absence of acrosine and of some dehydrogenases. This unexpected similarity is discussed. The gametes from subfertile donors do not at first sight differ in their enzyme pattern from those from fertile donors. Moreover, we found no marked differences between zymograms of seminal plasma from normal, subfertile, or even azoospermic patients. Deep freezing does not modify the hydrolytic enzymes of human sperm either quantitatively of qualitatively, but the dehydrogenases of the hexose monophosphate shunt are adversely affected (60% loss of activity for G 6 PDH, and 30% for 6 PGDH); LDH is not affected. The consequences on fertilizing capacity of frozen semen are discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme comparative study of spermatozoa and seminal plasma in normal and subfertile man. A semiquantitative colorimetric micromethod (APIZYM) was used to study the enzyme profiles of seminal plasma and of spermatozoa. Reactions with 65 different substrates are simultaneously tested in a single specimen. These substrates (principally naphtolic) allow the detection of hydrolytic enzymes (esterases, phosphatases, and peptidases) and of dehydrogenases potentially involved in sperm metabolism and in the process of fertilization. The usual sperm enzymes were regularly observed: C3-C4 esterases, amino acid arylamidases, acrosine, phosphatases, glutamyl transpeptidase, and various osidases. Among the dehydrogenases we observed a striking predominance of the enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt and of LDH. Seminal plasma has an enzyme pattern very similar to that of spermatozoa except for the absence of acrosine and of some dehydrogenases. This unexpected similarity is discussed. The gametes from subfertile donors do not at first sight differ in their enzyme pattern from those from fertile donors. Moreover, we found no marked differences between zymograms of seminal plasma from normal, subfertile, or even azoospermic patients. Deep freezing does not modify the hydrolytic enzymes of human sperm either quantitatively of qualitatively, but the dehydrogenases of the hexose monophosphate shunt are adversely affected (60% loss of activity for G 6 PDH, and 30% for 6 PGDH); LDH is not affected. The consequences on fertilizing capacity of frozen semen are discussed.", "PMID": 518208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12100", "title": "Histological characteristics of the human testis after long-term treatment with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen drug, is used to reduce mammalian fertility. Effects on the human testis are controversial. Findings in this study reveal that long-term treatment-7 months with 200 mg/day-leads to disappearance of the germinal cells and to Sertoli cells with either a normal or undifferentiated aspect as well as involution of the Leydig cell. Some pathogenetic hypotheses on the action of cyproterone acetate upon human spermatogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Histological characteristics of the human testis after long-term treatment with cyproterone acetate. Cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen drug, is used to reduce mammalian fertility. Effects on the human testis are controversial. Findings in this study reveal that long-term treatment-7 months with 200 mg/day-leads to disappearance of the germinal cells and to Sertoli cells with either a normal or undifferentiated aspect as well as involution of the Leydig cell. Some pathogenetic hypotheses on the action of cyproterone acetate upon human spermatogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 518209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12101", "title": "Agonistic properties of low doses of antifertility compounds in male rats.", "content": "Male Wistar Strain rats of known fertility were given subcutaneous dosage of three drugs, alpha-chlorohydrin, amino-alpha-chlorohydrin, and busulphan alone or in combination for a period of thirty days. Males were housed overnight with females at various times during the treatment and ninety days after cessation of treatment. There were significant differences in levels of glycerylphosphorylcholine in the epididymides of two treatment groups as well as differences in numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the reproductive tracts of female rats mated with males from four treatment groups. Treatment had no effect on the weights of the testes or sex accessory organs or sialic acid levels in the epididymis, fructose levels in dorso-lateral prostate and coagulating gland, or citric acid levels in seminal vesicle and ventral prostate of the treated males when compared to controls. The antifertility activity was probably mediated by an effect on epididymal spermatozoa and thereby subsequent change in sperm transport within the female genital tract.", "contents": "Agonistic properties of low doses of antifertility compounds in male rats. Male Wistar Strain rats of known fertility were given subcutaneous dosage of three drugs, alpha-chlorohydrin, amino-alpha-chlorohydrin, and busulphan alone or in combination for a period of thirty days. Males were housed overnight with females at various times during the treatment and ninety days after cessation of treatment. There were significant differences in levels of glycerylphosphorylcholine in the epididymides of two treatment groups as well as differences in numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the reproductive tracts of female rats mated with males from four treatment groups. Treatment had no effect on the weights of the testes or sex accessory organs or sialic acid levels in the epididymis, fructose levels in dorso-lateral prostate and coagulating gland, or citric acid levels in seminal vesicle and ventral prostate of the treated males when compared to controls. The antifertility activity was probably mediated by an effect on epididymal spermatozoa and thereby subsequent change in sperm transport within the female genital tract.", "PMID": 518210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12102", "title": "Endocarditis associated with porcine valve xenografts.", "content": "Review of porcine valve xenografts in 68 patients over a 32-month period disclosed seven episodes of endocarditis in six patients, an attack rate of 10%. Four patients died as a result of the infections. The presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis in every case was most striking as was the preponderance of methicillin sodium resistance. The clustering of cases within a restricted time period, and the absence of subsequent cases, suggests the strong possibility of a nosocomial occurrence.", "contents": "Endocarditis associated with porcine valve xenografts. Review of porcine valve xenografts in 68 patients over a 32-month period disclosed seven episodes of endocarditis in six patients, an attack rate of 10%. Four patients died as a result of the infections. The presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis in every case was most striking as was the preponderance of methicillin sodium resistance. The clustering of cases within a restricted time period, and the absence of subsequent cases, suggests the strong possibility of a nosocomial occurrence.", "PMID": 518218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12103", "title": "Bacterial variants in urinary casts and renal epithelial cells.", "content": "Casts with numerous and unusually large granules were seen in the urine of a child with renal Fanconi's syndrome. When the urine sediment was sealed under a coverslip for several days, many granules changed to filamentous bacterial variants that segmented and, finally, appeared as streptococcal-like forms. When the patient's blood was cultured by a special method, bacterial variants grew consistently, and frequently reverted to parent coccal forms, although conventional cultures were negative. Variants from blood cultures had the same morphology and staining properties as granules in casts and in cystic structures found within hypertrophied renal pelvic epithelial cells. Cryptic parasitization with bacterial variants probably occurs in many nephropathies. Variants are known to produce toxins and immunogens, which could lead to mesangial and basement membrane deposits as well as to occlusive reactions in the renal microcirculation.", "contents": "Bacterial variants in urinary casts and renal epithelial cells. Casts with numerous and unusually large granules were seen in the urine of a child with renal Fanconi's syndrome. When the urine sediment was sealed under a coverslip for several days, many granules changed to filamentous bacterial variants that segmented and, finally, appeared as streptococcal-like forms. When the patient's blood was cultured by a special method, bacterial variants grew consistently, and frequently reverted to parent coccal forms, although conventional cultures were negative. Variants from blood cultures had the same morphology and staining properties as granules in casts and in cystic structures found within hypertrophied renal pelvic epithelial cells. Cryptic parasitization with bacterial variants probably occurs in many nephropathies. Variants are known to produce toxins and immunogens, which could lead to mesangial and basement membrane deposits as well as to occlusive reactions in the renal microcirculation.", "PMID": 518219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12104", "title": "Role of renin classification for diuretic treatment of black hypertensive patients.", "content": "Previous studies in white and mixed-race hypertensive patient populations have generally found patients with low renin activity more responsive to diuretic therapy than patients with normal renin activity. Twenty-nine black patients (26 women and three men) with placebo diastolic blood pressure of 90 to 115 mm Hg were treated with spironolactone (100 to 400 mg/day) and hydrochlorothiazide (100/mg/day). Renin status was categorized by (1) the intravenous furosemide test, (2) ambulation during placebo, and (3) ambulation during spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide treatment. Only seven patients were categorized identically with all methods. No method identified a low renin subgroup that was more responsive to either spironolactone or hydrochlorothiazide. Diastolic blood pressure fall with hydrochlorothiazide (18 mm Hg) and 400 mg/day of spironolactone (15 mm Hg) was similar. Thus, since black women with both low and normal renin activity are quite responsive to diuretics, renin classification to guide initial antihypertensive selection is not warranted.", "contents": "Role of renin classification for diuretic treatment of black hypertensive patients. Previous studies in white and mixed-race hypertensive patient populations have generally found patients with low renin activity more responsive to diuretic therapy than patients with normal renin activity. Twenty-nine black patients (26 women and three men) with placebo diastolic blood pressure of 90 to 115 mm Hg were treated with spironolactone (100 to 400 mg/day) and hydrochlorothiazide (100/mg/day). Renin status was categorized by (1) the intravenous furosemide test, (2) ambulation during placebo, and (3) ambulation during spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide treatment. Only seven patients were categorized identically with all methods. No method identified a low renin subgroup that was more responsive to either spironolactone or hydrochlorothiazide. Diastolic blood pressure fall with hydrochlorothiazide (18 mm Hg) and 400 mg/day of spironolactone (15 mm Hg) was similar. Thus, since black women with both low and normal renin activity are quite responsive to diuretics, renin classification to guide initial antihypertensive selection is not warranted.", "PMID": 518220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12105", "title": "The pathogenesis of pulmonary and miliary tuberculosis.", "content": "Tuberculosis is spread from human to human by airborne transmission; it is not a highly infectious disease. Primary infection remits in 90% of cases and is progressive in the remainder; it is accompanied by lymphohematogenous seeding of many organs, and reactivation may occur as early as three months or many years after initial infection. Primary infection generally confers immunity from subsequent reinfection. The risk of reactivation of tuberculosis is greatest in the year after infection, declining sharply thereafter for most patients. Acute miliary tuberculosis has a distinctive pathogenesis that is different from localized postprimary disease. Miliary tuberculosis may appear in a patient with a normal chest roentgenogram; even in patients with abnormal chest roentgenograms, sputum cultures for acid-fast organisms may be negative. Transbronchial biopsy is the preferred method of diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is essential.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of pulmonary and miliary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is spread from human to human by airborne transmission; it is not a highly infectious disease. Primary infection remits in 90% of cases and is progressive in the remainder; it is accompanied by lymphohematogenous seeding of many organs, and reactivation may occur as early as three months or many years after initial infection. Primary infection generally confers immunity from subsequent reinfection. The risk of reactivation of tuberculosis is greatest in the year after infection, declining sharply thereafter for most patients. Acute miliary tuberculosis has a distinctive pathogenesis that is different from localized postprimary disease. Miliary tuberculosis may appear in a patient with a normal chest roentgenogram; even in patients with abnormal chest roentgenograms, sputum cultures for acid-fast organisms may be negative. Transbronchial biopsy is the preferred method of diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is essential.", "PMID": 518221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12106", "title": "The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Current options.", "content": "Appropriate chemotherapy must be received by the patient if the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is to be successful. The choice of the antituberculous regimen depends on the susceptibility and number of organisms infecting the patient and the side effects and cost of the drugs. The patient's life-style and the resources available in the community need to be considered to ensure compliance with the prescribed chemotherapy. If treatment is to be unsupervised, meaning that each dose is not actually witnessed by a health provider, a daily isoniazid and ethambutol hydrochloride treatment for 18 months or daily isoniazid and rifampin treatment for nine months is suggested. If each dose of chemotherapy is to be directly supervised, necessary for the noncompliant patient, then the following regimens are recommended: intermittent isoniazid and ethambutol, isoniazid and streptomycin, or intermittent isoniazid and rifampin following an initial period of daily therapy.", "contents": "The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Current options. Appropriate chemotherapy must be received by the patient if the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is to be successful. The choice of the antituberculous regimen depends on the susceptibility and number of organisms infecting the patient and the side effects and cost of the drugs. The patient's life-style and the resources available in the community need to be considered to ensure compliance with the prescribed chemotherapy. If treatment is to be unsupervised, meaning that each dose is not actually witnessed by a health provider, a daily isoniazid and ethambutol hydrochloride treatment for 18 months or daily isoniazid and rifampin treatment for nine months is suggested. If each dose of chemotherapy is to be directly supervised, necessary for the noncompliant patient, then the following regimens are recommended: intermittent isoniazid and ethambutol, isoniazid and streptomycin, or intermittent isoniazid and rifampin following an initial period of daily therapy.", "PMID": 518222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12107", "title": "Public health and preventive aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infectiousness, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, and preventive therapy.", "content": "Tuberculosis is usually of a low order of infectivity. Once treatment has begun, patients are no longer infectious to close contacts, and there is no benefit to isolating them. Among the risk factors associated with tuberculosis that reactivates after many years of dormant infection, the coexistence of silicosis, diabetes mellitus, and the postgastrectomy state with tuberculosis are reasonably well demonstrated. Preventive treatment begins with prompt institution of chemotherapy in  the index case. Isoniazid is extremely effective in preventing tuberculosis infection from becoming tuberculosis disease. The benefits of BCG vaccine are controversial, and it is little used in the United States. Hepatotoxicity is a potential serious side effect of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Clinical monitoring for prodromal symptoms makes the drug safe and effective for patients under 35 years of  age.", "contents": "Public health and preventive aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infectiousness, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, and preventive therapy. Tuberculosis is usually of a low order of infectivity. Once treatment has begun, patients are no longer infectious to close contacts, and there is no benefit to isolating them. Among the risk factors associated with tuberculosis that reactivates after many years of dormant infection, the coexistence of silicosis, diabetes mellitus, and the postgastrectomy state with tuberculosis are reasonably well demonstrated. Preventive treatment begins with prompt institution of chemotherapy in  the index case. Isoniazid is extremely effective in preventing tuberculosis infection from becoming tuberculosis disease. The benefits of BCG vaccine are controversial, and it is little used in the United States. Hepatotoxicity is a potential serious side effect of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Clinical monitoring for prodromal symptoms makes the drug safe and effective for patients under 35 years of  age.", "PMID": 518223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12108", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia--a review of recent clinical advances.", "content": "Since the radioimmunoassay for serum prolactin became available eight years ago, prolactin has become a hormone of considerable clinical interest. An elevated serum prolactin concentration is the most frequent hormone marker for pituitary tumors. Secreted in excess, prolactin causes dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex. In women, menstrual disturbances, galactorrhea, infertility, and hirsutism result. Impotence, oligospermia, and decreased libido are common in men. These metabolic abnormalities attributed to prolactin excess are corrected when prolactin concentrations are lowered by either medical or surgical therapy. The availability of effective therapy mandates early recognition and proper management of the patient with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia--a review of recent clinical advances. Since the radioimmunoassay for serum prolactin became available eight years ago, prolactin has become a hormone of considerable clinical interest. An elevated serum prolactin concentration is the most frequent hormone marker for pituitary tumors. Secreted in excess, prolactin causes dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex. In women, menstrual disturbances, galactorrhea, infertility, and hirsutism result. Impotence, oligospermia, and decreased libido are common in men. These metabolic abnormalities attributed to prolactin excess are corrected when prolactin concentrations are lowered by either medical or surgical therapy. The availability of effective therapy mandates early recognition and proper management of the patient with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 518224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12109", "title": "Selenium requirement for active xanthine dehydrogenase from Clostridium acidiurici and Clostridium cylindrosporum.", "content": "The xanthine dehydrogenase of Clostridium acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum was assayed with methyl viologen as acceptor. In C. acidiurici the basal activity level was about 0.3 mumol/min x mg of protein. Cells grown on uric acid in the presence of 10(-7) M selenite showed a 14-fold increase in xanthine dehydrogenase activity, which decreased with higher selenite concentrations (10(-5) M). The supplementation with 10(-7) M molybdate or tungstate was without effect. High concentrations of tungstate decreased the xanthine dehydrogenase if selenite was also present. In comparison, high concentrations of molybdate affected only a small decrease in activity level at the optimal concentration for selenite and relieved to some degree the inhibitory effect of 10(-5) M selenite. With hypoxanthine and xanthine as substrates for growth again only the addition of selenite was necessary to show a similar increase in xanthine dehydrogenase activity. C. acidiurici could be grown in a mineral medium. Both xanthine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase exhibited the highest level of activity if selenite and tungstate were present in that medium. In C. cyclindrosporum the basal activity level of xanthine dehydrogenase was about 0.95 mumol/min x mg of protein. The addition of 10(-7) M selenite to the growth medium increased the activity level about 3-fold, but the highest level (3.7 U/mg) was reached if 10(-7) M molybdate was also added. The presence of tungstate resulted in a decreased enzyme activity.", "contents": "Selenium requirement for active xanthine dehydrogenase from Clostridium acidiurici and Clostridium cylindrosporum. The xanthine dehydrogenase of Clostridium acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum was assayed with methyl viologen as acceptor. In C. acidiurici the basal activity level was about 0.3 mumol/min x mg of protein. Cells grown on uric acid in the presence of 10(-7) M selenite showed a 14-fold increase in xanthine dehydrogenase activity, which decreased with higher selenite concentrations (10(-5) M). The supplementation with 10(-7) M molybdate or tungstate was without effect. High concentrations of tungstate decreased the xanthine dehydrogenase if selenite was also present. In comparison, high concentrations of molybdate affected only a small decrease in activity level at the optimal concentration for selenite and relieved to some degree the inhibitory effect of 10(-5) M selenite. With hypoxanthine and xanthine as substrates for growth again only the addition of selenite was necessary to show a similar increase in xanthine dehydrogenase activity. C. acidiurici could be grown in a mineral medium. Both xanthine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase exhibited the highest level of activity if selenite and tungstate were present in that medium. In C. cyclindrosporum the basal activity level of xanthine dehydrogenase was about 0.95 mumol/min x mg of protein. The addition of 10(-7) M selenite to the growth medium increased the activity level about 3-fold, but the highest level (3.7 U/mg) was reached if 10(-7) M molybdate was also added. The presence of tungstate resulted in a decreased enzyme activity.", "PMID": 518233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12110", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the peptide moiety of the pseudomurein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the peptide  subunits of the peptide moiety of the sacculus polymer (pseudomurein) of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was elucidated by analysing overlapping peptides obtained from partial acid hydrolsates of isolated sacculi. It is suggested that the peptide subunits are attached to glycan strands via one of their glutamyl residues. Another glutamyl residue may crosslink two adjacent peptide subunits to form a dimer. The calculated molar ratios of the amino acids and the percentages of the N- or C-terminal amino acid residues of the supposed dimers are compatible with those actually found in the sacculus polymer.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the peptide moiety of the pseudomurein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The amino acid sequence of the peptide  subunits of the peptide moiety of the sacculus polymer (pseudomurein) of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was elucidated by analysing overlapping peptides obtained from partial acid hydrolsates of isolated sacculi. It is suggested that the peptide subunits are attached to glycan strands via one of their glutamyl residues. Another glutamyl residue may crosslink two adjacent peptide subunits to form a dimer. The calculated molar ratios of the amino acids and the percentages of the N- or C-terminal amino acid residues of the supposed dimers are compatible with those actually found in the sacculus polymer.", "PMID": 518234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12111", "title": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. II. Morphology and ultrastructure.", "content": "Gram-negative, anaerobic gliding bacteria were isolated from normal supragingival plaque and from periodontal lesions. Isolates could be divided into two size classes: small 2.4-4.2 micrograms x 0.38-0.5 microgram and large 4.8-5.8 micrograms x 0.42-0.6 microgram cells. The outer membrane was either loose-fitting and wavy, or taut, and of variable thickness. An electron-dense fuzz was discernible on several of the isolates. The periplasmic region was of variable electron-density. The genus Capnocytophaga has been proposed for these organisms based on morphological and cultural characteristics.", "contents": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. II. Morphology and ultrastructure. Gram-negative, anaerobic gliding bacteria were isolated from normal supragingival plaque and from periodontal lesions. Isolates could be divided into two size classes: small 2.4-4.2 micrograms x 0.38-0.5 microgram and large 4.8-5.8 micrograms x 0.42-0.6 microgram cells. The outer membrane was either loose-fitting and wavy, or taut, and of variable thickness. An electron-dense fuzz was discernible on several of the isolates. The periplasmic region was of variable electron-density. The genus Capnocytophaga has been proposed for these organisms based on morphological and cultural characteristics.", "PMID": 518235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12112", "title": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. III. Physiological characterization.", "content": "Sixty-eight strains of capnophilic fusiform Gram-negative rods from the human oral cavity were subjected to extensive physiologic characterization, tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics, and the mol-percent guanine plus cytosine of each isolate determined. The characteristics of the isolates were compared with 10 fresh and 2 stock isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The isolates clearly differed from the Fusobacterium species on the basis of mol-percent guanine plus cytosine, end products, growth in a capnophilic environment and fermentation of carbohydrates. All of the gliding isolates required CO2 and formed acetate and succinate, but not H2S, indole or acetylmethylcarbinol. All fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and mannose. The organisms may be differentiated on the basis of fermentation of additional carbohydrates, hydrolysis of polymers and reduction nitrate. Three species are proposed: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Ten isolates did not fit into the proposed species.", "contents": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. III. Physiological characterization. Sixty-eight strains of capnophilic fusiform Gram-negative rods from the human oral cavity were subjected to extensive physiologic characterization, tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics, and the mol-percent guanine plus cytosine of each isolate determined. The characteristics of the isolates were compared with 10 fresh and 2 stock isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The isolates clearly differed from the Fusobacterium species on the basis of mol-percent guanine plus cytosine, end products, growth in a capnophilic environment and fermentation of carbohydrates. All of the gliding isolates required CO2 and formed acetate and succinate, but not H2S, indole or acetylmethylcarbinol. All fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and mannose. The organisms may be differentiated on the basis of fermentation of additional carbohydrates, hydrolysis of polymers and reduction nitrate. Three species are proposed: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Ten isolates did not fit into the proposed species.", "PMID": 518236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12113", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate pool levels and endogenous metabolism in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation.", "content": "The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was measured during growth, starvation and recovery from starvation. During exponential growth of the cells as spheres in a glucose slats medium, the level of ATP per cell remained constant at 8.0 x 10(-10) micrograms/cell. Morphogenesis to rodshaped cells and an increased growth rate following addition of casein hydrolysate was accompanied by an almost two-fold increase in the ATP level. As division of the rod-shaped cells proceeded, the level of ATP declined. After growing as rods for 12-14 h the cells underwent fragmentation to spheres during which time the ATP level again increased to the original value of 8.0 x 10(-10) micrograms/cell. As the spherical cells resumed growth on the residual glucose, their ATP content declined for a short period and then remained relatively constant. During starvation of sphere or rod-shaped cells for one week, the ATP level declined by approximately 70% during the first 40-50 h and then remained constant. The endogenous metabolism rate of spherical cells declined during the first 10-20 h of starvation and then remained constant at approximately 0.02% of the cell carbon being utilized per h. Addition of glucose to spherical cells which had been starved for one week increased both the ATP content per cell and their rate of endogenous metabolism. The ATP content fluctuated and then remained at a level higher than maintained during starvation while endogenous metabolism quickly declined.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate pool levels and endogenous metabolism in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was measured during growth, starvation and recovery from starvation. During exponential growth of the cells as spheres in a glucose slats medium, the level of ATP per cell remained constant at 8.0 x 10(-10) micrograms/cell. Morphogenesis to rodshaped cells and an increased growth rate following addition of casein hydrolysate was accompanied by an almost two-fold increase in the ATP level. As division of the rod-shaped cells proceeded, the level of ATP declined. After growing as rods for 12-14 h the cells underwent fragmentation to spheres during which time the ATP level again increased to the original value of 8.0 x 10(-10) micrograms/cell. As the spherical cells resumed growth on the residual glucose, their ATP content declined for a short period and then remained relatively constant. During starvation of sphere or rod-shaped cells for one week, the ATP level declined by approximately 70% during the first 40-50 h and then remained constant. The endogenous metabolism rate of spherical cells declined during the first 10-20 h of starvation and then remained constant at approximately 0.02% of the cell carbon being utilized per h. Addition of glucose to spherical cells which had been starved for one week increased both the ATP content per cell and their rate of endogenous metabolism. The ATP content fluctuated and then remained at a level higher than maintained during starvation while endogenous metabolism quickly declined.", "PMID": 518237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12114", "title": "Adenylate nucleotide levels and energy charge in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation.", "content": "The adenylate nucleotide concentrations, based on internal water space, were determined in cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation and the energy charge of the cells was calculated. The energy charge of spherical cells rose during the first 10 h of growth, then remained nearly constant for as long as 20 h into the stationary phase. The energy charge of rod-shaped cells rose during the first 4 h of growth, then remained constant during subsequent growth and decreased in the stationary growth phase. Both spherical and rod-shaped cells excreted adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine triphosphate or adenosine diphosphate during starvation. The intracellular energy charge of spherical cells declined during the initial 10 h and then remained constant for 1 week of starvation at a value of 0.78. The intracellular energy charge of rod-shaped cells declined during the first 24 h of starvation, remained constant for the next 80 h, then decreased to a value of 0.73 after a total of 168 h starvation. Both cell forms remained more than 90% viable during this time. Addition of a carbon and energy source to starving cells resulted in an increase in the ATP concentration and as a result the energy charge increased to the smae levels as found during growth.", "contents": "Adenylate nucleotide levels and energy charge in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation. The adenylate nucleotide concentrations, based on internal water space, were determined in cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation and the energy charge of the cells was calculated. The energy charge of spherical cells rose during the first 10 h of growth, then remained nearly constant for as long as 20 h into the stationary phase. The energy charge of rod-shaped cells rose during the first 4 h of growth, then remained constant during subsequent growth and decreased in the stationary growth phase. Both spherical and rod-shaped cells excreted adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine triphosphate or adenosine diphosphate during starvation. The intracellular energy charge of spherical cells declined during the initial 10 h and then remained constant for 1 week of starvation at a value of 0.78. The intracellular energy charge of rod-shaped cells declined during the first 24 h of starvation, remained constant for the next 80 h, then decreased to a value of 0.73 after a total of 168 h starvation. Both cell forms remained more than 90% viable during this time. Addition of a carbon and energy source to starving cells resulted in an increase in the ATP concentration and as a result the energy charge increased to the smae levels as found during growth.", "PMID": 518238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12115", "title": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. I. General characteristics, taxonomic considerations and significance.", "content": "The characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from both healthy and diseased sites in the oral cavity are, summarized and the taxonomic position of the bacteria discussed. Uniform attirubtes of the fusiform isolates include gliding motility, strictly fermentative metabolism dependent on the presence of CO2 (or HCO3-), under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, presence of benzidine-reactive components, and the production of acetic and succinic acids as the major or sole, acidic, metabolic and products. Given the guanine and cytosine content of DNA, their gliding motility, and the ability of many strains to attack polysaccharide a relationship to the cytophagus is suggested. This relationship, along with the CO2-dependent growth is recognized by the generic name Capnocytophaga given them. Many of the isolates are grouped into three species C. ochracea, C. Sputigena, and C. gingivalis, separated on the basis of morphological and physiological traits.", "contents": "Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. I. General characteristics, taxonomic considerations and significance. The characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from both healthy and diseased sites in the oral cavity are, summarized and the taxonomic position of the bacteria discussed. Uniform attirubtes of the fusiform isolates include gliding motility, strictly fermentative metabolism dependent on the presence of CO2 (or HCO3-), under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, presence of benzidine-reactive components, and the production of acetic and succinic acids as the major or sole, acidic, metabolic and products. Given the guanine and cytosine content of DNA, their gliding motility, and the ability of many strains to attack polysaccharide a relationship to the cytophagus is suggested. This relationship, along with the CO2-dependent growth is recognized by the generic name Capnocytophaga given them. Many of the isolates are grouped into three species C. ochracea, C. Sputigena, and C. gingivalis, separated on the basis of morphological and physiological traits.", "PMID": 518239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12116", "title": "Genetic control of lysine permeases in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "In order to obtain strains of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica impaired in the active transport of L-lysine, mutants resistant to a mixture of L-canavanine, L-4-5-transdehydrolysine and L-S-amino ethylcysteine, taken either all three or two by two, were isolated. These compounds were shown previously to be competitive inhibitors of L-lysine uptake. The resistance patterns and excretion capacity of the mutants were established. All mutants behaved as monogenic. Recombination tests indicated that four genes at least were involved. All mutants were impaired in both high and low affinity L-lysine transport systems. Several hypotheses on the functions of these genes are put forward and discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of lysine permeases in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. In order to obtain strains of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica impaired in the active transport of L-lysine, mutants resistant to a mixture of L-canavanine, L-4-5-transdehydrolysine and L-S-amino ethylcysteine, taken either all three or two by two, were isolated. These compounds were shown previously to be competitive inhibitors of L-lysine uptake. The resistance patterns and excretion capacity of the mutants were established. All mutants behaved as monogenic. Recombination tests indicated that four genes at least were involved. All mutants were impaired in both high and low affinity L-lysine transport systems. Several hypotheses on the functions of these genes are put forward and discussed.", "PMID": 518240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12117", "title": "Psychiatric manpower ratios. A beguiling numbers game?", "content": "Many characteristics of California's counties that correlate with physician-population ratios also correlate with psychiatrist-population ratios, with their changes through time and with rural counties' ability to attract psychiatrists. These same county characteristics seem to influence the uneven distribution of lawyers throughout the state, a fact that should help physicians help legislators understand problems in attempting to equalize manpower distribution. California's relatively high psychiatrist-population ratio and the presence of counties that are statistically anomalous should preclude the application of these findings to other states. Despite government interest in psychiatrist-population ratios as a device to estimate manpower needs, these ratios are a poor measure of access to services. Barriers to care such as lack of private insurance coverage and Medicaid and Medicare restrictions appear more powerful than uneven manpower distribution. Proposals for influencing psychiatrists' distribution should be compared with other methods of decreasing mental illness morbidity, such as mandating insurance coverage and increasing funds for preventive services and research.", "contents": "Psychiatric manpower ratios. A beguiling numbers game? Many characteristics of California's counties that correlate with physician-population ratios also correlate with psychiatrist-population ratios, with their changes through time and with rural counties' ability to attract psychiatrists. These same county characteristics seem to influence the uneven distribution of lawyers throughout the state, a fact that should help physicians help legislators understand problems in attempting to equalize manpower distribution. California's relatively high psychiatrist-population ratio and the presence of counties that are statistically anomalous should preclude the application of these findings to other states. Despite government interest in psychiatrist-population ratios as a device to estimate manpower needs, these ratios are a poor measure of access to services. Barriers to care such as lack of private insurance coverage and Medicaid and Medicare restrictions appear more powerful than uneven manpower distribution. Proposals for influencing psychiatrists' distribution should be compared with other methods of decreasing mental illness morbidity, such as mandating insurance coverage and increasing funds for preventive services and research.", "PMID": 518242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12118", "title": "The psychiatrist shortage. What's the right number?", "content": "This report examines the assertion that there is a shortage of psychiatrists in the light of available methodologies for projecting the supply and demand for psychiatrists. We conclude that such projections are of little value and divert attention from other approaches to solving problems in mental health service delivery. Training institutions also have legitimate concerns that need to be addressed. Given the current state of ignorance and current fiscal constraints, government administrators should be modest about their ability to design perfect solutions and should hesitate to impose sweeping changes on the existing service delivery and training system.", "contents": "The psychiatrist shortage. What's the right number? This report examines the assertion that there is a shortage of psychiatrists in the light of available methodologies for projecting the supply and demand for psychiatrists. We conclude that such projections are of little value and divert attention from other approaches to solving problems in mental health service delivery. Training institutions also have legitimate concerns that need to be addressed. Given the current state of ignorance and current fiscal constraints, government administrators should be modest about their ability to design perfect solutions and should hesitate to impose sweeping changes on the existing service delivery and training system.", "PMID": 518243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12119", "title": "New data do not suggest linkage between the Xg blood group and bipolar illness.", "content": "The Xg blood group antigen (a genetic marker of a region of the X chromosome at a considerable distance from protan/deutan color blindness) was studied for linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. A multigenerational analytic method, taking variable penetrance into account, was used. In our series of six informative pedigrees, very close linkage could be definitively ruled out, and the likelihood of less tight linkage was consistently less than the likelihood of nonlinkage.", "contents": "New data do not suggest linkage between the Xg blood group and bipolar illness. The Xg blood group antigen (a genetic marker of a region of the X chromosome at a considerable distance from protan/deutan color blindness) was studied for linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. A multigenerational analytic method, taking variable penetrance into account, was used. In our series of six informative pedigrees, very close linkage could be definitively ruled out, and the likelihood of less tight linkage was consistently less than the likelihood of nonlinkage.", "PMID": 518244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12120", "title": "Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression.", "content": "A randomized, controlled trial compared the combination of amitriptyline hydrochloride and short-term interpersonal psychotherapy, either treatment alone, and a nonscheduled treatment control group in ambulatory acute, nonbipolar, nonpsychotic depressives. Results show the efficacy of both psychotherapy and amitriptyline in overall symptom reduction. Amitriptyline and psychotherapy were about equal, and the effects of both treatments in combination were additive. The additive effect of combined treatment was largely due to the differential effects of the two treatments. Amitriptyline had its effect mainly on the vegetative symptoms of depression such as sleep and appetite disturbance, these occurred early in treatment, often within the first week. Psychotherapy had its effect mainly on mood, suicidal ideation, work, and interests; these effects occurred slightly later, at four to eight weeks.", "contents": "Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression. A randomized, controlled trial compared the combination of amitriptyline hydrochloride and short-term interpersonal psychotherapy, either treatment alone, and a nonscheduled treatment control group in ambulatory acute, nonbipolar, nonpsychotic depressives. Results show the efficacy of both psychotherapy and amitriptyline in overall symptom reduction. Amitriptyline and psychotherapy were about equal, and the effects of both treatments in combination were additive. The additive effect of combined treatment was largely due to the differential effects of the two treatments. Amitriptyline had its effect mainly on the vegetative symptoms of depression such as sleep and appetite disturbance, these occurred early in treatment, often within the first week. Psychotherapy had its effect mainly on mood, suicidal ideation, work, and interests; these effects occurred slightly later, at four to eight weeks.", "PMID": 518245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12121", "title": "[The influence of 2-acetylaminofluorene on the dietary induction of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of feeding 2-acetylaminofluorene on the dietary induction of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by a fasting-refeeding regime was investigated in the liver of hooded rats. After feeding a diet containing 0,03% acetylaminofluorene for two weeks, the induced activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was diminished significantly; after feeding this carcinogen either for 4 weeks or for 4 weeks followed by feeding carcinogen-free diet for 2 weeks, the diminution of the induction was hardly perceptible. In case of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase the diminution of the induction was only slightly expressed, without statistical significance.", "contents": "[The influence of 2-acetylaminofluorene on the dietary induction of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (author's transl)]. The influence of feeding 2-acetylaminofluorene on the dietary induction of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by a fasting-refeeding regime was investigated in the liver of hooded rats. After feeding a diet containing 0,03% acetylaminofluorene for two weeks, the induced activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was diminished significantly; after feeding this carcinogen either for 4 weeks or for 4 weeks followed by feeding carcinogen-free diet for 2 weeks, the diminution of the induction was hardly perceptible. In case of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase the diminution of the induction was only slightly expressed, without statistical significance.", "PMID": 518247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12122", "title": "[Antineoplastic activity of the anthracycline antibiotic violamycin BI in mice and rats using experimental metastases models (author's transl)].", "content": "The report describes the antineoplastic activity of violamycin BI on three rodent tumour systems. The test systems are two syngeneic mouse tumours: a benzo(a)pyrene induced sarcoma and a spontaneously originated mammary carcinoma of the inbred strain XVII/Berlin. Both tumours grow in ascitic form and were weekly passaged by i.p. administrations. A third system is a dimethylhydrazine induced rectum carcinoma of the Wistar rat. This rat tumour represents a slowly growing system transplanted by s.c. administrations of tumour fragments. The principle of the screening consists of the evaluation of metastatic parameters, e.g. weight, number and growth rate of metastases, experimentally induced by i.v. administrations of tumour cell suspensions. Under the given experimental conditions violamycin BI represents an antineoplastic antibiotikum with a good effectivity which is superior to the effectivity of the reference antibiotic daunorubicin.", "contents": "[Antineoplastic activity of the anthracycline antibiotic violamycin BI in mice and rats using experimental metastases models (author's transl)]. The report describes the antineoplastic activity of violamycin BI on three rodent tumour systems. The test systems are two syngeneic mouse tumours: a benzo(a)pyrene induced sarcoma and a spontaneously originated mammary carcinoma of the inbred strain XVII/Berlin. Both tumours grow in ascitic form and were weekly passaged by i.p. administrations. A third system is a dimethylhydrazine induced rectum carcinoma of the Wistar rat. This rat tumour represents a slowly growing system transplanted by s.c. administrations of tumour fragments. The principle of the screening consists of the evaluation of metastatic parameters, e.g. weight, number and growth rate of metastases, experimentally induced by i.v. administrations of tumour cell suspensions. Under the given experimental conditions violamycin BI represents an antineoplastic antibiotikum with a good effectivity which is superior to the effectivity of the reference antibiotic daunorubicin.", "PMID": 518248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12123", "title": "[Biological parameters of a standardized tumor model for chemotherapeutical and toxicological testing (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological parameters for standardization of the syngeneic i.m. transplanted ascitic sarcoma 276A in the mouse inbred strain XVII Berlin are described. As therapeutical criteria of cytostatic treatment are used the increase in lifespan of the experimental animals and the parameter E, which results from a growth kinetics obeying a Gompertz function. For estimation of the effect on other quickly proliferating tissues were determined: leukocytes, thrombocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin and differentiation of leukocytes. These parameters can serve for the evaluation of pharmacological effectiveness of a cytostatic agent, as shown by the example of a treatment with cyclophosphamide in two different dosages.", "contents": "[Biological parameters of a standardized tumor model for chemotherapeutical and toxicological testing (author's transl)]. Biological parameters for standardization of the syngeneic i.m. transplanted ascitic sarcoma 276A in the mouse inbred strain XVII Berlin are described. As therapeutical criteria of cytostatic treatment are used the increase in lifespan of the experimental animals and the parameter E, which results from a growth kinetics obeying a Gompertz function. For estimation of the effect on other quickly proliferating tissues were determined: leukocytes, thrombocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin and differentiation of leukocytes. These parameters can serve for the evaluation of pharmacological effectiveness of a cytostatic agent, as shown by the example of a treatment with cyclophosphamide in two different dosages.", "PMID": 518249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12124", "title": "Long-term cultivation of human mammary carcionoma: proliferation and differential biochemical properties of the cultured cells.", "content": "Human mammary carcinoma cell cultures proliferated from primary explants in Eagle's essential medium (MEM) supplemented with insulin, fetal calf serum (FCS) and/or human alpha-a1-antitrypsin. Human mammary carcinoma cells differed from normal mammary epithelial cells by the following catalytic activities: a. Thymidine uptake into the carcinoma cells was 6 to 10 fold greater, whereas thymidine conversion to CO2 was half to one fifth that of normal cells. b. The nucleolytic activity patterns of the mammary carcinoma cells preferred polycytydylic acid and double helical polynucleotides, whereas those of the normal mammary cells preferred polyuridylic acid and had no effect on double helical polynucleotides. c. The polymerase activity most evident in mammary carcinoma cells is a hybrid-dependent DNA polymerase which is guided by the ribo-strand of the template poly (rA) . poly(dT). In contrast the all-ribo template poly (rA) . poly(rU) showed little activity. d. There was slight or statistically non-significant difference between the amino acid composition of material cleaved from mammary carcinoma cells prepared from tumor tissues and from cells cultivated 10 months in vitro. e. There was no difference between the molar proportions of the carbohydrate components of the cell membrane from fresh tumor tissue and long term in vitro cultivated cells. f. The granules from long term in vitro cultured mammary carcinoma cells contained high collagenolytic, caseinolytic, fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities.", "contents": "Long-term cultivation of human mammary carcionoma: proliferation and differential biochemical properties of the cultured cells. Human mammary carcinoma cell cultures proliferated from primary explants in Eagle's essential medium (MEM) supplemented with insulin, fetal calf serum (FCS) and/or human alpha-a1-antitrypsin. Human mammary carcinoma cells differed from normal mammary epithelial cells by the following catalytic activities: a. Thymidine uptake into the carcinoma cells was 6 to 10 fold greater, whereas thymidine conversion to CO2 was half to one fifth that of normal cells. b. The nucleolytic activity patterns of the mammary carcinoma cells preferred polycytydylic acid and double helical polynucleotides, whereas those of the normal mammary cells preferred polyuridylic acid and had no effect on double helical polynucleotides. c. The polymerase activity most evident in mammary carcinoma cells is a hybrid-dependent DNA polymerase which is guided by the ribo-strand of the template poly (rA) . poly(dT). In contrast the all-ribo template poly (rA) . poly(rU) showed little activity. d. There was slight or statistically non-significant difference between the amino acid composition of material cleaved from mammary carcinoma cells prepared from tumor tissues and from cells cultivated 10 months in vitro. e. There was no difference between the molar proportions of the carbohydrate components of the cell membrane from fresh tumor tissue and long term in vitro cultivated cells. f. The granules from long term in vitro cultured mammary carcinoma cells contained high collagenolytic, caseinolytic, fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities.", "PMID": 518250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12125", "title": "In vivo and in vitro investigations on a fast growing Brenner tumor.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro investigations performed on a fast growing Brenner tumor show the following peculiarities of this tumor: 1. wide epithelial islands embedded in connective ovarian stroma, 2. rich proliferation of epithelial cells in organ cultures with the presence of mitotical figures, 3. numerical variations of chromosomes in certain metaphases. All these peculiarities reveal the tumor borderline stage.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro investigations on a fast growing Brenner tumor. In vivo and in vitro investigations performed on a fast growing Brenner tumor show the following peculiarities of this tumor: 1. wide epithelial islands embedded in connective ovarian stroma, 2. rich proliferation of epithelial cells in organ cultures with the presence of mitotical figures, 3. numerical variations of chromosomes in certain metaphases. All these peculiarities reveal the tumor borderline stage.", "PMID": 518251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12126", "title": "The effect of hyperthermia 42.5 degrees C on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of solid tumours in childhood.", "content": "Supranormal temperatures inhibit selectively the growth of malignant cells more than that of normal cells. The autoradiographic determination of the 3H-thymidine-labelling-index (LI) in vitro is a suitable method for the examination of thermosensitivity of individual human tumours. 44 solid tumours of children (Wilms' tumours, neuroblastomas, osteogenic sarcomas, non-Hodgkin-Lymphomas and other tumours) were studied by the temperatures 37.5 and 42.5 degrees C/120 min, with this method. 90% of the histologically undifferentiated tumours showed a highly significant inhibition of the 3H-thymidine incorporation between 28.6 and 79.9% with an average of 51.1%. In 4 histologically mature tumours (carcinoma of the adrenal cortex, malignant hepatoblastoma, fibrosarcoma, hamartoblastoma) no significant decrease of the LI was present. The inhibition of incorporation with hyperthermia cannot be correlated with the primary magnitude of the LI with normothermia. In 1 neuroblastoma a 75% rise of the LI was found possibly due to exogenic caused thermotolerance. The individuality of the reaction towards heat may contribute to the biological characterization of tumours.", "contents": "The effect of hyperthermia 42.5 degrees C on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of solid tumours in childhood. Supranormal temperatures inhibit selectively the growth of malignant cells more than that of normal cells. The autoradiographic determination of the 3H-thymidine-labelling-index (LI) in vitro is a suitable method for the examination of thermosensitivity of individual human tumours. 44 solid tumours of children (Wilms' tumours, neuroblastomas, osteogenic sarcomas, non-Hodgkin-Lymphomas and other tumours) were studied by the temperatures 37.5 and 42.5 degrees C/120 min, with this method. 90% of the histologically undifferentiated tumours showed a highly significant inhibition of the 3H-thymidine incorporation between 28.6 and 79.9% with an average of 51.1%. In 4 histologically mature tumours (carcinoma of the adrenal cortex, malignant hepatoblastoma, fibrosarcoma, hamartoblastoma) no significant decrease of the LI was present. The inhibition of incorporation with hyperthermia cannot be correlated with the primary magnitude of the LI with normothermia. In 1 neuroblastoma a 75% rise of the LI was found possibly due to exogenic caused thermotolerance. The individuality of the reaction towards heat may contribute to the biological characterization of tumours.", "PMID": 518252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12127", "title": "Histological and cytological evidence of a condylomatous lesion in association with an invasive carcinoma of uterine cervix.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman is presented in whom both cytological and histological evidence disclosed a flat type condylomatous lesion in the uterine cervix where an invasive squamous cell carcinoma had its origin. The significance of this association of condyloma and cervical carcinoma is discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that the cervical epithelium of the women showing condyloma-suggestive cells in the cytologic smears should be thoroughly examined and strictly followed-up because of the possibility that these virus-induced condylomatous lesions may represent the precursors of an invasive cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "Histological and cytological evidence of a condylomatous lesion in association with an invasive carcinoma of uterine cervix. A 38-year-old woman is presented in whom both cytological and histological evidence disclosed a flat type condylomatous lesion in the uterine cervix where an invasive squamous cell carcinoma had its origin. The significance of this association of condyloma and cervical carcinoma is discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that the cervical epithelium of the women showing condyloma-suggestive cells in the cytologic smears should be thoroughly examined and strictly followed-up because of the possibility that these virus-induced condylomatous lesions may represent the precursors of an invasive cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 518253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12128", "title": "The Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors.", "content": "Topographical distribution of the Balkan endemic nephropathy and tumors of urinary organs was investigated in the most affected region -- Central Serbia (Yugoslavia). The data expose that there is an association of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the pelvis and ureters, but not of the bladder. Disagreement related to the kind and degree of correlation of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the urinary organs is explained by insufficient knowledge of the problem rather than by influence of different ecological factors.", "contents": "The Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. Topographical distribution of the Balkan endemic nephropathy and tumors of urinary organs was investigated in the most affected region -- Central Serbia (Yugoslavia). The data expose that there is an association of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the pelvis and ureters, but not of the bladder. Disagreement related to the kind and degree of correlation of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the urinary organs is explained by insufficient knowledge of the problem rather than by influence of different ecological factors.", "PMID": 518254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12129", "title": "Malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the epipharynx and the mesopharynx including tonsils, paranasal sinuses and neck. Histological reclassification using the \"Kiel-classification\".", "content": "In the present study a re-classification of 96 lymphomas of the epipharynx and the mesopharynx including tonsils, paranasal sinuses and neck region was performed using the Kiel-classification. The histological criteria employed for this procedure were described briefly. 33 cases could be diagnosed as lymphomas of low grade malignancy, 50 cases belonged to the group of high grade malignancy and 13 cases remained unclassifiable. There was a light preponderance of male patients in the whole lymphoma group. The most frequent tumors were immunoblastic lymphomas, followed by immunocytomas, lymphoblastic lymphomas, centroblastic lymphomas, centroblastic/centrocytic and centrocytic lymphomas. Examples of transitions of one lymphoma type into another were demonstrated. The fact must be mentioned that lymphomas of the paranasal sinuses were nearly completely of the immunocytic or immunoblastic type.", "contents": "Malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the epipharynx and the mesopharynx including tonsils, paranasal sinuses and neck. Histological reclassification using the \"Kiel-classification\". In the present study a re-classification of 96 lymphomas of the epipharynx and the mesopharynx including tonsils, paranasal sinuses and neck region was performed using the Kiel-classification. The histological criteria employed for this procedure were described briefly. 33 cases could be diagnosed as lymphomas of low grade malignancy, 50 cases belonged to the group of high grade malignancy and 13 cases remained unclassifiable. There was a light preponderance of male patients in the whole lymphoma group. The most frequent tumors were immunoblastic lymphomas, followed by immunocytomas, lymphoblastic lymphomas, centroblastic lymphomas, centroblastic/centrocytic and centrocytic lymphomas. Examples of transitions of one lymphoma type into another were demonstrated. The fact must be mentioned that lymphomas of the paranasal sinuses were nearly completely of the immunocytic or immunoblastic type.", "PMID": 518255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12130", "title": "Partial characterization of the E rosette restoring factor (RRF) from normal human serum.", "content": "A factor that restores E rosette formation (RRF) was isolated and purified on AMICON membranes. After initial purification, the product showed minimal activity at a concentration of 2 microgram protein per sample. Chromatography on Sephadex G-150 of the partly purified factor caused a further rise in activity to 0.15 microgram per sample. RRF restores normal rosette formation not only by lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, but also stimulated E rosette formation by bone marrow cells. The factor is thermolabile, being completely inactivated at 56 degrees C and partly at 37 degrees C, and is sensitive to freezing and thawing. Its molecular weight is about 10 x 10(3) to 20 x 10(3).", "contents": "Partial characterization of the E rosette restoring factor (RRF) from normal human serum. A factor that restores E rosette formation (RRF) was isolated and purified on AMICON membranes. After initial purification, the product showed minimal activity at a concentration of 2 microgram protein per sample. Chromatography on Sephadex G-150 of the partly purified factor caused a further rise in activity to 0.15 microgram per sample. RRF restores normal rosette formation not only by lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, but also stimulated E rosette formation by bone marrow cells. The factor is thermolabile, being completely inactivated at 56 degrees C and partly at 37 degrees C, and is sensitive to freezing and thawing. Its molecular weight is about 10 x 10(3) to 20 x 10(3).", "PMID": 518256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12131", "title": "Influence of classic immunosuppressants on spleen colony formation in mice. 3. Concentration of colony forming units in bone marrow and spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated mice.", "content": "The concentration of colony forming units (CFU) increased nonsignificantly in bone marrow, and significantly in spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, but there was no increase in the absolute number of CFU in these organs due to decreased celullarity. The serum of mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide seems to have colony-stimulating activity.", "contents": "Influence of classic immunosuppressants on spleen colony formation in mice. 3. Concentration of colony forming units in bone marrow and spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated mice. The concentration of colony forming units (CFU) increased nonsignificantly in bone marrow, and significantly in spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, but there was no increase in the absolute number of CFU in these organs due to decreased celullarity. The serum of mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide seems to have colony-stimulating activity.", "PMID": 518257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12132", "title": "Method for studying immunologic cell-mediated response to transplanted syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic fibroblasts in mice.", "content": "A method is described for studying the types of host cells which react with transplanted xenogeneic, allogeneic and syngenetic fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were placed in an 0.15 mm glass fissure, thus limiting the wound reaction and making possible study of host cells infiltrating into the chamber. Under the conditions of the method, in early stages of the reaction to xenogeneic and allogeneic fibroblasts, mostly granulocytes migrated into the transplanted fissures, whereas syngeneic fibroblasts caused infiltration of only a small number of granulocytes.", "contents": "Method for studying immunologic cell-mediated response to transplanted syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic fibroblasts in mice. A method is described for studying the types of host cells which react with transplanted xenogeneic, allogeneic and syngenetic fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were placed in an 0.15 mm glass fissure, thus limiting the wound reaction and making possible study of host cells infiltrating into the chamber. Under the conditions of the method, in early stages of the reaction to xenogeneic and allogeneic fibroblasts, mostly granulocytes migrated into the transplanted fissures, whereas syngeneic fibroblasts caused infiltration of only a small number of granulocytes.", "PMID": 518258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12133", "title": "Cellular and humoral response to Kunin antigen (CA) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "In 18 patients with ulcerative colitis and in 8 with Crohn's disease two tests were performed simultaneously: a) the leukocyte migration inhibition test using Kunin antigen, and b) titration of serum antibodies against this antigen. Leukocyte migration was studied by the agarose plate technique. At the concentration of 25 microgram/ml, Kunin antigen inhibited migration in five cases of ulcerative colitis and in one with Crohn's disease. This phenomenon was not observed in any of 33 control subjects. All patients in whom leukocyte migration was inhibited were in the active phase of the disease. Titers of antibodies against Kunin antigen were determined by the passive hemagglutination test in an expended group of patients comprising 61 with Crohn's disease. The antibody titer, expressed as the geometric mean of hemagglutinin titers, was nearly three times as high in patients as in 324 healthy controls. The titers were not correlated either with clinical activity of both diseases or with the results of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of other data indicating that Kunin antigen plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral response to Kunin antigen (CA) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In 18 patients with ulcerative colitis and in 8 with Crohn's disease two tests were performed simultaneously: a) the leukocyte migration inhibition test using Kunin antigen, and b) titration of serum antibodies against this antigen. Leukocyte migration was studied by the agarose plate technique. At the concentration of 25 microgram/ml, Kunin antigen inhibited migration in five cases of ulcerative colitis and in one with Crohn's disease. This phenomenon was not observed in any of 33 control subjects. All patients in whom leukocyte migration was inhibited were in the active phase of the disease. Titers of antibodies against Kunin antigen were determined by the passive hemagglutination test in an expended group of patients comprising 61 with Crohn's disease. The antibody titer, expressed as the geometric mean of hemagglutinin titers, was nearly three times as high in patients as in 324 healthy controls. The titers were not correlated either with clinical activity of both diseases or with the results of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of other data indicating that Kunin antigen plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 518259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12134", "title": "Differential cell-cycle-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside on DNA synthesis, measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation, in exponentially growing and synchronized L5178Y cells in culture was investigated. The experiments revealed that each compound causes differential inhibition of DNA synthesis at various times of the S-phase. Maximum sensitivity to hydroxyurea occurred in cells in the late S, and maximum sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside in the early S-phase. When they were given simultaneously in low concentrations an additive effect was observed.", "contents": "Differential cell-cycle-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. The effect of various concentrations of hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside on DNA synthesis, measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation, in exponentially growing and synchronized L5178Y cells in culture was investigated. The experiments revealed that each compound causes differential inhibition of DNA synthesis at various times of the S-phase. Maximum sensitivity to hydroxyurea occurred in cells in the late S, and maximum sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside in the early S-phase. When they were given simultaneously in low concentrations an additive effect was observed.", "PMID": 518260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12135", "title": "Activity of the reticuloendothelial system in the course of experimental burn disease.", "content": "The influence of extensive thermal on selected functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 35 rabbits of both sexes. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by the method of Malpern et al. and by the isotope method. The results indicate marked prolongation of the depression of phagocytic function of the RES in the course of burn disease. In animals which died early in the course of burn disease, RES activity was depressed throughout the period of observation. In animals which survived burn disease, RES activity underwent periodic changes.", "contents": "Activity of the reticuloendothelial system in the course of experimental burn disease. The influence of extensive thermal on selected functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 35 rabbits of both sexes. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by the method of Malpern et al. and by the isotope method. The results indicate marked prolongation of the depression of phagocytic function of the RES in the course of burn disease. In animals which died early in the course of burn disease, RES activity was depressed throughout the period of observation. In animals which survived burn disease, RES activity underwent periodic changes.", "PMID": 518261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12136", "title": "Production of interferon in human diploid cell cultures. II. Effect of various factors on interferon production in human diploid cell cultures.", "content": "Interferon was induced in primary human embryonic fibroblast cultures, using the Newcastle disease virus and synthetic polynucleotide poly I : poly C. Kinetics of interferon production were studied in this system, and optimal doses of some chemical factors which enhance interferon production were determined.", "contents": "Production of interferon in human diploid cell cultures. II. Effect of various factors on interferon production in human diploid cell cultures. Interferon was induced in primary human embryonic fibroblast cultures, using the Newcastle disease virus and synthetic polynucleotide poly I : poly C. Kinetics of interferon production were studied in this system, and optimal doses of some chemical factors which enhance interferon production were determined.", "PMID": 518262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12137", "title": "Cardiac output and contractility indices: establishing a standard in response to low-to-moderate level exercise in healthy men.", "content": "Measurement by impedance cardiography (ZCG) of cardiac output and contractility indices during exercise is a recent addition to exercise testing of the cardiac patient. To provide a needed standard of normal responses to exercise at integrals of resting oxygen consumption (METS), 10 healthy men were tested. Basal oxygen consumption (1MET) under standardized conditions was measured by mass spectrometry. Over several days the subjects were exercised on a treadmill at 2METS through 6METS with monitoring of heart rate, electrocardiogram, oxygen consumption per minute (VO2) and ZCG. The exercise routine was then repeated to look for test-retest effect. Values closely approximating presently accepted basal oxygen consumptions were achieved under these standardized but practical conditions. Cardiac output during sitting, fully supported rest was slightly higher than that at 2METS on treadmill owing to higher stroke volume. From 2METS through 6METS the curvilinear mean heart rate and stroke volume were mirror images, producing a linear increase in mean cardiac output which at 6METS was 145% of basal and 160% of the 2MET value, while the contractility index increased to 217% of basal. Comparison of the 2 trials revealed no significant test-retest effect.", "contents": "Cardiac output and contractility indices: establishing a standard in response to low-to-moderate level exercise in healthy men. Measurement by impedance cardiography (ZCG) of cardiac output and contractility indices during exercise is a recent addition to exercise testing of the cardiac patient. To provide a needed standard of normal responses to exercise at integrals of resting oxygen consumption (METS), 10 healthy men were tested. Basal oxygen consumption (1MET) under standardized conditions was measured by mass spectrometry. Over several days the subjects were exercised on a treadmill at 2METS through 6METS with monitoring of heart rate, electrocardiogram, oxygen consumption per minute (VO2) and ZCG. The exercise routine was then repeated to look for test-retest effect. Values closely approximating presently accepted basal oxygen consumptions were achieved under these standardized but practical conditions. Cardiac output during sitting, fully supported rest was slightly higher than that at 2METS on treadmill owing to higher stroke volume. From 2METS through 6METS the curvilinear mean heart rate and stroke volume were mirror images, producing a linear increase in mean cardiac output which at 6METS was 145% of basal and 160% of the 2MET value, while the contractility index increased to 217% of basal. Comparison of the 2 trials revealed no significant test-retest effect.", "PMID": 518263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12138", "title": "Endurance training and cardiovascular function in 9-and 10-year-old boys.", "content": "Thirty-two boys, 9 and 10 years old, were randomly divided into experimental and control groups in order to investigate cardiovascular responses to interval cycle training. The experimental group exercised on a cycle ergometer 5 days a week during their physical education periods. There were 4 work bouts of 4 minutes each, separated by 3-minute recovery intervals each day for 8 weeks. Loads were prescribed so that heart rates ranged from 170 to 195 for each bout (80--90% estimated maximum). The control group took part in a traditional sports-oriented physical education period during this time. Pretest steady-state values at HR130 were determined for oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output, after which the load was progressively increased to determine physical work capacity at heart rate 170. The tests were repeated after the 8-week training period, at work loads identical to pretest values. Analysis of covariance revealed that significant improvements in the experimental group occurred in stroke volume and oxygen pulse. The 6.5% increase in stroke volume was countered by a 6.8% decrease in heart rate, resulting in no differences in cardiac output. Increases in physical work capacity occurred in each group, but only that of the experimental group was significant. No differences were detected for either group in steady state oxygen consumption or calculated arteriovenous oxygen difference. It was concluded that children of this age level adapt readily to cardiovascular stress. It was suggested that if improvement in cardiovascular fitness is considered to be a valid goal of physical education, then the traditional sports and games should be supplemented by training procedures designed specifically for endurance.", "contents": "Endurance training and cardiovascular function in 9-and 10-year-old boys. Thirty-two boys, 9 and 10 years old, were randomly divided into experimental and control groups in order to investigate cardiovascular responses to interval cycle training. The experimental group exercised on a cycle ergometer 5 days a week during their physical education periods. There were 4 work bouts of 4 minutes each, separated by 3-minute recovery intervals each day for 8 weeks. Loads were prescribed so that heart rates ranged from 170 to 195 for each bout (80--90% estimated maximum). The control group took part in a traditional sports-oriented physical education period during this time. Pretest steady-state values at HR130 were determined for oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output, after which the load was progressively increased to determine physical work capacity at heart rate 170. The tests were repeated after the 8-week training period, at work loads identical to pretest values. Analysis of covariance revealed that significant improvements in the experimental group occurred in stroke volume and oxygen pulse. The 6.5% increase in stroke volume was countered by a 6.8% decrease in heart rate, resulting in no differences in cardiac output. Increases in physical work capacity occurred in each group, but only that of the experimental group was significant. No differences were detected for either group in steady state oxygen consumption or calculated arteriovenous oxygen difference. It was concluded that children of this age level adapt readily to cardiovascular stress. It was suggested that if improvement in cardiovascular fitness is considered to be a valid goal of physical education, then the traditional sports and games should be supplemented by training procedures designed specifically for endurance.", "PMID": 518264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12139", "title": "Thermal response of skin to application of localized pressure.", "content": "Pressure was applied to a small circular area of the skin over the trochanter of human subjects for variable time periods. The local skin temperature response was monitored during and after pressure application. Pressures of 100, 200, and 300mmHg were applied for time periods of between 11 and 67 minutes. Upon the release of pressure the local skin temperature rose quickly and then gradually decreased. Peak temperature responses occurred at between 3 and 5 minutes after pressure release. Larger pressure and longer application times produced larger peak temperature increases, with the largest individual increase being 1.9C. The data derived from the study tend to quantify what clinicians have long appreciated in a qualitative sense, especially in areas where decubitus ulcers most often occur.", "contents": "Thermal response of skin to application of localized pressure. Pressure was applied to a small circular area of the skin over the trochanter of human subjects for variable time periods. The local skin temperature response was monitored during and after pressure application. Pressures of 100, 200, and 300mmHg were applied for time periods of between 11 and 67 minutes. Upon the release of pressure the local skin temperature rose quickly and then gradually decreased. Peak temperature responses occurred at between 3 and 5 minutes after pressure release. Larger pressure and longer application times produced larger peak temperature increases, with the largest individual increase being 1.9C. The data derived from the study tend to quantify what clinicians have long appreciated in a qualitative sense, especially in areas where decubitus ulcers most often occur.", "PMID": 518266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12140", "title": "Spinal cord injury: time out of bed during rehabilitation.", "content": "Preliminary experience in applying unobtrusive instrumentation to monitor selected patient activities over extended periods of time has shown this procedure to be both feasible and useful. The target activity studied was time out of bed (TOB) for 36 spinal cord injury patients undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Measurements were made with a rest-time monitor (RTM), which provides an objective daily record of how often and for how long a patient is out of bed. During the initial week of mobilization, paraplegic patients (n = 14) were out of bed for an average of 1.7 hours and quadriplegic patients (n = 22) for an average of 1.5 hours. Maximum TOB in each group was 8.7 and 9.2 hours, respectively, which dropped to 7.2 and 7.8 hours at time of discharge. Based on this experience, a standard activity curve has been developed which is used as a reference in assessing the weekly progress of individual patients. Distinctive types of activity patterns are described in relation to clinical and functional outcomes during hospitalization and 12 months after discharge.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury: time out of bed during rehabilitation. Preliminary experience in applying unobtrusive instrumentation to monitor selected patient activities over extended periods of time has shown this procedure to be both feasible and useful. The target activity studied was time out of bed (TOB) for 36 spinal cord injury patients undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Measurements were made with a rest-time monitor (RTM), which provides an objective daily record of how often and for how long a patient is out of bed. During the initial week of mobilization, paraplegic patients (n = 14) were out of bed for an average of 1.7 hours and quadriplegic patients (n = 22) for an average of 1.5 hours. Maximum TOB in each group was 8.7 and 9.2 hours, respectively, which dropped to 7.2 and 7.8 hours at time of discharge. Based on this experience, a standard activity curve has been developed which is used as a reference in assessing the weekly progress of individual patients. Distinctive types of activity patterns are described in relation to clinical and functional outcomes during hospitalization and 12 months after discharge.", "PMID": 518267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12141", "title": "Energy cost of ambulation in paraplegic patients using Craig-Scott braces.", "content": "Energy metabolism data were collected in a series of 8 male paraplegic patients with neurologically complete spinal cord lesions between T4 and T12 (1 patient had complete motor paralysis with incomplete sensory function). Energy costs were measured at the subject's seated basal rate (mean = 17.12cal/min/kg) and during 2 separate trials at ambulation using Craig-Scott braces. The rates of ambulation reflected the patient's perceived comfortable rate and ranged from 2.2 to 44.8m/min. (mean = 14m/min). The subjects ambulated in a straight line, with the data collection instrumentation (the Mobile Automatic Metabolic Analyzer) moving alongside. Mean O2 consumption was 0.1867ml/sec/kg and mean energy cost was 52.96 cal/min/kg, which when compared to a mean of 17.12 cal/min/kg at their resting state, represents a 3-fold increase in their energy cost. Three cases were further measured for O2 debt, which ranged from 1483 to 3112 ml and was repaid completely within 10 minutes post-walk.", "contents": "Energy cost of ambulation in paraplegic patients using Craig-Scott braces. Energy metabolism data were collected in a series of 8 male paraplegic patients with neurologically complete spinal cord lesions between T4 and T12 (1 patient had complete motor paralysis with incomplete sensory function). Energy costs were measured at the subject's seated basal rate (mean = 17.12cal/min/kg) and during 2 separate trials at ambulation using Craig-Scott braces. The rates of ambulation reflected the patient's perceived comfortable rate and ranged from 2.2 to 44.8m/min. (mean = 14m/min). The subjects ambulated in a straight line, with the data collection instrumentation (the Mobile Automatic Metabolic Analyzer) moving alongside. Mean O2 consumption was 0.1867ml/sec/kg and mean energy cost was 52.96 cal/min/kg, which when compared to a mean of 17.12 cal/min/kg at their resting state, represents a 3-fold increase in their energy cost. Three cases were further measured for O2 debt, which ranged from 1483 to 3112 ml and was repaid completely within 10 minutes post-walk.", "PMID": 518268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12142", "title": "Attitude changes following a sexual counseling program for spinal cord injured persons.", "content": "The attitudes of a sample of spinal cord injured outpatients toward a range of sexual behaviors were measured before and after participation in a counseling program. In comparison to the sexual attitudes of an untreated control group those of the sample group were found to be more permissive after than before the program. In addition, the counseling program, which operated in a workshop format over a period of 6 weeks, was favorably evaluated by participants on a number of criteria.", "contents": "Attitude changes following a sexual counseling program for spinal cord injured persons. The attitudes of a sample of spinal cord injured outpatients toward a range of sexual behaviors were measured before and after participation in a counseling program. In comparison to the sexual attitudes of an untreated control group those of the sample group were found to be more permissive after than before the program. In addition, the counseling program, which operated in a workshop format over a period of 6 weeks, was favorably evaluated by participants on a number of criteria.", "PMID": 518269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12143", "title": "Pain in patients with spinal cord injury.", "content": "For this study of intractable pain after spinal cord injury (SCI), a questionnaire was developed, pilot-tested and mailed to 356 previously hospitalized SCI patients, 200 (56%) of whom returned the completed questionnaire. Of the respondents, 160 (80%) reported abnormal sensation and 96 (48%) called the discomfort painful. Abnormal sensations were first noted within 6 months of injury by 105 patients, from 7 months to 4 years after injury by 39, and longer than 4 years after injury or unknown by 16. Pain locations varied and were unrelated to the level of lesion. In 30% of those reporting abnormal sensation the location of pain remained stationary, whereas in 17% it changed over time. The intensity of pain was described as severe to extreme by 25%; 44% indicated that it interfered with daily activities. Increase of pain over time was noted by 41%. Activity, inactivity, weather change and overexertion were not frequently identified as aggravating circumstances. Rest and medication were cited as alleviating factors. Approximately 38% of those experiencing pain used medications but only 22% obtained consistent relief from their use. Patients with low level lesions were more willing to exchange a hypothetical chance of recovery and/or loss of reacquired physiologic functions for pain relief than were patients with higher lesions.", "contents": "Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. For this study of intractable pain after spinal cord injury (SCI), a questionnaire was developed, pilot-tested and mailed to 356 previously hospitalized SCI patients, 200 (56%) of whom returned the completed questionnaire. Of the respondents, 160 (80%) reported abnormal sensation and 96 (48%) called the discomfort painful. Abnormal sensations were first noted within 6 months of injury by 105 patients, from 7 months to 4 years after injury by 39, and longer than 4 years after injury or unknown by 16. Pain locations varied and were unrelated to the level of lesion. In 30% of those reporting abnormal sensation the location of pain remained stationary, whereas in 17% it changed over time. The intensity of pain was described as severe to extreme by 25%; 44% indicated that it interfered with daily activities. Increase of pain over time was noted by 41%. Activity, inactivity, weather change and overexertion were not frequently identified as aggravating circumstances. Rest and medication were cited as alleviating factors. Approximately 38% of those experiencing pain used medications but only 22% obtained consistent relief from their use. Patients with low level lesions were more willing to exchange a hypothetical chance of recovery and/or loss of reacquired physiologic functions for pain relief than were patients with higher lesions.", "PMID": 518270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12144", "title": "Reinterpretative cognitive strategies in chronic pain management.", "content": "This preliminary study was conducted to test the effectiveness of cognitive treatment of clinical pain. Chronic pain patients were trained in a self-control cognitive strategy procedure. Specifically, they were provided with a conceptualization of their pain, instructed in an awareness of their thoughts prior to and during their experience of pain, and trained in the use of several cognitive strategies to replace these thoughts and relabel their pain experience. Training was provided in a group setting to further consolidate the use of the instructions by enabling patients to roleplay the instructions to one another. Patients were also encouraged to verbally reinforce themselves each time they used the procedure. The experience of pain was measured by the McGill pain questionnaire, a behavioral checklist and staff reports. Results suggest that cognitive strategies can effectively alter the experience of clinical pain. Moreover, pain as a cognitive label for a nonspecific state of arousal is suggested.", "contents": "Reinterpretative cognitive strategies in chronic pain management. This preliminary study was conducted to test the effectiveness of cognitive treatment of clinical pain. Chronic pain patients were trained in a self-control cognitive strategy procedure. Specifically, they were provided with a conceptualization of their pain, instructed in an awareness of their thoughts prior to and during their experience of pain, and trained in the use of several cognitive strategies to replace these thoughts and relabel their pain experience. Training was provided in a group setting to further consolidate the use of the instructions by enabling patients to roleplay the instructions to one another. Patients were also encouraged to verbally reinforce themselves each time they used the procedure. The experience of pain was measured by the McGill pain questionnaire, a behavioral checklist and staff reports. Results suggest that cognitive strategies can effectively alter the experience of clinical pain. Moreover, pain as a cognitive label for a nonspecific state of arousal is suggested.", "PMID": 518271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12145", "title": "[Hormonal regulation of uterine contraction].", "content": "A personal method has been used to study spontaneous kinetic activity of the uterus in 50 women during puerperium following miscarriage between the VIIIth and XIIth weeks. Modifications induced were evaluated in several sessions (510 recordings) and at various periods of time, following administration of: 50 mg of 17B oestradiol, 200 mg natural progesterone, 500 mg of natural progesterone, 250 mg of 17 hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 500 mg of 17 hydroxyprogesterone caproate. In the case of some of the patients, hysterotonometry was evaluated following intravenous oxytocin loading. The results pointed to an activation of the uterine pacemaker after oestrogenic loading, and a clear-cut progestinic block of contractile activity.", "contents": "[Hormonal regulation of uterine contraction]. A personal method has been used to study spontaneous kinetic activity of the uterus in 50 women during puerperium following miscarriage between the VIIIth and XIIth weeks. Modifications induced were evaluated in several sessions (510 recordings) and at various periods of time, following administration of: 50 mg of 17B oestradiol, 200 mg natural progesterone, 500 mg of natural progesterone, 250 mg of 17 hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 500 mg of 17 hydroxyprogesterone caproate. In the case of some of the patients, hysterotonometry was evaluated following intravenous oxytocin loading. The results pointed to an activation of the uterine pacemaker after oestrogenic loading, and a clear-cut progestinic block of contractile activity.", "PMID": 518278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12146", "title": "[Epithelial neoplasms of the head and neck. Study of 72 cases treated with radiotherapy only or combined with chemotherapy].", "content": "A comparison between the effects of radiotherapy with and without supplementary chemotherapy in 72 cases of head and neck tumours treated Turin, Oncology Department is reported. The overall results were similar to those in the international literature (59.7% local remissions 2 yr after treatment). Personal experience is cited for the view that radiotherapy alone should always be employed on the satellite lymph node chains in N0 patients (clinically negative nodes), whereas chemotherapy should be added when node positivity (N1 or N2) is apparent at the outset.", "contents": "[Epithelial neoplasms of the head and neck. Study of 72 cases treated with radiotherapy only or combined with chemotherapy]. A comparison between the effects of radiotherapy with and without supplementary chemotherapy in 72 cases of head and neck tumours treated Turin, Oncology Department is reported. The overall results were similar to those in the international literature (59.7% local remissions 2 yr after treatment). Personal experience is cited for the view that radiotherapy alone should always be employed on the satellite lymph node chains in N0 patients (clinically negative nodes), whereas chemotherapy should be added when node positivity (N1 or N2) is apparent at the outset.", "PMID": 518280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12147", "title": "Women's sexual arousal concurrently assessed by three genital measures.", "content": "The relationship among three objective measures of genital vasocongestion in women was evaluated both during and after an erotic film using simultaneous recording of both vaginal pressure pulse and vaginal blood volume responses by means of photoplethysmography and of labial temperature change by means of a thermistor clip. During the film each of the genital measures increased for most subjects, resulting in highly significant positive correlations between measures. However, following the erotic film presentation there was considerably less direct correspondence among the three measures; although the genital reactions of most subjects subsided to some extent following the film, none of the three measures consistently returned to prestimulation levels. Periodic estimates of subjective levels of sexual arousal were significantly correlated with each of the genital measures during the erotic film but were not significantly correlated with any after the film.", "contents": "Women's sexual arousal concurrently assessed by three genital measures. The relationship among three objective measures of genital vasocongestion in women was evaluated both during and after an erotic film using simultaneous recording of both vaginal pressure pulse and vaginal blood volume responses by means of photoplethysmography and of labial temperature change by means of a thermistor clip. During the film each of the genital measures increased for most subjects, resulting in highly significant positive correlations between measures. However, following the erotic film presentation there was considerably less direct correspondence among the three measures; although the genital reactions of most subjects subsided to some extent following the film, none of the three measures consistently returned to prestimulation levels. Periodic estimates of subjective levels of sexual arousal were significantly correlated with each of the genital measures during the erotic film but were not significantly correlated with any after the film.", "PMID": 518285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12148", "title": "[Personal experience with thermographic studies of skeletal metastasis of breast cancer].", "content": "Dynamic telethermography may be usefully employed, alone or in association with X-ray or scintigraphy investigations, for the evaluation of skeletal metastases both diagnostically (differential diagnosis, screening of pains in patients with tumours, study of the extent of metastatic bone localizations) and prognostico-therapeutically (assessment of the effectiveness of chemo-hormonal or radiant treatment).", "contents": "[Personal experience with thermographic studies of skeletal metastasis of breast cancer]. Dynamic telethermography may be usefully employed, alone or in association with X-ray or scintigraphy investigations, for the evaluation of skeletal metastases both diagnostically (differential diagnosis, screening of pains in patients with tumours, study of the extent of metastatic bone localizations) and prognostico-therapeutically (assessment of the effectiveness of chemo-hormonal or radiant treatment).", "PMID": 518281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12149", "title": "[Cardiovascular and respiratory reflex responses due to stimulation of muscle nerve receptors and experimental physical exercise].", "content": "The cardiovascular and respiratory reflex effects brought on by the infection into the femoral artery of bradyquinine and of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions and by rhythmic muscular work and muscular work of tetanic type induced by low and high frequency electrostimulation in the muscles have been investigated in the rear extremity anaesthetized rabbits. Intra-arterial injection of bradyquinine and rhythmic muscular contractions trigger off cardiovascular reflux effects of inhibitory type represented by a reduction in arterial pressure, heart frequency and vascular resistances of the rear extremity controlateral to the one stimulated. Intra-arterial injection of hypertonic NaCl and tetanic contractions cause opposite effects, namely of decidedly excitatory type. Such responses are not substantially altered by complete removal of the skin layer of the stimulated extremity. The neuromuscular block obtained with curare-like substances does not affect chemical stimulation responses, whereas it eliminates similar effects caused by experimental muscular work. The experiments carried out show that injection into the muscular arteries of chemical agents of various type produces varying cardiovascular reflex effects as a result of activation of chemosensitive nervous receptors located in the muscular tissue, and also that during physical exercise similar reflex modifications are produced, very probably caused by stimulation of receptors present in the contracting muscles.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular and respiratory reflex responses due to stimulation of muscle nerve receptors and experimental physical exercise]. The cardiovascular and respiratory reflex effects brought on by the infection into the femoral artery of bradyquinine and of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions and by rhythmic muscular work and muscular work of tetanic type induced by low and high frequency electrostimulation in the muscles have been investigated in the rear extremity anaesthetized rabbits. Intra-arterial injection of bradyquinine and rhythmic muscular contractions trigger off cardiovascular reflux effects of inhibitory type represented by a reduction in arterial pressure, heart frequency and vascular resistances of the rear extremity controlateral to the one stimulated. Intra-arterial injection of hypertonic NaCl and tetanic contractions cause opposite effects, namely of decidedly excitatory type. Such responses are not substantially altered by complete removal of the skin layer of the stimulated extremity. The neuromuscular block obtained with curare-like substances does not affect chemical stimulation responses, whereas it eliminates similar effects caused by experimental muscular work. The experiments carried out show that injection into the muscular arteries of chemical agents of various type produces varying cardiovascular reflex effects as a result of activation of chemosensitive nervous receptors located in the muscular tissue, and also that during physical exercise similar reflex modifications are produced, very probably caused by stimulation of receptors present in the contracting muscles.", "PMID": 518276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12150", "title": "[Clinical and statistical study of 843 hospitalized diabetics].", "content": "A retrospective cross study of 843 hospitalized diabetics is reported. The heterogeneity of the sample was obviated to some extent by subdividing it into age, duration and diabetes mellitus treatment groups. The major part of the sample consisted of elderly patients presenting the characteristic correlations between hyperglycaemia, overweight and triglyceridaemia common to insulin-resistant diabetes. Impairment of the cardiovascular system and particularly the coronary circulation, was particularly serious. Stress is laid on the need to standardize study of the diabetic in the interests of a correct, epidemiological and clinical approach to the disease.", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical study of 843 hospitalized diabetics]. A retrospective cross study of 843 hospitalized diabetics is reported. The heterogeneity of the sample was obviated to some extent by subdividing it into age, duration and diabetes mellitus treatment groups. The major part of the sample consisted of elderly patients presenting the characteristic correlations between hyperglycaemia, overweight and triglyceridaemia common to insulin-resistant diabetes. Impairment of the cardiovascular system and particularly the coronary circulation, was particularly serious. Stress is laid on the need to standardize study of the diabetic in the interests of a correct, epidemiological and clinical approach to the disease.", "PMID": 518279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12151", "title": "Effects of testosterone undecanoate on sexual potency and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of impotent males.", "content": "A double-blind comparison was made of the effects of testosterone undecanoate (TU) and placebo on sexual potency of 29 impotent men ages 45--75. The main criteria for inclusion in the study were a reduced or nonexistent capacity to have an erection during intercourse and no clinical signs of endocrinological pathology. All patients received placebo for 2 weeks. Then TU was given at a daily dose of 120 mg to 13 patients selected at random while the other patients continued to receive placebo. After 8 weeks all patients received placebo again for 2 weeks. An improvement in sexual potency was reported by five patients given TU and eight patients given placebo, with no significant differences between the groups. Treatment with TU influenced neither the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as judged by levels of prolactin, LH, FSH, and the LHRH-induced LH/FSH response, nor depression, anxiety, and somatic scores or performance tests. The only specific effect of TU treatment was to decrease the total plasma testosterone level. The present findings show pharmacotherapy with androgens to be no more effective than placebo in restoring sexual potency to sexually impotent men without androgen deficiency. Further studies may be needed to elucidate fully the effects of androgen administration on psychological and endocrinological variables in such patients.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone undecanoate on sexual potency and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of impotent males. A double-blind comparison was made of the effects of testosterone undecanoate (TU) and placebo on sexual potency of 29 impotent men ages 45--75. The main criteria for inclusion in the study were a reduced or nonexistent capacity to have an erection during intercourse and no clinical signs of endocrinological pathology. All patients received placebo for 2 weeks. Then TU was given at a daily dose of 120 mg to 13 patients selected at random while the other patients continued to receive placebo. After 8 weeks all patients received placebo again for 2 weeks. An improvement in sexual potency was reported by five patients given TU and eight patients given placebo, with no significant differences between the groups. Treatment with TU influenced neither the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as judged by levels of prolactin, LH, FSH, and the LHRH-induced LH/FSH response, nor depression, anxiety, and somatic scores or performance tests. The only specific effect of TU treatment was to decrease the total plasma testosterone level. The present findings show pharmacotherapy with androgens to be no more effective than placebo in restoring sexual potency to sexually impotent men without androgen deficiency. Further studies may be needed to elucidate fully the effects of androgen administration on psychological and endocrinological variables in such patients.", "PMID": 518286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12152", "title": "[Physiopathological and clinical features of hypernatremia].", "content": "The observation of hypernatriaemia in a large series under a variety of clinical conditions (gastrointestinal loss, increased \"forced loss\", and insufficiency parenteral feeding) is made the occasional for an overview of its main physiopathological and clinical features. From the physiopathological standpoint, the syndrome is rarely coupled with an absolute water deficiency. More commonly, sodium and water losses go together to bring about a fall in both intracellular and extracellular volume. The clinical significance of hypernatriaemia is essentially linked to increased osmolar content, not only of the extracellular liquid, but more particularly (due to water depletion) of the intracellular compartment, which underlies the establishment and progress of the anatomopathological lesions and the clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Physiopathological and clinical features of hypernatremia]. The observation of hypernatriaemia in a large series under a variety of clinical conditions (gastrointestinal loss, increased \"forced loss\", and insufficiency parenteral feeding) is made the occasional for an overview of its main physiopathological and clinical features. From the physiopathological standpoint, the syndrome is rarely coupled with an absolute water deficiency. More commonly, sodium and water losses go together to bring about a fall in both intracellular and extracellular volume. The clinical significance of hypernatriaemia is essentially linked to increased osmolar content, not only of the extracellular liquid, but more particularly (due to water depletion) of the intracellular compartment, which underlies the establishment and progress of the anatomopathological lesions and the clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 518277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12153", "title": "[Treatment of Hodgkin's disease: review of 90 cases].", "content": "90 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease, 32 in stages I and II, 42 in stage III and 16 in stage IV have been studied retrospectively. The first were treated with supra and subdiaphragmatic extensive radiotherapy, the second with total nodal or polychemotherapy (MOPP), the third with polychemotherapy. Results were highly satisfactory in stages I and II with a complete remission rate of 100% (duration: 4/100 months) and with survival of 91.8% at 7 years. At the 3rd stage,  total nodal therapy led to complete remission in 73.3% of patients (9--46 months) with 5-year survival of 76.1%; at this stage, polychemotherapy induced complete remission in 65.2% of cases (6--34 months) with 4-year survival of 64%. Much worse were the results of polychemotherapy in the IVth stage. The same series has been reconsidered with allowance for explorative laparotomy by splenectomy carried out in 15 patients in I-II stage and treated with extensive radiotherapy, in 7 IIIrd stage patients subjected to total nodal therapy and in 10 in IIIrd stage treated with MOPP. In IIIrd stage splenectomized patients, the incidence of recurrences is lower than in the controls and independent of treatment. The lower incidence of recurrences also observed in I-II stage cannot be evaluated for the moment.", "contents": "[Treatment of Hodgkin's disease: review of 90 cases]. 90 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease, 32 in stages I and II, 42 in stage III and 16 in stage IV have been studied retrospectively. The first were treated with supra and subdiaphragmatic extensive radiotherapy, the second with total nodal or polychemotherapy (MOPP), the third with polychemotherapy. Results were highly satisfactory in stages I and II with a complete remission rate of 100% (duration: 4/100 months) and with survival of 91.8% at 7 years. At the 3rd stage,  total nodal therapy led to complete remission in 73.3% of patients (9--46 months) with 5-year survival of 76.1%; at this stage, polychemotherapy induced complete remission in 65.2% of cases (6--34 months) with 4-year survival of 64%. Much worse were the results of polychemotherapy in the IVth stage. The same series has been reconsidered with allowance for explorative laparotomy by splenectomy carried out in 15 patients in I-II stage and treated with extensive radiotherapy, in 7 IIIrd stage patients subjected to total nodal therapy and in 10 in IIIrd stage treated with MOPP. In IIIrd stage splenectomized patients, the incidence of recurrences is lower than in the controls and independent of treatment. The lower incidence of recurrences also observed in I-II stage cannot be evaluated for the moment.", "PMID": 518282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12154", "title": "Female-to-male transsexuals compared to lesbians: behavioral patterns of childhood and adolescent development.", "content": "We report detailed interview data on a clinical sample (N = 15) of female-to-male transsexuals (FTs) compared to a matched research sample (N = 15) of lesbians (Ls). Both groups were relatively young, with a mean age of 21 years 10 months (FTs) and 23 years 8 months (Ls), respectively, and were of middle or lower SES. Both groups did not differ from each other in respect to frequency of tomboyish behavior or interest in doll play and other aspects of materanl rehearsal. Male peer preference was more often remembered among the FTs, but the difference between the groups was only of borderline significance. The groups differed significantly regarding childhood cross-dressing (80% for FTs, 0% for Ls), gender identity confusion in adolescence (absent among Ls), and negative reaction to breast development and menarche (approximately 70% for FTs, 10% for Ls). The similarities and differences between the two groups in childhood and adolescent development are relevant for clinical management and the differential diagnosis of transsexualism vs. lesbianism.", "contents": "Female-to-male transsexuals compared to lesbians: behavioral patterns of childhood and adolescent development. We report detailed interview data on a clinical sample (N = 15) of female-to-male transsexuals (FTs) compared to a matched research sample (N = 15) of lesbians (Ls). Both groups were relatively young, with a mean age of 21 years 10 months (FTs) and 23 years 8 months (Ls), respectively, and were of middle or lower SES. Both groups did not differ from each other in respect to frequency of tomboyish behavior or interest in doll play and other aspects of materanl rehearsal. Male peer preference was more often remembered among the FTs, but the difference between the groups was only of borderline significance. The groups differed significantly regarding childhood cross-dressing (80% for FTs, 0% for Ls), gender identity confusion in adolescence (absent among Ls), and negative reaction to breast development and menarche (approximately 70% for FTs, 10% for Ls). The similarities and differences between the two groups in childhood and adolescent development are relevant for clinical management and the differential diagnosis of transsexualism vs. lesbianism.", "PMID": 518287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12155", "title": "Psychopathology in self-identified female-to-male transsexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals.", "content": "The comparative self-esteem and psychological well-being of female-to-male transsexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals (patient and nonpatient) were studied. Results indicated that individual candidates for sex-change surgery varied appreciably in self-concept and adjustment, and as a group were indistinguishable from psychiatric controls. Nonpatient homosexuals and heterosexuals demonstrated the most positive self-esteem and level of adjustment.", "contents": "Psychopathology in self-identified female-to-male transsexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals. The comparative self-esteem and psychological well-being of female-to-male transsexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals (patient and nonpatient) were studied. Results indicated that individual candidates for sex-change surgery varied appreciably in self-concept and adjustment, and as a group were indistinguishable from psychiatric controls. Nonpatient homosexuals and heterosexuals demonstrated the most positive self-esteem and level of adjustment.", "PMID": 518288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12156", "title": "[A case of perirenal myxoid liposarcoma].", "content": "Radical operation of a right perirenal myxoid liposarcoma is reported. Retroperitoneal sarcomas, in fact, show little response to antiblastic and radiation management. It is pointed out that angiographic diagnosis is an essential prelmiminary to correct surgical indication, particularly since the clinical picture may well be indistinct and poorly specific.", "contents": "[A case of perirenal myxoid liposarcoma]. Radical operation of a right perirenal myxoid liposarcoma is reported. Retroperitoneal sarcomas, in fact, show little response to antiblastic and radiation management. It is pointed out that angiographic diagnosis is an essential prelmiminary to correct surgical indication, particularly since the clinical picture may well be indistinct and poorly specific.", "PMID": 518284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12157", "title": "[Draize's test in assessment of eye tolerance to various cosmetic products].", "content": "The methods of Marzulli-Ruggles and Draize were used in an assessment of eye irritation on the part of three children's shampoos. Two products proved irritant with the Marzulli-Ruggles method. The most aggressive product was designated VAS-2-36/A. Better tolerance was observed in albino rabbits when the Draize method was used, though even here some ocular alterations were noted. Once again, VAS-2-36/A was the most irritant substance.", "contents": "[Draize's test in assessment of eye tolerance to various cosmetic products]. The methods of Marzulli-Ruggles and Draize were used in an assessment of eye irritation on the part of three children's shampoos. Two products proved irritant with the Marzulli-Ruggles method. The most aggressive product was designated VAS-2-36/A. Better tolerance was observed in albino rabbits when the Draize method was used, though even here some ocular alterations were noted. Once again, VAS-2-36/A was the most irritant substance.", "PMID": 518283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12158", "title": "Flexibility, persistence, and success in sex therapy.", "content": "The predictive utility of patient flexibility as a moderator of persistence and benefit from sex therapy was examined. In addition to a direct self-report flexibility scale, 21 couples completed psychometric measures of sexual and marital compatibility before undergoing a modified Masters and Johnson sexual retraining regimen. Following treatment the 15 continuing pairs filled out the same satisfaction inventories and, along with their male and female cotherapists, made posttherapy ratings of change on sex-specific personal and marital criteria. Flexibility proved to be a strikingly effective discriminator of remainers from early terminators and demonstrated promise as a predictor of favorable sex therapy outcome. Results are discussed in terms of the need to identify and prepare rigid individuals who cannot easily accommodate the relatively directive and value-laden features of sexual retraining.", "contents": "Flexibility, persistence, and success in sex therapy. The predictive utility of patient flexibility as a moderator of persistence and benefit from sex therapy was examined. In addition to a direct self-report flexibility scale, 21 couples completed psychometric measures of sexual and marital compatibility before undergoing a modified Masters and Johnson sexual retraining regimen. Following treatment the 15 continuing pairs filled out the same satisfaction inventories and, along with their male and female cotherapists, made posttherapy ratings of change on sex-specific personal and marital criteria. Flexibility proved to be a strikingly effective discriminator of remainers from early terminators and demonstrated promise as a predictor of favorable sex therapy outcome. Results are discussed in terms of the need to identify and prepare rigid individuals who cannot easily accommodate the relatively directive and value-laden features of sexual retraining.", "PMID": 518289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12159", "title": "Program evaluation in sex education: outcome assessment of sexual awareness weekend workshops.", "content": "The results of an outcome assessment of a growth-oriented sex education program are reported. The evaluation project attempted to overcome flaws of existing sex education research by explicitly delineating goals and by incorporating both a rigorous experimental control group design and quasiexperimental cohort comparisons. A Sex Questionnaire (covering sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior) was administered to the participants of three weekend workshops at the tiem of registration and 1 month later. Overflow resistration for one workshop permitted the random selection of a no-program control group. Results supported inferences of workshop effectiveness in meeting program goals in the areas of attitude and behavior change, but not with regard to increasing sexual knowledge. Implications for development and evaluation of sex education programs are discussed.", "contents": "Program evaluation in sex education: outcome assessment of sexual awareness weekend workshops. The results of an outcome assessment of a growth-oriented sex education program are reported. The evaluation project attempted to overcome flaws of existing sex education research by explicitly delineating goals and by incorporating both a rigorous experimental control group design and quasiexperimental cohort comparisons. A Sex Questionnaire (covering sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior) was administered to the participants of three weekend workshops at the tiem of registration and 1 month later. Overflow resistration for one workshop permitted the random selection of a no-program control group. Results supported inferences of workshop effectiveness in meeting program goals in the areas of attitude and behavior change, but not with regard to increasing sexual knowledge. Implications for development and evaluation of sex education programs are discussed.", "PMID": 518290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12160", "title": "Vitamin A (retinol) status in the rat after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "The effect of a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 10 microgram . kg-1, on the status of vitamin A (retinol) was studied in rats during an eight week period after administration. Retinol was determined spectrophotometrically after separation by means of high pressure liquid chromatography. In the liver of control animals the total storage and the concentration of retinol were found to increase linearly with time whilst in the TCDD-exposed animals both the concentration and total storage remained essentially unchanged. Differences in the storage levels were evident after 4 days, and after 8 weeks the treated animals had a total liver storage corresponding to about 30% of the controls. Retinol levels in serum were significantly higher in the treated animals after week 1 and 2.", "contents": "Vitamin A (retinol) status in the rat after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The effect of a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 10 microgram . kg-1, on the status of vitamin A (retinol) was studied in rats during an eight week period after administration. Retinol was determined spectrophotometrically after separation by means of high pressure liquid chromatography. In the liver of control animals the total storage and the concentration of retinol were found to increase linearly with time whilst in the TCDD-exposed animals both the concentration and total storage remained essentially unchanged. Differences in the storage levels were evident after 4 days, and after 8 weeks the treated animals had a total liver storage corresponding to about 30% of the controls. Retinol levels in serum were significantly higher in the treated animals after week 1 and 2.", "PMID": 518291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12161", "title": "Effects of sodium selenite on methylmercury distribution in mice of late gestational period.", "content": "Mercury distribution in pregnant mice, subcutaneously injected with 1.5 or 15.0 mumol/kg of methylmercury chloride (MeHg) and 0, 1.5 or 15.0 mumol/kg of sodium selenite, was investigated. Selenite increased the retention of mercury in maternal brain in every combination of doses. Selenite also increased mercury concentrations in maternal blood except one combination (MeHg 1.5; selenite 1.5 mumol/kg), and the increased mercury was partitioned to red blood cells. The increased mercury retention by selenite was also found in fetal brain.", "contents": "Effects of sodium selenite on methylmercury distribution in mice of late gestational period. Mercury distribution in pregnant mice, subcutaneously injected with 1.5 or 15.0 mumol/kg of methylmercury chloride (MeHg) and 0, 1.5 or 15.0 mumol/kg of sodium selenite, was investigated. Selenite increased the retention of mercury in maternal brain in every combination of doses. Selenite also increased mercury concentrations in maternal blood except one combination (MeHg 1.5; selenite 1.5 mumol/kg), and the increased mercury was partitioned to red blood cells. The increased mercury retention by selenite was also found in fetal brain.", "PMID": 518292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12162", "title": "Determination of mixtures of urinary benzoic, 3- and 4-methylbenzoic, and mandelic acids by gas chromatography.", "content": "The determination of benzoic, 3- and 4-methylbenzoic, and mandelic acids in urine by gas chromatography (G.C.) is presented. The analytical procedure includes: addition of internal standard (beta-naphthol), alkaline hydrolysis, ethyl ether extraction, evaporation of the solvent, and silylation of acids with Silyl-8 in pyridine (1:1). The results are calculated from ratios of the internal standard and determined metabolites peak surface areas. The coefficient of variation of the method in determination of mentioned acids is +/- 8%.", "contents": "Determination of mixtures of urinary benzoic, 3- and 4-methylbenzoic, and mandelic acids by gas chromatography. The determination of benzoic, 3- and 4-methylbenzoic, and mandelic acids in urine by gas chromatography (G.C.) is presented. The analytical procedure includes: addition of internal standard (beta-naphthol), alkaline hydrolysis, ethyl ether extraction, evaporation of the solvent, and silylation of acids with Silyl-8 in pyridine (1:1). The results are calculated from ratios of the internal standard and determined metabolites peak surface areas. The coefficient of variation of the method in determination of mentioned acids is +/- 8%.", "PMID": 518293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12163", "title": "Some cases of acute intoxications from compulsive use of isoaminile.", "content": "Isoaminile (Peracon) has found in Italy a certain success as a substitute for hard narcotcis. Three observations are reported in which five young adults have been intoxicated by the i.v. administration of the cough suppressant. On the basis of two opposed points of view suggested by the Literature to explain the compulsive abuse of this drug, the A. have studied its physical dependence capacity by using an original technique. The isoaminile cyanide release has been measured too. The experimental results demonstrate that isoaminile does not determine a physical dependence; a slight CN- release activity occurs in vivo only with high doses.", "contents": "Some cases of acute intoxications from compulsive use of isoaminile. Isoaminile (Peracon) has found in Italy a certain success as a substitute for hard narcotcis. Three observations are reported in which five young adults have been intoxicated by the i.v. administration of the cough suppressant. On the basis of two opposed points of view suggested by the Literature to explain the compulsive abuse of this drug, the A. have studied its physical dependence capacity by using an original technique. The isoaminile cyanide release has been measured too. The experimental results demonstrate that isoaminile does not determine a physical dependence; a slight CN- release activity occurs in vivo only with high doses.", "PMID": 518294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12164", "title": "[Suicide by phosphorus poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "In central European countries phosphorus poisonings are rare today. A case of a suicidal intoxication with yellow phosphorus was studied. The clinical course showed the typical three stages including a symptom-free period, although death occurred within 50 h from acute toxic damage of the myocardium. The oral ingestion of phosphorus presents an emergency which demands immediate treatment. Prognosis is depending on the amount of phosphorus absorption in the intestine which is expected to be high if the poison is in a liquid vehicle.", "contents": "[Suicide by phosphorus poisoning (author's transl)]. In central European countries phosphorus poisonings are rare today. A case of a suicidal intoxication with yellow phosphorus was studied. The clinical course showed the typical three stages including a symptom-free period, although death occurred within 50 h from acute toxic damage of the myocardium. The oral ingestion of phosphorus presents an emergency which demands immediate treatment. Prognosis is depending on the amount of phosphorus absorption in the intestine which is expected to be high if the poison is in a liquid vehicle.", "PMID": 518295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12165", "title": "[Hemoperfusion with XAD-4 resin in the treatment of a severe parathion intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "After ingestion of 200-300 ml E 605-forte (i.e., 100-150 g parathion) a maximal concentration of 10.2 mg/l could be measured in the plasma of a male patient. An extracorporeal hemoperfusion was carried out using XAD-4 resin. The clearance valued 83 ml/min at a blood flow of 100 ml/min, which is about 40% higher compared to perfusion on activated charcoal. The described method is possibly an improved technique which could raise the rate of survival following parathion intoxication. In our study, however, the fatal end could not be prevented due to the intake of a very high dose of the poison.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion with XAD-4 resin in the treatment of a severe parathion intoxication (author's transl)]. After ingestion of 200-300 ml E 605-forte (i.e., 100-150 g parathion) a maximal concentration of 10.2 mg/l could be measured in the plasma of a male patient. An extracorporeal hemoperfusion was carried out using XAD-4 resin. The clearance valued 83 ml/min at a blood flow of 100 ml/min, which is about 40% higher compared to perfusion on activated charcoal. The described method is possibly an improved technique which could raise the rate of survival following parathion intoxication. In our study, however, the fatal end could not be prevented due to the intake of a very high dose of the poison.", "PMID": 518296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12166", "title": "Growth of measles virus in continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues of human and rat.", "content": "Growth of two measles virus strains, the TYCSA and CAM, was compared in three continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues, human neuroblastoma IMR-32, human glioma 118MGC, and rat glioma C-6. The two human neural cells were shown to support the growth of both measles virus strains as efficiently as in the non-neural Vero cells. Different types of cytopathic effect (CPE) between the two virus strains were noticed in IMR-32 cells; the CAM strain induced strand-forming type CPE and the TYCSA strain giant-cell type CPE. As a difference of growth pattern between IMR-32 and 118MGC cells, virus antigen was demonstrated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of 118MGC cells whereas virus antigen was present only in the cytoplasm of IMR-32 cells. In contrast to the productive infection in human neural cells, growth of both virus strains was restricted in rat glioma C-6 cells without showing CPE although the prolonged presence of virus antigens was demonstrated by the immunofluorescent technique.", "contents": "Growth of measles virus in continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues of human and rat. Growth of two measles virus strains, the TYCSA and CAM, was compared in three continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues, human neuroblastoma IMR-32, human glioma 118MGC, and rat glioma C-6. The two human neural cells were shown to support the growth of both measles virus strains as efficiently as in the non-neural Vero cells. Different types of cytopathic effect (CPE) between the two virus strains were noticed in IMR-32 cells; the CAM strain induced strand-forming type CPE and the TYCSA strain giant-cell type CPE. As a difference of growth pattern between IMR-32 and 118MGC cells, virus antigen was demonstrated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of 118MGC cells whereas virus antigen was present only in the cytoplasm of IMR-32 cells. In contrast to the productive infection in human neural cells, growth of both virus strains was restricted in rat glioma C-6 cells without showing CPE although the prolonged presence of virus antigens was demonstrated by the immunofluorescent technique.", "PMID": 518297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12167", "title": "Recall phenomenon induced with ovine adenoviruses. Brief report.", "content": "The evidence of the recall phenomenon was demonstrated in lambs vaccinated against ovine adenoviruses belonging to different serotypes. This phenomenon is of great importance in the specific control of diseases of lambs caused by adenoviruses.", "contents": "Recall phenomenon induced with ovine adenoviruses. Brief report. The evidence of the recall phenomenon was demonstrated in lambs vaccinated against ovine adenoviruses belonging to different serotypes. This phenomenon is of great importance in the specific control of diseases of lambs caused by adenoviruses.", "PMID": 518298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12168", "title": "Interferon response to human diploid cell strain rabies vaccines in man.", "content": "Circulating interferon was found in volunteers immunized with 3.0 ml and 1.0 ml doses of human diploid cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccines. Peak interferon titres were observed 17--25 hours after primary vaccination and the response diminished upon revaccination. The response was dose-related and did not correlate with the antigenic value of the vaccines or with the titre of infections virus in the vaccines before inactivation.", "contents": "Interferon response to human diploid cell strain rabies vaccines in man. Circulating interferon was found in volunteers immunized with 3.0 ml and 1.0 ml doses of human diploid cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccines. Peak interferon titres were observed 17--25 hours after primary vaccination and the response diminished upon revaccination. The response was dose-related and did not correlate with the antigenic value of the vaccines or with the titre of infections virus in the vaccines before inactivation.", "PMID": 518299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12169", "title": "Properties of rabies virus (MNIIVP-74 strain) adapted to Japanese quail embryo cell culture.", "content": "The Pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus was adapted to primary cell cultures of Japanese quail embryos and designated as MNIIVP-74. In the course of adaptation the virus pathogenicity for rabbits by the intracerebral route decreased considerably and the pathogenicity for rabbits and adult white mice by extraneural routes was completely lost. After inoculation of Japanese quail embryo cell cultures, a titer of the virus in the culture fluid at 4 days was 6.25--7.0 lg LD50/ml (by the intracerebral inoculation of adult white mice). Viral antigen could be detected by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of approximately 60 per cent of the cells. Virus multiplication was accompanied by intensive interferon production. In cultures of BHK-21/13S cells the titer of the virus reached was 5.75 lg LD50/ml at 24 hours and about 30 per cent of the cells were affected. The MNIIVP-74 virus showed a high immunogenic activity in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice.", "contents": "Properties of rabies virus (MNIIVP-74 strain) adapted to Japanese quail embryo cell culture. The Pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus was adapted to primary cell cultures of Japanese quail embryos and designated as MNIIVP-74. In the course of adaptation the virus pathogenicity for rabbits by the intracerebral route decreased considerably and the pathogenicity for rabbits and adult white mice by extraneural routes was completely lost. After inoculation of Japanese quail embryo cell cultures, a titer of the virus in the culture fluid at 4 days was 6.25--7.0 lg LD50/ml (by the intracerebral inoculation of adult white mice). Viral antigen could be detected by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of approximately 60 per cent of the cells. Virus multiplication was accompanied by intensive interferon production. In cultures of BHK-21/13S cells the titer of the virus reached was 5.75 lg LD50/ml at 24 hours and about 30 per cent of the cells were affected. The MNIIVP-74 virus showed a high immunogenic activity in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice.", "PMID": 518300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12170", "title": "Replication of standard and defective Ross River virus in BHK cells: patterns of viral RNA and polypeptide synthesis.", "content": "Virus-specific macromolecule synthesis has been examined in BHK cells infected with Ross River virus. Unpassaged virus (R-0) and tenth-passage virus (R-10) have been compared. In infected cells R-0 generates i) 45S, 28S, 33S and 26S viral RNAs, ii) virus-specific precursor polypeptides of mol. wt. 127,000, 95,000 and 61,000 and iii) viral envelope proteins (mol. wts. 52,000 and 49,000) and nucleocapsid protein (mol. wt. 32,000). Thus in terms of virus-specific RNA and polypeptide synthesis, the replication of standard RRV is analogous to that of Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. R-10 interferes with the replication of standard Ross River virus and generates large amounts of 19S and 24S defective RNA species; 45S and 26S RNA synthesis was not markedly affected. Defective RNAs are associated with RNAse-sensitive, 50S cytoplasmic particles which contain a variety of (mainly host) proteins but no nucleocapsid protein. No evidence for translation of defective RNAs was obtained. R-10 infection is also characterized by a relatively early shut down of host protein syntehsis and by a reduction in virus-specific polypeptide synthesis and nucleocapsid formation. The data suggest that defective Ross River virus interferes primarily at the translational level.", "contents": "Replication of standard and defective Ross River virus in BHK cells: patterns of viral RNA and polypeptide synthesis. Virus-specific macromolecule synthesis has been examined in BHK cells infected with Ross River virus. Unpassaged virus (R-0) and tenth-passage virus (R-10) have been compared. In infected cells R-0 generates i) 45S, 28S, 33S and 26S viral RNAs, ii) virus-specific precursor polypeptides of mol. wt. 127,000, 95,000 and 61,000 and iii) viral envelope proteins (mol. wts. 52,000 and 49,000) and nucleocapsid protein (mol. wt. 32,000). Thus in terms of virus-specific RNA and polypeptide synthesis, the replication of standard RRV is analogous to that of Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. R-10 interferes with the replication of standard Ross River virus and generates large amounts of 19S and 24S defective RNA species; 45S and 26S RNA synthesis was not markedly affected. Defective RNAs are associated with RNAse-sensitive, 50S cytoplasmic particles which contain a variety of (mainly host) proteins but no nucleocapsid protein. No evidence for translation of defective RNAs was obtained. R-10 infection is also characterized by a relatively early shut down of host protein syntehsis and by a reduction in virus-specific polypeptide synthesis and nucleocapsid formation. The data suggest that defective Ross River virus interferes primarily at the translational level.", "PMID": 518301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12171", "title": "Selective inactivation of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on mumps virus.", "content": "The thermal stability and the effect of guanidine on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of three strains of mumps virus were compared. The heat inactivation of hemagglutinin resulted in the concomitant loss of neuraminidase. The effect of guanidine at various molarities showed that the neuraminidase was more sensitive than the hemagglutinin and a selective inactivation was obtained after exposure to 1.5 M guanidine. However differences in sensitivity of both activities (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) to heat and guanidine inactivations were observed among strains and correlated with differential susceptibility to non-specific inhibitors of the strains.", "contents": "Selective inactivation of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on mumps virus. The thermal stability and the effect of guanidine on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of three strains of mumps virus were compared. The heat inactivation of hemagglutinin resulted in the concomitant loss of neuraminidase. The effect of guanidine at various molarities showed that the neuraminidase was more sensitive than the hemagglutinin and a selective inactivation was obtained after exposure to 1.5 M guanidine. However differences in sensitivity of both activities (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) to heat and guanidine inactivations were observed among strains and correlated with differential susceptibility to non-specific inhibitors of the strains.", "PMID": 518302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12172", "title": "Spread of infectious virus along the optic nerve into the retina in Borna disease virus-infected rabbits.", "content": "Selective damage of the optic nerve of 14 rabbits without interfering with the choroidal blood flow which supplies the retina and without altering the autonomic nerve supply was successfully achieved by Xenon coagulation. This procedure interrupted the axonal pathway between the brain and the eye. After experimental infection with Borna disease virus the typical disease could be induced. The pathognomonic retinopathy as well as characteristic perivascular choroidal infiltrates, however, did not appear in eyes with coagulated nerve heads. In general virus-specific antigen or infectious virus were not present in the retinas of such damaged eyes. These results permit the conclusion that the ocular expression of Borna disease is a consequence of virus transport via the optic nerve.", "contents": "Spread of infectious virus along the optic nerve into the retina in Borna disease virus-infected rabbits. Selective damage of the optic nerve of 14 rabbits without interfering with the choroidal blood flow which supplies the retina and without altering the autonomic nerve supply was successfully achieved by Xenon coagulation. This procedure interrupted the axonal pathway between the brain and the eye. After experimental infection with Borna disease virus the typical disease could be induced. The pathognomonic retinopathy as well as characteristic perivascular choroidal infiltrates, however, did not appear in eyes with coagulated nerve heads. In general virus-specific antigen or infectious virus were not present in the retinas of such damaged eyes. These results permit the conclusion that the ocular expression of Borna disease is a consequence of virus transport via the optic nerve.", "PMID": 518303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12173", "title": "Comparison of mycoplasmatales virus MV-Lg-pS2-L172 with plasmavirus MV-L2 and the other mycoplasma viruses.", "content": "Mycoplasma virus MV-Lg-pS2-L172 was sensitive to heat (56 degrees C/30 minutes), Nonidet-P40 and ether. In these respects it resembled Plasmavirus MB-L2. However, it differed from MV-L2 (and the other mycoplasma viruses, MV-L1, MV-L3 and BN1 virus) in reciprocal plaque inhibition and serum neutralization tests (MV-L2 only). By plaque formation on host lawns resistant to the different mycoplasma viruses, including MV-Lg-pS2-L172, this latter virus was shown to be distinct from the other viruses, including MV-L2. Both MV-Lg-pS2-L172 and MV-L2 possessed one polypeptide band (out of 10) that was not common to the heterologous virus.", "contents": "Comparison of mycoplasmatales virus MV-Lg-pS2-L172 with plasmavirus MV-L2 and the other mycoplasma viruses. Mycoplasma virus MV-Lg-pS2-L172 was sensitive to heat (56 degrees C/30 minutes), Nonidet-P40 and ether. In these respects it resembled Plasmavirus MB-L2. However, it differed from MV-L2 (and the other mycoplasma viruses, MV-L1, MV-L3 and BN1 virus) in reciprocal plaque inhibition and serum neutralization tests (MV-L2 only). By plaque formation on host lawns resistant to the different mycoplasma viruses, including MV-Lg-pS2-L172, this latter virus was shown to be distinct from the other viruses, including MV-L2. Both MV-Lg-pS2-L172 and MV-L2 possessed one polypeptide band (out of 10) that was not common to the heterologous virus.", "PMID": 518304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12174", "title": "A comparative study of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA synthesis in acutely and persistently infected cells.", "content": "Rate zonal and buoyant density gradient centrifugation did not reveal any difference between tick-borne encephalitis virus virions released from acutely or persistently infected cells. All three RNA species characteristic for flavivirus replication were found both in acutely or persistently infected cells, but increased levels of intracellular 42S RNA polyadenylation was observed in persistently infected cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA synthesis in acutely and persistently infected cells. Rate zonal and buoyant density gradient centrifugation did not reveal any difference between tick-borne encephalitis virus virions released from acutely or persistently infected cells. All three RNA species characteristic for flavivirus replication were found both in acutely or persistently infected cells, but increased levels of intracellular 42S RNA polyadenylation was observed in persistently infected cells.", "PMID": 518305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12175", "title": "Recovery of immune responsiveness to rabies vaccine after treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Mice treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) recovered the ability to mount delayed type hypersensitivity reactions within 3 days. By contrast, antibody production to a T cell independent antigen (E. coli lipopolysaccharide) and to human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine did not occur unless the immunization of Cy-treated mice was delayed for 7-10 days. No significant resistance to rabies infection was recorded at 10 days but was demonstrable if 14 days had elapsed between Cy treatment and vaccination.", "contents": "Recovery of immune responsiveness to rabies vaccine after treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) recovered the ability to mount delayed type hypersensitivity reactions within 3 days. By contrast, antibody production to a T cell independent antigen (E. coli lipopolysaccharide) and to human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine did not occur unless the immunization of Cy-treated mice was delayed for 7-10 days. No significant resistance to rabies infection was recorded at 10 days but was demonstrable if 14 days had elapsed between Cy treatment and vaccination.", "PMID": 518306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12176", "title": "Non-productive paramyxovirus infection: Nariva virus infection in hamsters.", "content": "The pathogenesis of infection with Nariva virus (NV)--recently classified as a paramyxovirus--was studied in the hamster, an animal closely related to the natural host. Intracranial inoculation of suckling hamsters produces an acute necrotizing encephalitis with large amounts of infectious virus and virus antigen in the brain. In contrast, weanling hamsters have only small amounts of infectious virus and only early in the disease, when they are well; later, when clinically ill, they have a non-productive infection with continuing evidence of viral antigen, but no detectable infectious virus. Weanlings die later than sucklings with less cerebral parenchymal necrosis. The integrity of the immune system affects the expression of NV since brain tissue from anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) treated infected weanling hamsters have more infectious virus, and for longer periods, than brain tissue from untreated infected weanling hamsters. Changing susceptibility of the host's neural cells may also be involved in determining the course of the illness and expression of the virus since: 1) ALS treatment does not influence the clinical course of the disease or pathology, 2) ALS treated weanlings still have much lower levels of infectious virus than sucklings, 3) infected weanling and suckling hamsters have a similar time course of development of NV neutralizing antibody.", "contents": "Non-productive paramyxovirus infection: Nariva virus infection in hamsters. The pathogenesis of infection with Nariva virus (NV)--recently classified as a paramyxovirus--was studied in the hamster, an animal closely related to the natural host. Intracranial inoculation of suckling hamsters produces an acute necrotizing encephalitis with large amounts of infectious virus and virus antigen in the brain. In contrast, weanling hamsters have only small amounts of infectious virus and only early in the disease, when they are well; later, when clinically ill, they have a non-productive infection with continuing evidence of viral antigen, but no detectable infectious virus. Weanlings die later than sucklings with less cerebral parenchymal necrosis. The integrity of the immune system affects the expression of NV since brain tissue from anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) treated infected weanling hamsters have more infectious virus, and for longer periods, than brain tissue from untreated infected weanling hamsters. Changing susceptibility of the host's neural cells may also be involved in determining the course of the illness and expression of the virus since: 1) ALS treatment does not influence the clinical course of the disease or pathology, 2) ALS treated weanlings still have much lower levels of infectious virus than sucklings, 3) infected weanling and suckling hamsters have a similar time course of development of NV neutralizing antibody.", "PMID": 518307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12177", "title": "Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB).", "content": "DRB is an inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and messenger RNA (MRNA) synthesis. The effect of DRB on interferon production stimulated by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the human FS-4 cells was studied. Interferon production in cells primed by treatment with interferon was markedly enhanced (superinduced) in the presence of DRB. This superinduction was essentially due to an inhibition of the rapid decline (shutoff) of interferon production observed in primed cells not treated with DRB. Continuous presence of DRB was required for maximal superinduction. In this and other respects the interferon response induced by NDV in primed cells resembled poly(I). poly(C)-induced interferon production. In contrast interferon production in cells not primed with interferon was virtually abolished by DRB treatment. Since neither virus specific RNA synthesis nor virus replication were significantly affected by DRB, the inhibition of interferon production is likely to result from the inhibitory action of DRB on a cellular, rather than viral, function. Apparently some differences exist in the synthesis or processing of the mRNAs for interferons in primed and unprimed cells and these determine the different sensitivities of these two responses to DRB.", "contents": "Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). DRB is an inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and messenger RNA (MRNA) synthesis. The effect of DRB on interferon production stimulated by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the human FS-4 cells was studied. Interferon production in cells primed by treatment with interferon was markedly enhanced (superinduced) in the presence of DRB. This superinduction was essentially due to an inhibition of the rapid decline (shutoff) of interferon production observed in primed cells not treated with DRB. Continuous presence of DRB was required for maximal superinduction. In this and other respects the interferon response induced by NDV in primed cells resembled poly(I). poly(C)-induced interferon production. In contrast interferon production in cells not primed with interferon was virtually abolished by DRB treatment. Since neither virus specific RNA synthesis nor virus replication were significantly affected by DRB, the inhibition of interferon production is likely to result from the inhibitory action of DRB on a cellular, rather than viral, function. Apparently some differences exist in the synthesis or processing of the mRNAs for interferons in primed and unprimed cells and these determine the different sensitivities of these two responses to DRB.", "PMID": 518308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12178", "title": "Probable association of plaque size with neuraminidase subtype among H3N2 influenza A viruses. Brief report.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that the plaque size of certain influenza A H3N2 virus recombinants is dependent on their containing a specific neuraminidase glycoprotein, but is independent of the genes coding for the HA, P3, and NP proteins.", "contents": "Probable association of plaque size with neuraminidase subtype among H3N2 influenza A viruses. Brief report. The present study demonstrates that the plaque size of certain influenza A H3N2 virus recombinants is dependent on their containing a specific neuraminidase glycoprotein, but is independent of the genes coding for the HA, P3, and NP proteins.", "PMID": 518309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12179", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the lipid content in regenerating connective tissue].", "content": "An experimental quantitative histological investigation was performed to study lipids in cellular elements of the regenerated connective tissue. Flap wounds were cut on the back of white mice and granulation tissue dissected 1, 3, 7, 14 30 and 60 days after the operation was investigated. Lipids and cellular elements were revealed with Sudan III-IV black B and Nile blue. Lipid quantity was estimated by means of a modified scanning integrating microphotometer. The greatest amount of lipids in the cellular elements of the granulation tissue was revealed on the 3d day of the experiment, total optic density (TOD) of lipids in leucocytes was 0.83, TOD in histiocytes--0.6. On the 7th day the amount of lipids decreased, their TOD in leucocytes was 0.6, in histiocytes--0.4. By the 14th day only phospholipids were revealed, in histiocytes their TOD was 0.3. In subsequent days phospholipid contents continued decreasing and by the 30th day their TOD was 0.2. By the 60th day, when a scar was formed in the wound, in fact, there were no lipids in the cellular elements. The microphotometric investigation performed demonstrated qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lipids in the cellular elements of the granulation tissue in dynamics and their close dependence on the time of wound healing. It was also revealed that the regenerative process was accompanied by decreasing lipid amount in the cellular elements, and this phenomenon could be used as a peculiar test to prognosticate the process of wound healing.", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the lipid content in regenerating connective tissue]. An experimental quantitative histological investigation was performed to study lipids in cellular elements of the regenerated connective tissue. Flap wounds were cut on the back of white mice and granulation tissue dissected 1, 3, 7, 14 30 and 60 days after the operation was investigated. Lipids and cellular elements were revealed with Sudan III-IV black B and Nile blue. Lipid quantity was estimated by means of a modified scanning integrating microphotometer. The greatest amount of lipids in the cellular elements of the granulation tissue was revealed on the 3d day of the experiment, total optic density (TOD) of lipids in leucocytes was 0.83, TOD in histiocytes--0.6. On the 7th day the amount of lipids decreased, their TOD in leucocytes was 0.6, in histiocytes--0.4. By the 14th day only phospholipids were revealed, in histiocytes their TOD was 0.3. In subsequent days phospholipid contents continued decreasing and by the 30th day their TOD was 0.2. By the 60th day, when a scar was formed in the wound, in fact, there were no lipids in the cellular elements. The microphotometric investigation performed demonstrated qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lipids in the cellular elements of the granulation tissue in dynamics and their close dependence on the time of wound healing. It was also revealed that the regenerative process was accompanied by decreasing lipid amount in the cellular elements, and this phenomenon could be used as a peculiar test to prognosticate the process of wound healing.", "PMID": 518324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12180", "title": "[Lumbar portion of the human spinal canal at different age periods].", "content": "The investigation was performed in 253 lumbosacral parts of the spinal column in fetuses, children and adult men in order to study age dynamics of the vertebral canal both at the level of the vertebra and at the level of the intervertebral disks. For the first time reliable data were obtained on dimentions of sagittal and frontal diameters of the canal at the lumbar level in practically healthy persons of different age. \"Vertical comparison\" of mean values of these parameters gave information on the character of spatial reaction of the canal dimentions and its form at various levels and demonstrated age peculiarities of these relations. In persons at the age of 22-74 years in vertibral segments of the lumbar part of the spinal column certain degenerative-destructive processes were revealed; they could affect the size and form of the canal. The rate, level and degree of these processes were demonstrated to vary in different age periods.", "contents": "[Lumbar portion of the human spinal canal at different age periods]. The investigation was performed in 253 lumbosacral parts of the spinal column in fetuses, children and adult men in order to study age dynamics of the vertebral canal both at the level of the vertebra and at the level of the intervertebral disks. For the first time reliable data were obtained on dimentions of sagittal and frontal diameters of the canal at the lumbar level in practically healthy persons of different age. \"Vertical comparison\" of mean values of these parameters gave information on the character of spatial reaction of the canal dimentions and its form at various levels and demonstrated age peculiarities of these relations. In persons at the age of 22-74 years in vertibral segments of the lumbar part of the spinal column certain degenerative-destructive processes were revealed; they could affect the size and form of the canal. The rate, level and degree of these processes were demonstrated to vary in different age periods.", "PMID": 518326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12181", "title": "[Sources of the blood supply to the human bulbar conjunctiva].", "content": "In 93 complex preparations of the human orbit, the sources for blood supply of the eyeball conjunctiva, types of orbital vessels, including size of their diameters, were studied. The open parts of the conjunctiva were stated to get arteries of greater diameters comparing to those supplying the subconjunctival parts. It was noted that some sources of blood supply take their origin from the external carotid artery. This fact should be taken into account when choosing the part for biomicroscopy of the eyeball conjunctiva vessels.", "contents": "[Sources of the blood supply to the human bulbar conjunctiva]. In 93 complex preparations of the human orbit, the sources for blood supply of the eyeball conjunctiva, types of orbital vessels, including size of their diameters, were studied. The open parts of the conjunctiva were stated to get arteries of greater diameters comparing to those supplying the subconjunctival parts. It was noted that some sources of blood supply take their origin from the external carotid artery. This fact should be taken into account when choosing the part for biomicroscopy of the eyeball conjunctiva vessels.", "PMID": 518327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12182", "title": "[Anatomical basis for cerebrospinal fluid resorption by the structures of the microcirculatory bed in the human spinal dura mater].", "content": "By means of noninjective methods of investigation a specific capillary network of a sinusoidal type, peculiar arteriolovenular anastomoses, additional reservoirs in the area of postcapillaries and venules described in the microcirculatory bed of the spinal dura mater. The peculiarity of this vascular bed is thought by the authors to be connected with liquor resorption from the subdural space of the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Anatomical basis for cerebrospinal fluid resorption by the structures of the microcirculatory bed in the human spinal dura mater]. By means of noninjective methods of investigation a specific capillary network of a sinusoidal type, peculiar arteriolovenular anastomoses, additional reservoirs in the area of postcapillaries and venules described in the microcirculatory bed of the spinal dura mater. The peculiarity of this vascular bed is thought by the authors to be connected with liquor resorption from the subdural space of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 518328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12183", "title": "[Experimental anatomical basis for a new method of revascularizing the femoral head for the treatment of avascular necrosis].", "content": "Two series of experiments were performed in rabbits of both sex at the age of 2-6 months. In I series (42 rabbits) the modelling of Perthes' diseases was performed by a lesion produced in the proximal diaepiphysial femoral growth zone. Character and course of pathological processes in the femoral head and neck were studied. They were mainly correspond to 5 clinical roentgenological stages of Perthes' disease. In II series (52 rabbits) with the model of Perthes' disease the suggested operation on revascularization of the femoral head by means of a periosteal muscular graft on a feeding peduncle was applied. Histological, angiological, roentgenological investigations and the method on indication of radioactive phosphorus (P32) demonstrated good vascularizational and reparative properties of the transplant applied. In 50 patients with Perthes' disease the result of a conservative treatment were studied. In 25 patients the operation on revascularization of the femoral head by means of a periosteal muscular transplant on a feeding peduncle was applied according to the technique suggested. The analysis of the treatment results demonstrated that restoration of the femoral bone configuration and that of functioning of the coxofemoral joint occurred sooner, further progressive course of the disease was stopped, duration of treatment was shorter as compared to the conservative methods. The operation suggested could be applied together with other operative methods for treatment of Perthes' disease.", "contents": "[Experimental anatomical basis for a new method of revascularizing the femoral head for the treatment of avascular necrosis]. Two series of experiments were performed in rabbits of both sex at the age of 2-6 months. In I series (42 rabbits) the modelling of Perthes' diseases was performed by a lesion produced in the proximal diaepiphysial femoral growth zone. Character and course of pathological processes in the femoral head and neck were studied. They were mainly correspond to 5 clinical roentgenological stages of Perthes' disease. In II series (52 rabbits) with the model of Perthes' disease the suggested operation on revascularization of the femoral head by means of a periosteal muscular graft on a feeding peduncle was applied. Histological, angiological, roentgenological investigations and the method on indication of radioactive phosphorus (P32) demonstrated good vascularizational and reparative properties of the transplant applied. In 50 patients with Perthes' disease the result of a conservative treatment were studied. In 25 patients the operation on revascularization of the femoral head by means of a periosteal muscular transplant on a feeding peduncle was applied according to the technique suggested. The analysis of the treatment results demonstrated that restoration of the femoral bone configuration and that of functioning of the coxofemoral joint occurred sooner, further progressive course of the disease was stopped, duration of treatment was shorter as compared to the conservative methods. The operation suggested could be applied together with other operative methods for treatment of Perthes' disease.", "PMID": 518329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12184", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the accessory structures of the cat lingual receptors].", "content": "By means of scanning electron microscopy detailed topographic map of the cat tongue was made. It was demonstrated that besides three types of chemoreceptor formations, the dorsal surface of the cat tongue possess the same amount of additional mechanoreceptor structures. By means of registration of afferent impulses, from the lingual nerve fibres at their adequate stimulation, it was possible to determine functional role of some of them.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the accessory structures of the cat lingual receptors]. By means of scanning electron microscopy detailed topographic map of the cat tongue was made. It was demonstrated that besides three types of chemoreceptor formations, the dorsal surface of the cat tongue possess the same amount of additional mechanoreceptor structures. By means of registration of afferent impulses, from the lingual nerve fibres at their adequate stimulation, it was possible to determine functional role of some of them.", "PMID": 518330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12185", "title": "[Effect of stimulation and destruction of the amydgala on folliculogenesis in the ovaries of infantile rats].", "content": "Changes occurring ovarian folliculogenesis as a result of stimulation and destruction of the cortico-medial part of the amygdala, as well as the effect of choriogonadotropine on the background of these changes were studied in 80 infantile female rats. The stimulation and destruction of the cortico-medial part of the amygdala were stated to stimulate production of larger ovarian follicles and also to affect the changes produced by administration of choriogonadotropine.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation and destruction of the amydgala on folliculogenesis in the ovaries of infantile rats]. Changes occurring ovarian folliculogenesis as a result of stimulation and destruction of the cortico-medial part of the amygdala, as well as the effect of choriogonadotropine on the background of these changes were studied in 80 infantile female rats. The stimulation and destruction of the cortico-medial part of the amygdala were stated to stimulate production of larger ovarian follicles and also to affect the changes produced by administration of choriogonadotropine.", "PMID": 518331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12186", "title": "[Myonic makeup of the muscles innervated by the vagus nerve].", "content": "Histochemical investigation on succinic dehydrogenase activity and morphometric studies have demonstrated certain differences in the dog sublingual group of muscles. The thyreohyoid and sternohyoid muscles innervated by spinal nerves possess three types of myons differing in succinic dehydrogenase activity and in the area of transversal section. The cricothyreoid muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor obtaining their motor innervation from the vagus nerve are composed of unitypical muscular fibres with nearly the same areas of transversal section and high enzymic activity. The differences noted should be explained by different sources of motor innervation.", "contents": "[Myonic makeup of the muscles innervated by the vagus nerve]. Histochemical investigation on succinic dehydrogenase activity and morphometric studies have demonstrated certain differences in the dog sublingual group of muscles. The thyreohyoid and sternohyoid muscles innervated by spinal nerves possess three types of myons differing in succinic dehydrogenase activity and in the area of transversal section. The cricothyreoid muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor obtaining their motor innervation from the vagus nerve are composed of unitypical muscular fibres with nearly the same areas of transversal section and high enzymic activity. The differences noted should be explained by different sources of motor innervation.", "PMID": 518332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12187", "title": "[Reactive changes in the skeletal muscle tissue to the action of the rays of a carbon dioxide laser].", "content": "Cross-striated muscular tissue in white rats was studied histologically and morphometrically after the effect of laser. In the first series of the experiment (25 rats) the tongue, musculus masseter and femoral muscles were cut by means of carbon dioxide laser device \"Scalpel-1\" changing its power within the limits of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% from maximum (35V). Immediately after the procedure, the pathological focus along the line of the incision had clear borders and consisted of a line of coagulated necrosis and a zone of necrobiosis. Its size was 48-75 mkm and depended on the power of irradiation and on how the laser ray was directed towards the course of muscular fibres. A definite difference was revealed in the size of zones of coagulated necrosis and necrobiosis of lingual myons situating lengthwise and across the axis of the laser ray. In the second series of the experiments (50 rats) regeneration of the tongue and musculus masseter was studied. On the first day, edema and infiltration were insignificant because of coagulation of the blood vessels. Capillaries with the diameter of 20 mkm were forming from the preserved vessels and growing into the granulation tissue. On the second week, young muscular elements appear in the regenerate. Nonresorbted areas of the coagulated tissue impede myonic regeneration. On the 35-40 th day, fine muscular fibres, connective tissue and capillaires of normal size can be found within the traumatic area. The data obtained are compared with the results on reactivity of skeletal muscles after other types of lesions.", "contents": "[Reactive changes in the skeletal muscle tissue to the action of the rays of a carbon dioxide laser]. Cross-striated muscular tissue in white rats was studied histologically and morphometrically after the effect of laser. In the first series of the experiment (25 rats) the tongue, musculus masseter and femoral muscles were cut by means of carbon dioxide laser device \"Scalpel-1\" changing its power within the limits of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% from maximum (35V). Immediately after the procedure, the pathological focus along the line of the incision had clear borders and consisted of a line of coagulated necrosis and a zone of necrobiosis. Its size was 48-75 mkm and depended on the power of irradiation and on how the laser ray was directed towards the course of muscular fibres. A definite difference was revealed in the size of zones of coagulated necrosis and necrobiosis of lingual myons situating lengthwise and across the axis of the laser ray. In the second series of the experiments (50 rats) regeneration of the tongue and musculus masseter was studied. On the first day, edema and infiltration were insignificant because of coagulation of the blood vessels. Capillaries with the diameter of 20 mkm were forming from the preserved vessels and growing into the granulation tissue. On the second week, young muscular elements appear in the regenerate. Nonresorbted areas of the coagulated tissue impede myonic regeneration. On the 35-40 th day, fine muscular fibres, connective tissue and capillaires of normal size can be found within the traumatic area. The data obtained are compared with the results on reactivity of skeletal muscles after other types of lesions.", "PMID": 518333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12188", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the structural organization of the human ventricular myocardium].", "content": "A special technique was worked out in order to study structural organization of the ventricular myocardium (90 human hearts without pathological signs) at macromicroscopical level. It is convenient to estimate spatial orientation of the cardiac contractile elements by the direction of fibrillar fasiculi at definite points. Quantitative characteristics on orientation of myocardial fibrillar fasciculi were obtained according to depth and extension of the cardiac wall in reference to the three-dimentional system of coordinates. Mathematical description of the structural organization of the ventricular myocardium was presented, the cardiac wall was considered as a thick envelope of a complex form. The structural organization was described by means of single vectors, tangents to the fibrillar fasiculi of the myocardium at the points of measurements.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the structural organization of the human ventricular myocardium]. A special technique was worked out in order to study structural organization of the ventricular myocardium (90 human hearts without pathological signs) at macromicroscopical level. It is convenient to estimate spatial orientation of the cardiac contractile elements by the direction of fibrillar fasiculi at definite points. Quantitative characteristics on orientation of myocardial fibrillar fasciculi were obtained according to depth and extension of the cardiac wall in reference to the three-dimentional system of coordinates. Mathematical description of the structural organization of the ventricular myocardium was presented, the cardiac wall was considered as a thick envelope of a complex form. The structural organization was described by means of single vectors, tangents to the fibrillar fasiculi of the myocardium at the points of measurements.", "PMID": 518334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12189", "title": "[Change in the myocardial capillary endothelium in the early periods after x-ray irradiation (an electron microscopic study)].", "content": "According to the data of quantitative electron microscopic analysis in rats 1-48 h after total x-ray irradiation (450 rad) the number of microvesicles in endothelial capillaries decreases. Increasing size of the microvesicles and appearance of vacuoles does not compensate decreased total transport volume of these structures. After irradiation, in most capillaries the endothelial layer does not change its thickness; neither lesions in intracellular contacts nor formation of holes are observed. Both width of pericapillary zones and total volume of interstitial space in the myocardium do not change during the time of investigation.", "contents": "[Change in the myocardial capillary endothelium in the early periods after x-ray irradiation (an electron microscopic study)]. According to the data of quantitative electron microscopic analysis in rats 1-48 h after total x-ray irradiation (450 rad) the number of microvesicles in endothelial capillaries decreases. Increasing size of the microvesicles and appearance of vacuoles does not compensate decreased total transport volume of these structures. After irradiation, in most capillaries the endothelial layer does not change its thickness; neither lesions in intracellular contacts nor formation of holes are observed. Both width of pericapillary zones and total volume of interstitial space in the myocardium do not change during the time of investigation.", "PMID": 518335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12190", "title": "[Arterial monoaminocytes of the base of the brain in vertebrates].", "content": "By Falck's method monoaminocytes of the arteries in the encephalon base were studied in Teleostei (Anarhichas lupus, Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti Liza soiuy in amphibians (Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Bufo bufo), in reptiles (Testudo horsfiedli, Trionyx chinensis) and in birds (blue rock pigeon, hen). Specific and individual peculiarities in chromaffinocyte, labrocyte and melanophore distribution were revealed in the vertebrate cranial arteries. In all the animals studied chromaffin cells are more frequent in the lateral olfactory artery. Their concentration decreases towards cranial, caudal branches of the internal carotid artery, the main and internal carotid arteries. The greatest amount of chromaffinocytes was found in the cranial arteries of Anarhichas lupus, then comes Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza soiny Concentration of melanophores in fishes increases with enlargement of the vascular diameter; these cells are more abundant in the arteries of Anarhichas lupus and in less amount in Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza. Pigmented cells are more abundant in the internal carotid artery and its cranial and caudal branches than in lateral, olfactory and main arteries of fishes. On the contrary, in  amphibians, the main artery contains a maximal concentration of melanophores. In the tortoise cranial arteries, there are only single cells of this type, and birds have no such cells. Labrocytes occur in the greatest concentration in the tortoise cranial arteries and in other vertebrates they are scarce or absent. As a whole, the role of the local endocrine link in regulation of the brain arteries mobility decreases in the following way: fishes--amphibians--reptiles--birds.", "contents": "[Arterial monoaminocytes of the base of the brain in vertebrates]. By Falck's method monoaminocytes of the arteries in the encephalon base were studied in Teleostei (Anarhichas lupus, Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti Liza soiuy in amphibians (Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Bufo bufo), in reptiles (Testudo horsfiedli, Trionyx chinensis) and in birds (blue rock pigeon, hen). Specific and individual peculiarities in chromaffinocyte, labrocyte and melanophore distribution were revealed in the vertebrate cranial arteries. In all the animals studied chromaffin cells are more frequent in the lateral olfactory artery. Their concentration decreases towards cranial, caudal branches of the internal carotid artery, the main and internal carotid arteries. The greatest amount of chromaffinocytes was found in the cranial arteries of Anarhichas lupus, then comes Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza soiny Concentration of melanophores in fishes increases with enlargement of the vascular diameter; these cells are more abundant in the arteries of Anarhichas lupus and in less amount in Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti and Liza. Pigmented cells are more abundant in the internal carotid artery and its cranial and caudal branches than in lateral, olfactory and main arteries of fishes. On the contrary, in  amphibians, the main artery contains a maximal concentration of melanophores. In the tortoise cranial arteries, there are only single cells of this type, and birds have no such cells. Labrocytes occur in the greatest concentration in the tortoise cranial arteries and in other vertebrates they are scarce or absent. As a whole, the role of the local endocrine link in regulation of the brain arteries mobility decreases in the following way: fishes--amphibians--reptiles--birds.", "PMID": 518336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12191", "title": "[Morphology of gastrointestinal tract tumors induced in rats by N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine].", "content": "For 14 months 200 white noninbred male rats received N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in various concentrations in drinking water. The animals were sacrificed in 18--22 months. Out of 178 rats surviving the time of appearance of the first tumor 64 animals developed tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Histologically, gastric tumours in 34 cases were presented by adenomatous outgrowths, in 11 the changes were extremely suspect of cancer, in 2 cases morphologically true cancer was observed. The induced gastric tumours had certain peculiarities as compared with the corresponding tumours of man which consisted in tumour cells growing through the thickness of the wall without marked atypism and lack of metastases. Intestinal tumours were sarcomas in which simultaneously some mesenchymal components were present.", "contents": "[Morphology of gastrointestinal tract tumors induced in rats by N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine]. For 14 months 200 white noninbred male rats received N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in various concentrations in drinking water. The animals were sacrificed in 18--22 months. Out of 178 rats surviving the time of appearance of the first tumor 64 animals developed tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Histologically, gastric tumours in 34 cases were presented by adenomatous outgrowths, in 11 the changes were extremely suspect of cancer, in 2 cases morphologically true cancer was observed. The induced gastric tumours had certain peculiarities as compared with the corresponding tumours of man which consisted in tumour cells growing through the thickness of the wall without marked atypism and lack of metastases. Intestinal tumours were sarcomas in which simultaneously some mesenchymal components were present.", "PMID": 518362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12192", "title": "[Histo- and cytochemical enzymatic characteristics of breast cancer].", "content": "In most of the cases studied, histo- and cytoenzymochemical values of metabolism in cancer of the mammary gland correlate with the histological type, differentiation level and the degree of the tumor malignancy. As the histological degree of malignancy increases and the level of differentiation of the mammary cancer decreases, the activity of glycolysis and pentous shunt enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increases and that of the Krebs cycle enzymes, succinate and malate dehydrogenase, as well as the enzyme of glycerophosphate shuttle mechanism and oxidation of glycerol-L-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase decreases simultaneously. These data suggest that histo- and cytochemical methods of the enzyme activity determinations may be used for the specification of the prognosis and choosing of the auxiliary methods for the therapy of the mammary gland cancer based both on morphology and metabolism of the tumour.", "contents": "[Histo- and cytochemical enzymatic characteristics of breast cancer]. In most of the cases studied, histo- and cytoenzymochemical values of metabolism in cancer of the mammary gland correlate with the histological type, differentiation level and the degree of the tumor malignancy. As the histological degree of malignancy increases and the level of differentiation of the mammary cancer decreases, the activity of glycolysis and pentous shunt enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increases and that of the Krebs cycle enzymes, succinate and malate dehydrogenase, as well as the enzyme of glycerophosphate shuttle mechanism and oxidation of glycerol-L-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase decreases simultaneously. These data suggest that histo- and cytochemical methods of the enzyme activity determinations may be used for the specification of the prognosis and choosing of the auxiliary methods for the therapy of the mammary gland cancer based both on morphology and metabolism of the tumour.", "PMID": 518361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12193", "title": "[Pathology of the microcirculation in Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch disease according to morphological and biomicroscopic data].", "content": "The state of microcirculation in hemorrhagic vasculitis was studied by morphological methods and conjunctival biomicroscopy. Inflammatory, sclerotic, and ataptative changes in terminal vessels of the internal organs and serous membranes are described. The systemic pattern of vascular pathology and selective vulnerability of the venular part (postcapillaries predominantly) in this disease were demonstrated. Morphological data reflecting the functional insufficiency (decompensation) of the local hemo- and lymph-dynamics are presented. A relative comparability of postmortem and biomicroscopic structural changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed was established. The method of conjunctival biomicroscopy is considered to be useful clinically not only for the elucidation of the extent of vasculitis activity but also for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "[Pathology of the microcirculation in Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch disease according to morphological and biomicroscopic data]. The state of microcirculation in hemorrhagic vasculitis was studied by morphological methods and conjunctival biomicroscopy. Inflammatory, sclerotic, and ataptative changes in terminal vessels of the internal organs and serous membranes are described. The systemic pattern of vascular pathology and selective vulnerability of the venular part (postcapillaries predominantly) in this disease were demonstrated. Morphological data reflecting the functional insufficiency (decompensation) of the local hemo- and lymph-dynamics are presented. A relative comparability of postmortem and biomicroscopic structural changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed was established. The method of conjunctival biomicroscopy is considered to be useful clinically not only for the elucidation of the extent of vasculitis activity but also for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment.", "PMID": 518364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12194", "title": "[General principles of the electron microscopic analysis of human neoplasms (using the example of studying lung cancer ultrastructure)].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of lung cancer showed the tumor cells to be capable of specific ultrastructural differentiation owing to which a tumor represents a combination of cells with different degrees of differentiation. This capacity of tumor cells to specific ultrastructural differentiation and formation of tumors consisting of nondifferentiated cells alone or of nondifferentiated and differentiated cells of one or several types, as well as the discovery of differentiated cells simultaneously with signs of cells of two types (chimera cells) suggest that either polypotent (stem cells) or monopotent (precursor cells) cells undergo malignancy. Accordingly, the histogenetic (cytogenetic) appurtenance of a tumor depends not upon its development from one to another type of differentiated cells but upon further direction of differentiation of transformed cells.", "contents": "[General principles of the electron microscopic analysis of human neoplasms (using the example of studying lung cancer ultrastructure)]. Electron microscopic examinations of lung cancer showed the tumor cells to be capable of specific ultrastructural differentiation owing to which a tumor represents a combination of cells with different degrees of differentiation. This capacity of tumor cells to specific ultrastructural differentiation and formation of tumors consisting of nondifferentiated cells alone or of nondifferentiated and differentiated cells of one or several types, as well as the discovery of differentiated cells simultaneously with signs of cells of two types (chimera cells) suggest that either polypotent (stem cells) or monopotent (precursor cells) cells undergo malignancy. Accordingly, the histogenetic (cytogenetic) appurtenance of a tumor depends not upon its development from one to another type of differentiated cells but upon further direction of differentiation of transformed cells.", "PMID": 518363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12195", "title": "[Age-related changes in the cholinergic and adrenergic nerve elements of the human heart and their status in cardiovascular pathology].", "content": "Histochemical studies of architectonics and mediator activity of cholinergic and adrenergic nerve plexuses in the myocardium of the auricles and right atrii of the heart were carried out. Both autopsy and biopsy materials: parts of right atrii from patient with congenital and rheumatic defects and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, were used. Age changes in the nerve plexus were found to include a decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase and the content of catecholamines followed by decreased density of the plexus itself. Perivascular fibrosis combined with changes of afferent and adrenergic elements was revealed. Coronary artery atherosclerosis enhances and aggravates functional and structural changes of cholinergic and adrenergic components of the nervous apparatus of the heart associated with age. Congenital heart diseases are accompanied by decreasing density of adrenergic nerve plexuses and decreased content of catecholamines in them, and rheumatic diseases by destruction of cholinergic and adrenergic components.", "contents": "[Age-related changes in the cholinergic and adrenergic nerve elements of the human heart and their status in cardiovascular pathology]. Histochemical studies of architectonics and mediator activity of cholinergic and adrenergic nerve plexuses in the myocardium of the auricles and right atrii of the heart were carried out. Both autopsy and biopsy materials: parts of right atrii from patient with congenital and rheumatic defects and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, were used. Age changes in the nerve plexus were found to include a decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase and the content of catecholamines followed by decreased density of the plexus itself. Perivascular fibrosis combined with changes of afferent and adrenergic elements was revealed. Coronary artery atherosclerosis enhances and aggravates functional and structural changes of cholinergic and adrenergic components of the nervous apparatus of the heart associated with age. Congenital heart diseases are accompanied by decreasing density of adrenergic nerve plexuses and decreased content of catecholamines in them, and rheumatic diseases by destruction of cholinergic and adrenergic components.", "PMID": 518365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12196", "title": "[Role of glycosaminoglycans in altering vascular wall permeability for atherogenic lipoproteins].", "content": "The relationship between the pattern of distribution of lipoproteins and morphological features of atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated by histoautoradiographic and histochemical methods in experiments using perfusion in vitro of aortas from atherosclerotic rabbits with atherogenic lipoproteins (LP) labeled in various positions. Accumulation of glycosaminoglycanes (GAG) in the time course of the atherosclerotic process was shown to be the factor contributing to the retention of LP in the vessel wall. At the same time, no GAG accumulation was found in sites of the greatest permeability. Irrespective of the stage of the process, formation of foci of increased permeability was, as a rule, associated with accumulation of poorly differentiated cells. The evidence of primary increase of permeability of the endothelial barrier in the form of activation of the proliferative processes and GAG accumulation was obtained.", "contents": "[Role of glycosaminoglycans in altering vascular wall permeability for atherogenic lipoproteins]. The relationship between the pattern of distribution of lipoproteins and morphological features of atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated by histoautoradiographic and histochemical methods in experiments using perfusion in vitro of aortas from atherosclerotic rabbits with atherogenic lipoproteins (LP) labeled in various positions. Accumulation of glycosaminoglycanes (GAG) in the time course of the atherosclerotic process was shown to be the factor contributing to the retention of LP in the vessel wall. At the same time, no GAG accumulation was found in sites of the greatest permeability. Irrespective of the stage of the process, formation of foci of increased permeability was, as a rule, associated with accumulation of poorly differentiated cells. The evidence of primary increase of permeability of the endothelial barrier in the form of activation of the proliferative processes and GAG accumulation was obtained.", "PMID": 518366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12197", "title": "[Acid phosphatase in the nerve tissue exposed to local vibration].", "content": "The results of examinations for acid phosphatase in the spinal neurons of cats treated by vibration are presented. The animals were subjected to various periods of vibration with parameters of 20 Hz frequency and 2 mm amplitude. The activity of acid phosphatase in the nervous tissue was found to depend upon the duration of vibration: after a short-term treatment the activity of the enzyme was reduced insignificantly, after a long-term treatment a sharp reduction of the enzyme activity was observed in most cells.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase in the nerve tissue exposed to local vibration]. The results of examinations for acid phosphatase in the spinal neurons of cats treated by vibration are presented. The animals were subjected to various periods of vibration with parameters of 20 Hz frequency and 2 mm amplitude. The activity of acid phosphatase in the nervous tissue was found to depend upon the duration of vibration: after a short-term treatment the activity of the enzyme was reduced insignificantly, after a long-term treatment a sharp reduction of the enzyme activity was observed in most cells.", "PMID": 518367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12198", "title": "[Brain glioblastoma with metastases into the cervical and lumbar lymph nodes].", "content": "An observation of cerebral glioblastoma transformed from dedifferentiated astrocytoma with metastasis into cervical and lumbar lymph nodes is presented. Growth of the tumour into the area of scars in dura mater formed after repeated operations for the tumour removal contributed to metastasizing.", "contents": "[Brain glioblastoma with metastases into the cervical and lumbar lymph nodes]. An observation of cerebral glioblastoma transformed from dedifferentiated astrocytoma with metastasis into cervical and lumbar lymph nodes is presented. Growth of the tumour into the area of scars in dura mater formed after repeated operations for the tumour removal contributed to metastasizing.", "PMID": 518368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12199", "title": "[Autoimmune diseases of the salivary glands].", "content": "The structural and functional features of the salivary glands and their function associated with the immunocompetent system are described. The disturbance of such association, in the author's opinion, is conducive to the development of a peculiar tumour pathology (adenolymphomas) and autoimmune processes (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome autoimmune parotitis). Based on the data from the literature two forms of this disease are distinguished: (1) a distinct nosological form developing as a result of various exo- and endogenous injuries, and (2) manifestations of other diseases, as a rule, of the autoimmune genesis accompanied by the secondary involvement of the salivary glands. The morphological picture in both forms is identical. It is suggested that in systemic involvement of the salivary, lacrimal and other glands and some autoimmune disease the term \"Sj\u00f6gren syndrome\" be used, and the distinct disease be termed \"autoimmune parotitis\".", "contents": "[Autoimmune diseases of the salivary glands]. The structural and functional features of the salivary glands and their function associated with the immunocompetent system are described. The disturbance of such association, in the author's opinion, is conducive to the development of a peculiar tumour pathology (adenolymphomas) and autoimmune processes (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome autoimmune parotitis). Based on the data from the literature two forms of this disease are distinguished: (1) a distinct nosological form developing as a result of various exo- and endogenous injuries, and (2) manifestations of other diseases, as a rule, of the autoimmune genesis accompanied by the secondary involvement of the salivary glands. The morphological picture in both forms is identical. It is suggested that in systemic involvement of the salivary, lacrimal and other glands and some autoimmune disease the term \"Sj\u00f6gren syndrome\" be used, and the distinct disease be termed \"autoimmune parotitis\".", "PMID": 518370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12200", "title": "The angiographic pattern of the peripheral retinal vasculature.", "content": "Various diseases of the peripheral retinal vasculature, such as sickle cell retinopathy and Eales' disease, demonstrate vascular abnormalities. For comparative purposes, we documented angiographically the peripheral retinal vasculature in young, healthy subjects. Our findings showed the density of the capillary bed to be highest in the posterior pole and least concentrated toward the periphery. Peripheral capillaries are considerably larger than those found posteriorly and have fewer bifurcations. Our technique also detected the periarterial capillary-free zone and the zone without capillaries adjacent to the ora serrata. These aspects were consistent with findings of other investigators using in vitro techniques. By creating a standard of normalcy in vivo, the angiographic technique allows vascular abnormalities evident in diseases of the peripheral retinal vasculature to be more precisely defined and compared.", "contents": "The angiographic pattern of the peripheral retinal vasculature. Various diseases of the peripheral retinal vasculature, such as sickle cell retinopathy and Eales' disease, demonstrate vascular abnormalities. For comparative purposes, we documented angiographically the peripheral retinal vasculature in young, healthy subjects. Our findings showed the density of the capillary bed to be highest in the posterior pole and least concentrated toward the periphery. Peripheral capillaries are considerably larger than those found posteriorly and have fewer bifurcations. Our technique also detected the periarterial capillary-free zone and the zone without capillaries adjacent to the ora serrata. These aspects were consistent with findings of other investigators using in vitro techniques. By creating a standard of normalcy in vivo, the angiographic technique allows vascular abnormalities evident in diseases of the peripheral retinal vasculature to be more precisely defined and compared.", "PMID": 518382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12201", "title": "Ocular Toxocara in siblings of two families. Diagnosis confirmed by ELISA test.", "content": "To my knowledge this study of two families with ocular Toxocara is the first in the literature to report involvement of more than one sibling. All four children had far-advanced disease with irreversible loss of macular vision in the affected eye. The clinical findings were confirmed by the ELISA test. With laboratory confirmation of the clinical findings, I expect to find not only more patients in the population at large with ocular Toxocara, but also expect to find numerous siblings in a particular family to be involved as well. Therefore, when ocular Toxocara is found in a child, every sibling in the family should be examined. Just as the young child with amblyopia does not complain of decreased vision, even so the young child with ocular Toxocara often will not complain of any visual problems.", "contents": "Ocular Toxocara in siblings of two families. Diagnosis confirmed by ELISA test. To my knowledge this study of two families with ocular Toxocara is the first in the literature to report involvement of more than one sibling. All four children had far-advanced disease with irreversible loss of macular vision in the affected eye. The clinical findings were confirmed by the ELISA test. With laboratory confirmation of the clinical findings, I expect to find not only more patients in the population at large with ocular Toxocara, but also expect to find numerous siblings in a particular family to be involved as well. Therefore, when ocular Toxocara is found in a child, every sibling in the family should be examined. Just as the young child with amblyopia does not complain of decreased vision, even so the young child with ocular Toxocara often will not complain of any visual problems.", "PMID": 518383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12202", "title": "Hyaluronic acid vitreous substitute. A six-year clinical evaluation.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid vitreous substitute (HYVISC) was used during 347 operations performed on 294 eyes of 286 patients. It was injected intraocularly in 266 operations (73 scleral bucklings, 175 open-sky vitrectomies, among others) on eyes with complex retinal detachments that were considered inoperable by ordinary surgical techniques. During 81 closed vitrectomies, it was applied extraocularly between the surgical contact lens and the cornea. Hyaluronic acid was found to be well tolerated by human eyes. In eyes that had been given a poor prognosis, scleral buckling with hyaluronic acid tamponade produced reattachment in 16% of the eyes; open-sky vitrectomy, scleral buckling, and hyaluronic acid salvaged 18%. It also appeared helpful in the preservation of corneal epithelial integrity and clarity during closed vitrectomy.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid vitreous substitute. A six-year clinical evaluation. Hyaluronic acid vitreous substitute (HYVISC) was used during 347 operations performed on 294 eyes of 286 patients. It was injected intraocularly in 266 operations (73 scleral bucklings, 175 open-sky vitrectomies, among others) on eyes with complex retinal detachments that were considered inoperable by ordinary surgical techniques. During 81 closed vitrectomies, it was applied extraocularly between the surgical contact lens and the cornea. Hyaluronic acid was found to be well tolerated by human eyes. In eyes that had been given a poor prognosis, scleral buckling with hyaluronic acid tamponade produced reattachment in 16% of the eyes; open-sky vitrectomy, scleral buckling, and hyaluronic acid salvaged 18%. It also appeared helpful in the preservation of corneal epithelial integrity and clarity during closed vitrectomy.", "PMID": 518384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12203", "title": "Retinal fluorography using oral fluorescein.", "content": "Fluorescein sodium can be administered safely by mouth. The resulting fluorograms are useful in demonstrating many retinal conditions characterized by bright late leakage, such as cystoid macular edema. Oral administration of fluorescein may be preferred in studies of children, patients with difficult veins, and in some surveys of large patient populations.", "contents": "Retinal fluorography using oral fluorescein. Fluorescein sodium can be administered safely by mouth. The resulting fluorograms are useful in demonstrating many retinal conditions characterized by bright late leakage, such as cystoid macular edema. Oral administration of fluorescein may be preferred in studies of children, patients with difficult veins, and in some surveys of large patient populations.", "PMID": 518385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12204", "title": "Arachnoidal cyst invading the orbit.", "content": "Ipsilateral glaucoma developed in a 51-year-old man with a left-sided temporal lobe arachnoidal cyst. Ultrasonic examination disclosed a cystic orbital lesion adjacent to the optic nerve. Following intracranial decompensation of the arachnoidal cyst, the intraocular pressure dropped markedly. Ultrasonography showed a collapse of the presumed optic nerve sheath cyst. While the exact mechanism producing glaucoma in this patient remains unclear, there was an apparent relationship between the elevated intraocular pressure and the arachnoidal cyst.", "contents": "Arachnoidal cyst invading the orbit. Ipsilateral glaucoma developed in a 51-year-old man with a left-sided temporal lobe arachnoidal cyst. Ultrasonic examination disclosed a cystic orbital lesion adjacent to the optic nerve. Following intracranial decompensation of the arachnoidal cyst, the intraocular pressure dropped markedly. Ultrasonography showed a collapse of the presumed optic nerve sheath cyst. While the exact mechanism producing glaucoma in this patient remains unclear, there was an apparent relationship between the elevated intraocular pressure and the arachnoidal cyst.", "PMID": 518386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12205", "title": "Orbital cellulitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in an enucleated socket.", "content": "Orbital cellulitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developed in an adolescent girl in a previously enucleated socket. Since this organism also was isolated from her pharynx, the orbital infection probably resulted from contamination of the prosthesis by gonococci from her mouth, either directly or by transfer from her fingers.", "contents": "Orbital cellulitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in an enucleated socket. Orbital cellulitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developed in an adolescent girl in a previously enucleated socket. Since this organism also was isolated from her pharynx, the orbital infection probably resulted from contamination of the prosthesis by gonococci from her mouth, either directly or by transfer from her fingers.", "PMID": 518387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12206", "title": "Sino-orbital polyposis.", "content": "A 70-year-old woman with a long history of nasal and sinus polyps developed bilateral proptosis and left total external ophthalmoplegia. She was known to have hypercalcemia, which was later discovered to be caused by a parathyroid adenoma. X-ray studies, including computerized tomography, revealed increased radiodensity in the ethmoid sinuses (due to dystrophic calcification from the hypercalcemia), partial absence of the orbital walls from earlier surgical procedures, and bilateral rounded, retrobulbar tumors. At surgery, glistening, yellow, transparent, and encapsulated-lobulated masses were removed from the left orbit; they appeared to have prolapsed through a postsurgical dehiscence in the superomedial orbital wall. Light and electron microscopy confirmed that the lesional tissue represented polyps covered by respiratory epithelium; the yellow color was the consequence of secondary lipidization of the stromal fibroblasts.", "contents": "Sino-orbital polyposis. A 70-year-old woman with a long history of nasal and sinus polyps developed bilateral proptosis and left total external ophthalmoplegia. She was known to have hypercalcemia, which was later discovered to be caused by a parathyroid adenoma. X-ray studies, including computerized tomography, revealed increased radiodensity in the ethmoid sinuses (due to dystrophic calcification from the hypercalcemia), partial absence of the orbital walls from earlier surgical procedures, and bilateral rounded, retrobulbar tumors. At surgery, glistening, yellow, transparent, and encapsulated-lobulated masses were removed from the left orbit; they appeared to have prolapsed through a postsurgical dehiscence in the superomedial orbital wall. Light and electron microscopy confirmed that the lesional tissue represented polyps covered by respiratory epithelium; the yellow color was the consequence of secondary lipidization of the stromal fibroblasts.", "PMID": 518388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12207", "title": "Reconstruction by myocutaneous eyelid flaps.", "content": "The combined loss of skin and deeper tissues of the eyelids and periorbital regions can frequently be reconstructed with use of an eyelid myocutaneous flap. This technique alone can be used for most eyelid defects not involving the lid margin, or it can be used in conjunction with other procedures when the lid margin is involved. Defects, sometimes quite large, in 37 patients have been reconstructed with good results. The technique provides one-stage reconstruction, avoids volume loss and depressed scars, provides an excellent blood supply to the flap, gives an optimum tissue match, decreases patient morbidity, and increases the likelihood of a good cosmetic result. The generalized applications of this technique make it valuable for reconstructive surgery of the orbital region.", "contents": "Reconstruction by myocutaneous eyelid flaps. The combined loss of skin and deeper tissues of the eyelids and periorbital regions can frequently be reconstructed with use of an eyelid myocutaneous flap. This technique alone can be used for most eyelid defects not involving the lid margin, or it can be used in conjunction with other procedures when the lid margin is involved. Defects, sometimes quite large, in 37 patients have been reconstructed with good results. The technique provides one-stage reconstruction, avoids volume loss and depressed scars, provides an excellent blood supply to the flap, gives an optimum tissue match, decreases patient morbidity, and increases the likelihood of a good cosmetic result. The generalized applications of this technique make it valuable for reconstructive surgery of the orbital region.", "PMID": 518389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12208", "title": "Retinal light exposure from operation microscopes.", "content": "Several popular surgical microscopes were measured for source radiance. A method has been devised for calculating patient retinal exposure from these instruments. Retinal irradiance is seen to be surprisingly high, assuming dilated pupils and clear media. It ranges from 0.10 to 0.97 W/sq cm. This is one to ten times higher than that produced by an indirect ophthalmoscope. There is evidence linking light exposure during surgery to cystoid maculopathy (Irvine-Gass syndrome).", "contents": "Retinal light exposure from operation microscopes. Several popular surgical microscopes were measured for source radiance. A method has been devised for calculating patient retinal exposure from these instruments. Retinal irradiance is seen to be surprisingly high, assuming dilated pupils and clear media. It ranges from 0.10 to 0.97 W/sq cm. This is one to ten times higher than that produced by an indirect ophthalmoscope. There is evidence linking light exposure during surgery to cystoid maculopathy (Irvine-Gass syndrome).", "PMID": 518390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12209", "title": "The pathology of vitreous hemorrhage. II. Ultrastructure.", "content": "We undertook an ultrastructural study of the dual processes of hemolysis and vitreous membrane formation during the resolution of vitreous blood clots in rabbits. Red blood cell degradation began within 24 hours before the onset of the inflammatory response and occurred mainly in the extracellular matrix. Macrophage activity was directed at clearing lysed RBC debris, rather than engulfing whole RBCs. Hemolysis in the vitreous may have been initiated by the unfavorable microenvironment. Two types of vitreous membranes occurred during vitreous clot lysis. Cellular membranes were composed of aggregates of giant macrophages enclosed within a thin collagen sheet. Acellular membranes developed from coaggregated vitreous collagen fibers. A prominent acellular membrane surrounded the blood clot as a pseudocapsule. No fibroblasts or fresh collagen deposition were observed.", "contents": "The pathology of vitreous hemorrhage. II. Ultrastructure. We undertook an ultrastructural study of the dual processes of hemolysis and vitreous membrane formation during the resolution of vitreous blood clots in rabbits. Red blood cell degradation began within 24 hours before the onset of the inflammatory response and occurred mainly in the extracellular matrix. Macrophage activity was directed at clearing lysed RBC debris, rather than engulfing whole RBCs. Hemolysis in the vitreous may have been initiated by the unfavorable microenvironment. Two types of vitreous membranes occurred during vitreous clot lysis. Cellular membranes were composed of aggregates of giant macrophages enclosed within a thin collagen sheet. Acellular membranes developed from coaggregated vitreous collagen fibers. A prominent acellular membrane surrounded the blood clot as a pseudocapsule. No fibroblasts or fresh collagen deposition were observed.", "PMID": 518391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12210", "title": "Intraocular penetration of subconjunctivally administered 14C-fluorouracil in rabbits.", "content": "Fluorouracil is given for a variety of neoplasms by various administrative routes. Toxicity of susceptible normal tissue limits systemic dosage, but at this level intraocular tissue may not receive tumor-inhibiting concentrations. Subconjunctival administration of 6.25 mg of 14C-fluorouracil in 0.5-mL dosages resulted in a peak anterior chamber concentration of 69.5 micrograms/mL and a peak vitreous concentration of 10.5 micrograms/mL over the 12 hours tested. This resulted in no visible ocular damage. The intraocular levels achieved were greater than the concentration reported to inhibit selected tumors. The total dosage administered was considerably below the level of systemic toxicity.", "contents": "Intraocular penetration of subconjunctivally administered 14C-fluorouracil in rabbits. Fluorouracil is given for a variety of neoplasms by various administrative routes. Toxicity of susceptible normal tissue limits systemic dosage, but at this level intraocular tissue may not receive tumor-inhibiting concentrations. Subconjunctival administration of 6.25 mg of 14C-fluorouracil in 0.5-mL dosages resulted in a peak anterior chamber concentration of 69.5 micrograms/mL and a peak vitreous concentration of 10.5 micrograms/mL over the 12 hours tested. This resulted in no visible ocular damage. The intraocular levels achieved were greater than the concentration reported to inhibit selected tumors. The total dosage administered was considerably below the level of systemic toxicity.", "PMID": 518392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12211", "title": "Coronal adenomas.", "content": "The incidence and morphologic features of coronal adenomas, benign epithelial tumors of the ciliary processes, were studied in 500 autopsy cases. Macroscopically, coronal adenomas are white, globular, often cystic in appearance, of limited growth potential, and found only on the ciliary processes. Microscopically, they contain convoluted sheets or tubes of nonpigmented epithelium, between which are found varying amounts of amorphous eosinophilic, PAS-positive, extracellular material. Coronal adenomas were present in 153 (31%) of 500 cases, were bilateral in 23 (15%), and were thus present in 176 (18%) of the 1,000 eyes examined. Two clinically important complications of coronal adenomas were found, sectoral cataracts and misdiagnosis as iris tumor.", "contents": "Coronal adenomas. The incidence and morphologic features of coronal adenomas, benign epithelial tumors of the ciliary processes, were studied in 500 autopsy cases. Macroscopically, coronal adenomas are white, globular, often cystic in appearance, of limited growth potential, and found only on the ciliary processes. Microscopically, they contain convoluted sheets or tubes of nonpigmented epithelium, between which are found varying amounts of amorphous eosinophilic, PAS-positive, extracellular material. Coronal adenomas were present in 153 (31%) of 500 cases, were bilateral in 23 (15%), and were thus present in 176 (18%) of the 1,000 eyes examined. Two clinically important complications of coronal adenomas were found, sectoral cataracts and misdiagnosis as iris tumor.", "PMID": 518393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12212", "title": "The use of antibiotics in general practice.", "content": "The prescribing of antibiotics in extra-hospital practice has now reached a level of one sixth of all Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit scheme prescriptions. In the last documented year prescriptions for the penicillins alone amounted to almost eight millions. Is this wholesale prescribing of potent, expensive, and, at times, dangerous chemotherapy really justified. This article will examine the indications for overall use of antibiotics, the pitfalls of their careless prescribing, and briefly review the main indications for each group of drugs in regular use in family practice. The discussion will therefore not include some drugs which are ordinarily limited to hospital practice, nor many of the regimes used in serious or life threatening disease such as meningitis or septicaemia.", "contents": "The use of antibiotics in general practice. The prescribing of antibiotics in extra-hospital practice has now reached a level of one sixth of all Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit scheme prescriptions. In the last documented year prescriptions for the penicillins alone amounted to almost eight millions. Is this wholesale prescribing of potent, expensive, and, at times, dangerous chemotherapy really justified. This article will examine the indications for overall use of antibiotics, the pitfalls of their careless prescribing, and briefly review the main indications for each group of drugs in regular use in family practice. The discussion will therefore not include some drugs which are ordinarily limited to hospital practice, nor many of the regimes used in serious or life threatening disease such as meningitis or septicaemia.", "PMID": 518395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12213", "title": "Penicillin update.", "content": "The penicillins are the safest and most commonly prescribed antibiotics in Australia, accounting for 7.8 per cent (8 million prescriptions) of all 'Pharmaceutical Benefit' prescriptions for the year 1977/78. The range of penicillins available covers a very wide spectrum of susceptible bacteria, and includes the majority of all bacterial infections seen by the general practitioner.", "contents": "Penicillin update. The penicillins are the safest and most commonly prescribed antibiotics in Australia, accounting for 7.8 per cent (8 million prescriptions) of all 'Pharmaceutical Benefit' prescriptions for the year 1977/78. The range of penicillins available covers a very wide spectrum of susceptible bacteria, and includes the majority of all bacterial infections seen by the general practitioner.", "PMID": 518396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12214", "title": "A shortcut to rational prescribing. Matching the bug and the drug.", "content": "The rational use of antibacterial chemotherapy in the clinical setting is a necessary objective, but a difficult task. This article presents a particular interpretation of history that links bacteria, conditions and chemotherapy in a prescribing rule that applies to much of the bacterial infection seen in clinical practice. Whilst retaining a rational basis, use of the rule simplifies day-to-day prescribing of antibacterial chemotherapy.", "contents": "A shortcut to rational prescribing. Matching the bug and the drug. The rational use of antibacterial chemotherapy in the clinical setting is a necessary objective, but a difficult task. This article presents a particular interpretation of history that links bacteria, conditions and chemotherapy in a prescribing rule that applies to much of the bacterial infection seen in clinical practice. Whilst retaining a rational basis, use of the rule simplifies day-to-day prescribing of antibacterial chemotherapy.", "PMID": 518397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12215", "title": "Medication patterns--cause for interprofessional liaison.", "content": "Two recent surveys, one by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the other by the Victorian College of Pharmacy in conjunction with the Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, cast light on prevailing medication patterns. These surveys, for the first time, indicate not only patterns and trends in the taking of prescribed medicines, but also in the taking of pharmacist controlled non-prescribed medicines and open selling medicines.", "contents": "Medication patterns--cause for interprofessional liaison. Two recent surveys, one by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the other by the Victorian College of Pharmacy in conjunction with the Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, cast light on prevailing medication patterns. These surveys, for the first time, indicate not only patterns and trends in the taking of prescribed medicines, but also in the taking of pharmacist controlled non-prescribed medicines and open selling medicines.", "PMID": 518398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12216", "title": "Antibiotics in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "The initial treatment of an infection in an immunosuppressed patient must be aimed at the most commonly involved microorganisms which may result in a rapidly fatal infection. As soon as a microbiological diagnosis had been made, the treatment should be altered if necessary to provide optimal management of the condition.", "contents": "Antibiotics in immunosuppressed patients. The initial treatment of an infection in an immunosuppressed patient must be aimed at the most commonly involved microorganisms which may result in a rapidly fatal infection. As soon as a microbiological diagnosis had been made, the treatment should be altered if necessary to provide optimal management of the condition.", "PMID": 518400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12217", "title": "Electrocardiography, heart scope and haematology of horses competing in an endurance ride.", "content": "Thirty-one horses competing in a 100 kilometre endurance ride had electrocardiograms recorded before and after the ride from which the heart score of each horse was calculated. Blood was also taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP) before the ride, after 60 kilometres (mid ride) and at completion of the ride. Statistical analysis of the heart scores showed that a faster group of horses had significantly higher heart scores than either a slower group or those eliminated due to inadequate recovery of heart rate. No horses developed electrocardiogram abnormalities as a result of the ride. Analysis of the results of PCV and TPP showed that horses became dehydrated during the ride. The faster group of horses had significantly higher PCV values and heart rates at both the mid-ride and end of ride sampling times. However, the TPP values indicated no significant differences in the amount of dehydration between the 2 groups.", "contents": "Electrocardiography, heart scope and haematology of horses competing in an endurance ride. Thirty-one horses competing in a 100 kilometre endurance ride had electrocardiograms recorded before and after the ride from which the heart score of each horse was calculated. Blood was also taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP) before the ride, after 60 kilometres (mid ride) and at completion of the ride. Statistical analysis of the heart scores showed that a faster group of horses had significantly higher heart scores than either a slower group or those eliminated due to inadequate recovery of heart rate. No horses developed electrocardiogram abnormalities as a result of the ride. Analysis of the results of PCV and TPP showed that horses became dehydrated during the ride. The faster group of horses had significantly higher PCV values and heart rates at both the mid-ride and end of ride sampling times. However, the TPP values indicated no significant differences in the amount of dehydration between the 2 groups.", "PMID": 518417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12218", "title": "Reproductive performance of beef cattle in northwestern Queensland.", "content": "The reproductive performance of beef cattle in 5 herds mated all year round in north-west Queensland was examined from 1970 to 1973. Conception rates, conception patterns and branding rates were used to assess annual reproductive performance. The level of loss between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding was defined. The mean annual conception rate was 83.1% with individual property means ranging from 75.4 to 90.9%. Conception rates for heifers, first calf cows and mature cows were 83.9%, 80.6% and 84.7% respectively. Conception patterns were influenced by seasonal conditions, 68.1% of conceptions occurring in the wet season, between December and May. In this region, conception patterns were highly correlated with rainfall during the previous month. Losses between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding ranged from 5.9 to 27.7%. Body condition of animals varied and was dependent upon lactation, seasonal and parity effects.", "contents": "Reproductive performance of beef cattle in northwestern Queensland. The reproductive performance of beef cattle in 5 herds mated all year round in north-west Queensland was examined from 1970 to 1973. Conception rates, conception patterns and branding rates were used to assess annual reproductive performance. The level of loss between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding was defined. The mean annual conception rate was 83.1% with individual property means ranging from 75.4 to 90.9%. Conception rates for heifers, first calf cows and mature cows were 83.9%, 80.6% and 84.7% respectively. Conception patterns were influenced by seasonal conditions, 68.1% of conceptions occurring in the wet season, between December and May. In this region, conception patterns were highly correlated with rainfall during the previous month. Losses between the times of confirmed pregnancy and branding ranged from 5.9 to 27.7%. Body condition of animals varied and was dependent upon lactation, seasonal and parity effects.", "PMID": 518419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12219", "title": "The role of equipment that has direct contact with the carcase in the spread of Salmonella in a beef abattoir.", "content": "Counts of Salmonella were performed by the most probable number technique on 16 articles of abattoir equipment having direct contact with the carcase. Forty samples were collected from each article over 21 months. The contamination rate of these articles with salmonellae varied from nil % for a saw used to quarter the sides to 47.5% for stainless steel tables and hooks. Mesh gloves were also highly contaminated, salmonellae being isolated from 32.5% of gloves on the slaughter floor and 40% of those in the boning room. Salmonella counts ranged from 1.0 to 3,663 organisms per article. Mesh gloves, cutting boards and stainless steel tables were found to have counts that were at times greater than 1,000 salmonellae per article.", "contents": "The role of equipment that has direct contact with the carcase in the spread of Salmonella in a beef abattoir. Counts of Salmonella were performed by the most probable number technique on 16 articles of abattoir equipment having direct contact with the carcase. Forty samples were collected from each article over 21 months. The contamination rate of these articles with salmonellae varied from nil % for a saw used to quarter the sides to 47.5% for stainless steel tables and hooks. Mesh gloves were also highly contaminated, salmonellae being isolated from 32.5% of gloves on the slaughter floor and 40% of those in the boning room. Salmonella counts ranged from 1.0 to 3,663 organisms per article. Mesh gloves, cutting boards and stainless steel tables were found to have counts that were at times greater than 1,000 salmonellae per article.", "PMID": 518420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12220", "title": "Treatment of ovine annual ryegrass toxicity with chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "The results of pen trials indicate that sheep affected by annual ryegrass toxicity can be treated successfully with chlordiazepoxide. In the first experiment, 87% of chlordiazepoxide-treated animals survived a lethal dose of toxic ryegrass. In the second experiment, 90% of chlordiazepoxide treated animals survived compared with a 10% recovery of control animals.", "contents": "Treatment of ovine annual ryegrass toxicity with chlordiazepoxide. The results of pen trials indicate that sheep affected by annual ryegrass toxicity can be treated successfully with chlordiazepoxide. In the first experiment, 87% of chlordiazepoxide-treated animals survived a lethal dose of toxic ryegrass. In the second experiment, 90% of chlordiazepoxide treated animals survived compared with a 10% recovery of control animals.", "PMID": 518421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12221", "title": "Poisoning of chickens and ducks by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum.", "content": "The disease produced by feeding chickens and ducks a commercial poultry feed containing heliotrine and lasiocarpine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum, is described. Illthrift, ascites and degenerative lesions in the liver were the major findings. Similar lesions occurred in chickens fed a diet containing H. europaeum. The source of the alkaloids in commercial poultry feed was probably the seeds of H. europaeum harvested with wheat.", "contents": "Poisoning of chickens and ducks by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum. The disease produced by feeding chickens and ducks a commercial poultry feed containing heliotrine and lasiocarpine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum, is described. Illthrift, ascites and degenerative lesions in the liver were the major findings. Similar lesions occurred in chickens fed a diet containing H. europaeum. The source of the alkaloids in commercial poultry feed was probably the seeds of H. europaeum harvested with wheat.", "PMID": 518422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12222", "title": "The epidemiology of equine strongylosis in southern Queensland. 2. The survival and migration of infective larvae on herbage.", "content": "The seasonal changes in longevity on herbage of the infective larvae of strongylid nematodes of the horse were studied. During the summer months, 1% of the larvae survived on herbage for 2-3 weeks, with 0.2% still viable for a further 2-3 weeks. Equivalent survival periods in winter were 7-11 weeks and over 11 weeks respectively. During spring and autumn, larvae survived for periods varying from 3-8 weeks. On Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) growing vigorously in the summer of 1976, the majority of larvae remained in the lowest layers of the pasture, within 10 cm of the soil surface. Very few reached the highest fraction of grass sampled, above 40 cm from the soil. More larvae were recovered higher on the pasture in a period when less torrential rain had occurred. It was concluded that the parasitological benefits to be gained from short-term mixed grazing with horses and cattle may be minimal, in view of the tendency of cattle to eat only the upper layers of the pasture initially, with a consequent increase in the number of infective larvae per unit weight of herbage remaining.", "contents": "The epidemiology of equine strongylosis in southern Queensland. 2. The survival and migration of infective larvae on herbage. The seasonal changes in longevity on herbage of the infective larvae of strongylid nematodes of the horse were studied. During the summer months, 1% of the larvae survived on herbage for 2-3 weeks, with 0.2% still viable for a further 2-3 weeks. Equivalent survival periods in winter were 7-11 weeks and over 11 weeks respectively. During spring and autumn, larvae survived for periods varying from 3-8 weeks. On Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) growing vigorously in the summer of 1976, the majority of larvae remained in the lowest layers of the pasture, within 10 cm of the soil surface. Very few reached the highest fraction of grass sampled, above 40 cm from the soil. More larvae were recovered higher on the pasture in a period when less torrential rain had occurred. It was concluded that the parasitological benefits to be gained from short-term mixed grazing with horses and cattle may be minimal, in view of the tendency of cattle to eat only the upper layers of the pasture initially, with a consequent increase in the number of infective larvae per unit weight of herbage remaining.", "PMID": 518432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12223", "title": "The epidemiology of equine strongylosis in southern Queensland. 3. Seasonal variation in arterial populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the prevalence of some helminths.", "content": "The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%). The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.", "contents": "The epidemiology of equine strongylosis in southern Queensland. 3. Seasonal variation in arterial populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the prevalence of some helminths. The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%). The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.", "PMID": 518433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12224", "title": "The blowfly strike problem of sheep in New South Wales.", "content": "A field survey was undertaken between 1972-76 to reappraise the nature of the blowfly problem in New South Wales. For 2 years, 1972-1974, some 80,000 sheep were kept under observation and 12,481 strikes were reported, most due to Lucilia cuprina. Breech strike was still the basic problem but tail strike associated with scouring had become an important component where pastures have been improved. Breech strike was controlled at minimal cost by managerial practices such as docking tails the correct length--second joint-space palpable ventrally (midway down the vulval orifice in ewes) for radically mulesed lambs and the third joint-space (tip of vulva in ewes) for all other lambs-mulesing at lamb marking, mid-season crutching, determining the cause of scouring and applying the appropriate preventative or remedial measures. Thus the use of insecticides could be reserved for the control of body strike in young sheep in the odd wet years and poll strike in horned rams. Major outbreaks of body strike occurred in 1973/74. Body strike worried graziers most because of its unpredictability, sudden onset and scale. and only failing insecticides were available for control.", "contents": "The blowfly strike problem of sheep in New South Wales. A field survey was undertaken between 1972-76 to reappraise the nature of the blowfly problem in New South Wales. For 2 years, 1972-1974, some 80,000 sheep were kept under observation and 12,481 strikes were reported, most due to Lucilia cuprina. Breech strike was still the basic problem but tail strike associated with scouring had become an important component where pastures have been improved. Breech strike was controlled at minimal cost by managerial practices such as docking tails the correct length--second joint-space palpable ventrally (midway down the vulval orifice in ewes) for radically mulesed lambs and the third joint-space (tip of vulva in ewes) for all other lambs-mulesing at lamb marking, mid-season crutching, determining the cause of scouring and applying the appropriate preventative or remedial measures. Thus the use of insecticides could be reserved for the control of body strike in young sheep in the odd wet years and poll strike in horned rams. Major outbreaks of body strike occurred in 1973/74. Body strike worried graziers most because of its unpredictability, sudden onset and scale. and only failing insecticides were available for control.", "PMID": 518435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12225", "title": "Effect of disruption of the sebaceous layer of the sheep's skin on the incidence of fleece-rot.", "content": "It was postulated that integrity of the sebaceous layer on the skin is important in maintaining resistance to fleece-rot. This hypothesis was tested in an experimenta of a 2 x 2 factorial design in which sebaceous layer disruption and wetting were the 2 treatments. The sebaceous layer was disrupted by applying a light petroleum solvent to the skin of the sheep. Fleece-rot occurred in all sheep (20) that were both wetted and had the sebaceous layer disrupted while 9/19 of those wetted but without the sebaceous layer disrupted developed fleece-rot. The fleece-rot lesions observed were more severe in sheep in the disrupted wetted treatments than in the intact wetted treatment. Interpretation of these differences was complicated by a possible reaction of the skin to the solvent used. The differences were not due to an effect of treatment on fleece wettability. No fleece-rot developed in the sheep not wetted and application of the solvent alone did not induce fleece-rot.", "contents": "Effect of disruption of the sebaceous layer of the sheep's skin on the incidence of fleece-rot. It was postulated that integrity of the sebaceous layer on the skin is important in maintaining resistance to fleece-rot. This hypothesis was tested in an experimenta of a 2 x 2 factorial design in which sebaceous layer disruption and wetting were the 2 treatments. The sebaceous layer was disrupted by applying a light petroleum solvent to the skin of the sheep. Fleece-rot occurred in all sheep (20) that were both wetted and had the sebaceous layer disrupted while 9/19 of those wetted but without the sebaceous layer disrupted developed fleece-rot. The fleece-rot lesions observed were more severe in sheep in the disrupted wetted treatments than in the intact wetted treatment. Interpretation of these differences was complicated by a possible reaction of the skin to the solvent used. The differences were not due to an effect of treatment on fleece wettability. No fleece-rot developed in the sheep not wetted and application of the solvent alone did not induce fleece-rot.", "PMID": 518436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12226", "title": "Tracheitis in sheep after oral administration of a mineral supplement.", "content": "Outbreaks of illness and deaths in sheep after the concurrent administration of a cobalt, copper and zinc mineral supplement and laevamisole are described. Clinical illness was characterised by profound dyspnoea and inability to exercise. The consistent postmortem finding was severe, necrotising tracheitis with partial occlusion of the airway. This lesion was reproduced experimentally by intratracheal administration of the mineral supplement dissolved in one particular formulation of laevamisole but not in water or another preparation of laevamisole. Further experiments revealed that combined zinc sulphate and copper sulphate dissolved in the particular formulation of laevamisole would produce the tracheal lesions.", "contents": "Tracheitis in sheep after oral administration of a mineral supplement. Outbreaks of illness and deaths in sheep after the concurrent administration of a cobalt, copper and zinc mineral supplement and laevamisole are described. Clinical illness was characterised by profound dyspnoea and inability to exercise. The consistent postmortem finding was severe, necrotising tracheitis with partial occlusion of the airway. This lesion was reproduced experimentally by intratracheal administration of the mineral supplement dissolved in one particular formulation of laevamisole but not in water or another preparation of laevamisole. Further experiments revealed that combined zinc sulphate and copper sulphate dissolved in the particular formulation of laevamisole would produce the tracheal lesions.", "PMID": 518437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12227", "title": "Visual recognition thresholds in a compressed air environment.", "content": "An experiment was performed to determine the effects of different high-pressure air environments on human binocular visual recognition time as a function of stimulus size and type. Eight adult male volunteers were randomly exposed to high-pressure air environments in hyperbaric test chambers instrumented for visual studies. Analysis of variance for a three-factor repeated-measures design revealed significant main effects for the variables of stimulus size and pressure, indicating that recognition time (RT) increases as a function of decreasing stimulus size and increased pressure. A significant interaction was also observed between the independent variables of pressure and stimulus type with stimulus type having the greatest effect at low pressure. These results are discussed for their applicability to the design of underwater equipment, visual displays, and the occupational safety of underwater workers.", "contents": "Visual recognition thresholds in a compressed air environment. An experiment was performed to determine the effects of different high-pressure air environments on human binocular visual recognition time as a function of stimulus size and type. Eight adult male volunteers were randomly exposed to high-pressure air environments in hyperbaric test chambers instrumented for visual studies. Analysis of variance for a three-factor repeated-measures design revealed significant main effects for the variables of stimulus size and pressure, indicating that recognition time (RT) increases as a function of decreasing stimulus size and increased pressure. A significant interaction was also observed between the independent variables of pressure and stimulus type with stimulus type having the greatest effect at low pressure. These results are discussed for their applicability to the design of underwater equipment, visual displays, and the occupational safety of underwater workers.", "PMID": 518441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12228", "title": "Effect of fiber and dye degradation products (FDP) on burn wound healing.", "content": "Upon exposure to the thermal environment of an aircraft fire, many fire retardant fabrics off-gas fiber and dye degradation products (FDP). Condensation of these products on human skin raises questions concerning possible deleterious effects on burn wound healing. A porcine bioassay was used to study the physiological effects of FDP. Selected areas of living skin, protected by dyed aromatic polyamides and polybenzimidazole fabrics, were exposed to a thermal source adjusted to simulate a postcrash JP-4 fuel fire. Burn sites contaminated with FDP were evaluated by clinical observation ane to begin epithelialization, time to closure of an open wound, and the amount and type of cicatrix formation. The experiment showed that each fabric has unique off-gasing products. The greatest amount of FDP was deposited on the skin when the skin was covered by a single layer of shell fabric separated by a 6.35-mm air gap. The presence of an intervening cotton T-shirt decreased the amount of FDP deposited on the skin. We found no evidence that FDP caused alterations in wound healing.", "contents": "Effect of fiber and dye degradation products (FDP) on burn wound healing. Upon exposure to the thermal environment of an aircraft fire, many fire retardant fabrics off-gas fiber and dye degradation products (FDP). Condensation of these products on human skin raises questions concerning possible deleterious effects on burn wound healing. A porcine bioassay was used to study the physiological effects of FDP. Selected areas of living skin, protected by dyed aromatic polyamides and polybenzimidazole fabrics, were exposed to a thermal source adjusted to simulate a postcrash JP-4 fuel fire. Burn sites contaminated with FDP were evaluated by clinical observation ane to begin epithelialization, time to closure of an open wound, and the amount and type of cicatrix formation. The experiment showed that each fabric has unique off-gasing products. The greatest amount of FDP was deposited on the skin when the skin was covered by a single layer of shell fabric separated by a 6.35-mm air gap. The presence of an intervening cotton T-shirt decreased the amount of FDP deposited on the skin. We found no evidence that FDP caused alterations in wound healing.", "PMID": 518442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12229", "title": "Bimodal relationship of human tremor and shivering on introduction to cold exposure.", "content": "Four subjects were exposed to an environmental challenge of -12 degrees C for 15 min in four conditions of exposure: 1) clothed body and clothed arm, 0.5 clo units: 2) clothed body and exposed arm, 0.4 col; 3) exposed body and exposed arm, 0.1 clo: 4) exposed body and clothed arm, 0.2 clo. Core temperature, surface temperature of the right arm, perceived thermal comfort, EMG indicated onset of shivering, and the frequency of tremor using accelerometry were monitored and data collected every 30 s. The results indicate that tremor frequency significantly increases with cold exposure, but that a significant drop in tremor frequency precedes the onset of shivering. It is suggested that pre-shivering tetany occurs prior to the onset of shivering, acts as a load upon the lever of the hand and reduces the oscillation of the limb.", "contents": "Bimodal relationship of human tremor and shivering on introduction to cold exposure. Four subjects were exposed to an environmental challenge of -12 degrees C for 15 min in four conditions of exposure: 1) clothed body and clothed arm, 0.5 clo units: 2) clothed body and exposed arm, 0.4 col; 3) exposed body and exposed arm, 0.1 clo: 4) exposed body and clothed arm, 0.2 clo. Core temperature, surface temperature of the right arm, perceived thermal comfort, EMG indicated onset of shivering, and the frequency of tremor using accelerometry were monitored and data collected every 30 s. The results indicate that tremor frequency significantly increases with cold exposure, but that a significant drop in tremor frequency precedes the onset of shivering. It is suggested that pre-shivering tetany occurs prior to the onset of shivering, acts as a load upon the lever of the hand and reduces the oscillation of the limb.", "PMID": 518443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12230", "title": "Comparison of physiological effects of head-down tilting and immersion on the human body.", "content": "Among the methods simulating weightlessness, effects on the human body, head-down tilting and water immersion are very useful. The purpose of the present investigation was to carry out a comparative study of water balance and water-protein composition of the blood using the above two methods to simulate the physiological effects typical of an acute stage of weightlessness adaptation. The results of the 7-d head-down tilting and immersion experiments allow the following conclusions: More pronounced changes in water balance and water-protein composition of the blood during immersion seem to indicate that immersion produces a greater effect on the human body; The pattern of changes during immersion and tilting suggests that the adaptation period to immersion takes a longer time; These findings give evidence that immersion, compared with head-down tilting, reproduces more closely effects of acute adaptation to simulated weightlessness.", "contents": "Comparison of physiological effects of head-down tilting and immersion on the human body. Among the methods simulating weightlessness, effects on the human body, head-down tilting and water immersion are very useful. The purpose of the present investigation was to carry out a comparative study of water balance and water-protein composition of the blood using the above two methods to simulate the physiological effects typical of an acute stage of weightlessness adaptation. The results of the 7-d head-down tilting and immersion experiments allow the following conclusions: More pronounced changes in water balance and water-protein composition of the blood during immersion seem to indicate that immersion produces a greater effect on the human body; The pattern of changes during immersion and tilting suggests that the adaptation period to immersion takes a longer time; These findings give evidence that immersion, compared with head-down tilting, reproduces more closely effects of acute adaptation to simulated weightlessness.", "PMID": 518444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12231", "title": "Bioassay of thermal protection afforded by candidate flight suit fabrics.", "content": "The United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL) porcine cutaneous bioassay technique was used to determine what mitigating effect four thermally protective flight suit fabrics would have on fire-induced skin damage. The fabrics were 4.8-ox twill weave Nomex aramide, 4.5-oz stabilized twill weave polybenzimidazole, 4.8-oz plain weave experimental high-temperature polymer (HT4), and 4.8-oz plain weave Nomex aramide (New Weave Nomex or NWN). Each fabric sample was assayed 20 times in each of four configurations: as a single layer in contact with the skin; as a single layer with a 6.35 mm (0.25 in) air gap between fabric and skin; in conjuction with a cotton T-shirt with no air gaps; and, finally, in conjuction with a T-shirt with a 6.35 mm air gap between T-shirt and fabric. Bare skin was used as a control. A JP-4 fueled furnace was used as a thermal source and was adjested to deliver a mean heat flux of 3.07 cal/cm2/s. The duration of exposure was 5 s. Four hundred burn sites were graded using clinical observation and microscopic techniques. Used as single layers, none of the fabrics demonstrated superiority in providing clinically significant protection. When used with a cotton T-shirt, protection was improved. Protection improved progressively for all fabrics and configuration when an air gap was introduced. The experimental high-temperature polymer consistently demonstrated lower heat flux transmission in all configurations, but did not significantly reduce clinical burns.", "contents": "Bioassay of thermal protection afforded by candidate flight suit fabrics. The United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL) porcine cutaneous bioassay technique was used to determine what mitigating effect four thermally protective flight suit fabrics would have on fire-induced skin damage. The fabrics were 4.8-ox twill weave Nomex aramide, 4.5-oz stabilized twill weave polybenzimidazole, 4.8-oz plain weave experimental high-temperature polymer (HT4), and 4.8-oz plain weave Nomex aramide (New Weave Nomex or NWN). Each fabric sample was assayed 20 times in each of four configurations: as a single layer in contact with the skin; as a single layer with a 6.35 mm (0.25 in) air gap between fabric and skin; in conjuction with a cotton T-shirt with no air gaps; and, finally, in conjuction with a T-shirt with a 6.35 mm air gap between T-shirt and fabric. Bare skin was used as a control. A JP-4 fueled furnace was used as a thermal source and was adjested to deliver a mean heat flux of 3.07 cal/cm2/s. The duration of exposure was 5 s. Four hundred burn sites were graded using clinical observation and microscopic techniques. Used as single layers, none of the fabrics demonstrated superiority in providing clinically significant protection. When used with a cotton T-shirt, protection was improved. Protection improved progressively for all fabrics and configuration when an air gap was introduced. The experimental high-temperature polymer consistently demonstrated lower heat flux transmission in all configurations, but did not significantly reduce clinical burns.", "PMID": 518445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12232", "title": "Comparison of the job attitudes and interest patterns of air traffic and airway facility personnel.", "content": "Air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) and airway facility technicians (AFTs) were compared on measures of job attitudes and interests. A total of 792 ATCs and 2,366 AFTs completed the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and questionnaires concerning job satisfaction and job attitudes. Both groups indicated high overall job satisfaction and general agreement about areas of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. However, ATCSs. On the SVIB, ATCSs had higher scores than AFTs on scales concerned with interpersonally oriented vocations (e. g. social service, sales) and lower scores on technical-scientific occupational scales. The findings suggest that these two employee groups have many common attitudes toward work while at the same time having certain discriminable characteristics that have implications for both personnel and motivational programs.", "contents": "Comparison of the job attitudes and interest patterns of air traffic and airway facility personnel. Air traffic control specialists (ATCSs) and airway facility technicians (AFTs) were compared on measures of job attitudes and interests. A total of 792 ATCs and 2,366 AFTs completed the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and questionnaires concerning job satisfaction and job attitudes. Both groups indicated high overall job satisfaction and general agreement about areas of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. However, ATCSs. On the SVIB, ATCSs had higher scores than AFTs on scales concerned with interpersonally oriented vocations (e. g. social service, sales) and lower scores on technical-scientific occupational scales. The findings suggest that these two employee groups have many common attitudes toward work while at the same time having certain discriminable characteristics that have implications for both personnel and motivational programs.", "PMID": 518446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12233", "title": "Similarity in the number of lifespan heartbeats among non-hibernating homeothermic animals.", "content": "An investigation was made of the available data on heart rates and maximum lifespan of a number of vertebrates from a variety of sources; only data pertinent to resting adult non-anesthesized homeothermic mammals and birds in a state of thermal neutrality were subsequently analyzed. All known hibernators were excluded because of their extreme, and largely unknown, range of heartbeat from season to season. Plots of heart rate (beats per minute) against reciprocal of lifespan in years showed surprisingly good fits (r = +0.90 for mammals and r = +0.64 for birds). Computation of the total number of heartbeats in the maximum recorded lifespans of the mammalian and avian species involved in this study showed that the mean cumulative heartbeat number for 31 mammalian species was 100 +/- 8 S.E.M. x 10(7) beats and for 23 avian species was 326 +/- 22 S.E.M. x 10(7) beats. This paper documents this analysis, which supports the concept of a close similarity in lifespan heartbeats among mammalian species and among avian species.", "contents": "Similarity in the number of lifespan heartbeats among non-hibernating homeothermic animals. An investigation was made of the available data on heart rates and maximum lifespan of a number of vertebrates from a variety of sources; only data pertinent to resting adult non-anesthesized homeothermic mammals and birds in a state of thermal neutrality were subsequently analyzed. All known hibernators were excluded because of their extreme, and largely unknown, range of heartbeat from season to season. Plots of heart rate (beats per minute) against reciprocal of lifespan in years showed surprisingly good fits (r = +0.90 for mammals and r = +0.64 for birds). Computation of the total number of heartbeats in the maximum recorded lifespans of the mammalian and avian species involved in this study showed that the mean cumulative heartbeat number for 31 mammalian species was 100 +/- 8 S.E.M. x 10(7) beats and for 23 avian species was 326 +/- 22 S.E.M. x 10(7) beats. This paper documents this analysis, which supports the concept of a close similarity in lifespan heartbeats among mammalian species and among avian species.", "PMID": 518447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12234", "title": "Cold water survival suits for aircrew.", "content": "Laboratory and sea trials were used to compare the effectiveness of three aircrew exposure garments--the British Mark 10, the United States CWU 21/P, and the Canadian U.VIC. Thermofloat jacket. The first two are waterproof coveralls, whereas the third is a neoprene-lined jacket designed on the basis of the \"wet suit\" concept. Rectal and skin temperatures, electrocardiograms and other variables were measured while subjects, wearing the suits, were immersed in water at temperatures of 70 degrees C and 10.5 degrees C. The three garments were found to be similar in the degree of thermal protection provided, but the Thermofloat jacket appeared superior in other ways and has the greater potential for development. A previously unreported observation was a marked reduction in core cooling rate after the expected linear fall in core temperature. This has possible implications in the conduct of research in this field.", "contents": "Cold water survival suits for aircrew. Laboratory and sea trials were used to compare the effectiveness of three aircrew exposure garments--the British Mark 10, the United States CWU 21/P, and the Canadian U.VIC. Thermofloat jacket. The first two are waterproof coveralls, whereas the third is a neoprene-lined jacket designed on the basis of the \"wet suit\" concept. Rectal and skin temperatures, electrocardiograms and other variables were measured while subjects, wearing the suits, were immersed in water at temperatures of 70 degrees C and 10.5 degrees C. The three garments were found to be similar in the degree of thermal protection provided, but the Thermofloat jacket appeared superior in other ways and has the greater potential for development. A previously unreported observation was a marked reduction in core cooling rate after the expected linear fall in core temperature. This has possible implications in the conduct of research in this field.", "PMID": 518448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12235", "title": "Susceptibility to seasickness: influence of hull design and steaming direction.", "content": "Three sea going vessels steamed side by side through slight seas off the coast of Oahu, Hi. A 4-h octagon was transmitted twice each day for three consecutive days while motion sickness symptomatology was recorded from 18 enlisted men who alternated among the vessels. Dramatic differences in illness severity were obtained whether comparisons were made using objective evidence of vomiting episodes or subjective reporting of symptoms on questionnaires. Reliability of this scoring method was excellent (r = .95). In addition to face and construct validity, evidence is presented of the predictive validity of the scoring method in a separate octagonal steaming experiment using a 95 ft Coast Guard patrol boat in an equivalent experimental paradigm. This study showed significant covariance between the magnitude of motion sickness symptomatology and the encounter direction of the vessel to the primary swell (p less than 0.01). Additionally, significant correlations were found between sickness severity and test subject concentration, fatigue, urine production, and urine specific gravity. The majority of these relationships would not have been disclosed had only the dichotomous criterion of vomit/nonvomit been employed in assessing motionsickness severity. Implications of these data as design criteria for marine vehicles are discussed.", "contents": "Susceptibility to seasickness: influence of hull design and steaming direction. Three sea going vessels steamed side by side through slight seas off the coast of Oahu, Hi. A 4-h octagon was transmitted twice each day for three consecutive days while motion sickness symptomatology was recorded from 18 enlisted men who alternated among the vessels. Dramatic differences in illness severity were obtained whether comparisons were made using objective evidence of vomiting episodes or subjective reporting of symptoms on questionnaires. Reliability of this scoring method was excellent (r = .95). In addition to face and construct validity, evidence is presented of the predictive validity of the scoring method in a separate octagonal steaming experiment using a 95 ft Coast Guard patrol boat in an equivalent experimental paradigm. This study showed significant covariance between the magnitude of motion sickness symptomatology and the encounter direction of the vessel to the primary swell (p less than 0.01). Additionally, significant correlations were found between sickness severity and test subject concentration, fatigue, urine production, and urine specific gravity. The majority of these relationships would not have been disclosed had only the dichotomous criterion of vomit/nonvomit been employed in assessing motionsickness severity. Implications of these data as design criteria for marine vehicles are discussed.", "PMID": 518449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12236", "title": "Passive resistive torques about long bone axes of major human joints.", "content": "Multisegmented total-human-body models play an important role in studies such as vehicle crash victim simulation, pilot ejection and flailing. Proper biomechanical description of the major articulating joints of these mathematical models require passive resistive torque data for the rotational motions of the body segments about their long bone axes. This paper presents a research program which was developed to collect such data at the shoulder, hip, knee, elbow, and ankle joints. The research was conducted, with some obvious limitations, on live human subjects by means of specially designed experimental apparatus. The numerical results are presented for three subjects for the passive resistive torques about the long bone axes of the major articulating joints. It was concluded that the maximum tolerable passive resistive torques associated with the long bones of the lower extremities are more than twice the ones associated with the long bones of the upper extre mities.", "contents": "Passive resistive torques about long bone axes of major human joints. Multisegmented total-human-body models play an important role in studies such as vehicle crash victim simulation, pilot ejection and flailing. Proper biomechanical description of the major articulating joints of these mathematical models require passive resistive torque data for the rotational motions of the body segments about their long bone axes. This paper presents a research program which was developed to collect such data at the shoulder, hip, knee, elbow, and ankle joints. The research was conducted, with some obvious limitations, on live human subjects by means of specially designed experimental apparatus. The numerical results are presented for three subjects for the passive resistive torques about the long bone axes of the major articulating joints. It was concluded that the maximum tolerable passive resistive torques associated with the long bones of the lower extremities are more than twice the ones associated with the long bones of the upper extre mities.", "PMID": 518450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12237", "title": "Medical barofunction testing of aviators with otorhinolaryngologic disease.", "content": "Forty aviators with otorhinolaryngologic pathology, previously considered physically disqualified for flight status, were tested in the hypobaric chamber to evaluate tolerance to rapid barometric pressure changes. Testing consisted of three sequential trials in the low-pressure chamber (LPC) at rates of 1,524 m, the second to 3,048 m, and the third to 5,486 m. Failure consisted of any symptoms (pain) or physical findings of barotrauma (aerosinusitis or aerootitis media). Results revealed a 22.5% failure rate. The findings indicate this type of \"Medical Barofunction Test\" is a practical adjunct to the clinical evaluation of the aviator. The profile is safe and free from serious dysbaric episodes experienced above 7.620 m. Follow-up studies revealed the incidence of false negatives to be only 8% by the LPC test. The findings are not significantly different from the medical disqualification rate of a normal student aviator comparison group.", "contents": "Medical barofunction testing of aviators with otorhinolaryngologic disease. Forty aviators with otorhinolaryngologic pathology, previously considered physically disqualified for flight status, were tested in the hypobaric chamber to evaluate tolerance to rapid barometric pressure changes. Testing consisted of three sequential trials in the low-pressure chamber (LPC) at rates of 1,524 m, the second to 3,048 m, and the third to 5,486 m. Failure consisted of any symptoms (pain) or physical findings of barotrauma (aerosinusitis or aerootitis media). Results revealed a 22.5% failure rate. The findings indicate this type of \"Medical Barofunction Test\" is a practical adjunct to the clinical evaluation of the aviator. The profile is safe and free from serious dysbaric episodes experienced above 7.620 m. Follow-up studies revealed the incidence of false negatives to be only 8% by the LPC test. The findings are not significantly different from the medical disqualification rate of a normal student aviator comparison group.", "PMID": 518451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12238", "title": "Containment aircraft transit isolator.", "content": "The Containment Aircraft Transit Isolator is a self-contained unit capable of transporting a patient with a highly virulent disease and at the same time providing maximum microbiological security while full nursing care and treatment are carried out. The isolator was employed in a trans-Atlantic simulated aeromedical evacuation in a Canadian Forces Boeing 707. During the exercise, flight testing was undertaken and nursing care, treatment, and decontamination procedures were developed and evaluated. Flight medical personnel were trained in the use of the unit. It was concluded that flight-trained medical teams, well versed in general aviation medicine and with a detailed familiarity with the isolator, are necessary for safely transporting patients with exotic diseases.", "contents": "Containment aircraft transit isolator. The Containment Aircraft Transit Isolator is a self-contained unit capable of transporting a patient with a highly virulent disease and at the same time providing maximum microbiological security while full nursing care and treatment are carried out. The isolator was employed in a trans-Atlantic simulated aeromedical evacuation in a Canadian Forces Boeing 707. During the exercise, flight testing was undertaken and nursing care, treatment, and decontamination procedures were developed and evaluated. Flight medical personnel were trained in the use of the unit. It was concluded that flight-trained medical teams, well versed in general aviation medicine and with a detailed familiarity with the isolator, are necessary for safely transporting patients with exotic diseases.", "PMID": 518452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12239", "title": "Coping with expanding nursing practice, knowledge, and technology.", "content": "Nurses utilize transcultural, transactional, systems, primary, and interdisciplinary approaches to physiological and psychosocial components of patient care. Expanded roles, as well as advances in knowledge and technology have prepared nurses for critical, specialized, primary, aerospace, and independent nursing practice. Exciting as they are, nursing's expanded roles and practices frequently contribute to the burnout and distress phenomena increasingly observed in practicing health care professionals. Causes and symptoms of the burnout distress phenomena are many and varied. Selye, Shubin, Maslach, and others adeptly identified and wrote on the phenomena as it specifically relates to nurses and the many facets of nursing practice. Rather than utilizing crisis intervention coping techniques, preventive strategies and adaptations are suggested. This paper reviews and discusses: 1. Factors associated with burnout-distress phenomena identified in professional literature; 2. Identification of factors associated with expanded roles and practice which contribute to burnout stress; 3. Identification of factors in military and civilian air ambulance and aeromedical evacuation systems which contribute to burnout stress; 4. Recommendations for strategies to prevent and cope with burnout distress factors.", "contents": "Coping with expanding nursing practice, knowledge, and technology. Nurses utilize transcultural, transactional, systems, primary, and interdisciplinary approaches to physiological and psychosocial components of patient care. Expanded roles, as well as advances in knowledge and technology have prepared nurses for critical, specialized, primary, aerospace, and independent nursing practice. Exciting as they are, nursing's expanded roles and practices frequently contribute to the burnout and distress phenomena increasingly observed in practicing health care professionals. Causes and symptoms of the burnout distress phenomena are many and varied. Selye, Shubin, Maslach, and others adeptly identified and wrote on the phenomena as it specifically relates to nurses and the many facets of nursing practice. Rather than utilizing crisis intervention coping techniques, preventive strategies and adaptations are suggested. This paper reviews and discusses: 1. Factors associated with burnout-distress phenomena identified in professional literature; 2. Identification of factors associated with expanded roles and practice which contribute to burnout stress; 3. Identification of factors in military and civilian air ambulance and aeromedical evacuation systems which contribute to burnout stress; 4. Recommendations for strategies to prevent and cope with burnout distress factors.", "PMID": 518453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12240", "title": "Technique for simulating G-induced tunnel vision.", "content": "A simple technique is described which helps subjects gain an understanding of the endpoint used to terminate exposure to centrifuge stress during training procedures on the human centrifuge. The technique involves manual induction of increased intraocular pressure which, in turn, causes a decrease in retinal perfusion followed by greyout and tunnel vision.", "contents": "Technique for simulating G-induced tunnel vision. A simple technique is described which helps subjects gain an understanding of the endpoint used to terminate exposure to centrifuge stress during training procedures on the human centrifuge. The technique involves manual induction of increased intraocular pressure which, in turn, causes a decrease in retinal perfusion followed by greyout and tunnel vision.", "PMID": 518454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12241", "title": "Pilot performance during simulated approaches and landings made with various computer-generated visual glidepath indicators.", "content": "Two simulator experiments were conducted to quantify the effectiveness, in terms of pilot performance, of four different visual glidepath indicator systems (the 2-bar VASI, 3-bar VASI, T-VASIS, and PAPI) in the severely reduced nighttime visual environment often referred to as the \"black hole.\" Performance in Experiment I was best with the T-VASIS and decreased with the 3-bar BASI, PAPI, and 2-bar VASI, in that order; but differences between the T-VASIS, 3-bar VASI, and Papi were not statistically significant. Approaches flown withou the ground-vased glidepath indicators tended to be low and extremely variable. Observing behavior was compared in approaches with the T-VASIS and 2-bar VASI. Observing response frequency increased as distance from runway threshold decreased and was significantly higher with the T-VASIS. Differences in performanange provided by a given system and to the rate of observing the indicator during approaches.", "contents": "Pilot performance during simulated approaches and landings made with various computer-generated visual glidepath indicators. Two simulator experiments were conducted to quantify the effectiveness, in terms of pilot performance, of four different visual glidepath indicator systems (the 2-bar VASI, 3-bar VASI, T-VASIS, and PAPI) in the severely reduced nighttime visual environment often referred to as the \"black hole.\" Performance in Experiment I was best with the T-VASIS and decreased with the 3-bar BASI, PAPI, and 2-bar VASI, in that order; but differences between the T-VASIS, 3-bar VASI, and Papi were not statistically significant. Approaches flown withou the ground-vased glidepath indicators tended to be low and extremely variable. Observing behavior was compared in approaches with the T-VASIS and 2-bar VASI. Observing response frequency increased as distance from runway threshold decreased and was significantly higher with the T-VASIS. Differences in performanange provided by a given system and to the rate of observing the indicator during approaches.", "PMID": 518455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12242", "title": "Inbreeding and heterogamic mating: an alternative to Averhoff and Richardson.", "content": "An alternative explanation to the pheromonal control of mating through chemoreceptor saturation proposed by Averhoff and Richardson (1974) is offered for the apparent rise in heterogamic mating in their experiments, after several generations of full-sib mating. In a multiple-choice mating between two genotypic strains differing in their level of sexual vigor, there is a sequence from heterogamic to homogamic mating. It is proposed that, by reducing mating speed, inbreeding changes the rate of this sequence but not its pattern, so the apparent level of heterogamic mating will increase during inbreeding, for a fixed observation period. This hypothesis was tested using the Kence-Bryant model of mating success.", "contents": "Inbreeding and heterogamic mating: an alternative to Averhoff and Richardson. An alternative explanation to the pheromonal control of mating through chemoreceptor saturation proposed by Averhoff and Richardson (1974) is offered for the apparent rise in heterogamic mating in their experiments, after several generations of full-sib mating. In a multiple-choice mating between two genotypic strains differing in their level of sexual vigor, there is a sequence from heterogamic to homogamic mating. It is proposed that, by reducing mating speed, inbreeding changes the rate of this sequence but not its pattern, so the apparent level of heterogamic mating will increase during inbreeding, for a fixed observation period. This hypothesis was tested using the Kence-Bryant model of mating success.", "PMID": 518466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12243", "title": "Behavior in chimeric mice combining differently behaving strains.", "content": "A/J and C57BL/6J mice behave differently in tests for alcohol preference, open-field activity, defecation in the open field, cricket attacking, and rope climbing. Chimeric mice, i.e., mice containing both A/J cells and C57BL/6J cells, were constructed and tested for these behaviors. Patterns of behavior among A/J in equilibrium with C57BL/6J chimeras are such as to suggest that none of these behavior differences is controlled by a single cell or clone and that the same cell population that gives rise to the strain difference in alcohol preference also gives rise to the differences in open-field activity and defecation, while separate cell populations control cricket killing and rope climbing.", "contents": "Behavior in chimeric mice combining differently behaving strains. A/J and C57BL/6J mice behave differently in tests for alcohol preference, open-field activity, defecation in the open field, cricket attacking, and rope climbing. Chimeric mice, i.e., mice containing both A/J cells and C57BL/6J cells, were constructed and tested for these behaviors. Patterns of behavior among A/J in equilibrium with C57BL/6J chimeras are such as to suggest that none of these behavior differences is controlled by a single cell or clone and that the same cell population that gives rise to the strain difference in alcohol preference also gives rise to the differences in open-field activity and defecation, while separate cell populations control cricket killing and rope climbing.", "PMID": 518467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12244", "title": "Sex effect on the risk of mental retardation.", "content": "Risks of mental retardation were computed separately for the relatives of male and female probands. When compared, the risks for the relatives of females were always significantly higher than the risks for the relatives of males. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a differential genetic loading for males and females.", "contents": "Sex effect on the risk of mental retardation. Risks of mental retardation were computed separately for the relatives of male and female probands. When compared, the risks for the relatives of females were always significantly higher than the risks for the relatives of males. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a differential genetic loading for males and females.", "PMID": 518468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12245", "title": "Genetic selection for avoidance behavior in the rat.", "content": "Long-Evans rats were selectively bred for over 20 generations using two behavioral criteria: (1) limited responding to the warning signal during ten pretest trials and (2) either good or poor avoidance behavior during 60 avoidance training trials in a two-way shuttlebox. The results suggest that avoidance behavior in the rat is a heritable characteristic that may be selected independently of activity level.", "contents": "Genetic selection for avoidance behavior in the rat. Long-Evans rats were selectively bred for over 20 generations using two behavioral criteria: (1) limited responding to the warning signal during ten pretest trials and (2) either good or poor avoidance behavior during 60 avoidance training trials in a two-way shuttlebox. The results suggest that avoidance behavior in the rat is a heritable characteristic that may be selected independently of activity level.", "PMID": 518469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12246", "title": "Phenotypic vs. genotypic sex and cognitive abilities.", "content": "As a test of whether sex differences in cognitive functioning are determined by chromosomal constitution or hormonal events, eight subjects whose phenotypic sex differed from their genotypic sex were given a standard intelligence test. The results indicated that differences between verbal and nonverbal abilities corresponded to phenotypic rather than genotypic sex. The roles of environmental factors, sex steroid hormones and alternate genetic mechanisms in determining intellectual dimorphisms are examined.", "contents": "Phenotypic vs. genotypic sex and cognitive abilities. As a test of whether sex differences in cognitive functioning are determined by chromosomal constitution or hormonal events, eight subjects whose phenotypic sex differed from their genotypic sex were given a standard intelligence test. The results indicated that differences between verbal and nonverbal abilities corresponded to phenotypic rather than genotypic sex. The roles of environmental factors, sex steroid hormones and alternate genetic mechanisms in determining intellectual dimorphisms are examined.", "PMID": 518470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12247", "title": "Probabilistic theories of coalition formation in groups.", "content": "Chertkoff's (1967) and Walker's (1973) theories of coalition formation for decision making, which attempt to predict the probabilities of the occurrence of coalitions in three-person group systems, are extended to apply to certain situations involving groups larger than these triads. These two extended theories and Komorita's (1974) weighted probability theory, which attempts to predict the probabilities of occurrence of coalitions in groups of any size, are compared according to how well they can account for the results of a number of previously reported experiments, both on triads and on larger groups. In general, this comparison shows that: (a) Chertkoff's theory cannot account for the results; (b) Walker's theory can account only for the results of experiments in which all the minimal winning coalitions are equal in size; and (c) Komorita's theory can account only for the results of experiments in which there is some difference in size among the minimal winning coalitions. It is suggested that the theories of Chertkoff and Walker do not attribute enough importance to size as a factor in coalition formation, while weighted probability theory attributes too much importance to this factor.", "contents": "Probabilistic theories of coalition formation in groups. Chertkoff's (1967) and Walker's (1973) theories of coalition formation for decision making, which attempt to predict the probabilities of the occurrence of coalitions in three-person group systems, are extended to apply to certain situations involving groups larger than these triads. These two extended theories and Komorita's (1974) weighted probability theory, which attempts to predict the probabilities of occurrence of coalitions in groups of any size, are compared according to how well they can account for the results of a number of previously reported experiments, both on triads and on larger groups. In general, this comparison shows that: (a) Chertkoff's theory cannot account for the results; (b) Walker's theory can account only for the results of experiments in which all the minimal winning coalitions are equal in size; and (c) Komorita's theory can account only for the results of experiments in which there is some difference in size among the minimal winning coalitions. It is suggested that the theories of Chertkoff and Walker do not attribute enough importance to size as a factor in coalition formation, while weighted probability theory attributes too much importance to this factor.", "PMID": 518471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12248", "title": "An equal excess model of coalition formation.", "content": "Current theories of coalition formation in decision processes of systems at the level of the group lack generality in that some theories do not predict which coalitions are likely to form while others make predictions in only a narrow range of conditions. A model of coalition formation is proposed which predicts coalition formation in a variety of situations. Comparisons between predicted and observed results of studies using different coalition paradigms show considerable empirical support for the model. Despite some ambiguity in specifying the effects of some situational variables, the model provides a framework with which to study the processes of coalition formation and to examine the effects of such situational factors.", "contents": "An equal excess model of coalition formation. Current theories of coalition formation in decision processes of systems at the level of the group lack generality in that some theories do not predict which coalitions are likely to form while others make predictions in only a narrow range of conditions. A model of coalition formation is proposed which predicts coalition formation in a variety of situations. Comparisons between predicted and observed results of studies using different coalition paradigms show considerable empirical support for the model. Despite some ambiguity in specifying the effects of some situational variables, the model provides a framework with which to study the processes of coalition formation and to examine the effects of such situational factors.", "PMID": 518472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12249", "title": "Free sugar fraction of the amylose-related mutants of maize.", "content": "The free sugar fraction of normal and amylose-related mutants of maize has been studied. The mutant waxy, characterized by a starch deprived of amylose, does not differ from the normal maize so far as free sugars are concerned. We report, however, the presence of maltose in waxy extracts, a disaccharide otherwise supposed to be absent in this genotype. Three high-amylose mutants (amylose extender, dull, and sugary-2) can be differentiated on the basis of the content of free sugars: dull and sugary-2 enhance amylose synthesis without inducing the presence of starch amylolytic products, while amylose extender accumulates a large quantity of maltose and maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization between 3 and 8. In developing endosperm of amylose extender an abnormal amylolytic activity may be responsible for the observed abnormalities in free sugars and starch characteristics.", "contents": "Free sugar fraction of the amylose-related mutants of maize. The free sugar fraction of normal and amylose-related mutants of maize has been studied. The mutant waxy, characterized by a starch deprived of amylose, does not differ from the normal maize so far as free sugars are concerned. We report, however, the presence of maltose in waxy extracts, a disaccharide otherwise supposed to be absent in this genotype. Three high-amylose mutants (amylose extender, dull, and sugary-2) can be differentiated on the basis of the content of free sugars: dull and sugary-2 enhance amylose synthesis without inducing the presence of starch amylolytic products, while amylose extender accumulates a large quantity of maltose and maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization between 3 and 8. In developing endosperm of amylose extender an abnormal amylolytic activity may be responsible for the observed abnormalities in free sugars and starch characteristics.", "PMID": 518532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12250", "title": "Genetics and ontogeny of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: evidence for a cis-acting regulator gene (Adt-i) controlling C2 isozyme expression in reproductive tissues and close linkage of Adh-3 and Adt-i on chromosome 3.", "content": "An electrophoretic variant previously reported for the stomach isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-C2) in inbred strains of Mus musculus (Holmes, 1977) has been used to localize the gene encoding this enzyme (Adh-3) on chromosome 3 near Va (varitint) (9.6 +/- 3.6% recombinants). Genetic variation of ADH-C2 activity in male and female reproductive tissues among inbred strains and Harwell linkage testing stocks was also observed. Reproductive tissue ADH-C2 phenotypes were inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion among F2 progeny of an F1 (LII x C57BL/Go) x C57BL/Go backcross as though controlled by a single cis-acting regulator locus (designated Adt-1) with two alleles: Adt-1a (presence of ADH-C2) and Adt-1b (absence or low activity of ADH-C2). No recombinants were observed among 73 progeny or among 13 inbred strains and six Harwell linkage testing stocks of mice, indicating that Adh-3 and Adt-1 are closely linked or identical genes. A single recombinant phenotype was observed in Peru-Coppock mice, suggesting that they are separate genes. Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that ADH-B2 is present throughout development from late fetal stages in stomach, liver, and kidney; similar results were found for ADH-C2 in developing kidney and stomach extracts, whereas ADH-A2 exhibited high activity in liver extracts after 3 weeks of age in both sexes and in male kidney extracts after 6 weeks.", "contents": "Genetics and ontogeny of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: evidence for a cis-acting regulator gene (Adt-i) controlling C2 isozyme expression in reproductive tissues and close linkage of Adh-3 and Adt-i on chromosome 3. An electrophoretic variant previously reported for the stomach isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-C2) in inbred strains of Mus musculus (Holmes, 1977) has been used to localize the gene encoding this enzyme (Adh-3) on chromosome 3 near Va (varitint) (9.6 +/- 3.6% recombinants). Genetic variation of ADH-C2 activity in male and female reproductive tissues among inbred strains and Harwell linkage testing stocks was also observed. Reproductive tissue ADH-C2 phenotypes were inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion among F2 progeny of an F1 (LII x C57BL/Go) x C57BL/Go backcross as though controlled by a single cis-acting regulator locus (designated Adt-1) with two alleles: Adt-1a (presence of ADH-C2) and Adt-1b (absence or low activity of ADH-C2). No recombinants were observed among 73 progeny or among 13 inbred strains and six Harwell linkage testing stocks of mice, indicating that Adh-3 and Adt-1 are closely linked or identical genes. A single recombinant phenotype was observed in Peru-Coppock mice, suggesting that they are separate genes. Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that ADH-B2 is present throughout development from late fetal stages in stomach, liver, and kidney; similar results were found for ADH-C2 in developing kidney and stomach extracts, whereas ADH-A2 exhibited high activity in liver extracts after 3 weeks of age in both sexes and in male kidney extracts after 6 weeks.", "PMID": 518534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12251", "title": "Genetics, ontogeny, and testosterone inducibility of aldehyde oxidase isozymes in the mouse: evidence for two genetic loci (Aox-I and Aox-2) closely linked on chromosome 1.", "content": "\"Null\"-activity and low-activity variants for the liver supernatant isozymes of aldehyde oxidase (designated AOX-1 and AOX-2) were observed in inbred strains and in Harwell linkage testing stocks of Mus musculus. The genetic loci determining the activity of these isozymes (designated Aox-1 and Aox-2, respecitively) are closely linked on chromosome 1 near Id-1 (encoding the soluble isozyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase). Linkage data of Aox-1 with Id-1 and Dip-1 (encoding a kidney peptidase) demonstrated that this gene coincides with or is closely linked to Aox (Watson et al., 1972). Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that liver AOX-1 appeared just before birth and increased in activity during postnatal development, whereas liver AOX-2 was observed only during postnatal development. Adult male livers exhibited higher AOX-1 and AOX-2 activities than adult female livers. Both isozymes were significantly reduced in activity by castration of adult males and increased following testosterone administration to castrated males and normal female mice.", "contents": "Genetics, ontogeny, and testosterone inducibility of aldehyde oxidase isozymes in the mouse: evidence for two genetic loci (Aox-I and Aox-2) closely linked on chromosome 1. \"Null\"-activity and low-activity variants for the liver supernatant isozymes of aldehyde oxidase (designated AOX-1 and AOX-2) were observed in inbred strains and in Harwell linkage testing stocks of Mus musculus. The genetic loci determining the activity of these isozymes (designated Aox-1 and Aox-2, respecitively) are closely linked on chromosome 1 near Id-1 (encoding the soluble isozyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase). Linkage data of Aox-1 with Id-1 and Dip-1 (encoding a kidney peptidase) demonstrated that this gene coincides with or is closely linked to Aox (Watson et al., 1972). Ontogenetic analyses demonstrated that liver AOX-1 appeared just before birth and increased in activity during postnatal development, whereas liver AOX-2 was observed only during postnatal development. Adult male livers exhibited higher AOX-1 and AOX-2 activities than adult female livers. Both isozymes were significantly reduced in activity by castration of adult males and increased following testosterone administration to castrated males and normal female mice.", "PMID": 518535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12252", "title": "Assignment of histidase-regulating locus to chromosome 10 of the mouse.", "content": "Data from four sets of recombinant inbred strains confirm that variation at a single genetic locus is responsible for the previously observed differences in the rate of histidase synthesis in inbred mice. Linkage testing stocks were used to demonstrate linkage with steel (Sl) on chromosome 10.", "contents": "Assignment of histidase-regulating locus to chromosome 10 of the mouse. Data from four sets of recombinant inbred strains confirm that variation at a single genetic locus is responsible for the previously observed differences in the rate of histidase synthesis in inbred mice. Linkage testing stocks were used to demonstrate linkage with steel (Sl) on chromosome 10.", "PMID": 518536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12253", "title": "Genetic analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides).", "content": "Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) produces three ADH isozymes, sets I, II, and III, with set III being expressed only in anaerobically treated seeds of seedlings. Variant strains have been identified which produce ADH isozymes with altered electrophoretic mobilities for sets I and II but not for set III activity. Based on genetic analysis of these variants and on dissociation-reassociation experiments, we propose that the three ADH isozymes are dimers of subunits coded by two structural genes, Adh1 and Adh2, with set I being a homodimer specified by Adh1, set III a homodimer specified by Adh2, and set II a heterodimer formed between the products of Adh1 and Adh2.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) produces three ADH isozymes, sets I, II, and III, with set III being expressed only in anaerobically treated seeds of seedlings. Variant strains have been identified which produce ADH isozymes with altered electrophoretic mobilities for sets I and II but not for set III activity. Based on genetic analysis of these variants and on dissociation-reassociation experiments, we propose that the three ADH isozymes are dimers of subunits coded by two structural genes, Adh1 and Adh2, with set I being a homodimer specified by Adh1, set III a homodimer specified by Adh2, and set II a heterodimer formed between the products of Adh1 and Adh2.", "PMID": 518537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12254", "title": "Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase activity in vitro and in vivo: effects of acetone feeding.", "content": "When adult Drosophila are placed on medium containing 0.5% acetone, their level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity drops rapidly. At the same time, the proportion of activity in the various electrophoretic forms of the enzyme shifts; most of the activity becomes localized in what is ordinarily a minor form of the enzyme. Moreover, the loss of enzyme activity occurs in vivo as well, as shown by sensitivity to ethanol poisoning, insensitivity to pentenol treatment, and inability to utilize ethanol as an energy source. These observations are discussed in light of a model advanced for the origin of the multiple forms of alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila.", "contents": "Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase activity in vitro and in vivo: effects of acetone feeding. When adult Drosophila are placed on medium containing 0.5% acetone, their level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity drops rapidly. At the same time, the proportion of activity in the various electrophoretic forms of the enzyme shifts; most of the activity becomes localized in what is ordinarily a minor form of the enzyme. Moreover, the loss of enzyme activity occurs in vivo as well, as shown by sensitivity to ethanol poisoning, insensitivity to pentenol treatment, and inability to utilize ethanol as an energy source. These observations are discussed in light of a model advanced for the origin of the multiple forms of alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila.", "PMID": 518538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12255", "title": "Multiplicity of molecules carrying blood-group-I antigen on erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A human serum containing a monoclonal anti-(blood-group I) antibody was used to investigate the distribution of blood-group-I antigen on erythrocyte membrane components. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis profiles of immuneprecipitates by using 3H-labelled (by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method) and 125I-labelled solubilized stroma were compared. Different radioactive profiles were revealed by the two radiolabelling methods. In the immunoprecipitates the predominant 125I radioactivity within the gel had the electrophoretic mobility of Band-3 protein (apparent mol.wt. 90 000--100 000), whereas the 3H radioactivity revealed a diffusely migrating component(s) (apparent mol.wt. range 40 000--70 000) in addition to radioactivity compatible with glycolipids at the dye front. The diffusely migrating 3H-labelled component was shown to have a similar electrophoretic mobility to a subpopulation of erythrocyte poly(glycosyl)ceramides with blood-group-I activity.", "contents": "Multiplicity of molecules carrying blood-group-I antigen on erythrocyte membranes. A human serum containing a monoclonal anti-(blood-group I) antibody was used to investigate the distribution of blood-group-I antigen on erythrocyte membrane components. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis profiles of immuneprecipitates by using 3H-labelled (by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method) and 125I-labelled solubilized stroma were compared. Different radioactive profiles were revealed by the two radiolabelling methods. In the immunoprecipitates the predominant 125I radioactivity within the gel had the electrophoretic mobility of Band-3 protein (apparent mol.wt. 90 000--100 000), whereas the 3H radioactivity revealed a diffusely migrating component(s) (apparent mol.wt. range 40 000--70 000) in addition to radioactivity compatible with glycolipids at the dye front. The diffusely migrating 3H-labelled component was shown to have a similar electrophoretic mobility to a subpopulation of erythrocyte poly(glycosyl)ceramides with blood-group-I activity.", "PMID": 518539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12256", "title": "Interaction of di-iodinated 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin and reversible cholinergic ligands with intact synaptic acetylcholine receptors on isolated skeletal-muscle fibres from the rat.", "content": "1. Intact synaptic acetylcholine receptors on freshly isolated rat skeletal-muscle fibres were characterized by their interaction with di-iodinated 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin, acetylcholine and other cholinergic ligands at room temperature (22 deggrees C). 2. The time course and concentration dependence of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin association conformed to a bimolecular mechanism. In time-course experiments with different concentrations of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin (1.4--200 nM) the bimolecular-association rate constant, k + 1, was (2.27 +/- 0.49) x 10(4)M-1.S-1 (mean +/- S.D., N = 10). In concentration-dependence experiments, k + 1 was 2.10 x 10(4)M-1.S-1 and 1.74 x 10(4) M-1.S-1 with 10 and 135 min incubations respectively. In association experiments the first-order rate constant was proportional to the 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin concentration. 125I-Labelled alpha-bungarotoxin dissociation was first order with a dissociation constant, k-1, less than or equal to 3 x 10(-6)S(-1) (half-life greater than or equal to 60 h.) The results indicated a single class of high-affinity toxin-binding sites at the end-plate with an equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, equal to or less than 100 pM. The number of toxin-binding sites was (3.62 +/- 0.46) x 10(7) (mean +/- S.D., n = 22) per rat end-plate. 3. The apparent inhibitor dissociation constants, Ki, for reversible cholinergic ligands were determined by studying their effect at equilibrium on the rate of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. There was heterogeneity of binding sites for cholinergic ligands, which were independent and non-interacting with antagonists. In contrast agonist affinity decreased with increasing receptor occupancy. Cholinergic ligands in excess inhibited over 90% of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. 4. Cholinergic ligand binding was accompanied by an increase in entropy, which was greater for the agonist carbachol (delta So = +0.46 kJ.mol-1.K-1) than the antagonist tubocurarine (delta So = +0.26 kJ.mol-1.K-1). 5. The entropy and affinity changes that accompanied agonist binding suggested that agonists induced significant conformational changes in intact acetylcholine receptors. 6. The affinity and specificity of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin and tubocurarine binding to synaptic acetylcholine receptors from slow and fast muscle fibres were the same. 7. The study of binding only requires milligram amounts of tissue and may have application to other neurobiological studies and to the study of human neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Interaction of di-iodinated 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin and reversible cholinergic ligands with intact synaptic acetylcholine receptors on isolated skeletal-muscle fibres from the rat. 1. Intact synaptic acetylcholine receptors on freshly isolated rat skeletal-muscle fibres were characterized by their interaction with di-iodinated 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin, acetylcholine and other cholinergic ligands at room temperature (22 deggrees C). 2. The time course and concentration dependence of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin association conformed to a bimolecular mechanism. In time-course experiments with different concentrations of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin (1.4--200 nM) the bimolecular-association rate constant, k + 1, was (2.27 +/- 0.49) x 10(4)M-1.S-1 (mean +/- S.D., N = 10). In concentration-dependence experiments, k + 1 was 2.10 x 10(4)M-1.S-1 and 1.74 x 10(4) M-1.S-1 with 10 and 135 min incubations respectively. In association experiments the first-order rate constant was proportional to the 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin concentration. 125I-Labelled alpha-bungarotoxin dissociation was first order with a dissociation constant, k-1, less than or equal to 3 x 10(-6)S(-1) (half-life greater than or equal to 60 h.) The results indicated a single class of high-affinity toxin-binding sites at the end-plate with an equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, equal to or less than 100 pM. The number of toxin-binding sites was (3.62 +/- 0.46) x 10(7) (mean +/- S.D., n = 22) per rat end-plate. 3. The apparent inhibitor dissociation constants, Ki, for reversible cholinergic ligands were determined by studying their effect at equilibrium on the rate of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. There was heterogeneity of binding sites for cholinergic ligands, which were independent and non-interacting with antagonists. In contrast agonist affinity decreased with increasing receptor occupancy. Cholinergic ligands in excess inhibited over 90% of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. 4. Cholinergic ligand binding was accompanied by an increase in entropy, which was greater for the agonist carbachol (delta So = +0.46 kJ.mol-1.K-1) than the antagonist tubocurarine (delta So = +0.26 kJ.mol-1.K-1). 5. The entropy and affinity changes that accompanied agonist binding suggested that agonists induced significant conformational changes in intact acetylcholine receptors. 6. The affinity and specificity of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin and tubocurarine binding to synaptic acetylcholine receptors from slow and fast muscle fibres were the same. 7. The study of binding only requires milligram amounts of tissue and may have application to other neurobiological studies and to the study of human neuromuscular disorders.", "PMID": 518540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12257", "title": "Characterization of an oxygen-stable nitrogenase complex isolated from Azotobacter chroococcum.", "content": "In crude cell-free extracts of Azotobacter chroococcum, nitrogenase was much less sensitive to irreversible inactivation by O2 than was the purified enzyme. When nitrogenase was partially purified by anaerobic discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation, O2-tolerance was retained. This preparation was considerably enriched in four polypeptides, three of which were derived from the Mo-Fe(molybdenum-iron) protein and Fe (iron) protein of nitrogenase. The fourth was purified to homogeneity and shown to be an iron-sulphur protein (mol.wt. 14000) probably containing a 2Fe--2S centre. When this protein was added to purified nitrogenase, the enzyme was rendered O2-tolerant, through stabilization was Mg2+-dependent. The isolated O2-tolerant nitrogenase was an equimolar stoicheiometric complex between the MO--Fe, Fe and protective proteins. It is likely that the formation of this complex in vivo is the mechanism of 'conformational protection' in this organism.", "contents": "Characterization of an oxygen-stable nitrogenase complex isolated from Azotobacter chroococcum. In crude cell-free extracts of Azotobacter chroococcum, nitrogenase was much less sensitive to irreversible inactivation by O2 than was the purified enzyme. When nitrogenase was partially purified by anaerobic discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation, O2-tolerance was retained. This preparation was considerably enriched in four polypeptides, three of which were derived from the Mo-Fe(molybdenum-iron) protein and Fe (iron) protein of nitrogenase. The fourth was purified to homogeneity and shown to be an iron-sulphur protein (mol.wt. 14000) probably containing a 2Fe--2S centre. When this protein was added to purified nitrogenase, the enzyme was rendered O2-tolerant, through stabilization was Mg2+-dependent. The isolated O2-tolerant nitrogenase was an equimolar stoicheiometric complex between the MO--Fe, Fe and protective proteins. It is likely that the formation of this complex in vivo is the mechanism of 'conformational protection' in this organism.", "PMID": 518541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12258", "title": "Studies on the high-mobility-group non-histone proteins from hen oviduct.", "content": "Nuclear high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins were isolated from hen oviduct. These were proteins HMG-1, -2, -3, -14 and -17, which are equivalent to the classification of calf thymus HMG proteins. Hen oviduct proteins HMG-1 and -2 were individually isolated by HCIO4.extraction and CM-Sephadex chromatographic separation. Their mol.wts. were determined as 28 000 and 27 000, respectively. The proteins have a high content of acidic and basic amino acids. The association of proteins HMG-1 and -2 with the genome of hen oviduct nuclei was probed by a limited digestion with nucleases. Hen oviduct nuclei were incubated with deoxyribonuclease I or micrococcal nuclease until 10% of the DNA was digested. The nuclear suspension was centrifuged and the contents of proteins HMG-1 and -2 in the supernatant and sediment fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. HMG proteins were found to be preferentially released by micrococcal-nuclease digestion rather than by deoxyribonuclease I.", "contents": "Studies on the high-mobility-group non-histone proteins from hen oviduct. Nuclear high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins were isolated from hen oviduct. These were proteins HMG-1, -2, -3, -14 and -17, which are equivalent to the classification of calf thymus HMG proteins. Hen oviduct proteins HMG-1 and -2 were individually isolated by HCIO4.extraction and CM-Sephadex chromatographic separation. Their mol.wts. were determined as 28 000 and 27 000, respectively. The proteins have a high content of acidic and basic amino acids. The association of proteins HMG-1 and -2 with the genome of hen oviduct nuclei was probed by a limited digestion with nucleases. Hen oviduct nuclei were incubated with deoxyribonuclease I or micrococcal nuclease until 10% of the DNA was digested. The nuclear suspension was centrifuged and the contents of proteins HMG-1 and -2 in the supernatant and sediment fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. HMG proteins were found to be preferentially released by micrococcal-nuclease digestion rather than by deoxyribonuclease I.", "PMID": 518542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12259", "title": "Structural studies on the major component of Gladiolus style mucilage, an arabinogalactan-protein.", "content": "The major component of the Gladiolus style mucilage was shown to be an arabinogalactan-protein. The arabinogalactan-protein was isolated from the style extract by affinity chromatography with tridacnin (the galactose-binding lectin from the clam Tridacna maxima) coupled to Sepharose 4B. The isolated arabinogalactan-protein represents 40% of the soluble style extract; it contains 90% (w/w) carbohydrate and 3% protein. The major monosaccharides of the carbohydrate component are galactose and arabinose, in the proportions 6:1. A component with a similar composition was also isolated from the crude extract by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl artifical carbohydrate antigen. The protein moiety of the arabinogalactan-protein remained associated with the carbohydrate after chromatography in urea, and has high contents of serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and alanine. The arabinogalactan-protein is apparently chemically homogeneous; it eluted as a single symmetrical peak from Sepharose 4B, and three fractions collected across the peak were structurally similar. Ultracentrifugal studies showed it to be polydisperse in the mol.wt. range 150 000--400 000. The information obtained from methylation analyses, oxalic acid and enzymic hydrolyses is consistent with a model having a beta 1 leads to 3 galactan backbone, branched through C(O)6 to beta 1 leads to 6 galactan side chains. The arabinose is exclusively present as terminal alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. Enzymic removal of the arabinose residues resulted in a marked decrease in solubility of the molecule. The localization of the arabinogalactan-protein in the mucilage of the style canal was demonstrated cytochemically. The possible roles of the arabinogalactan-protein in relation to recognition of compatible pollen and pollen-tube growth are discussed.", "contents": "Structural studies on the major component of Gladiolus style mucilage, an arabinogalactan-protein. The major component of the Gladiolus style mucilage was shown to be an arabinogalactan-protein. The arabinogalactan-protein was isolated from the style extract by affinity chromatography with tridacnin (the galactose-binding lectin from the clam Tridacna maxima) coupled to Sepharose 4B. The isolated arabinogalactan-protein represents 40% of the soluble style extract; it contains 90% (w/w) carbohydrate and 3% protein. The major monosaccharides of the carbohydrate component are galactose and arabinose, in the proportions 6:1. A component with a similar composition was also isolated from the crude extract by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl artifical carbohydrate antigen. The protein moiety of the arabinogalactan-protein remained associated with the carbohydrate after chromatography in urea, and has high contents of serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and alanine. The arabinogalactan-protein is apparently chemically homogeneous; it eluted as a single symmetrical peak from Sepharose 4B, and three fractions collected across the peak were structurally similar. Ultracentrifugal studies showed it to be polydisperse in the mol.wt. range 150 000--400 000. The information obtained from methylation analyses, oxalic acid and enzymic hydrolyses is consistent with a model having a beta 1 leads to 3 galactan backbone, branched through C(O)6 to beta 1 leads to 6 galactan side chains. The arabinose is exclusively present as terminal alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. Enzymic removal of the arabinose residues resulted in a marked decrease in solubility of the molecule. The localization of the arabinogalactan-protein in the mucilage of the style canal was demonstrated cytochemically. The possible roles of the arabinogalactan-protein in relation to recognition of compatible pollen and pollen-tube growth are discussed.", "PMID": 518543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12260", "title": "Bi-and tri-antennary human transferrin glycopeptides and their affinities for the hepatic lectin specific for asialo-glycoproteins.", "content": "Glycopeptides were isolated from a proteolytic digest of human transferrin. After mild acid hydrolysis the desialylated glycopeptides were labelled by the galactose oxidase/NaB(3)H(4) procedure and then fractionated by Sephadex-gel filtration or by anion-exchange chromatography. Either technique allowed separation of the two heterosaccharide chains (designated glycan I and glycan II) previously described for this protein by Spik, Vandersyppe, Fournet, Bayard, Charet, Bouquelet, Strecker & Montreuil (1974) (in Actes du Colloque Internationale No. 221 vol. 1, pp. 483-499). Subsequent chromatography on Sepharose-concanavalin A separated fractions containing different quantities of carbohydrates for each glycan, as indicated by analyses. The isolated glycan fractions were then tested for their abilities to bind to the immobilized rabbit hepatic lectin. Our studies suggest that either glycan can have a bi- or tri-antennary structure. Desialylated biantennary glycans I and II did not bind to the hepatic lectin. Desialylated triantennary glycan I was slightly retarded by the hepatic lectin, whereas the triantennary glycan II consisted of equal quantities of a retarded and a bound type. Desialylated triantennary glycan II was totally displaced from the hepatic lectin by using a buffer containing 0.05m-EDTA. The results suggest that greater structural heterogeneity exists in the carbohydrate moiety of human transferrin than was previously envisaged. Such heterogeneity could be reflected in several molecular forms of human transferrin, which, after desialylation, differ significantly in their affinities for the hepatic lectin.", "contents": "Bi-and tri-antennary human transferrin glycopeptides and their affinities for the hepatic lectin specific for asialo-glycoproteins. Glycopeptides were isolated from a proteolytic digest of human transferrin. After mild acid hydrolysis the desialylated glycopeptides were labelled by the galactose oxidase/NaB(3)H(4) procedure and then fractionated by Sephadex-gel filtration or by anion-exchange chromatography. Either technique allowed separation of the two heterosaccharide chains (designated glycan I and glycan II) previously described for this protein by Spik, Vandersyppe, Fournet, Bayard, Charet, Bouquelet, Strecker & Montreuil (1974) (in Actes du Colloque Internationale No. 221 vol. 1, pp. 483-499). Subsequent chromatography on Sepharose-concanavalin A separated fractions containing different quantities of carbohydrates for each glycan, as indicated by analyses. The isolated glycan fractions were then tested for their abilities to bind to the immobilized rabbit hepatic lectin. Our studies suggest that either glycan can have a bi- or tri-antennary structure. Desialylated biantennary glycans I and II did not bind to the hepatic lectin. Desialylated triantennary glycan I was slightly retarded by the hepatic lectin, whereas the triantennary glycan II consisted of equal quantities of a retarded and a bound type. Desialylated triantennary glycan II was totally displaced from the hepatic lectin by using a buffer containing 0.05m-EDTA. The results suggest that greater structural heterogeneity exists in the carbohydrate moiety of human transferrin than was previously envisaged. Such heterogeneity could be reflected in several molecular forms of human transferrin, which, after desialylation, differ significantly in their affinities for the hepatic lectin.", "PMID": 518544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12261", "title": "The isolation and partial sequence of peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of calf thymus non-histone chromosomal high-mobility-group protein 2. Sequence homology with non-histone chromosomal high-mobility-group protein 1.", "content": "Peptides produced by CNBr cleavage of non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 2 (CNBr peptides) were isolated and characterized, and their partial sequences were determined. The present sequence data account for over half of the sequence of the protein HMG (high-mobility-group) 2 molecule, and, together with previously published results, provide interesting information on the charge distribution within the molecule. Comparison of the CNBr-peptide-sequence data for protein HMG 2 with the previously published data on the CNBr peptides from protein HMG 1 reveals extensive sequence homology between the two proteins. Detailed evidence for the amino acid-sequence data has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50095 (6 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "The isolation and partial sequence of peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of calf thymus non-histone chromosomal high-mobility-group protein 2. Sequence homology with non-histone chromosomal high-mobility-group protein 1. Peptides produced by CNBr cleavage of non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 2 (CNBr peptides) were isolated and characterized, and their partial sequences were determined. The present sequence data account for over half of the sequence of the protein HMG (high-mobility-group) 2 molecule, and, together with previously published results, provide interesting information on the charge distribution within the molecule. Comparison of the CNBr-peptide-sequence data for protein HMG 2 with the previously published data on the CNBr peptides from protein HMG 1 reveals extensive sequence homology between the two proteins. Detailed evidence for the amino acid-sequence data has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50095 (6 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 518545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12262", "title": "Biochemical characterization of guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen from lathyritic-rat incisors.", "content": "alpha- and beta-Chains were isolated by sequential ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography of guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen obtained from Tris/NaCl-extracted EDTA-demineralized lathyritic-rat incisors. The alpha-chains were identified as alpha 1 I and alpha 2 by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis of the intact chains and their CNBr peptides. The dentine alpha-chains exhibited higher lysine hydroxylation and phosphate content, but lower hydroxylysine glycosylation, than alpha-chains from skin. Increased lysine hydroxylation was observed in the helical sequences. The alpha 1 I/alpha 2 ratio was approx. 3:1, and was presumably due to the presence of (alpha 1 I)3 molecules along with (alpha 1 I)2 alpha 2 molecules as shown recently for neutral-salt-soluble dentine collagen [Wohllebe & Carmichael (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 92, 183--188]. In the borohydride-reduced beta 11- and beta 12-chains from guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen, the reduced cross-links hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine and hydroxylysinonorleucine were present. A higher proportion of hydroxylysinonorleucine in the reduced beta 12-chain probably reflects differences in extent of hydroxylation of specific lysine residues of the alpha 1 I- and alpha 2-chains.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen from lathyritic-rat incisors. alpha- and beta-Chains were isolated by sequential ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography of guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen obtained from Tris/NaCl-extracted EDTA-demineralized lathyritic-rat incisors. The alpha-chains were identified as alpha 1 I and alpha 2 by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis of the intact chains and their CNBr peptides. The dentine alpha-chains exhibited higher lysine hydroxylation and phosphate content, but lower hydroxylysine glycosylation, than alpha-chains from skin. Increased lysine hydroxylation was observed in the helical sequences. The alpha 1 I/alpha 2 ratio was approx. 3:1, and was presumably due to the presence of (alpha 1 I)3 molecules along with (alpha 1 I)2 alpha 2 molecules as shown recently for neutral-salt-soluble dentine collagen [Wohllebe & Carmichael (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 92, 183--188]. In the borohydride-reduced beta 11- and beta 12-chains from guanidinium chloride-soluble dentine collagen, the reduced cross-links hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine and hydroxylysinonorleucine were present. A higher proportion of hydroxylysinonorleucine in the reduced beta 12-chain probably reflects differences in extent of hydroxylation of specific lysine residues of the alpha 1 I- and alpha 2-chains.", "PMID": 518546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12263", "title": "Multiple forms of 2-deoxy-D-glucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase from human placenta.", "content": "2-Deoxyglucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase was purified about 10 000-fold from the soluble extract of human placenta by using as substrate [N-sulpho-35S]heparin. Differently charged enzyme forms were observed on chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, all of which had an apparent mol.wt. of 110 000 as determined by gel filtration. By using immobilized heparan sulphate as affinity matrix the sulphamate sulphohydrolase could be separated into two forms, a minor one with low and a major one with high affinity for the adsorbent. When tested with [N-sulpho-35S]heparan sulphate the low-affinity form had a Km of 0.2 mM, and the high-affinity form a Km of 0.03 mM. Both forms exhibited the same Km of 10 microM towards [N-sulpho-35S]heparin and were equally well adsorbed to immobilized heparin. The two forms could be distinguished by their pH-optima and by the influence of KCl on heparan sulphate sulphohydrolase activity.", "contents": "Multiple forms of 2-deoxy-D-glucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase from human placenta. 2-Deoxyglucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase was purified about 10 000-fold from the soluble extract of human placenta by using as substrate [N-sulpho-35S]heparin. Differently charged enzyme forms were observed on chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, all of which had an apparent mol.wt. of 110 000 as determined by gel filtration. By using immobilized heparan sulphate as affinity matrix the sulphamate sulphohydrolase could be separated into two forms, a minor one with low and a major one with high affinity for the adsorbent. When tested with [N-sulpho-35S]heparan sulphate the low-affinity form had a Km of 0.2 mM, and the high-affinity form a Km of 0.03 mM. Both forms exhibited the same Km of 10 microM towards [N-sulpho-35S]heparin and were equally well adsorbed to immobilized heparin. The two forms could be distinguished by their pH-optima and by the influence of KCl on heparan sulphate sulphohydrolase activity.", "PMID": 518547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12264", "title": "Subcellular distribution of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "1. The distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was examined in the subcellular fractions of granulosa cells collected from the ovary of the domestic fowl. 2. 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in the mitochondrial (4000g for 20min) and microsomal (105 000g for 120min) fractions. 3. Approximately three times more 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was associated with the cytochrome oxidase activity (a mitochondrial marker enzyme) in anteovulatory-follicle granulosa cells than with that of the postovulatory follicle. 4. Comparison of the latent properties of mitochondrial 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase with those of cytochrome oxidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase indicated that 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is located extramitochondrially. 5. This apparent distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is explained on the basis that the mitochondrial activity is either an artefact caused by a redistribution in the subcellular location of the enzyme, occurring during homogenization, or by the existence of a functionally heterogeneous endoplasmic reticulum that yields particles of widely differing sedimentation properties.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). 1. The distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was examined in the subcellular fractions of granulosa cells collected from the ovary of the domestic fowl. 2. 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in the mitochondrial (4000g for 20min) and microsomal (105 000g for 120min) fractions. 3. Approximately three times more 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was associated with the cytochrome oxidase activity (a mitochondrial marker enzyme) in anteovulatory-follicle granulosa cells than with that of the postovulatory follicle. 4. Comparison of the latent properties of mitochondrial 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase with those of cytochrome oxidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase indicated that 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is located extramitochondrially. 5. This apparent distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is explained on the basis that the mitochondrial activity is either an artefact caused by a redistribution in the subcellular location of the enzyme, occurring during homogenization, or by the existence of a functionally heterogeneous endoplasmic reticulum that yields particles of widely differing sedimentation properties.", "PMID": 518548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12265", "title": "Identification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins. Separation of ligandin from glutathione S-transferase B.", "content": "1. Two lithocholic acid-binding proteins in rat liver cytosol, previously shown to have glutathione S-transferase activity, were resolved by CM-Sephadex chromatography. 2. Phenobarbitone administration resulted in induction of both binding proteins. 3. The two proteins had distinct subunit compositions indicating that they are dimers with mol.wts. 44 000 and 47 000. 4. The two lithocholic acid-binding proteins were identified by comparing their elution volumes from CM-Sephadex with those of purified ligandin and glutathione S-transferase B prepared by published procedures. Ligandin and glutathione S-transferase B were eluted separately, as single peaks of enzyme activity, at volumes equivalent to the two lithocholic acid-binding proteins. 5. Peptide 'mapping' revealed structural differences between the two proteins.", "contents": "Identification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins. Separation of ligandin from glutathione S-transferase B. 1. Two lithocholic acid-binding proteins in rat liver cytosol, previously shown to have glutathione S-transferase activity, were resolved by CM-Sephadex chromatography. 2. Phenobarbitone administration resulted in induction of both binding proteins. 3. The two proteins had distinct subunit compositions indicating that they are dimers with mol.wts. 44 000 and 47 000. 4. The two lithocholic acid-binding proteins were identified by comparing their elution volumes from CM-Sephadex with those of purified ligandin and glutathione S-transferase B prepared by published procedures. Ligandin and glutathione S-transferase B were eluted separately, as single peaks of enzyme activity, at volumes equivalent to the two lithocholic acid-binding proteins. 5. Peptide 'mapping' revealed structural differences between the two proteins.", "PMID": 518549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12266", "title": "The binding of ferric iron by ferritin.", "content": "Equilibrium-dialysis experiments with 59Fe-labelled Fe(III) chelate solutions show that ferritin is capable of binding a limited number of Fe(III) atoms. Some of this Fe(III) is readily removed, but up to about 200 Fe(III) atoms/molecule remain bound after extensive washing. Some exchange of labelled Fe(III) with endogenous unlabelled ferritin Fe occurs during prolonged dialysis against 59Fe(III)-citrate, but there is a net binding of Fe(III). Bound Fe(III) resembles endogenous Fe(III) in several respects. It appears to be attached to the micelle and not to the protein component of ferritin. Although the physiological mechanism of Fe incorporation into ferritin is unknown, our experiments suggest the possibility that some iron finds its way into ferritin as Fe(III) chelate.", "contents": "The binding of ferric iron by ferritin. Equilibrium-dialysis experiments with 59Fe-labelled Fe(III) chelate solutions show that ferritin is capable of binding a limited number of Fe(III) atoms. Some of this Fe(III) is readily removed, but up to about 200 Fe(III) atoms/molecule remain bound after extensive washing. Some exchange of labelled Fe(III) with endogenous unlabelled ferritin Fe occurs during prolonged dialysis against 59Fe(III)-citrate, but there is a net binding of Fe(III). Bound Fe(III) resembles endogenous Fe(III) in several respects. It appears to be attached to the micelle and not to the protein component of ferritin. Although the physiological mechanism of Fe incorporation into ferritin is unknown, our experiments suggest the possibility that some iron finds its way into ferritin as Fe(III) chelate.", "PMID": 518550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12267", "title": "An interaction between lysozyme and mucus glycoproteins. Implications for density-gradient separations.", "content": "1. Some mucus glycoproteins form soluble complexes with lysozyme at neutral pH values. 2. The extent of complex-formation was determined, by an ultracentrifugal difference method, for a range of glycoproteins covering the common blood-group specificities. 3. Interaction was strongest with those glycoproteins of blood-group Lea specificity; these were also richest in sialic acid. 4. Interaction diminished with increase of ionic strength, and was not detectable at I 0.50; however, an asialoglycoprotein was found to retain some activity. The interaction is accordingly primarily, but probably not exclusively, coulombic in origin. 5. The buoyant density of lysozyme in CsCl, CsBr, CsI and Cs2SO4 was determined; the values in the last three salts are anomalously high. This finding accounts for the previously noted difficulty of separating free protein from glycoproteins by single-stage centrifugation in CsBr. 6. Conditions for effective separation of glycoproteins from secretions containing lysozyme by density-gradient centrifugation are reported.", "contents": "An interaction between lysozyme and mucus glycoproteins. Implications for density-gradient separations. 1. Some mucus glycoproteins form soluble complexes with lysozyme at neutral pH values. 2. The extent of complex-formation was determined, by an ultracentrifugal difference method, for a range of glycoproteins covering the common blood-group specificities. 3. Interaction was strongest with those glycoproteins of blood-group Lea specificity; these were also richest in sialic acid. 4. Interaction diminished with increase of ionic strength, and was not detectable at I 0.50; however, an asialoglycoprotein was found to retain some activity. The interaction is accordingly primarily, but probably not exclusively, coulombic in origin. 5. The buoyant density of lysozyme in CsCl, CsBr, CsI and Cs2SO4 was determined; the values in the last three salts are anomalously high. This finding accounts for the previously noted difficulty of separating free protein from glycoproteins by single-stage centrifugation in CsBr. 6. Conditions for effective separation of glycoproteins from secretions containing lysozyme by density-gradient centrifugation are reported.", "PMID": 518551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12268", "title": "The role of disulphide bonds in human intestinal mucin.", "content": "Goblet-cell mucin (mucin 1) was isolated and purified from human small-intestinal scrapings. After application of mucin 1 to DEAE-Bio-Gel (A) columns, most of the glycoprotein (76-94% of hexoses) was eluted in the first peak (designated mucin 2). Minor amounts of acidic glycoproteins were eluted with 0.2m- and 0.4m-NaCl in later peaks. Analyses of mucin 1 and mucin 2 revealed mucin 2 to be a monodisperse highly glycosylated glycoprotein containing 6.3% by wt. of protein, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and fucose. Mucin 1 was similar in composition, but was polydisperse and contained more protein (12.3% by wt.) as well as N-acetylneuraminic acid. Analytical CsCl-gradient ultracentrifugation showed both mucin 1 and mucin 2 to have a major component with an average buoyant density of 1.47000g/ml. Mucin 1 also contained a slightly less-dense minor glycoprotein component. After exhaustive reduction and alkylation mucin 1 retained its major component, but partly dissociated into two lighter glycoprotein components. Mucin 2, in contrast, did not change its density distribution after reduction. Band ultracentrifugation in (2)H(2)O-containing iso-osmotic buffers showed that mucin 1 contained a major fast-sedimenting component (s(o)=37+/-2S), and a minor amount of a slower-sedimenting component. After reduction there was an increased quantity of the latter component, for which an s(o) value of 14.5S was calculated. In contrast, mucin 2 was unaltered by reduction (s(o)=33+/-2S). These findings indicate that the major component of goblet-cell mucin (mucin 2) does not dissociate after S-S-bond reduction, and thus does not apparently rely for its polymeric structure on the association of subunits through covalent disulphide bonds. However, the effects of reduction on mucin 1 suggest that in the native mucin intramolecular disulphide bonds in the minor glycoproteins may stabilize their structure, permitting secondary non-covalent interactions to develop with the major dense mucin (mucin 2) protein.", "contents": "The role of disulphide bonds in human intestinal mucin. Goblet-cell mucin (mucin 1) was isolated and purified from human small-intestinal scrapings. After application of mucin 1 to DEAE-Bio-Gel (A) columns, most of the glycoprotein (76-94% of hexoses) was eluted in the first peak (designated mucin 2). Minor amounts of acidic glycoproteins were eluted with 0.2m- and 0.4m-NaCl in later peaks. Analyses of mucin 1 and mucin 2 revealed mucin 2 to be a monodisperse highly glycosylated glycoprotein containing 6.3% by wt. of protein, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and fucose. Mucin 1 was similar in composition, but was polydisperse and contained more protein (12.3% by wt.) as well as N-acetylneuraminic acid. Analytical CsCl-gradient ultracentrifugation showed both mucin 1 and mucin 2 to have a major component with an average buoyant density of 1.47000g/ml. Mucin 1 also contained a slightly less-dense minor glycoprotein component. After exhaustive reduction and alkylation mucin 1 retained its major component, but partly dissociated into two lighter glycoprotein components. Mucin 2, in contrast, did not change its density distribution after reduction. Band ultracentrifugation in (2)H(2)O-containing iso-osmotic buffers showed that mucin 1 contained a major fast-sedimenting component (s(o)=37+/-2S), and a minor amount of a slower-sedimenting component. After reduction there was an increased quantity of the latter component, for which an s(o) value of 14.5S was calculated. In contrast, mucin 2 was unaltered by reduction (s(o)=33+/-2S). These findings indicate that the major component of goblet-cell mucin (mucin 2) does not dissociate after S-S-bond reduction, and thus does not apparently rely for its polymeric structure on the association of subunits through covalent disulphide bonds. However, the effects of reduction on mucin 1 suggest that in the native mucin intramolecular disulphide bonds in the minor glycoproteins may stabilize their structure, permitting secondary non-covalent interactions to develop with the major dense mucin (mucin 2) protein.", "PMID": 518552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12269", "title": "Studies on the intracellular segregation of polyribosome-associated messenger ribonucleic acid species in the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland.", "content": "1. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes were isolated and the associated mRNA species characterized by cell-free protein synthesis, RNA-complexity analysis and polyribosome run-off in vitro. 2. Of the recovered polyribosomal RNA 85% was associated with membrane-bound polyribosomes and contained 87--93% of the total milk-protein mRNA species as assessed by cell-free protein synthesis or RNA-complexity analysis. 3. RNA-complexity analysis showed that the abundant (milk-protein mRNA assumed) species constituted 55% of the post-nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA population, the remainder consisting of a moderately abundant population (18%) and a low abundance population (27%). Calculations suggest that each population contained up to 2, 48 and 5000 different species respectively. 4. RNA-complexity analysis of the free polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA demonstrated that all the species in the post-nuclear fraction were present, though in different proportions, the abundant, moderately abundant and low-abundance groups representing 38, 30 and 32% of this population. 5. RNA-complexity analysis of the membrane-bound polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA revealed a more limited population, 72% consisting of the abundant (milk-protein mRNA) species, and 28% a population of up to 900 RNA species. 6. Polyribosome run-off confirmed that milk-protein mRNA was associated with the membrane-bound and free polyribosomes, but represented only a small fraction of the total protein synthesized by the latter. 7. Comparative analysis of milk proteins synthesized in mRNA-directed cell-free systems, or by run-off of free and of membrane-bound polyribosomes, is consistent with the interpretation that in vivo the initiation of protein synthesis occurs on free polyribosomes, followed by the attachment of a limited population to the endoplasmic reticulum. After attachment, but before completion of peptide synthesis, the detachable N-terminal peptide sequence of one of these(pre-alpha-lactalbumin) is removed. 8. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in the intracellular segregation of mRNA species in the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland.", "contents": "Studies on the intracellular segregation of polyribosome-associated messenger ribonucleic acid species in the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland. 1. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes were isolated and the associated mRNA species characterized by cell-free protein synthesis, RNA-complexity analysis and polyribosome run-off in vitro. 2. Of the recovered polyribosomal RNA 85% was associated with membrane-bound polyribosomes and contained 87--93% of the total milk-protein mRNA species as assessed by cell-free protein synthesis or RNA-complexity analysis. 3. RNA-complexity analysis showed that the abundant (milk-protein mRNA assumed) species constituted 55% of the post-nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA population, the remainder consisting of a moderately abundant population (18%) and a low abundance population (27%). Calculations suggest that each population contained up to 2, 48 and 5000 different species respectively. 4. RNA-complexity analysis of the free polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA demonstrated that all the species in the post-nuclear fraction were present, though in different proportions, the abundant, moderately abundant and low-abundance groups representing 38, 30 and 32% of this population. 5. RNA-complexity analysis of the membrane-bound polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA revealed a more limited population, 72% consisting of the abundant (milk-protein mRNA) species, and 28% a population of up to 900 RNA species. 6. Polyribosome run-off confirmed that milk-protein mRNA was associated with the membrane-bound and free polyribosomes, but represented only a small fraction of the total protein synthesized by the latter. 7. Comparative analysis of milk proteins synthesized in mRNA-directed cell-free systems, or by run-off of free and of membrane-bound polyribosomes, is consistent with the interpretation that in vivo the initiation of protein synthesis occurs on free polyribosomes, followed by the attachment of a limited population to the endoplasmic reticulum. After attachment, but before completion of peptide synthesis, the detachable N-terminal peptide sequence of one of these(pre-alpha-lactalbumin) is removed. 8. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in the intracellular segregation of mRNA species in the lactating guinea-pig mammary gland.", "PMID": 518553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12270", "title": "The oxidation-reduction potentials of cytochrome o + c4 and cytochrome o purified from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "Oxidation-reduction titrations of Azotobacter vinelandii cytochrome o + c4 and cytochrome o were performed with simultaneous potential and absorbance measurements under anaerobic conditions. Cytochrome c4 has a midpoint potential (Em, 7.4) of 260mV and purified cytochrome o has an Em, 7.4 of -18mV. Little change in the midpoint potential of cytochrome o was observed when titrated in the pH range 6.2--9.8.", "contents": "The oxidation-reduction potentials of cytochrome o + c4 and cytochrome o purified from Azotobacter vinelandii. Oxidation-reduction titrations of Azotobacter vinelandii cytochrome o + c4 and cytochrome o were performed with simultaneous potential and absorbance measurements under anaerobic conditions. Cytochrome c4 has a midpoint potential (Em, 7.4) of 260mV and purified cytochrome o has an Em, 7.4 of -18mV. Little change in the midpoint potential of cytochrome o was observed when titrated in the pH range 6.2--9.8.", "PMID": 518554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12271", "title": "Delineation of fucosyltransferase activities with thiol reagents.", "content": "The thiol reagent dithiothreitol inhibits the activity of a core GDP-fucose-N-acetylglucosaminide alpha-6-fucosyltransferase in plasma and blood-cell homogenates, while promoting the activity of alpha-2- and alpha-3-fucosyltransferases. The latter enzymes catalyse transfer of fucose on to terminal galactose and subterminal N-acetylglucosamine residues respectively. A thiol-blocking reagent N-ethylmaleimide does not affect the activity of the alpha-6-fucosyltransferase, but inhibits the other two enzymes. These results indicate the presence of a critical disulphide linkage in the alpha-6-fucosyltransferase, and provide a means of delineation of different fucosyltransferases.", "contents": "Delineation of fucosyltransferase activities with thiol reagents. The thiol reagent dithiothreitol inhibits the activity of a core GDP-fucose-N-acetylglucosaminide alpha-6-fucosyltransferase in plasma and blood-cell homogenates, while promoting the activity of alpha-2- and alpha-3-fucosyltransferases. The latter enzymes catalyse transfer of fucose on to terminal galactose and subterminal N-acetylglucosamine residues respectively. A thiol-blocking reagent N-ethylmaleimide does not affect the activity of the alpha-6-fucosyltransferase, but inhibits the other two enzymes. These results indicate the presence of a critical disulphide linkage in the alpha-6-fucosyltransferase, and provide a means of delineation of different fucosyltransferases.", "PMID": 518555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12272", "title": "The equilibrium assumption is valid for the kinetic treatment of most time-dependent protein-modification reactions.", "content": "To facilitate mechanistic interpretation of the kinetics of time-dependent inhibition of enzymes and of similar protein modification reactions, it is important to know when the equilibrium assumption may be applied to the model: formula: (see text). The conventional criterion of quasi-equilibrium, k + 2 less than k-1, is not always easy to assess, particularly when k + 2 cannot be separately determined. It is demonstrated that the condition k + 2 less than k-1 is necessarily true, however, when the value of the apparent second-order rate constant for the modification reaction is much smaller than the value of k + 1. Since k + 1 is commonly at least 10(7)M-1.S-1 for substrates, it is probable that the equilibrium assumption may be properly applied to most irreversible inhibitions and modification reactions.", "contents": "The equilibrium assumption is valid for the kinetic treatment of most time-dependent protein-modification reactions. To facilitate mechanistic interpretation of the kinetics of time-dependent inhibition of enzymes and of similar protein modification reactions, it is important to know when the equilibrium assumption may be applied to the model: formula: (see text). The conventional criterion of quasi-equilibrium, k + 2 less than k-1, is not always easy to assess, particularly when k + 2 cannot be separately determined. It is demonstrated that the condition k + 2 less than k-1 is necessarily true, however, when the value of the apparent second-order rate constant for the modification reaction is much smaller than the value of k + 1. Since k + 1 is commonly at least 10(7)M-1.S-1 for substrates, it is probable that the equilibrium assumption may be properly applied to most irreversible inhibitions and modification reactions.", "PMID": 518556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12273", "title": "Photoactivated covalent binding of [3H]bilirubin to human serum albumin.", "content": "A one-step procedure has been developed for the preparation of [3H]bilirubin IX-alpha in good yield from unlabelled bilirubin. Irradiation of an aqueous solution of [3H]bilirubin IX-alpha in the presence of human serum albumin results in the covalent attachment of the bilirubin to the protein. Preliminary degradation studies have been carried out to locate the site of attachment of the bilirubin to the albumin.", "contents": "Photoactivated covalent binding of [3H]bilirubin to human serum albumin. A one-step procedure has been developed for the preparation of [3H]bilirubin IX-alpha in good yield from unlabelled bilirubin. Irradiation of an aqueous solution of [3H]bilirubin IX-alpha in the presence of human serum albumin results in the covalent attachment of the bilirubin to the protein. Preliminary degradation studies have been carried out to locate the site of attachment of the bilirubin to the albumin.", "PMID": 518557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12274", "title": "Early stimulation of rat liver microsomal protein synthesis after tri-iodothyronine injection in vivo.", "content": "In an effort to determine the physiological significance of previous studies showing stimulation of microsomal protein synthesis by thyroxine added in vitro, an early effect of tri-iodothyronine injected in vivo was sought. Tri-iodothyronine (25 micrograms/100 g) administered to euthyroid rats stimulated microsomal protein synthesis in vitro within 3--6 h. This effect occurred much earlier than the 26 h lag previously reported after tri-iodothyronine administration to hypothyroid rats. This early effect of tri-iodothyronine on protein synthesis is prevented by alpha-amanitin, suggesting that it is dependent on RNA synthesis. The failure to find a direct effect in vivo of tri-iodothyronine on translation casts doubt on the physiological significance of previous studies that have shown a direct stimulation of translation by thyroxine added in vitro.", "contents": "Early stimulation of rat liver microsomal protein synthesis after tri-iodothyronine injection in vivo. In an effort to determine the physiological significance of previous studies showing stimulation of microsomal protein synthesis by thyroxine added in vitro, an early effect of tri-iodothyronine injected in vivo was sought. Tri-iodothyronine (25 micrograms/100 g) administered to euthyroid rats stimulated microsomal protein synthesis in vitro within 3--6 h. This effect occurred much earlier than the 26 h lag previously reported after tri-iodothyronine administration to hypothyroid rats. This early effect of tri-iodothyronine on protein synthesis is prevented by alpha-amanitin, suggesting that it is dependent on RNA synthesis. The failure to find a direct effect in vivo of tri-iodothyronine on translation casts doubt on the physiological significance of previous studies that have shown a direct stimulation of translation by thyroxine added in vitro.", "PMID": 518558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12275", "title": "Incorporation of N-fluoroacetyl-D-glucosamine into hyaluronate by rabbit tracheal explants in organ culture.", "content": "1. Incubation of rabbit tracheal explants with N-[(3)H]acetyl-d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine led to labelling of a number of soluble macromolecular products separable from the medium, after papain digestion, by ion-exchange chromatography. 2. With N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine in the incubation medium, a neutral glycoprotein, two acidic glycoprotein fractions, hyaluronic acid and a glycosaminoglycan fraction were obtained and all were radioactively labelled. Similar labelling occurred with N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine or N-fluoro[(3)H]acetylglucosamine as precursor. 3. Maximal labelling was obtained at 96h after incubation of cultures. N-Fluoroacetyl-glucosamine under these conditions was incorporated into hyaluronate less efficiently than N-acetylglucosamine. 4. With N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine as precursor, a hyaluronate component was separated that on enzymic degradation by glycosidases (hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase) yielded a (14)C-labelled oligosaccharide fraction together with N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine and N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine, consistent with some exchange of N-acetyl groups having occurred. 5. The results on enzymic degradation of labelled macromolecules by glycosidases suggest that the presence of incorporated N-fluoroacetyl side chains may render the hyaluronate analogue more resistant to hyaluronidase.", "contents": "Incorporation of N-fluoroacetyl-D-glucosamine into hyaluronate by rabbit tracheal explants in organ culture. 1. Incubation of rabbit tracheal explants with N-[(3)H]acetyl-d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine led to labelling of a number of soluble macromolecular products separable from the medium, after papain digestion, by ion-exchange chromatography. 2. With N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine in the incubation medium, a neutral glycoprotein, two acidic glycoprotein fractions, hyaluronic acid and a glycosaminoglycan fraction were obtained and all were radioactively labelled. Similar labelling occurred with N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine or N-fluoro[(3)H]acetylglucosamine as precursor. 3. Maximal labelling was obtained at 96h after incubation of cultures. N-Fluoroacetyl-glucosamine under these conditions was incorporated into hyaluronate less efficiently than N-acetylglucosamine. 4. With N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine as precursor, a hyaluronate component was separated that on enzymic degradation by glycosidases (hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase) yielded a (14)C-labelled oligosaccharide fraction together with N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine and N-fluoroacetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine, consistent with some exchange of N-acetyl groups having occurred. 5. The results on enzymic degradation of labelled macromolecules by glycosidases suggest that the presence of incorporated N-fluoroacetyl side chains may render the hyaluronate analogue more resistant to hyaluronidase.", "PMID": 518560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12276", "title": "Incorporation of exogenous precursors into uridine nucleotides and ribonucleic acid. Nucleotide compartmentation in the renal cortex in vivo.", "content": "The possibility of compartmentation of UTP in vivo was investigated in the renal cortex of unanaesthetized rats. In addition, liver and spleen were studied in order to compare tissues with different utilization of precursors for pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. After continuous 2h infusions of [(3)H]uridine or [(3)H]orotate, their incorporation into UTP, UDP-sugars and RNA was quantified. Rates of RNA synthesis were calculated by dividing the incorporation of precursor into RNA by the average specific radioactivity of the UTP pool. Although similar RNA-synthesis rates might have been expected with the two precursors, higher rates were found with uridine than with orotate. The relative incorporation into UDP-sugars of these precursors was also different. Similar results were obtained in the liver. In the spleen, equal amounts of both precursors were incorporated into UTP, but [(3)H]orotate incorporation did not lead to labelling of RNA. To evaluate the heterogeneity of cells with respect to the metabolism of pyrimidines, precursor incorporation was studied in isolated glomeruli and by radioautography. Incorporation into glomeruli was qualitatively similar to but quantitatively different from results in the renal cortex. Although there is obvious tissue heterogeneity, compartmentation of UTP pools is the most credible explanation for the results obtained with the renal cortex and liver. Consequently RNA and UDP-sugars may originate from two different UTP pools. Tissue heterogeneity is the likely explanation for the results obtained in the spleen. Studies of synthesis of pyrimidine and RNA, particularly in relation to growth and regeneration, must take into consideration the precursor used, the apparent existence of UTP compartmentation and the degree of cellular heterogeneity.", "contents": "Incorporation of exogenous precursors into uridine nucleotides and ribonucleic acid. Nucleotide compartmentation in the renal cortex in vivo. The possibility of compartmentation of UTP in vivo was investigated in the renal cortex of unanaesthetized rats. In addition, liver and spleen were studied in order to compare tissues with different utilization of precursors for pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. After continuous 2h infusions of [(3)H]uridine or [(3)H]orotate, their incorporation into UTP, UDP-sugars and RNA was quantified. Rates of RNA synthesis were calculated by dividing the incorporation of precursor into RNA by the average specific radioactivity of the UTP pool. Although similar RNA-synthesis rates might have been expected with the two precursors, higher rates were found with uridine than with orotate. The relative incorporation into UDP-sugars of these precursors was also different. Similar results were obtained in the liver. In the spleen, equal amounts of both precursors were incorporated into UTP, but [(3)H]orotate incorporation did not lead to labelling of RNA. To evaluate the heterogeneity of cells with respect to the metabolism of pyrimidines, precursor incorporation was studied in isolated glomeruli and by radioautography. Incorporation into glomeruli was qualitatively similar to but quantitatively different from results in the renal cortex. Although there is obvious tissue heterogeneity, compartmentation of UTP pools is the most credible explanation for the results obtained with the renal cortex and liver. Consequently RNA and UDP-sugars may originate from two different UTP pools. Tissue heterogeneity is the likely explanation for the results obtained in the spleen. Studies of synthesis of pyrimidine and RNA, particularly in relation to growth and regeneration, must take into consideration the precursor used, the apparent existence of UTP compartmentation and the degree of cellular heterogeneity.", "PMID": 518559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12277", "title": "Biosynthesis and degradation of prolactin in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Time course of incorporation of label in vitro and evidence for rapid degradation.", "content": "Biosynthesis of prolactin was studied in anterior pituitary glands from female rats, incubated in vitro. In this system [3H]leucine was incorporated into pituitary proteins, including somatotropin (growth hormone) and prolactin. The rate of uptake of label into prolactin (and to a lesser extent into total protein) slowed considerably during the first 2 h of incubation, although the rate of uptake into somatotropin was constant for 8 h. The most probable explanation for this apparent decrease in the rate of prolactin synthesis is degradation of prolactin in the gland. Degradation of this hormone was also demonstrated by incubating prelabelled pituitaries in unlabelled medium and following the content of labelled prolactin, and by studying the hormonal content of pituitary glands (by radioimmunoassay) before and after incubation. Degradation of prolactin appears to be much more rapid than that of somatotropin, and may represent a physiological mechanism whereby over-accumulation of prolactin is prevented when secretion of the hormone has been rapidly switched off.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and degradation of prolactin in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Time course of incorporation of label in vitro and evidence for rapid degradation. Biosynthesis of prolactin was studied in anterior pituitary glands from female rats, incubated in vitro. In this system [3H]leucine was incorporated into pituitary proteins, including somatotropin (growth hormone) and prolactin. The rate of uptake of label into prolactin (and to a lesser extent into total protein) slowed considerably during the first 2 h of incubation, although the rate of uptake into somatotropin was constant for 8 h. The most probable explanation for this apparent decrease in the rate of prolactin synthesis is degradation of prolactin in the gland. Degradation of this hormone was also demonstrated by incubating prelabelled pituitaries in unlabelled medium and following the content of labelled prolactin, and by studying the hormonal content of pituitary glands (by radioimmunoassay) before and after incubation. Degradation of prolactin appears to be much more rapid than that of somatotropin, and may represent a physiological mechanism whereby over-accumulation of prolactin is prevented when secretion of the hormone has been rapidly switched off.", "PMID": 518561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12278", "title": "A study of the glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activities in rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Relative distribution in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, effects of N-ethylmaleimide, palmitoyl-coenzyme A concentration, starvation, adrenalectomy and anti-insulin serum treatment.", "content": "1. GPAT (glycerol phosphate acyltransferase) and DHAPAT (dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase) activities were measured both in subcellular fractions prepared from fed rat liver and in whole homogenates prepared from freeze-stopped pieces of liver. 2. GPAT activity in mitochondria differed from the microsomal activity in that it was insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, had a higher affinity towards the palmitoyl-CoA substrate and showed a different response to changes in hormonal and dietary status. 3. Starvation (48 h) significantly decreased mitochondrial GPAT activity. The ratio of mitochondrial to microsomal activities was also significantly decreased. The microsomal activity was unaffected by starvation, except after adrenalectomy, when it was significantly decreased. Mitochondrial GPAT activity was decreased by adrenalectomy in both fed and starved animals. 4. Acute administration of anti-insulin serum significantly decreased mitochondrial GPAT activity after 60 min without affecting the microsomal activity. 5. A new assay is described for DHAPAT. The subcellular distribution of this enzyme differed from that of GPAT. The highest specific activity of DHAPAT was found in a 23 000 gav. pellet obtained by centrifugation of a post-mitochondrial supernatant. This fraction also contained the highest specific activity of the peroxisomal marker uricase. DHAPAT activity in mitochondrial fractions or in the 23 000 gav. pellet was stimulated by N-ethylmaleimide, whereas that in microsomal fractions was slightly inhibited by this reagent. The GPAT and DHAPAT activities in mitochondrial fractions had a considerably higher affinity for the palmitoyl-CoA substrate. 6. Total liver DHAPAT activity was significantly decreased by starvation (48 h), but was unaffected by administration of anti-insulin serum. 7. The specific activities of GPAT and DHAPAT were lower in non-parenchymal cells compared with parenchymal cells, but the GPAT/DHAPAT ratio was 5--6-fold higher in the parenchymal cells.", "contents": "A study of the glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activities in rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Relative distribution in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, effects of N-ethylmaleimide, palmitoyl-coenzyme A concentration, starvation, adrenalectomy and anti-insulin serum treatment. 1. GPAT (glycerol phosphate acyltransferase) and DHAPAT (dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase) activities were measured both in subcellular fractions prepared from fed rat liver and in whole homogenates prepared from freeze-stopped pieces of liver. 2. GPAT activity in mitochondria differed from the microsomal activity in that it was insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, had a higher affinity towards the palmitoyl-CoA substrate and showed a different response to changes in hormonal and dietary status. 3. Starvation (48 h) significantly decreased mitochondrial GPAT activity. The ratio of mitochondrial to microsomal activities was also significantly decreased. The microsomal activity was unaffected by starvation, except after adrenalectomy, when it was significantly decreased. Mitochondrial GPAT activity was decreased by adrenalectomy in both fed and starved animals. 4. Acute administration of anti-insulin serum significantly decreased mitochondrial GPAT activity after 60 min without affecting the microsomal activity. 5. A new assay is described for DHAPAT. The subcellular distribution of this enzyme differed from that of GPAT. The highest specific activity of DHAPAT was found in a 23 000 gav. pellet obtained by centrifugation of a post-mitochondrial supernatant. This fraction also contained the highest specific activity of the peroxisomal marker uricase. DHAPAT activity in mitochondrial fractions or in the 23 000 gav. pellet was stimulated by N-ethylmaleimide, whereas that in microsomal fractions was slightly inhibited by this reagent. The GPAT and DHAPAT activities in mitochondrial fractions had a considerably higher affinity for the palmitoyl-CoA substrate. 6. Total liver DHAPAT activity was significantly decreased by starvation (48 h), but was unaffected by administration of anti-insulin serum. 7. The specific activities of GPAT and DHAPAT were lower in non-parenchymal cells compared with parenchymal cells, but the GPAT/DHAPAT ratio was 5--6-fold higher in the parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 518562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12279", "title": "Detection of peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activity.", "content": "It has been postulated that the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system [Lazarow & de Duve (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2043--2046; Lazarow (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1522--1528] resembles that of mitochondria, except for the first oxidative reaction. In this step, O2 would be directly reduced to H2O2 by an oxidase. Two specific procedures developed to detect the activity of the characteristic enzyme fatty acyl-CoA oxidase are presented, namely polarographic detection of palmitoyl-CoA-dependent cyanide-insensitive O2 consumption and palmitoyl-CoA-dependent H2O2 generation coupled to the peroxidation of methanol in an antimycin A-insensitive reaction. Fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity is stimulated by FAD, which supports the flavoprotein nature postulated for this enzyme. Its activity increases 7-fold per g wet wt. of liver in rats treated with nafenopin, a hypolipidaemic drug. Subcellular fractionation of livers from normal and nafenopin-treated animals provides evidence for its peroxisomal localization. The stoicheiometry for palmitoyl-CoA-dependent O2 consumption, H2O2 generation and NAD+ reduction is 1 : 1 : 1. This suggests that fatty acyl-CoA oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system.", "contents": "Detection of peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activity. It has been postulated that the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system [Lazarow & de Duve (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2043--2046; Lazarow (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1522--1528] resembles that of mitochondria, except for the first oxidative reaction. In this step, O2 would be directly reduced to H2O2 by an oxidase. Two specific procedures developed to detect the activity of the characteristic enzyme fatty acyl-CoA oxidase are presented, namely polarographic detection of palmitoyl-CoA-dependent cyanide-insensitive O2 consumption and palmitoyl-CoA-dependent H2O2 generation coupled to the peroxidation of methanol in an antimycin A-insensitive reaction. Fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity is stimulated by FAD, which supports the flavoprotein nature postulated for this enzyme. Its activity increases 7-fold per g wet wt. of liver in rats treated with nafenopin, a hypolipidaemic drug. Subcellular fractionation of livers from normal and nafenopin-treated animals provides evidence for its peroxisomal localization. The stoicheiometry for palmitoyl-CoA-dependent O2 consumption, H2O2 generation and NAD+ reduction is 1 : 1 : 1. This suggests that fatty acyl-CoA oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system.", "PMID": 518563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12280", "title": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells by methylenecyclopropylpyruvate (ketohypoglycin).", "content": "1. In isolated rat liver cells, hypoglycin is a less effective inhibitor of gluconeogenesis than its transamination product, methylenecyclopropylpyruvate (ketohypoglycin). 2. Methylenecyclopropylpyruvate at 0.3 mM inhibits gluconeogenesis from all substrates tested, except fructose. 3. Methylenecyclopropylpyruvate does not affect 14CO2 release from [1(-14)C]palmitate, but, in the absence of lactate, inhibits ketogenesis and causes a decrease in the [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio. These effects are masked when lactate (10 mM) is present. 4. In the presence of lactate and palmitate, 0.3 mM-methylenecyclopropylpyruvate produces a fall in total acid-soluble CoA and a relative increase in short-chain acyl-CoA at the expense of CoA and acetyl-CoA without changing the ATP, ADP and aspartate contents or the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio. 5. Many of the effects of methylenecyclopropylpyruvate observed are consistent with inhibition of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and of specific CoA-dependent enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells by methylenecyclopropylpyruvate (ketohypoglycin). 1. In isolated rat liver cells, hypoglycin is a less effective inhibitor of gluconeogenesis than its transamination product, methylenecyclopropylpyruvate (ketohypoglycin). 2. Methylenecyclopropylpyruvate at 0.3 mM inhibits gluconeogenesis from all substrates tested, except fructose. 3. Methylenecyclopropylpyruvate does not affect 14CO2 release from [1(-14)C]palmitate, but, in the absence of lactate, inhibits ketogenesis and causes a decrease in the [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio. These effects are masked when lactate (10 mM) is present. 4. In the presence of lactate and palmitate, 0.3 mM-methylenecyclopropylpyruvate produces a fall in total acid-soluble CoA and a relative increase in short-chain acyl-CoA at the expense of CoA and acetyl-CoA without changing the ATP, ADP and aspartate contents or the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio. 5. Many of the effects of methylenecyclopropylpyruvate observed are consistent with inhibition of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and of specific CoA-dependent enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 518564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12281", "title": "Evidence for the operation of the extrahepatic lipoprotein receptor system in vivo in rats. Effect of dietary cholesterol and orotic acid, alone or in combination, on the rate of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid in various tissues, measured by using 3H2O.", "content": "1. The biosynthesis of cholesterol in vivo was studied at a number of tissue sites in rats by using 3H2O as precursor. Overall, the mass of cholesterol synthesized was in good agreement with the rate of cholesterogenesis, as determined by kinetic analysis of cholesterol specific-radioactivity-time curves after administration of radiolabelled cholesterol. 2. Dietary cholesterol increased the circulating concentration of cholesterol and inhibited endogenous cholesterogenesis, with concomitant increases in the concentration of esterified cholesterol, in all tissues studied. Addition of ororic acid to the cholesterol-supplemented diet tended to reverse each of these changes in extrahepatic tissues. 3. The co-ordinated change in cholesterol biosynthesis and esterification, with no change in total cholesterol content, in extrahepatic tissues, is attributed to control by receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptake. 4. Further reduction of the concentration of the apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by addition of orotic acid to a diet without supplementary cholesterol did not further enhance cholesterogenesis. We consider that the relatively high rates of extrahepatic cholesterogenesis in normolipidaemic rats are attributable to the low concentration of low-density lipoprotein.", "contents": "Evidence for the operation of the extrahepatic lipoprotein receptor system in vivo in rats. Effect of dietary cholesterol and orotic acid, alone or in combination, on the rate of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid in various tissues, measured by using 3H2O. 1. The biosynthesis of cholesterol in vivo was studied at a number of tissue sites in rats by using 3H2O as precursor. Overall, the mass of cholesterol synthesized was in good agreement with the rate of cholesterogenesis, as determined by kinetic analysis of cholesterol specific-radioactivity-time curves after administration of radiolabelled cholesterol. 2. Dietary cholesterol increased the circulating concentration of cholesterol and inhibited endogenous cholesterogenesis, with concomitant increases in the concentration of esterified cholesterol, in all tissues studied. Addition of ororic acid to the cholesterol-supplemented diet tended to reverse each of these changes in extrahepatic tissues. 3. The co-ordinated change in cholesterol biosynthesis and esterification, with no change in total cholesterol content, in extrahepatic tissues, is attributed to control by receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptake. 4. Further reduction of the concentration of the apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by addition of orotic acid to a diet without supplementary cholesterol did not further enhance cholesterogenesis. We consider that the relatively high rates of extrahepatic cholesterogenesis in normolipidaemic rats are attributable to the low concentration of low-density lipoprotein.", "PMID": 518565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12282", "title": "Effects of bivalent cations on prostaglandin biosynthesis and phospholipase A2 activation in rabbit kidney medulla slices.", "content": "The bivalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were compared for their stimulatory or inhibitory effect on prostaglandin formation in rabbit kidney medulla slices. Ca2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ ions stimulated prostaglandin generation up to 3--5-fold in a time- and dose-dependent manner (Ca2+ greater than Mn2+ congruent to Sr2+). The stimulation by Mn2+ (but not by Sr2+) was also observed in incubations of medulla slices in the presence of Ca2+. Mg2+ and Co2+ ions were without significant effects on either basal or Ca2+-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis. The stimulatory effects of Ca2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ on medullary generation of prostaglandin E2 were found to correlate with their stimulatory effects on the release of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid from tissue lipids. The release of other fatty acids was unaffected, except for a small increase in oleic acid release. As both arachidonic acid and linoleic acid are predominantly found in the 2-position of the glycerol moiety of phospholipids, the stimulation by these cations of prostaglandin E2 formation appears to be mediated via stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity.", "contents": "Effects of bivalent cations on prostaglandin biosynthesis and phospholipase A2 activation in rabbit kidney medulla slices. The bivalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were compared for their stimulatory or inhibitory effect on prostaglandin formation in rabbit kidney medulla slices. Ca2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ ions stimulated prostaglandin generation up to 3--5-fold in a time- and dose-dependent manner (Ca2+ greater than Mn2+ congruent to Sr2+). The stimulation by Mn2+ (but not by Sr2+) was also observed in incubations of medulla slices in the presence of Ca2+. Mg2+ and Co2+ ions were without significant effects on either basal or Ca2+-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis. The stimulatory effects of Ca2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ on medullary generation of prostaglandin E2 were found to correlate with their stimulatory effects on the release of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid from tissue lipids. The release of other fatty acids was unaffected, except for a small increase in oleic acid release. As both arachidonic acid and linoleic acid are predominantly found in the 2-position of the glycerol moiety of phospholipids, the stimulation by these cations of prostaglandin E2 formation appears to be mediated via stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity.", "PMID": 518566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12283", "title": "Casein turnover in rabbit mammary explants in organ culture.", "content": "1. Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured in medium 199 containing insulin, prolactin and cortisol, and specific anti-casein immunoglobulin G was used to measure the amount, rate of synthesis and rate of degradation of casein in the explants in the presence of hormones and after removal of hormones from previously stimulated tissue. 2. The amount of casein in particle-free supernatants prepared from mammary explants was measured by ;rocket' immunoelectrophoresis. 3. The rate of incorporation of l-[4,5-(3)H]leucine into casein was measured after isolation of the casein by immunoadsorbent chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulphate. 4. Casein accumulates in mammary explants in the presence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol, but not in the absence of hormones. Removal of hormones after 24h in culture results in a decrease in the rate of accumulation of casein in the explants. 5. Casein-synthetic rate increases in mammary explants in the presence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol, but not in the absence of hormones. Removal of hormones after 24h in culture results in continued casein synthesis at approx. 30% of the rate in the presence of hormones. The synthetic rate does not decrease to values observed in explants cultured throughout in the absence of hormones. 6. Casein is not degraded in mammary explants during a phase of rapid casein accumulation (36-72h) in the presence of hormones. Furthermore casein is not degraded when hormones are removed from the tissue after between 36 and 72h in culture. 7. Casein is glycosylated in mammary explants; the extent of glycosylation parallels the rate of synthesis. The glycosylated protein is rapidly secreted from the tissue. 8. The results are consistent with the notion that after hormonal stimulation mammary explants from mid-pregnant rabbits synthesize, glycosylate and rapidly secrete casein. Removal of hormones decreases the synthetic rate of casein, but does not cause the accumulation of a pool of degradable casein in the lobuloalveolar cells.", "contents": "Casein turnover in rabbit mammary explants in organ culture. 1. Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured in medium 199 containing insulin, prolactin and cortisol, and specific anti-casein immunoglobulin G was used to measure the amount, rate of synthesis and rate of degradation of casein in the explants in the presence of hormones and after removal of hormones from previously stimulated tissue. 2. The amount of casein in particle-free supernatants prepared from mammary explants was measured by ;rocket' immunoelectrophoresis. 3. The rate of incorporation of l-[4,5-(3)H]leucine into casein was measured after isolation of the casein by immunoadsorbent chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulphate. 4. Casein accumulates in mammary explants in the presence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol, but not in the absence of hormones. Removal of hormones after 24h in culture results in a decrease in the rate of accumulation of casein in the explants. 5. Casein-synthetic rate increases in mammary explants in the presence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol, but not in the absence of hormones. Removal of hormones after 24h in culture results in continued casein synthesis at approx. 30% of the rate in the presence of hormones. The synthetic rate does not decrease to values observed in explants cultured throughout in the absence of hormones. 6. Casein is not degraded in mammary explants during a phase of rapid casein accumulation (36-72h) in the presence of hormones. Furthermore casein is not degraded when hormones are removed from the tissue after between 36 and 72h in culture. 7. Casein is glycosylated in mammary explants; the extent of glycosylation parallels the rate of synthesis. The glycosylated protein is rapidly secreted from the tissue. 8. The results are consistent with the notion that after hormonal stimulation mammary explants from mid-pregnant rabbits synthesize, glycosylate and rapidly secrete casein. Removal of hormones decreases the synthetic rate of casein, but does not cause the accumulation of a pool of degradable casein in the lobuloalveolar cells.", "PMID": 518567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12284", "title": "Mechanisms of protein degradation in growing and non-growing L-cell cultures.", "content": "L-cells prelabelled with [14C]leucine and [3H]thymidine were placed in either fresh growth medium (minimal essential medium with 10% serum) or stepdown medium (minimal essential medium) for 3 days. The 14C/3H ratio remained constant in the growing cultures and decreased in the stationary-phase cultures, indicating no protein turnover in growing cultures and a degradative rate of 0.6%/h in the stationary-phase cultures. Media analysis, however, indicated that 14C-labelled proteins were being degraded at approx. 1.2%/h in growing cultures and 1.7%/h in stationary-phase cultures. Additional studies indicated that a subpopulation of L-cells in the monolayer, comprising approx. 20--30% of the total, were lost in the original processing procedure. Experiments in which recoveries approached 100% by fixation of the monolayer in situ indicated that a protein-degrading subpopulation accounted for all the observed proteolysis in the growing cultures. Proteolysis in these cultures was only partially inhibited with NH4Cl, indicating that only a small part of the protein degradation was occurring in an activated lysosomal-autophagic system. NaF produced a more effective inhibition of proteolysis, but we were not able to distinguish whether this effect was on an ATP-requiring basal-turnover mechanism or a direct effect on unregulated activity of proteinases in the cell hyaloplasm. However, NH4Cl inhibited the proteolysis induced when cells were placed in stepdown medium, suggesting that the induced proteolysis was occurring via the autophagic system. We conclude that L-cells exist in at least two states with respect to protein degradation: (a) a subpopulation that is actively replicating and does not degrade cellular proteins, and (b) a second subpopulation of cells, derived from the preceding one, which degraded most of their labelled proteins, are not capable of further replication, and are not sedimented in an iso-osmotic EDTA buffer solution. In addition, proliferating L-cells, when placed in stepdown medium, begin to degrade cell protein through a mechanism involving autophagolysosomes.", "contents": "Mechanisms of protein degradation in growing and non-growing L-cell cultures. L-cells prelabelled with [14C]leucine and [3H]thymidine were placed in either fresh growth medium (minimal essential medium with 10% serum) or stepdown medium (minimal essential medium) for 3 days. The 14C/3H ratio remained constant in the growing cultures and decreased in the stationary-phase cultures, indicating no protein turnover in growing cultures and a degradative rate of 0.6%/h in the stationary-phase cultures. Media analysis, however, indicated that 14C-labelled proteins were being degraded at approx. 1.2%/h in growing cultures and 1.7%/h in stationary-phase cultures. Additional studies indicated that a subpopulation of L-cells in the monolayer, comprising approx. 20--30% of the total, were lost in the original processing procedure. Experiments in which recoveries approached 100% by fixation of the monolayer in situ indicated that a protein-degrading subpopulation accounted for all the observed proteolysis in the growing cultures. Proteolysis in these cultures was only partially inhibited with NH4Cl, indicating that only a small part of the protein degradation was occurring in an activated lysosomal-autophagic system. NaF produced a more effective inhibition of proteolysis, but we were not able to distinguish whether this effect was on an ATP-requiring basal-turnover mechanism or a direct effect on unregulated activity of proteinases in the cell hyaloplasm. However, NH4Cl inhibited the proteolysis induced when cells were placed in stepdown medium, suggesting that the induced proteolysis was occurring via the autophagic system. We conclude that L-cells exist in at least two states with respect to protein degradation: (a) a subpopulation that is actively replicating and does not degrade cellular proteins, and (b) a second subpopulation of cells, derived from the preceding one, which degraded most of their labelled proteins, are not capable of further replication, and are not sedimented in an iso-osmotic EDTA buffer solution. In addition, proliferating L-cells, when placed in stepdown medium, begin to degrade cell protein through a mechanism involving autophagolysosomes.", "PMID": 518568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12285", "title": "The synthesis of myosin, actin and the major protein fractions in rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "New Zealand White rabbits were infused with [3H]tyrosine for periods of 5--6 h and then different methods of extraction were applied for the purification of the main muscle proteins and protein fractions. Myosin (I), prepared from salt extraction of muscle mince, consistently had a higher specific radioactivity than did myosin (II), isolated by dissociation of actomyosin. Actins (IA) and (IB), extracted from acetone-dried powders prepared by different treatments of myosin-extracted muscle mince, gave specific radioactivities approx. 0.6 that of myosin (I) and 0.7 that of myosin(II). Actin (II), isolated by dissociation of actomyosin, had a specific radioactivity similar to that of myosin (II) from the same source, but higher than those of actins (IA) and (IB). The differences between the specific radioactivities of the proteins, in particular actin, purified by the various methods, are attributed to the loss of newly synthesized material of high specific radioactivity during the initial extraction procedures. It is suggested that actin (II) and myosin (II) are representative preparations for the total population of each protein and that, on this basis, myosin and actin have similar rates of synthesis. Total muscle protein, myofibrils, actomyosin and sarcoplasm were all found to have very similar specific radioactivities at the end of a 6 h infusion.", "contents": "The synthesis of myosin, actin and the major protein fractions in rabbit skeletal muscle. New Zealand White rabbits were infused with [3H]tyrosine for periods of 5--6 h and then different methods of extraction were applied for the purification of the main muscle proteins and protein fractions. Myosin (I), prepared from salt extraction of muscle mince, consistently had a higher specific radioactivity than did myosin (II), isolated by dissociation of actomyosin. Actins (IA) and (IB), extracted from acetone-dried powders prepared by different treatments of myosin-extracted muscle mince, gave specific radioactivities approx. 0.6 that of myosin (I) and 0.7 that of myosin(II). Actin (II), isolated by dissociation of actomyosin, had a specific radioactivity similar to that of myosin (II) from the same source, but higher than those of actins (IA) and (IB). The differences between the specific radioactivities of the proteins, in particular actin, purified by the various methods, are attributed to the loss of newly synthesized material of high specific radioactivity during the initial extraction procedures. It is suggested that actin (II) and myosin (II) are representative preparations for the total population of each protein and that, on this basis, myosin and actin have similar rates of synthesis. Total muscle protein, myofibrils, actomyosin and sarcoplasm were all found to have very similar specific radioactivities at the end of a 6 h infusion.", "PMID": 518569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12286", "title": "The subcellular distribution of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in dog liver.", "content": "The subcellular distributions of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in the particulate fraction of dog liver were examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Most of both enzyme activities in the particulate fraction were localized in the mitochondria, but not in the peroxisomes.", "contents": "The subcellular distribution of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in dog liver. The subcellular distributions of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in the particulate fraction of dog liver were examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Most of both enzyme activities in the particulate fraction were localized in the mitochondria, but not in the peroxisomes.", "PMID": 518570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12287", "title": "N-formyl-L-methionine deformylase activity in human leucocytes and platelets.", "content": "Extracts of human neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets enzymically deformylate N-formyl-L-methionine. Enzyme activity is stimulated by Co2+, inhibited by bivalent-cation chelators and unaffected by inhibitors of serine, thiol and carboxyl proteinases. Leucocyte or platelet N-formylmethionine deformylase may be important in modulation of neutrophil responses to chemoattractant formylmethionyl peptides or similar compounds.", "contents": "N-formyl-L-methionine deformylase activity in human leucocytes and platelets. Extracts of human neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets enzymically deformylate N-formyl-L-methionine. Enzyme activity is stimulated by Co2+, inhibited by bivalent-cation chelators and unaffected by inhibitors of serine, thiol and carboxyl proteinases. Leucocyte or platelet N-formylmethionine deformylase may be important in modulation of neutrophil responses to chemoattractant formylmethionyl peptides or similar compounds.", "PMID": 518571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12288", "title": "Infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with a serum inhibitor of complement-derived chemotactic activity.", "content": "We have found subnormal amounts of chemotactic activity in zymosan-treated sera from 13 of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As an explanation for this abnormality, the presence of a uniquely specific, heat-stable inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity has been documented in sera from 11 of these patients. Sera from 2 other patients contained elevated levels of nonspecific, heat-labile chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) activity. The serum from 1 patient contained the heat-stable inhibitor as well as elevated levels of CFI. Patients with SLE whose sera contained the heat-stable inhibitor had more active disease clinically, but otherwise they were indistinguishable from patients without the inhibitor. When patients with the heat-stable inhibitor improved clinically, this usually was accompanied by a decrease in serum inhibitory activity. Only one episode of bacterial infection was observed among 16 patients with SLE whose sera yielded normal amounts of chemotactic activity after treatment with zymosan. In contrast, 7 of 11 patients with SLE whose sera contained the heat-stable inhibitor suffered serious bacterial infections. The presence of this heat-stable inhibitor in sera from some patients with SLE may contribute, in part, to their increased susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with a serum inhibitor of complement-derived chemotactic activity. We have found subnormal amounts of chemotactic activity in zymosan-treated sera from 13 of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As an explanation for this abnormality, the presence of a uniquely specific, heat-stable inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity has been documented in sera from 11 of these patients. Sera from 2 other patients contained elevated levels of nonspecific, heat-labile chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) activity. The serum from 1 patient contained the heat-stable inhibitor as well as elevated levels of CFI. Patients with SLE whose sera contained the heat-stable inhibitor had more active disease clinically, but otherwise they were indistinguishable from patients without the inhibitor. When patients with the heat-stable inhibitor improved clinically, this usually was accompanied by a decrease in serum inhibitory activity. Only one episode of bacterial infection was observed among 16 patients with SLE whose sera yielded normal amounts of chemotactic activity after treatment with zymosan. In contrast, 7 of 11 patients with SLE whose sera contained the heat-stable inhibitor suffered serious bacterial infections. The presence of this heat-stable inhibitor in sera from some patients with SLE may contribute, in part, to their increased susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 518715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12289", "title": "Collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Evaluation of early immunologic events.", "content": "When rats were injected intradermally with an oil emulsion of native type II collagen, they developed an inflammatory polyarthritis. The incidence and severity of arthritis increased as the amount of collagen injected was increased. Rats 4 1/2 weeks old were the most susceptible to the development of arthritis, whereas weanling and older animals were relatively resistant. There was no difference in incidence between males and females. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen were cultured with type II collagen and responded maximally to a collagen concentration of 25 microgram/ml. The earliest detectable response was in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures obtained 6 to 8 days after immunization. The response of lymph node and spleen cells tended to lag behind that of peripheral blood cells at the earlier time intervals. Antibodies were detected in sera by hemagglutination at 8 days postimmunization. Quantitation of IgM and IgG antibodies by radioimmunoassay showed good correlation with hemagglutination titers and increased binding of collagen by both classes of antibody in arthritic as compared to nonarthritic animals. It is clear that the development of both humoral and cellular immunity to type II collagen is associated with the development of arthritis and may be important in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Evaluation of early immunologic events. When rats were injected intradermally with an oil emulsion of native type II collagen, they developed an inflammatory polyarthritis. The incidence and severity of arthritis increased as the amount of collagen injected was increased. Rats 4 1/2 weeks old were the most susceptible to the development of arthritis, whereas weanling and older animals were relatively resistant. There was no difference in incidence between males and females. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen were cultured with type II collagen and responded maximally to a collagen concentration of 25 microgram/ml. The earliest detectable response was in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures obtained 6 to 8 days after immunization. The response of lymph node and spleen cells tended to lag behind that of peripheral blood cells at the earlier time intervals. Antibodies were detected in sera by hemagglutination at 8 days postimmunization. Quantitation of IgM and IgG antibodies by radioimmunoassay showed good correlation with hemagglutination titers and increased binding of collagen by both classes of antibody in arthritic as compared to nonarthritic animals. It is clear that the development of both humoral and cellular immunity to type II collagen is associated with the development of arthritis and may be important in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 518716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12290", "title": "Reaction of superficial bursae in response to specific disease stimuli.", "content": "Although microscopic studies have shown similarities between bursal and joint membranes, little is known about bursae and their response to disease states. Eighty-six cases of superficial bursitis due to trauma, bacterial infection, or gout were reviewed and compared with cases of joint inflammation due to the same etiologies. In traumatic bursitis the bursal fluid mucin test was more abnormal and the viscosity lower than that of joint fluid in traumatic arthritis. The bursal fluid total leukocyte count of septic bursitis was less than 20,000/mm3 in 8 of 13 cases but in only 1 of 21 synovial fluids from cases of septic arthritis (P = 0.005). In gouty bursitis the mean total leukocyte count of bursal fluid was 2800/mm3, compared with a mean synovial fluid total leukocyte count of 28,700 in gouty arthritis (P less than 0.02). These findings indicate that superficial bursae react less intensely than diarthrodial joints to specific disease stimuli and that a relatively low bursal fluid leukocyte count is often present in cases of septic and gouty bursitis.", "contents": "Reaction of superficial bursae in response to specific disease stimuli. Although microscopic studies have shown similarities between bursal and joint membranes, little is known about bursae and their response to disease states. Eighty-six cases of superficial bursitis due to trauma, bacterial infection, or gout were reviewed and compared with cases of joint inflammation due to the same etiologies. In traumatic bursitis the bursal fluid mucin test was more abnormal and the viscosity lower than that of joint fluid in traumatic arthritis. The bursal fluid total leukocyte count of septic bursitis was less than 20,000/mm3 in 8 of 13 cases but in only 1 of 21 synovial fluids from cases of septic arthritis (P = 0.005). In gouty bursitis the mean total leukocyte count of bursal fluid was 2800/mm3, compared with a mean synovial fluid total leukocyte count of 28,700 in gouty arthritis (P less than 0.02). These findings indicate that superficial bursae react less intensely than diarthrodial joints to specific disease stimuli and that a relatively low bursal fluid leukocyte count is often present in cases of septic and gouty bursitis.", "PMID": 518717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12291", "title": "Effects of naproxen on connective tissue changes in the adjuvant arthritic rat.", "content": "The Freund's adjuvant-injected rat shares a number of features with the arthritis patient, viz the presence of a proliferative synovitis, joint swelling, and cartilage and bone erosion. Naproxen, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor which is an effective antiinflammatory agent in laboratory animals and humans, was evaluated as an inhibitor of connective tissue destruction in this model by use of radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Sixteen days after rats were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant, marked joint swelling was noted. On day 17, vehicle or naproxen, 7 mg/kg/day, was administered orally. Twenty-eight days later vehicle-treated animals demonstrated the following pathologic changes in their hindpaws; swelling, cartilage loss, large amounts of pannus within the joint spaces, osteoporosis, bone erosions, periosteal new bone formation, heterotopic ossification, and bony ankylosis. Rats treated 28 days with naproxen had significantly milder disease than the vehicle controls. The incidence of severe juxtaarticular bone destruction was 10/10 in the vehicle controls versus 2/10 of the drug-treated group (P less than 0.01). A comparable reduction in cartilage erosion, incidence of pannus, and new bone formation was noted in the drug-treated group. These effects may relate to an inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis; prostaglandins have been shown to: 1) stimulate collagenase secretion from macrophages, 2) stimulate bone resorption in vivo and in vitro, and 3) diminish proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage.", "contents": "Effects of naproxen on connective tissue changes in the adjuvant arthritic rat. The Freund's adjuvant-injected rat shares a number of features with the arthritis patient, viz the presence of a proliferative synovitis, joint swelling, and cartilage and bone erosion. Naproxen, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor which is an effective antiinflammatory agent in laboratory animals and humans, was evaluated as an inhibitor of connective tissue destruction in this model by use of radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Sixteen days after rats were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant, marked joint swelling was noted. On day 17, vehicle or naproxen, 7 mg/kg/day, was administered orally. Twenty-eight days later vehicle-treated animals demonstrated the following pathologic changes in their hindpaws; swelling, cartilage loss, large amounts of pannus within the joint spaces, osteoporosis, bone erosions, periosteal new bone formation, heterotopic ossification, and bony ankylosis. Rats treated 28 days with naproxen had significantly milder disease than the vehicle controls. The incidence of severe juxtaarticular bone destruction was 10/10 in the vehicle controls versus 2/10 of the drug-treated group (P less than 0.01). A comparable reduction in cartilage erosion, incidence of pannus, and new bone formation was noted in the drug-treated group. These effects may relate to an inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis; prostaglandins have been shown to: 1) stimulate collagenase secretion from macrophages, 2) stimulate bone resorption in vivo and in vitro, and 3) diminish proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage.", "PMID": 518718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12292", "title": "Chronic tenosynovial hand infection from Mycobacterium terrae.", "content": "A 23-year-old healthy man suffered a puncture wound from the fin of a catfish. Chronic tenosynovitis subsequently developed. Synovectomy was performed and cultures yielded Mycobacterium terrae. This organism, usually considered nonpathogenic, has only rarely been associated with human disease. This case further supports the role of this organism as a potential human pathogen and further suggests that M terrae should be considered in aquatic-associated hand tenosynovitis.", "contents": "Chronic tenosynovial hand infection from Mycobacterium terrae. A 23-year-old healthy man suffered a puncture wound from the fin of a catfish. Chronic tenosynovitis subsequently developed. Synovectomy was performed and cultures yielded Mycobacterium terrae. This organism, usually considered nonpathogenic, has only rarely been associated with human disease. This case further supports the role of this organism as a potential human pathogen and further suggests that M terrae should be considered in aquatic-associated hand tenosynovitis.", "PMID": 518721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12293", "title": "The effect of thoracic duct drainage on lymphocyte dynamics and clinical symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) was performed in 4 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical effects were apparent in all during drainage, but the term of TDD and the cumulative number of lymphocytes drained had no direct relation to the improvement of clinical symptoms. The number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased despite discharge of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct in the very early stage of drainage, suggesting that lymph drainage from thoracic duct accelerates migration of lymphocytes from lymphocyte pools to the blood stream. Biopsy specimens of synovial membranes obtained post-TDD showed marked decrease of mononuclear cell infiltration as compared to the specimens obtained preoperatively. These findings suggest that clinical effectiveness may be due not only to systemic immunosuppression induced by lymphocyte depletion but also to accelerated migration of inflammatory cells from the synovial tissues to the blood stream occurring with dynamic change of lymph flow during TDD.", "contents": "The effect of thoracic duct drainage on lymphocyte dynamics and clinical symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) was performed in 4 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical effects were apparent in all during drainage, but the term of TDD and the cumulative number of lymphocytes drained had no direct relation to the improvement of clinical symptoms. The number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased despite discharge of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct in the very early stage of drainage, suggesting that lymph drainage from thoracic duct accelerates migration of lymphocytes from lymphocyte pools to the blood stream. Biopsy specimens of synovial membranes obtained post-TDD showed marked decrease of mononuclear cell infiltration as compared to the specimens obtained preoperatively. These findings suggest that clinical effectiveness may be due not only to systemic immunosuppression induced by lymphocyte depletion but also to accelerated migration of inflammatory cells from the synovial tissues to the blood stream occurring with dynamic change of lymph flow during TDD.", "PMID": 518724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12294", "title": "The relation of antemortem characteristics to cardiovascular findings at necropsy--The Framingham Study.", "content": "The relation of premorbid cardiovascular risk attributes routinely measures at regular biennial examinations to cardiac necropsy findings using a special autopsy protocol was examined among 127 decedents of the Framingham cohort. Necropsy findings analyzed were: heart weight, left ventricular (LV) muscle thickness, percent luminal insufficiency of the coronary arteries, and percent intimal involvement with atherosclerosis. Clinical data analyzed included weight, height, blood pressure and serum cholesterol measured 1, 5, and 9 years prior to death. Systolic blood pressure, but not diastolic, correlated strongly with heart weight and LV muscle thickness in both sexes, and with atherosclerotic involvement in women, but not men. Serum cholesterol 1, 5, and 9 years antemortem all correlated positively with the degree of luminal insufficiency in men, while in women only cholesterol 9 years before death correlated significantly. In multivariate analysis only systolic pressure in women correlated independently with left ventricular muscle thickness and relative weight was the only independent correlate of heart weight. Only age was an independent significant correlate of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in women. For men, coronary atherosclerotic involvement was independently correlated with only the serum cholesterol and measures of obesity were the major predictors of heart size. The degree of coronary pathology also correlated positively with heart weight in men and LV muscle thickness in women. In general clinical data measured just prior to death did not correlate as well with pathological findings as did earlier measurements.", "contents": "The relation of antemortem characteristics to cardiovascular findings at necropsy--The Framingham Study. The relation of premorbid cardiovascular risk attributes routinely measures at regular biennial examinations to cardiac necropsy findings using a special autopsy protocol was examined among 127 decedents of the Framingham cohort. Necropsy findings analyzed were: heart weight, left ventricular (LV) muscle thickness, percent luminal insufficiency of the coronary arteries, and percent intimal involvement with atherosclerosis. Clinical data analyzed included weight, height, blood pressure and serum cholesterol measured 1, 5, and 9 years prior to death. Systolic blood pressure, but not diastolic, correlated strongly with heart weight and LV muscle thickness in both sexes, and with atherosclerotic involvement in women, but not men. Serum cholesterol 1, 5, and 9 years antemortem all correlated positively with the degree of luminal insufficiency in men, while in women only cholesterol 9 years before death correlated significantly. In multivariate analysis only systolic pressure in women correlated independently with left ventricular muscle thickness and relative weight was the only independent correlate of heart weight. Only age was an independent significant correlate of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in women. For men, coronary atherosclerotic involvement was independently correlated with only the serum cholesterol and measures of obesity were the major predictors of heart size. The degree of coronary pathology also correlated positively with heart weight in men and LV muscle thickness in women. In general clinical data measured just prior to death did not correlate as well with pathological findings as did earlier measurements.", "PMID": 518733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12295", "title": "Intimal thickening of human femoral arteries with special regard to elastin, Part 1. Diffuse intimal thickening due to growth and age.", "content": "In infants, human femoral arteries display seam-like internal elastic lamina (IEL) covered with endothelium on the luminal side and with smooth muscle cells (SMC) on the medial side. At birth the growth of IEL is finished, correlated with a loss of microfibrils (MF) at the periphery. With the onset of the postnatal vessel growth the joints of IEL seem to be mechanically widened until they have the appearance of gaps with progressing age. After the age of 40 years there are often rod-like crystallites in the IEL, probably composed of cholesterol esters. A small first consecutive lamina (CL) can be seen already in childhood; it enlarges until the 3rd decade of life and is interpreted as a substitute to the \"fragmented\" IEL. After the 5th decade of life the first CL is arranged within the intima at a certain distance from the IEL and consisting of loosely arranged elastic fibrils. In very old arteries (beyond the 8th decade of life) gaps are rarely seen in the first CL. In individuals over the age of 30 years, the space between IEL and the first CL is occupied by smooth muscle cells (SMC) which are tightly packed. Additional CLs above the first CL can be found in elderly individuals, there CL obviously contribute to the intimal thickening. The ultrastructure of the elastic elements of the vessel wall and their possible function are discussed.", "contents": "Intimal thickening of human femoral arteries with special regard to elastin, Part 1. Diffuse intimal thickening due to growth and age. In infants, human femoral arteries display seam-like internal elastic lamina (IEL) covered with endothelium on the luminal side and with smooth muscle cells (SMC) on the medial side. At birth the growth of IEL is finished, correlated with a loss of microfibrils (MF) at the periphery. With the onset of the postnatal vessel growth the joints of IEL seem to be mechanically widened until they have the appearance of gaps with progressing age. After the age of 40 years there are often rod-like crystallites in the IEL, probably composed of cholesterol esters. A small first consecutive lamina (CL) can be seen already in childhood; it enlarges until the 3rd decade of life and is interpreted as a substitute to the \"fragmented\" IEL. After the 5th decade of life the first CL is arranged within the intima at a certain distance from the IEL and consisting of loosely arranged elastic fibrils. In very old arteries (beyond the 8th decade of life) gaps are rarely seen in the first CL. In individuals over the age of 30 years, the space between IEL and the first CL is occupied by smooth muscle cells (SMC) which are tightly packed. Additional CLs above the first CL can be found in elderly individuals, there CL obviously contribute to the intimal thickening. The ultrastructure of the elastic elements of the vessel wall and their possible function are discussed.", "PMID": 518734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12296", "title": "Production of coronary arteriosclerosis with sex hormones and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in juvenile steelhead and rainbow trout, Salmon gairdneri.", "content": "Coronary arteries were examined for significant changes in myointimal hyperplasia in one-year old juvenile steelhead or rainbow trout treated with estradiol, testosterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). In one experiment juvenile steelhead trout were injected weekly with 2 microgram/g HCG, 5 microgram/g estradiol cypionate or 5 microgram/g testosterone cypionate for 50 days. Control fish were those killed prior to treatment or injected with fish saline or cottonseed oil. In two experiments juvenile nonanadromous rainbow trout were treated with estrogen and testosterone with the same weekly doses as juvenile steelhead for 42 and 30 days, respectively. In the first experiment juvenile rainbow were injected weekly with 2 microgram/g HCG. Juvenile rainbow treated with estradiol, testosterone and HCG and juvenile steelhead treated with testosterone had larger coronary lesions than untreated or control fish. Coronary hyperplastic nodules resembled morphologically those observed previously in sexually mature steelhead and rainbow trout. These data support the hypothesis that reproductive hormones are causal factors in spontaneously occurring arteriosclerosis in spawning Salmo gairdneri.", "contents": "Production of coronary arteriosclerosis with sex hormones and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in juvenile steelhead and rainbow trout, Salmon gairdneri. Coronary arteries were examined for significant changes in myointimal hyperplasia in one-year old juvenile steelhead or rainbow trout treated with estradiol, testosterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). In one experiment juvenile steelhead trout were injected weekly with 2 microgram/g HCG, 5 microgram/g estradiol cypionate or 5 microgram/g testosterone cypionate for 50 days. Control fish were those killed prior to treatment or injected with fish saline or cottonseed oil. In two experiments juvenile nonanadromous rainbow trout were treated with estrogen and testosterone with the same weekly doses as juvenile steelhead for 42 and 30 days, respectively. In the first experiment juvenile rainbow were injected weekly with 2 microgram/g HCG. Juvenile rainbow treated with estradiol, testosterone and HCG and juvenile steelhead treated with testosterone had larger coronary lesions than untreated or control fish. Coronary hyperplastic nodules resembled morphologically those observed previously in sexually mature steelhead and rainbow trout. These data support the hypothesis that reproductive hormones are causal factors in spontaneously occurring arteriosclerosis in spawning Salmo gairdneri.", "PMID": 518735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12297", "title": "Influence of cholesterol/fat feeding on cholesterol esterification and morphological structures in intestinal mucosa from guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10% (by weight) cottonseed oil and 1% cholesterol. In response to cholesterol/fat feeding there was an increase in both the unesterified cholesterol (UC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) of the intestinal mucosal cell. Along with the increased cholesterol levels there was a 4-fold increase in the microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity after only two days of cholesterol/fat feeding. After 6 days on the experimental diet the ACAT activity was up to 8-fold the activity of the control, and then remained at this level for up to 20 days. The increased ACAT activity was probably not due to increased substrate concentration alone, since the fractional esterification of cholesterol also increased when the cholesterol/fat containing diet was given. There was also an increase in the triglyceride content of the intestinal mucosal cells from guinea pigs on the experimental diet. The mucosal cells of the cholesterol/fat fed animals accumulated varying amounts of lipid droplets, which were without an enveloping membrane, suggesting that the uptake of lipids from the intestinal lumen was higher than the capacity to synthesize and/or secrete lipoproteins. Simultaneously the size and amount of secondary lysosomes increased. A considerable increase in lipid droplets, lipolysosomes, and residual bodies was observed in the lamina propria macrophages while no crystalline clefts were seen.", "contents": "Influence of cholesterol/fat feeding on cholesterol esterification and morphological structures in intestinal mucosa from guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10% (by weight) cottonseed oil and 1% cholesterol. In response to cholesterol/fat feeding there was an increase in both the unesterified cholesterol (UC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) of the intestinal mucosal cell. Along with the increased cholesterol levels there was a 4-fold increase in the microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity after only two days of cholesterol/fat feeding. After 6 days on the experimental diet the ACAT activity was up to 8-fold the activity of the control, and then remained at this level for up to 20 days. The increased ACAT activity was probably not due to increased substrate concentration alone, since the fractional esterification of cholesterol also increased when the cholesterol/fat containing diet was given. There was also an increase in the triglyceride content of the intestinal mucosal cells from guinea pigs on the experimental diet. The mucosal cells of the cholesterol/fat fed animals accumulated varying amounts of lipid droplets, which were without an enveloping membrane, suggesting that the uptake of lipids from the intestinal lumen was higher than the capacity to synthesize and/or secrete lipoproteins. Simultaneously the size and amount of secondary lysosomes increased. A considerable increase in lipid droplets, lipolysosomes, and residual bodies was observed in the lamina propria macrophages while no crystalline clefts were seen.", "PMID": 518736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12298", "title": "Chronic renal failure and atherogenesis--Serum factors stimulate the proliferation of human arterial smooth muscle cells.", "content": "To assess the role of serum factors in the genesis of accelerated vascular disease in chronic renal failure, human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) and dermal fibroblasts were grown in culture and the effects of serum from chronic dialysis patients on cell proliferation was studied. Exposure to serum from these renal failure patients was associated with significantly greater growth of both SMC and fibroblasts than that observed with control serum. A portion of this mitogenic effect appears to be related to the presence of a factor(s) which is heat stable, dialysable, and is contained in the lipoprotein deficient fraction of plasma of density greater than 1.25 g/dl. These findings suggest that circulating substances which stimulate the proliferation of SMC may contribute to accelerated cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing chronic dialysis treatment.", "contents": "Chronic renal failure and atherogenesis--Serum factors stimulate the proliferation of human arterial smooth muscle cells. To assess the role of serum factors in the genesis of accelerated vascular disease in chronic renal failure, human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) and dermal fibroblasts were grown in culture and the effects of serum from chronic dialysis patients on cell proliferation was studied. Exposure to serum from these renal failure patients was associated with significantly greater growth of both SMC and fibroblasts than that observed with control serum. A portion of this mitogenic effect appears to be related to the presence of a factor(s) which is heat stable, dialysable, and is contained in the lipoprotein deficient fraction of plasma of density greater than 1.25 g/dl. These findings suggest that circulating substances which stimulate the proliferation of SMC may contribute to accelerated cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing chronic dialysis treatment.", "PMID": 518737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12299", "title": "Turnover of apoE in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats.", "content": "The turnover of apoE in the total lipoprotein fraction (p less than 1.21 g/ml) of normolipemic and hypercholesterolemic rats was compared. The specific activity of 125I-labelled apoE in the lipoproteins was determined after isolation of the apoprotein by immunoaffinity chromatography. The serum apoE decay curves showed rapid first and slower second phases. The first phase of the curve of hypercholesterolemic animals suggests some sequestration of the apoprotein. The half-lives of apoE in the second phase were approximately 7 and 23 h in the normal and hypercholesterolemic sera, respectively. Elevated apoE levels and moderate hypercholesterolemia persisted one week after restoration of the normal diet, indicating that the increased apoprotein level seen in hypercholesterolemic rats was not solely to VLDL or chylomicron remnants. However, due to the elevated apoE levels in the hypercholesterolemic rats, the total replacement rates of the apoprotein appeared to be greater than that in normolipemic animals, consistent with the concept that in the steady state there is an increase in apoE secretion in hypercholesterolemic animals rather than a decrease in catabolism.", "contents": "Turnover of apoE in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. The turnover of apoE in the total lipoprotein fraction (p less than 1.21 g/ml) of normolipemic and hypercholesterolemic rats was compared. The specific activity of 125I-labelled apoE in the lipoproteins was determined after isolation of the apoprotein by immunoaffinity chromatography. The serum apoE decay curves showed rapid first and slower second phases. The first phase of the curve of hypercholesterolemic animals suggests some sequestration of the apoprotein. The half-lives of apoE in the second phase were approximately 7 and 23 h in the normal and hypercholesterolemic sera, respectively. Elevated apoE levels and moderate hypercholesterolemia persisted one week after restoration of the normal diet, indicating that the increased apoprotein level seen in hypercholesterolemic rats was not solely to VLDL or chylomicron remnants. However, due to the elevated apoE levels in the hypercholesterolemic rats, the total replacement rates of the apoprotein appeared to be greater than that in normolipemic animals, consistent with the concept that in the steady state there is an increase in apoE secretion in hypercholesterolemic animals rather than a decrease in catabolism.", "PMID": 518738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12300", "title": "Spontaneous arteriosclerosis in old, male, virgin Sprague--Dawley rats.", "content": "Virgin, male, Sprague--Dawley rats were observed from 3 to 34 months of age. Systolic blood pressure rose progressively with age, reaching abnormally elevated levels in some, becoming abnormally low in others. The old virgin males gained and then lost weight progressively with age, their pituitary and adrenal glands were heavier than young rats, and their thymi were greatly involuted. The old virgin rats manifested fatty infiltration of the liver and islet beta cell degranulation concomitant with hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated circulating corticosterone levels. Spontaneous arteriosclerosis, identical to that found in younger breeder rats was found in these old virgin males. Therefore, the vascular and other degenerative changes found in young breeder rats in considered to be an example of accelerated arterial disease.", "contents": "Spontaneous arteriosclerosis in old, male, virgin Sprague--Dawley rats. Virgin, male, Sprague--Dawley rats were observed from 3 to 34 months of age. Systolic blood pressure rose progressively with age, reaching abnormally elevated levels in some, becoming abnormally low in others. The old virgin males gained and then lost weight progressively with age, their pituitary and adrenal glands were heavier than young rats, and their thymi were greatly involuted. The old virgin rats manifested fatty infiltration of the liver and islet beta cell degranulation concomitant with hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated circulating corticosterone levels. Spontaneous arteriosclerosis, identical to that found in younger breeder rats was found in these old virgin males. Therefore, the vascular and other degenerative changes found in young breeder rats in considered to be an example of accelerated arterial disease.", "PMID": 518739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12301", "title": "Distribution of intimal smooth muscle cell masses and their relationship to early atherosclerosis in the abdominal aortas of young swine.", "content": "In the abdominal aortas of young mash-fed swine, intimal cell masses (pads, cushions) are located predominantly away from blood vessel orifices. They are found scattered throughout the aorta but nevertheless have a definite pattern of distribution. In the distal one half of the abdominal aorta, they are more frequent in the ventral quandrant than in the dorsal or either lateral quadrant. In the proximal half, intimal cell masses are more frequent in the dorsal quadrant. When experimental atherosclerosis is induced in the abdominal aortas of young swine by either a hypercholesterolemic diet or by aortic ballooning followed by a hypercholesterolemic diet, the distribution of early lesions is similar. The lesions are found predominantly in quadrants where intimal cell masses were found to be most frequent in the control group of swine. The results suggest that most of the lesions, though not necessarily all, arose from pre-existing intimal cell masses beneath the aortic surface.", "contents": "Distribution of intimal smooth muscle cell masses and their relationship to early atherosclerosis in the abdominal aortas of young swine. In the abdominal aortas of young mash-fed swine, intimal cell masses (pads, cushions) are located predominantly away from blood vessel orifices. They are found scattered throughout the aorta but nevertheless have a definite pattern of distribution. In the distal one half of the abdominal aorta, they are more frequent in the ventral quandrant than in the dorsal or either lateral quadrant. In the proximal half, intimal cell masses are more frequent in the dorsal quadrant. When experimental atherosclerosis is induced in the abdominal aortas of young swine by either a hypercholesterolemic diet or by aortic ballooning followed by a hypercholesterolemic diet, the distribution of early lesions is similar. The lesions are found predominantly in quadrants where intimal cell masses were found to be most frequent in the control group of swine. The results suggest that most of the lesions, though not necessarily all, arose from pre-existing intimal cell masses beneath the aortic surface.", "PMID": 518740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12302", "title": "Swine in atherosclerosis research--Development of an experimental animal model and study of the effect of dietary fats on cholesterol metabolism.", "content": "The effect of saturated (beef tallow) and polyunsaturated (corn oil) fat diets on plasma cholesterol, bile flow and composition, and excretion of fecal steroids, was studied in 5 female and 6 male miniature swine. The animals were fitted with a modified Baldwin T-tube in the common bile duct for bile sampling and a catheter in the duodenum for reinfusion. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased by beef tallow and decreased by corn oil. Both fats caused an increase in the secretion of bile, biliary lipids and bile acid pool size. The increases were significant when the source of fat was corn oil. The fecal neutral steroid excretion measured in the male swine was increased by both fats. However, only the polyunsaturated fat diet caused a significant increase in the fecal acidic steroid excretion.", "contents": "Swine in atherosclerosis research--Development of an experimental animal model and study of the effect of dietary fats on cholesterol metabolism. The effect of saturated (beef tallow) and polyunsaturated (corn oil) fat diets on plasma cholesterol, bile flow and composition, and excretion of fecal steroids, was studied in 5 female and 6 male miniature swine. The animals were fitted with a modified Baldwin T-tube in the common bile duct for bile sampling and a catheter in the duodenum for reinfusion. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased by beef tallow and decreased by corn oil. Both fats caused an increase in the secretion of bile, biliary lipids and bile acid pool size. The increases were significant when the source of fat was corn oil. The fecal neutral steroid excretion measured in the male swine was increased by both fats. However, only the polyunsaturated fat diet caused a significant increase in the fecal acidic steroid excretion.", "PMID": 518741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12303", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, plasma and lipoprotein lipids and obesity in men and women.", "content": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, lipid concentration, lipoprotein lipid concentrations and cholesteryl ester linoleic acid proportion were determined in the plasma of 85 subjects randomly selected from a population during a health screen survey. Mean fractional LCAT rate was significantly higher in men than in women. Molar LCAT rate correlated with low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration in men and with nearly all lipoprotein  lipid concentrations in women. Most of these relationships were dependent on plasma unesterified cholesterol (UC) concentration. Fractional LCAT rate was correlated only with HDL cholesterol concentration in women and this relation was dependent on the influence of obesity. An inverse relationship between plasma cholesteryl ester (PCE) linoleic acid proportion and molar LCAT rate in women was also explained by influences of obesity on the data. Both fractional and molar LCAT rates were positively correlated with obesity (Quetelet's Index and subscapular skinfold thickness) in women but not in men. This study showed the influence of sex on nearly all correlations involving LCAT activity in combined groups of men and women.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, plasma and lipoprotein lipids and obesity in men and women. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, lipid concentration, lipoprotein lipid concentrations and cholesteryl ester linoleic acid proportion were determined in the plasma of 85 subjects randomly selected from a population during a health screen survey. Mean fractional LCAT rate was significantly higher in men than in women. Molar LCAT rate correlated with low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration in men and with nearly all lipoprotein  lipid concentrations in women. Most of these relationships were dependent on plasma unesterified cholesterol (UC) concentration. Fractional LCAT rate was correlated only with HDL cholesterol concentration in women and this relation was dependent on the influence of obesity. An inverse relationship between plasma cholesteryl ester (PCE) linoleic acid proportion and molar LCAT rate in women was also explained by influences of obesity on the data. Both fractional and molar LCAT rates were positively correlated with obesity (Quetelet's Index and subscapular skinfold thickness) in women but not in men. This study showed the influence of sex on nearly all correlations involving LCAT activity in combined groups of men and women.", "PMID": 518742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12304", "title": "Relationship between inhibition of aortic histamine formation, aortic albumin permeability and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Effects of partial inhibition of aortic histamine formation on aortic albumin uptake and lipid deposition were examined in male, New Zealand white rabbits maintained on Purina Rabbit Chow containing 0.5% cholesterol for a 2-week period. Aortic histamine synthesis was inhibited by partial inhibition of aortic histidine decarboxylase (HD) through administration of alpha-hydrazinohistidine (alpha-HH, MK785, Regis Chemical Co., 25 mg/kg, i.p. at 12-h intervals). Additional rabbits were maintained on either the cholesterol diet or on Purina Rabbit Chow without cholesterol. Results indicate that administration of alpha-HH for the 2-week period produced a 31% reduction (P less than 0.05) in aortic HD activity in those rabbits maintained on the cholesterol diet, and that concurrently there was a 51% reduction in aorta albumin uptake (P less than 0.025) and a 63% reduction in the extent of oil red O staining. By regression analysis a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.71, P less than 0.005) was obtained between the aortic albumin uptake and the aortic histamine forming capacity (HFC) in rabbits maintained on this cholesterol diet. These findings indicate that the aortic HD system may be an important enzymatic coupler involved in vascular permeability alterations occurring early in the atherogenic sequence.", "contents": "Relationship between inhibition of aortic histamine formation, aortic albumin permeability and atherosclerosis. Effects of partial inhibition of aortic histamine formation on aortic albumin uptake and lipid deposition were examined in male, New Zealand white rabbits maintained on Purina Rabbit Chow containing 0.5% cholesterol for a 2-week period. Aortic histamine synthesis was inhibited by partial inhibition of aortic histidine decarboxylase (HD) through administration of alpha-hydrazinohistidine (alpha-HH, MK785, Regis Chemical Co., 25 mg/kg, i.p. at 12-h intervals). Additional rabbits were maintained on either the cholesterol diet or on Purina Rabbit Chow without cholesterol. Results indicate that administration of alpha-HH for the 2-week period produced a 31% reduction (P less than 0.05) in aortic HD activity in those rabbits maintained on the cholesterol diet, and that concurrently there was a 51% reduction in aorta albumin uptake (P less than 0.025) and a 63% reduction in the extent of oil red O staining. By regression analysis a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.71, P less than 0.005) was obtained between the aortic albumin uptake and the aortic histamine forming capacity (HFC) in rabbits maintained on this cholesterol diet. These findings indicate that the aortic HD system may be an important enzymatic coupler involved in vascular permeability alterations occurring early in the atherogenic sequence.", "PMID": 518743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12305", "title": "Time study of coronary myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "Time-related observations of myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout maintained in the laboratory suggest that regression of arterial lesions occurs. The most severe myointimal hyperplasia in these trout was observed from June through August during which time the mean lesion rank of the sampled fish reached 2.3 on a ranking scale of 0-5. This time is concomitant with the period of increasing gonadal mass in the strain studied. However, there was no correlation between gonad size and arteriosclerotic lesion severity. Mean lesion severity of fish examined from September through November was approximately one-half that reported for the previous periods. During the September-November period gonadal weights in this strain of fish decreased. Although no statistical correlations could be derived it is suggested that in steelhead trout, changes in myointimal hyperplasia lesion severity are associated with changing reproductive patterns.", "contents": "Time study of coronary myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. Time-related observations of myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout maintained in the laboratory suggest that regression of arterial lesions occurs. The most severe myointimal hyperplasia in these trout was observed from June through August during which time the mean lesion rank of the sampled fish reached 2.3 on a ranking scale of 0-5. This time is concomitant with the period of increasing gonadal mass in the strain studied. However, there was no correlation between gonad size and arteriosclerotic lesion severity. Mean lesion severity of fish examined from September through November was approximately one-half that reported for the previous periods. During the September-November period gonadal weights in this strain of fish decreased. Although no statistical correlations could be derived it is suggested that in steelhead trout, changes in myointimal hyperplasia lesion severity are associated with changing reproductive patterns.", "PMID": 518744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12306", "title": "Increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in normal rats by cross-circulation with ileal bypassed partners.", "content": "Aortic cross-circulation between Holtzman rat littermates was employed to investigate the possible role of a blood-borne factor from the small intestine in the regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Experimental pairs, consisting of a normal rat and a distal 50% small bowel excluded partner, demonstrated significantly increased combined hepatic cholesterol synthesis when compared to control pairs, consisting of two normal rats, both at 3 and 5 days following parabiosis. This difference was accounted for by increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the normal rat in each experimental pair. Neither weight loss nor differences in dietary intake contributed to this effect. Whole blood cholesterol in the common circulation of both experimental and control pairs was lowered; while hepatic cholesterol content was transiently increased, at 3 but not 5 days following parabiosis. Thus, the intestinal bypassed rat stimulates, or releases inhibition of, hepatic cholesterol synthesis in a non-bypassed parabiotic partner. The mechanism for this phenomenon has yet to be defined.", "contents": "Increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in normal rats by cross-circulation with ileal bypassed partners. Aortic cross-circulation between Holtzman rat littermates was employed to investigate the possible role of a blood-borne factor from the small intestine in the regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Experimental pairs, consisting of a normal rat and a distal 50% small bowel excluded partner, demonstrated significantly increased combined hepatic cholesterol synthesis when compared to control pairs, consisting of two normal rats, both at 3 and 5 days following parabiosis. This difference was accounted for by increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the normal rat in each experimental pair. Neither weight loss nor differences in dietary intake contributed to this effect. Whole blood cholesterol in the common circulation of both experimental and control pairs was lowered; while hepatic cholesterol content was transiently increased, at 3 but not 5 days following parabiosis. Thus, the intestinal bypassed rat stimulates, or releases inhibition of, hepatic cholesterol synthesis in a non-bypassed parabiotic partner. The mechanism for this phenomenon has yet to be defined.", "PMID": 518745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12307", "title": "Atherogenesis in the White Carneau pigeon. Further studies of the role of carbon monoxide and dietary cholesterol.", "content": "Two experiments are described. In the first, 3 pairs of groups of 20 female White Carneau pigeons were fed on diets containing 0.5%, 1% or 2% cholesterol. Birds in one group from each pair were exposed to 150 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 h on 5 days of each week for 52 weeks, sufficient to raise their carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels to approximately 10%, while those in the other group were sham-exposed under similar conditions. In the second experiment, 3 groups of 40 female pigeons were each fed on a diet containing 1% cholesterol, one group being exposed to CO to give COHb levels of 20%, one to give COHb levels of 10% and one being sham exposed. In addition, 20 birds in the second experiment were fed on the 1% cholesterol diet but were neither exposed to CO nor sham-exposed. Cholesterol enriched diets caused mean plasma cholesterol values in each group to rise sharply within 4 weeks of starting them, but the levels reached were as high with diets containing 0.5% cholesterol as for diets containing 1% or 2% added cholesterol. Exposure to CO increased plasma and aortic cholesterol levels, though this increase was only statistically significant for aortic levels in the second experiment. In both experiments combined exposure to the 1% cholesterol diet and CO resulted in a significant decrease in aortic triglyceride content. The incidence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis was associated with increasing dietary cholesterol. It was also associated with exposure to CO in birds given 0.5% or 1%, but not 2%, dietary cholesterol; the increase in birds given 1% was related to the dose of CO. Possible mechanisms are discussed for this effect of CO, which is not found in normally fed birds.", "contents": "Atherogenesis in the White Carneau pigeon. Further studies of the role of carbon monoxide and dietary cholesterol. Two experiments are described. In the first, 3 pairs of groups of 20 female White Carneau pigeons were fed on diets containing 0.5%, 1% or 2% cholesterol. Birds in one group from each pair were exposed to 150 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 h on 5 days of each week for 52 weeks, sufficient to raise their carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels to approximately 10%, while those in the other group were sham-exposed under similar conditions. In the second experiment, 3 groups of 40 female pigeons were each fed on a diet containing 1% cholesterol, one group being exposed to CO to give COHb levels of 20%, one to give COHb levels of 10% and one being sham exposed. In addition, 20 birds in the second experiment were fed on the 1% cholesterol diet but were neither exposed to CO nor sham-exposed. Cholesterol enriched diets caused mean plasma cholesterol values in each group to rise sharply within 4 weeks of starting them, but the levels reached were as high with diets containing 0.5% cholesterol as for diets containing 1% or 2% added cholesterol. Exposure to CO increased plasma and aortic cholesterol levels, though this increase was only statistically significant for aortic levels in the second experiment. In both experiments combined exposure to the 1% cholesterol diet and CO resulted in a significant decrease in aortic triglyceride content. The incidence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis was associated with increasing dietary cholesterol. It was also associated with exposure to CO in birds given 0.5% or 1%, but not 2%, dietary cholesterol; the increase in birds given 1% was related to the dose of CO. Possible mechanisms are discussed for this effect of CO, which is not found in normally fed birds.", "PMID": 518746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12308", "title": "Lipoproteins and plasma cholesterol esterification in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Serum lipoproteins, separated by preparative ultracentrifugation and the activity of the plasma enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) have been measured in insulin-dependent diabetics, non-insulin-dependent diabetics and in age-matched non-diabetic controls. In the insulin-dependent diabetics, mean total serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were significantly higher than in controls. Non-insulin-dependent diabetics had significantly raised total triglycerides and cholesterol, but HDL-C levels were essentially normal. The increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in both diabetic groups was statistically significant in men. A methodological study of HDL separation techniques was carried out to facilitate interpretation of these findings. Mean LCAT activity, by a method reflecting combined enzyme and substrate effects was significantly increased in these diabetic groups. The results confirm recent reports of a raised HDL-C in those insulin-dependent diabetics who are prone to coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Lipoproteins and plasma cholesterol esterification in normal and diabetic subjects. Serum lipoproteins, separated by preparative ultracentrifugation and the activity of the plasma enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) have been measured in insulin-dependent diabetics, non-insulin-dependent diabetics and in age-matched non-diabetic controls. In the insulin-dependent diabetics, mean total serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were significantly higher than in controls. Non-insulin-dependent diabetics had significantly raised total triglycerides and cholesterol, but HDL-C levels were essentially normal. The increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in both diabetic groups was statistically significant in men. A methodological study of HDL separation techniques was carried out to facilitate interpretation of these findings. Mean LCAT activity, by a method reflecting combined enzyme and substrate effects was significantly increased in these diabetic groups. The results confirm recent reports of a raised HDL-C in those insulin-dependent diabetics who are prone to coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 518747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12309", "title": "Vascular casting. A new method for the study of the arterial endothelium.", "content": "Vascular casts of the rat aorta were made using modified Batson's No. 17 anatomical corrosion compound. The outline of the silver-stained endothelial cell boundaries were clearly visible on the cast when examined using both scanning electron and light microscopy. The physical properties of the injectate were determined. The exothermic nature of the polymerization of the injectate did not grossly damage the endothelial cells. A method was developed for recovery, without damage, of the arterial tissue surrounding the cast. The technique of vascular casting appears to be a powerful tool for the study of the arterial endothelium which avoids shrinkage artifacts and maintains 3-dimensional geometry.", "contents": "Vascular casting. A new method for the study of the arterial endothelium. Vascular casts of the rat aorta were made using modified Batson's No. 17 anatomical corrosion compound. The outline of the silver-stained endothelial cell boundaries were clearly visible on the cast when examined using both scanning electron and light microscopy. The physical properties of the injectate were determined. The exothermic nature of the polymerization of the injectate did not grossly damage the endothelial cells. A method was developed for recovery, without damage, of the arterial tissue surrounding the cast. The technique of vascular casting appears to be a powerful tool for the study of the arterial endothelium which avoids shrinkage artifacts and maintains 3-dimensional geometry.", "PMID": 518748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12310", "title": "Low serum estradiol levels in subjects with arterial calcification.", "content": "The relationship between arterial calcification and serum estradiol levels was studied in 72 postmenopausal female and 59 male subjects. In both sexes, subjects with iliac artery calcification had rather lower serum estradiol levels (8.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml in the females, and 19.2 +/- 2.5 pg/ml in the males) than controls (16.1 +/- 1.6 pg/ml in the females, and 29.7 +/- 2.4 pg/ml in the males). The bone mineral content of females with iliac artery calcification (0.44 +/- 0.02 g/cm2) was lower than controls (0.52 +/- 0.01 g/cm2); a positive correlation between serum estradiol levels and bone mineral content was found in the females. However, bone mineral content did not significantly differ between males with and without arterial calcification (0.67 +/- 0.03 g/cm2 in the former, and 0.65 +/- 0.02 g/cm2 in the latter). These results indicate that arterial calcification and increased bone resorption are both individual results of estrogen deficiency.", "contents": "Low serum estradiol levels in subjects with arterial calcification. The relationship between arterial calcification and serum estradiol levels was studied in 72 postmenopausal female and 59 male subjects. In both sexes, subjects with iliac artery calcification had rather lower serum estradiol levels (8.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml in the females, and 19.2 +/- 2.5 pg/ml in the males) than controls (16.1 +/- 1.6 pg/ml in the females, and 29.7 +/- 2.4 pg/ml in the males). The bone mineral content of females with iliac artery calcification (0.44 +/- 0.02 g/cm2) was lower than controls (0.52 +/- 0.01 g/cm2); a positive correlation between serum estradiol levels and bone mineral content was found in the females. However, bone mineral content did not significantly differ between males with and without arterial calcification (0.67 +/- 0.03 g/cm2 in the former, and 0.65 +/- 0.02 g/cm2 in the latter). These results indicate that arterial calcification and increased bone resorption are both individual results of estrogen deficiency.", "PMID": 518749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12311", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of recanalization of the basilar artery.", "content": "This report details the clinical course and angiographic findings of a patient with intermittent vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Recanalization of the basilar artery was demonstrated during anticoagulant therapy. A review of the literature failed to disclose a previous report of this occurrence.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of recanalization of the basilar artery. This report details the clinical course and angiographic findings of a patient with intermittent vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Recanalization of the basilar artery was demonstrated during anticoagulant therapy. A review of the literature failed to disclose a previous report of this occurrence.", "PMID": 518752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12312", "title": "[Vertical transmission of hepatitis B (new personal case in a newborn infant)].", "content": "A case of acute B hepatitis in a male 3 month-old baby born to an asymptomatic-HBsAg-carrier mother is reported. There is a good evidence to support the hypothesis of a vertical transmission at delivery. In fact the mother failed to exhibit any reactivity for e/anti-e system and resulted DNA-polymerase negative.", "contents": "[Vertical transmission of hepatitis B (new personal case in a newborn infant)]. A case of acute B hepatitis in a male 3 month-old baby born to an asymptomatic-HBsAg-carrier mother is reported. There is a good evidence to support the hypothesis of a vertical transmission at delivery. In fact the mother failed to exhibit any reactivity for e/anti-e system and resulted DNA-polymerase negative.", "PMID": 518753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12313", "title": "[Diffusion of hepatitis B surface antigens in subjects with bladder schistosomiasis].", "content": "The problem of the relationship between the surface B antigen and the parasitosis characterized by active penetration of the larvae through the skin has not yet been resolved. Conflicting results have been reported lately on this problem even though it is currently believed that HBsAg is found more often among patients infected by parasites than among healthy subjects. Serum samples from 67 Somalian patients infected by S. haematobium were tested for the presence of the surface B antigen by ELISA method. The HBsAg was found in 19.4 per cent of these patients, while among controls (90 cases) the frequency of HBsAg was of 10 per cent. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with various methods in Somalia shows that the frequency of HBsAg among subjects with urinary schistosomiasis is of 25.9 per cent with indirect haemoagglutination (IHA), of 19.4 per cent with ELISA method and of 14.8 per cent with radioimmunoassay (RIA). These observations seem to indicate that the problem of an increased frequency of HBsAg among patients with urinary schistosomiasis needs further investigation.", "contents": "[Diffusion of hepatitis B surface antigens in subjects with bladder schistosomiasis]. The problem of the relationship between the surface B antigen and the parasitosis characterized by active penetration of the larvae through the skin has not yet been resolved. Conflicting results have been reported lately on this problem even though it is currently believed that HBsAg is found more often among patients infected by parasites than among healthy subjects. Serum samples from 67 Somalian patients infected by S. haematobium were tested for the presence of the surface B antigen by ELISA method. The HBsAg was found in 19.4 per cent of these patients, while among controls (90 cases) the frequency of HBsAg was of 10 per cent. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with various methods in Somalia shows that the frequency of HBsAg among subjects with urinary schistosomiasis is of 25.9 per cent with indirect haemoagglutination (IHA), of 19.4 per cent with ELISA method and of 14.8 per cent with radioimmunoassay (RIA). These observations seem to indicate that the problem of an increased frequency of HBsAg among patients with urinary schistosomiasis needs further investigation.", "PMID": 518754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12314", "title": "[Antibiotic resistance transmissible in \"minor\" Salmonella strains recently isolated in the Piedmont region].", "content": "The presence of R factors in one hundred (100 strains of Salmonella, recently isolated in Piedmont Region, has been investigated. The resistance to 9 antibiotics has been determined for these strains. 83 proved resistant to one or more antibiotics and in particular 57 of these proved to be multiresistant. Only 18 R factors were put in evidence, 13 of these belonging to Salmonella wien. The majority of the R factors found were present in strains of Salmonella isolated from healthy carriers.", "contents": "[Antibiotic resistance transmissible in \"minor\" Salmonella strains recently isolated in the Piedmont region]. The presence of R factors in one hundred (100 strains of Salmonella, recently isolated in Piedmont Region, has been investigated. The resistance to 9 antibiotics has been determined for these strains. 83 proved resistant to one or more antibiotics and in particular 57 of these proved to be multiresistant. Only 18 R factors were put in evidence, 13 of these belonging to Salmonella wien. The majority of the R factors found were present in strains of Salmonella isolated from healthy carriers.", "PMID": 518755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12315", "title": "[Influence of composition of the culture media on the in vitro determination of the bacterial sensitivity to sulfonamides, trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole].", "content": "The difficulties concerning the interpretation of results of susceptibility tests to sulphonamides, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole have been investigated. The zones of inhibition produced by discs containing these drugs are peculiar since frequently they contain a light bacterial growth and small colonies. Therefore the real sensitivity or resistance of the microorganism is questionable. Susceptibility tests performed on media of different composition, have shown that the phenomenon is chiefly due to the presence in the medium of thymidine and methionine. Both the substances are end-products of the metabolic pathway on which act sulphonamides, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole. When they are in the medium, they can be available for the bacteria in spite of the inhibition caused by the mentioned drugs.", "contents": "[Influence of composition of the culture media on the in vitro determination of the bacterial sensitivity to sulfonamides, trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole]. The difficulties concerning the interpretation of results of susceptibility tests to sulphonamides, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole have been investigated. The zones of inhibition produced by discs containing these drugs are peculiar since frequently they contain a light bacterial growth and small colonies. Therefore the real sensitivity or resistance of the microorganism is questionable. Susceptibility tests performed on media of different composition, have shown that the phenomenon is chiefly due to the presence in the medium of thymidine and methionine. Both the substances are end-products of the metabolic pathway on which act sulphonamides, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole. When they are in the medium, they can be available for the bacteria in spite of the inhibition caused by the mentioned drugs.", "PMID": 518756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12316", "title": "Control of endotoxinemia in liver disease by lactulose and paromomycin.", "content": "Through the use of the Limulus test research has been carried out on gram-negative endotoxin in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, acute hepatitis, and in a control group. The positivity of this test in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis was 93.3% and in cases of acute hepatitis it was 90.9%. The effect of the combined administration of lactulose and paromomycin on endotoxin blood levels has been evaluated in a group of 9 patients with acute hepatitis, 8 with cirrhosis, 1 in hepatic coma, and 1 patient with chronic persistent hepatitis: in 18 of the 19 patients the Limulus test became negative. The results have been discussed in relation to clinical and laboratory data, and to recent data concerning the interaction between intestinal bacterial flora, endotoxin, and liver. Hypotheses have been proposed regarding the hepatocellular c-AMP mediated mechanism of endotoxin action.", "contents": "Control of endotoxinemia in liver disease by lactulose and paromomycin. Through the use of the Limulus test research has been carried out on gram-negative endotoxin in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, acute hepatitis, and in a control group. The positivity of this test in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis was 93.3% and in cases of acute hepatitis it was 90.9%. The effect of the combined administration of lactulose and paromomycin on endotoxin blood levels has been evaluated in a group of 9 patients with acute hepatitis, 8 with cirrhosis, 1 in hepatic coma, and 1 patient with chronic persistent hepatitis: in 18 of the 19 patients the Limulus test became negative. The results have been discussed in relation to clinical and laboratory data, and to recent data concerning the interaction between intestinal bacterial flora, endotoxin, and liver. Hypotheses have been proposed regarding the hepatocellular c-AMP mediated mechanism of endotoxin action.", "PMID": 518757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12317", "title": "[Changes in the bacterial flora of patients under antineoplastic treatment].", "content": "The bacterial flora of the skin from different anatomical sites on cancer patients and a control group of medical personnel was examined. This was done to ascertain if antineoplastic therapy was able to change the pattern of microbial flora of patients and to provide a control for possible infectious complications. The results show that in the control group bacterial flora was normal and the antineoplastic treatment did not succeed in changing the bacterial pattern in the skin of patients deeply. Gram negative bacteria were isolated more frequently from the skin of leukemia patients than from either patients with malignant melanoma or other neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "[Changes in the bacterial flora of patients under antineoplastic treatment]. The bacterial flora of the skin from different anatomical sites on cancer patients and a control group of medical personnel was examined. This was done to ascertain if antineoplastic therapy was able to change the pattern of microbial flora of patients and to provide a control for possible infectious complications. The results show that in the control group bacterial flora was normal and the antineoplastic treatment did not succeed in changing the bacterial pattern in the skin of patients deeply. Gram negative bacteria were isolated more frequently from the skin of leukemia patients than from either patients with malignant melanoma or other neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 518758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12318", "title": "Treatment of fulminant viral hepatitis with anti-lymphocyte gamma globulins.", "content": "Ten patients affected by fulminant viral hepatitis (F.V.H.) were treated with anti-lymphocyte globulins (A.L.G.) besides peritoneal dialysis (P.D.) and exchange blood transfusion (E.T.). Two patients awoke transiently; six recovered from F.V.H., but two of them died afterwards due to later complications. The total of complete recovery was 40%; this result is compared with those previously obtained by the Authors in 38 patients treated only with P.D. and E.T. (28.9% complete recovery), and in seven patients treated with P.D., E.T. and human anti-HBsAg gamma globulins (28.5% complete recovery). The treatment with A.L.G. was performed because of the discouraging results until now obtained with the various liver support systems and is based on the accepted view that lymphocytes might be the true effectors of cell necrosis in F.V.H.", "contents": "Treatment of fulminant viral hepatitis with anti-lymphocyte gamma globulins. Ten patients affected by fulminant viral hepatitis (F.V.H.) were treated with anti-lymphocyte globulins (A.L.G.) besides peritoneal dialysis (P.D.) and exchange blood transfusion (E.T.). Two patients awoke transiently; six recovered from F.V.H., but two of them died afterwards due to later complications. The total of complete recovery was 40%; this result is compared with those previously obtained by the Authors in 38 patients treated only with P.D. and E.T. (28.9% complete recovery), and in seven patients treated with P.D., E.T. and human anti-HBsAg gamma globulins (28.5% complete recovery). The treatment with A.L.G. was performed because of the discouraging results until now obtained with the various liver support systems and is based on the accepted view that lymphocytes might be the true effectors of cell necrosis in F.V.H.", "PMID": 518759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12319", "title": "[Cytogenic analysis in HBsAg positive subjects, healthy carriers and patients with acute-phase hepatitis].", "content": "A highly significant incidence, ranging from 3% to 20% of chromosomal stickiness and agglutination, has been found in 100% of patients with viral hepatitis HBsAg positive and, in lower grade, in carriers of HBsAg. Whereas, such a structural aberration does not occur in normal subjects. No statistical difference has been found as regard chromosomal fragmentation, presence of incisures and numerical anomalies. A possible role of the observed alterations for an impaired cellular immune function observed in healthy HBsAg carriers has been discussed.", "contents": "[Cytogenic analysis in HBsAg positive subjects, healthy carriers and patients with acute-phase hepatitis]. A highly significant incidence, ranging from 3% to 20% of chromosomal stickiness and agglutination, has been found in 100% of patients with viral hepatitis HBsAg positive and, in lower grade, in carriers of HBsAg. Whereas, such a structural aberration does not occur in normal subjects. No statistical difference has been found as regard chromosomal fragmentation, presence of incisures and numerical anomalies. A possible role of the observed alterations for an impaired cellular immune function observed in healthy HBsAg carriers has been discussed.", "PMID": 518760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12320", "title": "[Effects of ionizing radiations on the ultrastructure of bursa of Fabricius].", "content": "The alterations induced in the lymphoid and epitelial cells of the Bursa of Fabricius in chicks exposed at different doses of gamma rays mainly occur during the interfase. The extent of these alterations appears reduced in comparison with that observed in the chick thymus treated in the same way.", "contents": "[Effects of ionizing radiations on the ultrastructure of bursa of Fabricius]. The alterations induced in the lymphoid and epitelial cells of the Bursa of Fabricius in chicks exposed at different doses of gamma rays mainly occur during the interfase. The extent of these alterations appears reduced in comparison with that observed in the chick thymus treated in the same way.", "PMID": 518763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12321", "title": "[Effects of ionizing radiations on the ultrastructure of the thymus gland].", "content": "Different doses of gamma rays induce ultrastructural alterations in limphoid and epithelial cells of the chick thymus which exhibit a different temporal evolution after the treatment. The main changes which occur in lymphoid cells treated with 50 rads disappear 48 hours after the irradiation, while with 100 rads the radiation damage is still evident in epithelial cells.", "contents": "[Effects of ionizing radiations on the ultrastructure of the thymus gland]. Different doses of gamma rays induce ultrastructural alterations in limphoid and epithelial cells of the chick thymus which exhibit a different temporal evolution after the treatment. The main changes which occur in lymphoid cells treated with 50 rads disappear 48 hours after the irradiation, while with 100 rads the radiation damage is still evident in epithelial cells.", "PMID": 518764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12322", "title": "[Multielectronic computerized EMG: technical notes on the recording and parallel off-line elaboration].", "content": "A Multielectrodic EMG analysis program is developing. The purpose is to get as short as possible the main EMG parameters (amplitude, duration, frequency) of most motor units, and to reach an estimation of the anatomical extent of single units. According to the muscle extent a variable number of electrodes are inserted crosswise the fibers. EMG signals are simultaneously recorded on a multichannel AMPEX FR1300 and then off-line processed by a 21MX HP minicomputer connected with a 5Mbytes disc drive. Some technical problems had to be solved:channel amplification adjustment to avoid any difference among preamplifiers calibration and filtering, severe hum filtering of main power that is specially strong in nultielectrodic recording systems, the need of sampling at the same Nyquist time the signals of different channels. The computer is instructed to identify the \"sinchronous\" units i.e. the motor units recorded from more than one channel. These motor units are detected, counted and deleted from all the channels, except the one where they show the maximum amplitude. The percentage of these sinchronous units depends upon the interelectrodic distance and their anatomical area, thus it can support an evaluation of motor unit anatomical spread.", "contents": "[Multielectronic computerized EMG: technical notes on the recording and parallel off-line elaboration]. A Multielectrodic EMG analysis program is developing. The purpose is to get as short as possible the main EMG parameters (amplitude, duration, frequency) of most motor units, and to reach an estimation of the anatomical extent of single units. According to the muscle extent a variable number of electrodes are inserted crosswise the fibers. EMG signals are simultaneously recorded on a multichannel AMPEX FR1300 and then off-line processed by a 21MX HP minicomputer connected with a 5Mbytes disc drive. Some technical problems had to be solved:channel amplification adjustment to avoid any difference among preamplifiers calibration and filtering, severe hum filtering of main power that is specially strong in nultielectrodic recording systems, the need of sampling at the same Nyquist time the signals of different channels. The computer is instructed to identify the \"sinchronous\" units i.e. the motor units recorded from more than one channel. These motor units are detected, counted and deleted from all the channels, except the one where they show the maximum amplitude. The percentage of these sinchronous units depends upon the interelectrodic distance and their anatomical area, thus it can support an evaluation of motor unit anatomical spread.", "PMID": 518765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12323", "title": "Effect of temperature on the electrical and mechanical activity of lizard ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Intracellular action potentials and isometric twitches were recorded from lizard ventricles electrically driven at 20 and 4 beats/min and submitted to temperatures changes between 10.5 and 21 degrees C. It was found that cooling induced a depolarization of the diastolic membrane potential ER, which below 15 degrees C exceeded that predictable for a diffusion potential; on the contrary, during the recovery from hypothermia ER underwent a transitory hyperpolarization. Other effects of the low temperature were a decrease of the maximum rate of depolarization, a lengthening of both the action potential duration and the time to peak contraction, an increase of the strength of contraction, in the hearts driven at 20/min it became apparent also an increase of the action potential overshoot. The hypothesis is discussed that the positive inotropic effect of low temperatures may be due not only to a slowing down of the repolarization of the action potential, but also to an increase of the slow inward current intensity.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on the electrical and mechanical activity of lizard ventricular myocardium. Intracellular action potentials and isometric twitches were recorded from lizard ventricles electrically driven at 20 and 4 beats/min and submitted to temperatures changes between 10.5 and 21 degrees C. It was found that cooling induced a depolarization of the diastolic membrane potential ER, which below 15 degrees C exceeded that predictable for a diffusion potential; on the contrary, during the recovery from hypothermia ER underwent a transitory hyperpolarization. Other effects of the low temperature were a decrease of the maximum rate of depolarization, a lengthening of both the action potential duration and the time to peak contraction, an increase of the strength of contraction, in the hearts driven at 20/min it became apparent also an increase of the action potential overshoot. The hypothesis is discussed that the positive inotropic effect of low temperatures may be due not only to a slowing down of the repolarization of the action potential, but also to an increase of the slow inward current intensity.", "PMID": 518766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12324", "title": "Effect of multiple arterial haemorrhage on the coronary circulation.", "content": "In the open-chest anesthetized dog, multiple arterial haemorrhage induces a reduction of the mean coronary flow, an absote or relative increase of the phasic flow during the early ventricular ejection phase and a decrease during the remaining phases of the cardiac cycle. When blood pressure falls sharply during the haemorrhage, coronary vascular resistance increases, whereas it does not change or decreases when blood pressure falls slowly. Moreover, coronary vascular resistance decreases transiently after the stoppage of the haemorrhage.", "contents": "Effect of multiple arterial haemorrhage on the coronary circulation. In the open-chest anesthetized dog, multiple arterial haemorrhage induces a reduction of the mean coronary flow, an absote or relative increase of the phasic flow during the early ventricular ejection phase and a decrease during the remaining phases of the cardiac cycle. When blood pressure falls sharply during the haemorrhage, coronary vascular resistance increases, whereas it does not change or decreases when blood pressure falls slowly. Moreover, coronary vascular resistance decreases transiently after the stoppage of the haemorrhage.", "PMID": 518767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12325", "title": "Chemical analysis of cryoglobulins observed in a case of essential IgG-IgA cryoglobulinaemia.", "content": "In a case of essential mixed (IgG-IgA) cryoglobulinaemia the carbohydrate and aminoacid composition of cryoglobulins was chemically analyzed. A normal aminoacid and sialic acid composition was observed, whereas the glucide percentage was augmented with respect to the normal range for the two classes of Ig.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of cryoglobulins observed in a case of essential IgG-IgA cryoglobulinaemia. In a case of essential mixed (IgG-IgA) cryoglobulinaemia the carbohydrate and aminoacid composition of cryoglobulins was chemically analyzed. A normal aminoacid and sialic acid composition was observed, whereas the glucide percentage was augmented with respect to the normal range for the two classes of Ig.", "PMID": 518768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12326", "title": "[Basal metabolism and dynamic activity of food in obesity].", "content": "Metabolic rate of obese patients is reported, recorded to cellular active mass. The metabolic rate is higher in obese patients and the value is diucthy related to individual actual weight. The dinamic-specific action of proteins is normal.", "contents": "[Basal metabolism and dynamic activity of food in obesity]. Metabolic rate of obese patients is reported, recorded to cellular active mass. The metabolic rate is higher in obese patients and the value is diucthy related to individual actual weight. The dinamic-specific action of proteins is normal.", "PMID": 518769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12327", "title": "[Eventual presence of 3-4 benzopyrene in the non-saponificable part of sunflower oil].", "content": "Within the limit of the research on the chemical composition of the nonsaponds of the edible oils, under execution in our Institute have been affected some cromatografic gas and spectoskopic analysis (U.V.) on a sample of sunflower seeds oil. Concentrating our research essentially on the determination of the presence of 3-4 benzopyrene in the above oil, we have treated about 8,3 gr. of nonsapond with appropriate chemical methodologies, in order to obtain specific samples for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis. The results of the cromatografic gas and spectoskopic of two fractions, obtained through the process of the preparation of the nonsapond sample, compared with those of a standard solution of 3-4 benzopyrene, exclude the presence of the hydrocarbon in the sunflower oil.", "contents": "[Eventual presence of 3-4 benzopyrene in the non-saponificable part of sunflower oil]. Within the limit of the research on the chemical composition of the nonsaponds of the edible oils, under execution in our Institute have been affected some cromatografic gas and spectoskopic analysis (U.V.) on a sample of sunflower seeds oil. Concentrating our research essentially on the determination of the presence of 3-4 benzopyrene in the above oil, we have treated about 8,3 gr. of nonsapond with appropriate chemical methodologies, in order to obtain specific samples for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis. The results of the cromatografic gas and spectoskopic of two fractions, obtained through the process of the preparation of the nonsapond sample, compared with those of a standard solution of 3-4 benzopyrene, exclude the presence of the hydrocarbon in the sunflower oil.", "PMID": 518770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12328", "title": "[Free amino acids in calf embryos].", "content": "In this work have been reported the research results tending to establish the free amino acidis concentration, existing in the calf embryos. The free embryonal amino acidis composition has been determined through an analysis effected with \"Amino Acid Analyzer\". Such studies, which conern the researches under execution in our Institute on the chemical composition of the calf embryos furnish the biochemical determination of a biological material, used in some Nations like a commercial product.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in calf embryos]. In this work have been reported the research results tending to establish the free amino acidis concentration, existing in the calf embryos. The free embryonal amino acidis composition has been determined through an analysis effected with \"Amino Acid Analyzer\". Such studies, which conern the researches under execution in our Institute on the chemical composition of the calf embryos furnish the biochemical determination of a biological material, used in some Nations like a commercial product.", "PMID": 518771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12329", "title": "[Estrogens in calf embryos].", "content": "A particular technique has been restated for the analysis of extradiol and extrones. Availing ourselves of such a technique, we have determined the presence of the steroid hormones, extradiol and extrones, in the calf embryos. The above studies are framed within the sphere of the researches made in our Institute, having the scope of determining the biological effects and the chemical composition of the calf embryos, which is utilized like a commercial product in some other Nations.", "contents": "[Estrogens in calf embryos]. A particular technique has been restated for the analysis of extradiol and extrones. Availing ourselves of such a technique, we have determined the presence of the steroid hormones, extradiol and extrones, in the calf embryos. The above studies are framed within the sphere of the researches made in our Institute, having the scope of determining the biological effects and the chemical composition of the calf embryos, which is utilized like a commercial product in some other Nations.", "PMID": 518772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12330", "title": "Dextrocardia--value of segmental analysis in its categorisation.", "content": "Dextrocardia can be defined as a heart in the right chest with the major axis to the right. This definition, however, conveys no information regarding the chamber arrangements and internal anatomy of the heart. Of 40 patients satisfying this definition in the files of the Brompton Hospital, 33 had angiocardiographic data adequate for complete analysis in terms of connections, relations, and morphology of cardiac segments. They form the subject of this report. There were 16 (48%) patients with situs solitus, 11 (33%) with situs inversus, and six (18%) with situs ambiguus. Of the cases of situs ambiguus, four exhibited laevoisomerism and two dextroisomerism. Of the 16 patients with situs solitus, six had two ventricles and 10 had univentricular hearts; two patients had concordant and three discordant ventriculoarterial connections, seven had double outlet ventricle, and four a single outlet heart. Of the 11 patients with situs inversus, nine had two ventricles and two a univentricular heart of right ventricular type; the arterial connection was concordant in two, discordant in two, double outlet in six, and single outlet in one. Of the six patients with situs ambiguus and laevo or dextroisomerism, four had two ventricles, and two univentricular hearts; the arterial connection was concordant in one, double outlet in three, and single outlet in two. Segmental analysis and the use of basic descriptive terms are essential to define the complex anatomy of such hearts.", "contents": "Dextrocardia--value of segmental analysis in its categorisation. Dextrocardia can be defined as a heart in the right chest with the major axis to the right. This definition, however, conveys no information regarding the chamber arrangements and internal anatomy of the heart. Of 40 patients satisfying this definition in the files of the Brompton Hospital, 33 had angiocardiographic data adequate for complete analysis in terms of connections, relations, and morphology of cardiac segments. They form the subject of this report. There were 16 (48%) patients with situs solitus, 11 (33%) with situs inversus, and six (18%) with situs ambiguus. Of the cases of situs ambiguus, four exhibited laevoisomerism and two dextroisomerism. Of the 16 patients with situs solitus, six had two ventricles and 10 had univentricular hearts; two patients had concordant and three discordant ventriculoarterial connections, seven had double outlet ventricle, and four a single outlet heart. Of the 11 patients with situs inversus, nine had two ventricles and two a univentricular heart of right ventricular type; the arterial connection was concordant in two, discordant in two, double outlet in six, and single outlet in one. Of the six patients with situs ambiguus and laevo or dextroisomerism, four had two ventricles, and two univentricular hearts; the arterial connection was concordant in one, double outlet in three, and single outlet in two. Segmental analysis and the use of basic descriptive terms are essential to define the complex anatomy of such hearts.", "PMID": 518773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12331", "title": "Left ventricular function in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Clinical echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to examine the extent and significance of impairment in left ventricular function in 20 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Indices of left ventricular performance--normalised mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf), ejection fraction, normalised posterior wall velocity, and stroke volume were reduced. The impairment in left ventricular function was related to the degree of functional disability (NYHA), right ventricular dilatation, and left atrial enlargement. Vcf was inversely related to both the internal right ventricular diameter (r=-0.767, P less than 0.001) and the degree of left atrial enlargement (r=-0.554; P less than 0.05). The normalised velocity of the interventricular septum and the maximum systolic and diastolic endocardial velocities were also reduced. These results suggest that abnormalities in contractility of left ventricular myocardium are responsible for the impaired myocardial function in patients with mitral stenosis  and that such impairment is clinically significant.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Clinical echocardiographic study. Echocardiography was used to examine the extent and significance of impairment in left ventricular function in 20 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Indices of left ventricular performance--normalised mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf), ejection fraction, normalised posterior wall velocity, and stroke volume were reduced. The impairment in left ventricular function was related to the degree of functional disability (NYHA), right ventricular dilatation, and left atrial enlargement. Vcf was inversely related to both the internal right ventricular diameter (r=-0.767, P less than 0.001) and the degree of left atrial enlargement (r=-0.554; P less than 0.05). The normalised velocity of the interventricular septum and the maximum systolic and diastolic endocardial velocities were also reduced. These results suggest that abnormalities in contractility of left ventricular myocardium are responsible for the impaired myocardial function in patients with mitral stenosis  and that such impairment is clinically significant.", "PMID": 518775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12332", "title": "Ventricular response to isometric and isotonic exercise. Echocardiographic assessment.", "content": "The effects of supine isometric handgrip and graded isotonic bicycle ergometer exercise on left ventricular performance were studied echocardiographically in 20 normal subjects, aged 18 to 36. Measurements of the left ventricular minor axis diameter were taken from recordings performed at rest, during each form of exercise, and during recovery. At the completion of isometric exercise, the pressure-rate product increased significantly. There was no significant change in percentage of fractional shortening (%deltaD), while there was a small but significant fall in peak velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (peak Vcf). Isotonic exercise resulted in a significant increase in %deltaD and peak Vcf. The pressure-rate product also increased and showed a positive correlation with peak Vcf. Isotonic exercise produced a much greater stimulus to left ventricular contractility than isometric exercise and may be a useful means of detecting latent left ventricular dysfunction echocardiographically.", "contents": "Ventricular response to isometric and isotonic exercise. Echocardiographic assessment. The effects of supine isometric handgrip and graded isotonic bicycle ergometer exercise on left ventricular performance were studied echocardiographically in 20 normal subjects, aged 18 to 36. Measurements of the left ventricular minor axis diameter were taken from recordings performed at rest, during each form of exercise, and during recovery. At the completion of isometric exercise, the pressure-rate product increased significantly. There was no significant change in percentage of fractional shortening (%deltaD), while there was a small but significant fall in peak velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (peak Vcf). Isotonic exercise resulted in a significant increase in %deltaD and peak Vcf. The pressure-rate product also increased and showed a positive correlation with peak Vcf. Isotonic exercise produced a much greater stimulus to left ventricular contractility than isometric exercise and may be a useful means of detecting latent left ventricular dysfunction echocardiographically.", "PMID": 518776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12333", "title": "Spectrum of echocardiographic findings in tricuspid valve endocarditis.", "content": "This report describes a spectrum of M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiographic abnormalities in eight patients with infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. The M-mode echocardiogram of the tricuspid valve was abnormal in all but one patient in whom abnormal echoes were seen anterior to the tricuspid valve, in the right ventricular cavity and right ventricular outflow tract. Six patients had shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve; and one patient showed multilayered echoes on the tricuspid valve which resembled a right atrial myxoma. Irregular diastolic fluttering of the tricuspid valve, indicative of ruptured chordae tendineae, was noted in three patients. The cross-sectional echocardiogram showed abnormal thick shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve in all five patients on whom the procedure was performed. Contrast echocardiography confirmed the presence of tricuspid regurgitation in four patients. We conclude that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of tricuspid valve vegetations, and in detecting complications such as ruptured chordae tendineae and tricuspid regurgitation.", "contents": "Spectrum of echocardiographic findings in tricuspid valve endocarditis. This report describes a spectrum of M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiographic abnormalities in eight patients with infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. The M-mode echocardiogram of the tricuspid valve was abnormal in all but one patient in whom abnormal echoes were seen anterior to the tricuspid valve, in the right ventricular cavity and right ventricular outflow tract. Six patients had shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve; and one patient showed multilayered echoes on the tricuspid valve which resembled a right atrial myxoma. Irregular diastolic fluttering of the tricuspid valve, indicative of ruptured chordae tendineae, was noted in three patients. The cross-sectional echocardiogram showed abnormal thick shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve in all five patients on whom the procedure was performed. Contrast echocardiography confirmed the presence of tricuspid regurgitation in four patients. We conclude that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of tricuspid valve vegetations, and in detecting complications such as ruptured chordae tendineae and tricuspid regurgitation.", "PMID": 518777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12334", "title": "Long-term results of pulmonary autograft for aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Eighty-five survivors who left hospital after pulmonary autograft replacement for severe aortic regurgitation have been followed critically. Five patients died in the first five years and 80 were followed for six to 11 years. Important aortic regurgitation occurred only early and was always related to technical malpositioning of one autograft cusp. Seven patients with fascial pulmonary valves had problems, requiring removal in four. There was a small (2%) morbidity from the right sided homograft and six were removed five to seven years later for progressive calcification; three of these had been irradiated. Despite a high incidence of trivial diastolic murmurs this valve replacement is still preferred for young patients without dilated aortic roots since the survivors remain well, with excellent, maintained relief of outflow obstruction, without problems from haemolysis and thromboembolism, and without deteriorating autograft function or need for anticoagulants. Histology of five autografts examined up to seven years after operation has shown normal living architecture.", "contents": "Long-term results of pulmonary autograft for aortic valve replacement. Eighty-five survivors who left hospital after pulmonary autograft replacement for severe aortic regurgitation have been followed critically. Five patients died in the first five years and 80 were followed for six to 11 years. Important aortic regurgitation occurred only early and was always related to technical malpositioning of one autograft cusp. Seven patients with fascial pulmonary valves had problems, requiring removal in four. There was a small (2%) morbidity from the right sided homograft and six were removed five to seven years later for progressive calcification; three of these had been irradiated. Despite a high incidence of trivial diastolic murmurs this valve replacement is still preferred for young patients without dilated aortic roots since the survivors remain well, with excellent, maintained relief of outflow obstruction, without problems from haemolysis and thromboembolism, and without deteriorating autograft function or need for anticoagulants. Histology of five autografts examined up to seven years after operation has shown normal living architecture.", "PMID": 518778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12335", "title": "Comparative method for actuarial analysis of cardiac valve replacements.", "content": "The use of survival analysis in cardiac surgical reports has been widely accepted in order to characterise and compare performances of different valve prostheses. However, the analyses that have been described elsewhere may be improved in several respects. The original method proposed for prosthetic valve evalation examined follow-up related to patients rather than the valves themselves and therefore neglected the possibility of factors other than the valve itself which could affect the fate of cardiac patients. Furthermore, there has not yet been any application of life table methods to compare two different sets of data, or to estimate the average time before an event occurs. The present work defines valve function and malfunction and separates patient survival from valve performance. We define statistical indices, namely the median remaining lifetime and the instantaneous decrement rate. Both indices can be useful; the former measures the average survival time and the latter focuses attention on the intensity of risk changes. Using established statistical theory we calculate the significance level of difference between two independent survival rates. We qualify the presentation of probabilities with a statement of the associated standard errors.", "contents": "Comparative method for actuarial analysis of cardiac valve replacements. The use of survival analysis in cardiac surgical reports has been widely accepted in order to characterise and compare performances of different valve prostheses. However, the analyses that have been described elsewhere may be improved in several respects. The original method proposed for prosthetic valve evalation examined follow-up related to patients rather than the valves themselves and therefore neglected the possibility of factors other than the valve itself which could affect the fate of cardiac patients. Furthermore, there has not yet been any application of life table methods to compare two different sets of data, or to estimate the average time before an event occurs. The present work defines valve function and malfunction and separates patient survival from valve performance. We define statistical indices, namely the median remaining lifetime and the instantaneous decrement rate. Both indices can be useful; the former measures the average survival time and the latter focuses attention on the intensity of risk changes. Using established statistical theory we calculate the significance level of difference between two independent survival rates. We qualify the presentation of probabilities with a statement of the associated standard errors.", "PMID": 518779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12336", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in evaluation of asymptomatic individuals with ischaemic ST segment depression on exercise electrocardiogram.", "content": "Asymptomatic adults with normal physical examination, normal resting electrocardiogram, and normal routine laboratory evaluation who have a positive exercise electrocardiogram and abnormal exercise thallium-201 myocardial image have a very high probability of angiographically significant coronary artery disease. If, on the other hand, the exercise electrocardiogram is positive for \"ischaemic\" ST segment changes, but the exercise thallium image is normal, the probability for coronary disease is low. The exercise electrocardiogram combined with thallium-201 myocardial image are safe non-invasive methods which can be performed on an out-patient basis.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in evaluation of asymptomatic individuals with ischaemic ST segment depression on exercise electrocardiogram. Asymptomatic adults with normal physical examination, normal resting electrocardiogram, and normal routine laboratory evaluation who have a positive exercise electrocardiogram and abnormal exercise thallium-201 myocardial image have a very high probability of angiographically significant coronary artery disease. If, on the other hand, the exercise electrocardiogram is positive for \"ischaemic\" ST segment changes, but the exercise thallium image is normal, the probability for coronary disease is low. The exercise electrocardiogram combined with thallium-201 myocardial image are safe non-invasive methods which can be performed on an out-patient basis.", "PMID": 518780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12337", "title": "Effects of amiodarone on sinus node in man.", "content": "The effects of amiodarone on the sinuatrial node were studied in 24 patients after an intravenous injection of the drug (5 mg/kg). Sinuatrial function was assessed by rapid atrial pacing and premature atrial stimulation. Sinus cycle length did not change significantly, but the corrected sinus node recovery time was prolonged. While there was no significant change in sinuatrial conduction time, prolongation of the non-reset zone in 14 cases, as well as the abolition of the platesu in 2/24 patients, suggested that conduction of the atrial responses to the sinus node might have been depressed.", "contents": "Effects of amiodarone on sinus node in man. The effects of amiodarone on the sinuatrial node were studied in 24 patients after an intravenous injection of the drug (5 mg/kg). Sinuatrial function was assessed by rapid atrial pacing and premature atrial stimulation. Sinus cycle length did not change significantly, but the corrected sinus node recovery time was prolonged. While there was no significant change in sinuatrial conduction time, prolongation of the non-reset zone in 14 cases, as well as the abolition of the platesu in 2/24 patients, suggested that conduction of the atrial responses to the sinus node might have been depressed.", "PMID": 518781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12338", "title": "Arterial counterpulsation in continuing myocardial ischaemia after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty-six patients underwent arterial counterpulsation for refractory heart failure without shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Patients were divided into a group of 12 with continuing myocardial ischaemia, evidenced by anginal pain associated with abnormal ST segment elevation, and a group of 14 without continuing ischaemia. Clinical features (apart from pain) and prognostic indices were similar in the two groups when counterpulsation was started but short- and long-term results were different. Hospital survival was 92 per cent (11/12) and 43 per cent (6/14), respectively, in the groups with and without ischaemia and four-year survival was 73 per cent and 7 per cent. Counterpulsation is of greatest value in acute infarction when used to relieve myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "Arterial counterpulsation in continuing myocardial ischaemia after acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-six patients underwent arterial counterpulsation for refractory heart failure without shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Patients were divided into a group of 12 with continuing myocardial ischaemia, evidenced by anginal pain associated with abnormal ST segment elevation, and a group of 14 without continuing ischaemia. Clinical features (apart from pain) and prognostic indices were similar in the two groups when counterpulsation was started but short- and long-term results were different. Hospital survival was 92 per cent (11/12) and 43 per cent (6/14), respectively, in the groups with and without ischaemia and four-year survival was 73 per cent and 7 per cent. Counterpulsation is of greatest value in acute infarction when used to relieve myocardial ischaemia.", "PMID": 518782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12339", "title": "Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients presenting with syncope.", "content": "In 23 patients (ages 44 to 81) presenting with syncope, vertigo, or transient amnesia, carotid sinus massage produced a significant bradycardia in association with symptoms. The 10 most severely symptomatic patients were studied electrophysiologically, including measurement of intracardiac conduction times and corrected sinus node recovery times, as well as with carotid sinus massage before and after atropine. The only detectable abnormality in five of this group was asystole produced by carotid sinus massage; the other five had, in addition, evidence of either sinuatrial disease or an intracardiac conduction defect. Cardiac pacing in these 10 patients completely abolished their symptoms. In a control group of 52 asymptomatic patients (ages 36 to 87), an abnormal response to carotid sinus massage was uncommon (2%).", "contents": "Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients presenting with syncope. In 23 patients (ages 44 to 81) presenting with syncope, vertigo, or transient amnesia, carotid sinus massage produced a significant bradycardia in association with symptoms. The 10 most severely symptomatic patients were studied electrophysiologically, including measurement of intracardiac conduction times and corrected sinus node recovery times, as well as with carotid sinus massage before and after atropine. The only detectable abnormality in five of this group was asystole produced by carotid sinus massage; the other five had, in addition, evidence of either sinuatrial disease or an intracardiac conduction defect. Cardiac pacing in these 10 patients completely abolished their symptoms. In a control group of 52 asymptomatic patients (ages 36 to 87), an abnormal response to carotid sinus massage was uncommon (2%).", "PMID": 518783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12340", "title": "Pericardial effusion complicating psittacosis infection.", "content": "A 13-year-old schoolboy developed a moderately large pericardial effusion during the course of infection with psittacosis. The value of echocardiography in differentiating between pericardial effusion and myocarditis is shown.", "contents": "Pericardial effusion complicating psittacosis infection. A 13-year-old schoolboy developed a moderately large pericardial effusion during the course of infection with psittacosis. The value of echocardiography in differentiating between pericardial effusion and myocarditis is shown.", "PMID": 518785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12341", "title": "Aortic regurgitation in newborn.", "content": "Clinical signs of aortic regurgitation were noted after birth in an infant who died suddenly at the age of 18 months. Congenital malformation of the aortic root with an aneurysm of the right aortic sinus and disconnection of the corresponding cusp were found at necropsy.", "contents": "Aortic regurgitation in newborn. Clinical signs of aortic regurgitation were noted after birth in an infant who died suddenly at the age of 18 months. Congenital malformation of the aortic root with an aneurysm of the right aortic sinus and disconnection of the corresponding cusp were found at necropsy.", "PMID": 518786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12342", "title": "Calcified left atrial myxoma with floppy mitral valve.", "content": "A heavily calcified left atrial myxoma in a man aged 53 was diagnosed from the plain chest x-ray film and confirmed by echocardiography. There  was also moderate mitral regurgitation caused by a floppy mitral valve. Before a systemic embolus is considered to have arisen from a floppy mitral valve, echocardiography must be performed.", "contents": "Calcified left atrial myxoma with floppy mitral valve. A heavily calcified left atrial myxoma in a man aged 53 was diagnosed from the plain chest x-ray film and confirmed by echocardiography. There  was also moderate mitral regurgitation caused by a floppy mitral valve. Before a systemic embolus is considered to have arisen from a floppy mitral valve, echocardiography must be performed.", "PMID": 518787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12343", "title": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and propranolol treatment in a case of Ullrich-Noonan syndrome.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome is described. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed at cardiac catheterisation. The aortic subvalvar gradient was reduced from 56 mmHg to 10 mmHg with intravenous propranolol. Relatives of patients with the syndrome should  be screened by echocardiography in the hope that the early detection of asymmetric septal hypertrophy and its treatment with propranolol may reduce the likelihood of sudden death.", "contents": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and propranolol treatment in a case of Ullrich-Noonan syndrome. A 4-year-old boy with the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome is described. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed at cardiac catheterisation. The aortic subvalvar gradient was reduced from 56 mmHg to 10 mmHg with intravenous propranolol. Relatives of patients with the syndrome should  be screened by echocardiography in the hope that the early detection of asymmetric septal hypertrophy and its treatment with propranolol may reduce the likelihood of sudden death.", "PMID": 518788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12344", "title": "Effect of an acute increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lung compliance in the rabbit.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf) was increased acutely by the injection of normal saline into the cisterna magna of anaesthetized rabbits to values which interrupted cerebral flow. When increased Pcsf was maintained for a minimum of 3 min, static lung compliance decreased and lung weight (after sacrifice) increased without marked change in arterial blood-gas tensions. The magnitude of the increase in Pcsf did not affect the change in compliance and weight. There was marked unexplained metabolic acidosis. The pulmonary findings may result from a massive shift of blood from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation leading to increased permeability of the interendothelial junctions of the pulmonary capillaries.", "contents": "Effect of an acute increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lung compliance in the rabbit. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf) was increased acutely by the injection of normal saline into the cisterna magna of anaesthetized rabbits to values which interrupted cerebral flow. When increased Pcsf was maintained for a minimum of 3 min, static lung compliance decreased and lung weight (after sacrifice) increased without marked change in arterial blood-gas tensions. The magnitude of the increase in Pcsf did not affect the change in compliance and weight. There was marked unexplained metabolic acidosis. The pulmonary findings may result from a massive shift of blood from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation leading to increased permeability of the interendothelial junctions of the pulmonary capillaries.", "PMID": 518792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12345", "title": "Influence of anaesthetic agents on the survival of rats following acute ischaemia of the bowel.", "content": "We compared the effects of ketamine and halothane anaesthesia on the survival of rats subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Survival was significantly greater with halothane. Animals anaesthetized with ketamine developed arterial hypocarbia during bowel ischaemic shock, while those receiving halothane did not. Arterial hypoxaemia was not present in either group. Haematocrits increased in both groups following bowel ischaemia. Excess lactate was increased significantly in non-survivors compared with survivors. The survival data contrast with previous results obtained after haemorrhagic hypotension and emphasize the need to consider differing therapeutic approaches in the various shock states.", "contents": "Influence of anaesthetic agents on the survival of rats following acute ischaemia of the bowel. We compared the effects of ketamine and halothane anaesthesia on the survival of rats subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Survival was significantly greater with halothane. Animals anaesthetized with ketamine developed arterial hypocarbia during bowel ischaemic shock, while those receiving halothane did not. Arterial hypoxaemia was not present in either group. Haematocrits increased in both groups following bowel ischaemia. Excess lactate was increased significantly in non-survivors compared with survivors. The survival data contrast with previous results obtained after haemorrhagic hypotension and emphasize the need to consider differing therapeutic approaches in the various shock states.", "PMID": 518793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12346", "title": "Acute effect of fentanyl on haemodynamics and myocardial carbohydrate utilization and phosphate release during ischaemia.", "content": "The effect of fentanyl 25 micrograms/kg body weight i.v. on left ventricular haemodynamics, myocardial carbohydrate utilization and phosphate release during ischaemia in dogs was investigated. A reproducible degree of ischaemia could be obtained by partial occlusion (stenosis) of the interventricular artery, using an inflatable cuff. Inducing stenosis twice made it possible to use the animal as its own control. Arterio-local venous differences of glucose increased during ischaemia and lactate and inorganic phosphate were released from the ischaemic myocardium. Fentanyl administered before the second stenosis reduced heart rate and, to a lesser extent, mean aortic pressure and left ventricular dP/dt max. The release of lactate and inorganic phosphate was diminished during the period of ischaemia. These findings suggest that fentanyl prevents excessive breakdown of energy-rich phosphates and high anaerobic production rate of lactate by decreasing the energy demand of the ischaemic myocardium.", "contents": "Acute effect of fentanyl on haemodynamics and myocardial carbohydrate utilization and phosphate release during ischaemia. The effect of fentanyl 25 micrograms/kg body weight i.v. on left ventricular haemodynamics, myocardial carbohydrate utilization and phosphate release during ischaemia in dogs was investigated. A reproducible degree of ischaemia could be obtained by partial occlusion (stenosis) of the interventricular artery, using an inflatable cuff. Inducing stenosis twice made it possible to use the animal as its own control. Arterio-local venous differences of glucose increased during ischaemia and lactate and inorganic phosphate were released from the ischaemic myocardium. Fentanyl administered before the second stenosis reduced heart rate and, to a lesser extent, mean aortic pressure and left ventricular dP/dt max. The release of lactate and inorganic phosphate was diminished during the period of ischaemia. These findings suggest that fentanyl prevents excessive breakdown of energy-rich phosphates and high anaerobic production rate of lactate by decreasing the energy demand of the ischaemic myocardium.", "PMID": 518794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12347", "title": "Effect of nitrous oxide on the cardiovascular system and coronary circulation of the dog.", "content": "A comparison was made in seven dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone of cardiovascular measurements during ventilation with 65-70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and ventilation with 65-70% nitrogen in oxygen. The substitution of nitrous oxide for nitrogen was found to be associated, after 15 min, with a significant decrease in cardiac output and significant increases in right atrial and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. There was no significant change in mean coronary artery flow, coronary vascular resistance or myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Effect of nitrous oxide on the cardiovascular system and coronary circulation of the dog. A comparison was made in seven dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone of cardiovascular measurements during ventilation with 65-70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and ventilation with 65-70% nitrogen in oxygen. The substitution of nitrous oxide for nitrogen was found to be associated, after 15 min, with a significant decrease in cardiac output and significant increases in right atrial and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. There was no significant change in mean coronary artery flow, coronary vascular resistance or myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 518795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12348", "title": "Retrospective analysis of anaesthetics received by patients before susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia was recognized.", "content": "We have reviewed the anaesthetic histories of patients later found to be susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia (MH). Many patients known to have this condition have been exposed to the known inducing agents previously, sometimes on more than on occasion. It is clear that insusceptibility to MH cannot be assumed from previous uneventful exposure to the known triggering agents and that all patients suspected of having inherited MH must be screened by in vivo muscle biopsy studies. No common factor could be found to explain this phenomenon.", "contents": "Retrospective analysis of anaesthetics received by patients before susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia was recognized. We have reviewed the anaesthetic histories of patients later found to be susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia (MH). Many patients known to have this condition have been exposed to the known inducing agents previously, sometimes on more than on occasion. It is clear that insusceptibility to MH cannot be assumed from previous uneventful exposure to the known triggering agents and that all patients suspected of having inherited MH must be screened by in vivo muscle biopsy studies. No common factor could be found to explain this phenomenon.", "PMID": 518796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12349", "title": "Breath-by-breath halothane monitoring during anaesthesia. A study in children.", "content": "The use of a halothane meter in routine paediatric anaesthesia with controlled ventilation is described. The results demonstrate the accuracy achieved in the control of the alveolar halothane concentration. Measurement of the alveolar halothane concentration revealed responses to surgical stimulation otherwise obscured by neuromuscular blockade, and this may indicate insufficient depth of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Breath-by-breath halothane monitoring during anaesthesia. A study in children. The use of a halothane meter in routine paediatric anaesthesia with controlled ventilation is described. The results demonstrate the accuracy achieved in the control of the alveolar halothane concentration. Measurement of the alveolar halothane concentration revealed responses to surgical stimulation otherwise obscured by neuromuscular blockade, and this may indicate insufficient depth of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 518797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12350", "title": "Ketamine and agenesis of the corpus callosum.", "content": "Ketamine did not provide adequate anaesthesia for pneumoencephalography in a 10-week-old child with agenesis of the corpus collosum. Associated neurological defects are the most likely reason for this failure.", "contents": "Ketamine and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Ketamine did not provide adequate anaesthesia for pneumoencephalography in a 10-week-old child with agenesis of the corpus collosum. Associated neurological defects are the most likely reason for this failure.", "PMID": 518798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12351", "title": "A modification of the MGA 200 mass spectrometer to enable measurement of anaesthetic gas mixtures.", "content": "The measurement of anaesthetic gas mixtures with a mass spectrometer is complicated by the overlap of fragmentation products of the anaesthetics with the normal respiratory gas. For the MGA 200 quadrupole instrument the problem has been overcome by incorporating simple circuitry which, for an appropriate mass number, sums the concentrations of the unwanted fragments and subtracts them from the total output for the particular channel; this provides an accurate and stable system (within +/- 1% f.s.d.) over at least 24 h.", "contents": "A modification of the MGA 200 mass spectrometer to enable measurement of anaesthetic gas mixtures. The measurement of anaesthetic gas mixtures with a mass spectrometer is complicated by the overlap of fragmentation products of the anaesthetics with the normal respiratory gas. For the MGA 200 quadrupole instrument the problem has been overcome by incorporating simple circuitry which, for an appropriate mass number, sums the concentrations of the unwanted fragments and subtracts them from the total output for the particular channel; this provides an accurate and stable system (within +/- 1% f.s.d.) over at least 24 h.", "PMID": 518799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12352", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of tubocurarine and metocurine in the dog.", "content": "On accout of its histamine releasing and ganglion blocking properties tubocurarine is known to have significant haemodynamic effects. Methylation of the compound produces metocurine and should decrease both histamine release and ganglionic blockade. The haemodynamic effects of these two compounds were compared in 10 mongrel dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and morphine. Haemodynamic measurements were made 2 min before and 2, 5, 10 and 20 min after administration of the drugs. Each animal received three doses of each drug with a 2-h rest period between doses: tubocurarine 0.35 (muscle twitch ED95), 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg-1 and metocurine 0.2 (2 x ED95), 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg-1. All doses of tubocurarine produced an increase in heart rate (212, 197 and 212% of control respectively). The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly with 0.7 mg kg-1 (48% of control; P less than 0.05). Metocurine produced no significant haemodynamic effects except for the largest dose (8 x ED95). The data suggest that the haemodynamic margin of safety with metocurine in the dog is eight times that of tubocurarine.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of tubocurarine and metocurine in the dog. On accout of its histamine releasing and ganglion blocking properties tubocurarine is known to have significant haemodynamic effects. Methylation of the compound produces metocurine and should decrease both histamine release and ganglionic blockade. The haemodynamic effects of these two compounds were compared in 10 mongrel dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and morphine. Haemodynamic measurements were made 2 min before and 2, 5, 10 and 20 min after administration of the drugs. Each animal received three doses of each drug with a 2-h rest period between doses: tubocurarine 0.35 (muscle twitch ED95), 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg-1 and metocurine 0.2 (2 x ED95), 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg-1. All doses of tubocurarine produced an increase in heart rate (212, 197 and 212% of control respectively). The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly with 0.7 mg kg-1 (48% of control; P less than 0.05). Metocurine produced no significant haemodynamic effects except for the largest dose (8 x ED95). The data suggest that the haemodynamic margin of safety with metocurine in the dog is eight times that of tubocurarine.", "PMID": 518800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12353", "title": "Oxygen transport during dopamine infusion in dogs.", "content": "Catecholamines increase not only oxygen delivery to tissues but also oxygen consumption (VO2). The effect of an infusion of dopamine hydrochloride has been studied at two doses, each in six dogs. Dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 caused an increase in haemoglobin concentration and altered cardiac output, oxygen availability and total body oxygen consumption such that oxygen availability ratio increased and (CaO2-CVO2) decreased although these changes were not statistically significant. Dopamine 30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 increased (P less than 0.05) heart rate, haemoglobin concentration and CaO2 and significantly reduced stroke volume and VD/VT. Although oxygen availability increased, increases in oxygen consumption were greater and this resulted in a statistically insignificant reduction in oxygen availability ratio and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). Terminating the dopamine infusion resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output, PVO2, CaO2), oxygen availability and oxygen consumption and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). It was concluded that maximum oxygen delivery occurs at a lower dose than that required to produce the maximum increase in oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Oxygen transport during dopamine infusion in dogs. Catecholamines increase not only oxygen delivery to tissues but also oxygen consumption (VO2). The effect of an infusion of dopamine hydrochloride has been studied at two doses, each in six dogs. Dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 caused an increase in haemoglobin concentration and altered cardiac output, oxygen availability and total body oxygen consumption such that oxygen availability ratio increased and (CaO2-CVO2) decreased although these changes were not statistically significant. Dopamine 30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 increased (P less than 0.05) heart rate, haemoglobin concentration and CaO2 and significantly reduced stroke volume and VD/VT. Although oxygen availability increased, increases in oxygen consumption were greater and this resulted in a statistically insignificant reduction in oxygen availability ratio and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). Terminating the dopamine infusion resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output, PVO2, CaO2), oxygen availability and oxygen consumption and an increase in (CaO2-CVO2). It was concluded that maximum oxygen delivery occurs at a lower dose than that required to produce the maximum increase in oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 518801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12354", "title": "Metabolic changes during dopamine infusion in dogs.", "content": "The effects were investigated, in 12 dogs, of the infusion of dopamine 10 or 30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 on circulating glucose, glycerol, lactate and potassium concentrations. Both doses of dopamine produced in initial increase in blood glucose concentration (P less than 0.05) followed by hypoglycaemia (P less than 0.05). Lipolysis was stimulated as shown by an increase in plasma glycerol concentrations with dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (P less than 0.05) and dopamine 3 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (P less than 0.01). Blood lactate concentrations increased slightly in both groups, but this was significant (P less than 0.05) only in the dogs infused with dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Dopamine had no significant effect on the plasma potassium concentration.", "contents": "Metabolic changes during dopamine infusion in dogs. The effects were investigated, in 12 dogs, of the infusion of dopamine 10 or 30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 on circulating glucose, glycerol, lactate and potassium concentrations. Both doses of dopamine produced in initial increase in blood glucose concentration (P less than 0.05) followed by hypoglycaemia (P less than 0.05). Lipolysis was stimulated as shown by an increase in plasma glycerol concentrations with dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (P less than 0.05) and dopamine 3 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (P less than 0.01). Blood lactate concentrations increased slightly in both groups, but this was significant (P less than 0.05) only in the dogs infused with dopamine 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Dopamine had no significant effect on the plasma potassium concentration.", "PMID": 518802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12355", "title": "Assessment of the anaesthetic and metabolic activities of dioxychlorane, a new halogenated volatile anaesthetic agent.", "content": "The ability of dioxychlorane to depress cortical activity in rats with implanted electrodes was compared to that reported previously for methoxyflurane, halothane and enflurane. Dioxychlorane was eight times more potent than enflurane, five times more potent than halothane and twice as potent as methoxyflurane. Serum fluoride concentrations after the administration of dioxychlorane and enflurane were not different from controls. In contrast, serum fluoride concentrations after methoxyflurane reached a value of 105 mumol litre-1 and remained increased for at least the next 48 h. Urine fluoride concentrations in the dioxychlorane and enflurane groups were a half and a quarter, respectively, of those recorded in the methoxyflurane group. Polyuria and polydipsia were observed only in the methoxyflurane group. Dilatation of the proximal convoluted tubules was noted in the rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane. These changes were most marked at the 6- and 24-h periods following anaesthesia. Haemorrhage and ulcerative cystitis were noted in the bladders of the rats subjected to methoxyflurane. Cellular swelling in the proximal tubule was observed in the rats sacrificed 24 h after the administration of dioxychlorane. Enflurane produced no pathological changes.", "contents": "Assessment of the anaesthetic and metabolic activities of dioxychlorane, a new halogenated volatile anaesthetic agent. The ability of dioxychlorane to depress cortical activity in rats with implanted electrodes was compared to that reported previously for methoxyflurane, halothane and enflurane. Dioxychlorane was eight times more potent than enflurane, five times more potent than halothane and twice as potent as methoxyflurane. Serum fluoride concentrations after the administration of dioxychlorane and enflurane were not different from controls. In contrast, serum fluoride concentrations after methoxyflurane reached a value of 105 mumol litre-1 and remained increased for at least the next 48 h. Urine fluoride concentrations in the dioxychlorane and enflurane groups were a half and a quarter, respectively, of those recorded in the methoxyflurane group. Polyuria and polydipsia were observed only in the methoxyflurane group. Dilatation of the proximal convoluted tubules was noted in the rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane. These changes were most marked at the 6- and 24-h periods following anaesthesia. Haemorrhage and ulcerative cystitis were noted in the bladders of the rats subjected to methoxyflurane. Cellular swelling in the proximal tubule was observed in the rats sacrificed 24 h after the administration of dioxychlorane. Enflurane produced no pathological changes.", "PMID": 518803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12356", "title": "Percutaneous cannulation of the dorsalis pedis artery. A prospective study.", "content": "Strain-gauge plethysmography was used to determine the systolic arterial pressure in the great toe of 38 patients (aged 23-70 yr) undergoing lung surgery. In eight patients (21%) manual compression of the dorsalis pedis artery reduced the arterial pressure in the great toe to less than 40 mm Hg, and cannulation of the artery was not attempted. In 24 of 30 patients with adequate collateral arterial supply, a Teflon cannula (Venflon 1.20) was inserted percutaneously to the dorsalis pedis artery. Median cannulation time was 160 min. Six patients (25%, 95% confidence limits 10-47%) developed thrombosis of the artery and, in one, unsuccessful cannulation caused thrombosis. In two patients, recanalization of the artery occurred between the 2nd and the 8th day after operation. In four patients, examination 3-5 months after cannulation revealed a persisting decrease in the function of the dorsalis pedis artery. This suggests that the dorsalis pedis artery should not normally be selected for cannulation.", "contents": "Percutaneous cannulation of the dorsalis pedis artery. A prospective study. Strain-gauge plethysmography was used to determine the systolic arterial pressure in the great toe of 38 patients (aged 23-70 yr) undergoing lung surgery. In eight patients (21%) manual compression of the dorsalis pedis artery reduced the arterial pressure in the great toe to less than 40 mm Hg, and cannulation of the artery was not attempted. In 24 of 30 patients with adequate collateral arterial supply, a Teflon cannula (Venflon 1.20) was inserted percutaneously to the dorsalis pedis artery. Median cannulation time was 160 min. Six patients (25%, 95% confidence limits 10-47%) developed thrombosis of the artery and, in one, unsuccessful cannulation caused thrombosis. In two patients, recanalization of the artery occurred between the 2nd and the 8th day after operation. In four patients, examination 3-5 months after cannulation revealed a persisting decrease in the function of the dorsalis pedis artery. This suggests that the dorsalis pedis artery should not normally be selected for cannulation.", "PMID": 518804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12357", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of the sitting position in neurosurgery.", "content": "The cardiorespiratory effects of raising patients from the supine to the sitting position for neurosurgery were investigated. The change caused marked decreases in cardiac index, stroke volume, PaO2 and Qs/Qt, with a significant increase in (PAO2-PaO2) and total peripheral resistance. It is concluded that patients who maintain normotension in the sitting position do not necessarily have an adequate circulatory status.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of the sitting position in neurosurgery. The cardiorespiratory effects of raising patients from the supine to the sitting position for neurosurgery were investigated. The change caused marked decreases in cardiac index, stroke volume, PaO2 and Qs/Qt, with a significant increase in (PAO2-PaO2) and total peripheral resistance. It is concluded that patients who maintain normotension in the sitting position do not necessarily have an adequate circulatory status.", "PMID": 518805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12358", "title": "Premedication in children undergoing day-care surgery.", "content": "An oral preparation of dichloralphenazone and paracetamol (Paedosed) was used as an alternative premedication to i.m. morphine and atropine in 562 children undergoing day-care surgery. From a series of observations made, both in hospital and at home, it appears that morphine has several disadvantages when compared with this mixture, provided that the latter is supplemented with i.v. analgesia for the more painful procedures.", "contents": "Premedication in children undergoing day-care surgery. An oral preparation of dichloralphenazone and paracetamol (Paedosed) was used as an alternative premedication to i.m. morphine and atropine in 562 children undergoing day-care surgery. From a series of observations made, both in hospital and at home, it appears that morphine has several disadvantages when compared with this mixture, provided that the latter is supplemented with i.v. analgesia for the more painful procedures.", "PMID": 518806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12359", "title": "Continuous measurement of blood gases in vivo by mass spectrometry.", "content": "Continuous analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension in the blood phase, over periods of 4-5 h, was carried out in the pulmonary artery (93 determinations in six anesthetized dogs) and in the aorta (29 determinations in four anaesthetized dogs). Silastic-covered stainless steel catheters attached to a mass spectrometer were used. The mass spectrometer signals were linearly related to the blood-gas tensions measured by conventional analysis. The mass spectrometer signals were calibrated in vivo by exposing the animals to high and low oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. With such in vivo calibration the slopes of the straight line regressions for mass spectrometer PO2 or PCO2 on PO2 or PCO2 by conventional analysis were comprised between 0.944 and 1.031 while the standard error of the slopes were between 0.019 and 0.031. Deliberate reductions of cardiac output had little effect on the mass spectrometer readings.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of blood gases in vivo by mass spectrometry. Continuous analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension in the blood phase, over periods of 4-5 h, was carried out in the pulmonary artery (93 determinations in six anesthetized dogs) and in the aorta (29 determinations in four anaesthetized dogs). Silastic-covered stainless steel catheters attached to a mass spectrometer were used. The mass spectrometer signals were linearly related to the blood-gas tensions measured by conventional analysis. The mass spectrometer signals were calibrated in vivo by exposing the animals to high and low oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. With such in vivo calibration the slopes of the straight line regressions for mass spectrometer PO2 or PCO2 on PO2 or PCO2 by conventional analysis were comprised between 0.944 and 1.031 while the standard error of the slopes were between 0.019 and 0.031. Deliberate reductions of cardiac output had little effect on the mass spectrometer readings.", "PMID": 518813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12360", "title": "The evaluation of liver function after partial hepatectomy in the rat: serum changes.", "content": "In serial studies of hepatic function in rats after 70% partial hepatectomy, quantitative changes were found in several of the serum components used clinically to assess liver status. The activities of the following enzymes were found to increase: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lactic dehydrogenase were maximal 6 h postoperatively, while glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase reached peak values at 24 and 48 h respectively. Albumin levels were found to be relatively constant during the study; however, total protein concentration was lowest 6--12 h postoperatively, paralleling a decrease in globulin concentration. Bilirubin levels were elevated to 4x normal within 12 h after surgery. After partial hepatectomy calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly decreased at 24 and 12 h respectively. With the exception of alkaline phosphatase, the activities of all serum components measured returned to normal levels by 1 week  after surgery; the alkaline phosphatase concentration continued to be elevated 2 weeks postoperatively.", "contents": "The evaluation of liver function after partial hepatectomy in the rat: serum changes. In serial studies of hepatic function in rats after 70% partial hepatectomy, quantitative changes were found in several of the serum components used clinically to assess liver status. The activities of the following enzymes were found to increase: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lactic dehydrogenase were maximal 6 h postoperatively, while glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase reached peak values at 24 and 48 h respectively. Albumin levels were found to be relatively constant during the study; however, total protein concentration was lowest 6--12 h postoperatively, paralleling a decrease in globulin concentration. Bilirubin levels were elevated to 4x normal within 12 h after surgery. After partial hepatectomy calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly decreased at 24 and 12 h respectively. With the exception of alkaline phosphatase, the activities of all serum components measured returned to normal levels by 1 week  after surgery; the alkaline phosphatase concentration continued to be elevated 2 weeks postoperatively.", "PMID": 518814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12361", "title": "Effect of plant lectins on murine myeloma cells.", "content": "The mitogenic response (determined by uptake of [3H]-thymidine) of two different BALB/c myeloma lines, normal BALB/c spleen cells and spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice in primary culture to PHA, Con A, PWM and Robinia pseudoaccacia (RPA) extract was determined by measuring the uptake of [3H]-thymidine over 96 h. The pattern of the response of tumour and tumour-spleen cells to the 4 different lectins was similar, and different from that of normal spleen cells. The unstimulated cultures of tumour and tumour-spleen cells displayed an initial increased uptake of [3H]-thymidine, whereas stimulated cultures displayed a low initial uptake of label. After an initial phase of inhibition, ADJ-PC5 myeloma cells were stimulated by PHA and PWM to a greater extent than were normal spleen cells. On the other hand, normal spleen cells gave a markedly better response to Con A and RPA. The mitogenic response of tumour-spleen cells to all 4 lectins was intermediate between those observed for tumour and normal spleen cells; they responded better to Con A and RPA than did tumour cells but were not as responsive as spleen cells, whereas the converse was true for their response to PWM and PHA. In agreement with other reports, the data suggest that the responsiveness of tumour-spleen cells was due to the presence of tumour cells in this tissue. These results indicate that there is no definite evidence of an impaired lectin-responsiveness in lymphoid cells of mice bearing a myeloma.", "contents": "Effect of plant lectins on murine myeloma cells. The mitogenic response (determined by uptake of [3H]-thymidine) of two different BALB/c myeloma lines, normal BALB/c spleen cells and spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice in primary culture to PHA, Con A, PWM and Robinia pseudoaccacia (RPA) extract was determined by measuring the uptake of [3H]-thymidine over 96 h. The pattern of the response of tumour and tumour-spleen cells to the 4 different lectins was similar, and different from that of normal spleen cells. The unstimulated cultures of tumour and tumour-spleen cells displayed an initial increased uptake of [3H]-thymidine, whereas stimulated cultures displayed a low initial uptake of label. After an initial phase of inhibition, ADJ-PC5 myeloma cells were stimulated by PHA and PWM to a greater extent than were normal spleen cells. On the other hand, normal spleen cells gave a markedly better response to Con A and RPA. The mitogenic response of tumour-spleen cells to all 4 lectins was intermediate between those observed for tumour and normal spleen cells; they responded better to Con A and RPA than did tumour cells but were not as responsive as spleen cells, whereas the converse was true for their response to PWM and PHA. In agreement with other reports, the data suggest that the responsiveness of tumour-spleen cells was due to the presence of tumour cells in this tissue. These results indicate that there is no definite evidence of an impaired lectin-responsiveness in lymphoid cells of mice bearing a myeloma.", "PMID": 518815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12362", "title": "The response of rat bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue to local antigenic challenge.", "content": "Single doses of antigen suspension (alum-precipitated canine serum proteins) were administered intratracheally to SPF rats. After periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks rats were killed and their lungs examined histologically. After an initial macrophage and perivascular lymphoid reaction, dose-related increases were found in the amount of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and in the amount of DNA within BALT cells, indicating increased cell division. Immunoglobulin-containing cells were demonstrated within BALT 3 weeks after the exposure to antigen. A prominent and extensive bronchial lympho-epithelium was seen overlying BALT follicles in antigen-treated rats, while in control animals the respiratory epithelium overlying BALT was predominantly normal ciliated epithelium. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the possible defensive role of BALT in cases of respiratory disease of man and animals.", "contents": "The response of rat bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue to local antigenic challenge. Single doses of antigen suspension (alum-precipitated canine serum proteins) were administered intratracheally to SPF rats. After periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks rats were killed and their lungs examined histologically. After an initial macrophage and perivascular lymphoid reaction, dose-related increases were found in the amount of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and in the amount of DNA within BALT cells, indicating increased cell division. Immunoglobulin-containing cells were demonstrated within BALT 3 weeks after the exposure to antigen. A prominent and extensive bronchial lympho-epithelium was seen overlying BALT follicles in antigen-treated rats, while in control animals the respiratory epithelium overlying BALT was predominantly normal ciliated epithelium. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the possible defensive role of BALT in cases of respiratory disease of man and animals.", "PMID": 518816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12363", "title": "In vivo effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the migration of inflammatory cells in intact or castrated male and female guinea-pigs. A quantitative histological study. I. Study of intact male and female guinea-pigs.", "content": "The migration of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts into dacron mesh tissue (Mersilene), immersed in a suspension of live BCG and implanted s.c. into intact male and female guinea-pigs treated with either commercial or purified human chorionic gonadotropin was investigated. Cell counts showed that in treated animals a significant reduction (about 70%) of whole cells occurred. The effect was maximal on neutrophil granulocytes (a reduction of 85%) by Day 5 after grafting. No significant differences appeared between males and females or between commercial and purified human chorionic gonadotropin.", "contents": "In vivo effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the migration of inflammatory cells in intact or castrated male and female guinea-pigs. A quantitative histological study. I. Study of intact male and female guinea-pigs. The migration of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts into dacron mesh tissue (Mersilene), immersed in a suspension of live BCG and implanted s.c. into intact male and female guinea-pigs treated with either commercial or purified human chorionic gonadotropin was investigated. Cell counts showed that in treated animals a significant reduction (about 70%) of whole cells occurred. The effect was maximal on neutrophil granulocytes (a reduction of 85%) by Day 5 after grafting. No significant differences appeared between males and females or between commercial and purified human chorionic gonadotropin.", "PMID": 518817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12364", "title": "In vivo effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the migration of inflammatory cells in intact or castrated male and female guinea-pigs: a quantitative histological study. II. Study of castrated males and females.", "content": "The effect of purified human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the migration of inflammatory cells into dacron mesh tissue containing live BCG and implanted under the skin of castrated male and female guinea-pigs was investigated. Cell counts have shown that no significant difference appeared between controls and castrated guinea-pigs given HCG. This work suggests that the inhibiting effect of HCG on the mobility of neutrophil granulocytes is closely related to the presence of both male and female gonads.", "contents": "In vivo effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the migration of inflammatory cells in intact or castrated male and female guinea-pigs: a quantitative histological study. II. Study of castrated males and females. The effect of purified human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the migration of inflammatory cells into dacron mesh tissue containing live BCG and implanted under the skin of castrated male and female guinea-pigs was investigated. Cell counts have shown that no significant difference appeared between controls and castrated guinea-pigs given HCG. This work suggests that the inhibiting effect of HCG on the mobility of neutrophil granulocytes is closely related to the presence of both male and female gonads.", "PMID": 518818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12365", "title": "Comparative studies of the metastatic potential of three transplantable rat mammary carcinomas of spontaneous origin.", "content": "The metastatic potential of 3 spontaneously arising mammary carcinomas (Sp4, Sp15 and Sp22) has been examined when transplanted in the form of a viable cell suspension into the tissue of origin. Primary tumours were excised at different times after implantation and it was found that the metastatic potential of the immunogenic tumour Sp4 was directly correlated with the size of the primary tumour when excised. By contrast, the incidence of metastases from the non-immunogenic tumours Sp15 and Sp22 was similar irrespective of the size of the primary tumour on excision. The pattern of metastasis also differed between the tumours, although here there was no relation to immunogenicity. Thus, resection en bloc of large primary Sp4 or Sp15 tumours plus regional lymph nodes could be completely curative, signifying initial spread of tumours via the lymphatics and only subsequently via the blood stream. On the other hand, resection en bloc of primary Sp22 tumours plus regional lymph nodes at a similar stage of primary tumour development was never curative, signifying early spread via the blood stream. Other studies showed that the metastatic potential of mammary carcinoma Sp4 was an innate characteristic of the tumour and not related to the tissue of implantation since in addition to metastasizing from the mammary pad it metastasized when implanted either s.c. or intradermally in a region devoid of mammary tissue. Furthermore, a rat sarcoma Mc7 showed a negligible tendency to metastasize when implanted either in the mammary pad or in the s.c. tissue, where it had been induced with methylcholanthrene.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the metastatic potential of three transplantable rat mammary carcinomas of spontaneous origin. The metastatic potential of 3 spontaneously arising mammary carcinomas (Sp4, Sp15 and Sp22) has been examined when transplanted in the form of a viable cell suspension into the tissue of origin. Primary tumours were excised at different times after implantation and it was found that the metastatic potential of the immunogenic tumour Sp4 was directly correlated with the size of the primary tumour when excised. By contrast, the incidence of metastases from the non-immunogenic tumours Sp15 and Sp22 was similar irrespective of the size of the primary tumour on excision. The pattern of metastasis also differed between the tumours, although here there was no relation to immunogenicity. Thus, resection en bloc of large primary Sp4 or Sp15 tumours plus regional lymph nodes could be completely curative, signifying initial spread of tumours via the lymphatics and only subsequently via the blood stream. On the other hand, resection en bloc of primary Sp22 tumours plus regional lymph nodes at a similar stage of primary tumour development was never curative, signifying early spread via the blood stream. Other studies showed that the metastatic potential of mammary carcinoma Sp4 was an innate characteristic of the tumour and not related to the tissue of implantation since in addition to metastasizing from the mammary pad it metastasized when implanted either s.c. or intradermally in a region devoid of mammary tissue. Furthermore, a rat sarcoma Mc7 showed a negligible tendency to metastasize when implanted either in the mammary pad or in the s.c. tissue, where it had been induced with methylcholanthrene.", "PMID": 518819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12366", "title": "Resistance and susceptibility to the induction of rat adjuvant disease. Diverging susceptibility and severity achieved by selective breeding.", "content": "Rats selected for their ability to develop or resist adjuvant disease were used to establish 2 inbred lines of rat over 20 generations. A resistant line was rapidly established with almost 100% non-responsiveness by the sixth generation. A line showing 100% susceptibility was also established very rapidly but throughout the course of the breeding programme the severity continued to increase in intensity to a level considerably above that to be seen in strains normally considered to be high responders. At the thirteenth generation and beyond, the susceptible line showed a marked sex difference in the secondary lesions, females being more severely affected than the males. The 2 lines of rat were also tested for their ability to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in selected generations. There was no clear correlation between the 2 diseases although those animals developing the most severe adjuvant disease also had the most severe EAE.", "contents": "Resistance and susceptibility to the induction of rat adjuvant disease. Diverging susceptibility and severity achieved by selective breeding. Rats selected for their ability to develop or resist adjuvant disease were used to establish 2 inbred lines of rat over 20 generations. A resistant line was rapidly established with almost 100% non-responsiveness by the sixth generation. A line showing 100% susceptibility was also established very rapidly but throughout the course of the breeding programme the severity continued to increase in intensity to a level considerably above that to be seen in strains normally considered to be high responders. At the thirteenth generation and beyond, the susceptible line showed a marked sex difference in the secondary lesions, females being more severely affected than the males. The 2 lines of rat were also tested for their ability to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in selected generations. There was no clear correlation between the 2 diseases although those animals developing the most severe adjuvant disease also had the most severe EAE.", "PMID": 518820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12367", "title": "Enzyme content of hepatocellular lysosomes in the tumour-bearing rat.", "content": "An increase in the number of hepatocellular lysosomes is detectable with the electron microscope in rats bearing a carcinogen-induced sarcoma but not in rats bearing a transplanted Walker tumour. Biochemical studies show an increase in lysosomal enzymes in the liver of both groups of rats, but the increase in the rats bearing a carcinogen-induced sarcoma was greater than that in rats bearing a Walker tumour. This difference is explained by the fact that only gross increases in lysosomal population are likely to be detected in the small samples examined with the electron microscope, but by biochemical methods whereby many grams of tissue are analysed, finer changes may be detected. The collective data to date indicate that an increase in hepatocellular lysosomes and/or lysosomal enzymes occurs in rats and man bearing a variety of tumours and to this there is, as yet, no known exception.", "contents": "Enzyme content of hepatocellular lysosomes in the tumour-bearing rat. An increase in the number of hepatocellular lysosomes is detectable with the electron microscope in rats bearing a carcinogen-induced sarcoma but not in rats bearing a transplanted Walker tumour. Biochemical studies show an increase in lysosomal enzymes in the liver of both groups of rats, but the increase in the rats bearing a carcinogen-induced sarcoma was greater than that in rats bearing a Walker tumour. This difference is explained by the fact that only gross increases in lysosomal population are likely to be detected in the small samples examined with the electron microscope, but by biochemical methods whereby many grams of tissue are analysed, finer changes may be detected. The collective data to date indicate that an increase in hepatocellular lysosomes and/or lysosomal enzymes occurs in rats and man bearing a variety of tumours and to this there is, as yet, no known exception.", "PMID": 518821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12368", "title": "An investigation into the cytotoxicity of respirable dusts from British collieries.", "content": "A series of respirable dusts from British collieries was collected and analysed for mineral content and physical characteristics. Where possible 2 samples of dust were collected from the same site at 8-month intervals. All dusts were tested for their cytotoxic potential using a permanent line of macrophage-like cells (P388D1). In addition, for some dusts, a haemolytic technique was used. With both techniques a positive overall correlation was found between cytotoxicity and the total ash content of the dusts. When the results from collieries producing high- and low-rank coals were considered separately, however, it was found that the ash content of high-rank dusts (r=0.75) showed a much closer correlation with cytotoxicity than low-rank dusts (r=0.40). With the cell test system the ash components, kaolin and mica (r=0.58) and to a lesser extent quartz (r=0.48) showed significant positive correlations with cytotoxicity for high-rank coal dusts but not for low. Using the haemolytic system, however, only the quartz content of the high-rank dusts showed a significant relationship (r=0.69) to levels of haemoglobin release. Both the results of mineralogical analysis of dust samples and cytotoxicity tests showed that the mineral content and cytotoxic potential of dusts collected from the same colliery, and even from the same underground site, at different times, varied considerably. A poor correlation was found between cytotoxicity and various measurements of pneumoconiosis risk but this may well be partly due to this great variation of dust composition with time. In general, the overall results of this study were in good agreement with those of previous work on coal dust toxicity in that both the rank and composition of colliery dusts were found to be of importance, whereas the role of quartz remained enigmatic.", "contents": "An investigation into the cytotoxicity of respirable dusts from British collieries. A series of respirable dusts from British collieries was collected and analysed for mineral content and physical characteristics. Where possible 2 samples of dust were collected from the same site at 8-month intervals. All dusts were tested for their cytotoxic potential using a permanent line of macrophage-like cells (P388D1). In addition, for some dusts, a haemolytic technique was used. With both techniques a positive overall correlation was found between cytotoxicity and the total ash content of the dusts. When the results from collieries producing high- and low-rank coals were considered separately, however, it was found that the ash content of high-rank dusts (r=0.75) showed a much closer correlation with cytotoxicity than low-rank dusts (r=0.40). With the cell test system the ash components, kaolin and mica (r=0.58) and to a lesser extent quartz (r=0.48) showed significant positive correlations with cytotoxicity for high-rank coal dusts but not for low. Using the haemolytic system, however, only the quartz content of the high-rank dusts showed a significant relationship (r=0.69) to levels of haemoglobin release. Both the results of mineralogical analysis of dust samples and cytotoxicity tests showed that the mineral content and cytotoxic potential of dusts collected from the same colliery, and even from the same underground site, at different times, varied considerably. A poor correlation was found between cytotoxicity and various measurements of pneumoconiosis risk but this may well be partly due to this great variation of dust composition with time. In general, the overall results of this study were in good agreement with those of previous work on coal dust toxicity in that both the rank and composition of colliery dusts were found to be of importance, whereas the role of quartz remained enigmatic.", "PMID": 518822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12369", "title": "Replenishment of alveolar macrophages in silicosis: implication of recruitment by lipid feed-back.", "content": "The deposition of quartz in the pulmonary alveoli creates a major demand for macrophages to replace those destroyed, but local proliferation of monocytes appeared to be minimal and the role of systemic recruitment was therefore explored. Injected silica and lipids stimulated the phagocytic function of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), whilst inhaled silica provoked lipid accumulation in the lung, thus suggesting that lipid might also induce a proliferative response in the marrow. Using marrow cultures, cells of the rat MPS were identified by size and phagocytic capacity for latex microspheres, and then subjected to kinetic analysis in litter-mate pairs by single and double labelling autoradiography, under normal conditions and after administration of lipid extracted from rat lungs consolidated by silica-induced alveolar lipo-proteinosis. Treatment of the results by a new device facilitated distinction of promonocytes from monocytes and thus afforded a more precise means of assessing MPS kinetics. The duration of DNA synthesis and the cell-cycle time of promonocytes were reduced and the rate of entry into DNA synthesis increased as a result of i.v. injection of lung lipid. These findings support the involvement of systemic recruitment of monocytes from the marrow by a positive feed-back mechanism when a powerful irritant persists in the lungs and the results are discussed in the overall context of silicotic fibrogenesis.", "contents": "Replenishment of alveolar macrophages in silicosis: implication of recruitment by lipid feed-back. The deposition of quartz in the pulmonary alveoli creates a major demand for macrophages to replace those destroyed, but local proliferation of monocytes appeared to be minimal and the role of systemic recruitment was therefore explored. Injected silica and lipids stimulated the phagocytic function of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), whilst inhaled silica provoked lipid accumulation in the lung, thus suggesting that lipid might also induce a proliferative response in the marrow. Using marrow cultures, cells of the rat MPS were identified by size and phagocytic capacity for latex microspheres, and then subjected to kinetic analysis in litter-mate pairs by single and double labelling autoradiography, under normal conditions and after administration of lipid extracted from rat lungs consolidated by silica-induced alveolar lipo-proteinosis. Treatment of the results by a new device facilitated distinction of promonocytes from monocytes and thus afforded a more precise means of assessing MPS kinetics. The duration of DNA synthesis and the cell-cycle time of promonocytes were reduced and the rate of entry into DNA synthesis increased as a result of i.v. injection of lung lipid. These findings support the involvement of systemic recruitment of monocytes from the marrow by a positive feed-back mechanism when a powerful irritant persists in the lungs and the results are discussed in the overall context of silicotic fibrogenesis.", "PMID": 518823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12370", "title": "Contact allergic sensitivity to plants and the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome.", "content": "Contact allergic sensitivity to oleoresin extracts from Compositae plants was found to be usually present in individuals suffering from the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. It was demonstrated in forty-seven out of fifty-five examples of this syndrome. These results provide support for the view that contact allergic sensitivity is an important aspect of the state of chronic photosensitivity in the middle-aged and elderly male.", "contents": "Contact allergic sensitivity to plants and the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. Contact allergic sensitivity to oleoresin extracts from Compositae plants was found to be usually present in individuals suffering from the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. It was demonstrated in forty-seven out of fifty-five examples of this syndrome. These results provide support for the view that contact allergic sensitivity is an important aspect of the state of chronic photosensitivity in the middle-aged and elderly male.", "PMID": 518824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12371", "title": "Reticulate erythema--a prodrome in hereditary angio-oedema.", "content": "A previously undescribed short-lived non-puritic reticulate erythema has been noted in several members of unrelated families with hereditary angio-oedema. The eruption which may be widespread can last from 1 to 4 days and usually immediately precedes an overt attack of hereditary angio-oedema although this is not invariable, and swellings may occur in areas not previously involved by the erythema. Histology including immunohistology probably shows no specific changes.", "contents": "Reticulate erythema--a prodrome in hereditary angio-oedema. A previously undescribed short-lived non-puritic reticulate erythema has been noted in several members of unrelated families with hereditary angio-oedema. The eruption which may be widespread can last from 1 to 4 days and usually immediately precedes an overt attack of hereditary angio-oedema although this is not invariable, and swellings may occur in areas not previously involved by the erythema. Histology including immunohistology probably shows no specific changes.", "PMID": 518825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12372", "title": "The effect of various corticosteroids on the release of beta-glucuronidase from human leukocytes challenged with zymosan.", "content": "Seven corticosteroids were tested for their effect on the release of beta-glucuronidase when human white cells were challenged with zymosan. Stabilization was noted in two areas of dilution with every steroid but destabilization occurred at high concentrations. However, those steroids that stabilized effectively at low concentrations were also those which were the most potent vasoconstrictors.", "contents": "The effect of various corticosteroids on the release of beta-glucuronidase from human leukocytes challenged with zymosan. Seven corticosteroids were tested for their effect on the release of beta-glucuronidase when human white cells were challenged with zymosan. Stabilization was noted in two areas of dilution with every steroid but destabilization occurred at high concentrations. However, those steroids that stabilized effectively at low concentrations were also those which were the most potent vasoconstrictors.", "PMID": 518826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12373", "title": "Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin. VIII. Selenium in normal skin.", "content": "Selenium(Se) has been determined in skin by neutron activation analysis applying selective irradiation and cooling time, followed by measurement of the activity on a high resolution germanium lithium (Ge(Li)) detector. The levels  and distribution of Se in normal abdominal and plantar skin, together with other available evidence, lead us to believe that it is an essential trace element in man. It is suggested that Se has an essential role in skin keratinization.", "contents": "Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin. VIII. Selenium in normal skin. Selenium(Se) has been determined in skin by neutron activation analysis applying selective irradiation and cooling time, followed by measurement of the activity on a high resolution germanium lithium (Ge(Li)) detector. The levels  and distribution of Se in normal abdominal and plantar skin, together with other available evidence, lead us to believe that it is an essential trace element in man. It is suggested that Se has an essential role in skin keratinization.", "PMID": 518827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12374", "title": "Hyperglucagonaemia and necrolytic migratory erythema in cirrhosis--possible pseudoglucagonoma syndrome.", "content": "Necrolytic migratory erythema is the distinctive cutaneous eruption seen with glucagon-producing tumours of the pancreas. Recognition of this eruption is important because it may lead to the early diagnosis of a glucagonoma. Recently, we saw a patient who had necrolytic migratory erythema, hyperglucagonaemia, and cirrhosis of the liver with no evidence of pancreatic tumour while alive or at autopsy. Serum glucagon levels during the period of observation and during an oral glucose tolerance test suggested that the hyperglucagonaemia was not due to an occult glucagon-producing tumour but may have been the result of advanced hepatic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Hyperglucagonaemia and necrolytic migratory erythema in cirrhosis--possible pseudoglucagonoma syndrome. Necrolytic migratory erythema is the distinctive cutaneous eruption seen with glucagon-producing tumours of the pancreas. Recognition of this eruption is important because it may lead to the early diagnosis of a glucagonoma. Recently, we saw a patient who had necrolytic migratory erythema, hyperglucagonaemia, and cirrhosis of the liver with no evidence of pancreatic tumour while alive or at autopsy. Serum glucagon levels during the period of observation and during an oral glucose tolerance test suggested that the hyperglucagonaemia was not due to an occult glucagon-producing tumour but may have been the result of advanced hepatic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 518828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12375", "title": "Dermatomyositis-like syndrome due to toxoplasma.", "content": "A woman had the typical clinical, cutaneous, and muscular picture of dermatomyositis but without some of the biochemical alterations of that disease. The positive serological investigations for toxoplasmosis, the pressure in muscles of very numerous toxoplasms and their culture in mice, and the improvement after treatment with pyrimethamine and sulphametoxypyridine demonstrated that the signs of dermatomyositis had been caused by infection with toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis-like syndrome due to toxoplasma. A woman had the typical clinical, cutaneous, and muscular picture of dermatomyositis but without some of the biochemical alterations of that disease. The positive serological investigations for toxoplasmosis, the pressure in muscles of very numerous toxoplasms and their culture in mice, and the improvement after treatment with pyrimethamine and sulphametoxypyridine demonstrated that the signs of dermatomyositis had been caused by infection with toxoplasmosis.", "PMID": 518829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12376", "title": "Hypertrichosis due to minoxidil.", "content": "A case of hypertrichosis due to the hypotensive drug minoxidil is described. A review of the literature suggests that this complication appears in nearly all patients treated with this drug. The mechanism is unknown, but the similarity to the cases of hypertrichosis due to diazoxide, another potent vasodilator, suggests that increased cutaneous blood flow may be a factor.", "contents": "Hypertrichosis due to minoxidil. A case of hypertrichosis due to the hypotensive drug minoxidil is described. A review of the literature suggests that this complication appears in nearly all patients treated with this drug. The mechanism is unknown, but the similarity to the cases of hypertrichosis due to diazoxide, another potent vasodilator, suggests that increased cutaneous blood flow may be a factor.", "PMID": 518830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12377", "title": "Contact urticaria to rubber.", "content": "A case of contact wealing to rubber gloves attributed to natural latex from Hevea braziliensis is described.", "contents": "Contact urticaria to rubber. A case of contact wealing to rubber gloves attributed to natural latex from Hevea braziliensis is described.", "PMID": 518831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12378", "title": "Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.", "content": "Intact ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been prepared from tissues rich in ribonuclease such as the rat pancreas by efficient homogenization in a 4 M solution of the potent protein denaturant guanidinium thiocyanate plus 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol to break protein disulfide bonds. The RNA was isolated free of protein by ethanol precipitation or by sedimentation through cesium chloride. Rat pancreas RNA obtained by these means has been used as a source for the purification of alpha-amylase messenger ribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Intact ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been prepared from tissues rich in ribonuclease such as the rat pancreas by efficient homogenization in a 4 M solution of the potent protein denaturant guanidinium thiocyanate plus 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol to break protein disulfide bonds. The RNA was isolated free of protein by ethanol precipitation or by sedimentation through cesium chloride. Rat pancreas RNA obtained by these means has been used as a source for the purification of alpha-amylase messenger ribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 518835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12379", "title": "Evaluation of equilibrium constants for the binding of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan to monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "The binding of N-acetyl-tryptophan to the monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin in I = 0.2 acetate-chloride buffer, pH 3.86, has been studied quantitatively. Equilibrium sedimentation studies in the absence of inhibitor yielded a dimerization constant of 3.5 L/g. This value was confirmed by frontal gel chromatography of the enzyme on Bio-Gel P-30, which was also used to establish that N-acetyl-L-tryptophan binds preferentially to monomeric enzyme. From kinetic studies of competitive inhibition with N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester as substrate, an equilibrium constant of 1300 M-1 was determined for the binding of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan to monomeric alpha-chymotrypsin. An intrinsic binding constant of 250 M-1 for the corresponding interaction with dimeric enzyme was calculated on the basis of these results and binding data obtained with concentrated (18.5 g/L) alpha-chymotrypsin. The present results refute earlier claims for exclusive binding of competitive inhibitors to monomer and also those for equivalence of inhibitor binding to monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Evaluation of equilibrium constants for the binding of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan to monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin. The binding of N-acetyl-tryptophan to the monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin in I = 0.2 acetate-chloride buffer, pH 3.86, has been studied quantitatively. Equilibrium sedimentation studies in the absence of inhibitor yielded a dimerization constant of 3.5 L/g. This value was confirmed by frontal gel chromatography of the enzyme on Bio-Gel P-30, which was also used to establish that N-acetyl-L-tryptophan binds preferentially to monomeric enzyme. From kinetic studies of competitive inhibition with N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester as substrate, an equilibrium constant of 1300 M-1 was determined for the binding of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan to monomeric alpha-chymotrypsin. An intrinsic binding constant of 250 M-1 for the corresponding interaction with dimeric enzyme was calculated on the basis of these results and binding data obtained with concentrated (18.5 g/L) alpha-chymotrypsin. The present results refute earlier claims for exclusive binding of competitive inhibitors to monomer and also those for equivalence of inhibitor binding to monomeric and dimeric forms of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 518837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12380", "title": "Effects of anions on the activation thermodynamics and fluorescence emission spectrum of alkaline phosphatase: evidence for enzyme hydration changes during catalysis.", "content": "The effect of anions on the thermodynamic activation functions for a model enzyme, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), have been studied in order to examine the role of protein hydration changes in establishing the energetics of enzyme catalysis. The influences of these anions on the activation volume (delta V) and activation free energy (delta G) reflected clear Hofmeister (lyotropic) series effects, in the order F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- (order of increasing salting-out potential). A pronounced covariation was observed between the influences of these anions on Vmax, which is proportional to delta G, and on the negative activation volume of the reaction. Fluoride was able to counteract the influences of Br- and I- on both Vmax and delta V when combinations of these anions were employed. The effects of Br- and I- on Vmax and delta V were more pronounced at lower temperatures. The control delta V was increasingly negative at reduced temperatures. The effects of the neutral salts and propanol on delta V and delta G, as well as the effects of salting-in anions on the activation enthalpy and the negative activation entropy of the reaction, are consistent with a model which proposes that peptide groups or polar side chains on the native enzyme exergonically increase their exposure to solvent during the catalytic activation event. These conclusions are in accord with the known free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and volume changes which occur when model peptide groups are transferred between water and concentrated salt solutions. Consistent with the kinetic results, the fluorescence emission wavelength maximum of alkaline phosphatase increased in the presence of anions in the order F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I-. The salting-out ion (F-) and the salting-in ions (Br- and I-) shifted lambda max in different directions, and these lambda max shifts could be counterbalanced by using equimolar combinations of salting-in and salting-out anions. Control experiments with a model compound, N-acetyltryptophanamide, showed that the spectra shifts caused by the salts did not result solely from differential quenching by the anions of the solvent-exposed tryptophan(s) on the enzyme. Hofmeister additivity phenomena indicated that the solvent is at the basis of these salt-induced enzyme structural changes. It is concluded that changes in protein solvation during enzymic reactions contribute significantly to the thermodynamic activation parameters in both the native and the salt-perturbed enzyme.", "contents": "Effects of anions on the activation thermodynamics and fluorescence emission spectrum of alkaline phosphatase: evidence for enzyme hydration changes during catalysis. The effect of anions on the thermodynamic activation functions for a model enzyme, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), have been studied in order to examine the role of protein hydration changes in establishing the energetics of enzyme catalysis. The influences of these anions on the activation volume (delta V) and activation free energy (delta G) reflected clear Hofmeister (lyotropic) series effects, in the order F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- (order of increasing salting-out potential). A pronounced covariation was observed between the influences of these anions on Vmax, which is proportional to delta G, and on the negative activation volume of the reaction. Fluoride was able to counteract the influences of Br- and I- on both Vmax and delta V when combinations of these anions were employed. The effects of Br- and I- on Vmax and delta V were more pronounced at lower temperatures. The control delta V was increasingly negative at reduced temperatures. The effects of the neutral salts and propanol on delta V and delta G, as well as the effects of salting-in anions on the activation enthalpy and the negative activation entropy of the reaction, are consistent with a model which proposes that peptide groups or polar side chains on the native enzyme exergonically increase their exposure to solvent during the catalytic activation event. These conclusions are in accord with the known free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and volume changes which occur when model peptide groups are transferred between water and concentrated salt solutions. Consistent with the kinetic results, the fluorescence emission wavelength maximum of alkaline phosphatase increased in the presence of anions in the order F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I-. The salting-out ion (F-) and the salting-in ions (Br- and I-) shifted lambda max in different directions, and these lambda max shifts could be counterbalanced by using equimolar combinations of salting-in and salting-out anions. Control experiments with a model compound, N-acetyltryptophanamide, showed that the spectra shifts caused by the salts did not result solely from differential quenching by the anions of the solvent-exposed tryptophan(s) on the enzyme. Hofmeister additivity phenomena indicated that the solvent is at the basis of these salt-induced enzyme structural changes. It is concluded that changes in protein solvation during enzymic reactions contribute significantly to the thermodynamic activation parameters in both the native and the salt-perturbed enzyme.", "PMID": 518838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12381", "title": "Phospholipase D from savoy cabbage: purification and preliminary kinetic characterization.", "content": "Phospholipase D has been purified 680-fold from an acetone powder of savoy cabbage in an overall yield of 30%. The purification involves solubilization of the acetone powder in a Ca2+-containing buffer and subsequent ammonium sulfate fractionation. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and hydrophobic affinity chromatography using a gamma-aminopropane-agarose gel complete the purification. The two chromatographic steps were conducted in buffers containing 50% ethylene glycol, which was necessary in order to maintain stability of the enzyme. Purity was established on the basis of gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. A preliminary kinetic characterization of the enzyme was carried out by using lecithins with short-chain fatty acids below the critical micelle concentration. A complex series of results were obtained which demonstrated the following. (1) The enzyme is quite sensitive to ionic strength, being inhibited at high ionic strength. (2) The pH optimum depends on the concentration of Ca2+ used in the assay. At 0.5 mM Ca2+ the pH optimum is 7.25, but it is 6.0 at 50 mM Ca2+. (3) The effect of substrate concentration at a given pH and ionic strength did not show simple hyperbolic kinetics but rather regions of parabolic and hyperbolic kinetics.", "contents": "Phospholipase D from savoy cabbage: purification and preliminary kinetic characterization. Phospholipase D has been purified 680-fold from an acetone powder of savoy cabbage in an overall yield of 30%. The purification involves solubilization of the acetone powder in a Ca2+-containing buffer and subsequent ammonium sulfate fractionation. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and hydrophobic affinity chromatography using a gamma-aminopropane-agarose gel complete the purification. The two chromatographic steps were conducted in buffers containing 50% ethylene glycol, which was necessary in order to maintain stability of the enzyme. Purity was established on the basis of gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. A preliminary kinetic characterization of the enzyme was carried out by using lecithins with short-chain fatty acids below the critical micelle concentration. A complex series of results were obtained which demonstrated the following. (1) The enzyme is quite sensitive to ionic strength, being inhibited at high ionic strength. (2) The pH optimum depends on the concentration of Ca2+ used in the assay. At 0.5 mM Ca2+ the pH optimum is 7.25, but it is 6.0 at 50 mM Ca2+. (3) The effect of substrate concentration at a given pH and ionic strength did not show simple hyperbolic kinetics but rather regions of parabolic and hyperbolic kinetics.", "PMID": 518840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12382", "title": "Isolation and characterization of argininosuccinate synthetase from human liver.", "content": "This communication describes the purification and characterization of argininosuccinate synthetase from human liver. By numerous criteria including electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels, electrophoresis in nondissociating gels, and analytical ultracentrifugation, the protein is homogeneous at a specific activity of 4.2 mumol/(min mg) assayed at 37 degrees C in the direction of argininosuccinate synthesis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 183,000, as determined by gel filtration. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded a single band migrating with an Rf corresponding to 43,000 daltons. Thus, the enzyme is considered to contain four subunits of identical molecular weight. The s20,w of the enzyme is 8.2 S. Antibodies were prepared in rabbits directed against the purified protein. These antibodies react specifically with argininosuccinate synthetase, as determined by electrophoretic analysis of the immunoadsorbed product from crude extracts of human liver. The human enzyme has very similar properties to those published for the beef and rat liver enzymes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of argininosuccinate synthetase from human liver. This communication describes the purification and characterization of argininosuccinate synthetase from human liver. By numerous criteria including electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels, electrophoresis in nondissociating gels, and analytical ultracentrifugation, the protein is homogeneous at a specific activity of 4.2 mumol/(min mg) assayed at 37 degrees C in the direction of argininosuccinate synthesis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 183,000, as determined by gel filtration. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded a single band migrating with an Rf corresponding to 43,000 daltons. Thus, the enzyme is considered to contain four subunits of identical molecular weight. The s20,w of the enzyme is 8.2 S. Antibodies were prepared in rabbits directed against the purified protein. These antibodies react specifically with argininosuccinate synthetase, as determined by electrophoretic analysis of the immunoadsorbed product from crude extracts of human liver. The human enzyme has very similar properties to those published for the beef and rat liver enzymes.", "PMID": 518841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12383", "title": "Resonance Raman examination of axial ligand bonding and spin-state equilibria in metmyoglobin hydroxide and other heme derivatives.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles have been obtained within the 5700-6300-A absorption band of purified sperm whale metmyoglobin hydroxide (MbIIIOH) solutions. A large enhancement occurs for a Raman peak at 490 cm-1 which is shown by isotopic substitution of 18O for 16O to be almost purely an Fe-O stretch. The Fe-O vibration in MbIIIOH occurs 5 cm-1 to lower energy than the corresponding vibration at 495 cm-1 in human methemoglobin hydroxide (HbIIIOH) [Asher, S., Vickery, L., Schuster, T., & Sauer, K. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 5849], reflecting differences in ligand bonding between Mb(III) and Hb(III). A larger frequency difference (10 cm-1) exists between MbIIIF and HbIIIF for the Fe-F stretch. We do not observe separate Fe-O or Fe-F stretches from the alpha and beta chains of either HbIIIOH or HbIIIF. Excitation profile measurements for MbIIOH indicate that the 5700-6300-A absorption band is composed of two separate absorption bands which result from a high- and a low-spin form of MbIIIOH. The spin-state-sensitive Raman band at 1608 cm-1 reflects the high-spin species and has an excitation profile maximum at about 6000 A while the low-spin Raman band occurs at 1644 cm-1 and shows an excitation profile maximum at 5800 A. The Fe-O stretch at 490 cm-1 has an excitation profile maximum at about 6000 A. The differences in frequency and Raman cross section between the Fe-X vibrations in MbIIIX and HbIIIX (X = OH-, F-) can be related to increases in the out-of-plane iron distance for the high-spin species of MbIIIX. The shift in the 1644-cm-1 MbIIIOH low-spin state Raman band indicative of the heme core size to 1636 cm-1 in HbIIIOH indicates a larger heme core size in HbIIIOH. Raman frequency shifts are used to estimate differences in bond strain energies between MbIIIX and HbIIIX (X = OH-, F-). Previous resonance Raman excitation profile data can be interpreted in terms of separate contributions from different spin-state species.", "contents": "Resonance Raman examination of axial ligand bonding and spin-state equilibria in metmyoglobin hydroxide and other heme derivatives. Resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles have been obtained within the 5700-6300-A absorption band of purified sperm whale metmyoglobin hydroxide (MbIIIOH) solutions. A large enhancement occurs for a Raman peak at 490 cm-1 which is shown by isotopic substitution of 18O for 16O to be almost purely an Fe-O stretch. The Fe-O vibration in MbIIIOH occurs 5 cm-1 to lower energy than the corresponding vibration at 495 cm-1 in human methemoglobin hydroxide (HbIIIOH) [Asher, S., Vickery, L., Schuster, T., & Sauer, K. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 5849], reflecting differences in ligand bonding between Mb(III) and Hb(III). A larger frequency difference (10 cm-1) exists between MbIIIF and HbIIIF for the Fe-F stretch. We do not observe separate Fe-O or Fe-F stretches from the alpha and beta chains of either HbIIIOH or HbIIIF. Excitation profile measurements for MbIIOH indicate that the 5700-6300-A absorption band is composed of two separate absorption bands which result from a high- and a low-spin form of MbIIIOH. The spin-state-sensitive Raman band at 1608 cm-1 reflects the high-spin species and has an excitation profile maximum at about 6000 A while the low-spin Raman band occurs at 1644 cm-1 and shows an excitation profile maximum at 5800 A. The Fe-O stretch at 490 cm-1 has an excitation profile maximum at about 6000 A. The differences in frequency and Raman cross section between the Fe-X vibrations in MbIIIX and HbIIIX (X = OH-, F-) can be related to increases in the out-of-plane iron distance for the high-spin species of MbIIIX. The shift in the 1644-cm-1 MbIIIOH low-spin state Raman band indicative of the heme core size to 1636 cm-1 in HbIIIOH indicates a larger heme core size in HbIIIOH. Raman frequency shifts are used to estimate differences in bond strain energies between MbIIIX and HbIIIX (X = OH-, F-). Previous resonance Raman excitation profile data can be interpreted in terms of separate contributions from different spin-state species.", "PMID": 518843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12384", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Complete sequence of the largest cyanogen bromide fragment.", "content": "The largest fragment produced by complete cyanogen bromide digestion of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen contains 236 residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 23,949. The complete amino acid sequence of the fragment was determined by the isolation of peptides generated by plasmin, trypsin (including digestion of citraconylated material), staphylococcal protease, and chymotrypsin. In addition, some key subfragmentation was achieved by selective chemical cleavage at tryptophan residues. The fragment has an unusual amino acid composition, more than half of its residues being glycine, serine, threonine, and proline. There are very few nonpolar residues, although 7 of the alpha-chain's 10 tryptophans occur in this fragment. The fragment contains 2 cysteine residues located 30 residues apart which are connected by an intrachain disulfide bond in the native molecule. The tryptophans occur with a definite periodicity that highlights a series of 13-residue homology repeats. The fragment also contains the two principal alpha-chain cross-linking sites.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Complete sequence of the largest cyanogen bromide fragment. The largest fragment produced by complete cyanogen bromide digestion of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen contains 236 residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 23,949. The complete amino acid sequence of the fragment was determined by the isolation of peptides generated by plasmin, trypsin (including digestion of citraconylated material), staphylococcal protease, and chymotrypsin. In addition, some key subfragmentation was achieved by selective chemical cleavage at tryptophan residues. The fragment has an unusual amino acid composition, more than half of its residues being glycine, serine, threonine, and proline. There are very few nonpolar residues, although 7 of the alpha-chain's 10 tryptophans occur in this fragment. The fragment contains 2 cysteine residues located 30 residues apart which are connected by an intrachain disulfide bond in the native molecule. The tryptophans occur with a definite periodicity that highlights a series of 13-residue homology repeats. The fragment also contains the two principal alpha-chain cross-linking sites.", "PMID": 518844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12385", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Exact location of cross-linking acceptor sites.", "content": "Human fibrinogen was clotted under conditions that promote latent factor XIII activity and in the presence of a radioactive substitute cross-linking donor ([14C]glycine ethyl ester). The labeled fibrin was reduced and alkylated in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis and freeze-drying, the preparation was separated into its constituent polypeptide subunits by chromatography on (carboxymethyl)cellulose in the presence of 8 M urea. Under the incorporation conditions used, the radioactivity was limited to gamma chains (one donor molecule/chain) and alpha chains (two donor molecules/chain). The labeled alpha chains were digested with cyanogen bromide and fractionated on Sephadex G-50. All the radioactivity was found in a fragment previously designated H alpha CNI, the largest of the cyanogen bromide fragments in the alpha chain. The fragment was further fragmented by digestion with plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and/or staphylococcal protease. The incorporated radioactivity was found to reside in equal amounts at two different sites located 38 residues apart. These were determined to be positions 88 and 126 in H alpha CNI, which correspond to glutamine-328 and glutamine-366 in the alpha chain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Exact location of cross-linking acceptor sites. Human fibrinogen was clotted under conditions that promote latent factor XIII activity and in the presence of a radioactive substitute cross-linking donor ([14C]glycine ethyl ester). The labeled fibrin was reduced and alkylated in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis and freeze-drying, the preparation was separated into its constituent polypeptide subunits by chromatography on (carboxymethyl)cellulose in the presence of 8 M urea. Under the incorporation conditions used, the radioactivity was limited to gamma chains (one donor molecule/chain) and alpha chains (two donor molecules/chain). The labeled alpha chains were digested with cyanogen bromide and fractionated on Sephadex G-50. All the radioactivity was found in a fragment previously designated H alpha CNI, the largest of the cyanogen bromide fragments in the alpha chain. The fragment was further fragmented by digestion with plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and/or staphylococcal protease. The incorporated radioactivity was found to reside in equal amounts at two different sites located 38 residues apart. These were determined to be positions 88 and 126 in H alpha CNI, which correspond to glutamine-328 and glutamine-366 in the alpha chain.", "PMID": 518845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12386", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Overlapping sequences providing the complete sequence.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen has been determined. It contains 610 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 66,124. The chain has 10 methionines, and fragmentation with cyanogen bromide yields 11 peptides [Doolittle, R.F., Cassman, K.G., Cottrell, B.A., Friezner, S.J., Hucko, J.T., & Takagi, T. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 1703]. The arrangement of the 11 fragments was determined by the isolation of peptide overlaps from plasmic and staphylococcal protease digests of fibrinogen and/or alpha chains. In addition, certain of the cyanogen bromide fragments, preliminary reports of whose sequences have appeared previously, have been reexamined in order to resolve several discrepancies. The alpha chain is homologous with the beta and gamma chains of fibrinogen, although a large repetitive segment of unusual composition is absent from the latter two chains. The existence of this unusual segment divides the sequence of the alpha chain into three zones of about 200 residues each that are readily distinguishable on the basis of amino acid composition alone.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Overlapping sequences providing the complete sequence. The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen has been determined. It contains 610 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 66,124. The chain has 10 methionines, and fragmentation with cyanogen bromide yields 11 peptides [Doolittle, R.F., Cassman, K.G., Cottrell, B.A., Friezner, S.J., Hucko, J.T., & Takagi, T. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 1703]. The arrangement of the 11 fragments was determined by the isolation of peptide overlaps from plasmic and staphylococcal protease digests of fibrinogen and/or alpha chains. In addition, certain of the cyanogen bromide fragments, preliminary reports of whose sequences have appeared previously, have been reexamined in order to resolve several discrepancies. The alpha chain is homologous with the beta and gamma chains of fibrinogen, although a large repetitive segment of unusual composition is absent from the latter two chains. The existence of this unusual segment divides the sequence of the alpha chain into three zones of about 200 residues each that are readily distinguishable on the basis of amino acid composition alone.", "PMID": 518846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12387", "title": "Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of rhodopsin-phospholipid interactions.", "content": "Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectra of rhodopsin-phospholipid membrane vesicles and sonicated disk membranes are presented and discussed. The presence of rhodopsin in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles results in homogeneous broadening of the methylene and methyl resonances. This effect is enhanced with increasing  rhodopsin content and decreased by increasing temperature. The proton NMR data indicate the phospholipid molecules exchange rapidly (less than 10(-3) s) between the bulk membrane lipid and the lipid in the immediate proximity of the rhodopsin. These interactions result in a reduction in either or both the frequency and amplitude of the tilting motion of the acyl chains. The 13C NMR spectra identify the acyl chains and the glycerol backbone as the major sites of protein lipid interaction. In the disk membranes the saturated sn-1 acyl chain is significantly more strongly immobilized than the polyunsaturated sn-2 acyl chain. This suggest a membrane model in which the lipid molecules preferentially solvate the protein with the sn-1 chain, which we term an edge-on orientation. The NMR data on rhodopsin-asolectin membrane vesicles demonstrate that the lipid composition is not altered during reconstitution of the membranes from purified rhodopsin and lipids in detergent.", "contents": "Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of rhodopsin-phospholipid interactions. Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectra of rhodopsin-phospholipid membrane vesicles and sonicated disk membranes are presented and discussed. The presence of rhodopsin in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles results in homogeneous broadening of the methylene and methyl resonances. This effect is enhanced with increasing  rhodopsin content and decreased by increasing temperature. The proton NMR data indicate the phospholipid molecules exchange rapidly (less than 10(-3) s) between the bulk membrane lipid and the lipid in the immediate proximity of the rhodopsin. These interactions result in a reduction in either or both the frequency and amplitude of the tilting motion of the acyl chains. The 13C NMR spectra identify the acyl chains and the glycerol backbone as the major sites of protein lipid interaction. In the disk membranes the saturated sn-1 acyl chain is significantly more strongly immobilized than the polyunsaturated sn-2 acyl chain. This suggest a membrane model in which the lipid molecules preferentially solvate the protein with the sn-1 chain, which we term an edge-on orientation. The NMR data on rhodopsin-asolectin membrane vesicles demonstrate that the lipid composition is not altered during reconstitution of the membranes from purified rhodopsin and lipids in detergent.", "PMID": 518847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12388", "title": "Intramembrane positions of membrane-bound chromophores determined by excitation energy transfer.", "content": "A detailed theory has been derived to evaluate the efficiency of nonradiative transfer of electronic excitation energy between nonassociated membrane-bound chromophores. Two different approaches are presented and shown to lead to identical numerical results. In the first of these the efficiency of transfer is computed from the decay with time of the donor excited state. In the second approach, the efficiency is calculated directly, demonstrating that to a high degree of accuracy the array of acceptors can be represented as consisting of a single nearest acceptor plus a continuum of secondary acceptors. A general expression is derived for the dipole-dipole orientation factor as a function of the position of an acceptor. It is shown that, by invoking the range of orientations that must be present at the very least in a particular case, the expected values of transfer efficiency may be limited to a relatively narrow band of uncertainty about those predicted for total randomization. In the limit of total randomization, the theory reduces to functions of but two dimensionless parameters: an effective number of acceptors and a normalized distance of closest approach, a parameter which in turn is a function of an excluded surface area and the depth in the membrane of a donor relative to that of an acceptor. Finally, data analysis procedures are presented whereby one can determine the surface density of acceptors for a known geometry or, alternatively, determine the distance of closest approach for known surface densities.", "contents": "Intramembrane positions of membrane-bound chromophores determined by excitation energy transfer. A detailed theory has been derived to evaluate the efficiency of nonradiative transfer of electronic excitation energy between nonassociated membrane-bound chromophores. Two different approaches are presented and shown to lead to identical numerical results. In the first of these the efficiency of transfer is computed from the decay with time of the donor excited state. In the second approach, the efficiency is calculated directly, demonstrating that to a high degree of accuracy the array of acceptors can be represented as consisting of a single nearest acceptor plus a continuum of secondary acceptors. A general expression is derived for the dipole-dipole orientation factor as a function of the position of an acceptor. It is shown that, by invoking the range of orientations that must be present at the very least in a particular case, the expected values of transfer efficiency may be limited to a relatively narrow band of uncertainty about those predicted for total randomization. In the limit of total randomization, the theory reduces to functions of but two dimensionless parameters: an effective number of acceptors and a normalized distance of closest approach, a parameter which in turn is a function of an excluded surface area and the depth in the membrane of a donor relative to that of an acceptor. Finally, data analysis procedures are presented whereby one can determine the surface density of acceptors for a known geometry or, alternatively, determine the distance of closest approach for known surface densities.", "PMID": 518848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12389", "title": "Intramembrane position of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in membrane-bound cytochrome b5.", "content": "We have developed a method to measure the intramembrane position of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in whole cytochrome b5 and the nonpolar membrane binding segment when these molecules are bound to phospholipid vesicles [Koppel, D.E., Fleming, P., & Strittmatter, P. (1979) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The method utilizes excitation energy transfer from the donor tryptophanyl residue in the protein to trinitrophenyl or danysl acceptor groups on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. It was determined that that single fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in vesicle-bound cytochrome b5 and the nonpolar segment is located approximately 20-22 A below the surface of the bilayer. This position represents a minimum depth of penetration of this portion of the cytochrome in the membrane.", "contents": "Intramembrane position of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in membrane-bound cytochrome b5. We have developed a method to measure the intramembrane position of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in whole cytochrome b5 and the nonpolar membrane binding segment when these molecules are bound to phospholipid vesicles [Koppel, D.E., Fleming, P., & Strittmatter, P. (1979) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The method utilizes excitation energy transfer from the donor tryptophanyl residue in the protein to trinitrophenyl or danysl acceptor groups on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. It was determined that that single fluorescent tryptophanyl residue in vesicle-bound cytochrome b5 and the nonpolar segment is located approximately 20-22 A below the surface of the bilayer. This position represents a minimum depth of penetration of this portion of the cytochrome in the membrane.", "PMID": 518849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12390", "title": "Equilibrium binding of [3H]tubocurarine and [3H]acetylcholine by Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: stoichiometry and ligand interactions.", "content": "Studies are presented of the equilibrium binding of [3H]-d-tubocurarine (dTC) and [3H]acetylcholine (AcCh) to Torpedo postsynaptic membranes. The saturable binding of [3H]dTC is characterized by two affinities: Kd1 = 33 +/- 6 nM and Kd2 = 7.7 +/- 4.6 microM, with equal numbers of binding sites. Both components are completely inhibited by pretreatment with excess alpha-bungarotoxin or 100 microM nonradioactive dTC and competitively inhibited by carbamylcholine with a KI = 100 nM, but not affected by the local anesthetics dimethisoquin, proadifen, and meproadifen. The biphasic nature of [3H]dTC binding was unaltered in solutions of low ionic strength and by preparation of Torpedo membranes in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide, a treatment which yields dimeric AcCJ receptors. dTC competitively inhibits the binding of [3H]AcCH and decreases the fluorescence of 1-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)ethane-2-trimethylammonium (Dns-Chol) in a manner quantitatively consistent with its directly measured binding properties. It decreases the initial rate of 3H-labeled Naja nigricollis alpha-toxin binding by 50% at 60 nM with an apparent Hill coefficient of 0.58. The stoichiometry of total dTC, AcCh, and alpha-neurotoxin binding sites in Torpedo membranes was determined by radiochemical techniques and by a novel fluorescence assay utilizing Dns-Chol as an indicator, yielding ratios of 0.9 +/- 0.1:0.9 +/- 0.2:1, respectively. The biphasic equilibrium binding function is not unique to dTC since other ligands inhibited [3h]acCh binding in a biphasic manner with apparent inhibition constants as follows: gallamine triethiodide (K11 = 2 microM, K12 = 1 mM); Me2dTC (K11 = 500 nM, K12 = 10 microM); decamethonium (K11 = 100 nM, K12 = 1.6 microM). Carbamylcholine, however, inhibited [3H]AcCh binding with a single KI = 100 nM. The observed competition between those ligands and [3H] AcCh cannot be completely accounted for by competitive interaction with two different affinities, and the deviations are discussed in terms of the positive cooperativity of the [3H] AcCh binding function itself. It is concluded that dTC binds only to the AcCh sites in Torpedo membranes and that those sites display two affinities for dTC but only one for AcCh.", "contents": "Equilibrium binding of [3H]tubocurarine and [3H]acetylcholine by Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: stoichiometry and ligand interactions. Studies are presented of the equilibrium binding of [3H]-d-tubocurarine (dTC) and [3H]acetylcholine (AcCh) to Torpedo postsynaptic membranes. The saturable binding of [3H]dTC is characterized by two affinities: Kd1 = 33 +/- 6 nM and Kd2 = 7.7 +/- 4.6 microM, with equal numbers of binding sites. Both components are completely inhibited by pretreatment with excess alpha-bungarotoxin or 100 microM nonradioactive dTC and competitively inhibited by carbamylcholine with a KI = 100 nM, but not affected by the local anesthetics dimethisoquin, proadifen, and meproadifen. The biphasic nature of [3H]dTC binding was unaltered in solutions of low ionic strength and by preparation of Torpedo membranes in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide, a treatment which yields dimeric AcCJ receptors. dTC competitively inhibits the binding of [3H]AcCH and decreases the fluorescence of 1-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)ethane-2-trimethylammonium (Dns-Chol) in a manner quantitatively consistent with its directly measured binding properties. It decreases the initial rate of 3H-labeled Naja nigricollis alpha-toxin binding by 50% at 60 nM with an apparent Hill coefficient of 0.58. The stoichiometry of total dTC, AcCh, and alpha-neurotoxin binding sites in Torpedo membranes was determined by radiochemical techniques and by a novel fluorescence assay utilizing Dns-Chol as an indicator, yielding ratios of 0.9 +/- 0.1:0.9 +/- 0.2:1, respectively. The biphasic equilibrium binding function is not unique to dTC since other ligands inhibited [3h]acCh binding in a biphasic manner with apparent inhibition constants as follows: gallamine triethiodide (K11 = 2 microM, K12 = 1 mM); Me2dTC (K11 = 500 nM, K12 = 10 microM); decamethonium (K11 = 100 nM, K12 = 1.6 microM). Carbamylcholine, however, inhibited [3H]AcCh binding with a single KI = 100 nM. The observed competition between those ligands and [3H] AcCh cannot be completely accounted for by competitive interaction with two different affinities, and the deviations are discussed in terms of the positive cooperativity of the [3H] AcCh binding function itself. It is concluded that dTC binds only to the AcCh sites in Torpedo membranes and that those sites display two affinities for dTC but only one for AcCh.", "PMID": 518850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12391", "title": "Hybrid glycosaminoglycans synthesized by monolayers of chick embryo arterial fibroblasts.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of arterial fibroblasts from 13-day chick embryonic aorta incorporated 35SO42- into glycosaminoglycans containing both glucuronic and iduronic acids. Bacterial chondroitinase ABC converted more than 98% of the 35SO4-labeled polymer to mono- or disaccharides, including (1) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate, (2) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid 2- or 3-sulfate leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate, and (3) the unsaturated disaccharides normally obtained from chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate sequences. Chondroitinase AC converted only 77% of the 35SO4-labeled polymer to the same mono- and disaccharides and yielded, in addition, the following oligosaccharide products: (1) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4- or 6-sulfate leads to iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6- or 4-sulfate; (2) N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate leads to iduronic acid 2- or 3-sulfate leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate; (3) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate leads to (iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate)2; (4) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4- or 6-sulfate leads to (iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6- or 4-sulfate)2; (5) higher oligosaccharides containing iduronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate.", "contents": "Hybrid glycosaminoglycans synthesized by monolayers of chick embryo arterial fibroblasts. Monolayer cultures of arterial fibroblasts from 13-day chick embryonic aorta incorporated 35SO42- into glycosaminoglycans containing both glucuronic and iduronic acids. Bacterial chondroitinase ABC converted more than 98% of the 35SO4-labeled polymer to mono- or disaccharides, including (1) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate, (2) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid 2- or 3-sulfate leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate, and (3) the unsaturated disaccharides normally obtained from chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate sequences. Chondroitinase AC converted only 77% of the 35SO4-labeled polymer to the same mono- and disaccharides and yielded, in addition, the following oligosaccharide products: (1) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4- or 6-sulfate leads to iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6- or 4-sulfate; (2) N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate leads to iduronic acid 2- or 3-sulfate leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate; (3) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate leads to (iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate)2; (4) delta 4,5-glucuronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 4- or 6-sulfate leads to (iduronic acid leads to N-acetylgalactosamine 6- or 4-sulfate)2; (5) higher oligosaccharides containing iduronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate.", "PMID": 518851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12392", "title": "Gangliosides of human erythrocytes. A novel ganglioside with a unique N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosamine structure.", "content": "A novel ganglioside having both N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. Its structure was characterized by successive exoglycosidase treatment, methylation analysis, and direct-probe mass spectrometry of permethylated intact and desialylated glycolipid. The core structure of the ganglioside was found to be N-acetylgalactosaminyl paragloboside with sialosyl substitution by 2 leads to 3 linkage at the terminal GalNAc residue: NeuNAc alpha 2 leads to 3 GalNAc beta 1 leads to -3Gal beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc leads to Cer. The ganglioside was characterized by the presence of a ceramide with myristic acid as the major component.", "contents": "Gangliosides of human erythrocytes. A novel ganglioside with a unique N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosamine structure. A novel ganglioside having both N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. Its structure was characterized by successive exoglycosidase treatment, methylation analysis, and direct-probe mass spectrometry of permethylated intact and desialylated glycolipid. The core structure of the ganglioside was found to be N-acetylgalactosaminyl paragloboside with sialosyl substitution by 2 leads to 3 linkage at the terminal GalNAc residue: NeuNAc alpha 2 leads to 3 GalNAc beta 1 leads to -3Gal beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc leads to Cer. The ganglioside was characterized by the presence of a ceramide with myristic acid as the major component.", "PMID": 518853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12393", "title": "Affinity-directed cross-linking of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor polypeptides with photolabile alpha-bungarotoxin derivatives.", "content": "Photolabile derivatives of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin that retain specific binding to Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor have been utilized as structural probes of the receptor complex of polypeptide components in its membrane-associated form. The derivatized toxins contained aryl azide side chains poised to form covalent cross-links to both associated and adjacent polypeptides following toxin-receptor complex formation. The results demonstrate that, depending on the possible radius of extension of the photoactivated group from the parent toxin, either (1) both the polypeptide to which the toxin derivative binds and an adjacent polypeptide can be derivatized upon photolysis or (2) only the adjacent polypeptide is labeled. The results lend strong support to the notion that the nicotinic receptor from T. california is composed of a complex of different polypeptides.", "contents": "Affinity-directed cross-linking of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor polypeptides with photolabile alpha-bungarotoxin derivatives. Photolabile derivatives of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin that retain specific binding to Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor have been utilized as structural probes of the receptor complex of polypeptide components in its membrane-associated form. The derivatized toxins contained aryl azide side chains poised to form covalent cross-links to both associated and adjacent polypeptides following toxin-receptor complex formation. The results demonstrate that, depending on the possible radius of extension of the photoactivated group from the parent toxin, either (1) both the polypeptide to which the toxin derivative binds and an adjacent polypeptide can be derivatized upon photolysis or (2) only the adjacent polypeptide is labeled. The results lend strong support to the notion that the nicotinic receptor from T. california is composed of a complex of different polypeptides.", "PMID": 518854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12394", "title": "Reconstitution of lactic dehydrogenase. Noncovalent aggregation vs. reactivation. 2. Reactivation of irreversibly denatured aggregates.", "content": "Noncovalent aggregation is a side reaction in the process of reconstitution of oligomeric enzymes (e.g., lactic dehydrogenase) after preceding dissociation, denaturation, and deactivation. The aggregation product is of high molecular weight and composed of monomers which are trapped in a minium of conformational energy different from the one characterizing the native enzyme. This energy minimum is protected by a high activation energy of dissociation such that the aggregates are perfectly stable under nondenaturing conditions, and their degradation is provided only by applying strong denaturants, e.g., 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at neutral or acidic pH. The product of the slow redissolution process is the monomeric enzyme in its random configuration, which may be reactivated by diluting the denaturant under optimum conditions of reconstitution. The yield and the kinetics of reactivation of lactic dehydrogenase from pig skeletal muscle are not affected by the preceding aggregation-degradation cycle and are independent of different modes of aggregate formation (e.g., by renaturation at high enzyme concentration or heat aggregation). The kinetics of reactivation may be described by one single rate-determining bimolecular step with k2 = 3.9 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 at zero guanidine concentration. The reactivated enzyme consists of the native tetramer, characterized by enzymatic and physical properties identical with those observed for the enzyme in its initial native state.", "contents": "Reconstitution of lactic dehydrogenase. Noncovalent aggregation vs. reactivation. 2. Reactivation of irreversibly denatured aggregates. Noncovalent aggregation is a side reaction in the process of reconstitution of oligomeric enzymes (e.g., lactic dehydrogenase) after preceding dissociation, denaturation, and deactivation. The aggregation product is of high molecular weight and composed of monomers which are trapped in a minium of conformational energy different from the one characterizing the native enzyme. This energy minimum is protected by a high activation energy of dissociation such that the aggregates are perfectly stable under nondenaturing conditions, and their degradation is provided only by applying strong denaturants, e.g., 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at neutral or acidic pH. The product of the slow redissolution process is the monomeric enzyme in its random configuration, which may be reactivated by diluting the denaturant under optimum conditions of reconstitution. The yield and the kinetics of reactivation of lactic dehydrogenase from pig skeletal muscle are not affected by the preceding aggregation-degradation cycle and are independent of different modes of aggregate formation (e.g., by renaturation at high enzyme concentration or heat aggregation). The kinetics of reactivation may be described by one single rate-determining bimolecular step with k2 = 3.9 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 at zero guanidine concentration. The reactivated enzyme consists of the native tetramer, characterized by enzymatic and physical properties identical with those observed for the enzyme in its initial native state.", "PMID": 518856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12395", "title": "Conformations of dinucleoside phosphates in aqueous solution.", "content": "The conformations of dinucleoside phosphates have been reexamined by semiempirical potential energy calculations. Conformations I, II, and III, proposed by Lee & Tinoco [Lee, C. H., & Tinoco, I., Jr. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 5403], are possible species after refinement of their structures by potential energy minimization. These three conformers can represent three types of dinucleoside phosphate species in solution. Dhingra et al. [Dhingra, M. M., Sarma, R. H., Giessner-Prettre, C., & Pullman, B. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5815] had concluded that conformations of type II and III were unlikely or impossible. They favored conformations g-g- (equivalent to I), g+g+,g+t, and tg+; the last three conformations have little stacking and are calculated to be energetically less favorable by more than 5 kcal/mol. Common structures of the types I, II, and III are found for dinucleoside phosphates with different purine-pyrimidine sequences. The sequence dependence of the potential energy of these three conformers has been calculated. The experimental nuclear magnetic resonance data of dinucleoside phosphates are consistent with these three conformations.", "contents": "Conformations of dinucleoside phosphates in aqueous solution. The conformations of dinucleoside phosphates have been reexamined by semiempirical potential energy calculations. Conformations I, II, and III, proposed by Lee & Tinoco [Lee, C. H., & Tinoco, I., Jr. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 5403], are possible species after refinement of their structures by potential energy minimization. These three conformers can represent three types of dinucleoside phosphate species in solution. Dhingra et al. [Dhingra, M. M., Sarma, R. H., Giessner-Prettre, C., & Pullman, B. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5815] had concluded that conformations of type II and III were unlikely or impossible. They favored conformations g-g- (equivalent to I), g+g+,g+t, and tg+; the last three conformations have little stacking and are calculated to be energetically less favorable by more than 5 kcal/mol. Common structures of the types I, II, and III are found for dinucleoside phosphates with different purine-pyrimidine sequences. The sequence dependence of the potential energy of these three conformers has been calculated. The experimental nuclear magnetic resonance data of dinucleoside phosphates are consistent with these three conformations.", "PMID": 518859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12396", "title": "Cloning of synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid that codes for embryonic cardiac myosin light-chain polypeptide.", "content": "Double-stranded complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) transcribed in vitro from a partially pure myosin light-chain messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of the chick embryonic heart was cloned in Escherichia coli strain chi 1776 by using the HindIII cleavage site in the plasmid pBR322. The insertion of essentially full length DNA was achieved by repeated selection of large-size cDNA transcripts. Of the 12 transformants that contained large-size DNA inserts, the clone pML10 insert was 950 base pairs in length, almost the same size as myosin light-chain mRNA (980 nucleosides). The clone pML10 was identified by hybridization with a highly pure cDNA probe and by hybrid-arrested translation assay. pML10 was further characterized by partial restriction enzyme mapping. The availability of a cloned DNA probe for myosin light-chain facilitates the analysis of the mechanism underlying the induction of cardiac muscle specific gene transcription in presumptive heart-forming cells of the chick blastoderm.", "contents": "Cloning of synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid that codes for embryonic cardiac myosin light-chain polypeptide. Double-stranded complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) transcribed in vitro from a partially pure myosin light-chain messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of the chick embryonic heart was cloned in Escherichia coli strain chi 1776 by using the HindIII cleavage site in the plasmid pBR322. The insertion of essentially full length DNA was achieved by repeated selection of large-size cDNA transcripts. Of the 12 transformants that contained large-size DNA inserts, the clone pML10 insert was 950 base pairs in length, almost the same size as myosin light-chain mRNA (980 nucleosides). The clone pML10 was identified by hybridization with a highly pure cDNA probe and by hybrid-arrested translation assay. pML10 was further characterized by partial restriction enzyme mapping. The availability of a cloned DNA probe for myosin light-chain facilitates the analysis of the mechanism underlying the induction of cardiac muscle specific gene transcription in presumptive heart-forming cells of the chick blastoderm.", "PMID": 518860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12397", "title": "Thermal stability and protein structure.", "content": "Amino acid sequences have been compared for thermophilic and mesophilic molecules of ferredoxin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase. It is shown that Gly, Ser, Ser, Lys, and Asp in mesophiles are generally substituted by Ala, Ala, Thr, Arg, and Glu, respectively, in thermophiles. These exchanges suggest that thermal stability can be achieved by the addition of many small changes throughout the molecule without significant change in the backbone conformation. Their overall effect is primarily to increase internal and decrease external hydrophobicity as well as to favor helix stabilizing residues in helices. These substitutions minimize interruption of function or internal residue packing arrangements. Although the analysis has been confined to the above-mentioned molecules, the observed stabilizing principles may be more generally applicable.", "contents": "Thermal stability and protein structure. Amino acid sequences have been compared for thermophilic and mesophilic molecules of ferredoxin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase. It is shown that Gly, Ser, Ser, Lys, and Asp in mesophiles are generally substituted by Ala, Ala, Thr, Arg, and Glu, respectively, in thermophiles. These exchanges suggest that thermal stability can be achieved by the addition of many small changes throughout the molecule without significant change in the backbone conformation. Their overall effect is primarily to increase internal and decrease external hydrophobicity as well as to favor helix stabilizing residues in helices. These substitutions minimize interruption of function or internal residue packing arrangements. Although the analysis has been confined to the above-mentioned molecules, the observed stabilizing principles may be more generally applicable.", "PMID": 518863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12398", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of a papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7. 1. Isolation and amino acid composition of fragments and of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides.", "content": "As a part of the overall strategy for determining the complete covalent structure of the papain-solubilized portion of the heavy chain of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7, the protein was dissected into various fragments by a combination of partial acid hydrolysis and cyanogen bromide cleavage. After purification by chromatographic procedures, these fragments have been used as a source for tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. Thirty-three major tryptic and twenty-two major chymotryptic peptides were purified in nanomole amounts and their amino acid compositions determined. These peptides account for the whole extent of the polypeptide chain with the exception of the amino-terminal CNBr pentapeptide. They provide the basis for the formal alignment of the acid cleavage and cyanogen bromide fragments of the molecule as well as the source material for the elucidation of the primary structure of the HLA-B7 heavy chain.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of a papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7. 1. Isolation and amino acid composition of fragments and of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. As a part of the overall strategy for determining the complete covalent structure of the papain-solubilized portion of the heavy chain of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B7, the protein was dissected into various fragments by a combination of partial acid hydrolysis and cyanogen bromide cleavage. After purification by chromatographic procedures, these fragments have been used as a source for tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. Thirty-three major tryptic and twenty-two major chymotryptic peptides were purified in nanomole amounts and their amino acid compositions determined. These peptides account for the whole extent of the polypeptide chain with the exception of the amino-terminal CNBr pentapeptide. They provide the basis for the formal alignment of the acid cleavage and cyanogen bromide fragments of the molecule as well as the source material for the elucidation of the primary structure of the HLA-B7 heavy chain.", "PMID": 518864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12399", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of a papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. 2. Sequence determination and search for homologies.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the papain-solubilized heavy chain of a human histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B7) has been elucidated. It consists of a polypeptide of 271 residues (31 333 daltons). A single glycan moiety is attached to an asparagine residue at position 86 by an N-glycosidic bond. Two intrachain disulfide bonds, arranged linearly, involve half-cystine residues at positions 101 and 164 and at positions 203 and 259. They form two loops of 62 and 55 residues, respectively, separated by 38 residues. Computer analysis of the sequence suggests the existence of internal homology between the amino-terminal portion (residues 1--90) and the region of the first disulfide loop (residues 91--180). There is a significant homology between the second disulfide loop region of the chain (residues 182-271) and immunoglobulin (Ig) constant domains and beta 2-microglobulin [Orr, H. T., Lancet, D., Robb, R. J., L\u00f3pez de Castro, J. A., & Strominger, J. L. (1979A) Nature (London) (in press)]. However, no such homology to Ig is apparent in the amino-terminal or in the first disulfide loop regions.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of a papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. 2. Sequence determination and search for homologies. The complete amino acid sequence of the papain-solubilized heavy chain of a human histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B7) has been elucidated. It consists of a polypeptide of 271 residues (31 333 daltons). A single glycan moiety is attached to an asparagine residue at position 86 by an N-glycosidic bond. Two intrachain disulfide bonds, arranged linearly, involve half-cystine residues at positions 101 and 164 and at positions 203 and 259. They form two loops of 62 and 55 residues, respectively, separated by 38 residues. Computer analysis of the sequence suggests the existence of internal homology between the amino-terminal portion (residues 1--90) and the region of the first disulfide loop (residues 91--180). There is a significant homology between the second disulfide loop region of the chain (residues 182-271) and immunoglobulin (Ig) constant domains and beta 2-microglobulin [Orr, H. T., Lancet, D., Robb, R. J., L\u00f3pez de Castro, J. A., & Strominger, J. L. (1979A) Nature (London) (in press)]. However, no such homology to Ig is apparent in the amino-terminal or in the first disulfide loop regions.", "PMID": 518865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12400", "title": "Effect of estrogen on ovalbumin gene expression in differentiated nontarget tissues.", "content": "By use of cloned DNA fragments as probes, low levels of ovalbumin RNA sequences (structural and intervening sequences) were detected in nuclear RNA extracts of nontarget tissues, such as liver, spleen, brain, and heart of chicks. The expression of the ovalbumin gene sequences was hormone dependent. In estrogen-stimulated chicks, a low level of ovalbumin RNA sequences, ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 molecule per cell, was present in nontarget tissues while less than 0.01 molecule per cell could be found in the same tissues of unstimulated chicks. A significant amount of the ovalbumin mRNA sequences was also found in polysomes of liver and brain. The ovalbumin mRNA sequences could be translated into proteins which were only localized in a few cells among the entire population of liver cells as determined by an immunocytochemical assay. These results suggest that there are some cells in liver, spleen, heart, and brain which can respond to hormone stimulation and produce ovalbumin mRNA and its translational product.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on ovalbumin gene expression in differentiated nontarget tissues. By use of cloned DNA fragments as probes, low levels of ovalbumin RNA sequences (structural and intervening sequences) were detected in nuclear RNA extracts of nontarget tissues, such as liver, spleen, brain, and heart of chicks. The expression of the ovalbumin gene sequences was hormone dependent. In estrogen-stimulated chicks, a low level of ovalbumin RNA sequences, ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 molecule per cell, was present in nontarget tissues while less than 0.01 molecule per cell could be found in the same tissues of unstimulated chicks. A significant amount of the ovalbumin mRNA sequences was also found in polysomes of liver and brain. The ovalbumin mRNA sequences could be translated into proteins which were only localized in a few cells among the entire population of liver cells as determined by an immunocytochemical assay. These results suggest that there are some cells in liver, spleen, heart, and brain which can respond to hormone stimulation and produce ovalbumin mRNA and its translational product.", "PMID": 518866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12401", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bovine plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor).", "content": "Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) has been purified from bovine plasma approximately 25 000-fold with an overall yield of 14%. Purification steps included ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography on heparin-agarose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex, benzamidine-agarose, and arginine methyl ester-agarose. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal sequence analysis. Bovine plasma prekallikrein is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 82 000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. It contains 12.9% carbohydrate, including 6.2% hexose, 4.5% N-acetylglucosamine, and 2.2% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Prekallikrein is a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal sequence of Gly-Cys-Leu-Thr-Gln-Leu-Tyr-His-Asn-Ile-Phe-Phe-Arg-Gly-Gly. This sequence is homologous to the amino-terminal sequence of human factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent). Both prekallikrein and kallikrein require kaolin to correct Fletcher factor deficient plasma. Kallikrein, however, has a specific activity 3.5 times greater than prekallikrein. Prekallikrein does not correct plasma deficient in factor XII (Hageman factor), factor XI, or high molecular weight kininogen (Fitzgerald factor).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bovine plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor). Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) has been purified from bovine plasma approximately 25 000-fold with an overall yield of 14%. Purification steps included ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography on heparin-agarose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex, benzamidine-agarose, and arginine methyl ester-agarose. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal sequence analysis. Bovine plasma prekallikrein is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 82 000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. It contains 12.9% carbohydrate, including 6.2% hexose, 4.5% N-acetylglucosamine, and 2.2% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Prekallikrein is a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal sequence of Gly-Cys-Leu-Thr-Gln-Leu-Tyr-His-Asn-Ile-Phe-Phe-Arg-Gly-Gly. This sequence is homologous to the amino-terminal sequence of human factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent). Both prekallikrein and kallikrein require kaolin to correct Fletcher factor deficient plasma. Kallikrein, however, has a specific activity 3.5 times greater than prekallikrein. Prekallikrein does not correct plasma deficient in factor XII (Hageman factor), factor XI, or high molecular weight kininogen (Fitzgerald factor).", "PMID": 518867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12402", "title": "Conformations and electronic structures of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine.", "content": "The conformations of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine have been examined by a molecular orbital method, PRDDO (partial retention of diatomic differential overlap). The angle theta of fold about the N...N line of the central ring is zero for the planar oxidized form, but a bend of theta = 10 degrees requires only 2 kcal/mol. On the other hand, the reduced form is nonplanar (theta approximately 15 degrees), and the barrier for reversal of this bend is 4 kcal/mol, comparable with that in simple amines. Molecular properties and reactivity are interpreted in terms of charge and orbital distributions, and localized molecular orbitals have been derived by the method of Boys.", "contents": "Conformations and electronic structures of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine. The conformations of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine have been examined by a molecular orbital method, PRDDO (partial retention of diatomic differential overlap). The angle theta of fold about the N...N line of the central ring is zero for the planar oxidized form, but a bend of theta = 10 degrees requires only 2 kcal/mol. On the other hand, the reduced form is nonplanar (theta approximately 15 degrees), and the barrier for reversal of this bend is 4 kcal/mol, comparable with that in simple amines. Molecular properties and reactivity are interpreted in terms of charge and orbital distributions, and localized molecular orbitals have been derived by the method of Boys.", "PMID": 518869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12403", "title": "Spin equilibrium and quaternary structure change in hemoglobin A. Experiments on a quantitative probe of the stereochemical mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity.", "content": "The molecular mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity was studied kinetically by flash photolysis on mixed-state hemoglobins which consist of three ferrous carboxy subunits and one hybrid ferric subunit including fluoromet, azidomet, cyanatomet, and thiocyanatomet. The effects of conformational transitions on the hybrid subunit were detected by kinetic absorption spectroscopy after the CO was fully photodissociated from the binding sites by a large pulse of light from a tunable dye laser. The hemoglobin conformational transition rate was observed to depend on its state of ligation. At 22 degrees C, pH 7, and 0.1 M phosphate, the deoxy R yields T conformational change rate is 4 x 10(4)s-1. The rate decreases to 1.4 x 10(4)s-1 for singly ligated hemoglobin. The R yields T conformation change alters the energy separation between high- and low-spin states for azidomet, cyanatomet, and thiocyanatomet subunits by about 700, 300, and 300 cal/mol, respectively. There are two possible implications of this result: (1) the iron atom spin state is not the only major factor in the determination of its position with respect to the heme plane or (2) the change with conformation of the protein force exerted by the proximal histidine on the iron atom (for an iron to heme-plane displacement of less than 0.3 A) is less than 50% of that expected from simple models in which this motion is responsible for cooperativity.", "contents": "Spin equilibrium and quaternary structure change in hemoglobin A. Experiments on a quantitative probe of the stereochemical mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity. The molecular mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity was studied kinetically by flash photolysis on mixed-state hemoglobins which consist of three ferrous carboxy subunits and one hybrid ferric subunit including fluoromet, azidomet, cyanatomet, and thiocyanatomet. The effects of conformational transitions on the hybrid subunit were detected by kinetic absorption spectroscopy after the CO was fully photodissociated from the binding sites by a large pulse of light from a tunable dye laser. The hemoglobin conformational transition rate was observed to depend on its state of ligation. At 22 degrees C, pH 7, and 0.1 M phosphate, the deoxy R yields T conformational change rate is 4 x 10(4)s-1. The rate decreases to 1.4 x 10(4)s-1 for singly ligated hemoglobin. The R yields T conformation change alters the energy separation between high- and low-spin states for azidomet, cyanatomet, and thiocyanatomet subunits by about 700, 300, and 300 cal/mol, respectively. There are two possible implications of this result: (1) the iron atom spin state is not the only major factor in the determination of its position with respect to the heme plane or (2) the change with conformation of the protein force exerted by the proximal histidine on the iron atom (for an iron to heme-plane displacement of less than 0.3 A) is less than 50% of that expected from simple models in which this motion is responsible for cooperativity.", "PMID": 518870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12404", "title": "Decarboxylation of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin.", "content": "Bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin undergo decarboxylation of their gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues when the lyophilized proteins are heated in vacuo at 110 degrees C for several hours. The fully decarboxylated fragment 1 product has lost its barium-binding ability as well as the calcium-binding function which causes fluorescence quenching in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+. There is no sign of secondary structure alteration in solution upon analysis by fluorescence emission and circular dichroic spectroscopy. A family of partially decarboxylated fragment 1 species generated by heating for shorter periods shows that the initial decrease in calcium-binding ability occurs almost twice as rapidly as the loss of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. This is consistent with the idea that differential functions can be ascribed to the 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in fragment 1, including both high- and low-affinity metal ion binding sites. Prothrombin itself also undergoes total decarboxylation without any apparent alteration in secondary structure. However, in this case the latent thrombin activity is progressively diminished during the heating process in terms of both clotting activity and hydrolysis of the amide substrate H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA. The present results indicate that in vitro decarboxylation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in dried proteins is useful for analyzing the detailed calcium-binding proteins of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors.", "contents": "Decarboxylation of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin. Bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin undergo decarboxylation of their gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues when the lyophilized proteins are heated in vacuo at 110 degrees C for several hours. The fully decarboxylated fragment 1 product has lost its barium-binding ability as well as the calcium-binding function which causes fluorescence quenching in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+. There is no sign of secondary structure alteration in solution upon analysis by fluorescence emission and circular dichroic spectroscopy. A family of partially decarboxylated fragment 1 species generated by heating for shorter periods shows that the initial decrease in calcium-binding ability occurs almost twice as rapidly as the loss of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. This is consistent with the idea that differential functions can be ascribed to the 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in fragment 1, including both high- and low-affinity metal ion binding sites. Prothrombin itself also undergoes total decarboxylation without any apparent alteration in secondary structure. However, in this case the latent thrombin activity is progressively diminished during the heating process in terms of both clotting activity and hydrolysis of the amide substrate H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA. The present results indicate that in vitro decarboxylation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in dried proteins is useful for analyzing the detailed calcium-binding proteins of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors.", "PMID": 518871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12405", "title": "Interaction of local anesthetics with Torpedo californica membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "The effects of local anesthetics on the rate of the agonist-induced increase in ligand affinity of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica were examined. The rate of the transition in receptor affinity was determined by following the time-dependent increase in inhibition of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin binding caused by 1 microM carbamylcholine. At concentrations below those that directly inhibited the binding of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin, dibucaine increased the rate of the transition to a high-affinity state and tetracaine decreased this rate. The measured rate constants were 0.026 +/- 0.008 s-1 in the presence and 0.010 +/- 0.002 s-1 in the absence of dibucaine while tetracaine decreased the rate to 0.006 +/- 0.002 s-1 as compared to a control value of 0.012 +/- 0.003 s-1. A parallel was observed between the effectiveness of a compound in increasing or decreasing the rate of the agonist-induced transition in affinity and the change in its apparent inhibition constant in the presence of carbamylcholine (increase or decrease) measured by the displacement of tritiated perhydrohistrionicotoxin. This parallel could be explained by assuming (a) that local anesthetics bound directly to the specific histrionicotoxin binding site or (b) that they bound to a different site and the observed effects were caused by conformational changes.", "contents": "Interaction of local anesthetics with Torpedo californica membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor. The effects of local anesthetics on the rate of the agonist-induced increase in ligand affinity of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica were examined. The rate of the transition in receptor affinity was determined by following the time-dependent increase in inhibition of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin binding caused by 1 microM carbamylcholine. At concentrations below those that directly inhibited the binding of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin, dibucaine increased the rate of the transition to a high-affinity state and tetracaine decreased this rate. The measured rate constants were 0.026 +/- 0.008 s-1 in the presence and 0.010 +/- 0.002 s-1 in the absence of dibucaine while tetracaine decreased the rate to 0.006 +/- 0.002 s-1 as compared to a control value of 0.012 +/- 0.003 s-1. A parallel was observed between the effectiveness of a compound in increasing or decreasing the rate of the agonist-induced transition in affinity and the change in its apparent inhibition constant in the presence of carbamylcholine (increase or decrease) measured by the displacement of tritiated perhydrohistrionicotoxin. This parallel could be explained by assuming (a) that local anesthetics bound directly to the specific histrionicotoxin binding site or (b) that they bound to a different site and the observed effects were caused by conformational changes.", "PMID": 518874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12406", "title": "Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Determination of phospholipid head group organization by deuterium and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "Phospholipid head group conformations in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), DPPC-cholesterol, and DPPE-cholesterol dispersions, in excess water above the pure lipid gel to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature, have been calculated by using comparisons between experimental 2H and 31 P NMR spectral parameters and theoretical results obtained from a plausible model of head group motions. The new calculations are compared with results obtained in previous studies [Seelig, J., Gally, H. U., & Wohlgemuth, R. (1977) Biochem, Biophys. Acta 467, 109--117; Brown, M. F. & Seelig, J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 381--384; Seelig, J., & Gally, H. U. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5199--5204] and are shown to agree qualitatively under certain highly restrictive conditions. Under more general conditions, it is shown that many possible solutions are generated but that these may often be separated into a small number of likely conformations in which the head group torsion angles are restricted to specific ranges rather than to a discrete set of values. There is no NMR evidence, however, to support the notion that there are only single conformational solutions to the NMR measurements for the above phospholipid systems.", "contents": "Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Determination of phospholipid head group organization by deuterium and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phospholipid head group conformations in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), DPPC-cholesterol, and DPPE-cholesterol dispersions, in excess water above the pure lipid gel to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature, have been calculated by using comparisons between experimental 2H and 31 P NMR spectral parameters and theoretical results obtained from a plausible model of head group motions. The new calculations are compared with results obtained in previous studies [Seelig, J., Gally, H. U., & Wohlgemuth, R. (1977) Biochem, Biophys. Acta 467, 109--117; Brown, M. F. & Seelig, J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 381--384; Seelig, J., & Gally, H. U. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5199--5204] and are shown to agree qualitatively under certain highly restrictive conditions. Under more general conditions, it is shown that many possible solutions are generated but that these may often be separated into a small number of likely conformations in which the head group torsion angles are restricted to specific ranges rather than to a discrete set of values. There is no NMR evidence, however, to support the notion that there are only single conformational solutions to the NMR measurements for the above phospholipid systems.", "PMID": 518875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12407", "title": "Effect of ammonia on the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidative deamination of L-glutamate. The steady state.", "content": "Ammonia is known to inhibit the steady-state rate of oxidation of L-glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. We reported previously [Brown, A., Colen, A. H., & Fisher, H. F. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2031] kinetic evidence supporting the formation in the initial rapid phase of a complex which is composed of enzyme, reduced coenzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ammonia. We show here that the effects of ammonia on the steady-state reaction can be correlated with transient-state kinetic effects related to the concentration of that ammonia-containing complex. These results indicate the existence of alternate reaction pathways which become important at high ammonia concentrations. These new pathways provide an additional route for the release of NADPH from the enzyme surface. The expanded mechanism shows that the noncompetitive product inhibition by ammonia can occur without the simultaneous presence of ammonia and L-glutamate on the enzyme. This mechanism also accommodates the observed substrate inhibition by L-glutamate.", "contents": "Effect of ammonia on the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidative deamination of L-glutamate. The steady state. Ammonia is known to inhibit the steady-state rate of oxidation of L-glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. We reported previously [Brown, A., Colen, A. H., & Fisher, H. F. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2031] kinetic evidence supporting the formation in the initial rapid phase of a complex which is composed of enzyme, reduced coenzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ammonia. We show here that the effects of ammonia on the steady-state reaction can be correlated with transient-state kinetic effects related to the concentration of that ammonia-containing complex. These results indicate the existence of alternate reaction pathways which become important at high ammonia concentrations. These new pathways provide an additional route for the release of NADPH from the enzyme surface. The expanded mechanism shows that the noncompetitive product inhibition by ammonia can occur without the simultaneous presence of ammonia and L-glutamate on the enzyme. This mechanism also accommodates the observed substrate inhibition by L-glutamate.", "PMID": 518877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12408", "title": "Salt-induced conformational changes in skeletal myosin light chains, troponin-C, and parvalbumin.", "content": "Evidence for salt-induced changes in myosin light chains [dissociated by treatment with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)], troponin-C (TnC), and parvalbumin was obtained from chymotryptic digestion, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and difference absorption studies. High salt (0.6 M NaCl) protects the DTNB light chain from proteolysis, increases its alpha-helical content, and quenches the tryptophan fluorescence. These effects are similar to the changes induced by Ca2+ but smaller in magnitude. TnC is affected by monovalent cations in a similar manner. Changes in the alpha-helical content resemble the effect of Ca2+. The enhancement of tyrosine fluorescence reflects conformational changes in the Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites. The increase in the fluorescence of dansylaziridine-labeled TnC suggests perturbation of Ca2+-specific sites by salt. Cancellation of this effect by Mg2+ binding to the high-affinity sites is indicative of site-site interactions. In Whiting parvalbumin, salt-induced a perturbation of tryptophan absorption similar in nature to the Ca2+ effect.", "contents": "Salt-induced conformational changes in skeletal myosin light chains, troponin-C, and parvalbumin. Evidence for salt-induced changes in myosin light chains [dissociated by treatment with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)], troponin-C (TnC), and parvalbumin was obtained from chymotryptic digestion, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and difference absorption studies. High salt (0.6 M NaCl) protects the DTNB light chain from proteolysis, increases its alpha-helical content, and quenches the tryptophan fluorescence. These effects are similar to the changes induced by Ca2+ but smaller in magnitude. TnC is affected by monovalent cations in a similar manner. Changes in the alpha-helical content resemble the effect of Ca2+. The enhancement of tyrosine fluorescence reflects conformational changes in the Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites. The increase in the fluorescence of dansylaziridine-labeled TnC suggests perturbation of Ca2+-specific sites by salt. Cancellation of this effect by Mg2+ binding to the high-affinity sites is indicative of site-site interactions. In Whiting parvalbumin, salt-induced a perturbation of tryptophan absorption similar in nature to the Ca2+ effect.", "PMID": 518878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12409", "title": "Visible light-induced DNA crosslinks in cultured mouse and human cells.", "content": "Cool-white fluorescent light induces crosslinks in DNA when proliferating cells are exposed at 37 degrees C for 20 h to 4.6 J/m2/s in culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Using the Kohn alkaline elution technique, we now find that: 1. Increased light intensity increases DNA crosslinks. 2. The crosslinking is medium-mediated. 3. Oxygen enhances the crosslinking. 4. The extent of crosslinking is decreased at high cell density. 5. The crosslinks can be removed by digestion with proteinase K (0.02 to 0.50 mg/ml). 6. Human cell lines including those derived from adult prostate, fetal lung (IMR-90) and mixed fetal tissues are susceptible to light-induced crosslinks. 7. Crosslinkage is not decreased by addition of catalase to the medium and the effective wavelength is probably between 450 nm and 490 nm. From these results we conclude that the mechanism of light-induced crosslinks differs from that of light-induced chromatid breaks and that the major lesion observed is protein-DNA cross-linkage rather than DNA strand breaks.", "contents": "Visible light-induced DNA crosslinks in cultured mouse and human cells. Cool-white fluorescent light induces crosslinks in DNA when proliferating cells are exposed at 37 degrees C for 20 h to 4.6 J/m2/s in culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Using the Kohn alkaline elution technique, we now find that: 1. Increased light intensity increases DNA crosslinks. 2. The crosslinking is medium-mediated. 3. Oxygen enhances the crosslinking. 4. The extent of crosslinking is decreased at high cell density. 5. The crosslinks can be removed by digestion with proteinase K (0.02 to 0.50 mg/ml). 6. Human cell lines including those derived from adult prostate, fetal lung (IMR-90) and mixed fetal tissues are susceptible to light-induced crosslinks. 7. Crosslinkage is not decreased by addition of catalase to the medium and the effective wavelength is probably between 450 nm and 490 nm. From these results we conclude that the mechanism of light-induced crosslinks differs from that of light-induced chromatid breaks and that the major lesion observed is protein-DNA cross-linkage rather than DNA strand breaks.", "PMID": 518879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12410", "title": "Metabolism of O6-alkyldeoxyguanosines and their effect on removal of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA.", "content": "O6-Methyldeoxyguanosine and O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine are weak inhibitors (of approximately equal potency) of the removal of O6-methylguanine from methylated DNA by a rat liver enzyme in vitro. When administered to rats, O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine retarded the removal from liver DNA of the O6-methylguanine which had been produced by pretreatment with dimethylnitrosamine, but the effect was short lived. O6-Methyldeoxyguanosine was much less effective. When cells in culture were grown in a medium containing radioactive O6-methylguanine or O6-methyldeoxyguanosine there was negligible incorporation of the methylated base into DNA, but substantial conversion to guanine which was incorporated. When these substances were injected into rats after partial hepatectomy, a very small incorporation of O6-methylguanine into DNA apparently occurred. Both O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine and O6-methyldeoxyguanosine were dealkylated by rat liver extracts, but the methylated derivative was metabolized much more rapidly. O6-Methylguanosine and O6-ethylguanosine were also dealkylated by rat liver extracts, but the corresponding bases were not attacked. This reaction was probably carried out by the adenosine deaminase in the extracts because it could be prevented by addition of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor, and could also be effected by purified calf intestinal adenosine deaminase. The Km for the demethylation of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine by calf intestinal adenosine deaminase was comparable to that for adenosine, whereas the Km for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine was ten times greater. The V for O6-methyldeoxyguanosine was about 11% that for adenosine, but that for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine was only 0.3%. The higher Km and the slower V for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine may contribute to the slower dealkylation of this nucleoside by liver extracts and could account for its greater effect on slowing O6-methylguanine excision from DNA in vivo.", "contents": "Metabolism of O6-alkyldeoxyguanosines and their effect on removal of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA. O6-Methyldeoxyguanosine and O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine are weak inhibitors (of approximately equal potency) of the removal of O6-methylguanine from methylated DNA by a rat liver enzyme in vitro. When administered to rats, O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine retarded the removal from liver DNA of the O6-methylguanine which had been produced by pretreatment with dimethylnitrosamine, but the effect was short lived. O6-Methyldeoxyguanosine was much less effective. When cells in culture were grown in a medium containing radioactive O6-methylguanine or O6-methyldeoxyguanosine there was negligible incorporation of the methylated base into DNA, but substantial conversion to guanine which was incorporated. When these substances were injected into rats after partial hepatectomy, a very small incorporation of O6-methylguanine into DNA apparently occurred. Both O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine and O6-methyldeoxyguanosine were dealkylated by rat liver extracts, but the methylated derivative was metabolized much more rapidly. O6-Methylguanosine and O6-ethylguanosine were also dealkylated by rat liver extracts, but the corresponding bases were not attacked. This reaction was probably carried out by the adenosine deaminase in the extracts because it could be prevented by addition of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor, and could also be effected by purified calf intestinal adenosine deaminase. The Km for the demethylation of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine by calf intestinal adenosine deaminase was comparable to that for adenosine, whereas the Km for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine was ten times greater. The V for O6-methyldeoxyguanosine was about 11% that for adenosine, but that for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine was only 0.3%. The higher Km and the slower V for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine may contribute to the slower dealkylation of this nucleoside by liver extracts and could account for its greater effect on slowing O6-methylguanine excision from DNA in vivo.", "PMID": 518880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12411", "title": "RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activities in germ cells of developing rainbow trout testis.", "content": "Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process which sequentially generates several different germ cell types. These cell types from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis were separated by sedimentation in serum albumin gradients and characterized on the basis of their physical properties, chronological appearance, and protein synthesis. The rate of RNA synthesis, the types of RNA made, and the RNA polymerase activities present were determined for each cell type. The rate of RNA synthesis decreased from a high level in spermatogonia and spermatocytes to a low level in early spermatids and was absent in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa. Newly synthesized RNA in spermatogonia and spermatocytes consisted of a variety of molecular weight species, including 18 S and 28 S ribosomal RNAs. The synthesis of high molecular weight RNAs, especially ribosomal RNAs, decreased drastically in early spermatids, leading to the synthesis of only small molecular weight RNAs. RNA polymerase I and II were present in all cell types but the activities of both showed large decreases between spermatocytes and middle spermatids. Both RNA polymerase activities were almost absent from spermatozoa. The activities of RNA polymerase I and II from unfractionated testis cells at different stages of hormone-induced spermatogenesis were quantitated by fractionation of the solubilized extract on DEAE-cellulose. Both polymerases showed major decreases in activity which began near the chronological mid-point of development. For polymerase I the decrease in activity was over 400 fold, for polymerase II over 200 fold. The number of RNA polymerase II molecules per testis cell, quantitated by the binding of [3H]amanitin to cell extracts, also decreased markedly during spermatogenesis. The reduction in polymerase II activity was accompanied by a parallel 200-fold decrease in[3H]amanitin binding. The reduction in polymerase activity appears, therefore, to be due to an actual reduction in the cellular content of RNA polymerase II molecules. These results suggest that transcription in maturing testes is regulated, at least in part, by the concentrations of the RNA polymerases.", "contents": "RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activities in germ cells of developing rainbow trout testis. Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process which sequentially generates several different germ cell types. These cell types from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis were separated by sedimentation in serum albumin gradients and characterized on the basis of their physical properties, chronological appearance, and protein synthesis. The rate of RNA synthesis, the types of RNA made, and the RNA polymerase activities present were determined for each cell type. The rate of RNA synthesis decreased from a high level in spermatogonia and spermatocytes to a low level in early spermatids and was absent in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa. Newly synthesized RNA in spermatogonia and spermatocytes consisted of a variety of molecular weight species, including 18 S and 28 S ribosomal RNAs. The synthesis of high molecular weight RNAs, especially ribosomal RNAs, decreased drastically in early spermatids, leading to the synthesis of only small molecular weight RNAs. RNA polymerase I and II were present in all cell types but the activities of both showed large decreases between spermatocytes and middle spermatids. Both RNA polymerase activities were almost absent from spermatozoa. The activities of RNA polymerase I and II from unfractionated testis cells at different stages of hormone-induced spermatogenesis were quantitated by fractionation of the solubilized extract on DEAE-cellulose. Both polymerases showed major decreases in activity which began near the chronological mid-point of development. For polymerase I the decrease in activity was over 400 fold, for polymerase II over 200 fold. The number of RNA polymerase II molecules per testis cell, quantitated by the binding of [3H]amanitin to cell extracts, also decreased markedly during spermatogenesis. The reduction in polymerase II activity was accompanied by a parallel 200-fold decrease in[3H]amanitin binding. The reduction in polymerase activity appears, therefore, to be due to an actual reduction in the cellular content of RNA polymerase II molecules. These results suggest that transcription in maturing testes is regulated, at least in part, by the concentrations of the RNA polymerases.", "PMID": 518881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12412", "title": "Initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. The multiple functions of the initiation factor eIF-3.", "content": "The protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-3 (a multicomponent protein complex) was labelled with 32P by phosphorylation with a protein kinase present in a partially purified 'hemin-controlled repressor' preparation. The interaction of the labelled factor with the 40 S ribosomal subunit during the course of initiation was followed. It binds to the 40 S subunit in the absence of other initiation factors and inhibits the Mg2+-dependent reassociation of the 40 S with the 60 S ribosomal subunit. It stimulates the binding of the ternary complex (eIF-2, GTP, Met-tRNAf) to the 40 S subunit, and earlier work (Trachsel, H., Schreier, M.H., Erni, B. and Staehelin, T. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 116, 745-767) also showed it to be essential for the subsequent binding of mRNA. The factor is released from the 40 S initiation complex during the 60 S subunit joining reaction.", "contents": "Initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. The multiple functions of the initiation factor eIF-3. The protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-3 (a multicomponent protein complex) was labelled with 32P by phosphorylation with a protein kinase present in a partially purified 'hemin-controlled repressor' preparation. The interaction of the labelled factor with the 40 S ribosomal subunit during the course of initiation was followed. It binds to the 40 S subunit in the absence of other initiation factors and inhibits the Mg2+-dependent reassociation of the 40 S with the 60 S ribosomal subunit. It stimulates the binding of the ternary complex (eIF-2, GTP, Met-tRNAf) to the 40 S subunit, and earlier work (Trachsel, H., Schreier, M.H., Erni, B. and Staehelin, T. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 116, 745-767) also showed it to be essential for the subsequent binding of mRNA. The factor is released from the 40 S initiation complex during the 60 S subunit joining reaction.", "PMID": 518882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12413", "title": "Chromosome diminution in Ascaris suum. Two-fold increase of nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios during development.", "content": "The swine intestinal nematode, Ascaris suum, eliminates chromatin material from its primordial somatic cells during early embryogenesis. A technique for isolation of nuclei from pre- and post-diminution stage embryos has been developed and these isolated nuclei were used in investigations of nuclear events during diminution. The amount of DNA per nucleus determined by diphenylamine assays and isotope dilutions was 0.66 pg and 0.29 pg in pre- and post-diminution nuclei, respectively. Thus, A. suum loses 56% of its nuclear DNA during diminution. The loss of nuclear DNA enabled in vivo examination of histone to DNA ratios as a function of changes in DNA quantities. Ascaris histones were identified by acid extractability and tryptic fingerprint comparison with rat liver histones. Measurement of histone quantities was accomplished using linearity of Coomassie blue binding to histones separated in dodecyl sulfate gels. Ascaris nucleosomal histones levels were relatively constant in pre- and post-diminution nuclei. However, nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios approximately doubled during diminution.", "contents": "Chromosome diminution in Ascaris suum. Two-fold increase of nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios during development. The swine intestinal nematode, Ascaris suum, eliminates chromatin material from its primordial somatic cells during early embryogenesis. A technique for isolation of nuclei from pre- and post-diminution stage embryos has been developed and these isolated nuclei were used in investigations of nuclear events during diminution. The amount of DNA per nucleus determined by diphenylamine assays and isotope dilutions was 0.66 pg and 0.29 pg in pre- and post-diminution nuclei, respectively. Thus, A. suum loses 56% of its nuclear DNA during diminution. The loss of nuclear DNA enabled in vivo examination of histone to DNA ratios as a function of changes in DNA quantities. Ascaris histones were identified by acid extractability and tryptic fingerprint comparison with rat liver histones. Measurement of histone quantities was accomplished using linearity of Coomassie blue binding to histones separated in dodecyl sulfate gels. Ascaris nucleosomal histones levels were relatively constant in pre- and post-diminution nuclei. However, nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios approximately doubled during diminution.", "PMID": 518883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12414", "title": "Nuclear protein kinase activities during the cell cycle of HeLa S3 cells.", "content": "To ascertain the activity and substrate specificity of nuclear protein kinases during various stages of the cell cycle of HeLa S3 cells, a nuclear phospho-protein-enriched sample was extracted from synchronised cells and assayed in vitro in the presence of homologous substrates. The nuclear protein kinases increased in activity during S and G2 phase to a level that was twice that of kinases from early S phase cells. The activity was reduced during mitosis but increased again in G1 phase. When the phosphoproteins were separated into five fractions by cellulose-phosphate chromatography each fraction, though not homogenous, exhibited differences in activity. Variations in the activity of the protein kinase fractions were observed during the cell cycle, similar to those observed for the unfractionated kinases. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteins phosphorylated by each of the five kinase fractions demonstrated a substrate specificity. The fractions also exhibited some cell cycle stage-specific preference for substrates; kinases from G1 cells phosphorylated mainly high molecular weight polypeptides, whereas lower molecular weight species were phosphorylated by kinases from the S, G2 and mitotic stages of the cell cycle. Inhibition of DNA and histone synthesis by cytosine arabinoside had no effect on the activity or substrate specificity of S phase kinases. Some kinase fractions phosphorylated histones as well as non-histone chromosomal proteins and this phosphorylation was also cell cycle stage dependent. The presence of histones in the in vitro assay influenced the ability of some fractions to phosphorylate particular non-histone polypeptides; non-histone proteins also appeared to affect the in vitro phosphorylation of histones.", "contents": "Nuclear protein kinase activities during the cell cycle of HeLa S3 cells. To ascertain the activity and substrate specificity of nuclear protein kinases during various stages of the cell cycle of HeLa S3 cells, a nuclear phospho-protein-enriched sample was extracted from synchronised cells and assayed in vitro in the presence of homologous substrates. The nuclear protein kinases increased in activity during S and G2 phase to a level that was twice that of kinases from early S phase cells. The activity was reduced during mitosis but increased again in G1 phase. When the phosphoproteins were separated into five fractions by cellulose-phosphate chromatography each fraction, though not homogenous, exhibited differences in activity. Variations in the activity of the protein kinase fractions were observed during the cell cycle, similar to those observed for the unfractionated kinases. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteins phosphorylated by each of the five kinase fractions demonstrated a substrate specificity. The fractions also exhibited some cell cycle stage-specific preference for substrates; kinases from G1 cells phosphorylated mainly high molecular weight polypeptides, whereas lower molecular weight species were phosphorylated by kinases from the S, G2 and mitotic stages of the cell cycle. Inhibition of DNA and histone synthesis by cytosine arabinoside had no effect on the activity or substrate specificity of S phase kinases. Some kinase fractions phosphorylated histones as well as non-histone chromosomal proteins and this phosphorylation was also cell cycle stage dependent. The presence of histones in the in vitro assay influenced the ability of some fractions to phosphorylate particular non-histone polypeptides; non-histone proteins also appeared to affect the in vitro phosphorylation of histones.", "PMID": 518884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12415", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of albumin and transferrin by foetal rat hepatocyte cultures.", "content": "Hepatocytes derived from foetal rat liver synthesize and secrete albumin and transferrin when maintained in primary culture. These proteins are produced for at least seven days under the conditions of culture. Studies on hepatocyte cultures derived from 12, 13, 14, 15 and 19-day foetal rats show that the maximal cellular rate of secretion of both proteins increases about 50-fold over this period. The maximal rate of albumin secretion in all cultures is achieved after one day in culture and decreases in hepatocytes from early foetuses after the fourth to sixth day in culture. Transferrin secretion by hepatocytes from 12 to 15 day foetuses increases markedly during the second day of culture and is relatively constant thereafter. In contrast, secretion of transferrin by hepatocytes from 19-day foetuses is constant from the first day of culture. The results show that both albumin and transferrin are synthesized and secreted by the foetal liver as early as the twelfth day of gestation. The increase in the rate of transferrin secretion that occurs during culture of hepatocytes from 12 to 15 day foetuses may reflect the development of a secretory mechanism that is different from that for albumin.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of albumin and transferrin by foetal rat hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes derived from foetal rat liver synthesize and secrete albumin and transferrin when maintained in primary culture. These proteins are produced for at least seven days under the conditions of culture. Studies on hepatocyte cultures derived from 12, 13, 14, 15 and 19-day foetal rats show that the maximal cellular rate of secretion of both proteins increases about 50-fold over this period. The maximal rate of albumin secretion in all cultures is achieved after one day in culture and decreases in hepatocytes from early foetuses after the fourth to sixth day in culture. Transferrin secretion by hepatocytes from 12 to 15 day foetuses increases markedly during the second day of culture and is relatively constant thereafter. In contrast, secretion of transferrin by hepatocytes from 19-day foetuses is constant from the first day of culture. The results show that both albumin and transferrin are synthesized and secreted by the foetal liver as early as the twelfth day of gestation. The increase in the rate of transferrin secretion that occurs during culture of hepatocytes from 12 to 15 day foetuses may reflect the development of a secretory mechanism that is different from that for albumin.", "PMID": 518885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12416", "title": "Chromatin condensation. Possible dehydrating and stabilizing factors.", "content": "The effect of Na+, Mg2+, spermidine and spermine on the dehydration of chromatin gel and precipitation of soluble chromatin has been compared. Considerable differences have been found in the relative ratios within the studied group (Na+, Mg2+, spermidine and spermine) between the ability to dehydrate (1 : 32 : 53 : 67) and to precipitate (1 : 53 : 800 : 2000) chromatin. On the basis of the dependence of precipitation on initial chromatin concentration it has been suggested that the observed effect as contributed considerably by interparticle aggregation is a relatively good measure of the ability of cation to stabilize higher order structures of chromatin through direct crosslinking or induction of hydrophobic associations at selected sites. In contrary to that the method estimating the direct dehydration measures the overall dehydrating effect of a cation exerted on the whole chromatin. It has been suggested on the basis of the above comparative data that the in vivo regulation of the degree of overall chromatin hydration should occur through changes in concentration of free small inorganic cations. Larger organic polycations like polyamines should be mainly involved in stabilization of the higher order chromatin structures. The stabilizing role of large polyanions like RNA has been ruled out. It has also been found that the unwinding of chromatin DNA results in considerable chromatin hydration.", "contents": "Chromatin condensation. Possible dehydrating and stabilizing factors. The effect of Na+, Mg2+, spermidine and spermine on the dehydration of chromatin gel and precipitation of soluble chromatin has been compared. Considerable differences have been found in the relative ratios within the studied group (Na+, Mg2+, spermidine and spermine) between the ability to dehydrate (1 : 32 : 53 : 67) and to precipitate (1 : 53 : 800 : 2000) chromatin. On the basis of the dependence of precipitation on initial chromatin concentration it has been suggested that the observed effect as contributed considerably by interparticle aggregation is a relatively good measure of the ability of cation to stabilize higher order structures of chromatin through direct crosslinking or induction of hydrophobic associations at selected sites. In contrary to that the method estimating the direct dehydration measures the overall dehydrating effect of a cation exerted on the whole chromatin. It has been suggested on the basis of the above comparative data that the in vivo regulation of the degree of overall chromatin hydration should occur through changes in concentration of free small inorganic cations. Larger organic polycations like polyamines should be mainly involved in stabilization of the higher order chromatin structures. The stabilizing role of large polyanions like RNA has been ruled out. It has also been found that the unwinding of chromatin DNA results in considerable chromatin hydration.", "PMID": 518886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12417", "title": "The biosynthesis of nitrogenase MoFe protein polypeptides in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the constituent polypeptides of nitrogenase component I (Rj 1) in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was investigated under different growth conditions. Cells were pulse-labelled and the proteins analysed by one and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The positions of the constituent Rj 1 polypeptides were identified by co-electrophoresis with purified Rj 1 isolated from bacteroids of soybean nodules, and by comparison with an immunoprecipitate from a culture induced for nitrogenase. The synthesis of the proteins preceded any detectable enzyme activity and increased with time, reaching a maximum after 3 days. At this time, between 6 and 8% of the total sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble protein synthesized was Rj 1. Exposure to air led to a dramatic decrease in the rate of Rj 1 synthesis, with almost complete regression after 20 min. In the presence of KNO3, there was no nitrogenase activity, but the proteins were present in similar amounts (7%) as the control culture. When mannitol and glycerol were used as the sole carbon sources, the amount of Rj 1 synthesized was extremely low.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of nitrogenase MoFe protein polypeptides in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. The biosynthesis of the constituent polypeptides of nitrogenase component I (Rj 1) in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was investigated under different growth conditions. Cells were pulse-labelled and the proteins analysed by one and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The positions of the constituent Rj 1 polypeptides were identified by co-electrophoresis with purified Rj 1 isolated from bacteroids of soybean nodules, and by comparison with an immunoprecipitate from a culture induced for nitrogenase. The synthesis of the proteins preceded any detectable enzyme activity and increased with time, reaching a maximum after 3 days. At this time, between 6 and 8% of the total sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble protein synthesized was Rj 1. Exposure to air led to a dramatic decrease in the rate of Rj 1 synthesis, with almost complete regression after 20 min. In the presence of KNO3, there was no nitrogenase activity, but the proteins were present in similar amounts (7%) as the control culture. When mannitol and glycerol were used as the sole carbon sources, the amount of Rj 1 synthesized was extremely low.", "PMID": 518887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12418", "title": "9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl-8-n-butylaminoadenine, a C-8 substituted nucleoside in the anti conformation. Crystallographic and NMR studies.", "content": "The protein NMR spectrum of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-8-n-butylaminoadenine shows an unusually low-field 5'-hydroxyl proton resonance, which has been interpreted in terms of an anti glycosidic conformation together with an 05' ... N8 intramolecular hydrogen bond. Confirmatory evidence for this was obtained by an X-ray crystallographic study; in the crystal, the glycosidic angle chi is 52.7 degrees and the sugar pucker is C3' endo-C4' exo.", "contents": "9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl-8-n-butylaminoadenine, a C-8 substituted nucleoside in the anti conformation. Crystallographic and NMR studies. The protein NMR spectrum of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-8-n-butylaminoadenine shows an unusually low-field 5'-hydroxyl proton resonance, which has been interpreted in terms of an anti glycosidic conformation together with an 05' ... N8 intramolecular hydrogen bond. Confirmatory evidence for this was obtained by an X-ray crystallographic study; in the crystal, the glycosidic angle chi is 52.7 degrees and the sugar pucker is C3' endo-C4' exo.", "PMID": 518888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12419", "title": "Similar distributions of repaired sites in chromatin of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells damaged by ultraviolet light.", "content": "Excision repair of damage from ultraviolet light in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant fibroblasts at early times after irradiation occurred preferentially in regions of DNA accessible to micrococcal nuclease digestion. These regions are predominantly the linker regions between nucleosomes in chromatin. The alterations reported at polymerization and ligation steps of excision repair in the variant are therefore not associated with changes in the relative distributions of repair sites in linker and core particle regions of DNA.", "contents": "Similar distributions of repaired sites in chromatin of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells damaged by ultraviolet light. Excision repair of damage from ultraviolet light in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum variant fibroblasts at early times after irradiation occurred preferentially in regions of DNA accessible to micrococcal nuclease digestion. These regions are predominantly the linker regions between nucleosomes in chromatin. The alterations reported at polymerization and ligation steps of excision repair in the variant are therefore not associated with changes in the relative distributions of repair sites in linker and core particle regions of DNA.", "PMID": 518889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12420", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogs and thromboxane B2 by lung and liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits.", "content": "Liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits converted prostaglandins F2 alpha, E1, and E2 to their 20-hydroxy metabolites along with smaller amounts of the corresponding 19-hydroxy compounds. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 were also reduced to prostaglandins F1 alpha and F2 alpha, respectively, and prostaglandin E1 was isomerized to 8-isoprostaglandin E1. The above products were also identified after incubation of prostaglandins with liver microsomes from non-pregnant rabbits. In this case, the yield of 20-hydroxy metabolites was much lower. Thromboxane B2 and a number of prostaglandin F2 alpha analogs were also hydroxylated by lung and liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits. The relative rates of hydroxylation by lung microsomes were: prostaglandin E2 approximately prostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 13,14-didehydroprostaglandin F2 alpha greater than thromboxane B2 greater than 15-methylprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 17-phenyl-18,19,-20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately ent-13,14-didehydro-15-epiprostaglandin F2 alpha. Similar results were obtained with liver microsomes except that thromboxane B2 was a relatively poorer substrate for hydroxylation.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogs and thromboxane B2 by lung and liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits. Liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits converted prostaglandins F2 alpha, E1, and E2 to their 20-hydroxy metabolites along with smaller amounts of the corresponding 19-hydroxy compounds. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 were also reduced to prostaglandins F1 alpha and F2 alpha, respectively, and prostaglandin E1 was isomerized to 8-isoprostaglandin E1. The above products were also identified after incubation of prostaglandins with liver microsomes from non-pregnant rabbits. In this case, the yield of 20-hydroxy metabolites was much lower. Thromboxane B2 and a number of prostaglandin F2 alpha analogs were also hydroxylated by lung and liver microsomes from pregnant rabbits. The relative rates of hydroxylation by lung microsomes were: prostaglandin E2 approximately prostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 13,14-didehydroprostaglandin F2 alpha greater than thromboxane B2 greater than 15-methylprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately 17-phenyl-18,19,-20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha approximately ent-13,14-didehydro-15-epiprostaglandin F2 alpha. Similar results were obtained with liver microsomes except that thromboxane B2 was a relatively poorer substrate for hydroxylation.", "PMID": 518891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12421", "title": "Effect of even- and odd-numbered saturated fatty acids on glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver slices.", "content": "Effect of even- and odd-numbered saturated fatty acids, ranging from lauric to stearic acids, was studied on the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids in rat liver slices. For all fatty acids tested, a marked synthesis of saturated glycerolipids was observed except for phosphatidylethanolamine. When compared at the fixed concentration (2 mM), myristic acid caused a peak synthesis of saturated glycerolipids, and the presence of longer or shorter even- and odd-numbered fatty acids resulted in their lesser formation. The formation of saturated species of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine closely followed the mode of synthesis of saturated diacylglycerols, though dipentadecanoyl-and dipalmitoylglycerols appeared to be less converted to the corresponding saturated triacylglycerols in comparison to the other saturated diacylglycerols. Very little formation of saturated diacylglycerols occurred when lauric, tridecanoic and stearic acids were tested. The majority of lauric and tridecanoic acids incorporated into saturated diacylglycerols was shown to be chain-elongated prior to esterification.", "contents": "Effect of even- and odd-numbered saturated fatty acids on glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver slices. Effect of even- and odd-numbered saturated fatty acids, ranging from lauric to stearic acids, was studied on the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids in rat liver slices. For all fatty acids tested, a marked synthesis of saturated glycerolipids was observed except for phosphatidylethanolamine. When compared at the fixed concentration (2 mM), myristic acid caused a peak synthesis of saturated glycerolipids, and the presence of longer or shorter even- and odd-numbered fatty acids resulted in their lesser formation. The formation of saturated species of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine closely followed the mode of synthesis of saturated diacylglycerols, though dipentadecanoyl-and dipalmitoylglycerols appeared to be less converted to the corresponding saturated triacylglycerols in comparison to the other saturated diacylglycerols. Very little formation of saturated diacylglycerols occurred when lauric, tridecanoic and stearic acids were tested. The majority of lauric and tridecanoic acids incorporated into saturated diacylglycerols was shown to be chain-elongated prior to esterification.", "PMID": 518892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12422", "title": "Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in the intestines of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) fed marine zooplankton rich in wax esters.", "content": "Intestinal preparations from rainbow trout fed a diet rich in wax esters incorporated [1(-14)C]hexadecanoic acid and [1(-14)C]hexadecanol into triacylglycerols at the same rate. The ratio of the number of H atoms from C1 of hexadecanol to the number of molecules of hexadecanol incorporated into triacylglycerols was 1.6 : 3.0. [U-14C]Glucose was incorporated much faster into the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerols than was [U-14C]aspartic acid. We conclude that the oxidation of absorbed fatty alcohol to fatty acid and its subsequent incorporation into triacylglycerols is closely linked with the reductive formation of triacylglycerol-glycerol from glucose. The ability of trout intestines to metabolise fatty alcohol to triacylglycerols was the same in fish fed wax esters as in those fed triacylglycerols.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in the intestines of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) fed marine zooplankton rich in wax esters. Intestinal preparations from rainbow trout fed a diet rich in wax esters incorporated [1(-14)C]hexadecanoic acid and [1(-14)C]hexadecanol into triacylglycerols at the same rate. The ratio of the number of H atoms from C1 of hexadecanol to the number of molecules of hexadecanol incorporated into triacylglycerols was 1.6 : 3.0. [U-14C]Glucose was incorporated much faster into the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerols than was [U-14C]aspartic acid. We conclude that the oxidation of absorbed fatty alcohol to fatty acid and its subsequent incorporation into triacylglycerols is closely linked with the reductive formation of triacylglycerol-glycerol from glucose. The ability of trout intestines to metabolise fatty alcohol to triacylglycerols was the same in fish fed wax esters as in those fed triacylglycerols.", "PMID": 518893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12423", "title": "Decreased incorporation of L-[U-14C]serine into phosphatidylserine by polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis.", "content": "A decreased rate of L-[U-14C]serine incoroporation into phosphatidylserine of polymorphonuclear leukocytes exposed to starch granules was observed. L-[U-14C]serine uptake was also depressed under identical conditions. The degree of reduction in specific radioactivity of phosphatidylserine was parallel to that of L-[U-14C]serine uptake. Both uptake and efflux of 45Ca2+ were enhanced in cells with starch granules, but no significant change in cellular calcium levels was detected. These results suggest that the reduced L-[U-14C]serine incorporation into phospholipids may be attributable to decreased availability of this amino acid. The involvement of Ca2+ fluxes in phosphatidylserine synthesis in intact leukocytes cannot, however, be excluded.", "contents": "Decreased incorporation of L-[U-14C]serine into phosphatidylserine by polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis. A decreased rate of L-[U-14C]serine incoroporation into phosphatidylserine of polymorphonuclear leukocytes exposed to starch granules was observed. L-[U-14C]serine uptake was also depressed under identical conditions. The degree of reduction in specific radioactivity of phosphatidylserine was parallel to that of L-[U-14C]serine uptake. Both uptake and efflux of 45Ca2+ were enhanced in cells with starch granules, but no significant change in cellular calcium levels was detected. These results suggest that the reduced L-[U-14C]serine incorporation into phospholipids may be attributable to decreased availability of this amino acid. The involvement of Ca2+ fluxes in phosphatidylserine synthesis in intact leukocytes cannot, however, be excluded.", "PMID": 518895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12424", "title": "Identification of phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol in rat liver after administration of 1-aminopropane-2-ol.", "content": "Phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol has been detected in rat liver after intraperitoneal administration of 1-aminopropane-2-ol hydrochloride. The new glycerophospholipid was chromatographically identified by comparison with chemically and enzymatically synthesized phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol and by gas-liquid chromatography of the polar group as trifluoroacetyl derivative.", "contents": "Identification of phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol in rat liver after administration of 1-aminopropane-2-ol. Phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol has been detected in rat liver after intraperitoneal administration of 1-aminopropane-2-ol hydrochloride. The new glycerophospholipid was chromatographically identified by comparison with chemically and enzymatically synthesized phosphatidyl-1-aminopropane-2-ol and by gas-liquid chromatography of the polar group as trifluoroacetyl derivative.", "PMID": 518897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12425", "title": "Characterisation of cadmium-binding proteins from mussels, Mytilus edulis (L), exposed to cadmium.", "content": "Three Cd2+-binding proteins have been purified and partially characterised from the digestive gland of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis, after exposure to Cd2+. The major protein, which was judged to be pure on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed many of the characteristics of mammalian metallothionein; having a high -SH content, few aromatic amino acids and a high A250/A280 nm ratio which disappears on acidification. It also contains Zn and Cu, but differs in its higher apparent molecular weight of about 25 000 and high glycine content (12-19%). The two additional Cd2+-binding proteins had lower cysteine contents and different molar proportions of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+.", "contents": "Characterisation of cadmium-binding proteins from mussels, Mytilus edulis (L), exposed to cadmium. Three Cd2+-binding proteins have been purified and partially characterised from the digestive gland of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis, after exposure to Cd2+. The major protein, which was judged to be pure on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed many of the characteristics of mammalian metallothionein; having a high -SH content, few aromatic amino acids and a high A250/A280 nm ratio which disappears on acidification. It also contains Zn and Cu, but differs in its higher apparent molecular weight of about 25 000 and high glycine content (12-19%). The two additional Cd2+-binding proteins had lower cysteine contents and different molar proportions of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+.", "PMID": 518899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12426", "title": "The occurrence of cadmium in sub-cellular particles in the kidney of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, exposed to cadmium. The use of electron microprobe analysis.", "content": "In mussels (Mytilus edulis) chronically exposed to cadmium, 85% of the Cd2+ was found to be associated with membrane-limited granular structures when elemental analyses were carried out on cryo-sectioned tissue by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. These granules also contained high concentrations of sulphur and phosphorus as well as other metalions, including Ca2+, iron and Zn2+. In contrast, after homogenisation and fractionation by differential centrifugation, the major proportion of the Cd2+ was found in the cytoplasmic fraction. However, many lysosomes were also ruptured by this treatment. Gel filtration chromatography of this fraction indicated the presence of a Cd2+-binding component of similar molecular weight to the metallothionein purified from the digestive gland of the same animals. It is therefore proposed that metallothionein may be associated with particulate structures which would thus reduce its cellular toxicity.", "contents": "The occurrence of cadmium in sub-cellular particles in the kidney of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, exposed to cadmium. The use of electron microprobe analysis. In mussels (Mytilus edulis) chronically exposed to cadmium, 85% of the Cd2+ was found to be associated with membrane-limited granular structures when elemental analyses were carried out on cryo-sectioned tissue by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. These granules also contained high concentrations of sulphur and phosphorus as well as other metalions, including Ca2+, iron and Zn2+. In contrast, after homogenisation and fractionation by differential centrifugation, the major proportion of the Cd2+ was found in the cytoplasmic fraction. However, many lysosomes were also ruptured by this treatment. Gel filtration chromatography of this fraction indicated the presence of a Cd2+-binding component of similar molecular weight to the metallothionein purified from the digestive gland of the same animals. It is therefore proposed that metallothionein may be associated with particulate structures which would thus reduce its cellular toxicity.", "PMID": 518900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12427", "title": "High magnetic field M\u00f6ssbauer studies of deoxymyoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and synthetic analogues.", "content": "M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deoxymyoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and the synthetic analogues, iron (II) 2-methylimidazole meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, and iron (II) 1,2-dimethylimidazole meso-tetraphenylporphyrin have been observed in high magnetic fields and over a wide range of temperature. At temperatures greater than 20 K all materials exhibit remarkably similar spectra, with anisotropic internal magnetic fields decreasing as 1/T. All have negative quadrupole interaction, and both this and the magnetic anisotropy imply that the orbital of the odd electron is prolate in the ground quintet, with little unquenched orbital angular momentum. At 4.2 K the spectra differ, suggesting different detailed structure within the quintet. In contrast to the proteins, the 2-methyl model exhibits spectra at 4.2 K which imply that the lowest spin state has high susceptibility in a single direction.", "contents": "High magnetic field M\u00f6ssbauer studies of deoxymyoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and synthetic analogues. M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deoxymyoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and the synthetic analogues, iron (II) 2-methylimidazole meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, and iron (II) 1,2-dimethylimidazole meso-tetraphenylporphyrin have been observed in high magnetic fields and over a wide range of temperature. At temperatures greater than 20 K all materials exhibit remarkably similar spectra, with anisotropic internal magnetic fields decreasing as 1/T. All have negative quadrupole interaction, and both this and the magnetic anisotropy imply that the orbital of the odd electron is prolate in the ground quintet, with little unquenched orbital angular momentum. At 4.2 K the spectra differ, suggesting different detailed structure within the quintet. In contrast to the proteins, the 2-methyl model exhibits spectra at 4.2 K which imply that the lowest spin state has high susceptibility in a single direction.", "PMID": 518901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12428", "title": "Conformational studies on somatostatin. II. The C-terminal hexapeptide fragment.", "content": "The results of a conformational study on the C terminal hexapeptide of Somatostatin are presented. Semi-empirical energy calculations and high resolution NMR methods have been used to obtain information on the conformational properties of SRIF9-14 in [2H6]dimethylsulfoxide and 2H2O. It is concluded from the energy calculations that the peptide has an averaged conformation in which semi extended and folded structures are important. Only some of the folded conformations can explain the chemical shift differences between the amino acid residues Thr10 and Thr12 as a ring current shift by the Phe11 aromatic ring on Thr10. The nonequivalence is more pronounced in dimethyl-sulfoxide (0.23--0.15 ppm) where it decreases with increasing temperature towards the temperature independent value in 2H2O (0.03 ppm). This suggests that the folded conformations are somewhat predominant in dimethylsulfoxide solutions. In 2H2O the semi extended and folded structures are statistically equally important and the peptide is more flexible. A comparison with a study on the smaller fragments SRIF10-12 and SRIF10-13 which have similar conformational properties, demonstrates the usefulness of the fragment approach in conformational studies of peptides.", "contents": "Conformational studies on somatostatin. II. The C-terminal hexapeptide fragment. The results of a conformational study on the C terminal hexapeptide of Somatostatin are presented. Semi-empirical energy calculations and high resolution NMR methods have been used to obtain information on the conformational properties of SRIF9-14 in [2H6]dimethylsulfoxide and 2H2O. It is concluded from the energy calculations that the peptide has an averaged conformation in which semi extended and folded structures are important. Only some of the folded conformations can explain the chemical shift differences between the amino acid residues Thr10 and Thr12 as a ring current shift by the Phe11 aromatic ring on Thr10. The nonequivalence is more pronounced in dimethyl-sulfoxide (0.23--0.15 ppm) where it decreases with increasing temperature towards the temperature independent value in 2H2O (0.03 ppm). This suggests that the folded conformations are somewhat predominant in dimethylsulfoxide solutions. In 2H2O the semi extended and folded structures are statistically equally important and the peptide is more flexible. A comparison with a study on the smaller fragments SRIF10-12 and SRIF10-13 which have similar conformational properties, demonstrates the usefulness of the fragment approach in conformational studies of peptides.", "PMID": 518902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12429", "title": "Human adenosine deaminase. Stoichiometry of the adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex.", "content": "In many human tissues adenosine deaminase exists as a large molecular weight complex (large form) composed of adenosine deaminase and an adenosine deaminase binding protein. The molar ratio of adenosine deaminase to binding protein in this large form complex appears to be 2:1, respectively, based on several observations. Scatchard-type analysis of the binding of 125I-labeled adenosine deaminase to purified binding protein indicates that 2.15 mol of adenosine deaminase are bound to 1 mol of binding protein. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-labeled adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex (large form) with glutaraldehyde produces 6 cross-linked species with molecular weights consistent with the proposed 2 to 1 stoichiometry. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses reveal a native molecular weight of 300 890 for the adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex (large form), 37 500 for small form adenosine deaminase, and 213 300 for the binding protein. A 2:1 molar ratio of adenosine deaminase and binding protein in the large form complex is most consistent with these molecular weight estimates.", "contents": "Human adenosine deaminase. Stoichiometry of the adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex. In many human tissues adenosine deaminase exists as a large molecular weight complex (large form) composed of adenosine deaminase and an adenosine deaminase binding protein. The molar ratio of adenosine deaminase to binding protein in this large form complex appears to be 2:1, respectively, based on several observations. Scatchard-type analysis of the binding of 125I-labeled adenosine deaminase to purified binding protein indicates that 2.15 mol of adenosine deaminase are bound to 1 mol of binding protein. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-labeled adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex (large form) with glutaraldehyde produces 6 cross-linked species with molecular weights consistent with the proposed 2 to 1 stoichiometry. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses reveal a native molecular weight of 300 890 for the adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex (large form), 37 500 for small form adenosine deaminase, and 213 300 for the binding protein. A 2:1 molar ratio of adenosine deaminase and binding protein in the large form complex is most consistent with these molecular weight estimates.", "PMID": 518903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12430", "title": "Characterization of a yeast phase specific protein from a fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "We have characterized an unusual yeast phase specific protein from Histoplasma capsulatum. The protein, which we have called protein 6, is produced by the yeast cells which have been derepressed for sulfite reductase, and it can account for more than 40% of the total extract protein. Synthesis of both sulfite reductase and protein 6 is subject to cysteine repression. However, sulfite reductase activity is maximal in logarithmically growing cells whereas protein 6 is synthesized de novo and accumulated by stationary phase cells. The following are the major physicochemical properties of protein 6: (1) the native protein has a molecular weight of about 15 000; (2) electrophoresis on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel yielded a single band with a molecular weight 7600; (3) protein 6 is capable of reducing the dye, nitroblue tetrazolium, and cytochrome c, a property that has been found to be shared by a number of trypsin inhibitors, and (4) the molecule is negatively charge and is relatively resistant to proteolysis. The amino acid composition of protein 6 has been determined.", "contents": "Characterization of a yeast phase specific protein from a fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. We have characterized an unusual yeast phase specific protein from Histoplasma capsulatum. The protein, which we have called protein 6, is produced by the yeast cells which have been derepressed for sulfite reductase, and it can account for more than 40% of the total extract protein. Synthesis of both sulfite reductase and protein 6 is subject to cysteine repression. However, sulfite reductase activity is maximal in logarithmically growing cells whereas protein 6 is synthesized de novo and accumulated by stationary phase cells. The following are the major physicochemical properties of protein 6: (1) the native protein has a molecular weight of about 15 000; (2) electrophoresis on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel yielded a single band with a molecular weight 7600; (3) protein 6 is capable of reducing the dye, nitroblue tetrazolium, and cytochrome c, a property that has been found to be shared by a number of trypsin inhibitors, and (4) the molecule is negatively charge and is relatively resistant to proteolysis. The amino acid composition of protein 6 has been determined.", "PMID": 518904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12431", "title": "Intermolecular cross-links in collagen of human placenta.", "content": "1. There are four reducible cross-links in human placenta collagen. The principal one is dehydrodihydroxylysinorleucine. the next in abundance is dehydrohydroxylysinorleucine. The minor components are dehydrolysinonorleucine and dehydrohistidinohydroxymerodesmosine. 2. With increasing length of gestation, the collagen incorporates more tritium radioactivity into its reducible cross-links, with its maximum incorporation at the second trimester. The uptake declines thereafter. 3. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that both dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo partly as glycosylated complexes.", "contents": "Intermolecular cross-links in collagen of human placenta. 1. There are four reducible cross-links in human placenta collagen. The principal one is dehydrodihydroxylysinorleucine. the next in abundance is dehydrohydroxylysinorleucine. The minor components are dehydrolysinonorleucine and dehydrohistidinohydroxymerodesmosine. 2. With increasing length of gestation, the collagen incorporates more tritium radioactivity into its reducible cross-links, with its maximum incorporation at the second trimester. The uptake declines thereafter. 3. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that both dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo partly as glycosylated complexes.", "PMID": 518905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12432", "title": "Resolution of the major hemorrhagic component of Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom into two parts.", "content": "1. The major hemorrhagic component (HR1) in the venom of Trimeresurus flavoviridis was purified further by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, superfine, resulting in its resolution into two parts, 1A and 1B. 1A possessed proteolytic activity towards casein, while 1B was almost free from such activity. Both components were associated with lethal toxicity. 2. The purified preparations of 1A and 1B were homogeneous as judged by several criteria. The molecular weights of the purified principles determined by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis were approximately 60 000. 1A shows anomalous behaviour on ultracentrifugation and gel filtration owing to concentration-dependent polymeric interaction. The purified components were acidic glycoproteins with isoelectric points of 4.4 and they contained neutral sugar, amino sugar and sialic acid altogether amounting to 17-18% on the total weight basis. 3. The two hemorrhagic components were closely related, if not identical, immunologically.", "contents": "Resolution of the major hemorrhagic component of Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom into two parts. 1. The major hemorrhagic component (HR1) in the venom of Trimeresurus flavoviridis was purified further by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, superfine, resulting in its resolution into two parts, 1A and 1B. 1A possessed proteolytic activity towards casein, while 1B was almost free from such activity. Both components were associated with lethal toxicity. 2. The purified preparations of 1A and 1B were homogeneous as judged by several criteria. The molecular weights of the purified principles determined by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis were approximately 60 000. 1A shows anomalous behaviour on ultracentrifugation and gel filtration owing to concentration-dependent polymeric interaction. The purified components were acidic glycoproteins with isoelectric points of 4.4 and they contained neutral sugar, amino sugar and sialic acid altogether amounting to 17-18% on the total weight basis. 3. The two hemorrhagic components were closely related, if not identical, immunologically.", "PMID": 518906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12433", "title": "Formation of nuclei during delay time prior to aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S in concentrated phosphate buffer.", "content": "The delay time prior to aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be shortened significantly if monomeric deoxyhemoglobin S was added near the end of the expected delay time. This suggests the formation of a preaggregation complex of deoxyhemoglobin S, probably so-called \"nuclei\", near the end of the delay time. In fact, the molecular weight of deoxyhemoglobin S as measured by a low angle laser light scattering photometer increased exponentially during the delay time prior to the visible aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S. These results support the nucleation-controlled aggregation mechanism for the aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S in concentrated phosphate buffer.", "contents": "Formation of nuclei during delay time prior to aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S in concentrated phosphate buffer. The delay time prior to aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S was found to be shortened significantly if monomeric deoxyhemoglobin S was added near the end of the expected delay time. This suggests the formation of a preaggregation complex of deoxyhemoglobin S, probably so-called \"nuclei\", near the end of the delay time. In fact, the molecular weight of deoxyhemoglobin S as measured by a low angle laser light scattering photometer increased exponentially during the delay time prior to the visible aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S. These results support the nucleation-controlled aggregation mechanism for the aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S in concentrated phosphate buffer.", "PMID": 518907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12434", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the phospholipase A2 isoenzyme from porcine pancreas.", "content": "The primary structure of porcine pancreatic isophospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) has been investigated. The sequence of procine isophospholipase differs from the sequence of porcine phospholipasy by four substitutions; viz. Ala12 leads to Thr; His17 leads to Asp leads to; Met20 leads to Leu and Glu71 leads to Asn.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the phospholipase A2 isoenzyme from porcine pancreas. The primary structure of porcine pancreatic isophospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) has been investigated. The sequence of procine isophospholipase differs from the sequence of porcine phospholipasy by four substitutions; viz. Ala12 leads to Thr; His17 leads to Asp leads to; Met20 leads to Leu and Glu71 leads to Asn.", "PMID": 518908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12435", "title": "Proton NMR study of model substrate binding in hemoproteins. Intercalation of mercuric triiodide in sperm whale met-aquo myoglobin.", "content": "1H-NMR spectra have been recorded for sperm whale met-aquo myoglobin intercalated with xenon, cyclopropane, mercuric triiodide and auric triiodide. All four agents are known to intercalate on the proximal side of the heme over pyrrole A. The complexes of xenon and cyclopropane exhibit insignificant shifts for all four heme methyls, suggesting that these species fit into an existing hole without causing significant perturbations on the heme cavity. Mercuric and auric triiodide, on the other hand, induce substantial changes in the hyperfine-shifts for the heme methyls. Based on the previously assigned methyl peaks in met-aquo myoglobin, we find that methyl-1, closest to the intercalating agent, is affected most, with the influence decreasing with distance from the binding site. These results indicate that determination of the relative perturbations on the assigned heme methyl shifts due to substrate binding can be utilized to ascertain the substrate-heme stereochemistry in high-spin ferric hemoproteins such as peroxidases.", "contents": "Proton NMR study of model substrate binding in hemoproteins. Intercalation of mercuric triiodide in sperm whale met-aquo myoglobin. 1H-NMR spectra have been recorded for sperm whale met-aquo myoglobin intercalated with xenon, cyclopropane, mercuric triiodide and auric triiodide. All four agents are known to intercalate on the proximal side of the heme over pyrrole A. The complexes of xenon and cyclopropane exhibit insignificant shifts for all four heme methyls, suggesting that these species fit into an existing hole without causing significant perturbations on the heme cavity. Mercuric and auric triiodide, on the other hand, induce substantial changes in the hyperfine-shifts for the heme methyls. Based on the previously assigned methyl peaks in met-aquo myoglobin, we find that methyl-1, closest to the intercalating agent, is affected most, with the influence decreasing with distance from the binding site. These results indicate that determination of the relative perturbations on the assigned heme methyl shifts due to substrate binding can be utilized to ascertain the substrate-heme stereochemistry in high-spin ferric hemoproteins such as peroxidases.", "PMID": 518909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12436", "title": "Protamines and related proteins from spermatozoa of molluscs. Characterization and molecular weight determination by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The spermatozoa of most species of molluscs contain a mixture of proteins with compositions related to those of histones and protamines. The various components present in the spermatozoa of Cryptochiton stellerii, Donax trunculus, Mactra corallina and Gibbula divaricata have been isolated and characterized. The results obtained, taken together with those previously found (Subirana, J.A., Cozcolluela, C., Palau, J. and Unzeta, M. (1973) biochim. Biophys. Acta 317, 364--379), show that in all the molluscs studied one or more arginine-rich components are present. The molecular weight of these proteins varies vary much in different species and is usually much greater than in conventional fish protamines. Conventional histones, as well as lysine-rich proteins of low molecular weight, have also been found in ripe spermatozoa of several species. The molecular weights have been estimated by gel electrophoresis, using polymerized iridine as a standard.", "contents": "Protamines and related proteins from spermatozoa of molluscs. Characterization and molecular weight determination by gel electrophoresis. The spermatozoa of most species of molluscs contain a mixture of proteins with compositions related to those of histones and protamines. The various components present in the spermatozoa of Cryptochiton stellerii, Donax trunculus, Mactra corallina and Gibbula divaricata have been isolated and characterized. The results obtained, taken together with those previously found (Subirana, J.A., Cozcolluela, C., Palau, J. and Unzeta, M. (1973) biochim. Biophys. Acta 317, 364--379), show that in all the molluscs studied one or more arginine-rich components are present. The molecular weight of these proteins varies vary much in different species and is usually much greater than in conventional fish protamines. Conventional histones, as well as lysine-rich proteins of low molecular weight, have also been found in ripe spermatozoa of several species. The molecular weights have been estimated by gel electrophoresis, using polymerized iridine as a standard.", "PMID": 518910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12437", "title": "Purification and characterization of 33 kilodalton protein of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "A protein was prepared from spinach chloroplasts in a highly purified form. The isoelectric point of the protein was 5.2. The apparent molecular weight was estimated to be 33 000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea, and 34 000 by gel filtration column chromatography with Sephadex G-100. The protein was provisionally named '33 kilodalton protein' according to the molecular weight. The absorption spectrum of the protein did not show any absorption band in the visible region. No histidine was found in the amino acid analysis of the protein. The 33 kilodalton protein was released from the thylakoid membrane by EDTA-treatment and also by sonic oscillation. The protein was bound to System II particles, but not to System I particles.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of 33 kilodalton protein of spinach chloroplasts. A protein was prepared from spinach chloroplasts in a highly purified form. The isoelectric point of the protein was 5.2. The apparent molecular weight was estimated to be 33 000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea, and 34 000 by gel filtration column chromatography with Sephadex G-100. The protein was provisionally named '33 kilodalton protein' according to the molecular weight. The absorption spectrum of the protein did not show any absorption band in the visible region. No histidine was found in the amino acid analysis of the protein. The 33 kilodalton protein was released from the thylakoid membrane by EDTA-treatment and also by sonic oscillation. The protein was bound to System II particles, but not to System I particles.", "PMID": 518911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12438", "title": "Stability of fibronectin biological activity following chemical modification.", "content": "Fibronectin isolated from human plasma functions in vitro as a mediator of adhesion and spreading of trypsinized fibroblasts on native or denatured collagen. As a means of elucidating structural characteristics which might contribute to fibronectin's biological activity, we have modified and digested the protein with several chemicals. Following various treatments, the protein was utilized to mediate cell adhesion and spreading on collagen to determine which alteration disrupted its activity. Fibronectin remained functionally intact after partial or complete reduction and alkylation, oxidation of 59% of the carbohydrates with sodium periodate, citraconylation, carbodiimide-catalyzed amide formation, and oxidation of 35.2 residues of tryptophan/molecule with N-bromosuccinimide. Dinitrofluorobenzene treatment, which phenylated ten residues/molecule of fibronectin, successfully inactivated fibronectin's in vitro biological function. Effective modification of the protein was determined by appropriate analytical procedures. Since fibronectin retained its biological function after several treatments that presumably affected its molecular conformation, we concluded that its secondary or tertiary structure appears not to be essential for its in vitro activity, or alternatively that the protein possesses a biologically active domain relatively resistant to chemical modification.", "contents": "Stability of fibronectin biological activity following chemical modification. Fibronectin isolated from human plasma functions in vitro as a mediator of adhesion and spreading of trypsinized fibroblasts on native or denatured collagen. As a means of elucidating structural characteristics which might contribute to fibronectin's biological activity, we have modified and digested the protein with several chemicals. Following various treatments, the protein was utilized to mediate cell adhesion and spreading on collagen to determine which alteration disrupted its activity. Fibronectin remained functionally intact after partial or complete reduction and alkylation, oxidation of 59% of the carbohydrates with sodium periodate, citraconylation, carbodiimide-catalyzed amide formation, and oxidation of 35.2 residues of tryptophan/molecule with N-bromosuccinimide. Dinitrofluorobenzene treatment, which phenylated ten residues/molecule of fibronectin, successfully inactivated fibronectin's in vitro biological function. Effective modification of the protein was determined by appropriate analytical procedures. Since fibronectin retained its biological function after several treatments that presumably affected its molecular conformation, we concluded that its secondary or tertiary structure appears not to be essential for its in vitro activity, or alternatively that the protein possesses a biologically active domain relatively resistant to chemical modification.", "PMID": 518912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12439", "title": "Isolation and characterization of hydroxyproline-containing proteins secreted by a murine carcinoma cell culture.", "content": "A collagenous protein was isolated from a murine carcinoma cell culture, which has been shown to synthesize basement membrane. The molecular weight of this protein was estimated to be 155 000. It eluted from carboxymethyl-cellulose in the region near the alpha 1 and beta 11 components of calf skin collagen. 63--69% of the peptide-bound prolines were hydroxylated, and the 4-/3-hydroxyproline ratios ranged from 12 : 1 to 14 : 1. About 95% of the hydroxylysines in the peptide were glycosylated, and almost all of them were in the glucosylgalactosyl dissacharide form. Judging from the posttranslational characteristics, this collagenous protein is probably of basement membrane type.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of hydroxyproline-containing proteins secreted by a murine carcinoma cell culture. A collagenous protein was isolated from a murine carcinoma cell culture, which has been shown to synthesize basement membrane. The molecular weight of this protein was estimated to be 155 000. It eluted from carboxymethyl-cellulose in the region near the alpha 1 and beta 11 components of calf skin collagen. 63--69% of the peptide-bound prolines were hydroxylated, and the 4-/3-hydroxyproline ratios ranged from 12 : 1 to 14 : 1. About 95% of the hydroxylysines in the peptide were glycosylated, and almost all of them were in the glucosylgalactosyl dissacharide form. Judging from the posttranslational characteristics, this collagenous protein is probably of basement membrane type.", "PMID": 518913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12440", "title": "The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc.", "content": "The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc has been measured by competitive dialysis at a low zinc concentration in 0.15 M NaCl, 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 mM trisodium citrate (pH 7.2). There were small differences between albumins and larger ones between transferrin preparations, but all albumins bound zinc more firmly than any transferrin did. It is known that transferrin is largely responsible for the uptake of zinc from an intestinal membrane in rats, but much of the metal is subsequently transferred to albumin. The current results show that both in humans and in rats (a) no special mechanism is needed to provide energy for this transfer, and (b) full equilibration would lead to virtually complete transfer in contrast with what actually occurs in vivo.", "contents": "The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc. The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc has been measured by competitive dialysis at a low zinc concentration in 0.15 M NaCl, 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 mM trisodium citrate (pH 7.2). There were small differences between albumins and larger ones between transferrin preparations, but all albumins bound zinc more firmly than any transferrin did. It is known that transferrin is largely responsible for the uptake of zinc from an intestinal membrane in rats, but much of the metal is subsequently transferred to albumin. The current results show that both in humans and in rats (a) no special mechanism is needed to provide energy for this transfer, and (b) full equilibration would lead to virtually complete transfer in contrast with what actually occurs in vivo.", "PMID": 518914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12441", "title": "Specific sulfonation of tyrosine, tryptophan and hydroxy-amino acids in peptides.", "content": "1. ClSO3H in trifluoroacetic acid rapidly converts serine and threonine into O-sulfate ester derivatives while tyrosine and tryptophan are converted into arylsulfonic acids. 2. H2SO4 in trifluoroacetic acid reacts more slowly with serine, threonine and tyrosine while is not able to modify tryptophan. 3. All other amino acids are perfectly stable under the above reaction conditions. 4. Peptides containing susceptible amino acid residues are specifically converted into the corresponding sulfonated derivatives in high or quantitative yield.", "contents": "Specific sulfonation of tyrosine, tryptophan and hydroxy-amino acids in peptides. 1. ClSO3H in trifluoroacetic acid rapidly converts serine and threonine into O-sulfate ester derivatives while tyrosine and tryptophan are converted into arylsulfonic acids. 2. H2SO4 in trifluoroacetic acid reacts more slowly with serine, threonine and tyrosine while is not able to modify tryptophan. 3. All other amino acids are perfectly stable under the above reaction conditions. 4. Peptides containing susceptible amino acid residues are specifically converted into the corresponding sulfonated derivatives in high or quantitative yield.", "PMID": 518915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12442", "title": "The presence of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in atheromatous aortae.", "content": "It has been established that a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein is present in rat aortae after long term atherogenic diet administration. A similar protein was proven to be present in turkey tibial tendons that are predisposed to undergo physiological calcification. The molecular weight and amino acid composition of both proteins were identical. They contained six glutamic acid residues per molecule, three of which were gamma-carboxylated. The proteins studied were also identical in their N-terminal sequence over six residues. This sequence was fully coincident with that published for osteocalcin (Price, P.A., Poser, J.W. and Raman, N. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3374--3375). In the region corresponding to residues 20--26 in osteocalcin, a single replacement of valine for isoleucine was found in turkey tendon protein. From the physiological point of view it should be mentioned that the level of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in atherogenic diet fet rat aortae exceeds that found normally in bone or in tissues predisposed for physiological calcification.", "contents": "The presence of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in atheromatous aortae. It has been established that a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein is present in rat aortae after long term atherogenic diet administration. A similar protein was proven to be present in turkey tibial tendons that are predisposed to undergo physiological calcification. The molecular weight and amino acid composition of both proteins were identical. They contained six glutamic acid residues per molecule, three of which were gamma-carboxylated. The proteins studied were also identical in their N-terminal sequence over six residues. This sequence was fully coincident with that published for osteocalcin (Price, P.A., Poser, J.W. and Raman, N. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3374--3375). In the region corresponding to residues 20--26 in osteocalcin, a single replacement of valine for isoleucine was found in turkey tendon protein. From the physiological point of view it should be mentioned that the level of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in atherogenic diet fet rat aortae exceeds that found normally in bone or in tissues predisposed for physiological calcification.", "PMID": 518916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12443", "title": "Basis of thermostability in pig heart lactate dehydrogenase treated with O-methylisourea.", "content": "Acetamidination of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) with ethyl acetimidate resulted in an increase of thermostability, and covalent bridge formation between pairs of lysine residues is observed. Guanidination with O-methylisourea of the enzyme also increases the thermostability, but such a bridge seems not to be formed. Increased thermostability of guanidinated enzyme is considered to be due to the shift of the pK values of the lysine residues from 10.5 to 12.5 after guanidination. Modification experiments with carbodiimide reveals that the enzyme contains 4.6 pairs of neighboring lysine and carboxyl residues per subunit, and amide bonding between 3.2 pairs results in an increase of thermostability. Guanidination of 4.6 Lys/subunit of the enzyme yields an enzyme derivative with considerably increased thermostability. Salt bridge formation between the 4.6 pairs of neighboring carboxyl and guanidinated lysine residues per subunit might make a major contribution to the increased thermostability of the guanidinated enzyme.", "contents": "Basis of thermostability in pig heart lactate dehydrogenase treated with O-methylisourea. Acetamidination of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) with ethyl acetimidate resulted in an increase of thermostability, and covalent bridge formation between pairs of lysine residues is observed. Guanidination with O-methylisourea of the enzyme also increases the thermostability, but such a bridge seems not to be formed. Increased thermostability of guanidinated enzyme is considered to be due to the shift of the pK values of the lysine residues from 10.5 to 12.5 after guanidination. Modification experiments with carbodiimide reveals that the enzyme contains 4.6 pairs of neighboring lysine and carboxyl residues per subunit, and amide bonding between 3.2 pairs results in an increase of thermostability. Guanidination of 4.6 Lys/subunit of the enzyme yields an enzyme derivative with considerably increased thermostability. Salt bridge formation between the 4.6 pairs of neighboring carboxyl and guanidinated lysine residues per subunit might make a major contribution to the increased thermostability of the guanidinated enzyme.", "PMID": 518917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12444", "title": "Partial sequence data for the L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus cremoris US3 including the amino acid sequences around the single cysteine residue and at the N-terminus.", "content": "The following amino acid sequence information has been determined for the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-dependent lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus cremoris US3: the C-terminal amino acid, the N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids and the sequence of a 53-residue tryptic peptide containing the only cysteine residue in the protein. The enzyme was cleaved by alkali at the cysteine residue following reaction first with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and then with K14CN. This treatment yielded two cleavage products as well as some higher polymers and some uncleaved enzyme. The radioactive cleavage product was purified and its size indicated that the cysteine residue is 80 residues from the C-terminus. Comparisons of the sequences determined for the S. cremoris enzyme with those already known for dogfish lactate dehydrogenase indicate that the two enzymes are only distantly related since the sequence homology between them is limited and of borderline statistical significance.", "contents": "Partial sequence data for the L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus cremoris US3 including the amino acid sequences around the single cysteine residue and at the N-terminus. The following amino acid sequence information has been determined for the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-dependent lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus cremoris US3: the C-terminal amino acid, the N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids and the sequence of a 53-residue tryptic peptide containing the only cysteine residue in the protein. The enzyme was cleaved by alkali at the cysteine residue following reaction first with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and then with K14CN. This treatment yielded two cleavage products as well as some higher polymers and some uncleaved enzyme. The radioactive cleavage product was purified and its size indicated that the cysteine residue is 80 residues from the C-terminus. Comparisons of the sequences determined for the S. cremoris enzyme with those already known for dogfish lactate dehydrogenase indicate that the two enzymes are only distantly related since the sequence homology between them is limited and of borderline statistical significance.", "PMID": 518918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12445", "title": "The primary structure of the asialo-carbohydrate units of the first glycosylation site of human plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.", "content": "The elucidation of the structures of the carbohydrate units linked to glycosylation site I of human plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is described. These carbohydrate units can be grouped into compounds with bi- (class A) and triantennary (class B) structures and the triantennary structure with a fucose residue (class BF) (Fig. 1). The structural variability of the carbohydrate units of glycosylation site I and also of glycosylation sites II to V (Fournet, B., Montreuil, J., Strecker, G., Dorland, L., Haverkamp, J., Vliegenthart, J.F.G., Binette, J.P. and Schmid, K. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5206--5214) accounts largely for the microheterogeneity of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.", "contents": "The primary structure of the asialo-carbohydrate units of the first glycosylation site of human plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The elucidation of the structures of the carbohydrate units linked to glycosylation site I of human plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is described. These carbohydrate units can be grouped into compounds with bi- (class A) and triantennary (class B) structures and the triantennary structure with a fucose residue (class BF) (Fig. 1). The structural variability of the carbohydrate units of glycosylation site I and also of glycosylation sites II to V (Fournet, B., Montreuil, J., Strecker, G., Dorland, L., Haverkamp, J., Vliegenthart, J.F.G., Binette, J.P. and Schmid, K. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5206--5214) accounts largely for the microheterogeneity of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.", "PMID": 518919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12446", "title": "The susceptibility to tryptic hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving epsilon-N-methyllysine.", "content": "Using isolation of soluble peptides as a means of comparing the efficiency of tryptic hydrolysis of various forms of the phase-1 flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium, it was found that peptides terminating in N-methyllysine required a longer period of exposure to enzyme for their detection than did equivalent peptides terminating in lysine.", "contents": "The susceptibility to tryptic hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving epsilon-N-methyllysine. Using isolation of soluble peptides as a means of comparing the efficiency of tryptic hydrolysis of various forms of the phase-1 flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium, it was found that peptides terminating in N-methyllysine required a longer period of exposure to enzyme for their detection than did equivalent peptides terminating in lysine.", "PMID": 518920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12447", "title": "N-Terminal homology in three cysteinyl proteases from Papaya latex.", "content": "Sequences to residue 17 have been determined for the three Papaya cysteinyl proteases, chymopapain and papaya peptidase A and B. Extensive homologies were found for these three enzymes and with papain and bromelain. These results suggest that the five sulphydryl enzymes discussed derive from a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "N-Terminal homology in three cysteinyl proteases from Papaya latex. Sequences to residue 17 have been determined for the three Papaya cysteinyl proteases, chymopapain and papaya peptidase A and B. Extensive homologies were found for these three enzymes and with papain and bromelain. These results suggest that the five sulphydryl enzymes discussed derive from a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 518921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12448", "title": "Interaction of alpha-actinin, filamin and tropomyosin with F-actin.", "content": "The abilities of alpha-actinin, filamin and tropomyosin to bind F-actin were examined by cosedimentation experiments. Results indicated that smooth muscle alpha-actinin and filamin can bind to actin filaments simultaneously with little evidence of competition. In contrast, tropomyosin exhibits marked competition with either filamin or alpha-actinin for sites on actin filaments.", "contents": "Interaction of alpha-actinin, filamin and tropomyosin with F-actin. The abilities of alpha-actinin, filamin and tropomyosin to bind F-actin were examined by cosedimentation experiments. Results indicated that smooth muscle alpha-actinin and filamin can bind to actin filaments simultaneously with little evidence of competition. In contrast, tropomyosin exhibits marked competition with either filamin or alpha-actinin for sites on actin filaments.", "PMID": 518922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12449", "title": "Calcium and magnesium binding by parvalbumin. A proton magnetic resonance spectral study.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the kinetics and nature of the conformational transitions induced by binding of calcium and magnesium to carp parvalbumin. Rate constants have been determined for the exchange between the cation dependent conformational states of the protein in solution. These data enable a description of the kinetics and mechanism controlling the calcium flux in vivo during contraction.", "contents": "Calcium and magnesium binding by parvalbumin. A proton magnetic resonance spectral study. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the kinetics and nature of the conformational transitions induced by binding of calcium and magnesium to carp parvalbumin. Rate constants have been determined for the exchange between the cation dependent conformational states of the protein in solution. These data enable a description of the kinetics and mechanism controlling the calcium flux in vivo during contraction.", "PMID": 518923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12450", "title": "Binding of calcium by fragment 38-108 of pike parvalbumin.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide splitting of pike parvalbumin III was carried out and fragment 38-108 containing two calcium-binding domains was isolated. The obtained fragment binds calcium rather well (Kd = 1.6.10(-5) M), possesses a secondary structure, its CD spectrum changes after removal of calcium.", "contents": "Binding of calcium by fragment 38-108 of pike parvalbumin. Cyanogen bromide splitting of pike parvalbumin III was carried out and fragment 38-108 containing two calcium-binding domains was isolated. The obtained fragment binds calcium rather well (Kd = 1.6.10(-5) M), possesses a secondary structure, its CD spectrum changes after removal of calcium.", "PMID": 518924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12451", "title": "NMR studies of primary and secondary sites of parvalbumins using the two paramagnetic probes Gd (III) and Mn (II).", "content": "The binding of cations by parvalbumins was studied by the proton relaxation enhancement (PRE) method using the paramagnetic probes Gd(III) and Mn(II). Gd(III) appears as a specific probe of the primary sites CD and EF with the following binding parameters: n = 2, KdGd = 0.5 x 10(-11) M and epsilon b = 2.3. The low value of epsilon b is the result of a nearly complete dehydration of the protein bound ions. Competition experiments between Gd(III) and various diamagnetic cations show the following order of affinity for the EF and CD sites: Mg2+ less than Zn2+ less than Sr2+ less than Ca2+ less than Cd2+ less than La3+ less than or equal to Gd3+. Mn 2+ is a specific probe of a secondary site with the following binding parameters: n = 1, KdMn = 0.6 x 10(-3) M and epsilon b = 17. The high value of epsilon b suggests that the protein bound Mn(II) has retained most of its hydration shell. Competition experiments between (Mn(II) and different cations show similar affinities for this site: Ca2+ less than or equal to Mg2+ less than or equal to Cd2+ less than or equal to Mn2+. This secondary site is located near the EF primary site.", "contents": "NMR studies of primary and secondary sites of parvalbumins using the two paramagnetic probes Gd (III) and Mn (II). The binding of cations by parvalbumins was studied by the proton relaxation enhancement (PRE) method using the paramagnetic probes Gd(III) and Mn(II). Gd(III) appears as a specific probe of the primary sites CD and EF with the following binding parameters: n = 2, KdGd = 0.5 x 10(-11) M and epsilon b = 2.3. The low value of epsilon b is the result of a nearly complete dehydration of the protein bound ions. Competition experiments between Gd(III) and various diamagnetic cations show the following order of affinity for the EF and CD sites: Mg2+ less than Zn2+ less than Sr2+ less than Ca2+ less than Cd2+ less than La3+ less than or equal to Gd3+. Mn 2+ is a specific probe of a secondary site with the following binding parameters: n = 1, KdMn = 0.6 x 10(-3) M and epsilon b = 17. The high value of epsilon b suggests that the protein bound Mn(II) has retained most of its hydration shell. Competition experiments between (Mn(II) and different cations show similar affinities for this site: Ca2+ less than or equal to Mg2+ less than or equal to Cd2+ less than or equal to Mn2+. This secondary site is located near the EF primary site.", "PMID": 518925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12452", "title": "The use of amino acid sequence analysis in assessing evolution.", "content": "The thirteen year history of assessing evolution by amino acid sequence analysis has made apparent the limitations imposed upon this system by the finite nature of the characters. This finiteness exists on several levels and ultimately expresses itself as parallelism, back mutation and the retention of primitive characters in the sequences of proteins from present day species and the putative ancestral protein chains. Sequence analysis shares these problems with other molecular approaches, but because it is concerned both with the nucleotide substitutions in the genome and with the functional roles of proteins, it has unique advantages. For example, the large fluctuation in the rate of fixation of mutations in a protein's evolution can be detected and used to point out the unreliability of any molecular clock for estimating divergence dates. Moreover, when consideration is given to studies which assign functional significance to specific amino acid sites in a protein, changes in function during the descent of a protein can be appreciated and their significance correlated with organismal evolution.", "contents": "The use of amino acid sequence analysis in assessing evolution. The thirteen year history of assessing evolution by amino acid sequence analysis has made apparent the limitations imposed upon this system by the finite nature of the characters. This finiteness exists on several levels and ultimately expresses itself as parallelism, back mutation and the retention of primitive characters in the sequences of proteins from present day species and the putative ancestral protein chains. Sequence analysis shares these problems with other molecular approaches, but because it is concerned both with the nucleotide substitutions in the genome and with the functional roles of proteins, it has unique advantages. For example, the large fluctuation in the rate of fixation of mutations in a protein's evolution can be detected and used to point out the unreliability of any molecular clock for estimating divergence dates. Moreover, when consideration is given to studies which assign functional significance to specific amino acid sites in a protein, changes in function during the descent of a protein can be appreciated and their significance correlated with organismal evolution.", "PMID": 518926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12453", "title": "Protein kinase associated with hnRNP from Hela cell nuclei. Partial purification and properties.", "content": "The protein kinase previously described as an endogenous activity present in ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogenous RNA from HeLa cells (Blanchard et al, Eur. J. Biochem (1977), 79, 11-131) has been partially purified by a combination of chromatography on DEAE cellulose, phosphocellulose and Sephacryl S-200. It is able to phosphorylate exogenous substrates, among which casein is the most efficient. Its enzymatic properties were found to be quite similar to those described for the endogenous activity. Its activity is independent of cyclic AMP as well as of the calcium-dependent regulator protein and is inhibited by hemin. Its native molecular weight is around 48,000 as determined by gel filtration.", "contents": "Protein kinase associated with hnRNP from Hela cell nuclei. Partial purification and properties. The protein kinase previously described as an endogenous activity present in ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogenous RNA from HeLa cells (Blanchard et al, Eur. J. Biochem (1977), 79, 11-131) has been partially purified by a combination of chromatography on DEAE cellulose, phosphocellulose and Sephacryl S-200. It is able to phosphorylate exogenous substrates, among which casein is the most efficient. Its enzymatic properties were found to be quite similar to those described for the endogenous activity. Its activity is independent of cyclic AMP as well as of the calcium-dependent regulator protein and is inhibited by hemin. Its native molecular weight is around 48,000 as determined by gel filtration.", "PMID": 518927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12454", "title": "The amino acid sequence of hamster pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of golden hamster pancreatic ribonuclease was determined by analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic, and CNBr peptides and by automatic sequence analysis of the intact protein. Like all RNases with an Asn-Met-Thr sequence at positions 34-36, hamster RNase is glycosylated at position 34 with a complex-type carbohydrated chain. Val-17, Ala-18, His-55, His-76 and Ala-90 have never been observed in other pancreatic RNases. Ala-90 replaces Ser-90, which had been invariant in all mammalian RNases studied so far. The amino acid sequence of hamster RNase differs at 15 positions from that of another Cricetidae rodent, the muskrat. The similarity between both ribonucleases was used to confirm a few less certain parts of the muskrat RNase sequence. The replacement rate of the RNases of the Cricetidae appeared to be higher than the average rate in the mammals, but much lower than the rate in another myomorph family, the Muridae (mouse and rat). Possibly, in many respects, the Cricetidae underwent less evolutionary change in recent times than the evolutionarily highly successful Muridae.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of hamster pancreatic ribonuclease. The amino acid sequence of golden hamster pancreatic ribonuclease was determined by analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic, and CNBr peptides and by automatic sequence analysis of the intact protein. Like all RNases with an Asn-Met-Thr sequence at positions 34-36, hamster RNase is glycosylated at position 34 with a complex-type carbohydrated chain. Val-17, Ala-18, His-55, His-76 and Ala-90 have never been observed in other pancreatic RNases. Ala-90 replaces Ser-90, which had been invariant in all mammalian RNases studied so far. The amino acid sequence of hamster RNase differs at 15 positions from that of another Cricetidae rodent, the muskrat. The similarity between both ribonucleases was used to confirm a few less certain parts of the muskrat RNase sequence. The replacement rate of the RNases of the Cricetidae appeared to be higher than the average rate in the mammals, but much lower than the rate in another myomorph family, the Muridae (mouse and rat). Possibly, in many respects, the Cricetidae underwent less evolutionary change in recent times than the evolutionarily highly successful Muridae.", "PMID": 518928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12455", "title": "Variations in some molecular events during the early phases of the Reuber H 35 cell cycle. II.-Chromatin protein phosphorylation and protein kinases.", "content": "Reuber H 35 hepatoma cells were synchronized by transfer in a serum free medium. Growth was re-initiated by addition of serum. Under these conditions DNA synthesis exhibited a maximum after 24 hours. Chromatin non-histone proteins prepared from cells at various phases of the cell cycle were incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP and the radioactive pattern of protein bound 32P was analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. No radioactive peak was observed in G0. Several peaks appeared 3 hours after the addition of serum. The radioactivity progressively increased until the cells reached the S phase. When most of the cells were in the S phase the radioactivity strongly decreased. Chromatin protein kinase activities were found to increase in late G1 and continued to increase in the S phase. The increase was 65% when phosvitin was the substrate, 100% with casein and histone H1. It is suggested that chromatin phosphorylated proteins could be involved in the mechanism which initiates DNA synthesis in G1 phase cells.", "contents": "Variations in some molecular events during the early phases of the Reuber H 35 cell cycle. II.-Chromatin protein phosphorylation and protein kinases. Reuber H 35 hepatoma cells were synchronized by transfer in a serum free medium. Growth was re-initiated by addition of serum. Under these conditions DNA synthesis exhibited a maximum after 24 hours. Chromatin non-histone proteins prepared from cells at various phases of the cell cycle were incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP and the radioactive pattern of protein bound 32P was analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. No radioactive peak was observed in G0. Several peaks appeared 3 hours after the addition of serum. The radioactivity progressively increased until the cells reached the S phase. When most of the cells were in the S phase the radioactivity strongly decreased. Chromatin protein kinase activities were found to increase in late G1 and continued to increase in the S phase. The increase was 65% when phosvitin was the substrate, 100% with casein and histone H1. It is suggested that chromatin phosphorylated proteins could be involved in the mechanism which initiates DNA synthesis in G1 phase cells.", "PMID": 518930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12456", "title": "Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information.", "content": "In a task requiring an optimal hand pointing (with regards to both time and accuracy) at a peripheral target, there is first a saccade of the eye within 250 ms, followed 100 ms later by the hand movement. However the latency of the hand movement is poorly correlated with that of the eye movement. When the peripheral target is cut off at the onset of the saccade, there is no correlation between the error of the gaze position and the error of the hand pointing. This suggests an early parallel processing of the two motor outputs. The duration of hand movement does not change significantly when subjects either see or not see their hand (closed or open loop). In the open loop situation, the undershoot of the hand pointing increases with target eccentricity, whatever the subjects are allowed or not to do a saccade toward the target. It suggests that the encoding of eye position by itself is a poor index for an accurately guided movement of the hand.", "contents": "Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information. In a task requiring an optimal hand pointing (with regards to both time and accuracy) at a peripheral target, there is first a saccade of the eye within 250 ms, followed 100 ms later by the hand movement. However the latency of the hand movement is poorly correlated with that of the eye movement. When the peripheral target is cut off at the onset of the saccade, there is no correlation between the error of the gaze position and the error of the hand pointing. This suggests an early parallel processing of the two motor outputs. The duration of hand movement does not change significantly when subjects either see or not see their hand (closed or open loop). In the open loop situation, the undershoot of the hand pointing increases with target eccentricity, whatever the subjects are allowed or not to do a saccade toward the target. It suggests that the encoding of eye position by itself is a poor index for an accurately guided movement of the hand.", "PMID": 518932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12457", "title": "Formation of topographic maps and columnar microstructures in nerve fields.", "content": "Topographic connections are found in many parts of the vertebrate nervous systems, known for example as retinotopy. The self-organizing ability of Hebb type modifiable synapses plays an important role in forming, at least in refining, the topographic connections. We present a mathematical analysis of a revised version of the Willshaw-Malsburg model of topographic formation, solving the equations of synaptic self-organization coupled with the field equation of neural excitations. The equilibrium solutions are obtained and their stability is studied. It is proved that two cases exist depending on parameters. In one case, the smooth topographic organization is obtained as a stable equilibrium of the equations. In the other case, this solution becomes unstable, and instead the topographic organization with columnar microstructures appears. This might explain the columnar structures in the cerebrum. The theory is confirmed by computer simulated experiments.", "contents": "Formation of topographic maps and columnar microstructures in nerve fields. Topographic connections are found in many parts of the vertebrate nervous systems, known for example as retinotopy. The self-organizing ability of Hebb type modifiable synapses plays an important role in forming, at least in refining, the topographic connections. We present a mathematical analysis of a revised version of the Willshaw-Malsburg model of topographic formation, solving the equations of synaptic self-organization coupled with the field equation of neural excitations. The equilibrium solutions are obtained and their stability is studied. It is proved that two cases exist depending on parameters. In one case, the smooth topographic organization is obtained as a stable equilibrium of the equations. In the other case, this solution becomes unstable, and instead the topographic organization with columnar microstructures appears. This might explain the columnar structures in the cerebrum. The theory is confirmed by computer simulated experiments.", "PMID": 518933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12458", "title": "Optimal recognition of neuronal waveforms.", "content": "Statistically optimal methods for identifying single unit activity in multiple unit recordings are discussed. These methods take into account both the nerve impulse waveforms and the firing patterns of the units. A generalized least-squares fit procedure is shown to be the optimal recognition scheme under some reasonable statistical assumptions, but the amount of computation becomes prohibitively large when the method is applied to the problem of sorting superimposed waveforms. A linear filter technique which relies on simultaneous recording from several electrodes is shown to give good separation of superimposed waveforms. An iterative recognition procedure can be applied to improve the results and reduce the number of recording electrodes required.", "contents": "Optimal recognition of neuronal waveforms. Statistically optimal methods for identifying single unit activity in multiple unit recordings are discussed. These methods take into account both the nerve impulse waveforms and the firing patterns of the units. A generalized least-squares fit procedure is shown to be the optimal recognition scheme under some reasonable statistical assumptions, but the amount of computation becomes prohibitively large when the method is applied to the problem of sorting superimposed waveforms. A linear filter technique which relies on simultaneous recording from several electrodes is shown to give good separation of superimposed waveforms. An iterative recognition procedure can be applied to improve the results and reduce the number of recording electrodes required.", "PMID": 518934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12459", "title": "A computer model of intermediate cerebellum dynamic operations in motor control.", "content": "An intermediate cerebellum theoretical model for processing central programming discharges and muscle force signals is described which can perform a correct motor task under different peripheral perturbations (loads). An indispensable condition is that the simulated interpositus nucleus cells controlling a given effector (muscle) are inhibited by impulses coming from that effector (negative feedback from muscle force detectors). The hypothesis is proposed that the intermediate cerebellum can act via the rubrospinal tract as an interface between programming and executing motor structures.", "contents": "A computer model of intermediate cerebellum dynamic operations in motor control. An intermediate cerebellum theoretical model for processing central programming discharges and muscle force signals is described which can perform a correct motor task under different peripheral perturbations (loads). An indispensable condition is that the simulated interpositus nucleus cells controlling a given effector (muscle) are inhibited by impulses coming from that effector (negative feedback from muscle force detectors). The hypothesis is proposed that the intermediate cerebellum can act via the rubrospinal tract as an interface between programming and executing motor structures.", "PMID": 518935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12460", "title": "Nonlinear kernels of the human ERG.", "content": "In this paper we examine the use of a symmetric binary random stimulus for eliciting the ERG, and for calculating the first-order and second-order kernels of a nonlinear functional expansion of the response. We show that if the stimulus is represented in a non-dimensional form, then the units in which all kernels are measured are the same as the units used to measure the response, microvolts in the case of the ERG; further, contributions from all kernels to the response can be added without scale factors. We present the first-order and second-order kernels measured for a population of 15 normal subjects in a clinical setting. The measurements were made at various levels of adaptation ranging from photopic to scotopic conditions. The second-order kernels illustrate the processes of rapid adaptation (less than 100 ms) in the retina.", "contents": "Nonlinear kernels of the human ERG. In this paper we examine the use of a symmetric binary random stimulus for eliciting the ERG, and for calculating the first-order and second-order kernels of a nonlinear functional expansion of the response. We show that if the stimulus is represented in a non-dimensional form, then the units in which all kernels are measured are the same as the units used to measure the response, microvolts in the case of the ERG; further, contributions from all kernels to the response can be added without scale factors. We present the first-order and second-order kernels measured for a population of 15 normal subjects in a clinical setting. The measurements were made at various levels of adaptation ranging from photopic to scotopic conditions. The second-order kernels illustrate the processes of rapid adaptation (less than 100 ms) in the retina.", "PMID": 518936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12461", "title": "The Alopex process: visual receptive fields by response feedback.", "content": "The determination of trigger features of single neurons in afferent pathways has been one of the central problems in sensory physiology. A novel method, called Alopex, has been developed, in which response feedback is used to construct visual patterns that optimize the responses. Data are presented which show the emergence of trigger features of cells monitored in frog visual tectum. The method id checked against results obtained by scanning the visual field with a small spot. Correlations between Alopex pattern and scann patterns are generally between 0.3 and 0.5 but may be as high as 0.9 when smoothing and/or averaging procedures are applied to the Alopex patterns. The dynamics of the Alopex process are discussed and details of the algorithms are presented. The series of experiments presented here has established the validity of the method and suggests that this approach should find wide application in receptive field studies. For that purpose data on the instrumentation and software are also presented.", "contents": "The Alopex process: visual receptive fields by response feedback. The determination of trigger features of single neurons in afferent pathways has been one of the central problems in sensory physiology. A novel method, called Alopex, has been developed, in which response feedback is used to construct visual patterns that optimize the responses. Data are presented which show the emergence of trigger features of cells monitored in frog visual tectum. The method id checked against results obtained by scanning the visual field with a small spot. Correlations between Alopex pattern and scann patterns are generally between 0.3 and 0.5 but may be as high as 0.9 when smoothing and/or averaging procedures are applied to the Alopex patterns. The dynamics of the Alopex process are discussed and details of the algorithms are presented. The series of experiments presented here has established the validity of the method and suggests that this approach should find wide application in receptive field studies. For that purpose data on the instrumentation and software are also presented.", "PMID": 518937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12462", "title": "Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. II. Static and dynamic visual cues in the control of hand movement.", "content": "The closed loop situation of hand pointing at a target has been experimentally divided into its static and dynamic components. When the subjects see their hand at first (closed loop) until the start of the hand movement cuts off the vision of the hand (open loop), the pointing is significantly more accurate than when it is performed without any vision of the hand before and throughout the movement (fully open loop). This suggests that initial cues as regards hand and target position, improve the motor program by a better identification of initial and final states. As poor as it is, the extra retinal signal (encoding of eye position) improves performance when the foveation is done under closed loop; it allows a better redefinition of target position, and thus modulates the hand motor program through a direct central pathway, which is quicker than the processing of the visual feedback of the hand movement error.", "contents": "Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. II. Static and dynamic visual cues in the control of hand movement. The closed loop situation of hand pointing at a target has been experimentally divided into its static and dynamic components. When the subjects see their hand at first (closed loop) until the start of the hand movement cuts off the vision of the hand (open loop), the pointing is significantly more accurate than when it is performed without any vision of the hand before and throughout the movement (fully open loop). This suggests that initial cues as regards hand and target position, improve the motor program by a better identification of initial and final states. As poor as it is, the extra retinal signal (encoding of eye position) improves performance when the foveation is done under closed loop; it allows a better redefinition of target position, and thus modulates the hand motor program through a direct central pathway, which is quicker than the processing of the visual feedback of the hand movement error.", "PMID": 518938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12463", "title": "Potential biosoluble carriers: biocompatibility and biodegradability of oxidized cellulose.", "content": "The biocompatibility and biodegradability of periodate oxidized cellulose is assessed in vivo. Morophological and histopathological studies over a period of six months indicate that oxidized cellulose degrades slowly without producing excessive tissue reaction. Preliminary investigations on the kinetics of degradation of oxidized cellulose in vitro, immobilization of alpha-chymotrypsin on it and the rate of the enzyme release in a solution of pH 7.4 are also briefly reported.", "contents": "Potential biosoluble carriers: biocompatibility and biodegradability of oxidized cellulose. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of periodate oxidized cellulose is assessed in vivo. Morophological and histopathological studies over a period of six months indicate that oxidized cellulose degrades slowly without producing excessive tissue reaction. Preliminary investigations on the kinetics of degradation of oxidized cellulose in vitro, immobilization of alpha-chymotrypsin on it and the rate of the enzyme release in a solution of pH 7.4 are also briefly reported.", "PMID": 518954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12464", "title": "Blood compatibility of medical device materials as measured by lymphocyte function.", "content": "Bovine lymphocyte compatibility of a variety of device materials was assessed by quantification of effect on PHA-M (phyto-hemagglutinin) mediated lymphocyte activation in a whole blood assay. Samples of polypropylene, polyethylene, stainless steel, Teflon, polycarbonate, silicone rubber, and some polyurethane proved lymphocompatible. Polyvinyl chloride plastics and rubber yielded the largest proportion of lymphosuppressive samples. The lymphocyte inactivation manifested characteristics suggestive of specific receptor alteration, demonstrated typical dose response kinetics, and proved a more sensitive indicator of specific aspects of blood compatibility than hemolysis. Most lymphosuppressive materials failed to induce hemolysis under the defined test parameters.", "contents": "Blood compatibility of medical device materials as measured by lymphocyte function. Bovine lymphocyte compatibility of a variety of device materials was assessed by quantification of effect on PHA-M (phyto-hemagglutinin) mediated lymphocyte activation in a whole blood assay. Samples of polypropylene, polyethylene, stainless steel, Teflon, polycarbonate, silicone rubber, and some polyurethane proved lymphocompatible. Polyvinyl chloride plastics and rubber yielded the largest proportion of lymphosuppressive samples. The lymphocyte inactivation manifested characteristics suggestive of specific receptor alteration, demonstrated typical dose response kinetics, and proved a more sensitive indicator of specific aspects of blood compatibility than hemolysis. Most lymphosuppressive materials failed to induce hemolysis under the defined test parameters.", "PMID": 518955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12465", "title": "Augmentation and inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity by Staphylococcus aureus protein A.", "content": "The injection of Staphylococcus-aureus protein A into mice, previously exposed to an antigen (sheep red blood cells), is capable of augmenting or inhibiting a primary delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response. SPA enhances DH response to SRBC when given with a greater than optimal sensitizing dose of the antigen. At antigen doses optimal for eliciting DH to SRBC, SPA inhibited DH. A proposed mechanism for the action of Staphylococcus-aureus protein A is based upon the ability of the protein to function as a Fc cellular receptor, thus neutralizing the effect of antigen-antibody immune complexes on DH. The binding of protein A to the Fc portion of antigen-antibody immune complexes effectively prevents subsequent binding of these complexes to Fc cellular receptors, thus eliminating their participation as co-factors in inter-cellular immunological communication. The ability of protein A to both augment and inhibit DH suggests a role for relative concentrations of serum factors and/or cellular receptors in the regulation of a primary DH response.", "contents": "Augmentation and inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity by Staphylococcus aureus protein A. The injection of Staphylococcus-aureus protein A into mice, previously exposed to an antigen (sheep red blood cells), is capable of augmenting or inhibiting a primary delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response. SPA enhances DH response to SRBC when given with a greater than optimal sensitizing dose of the antigen. At antigen doses optimal for eliciting DH to SRBC, SPA inhibited DH. A proposed mechanism for the action of Staphylococcus-aureus protein A is based upon the ability of the protein to function as a Fc cellular receptor, thus neutralizing the effect of antigen-antibody immune complexes on DH. The binding of protein A to the Fc portion of antigen-antibody immune complexes effectively prevents subsequent binding of these complexes to Fc cellular receptors, thus eliminating their participation as co-factors in inter-cellular immunological communication. The ability of protein A to both augment and inhibit DH suggests a role for relative concentrations of serum factors and/or cellular receptors in the regulation of a primary DH response.", "PMID": 518957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12466", "title": "An ascites form of human mammary carcinoma transplantable in nude mice.", "content": "Mammary carcinoma cells from pleural effusion of a patient were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice, and a large amount of ascites was produced about 120 days later. From the ascites, serial passages in the same form were successful in nude mice by intraperitoneal injection of 10(7) or more cells. The ascites cells retained the morphology almost similar to that of the patient tumor cells, whereas specific estrogen-binding proteins in the cytoplasm disappeared after growing in male nude mice. The results were compared with those of other established human cancer cell lines in nude mice.", "contents": "An ascites form of human mammary carcinoma transplantable in nude mice. Mammary carcinoma cells from pleural effusion of a patient were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice, and a large amount of ascites was produced about 120 days later. From the ascites, serial passages in the same form were successful in nude mice by intraperitoneal injection of 10(7) or more cells. The ascites cells retained the morphology almost similar to that of the patient tumor cells, whereas specific estrogen-binding proteins in the cytoplasm disappeared after growing in male nude mice. The results were compared with those of other established human cancer cell lines in nude mice.", "PMID": 518958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12467", "title": "Application of balancing methods in modeling the penicillin fermentation.", "content": "This paper shows the application of elementary balancing methods in combination with simple kinetic equations in the formulation of an unstructured model for the fed-batch process for the production of penicillin. The rate of substrate uptake is modeled with a Monod-type relationship. The specific penicillin production rate is assumed to be a function of growth rate. Hydrolysis of penicillin to penicilloic acid is assumed to be first order in penicillin. In simulations with the present model it is shown that the model, although assuming a strict relationship between specific growth rate and penicillin productivity, allows for the commonly observed lag phase in the penicillin concentration curve and the apparent separation between growth and production phase (idiophase-trophophase concept). Furthermore it is shown that the feed rate profile during fermentation is of vital importance in the realization of a high production rate throughout the duration of the fermentation. It is emphasized that the method of modeling presented may also prove rewarding for an analysis of fermentation processes other than the penicillin fermentation.", "contents": "Application of balancing methods in modeling the penicillin fermentation. This paper shows the application of elementary balancing methods in combination with simple kinetic equations in the formulation of an unstructured model for the fed-batch process for the production of penicillin. The rate of substrate uptake is modeled with a Monod-type relationship. The specific penicillin production rate is assumed to be a function of growth rate. Hydrolysis of penicillin to penicilloic acid is assumed to be first order in penicillin. In simulations with the present model it is shown that the model, although assuming a strict relationship between specific growth rate and penicillin productivity, allows for the commonly observed lag phase in the penicillin concentration curve and the apparent separation between growth and production phase (idiophase-trophophase concept). Furthermore it is shown that the feed rate profile during fermentation is of vital importance in the realization of a high production rate throughout the duration of the fermentation. It is emphasized that the method of modeling presented may also prove rewarding for an analysis of fermentation processes other than the penicillin fermentation.", "PMID": 518966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12468", "title": "Development of sucking in premature infants from 1 to 7 days post birth.", "content": "An ongoing research program to document the development of the sucking response in low- and high-risk newborns is described. Goals are (a) to facilitate early oral feedings, and (b) ultimately to determine whether varying levels of self-regulatory mother-young interaction, uninterrupted by birth, differentially affect life span development. In pilot research, finger sucking opportunities were given twice daily to 2 female and 8 male critically ill premature newborns. A clinical scoring system (range 0--12) measured quality of the sucking response beginning as early as 1 hour of life. The sucking response was present in all 10 newborns. The mean sucking score and standard error of the mean on the first day of life were 6.0 +/- 0.8. Sucking scores did not correlate with birth weight or gestational age, but correlated positively with pH (r = +0.52, p less than .01) and negatively with pCO2 (r = 0.47, p less than .05). Sucking scores generally increased with age and with closely time-related sucking opportunities. Sucking scores were negatively correlated with serum bilirubin levels. Sucking opportunities seemed to facilitate neuromuscular coordination, alert activity, alert inactivity, and deep sleep. A description is given also of a portable electronic suckometer and research nipple developed to quantitatively measure the sucking response of low- and high-risk newborns. The pilot research with this instrument is summarized, as are 3 current studies, 2 of which begin at birth. Sucking is a major component of mother-newborn interaction. Perhaps the isolated transitional newborn is in a nonphysiologic state.", "contents": "Development of sucking in premature infants from 1 to 7 days post birth. An ongoing research program to document the development of the sucking response in low- and high-risk newborns is described. Goals are (a) to facilitate early oral feedings, and (b) ultimately to determine whether varying levels of self-regulatory mother-young interaction, uninterrupted by birth, differentially affect life span development. In pilot research, finger sucking opportunities were given twice daily to 2 female and 8 male critically ill premature newborns. A clinical scoring system (range 0--12) measured quality of the sucking response beginning as early as 1 hour of life. The sucking response was present in all 10 newborns. The mean sucking score and standard error of the mean on the first day of life were 6.0 +/- 0.8. Sucking scores did not correlate with birth weight or gestational age, but correlated positively with pH (r = +0.52, p less than .01) and negatively with pCO2 (r = 0.47, p less than .05). Sucking scores generally increased with age and with closely time-related sucking opportunities. Sucking scores were negatively correlated with serum bilirubin levels. Sucking opportunities seemed to facilitate neuromuscular coordination, alert activity, alert inactivity, and deep sleep. A description is given also of a portable electronic suckometer and research nipple developed to quantitatively measure the sucking response of low- and high-risk newborns. The pilot research with this instrument is summarized, as are 3 current studies, 2 of which begin at birth. Sucking is a major component of mother-newborn interaction. Perhaps the isolated transitional newborn is in a nonphysiologic state.", "PMID": 518974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12469", "title": "Effects of nonnutritive sucking upon the behavioral arousal of the newborn.", "content": "The sample consisted of 20 typical Caucasian infants, 10 males and 10 females, equally distributed between the experimental and control groups. Experimental infants were offered a nonnutritive nipple and permitted to suck to satiety at 1, 4, and 8 hours of age. All infants were offered their first feeding at 12 hours of age. Behavioral arousal of all infants, assessed in accord with the Behavioral Inventory for Assessing States (BIAS), was recorded during comparable time periods at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hours of age. Duration of nutritive sucking, quantity of nutriment consumed, frequency of bubbling, and time required to bubble the infant were monitored during the first feeding. The experimental group engaged in behavioral states characterized by sleep or irritability less frequently and in states characterized by alert wakefulness more frequently than the control group. Feeding exerted no effect upon the behavioral arousal of either group. The experimental group required less time to bubble during feeding than the control group. Results are related to early infant stimulation and to the infant as stimulus in infant-caretaker interaction.", "contents": "Effects of nonnutritive sucking upon the behavioral arousal of the newborn. The sample consisted of 20 typical Caucasian infants, 10 males and 10 females, equally distributed between the experimental and control groups. Experimental infants were offered a nonnutritive nipple and permitted to suck to satiety at 1, 4, and 8 hours of age. All infants were offered their first feeding at 12 hours of age. Behavioral arousal of all infants, assessed in accord with the Behavioral Inventory for Assessing States (BIAS), was recorded during comparable time periods at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hours of age. Duration of nutritive sucking, quantity of nutriment consumed, frequency of bubbling, and time required to bubble the infant were monitored during the first feeding. The experimental group engaged in behavioral states characterized by sleep or irritability less frequently and in states characterized by alert wakefulness more frequently than the control group. Feeding exerted no effect upon the behavioral arousal of either group. The experimental group required less time to bubble during feeding than the control group. Results are related to early infant stimulation and to the infant as stimulus in infant-caretaker interaction.", "PMID": 518975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12470", "title": "Effects of surrogate mothering on physiologic stabilization in transitional newborns.", "content": "This experimental study was conducted to determine whether surrogate mothering during the first hours of life will affect physiologic stabilization in the transitional newborn. Two groups of 8 normal newborns were studied. The treatment was given on cue and consisted of rocking, cuddling, visual and verbal interaction, and non-nutritive sucking to satiety. The control group received routine nursing care. The experimental group's mean axillary temperature correlated with increasing age (r = +.91, p less than .001) and leveled at 2 hours of life at 98.2 degrees F (36.8 degrees C). Control group temperatures fell continuously to 97.4 degrees F (36.3 degrees C) following removal of the newborn from under an infrared heat unit. The experimental group's mean respiratory rate correlated negatively with increasing age (r = -.81, p less than .009). The experimental group's mean heart rate was higher at 3 1/2 hours (p less than .01). The control group's mean heart rate correlated over time (= -.82, p less than .007). Heart murmurs were heard 16 times in 5 controls and 6 times in 3 treated newborns. The frequency difference was significant (p less than .05). Experimental newborns cried an average of 2.1 minutes. This was less (p less than .01) than the controls (38.5 minutes). Electronically measured sucking strength was higher (p less than .001) for the treated newborns (81.5 mm Hg) than for the controls (20.5 mm Hg) prior to the first feeding at 4 hours. The experimental group ingested a mean of 13.75 cc of sterile water at the initial feeding, compared to 5 cc for the controls. Sucking and swallowing difficulty was seen in 6 control and 3 experimental newborns. These data suggest that interaction and soothing by another human facilitates transitional newborn physiologic adaptation.", "contents": "Effects of surrogate mothering on physiologic stabilization in transitional newborns. This experimental study was conducted to determine whether surrogate mothering during the first hours of life will affect physiologic stabilization in the transitional newborn. Two groups of 8 normal newborns were studied. The treatment was given on cue and consisted of rocking, cuddling, visual and verbal interaction, and non-nutritive sucking to satiety. The control group received routine nursing care. The experimental group's mean axillary temperature correlated with increasing age (r = +.91, p less than .001) and leveled at 2 hours of life at 98.2 degrees F (36.8 degrees C). Control group temperatures fell continuously to 97.4 degrees F (36.3 degrees C) following removal of the newborn from under an infrared heat unit. The experimental group's mean respiratory rate correlated negatively with increasing age (r = -.81, p less than .009). The experimental group's mean heart rate was higher at 3 1/2 hours (p less than .01). The control group's mean heart rate correlated over time (= -.82, p less than .007). Heart murmurs were heard 16 times in 5 controls and 6 times in 3 treated newborns. The frequency difference was significant (p less than .05). Experimental newborns cried an average of 2.1 minutes. This was less (p less than .01) than the controls (38.5 minutes). Electronically measured sucking strength was higher (p less than .001) for the treated newborns (81.5 mm Hg) than for the controls (20.5 mm Hg) prior to the first feeding at 4 hours. The experimental group ingested a mean of 13.75 cc of sterile water at the initial feeding, compared to 5 cc for the controls. Sucking and swallowing difficulty was seen in 6 control and 3 experimental newborns. These data suggest that interaction and soothing by another human facilitates transitional newborn physiologic adaptation.", "PMID": 518976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12471", "title": "Parental concerns about infant behavioral organization from term to 4 months.", "content": "Parents of 35 premature infants were divided into groups based on the number of contacts made with a nurse and/or pediatrician during a 4-month period. Parental concerns relating to infant behavioral organization, such as crying, sleep-wake cycles, and feeding, were the focus of this study. Significant differences were found between the high-contact group and low-contact group on all 3 infant behavioral variables. Among other infant and maternal variables studied, the severity of perinatal events did not determine the parent's contact group. Mean birth weight and mean gestational age were similar for both groups.", "contents": "Parental concerns about infant behavioral organization from term to 4 months. Parents of 35 premature infants were divided into groups based on the number of contacts made with a nurse and/or pediatrician during a 4-month period. Parental concerns relating to infant behavioral organization, such as crying, sleep-wake cycles, and feeding, were the focus of this study. Significant differences were found between the high-contact group and low-contact group on all 3 infant behavioral variables. Among other infant and maternal variables studied, the severity of perinatal events did not determine the parent's contact group. Mean birth weight and mean gestational age were similar for both groups.", "PMID": 518977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12472", "title": "Organizational behavior of the premature infant.", "content": "The ability of the premature infant to organize behavior was described in relation to auditory, kinesthetic, and vestibular stimulation. Twenty infants from 31--36 weeks gestation were shown to have heart rate responses to auditory stimuli. The 31 week infant showed deceleration, while 32--36 week infants showed comparable patterns of acceleration followed by deceleration.", "contents": "Organizational behavior of the premature infant. The ability of the premature infant to organize behavior was described in relation to auditory, kinesthetic, and vestibular stimulation. Twenty infants from 31--36 weeks gestation were shown to have heart rate responses to auditory stimuli. The 31 week infant showed deceleration, while 32--36 week infants showed comparable patterns of acceleration followed by deceleration.", "PMID": 518978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12473", "title": "Influence of varied stimuli on development of motor patterns in the premature infant.", "content": "The premature infant is at risk for both mortality and morbidity. His writhing contributes to weight loss, and his extrauterine environment does not contain the multi-modality patterned afferent stimuli that impinge upon the developing brain in utero. Sound is the most effective modality to achieve concurrent decrement in motility along with enhancement of cortical activity. It was anticipated that subjects exposed to 5 minutes of patterned sound 6 times a day would, by 36 weeks gestation, evidence: (a) less gross motor activity, (b) the normal predominance of upper over lower limb activity, and (c) beginning laterality. The sample consisted of 80 males and 73 females whose gestational age at birth was 26--33 weeks. By random assignment 52 subjects were exposed to the routine ambient noise of the isolette and nursery, 50 to a tape recording of their mother's voice, and 51 to an orchestral arrangement of Brahm's Lullaby. Limb activity was measured just prior to discharge by accelerometers worn unilaterally for a 24-hour period on the ankle and wrist prior to transfer to the alternate side for an additional 24 hours. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated among the limb patterns of the 3 groups. Large intragroup variation in gross activity precluded demonstration of between-group differences. The majority of subjects evidenced predominance of upper limb activity and laterality.", "contents": "Influence of varied stimuli on development of motor patterns in the premature infant. The premature infant is at risk for both mortality and morbidity. His writhing contributes to weight loss, and his extrauterine environment does not contain the multi-modality patterned afferent stimuli that impinge upon the developing brain in utero. Sound is the most effective modality to achieve concurrent decrement in motility along with enhancement of cortical activity. It was anticipated that subjects exposed to 5 minutes of patterned sound 6 times a day would, by 36 weeks gestation, evidence: (a) less gross motor activity, (b) the normal predominance of upper over lower limb activity, and (c) beginning laterality. The sample consisted of 80 males and 73 females whose gestational age at birth was 26--33 weeks. By random assignment 52 subjects were exposed to the routine ambient noise of the isolette and nursery, 50 to a tape recording of their mother's voice, and 51 to an orchestral arrangement of Brahm's Lullaby. Limb activity was measured just prior to discharge by accelerometers worn unilaterally for a 24-hour period on the ankle and wrist prior to transfer to the alternate side for an additional 24 hours. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated among the limb patterns of the 3 groups. Large intragroup variation in gross activity precluded demonstration of between-group differences. The majority of subjects evidenced predominance of upper limb activity and laterality.", "PMID": 518979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12474", "title": "The effects of the Rice infant sensorimotor stimulation treatment on the development of high-risk infants.", "content": "The Rice Infant Sensorimotor Stimulation (RISS) treatment was given to 15 premature infants to determine effects on neurophysiological development. The mothers of the infants were trained to administer the treatment for 15 minutes, 4 times a day, for 1 month, beginning the day the infant arrived home from the hospital. When each infant in the study (15 experimental and 14 control) was 4 months postnatal age, he/she was examined by a pediatrician, a psychologist, and a pediatric nurse who had no knowledge of which infant was experimental or control. The results indicated the experimental infants made significant gains in neurological development (p less than .001), weight gain (p less than .04), and mental development (p less than .05). The findings of this research indicate that early and systematic stimulation of the nerve pathways of the skin and of the vestibular nerve cells can accelerate growth and development of premature infants.", "contents": "The effects of the Rice infant sensorimotor stimulation treatment on the development of high-risk infants. The Rice Infant Sensorimotor Stimulation (RISS) treatment was given to 15 premature infants to determine effects on neurophysiological development. The mothers of the infants were trained to administer the treatment for 15 minutes, 4 times a day, for 1 month, beginning the day the infant arrived home from the hospital. When each infant in the study (15 experimental and 14 control) was 4 months postnatal age, he/she was examined by a pediatrician, a psychologist, and a pediatric nurse who had no knowledge of which infant was experimental or control. The results indicated the experimental infants made significant gains in neurological development (p less than .001), weight gain (p less than .04), and mental development (p less than .05). The findings of this research indicate that early and systematic stimulation of the nerve pathways of the skin and of the vestibular nerve cells can accelerate growth and development of premature infants.", "PMID": 518980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12475", "title": "The congenitally methadone-addicted infant.", "content": "A review of research concerning the effects of methadone on infants born to mothers who received the drug during their pregnancy is presented. The goal was to provide a base for establishing that the infant born of a heroin addicted mother who is in a methadone maintenance program needs the help of health professionals to develop to maximum potential. Factors which should be considered in studying infants born to methadone maintained mothers are delineated. Tools for predicting later development as an area of study are discussed. The sense of inadequacy and low self-esteem of the parents, particularly the mother, is presented as an area in need of study. Theoretical considerations are discussed. The literature review indicates the effect of methadone on the overall development of the infant is debatable. However, evidence is mounting that infants born to heroin-addicted mothers receiving methadone maintenance treatment are high-risk. Consequently, health professionals are alerted to the importance of providing appropriate stimulation during sensitive periods of infant readiness.", "contents": "The congenitally methadone-addicted infant. A review of research concerning the effects of methadone on infants born to mothers who received the drug during their pregnancy is presented. The goal was to provide a base for establishing that the infant born of a heroin addicted mother who is in a methadone maintenance program needs the help of health professionals to develop to maximum potential. Factors which should be considered in studying infants born to methadone maintained mothers are delineated. Tools for predicting later development as an area of study are discussed. The sense of inadequacy and low self-esteem of the parents, particularly the mother, is presented as an area in need of study. Theoretical considerations are discussed. The literature review indicates the effect of methadone on the overall development of the infant is debatable. However, evidence is mounting that infants born to heroin-addicted mothers receiving methadone maintenance treatment are high-risk. Consequently, health professionals are alerted to the importance of providing appropriate stimulation during sensitive periods of infant readiness.", "PMID": 518982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12476", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cranial neural crest migration in chick embryos.", "content": "This study describes migrating cranial neural crest cells and the microenvironment through which they migrate in chick embryos. Just prior to and during cell migration, an extensive fibrillar meshwork is observed, particularly on the outer surface of the neural tube and the inner surface of the ectoderm. This meshwork in general had a random orientation. This suggested to us that the meshwork does not provide a directive vector for cell migration but rather a substratum to promote or enhance crest cell filopodial attachment as the cells migrate. Much remains to be done in characterizing the composition of this meshwork. Based on other studies in which a smiliar meshwork has been observed, it is not unreasonable to consider it to be partly collagenous. Another major component in the relatively cell-free space through which avian crest cells migrate is hyaluronic acid. The migrating crest cells are characteristically bipolar and are generally oriented in the direction of migration, although little is known about the actual mechanism of motility. Alterations in the migrating cell or in the environment through which it migrates may interfere with normal craniofacial morphogenesis, as discussed elsewhere in this volume by Johnston and Sulik.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cranial neural crest migration in chick embryos. This study describes migrating cranial neural crest cells and the microenvironment through which they migrate in chick embryos. Just prior to and during cell migration, an extensive fibrillar meshwork is observed, particularly on the outer surface of the neural tube and the inner surface of the ectoderm. This meshwork in general had a random orientation. This suggested to us that the meshwork does not provide a directive vector for cell migration but rather a substratum to promote or enhance crest cell filopodial attachment as the cells migrate. Much remains to be done in characterizing the composition of this meshwork. Based on other studies in which a smiliar meshwork has been observed, it is not unreasonable to consider it to be partly collagenous. Another major component in the relatively cell-free space through which avian crest cells migrate is hyaluronic acid. The migrating crest cells are characteristically bipolar and are generally oriented in the direction of migration, although little is known about the actual mechanism of motility. Alterations in the migrating cell or in the environment through which it migrates may interfere with normal craniofacial morphogenesis, as discussed elsewhere in this volume by Johnston and Sulik.", "PMID": 518983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12477", "title": "Speculations regarding the influence of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) upon congenital craniofacial malformations in inbred and congenic strains of mice.", "content": "Investigations in different mammalian species have demonstrated a remarkable degree of analogy between distant mammalian species. All mammals possess a major histocompatilibity complex. The identified and postulated functions for the MHC appear to be similar among all mammalian species [14, 25]. One fascinating, but still unconfirmed possibility is that the MHC functions to regulate the immunobiology of normal pregnancy. It should be stressed at this point that much more knowledge is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of H-2-disease associations in mice and HLA-disease associations in man [25]. One explanation of the observed H-2 and HLA-disease associations is linkage disequilibrium. Data are available suggesting a tenuous HLA--cleft lip and/or palate association [34, 35] but the data are equivocal. The available data from congenic mice studies are considerably less equivocal and strongly suggest several important future approaches. Identification of the H-2a haplotype susceptibility and the H-2b resistance to steroid-induced clefting is a major advance in this complex field [36]. Available methods are sensitive, and newer, more precise methods are now in the offing. The renaissance in the field of congenital craniofacial malformations is rather exciting, especially the renewed awareness of interdisciplinary research toward ultimate prevention. Understandably, many physicians, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists, as well as allied biomedical health professionals investigating the heredity of congenital craniofacial malformations, are deeply interested in immunogenetics. In tandem, the biomedical scientific community (eg developmental biologists, molecular biologists, immunologists) wish to learn more about the complicated and often overlapping relationships between various clinical features of the diseases concerned. All are aware that our knowledge of this fascinating subject will not stand still; many are busy changing it.", "contents": "Speculations regarding the influence of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) upon congenital craniofacial malformations in inbred and congenic strains of mice. Investigations in different mammalian species have demonstrated a remarkable degree of analogy between distant mammalian species. All mammals possess a major histocompatilibity complex. The identified and postulated functions for the MHC appear to be similar among all mammalian species [14, 25]. One fascinating, but still unconfirmed possibility is that the MHC functions to regulate the immunobiology of normal pregnancy. It should be stressed at this point that much more knowledge is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of H-2-disease associations in mice and HLA-disease associations in man [25]. One explanation of the observed H-2 and HLA-disease associations is linkage disequilibrium. Data are available suggesting a tenuous HLA--cleft lip and/or palate association [34, 35] but the data are equivocal. The available data from congenic mice studies are considerably less equivocal and strongly suggest several important future approaches. Identification of the H-2a haplotype susceptibility and the H-2b resistance to steroid-induced clefting is a major advance in this complex field [36]. Available methods are sensitive, and newer, more precise methods are now in the offing. The renaissance in the field of congenital craniofacial malformations is rather exciting, especially the renewed awareness of interdisciplinary research toward ultimate prevention. Understandably, many physicians, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists, as well as allied biomedical health professionals investigating the heredity of congenital craniofacial malformations, are deeply interested in immunogenetics. In tandem, the biomedical scientific community (eg developmental biologists, molecular biologists, immunologists) wish to learn more about the complicated and often overlapping relationships between various clinical features of the diseases concerned. All are aware that our knowledge of this fascinating subject will not stand still; many are busy changing it.", "PMID": 518986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12478", "title": "[Analysis of the mechanism of amplitude change in Pacinian corpuscle receptor potential in a solution with a decreased calcium ion concentration].", "content": "The effect of Ca2+-free solution on the amplitude increase in the receptor potential (RP) of Pacinian corpuscles was studied using external perfusion technique. The RP amplitude increased in Ca2+-free solution. It was blocked after addition of 10-20 mM of tetraethylamonium. A temporary increase in the RP amplitude is seen in the solution with 0.2 mM of 2.4-dinitrophenol. Sensitivity of the receptor membrane to mechanical stimuli does not change in Ca2+-free solution. It is suggested that near the mechanosensitive ionic canal of Pacinian corpuscle receptor membrane the fixed negative charges which could influence the \"gate\" system state of the mechanosensitive canal are absent.", "contents": "[Analysis of the mechanism of amplitude change in Pacinian corpuscle receptor potential in a solution with a decreased calcium ion concentration]. The effect of Ca2+-free solution on the amplitude increase in the receptor potential (RP) of Pacinian corpuscles was studied using external perfusion technique. The RP amplitude increased in Ca2+-free solution. It was blocked after addition of 10-20 mM of tetraethylamonium. A temporary increase in the RP amplitude is seen in the solution with 0.2 mM of 2.4-dinitrophenol. Sensitivity of the receptor membrane to mechanical stimuli does not change in Ca2+-free solution. It is suggested that near the mechanosensitive ionic canal of Pacinian corpuscle receptor membrane the fixed negative charges which could influence the \"gate\" system state of the mechanosensitive canal are absent.", "PMID": 518989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12479", "title": "[Functional dependence of single muscle receptors on muscle activity].", "content": "In experiments on chloraloso-urethane anesthetized cats changes in spontaneous and induced spike activity of single muscle spindles and Golgi's receptors following a direct and/or indirect electrical stimulation of the muscle were studied. It was found that contractile activity of the plantar (phase) and heel (tonic) muscles decreased the spike activity of both muscle spindle and Golgi's receptors, the decrease in the phase muscle spindle activity being more considerable than in the tonic one.", "contents": "[Functional dependence of single muscle receptors on muscle activity]. In experiments on chloraloso-urethane anesthetized cats changes in spontaneous and induced spike activity of single muscle spindles and Golgi's receptors following a direct and/or indirect electrical stimulation of the muscle were studied. It was found that contractile activity of the plantar (phase) and heel (tonic) muscles decreased the spike activity of both muscle spindle and Golgi's receptors, the decrease in the phase muscle spindle activity being more considerable than in the tonic one.", "PMID": 518990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12480", "title": "[Systemic circulatory reaction in the initial period of Cannon's traumatic shock].", "content": "In experiments on dogs it was shown that on the basis of the dynamics of circulatory parameters it is possible to divide the erectile phase of traumatic shock into two periods. The first period, similar to \"defence reactions\" in dangerous situations and under the action of potent non-specific stimuli, is characterized by an increased blood inflow to the myocardium, rise in the cardiac output and reduction of the tonus in peripheral vessels. The second period is characterized by the beginning of decompensation of the cardiovascular system. It is completed by the development of the torpid phase of shock.", "contents": "[Systemic circulatory reaction in the initial period of Cannon's traumatic shock]. In experiments on dogs it was shown that on the basis of the dynamics of circulatory parameters it is possible to divide the erectile phase of traumatic shock into two periods. The first period, similar to \"defence reactions\" in dangerous situations and under the action of potent non-specific stimuli, is characterized by an increased blood inflow to the myocardium, rise in the cardiac output and reduction of the tonus in peripheral vessels. The second period is characterized by the beginning of decompensation of the cardiovascular system. It is completed by the development of the torpid phase of shock.", "PMID": 518991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12481", "title": "[Dynamics of DNA synthesis in the gastric mucosa in ulcer].", "content": "Anomalous DNA synthesis  was seen in the stomach mucosa of mice with experimental stomach ulcer during different phases of the ulcerous process, using histoautoradiography. At the early stage of ulcer formation a decrease in the label index (LI) is seen. Formation of the ulcer, morphologically similar to the shronic one, is accompanied by growth of the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in its margins. Over a period of ulcer healing proliferative activity of epithelium decreases approximately to an initial level. Histoautoradiographic studies of bioptates of the stomach mucosa obtained under spot gastroscopy in patients suffering from the ulcerous disease allowed to reveal intensifying proliferative activity of epithelium in the ulcer margins. Similar changes in LI were found in gastritis, followed by the gland affection, and in atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "[Dynamics of DNA synthesis in the gastric mucosa in ulcer]. Anomalous DNA synthesis  was seen in the stomach mucosa of mice with experimental stomach ulcer during different phases of the ulcerous process, using histoautoradiography. At the early stage of ulcer formation a decrease in the label index (LI) is seen. Formation of the ulcer, morphologically similar to the shronic one, is accompanied by growth of the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in its margins. Over a period of ulcer healing proliferative activity of epithelium decreases approximately to an initial level. Histoautoradiographic studies of bioptates of the stomach mucosa obtained under spot gastroscopy in patients suffering from the ulcerous disease allowed to reveal intensifying proliferative activity of epithelium in the ulcer margins. Similar changes in LI were found in gastritis, followed by the gland affection, and in atrophic gastritis.", "PMID": 518992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12482", "title": "[Effect of cold stress on the postnatal formation of the carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport mechanisms in the rat small intestine].", "content": "In acute experiments on rats using accumulating mucosa preparation (AMP) method it was shown that cold training (daily 2-hour exposure to 6-7 degress C) exerts stable inhibitng effect to postnatal formation of maltase- and gamma-amilase transport digestive-absorbtive system and does not change the dynamics of its own transport. The same training program significantly accelerates the rate of hydrolytic-transport conveyor on the cell membrane external surface in rats aged from 10 to 17 days.", "contents": "[Effect of cold stress on the postnatal formation of the carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport mechanisms in the rat small intestine]. In acute experiments on rats using accumulating mucosa preparation (AMP) method it was shown that cold training (daily 2-hour exposure to 6-7 degress C) exerts stable inhibitng effect to postnatal formation of maltase- and gamma-amilase transport digestive-absorbtive system and does not change the dynamics of its own transport. The same training program significantly accelerates the rate of hydrolytic-transport conveyor on the cell membrane external surface in rats aged from 10 to 17 days.", "PMID": 518993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12483", "title": "[Interrelationship of the platelet and plasma coagulating components of the hemostatic system normally and in pathology].", "content": "The adhesive-aggregative activity of blood platelets and the blood coagulation rate were compared in 125 healthy humans in the reaction of prompt adaptation (circadian rhythm, emotional stress, ACTH load) and 157 patients with cardiovascular diseases over the period of crisis and under acute pharmacological effects. The discovery of differently directed shifts of the blood platelets and plasma coagulative components of hemostasis suggested about the hemostatic function of blood platelets.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of the platelet and plasma coagulating components of the hemostatic system normally and in pathology]. The adhesive-aggregative activity of blood platelets and the blood coagulation rate were compared in 125 healthy humans in the reaction of prompt adaptation (circadian rhythm, emotional stress, ACTH load) and 157 patients with cardiovascular diseases over the period of crisis and under acute pharmacological effects. The discovery of differently directed shifts of the blood platelets and plasma coagulative components of hemostasis suggested about the hemostatic function of blood platelets.", "PMID": 518994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12484", "title": "[Protein biosynthesis in the rat liver in natural fluctuations of the steroid background].", "content": "The results of the study of protein and RNA biosynthesis and inducation of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the rat liver at natural (seasonal) fluctuations of the steroid background are presented. It is shown that the adrenal gland seasonal activation increases incorporation of precursors labeled (l14C-leucine and l14C-orotic acid) into total liver proteins and RNA and enhances glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the rat liver. The conclusion is drawn that the changes in the endogenous corticosteroid level have regulative significance for protein biosynthesis in the rat liver.", "contents": "[Protein biosynthesis in the rat liver in natural fluctuations of the steroid background]. The results of the study of protein and RNA biosynthesis and inducation of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the rat liver at natural (seasonal) fluctuations of the steroid background are presented. It is shown that the adrenal gland seasonal activation increases incorporation of precursors labeled (l14C-leucine and l14C-orotic acid) into total liver proteins and RNA and enhances glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the rat liver. The conclusion is drawn that the changes in the endogenous corticosteroid level have regulative significance for protein biosynthesis in the rat liver.", "PMID": 518995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12485", "title": "[Gylcine-14C incorporation into the plasma membrane proteins of normal and regenerating liver].", "content": "Incorporation of 14C-glycine in plasmatic membrane proteins of the intact and regenerating liver was studied at the beginning of G1 period of the cell cycle. The electrophoretic study of 0.05 M Na2CO3 soluble plasmatic membrane proteins of the regenerating liver showed that maximal incorporation of 14C-glycine was associated with the proteins having molecular weight of about 60 000. The pattern of incorporation of 14C-glycine in different fractions of 0.05 M Na2CO3 insoluble proteins of the plasmatic membranes of the intact and regenrating liver did not differ essentially.", "contents": "[Gylcine-14C incorporation into the plasma membrane proteins of normal and regenerating liver]. Incorporation of 14C-glycine in plasmatic membrane proteins of the intact and regenerating liver was studied at the beginning of G1 period of the cell cycle. The electrophoretic study of 0.05 M Na2CO3 soluble plasmatic membrane proteins of the regenerating liver showed that maximal incorporation of 14C-glycine was associated with the proteins having molecular weight of about 60 000. The pattern of incorporation of 14C-glycine in different fractions of 0.05 M Na2CO3 insoluble proteins of the plasmatic membranes of the intact and regenrating liver did not differ essentially.", "PMID": 518996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12486", "title": "[Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the acetate-1-14C incorporation rate in hydrophilic and hydrophobic brain phospholipid components].", "content": "Rats were kept in barochamber for 2 hours at the pressure of 240 mm Hg after subcutaneous administration of (1)14C-acetate. Hypobaric hypoxia caused depression in the incorporation of labeled acetate similar in both phospholipid (PL) components. But the dependence of depression in the metabolic rate upon hypothermia which accompanied hypoxia was more pronounced for hydrophobic portion of PB (carbon skeleton of fatty acids) than for hydrophilic one. Similarity in the degree of the hypoxia induced depression of incorporation of the precursors containing labeled phosphorus and carbon allows one to suggest that the carbon-containing parts of PL hydrophilic components (glycerol and nitrogen bases) and residues of ortho-phosphoric acid respond to hypoxia as a whole.", "contents": "[Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the acetate-1-14C incorporation rate in hydrophilic and hydrophobic brain phospholipid components]. Rats were kept in barochamber for 2 hours at the pressure of 240 mm Hg after subcutaneous administration of (1)14C-acetate. Hypobaric hypoxia caused depression in the incorporation of labeled acetate similar in both phospholipid (PL) components. But the dependence of depression in the metabolic rate upon hypothermia which accompanied hypoxia was more pronounced for hydrophobic portion of PB (carbon skeleton of fatty acids) than for hydrophilic one. Similarity in the degree of the hypoxia induced depression of incorporation of the precursors containing labeled phosphorus and carbon allows one to suggest that the carbon-containing parts of PL hydrophilic components (glycerol and nitrogen bases) and residues of ortho-phosphoric acid respond to hypoxia as a whole.", "PMID": 518997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12487", "title": "[Change in the activity of DNAse I inhibitor in the mouse spleen on the administration of a synthetic polyanion].", "content": "Synthetic polyanion pyran (copolimer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride) injected to mice increases the titre of antibody to sheep red blood cells as well as the activity of serum DNAase I and DNAase I splenic inhibitor. Simultaneously a growth of the spleen weight takes place. A possible role of the DNAase I inhibitor system in the mechanism of the adjuvant action of synthetic polyanion is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the activity of DNAse I inhibitor in the mouse spleen on the administration of a synthetic polyanion]. Synthetic polyanion pyran (copolimer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride) injected to mice increases the titre of antibody to sheep red blood cells as well as the activity of serum DNAase I and DNAase I splenic inhibitor. Simultaneously a growth of the spleen weight takes place. A possible role of the DNAase I inhibitor system in the mechanism of the adjuvant action of synthetic polyanion is discussed.", "PMID": 518998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12488", "title": "[Conformational changes in the heat-denatured nucleotide complex of human lymphocytes on subsequent cooling].", "content": "The microfluorometric technique allowed an assay of the chromatin state from binding of acridine orange in studies on the kinetics of conformational changes in the nucleoprotein complex (NP) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Extraction of F1 histone fraction with 0.01 N HCl (pH 2) substantially altered (decelerated) conformational changes in the NP complex. Extraction of F1, F2 and F3 histone fractions with 0.25N HCl (pH 0.6) led to a more pronounced deceleration of the kinetics of conformational changes. The latter ones were decelerated as well when the process was run in a more viscous medium (e. g. in a 70% glycerin solution). No conformational changes in the NP complex deproteinized with 0.25N HCl were revealed in a vicsous medium. In such a case the NP complex showed low F530 values and elevated values of the alpha coefficient that seems likely to suggest the nonreversible denaturation of the NP complex.", "contents": "[Conformational changes in the heat-denatured nucleotide complex of human lymphocytes on subsequent cooling]. The microfluorometric technique allowed an assay of the chromatin state from binding of acridine orange in studies on the kinetics of conformational changes in the nucleoprotein complex (NP) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Extraction of F1 histone fraction with 0.01 N HCl (pH 2) substantially altered (decelerated) conformational changes in the NP complex. Extraction of F1, F2 and F3 histone fractions with 0.25N HCl (pH 0.6) led to a more pronounced deceleration of the kinetics of conformational changes. The latter ones were decelerated as well when the process was run in a more viscous medium (e. g. in a 70% glycerin solution). No conformational changes in the NP complex deproteinized with 0.25N HCl were revealed in a vicsous medium. In such a case the NP complex showed low F530 values and elevated values of the alpha coefficient that seems likely to suggest the nonreversible denaturation of the NP complex.", "PMID": 518999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12489", "title": "[Bradykinin, morphine and naloxone interaction on the sensorimotor cortical neuron level].", "content": "In experiments on awake rabbits the effect of bradykinin, morphine and naloxone (applied by means of microiontophoresis) on sensomotor cortical neurons was studied. Bradykinin increased the discharge frequency in the majority of neurons. Morphine inhibited the neuronal activity. Bradykinin had no activating effect in the presence of morphine. Naloxone eliminated morphine depressing effect and restored the neuronal reaction to bradykinin. According to the data obtained it is suggested that bradykinin interacts with opiate receptors in the brain.", "contents": "[Bradykinin, morphine and naloxone interaction on the sensorimotor cortical neuron level]. In experiments on awake rabbits the effect of bradykinin, morphine and naloxone (applied by means of microiontophoresis) on sensomotor cortical neurons was studied. Bradykinin increased the discharge frequency in the majority of neurons. Morphine inhibited the neuronal activity. Bradykinin had no activating effect in the presence of morphine. Naloxone eliminated morphine depressing effect and restored the neuronal reaction to bradykinin. According to the data obtained it is suggested that bradykinin interacts with opiate receptors in the brain.", "PMID": 519000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12490", "title": "[Rosette formation in a cell population syngeneic transfer system from donors with an altered serotinin level].", "content": "The formation of primary immune response has been studied during transplantation to sublethally irradiated recipients of cells from different immunocompetent organs of non-immune intact donors as well as of those from animals injected serotonin. Considerable variations in the development of the immune reaction have been mainly discovered due to IgM-forming cells, both during the transfer of spleen cells alone and in combined injection of these cells with bone marrow and thymus cells from the same donors. The results obtained suggest a possible serotonine influence on variations in the ratio and migration of T and B cells in different organs and on T and B suppressor cells.", "contents": "[Rosette formation in a cell population syngeneic transfer system from donors with an altered serotinin level]. The formation of primary immune response has been studied during transplantation to sublethally irradiated recipients of cells from different immunocompetent organs of non-immune intact donors as well as of those from animals injected serotonin. Considerable variations in the development of the immune reaction have been mainly discovered due to IgM-forming cells, both during the transfer of spleen cells alone and in combined injection of these cells with bone marrow and thymus cells from the same donors. The results obtained suggest a possible serotonine influence on variations in the ratio and migration of T and B cells in different organs and on T and B suppressor cells.", "PMID": 519001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12491", "title": "[Correlation between the immunological responsiveness to haptens and an increase in stem cell migration on immunization with hapten-carrier conjugates].", "content": "CBA and C57BL mice were immunized intraperitoneally with the conjugates 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma-globulin, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, diasotated p-aminobenzoic acid-bovine serum albumin, and sulfanylic acid-bovine serum albumin, whereupon migration of hemopoietic stem cells to the spleen was investigated. Immunization with the conjugates haptene--protein was shown in most cases to provoke an intensified migration of hemopoietic stem cells in mice highly responsive to the specific haptene, and at the same time to reduce, as a rule, the intensity of migration in mice of the poorly responsive genotype. It is concluded that the migration ability of stem cells seems likely to be connected with genetic determination of the immune response in mice of different genotypes.", "contents": "[Correlation between the immunological responsiveness to haptens and an increase in stem cell migration on immunization with hapten-carrier conjugates]. CBA and C57BL mice were immunized intraperitoneally with the conjugates 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma-globulin, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, diasotated p-aminobenzoic acid-bovine serum albumin, and sulfanylic acid-bovine serum albumin, whereupon migration of hemopoietic stem cells to the spleen was investigated. Immunization with the conjugates haptene--protein was shown in most cases to provoke an intensified migration of hemopoietic stem cells in mice highly responsive to the specific haptene, and at the same time to reduce, as a rule, the intensity of migration in mice of the poorly responsive genotype. It is concluded that the migration ability of stem cells seems likely to be connected with genetic determination of the immune response in mice of different genotypes.", "PMID": 519002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12492", "title": "[Hematopoietic and lymphoid cell adhesion to stromal mechanocytes in vitro].", "content": "In vitro adhesion of guinea pig bone marrow and spleen cells to cultured fibroblasts of bone marrow, spleen, thymus and peritoneal fluid origin was studied. Much better binding of myeloid cells to fibroblasts than to macrophages was observed, but no difference in adhesion to stromal fibroblasts of different origin was focund. The number of adhereing cells per one stromal mechanocyte depends on the number of adhesion sites on the surface of target cells. According to our data, adhesion sites for myeloid cells are much more numerous, than adhesion sites for lymphoid cells.", "contents": "[Hematopoietic and lymphoid cell adhesion to stromal mechanocytes in vitro]. In vitro adhesion of guinea pig bone marrow and spleen cells to cultured fibroblasts of bone marrow, spleen, thymus and peritoneal fluid origin was studied. Much better binding of myeloid cells to fibroblasts than to macrophages was observed, but no difference in adhesion to stromal fibroblasts of different origin was focund. The number of adhereing cells per one stromal mechanocyte depends on the number of adhesion sites on the surface of target cells. According to our data, adhesion sites for myeloid cells are much more numerous, than adhesion sites for lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 519003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12493", "title": "[Tumor and body interrelationships in 14C-thiamine utilization].", "content": "Variations in the content of 14C-thiamine, thiamine-dependent enzyme transketolase (TK), and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) in mouse tissues were studied during Ehrlich's ascites tumour growth. The concentration of TDP in the liver of tumour-bearing animals continuously drops during 10 days after inoculation, TDP level in the tumour itself decreases more abruptly by the terminal period of tumour growth (the 10th day). At the same time the tumour demonstrates sharp deficiency of the coenzyme and redundance of apoenzymatic forms of TK. The growing deficiency of thiamine in the tumour favours greater tension of thiamine metabolism and appearance of competitive tumour-host interrelationships that are most pronounced in the presence of hypovitaminosis.", "contents": "[Tumor and body interrelationships in 14C-thiamine utilization]. Variations in the content of 14C-thiamine, thiamine-dependent enzyme transketolase (TK), and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) in mouse tissues were studied during Ehrlich's ascites tumour growth. The concentration of TDP in the liver of tumour-bearing animals continuously drops during 10 days after inoculation, TDP level in the tumour itself decreases more abruptly by the terminal period of tumour growth (the 10th day). At the same time the tumour demonstrates sharp deficiency of the coenzyme and redundance of apoenzymatic forms of TK. The growing deficiency of thiamine in the tumour favours greater tension of thiamine metabolism and appearance of competitive tumour-host interrelationships that are most pronounced in the presence of hypovitaminosis.", "PMID": 519004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12494", "title": "[Hematopoietic stem cell migration study in dogs].", "content": "The migration rate of stem hemopoietic cells (SHC) of the bone marrow was studied by two methods in experiments on 54 dogs. In the first case the dogs were irradiated with an absolute lethal dose (550 R) subtotally, shielding two knee-joints. Seven days after the first irradiation under inactivation of shielded parts with 2000 R dose the survival rate was 12.5% and after 14-day inactivation all the dogs survived. In the second case firstly both knee-joints were irradiated with 2000 R dose. All the animals died following subsequent subtotal irradiation of the areas previously irradiated with 550 R dose if the second irradiation was performed 7 days after the first one. Prolongation of the time intervals between irradiations up to 31 days lead to 20% survival of the animals. It was concluded that SHC migration in dogs is much lower than in mice.", "contents": "[Hematopoietic stem cell migration study in dogs]. The migration rate of stem hemopoietic cells (SHC) of the bone marrow was studied by two methods in experiments on 54 dogs. In the first case the dogs were irradiated with an absolute lethal dose (550 R) subtotally, shielding two knee-joints. Seven days after the first irradiation under inactivation of shielded parts with 2000 R dose the survival rate was 12.5% and after 14-day inactivation all the dogs survived. In the second case firstly both knee-joints were irradiated with 2000 R dose. All the animals died following subsequent subtotal irradiation of the areas previously irradiated with 550 R dose if the second irradiation was performed 7 days after the first one. Prolongation of the time intervals between irradiations up to 31 days lead to 20% survival of the animals. It was concluded that SHC migration in dogs is much lower than in mice.", "PMID": 519005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12495", "title": "[Growth-stimulating action of nitroso compounds on organ cultures of mouse and rat embryonic liver].", "content": "Transplacental and direct effects of nitroso-methylurea (NMU) on the organ cultures of the liver of 18-20-day embryos of CBA and C57BL mice and the action of diethylnitroso-amine on the embryo liver cultures of noninbred rats were studied. Nitroso-compounds acclerated explant adaptation, enhanced the culture survival as compared with the normal and induced hyperplastic proliferation of small basophilic cells, whose survival in the experiment and under normal conditions was higher than that in the normal embryonal hepatocytes. The growth-stimulating effect depended on the animal species and strain and on the carcinogen, as weel as on the route of administration.", "contents": "[Growth-stimulating action of nitroso compounds on organ cultures of mouse and rat embryonic liver]. Transplacental and direct effects of nitroso-methylurea (NMU) on the organ cultures of the liver of 18-20-day embryos of CBA and C57BL mice and the action of diethylnitroso-amine on the embryo liver cultures of noninbred rats were studied. Nitroso-compounds acclerated explant adaptation, enhanced the culture survival as compared with the normal and induced hyperplastic proliferation of small basophilic cells, whose survival in the experiment and under normal conditions was higher than that in the normal embryonal hepatocytes. The growth-stimulating effect depended on the animal species and strain and on the carcinogen, as weel as on the route of administration.", "PMID": 519006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12496", "title": "[Effect of cytidine and uridine on liver regeneration in rats poisoned by carbon tetrachloride].", "content": "The effect of cytidine and uridine on the reparative processes in the rat liver in experimental hepatitis induced by CCl was studied. Combined administration of uridine or cytidine with CCl4 during 7 days does not prevent the liver affection. The subsequent nucleoside treatment (up to 15 and 20 days) accelerates to a different degree the reparative processes after CCl4 withdrawal. Thus, cytidine provokes marked hypertrophy of regenerated hepatocytes accompanied by proliferation of the mesenchymal elements, not followed, however, by recovery of the conjugative and excretory liver functions. Uridine, in contrast to cytidine, promotes more rapid normalization of these functions though the organ structure regeneration is not complete.", "contents": "[Effect of cytidine and uridine on liver regeneration in rats poisoned by carbon tetrachloride]. The effect of cytidine and uridine on the reparative processes in the rat liver in experimental hepatitis induced by CCl was studied. Combined administration of uridine or cytidine with CCl4 during 7 days does not prevent the liver affection. The subsequent nucleoside treatment (up to 15 and 20 days) accelerates to a different degree the reparative processes after CCl4 withdrawal. Thus, cytidine provokes marked hypertrophy of regenerated hepatocytes accompanied by proliferation of the mesenchymal elements, not followed, however, by recovery of the conjugative and excretory liver functions. Uridine, in contrast to cytidine, promotes more rapid normalization of these functions though the organ structure regeneration is not complete.", "PMID": 519007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12497", "title": "[Cellular ultrastructure of the hepatic sinusoid in partially hepatectomized rats].", "content": "In male Wistar rats weighing 160-200 g 2/3 of the liver tissue was removed. As a result the phase modifications of lysosome structures in Kupffer's cells have been observed. 2.5 hours after operation the number of primary lysosomal granules increased, 9 hours later an augmentation in size and polymorphism of lysosomes was revealed. At the moment of hepatocyte mitotic peak, i. e. 30 hours after partial liver removal mainly secondary lysosomes were detected in Kupffer's cells. On the contrary, 48 hours following operation the number of new wave of accumulation of primary lysosomal granules was seen. In endothelial cells the lipid infiltration was prevalent especially at the hepatocyte mitotic peak period. The data obtained indicate specific relationship of ultrastructural modifications in sinusoidal cells and phases of the liver reparative regeneration.", "contents": "[Cellular ultrastructure of the hepatic sinusoid in partially hepatectomized rats]. In male Wistar rats weighing 160-200 g 2/3 of the liver tissue was removed. As a result the phase modifications of lysosome structures in Kupffer's cells have been observed. 2.5 hours after operation the number of primary lysosomal granules increased, 9 hours later an augmentation in size and polymorphism of lysosomes was revealed. At the moment of hepatocyte mitotic peak, i. e. 30 hours after partial liver removal mainly secondary lysosomes were detected in Kupffer's cells. On the contrary, 48 hours following operation the number of new wave of accumulation of primary lysosomal granules was seen. In endothelial cells the lipid infiltration was prevalent especially at the hepatocyte mitotic peak period. The data obtained indicate specific relationship of ultrastructural modifications in sinusoidal cells and phases of the liver reparative regeneration.", "PMID": 519008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12498", "title": "[Proliferative activity of the surface foveolar gastric epithelium in acetysalicylic acid injury].", "content": "The proliferative activity of gastric mucous cells (GMC) was studied in white mice following the administration of acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg). One hour before sacrifice all the animals received intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine. The mitotic index and index of labeling nuclei were calculated by means of radioautographers 3, 10 and 20 days after administering the drug. Following 3-day exposure to acetylsalicylic acid the proliferative activity of GMC remained unchanged as compared to controls. Long-term administration (10 and 20 days) of the drug produced no increase in the number of erosions, but there was a statistically significant rise in the proliferative activity of GMC. This rise was accounted for by increased number of proliferating cells in the foveated and cervical divisions of the glands as well as due to the extension of the zone of distribution of precursor cells in the gastric glands as far as the basal divisions. These changes may be considered as manifestation of the protective-adaptive reaction of the gastric mucosa in response to the damaging effect of acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity of the surface foveolar gastric epithelium in acetysalicylic acid injury]. The proliferative activity of gastric mucous cells (GMC) was studied in white mice following the administration of acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg). One hour before sacrifice all the animals received intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine. The mitotic index and index of labeling nuclei were calculated by means of radioautographers 3, 10 and 20 days after administering the drug. Following 3-day exposure to acetylsalicylic acid the proliferative activity of GMC remained unchanged as compared to controls. Long-term administration (10 and 20 days) of the drug produced no increase in the number of erosions, but there was a statistically significant rise in the proliferative activity of GMC. This rise was accounted for by increased number of proliferating cells in the foveated and cervical divisions of the glands as well as due to the extension of the zone of distribution of precursor cells in the gastric glands as far as the basal divisions. These changes may be considered as manifestation of the protective-adaptive reaction of the gastric mucosa in response to the damaging effect of acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 519009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12499", "title": "[4-Aminopyridine induced spontaneous synchronism of acetylcholine release in the neuro-muscular junction].", "content": "The effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on acetylcholine release was investigated on the rat phrenic diaphragmatic preparations by means of intracellular recording of spontaneous synaptic activity. 4-AP in concentrations of 1.10(-6) to 1910(-3) M did not cause significant shifts in the mean value of frequency and amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP). At the same time 4-AP induced appearance of large spontaneous EPP capable of generating distribution of action potentials. 4-AP transformed the character of MEPP amplitude distribution into the polimodal one, the main node being shifted in several cases to the range of lower values. It was concluded that 4-AP can modify the character of acetylcholine release that intensifies the spontaneous synchronism manifestation.", "contents": "[4-Aminopyridine induced spontaneous synchronism of acetylcholine release in the neuro-muscular junction]. The effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on acetylcholine release was investigated on the rat phrenic diaphragmatic preparations by means of intracellular recording of spontaneous synaptic activity. 4-AP in concentrations of 1.10(-6) to 1910(-3) M did not cause significant shifts in the mean value of frequency and amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP). At the same time 4-AP induced appearance of large spontaneous EPP capable of generating distribution of action potentials. 4-AP transformed the character of MEPP amplitude distribution into the polimodal one, the main node being shifted in several cases to the range of lower values. It was concluded that 4-AP can modify the character of acetylcholine release that intensifies the spontaneous synchronism manifestation.", "PMID": 519011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12500", "title": "[Electrogenesis of muscular fibers in the rat masseter muscle proper].", "content": "It was established by the method of intracellular lead of membrane rest potentials (MRP) and action potentials (AP) that fibers with high MRP and little overshot are mainly located in superficial layers of the rat masseter muscle proper whereas those with low MRP and high overshot principally in deep layers. Excitability of the cytoplasmic membrane of muscular fibers of both types proved to be related in electrical properties (critical level of depolarization, current threshold). It is suggested that the rat masseter muscle contains a great number of rapid phasic fibers in superficial layers and slow ones in deep layers.", "contents": "[Electrogenesis of muscular fibers in the rat masseter muscle proper]. It was established by the method of intracellular lead of membrane rest potentials (MRP) and action potentials (AP) that fibers with high MRP and little overshot are mainly located in superficial layers of the rat masseter muscle proper whereas those with low MRP and high overshot principally in deep layers. Excitability of the cytoplasmic membrane of muscular fibers of both types proved to be related in electrical properties (critical level of depolarization, current threshold). It is suggested that the rat masseter muscle contains a great number of rapid phasic fibers in superficial layers and slow ones in deep layers.", "PMID": 519012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12501", "title": "[Mechanism of regulation of steroidogenesis in the adrenals by blood serum lipoproteins].", "content": "It has been shown that high density lipoproteins obtained by ultracentrifugation and loaded with cholesterol and pregnenolone exert a stimulant effect on in vitro production of glucocorticoids by rat adrenals. Low density native lipoproteins possess an inhibitory effect connected with the protein component. The action of various blood serum lipoproteins on steroidogenesis in rat adrenals has significantly different mechanisms.", "contents": "[Mechanism of regulation of steroidogenesis in the adrenals by blood serum lipoproteins]. It has been shown that high density lipoproteins obtained by ultracentrifugation and loaded with cholesterol and pregnenolone exert a stimulant effect on in vitro production of glucocorticoids by rat adrenals. Low density native lipoproteins possess an inhibitory effect connected with the protein component. The action of various blood serum lipoproteins on steroidogenesis in rat adrenals has significantly different mechanisms.", "PMID": 519013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12502", "title": "[Do specialized cutaneous cold receptors exist?].", "content": "The relative quantity of the cutaneous nerve unmyelinated fibers that conduct the excitation impulses from mechanoreceptors under contraction of pilomotors without and during cooling of the skin by 10 degrees C at a rate of 1 degree C per second was measured by the integrating method of colliding impulses. The same mechanoreceptors are shown to be excited by pilomotors both under skin deformation and cooling. A conclusion is made about absence of specific cold receptors in the cat skin.", "contents": "[Do specialized cutaneous cold receptors exist?]. The relative quantity of the cutaneous nerve unmyelinated fibers that conduct the excitation impulses from mechanoreceptors under contraction of pilomotors without and during cooling of the skin by 10 degrees C at a rate of 1 degree C per second was measured by the integrating method of colliding impulses. The same mechanoreceptors are shown to be excited by pilomotors both under skin deformation and cooling. A conclusion is made about absence of specific cold receptors in the cat skin.", "PMID": 519014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12503", "title": "[Experimental studies of parmidin (pyridinolcarbamate) effect on microvascular permeability of the lungs, skin and mesentery].", "content": "The effect of parmidin (pyridinolcarbamate) on microvascular permeability of several organs has been studied on experimental mice and rats using different models of increased vascular permeability, returned to normal by the drug due to its antibradykinine properties. The experimental results correlate with the clinical data on parmidin applied in therapy of a number of diseases associated with abnormal microcirculation.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of parmidin (pyridinolcarbamate) effect on microvascular permeability of the lungs, skin and mesentery]. The effect of parmidin (pyridinolcarbamate) on microvascular permeability of several organs has been studied on experimental mice and rats using different models of increased vascular permeability, returned to normal by the drug due to its antibradykinine properties. The experimental results correlate with the clinical data on parmidin applied in therapy of a number of diseases associated with abnormal microcirculation.", "PMID": 519015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12504", "title": "[Analysis of analgesia induced by the generator of excitation in the dorsal raphe nucleus].", "content": "In experiments on white rats the generator of excitation was created in the dorsal raphe nucleus by microinjection of tetanus toxin. After formation of the excitation generator electrical activity in this nucleus was changed as the following: the first negative component (N1) was strongly increased, general EP configuration changed and the spontaneous paroxysmal activity became more frequent. The time of the generator formation correlated with the appearance of intense and prolonged analgesia. Naloxone did not reverse the effects of analgesia described.", "contents": "[Analysis of analgesia induced by the generator of excitation in the dorsal raphe nucleus]. In experiments on white rats the generator of excitation was created in the dorsal raphe nucleus by microinjection of tetanus toxin. After formation of the excitation generator electrical activity in this nucleus was changed as the following: the first negative component (N1) was strongly increased, general EP configuration changed and the spontaneous paroxysmal activity became more frequent. The time of the generator formation correlated with the appearance of intense and prolonged analgesia. Naloxone did not reverse the effects of analgesia described.", "PMID": 519016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12505", "title": "[Analysis of hemodynamic reactions induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus in alert animals].", "content": "Electrical stimulation on the hypothalamus in alert cats increases the blood pressure and inhibits the baroceptor reflexes. In animals with extirpated sinocarotid and aortic nerves the pressor reactions are perversed to depressor ones at threshold stimulation of the hypothalamus. Meanwhile suprathreshold stimulation of this organ leads to emergence of depressor-pressor responses. It is suggested that inhibition of the baroceptor reflexes is one of the mechanisms of the hypertensive reaction emergence at stimulation of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Analysis of hemodynamic reactions induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus in alert animals]. Electrical stimulation on the hypothalamus in alert cats increases the blood pressure and inhibits the baroceptor reflexes. In animals with extirpated sinocarotid and aortic nerves the pressor reactions are perversed to depressor ones at threshold stimulation of the hypothalamus. Meanwhile suprathreshold stimulation of this organ leads to emergence of depressor-pressor responses. It is suggested that inhibition of the baroceptor reflexes is one of the mechanisms of the hypertensive reaction emergence at stimulation of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 519017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12506", "title": "[Comparative study of intravital microcirculation and hemorheological changes following burn injury of different severity in rats].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that burn injury is followed by microcirculatory disturbances, hemoconcentration and increasing blood viscosity that is especially pronounced in the vessels with low blood pressure. The microcirculatory changes in the mesentery correlated with the in vitro investigated dynamic viscosity and blood composition. The disturbances were more pronounced after severe burn followed by a mortal shock than after moderate burn without fatal consequences. This investigation confirms great importance of hemorheological changes and microcirculatory disturbances in the early period of burn disease.", "contents": "[Comparative study of intravital microcirculation and hemorheological changes following burn injury of different severity in rats]. It was shown in experiments on rats that burn injury is followed by microcirculatory disturbances, hemoconcentration and increasing blood viscosity that is especially pronounced in the vessels with low blood pressure. The microcirculatory changes in the mesentery correlated with the in vitro investigated dynamic viscosity and blood composition. The disturbances were more pronounced after severe burn followed by a mortal shock than after moderate burn without fatal consequences. This investigation confirms great importance of hemorheological changes and microcirculatory disturbances in the early period of burn disease.", "PMID": 519018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12507", "title": "[Permeability of histohematic barriers of the small intestine during perfusion with some preserving solutions].", "content": "The permeability changes in histohematic barriers of the isolated small intestine loops of laboratory white rats whose vessels were perfused with 0.85% sodium chloride, Ringer-Lock, Hanks and Collins-2 solutions as well as with hemodez and aminopeptide were studied. The amount of the fluid flowing off the vessels, perfusate penetration into the intestinal lumen and its transudation through the serous membrane were determined. It was concluded that the slightest disturbance in the small intestine histohematic barrier was observed during perfusion of the vessels with Collins-2 solution. The above method is recommended for testing the comparative characteristics of the preserving solution.", "contents": "[Permeability of histohematic barriers of the small intestine during perfusion with some preserving solutions]. The permeability changes in histohematic barriers of the isolated small intestine loops of laboratory white rats whose vessels were perfused with 0.85% sodium chloride, Ringer-Lock, Hanks and Collins-2 solutions as well as with hemodez and aminopeptide were studied. The amount of the fluid flowing off the vessels, perfusate penetration into the intestinal lumen and its transudation through the serous membrane were determined. It was concluded that the slightest disturbance in the small intestine histohematic barrier was observed during perfusion of the vessels with Collins-2 solution. The above method is recommended for testing the comparative characteristics of the preserving solution.", "PMID": 519019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12508", "title": "[Cholinergic regulation of transcription in the liver].", "content": "The rate of the RNA synthesis in the rat liver was enhanced 6 hours after intramuscular administration to rats of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine or chlorosil at doses of 20, 1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. At a dose of 0.025 mg/kg chlorosil failed to influence the transcription rate, but partially blocked its stimulation by carbamylcholine. Chlorosil and carbamylcholine did not change the RNA synthesis rate in isolated hepatocytic nuclei. It is suggested that the effect is mediated by their interaction with the cholinoreceptor or with the cell plasmatic membrane sites structurally associated with it.", "contents": "[Cholinergic regulation of transcription in the liver]. The rate of the RNA synthesis in the rat liver was enhanced 6 hours after intramuscular administration to rats of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine or chlorosil at doses of 20, 1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. At a dose of 0.025 mg/kg chlorosil failed to influence the transcription rate, but partially blocked its stimulation by carbamylcholine. Chlorosil and carbamylcholine did not change the RNA synthesis rate in isolated hepatocytic nuclei. It is suggested that the effect is mediated by their interaction with the cholinoreceptor or with the cell plasmatic membrane sites structurally associated with it.", "PMID": 519020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12509", "title": "[Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by adrenaline and insulin, effect of the insulin-dependent cytoplasmic factor].", "content": "The insulin-dependent cytoplasmic factor-regulator (IDR) was shown to inhibit pyruvate and succinate oxidation by the rat liver mitochondria. In view of the fact that insulin increases and adrenaline decreases IDR activity in the liver cytoplasm it is suggested that oxidation of the substrate in mitochondria in vivo is regulated by changes in IDR content in cytoplasm. It was shown that adrenaline-activated oxidation apart from decreased activity of IDR in cytoplasm is induced by a different mechanism not related to IDR content.", "contents": "[Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by adrenaline and insulin, effect of the insulin-dependent cytoplasmic factor]. The insulin-dependent cytoplasmic factor-regulator (IDR) was shown to inhibit pyruvate and succinate oxidation by the rat liver mitochondria. In view of the fact that insulin increases and adrenaline decreases IDR activity in the liver cytoplasm it is suggested that oxidation of the substrate in mitochondria in vivo is regulated by changes in IDR content in cytoplasm. It was shown that adrenaline-activated oxidation apart from decreased activity of IDR in cytoplasm is induced by a different mechanism not related to IDR content.", "PMID": 519021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12510", "title": "[Ultraweak luminescence of blood plasma in experimental embolism of the main arteries of the limbs].", "content": "The changes in the level of blood plasma chemiluminescence initiated by hydrogen peroxide and divalent iron were studied in experiments on 15 dogs with aorta bifurcation embolism. After occlusion of the arteries the level of iron-initiated chemiluminescence decreases. The level of hydrogen peroxide-initiated luminiscence increases simultaneously, reaches the maximum after 6-hour occlusion and subsequently tends to decrease. Hydrogen peroxide-initiated statistically significant increase in luminescence allows one to form a judgement about duration of the disease. After blood flow recovery in the limbs there take place a rise in the level of hydrogen-peroxide initiated hemiluminescence and subsequent iron-initiated hemiluminescence level drop.", "contents": "[Ultraweak luminescence of blood plasma in experimental embolism of the main arteries of the limbs]. The changes in the level of blood plasma chemiluminescence initiated by hydrogen peroxide and divalent iron were studied in experiments on 15 dogs with aorta bifurcation embolism. After occlusion of the arteries the level of iron-initiated chemiluminescence decreases. The level of hydrogen peroxide-initiated luminiscence increases simultaneously, reaches the maximum after 6-hour occlusion and subsequently tends to decrease. Hydrogen peroxide-initiated statistically significant increase in luminescence allows one to form a judgement about duration of the disease. After blood flow recovery in the limbs there take place a rise in the level of hydrogen-peroxide initiated hemiluminescence and subsequent iron-initiated hemiluminescence level drop.", "PMID": 519022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12511", "title": "[Variations in prostaglandin E content in the arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid under conditions of hypo- and hypercapnia].", "content": "A marked increase in the prostaglandin E (PGE) content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the arterial blood of cats was observed under conditions of 3-minute hypocapnia. During 30-minute hypocapnia a restoration of the initial PGE level was seen. The PGE content in CSF increased while in the arterial blood it decreased comparatively to the control under conditions of 3-minute hypercapnia. In 30-minute hypercapnia the PGE amount in the CSF and the blood dropped in comparison with 3-minute hypercapnia being below the basal level in the blood. It is suggested that in hypocapnia PGE should limit its constrictive effect on the cerebral vessels while under conditions of hypercapnia they are to promote the realization of the cerebral vessel reaction to CO2.", "contents": "[Variations in prostaglandin E content in the arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid under conditions of hypo- and hypercapnia]. A marked increase in the prostaglandin E (PGE) content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the arterial blood of cats was observed under conditions of 3-minute hypocapnia. During 30-minute hypocapnia a restoration of the initial PGE level was seen. The PGE content in CSF increased while in the arterial blood it decreased comparatively to the control under conditions of 3-minute hypercapnia. In 30-minute hypercapnia the PGE amount in the CSF and the blood dropped in comparison with 3-minute hypercapnia being below the basal level in the blood. It is suggested that in hypocapnia PGE should limit its constrictive effect on the cerebral vessels while under conditions of hypercapnia they are to promote the realization of the cerebral vessel reaction to CO2.", "PMID": 519023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12512", "title": "[Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation by neutral SH-dependent proteinase of the spleen].", "content": "The effect of neutral SH-dependent proteinase of the spleen on transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied. Proteinase (1--10 micrograms/ml) inhibits phytohemagglutinin-stimulated (PHA) lymphocyte transformation and has no effect on spontaneous transformation. Proteinase does not alter the mitogenic properties of PHA and possesses no cytotoxicity. Therefore, inhibition of stimulated lymphocyte transformation is either resultant of proteinase direct action on the cell or associated with the inhibitor factor formation.", "contents": "[Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation by neutral SH-dependent proteinase of the spleen]. The effect of neutral SH-dependent proteinase of the spleen on transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied. Proteinase (1--10 micrograms/ml) inhibits phytohemagglutinin-stimulated (PHA) lymphocyte transformation and has no effect on spontaneous transformation. Proteinase does not alter the mitogenic properties of PHA and possesses no cytotoxicity. Therefore, inhibition of stimulated lymphocyte transformation is either resultant of proteinase direct action on the cell or associated with the inhibitor factor formation.", "PMID": 519024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12513", "title": "[Immune response of (C57BL/6xA/Sn)F1 mice in mycoplasm-virus infection].", "content": "Mixed Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and M. arthritidis infection of (C57BL/6xA/Sn)f1 mice-hybrids, highly resistant to RLV, was accompanied by a progressive inhibition of rosette-forming cells (RFC) and plaque-forming cells (PFC), resulting in the induction of malignant erythroblastosis identical by cytology to Rauscher leukemia. The mice-hybrids infected with A. laidlawii and RLV developed significant splenomegaly on the 21st day of the infection, and their immune response was almost entirely suppressed, but both RFC and PFC populations as well as the spleen weight returned to the initial level by the 62d day the infection. A possible role of mycoplasm in the induction and development of Rauscher leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Immune response of (C57BL/6xA/Sn)F1 mice in mycoplasm-virus infection]. Mixed Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and M. arthritidis infection of (C57BL/6xA/Sn)f1 mice-hybrids, highly resistant to RLV, was accompanied by a progressive inhibition of rosette-forming cells (RFC) and plaque-forming cells (PFC), resulting in the induction of malignant erythroblastosis identical by cytology to Rauscher leukemia. The mice-hybrids infected with A. laidlawii and RLV developed significant splenomegaly on the 21st day of the infection, and their immune response was almost entirely suppressed, but both RFC and PFC populations as well as the spleen weight returned to the initial level by the 62d day the infection. A possible role of mycoplasm in the induction and development of Rauscher leukemia is discussed.", "PMID": 519025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12514", "title": "[Allergenic activity of some kinds of plant pollen].", "content": "Allergenic active fractions of ragweed, wormwood, goosefoot and sunflower pollen with a molecular weight of 37 000, 19 000, 35 000 and 14 000, respectively, were isolated by chromatography on Sephadex. All studied allergens had similar properties: affinity to Sephadex which was more pronounced to Sephadex G-75 than to G-100; absorbing components had no activity; allergenic and antigenic activities were determined only in fractions eluted in the bed volume of the column. Affinity of the allergans to Sephadex did not depend on the eluent type, but decreased in potentiation of the buffer ionic strength.", "contents": "[Allergenic activity of some kinds of plant pollen]. Allergenic active fractions of ragweed, wormwood, goosefoot and sunflower pollen with a molecular weight of 37 000, 19 000, 35 000 and 14 000, respectively, were isolated by chromatography on Sephadex. All studied allergens had similar properties: affinity to Sephadex which was more pronounced to Sephadex G-75 than to G-100; absorbing components had no activity; allergenic and antigenic activities were determined only in fractions eluted in the bed volume of the column. Affinity of the allergans to Sephadex did not depend on the eluent type, but decreased in potentiation of the buffer ionic strength.", "PMID": 519026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12515", "title": "[Effect of some stressors on the mitotic regimen of the corneal epithelium and on the level of aneuploid bone marrow cells of adrenalectomized albino rats].", "content": "It has been shown that pyrogenal administration or one-hour hyporthermia at 28--30 degrees C did not induce development of reactive inhibition in adrenalectomized rats but produced a significant increase in the level of pathological mitoses in the cornea of intact (from 4.3% to 6.3%) and adrenalectomized (from 10.6% to 12.5%) rats subjected to stress. The karyotypic analysis of the bone marrow cells under such conditions showed a significant rise in the number of aneuploid (hupo- and hyperdiploid) cells.", "contents": "[Effect of some stressors on the mitotic regimen of the corneal epithelium and on the level of aneuploid bone marrow cells of adrenalectomized albino rats]. It has been shown that pyrogenal administration or one-hour hyporthermia at 28--30 degrees C did not induce development of reactive inhibition in adrenalectomized rats but produced a significant increase in the level of pathological mitoses in the cornea of intact (from 4.3% to 6.3%) and adrenalectomized (from 10.6% to 12.5%) rats subjected to stress. The karyotypic analysis of the bone marrow cells under such conditions showed a significant rise in the number of aneuploid (hupo- and hyperdiploid) cells.", "PMID": 519027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12516", "title": "[Circadian rhythms of the parameters of the mouse esophagus epithelial cell kinetics].", "content": "Circadian rhythms of the mitotic activity, DNA synthesis and the parameters of the mitotic cells of the mouse esophagus epithelium were studied during the periods of maximum and minimum proliferation. The number of mitoses and DNA-synthetizing cells increases rhythmically at 1--7 a. m. from 22 p. m. to 4 a. m., respectively. When 3H-thymidine was injected to the mice at 2 a. m., tG2min was 1h; tG2+1/2 M was 2h; tS was 7.1; tG1+1/2 M was 2h; tS was 7.1; tG1+1/2 M was 15.9h. When 3H-thymidine was injected at 2 p. m., tS rose up to 8.2 and tG1+1/2 M up to 14.8h. The mitotic cycle in both series of experiments totalled 25 h. Thus, the duration of various phases of the mitotic cycle depends on the time of the day and correlates with circadian rhythms of the mitotic activity and the number of DNA-synthetizing cells. Duration of the mitotic cycle of the cells passing through it at varying time of the day is the same and approximates the period of the circadian rhythm of mitoses and DNA synthesis in esophagus epithelium.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythms of the parameters of the mouse esophagus epithelial cell kinetics]. Circadian rhythms of the mitotic activity, DNA synthesis and the parameters of the mitotic cells of the mouse esophagus epithelium were studied during the periods of maximum and minimum proliferation. The number of mitoses and DNA-synthetizing cells increases rhythmically at 1--7 a. m. from 22 p. m. to 4 a. m., respectively. When 3H-thymidine was injected to the mice at 2 a. m., tG2min was 1h; tG2+1/2 M was 2h; tS was 7.1; tG1+1/2 M was 2h; tS was 7.1; tG1+1/2 M was 15.9h. When 3H-thymidine was injected at 2 p. m., tS rose up to 8.2 and tG1+1/2 M up to 14.8h. The mitotic cycle in both series of experiments totalled 25 h. Thus, the duration of various phases of the mitotic cycle depends on the time of the day and correlates with circadian rhythms of the mitotic activity and the number of DNA-synthetizing cells. Duration of the mitotic cycle of the cells passing through it at varying time of the day is the same and approximates the period of the circadian rhythm of mitoses and DNA synthesis in esophagus epithelium.", "PMID": 519028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12517", "title": "[Effect of some drugs on colchicine uptake by colchicine-sensitive and resistant cells].", "content": "The effect of several agents on 3H-colchicine, uptake by L cells and resistant to colcemide and colchicine L-53 cells was studied. Vinblastin to which L-53 cells are cross-resistant increases labeled colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells 3- and 8-fold, respectively. The substances which decrease ATP level in the cells (olygomycin, etc.) enhance colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells 2--4-fold. In the presence of these substances colchicine uptake by resistant cells is more intensive than by sensitive L cells. The structural analogue of colchicine, lumicolchicine, inactive in binding the microtubular protein tubulin enhances colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells to about equal degree.", "contents": "[Effect of some drugs on colchicine uptake by colchicine-sensitive and resistant cells]. The effect of several agents on 3H-colchicine, uptake by L cells and resistant to colcemide and colchicine L-53 cells was studied. Vinblastin to which L-53 cells are cross-resistant increases labeled colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells 3- and 8-fold, respectively. The substances which decrease ATP level in the cells (olygomycin, etc.) enhance colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells 2--4-fold. In the presence of these substances colchicine uptake by resistant cells is more intensive than by sensitive L cells. The structural analogue of colchicine, lumicolchicine, inactive in binding the microtubular protein tubulin enhances colchicine uptake by L and L-53 cells to about equal degree.", "PMID": 519029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12518", "title": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of cross-striated muscle tissue myocytes during physical exercise].", "content": "The ultrastructure of myocytes of the rat myocardium and skeletal muscles was studied in the control during physical exercise and under conditions of two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment. It was shown that single maximum physical exercise caused significant changes in the fine structure of cardiomyocytes and somewhat less changes in a pronounced intermyofibrillar edema, the swelling of mitochondria and an acute fall of the glycogen level. A two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment prevented the changes in the myocytes. The observed structure normalization induced by the drug is likely to be due to the specific nature of its metabolic transformation and to the effect on the energy exchange.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of cross-striated muscle tissue myocytes during physical exercise]. The ultrastructure of myocytes of the rat myocardium and skeletal muscles was studied in the control during physical exercise and under conditions of two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment. It was shown that single maximum physical exercise caused significant changes in the fine structure of cardiomyocytes and somewhat less changes in a pronounced intermyofibrillar edema, the swelling of mitochondria and an acute fall of the glycogen level. A two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment prevented the changes in the myocytes. The observed structure normalization induced by the drug is likely to be due to the specific nature of its metabolic transformation and to the effect on the energy exchange.", "PMID": 519030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12519", "title": "[Ultrastructure of parietal cells in summer and in the period of hibernation].", "content": "The parietal cells of active and hibernating citellus erythkogenus Br. were studied by electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. It was shown that there are clear-cut changes in the ultrastructure of parietal cells during hibernation, which reflect the absence of secretory activity of the cells. No pronounced dystrophic changes in morphology of the parietal cells were found. Structural differences due to the life stages of the cells were preserved.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of parietal cells in summer and in the period of hibernation]. The parietal cells of active and hibernating citellus erythkogenus Br. were studied by electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. It was shown that there are clear-cut changes in the ultrastructure of parietal cells during hibernation, which reflect the absence of secretory activity of the cells. No pronounced dystrophic changes in morphology of the parietal cells were found. Structural differences due to the life stages of the cells were preserved.", "PMID": 519031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12520", "title": "Influence of levamisole on the capacity of neutrophil granulocytes for ingestion and for the reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium.", "content": "With the aid of a modification of the NBT test it has been shown in in vitro and in vivo studies that levamisole does not affect the NBT reduction capacity of neutrophil granulocytes. The increased NBT positivity of these cells under the influence of levamisol is due to stimulation of ingestion.", "contents": "Influence of levamisole on the capacity of neutrophil granulocytes for ingestion and for the reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium. With the aid of a modification of the NBT test it has been shown in in vitro and in vivo studies that levamisole does not affect the NBT reduction capacity of neutrophil granulocytes. The increased NBT positivity of these cells under the influence of levamisol is due to stimulation of ingestion.", "PMID": 519032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12521", "title": "[A contribution to the cytostatic long-term chemotherapy of polycythemia vera (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1967 to 1978 38 patients with polycythemia vera received a long term cytostatic chemotherapy. The results of 14 patients who were given Procarbacin (Natulan) during a mean treatment time of 9 1/2 years are communicated. Two patients showed secondary tumors after 9 or 11 years respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of the various therapeutic approaches in the management of polycythemia in the literature are discussed together with our own experiences.", "contents": "[A contribution to the cytostatic long-term chemotherapy of polycythemia vera (author's transl)]. From 1967 to 1978 38 patients with polycythemia vera received a long term cytostatic chemotherapy. The results of 14 patients who were given Procarbacin (Natulan) during a mean treatment time of 9 1/2 years are communicated. Two patients showed secondary tumors after 9 or 11 years respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of the various therapeutic approaches in the management of polycythemia in the literature are discussed together with our own experiences.", "PMID": 519033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12522", "title": "Trials with the auditory response cradle. 1--Neonatal responses to auditory stimuli.", "content": "The Auditory Response Cradle enables physiological response measures to be recorded from the neonate. Auditory responses are detected in the form of head rotation, startle, body activity and respiration changes. This paper reports the results of trials with 203 neonates using 250 and 1000 Hz pure tone and broad band noise stimuli. Response criteria are determined and spontaneous control 'responses' compared with those resulting from stimulus presentation. The response rate is correlated with the measured intra-meatal sound pressure level. Clear response thresholds are determined for all three stimuli. The sharpness of these motor thresholds is discussed and found to have significant implications for cost-effective neonatal auditory screening.", "contents": "Trials with the auditory response cradle. 1--Neonatal responses to auditory stimuli. The Auditory Response Cradle enables physiological response measures to be recorded from the neonate. Auditory responses are detected in the form of head rotation, startle, body activity and respiration changes. This paper reports the results of trials with 203 neonates using 250 and 1000 Hz pure tone and broad band noise stimuli. Response criteria are determined and spontaneous control 'responses' compared with those resulting from stimulus presentation. The response rate is correlated with the measured intra-meatal sound pressure level. Clear response thresholds are determined for all three stimuli. The sharpness of these motor thresholds is discussed and found to have significant implications for cost-effective neonatal auditory screening.", "PMID": 519069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12523", "title": "A forced-choice procedure to detect feigned or exaggerated hearing loss.", "content": "A forced-choice technique which may be used to confirm the existence of a non-organic hearing loss is described. Evidence is presented which shows that although this technique is not infallible it can in many cases unmask attempts to simulate or exaggerate a hearing loss. Supplementary tests using conventional audiometry demonstrated that persons with normal hearing can consistently feign a bilateral hearing loss.", "contents": "A forced-choice procedure to detect feigned or exaggerated hearing loss. A forced-choice technique which may be used to confirm the existence of a non-organic hearing loss is described. Evidence is presented which shows that although this technique is not infallible it can in many cases unmask attempts to simulate or exaggerate a hearing loss. Supplementary tests using conventional audiometry demonstrated that persons with normal hearing can consistently feign a bilateral hearing loss.", "PMID": 519070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12524", "title": "Auditory fusion: a critical interval test with implications in differential diagnosis.", "content": "Pulses of white noise each of uniform duration but adjustable in interpulse spacing were presented to subjects at a comfortable loudness level. Reduction of pulse spacing below a critical interval resulted in a subjective impression of continuous noise. Eighty-four per cent of patients with sensori-neural hearing loss had a longer critical interval than normal subjects. Tentative explanations for this phenomenon are put forward in terms of desynchronisation or impaired interaction between inner and outer hair cells. Longer critical intervals found predominately in neural cases are explicable in terms of a reduction in neural conduction velocities. Interesting similarities in respect of end organ and nerve fibre lesions are apparent between critical intervals and reported electrocochleographic responses.", "contents": "Auditory fusion: a critical interval test with implications in differential diagnosis. Pulses of white noise each of uniform duration but adjustable in interpulse spacing were presented to subjects at a comfortable loudness level. Reduction of pulse spacing below a critical interval resulted in a subjective impression of continuous noise. Eighty-four per cent of patients with sensori-neural hearing loss had a longer critical interval than normal subjects. Tentative explanations for this phenomenon are put forward in terms of desynchronisation or impaired interaction between inner and outer hair cells. Longer critical intervals found predominately in neural cases are explicable in terms of a reduction in neural conduction velocities. Interesting similarities in respect of end organ and nerve fibre lesions are apparent between critical intervals and reported electrocochleographic responses.", "PMID": 519071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12525", "title": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease: variation in the amplitude of the summating potential related to clinical status.", "content": "A patient with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is presented in whom several transtympanic electrocochleographic recordings were made during the course of the disease. Variations in the amplitude of the Summating Potential are related to clinical status. These findings lend support to the theory that the enhanced negative SP in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is produced by endolymphatic hydrops. The scientific evidence for this theory is discussed.", "contents": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease: variation in the amplitude of the summating potential related to clinical status. A patient with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is presented in whom several transtympanic electrocochleographic recordings were made during the course of the disease. Variations in the amplitude of the Summating Potential are related to clinical status. These findings lend support to the theory that the enhanced negative SP in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is produced by endolymphatic hydrops. The scientific evidence for this theory is discussed.", "PMID": 519072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12526", "title": "A preliminary evaluation of remote medical manipulators.", "content": "This paper traces the development of teleoperators and associated control technology leading to the development of remote manipulators for medical application. The implications of various design approaches are elaborated in a general review of the UCLA Biotechnology Laboratory's preliminary evaluation of medical manipulators. The manipulators were made available through the auspices of the Veterans Administration, and included some early models which have since been improved. Conclusions from our preliminary evaluation, and suggestions for further development, are discussed.", "contents": "A preliminary evaluation of remote medical manipulators. This paper traces the development of teleoperators and associated control technology leading to the development of remote manipulators for medical application. The implications of various design approaches are elaborated in a general review of the UCLA Biotechnology Laboratory's preliminary evaluation of medical manipulators. The manipulators were made available through the auspices of the Veterans Administration, and included some early models which have since been improved. Conclusions from our preliminary evaluation, and suggestions for further development, are discussed.", "PMID": 519083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12527", "title": "The infrared light transmission hearing aid.", "content": "Recognizing the inherent weakness of the conventional hearing aid, we have developed a totally new design for hearing aids utilizing infrared (IR) light transmission. The hearing aid transmits the auditory message not as an acoustic wave, but as an infrared light beam. The invisible light beam carries the signal directly from a microphone near the speaker to the listener without any appreciable loss of level or fidelity, thereby providing true suppression of room noise. In preliminary tests, the IR aid has been shown to deliver intelligible sound under many noisy conditions where the conventional personal hearing aid is of little value. In this report, progress is reported in two related areas: (i) measurement of the hearing handicap of potential candidates for the IR aid, and (ii) engineering development of IR systems for personal and group hearing situations.", "contents": "The infrared light transmission hearing aid. Recognizing the inherent weakness of the conventional hearing aid, we have developed a totally new design for hearing aids utilizing infrared (IR) light transmission. The hearing aid transmits the auditory message not as an acoustic wave, but as an infrared light beam. The invisible light beam carries the signal directly from a microphone near the speaker to the listener without any appreciable loss of level or fidelity, thereby providing true suppression of room noise. In preliminary tests, the IR aid has been shown to deliver intelligible sound under many noisy conditions where the conventional personal hearing aid is of little value. In this report, progress is reported in two related areas: (i) measurement of the hearing handicap of potential candidates for the IR aid, and (ii) engineering development of IR systems for personal and group hearing situations.", "PMID": 519084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12528", "title": "End-bearing characteristics of patellar-tendon-bearing prosthesis--a preliminary report.", "content": "The present work was aimed at investigating the degree of participation of the stump end in the weightbearing process in PTB prostheses. Despite the belief that the stump end is not capable of withstanding high loads, it was revealed that most patients can bear from 15 percent up to 45 percent and more of their weight on the stump end. The limited number of patients studied diminishes the statistical significance, but the results of this work do suggest that the weightbearing mechanism of a PTB prosthesis can be further improved by transferring more load through the stump end. It is suggested that a nondestructive technique for assessing the end-bearing efficiency of the prosthesis be developed. Also, the criteria for design of the socket end in order to produce the desired load-bearing features needs further investigation.", "contents": "End-bearing characteristics of patellar-tendon-bearing prosthesis--a preliminary report. The present work was aimed at investigating the degree of participation of the stump end in the weightbearing process in PTB prostheses. Despite the belief that the stump end is not capable of withstanding high loads, it was revealed that most patients can bear from 15 percent up to 45 percent and more of their weight on the stump end. The limited number of patients studied diminishes the statistical significance, but the results of this work do suggest that the weightbearing mechanism of a PTB prosthesis can be further improved by transferring more load through the stump end. It is suggested that a nondestructive technique for assessing the end-bearing efficiency of the prosthesis be developed. Also, the criteria for design of the socket end in order to produce the desired load-bearing features needs further investigation.", "PMID": 519088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12529", "title": "The Spartacus telethesis: manipulator control studies.", "content": "This paper describes a method and an experimental system permitting a severely handicapped operator, such as a quadriplegic, to control a telemanipulator. These developments form the first phase in the design of the Spartacus \"telethesis\". This is a manipulator system specifically developed for a quadriplegic person. Manipulator control experiments which are discussed concern four quadriplegics who have used the experimental system for significant periods of time. The present system is a laboratory simulation of a telethesis, consisting of an industrial manipulator controlled by a mini-computer. A flexible semi-sequential control and a variety of transducers permit the system to be adapted to the individual user. Thus far, the experiments performed have shown the feasibility for the four quadriplegics to effectively control a telemanipulator, using head movements and some remaining arm movements in various modes of end-point control. In particular, a position control and a \"piloting\" type of velocity control, both with the addition of some force limitation, have given promising results.", "contents": "The Spartacus telethesis: manipulator control studies. This paper describes a method and an experimental system permitting a severely handicapped operator, such as a quadriplegic, to control a telemanipulator. These developments form the first phase in the design of the Spartacus \"telethesis\". This is a manipulator system specifically developed for a quadriplegic person. Manipulator control experiments which are discussed concern four quadriplegics who have used the experimental system for significant periods of time. The present system is a laboratory simulation of a telethesis, consisting of an industrial manipulator controlled by a mini-computer. A flexible semi-sequential control and a variety of transducers permit the system to be adapted to the individual user. Thus far, the experiments performed have shown the feasibility for the four quadriplegics to effectively control a telemanipulator, using head movements and some remaining arm movements in various modes of end-point control. In particular, a position control and a \"piloting\" type of velocity control, both with the addition of some force limitation, have given promising results.", "PMID": 519089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12530", "title": "Incorporation and metabolism of [14C]-arachidonic acid in guinea-pig lungs.", "content": "1 Following infusion of [(14)C]-arachidonic acid into guinea-pig isolated lungs more than half the administered radioactivity was retained by the lung.2 The majority of the retained radioactivity was present in the phospholipid fraction with lesser amounts in the neutral lipid and free fatty acid fractions. When fatty acid methyl esters of the phospholipid fraction were prepared, 80% of the radioactivity co-chromatographed with methyl arachidonate.3 Transformation to cyclo-oxygenase products and subsequent emergence in lung effluent accounted for approximately 20% of infused radioactivity.4 After pretreatment of lungs with [(14)C]-arachidonic acid, stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism with injections of partially purified slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), bradykinin or antigen challenge released rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) and prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS) but little radioactivity. Furthermore, repeated injections of SRS-A or bradykinin released similar amounts of RCS and PGLS but diminishing amounts of radioactivity.5 These data indicated that exogenous arachidonic acid was taken up by the lung and incorporated into phospholipids. However, this newly incorporated arachidonic acid had not equilibrated with the pool activated by SRS-A, bradykinin and antigen challenge for conversion to cyclo-oxygenase products.", "contents": "Incorporation and metabolism of [14C]-arachidonic acid in guinea-pig lungs. 1 Following infusion of [(14)C]-arachidonic acid into guinea-pig isolated lungs more than half the administered radioactivity was retained by the lung.2 The majority of the retained radioactivity was present in the phospholipid fraction with lesser amounts in the neutral lipid and free fatty acid fractions. When fatty acid methyl esters of the phospholipid fraction were prepared, 80% of the radioactivity co-chromatographed with methyl arachidonate.3 Transformation to cyclo-oxygenase products and subsequent emergence in lung effluent accounted for approximately 20% of infused radioactivity.4 After pretreatment of lungs with [(14)C]-arachidonic acid, stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism with injections of partially purified slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), bradykinin or antigen challenge released rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) and prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS) but little radioactivity. Furthermore, repeated injections of SRS-A or bradykinin released similar amounts of RCS and PGLS but diminishing amounts of radioactivity.5 These data indicated that exogenous arachidonic acid was taken up by the lung and incorporated into phospholipids. However, this newly incorporated arachidonic acid had not equilibrated with the pool activated by SRS-A, bradykinin and antigen challenge for conversion to cyclo-oxygenase products.", "PMID": 519105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12531", "title": "Prostaglandins and the contractile action of bradykinin on the longitudinal muscle of rat isolated ileum.", "content": "1. The effect of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin (Ind) was investigated upon contractions of the perfused isolated terminal ileum of the rat to bradykinin (Bk) or potassium chloride (KCl). The release of a prostaglandin-like substance (PGLS) from the ileum was simultaneously assayed on the rat fundus strip (RFS). 2. Aspirin (610 micro M) or Ind (28 micro M) reduced contractions of the ileum to Bk perfused over the mucosal surface but not to Bk perfused over the serosal surface. 3. After perfusion of either ileal surface the effluent potentiated the contractions of the RFS to Bk. No potentiation was observed in the presence of either Ind or aspirin. 4. Contractions of the RFS to Bk were potentiated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (0.7 X 10(-12) M and 1.4 X 10(-12) M) but not by either a higher (2.8 x 10(-12) M) or a lower (0.35 X 10(-12) M) concentration of PGE2. No potentiation was observed with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at the concentrations studied. 5. Only the contractile action of Bk acting on the mucosal surface of the rat isolated perfused ileum seems to involve prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the contractile action of bradykinin on the longitudinal muscle of rat isolated ileum. 1. The effect of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin (Ind) was investigated upon contractions of the perfused isolated terminal ileum of the rat to bradykinin (Bk) or potassium chloride (KCl). The release of a prostaglandin-like substance (PGLS) from the ileum was simultaneously assayed on the rat fundus strip (RFS). 2. Aspirin (610 micro M) or Ind (28 micro M) reduced contractions of the ileum to Bk perfused over the mucosal surface but not to Bk perfused over the serosal surface. 3. After perfusion of either ileal surface the effluent potentiated the contractions of the RFS to Bk. No potentiation was observed in the presence of either Ind or aspirin. 4. Contractions of the RFS to Bk were potentiated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (0.7 X 10(-12) M and 1.4 X 10(-12) M) but not by either a higher (2.8 x 10(-12) M) or a lower (0.35 X 10(-12) M) concentration of PGE2. No potentiation was observed with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at the concentrations studied. 5. Only the contractile action of Bk acting on the mucosal surface of the rat isolated perfused ileum seems to involve prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 519106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12532", "title": "Effects of uptake inhibitors on responses of sheep coronary arteries to catecholamines and sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "1. Transmural stimulation of intrinsic sympathetic nerves and exogenous catecholamines produce beta 1-adrenoceptor mediated relaxant responses in strips of contracted sheep coronary artery. 2. The neuronal uptake inhibitors, metaraminol, cocaine and desipramine and the extraneuronal uptake inhibitor, cortisol, failed to potentiate responses to noradrenaline or sympathetic stimulation; responses to isoprenaline were enhanced by cortisol. 3. Oxytetracycline, which inhibits binding to connective tissue fibres, did not affect responses to noradrenaline or nerve stimulation. 4. 17 beta-Oestradiol, caffeine and U0521 proved to be unsuitable compounds for studying catecholamine inactivation since they non-selectively potentiated responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline. 5. It is concluded that catecholamine inactivation processes do not modify transmitter function in sheep coronary arteries.", "contents": "Effects of uptake inhibitors on responses of sheep coronary arteries to catecholamines and sympathetic nerve stimulation. 1. Transmural stimulation of intrinsic sympathetic nerves and exogenous catecholamines produce beta 1-adrenoceptor mediated relaxant responses in strips of contracted sheep coronary artery. 2. The neuronal uptake inhibitors, metaraminol, cocaine and desipramine and the extraneuronal uptake inhibitor, cortisol, failed to potentiate responses to noradrenaline or sympathetic stimulation; responses to isoprenaline were enhanced by cortisol. 3. Oxytetracycline, which inhibits binding to connective tissue fibres, did not affect responses to noradrenaline or nerve stimulation. 4. 17 beta-Oestradiol, caffeine and U0521 proved to be unsuitable compounds for studying catecholamine inactivation since they non-selectively potentiated responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline. 5. It is concluded that catecholamine inactivation processes do not modify transmitter function in sheep coronary arteries.", "PMID": 519107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12533", "title": "Hydroxy analogues of oxytocin and of lysine-vasopressin.", "content": "1 Synthetic analogues of oxytocin and of lysine-vasopressin with an hydroxyl group in either the L ro D configuration replacing the primary amino group have been tested for biological activity.2 [1-(L-2-Hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)] oxytocin ([L-Hmp(1)]oxytocin) was 1.5 to 2 times more potent than oxytocin on the rat uterus in situ, the rat mammary strip and the rat mammary gland in situ and 3 times more potent on the rat isolated uterus.3 The pressor activity of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)-8-lysine]vasopressin ([L-Hmp(1), Lys(8)] vasopressin) was 2.2 and the antidiuretic activity 2.1 times that of lysine-vasopressin.4 The [D-Hmp(1)] analogues of oxytocin and vasopressin were much less potent than the [L-Hmp(1)] analogues.5 The responses to oxytocin and its hydroxy analogues in vivo were qualitatively indistinguishable but the pressor and antidiuretic responses to the hydroxy analogues of lysine-vasopressin were prolonged compared with those to the parent hormone.6 The hydroxy analogues of oxytocin and lysine-vasopressin were not inactivated by pregnancy plasma oxytocinase.7 The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the primary amino group for the biological activity and metabolism of the neurohypophysial hormones.", "contents": "Hydroxy analogues of oxytocin and of lysine-vasopressin. 1 Synthetic analogues of oxytocin and of lysine-vasopressin with an hydroxyl group in either the L ro D configuration replacing the primary amino group have been tested for biological activity.2 [1-(L-2-Hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)] oxytocin ([L-Hmp(1)]oxytocin) was 1.5 to 2 times more potent than oxytocin on the rat uterus in situ, the rat mammary strip and the rat mammary gland in situ and 3 times more potent on the rat isolated uterus.3 The pressor activity of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)-8-lysine]vasopressin ([L-Hmp(1), Lys(8)] vasopressin) was 2.2 and the antidiuretic activity 2.1 times that of lysine-vasopressin.4 The [D-Hmp(1)] analogues of oxytocin and vasopressin were much less potent than the [L-Hmp(1)] analogues.5 The responses to oxytocin and its hydroxy analogues in vivo were qualitatively indistinguishable but the pressor and antidiuretic responses to the hydroxy analogues of lysine-vasopressin were prolonged compared with those to the parent hormone.6 The hydroxy analogues of oxytocin and lysine-vasopressin were not inactivated by pregnancy plasma oxytocinase.7 The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the primary amino group for the biological activity and metabolism of the neurohypophysial hormones.", "PMID": 519108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12534", "title": "Evidence for an endogenous dopamine-mediated hypothermia in the rat.", "content": "1 Unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of either dopamine (10 mug) or amphetamine (10 mug) caused a fall in core temperature in the rat. Pimozide (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the hypothermic response, whereas pretreatment with phentolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or methysergide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was ineffective.2 Systemic pretreatment with cocaine (20 mg/kg) abolished the hypothermic effect of amphetamine, but slightly enhanced the hypothermic response to dopamine.3 Systemic pretreatment with tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the fall in core temperature induced by either amphetamine or dopamine.4 Intraperitoneal injection of cocaine and tranylcypromine, on their own, caused a fall in core temperature in the rat, which was significantly antagonized by either systemic or central pretreatment with pimozide. Phentolamine and methysergide failed to block the hypothermia.5 Unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of cocaine (20 mug) or tranylcypromine (10 mug) also caused a significant fall in core temperature, which was reduced by intrahypothalamic pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mug), but not significantly changed by pretreatment with phentolamine (25 mug) or methysergide (5 mug).6 These results provide evidence for the presence of a dopaminergic system within the preoptic region, which mediates a lowering of core temperature in the rat.", "contents": "Evidence for an endogenous dopamine-mediated hypothermia in the rat. 1 Unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of either dopamine (10 mug) or amphetamine (10 mug) caused a fall in core temperature in the rat. Pimozide (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the hypothermic response, whereas pretreatment with phentolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or methysergide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was ineffective.2 Systemic pretreatment with cocaine (20 mg/kg) abolished the hypothermic effect of amphetamine, but slightly enhanced the hypothermic response to dopamine.3 Systemic pretreatment with tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the fall in core temperature induced by either amphetamine or dopamine.4 Intraperitoneal injection of cocaine and tranylcypromine, on their own, caused a fall in core temperature in the rat, which was significantly antagonized by either systemic or central pretreatment with pimozide. Phentolamine and methysergide failed to block the hypothermia.5 Unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of cocaine (20 mug) or tranylcypromine (10 mug) also caused a significant fall in core temperature, which was reduced by intrahypothalamic pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mug), but not significantly changed by pretreatment with phentolamine (25 mug) or methysergide (5 mug).6 These results provide evidence for the presence of a dopaminergic system within the preoptic region, which mediates a lowering of core temperature in the rat.", "PMID": 519109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12535", "title": "Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine liposomes: the role of lysophosphatidylserine.", "content": "1. Unique among the phospholipids, phosphatidylserine depresses brain energy metabolism when injected intravenously into mice in the form of sonicated liposomes. The possibility that this effect results from a metabolic transformation of phosphatidylserine is examined in this paper. 2. A strong enhancement of the phosphatidylserine effect is induced by the incubation of liposomes with rat serum. Similar phosphatidylserine activation is observed after the incubation of the phospholipid with purified phospholipase A2 from pancreas. In both cases phosphatidylserine is split into the deacylated derivative, lysophosphatidylserine. 3. Lysophosphatidylserine reproduces with greater efficacy the effect of phosphatidylserine on brain energy metabolism. Other lysophospholipids are not effective. 4. It is concluded that the pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine liposomes is due to the generation of lysophosphatidylserine.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine liposomes: the role of lysophosphatidylserine. 1. Unique among the phospholipids, phosphatidylserine depresses brain energy metabolism when injected intravenously into mice in the form of sonicated liposomes. The possibility that this effect results from a metabolic transformation of phosphatidylserine is examined in this paper. 2. A strong enhancement of the phosphatidylserine effect is induced by the incubation of liposomes with rat serum. Similar phosphatidylserine activation is observed after the incubation of the phospholipid with purified phospholipase A2 from pancreas. In both cases phosphatidylserine is split into the deacylated derivative, lysophosphatidylserine. 3. Lysophosphatidylserine reproduces with greater efficacy the effect of phosphatidylserine on brain energy metabolism. Other lysophospholipids are not effective. 4. It is concluded that the pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine liposomes is due to the generation of lysophosphatidylserine.", "PMID": 519110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12536", "title": "Gnerations of maltreated children and multiagency care in one kindred.", "content": "Rigorously collated information on 40 members of one kindred (not previously studied) and on their spouses and cohabitees, revealed that massive multiagency support had failed fully to ascertain and prevent extensive child abuse over at least three generations. Furthermore, five other large battering families have been closely associated (by cohabitation) with this kindred. Severe behaviour disorder (starting with hyperactivity and uncontrollability) occurred in at least three-quarters of the children, and usually progressed to adult criminality. The second most common disorder was subnormal intelligence, which crucially incapacitated the rearing abilities of young mothers who were associated with antisocial cohabitees. Seven children died in infancy. The Welfare State has done little to help the plight of surviving children in this kindred.", "contents": "Gnerations of maltreated children and multiagency care in one kindred. Rigorously collated information on 40 members of one kindred (not previously studied) and on their spouses and cohabitees, revealed that massive multiagency support had failed fully to ascertain and prevent extensive child abuse over at least three generations. Furthermore, five other large battering families have been closely associated (by cohabitation) with this kindred. Severe behaviour disorder (starting with hyperactivity and uncontrollability) occurred in at least three-quarters of the children, and usually progressed to adult criminality. The second most common disorder was subnormal intelligence, which crucially incapacitated the rearing abilities of young mothers who were associated with antisocial cohabitees. Seven children died in infancy. The Welfare State has done little to help the plight of surviving children in this kindred.", "PMID": 519111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12537", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of sterilization: a prospective survey.", "content": "Patients consecutively referred for sterilization were examined at the time of referral, two months and one year after operation. Twenty-five per cent of the sample were identified as psychiatric cases at the time of referral, and rates of disturbance were even higher in some subgroups of women. The rate of disturbance fell in all these groups by one year after operation. New psychiatric disturbance following sterilization was similar in amount to that found in the community and was not related to any groups of women said in the literature to be at risk apart from those divorced or separated at the time of referral. Many experienced improvement in their marital and sexual relationships and only 3 per cent expressed feelings of regret.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of sterilization: a prospective survey. Patients consecutively referred for sterilization were examined at the time of referral, two months and one year after operation. Twenty-five per cent of the sample were identified as psychiatric cases at the time of referral, and rates of disturbance were even higher in some subgroups of women. The rate of disturbance fell in all these groups by one year after operation. New psychiatric disturbance following sterilization was similar in amount to that found in the community and was not related to any groups of women said in the literature to be at risk apart from those divorced or separated at the time of referral. Many experienced improvement in their marital and sexual relationships and only 3 per cent expressed feelings of regret.", "PMID": 519112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12538", "title": "Sexual and marital problems in a psychiatric out-patient population.", "content": "The study aimed to identify those patients referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic who had sexual or marital difficulties and who could be offered help with these problems, although none of the patients had been referred primarily for sexual or marital therapy. The methods of assessment formed a series of filtering devices for screening the sample, and possible reasons for discrepancies in the results are discussed. Twelve per cent of the sample had sexual or marital problems and were offered treatment, and it is suggested that this proportion may be an underestimate of the 'true' frequency of such problems in the sample. Implications of this finding for the provision of treatment resources in the psychiatric out-patient setting are considered.", "contents": "Sexual and marital problems in a psychiatric out-patient population. The study aimed to identify those patients referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic who had sexual or marital difficulties and who could be offered help with these problems, although none of the patients had been referred primarily for sexual or marital therapy. The methods of assessment formed a series of filtering devices for screening the sample, and possible reasons for discrepancies in the results are discussed. Twelve per cent of the sample had sexual or marital problems and were offered treatment, and it is suggested that this proportion may be an underestimate of the 'true' frequency of such problems in the sample. Implications of this finding for the provision of treatment resources in the psychiatric out-patient setting are considered.", "PMID": 519113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12539", "title": "Sheltered accommodation in the community mental health service in the 13th Arrondissement of Paris.", "content": "The well-developed community psychiatric services in the 13th Arrondissement use a large number of places in sheltered accommodation. Reasons for this are explored. It may be that there are areas in the U.K. where the need for such accommodation is greater than the Department of Health and Social Security has estimated.", "contents": "Sheltered accommodation in the community mental health service in the 13th Arrondissement of Paris. The well-developed community psychiatric services in the 13th Arrondissement use a large number of places in sheltered accommodation. Reasons for this are explored. It may be that there are areas in the U.K. where the need for such accommodation is greater than the Department of Health and Social Security has estimated.", "PMID": 519114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12540", "title": "Nurse therapists in psychiatry: developments, controversies and implications.", "content": "This paper concerns a new clinical role for psychiatric nurses--as case managers for selected adult neurotics with behaviour problems. The role involves unusual autonomy. The selection and training procedures are unusually rigorous and focus on general case-management as much as behavioural skills. The number of service posts offered these therapists is rising. These developments have wide implications for other personnel, particularly in respect of authority and responsibility boundaries, selection and training procedures, and team structure.", "contents": "Nurse therapists in psychiatry: developments, controversies and implications. This paper concerns a new clinical role for psychiatric nurses--as case managers for selected adult neurotics with behaviour problems. The role involves unusual autonomy. The selection and training procedures are unusually rigorous and focus on general case-management as much as behavioural skills. The number of service posts offered these therapists is rising. These developments have wide implications for other personnel, particularly in respect of authority and responsibility boundaries, selection and training procedures, and team structure.", "PMID": 519115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12541", "title": "Statistical errors in papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry.", "content": "In the 12 months from July 1977 to June 1978, out of 168 papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry, 139 (83 per cent) presented numerical results. A total of 63 papers contained statistical errors and at least one drew unsupportable conclusions. In many cases the errors were not considered to be severe, but they were often sufficient to raise doubts about some inferences. It is suggested that more consultation of investigators with medical statisticians, a basic training in statistical methods in the preclinical years, and more extensive statistical refereeing are needed.", "contents": "Statistical errors in papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry. In the 12 months from July 1977 to June 1978, out of 168 papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry, 139 (83 per cent) presented numerical results. A total of 63 papers contained statistical errors and at least one drew unsupportable conclusions. In many cases the errors were not considered to be severe, but they were often sufficient to raise doubts about some inferences. It is suggested that more consultation of investigators with medical statisticians, a basic training in statistical methods in the preclinical years, and more extensive statistical refereeing are needed.", "PMID": 519116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12542", "title": "A better outlook for schizophrenics living in extended families.", "content": "Cases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform attacks living in extended families have been compared to cases with similar diagnoses in nuclear families. Both diagnostic groups living in extended families presented earlier: they had lower rates of withdrawal symptoms and higher rates of behavioural disturbances and subjective suffering. Inter-generational conflict was a significantly more common precipitating factor in patients living in extended families; this was therapeutically utilized to induce family support. Patients from extended families had a lower tendency to deteriorate into with drawn, affectively blunted residual states.", "contents": "A better outlook for schizophrenics living in extended families. Cases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform attacks living in extended families have been compared to cases with similar diagnoses in nuclear families. Both diagnostic groups living in extended families presented earlier: they had lower rates of withdrawal symptoms and higher rates of behavioural disturbances and subjective suffering. Inter-generational conflict was a significantly more common precipitating factor in patients living in extended families; this was therapeutically utilized to induce family support. Patients from extended families had a lower tendency to deteriorate into with drawn, affectively blunted residual states.", "PMID": 519117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12543", "title": "Schneider's First Rank Symptoms: their prevalence and diagnostic implications in an Asian population.", "content": "In an in-patient population in Sri Lanka, only those receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia had Schneider's First Rank Symptoms. Amond 65 males and 104 females, the prevalence of FRS was 25.4 per cent. Those patients with FRS in the first episode are likely to develop more during subsequent episodes. An attempt is made to explain the findings on a cultural basis.", "contents": "Schneider's First Rank Symptoms: their prevalence and diagnostic implications in an Asian population. In an in-patient population in Sri Lanka, only those receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia had Schneider's First Rank Symptoms. Amond 65 males and 104 females, the prevalence of FRS was 25.4 per cent. Those patients with FRS in the first episode are likely to develop more during subsequent episodes. An attempt is made to explain the findings on a cultural basis.", "PMID": 519118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12544", "title": "Clinical significance of plasma drug and prolactin levels during acute chlorpromazine treatment: a replication study.", "content": "Nineteen patients with acute psychoses, the majority schizophrenics, were studied in the course of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Plasma levels of the drug, plasma prolactin (PRL), extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) and changes in mental state were monitored weekly, as in our earlier study. The results confirm some of our previous findings: (a) plasma CPZ levels vary widely among patients and correlate poorly with daily doses of CPZ; (b) increased plasma PRL is associated with higher plasma CPZ levels and is more common among the patients who develop EPS; and (c) none of these three variables differ between groups of patients with good and poor treatment outcome. However we did not confirm our previous finding of a significant association between EPS and higher plasma CPZ, nor did we find that the ratio of CPZ-sulphoxide to CPZ differed between the improved patients and the rest.", "contents": "Clinical significance of plasma drug and prolactin levels during acute chlorpromazine treatment: a replication study. Nineteen patients with acute psychoses, the majority schizophrenics, were studied in the course of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Plasma levels of the drug, plasma prolactin (PRL), extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) and changes in mental state were monitored weekly, as in our earlier study. The results confirm some of our previous findings: (a) plasma CPZ levels vary widely among patients and correlate poorly with daily doses of CPZ; (b) increased plasma PRL is associated with higher plasma CPZ levels and is more common among the patients who develop EPS; and (c) none of these three variables differ between groups of patients with good and poor treatment outcome. However we did not confirm our previous finding of a significant association between EPS and higher plasma CPZ, nor did we find that the ratio of CPZ-sulphoxide to CPZ differed between the improved patients and the rest.", "PMID": 519119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12545", "title": "Hypercalcaemia-induced psychopathology in malignant diseases.", "content": "Seven out of twelve patients with malignancy and hypercalcaemia had associated psychiatric symptoms. The mental aberrations disappeared when the calcium levels returned to normal after treatment.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia-induced psychopathology in malignant diseases. Seven out of twelve patients with malignancy and hypercalcaemia had associated psychiatric symptoms. The mental aberrations disappeared when the calcium levels returned to normal after treatment.", "PMID": 519121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12546", "title": "Personality and extinction of a conditioned electrodermal response.", "content": "This study investigated personality differences in extinction of a conditioned EDR. The subjects were selected on the basis of EPI neuroticism and impulsivity scores. Subjects with scores on, or near, the sample means were excluded. Fifty-one subjects underwent an aversive discrimination conditioning procedure. The reinforcement was 75 per cent, the UCS was 100 dB white noise for 1 sec, while the CS was one of five different coloured lights of 2 sec duration. The UCS was presented at CS termination. Subjects were informed of the CS--UCS contingency before the acquisition phase and informed of the onset of the extinction phase. Subjects high on impulsivity showed significantly (P less than 0.01) greater extinction of the discrimination than subjects low on impulsivity.", "contents": "Personality and extinction of a conditioned electrodermal response. This study investigated personality differences in extinction of a conditioned EDR. The subjects were selected on the basis of EPI neuroticism and impulsivity scores. Subjects with scores on, or near, the sample means were excluded. Fifty-one subjects underwent an aversive discrimination conditioning procedure. The reinforcement was 75 per cent, the UCS was 100 dB white noise for 1 sec, while the CS was one of five different coloured lights of 2 sec duration. The UCS was presented at CS termination. Subjects were informed of the CS--UCS contingency before the acquisition phase and informed of the onset of the extinction phase. Subjects high on impulsivity showed significantly (P less than 0.01) greater extinction of the discrimination than subjects low on impulsivity.", "PMID": 519128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12547", "title": "Psychopathy and personality: the dimensionality of self-report and behaviour rating data in abnormal offenders.", "content": "Factor analyses of personality test data in two samples of offenders admitted to psychiatric security hospitals yielded two higher order factors identified as psychopathy or antisocial aggression versus conformity, and social withdrawal versus sociability. One sample was also rated for ward behaviour by nursing staff, and similar factors emerged from the behaviour rating data. The self-report dimension of psychopathy correlated significantly with the corresponding rating dimension at the time of admission and, for medicated subjects only, with ratings obtained 2 years later. Cross-media convergence of the withdrawal dimension was not found at the time of admission, but for unmedicated subjects, initial self-reports correlated significantly with the equivalent rating dimension as assessed 2 years later. The two dimensions therefore appear to measure meaningful behavioural dispositions. While they define the same dimensional space as neuroticism and introversion--extraversion, they appear to provide a more appropriate framework for classification within this population of offenders.", "contents": "Psychopathy and personality: the dimensionality of self-report and behaviour rating data in abnormal offenders. Factor analyses of personality test data in two samples of offenders admitted to psychiatric security hospitals yielded two higher order factors identified as psychopathy or antisocial aggression versus conformity, and social withdrawal versus sociability. One sample was also rated for ward behaviour by nursing staff, and similar factors emerged from the behaviour rating data. The self-report dimension of psychopathy correlated significantly with the corresponding rating dimension at the time of admission and, for medicated subjects only, with ratings obtained 2 years later. Cross-media convergence of the withdrawal dimension was not found at the time of admission, but for unmedicated subjects, initial self-reports correlated significantly with the equivalent rating dimension as assessed 2 years later. The two dimensions therefore appear to measure meaningful behavioural dispositions. While they define the same dimensional space as neuroticism and introversion--extraversion, they appear to provide a more appropriate framework for classification within this population of offenders.", "PMID": 519129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12548", "title": "Shyness as a dimension of personality.", "content": "Examination of a number of major studies of personality questionnaires reveals the existence of a shyness factor which is related to but separable from both introversion and neuroticism, and which loads on items referring to feeling uncomfortable and self-conscious, and keeping in the background in certain kinds of social situations. The fears that are generally expressed about social situations--of being negatively evaluated and of being socially inadequate--are reflected in subjects' descriptions of the causes of shyness, and these findings suggest a model of shyness in terms of individual differences in susceptibility to threat.", "contents": "Shyness as a dimension of personality. Examination of a number of major studies of personality questionnaires reveals the existence of a shyness factor which is related to but separable from both introversion and neuroticism, and which loads on items referring to feeling uncomfortable and self-conscious, and keeping in the background in certain kinds of social situations. The fears that are generally expressed about social situations--of being negatively evaluated and of being socially inadequate--are reflected in subjects' descriptions of the causes of shyness, and these findings suggest a model of shyness in terms of individual differences in susceptibility to threat.", "PMID": 519130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12549", "title": "The effects of social reinforcement on dominant and dependent mildly intellectually handicapped school-leavers.", "content": "The aim of this study was to replicate Exline & Messick's (1967) study of eye-contact interview behaviour with college students on a group of mildly intellectually handicapped students. Twenty subjects (mean CA 14.02 years, SD 0.45 years, mean IQ 72.0, SD 7.6) attending a metropolitan school for the mildly mentally handicapped were classified as dominant or dependent by teacher ratings and sociogram analysis. They were given large or small amounts of reinforcement for eye-contact when interviewed by their teacher. Although the study failed to replicate some of Exline & Messick's findings, results indicated a feedback rather than reward model in explaining the effects of social reinforcement on eye-contact in interviews. Implications for communication training for such intellectually handicapped students is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of social reinforcement on dominant and dependent mildly intellectually handicapped school-leavers. The aim of this study was to replicate Exline & Messick's (1967) study of eye-contact interview behaviour with college students on a group of mildly intellectually handicapped students. Twenty subjects (mean CA 14.02 years, SD 0.45 years, mean IQ 72.0, SD 7.6) attending a metropolitan school for the mildly mentally handicapped were classified as dominant or dependent by teacher ratings and sociogram analysis. They were given large or small amounts of reinforcement for eye-contact when interviewed by their teacher. Although the study failed to replicate some of Exline & Messick's findings, results indicated a feedback rather than reward model in explaining the effects of social reinforcement on eye-contact in interviews. Implications for communication training for such intellectually handicapped students is discussed.", "PMID": 519131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12550", "title": "Orienting responses and locus of control.", "content": "Few studies have attempted to relate the locus of control (Rotter, 1966) variable to physiological activity. This paper describes the heart-rate and skin conductance responses of 40 subjects exposed to a series of auditory stimuli, in relation to their locus of control scores. It was found that those scoring relatively 'externally' on the locus of control scale gave less decelerative and more accelerative heart-rate responses and tended to give larger skin conductance responses when there was a change in stimulus characteristics, than those scoring 'internally'. These results may be interpreted to support Lazarus' (1966) suggestions that control over a situation lessens the threat perceived in that situation. They also indicate that internal subjects tend to seek information to increase their control.", "contents": "Orienting responses and locus of control. Few studies have attempted to relate the locus of control (Rotter, 1966) variable to physiological activity. This paper describes the heart-rate and skin conductance responses of 40 subjects exposed to a series of auditory stimuli, in relation to their locus of control scores. It was found that those scoring relatively 'externally' on the locus of control scale gave less decelerative and more accelerative heart-rate responses and tended to give larger skin conductance responses when there was a change in stimulus characteristics, than those scoring 'internally'. These results may be interpreted to support Lazarus' (1966) suggestions that control over a situation lessens the threat perceived in that situation. They also indicate that internal subjects tend to seek information to increase their control.", "PMID": 519132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12551", "title": "Hypnosis as obedience behaviour.", "content": "Obedience to authority has been implicated in hypnotic behaviour from the earliest theories. However, no exact formulation of a model of obedience was available until Milgram's experiments in the 1960s. Milgram's model can usefully be applied to hypnotic behaviour in terms of antecedent and immediate antecedent variables, binding and strain factors and the resolution of conflict. An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the presence of a 'disobedient' hypnotic subject in the same room as another hypnotic subject would lower the susceptibility to hypnosis of the second subject. Results showed that when one subject disobeyed by leaving the hypnotic situation, susceptibility was significantly less than that of control subjects. It is suggested that hypnosis can be viewed as an 'agentic state' whereby the subject gives up autonomy and relinquishes responsibility for his actions to the hypnotist, whilst remaining responsible to the hypnotist for his performance as an hypnotic subject.", "contents": "Hypnosis as obedience behaviour. Obedience to authority has been implicated in hypnotic behaviour from the earliest theories. However, no exact formulation of a model of obedience was available until Milgram's experiments in the 1960s. Milgram's model can usefully be applied to hypnotic behaviour in terms of antecedent and immediate antecedent variables, binding and strain factors and the resolution of conflict. An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the presence of a 'disobedient' hypnotic subject in the same room as another hypnotic subject would lower the susceptibility to hypnosis of the second subject. Results showed that when one subject disobeyed by leaving the hypnotic situation, susceptibility was significantly less than that of control subjects. It is suggested that hypnosis can be viewed as an 'agentic state' whereby the subject gives up autonomy and relinquishes responsibility for his actions to the hypnotist, whilst remaining responsible to the hypnotist for his performance as an hypnotic subject.", "PMID": 519133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12552", "title": "The long-term consequences of head injury: a discussion of the evidence with special reference to the preparation of legal reports.", "content": "An outline is presented of the longer term consequences of severe closed head injury (i.e. those exceeding the period of PTA). It is shown that head injury can have very serious consequences for the victim. Despite the fact that measures of IQ have been claimed to show considerable recovery it is likely that severe head injury invariably results in some degree of permanent functional impairment. The vexatious issue of the 'post-concussional syndrome' is discussed and the conclusion is reached that it is unlikely that this syndrome is solely produced by the possibility of compensation.", "contents": "The long-term consequences of head injury: a discussion of the evidence with special reference to the preparation of legal reports. An outline is presented of the longer term consequences of severe closed head injury (i.e. those exceeding the period of PTA). It is shown that head injury can have very serious consequences for the victim. Despite the fact that measures of IQ have been claimed to show considerable recovery it is likely that severe head injury invariably results in some degree of permanent functional impairment. The vexatious issue of the 'post-concussional syndrome' is discussed and the conclusion is reached that it is unlikely that this syndrome is solely produced by the possibility of compensation.", "PMID": 519135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12553", "title": "The effect of cues of quantity visible and preference on drinking by alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects.", "content": "When a glass (150 ml) of a preferred/non-preferred orange drink was visible alcoholic subjects drank less than non-alcoholics. When a glass+jug (900 ml) was visible the alcoholics drank significantly more than the non-alcoholics. The cues of quantity visible and preference had an additive effect on the alcoholics' consumption. The experiment was modelled on a study by Nisbett (1968 a) concerned with cues controlling food intake in obese and non-obese subjects. An analogy was drawn between overeating by the obese and overdrinking by alcoholics.", "contents": "The effect of cues of quantity visible and preference on drinking by alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects. When a glass (150 ml) of a preferred/non-preferred orange drink was visible alcoholic subjects drank less than non-alcoholics. When a glass+jug (900 ml) was visible the alcoholics drank significantly more than the non-alcoholics. The cues of quantity visible and preference had an additive effect on the alcoholics' consumption. The experiment was modelled on a study by Nisbett (1968 a) concerned with cues controlling food intake in obese and non-obese subjects. An analogy was drawn between overeating by the obese and overdrinking by alcoholics.", "PMID": 519136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12554", "title": "The structure of delinquent values: a repertory grid investigation.", "content": "Two experiments are reported, employing repertory grid technique and designed to test predictions derived from Matza & Sykes' (1961) account of the relationship between delinquent and conventional values. These predictions were confirmed. In addition, following the demonstration of equivalence in the structure and content of value systems in delinquents and non-delinquents, certain differences between the groups were observed, which were eventually attributed to delinquency rather than socio-economic status. On the basis of the results, a two-component structural hypothesis of delinquent values is advanced. Implications for theories of delinquency are discussed and directions for further research suggested.", "contents": "The structure of delinquent values: a repertory grid investigation. Two experiments are reported, employing repertory grid technique and designed to test predictions derived from Matza & Sykes' (1961) account of the relationship between delinquent and conventional values. These predictions were confirmed. In addition, following the demonstration of equivalence in the structure and content of value systems in delinquents and non-delinquents, certain differences between the groups were observed, which were eventually attributed to delinquency rather than socio-economic status. On the basis of the results, a two-component structural hypothesis of delinquent values is advanced. Implications for theories of delinquency are discussed and directions for further research suggested.", "PMID": 519137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12555", "title": "Two non-reactive field experiments on stealing from a 'lost' letter.", "content": "Two non-reactive field experiments were conducted to study factors influencing stealing. The subjects were people in the streets of London who picked up a stamped, addressed, unsealed, apparently lost letter, containing a handwritten note and in most cases also a sum of money. Experiment 1 employed a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, varying the amount of money (20p or 1 pound), the form of the money (cash or postal order) and the apparent victim (an old lady or a higher class male). Ten letters were dropped in each of the eight conditions, and a further 10 in each of two control (no money) conditions. Stealing was greatest with cash and the higher class male victim, but did not vary significantly with amount of money. In Expt 2, larger amounts of money were used, and the apparent victim in each case was the old lady. Twenty letters were dropped in each of three conditions, control (no money), 1 pound and 5 pounds in cash, and stealing did vary significantly with amount of money. In both experiments, younger people were more likely to steal, as were those who put the letter in pockets or handbags after picking it up.", "contents": "Two non-reactive field experiments on stealing from a 'lost' letter. Two non-reactive field experiments were conducted to study factors influencing stealing. The subjects were people in the streets of London who picked up a stamped, addressed, unsealed, apparently lost letter, containing a handwritten note and in most cases also a sum of money. Experiment 1 employed a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, varying the amount of money (20p or 1 pound), the form of the money (cash or postal order) and the apparent victim (an old lady or a higher class male). Ten letters were dropped in each of the eight conditions, and a further 10 in each of two control (no money) conditions. Stealing was greatest with cash and the higher class male victim, but did not vary significantly with amount of money. In Expt 2, larger amounts of money were used, and the apparent victim in each case was the old lady. Twenty letters were dropped in each of three conditions, control (no money), 1 pound and 5 pounds in cash, and stealing did vary significantly with amount of money. In both experiments, younger people were more likely to steal, as were those who put the letter in pockets or handbags after picking it up.", "PMID": 519138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12556", "title": "Some conceptual difficulties with the term 'schizophrenia': an alternative model.", "content": "The term 'schizophrenic' is used in two distinct ways: namely to describe a particular type of illness and also as a label for the person suffering from this illness. If we concentrate on the 'illness' conception of schizophrenia it readily becomes apparent that its definition and nature varies somewhat from one proponent to another. Added to this is the problem that the major conceptions of schizophrenia are based on disjunctive concepts. The basic argument of this paper is that while all clinical conceptions of schizophrenia have assumed the existence of a disease-entity syndrome, no attempt has ever been made to test its logical alternative: namely a random-symptom model. Some data will be presented which are at least compatible with this alternative and some of the theoretical implications spelt out.", "contents": "Some conceptual difficulties with the term 'schizophrenia': an alternative model. The term 'schizophrenic' is used in two distinct ways: namely to describe a particular type of illness and also as a label for the person suffering from this illness. If we concentrate on the 'illness' conception of schizophrenia it readily becomes apparent that its definition and nature varies somewhat from one proponent to another. Added to this is the problem that the major conceptions of schizophrenia are based on disjunctive concepts. The basic argument of this paper is that while all clinical conceptions of schizophrenia have assumed the existence of a disease-entity syndrome, no attempt has ever been made to test its logical alternative: namely a random-symptom model. Some data will be presented which are at least compatible with this alternative and some of the theoretical implications spelt out.", "PMID": 519140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12557", "title": "Mental imagery, human memory, and the effects of closed head injury.", "content": "Several recent experiments suggest that mental imagery is relevant to an explanation of memory impairment resulting from neurological damage. This study compared a group of patients with recent closed head injuries with a control group of orthopaedic patients in their recall of concrete and abstract words. The head-injured subjects demonstrated a specific deficit in the recall of concrete material, which was interpreted as an impairment in the use of mental imagery as a form of elaborative encoding in long-term memory. It is suggested that the understanding of clinical conditions would be assisted by the application of the procedures and theoretical interests of experimental psychology.", "contents": "Mental imagery, human memory, and the effects of closed head injury. Several recent experiments suggest that mental imagery is relevant to an explanation of memory impairment resulting from neurological damage. This study compared a group of patients with recent closed head injuries with a control group of orthopaedic patients in their recall of concrete and abstract words. The head-injured subjects demonstrated a specific deficit in the recall of concrete material, which was interpreted as an impairment in the use of mental imagery as a form of elaborative encoding in long-term memory. It is suggested that the understanding of clinical conditions would be assisted by the application of the procedures and theoretical interests of experimental psychology.", "PMID": 519141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12558", "title": "The Revised Kendrick Battery: clinical studies.", "content": "The former Kendrick Battery--the Synonym Learning Test (SLT) and the Digit Copying Test (DCT)--has been revised. The new version comprises the Object Learning Test (OLT) and the DCT. The discrepancy between Mill Hill and WAIS Verbasl IQs as a diagnostic sign has been eliminated. The Revised Battery has been shown to discriminate between elderly dementing and non-dementing subjects, and also between normal, depressed, and dementing elderly subjects. Utilizing test-retest data it has been found possible to discriminate absolutely between dementing and non-dementing subjects. The reliabilities and validities of the Battery have been ascertained by examining a broad spectrum of elderly subjects: normal, depressed, dementing and institutionalized.", "contents": "The Revised Kendrick Battery: clinical studies. The former Kendrick Battery--the Synonym Learning Test (SLT) and the Digit Copying Test (DCT)--has been revised. The new version comprises the Object Learning Test (OLT) and the DCT. The discrepancy between Mill Hill and WAIS Verbasl IQs as a diagnostic sign has been eliminated. The Revised Battery has been shown to discriminate between elderly dementing and non-dementing subjects, and also between normal, depressed, and dementing elderly subjects. Utilizing test-retest data it has been found possible to discriminate absolutely between dementing and non-dementing subjects. The reliabilities and validities of the Battery have been ascertained by examining a broad spectrum of elderly subjects: normal, depressed, dementing and institutionalized.", "PMID": 519142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12559", "title": "Angiographic appearance of post-operative aortic valvar stenosis. Angiographic and haemodynamic correlation.", "content": "The classic angiographic appearance of a stenotic aortic valve is that of \"dooming\". Adequate relief of the obstruction can be obtained with an aortic valvotomy. It should be stressed, however, that even in the absence of an haemodynamically significant gradient, \"dooming\" of the aortic valve persists over many years and is explained by the presence of an anatomically bicuspid valve.", "contents": "Angiographic appearance of post-operative aortic valvar stenosis. Angiographic and haemodynamic correlation. The classic angiographic appearance of a stenotic aortic valve is that of \"dooming\". Adequate relief of the obstruction can be obtained with an aortic valvotomy. It should be stressed, however, that even in the absence of an haemodynamically significant gradient, \"dooming\" of the aortic valve persists over many years and is explained by the presence of an anatomically bicuspid valve.", "PMID": 519144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12560", "title": "The left atrial notch: a sign of persistent left superior vena cava draining to the right atrium.", "content": "A notch in the inferior border of the left atrium has been observed in patients with a persistent left superior vena cava draining via the coronary sinus into the right atrium. It is suggested that the notch is due to the dilated coronary sinus.", "contents": "The left atrial notch: a sign of persistent left superior vena cava draining to the right atrium. A notch in the inferior border of the left atrium has been observed in patients with a persistent left superior vena cava draining via the coronary sinus into the right atrium. It is suggested that the notch is due to the dilated coronary sinus.", "PMID": 519145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12561", "title": "Age related gross changes of the liver and right diaphragm, with special reference to partial eventration.", "content": "A total of 38937 6 X 6 cm chest films, made in three series of check-up programmes for local residents above the age for nursery school, were examined for partial eventration of the right dome of the diaphragm in relation to age. It was found that after nursery school age, eventration and irregularity of the right dome increased with age, particularly among women over the age of 60. In a series observed in a rural region, marked eventration was found in more than 1% of the women above 60 years. In another study on 1 332 liver scans in patients without intrinsic liver disease, a prominent, dome-like elevation of the right lobe of the liver was also very frequent among older women. It is concluded that the majority of right-sided eventrations are acquired and may be attributable to dietary and dressing habits.", "contents": "Age related gross changes of the liver and right diaphragm, with special reference to partial eventration. A total of 38937 6 X 6 cm chest films, made in three series of check-up programmes for local residents above the age for nursery school, were examined for partial eventration of the right dome of the diaphragm in relation to age. It was found that after nursery school age, eventration and irregularity of the right dome increased with age, particularly among women over the age of 60. In a series observed in a rural region, marked eventration was found in more than 1% of the women above 60 years. In another study on 1 332 liver scans in patients without intrinsic liver disease, a prominent, dome-like elevation of the right lobe of the liver was also very frequent among older women. It is concluded that the majority of right-sided eventrations are acquired and may be attributable to dietary and dressing habits.", "PMID": 519146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12562", "title": "Radiation dose to critical organs of staff and patients during neuroradiology.", "content": "The doses delivered to some critical organs of patients and staff during cerebral angiography, X-ray computer assisted tomographic scanning and 99Tcm brain scanning have been measured or assessed. The results show that doses received by staff and by the patients' gonads are generally quite low. However, patients having two or more of the investigations could receive skin and orbit doses in excess of 25 rad.", "contents": "Radiation dose to critical organs of staff and patients during neuroradiology. The doses delivered to some critical organs of patients and staff during cerebral angiography, X-ray computer assisted tomographic scanning and 99Tcm brain scanning have been measured or assessed. The results show that doses received by staff and by the patients' gonads are generally quite low. However, patients having two or more of the investigations could receive skin and orbit doses in excess of 25 rad.", "PMID": 519147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12563", "title": "Cytotoxicity of misonidazole in vivo under conditions of prolonged contact of drug with the tumour cells.", "content": "A single high dose of misonidazole (greater than or equal to 1 mg/g) given to BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumours kills approximately 90% of the tumour cells. No cytotoxicity, however, can be demonstrated at more clinically relevant dose levels (less than 0.3 mg/g). However, Stratford and Adams (1978) have shown that extensive killing of hypoxic cells occurs in vitro with low concentrations of misonidazole provided that the contact time is long, such as would occur in man in whom the plasma half-life of misonidazole is approximately 12 hours. We have attempted to simulate the human situation in the BALB/c mouse by performing bilateral kidney ligations prior to injection of misonidazole. This extends the apparent plasma half-life of misonidazole plus its O-demethylated metabolite after an injection of 0.1 mg/g of misonidazole from approximately one hour to seven hours. This provided a good fit over the first nine hours to the in vitro simulation of the human plasma clearance curve done by Stratford and Adams (1978). However, despite finding extensive killing of tumour cells at the high dose of misonidazole of 1.2 mg/g, no detectable cytotoxicity was observed in the low dose (0.1 mg/g) mice in which the plasma half-life had been extended to seven hours. This suggests that misonidazole will produce little, if any, cytoxocity to human tumours.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of misonidazole in vivo under conditions of prolonged contact of drug with the tumour cells. A single high dose of misonidazole (greater than or equal to 1 mg/g) given to BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumours kills approximately 90% of the tumour cells. No cytotoxicity, however, can be demonstrated at more clinically relevant dose levels (less than 0.3 mg/g). However, Stratford and Adams (1978) have shown that extensive killing of hypoxic cells occurs in vitro with low concentrations of misonidazole provided that the contact time is long, such as would occur in man in whom the plasma half-life of misonidazole is approximately 12 hours. We have attempted to simulate the human situation in the BALB/c mouse by performing bilateral kidney ligations prior to injection of misonidazole. This extends the apparent plasma half-life of misonidazole plus its O-demethylated metabolite after an injection of 0.1 mg/g of misonidazole from approximately one hour to seven hours. This provided a good fit over the first nine hours to the in vitro simulation of the human plasma clearance curve done by Stratford and Adams (1978). However, despite finding extensive killing of tumour cells at the high dose of misonidazole of 1.2 mg/g, no detectable cytotoxicity was observed in the low dose (0.1 mg/g) mice in which the plasma half-life had been extended to seven hours. This suggests that misonidazole will produce little, if any, cytoxocity to human tumours.", "PMID": 519148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12564", "title": "Gastric reduction for morbid obesity: technique and indications.", "content": "The results of gastric reduction for obesity in 12 patients are described. Emphasis is laid on preoperative weight loss, using jaw wiring in 9 patients. The successful outcome of the operation was found to depend on the formation of a small gastric pouch and a narrow gastro-jejunal anastomosis. A constant-sized pouch was achieved by forming the pouch around a 100-ml silicone balloon devised for the purpose. Postoperative results were good in 7 patients, partial success was achieved in 3 patients and there were 2 failures. It is concluded that the procedure will produce successful results provided that a small proximal pouch with a narrow outlet is fashioned in motivated and psychologically well-balanced patients.", "contents": "Gastric reduction for morbid obesity: technique and indications. The results of gastric reduction for obesity in 12 patients are described. Emphasis is laid on preoperative weight loss, using jaw wiring in 9 patients. The successful outcome of the operation was found to depend on the formation of a small gastric pouch and a narrow gastro-jejunal anastomosis. A constant-sized pouch was achieved by forming the pouch around a 100-ml silicone balloon devised for the purpose. Postoperative results were good in 7 patients, partial success was achieved in 3 patients and there were 2 failures. It is concluded that the procedure will produce successful results provided that a small proximal pouch with a narrow outlet is fashioned in motivated and psychologically well-balanced patients.", "PMID": 519157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12565", "title": "Hepatic resection for trauma, tumour and biliary obstruction.", "content": "Hepatic resection was performed in 37 patients. Fifteen emergency procedures were undertaken for blunt trauma and 16 patients had elective resection for hepatic tumour. A further 6 resections were performed for benign biliary tract obstruction. The importance of preoperative assessment and the indications for resection are discussed particularly in relation to resection for biliary obstruction. Operative procedures are outlined and the technique of extended left lobectomy is described in detail.", "contents": "Hepatic resection for trauma, tumour and biliary obstruction. Hepatic resection was performed in 37 patients. Fifteen emergency procedures were undertaken for blunt trauma and 16 patients had elective resection for hepatic tumour. A further 6 resections were performed for benign biliary tract obstruction. The importance of preoperative assessment and the indications for resection are discussed particularly in relation to resection for biliary obstruction. Operative procedures are outlined and the technique of extended left lobectomy is described in detail.", "PMID": 519158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12566", "title": "In vitro dissolution of human gallstones: the efficacy of heparinized solutions.", "content": "The use of heparinized solutions to dissolve or fragment stones retained in the biliary tree after surgery is still controversial. In this in vitro study heparin in concentrations of up to 100,000 mu/l did not dissolve or fragment the stones examined, nor did it enhance the dissolution properties of the bile salt, sodium cholate.", "contents": "In vitro dissolution of human gallstones: the efficacy of heparinized solutions. The use of heparinized solutions to dissolve or fragment stones retained in the biliary tree after surgery is still controversial. In this in vitro study heparin in concentrations of up to 100,000 mu/l did not dissolve or fragment the stones examined, nor did it enhance the dissolution properties of the bile salt, sodium cholate.", "PMID": 519159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12567", "title": "Intestinal bacterial metabolism of protein and bile acids: role in pathogenesis of hepatic disease after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Jejunal bacterial colonization and intestinal metabolism of bile acids and protein by bacteria have been investigated in 12 patients with abnormal liver histology following jeujno-ileal bypass surgery for obesity. Aerobic and/or anaerobic colonic flora was present in jejunal aspirates from 8 of 12 bypass patients, but in none of the controls. Intestinal protein metabolism and bile acid deconjugation (measured by urinary indican excretion and 14C-glycocholic acid breath test) was significantly enhanced in bypass patients. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth, with abnormal intestinal metabolism by bacteria of ingested nutrients and bile acids, could contribute to hepatic disease after bypass surgery via the production of endogenous hepatotoxins.", "contents": "Intestinal bacterial metabolism of protein and bile acids: role in pathogenesis of hepatic disease after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. Jejunal bacterial colonization and intestinal metabolism of bile acids and protein by bacteria have been investigated in 12 patients with abnormal liver histology following jeujno-ileal bypass surgery for obesity. Aerobic and/or anaerobic colonic flora was present in jejunal aspirates from 8 of 12 bypass patients, but in none of the controls. Intestinal protein metabolism and bile acid deconjugation (measured by urinary indican excretion and 14C-glycocholic acid breath test) was significantly enhanced in bypass patients. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth, with abnormal intestinal metabolism by bacteria of ingested nutrients and bile acids, could contribute to hepatic disease after bypass surgery via the production of endogenous hepatotoxins.", "PMID": 519160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12568", "title": "The effect of bile acids on colonic myoelectrical activity.", "content": "The effect of different concentrations of sodium cholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate and sodium deoxycholate on colonic myoelectrical activity was studied in 4 dogs. There was no statistically significant difference in percentage motility, motility index, basal pressure or mean slow wave frequency with either cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid (5--15 mM). Deoxycholic acid (15 mM), however, caused a marked increase in percentage motility (median control value 4.1, range 0--23; after installation, median value 27--0, range 20.6--45.0, P less than 0.001). This was accompanied by an increase in spike activity, but no alteration in mean slow wave frequency or basal pressure was seen. Cholestyramine inhibited the motor response. It appears that only deoxycholic acid affects both motility and absorption, presumably by different pathways, and may thus assume importance in disorders of colonic motility.", "contents": "The effect of bile acids on colonic myoelectrical activity. The effect of different concentrations of sodium cholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate and sodium deoxycholate on colonic myoelectrical activity was studied in 4 dogs. There was no statistically significant difference in percentage motility, motility index, basal pressure or mean slow wave frequency with either cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid (5--15 mM). Deoxycholic acid (15 mM), however, caused a marked increase in percentage motility (median control value 4.1, range 0--23; after installation, median value 27--0, range 20.6--45.0, P less than 0.001). This was accompanied by an increase in spike activity, but no alteration in mean slow wave frequency or basal pressure was seen. Cholestyramine inhibited the motor response. It appears that only deoxycholic acid affects both motility and absorption, presumably by different pathways, and may thus assume importance in disorders of colonic motility.", "PMID": 519161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12569", "title": "Chylous ascites and obstructive lymphoedema of the small bowel following abdominal radiotherapy.", "content": "The case history of a patient who developed chylous ascites following abdominal irradiation for recurrent carcinoma of the colon is presented. Laparotomy revealed generalized radiation damage of the small bowel with a particularly severely affected segment of jejunum, from the serosal surface of which chyle was seen to be leaking. Mesenteric lymphangiography revealed an obstruction to lymphatic drainage in the mesentery. Resection of the worst affected segment of bowel prevented further development of chylous ascites.", "contents": "Chylous ascites and obstructive lymphoedema of the small bowel following abdominal radiotherapy. The case history of a patient who developed chylous ascites following abdominal irradiation for recurrent carcinoma of the colon is presented. Laparotomy revealed generalized radiation damage of the small bowel with a particularly severely affected segment of jejunum, from the serosal surface of which chyle was seen to be leaking. Mesenteric lymphangiography revealed an obstruction to lymphatic drainage in the mesentery. Resection of the worst affected segment of bowel prevented further development of chylous ascites.", "PMID": 519163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12570", "title": "Leucocyte counts in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute appendicitis in children.", "content": "Preoperative total and differential leucocyte counts were made in 225 children with acute appendicitis, 50 children with a normal appendix and 100 children with acute abdominal pain which resolved without any therapy. When adjusted to age, neutrophilia in 96 per cent, 30 per cent and 32 per cent and leucocytosis in 41.8 per cent, 4 per cent and 3 per cent was noted in the respective groups, the levels being significantly higher in the acute appendicitis group than in the other two groups. Among children with appendicitis, infections were observed in 62.8 per cent of the group with leucocytosis and in 13.7 per cent of the group with a normal leucocyte count; the difference is statistically significant. It is suggested that in acute appendicitis neutrophilia supports the diagnosis and leucocytosis indicates the prognosis. The rate of infection increases as the total leucocyte count rises above the upper normal limit. The difference of opinions on the significance of leucocyte counts in acute appendicitis is discussed.", "contents": "Leucocyte counts in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute appendicitis in children. Preoperative total and differential leucocyte counts were made in 225 children with acute appendicitis, 50 children with a normal appendix and 100 children with acute abdominal pain which resolved without any therapy. When adjusted to age, neutrophilia in 96 per cent, 30 per cent and 32 per cent and leucocytosis in 41.8 per cent, 4 per cent and 3 per cent was noted in the respective groups, the levels being significantly higher in the acute appendicitis group than in the other two groups. Among children with appendicitis, infections were observed in 62.8 per cent of the group with leucocytosis and in 13.7 per cent of the group with a normal leucocyte count; the difference is statistically significant. It is suggested that in acute appendicitis neutrophilia supports the diagnosis and leucocytosis indicates the prognosis. The rate of infection increases as the total leucocyte count rises above the upper normal limit. The difference of opinions on the significance of leucocyte counts in acute appendicitis is discussed.", "PMID": 519164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12571", "title": "Controlled environment therapy in the management of lymphoedema: a case report.", "content": "A case of surgically-treated elephantiasis of a lower limb is reported in which preoperative controlled environment therapy (CET) proved to be an effective, rapid method of reducing the oedema.", "contents": "Controlled environment therapy in the management of lymphoedema: a case report. A case of surgically-treated elephantiasis of a lower limb is reported in which preoperative controlled environment therapy (CET) proved to be an effective, rapid method of reducing the oedema.", "PMID": 519165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12572", "title": "A new vascularized bone graft transferred by microvascular anastomosis as a free flap.", "content": "We describe a new, versatile bone and soft tissue compound free flap which may be transferred quickly and simply and describe its use in the treatment of compound fracture of the tibia and fibula with non-union due to loss of bone. The iliac crest and overlying soft tissue is transferred to the leg in one stage by microvascular anastomosis of the deep circumflex iliac vessels to vessels in the leg.", "contents": "A new vascularized bone graft transferred by microvascular anastomosis as a free flap. We describe a new, versatile bone and soft tissue compound free flap which may be transferred quickly and simply and describe its use in the treatment of compound fracture of the tibia and fibula with non-union due to loss of bone. The iliac crest and overlying soft tissue is transferred to the leg in one stage by microvascular anastomosis of the deep circumflex iliac vessels to vessels in the leg.", "PMID": 519166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12573", "title": "The presentation of gastrointestinal lymphoma: study of a population.", "content": "The clinical presentation and findings in 45 patients with lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract occurring in an unselected population are described. Nineteen patients presented as emergencies with haemorrhage, perforation, pyloric stenosis or intestinal obstruction. Systemic symptoms, peripheral lymph node enlargement and hepatosplenomegaly were rare, and a preoperative diagnosis of lymphoma was seldom made. Endoscopy was superior to radiology in defining lesions in the stomach and duodenum. Lesions which were multicentric, or of unusual macroscopic appearance, were common in the small bowel, and these should raise the suspicion of lymphoma. Local and systemic recurrence was common, but was not always fatal. Patients with gastric lymphomas survived longer than those with intestinal disease.", "contents": "The presentation of gastrointestinal lymphoma: study of a population. The clinical presentation and findings in 45 patients with lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract occurring in an unselected population are described. Nineteen patients presented as emergencies with haemorrhage, perforation, pyloric stenosis or intestinal obstruction. Systemic symptoms, peripheral lymph node enlargement and hepatosplenomegaly were rare, and a preoperative diagnosis of lymphoma was seldom made. Endoscopy was superior to radiology in defining lesions in the stomach and duodenum. Lesions which were multicentric, or of unusual macroscopic appearance, were common in the small bowel, and these should raise the suspicion of lymphoma. Local and systemic recurrence was common, but was not always fatal. Patients with gastric lymphomas survived longer than those with intestinal disease.", "PMID": 519167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12574", "title": "Pneumatosis coli and sigmoid volvulus: a report of 4 cases.", "content": "Pneumatosis coli is an uncommon disease which is frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. The condition can usually be managed conservatively but complications requiring surgical treatment are occasionally encountered. We describe 4 patients with pneumatosis coli and associated volvulus of the sigmoid colon. Some of the factors that may have contributed to pneumocyst formation in these 4 patients are discussed with reference to recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumatosis coli.", "contents": "Pneumatosis coli and sigmoid volvulus: a report of 4 cases. Pneumatosis coli is an uncommon disease which is frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. The condition can usually be managed conservatively but complications requiring surgical treatment are occasionally encountered. We describe 4 patients with pneumatosis coli and associated volvulus of the sigmoid colon. Some of the factors that may have contributed to pneumocyst formation in these 4 patients are discussed with reference to recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumatosis coli.", "PMID": 519168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12575", "title": "Multiple intestinal perforation due to Celestin tube.", "content": "Two cases of multiple intestinal perforation caused by the nylon from the core of disintegrating oesophageal Celestin tubes migrating down the alimentary tract are described. It is suggested that Celestin tubes should not be used in patients likely to survive for more than a few months.", "contents": "Multiple intestinal perforation due to Celestin tube. Two cases of multiple intestinal perforation caused by the nylon from the core of disintegrating oesophageal Celestin tubes migrating down the alimentary tract are described. It is suggested that Celestin tubes should not be used in patients likely to survive for more than a few months.", "PMID": 519169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12576", "title": "Postoperative hypoxaemia: oesophagectomy with gastric replacement.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative arterial blood samples were analysed for oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) in a consecutive series of 21 patients subjected to two- or three-stage oesophagectomy for carcinoma of the oesophagus. The forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured at the same time. On the second postoperative day the PaO2 showed a fall to 65 per cent of the preoperative value followed by a gradual recovery to 78 per cent on the tenth postoperative day. After 13 weeks the PaO2 had recovered to 95 per cent of the preoperative value. The PaCO2 decreased in the early postoperative period but had returned to the preoperative level by the tenth day. The FVC showed a trend similar to the PaO2 with a reduction to 33 per cent of the preoperative value on the second postoperative day, 52 per cent on the tenth day and 85 per cent after 13 weeks.", "contents": "Postoperative hypoxaemia: oesophagectomy with gastric replacement. Pre- and postoperative arterial blood samples were analysed for oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) in a consecutive series of 21 patients subjected to two- or three-stage oesophagectomy for carcinoma of the oesophagus. The forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured at the same time. On the second postoperative day the PaO2 showed a fall to 65 per cent of the preoperative value followed by a gradual recovery to 78 per cent on the tenth postoperative day. After 13 weeks the PaO2 had recovered to 95 per cent of the preoperative value. The PaCO2 decreased in the early postoperative period but had returned to the preoperative level by the tenth day. The FVC showed a trend similar to the PaO2 with a reduction to 33 per cent of the preoperative value on the second postoperative day, 52 per cent on the tenth day and 85 per cent after 13 weeks.", "PMID": 519170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12577", "title": "Salmonellosis associated with late rupture of an aortofemoral bypass graft.", "content": "Salmonella infection is a rare cause of rupture of the atherosclerotic abdominal aneurysm. A case never previously reported is presented in which salmonella infection occurred involving an aortofemoral bypass graft which had been inserted 10 years previously. The infection caused a leak in the region of the graft which presented as a haematoma in the thigh.", "contents": "Salmonellosis associated with late rupture of an aortofemoral bypass graft. Salmonella infection is a rare cause of rupture of the atherosclerotic abdominal aneurysm. A case never previously reported is presented in which salmonella infection occurred involving an aortofemoral bypass graft which had been inserted 10 years previously. The infection caused a leak in the region of the graft which presented as a haematoma in the thigh.", "PMID": 519172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12578", "title": "Haematemesis in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the source of the bleeding.", "content": "Thirteen infants with haematemesis associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were investigated in order to elucidate the source of bleeding. All 13 patients showed endoscopic evidence of oesophagitis, moderate in 4 and severe in 9. No significant gastric mucosal lesion was found. It was concluded that the site of the haemorrhage was the oesophageal mucosa in all 13 infants. Eleven of the patients experienced troublesome postoperative vomiting.", "contents": "Haematemesis in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the source of the bleeding. Thirteen infants with haematemesis associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were investigated in order to elucidate the source of bleeding. All 13 patients showed endoscopic evidence of oesophagitis, moderate in 4 and severe in 9. No significant gastric mucosal lesion was found. It was concluded that the site of the haemorrhage was the oesophageal mucosa in all 13 infants. Eleven of the patients experienced troublesome postoperative vomiting.", "PMID": 519173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12579", "title": "The concept of disease.", "content": "The connotations of the term \"a disease\" were investigated by studying the ways in which both medical and non-medical people used the word. A list of common diagnostic terms was read slowly to groups of non-medical academic staff of a university, secondary-school students, medical academics, and family practitioners, who then indicated whether they thought each word referred to disease.All groups rated illnesses due to infections as diseases, but the doctors, and particularly the general practitioners, were more generous in accepting as diseases the terms for non-infectious conditions. Apart from the nature of the cause, the most influential factor in determining whether or not an illness was considered to be a disease was the importance of the doctor in diagnosis and treatment.These findings provide further evidence that there is ambiguity about the meaning of the term disease. To the layman a disease seems to be a living agency that causes illness. Doctors have obviously accepted more heterogeneous defining characteristics but remain reluctant to adopt unequivocally nominalist ways of thought. The position is not unlike that in the physical sciences, in which there is a good precedent for distinguishing between the formal scientific and the everyday uses of terms such as \"force\" and \"power.\"", "contents": "The concept of disease. The connotations of the term \"a disease\" were investigated by studying the ways in which both medical and non-medical people used the word. A list of common diagnostic terms was read slowly to groups of non-medical academic staff of a university, secondary-school students, medical academics, and family practitioners, who then indicated whether they thought each word referred to disease.All groups rated illnesses due to infections as diseases, but the doctors, and particularly the general practitioners, were more generous in accepting as diseases the terms for non-infectious conditions. Apart from the nature of the cause, the most influential factor in determining whether or not an illness was considered to be a disease was the importance of the doctor in diagnosis and treatment.These findings provide further evidence that there is ambiguity about the meaning of the term disease. To the layman a disease seems to be a living agency that causes illness. Doctors have obviously accepted more heterogeneous defining characteristics but remain reluctant to adopt unequivocally nominalist ways of thought. The position is not unlike that in the physical sciences, in which there is a good precedent for distinguishing between the formal scientific and the everyday uses of terms such as \"force\" and \"power.\"", "PMID": 519183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12580", "title": "Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet.", "content": "Thirty newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease were interviewed about their habitual, pre-illness diet and compared with 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, social class, and marital status. The patients ate substantially more refined sugar, slightly less dietary fibre, and considerably less raw fruit and vegetables than the controls. A diet high in refined sugar and low in raw fruit and vegetables precedes and may favour the development of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet. Thirty newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease were interviewed about their habitual, pre-illness diet and compared with 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, social class, and marital status. The patients ate substantially more refined sugar, slightly less dietary fibre, and considerably less raw fruit and vegetables than the controls. A diet high in refined sugar and low in raw fruit and vegetables precedes and may favour the development of Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 519184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12581", "title": "Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with Crohn's disease were treated with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet in addition to conventional management and followed for a mean of four years and four months. Their clinical course was compared retrospectively with that of 32 matched patients who had received no dietary instruction. Hospital admissions were significantly fewer and shorter in the diet-treated patients, who spent a total of 111 days in hospital compared with 533 days in the non-diet-treated control group. Whereas five of the controls required intestinal operation, only one diet-treated patient needed surgery. This is in strong contrast to general experience with this disease. Treatment with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet appears to have a favourable effect on the course of Crohn's disease and does not lead to intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet. Thirty-two patients with Crohn's disease were treated with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet in addition to conventional management and followed for a mean of four years and four months. Their clinical course was compared retrospectively with that of 32 matched patients who had received no dietary instruction. Hospital admissions were significantly fewer and shorter in the diet-treated patients, who spent a total of 111 days in hospital compared with 533 days in the non-diet-treated control group. Whereas five of the controls required intestinal operation, only one diet-treated patient needed surgery. This is in strong contrast to general experience with this disease. Treatment with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet appears to have a favourable effect on the course of Crohn's disease and does not lead to intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 519185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12582", "title": "Fibreoptic injection of oesophageal varices.", "content": "A new technique for injecting sclerosant into oesophageal varices uses a flexible gastroscope. Once the gastroscope has been inserted a flexible tube with a window cut into its distal end is pushed down over the gastroscope until a varix protrudes through the window. The varix can then be injected with a needle passed down the biopsy channel of the gastroscope. Once the varices have all been injected in this way the tube is advanced to compress the injection sites and so help control bleeding. This method, using a flexible gastroscope, has proved easier and safer than the traditional method using a rigid gastroscope.", "contents": "Fibreoptic injection of oesophageal varices. A new technique for injecting sclerosant into oesophageal varices uses a flexible gastroscope. Once the gastroscope has been inserted a flexible tube with a window cut into its distal end is pushed down over the gastroscope until a varix protrudes through the window. The varix can then be injected with a needle passed down the biopsy channel of the gastroscope. Once the varices have all been injected in this way the tube is advanced to compress the injection sites and so help control bleeding. This method, using a flexible gastroscope, has proved easier and safer than the traditional method using a rigid gastroscope.", "PMID": 519186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12583", "title": "Pregnancy in patients presenting with hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "Ninety-two pregnancies occurred in 76 hyperprolactinaemic patients treated with bromocriptine. Half conceived within three months of attempted conception. There was no evidence of an increased rate of spontaneous abortion, fetal abnormality, or multiple pregnancy; the three twin pregnancies occurred in women who were additionally treated with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Thirty-one patients had radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour; 14 with major radiograph changes in the pituitary fossa or serum prolactin concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml received pituitary irradiation before conception. None of the latter showed evidence of enlargement of the tumour during pregnancy. In contrast two of the four patients with similar tumours but who were not irradiated developed visual field defects, one with gross destruction of the pituitary fossa. Prophylactic treatment to limit subsequent tumour expansion during pregnancy in patients with prolactinomas is indicated, and pituitary irradiation before conception appears to be a safe and effective method to achieve this goal.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients presenting with hyperprolactinaemia. Ninety-two pregnancies occurred in 76 hyperprolactinaemic patients treated with bromocriptine. Half conceived within three months of attempted conception. There was no evidence of an increased rate of spontaneous abortion, fetal abnormality, or multiple pregnancy; the three twin pregnancies occurred in women who were additionally treated with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Thirty-one patients had radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour; 14 with major radiograph changes in the pituitary fossa or serum prolactin concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml received pituitary irradiation before conception. None of the latter showed evidence of enlargement of the tumour during pregnancy. In contrast two of the four patients with similar tumours but who were not irradiated developed visual field defects, one with gross destruction of the pituitary fossa. Prophylactic treatment to limit subsequent tumour expansion during pregnancy in patients with prolactinomas is indicated, and pituitary irradiation before conception appears to be a safe and effective method to achieve this goal.", "PMID": 519192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12584", "title": "Are breast-fed babies still getting a raw deal in hospital?", "content": "After preliminary validation of test weighing under ward conditions the fluid intake and weight gain of 39 breast-fed and 25 artificially fed infants were compared. All were fed every four hours for six feeds a day, and the breast-fed infants received dextrose supplements only. The average intake and weight gain of the breast-fed group was significantly less than that of the group fed artificially.When cows'-milk supplements are withheld from breast-fed infants a four-hourly regimen provides insufficient stimulus to lactation for their needs in the first week of life. If more than lip service is to be paid to the mother who desires to breast-feed in hospital, early and more frequent feeding should be practised.", "contents": "Are breast-fed babies still getting a raw deal in hospital? After preliminary validation of test weighing under ward conditions the fluid intake and weight gain of 39 breast-fed and 25 artificially fed infants were compared. All were fed every four hours for six feeds a day, and the breast-fed infants received dextrose supplements only. The average intake and weight gain of the breast-fed group was significantly less than that of the group fed artificially.When cows'-milk supplements are withheld from breast-fed infants a four-hourly regimen provides insufficient stimulus to lactation for their needs in the first week of life. If more than lip service is to be paid to the mother who desires to breast-feed in hospital, early and more frequent feeding should be practised.", "PMID": 519220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12585", "title": "De novo acute infection and reactivation of hepatitis B virus in established cirrhosis.", "content": "Five patients with cirrhosis proved by biopsy had clinical, biochemical, and serological evidence of an acute hepatitis B infection. In two the illness was fulminant and led to death. Only one patient completely recovered. Serological markers for the hepatitis B virus were absent before the onset of the acute illness in four patients, which suggested that a de novo infection had been acquired as a result of recent transfusions of blood or blood products. The fifth patient, who had Goodpasture's syndrome, had antibody to the core of hepatitis B virus, indicating previous exposure to the virus; his acute hepatitis may have been related to immunosuppressive drug treatment, which may have reactivated a dormant virus infection. Thus an acute type B viral hepatitis due to either a de novo or a reactivated infection may be superimposed on cirrhosis.", "contents": "De novo acute infection and reactivation of hepatitis B virus in established cirrhosis. Five patients with cirrhosis proved by biopsy had clinical, biochemical, and serological evidence of an acute hepatitis B infection. In two the illness was fulminant and led to death. Only one patient completely recovered. Serological markers for the hepatitis B virus were absent before the onset of the acute illness in four patients, which suggested that a de novo infection had been acquired as a result of recent transfusions of blood or blood products. The fifth patient, who had Goodpasture's syndrome, had antibody to the core of hepatitis B virus, indicating previous exposure to the virus; his acute hepatitis may have been related to immunosuppressive drug treatment, which may have reactivated a dormant virus infection. Thus an acute type B viral hepatitis due to either a de novo or a reactivated infection may be superimposed on cirrhosis.", "PMID": 519221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12586", "title": "Verification of smoking history in patients after infarction using urinary nicotine and cotinine measurements.", "content": "Urinary concentrations of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine were measured in volunteers whose smoking habits were known to test the reliability of the measurements as indicators of current smoking. In the non-smokers detectable concentrations were always below the confidence limits set for the method, while in smokers the concentrations were always above these limits. After subjects stopped smoking cotinine appeared in the urine for longer than nicotine and was still detectable at least 36 hours after the last cigarette had been smoked. When this method was used to verify the smoking histories given by patients attending an infarction clinic it was estimated that 46-53% of previous smokers had actually stopped smoking compared with the 63% who said that they had done so. It is suggested that simultaneous assays of urinary nicotine and cotinine may be a useful means of verifying patients' current smoking habits.", "contents": "Verification of smoking history in patients after infarction using urinary nicotine and cotinine measurements. Urinary concentrations of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine were measured in volunteers whose smoking habits were known to test the reliability of the measurements as indicators of current smoking. In the non-smokers detectable concentrations were always below the confidence limits set for the method, while in smokers the concentrations were always above these limits. After subjects stopped smoking cotinine appeared in the urine for longer than nicotine and was still detectable at least 36 hours after the last cigarette had been smoked. When this method was used to verify the smoking histories given by patients attending an infarction clinic it was estimated that 46-53% of previous smokers had actually stopped smoking compared with the 63% who said that they had done so. It is suggested that simultaneous assays of urinary nicotine and cotinine may be a useful means of verifying patients' current smoking habits.", "PMID": 519268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12587", "title": "Improving medication compliance: a randomised clinical trial.", "content": "A medical monitor which recorded the date and hour each time a medicine bottle was opened was used to evaluate a programme for improving patients' compliance with their treatment. Eighty-two patients with glaucoma who had been prescribed pilocarpine eye drops three times daily to prevent visual loss were randomised into two groups. Both groups used the medication monitor during two 20-day periods, but before the second period the experimental group were given an education and tailoring programme in an attempt to improve their compliance. Nine patients missed the second treatment period and were excluded from the analysis. The patients in the experimental group showed significantly improved compliance when compared with the control group. The numbers of missed doses were reduced by about half, as was the proportion of time that exceeded the eight-hour dose intervals. Follow-up studies are needed to determine how long the improved compliance persists, but anyone considering setting up an education and tailoring programme should recognise the extent to which therapeutic efforts are wasted because of non-compliance.", "contents": "Improving medication compliance: a randomised clinical trial. A medical monitor which recorded the date and hour each time a medicine bottle was opened was used to evaluate a programme for improving patients' compliance with their treatment. Eighty-two patients with glaucoma who had been prescribed pilocarpine eye drops three times daily to prevent visual loss were randomised into two groups. Both groups used the medication monitor during two 20-day periods, but before the second period the experimental group were given an education and tailoring programme in an attempt to improve their compliance. Nine patients missed the second treatment period and were excluded from the analysis. The patients in the experimental group showed significantly improved compliance when compared with the control group. The numbers of missed doses were reduced by about half, as was the proportion of time that exceeded the eight-hour dose intervals. Follow-up studies are needed to determine how long the improved compliance persists, but anyone considering setting up an education and tailoring programme should recognise the extent to which therapeutic efforts are wasted because of non-compliance.", "PMID": 519269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12588", "title": "Long-term urethral catheter drainage.", "content": "Long-term catheter management is best conducted by specially trained community staff, provided there is close liaison with the urologist. Patients, hospital staff, and the primary health care team all benefit. The scheme is cost-effective, more convenient for patients and relatives, and reduces the need for emergency calls to the general practitioner and hospitals. We advocate development of similar schemes in other districts.", "contents": "Long-term urethral catheter drainage. Long-term catheter management is best conducted by specially trained community staff, provided there is close liaison with the urologist. Patients, hospital staff, and the primary health care team all benefit. The scheme is cost-effective, more convenient for patients and relatives, and reduces the need for emergency calls to the general practitioner and hospitals. We advocate development of similar schemes in other districts.", "PMID": 519279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12589", "title": "Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning.", "content": "One hundred cases of severe paracetamol poisoning were treated with intravenous N-acetylcysteine (acetyl-cysteine). There was virtually complete protection against liver damage in 40 patients treated within eight hours after ingestion (mean maximum serum alanine transaminase activity 27 IU/1). Only one out of 62 patients treated within 10 hours developed severe liver damage compared with 33 out of 57 patients (58%) studied retrospectively who received supportive treatment alone. Early treatment and acetylcysteine also prevented renal impairment and death. The critical ingestion-treatment interval for complete protection against severe liver damage was eight hours. Efficacy diminished progressively thereafter, and treatment after 15 hours was completely ineffective. Intravenous acetylcysteine was more effective than cysteamine and methionine and noticeably free of adverse effects. It is the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning.", "contents": "Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. One hundred cases of severe paracetamol poisoning were treated with intravenous N-acetylcysteine (acetyl-cysteine). There was virtually complete protection against liver damage in 40 patients treated within eight hours after ingestion (mean maximum serum alanine transaminase activity 27 IU/1). Only one out of 62 patients treated within 10 hours developed severe liver damage compared with 33 out of 57 patients (58%) studied retrospectively who received supportive treatment alone. Early treatment and acetylcysteine also prevented renal impairment and death. The critical ingestion-treatment interval for complete protection against severe liver damage was eight hours. Efficacy diminished progressively thereafter, and treatment after 15 hours was completely ineffective. Intravenous acetylcysteine was more effective than cysteamine and methionine and noticeably free of adverse effects. It is the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning.", "PMID": 519312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12590", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of salbutamol in patients with acute myocardial infarction and severe left ventricular dysfunction.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of salbutamol infusions at rates of 10,20, and 40 micrograms/min were measured in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure. Four patients also had cardiogenic shock. Consistent increases were observed in cardiac outputs at all doses (up to 56% at 40 micrograms/min), while the mean systemic arterial pressure fell slightly (average 5 mm Hg), implying a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. Changes in right atrial pressure and indirect left atrial pressure (measured as pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure) were small and not significant. Analysis of data from individual patients showed that the greatest increment in cardiac output was reached at 10 micrograms/min in two cases, 20 microgram/min in three, and 40 micrograms/min in the remaining six. Heart rate at these doses increased by an average of only 10 beats/min. Salbutamol failed to reduce left ventricular filling pressure and cannot be recommended for the treatment of pulmonary oedema in acute myocardial infarction. The increase in cardiac output, however, was considerable, so that the drug may be important in the management of low-output states. This action is probably a result of peripheral arteriolar dilatation (itself a result of beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulation) and is achieved with little alteration in the principal determinants of myocardial oxygen requirement.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of salbutamol in patients with acute myocardial infarction and severe left ventricular dysfunction. The haemodynamic effects of salbutamol infusions at rates of 10,20, and 40 micrograms/min were measured in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure. Four patients also had cardiogenic shock. Consistent increases were observed in cardiac outputs at all doses (up to 56% at 40 micrograms/min), while the mean systemic arterial pressure fell slightly (average 5 mm Hg), implying a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. Changes in right atrial pressure and indirect left atrial pressure (measured as pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure) were small and not significant. Analysis of data from individual patients showed that the greatest increment in cardiac output was reached at 10 micrograms/min in two cases, 20 microgram/min in three, and 40 micrograms/min in the remaining six. Heart rate at these doses increased by an average of only 10 beats/min. Salbutamol failed to reduce left ventricular filling pressure and cannot be recommended for the treatment of pulmonary oedema in acute myocardial infarction. The increase in cardiac output, however, was considerable, so that the drug may be important in the management of low-output states. This action is probably a result of peripheral arteriolar dilatation (itself a result of beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulation) and is achieved with little alteration in the principal determinants of myocardial oxygen requirement.", "PMID": 519313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12591", "title": "The Scottish perinatal mortality survey.", "content": "Perinatal deaths in single births that occurred in Scotland during 1977 were investigated by case-record analysis. Causes of death were divided into nine categories, an extended version of the Aberdeen classification being used. Out of 1012 single perinatal deaths, 265 were due to fetal abnormality, which in 140 cases was malformation of the central nervous system. Of the 747 normally formed infants, 446 weighed 1500 g or more, of whom 82 died intra partum and 154 were born alive. The largest single cause of death was low birth weight in normally formed babies whose mothers had no complications of pregnancy (302 cases). Of these babies, 103 (34%) were growth-retarded. Rhesus incompatibility (16 deaths) and maternal diabetes (seven deaths) were not major causes of perinatal loss. These results were thought to be valuable in illustrating the main causes of perinatal mortality and directing attention to important issues. Hence a modified version of the study is being continued to see whether yearly audit by regional assessors is a feasible and practical way of monitoring trends in perinatal mortality.", "contents": "The Scottish perinatal mortality survey. Perinatal deaths in single births that occurred in Scotland during 1977 were investigated by case-record analysis. Causes of death were divided into nine categories, an extended version of the Aberdeen classification being used. Out of 1012 single perinatal deaths, 265 were due to fetal abnormality, which in 140 cases was malformation of the central nervous system. Of the 747 normally formed infants, 446 weighed 1500 g or more, of whom 82 died intra partum and 154 were born alive. The largest single cause of death was low birth weight in normally formed babies whose mothers had no complications of pregnancy (302 cases). Of these babies, 103 (34%) were growth-retarded. Rhesus incompatibility (16 deaths) and maternal diabetes (seven deaths) were not major causes of perinatal loss. These results were thought to be valuable in illustrating the main causes of perinatal mortality and directing attention to important issues. Hence a modified version of the study is being continued to see whether yearly audit by regional assessors is a feasible and practical way of monitoring trends in perinatal mortality.", "PMID": 519314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12592", "title": "Monitoring of psychotropic drug prescribing in general practice.", "content": "Over 1000 repeat prescriptions of psychotropic drugs, which were given without the doctor seeing the patient, were analysed from a population of over 100 000 patients during a two-week period. The analysis showed that the longer repeat prescribing had taken place the older the patient was likely to be and the less closely were they monitored by their general practitioner.", "contents": "Monitoring of psychotropic drug prescribing in general practice. Over 1000 repeat prescriptions of psychotropic drugs, which were given without the doctor seeing the patient, were analysed from a population of over 100 000 patients during a two-week period. The analysis showed that the longer repeat prescribing had taken place the older the patient was likely to be and the less closely were they monitored by their general practitioner.", "PMID": 519321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12593", "title": "Changes in coronary risk factors during comprehensive five-year community programme to control cardiovascular diseases (North Karelia project).", "content": "A comprehensive community programme to control cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in North Karelia, Finland, was carried out during 1972-7. The central intermediate objective of the programme was to reduce the prevalence of smoking, the serum cholesterol concentration, and raised blood-pressure values among the population of the area. The effect was evaluated by examining independent representative population samples in 1972 and 1977 in both the county of North Karelia and a matched control county. Over 10 000 subjects were studied each time, the participation rate being around 90%. The decrease that occurred in the risk factors, especially in men, was in general greater in North Karelia compared with the control county. When a multiple logistic function was used for the three risk factors an overall mean net reduction of 17% among men and 12% among women was observed in the estimated risk for coronary heart disease in North Karelia. This community programme effectively reduced the levels of the three main risk factors for CVD in the population, and thus mortality and morbidity from CVD should fall. This is assessed in further studies.", "contents": "Changes in coronary risk factors during comprehensive five-year community programme to control cardiovascular diseases (North Karelia project). A comprehensive community programme to control cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in North Karelia, Finland, was carried out during 1972-7. The central intermediate objective of the programme was to reduce the prevalence of smoking, the serum cholesterol concentration, and raised blood-pressure values among the population of the area. The effect was evaluated by examining independent representative population samples in 1972 and 1977 in both the county of North Karelia and a matched control county. Over 10 000 subjects were studied each time, the participation rate being around 90%. The decrease that occurred in the risk factors, especially in men, was in general greater in North Karelia compared with the control county. When a multiple logistic function was used for the three risk factors an overall mean net reduction of 17% among men and 12% among women was observed in the estimated risk for coronary heart disease in North Karelia. This community programme effectively reduced the levels of the three main risk factors for CVD in the population, and thus mortality and morbidity from CVD should fall. This is assessed in further studies.", "PMID": 519351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12594", "title": "Changes in morbidity and mortality during comprehensive community programme to control cardiovascular diseases during 1972-7 in North Karelia.", "content": "A comprehensive community programme studying the control of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was carried out in North Karelia, Finland, between 1972 and 1977. The main objective was to reduce the mortality and morbidity of CVD, particularly in middle-aged men. Changes in the mortality and incidence of CVD were monitored by community-based registers of cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke and data on death certificates. During the programme the total mortality in the area decreased by 5% and the mortality from CVD decreased by 13% among men and 31% among women aged 30-64 years. The incidence of AMI fell by 16% among men and 5% among women, while that of cerebral stroke fell by 38% among men and 50% among women. Changes in mortality in North Karelia were compared with those in a matched control area; the difference between the two areas was not significant. The true effect of the programme cannot be deduced from these results, but mortality from CVD and the incidence of AMI and stroke fell during the five years studied. Thus the changes in mortality and morbidity of CVD accorded with the initial objectives of the programme.", "contents": "Changes in morbidity and mortality during comprehensive community programme to control cardiovascular diseases during 1972-7 in North Karelia. A comprehensive community programme studying the control of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was carried out in North Karelia, Finland, between 1972 and 1977. The main objective was to reduce the mortality and morbidity of CVD, particularly in middle-aged men. Changes in the mortality and incidence of CVD were monitored by community-based registers of cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke and data on death certificates. During the programme the total mortality in the area decreased by 5% and the mortality from CVD decreased by 13% among men and 31% among women aged 30-64 years. The incidence of AMI fell by 16% among men and 5% among women, while that of cerebral stroke fell by 38% among men and 50% among women. Changes in mortality in North Karelia were compared with those in a matched control area; the difference between the two areas was not significant. The true effect of the programme cannot be deduced from these results, but mortality from CVD and the incidence of AMI and stroke fell during the five years studied. Thus the changes in mortality and morbidity of CVD accorded with the initial objectives of the programme.", "PMID": 519352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12595", "title": "Maternal perception of fetal motor activity.", "content": "A technique using real-time ultrasound for comprehensive recording of fetal motor activity was used in 20 subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal awareness of fetal movement correlated with the number of fetal parts contributing to the movement but not with maternal parity or obesity, gestational age, placental site, or duration of the fetal movement. Some subjects recorded fetal breathing, passive fetal displacement, and Braxton Hicks's contractions as fetal movement. Most of our subjects were consistent and accurate in their perception of major fetal movements, but a few were inconsistent and one was completely unaware of major fetal movements. These results suggest that kick counts kept by most mothers will be accurate. Low counts of fetal movement should be an indication for fetal monitoring by other means and not, unconfirmed, for intervention.", "contents": "Maternal perception of fetal motor activity. A technique using real-time ultrasound for comprehensive recording of fetal motor activity was used in 20 subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal awareness of fetal movement correlated with the number of fetal parts contributing to the movement but not with maternal parity or obesity, gestational age, placental site, or duration of the fetal movement. Some subjects recorded fetal breathing, passive fetal displacement, and Braxton Hicks's contractions as fetal movement. Most of our subjects were consistent and accurate in their perception of major fetal movements, but a few were inconsistent and one was completely unaware of major fetal movements. These results suggest that kick counts kept by most mothers will be accurate. Low counts of fetal movement should be an indication for fetal monitoring by other means and not, unconfirmed, for intervention.", "PMID": 519353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12596", "title": "Haemorrheological response to plasma exchange in Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Eight patients with Raynaud's syndrome were treated by weekly plasma exchange for four weeks using a Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. The mean whole-blood viscosity at a shear rate of 0.77/s was significantly lower after treatment, and the mean index of red-cell deformability was significantly improved. In four patients studied serially the mean percentage fall in whole-blood viscosity after a single plasma exchange was 49% at 0.77/s but only 14% at 91/s. All patients noticed symptomatic improvement including healing of ischaemic digital ulcers. In six patients the number of digital arterial segments containing detectable blood flow was measured by directional Doppler; in all six the number increased. It is concluded that plasma exchange is an effective means of haemorrheological treatment and may be beneficial in patients with digital ischaemia.", "contents": "Haemorrheological response to plasma exchange in Raynaud's syndrome. Eight patients with Raynaud's syndrome were treated by weekly plasma exchange for four weeks using a Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. The mean whole-blood viscosity at a shear rate of 0.77/s was significantly lower after treatment, and the mean index of red-cell deformability was significantly improved. In four patients studied serially the mean percentage fall in whole-blood viscosity after a single plasma exchange was 49% at 0.77/s but only 14% at 91/s. All patients noticed symptomatic improvement including healing of ischaemic digital ulcers. In six patients the number of digital arterial segments containing detectable blood flow was measured by directional Doppler; in all six the number increased. It is concluded that plasma exchange is an effective means of haemorrheological treatment and may be beneficial in patients with digital ischaemia.", "PMID": 519354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12597", "title": "Edinburgh Emergency Asthma Admission Service: report on 10 years' experience.", "content": "In December 1968 an emergency service was begun in Edinburgh to expedite admission to hospital of patients with severe acute asthma. During the first 10 years requests were made to admit 112 patients to a respiratory unit with provision for intensive care on 360 occasions. Four of the patients died of their disease, one in hospital and three before admission. It was thought that the death rate would have been much higher had conventional admission procedures been observed. Owing to ethical objections to a controlled trial it was not possible to obtain substantive proof that the service reduced deaths from asthma. Nevertheless, there was strong circumstantial evidence that organised facilities for the immediate admission to hospital of patients with a history of life-threatening attacks would result in fewer deaths at home. Earlier admission also apparently reduced hospital mortality and the number of patients requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. It is concluded that there is a prima facie case for an emergency asthma admission serivce similar to that operating in Edinburgh to be established in all cities and large towns.", "contents": "Edinburgh Emergency Asthma Admission Service: report on 10 years' experience. In December 1968 an emergency service was begun in Edinburgh to expedite admission to hospital of patients with severe acute asthma. During the first 10 years requests were made to admit 112 patients to a respiratory unit with provision for intensive care on 360 occasions. Four of the patients died of their disease, one in hospital and three before admission. It was thought that the death rate would have been much higher had conventional admission procedures been observed. Owing to ethical objections to a controlled trial it was not possible to obtain substantive proof that the service reduced deaths from asthma. Nevertheless, there was strong circumstantial evidence that organised facilities for the immediate admission to hospital of patients with a history of life-threatening attacks would result in fewer deaths at home. Earlier admission also apparently reduced hospital mortality and the number of patients requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. It is concluded that there is a prima facie case for an emergency asthma admission serivce similar to that operating in Edinburgh to be established in all cities and large towns.", "PMID": 519358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12598", "title": "Long-term survival of patients with breast cancer: a study of the curability of the disease.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of 3878 cases of breast carcinoma first seen in Edinburgh from 1954 to 1964. During this time there was a policy to treat breast cancer by simple mastectomy and x-ray therapy, and over 90% of cases classified as international stages I and II were so treated. The mortality in these women was compared with that in an equivalent normal population using Scottish national age-specific death rates. For every year of follow-up within 20 years of initial treatment there was an excess mortality from all causes. There was an overall excess mortality of 58% among patients with breast cancer 15-20 years after initial treatment, and 20 times more deaths occurred in this period from breast cancer than in a normal population. For patients disease-free after 15 years there was still a 28% excess mortality from all causes. Factors known to be of major prognostic significance for five-year survivorship had less influence than might have been expected when the ratio of observed to expected deaths was considered for longer periods of follow-up. The effect of clinical staging (I, II, or III), though initially marked, largely disappeared by the 10th year of follow-up, and after allowing for age there was no evidence beyond 10 years of an effect on survival of the original stage of the disease. Similarly, the effect of tumour size on survival disappeared after 10 years. Women who were premenopausal at presentation still had a significant excess of deaths in the fourth quinquennium of follow-up. In the menopausal and postmenopausal groups combined there was still a small non-significant excess of deaths from all causes after 15 years but this almost disappeared when patients who had already relapsed were excluded. In terms of overall mortality only patients who have undergone the menopause before presentation and who are disease-free 15 years after primary treatment may prove to be cured by conventional techniques such as simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy.", "contents": "Long-term survival of patients with breast cancer: a study of the curability of the disease. A retrospective analysis was made of 3878 cases of breast carcinoma first seen in Edinburgh from 1954 to 1964. During this time there was a policy to treat breast cancer by simple mastectomy and x-ray therapy, and over 90% of cases classified as international stages I and II were so treated. The mortality in these women was compared with that in an equivalent normal population using Scottish national age-specific death rates. For every year of follow-up within 20 years of initial treatment there was an excess mortality from all causes. There was an overall excess mortality of 58% among patients with breast cancer 15-20 years after initial treatment, and 20 times more deaths occurred in this period from breast cancer than in a normal population. For patients disease-free after 15 years there was still a 28% excess mortality from all causes. Factors known to be of major prognostic significance for five-year survivorship had less influence than might have been expected when the ratio of observed to expected deaths was considered for longer periods of follow-up. The effect of clinical staging (I, II, or III), though initially marked, largely disappeared by the 10th year of follow-up, and after allowing for age there was no evidence beyond 10 years of an effect on survival of the original stage of the disease. Similarly, the effect of tumour size on survival disappeared after 10 years. Women who were premenopausal at presentation still had a significant excess of deaths in the fourth quinquennium of follow-up. In the menopausal and postmenopausal groups combined there was still a small non-significant excess of deaths from all causes after 15 years but this almost disappeared when patients who had already relapsed were excluded. In terms of overall mortality only patients who have undergone the menopause before presentation and who are disease-free 15 years after primary treatment may prove to be cured by conventional techniques such as simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy.", "PMID": 519399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12599", "title": "Gut hormones in tropical malabsorption.", "content": "Concentrations of various gut hormones were measured after a test breakfast in eight patients with severe tropical malabsorption and 12 controls. The patients with tropical malabsorption had greatly raised basal plasma motilin and enteroglucagon concentrations, but their postprandial release of both gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin was significantly reduced. The pattern of gut hormone release differed from that found in coeliac disease. The measurement of gut hormones, each of which has a specific site and function, thus throws new light on the pathophysiology of tropical malabsorption and may suggest approaches of treatment.", "contents": "Gut hormones in tropical malabsorption. Concentrations of various gut hormones were measured after a test breakfast in eight patients with severe tropical malabsorption and 12 controls. The patients with tropical malabsorption had greatly raised basal plasma motilin and enteroglucagon concentrations, but their postprandial release of both gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin was significantly reduced. The pattern of gut hormone release differed from that found in coeliac disease. The measurement of gut hormones, each of which has a specific site and function, thus throws new light on the pathophysiology of tropical malabsorption and may suggest approaches of treatment.", "PMID": 519400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12600", "title": "Pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after induction of labour with oxytocin.", "content": "To determine the pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after oxytocin-induced labour venous cord blood from 95 healthy newborn infants was examined. Of these, 15 were delivered by elective caesarean section, 40 after spontaneous labour, and 40 after oxytocin-induced labour. There was no significant difference in any haematological or biochemical variable between the first two groups. Infants born after oxytocin-induced labour, however, showed clear evidence of increased haemolysis associated with significantly decreased erythrocyte deformability (P less than 0.001). In-vitro studies showed a time- and dose-related reduction in erythrocyte deformability in response to oxytocin. The findings suggest that the vasopressin-like action of oxytocin causes osmotic swelling of erythrocytes leading to decreased deformability and hence more rapid destruction with resultant hyperbilirubinaemia in the neonate.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after induction of labour with oxytocin. To determine the pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after oxytocin-induced labour venous cord blood from 95 healthy newborn infants was examined. Of these, 15 were delivered by elective caesarean section, 40 after spontaneous labour, and 40 after oxytocin-induced labour. There was no significant difference in any haematological or biochemical variable between the first two groups. Infants born after oxytocin-induced labour, however, showed clear evidence of increased haemolysis associated with significantly decreased erythrocyte deformability (P less than 0.001). In-vitro studies showed a time- and dose-related reduction in erythrocyte deformability in response to oxytocin. The findings suggest that the vasopressin-like action of oxytocin causes osmotic swelling of erythrocytes leading to decreased deformability and hence more rapid destruction with resultant hyperbilirubinaemia in the neonate.", "PMID": 519401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12601", "title": "Interaction between anticoagulants and contraceptives: an unsuspected finding.", "content": "To assess the effects of oral contraceptives on anticoagulant treatment the prothrombin times of 12 patients were measured while they were taking both drugs simultaneously and while they were taking only anticoagulants. The mean prothrombin time ratio was significantly higher when patients were taking both drugs than when they were taking only anticoagulants and their doses of anticoagulant were significantly lower. During both periods most of the prothrombin values remained in the therapeutic range. These findings suggest that, contrary to the common belief that oral contraceptives diminish the effects of anticoagulants, contraceptives in fact potentiate the action of the anticoagulants.", "contents": "Interaction between anticoagulants and contraceptives: an unsuspected finding. To assess the effects of oral contraceptives on anticoagulant treatment the prothrombin times of 12 patients were measured while they were taking both drugs simultaneously and while they were taking only anticoagulants. The mean prothrombin time ratio was significantly higher when patients were taking both drugs than when they were taking only anticoagulants and their doses of anticoagulant were significantly lower. During both periods most of the prothrombin values remained in the therapeutic range. These findings suggest that, contrary to the common belief that oral contraceptives diminish the effects of anticoagulants, contraceptives in fact potentiate the action of the anticoagulants.", "PMID": 519402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12602", "title": "General practice observed. A do-it-yourself medical centre.", "content": "A group practice commissioned a local building company to build their own medical centre comprising 370 m2 (4000 ft2) of building with an adequate car park at a total cost of 60 000 pounds with design to completion in nine months. A bank loan for 10 years was assigned to the partnership and each partner made his own arrangements for repayment. The updated cost for June 1979 is 80 000-85 000 pounds. Building a centre in this way is professionally and financially rewarding.", "contents": "General practice observed. A do-it-yourself medical centre. A group practice commissioned a local building company to build their own medical centre comprising 370 m2 (4000 ft2) of building with an adequate car park at a total cost of 60 000 pounds with design to completion in nine months. A bank loan for 10 years was assigned to the partnership and each partner made his own arrangements for repayment. The updated cost for June 1979 is 80 000-85 000 pounds. Building a centre in this way is professionally and financially rewarding.", "PMID": 519410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12603", "title": "How reliable is determination of ulcer size by endoscopy?", "content": "The suface areas of 23 artificial ulcers in a rubber manikin and of 35 ulcers in 35 consecutive patients admitted for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract were estimated by six endoscopists. Of the 138 estimations made in the manikin 80% underestimated the true size of the ulcer: the mean (+/- SD) was -29 +/- 40%. The largest and the smallest estimate of the same ulcer by different endoscopists varied on average by a factor of 4.5 +/- 3.8, and the estimates by the same endoscopists of ulcers with the same size varied by a factor of 2.3 +/- 0.6. In the patients the scatter of the estimates was even larger, the mean factor being 7.8 +/- 6.3. Changes in ulcer size are therefore an unsuitable criterion for assessing ulcer healing. Even if consecutive examinations are performed by the same endoscopist, changes in ulcer area smaller than by a factor of 3 are not discernible.", "contents": "How reliable is determination of ulcer size by endoscopy? The suface areas of 23 artificial ulcers in a rubber manikin and of 35 ulcers in 35 consecutive patients admitted for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract were estimated by six endoscopists. Of the 138 estimations made in the manikin 80% underestimated the true size of the ulcer: the mean (+/- SD) was -29 +/- 40%. The largest and the smallest estimate of the same ulcer by different endoscopists varied on average by a factor of 4.5 +/- 3.8, and the estimates by the same endoscopists of ulcers with the same size varied by a factor of 2.3 +/- 0.6. In the patients the scatter of the estimates was even larger, the mean factor being 7.8 +/- 6.3. Changes in ulcer size are therefore an unsuitable criterion for assessing ulcer healing. Even if consecutive examinations are performed by the same endoscopist, changes in ulcer area smaller than by a factor of 3 are not discernible.", "PMID": 519430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12604", "title": "Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales and its relationship to sunshine.", "content": "In most of England and Wales the incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin has risen rapidly in recent years, especially in women. Mean incidences in the 14 English health regions and Wales correlated negatively with latitude and positively with hours of sunshine, suggesting that exposure to sunshine was an important causal factor. Male and female incidences within a region tended to show similar yearly fluctuations, implying a common factor affecting the incidence in both men and women with a short latent period of action. This factor may be exposure to sunshine, which may cause melanoma after an induction period of about two years; for women the incidence of melanoma in the regions of England and Wales correlated positively with hours of sunshine two years earlier.", "contents": "Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales and its relationship to sunshine. In most of England and Wales the incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin has risen rapidly in recent years, especially in women. Mean incidences in the 14 English health regions and Wales correlated negatively with latitude and positively with hours of sunshine, suggesting that exposure to sunshine was an important causal factor. Male and female incidences within a region tended to show similar yearly fluctuations, implying a common factor affecting the incidence in both men and women with a short latent period of action. This factor may be exposure to sunshine, which may cause melanoma after an induction period of about two years; for women the incidence of melanoma in the regions of England and Wales correlated positively with hours of sunshine two years earlier.", "PMID": 519431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12605", "title": "Self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Admission to hospital is usually recommended to achieve the best possible diabetic control during pregnancy. We have used blood glucose monitoring at home to find out if patients can achieve equally good control outside hospital. Twenty-five consecutive diabetic patients were studied, of whom 20 had taken insulin before pregnancy. Six of their 14 previous pregnancies had ended in perinatal death. The 25 women performed 4247 blood glucose measurements during their pregnancies. Overall the mean blood glucose concentration was 7.1 mmol/l (128 mg/100 ml); before meals the mean was 6.5 mmol/l (117 mg/100 ml). Mean concentrations were lower in the third trimester, but at no stage was control in hospital significantly better than at home. The mean hospital stay before delivery was 22 days, and all patients had live babies. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations at home produces greater understanding and motivation among patients, improves control early in pregnancy, and shortens time spent in hospital.", "contents": "Self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic pregnancy. Admission to hospital is usually recommended to achieve the best possible diabetic control during pregnancy. We have used blood glucose monitoring at home to find out if patients can achieve equally good control outside hospital. Twenty-five consecutive diabetic patients were studied, of whom 20 had taken insulin before pregnancy. Six of their 14 previous pregnancies had ended in perinatal death. The 25 women performed 4247 blood glucose measurements during their pregnancies. Overall the mean blood glucose concentration was 7.1 mmol/l (128 mg/100 ml); before meals the mean was 6.5 mmol/l (117 mg/100 ml). Mean concentrations were lower in the third trimester, but at no stage was control in hospital significantly better than at home. The mean hospital stay before delivery was 22 days, and all patients had live babies. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations at home produces greater understanding and motivation among patients, improves control early in pregnancy, and shortens time spent in hospital.", "PMID": 519438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12606", "title": "Nuclear medicine in district general hospitals.", "content": "Nuclear medicine is a recognised clinical specialty both nationally and internationally. Compared with other countries, it is inadequately developed in Britain, particularly in district general hospitals. To create clinical radioisotope services at district level physicians or radiologists with experience in nuclear medicine need to be trained and appointed. Such appointments would allow facilities to evolve that would provide either a comprehensive nuclear medicine service formed around a physician or an imaging service based on a radiologist. Such units would improve the care of patients at a reasonable recurring cost of 15 pounds--30 pounds per investigation.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine in district general hospitals. Nuclear medicine is a recognised clinical specialty both nationally and internationally. Compared with other countries, it is inadequately developed in Britain, particularly in district general hospitals. To create clinical radioisotope services at district level physicians or radiologists with experience in nuclear medicine need to be trained and appointed. Such appointments would allow facilities to evolve that would provide either a comprehensive nuclear medicine service formed around a physician or an imaging service based on a radiologist. Such units would improve the care of patients at a reasonable recurring cost of 15 pounds--30 pounds per investigation.", "PMID": 519439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12607", "title": "Prevalence of gall stones at necropsy in nine British towns: a collaborative study.", "content": "A prospective study of the prevalence of gall stones at necropsy in nine towns in England and Wales showed considerable geographical variations. The age- and sex-standardised prevalence ranged from 20.6% in Ipswich to 9.2% in Wakefield. The distribution of gall stones differed from that of all-cause mortality and was negatively correlated with that of mortality from ischaemic heart disease. Socioeconomic influences related to affluence do not appear to be major determinants of the distribution of gall stones.", "contents": "Prevalence of gall stones at necropsy in nine British towns: a collaborative study. A prospective study of the prevalence of gall stones at necropsy in nine towns in England and Wales showed considerable geographical variations. The age- and sex-standardised prevalence ranged from 20.6% in Ipswich to 9.2% in Wakefield. The distribution of gall stones differed from that of all-cause mortality and was negatively correlated with that of mortality from ischaemic heart disease. Socioeconomic influences related to affluence do not appear to be major determinants of the distribution of gall stones.", "PMID": 519474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12608", "title": "Immunoreactive calcitonin in leukaemia.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of immunoreactive human calcitonin (HCT) in plasma and leucocytes from patients with various leukaemic and myeloproliferative disorders. Plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations were increased in 32 out of 33 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and in all eight patients with acute myeloid leukamia (AML) at presentation or in relapse. Out of 11 patients with other myeloproliferative disorders, eight had increased plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Buffy-coat-cell extracts and culture media from peripheral leucocytes of patients with CGL also contained increased immunoreactive HCT concentrations. In contrast, plasma from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and AML in remission had low or undetectable immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Increased plasma and cellular concentrations of immunoreactive HCT may be a consequence of abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells and might prove to be valuable in predicting relapse in patients with myeloid leukaemias.", "contents": "Immunoreactive calcitonin in leukaemia. A radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of immunoreactive human calcitonin (HCT) in plasma and leucocytes from patients with various leukaemic and myeloproliferative disorders. Plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations were increased in 32 out of 33 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and in all eight patients with acute myeloid leukamia (AML) at presentation or in relapse. Out of 11 patients with other myeloproliferative disorders, eight had increased plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Buffy-coat-cell extracts and culture media from peripheral leucocytes of patients with CGL also contained increased immunoreactive HCT concentrations. In contrast, plasma from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and AML in remission had low or undetectable immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Increased plasma and cellular concentrations of immunoreactive HCT may be a consequence of abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells and might prove to be valuable in predicting relapse in patients with myeloid leukaemias.", "PMID": 519475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12609", "title": "Praziquantel: a new schistosomicide against Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "The effectiveness of the new schistosomicide praziquantel was assessed in African schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma haematobium. They were stratified according to the severity of their infection and were then randomly allocated to treatment with two single-dose regimens (30 and 40 mg/kg) and a split regimen of two doses of 20 mg/kg given four hours apart. All three regimens were highly effective and produced few side effects. Children who initially had very high pretreatment egg loads showed a poorer therapeutic response at all dose levels, and further investigations are necessary to find the optimum dose. Because of its effectiveness in a single dose and lack of toxicity, praziquantel may prove to be the ideal schistosomicide.", "contents": "Praziquantel: a new schistosomicide against Schistosoma haematobium. The effectiveness of the new schistosomicide praziquantel was assessed in African schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma haematobium. They were stratified according to the severity of their infection and were then randomly allocated to treatment with two single-dose regimens (30 and 40 mg/kg) and a split regimen of two doses of 20 mg/kg given four hours apart. All three regimens were highly effective and produced few side effects. Children who initially had very high pretreatment egg loads showed a poorer therapeutic response at all dose levels, and further investigations are necessary to find the optimum dose. Because of its effectiveness in a single dose and lack of toxicity, praziquantel may prove to be the ideal schistosomicide.", "PMID": 519476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12610", "title": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Technique for autoradiographic localization of the binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard and its distribution in the forebrain.", "content": "[3H]Propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3H]PrBCM) is a synthetic, potent muscarinic antagonist, which binds specifically and irreversibly by means of a covalent linkage to muscarinic receptors. Ten micrometer coronal cryostat sections taken through unfixed rat brain at the level of the maximum extent of the caudate nucleus were mounted on glass slides and incubated with 2.4 nM [3H]PrBCM at 30 degrees C for 25 min. They showed a total binding of 3250 pmol/g protein, of which 2130 pmol/g protein was sensitive to pretreatment with 10-6 M atropine. The specific (atropine-sensitive) binding was saturable. Saturation was reached at 15 min, with a rate constant of 1.3 x 106 M-1 sec-1. Binding was unaffected by drugs acting at nicotinic receptors (D-tubocurarine, hexamethonium), or by physostigmine, but was inhibited by muscarinic drugs (pilocarpine, oxotremorine, 3-quinuclidinylbenzilate). Postfixation for 15 min in Carnoy's fixative reduced the specific binding by 10% and the non-specific by 50%. Prefixation (i.e. before incubation with [3H]PrBCM) with any fixatives containing formaldehyde largely prevented specific binding, but a range of concentrations of glutaraldehyde (2% to 0.05%) caused only small reductions in specific binding (e.g. 0.1% glutaraldehyde caused only a 6% reduction). Clear, regionally specific patterns of localization of specific label in light microscope autoradiographs could be obtained from cryostat sections prefixed with 0.1% glutaraldehyde, incubated with 2.4 nM [3H]PrBCM for 15 min at 30 degrees C, and postfixed for 15 min in Carnoy's solution. Of the 105 forebrain areas studied 12 had grain counts between 6 and 9 times the non-specific level and a further 30 had counts 4 to 6 times non-specific. The higher grain counts were in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, pyriform cortex, stratum radiatum of the hippocampus, stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, cortico-amygdaloid transition zone, anteroventral thalamic nucleus, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and in laminae 3 and 6 of the neocortex (parietal region). There were high grain densities over the choroid plexus the lateral but not the third or fourth ventricles.", "contents": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Technique for autoradiographic localization of the binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard and its distribution in the forebrain. [3H]Propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3H]PrBCM) is a synthetic, potent muscarinic antagonist, which binds specifically and irreversibly by means of a covalent linkage to muscarinic receptors. Ten micrometer coronal cryostat sections taken through unfixed rat brain at the level of the maximum extent of the caudate nucleus were mounted on glass slides and incubated with 2.4 nM [3H]PrBCM at 30 degrees C for 25 min. They showed a total binding of 3250 pmol/g protein, of which 2130 pmol/g protein was sensitive to pretreatment with 10-6 M atropine. The specific (atropine-sensitive) binding was saturable. Saturation was reached at 15 min, with a rate constant of 1.3 x 106 M-1 sec-1. Binding was unaffected by drugs acting at nicotinic receptors (D-tubocurarine, hexamethonium), or by physostigmine, but was inhibited by muscarinic drugs (pilocarpine, oxotremorine, 3-quinuclidinylbenzilate). Postfixation for 15 min in Carnoy's fixative reduced the specific binding by 10% and the non-specific by 50%. Prefixation (i.e. before incubation with [3H]PrBCM) with any fixatives containing formaldehyde largely prevented specific binding, but a range of concentrations of glutaraldehyde (2% to 0.05%) caused only small reductions in specific binding (e.g. 0.1% glutaraldehyde caused only a 6% reduction). Clear, regionally specific patterns of localization of specific label in light microscope autoradiographs could be obtained from cryostat sections prefixed with 0.1% glutaraldehyde, incubated with 2.4 nM [3H]PrBCM for 15 min at 30 degrees C, and postfixed for 15 min in Carnoy's solution. Of the 105 forebrain areas studied 12 had grain counts between 6 and 9 times the non-specific level and a further 30 had counts 4 to 6 times non-specific. The higher grain counts were in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, pyriform cortex, stratum radiatum of the hippocampus, stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, cortico-amygdaloid transition zone, anteroventral thalamic nucleus, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and in laminae 3 and 6 of the neocortex (parietal region). There were high grain densities over the choroid plexus the lateral but not the third or fourth ventricles.", "PMID": 519514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12611", "title": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. II. Distribution of binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in the midbrain and hindbrain.", "content": "The distribution of muscarinic receptors has been studied in the rat midbrain and hindbrain by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. Of the 78 areas studied 6 had grain counts between 6 and 9 times the nonspecific level (\"high\"), and a further 15 had counts 4-6 times non-specific (\"intermediate\"). The basilar pontine nuclei and the ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus had high counts. Among the cranial nerve motor nuclei the facial and hypoglossal nuclei had high counts and the motor trigeminal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus had medium counts. The interpeduncular nucleus as a whole had low counts but there were two bands of intense staining on each side around the entry zone of the bundles of afferent cholinergic fibres from the habenula. Intermediate levels of binding occurred over the inferior colliculus and the superficial and intermediate grey layers of the superior colliculus. The molecular layer of the vestibulocerebellar vermis was distinctly labelled.", "contents": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. II. Distribution of binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in the midbrain and hindbrain. The distribution of muscarinic receptors has been studied in the rat midbrain and hindbrain by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. Of the 78 areas studied 6 had grain counts between 6 and 9 times the nonspecific level (\"high\"), and a further 15 had counts 4-6 times non-specific (\"intermediate\"). The basilar pontine nuclei and the ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus had high counts. Among the cranial nerve motor nuclei the facial and hypoglossal nuclei had high counts and the motor trigeminal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus had medium counts. The interpeduncular nucleus as a whole had low counts but there were two bands of intense staining on each side around the entry zone of the bundles of afferent cholinergic fibres from the habenula. Intermediate levels of binding occurred over the inferior colliculus and the superficial and intermediate grey layers of the superior colliculus. The molecular layer of the vestibulocerebellar vermis was distinctly labelled.", "PMID": 519515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12612", "title": "Muscarinic receptofs in the central nervous system of the rat. III. Postnatal development of binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard.", "content": "The postnatal development of muscarinic receptors has been studied in 7 selected areas from the brains of 1-17-day-old rats by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. A major part of the adult receptor density is present at 1 day of age, a time when only a small fraction of the adult number of synapses has yet been formed. Of the areas studied the hypoglossal nucleus is the most precocious in muscarinic receptor development, and the dentate gyrus the latest (associated with the late development of the dentate granule cells). The pattern of receptor distribution changes with development. The caudate-putamen first develops receptor in patches, beginning at the lateral (ventricular) surface. The pontine nuclei develop receptor in a medial to lateral sequence. The maturation of the adult laminar pattern of the olfactory bulb depends on the alignment of cells (especially the mitral cells). The neocortex initially has uniform labelling throughout its depth, and later the labelling in layer 4 becomes relatively less dense (probably associated with the ingrowth of afferent fibres). The hippocampal formation first develops receptor evenly over the pyramidal cell dendrites; later receptor appears over the newly formed dentate stratum moleculare and becomes much reduced over the hippocampal stratum lucidum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare (probably associated with the ingrowth of afferent fibres from the dentate gyrus and entorhinal area). In the cerebellum muscarinic receptor is found only in the lobules which receive the primary vestibular afferents. In the neonate it is present in the granular layer, but this later disappears and is replaced by the adult pattern of labelling in the molecular layer.", "contents": "Muscarinic receptofs in the central nervous system of the rat. III. Postnatal development of binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard. The postnatal development of muscarinic receptors has been studied in 7 selected areas from the brains of 1-17-day-old rats by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. A major part of the adult receptor density is present at 1 day of age, a time when only a small fraction of the adult number of synapses has yet been formed. Of the areas studied the hypoglossal nucleus is the most precocious in muscarinic receptor development, and the dentate gyrus the latest (associated with the late development of the dentate granule cells). The pattern of receptor distribution changes with development. The caudate-putamen first develops receptor in patches, beginning at the lateral (ventricular) surface. The pontine nuclei develop receptor in a medial to lateral sequence. The maturation of the adult laminar pattern of the olfactory bulb depends on the alignment of cells (especially the mitral cells). The neocortex initially has uniform labelling throughout its depth, and later the labelling in layer 4 becomes relatively less dense (probably associated with the ingrowth of afferent fibres). The hippocampal formation first develops receptor evenly over the pyramidal cell dendrites; later receptor appears over the newly formed dentate stratum moleculare and becomes much reduced over the hippocampal stratum lucidum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare (probably associated with the ingrowth of afferent fibres from the dentate gyrus and entorhinal area). In the cerebellum muscarinic receptor is found only in the lobules which receive the primary vestibular afferents. In the neonate it is present in the granular layer, but this later disappears and is replaced by the adult pattern of labelling in the molecular layer.", "PMID": 519516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12613", "title": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. IV. A comparison of the effects of axotomy and deafferentation on the binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard and associated synaptic changes in the hypoglossal and pontine nuclei.", "content": "The reaction of axotomy has been studied in the rat hypoglossal nucleus by quantitative electron microscopical counts of numbers of synapses and by changes in muscarinic receptors assessed by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. For the first 5 days after unilateral peripheral hypoglossal nerve axotomy the muscarinic ligand binding falls to 50% of control levels and then shows no further fall for up to 30 days. Synapse numbers decrease progressively over the first 10 days after operation, by which time they reach 50% of normal. Thus receptor changes reach completion at a time when synapse loss is still continuing. Later, both muscarinic ligand binding and synapse numbers recover to an extent which depends at least in part on the effectiveness of the peripheral nerve regeneration, suggesting that both the receptor and synapse changes may be dependent upon neuromuscular contacts. The reactions of muscarinic receptors to axotomy and deafferentation have been studied in the rat basilar pontine nuclei. Cerebellectomy, which causes axotomy of the pontine neurones and also removes their postsynaptic targets (the granule cells), causes no change in pontine muscarinic receptor over the first week after operation. This differs from the rapid fall in hypoglossal muscarinic receptors induced by axotomy. At longer survivals after cerebellectomy there is a partial loss of pontine muscarinic receptors associated with atrophy of the pontine neurones. Destruction of the neocortical afferents causes a loss of at least half of the synapses in the pontine neuropil. However, the light microscopic autoradiographic study revealed no obvious changes in the dentisy or distribution of the pontine muscarinic receptors from 4 days to more than 6 months after operation.", "contents": "Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. IV. A comparison of the effects of axotomy and deafferentation on the binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard and associated synaptic changes in the hypoglossal and pontine nuclei. The reaction of axotomy has been studied in the rat hypoglossal nucleus by quantitative electron microscopical counts of numbers of synapses and by changes in muscarinic receptors assessed by counting silver grains in light microscope autoradiographs of the specific (atropine-sensitive) binding of [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cryostat sections. For the first 5 days after unilateral peripheral hypoglossal nerve axotomy the muscarinic ligand binding falls to 50% of control levels and then shows no further fall for up to 30 days. Synapse numbers decrease progressively over the first 10 days after operation, by which time they reach 50% of normal. Thus receptor changes reach completion at a time when synapse loss is still continuing. Later, both muscarinic ligand binding and synapse numbers recover to an extent which depends at least in part on the effectiveness of the peripheral nerve regeneration, suggesting that both the receptor and synapse changes may be dependent upon neuromuscular contacts. The reactions of muscarinic receptors to axotomy and deafferentation have been studied in the rat basilar pontine nuclei. Cerebellectomy, which causes axotomy of the pontine neurones and also removes their postsynaptic targets (the granule cells), causes no change in pontine muscarinic receptor over the first week after operation. This differs from the rapid fall in hypoglossal muscarinic receptors induced by axotomy. At longer survivals after cerebellectomy there is a partial loss of pontine muscarinic receptors associated with atrophy of the pontine neurones. Destruction of the neocortical afferents causes a loss of at least half of the synapses in the pontine neuropil. However, the light microscopic autoradiographic study revealed no obvious changes in the dentisy or distribution of the pontine muscarinic receptors from 4 days to more than 6 months after operation.", "PMID": 519517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12614", "title": "The role of the cholinergic system in the central control of thermoregulation in rats.", "content": "Systemic and central administration of methacholine (a synthetic choline derivative) both produced dose-dependent decreases in rectal temperature in rats at all the ambient temperatures studied. Both at room temperature (22 degrees C) and in the cold (8 degrees C), the hypothermia in response to methacholine application was brought about by both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in cutaneous circulation. In the heat (29 degrees C), the hypothermia was due solely to an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss. Furthermore, the methacholine-induced hypothermia was antagonized by central pretreatment of atropine (a selective blocker of cholinergic receptors), but not by the central administration of either 6-hydroxydopamine (a relative depletor of catecholaminergic nerve fibers) or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (predominately a serotonin depletor). The data indicate that activation of the cholinergic receptors within brain with methacholine decreases heat production and (or) increases heat loss which leads to hypothermia in rats.", "contents": "The role of the cholinergic system in the central control of thermoregulation in rats. Systemic and central administration of methacholine (a synthetic choline derivative) both produced dose-dependent decreases in rectal temperature in rats at all the ambient temperatures studied. Both at room temperature (22 degrees C) and in the cold (8 degrees C), the hypothermia in response to methacholine application was brought about by both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in cutaneous circulation. In the heat (29 degrees C), the hypothermia was due solely to an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss. Furthermore, the methacholine-induced hypothermia was antagonized by central pretreatment of atropine (a selective blocker of cholinergic receptors), but not by the central administration of either 6-hydroxydopamine (a relative depletor of catecholaminergic nerve fibers) or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (predominately a serotonin depletor). The data indicate that activation of the cholinergic receptors within brain with methacholine decreases heat production and (or) increases heat loss which leads to hypothermia in rats.", "PMID": 519522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12615", "title": "Modes of rouleaux formation of human red blood cells in polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran solutions.", "content": "The mechanics by which normal human erythrocytes join on a plastic cover slip into two cell doublets and larger aggregates of rouleaux were studied microscopically. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-360) or dextran (DX-70 or DX-110) were used as the rouleau agents. The minimum concentration of the rouleau-inducing agents required to form doublets was 1 g/L for PVP-360 and 5 g/L for the DXs. Three modes of interaction were observed in Ringer's solution with PVP or DX, cresting and flipping (involving no intercellular sliding) and a sliding mode of doublet formation (involving less gravitational work and less cellular deformation). The sliding mechanism occurred in suspensions with the lower concentrations of the rouleau agent but was also observed when geometric constraints prevented the nonsliding interaction of larger groups of cells in the higher concentrations of the rouleau agent. The technique provides a sensitive index for studying the combined effect of cellular flexibility and intercellular adhesion. Significant changes were observed for reduced membrane surface charge or reduced ionic calcium.", "contents": "Modes of rouleaux formation of human red blood cells in polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran solutions. The mechanics by which normal human erythrocytes join on a plastic cover slip into two cell doublets and larger aggregates of rouleaux were studied microscopically. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-360) or dextran (DX-70 or DX-110) were used as the rouleau agents. The minimum concentration of the rouleau-inducing agents required to form doublets was 1 g/L for PVP-360 and 5 g/L for the DXs. Three modes of interaction were observed in Ringer's solution with PVP or DX, cresting and flipping (involving no intercellular sliding) and a sliding mode of doublet formation (involving less gravitational work and less cellular deformation). The sliding mechanism occurred in suspensions with the lower concentrations of the rouleau agent but was also observed when geometric constraints prevented the nonsliding interaction of larger groups of cells in the higher concentrations of the rouleau agent. The technique provides a sensitive index for studying the combined effect of cellular flexibility and intercellular adhesion. Significant changes were observed for reduced membrane surface charge or reduced ionic calcium.", "PMID": 519523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12616", "title": "Behavioural effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced depletion of spinal noradrenaline.", "content": "Bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (4 micrograms/2 microL) into the caudal medulla of rats reduced spinal noradrenaline (NA) to 6% of control values. No significant NA depletion was observed in the hippocampus, cortex, or cerebellum, and a small loss of NA was found in the hypothalamus. These lesions were found to elevate significantly threshold shock levels necessary to elicit jump responses, and they also abolished the reflexive alternating motor movements produced by decapitation. These data support the hypothesis that spinal NA mechanisms modulate reflexive motor movements. However, no significant effect of these lesions was found on either spontaneous or amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, suggesting that spinal NA does not play a significant role in these behaviours.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced depletion of spinal noradrenaline. Bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (4 micrograms/2 microL) into the caudal medulla of rats reduced spinal noradrenaline (NA) to 6% of control values. No significant NA depletion was observed in the hippocampus, cortex, or cerebellum, and a small loss of NA was found in the hypothalamus. These lesions were found to elevate significantly threshold shock levels necessary to elicit jump responses, and they also abolished the reflexive alternating motor movements produced by decapitation. These data support the hypothesis that spinal NA mechanisms modulate reflexive motor movements. However, no significant effect of these lesions was found on either spontaneous or amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, suggesting that spinal NA does not play a significant role in these behaviours.", "PMID": 519524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12617", "title": "The effects of nitrous oxide on the developing hamster embryos.", "content": "Pregnant hamsters were exposed to different concentrations of nitrous oxide during the period of organogenesis. Teratogenic effects were observed in a small but significant number of fetuses. Types of malformations included cleft palate, limb defects, gut herniation, and fetal edema. A dose-effect relationship was not observed. It is not clear from our observations whether the observed effect on the fetuses was due to the excess of nitrous oxide, hypoxia, or a combination of both. Comparison with published literature indicates that further studies on the effects of nitrous oxide in placental animals are needed.", "contents": "The effects of nitrous oxide on the developing hamster embryos. Pregnant hamsters were exposed to different concentrations of nitrous oxide during the period of organogenesis. Teratogenic effects were observed in a small but significant number of fetuses. Types of malformations included cleft palate, limb defects, gut herniation, and fetal edema. A dose-effect relationship was not observed. It is not clear from our observations whether the observed effect on the fetuses was due to the excess of nitrous oxide, hypoxia, or a combination of both. Comparison with published literature indicates that further studies on the effects of nitrous oxide in placental animals are needed.", "PMID": 519525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12618", "title": "Effect of cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The actions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas were compared with those of pure secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). At dose levels physiologically achievable for GIP (1 ng/mL perfusate), infusions of CCK stimulated significant insulin release both on a weight (1 ng/mL) and a molar (770 pg/mL) basis. Although 50% as potent as GIP on a weight basis and 43% as potent on a molar basis, the insulin response to CCK was multiphasic and sustained for the duration of the infusion. The action of CCK, like that of GIP, was glucose dependent yielding no significant insulin release at a low perfusate glucose concentration (80 mg/dL). Irrespective of perfusate glucose concentration or dose (1 or 5 ng/mL), secretin failed to stimulate significant release of insulin from the perfused pancreas. It was concluded that secretin is ineffective as an incretin and that a physiological role for CCK in an enteroinsular axis awaits accurate measurement of circulating levels of immunoreactive CCK.", "contents": "Effect of cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The actions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas were compared with those of pure secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). At dose levels physiologically achievable for GIP (1 ng/mL perfusate), infusions of CCK stimulated significant insulin release both on a weight (1 ng/mL) and a molar (770 pg/mL) basis. Although 50% as potent as GIP on a weight basis and 43% as potent on a molar basis, the insulin response to CCK was multiphasic and sustained for the duration of the infusion. The action of CCK, like that of GIP, was glucose dependent yielding no significant insulin release at a low perfusate glucose concentration (80 mg/dL). Irrespective of perfusate glucose concentration or dose (1 or 5 ng/mL), secretin failed to stimulate significant release of insulin from the perfused pancreas. It was concluded that secretin is ineffective as an incretin and that a physiological role for CCK in an enteroinsular axis awaits accurate measurement of circulating levels of immunoreactive CCK.", "PMID": 519526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12619", "title": "The irreversible binding of benzo[a]pyrene to rat liver macromolecules in vivo and in vitro: effects of agents that influence benzo[a]pyrene metabolism.", "content": "The present study was carried out to determine the effects of agents that influence benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolism in vitro on the irreversible binding of BP to rat hepatic macromolecules in vivo. The irreversible binding of [3H]BP was found to be both dose and time dependent after its intraperitoneal administration to male Wistar rats. The SKF 525-A, at doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg, ip 3 h before BP, decreased the level of binding from control by 31 and 34%, respectively. At 35 mg/kg, SKF-525-A had no effect. Diethyl maleate (0.6 mL/kg, ip) and cysteine (150 mg/kg, ip), 30 and 5 min before BP, respectively, did not alter the binding of BP from control. Oral methadone treatment, previously shown to increase selectively epoxide hydrase activity in male Wistar rats, also failed to alter the amount of BP bound to hepatic macromolecules. 3-Methylcholanthrene (20 mg/kg per day, ip, for 2 days) administered 24 h before BP, decreased the level of binding from control by 30%. Parallel in vitro studies were carried out with the various agents used in vivo.", "contents": "The irreversible binding of benzo[a]pyrene to rat liver macromolecules in vivo and in vitro: effects of agents that influence benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of agents that influence benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolism in vitro on the irreversible binding of BP to rat hepatic macromolecules in vivo. The irreversible binding of [3H]BP was found to be both dose and time dependent after its intraperitoneal administration to male Wistar rats. The SKF 525-A, at doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg, ip 3 h before BP, decreased the level of binding from control by 31 and 34%, respectively. At 35 mg/kg, SKF-525-A had no effect. Diethyl maleate (0.6 mL/kg, ip) and cysteine (150 mg/kg, ip), 30 and 5 min before BP, respectively, did not alter the binding of BP from control. Oral methadone treatment, previously shown to increase selectively epoxide hydrase activity in male Wistar rats, also failed to alter the amount of BP bound to hepatic macromolecules. 3-Methylcholanthrene (20 mg/kg per day, ip, for 2 days) administered 24 h before BP, decreased the level of binding from control by 30%. Parallel in vitro studies were carried out with the various agents used in vivo.", "PMID": 519527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12620", "title": "Norepinephrine, monoamine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase in the rat jugular vein compared with other blood vessels.", "content": "The observation that the rat jugular vein relaxed in response to norepinephrine but not to field stimulation prompted us to evaluate the extent of innervation in this tissue. The norepinephrine concentration in the jugular vein was about 10% of that in the mesenteric artery and vein. The low levels of norepinephrine were not due to higher monoamine oxidase activity relative to the enzyme activity in other blood vessels. In the jugular vein, as in heart and brain, serotonin was preferred substrate for monoamine oxidase whereas in the femoral vein, mesenteric vein, and mesenteric artery, phenylethylamine oxidation was greater. Based on kinetic and inhibitory studies with LY51641, a selective type A inhibitor, monoamine oxidase activity was not found to be uniform throughout the cardiovascular system. In addition to low levels of norepinephrine, acetylcholinesterase activity in the jugular vein was only 5 and 13% of the activity in the portal vein and mesenteric artery, respectively. Thus, we provide strong evidence that our inability to generate a response to field stimulation in the rat jugular vein results from the lack of functional innervation in this tissue. This information adds to the usefulness of this preparation for comparative studies of agents acting on the smooth muscle without the added complication of neuronal uptake mechanisms.", "contents": "Norepinephrine, monoamine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase in the rat jugular vein compared with other blood vessels. The observation that the rat jugular vein relaxed in response to norepinephrine but not to field stimulation prompted us to evaluate the extent of innervation in this tissue. The norepinephrine concentration in the jugular vein was about 10% of that in the mesenteric artery and vein. The low levels of norepinephrine were not due to higher monoamine oxidase activity relative to the enzyme activity in other blood vessels. In the jugular vein, as in heart and brain, serotonin was preferred substrate for monoamine oxidase whereas in the femoral vein, mesenteric vein, and mesenteric artery, phenylethylamine oxidation was greater. Based on kinetic and inhibitory studies with LY51641, a selective type A inhibitor, monoamine oxidase activity was not found to be uniform throughout the cardiovascular system. In addition to low levels of norepinephrine, acetylcholinesterase activity in the jugular vein was only 5 and 13% of the activity in the portal vein and mesenteric artery, respectively. Thus, we provide strong evidence that our inability to generate a response to field stimulation in the rat jugular vein results from the lack of functional innervation in this tissue. This information adds to the usefulness of this preparation for comparative studies of agents acting on the smooth muscle without the added complication of neuronal uptake mechanisms.", "PMID": 519528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12621", "title": "The reliability of rates of glucose appearance in vivo calculated from single tracer injections.", "content": "The rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose was calculated from changes in plasma glucose specific radioactivity after a single intravenous injection of labelled glucose and compared with the actual constant infusion rate of unlabelled glucose into an anaesthetized dog with all sources of endogenous glucose production surgically removed. The mean steady-state rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose calculated from the area under the specific radioactivity versus time curve was 7% higher than the actual infusion rate (n = 4), but the difference was not statistically significant. The variability in the rate calculated in this manner was, however, greater than the variability we have reported with rates determined from a primed constant infusion of tracer. Using 15- to 60- or 60- to 120-min specific radioactivity data the mean rate of appearance of glucose, calculated on the assumption of a one-pool model for glucose turnover in vivo, was approximately 60% higher than the actual infusion rate. The results also indicate that it is possible to construct multi-pool models, but it is difficult to equate specific physiological events with the individual terms of the multi-experimental equation which describes the changes in plasma glucose specific radioactivity.", "contents": "The reliability of rates of glucose appearance in vivo calculated from single tracer injections. The rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose was calculated from changes in plasma glucose specific radioactivity after a single intravenous injection of labelled glucose and compared with the actual constant infusion rate of unlabelled glucose into an anaesthetized dog with all sources of endogenous glucose production surgically removed. The mean steady-state rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose calculated from the area under the specific radioactivity versus time curve was 7% higher than the actual infusion rate (n = 4), but the difference was not statistically significant. The variability in the rate calculated in this manner was, however, greater than the variability we have reported with rates determined from a primed constant infusion of tracer. Using 15- to 60- or 60- to 120-min specific radioactivity data the mean rate of appearance of glucose, calculated on the assumption of a one-pool model for glucose turnover in vivo, was approximately 60% higher than the actual infusion rate. The results also indicate that it is possible to construct multi-pool models, but it is difficult to equate specific physiological events with the individual terms of the multi-experimental equation which describes the changes in plasma glucose specific radioactivity.", "PMID": 519530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12622", "title": "The effect of magnesium-free solutions on the responses of the guinea pig urinary bladder to adenosine 5'-triphosphate and nerve stimulation.", "content": "Exposure of the guinea pig urinary bladder to magnesium-free Krebs-Henseleit type solution for 60 min led to an increase in the responses of the tissue to added adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The responses of the tissue to histamine were unaffected. The atropine-resistant contractions due to nerve stimulation were potentiated at frequencies above 4 Hz when the response of the tissue was 60% of its maximum response. This would suggest that, although ATP does contribute to the responses of the tissue at high frequencies, it is not the transmitter of the noncholinergic nerves present in the bladder.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium-free solutions on the responses of the guinea pig urinary bladder to adenosine 5'-triphosphate and nerve stimulation. Exposure of the guinea pig urinary bladder to magnesium-free Krebs-Henseleit type solution for 60 min led to an increase in the responses of the tissue to added adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The responses of the tissue to histamine were unaffected. The atropine-resistant contractions due to nerve stimulation were potentiated at frequencies above 4 Hz when the response of the tissue was 60% of its maximum response. This would suggest that, although ATP does contribute to the responses of the tissue at high frequencies, it is not the transmitter of the noncholinergic nerves present in the bladder.", "PMID": 519531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12623", "title": "Biological activities of kinins modified at the N- or at the C-terminal end.", "content": "A series of analogues of des-Arg9-bradykinin, modified at the N- or C-terminal end, were tested on rabbit aorta strips (receptor B1) and on cat ileum strips (receptor B2) in an attempt to find long-acting agonists and antagonists. It was found that the methylation or the amidation of the C-terminal carboxyl reduces the affinity and (only the amidation) the intrinsic activity of the agonists, while not changing significantly the duration of action of both agonists and antagonists. The addition of a Lys at the N terminal is accompanied by a marked increase of affinity, no changes of intrinsic activity, and a prolongation of the duration of action of agonists. Antagonists behave in a similar way as the agonists and show increased affinity; the time required for inducing full inhibition as well as the duration of action are significantly increased. The pharmacological and physiopathological implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Biological activities of kinins modified at the N- or at the C-terminal end. A series of analogues of des-Arg9-bradykinin, modified at the N- or C-terminal end, were tested on rabbit aorta strips (receptor B1) and on cat ileum strips (receptor B2) in an attempt to find long-acting agonists and antagonists. It was found that the methylation or the amidation of the C-terminal carboxyl reduces the affinity and (only the amidation) the intrinsic activity of the agonists, while not changing significantly the duration of action of both agonists and antagonists. The addition of a Lys at the N terminal is accompanied by a marked increase of affinity, no changes of intrinsic activity, and a prolongation of the duration of action of agonists. Antagonists behave in a similar way as the agonists and show increased affinity; the time required for inducing full inhibition as well as the duration of action are significantly increased. The pharmacological and physiopathological implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 519533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12624", "title": "Influence of adrenalectomy and sex on the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to cytosol macromolecules of rat liver.", "content": "The retention of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in rat hepatic cytosol was significantly enhanced by adrenalectomy. In contrast, there was no significant difference in 3-MC retention in females as compared with males. 3-MC present in the cytosol fraction was bound to macromolecules and could be separated into three fractions by ion-exchange column chromatography.", "contents": "Influence of adrenalectomy and sex on the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to cytosol macromolecules of rat liver. The retention of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in rat hepatic cytosol was significantly enhanced by adrenalectomy. In contrast, there was no significant difference in 3-MC retention in females as compared with males. 3-MC present in the cytosol fraction was bound to macromolecules and could be separated into three fractions by ion-exchange column chromatography.", "PMID": 519535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12625", "title": "Brain benzodiazepine levels following intravenous administration of [34]diazepam: relationship to the potentiation of purinergic depression of central nervous system neurons.", "content": "Levels of [3H]benzodiazepine were measured in rat cerebral cortex following intravenous injection of [3H]diazepam using a dose and time schedule reported to elicit a marked potentiation of the depressant effects of iontophoretically applied 5'-AMP to rat cerebral cortical neurons. The levels of [3H]benzodiazepine obtained strongly suggest (i) that blockade of adenosine uptake as a mechanism for this potentiation is not consistent with the potency of diazepam as an inhibitor of adenosine uptake in vitro, and (ii) that a potentiative interaction of adenosine and diazepam may reflect the binding of these compounds to benzodiazepine receptors.", "contents": "Brain benzodiazepine levels following intravenous administration of [34]diazepam: relationship to the potentiation of purinergic depression of central nervous system neurons. Levels of [3H]benzodiazepine were measured in rat cerebral cortex following intravenous injection of [3H]diazepam using a dose and time schedule reported to elicit a marked potentiation of the depressant effects of iontophoretically applied 5'-AMP to rat cerebral cortical neurons. The levels of [3H]benzodiazepine obtained strongly suggest (i) that blockade of adenosine uptake as a mechanism for this potentiation is not consistent with the potency of diazepam as an inhibitor of adenosine uptake in vitro, and (ii) that a potentiative interaction of adenosine and diazepam may reflect the binding of these compounds to benzodiazepine receptors.", "PMID": 519536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12626", "title": "Effects of some divalent cations on motoneurones in cats.", "content": "In cats under Dial, Co, Mn, La, and Sr were injected extracellularly near lumbosacral motoneurones. All tended to improve intracellular recording, but when the membrane potential was initially stable, Mn, and especially Co, had a moderate and reproducible depolarizing action. Both Mn and Co depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by dorsal root stimulation. The prominent after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.), which normally follows the motoneuronal action potential, was consistently and reversibly depressed by Mn and Co (as well as La), the underlying conductance increase being also diminished, but there was no significant reduction in the after-depolarization. By contrast, Sr tended to potentiate the a.h.p., especially when this was depressed by a previous injection of Co or Mn. Unlike the other cations, Co had a marked depressant effect on the action potential, particularly its rate of rise. Since the action potential could be immediately restored by hyperpolarization or by an injection of Sr (in the absence of depolarization), Co may enhance Na inactivation.", "contents": "Effects of some divalent cations on motoneurones in cats. In cats under Dial, Co, Mn, La, and Sr were injected extracellularly near lumbosacral motoneurones. All tended to improve intracellular recording, but when the membrane potential was initially stable, Mn, and especially Co, had a moderate and reproducible depolarizing action. Both Mn and Co depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by dorsal root stimulation. The prominent after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.), which normally follows the motoneuronal action potential, was consistently and reversibly depressed by Mn and Co (as well as La), the underlying conductance increase being also diminished, but there was no significant reduction in the after-depolarization. By contrast, Sr tended to potentiate the a.h.p., especially when this was depressed by a previous injection of Co or Mn. Unlike the other cations, Co had a marked depressant effect on the action potential, particularly its rate of rise. Since the action potential could be immediately restored by hyperpolarization or by an injection of Sr (in the absence of depolarization), Co may enhance Na inactivation.", "PMID": 519537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12627", "title": "Amino acids and the synaptic pharmacology of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rat.", "content": "Granule cells in the dentate gyrus in the hippocampi of anaesthetized rats were excited by stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus (the commissural input) and the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (the perforant path). The cells were also activated by the electrophoretic administration of various amino acids. A selective antagonism of glutamate and perforant path excitations was obtained with glutamic acid diethylester, and of aspartate and other amino acid induced and commissural excitations with D- or DL-alpha-aminoadipate. An excitatory effect of alpha-aminoadipate which was sometimes observed was prevented by the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline, and may be a disinhibitory phenomenon. The results lend support to the proposition that the transmitter of the perforant path is glutamate while that of the commissural fibres is aspartate.", "contents": "Amino acids and the synaptic pharmacology of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rat. Granule cells in the dentate gyrus in the hippocampi of anaesthetized rats were excited by stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus (the commissural input) and the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (the perforant path). The cells were also activated by the electrophoretic administration of various amino acids. A selective antagonism of glutamate and perforant path excitations was obtained with glutamic acid diethylester, and of aspartate and other amino acid induced and commissural excitations with D- or DL-alpha-aminoadipate. An excitatory effect of alpha-aminoadipate which was sometimes observed was prevented by the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline, and may be a disinhibitory phenomenon. The results lend support to the proposition that the transmitter of the perforant path is glutamate while that of the commissural fibres is aspartate.", "PMID": 519538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12628", "title": "The development of central nervous system control of the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by siphon stimulation in Aplysia.", "content": "In older Aplysia, the central nervous system (CNS) (abdominal ganglion) exerts suppressive and facilitatory control over the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which initially mediates the gill withdrawal reflex and its subsequent habituation evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon. In young animals, both the suppressive and facilitatory CNS control were found to be absent. In older animals, removal of branchial nerve (Br) input to the gill resulted in a significantly reduced reflex latency and, with ctenidial (Ct) and siphon (Sn) nerves intact, a significantly increased reflex amplitude and an inability of the reflex to habituate with repeated siphon stimulation. In young animals, removal of Br had no effect on reflex latency and with Ct and Sn intact, the reflex amplitude latency was not increased and the reflex habituated. Older animals can easily discriminate between different intensity stimuli applied to the siphon as evidenced by differences in reflex amplitude, rates of habituation, and evoked neural activity. On the other hand, young animals cannot discriminate well between different stimulus intensities. The lack of CNS control in young animals was found to be due to incompletely developed neural processes within the abdominal ganglion and not the PNS. The lack of CNS control in young Aplysia results in gill reflex behaviours being less adaptive in light of changing stimulus conditions, but may be of positive survival value in that the young will not habituate as easily. The fact that CNS control is present in older animals strengthens the idea that in any analysis of the underlying neural mechanisms of habituation the entire integrated CNS-PNS must be taken into account.", "contents": "The development of central nervous system control of the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by siphon stimulation in Aplysia. In older Aplysia, the central nervous system (CNS) (abdominal ganglion) exerts suppressive and facilitatory control over the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which initially mediates the gill withdrawal reflex and its subsequent habituation evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon. In young animals, both the suppressive and facilitatory CNS control were found to be absent. In older animals, removal of branchial nerve (Br) input to the gill resulted in a significantly reduced reflex latency and, with ctenidial (Ct) and siphon (Sn) nerves intact, a significantly increased reflex amplitude and an inability of the reflex to habituate with repeated siphon stimulation. In young animals, removal of Br had no effect on reflex latency and with Ct and Sn intact, the reflex amplitude latency was not increased and the reflex habituated. Older animals can easily discriminate between different intensity stimuli applied to the siphon as evidenced by differences in reflex amplitude, rates of habituation, and evoked neural activity. On the other hand, young animals cannot discriminate well between different stimulus intensities. The lack of CNS control in young animals was found to be due to incompletely developed neural processes within the abdominal ganglion and not the PNS. The lack of CNS control in young Aplysia results in gill reflex behaviours being less adaptive in light of changing stimulus conditions, but may be of positive survival value in that the young will not habituate as easily. The fact that CNS control is present in older animals strengthens the idea that in any analysis of the underlying neural mechanisms of habituation the entire integrated CNS-PNS must be taken into account.", "PMID": 519540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12629", "title": "Effects of unilateral orchidectomy on rat epididymal delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "The effects of unilateral orchidectomy on the adult rat epidiymal testosterone metabolizing enzymes, delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, are investigated. Five weeks following unilateral orchidectomy, it is found that the activity of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase per organ is not altered, whereas delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity decreased by more than 80% on the side of the orchidectomy. Neither accessory sex tissue weights, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles, nor the concentration of circulating testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or prolactin is altered by unilateral orchidectomy. These data indicate that (1) epididymal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity can be maintained by circulating androgens and that (2) the major factor regulating delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity is not a substance secreted by the testes into the peripheral circulation. It is suggested that a substance directly secreted into the epididymis by the testis regulates epididymal delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity.", "contents": "Effects of unilateral orchidectomy on rat epididymal delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The effects of unilateral orchidectomy on the adult rat epidiymal testosterone metabolizing enzymes, delta 4-5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, are investigated. Five weeks following unilateral orchidectomy, it is found that the activity of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase per organ is not altered, whereas delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity decreased by more than 80% on the side of the orchidectomy. Neither accessory sex tissue weights, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles, nor the concentration of circulating testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or prolactin is altered by unilateral orchidectomy. These data indicate that (1) epididymal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity can be maintained by circulating androgens and that (2) the major factor regulating delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity is not a substance secreted by the testes into the peripheral circulation. It is suggested that a substance directly secreted into the epididymis by the testis regulates epididymal delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity.", "PMID": 519541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12630", "title": "Clinical and pathological features of six cases of sarcoidosis presenting with renal failure.", "content": "Six patients with biopsy-proven renal sarcoidosis presented with renal failure of unknown origin; in none was the diagnosis of sarcoidosis initially considered. The serum creatinine concentration at the time of presentation ranged from 265 to 1380 mumol/l (3.0 to 15.6 mg/dl), with a mean of 787 mumol/l (8.9 mg/dl). Although only two patients were hypercalcemic at the time of presentation, the 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was increased in three of the four patients in whom it was measured, and renal calculi were present in one case. Renal biopsy revealed interstitial nephritis and tubular atrophy in all cases, as well as nephrocalcinosis in three cases and noncaseating granulomas negative for acid-fast bacilli in four cases. In each patient steroid therapy led to a rapid improvement in renal function (mean post-treatment serum creatinine level 274 mumol/l [3.1 mg/dl]). The follow-up period ranged from 8 months to 8 years (mean 3.0 years). In three patients renal function remained stable with low-dose steroid therapy. In two cases recurrent hypercalcemia and deteriorating renal function accompanied steroid withdrawal but resolved with its reinstitution. In one additional case reversible deterioration in renal function accompanied tapering of the steroid dose; however, there was no hypercalcemia.This report emphasizes the importance of considering sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure of unknown origin. Long-term follow-up of such patients is essential, as relapse is common.", "contents": "Clinical and pathological features of six cases of sarcoidosis presenting with renal failure. Six patients with biopsy-proven renal sarcoidosis presented with renal failure of unknown origin; in none was the diagnosis of sarcoidosis initially considered. The serum creatinine concentration at the time of presentation ranged from 265 to 1380 mumol/l (3.0 to 15.6 mg/dl), with a mean of 787 mumol/l (8.9 mg/dl). Although only two patients were hypercalcemic at the time of presentation, the 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was increased in three of the four patients in whom it was measured, and renal calculi were present in one case. Renal biopsy revealed interstitial nephritis and tubular atrophy in all cases, as well as nephrocalcinosis in three cases and noncaseating granulomas negative for acid-fast bacilli in four cases. In each patient steroid therapy led to a rapid improvement in renal function (mean post-treatment serum creatinine level 274 mumol/l [3.1 mg/dl]). The follow-up period ranged from 8 months to 8 years (mean 3.0 years). In three patients renal function remained stable with low-dose steroid therapy. In two cases recurrent hypercalcemia and deteriorating renal function accompanied steroid withdrawal but resolved with its reinstitution. In one additional case reversible deterioration in renal function accompanied tapering of the steroid dose; however, there was no hypercalcemia.This report emphasizes the importance of considering sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure of unknown origin. Long-term follow-up of such patients is essential, as relapse is common.", "PMID": 519562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12631", "title": "Surface soil as a potential source of lead exposure for young children.", "content": "Soil analyses revealed an elevated lead content in the surface soil of three British Columbia cities. The lead accumulations were largely attributed to dustfall from a nearby large lead-zinc smelter in Trail and to automotive traffic in Nelson and Vancouver. Although the mean concentrations of lead in the soil were relatively low at Nelson (192 parts per million [ppm]), in selected areas of Vancouver with heavy traffic they were similar to those found within 1.6 km of the large smelter at Trail (1545 and 1662 ppm respectively). In a study conducted in 1975, children aged 1 to 6 years in Trail and Nelson were found to have higher mean blood lead levels than grade nine students. The findings of the later study support the view that particulate lead in surface soil and dust accounted for most of the greater lead absorption in the younger children.", "contents": "Surface soil as a potential source of lead exposure for young children. Soil analyses revealed an elevated lead content in the surface soil of three British Columbia cities. The lead accumulations were largely attributed to dustfall from a nearby large lead-zinc smelter in Trail and to automotive traffic in Nelson and Vancouver. Although the mean concentrations of lead in the soil were relatively low at Nelson (192 parts per million [ppm]), in selected areas of Vancouver with heavy traffic they were similar to those found within 1.6 km of the large smelter at Trail (1545 and 1662 ppm respectively). In a study conducted in 1975, children aged 1 to 6 years in Trail and Nelson were found to have higher mean blood lead levels than grade nine students. The findings of the later study support the view that particulate lead in surface soil and dust accounted for most of the greater lead absorption in the younger children.", "PMID": 519574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0017_12632", "title": "Predicting improvement in stroke patients referred for inpatient rehabilitation.", "content": "An historical prospective study of prediction of improvement and final disposition of 105 patients with a stroke was carried out over a 2-year period in the rehabilitation service of a hospital providing long-term care. Patients were referred a mean of 37.8 days after the stroke, and were evaluated for total function and for mental status, perception, communication and motor ability at the time of admission and every 2 to 3 weeks thereafter. At the time of admission 26% of the patients were able to care for themselves; at the time of discharge 59% were able to do so, but 44% of these could not return home, primarily because of unfavourable social and environmental circumstances. In contrast, 35% of the patients unable to care for themselves went home because their families were willing to provide extra care. Neither the total function score nor the neurologic subtest scores at the time of admission predicted improvement. The presence of sphincter control and a lower age were the only significant predictors of improvement.", "contents": "Predicting improvement in stroke patients referred for inpatient rehabilitation. An historical prospective study of prediction of improvement and final disposition of 105 patients with a stroke was carried out over a 2-year period in the rehabilitation service of a hospital providing long-term care. Patients were referred a mean of 37.8 days after the stroke, and were evaluated for total function and for mental status, perception, communication and motor ability at the time of admission and every 2 to 3 weeks thereafter. At the time of admission 26% of the patients were able to care for themselves; at the time of discharge 59% were able to do so, but 44% of these could not return home, primarily because of unfavourable social and environmental circumstances. In contrast, 35% of the patients unable to care for themselves went home because their families were willing to provide extra care. Neither the total function score nor the neurologic subtest scores at the time of admission predicted improvement. The presence of sphincter control and a lower age were the only significant predictors of improvement.", "PMID": 519575}